{"id": "pubmed23n0011_0", "title": "Inhibition of human granulocyte function by methotrexate.", "content": "Patients receiving cytotoxic drugs are at an increased risk of bacterial infection. Drug-induced leukopenia may be responsible for depression of host defenses; however, there is little information concerning the qualitative effects, if any, of cytotoxic agents on granulocyte antibacterial activity. Since methotrexate is now being used in massive doses in vivo, we investigated the effects of this drug on antibacterial and metabolic functions of normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Phagocytosis, quantitative protein iodination, and staphylococcal killing of normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found to decrease with exposure to increasing concentrations of methotrexate. The effects of methotrexate on these cell functions were rapid in onset and readily reversed by washing the cells, suggesting a locus of action on the cell membrane rather than at the level of nucleic acid synthesis. Exposure of cells to similar concentrations of folic acid or folinic acid produced no impairment of bacterial phagocytosis, suggesting that the observed effects are specific  for methotrexate. The concentrations of methotrexate that produced these impairments are readily achieved in vivo and may alter antibacterial defenses in patients receiving this therapy.", "contents": "Inhibition of human granulocyte function by methotrexate. Patients receiving cytotoxic drugs are at an increased risk of bacterial infection. Drug-induced leukopenia may be responsible for depression of host defenses; however, there is little information concerning the qualitative effects, if any, of cytotoxic agents on granulocyte antibacterial activity. Since methotrexate is now being used in massive doses in vivo, we investigated the effects of this drug on antibacterial and metabolic functions of normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Phagocytosis, quantitative protein iodination, and staphylococcal killing of normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found to decrease with exposure to increasing concentrations of methotrexate. The effects of methotrexate on these cell functions were rapid in onset and readily reversed by washing the cells, suggesting a locus of action on the cell membrane rather than at the level of nucleic acid synthesis. Exposure of cells to similar concentrations of folic acid or folinic acid produced no impairment of bacterial phagocytosis, suggesting that the observed effects are specific  for methotrexate. The concentrations of methotrexate that produced these impairments are readily achieved in vivo and may alter antibacterial defenses in patients receiving this therapy.", "PMID": 304760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1", "title": "Altered toxicity of 5-fluorouracil following treatment with Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Recent studies have demonstrated that systemic Corynebacterium parvum increases serum granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and stimulates the proliferation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. It was hypothesized that more rapid cycling of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells would render the cells more sensitive to a cell cycle-specific chemotherapeutic agent. The colony-forming ability of bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells was assayed in vitro with soft agar cultures. C. parvum given before 5-fluorouracil in C57BL/6 mice increased the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell toxicity, the lymphopenic effect, and the lethality of 5-fluorouracil. When C. parvum was given after 5-fluorouracil, there was more rapid rebound of granulocyte counts to normal or supranormal levels.", "contents": "Altered toxicity of 5-fluorouracil following treatment with Corynebacterium parvum. Recent studies have demonstrated that systemic Corynebacterium parvum increases serum granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and stimulates the proliferation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. It was hypothesized that more rapid cycling of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells would render the cells more sensitive to a cell cycle-specific chemotherapeutic agent. The colony-forming ability of bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells was assayed in vitro with soft agar cultures. C. parvum given before 5-fluorouracil in C57BL/6 mice increased the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell toxicity, the lymphopenic effect, and the lethality of 5-fluorouracil. When C. parvum was given after 5-fluorouracil, there was more rapid rebound of granulocyte counts to normal or supranormal levels.", "PMID": 304762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2", "title": "Effects of human leukocyte conditioned medium on mouse haemopoietic progenitor cells.", "content": "Medium conditioned by human peripheral blood leukocytes (HLCM) was studied for its in vitro effects on haemopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-s and CFU-c) present in mouse bone marrow. HLCM has poor colony stimulating activity in semi-solid cultures of mouse bone marrow cells, but invariably increases the number of colonies obtained in the presence of plateau levels of semi-purified colony stimulating factor (CSF). In liquid cultures, HLCM appears to contain a potent initiator of DNA synthesis in CFU-s, an activity which coincides with an increased CFU-s maintenance and causes a three- to four-fold increase in CFU-c number. It is apparent from this study that HLCM, in addition to stimulating colony formation in cultures of human bone marrow cells, has a profound in vitro effect on primitive haemopoietic progenitor cells of the mouse, which cannot be attributed to CSF.", "contents": "Effects of human leukocyte conditioned medium on mouse haemopoietic progenitor cells. Medium conditioned by human peripheral blood leukocytes (HLCM) was studied for its in vitro effects on haemopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-s and CFU-c) present in mouse bone marrow. HLCM has poor colony stimulating activity in semi-solid cultures of mouse bone marrow cells, but invariably increases the number of colonies obtained in the presence of plateau levels of semi-purified colony stimulating factor (CSF). In liquid cultures, HLCM appears to contain a potent initiator of DNA synthesis in CFU-s, an activity which coincides with an increased CFU-s maintenance and causes a three- to four-fold increase in CFU-c number. It is apparent from this study that HLCM, in addition to stimulating colony formation in cultures of human bone marrow cells, has a profound in vitro effect on primitive haemopoietic progenitor cells of the mouse, which cannot be attributed to CSF.", "PMID": 304764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3", "title": "A comparative study of physiological and structural changes at the myoneural junction in two species of frog after transection of the motor nerve.", "content": "Structural and functional behaviour of motor end-plates after transection of the motor nerve has been studied in two species of frog: Rana esculenta and Rana temporaria. The physiological results show that in both species there is a transient cessation of spontaneous activity followed by a resumption of miniature end-plate potentials (min. e.p.p.s.) after denervation. The characteristics of these potentials (frequency, distribution of amplitudes, time-course) are similar in the two species. However, some differences have been observed: Firstly, the period of silence lasts for 2--4 days in the case of Rana temporaria whereas it is prolonged to about 15 days in Rana esculenta. Secondly, the resumption of min. e.p.p.s. is gradual and after the 10th day of denervation remains constant in Rana temporaria. It is inconstant independent of the period of denervation in Rana esculenta. The morphological results show that the Schwann cell is constantly in contact with the post-synaptic membrane after about 6 days of denervation in both species. It is suggested that either the Schwann cell is capable of functioning for a limited period of time in Rana esculenta or is activated to produce min. e.p.p.s. only in certain cases.", "contents": "A comparative study of physiological and structural changes at the myoneural junction in two species of frog after transection of the motor nerve. Structural and functional behaviour of motor end-plates after transection of the motor nerve has been studied in two species of frog: Rana esculenta and Rana temporaria. The physiological results show that in both species there is a transient cessation of spontaneous activity followed by a resumption of miniature end-plate potentials (min. e.p.p.s.) after denervation. The characteristics of these potentials (frequency, distribution of amplitudes, time-course) are similar in the two species. However, some differences have been observed: Firstly, the period of silence lasts for 2--4 days in the case of Rana temporaria whereas it is prolonged to about 15 days in Rana esculenta. Secondly, the resumption of min. e.p.p.s. is gradual and after the 10th day of denervation remains constant in Rana temporaria. It is inconstant independent of the period of denervation in Rana esculenta. The morphological results show that the Schwann cell is constantly in contact with the post-synaptic membrane after about 6 days of denervation in both species. It is suggested that either the Schwann cell is capable of functioning for a limited period of time in Rana esculenta or is activated to produce min. e.p.p.s. only in certain cases.", "PMID": 304765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4", "title": "Influence of changes in composition of the cerebrospinal fluid on the secretory activity of the subcommissural organ in Rana esculenta. A quantitative histochemical and autoradiographic study by means of scanning cytophotometry.", "content": "The effects of injection into the brain ventricle of noradrenaline dissolved in amphibian Ringer's solution, and of amphibian Ringer's solution alone on the secretory activity of the subcommissural organ (SCO) of Rana esculenta were studied. The parameters used were: the amount and mean concentration of secretory material within the SCO stained by aldehyde fuchsin (AF), the amount and mean concentration of radioactive material within the SCO labelled by 35S-cysteine, and the growth rate of the Reissner's or liquor fibre (LF). A significant influence on the amount of secretory material in the SCO was found to be exerted by the injection of amphibian Ringer's solution alone. This influence can be explained as an inhibition of the release of secretory material by the SCO. Injection of noradrenaline dissolved in amphibian Ringer's solution appeared to have a smaller inhibitory effect. Noradrenaline may be presumed to have only slightly stimulated the secretory activity of the SCO.", "contents": "Influence of changes in composition of the cerebrospinal fluid on the secretory activity of the subcommissural organ in Rana esculenta. A quantitative histochemical and autoradiographic study by means of scanning cytophotometry. The effects of injection into the brain ventricle of noradrenaline dissolved in amphibian Ringer's solution, and of amphibian Ringer's solution alone on the secretory activity of the subcommissural organ (SCO) of Rana esculenta were studied. The parameters used were: the amount and mean concentration of secretory material within the SCO stained by aldehyde fuchsin (AF), the amount and mean concentration of radioactive material within the SCO labelled by 35S-cysteine, and the growth rate of the Reissner's or liquor fibre (LF). A significant influence on the amount of secretory material in the SCO was found to be exerted by the injection of amphibian Ringer's solution alone. This influence can be explained as an inhibition of the release of secretory material by the SCO. Injection of noradrenaline dissolved in amphibian Ringer's solution appeared to have a smaller inhibitory effect. Noradrenaline may be presumed to have only slightly stimulated the secretory activity of the SCO.", "PMID": 304766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the subfornical organ of the grass frog (Rana pipiens).", "content": "The ventricular surface of the subfornical organ of the frog is made up of ependymal cells with numerous apical microvilli, occasional cytoplasmic protrusions and many vacuoles projecting into the lumen of the third ventricle. Between these cells dendrites of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons reach the ventricle to terminate in bulbous enlargements. In addition, flask-shaped encephalo-chromaffin cells, containing granulated vesicles and aggregates of filaments in their cytoplasm, project into the cerebrospinal fluid. Surrounding the centrally located capillaries are enlarged dendrites and axons of heterogeneous morphology, some of which appear to originate within the subfornical organ, intermingled with dendrites and axons of normal structure. The glial cells in this region, especially the microglial cells, often contain large lipofuscin inclusions, suggestive of degeneration and subsequent phagocytosis of some of the enlarged dendrites and axons. The normally scarce neurosecretory peptidergic axons become more evident and form typical Herring bodies in stalk-transected animals. Neuronal perikarya of varying morphology are predominantly located peripheral to the region of enlarged dendrites and axons. Supraependymal macrophages are particularly numerous on the subfornical organ.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the subfornical organ of the grass frog (Rana pipiens). The ventricular surface of the subfornical organ of the frog is made up of ependymal cells with numerous apical microvilli, occasional cytoplasmic protrusions and many vacuoles projecting into the lumen of the third ventricle. Between these cells dendrites of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons reach the ventricle to terminate in bulbous enlargements. In addition, flask-shaped encephalo-chromaffin cells, containing granulated vesicles and aggregates of filaments in their cytoplasm, project into the cerebrospinal fluid. Surrounding the centrally located capillaries are enlarged dendrites and axons of heterogeneous morphology, some of which appear to originate within the subfornical organ, intermingled with dendrites and axons of normal structure. The glial cells in this region, especially the microglial cells, often contain large lipofuscin inclusions, suggestive of degeneration and subsequent phagocytosis of some of the enlarged dendrites and axons. The normally scarce neurosecretory peptidergic axons become more evident and form typical Herring bodies in stalk-transected animals. Neuronal perikarya of varying morphology are predominantly located peripheral to the region of enlarged dendrites and axons. Supraependymal macrophages are particularly numerous on the subfornical organ.", "PMID": 304767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6", "title": "Ultrastructure of the age-involuted adult human thymus.", "content": "Age involuted thymus tissue from a middle aged (33 years) and an old (63 years) man have been examined by electron microscopy and compared with thymus tissue from children. Biopsies had been taken during surgical correction of congenital heart defects. The fine structural architecture of cortex, medulla and connective tissue in the remaining lymphatic islands in the adult thymus investigated was not different to the thymus of children. We were surprised to find vigorous lymphocytopoiesis in the cortical regions and to recognize extended areas of medulla with a cellular composition which obviously provides the same microenvironment for T-cell maturation as the medulla of the non involuted thymus. Our findings are discussed in relation to the increasing arguments that the human thymus serves an immunological function throughout life.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the age-involuted adult human thymus. Age involuted thymus tissue from a middle aged (33 years) and an old (63 years) man have been examined by electron microscopy and compared with thymus tissue from children. Biopsies had been taken during surgical correction of congenital heart defects. The fine structural architecture of cortex, medulla and connective tissue in the remaining lymphatic islands in the adult thymus investigated was not different to the thymus of children. We were surprised to find vigorous lymphocytopoiesis in the cortical regions and to recognize extended areas of medulla with a cellular composition which obviously provides the same microenvironment for T-cell maturation as the medulla of the non involuted thymus. Our findings are discussed in relation to the increasing arguments that the human thymus serves an immunological function throughout life.", "PMID": 304768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7", "title": "Determination of 5-hydroxytryptophan in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection after phthaldialdehyde reaction.", "content": "We describe the sensitive and precise determination 5-hydroxytryptophan in plasma from patients treated with this compound. The method is based on solvent extraction of plasma, high-performance liquid chromatography and continuous fluorometric detection after reaction with phthaldialdehyde in strong acid. The combined time for chromatography and reaction is 25 min. The sensitivity of the method is adequate to quantitate 0.05 mumol of 5-hydroxytryptophan per liter, in 750 microliter of plasma. No interference by other hydroxyindole compounds was found.", "contents": "Determination of 5-hydroxytryptophan in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection after phthaldialdehyde reaction. We describe the sensitive and precise determination 5-hydroxytryptophan in plasma from patients treated with this compound. The method is based on solvent extraction of plasma, high-performance liquid chromatography and continuous fluorometric detection after reaction with phthaldialdehyde in strong acid. The combined time for chromatography and reaction is 25 min. The sensitivity of the method is adequate to quantitate 0.05 mumol of 5-hydroxytryptophan per liter, in 750 microliter of plasma. No interference by other hydroxyindole compounds was found.", "PMID": 304770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8", "title": "The properties and clinical significance of some electrophoretically slow forms of alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Sera from 8 patients with a marked slow-moving alkaline phosphatase band on electrophoresis were investigated. Inhibitor studies and treatment with neuraminidase showed that all the patients had slow bands with alkaline phosphatase properties resembling those of the liver or bone isoenzyme. In no case did the slow band resemble the intestinal isoenzyme. Immunoelectrophoretic and molecular weight studies indicated that the slow band consisted of an IgG-alkaline phosphatase complex of molecular weight 540 000. Serum from a patient with the slow band was able to bind liver or bone, but not intestinal, alkaline phosphatase from other patients to form the slow band. Serum from patients with the slow band probably contains an abnormal IgG molecule which can bind alkaline phosphatase in the ratio 2:1. No clinical condition was common to all 8 patients although most of them had either intestinal or lung disease.", "contents": "The properties and clinical significance of some electrophoretically slow forms of alkaline phosphatase. Sera from 8 patients with a marked slow-moving alkaline phosphatase band on electrophoresis were investigated. Inhibitor studies and treatment with neuraminidase showed that all the patients had slow bands with alkaline phosphatase properties resembling those of the liver or bone isoenzyme. In no case did the slow band resemble the intestinal isoenzyme. Immunoelectrophoretic and molecular weight studies indicated that the slow band consisted of an IgG-alkaline phosphatase complex of molecular weight 540 000. Serum from a patient with the slow band was able to bind liver or bone, but not intestinal, alkaline phosphatase from other patients to form the slow band. Serum from patients with the slow band probably contains an abnormal IgG molecule which can bind alkaline phosphatase in the ratio 2:1. No clinical condition was common to all 8 patients although most of them had either intestinal or lung disease.", "PMID": 304771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9", "title": "Bone disease in children with chronic renal failure: therapy with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "Results of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 therapy in twelve children with renal bone disease are described. Nine of the twelve children showed a good response to 0.05--0.08 microgram/kg/day. Hypercalcaemia was the only side effect and proved easy to manage because of the short half-life of 1alpha-OHD3.", "contents": "Bone disease in children with chronic renal failure: therapy with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. Results of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 therapy in twelve children with renal bone disease are described. Nine of the twelve children showed a good response to 0.05--0.08 microgram/kg/day. Hypercalcaemia was the only side effect and proved easy to manage because of the short half-life of 1alpha-OHD3.", "PMID": 304772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi)-types in recurrent miscarriages.", "content": "Chromosome analysis was carried out in a consecutive series of 57 couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage. All 114 subjects from these couples had normal karyotypes by conventional analysis. Pi typing was performed in 30 couples. The constellation of Pi heterozygosity in both partners occurred in two of the couples. The expected frequencies of the observed MS-MS and MS-MZ constellations occurring by chance would be 2.1 per 1,000 and 2.2 per 1,000 couples, respectively.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi)-types in recurrent miscarriages. Chromosome analysis was carried out in a consecutive series of 57 couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage. All 114 subjects from these couples had normal karyotypes by conventional analysis. Pi typing was performed in 30 couples. The constellation of Pi heterozygosity in both partners occurred in two of the couples. The expected frequencies of the observed MS-MS and MS-MZ constellations occurring by chance would be 2.1 per 1,000 and 2.2 per 1,000 couples, respectively.", "PMID": 304773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11", "title": "Familial syndrome of progressive cone dystrophy, degenerative liver disease, and endocrine dysfunction. III. Genetic studies.", "content": "A syndrome of progressive cone dystrophy, endocrine dysfunctions and degenerative liver diseases has been observed in seven patients, six of whom belonged to one extensive kindred. Genetic analyses revealed a segregation ratio indicating autosomal recessive inheritance of the syndrome, and the kindred from which six of the seven patients originated was heavily inbred. Thus, the results of the segregation analyses as well as of the inbreeding analyses provide evidence that this previously unrecognized disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Genetic marker analyses were conducted with respect to 22 marker systems, and linkage information was obtained with respect to 15 of them. No strong suggestion of linkage emerged from the analyses, but very close linkage could be excluded for several of genetic marker systems. Pedigree analysis was helpful in establishing the spectrum of clinical manifestations belonging to the syndrome proper. The data presently available suggest that elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase, which were found in all patients, may be useful in tracing heterozygotes for this disorder. This possibility will be further examined.", "contents": "Familial syndrome of progressive cone dystrophy, degenerative liver disease, and endocrine dysfunction. III. Genetic studies. A syndrome of progressive cone dystrophy, endocrine dysfunctions and degenerative liver diseases has been observed in seven patients, six of whom belonged to one extensive kindred. Genetic analyses revealed a segregation ratio indicating autosomal recessive inheritance of the syndrome, and the kindred from which six of the seven patients originated was heavily inbred. Thus, the results of the segregation analyses as well as of the inbreeding analyses provide evidence that this previously unrecognized disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Genetic marker analyses were conducted with respect to 22 marker systems, and linkage information was obtained with respect to 15 of them. No strong suggestion of linkage emerged from the analyses, but very close linkage could be excluded for several of genetic marker systems. Pedigree analysis was helpful in establishing the spectrum of clinical manifestations belonging to the syndrome proper. The data presently available suggest that elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase, which were found in all patients, may be useful in tracing heterozygotes for this disorder. This possibility will be further examined.", "PMID": 304775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH).", "content": "Absolute numbers of T and B lymphocytes as well as active E rosette-forming cells were measured in twenty-seven patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH), and in thirty control patients. In patients with CAH without cirrhosis, active E rosette-forming cells (a subpopulation of T lymphocytes considered to be actively involved in cell-mediated immune reactions) as well as lymphocytes with surface markers for IgA, IgM and IgG were increased. In patients with CAH and cirrhosis, total T lymphocytes were decreased. These results emphasize the significance of lymphocytes in CAH, and suggest the importance of monitoring T- and B-cell populations in patients with this disease.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). Absolute numbers of T and B lymphocytes as well as active E rosette-forming cells were measured in twenty-seven patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH), and in thirty control patients. In patients with CAH without cirrhosis, active E rosette-forming cells (a subpopulation of T lymphocytes considered to be actively involved in cell-mediated immune reactions) as well as lymphocytes with surface markers for IgA, IgM and IgG were increased. In patients with CAH and cirrhosis, total T lymphocytes were decreased. These results emphasize the significance of lymphocytes in CAH, and suggest the importance of monitoring T- and B-cell populations in patients with this disease.", "PMID": 304778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13", "title": "Lymphocytotoxins in epileptic patients receiving phenytoin.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and nature of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in patients receiving phenytoin. Of forty-six sera examined, lymphocytotoxins and antinuclear antibodies were detected in fourteen and eleven samples respectively. Antibodies to double-stranded RNA (poly-A-poly-U) were found in six out of thirty-eight sera studied. A highly significant correlation was found between the presence of lymphocytotoxins and antinuclear antibodies (chi2 = 9.72; P less than 0.01). Lymphocytotoxins were found to be of the IgM class, to have activity against T and B cells, and to be dependent on the presence of Ca and Mg ions for activity. These findings may have pathogenetic importance in the genesis of the altered immune state of patients reveiving phenytoin.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxins in epileptic patients receiving phenytoin. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and nature of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in patients receiving phenytoin. Of forty-six sera examined, lymphocytotoxins and antinuclear antibodies were detected in fourteen and eleven samples respectively. Antibodies to double-stranded RNA (poly-A-poly-U) were found in six out of thirty-eight sera studied. A highly significant correlation was found between the presence of lymphocytotoxins and antinuclear antibodies (chi2 = 9.72; P less than 0.01). Lymphocytotoxins were found to be of the IgM class, to have activity against T and B cells, and to be dependent on the presence of Ca and Mg ions for activity. These findings may have pathogenetic importance in the genesis of the altered immune state of patients reveiving phenytoin.", "PMID": 304779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_14", "title": "Stimulation of a human B-lymphocyte line by anti-immunoglobulin and its concanavalin A-induced suppression by a T-cell line.", "content": "The effect of anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) on cultures of established human B-cell lines was studied to develop models for the initiation and regulation of immune responses. DNA synthesis in one line, BM, measured by [125I]iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) incorporation, was stimulated by anti-Ig when the continuously proliferating cultures approached high cell density. One of four lines, BJAB, was very sensitive to inhibition of DNA synthesis by anti-Ig at all cell concentrations. Of four human T-cell lines tested for suppressor activity, the CEM line was found to be activated by concanavalin A (Con A) to inhibit the anti-Ig stimulation of BM cells. No cytotoxic activity was detected in Con A-treated CEM cells. Both the anti-Ig stimulation of BM and Con A-induced suppression by CEM occurred with cloned cell lines in long-term culture, in the absence of helper or accessory cells.", "contents": "Stimulation of a human B-lymphocyte line by anti-immunoglobulin and its concanavalin A-induced suppression by a T-cell line. The effect of anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) on cultures of established human B-cell lines was studied to develop models for the initiation and regulation of immune responses. DNA synthesis in one line, BM, measured by [125I]iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) incorporation, was stimulated by anti-Ig when the continuously proliferating cultures approached high cell density. One of four lines, BJAB, was very sensitive to inhibition of DNA synthesis by anti-Ig at all cell concentrations. Of four human T-cell lines tested for suppressor activity, the CEM line was found to be activated by concanavalin A (Con A) to inhibit the anti-Ig stimulation of BM cells. No cytotoxic activity was detected in Con A-treated CEM cells. Both the anti-Ig stimulation of BM and Con A-induced suppression by CEM occurred with cloned cell lines in long-term culture, in the absence of helper or accessory cells.", "PMID": 304780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_15", "title": "Blood and thyroid-infiltrating lymphocyte subclasses in juvenile autoimmune thyroiditis.", "content": "We have studied the distribution of T and B lymphocytes in the blood and in the thyroid lymphocytic infiltrates (obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy) in sixteen patients with juvenile autoimmune thyroiditis (JAIT). The same cell populations were also tested for cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to thyroid antigen in the leucocyte migration test (LMT). The relative and absolute numbers of blood T lymphocytes were normal (71-76%), as were the numbers of blood B lymphocytes (19%). The thyroid infiltrate contained 48% B lymphocytes, whereas only 40-44% of the infiltrating lymphocytes were T cells. Half of the JAIT patients showed a positive CMI to thyroid antigen with blood leucocytes, but when thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes of these patients were tested in the LMT, they were negative. Thus, in contrast to what is generally assumed, we were unable to demonstrate T cell-dominated lymphocytic infiltrates or the accumulation of specifically sensitized T lymphocytes within the thyroid gland in autoimmune thyroiditis.", "contents": "Blood and thyroid-infiltrating lymphocyte subclasses in juvenile autoimmune thyroiditis. We have studied the distribution of T and B lymphocytes in the blood and in the thyroid lymphocytic infiltrates (obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy) in sixteen patients with juvenile autoimmune thyroiditis (JAIT). The same cell populations were also tested for cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to thyroid antigen in the leucocyte migration test (LMT). The relative and absolute numbers of blood T lymphocytes were normal (71-76%), as were the numbers of blood B lymphocytes (19%). The thyroid infiltrate contained 48% B lymphocytes, whereas only 40-44% of the infiltrating lymphocytes were T cells. Half of the JAIT patients showed a positive CMI to thyroid antigen with blood leucocytes, but when thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes of these patients were tested in the LMT, they were negative. Thus, in contrast to what is generally assumed, we were unable to demonstrate T cell-dominated lymphocytic infiltrates or the accumulation of specifically sensitized T lymphocytes within the thyroid gland in autoimmune thyroiditis.", "PMID": 304781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_16", "title": "Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. I. Studies in immunodeficient patients.", "content": "T lymphocytes with receptors for IgM(Tmu) and IgG(Tgamma) were examined in thirty patients with primary immunodeficiency and autoimmune disorders. Six out of twenty-seven patients with primary immunodeficiency had a low proportion of Tmu cells when compared with normal controls. Eight out of twenty-seven patients with primary immunodeficiency had an increased proportion of Tgamma cells. Two out of twenty-seven patients had both a low proportion of Tmu cells and a high proportion of Tgamma cells. The patient studied with severe combined immunodeficiency had a low proportion of both Tmu and Tgamma cells. Patients with Bruton-type agammaglobulinaemia, common variable immunodeficiency, thymoma and immunodeficiency syndrome and selective IgA deficiency demonstrated heterogeneity with regard to alterations in T-cell subpopulations.", "contents": "Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. I. Studies in immunodeficient patients. T lymphocytes with receptors for IgM(Tmu) and IgG(Tgamma) were examined in thirty patients with primary immunodeficiency and autoimmune disorders. Six out of twenty-seven patients with primary immunodeficiency had a low proportion of Tmu cells when compared with normal controls. Eight out of twenty-seven patients with primary immunodeficiency had an increased proportion of Tgamma cells. Two out of twenty-seven patients had both a low proportion of Tmu cells and a high proportion of Tgamma cells. The patient studied with severe combined immunodeficiency had a low proportion of both Tmu and Tgamma cells. Patients with Bruton-type agammaglobulinaemia, common variable immunodeficiency, thymoma and immunodeficiency syndrome and selective IgA deficiency demonstrated heterogeneity with regard to alterations in T-cell subpopulations.", "PMID": 304782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_17", "title": "Influence of SRBC/lymphocyte ratio on T-cell rosettes in alcoholic liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Thymus-derived (T) rosette-forming cells were enumerated in patients with alcoholic liver disease and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease using variable sheep red blood cell (SRBC)/lymphocyte ratios. SRBC/lymphocyte ratios of 60:1 and 32:1 did not reveal significant differences from controls in Crohn's disease. The percentage, but not absolute count, of T cells was significantly reduced in alcoholic hepatitis at the 60:1 ratio. Both the percentage and absolute count of T cells were reduced in alcoholic hepatitis and Crohn's disease with the 8:1 ratio. No significant reduction in T cells was seen at any ratio in patients with compensated alcoholic cirrhosis or ulcerative colitis. Use of a SRBC/lymphocyte ratio of 8:1 indentifies T cells which demonstrate an avidity for SRBC. This avidity may be related to the density of SRBC receptors on the surface of T cells and/or the affinity of these receptor sites for SRBC. Use of the 8:1 ratio may provide a more sensitive means by which to monitor changes in T-cell rosettes in patients suspected of having an altered cellular immune state.", "contents": "Influence of SRBC/lymphocyte ratio on T-cell rosettes in alcoholic liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Thymus-derived (T) rosette-forming cells were enumerated in patients with alcoholic liver disease and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease using variable sheep red blood cell (SRBC)/lymphocyte ratios. SRBC/lymphocyte ratios of 60:1 and 32:1 did not reveal significant differences from controls in Crohn's disease. The percentage, but not absolute count, of T cells was significantly reduced in alcoholic hepatitis at the 60:1 ratio. Both the percentage and absolute count of T cells were reduced in alcoholic hepatitis and Crohn's disease with the 8:1 ratio. No significant reduction in T cells was seen at any ratio in patients with compensated alcoholic cirrhosis or ulcerative colitis. Use of a SRBC/lymphocyte ratio of 8:1 indentifies T cells which demonstrate an avidity for SRBC. This avidity may be related to the density of SRBC receptors on the surface of T cells and/or the affinity of these receptor sites for SRBC. Use of the 8:1 ratio may provide a more sensitive means by which to monitor changes in T-cell rosettes in patients suspected of having an altered cellular immune state.", "PMID": 304783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_18", "title": "Identification of human mononuclear leucocyte populations by esterase staining.", "content": "Histochemical staining for alpha-naphthyl (non-specific) esterase has been employed to define subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. To define optimal conditions for staining, various fixatives, incubation times and cell preparations were compared. The great majority of human blood lymphocytes were found to have discrete granules of reaction product. More than 80% of T lymphocytes separated by E rosetting are esterase-positive whereas non-T lymphocytes are esterase-negative. Lymphocytes transformed by polyclonal mitogens lose their esterase-staining granules, which suggests that immature T cells are esterase-negative. Most blood monocytes show a diffuse cytoplasmic esterase reaction product and are phagocytic. However, about 20% of diffusely stained cells are not phagocytic. When leucocytes are cultured for 24 to 48 hr, the total number of esterase-positive cells increases and the great majority are phagocytic. This is interpreted as maturation of precursors into mature esterase-positive phagocytic monocytes. When cultured for longer periods, some lose phagocytic capacity and acquire the characteristics of secretory cells. Esterase-staining of lymph node sections allowed the identification of T- and B-dependent areas as well as macrophages related to sinuses. The esterase-staining technique could play a useful role in clinical and experimental immunology.", "contents": "Identification of human mononuclear leucocyte populations by esterase staining. Histochemical staining for alpha-naphthyl (non-specific) esterase has been employed to define subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. To define optimal conditions for staining, various fixatives, incubation times and cell preparations were compared. The great majority of human blood lymphocytes were found to have discrete granules of reaction product. More than 80% of T lymphocytes separated by E rosetting are esterase-positive whereas non-T lymphocytes are esterase-negative. Lymphocytes transformed by polyclonal mitogens lose their esterase-staining granules, which suggests that immature T cells are esterase-negative. Most blood monocytes show a diffuse cytoplasmic esterase reaction product and are phagocytic. However, about 20% of diffusely stained cells are not phagocytic. When leucocytes are cultured for 24 to 48 hr, the total number of esterase-positive cells increases and the great majority are phagocytic. This is interpreted as maturation of precursors into mature esterase-positive phagocytic monocytes. When cultured for longer periods, some lose phagocytic capacity and acquire the characteristics of secretory cells. Esterase-staining of lymph node sections allowed the identification of T- and B-dependent areas as well as macrophages related to sinuses. The esterase-staining technique could play a useful role in clinical and experimental immunology.", "PMID": 304784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_19", "title": "Some immunological effects of penicillamine.", "content": "Immunological effects of D- and D,L-penicillamine (PA) were studied in efforts to develop assays for synthetic D or D,L analogs and to contribute to the understanding of the mechanism(s) of action of D-PA in rheumatoid arthritis. At the highest doses tolerated by mice, D,L-PA did not significantly inhibit the development of haemagglutinating antibodies in vivo. In studies in vitro with T lymphocytes, D-PA at 1 mM concentration inhibited both concanavalin A- and phytohaemagglutinin-induced transformation as assayed by [3H]thymidine incorporation, but D-PA concentrations of 5 mM were required to inhibit concanavalin A-induced amino acid uptake. No effect of D-PA was observed either on the induction of cytotoxic T cells or on the attack of specifically sensitized T cells on target cells. It is of interest that D-PA at 1 mM concentration did inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced transformation, which predominately stimulates B lymphocytes. The effects of PA on the induced transformation of T and B cells deserve further attention for studies with analogs of PA.", "contents": "Some immunological effects of penicillamine. Immunological effects of D- and D,L-penicillamine (PA) were studied in efforts to develop assays for synthetic D or D,L analogs and to contribute to the understanding of the mechanism(s) of action of D-PA in rheumatoid arthritis. At the highest doses tolerated by mice, D,L-PA did not significantly inhibit the development of haemagglutinating antibodies in vivo. In studies in vitro with T lymphocytes, D-PA at 1 mM concentration inhibited both concanavalin A- and phytohaemagglutinin-induced transformation as assayed by [3H]thymidine incorporation, but D-PA concentrations of 5 mM were required to inhibit concanavalin A-induced amino acid uptake. No effect of D-PA was observed either on the induction of cytotoxic T cells or on the attack of specifically sensitized T cells on target cells. It is of interest that D-PA at 1 mM concentration did inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced transformation, which predominately stimulates B lymphocytes. The effects of PA on the induced transformation of T and B cells deserve further attention for studies with analogs of PA.", "PMID": 304785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_20", "title": "Human blood L lymphocytes in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma: a comparison with T and B cells.", "content": "Human blood lymphocytes with high affinity Fc receptors for IgG will bind small aggregates of this immunoglobulin at 4 degrees C. These cells have been named L lymphocytes because of membrane-labile IgG determinants. L cells possess a profile of surface markers and functional characteristics which differ from T and B cells. Immunofluorescence methods have been employed to quantify L lymphocytes in subjects with connective tissue diseases and certain infections, and these values have been compared with those for T and B cells. The mean values of L lymphocytes in groups of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma ranged between 14% and 18%; values similar to normals. Groups with acute pneumonia and tuberculosis, however, had significantly increased percentages of L lymphocytes. The absolute number of L cells was decreased in subjects with connective tissue diseases, as was the number of T and B cells. L lymphocytes in those with infections were not significantly decreased. Only L lymphocytes were depleted by immobilized antigen--antibody complexes, another characteristic which distinguishes them from T and B cells.", "contents": "Human blood L lymphocytes in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma: a comparison with T and B cells. Human blood lymphocytes with high affinity Fc receptors for IgG will bind small aggregates of this immunoglobulin at 4 degrees C. These cells have been named L lymphocytes because of membrane-labile IgG determinants. L cells possess a profile of surface markers and functional characteristics which differ from T and B cells. Immunofluorescence methods have been employed to quantify L lymphocytes in subjects with connective tissue diseases and certain infections, and these values have been compared with those for T and B cells. The mean values of L lymphocytes in groups of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma ranged between 14% and 18%; values similar to normals. Groups with acute pneumonia and tuberculosis, however, had significantly increased percentages of L lymphocytes. The absolute number of L cells was decreased in subjects with connective tissue diseases, as was the number of T and B cells. L lymphocytes in those with infections were not significantly decreased. Only L lymphocytes were depleted by immobilized antigen--antibody complexes, another characteristic which distinguishes them from T and B cells.", "PMID": 304786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_21", "title": "T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations in pre-invasive and invasive carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with pre-invasive and invasive cervical carcinoma, other gynaecological malignancies and controls were studied. T lymphocytes were recognized by their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells (E rosettes). Two surface marker characteristics were used to detect B lymphocytes: the receptors for activated complement responsible for erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette formation, and surface membrane immunoglobulin (SMIg), which is readily stainable by immunofluorescence. There was a significant depression in T cells in association with invasive but not pre-invasive cervical carcinoma. The results for B cells varied according to the method used for their detection. EAC rosette-forming (EAC-RFC) were significantly raised in patients with invasive cancers but not in patients with pre-invasive cancer. SMIg-bearing cells were not significantly altered by the presence of malignant disease. The changes in E-RFC and EAC-RFC numbers were more marked in patients with extensive cancers. Possible functional implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations in pre-invasive and invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with pre-invasive and invasive cervical carcinoma, other gynaecological malignancies and controls were studied. T lymphocytes were recognized by their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells (E rosettes). Two surface marker characteristics were used to detect B lymphocytes: the receptors for activated complement responsible for erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette formation, and surface membrane immunoglobulin (SMIg), which is readily stainable by immunofluorescence. There was a significant depression in T cells in association with invasive but not pre-invasive cervical carcinoma. The results for B cells varied according to the method used for their detection. EAC rosette-forming (EAC-RFC) were significantly raised in patients with invasive cancers but not in patients with pre-invasive cancer. SMIg-bearing cells were not significantly altered by the presence of malignant disease. The changes in E-RFC and EAC-RFC numbers were more marked in patients with extensive cancers. Possible functional implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 304787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_22", "title": "Increase in peripheral blood 'null' cells in extrinsic bronchial asthma.", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations were measured in the peripheral blood of fifteen patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma and twenty-seven normal control subjects. No significant differences in the absolute numbers of relative proportions of T, B or K lymphocytes were found. Antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (K-cell activity) was also found to be normal. The proportion and absolute number of 'null' cells were significantly increased in the asthmatic group: this population did not correlate with serum IgE levels, the eosinophil count or the duration of disease. The significance of these results in relation to suppressor T-cell control of IgE formation is discussed.", "contents": "Increase in peripheral blood 'null' cells in extrinsic bronchial asthma. Lymphocyte subpopulations were measured in the peripheral blood of fifteen patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma and twenty-seven normal control subjects. No significant differences in the absolute numbers of relative proportions of T, B or K lymphocytes were found. Antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (K-cell activity) was also found to be normal. The proportion and absolute number of 'null' cells were significantly increased in the asthmatic group: this population did not correlate with serum IgE levels, the eosinophil count or the duration of disease. The significance of these results in relation to suppressor T-cell control of IgE formation is discussed.", "PMID": 304788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_23", "title": "Effect of levamisole on autologous rosette-forming cells in nude mice.", "content": "Levamisole depresses the number of autologous rosette-forming cells (ARFC) in the spleen of nude (congenitally athymic) mice. Intravenous administration of 2.5 mg/kg of levamisole produces maximal depression. This effect appears 15 h after injection and is transient, partially disappearing after 48 hr. Dexamisole is devoid of this depressing activity. Thymopoietin, a thymic hormone, is also shown to lower the level of autologous rosette formation. These results suggest a stereospecific interference of levamisole with the maturation of immature T-cell precursors in a manner resembling the action of thymic hormones.", "contents": "Effect of levamisole on autologous rosette-forming cells in nude mice. Levamisole depresses the number of autologous rosette-forming cells (ARFC) in the spleen of nude (congenitally athymic) mice. Intravenous administration of 2.5 mg/kg of levamisole produces maximal depression. This effect appears 15 h after injection and is transient, partially disappearing after 48 hr. Dexamisole is devoid of this depressing activity. Thymopoietin, a thymic hormone, is also shown to lower the level of autologous rosette formation. These results suggest a stereospecific interference of levamisole with the maturation of immature T-cell precursors in a manner resembling the action of thymic hormones.", "PMID": 304789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_24", "title": "The underfilled coronary artery: some pre- and post-operative observations on recipient arterial quality and left ventricular function after coronary artery surgery.", "content": "In a series of 141 saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass grafts in 59 patients undergoing routine restudy of the coronary arteries within four weeks of operation, an overall graft occlusion rate of 12% was found. A trend towards a higher occlusion rate was seen in arteries that were small (19%), that had a limited run-off (15%), significant distal disease (24%) or severe atheroma at the graft site (22%). Statistically, these occlusion rates are not significantly different from the overall failure rate and do not give absolute contra-indications to grafting. A particular group of arteries which seemed underfilled in the pre-operative angiogram (1.5 mm or less in diameter but apparently healthy with smooth walls and supplying a larger area of myocardium than would be expected from their apparent size) was identified. These arteries showed a significant increase in diameter in the post-operative angiograms and had a low occlusion rate (1 of 15 grafts; 7%). When all grafts were patent, the mean post-operative left ventricular ejection fraction showed a significant increase over the pre-operative valve, but when one or more grafts were occluded there was no significant change.", "contents": "The underfilled coronary artery: some pre- and post-operative observations on recipient arterial quality and left ventricular function after coronary artery surgery. In a series of 141 saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass grafts in 59 patients undergoing routine restudy of the coronary arteries within four weeks of operation, an overall graft occlusion rate of 12% was found. A trend towards a higher occlusion rate was seen in arteries that were small (19%), that had a limited run-off (15%), significant distal disease (24%) or severe atheroma at the graft site (22%). Statistically, these occlusion rates are not significantly different from the overall failure rate and do not give absolute contra-indications to grafting. A particular group of arteries which seemed underfilled in the pre-operative angiogram (1.5 mm or less in diameter but apparently healthy with smooth walls and supplying a larger area of myocardium than would be expected from their apparent size) was identified. These arteries showed a significant increase in diameter in the post-operative angiograms and had a low occlusion rate (1 of 15 grafts; 7%). When all grafts were patent, the mean post-operative left ventricular ejection fraction showed a significant increase over the pre-operative valve, but when one or more grafts were occluded there was no significant change.", "PMID": 304793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_25", "title": "[Malignant histiocytosis (author's transl)].", "content": "According to observations in six patients and published reports, malignant histiocytosis is characterized by premature multifocal proliferation of atypical histiocytes, especially in lymph-nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lung. The diagnosis can be confirmed by electron-microscopy, and enzyme as well as immunocytochemical tests. Fever, anaemia, leukopenia (with absolute reduction in T-lymphocytes), and jaundice are frequent. Immunoglobulins are normal or polyclonally increased. Malignant histiocytosis is more like monocyte leukaemia and histiocytosis X than neoplasms of the lymphatic system.", "contents": "[Malignant histiocytosis (author's transl)]. According to observations in six patients and published reports, malignant histiocytosis is characterized by premature multifocal proliferation of atypical histiocytes, especially in lymph-nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lung. The diagnosis can be confirmed by electron-microscopy, and enzyme as well as immunocytochemical tests. Fever, anaemia, leukopenia (with absolute reduction in T-lymphocytes), and jaundice are frequent. Immunoglobulins are normal or polyclonally increased. Malignant histiocytosis is more like monocyte leukaemia and histiocytosis X than neoplasms of the lymphatic system.", "PMID": 304801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_26", "title": "[Liver disease in homozygous alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Among twelve patients with homozygous alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (Pi-type Z), five cases of infantile liver disease were diagnosed. The course of the disease was extremely variable; only one patient died of liver cirrhosis at the age of fourteen. In four cases the clinical, biochemical and histological (2 cases) findings became normal over a follow-up period of one to fifteen years. The results of these observations demonstrate that in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency even when associated with proven liver disease the prognosis need not be unfavorable.", "contents": "[Liver disease in homozygous alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (author's transl)]. Among twelve patients with homozygous alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (Pi-type Z), five cases of infantile liver disease were diagnosed. The course of the disease was extremely variable; only one patient died of liver cirrhosis at the age of fourteen. In four cases the clinical, biochemical and histological (2 cases) findings became normal over a follow-up period of one to fifteen years. The results of these observations demonstrate that in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency even when associated with proven liver disease the prognosis need not be unfavorable.", "PMID": 304803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_27", "title": "Properties of isolated human alpha1-antitrypsins of Pi types M, S and Z.", "content": "1. alpha1-Antitrypsin contains a single thiol group partly blocked in native plasma and reactive after mild reduction. 2. Human alpha1-antitrypsins of Pi types F, M, S and Z have been isolated with native microheterogeneity using thiol-disulfide (SH-SS) interchange reactions utilizing the reactive thiol group. 3. The pI of the various microheterogeneous fractions are given for protein M. Stepwise desialylation of alpha1-antitrypsin indicates that the charge difference between the major fractions is one sialic acid residue between each. This is further supported by the pI changes obtained on substitution of the single thiol with positively or negatively charged compounds. 4. Desialyation of purified proteins from each Pi type converts the individual microheterogeneous fractions to one major fraction. The pI shift for the variants studied indicate a difference of plus or minus one or two charge units between protein M and the variants. 5. A difference of one sialic acid residue was obtained for proteins M and Z by the thiobarbituric assay, but stepwise removal of sialic acid with neuraminidase revealed almost identical stepwise change of pattern of both proteins indicating the same number of sialic acid residues. 6. Electrofocusing has been used to identify CNBr fragments from proteins M, S and Z. 7. An amino acid substitution has been found to be located in one of the eight CNBr fragments, glutamic acid in protein M is substituted by lysine in protein Z. 8. The average concentration of alpha1-antityprsin in plasma from healthy males was found to be 1.32 g/1.", "contents": "Properties of isolated human alpha1-antitrypsins of Pi types M, S and Z. 1. alpha1-Antitrypsin contains a single thiol group partly blocked in native plasma and reactive after mild reduction. 2. Human alpha1-antitrypsins of Pi types F, M, S and Z have been isolated with native microheterogeneity using thiol-disulfide (SH-SS) interchange reactions utilizing the reactive thiol group. 3. The pI of the various microheterogeneous fractions are given for protein M. Stepwise desialylation of alpha1-antitrypsin indicates that the charge difference between the major fractions is one sialic acid residue between each. This is further supported by the pI changes obtained on substitution of the single thiol with positively or negatively charged compounds. 4. Desialyation of purified proteins from each Pi type converts the individual microheterogeneous fractions to one major fraction. The pI shift for the variants studied indicate a difference of plus or minus one or two charge units between protein M and the variants. 5. A difference of one sialic acid residue was obtained for proteins M and Z by the thiobarbituric assay, but stepwise removal of sialic acid with neuraminidase revealed almost identical stepwise change of pattern of both proteins indicating the same number of sialic acid residues. 6. Electrofocusing has been used to identify CNBr fragments from proteins M, S and Z. 7. An amino acid substitution has been found to be located in one of the eight CNBr fragments, glutamic acid in protein M is substituted by lysine in protein Z. 8. The average concentration of alpha1-antityprsin in plasma from healthy males was found to be 1.32 g/1.", "PMID": 304805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_28", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin in umbilical cord serum: pi phenotypes and relationships with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The concentrations and phenotypes of serum alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT) were determined in 650 newborn infants. The distribution of these 650 subjects among the various Pi phenotypes confirms the higher frequency reported for the PiS allele in Latin populations. Serum alpha1AT levels vary between one phenotype and the other. Besides, at birth, infants weighing more than 2,500 g have alpha1AT levels significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than infants weighing less than 2,500 g; this difference in serum alpha1AT concentrations is due to the low alpha1AT levels found in preterm infants. The significantly lower alpha1AT concentrations found in preterms is associated with a higher risk of developing IRDS and with a mean birth weight under 2,000 g. Infants who develop IRDS frequently have lower alpha1AT levels than those who do not develop the syndrome, independently from body weight. On the basis of serum alpha1AT quantitation, newborn infants may be separated into two groups, characterized respectively by concentrations above or below 150 mg%. From our data, it appears that if the group with an alpha1AT concentration lower than 150 mg% is phenotyped, it is possible to differentiate infants with a high risk of fatal IRDS from individuals with a \"pathological\" phenotype.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin in umbilical cord serum: pi phenotypes and relationships with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. The concentrations and phenotypes of serum alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT) were determined in 650 newborn infants. The distribution of these 650 subjects among the various Pi phenotypes confirms the higher frequency reported for the PiS allele in Latin populations. Serum alpha1AT levels vary between one phenotype and the other. Besides, at birth, infants weighing more than 2,500 g have alpha1AT levels significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than infants weighing less than 2,500 g; this difference in serum alpha1AT concentrations is due to the low alpha1AT levels found in preterm infants. The significantly lower alpha1AT concentrations found in preterms is associated with a higher risk of developing IRDS and with a mean birth weight under 2,000 g. Infants who develop IRDS frequently have lower alpha1AT levels than those who do not develop the syndrome, independently from body weight. On the basis of serum alpha1AT quantitation, newborn infants may be separated into two groups, characterized respectively by concentrations above or below 150 mg%. From our data, it appears that if the group with an alpha1AT concentration lower than 150 mg% is phenotyped, it is possible to differentiate infants with a high risk of fatal IRDS from individuals with a \"pathological\" phenotype.", "PMID": 304806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_29", "title": "Endovesical transurethral electrostimulation in the rehabilitation of neurogenic bladder in children. 4 Years clinical experience.", "content": "4 years of experience in the rehabilitation of neurogenic bladders by endovesical electrostimulation (ES) with 31 children permits us to judge the value and limitations of this treatment. 8 children (26%) reacted favorably to treatment and acquired continence approaching normal. 12 children (38%) showed modifications of bladder-sphincter equilibrium, without acquiring socially sufficient continence. 10 children (33%) showed no response to treatment. In 1 child ES may have precipitated bladder decompensation. An analysis of clinical, manometric, and radiological results in comparison to the underlying pathology permitted us to define the contraindications to ES therapy, criteria which should in the future permit a more efficient selection of patients.", "contents": "Endovesical transurethral electrostimulation in the rehabilitation of neurogenic bladder in children. 4 Years clinical experience. 4 years of experience in the rehabilitation of neurogenic bladders by endovesical electrostimulation (ES) with 31 children permits us to judge the value and limitations of this treatment. 8 children (26%) reacted favorably to treatment and acquired continence approaching normal. 12 children (38%) showed modifications of bladder-sphincter equilibrium, without acquiring socially sufficient continence. 10 children (33%) showed no response to treatment. In 1 child ES may have precipitated bladder decompensation. An analysis of clinical, manometric, and radiological results in comparison to the underlying pathology permitted us to define the contraindications to ES therapy, criteria which should in the future permit a more efficient selection of patients.", "PMID": 304807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_30", "title": "Prosthetic valve hemolysis aggravated by gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "A case is presented of a patient with 2 prosthetic valves and a mild chronic hemolytic anemia, in whom the hemolysis was suddenly aggravated by the occurrence of an acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage. This increased hemolysis was readily reversed by transfusion. It is postulated that the pathogenetic mechanism of this process was the increased direct crushing trauma and turbulence, both of which resulted from the tachycardia initiated by the gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The importance of avoiding or correcting tachycardia in patients with prosthetic valves is emphasized.", "contents": "Prosthetic valve hemolysis aggravated by gastrointestinal bleeding. A case is presented of a patient with 2 prosthetic valves and a mild chronic hemolytic anemia, in whom the hemolysis was suddenly aggravated by the occurrence of an acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage. This increased hemolysis was readily reversed by transfusion. It is postulated that the pathogenetic mechanism of this process was the increased direct crushing trauma and turbulence, both of which resulted from the tachycardia initiated by the gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The importance of avoiding or correcting tachycardia in patients with prosthetic valves is emphasized.", "PMID": 304808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_31", "title": "The production of hemopoietic growth factors by PHA-stimulated leukocytes.", "content": "Conditioned medium from cultures of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocytes has been assessed for its content of factors able to stimulate either colony formation by human granulopoietic progenitor cells, or 3H-thymidine incorporation by peripheral leukocytes from leukemic patients. The cell concentration, concentration of phytohemagglutinin and time required for optimal production of factors were investigated. Production of both classes of factors was found to be insensitive to inhibitors of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis, but sensitive to inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide. The production of colony stimulating activity showed a markedly greater sensitivity to cycloheximide than did production of thymidine-incorporating activity. For cycloheximide and most of the other inhibitors studied, factor production by leukemic cell populations was affected to a somewhat greater extent than production by normal leukocytes. Separation by velocity sedimentation of the cells responsible for production provided no evidence for distinct classes of cells producing these two classes of factors.", "contents": "The production of hemopoietic growth factors by PHA-stimulated leukocytes. Conditioned medium from cultures of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocytes has been assessed for its content of factors able to stimulate either colony formation by human granulopoietic progenitor cells, or 3H-thymidine incorporation by peripheral leukocytes from leukemic patients. The cell concentration, concentration of phytohemagglutinin and time required for optimal production of factors were investigated. Production of both classes of factors was found to be insensitive to inhibitors of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis, but sensitive to inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide. The production of colony stimulating activity showed a markedly greater sensitivity to cycloheximide than did production of thymidine-incorporating activity. For cycloheximide and most of the other inhibitors studied, factor production by leukemic cell populations was affected to a somewhat greater extent than production by normal leukocytes. Separation by velocity sedimentation of the cells responsible for production provided no evidence for distinct classes of cells producing these two classes of factors.", "PMID": 304809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_32", "title": "In vitro characteristics of childhood leukemic monoblasts.", "content": "Leukemic monoblasts obtained from three children were evaluated for their in vitro physiologic characteristics. These monoblasts were alpha naphthyl acetate esterase positive, exhibited glass adherence, had IgG membrane receptors, phagocytized latex particles with subsequent nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, and matured to macrophages in vitro, either when adherent to glass slides or in feeder layer suspensions. Employing the double layer in vitro bone marrow culture technique, leukemic marrows from these children failed to produce colonies in culture in the presence or absence of normal feeder layers. Varying the concentration of leukemic cells in the feeder layers failed to augment colony growth from normal bone marrows. Although monoblasts were observed to mature to macrophages in vitro, no increase in colony stimulating factor activity was observed with aging of the feeder layers. These studies suggest that childhood leukemic monoblasts lack the ability to produce colony stimulating activity, differing in this respect from monoblastic leukemia in adults.", "contents": "In vitro characteristics of childhood leukemic monoblasts. Leukemic monoblasts obtained from three children were evaluated for their in vitro physiologic characteristics. These monoblasts were alpha naphthyl acetate esterase positive, exhibited glass adherence, had IgG membrane receptors, phagocytized latex particles with subsequent nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, and matured to macrophages in vitro, either when adherent to glass slides or in feeder layer suspensions. Employing the double layer in vitro bone marrow culture technique, leukemic marrows from these children failed to produce colonies in culture in the presence or absence of normal feeder layers. Varying the concentration of leukemic cells in the feeder layers failed to augment colony growth from normal bone marrows. Although monoblasts were observed to mature to macrophages in vitro, no increase in colony stimulating factor activity was observed with aging of the feeder layers. These studies suggest that childhood leukemic monoblasts lack the ability to produce colony stimulating activity, differing in this respect from monoblastic leukemia in adults.", "PMID": 304810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_33", "title": "A longitudinal study of T and B lymphocytes from a three-year-old patient with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in 'gnotobiotic protection'.", "content": "Fluctuations in the percentages and absolute numbers of T and B lymphocytes were observed in the peripheral blood of a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency maintained in a gnotobiotic environment. Up to 24 months of age, 72-86% of the lymphocytes had surface membrane immunoglobulin (SMIg), 37-47% bore a receptor for C3(EAC-RFC), and 3-12.5% formed spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC). These values persisted until 30 months, after which shifts in the percentages and absolute numbers of T and B cells were observed. A significant decrease in the proportion of SMIg-bearing cells to 20-40% (169-405 mm3), and EAC-RFC to 10.5-39% (114-259 mm3), was accompanied by a general increase in the proportion of T cells to 19-60% (141-1026 mm3), representing a lymphoid subpopulation approach to normal levels.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of T and B lymphocytes from a three-year-old patient with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in 'gnotobiotic protection'. Fluctuations in the percentages and absolute numbers of T and B lymphocytes were observed in the peripheral blood of a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency maintained in a gnotobiotic environment. Up to 24 months of age, 72-86% of the lymphocytes had surface membrane immunoglobulin (SMIg), 37-47% bore a receptor for C3(EAC-RFC), and 3-12.5% formed spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC). These values persisted until 30 months, after which shifts in the percentages and absolute numbers of T and B cells were observed. A significant decrease in the proportion of SMIg-bearing cells to 20-40% (169-405 mm3), and EAC-RFC to 10.5-39% (114-259 mm3), was accompanied by a general increase in the proportion of T cells to 19-60% (141-1026 mm3), representing a lymphoid subpopulation approach to normal levels.", "PMID": 304811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_34", "title": "Hematopoiesis on cellulose ester membranes (CEM). I. Functional characteristics of cells comprising the hematopoietic microenvironment.", "content": "Cellulose ester membranes (CEM) implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice rapidly became coated with cells of peritoneal origin. Up to 56% of the cells, at a peak point 3-5 days after implantation, showed cell membrane receptors for complement and cytophilic immunoglobulin. A similar proportion of cells from CEM phagocytized yeast particles in vitro. When studied in situ, rosettes with C3b and IgG coated erythrocytes were formed by 23% of the cells coating CEM. A decreasing percentage of cells with monocyte-macrophage characteristics were detected between 5 and 17 days. CEM removed at 2 or 6 weeks after peritoneal implantation enriched tissue cultured media with colony stimulating factor which supported the growth of granulopoietic colonies in softagar culture. Mice given 59iron and 99technetium sulfur colloid i.v. showed substantial uptake of both isotopes by the CEM but the 59iron uptake could not be suppressed by hypertransfusion. Surface hematopoietic colony formation on CEM was studied 1-14 days after implantation. A peak colony number occurred at 5 days and the fell off slightly by 2 weeks. These studies indicate that the hematopoietic microenvironment of peritoneally implanted CEM contains a major sub-population of cells with monocytemacrophage features. The hematopoietic microenvironment was well-maintained even though the percentage of monocyte-macrophage marked cells decreased indicating that the microenvironment is not solely dependent upon monocyte-macrophages.", "contents": "Hematopoiesis on cellulose ester membranes (CEM). I. Functional characteristics of cells comprising the hematopoietic microenvironment. Cellulose ester membranes (CEM) implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice rapidly became coated with cells of peritoneal origin. Up to 56% of the cells, at a peak point 3-5 days after implantation, showed cell membrane receptors for complement and cytophilic immunoglobulin. A similar proportion of cells from CEM phagocytized yeast particles in vitro. When studied in situ, rosettes with C3b and IgG coated erythrocytes were formed by 23% of the cells coating CEM. A decreasing percentage of cells with monocyte-macrophage characteristics were detected between 5 and 17 days. CEM removed at 2 or 6 weeks after peritoneal implantation enriched tissue cultured media with colony stimulating factor which supported the growth of granulopoietic colonies in softagar culture. Mice given 59iron and 99technetium sulfur colloid i.v. showed substantial uptake of both isotopes by the CEM but the 59iron uptake could not be suppressed by hypertransfusion. Surface hematopoietic colony formation on CEM was studied 1-14 days after implantation. A peak colony number occurred at 5 days and the fell off slightly by 2 weeks. These studies indicate that the hematopoietic microenvironment of peritoneally implanted CEM contains a major sub-population of cells with monocytemacrophage features. The hematopoietic microenvironment was well-maintained even though the percentage of monocyte-macrophage marked cells decreased indicating that the microenvironment is not solely dependent upon monocyte-macrophages.", "PMID": 304812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_35", "title": "[Effect of triiodothyronine and methylthiouracil on the enzymatic activity of biogenic amine metabolism in rat brain synaptosomes].", "content": "Triiodothyronine injections are shown to lower DOPA decarboxylation and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylation activity and also to decrease the intensity of serotonin and norepinephrine oxidative deamination in the rats' brain synaptosomes. Hypothyroidism produced by 6-methylthiouracil administration was accompanied by intensification of the DOPA-decarboxylase activity and monamine oxidase transformation into serotonin and norepinephrine with no parallel occurring essential changes in the 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylation.", "contents": "[Effect of triiodothyronine and methylthiouracil on the enzymatic activity of biogenic amine metabolism in rat brain synaptosomes]. Triiodothyronine injections are shown to lower DOPA decarboxylation and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylation activity and also to decrease the intensity of serotonin and norepinephrine oxidative deamination in the rats' brain synaptosomes. Hypothyroidism produced by 6-methylthiouracil administration was accompanied by intensification of the DOPA-decarboxylase activity and monamine oxidase transformation into serotonin and norepinephrine with no parallel occurring essential changes in the 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylation.", "PMID": 304815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_36", "title": "[Activity of antifibrinolytics when administered using a direct current].", "content": "Tests conducted on rabbits demonstrated a high effectiveness of fibrinolysis inhibitos (tracilol, E-aminocapronic acid) with their electrophoresis as compared with their intravenous administration. The absence of any influence of direct current on the activity of contrical, tracilol and E-ACA was ascertained.", "contents": "[Activity of antifibrinolytics when administered using a direct current]. Tests conducted on rabbits demonstrated a high effectiveness of fibrinolysis inhibitos (tracilol, E-aminocapronic acid) with their electrophoresis as compared with their intravenous administration. The absence of any influence of direct current on the activity of contrical, tracilol and E-ACA was ascertained.", "PMID": 304816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_37", "title": "Glucocorticoid regulation of rat thymus RNA polymerase activity: the role of RNA and protein synthesis.", "content": "Treatment of rat thymus cells with the glucocorticoids cortisol and dexamethasone resulted in the stimulation of RNA polymerase B activity within 10 min of steroid addition. This early effect was followed by the inhibition of both RNA polymerase A and B activities. These effects were glucocorticoid-specific and were inhibited by the antiglucocorticoid cortexolone. The inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on RNA polymerase A activity was abolished by prior treatment of the cells with alpha-amanitin, cordycepin or cycloheximide, but cycloheximide was only capable of inhibiting the steroid effect measured at 3 h if added within 10--20 min after steroid addition. Cycloheximide had no effect on the steroid-mediated inhibition of RNA polymerase B activity. Control RNA polymerase A activities were unaffected by the presence of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. It is concluded that the inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis by glucocorticoids is dependent on protein synthesis, but that basal RNA polymerase A activity in rat thymus cells is not stringently coupled to protein synthesis.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid regulation of rat thymus RNA polymerase activity: the role of RNA and protein synthesis. Treatment of rat thymus cells with the glucocorticoids cortisol and dexamethasone resulted in the stimulation of RNA polymerase B activity within 10 min of steroid addition. This early effect was followed by the inhibition of both RNA polymerase A and B activities. These effects were glucocorticoid-specific and were inhibited by the antiglucocorticoid cortexolone. The inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on RNA polymerase A activity was abolished by prior treatment of the cells with alpha-amanitin, cordycepin or cycloheximide, but cycloheximide was only capable of inhibiting the steroid effect measured at 3 h if added within 10--20 min after steroid addition. Cycloheximide had no effect on the steroid-mediated inhibition of RNA polymerase B activity. Control RNA polymerase A activities were unaffected by the presence of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. It is concluded that the inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis by glucocorticoids is dependent on protein synthesis, but that basal RNA polymerase A activity in rat thymus cells is not stringently coupled to protein synthesis.", "PMID": 304818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_38", "title": "Spleen size and portal hypertension in cirrhosis.", "content": "In 210 patients with cirrhosis of the liver there was no correlation between spleen size and the rise in portal pressure, whether measured directly or assessed clinically from the size of varices on barium swallow and the presence of ascites. Despite this, there was a correlation between the occurrence of bleeding as a presenting symptom and the size of varices assessed radiologically.", "contents": "Spleen size and portal hypertension in cirrhosis. In 210 patients with cirrhosis of the liver there was no correlation between spleen size and the rise in portal pressure, whether measured directly or assessed clinically from the size of varices on barium swallow and the presence of ascites. Despite this, there was a correlation between the occurrence of bleeding as a presenting symptom and the size of varices assessed radiologically.", "PMID": 304821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_39", "title": "Distinct recognition of influenza virus hemagglutinin and H-2 antigens by cytotoxic thymus derived lymphocytes.", "content": "Cytotoxic thymus derived (T) lymphocytes were readily detected in BALB/c and C3H mice during infection with influenza A (H0N1, H3N2, Heq1Neq1) and B viruses. T cell mediated lysis was specific for H-2 compatible target cells infected with the same strain of virus used to immunize the mice. The viral specificity was found to be related to the hemagglutinin antigen by the use of parent strains (H3N2 and HeqNeq) and their recombinant viruses which included the antigenic hybrids for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (H3Neq1 and Heq1n2). In addition, cytotoxic T cell mediated lysis of influenza infected cells was demonstrated to be restricted to syngeneic cells and cells sharing the same H-2 haplotype. Thus, T cell mediated lysis of influenza infected cells appears to involve the distinct recognition of viral and H-2 antigens on the infected cell by the cytotoxic T cell.", "contents": "Distinct recognition of influenza virus hemagglutinin and H-2 antigens by cytotoxic thymus derived lymphocytes. Cytotoxic thymus derived (T) lymphocytes were readily detected in BALB/c and C3H mice during infection with influenza A (H0N1, H3N2, Heq1Neq1) and B viruses. T cell mediated lysis was specific for H-2 compatible target cells infected with the same strain of virus used to immunize the mice. The viral specificity was found to be related to the hemagglutinin antigen by the use of parent strains (H3N2 and HeqNeq) and their recombinant viruses which included the antigenic hybrids for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (H3Neq1 and Heq1n2). In addition, cytotoxic T cell mediated lysis of influenza infected cells was demonstrated to be restricted to syngeneic cells and cells sharing the same H-2 haplotype. Thus, T cell mediated lysis of influenza infected cells appears to involve the distinct recognition of viral and H-2 antigens on the infected cell by the cytotoxic T cell.", "PMID": 304819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_40", "title": "Effects of cell mediated immunity in influenza virus infection in mice.", "content": "The role of cell mediated immune responses in recovery of mice from influenza virus infection was studied by immunosuppression and by adoptive immunization. Virus infections persisted longer and produced more severe lung lesions in animals injected with anti-thymocyte serum (ATS), and immunosuppressed animals failed to mount a serum HI antibody response. Mice injected with ATS after the 4th day of infection produced antibody in titers equivalent to those of control animals but still did not recover from infection as rapidly. Passive immunization with antibody late in infection did not facilitate clearance of virus from ATS injected animals. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells obtained from syngeneic animals sensitized intraperitoneally resulted in more rapid clearance of virus and less severe lung lesions in infected recipient animals. This effect was associated with a lower antibody response in recipient mice. Adoptive immunization was still effective after depletion of beta lymphocytes from the transferred cell population. These effects correlate with in vitro assays of the cytotoxic T cell response and antibody forming cell response of sensitized mice. From these observations we conclude that T lymphocytes may play a role in recovery from influenza virus infection by mechanisms other than helper effects.", "contents": "Effects of cell mediated immunity in influenza virus infection in mice. The role of cell mediated immune responses in recovery of mice from influenza virus infection was studied by immunosuppression and by adoptive immunization. Virus infections persisted longer and produced more severe lung lesions in animals injected with anti-thymocyte serum (ATS), and immunosuppressed animals failed to mount a serum HI antibody response. Mice injected with ATS after the 4th day of infection produced antibody in titers equivalent to those of control animals but still did not recover from infection as rapidly. Passive immunization with antibody late in infection did not facilitate clearance of virus from ATS injected animals. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells obtained from syngeneic animals sensitized intraperitoneally resulted in more rapid clearance of virus and less severe lung lesions in infected recipient animals. This effect was associated with a lower antibody response in recipient mice. Adoptive immunization was still effective after depletion of beta lymphocytes from the transferred cell population. These effects correlate with in vitro assays of the cytotoxic T cell response and antibody forming cell response of sensitized mice. From these observations we conclude that T lymphocytes may play a role in recovery from influenza virus infection by mechanisms other than helper effects.", "PMID": 304820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_41", "title": "T cells, precocious aging, and familial neoplasia.", "content": "A 15-year-old girl presented with precocious aging and was found to have low levels of active and total T cells. Family history revealed a high familial incidence of cancer on both the maternal and paternal sides, and activ T cell levels were found to be low in several living family members. The patient developed osteogenic sarcoma 13 months after initial study. Since our previous studies have reported low active and total T cells in patients with cancer, the present results suggest that subjects with low active T cells should be monitored frequently to detect possible neoplasia in it early stages. They also suggest that impaired cellular immunity in humans is associated with, if not the cause of, accelerated aging.", "contents": "T cells, precocious aging, and familial neoplasia. A 15-year-old girl presented with precocious aging and was found to have low levels of active and total T cells. Family history revealed a high familial incidence of cancer on both the maternal and paternal sides, and activ T cell levels were found to be low in several living family members. The patient developed osteogenic sarcoma 13 months after initial study. Since our previous studies have reported low active and total T cells in patients with cancer, the present results suggest that subjects with low active T cells should be monitored frequently to detect possible neoplasia in it early stages. They also suggest that impaired cellular immunity in humans is associated with, if not the cause of, accelerated aging.", "PMID": 304823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_42", "title": "T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity to HBsAg-coated target cells in hepatitis b virus infection.", "content": "The cytotoxic effect of peripheral lymphocytes on chicken red blood cells (ChRBC) coated with purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been studied as an in vitro parameter of cell-mediated immunity in acute and chronic infection with hepatitis B virus. Using this technique, the mean cytotoxic index of lymphocytes from patients with acute hepatitis B (29.13 +/- 20.88) was significantly higher than that obtained with lymphocytes from control subjects (6.53 +/- 3.75). Only 33.3% of the patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis exhibited lymphocyte cytotoxicity to HBsAg-coated target cells and the mean cytotoxic index (11.66 +/- 6.60) was in these cases significantly lower than that found in acute hepatitis B. Healthy chronic carriers of HBsAg failed to show lymphocyte cytotoxicity to target cells. The effector cells detected in acute hepatitis B by this in vitro assay have been demonstrated to be T-lymphocytes, as T-cell depleted subpopulations lacked cytotoxic activity. Target cell lysis could be blocked by addition of HBsAg-coated unlabelled ChRBC as well as of purified HBsAg in the culture tubes. It is suggested that damage to the liver cells in acute hepatitis B is related to the presence of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes reacting with HBsAg on the surface of infected hepatocytes. An inadequate lymphocyte response to the antigen may be responsible for the persistence of the infection in the liver with varied clinical manifestations and associated hepatic lesions.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity to HBsAg-coated target cells in hepatitis b virus infection. The cytotoxic effect of peripheral lymphocytes on chicken red blood cells (ChRBC) coated with purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been studied as an in vitro parameter of cell-mediated immunity in acute and chronic infection with hepatitis B virus. Using this technique, the mean cytotoxic index of lymphocytes from patients with acute hepatitis B (29.13 +/- 20.88) was significantly higher than that obtained with lymphocytes from control subjects (6.53 +/- 3.75). Only 33.3% of the patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis exhibited lymphocyte cytotoxicity to HBsAg-coated target cells and the mean cytotoxic index (11.66 +/- 6.60) was in these cases significantly lower than that found in acute hepatitis B. Healthy chronic carriers of HBsAg failed to show lymphocyte cytotoxicity to target cells. The effector cells detected in acute hepatitis B by this in vitro assay have been demonstrated to be T-lymphocytes, as T-cell depleted subpopulations lacked cytotoxic activity. Target cell lysis could be blocked by addition of HBsAg-coated unlabelled ChRBC as well as of purified HBsAg in the culture tubes. It is suggested that damage to the liver cells in acute hepatitis B is related to the presence of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes reacting with HBsAg on the surface of infected hepatocytes. An inadequate lymphocyte response to the antigen may be responsible for the persistence of the infection in the liver with varied clinical manifestations and associated hepatic lesions.", "PMID": 304824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_43", "title": "K-lymphocytes (killer-cells) in Crohn's disease and acute virus B-hepatitis.", "content": "Total lymphocyte counts, B-, T-, C'3 receptor-bearing lymphocytes, and K-cell activity were studied in peripheral blood in patients with Crohn's disease and inflammatory liver disease. Patients with active untreated Crohn's disease and acute virus B hepatitis exhibited a markedly increased K-cell activity measured in a plaque assay when compared with normal controls (P less than 0.01). Patients with immunosuppressive treated Crohn's disease, HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis, and cirrhosis of the liver showed only a slight increase of K-cell activity (P less than 0.01). In the postacute phase of hepatitis (four to 12 weeks from onset) K-cell activity fell to normal levels. The number of B-lymphocytes showed a relative and absolute decrease in all groups of patients. With the exception of patients with acute HBsAg-positive hepatitis and the post-acute phase of hepatitis all the other groups showed statistically decreased absolute numbers for C'3 receptor-bearing lymphocytes. The significant decrease in K-cell activity and the number of T-lymphocytes in Crohn's disease treated with immunosuppressive drugs was interpreted as an effect of azathioprine and prednisone on these lymphocyte subpopulations.", "contents": "K-lymphocytes (killer-cells) in Crohn's disease and acute virus B-hepatitis. Total lymphocyte counts, B-, T-, C'3 receptor-bearing lymphocytes, and K-cell activity were studied in peripheral blood in patients with Crohn's disease and inflammatory liver disease. Patients with active untreated Crohn's disease and acute virus B hepatitis exhibited a markedly increased K-cell activity measured in a plaque assay when compared with normal controls (P less than 0.01). Patients with immunosuppressive treated Crohn's disease, HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis, and cirrhosis of the liver showed only a slight increase of K-cell activity (P less than 0.01). In the postacute phase of hepatitis (four to 12 weeks from onset) K-cell activity fell to normal levels. The number of B-lymphocytes showed a relative and absolute decrease in all groups of patients. With the exception of patients with acute HBsAg-positive hepatitis and the post-acute phase of hepatitis all the other groups showed statistically decreased absolute numbers for C'3 receptor-bearing lymphocytes. The significant decrease in K-cell activity and the number of T-lymphocytes in Crohn's disease treated with immunosuppressive drugs was interpreted as an effect of azathioprine and prednisone on these lymphocyte subpopulations.", "PMID": 304825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_44", "title": "Reduction in peripheral blood K cells and activated T cells in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations were measured in the peripheral blood of 13 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 13 with chronic active hepatitis (CAH), and 16 age- and sex-matched normal subjects. A significant, relative and absolute, reduction in activated T cells and K cells, compared with that in normal subjects, was found in PBC but not in CAH. The reduction in K cells observed in PBC was found to be accompanied by a parallel decrease in lymphocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Reduction in peripheral blood K cells and activated T cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. Lymphocyte subpopulations were measured in the peripheral blood of 13 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 13 with chronic active hepatitis (CAH), and 16 age- and sex-matched normal subjects. A significant, relative and absolute, reduction in activated T cells and K cells, compared with that in normal subjects, was found in PBC but not in CAH. The reduction in K cells observed in PBC was found to be accompanied by a parallel decrease in lymphocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 304826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_45", "title": "Sensibility of the rectum to distension and the anorectal distension reflex in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The maximum volume of air tolerated within a rectal balloon was less in colitic patients than in normal subjects (P less than 0.001). Smaller volumes were tolerated by patients with a spontaneously bleeding mucosa than by those with less severe inflammation (P less than 0.001). Severe urgency of defaecation with incontinence was experienced by about half those with spontaneous mucosal haemorrhage but was infrequent among other colitics. Those patients with inactive colitis and a reduced maximum tolerable volume tended to have a smaller rectal size than those who could tolerate a normal volume within the rectum. Reflex relaxation of the internal anal sphincter on distension of the rectum appeared normal in patients with colitis.", "contents": "Sensibility of the rectum to distension and the anorectal distension reflex in ulcerative colitis. The maximum volume of air tolerated within a rectal balloon was less in colitic patients than in normal subjects (P less than 0.001). Smaller volumes were tolerated by patients with a spontaneously bleeding mucosa than by those with less severe inflammation (P less than 0.001). Severe urgency of defaecation with incontinence was experienced by about half those with spontaneous mucosal haemorrhage but was infrequent among other colitics. Those patients with inactive colitis and a reduced maximum tolerable volume tended to have a smaller rectal size than those who could tolerate a normal volume within the rectum. Reflex relaxation of the internal anal sphincter on distension of the rectum appeared normal in patients with colitis.", "PMID": 304827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_46", "title": "[Endometrial cytology and copper containing intrauterine devices].", "content": "Copper-containing intrauterine devices (IUDs) for contraception are increasingly used within recent years. IUDs in situ provoke a non-specific inflammatory cell reaction, particularly at the glandular epithelium of the endometrium. The cellular changes include swelling of the cytoplasm and of the nuclei, the latter showing chromatin clumping, prominent nuclei and a pseudoeosinophilic reaction. Cytoplasmic changes exhibit vacuolation, incorporation of leukocytes and plasmolysis varying in degree. The local inflammation also accounts for the side effects associated with the device, such as uterine bleeding and endometritis. Cytomorphologically, the differentiation between cellular inflammation through IUDs and inflammatory metaplasia is difficult, particularly if the investigator has no information about the presence of an IUD. Intrauterine application of proteinase inhibitors can be helpful in differential diagnosis of such IUD-mediated cellular changes.", "contents": "[Endometrial cytology and copper containing intrauterine devices]. Copper-containing intrauterine devices (IUDs) for contraception are increasingly used within recent years. IUDs in situ provoke a non-specific inflammatory cell reaction, particularly at the glandular epithelium of the endometrium. The cellular changes include swelling of the cytoplasm and of the nuclei, the latter showing chromatin clumping, prominent nuclei and a pseudoeosinophilic reaction. Cytoplasmic changes exhibit vacuolation, incorporation of leukocytes and plasmolysis varying in degree. The local inflammation also accounts for the side effects associated with the device, such as uterine bleeding and endometritis. Cytomorphologically, the differentiation between cellular inflammation through IUDs and inflammatory metaplasia is difficult, particularly if the investigator has no information about the presence of an IUD. Intrauterine application of proteinase inhibitors can be helpful in differential diagnosis of such IUD-mediated cellular changes.", "PMID": 304829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_47", "title": "Effect of phospholipases on factor-VIII activity.", "content": "The effect of the enzymes phospholipases C and D on Factor VIII were investigated. Phospholipase D was found to activate the partially purified intact Factor-VIII molecule maximally at a final concentration of 0.6 U/ml. Neither the dissociated small molecular weight component nor the high molecular weight component were activated. Phospholipase C, on the other hand, inactivated both the intact and the dissociated Factor-VIII molecule. Phospholipase D, however, had no effect on the haemophilic cryoprecipitate or the partially purified haemophilic Factor VIII. The implications of these results for the genetic control of the Factor-VIII molecule are discussed. In this connection, haemophilia A is hypothesized to be caused by an X-linked enzyme effect that impairs phospholipid assembly of the Factor-VIII protein, whereas von Willebrand's disease might be due to a structural defect of the Factor-VIII protein.", "contents": "Effect of phospholipases on factor-VIII activity. The effect of the enzymes phospholipases C and D on Factor VIII were investigated. Phospholipase D was found to activate the partially purified intact Factor-VIII molecule maximally at a final concentration of 0.6 U/ml. Neither the dissociated small molecular weight component nor the high molecular weight component were activated. Phospholipase C, on the other hand, inactivated both the intact and the dissociated Factor-VIII molecule. Phospholipase D, however, had no effect on the haemophilic cryoprecipitate or the partially purified haemophilic Factor VIII. The implications of these results for the genetic control of the Factor-VIII molecule are discussed. In this connection, haemophilia A is hypothesized to be caused by an X-linked enzyme effect that impairs phospholipid assembly of the Factor-VIII protein, whereas von Willebrand's disease might be due to a structural defect of the Factor-VIII protein.", "PMID": 304830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_48", "title": "Induction of hamster T cell-specific antiserum in rabbits using hamster brain tissue.", "content": "Antiserum specific for hamster thymus-derived lymphocytes, prepared by immunizing rabbits with hamster brain tissue, was cytotoxic to hamster thymocytes greater than lymph node cells greater than spleen cells, while virtually non-reactive against bone marrow. This antiserum inhibited spleen cell response to the T cell mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, but not to lipopolysaccharide, a B cell mitogen.", "contents": "Induction of hamster T cell-specific antiserum in rabbits using hamster brain tissue. Antiserum specific for hamster thymus-derived lymphocytes, prepared by immunizing rabbits with hamster brain tissue, was cytotoxic to hamster thymocytes greater than lymph node cells greater than spleen cells, while virtually non-reactive against bone marrow. This antiserum inhibited spleen cell response to the T cell mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, but not to lipopolysaccharide, a B cell mitogen.", "PMID": 304834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_49", "title": "Alterations in the mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes from mice bearing Moloney sarcoma virus induced tumors.", "content": "The effects of Moloney Sarcoma Virus (MSV) induced tumor growth dynamics on the blastogenic responsiveness of lymphocytes from BALB/c mice were investigated. Lymphocytes from spleen, thymus and lymph node pools were tested for responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). Results showed a significant decrease in PHA-induced blastogenesis of all lymphocytes tested at the time of maximal tumor volume, with a return to normal responsiveness as the tumor regressed. In contrast, a differential dose dependent Con A response occurred in spleen and thymus lymphocytes. A decreased 3H-thymidine uptake occurred at optimal Con A dose, correlating with the PHA decrease. However, at a lower Con A dose an increased response was observed, beginning shortly before the PHA depression and continuing until regression of tumor began. This phenomena was not observed in lymph node lymphocytes. Based upon these observations, we suggest that the cell or cells responsible for the transient suppression of PHA responsiveness may be Con A responsive T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Alterations in the mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes from mice bearing Moloney sarcoma virus induced tumors. The effects of Moloney Sarcoma Virus (MSV) induced tumor growth dynamics on the blastogenic responsiveness of lymphocytes from BALB/c mice were investigated. Lymphocytes from spleen, thymus and lymph node pools were tested for responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). Results showed a significant decrease in PHA-induced blastogenesis of all lymphocytes tested at the time of maximal tumor volume, with a return to normal responsiveness as the tumor regressed. In contrast, a differential dose dependent Con A response occurred in spleen and thymus lymphocytes. A decreased 3H-thymidine uptake occurred at optimal Con A dose, correlating with the PHA decrease. However, at a lower Con A dose an increased response was observed, beginning shortly before the PHA depression and continuing until regression of tumor began. This phenomena was not observed in lymph node lymphocytes. Based upon these observations, we suggest that the cell or cells responsible for the transient suppression of PHA responsiveness may be Con A responsive T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 304835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_50", "title": "Embryonic mouse thymus development: stem cell entry and differentiation.", "content": "The entry and subsequent division and differentiation of blood-borne stem cells within the embryonic thymus has been studied in a system where the inflowing cells were either chromosomally or antigenically marked. H-2 positive stem cells enter the thymus within 5 days of grafting but may wait for up to 14 days before proliferating to give rise to Thy-1 positive thymocytes.", "contents": "Embryonic mouse thymus development: stem cell entry and differentiation. The entry and subsequent division and differentiation of blood-borne stem cells within the embryonic thymus has been studied in a system where the inflowing cells were either chromosomally or antigenically marked. H-2 positive stem cells enter the thymus within 5 days of grafting but may wait for up to 14 days before proliferating to give rise to Thy-1 positive thymocytes.", "PMID": 304838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_51", "title": "The effect of protease inhibitors on leucocyte migration inhibition to tuberculin extract (P.P.D.).", "content": "The protease inhibitors, Epsilon Amino Caproic Acid (E.A.C.A.) and Aprotinin were found to significantly increase the inhibition produced by P.P.D. in the Leucocyte Migration Test (L.M.T.). Dose-response curves showed that the most effective concentrations were for E.A.C.A. 0.01 M and Aprotinin 100 I.U./ml. In a series of 29 subjects with a range of Heaf reactivity this finding was consistent providing that there was a significant inhibition to P.P.D. alone. At these concentrations, cell viability was unaffected and the effect of the drugs could be reversed by washing. The exact mode of action of these inhibitors in the L.M.T. requires further elucidation.", "contents": "The effect of protease inhibitors on leucocyte migration inhibition to tuberculin extract (P.P.D.). The protease inhibitors, Epsilon Amino Caproic Acid (E.A.C.A.) and Aprotinin were found to significantly increase the inhibition produced by P.P.D. in the Leucocyte Migration Test (L.M.T.). Dose-response curves showed that the most effective concentrations were for E.A.C.A. 0.01 M and Aprotinin 100 I.U./ml. In a series of 29 subjects with a range of Heaf reactivity this finding was consistent providing that there was a significant inhibition to P.P.D. alone. At these concentrations, cell viability was unaffected and the effect of the drugs could be reversed by washing. The exact mode of action of these inhibitors in the L.M.T. requires further elucidation.", "PMID": 304839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_52", "title": "Immunological tolerance to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in neonatally infected virus carrier mice: evidence supporting a clonal inactivation mechanism.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that no cell-mediated immunity against LCM virus-infected cells can be detected in neonatally established LCM virus carrier mice suggesting that they are immunologically tolerant to virally-altered cell membrane antigens. In this communication experiments are described aimed at analyzing the mechanism. Virus-specific cell-mediated immunity was assessed by 51Cr release and target cell reduction assays. Attempts to demonstrate cells in spleens of CBA/J carrier mice able to suppress in syngeneic recipients the induction or the effector phase of the cytotoxic T-cell response against LCM virus-infected cells were unsuccessful. Also, no factors were detected in CBA/J and C57BL/6J carrier mice, either spleen cell-associated or free in the circulation, which would block the activity of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against LCM virus-infected syngeneic target cells. The results indicate that inability of LCM virus carrier mice to act immunologically against virus-infected target cells is due to deletion or irreversible inactivation of T lymphocytes carrying receptors for virally altered cell membrane antigens.", "contents": "Immunological tolerance to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in neonatally infected virus carrier mice: evidence supporting a clonal inactivation mechanism. Previous studies have shown that no cell-mediated immunity against LCM virus-infected cells can be detected in neonatally established LCM virus carrier mice suggesting that they are immunologically tolerant to virally-altered cell membrane antigens. In this communication experiments are described aimed at analyzing the mechanism. Virus-specific cell-mediated immunity was assessed by 51Cr release and target cell reduction assays. Attempts to demonstrate cells in spleens of CBA/J carrier mice able to suppress in syngeneic recipients the induction or the effector phase of the cytotoxic T-cell response against LCM virus-infected cells were unsuccessful. Also, no factors were detected in CBA/J and C57BL/6J carrier mice, either spleen cell-associated or free in the circulation, which would block the activity of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against LCM virus-infected syngeneic target cells. The results indicate that inability of LCM virus carrier mice to act immunologically against virus-infected target cells is due to deletion or irreversible inactivation of T lymphocytes carrying receptors for virally altered cell membrane antigens.", "PMID": 304840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_53", "title": "Immune effector cell activity in canines: failure to demonstrate genetic restriction in direct antiviral cytotoxicity.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to establish whether the cytotoxic activity of canine immune effector cells against viral antigens was affected by the genotype of the target cell (genetic restriction). Puppies from three different breeds were infected with vaccinia virus, and the peripheral blood leukocytes were collected at various times for measurement of their cytotoxicity against autologous and heterologous vaccinia virus-infected and uninfected skin fibroblasts. In all cases cytotoxicity only occurred against virus-infected targets, and there was no consistent evidence of preferential killing of autologous targets. Several indirect approaches were used to demonstrate that direct, presumably T cell, cytotoxicity was being measured rather than antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. On the basis of the evidence from cross mixed-lymphocyte assays and cell-mediated lympholysis assays, the dogs were shown not be be identical with respect to their histocompatibility antigens. The significance of our findings to the phenomenon of genetic restriction as observed for mouse-derived immune effector cells is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Immune effector cell activity in canines: failure to demonstrate genetic restriction in direct antiviral cytotoxicity. Experiments were undertaken to establish whether the cytotoxic activity of canine immune effector cells against viral antigens was affected by the genotype of the target cell (genetic restriction). Puppies from three different breeds were infected with vaccinia virus, and the peripheral blood leukocytes were collected at various times for measurement of their cytotoxicity against autologous and heterologous vaccinia virus-infected and uninfected skin fibroblasts. In all cases cytotoxicity only occurred against virus-infected targets, and there was no consistent evidence of preferential killing of autologous targets. Several indirect approaches were used to demonstrate that direct, presumably T cell, cytotoxicity was being measured rather than antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. On the basis of the evidence from cross mixed-lymphocyte assays and cell-mediated lympholysis assays, the dogs were shown not be be identical with respect to their histocompatibility antigens. The significance of our findings to the phenomenon of genetic restriction as observed for mouse-derived immune effector cells is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 304843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_54", "title": "Characterization of the immunoprotective antigen of ribosomal preparations from Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "This investigation was designed to characterize the immunoprotective antigen of ribosomal preparations from Haemophilus influenzae. The ribosomes that elicited 80 to 90% protection contained 25% protein and 75% ribonucleic acid but did not contain any detectable hexoses. The immunodiffusion and hemagglutination inhibition tests also failed to demonstrate that the capsular material (polyribose phosphate) was in ribosomal preparations. Treatment of ribosomes with ribonuclease degraded 78% ribonucleic acid but did not affect the immunogenicity of such preparations. The proteolytic enzymes reduced the immunogenicity of ribosomes corresponding to the amount of protein degraded. The protection elicited by ribosomal protein extracted with 2-chloroethanol was comparable to that induced by intact ribosomes. In contrast, the low levels of protection observed by immunization with phenol-extracted ribonucleic acid were dependent on the amounts of contaminating protein. Finally, immunogenicity of ribosomal ribonucleic acid and protein was abrogated by treatment with proteolytic enzymes. These results clearly indicate that the protein associated with Haemophilus ribosomes is the major immunoprotective antigen.", "contents": "Characterization of the immunoprotective antigen of ribosomal preparations from Haemophilus influenzae. This investigation was designed to characterize the immunoprotective antigen of ribosomal preparations from Haemophilus influenzae. The ribosomes that elicited 80 to 90% protection contained 25% protein and 75% ribonucleic acid but did not contain any detectable hexoses. The immunodiffusion and hemagglutination inhibition tests also failed to demonstrate that the capsular material (polyribose phosphate) was in ribosomal preparations. Treatment of ribosomes with ribonuclease degraded 78% ribonucleic acid but did not affect the immunogenicity of such preparations. The proteolytic enzymes reduced the immunogenicity of ribosomes corresponding to the amount of protein degraded. The protection elicited by ribosomal protein extracted with 2-chloroethanol was comparable to that induced by intact ribosomes. In contrast, the low levels of protection observed by immunization with phenol-extracted ribonucleic acid were dependent on the amounts of contaminating protein. Finally, immunogenicity of ribosomal ribonucleic acid and protein was abrogated by treatment with proteolytic enzymes. These results clearly indicate that the protein associated with Haemophilus ribosomes is the major immunoprotective antigen.", "PMID": 304844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_55", "title": "Characterization of the human natural killer (NK) cell in blood and lymphoid organs.", "content": "The human natural killer (NK) cell in peripheral blood is a non-thymus-dependent, (Fc+ C3-), Ig-bearing lymphocyte and is probably identical to the human K cell, although not requiring the Fc receptor, in contrast to the K cell, for the lytic process. The human NK cell in tonsil and lymph node, on the other hand, is a non-Ig- bearing T lymphocyte, lacking both Fc and C3 receptors.", "contents": "Characterization of the human natural killer (NK) cell in blood and lymphoid organs. The human natural killer (NK) cell in peripheral blood is a non-thymus-dependent, (Fc+ C3-), Ig-bearing lymphocyte and is probably identical to the human K cell, although not requiring the Fc receptor, in contrast to the K cell, for the lytic process. The human NK cell in tonsil and lymph node, on the other hand, is a non-Ig- bearing T lymphocyte, lacking both Fc and C3 receptors.", "PMID": 304845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_56", "title": "Development and persistence of cytolytic T lymphocytes in regressing or progressing Moloney sarcomas.", "content": "Intratumoral T lymphocytes were recovered sequentially after induction of regressing or progressing Moloney sarcomas in BALB/c mice and were assayed quantitatively for their ability to kill specifically the tumor (MSC) cells used for induction. The cytolytic activities of the two lymphocyte populations described two distinct biphasic kinetic profiles that were similar in amplitude and duration but separated from each other by 4-6 days. In progressing neoplasm, there was a rapidly occuring accumulation of T lymphocytes highly cytolytic for MSC cells. This response, however, was not sustained and disappeared in association with the onset of unchecked tumor growth. In contrast, T lymphocyte cytolytic activity developed more slowly in regressing sarcomas and attained peak levels coincident with the beginning of tumor regression. Similar changes in cytolytic activity characterized T lymphocytes in lymph nodes draining tumors. When cultured in vitro for 4 days, non-cytotoxic T lymphocytes from regional lymph nodes draining progressing sarcomas regained very high levels of cytolytic activity. Such restitution was diminished, however, if MSC cell lysates, macrophages or macrophages fed MSC cell lysates were present during the culture period. These experiments provided presumptive evidence that T lymphocyte-mediated cytolytic activity was lost in progressively growing Moloney sarcomas as a consequence of suppression in vivo of the genesis and/or functional expression of cytolytic T lymphocytes, perhaps by macrophages and/or soluble tumor antigen.", "contents": "Development and persistence of cytolytic T lymphocytes in regressing or progressing Moloney sarcomas. Intratumoral T lymphocytes were recovered sequentially after induction of regressing or progressing Moloney sarcomas in BALB/c mice and were assayed quantitatively for their ability to kill specifically the tumor (MSC) cells used for induction. The cytolytic activities of the two lymphocyte populations described two distinct biphasic kinetic profiles that were similar in amplitude and duration but separated from each other by 4-6 days. In progressing neoplasm, there was a rapidly occuring accumulation of T lymphocytes highly cytolytic for MSC cells. This response, however, was not sustained and disappeared in association with the onset of unchecked tumor growth. In contrast, T lymphocyte cytolytic activity developed more slowly in regressing sarcomas and attained peak levels coincident with the beginning of tumor regression. Similar changes in cytolytic activity characterized T lymphocytes in lymph nodes draining tumors. When cultured in vitro for 4 days, non-cytotoxic T lymphocytes from regional lymph nodes draining progressing sarcomas regained very high levels of cytolytic activity. Such restitution was diminished, however, if MSC cell lysates, macrophages or macrophages fed MSC cell lysates were present during the culture period. These experiments provided presumptive evidence that T lymphocyte-mediated cytolytic activity was lost in progressively growing Moloney sarcomas as a consequence of suppression in vivo of the genesis and/or functional expression of cytolytic T lymphocytes, perhaps by macrophages and/or soluble tumor antigen.", "PMID": 304846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_57", "title": "Negative pion irradiation of mammalian cells. II. A comparative analysis of cell-cycle progression after exposure to pi-mesons and cobalt gamma-rays.", "content": "The effect of negative pi-mesons on cell-cycle progression of exponentially-growing V 79 monolayer cultures was examined by flow-microfluorometric analysis. Comparison with proliferative changes of the same cell-line after cobalt gamma-irradiation yielded r.b.e. values (relative biological effectiveness) of 2.2 for both, G2+M accumulation and division delay after irradiation at the pion peak. A dose-dependent prolongation of S-phase was found after Co gamma-irradiation which, however, was not detectable after pi-exposure. This observation is so far the only qualitative difference demonstrated in the effects of the two types of radiation.", "contents": "Negative pion irradiation of mammalian cells. II. A comparative analysis of cell-cycle progression after exposure to pi-mesons and cobalt gamma-rays. The effect of negative pi-mesons on cell-cycle progression of exponentially-growing V 79 monolayer cultures was examined by flow-microfluorometric analysis. Comparison with proliferative changes of the same cell-line after cobalt gamma-irradiation yielded r.b.e. values (relative biological effectiveness) of 2.2 for both, G2+M accumulation and division delay after irradiation at the pion peak. A dose-dependent prolongation of S-phase was found after Co gamma-irradiation which, however, was not detectable after pi-exposure. This observation is so far the only qualitative difference demonstrated in the effects of the two types of radiation.", "PMID": 304847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_58", "title": "Implication of protein aromatic amino acids in concanavalin A-carbohydrate interactions. A radiolytic study.", "content": "Pulse radiolysis and 60Co gamma-radiolysis have been used to study the effects of ionizing radiation on the glycogen-precipitating activity of the protein concanavalin A. Both eaq- and OH. react extremely rapidly with the protein and contribute to the observed loss of concanavalin A activity. Evidence is also presented that (Br)2-. and (SCN)2-. react with with tyrosine and tryptophan residues in concanavalin A, which is also accompanied by loss of glycogen precipitation activity.", "contents": "Implication of protein aromatic amino acids in concanavalin A-carbohydrate interactions. A radiolytic study. Pulse radiolysis and 60Co gamma-radiolysis have been used to study the effects of ionizing radiation on the glycogen-precipitating activity of the protein concanavalin A. Both eaq- and OH. react extremely rapidly with the protein and contribute to the observed loss of concanavalin A activity. Evidence is also presented that (Br)2-. and (SCN)2-. react with with tyrosine and tryptophan residues in concanavalin A, which is also accompanied by loss of glycogen precipitation activity.", "PMID": 304848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_59", "title": "Radionecrosis of normal tissue: studies on mouse tails.", "content": "Studies on the radionecrosis of mouse tails demonstrate the following modifications to the dose necessary for necrosis in 50 per cent of tails (the ND50): (a) There is very little reduction in ND50 values for irradiated lengths of tail from 2 cm to almost the whole tail, but there is a sharp increase in dose for lengths less than 1.5 cm. (b) The ND50 is high for unanesthetized mice irradiated in air, due to tissue hypoxia. (c) The hypoxia can be reduced by varying amounts by applying heat to the tail, or by flowing oxygen over the tail surface, or by anesthetizing the animal. (d) The ingress of oxygen through the surface can be reduced by placing a clamp round the proximal tail. These features are discussed with reference to the state and possible position of the target cells, and to the use of this assay technique in comparative studies.", "contents": "Radionecrosis of normal tissue: studies on mouse tails. Studies on the radionecrosis of mouse tails demonstrate the following modifications to the dose necessary for necrosis in 50 per cent of tails (the ND50): (a) There is very little reduction in ND50 values for irradiated lengths of tail from 2 cm to almost the whole tail, but there is a sharp increase in dose for lengths less than 1.5 cm. (b) The ND50 is high for unanesthetized mice irradiated in air, due to tissue hypoxia. (c) The hypoxia can be reduced by varying amounts by applying heat to the tail, or by flowing oxygen over the tail surface, or by anesthetizing the animal. (d) The ingress of oxygen through the surface can be reduced by placing a clamp round the proximal tail. These features are discussed with reference to the state and possible position of the target cells, and to the use of this assay technique in comparative studies.", "PMID": 304849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_60", "title": "Lethality in mammalian cells due to hyperthermia under oxic and hypoxic conditions.", "content": "From several studies of hyperthermia there have been reports that hypoxic cells are more sensitive to heat than their oxic counterparts. Experimental techniques in this investigation eliminate the effect of pH, trypsinization and cell attachment, when assaying the effects of hyperthermia on cells. Under hypoxic conditions, HeLa S3 and Chinese hamster cell-lines do not have an increased sensitivity to heat compared with oxic cells. HeLa S3 cells are protected against heat by hypoxia. Light-microscopy indicates the rupture of the plasma membrane, occasional nuclear budding, membrane vesicles and granulation of cell contents after heating at 43 degrees C for 3 hours. Scanning electron micrographs show that cells are more rounded after heat treatment and that there is an accompanying decrease in the number of microvilli, suggesting that the mechanism of cell attachment is affected. Heated cells should be delicately handled and subjected to the minimal trauma so that an accurate comparison of survival can be made.", "contents": "Lethality in mammalian cells due to hyperthermia under oxic and hypoxic conditions. From several studies of hyperthermia there have been reports that hypoxic cells are more sensitive to heat than their oxic counterparts. Experimental techniques in this investigation eliminate the effect of pH, trypsinization and cell attachment, when assaying the effects of hyperthermia on cells. Under hypoxic conditions, HeLa S3 and Chinese hamster cell-lines do not have an increased sensitivity to heat compared with oxic cells. HeLa S3 cells are protected against heat by hypoxia. Light-microscopy indicates the rupture of the plasma membrane, occasional nuclear budding, membrane vesicles and granulation of cell contents after heating at 43 degrees C for 3 hours. Scanning electron micrographs show that cells are more rounded after heat treatment and that there is an accompanying decrease in the number of microvilli, suggesting that the mechanism of cell attachment is affected. Heated cells should be delicately handled and subjected to the minimal trauma so that an accurate comparison of survival can be made.", "PMID": 304850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_61", "title": "Cytochemistry of blood cells in two West African amphibians.", "content": "Lipid, glycogen, peroxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied in the cells of blood smears in the toad and frog. While lipid and glycogen were largely confined to granulocytes and monocytes, peroxidase activity was intense in all cell types except lymphocytes in both species.", "contents": "Cytochemistry of blood cells in two West African amphibians. Lipid, glycogen, peroxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied in the cells of blood smears in the toad and frog. While lipid and glycogen were largely confined to granulocytes and monocytes, peroxidase activity was intense in all cell types except lymphocytes in both species.", "PMID": 304853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_62", "title": "Membrane-bound, pyridine nucleotide-independent L-lactate dehydrogenase of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides has a pyridine nucleotide-independent L-lactate dehydrogenase associated with the membrane fraction of cells grown either aerobically or phototrophically. The dehydrogenase is present in cells grown on a variety of carbon sources, but at levels less than 20% of that found in cells grown with DL-lactate. The dehydrogenase has been purified 45-fold from membranes of strain L-57, a non-photosynthetic mutant, by steps involving solubilization with lauryl dimethylamine oxide and three anion-exchange chromatography steps. The purified enzyme was specific for the L-isomer of lactate. The Km of the purified enzyme for L-lactate is 1.4 mM, whereas that of the membrane-associated enzyme is 0.5 mM. The enzyme activity was inhibited competitively by D-lactate and non-competitively by oxalate and oxamate. Quinacrine, a flavin analog, also inhibited the activity. The inducible enzyme may serve as a marker of membrane protein in studies of membrane development.", "contents": "Membrane-bound, pyridine nucleotide-independent L-lactate dehydrogenase of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides has a pyridine nucleotide-independent L-lactate dehydrogenase associated with the membrane fraction of cells grown either aerobically or phototrophically. The dehydrogenase is present in cells grown on a variety of carbon sources, but at levels less than 20% of that found in cells grown with DL-lactate. The dehydrogenase has been purified 45-fold from membranes of strain L-57, a non-photosynthetic mutant, by steps involving solubilization with lauryl dimethylamine oxide and three anion-exchange chromatography steps. The purified enzyme was specific for the L-isomer of lactate. The Km of the purified enzyme for L-lactate is 1.4 mM, whereas that of the membrane-associated enzyme is 0.5 mM. The enzyme activity was inhibited competitively by D-lactate and non-competitively by oxalate and oxamate. Quinacrine, a flavin analog, also inhibited the activity. The inducible enzyme may serve as a marker of membrane protein in studies of membrane development.", "PMID": 304854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_63", "title": "alpha-Amylase from human pancreatic juice as an electrophoretically pure isozyme.", "content": "Human pancreatic juice collected antiseptically and strictly free from other body fluids and juices, was examined for the isozyme composition of alpha-amylase. Unlike those of the extract of and exudate from pancreatic tissue, the composition of alpha-amylase isozyme in the secreted juice was simple and consisted of only two isozymes, a major one and a minor one, and the reason for difference in the isozyme composition is discussed. The major alpha-amylase isozyme was obtained in a crystalline state with a molecular weight of 5.4-5.5 X 10(4).", "contents": "alpha-Amylase from human pancreatic juice as an electrophoretically pure isozyme. Human pancreatic juice collected antiseptically and strictly free from other body fluids and juices, was examined for the isozyme composition of alpha-amylase. Unlike those of the extract of and exudate from pancreatic tissue, the composition of alpha-amylase isozyme in the secreted juice was simple and consisted of only two isozymes, a major one and a minor one, and the reason for difference in the isozyme composition is discussed. The major alpha-amylase isozyme was obtained in a crystalline state with a molecular weight of 5.4-5.5 X 10(4).", "PMID": 304856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_64", "title": "Bacteremia associated with Haemophilus influenzae type e biotype 4.", "content": "Haemophilus influenzae type e biotype 4 was isolated from a single antemortem blood culture obtained from a 60-year-old, white male with abdominal carcinomatosis.", "contents": "Bacteremia associated with Haemophilus influenzae type e biotype 4. Haemophilus influenzae type e biotype 4 was isolated from a single antemortem blood culture obtained from a 60-year-old, white male with abdominal carcinomatosis.", "PMID": 304860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_65", "title": "Detection of capsulated Haemophilus influenzae in chest infections by counter current immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The application of counter current immunoelectrophoresis to the detection of Haemophilus influenzae capsular antigen in sputum is described. The method, technically simple, provided results within 30 minutes. H. influenzae capsular antigen was detected in 12% of patients and in 54.8% of the H. influenzae strains isolated. The test was not impaired by prior antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Detection of capsulated Haemophilus influenzae in chest infections by counter current immunoelectrophoresis. The application of counter current immunoelectrophoresis to the detection of Haemophilus influenzae capsular antigen in sputum is described. The method, technically simple, provided results within 30 minutes. H. influenzae capsular antigen was detected in 12% of patients and in 54.8% of the H. influenzae strains isolated. The test was not impaired by prior antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 304861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_66", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of action of guinea pig lymphotoxin. I. Membrane active substances prevent target cell lysis by lymphotoxin.", "content": "The effect of various pharamacologic agents on lysis of L cells by guinea pig lymphotoxin (LT) was studied. Among the many drugs tested, only those that affect plasma membrane functions were found to interfere with the cytolytic action of LT. Dimethyl sulfoxide or lidocaine potentiated L cell resistance against lysis. Stronger protection was provided by ouabain. Addition of ouabain to cells previously injured by LT was also effective in reducing cell death. Attempts to detect metabolic disturbances in cells before LT cytolysis were unsuccessful. The biosynthetic rate of DNA, RNA, or protein, and the total cellular content of ATP were not significantly changed in LT-treated cells. The results suggest that LT disturbs some plasma membrane functions of the target cell, perhaps ion transport systems, and consequently induces ionic imbalances between the intra-and extracellular milieu which eventually cause cell death.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of action of guinea pig lymphotoxin. I. Membrane active substances prevent target cell lysis by lymphotoxin. The effect of various pharamacologic agents on lysis of L cells by guinea pig lymphotoxin (LT) was studied. Among the many drugs tested, only those that affect plasma membrane functions were found to interfere with the cytolytic action of LT. Dimethyl sulfoxide or lidocaine potentiated L cell resistance against lysis. Stronger protection was provided by ouabain. Addition of ouabain to cells previously injured by LT was also effective in reducing cell death. Attempts to detect metabolic disturbances in cells before LT cytolysis were unsuccessful. The biosynthetic rate of DNA, RNA, or protein, and the total cellular content of ATP were not significantly changed in LT-treated cells. The results suggest that LT disturbs some plasma membrane functions of the target cell, perhaps ion transport systems, and consequently induces ionic imbalances between the intra-and extracellular milieu which eventually cause cell death.", "PMID": 304869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_67", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of action of guinea pig lymphotoxin. II. Increase of calcium uptake rate in LT-damaged target cells.", "content": "In the previous paper it was suggested that the primary action of guinea pig lymphotoxin (LT) involved creation of ionic imbalances within the target L cells. The nature of these ionic disturbances is explored in this paper. The exogenous addition of CaCl2, but not KCl or NaCl, inhibited the cytotoxic action of LT. Cellular uptake rates of 45Ca++, but not 86Rb+, increased in LT-damaged L cells. The factor responsible for increasing the 45Ca++ uptake rate cochromatographed on a hydroxyapatite column with the cytotoxic activity of LT. Ouabain prevented the LT-mediated lysis and, concomitantly, depressed the LT-induced increase of 45Ca++ uptake rate. The LT-damaged L cells excluded trypan blue to the same extent as the normal cells. The addition of LT to and LT-resistant L cell mutant affected neither the 45Ca++ uptake rate nor the viability. From these observations, damage to the calcium transport system in the L cell plasma membrane is proposed as a mechanism of LT action.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of action of guinea pig lymphotoxin. II. Increase of calcium uptake rate in LT-damaged target cells. In the previous paper it was suggested that the primary action of guinea pig lymphotoxin (LT) involved creation of ionic imbalances within the target L cells. The nature of these ionic disturbances is explored in this paper. The exogenous addition of CaCl2, but not KCl or NaCl, inhibited the cytotoxic action of LT. Cellular uptake rates of 45Ca++, but not 86Rb+, increased in LT-damaged L cells. The factor responsible for increasing the 45Ca++ uptake rate cochromatographed on a hydroxyapatite column with the cytotoxic activity of LT. Ouabain prevented the LT-mediated lysis and, concomitantly, depressed the LT-induced increase of 45Ca++ uptake rate. The LT-damaged L cells excluded trypan blue to the same extent as the normal cells. The addition of LT to and LT-resistant L cell mutant affected neither the 45Ca++ uptake rate nor the viability. From these observations, damage to the calcium transport system in the L cell plasma membrane is proposed as a mechanism of LT action.", "PMID": 304870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_68", "title": "Low affinity E-rosette formation by the human K cell.", "content": "Human T lymphocytes were separated into two subsets on the basis of relative affinity for sheep red blood cells (E), and these T cell fractions were examined for cytotoxic reactivity against antibody-sensitized Change liver cells (ADCC). High affinity E-rosette-forming cells (E-RFC) (55 +/- 6% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells), capable of rosette formation despite elevated temperatures of incubation (29 degrees C) and a limited concentration of E, contained few antibody-dependent cytotoxic cells (K cells). In contrast, low affinity E-RFC (23+/-7% of mononuclear cell suspensions) requiring cool temperatures of incubation (4 degrees C) and an excess of E to form rosettes, were highly enriched for ADCC activity. The majority of K cells exhibited low affinity interactions with E. T cells in thymus, tonsil, and lymph node formed high affinity E-rosettes and exhibited little reactivity in ADCC. Only peripheral blood and spleen contained easily identified low affinity E-RFC and anti-body-dependent cytotoxic cells. The proportion of low affinity E-RFC in the peripheral blood of normal subjects correlated closely with reactivity in ADCC, making it possible to predict cytotoxic potential for the E-rosette pattern. These data indicate that the human K cell may belong to a previously unappreciated but functionally important subset of thymic dependent mononuclear cells.", "contents": "Low affinity E-rosette formation by the human K cell. Human T lymphocytes were separated into two subsets on the basis of relative affinity for sheep red blood cells (E), and these T cell fractions were examined for cytotoxic reactivity against antibody-sensitized Change liver cells (ADCC). High affinity E-rosette-forming cells (E-RFC) (55 +/- 6% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells), capable of rosette formation despite elevated temperatures of incubation (29 degrees C) and a limited concentration of E, contained few antibody-dependent cytotoxic cells (K cells). In contrast, low affinity E-RFC (23+/-7% of mononuclear cell suspensions) requiring cool temperatures of incubation (4 degrees C) and an excess of E to form rosettes, were highly enriched for ADCC activity. The majority of K cells exhibited low affinity interactions with E. T cells in thymus, tonsil, and lymph node formed high affinity E-rosettes and exhibited little reactivity in ADCC. Only peripheral blood and spleen contained easily identified low affinity E-RFC and anti-body-dependent cytotoxic cells. The proportion of low affinity E-RFC in the peripheral blood of normal subjects correlated closely with reactivity in ADCC, making it possible to predict cytotoxic potential for the E-rosette pattern. These data indicate that the human K cell may belong to a previously unappreciated but functionally important subset of thymic dependent mononuclear cells.", "PMID": 304874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_69", "title": "Mucus viscoelasticity and mucociliary transport rate.", "content": "The aim of this research was to define in quantitative terms the relationship between the viscoelastic properties of mucus and the velocity at which it can be transported by a ciliated mucosa. To this effect, tests were performed on frog palates with normal beating cilia which were washed free of endogenous mucus. Experimental sputum samples encompassing a wide range of viscoelastic properties were applied to the palates, and their transport velocity was measured under a dissecting microscope. The results indicated that the fastest transport, per palate, was achieved by sputa whose Newtonian viscosity and linear elastic modulus fell within the range of 1,000 to 3,000 poises and 10 to 25 dynes/cm2, respectively. The transport velocity decreased when the sputum viscoelasticity was above or below this optimal range. The latter condition is of particular importance since it indicates that marked fluidification may hinder rather than promote mucus clearance.", "contents": "Mucus viscoelasticity and mucociliary transport rate. The aim of this research was to define in quantitative terms the relationship between the viscoelastic properties of mucus and the velocity at which it can be transported by a ciliated mucosa. To this effect, tests were performed on frog palates with normal beating cilia which were washed free of endogenous mucus. Experimental sputum samples encompassing a wide range of viscoelastic properties were applied to the palates, and their transport velocity was measured under a dissecting microscope. The results indicated that the fastest transport, per palate, was achieved by sputa whose Newtonian viscosity and linear elastic modulus fell within the range of 1,000 to 3,000 poises and 10 to 25 dynes/cm2, respectively. The transport velocity decreased when the sputum viscoelasticity was above or below this optimal range. The latter condition is of particular importance since it indicates that marked fluidification may hinder rather than promote mucus clearance.", "PMID": 304876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_70", "title": "Characterization of p-aminobenzoic acid transport across the rat intestine.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of PABA, a member of the vitamin B complex, was characterized in vivo and in vitro in the rat by the segmental intestinal perfusion and everted gut sac technique. Net PABA absorption was directly proportional to substrate concentration, and saturation of absorption did not occur with increasing concentrations of PABA (1 to 50 mM), indicating a nonsaturable process. Jejunal and ileal absorption rates were similar and were not influenced by the presence of glucose or the absence of sodium in the test solution. Similarly, 14C-PABA transport in vitro was nonsaturable and proportional to PABA concentration (0.05, 0.5, 1, 10, and 50 mM). It was not inhibited by ouabain or other PABA analogues such as folic acid and benzoic acid. These studies indicate that PABA, a vitamin B cofactor, is absorbed by a nonsaturable, sodium-independent process, which characterizes passive diffusion and is similar to the absorption of other vitamin B members.", "contents": "Characterization of p-aminobenzoic acid transport across the rat intestine. The intestinal absorption of PABA, a member of the vitamin B complex, was characterized in vivo and in vitro in the rat by the segmental intestinal perfusion and everted gut sac technique. Net PABA absorption was directly proportional to substrate concentration, and saturation of absorption did not occur with increasing concentrations of PABA (1 to 50 mM), indicating a nonsaturable process. Jejunal and ileal absorption rates were similar and were not influenced by the presence of glucose or the absence of sodium in the test solution. Similarly, 14C-PABA transport in vitro was nonsaturable and proportional to PABA concentration (0.05, 0.5, 1, 10, and 50 mM). It was not inhibited by ouabain or other PABA analogues such as folic acid and benzoic acid. These studies indicate that PABA, a vitamin B cofactor, is absorbed by a nonsaturable, sodium-independent process, which characterizes passive diffusion and is similar to the absorption of other vitamin B members.", "PMID": 304877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_71", "title": "Immunological T-cell memory in the in vitro-induced experimental autoimmune orchitis: specificity of the reaction and tissue distribution of the autoantigens.", "content": "Immunological memory has been induced in vitro against testicular autoantigens by priming normal rat T lymphocytes against autologous testis cells, and by permitting the isolated blast cells to revert back to small secondary lymphocytes (secondary EAO cells) in the absence of the priming antigen. The secondary EAO cells vigorously respond in a secondary response when reconfronted with syngeneic testis or lymphoid cells. Their responsiveness to nonself stimulator cells is, however, reduced. Secondary cells derived from concanavalin A-stimulated blasts, do not show that pattern of specificity. The specificity of the secondary EAO cells is definite, and cannot be affected by further culture on allogeneic fibroblasts, which are antigenic for unprimed T lymphocytes. At least part of the autoantigens are determined by the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC). Factors provided by the culture system do not appear to determine the specificity of this reaction. Only minor cell populations can restimulate secondary EAO cells. One of these populations is presumably phage-like cells within the lymphoid populations can elicit a secondary EAO response. Thus, the autoantigens relevant in the secondary EAO response are either MHC antigens restricted to these testicular and lymphoid subpopulations, or MHC antigens recognized in conjunction with organ-specific non-MHC determinants.", "contents": "Immunological T-cell memory in the in vitro-induced experimental autoimmune orchitis: specificity of the reaction and tissue distribution of the autoantigens. Immunological memory has been induced in vitro against testicular autoantigens by priming normal rat T lymphocytes against autologous testis cells, and by permitting the isolated blast cells to revert back to small secondary lymphocytes (secondary EAO cells) in the absence of the priming antigen. The secondary EAO cells vigorously respond in a secondary response when reconfronted with syngeneic testis or lymphoid cells. Their responsiveness to nonself stimulator cells is, however, reduced. Secondary cells derived from concanavalin A-stimulated blasts, do not show that pattern of specificity. The specificity of the secondary EAO cells is definite, and cannot be affected by further culture on allogeneic fibroblasts, which are antigenic for unprimed T lymphocytes. At least part of the autoantigens are determined by the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC). Factors provided by the culture system do not appear to determine the specificity of this reaction. Only minor cell populations can restimulate secondary EAO cells. One of these populations is presumably phage-like cells within the lymphoid populations can elicit a secondary EAO response. Thus, the autoantigens relevant in the secondary EAO response are either MHC antigens restricted to these testicular and lymphoid subpopulations, or MHC antigens recognized in conjunction with organ-specific non-MHC determinants.", "PMID": 304879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_72", "title": "Changes in suppressor mechanisms during postnatal development in mice.", "content": "The activity of suppressor cells from spleens of mice of varying ages was assessed by their addition to cultures of normal or SRBC immune spleen cells together with a challenge of SRBC. 1-wk and adult spleen cells were highly suppressive of the secondary in vitro antibody response to SRBC. 3-wk spleen cells were less active in suppressing this response. The nature of the suppression and the character of the suppressor cells changed in this period. Whereas adult spleen cells demonstrated specificity, 1-wk cells nonspecifically suppressed all responses tested. Further, unlike adult suppressor cells (which are Thy.1.2 positive), 1-wk suppressor cells are insensitive to anti-Thy.1.2 treatment in this system. Both cells are nonadherent to glass beads and nylon wool and are undetectable in the normal thymus.", "contents": "Changes in suppressor mechanisms during postnatal development in mice. The activity of suppressor cells from spleens of mice of varying ages was assessed by their addition to cultures of normal or SRBC immune spleen cells together with a challenge of SRBC. 1-wk and adult spleen cells were highly suppressive of the secondary in vitro antibody response to SRBC. 3-wk spleen cells were less active in suppressing this response. The nature of the suppression and the character of the suppressor cells changed in this period. Whereas adult spleen cells demonstrated specificity, 1-wk cells nonspecifically suppressed all responses tested. Further, unlike adult suppressor cells (which are Thy.1.2 positive), 1-wk suppressor cells are insensitive to anti-Thy.1.2 treatment in this system. Both cells are nonadherent to glass beads and nylon wool and are undetectable in the normal thymus.", "PMID": 304880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_73", "title": "Human erythroid burst-forming unit: T-cell requirement for proliferation in vitro.", "content": "Human mononuclear leukocytes were fractionated into populations of null, T and B cells by immunoabsorbent column chromatography followed by E-rosette formation and purification of T cells by differential centrifugation and osmotic lysis. The unfractionated and fractionated cell populations were first separately cultured for 14 days in plasma clots in the presence of two international units erythropoietin. Typical erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E)-derived colonies grew in the unfractionated cell cultures but not from T- or B-cell cultures. BFU-E colonies grew in null cell cultures but most of the colonies were small and variably hemoglobinized with less than three subcolonies. When intact T cells were added to null cells and cocultured, many typical large BFU-E colonies with more than 10 well homogenized subcolonies appeared. Increasing numbers of large BFU-E colonies in null cell cultures were induced by stepwise addition of T cells but not by the addition of B cells. A conditioned medium in which T cells had been induced to divide by tetanus toxoid substituted for intact T cells in this T-cell-dependent BFU-E colony formation observed in null cells. These findings demonstrate that the BFU-E, a committeded erythroid stem cell, resides in the null cell fraction of peripheral blood, but its proliferative capacity and differentiation in vitro requires a soluble product of T cells. Such experiments now permit a new approach to the assessment of various disorders of erythropoiesis. Erythroid hypoplasia in a particular case may be due to dysfunction of the committed precursor cell or to a failure of a helper effect induced by T cells.", "contents": "Human erythroid burst-forming unit: T-cell requirement for proliferation in vitro. Human mononuclear leukocytes were fractionated into populations of null, T and B cells by immunoabsorbent column chromatography followed by E-rosette formation and purification of T cells by differential centrifugation and osmotic lysis. The unfractionated and fractionated cell populations were first separately cultured for 14 days in plasma clots in the presence of two international units erythropoietin. Typical erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E)-derived colonies grew in the unfractionated cell cultures but not from T- or B-cell cultures. BFU-E colonies grew in null cell cultures but most of the colonies were small and variably hemoglobinized with less than three subcolonies. When intact T cells were added to null cells and cocultured, many typical large BFU-E colonies with more than 10 well homogenized subcolonies appeared. Increasing numbers of large BFU-E colonies in null cell cultures were induced by stepwise addition of T cells but not by the addition of B cells. A conditioned medium in which T cells had been induced to divide by tetanus toxoid substituted for intact T cells in this T-cell-dependent BFU-E colony formation observed in null cells. These findings demonstrate that the BFU-E, a committeded erythroid stem cell, resides in the null cell fraction of peripheral blood, but its proliferative capacity and differentiation in vitro requires a soluble product of T cells. Such experiments now permit a new approach to the assessment of various disorders of erythropoiesis. Erythroid hypoplasia in a particular case may be due to dysfunction of the committed precursor cell or to a failure of a helper effect induced by T cells.", "PMID": 304881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_74", "title": "Presence of anti-Sm reactivity in autoimmune mouse strains.", "content": "The investigation of the fine specificities of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) has been fruitful in terms of the nosology and immunopathogenesis of human autoimmune syndromes. Particular reactivities serve as \"markers,\" in that patients with certain syndromes have a much higher incidence of such ANAs than do patients with other diseases. In this category is the almost exclusive against the nuclear acidic protein Sm. Reactivity to Sm can be detected by precipitation in agar, complement fixation, or passive hemagglutination (1,2). Autoimmune mouse strains have also provided a fertile field for the investigation of the basic phenomena of self-activity. In particular, the NZB strain and its hybrid NZB x NZW have been considered excellent models for human SLE and have therefore been studied in great detail (3,4). In addition, Murphy et al at The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, have developed several new inbred mouse strains that spontaneously develop SLE-like syndromes (5,6). These are the BXSB strain, which has a male dominant disease characterized by little antiative DNA antibody; the MRL/1, which develops massive, nonmalignant lymphadenopathy, associated with enormous increases in serum immunoglobulin levels and fulminant renal disease; and the MRL/n, which does not develop SLE-like disease until well into the 2nd yr of life, but like the MRL/1 develops high titers of ANA and fatal glomerulonephritis. The MRL/1 differs from MRL/n in only about 10 percent of its genome, including the gene responsible for the MRL/1's lymphoproliferation. In the current study, we have used the technique of double immunodiffusion (ID) in agarose with standard human reference sera (of known ANA specificity) to survey a large number of mice from the NZB x NZW, MRL/1, MRL/n, BXSB, and other strains. We report here the finding of the anti-Sm marker\" antibody almost uniquely in MRL/1 and MRL/n animals. These two related strains may serve as experimental models to explore the mechanism stimulating the production of this unique autoantibody in SLE.", "contents": "Presence of anti-Sm reactivity in autoimmune mouse strains. The investigation of the fine specificities of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) has been fruitful in terms of the nosology and immunopathogenesis of human autoimmune syndromes. Particular reactivities serve as \"markers,\" in that patients with certain syndromes have a much higher incidence of such ANAs than do patients with other diseases. In this category is the almost exclusive against the nuclear acidic protein Sm. Reactivity to Sm can be detected by precipitation in agar, complement fixation, or passive hemagglutination (1,2). Autoimmune mouse strains have also provided a fertile field for the investigation of the basic phenomena of self-activity. In particular, the NZB strain and its hybrid NZB x NZW have been considered excellent models for human SLE and have therefore been studied in great detail (3,4). In addition, Murphy et al at The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, have developed several new inbred mouse strains that spontaneously develop SLE-like syndromes (5,6). These are the BXSB strain, which has a male dominant disease characterized by little antiative DNA antibody; the MRL/1, which develops massive, nonmalignant lymphadenopathy, associated with enormous increases in serum immunoglobulin levels and fulminant renal disease; and the MRL/n, which does not develop SLE-like disease until well into the 2nd yr of life, but like the MRL/1 develops high titers of ANA and fatal glomerulonephritis. The MRL/1 differs from MRL/n in only about 10 percent of its genome, including the gene responsible for the MRL/1's lymphoproliferation. In the current study, we have used the technique of double immunodiffusion (ID) in agarose with standard human reference sera (of known ANA specificity) to survey a large number of mice from the NZB x NZW, MRL/1, MRL/n, BXSB, and other strains. We report here the finding of the anti-Sm marker\" antibody almost uniquely in MRL/1 and MRL/n animals. These two related strains may serve as experimental models to explore the mechanism stimulating the production of this unique autoantibody in SLE.", "PMID": 304883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_75", "title": "Induction of specific transplantation immune reactions using anti-idiotypic antibodies.", "content": "B and T lymphocytes with reactivity against major histocompatibility antigens are known to express this immune potential via a display on the outer surface of antigen-specific, idiotypic receptors. Here, we show that anti-idiotypic antibodies directed against such receptors may serve as specific triggering agents of the idiotype-positive lymphocytes in the physical absence of foreign histocompatibility antigens. This was shown in vitro using normal or immune spleen T cells where anti-idiotypic antibodies would lead to the selective proliferation and development of antigen-specific cytolytic T cells as determined by short-time 51Cr release assays. Furthermore, purified anti-idiotypic antibodies in adjuvant administered in vivo to normal syngeneic animals could be shown to lead to production of high titers of specific alloantibodies. The present experiments were in most cases carried out using auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies as triggering agents. The present results thus lend further support to the concept that idiotype-anti-idiotype reactions may be normal parts of conventional immune processes with either stimulatory or inhibitory consequences, depending upon the prevailing conditions.", "contents": "Induction of specific transplantation immune reactions using anti-idiotypic antibodies. B and T lymphocytes with reactivity against major histocompatibility antigens are known to express this immune potential via a display on the outer surface of antigen-specific, idiotypic receptors. Here, we show that anti-idiotypic antibodies directed against such receptors may serve as specific triggering agents of the idiotype-positive lymphocytes in the physical absence of foreign histocompatibility antigens. This was shown in vitro using normal or immune spleen T cells where anti-idiotypic antibodies would lead to the selective proliferation and development of antigen-specific cytolytic T cells as determined by short-time 51Cr release assays. Furthermore, purified anti-idiotypic antibodies in adjuvant administered in vivo to normal syngeneic animals could be shown to lead to production of high titers of specific alloantibodies. The present experiments were in most cases carried out using auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies as triggering agents. The present results thus lend further support to the concept that idiotype-anti-idiotype reactions may be normal parts of conventional immune processes with either stimulatory or inhibitory consequences, depending upon the prevailing conditions.", "PMID": 304882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_76", "title": "Good outcome in a catatonic patient with enlarged ventricles.", "content": "In the differential diagnosis of the catatonic syndrome, the demonstration of an intracranial anomaly is often taken as evidence of irreversibility. We present the case of a 27-year-old white female with catatonia who was found to have enlarged ventricles on automatic computerized tomographic axial scan. She had a complete resolution of the catatonia and psychotic symptoms without any change in the size of the ventricles. This resolution occurred when the patient was treated for her ulcerative colitis with colectomy and the steroids she received for the colitis were gradually withdrawn. The discovery of a structural anomaly of the brain per se should not discourage the clinician from identifying and treating all other factors that might contribute to the catatonic syndrome.", "contents": "Good outcome in a catatonic patient with enlarged ventricles. In the differential diagnosis of the catatonic syndrome, the demonstration of an intracranial anomaly is often taken as evidence of irreversibility. We present the case of a 27-year-old white female with catatonia who was found to have enlarged ventricles on automatic computerized tomographic axial scan. She had a complete resolution of the catatonia and psychotic symptoms without any change in the size of the ventricles. This resolution occurred when the patient was treated for her ulcerative colitis with colectomy and the steroids she received for the colitis were gradually withdrawn. The discovery of a structural anomaly of the brain per se should not discourage the clinician from identifying and treating all other factors that might contribute to the catatonic syndrome.", "PMID": 304884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_77", "title": "5-hydroxytryptophan-induced myoclonus in guinea pigs. A physiological and pharmacological investigations.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) induces a characteristic behavioural syndrome of altered motor activity with muscle jerking in guinea pigs. Myoclonic jerking occurs synchronously in forelimbs and hindlimbs and is associated with a stereotyped electromyographic (EMG) pattern of a burst of activity lasting 40-50 msec in active muscles, followed by silence lasting 50-70 msec, followed by a further variable period of muscle activity. Such myoclonus may be induced also by the administration of L-tryptophan plus a monamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), or by agents acting as serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists. The 5-HTP-induced syndrome is antagonised by a central decarboxylase inhibitor (NSD-1035) and by agents which block 5-HT receptors (methysergide and cyproheptadine). 5-HTP-induced jerking is abolished below the level of a spinal cord transection, but persists in decerebrate animals. No electroencephalographic (EEG) changes are seen preceding the muscle jerks. The clinical significance of this animal model of myoclonus is discussed.", "contents": "5-hydroxytryptophan-induced myoclonus in guinea pigs. A physiological and pharmacological investigations. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) induces a characteristic behavioural syndrome of altered motor activity with muscle jerking in guinea pigs. Myoclonic jerking occurs synchronously in forelimbs and hindlimbs and is associated with a stereotyped electromyographic (EMG) pattern of a burst of activity lasting 40-50 msec in active muscles, followed by silence lasting 50-70 msec, followed by a further variable period of muscle activity. Such myoclonus may be induced also by the administration of L-tryptophan plus a monamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), or by agents acting as serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists. The 5-HTP-induced syndrome is antagonised by a central decarboxylase inhibitor (NSD-1035) and by agents which block 5-HT receptors (methysergide and cyproheptadine). 5-HTP-induced jerking is abolished below the level of a spinal cord transection, but persists in decerebrate animals. No electroencephalographic (EEG) changes are seen preceding the muscle jerks. The clinical significance of this animal model of myoclonus is discussed.", "PMID": 304885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_78", "title": "Primary malignant schwannoma of the Gasserian ganglion. Report of two cases.", "content": "The diagnosis, radiographic features, clinical presentation, and treatment of two cases of primary malignant schwannoma of the Gasserian ganglion are discussed. Radiographic differentiation from trigeminal neurinoma is not possible; however, erosion of the foramina favors a diagnosis of malignancy. Radiation therapy was successful in the management of both cases and is recommended for extensive lesions.", "contents": "Primary malignant schwannoma of the Gasserian ganglion. Report of two cases. The diagnosis, radiographic features, clinical presentation, and treatment of two cases of primary malignant schwannoma of the Gasserian ganglion are discussed. Radiographic differentiation from trigeminal neurinoma is not possible; however, erosion of the foramina favors a diagnosis of malignancy. Radiation therapy was successful in the management of both cases and is recommended for extensive lesions.", "PMID": 304886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_79", "title": "Endoscopy of Meckel's cave, cisterna magna, and cerebellopontine angle. Technical note.", "content": "A new 1.45-mm endoscope is described that can be inserted through a thin-walled No. 16 needle. The instrument was used in 10 cadavers for endoscopic exploration of the cisterna magna, the C1-2 space, Meckel's cave, and the cerebellopontine angle. Its potential clinical application is discussed.", "contents": "Endoscopy of Meckel's cave, cisterna magna, and cerebellopontine angle. Technical note. A new 1.45-mm endoscope is described that can be inserted through a thin-walled No. 16 needle. The instrument was used in 10 cadavers for endoscopic exploration of the cisterna magna, the C1-2 space, Meckel's cave, and the cerebellopontine angle. Its potential clinical application is discussed.", "PMID": 304887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_80", "title": "Inactivation of sodium channels: second order kinetics in myelinated nerve.", "content": "1. Kinetics of inactivation of sodium channels in myelinated nerve from Rana pipiens were studied at 4.5 degrees C using the voltage clamp technique of Dodge & Frankenhaeuser (1958).2. Potassium currents were blocked by cutting the internodes in 20 mM-TEA-Cl + 100 mM-KCl and by adding 12 mM-TEA-Cl to the external Ringer. Leakage and capacitative currents were subtracted electronically.3. Kinetics of recovery from inactivation of the sodium channels were studied by inactivating the channels with a large depolarizing prepulse and allowing the channels to recover at different potentials; the extent of recovery was measured by applying a test pulse at various times after the prepulse.4. Kinetics of development of inactivation were studied by two different methods. The first was to measure the decay of sodium current under a maintained depolarization. The second method was to measure the decay of the peak sodium current in a test pulse as a function of time after the onset of a maintained depolarization. These two methods yielded similar results for the kinetics of inactivation development.5. Contrary to expectations of the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism, the time course of recovery from and development of inactivation is not strictly exponential. Rather, recovery from complete inactivation shows an initial delay which depends on recovery potentials. Development of inactivation at a fixed potential exhibits at least two exponentials.6. The steady-state inactivation curve h(infinity)(E) is asymmetrical and is fitted better by 1/[1+exp (A(1)E+B(1)) +exp (A(2)E+B(2))] than by 1/[1+exp (AE+B)].7. Most of the above kinetic observation on inactivation can be fitted by the following modification of the h system of the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism: [Formula: see text]8. In the analysis it was not necessary to modify the concept of two separate processes, activation and inactivation, governing the opening and closing of the sodium channels.", "contents": "Inactivation of sodium channels: second order kinetics in myelinated nerve. 1. Kinetics of inactivation of sodium channels in myelinated nerve from Rana pipiens were studied at 4.5 degrees C using the voltage clamp technique of Dodge & Frankenhaeuser (1958).2. Potassium currents were blocked by cutting the internodes in 20 mM-TEA-Cl + 100 mM-KCl and by adding 12 mM-TEA-Cl to the external Ringer. Leakage and capacitative currents were subtracted electronically.3. Kinetics of recovery from inactivation of the sodium channels were studied by inactivating the channels with a large depolarizing prepulse and allowing the channels to recover at different potentials; the extent of recovery was measured by applying a test pulse at various times after the prepulse.4. Kinetics of development of inactivation were studied by two different methods. The first was to measure the decay of sodium current under a maintained depolarization. The second method was to measure the decay of the peak sodium current in a test pulse as a function of time after the onset of a maintained depolarization. These two methods yielded similar results for the kinetics of inactivation development.5. Contrary to expectations of the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism, the time course of recovery from and development of inactivation is not strictly exponential. Rather, recovery from complete inactivation shows an initial delay which depends on recovery potentials. Development of inactivation at a fixed potential exhibits at least two exponentials.6. The steady-state inactivation curve h(infinity)(E) is asymmetrical and is fitted better by 1/[1+exp (A(1)E+B(1)) +exp (A(2)E+B(2))] than by 1/[1+exp (AE+B)].7. Most of the above kinetic observation on inactivation can be fitted by the following modification of the h system of the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism: [Formula: see text]8. In the analysis it was not necessary to modify the concept of two separate processes, activation and inactivation, governing the opening and closing of the sodium channels.", "PMID": 304888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_81", "title": "On the role of barium in supporting the asynchronous release of acetylcholine quanta by motor nerve impulses.", "content": "1. The effect of Ba2+ on the evoked secretion of individual acetylcholine (ACh) quanta was studied on frog neuromuscular junctions using conventional electro-physiological techniques. 2. In solutions containing 1.8 mM-Ba2+ and no added Ca2+, 1 Hz stimulation for less than 1 min elevated miniature end-plate potential (m.e.p.p.) frequencies to 5-20 times the control level (seven experiments). Similar results were obtained when a Ca2+-chelating agent was added to the Ba2+ solution. 3. Repetitive nerve stimulation at frequencies greater than 1 Hz in concentrations of Ba2+ greater than or equal to 1.8 mM elevated m.e.p.p. frequencies to unmeasurable levels (greater than 100/sec). Such high m.e.p.p. frequencies were accompanied by a steady depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane, which was used to estimate the number of ACh quanta released. 4. The number of ACh quanta released asynchronously by nerve impulses was directly related to the external concentration of Ba2+ in a non-linear fashion. 5. Ba2+ was two orders of magnitude more effective than Ca2+ in supporting the evoked discharge of m.e.p.p.s. Ca2+ was a potent antagonist of asynchronous release in Ba2+ solutions. 6. Mg2+ and Co2+ both competitively antagonized evoked release in Ba2+ solutions. The equilibrium dissociation constant for each ion as an antagonist of asynchronous, Ba2+-dependent release was similar to its corresponding value as an antagonist of synchronous, Ca2+-mediated release. 7. It is suggested that Ba2+ supports dispersed, quantal ACh release directly by acting through the same conductance pathway normally traversed by Ca2+.", "contents": "On the role of barium in supporting the asynchronous release of acetylcholine quanta by motor nerve impulses. 1. The effect of Ba2+ on the evoked secretion of individual acetylcholine (ACh) quanta was studied on frog neuromuscular junctions using conventional electro-physiological techniques. 2. In solutions containing 1.8 mM-Ba2+ and no added Ca2+, 1 Hz stimulation for less than 1 min elevated miniature end-plate potential (m.e.p.p.) frequencies to 5-20 times the control level (seven experiments). Similar results were obtained when a Ca2+-chelating agent was added to the Ba2+ solution. 3. Repetitive nerve stimulation at frequencies greater than 1 Hz in concentrations of Ba2+ greater than or equal to 1.8 mM elevated m.e.p.p. frequencies to unmeasurable levels (greater than 100/sec). Such high m.e.p.p. frequencies were accompanied by a steady depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane, which was used to estimate the number of ACh quanta released. 4. The number of ACh quanta released asynchronously by nerve impulses was directly related to the external concentration of Ba2+ in a non-linear fashion. 5. Ba2+ was two orders of magnitude more effective than Ca2+ in supporting the evoked discharge of m.e.p.p.s. Ca2+ was a potent antagonist of asynchronous release in Ba2+ solutions. 6. Mg2+ and Co2+ both competitively antagonized evoked release in Ba2+ solutions. The equilibrium dissociation constant for each ion as an antagonist of asynchronous, Ba2+-dependent release was similar to its corresponding value as an antagonist of synchronous, Ca2+-mediated release. 7. It is suggested that Ba2+ supports dispersed, quantal ACh release directly by acting through the same conductance pathway normally traversed by Ca2+.", "PMID": 304889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_82", "title": "Effects of vascular perfusion on the accumulation, distribution and transfer of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose within and across the small intestine.", "content": "1. Factors affecting the transfer of the non-metabolized, ;actively transported' sugar, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3MG) across the small intestinal epithelium have been examined in vascularly perfused anuran intestine. Transfer has been studied during absorption in the steady state, and also during the period of transition from one steady state to another.2. During the steady state, the rate of absorption of 3MG from the intestinal lumen is equal to the rate of appearance in the portal venous effluent; this rate of transfer is to a small, but significant, extent directly related to the rate of arterial perfusion. With phlorizin in the intestinal lumen, transfer across the epithelium is reduced to very low rates which are independent of the rate of vascular perfusion.3. The apparent size of the tissue pool(s) of 3MG that have to be loaded to achieve the steady state rate of transfer are less than those that unload into the vascular bed after 3MG is removed from the intestinal lumen. This ;up-down asymmetry' is abolished when phlorizin is present in the intestinal lumen during the unloading phase.4. When 3MG is abruptly removed from the intestinal lumen after the tissue has been previously loaded with the sugar, the rate of washout into the vascular bed can be described by the sum of two exponential terms. The two terms differ in that the rate constant of the earlier ;fast' term is sensitive to the rate of vascular perfusion, while the later, ;slow', rate constant is insensitive to flow rate. The total quantity of 3MG that can be unloaded from the tissue into the portal venous effluent is decreased when phlorizin is present in the intestinal lumen during the unloading phase.5. Absorption from the lumen of the anuran intestine continues while the mesenteric circulation is interrupted. An estimate of the concentration of 3MG during the period of vascular stoppage can be made from the quantity recovered in the portal venous effluent when vascular perfusion is reinstituted (;vascular stop-flow'). The extent of the accumulation depends upon the duration of the vascular stoppage and the presence of Na ions in the intestinal lumen is essential for accumulation to occur.6. The findings are discussed in relation to the transfer of 3MG between various possible compartments in the tissue during absorption. Evidence is presented that a re-uptake of previously absorbed 3MG may occur across the brush border membrane. Such a recycling of 3MG across the epithelium implies that the apparent unidirectional fluxes measured across the epithelium between the bulk phase of the lumen and the blood may underestimate the size of fluxes across the epithelium at the cellular level.", "contents": "Effects of vascular perfusion on the accumulation, distribution and transfer of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose within and across the small intestine. 1. Factors affecting the transfer of the non-metabolized, ;actively transported' sugar, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3MG) across the small intestinal epithelium have been examined in vascularly perfused anuran intestine. Transfer has been studied during absorption in the steady state, and also during the period of transition from one steady state to another.2. During the steady state, the rate of absorption of 3MG from the intestinal lumen is equal to the rate of appearance in the portal venous effluent; this rate of transfer is to a small, but significant, extent directly related to the rate of arterial perfusion. With phlorizin in the intestinal lumen, transfer across the epithelium is reduced to very low rates which are independent of the rate of vascular perfusion.3. The apparent size of the tissue pool(s) of 3MG that have to be loaded to achieve the steady state rate of transfer are less than those that unload into the vascular bed after 3MG is removed from the intestinal lumen. This ;up-down asymmetry' is abolished when phlorizin is present in the intestinal lumen during the unloading phase.4. When 3MG is abruptly removed from the intestinal lumen after the tissue has been previously loaded with the sugar, the rate of washout into the vascular bed can be described by the sum of two exponential terms. The two terms differ in that the rate constant of the earlier ;fast' term is sensitive to the rate of vascular perfusion, while the later, ;slow', rate constant is insensitive to flow rate. The total quantity of 3MG that can be unloaded from the tissue into the portal venous effluent is decreased when phlorizin is present in the intestinal lumen during the unloading phase.5. Absorption from the lumen of the anuran intestine continues while the mesenteric circulation is interrupted. An estimate of the concentration of 3MG during the period of vascular stoppage can be made from the quantity recovered in the portal venous effluent when vascular perfusion is reinstituted (;vascular stop-flow'). The extent of the accumulation depends upon the duration of the vascular stoppage and the presence of Na ions in the intestinal lumen is essential for accumulation to occur.6. The findings are discussed in relation to the transfer of 3MG between various possible compartments in the tissue during absorption. Evidence is presented that a re-uptake of previously absorbed 3MG may occur across the brush border membrane. Such a recycling of 3MG across the epithelium implies that the apparent unidirectional fluxes measured across the epithelium between the bulk phase of the lumen and the blood may underestimate the size of fluxes across the epithelium at the cellular level.", "PMID": 304890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_83", "title": "The action of acetylcholine on background conductance in frog atrial trabeculae.", "content": "The action of acetylcholine (ACh) on membrane potential and currents in frog atrial muscle has been studied with a double sucrose gap technique. The results show the following. 1. ACh induces the development of an extra current, outward at the resting potential, which is dependent on the ACh concentration. 2. The preparation does not show any sign of desensitization. 3. The reversal potential of the current induced by ACh is between 0 and 20 mV more negative than the resting potential and behaves as a K electrode. 4. The mechanism of ACh-induced K conductance presents inward going rectification properties. 5. The delayed outward current is not affected by ACh. However the evolution of its tail current seems to indicate a process of K accumulation related to the ACh-induced current.", "contents": "The action of acetylcholine on background conductance in frog atrial trabeculae. The action of acetylcholine (ACh) on membrane potential and currents in frog atrial muscle has been studied with a double sucrose gap technique. The results show the following. 1. ACh induces the development of an extra current, outward at the resting potential, which is dependent on the ACh concentration. 2. The preparation does not show any sign of desensitization. 3. The reversal potential of the current induced by ACh is between 0 and 20 mV more negative than the resting potential and behaves as a K electrode. 4. The mechanism of ACh-induced K conductance presents inward going rectification properties. 5. The delayed outward current is not affected by ACh. However the evolution of its tail current seems to indicate a process of K accumulation related to the ACh-induced current.", "PMID": 304891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_84", "title": "Human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen: isolation and partial characterization.", "content": "Human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen (HThy-L), a saline-soluble antigen, was previously detected by immunodiffusion (but not on the cell surface) in significant quantity in extracts of normal thymocytes, cells from cultured T-cell lines, and erythrocyte-rosette-positive leukemia blasts. Two species of HThy-L were identified and isolated from normal human thymus tissue after extraction in tris buffer, ammonium sulfate fractionation, acid precipitation of inactive fractions, DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) chromatography, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and carboxymethyl-cellulose (CM-52) chromatography; On Sephadex G-100, both HThy-L species had a similar molecular weight (40,000--50,000), but they eluted in different positions on DE-52 and CM-52. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that each of the 2 HThy-L species contained 2 components with molecular weights of approximately 43,000  and 23,000. Further purification of HThy-L on Sephadex G-50 showed that the 43,000-dalton component possessed HThy-L activity.", "contents": "Human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen: isolation and partial characterization. Human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen (HThy-L), a saline-soluble antigen, was previously detected by immunodiffusion (but not on the cell surface) in significant quantity in extracts of normal thymocytes, cells from cultured T-cell lines, and erythrocyte-rosette-positive leukemia blasts. Two species of HThy-L were identified and isolated from normal human thymus tissue after extraction in tris buffer, ammonium sulfate fractionation, acid precipitation of inactive fractions, DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) chromatography, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and carboxymethyl-cellulose (CM-52) chromatography; On Sephadex G-100, both HThy-L species had a similar molecular weight (40,000--50,000), but they eluted in different positions on DE-52 and CM-52. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that each of the 2 HThy-L species contained 2 components with molecular weights of approximately 43,000  and 23,000. Further purification of HThy-L on Sephadex G-50 showed that the 43,000-dalton component possessed HThy-L activity.", "PMID": 304895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_85", "title": "Immunologic surveillance against chemically induced primary colon carcinoma in rats.", "content": "A 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride-induced rat gastrointestinal tract tumor model was used to study the phenomenon of immunologic surveillance. In two different sets of experiments, a properly timed administration of antithymocyte globulin resulted in earlier tumor appearance, increased numbers of tumors, and increased multiplicity of gastrointestinal tumors. Results obtained from histologic examination of the gastrointestinal tract at different times after the last dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride suggested that a normally functioning immune system effectively suppressed the growth of some nascent tumors. However, the immunosuppression of the host with antithymocyte globulin allowed the development of foci of microtumors into grossly visible neoplasms. Our experiments supported the concept that immunologic surveillance against neoplasia depends on the thymus cell system, although other possible mechanisms were not excluded.", "contents": "Immunologic surveillance against chemically induced primary colon carcinoma in rats. A 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride-induced rat gastrointestinal tract tumor model was used to study the phenomenon of immunologic surveillance. In two different sets of experiments, a properly timed administration of antithymocyte globulin resulted in earlier tumor appearance, increased numbers of tumors, and increased multiplicity of gastrointestinal tumors. Results obtained from histologic examination of the gastrointestinal tract at different times after the last dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride suggested that a normally functioning immune system effectively suppressed the growth of some nascent tumors. However, the immunosuppression of the host with antithymocyte globulin allowed the development of foci of microtumors into grossly visible neoplasms. Our experiments supported the concept that immunologic surveillance against neoplasia depends on the thymus cell system, although other possible mechanisms were not excluded.", "PMID": 304898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_86", "title": "Detection of metastatic tumors in nude mice: brief communication.", "content": "Homozygous nude (nu/nu) mice were inoculated ip with either highly malignant human bladder transitional cell carcinoma or human prostate adenocarcinoma. These animals were subsequently given injections of normal human T-lymphocytes to restore the known T-lymphocyte deficiency present in homozygous nude mice. Metastatic spread of the prostate and bladder carcinomas was evident in mice given human T-lymphocytes. Although tumor growth was observed at the sites of tumor inoculation, no tumor spread was observed in mice not receiving T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Detection of metastatic tumors in nude mice: brief communication. Homozygous nude (nu/nu) mice were inoculated ip with either highly malignant human bladder transitional cell carcinoma or human prostate adenocarcinoma. These animals were subsequently given injections of normal human T-lymphocytes to restore the known T-lymphocyte deficiency present in homozygous nude mice. Metastatic spread of the prostate and bladder carcinomas was evident in mice given human T-lymphocytes. Although tumor growth was observed at the sites of tumor inoculation, no tumor spread was observed in mice not receiving T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 304899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_87", "title": "Ibuprofen-induced meningitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus had chills, fever, and headache on four separate occasions after ibuprofen ingestion. One such episode was accompanied by cerebrospinal fluid findings compatible with meningitis. Drug rechallenge under controlled conditions established the relationship between ibuprofen ingestion and meningitis.", "contents": "Ibuprofen-induced meningitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus had chills, fever, and headache on four separate occasions after ibuprofen ingestion. One such episode was accompanied by cerebrospinal fluid findings compatible with meningitis. Drug rechallenge under controlled conditions established the relationship between ibuprofen ingestion and meningitis.", "PMID": 304902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_88", "title": "Benefits from aortocoronary bypass graft.", "content": "The first aortocoronary bypass graft (ACBG) for coronary heart disease (CHD) was performed in 1964. From 1967 to the summer of 1977, between 250,000 and 300,000 such procedures were performed in this country. With such extensive experience, the patient might expect that most questions regarding the effectiveness of the procedure in the treatment of CHD would have been answered. Unfortunately, this is not the case. After a decade of experience, all that is truly known about the procedure is that for most patients, it does improve the quality of life and, if present practices continue, will add greatly to the cost of medical care in this country. It appears that there is still a need for more randomized, controlled studies.", "contents": "Benefits from aortocoronary bypass graft. The first aortocoronary bypass graft (ACBG) for coronary heart disease (CHD) was performed in 1964. From 1967 to the summer of 1977, between 250,000 and 300,000 such procedures were performed in this country. With such extensive experience, the patient might expect that most questions regarding the effectiveness of the procedure in the treatment of CHD would have been answered. Unfortunately, this is not the case. After a decade of experience, all that is truly known about the procedure is that for most patients, it does improve the quality of life and, if present practices continue, will add greatly to the cost of medical care in this country. It appears that there is still a need for more randomized, controlled studies.", "PMID": 304905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_89", "title": "Activation of electrogenic Na+ pump by epinephrine in bullfrog atrium.", "content": "The effects of epinephrine (1 X 10(-6)--1 X 10(-5) M) on the resting membrane potential and the K+-activated hyperpolarization of bullfrog atrial heart muscles were studied by the single sucrose-gap method or by intracellular microelectrode filled with 3 M KC1. Epinephrine-induced hyperpolarization (Ep-hyperpolarization) was completely eliminated by the effect of ouabain or by removal of extracellular K+. The amplitude of K+-activated hyperpolarization, which was produced when the extracellular K+ concentration was raised from zero to 2 mM, was markedly increased in the presence of epinephrine. The membrane depolarizations, due to high extracellular K+ concentration in the presence of ouabain (5 X 10(-6) M) which completely and reversibly eliminated the K+-activated hyperpolarization, were not altered under the effect of epinephrine. These results suggested that Ep-hyperpolarization of bullfrog atrial heart muscles was due to the acceleration of electrogenic Na+ pump which produced the K+-activated hyperpolarization.", "contents": "Activation of electrogenic Na+ pump by epinephrine in bullfrog atrium. The effects of epinephrine (1 X 10(-6)--1 X 10(-5) M) on the resting membrane potential and the K+-activated hyperpolarization of bullfrog atrial heart muscles were studied by the single sucrose-gap method or by intracellular microelectrode filled with 3 M KC1. Epinephrine-induced hyperpolarization (Ep-hyperpolarization) was completely eliminated by the effect of ouabain or by removal of extracellular K+. The amplitude of K+-activated hyperpolarization, which was produced when the extracellular K+ concentration was raised from zero to 2 mM, was markedly increased in the presence of epinephrine. The membrane depolarizations, due to high extracellular K+ concentration in the presence of ouabain (5 X 10(-6) M) which completely and reversibly eliminated the K+-activated hyperpolarization, were not altered under the effect of epinephrine. These results suggested that Ep-hyperpolarization of bullfrog atrial heart muscles was due to the acceleration of electrogenic Na+ pump which produced the K+-activated hyperpolarization.", "PMID": 304908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_90", "title": "Role of connectin in the length-tension relation of skeletal and cardiac muscles.", "content": "Resting length-tension relation was studied in glycerinated preparations of frog semitendinosus and atrial muscles. The sarcomere length was measured by using either the light diffraction method or photomicrographs. When the glycerinated preparation was treated with 1 N NaOH solution and subsequently with 2% SDS solution, the resting tension decreased. In glycerinated semitendinosus muscle the resting tension decreased to below 20% of the value before treatment. However, the glycerinated atrial muscle retained more than 50% of its resting tension in spite of such biochemical treatment. The thermoelasticity of the muscle, which was represented by (formula:see text), was determined. Glycerinated semitendinosus and atrial muscles, which were treated with 0.6 M KCl, showed negative beta at all sarcomere lengths. However, when the glycerinated muscle was treated with both alkali (1 N NaOH) and SDS solution, beta at the shorter length became positive (i.e., a rubber-like property). Since connectin survived the biochemical treatment (either NaOH or SDS), it was concluded that the fraction of resting tension, which remained in spite of the biochemical treatments, might be due to the connectin.", "contents": "Role of connectin in the length-tension relation of skeletal and cardiac muscles. Resting length-tension relation was studied in glycerinated preparations of frog semitendinosus and atrial muscles. The sarcomere length was measured by using either the light diffraction method or photomicrographs. When the glycerinated preparation was treated with 1 N NaOH solution and subsequently with 2% SDS solution, the resting tension decreased. In glycerinated semitendinosus muscle the resting tension decreased to below 20% of the value before treatment. However, the glycerinated atrial muscle retained more than 50% of its resting tension in spite of such biochemical treatment. The thermoelasticity of the muscle, which was represented by (formula:see text), was determined. Glycerinated semitendinosus and atrial muscles, which were treated with 0.6 M KCl, showed negative beta at all sarcomere lengths. However, when the glycerinated muscle was treated with both alkali (1 N NaOH) and SDS solution, beta at the shorter length became positive (i.e., a rubber-like property). Since connectin survived the biochemical treatment (either NaOH or SDS), it was concluded that the fraction of resting tension, which remained in spite of the biochemical treatments, might be due to the connectin.", "PMID": 304933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_91", "title": "Evaluation of thyroid functions in leprosy. III. Circulating auto-antibodies against thyroid and nuclear components.", "content": "Sera from twenty six patients of various types of leprosy were tested for the detection of circulating auto-antibodies and nuclear components against thyroid using various methods. Four patients of lepromatous leprosy had higher levels of thyroid auto-antibodies by latex agglutination. Three patients showed the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies, two belonged to the TT and one to the LL group.", "contents": "Evaluation of thyroid functions in leprosy. III. Circulating auto-antibodies against thyroid and nuclear components. Sera from twenty six patients of various types of leprosy were tested for the detection of circulating auto-antibodies and nuclear components against thyroid using various methods. Four patients of lepromatous leprosy had higher levels of thyroid auto-antibodies by latex agglutination. Three patients showed the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies, two belonged to the TT and one to the LL group.", "PMID": 304941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_92", "title": "Optimal patency rates obtained in coronary artery grafting with circular vein grafts.", "content": "Twenty-two patients underwent coronary artery grafting with a circular vein graft comprising four or five distal coronary anastomoses. Postoperative angiographic evaluation showed patency in 90 (95.7 percent) of the 94 coronary anastomoses fashioned in this manner. All four occlusions occurred in the one patient whose graft comprised five anastomoses and was occluded beyond the first anastomosis on the right coronary artery (RCA). Eleven of the 94 anastomoses were made onto arteries with limited runoff. Blod flow averaged 214 ml. per minute (range 130 to 320) in the main portion of the graft and 59 ml. per minute (range 35 to 100) in the most distal segment. Flow doubled (averaged 403 ml. per minute) in the 11 grafts injected with papaverine. The technique of circular vein grafting is described in detail and potential pitfalls are outlined. The reasons for the high early patency rate are believed to be the following: (1) high flow in the proximal segment of the graft insuring patency of said segment, (2) termination on the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery providing good distal flow and patency. (3) diamond-shaped side-to-side anastomoses (SSA's) preventing angulation of the graft at these crucial points, and (4) nearly equidistant anchoring at the site of the multiple anastomoses giving the graft a smooth, even contour.", "contents": "Optimal patency rates obtained in coronary artery grafting with circular vein grafts. Twenty-two patients underwent coronary artery grafting with a circular vein graft comprising four or five distal coronary anastomoses. Postoperative angiographic evaluation showed patency in 90 (95.7 percent) of the 94 coronary anastomoses fashioned in this manner. All four occlusions occurred in the one patient whose graft comprised five anastomoses and was occluded beyond the first anastomosis on the right coronary artery (RCA). Eleven of the 94 anastomoses were made onto arteries with limited runoff. Blod flow averaged 214 ml. per minute (range 130 to 320) in the main portion of the graft and 59 ml. per minute (range 35 to 100) in the most distal segment. Flow doubled (averaged 403 ml. per minute) in the 11 grafts injected with papaverine. The technique of circular vein grafting is described in detail and potential pitfalls are outlined. The reasons for the high early patency rate are believed to be the following: (1) high flow in the proximal segment of the graft insuring patency of said segment, (2) termination on the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery providing good distal flow and patency. (3) diamond-shaped side-to-side anastomoses (SSA's) preventing angulation of the graft at these crucial points, and (4) nearly equidistant anchoring at the site of the multiple anastomoses giving the graft a smooth, even contour.", "PMID": 304942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_93", "title": "Coagulation abnormalities in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization.", "content": "One hundred patients were screened for hypercoagulability preoperatively and on the third, seventh, tenth, fourteenth, and twenty-first days postoperatively. Patients found to have hypercoagulability were treated with heparin, aspirin, and Coumadin. When the abnormality was present preoperatively, treatment was continued for the duration of the patient's life. Those patients in whom abnormalities developed postoperatively were given anticoagulants until cardiac catheterization 6 months following their operation. Twenty-four of the 100 patients had no coagulation abnormalities preoperatively or postoperatively. Fifteen patients were found to have abnormality prior to operation. Their predominant abnormality was low antithrombin III activity. Sixty-one patients became hypercoagulable postoperatively. Predominant abnormality in this group of patients was increased thrombin generation and increased platelet adhesiveness. Evaluation of patients in this study group revealed a decrease in the incidence of pulmonary embolism, an increase in the patency of vein grafts, and the elimination of anticoagulant therapy in 24 percent of the patients.", "contents": "Coagulation abnormalities in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. One hundred patients were screened for hypercoagulability preoperatively and on the third, seventh, tenth, fourteenth, and twenty-first days postoperatively. Patients found to have hypercoagulability were treated with heparin, aspirin, and Coumadin. When the abnormality was present preoperatively, treatment was continued for the duration of the patient's life. Those patients in whom abnormalities developed postoperatively were given anticoagulants until cardiac catheterization 6 months following their operation. Twenty-four of the 100 patients had no coagulation abnormalities preoperatively or postoperatively. Fifteen patients were found to have abnormality prior to operation. Their predominant abnormality was low antithrombin III activity. Sixty-one patients became hypercoagulable postoperatively. Predominant abnormality in this group of patients was increased thrombin generation and increased platelet adhesiveness. Evaluation of patients in this study group revealed a decrease in the incidence of pulmonary embolism, an increase in the patency of vein grafts, and the elimination of anticoagulant therapy in 24 percent of the patients.", "PMID": 304943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_94", "title": "Early and late results of resection of ventricular aneurysm.", "content": "Fifty-seven patients have undergone ventricular aneurysm resection with a mortality rate of 10 percent. Recent surgical trends have been toward complete revascularization and treatment of concomitant disorders when present. Although the early mortality rate may be favorable influenced by these maneuvers, analysis of survivors reveals no significant difference in survival between the group that had concomitant coronary artery bypass and the group that had aneurysm resection alone (84 percent versus 78 percent). There were significantly more asymptomatic patients in the revascularized group, however (74 percent versus 53 percent). Analysis of hospital deaths revealed nearly all to be seconary to low output syndrome, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, or a combination of the three. Late death was due to either congestive heart failure or a myocardial infarction in all but one case. Seventy-seven percent of operative survivors are asymptomatic. Late morbidity is usually related to ungrafted or progressive coronary artery disease and generally has been successfully managed by reoperation.", "contents": "Early and late results of resection of ventricular aneurysm. Fifty-seven patients have undergone ventricular aneurysm resection with a mortality rate of 10 percent. Recent surgical trends have been toward complete revascularization and treatment of concomitant disorders when present. Although the early mortality rate may be favorable influenced by these maneuvers, analysis of survivors reveals no significant difference in survival between the group that had concomitant coronary artery bypass and the group that had aneurysm resection alone (84 percent versus 78 percent). There were significantly more asymptomatic patients in the revascularized group, however (74 percent versus 53 percent). Analysis of hospital deaths revealed nearly all to be seconary to low output syndrome, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, or a combination of the three. Late death was due to either congestive heart failure or a myocardial infarction in all but one case. Seventy-seven percent of operative survivors are asymptomatic. Late morbidity is usually related to ungrafted or progressive coronary artery disease and generally has been successfully managed by reoperation.", "PMID": 304947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_95", "title": "Diaphragm pacing. Application to a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "In a 66-year-old patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) complicated by arterial hypoxemia and repeated episodes of respiratory and right ventricular failure, a satisfactory level of oxygenation could not be maintained despite controlled oxygen therapy. To enable oxygen to be administered without depression ventilation, artificial respiration by means of phrenic nerve stimulation (diaphragm pacing) has been employed. Evidence of clinical improvement since pacing was begun 32 months ago include fewer episodes of respiratory failure and better control of congestive heart failure despite a gradual worsening of pulmonary function.", "contents": "Diaphragm pacing. Application to a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In a 66-year-old patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) complicated by arterial hypoxemia and repeated episodes of respiratory and right ventricular failure, a satisfactory level of oxygenation could not be maintained despite controlled oxygen therapy. To enable oxygen to be administered without depression ventilation, artificial respiration by means of phrenic nerve stimulation (diaphragm pacing) has been employed. Evidence of clinical improvement since pacing was begun 32 months ago include fewer episodes of respiratory failure and better control of congestive heart failure despite a gradual worsening of pulmonary function.", "PMID": 304948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_96", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of platelets of von Willebrand and normal swine.", "content": "Platelets from normal pigs and pigs with von Willebrand's disease were studied by ultrastructural and scanning electron microscopy. The majority of resting platelets were discoid or abortive-dendritic in gross morphology with an average size of 2.6 micrometer. The number of alpha-granules per platelet section was varied; however, a highly significant positive association was found between platelet size and the number of alpha-granules. These studies characterize porcine platelets more definitively and clearly establish the similarities between platelets from normal and those from von Willebrand pigs.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of platelets of von Willebrand and normal swine. Platelets from normal pigs and pigs with von Willebrand's disease were studied by ultrastructural and scanning electron microscopy. The majority of resting platelets were discoid or abortive-dendritic in gross morphology with an average size of 2.6 micrometer. The number of alpha-granules per platelet section was varied; however, a highly significant positive association was found between platelet size and the number of alpha-granules. These studies characterize porcine platelets more definitively and clearly establish the similarities between platelets from normal and those from von Willebrand pigs.", "PMID": 304950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_97", "title": "A model for the interaction of wheat monomeric and dimeric protein inhibitors with alpha-amylase.", "content": "The amylase-protein amylase inhibitor system offers a unique model of specific and reversilbe protein-protein interaction. The monomeric and dimeric inhibitors, exhibiting closely related properties and interacting with the same amylase, also provide a convenient test to compare effects of monomer-monomer and monomer-dimer interactions between enzyme and inhibitor proteins.", "contents": "A model for the interaction of wheat monomeric and dimeric protein inhibitors with alpha-amylase. The amylase-protein amylase inhibitor system offers a unique model of specific and reversilbe protein-protein interaction. The monomeric and dimeric inhibitors, exhibiting closely related properties and interacting with the same amylase, also provide a convenient test to compare effects of monomer-monomer and monomer-dimer interactions between enzyme and inhibitor proteins.", "PMID": 304960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_98", "title": "[Epidemiology, pathogenesis and prognosis of gastric carcinoma in the light of clinical and statistical follow-up after gastrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Epidemiological, pathnogenetic and prognostic aspects of gastric carcinoma after a gastrectomy a long time previously are presented. Apparently an increase in the 5-year survival rate can only be achieved by an improvement in early diagnostic measures. Early, and consequently for a successful operation timely, recognition of early stages of a malignant tumor will possibly be improved by immunological methods when radiology, endoscopy, histology and cytology can no longer contribute to a considerable improvement of the diagnostic status now attained. A life worth living is possible after total or subtotal gastrectomy because initial deficiency states such as malabsorption etc. can be compensated by adaptation phenomena.", "contents": "[Epidemiology, pathogenesis and prognosis of gastric carcinoma in the light of clinical and statistical follow-up after gastrectomy (author's transl)]. Epidemiological, pathnogenetic and prognostic aspects of gastric carcinoma after a gastrectomy a long time previously are presented. Apparently an increase in the 5-year survival rate can only be achieved by an improvement in early diagnostic measures. Early, and consequently for a successful operation timely, recognition of early stages of a malignant tumor will possibly be improved by immunological methods when radiology, endoscopy, histology and cytology can no longer contribute to a considerable improvement of the diagnostic status now attained. A life worth living is possible after total or subtotal gastrectomy because initial deficiency states such as malabsorption etc. can be compensated by adaptation phenomena.", "PMID": 304961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_99", "title": "[Palmar fibromatosis (morbus Dupuytren). Comparative clinical, pathological and anatomical mass examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "Classification (119 patients) of age, sex and side distributions and the frequency of additional fibromatoses or other diseases in palmar fibromatosis (Morbus Dupuytren) showed extensive agreement with other investigations. Contractures were also found in mutiple foci with high cell density and without intensive collagen fiber formation corresponding to the proliferative or involution phase. Cells with contractile elements (\"myofibroblasts\") could also be demonstrated with both electron and immunofluorescence microscopes. These elements may be of importance for the formation of the contracture in palmar fibromatosis and may disappear again as the collagen becomes more mature.", "contents": "[Palmar fibromatosis (morbus Dupuytren). Comparative clinical, pathological and anatomical mass examinations (author's transl)]. Classification (119 patients) of age, sex and side distributions and the frequency of additional fibromatoses or other diseases in palmar fibromatosis (Morbus Dupuytren) showed extensive agreement with other investigations. Contractures were also found in mutiple foci with high cell density and without intensive collagen fiber formation corresponding to the proliferative or involution phase. Cells with contractile elements (\"myofibroblasts\") could also be demonstrated with both electron and immunofluorescence microscopes. These elements may be of importance for the formation of the contracture in palmar fibromatosis and may disappear again as the collagen becomes more mature.", "PMID": 304964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_100", "title": "[Worth and unworth of occlusion therapy in the treatment of squint (author's transl)].", "content": "The most commonly used methods for the treatment of amblyopia are based on dosed obstruction of the eye with the better function. Occlusion therapy is still the treatment of choice for severe (eccentric fixation) amblyopias. A possible impairment of the binocular neurones must be accepted in doubtful cases with the objects of a possible normalization of monocular function (visual acuity).", "contents": "[Worth and unworth of occlusion therapy in the treatment of squint (author's transl)]. The most commonly used methods for the treatment of amblyopia are based on dosed obstruction of the eye with the better function. Occlusion therapy is still the treatment of choice for severe (eccentric fixation) amblyopias. A possible impairment of the binocular neurones must be accepted in doubtful cases with the objects of a possible normalization of monocular function (visual acuity).", "PMID": 304965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_101", "title": "[Results of Implantation of Aorto-Femoral Bifurcation Prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "From June 1974 to December 1975, 139 aorto-femoral Y-grafts were implanted at the surgical clinic of the University of M\u00fcnster. The operation mortality was 4.3 percent. Among the postoperative complications were sexual disfunction and paraesthesia. For the ileo-femoral occlusions the postoperative success rate was 90 percent, combined ileo-femoro-crural changes showed good results in 60 percent of the cases. The results show that isolated reconstruction in the pelvic area is successful in most cases, even in combined ileo-femoro-crural obstruction. Only in exceptional cases a second operation (reconstruction of femoral artery) is necessary after a period of about one year.", "contents": "[Results of Implantation of Aorto-Femoral Bifurcation Prostheses (author's transl)]. From June 1974 to December 1975, 139 aorto-femoral Y-grafts were implanted at the surgical clinic of the University of M\u00fcnster. The operation mortality was 4.3 percent. Among the postoperative complications were sexual disfunction and paraesthesia. For the ileo-femoral occlusions the postoperative success rate was 90 percent, combined ileo-femoro-crural changes showed good results in 60 percent of the cases. The results show that isolated reconstruction in the pelvic area is successful in most cases, even in combined ileo-femoro-crural obstruction. Only in exceptional cases a second operation (reconstruction of femoral artery) is necessary after a period of about one year.", "PMID": 304974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_102", "title": "[Alloplastic vascular substitution with a novel prosthesis. First clinical experiences (author's transl)].", "content": "216 reconstructions with Gore-Tex-PTFE prostheses in all vascular regions are reported, particularly in the femoro-popliteal and femoro-crural regions. The best early and early longterm results are in the supra-aortal, aorto-renal and aorto-femal areas. Femoro-popliteal bypasses above the knee joint remain functional in 97 percent at an average followup observation time of 3.8 months. Below the knee, the patency rate is 84 percent at an average followup observation time of 4 months (femoro-popliteal/crural).", "contents": "[Alloplastic vascular substitution with a novel prosthesis. First clinical experiences (author's transl)]. 216 reconstructions with Gore-Tex-PTFE prostheses in all vascular regions are reported, particularly in the femoro-popliteal and femoro-crural regions. The best early and early longterm results are in the supra-aortal, aorto-renal and aorto-femal areas. Femoro-popliteal bypasses above the knee joint remain functional in 97 percent at an average followup observation time of 3.8 months. Below the knee, the patency rate is 84 percent at an average followup observation time of 4 months (femoro-popliteal/crural).", "PMID": 304975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_103", "title": "[Peri-operative care of diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The generally accepted principles of treatment of a diabetic as a case for operation or emergency are listed and substantiated with reference to the varied pathophysiological processes. In particular the preoperative attitude of the diabetic and the special anesthesiological problems are gone into.", "contents": "[Peri-operative care of diabetics (author's transl)]. The generally accepted principles of treatment of a diabetic as a case for operation or emergency are listed and substantiated with reference to the varied pathophysiological processes. In particular the preoperative attitude of the diabetic and the special anesthesiological problems are gone into.", "PMID": 304976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_104", "title": "[Assisted circulation with the heart-lung machine after cardiosurgical interventions: one year's experience with intra-aortal counter-pulsation with the heart-lung machine after cardiosurgical operations is reported (author's transl)].", "content": "In the period from September 1976 to 1977, aortic or mitral valve replacement was performed in 84 and 34 patients respectively. Cardiogenic shock occurred during or immediately after the operation in 3 and 2 patients respectively (= 8.8% and 2.4%). In spite of the use of intra-aortal counter-pulsation, none of the patients survived the acute event. During the same period, 8 (= 5%) out of 113 patients who had undergone coronary surgery needed intra-aortal counter-pulsation. 4 of them survived the acute left heart failure and at the present time are clinically healthy (N.Y. Heart Association Class II).", "contents": "[Assisted circulation with the heart-lung machine after cardiosurgical interventions: one year's experience with intra-aortal counter-pulsation with the heart-lung machine after cardiosurgical operations is reported (author's transl)]. In the period from September 1976 to 1977, aortic or mitral valve replacement was performed in 84 and 34 patients respectively. Cardiogenic shock occurred during or immediately after the operation in 3 and 2 patients respectively (= 8.8% and 2.4%). In spite of the use of intra-aortal counter-pulsation, none of the patients survived the acute event. During the same period, 8 (= 5%) out of 113 patients who had undergone coronary surgery needed intra-aortal counter-pulsation. 4 of them survived the acute left heart failure and at the present time are clinically healthy (N.Y. Heart Association Class II).", "PMID": 304980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_105", "title": "[Malignant polyps and early recognized carcinomas of the rectum. Morphological aspects and selective surgical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The lymphatic drainage of the colon and rectum originates in the submucosal layer. Therefore metastases do not arise from carcinomas confined to the mucosa, and for the same reason the WHO lately recommended to call these lesions severe atypism. The term adenocarcinoma should be reserved in the case of infiltration of the carcinoma into the submucosa. According to the features outlined above adenomas of the rectum showing severe atypism can be removed by careful excision of the mucosa. Even adenomas containing an early diagnosed adenocarcinoma up to 2.5 cm in diameter often can be cured by a local resection of the rectal wall, if no metastases have occurred. From 1971--December 1, 1977, 12 rectal adenomas with severe atypism and 14 rectal adenomas with adenocarcinoma had been removed locally without complications. After 6 years there was no recurrence of carcinoma.", "contents": "[Malignant polyps and early recognized carcinomas of the rectum. Morphological aspects and selective surgical treatment (author's transl)]. The lymphatic drainage of the colon and rectum originates in the submucosal layer. Therefore metastases do not arise from carcinomas confined to the mucosa, and for the same reason the WHO lately recommended to call these lesions severe atypism. The term adenocarcinoma should be reserved in the case of infiltration of the carcinoma into the submucosa. According to the features outlined above adenomas of the rectum showing severe atypism can be removed by careful excision of the mucosa. Even adenomas containing an early diagnosed adenocarcinoma up to 2.5 cm in diameter often can be cured by a local resection of the rectal wall, if no metastases have occurred. From 1971--December 1, 1977, 12 rectal adenomas with severe atypism and 14 rectal adenomas with adenocarcinoma had been removed locally without complications. After 6 years there was no recurrence of carcinoma.", "PMID": 304981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_106", "title": "[Clinical and operative aspects of liver resection (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of our experience in 57 liver resections (hydatid cyst in the liver 22 times, 7 hepatic cysts, 5 liver abscesses, 7 benign and 16 malignant hepatic tumors) a few tentative conclusions are drawn: A reliable diagnosis and assessment of operability is only possible on laparotomy. Echinococcus alveolaris should be operated as radically as possible. Primary hepatic tumors should be removed as well as malignant hepatomas and their metastases. Simultaneous extirpation of the primary tumor and metastases has given encouraging results so far, especially in easily resectable carcinomata of the colon and rectum. Cytostatic followup therapy is absolutely essential in all cases of malignancy.", "contents": "[Clinical and operative aspects of liver resection (author's transl)]. On the basis of our experience in 57 liver resections (hydatid cyst in the liver 22 times, 7 hepatic cysts, 5 liver abscesses, 7 benign and 16 malignant hepatic tumors) a few tentative conclusions are drawn: A reliable diagnosis and assessment of operability is only possible on laparotomy. Echinococcus alveolaris should be operated as radically as possible. Primary hepatic tumors should be removed as well as malignant hepatomas and their metastases. Simultaneous extirpation of the primary tumor and metastases has given encouraging results so far, especially in easily resectable carcinomata of the colon and rectum. Cytostatic followup therapy is absolutely essential in all cases of malignancy.", "PMID": 304982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_107", "title": "[Rectoscopic diagnosis of the height of rectal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 100 excisions of the rectum at the Chirurgische Universit\u00e4tsklinik Erlangen the height of the tumor determined preoperatively by rectoscopic diagnosis was compared directly to the real tumor location of the fresh and unfixed specimen. In up to 58% of the cases we found a distinct discrepancy between the height determined rectoscopically and the real location of the tumor. This result shows that the decision between excision and resection must never be made on the preoperative rectoscopic information, but that the indication must always depend on the intraoperative findings. This is especially true for the disputed cases of the middle third of the rectum.", "contents": "[Rectoscopic diagnosis of the height of rectal carcinoma (author's transl)]. In 100 excisions of the rectum at the Chirurgische Universit\u00e4tsklinik Erlangen the height of the tumor determined preoperatively by rectoscopic diagnosis was compared directly to the real tumor location of the fresh and unfixed specimen. In up to 58% of the cases we found a distinct discrepancy between the height determined rectoscopically and the real location of the tumor. This result shows that the decision between excision and resection must never be made on the preoperative rectoscopic information, but that the indication must always depend on the intraoperative findings. This is especially true for the disputed cases of the middle third of the rectum.", "PMID": 304983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_108", "title": "[Thrombosis prophylaxis with low doses of dextran 60 (author's transl)].", "content": "The antithrombotic effect of dextran 60 (Macrodex) was studied in a prospective, randomized trial on patients undergoing general surgery. 42 patients (group A) received 500 ml of dextran 60 intraoperatively, 49 patients (group B) received an additional dose of 100 ml dextran 60 on days 1 to 5 after operation. As tested by the 125-iodine-radiofibrinogen test 16 patients (38%) from group A, but only 2 patients (4%) from group B developed deep venous thrombosis. The difference between both groups is statistically highly significant (P less than 0,0005). The use of dextran for thromboprophylaxis was associated neither with hemorrhagic complications nor with anaphylactoid reactions. The fractionated application of a total of 1000 ml of dextran 60 resulted in a very efficient prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis.", "contents": "[Thrombosis prophylaxis with low doses of dextran 60 (author's transl)]. The antithrombotic effect of dextran 60 (Macrodex) was studied in a prospective, randomized trial on patients undergoing general surgery. 42 patients (group A) received 500 ml of dextran 60 intraoperatively, 49 patients (group B) received an additional dose of 100 ml dextran 60 on days 1 to 5 after operation. As tested by the 125-iodine-radiofibrinogen test 16 patients (38%) from group A, but only 2 patients (4%) from group B developed deep venous thrombosis. The difference between both groups is statistically highly significant (P less than 0,0005). The use of dextran for thromboprophylaxis was associated neither with hemorrhagic complications nor with anaphylactoid reactions. The fractionated application of a total of 1000 ml of dextran 60 resulted in a very efficient prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 304984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_109", "title": "Dynamics of the amphibian middle ear.", "content": "Using laser speckle interferometry, we show that the directional information of acoustic signals is encoded in the motion of eardrum. Moreover, the frequency sensitivity of the auditory system is determined by the mechanical properties of the middle ear, which acts like a damped resonator.", "contents": "Dynamics of the amphibian middle ear. Using laser speckle interferometry, we show that the directional information of acoustic signals is encoded in the motion of eardrum. Moreover, the frequency sensitivity of the auditory system is determined by the mechanical properties of the middle ear, which acts like a damped resonator.", "PMID": 305007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_110", "title": "Neurologic manifestations of Cogan syndrome.", "content": "Cogan syndrome is a multisystem inflammatory vascular disease, characterized by nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and vestibuloauditory symptoms. Recent reports have directed attention to involvement of other organ systems. Respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal problems are common, as are laboratory abnormalities and general symptoms such as fever, chills, and weight loss. Prominent neurologic problems in two patients prompted a review of 79 cases of Cogan syndrome. More than half had nervous system involvement, including electroencephalographic or spinal fluid abnormality, headache, psychosis, coma, convulsion, neuropathy, and stroke. Cogan syndrome should be considered when neurologic deficits are accompanied by eye, ear, and systemic symptoms.", "contents": "Neurologic manifestations of Cogan syndrome. Cogan syndrome is a multisystem inflammatory vascular disease, characterized by nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and vestibuloauditory symptoms. Recent reports have directed attention to involvement of other organ systems. Respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal problems are common, as are laboratory abnormalities and general symptoms such as fever, chills, and weight loss. Prominent neurologic problems in two patients prompted a review of 79 cases of Cogan syndrome. More than half had nervous system involvement, including electroencephalographic or spinal fluid abnormality, headache, psychosis, coma, convulsion, neuropathy, and stroke. Cogan syndrome should be considered when neurologic deficits are accompanied by eye, ear, and systemic symptoms.", "PMID": 305011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_111", "title": "[Physiopathological bases for a rational therapy of gout].", "content": "Rational therapy of gout must be correlated with the two basic aetiopathogenetic factors, i.e. metabolic error and the inflammatory dysreactive moment. Due to its different action mechanism, the former is responsible for the typing of adult primary hyperuricaemia: a) hyperincorporating and hyperescretory forms; b) normo-incorporating and relatively or absolutely hypoexcretory forms; c) hyperincorporating and hyposcretory forms. It would be a mistake to treat the condition chemically without knowing the physiopathology of the metabolic error. On the basis of a preliminary typing assessment, rational chemical correction of the metabolic error in gout cases can be achieved with drugs that block the enhanced endogenous synthesis of uric acid (allopurinol, etc.) or correct the metabolite renal excretion defect. Therapy of the dysreactive-inflammatory component should involve non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. The disadvantages of using cortisones in gout treatment are stressed.", "contents": "[Physiopathological bases for a rational therapy of gout]. Rational therapy of gout must be correlated with the two basic aetiopathogenetic factors, i.e. metabolic error and the inflammatory dysreactive moment. Due to its different action mechanism, the former is responsible for the typing of adult primary hyperuricaemia: a) hyperincorporating and hyperescretory forms; b) normo-incorporating and relatively or absolutely hypoexcretory forms; c) hyperincorporating and hyposcretory forms. It would be a mistake to treat the condition chemically without knowing the physiopathology of the metabolic error. On the basis of a preliminary typing assessment, rational chemical correction of the metabolic error in gout cases can be achieved with drugs that block the enhanced endogenous synthesis of uric acid (allopurinol, etc.) or correct the metabolite renal excretion defect. Therapy of the dysreactive-inflammatory component should involve non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. The disadvantages of using cortisones in gout treatment are stressed.", "PMID": 305012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_112", "title": "A pilot trial of labetalol (AH 5158A): a combined alpha and beta blocker in treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Labetalol (5-1 hydroxy-2 (1-methyl-3 phenyl amino salicylamide hydrochloride)) is a new antihypertensive agent having partial alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking properties. Nine patients with mild, moderate or severe hypertension have been given this drug over periods ranging from 6-29 weeks. Labetalol was given as replacement for a beta-blocking drug providing less than satisfactory control. Adequate control of blood pressure was achieved in all nine patients. The only side-effect of note was postural hypotension which necessitated withdrawal of the drug in one patient.", "contents": "A pilot trial of labetalol (AH 5158A): a combined alpha and beta blocker in treatment of hypertension. Labetalol (5-1 hydroxy-2 (1-methyl-3 phenyl amino salicylamide hydrochloride)) is a new antihypertensive agent having partial alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking properties. Nine patients with mild, moderate or severe hypertension have been given this drug over periods ranging from 6-29 weeks. Labetalol was given as replacement for a beta-blocking drug providing less than satisfactory control. Adequate control of blood pressure was achieved in all nine patients. The only side-effect of note was postural hypotension which necessitated withdrawal of the drug in one patient.", "PMID": 305013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_113", "title": "Prevalence of self-injury in institutionalised retarded children.", "content": "Twenty-three percent of the inpatient population of a psychopaedic hospital in New Zealand were found to have engaged in self-injury during a six month observation period. Of the 50 male and 34 female patients studied, 62 exhibited single self-injury, and 22 multiple self-injury. Self-injury consisted of head banging, face slapping, skin picking, hair pulling, self-biting, regurgitation/vomiting, and excessive painful masturbation. Twenty-five percent of these patients indulged in forms of self-injury which was potentially seriously harmful to themselves if not immediately treated. The overall percentage of such patients in this hospital was found to be much higher than that reported elsewhere.", "contents": "Prevalence of self-injury in institutionalised retarded children. Twenty-three percent of the inpatient population of a psychopaedic hospital in New Zealand were found to have engaged in self-injury during a six month observation period. Of the 50 male and 34 female patients studied, 62 exhibited single self-injury, and 22 multiple self-injury. Self-injury consisted of head banging, face slapping, skin picking, hair pulling, self-biting, regurgitation/vomiting, and excessive painful masturbation. Twenty-five percent of these patients indulged in forms of self-injury which was potentially seriously harmful to themselves if not immediately treated. The overall percentage of such patients in this hospital was found to be much higher than that reported elsewhere.", "PMID": 305015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_114", "title": "Blood pressure levels of an urban adult New Zealand population: Napier 1973.", "content": "Ninety-seven percent of a randomly selected sample of 2600 adults (age range 21 to 92 years) from the Napier City electoral area were surveyed for age and sex distribution of blood pressure. The sample included those currently receiving drug treatment for elevated pressures. There were approximately 400 in each decade and the sex ratio slightly favoured females. Casual systolic pressures rose with age whereas the diastolic rose to approximately age 50 and thereafter remained steady or slightly declined. Before age 50 years males had higher systolic pressures than females and thereafter the mean levels for females exceeded those for the males. Mean systolic pressures for this New Zealand sample population were higher by 2-4mmHg for all ages than the levels reported for the United States National Health Survey 1960-62.", "contents": "Blood pressure levels of an urban adult New Zealand population: Napier 1973. Ninety-seven percent of a randomly selected sample of 2600 adults (age range 21 to 92 years) from the Napier City electoral area were surveyed for age and sex distribution of blood pressure. The sample included those currently receiving drug treatment for elevated pressures. There were approximately 400 in each decade and the sex ratio slightly favoured females. Casual systolic pressures rose with age whereas the diastolic rose to approximately age 50 and thereafter remained steady or slightly declined. Before age 50 years males had higher systolic pressures than females and thereafter the mean levels for females exceeded those for the males. Mean systolic pressures for this New Zealand sample population were higher by 2-4mmHg for all ages than the levels reported for the United States National Health Survey 1960-62.", "PMID": 305016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_115", "title": "The use of triacetyloleandomycin in skin and soft tissue infections: results of a New Zealand general-practitioner multi-centre trial.", "content": "Fifty-one New Zealand general practitioners observed the treatment of 137 cases of skin and soft tissue infections with triacetyloleandomycin (TAO, Pfizer) over a five-month period. Nearly a third of these lesions occurred in children aged 10 years or less. \"Excellent\" or \"good\" results in 129 cases (94.2 percent) confirmed triacetyloleandomycin to be generally effective in these conditions. Twice-daily (12-hourly) oral administration proved as effective as more frequent dosage regimens and no major side-effects were encountered. Twenty cases with associated minor surgery are discussed separately.", "contents": "The use of triacetyloleandomycin in skin and soft tissue infections: results of a New Zealand general-practitioner multi-centre trial. Fifty-one New Zealand general practitioners observed the treatment of 137 cases of skin and soft tissue infections with triacetyloleandomycin (TAO, Pfizer) over a five-month period. Nearly a third of these lesions occurred in children aged 10 years or less. \"Excellent\" or \"good\" results in 129 cases (94.2 percent) confirmed triacetyloleandomycin to be generally effective in these conditions. Twice-daily (12-hourly) oral administration proved as effective as more frequent dosage regimens and no major side-effects were encountered. Twenty cases with associated minor surgery are discussed separately.", "PMID": 305017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_116", "title": "Studies on habituation of vestibulospinal reflexes. Effects of repetitive optokinetic and vestibular stimuli upon the stepping test.", "content": "The influence of repetitive applications of optokinetic and vestibular stimuli upon the vestibulospinal responses, measured by the stepping test, was investigated both in an optokinetic training and vestibular habituation test series. Repeated applications of optokinetic and vestibular stimuli modified the rotation angles of the stepping test, i.e. vestibulospinal responses, resulting in a response decline of rotation angles which was still present after 1 month.", "contents": "Studies on habituation of vestibulospinal reflexes. Effects of repetitive optokinetic and vestibular stimuli upon the stepping test. The influence of repetitive applications of optokinetic and vestibular stimuli upon the vestibulospinal responses, measured by the stepping test, was investigated both in an optokinetic training and vestibular habituation test series. Repeated applications of optokinetic and vestibular stimuli modified the rotation angles of the stepping test, i.e. vestibulospinal responses, resulting in a response decline of rotation angles which was still present after 1 month.", "PMID": 305018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_117", "title": "Interest of the study of the influence of ocular fixation during caloric tests in pontocerebellar tumors.", "content": "Measurement of the ocular fixation index is very useful to assess the extension of pontocerebellar tumors. Determination of the other features of central impairment of the vestibular system completes this information.", "contents": "Interest of the study of the influence of ocular fixation during caloric tests in pontocerebellar tumors. Measurement of the ocular fixation index is very useful to assess the extension of pontocerebellar tumors. Determination of the other features of central impairment of the vestibular system completes this information.", "PMID": 305019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_118", "title": "Psychological, neurophysiological and therapeutic aspects of chronic pain: preliminary results with transcutaneous electrical stimulation [proceeedings].", "content": "Psychological, neurophysiological and therapeutic aspects of chronic pain are reviewed in the light of recent progress achieved in the respective fields (alpha-feedback training; gate-control theory; transcutaneous electrostimulation; percutaneous stereoactic radio-frequency cordotomy). The efficacy of selective large fibre stimulation has been evaluated in 39 spinal cord injury patients suffering from chronic intractable pain of 6 to 35 months's duration. Stimulation was applied daily for 6 consecutive hours. Pain reflief was assessed by verbal and visual analogue scales and McGill's pain questionaire. After 1 week, total or almost total relief of pain was reported by 49 per cent, moderate relief by 41 per cent and no improvement by 10 per cent of the cases; at a 3-months follow-up the figures were 28 per cent, 49 per cent and 23 per cent respectively.", "contents": "Psychological, neurophysiological and therapeutic aspects of chronic pain: preliminary results with transcutaneous electrical stimulation [proceeedings]. Psychological, neurophysiological and therapeutic aspects of chronic pain are reviewed in the light of recent progress achieved in the respective fields (alpha-feedback training; gate-control theory; transcutaneous electrostimulation; percutaneous stereoactic radio-frequency cordotomy). The efficacy of selective large fibre stimulation has been evaluated in 39 spinal cord injury patients suffering from chronic intractable pain of 6 to 35 months's duration. Stimulation was applied daily for 6 consecutive hours. Pain reflief was assessed by verbal and visual analogue scales and McGill's pain questionaire. After 1 week, total or almost total relief of pain was reported by 49 per cent, moderate relief by 41 per cent and no improvement by 10 per cent of the cases; at a 3-months follow-up the figures were 28 per cent, 49 per cent and 23 per cent respectively.", "PMID": 305020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_119", "title": "Two therapeutic experiments on stubborn pain in spinal cord lesions: coupling melitracen-flupenthixol and the transcutaneous nerve stimulation [proceedings].", "content": "A drug combination was used against sub-lesional pain with some good results. Transcutaneous stimulation was used in three cases of pain in the roots without result.", "contents": "Two therapeutic experiments on stubborn pain in spinal cord lesions: coupling melitracen-flupenthixol and the transcutaneous nerve stimulation [proceedings]. A drug combination was used against sub-lesional pain with some good results. Transcutaneous stimulation was used in three cases of pain in the roots without result.", "PMID": 305021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_120", "title": "The moon illusion: a test of the vestibular hypothesis under monocular viewing conditions.", "content": "The results of earlier monocular experiments on the moon illusion have been either negative or confounded. To test the role of vestibular function, 24 subjects made forced-choice distance comparisons between stimuli mounted in translucent tubes. The stimulus tube for standard distance could be positioned in three viewing angles (45 degrees up, horizontal, and 45 degrees down). A comparison tube adjustable for distance was mounted horizontally. There was a greater perception of depth in the downward looking condition. The relatively weak effects are discussed in terms of a two-hypothesis explanation of the real-life moon illusion and the poor cues for depth perception in monocular viewing.", "contents": "The moon illusion: a test of the vestibular hypothesis under monocular viewing conditions. The results of earlier monocular experiments on the moon illusion have been either negative or confounded. To test the role of vestibular function, 24 subjects made forced-choice distance comparisons between stimuli mounted in translucent tubes. The stimulus tube for standard distance could be positioned in three viewing angles (45 degrees up, horizontal, and 45 degrees down). A comparison tube adjustable for distance was mounted horizontally. There was a greater perception of depth in the downward looking condition. The relatively weak effects are discussed in terms of a two-hypothesis explanation of the real-life moon illusion and the poor cues for depth perception in monocular viewing.", "PMID": 305029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_121", "title": "[Current indications of coronary arteriography in coronary artery disease (with the exception of acute myocardial infarction) (author's transl)].", "content": "The indications of coronary arteriography have multiplied in recent years. Therapeutic indications have followed knowledge of the good results of revascularisation surgery. Initially limited to severe stable angina improved little or not at all by major anti-angina agents, they have been extended, in the view of many, to include various types of unstable angina where, in addition to the symptomatic improvement obtained, an attempt is made to decrease the incidence of myocardial infarction and of long term mortality. Indications relative to determination of the extent of disease may be preventive: the fear of severe coronary lesions on the basis of effort test results, the fear of a second infarction immediately following a primary lesion, or as a virtually routine examination in young individuals in order to better assess the degree of disease and to guide treatment. Diagnostic indication should be rare.", "contents": "[Current indications of coronary arteriography in coronary artery disease (with the exception of acute myocardial infarction) (author's transl)]. The indications of coronary arteriography have multiplied in recent years. Therapeutic indications have followed knowledge of the good results of revascularisation surgery. Initially limited to severe stable angina improved little or not at all by major anti-angina agents, they have been extended, in the view of many, to include various types of unstable angina where, in addition to the symptomatic improvement obtained, an attempt is made to decrease the incidence of myocardial infarction and of long term mortality. Indications relative to determination of the extent of disease may be preventive: the fear of severe coronary lesions on the basis of effort test results, the fear of a second infarction immediately following a primary lesion, or as a virtually routine examination in young individuals in order to better assess the degree of disease and to guide treatment. Diagnostic indication should be rare.", "PMID": 305033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_122", "title": "[Acquired Von Willebrand disease with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and angiodysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "The onset of an haemorragic syndrome in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia led to the diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand's disease secondary to an anti-von Willebrand factor antibody. Multiple angiodysplasia were shown by an arteriography done for a ruptured femoral arterial aneuvrism. The relationship between angiodysplasia and acquired von Willebrand disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Acquired Von Willebrand disease with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and angiodysplasia (author's transl)]. The onset of an haemorragic syndrome in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia led to the diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand's disease secondary to an anti-von Willebrand factor antibody. Multiple angiodysplasia were shown by an arteriography done for a ruptured femoral arterial aneuvrism. The relationship between angiodysplasia and acquired von Willebrand disease are discussed.", "PMID": 305034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_123", "title": "Delayed wattle reaction as a measure of cell-mediated immunity in the chicken.", "content": "The cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to diphtheria toxoid (DT) was studied in commercial broiler breeder lines. The chickens were immunized with DT in complete Freund's adjuvant 21 days before CMI assay by delayed wattle reactivity (DWR) to DT. The DWR was shown to be a valid measure of CMI and to correlate with spleen cell migration inhibition and blastogenesis assays of CMI in vitro. In addition, each criterion of CMI was met, except for the passive transfer of DWR. These criteria were delayed timing, gross morphology, histopathology of DWR, and effect of antilymyphocytic sera on DWR. The duration of DWR over a 1-year period differed in the two lines of chickens tested. A significantly greater DWR was found in one line with all birds remaining reactive for CMI whereas in the other line 16% did not have CMI by the end of the year. The differences may reflect genetic variability within and between lines in expression of CMI.", "contents": "Delayed wattle reaction as a measure of cell-mediated immunity in the chicken. The cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to diphtheria toxoid (DT) was studied in commercial broiler breeder lines. The chickens were immunized with DT in complete Freund's adjuvant 21 days before CMI assay by delayed wattle reactivity (DWR) to DT. The DWR was shown to be a valid measure of CMI and to correlate with spleen cell migration inhibition and blastogenesis assays of CMI in vitro. In addition, each criterion of CMI was met, except for the passive transfer of DWR. These criteria were delayed timing, gross morphology, histopathology of DWR, and effect of antilymyphocytic sera on DWR. The duration of DWR over a 1-year period differed in the two lines of chickens tested. A significantly greater DWR was found in one line with all birds remaining reactive for CMI whereas in the other line 16% did not have CMI by the end of the year. The differences may reflect genetic variability within and between lines in expression of CMI.", "PMID": 305039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_124", "title": "Enrichment of the murine natural killer (NK) and mitogen induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) cells using preparative free-flow high voltage electrophoresis.", "content": "A procedure using preparative free-flow high voltage electrophoresis is described for the fractionation of murine spleen and bone marrow cells so as to obtain cell subpopulations that are either enriched in or depleted of \"natural killer\" (NK) cells and \"mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity\" (MICC) effector cells. A nearly three fold enrichment in the NK and MICC activities of spleen cells was achieved. The enrichment in these cells could be further increased if the phagocytic cells were removed prior to electrophoresis. When bone marrow cells were fractionated a two and a half fold increase of NK activity, and a one and a half fold enrichment of MICC activity was achieved. In both cases, other fractions were nearly devoid of NK and MICC activity. The cell recovery after electrophoresis averages 70% of the cells applied, and at least 90% of these cells were viable. MICC and NK effector cells could not be separated to a useful extent electrophoretically but were found to be separable using Sephadex C-10 gel filtration columns. The MICC but not the NK cells were retained on these columns.", "contents": "Enrichment of the murine natural killer (NK) and mitogen induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) cells using preparative free-flow high voltage electrophoresis. A procedure using preparative free-flow high voltage electrophoresis is described for the fractionation of murine spleen and bone marrow cells so as to obtain cell subpopulations that are either enriched in or depleted of \"natural killer\" (NK) cells and \"mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity\" (MICC) effector cells. A nearly three fold enrichment in the NK and MICC activities of spleen cells was achieved. The enrichment in these cells could be further increased if the phagocytic cells were removed prior to electrophoresis. When bone marrow cells were fractionated a two and a half fold increase of NK activity, and a one and a half fold enrichment of MICC activity was achieved. In both cases, other fractions were nearly devoid of NK and MICC activity. The cell recovery after electrophoresis averages 70% of the cells applied, and at least 90% of these cells were viable. MICC and NK effector cells could not be separated to a useful extent electrophoretically but were found to be separable using Sephadex C-10 gel filtration columns. The MICC but not the NK cells were retained on these columns.", "PMID": 305045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_125", "title": "Blocking of primary in vitro antibody responses to thymus-independent and thymus-dependent antigens with antiserum specific for IgM or IgD.", "content": "The effect of anti-mu and anti-delta on the primary in vitro IgM response of murine splenocytes to thymus-dependent (trinitrophenylated erythrocytes) and thymus-independent (trinitrophenylated brucella) forms of trinitrophenyl was studied. The results indicate that either anti-mu or anti-delta can block the response of adult splenocytes to the thymus-dependent antigen. The thymus-dependent responses of neonatal splenocytes that bear a low concentration of IgD were also abrogated by treatment with anti-delta. In contrast, anti-mu, but not anti-delta, blocked the response of adult splenocytes to the thymus-independent antigen used. These results indicate that both IgM and IgD are receptors required for triggering cells by a thymus-dependent antigen but that only IgM receptors are required for triggering by the thymus-independent antigen used.", "contents": "Blocking of primary in vitro antibody responses to thymus-independent and thymus-dependent antigens with antiserum specific for IgM or IgD. The effect of anti-mu and anti-delta on the primary in vitro IgM response of murine splenocytes to thymus-dependent (trinitrophenylated erythrocytes) and thymus-independent (trinitrophenylated brucella) forms of trinitrophenyl was studied. The results indicate that either anti-mu or anti-delta can block the response of adult splenocytes to the thymus-dependent antigen. The thymus-dependent responses of neonatal splenocytes that bear a low concentration of IgD were also abrogated by treatment with anti-delta. In contrast, anti-mu, but not anti-delta, blocked the response of adult splenocytes to the thymus-independent antigen used. These results indicate that both IgM and IgD are receptors required for triggering cells by a thymus-dependent antigen but that only IgM receptors are required for triggering by the thymus-independent antigen used.", "PMID": 305047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_126", "title": "Alteration of the characteristics of learned taste aversion by manipulation of serotonin levels in the rat.", "content": "Electrolytic lesions placed in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of the rat brain deplete hypothalamic and telencephalic serotonin. These lesions also enhance the learned suppression of saccharin consumption which results from pairing the ingestion of a saccharin solution with the injection of a toxic drug. Pretreatment of rats with raphe lesions with the serotonin precursor DL-5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5HTP) immediately prior to the conditioning trial blocks the learning of the aversion to saccharin. In normal rats, 5HTP pretreatment also attenuates the suppressive effects of conditioning on saccharin drinking. These results differ from the findings of previous research using the flinch-jump technique. When sensitivity to shock is measured, 5HTP pretreatment in rats with forebrain serotonin depletion has been reported to restore both serotonin levels and behavior to normal. No behavioral effects are observed in normal animals. Possible explanations for the differential effects obtained in the two paradigms are discussed.", "contents": "Alteration of the characteristics of learned taste aversion by manipulation of serotonin levels in the rat. Electrolytic lesions placed in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of the rat brain deplete hypothalamic and telencephalic serotonin. These lesions also enhance the learned suppression of saccharin consumption which results from pairing the ingestion of a saccharin solution with the injection of a toxic drug. Pretreatment of rats with raphe lesions with the serotonin precursor DL-5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5HTP) immediately prior to the conditioning trial blocks the learning of the aversion to saccharin. In normal rats, 5HTP pretreatment also attenuates the suppressive effects of conditioning on saccharin drinking. These results differ from the findings of previous research using the flinch-jump technique. When sensitivity to shock is measured, 5HTP pretreatment in rats with forebrain serotonin depletion has been reported to restore both serotonin levels and behavior to normal. No behavioral effects are observed in normal animals. Possible explanations for the differential effects obtained in the two paradigms are discussed.", "PMID": 305048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_127", "title": "Initiation and inhibition of the release croak of Rana pipiens.", "content": "A release croak is emitted by unreceptive female frogs when they are clasped by males; receptive females are silence. This report investigates the sources of stimuli which initiate and inhibit the release croak of Rana pipiens. Experiment 1 demonstrates that manual clasping of the trunk rather than the legs elicits the croak. Experiment 2 shows that denervation of the skin of the trunk prevents the release call in response to manual stimulation. Experiment 3 confirms that artificial distension of the body with fluid inhibits the release croak in response to manual stimulation. Experiment 4 shows that artifically-distended females, who are not in the normal endocrinological state that accompanies mating, are silent and receptive in response to clasping by sexually-active male frogs. The first two experiments imply that stimulation of the skin of the trunk initiates the release croak; Experiments 3 and 4 suggest that an internal afferent source inhibits the release croak and might mediate an important aspect of receptivity in female frogs.", "contents": "Initiation and inhibition of the release croak of Rana pipiens. A release croak is emitted by unreceptive female frogs when they are clasped by males; receptive females are silence. This report investigates the sources of stimuli which initiate and inhibit the release croak of Rana pipiens. Experiment 1 demonstrates that manual clasping of the trunk rather than the legs elicits the croak. Experiment 2 shows that denervation of the skin of the trunk prevents the release call in response to manual stimulation. Experiment 3 confirms that artificial distension of the body with fluid inhibits the release croak in response to manual stimulation. Experiment 4 shows that artifically-distended females, who are not in the normal endocrinological state that accompanies mating, are silent and receptive in response to clasping by sexually-active male frogs. The first two experiments imply that stimulation of the skin of the trunk initiates the release croak; Experiments 3 and 4 suggest that an internal afferent source inhibits the release croak and might mediate an important aspect of receptivity in female frogs.", "PMID": 305049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_128", "title": "Electrophoretic mobility of lymphocyte populations in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 16 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and 27 age-matched healthy controls have been studied, using several lymphocyte markers: electrophoretic mobility (EM), E-rosettes, immunofluorescence, and refringency. Eight patients (mean age, 6 years) were selected with a typical EM pattern--that is, a decrease in the mean EM of T cells and increase in B versus T-cell ratio. The other group of patients (mean age, 11 years) showed no significant difference when compared with their age-matched controls, with the exception of the positive refringence test. These findings suggest an impairment in the maturation of the immune system in childhood, which in turn may be responsible for the increased susceptibility to disease.", "contents": "Electrophoretic mobility of lymphocyte populations in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 16 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and 27 age-matched healthy controls have been studied, using several lymphocyte markers: electrophoretic mobility (EM), E-rosettes, immunofluorescence, and refringency. Eight patients (mean age, 6 years) were selected with a typical EM pattern--that is, a decrease in the mean EM of T cells and increase in B versus T-cell ratio. The other group of patients (mean age, 11 years) showed no significant difference when compared with their age-matched controls, with the exception of the positive refringence test. These findings suggest an impairment in the maturation of the immune system in childhood, which in turn may be responsible for the increased susceptibility to disease.", "PMID": 305103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_129", "title": "Studies on interference with tolerance induction in T cells.", "content": "The mechanism of T-cell tolerance to a thymus-dependent antigen was examined, using the adjuvant polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid (poly A:U). In adoptive transfer experiments, thymus cells obtained from donor mice 2 days after treatment with a tolerogenic dose of bovine gamma-globulin (sBGG) did not cooperate with bone marrow (BM) cells in irradiated recipients challenged with aggregated BGG (aBGG). In contrast, thymus cells from donors given sBGG plus poly A:U retained their helper activity, as assayed by hemagglutination and rosette formation of spleen cells. The effect of poly A:U in preventing tolerance induction was also demonstrable in the cortisone-resistant population, in that thymus cells from cortisone-treated donors that had received sBGG and poly A:U retained their helper function. The presence of suppressor cells and the effect of poly A:U on their stimulation were also examined. sBGG-treated thymus cells suppressed the response of BGG-primed spleen cells in lethally irradiated mice, whereas thymus cells from donors treated with sBGG and poly A:U were not suppressive. These observations show that poly A:U prevents tolerance induction and the development of suppressor activity in T cells.", "contents": "Studies on interference with tolerance induction in T cells. The mechanism of T-cell tolerance to a thymus-dependent antigen was examined, using the adjuvant polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid (poly A:U). In adoptive transfer experiments, thymus cells obtained from donor mice 2 days after treatment with a tolerogenic dose of bovine gamma-globulin (sBGG) did not cooperate with bone marrow (BM) cells in irradiated recipients challenged with aggregated BGG (aBGG). In contrast, thymus cells from donors given sBGG plus poly A:U retained their helper activity, as assayed by hemagglutination and rosette formation of spleen cells. The effect of poly A:U in preventing tolerance induction was also demonstrable in the cortisone-resistant population, in that thymus cells from cortisone-treated donors that had received sBGG and poly A:U retained their helper function. The presence of suppressor cells and the effect of poly A:U on their stimulation were also examined. sBGG-treated thymus cells suppressed the response of BGG-primed spleen cells in lethally irradiated mice, whereas thymus cells from donors treated with sBGG and poly A:U were not suppressive. These observations show that poly A:U prevents tolerance induction and the development of suppressor activity in T cells.", "PMID": 305104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_130", "title": "B and T lymphocytes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in acute aseptic meningitis.", "content": "B and T cells in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were calculated by using the surface membrane immunoglobulin marker for B cells and the capacity to bind sheep erythrocytes to form 'rosettes' as a marker to T cells. Patients with acute aseptic meningitis due to mumps virus or other etiologic agents and with various chronic neurological diseases were investigated. Significantly higher T-cell and lower B-cell values were observed in CSF than in blood in all three groups. No significant differences were found between the three patient groups. An elevation of B cells and a depression of T cells were observed in blood in patients with aseptic meningitis during the course of the disease.", "contents": "B and T lymphocytes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in acute aseptic meningitis. B and T cells in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were calculated by using the surface membrane immunoglobulin marker for B cells and the capacity to bind sheep erythrocytes to form 'rosettes' as a marker to T cells. Patients with acute aseptic meningitis due to mumps virus or other etiologic agents and with various chronic neurological diseases were investigated. Significantly higher T-cell and lower B-cell values were observed in CSF than in blood in all three groups. No significant differences were found between the three patient groups. An elevation of B cells and a depression of T cells were observed in blood in patients with aseptic meningitis during the course of the disease.", "PMID": 305105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_131", "title": "Surface immunoglobulin characteristics of B-lymphocyte developmental states and B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells.", "content": "B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells and various B-lymphocyte developmental states were examined for expression of surface immunoglobulin. B-lymphocyte colony-forming-cells appeared to possess a significantly greater amount of surface immunoglobulin than did newborn 'virgin' B lymphocytes. In terms of surface immunoglobulin content and physical property characteristics (established previously) B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells resembled a more mature B-lymphocyte subset. This subset, as characterized in previous studies, consists of mature virgin B cells that develop from the newborn virgin B cells via a process of nonspecific antigen-induced differentiation. An alternative possibility that B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells are memory B lymphocytes has not been eliminated by this study.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulin characteristics of B-lymphocyte developmental states and B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells. B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells and various B-lymphocyte developmental states were examined for expression of surface immunoglobulin. B-lymphocyte colony-forming-cells appeared to possess a significantly greater amount of surface immunoglobulin than did newborn 'virgin' B lymphocytes. In terms of surface immunoglobulin content and physical property characteristics (established previously) B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells resembled a more mature B-lymphocyte subset. This subset, as characterized in previous studies, consists of mature virgin B cells that develop from the newborn virgin B cells via a process of nonspecific antigen-induced differentiation. An alternative possibility that B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells are memory B lymphocytes has not been eliminated by this study.", "PMID": 305106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_132", "title": "Inhibition of B-cell function by concanavalin-A-induced suppressor cells.", "content": "The in vitro immune response of normal spleen cells to the thymus-independent antigen dinitrophenylated levan (DNP-LE) was found to be inhibited by suppressor cells induced previously by concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro. At various suppressor to target cell ratios, the level of suppression observed was comparable to that seen in anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) responses. Consequently, it is suggested that B cells constitute a direct target for Con-A-induced suppressor cell activity.", "contents": "Inhibition of B-cell function by concanavalin-A-induced suppressor cells. The in vitro immune response of normal spleen cells to the thymus-independent antigen dinitrophenylated levan (DNP-LE) was found to be inhibited by suppressor cells induced previously by concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro. At various suppressor to target cell ratios, the level of suppression observed was comparable to that seen in anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) responses. Consequently, it is suggested that B cells constitute a direct target for Con-A-induced suppressor cell activity.", "PMID": 305107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_133", "title": "A T-cell marker in mouse fibroblast x T-lymphocyte somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Continuous hybrid cell lines have been generated by the fusion of allogeneically primed murine T lymphocytes with mouse L-cell-derived fibroblasts of the line 613. The resulting hybrid clones express one or more T-cell-specific surface components identifiable by radioiodination of intact cells followed by NP-40 solubilization of membrane proteins and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These markers are stably expressed by the hybrid lines after several months of passage.", "contents": "A T-cell marker in mouse fibroblast x T-lymphocyte somatic cell hybrids. Continuous hybrid cell lines have been generated by the fusion of allogeneically primed murine T lymphocytes with mouse L-cell-derived fibroblasts of the line 613. The resulting hybrid clones express one or more T-cell-specific surface components identifiable by radioiodination of intact cells followed by NP-40 solubilization of membrane proteins and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These markers are stably expressed by the hybrid lines after several months of passage.", "PMID": 305108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_134", "title": "Thymic microenvironment: selective activities of soluble and insoluble components.", "content": "Two components of the thymic microenvironment have been separated, and their biological properties have been studied. The first component, soluble thymic factor (STF), after injection into syngeneic recipients, provoked a temporary decrease in thymic weight on day 7, concomitant with an increase in the level of T cells in lymph nodes (but not in the spleen), followed by a general hypertrophy of lymph nodes peaking on day 21. In contrast, after the injection of the second component, insoluble thymic fraction (ITF), there was an increase in the number of prothymocytes in the thymic subcapsulary cortex, followed by general thymic hypertrophy on days 14 and 21. STF is believed to trigger a selective migration of lymph-node-seeking T cells from the thymus, whereas ITF seems to play a role in the differentiation step preceding that imparted by STF.", "contents": "Thymic microenvironment: selective activities of soluble and insoluble components. Two components of the thymic microenvironment have been separated, and their biological properties have been studied. The first component, soluble thymic factor (STF), after injection into syngeneic recipients, provoked a temporary decrease in thymic weight on day 7, concomitant with an increase in the level of T cells in lymph nodes (but not in the spleen), followed by a general hypertrophy of lymph nodes peaking on day 21. In contrast, after the injection of the second component, insoluble thymic fraction (ITF), there was an increase in the number of prothymocytes in the thymic subcapsulary cortex, followed by general thymic hypertrophy on days 14 and 21. STF is believed to trigger a selective migration of lymph-node-seeking T cells from the thymus, whereas ITF seems to play a role in the differentiation step preceding that imparted by STF.", "PMID": 305109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_135", "title": "Long-term therapy with tolfenamic acid pINN. A clinical and toxicological study with special reference to clinical and chemical laboratory parameters.", "content": "48 patients with rheumatic diseases underwent long-term treatment with a new antirheumatic compound, tolfenamic acid pINN. The dosage was 2 capsules of 100 mg 3 times daily. At the time of summing-up 9 patients had been treated for one year, 41 for 6 months and 7 had been eliminated after 1 month of treatment, because of side-effects in the form of diarrhoea, dyspepsia, vomiting and 1 ulcer patient got an attack of duodenal ulcer. Of the 41 patients who completed the 6 month trial 33 reported good therapeutic effect. A significant fall in the erythrocyte sedimentation reaction (p less than 0.01) was observed. 19 patients reported side-effects in the trial period, but at the end of the trial only 5 complained of side-effects. In the male patients occasional slight dysuria was the most common side-effect. Of the 9 patients who were treated for one year all reported a good effect from the preparation and none of them complained of side-effects after 1 year of treatment. Apart from eosinophilia in 2 patients, who were eliminated from the trial because of diarrhoea, none of the laboratory values showed any signs of the preparation having any toxic effects.", "contents": "Long-term therapy with tolfenamic acid pINN. A clinical and toxicological study with special reference to clinical and chemical laboratory parameters. 48 patients with rheumatic diseases underwent long-term treatment with a new antirheumatic compound, tolfenamic acid pINN. The dosage was 2 capsules of 100 mg 3 times daily. At the time of summing-up 9 patients had been treated for one year, 41 for 6 months and 7 had been eliminated after 1 month of treatment, because of side-effects in the form of diarrhoea, dyspepsia, vomiting and 1 ulcer patient got an attack of duodenal ulcer. Of the 41 patients who completed the 6 month trial 33 reported good therapeutic effect. A significant fall in the erythrocyte sedimentation reaction (p less than 0.01) was observed. 19 patients reported side-effects in the trial period, but at the end of the trial only 5 complained of side-effects. In the male patients occasional slight dysuria was the most common side-effect. Of the 9 patients who were treated for one year all reported a good effect from the preparation and none of them complained of side-effects after 1 year of treatment. Apart from eosinophilia in 2 patients, who were eliminated from the trial because of diarrhoea, none of the laboratory values showed any signs of the preparation having any toxic effects.", "PMID": 305110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_136", "title": "[Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy].", "content": "A report is presented on four cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. In this recently individualized entity, adenomegaly with fever and cutaneous eruption is associated with polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and autoimmunization, especially of anti-erythrocytic type. The lymph nodes are homogenized by a lymphoplasmo-immunoblastic granuloma with angiogenesis. The disease could be attributed to hyperplasia of B lymphocytes with a deficit of T cells, which would explain the autoimmunization. It appears in some cases to be triggered by accidents of drug intolerance. Prognosis is poor and the course of the disease is nearly always fatal in the long or short term. It is difficult to ascertain whether prolonged remissions, either spontaneous or therapeutic, can be considered actual cures.", "contents": "[Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy]. A report is presented on four cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. In this recently individualized entity, adenomegaly with fever and cutaneous eruption is associated with polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and autoimmunization, especially of anti-erythrocytic type. The lymph nodes are homogenized by a lymphoplasmo-immunoblastic granuloma with angiogenesis. The disease could be attributed to hyperplasia of B lymphocytes with a deficit of T cells, which would explain the autoimmunization. It appears in some cases to be triggered by accidents of drug intolerance. Prognosis is poor and the course of the disease is nearly always fatal in the long or short term. It is difficult to ascertain whether prolonged remissions, either spontaneous or therapeutic, can be considered actual cures.", "PMID": 305111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_137", "title": "Switch in immunoglobulin class production observed in single clones of committed lymphocytes.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells, after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, were cloned in culture. After 4 to 5 days, the daughter cells were stained and examined for immunoglobulin class with double immunofluorescent reagents. A switch of the stained color of these cells was observed, implying a switch from imunoglobulin M to immunoglobulin G production in the progeny of a single B cell.", "contents": "Switch in immunoglobulin class production observed in single clones of committed lymphocytes. Mouse spleen cells, after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, were cloned in culture. After 4 to 5 days, the daughter cells were stained and examined for immunoglobulin class with double immunofluorescent reagents. A switch of the stained color of these cells was observed, implying a switch from imunoglobulin M to immunoglobulin G production in the progeny of a single B cell.", "PMID": 305113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_138", "title": "Irreversible inhibition of sodium entry sites in frog skin by a photosensitive amiloride analog.", "content": "A photosensitive binding reaction is described in which an analog of amiloride is bound to sites that control sodium entry into frog skin. This reaction results in irreversible inhibition of net sodium transport.", "contents": "Irreversible inhibition of sodium entry sites in frog skin by a photosensitive amiloride analog. A photosensitive binding reaction is described in which an analog of amiloride is bound to sites that control sodium entry into frog skin. This reaction results in irreversible inhibition of net sodium transport.", "PMID": 305114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_139", "title": "Hormonal basis for breeding behavior in female frogs: vasotocin inhibits the release call of Rana pipiens.", "content": "Inhibition of the release call in gravid female frogs facilitates maintenance of the male's clasp so that oviposition and spawning can occur. Arginine-8 vasotocin inhibits the release call by causing an accumulation of water and internal pressure.", "contents": "Hormonal basis for breeding behavior in female frogs: vasotocin inhibits the release call of Rana pipiens. Inhibition of the release call in gravid female frogs facilitates maintenance of the male's clasp so that oviposition and spawning can occur. Arginine-8 vasotocin inhibits the release call by causing an accumulation of water and internal pressure.", "PMID": 305115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_140", "title": "Immunologic studies of colonic cancer: evaluation of immunocompetence.", "content": "Detailed immunologic studies were done on 29 patients with colorectal cancer. The plasma level of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen, the in vitro reactivity of the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) to colorectal-tumor-associated antigens (CTAA), and the competence of the T cell population were determined. The in vitro reactivity of the PBL to CTAA was determined by a lymphoblastic response and leukocyte migration inhibition. The competent T cell population was determined by enumerating the T and B cells, the rosette-inhibiting titer of antithymocyte globulin, and the reactivity to skin test antigens. An arbitrary score ranging from 0 (low immunocompetence) to 100 (high) was assigned to the results of each test. The mean score on the immunocompetence quotient (ICQ) which ranged from 22 to 100 was judged to reflect the immunocompetence. The sequential ICQ of individual patients strongly suggested that this information reflected the immunocompetence of patients with cancer of the colon.", "contents": "Immunologic studies of colonic cancer: evaluation of immunocompetence. Detailed immunologic studies were done on 29 patients with colorectal cancer. The plasma level of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen, the in vitro reactivity of the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) to colorectal-tumor-associated antigens (CTAA), and the competence of the T cell population were determined. The in vitro reactivity of the PBL to CTAA was determined by a lymphoblastic response and leukocyte migration inhibition. The competent T cell population was determined by enumerating the T and B cells, the rosette-inhibiting titer of antithymocyte globulin, and the reactivity to skin test antigens. An arbitrary score ranging from 0 (low immunocompetence) to 100 (high) was assigned to the results of each test. The mean score on the immunocompetence quotient (ICQ) which ranged from 22 to 100 was judged to reflect the immunocompetence. The sequential ICQ of individual patients strongly suggested that this information reflected the immunocompetence of patients with cancer of the colon.", "PMID": 305116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_141", "title": "Pulmonary complications in the immunocompromised patient.", "content": "A diagnostic approach to pulmonary complications in the immunocompromised patient is outlined. The importance of early lung biopsy in selected patients is emphasized and the various techniques available are discussed. Successful early diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections ia a challenge for the clinician, bacteriologist and pathologist, and requires these close collaboration.", "contents": "Pulmonary complications in the immunocompromised patient. A diagnostic approach to pulmonary complications in the immunocompromised patient is outlined. The importance of early lung biopsy in selected patients is emphasized and the various techniques available are discussed. Successful early diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections ia a challenge for the clinician, bacteriologist and pathologist, and requires these close collaboration.", "PMID": 305121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_142", "title": "A multicentre study of the susceptibility of a variety of bacteria to cephalothin, cefamandole, tobramycin and gentamicin.", "content": "A multicentre study of antibiotic susceptibility was performed in South Africa. Sensitivity to cephalothin, cefamandole, tobramycin and gentamicin was tested on a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Two disc susceptibility techniques were used, i.e. the Kirby-Bauer technique (aerobes) and the broth-disc method (anaerobes); minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined according to the International Collaborative Study techniques, and regression lines for individual centres were constructed. Satisfactory lines were obtained for cephalosporins, but, in some centres, problems were experienced with the aminoglycosides. Variations in MICs for Haemophilus influenzae were probably due to an inoculum effect. Accumulative percentage tables of the number of strains inhibited were compiled, and the comparative performance of the antibiotics was assessed.", "contents": "A multicentre study of the susceptibility of a variety of bacteria to cephalothin, cefamandole, tobramycin and gentamicin. A multicentre study of antibiotic susceptibility was performed in South Africa. Sensitivity to cephalothin, cefamandole, tobramycin and gentamicin was tested on a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Two disc susceptibility techniques were used, i.e. the Kirby-Bauer technique (aerobes) and the broth-disc method (anaerobes); minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined according to the International Collaborative Study techniques, and regression lines for individual centres were constructed. Satisfactory lines were obtained for cephalosporins, but, in some centres, problems were experienced with the aminoglycosides. Variations in MICs for Haemophilus influenzae were probably due to an inoculum effect. Accumulative percentage tables of the number of strains inhibited were compiled, and the comparative performance of the antibiotics was assessed.", "PMID": 305120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_143", "title": "Human lymphocyte-mouse myeloma somatic cell hybrids: selective hybrid formation.", "content": "Fusion of unfractionated human lymphocytes with mouse myeloma cells resulted in proliferating hybrid colonies, almost all producting human Ig. We examined whether this high frequency of Ig production was the result of selective formation of human B lymphocyte-mouse myeloma hybrids, rather than induction of Ig genes in T lymphocytes. Unfractionated peripheral lymphocytes and B lymphocytes from patients with the common variable form of agammaglobulinemia formed proliferating somatic cell hybrid colonies. In contrast, peripheral lymphocytes from a patient with agammaglobulinema who lacked B lymphocytes, as well as albumin gradient fractions of peripheral blood which do not contain B lymphocytes, failed to produce somatic cell hybrids with three different myeloma parent cell lines. B, T, and precursor lymphocytes all had Sendai virus receptors, as witnessed by viral agglutination. We conclude that fusion of human lymphocytes with mouse myeloma cells results in selective hybrid formation, rather than activation of Ig genes in disparate cell types. Only B lymphocyte-mouse myeloma heterokaryons form hybrid cells.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte-mouse myeloma somatic cell hybrids: selective hybrid formation. Fusion of unfractionated human lymphocytes with mouse myeloma cells resulted in proliferating hybrid colonies, almost all producting human Ig. We examined whether this high frequency of Ig production was the result of selective formation of human B lymphocyte-mouse myeloma hybrids, rather than induction of Ig genes in T lymphocytes. Unfractionated peripheral lymphocytes and B lymphocytes from patients with the common variable form of agammaglobulinemia formed proliferating somatic cell hybrid colonies. In contrast, peripheral lymphocytes from a patient with agammaglobulinema who lacked B lymphocytes, as well as albumin gradient fractions of peripheral blood which do not contain B lymphocytes, failed to produce somatic cell hybrids with three different myeloma parent cell lines. B, T, and precursor lymphocytes all had Sendai virus receptors, as witnessed by viral agglutination. We conclude that fusion of human lymphocytes with mouse myeloma cells results in selective hybrid formation, rather than activation of Ig genes in disparate cell types. Only B lymphocyte-mouse myeloma heterokaryons form hybrid cells.", "PMID": 305122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_144", "title": "Fusion of T and B cells.", "content": "Hybrid cells were prepared by fusin an immunoglobulin-secreting mouse myeloma lin e (B cell) with an allogenic T-cell lymphoma which expresses the surface antigen Thy 1. The resulting hybrids expressed H2 antigens of both parental cells and secreted the immunoblobulin of the myeloma parent but did not express the Thy 1 antigen of the lymphoma parent. Twenty-one hybrids were formed from fusion of the same myeloma line with TNP-SRBC-primed spleen cells. Most of the hybrid lines exhibited characteristics expected for the fusion of the myeloma to B lymphocytes. No hybrids between the myeloma line and spleen T cells were identified as none of the hybrids expressed the T-cell-specific antigen Thy 1. We discuss possible reasons for failure to produce hybrids with T-cell characteristics in these types of fusion.", "contents": "Fusion of T and B cells. Hybrid cells were prepared by fusin an immunoglobulin-secreting mouse myeloma lin e (B cell) with an allogenic T-cell lymphoma which expresses the surface antigen Thy 1. The resulting hybrids expressed H2 antigens of both parental cells and secreted the immunoblobulin of the myeloma parent but did not express the Thy 1 antigen of the lymphoma parent. Twenty-one hybrids were formed from fusion of the same myeloma line with TNP-SRBC-primed spleen cells. Most of the hybrid lines exhibited characteristics expected for the fusion of the myeloma to B lymphocytes. No hybrids between the myeloma line and spleen T cells were identified as none of the hybrids expressed the T-cell-specific antigen Thy 1. We discuss possible reasons for failure to produce hybrids with T-cell characteristics in these types of fusion.", "PMID": 305123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_145", "title": "Coronal and sagittal reconstruction in computerised tomography.", "content": "As useful and dramatic as axial computed tomograms are, severe limitations have been encountered. Most of these involve the accurate location of masses and, as in angiography, projections in several planes are essential. Recent advances in both hard and softward allow three millimeter slice thicknesses at low radiation dosage. Coronal and sagittal reconstructions are practical and obtained with ease. The computerized tomogram is invaluable in complementing standard neuroradiological procedures and, in some cases, allows definitive diagnosis. This degree of accuracy is not possible without multiplane reconstructions.", "contents": "Coronal and sagittal reconstruction in computerised tomography. As useful and dramatic as axial computed tomograms are, severe limitations have been encountered. Most of these involve the accurate location of masses and, as in angiography, projections in several planes are essential. Recent advances in both hard and softward allow three millimeter slice thicknesses at low radiation dosage. Coronal and sagittal reconstructions are practical and obtained with ease. The computerized tomogram is invaluable in complementing standard neuroradiological procedures and, in some cases, allows definitive diagnosis. This degree of accuracy is not possible without multiplane reconstructions.", "PMID": 305124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_146", "title": "Immunological studies on myasthenia gravis: operative indication and cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "An important aspect of the management of patients with myasthenia gravis is the decision to recommend thymectomy. Hitherto, many investigators have reported the relationship between the operative effects and such factors as age, sex, duration of symptoms, or degree of germinal center proliferation in the myasthenic thymus. However, these reports are not practical aids in deciding the indication for thymectomy in an individual myasthenic patient. The currently accepted indications of thymectomy for myasthenic patients are (1) the thymomatous patient, especially those with malignancy, and (2) the nonthymomatous patients who are resistant to medical treatment. From our present data we would add the following as an indication of the operation: (3) patients who have high T-cell subpopulation levels with highly blastogenic activities and strong skin test reactivities. In order to assure good operative results in myasthenic patients, surgeons should examine their patients' preoperative immunological states.", "contents": "Immunological studies on myasthenia gravis: operative indication and cell-mediated immunity. An important aspect of the management of patients with myasthenia gravis is the decision to recommend thymectomy. Hitherto, many investigators have reported the relationship between the operative effects and such factors as age, sex, duration of symptoms, or degree of germinal center proliferation in the myasthenic thymus. However, these reports are not practical aids in deciding the indication for thymectomy in an individual myasthenic patient. The currently accepted indications of thymectomy for myasthenic patients are (1) the thymomatous patient, especially those with malignancy, and (2) the nonthymomatous patients who are resistant to medical treatment. From our present data we would add the following as an indication of the operation: (3) patients who have high T-cell subpopulation levels with highly blastogenic activities and strong skin test reactivities. In order to assure good operative results in myasthenic patients, surgeons should examine their patients' preoperative immunological states.", "PMID": 305125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_147", "title": "Epidermal growth factor potentiates cortisone-induced cleft palate in the mouse.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor (EGF) injected into pregnant mice increased the frequency of cleft palate (CP) in cortisone-treated mouse fetuses. EGF alone produced proliferation and thickening of the epithelium of the palatal processes, but CP was not significantly increased over saline injected controls. Cortisone alone produced thinning of the palatal epithelium and caused CP in 61 percent of formed fetuses. The combination of EGF and cortisone treatment induced CP in 100 percent of formed fetuses; epithelial thickening still occurred with the combination treatment. Thus, EGF may be teratogenic under special circumstances. These observations suggest that the relative thickness of the palatal shelf epithelium may not be a critical factor in the fusion of the palatal shelves.", "contents": "Epidermal growth factor potentiates cortisone-induced cleft palate in the mouse. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) injected into pregnant mice increased the frequency of cleft palate (CP) in cortisone-treated mouse fetuses. EGF alone produced proliferation and thickening of the epithelium of the palatal processes, but CP was not significantly increased over saline injected controls. Cortisone alone produced thinning of the palatal epithelium and caused CP in 61 percent of formed fetuses. The combination of EGF and cortisone treatment induced CP in 100 percent of formed fetuses; epithelial thickening still occurred with the combination treatment. Thus, EGF may be teratogenic under special circumstances. These observations suggest that the relative thickness of the palatal shelf epithelium may not be a critical factor in the fusion of the palatal shelves.", "PMID": 305137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_148", "title": "Inhibition of B cell cytotoxicity by aggregated IgG and immune complexes.", "content": "The presence of immune complexes or aggregated IgG in the microlymphocytotoxicity assay may cause inhibition of cytoxity. When HLA-A and-B antigens are the subject of the test the effect is minimal; however, when B cell alloantigens are being examined the effect is marked. The pattern of inhibition in the later case and the fact that B lymphocytes preincubated with immune complexes are resistant to cytotoxic lysis by anti-B cell sera suggests that immune complexes and aggregated IgG inhibit cytotoxicity by prevention of antibody binding rather than by complement consumption.", "contents": "Inhibition of B cell cytotoxicity by aggregated IgG and immune complexes. The presence of immune complexes or aggregated IgG in the microlymphocytotoxicity assay may cause inhibition of cytoxity. When HLA-A and-B antigens are the subject of the test the effect is minimal; however, when B cell alloantigens are being examined the effect is marked. The pattern of inhibition in the later case and the fact that B lymphocytes preincubated with immune complexes are resistant to cytotoxic lysis by anti-B cell sera suggests that immune complexes and aggregated IgG inhibit cytotoxicity by prevention of antibody binding rather than by complement consumption.", "PMID": 305139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_149", "title": "Ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae had not been identified in Fresno, California, before June 1976. In the 12 months that followed, eight resistant type B strains and three resistant nontypable isolates were cultured from patients treated at two hospitals that provide nearly all of the acute pediatric inpatient care for the area. Two of the resistant strains were obtained from patients with invasive infections and represented 4.2 percent of Hemophilus influenzae isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid or joint aspirates during the 12 months. The remaining six resistant type B strains were obtained from 117 patients, and were the predominant organism in cultures of other sites, primarily respiratory secretions. In two of three patients infected with nontypable organisms, resistance appeared to emerge during therapy with ampicillin. Measurement of beta lactamase was a practical and accurate method for differentiating between ampicillin-sensitive and resistant strains. All ten of the beta lactamase-positive isolates tested had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for ampicillin of 15 mug per ml, or less. In contrast 30 beta lactamase-negative strains had MIC's of 1.5 mug per ml, or less, of ampicillin. Our results indicate that ampicillin resistance has become a significant problem in the Central Valley of California and probably the entire state.", "contents": "Ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae. Ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae had not been identified in Fresno, California, before June 1976. In the 12 months that followed, eight resistant type B strains and three resistant nontypable isolates were cultured from patients treated at two hospitals that provide nearly all of the acute pediatric inpatient care for the area. Two of the resistant strains were obtained from patients with invasive infections and represented 4.2 percent of Hemophilus influenzae isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid or joint aspirates during the 12 months. The remaining six resistant type B strains were obtained from 117 patients, and were the predominant organism in cultures of other sites, primarily respiratory secretions. In two of three patients infected with nontypable organisms, resistance appeared to emerge during therapy with ampicillin. Measurement of beta lactamase was a practical and accurate method for differentiating between ampicillin-sensitive and resistant strains. All ten of the beta lactamase-positive isolates tested had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for ampicillin of 15 mug per ml, or less. In contrast 30 beta lactamase-negative strains had MIC's of 1.5 mug per ml, or less, of ampicillin. Our results indicate that ampicillin resistance has become a significant problem in the Central Valley of California and probably the entire state.", "PMID": 305157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_150", "title": "[Esophageal sound for electrocardioversion and simultaneous electric stimulation of the heart].", "content": "In extrathoracic as well as oesophageal electrode technique sometimes in most cases short insignificant asystolias following the electric cardioversion are observed. In individual cases, however, an immediate electrostimulation of the heart may be necessary. An oesophageal sound was developed which may be used for cardioversion as well as for stimulation if necessary. With the help of this sound the effectiveness of the electric atrial and ventricular stimulation and the electrocardioversion was proved.", "contents": "[Esophageal sound for electrocardioversion and simultaneous electric stimulation of the heart]. In extrathoracic as well as oesophageal electrode technique sometimes in most cases short insignificant asystolias following the electric cardioversion are observed. In individual cases, however, an immediate electrostimulation of the heart may be necessary. An oesophageal sound was developed which may be used for cardioversion as well as for stimulation if necessary. With the help of this sound the effectiveness of the electric atrial and ventricular stimulation and the electrocardioversion was proved.", "PMID": 305171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_151", "title": "[Recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a gastric neuroma].", "content": "Ulceration of the gastric mucous membrane and acute gastric haemorrhage are feared complications of a gastric neuroma. It is reported on a patient of 42 years who had recurrent gastrointestinal haemorrhage in spite of the resection of his stomach. By gastroscope an ulcus was proved paracardially in the upper corpus. The ulcus rendered post operationem as exulcerized neuroma by histologic test.", "contents": "[Recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a gastric neuroma]. Ulceration of the gastric mucous membrane and acute gastric haemorrhage are feared complications of a gastric neuroma. It is reported on a patient of 42 years who had recurrent gastrointestinal haemorrhage in spite of the resection of his stomach. By gastroscope an ulcus was proved paracardially in the upper corpus. The ulcus rendered post operationem as exulcerized neuroma by histologic test.", "PMID": 305172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_152", "title": "[T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Study on 113 patients with malignant melanoma].", "content": "In the present study, we determined the absolute and the percental numbers of T-lymphocytes in 113 patients with malignant melanomas, of whom 50 had metastases and 63 did not. The findings were compared to those in a control group of 22 persons. The patients with melanomas were divided up into clinical stages: stage I (primary tumour), II (metastases in the local lymph nodes), and stage III (systemic metastases). There was a statistically significant reduction of T-lymphocytes in all patients with melanomas, but there were no significant differences between the three stages. Therapy with DTIC did not lead to any major reduction in T-lymphocytes, possibly because of subsequent treatment with BCG. We found no clear correlation between the reduction of T-lymphocytes and an unfavourable prognosis.", "contents": "[T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Study on 113 patients with malignant melanoma]. In the present study, we determined the absolute and the percental numbers of T-lymphocytes in 113 patients with malignant melanomas, of whom 50 had metastases and 63 did not. The findings were compared to those in a control group of 22 persons. The patients with melanomas were divided up into clinical stages: stage I (primary tumour), II (metastases in the local lymph nodes), and stage III (systemic metastases). There was a statistically significant reduction of T-lymphocytes in all patients with melanomas, but there were no significant differences between the three stages. Therapy with DTIC did not lead to any major reduction in T-lymphocytes, possibly because of subsequent treatment with BCG. We found no clear correlation between the reduction of T-lymphocytes and an unfavourable prognosis.", "PMID": 305173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_153", "title": "[Circumscribed intraventricular hemorrhage].", "content": "Circumscribed intraventricular haemorrhages are very rare. The clinical picture showed the symptom of the subarachnoid haemorrhage and additional local symptoms (e.g. hemiparesis, psychic disorders). Neuroradiologically, signs of a space-occupying process in the ventricle are found. A differential diagnosis is not possible. The operation sucks off the haematoma and removes the thin membrane of the haematoma. Sources of the haemorrhage may be damage of the vascular wall, microangiomas and microeneurysms which are destroyed by the haemorrhage.", "contents": "[Circumscribed intraventricular hemorrhage]. Circumscribed intraventricular haemorrhages are very rare. The clinical picture showed the symptom of the subarachnoid haemorrhage and additional local symptoms (e.g. hemiparesis, psychic disorders). Neuroradiologically, signs of a space-occupying process in the ventricle are found. A differential diagnosis is not possible. The operation sucks off the haematoma and removes the thin membrane of the haematoma. Sources of the haemorrhage may be damage of the vascular wall, microangiomas and microeneurysms which are destroyed by the haemorrhage.", "PMID": 305176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_154", "title": "Serious delayed rectal haemorrhage following uncomplicated appendicetomy. Report of a case.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl developed considerable haemorrhage per rectum 7 days after an apparently uncomplicated appendicetomy with ligature and invagination of the appendix stump. The appendix was normal. Persistent haemorrhage and a fall in HB led to a second laparotomy on the 11th post-operative day. The catgut ligature on the appendix stump was found to have slipped off, and it was assumed that there had been bleeding from the appendix stump into the caecum. The appendix stump was re-sutured and re-invaginated. After this there was no more rectal bleeding. Histological examination of the basal section of the appendix showed a small longitudinal extramural branch artery. There was probably a normal variant of the blood supply to the appendix where the basal part receives its blood supply from the caecum.", "contents": "Serious delayed rectal haemorrhage following uncomplicated appendicetomy. Report of a case. A 17-year-old girl developed considerable haemorrhage per rectum 7 days after an apparently uncomplicated appendicetomy with ligature and invagination of the appendix stump. The appendix was normal. Persistent haemorrhage and a fall in HB led to a second laparotomy on the 11th post-operative day. The catgut ligature on the appendix stump was found to have slipped off, and it was assumed that there had been bleeding from the appendix stump into the caecum. The appendix stump was re-sutured and re-invaginated. After this there was no more rectal bleeding. Histological examination of the basal section of the appendix showed a small longitudinal extramural branch artery. There was probably a normal variant of the blood supply to the appendix where the basal part receives its blood supply from the caecum.", "PMID": 305177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_155", "title": "[Sick behavior of patients with rheumatic diseases].", "content": "The illness behavior of 119 patients with rheumatic disorders (predominantly nonarticular rheumatism) has been studied. The behavior differed in relation to the rheumatological diagnosis, the personality and the previous stress situations.", "contents": "[Sick behavior of patients with rheumatic diseases]. The illness behavior of 119 patients with rheumatic disorders (predominantly nonarticular rheumatism) has been studied. The behavior differed in relation to the rheumatological diagnosis, the personality and the previous stress situations.", "PMID": 305174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_156", "title": "Immunosuppression after cholecystectomy.", "content": "The effect on immune functions of cholecystectomy under combined anaesthesia was studied in nine patients. The parameters examined were the leucocyte and differential count, the T-and B-lymphocyte count, and the lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen and purified protein derivative of tuberculoprotein. The anaesthesia and operation decreased the total lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood. No significant change occurred in the proportion or absolute number of E-binding (T) lymphocytes. The proportion of EAC-binding (B) lymphocytes increased, although no change was observed in the lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin representing another B-cell marker. A statistically significant decrease was found in the lymphocyte response to all the mitogens used both in cultures with isolated lymphocytes and in whole blood. The changes returned to the pre-induction level on the third postoperative day. These finding suggest a transitory decrease of cell-mediated immunity after cholecystectomy.", "contents": "Immunosuppression after cholecystectomy. The effect on immune functions of cholecystectomy under combined anaesthesia was studied in nine patients. The parameters examined were the leucocyte and differential count, the T-and B-lymphocyte count, and the lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen and purified protein derivative of tuberculoprotein. The anaesthesia and operation decreased the total lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood. No significant change occurred in the proportion or absolute number of E-binding (T) lymphocytes. The proportion of EAC-binding (B) lymphocytes increased, although no change was observed in the lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin representing another B-cell marker. A statistically significant decrease was found in the lymphocyte response to all the mitogens used both in cultures with isolated lymphocytes and in whole blood. The changes returned to the pre-induction level on the third postoperative day. These finding suggest a transitory decrease of cell-mediated immunity after cholecystectomy.", "PMID": 305179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_157", "title": "Electrical stimulation in delayed union of long bones.", "content": "The role of electricity in the promotion of fracture union of long bones in human beings requires further investigation. An electric stimulator was devised through which 15 microamperemeter current was applied to the fractured long bones of 20 patients with delayed union. The best results were obtained in cases where the negative electrode was introduced at the fracture site and the positive electrode was placed proximal to the fracture area. In 90 per cent of cases treated by different methods in this series, union occurred within an average period of 9 1/4 weeks. The rate of infection following introduction of electrodes for electrical stimulation was 20 per cent.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation in delayed union of long bones. The role of electricity in the promotion of fracture union of long bones in human beings requires further investigation. An electric stimulator was devised through which 15 microamperemeter current was applied to the fractured long bones of 20 patients with delayed union. The best results were obtained in cases where the negative electrode was introduced at the fracture site and the positive electrode was placed proximal to the fracture area. In 90 per cent of cases treated by different methods in this series, union occurred within an average period of 9 1/4 weeks. The rate of infection following introduction of electrodes for electrical stimulation was 20 per cent.", "PMID": 305180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_158", "title": "[Hairy cell leukemia in the light of an observed case].", "content": "A case of hairy-cell leukaemia was observed in a man aged 40 years. The diagnosis was based on the whole of clinical investigations and laboratory investigations, especially cytoenzymatic examination of leukaemic cells and examination of their structure in electron microscope. In treatment radiotherapy was appleid initially followed by splenectomy.", "contents": "[Hairy cell leukemia in the light of an observed case]. A case of hairy-cell leukaemia was observed in a man aged 40 years. The diagnosis was based on the whole of clinical investigations and laboratory investigations, especially cytoenzymatic examination of leukaemic cells and examination of their structure in electron microscope. In treatment radiotherapy was appleid initially followed by splenectomy.", "PMID": 305178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_159", "title": "Subjective detection of vertical acceleration: a velocity-dependent response?", "content": "Human subjective thresholds and directional sensitivity were investigated as a function of vertical linear acceleration with head erect. A hyperbolic (r=0.94) relation emerged between threshold latency and acceleration magnitude (range 0.005 to 0.06 g). This implies that detection was determined by attainment of a given velocity (21.6+/-2.65 cm/sec) rather than the acceleration magnitude per se. Re-analysis of previous data from horizontal accelerations conducted with head erect and supine revealed similar hyperbolic relations (r=0.98 in both cases) with velocity constants of 22.6+/-1.28 and 32.4+1.96 cm/sec respectively. From these findings it is inferred that with head erect (i.e. normal attitude re gravity) the thresholds to predominantly utricular (horizontal accel.) and saccular (vert. accel.) stimulation were similar (P greater than 0.7). However, with head \"supine\" the saccular threshold was increased to approx. 1.5Xnormal (P less than 0.001). The results also confirmed a previously reported difficulty in the subjective detection of the direction of vertical movement.", "contents": "Subjective detection of vertical acceleration: a velocity-dependent response? Human subjective thresholds and directional sensitivity were investigated as a function of vertical linear acceleration with head erect. A hyperbolic (r=0.94) relation emerged between threshold latency and acceleration magnitude (range 0.005 to 0.06 g). This implies that detection was determined by attainment of a given velocity (21.6+/-2.65 cm/sec) rather than the acceleration magnitude per se. Re-analysis of previous data from horizontal accelerations conducted with head erect and supine revealed similar hyperbolic relations (r=0.98 in both cases) with velocity constants of 22.6+/-1.28 and 32.4+1.96 cm/sec respectively. From these findings it is inferred that with head erect (i.e. normal attitude re gravity) the thresholds to predominantly utricular (horizontal accel.) and saccular (vert. accel.) stimulation were similar (P greater than 0.7). However, with head \"supine\" the saccular threshold was increased to approx. 1.5Xnormal (P less than 0.001). The results also confirmed a previously reported difficulty in the subjective detection of the direction of vertical movement.", "PMID": 305181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_160", "title": "The plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with various liver diseases and the response of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to vitamin D treatment.", "content": "The mean plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) were measured before and after the administration of 2000 units of daily oral vitamin D2 for a period of 2 weeks in 9 normal infants and children, 7 infants with neonatal hepatitis and persistent neonatal hepatitis, and 4 infants with congenital biliary atresia. The mean plasma level of 25-OH-D increased significantly from 19.5 +/- 3.7 (S.E.) ng/ml to 34.0 +/- 6.8 (S.E.) ng/ml after administration of vitamin D2 in controls (p less than 0.05). The mean plasma level of 25-OH-D also increased from 8.0 +/- 2.1 (S.E.) ng/ml to 22.1 +/- 2.6 (S.E.) ng/ml after vitamin D treatment in hepatitis group (p less than 0.05). In patients with congenital biliary atresia, vitamin D treatment did not affect eh plasma levels of 25-OH-D.", "contents": "The plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with various liver diseases and the response of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to vitamin D treatment. The mean plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) were measured before and after the administration of 2000 units of daily oral vitamin D2 for a period of 2 weeks in 9 normal infants and children, 7 infants with neonatal hepatitis and persistent neonatal hepatitis, and 4 infants with congenital biliary atresia. The mean plasma level of 25-OH-D increased significantly from 19.5 +/- 3.7 (S.E.) ng/ml to 34.0 +/- 6.8 (S.E.) ng/ml after administration of vitamin D2 in controls (p less than 0.05). The mean plasma level of 25-OH-D also increased from 8.0 +/- 2.1 (S.E.) ng/ml to 22.1 +/- 2.6 (S.E.) ng/ml after vitamin D treatment in hepatitis group (p less than 0.05). In patients with congenital biliary atresia, vitamin D treatment did not affect eh plasma levels of 25-OH-D.", "PMID": 305185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_161", "title": "Antinuclear antibodies in juvenile chronic arthritis.", "content": "One hundred patients with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) were studied with respect to granulocyte-specific and organ-nonspecific antinuclear antibodies (GS- and ON-ANA) in relation to clinical features of disease. Seventy-two were girls and 28 boys. Sixty-seven patients had IgG ANA, 31 IgM, 10 IgA, 6 IgD, 19 IgE and 35 had ANA, which fixed complement C3. Sixteen of 17 sera containing IgG GS-ANA were from girls. The prevalence of IgG GS-ANA increased with the number of joints affected. No patient with the acute febrile type of the disease had IgG GS-ANA or CS fixing ANA. The prevalence of IgG ON-ANA did not differ significantly in the mono-, pauci-, polyarticular and acute febrile types of JCA. Patients showing clinical activity more frequently had IgG and IgM ANA and C3 fixing ANA. The high titers of ANA were most often seen in girls. Chronic uveitis occurred in 10 of the patients and IgG ANA were present in sera from all of these.", "contents": "Antinuclear antibodies in juvenile chronic arthritis. One hundred patients with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) were studied with respect to granulocyte-specific and organ-nonspecific antinuclear antibodies (GS- and ON-ANA) in relation to clinical features of disease. Seventy-two were girls and 28 boys. Sixty-seven patients had IgG ANA, 31 IgM, 10 IgA, 6 IgD, 19 IgE and 35 had ANA, which fixed complement C3. Sixteen of 17 sera containing IgG GS-ANA were from girls. The prevalence of IgG GS-ANA increased with the number of joints affected. No patient with the acute febrile type of the disease had IgG GS-ANA or CS fixing ANA. The prevalence of IgG ON-ANA did not differ significantly in the mono-, pauci-, polyarticular and acute febrile types of JCA. Patients showing clinical activity more frequently had IgG and IgM ANA and C3 fixing ANA. The high titers of ANA were most often seen in girls. Chronic uveitis occurred in 10 of the patients and IgG ANA were present in sera from all of these.", "PMID": 305186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_162", "title": "Inhibitory and promoting effects of subliminal pendular rotation on optokinetic nystagmus in man.", "content": "The influence of vestibular stimulation by subliminal pendular rotation on the optokinetic nystagmus in normal human subjects is discussed. Cortical OKN with pendular rotation was promoted in three indexes--eye speed, frequency, and total amplitude. The subcortical OKN increased markedly when the slow phase of OHN and the compensatory eye movement resulting from the pendular rotation were in the same direction. However, it was inhibited when the two directions were mutually opposed. From the results obtained in the present experiment and in the previous study by the author, it can be concluded that the vestibular organs' effect on visual function is not only promotive but also inhibitive.", "contents": "Inhibitory and promoting effects of subliminal pendular rotation on optokinetic nystagmus in man. The influence of vestibular stimulation by subliminal pendular rotation on the optokinetic nystagmus in normal human subjects is discussed. Cortical OKN with pendular rotation was promoted in three indexes--eye speed, frequency, and total amplitude. The subcortical OKN increased markedly when the slow phase of OHN and the compensatory eye movement resulting from the pendular rotation were in the same direction. However, it was inhibited when the two directions were mutually opposed. From the results obtained in the present experiment and in the previous study by the author, it can be concluded that the vestibular organs' effect on visual function is not only promotive but also inhibitive.", "PMID": 305182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_163", "title": "Successful transfer of adaptation acquired in a slow rotation room to motion environments in Navy flight training.", "content": "Two flight students, grounded for the reason they were highly susceptible to motion sickness, completed their training after gradually adapting to 10 rpm, achieved by executing head movements during small stepwise increases in angular velocity. Subject 1 executed a total of about 77 000 head movements with a period of 5 months and Subject 2 executed about 108 000 head movements within a period of 42 days. The transfer of adaptation acquired in the laboratory to most motion environments aloft was good; the notable exception involved weightless maneuvers in the case of Subject 1. Both were on flight status when contacted recently. The opportunity was taken to assess the current motion sickness susceptibility in Subject 1 in the fall of 1975. He reached our (mild) motion sickness endpoint, in the rotating room, at 17 rpm: the average endpoint is 7--8 rpm. Some practical and theoretical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Successful transfer of adaptation acquired in a slow rotation room to motion environments in Navy flight training. Two flight students, grounded for the reason they were highly susceptible to motion sickness, completed their training after gradually adapting to 10 rpm, achieved by executing head movements during small stepwise increases in angular velocity. Subject 1 executed a total of about 77 000 head movements with a period of 5 months and Subject 2 executed about 108 000 head movements within a period of 42 days. The transfer of adaptation acquired in the laboratory to most motion environments aloft was good; the notable exception involved weightless maneuvers in the case of Subject 1. Both were on flight status when contacted recently. The opportunity was taken to assess the current motion sickness susceptibility in Subject 1 in the fall of 1975. He reached our (mild) motion sickness endpoint, in the rotating room, at 17 rpm: the average endpoint is 7--8 rpm. Some practical and theoretical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 305183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_164", "title": "Enhancement of phytohemagglutinin-induced DNA synthesis of mouse thymocytes and T-lymphocytes by a neutral protease of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Mouse thymocytes were poorly triggered in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to induce DNA synthesis and the response was markedly enhanced by culture supernatant (SUP) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). The PMN factor was nondialysable, heat-labile and precipitated with 65% ammonium sulphate. Its molecular weight was approximately 19,000 on sephadex G-75. The sephadex fraction had a proteolytic activity on 3H-acetyl hemoglobin at neutral pH. The protease seemed to be a chymotrypsin-like enzyme on the basis of inhibition profile using various protease inhibitors. The thymocyte-helping activity in the protease fraction was absorbed by affinity columns of protease inhibitors. The PMN-protease also enhanced the DNA synthesis by antigen-stimulated lymph node cells and by PHA-stimulated T-lymphocytes, but not by LPS-stimulated B-lymphocytes. Only the lymphocytes already been stimulated with antigen or mitogen received preferentially the helping action by PMN-protease. The helping activity was effectively absorbed by PHA-stimulated thymocytes but not by nonstimulated thymocytes. These evidences seems to suggest that acceptor sites for the protease, newly developed on lymphocyte surface after stimulation, may play an important role in the enhanced DNA synthetic response.", "contents": "Enhancement of phytohemagglutinin-induced DNA synthesis of mouse thymocytes and T-lymphocytes by a neutral protease of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mouse thymocytes were poorly triggered in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to induce DNA synthesis and the response was markedly enhanced by culture supernatant (SUP) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). The PMN factor was nondialysable, heat-labile and precipitated with 65% ammonium sulphate. Its molecular weight was approximately 19,000 on sephadex G-75. The sephadex fraction had a proteolytic activity on 3H-acetyl hemoglobin at neutral pH. The protease seemed to be a chymotrypsin-like enzyme on the basis of inhibition profile using various protease inhibitors. The thymocyte-helping activity in the protease fraction was absorbed by affinity columns of protease inhibitors. The PMN-protease also enhanced the DNA synthesis by antigen-stimulated lymph node cells and by PHA-stimulated T-lymphocytes, but not by LPS-stimulated B-lymphocytes. Only the lymphocytes already been stimulated with antigen or mitogen received preferentially the helping action by PMN-protease. The helping activity was effectively absorbed by PHA-stimulated thymocytes but not by nonstimulated thymocytes. These evidences seems to suggest that acceptor sites for the protease, newly developed on lymphocyte surface after stimulation, may play an important role in the enhanced DNA synthetic response.", "PMID": 305187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_165", "title": "B- and T-cells and intracellular Ig-synthesis of peripheral lymphocytes in children with asthma and/or previous adeno-tonsillectomy.", "content": "Studies of IgG, IgA and IgM in serum, the number of circulating T- and B-cells, and the number of Ig-containing blast cells after pokeweed mitogen stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes in vitro were performed in children who had been found previously to have low IgA levels in serum and saliva. The first group comprises 24 children with tonsillectomy performed approximately 3 1/2 years earlier, among whom several cases of atopic diseases had been found. In these children, low IgA levels were found continuously, while the numbers of B- and T-cells and the number of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE-containing blast cells were within normal levels. The second group comprises 28 children with recurrent and chronic respiratory infections, which often preceded attacks of asthma. Very low IgA levels were found in these children associated with a decreased number of T-cells, increased numbers of lymphocytes with membrane bound IgA and IgE and an increased number of IgE-containing blast cells. The third group comprises 20 children with severe extrinsic asthma. In these children, slightly decreased levels of IgA and low levels of IgM were found. Furthermore, the number of circulating T-cells was reduced and, in addition, an increased number of lymphocytes with surface IgE was observed.", "contents": "B- and T-cells and intracellular Ig-synthesis of peripheral lymphocytes in children with asthma and/or previous adeno-tonsillectomy. Studies of IgG, IgA and IgM in serum, the number of circulating T- and B-cells, and the number of Ig-containing blast cells after pokeweed mitogen stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes in vitro were performed in children who had been found previously to have low IgA levels in serum and saliva. The first group comprises 24 children with tonsillectomy performed approximately 3 1/2 years earlier, among whom several cases of atopic diseases had been found. In these children, low IgA levels were found continuously, while the numbers of B- and T-cells and the number of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE-containing blast cells were within normal levels. The second group comprises 28 children with recurrent and chronic respiratory infections, which often preceded attacks of asthma. Very low IgA levels were found in these children associated with a decreased number of T-cells, increased numbers of lymphocytes with membrane bound IgA and IgE and an increased number of IgE-containing blast cells. The third group comprises 20 children with severe extrinsic asthma. In these children, slightly decreased levels of IgA and low levels of IgM were found. Furthermore, the number of circulating T-cells was reduced and, in addition, an increased number of lymphocytes with surface IgE was observed.", "PMID": 305188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_166", "title": "Passive transfer of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus with spleen cells. Studies of synogeneic and allogeneic transfer to normal and athymic nude mice.", "content": "This study shows passive transfer of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in mice. Transplants of spleen cells from BALB/c mice, streptozotocin treated for 5 days, induced diabetes in normal BALB/c recipients. Treatment of transplants with anti-theta and complement resulted in a significant decrease in the degree of diabetes. Athymic nude mouse recipients of BALB/c background also developed diabetes after transpant of spleen cells from both syngenic and allogenic (C-7/Bl/6) donors. It is concluded that passive transfer of chemically induced diabetes in mice is practicable, in both syngeneic and allogeneic combinations, and that thymus derived lymphocytes are significant in this process.", "contents": "Passive transfer of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus with spleen cells. Studies of synogeneic and allogeneic transfer to normal and athymic nude mice. This study shows passive transfer of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in mice. Transplants of spleen cells from BALB/c mice, streptozotocin treated for 5 days, induced diabetes in normal BALB/c recipients. Treatment of transplants with anti-theta and complement resulted in a significant decrease in the degree of diabetes. Athymic nude mouse recipients of BALB/c background also developed diabetes after transpant of spleen cells from both syngenic and allogenic (C-7/Bl/6) donors. It is concluded that passive transfer of chemically induced diabetes in mice is practicable, in both syngeneic and allogeneic combinations, and that thymus derived lymphocytes are significant in this process.", "PMID": 305189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_167", "title": "Concanavalin A-induced activation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus memory lymphocytes into specifically cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "When spleen cells, which have been primed to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) virus during a primary infection several months previously, are stimulated in vitro with Con A. highly specific secondary cytotoxic effector cells are generated. The degree of cytotoxicity revealed by such Con A-stimulated cells is higher than that of non-incubated spleen cells harvested nine days following the primary infection, and the effect is totally inhibited by anti-theta serum plus complement treatment of the effector cells immediately before the cytotoxic test.", "contents": "Concanavalin A-induced activation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus memory lymphocytes into specifically cytotoxic T cells. When spleen cells, which have been primed to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) virus during a primary infection several months previously, are stimulated in vitro with Con A. highly specific secondary cytotoxic effector cells are generated. The degree of cytotoxicity revealed by such Con A-stimulated cells is higher than that of non-incubated spleen cells harvested nine days following the primary infection, and the effect is totally inhibited by anti-theta serum plus complement treatment of the effector cells immediately before the cytotoxic test.", "PMID": 305190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_168", "title": "Extrahepatic obstruction of the portal vein with bleeding from the gallbladder. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of extrahepatic obstruction of the common bile duct and the portal vein by a retroperitoneal neurolemmoma is described. In the initial stages portal hypertension with hepatofugal collaterals and bleeding from oesophageal varices existed. Then gradually, hepatopetal anastomoses developed, partly via veins in the wall of the gallbladder. Such venous collaterals tend to reduce the portal hypertension, but may cause bleeding from the gallbladder.", "contents": "Extrahepatic obstruction of the portal vein with bleeding from the gallbladder. Report of a case. A case of extrahepatic obstruction of the common bile duct and the portal vein by a retroperitoneal neurolemmoma is described. In the initial stages portal hypertension with hepatofugal collaterals and bleeding from oesophageal varices existed. Then gradually, hepatopetal anastomoses developed, partly via veins in the wall of the gallbladder. Such venous collaterals tend to reduce the portal hypertension, but may cause bleeding from the gallbladder.", "PMID": 305191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_169", "title": "Autoantibodies in untreated and treated essential hypertension. I.", "content": "Using the indirect immunofluorescence method, autoantibodies (AB) of IgG and IgM classes were investigated in sera from 161 consecutive patients with essential hypertension and compared with those from 78 healthy normotensive subjects of the same composition by age and sex, and without any family history of hypertension. The frequency of one or more AB was as high in 78 untreated (15.3%) as in 83 treated patients (13.0%) and was in the controls 9.0% (n.s.). In the treated patients, the AB were associated with heart involvement (p less than 0.02). In the untreated patients, antinuclear antibodies of IgG class were associated with BP (p less than 0.01) and fundus grading (p less than 0.005). A family history of hypertension was found in 23.5% of the hypertensive males with AB and in 9.0% of the normotensive males (p less than 0.10). These results are discussed in relation to reports of an association of AB with cardiovascular diseases. It is concluded that the presence of AB in essential hypertension is not necessarily due to drug induction.", "contents": "Autoantibodies in untreated and treated essential hypertension. I. Using the indirect immunofluorescence method, autoantibodies (AB) of IgG and IgM classes were investigated in sera from 161 consecutive patients with essential hypertension and compared with those from 78 healthy normotensive subjects of the same composition by age and sex, and without any family history of hypertension. The frequency of one or more AB was as high in 78 untreated (15.3%) as in 83 treated patients (13.0%) and was in the controls 9.0% (n.s.). In the treated patients, the AB were associated with heart involvement (p less than 0.02). In the untreated patients, antinuclear antibodies of IgG class were associated with BP (p less than 0.01) and fundus grading (p less than 0.005). A family history of hypertension was found in 23.5% of the hypertensive males with AB and in 9.0% of the normotensive males (p less than 0.10). These results are discussed in relation to reports of an association of AB with cardiovascular diseases. It is concluded that the presence of AB in essential hypertension is not necessarily due to drug induction.", "PMID": 305193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_170", "title": "Gastrointestinal and other side-effects from the use of aspirin and related drugs; biochemical studies on the mechanisms of gastrotoxicity.", "content": "A multifactorial basis has been shown to exist in the development of gastric damage induced by aspirin and related N.S.A.I. drugs. Aspirin-induced gastric damage is characterized by a variety of physical and biochemical changes induced in the gastric mucosa which occur at different stages after administration of the drug. Aspirin only causes gastric ulceration and massive haemorrhage in the stomach when the stomach has been sensitized by the prior exposure to moderate stress conditions (which may resemble anxiety or psychologic stress). A model of ulcer development in which aspirin or other N.S.A.I. drugs are given to rats or pigs exposed to brief periods of stress has been described. Using this more sensitive assay procedures can be explored for reducing the gastric damaging effects of N.S.A.I. drugs. One such procedure involves chemical modification of the carboxylic acid moiety of aspirin.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal and other side-effects from the use of aspirin and related drugs; biochemical studies on the mechanisms of gastrotoxicity. A multifactorial basis has been shown to exist in the development of gastric damage induced by aspirin and related N.S.A.I. drugs. Aspirin-induced gastric damage is characterized by a variety of physical and biochemical changes induced in the gastric mucosa which occur at different stages after administration of the drug. Aspirin only causes gastric ulceration and massive haemorrhage in the stomach when the stomach has been sensitized by the prior exposure to moderate stress conditions (which may resemble anxiety or psychologic stress). A model of ulcer development in which aspirin or other N.S.A.I. drugs are given to rats or pigs exposed to brief periods of stress has been described. Using this more sensitive assay procedures can be explored for reducing the gastric damaging effects of N.S.A.I. drugs. One such procedure involves chemical modification of the carboxylic acid moiety of aspirin.", "PMID": 305196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_171", "title": "An outbreak of pneumocystis pneumonia in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Between Jan 1 and Oct 31, 1975, a cluster of ten cases of pneumocystis pneumonia occurred in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) at the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis. The risk of infection appeared to be related to the intensity of chemotherapy. Furthermore, illness developed in nine of the ten patients between 30 and 100 days after initiation of therapy, suggesting a period of heightened susceptibility to infection. An indirect immunofluorescent test was used to detect antipneumocystis antibodies in serum samples collected from patients with pneumocystis pneumonia and their contacts. Members of the Riley Hospital staff who had close contact with infected children had a higher prevalence of elevated antibody titers (7/12) than other staff members (2/22; P = .004) or parents of infected patients (0/8; P = .01). This suggests that transmission of pneumocystis may occur within the hospital environment.", "contents": "An outbreak of pneumocystis pneumonia in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Between Jan 1 and Oct 31, 1975, a cluster of ten cases of pneumocystis pneumonia occurred in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) at the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis. The risk of infection appeared to be related to the intensity of chemotherapy. Furthermore, illness developed in nine of the ten patients between 30 and 100 days after initiation of therapy, suggesting a period of heightened susceptibility to infection. An indirect immunofluorescent test was used to detect antipneumocystis antibodies in serum samples collected from patients with pneumocystis pneumonia and their contacts. Members of the Riley Hospital staff who had close contact with infected children had a higher prevalence of elevated antibody titers (7/12) than other staff members (2/22; P = .004) or parents of infected patients (0/8; P = .01). This suggests that transmission of pneumocystis may occur within the hospital environment.", "PMID": 305199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_172", "title": "Continuous low dose peripheral vein pitressin infusion in the control of variceal bleeding.", "content": "Continuous low dose peripheral vein pitressin has been shown to be effective in controlling variceal bleeding in seven episodes of bleeding in six patients. No significant side-effects were seen. The expense, delay and hazard associated with superior mesenteric artery catheterization for selective arterial pitressin infusion were avoided. If these results can be reproduced, low dose peripheral vein pitressin infusion may prove to be a valuable addition to the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.", "contents": "Continuous low dose peripheral vein pitressin infusion in the control of variceal bleeding. Continuous low dose peripheral vein pitressin has been shown to be effective in controlling variceal bleeding in seven episodes of bleeding in six patients. No significant side-effects were seen. The expense, delay and hazard associated with superior mesenteric artery catheterization for selective arterial pitressin infusion were avoided. If these results can be reproduced, low dose peripheral vein pitressin infusion may prove to be a valuable addition to the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.", "PMID": 305200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_173", "title": "Aspirin hepatotoxicity.", "content": "A case of aspirin hepatotoxicity in a 46-year-old male with rheumatoid arthritis is discussed, and this adverse reaction is reviewed. The patient was started on 900 mg aspirin four times daily; five days later the dose was increased to 1200 mg four times daily. After six days' therapy of 4.8 g aspirin daily, the serum salicylate level rose to 25 mg/100 ml and liver enzymes became elevated. Aspirin was discontinued and ibuprofen, 600 mg four times daily, begun. Eight days after cessation of aspirin therapy, the patient's liver enzyme values returned to normal. Previous case reports and studies of aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity are reviewed. It is concluded that aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity occurs much more frequently in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue disorders than previously recognized.", "contents": "Aspirin hepatotoxicity. A case of aspirin hepatotoxicity in a 46-year-old male with rheumatoid arthritis is discussed, and this adverse reaction is reviewed. The patient was started on 900 mg aspirin four times daily; five days later the dose was increased to 1200 mg four times daily. After six days' therapy of 4.8 g aspirin daily, the serum salicylate level rose to 25 mg/100 ml and liver enzymes became elevated. Aspirin was discontinued and ibuprofen, 600 mg four times daily, begun. Eight days after cessation of aspirin therapy, the patient's liver enzyme values returned to normal. Previous case reports and studies of aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity are reviewed. It is concluded that aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity occurs much more frequently in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue disorders than previously recognized.", "PMID": 305202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_174", "title": "Spherophakia: a case report.", "content": "A case of spherophakia with unilateral traumatic phacometecesis is presented and the treatment of the postextraction sequelae by contact-lens therapy is described.", "contents": "Spherophakia: a case report. A case of spherophakia with unilateral traumatic phacometecesis is presented and the treatment of the postextraction sequelae by contact-lens therapy is described.", "PMID": 305204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_175", "title": "A fibreendoscopic study of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in Nairobi, Kenya.", "content": "A prospective survey of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the major government hospital of Kenya was done using fibre-optic esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Of 66 African patients presenting with hematemesis and melena, a precise visual diagnosis was made in 89%. Duodenal ulcer was most common, accounting for 53%, but esophageal varices occurred in 20%. Gastric ulcers and esophagitis were surprisingly infrequent. There was a correlation between hemorrhage from esophageal varices and schistosomiasis distribution. Variceal bleeding occurred in a young age group (mean age 28 yr) and correlated closely with the presence of splenomegaly. These findings have implications for the diagnostic approach and management of patients from areas of endemic schistosomiasis.", "contents": "A fibreendoscopic study of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in Nairobi, Kenya. A prospective survey of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the major government hospital of Kenya was done using fibre-optic esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Of 66 African patients presenting with hematemesis and melena, a precise visual diagnosis was made in 89%. Duodenal ulcer was most common, accounting for 53%, but esophageal varices occurred in 20%. Gastric ulcers and esophagitis were surprisingly infrequent. There was a correlation between hemorrhage from esophageal varices and schistosomiasis distribution. Variceal bleeding occurred in a young age group (mean age 28 yr) and correlated closely with the presence of splenomegaly. These findings have implications for the diagnostic approach and management of patients from areas of endemic schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 305205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_176", "title": "Renosplenic shunt for control of esophageal variceal hemorrhage.", "content": "The left renal vein was used to perform a renosplenic (38 patients) or an adrenosplenic (5 patients) shunt in forty-three patients with esophageal variceal hemorrhage. All patients were successfully decompressed without recurrence of variceal bleeding in the postoperative period. One shunt thrombosed six months postoperatively and one kidney was removed because of venous hypertension and spontaneous rupture two days postoperatively. Overall mortality was 16 per cent, including a 22 per cent mortality in the emergency group.", "contents": "Renosplenic shunt for control of esophageal variceal hemorrhage. The left renal vein was used to perform a renosplenic (38 patients) or an adrenosplenic (5 patients) shunt in forty-three patients with esophageal variceal hemorrhage. All patients were successfully decompressed without recurrence of variceal bleeding in the postoperative period. One shunt thrombosed six months postoperatively and one kidney was removed because of venous hypertension and spontaneous rupture two days postoperatively. Overall mortality was 16 per cent, including a 22 per cent mortality in the emergency group.", "PMID": 305206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_177", "title": "[Anomalous fusional movements: the sensorimotor aspect of anomalous binocular vision (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that, besides sensory adaptation phenomena, sensorimotor phenoma may also develop in concomitant esotropia. The existence of the latter entity can be shown particularly by means of prisms and is interpreted as fusional in origin. It is therefore defined as 'anomalous fusional movements'. The features of these anomalous fusional movements were studied in a group of 30 patients, mainly in order to investigate their finality. Correlations were evaluated between anomalous fusional movements and entities previously described by different names according to the interpretation given them by various authors.", "contents": "[Anomalous fusional movements: the sensorimotor aspect of anomalous binocular vision (author's transl)]. It has been demonstrated that, besides sensory adaptation phenomena, sensorimotor phenoma may also develop in concomitant esotropia. The existence of the latter entity can be shown particularly by means of prisms and is interpreted as fusional in origin. It is therefore defined as 'anomalous fusional movements'. The features of these anomalous fusional movements were studied in a group of 30 patients, mainly in order to investigate their finality. Correlations were evaluated between anomalous fusional movements and entities previously described by different names according to the interpretation given them by various authors.", "PMID": 305211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_178", "title": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen in retinoblastomas (author's transl)].", "content": "In 47 patients (46 children and 1 adult) with unilateral and bilateral retinoblastoma, the titer of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was determined. The CEA titer of children with active retinoblastomas was 1.44 +/- 0.26 ng/ml (x +/- SEM). Those patients whose retinoblastoma was inactivated by therapy did not show a significantly lower CEA titer. In the group of children with one eye removed because of a unilateral retinoblastoma, the CEA titer was significantly (P less than 0.1) lower. The globes of 25 children were examined histologically. In those cases with invasion of the optic nerve or choroid, the CEA titer was significantly higher (P less than 0.1) as compared with those where the tumor was limited to the retina alone.", "contents": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen in retinoblastomas (author's transl)]. In 47 patients (46 children and 1 adult) with unilateral and bilateral retinoblastoma, the titer of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was determined. The CEA titer of children with active retinoblastomas was 1.44 +/- 0.26 ng/ml (x +/- SEM). Those patients whose retinoblastoma was inactivated by therapy did not show a significantly lower CEA titer. In the group of children with one eye removed because of a unilateral retinoblastoma, the CEA titer was significantly (P less than 0.1) lower. The globes of 25 children were examined histologically. In those cases with invasion of the optic nerve or choroid, the CEA titer was significantly higher (P less than 0.1) as compared with those where the tumor was limited to the retina alone.", "PMID": 305212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_179", "title": "[Fluctuations in the accomodation of the human eye to mono- and binocular fixation (author's transl)].", "content": "Using an objective infrared technique, the deviation of the mean of accomodation during mono- and binocular fixation and the degree of fluctuation were measured for four male probands. 1. For two men, the additional impulse of convergence in binocular vision reduced deviation and fluctuation. 2. In every case, fluctuation and deviation increased with increasing theoretical value of accomodation. 3. Increased values of accomodation were linked to greater fluctuations so that loss of image quality could be somewhat compensated for.", "contents": "[Fluctuations in the accomodation of the human eye to mono- and binocular fixation (author's transl)]. Using an objective infrared technique, the deviation of the mean of accomodation during mono- and binocular fixation and the degree of fluctuation were measured for four male probands. 1. For two men, the additional impulse of convergence in binocular vision reduced deviation and fluctuation. 2. In every case, fluctuation and deviation increased with increasing theoretical value of accomodation. 3. Increased values of accomodation were linked to greater fluctuations so that loss of image quality could be somewhat compensated for.", "PMID": 305213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_180", "title": "Studies on the influence of ochratoxin A on rat lenses.", "content": "The influence of ochratoxin A on enzyme activities and on the content of free adenine nucleotides and intermediates of glycolysis in rat lenses was investigated. For a period of eight weeks, five times weekly, albino Wistat rats received ochratoxin A in 0.1% NaHCO3, dosed 1/100 LD50, via stomach tube. All measurements were made at the end of the experiment. Decreased contents of ATP, G-6-P, sum of fructose, and F-6-P were observed, but pyruvic acid, AMP, and DAP increased. Relatively decreased activities of enzymes MDH, ALD, HK, GK, and PK were established. The influence of ochratoxin A on the carbohydrate metabolism of rat lenses with respect to tranparency is discussed. There were no significant differences in absolute lens weight in animals treated by ochratoxin A and controls.", "contents": "Studies on the influence of ochratoxin A on rat lenses. The influence of ochratoxin A on enzyme activities and on the content of free adenine nucleotides and intermediates of glycolysis in rat lenses was investigated. For a period of eight weeks, five times weekly, albino Wistat rats received ochratoxin A in 0.1% NaHCO3, dosed 1/100 LD50, via stomach tube. All measurements were made at the end of the experiment. Decreased contents of ATP, G-6-P, sum of fructose, and F-6-P were observed, but pyruvic acid, AMP, and DAP increased. Relatively decreased activities of enzymes MDH, ALD, HK, GK, and PK were established. The influence of ochratoxin A on the carbohydrate metabolism of rat lenses with respect to tranparency is discussed. There were no significant differences in absolute lens weight in animals treated by ochratoxin A and controls.", "PMID": 305214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_181", "title": "Experimental cataracts in rats due to tryptophan-free diet.", "content": "A tryptophan-free diet induces posterior subcapsular cataracts and reversible corneal opacities in young Wistar rats. Compared to the controls there is a significant decrease of body weight, lens fresh weight, and water-soluble lens protein. Protein separation by isoelectric focusing shows diminished alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallin fractions. If tryptophan is restored to the diet after 24 days, new clear lens fibers are laid down again, indicating that the mechanism of protein synthesis has not been permanently damaged by tryptophan-deficiency.", "contents": "Experimental cataracts in rats due to tryptophan-free diet. A tryptophan-free diet induces posterior subcapsular cataracts and reversible corneal opacities in young Wistar rats. Compared to the controls there is a significant decrease of body weight, lens fresh weight, and water-soluble lens protein. Protein separation by isoelectric focusing shows diminished alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallin fractions. If tryptophan is restored to the diet after 24 days, new clear lens fibers are laid down again, indicating that the mechanism of protein synthesis has not been permanently damaged by tryptophan-deficiency.", "PMID": 305215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_182", "title": "[Electron microscopic observations on the effect of laser beams on the retina of the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "After laser irradations, retinas of 13 rabbits were examined by electron microscope. The laser focus was set between 30 min and 140 h or 6 weeks in advance. The anatomical separation between the retina and the connective tissue of the choriocapillary in all the lesions is preserved by an intact Bruch's membrane. Destruction of the pigment epithelium, rod layer, and outer granular layer occurs in the early stages after coagulation. Later the nuclei of the rods show various stages of degeneration with simultaneous increases in the volume of the M\u00fcller's cells. The cytoplasma of the M\u00fcller's cells penetrates the nuclei of the sensory cells undergoing degeneration. Proliferation of the pigment epithelium begins after about 20 h. The first appearance of macrophages in the retina is visible after 30 h. Between 92 and 140 h in the area of the pigment epithelium, variously differentiated cells, which partly contain pigment granules and lamellary inclusion bodies, form. Some cells or cell groups which are visible might represent histiocytes within the Bruch's membrane 35, 45, 68, and 92 h as well as 6 weeks after coagulation. They partly cross the outer layer of the Bruch's membrane and neighboring connective tissue of the choroid. According to our studies, pigment epithelial cells, choroidal histiocytes, and M\u00fcller's cells participate in the phagocytosis.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic observations on the effect of laser beams on the retina of the rabbit (author's transl)]. After laser irradations, retinas of 13 rabbits were examined by electron microscope. The laser focus was set between 30 min and 140 h or 6 weeks in advance. The anatomical separation between the retina and the connective tissue of the choriocapillary in all the lesions is preserved by an intact Bruch's membrane. Destruction of the pigment epithelium, rod layer, and outer granular layer occurs in the early stages after coagulation. Later the nuclei of the rods show various stages of degeneration with simultaneous increases in the volume of the M\u00fcller's cells. The cytoplasma of the M\u00fcller's cells penetrates the nuclei of the sensory cells undergoing degeneration. Proliferation of the pigment epithelium begins after about 20 h. The first appearance of macrophages in the retina is visible after 30 h. Between 92 and 140 h in the area of the pigment epithelium, variously differentiated cells, which partly contain pigment granules and lamellary inclusion bodies, form. Some cells or cell groups which are visible might represent histiocytes within the Bruch's membrane 35, 45, 68, and 92 h as well as 6 weeks after coagulation. They partly cross the outer layer of the Bruch's membrane and neighboring connective tissue of the choroid. According to our studies, pigment epithelial cells, choroidal histiocytes, and M\u00fcller's cells participate in the phagocytosis.", "PMID": 305216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_183", "title": "Frequency of lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors and surface membrane immunoglobulins in normal, persistent lymphocytotic and leukemia cows.", "content": "Fluoresceinated, heat-aggregated bovine immunoglobulins (B-IgG) and human immunoglobulins (H-IgG) were used to detect a receptor for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of the immunoglobulin molecule on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of cattle. The aggregated and B-IgG and H-IgG bound to the bovine PBL, but aggregated H-IgG was found to be more sensitive for the detection of Fc receptors. The specificity of aggregated H-IgG binding to the Fc receptors was established by demonstrating that antigen-antibody complexes inhibited this binding, and unaggregated H-IgG did not bind significantly to PBL. Double-labeling experiments suggested that all Fc+ cells have surface immunoglobulins (SIg), a marker for B lymphocytes. The percentage of Fc+ and SIg+ cells in normal animals was 9.5% (range 4-15%) and 16.2% (range 4.5-30.2%), respectively. Persistent lymphocytotic cows had 2.71 times more Fc+ and 3.85 times more SIg+ lymphocytes than did normal cows. Cows with lymphosarcoma had a lower percentage of Fc+ and SIg+ cells than did cows with persistent lymphocytosis. Cases with thymic lymphosarcoma and those with the skin form of leukemia had normal percentages of Fc+ and SIg+ cells.", "contents": "Frequency of lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors and surface membrane immunoglobulins in normal, persistent lymphocytotic and leukemia cows. Fluoresceinated, heat-aggregated bovine immunoglobulins (B-IgG) and human immunoglobulins (H-IgG) were used to detect a receptor for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of the immunoglobulin molecule on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of cattle. The aggregated and B-IgG and H-IgG bound to the bovine PBL, but aggregated H-IgG was found to be more sensitive for the detection of Fc receptors. The specificity of aggregated H-IgG binding to the Fc receptors was established by demonstrating that antigen-antibody complexes inhibited this binding, and unaggregated H-IgG did not bind significantly to PBL. Double-labeling experiments suggested that all Fc+ cells have surface immunoglobulins (SIg), a marker for B lymphocytes. The percentage of Fc+ and SIg+ cells in normal animals was 9.5% (range 4-15%) and 16.2% (range 4.5-30.2%), respectively. Persistent lymphocytotic cows had 2.71 times more Fc+ and 3.85 times more SIg+ lymphocytes than did normal cows. Cows with lymphosarcoma had a lower percentage of Fc+ and SIg+ cells than did cows with persistent lymphocytosis. Cases with thymic lymphosarcoma and those with the skin form of leukemia had normal percentages of Fc+ and SIg+ cells.", "PMID": 305218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_184", "title": "alpha1-Antitrypsin deficiency in nonsmokers.", "content": "The clinical symptoms, measurements of pulmonary function, and interpretations of thoracic roentgenograms in 18 patients with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency associated with the PiZ phenotype are reported. The patients had never smoked and had little or no exposure to occupational and urban air pollution. The findings were compared with those in a group of patients who also had the PiZ phenotype, but who were smokers. The results showed that the clinical course, rate of pulmonary-function deterioration, and appearance of the thoracic roentgenograms in persons who had never smoked are variable and suggested that other factors, in addition to phenotype and environmental pollutants, are determinants of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that develops in these patients. Many of these patients lived into their sixth and seventh decades, suggesting that those patients who avoid respiratory irritants do not necessarily have an ominous prognosis. These are important considerations in the diagnosis and treatment of patients who have this deficiency.", "contents": "alpha1-Antitrypsin deficiency in nonsmokers. The clinical symptoms, measurements of pulmonary function, and interpretations of thoracic roentgenograms in 18 patients with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency associated with the PiZ phenotype are reported. The patients had never smoked and had little or no exposure to occupational and urban air pollution. The findings were compared with those in a group of patients who also had the PiZ phenotype, but who were smokers. The results showed that the clinical course, rate of pulmonary-function deterioration, and appearance of the thoracic roentgenograms in persons who had never smoked are variable and suggested that other factors, in addition to phenotype and environmental pollutants, are determinants of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that develops in these patients. Many of these patients lived into their sixth and seventh decades, suggesting that those patients who avoid respiratory irritants do not necessarily have an ominous prognosis. These are important considerations in the diagnosis and treatment of patients who have this deficiency.", "PMID": 305219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_185", "title": "[Problem oriented pediatric record (author's transl)].", "content": "The object of this paper is the presentation of the problem griented medical record now in use at the Department of Pediatrics of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Valencia. The main documents of this medical record (problem list, discharge summary, anamnesis and physical examination summary, and medical record summary) are given describing the characteristics of format and the rules for its completion. The relationships between the main documents are shown.", "contents": "[Problem oriented pediatric record (author's transl)]. The object of this paper is the presentation of the problem griented medical record now in use at the Department of Pediatrics of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Valencia. The main documents of this medical record (problem list, discharge summary, anamnesis and physical examination summary, and medical record summary) are given describing the characteristics of format and the rules for its completion. The relationships between the main documents are shown.", "PMID": 305221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_186", "title": "Disorders of suppressor immunoregulatory cells in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity.", "content": "A series of suppressor cell systems regulate virtually all immunologic processes. Disorders of these systems have been identified in association with a number of diseases. An abnormal number of activated suppressor T-cells have been seen in some patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia and in some with selective IgA deficiency. Suppressor T-cells that inhibit immunoglobulin synthesis also develop in an animal model of immunodeficiency, the agammaglobulinemia of the bursectomized bird. Non-T-cell suppressor cells are a pathogenic factor in the humoral immunodeficiency associated with multiple myeloma. At the other end of the spectrum of immunologic response, a reduction in functional activity of suppressor T-cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The disorders of suppressor cells that have been shown in immunodeficiency and autoimmunity are important when developing rational strategies for prevention and therapy of these immunologic disorders.", "contents": "Disorders of suppressor immunoregulatory cells in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. A series of suppressor cell systems regulate virtually all immunologic processes. Disorders of these systems have been identified in association with a number of diseases. An abnormal number of activated suppressor T-cells have been seen in some patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia and in some with selective IgA deficiency. Suppressor T-cells that inhibit immunoglobulin synthesis also develop in an animal model of immunodeficiency, the agammaglobulinemia of the bursectomized bird. Non-T-cell suppressor cells are a pathogenic factor in the humoral immunodeficiency associated with multiple myeloma. At the other end of the spectrum of immunologic response, a reduction in functional activity of suppressor T-cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The disorders of suppressor cells that have been shown in immunodeficiency and autoimmunity are important when developing rational strategies for prevention and therapy of these immunologic disorders.", "PMID": 305222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_187", "title": "Plasma cofactors of platelet function: correlation with diabetic retinopathy and hemoglobins Ala-c.", "content": "We studied 29 diabetic patients (eight without and 21 with retinopathy) and 29 matched control subjects for hemoglobins Ala-c and plasma levels of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen. Hemoglobins Ala-c were elevated in all diabetic patients, regardless of retinopathy (P less than 0.001); fibrinogen was elevated only in those with retinopathy (P less than 0.001); and plasma von Willebrand factor was clearly elevated in those with proliferative retinopathy and minimally, if at all, elevated in those with background or no retinopathy. Plasma from five diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy and five control subjects was tested for its ability to enhance the ADP-induced platelet aggregation of normal or von Willebrand platelet-rich plasma; no differences were found. We conclude that elevated levels of fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor, both recognized plasma cofactors of platelet function, are associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. A plasma factor that enhances ADP-induced platelet aggregation could not be found in diabetic plasma, and we doubt that increased von Willebrand factor is responsible for its finding by others.", "contents": "Plasma cofactors of platelet function: correlation with diabetic retinopathy and hemoglobins Ala-c. We studied 29 diabetic patients (eight without and 21 with retinopathy) and 29 matched control subjects for hemoglobins Ala-c and plasma levels of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen. Hemoglobins Ala-c were elevated in all diabetic patients, regardless of retinopathy (P less than 0.001); fibrinogen was elevated only in those with retinopathy (P less than 0.001); and plasma von Willebrand factor was clearly elevated in those with proliferative retinopathy and minimally, if at all, elevated in those with background or no retinopathy. Plasma from five diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy and five control subjects was tested for its ability to enhance the ADP-induced platelet aggregation of normal or von Willebrand platelet-rich plasma; no differences were found. We conclude that elevated levels of fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor, both recognized plasma cofactors of platelet function, are associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. A plasma factor that enhances ADP-induced platelet aggregation could not be found in diabetic plasma, and we doubt that increased von Willebrand factor is responsible for its finding by others.", "PMID": 305223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_188", "title": "T-lymphocyte variant of hairy-cell leukemia.", "content": "Immunohematologic studies on cells from a patient with the clinicopathologic syndrome of hairy-cell leukemia showed that the neoplastic cells had receptors for sheep erythrocytes and therefore had human T-lymphocyte characteristics. The leukemic cells did not have the membrane receptors or immunoglobulin markers of B lymphocytes or monocytes nor did they synthesize immunoglobulin. A lymphoid cell line established in vitro from the cells had the same T-lymphocyte characteristics. The lymphoid cell line is positive for tartrateresistant acid phosphatase, forms rosettes with untreated sheep erythrocytes, and reacts with an anti-T-lymphocyte antiserum. Thus the syndrome of hairy-cell leukemia may occasionally result from the neoplastic proliferation of T-lymphocytes as well as from the more usual B-lymphocyte form. This situation is analogous to that described previously in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte variant of hairy-cell leukemia. Immunohematologic studies on cells from a patient with the clinicopathologic syndrome of hairy-cell leukemia showed that the neoplastic cells had receptors for sheep erythrocytes and therefore had human T-lymphocyte characteristics. The leukemic cells did not have the membrane receptors or immunoglobulin markers of B lymphocytes or monocytes nor did they synthesize immunoglobulin. A lymphoid cell line established in vitro from the cells had the same T-lymphocyte characteristics. The lymphoid cell line is positive for tartrateresistant acid phosphatase, forms rosettes with untreated sheep erythrocytes, and reacts with an anti-T-lymphocyte antiserum. Thus the syndrome of hairy-cell leukemia may occasionally result from the neoplastic proliferation of T-lymphocytes as well as from the more usual B-lymphocyte form. This situation is analogous to that described previously in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 305224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_189", "title": "Educational objectives in rheumatology for medical students.", "content": "Very little information is currently available with respect to what medical students should learn about clinical rheumatology, and an investigation was undertaken to determine what they should know in this area.", "contents": "Educational objectives in rheumatology for medical students. Very little information is currently available with respect to what medical students should learn about clinical rheumatology, and an investigation was undertaken to determine what they should know in this area.", "PMID": 305226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_190", "title": "Decreased T cell levels in patients with warts.", "content": "Thymus-derived lymphocyte (T cell) levels were determined in 72 healthy patients who had viral warts, in 21 healthy patients who had been cured of warts from one to 15 years previously, and in 35 age-matched normal controls who had no history of warts. The mean percentage of lymphocytes that formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes was less in patients with warts and patients previously cured of warts than in normal controls (P less than .001 and P less than .001, respectively). The number of total T cells/cu mm was decreased in untreated patients with warts (P less than .01) but was normal in patients cured of warts for more than one year. In addition, the morphology of the rosettes in the two patient groups differed from the controls; 32% had small numbers of sheep erythrocytes bound loosely to T cells compared with a rosette of numerous erythrocytes closely adherent to the T cell in 91% of the controls. The results suggest a defect of cellular immunity in many healthy patients with warts.", "contents": "Decreased T cell levels in patients with warts. Thymus-derived lymphocyte (T cell) levels were determined in 72 healthy patients who had viral warts, in 21 healthy patients who had been cured of warts from one to 15 years previously, and in 35 age-matched normal controls who had no history of warts. The mean percentage of lymphocytes that formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes was less in patients with warts and patients previously cured of warts than in normal controls (P less than .001 and P less than .001, respectively). The number of total T cells/cu mm was decreased in untreated patients with warts (P less than .01) but was normal in patients cured of warts for more than one year. In addition, the morphology of the rosettes in the two patient groups differed from the controls; 32% had small numbers of sheep erythrocytes bound loosely to T cells compared with a rosette of numerous erythrocytes closely adherent to the T cell in 91% of the controls. The results suggest a defect of cellular immunity in many healthy patients with warts.", "PMID": 305230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_191", "title": "Mycosis fungoides with pulmonary involvement. A complete remission.", "content": "Biopsy specimens from a 21-year-old man showed mycosis fungoides involving the skin and lungs. Usually such a case represents a fulminant and fatal course of the disease. This patient had a complete remission of his pulmonary disease following sequential therapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, methotrexate, leucovorin calcium, and cytarabine (COMLA).", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides with pulmonary involvement. A complete remission. Biopsy specimens from a 21-year-old man showed mycosis fungoides involving the skin and lungs. Usually such a case represents a fulminant and fatal course of the disease. This patient had a complete remission of his pulmonary disease following sequential therapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, methotrexate, leucovorin calcium, and cytarabine (COMLA).", "PMID": 305231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_192", "title": "Rheumatic disorders in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "Eighty-three patients with primary biliary cirrhosis were investigated to determine the prevalence of rheumatic disorders. 14 had scleroderma, which tended to be mild but in several patients produced severe systemic manifestations. The CRST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia) was only identified twice. There was an increased incidence of HLA A1+B8 in those patients with scleroderma. As well as those with scleroderma, 4 patients had a destructive arthropathy resembling avascular necrosis. 4 patients had an inflammatory arthritis, without specific features, but the frequency was no greater than might be expected in the general population.", "contents": "Rheumatic disorders in primary biliary cirrhosis. Eighty-three patients with primary biliary cirrhosis were investigated to determine the prevalence of rheumatic disorders. 14 had scleroderma, which tended to be mild but in several patients produced severe systemic manifestations. The CRST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia) was only identified twice. There was an increased incidence of HLA A1+B8 in those patients with scleroderma. As well as those with scleroderma, 4 patients had a destructive arthropathy resembling avascular necrosis. 4 patients had an inflammatory arthritis, without specific features, but the frequency was no greater than might be expected in the general population.", "PMID": 305233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_193", "title": "Prophylactic use of intra-aortic ballon pump in aortocoronary bypass for patients with left main coronary artery disease.", "content": "Aortocoronary bypass surgery in patients with left main coronary artery disease is reported to have an operative mortality of between 1.4 and 39%. It is generally accepted that the operative mortality in this group of patients is considerably greater than in routine bypass candidates, presumably due to the large amount of myocardium threatened by a single lesion. In an effort to preserve threatened left ventricular myocardium, intra-aortic balloon pumping was instituted prophylactically prior to sternotomy in 20 consecutive patients with left main coronary artery disease (luminal narrowing greater than 50%). Sixty per cent of these patients had New York Heart Association Class IV angina, 25% had Class III, and 15% Class II. Fifty per cent of the patients in this group presented with unstable angina. Operative patients requiring left ventricular aneurysmectomy and/or valve replacement, were excluded. No operative deaths have been encountered in 20 consecutive patients managed in this manner. One patient displayed signs of myocardial infarction in the postoperative period. Correctable peripheral vascular ischemic complications of pump insertion were encountered in three patients. Preliminary results from this ongoing study support the hypothesis that prophylactic intra-aortic balloon pumping is a low risk procedure that should be utilized routinely in aortocoronary bypass surgery for left main coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Prophylactic use of intra-aortic ballon pump in aortocoronary bypass for patients with left main coronary artery disease. Aortocoronary bypass surgery in patients with left main coronary artery disease is reported to have an operative mortality of between 1.4 and 39%. It is generally accepted that the operative mortality in this group of patients is considerably greater than in routine bypass candidates, presumably due to the large amount of myocardium threatened by a single lesion. In an effort to preserve threatened left ventricular myocardium, intra-aortic balloon pumping was instituted prophylactically prior to sternotomy in 20 consecutive patients with left main coronary artery disease (luminal narrowing greater than 50%). Sixty per cent of these patients had New York Heart Association Class IV angina, 25% had Class III, and 15% Class II. Fifty per cent of the patients in this group presented with unstable angina. Operative patients requiring left ventricular aneurysmectomy and/or valve replacement, were excluded. No operative deaths have been encountered in 20 consecutive patients managed in this manner. One patient displayed signs of myocardial infarction in the postoperative period. Correctable peripheral vascular ischemic complications of pump insertion were encountered in three patients. Preliminary results from this ongoing study support the hypothesis that prophylactic intra-aortic balloon pumping is a low risk procedure that should be utilized routinely in aortocoronary bypass surgery for left main coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 305234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_194", "title": "Paraplegia following intraaortic balloon assistance.", "content": "In a patient receiving intraaortic balloon counterpulsation following myocardial revascularization, paraplegia developed two days post-operatively. Postmortem examination demonstrated a dissecting hematoma of the thoracic aorta and spinal cord infarction. The neurological deficit is thought to be due to embarrassment of spinal cord blood supply, and mechanisms of injury are discussed.", "contents": "Paraplegia following intraaortic balloon assistance. In a patient receiving intraaortic balloon counterpulsation following myocardial revascularization, paraplegia developed two days post-operatively. Postmortem examination demonstrated a dissecting hematoma of the thoracic aorta and spinal cord infarction. The neurological deficit is thought to be due to embarrassment of spinal cord blood supply, and mechanisms of injury are discussed.", "PMID": 305235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_195", "title": "Familial syringomyelia: a report of four cases.", "content": "The clinical and neurological features of four siblings (2 male, 2 female) affected by syringomyelia are described. A fifth sister was affected by an acoustic neurinoma. Since neither parent showed signs of syringomyelia, this is considered to be a datum substantiating the dysembryogenetic theory of the syringomyelia syndrome.", "contents": "Familial syringomyelia: a report of four cases. The clinical and neurological features of four siblings (2 male, 2 female) affected by syringomyelia are described. A fifth sister was affected by an acoustic neurinoma. Since neither parent showed signs of syringomyelia, this is considered to be a datum substantiating the dysembryogenetic theory of the syringomyelia syndrome.", "PMID": 305236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_196", "title": "Methylene blue injection. An intraoperative guide in small bowel resection for arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "Injection of methylene blue dye into the superior mesenteric artery of a patient with arteriovenous malformation of the small bowel was helpful in identifying the field of resection. Preoperative selective angiography is essential in identifying this rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding.", "contents": "Methylene blue injection. An intraoperative guide in small bowel resection for arteriovenous malformation. Injection of methylene blue dye into the superior mesenteric artery of a patient with arteriovenous malformation of the small bowel was helpful in identifying the field of resection. Preoperative selective angiography is essential in identifying this rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding.", "PMID": 305237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_197", "title": "[Structural and functional organization of the vestibular apparatus in rats maintained under weightless conditions for 19.5 days aboard the satellite \"Cosmos-782\"].", "content": "Vestibular apparatus was investigated in rats subjected to weightlessness for 19.5 days in the satelite \"Cosmos-782\" and experienced acceleration on launching and landing. Some structural and functional changes were noted. They were seen in otolith clinging to the utricular receptor surface and in the peripheral arrangement of the nucleolus in the nuclei of the receptor cells. It is also possible that increased edema of the vestibular tissue resulted in destruction of some receptor cells, and within the otolith--changes in the form and structure of otoconia. In the horizontal crista the cupula was separated.", "contents": "[Structural and functional organization of the vestibular apparatus in rats maintained under weightless conditions for 19.5 days aboard the satellite \"Cosmos-782\"]. Vestibular apparatus was investigated in rats subjected to weightlessness for 19.5 days in the satelite \"Cosmos-782\" and experienced acceleration on launching and landing. Some structural and functional changes were noted. They were seen in otolith clinging to the utricular receptor surface and in the peripheral arrangement of the nucleolus in the nuclei of the receptor cells. It is also possible that increased edema of the vestibular tissue resulted in destruction of some receptor cells, and within the otolith--changes in the form and structure of otoconia. In the horizontal crista the cupula was separated.", "PMID": 305238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_198", "title": "[Characteristics of the lymphoid cells of rabbits].", "content": "By means of scanning electron microscopy it has been stated that the thymus gland, spleen, paratracheal lymph node, Peyer's patches and appendix in an intact rabbit of \"Shinshilla\" strain have T- and B-lymphocytes in different proportion. T-lymphocytes are seen as spherical cells with rough surface, with a few microprocesses, have 3.0 +/- 0.1 mcm--4.7 +/- 0.2 mcm in diameter depending on their location. B-lymphocytes are seen as spherical cells with a considerable amount of microvilli on their surface, have 2.9 +/- 0.1 mcm--4.4 +/- 0.1 mcm in diameter depending also on their location. In the thymus gland, cells with rough surface, a few microprocesses and crater-like hollows prevail. In the spleen and lymph node, most of the cells are of similar diameter and have microvilli on the surface. Lymphoid population in the Peyer's patch and appendix is represented by large cells with microprocesses.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the lymphoid cells of rabbits]. By means of scanning electron microscopy it has been stated that the thymus gland, spleen, paratracheal lymph node, Peyer's patches and appendix in an intact rabbit of \"Shinshilla\" strain have T- and B-lymphocytes in different proportion. T-lymphocytes are seen as spherical cells with rough surface, with a few microprocesses, have 3.0 +/- 0.1 mcm--4.7 +/- 0.2 mcm in diameter depending on their location. B-lymphocytes are seen as spherical cells with a considerable amount of microvilli on their surface, have 2.9 +/- 0.1 mcm--4.4 +/- 0.1 mcm in diameter depending also on their location. In the thymus gland, cells with rough surface, a few microprocesses and crater-like hollows prevail. In the spleen and lymph node, most of the cells are of similar diameter and have microvilli on the surface. Lymphoid population in the Peyer's patch and appendix is represented by large cells with microprocesses.", "PMID": 305239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_199", "title": "Combined nuclear and supranuclear defects in ocular motility. A clinicopathologic study.", "content": "A 65-year-old man suffered a midbrain infarct after coronary artery bypass surgery. He was left with a severe neuro-ophthalmologic deficit consisting of paralysis of upward and downward vertical gaze, weakness of adduction of the left eye, a dilated fixed left pupil, and partial right Horner's syndrome. He died 31 months after the episode. Postmortem examination disclosed an infarct involving parts of both oculomotor nuclei as well as supranuclear structures thought to be involved in the mediation of vertical eye movements.", "contents": "Combined nuclear and supranuclear defects in ocular motility. A clinicopathologic study. A 65-year-old man suffered a midbrain infarct after coronary artery bypass surgery. He was left with a severe neuro-ophthalmologic deficit consisting of paralysis of upward and downward vertical gaze, weakness of adduction of the left eye, a dilated fixed left pupil, and partial right Horner's syndrome. He died 31 months after the episode. Postmortem examination disclosed an infarct involving parts of both oculomotor nuclei as well as supranuclear structures thought to be involved in the mediation of vertical eye movements.", "PMID": 305240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_200", "title": "Colorimetry by a new principle.", "content": "A simple and informative method is described for determining the type and extent of color defects. The subjects' responses are registered automatically on a chromaticity diagram that is based on the newtonian model. Color defects are readily identifiable by a skewing of the normal central gray area toward the defectively perceived color. The examination permits independent variation of hue and saturation for each color and requires less than five minutes for the entire procedure. Unlike conventional color tests, the present method indicates exactly what colors are or are not seen at any level of saturation.", "contents": "Colorimetry by a new principle. A simple and informative method is described for determining the type and extent of color defects. The subjects' responses are registered automatically on a chromaticity diagram that is based on the newtonian model. Color defects are readily identifiable by a skewing of the normal central gray area toward the defectively perceived color. The examination permits independent variation of hue and saturation for each color and requires less than five minutes for the entire procedure. Unlike conventional color tests, the present method indicates exactly what colors are or are not seen at any level of saturation.", "PMID": 305241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_201", "title": "Nasopharyngeal and adjacent neoplasms: a clinico-pathologic and immunologic study.", "content": "Thirteen cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 16 cases of non-NPC tumors in the nasopharynx or in adjacent locations were investigated clinically, immunologically, and pathologically. All tumors were classified according to the TNM classification, and the stage and course of the disease was correlated with the histological tumor type, the T- and B-cell distribution in tumor tissue and in the peripheral blood, as well as with antibody titers against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The results showed a positive correlation of decreased T- and B-cells in tumor tissue and of decreased T-cells in the peripheral blood with the extend of the tumor in both NPC and non-NPC cases, with  some exceptions of lymphocyte rich neoplasms (lymphoepithelial carcinoma and malignant lymphoma). Antibodies against EBV (early antigen and capsid antigen) became progressively elevated with increasing tumor stage in NPC-cases but not in non-NPC cases. The latter, however, was observed only in two histological types of NPC's: anaplastic carcinoma and lymphoepithelial carcinoma; titers in the remaining tumor types stayed insignificant.", "contents": "Nasopharyngeal and adjacent neoplasms: a clinico-pathologic and immunologic study. Thirteen cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 16 cases of non-NPC tumors in the nasopharynx or in adjacent locations were investigated clinically, immunologically, and pathologically. All tumors were classified according to the TNM classification, and the stage and course of the disease was correlated with the histological tumor type, the T- and B-cell distribution in tumor tissue and in the peripheral blood, as well as with antibody titers against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The results showed a positive correlation of decreased T- and B-cells in tumor tissue and of decreased T-cells in the peripheral blood with the extend of the tumor in both NPC and non-NPC cases, with  some exceptions of lymphocyte rich neoplasms (lymphoepithelial carcinoma and malignant lymphoma). Antibodies against EBV (early antigen and capsid antigen) became progressively elevated with increasing tumor stage in NPC-cases but not in non-NPC cases. The latter, however, was observed only in two histological types of NPC's: anaplastic carcinoma and lymphoepithelial carcinoma; titers in the remaining tumor types stayed insignificant.", "PMID": 305242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_202", "title": "[Immunity in leukemia: reason for onset of leukemia, agent for successful therapy of leukemia].", "content": "Authors present the facts which indicate that in human medicine there is immunity against malignant tumors and leukaemia through T lymphocytes immunological control. The appearance of leukaemia in a certain number of persons is due to reduced immunity in the patient or weak antigen immunogenicity of leukaemic cells. Authors also present evidence for the existance of tumor antigens same as in leukaemic leukocytes in human pathology. These antigens belong either to still undiscovered viruses of human leukaemia, as is the case of reverse transcriptase of RNK virus, found in leukocytes of 95 percent of patients with acute leukaemia, or they are new antigens formed by combination of cell genoma and virus genoma, or by depression of the gene which were active only during the foetal life under the influence of oncogenic chemical substances or viruses. The evidence is given too, concerning the existence of immune response in human medicine, in the form of cytotoxic antibodies or sensitized T lymphocytes to tumor antigens which can be demonstrated in vitro by the test of colonial growth inhibition of tumor cells. As the immunity does not operate against tumor or leukaemic cells, the reason for it must be sought in the disorder of the afferent part (weak immunogenicity of tumor antigens, tolerance of tumor antigens, etc.), or of the efferent part of the immune response (the presence of blocking factors in the patient's plasma). At the end, the authors also discuss about the attempts of immunological treatment of acute leukaemia, and the results to this date are encouraging.", "contents": "[Immunity in leukemia: reason for onset of leukemia, agent for successful therapy of leukemia]. Authors present the facts which indicate that in human medicine there is immunity against malignant tumors and leukaemia through T lymphocytes immunological control. The appearance of leukaemia in a certain number of persons is due to reduced immunity in the patient or weak antigen immunogenicity of leukaemic cells. Authors also present evidence for the existance of tumor antigens same as in leukaemic leukocytes in human pathology. These antigens belong either to still undiscovered viruses of human leukaemia, as is the case of reverse transcriptase of RNK virus, found in leukocytes of 95 percent of patients with acute leukaemia, or they are new antigens formed by combination of cell genoma and virus genoma, or by depression of the gene which were active only during the foetal life under the influence of oncogenic chemical substances or viruses. The evidence is given too, concerning the existence of immune response in human medicine, in the form of cytotoxic antibodies or sensitized T lymphocytes to tumor antigens which can be demonstrated in vitro by the test of colonial growth inhibition of tumor cells. As the immunity does not operate against tumor or leukaemic cells, the reason for it must be sought in the disorder of the afferent part (weak immunogenicity of tumor antigens, tolerance of tumor antigens, etc.), or of the efferent part of the immune response (the presence of blocking factors in the patient's plasma). At the end, the authors also discuss about the attempts of immunological treatment of acute leukaemia, and the results to this date are encouraging.", "PMID": 305244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_203", "title": "Detection and separation of lymphocytes with specific surface receptors, by using microparticles.", "content": "Horse anti-(human lymphocyte) globulin was immobilized together with fluorescein labelled dextran in spherical microparticles of polyacrylamide (AHLG-particles). The particles had a diameter of 1-5 micrometer and a density of 1.12g/cm3, with globulin exposed on the surface. Human lymphocytes bearing the antigen (thymus-derived lymphocytes) bound the particles, which were easily detected by fluorescence microscopy. In this way, about 58% of circulating human lymphocytes were able to bind AHLG-particles at 23 degrees C. Non-specific binding was low, only 3% when human serum albumin was present in the buffer, and only 4% when non-specific horse globulins were incorporated in the microparticles. The cell-particle complexes could be separated from cells that had not reacted by density-gradient centrifugation in Ficoll/metrizoate. The viability was not changed after the separation procedure. The number of cells binding AHLG-particles corresponded well the the relative amount of T-cells. When the cells binding AHLG-particles were separated from the lymphocytes, the number of T-cells decreased remarkably, indicating that the antibodies bind preferably to the T-cell population. Concanavalin A immobilized in microparticles was sufficiently exposed to initiate the agglutination of the lymphocytes. The agglutination was completely inhibited by preincubating the microparticles with alpha-methyl mannoside.", "contents": "Detection and separation of lymphocytes with specific surface receptors, by using microparticles. Horse anti-(human lymphocyte) globulin was immobilized together with fluorescein labelled dextran in spherical microparticles of polyacrylamide (AHLG-particles). The particles had a diameter of 1-5 micrometer and a density of 1.12g/cm3, with globulin exposed on the surface. Human lymphocytes bearing the antigen (thymus-derived lymphocytes) bound the particles, which were easily detected by fluorescence microscopy. In this way, about 58% of circulating human lymphocytes were able to bind AHLG-particles at 23 degrees C. Non-specific binding was low, only 3% when human serum albumin was present in the buffer, and only 4% when non-specific horse globulins were incorporated in the microparticles. The cell-particle complexes could be separated from cells that had not reacted by density-gradient centrifugation in Ficoll/metrizoate. The viability was not changed after the separation procedure. The number of cells binding AHLG-particles corresponded well the the relative amount of T-cells. When the cells binding AHLG-particles were separated from the lymphocytes, the number of T-cells decreased remarkably, indicating that the antibodies bind preferably to the T-cell population. Concanavalin A immobilized in microparticles was sufficiently exposed to initiate the agglutination of the lymphocytes. The agglutination was completely inhibited by preincubating the microparticles with alpha-methyl mannoside.", "PMID": 305245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_204", "title": "[General pharmacological studies on tramadol, a potent analgetic agent (author's transl)].", "content": "The general pharmacological properties of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) are described and compared with those of other strong narcotic analgetics. In behavioral studies tramadol in high doses had a primarily stimulating effect in mice and rats and a sedative effect in rabbits and dogs. The Straub tail phenomenon, a reaction typical for mice administered morphine, was observed only after subtoxic doses of tramadol. In i.v. doses tramadol generally caused a weak central inhibition of non-stimulated and electrically stimulated brain activity in unanesthetized rabbits. Muscle tone and motor coordination in rats and mice were only slightly affected by the drug, in contrast to the effect of morphine. Unlike other strong analgesics tramadol in doses of 5--20 mg/kg i.v. did not cause respiratory depression and even clearly increased respiratory volume and rate in conscious rabbits and anesthetized dogs. In cats and dogs i.v. doses of tramadol up to 10 mg/kg were well tolerated in the cardiovascular system. Tramadol has a slight, papaverine-like spasmolytic effect and no effect on gastrointestinal motility or urinary and electrolyte excretion. The drug showed no antipyretic properties in rabbits. It inhibited edema in rats and guinea pigs but had no antiproliferative effect in the cotton pellet test in rats. Tramadol did not inhibit monoamine oxidase activity or cause enzyme induction in the rat liver.", "contents": "[General pharmacological studies on tramadol, a potent analgetic agent (author's transl)]. The general pharmacological properties of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) are described and compared with those of other strong narcotic analgetics. In behavioral studies tramadol in high doses had a primarily stimulating effect in mice and rats and a sedative effect in rabbits and dogs. The Straub tail phenomenon, a reaction typical for mice administered morphine, was observed only after subtoxic doses of tramadol. In i.v. doses tramadol generally caused a weak central inhibition of non-stimulated and electrically stimulated brain activity in unanesthetized rabbits. Muscle tone and motor coordination in rats and mice were only slightly affected by the drug, in contrast to the effect of morphine. Unlike other strong analgesics tramadol in doses of 5--20 mg/kg i.v. did not cause respiratory depression and even clearly increased respiratory volume and rate in conscious rabbits and anesthetized dogs. In cats and dogs i.v. doses of tramadol up to 10 mg/kg were well tolerated in the cardiovascular system. Tramadol has a slight, papaverine-like spasmolytic effect and no effect on gastrointestinal motility or urinary and electrolyte excretion. The drug showed no antipyretic properties in rabbits. It inhibited edema in rats and guinea pigs but had no antiproliferative effect in the cotton pellet test in rats. Tramadol did not inhibit monoamine oxidase activity or cause enzyme induction in the rat liver.", "PMID": 305247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_205", "title": "Pathologic findings in the aortocoronary vein grafts. A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "Examination of totally or partially obstructed human aortocoronary vein grafts, obtained at different time intervals after the bypass operation, has shown that the initial occlusive process is due to thrombosis and may appear a few hours or days after surgery. The cellular phase of intimal proliferation affecting most of the grafts becomes apparent about 4 weeks after the operation. After 1 year the intimal hyperplasia acquires a cell-poor, fibrotic character; the graft usually remains patent. About one-half of the vein grafts obtained 3 or more years after the operation show complicated atherosclerotic lesions. These findings indicate that most of the vein grafts undergo extensive structural changes and some may show similar degenerative lesions as they develop in the coronary arteries.", "contents": "Pathologic findings in the aortocoronary vein grafts. A scanning electron microscope study. Examination of totally or partially obstructed human aortocoronary vein grafts, obtained at different time intervals after the bypass operation, has shown that the initial occlusive process is due to thrombosis and may appear a few hours or days after surgery. The cellular phase of intimal proliferation affecting most of the grafts becomes apparent about 4 weeks after the operation. After 1 year the intimal hyperplasia acquires a cell-poor, fibrotic character; the graft usually remains patent. About one-half of the vein grafts obtained 3 or more years after the operation show complicated atherosclerotic lesions. These findings indicate that most of the vein grafts undergo extensive structural changes and some may show similar degenerative lesions as they develop in the coronary arteries.", "PMID": 305248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_206", "title": "Immunodiagnostic of multiple sclerosis by estimation of lymphokines in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The basis of our investigations is a hypothesis about immunomechanisms responsible for aetiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis including immungenetic connection (predisposition) and autoimmunity (pathogenesis). Some new results about cellular immunity using cell electrophoresis mobility technique, especially sensitization against normal brain tissue antigen (NTA) and investigations of lymphokines in cerebrospinal fluid are represented. The intention of this paper is to demonstrate a combined diagnostic regime for early detection of multiple sclerosis as well as for follow-up studies in course of treatment.", "contents": "Immunodiagnostic of multiple sclerosis by estimation of lymphokines in vitro and in vivo. The basis of our investigations is a hypothesis about immunomechanisms responsible for aetiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis including immungenetic connection (predisposition) and autoimmunity (pathogenesis). Some new results about cellular immunity using cell electrophoresis mobility technique, especially sensitization against normal brain tissue antigen (NTA) and investigations of lymphokines in cerebrospinal fluid are represented. The intention of this paper is to demonstrate a combined diagnostic regime for early detection of multiple sclerosis as well as for follow-up studies in course of treatment.", "PMID": 305250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_207", "title": "[B-lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: studies concerning their levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid].", "content": "In this paper the B lymphocyte population was investigated by fluoresceinated immunoglobulin assay in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in M.S. patients and other neurological diseases taken as control. In peripheral blood there was no significant difference in two groups considered. In CSF there was a higher percentage of B-cells only in M.S. patients. This datum was more evident when the percentage of B cells was simultaneously determined in CSF and blood. It can be hypothesized the existence of subpopulations of B cells synthesizing Ig in the CST.", "contents": "[B-lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: studies concerning their levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid]. In this paper the B lymphocyte population was investigated by fluoresceinated immunoglobulin assay in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in M.S. patients and other neurological diseases taken as control. In peripheral blood there was no significant difference in two groups considered. In CSF there was a higher percentage of B-cells only in M.S. patients. This datum was more evident when the percentage of B cells was simultaneously determined in CSF and blood. It can be hypothesized the existence of subpopulations of B cells synthesizing Ig in the CST.", "PMID": 305251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_208", "title": "Heterogeneity of human T lymphocytes to bind sheep red blood cells in multiple sclerosis patients and controls.", "content": "The present studies were performed as a result of the report that the human T-cells may be composed of heterogeneous subpopulation in the sense of their ability to bind SRBC. In this paper, the diversity of human peripheral lymphocytes in M.S. patients, other neurological diseases and controls were investigated by means of an interesting approach based on the heterogeneity of humnan T-lymphocytes examined by the rosette formation of SRBC (E rosette) in two different reaction media.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of human T lymphocytes to bind sheep red blood cells in multiple sclerosis patients and controls. The present studies were performed as a result of the report that the human T-cells may be composed of heterogeneous subpopulation in the sense of their ability to bind SRBC. In this paper, the diversity of human peripheral lymphocytes in M.S. patients, other neurological diseases and controls were investigated by means of an interesting approach based on the heterogeneity of humnan T-lymphocytes examined by the rosette formation of SRBC (E rosette) in two different reaction media.", "PMID": 305252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_209", "title": "[Rosette-forming lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of normal children].", "content": "The study included 180 healthy children distributted into age groups from newborns to 16 years of age. The subpopulations of early E and EAC (T and B) rosette forming lymphocytes were determined. It was found that the main difference is placed in percentual mean values of the newborn where the value of T lymphocytes is less than for the rest of the ages studied, remaining stable beginning at the age of one year. In newborns, the values of B lymphocytes are greater; later, they drop but remain stable also since the age of one.", "contents": "[Rosette-forming lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of normal children]. The study included 180 healthy children distributted into age groups from newborns to 16 years of age. The subpopulations of early E and EAC (T and B) rosette forming lymphocytes were determined. It was found that the main difference is placed in percentual mean values of the newborn where the value of T lymphocytes is less than for the rest of the ages studied, remaining stable beginning at the age of one year. In newborns, the values of B lymphocytes are greater; later, they drop but remain stable also since the age of one.", "PMID": 305249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_210", "title": "Recovery of immune competence after tumour resection in mice: correlation with loss of suppressor elements.", "content": "Changes in the immune competence and levels of suppressore elements were assessed by mitogen stimulation and in vitro antibody production, after resection of a transplantable sarcoma. Spleen cells from tumour-resected animals were found to have depressed responses to conA as well as to the antigens SRBC and DNP-LPS. This inability to respond was gradually overcome and, by Day 21 after resection, spleen cell competence had returned to normal levels. Suppressor cells isolated from the spleens of tumour-resected animals were capable of suppressing the conA response and PFC response of normal syngeneic spleen cells in vitro. The ability to suppress the conA response of normal cells disappeared by Day 1 after resection, while the ability to suppress the anti-SRBC and anti-DNP PFC response of normal cells disappeared by Day 8 and Day 14 respectively. Serum from tumour-resected mice was also found to be suppressive to the conA response of normal spleen cells. The inhibitory material responsible for suppression eluted with the Ig-containing fraction on Sephadex G-150. This inhibitory material gradually disappeared from the serum of tumour-resected mice and was no longer apparent by Day 14. Therefore, it appeared that the return of normal lymphocyte function after tumour-resection was concomitant with the disappearance of splenic suppressor cells and suppressive serum factor.", "contents": "Recovery of immune competence after tumour resection in mice: correlation with loss of suppressor elements. Changes in the immune competence and levels of suppressore elements were assessed by mitogen stimulation and in vitro antibody production, after resection of a transplantable sarcoma. Spleen cells from tumour-resected animals were found to have depressed responses to conA as well as to the antigens SRBC and DNP-LPS. This inability to respond was gradually overcome and, by Day 21 after resection, spleen cell competence had returned to normal levels. Suppressor cells isolated from the spleens of tumour-resected animals were capable of suppressing the conA response and PFC response of normal syngeneic spleen cells in vitro. The ability to suppress the conA response of normal cells disappeared by Day 1 after resection, while the ability to suppress the anti-SRBC and anti-DNP PFC response of normal cells disappeared by Day 8 and Day 14 respectively. Serum from tumour-resected mice was also found to be suppressive to the conA response of normal spleen cells. The inhibitory material responsible for suppression eluted with the Ig-containing fraction on Sephadex G-150. This inhibitory material gradually disappeared from the serum of tumour-resected mice and was no longer apparent by Day 14. Therefore, it appeared that the return of normal lymphocyte function after tumour-resection was concomitant with the disappearance of splenic suppressor cells and suppressive serum factor.", "PMID": 305254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_211", "title": "The T and B lymphocyte content of lymph nodes and spleen in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Lymphocytes from tumour-bearing lymph nodes in 15 patients with Hodgkin's disease, and lymphocytes from 6 spleens infiltrated by Hodgkin's tissue and 6 tumour-free spleens were studied using T and B lymphocyte markers. For comparison, lymphocytes from 16 tumour-free lymph nodes were similarly assessed. It was found that the tumour-bearing nodes showed a predominance of T lymphocytes compared with the control nodes, whereas in involved splenic tissue the proportion of T lymphocytes was slightly reduced compared with uninvolved spleens.", "contents": "The T and B lymphocyte content of lymph nodes and spleen in Hodgkin's disease. Lymphocytes from tumour-bearing lymph nodes in 15 patients with Hodgkin's disease, and lymphocytes from 6 spleens infiltrated by Hodgkin's tissue and 6 tumour-free spleens were studied using T and B lymphocyte markers. For comparison, lymphocytes from 16 tumour-free lymph nodes were similarly assessed. It was found that the tumour-bearing nodes showed a predominance of T lymphocytes compared with the control nodes, whereas in involved splenic tissue the proportion of T lymphocytes was slightly reduced compared with uninvolved spleens.", "PMID": 305255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_212", "title": "Weber--Christian syndrome in infancy.", "content": "A review of Weber-Christian syndrome in infancy is presented along with the report of two cases. Both infants had low serum properdin levels, and one patient showed remissions of his disease when he was T-lymphocytopenic. This suggests that the T-lymphocyte may have an important role in the pathogenesis of Weber--Christian syndrome.", "contents": "Weber--Christian syndrome in infancy. A review of Weber-Christian syndrome in infancy is presented along with the report of two cases. Both infants had low serum properdin levels, and one patient showed remissions of his disease when he was T-lymphocytopenic. This suggests that the T-lymphocyte may have an important role in the pathogenesis of Weber--Christian syndrome.", "PMID": 305256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_213", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in pregnant patients with and without a previous history of spontaneous abortions.", "content": "The percentage of T-cells was studied in pregnant patients with a previous history of spontaneous abortions, in patients without such a history and in nonpregnant controls. The percentage of T-cells remained unaltered during the three trimesters of normal pregnancy. In patients with a previous history of spontaneous abortions, the T-cell percentages were lower in the second and third trimesters than in non-pregnant controls, but the values did not differ statistically from corresponding values in those patients with no previous history of spontaneous abortion (normal pregnancy). The phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced transformation of lymphocytes was depressed in the second and third trimesters of both patients with a normal pregnancy and those with a previous history of spontaneous abortions. Thus, while the percentage of T-cells remained unaltered during pregnancy, their response to PHA falls in the second and third trimesters.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in pregnant patients with and without a previous history of spontaneous abortions. The percentage of T-cells was studied in pregnant patients with a previous history of spontaneous abortions, in patients without such a history and in nonpregnant controls. The percentage of T-cells remained unaltered during the three trimesters of normal pregnancy. In patients with a previous history of spontaneous abortions, the T-cell percentages were lower in the second and third trimesters than in non-pregnant controls, but the values did not differ statistically from corresponding values in those patients with no previous history of spontaneous abortion (normal pregnancy). The phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced transformation of lymphocytes was depressed in the second and third trimesters of both patients with a normal pregnancy and those with a previous history of spontaneous abortions. Thus, while the percentage of T-cells remained unaltered during pregnancy, their response to PHA falls in the second and third trimesters.", "PMID": 305257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_214", "title": "Posterior polymorphous keratopathy.", "content": "Seven cases with posterior polymorphous changes of the cornea are reported. After clinical and pathological examination of the above cases, as well as a short review of the literature, the following points are made: (1) Some cases are congenital, being either familial or sporadic, but others are acquired. (2) The term \"posterior polymorphous keratopathy\" covers all the variants of the condition and is preferred to the traditional \"posterior polymorphous dystrophy\". (3) The congenital type is a mild variant of the mesodermal dysplasia, whereas the acquired type follows local disease. (4) The condition can be static, but over 50% of cases are slowly progressive, calling for penetrating keratoplasty.", "contents": "Posterior polymorphous keratopathy. Seven cases with posterior polymorphous changes of the cornea are reported. After clinical and pathological examination of the above cases, as well as a short review of the literature, the following points are made: (1) Some cases are congenital, being either familial or sporadic, but others are acquired. (2) The term \"posterior polymorphous keratopathy\" covers all the variants of the condition and is preferred to the traditional \"posterior polymorphous dystrophy\". (3) The congenital type is a mild variant of the mesodermal dysplasia, whereas the acquired type follows local disease. (4) The condition can be static, but over 50% of cases are slowly progressive, calling for penetrating keratoplasty.", "PMID": 305258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_215", "title": "Structural studies on bacterial luciferase using energy transfer and emission anisotropy.", "content": "The distance between specific sites on bacterial luciferase was estimated by energy transfer. Luciferase was fluorescently labeled by reaction of an essential sulfhydryl group with N-(1-pyrene)maleimide and N-[p-(2-benzoxazolyl)phenyl]meleimide. Both of the modified enzymes bind 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (Ans) with affinities similar to that exhibited by the native luciferase. Using each of the two fluorescent probes as a donor and the bound Ans as an acceptor, the energy transfer efficiencies were determined by the resulting enhancement of fluorescence of the acceptor. The corresponding distance was calculated to be in the range of 21 to 37 A. Energy-transfer studies were also carried out using fluorescence lifetime measurements of bound ANS,  acting as a donor with bound FMN as an acceptor. The corresponding distance was calculated to be between 30 and 58 A. Using samples of luciferase:Ans complex and luciferase modified with N-(1-pyrene)maleimide, the rotational correlation time of the enzyme-dye conjugate as awhole was found to be 47 +/- 2 ns. The observed rotational correlation time is much longer than that calculated for luciferase assuming a spherical structure, thus indicating an elongated form for the luciferase-dye conjugate.", "contents": "Structural studies on bacterial luciferase using energy transfer and emission anisotropy. The distance between specific sites on bacterial luciferase was estimated by energy transfer. Luciferase was fluorescently labeled by reaction of an essential sulfhydryl group with N-(1-pyrene)maleimide and N-[p-(2-benzoxazolyl)phenyl]meleimide. Both of the modified enzymes bind 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (Ans) with affinities similar to that exhibited by the native luciferase. Using each of the two fluorescent probes as a donor and the bound Ans as an acceptor, the energy transfer efficiencies were determined by the resulting enhancement of fluorescence of the acceptor. The corresponding distance was calculated to be in the range of 21 to 37 A. Energy-transfer studies were also carried out using fluorescence lifetime measurements of bound ANS,  acting as a donor with bound FMN as an acceptor. The corresponding distance was calculated to be between 30 and 58 A. Using samples of luciferase:Ans complex and luciferase modified with N-(1-pyrene)maleimide, the rotational correlation time of the enzyme-dye conjugate as awhole was found to be 47 +/- 2 ns. The observed rotational correlation time is much longer than that calculated for luciferase assuming a spherical structure, thus indicating an elongated form for the luciferase-dye conjugate.", "PMID": 305259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_216", "title": "Orientation of chromophores in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: a photoselection study.", "content": "The relative orientation of the pigments of reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides has been studied by the photoselection technique. A high value (+0.45) of p=(delta AV--delta AH)/(delta AV + delta AH) is obtained when exciting and observing within the 870 nm band which is contradictory to the results of Mar and Gingras (Mar, T. and Gringras, G. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 440, 609-621) and Shuvalov et al. (Shuvalov, V.A., Asadov, A.A. and Krakhmaleva, I.N. (1977) FEBS Lett. 16, 240-245). It is shown that the low values of p obtained by both groups were erroneous due to excitation conditions. Analysis of the polarization of light-induced changes when exciting with polarized light in single transitions (spheroiden band and bacteriopheophytin Qx bands) enable us to propose a possible arrangement of the pigments within the reaction center. It is concluded that the 870 nm band corresponds to a single transition and is one of the two bands of the primary electron donor (P-870). The second band of the bacteriochlorophyll dimer is centered at 805 nm. The Qx transitions of the molecules constituting the bacteriochlorophyll dimer are nearly parallel (angle less than 25 degrees). The two bacteriopheophytin molecules present slightly different absorption spectra in the near infra-red. Both bacteriopheophytin absorption bands are subject to a small shift under illumination. The angle between the Qy bacteriopheophytin transitions is 55 degrees or 125 degrees. Both Qy transitions are nearly perpendicular to the 870 nm absorption band. Finally, the carotenoid molecules makes an angle greater than 70 degrees with the 870 nm band and the other bacteriochlorophyll molecules.", "contents": "Orientation of chromophores in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: a photoselection study. The relative orientation of the pigments of reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides has been studied by the photoselection technique. A high value (+0.45) of p=(delta AV--delta AH)/(delta AV + delta AH) is obtained when exciting and observing within the 870 nm band which is contradictory to the results of Mar and Gingras (Mar, T. and Gringras, G. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 440, 609-621) and Shuvalov et al. (Shuvalov, V.A., Asadov, A.A. and Krakhmaleva, I.N. (1977) FEBS Lett. 16, 240-245). It is shown that the low values of p obtained by both groups were erroneous due to excitation conditions. Analysis of the polarization of light-induced changes when exciting with polarized light in single transitions (spheroiden band and bacteriopheophytin Qx bands) enable us to propose a possible arrangement of the pigments within the reaction center. It is concluded that the 870 nm band corresponds to a single transition and is one of the two bands of the primary electron donor (P-870). The second band of the bacteriochlorophyll dimer is centered at 805 nm. The Qx transitions of the molecules constituting the bacteriochlorophyll dimer are nearly parallel (angle less than 25 degrees). The two bacteriopheophytin molecules present slightly different absorption spectra in the near infra-red. Both bacteriopheophytin absorption bands are subject to a small shift under illumination. The angle between the Qy bacteriopheophytin transitions is 55 degrees or 125 degrees. Both Qy transitions are nearly perpendicular to the 870 nm absorption band. Finally, the carotenoid molecules makes an angle greater than 70 degrees with the 870 nm band and the other bacteriochlorophyll molecules.", "PMID": 305260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_217", "title": "Open chain crown-type polyethers and pyridinophane cryptands act as ionophores upon frog motor nerve and isolated rat heart cells.", "content": "Frog motor nerves and isolated heart cells from neonatal rats were incubated with solutions of open chain crown-type polyether or pyridinophane cryptand. The following alterations in membrane excitability and energy consumption were found: 1. The non-cyclic ligand stabilizes the resting potential of the frog nerve and reduces the pulsation rate of heart muscle cells. It is reversibly bound at the cell surface and does not affect the energy metabolism of the heart cells. (formula: see text) 2. The cryptand 1,12-dioxo-2,11-diaza-5,8,21,24-tetraoxa[12-8(2,11)] (2,6)-pyridinophane) ([2.2.1py]-diamide) is irreversibly bound by the tissues. It facilitates the depolarization of the nerve and shows a positively chronotropic effect upon the heart muscle cells. Single treatment of the cell cultures with 10 microgram [2.2.1py]-diamide per ml medium increased the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and of creatine kinase. When the cell cultures were treated three times at 24 h intervals with 10 microgram complexone/ml, the creatine kinase activity of the heart muscle cells decreased by about 40%. The physiological properties of the ligands are correlated with the stability of their alkali metal ion complexes and with the rate constants of complex formation. It is concluded that [2.2.1py]-diamide can act as a passive carrier for Na+ K+.", "contents": "Open chain crown-type polyethers and pyridinophane cryptands act as ionophores upon frog motor nerve and isolated rat heart cells. Frog motor nerves and isolated heart cells from neonatal rats were incubated with solutions of open chain crown-type polyether or pyridinophane cryptand. The following alterations in membrane excitability and energy consumption were found: 1. The non-cyclic ligand stabilizes the resting potential of the frog nerve and reduces the pulsation rate of heart muscle cells. It is reversibly bound at the cell surface and does not affect the energy metabolism of the heart cells. (formula: see text) 2. The cryptand 1,12-dioxo-2,11-diaza-5,8,21,24-tetraoxa[12-8(2,11)] (2,6)-pyridinophane) ([2.2.1py]-diamide) is irreversibly bound by the tissues. It facilitates the depolarization of the nerve and shows a positively chronotropic effect upon the heart muscle cells. Single treatment of the cell cultures with 10 microgram [2.2.1py]-diamide per ml medium increased the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and of creatine kinase. When the cell cultures were treated three times at 24 h intervals with 10 microgram complexone/ml, the creatine kinase activity of the heart muscle cells decreased by about 40%. The physiological properties of the ligands are correlated with the stability of their alkali metal ion complexes and with the rate constants of complex formation. It is concluded that [2.2.1py]-diamide can act as a passive carrier for Na+ K+.", "PMID": 305261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_218", "title": "Cooperativity of lectin binding to lymphocytes, and its relevance to mitogenic stimulation.", "content": "The relationship between the binding patterns of soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin (both in their native (unaggregated) form and in their polymerized form), and of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, to neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes from different sources, and the mitogenic activity of these lectins, was studied. In all cases investigated, binding of a lectin to lymphocytes which resulted in stimulation was a positive cooperative process. Our findings support the assumption that clustering of receptors and conformational changes in membrane structure are prerequisites for mitogenic stimulation.", "contents": "Cooperativity of lectin binding to lymphocytes, and its relevance to mitogenic stimulation. The relationship between the binding patterns of soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin (both in their native (unaggregated) form and in their polymerized form), and of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, to neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes from different sources, and the mitogenic activity of these lectins, was studied. In all cases investigated, binding of a lectin to lymphocytes which resulted in stimulation was a positive cooperative process. Our findings support the assumption that clustering of receptors and conformational changes in membrane structure are prerequisites for mitogenic stimulation.", "PMID": 305262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_219", "title": "Glycoproteins and antigens of membranes prepared from rat thymocytes after lysis by shearing or with the detergent Tween-40.", "content": "In purification of cell surface antigens an efficient method for preparing membrane from large numbers of cells is needed. Such a method is described for preparing membranes from rat thymocytes after lysis in the non-ionic detergent Tween-40. Cell surface antigens were recovered at a yield of 30-50%, and a purification of 30-40-fold. By contrast enzyme markers for the other cell organelles were present in the membrane fraction in very low yield. The membrane obtained with the detergent method was compared with that resulting from the best of previously describes methods involving cell lysis by shearing. The detergent method compared favourably for simplicity as well as for yield and purification, and both membrane preparations contained similar protein and glycoprotein constituents. The main glycoprotein bands of membranes from thymocytes and thoracic duct lymphocytes were identified after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in dodecyl sulphate. In thymocyte membrane, three main bands at apparent molecular weights of 150 000, 84 000 and 25 000 were seen, and of these the 84 000 glycoprotein did not bind to the lentil lectin. In thoracic duct lymphocyte membrane the 25 000 glycoprotein was absent and a band at 95 000 was intensified in comparison with thymocytes.", "contents": "Glycoproteins and antigens of membranes prepared from rat thymocytes after lysis by shearing or with the detergent Tween-40. In purification of cell surface antigens an efficient method for preparing membrane from large numbers of cells is needed. Such a method is described for preparing membranes from rat thymocytes after lysis in the non-ionic detergent Tween-40. Cell surface antigens were recovered at a yield of 30-50%, and a purification of 30-40-fold. By contrast enzyme markers for the other cell organelles were present in the membrane fraction in very low yield. The membrane obtained with the detergent method was compared with that resulting from the best of previously describes methods involving cell lysis by shearing. The detergent method compared favourably for simplicity as well as for yield and purification, and both membrane preparations contained similar protein and glycoprotein constituents. The main glycoprotein bands of membranes from thymocytes and thoracic duct lymphocytes were identified after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in dodecyl sulphate. In thymocyte membrane, three main bands at apparent molecular weights of 150 000, 84 000 and 25 000 were seen, and of these the 84 000 glycoprotein did not bind to the lentil lectin. In thoracic duct lymphocyte membrane the 25 000 glycoprotein was absent and a band at 95 000 was intensified in comparison with thymocytes.", "PMID": 305263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_220", "title": "[Compensatory processes during unilateral loss of vestibular function].", "content": "Changes in the compensation of the sequences of the unilateral loss of the labyrinthine function were studied in rabbits. Destruction of the labyrinth was accompanied by ocular nystagmus, increase of frequency of respiration and heart contractions, and EEG-activation. Investigations carried out showed these reactions to be extinguished at different time. At the late periods of labyrinthectomy a considerable asymmetry of nystagmus reaction to the angular accelerations equal in intensity, but opposite in direction was revealed. Stimulation of an intact otolith labyrinth was accompanied by the appearance of positional nystagmus. The results obtained indicated imperfection of the compensatory mechanisms during complete unilateral loss of the vestibular function.", "contents": "[Compensatory processes during unilateral loss of vestibular function]. Changes in the compensation of the sequences of the unilateral loss of the labyrinthine function were studied in rabbits. Destruction of the labyrinth was accompanied by ocular nystagmus, increase of frequency of respiration and heart contractions, and EEG-activation. Investigations carried out showed these reactions to be extinguished at different time. At the late periods of labyrinthectomy a considerable asymmetry of nystagmus reaction to the angular accelerations equal in intensity, but opposite in direction was revealed. Stimulation of an intact otolith labyrinth was accompanied by the appearance of positional nystagmus. The results obtained indicated imperfection of the compensatory mechanisms during complete unilateral loss of the vestibular function.", "PMID": 305265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_221", "title": "Discrimination between human T and B lymphocytes and monocytes by computer analysis of digitized data from scanning microphotometry. I. Chromatin distribution patterns.", "content": "Digitized images of Feulgen-stained normal human B and T lymphocytes and monocytes were analyzed by computer and microphotometry. The algorithms assessed the chromatin distribution patterns. A substantial number of parameters descriptive of the chromatin distributions were found to show statistically highly significant differences between B and T cells and monocytes. Although the effects of a number of biologic variables, such as cell cycle phase and immune stimulation, need to be carefully evaluated, the preliminary results indicate potential for automatic classification and subclassification of human B and T lymphocytes in normal and disease states.", "contents": "Discrimination between human T and B lymphocytes and monocytes by computer analysis of digitized data from scanning microphotometry. I. Chromatin distribution patterns. Digitized images of Feulgen-stained normal human B and T lymphocytes and monocytes were analyzed by computer and microphotometry. The algorithms assessed the chromatin distribution patterns. A substantial number of parameters descriptive of the chromatin distributions were found to show statistically highly significant differences between B and T cells and monocytes. Although the effects of a number of biologic variables, such as cell cycle phase and immune stimulation, need to be carefully evaluated, the preliminary results indicate potential for automatic classification and subclassification of human B and T lymphocytes in normal and disease states.", "PMID": 305266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_222", "title": "Immunologic abnormalities in an animal model of chronic hypoplastic marrow failure induced by busulfan.", "content": "The immunology of chronic hypoplastic marrow failure (CHMF, aplastic anemia) was studied in an experimental murine model of the disease induced by busulfan. B lymphocytes of peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow were reduced to 30%-40% and T lymphocytes of thymus, spleen, marrow, and blood were decreased to 20%-70% of control values. IgG and IgM antibody titer to sheep red blood cells were reduced to one-third of control levels, and splenic IgG, but not IgM, plaque-forming cells were fewer on day 7 after antigen stimulation. The proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A were reduced in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes, splenic lymphocytes, and thymocytes, and cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by dinitrofluorobenze was not detected in mice with CHMF. The results demonstrate disturbance of a variety of cellular and humoral functions and suggest that the disturbance was due to quantitative and possibly qualitative abnormalities of the cell types subserving these functions. The results suggest that residual cell injury, the lesion underlying experimental CHMF, is not confined to the myeloid stem cell but also involved cells of the lymphoid series.", "contents": "Immunologic abnormalities in an animal model of chronic hypoplastic marrow failure induced by busulfan. The immunology of chronic hypoplastic marrow failure (CHMF, aplastic anemia) was studied in an experimental murine model of the disease induced by busulfan. B lymphocytes of peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow were reduced to 30%-40% and T lymphocytes of thymus, spleen, marrow, and blood were decreased to 20%-70% of control values. IgG and IgM antibody titer to sheep red blood cells were reduced to one-third of control levels, and splenic IgG, but not IgM, plaque-forming cells were fewer on day 7 after antigen stimulation. The proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A were reduced in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes, splenic lymphocytes, and thymocytes, and cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by dinitrofluorobenze was not detected in mice with CHMF. The results demonstrate disturbance of a variety of cellular and humoral functions and suggest that the disturbance was due to quantitative and possibly qualitative abnormalities of the cell types subserving these functions. The results suggest that residual cell injury, the lesion underlying experimental CHMF, is not confined to the myeloid stem cell but also involved cells of the lymphoid series.", "PMID": 305267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_223", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of patients following aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "A simple, accurate, noninvasive method is required for the objective evaluation of aortocoronary bypass surgery. Stress myocardial imaging with intravenous injection of potassium-43 or thallium-201 was used an average of 4.4 months after direct myocardial revascularization in 77 patients to assess the accuracy of stress myocardial imaging in predicting completeness of revascularization. The results were correlated with maximal treadmill exercise tests, extent of revascularization and status of bypass grafts (occlusion, stenosis and distal disease). We found stress myocardial imaging to be a more sensitive method than the stress electrocardiogram for the detection of incomplete revascularization. The method appears to be a sensitive noninvasive means of evaluating the results of aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of patients following aortocoronary bypass surgery. A simple, accurate, noninvasive method is required for the objective evaluation of aortocoronary bypass surgery. Stress myocardial imaging with intravenous injection of potassium-43 or thallium-201 was used an average of 4.4 months after direct myocardial revascularization in 77 patients to assess the accuracy of stress myocardial imaging in predicting completeness of revascularization. The results were correlated with maximal treadmill exercise tests, extent of revascularization and status of bypass grafts (occlusion, stenosis and distal disease). We found stress myocardial imaging to be a more sensitive method than the stress electrocardiogram for the detection of incomplete revascularization. The method appears to be a sensitive noninvasive means of evaluating the results of aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "PMID": 305274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_224", "title": "Changing patterns of intra-aortic balloon pump assistance.", "content": "Intra-aortic balloon pump assistance (IABPA) for cardiogenic shock is well established. The response to balloon pumping and patient survival are better after low output from cardiotomy than after myocardial infarction. Elective use of IABPA preoperatively allows an extra margin of safety for patients with acute coronary insufficiency, significant left main coronary artery stenosis, or depressed left ventricular function. However, advances in monitoring techniques during the induction of anesthesia and weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass support, as well as improved methods for myocardial preservation, have reduced the requirements for elective IABPA. Current indications for preoperative IABPA include: patients with acute coronary insufficiency who are totally unresponsive to full medical management and who continue to have pain and electrocardiographic changes at rest, and patients with serious left main coronary artery stenosis who also have acute coronary insufficiency or depressed left ventricular function. The survival of patients with valvular heart disease and left ventricular dysfunction is not improved with preoperative IABPA, while most patients with depressed left ventricular function from coronary artery disease may now undergo revascularization uneventfully, although inevitably some will still require postoperative IABPA.", "contents": "Changing patterns of intra-aortic balloon pump assistance. Intra-aortic balloon pump assistance (IABPA) for cardiogenic shock is well established. The response to balloon pumping and patient survival are better after low output from cardiotomy than after myocardial infarction. Elective use of IABPA preoperatively allows an extra margin of safety for patients with acute coronary insufficiency, significant left main coronary artery stenosis, or depressed left ventricular function. However, advances in monitoring techniques during the induction of anesthesia and weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass support, as well as improved methods for myocardial preservation, have reduced the requirements for elective IABPA. Current indications for preoperative IABPA include: patients with acute coronary insufficiency who are totally unresponsive to full medical management and who continue to have pain and electrocardiographic changes at rest, and patients with serious left main coronary artery stenosis who also have acute coronary insufficiency or depressed left ventricular function. The survival of patients with valvular heart disease and left ventricular dysfunction is not improved with preoperative IABPA, while most patients with depressed left ventricular function from coronary artery disease may now undergo revascularization uneventfully, although inevitably some will still require postoperative IABPA.", "PMID": 305276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_225", "title": "Angiography in determining the cause and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Angiography is useful in the diagnosis of active gastrointestinal bleeding if the rate is greater than 0.5 mL/min. For upper gastrointestinal bleeding, endoscopy is the preferred initial investigation and angiography is used for diagnosis only if the site of bleeding is still obscure. Angiography is the preferred method for investigation of massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding if results of sigmoidoscopy are negative. Vasopressin infusion is most useful for control of bleeding from esophageal varices, erosive gastritis and diverticular disease of the colon. Embolization with Gelfoam or clot is possible for massive hemorrhage from a single source in poor-risk patients. This is most successful for gastric or duodenal bleeding since the collateral blood supply prevents infarction. Some of the methods and complications of embolization are discussed and examples are given. Standard surgical principles should still apply in most cases.", "contents": "Angiography in determining the cause and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding. Angiography is useful in the diagnosis of active gastrointestinal bleeding if the rate is greater than 0.5 mL/min. For upper gastrointestinal bleeding, endoscopy is the preferred initial investigation and angiography is used for diagnosis only if the site of bleeding is still obscure. Angiography is the preferred method for investigation of massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding if results of sigmoidoscopy are negative. Vasopressin infusion is most useful for control of bleeding from esophageal varices, erosive gastritis and diverticular disease of the colon. Embolization with Gelfoam or clot is possible for massive hemorrhage from a single source in poor-risk patients. This is most successful for gastric or duodenal bleeding since the collateral blood supply prevents infarction. Some of the methods and complications of embolization are discussed and examples are given. Standard surgical principles should still apply in most cases.", "PMID": 305277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_226", "title": "Influence of aortocoronary bypass surgery on employment.", "content": "Aortocoronary bypass operations are expensive. Economic benefit might be derived if such operations influenced the ability of persons with symptomatic coronary artery disease to be employed. Follow-up data were obtained for 329 survivors of bypass operations 2 to 60 months (mean, 22.9 months) postoperatively; 178 had been working prior to the operation and 213 were working at the time of follow-up, for a net gain of 35 employed patients. Therefore, bypass surgery does lead to a small but significant increase in the proportion of angina patients who are employed.", "contents": "Influence of aortocoronary bypass surgery on employment. Aortocoronary bypass operations are expensive. Economic benefit might be derived if such operations influenced the ability of persons with symptomatic coronary artery disease to be employed. Follow-up data were obtained for 329 survivors of bypass operations 2 to 60 months (mean, 22.9 months) postoperatively; 178 had been working prior to the operation and 213 were working at the time of follow-up, for a net gain of 35 employed patients. Therefore, bypass surgery does lead to a small but significant increase in the proportion of angina patients who are employed.", "PMID": 305278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_227", "title": "Effect of lithium on granulopoiesis in culture.", "content": "Lithium carbonate therapy is associated with polymorphonuclear leukocytosis. In vitro studies have shown that lithium ions stimulate formation of granulocytic colonies. In a study undertaken to determine how lithium acts, colony-forming cells uncontaminated by monocytes (which elaborate colony-stimulating factor [CSF] in vitro) were obtained by means of a two-step cell separation procedure. The effects of lithium on colony formation were then studied in (a) cultures stimulated by humoral CSF, (b) cultures in which monocytes were relied upon to synthesize CSF de novo and (c) unstimulated cultures. Lithium enhanced the action of CSF but did not stimulate colony formation in the absence of CSF. In monocyte-stimulated cultures, colony formation increased with lithium concentrations up to 1 mmol/L but this increase paralleled that in CSF-stimulated cultures and therefore was not due to increased CSF production by monocytes. At higher concentrations of lithium, colony formation decreased in the monocyte-stimulated cultures but increased in the CSF-stimulated cultures. A lithium concentration of 4 mmol/L gave the greatest enhancing effect on colony formation in CSF-stimulated cultures and a concentration greater than 1 mmol/L inhibited de novo synthesis of CSF by monocytes.", "contents": "Effect of lithium on granulopoiesis in culture. Lithium carbonate therapy is associated with polymorphonuclear leukocytosis. In vitro studies have shown that lithium ions stimulate formation of granulocytic colonies. In a study undertaken to determine how lithium acts, colony-forming cells uncontaminated by monocytes (which elaborate colony-stimulating factor [CSF] in vitro) were obtained by means of a two-step cell separation procedure. The effects of lithium on colony formation were then studied in (a) cultures stimulated by humoral CSF, (b) cultures in which monocytes were relied upon to synthesize CSF de novo and (c) unstimulated cultures. Lithium enhanced the action of CSF but did not stimulate colony formation in the absence of CSF. In monocyte-stimulated cultures, colony formation increased with lithium concentrations up to 1 mmol/L but this increase paralleled that in CSF-stimulated cultures and therefore was not due to increased CSF production by monocytes. At higher concentrations of lithium, colony formation decreased in the monocyte-stimulated cultures but increased in the CSF-stimulated cultures. A lithium concentration of 4 mmol/L gave the greatest enhancing effect on colony formation in CSF-stimulated cultures and a concentration greater than 1 mmol/L inhibited de novo synthesis of CSF by monocytes.", "PMID": 305279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_228", "title": "Selection of operation in patients with bleeding esophageal varices.", "content": "The results of surgical treatment of bleeding esophageal varices over an 8-year period in 155 patients are reviewed. Primary treatment of bleeding was conservative, with intravenous administration of vasopressin and balloon tamponade. Emergency operations were carried out after 48 hours in persons with persistent bleeding who were surgical candidates. Operative mortality was higher in this group (40%) than in those undergoing elective or urgent operations (each 10%). Postoperative encephalopathy occurred in 35% of patients and was correlated closely to late death after establishment of a shunt. The mesocaval shunt is no better than the portacaval but appears to be a good alternative in an emergency. In a controlled trial the distal splenorenal shunt was found to be associated with a lower rate of postoperative encephalopathy than the portacaval shunt, but thus far the long-term survival rates have not differed.", "contents": "Selection of operation in patients with bleeding esophageal varices. The results of surgical treatment of bleeding esophageal varices over an 8-year period in 155 patients are reviewed. Primary treatment of bleeding was conservative, with intravenous administration of vasopressin and balloon tamponade. Emergency operations were carried out after 48 hours in persons with persistent bleeding who were surgical candidates. Operative mortality was higher in this group (40%) than in those undergoing elective or urgent operations (each 10%). Postoperative encephalopathy occurred in 35% of patients and was correlated closely to late death after establishment of a shunt. The mesocaval shunt is no better than the portacaval but appears to be a good alternative in an emergency. In a controlled trial the distal splenorenal shunt was found to be associated with a lower rate of postoperative encephalopathy than the portacaval shunt, but thus far the long-term survival rates have not differed.", "PMID": 305280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_229", "title": "Expectations of myocardial revascularization.", "content": "Surgical treatment of coronary artery disease has been under development for more than 35 years, during which time it has been met with considerable enthusiasm. As the surgical risk decreases, indications for coronary bypass procedures are being liberalized somewhat and increasing numbers of patients are being referred for surgical treatment. The most immediate benefit of such treatment is prompt relief from angina and improvement in the quality of life. Other benefits for various patient subgroups are improvement in left ventricular function and prolonged life. Further experience and controlled studies gradually will elucidate further indications for coronary artery bypass surgery and will result in improved evaluation of this treatment.", "contents": "Expectations of myocardial revascularization. Surgical treatment of coronary artery disease has been under development for more than 35 years, during which time it has been met with considerable enthusiasm. As the surgical risk decreases, indications for coronary bypass procedures are being liberalized somewhat and increasing numbers of patients are being referred for surgical treatment. The most immediate benefit of such treatment is prompt relief from angina and improvement in the quality of life. Other benefits for various patient subgroups are improvement in left ventricular function and prolonged life. Further experience and controlled studies gradually will elucidate further indications for coronary artery bypass surgery and will result in improved evaluation of this treatment.", "PMID": 305281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_230", "title": "Hyperthermia, antipyretics and function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Whether hyperthermia (temperature, 40 degrees C), salicylates, acetaminophen or phenacetin has an adverse effect on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function was examined. Migration experiemnts were carried out in Boyden chambers with bacterial chemotactic factor as the attract, and bactericidal assays were done with Staphylococcus aureus and serum from an AB blood group donor as a source of opsonins. PMNL viability was determined by the trypan blue exclusion method. Neither hyperthermia nor any of the drugs tested affected PMNL viability adversely, but sodium salicylate and phenacetin suppressed PMNL migration. Early staphylococcal killing was greater at 40 degrees C; however, after 2 hours the converse was true. Bactericidal activity was suppressed by acetylsalicylic acid, sodium salicylate and phenacetin. Hence it appears PMNL function is similar at 37 degrees and 40 degrees C but that some commonly used antipyretics have an adverse effect on PMNL activity.", "contents": "Hyperthermia, antipyretics and function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Whether hyperthermia (temperature, 40 degrees C), salicylates, acetaminophen or phenacetin has an adverse effect on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function was examined. Migration experiemnts were carried out in Boyden chambers with bacterial chemotactic factor as the attract, and bactericidal assays were done with Staphylococcus aureus and serum from an AB blood group donor as a source of opsonins. PMNL viability was determined by the trypan blue exclusion method. Neither hyperthermia nor any of the drugs tested affected PMNL viability adversely, but sodium salicylate and phenacetin suppressed PMNL migration. Early staphylococcal killing was greater at 40 degrees C; however, after 2 hours the converse was true. Bactericidal activity was suppressed by acetylsalicylic acid, sodium salicylate and phenacetin. Hence it appears PMNL function is similar at 37 degrees and 40 degrees C but that some commonly used antipyretics have an adverse effect on PMNL activity.", "PMID": 305282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_231", "title": "Oral high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue in metastastic squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Thirteen patients with metastatic squamous cell cancer of the lung were treated, in a nonrandomized study, with an oral high-dose methotrexate and citrovorum factor rescue regimen. There was some response and/or stabilization of disease for at least three months in six (46%) of 13 cases. The median survival time of the study group was double (365 vs. 180 days) that of a retrospectively matched control group. This suggests a possible therapeutic effect of this treatment program in metastatic squamous cell cancer of the lung.", "contents": "Oral high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue in metastastic squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Thirteen patients with metastatic squamous cell cancer of the lung were treated, in a nonrandomized study, with an oral high-dose methotrexate and citrovorum factor rescue regimen. There was some response and/or stabilization of disease for at least three months in six (46%) of 13 cases. The median survival time of the study group was double (365 vs. 180 days) that of a retrospectively matched control group. This suggests a possible therapeutic effect of this treatment program in metastatic squamous cell cancer of the lung.", "PMID": 305283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_232", "title": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: an ultrastructural and immunologic study with review of the literature.", "content": "Six cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIBL) are presented, detailed ultrastructural and immunohistologic studies of several involved organs are described, and the literature is reviewed. The features of the lesion are of normal immune reactive cells containing polyclonal cytoplasmic immunoglobulin. Large numbers of dying and degenerating cells result in accumulations of cell debris, corresponding to the characteristic interstitial material seen by light microscopy. Our studies confirm that the vascular changes are unique to lymph nodes, appear confined to postcapillary venules, and consist of endothelial cell hypertrophy and expansion of the vessel wall by basement membrane-like material, cellular debris and collagen fibers. No deposits of amyloid or antigen-antibody complexes were noted by ultrastructural or immunologic techniques. Our data reveal morphologic and laboratory features of a hyperimmune state but with paradoxical cutaneous anergy and decrease in blood (T) lymphocytes. We postulate that AIBL is an abnormal, but non-neoplastic immune reaction related to the autoimmune disorders, resulting from a loss of suppressor T cells with hyperfunction of the B lymphocyte system.", "contents": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: an ultrastructural and immunologic study with review of the literature. Six cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIBL) are presented, detailed ultrastructural and immunohistologic studies of several involved organs are described, and the literature is reviewed. The features of the lesion are of normal immune reactive cells containing polyclonal cytoplasmic immunoglobulin. Large numbers of dying and degenerating cells result in accumulations of cell debris, corresponding to the characteristic interstitial material seen by light microscopy. Our studies confirm that the vascular changes are unique to lymph nodes, appear confined to postcapillary venules, and consist of endothelial cell hypertrophy and expansion of the vessel wall by basement membrane-like material, cellular debris and collagen fibers. No deposits of amyloid or antigen-antibody complexes were noted by ultrastructural or immunologic techniques. Our data reveal morphologic and laboratory features of a hyperimmune state but with paradoxical cutaneous anergy and decrease in blood (T) lymphocytes. We postulate that AIBL is an abnormal, but non-neoplastic immune reaction related to the autoimmune disorders, resulting from a loss of suppressor T cells with hyperfunction of the B lymphocyte system.", "PMID": 305284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_233", "title": "Ability of thymic lymphocytes to alter CFU kinetics in radiation chimeras.", "content": "It is known that the poor colony-forming ability of B6 bone marrow transplanted into B6D2F1 hybrids can be improved if B6 lymphocytes are given in addition. It was recently reported that the augmenting lymphocytes decrease the doubling time of differentiating hemopoietic cells. To determine whether thymus cells alter the self-renewal of CFUs in this parent leads to F1 combination, retransplantation and 3H-thymidine 'suicide' were employed as methods to determine the cell-division rate. We have observed that in the presence of thymocytes, parental bone marrow cells are seeded more efficiently in the spleen, and the lag phase of the CFUs growth curve is shortened. However, thymic lymphocytes do not increase the slope of the exponential growth phase of CFUs.", "contents": "Ability of thymic lymphocytes to alter CFU kinetics in radiation chimeras. It is known that the poor colony-forming ability of B6 bone marrow transplanted into B6D2F1 hybrids can be improved if B6 lymphocytes are given in addition. It was recently reported that the augmenting lymphocytes decrease the doubling time of differentiating hemopoietic cells. To determine whether thymus cells alter the self-renewal of CFUs in this parent leads to F1 combination, retransplantation and 3H-thymidine 'suicide' were employed as methods to determine the cell-division rate. We have observed that in the presence of thymocytes, parental bone marrow cells are seeded more efficiently in the spleen, and the lag phase of the CFUs growth curve is shortened. However, thymic lymphocytes do not increase the slope of the exponential growth phase of CFUs.", "PMID": 305286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_234", "title": "[Hemobilia and hemoperitoneum (discussion of an unusual clinical case)].", "content": "A rare case of haemoperitoneum from rupture of haemocholecyst is described. The origin of the haemorrhage, on the basis of the case history, clinical, intra-operative and anatomo-pathological data, was in all probability intrahepatic. In addition to discussion of the incidence of this morbid event, the article refers to the most frequent causes of haemobilia, the physiopathological mechanisms supporting it, the symptomatological triad characterising it even when aspecific, and the available diagnostic possibilities.", "contents": "[Hemobilia and hemoperitoneum (discussion of an unusual clinical case)]. A rare case of haemoperitoneum from rupture of haemocholecyst is described. The origin of the haemorrhage, on the basis of the case history, clinical, intra-operative and anatomo-pathological data, was in all probability intrahepatic. In addition to discussion of the incidence of this morbid event, the article refers to the most frequent causes of haemobilia, the physiopathological mechanisms supporting it, the symptomatological triad characterising it even when aspecific, and the available diagnostic possibilities.", "PMID": 305297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_235", "title": "Physiologic improvement following coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "In this study the effects of coronary artery bypass surgery on ventricular function were evaluated at rest by quantitative analysis of segmental wall motion on cineventriculography, and during maximal treadmill exercise by measurement of serial cardiac outputs (Fick method) with the use of indwelling pulmonary artery and radial artery catheters. The patient had single vessel coronary disease and exertional angina. Following placement of a bypass graft to the proximally occluded left anterior descenting coronary artery, and despite the presence of arterial hypoxemia secondary to interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, a striking increase in maximal cardiac output occurred, mediated by a rise in both maximal heart rate and stroke volume. In this patient, resting ventricular volumes and ejection fraction were normal both before and after surgery, but preoperative abnormalities in extent of segmental wall motion, identified quantitatively, were restored to normal after bypass grafting. These investigations indicate that bypass surgery can provide substantial physiologic benefits in addition to providing subjective relief of anginal symptoms.", "contents": "Physiologic improvement following coronary artery bypass surgery. In this study the effects of coronary artery bypass surgery on ventricular function were evaluated at rest by quantitative analysis of segmental wall motion on cineventriculography, and during maximal treadmill exercise by measurement of serial cardiac outputs (Fick method) with the use of indwelling pulmonary artery and radial artery catheters. The patient had single vessel coronary disease and exertional angina. Following placement of a bypass graft to the proximally occluded left anterior descenting coronary artery, and despite the presence of arterial hypoxemia secondary to interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, a striking increase in maximal cardiac output occurred, mediated by a rise in both maximal heart rate and stroke volume. In this patient, resting ventricular volumes and ejection fraction were normal both before and after surgery, but preoperative abnormalities in extent of segmental wall motion, identified quantitatively, were restored to normal after bypass grafting. These investigations indicate that bypass surgery can provide substantial physiologic benefits in addition to providing subjective relief of anginal symptoms.", "PMID": 305322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_236", "title": "Methotrexate-induced ventriculitis: appearance on routine radionculide scan and emission computed tomography.", "content": "A 9-year-old boy with acute lymphocytic leukemia underwent intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) treatment over a period of one year because of CNS symptoms. After a sudden rapid deterioration, radionuclide imaging demonstrated marked ventricular wall concentration, presumed related to MTX toxicity. After cessation of MTX treatment, the patient improved, and subsequent radionuclide images reverted to normal appearance.", "contents": "Methotrexate-induced ventriculitis: appearance on routine radionculide scan and emission computed tomography. A 9-year-old boy with acute lymphocytic leukemia underwent intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) treatment over a period of one year because of CNS symptoms. After a sudden rapid deterioration, radionuclide imaging demonstrated marked ventricular wall concentration, presumed related to MTX toxicity. After cessation of MTX treatment, the patient improved, and subsequent radionuclide images reverted to normal appearance.", "PMID": 305325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_237", "title": "Nutrition and the immune response.", "content": "Vitamin E--selenium deficiency in dogs resulted in complete suppression of lymphocyte responsiveness to stimulation with mitogens. Depressing effects on neutralizing antibody synthesis were also noted. A serum factor associated with the inability of lymphocytes to respond has been isolated and partially purified. The suppressor factor can be removed or transformed by both in vivo and in vitro vitamin E supplementation.", "contents": "Nutrition and the immune response. Vitamin E--selenium deficiency in dogs resulted in complete suppression of lymphocyte responsiveness to stimulation with mitogens. Depressing effects on neutralizing antibody synthesis were also noted. A serum factor associated with the inability of lymphocytes to respond has been isolated and partially purified. The suppressor factor can be removed or transformed by both in vivo and in vitro vitamin E supplementation.", "PMID": 305329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_238", "title": "Pre- and postoperative pulmonary function abnormalities in coronary artery revascularization surgery.", "content": "Pulmonary function studies were conducted one to two days prior to, two weeks after, and an average of 116 days after coronary artery revascularization surgery. Preoperation it was found that 11 of 19 patients had mild to moderate obstruction, 8 of 17 had diffusing capacity less than 80 percent of predicted, and 9 of 17 had mild hypoxemia. Many of these abnormalities seemed related to smoking. After surgery, significant reductions in volumes, diffusion and PaO2 were found at two weeks. By the last study, there was improvement in volumes and diffusion, but they remained significantly reduced in comparison to preoperative levels. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) had returned to preoperative levels. Correction of diffusion for volume showed there to be no change in any of the study periods suggesting chest wall alteration is a major component of the abnormality. It is concluded that close monitoring of pulmonary function is indicated before and after operation in this patient population even if the patient is asymptomatic.", "contents": "Pre- and postoperative pulmonary function abnormalities in coronary artery revascularization surgery. Pulmonary function studies were conducted one to two days prior to, two weeks after, and an average of 116 days after coronary artery revascularization surgery. Preoperation it was found that 11 of 19 patients had mild to moderate obstruction, 8 of 17 had diffusing capacity less than 80 percent of predicted, and 9 of 17 had mild hypoxemia. Many of these abnormalities seemed related to smoking. After surgery, significant reductions in volumes, diffusion and PaO2 were found at two weeks. By the last study, there was improvement in volumes and diffusion, but they remained significantly reduced in comparison to preoperative levels. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) had returned to preoperative levels. Correction of diffusion for volume showed there to be no change in any of the study periods suggesting chest wall alteration is a major component of the abnormality. It is concluded that close monitoring of pulmonary function is indicated before and after operation in this patient population even if the patient is asymptomatic.", "PMID": 305330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_239", "title": "Repeat aortocoronary bypass grafting. Early and late results.", "content": "Seventy-nine patients underwent repeat myocardial revascularization between March 1971 and January 1977. The initial procedure was performed at the St. Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, in 70 (2.0 percent) of 3,526 patients undergoing surgery for coronary arterial disease and in nine more patients was performed at other hospitals; the second operation followed the first procedure at an interval of from three weeks to 78 months. Five deaths (6 percent) occurred while patients were hospitalized, and six deaths (8 percent) occurred later. Two of the six later deaths were from noncardiac causes. Complications were not different from those that occurred during primary procedures. Thirty-six (60 percent) of 60 patients undergoing repeat surgery since 1973 did not receive any transfusions of blood during or after surgery. Of 48 patients followed-up for periods ranging from 12 to 70 months after the second operation, angina was completely relieved in 18 patients (38 percent), improved in 16 patients (33 percent), unchanged in 11 patients (23 percent), and worse in three patients (6 percent).", "contents": "Repeat aortocoronary bypass grafting. Early and late results. Seventy-nine patients underwent repeat myocardial revascularization between March 1971 and January 1977. The initial procedure was performed at the St. Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, in 70 (2.0 percent) of 3,526 patients undergoing surgery for coronary arterial disease and in nine more patients was performed at other hospitals; the second operation followed the first procedure at an interval of from three weeks to 78 months. Five deaths (6 percent) occurred while patients were hospitalized, and six deaths (8 percent) occurred later. Two of the six later deaths were from noncardiac causes. Complications were not different from those that occurred during primary procedures. Thirty-six (60 percent) of 60 patients undergoing repeat surgery since 1973 did not receive any transfusions of blood during or after surgery. Of 48 patients followed-up for periods ranging from 12 to 70 months after the second operation, angina was completely relieved in 18 patients (38 percent), improved in 16 patients (33 percent), unchanged in 11 patients (23 percent), and worse in three patients (6 percent).", "PMID": 305331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_240", "title": "Normotopic plus heterotopic atypical teratomas.", "content": "6 cases of normotopic plus heterotopic atypical teratomas are presented. The difficulty of making an accurate early diagnosis is stressed. Suggestions for interpreting both clinical and radiograph data are presented.", "contents": "Normotopic plus heterotopic atypical teratomas. 6 cases of normotopic plus heterotopic atypical teratomas are presented. The difficulty of making an accurate early diagnosis is stressed. Suggestions for interpreting both clinical and radiograph data are presented.", "PMID": 305333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_241", "title": "Genetic heterogeneity at the locus for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "content": "The purine phosphoribosyltransferases have emerged as important enzymes in the metabolic economy of the developing human. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT, EC 2.4.2.8) catalyses the conversion of hypoxanthine and guinine into their respective nucleotides. Inherited variation in HGPRT first became evident through clinical observations with the definition of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In this disorder, HGPRT activity in erythrocytes is almost zero, although the fact that sensitive electrophoretic analysis reveals a tiny amount of activity suggests that a protein of altered structure is present. Furthermore, this variant enzyme has been activated by manipulation in the presence of small amounts of normal enzyme. Nevertheless, no cross-reacting material could be detected in lysates of red cells or fibroblasts of patients with the syndrome when tested with antiserum prepared in rabbits to normal erythrocyte HGPRT. We have tested for the presence of cross-reacting material in 18 patients, and all were negative. More HGPRT variants are coming to light. Most of the patients have renal stone disease or gout but no other feature of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In one family four affected males displayed about 5% of normal activity, and the enzyme migrated electrophoretically more rapidly than normal. Cross-reacting material could not be demonstrated in erythrocyte lysates, although it was clear that a variant protein was present. A boy with renal stone disease has been found to have about 1% of normal erythrocyte activity of HGPRT. Cross-reacting material was found in his erythrocytes. The data indicate that mutations which produce diminished enzyme activity in this protein with a distinct subunit structure may or may not so alter the tertiary state of the protein that immunoreactive sites are no longer available to antibody prepared against the normal enzyme. So far whenever a variant normal HGPRT has been found there has been an identifiable clinical illness. The different forms of illness provide for correlation of molecular structure and function in man.", "contents": "Genetic heterogeneity at the locus for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The purine phosphoribosyltransferases have emerged as important enzymes in the metabolic economy of the developing human. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT, EC 2.4.2.8) catalyses the conversion of hypoxanthine and guinine into their respective nucleotides. Inherited variation in HGPRT first became evident through clinical observations with the definition of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In this disorder, HGPRT activity in erythrocytes is almost zero, although the fact that sensitive electrophoretic analysis reveals a tiny amount of activity suggests that a protein of altered structure is present. Furthermore, this variant enzyme has been activated by manipulation in the presence of small amounts of normal enzyme. Nevertheless, no cross-reacting material could be detected in lysates of red cells or fibroblasts of patients with the syndrome when tested with antiserum prepared in rabbits to normal erythrocyte HGPRT. We have tested for the presence of cross-reacting material in 18 patients, and all were negative. More HGPRT variants are coming to light. Most of the patients have renal stone disease or gout but no other feature of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In one family four affected males displayed about 5% of normal activity, and the enzyme migrated electrophoretically more rapidly than normal. Cross-reacting material could not be demonstrated in erythrocyte lysates, although it was clear that a variant protein was present. A boy with renal stone disease has been found to have about 1% of normal erythrocyte activity of HGPRT. Cross-reacting material was found in his erythrocytes. The data indicate that mutations which produce diminished enzyme activity in this protein with a distinct subunit structure may or may not so alter the tertiary state of the protein that immunoreactive sites are no longer available to antibody prepared against the normal enzyme. So far whenever a variant normal HGPRT has been found there has been an identifiable clinical illness. The different forms of illness provide for correlation of molecular structure and function in man.", "PMID": 305334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_242", "title": "[Angiodysplasia of the gut as cause of massive gastrointestinal bleeding (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiodysplasia of the colon with preferential localisation in the region the ileocoecal valve is not infrequently the cause of massive gastrointestinal bleeding. The diagnostic problems of this disease are illustrated by seven cases. Contrary to angiography, coloscopy, which may have to be done as an emergency procedure, frequently does not allow localisation of the haemorrhage. Vascular malformations can be demonstrated by arteriography even in the asymptomatic interval. They frequently escape macroscopic identification even in the resected specimen due to their small size and their localisation in the submucosa. The diagnosis can be established histologically by serial sections with vascular filling if necessary. The treatment of choice is resection of the affected part of the gut. In cases of decreased operability endoscopic laser coagulation can be indicated.", "contents": "[Angiodysplasia of the gut as cause of massive gastrointestinal bleeding (author's transl)]. Angiodysplasia of the colon with preferential localisation in the region the ileocoecal valve is not infrequently the cause of massive gastrointestinal bleeding. The diagnostic problems of this disease are illustrated by seven cases. Contrary to angiography, coloscopy, which may have to be done as an emergency procedure, frequently does not allow localisation of the haemorrhage. Vascular malformations can be demonstrated by arteriography even in the asymptomatic interval. They frequently escape macroscopic identification even in the resected specimen due to their small size and their localisation in the submucosa. The diagnosis can be established histologically by serial sections with vascular filling if necessary. The treatment of choice is resection of the affected part of the gut. In cases of decreased operability endoscopic laser coagulation can be indicated.", "PMID": 305339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_243", "title": "Studies on hypothalamic estradiol binding during estrous cycle and after ovariectomy.", "content": "Specific binding of 3H-estradiol (1 microgram kg-1 injected s.c. 1 h before sacrifice) in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and uterus of cycling and ovariectomized female rats was investigated. Preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (POA-AH) and median eminence-basal hypothalamus (ME-BH) were separated by gross dissection from the bulk of hypothalamus. Pieces of parietal cortex served as controls. The lowest amount of 3H-estradiol specifically bound to cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors in POA-AH and ME-BH was found in proestrus, while in estrus-metestrus it was the highest. In contrast to hypothalamic estrogen sensitive areas, the lowest uterine binding was found in estrus and the highest in diestrus-proestrus. Changes in estradiol binding in the anterior pituitary were similar to that in the uterus. Ovariectomy made 48 h before 3H-estradiol injection markedly increased the nuclear binding in POA-AH and ME-BH compared to that observed in cycling animals. However, it decreased nuclear binding in the uterus. Cytoplasmic binding seems to be decreased in the hypothalamus as well as in the uterus of ovariectomized animals as compared to the highest level observed during estrous cycle in intact ones.", "contents": "Studies on hypothalamic estradiol binding during estrous cycle and after ovariectomy. Specific binding of 3H-estradiol (1 microgram kg-1 injected s.c. 1 h before sacrifice) in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and uterus of cycling and ovariectomized female rats was investigated. Preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (POA-AH) and median eminence-basal hypothalamus (ME-BH) were separated by gross dissection from the bulk of hypothalamus. Pieces of parietal cortex served as controls. The lowest amount of 3H-estradiol specifically bound to cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors in POA-AH and ME-BH was found in proestrus, while in estrus-metestrus it was the highest. In contrast to hypothalamic estrogen sensitive areas, the lowest uterine binding was found in estrus and the highest in diestrus-proestrus. Changes in estradiol binding in the anterior pituitary were similar to that in the uterus. Ovariectomy made 48 h before 3H-estradiol injection markedly increased the nuclear binding in POA-AH and ME-BH compared to that observed in cycling animals. However, it decreased nuclear binding in the uterus. Cytoplasmic binding seems to be decreased in the hypothalamus as well as in the uterus of ovariectomized animals as compared to the highest level observed during estrous cycle in intact ones.", "PMID": 305342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_244", "title": "Failure to demonstrate a natriuretic effect of neurophysin in rats.", "content": "Partly purified rat neurophysin was tested for its possible natriuretic activity in acutely hypophysectomized saline-loaded rats (hypophysectomized 2 h prior to saline infusion). Such animals were unable to excrete the saline load. When partly purified rat neurophysin was injected i. p. in a dose of 40 microgram per animal (which corresponds to its content in one rat posterior pituitary) before saline loading, the sodium excretion was not different from that found in acutely hypophysectomized animals, but it was significantly lower than in normal saline-loaded rats. It was concluded that any apparent natriuretic effect of rat neurophysin could not be established by the present experiments under the experimental conditions used.", "contents": "Failure to demonstrate a natriuretic effect of neurophysin in rats. Partly purified rat neurophysin was tested for its possible natriuretic activity in acutely hypophysectomized saline-loaded rats (hypophysectomized 2 h prior to saline infusion). Such animals were unable to excrete the saline load. When partly purified rat neurophysin was injected i. p. in a dose of 40 microgram per animal (which corresponds to its content in one rat posterior pituitary) before saline loading, the sodium excretion was not different from that found in acutely hypophysectomized animals, but it was significantly lower than in normal saline-loaded rats. It was concluded that any apparent natriuretic effect of rat neurophysin could not be established by the present experiments under the experimental conditions used.", "PMID": 305343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_245", "title": "Diurnal rhythm corticosterone in fasted rats.", "content": "The diurnal rhythm of plasma and adrenal corticosterone level was examined in fed male Wistar rats and in these fasted for 24 and 48 h. In fed animals a remarkable diurnal rhythm of both parameters was found showing a nadir at the beginning and a zenith at the end of light period. After 24 h of fasting the zenith was shifted to the beginning of dark period without any other changes. After 48 h of fasting remarkable shifts were found resulting in a nadir at the beginning of dark period and a zenith at the middle of light period.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythm corticosterone in fasted rats. The diurnal rhythm of plasma and adrenal corticosterone level was examined in fed male Wistar rats and in these fasted for 24 and 48 h. In fed animals a remarkable diurnal rhythm of both parameters was found showing a nadir at the beginning and a zenith at the end of light period. After 24 h of fasting the zenith was shifted to the beginning of dark period without any other changes. After 48 h of fasting remarkable shifts were found resulting in a nadir at the beginning of dark period and a zenith at the middle of light period.", "PMID": 305344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_246", "title": "Tertiary follicles in heifers treated with melengestrol acetate.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative changes of tertiary follicles were studied in ovaries of heifers during and after the treatment with melengestrol acetate (MGA--6-methyl-6-dehydro-16-methylen-17alpha-acetoxyprogesteron), the atretic tertiary follicles being classified into several types. During the administration of MGA an increased number of atretic follicles was found as well as a stimulation of glandular cells of theca interna, while after the withdrawal of the drug an increased number of normal tertiary follicles was observed estrous cycle. On the 7th day of MGA administration most of the atretic follicles were in the stage of early atresia and a few only were in the stage of luteinized cystic atresia. On the 14th day, however, most of tertiary follicles were in late atresia and only a few were in early atresia. Moreover, at the same time the number of follicles classified as luteinized cystic atresia was increased, while that of follicles showing cystic follicular atresia was decreased. After the withdrawal of MGA the most numerous group of follicles was in the stage of early atresia. It was demonstrated that the time changes in the number of follicles with a diameter larger than 5 mm resemble that of normal tertiary follicles. During MGA administration the number of follicles with a diameter of 2 to 5 mm was the largest. These findings show that MGA may effect the feed-back regulation of both the cyclic and basal secretion of gonadotropic hormones. After the withdrawal of the drug there may be higher basal secretion of gonadotropins.", "contents": "Tertiary follicles in heifers treated with melengestrol acetate. Qualitative and quantitative changes of tertiary follicles were studied in ovaries of heifers during and after the treatment with melengestrol acetate (MGA--6-methyl-6-dehydro-16-methylen-17alpha-acetoxyprogesteron), the atretic tertiary follicles being classified into several types. During the administration of MGA an increased number of atretic follicles was found as well as a stimulation of glandular cells of theca interna, while after the withdrawal of the drug an increased number of normal tertiary follicles was observed estrous cycle. On the 7th day of MGA administration most of the atretic follicles were in the stage of early atresia and a few only were in the stage of luteinized cystic atresia. On the 14th day, however, most of tertiary follicles were in late atresia and only a few were in early atresia. Moreover, at the same time the number of follicles classified as luteinized cystic atresia was increased, while that of follicles showing cystic follicular atresia was decreased. After the withdrawal of MGA the most numerous group of follicles was in the stage of early atresia. It was demonstrated that the time changes in the number of follicles with a diameter larger than 5 mm resemble that of normal tertiary follicles. During MGA administration the number of follicles with a diameter of 2 to 5 mm was the largest. These findings show that MGA may effect the feed-back regulation of both the cyclic and basal secretion of gonadotropic hormones. After the withdrawal of the drug there may be higher basal secretion of gonadotropins.", "PMID": 305345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_247", "title": "Diurnal variations in plasma calcium, parathormone and calcitonin levels and crop gland activity in pigeon.", "content": "Circulating levels of plasma calcitonin and parathormone were measured in the pigeon by radio immunoassay in relation to plasma concentrations of calcium. Adult birds undergoing 3 particular phases of crop gland activity (Group 1.--4 days prior to hatching, Group 2.--2 days following hatching, Group 3.--12 days following hatching), were used as experimental animals. Calcium showed a marked circadian rhythm and the levels of plasma calcitonin and parathormone fluctuate similarly with calcium changes. Significant differences between treatment groups were noted for calcium, calcitonin and parathormone, indicating the interacting control of calcium mobilization and utilization by these two hormones during crop gland activity.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in plasma calcium, parathormone and calcitonin levels and crop gland activity in pigeon. Circulating levels of plasma calcitonin and parathormone were measured in the pigeon by radio immunoassay in relation to plasma concentrations of calcium. Adult birds undergoing 3 particular phases of crop gland activity (Group 1.--4 days prior to hatching, Group 2.--2 days following hatching, Group 3.--12 days following hatching), were used as experimental animals. Calcium showed a marked circadian rhythm and the levels of plasma calcitonin and parathormone fluctuate similarly with calcium changes. Significant differences between treatment groups were noted for calcium, calcitonin and parathormone, indicating the interacting control of calcium mobilization and utilization by these two hormones during crop gland activity.", "PMID": 305346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_248", "title": "The requirement of cytoplasmatic receptors for entry of testosterone into nuclei of rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "A reconstituted system composed of partially purified nuclear pellet and cytosol from rat quadriceps muscle was used in order to establish whether cytosol is necessary for nuclear uptake of testosterone. It was demonstrated that the presence of cytosol enhances remarkably the total nuclear uptake of this hormone.", "contents": "The requirement of cytoplasmatic receptors for entry of testosterone into nuclei of rat skeletal muscle. A reconstituted system composed of partially purified nuclear pellet and cytosol from rat quadriceps muscle was used in order to establish whether cytosol is necessary for nuclear uptake of testosterone. It was demonstrated that the presence of cytosol enhances remarkably the total nuclear uptake of this hormone.", "PMID": 305347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_249", "title": "Influence of intragastrically administered androgens on hypothalamic differentiation in rats.", "content": "Male and female rats aged 3 days were injected intragastrically with methyltestosterone and STS 383 synthetic androgen in doses between 0.4-3.2 mg and 0.2-3.2 mg, respectively. The treated females showed disturbances in hypothalamic differentiation as demonstrated by changes of the day of vaginal opening and frequency of oestrus, by a decrease of ovarian weight and a loss of fertility. It is thus possible to investigate perorally active aromatizable androgens for their central activities. STS 383, a new p. o. active androgen showed a higher activity compared with methyltestosterone in this study, whereas in the Hershberger model methyltestosterone was previously found to be 4 times more active than STS 383. A possible dissociation of central and peripheral activities between these two substances is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of intragastrically administered androgens on hypothalamic differentiation in rats. Male and female rats aged 3 days were injected intragastrically with methyltestosterone and STS 383 synthetic androgen in doses between 0.4-3.2 mg and 0.2-3.2 mg, respectively. The treated females showed disturbances in hypothalamic differentiation as demonstrated by changes of the day of vaginal opening and frequency of oestrus, by a decrease of ovarian weight and a loss of fertility. It is thus possible to investigate perorally active aromatizable androgens for their central activities. STS 383, a new p. o. active androgen showed a higher activity compared with methyltestosterone in this study, whereas in the Hershberger model methyltestosterone was previously found to be 4 times more active than STS 383. A possible dissociation of central and peripheral activities between these two substances is discussed.", "PMID": 305348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_250", "title": "Influence of single peroral dose of aminoglutethimide on the rat adrenal cortex.", "content": "In female albino rats force fed with a single dose of 50 mg of aminoglutethimide (AG) lipoid adrenocortical hyperplasia was found within 24 h. In addition, a marked focal increase in cytoplasmic transparency was found which ultrastructurally appeared to result from optically empty vacuoles and membrane-bound spaces. Later, an increase occurred in the translucency of the cytoplasmic matrix, mitochondrial swelling, destruction of cell membranes and disappearance of adrenocortical cells presenting as cytolysis. Some of the damaged cortical cells contained protein vacuoles with fibrillar structures and occasionally also blood cells. All such changes were associated with a marked infiltration by neutrophilic granulocytes, the most severe of them resembling an acute purulent epinephritis. Ultrastructural examination showed blood monocytes with signs of initial phagocytic activity at sites of disintegration of adrenocortical cells. Focal decrease of dehydrogenase activity was demonstrated in areas of cellular destruction, while no alteration in acid phosphatase activity was detected. Moreover, an absolute increase in corticosterone production form endogeneous precursors in vitro was found which could be partially explained by an increase in adrenocortical size. Formation of 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone from 4-14C-progesterone was decreased. However, no appreciable changes were revealed in the zona glomerulosa. From these findings it may be assumed that high doses of AG not only block the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone, but also injure some other cellular enzymatic systems necessary for the integrity of the adrenocortical cell.", "contents": "Influence of single peroral dose of aminoglutethimide on the rat adrenal cortex. In female albino rats force fed with a single dose of 50 mg of aminoglutethimide (AG) lipoid adrenocortical hyperplasia was found within 24 h. In addition, a marked focal increase in cytoplasmic transparency was found which ultrastructurally appeared to result from optically empty vacuoles and membrane-bound spaces. Later, an increase occurred in the translucency of the cytoplasmic matrix, mitochondrial swelling, destruction of cell membranes and disappearance of adrenocortical cells presenting as cytolysis. Some of the damaged cortical cells contained protein vacuoles with fibrillar structures and occasionally also blood cells. All such changes were associated with a marked infiltration by neutrophilic granulocytes, the most severe of them resembling an acute purulent epinephritis. Ultrastructural examination showed blood monocytes with signs of initial phagocytic activity at sites of disintegration of adrenocortical cells. Focal decrease of dehydrogenase activity was demonstrated in areas of cellular destruction, while no alteration in acid phosphatase activity was detected. Moreover, an absolute increase in corticosterone production form endogeneous precursors in vitro was found which could be partially explained by an increase in adrenocortical size. Formation of 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone from 4-14C-progesterone was decreased. However, no appreciable changes were revealed in the zona glomerulosa. From these findings it may be assumed that high doses of AG not only block the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone, but also injure some other cellular enzymatic systems necessary for the integrity of the adrenocortical cell.", "PMID": 305349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_251", "title": "Intragastral disintegration of blood coagula by mechanical vibration.", "content": "A new method of intragastral disintegration of big blood coagula by mechanical waves is described. Intragastral application of ultrasound was disappointing. A flexural electromagnetic resonator was brought up for clinical trial and showed an effective intragastral thrombotripsy. Even other substances like tablets, food or scybala could be disintegrated. The described method represents a simple, safe and efficient procedure which will enrich the catalogue of possiblities in endoscopic examinations.", "contents": "Intragastral disintegration of blood coagula by mechanical vibration. A new method of intragastral disintegration of big blood coagula by mechanical waves is described. Intragastral application of ultrasound was disappointing. A flexural electromagnetic resonator was brought up for clinical trial and showed an effective intragastral thrombotripsy. Even other substances like tablets, food or scybala could be disintegrated. The described method represents a simple, safe and efficient procedure which will enrich the catalogue of possiblities in endoscopic examinations.", "PMID": 305350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_252", "title": "Ruptured pancreatic pseudocysts: diagnosis by endoscopy. Report of 3 cases.", "content": "Report on 3 cases of spontaneous perforation of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the stomach; presenting symptom was in each case an acute upper GI-bleeding. The pseudocyst was endoscopically seen as a well delineated, hemorrhagic protrusion into the stomach. After full perforation the spontaneous ostium had the appearance of a surgical anastomosis. High amylase concentration in the aspirate ave further diagnostic evidence. All 3 patients survived, 2 of them without surgery.", "contents": "Ruptured pancreatic pseudocysts: diagnosis by endoscopy. Report of 3 cases. Report on 3 cases of spontaneous perforation of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the stomach; presenting symptom was in each case an acute upper GI-bleeding. The pseudocyst was endoscopically seen as a well delineated, hemorrhagic protrusion into the stomach. After full perforation the spontaneous ostium had the appearance of a surgical anastomosis. High amylase concentration in the aspirate ave further diagnostic evidence. All 3 patients survived, 2 of them without surgery.", "PMID": 305351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_253", "title": "Surgical emergency cases--endoscopic treatment.", "content": "For gastrointestinal surgery endoscopy gains more and more importance. Besides the desired improvement of pre-, intra- and postoperative diagnosis multiple therapeutic procedures proved to be practicable. Of special interest are those methods, which can be used successfully in emergency cases. Here the foreign body dislodgement, the stopping of hemorrhage and the introduction of tubes in cases of ileus or dehiscence of the suture have to be mentioned. The endoscopic treatment is very often a complementary or palliative one and not so much an alternative. These methods are applied to patients at high risk.", "contents": "Surgical emergency cases--endoscopic treatment. For gastrointestinal surgery endoscopy gains more and more importance. Besides the desired improvement of pre-, intra- and postoperative diagnosis multiple therapeutic procedures proved to be practicable. Of special interest are those methods, which can be used successfully in emergency cases. Here the foreign body dislodgement, the stopping of hemorrhage and the introduction of tubes in cases of ileus or dehiscence of the suture have to be mentioned. The endoscopic treatment is very often a complementary or palliative one and not so much an alternative. These methods are applied to patients at high risk.", "PMID": 305352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_254", "title": "Isolated varices of the gastric fundus--endoscopic diagnosis and surgical treatment.", "content": "Isolated gastric varices in patients with portal hypertension are a relatively rare source of bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy is a very valuable method of diagnosis in such cases. The authors report their own observation of gastric varices, well documented with the endoscopic technique before and after surgery. Varices of the gastric fundus are always an indication to surgical management. On the basis of their own experiences made with 5 patients, the authors recommend a direct intervention in form of an extragastric suture or resection of the convolution of the varicose veins, in selected patients simultaneously complete with a portasystemic shunt.", "contents": "Isolated varices of the gastric fundus--endoscopic diagnosis and surgical treatment. Isolated gastric varices in patients with portal hypertension are a relatively rare source of bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy is a very valuable method of diagnosis in such cases. The authors report their own observation of gastric varices, well documented with the endoscopic technique before and after surgery. Varices of the gastric fundus are always an indication to surgical management. On the basis of their own experiences made with 5 patients, the authors recommend a direct intervention in form of an extragastric suture or resection of the convolution of the varicose veins, in selected patients simultaneously complete with a portasystemic shunt.", "PMID": 305353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_255", "title": "Multiple sclerosis. T lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid and blood.", "content": "Peripheral blood from 21 patients with active and 19 patients with stable multiple sclerosis (MS), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 7 of the patients with active disease were examined for T lymphocytes by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes. Increased numbers of T cells were found in CSF in active disease (94.0 +/- 0.7 compared to 71.3 +/- 4.4% in controls). Decreased relative and absolute numbers of T cells were found in peripheral blood in active, but not in stable disease (mean 47 +/- 3 and 957 +/- 93%/mm3 compared to 66 +/- 2 and 1,381 +/- 93%/mm3 in controls).", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis. T lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Peripheral blood from 21 patients with active and 19 patients with stable multiple sclerosis (MS), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 7 of the patients with active disease were examined for T lymphocytes by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes. Increased numbers of T cells were found in CSF in active disease (94.0 +/- 0.7 compared to 71.3 +/- 4.4% in controls). Decreased relative and absolute numbers of T cells were found in peripheral blood in active, but not in stable disease (mean 47 +/- 3 and 957 +/- 93%/mm3 compared to 66 +/- 2 and 1,381 +/- 93%/mm3 in controls).", "PMID": 305354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_256", "title": "Surface markers on lymphocytes from human cerebrospinal fluid. Predominance of T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc segment of IgG.", "content": "Surface markers of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells have been studied in comparison with those of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The great majority (about 95%) of CSF cells bear surface markers of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (E rosettes with uncoated sheep red blood cells), while being devoid of bone-marrow derived cell markers (EAC rosettes with complement-coated red blood cells). In contrast with lymphocytes from peripheral blood, CSF cells form predominantly 'early' and 'sphere'-shaped E rosettes, and bear receptors for the complement-fixing segment of immunoglobulins G. Treatment with concentrated CSF does not affect rosette forming ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "Surface markers on lymphocytes from human cerebrospinal fluid. Predominance of T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc segment of IgG. Surface markers of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells have been studied in comparison with those of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The great majority (about 95%) of CSF cells bear surface markers of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (E rosettes with uncoated sheep red blood cells), while being devoid of bone-marrow derived cell markers (EAC rosettes with complement-coated red blood cells). In contrast with lymphocytes from peripheral blood, CSF cells form predominantly 'early' and 'sphere'-shaped E rosettes, and bear receptors for the complement-fixing segment of immunoglobulins G. Treatment with concentrated CSF does not affect rosette forming ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "PMID": 305355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_257", "title": "Spontaneous clones of cytotoxic T cells in culture. III. Discriminatory lysis of pairs of syngeneic blast induced by different mitogens.", "content": "When normal spleen cells are cultured for 4 days in polyacrylamide vessels, individual clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) can be detected. The specificity of these 'spontaneous' CL was investigated by assaying the cytotoxic acitivity of cells from individual clones against pairs of different target. Target cells used were syngeneic blast cells induced by dextran sulfate, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutin (PHA). It was found that LPS blasts were lysed by a separate set of CL clones from those which lysed PHA blasts of the same H-2 haplotype, and the clones of CL which lysed PHA blasts were a subset of all the clones which lysed ConA blasts. When individual clones of spontaneous CL were assayed against LPS and DS blasts, there were clones which lysed both types of blasts as well as clones which were specific for either LPS or DS blasts. These results have been interpreted as demonstrating that spontaneous CL can recognize and kill subsets of cells which are stimulated by different mitogens.", "contents": "Spontaneous clones of cytotoxic T cells in culture. III. Discriminatory lysis of pairs of syngeneic blast induced by different mitogens. When normal spleen cells are cultured for 4 days in polyacrylamide vessels, individual clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) can be detected. The specificity of these 'spontaneous' CL was investigated by assaying the cytotoxic acitivity of cells from individual clones against pairs of different target. Target cells used were syngeneic blast cells induced by dextran sulfate, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutin (PHA). It was found that LPS blasts were lysed by a separate set of CL clones from those which lysed PHA blasts of the same H-2 haplotype, and the clones of CL which lysed PHA blasts were a subset of all the clones which lysed ConA blasts. When individual clones of spontaneous CL were assayed against LPS and DS blasts, there were clones which lysed both types of blasts as well as clones which were specific for either LPS or DS blasts. These results have been interpreted as demonstrating that spontaneous CL can recognize and kill subsets of cells which are stimulated by different mitogens.", "PMID": 305356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_258", "title": "Presence of \"La-like\" antigens on human T lymphocytes bearing receptors for IgG.", "content": "Human peripheral blood T cells bearing receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulins were characterized by the formation of double rosettes with sheep red blood cells and IgG-coated chicken erythrocytes (EA). Treatment of cells by anti-\"Ia-like\" antisera inhibits the binding of EA. Inihbition appeared to be specific since anti-HLA-A and HLA-B antibodies did not inhibit the formation of EA rosettes, whereas F (ab')2 fragments of anti-Ia-like IgG were found to be as potent inhibitors as the whole IgG. This result shows that in human and in mice, Ia-like determinants arepresent, close to Fc gamma receptors, on the surface of the T lymphocytes bearing such receptors.", "contents": "Presence of \"La-like\" antigens on human T lymphocytes bearing receptors for IgG. Human peripheral blood T cells bearing receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulins were characterized by the formation of double rosettes with sheep red blood cells and IgG-coated chicken erythrocytes (EA). Treatment of cells by anti-\"Ia-like\" antisera inhibits the binding of EA. Inihbition appeared to be specific since anti-HLA-A and HLA-B antibodies did not inhibit the formation of EA rosettes, whereas F (ab')2 fragments of anti-Ia-like IgG were found to be as potent inhibitors as the whole IgG. This result shows that in human and in mice, Ia-like determinants arepresent, close to Fc gamma receptors, on the surface of the T lymphocytes bearing such receptors.", "PMID": 305357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_259", "title": "On reversible changes in the steady state ion-conductance of the Ranvier node membrane under low frequency sound fields.", "content": "The influence of sound waves on the stationary membrane conductivity of the axon membrane in myelinated nerve was investigated. Sound fields with frequencies within the auditory limit shift the transition voltage Vtr and correspondingly the threshold voltage of the action potential in polarisation direction. The results indicate that these changes of the electrical membrane behavior are due to a direct mechanical interaction between low frequency sound fields and membrane structure.", "contents": "On reversible changes in the steady state ion-conductance of the Ranvier node membrane under low frequency sound fields. The influence of sound waves on the stationary membrane conductivity of the axon membrane in myelinated nerve was investigated. Sound fields with frequencies within the auditory limit shift the transition voltage Vtr and correspondingly the threshold voltage of the action potential in polarisation direction. The results indicate that these changes of the electrical membrane behavior are due to a direct mechanical interaction between low frequency sound fields and membrane structure.", "PMID": 305362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_260", "title": "A contribution to the technique of mouse bone marrow cell culture in semisolid agar.", "content": "A method of cultivation of mouse bone marrow cells in semisolid agar is described. Colony-stimulating factor was provided either by a \"feeder layer\" containing kidney cells (from 8-day-old mice) or by the addition of \"lung conditioned medium\" or post-endotoxin serum. The effect of various factors and media on the formation of colonies was tested. The best growth of colonies was observed in medium RPMI 1640 or in Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 0.2% bactotryptose supplemented with 20% foetal calf serum. Both the morphology of cells found in the colonies and the proliferative state of the cells that give rise to colonies indicate that CFU-C represent the committed progenitor for myelopoiesis.", "contents": "A contribution to the technique of mouse bone marrow cell culture in semisolid agar. A method of cultivation of mouse bone marrow cells in semisolid agar is described. Colony-stimulating factor was provided either by a \"feeder layer\" containing kidney cells (from 8-day-old mice) or by the addition of \"lung conditioned medium\" or post-endotoxin serum. The effect of various factors and media on the formation of colonies was tested. The best growth of colonies was observed in medium RPMI 1640 or in Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 0.2% bactotryptose supplemented with 20% foetal calf serum. Both the morphology of cells found in the colonies and the proliferative state of the cells that give rise to colonies indicate that CFU-C represent the committed progenitor for myelopoiesis.", "PMID": 305367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_261", "title": "Disappearance of haemopoietic stem cells from blood after hydroxyurea.", "content": "Haemopoietic stem cells were examined in the blood of mice which had been injected with hydroxyurea. It was observed that the amount of CFU in the blood quickly decreased and after higher doses of hydroxyurea CFU completely disappeared from blood. Since CFU are rather resistant to the killing effect of hydroxyurea, it is assumed that the observed effect is caused either by an interference of hydroxyurea (due to its effect on the blood-forming tissues) with the migration of CFU into blood or by stimulating the removal og CFU from blood.", "contents": "Disappearance of haemopoietic stem cells from blood after hydroxyurea. Haemopoietic stem cells were examined in the blood of mice which had been injected with hydroxyurea. It was observed that the amount of CFU in the blood quickly decreased and after higher doses of hydroxyurea CFU completely disappeared from blood. Since CFU are rather resistant to the killing effect of hydroxyurea, it is assumed that the observed effect is caused either by an interference of hydroxyurea (due to its effect on the blood-forming tissues) with the migration of CFU into blood or by stimulating the removal og CFU from blood.", "PMID": 305368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_262", "title": "[Subpopulations of peripheral lymphocytes in insulin-dependent diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "There is an increasing evidence that autoimmune mechanisms may have a role in the pathogenesis in insulin-dependent diabetics. The numerical and functional study of peripheral blood lymphocytes in diabetes mellitus might indirectly contribute to the understanding of its pathogenesis. In this study, detection of peripheral blood T lymphocytes was measured by rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and B lymphocytes were measured by immunofluorescence with specific antiserum to immunoglobulins. The mean (+/- SD) percentage of SRBC was 67.6 +/- 7.2 in 21 normal subjects, 71.5 +/- 7.0 in 15 insulin-dependent diabetics, and 68.6 +/- 6.7 in 30 insulin-independent diabetics. There was no difference in the absolute T-lymphocyte number per mm3 in these three groups. Insulin-dependent diabetics showed a normal percentage and absolute number of B lymphocytes when compared with normal subjects.", "contents": "[Subpopulations of peripheral lymphocytes in insulin-dependent diabetics (author's transl)]. There is an increasing evidence that autoimmune mechanisms may have a role in the pathogenesis in insulin-dependent diabetics. The numerical and functional study of peripheral blood lymphocytes in diabetes mellitus might indirectly contribute to the understanding of its pathogenesis. In this study, detection of peripheral blood T lymphocytes was measured by rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and B lymphocytes were measured by immunofluorescence with specific antiserum to immunoglobulins. The mean (+/- SD) percentage of SRBC was 67.6 +/- 7.2 in 21 normal subjects, 71.5 +/- 7.0 in 15 insulin-dependent diabetics, and 68.6 +/- 6.7 in 30 insulin-independent diabetics. There was no difference in the absolute T-lymphocyte number per mm3 in these three groups. Insulin-dependent diabetics showed a normal percentage and absolute number of B lymphocytes when compared with normal subjects.", "PMID": 305369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_263", "title": "Effects of Poly A. Poly U in vivo alterations of proportions of T and B cell subsets.", "content": "Spleens and thymuses of mice were examined for changes in lymphocyte subpopulations after in vivo treatment with a double stranded synthetic polynucleotide: Poly A.Poly U. The cell populations were characterized on a biophysical basis: the electrical charge of cell surface assessed by the anodic electrophoretic mobility. The proportion of spleen cells exhibiting a high electrophoretic mobility (T lymphocytes) increased markedly on the 3rd day after a single intravenous injection of Poly A.Poly U. In thymuses, early important variations in electrophoretic distribution profiles were observed after Poly A.Poly U injection, suggesting that adjuvant acts on T cells.", "contents": "Effects of Poly A. Poly U in vivo alterations of proportions of T and B cell subsets. Spleens and thymuses of mice were examined for changes in lymphocyte subpopulations after in vivo treatment with a double stranded synthetic polynucleotide: Poly A.Poly U. The cell populations were characterized on a biophysical basis: the electrical charge of cell surface assessed by the anodic electrophoretic mobility. The proportion of spleen cells exhibiting a high electrophoretic mobility (T lymphocytes) increased markedly on the 3rd day after a single intravenous injection of Poly A.Poly U. In thymuses, early important variations in electrophoretic distribution profiles were observed after Poly A.Poly U injection, suggesting that adjuvant acts on T cells.", "PMID": 305372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_264", "title": "Protein synthesis inhibitors and gastric acid secretion.", "content": "The involvement of de novo protein synthesis in acid secretion by the in vitro bullfrog gastric mucosa was examined using the inhibitors cycloheximide and puromycin. Both inhibitors reduced [3H]leucine incorporation by more than 90%. The inhibition of protein synthesis had no influence on spontaneous acid secretion nor did it effect secretory stimulation by histamine, carbachol, pentagastrin, or theophylline. Oxygen consumption by nonstimulated and theophyllinestimulated tissues was shown to be independent of protein synthesis. The dramatic morphological changes observed in oxyntic cells during a transition from rest to active secretion persisted in cycloheximide-and puromycin-treated tissues. Stereological analysis of the apical membrane surface area density failed to demonstrate any quantitative influence of protein synthesis inhibition. These studies quantitatively confirm that protein synthesis is not required for the biochemical and morphological events involved in acid secretion by the in vitro frog gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Protein synthesis inhibitors and gastric acid secretion. The involvement of de novo protein synthesis in acid secretion by the in vitro bullfrog gastric mucosa was examined using the inhibitors cycloheximide and puromycin. Both inhibitors reduced [3H]leucine incorporation by more than 90%. The inhibition of protein synthesis had no influence on spontaneous acid secretion nor did it effect secretory stimulation by histamine, carbachol, pentagastrin, or theophylline. Oxygen consumption by nonstimulated and theophyllinestimulated tissues was shown to be independent of protein synthesis. The dramatic morphological changes observed in oxyntic cells during a transition from rest to active secretion persisted in cycloheximide-and puromycin-treated tissues. Stereological analysis of the apical membrane surface area density failed to demonstrate any quantitative influence of protein synthesis inhibition. These studies quantitatively confirm that protein synthesis is not required for the biochemical and morphological events involved in acid secretion by the in vitro frog gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 305378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_265", "title": "A role for T lymphocytes in the antitumour action of systemic C. parvum.", "content": "The frequency of tumours arising from s.c. injection of a syngeneic chemically-induced fibrosarcoma (Fsa) was not influenced by systemic administration of C. parvum (day + 3) except when doses less than the TD50 were injected. Then the number of takes was increased. The tumour normally grows progressively however regression was frequent in intact mice treated with C. parvum. Tumour regression did not occur in T cell-depleted mice treated in the same way. Splenic T cell-enriched populations of cells taken from Fsa-bearing C. parvum-treated mice caused tumour regression when adoptively transferred to Fsa-bearing T cell-depleted mice. Although this assay measures systemic rather than intratumoral T cell activity, it is proposed that C. parvum-induced regression of the fibrosarcoma is to a large extent due to enhanced T cell reactivity.", "contents": "A role for T lymphocytes in the antitumour action of systemic C. parvum. The frequency of tumours arising from s.c. injection of a syngeneic chemically-induced fibrosarcoma (Fsa) was not influenced by systemic administration of C. parvum (day + 3) except when doses less than the TD50 were injected. Then the number of takes was increased. The tumour normally grows progressively however regression was frequent in intact mice treated with C. parvum. Tumour regression did not occur in T cell-depleted mice treated in the same way. Splenic T cell-enriched populations of cells taken from Fsa-bearing C. parvum-treated mice caused tumour regression when adoptively transferred to Fsa-bearing T cell-depleted mice. Although this assay measures systemic rather than intratumoral T cell activity, it is proposed that C. parvum-induced regression of the fibrosarcoma is to a large extent due to enhanced T cell reactivity.", "PMID": 305374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_266", "title": "Possible mechanisms in the anti-tumour activity of C. parvum.", "content": "Normal murine peritoneal macrophages exhibited anti-tumour cytotoxicity following simultaneous incubation with C. parvum and lymphoid cells from C. parvum-treated mice. Both T- and B-lymphocytes appear to be involved in this macrophage activation which is mediated by a soluble factor(s) released by immune lymphoid cells in response to the specific immunising strain of C. parvum. Cells capable of macrophage activation do not appear until 6 days following systemic C. parvum administration despite the appearance of cytotoxic macrophages in vivo by day 3. It was therefore concluded that two mechanisms of macrophage activation might exist (1) an early phase of activation, possibly involving a direct effect on macrophage precursors by C. parvum, and (2) a later phase in which activation is mediated by T- and B-cells responding to the C. parvum stimulus.", "contents": "Possible mechanisms in the anti-tumour activity of C. parvum. Normal murine peritoneal macrophages exhibited anti-tumour cytotoxicity following simultaneous incubation with C. parvum and lymphoid cells from C. parvum-treated mice. Both T- and B-lymphocytes appear to be involved in this macrophage activation which is mediated by a soluble factor(s) released by immune lymphoid cells in response to the specific immunising strain of C. parvum. Cells capable of macrophage activation do not appear until 6 days following systemic C. parvum administration despite the appearance of cytotoxic macrophages in vivo by day 3. It was therefore concluded that two mechanisms of macrophage activation might exist (1) an early phase of activation, possibly involving a direct effect on macrophage precursors by C. parvum, and (2) a later phase in which activation is mediated by T- and B-cells responding to the C. parvum stimulus.", "PMID": 305375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_267", "title": "Local gangrene: a complication of peripheral Pitressin therapy for bleeding esophageal varices.", "content": "Two patients developed local gangrene after subcutaneous infiltration of vasopressin (Pitressin, Parke, Davis & Company, Detroit, Mich.) utilized for the control of bleeding from esophageal varices. In the 1st patient, ischemic gangrene resulted in transmetatarsal amputation and also necessitated skin grafts on the forearm. The 2nd patient developed gangrene and clostridial sepsis and expired. The effects of systemically administered Pitressin are reviewed and suggestion to prevent local necrosis are presented.", "contents": "Local gangrene: a complication of peripheral Pitressin therapy for bleeding esophageal varices. Two patients developed local gangrene after subcutaneous infiltration of vasopressin (Pitressin, Parke, Davis & Company, Detroit, Mich.) utilized for the control of bleeding from esophageal varices. In the 1st patient, ischemic gangrene resulted in transmetatarsal amputation and also necessitated skin grafts on the forearm. The 2nd patient developed gangrene and clostridial sepsis and expired. The effects of systemically administered Pitressin are reviewed and suggestion to prevent local necrosis are presented.", "PMID": 305380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_268", "title": "Alpha1-antitrypsin bodies, PiZ phenotype, and peptic ulcer.", "content": "An association between chronic peptic ulcer and heterozygous alpha-antitrypsin deficiency has been reported: this study found no evidence of such an association. The prevalence of alpha1-antityrpsin bodies in the liver was compared with the known prevalence of PiZ phenotype in the population: there was no significant difference.", "contents": "Alpha1-antitrypsin bodies, PiZ phenotype, and peptic ulcer. An association between chronic peptic ulcer and heterozygous alpha-antitrypsin deficiency has been reported: this study found no evidence of such an association. The prevalence of alpha1-antityrpsin bodies in the liver was compared with the known prevalence of PiZ phenotype in the population: there was no significant difference.", "PMID": 305385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_269", "title": "Clinical, biochemical, and histological studies of osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and parathyroid function in chronic liver disease.", "content": "Twenty of 32 patients with either chronic cholestatic or hepatocellular liver disease had bone pain or recent fractures. On bone biopsy five patients had normal bone, 15 had osteomalacia, five had osteoporosis, and seven had a combination of osteomalacia and osteoporosis. In the presence of osteoporosis, osteomalacia was minimal or absent. There was no biochemical, radiological, or histological evidence of excess parathyroid activity. No significant correlations were demonstrated between the plasma and urinary biochemical findings and the presence of either osteoporosis or osteomalacia and bone biopsy was essential for correct diagnosis. There was no statistical relationship between low serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D values and the presence of osteomalacia. Bone disease was not prevented by regular intramuscular vitamin D2, although biochemical changes were improved. Drugs such as corticosteroids and cholestyramine may be important aetiological factors in hepatic osteodystrophy.", "contents": "Clinical, biochemical, and histological studies of osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and parathyroid function in chronic liver disease. Twenty of 32 patients with either chronic cholestatic or hepatocellular liver disease had bone pain or recent fractures. On bone biopsy five patients had normal bone, 15 had osteomalacia, five had osteoporosis, and seven had a combination of osteomalacia and osteoporosis. In the presence of osteoporosis, osteomalacia was minimal or absent. There was no biochemical, radiological, or histological evidence of excess parathyroid activity. No significant correlations were demonstrated between the plasma and urinary biochemical findings and the presence of either osteoporosis or osteomalacia and bone biopsy was essential for correct diagnosis. There was no statistical relationship between low serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D values and the presence of osteomalacia. Bone disease was not prevented by regular intramuscular vitamin D2, although biochemical changes were improved. Drugs such as corticosteroids and cholestyramine may be important aetiological factors in hepatic osteodystrophy.", "PMID": 305386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_270", "title": "Establishment and characterization of leukemic T-cell lines, B-cell lines, and null-cell line: a progress report on surface antigen study of fresh lymphatic leukemias in man.", "content": "Permanent human hematopoietic cell lines representing T-cell, B-cell and non T/non B (null-cell) leukemia have been established. Comparative analyses were made for their phenotype characteristics. A number of characteristics common within the 7 T-cell lines studied or distinct from other leukemia-type lines were described. Usefulness, validity and limitation of these findings are discussed in connection to the attempt at classification of ALL, CLL and blastic phase of CML. The great majority of CLL were SmIg+-B-cell leukemia and a single case of T-cell CLL was documented. Except 10% as T-cell ALL and a single case of B-cell ALL, the majority of ALL were found to be the non T/non B ALL. Nevertheless, little evidence was suggested from the present study in favor for a notion that the T-cell ALL and the non T/non B ALL are two distinct diseases.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of leukemic T-cell lines, B-cell lines, and null-cell line: a progress report on surface antigen study of fresh lymphatic leukemias in man. Permanent human hematopoietic cell lines representing T-cell, B-cell and non T/non B (null-cell) leukemia have been established. Comparative analyses were made for their phenotype characteristics. A number of characteristics common within the 7 T-cell lines studied or distinct from other leukemia-type lines were described. Usefulness, validity and limitation of these findings are discussed in connection to the attempt at classification of ALL, CLL and blastic phase of CML. The great majority of CLL were SmIg+-B-cell leukemia and a single case of T-cell CLL was documented. Except 10% as T-cell ALL and a single case of B-cell ALL, the majority of ALL were found to be the non T/non B ALL. Nevertheless, little evidence was suggested from the present study in favor for a notion that the T-cell ALL and the non T/non B ALL are two distinct diseases.", "PMID": 305398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_271", "title": "Etiological, clinical and prognostic significance of the T-B immunological classification of primary acute lymphoid leukemias and non Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "The discovery of B or T markers on neoplastic cells in acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) is correlated with a poor prognosis, while a cure expectancy of 50% can be expected for null cell ALL patients of all ages. In the case of Non Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma the patients with the T cell types carry a poor prognosis, while the patients with a B cell type present an 85% cure expectancy, and those with the null cell type a 65% cure expectancy. The correlation between immune markers on the one hand, and WHO cyto-histological typing and clinical presentation on the other, is reported.", "contents": "Etiological, clinical and prognostic significance of the T-B immunological classification of primary acute lymphoid leukemias and non Hodgkin's lymphomas. The discovery of B or T markers on neoplastic cells in acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) is correlated with a poor prognosis, while a cure expectancy of 50% can be expected for null cell ALL patients of all ages. In the case of Non Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma the patients with the T cell types carry a poor prognosis, while the patients with a B cell type present an 85% cure expectancy, and those with the null cell type a 65% cure expectancy. The correlation between immune markers on the one hand, and WHO cyto-histological typing and clinical presentation on the other, is reported.", "PMID": 305400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_272", "title": "Membrane marker analysis of 'lymphoid' and myeloid blast crisis in PH1 positive (chronic myeloid) leukemia.", "content": "The membrane phenotype of leukaemic cells was analysed during different stages of chronic myeloid leukaemia by a panel of markers. These included antisera against ALL antigen, p23,30 (Ia-like structure) and other T cell, B cell and myeloid markers 'Lymphoid' blast crisis shares the phenotype of common ALL (of non-T, non-B variety). Both leukemias react with anti-ALL serum and have pre-myeloid, pre-B lymphoid and pre-thymocyte characteristics. Their phenotype may reflect the characteristics of the pluripotential stem cell from which they derive. Nevertheless both leukaemias retain their undifferentiated characteristics and lack overt myeloid, B cell and thymocyte differentiation markers. Myeloid blast crisis and AML are negative with anti-ALL serum but some of the poorly differentiated myeloblasts react with anti-p23,30 serum (and negative for SmIg). The anti-p23,30 serum (used in a double marker assay combined with anti-immunoglobulin) detects some (4-11%) intermediate sized agranular p23,30+/SmIg-cells in peripheral blood during the chronic phase of CML as well as in normal foetal bone marrow. These could be myeloid stem cells (from which in CML the myeloid blast crisis arises). The results demonstrate that surface membrane analysis can aid exact diagnosis in different stages of CML.", "contents": "Membrane marker analysis of 'lymphoid' and myeloid blast crisis in PH1 positive (chronic myeloid) leukemia. The membrane phenotype of leukaemic cells was analysed during different stages of chronic myeloid leukaemia by a panel of markers. These included antisera against ALL antigen, p23,30 (Ia-like structure) and other T cell, B cell and myeloid markers 'Lymphoid' blast crisis shares the phenotype of common ALL (of non-T, non-B variety). Both leukemias react with anti-ALL serum and have pre-myeloid, pre-B lymphoid and pre-thymocyte characteristics. Their phenotype may reflect the characteristics of the pluripotential stem cell from which they derive. Nevertheless both leukaemias retain their undifferentiated characteristics and lack overt myeloid, B cell and thymocyte differentiation markers. Myeloid blast crisis and AML are negative with anti-ALL serum but some of the poorly differentiated myeloblasts react with anti-p23,30 serum (and negative for SmIg). The anti-p23,30 serum (used in a double marker assay combined with anti-immunoglobulin) detects some (4-11%) intermediate sized agranular p23,30+/SmIg-cells in peripheral blood during the chronic phase of CML as well as in normal foetal bone marrow. These could be myeloid stem cells (from which in CML the myeloid blast crisis arises). The results demonstrate that surface membrane analysis can aid exact diagnosis in different stages of CML.", "PMID": 305406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_273", "title": "The pattern of involvement of murine lymphoid tissues by primary lymphomas of different cell lineage.", "content": "Murine virally induced lymphomas with T cell surface antigens migrate in the lymph nodes and spleen in the same regions as normal recirculating T lymphocytes. Non-T cell lymphomas have different patterns of migration.", "contents": "The pattern of involvement of murine lymphoid tissues by primary lymphomas of different cell lineage. Murine virally induced lymphomas with T cell surface antigens migrate in the lymph nodes and spleen in the same regions as normal recirculating T lymphocytes. Non-T cell lymphomas have different patterns of migration.", "PMID": 305407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_274", "title": "Ther persistent PHA-responsive population in the mouse thymus. i. Characterization of the population.", "content": "Using an in vitro culture technique, mouse thymus graft cells were co-cultured with peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The persistent PHA-responsive thymus graft population (Elliott, 1973) was shown to be able to response to other T-cell mitogens (Con A, pokeweed mitogen, staphylococcal enterotoxin B), but not to E. coli lipopolysaccharide a known B-cell mitogen. The percentage of persistent PHA-responsive cells did not alter during 5 days in culture and was relatively unaffected by either hydrocortisone or anti-lymphocyte serum treatment in vitro. In allogeneic thymus grafts (AKR leads to CBA), persistent PHA-responsive cells could be demonstrated, which were destroyed when incubated with CBA anti theta AKR serum and complement. When thymus graft cells were allowed to sediment on a 0.2-2 per cent BSA gradient, it was seen that the PHA-responsive population sedimented faster than the bulk of thymus graft cells. Some separation could be obtained on this gradient between the persistent and non-persistent PHA-responsive cell populations.", "contents": "Ther persistent PHA-responsive population in the mouse thymus. i. Characterization of the population. Using an in vitro culture technique, mouse thymus graft cells were co-cultured with peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The persistent PHA-responsive thymus graft population (Elliott, 1973) was shown to be able to response to other T-cell mitogens (Con A, pokeweed mitogen, staphylococcal enterotoxin B), but not to E. coli lipopolysaccharide a known B-cell mitogen. The percentage of persistent PHA-responsive cells did not alter during 5 days in culture and was relatively unaffected by either hydrocortisone or anti-lymphocyte serum treatment in vitro. In allogeneic thymus grafts (AKR leads to CBA), persistent PHA-responsive cells could be demonstrated, which were destroyed when incubated with CBA anti theta AKR serum and complement. When thymus graft cells were allowed to sediment on a 0.2-2 per cent BSA gradient, it was seen that the PHA-responsive population sedimented faster than the bulk of thymus graft cells. Some separation could be obtained on this gradient between the persistent and non-persistent PHA-responsive cell populations.", "PMID": 305408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_275", "title": "Identity of a T-lymphocyte inhibitor with mouse immunoglobulin in the serum of tumour-bearing mice.", "content": "A component of the serum of tumour-bearing mice has been shown to be inhibitory to the immunological function of normal mouse T cells. This factor fractionates with monomeric immunoglobulin upon gel filtration. Studies were carried out utilizing goat antisera to the major immunoglobulin chains of mouse Ig (kappa, gamma, alpha and mu) mixed with the immunoglobulin-rich fraction of serum from normal mice and tumour bearers and passed through immunoadsorbent columns prepared with rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulin. Such studies showed that the inhibitory activity in tumour-bearing serum could be removed after treatment with anti-kappa, anti-gamma and anti-mu chain antisera but not by treatment with either anti-alpha chain or goat immunoglobulin. That the inhibitory activity of tumour-bearing immunoglobulin could be attributed to simple quantitative differences in the levels of IgM and IgG in the test samples was discounted by quantification of the amounts of immunoglobulins in normal and tumour-bearing sera.", "contents": "Identity of a T-lymphocyte inhibitor with mouse immunoglobulin in the serum of tumour-bearing mice. A component of the serum of tumour-bearing mice has been shown to be inhibitory to the immunological function of normal mouse T cells. This factor fractionates with monomeric immunoglobulin upon gel filtration. Studies were carried out utilizing goat antisera to the major immunoglobulin chains of mouse Ig (kappa, gamma, alpha and mu) mixed with the immunoglobulin-rich fraction of serum from normal mice and tumour bearers and passed through immunoadsorbent columns prepared with rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulin. Such studies showed that the inhibitory activity in tumour-bearing serum could be removed after treatment with anti-kappa, anti-gamma and anti-mu chain antisera but not by treatment with either anti-alpha chain or goat immunoglobulin. That the inhibitory activity of tumour-bearing immunoglobulin could be attributed to simple quantitative differences in the levels of IgM and IgG in the test samples was discounted by quantification of the amounts of immunoglobulins in normal and tumour-bearing sera.", "PMID": 305409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_276", "title": "Embryonic mouse thymocyte development. Enhancing effect of corticosterone at physiological levels.", "content": "The action of corticosterone on embryonic mouse thymus development has been studied in vitro. Effects of the hormone on lymphoid differentiation varied according to the dose. 0.2-1.0 microgram/ml had an enhancing effect, resulting in an increase in the proportion of Thy-1.2 positive cells as compared with control cultures. Two to fifty micrograms per millilitre had an inhibitory effect, appearing to selectively kill small lymphocytes while leaving large and medium lymphocytes intact. At higher does these immature cells were also killed.", "contents": "Embryonic mouse thymocyte development. Enhancing effect of corticosterone at physiological levels. The action of corticosterone on embryonic mouse thymus development has been studied in vitro. Effects of the hormone on lymphoid differentiation varied according to the dose. 0.2-1.0 microgram/ml had an enhancing effect, resulting in an increase in the proportion of Thy-1.2 positive cells as compared with control cultures. Two to fifty micrograms per millilitre had an inhibitory effect, appearing to selectively kill small lymphocytes while leaving large and medium lymphocytes intact. At higher does these immature cells were also killed.", "PMID": 305411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_277", "title": "Effect of corticosteroids on the response of lymphocytes to stimulation by galactose oxidase-modified lymphocytes.", "content": "Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations, after treatment by neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase, stimulated untreated lymphocytes. The increases in tritiated thymidine incorporation in the responder lymphocytes were observed after 48 h of mixed cell cultures. Monocytedepleted lymphocyte preparations were equally effective stimulator cells. Both purified T and B fractions were effective stimulator cells. On the other hand, only the T but not the B fractions could respond to the stimulation. The response of the cells to this type of stimulation was suppressed by 10(4)-10(7) M of the corticosteroid preparation methylprednisolone. When the cells treated with neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase were cultured alone for 48 h, they lost their stimulating capacity. However this loss could not be prevented by the presence in the culture of methylprednisolone. Hence the drug has selective suppressive activity on one type of lymphocyte activity but not the other.", "contents": "Effect of corticosteroids on the response of lymphocytes to stimulation by galactose oxidase-modified lymphocytes. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations, after treatment by neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase, stimulated untreated lymphocytes. The increases in tritiated thymidine incorporation in the responder lymphocytes were observed after 48 h of mixed cell cultures. Monocytedepleted lymphocyte preparations were equally effective stimulator cells. Both purified T and B fractions were effective stimulator cells. On the other hand, only the T but not the B fractions could respond to the stimulation. The response of the cells to this type of stimulation was suppressed by 10(4)-10(7) M of the corticosteroid preparation methylprednisolone. When the cells treated with neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase were cultured alone for 48 h, they lost their stimulating capacity. However this loss could not be prevented by the presence in the culture of methylprednisolone. Hence the drug has selective suppressive activity on one type of lymphocyte activity but not the other.", "PMID": 305412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_278", "title": "Suppression of lymphocyte responses by cephalosporins.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in several concentrations of each of several cephalosporins. Responses to phytohemagglutinin were compared with that of duplicate cultures containing penicillin-streptomycin, chloramphenicol, or no antibiotics. Possible effects of cephalosporins on responses of lymphocytes to concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen were similarly determined. Significant suppression of responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were seen in cultures containing 50 microgram each of cephalothin, cephalexin, or cephradine per ml. Lymphocyte responses to pokeweed mitogen were suppressed by 50 microgram of cephalexin, cephradine, or cefoxitin per ml. A higher concentration (100 microgram/ml) of all cephalosporins except cefoxitin and cefazolin suppressed the phytohemagglutinin response to less than 20% that of controls. Chloramphenicol (50 microgram/ml) did not inhibit the response to any mitogen used. These findings suggest that cephalosporins should not be used for prevention of bacterial overgrowth in certain cell cultures. Since many of the cephalosporins were suppressive in therapeutically attainable concentrations, these results may have potential clinical significance.", "contents": "Suppression of lymphocyte responses by cephalosporins. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in several concentrations of each of several cephalosporins. Responses to phytohemagglutinin were compared with that of duplicate cultures containing penicillin-streptomycin, chloramphenicol, or no antibiotics. Possible effects of cephalosporins on responses of lymphocytes to concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen were similarly determined. Significant suppression of responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were seen in cultures containing 50 microgram each of cephalothin, cephalexin, or cephradine per ml. Lymphocyte responses to pokeweed mitogen were suppressed by 50 microgram of cephalexin, cephradine, or cefoxitin per ml. A higher concentration (100 microgram/ml) of all cephalosporins except cefoxitin and cefazolin suppressed the phytohemagglutinin response to less than 20% that of controls. Chloramphenicol (50 microgram/ml) did not inhibit the response to any mitogen used. These findings suggest that cephalosporins should not be used for prevention of bacterial overgrowth in certain cell cultures. Since many of the cephalosporins were suppressive in therapeutically attainable concentrations, these results may have potential clinical significance.", "PMID": 305415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_279", "title": "Friend virus-induced immunodepression: effect of neuraminidase treatment on Thy-1.2 antigen expression and cytotoxic potential of splenocytes from virus-infected mice.", "content": "Infection of susceptible strains of mice with Friend leukemia virus (FLV) results in a profound depression of cell-mediated immunity as assessed by lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. This depression occurs early in the disease, before the onset of splenomegaly, and is associated with a decline in the susceptibility of splenocytes from FLV-infected mice to lysis by anti-Thy-1. 2 serum and complement. Treatment of splenocytes from FLV-infected mice with neuraminidase restores, in large part, their susceptibility to anti-Thy-1.2 serum as well as their cytolytic capacity. These studies suggest that one early immunosuppressive consequence of infection with FLV involves alteration of the effector T-lymphocyte cell surface.", "contents": "Friend virus-induced immunodepression: effect of neuraminidase treatment on Thy-1.2 antigen expression and cytotoxic potential of splenocytes from virus-infected mice. Infection of susceptible strains of mice with Friend leukemia virus (FLV) results in a profound depression of cell-mediated immunity as assessed by lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. This depression occurs early in the disease, before the onset of splenomegaly, and is associated with a decline in the susceptibility of splenocytes from FLV-infected mice to lysis by anti-Thy-1. 2 serum and complement. Treatment of splenocytes from FLV-infected mice with neuraminidase restores, in large part, their susceptibility to anti-Thy-1.2 serum as well as their cytolytic capacity. These studies suggest that one early immunosuppressive consequence of infection with FLV involves alteration of the effector T-lymphocyte cell surface.", "PMID": 305416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_280", "title": "The enhancing effect of unsaturated fatty acids on E rosette formation.", "content": "The number of bound sheep red blood cells (SRBC) per lymphocyte of 16 healthy subjects were assayed prior and after addition of unsaturated fatty acids. Addition of fatty acids to the assay system was found to increase significantly the number of avid T lymphocytes (which bind more than 10 SRBC). It is suggested that increased fatty acid level might change lipid fluidity of the plasma membrane and increase the number of attachment points between the cell surface of the lymphocyte and SRBC. The immunoregulatory effect of fatty acids is discussed.", "contents": "The enhancing effect of unsaturated fatty acids on E rosette formation. The number of bound sheep red blood cells (SRBC) per lymphocyte of 16 healthy subjects were assayed prior and after addition of unsaturated fatty acids. Addition of fatty acids to the assay system was found to increase significantly the number of avid T lymphocytes (which bind more than 10 SRBC). It is suggested that increased fatty acid level might change lipid fluidity of the plasma membrane and increase the number of attachment points between the cell surface of the lymphocyte and SRBC. The immunoregulatory effect of fatty acids is discussed.", "PMID": 305417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_281", "title": "Subpopulations of T lymphocytes in human extravascular fluids.", "content": "Surface markers of lymphocytes from various human extravascular fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour, colostrum, breast and ovary cyst fluids, peritoneal and pleural transudates) are compared with those of lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Significantly higher percentages of T cells are found in all extravascular fluids: the great majority of extravascular T lymphocytes show high E rosette-forming ability and bear IgG Fc receptors (T Fc+ cells). Functional implications of the shown high predominance of T Fc+ cells in extravascular fluids are discussed on the basis of presently available information on the immunological role of such cells (cytotoxic? suppressor? amplifier?).", "contents": "Subpopulations of T lymphocytes in human extravascular fluids. Surface markers of lymphocytes from various human extravascular fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour, colostrum, breast and ovary cyst fluids, peritoneal and pleural transudates) are compared with those of lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Significantly higher percentages of T cells are found in all extravascular fluids: the great majority of extravascular T lymphocytes show high E rosette-forming ability and bear IgG Fc receptors (T Fc+ cells). Functional implications of the shown high predominance of T Fc+ cells in extravascular fluids are discussed on the basis of presently available information on the immunological role of such cells (cytotoxic? suppressor? amplifier?).", "PMID": 305418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_282", "title": "Effect of long-term cyclophosphamide treatment on T and B lymphocytes in normal guinea pigs.", "content": "The effect of long-term repeated cyclophosphamide administration at low doses on T and B lymphocyte levels in the blood, lymph nodes and thymus of the guinea pig has been studied. A significant depletion of B cell levels occurred in the blood and the lymph nodes. Although there was evidence of depression of T cell levels in both blood and thymus, these changes were not statistically significant, except in the case of total T lymphocyte levels in the blood in one experiment. It is suggested that differences in sensitivity of T and B cells to cyclophosphamide may be related to differences in proliferative turnover and in their capacity to repair damage to DNA.", "contents": "Effect of long-term cyclophosphamide treatment on T and B lymphocytes in normal guinea pigs. The effect of long-term repeated cyclophosphamide administration at low doses on T and B lymphocyte levels in the blood, lymph nodes and thymus of the guinea pig has been studied. A significant depletion of B cell levels occurred in the blood and the lymph nodes. Although there was evidence of depression of T cell levels in both blood and thymus, these changes were not statistically significant, except in the case of total T lymphocyte levels in the blood in one experiment. It is suggested that differences in sensitivity of T and B cells to cyclophosphamide may be related to differences in proliferative turnover and in their capacity to repair damage to DNA.", "PMID": 305419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_283", "title": "C3 activator in agammaglobulinemia.", "content": "C3 activator in sera of patients with agammaglobulinemia shows higher levels compared with age-matched healthy controls. This fact may be due to a compensatory function of the alternative pathway of the complement system to make up for the defect of production of antibody in these patients.", "contents": "C3 activator in agammaglobulinemia. C3 activator in sera of patients with agammaglobulinemia shows higher levels compared with age-matched healthy controls. This fact may be due to a compensatory function of the alternative pathway of the complement system to make up for the defect of production of antibody in these patients.", "PMID": 305420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_284", "title": "Gamma-ray induced double-strand breaks in DNA resulting from randomly-inflicted single-strand breaks: temporal local denaturation, a new radiation phenomenon?", "content": "The induction of single- and double-strand breaks in DNA by gamma-rays has been measured. The maximum number of nucleotide pairs (a) between two independently induced single-strand breaks in opposite strands of the DNA which cannot prevent the occurrence of a double-strand break was found to amount to about 16. This value did not differ significantly for the four types of bacteriophage DNA investigated (T4, T7 and PM2 DNA, and replicative form DNA of phage phiX174) and was the same in 10(-2) M phosphate buffer containing 0, 0.5 or 1 M NaCl. In 10(-3) M phosphate buffer a was 34 nucleotide pairs. Evidence is presented that the relatively large value of a has to be ascribed at least partly to a temporal local denaturation accompanying the induction of a single-strand scission. A contribution of base damage that labilizes the DNA-helix, between two single-strand breaks to the high value of a can not be excluded.", "contents": "Gamma-ray induced double-strand breaks in DNA resulting from randomly-inflicted single-strand breaks: temporal local denaturation, a new radiation phenomenon? The induction of single- and double-strand breaks in DNA by gamma-rays has been measured. The maximum number of nucleotide pairs (a) between two independently induced single-strand breaks in opposite strands of the DNA which cannot prevent the occurrence of a double-strand break was found to amount to about 16. This value did not differ significantly for the four types of bacteriophage DNA investigated (T4, T7 and PM2 DNA, and replicative form DNA of phage phiX174) and was the same in 10(-2) M phosphate buffer containing 0, 0.5 or 1 M NaCl. In 10(-3) M phosphate buffer a was 34 nucleotide pairs. Evidence is presented that the relatively large value of a has to be ascribed at least partly to a temporal local denaturation accompanying the induction of a single-strand scission. A contribution of base damage that labilizes the DNA-helix, between two single-strand breaks to the high value of a can not be excluded.", "PMID": 305424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_285", "title": "The radiation response of cultured mammalian V79-S171 cells exposed to a wide concentration range of sulphate salt solutions.", "content": "The radiation response of Chinese hamster cells (V79) exposed to a wide concentration range of Li2SO4, Na2SO4 or K2SO4 has been examined and compared with the radiation response of cells treated in an identical manner with LiCl, NaCl, or KCl solutions. At hypotonic salt concentrations, cells were radiosensitized by both the chloride and sulphate salts. At high salt concentrations, approximately greater than 0.9 M, a radioprotective effect was observed with both chloride and sulphate salts. At intermediate salt concentrations from about 0.2 to 0.9 M, the cells that were treated with the sulphate salt solutions were radioprotected; cells treated with chloride salt solutions were radiosensitized. The difference in radiation response was attributed to the difference in anions for the two types of salts used.", "contents": "The radiation response of cultured mammalian V79-S171 cells exposed to a wide concentration range of sulphate salt solutions. The radiation response of Chinese hamster cells (V79) exposed to a wide concentration range of Li2SO4, Na2SO4 or K2SO4 has been examined and compared with the radiation response of cells treated in an identical manner with LiCl, NaCl, or KCl solutions. At hypotonic salt concentrations, cells were radiosensitized by both the chloride and sulphate salts. At high salt concentrations, approximately greater than 0.9 M, a radioprotective effect was observed with both chloride and sulphate salts. At intermediate salt concentrations from about 0.2 to 0.9 M, the cells that were treated with the sulphate salt solutions were radioprotected; cells treated with chloride salt solutions were radiosensitized. The difference in radiation response was attributed to the difference in anions for the two types of salts used.", "PMID": 305425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_286", "title": "Cystic hamartoma of Brunner's glands.", "content": "A 64-year-old white man was operated on for acute gastrointestinal bleeding. The patient was known to have a duodenal polyp for 15 years. Surgery revealed a small duodenal ulcer and a large cystic hamartoma of Brunner's glands. Incidence, aspects of pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of this rare tumor are discussed.", "contents": "Cystic hamartoma of Brunner's glands. A 64-year-old white man was operated on for acute gastrointestinal bleeding. The patient was known to have a duodenal polyp for 15 years. Surgery revealed a small duodenal ulcer and a large cystic hamartoma of Brunner's glands. Incidence, aspects of pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of this rare tumor are discussed.", "PMID": 305429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_287", "title": "Induction of immunoregulatory T cells by adjuvant.", "content": "The effect of adjuvant on the generation of suppressor cells in the thymus was investigated. C57Bl/6 mice were injected i.p. with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and the capacity of thymocytes and splenic T cells to suppress the in vitro generation of cytolytic T cells was studied. Suppressor thymocytes were detected within two days after CFA inoculation and preceded the appearance of suppressor T cells in the spleen by six days. Characterization of the suppressor thymocyte populations showed that they inhibited primary but not memory T cell responses in vitro. We suggest that the initial step in the regulation of the primary immune response by adjuvant is the generation of suppressor cells in the thymus. Thymic suppressors subsequently migrate to peripheral lymphoid tissue where they inhibit cytotoxic, but no helper, T cell function.", "contents": "Induction of immunoregulatory T cells by adjuvant. The effect of adjuvant on the generation of suppressor cells in the thymus was investigated. C57Bl/6 mice were injected i.p. with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and the capacity of thymocytes and splenic T cells to suppress the in vitro generation of cytolytic T cells was studied. Suppressor thymocytes were detected within two days after CFA inoculation and preceded the appearance of suppressor T cells in the spleen by six days. Characterization of the suppressor thymocyte populations showed that they inhibited primary but not memory T cell responses in vitro. We suggest that the initial step in the regulation of the primary immune response by adjuvant is the generation of suppressor cells in the thymus. Thymic suppressors subsequently migrate to peripheral lymphoid tissue where they inhibit cytotoxic, but no helper, T cell function.", "PMID": 305433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_288", "title": "[Symptomatology and diagnosis of vestibular disorders following head injury (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred cases of head injuries were submitted to thorough repeat neuro-otological examinations. The results were evaluated with respect to the diagnostic importance of vestibular symptoms. Positional nystagmus was found to be the most common symptom (51%). In 25% of the cases, spontaneous nystagmus could be demonstrated up to two years following head injury. Pathologic caloric responses were found in only one-third of the patients. Positional and positioning nystagmus were found to be the most important symptoms of a vestibular disorder following head injury, and seem to be the most reliable criteria for the assessment of disability and working capacity.", "contents": "[Symptomatology and diagnosis of vestibular disorders following head injury (author's transl)]. One hundred cases of head injuries were submitted to thorough repeat neuro-otological examinations. The results were evaluated with respect to the diagnostic importance of vestibular symptoms. Positional nystagmus was found to be the most common symptom (51%). In 25% of the cases, spontaneous nystagmus could be demonstrated up to two years following head injury. Pathologic caloric responses were found in only one-third of the patients. Positional and positioning nystagmus were found to be the most important symptoms of a vestibular disorder following head injury, and seem to be the most reliable criteria for the assessment of disability and working capacity.", "PMID": 305434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_289", "title": "Descending fibres of the lateral funiculus of the amphibian spinal cord: their course and terminal distribution.", "content": "Descending fibres of the lateral funiculus (LF) of the spinal cord have been mapped in the adult bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Following large and small lesions of the cervical LF, Nauta preterminal and terminal degeneration staining techniques revealed a large bilateral projection to intermediate regions of the lumbar central grey. Dorsal LF fibres were seen only contralaterally, and ventral fibres mainly ipsilaterally, Medical LF fibre and terminal degeneration occurred bilaterally. Terminal fields of ipsilateral fibres often included the large motoneuron somata situated dorsolaterally in the ventral grey. The smaller contralateral contingent of fibres terminated most often in areas of the central grey dorsal or medial to the motoneuron pool.", "contents": "Descending fibres of the lateral funiculus of the amphibian spinal cord: their course and terminal distribution. Descending fibres of the lateral funiculus (LF) of the spinal cord have been mapped in the adult bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Following large and small lesions of the cervical LF, Nauta preterminal and terminal degeneration staining techniques revealed a large bilateral projection to intermediate regions of the lumbar central grey. Dorsal LF fibres were seen only contralaterally, and ventral fibres mainly ipsilaterally, Medical LF fibre and terminal degeneration occurred bilaterally. Terminal fields of ipsilateral fibres often included the large motoneuron somata situated dorsolaterally in the ventral grey. The smaller contralateral contingent of fibres terminated most often in areas of the central grey dorsal or medial to the motoneuron pool.", "PMID": 305435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_290", "title": "Cordycepin. An inhibitor of newly synthesized globin messenger RNA.", "content": "The effect of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) on newly synthesized globin mRNA in cultured mouse fetal liver erythroid cells is investigated. At cordycepin concentrations that do not inhibit amino acid incorporation into acid-precipitable material, the quantity of pulse-labeled (radioactive) globin mRNA nucleotide sequences is reduced by 90%, as compared to adenosine-treated controls. The reduction of radioactivity in globin-specific RNA sequences is greater than the inhibition of total RNA synthesis in experiments in which the labeling times range from 6 to 60 min. Control experiments demonstrate that cordycepin does not reduce the recovery of total cell RNA or steady state (unlabeled) globin mRNA. The hybridization assay used to detect radioactive globin mRNA sequences is independent of the cellular location or the number of 3'-terminal adenylate residues in the mRNA-containing molecules. These data thus indicate that cordycepin inhibits newly synthesized mRNA as effectively as it inhibits ribosomal and transfer RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Cordycepin. An inhibitor of newly synthesized globin messenger RNA. The effect of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) on newly synthesized globin mRNA in cultured mouse fetal liver erythroid cells is investigated. At cordycepin concentrations that do not inhibit amino acid incorporation into acid-precipitable material, the quantity of pulse-labeled (radioactive) globin mRNA nucleotide sequences is reduced by 90%, as compared to adenosine-treated controls. The reduction of radioactivity in globin-specific RNA sequences is greater than the inhibition of total RNA synthesis in experiments in which the labeling times range from 6 to 60 min. Control experiments demonstrate that cordycepin does not reduce the recovery of total cell RNA or steady state (unlabeled) globin mRNA. The hybridization assay used to detect radioactive globin mRNA sequences is independent of the cellular location or the number of 3'-terminal adenylate residues in the mRNA-containing molecules. These data thus indicate that cordycepin inhibits newly synthesized mRNA as effectively as it inhibits ribosomal and transfer RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 305436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_291", "title": "[Architecture of the visual system of Discoglossus pictus (Oth)].", "content": "The retinofugal pathways of an \"archaic\" Anura Discogossus pictus were examinated with Fink-Heimer method following ablation of the retina and after survival times of 5--105 days at 14 degrees C. A description of the diencephalic and mensencephalic architectonics has been done in order to replace the visual system into the general pattern. The scheme of primary optic pathways and centers is similar in Discoglossus and Rana. However, some retinofugal fibers reach the posterolateral part of the ipsilateral tectum opticum. Beside this study, a Golgi study has shown the link which exists between the degeneration territories (neuropils) and the periventricular cell-masses by the way of the dendritic trees of multipolar, bipolar and pear-shaped neurons. An hypothesis about the notion of visual center is formulated. In the tectum, the distribution of degenerations allows to understand the existence of two visual behaviors: avoidance and prey-catching. The signification of the ipsilateral retinotectal pathway is discussed.", "contents": "[Architecture of the visual system of Discoglossus pictus (Oth)]. The retinofugal pathways of an \"archaic\" Anura Discogossus pictus were examinated with Fink-Heimer method following ablation of the retina and after survival times of 5--105 days at 14 degrees C. A description of the diencephalic and mensencephalic architectonics has been done in order to replace the visual system into the general pattern. The scheme of primary optic pathways and centers is similar in Discoglossus and Rana. However, some retinofugal fibers reach the posterolateral part of the ipsilateral tectum opticum. Beside this study, a Golgi study has shown the link which exists between the degeneration territories (neuropils) and the periventricular cell-masses by the way of the dendritic trees of multipolar, bipolar and pear-shaped neurons. An hypothesis about the notion of visual center is formulated. In the tectum, the distribution of degenerations allows to understand the existence of two visual behaviors: avoidance and prey-catching. The signification of the ipsilateral retinotectal pathway is discussed.", "PMID": 305441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_292", "title": "Molecular basis of B cell activation: mitogenicity of native and modified digitalis glycosides.", "content": "Lanatoside C, a digitalis glycoside, has previously been shown to be a potent polyclonal B cell activator for mouse lymphocytes. Since the chemical structure of lanatoside C is well defined we investigated the effect of different chemical modifications on the mitogenic properties of the glycoside in order to determine the molecular basis of B cell activation. The presence of an OH- group at C12 in the steroid nucleus proved to be essential for activation to occur in serum-free medium. Likewise, an intact carbohydrate side chain at C3 appeared to be necessary for retaining mitogenic properties. In serum-supplemented cultures, however, a much more complex response pattern was observed where the prerequisites for activation were not as distinct as in serum-free medium.", "contents": "Molecular basis of B cell activation: mitogenicity of native and modified digitalis glycosides. Lanatoside C, a digitalis glycoside, has previously been shown to be a potent polyclonal B cell activator for mouse lymphocytes. Since the chemical structure of lanatoside C is well defined we investigated the effect of different chemical modifications on the mitogenic properties of the glycoside in order to determine the molecular basis of B cell activation. The presence of an OH- group at C12 in the steroid nucleus proved to be essential for activation to occur in serum-free medium. Likewise, an intact carbohydrate side chain at C3 appeared to be necessary for retaining mitogenic properties. In serum-supplemented cultures, however, a much more complex response pattern was observed where the prerequisites for activation were not as distinct as in serum-free medium.", "PMID": 305443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_293", "title": "Polyclonal activation of CR+ and CR- B lymphocytes: the kinetics of initiation of DNA and immunoglobulin synthesis by lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "B cells that carry the complement receptor (CR+) were separated from B cells that lack the complement receptor (CR-) by velocity sedimentation or by passage through C-coated Sephadex columns. The kinetics of responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in both B cell subpopulations were determined in three assay procedures: 1) incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA; 2) incorporation of radioactive leucine into immunoglobulin; 3) enumeration of cells forming polyclonal antibody to the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten. Although both subpopulations of B cells responded to LPS, they differed in the time course. CR- B cells responded with a delay of approximately 24 hr as compared with the response of CR+ B cells. The implications to the ontogenetic status of CR+ and CR- B subpopulations are discussed.", "contents": "Polyclonal activation of CR+ and CR- B lymphocytes: the kinetics of initiation of DNA and immunoglobulin synthesis by lipopolysaccharide. B cells that carry the complement receptor (CR+) were separated from B cells that lack the complement receptor (CR-) by velocity sedimentation or by passage through C-coated Sephadex columns. The kinetics of responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in both B cell subpopulations were determined in three assay procedures: 1) incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA; 2) incorporation of radioactive leucine into immunoglobulin; 3) enumeration of cells forming polyclonal antibody to the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten. Although both subpopulations of B cells responded to LPS, they differed in the time course. CR- B cells responded with a delay of approximately 24 hr as compared with the response of CR+ B cells. The implications to the ontogenetic status of CR+ and CR- B subpopulations are discussed.", "PMID": 305444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_294", "title": "Inhibition of specific effector T cell-target cell conjugates by cell plasma membranes.", "content": "Conjugate formation between effector T cells raised in vivo in a BALB/c hose had fluorescein diacetate-labeled allogeneic EL4 tumor target cells was observed and scored by using a fluorescence mirroscope. This conjugate formation was found to be specifically inhibited by plasma membrane vesicles isolated from the EL4 cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of specific effector T cell-target cell conjugates by cell plasma membranes. Conjugate formation between effector T cells raised in vivo in a BALB/c hose had fluorescein diacetate-labeled allogeneic EL4 tumor target cells was observed and scored by using a fluorescence mirroscope. This conjugate formation was found to be specifically inhibited by plasma membrane vesicles isolated from the EL4 cells.", "PMID": 305445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_295", "title": "Transfer of concanavalin A between responding lymphocytes and syngeneic stimulating cells in cell-mediated mitogenic response.", "content": "We have studied the mechanism of the cell-mediated mitogenic response (CMMR), in which proliferative responses are generated in mouse T lymphocytes co-cultivated with syngeneic mitomycin C-treated spleen cells (Mito-SP), when either responder or stimulator cells are briefly pretreated with concanavalin A (Con A) under nonmitogenic conditions. We present evidence that an intact membrane of the stimulator cells is required in CMMR, since the response was abolished by fixation, or by freezing and thawing of stimulator cells. The fate of cell-bound Con A was studied by tracing I-Con A bound to either stimulator or responder. A lymphoblast that developed from untreated CRT stimulated by I-Con A-coated syngeneic Mito-Sp carried about 105 molecules of 125I-Con A. The amount of Con A released into the culture medium was not sufficient for inducing a mitogenic response by itself, nor to bind to cells at the level found in CMMR, suggesting that 125I-Con A was transferred directly from labeled cells to unlabeled cells. Transferred 125I-Con A found in lymphoblasts was undergraded intact Con A, as demonstrated by gel electrophoresis. Autoradiography allowed visualization of the movement of 125I-Con A from stimulator to responder cells within 60 min of cell contact.", "contents": "Transfer of concanavalin A between responding lymphocytes and syngeneic stimulating cells in cell-mediated mitogenic response. We have studied the mechanism of the cell-mediated mitogenic response (CMMR), in which proliferative responses are generated in mouse T lymphocytes co-cultivated with syngeneic mitomycin C-treated spleen cells (Mito-SP), when either responder or stimulator cells are briefly pretreated with concanavalin A (Con A) under nonmitogenic conditions. We present evidence that an intact membrane of the stimulator cells is required in CMMR, since the response was abolished by fixation, or by freezing and thawing of stimulator cells. The fate of cell-bound Con A was studied by tracing I-Con A bound to either stimulator or responder. A lymphoblast that developed from untreated CRT stimulated by I-Con A-coated syngeneic Mito-Sp carried about 105 molecules of 125I-Con A. The amount of Con A released into the culture medium was not sufficient for inducing a mitogenic response by itself, nor to bind to cells at the level found in CMMR, suggesting that 125I-Con A was transferred directly from labeled cells to unlabeled cells. Transferred 125I-Con A found in lymphoblasts was undergraded intact Con A, as demonstrated by gel electrophoresis. Autoradiography allowed visualization of the movement of 125I-Con A from stimulator to responder cells within 60 min of cell contact.", "PMID": 305446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_296", "title": "Reaginic antibody formation in the mouse. X. Possible role of suppressor T cells in transient IgE antibody responses.", "content": "The kinetics of IgE antibody response to alum-absorbed dinitrophenyl derivatives of ovalbumin (DNP-OA) was dependent on the dose of immunogen. A persistent IgE antibody response was obtained when high responder BDF1 mice were immunized with a minimum (0.05 microgram) dose. An increase of the immunogen to 10 microgram depressed IgE antibody responses but enhanced IgG antibody responses of both hapten and carrier specificities. Determination of T helper cell activity and B memory cells after immunization with different doses of antigen indicated that minimum immunogen was favorable for developing helper activity, whereas 1 to 10 microgram immunogen were more favorable than a 0.05-microgram dose for developing both IgE and IgG B memory cells. Nevertheless, neither helper T cells nor B memory cells in the spleen explains a transient IgE antibody response to a high (10 microgram) dose of DNP-OA. Evidence was obtained that immunization with 10 microgram OA induced generation of antigen-specific suppressor T cells, which were not detectable after immunization with 0.05 microgram OA. Transfer of suppressor T cells to DNP-OA-primed mice depressed both anti-hapten and anti-carrier IgE antibody responses. The results suggested strongly that suppressor T cells are involved in a transient IgE antibody response to a high-dose immunogen.", "contents": "Reaginic antibody formation in the mouse. X. Possible role of suppressor T cells in transient IgE antibody responses. The kinetics of IgE antibody response to alum-absorbed dinitrophenyl derivatives of ovalbumin (DNP-OA) was dependent on the dose of immunogen. A persistent IgE antibody response was obtained when high responder BDF1 mice were immunized with a minimum (0.05 microgram) dose. An increase of the immunogen to 10 microgram depressed IgE antibody responses but enhanced IgG antibody responses of both hapten and carrier specificities. Determination of T helper cell activity and B memory cells after immunization with different doses of antigen indicated that minimum immunogen was favorable for developing helper activity, whereas 1 to 10 microgram immunogen were more favorable than a 0.05-microgram dose for developing both IgE and IgG B memory cells. Nevertheless, neither helper T cells nor B memory cells in the spleen explains a transient IgE antibody response to a high (10 microgram) dose of DNP-OA. Evidence was obtained that immunization with 10 microgram OA induced generation of antigen-specific suppressor T cells, which were not detectable after immunization with 0.05 microgram OA. Transfer of suppressor T cells to DNP-OA-primed mice depressed both anti-hapten and anti-carrier IgE antibody responses. The results suggested strongly that suppressor T cells are involved in a transient IgE antibody response to a high-dose immunogen.", "PMID": 305447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_297", "title": "Suppressor T cells for IgE and IgG in Peyer's patches of mice made tolerant by the oral administration of ovalbumin.", "content": "A single oral dose of ovalbumin (Ov) resulted in inhibition of IgE formation in mice subsequently immunized i.p. with Al(OH)3-Ov. Repeated feeding of Ov (on alternate days for 2 weeks) induced the formation of detectable suppressor cells in Peyer's patches and spleen. Suppression was demonstrated by the ability of adoptively transferred Peyer's patch or splenic lymphocytes from Ov-fed tolerant mice to inhibit IgE formation in Ov-immunized syngeneic recipients. Suppressor cells could be induced by feeding mice as little as 100 microgram of Ov on alternate days for 2 weeks. Suppression was specific and Peyer's patch lymphocytes were shown to be more effective suppressors than splenic lymphocytes.", "contents": "Suppressor T cells for IgE and IgG in Peyer's patches of mice made tolerant by the oral administration of ovalbumin. A single oral dose of ovalbumin (Ov) resulted in inhibition of IgE formation in mice subsequently immunized i.p. with Al(OH)3-Ov. Repeated feeding of Ov (on alternate days for 2 weeks) induced the formation of detectable suppressor cells in Peyer's patches and spleen. Suppression was demonstrated by the ability of adoptively transferred Peyer's patch or splenic lymphocytes from Ov-fed tolerant mice to inhibit IgE formation in Ov-immunized syngeneic recipients. Suppressor cells could be induced by feeding mice as little as 100 microgram of Ov on alternate days for 2 weeks. Suppression was specific and Peyer's patch lymphocytes were shown to be more effective suppressors than splenic lymphocytes.", "PMID": 305448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_298", "title": "Control of human B lymphocyte responsiveness: enhanced suppressor T cell activity after in vitro incubation.", "content": "Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) lost the capacity to generate immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) in response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) after a period of preincubation in vitro. When fresh PBM were co-cultured with preincubated PBM their response to PWM was inhibited, indicating that enhanced suppressor activity developed in the aged PBM concomitant with the loss of PWM responsiveness. Suppressor cell activity of aged PBM was present within the T lymphocyte population. The suppressor T cell inhibited PWM responsiveness of autologous and homologous PBM to an equivalent degree. The action of the suppressor cell was abrogated by inhibitors of DNA synthesis or by hydrocortisone. A suppressor T cell population with similar characteristics was found in freshly prepared PBM before in vitro incubation. Expansion of this suppressor T cell population during preincubation required cell division. There was no change in the functional capability of the helper T cell population as a result of similar in vitro culture. These observations indicate that a T cell population capable of suppressing PWM-induced generation of ISC can be selectively expanded by in vitro incubation of normal human PBM without additional mitogenic stimulation. Moreover, these data emphasize that control of B lymphocyte differentiation involves a critical interrelationship between T lymphocyte subpopulations exerting both positive and negative influences.", "contents": "Control of human B lymphocyte responsiveness: enhanced suppressor T cell activity after in vitro incubation. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) lost the capacity to generate immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) in response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) after a period of preincubation in vitro. When fresh PBM were co-cultured with preincubated PBM their response to PWM was inhibited, indicating that enhanced suppressor activity developed in the aged PBM concomitant with the loss of PWM responsiveness. Suppressor cell activity of aged PBM was present within the T lymphocyte population. The suppressor T cell inhibited PWM responsiveness of autologous and homologous PBM to an equivalent degree. The action of the suppressor cell was abrogated by inhibitors of DNA synthesis or by hydrocortisone. A suppressor T cell population with similar characteristics was found in freshly prepared PBM before in vitro incubation. Expansion of this suppressor T cell population during preincubation required cell division. There was no change in the functional capability of the helper T cell population as a result of similar in vitro culture. These observations indicate that a T cell population capable of suppressing PWM-induced generation of ISC can be selectively expanded by in vitro incubation of normal human PBM without additional mitogenic stimulation. Moreover, these data emphasize that control of B lymphocyte differentiation involves a critical interrelationship between T lymphocyte subpopulations exerting both positive and negative influences.", "PMID": 305449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_299", "title": "Electrophoretic mobility distributions of normal human T and B lymphocytes and of peripheral blood lymphoblasts in acute lymphocytic leukemia: effects of neuraminidase and of solvent ionic strength.", "content": "Human T and B lymphocytes were found to be distinguishable on the basis of electrophoretic mobility, with the T cells having the higher mobility, in agreement with previous reports. The effects of the enzyme neuraminidase on the electrophoretic mobilities of T and B lymphocytes were determined. T lymphocytes showed a greater decrease in electrophoretic mobility after neuraminidase treatment; the relative mobilities of T and B cells were reversed by neuraminidase treatment, and the electrophoretic distinguishability was enhanced. The electrophoretic mobility distributions of lymphoblasts from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia were found to differ from those of normal cells in their response to neuraminidase treatment and to changes in solution ionic strength. These results imply that the surface structure of the leukemic cells differs from that of either T or B lymphocytes from normal donors.", "contents": "Electrophoretic mobility distributions of normal human T and B lymphocytes and of peripheral blood lymphoblasts in acute lymphocytic leukemia: effects of neuraminidase and of solvent ionic strength. Human T and B lymphocytes were found to be distinguishable on the basis of electrophoretic mobility, with the T cells having the higher mobility, in agreement with previous reports. The effects of the enzyme neuraminidase on the electrophoretic mobilities of T and B lymphocytes were determined. T lymphocytes showed a greater decrease in electrophoretic mobility after neuraminidase treatment; the relative mobilities of T and B cells were reversed by neuraminidase treatment, and the electrophoretic distinguishability was enhanced. The electrophoretic mobility distributions of lymphoblasts from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia were found to differ from those of normal cells in their response to neuraminidase treatment and to changes in solution ionic strength. These results imply that the surface structure of the leukemic cells differs from that of either T or B lymphocytes from normal donors.", "PMID": 305450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_300", "title": "Lymphocyte isolation from chronically inflamed synovial membranes.", "content": "A simple two-step procedure was developed for isolation of lymphocytes from chronically inflamed human synovial membranes. In the first step minced inflamed synovial tissues are disrupted enzymatically by deoxyribonuclease and collagenase. The second step consists of nylon-wool column filtration of the isolated cells. 7 min of preincubation of up to 37.4 X 10(6) cells in a column packed with 600 mg nylon-wool in 6 ml prior to filtration did not result in significant selective losses of either T or B cells, whereas 45 min of preincubation did. Recovery of lymphocytes after nylon-wool column filtration ranged from 68 to 95% (mean 80%) and viability was always higher than 90%. Nylon-wool column filtration increased the proportion of lymphocytes by a mean 73%. The method allows rapid identification of synovial tissue lymphocyte subpopulations as well as characterization of their function.", "contents": "Lymphocyte isolation from chronically inflamed synovial membranes. A simple two-step procedure was developed for isolation of lymphocytes from chronically inflamed human synovial membranes. In the first step minced inflamed synovial tissues are disrupted enzymatically by deoxyribonuclease and collagenase. The second step consists of nylon-wool column filtration of the isolated cells. 7 min of preincubation of up to 37.4 X 10(6) cells in a column packed with 600 mg nylon-wool in 6 ml prior to filtration did not result in significant selective losses of either T or B cells, whereas 45 min of preincubation did. Recovery of lymphocytes after nylon-wool column filtration ranged from 68 to 95% (mean 80%) and viability was always higher than 90%. Nylon-wool column filtration increased the proportion of lymphocytes by a mean 73%. The method allows rapid identification of synovial tissue lymphocyte subpopulations as well as characterization of their function.", "PMID": 305451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_301", "title": "Some requirements for a linear cell dose response in vitro assay for the T-cell progenitors of cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "content": "To develop a precise assay for the T-cells progenitors of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL-progenitors), lymphoid were cultured under optimal conditions in Marbrook vessels with mitomycin-treated allogeneic stimulator cells, and the total level of CL produced 5 days later estimated by a modified 51Cr release assay. Conditions were adjusted so an arithmetically linear cell dose response relationship was obtained. Three aspects of the cell dose response curve required attention. (1) At low responding cell inputs a macrophage-like cell became limiting (despite the presence of allogeneic macrophages in the stimulating cell population), leading to a lag in the response. This limitation was overcome by adding a low level of irradiated syngeneic macrophages, or by using irradiated syngeneic spleen 'filler' cells. (2) The slope of the resultant linear dose response region could be reduced if desired by changing from cellophane dialysis membranes to 0.1 mu pore size nuclepore membranes, suggesting a stimulatory role for some higher molecular weight soluble factor produced in the cultures. (3) At higher responding cell inputs a marked and extensive plateau was obtained. CL developing early in the response appeared to be destroying the allogeneic stimulator cells causing the response to be self-limiting. This problem was overcome by using a responding cell concentration lower than commonly employed. Assays using mixed leukocyte cultures in the lag or plateau regions could give misleading vlaues for CL-progenitor activity. It is suggested that some examples of apparent synergism in CL generation may have resulted from these effects, rather than T-cell helper T-cell progenitor interactions.", "contents": "Some requirements for a linear cell dose response in vitro assay for the T-cell progenitors of cytotoxic lymphocytes. To develop a precise assay for the T-cells progenitors of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL-progenitors), lymphoid were cultured under optimal conditions in Marbrook vessels with mitomycin-treated allogeneic stimulator cells, and the total level of CL produced 5 days later estimated by a modified 51Cr release assay. Conditions were adjusted so an arithmetically linear cell dose response relationship was obtained. Three aspects of the cell dose response curve required attention. (1) At low responding cell inputs a macrophage-like cell became limiting (despite the presence of allogeneic macrophages in the stimulating cell population), leading to a lag in the response. This limitation was overcome by adding a low level of irradiated syngeneic macrophages, or by using irradiated syngeneic spleen 'filler' cells. (2) The slope of the resultant linear dose response region could be reduced if desired by changing from cellophane dialysis membranes to 0.1 mu pore size nuclepore membranes, suggesting a stimulatory role for some higher molecular weight soluble factor produced in the cultures. (3) At higher responding cell inputs a marked and extensive plateau was obtained. CL developing early in the response appeared to be destroying the allogeneic stimulator cells causing the response to be self-limiting. This problem was overcome by using a responding cell concentration lower than commonly employed. Assays using mixed leukocyte cultures in the lag or plateau regions could give misleading vlaues for CL-progenitor activity. It is suggested that some examples of apparent synergism in CL generation may have resulted from these effects, rather than T-cell helper T-cell progenitor interactions.", "PMID": 305452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_302", "title": "Genetic restrictions for the induction of suppressor T cells by hapten-modified lymphoid cells in tolerance to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene contact sensitivity. Role of the H-2D region of the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "Genetic restrictions governing the induction and expression of suppressor T cells (Ts) in tolerance to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrogenzene (DNFB) contract sensitivity were studied. Tolerance was induced by using 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-modified lymphoid cells (DNP-LC) as tolerogen. Two kinds of Ts were found-those produced by DNP-LC syngeneic to the donor of the Ts (syninduced Ts), and those produced by DNP-LC allogeneic to the donor of Ts (alloinduced Ts). Studies employing congenic resistant mouse strains indicated that recognition of DNP-modified-major histocompatibility region determinants on the tolerogenic DNP-LC was essential for the induction of both types of Ts. Non-H-2 genetic background was irrelevant to Ts induction. Mapping studies indicated that induction of both syninduced and alloinduced Ts was associated with  recognition of DNP-modified-MHC region determinants which map to the right of the H-2G region (i.e., H-2D gene products). Tolerization of donor mice with DNP-LC which were H-2D region compatible, but not with H-2K or I region compatible DNP-LC, was both sufficient and required for the induction of hapten-specific syninduced Ts. Tolerization of donor mice with DNP-LC which were incompatible only at the H-2D region was sufficient for the induction of alloinduced Ts. These Ts were capable of suppressing recipient mice only if the recipients shared the H-2D region with the strain providing the DNP-LC tolerogen, and were not capable of suppressing recipients sharing all but the H-2D region with the tolerogen.", "contents": "Genetic restrictions for the induction of suppressor T cells by hapten-modified lymphoid cells in tolerance to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene contact sensitivity. Role of the H-2D region of the major histocompatibility complex. Genetic restrictions governing the induction and expression of suppressor T cells (Ts) in tolerance to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrogenzene (DNFB) contract sensitivity were studied. Tolerance was induced by using 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-modified lymphoid cells (DNP-LC) as tolerogen. Two kinds of Ts were found-those produced by DNP-LC syngeneic to the donor of the Ts (syninduced Ts), and those produced by DNP-LC allogeneic to the donor of Ts (alloinduced Ts). Studies employing congenic resistant mouse strains indicated that recognition of DNP-modified-major histocompatibility region determinants on the tolerogenic DNP-LC was essential for the induction of both types of Ts. Non-H-2 genetic background was irrelevant to Ts induction. Mapping studies indicated that induction of both syninduced and alloinduced Ts was associated with  recognition of DNP-modified-MHC region determinants which map to the right of the H-2G region (i.e., H-2D gene products). Tolerization of donor mice with DNP-LC which were H-2D region compatible, but not with H-2K or I region compatible DNP-LC, was both sufficient and required for the induction of hapten-specific syninduced Ts. Tolerization of donor mice with DNP-LC which were incompatible only at the H-2D region was sufficient for the induction of alloinduced Ts. These Ts were capable of suppressing recipient mice only if the recipients shared the H-2D region with the strain providing the DNP-LC tolerogen, and were not capable of suppressing recipients sharing all but the H-2D region with the tolerogen.", "PMID": 305458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_303", "title": "On the thymus in the differentiation of \"H-2 self-recognition\" by T cells: evidence for dual recognition?", "content": "In the thymus, precursor T cells differentiate recognition structures for self that are specific for the H-2K, D, and I markers expressed by the thymic epithelium. Thus recognition of self-H-2 differentiates independently of the T cells H-2 type and independently of recognition of nonself antigen X. This is readily compatible with dual recognition by T cells but does not formally exclude a single recognition model. These conclusions derive from experiments with bone marrow and thymic chimeras. Irradiated mice reconstituted with bone marrow to form chimeras of (A X B)F1 leads to A type generate virus-specific cytotoxic T cells for infected targets A only. Therefore, the H-2 type of the host determines the H-2-restricted activity of killer T cells alone. In contrast, chimeras made by reconstituting irradiated A mice with adult spleen cells of (A X B)F1 origin generate virus-specific cytotoxic activity for infected A and B targets, suggesting that mature T cells do not change their self-specificity readily. (A X B)F1 leads to (A X C)F1 and (KAIA/DC) leads to (KAIA/DB) irradiation bone marrow chimeras responded against infected A but not B or C targets. This suggests that cytotoxicity is not generated against DC because it is abscent from the host's thymus epithelium and not against DB because it is not expressed by the reconstituting lymphoreticular system. (KBIB/DA) leads to (KCIC/DA) K, I incompatible, or completely H-2 incompatible A leads to B chimeras fail to generate any measurable virus specific cytotoxicity, indicating the necessity for I-specific helper T cells for the generation of killer T cells. Finally adult thymectomized, irradiated and bone marrow reconstituted (A X B)F1 mice, transplanted with an irradiated thymus of A origin, generate virus-specific cytotoxic T cells specific for infected A targets but not for B targets; this result formally demonstrates the crucial role of thymic epithelial cells in the differentiation of anti-self-H-2 specificities of T cells.", "contents": "On the thymus in the differentiation of \"H-2 self-recognition\" by T cells: evidence for dual recognition? In the thymus, precursor T cells differentiate recognition structures for self that are specific for the H-2K, D, and I markers expressed by the thymic epithelium. Thus recognition of self-H-2 differentiates independently of the T cells H-2 type and independently of recognition of nonself antigen X. This is readily compatible with dual recognition by T cells but does not formally exclude a single recognition model. These conclusions derive from experiments with bone marrow and thymic chimeras. Irradiated mice reconstituted with bone marrow to form chimeras of (A X B)F1 leads to A type generate virus-specific cytotoxic T cells for infected targets A only. Therefore, the H-2 type of the host determines the H-2-restricted activity of killer T cells alone. In contrast, chimeras made by reconstituting irradiated A mice with adult spleen cells of (A X B)F1 origin generate virus-specific cytotoxic activity for infected A and B targets, suggesting that mature T cells do not change their self-specificity readily. (A X B)F1 leads to (A X C)F1 and (KAIA/DC) leads to (KAIA/DB) irradiation bone marrow chimeras responded against infected A but not B or C targets. This suggests that cytotoxicity is not generated against DC because it is abscent from the host's thymus epithelium and not against DB because it is not expressed by the reconstituting lymphoreticular system. (KBIB/DA) leads to (KCIC/DA) K, I incompatible, or completely H-2 incompatible A leads to B chimeras fail to generate any measurable virus specific cytotoxicity, indicating the necessity for I-specific helper T cells for the generation of killer T cells. Finally adult thymectomized, irradiated and bone marrow reconstituted (A X B)F1 mice, transplanted with an irradiated thymus of A origin, generate virus-specific cytotoxic T cells specific for infected A targets but not for B targets; this result formally demonstrates the crucial role of thymic epithelial cells in the differentiation of anti-self-H-2 specificities of T cells.", "PMID": 305459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_304", "title": "The lymphoreticular system in triggering virus plus self-specific cytotoxic T cells: evidence for T help.", "content": "The thymus determines the spectrum of the receptor specificities of differentiating T cells for self-H-2; however, the phenotypic expression of T cell's specificity for self plus virus is determined predominantly by the H-2 type of the antigen presenting cells of the peripheral lymphoreticular system. Furthermore, virus specific helper T cells are essential for the generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. For cooperation between mature T cells and other lymphocytes to be functional in chimeras, thymic epithelial cells and lymphohemopoietic stem cells must share the I region; killer T-cell generation also requires in addition compatibility for at least one K or D region. These conclusions derive from the following experiments: A leads to (A X B)F1 chimeric lymphocytes do produce virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell activity for infected A but not for infected B cells; when sensitized in an acutely irradiated and infected recipient (A X B)F1 these chimeric lymphocytes respond to both infected A and B. Therefore the predominantly immunogenically infected cells of chimeras the radiosensitive and by donor stem cells replaced lymphoreticular cells. In this adoptive priming model (KAIA/DB leads to KAIA/DC) chimeric lymphocytes could be sensitized in irradiated and infected F1 against KA and DC but not against infected DB targets. In contrast KBIB/DA leads to KCIC/DA chimeras' lymphocytes could not be sensitized at all in appropriately irradiated and infected F1 recipients. Thus these latter chimeras probably lack functional I-specific T helper cells that are essential for the generation of T killer cells against infected D compatible targets. If T cells learn in the thymus to  recognize H-21 or K, D markers that are not at least partially carried themselves in other cells of the lymphoreticular system immunological interactions will be impossible and this paradox situation results in phenotypic immune incompetence in vivo.", "contents": "The lymphoreticular system in triggering virus plus self-specific cytotoxic T cells: evidence for T help. The thymus determines the spectrum of the receptor specificities of differentiating T cells for self-H-2; however, the phenotypic expression of T cell's specificity for self plus virus is determined predominantly by the H-2 type of the antigen presenting cells of the peripheral lymphoreticular system. Furthermore, virus specific helper T cells are essential for the generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. For cooperation between mature T cells and other lymphocytes to be functional in chimeras, thymic epithelial cells and lymphohemopoietic stem cells must share the I region; killer T-cell generation also requires in addition compatibility for at least one K or D region. These conclusions derive from the following experiments: A leads to (A X B)F1 chimeric lymphocytes do produce virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell activity for infected A but not for infected B cells; when sensitized in an acutely irradiated and infected recipient (A X B)F1 these chimeric lymphocytes respond to both infected A and B. Therefore the predominantly immunogenically infected cells of chimeras the radiosensitive and by donor stem cells replaced lymphoreticular cells. In this adoptive priming model (KAIA/DB leads to KAIA/DC) chimeric lymphocytes could be sensitized in irradiated and infected F1 against KA and DC but not against infected DB targets. In contrast KBIB/DA leads to KCIC/DA chimeras' lymphocytes could not be sensitized at all in appropriately irradiated and infected F1 recipients. Thus these latter chimeras probably lack functional I-specific T helper cells that are essential for the generation of T killer cells against infected D compatible targets. If T cells learn in the thymus to  recognize H-21 or K, D markers that are not at least partially carried themselves in other cells of the lymphoreticular system immunological interactions will be impossible and this paradox situation results in phenotypic immune incompetence in vivo.", "PMID": 305460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_305", "title": "Autologous leukemia-specific T-cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Short-term culture of acute myelogenous leukemia patient's remission lymphocytes with inactivated autologous leukemic blast cells plus allogeneic lymphocytes, generated effector T lymphocytes which were cytotoxic for the specific autologous blast cell in 11 of 14 patients studied. Experiments using Daudi and Molt 4 lymphoblastoid cell lines as  third-party helper cell suggest that an HLA D locus incompatability is necessary to provide effective help in this system. Cold target inhibition experiments, crossover studies between pairs of patients, and experiments with allogeneic leukemic blast cells as priming stimulus suggest that the target antigen is only present on the specific autologous blast cell.", "contents": "Autologous leukemia-specific T-cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Short-term culture of acute myelogenous leukemia patient's remission lymphocytes with inactivated autologous leukemic blast cells plus allogeneic lymphocytes, generated effector T lymphocytes which were cytotoxic for the specific autologous blast cell in 11 of 14 patients studied. Experiments using Daudi and Molt 4 lymphoblastoid cell lines as  third-party helper cell suggest that an HLA D locus incompatability is necessary to provide effective help in this system. Cold target inhibition experiments, crossover studies between pairs of patients, and experiments with allogeneic leukemic blast cells as priming stimulus suggest that the target antigen is only present on the specific autologous blast cell.", "PMID": 305461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_306", "title": "Complete replacement of serum by albumin, transferrin, and soybean lipid in cultures of lipopolysaccharide-reactive B lymphocytes.", "content": "Albumin, transferrin, and lipids can replace serum entirely for support of LPS-stimulated murine B lymphocytes in culture. In the presence of these compounds, growth and maturation to IgM and IgG secretion, induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), occurs at the same or higher efficiency in serum-free conditions as in conventional serum-containing medium, even at relatively low cell concentrations. In contrast to the rapid disappearance of LPS reactivity in conventional serum-containing medium, responsiveness remains at initial levels in serum-free conditions for 2 days before slowly declining. Overall lymphocyte survival is also markedly prolonged. In the presence of thymus \"filler\" cells, the serum-free conditions permit growth of every LPS-responsive cell to a clone of Ig-secreting cells at dilutions as low  as a single reactive B cell per culture. The results have several important implications. These include the establishment for the first time of transferrin as a requirement for B lymphocyte responses in culture, and the availability now of conditions for the assay isolation of cell products regulating lymphocyte function, free of interference from undefined serum components.", "contents": "Complete replacement of serum by albumin, transferrin, and soybean lipid in cultures of lipopolysaccharide-reactive B lymphocytes. Albumin, transferrin, and lipids can replace serum entirely for support of LPS-stimulated murine B lymphocytes in culture. In the presence of these compounds, growth and maturation to IgM and IgG secretion, induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), occurs at the same or higher efficiency in serum-free conditions as in conventional serum-containing medium, even at relatively low cell concentrations. In contrast to the rapid disappearance of LPS reactivity in conventional serum-containing medium, responsiveness remains at initial levels in serum-free conditions for 2 days before slowly declining. Overall lymphocyte survival is also markedly prolonged. In the presence of thymus \"filler\" cells, the serum-free conditions permit growth of every LPS-responsive cell to a clone of Ig-secreting cells at dilutions as low  as a single reactive B cell per culture. The results have several important implications. These include the establishment for the first time of transferrin as a requirement for B lymphocyte responses in culture, and the availability now of conditions for the assay isolation of cell products regulating lymphocyte function, free of interference from undefined serum components.", "PMID": 305462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_307", "title": "Induction of partial chimerism in nonirradiated B-lymphocyte-deficient CBA/N mice.", "content": "Nonirradiated B-lymphocyte-deficient CBA/N mice given T6T6 chromosome-marked normal CBA/CaHN spleen cells became lymphoid chimeras exhibiting donor-type mitoses. Normal CBA/CaHN recipients did not exhibit significant numbers of donor-type mitoses. The lymphoid cell chimerism in the CBA/N host appeared in spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches, but not in marrow or thymus. Stimulation of CBA/N-recipient spleen cells in vitro suggested that the chimerism involved donor T6T6 cells which were responsive to the B-lymphocyte mitogen, lipopolysaccharide, but not to the T-lymphocyte mitogen, phytohemagglutinin. These data indicate that stable, long-term chimerism of a specific class of lymphocytes is possible in nonirradiated, B-lymphocyte-deficient CBA/N mice.", "contents": "Induction of partial chimerism in nonirradiated B-lymphocyte-deficient CBA/N mice. Nonirradiated B-lymphocyte-deficient CBA/N mice given T6T6 chromosome-marked normal CBA/CaHN spleen cells became lymphoid chimeras exhibiting donor-type mitoses. Normal CBA/CaHN recipients did not exhibit significant numbers of donor-type mitoses. The lymphoid cell chimerism in the CBA/N host appeared in spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches, but not in marrow or thymus. Stimulation of CBA/N-recipient spleen cells in vitro suggested that the chimerism involved donor T6T6 cells which were responsive to the B-lymphocyte mitogen, lipopolysaccharide, but not to the T-lymphocyte mitogen, phytohemagglutinin. These data indicate that stable, long-term chimerism of a specific class of lymphocytes is possible in nonirradiated, B-lymphocyte-deficient CBA/N mice.", "PMID": 305463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_308", "title": "The induction of secondary cytolytic T lymphocytes by solubilized membrane proteins.", "content": "Membrane-bound antigens responsible for induction of a secondary allogeneic murine cytolytic T-cell (CTL) response have been obtained in a soluble, biologically active form by deoxycholate solubilization of tumor cell plasma membranes. The active proteins are soluble by the criteria of both ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. The immunological specificity of the induced CTL and removal of the activity from solution by treatment with B6 anti-P815 (anti-H-2d) antiserum and Protein A-Sepharose demonstrate that the CTL-inducing activity is dependent upon solubilized major histocompatibility complex antigens.", "contents": "The induction of secondary cytolytic T lymphocytes by solubilized membrane proteins. Membrane-bound antigens responsible for induction of a secondary allogeneic murine cytolytic T-cell (CTL) response have been obtained in a soluble, biologically active form by deoxycholate solubilization of tumor cell plasma membranes. The active proteins are soluble by the criteria of both ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. The immunological specificity of the induced CTL and removal of the activity from solution by treatment with B6 anti-P815 (anti-H-2d) antiserum and Protein A-Sepharose demonstrate that the CTL-inducing activity is dependent upon solubilized major histocompatibility complex antigens.", "PMID": 305464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_309", "title": "[Differences between human and rat blood towards 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan in vitro. Biochemical and histochemical data (author's transl)].", "content": "When incubated with whole human blood at ordinary temperature, 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine remains unchanged for at least 30 min. Under the same experimental conditions, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan shows a tendency to decrease. When incubated with blood from pentobarbital anaesthetized rats, these aminoacids decrease to about 50% of the added quantity in less than 5 min; thereafter, their level remains stable (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenyl-alanine) or slowly decreases (5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan).", "contents": "[Differences between human and rat blood towards 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan in vitro. Biochemical and histochemical data (author's transl)]. When incubated with whole human blood at ordinary temperature, 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine remains unchanged for at least 30 min. Under the same experimental conditions, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan shows a tendency to decrease. When incubated with blood from pentobarbital anaesthetized rats, these aminoacids decrease to about 50% of the added quantity in less than 5 min; thereafter, their level remains stable (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenyl-alanine) or slowly decreases (5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan).", "PMID": 305465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_310", "title": "Intraspinal arachnoiditis and hydrocephalus after lumbar myelography using methylglucamine iocarmate.", "content": "A 35 year old woman developed a severe meningeal reaction after lumbar myelography using the water-soluble contrast medium methylglucamine iocarmate. Three months after myelography the findings were a transverse spinal cord syndrome corresponding to the middle thoracic segments resulting from well developed leptomeningeal adhesions. This was combined with a noncommunicating hydrocephalus, probably the result of leptomeningeal fibrosis in the posterior fossa. After treatment with a ventriculoatrial shunt the patient is almost free of symptoms. A possible pathogenetic relationship between the contrast medium, the chronic leptomeningeal changes, and the symptoms of our patient is discussed on the basis of the literature.", "contents": "Intraspinal arachnoiditis and hydrocephalus after lumbar myelography using methylglucamine iocarmate. A 35 year old woman developed a severe meningeal reaction after lumbar myelography using the water-soluble contrast medium methylglucamine iocarmate. Three months after myelography the findings were a transverse spinal cord syndrome corresponding to the middle thoracic segments resulting from well developed leptomeningeal adhesions. This was combined with a noncommunicating hydrocephalus, probably the result of leptomeningeal fibrosis in the posterior fossa. After treatment with a ventriculoatrial shunt the patient is almost free of symptoms. A possible pathogenetic relationship between the contrast medium, the chronic leptomeningeal changes, and the symptoms of our patient is discussed on the basis of the literature.", "PMID": 305466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_311", "title": "Time course of clinical and physiological effects of stimulation of the cerebellar surface in patients with spasticity.", "content": "A double-blind study of the short-term (12--48 hours) effects of cerebellar stimulation was performed on 11 selected patients with spasticity. Six of patients had a good clinical long-term response to chronic stimulation, four had a moderate response, and one had no response. Each patient received stimulation for two periods of 24 hours and was off stimulation for two periods of 24 hours. The periods were randomised over four consecutive days. Neither the patients nor the observer could distinguish between the days on stimulation and the days off stimulation. Simple tests of function of the upper limbs during stimulation, measurements of H responses, tonic vibration responses, vibration-induced suppression of H responses, stretch responses, and co-contraction, showed no differences between the four days. These results are contrasted with acute physiological changes seen in some patients during stimulation and also with the slow progressive improvement in clinical function that characterises the successful clinical response. It is suggested that lack of either acute or short-term changes in response to cerebellar stimulation does not predict the clinical outcome. If the strength of stimulation is changed, at least three days and preferably 10 days should be allowed for the effects to appear. The mechanisms responsible for the alleviation of spasticity are likely to be more complex than those mediating acute and reversible changes in reflex activity.", "contents": "Time course of clinical and physiological effects of stimulation of the cerebellar surface in patients with spasticity. A double-blind study of the short-term (12--48 hours) effects of cerebellar stimulation was performed on 11 selected patients with spasticity. Six of patients had a good clinical long-term response to chronic stimulation, four had a moderate response, and one had no response. Each patient received stimulation for two periods of 24 hours and was off stimulation for two periods of 24 hours. The periods were randomised over four consecutive days. Neither the patients nor the observer could distinguish between the days on stimulation and the days off stimulation. Simple tests of function of the upper limbs during stimulation, measurements of H responses, tonic vibration responses, vibration-induced suppression of H responses, stretch responses, and co-contraction, showed no differences between the four days. These results are contrasted with acute physiological changes seen in some patients during stimulation and also with the slow progressive improvement in clinical function that characterises the successful clinical response. It is suggested that lack of either acute or short-term changes in response to cerebellar stimulation does not predict the clinical outcome. If the strength of stimulation is changed, at least three days and preferably 10 days should be allowed for the effects to appear. The mechanisms responsible for the alleviation of spasticity are likely to be more complex than those mediating acute and reversible changes in reflex activity.", "PMID": 305467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_312", "title": "Electronystagmographic criteria in neuro-otological diagnosis. 2. Central nervous system lesions.", "content": "Direct current electronystagmographic recordings of spontaneous nystagmus in light, in darkness, and with eye closure have been carried out on (a) 33 patients with acoustic neurinomata pressing on the brain stem, and (b) 10 patients with lesions involving the brain stem at a high level. Patterns of response characteristics of each group have been identified in 21 out of 28 cases of group a, the spontaneous nystagmus present in light was abolished by eye closure and inhibited in darkness, nystagmus being absent in the remaining five; in group b the greater proportion (70-80%) of patients presented with spontaneous nystagmus in light which was abolished by both eye closure and darkness.", "contents": "Electronystagmographic criteria in neuro-otological diagnosis. 2. Central nervous system lesions. Direct current electronystagmographic recordings of spontaneous nystagmus in light, in darkness, and with eye closure have been carried out on (a) 33 patients with acoustic neurinomata pressing on the brain stem, and (b) 10 patients with lesions involving the brain stem at a high level. Patterns of response characteristics of each group have been identified in 21 out of 28 cases of group a, the spontaneous nystagmus present in light was abolished by eye closure and inhibited in darkness, nystagmus being absent in the remaining five; in group b the greater proportion (70-80%) of patients presented with spontaneous nystagmus in light which was abolished by both eye closure and darkness.", "PMID": 305468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_313", "title": "Percutaneous epidural stimulation of the spinal cord for relief of pain. Long-term results.", "content": "Percutaneous epidural stimulation of the spinal cord was carried out in 20 patients with intractable pain. The procedure proved simple, and no major complications were encountered. The long-term results were comparable to the results obtained after a dorsal column stimulator implant by laminectomy. The percutaneous technique allowed extended trial stimulation without committing the patient to a major operation. Those patients in whom stimulation did not alleviate pain could be identified during a 2-week observation period, and the system could be removed easily. Seven patients were placed on chronic autostimulation and only one of those failed to experience continuing pain relief throughout the follow-up time of up to 2 years. It is concluded that percutaneous epidural stimulation constitutes a valid alternative to dorsal column stimulator implantation.", "contents": "Percutaneous epidural stimulation of the spinal cord for relief of pain. Long-term results. Percutaneous epidural stimulation of the spinal cord was carried out in 20 patients with intractable pain. The procedure proved simple, and no major complications were encountered. The long-term results were comparable to the results obtained after a dorsal column stimulator implant by laminectomy. The percutaneous technique allowed extended trial stimulation without committing the patient to a major operation. Those patients in whom stimulation did not alleviate pain could be identified during a 2-week observation period, and the system could be removed easily. Seven patients were placed on chronic autostimulation and only one of those failed to experience continuing pain relief throughout the follow-up time of up to 2 years. It is concluded that percutaneous epidural stimulation constitutes a valid alternative to dorsal column stimulator implantation.", "PMID": 305469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_314", "title": "Anterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms. Case report.", "content": "A 54-year-old man experienced a right occipital headache accompanied by a roaring sound, nausea, vomiting, right facial weakness, and stiff neck. Vertebral angiography revealed an aneurysm of the right anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) at the internal acoustic meatus which was later excised with favorable results. The literature is reviewed; operations have been reported in eight other cases. Inconstant waxing and waning cerebellopontine angle symptoms and signs can be found when a history of subarachnoid hemorrhage is lacking.", "contents": "Anterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms. Case report. A 54-year-old man experienced a right occipital headache accompanied by a roaring sound, nausea, vomiting, right facial weakness, and stiff neck. Vertebral angiography revealed an aneurysm of the right anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) at the internal acoustic meatus which was later excised with favorable results. The literature is reviewed; operations have been reported in eight other cases. Inconstant waxing and waning cerebellopontine angle symptoms and signs can be found when a history of subarachnoid hemorrhage is lacking.", "PMID": 305470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_315", "title": "Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm.", "content": "We have performed brain scanning by computed tomography on 46 consecutive live-born infants whose birth weights were less than 1,500 gm; 20 of them had evidence of cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage. Nine of the 29 infants who survived had IVH. Four grades of IVH were identified. Grade I and II lesions resolved spontaneously,  but there was prominence of the interhemispheric fissue on CT of the infants at six months of age. Hydrocephalus developed in infants with Grade III and IV lesions. Seven of the surviving infants with IVH did not have clinical evidence of hemorrhage. There were no significant differences between the infants with and without IVH in birth weight, gestational age, one- and five-minute Apgar scores, or the need for resuscitation at birth or for subsequent respiratory assistance.", "contents": "Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm. We have performed brain scanning by computed tomography on 46 consecutive live-born infants whose birth weights were less than 1,500 gm; 20 of them had evidence of cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage. Nine of the 29 infants who survived had IVH. Four grades of IVH were identified. Grade I and II lesions resolved spontaneously,  but there was prominence of the interhemispheric fissue on CT of the infants at six months of age. Hydrocephalus developed in infants with Grade III and IV lesions. Seven of the surviving infants with IVH did not have clinical evidence of hemorrhage. There were no significant differences between the infants with and without IVH in birth weight, gestational age, one- and five-minute Apgar scores, or the need for resuscitation at birth or for subsequent respiratory assistance.", "PMID": 305471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_316", "title": "Enlargement of subarachnoid spaces and lateral ventricles in pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy.", "content": "This retrospective study investigated the possible adverse effects of cancer therapy on the brain. Cranial computed tomographic scans of 76 patients with non-central nervous system malignancies and 25 patients with leukemia had enlarged lateral ventricles and/or cortical sulci in 19% and 40%, respectively. Leukemic patients, especially those with meningeal involvement, had the most frequent and most severe abnormalities.", "contents": "Enlargement of subarachnoid spaces and lateral ventricles in pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy. This retrospective study investigated the possible adverse effects of cancer therapy on the brain. Cranial computed tomographic scans of 76 patients with non-central nervous system malignancies and 25 patients with leukemia had enlarged lateral ventricles and/or cortical sulci in 19% and 40%, respectively. Leukemic patients, especially those with meningeal involvement, had the most frequent and most severe abnormalities.", "PMID": 305472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_317", "title": "Lymphocytic leukemia in children: prognostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings at time of diagnosis.", "content": "Forty-eight children with untreated acute lymphocytic leukemia were evaluated with regard to their clinical presentation and the surface membrane characteristics, mitogen responsiveness, and cytochemical staining features of their lymphoblasts. The presence at diagnosis of 20% or more bone marrow lymphoblasts possessing T-cell surface markers was associated with the development of early relapse and death. Age, sex, initial peripheral leukocyte count (WBC), lymph node enlargement or the presence of hepato- or splenomegaly bore no statistically significant relationship to the patient's lymphoblast type, and only a WBC in excess of 10(5)/microliter correlated with a poor prognosis. Leukemic T-cells were found to be periodic acid-Schiff negative from nearly all patients, helping to distinguish such patients from the larger group of children whose leukemic cells were PAS positive, but negative for T-cell membrane features. In those patients who had multiple relapses, the surface membrane characteristics, staining features, and mitogen responses of their lymphoblasts remained constant. This suggests that relapse occurs in the same clone of malignant cells present at diagnosis and that the above features may be reliably used to evaluate and classify patients beyond the time of diagnosis.", "contents": "Lymphocytic leukemia in children: prognostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings at time of diagnosis. Forty-eight children with untreated acute lymphocytic leukemia were evaluated with regard to their clinical presentation and the surface membrane characteristics, mitogen responsiveness, and cytochemical staining features of their lymphoblasts. The presence at diagnosis of 20% or more bone marrow lymphoblasts possessing T-cell surface markers was associated with the development of early relapse and death. Age, sex, initial peripheral leukocyte count (WBC), lymph node enlargement or the presence of hepato- or splenomegaly bore no statistically significant relationship to the patient's lymphoblast type, and only a WBC in excess of 10(5)/microliter correlated with a poor prognosis. Leukemic T-cells were found to be periodic acid-Schiff negative from nearly all patients, helping to distinguish such patients from the larger group of children whose leukemic cells were PAS positive, but negative for T-cell membrane features. In those patients who had multiple relapses, the surface membrane characteristics, staining features, and mitogen responses of their lymphoblasts remained constant. This suggests that relapse occurs in the same clone of malignant cells present at diagnosis and that the above features may be reliably used to evaluate and classify patients beyond the time of diagnosis.", "PMID": 305473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_318", "title": "Extrahepatic portal hypertension: a review of 70 cases.", "content": "Among 70 children with extrahepatic portal hypertension, more than 350 episodes of bleeding occurred. Of the 32 children who were not operated upon, six (19%) died of bleeding. Twelve children in the nonoperated group are thriving and well, although six of them have rebled 1-2 times. The operated group of 38 children had a total of 43 procedures. Central splenorenal and cavomesenteric anastomosis prevented further bleeding in 10 of 12 cases in which follow-up is available. Operative mortality was 24%, the majority of which were in emergency procedures.", "contents": "Extrahepatic portal hypertension: a review of 70 cases. Among 70 children with extrahepatic portal hypertension, more than 350 episodes of bleeding occurred. Of the 32 children who were not operated upon, six (19%) died of bleeding. Twelve children in the nonoperated group are thriving and well, although six of them have rebled 1-2 times. The operated group of 38 children had a total of 43 procedures. Central splenorenal and cavomesenteric anastomosis prevented further bleeding in 10 of 12 cases in which follow-up is available. Operative mortality was 24%, the majority of which were in emergency procedures.", "PMID": 305475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_319", "title": "Colonoscopy for rectal bleeding in childhood.", "content": "Undiagnosed rectal bleeding can pose a significant problem in the pediatric patient. A systematic and logical approach to the work-up of the child with rectal bleeding is necessary for prompt and accurate diagnosis. It is our impression that the addition of colonscopy in carefully selected patients will decrease the number of children with undiagnosed significant rectal bleeding.", "contents": "Colonoscopy for rectal bleeding in childhood. Undiagnosed rectal bleeding can pose a significant problem in the pediatric patient. A systematic and logical approach to the work-up of the child with rectal bleeding is necessary for prompt and accurate diagnosis. It is our impression that the addition of colonscopy in carefully selected patients will decrease the number of children with undiagnosed significant rectal bleeding.", "PMID": 305476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_320", "title": "Differential chemotherapeutic susceptibility of human T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in culture.", "content": "After previous work from this laboratory revealed that asparaginase was 800-2,000 times more inhibitory against human T-lymphocytes in culture than against B-lymphocytes, a similar further study of 13 chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents was done. Cytosine arabinoside and 5-fluorouracil also had differential inhibitory activities on human T- and B-cells in culture. On the basis of the dose producing 50% inhibition of viable cell growth on day 5, cytosine arabinoside had 45-80 times more inhibitory activity against T-cells than against B-cells. In contrast to asparaginase and cytosine arabinoside, 5-fluorouracil had 10-20 times more inhibitory activity against B-cells. The rest of the chemotherapeutic and immunosupressive agents tested had minor or no differential activity. These findings indicated that T-cell response to asparaginase and cytosine arabinoside and B-cell response to 5-fluorouracil may be exploitable for the differential immunosuppressive effects presumed to be active in vivo. In addition, such differential responses may predict differential tumor cell behavior against these chemotherapeutic agents by T- and B-cell neoplasms in vivo.", "contents": "Differential chemotherapeutic susceptibility of human T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in culture. After previous work from this laboratory revealed that asparaginase was 800-2,000 times more inhibitory against human T-lymphocytes in culture than against B-lymphocytes, a similar further study of 13 chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents was done. Cytosine arabinoside and 5-fluorouracil also had differential inhibitory activities on human T- and B-cells in culture. On the basis of the dose producing 50% inhibition of viable cell growth on day 5, cytosine arabinoside had 45-80 times more inhibitory activity against T-cells than against B-cells. In contrast to asparaginase and cytosine arabinoside, 5-fluorouracil had 10-20 times more inhibitory activity against B-cells. The rest of the chemotherapeutic and immunosupressive agents tested had minor or no differential activity. These findings indicated that T-cell response to asparaginase and cytosine arabinoside and B-cell response to 5-fluorouracil may be exploitable for the differential immunosuppressive effects presumed to be active in vivo. In addition, such differential responses may predict differential tumor cell behavior against these chemotherapeutic agents by T- and B-cell neoplasms in vivo.", "PMID": 305485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_321", "title": "Chronic fatal pneumocystosis in nude mice.", "content": "A chronic pulmonary disease was encountered in nude mice of a barrier sustained colony, and Pneumocystis carinii was identified as the causative agent histopathologically as well as on impression smear preparations in the affected lungs. Fatal infection was seen only in old nude mice aged more than 6 months, while focal pulmonary lesions were developed without clinical signs in young adult nudes 2 to 3 months of age. The lesions produced in aged nude mice were characterized by propagation of mononuclear cells with the presence of foamy masses of P. carinii. Heterozygous littermates were much less susceptible to the infection but pneumocystic lesions could be produced readily by multiple treatment with immunosuppressants. The infection could be transmitted without immunosuppressant to non-infected nudes but not to heterozygous littermates after intranasal inoculation of affected tissue emulsion or by cage mating with severely affected nudes.", "contents": "Chronic fatal pneumocystosis in nude mice. A chronic pulmonary disease was encountered in nude mice of a barrier sustained colony, and Pneumocystis carinii was identified as the causative agent histopathologically as well as on impression smear preparations in the affected lungs. Fatal infection was seen only in old nude mice aged more than 6 months, while focal pulmonary lesions were developed without clinical signs in young adult nudes 2 to 3 months of age. The lesions produced in aged nude mice were characterized by propagation of mononuclear cells with the presence of foamy masses of P. carinii. Heterozygous littermates were much less susceptible to the infection but pneumocystic lesions could be produced readily by multiple treatment with immunosuppressants. The infection could be transmitted without immunosuppressant to non-infected nudes but not to heterozygous littermates after intranasal inoculation of affected tissue emulsion or by cage mating with severely affected nudes.", "PMID": 305493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_322", "title": "Active rosette forming cells as a possible functional subpopulation of human peripheral T lymphocytes.", "content": "Spontaneous E rosette forming cells (RFC) and active E rosette forming cells (ARFC) were separated individually by the rosette sedimentation technique. The responses of these cells to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were studied. RFC exceeded ARFC in their responses to PHA at all concentrations of PHA and the maximum PHA response of RFC was significantly higher than that of ARFC. On the other hand, Con A appeared to stimulate RFC and ARFC equally at the level of an optimal dose. Therefore, the binding affinity for sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by T lymphocytes and their responsiveness to PHA stimulation may be inversely related. It is also suggested that the PHA-sensitive population may be different from the Con A-sensitive one, or that there may be heterogenous populations among human T lymphocytes in their mitogenic responses. Thus, it is possible that ARFC may be a functional subpopulation of human T cells. An additional finding is that spontaneous DNA synthesis of rosetting cells was significantly lower than that of non-rosetting cells.", "contents": "Active rosette forming cells as a possible functional subpopulation of human peripheral T lymphocytes. Spontaneous E rosette forming cells (RFC) and active E rosette forming cells (ARFC) were separated individually by the rosette sedimentation technique. The responses of these cells to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were studied. RFC exceeded ARFC in their responses to PHA at all concentrations of PHA and the maximum PHA response of RFC was significantly higher than that of ARFC. On the other hand, Con A appeared to stimulate RFC and ARFC equally at the level of an optimal dose. Therefore, the binding affinity for sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by T lymphocytes and their responsiveness to PHA stimulation may be inversely related. It is also suggested that the PHA-sensitive population may be different from the Con A-sensitive one, or that there may be heterogenous populations among human T lymphocytes in their mitogenic responses. Thus, it is possible that ARFC may be a functional subpopulation of human T cells. An additional finding is that spontaneous DNA synthesis of rosetting cells was significantly lower than that of non-rosetting cells.", "PMID": 305494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_323", "title": "Relaxant effect of aspirin-like drugs on isolated guinea pig tracheal chain.", "content": "The interrelation of the inhibitory effect of aspirin-like drugs on the resting tonus of tracheal chain in guinea pigs, arachidonic acid-induced contraction in rat stomach fundus strips and bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs in vivo was investigated. All the drugs tested produced a dose-related inhibitory action on the resting tonus of the tracheal chain in comparatively low doses. Diclofenac was the most potent of all the drugs and was equal in activity to isoproterenol, followed in descending order by flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, indomethacin, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone and aspirin. These aspirin-like drugs also inhibited arachidonic acid-induced contraction in rat stomach fundus strips. A highly significant correlation was observed between the potency of inhibition of the arachidonic acid-induced contraction and the relaxant effect on the tracheal chain. Moreover, the drugs antagonized bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs in vivo and the order of potency roughly paralleled that of the tracheal chain. These results suggest that the aspirin-like drugs produce a reduction in resting tonus of the isolated guinea pig tracheal chain by inhibition of intramural biosynthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxides.", "contents": "Relaxant effect of aspirin-like drugs on isolated guinea pig tracheal chain. The interrelation of the inhibitory effect of aspirin-like drugs on the resting tonus of tracheal chain in guinea pigs, arachidonic acid-induced contraction in rat stomach fundus strips and bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs in vivo was investigated. All the drugs tested produced a dose-related inhibitory action on the resting tonus of the tracheal chain in comparatively low doses. Diclofenac was the most potent of all the drugs and was equal in activity to isoproterenol, followed in descending order by flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, indomethacin, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone and aspirin. These aspirin-like drugs also inhibited arachidonic acid-induced contraction in rat stomach fundus strips. A highly significant correlation was observed between the potency of inhibition of the arachidonic acid-induced contraction and the relaxant effect on the tracheal chain. Moreover, the drugs antagonized bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs in vivo and the order of potency roughly paralleled that of the tracheal chain. These results suggest that the aspirin-like drugs produce a reduction in resting tonus of the isolated guinea pig tracheal chain by inhibition of intramural biosynthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxides.", "PMID": 305495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_324", "title": "[Interstitial pneumonias in children with malignant diseases complicating intensive cytostatic therapy. Radiological appearance and histopathological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports radiological appearance and histopathological findings of interstitial pneumonias in 58 children with systemic malignancies under cytostatic treatment. The majority of cases suffered from acute lymphocytic leukemia, and at the time of pneumonia were in partial or complete remission. Eighteen children died of this radiological type of pneumonia. The autopsies of these cases revealed the presence of pneumocystis as the causative agent in 50% of the cases, also observed by other authors. It is concluded that the radiological appearance, as reported here is mostly due to pneumocystic pneumonias. It is therefore suggested that Pentamidine treatment should be given at an early stage. The cytostatic treatment should be discontinued till the pneumonia is completely cured.", "contents": "[Interstitial pneumonias in children with malignant diseases complicating intensive cytostatic therapy. Radiological appearance and histopathological findings (author's transl)]. The article reports radiological appearance and histopathological findings of interstitial pneumonias in 58 children with systemic malignancies under cytostatic treatment. The majority of cases suffered from acute lymphocytic leukemia, and at the time of pneumonia were in partial or complete remission. Eighteen children died of this radiological type of pneumonia. The autopsies of these cases revealed the presence of pneumocystis as the causative agent in 50% of the cases, also observed by other authors. It is concluded that the radiological appearance, as reported here is mostly due to pneumocystic pneumonias. It is therefore suggested that Pentamidine treatment should be given at an early stage. The cytostatic treatment should be discontinued till the pneumonia is completely cured.", "PMID": 305502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_325", "title": "Antibiotic decontamination of the dog and its consequences.", "content": "An isolation-decontamination regimen was developed which effectively reduced the numbers of resident flora of the dog. Bacterial counts in four dogs before treatment were 3.8 X 10(9) per gram of feces; no organisms were detectable in these same dogs after treatment, however, the intestinal flora had returned to slightly above normal levels 1 week after treatment. Decontamination was accomplished in a laminar air flow system designed to minimize the area that had to be under controlled conditions. By determining the antibiotic sensitivities of 67 isolated organisms representing eight species or groups of bacteria recovered from the four dogs, a standardized antibiotic regimen was developed consisting of bacitracin and neomycin administered as a dry powder in the food. The decontamination treatment apparently did not affect host metabolism because no alterations in serum levels of urea nitrogen, glucose, phosphate, total protein, chloride, sodium, potassium, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, or serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were found in the antibiotic-treated dogs. The decontamination process did, however, reduce normal granulopoietic stimulation.", "contents": "Antibiotic decontamination of the dog and its consequences. An isolation-decontamination regimen was developed which effectively reduced the numbers of resident flora of the dog. Bacterial counts in four dogs before treatment were 3.8 X 10(9) per gram of feces; no organisms were detectable in these same dogs after treatment, however, the intestinal flora had returned to slightly above normal levels 1 week after treatment. Decontamination was accomplished in a laminar air flow system designed to minimize the area that had to be under controlled conditions. By determining the antibiotic sensitivities of 67 isolated organisms representing eight species or groups of bacteria recovered from the four dogs, a standardized antibiotic regimen was developed consisting of bacitracin and neomycin administered as a dry powder in the food. The decontamination treatment apparently did not affect host metabolism because no alterations in serum levels of urea nitrogen, glucose, phosphate, total protein, chloride, sodium, potassium, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, or serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were found in the antibiotic-treated dogs. The decontamination process did, however, reduce normal granulopoietic stimulation.", "PMID": 305504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_326", "title": "Evaluation of myocardial damage during coronary artery grafting with serial determinations of serum CPK MB isoenzyme.", "content": "Serial determinations of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes (CPK) were made during the operative period and the first postoperative week in 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Electrocardiograms (ECG) and serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were also evaluated. All patients had increased CPK MB activity which first became detectable during the operative period. The CPK MB curves usually showed a peak during the first postoperative hours and then a rapid decay. Some curves, however, showed a different profile with a prolonged liberation of CPK MB. This type of curve was more frequent in patients with electrical signs of necrosis or ischemic injury. In this group, the total amount of CPK MB released was greater than that in patients with unchanged ECG tracings (p less than 0.05). A mean curve of CPK MB activity was calculated for the patients without electric and/or enzymatic signs of myocardial injury. Serum CPK MB determination is a useful technique for identifying perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) and the time sequence of its occurrence. The appearance of this isoenzyme in every patient undergoing coronary surgery is an interesting finding, and it significance needs to be clarified.", "contents": "Evaluation of myocardial damage during coronary artery grafting with serial determinations of serum CPK MB isoenzyme. Serial determinations of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes (CPK) were made during the operative period and the first postoperative week in 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Electrocardiograms (ECG) and serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were also evaluated. All patients had increased CPK MB activity which first became detectable during the operative period. The CPK MB curves usually showed a peak during the first postoperative hours and then a rapid decay. Some curves, however, showed a different profile with a prolonged liberation of CPK MB. This type of curve was more frequent in patients with electrical signs of necrosis or ischemic injury. In this group, the total amount of CPK MB released was greater than that in patients with unchanged ECG tracings (p less than 0.05). A mean curve of CPK MB activity was calculated for the patients without electric and/or enzymatic signs of myocardial injury. Serum CPK MB determination is a useful technique for identifying perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) and the time sequence of its occurrence. The appearance of this isoenzyme in every patient undergoing coronary surgery is an interesting finding, and it significance needs to be clarified.", "PMID": 305508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_327", "title": "Delayed semielective coronary bypass surgery for unstable angina pectoris: clinical follow-up and results of postoperative treadmill exercise.", "content": "Eighty patients with continued or repeated episodes of chest pain at rest and transitory ischemic electrocardiographic (ECG) changes were classified as having unstable angina pectoris. Following 10 days of intensive medical therapy, including beta blockade, all unerwent coronary arteriography. Medical treatment completely relieved the chest pain in 43 patients (Group I, 54 percent). In 37 patients (Group II, 46 percent) angina recurred within a week of admission (12 patients) or later (25 patients). Seventeen patients were not operated upon (nine were inoperable, four refused operation, and in four operation was not recommended). Sixty-three underwent saphenous vein bypass grafting either following a month of medical therapy (Group I) or within 24 to 48 hours of recurrent angina (Group II). The over-all operative mortality rate was 1.6 percent (1 patient) and the incidence of peroperative infarction was 11 percent. Of the 62 operative survivors, 71 percent were asymptomatic (mean follow-up period 22 months). The incidence of late operative myocardial infarction was 5 percent. Of 44 operative survivors tested by treadmill ECG, 66 percent had a negative response. Thirteen patients underwent postoperative angiographic evaluation (mean, 19.5 months). The over-all patency rate was 84 percent, and in 92 percent of patients at least one graft was patent. Thus, after stabilization by medical treatment, bypass operation could be performed with a low operative mortality rate and the long-term results compare favorably with those achieved with chronic stable angina.", "contents": "Delayed semielective coronary bypass surgery for unstable angina pectoris: clinical follow-up and results of postoperative treadmill exercise. Eighty patients with continued or repeated episodes of chest pain at rest and transitory ischemic electrocardiographic (ECG) changes were classified as having unstable angina pectoris. Following 10 days of intensive medical therapy, including beta blockade, all unerwent coronary arteriography. Medical treatment completely relieved the chest pain in 43 patients (Group I, 54 percent). In 37 patients (Group II, 46 percent) angina recurred within a week of admission (12 patients) or later (25 patients). Seventeen patients were not operated upon (nine were inoperable, four refused operation, and in four operation was not recommended). Sixty-three underwent saphenous vein bypass grafting either following a month of medical therapy (Group I) or within 24 to 48 hours of recurrent angina (Group II). The over-all operative mortality rate was 1.6 percent (1 patient) and the incidence of peroperative infarction was 11 percent. Of the 62 operative survivors, 71 percent were asymptomatic (mean follow-up period 22 months). The incidence of late operative myocardial infarction was 5 percent. Of 44 operative survivors tested by treadmill ECG, 66 percent had a negative response. Thirteen patients underwent postoperative angiographic evaluation (mean, 19.5 months). The over-all patency rate was 84 percent, and in 92 percent of patients at least one graft was patent. Thus, after stabilization by medical treatment, bypass operation could be performed with a low operative mortality rate and the long-term results compare favorably with those achieved with chronic stable angina.", "PMID": 305509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_328", "title": "Survival predictors in coronary artery disease. Medical and surgical comparisons.", "content": "Linear discriminant function analysis was used to test the independent prognostic value of nine variables in patients with coronary artery diseaase. For 68 medically treated patients who met the criteria for inclusion in the discriminant function analysis, the most reliable predictor of 2-year survival status was the left ventricular ejection fraction. The prognostic value of the ejection fraction was not improved by the addition of the number of vessels diseased. Comparisons of the survival of 130 medical and 284 surgical patients were made using subsets based on the ejection fraction. When the ejection fraction was greater than or equal to 50%, the probability of 4-year survival was high for both medical (91%) and surgical (96%) groups. When the ejection fraction was less than 25%, the probability of 2-year survival was low in both groups. However, for patients with ejection fraction 25 through 49%, the surgical patients had a better chance (P less than 0.05) for a 3-year survival (89%) than did medical patients (68%). This study emphasizes the prognostic significance of the left ventricular ejection fraction, which should be considered in any comparison of survival in medically and surgically treated patients.", "contents": "Survival predictors in coronary artery disease. Medical and surgical comparisons. Linear discriminant function analysis was used to test the independent prognostic value of nine variables in patients with coronary artery diseaase. For 68 medically treated patients who met the criteria for inclusion in the discriminant function analysis, the most reliable predictor of 2-year survival status was the left ventricular ejection fraction. The prognostic value of the ejection fraction was not improved by the addition of the number of vessels diseased. Comparisons of the survival of 130 medical and 284 surgical patients were made using subsets based on the ejection fraction. When the ejection fraction was greater than or equal to 50%, the probability of 4-year survival was high for both medical (91%) and surgical (96%) groups. When the ejection fraction was less than 25%, the probability of 2-year survival was low in both groups. However, for patients with ejection fraction 25 through 49%, the surgical patients had a better chance (P less than 0.05) for a 3-year survival (89%) than did medical patients (68%). This study emphasizes the prognostic significance of the left ventricular ejection fraction, which should be considered in any comparison of survival in medically and surgically treated patients.", "PMID": 305511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_329", "title": "Partial characterization of amyloid proteins in inherited amyloidosis with lattice corneal dystrophy and in secondary amyloidosis.", "content": "Amyloid fibrils isolated from two patients, one with inherited systemic amyloidosis and lattice corneal dystrophy, and the other with secondary amyloidosis due to chronic glomerulonephritis, were studied using immunologic, electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques. Amino acid hydrolysates of both amyloid types showed a high proportion of acidic and aliphatic amino acid residues but were non-identical in the overall amino acid composition. The preparations also contained 12--16% lipids. Guanidine hydrochloride denaturated amyloid fibrils of both types were resolved into four fractions in Sepharose 6B chromatography with molecular weights of ca. 160 000, 45 000, 20 000 and 8 000. The 160 000 mol. wt. fraction predominated in the chromatograms of inherited amyloid protein and was further resolved into two main fractions of 17 000 and 15 000 mol. wt. in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. None of these fractions from inherited amyloid protein showed immunologic identity with tissue-derived amyloid protein A (AA) whereas all four fractions from secondary amyloid reacted against anti-AA antiserum. The three major Sepharose 6B fractions of secondary amyloid fibrils were resolved into a 25 000 mol. wt. fraction in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without urea but into a 12 000 mol. wt. fraction in gels containing 8M urea after more drastic dissolving conditions of the fibrils.", "contents": "Partial characterization of amyloid proteins in inherited amyloidosis with lattice corneal dystrophy and in secondary amyloidosis. Amyloid fibrils isolated from two patients, one with inherited systemic amyloidosis and lattice corneal dystrophy, and the other with secondary amyloidosis due to chronic glomerulonephritis, were studied using immunologic, electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques. Amino acid hydrolysates of both amyloid types showed a high proportion of acidic and aliphatic amino acid residues but were non-identical in the overall amino acid composition. The preparations also contained 12--16% lipids. Guanidine hydrochloride denaturated amyloid fibrils of both types were resolved into four fractions in Sepharose 6B chromatography with molecular weights of ca. 160 000, 45 000, 20 000 and 8 000. The 160 000 mol. wt. fraction predominated in the chromatograms of inherited amyloid protein and was further resolved into two main fractions of 17 000 and 15 000 mol. wt. in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. None of these fractions from inherited amyloid protein showed immunologic identity with tissue-derived amyloid protein A (AA) whereas all four fractions from secondary amyloid reacted against anti-AA antiserum. The three major Sepharose 6B fractions of secondary amyloid fibrils were resolved into a 25 000 mol. wt. fraction in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without urea but into a 12 000 mol. wt. fraction in gels containing 8M urea after more drastic dissolving conditions of the fibrils.", "PMID": 305513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_330", "title": "[Lethal gastric hemorrhage caused by Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report of a 29 years old female patient is given, who died from gastric hemorrhage in the course of generalized Hodgkin's disease. Gastroscopy was performed as an emergency procedure and the following was found: diffuse infiltration of the ventricular wall, diffuse widespread mucosal bleeding, and a big, penetrating ulcer above the angulus with an elevated circumference. The prevalence of gastric involvement during Hodgkin's disease is discussed.", "contents": "[Lethal gastric hemorrhage caused by Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. A case report of a 29 years old female patient is given, who died from gastric hemorrhage in the course of generalized Hodgkin's disease. Gastroscopy was performed as an emergency procedure and the following was found: diffuse infiltration of the ventricular wall, diffuse widespread mucosal bleeding, and a big, penetrating ulcer above the angulus with an elevated circumference. The prevalence of gastric involvement during Hodgkin's disease is discussed.", "PMID": 305515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_331", "title": "[Cryotherapy for haemorrhoids (author's transl)].", "content": "Case reports of 1737 patients who were treated by cryotherapy have been analysed. The technique, indications, contraindications, complications and results of this therapy are described. This method gave a satisfactory result in 90% of the patients and 14% of the patients had severe pain immediately after the therapy. There are no follow-up results, because the treatment of haemorrhoids by cryosurgery is fairly new.", "contents": "[Cryotherapy for haemorrhoids (author's transl)]. Case reports of 1737 patients who were treated by cryotherapy have been analysed. The technique, indications, contraindications, complications and results of this therapy are described. This method gave a satisfactory result in 90% of the patients and 14% of the patients had severe pain immediately after the therapy. There are no follow-up results, because the treatment of haemorrhoids by cryosurgery is fairly new.", "PMID": 305516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_332", "title": "[The pathogenesis and treatment of migraine (author's transl)].", "content": "191 migraine patients reported previous allergic diseases, tendency to vertigo and collapse, attacks of tachycardia, blood coagulation disorders, surgically treated cysts and fibromas and inflammatory diseases of various organs significantly more frequently than a control group similar in age, sex and social standing (N equal to 150). 140 patients reported retrospectively on the efficacy and side effects of different drugs. Ergotamine preparations showed a significantly better effect than others. The shorter the untreated attack, the more effective the preparations appeared to be. The younger the patients the better the effect of Dihydergot for interval treatment of migraine. Acupuncture was not successful. 16% of the patients abused their drugs.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis and treatment of migraine (author's transl)]. 191 migraine patients reported previous allergic diseases, tendency to vertigo and collapse, attacks of tachycardia, blood coagulation disorders, surgically treated cysts and fibromas and inflammatory diseases of various organs significantly more frequently than a control group similar in age, sex and social standing (N equal to 150). 140 patients reported retrospectively on the efficacy and side effects of different drugs. Ergotamine preparations showed a significantly better effect than others. The shorter the untreated attack, the more effective the preparations appeared to be. The younger the patients the better the effect of Dihydergot for interval treatment of migraine. Acupuncture was not successful. 16% of the patients abused their drugs.", "PMID": 305519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_333", "title": "[Problems of vascular surgery. From the specialist's portfolio (author's transl)].", "content": "Every doctor--and above all every surgeon--must have fundamental knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of surgical angiological diseases. It is no longer sufficient for specialists alone to have such knowledge. Confrontation with surgical angiological problems is possible at any time. Cases are described here in which serious consequences arose for the patient concerned because of a doctor's error. Claims for damages were the result.", "contents": "[Problems of vascular surgery. From the specialist's portfolio (author's transl)]. Every doctor--and above all every surgeon--must have fundamental knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of surgical angiological diseases. It is no longer sufficient for specialists alone to have such knowledge. Confrontation with surgical angiological problems is possible at any time. Cases are described here in which serious consequences arose for the patient concerned because of a doctor's error. Claims for damages were the result.", "PMID": 305520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_334", "title": "[Mode of action of cardiovascular drugs. Echocardiographic studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Echocardiography--combined with additional non-invasive methods--has proved a sensitive tool for measuring hemodynamic and left ventricular function parameters. This study was undertaken to measure by these methods the effect of digoxin, isoproterenol, of the beta-receptorblocker sotalol, sodium nitroprusside and isosorbide dinitrate on the hemodynamics and left ventricular contractility in various patients and normal volunteers. Besides the good reproducibility of results of recent invasive investigations, partly in animal experiments, new aspects about the mode of action of the individual substances were obtained.", "contents": "[Mode of action of cardiovascular drugs. Echocardiographic studies (author's transl)]. Echocardiography--combined with additional non-invasive methods--has proved a sensitive tool for measuring hemodynamic and left ventricular function parameters. This study was undertaken to measure by these methods the effect of digoxin, isoproterenol, of the beta-receptorblocker sotalol, sodium nitroprusside and isosorbide dinitrate on the hemodynamics and left ventricular contractility in various patients and normal volunteers. Besides the good reproducibility of results of recent invasive investigations, partly in animal experiments, new aspects about the mode of action of the individual substances were obtained.", "PMID": 305521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_335", "title": "[Analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of biarison. Clinical experimental studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The analgesic time-effect profile of 600 mg Biarison (clinical experimental number: RU 43-715) compared with 100 mg indometacin, placebo and a blank test was recorded for 12 healthy subjects as an intra-individual single-blind trial by means of electrical measurement of thresholds in the teeth. Biarison shows a powerful analgesic effect with a maximum increase of the threshold by 22.3 mA after 75 minutes. The maximum increase in mA with indometacin and placebo was 18 and 9 mA respectively. The differences are confirmed statistically. Under double blind conditions, no significant differences in antiphlogistic activity could be established between Biarison (900 mg/day) and indometacin (150 mg/day) with reference to the edema appearing after maxillary sinus operations.", "contents": "[Analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of biarison. Clinical experimental studies (author's transl)]. The analgesic time-effect profile of 600 mg Biarison (clinical experimental number: RU 43-715) compared with 100 mg indometacin, placebo and a blank test was recorded for 12 healthy subjects as an intra-individual single-blind trial by means of electrical measurement of thresholds in the teeth. Biarison shows a powerful analgesic effect with a maximum increase of the threshold by 22.3 mA after 75 minutes. The maximum increase in mA with indometacin and placebo was 18 and 9 mA respectively. The differences are confirmed statistically. Under double blind conditions, no significant differences in antiphlogistic activity could be established between Biarison (900 mg/day) and indometacin (150 mg/day) with reference to the edema appearing after maxillary sinus operations.", "PMID": 305522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_336", "title": "[The position of antibiotic prevention in surgery].", "content": "The Importance of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Surgery: The current state of the discussion of the benefits and dangers of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery is critically considered with reference to the literature and our own investigations. Situations where prophylactic administration of antibiotics may be absolutely locigal and where such administration may be without benefit to the patient or even dangerous are commented on. \"Shortterm prophylaxis\" where antibiotics are given before, during and after the operation for a short period of 24 to 48 hours is particularly discussed. If antibiotics are given they must be effective against the pathogen in question and they must be present in sufficiently high concentrations at the possible sites of infection.", "contents": "[The position of antibiotic prevention in surgery]. The Importance of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Surgery: The current state of the discussion of the benefits and dangers of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery is critically considered with reference to the literature and our own investigations. Situations where prophylactic administration of antibiotics may be absolutely locigal and where such administration may be without benefit to the patient or even dangerous are commented on. \"Shortterm prophylaxis\" where antibiotics are given before, during and after the operation for a short period of 24 to 48 hours is particularly discussed. If antibiotics are given they must be effective against the pathogen in question and they must be present in sufficiently high concentrations at the possible sites of infection.", "PMID": 305531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_337", "title": "[Microaggregate filters for blood transfusions].", "content": "Many types of microaggregate filter are now obtainable for use in blood transfusion. The aim, indication and potential advantage of microaggregate filtration for the patient are discussed. The Pall and Swank microaggregate filters are considered the filters of choice today, expecially with regard to the number of blood conserves which can be filtered.", "contents": "[Microaggregate filters for blood transfusions]. Many types of microaggregate filter are now obtainable for use in blood transfusion. The aim, indication and potential advantage of microaggregate filtration for the patient are discussed. The Pall and Swank microaggregate filters are considered the filters of choice today, expecially with regard to the number of blood conserves which can be filtered.", "PMID": 305534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_338", "title": "[Premunity, premunization and paraspecific effect of immunizations (author's transl)].", "content": "A considerable part of the paraspecific effect of immunization falls under the common term of a general increase in resistance. Bacterial competition, antibiosis, interference, interferon formation and lymphocyte stimulation, on the other hand, are more than an increase in resistance. It is proposed that the sum of the stimulation of all these activities including increased resistance shall be called premunization and the short-lasting nonspecific protection against a number of quite different infectious diseases produced by this in the body shall be called premunity. Experience with the paraspecific effect of immunizations, with increasing drug resistance, interferonization and lymphocyte stimulation form the basis for the development of a \"premunity inducer\". The efficacy of a biological inducer is described with reference to our own experiments.", "contents": "[Premunity, premunization and paraspecific effect of immunizations (author's transl)]. A considerable part of the paraspecific effect of immunization falls under the common term of a general increase in resistance. Bacterial competition, antibiosis, interference, interferon formation and lymphocyte stimulation, on the other hand, are more than an increase in resistance. It is proposed that the sum of the stimulation of all these activities including increased resistance shall be called premunization and the short-lasting nonspecific protection against a number of quite different infectious diseases produced by this in the body shall be called premunity. Experience with the paraspecific effect of immunizations, with increasing drug resistance, interferonization and lymphocyte stimulation form the basis for the development of a \"premunity inducer\". The efficacy of a biological inducer is described with reference to our own experiments.", "PMID": 305537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_339", "title": "[The effect of neonatal BCG vaccination on the incidence of leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Data from several publications were analyzed with respect to the possible non-specific influence of BCG vaccinations on leukemia. Our own investigations in the five largest provinces of Austria showed that there was an inverse correlation between leukemia mortality and BCG vaccination of the newborn. From this data a protection rate of 0.88 for prevention of leukemia deaths could be calculated for the first five years of life. The number of positive tuberculin reactions was significantly lower in leukemic infants than in normal ones. This finding was completely in accordance with the probability of positive tuberculin reactions as calculated from the protection rate.", "contents": "[The effect of neonatal BCG vaccination on the incidence of leukemia (author's transl)]. Data from several publications were analyzed with respect to the possible non-specific influence of BCG vaccinations on leukemia. Our own investigations in the five largest provinces of Austria showed that there was an inverse correlation between leukemia mortality and BCG vaccination of the newborn. From this data a protection rate of 0.88 for prevention of leukemia deaths could be calculated for the first five years of life. The number of positive tuberculin reactions was significantly lower in leukemic infants than in normal ones. This finding was completely in accordance with the probability of positive tuberculin reactions as calculated from the protection rate.", "PMID": 305538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_340", "title": "Pre-B-cell leukemia. A new phenotype of childhood lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Large lymphoid cells containing small amounts of cytoplasmic IgM (clgM) but undetectable surface immunoglobulin (slg) have recently been recognized as precursors of B lymphocytes. They are a small, rapidly dividing pool of normal marrow lymphoblasts. Since lymphoblasts in most childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias lack slg and other conventional B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte markers, we examined the possibility that some leukemias represent \"pre-B\"-cell neoplasms. In four of 22 consecutive patients, leukemic cells had the clgM+.slg- phenotype of pre-B cells. These patients' cells shared \"common acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia\" antigens and \"B-cell\" alloantigens, but differed in expression of several developmental features characteristic of the B-cell line. Pre-B-cell leukemias were readily responsive to chemotherapy. We conclude that a distinct subpopulation of previously unclassified leukemias reflects oncogenic transformation at the earliest recognizable stage in differentiation along the B-cell axis.", "contents": "Pre-B-cell leukemia. A new phenotype of childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. Large lymphoid cells containing small amounts of cytoplasmic IgM (clgM) but undetectable surface immunoglobulin (slg) have recently been recognized as precursors of B lymphocytes. They are a small, rapidly dividing pool of normal marrow lymphoblasts. Since lymphoblasts in most childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias lack slg and other conventional B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte markers, we examined the possibility that some leukemias represent \"pre-B\"-cell neoplasms. In four of 22 consecutive patients, leukemic cells had the clgM+.slg- phenotype of pre-B cells. These patients' cells shared \"common acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia\" antigens and \"B-cell\" alloantigens, but differed in expression of several developmental features characteristic of the B-cell line. Pre-B-cell leukemias were readily responsive to chemotherapy. We conclude that a distinct subpopulation of previously unclassified leukemias reflects oncogenic transformation at the earliest recognizable stage in differentiation along the B-cell axis.", "PMID": 305541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_341", "title": "Prognostic significance of an enhanced number of T lymphocytes in chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "Analysis of lymphocytes carried out by means of rosette tests in 24 patients treated for chronic lymphatic leukemia established the origin of malignant cells to be from Blymphocyte population. On the basis of a reactive T lymphocyte proliferation in patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia, a \"coefficient of active T lymphocytes\" has been deduced which proved to be a rapid indicator of a short-term prognosis. This coefficient may contribute in a substantial measure towards an objectivation of the indication of a repeated oncostatic therapy in relatively light leukocytosis or in otherwise clinically unresolved cases.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of an enhanced number of T lymphocytes in chronic lymphatic leukemia. Analysis of lymphocytes carried out by means of rosette tests in 24 patients treated for chronic lymphatic leukemia established the origin of malignant cells to be from Blymphocyte population. On the basis of a reactive T lymphocyte proliferation in patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia, a \"coefficient of active T lymphocytes\" has been deduced which proved to be a rapid indicator of a short-term prognosis. This coefficient may contribute in a substantial measure towards an objectivation of the indication of a repeated oncostatic therapy in relatively light leukocytosis or in otherwise clinically unresolved cases.", "PMID": 305543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_342", "title": "Mutual relationship between total and active  T lymphocytes in patients with malignant tumors.", "content": "The values of B lymphocytes and of active and total T lymphocytes have been followed in 104 patients with malignant diseases and 35 controls of corresponding age, using the rosette tests with sheep erythrocytes. A statistical analysis of the changes of total and active T lymphocytes in three selected groups of the malignant disorder revealed the decline in total T lymphocytes to be parallel to that in active T lymphocytes. Therefore, a follow-up of the immunocompetence of oncological patients with the criterion determination of thymus-dependent lymphocyte population by the classical method of rosette formation was found to be equally informative in the three groups of patients studied here, as an evolution of active T lymphocytes in the active rosette test.", "contents": "Mutual relationship between total and active  T lymphocytes in patients with malignant tumors. The values of B lymphocytes and of active and total T lymphocytes have been followed in 104 patients with malignant diseases and 35 controls of corresponding age, using the rosette tests with sheep erythrocytes. A statistical analysis of the changes of total and active T lymphocytes in three selected groups of the malignant disorder revealed the decline in total T lymphocytes to be parallel to that in active T lymphocytes. Therefore, a follow-up of the immunocompetence of oncological patients with the criterion determination of thymus-dependent lymphocyte population by the classical method of rosette formation was found to be equally informative in the three groups of patients studied here, as an evolution of active T lymphocytes in the active rosette test.", "PMID": 305544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_343", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in children: investigation of T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "A study has been made of twenty-five untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease (H. D.), ageing from 3 to 13. We have analyzed the correlations of T and B lymphocytes of peripheral blood and the involved lymph nodes and also the functional peculiarities of T-cells in PHA-response. It is shown that as well  as adults children with H. D. have the depression of T-system of immunity, more marked in the presence of general symptoms and biological stage \"b\". No significant influence of the clinical stage on the level of immunological disorders has been found.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in children: investigation of T and B lymphocytes. A study has been made of twenty-five untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease (H. D.), ageing from 3 to 13. We have analyzed the correlations of T and B lymphocytes of peripheral blood and the involved lymph nodes and also the functional peculiarities of T-cells in PHA-response. It is shown that as well  as adults children with H. D. have the depression of T-system of immunity, more marked in the presence of general symptoms and biological stage \"b\". No significant influence of the clinical stage on the level of immunological disorders has been found.", "PMID": 305545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_344", "title": "Deficiency of T and B lymphocytes in uremic subjects and partial improvement with maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "Lymphopenia of a group of uremic patients was associated with normal percentages of T cells but reduced percentages of B cells. Lymphocyte counts improved after a period of maintenance hemodialysis, although not to control levels, and B cell percentages returned towards normal. Uremia is therefore associated with depression of total T and B cell numbers, with a relatively more pronounced effect on B cells. A period of maintenance hemodialysis produces increase in numbers of both cell types and depression becomes nonselective.", "contents": "Deficiency of T and B lymphocytes in uremic subjects and partial improvement with maintenance hemodialysis. Lymphopenia of a group of uremic patients was associated with normal percentages of T cells but reduced percentages of B cells. Lymphocyte counts improved after a period of maintenance hemodialysis, although not to control levels, and B cell percentages returned towards normal. Uremia is therefore associated with depression of total T and B cell numbers, with a relatively more pronounced effect on B cells. A period of maintenance hemodialysis produces increase in numbers of both cell types and depression becomes nonselective.", "PMID": 305546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_345", "title": "Positive ventriculography using water-soluble contrast media in infants with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus.", "content": "Ventriculography with meglumine iocarmate (Dimer X) or Metrizamide (Amipaque was carried out in 15 infants with myelomeningocele and progressive hydrocephalus. In all cases, an Anold-Chiari-Malformation type II was diagnosed with compression of the structures of the posterior cranial cavity and their displacement within or below the level of the foramen magnum. The aqueduct was always patent but laterally compressed. In the region of the third ventricle there was often encountered an enlargement of the massa intermedia with indentation of the lamina terminalis and enlargement of the recessus suprapinealis. Aspects of pathogenesis of the malformation and possible causes of hydrocephalus originating from these findings are discussed. Methods and advantages of positive ventriculography using water-soluble media are presented.", "contents": "Positive ventriculography using water-soluble contrast media in infants with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus. Ventriculography with meglumine iocarmate (Dimer X) or Metrizamide (Amipaque was carried out in 15 infants with myelomeningocele and progressive hydrocephalus. In all cases, an Anold-Chiari-Malformation type II was diagnosed with compression of the structures of the posterior cranial cavity and their displacement within or below the level of the foramen magnum. The aqueduct was always patent but laterally compressed. In the region of the third ventricle there was often encountered an enlargement of the massa intermedia with indentation of the lamina terminalis and enlargement of the recessus suprapinealis. Aspects of pathogenesis of the malformation and possible causes of hydrocephalus originating from these findings are discussed. Methods and advantages of positive ventriculography using water-soluble media are presented.", "PMID": 305549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_346", "title": "Prevalence of high blood pressure treated and untreated in an urban adult New Zealand population: Napier 1973.", "content": "The prevalence of hypertensive levels of blood pressure was investigated in a random sample of 2535 adults in Napier in 1973. More than 70 percent of all persons examined had been measured for blood pressure within the previous five years. A retrospective analysis of results using the WHO classification indicated that 16.4 percent of the adult population had a mean systolic pressure of not less than 160mmHg or mean diastolic pressure of not less than 95mmHg. One third of the hypertensive group was receiving treatment and one half of those on therapy were effectively controlled. The total prevalence of treated and untreated hypertensives was estimated to be 20 percent of the survey population. According to the WHO criteria for blood pressure classification 33 percent of those over 60 years were hypertensive.", "contents": "Prevalence of high blood pressure treated and untreated in an urban adult New Zealand population: Napier 1973. The prevalence of hypertensive levels of blood pressure was investigated in a random sample of 2535 adults in Napier in 1973. More than 70 percent of all persons examined had been measured for blood pressure within the previous five years. A retrospective analysis of results using the WHO classification indicated that 16.4 percent of the adult population had a mean systolic pressure of not less than 160mmHg or mean diastolic pressure of not less than 95mmHg. One third of the hypertensive group was receiving treatment and one half of those on therapy were effectively controlled. The total prevalence of treated and untreated hypertensives was estimated to be 20 percent of the survey population. According to the WHO criteria for blood pressure classification 33 percent of those over 60 years were hypertensive.", "PMID": 305552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_347", "title": "Phacoemulsification.", "content": "Ten years have passed since the phacoemulsification procedure was introduced to ophthalmology. Enough experience has now been gained to evaluate its effectiveness. This report sets forth a list of case-selection criteria designed to avoid the most common complications associated with the operation. Average visual acuity results have been tabulated for the purpose of assisting those who are deciding whether or not ot adopt the procedure.", "contents": "Phacoemulsification. Ten years have passed since the phacoemulsification procedure was introduced to ophthalmology. Enough experience has now been gained to evaluate its effectiveness. This report sets forth a list of case-selection criteria designed to avoid the most common complications associated with the operation. Average visual acuity results have been tabulated for the purpose of assisting those who are deciding whether or not ot adopt the procedure.", "PMID": 305555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_348", "title": "Series elastic properties of skinned muscle fibres in contraction and rigor.", "content": "Isometric tension of skinned fibres from the frog semitendinosus muscle is sigmoidally related to Ca2+ concentration between pCa 7 and 6. Stiffness measurements showed that the Ca2+-activated tension may be due to recruitment of attached cross-bridges. In the absence of ATP (rigor solution) the skinned fibre develops a rigor tension which reaches about 80-110% of the maximum Ca2+-activated tension. However, stiffness measurements showed that in rigor many more cross-bridges are attached to actin at any one moment than in contraction. It was concluded that the force per cross-bridge is 37% smaller in rigor than in contraction.", "contents": "Series elastic properties of skinned muscle fibres in contraction and rigor. Isometric tension of skinned fibres from the frog semitendinosus muscle is sigmoidally related to Ca2+ concentration between pCa 7 and 6. Stiffness measurements showed that the Ca2+-activated tension may be due to recruitment of attached cross-bridges. In the absence of ATP (rigor solution) the skinned fibre develops a rigor tension which reaches about 80-110% of the maximum Ca2+-activated tension. However, stiffness measurements showed that in rigor many more cross-bridges are attached to actin at any one moment than in contraction. It was concluded that the force per cross-bridge is 37% smaller in rigor than in contraction.", "PMID": 305565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_349", "title": "Real time ophthalmic ultrasonography.", "content": "Material from three years of experience with a real time contact ophthalmic scanner is presented. Routine screening of patients with cataracts revealed unsuspected retinal detachments and advanced vitreous hemorrhage in a significant percentage. Foreign bodies near the posterior ocular wall were optimally evaluated by both radiographic and ultrasonic localization methods to avoid the inherent error of the x-ray triangulation system. The traumatized eye may be effectively studied for internal damage by using a thick layer of methyl cellulose without putting pressure on the globe. Many types of vitreous and retinal pathology may be confirmed or better evaluated by this simple, noninvasive technique.", "contents": "Real time ophthalmic ultrasonography. Material from three years of experience with a real time contact ophthalmic scanner is presented. Routine screening of patients with cataracts revealed unsuspected retinal detachments and advanced vitreous hemorrhage in a significant percentage. Foreign bodies near the posterior ocular wall were optimally evaluated by both radiographic and ultrasonic localization methods to avoid the inherent error of the x-ray triangulation system. The traumatized eye may be effectively studied for internal damage by using a thick layer of methyl cellulose without putting pressure on the globe. Many types of vitreous and retinal pathology may be confirmed or better evaluated by this simple, noninvasive technique.", "PMID": 305576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_350", "title": "Selective transcatheter embolization of the upper gastrointestinal tract: an experimental study.", "content": "Transcatheter gastric embolization using Ivalon shavings was performed on three groups of dogs. The left gastric artery and splenic branches (the short gastric and left gastroepiploic arteries) were embolized in Group I, the left gastric artery in Group II, and the splenic branches in Group III. Infarctions of the gastric mucosa occurred only in Group I. Ischemic ulcers developed in three of the five dogs in Group I and in one of the three dogs in Group II. The study suggest that embolization can only be performed safety if particles of 0.3 mm or larger are used.", "contents": "Selective transcatheter embolization of the upper gastrointestinal tract: an experimental study. Transcatheter gastric embolization using Ivalon shavings was performed on three groups of dogs. The left gastric artery and splenic branches (the short gastric and left gastroepiploic arteries) were embolized in Group I, the left gastric artery in Group II, and the splenic branches in Group III. Infarctions of the gastric mucosa occurred only in Group I. Ischemic ulcers developed in three of the five dogs in Group I and in one of the three dogs in Group II. The study suggest that embolization can only be performed safety if particles of 0.3 mm or larger are used.", "PMID": 305577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_351", "title": "Observations on electric brain-stem responses in retrocochlear hearing loss: a preliminary report.", "content": "Far-field recorded electric brain-stem responses on acoustic stimulation (BSER) were recorded in 29 patients with 31 verified cerebellopontine angle tumors. The responses were compared with the normal response and with responses in cochlear hearing loss by visual observation, considering reproducibility and (supra-liminal) configuration in the first place. There were established (a) obvious differences in response pattern between cochlear and retrocochlear lesions. (b) In the retrocochlear cases, BSER appeared to be more consistent that conventional audiometry, as demonstrated in ears ipsilateral to the lesion, with residual hearing and cochlear or inconsistent auditory findings. (c) BSER also proved able to offer additional diagnostic information by way of the ear contralateral to a retrocochlear lesion, not only in cases where the tumor caused a radiologically visible dislocation of the brain stem.", "contents": "Observations on electric brain-stem responses in retrocochlear hearing loss: a preliminary report. Far-field recorded electric brain-stem responses on acoustic stimulation (BSER) were recorded in 29 patients with 31 verified cerebellopontine angle tumors. The responses were compared with the normal response and with responses in cochlear hearing loss by visual observation, considering reproducibility and (supra-liminal) configuration in the first place. There were established (a) obvious differences in response pattern between cochlear and retrocochlear lesions. (b) In the retrocochlear cases, BSER appeared to be more consistent that conventional audiometry, as demonstrated in ears ipsilateral to the lesion, with residual hearing and cochlear or inconsistent auditory findings. (c) BSER also proved able to offer additional diagnostic information by way of the ear contralateral to a retrocochlear lesion, not only in cases where the tumor caused a radiologically visible dislocation of the brain stem.", "PMID": 305608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_352", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of leucocytes which form rosettes with homologous erythrocytes in human auto immune haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "Leucocytes which form rosettes with himologous erythrocytes in auto-immune haemolytic anaemia, infectious mononucleosis and following the stimulation of lymphocyte cultures with PHA have been studied by electron microscopy. The studies showed that the predominant homologous rosette forming cell was lymphocytic and the evidence favoured the conclusion that they were non-immune in nature. This identification does not classify the lymphocyte as thymus or bone marrow derived. Just under half (44%) of the total lymphocytic RFC had perinuclear microfilaments and limited clearing of the plasma of ribosomes close to the cell membrane. These features are consistent with activated T lymphocytes. The remainder of the lymphocytic RFC had no features which allowed their identification as T or B cells. The form of contact between lymphocytic RFC and erythrocyte was mainly of a pointlike nature, with little deformation or invasion of the attached erythrocytes. Monocytes were the only other type of cell encountered with any frequency. Their prime distinguishing feature was the deformation of attached red cells which they caused.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of leucocytes which form rosettes with homologous erythrocytes in human auto immune haemolytic anaemia. Leucocytes which form rosettes with himologous erythrocytes in auto-immune haemolytic anaemia, infectious mononucleosis and following the stimulation of lymphocyte cultures with PHA have been studied by electron microscopy. The studies showed that the predominant homologous rosette forming cell was lymphocytic and the evidence favoured the conclusion that they were non-immune in nature. This identification does not classify the lymphocyte as thymus or bone marrow derived. Just under half (44%) of the total lymphocytic RFC had perinuclear microfilaments and limited clearing of the plasma of ribosomes close to the cell membrane. These features are consistent with activated T lymphocytes. The remainder of the lymphocytic RFC had no features which allowed their identification as T or B cells. The form of contact between lymphocytic RFC and erythrocyte was mainly of a pointlike nature, with little deformation or invasion of the attached erythrocytes. Monocytes were the only other type of cell encountered with any frequency. Their prime distinguishing feature was the deformation of attached red cells which they caused.", "PMID": 305609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_353", "title": "Factor VIII inhibitor postpartum.", "content": "Acquired factor VIII deficiency in women postpartum due to a factor VIII inhibitor is rare and the etiology is unknown. In this study a case report and a review of the literature are given. The haemorrhagic diathesis resembles classic haemophilia, with the exception that ecchymoses and tissue bleeding occur more frequently. The potency of the inhibitor may vary from weak to strong and the inactivation of factor VIII coagulant activity (factor VIII-C) by the inhibitor is of a non-linear type. Severe bleeding has been fatal in a few cases, but factor VIII concentrate substitution has usually been successful without anamnestic response of inhibitor activity. There is no convincing evidence that immunosuppression is effective, also because the natural history of the disease is characterised by a spontaneous disappearance of the factor VIII-C inhibitor. Treatment of bleeding symptoms with factor VIII concentrate should therefore not be reserved for life threatening haemorrhages only.", "contents": "Factor VIII inhibitor postpartum. Acquired factor VIII deficiency in women postpartum due to a factor VIII inhibitor is rare and the etiology is unknown. In this study a case report and a review of the literature are given. The haemorrhagic diathesis resembles classic haemophilia, with the exception that ecchymoses and tissue bleeding occur more frequently. The potency of the inhibitor may vary from weak to strong and the inactivation of factor VIII coagulant activity (factor VIII-C) by the inhibitor is of a non-linear type. Severe bleeding has been fatal in a few cases, but factor VIII concentrate substitution has usually been successful without anamnestic response of inhibitor activity. There is no convincing evidence that immunosuppression is effective, also because the natural history of the disease is characterised by a spontaneous disappearance of the factor VIII-C inhibitor. Treatment of bleeding symptoms with factor VIII concentrate should therefore not be reserved for life threatening haemorrhages only.", "PMID": 305611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_354", "title": "Lymphoid cell surface markers in acute lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphoid cells of 29 patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) at onset were studied for characterization of B and T membrane markers and phytohaemagglutinin responsiveness. 24 cases (83%) were classified as \"null\" cell ALL and 5 (17%) as T-cell ALL. No relationship could be found between cytological presentation and immunological classification. Moreover, no correlation has been demonstrated between clinical-immunological parameters and prognosis, indicating that in our series of patients, assessment of cell size and surface markers were not a reliable predictor of prognosis.", "contents": "Lymphoid cell surface markers in acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Peripheral blood lymphoid cells of 29 patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) at onset were studied for characterization of B and T membrane markers and phytohaemagglutinin responsiveness. 24 cases (83%) were classified as \"null\" cell ALL and 5 (17%) as T-cell ALL. No relationship could be found between cytological presentation and immunological classification. Moreover, no correlation has been demonstrated between clinical-immunological parameters and prognosis, indicating that in our series of patients, assessment of cell size and surface markers were not a reliable predictor of prognosis.", "PMID": 305610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_355", "title": "Aspects concerning the lymphocytic nonimmune and immune rosettes in Graves' disease and thyroiditis.", "content": "Evaluation of the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in thyroid-gland pathology has been carried out by calculating the percentage of nonimmune (ER) and immune rosettes (EAC)--(erythrocyte-antibody-complement), i.e. of T--(thymus-dependent) and B lymphocytes (bursa equivalent) in the peripheral blood. The mean percentages found in the 10 normal subjects under study were of 65.8% ER (ranging between 56.6% and 74.9%) and 15.1% EAC (ranging between 12.2% and 17.9%. In the 8 nontreated patients with Graves' disease the means were of 77.5% and 12.9%, respectively. For the same parameter the following values were also found: in 6 patients in remission, 62.2% and 22.7%, respectively; in 8 patients with acute and subacute thyroiditis, 87.5% and 13.4%, respectively; in 7 patients with thyroiditis under remission, 64.1% and 24.2%, respectively.", "contents": "Aspects concerning the lymphocytic nonimmune and immune rosettes in Graves' disease and thyroiditis. Evaluation of the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in thyroid-gland pathology has been carried out by calculating the percentage of nonimmune (ER) and immune rosettes (EAC)--(erythrocyte-antibody-complement), i.e. of T--(thymus-dependent) and B lymphocytes (bursa equivalent) in the peripheral blood. The mean percentages found in the 10 normal subjects under study were of 65.8% ER (ranging between 56.6% and 74.9%) and 15.1% EAC (ranging between 12.2% and 17.9%. In the 8 nontreated patients with Graves' disease the means were of 77.5% and 12.9%, respectively. For the same parameter the following values were also found: in 6 patients in remission, 62.2% and 22.7%, respectively; in 8 patients with acute and subacute thyroiditis, 87.5% and 13.4%, respectively; in 7 patients with thyroiditis under remission, 64.1% and 24.2%, respectively.", "PMID": 305607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_356", "title": "T lymphocyte recognition of alloantigen in vitro. II. Significance of Fc receptor positive and negative responder T cells in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes from normal or immune mice.", "content": "The present experiments were carried out in order to answer the question whether the precursor T cells of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (PCTL) are Fc receptor positive (FcR+), Fc receptor negative (FcR-), or both. The data show that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be generated in vitro from both FcR+ and FcR- PCTL. Furthermore, we investigated if the function of FcR+ and FcR- CTL differed in the allograft response in vitro. Qualitatively, FcR- PCTL differentiate into FcR- CTL only, whereas FcR+ PCTL differentiate into both FcR+ and FcR- CTL. However, quantitatively, CTL generated from FcR- PCTL display a higher T cell mediated cytotoxicity than CTL generated from FcR+ PCTL. Mixing experiments indicate that FcR+ T cells regulate the differentiation of FcR- PCTL into CTL. These conclusions hold true for PCTL in both normal and memory responder cell populations.", "contents": "T lymphocyte recognition of alloantigen in vitro. II. Significance of Fc receptor positive and negative responder T cells in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes from normal or immune mice. The present experiments were carried out in order to answer the question whether the precursor T cells of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (PCTL) are Fc receptor positive (FcR+), Fc receptor negative (FcR-), or both. The data show that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be generated in vitro from both FcR+ and FcR- PCTL. Furthermore, we investigated if the function of FcR+ and FcR- CTL differed in the allograft response in vitro. Qualitatively, FcR- PCTL differentiate into FcR- CTL only, whereas FcR+ PCTL differentiate into both FcR+ and FcR- CTL. However, quantitatively, CTL generated from FcR- PCTL display a higher T cell mediated cytotoxicity than CTL generated from FcR+ PCTL. Mixing experiments indicate that FcR+ T cells regulate the differentiation of FcR- PCTL into CTL. These conclusions hold true for PCTL in both normal and memory responder cell populations.", "PMID": 305612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_357", "title": "Cytotoxic T cells in the lungs of mice infected with an influenza A virus.", "content": "Cytotoxic T cells are present in the lungs and the bronchoalveolar washings of mice infected intravenously (i.v.) or intranasally (i.n.) with live influenza A/WSN virus. After i.v. injection, cytotoxic T cell activity in both spleens and lungs reaches a peak at 6 days when the level of infectious virus recovered from the lungs falls sharply and the mice do not die. If a lethal dose of virus is given intranasally, very high levels of virus appear rapidly in the lungs, and the development of lung consolidation follows slightly behind the appearance of cytotoxic T cells there. When a non-lethal dose of virus is given intranasally, lower levels of virus are found in the lung and the appearance of cytotoxic T cells is delayed. These results suggest that the cytotoxic T cells play a protective role if the level of virus in the lungs does not reach very high levels. After injection of antithymocyte serum, the subsequent level of cytotoxic T cell activity in the lungs was greatly reduced, suggesting that the T cells recovered in lungs had at an earlier stage been circulating cells. However, splenectomized mice develop high levels of cytotoxic T cell activity, after intranasal infection of mice, indicating that the spleen did not contribute substantially to the T cells recovered in the lungs.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T cells in the lungs of mice infected with an influenza A virus. Cytotoxic T cells are present in the lungs and the bronchoalveolar washings of mice infected intravenously (i.v.) or intranasally (i.n.) with live influenza A/WSN virus. After i.v. injection, cytotoxic T cell activity in both spleens and lungs reaches a peak at 6 days when the level of infectious virus recovered from the lungs falls sharply and the mice do not die. If a lethal dose of virus is given intranasally, very high levels of virus appear rapidly in the lungs, and the development of lung consolidation follows slightly behind the appearance of cytotoxic T cells there. When a non-lethal dose of virus is given intranasally, lower levels of virus are found in the lung and the appearance of cytotoxic T cells is delayed. These results suggest that the cytotoxic T cells play a protective role if the level of virus in the lungs does not reach very high levels. After injection of antithymocyte serum, the subsequent level of cytotoxic T cell activity in the lungs was greatly reduced, suggesting that the T cells recovered in lungs had at an earlier stage been circulating cells. However, splenectomized mice develop high levels of cytotoxic T cell activity, after intranasal infection of mice, indicating that the spleen did not contribute substantially to the T cells recovered in the lungs.", "PMID": 305613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_358", "title": "Radiometric detection of Haemophilus influenzae in cerebrospinal fluid specimens.", "content": "The investigation demonstrates the usefulness of a radiometric urease test in the rapid detection of Haemophilus influenzae in cerebrospinal fluid specimens. The test is simple and economical to perform and results are obtained within a one hour incubation period.", "contents": "Radiometric detection of Haemophilus influenzae in cerebrospinal fluid specimens. The investigation demonstrates the usefulness of a radiometric urease test in the rapid detection of Haemophilus influenzae in cerebrospinal fluid specimens. The test is simple and economical to perform and results are obtained within a one hour incubation period.", "PMID": 305614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_359", "title": "Xeroderma pigmentosum--biochemical and therapeutic aspects. Case report.", "content": "Four patients with Xeroderma pigmentosum are reported: 2 diagnosed following the development of multiple cutaneous tumours, and 2 at an earlier state. The repair synthesis of DNA after ultraviolet radiation was reduced in 3 and normal in 1 patients. Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) was used topically as sunscreen; for those intolerant to PABA, alternatives are given. 5-fluoro-uracil had satisfactory effect against actinic keratoses. Two patients had associated neurologic and mental abnormalities compatible with deSanctis-Cacchione syndrome, a Xeroderma pigmentosum variant.", "contents": "Xeroderma pigmentosum--biochemical and therapeutic aspects. Case report. Four patients with Xeroderma pigmentosum are reported: 2 diagnosed following the development of multiple cutaneous tumours, and 2 at an earlier state. The repair synthesis of DNA after ultraviolet radiation was reduced in 3 and normal in 1 patients. Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) was used topically as sunscreen; for those intolerant to PABA, alternatives are given. 5-fluoro-uracil had satisfactory effect against actinic keratoses. Two patients had associated neurologic and mental abnormalities compatible with deSanctis-Cacchione syndrome, a Xeroderma pigmentosum variant.", "PMID": 305615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_360", "title": "[Acute epiglottitides in the adult].", "content": "Two adults were admitted to the University Hospital of Geneva with acute Haemophilus influenzae type b epiglottitis. The disease was characterized by rapid progression of sore throat, upper dysphagia, fever and dyspnea. Acute upper airway obstruction required emergency tracheotomy in both cases. The patients recovered under ampicillin therapy. All the 100 cases from the literature for which clinical data were available have been analyzed:--Epiglottitis in adult is not exceptional.--Haemophilus influenzae type b is the most common infective organism documented, and was found in all positive blood cultures but one.--The typical presentation is severe sore throat, with upper dysphagia, fever and dyspnea.--Clinical course is rapid and serious, and acute respiratory distress develops in 57% of cases; overall mortality is 27%.--Emergency routine tracheotomy appears to be the most reliable treatment.", "contents": "[Acute epiglottitides in the adult]. Two adults were admitted to the University Hospital of Geneva with acute Haemophilus influenzae type b epiglottitis. The disease was characterized by rapid progression of sore throat, upper dysphagia, fever and dyspnea. Acute upper airway obstruction required emergency tracheotomy in both cases. The patients recovered under ampicillin therapy. All the 100 cases from the literature for which clinical data were available have been analyzed:--Epiglottitis in adult is not exceptional.--Haemophilus influenzae type b is the most common infective organism documented, and was found in all positive blood cultures but one.--The typical presentation is severe sore throat, with upper dysphagia, fever and dyspnea.--Clinical course is rapid and serious, and acute respiratory distress develops in 57% of cases; overall mortality is 27%.--Emergency routine tracheotomy appears to be the most reliable treatment.", "PMID": 305660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_361", "title": "[Surgical treatment of associated coronary disease and heart valve disease].", "content": "25 patients underwent combined surgery for coronary artery and valvular heart disease. Although patients suffering from associated coronary artery and valvular lesions represent a high operative risk group, the combined surgical procedure is clearly justified by the functional improvement of the patients. Selective coronaro-angiography should be carried out in the assessment of patients over 40 years of age with valvular disease, since not all patients present angina in spite of diseased coronary arteries. Three hospital deaths (13.5%) indicate the gravity of the procedure, but the absence of intra- or postoperative myocardial infarction and the comparatively rapid recovery of the patients with relatively few complications are very encouraging.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of associated coronary disease and heart valve disease]. 25 patients underwent combined surgery for coronary artery and valvular heart disease. Although patients suffering from associated coronary artery and valvular lesions represent a high operative risk group, the combined surgical procedure is clearly justified by the functional improvement of the patients. Selective coronaro-angiography should be carried out in the assessment of patients over 40 years of age with valvular disease, since not all patients present angina in spite of diseased coronary arteries. Three hospital deaths (13.5%) indicate the gravity of the procedure, but the absence of intra- or postoperative myocardial infarction and the comparatively rapid recovery of the patients with relatively few complications are very encouraging.", "PMID": 305661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_362", "title": "Duodenal leiomyoma as a cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "content": "A case report and review of the problem of duodenal leiomyoma are presented. Although these lesions are rare and usually asymptomatic, they can present with symptoms of hemorrhage, obstruction, pain, and perforation. Barium roentgenographic examination may show filling defects of compressive lesions. Angiography shows a hypervascular, encapsulated lesion. Endoscopy may reveal a submucosal mass with central depression. At operation, it is important to distinguish the benign leiomyoma from leiomyosarcoma.", "contents": "Duodenal leiomyoma as a cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. A case report and review of the problem of duodenal leiomyoma are presented. Although these lesions are rare and usually asymptomatic, they can present with symptoms of hemorrhage, obstruction, pain, and perforation. Barium roentgenographic examination may show filling defects of compressive lesions. Angiography shows a hypervascular, encapsulated lesion. Endoscopy may reveal a submucosal mass with central depression. At operation, it is important to distinguish the benign leiomyoma from leiomyosarcoma.", "PMID": 305663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_363", "title": "Percutaneous epidural neurostimulation for paraplegic spasticity.", "content": "A case of post-paraplegic, post-traumatic spasticity, alleviated by percutaneous epidural neurostimulation from implanted electrodes at the L1 and L3 intervertebral levels, is presented. Secondary beneficial physiological effects and controls of involuntary activity that were achieved were regulation of a bowel regime, production of sweating below the level of the lesion, increased piloerections, and morning penile erections. Electrical modulation of the involuntary motor and autonomic activities below a complete spinal cord injury is discussed. The main advantages of such treatment in modulating spasticity are the avoidance of all other destructive neurosurgical procedures and the regulation of secondary physiological, autonomic responses. Long-term follow-up and additional therapeutic proofs are necessary to substantiate this preliminary report.", "contents": "Percutaneous epidural neurostimulation for paraplegic spasticity. A case of post-paraplegic, post-traumatic spasticity, alleviated by percutaneous epidural neurostimulation from implanted electrodes at the L1 and L3 intervertebral levels, is presented. Secondary beneficial physiological effects and controls of involuntary activity that were achieved were regulation of a bowel regime, production of sweating below the level of the lesion, increased piloerections, and morning penile erections. Electrical modulation of the involuntary motor and autonomic activities below a complete spinal cord injury is discussed. The main advantages of such treatment in modulating spasticity are the avoidance of all other destructive neurosurgical procedures and the regulation of secondary physiological, autonomic responses. Long-term follow-up and additional therapeutic proofs are necessary to substantiate this preliminary report.", "PMID": 305668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_364", "title": "Maternal alloimmunisation in pregnancy. In vitro studies of T cell-dependent immunity to paternal alloantigens.", "content": "A secondary in vitro allograft reaction was used to demonstrate that spleen cells derived from allogeneically mated inbred mice were immunised against paternal alloantigens. In addition to the heightened alloantigen-specific in vitro response of these spleen cells, it was also found that spleen cells froma a wide variety of syngeneically and allogeneically mated mice were nonspecifically more reactive in the in vitro allograft reaction than spleen cells from virgin mice. However, when spleen cells freshly harvested from allogeneically mated mice were tested in a direct 51Cr release assay, lysis of target cells bearing the paternal alloantigens was demonstrable in only one-third of the experiments. It is proposed that T cell immunisation to paternal alloantigens occurs in pregnancy, but that cell-mediated cytotoxicity is inhibited.", "contents": "Maternal alloimmunisation in pregnancy. In vitro studies of T cell-dependent immunity to paternal alloantigens. A secondary in vitro allograft reaction was used to demonstrate that spleen cells derived from allogeneically mated inbred mice were immunised against paternal alloantigens. In addition to the heightened alloantigen-specific in vitro response of these spleen cells, it was also found that spleen cells froma a wide variety of syngeneically and allogeneically mated mice were nonspecifically more reactive in the in vitro allograft reaction than spleen cells from virgin mice. However, when spleen cells freshly harvested from allogeneically mated mice were tested in a direct 51Cr release assay, lysis of target cells bearing the paternal alloantigens was demonstrable in only one-third of the experiments. It is proposed that T cell immunisation to paternal alloantigens occurs in pregnancy, but that cell-mediated cytotoxicity is inhibited.", "PMID": 305673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_365", "title": "[Acute ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract complicated by hemorrhage and perforation].", "content": "The data on 130 patients with acute ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract complicated hemorrhage and perforation are reported. Acute ulcers developed in patients with cardiovascular diseases (47%), intoxication (17.7%), postoperative paresis of the stomach and intestine (10%), other pathology (15.3%), and in medication (10%). The former manifested in acute hemorrhage in 108 patients, perforation--in 8, hemorrhage and perforation--in 14. In 86% of cases ulcers were located in the stomach, and in 63%--these were multiple. Conservative therapy was employed in 97 patients and 33 patients were operated upon. The mortality after early operations was 2.5 times as low as in the expectation policy and conservative therapy.", "contents": "[Acute ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract complicated by hemorrhage and perforation]. The data on 130 patients with acute ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract complicated hemorrhage and perforation are reported. Acute ulcers developed in patients with cardiovascular diseases (47%), intoxication (17.7%), postoperative paresis of the stomach and intestine (10%), other pathology (15.3%), and in medication (10%). The former manifested in acute hemorrhage in 108 patients, perforation--in 8, hemorrhage and perforation--in 14. In 86% of cases ulcers were located in the stomach, and in 63%--these were multiple. Conservative therapy was employed in 97 patients and 33 patients were operated upon. The mortality after early operations was 2.5 times as low as in the expectation policy and conservative therapy.", "PMID": 305679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_366", "title": "[T- and B-lymphocytes in lymphoproliferative diseases].", "content": "T-cell and B-cell markers and the response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) have been studied in 62 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), in 3 patients with well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma and in 1 patient with lymphosarcoma. To investigate the functional integrity of T-lymphocytes in 10 patients with CLL the response of the T-cell-rich population to PHA was determined. The leukemic lymphocytes in all the cases but one had B-cell characteristic. The T-cell-rich population would show a normal response to PHA.", "contents": "[T- and B-lymphocytes in lymphoproliferative diseases]. T-cell and B-cell markers and the response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) have been studied in 62 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), in 3 patients with well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma and in 1 patient with lymphosarcoma. To investigate the functional integrity of T-lymphocytes in 10 patients with CLL the response of the T-cell-rich population to PHA was determined. The leukemic lymphocytes in all the cases but one had B-cell characteristic. The T-cell-rich population would show a normal response to PHA.", "PMID": 305684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_367", "title": "[Stimulating action of the albumin fraction of soluble placental proteins on T- and B-lymphocyte transformation].", "content": "Under study was the effect of the albumin fraction of soluble placental proteins on the transformation of T- and B-lymphocytes, stimulated by Salmonellae phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharides, respectively. Placental proteins were separated by their fractional sedimentation with ammonium sulphate and subsequent gelfiltration on Sephadex-G-200. The albumin fraction of placental proteins was shown to stimulated the reaction of the T- and B-lymphocytes blasttransformation. Some possible mechanisms of this effect are discussed.", "contents": "[Stimulating action of the albumin fraction of soluble placental proteins on T- and B-lymphocyte transformation]. Under study was the effect of the albumin fraction of soluble placental proteins on the transformation of T- and B-lymphocytes, stimulated by Salmonellae phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharides, respectively. Placental proteins were separated by their fractional sedimentation with ammonium sulphate and subsequent gelfiltration on Sephadex-G-200. The albumin fraction of placental proteins was shown to stimulated the reaction of the T- and B-lymphocytes blasttransformation. Some possible mechanisms of this effect are discussed.", "PMID": 305685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_368", "title": "[Immunological features in ankylosing spondylitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera from 50 patients with various stages of ankylosing spondylitis were tested for the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-DNA antibodies, rheumatoid factor and antistreptolysin. Antinuclear antibodies (immunofluorescent technique) were detected in the sera of 10 patients (20%), associated in one case with anti-DNA antibodies (immunofluorescent technique). The disease activity in ANA-positive cases was low to moderate.", "contents": "[Immunological features in ankylosing spondylitis (author's transl)]. Sera from 50 patients with various stages of ankylosing spondylitis were tested for the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-DNA antibodies, rheumatoid factor and antistreptolysin. Antinuclear antibodies (immunofluorescent technique) were detected in the sera of 10 patients (20%), associated in one case with anti-DNA antibodies (immunofluorescent technique). The disease activity in ANA-positive cases was low to moderate.", "PMID": 305686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_369", "title": "Prodolic acid: analysis and disposition studies in rats and dogs.", "content": "1. A specific fluorimetric method for the determination of prodolic acid in serum has been elaborated and has a limit of detection of 2 microgram/ml. 2. Common anti-inflammatory drugs do not interfere with the method. 3. In rats and dogs, prodolic acid is rapidly absorbed and has a short half-life of elimination. 4. The rate of elimination was marked by secondary rises in the blood level profile which were shown to be due enterohepatic recirculation of prodolic acid. 5. Prodolic acid is highly bound to serum protein.", "contents": "Prodolic acid: analysis and disposition studies in rats and dogs. 1. A specific fluorimetric method for the determination of prodolic acid in serum has been elaborated and has a limit of detection of 2 microgram/ml. 2. Common anti-inflammatory drugs do not interfere with the method. 3. In rats and dogs, prodolic acid is rapidly absorbed and has a short half-life of elimination. 4. The rate of elimination was marked by secondary rises in the blood level profile which were shown to be due enterohepatic recirculation of prodolic acid. 5. Prodolic acid is highly bound to serum protein.", "PMID": 305689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_370", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation, rosette formation and behaviour of immunoglobulins in sarcoidosis.", "content": "1. Patients with sarcoidosis indicated significant decrease of the mean value of lymphocyte transformation (LT) in all stages and all periods of sarcoidosis. In chronic sarcoidosis the mean value of LT was significantly lower (27.6%) than in the initial active stage I (44.6%) and increased among patients who recovered from sarcoidosis. 2. Patients suffering from sarcoidosis have depressed percentage of T lymphocytes compared to healthy subjects and depressed ability to lymphocytes blast transformation after PHA stimulation. No significant difference exists in the percentage of B cells detected by rosette formation with normal subjects. 3. The mean values of IgG, IgA and IgM in sarcoidosis patients were higher, and became normal after recovery. Levels of immunoglobulins were successively increased according to the stage. An increased IgG level is connected with active phase of the process whereas IgA is more stable but rised.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation, rosette formation and behaviour of immunoglobulins in sarcoidosis. 1. Patients with sarcoidosis indicated significant decrease of the mean value of lymphocyte transformation (LT) in all stages and all periods of sarcoidosis. In chronic sarcoidosis the mean value of LT was significantly lower (27.6%) than in the initial active stage I (44.6%) and increased among patients who recovered from sarcoidosis. 2. Patients suffering from sarcoidosis have depressed percentage of T lymphocytes compared to healthy subjects and depressed ability to lymphocytes blast transformation after PHA stimulation. No significant difference exists in the percentage of B cells detected by rosette formation with normal subjects. 3. The mean values of IgG, IgA and IgM in sarcoidosis patients were higher, and became normal after recovery. Levels of immunoglobulins were successively increased according to the stage. An increased IgG level is connected with active phase of the process whereas IgA is more stable but rised.", "PMID": 305691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_371", "title": "A search for thymie (T) lymphocyte inhibitory factors in sarcoid sera.", "content": "Sarcoid patients frequently show depression of skin delayed hypersensitivity reactions suggesting depression of thymic (T) lymphocyte function. In vitro demonstration of such depression, however, to date, is inconclusive. We have used the macrophage migration inhibition test with Kveim \"antigen\" (KMIF), and spontaneous sheep red cell rosetting (SRC) techniques as indicator systems. We found that a positive KMIF test obtained in 7 of 16 subjects (13 sarcoid and 3 non sarcoid) in the presence of foetal bovine sera (FBS) became negative in the presence of sarcoid patients sera. Using lymphocytes from a single normal healthy subject the SRC tests were performed in the presence of sarcoid, normal healthy sera and FBS. With sarcoid sera 38% of lymphocytes showed rosetting as compared with normal human sera, 54%, and with FBS, 57%. Where lymphocytes were pre-incubated for one hour in the various sera the percentage of rosetting cells were even further reduced, sarcoid sera 23%, as compared to normal human sera, (49%), and FBS, (54%). Thus, using two tests of lymphocyte function our preliminary results suggest the presence of T cell inhibitory factors in sarcoid sera.", "contents": "A search for thymie (T) lymphocyte inhibitory factors in sarcoid sera. Sarcoid patients frequently show depression of skin delayed hypersensitivity reactions suggesting depression of thymic (T) lymphocyte function. In vitro demonstration of such depression, however, to date, is inconclusive. We have used the macrophage migration inhibition test with Kveim \"antigen\" (KMIF), and spontaneous sheep red cell rosetting (SRC) techniques as indicator systems. We found that a positive KMIF test obtained in 7 of 16 subjects (13 sarcoid and 3 non sarcoid) in the presence of foetal bovine sera (FBS) became negative in the presence of sarcoid patients sera. Using lymphocytes from a single normal healthy subject the SRC tests were performed in the presence of sarcoid, normal healthy sera and FBS. With sarcoid sera 38% of lymphocytes showed rosetting as compared with normal human sera, 54%, and with FBS, 57%. Where lymphocytes were pre-incubated for one hour in the various sera the percentage of rosetting cells were even further reduced, sarcoid sera 23%, as compared to normal human sera, (49%), and FBS, (54%). Thus, using two tests of lymphocyte function our preliminary results suggest the presence of T cell inhibitory factors in sarcoid sera.", "PMID": 305692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_372", "title": "[The oral administration of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-paraaminobenzoic acid (PFT) in the assessment of exocrine pancreatic function and its value within the diagnostic approach to pancreatic disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Exocrine pancreatic function was determined by the oral administration of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-PABA in 343 persons, including controls, patients with diseases of the pancreas, and patients with non-pancreatic disease. The results revealed a sensitivity of 85% in chronic pancreatitis and of 78% in carcinoma of the pancreas. The specificity of the PFT amounted to 92%. No toxic side effects were noted. The PFT is likely to be a useful screening procedure for pancreatic disease.", "contents": "[The oral administration of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-paraaminobenzoic acid (PFT) in the assessment of exocrine pancreatic function and its value within the diagnostic approach to pancreatic disease (author's transl)]. Exocrine pancreatic function was determined by the oral administration of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-PABA in 343 persons, including controls, patients with diseases of the pancreas, and patients with non-pancreatic disease. The results revealed a sensitivity of 85% in chronic pancreatitis and of 78% in carcinoma of the pancreas. The specificity of the PFT amounted to 92%. No toxic side effects were noted. The PFT is likely to be a useful screening procedure for pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 305693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_373", "title": "[Clinical behaviour after aorto-coronary vein bypass grafting related to the degree of revascularization (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical behaviour after bypass-surgery was analysed with regard to anginal symptoms at rest and during daily exercise, working habits and postoperative medication in 135 patients, 3 to 28 months (average 18 months) postoperatively. All patients underwent postoperative coronary and left ventricular angiography, allowing a close correlation between postoperative clinics and patency-rate (average 84%) as well as the degree of revascularization (average 64%). 80% of the patients were clinically improved and, furthermore, there was a close correlation between the degree of improvement and revascularization. In contrast, only 42% of the patients were back to work and there was no correlation between the working habits and patency-rate or the degree of revascularization. Finally, postoperatively clearly improved patients showed a signif. smaller consumption of antianginal drugs, esp. nitrates.--This analysis of postoperative clinics and angiography suggests that improvement of symptoms through bypass-surgery is primarily due to the improvement of local perfusion in previously underperfused myocardial areas.", "contents": "[Clinical behaviour after aorto-coronary vein bypass grafting related to the degree of revascularization (author's transl)]. The clinical behaviour after bypass-surgery was analysed with regard to anginal symptoms at rest and during daily exercise, working habits and postoperative medication in 135 patients, 3 to 28 months (average 18 months) postoperatively. All patients underwent postoperative coronary and left ventricular angiography, allowing a close correlation between postoperative clinics and patency-rate (average 84%) as well as the degree of revascularization (average 64%). 80% of the patients were clinically improved and, furthermore, there was a close correlation between the degree of improvement and revascularization. In contrast, only 42% of the patients were back to work and there was no correlation between the working habits and patency-rate or the degree of revascularization. Finally, postoperatively clearly improved patients showed a signif. smaller consumption of antianginal drugs, esp. nitrates.--This analysis of postoperative clinics and angiography suggests that improvement of symptoms through bypass-surgery is primarily due to the improvement of local perfusion in previously underperfused myocardial areas.", "PMID": 305694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_374", "title": "[Symptoms of cellular immunity in chronic and lupus nephritis].", "content": "On the one hand, the results of our investigation reveal a hypersensitivity to renal antigen in patients with GN and LN. On the other hand, they refer to a change of the number of lymphocytes of the peripheral blood with a decrease of their functional activity. In patients with GN the sensibilisation of lymphocytes appeared in the same degree to the antigens of the renal extract as well as to the antigens of the basal membrane of the glomerulus. In contrast to this in the group of patients with LN the sensibility to antigens of the basal membrane was found only in 2 among 17 examined patients. The expression of the sensibilisation of lymphocytes to renal antigens correlated with the activity of clinical diseases and was most frequently connected with a higher pathological activity in patients with GN as well as in patients with LN. The analysis of RMHL and BMK did not show such legitimacies. In signs of the cellular immunity there could not be found any essential differences also in the examination of clinicomorphological variants of the GN.", "contents": "[Symptoms of cellular immunity in chronic and lupus nephritis]. On the one hand, the results of our investigation reveal a hypersensitivity to renal antigen in patients with GN and LN. On the other hand, they refer to a change of the number of lymphocytes of the peripheral blood with a decrease of their functional activity. In patients with GN the sensibilisation of lymphocytes appeared in the same degree to the antigens of the renal extract as well as to the antigens of the basal membrane of the glomerulus. In contrast to this in the group of patients with LN the sensibility to antigens of the basal membrane was found only in 2 among 17 examined patients. The expression of the sensibilisation of lymphocytes to renal antigens correlated with the activity of clinical diseases and was most frequently connected with a higher pathological activity in patients with GN as well as in patients with LN. The analysis of RMHL and BMK did not show such legitimacies. In signs of the cellular immunity there could not be found any essential differences also in the examination of clinicomorphological variants of the GN.", "PMID": 305703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_375", "title": "[Gastrointestinal bleeding and emergency endoscopy in portal hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Portal hypertension is found in about one quarter of the cases with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. 57 patients with portal hypertension underwent endoscopy for gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Despite visible varices in all cases varice rupture underlies only 50% of the bleeding episodes. Conditions other than rupture were found to bleed in 50%. Superficial mucosal erosions, which escape radiological detection, were the most frequent other bleeding sources.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal bleeding and emergency endoscopy in portal hypertension (author's transl)]. Portal hypertension is found in about one quarter of the cases with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. 57 patients with portal hypertension underwent endoscopy for gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Despite visible varices in all cases varice rupture underlies only 50% of the bleeding episodes. Conditions other than rupture were found to bleed in 50%. Superficial mucosal erosions, which escape radiological detection, were the most frequent other bleeding sources.", "PMID": 305704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_376", "title": "[Endoscopy of the cerebellopontile angle using the retrosinusal-suboccipital route].", "content": "In spite of the introduction of new examination methods (positive contrast demonstration, tomography, CAT) difficulties may be encountered in the instrumental diagnosis of smaller neurinomas of the auditory nerve. That is why one has already for some time tried to reach the pontine-angle with the endoscope. Until now, this has been done by the transpyramidal-retrolabyrinthal route. Since this access is too complicated for diagnostic purposes, the authors have chosen the retrosinal-suboccipital route and proved its suitability by examinations in corpses. This is the same route of access which is used by most neurosurgeons for carrying out operations to the pontine-angle tumour.", "contents": "[Endoscopy of the cerebellopontile angle using the retrosinusal-suboccipital route]. In spite of the introduction of new examination methods (positive contrast demonstration, tomography, CAT) difficulties may be encountered in the instrumental diagnosis of smaller neurinomas of the auditory nerve. That is why one has already for some time tried to reach the pontine-angle with the endoscope. Until now, this has been done by the transpyramidal-retrolabyrinthal route. Since this access is too complicated for diagnostic purposes, the authors have chosen the retrosinal-suboccipital route and proved its suitability by examinations in corpses. This is the same route of access which is used by most neurosurgeons for carrying out operations to the pontine-angle tumour.", "PMID": 305706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_377", "title": "[Thymus-dependent lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].", "content": "A study of the rosetteforming possibilities of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with disseminated sclerosis and lateral amyotrophical sclerosis detected a significant deficit of a subpopulation of T-cells, which form the most active rosettes of the morula type. Besides, in patients with disseminated sclerosis the relative amount of rosetteforming lymphocytes in the peripheral blood is significantly lower.", "contents": "[Thymus-dependent lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]. A study of the rosetteforming possibilities of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with disseminated sclerosis and lateral amyotrophical sclerosis detected a significant deficit of a subpopulation of T-cells, which form the most active rosettes of the morula type. Besides, in patients with disseminated sclerosis the relative amount of rosetteforming lymphocytes in the peripheral blood is significantly lower.", "PMID": 305707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_378", "title": "[Prolonged effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on trace processes of neuronal activity].", "content": "In experiments on rabbits a study was made of the influence of serotonin's precursor, 5-oxytriptophane (5-OTP), on trace processes in spike activity of neurones in the visual and sensorimotor cortical areas. Rhythmic light was used as a stimulus with a frequency of 2 or 5 per second. Administration of 5-OTP produced prolonged action of the trace processes, significant for 2 per second frequency and less pronounced for 5 per second frequency of the flashes. This property was possessed both by the neurones which increased their activity frequency and those which reduced it. It is assumed that the prolonging effect of 5-OTP is the consequence of its modulating influence on the brain activity, which is manifested in a selective potentiation of the functioning of a neuronal system with a relatively lower frequency of spontaneous firing.", "contents": "[Prolonged effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on trace processes of neuronal activity]. In experiments on rabbits a study was made of the influence of serotonin's precursor, 5-oxytriptophane (5-OTP), on trace processes in spike activity of neurones in the visual and sensorimotor cortical areas. Rhythmic light was used as a stimulus with a frequency of 2 or 5 per second. Administration of 5-OTP produced prolonged action of the trace processes, significant for 2 per second frequency and less pronounced for 5 per second frequency of the flashes. This property was possessed both by the neurones which increased their activity frequency and those which reduced it. It is assumed that the prolonging effect of 5-OTP is the consequence of its modulating influence on the brain activity, which is manifested in a selective potentiation of the functioning of a neuronal system with a relatively lower frequency of spontaneous firing.", "PMID": 305702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_379", "title": "Acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Experience with early panendoscopy and tranexamic acid in a rural hospital.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-nine consecutive patients admitted to a small rural hospital because of acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage were studied. Patients with haematemesis and/or melaena were treated with antacids and tranexamic acid from the very beginning and were examined by means of early panendoscopy. All patients were closely observed on a general medical ward by a staff especially trained to deal with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Eight patients required acute surgery. The overall mortality rate was 4.4%. It is concluded that acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage can be successfully handled with modern diagnosis and treatment even in a small hospital.", "contents": "Acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Experience with early panendoscopy and tranexamic acid in a rural hospital. One hundred and fifty-nine consecutive patients admitted to a small rural hospital because of acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage were studied. Patients with haematemesis and/or melaena were treated with antacids and tranexamic acid from the very beginning and were examined by means of early panendoscopy. All patients were closely observed on a general medical ward by a staff especially trained to deal with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Eight patients required acute surgery. The overall mortality rate was 4.4%. It is concluded that acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage can be successfully handled with modern diagnosis and treatment even in a small hospital.", "PMID": 305708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_380", "title": "Uncontrollable hemorrhage and tissue adhesive.", "content": "A case is reported of uncontrollable hemorrhage from suture lines in a patient having undergone coronary surgery. Ultimately the bleeding was brought under control by the use of isobutyl-cyanoacrylate. A piece of fascia was affixed to the suture line. Tissue adhesive is a valuable tool in difficult hemostatic situations, and should be available where major surgery is performed.", "contents": "Uncontrollable hemorrhage and tissue adhesive. A case is reported of uncontrollable hemorrhage from suture lines in a patient having undergone coronary surgery. Ultimately the bleeding was brought under control by the use of isobutyl-cyanoacrylate. A piece of fascia was affixed to the suture line. Tissue adhesive is a valuable tool in difficult hemostatic situations, and should be available where major surgery is performed.", "PMID": 305709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_381", "title": "Hemostatic defect in endoscoped upper gut bleeding.", "content": "In an effort to assess the role of salicylate ingestion in upper gastrointestinal bleeding, one observer obtained a blood specimen for salicylate determination, performed a Duke bleeding time, and obtained a detailed drug history at the time of diagnostic endoscopy. Although a salicylate ingestion history was common, other variables did not correlate with it. Prolonged bleeding time occurred in 21 of the 81 patients, versus 1 of 22 controls. It was strongly associated with liver disease, with the alcohol habit by history, and with endoscopically severe gastritis, but was not correlated with plasma salicylate levels or evidence of salicylate ingestion by history, or with thrombocytopenia. Additional relationships linked liver disease and gastritis with prolonged bleeding time. There was no direct evidence from this study that salicylate ingestion occurred more frequently among gastrointestinal bleeders than among controls, and there was no evidence that the hemostatic defect increased the magnitude of bleeding.", "contents": "Hemostatic defect in endoscoped upper gut bleeding. In an effort to assess the role of salicylate ingestion in upper gastrointestinal bleeding, one observer obtained a blood specimen for salicylate determination, performed a Duke bleeding time, and obtained a detailed drug history at the time of diagnostic endoscopy. Although a salicylate ingestion history was common, other variables did not correlate with it. Prolonged bleeding time occurred in 21 of the 81 patients, versus 1 of 22 controls. It was strongly associated with liver disease, with the alcohol habit by history, and with endoscopically severe gastritis, but was not correlated with plasma salicylate levels or evidence of salicylate ingestion by history, or with thrombocytopenia. Additional relationships linked liver disease and gastritis with prolonged bleeding time. There was no direct evidence from this study that salicylate ingestion occurred more frequently among gastrointestinal bleeders than among controls, and there was no evidence that the hemostatic defect increased the magnitude of bleeding.", "PMID": 305713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_382", "title": "Root formation in ectopically transplanted teeth of the frog rana pipiens. II. Comparative aspects of the root tissues.", "content": "In the second part of an experimental study of the behavior and fate of the roots of ectopically transplanted frog teeth the comparative aspects of the tooth root and its tissue composition were examined. Experimental results showed that the root or pedicel area of the frog tooth was an intrinsic part of the tooth. The tooth was capable of growth to normal size and shape with or without the presence of underlying bone. When compared with existing descriptive exidence and analysis it was determined that the best terminology for the amphibian root tissues would be dentin right up to the point of attachment where cellular basal bone is seen. This is because it is an intrinsic part of the tooth, if formed on the pulpal side of the root sheath, and is formed by odontoblasts. Because of the above observations, the original Hertwig's epithelial root sheath appeared both homologous and analogous with the mammalian sheath, but since all the root tissues were under this sheath, no tissues homologous to any of the paradental tissues of cementum, periodontal ligament, or alveolar bone could be found except when the root sheath injury resulted in induction of an acellular tissue upon the outer surface of dentin.", "contents": "Root formation in ectopically transplanted teeth of the frog rana pipiens. II. Comparative aspects of the root tissues. In the second part of an experimental study of the behavior and fate of the roots of ectopically transplanted frog teeth the comparative aspects of the tooth root and its tissue composition were examined. Experimental results showed that the root or pedicel area of the frog tooth was an intrinsic part of the tooth. The tooth was capable of growth to normal size and shape with or without the presence of underlying bone. When compared with existing descriptive exidence and analysis it was determined that the best terminology for the amphibian root tissues would be dentin right up to the point of attachment where cellular basal bone is seen. This is because it is an intrinsic part of the tooth, if formed on the pulpal side of the root sheath, and is formed by odontoblasts. Because of the above observations, the original Hertwig's epithelial root sheath appeared both homologous and analogous with the mammalian sheath, but since all the root tissues were under this sheath, no tissues homologous to any of the paradental tissues of cementum, periodontal ligament, or alveolar bone could be found except when the root sheath injury resulted in induction of an acellular tissue upon the outer surface of dentin.", "PMID": 305714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_383", "title": "The occurrence of TMJ -disorders in an elderly population as evaluated by recording of \"subjective\" and \"objective\" symptoms.", "content": "The occurrence of \"objective\" symptoms of TMJ -disorder, as measured by clinical examination, and self-reported \"subjective\" symptoms, were investigated in a survey of 241 persons ages 65-79. This group constituted the participants of a sample which was drawn to cover all persons in this age category living in the county of Troms in Norway. The participation rate was 86. Participants were examined and interviewed by dentists in graduate training. Eight per cent of the group reported to have had TMJ pain recently. Fourteen per cent said they had clicking or creptiation. These symptoms were twice as commonly reported by women as by men, and they were also most frequent among people complaining of rheumatism or general joint pain. By the clinical examination, clicking and/or crepitation was found in 27% of the individuals. Limitation of jaw movement was registered in only 3 persons. These \"objective\" symptoms were evenly common with both sexes. Dental/prosthetic status had seemingly no distinct influence of the findings.", "contents": "The occurrence of TMJ -disorders in an elderly population as evaluated by recording of \"subjective\" and \"objective\" symptoms. The occurrence of \"objective\" symptoms of TMJ -disorder, as measured by clinical examination, and self-reported \"subjective\" symptoms, were investigated in a survey of 241 persons ages 65-79. This group constituted the participants of a sample which was drawn to cover all persons in this age category living in the county of Troms in Norway. The participation rate was 86. Participants were examined and interviewed by dentists in graduate training. Eight per cent of the group reported to have had TMJ pain recently. Fourteen per cent said they had clicking or creptiation. These symptoms were twice as commonly reported by women as by men, and they were also most frequent among people complaining of rheumatism or general joint pain. By the clinical examination, clicking and/or crepitation was found in 27% of the individuals. Limitation of jaw movement was registered in only 3 persons. These \"objective\" symptoms were evenly common with both sexes. Dental/prosthetic status had seemingly no distinct influence of the findings.", "PMID": 305715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_384", "title": "Tumor cell phagocytosis and cytotoxicity of lymphoblastoid cells following concanavalin A treatment.", "content": "Cell-to-cell interaction was investigated in various malignant tumor cells (human ovarial tumor, lung cancer, carcinoma of larynx and hamster melanoma cell) and in human lymphoblastoid cells (T-cell (MOLT-4 cell), thymoma cells and B-cells (Burkitt lymphoma cell)). Live lymphoblastoid cells did not adhere to the cell surfaces of tumor cells nor the lymphoblastoid cells were ingested by tumor cells without immunologic and specific treatment. Tumor cells as well as T-cells and B-cells had receptors to concanavalin A on their surfaces, and they showed marked cell binding of tumor cells and lymphoblastoid cells. Moreover, tumor cells that phagocytized lymphoblasts underwent marked cell destruction within 4 hours of cell binding. The cytolytic mechanism of the target tumor cell was probably related to contact with the lymphoblastoid cells and was increased by ingestive activity, and metabolic disturbance by lymphotoxin in tumor cells.", "contents": "Tumor cell phagocytosis and cytotoxicity of lymphoblastoid cells following concanavalin A treatment. Cell-to-cell interaction was investigated in various malignant tumor cells (human ovarial tumor, lung cancer, carcinoma of larynx and hamster melanoma cell) and in human lymphoblastoid cells (T-cell (MOLT-4 cell), thymoma cells and B-cells (Burkitt lymphoma cell)). Live lymphoblastoid cells did not adhere to the cell surfaces of tumor cells nor the lymphoblastoid cells were ingested by tumor cells without immunologic and specific treatment. Tumor cells as well as T-cells and B-cells had receptors to concanavalin A on their surfaces, and they showed marked cell binding of tumor cells and lymphoblastoid cells. Moreover, tumor cells that phagocytized lymphoblasts underwent marked cell destruction within 4 hours of cell binding. The cytolytic mechanism of the target tumor cell was probably related to contact with the lymphoblastoid cells and was increased by ingestive activity, and metabolic disturbance by lymphotoxin in tumor cells.", "PMID": 305716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_385", "title": "Human leucocyte response to migration inhibitory activity from lymphocytes. Modification by aprotinin, Tranexamic acid and phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride.", "content": "Human lymphokines can elicit several effects associated with inflammation, e.g. leucocyte migration inhibition and fibrinolysis. These effects can be assessed in vitro by the leucocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT) and the leucocyte migration fibrinolysis technique (LMFT). The present study shows that preincubation of normal leucocytes with aprotinin, tranexamic acid and phenyl-methyl-sulfonylfluoride (PMSF) reduces or abolishes their migration inhibition response to leucocyte migration inhibition factor. The compounds exert this effect at non-toxic concentrations, which do not otherwise interfere with migration or fibrinolysis, and are non-toxic as estimated by PHA stimulation of lymphocytes. The LMFT is more sensitive to the modifying effect than the LMAT. The effect of aprotinin and tranexamic acid is reversible, the effect of PMSF is irreversible.", "contents": "Human leucocyte response to migration inhibitory activity from lymphocytes. Modification by aprotinin, Tranexamic acid and phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride. Human lymphokines can elicit several effects associated with inflammation, e.g. leucocyte migration inhibition and fibrinolysis. These effects can be assessed in vitro by the leucocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT) and the leucocyte migration fibrinolysis technique (LMFT). The present study shows that preincubation of normal leucocytes with aprotinin, tranexamic acid and phenyl-methyl-sulfonylfluoride (PMSF) reduces or abolishes their migration inhibition response to leucocyte migration inhibition factor. The compounds exert this effect at non-toxic concentrations, which do not otherwise interfere with migration or fibrinolysis, and are non-toxic as estimated by PHA stimulation of lymphocytes. The LMFT is more sensitive to the modifying effect than the LMAT. The effect of aprotinin and tranexamic acid is reversible, the effect of PMSF is irreversible.", "PMID": 305717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_386", "title": "Regional myocardial blood flow in regions of prior myocardial infarction before and after revascularization.", "content": "In 30 patients who received 102 saphenous vein bypass grafts, 91 were patent. Preoperative intracoronary injection of 99mTc-labeled albumin particles suspended in contrast revealed 81 regions of perfusion deficit which subsequently received successful revascularization. With postoperative graft injection of isotope, 48 of these regions no longer showed a perfusion deficit (59%), while 33 showed no change (41%). In these 30 patients, 16 of 17 (94%) revealed perfusion defects in regions of prior transmural myocardial infarction. Conversely, only 55 of 96 regions distal to coronary artery stenosis of greater than 50% revealed perfusion defects (57%). Thus, 99mTc-labeled microsphere studies seem to be valuable in detecting regions of prior infarction. After angiographically documented revascularization, the method continued to reveal perfusion deficits in 41% of abnormal regions noted preoperatively, even though almost half of these same specific regions showed improved postoperative regional contractility after postextrasystolic potentiation.", "contents": "Regional myocardial blood flow in regions of prior myocardial infarction before and after revascularization. In 30 patients who received 102 saphenous vein bypass grafts, 91 were patent. Preoperative intracoronary injection of 99mTc-labeled albumin particles suspended in contrast revealed 81 regions of perfusion deficit which subsequently received successful revascularization. With postoperative graft injection of isotope, 48 of these regions no longer showed a perfusion deficit (59%), while 33 showed no change (41%). In these 30 patients, 16 of 17 (94%) revealed perfusion defects in regions of prior transmural myocardial infarction. Conversely, only 55 of 96 regions distal to coronary artery stenosis of greater than 50% revealed perfusion defects (57%). Thus, 99mTc-labeled microsphere studies seem to be valuable in detecting regions of prior infarction. After angiographically documented revascularization, the method continued to reveal perfusion deficits in 41% of abnormal regions noted preoperatively, even though almost half of these same specific regions showed improved postoperative regional contractility after postextrasystolic potentiation.", "PMID": 305719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_387", "title": "Significance of new Q waves after bypass grafting: correlations between graft patency, ventriculogram, and surgical venting technique.", "content": "New postoperative electrocardiographic Q waves have been described in eight of 40 per cent of patients undergoing bypass grafting for coronary artery disease. Various theories have been proposed to explain these new Q waves. Correlations of new Q waves to vein bypass occlusion, prolonged pump time or aortic cross-clamping time are controversial. Indeed, whether or not the appearance of new postoperative Q waves means real transmural myocardial infarction is not clear. We report herein our experience with postoperative Q waves in 56 patients with vein bypass grafts and the relationship of new Q waves to ventricular venting, graft patency, and the postoperative ventriculogram. Our observations indicate that: (1) Not all Q waves are due to occlusion of the saphenous bypass grafts (as noted by others). (2) A certain percentage of new Q waves may not reflect true transmural myocardial infarction, especially when all the vein grafts are patent and the postoperative ventriculograms show improvement. (3) Some new Q waves reflect true transmural infarction due to occlusion of grafts or of distal coronary arteries with deteriorated left ventriculograms. (4) The high incidence of new Q waves in patients with ventricular vents is probably due to direct myocardial trauma at the apex of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Significance of new Q waves after bypass grafting: correlations between graft patency, ventriculogram, and surgical venting technique. New postoperative electrocardiographic Q waves have been described in eight of 40 per cent of patients undergoing bypass grafting for coronary artery disease. Various theories have been proposed to explain these new Q waves. Correlations of new Q waves to vein bypass occlusion, prolonged pump time or aortic cross-clamping time are controversial. Indeed, whether or not the appearance of new postoperative Q waves means real transmural myocardial infarction is not clear. We report herein our experience with postoperative Q waves in 56 patients with vein bypass grafts and the relationship of new Q waves to ventricular venting, graft patency, and the postoperative ventriculogram. Our observations indicate that: (1) Not all Q waves are due to occlusion of the saphenous bypass grafts (as noted by others). (2) A certain percentage of new Q waves may not reflect true transmural myocardial infarction, especially when all the vein grafts are patent and the postoperative ventriculograms show improvement. (3) Some new Q waves reflect true transmural infarction due to occlusion of grafts or of distal coronary arteries with deteriorated left ventriculograms. (4) The high incidence of new Q waves in patients with ventricular vents is probably due to direct myocardial trauma at the apex of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 305720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_388", "title": "Mycosis fungoides-like cells. Their presence in a case of pityriasic dermatitis with a comment on their significance as an indicator of primary T-cell dyscrasia.", "content": "A case of pityriasic dermatitis in which the histologic findings mimicked mycosis fungoides was examined ultrastructurally. Large numbers of mycosis-like cells were found in the dermis and within epidermal spongiotic vesicles. Such cells occur in the epidermal and dermal infiltrates of primary T-lymphocyte disorders, notably in mycosis fungoides, the S\u00e9zary syndrome, and parapsoriasis en plague. However, they have also been found in the dermal infiltrates of benign dermatoses, in some skin tumors, and occasionally in normal controls. They share ultrastructural features with transformed T lymphocytes. It is emphasized that cells with this morphology may be found in the skin in any condition involving T-cell transformation or dysplasia. The mere presence of cells with this morphology within skin infiltrates is insufficient evidence for the diagnosis of primary T-cell dyscrasia.", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides-like cells. Their presence in a case of pityriasic dermatitis with a comment on their significance as an indicator of primary T-cell dyscrasia. A case of pityriasic dermatitis in which the histologic findings mimicked mycosis fungoides was examined ultrastructurally. Large numbers of mycosis-like cells were found in the dermis and within epidermal spongiotic vesicles. Such cells occur in the epidermal and dermal infiltrates of primary T-lymphocyte disorders, notably in mycosis fungoides, the S\u00e9zary syndrome, and parapsoriasis en plague. However, they have also been found in the dermal infiltrates of benign dermatoses, in some skin tumors, and occasionally in normal controls. They share ultrastructural features with transformed T lymphocytes. It is emphasized that cells with this morphology may be found in the skin in any condition involving T-cell transformation or dysplasia. The mere presence of cells with this morphology within skin infiltrates is insufficient evidence for the diagnosis of primary T-cell dyscrasia.", "PMID": 305724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_389", "title": "Acute toxicity of aspirin in hospitalized medical patients.", "content": "Among 2,391 recipients of plain aspirin tablets, 121 (5.1%) were reported to have adverse reactions. Minor gastrointestinal disturbances, particularly heartburn and nausea, were most common (2.1%). Central nervous system effects were second (1.2%). Among these, tinnitus was reported most often (0.8%); deafness occurred in eight patients (0.3%). Gastrointestinal bleeding, the third major category of adverse reactions, occurred in 1.0% of recipients; it was not considered serious in any of the patients with reactions judged \"definitely\" or \"probably\" related to aspirin. The frequency of all adverse reactions increased as the unit dose, daily dose and total dose became larger. Deafness occurred only at high doses. Reactions were more common in females.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of aspirin in hospitalized medical patients. Among 2,391 recipients of plain aspirin tablets, 121 (5.1%) were reported to have adverse reactions. Minor gastrointestinal disturbances, particularly heartburn and nausea, were most common (2.1%). Central nervous system effects were second (1.2%). Among these, tinnitus was reported most often (0.8%); deafness occurred in eight patients (0.3%). Gastrointestinal bleeding, the third major category of adverse reactions, occurred in 1.0% of recipients; it was not considered serious in any of the patients with reactions judged \"definitely\" or \"probably\" related to aspirin. The frequency of all adverse reactions increased as the unit dose, daily dose and total dose became larger. Deafness occurred only at high doses. Reactions were more common in females.", "PMID": 305723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_390", "title": "The dose-response relationships of dipivalyl epinephrine in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "The intraocular pressure responses of topically applied dipivalyl epinephrine (DPE: 0.025, 0.1, and 0.25%) were investigated in three series of open angle glaucoma patients in a double blind study. IOP responses were compared intra-individually with the effects of 1% epinephrine hydrochloride. 0.1% DPE gave an IOP reduction similar to that of 1% epinephrine-HCl. The change in IOP was less with 0.025% DPE and statistically significantly greater with 0.25% DPE when compared with the conventional epinephrine preparation. The clinical advantages of the 'pro drug' DPE are pointed out.", "contents": "The dose-response relationships of dipivalyl epinephrine in open-angle glaucoma. The intraocular pressure responses of topically applied dipivalyl epinephrine (DPE: 0.025, 0.1, and 0.25%) were investigated in three series of open angle glaucoma patients in a double blind study. IOP responses were compared intra-individually with the effects of 1% epinephrine hydrochloride. 0.1% DPE gave an IOP reduction similar to that of 1% epinephrine-HCl. The change in IOP was less with 0.025% DPE and statistically significantly greater with 0.25% DPE when compared with the conventional epinephrine preparation. The clinical advantages of the 'pro drug' DPE are pointed out.", "PMID": 305728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_391", "title": "[The macular fatty degeneration of the peripheral retina a variety of the snail track degeneration (author's transl)].", "content": "A previously undescribed form of snail-track degeneration with scattered flecks was found in three eyes with absolute glaucoma. Light- and electron-microscopic examination of these lesions in the retinal periphery revealed atrophy and gliosis with massive accumulation of fat within the astrocytes and M\u00fcller's cells. It was not possible to explain the patchy distribution of the lesions. The fatty change in the macroglia is believed to indicate 'in situ breakdown' of slowly atrophying retina. Morphologic and pathogenetic similarities suggest that all forms of snail-track degeneration with snowflakes represent nonspecific fatty degeneration of the retina.", "contents": "[The macular fatty degeneration of the peripheral retina a variety of the snail track degeneration (author's transl)]. A previously undescribed form of snail-track degeneration with scattered flecks was found in three eyes with absolute glaucoma. Light- and electron-microscopic examination of these lesions in the retinal periphery revealed atrophy and gliosis with massive accumulation of fat within the astrocytes and M\u00fcller's cells. It was not possible to explain the patchy distribution of the lesions. The fatty change in the macroglia is believed to indicate 'in situ breakdown' of slowly atrophying retina. Morphologic and pathogenetic similarities suggest that all forms of snail-track degeneration with snowflakes represent nonspecific fatty degeneration of the retina.", "PMID": 305729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_392", "title": "Proliferations in the vitreous cavity after perforating injuries. A histopathological study.", "content": "Histologic specimens from 32 human eyes that had been enucleated at different intervals after servere injuries were studied. Following the rules of general wound repair, intraocular proliferations start two to four days after the injury and may be massively developed within one week after injury. Their cell composition and extent are related to the site and extent of tissue damage and the amount of hemorrhage. The findings support the recommendation of a primary vitreous repair in severely injured eyes.", "contents": "Proliferations in the vitreous cavity after perforating injuries. A histopathological study. Histologic specimens from 32 human eyes that had been enucleated at different intervals after servere injuries were studied. Following the rules of general wound repair, intraocular proliferations start two to four days after the injury and may be massively developed within one week after injury. Their cell composition and extent are related to the site and extent of tissue damage and the amount of hemorrhage. The findings support the recommendation of a primary vitreous repair in severely injured eyes.", "PMID": 305730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_393", "title": "[Laser lesions of the anterior segment of the rabbit eye. Studies of cornea, iris, lens and sclera using an argon, ruby and YAG-laser].", "content": "The anterior segment of the eye of 100 rabbits was exposed to radiation from Argon, Ruby and YAG lasers. The healing process of liminal and supraliminal lesions was evaluated histologically. The iris is the most sensitive tissue for all three lasers (threshold radiant exposure, Argon: 0.004 kJ/cm2, Ruby: 0.01 kJ/cm2, YAG: 0.05 kJ/cm2). Higher energies necessary for lesions in the transparent media were available only with the Argon and YAG lasers. The Argon laser failed to produce lesions in the lens, and threshold radiant exposure for the central cornea was 8 kJ/cm2. The thresholds for YAG lasers lesions in the central cornea and lens were of the same magnitude. The marked absorption of energy by the iris may lead to an accumulation of heat, resulting in lesions of adjacent tissues or a reduction of threshold for those lesions: The threshold in the peripheral cornea was ten times lower than in the center with the Argon laser, four times lower for the YAG laser. The thresholds for Argon and YAG laser lesions in the peripheral sclera lay between the thresholds for the iris and for the peripheral cornea. A safety standard for the anterior segment of the eye should be based on the lowest threshold (Argon laser lesion of the iris). The application of a factor 100 results in a maximal permissible exposure of 40 mJ/cm2. The influence of the beam diameter could not be evaluated.", "contents": "[Laser lesions of the anterior segment of the rabbit eye. Studies of cornea, iris, lens and sclera using an argon, ruby and YAG-laser]. The anterior segment of the eye of 100 rabbits was exposed to radiation from Argon, Ruby and YAG lasers. The healing process of liminal and supraliminal lesions was evaluated histologically. The iris is the most sensitive tissue for all three lasers (threshold radiant exposure, Argon: 0.004 kJ/cm2, Ruby: 0.01 kJ/cm2, YAG: 0.05 kJ/cm2). Higher energies necessary for lesions in the transparent media were available only with the Argon and YAG lasers. The Argon laser failed to produce lesions in the lens, and threshold radiant exposure for the central cornea was 8 kJ/cm2. The thresholds for YAG lasers lesions in the central cornea and lens were of the same magnitude. The marked absorption of energy by the iris may lead to an accumulation of heat, resulting in lesions of adjacent tissues or a reduction of threshold for those lesions: The threshold in the peripheral cornea was ten times lower than in the center with the Argon laser, four times lower for the YAG laser. The thresholds for Argon and YAG laser lesions in the peripheral sclera lay between the thresholds for the iris and for the peripheral cornea. A safety standard for the anterior segment of the eye should be based on the lowest threshold (Argon laser lesion of the iris). The application of a factor 100 results in a maximal permissible exposure of 40 mJ/cm2. The influence of the beam diameter could not be evaluated.", "PMID": 305731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_394", "title": "[Permeability of hydrogel plastics (PHEMA) to different substances of corneal metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "With a new two-chamber apparatus for diffusion measurements, the permeability of Poly (2-hydroxy-ethyl-methacrylate) (PHEMA) is determined for metabolites of the corneal metabolism. Except for ATP, all substances tested, including several amino acids, penetrated the PHEMA material. Compared to the corneal stroma, the permeability of PHEMA is relatively low. Therefore, intracorneal implants of this hydrogel should be as thin as possible.", "contents": "[Permeability of hydrogel plastics (PHEMA) to different substances of corneal metabolism (author's transl)]. With a new two-chamber apparatus for diffusion measurements, the permeability of Poly (2-hydroxy-ethyl-methacrylate) (PHEMA) is determined for metabolites of the corneal metabolism. Except for ATP, all substances tested, including several amino acids, penetrated the PHEMA material. Compared to the corneal stroma, the permeability of PHEMA is relatively low. Therefore, intracorneal implants of this hydrogel should be as thin as possible.", "PMID": 305732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_395", "title": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Its use in the management of postoperative pain.", "content": "Forty patients who were to have total hip replacement were randomly allocated to two groups. One group received intramuscular pethidine (30 mg) alone for postoperative analgesia in the first 24 h, the other received transcutaneous stimulation (TES) and pethidine as necessary. The use of pethidine was compared in the two groups under standardised conditions of time, operative and anaesthetic techniques. There was less pethidine used in the TES group. The technique is simple and non-invasive and can be used continuously. It was well accepted by both patients and staff. The electrodes must be prepared carefully and placed accurately. An ideal stimulation effect was often achieved by similar patterns of stimulating parameters.", "contents": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Its use in the management of postoperative pain. Forty patients who were to have total hip replacement were randomly allocated to two groups. One group received intramuscular pethidine (30 mg) alone for postoperative analgesia in the first 24 h, the other received transcutaneous stimulation (TES) and pethidine as necessary. The use of pethidine was compared in the two groups under standardised conditions of time, operative and anaesthetic techniques. There was less pethidine used in the TES group. The technique is simple and non-invasive and can be used continuously. It was well accepted by both patients and staff. The electrodes must be prepared carefully and placed accurately. An ideal stimulation effect was often achieved by similar patterns of stimulating parameters.", "PMID": 305734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_396", "title": "The ultrastructure of the normal human thymus: a study of 36 cases.", "content": "Electron microscopy of the normal human thymus demonstrates a supporting framework of epithelial-reticular cells with long branchticular cell processes lie lymphocytes, macrophages, and rare myoid cells. Both small and large lymphocytes are evident. No desmosomes are observed between the lymphocytes and the epithelial-reticular cells. Macrophages are most numerous in the cort(x were they often contain phagocytized nuclear debris. The possible functional significance of the above-described fine structural features is discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the normal human thymus: a study of 36 cases. Electron microscopy of the normal human thymus demonstrates a supporting framework of epithelial-reticular cells with long branchticular cell processes lie lymphocytes, macrophages, and rare myoid cells. Both small and large lymphocytes are evident. No desmosomes are observed between the lymphocytes and the epithelial-reticular cells. Macrophages are most numerous in the cort(x were they often contain phagocytized nuclear debris. The possible functional significance of the above-described fine structural features is discussed.", "PMID": 305735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_397", "title": "An in-vitro model of malignant hyperthermia: differential effects of inhalation anesthetics on caffeine-induced muscle contractures.", "content": "Clinical concentrations of anesthetics augment caffeine-induced contracture of frog sartorius muscle; however, anesthetics differ in this characteristic. The potentiation was quantitated using six paired sartorius muscles for each specified concentration of anesthetic and controls. At a concentration of 1 MAC, the greatest potentiation occurred with 2 mM caffeine for all anesthetics studied. Under these conditions the order of magnitude of augmentations was: chloroform (15 times); halothane (11 times); methoxyflurane (10 times); cyclopropane (5 times); enflurane (4 times); isoflurane (3 times); diethyl ether (2 times); Baxter 3224 (2 times); fluroxene (1.4 times); nitrous oxide (1.3 times). Halothane at .5 MAC augments the 2 mM caffeine-induced contracture almost seven times, and at 2 MAC almost 13 times, whereas 2 MAC isoflurane potentiates the caffeine-induced contracture only four times and 4 MAC diethyl ether only two and a half times. It is postulated that those anesthetics that most potentiate caffeine-induced contracture may be the most potent triggering agents of malignant hyperthermia.", "contents": "An in-vitro model of malignant hyperthermia: differential effects of inhalation anesthetics on caffeine-induced muscle contractures. Clinical concentrations of anesthetics augment caffeine-induced contracture of frog sartorius muscle; however, anesthetics differ in this characteristic. The potentiation was quantitated using six paired sartorius muscles for each specified concentration of anesthetic and controls. At a concentration of 1 MAC, the greatest potentiation occurred with 2 mM caffeine for all anesthetics studied. Under these conditions the order of magnitude of augmentations was: chloroform (15 times); halothane (11 times); methoxyflurane (10 times); cyclopropane (5 times); enflurane (4 times); isoflurane (3 times); diethyl ether (2 times); Baxter 3224 (2 times); fluroxene (1.4 times); nitrous oxide (1.3 times). Halothane at .5 MAC augments the 2 mM caffeine-induced contracture almost seven times, and at 2 MAC almost 13 times, whereas 2 MAC isoflurane potentiates the caffeine-induced contracture only four times and 4 MAC diethyl ether only two and a half times. It is postulated that those anesthetics that most potentiate caffeine-induced contracture may be the most potent triggering agents of malignant hyperthermia.", "PMID": 305736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_398", "title": "In vitro and in vivo effects of corticosteroids on peripheral blood lymphocytes from ponies.", "content": "The in vitro and in vivo effects of corticosteroids on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from ponies were studied. Prednisolone inhibited lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutin (PHA) in a dose-dependent manner, without inducing lysis even at large doses. The PBL from horses heterozygous for the combined immunodeficiency trait responded to corticosteroid treatment the same as did PBL from normal ponies. Removal of the corticosteroid after incubation with PBL from normal ponies partially restored responsiveness of these cells to PHA. Chronic in vivo treatment of ponies with corticosteroids caused a marked decrease in the absolute numbers of circulating lymphocytes. Most remaining lymphocytes had detectable surface immunoglobulin and C3 receptors, suggesting a greater decrease in the T-lymphocyte population. In spite of this, there was little change in the in vitro PHA- or keyhole limpet hemocyanin-sensitized ponies. In general, the corticosteroid effects of lysis, as well as the mitogenic and antigenic responses of PBL from ponies, were similar to those previously reported for human lymphocytes.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo effects of corticosteroids on peripheral blood lymphocytes from ponies. The in vitro and in vivo effects of corticosteroids on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from ponies were studied. Prednisolone inhibited lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutin (PHA) in a dose-dependent manner, without inducing lysis even at large doses. The PBL from horses heterozygous for the combined immunodeficiency trait responded to corticosteroid treatment the same as did PBL from normal ponies. Removal of the corticosteroid after incubation with PBL from normal ponies partially restored responsiveness of these cells to PHA. Chronic in vivo treatment of ponies with corticosteroids caused a marked decrease in the absolute numbers of circulating lymphocytes. Most remaining lymphocytes had detectable surface immunoglobulin and C3 receptors, suggesting a greater decrease in the T-lymphocyte population. In spite of this, there was little change in the in vitro PHA- or keyhole limpet hemocyanin-sensitized ponies. In general, the corticosteroid effects of lysis, as well as the mitogenic and antigenic responses of PBL from ponies, were similar to those previously reported for human lymphocytes.", "PMID": 305737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_399", "title": "Lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens and quantitation of T and B lymphocytes in canine malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Two canine malignant lymphoma cases were studied, one from the time of detection of enlarged palpable lymph nodes through the terminal stage and another at the terminal stage. Hematologic and histopathologic studies were confirmative of leukemia. The lymphocyte subpopulations, T and B cells, were quantitated as identified by the presence or absence of surface immunoglobulin and erythrocyte-antibody-complement-rosette formation. The average number of B cells in the peripheral blood lymphocytes throughout the study were approximately 80%. The B cells in the lymph node lymphocytes were 82%. There was considerable fluctuation in the number of blood lymphocytes, but the percentage of T and B lymphocytes remained nearly constant. There was marked impairment in the lymphocytic response to mitogens. The results of this study indicate that the canine malignant lymphoma is predominantly a B-lymphocyte type.", "contents": "Lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens and quantitation of T and B lymphocytes in canine malignant lymphoma. Two canine malignant lymphoma cases were studied, one from the time of detection of enlarged palpable lymph nodes through the terminal stage and another at the terminal stage. Hematologic and histopathologic studies were confirmative of leukemia. The lymphocyte subpopulations, T and B cells, were quantitated as identified by the presence or absence of surface immunoglobulin and erythrocyte-antibody-complement-rosette formation. The average number of B cells in the peripheral blood lymphocytes throughout the study were approximately 80%. The B cells in the lymph node lymphocytes were 82%. There was considerable fluctuation in the number of blood lymphocytes, but the percentage of T and B lymphocytes remained nearly constant. There was marked impairment in the lymphocytic response to mitogens. The results of this study indicate that the canine malignant lymphoma is predominantly a B-lymphocyte type.", "PMID": 305738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_400", "title": "Pi phenotypes and the prevalence of chest symptoms and lung function abnormalities in workers employed in dusty industris.", "content": "Epidemiologic surveys were carried out on 1,138 white men employed in sawmills and grain elevator terminals in British Columbia. In addition to the administration of an occupational-health questionnaire and spirometry, Pi phenotype and the concentration of serum alpha1-antitrypsin were determined. Most of the workers (88.8 per cent) had the Pi M phenotype, whereas 8.0 per cent had the MS phenotype, and 2.7 per cent had the MZ phenotype. Very few workers (0.4 per cent) had other phenotypes. No differences were found among the 3 major phenotypes in the prevalence of chest symptoms and lung function abnormalities, even among cigarette smokers. These findings did not indicate that workers have the MZ phenotype with intermediate alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency are particularly susceptible to the development of chronic obstructive lung disease under the conditions prevailing in these industries.", "contents": "Pi phenotypes and the prevalence of chest symptoms and lung function abnormalities in workers employed in dusty industris. Epidemiologic surveys were carried out on 1,138 white men employed in sawmills and grain elevator terminals in British Columbia. In addition to the administration of an occupational-health questionnaire and spirometry, Pi phenotype and the concentration of serum alpha1-antitrypsin were determined. Most of the workers (88.8 per cent) had the Pi M phenotype, whereas 8.0 per cent had the MS phenotype, and 2.7 per cent had the MZ phenotype. Very few workers (0.4 per cent) had other phenotypes. No differences were found among the 3 major phenotypes in the prevalence of chest symptoms and lung function abnormalities, even among cigarette smokers. These findings did not indicate that workers have the MZ phenotype with intermediate alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency are particularly susceptible to the development of chronic obstructive lung disease under the conditions prevailing in these industries.", "PMID": 305739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_401", "title": "[Cutaneous manifestations of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy].", "content": "The authors report four cases of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, presenting with cutaneous lesions: these have a tumoral presentation in two cases while in the other two, the polymorphic aspect of the cutaneous lesions is reminiscent of a toxidermic eruption. In contrast to the relative clinical polymorphism, the pathological findings are monomorphic, i.e., in all cases, there was a vascular proliferation together with a more or less dense cellular infiltrate consisting of cells indistinguishable from those involving the abnormal lymph nodes.", "contents": "[Cutaneous manifestations of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy]. The authors report four cases of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, presenting with cutaneous lesions: these have a tumoral presentation in two cases while in the other two, the polymorphic aspect of the cutaneous lesions is reminiscent of a toxidermic eruption. In contrast to the relative clinical polymorphism, the pathological findings are monomorphic, i.e., in all cases, there was a vascular proliferation together with a more or less dense cellular infiltrate consisting of cells indistinguishable from those involving the abnormal lymph nodes.", "PMID": 305743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_402", "title": "[A theoretical model of structural chromosome rearrangement induction].", "content": "A theoretical model to explain the occurrence of chromosome rearrangements at the DNA molecular level is proposed. It involves: (10) breakage of one strand of each DNA molecule; (20) enzymatic digestion by an exonuclease of a short sequence of bases adjacent to the lesion, hence the presence of a short monocatenar segment on the complementary strand; (30) association of two monocatenar sequences if they are sufficiently complementary hence the formation of an X-shaped heteroduplex; (40) repair synthesis of DNA and, during this repair, an exhange of strands identical to that occuring in sister-chromatid exchanges, hence the rearrangement. This model has the advantage of necessitating one single breakpoint per DNA molecule, and explains the efficiency of radiations with low linear transfer of energy, such as X- and gamma-rays. It also explains how rearrangements such as translocations can be totally balanced since they would occur base to base within identical sequences.", "contents": "[A theoretical model of structural chromosome rearrangement induction]. A theoretical model to explain the occurrence of chromosome rearrangements at the DNA molecular level is proposed. It involves: (10) breakage of one strand of each DNA molecule; (20) enzymatic digestion by an exonuclease of a short sequence of bases adjacent to the lesion, hence the presence of a short monocatenar segment on the complementary strand; (30) association of two monocatenar sequences if they are sufficiently complementary hence the formation of an X-shaped heteroduplex; (40) repair synthesis of DNA and, during this repair, an exhange of strands identical to that occuring in sister-chromatid exchanges, hence the rearrangement. This model has the advantage of necessitating one single breakpoint per DNA molecule, and explains the efficiency of radiations with low linear transfer of energy, such as X- and gamma-rays. It also explains how rearrangements such as translocations can be totally balanced since they would occur base to base within identical sequences.", "PMID": 305747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_403", "title": "[Ring 6-chromosome: a nonspecific clinical picture].", "content": "A new example of ring-6 chromosome is reported in a 5-year-old girl with psychomotor and growth retardation, microcephally, and microphtalmia. The breakpoints are considered to be distal on both arms of chromosome 6, in view of apparently normal transmission of HLA phenotypes.", "contents": "[Ring 6-chromosome: a nonspecific clinical picture]. A new example of ring-6 chromosome is reported in a 5-year-old girl with psychomotor and growth retardation, microcephally, and microphtalmia. The breakpoints are considered to be distal on both arms of chromosome 6, in view of apparently normal transmission of HLA phenotypes.", "PMID": 305748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_404", "title": "Partial monosomy and partial trisomy for different segments of chromosome 13 in several individuals of the same family.", "content": "A reciprocal translocation, 46,XX,rcp(13;17)(q13;p13), was found to be segregating in a family. Two children have duplication of the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 13, 46,XX,der(17),rcp(13;17)(q13;p13)mat. They are mentally retarded, have long philtra and postaxial hexadactyly. A maternal half-uncle has a duplication of the short arm and proximal portion of the long arm of chromosome 13, 47,XY,+der(13),rcp (13;17)(q13;p13)mat. He is mentally retarded, has scalp and skull defects and a very short philtrum. A fetus was found, on analysis of amniotic fluid cells, to have a deletion of the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 13, 46,XX,der,(13),rcp(13;17)(q13;p13)mat. The fetus had multiple internal abnormalities and only 4 fingers on each hand.", "contents": "Partial monosomy and partial trisomy for different segments of chromosome 13 in several individuals of the same family. A reciprocal translocation, 46,XX,rcp(13;17)(q13;p13), was found to be segregating in a family. Two children have duplication of the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 13, 46,XX,der(17),rcp(13;17)(q13;p13)mat. They are mentally retarded, have long philtra and postaxial hexadactyly. A maternal half-uncle has a duplication of the short arm and proximal portion of the long arm of chromosome 13, 47,XY,+der(13),rcp (13;17)(q13;p13)mat. He is mentally retarded, has scalp and skull defects and a very short philtrum. A fetus was found, on analysis of amniotic fluid cells, to have a deletion of the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 13, 46,XX,der,(13),rcp(13;17)(q13;p13)mat. The fetus had multiple internal abnormalities and only 4 fingers on each hand.", "PMID": 305749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_405", "title": "Partial trisomy 4q.", "content": "Three new cases (one patient and two sibs) of partial trisomy 4q resulting from a parental translocation are reported. From the literature 22 cases are reviewed and the segregation risk of unbalanced and balanced translocations involving 4q chromosome is discussed.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 4q. Three new cases (one patient and two sibs) of partial trisomy 4q resulting from a parental translocation are reported. From the literature 22 cases are reviewed and the segregation risk of unbalanced and balanced translocations involving 4q chromosome is discussed.", "PMID": 305750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_406", "title": "The effect of procarbazine on the chromosomes of normal and malignant mouse cells.", "content": "The effects of the cancer drug methylhydrazine derivative procarbazine (PC) on the chromosomes of normal and malignant cells in the mouse strains Swiss Albino, CF1, and BDF1 have been analyzed. PC broke chromosome in the hypotetraploid Ehrlich and the diploid P388 ascites tumors. Practically all breaks seemed to be of the G2 type and, as far as could be determined, took place in the quinacrine-dark or the corresponding Giemsa-light regions. The vast majority of the broken ends had rejoined to form chromatid translocations. No increase in chromosome breaks were seen in any of the normal tissues treated in vivo: spleen, bone marrow, spermatocytes, or spermatogonia (in this tissue the cells were not counted). The chromosomes of the Ehrlich ascites tumor have been studied by means of both Q-banding and G-banding. Very few, if any, chromosomes seem to have an exact homologue or to correspond to any of the normal mouse chromosomes.", "contents": "The effect of procarbazine on the chromosomes of normal and malignant mouse cells. The effects of the cancer drug methylhydrazine derivative procarbazine (PC) on the chromosomes of normal and malignant cells in the mouse strains Swiss Albino, CF1, and BDF1 have been analyzed. PC broke chromosome in the hypotetraploid Ehrlich and the diploid P388 ascites tumors. Practically all breaks seemed to be of the G2 type and, as far as could be determined, took place in the quinacrine-dark or the corresponding Giemsa-light regions. The vast majority of the broken ends had rejoined to form chromatid translocations. No increase in chromosome breaks were seen in any of the normal tissues treated in vivo: spleen, bone marrow, spermatocytes, or spermatogonia (in this tissue the cells were not counted). The chromosomes of the Ehrlich ascites tumor have been studied by means of both Q-banding and G-banding. Very few, if any, chromosomes seem to have an exact homologue or to correspond to any of the normal mouse chromosomes.", "PMID": 305751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_407", "title": "[Assignment of the genes of beta-glucuronidase, enolase-2 and phosphoglycerate kinase to chromosomes 7, 12 and X in the Chimpanzee].", "content": "By cellular hybridization with C11D cells, the following gene assignments to specific chromosomes were demonstrated for the chimpanzee: beta-glucuronidase on chromosome 7, enolase-2 on chromosome 12, and the phosphoglycerate kinase on the X.", "contents": "[Assignment of the genes of beta-glucuronidase, enolase-2 and phosphoglycerate kinase to chromosomes 7, 12 and X in the Chimpanzee]. By cellular hybridization with C11D cells, the following gene assignments to specific chromosomes were demonstrated for the chimpanzee: beta-glucuronidase on chromosome 7, enolase-2 on chromosome 12, and the phosphoglycerate kinase on the X.", "PMID": 305752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_408", "title": "[Ring-20 chromosome: a new syndrome].", "content": "A comparative study of five observations of a r (20) syndrome characterized by facial dysmorphism, the absence of severe malformations, and rather late onset of encephalopathy and seizures.", "contents": "[Ring-20 chromosome: a new syndrome]. A comparative study of five observations of a r (20) syndrome characterized by facial dysmorphism, the absence of severe malformations, and rather late onset of encephalopathy and seizures.", "PMID": 305753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_409", "title": "X-linked recessively inherited non-specific mental retardation. Report of a large family.", "content": "A large kindred is described in which 22 males and 3 females show non-specific mental retardation with impaired speech. An X-linked recessive is the most likely mode of inheritance of this condition. Similar families have been described in the literature, characteristic physical abnormalities are absent and performance I.Q. tends to be higher than verbal I.Q. This possible heterogenous condition may be a major individual cause of mental deficiency in males, and may account for the excess of male retardates in the population.", "contents": "X-linked recessively inherited non-specific mental retardation. Report of a large family. A large kindred is described in which 22 males and 3 females show non-specific mental retardation with impaired speech. An X-linked recessive is the most likely mode of inheritance of this condition. Similar families have been described in the literature, characteristic physical abnormalities are absent and performance I.Q. tends to be higher than verbal I.Q. This possible heterogenous condition may be a major individual cause of mental deficiency in males, and may account for the excess of male retardates in the population.", "PMID": 305754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_410", "title": "45,X/46,X,dic(Yq) mosaicism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 4 year 7 month-old boy with ambiguous genitalia, histological evidence of mixed gonadal dysgenesis, and 45,X/46,X,dic(Yq) mosaicism is reported. The identity of the dicentric Y chromosome was stablished by its typical fluorescent banding patterns and the presence of two centromeres demonstrated by C-band technique. A review of the literature yielded nine additional cases of mosaic 45,X/46,X,dic(Yq). Phenotypical and histological findings among these cases were compared, and the possible localization of the genes responsible for testicle induction and maturation is discussed.", "contents": "45,X/46,X,dic(Yq) mosaicism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Case report and review of the literature. A 4 year 7 month-old boy with ambiguous genitalia, histological evidence of mixed gonadal dysgenesis, and 45,X/46,X,dic(Yq) mosaicism is reported. The identity of the dicentric Y chromosome was stablished by its typical fluorescent banding patterns and the presence of two centromeres demonstrated by C-band technique. A review of the literature yielded nine additional cases of mosaic 45,X/46,X,dic(Yq). Phenotypical and histological findings among these cases were compared, and the possible localization of the genes responsible for testicle induction and maturation is discussed.", "PMID": 305755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_411", "title": "Extended evaluation of previously reported twins with a ring 14 chromosome.", "content": "Extended studies of recently described twins with ring(14) are presented. A single C band and nucleolar organizer region were observed in the r(14). Gene marker evaluations are compatible with monozygosity of the twins.", "contents": "Extended evaluation of previously reported twins with a ring 14 chromosome. Extended studies of recently described twins with ring(14) are presented. A single C band and nucleolar organizer region were observed in the r(14). Gene marker evaluations are compatible with monozygosity of the twins.", "PMID": 305756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_412", "title": "Five month extrauterine survival in a female triploid (69,XXX) child.", "content": "The case of a (69,XXX) triploid infant who survived 160 days is reported. Previously, the longest survival of a non-mosaic triploid had been 9 days. Possible reasons for this extensive survival are discussed.", "contents": "Five month extrauterine survival in a female triploid (69,XXX) child. The case of a (69,XXX) triploid infant who survived 160 days is reported. Previously, the longest survival of a non-mosaic triploid had been 9 days. Possible reasons for this extensive survival are discussed.", "PMID": 305757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_413", "title": "Partial duplication 5q syndrome: phenotypic similarity in two sisters with identical karyotype (partial duplication 5q33 leads to 5qter and partial deficiency 8p23 leads to pter).", "content": "Two sisters with statomotor developmental retardation microcephaly, hydrocephalus internus and externus without signs of pressure, heart defect (ventricular septal defect), early pulmonary resistance and characteristic facial changes were found to have the same unbalanced karyotype with partial trisomy 5q3300 leads to 5qter and partial monosomy 8p2300 leads to 8pter, derived from a balanced reciprocal paternal translocation: 46,XY,t(5;8)(q3300;p2300). The older girl was tested for the erythrocyte enzyme glutathion reductase. She had normal values.", "contents": "Partial duplication 5q syndrome: phenotypic similarity in two sisters with identical karyotype (partial duplication 5q33 leads to 5qter and partial deficiency 8p23 leads to pter). Two sisters with statomotor developmental retardation microcephaly, hydrocephalus internus and externus without signs of pressure, heart defect (ventricular septal defect), early pulmonary resistance and characteristic facial changes were found to have the same unbalanced karyotype with partial trisomy 5q3300 leads to 5qter and partial monosomy 8p2300 leads to 8pter, derived from a balanced reciprocal paternal translocation: 46,XY,t(5;8)(q3300;p2300). The older girl was tested for the erythrocyte enzyme glutathion reductase. She had normal values.", "PMID": 305758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_414", "title": "[Partial trisomy for the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 15 due to a balanced maternal X/15 tranlsocation].", "content": "Partial trisomy for the distal part of 15q due to a balanced maternal translocation t(X;15) is described in a 21-month old girl with growth and psychomotor retardation and a cranio-facial dysmorphism ressembling that of a previously reported patient. Treatment of lymphocytes with BrdU has shown inactivation of the normal X in the mother, and inactivation of either the abnormal or the normal X in the proposita. When the abnormal X was inactivated, the extent of inactivation of the autosome was variable.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy for the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 15 due to a balanced maternal X/15 tranlsocation]. Partial trisomy for the distal part of 15q due to a balanced maternal translocation t(X;15) is described in a 21-month old girl with growth and psychomotor retardation and a cranio-facial dysmorphism ressembling that of a previously reported patient. Treatment of lymphocytes with BrdU has shown inactivation of the normal X in the mother, and inactivation of either the abnormal or the normal X in the proposita. When the abnormal X was inactivated, the extent of inactivation of the autosome was variable.", "PMID": 305759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_415", "title": "Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 4 [46,XX,del(4)(q31)] in a patient with congenital anomalies.", "content": "A girl with congenital malformations and del 4(q31), identified by QFQ- and RFA- techniques, is described. The clinical findings are compared with the four cases of 4q- of the literature. Evident variability of the clinical features and the small number of cases of 4q- does not allow the delineation of a clinical syndrome.", "contents": "Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 4 [46,XX,del(4)(q31)] in a patient with congenital anomalies. A girl with congenital malformations and del 4(q31), identified by QFQ- and RFA- techniques, is described. The clinical findings are compared with the four cases of 4q- of the literature. Evident variability of the clinical features and the small number of cases of 4q- does not allow the delineation of a clinical syndrome.", "PMID": 305761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_416", "title": "[The Prader-Willi syndrome and 15-15 translocation].", "content": "The association of the Willi-Prader syndrome and a t(15q15q) is reported. This, in conjunction with an earlier report of this association, suggests that a gene related to the Willi-Prader syndrome may be present on chromosome 15.", "contents": "[The Prader-Willi syndrome and 15-15 translocation]. The association of the Willi-Prader syndrome and a t(15q15q) is reported. This, in conjunction with an earlier report of this association, suggests that a gene related to the Willi-Prader syndrome may be present on chromosome 15.", "PMID": 305762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_417", "title": "Survival following infusion of Pitressin into the superior mesenteric artery to control bleeding esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients.", "content": "Morbidity and mortality data from patients with bleeding esophagogastric varices treated with portosystemic shunts relate to the clinical status of the patient and to control of hemorrhage both in the immediate postoperative period as well as later. To obtain comparable data following selective infusion of pitressin into the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), records of 23 consecutive patients with cirrhosis, diagnosed by endoscopy as bleeding from varices and treated with SMA pitressin infusions, were reviewed. Twenty-four infusions were performed and hemorrhage was controlled in 12. Fourteen of the 23 patients subsequently underwent portosystemic shunts. Pitressin infusion controlled hemorrhage preoperatively in seven of these, and five survived one year or longer. The remaining seven, in whom bleeding was not controlled by pitressin, died postoperatively. One of the nine patients not undergoing a portosystemic shunt survived more than eight weeks after pitressin infusion. Vascular complications occurred in seven of 17 who died. These complications and the delay between institution of pitressin and operative therapy to control variceal hemorrhage appears to be a factor in the high mortality rate. Portosystemic shunt remains the best therapy for uncontrolled hemorrhage and to prevent recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices.", "contents": "Survival following infusion of Pitressin into the superior mesenteric artery to control bleeding esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. Morbidity and mortality data from patients with bleeding esophagogastric varices treated with portosystemic shunts relate to the clinical status of the patient and to control of hemorrhage both in the immediate postoperative period as well as later. To obtain comparable data following selective infusion of pitressin into the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), records of 23 consecutive patients with cirrhosis, diagnosed by endoscopy as bleeding from varices and treated with SMA pitressin infusions, were reviewed. Twenty-four infusions were performed and hemorrhage was controlled in 12. Fourteen of the 23 patients subsequently underwent portosystemic shunts. Pitressin infusion controlled hemorrhage preoperatively in seven of these, and five survived one year or longer. The remaining seven, in whom bleeding was not controlled by pitressin, died postoperatively. One of the nine patients not undergoing a portosystemic shunt survived more than eight weeks after pitressin infusion. Vascular complications occurred in seven of 17 who died. These complications and the delay between institution of pitressin and operative therapy to control variceal hemorrhage appears to be a factor in the high mortality rate. Portosystemic shunt remains the best therapy for uncontrolled hemorrhage and to prevent recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices.", "PMID": 305764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_418", "title": "Posterior ventricular aneurysm, severe mitral regurgitation, and rupture of the left ventricle after acute myocardial infarction: six-year survival after surgical correction.", "content": "Posterior ventricular aneurysm and severe mitral regurgitation due to acute myocardial infarction are rarely recognized during life. This report describes the successful surgical treatment of a patient with this combination of lesions who at operation was found to have rupture of the left ventricle as well. Aneurysmectomy, mitral valve replacement, and coronary artery bypass were performed with a gratifying late result. Aggressive investigation of patients with hemodynamic deterioration after posterior myocardial infarction may identify surgically correctable mechanical complications.", "contents": "Posterior ventricular aneurysm, severe mitral regurgitation, and rupture of the left ventricle after acute myocardial infarction: six-year survival after surgical correction. Posterior ventricular aneurysm and severe mitral regurgitation due to acute myocardial infarction are rarely recognized during life. This report describes the successful surgical treatment of a patient with this combination of lesions who at operation was found to have rupture of the left ventricle as well. Aneurysmectomy, mitral valve replacement, and coronary artery bypass were performed with a gratifying late result. Aggressive investigation of patients with hemodynamic deterioration after posterior myocardial infarction may identify surgically correctable mechanical complications.", "PMID": 305766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_419", "title": "Technical considerations in saphenous vein bypass grafts to the right coronary artery.", "content": "Measurement of the proper length for saphenous vein bypass grafts to the right coronary artery can be complicated by the increase in cardiac volume that takes place when extracorporeal circulation is discontinued. Inadequate or excessive allowance for this increase can cause undue tension on the grafts or troublesome kinking. This report describes an improved method of orienting vein bypass grafts to the right coronary artery which eliminates problems of incorrect measurement.", "contents": "Technical considerations in saphenous vein bypass grafts to the right coronary artery. Measurement of the proper length for saphenous vein bypass grafts to the right coronary artery can be complicated by the increase in cardiac volume that takes place when extracorporeal circulation is discontinued. Inadequate or excessive allowance for this increase can cause undue tension on the grafts or troublesome kinking. This report describes an improved method of orienting vein bypass grafts to the right coronary artery which eliminates problems of incorrect measurement.", "PMID": 305767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_420", "title": "Stainless steel markers for aorta--saphenous vein anastomosis.", "content": "A stainless steel marker for tagging the proximal aorta--saphenous vein anastomosis in a bypass operation has been devised and utilized in more than 600 patients over the past 3 years. This marker has been found superior to other methods used for marking vein grafts in that it encircles the anastomosis, providing accurate marking, and can be attached after both anastomoses are complete.", "contents": "Stainless steel markers for aorta--saphenous vein anastomosis. A stainless steel marker for tagging the proximal aorta--saphenous vein anastomosis in a bypass operation has been devised and utilized in more than 600 patients over the past 3 years. This marker has been found superior to other methods used for marking vein grafts in that it encircles the anastomosis, providing accurate marking, and can be attached after both anastomoses are complete.", "PMID": 305768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_421", "title": "Left ventricular aneurysm resection: indications and long-term follow-up.", "content": "Forty-four patients had resection of a chronic postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm. Operative indications were heart failure, angina, and ventricular arrhythmias. Twenty-six patients (59%) had coronary grafting in addition to aneurysmectomy. The operative mortality rate was 4.5% (2/44), and late mortality (mean follow-up, 31 months) was 17.9% (7/39). Preoperatively all patients were in New York Heart Association Functional Class III or IV; 91% were Class I or II postoperatively. Coronary bypass grafting did not increase the operative mortality rate, and long-term survival was similar between those receiving coronary grafts and those not receiving grafts. Postoperative ventriculograms were evaluated in 10 patients by means of a system of internal grids. Amount of regional myocardial contraction correlated well with the patient's postoperative functional capacity. It is concluded that ventricular aneurysmectomy in combination with coronary bypass grafting is safe and effective, resulting in marked improvement in the patients' functional capacity and longevity.", "contents": "Left ventricular aneurysm resection: indications and long-term follow-up. Forty-four patients had resection of a chronic postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm. Operative indications were heart failure, angina, and ventricular arrhythmias. Twenty-six patients (59%) had coronary grafting in addition to aneurysmectomy. The operative mortality rate was 4.5% (2/44), and late mortality (mean follow-up, 31 months) was 17.9% (7/39). Preoperatively all patients were in New York Heart Association Functional Class III or IV; 91% were Class I or II postoperatively. Coronary bypass grafting did not increase the operative mortality rate, and long-term survival was similar between those receiving coronary grafts and those not receiving grafts. Postoperative ventriculograms were evaluated in 10 patients by means of a system of internal grids. Amount of regional myocardial contraction correlated well with the patient's postoperative functional capacity. It is concluded that ventricular aneurysmectomy in combination with coronary bypass grafting is safe and effective, resulting in marked improvement in the patients' functional capacity and longevity.", "PMID": 305769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_422", "title": "Coronary artery aneurysm.", "content": "The case is presented of a 28-year-old woman with systemic vasculitis, aortic insufficiency, and an aneurysm of the proximal right coronary artery. More than 100 patients with coronary artery aneurysm have been reported, and this represents the twenty-first case treated surgically. Coronary artery aneurysms occur more frequently than previously realized and are seen in approximately 1.5% of patients with coronary artery disease. In addition to arteriosclerotic aneurysm, other common types of coronary aneurysm include those occurring congenitally or from mycosis, dissection, trauma, vasculitis, or periarteritis nodosa. Because of the risk of thrombosis and rupture, aneurysmectomy and saphenous vein bypass grafting are recommended for all but small, diffuse, or multiple aneurysms or dissecting aneurysms.", "contents": "Coronary artery aneurysm. The case is presented of a 28-year-old woman with systemic vasculitis, aortic insufficiency, and an aneurysm of the proximal right coronary artery. More than 100 patients with coronary artery aneurysm have been reported, and this represents the twenty-first case treated surgically. Coronary artery aneurysms occur more frequently than previously realized and are seen in approximately 1.5% of patients with coronary artery disease. In addition to arteriosclerotic aneurysm, other common types of coronary aneurysm include those occurring congenitally or from mycosis, dissection, trauma, vasculitis, or periarteritis nodosa. Because of the risk of thrombosis and rupture, aneurysmectomy and saphenous vein bypass grafting are recommended for all but small, diffuse, or multiple aneurysms or dissecting aneurysms.", "PMID": 305770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_423", "title": "Helium effect on isolated nerve activity.", "content": "Various gases were administered to isolated frog sciatic nerves in which action potential amplitudes were recorded in sheathed and desheathed preparations. In the sheathed preparation, nitrogen and argon showed significant anesthetic effects while in the desheathed preparation, helium also depressed the action potential amplitude. In the desheathed frog sciatic nerve, helium demonstrates an anesthetic effect similar to 10(-6) M lidocaine suggesting that at long exposure periods helium may demonstrate anesthetic properties.", "contents": "Helium effect on isolated nerve activity. Various gases were administered to isolated frog sciatic nerves in which action potential amplitudes were recorded in sheathed and desheathed preparations. In the sheathed preparation, nitrogen and argon showed significant anesthetic effects while in the desheathed preparation, helium also depressed the action potential amplitude. In the desheathed frog sciatic nerve, helium demonstrates an anesthetic effect similar to 10(-6) M lidocaine suggesting that at long exposure periods helium may demonstrate anesthetic properties.", "PMID": 305771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_424", "title": "Intraoperative localization of intestinal arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "Intestinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an uncommon cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and is difficult to diagnose. Selective visceral angiography is essential to make the diagnosis and to localize the lesion. We treated two patients in whom AVMs of the small intestine were located by means of arteriography and intraoperative selective mesenteric venous pressure and PO2 measurements. The local venous return from an intestinal AVM is characterized by elevated venous pressure and PO2 levels compared with the venous drainage of adjacent normal intestine.", "contents": "Intraoperative localization of intestinal arteriovenous malformation. Intestinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an uncommon cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and is difficult to diagnose. Selective visceral angiography is essential to make the diagnosis and to localize the lesion. We treated two patients in whom AVMs of the small intestine were located by means of arteriography and intraoperative selective mesenteric venous pressure and PO2 measurements. The local venous return from an intestinal AVM is characterized by elevated venous pressure and PO2 levels compared with the venous drainage of adjacent normal intestine.", "PMID": 305773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_425", "title": "The monitoring of serum factors in patients with cancer.", "content": "Numerous changes occur in the sera of patients bearing malignant neoplasms. These changes may take the form of appearance of oncofetal proteins that are normally not detectable in non-cancer-bearing patients, or an alteration in the normally present serum constituents such as the serum proteins. Monitoring of these serum factors may be of considerable value in assessing the progress of cancer patients following treatment of their primary tumour. This paper reviews progress in this area to date and documents our early results with six non-specific serum factors (total protein, total protein hexose, total protein hexosamine, ceruloplasmin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and haptoglobin), in 64 patients bearing a variety of malignant neoplasms in various stages of the disease. Present methods of postoperative assessment of cancer patients are inadequate for detecting early recurrence. Preliminary results indicate that the nonspecific serum factors that we are studying may be of considerable value for monitoring of cancer patients, and may also possibly serve as a diagnostic screen in high-risk groups.", "contents": "The monitoring of serum factors in patients with cancer. Numerous changes occur in the sera of patients bearing malignant neoplasms. These changes may take the form of appearance of oncofetal proteins that are normally not detectable in non-cancer-bearing patients, or an alteration in the normally present serum constituents such as the serum proteins. Monitoring of these serum factors may be of considerable value in assessing the progress of cancer patients following treatment of their primary tumour. This paper reviews progress in this area to date and documents our early results with six non-specific serum factors (total protein, total protein hexose, total protein hexosamine, ceruloplasmin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and haptoglobin), in 64 patients bearing a variety of malignant neoplasms in various stages of the disease. Present methods of postoperative assessment of cancer patients are inadequate for detecting early recurrence. Preliminary results indicate that the nonspecific serum factors that we are studying may be of considerable value for monitoring of cancer patients, and may also possibly serve as a diagnostic screen in high-risk groups.", "PMID": 305775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_426", "title": "Tumour immunology.", "content": "Antigens which distinguish neoplastic cells from their normal counterparts can be identified in some, but by no means all, experimental tumours. Specifically immunized hosts can in appropriate circumstances reject small tumours immunologically. The mechanisms of rejection remain unknown. The extent to which most human neoplasms excite a rejection reaction is still not clear. While the behaviour of neoplasms appears to be influenced by the immune system, the concept of immunological surveillance against neoplasia is losing support. Clinical immunotherapy has not yet achieved notable success, and remains empirical.", "contents": "Tumour immunology. Antigens which distinguish neoplastic cells from their normal counterparts can be identified in some, but by no means all, experimental tumours. Specifically immunized hosts can in appropriate circumstances reject small tumours immunologically. The mechanisms of rejection remain unknown. The extent to which most human neoplasms excite a rejection reaction is still not clear. While the behaviour of neoplasms appears to be influenced by the immune system, the concept of immunological surveillance against neoplasia is losing support. Clinical immunotherapy has not yet achieved notable success, and remains empirical.", "PMID": 305776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_427", "title": "Visual-vestibular interaction in the control of eye movement.", "content": "Three experimental conditions have been used to investigate the extent to which inappropriate reflex eye movements of vestibular origin can be suppressed by visual feedback. First, the ability to read digits in a display which moved with the head was assessed during angular oscillation about the yaw and pitch axes of the body. Performance decrement was observed at frequencies above 0.2 Hz in pitch and 1.0 Hz in yaw, being greater at higher stimulus velocity levels. A second experiment revealed that the performance decrement was associated with eye movements relative to the head, which increased with the frequency of stimulation. Finally, the response of the pursuit reflex was investigated under similar experimental conditions. The results indicated that the breakdown in the pursuit reflex and in the suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex occurred over the same frequency band, implying the similarity of the mechanisms responsible for suppression and pursuit.", "contents": "Visual-vestibular interaction in the control of eye movement. Three experimental conditions have been used to investigate the extent to which inappropriate reflex eye movements of vestibular origin can be suppressed by visual feedback. First, the ability to read digits in a display which moved with the head was assessed during angular oscillation about the yaw and pitch axes of the body. Performance decrement was observed at frequencies above 0.2 Hz in pitch and 1.0 Hz in yaw, being greater at higher stimulus velocity levels. A second experiment revealed that the performance decrement was associated with eye movements relative to the head, which increased with the frequency of stimulation. Finally, the response of the pursuit reflex was investigated under similar experimental conditions. The results indicated that the breakdown in the pursuit reflex and in the suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex occurred over the same frequency band, implying the similarity of the mechanisms responsible for suppression and pursuit.", "PMID": 305777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_428", "title": "Visual target acquisition and tracking performance using a helmet-mounted sight.", "content": "Experiments have been conducted on human subjects to assess the efficiency with which a helmet-mounted sighting system can be used to locate and track target sources in the horizontal plane. In the first experimental condition, in which the sight was aligned with discrete stationary target sources, the latency between target presentation and final target location was in the 2-4 s range, dependent upon the amplitude of target offset and the rate of head movement. In the second condition, subjects were instructed to track a sinusoidally oscillating visual image with the sight. Tracking performance was found to be impaired when the frequency of oscillation was increased beyond 0.8-1.0 Hz. Recording of eye movement during both experimental conditions indicated that the impairment of performance could, in part, be attributed to involuntary eye movements consequent upon stimulation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex by the head turning movements.", "contents": "Visual target acquisition and tracking performance using a helmet-mounted sight. Experiments have been conducted on human subjects to assess the efficiency with which a helmet-mounted sighting system can be used to locate and track target sources in the horizontal plane. In the first experimental condition, in which the sight was aligned with discrete stationary target sources, the latency between target presentation and final target location was in the 2-4 s range, dependent upon the amplitude of target offset and the rate of head movement. In the second condition, subjects were instructed to track a sinusoidally oscillating visual image with the sight. Tracking performance was found to be impaired when the frequency of oscillation was increased beyond 0.8-1.0 Hz. Recording of eye movement during both experimental conditions indicated that the impairment of performance could, in part, be attributed to involuntary eye movements consequent upon stimulation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex by the head turning movements.", "PMID": 305778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_429", "title": "Effect of prehatching weightlessness on adult fish behavior in dynamic environments.", "content": "At 16-17 months of age, three groups of fish from the embryonated eggs in the ASTP killifish experiment were subjected to postflight tests consisting of rapidly changing environments. It was found that the group of fish with the least amount of development at orbital insertion (A-32) had a decreased rheotropism for both the moving background and the rotating water current tests when compared to ground control fish. Exposure to parabolic aircraft flight conditions revealed that the A-32 fish were less disoriented during zero gravity periods and were hypersensitive to high-gravity periods. These results suggested a modified vestibular competency due to a 9-d prehatching weightlessness exposure.", "contents": "Effect of prehatching weightlessness on adult fish behavior in dynamic environments. At 16-17 months of age, three groups of fish from the embryonated eggs in the ASTP killifish experiment were subjected to postflight tests consisting of rapidly changing environments. It was found that the group of fish with the least amount of development at orbital insertion (A-32) had a decreased rheotropism for both the moving background and the rotating water current tests when compared to ground control fish. Exposure to parabolic aircraft flight conditions revealed that the A-32 fish were less disoriented during zero gravity periods and were hypersensitive to high-gravity periods. These results suggested a modified vestibular competency due to a 9-d prehatching weightlessness exposure.", "PMID": 305779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_430", "title": "Familial lupus. Family studies of HLA and serologic findings.", "content": "HLA profiles in 103 members of 4 separate kindred with multiple occurrence of SLE were compatible with the presence of a disease susceptibility factor linked to HLA or a direct effect of antigens B8, A11, and B35 on disease expression. Serum ANA was found in 52.9% of consanguineous, 56.5% of nonconsanguineous relatives of SLE probands, and 5% of controls, a finding that suggests the presence of a transmissible agent in the families. By contrast, lymphocytotoxic antibodies were not increased in relatives compared to controls.", "contents": "Familial lupus. Family studies of HLA and serologic findings. HLA profiles in 103 members of 4 separate kindred with multiple occurrence of SLE were compatible with the presence of a disease susceptibility factor linked to HLA or a direct effect of antigens B8, A11, and B35 on disease expression. Serum ANA was found in 52.9% of consanguineous, 56.5% of nonconsanguineous relatives of SLE probands, and 5% of controls, a finding that suggests the presence of a transmissible agent in the families. By contrast, lymphocytotoxic antibodies were not increased in relatives compared to controls.", "PMID": 305780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_431", "title": "Effect of altered lymphocyte function on immunologic disorders in NZB/NZW mice. III. Acceleration of disease by thymosin.", "content": "Administration of thymosin fraction V to NZB/NZW F1 mice, an animal model for human SLE, accelerated the appearance of proteinuria and anti-nDNA antibodies, increased deposition of immunoglobulins in kidneys, and significantly shortened survivals. Although the addition of thymosin to in vitro cultures of spleen and lymph node cells from thymosin-treated mice increased DNA synthesis in response to stimulation with Con A, in vivo treatment with thymosin did not affect the Con A response. There was no effect on in vitro responses to PHA or LPS, or on IgM antibody formation to SRBC (T cell dependent) or SSS III (T cell independent) immunizations. Antibodies to thymosin or contamination of our thymosin preparations with nucleic acids could not be demonstrated. The acceleration of autoimmune disease produced by thymosin treatment could not be explained by alteration of the T and B cell functions studied.", "contents": "Effect of altered lymphocyte function on immunologic disorders in NZB/NZW mice. III. Acceleration of disease by thymosin. Administration of thymosin fraction V to NZB/NZW F1 mice, an animal model for human SLE, accelerated the appearance of proteinuria and anti-nDNA antibodies, increased deposition of immunoglobulins in kidneys, and significantly shortened survivals. Although the addition of thymosin to in vitro cultures of spleen and lymph node cells from thymosin-treated mice increased DNA synthesis in response to stimulation with Con A, in vivo treatment with thymosin did not affect the Con A response. There was no effect on in vitro responses to PHA or LPS, or on IgM antibody formation to SRBC (T cell dependent) or SSS III (T cell independent) immunizations. Antibodies to thymosin or contamination of our thymosin preparations with nucleic acids could not be demonstrated. The acceleration of autoimmune disease produced by thymosin treatment could not be explained by alteration of the T and B cell functions studied.", "PMID": 305781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_432", "title": "Automated rheumatoid factor assay in a population of patients with rheumatic disease.", "content": "Rheumatoid factor has been measured in 128 patients having rheumatic disease to compare the Singer-Plotz assay with an automated particle size assay. Correlation coefficient between the two methods using regression analysis revealed r = 0.89, P less than 0.00001 when two different commercial sources of sensitized latex particles were used. Thus rheumatoid factor may be quantitated electronically and represented in arbitrary units (MPRF) without altering clinical interpretation. This methodology may be applicable to many other immunologic assays.", "contents": "Automated rheumatoid factor assay in a population of patients with rheumatic disease. Rheumatoid factor has been measured in 128 patients having rheumatic disease to compare the Singer-Plotz assay with an automated particle size assay. Correlation coefficient between the two methods using regression analysis revealed r = 0.89, P less than 0.00001 when two different commercial sources of sensitized latex particles were used. Thus rheumatoid factor may be quantitated electronically and represented in arbitrary units (MPRF) without altering clinical interpretation. This methodology may be applicable to many other immunologic assays.", "PMID": 305782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_433", "title": "3-Tertiary amino-1-aryloxy- or aryl-propanes and -propan-2-ols and some related compounds.", "content": "The synthesis and pharmacological activity of some 3-tertiary amino-1-aryloxy- or 1-aryl-, 1-thiophenoxy and 1-anilino-propan-2-ols and -propanes, particularly those derived from N-phenylpiperazines are described. Effect of substituents (nature/position) on the phenyl ring, the phenoxy ring as well as alteration in the hydroxylic function vis-\u00e0-vis the structure-activity relationships (SAR) are discussed. In general, the 1-aryloxy compounds have hypotensive activity--this being more pronounced in those carrying an o-substituent on the phenyl ring, while m and p-substituted derivatives have their effect primarily on the CNS. Variations in the phenoxy moiety do not significantly alter the intrinsic activity. The 1-aryl compounds, on the other hand, have significant CNS activity, which is markedly affected by the substituents on the 1-aryl residue.", "contents": "3-Tertiary amino-1-aryloxy- or aryl-propanes and -propan-2-ols and some related compounds. The synthesis and pharmacological activity of some 3-tertiary amino-1-aryloxy- or 1-aryl-, 1-thiophenoxy and 1-anilino-propan-2-ols and -propanes, particularly those derived from N-phenylpiperazines are described. Effect of substituents (nature/position) on the phenyl ring, the phenoxy ring as well as alteration in the hydroxylic function vis-\u00e0-vis the structure-activity relationships (SAR) are discussed. In general, the 1-aryloxy compounds have hypotensive activity--this being more pronounced in those carrying an o-substituent on the phenyl ring, while m and p-substituted derivatives have their effect primarily on the CNS. Variations in the phenoxy moiety do not significantly alter the intrinsic activity. The 1-aryl compounds, on the other hand, have significant CNS activity, which is markedly affected by the substituents on the 1-aryl residue.", "PMID": 305783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_434", "title": "Release of prostaglandins in experimental immunecomplex endophthalmitis and phacoallergic uveitis.", "content": "Prostaglandins-E were demonstrated in the aqueous humour, the anterior uvea, and the choroid of rabbits in which type III allergic reactions were produced by two different methods. In general the levels of prostaglandins were found to be higher in those animals in which the immune complexes were formed from autologous rather than heterologous tissue antigens.", "contents": "Release of prostaglandins in experimental immunecomplex endophthalmitis and phacoallergic uveitis. Prostaglandins-E were demonstrated in the aqueous humour, the anterior uvea, and the choroid of rabbits in which type III allergic reactions were produced by two different methods. In general the levels of prostaglandins were found to be higher in those animals in which the immune complexes were formed from autologous rather than heterologous tissue antigens.", "PMID": 305785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_435", "title": "Aniridia associated with microcornea and subluxated lenses.", "content": "Four cases of aniridia associated with subluxated lenses and microcornea are presented. The triad occurred in both eyes of the 4 affected members in one Ndebele family (one of the South African Negro tribes). No other ocular or systemic defects were noted, and intelligence was normal. Chromosomal studies on both parents showed no abnormality, and gene marker studies failed to reveal any linkage between the disease locus and a wide range of polymorphic loci.", "contents": "Aniridia associated with microcornea and subluxated lenses. Four cases of aniridia associated with subluxated lenses and microcornea are presented. The triad occurred in both eyes of the 4 affected members in one Ndebele family (one of the South African Negro tribes). No other ocular or systemic defects were noted, and intelligence was normal. Chromosomal studies on both parents showed no abnormality, and gene marker studies failed to reveal any linkage between the disease locus and a wide range of polymorphic loci.", "PMID": 305786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_436", "title": "Posterior polymorphous dystrophy: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Microscopic study of a keratoplasty specimen in a case of posterior polymorphous dystrophy demonstrated via serial sections a multilaminar Descemet's membrane with focal fusiform nodular protrusions of connective tissue. The latter are thought to represent the polymorphous lesions of the posterior limiting layers of the cornea seen clinically. Ultrastructurally, fibroflast-like cells lined the posterior surface of the cornea. It is postulated that those reported cases of PPD in which epithelial-like transformation of the endothelial layer has been described may represent more advanced cases, in which corneal oedema is likely to be a prominant feature clinically. An evolving process of metaplasia rather than a static one might explain the variety of altered endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells which have been reported on the posterior cornea in the few PPD keratoplasty specimens studied to date.", "contents": "Posterior polymorphous dystrophy: a light and electron microscopic study. Microscopic study of a keratoplasty specimen in a case of posterior polymorphous dystrophy demonstrated via serial sections a multilaminar Descemet's membrane with focal fusiform nodular protrusions of connective tissue. The latter are thought to represent the polymorphous lesions of the posterior limiting layers of the cornea seen clinically. Ultrastructurally, fibroflast-like cells lined the posterior surface of the cornea. It is postulated that those reported cases of PPD in which epithelial-like transformation of the endothelial layer has been described may represent more advanced cases, in which corneal oedema is likely to be a prominant feature clinically. An evolving process of metaplasia rather than a static one might explain the variety of altered endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells which have been reported on the posterior cornea in the few PPD keratoplasty specimens studied to date.", "PMID": 305787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_437", "title": "Characterization of beta-hydroxybutyrate transport in rat erythrocytes and thymocytes.", "content": "A method was developed for study of beta-hydroxybutyrate transport in erythrocytes and thymocytes. Critical to the method was a centrifugal separation of cells from medium which took advantage of beta-hydroxybutyrate transport's temperature dependence and inhibition by phloretin and methylisobutylxanthine, all of which are demonstrated in this work. These properies suggested mediated transport, as did saturation kinetics and inhibition by several agents including pyruvate and alpha-cyanocinnamate. Most conclusive in this regard was a 2-fold preference for D- over L-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Entry was not Na+ dependent. It was stimulated by substitution of SO2-4 for most of the Cl-. The equilibrium beta-hydroxybutyrate space was much higher than the Cl- space of thymocytes, suggesting that beta-hydroxybutyrate entry is not associated with net inward negative current and is not coupled to outward Cl- or inward K+ movement (assuming that K+ is at elecrochemical equilibrium). Coupling to H+ entry or OH- exit is compatible with the result. These findings are consistent with beta-hydroxybutyrate entry by the carboxylate transport site which has been studied extensively with pyruvate and lactate as permeants. The Cl-/HCO-3 exchange carrier did not appear to contribute significantly to beta-hydroxybutyrate transport.", "contents": "Characterization of beta-hydroxybutyrate transport in rat erythrocytes and thymocytes. A method was developed for study of beta-hydroxybutyrate transport in erythrocytes and thymocytes. Critical to the method was a centrifugal separation of cells from medium which took advantage of beta-hydroxybutyrate transport's temperature dependence and inhibition by phloretin and methylisobutylxanthine, all of which are demonstrated in this work. These properies suggested mediated transport, as did saturation kinetics and inhibition by several agents including pyruvate and alpha-cyanocinnamate. Most conclusive in this regard was a 2-fold preference for D- over L-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Entry was not Na+ dependent. It was stimulated by substitution of SO2-4 for most of the Cl-. The equilibrium beta-hydroxybutyrate space was much higher than the Cl- space of thymocytes, suggesting that beta-hydroxybutyrate entry is not associated with net inward negative current and is not coupled to outward Cl- or inward K+ movement (assuming that K+ is at elecrochemical equilibrium). Coupling to H+ entry or OH- exit is compatible with the result. These findings are consistent with beta-hydroxybutyrate entry by the carboxylate transport site which has been studied extensively with pyruvate and lactate as permeants. The Cl-/HCO-3 exchange carrier did not appear to contribute significantly to beta-hydroxybutyrate transport.", "PMID": 305789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_438", "title": "Association of Tenebrio molitor L. alpha-amylase with two protein inhibitors--one monomeric, one dimeric--from wheat flour. Differential scanning calorimetric comparison of heat stabilities.", "content": "Thermal stabilization resulting from protein . protein association between two protein inhibitors (coded as 0.19, a dimer, and 0.28, a monomer) from wheat flour and the alpha-amylase from Tenebrio molitor L. (yellow mealworm) larvae was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (heating rate 10 degrees C/min). Thermograms (plots of heat flow vs. temperature) for the two inhibitors showed broad endothermic peaks with the same extrema (denaturation temperatures) at 93 degrees C, and equal, small enthalpies of denaturation (2 cal/g). The amylase produced a sharp endotherm at 70.5 degrees C, but a larger enthalpy change on denaturation (6 cal/g). The amylase . inhibitor complexes differed in thermal stability, but both showed significant stabilization relative to free enzyme. The complex formed with monomeric inhibitor 0.28 showed a higher denaturation temperature (85.0 degrees C) than that formed with dimeric inhibitor 0.19 (80.5 degrees C). This order of stabilization agrees with the relative affinities of the inhibitors for the amylase. These thermograms are consistent with previous results which indicated that 1 mol of amylase binds 1 mol of inhibitor 0.19.", "contents": "Association of Tenebrio molitor L. alpha-amylase with two protein inhibitors--one monomeric, one dimeric--from wheat flour. Differential scanning calorimetric comparison of heat stabilities. Thermal stabilization resulting from protein . protein association between two protein inhibitors (coded as 0.19, a dimer, and 0.28, a monomer) from wheat flour and the alpha-amylase from Tenebrio molitor L. (yellow mealworm) larvae was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (heating rate 10 degrees C/min). Thermograms (plots of heat flow vs. temperature) for the two inhibitors showed broad endothermic peaks with the same extrema (denaturation temperatures) at 93 degrees C, and equal, small enthalpies of denaturation (2 cal/g). The amylase produced a sharp endotherm at 70.5 degrees C, but a larger enthalpy change on denaturation (6 cal/g). The amylase . inhibitor complexes differed in thermal stability, but both showed significant stabilization relative to free enzyme. The complex formed with monomeric inhibitor 0.28 showed a higher denaturation temperature (85.0 degrees C) than that formed with dimeric inhibitor 0.19 (80.5 degrees C). This order of stabilization agrees with the relative affinities of the inhibitors for the amylase. These thermograms are consistent with previous results which indicated that 1 mol of amylase binds 1 mol of inhibitor 0.19.", "PMID": 305790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_439", "title": "Synthesis of antithrombin III and alpha-1-antitrypsin by the perfused rat liver.", "content": "Livers isolated from control or turpentine-injected rats were perfused for 3 h with human red cells suspended in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing bovine serum albumin, dextran, glucose, heparin, cortisol, insulin, a mixture of 20 amino acids and [3H]leucine. Changes in the concentrations of antithrombin III and alpha-1-antitrypsin were evaluated by rocket immunoelectrophoresis using specific antisera, and incorporation of the 3H radioactivity into the total protein, albumin, antitrhombin III and alpha-1-antitrypsin in the perfusate was measured. The results indicate that both antithrombin III and alpha-1-antitrypsin are synthesized in the liver. Local inflammation induced in the liver donors moderately stimulated the synthesis of alpha-1-antitrypsin but it affected only marginally that of antithrombin III.", "contents": "Synthesis of antithrombin III and alpha-1-antitrypsin by the perfused rat liver. Livers isolated from control or turpentine-injected rats were perfused for 3 h with human red cells suspended in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing bovine serum albumin, dextran, glucose, heparin, cortisol, insulin, a mixture of 20 amino acids and [3H]leucine. Changes in the concentrations of antithrombin III and alpha-1-antitrypsin were evaluated by rocket immunoelectrophoresis using specific antisera, and incorporation of the 3H radioactivity into the total protein, albumin, antitrhombin III and alpha-1-antitrypsin in the perfusate was measured. The results indicate that both antithrombin III and alpha-1-antitrypsin are synthesized in the liver. Local inflammation induced in the liver donors moderately stimulated the synthesis of alpha-1-antitrypsin but it affected only marginally that of antithrombin III.", "PMID": 305791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_440", "title": "Colony-stimulating factors active on human bone marrow cells from a Yoshida sarcoma cell line.", "content": "Colony-stimulating factors (CSF) active on both human and murine bone marrow colony-forming units in culture (CFU-C) were found in the conditioned medium of Yoshida sarcoma cells (line YSSF-212T), although the cells originated from rats. The CSF were inactivated by digestion with trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and pronase. By chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, the CSF were separated into five subgroups with different capacities to stimulate mouse granulocyte and macrophage progenitors. CSF in these five peaks were eluted from an Ultrogel AcA 44 gel filtration column with apparent molecular weights of 22,000-25,000 daltons. CSF of nonhuman origin stimulating human CFU-C would be useful in hematologic studies of bone marrow cells.", "contents": "Colony-stimulating factors active on human bone marrow cells from a Yoshida sarcoma cell line. Colony-stimulating factors (CSF) active on both human and murine bone marrow colony-forming units in culture (CFU-C) were found in the conditioned medium of Yoshida sarcoma cells (line YSSF-212T), although the cells originated from rats. The CSF were inactivated by digestion with trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and pronase. By chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, the CSF were separated into five subgroups with different capacities to stimulate mouse granulocyte and macrophage progenitors. CSF in these five peaks were eluted from an Ultrogel AcA 44 gel filtration column with apparent molecular weights of 22,000-25,000 daltons. CSF of nonhuman origin stimulating human CFU-C would be useful in hematologic studies of bone marrow cells.", "PMID": 305793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_441", "title": "Effect of neutral proteases from human granulocytes on colony forming cells in vitro.", "content": "Marked inhibition of colony formation is observed after incubation of mouse and human bone marrow cells with the human granulocytic neutral proteases elastase and chymotrypsin as well as with pancreatic chymotrypsin. The corresponding enzymes inactivated with diisopropylfluorophosphate were almost inactive. Incubation of different colony inducing agents either resulted in no change or in an increase of their colony stimulating activity. The data suggest a direct proteolytic action of the proteases on colony forming cells which may alter receptor sites for colony stimulating activities.", "contents": "Effect of neutral proteases from human granulocytes on colony forming cells in vitro. Marked inhibition of colony formation is observed after incubation of mouse and human bone marrow cells with the human granulocytic neutral proteases elastase and chymotrypsin as well as with pancreatic chymotrypsin. The corresponding enzymes inactivated with diisopropylfluorophosphate were almost inactive. Incubation of different colony inducing agents either resulted in no change or in an increase of their colony stimulating activity. The data suggest a direct proteolytic action of the proteases on colony forming cells which may alter receptor sites for colony stimulating activities.", "PMID": 305794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_442", "title": "Human placenta-conditioned medium for stimulation of human granulopoietic precursor cell (CFU-C) colony growth in vitro.", "content": "Human placenta-conditioned medium (HPCM) has been reported to stimulate colony formation by human granulopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) in vitro. The present work was performed to further characterize this colony formation. The majority of HPCM batches tested stimulated colony growth equivalent to recombined human leukocyte feeder layers with optimal cellular composition. A broad plateau of the dose-response curve of HPCM was found. A linear correlation exists between the number of marrow cells plated and the number of colonies grown. Optimal duration of culture is between 9 and 11 days. Colonies are large and tend to be compact. Admixture of mature granulocytes does not affect the colony growth pattern under optimal culture conditions. These data document that HPCM is a suitable source of colony-stimulating activity for the routine assay of human CFU-C. Due to the constant colony stimulation, HPCM appears particularly valuable for longitudinal studies of human CFU-C.", "contents": "Human placenta-conditioned medium for stimulation of human granulopoietic precursor cell (CFU-C) colony growth in vitro. Human placenta-conditioned medium (HPCM) has been reported to stimulate colony formation by human granulopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) in vitro. The present work was performed to further characterize this colony formation. The majority of HPCM batches tested stimulated colony growth equivalent to recombined human leukocyte feeder layers with optimal cellular composition. A broad plateau of the dose-response curve of HPCM was found. A linear correlation exists between the number of marrow cells plated and the number of colonies grown. Optimal duration of culture is between 9 and 11 days. Colonies are large and tend to be compact. Admixture of mature granulocytes does not affect the colony growth pattern under optimal culture conditions. These data document that HPCM is a suitable source of colony-stimulating activity for the routine assay of human CFU-C. Due to the constant colony stimulation, HPCM appears particularly valuable for longitudinal studies of human CFU-C.", "PMID": 305795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_443", "title": "[Influence of plasmaphoresis on total and T-lymphocyte count (author's transl)].", "content": "For more than one year 30 plasma donors were tested as to their influence on leukocytes, lymphocytes and SRBC-rosette-forming-T-lymphocytes. None of the donors, even under long-term observation and with more than 40 double plasmaphoreses per year, showed any significant changes in the above-mentioned data. The general level of lymphocytes and SRBC-rosette-forming is individually fixed, and there is a definite correlation between these two factors. This individual level is also uninfluenced by frequent plasmaphoreses.", "contents": "[Influence of plasmaphoresis on total and T-lymphocyte count (author's transl)]. For more than one year 30 plasma donors were tested as to their influence on leukocytes, lymphocytes and SRBC-rosette-forming-T-lymphocytes. None of the donors, even under long-term observation and with more than 40 double plasmaphoreses per year, showed any significant changes in the above-mentioned data. The general level of lymphocytes and SRBC-rosette-forming is individually fixed, and there is a definite correlation between these two factors. This individual level is also uninfluenced by frequent plasmaphoreses.", "PMID": 305796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_444", "title": "Peduncular hemiplegia following removal of large cerebellopontine angle tumors: discussion of a mechanism of brain stem injury.", "content": "Large cerebellopontine angle tumors distort and displace the brain stem. Two cases are reported in which ipsilateral hemiparesis ensued postoperatively. Compression of the contralateral cerebral peduncle against the free edge of the tentorium cerebelli appears to be the mechanism leading to this mesencephalic dysfunction. Review of the literature failed to reveal a discussion of this mechanism of brain stem injury. Extension of tumor through the tentorial hiatus appears to make the mesencephalon particularly vulnerable. Incision of the tentorium prior to removal of a tumor when it invades the incisural hiatus may have merit.", "contents": "Peduncular hemiplegia following removal of large cerebellopontine angle tumors: discussion of a mechanism of brain stem injury. Large cerebellopontine angle tumors distort and displace the brain stem. Two cases are reported in which ipsilateral hemiparesis ensued postoperatively. Compression of the contralateral cerebral peduncle against the free edge of the tentorium cerebelli appears to be the mechanism leading to this mesencephalic dysfunction. Review of the literature failed to reveal a discussion of this mechanism of brain stem injury. Extension of tumor through the tentorial hiatus appears to make the mesencephalon particularly vulnerable. Incision of the tentorium prior to removal of a tumor when it invades the incisural hiatus may have merit.", "PMID": 305797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_445", "title": "Stigmata of recent haemorrhage in diagnosis and prognosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "In 277 consecutive episodes of suspected upper gastrointestinal bleeding, lesions bearing stigmata of recent haemorrhage (stigmata) were found by endoscopy in 110 (47%) out of 233 patients who were judged to have bled; 78 (33%) had lesions without stigmata, and in 45 (19%) no lesion was seen. Results in 176 entirely unselected admissions for upper gastrointestinal bleeding were similar.Forty-eight chronic duodenal and 41 chronic gastric ulcers were identified by endoscopy. Stigmata were found in 27 (56%) and 33 (80%) of these cases respectively. Sixteen patients had multiple lesions, and in 12 (75%) the presence of stigmata permitted diagnosis of the source of the haemorrhage. Stigmata were more likely to be seen in cases of duodenal ulcer, Mallory-Weiss lesions, and oesophageal varices when endoscopy was performed within 12 hours of bleeding, but were as common in cases of gastric ulcer after longer intervals.In the absence of stigmata one out of 21 patients with duodenal ulcer had further haemorrhage and one other needed emergency surgery; no patient with gastric ulcer had further haemorrhage or needed emergency surgery. In contrast, when stigmata were present 15 of the 27 patients with duodenal ulcer (56%) had further haemorrhage and 17 (63%) needed emergency surgery; of the 33 patients with gastric ulcer, 10 (30%) had further haemorrhage and 15 (45%) required emergency surgery. Superficial mucosal lesions may have been the source of haemorrhage when an ulcer unmarked by stigmata was seen at endoscopy. Stigmata were superior to any other single factor or combination of factors in predicting rebleeding and the need for emergency surgery.", "contents": "Stigmata of recent haemorrhage in diagnosis and prognosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In 277 consecutive episodes of suspected upper gastrointestinal bleeding, lesions bearing stigmata of recent haemorrhage (stigmata) were found by endoscopy in 110 (47%) out of 233 patients who were judged to have bled; 78 (33%) had lesions without stigmata, and in 45 (19%) no lesion was seen. Results in 176 entirely unselected admissions for upper gastrointestinal bleeding were similar.Forty-eight chronic duodenal and 41 chronic gastric ulcers were identified by endoscopy. Stigmata were found in 27 (56%) and 33 (80%) of these cases respectively. Sixteen patients had multiple lesions, and in 12 (75%) the presence of stigmata permitted diagnosis of the source of the haemorrhage. Stigmata were more likely to be seen in cases of duodenal ulcer, Mallory-Weiss lesions, and oesophageal varices when endoscopy was performed within 12 hours of bleeding, but were as common in cases of gastric ulcer after longer intervals.In the absence of stigmata one out of 21 patients with duodenal ulcer had further haemorrhage and one other needed emergency surgery; no patient with gastric ulcer had further haemorrhage or needed emergency surgery. In contrast, when stigmata were present 15 of the 27 patients with duodenal ulcer (56%) had further haemorrhage and 17 (63%) needed emergency surgery; of the 33 patients with gastric ulcer, 10 (30%) had further haemorrhage and 15 (45%) required emergency surgery. Superficial mucosal lesions may have been the source of haemorrhage when an ulcer unmarked by stigmata was seen at endoscopy. Stigmata were superior to any other single factor or combination of factors in predicting rebleeding and the need for emergency surgery.", "PMID": 305806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_446", "title": "Studies on strain sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole.", "content": "Ninety-four strains of Trichomonas vaginalis isolated from unselected patients in Vienna during the period from November 1975 to November 1975 were subjected to sensitivity tests against metronidazole in vitro and in vivo. Nearly 90% of the isolates examined showed in vitro growth inhibition at concentrations of 0.4 to 1.6 microgram metronidazole/ml and only about 10% at concentrations of less than 0.4 microgram/ml. All isolates showed some inhibition of growth after incubation for 48 hours with 3.2 microgram metroidazole/ml. Tests on treatment carried out on experimentally infected mice revealed that all strains of T. vaginalis examined were sensitive to metronidazole (MDE: less than 3 x 35 mg/kg peroral).", "contents": "Studies on strain sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole. Ninety-four strains of Trichomonas vaginalis isolated from unselected patients in Vienna during the period from November 1975 to November 1975 were subjected to sensitivity tests against metronidazole in vitro and in vivo. Nearly 90% of the isolates examined showed in vitro growth inhibition at concentrations of 0.4 to 1.6 microgram metronidazole/ml and only about 10% at concentrations of less than 0.4 microgram/ml. All isolates showed some inhibition of growth after incubation for 48 hours with 3.2 microgram metroidazole/ml. Tests on treatment carried out on experimentally infected mice revealed that all strains of T. vaginalis examined were sensitive to metronidazole (MDE: less than 3 x 35 mg/kg peroral).", "PMID": 305807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_447", "title": "Secnidazole. A 5-nitroimidazole derivative with a long half-life.", "content": "The therapeutic activity of a single 2 g dose of secnidazole was studied in patients with urogenital trichomoniasis. In 140 patients, 97% were cured and the drug was well tolerated. In the laboratory, tests on sensitivity were made and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal trichomonacidal concentration (MTC) were determined on cultures that had recently been isolated at the clinic, and the pharmacokinetic properties of secnidazole in man were compared with those of tinidazole. The therapeutic efficacy of all the metronidazole derivatives was reviewed and a single-dose treatment is recommended. Therapeutic and prophylactic treatment is achieved by products with a long half-life. Secnidazole, with a half-life of 14.3 +/- 1.3 h (women) and 20.2 +/- 3.1 h (men), is particularly suitable for this type of treatment.", "contents": "Secnidazole. A 5-nitroimidazole derivative with a long half-life. The therapeutic activity of a single 2 g dose of secnidazole was studied in patients with urogenital trichomoniasis. In 140 patients, 97% were cured and the drug was well tolerated. In the laboratory, tests on sensitivity were made and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal trichomonacidal concentration (MTC) were determined on cultures that had recently been isolated at the clinic, and the pharmacokinetic properties of secnidazole in man were compared with those of tinidazole. The therapeutic efficacy of all the metronidazole derivatives was reviewed and a single-dose treatment is recommended. Therapeutic and prophylactic treatment is achieved by products with a long half-life. Secnidazole, with a half-life of 14.3 +/- 1.3 h (women) and 20.2 +/- 3.1 h (men), is particularly suitable for this type of treatment.", "PMID": 305808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_448", "title": "Metronidazole and tinidazole in a single large dose for treating urogenital infections with Trichomonas vaginalis in men.", "content": "Seventy-three men with urogenital trichomonal infection were treated with a single daily dose of 1 g tinidazole or 1.5 g metronidazole. Both treatments gave satisfactory results. Wives who were also infected with Trichomonas vaginalis, were less likely to have a recurrence of the infection after their husbands had been given either drug.", "contents": "Metronidazole and tinidazole in a single large dose for treating urogenital infections with Trichomonas vaginalis in men. Seventy-three men with urogenital trichomonal infection were treated with a single daily dose of 1 g tinidazole or 1.5 g metronidazole. Both treatments gave satisfactory results. Wives who were also infected with Trichomonas vaginalis, were less likely to have a recurrence of the infection after their husbands had been given either drug.", "PMID": 305809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_449", "title": "Abnormal forms of Trichomonas vaginalis.", "content": "Abnormal forms of Trichomonas vaginalis have been demonstrated by both conventional and scanning electron microscopy after inoculation of media with clinical material from cases of trichomonal vaginitis. Twenty-six cases of vaginitis have been studied; 10 of them showed the abnormal forms of trichomonads after growth in a modification of the medium described by Bushby and Copp (1955), while 16 showed only normal forms.", "contents": "Abnormal forms of Trichomonas vaginalis. Abnormal forms of Trichomonas vaginalis have been demonstrated by both conventional and scanning electron microscopy after inoculation of media with clinical material from cases of trichomonal vaginitis. Twenty-six cases of vaginitis have been studied; 10 of them showed the abnormal forms of trichomonads after growth in a modification of the medium described by Bushby and Copp (1955), while 16 showed only normal forms.", "PMID": 305810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_450", "title": "GABA-mediated control of transient signals in the inner retina.", "content": "The effects of chemicals on visual activity was investigated by recording the proximal negative response (PNR) in the perfused eyecup of frogs. Various amino acids reversibly decrease or abolish the PNR over an equivalent concentration range but differ in this depressive action in the presence of convulsant alkaloids. Depression produced by GABA was antagonized by picrotoxin or bicuculline; while glycine-produced depression was selectively antagonized by strychnine. In addition to selective antagonism of amino acids, the convulsants produced differential enhancement of sustained and transient phases of the PNR. In this respect, the effects of picrotoxin and bicuculline are similar to those of semicarbazide and chloride-free solutions which may also inactivate GABA pathways. The effects of these chemicals on the time course and input-output relation of the PNR suggest that processes involving GABA may regulate the transformation from sustained to transient signals which occurs in the inner retina.", "contents": "GABA-mediated control of transient signals in the inner retina. The effects of chemicals on visual activity was investigated by recording the proximal negative response (PNR) in the perfused eyecup of frogs. Various amino acids reversibly decrease or abolish the PNR over an equivalent concentration range but differ in this depressive action in the presence of convulsant alkaloids. Depression produced by GABA was antagonized by picrotoxin or bicuculline; while glycine-produced depression was selectively antagonized by strychnine. In addition to selective antagonism of amino acids, the convulsants produced differential enhancement of sustained and transient phases of the PNR. In this respect, the effects of picrotoxin and bicuculline are similar to those of semicarbazide and chloride-free solutions which may also inactivate GABA pathways. The effects of these chemicals on the time course and input-output relation of the PNR suggest that processes involving GABA may regulate the transformation from sustained to transient signals which occurs in the inner retina.", "PMID": 305812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_451", "title": "The course of direct projections from the abducens nucleus to the contralateral medial rectus subdivision of the oculomotor nucleus in the cat.", "content": "We have used autoradiography (tritiated leucine) to investigate the projections of a number of nuclear groups of the cat pons. Some cells of the abducens nucleus have axons that cross the midline, ascend in the opposite median longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) and synapse on the cells of the oculomotor complex which have been identified by others as those innervating the medial rectus muscle.", "contents": "The course of direct projections from the abducens nucleus to the contralateral medial rectus subdivision of the oculomotor nucleus in the cat. We have used autoradiography (tritiated leucine) to investigate the projections of a number of nuclear groups of the cat pons. Some cells of the abducens nucleus have axons that cross the midline, ascend in the opposite median longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) and synapse on the cells of the oculomotor complex which have been identified by others as those innervating the medial rectus muscle.", "PMID": 305813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_452", "title": "Congenital nystagmus--genetic and environmental causes.", "content": "A survey of 40 individuals registered with the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) as blind from congenital nystagmus revealed that an abnormal single gene was responsible for the disorder in 33 patients. Fifteen of these were due to autosomal recessive conditions while X-linked disorders accounted for another 15 patients. In 3 cases the pedigrees were consistent with both autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. A clearly defined environmental origin was present in 1 case while specific genetic or environmental factors were not detected in the remaining six patients. The albinism, achromatopsia and Leber's congenital amaurosis groups of disorders were those most frequently detected.", "contents": "Congenital nystagmus--genetic and environmental causes. A survey of 40 individuals registered with the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) as blind from congenital nystagmus revealed that an abnormal single gene was responsible for the disorder in 33 patients. Fifteen of these were due to autosomal recessive conditions while X-linked disorders accounted for another 15 patients. In 3 cases the pedigrees were consistent with both autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. A clearly defined environmental origin was present in 1 case while specific genetic or environmental factors were not detected in the remaining six patients. The albinism, achromatopsia and Leber's congenital amaurosis groups of disorders were those most frequently detected.", "PMID": 305814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_453", "title": "The effects of acute hypercapnia on cerebral indole amine metabolism.", "content": "The effects of 1-h exposure to hypercapnia (PaCO2, 90-110 MMHg) on cerebral indole amine metabolism were studied in rats by measurement of cerebral hemisphere contents of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 5-HIAA content was increased after 1-h exposure to hypercapnia, whereas tryptophan, 5-HTP, and 5-HT remained unchanged from control. The accumulation of 5-HTP after decarboxylase inhibition with 3-hydroxybenzyl hydrazine was increased in hypercapnic rats and indicated an increased activity of tryptophan hydroxylase. During the 1-h exposure to hypercapnia there was increased accumulation of 5-HT after monoamine oxidase inhibition with pargyline and increased accumulation of 5-HIAA arter probenecid. The results indicate an increased synthesis and degradation of indole amines in acute hypercapnia.", "contents": "The effects of acute hypercapnia on cerebral indole amine metabolism. The effects of 1-h exposure to hypercapnia (PaCO2, 90-110 MMHg) on cerebral indole amine metabolism were studied in rats by measurement of cerebral hemisphere contents of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 5-HIAA content was increased after 1-h exposure to hypercapnia, whereas tryptophan, 5-HTP, and 5-HT remained unchanged from control. The accumulation of 5-HTP after decarboxylase inhibition with 3-hydroxybenzyl hydrazine was increased in hypercapnic rats and indicated an increased activity of tryptophan hydroxylase. During the 1-h exposure to hypercapnia there was increased accumulation of 5-HT after monoamine oxidase inhibition with pargyline and increased accumulation of 5-HIAA arter probenecid. The results indicate an increased synthesis and degradation of indole amines in acute hypercapnia.", "PMID": 305815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_454", "title": "Rheumatoid factor positive plasma and humoral cytotoxicity to malignant melanoma.", "content": "Complement dependent cytotoxicity to malignant melanoma tumor cells was demonstrated in incubations that included rheumatoid factor (RF) positive plasma and normal plasma. Cytotoxicity was not demonstrated to cells from a number of normal tissues. The phenomenon involved coating of tumor cells with immunoglobulins and complement fixation. The activity in RF positive plasma was present in high titer an may not be RF. The activity in normal plasma was present in low titer, was found in plasma from eight out of 11  healthy subjects and may be a naturally occurring antibody. This previously undescribed humoral cytotoxicity system may participate in tumor host interactions, especially after therapy, when the majority of patients become RF seropositive.", "contents": "Rheumatoid factor positive plasma and humoral cytotoxicity to malignant melanoma. Complement dependent cytotoxicity to malignant melanoma tumor cells was demonstrated in incubations that included rheumatoid factor (RF) positive plasma and normal plasma. Cytotoxicity was not demonstrated to cells from a number of normal tissues. The phenomenon involved coating of tumor cells with immunoglobulins and complement fixation. The activity in RF positive plasma was present in high titer an may not be RF. The activity in normal plasma was present in low titer, was found in plasma from eight out of 11  healthy subjects and may be a naturally occurring antibody. This previously undescribed humoral cytotoxicity system may participate in tumor host interactions, especially after therapy, when the majority of patients become RF seropositive.", "PMID": 305818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_455", "title": "Inhibition of the phosphorylation of non-histone chromosomal proteins of rat liver by cordycepin and cordycepin triphosphate.", "content": "The effects of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) and cordycepin triphosphate on phosphorylation of non-histone chromosomal proteins were assessed in isolated hepatic nuclei in vitro. Cordycepin and cordycepin triphosphate competitively inhibited phosphorylation of urea-soluble nuclear proteins with a Ki of 1.2 X 10(-3) and 8 X 10(-5) M, respectively. Isoelectric focusing of urea-soluble proteins indicated that inhibition occurred predominantly in nuclear proteins with isoelectric points of pH 4 to 7. Quaternary aminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography of extracts of nuclei incubated with cordycepin and cordycepin triphosphate also showed inhibition of phosphorylation of non-histone chromosomal proteins with similar isoelectric points, although greater resolution of proteins with isoelectric points of pH 6 to 7 was achieved. RNA polymerase I and II were not affected by cordycepin and cordycepin triphosphate after quaternary aminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography of nuclear extracts incubated with either agent. However, RNA polymerase I and II in isolated nuclei were competitively inhibited by cordycepin triphosphate but not by cordycepin. These results suggest that cordycepin triphosphate, and perhaps cordycepin too, may affect transcription via interference with the phosphorylation of non-histone chromosomal proteins.", "contents": "Inhibition of the phosphorylation of non-histone chromosomal proteins of rat liver by cordycepin and cordycepin triphosphate. The effects of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) and cordycepin triphosphate on phosphorylation of non-histone chromosomal proteins were assessed in isolated hepatic nuclei in vitro. Cordycepin and cordycepin triphosphate competitively inhibited phosphorylation of urea-soluble nuclear proteins with a Ki of 1.2 X 10(-3) and 8 X 10(-5) M, respectively. Isoelectric focusing of urea-soluble proteins indicated that inhibition occurred predominantly in nuclear proteins with isoelectric points of pH 4 to 7. Quaternary aminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography of extracts of nuclei incubated with cordycepin and cordycepin triphosphate also showed inhibition of phosphorylation of non-histone chromosomal proteins with similar isoelectric points, although greater resolution of proteins with isoelectric points of pH 6 to 7 was achieved. RNA polymerase I and II were not affected by cordycepin and cordycepin triphosphate after quaternary aminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography of nuclear extracts incubated with either agent. However, RNA polymerase I and II in isolated nuclei were competitively inhibited by cordycepin triphosphate but not by cordycepin. These results suggest that cordycepin triphosphate, and perhaps cordycepin too, may affect transcription via interference with the phosphorylation of non-histone chromosomal proteins.", "PMID": 305821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_456", "title": "Induction of myeloid colony-stimulating activity in murine monocyte tumor cell lines by macrophage activators and in a T-cell line by concanavalin A.", "content": "Certain fibrosarcoma lines in culture and the WEHI-3 myelomonocytic leukemia cell line have previously been shown to secrete myeloid colony-stimulating activity (CSA) spontaneously. We describe here other hematopoietic tumor cell lines in which CSA is either produced constitutively or inducible by immunostimulators. CSA production in macrophage and monocyte tumor lines is induced by lipopolysaccharide, zymosan, Mycobacterium strain Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, tuberculin purified protein-derivative preparation from mycobacteria, and dextran sulfate. Myeloma, mastocytoma, and T-lymphoma lines do not produce CSA with or without these agents. In contrast, the T-lymphocyte mitogen concanavalin A (but not phytohemagglutinin) induces CSA synthesis in one of seven T-lymphomas tested. In most cases induction of CSA is correlated with conditions of cell growth inhibition by the immunomodulators. However, other drugs that cause cytostasis or cytotoxicity do not lead to CSA production. Leukemic cells thus may retain sensitivity to normal regulatory events with resultant effects on host hematopoietic cell functions.", "contents": "Induction of myeloid colony-stimulating activity in murine monocyte tumor cell lines by macrophage activators and in a T-cell line by concanavalin A. Certain fibrosarcoma lines in culture and the WEHI-3 myelomonocytic leukemia cell line have previously been shown to secrete myeloid colony-stimulating activity (CSA) spontaneously. We describe here other hematopoietic tumor cell lines in which CSA is either produced constitutively or inducible by immunostimulators. CSA production in macrophage and monocyte tumor lines is induced by lipopolysaccharide, zymosan, Mycobacterium strain Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, tuberculin purified protein-derivative preparation from mycobacteria, and dextran sulfate. Myeloma, mastocytoma, and T-lymphoma lines do not produce CSA with or without these agents. In contrast, the T-lymphocyte mitogen concanavalin A (but not phytohemagglutinin) induces CSA synthesis in one of seven T-lymphomas tested. In most cases induction of CSA is correlated with conditions of cell growth inhibition by the immunomodulators. However, other drugs that cause cytostasis or cytotoxicity do not lead to CSA production. Leukemic cells thus may retain sensitivity to normal regulatory events with resultant effects on host hematopoietic cell functions.", "PMID": 305822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_457", "title": "Electron microscopic localization of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and NADH-ferricyanide reductase activities in amphibian interrenal cells.", "content": "3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and NADH-ferricyanide reductase activities were localized at the ultrastructural level in amphibian interrenal (adrenocortical) cells previously fixed in a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Potassium ferricyanide was used as an electron acceptor. Copper ferrocyanide deposits resulting from 3beta-HSD activity were seen in close association with the external faces of the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Very rare grains of precipitate appeared in mitochondrial cristae. The addition of phenazine methosulfate to the incubation medium had no effect on these localizations. The interrenal cells showed also a strong NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity. The copper ferrocyanide grains were abundant in the mitochondrial cristae and in the hyaloplasm, where they were not preferentially associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Electron microscopic localization of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and NADH-ferricyanide reductase activities in amphibian interrenal cells. 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and NADH-ferricyanide reductase activities were localized at the ultrastructural level in amphibian interrenal (adrenocortical) cells previously fixed in a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Potassium ferricyanide was used as an electron acceptor. Copper ferrocyanide deposits resulting from 3beta-HSD activity were seen in close association with the external faces of the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Very rare grains of precipitate appeared in mitochondrial cristae. The addition of phenazine methosulfate to the incubation medium had no effect on these localizations. The interrenal cells showed also a strong NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity. The copper ferrocyanide grains were abundant in the mitochondrial cristae and in the hyaloplasm, where they were not preferentially associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 305825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_458", "title": "Left main coronary artery stenosis: the influence of aortocoronary bypass surgery on survival.", "content": "A retrospective study was carried out in 114 unoperated and 197 operated patients having left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis greater than or equal to 50%. Including the operative mortality of 9.1%, survival at seven years was significantly greater following pure aortocoronary bypass graft surgery, 77.5% as compared to 48.5% for the unoperated patients (P less than 0.01). The surgical mortality was significantly less during the last five years (1972-1976), 6.2% as compared to 17% during 1969-1971 (P less than 0.025). The three year survival in patients operated since 1972 was 90.2% as compared to 60.4% for unoperated patients. Survival remained significantly higher in the operated patients when studied as subsets on the basis of the severity of the LMCA stenosis (less than 70% as opposed to greater than or equal to 70%), and on the extent of associated obstructive disease of major coronary arteries (0-1 versus 2-3 arteries). It was significantly higher, however, only in operated patients with associated stenosis greater than or equal to 70% of the right coronary artery. Survival was higher following surgery only when the ejection fraction was at least 0.45, or the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure below 20 mm Hg.", "contents": "Left main coronary artery stenosis: the influence of aortocoronary bypass surgery on survival. A retrospective study was carried out in 114 unoperated and 197 operated patients having left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis greater than or equal to 50%. Including the operative mortality of 9.1%, survival at seven years was significantly greater following pure aortocoronary bypass graft surgery, 77.5% as compared to 48.5% for the unoperated patients (P less than 0.01). The surgical mortality was significantly less during the last five years (1972-1976), 6.2% as compared to 17% during 1969-1971 (P less than 0.025). The three year survival in patients operated since 1972 was 90.2% as compared to 60.4% for unoperated patients. Survival remained significantly higher in the operated patients when studied as subsets on the basis of the severity of the LMCA stenosis (less than 70% as opposed to greater than or equal to 70%), and on the extent of associated obstructive disease of major coronary arteries (0-1 versus 2-3 arteries). It was significantly higher, however, only in operated patients with associated stenosis greater than or equal to 70% of the right coronary artery. Survival was higher following surgery only when the ejection fraction was at least 0.45, or the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure below 20 mm Hg.", "PMID": 305831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_459", "title": "Albumin activation of urinary amylase as determined with the Du Pont aca.", "content": "Protein activation of urinary alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity was observed during an evaluation of the Du Pont aca procedure for the determination of urinary alpha-amylase. This activation effect became constant for urinary albumin concentrations exceeding 1.50 g/liter. It is recommended that urinary alpha-amylase be analyzed with sufficient albumin added to maximize this effect. The aca alpha-amylase procedure is compared to an amyloclastic method for both serum and urine analysis. Expected ranges are presented for the aca method for serum and urinary amylase, amylase clearance, and the amylase clearance/creatinine clearance ratio.", "contents": "Albumin activation of urinary amylase as determined with the Du Pont aca. Protein activation of urinary alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity was observed during an evaluation of the Du Pont aca procedure for the determination of urinary alpha-amylase. This activation effect became constant for urinary albumin concentrations exceeding 1.50 g/liter. It is recommended that urinary alpha-amylase be analyzed with sufficient albumin added to maximize this effect. The aca alpha-amylase procedure is compared to an amyloclastic method for both serum and urine analysis. Expected ranges are presented for the aca method for serum and urinary amylase, amylase clearance, and the amylase clearance/creatinine clearance ratio.", "PMID": 305832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_460", "title": "Acyl derivatives of p-aminobenzoic acid as new substrates for the assay of serum acylase activity.", "content": "A simple colorimetric method for the assay of cobalt-activated acylase activity in human serum using new and less toxic N-chloroacetyl-gamma-L-glutamyl-p-aminobenzoic acid as substrate has been described. The values obtained with this method are almost the same as with the previously described method using naphthylamide substrate.", "contents": "Acyl derivatives of p-aminobenzoic acid as new substrates for the assay of serum acylase activity. A simple colorimetric method for the assay of cobalt-activated acylase activity in human serum using new and less toxic N-chloroacetyl-gamma-L-glutamyl-p-aminobenzoic acid as substrate has been described. The values obtained with this method are almost the same as with the previously described method using naphthylamide substrate.", "PMID": 305833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_461", "title": "Distribution of mononuclear cells during pregnancy.", "content": "Leucocyte and lymphocyte counts, the distribution of erythrocyte rosette-forming cells (E-RFC), erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosette-forming cells (EAC-RFC), cells bearing surface membrane immunoglobulin (SMIg), latex-ingesting cells and the PHA stimulation index of lymphocytes were evaluated in both pregnant and non-pregnant women. In the gravid female leucocytosis due to neutrophilia is seen, and the PHA-induced transformation of maternal lymphocytes in the absence of autologous plasma remains unaltered. There was a rise in the percentage of EAC-RFC and cells bearing SMIg during a pregnancy, but after monocyte adsorption on plastic dishes of the mononuclear cells, obtained after Ficoll-Hypapue centrifugation, this increase is abolished. There is a significant increase of the number of latex-ingesting cells during pregnancy. These findings indicate a significant increase of the monocytes during pregnancy.", "contents": "Distribution of mononuclear cells during pregnancy. Leucocyte and lymphocyte counts, the distribution of erythrocyte rosette-forming cells (E-RFC), erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosette-forming cells (EAC-RFC), cells bearing surface membrane immunoglobulin (SMIg), latex-ingesting cells and the PHA stimulation index of lymphocytes were evaluated in both pregnant and non-pregnant women. In the gravid female leucocytosis due to neutrophilia is seen, and the PHA-induced transformation of maternal lymphocytes in the absence of autologous plasma remains unaltered. There was a rise in the percentage of EAC-RFC and cells bearing SMIg during a pregnancy, but after monocyte adsorption on plastic dishes of the mononuclear cells, obtained after Ficoll-Hypapue centrifugation, this increase is abolished. There is a significant increase of the number of latex-ingesting cells during pregnancy. These findings indicate a significant increase of the monocytes during pregnancy.", "PMID": 305834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_462", "title": "[Age and immunity. I. Lymphocyte populations in the peripheral blood in various age groups (author's transl)].", "content": "The total lymphocyte count and the different lymphocyte subpopulations were determined in peripheral blood of healthy probands aged 20 to 90 years. With increasing age there is a slow decrease of the total lymphocyte count and of the subpopulations. This was most evident in the decrease in thymus dependent lymphocytes (T cells) which carry cellular immunity. These results support the assumption that with increasing age cellular immunity is clearly reduced and may possibly be associated with an increased incidence of neoplasia, infection, and auto-immune disease. Estimations of lymphocytes and their subpopulations in peripheral blood allow some conclusions as to the immunological resistance which is largely dependent on these cells. Estimation of the number of circulating lymphocytes in relation to age is thus indispensable for the assessment of the immunological reactivity of patients.", "contents": "[Age and immunity. I. Lymphocyte populations in the peripheral blood in various age groups (author's transl)]. The total lymphocyte count and the different lymphocyte subpopulations were determined in peripheral blood of healthy probands aged 20 to 90 years. With increasing age there is a slow decrease of the total lymphocyte count and of the subpopulations. This was most evident in the decrease in thymus dependent lymphocytes (T cells) which carry cellular immunity. These results support the assumption that with increasing age cellular immunity is clearly reduced and may possibly be associated with an increased incidence of neoplasia, infection, and auto-immune disease. Estimations of lymphocytes and their subpopulations in peripheral blood allow some conclusions as to the immunological resistance which is largely dependent on these cells. Estimation of the number of circulating lymphocytes in relation to age is thus indispensable for the assessment of the immunological reactivity of patients.", "PMID": 305839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_463", "title": "[Infectious resistance to antibiotics in Haemophilus influenzae (author's transl)].", "content": "Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae does occur now in the FRG. In one isolate a plasmid with resistance genes (R-factor) could be demonstrated as cause of the ampicillin resistance. This R-factor influences production of a beta-lactamase of the TEM type which destroys ampicillin. The infectious nature of the ampicillin resistance was proven by the fact that it was transferable to other bacterial species through cocultivation. Parallel to ampicillin resistance tetracycline resistant Haemophilus influenzae has occurred in the FRG. Here the resistance was equally bound to plasmids. These R-factors are infectious as well. Molecular analysis of the 3 isolated resistance factors in Haemophilus influenzae showed that they carry the same resistance genes which are known from R-factors of Enterobacteriaceae. In the therapy of purulent infections due to Haemophilus influenzae such as childhood meningitis one can no longer rely on general ampicillin sensitivity of the offender. Apart from ampicillin and tetracycline resistant Haemophilus influenzae chloramphenicol resistance has been observed in a few cases.", "contents": "[Infectious resistance to antibiotics in Haemophilus influenzae (author's transl)]. Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae does occur now in the FRG. In one isolate a plasmid with resistance genes (R-factor) could be demonstrated as cause of the ampicillin resistance. This R-factor influences production of a beta-lactamase of the TEM type which destroys ampicillin. The infectious nature of the ampicillin resistance was proven by the fact that it was transferable to other bacterial species through cocultivation. Parallel to ampicillin resistance tetracycline resistant Haemophilus influenzae has occurred in the FRG. Here the resistance was equally bound to plasmids. These R-factors are infectious as well. Molecular analysis of the 3 isolated resistance factors in Haemophilus influenzae showed that they carry the same resistance genes which are known from R-factors of Enterobacteriaceae. In the therapy of purulent infections due to Haemophilus influenzae such as childhood meningitis one can no longer rely on general ampicillin sensitivity of the offender. Apart from ampicillin and tetracycline resistant Haemophilus influenzae chloramphenicol resistance has been observed in a few cases.", "PMID": 305840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_464", "title": "The use of low intensity electrical stimulation to the auricles in psychiatric patients.", "content": "The regulated passage of an intense convulsion producing electrical current through the brain as in Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) is an accepted modality of psychiatric therapy. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a brief cyclic electrical current to both auricles. The current was tolerable, nonconvulsive in nature and self-administered by the patients at home. The data indicates the procedure proved a very potent method for the control of mental depression, anxiety-depression and delusional states. In the majority of cases, it completely eliminated, for many months after treatment, the need for psychiatric or drug supportive therapy.", "contents": "The use of low intensity electrical stimulation to the auricles in psychiatric patients. The regulated passage of an intense convulsion producing electrical current through the brain as in Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) is an accepted modality of psychiatric therapy. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a brief cyclic electrical current to both auricles. The current was tolerable, nonconvulsive in nature and self-administered by the patients at home. The data indicates the procedure proved a very potent method for the control of mental depression, anxiety-depression and delusional states. In the majority of cases, it completely eliminated, for many months after treatment, the need for psychiatric or drug supportive therapy.", "PMID": 305837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_465", "title": "The immunological consequences of nematode infection.", "content": "Nematode infections in the gut induce a strong immune response which is rapidly detected parenterally. The response is thymus-dependent and long-lasting and involves both antibodies and cell-mediated reactions. The immunological response to unrelated antigens, tumours and other infectious organisms is altered in animals infected with nematodes. Both antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes participate in the immune response which affects the nematodes themselves, and characteristically the lymphocyte-dependent step cannot act in lactating animals and is neither induced nor able to act in young animals. Present evidence suggests that, despite their well-known association with helminth infections, parasite rejection from the gut does not require the participation of IgE antibodies, mast cells or eosinophils. Homing of lymphoblasts from the mesenteric lymph node or thoracic duct lymph to the small intestine is increased in rats and mice infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or Trichinella spiralis and the increase is antigenically non-specific. In mice infected with T. spiralis this increase is represented mainly by thymus-derived lymphoblasts.", "contents": "The immunological consequences of nematode infection. Nematode infections in the gut induce a strong immune response which is rapidly detected parenterally. The response is thymus-dependent and long-lasting and involves both antibodies and cell-mediated reactions. The immunological response to unrelated antigens, tumours and other infectious organisms is altered in animals infected with nematodes. Both antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes participate in the immune response which affects the nematodes themselves, and characteristically the lymphocyte-dependent step cannot act in lactating animals and is neither induced nor able to act in young animals. Present evidence suggests that, despite their well-known association with helminth infections, parasite rejection from the gut does not require the participation of IgE antibodies, mast cells or eosinophils. Homing of lymphoblasts from the mesenteric lymph node or thoracic duct lymph to the small intestine is increased in rats and mice infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or Trichinella spiralis and the increase is antigenically non-specific. In mice infected with T. spiralis this increase is represented mainly by thymus-derived lymphoblasts.", "PMID": 305838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_466", "title": "Effect of neonatal corticoid treatment on tryptophan and serotonin metabolism.", "content": "Glucocorticoid administration to newborn rats leads to the premature induction of hepatic tryptophan oxygenase. This is accompanied by a retardation of the developmental increase in brain serotinin both in regions of serotoninergic cell bodies and in terminal projection areas. The magnitude of the fall in serotonin is relatively small. This appears due, at early ages to the concomitant induction of brain tryptophan hydroxylase and at late periods to retarded development of the blood brain barrier against tryptophan.", "contents": "Effect of neonatal corticoid treatment on tryptophan and serotonin metabolism. Glucocorticoid administration to newborn rats leads to the premature induction of hepatic tryptophan oxygenase. This is accompanied by a retardation of the developmental increase in brain serotinin both in regions of serotoninergic cell bodies and in terminal projection areas. The magnitude of the fall in serotonin is relatively small. This appears due, at early ages to the concomitant induction of brain tryptophan hydroxylase and at late periods to retarded development of the blood brain barrier against tryptophan.", "PMID": 305842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_467", "title": "Effects of phentolamine and clonidine on pituitary-adrenocortical axis during stress in conscious rats.", "content": "For evaluation of the effect of several drugs on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis during stress, after testing various tress stimuli (swimming, restrain) the 15 min exposure of rats to novel environment was chosen. Subcutaneous administration of clonidine hydrochloride (BOEHRINGER; Ingelheim, 60 micorgram kg-1), a drug stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors, did not result in any any changes in plasma corticosterone level either during basal or under stress conditions. In contrast, the administration of alpha-adrenergic blocking agent--phentolamine (RegitineR CIBA; 4 mg kg-1)--produced a significant elevation of resting corticosterone level, but failed to influence the stress-induced corticosterone increase.", "contents": "Effects of phentolamine and clonidine on pituitary-adrenocortical axis during stress in conscious rats. For evaluation of the effect of several drugs on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis during stress, after testing various tress stimuli (swimming, restrain) the 15 min exposure of rats to novel environment was chosen. Subcutaneous administration of clonidine hydrochloride (BOEHRINGER; Ingelheim, 60 micorgram kg-1), a drug stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors, did not result in any any changes in plasma corticosterone level either during basal or under stress conditions. In contrast, the administration of alpha-adrenergic blocking agent--phentolamine (RegitineR CIBA; 4 mg kg-1)--produced a significant elevation of resting corticosterone level, but failed to influence the stress-induced corticosterone increase.", "PMID": 305843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_468", "title": "Binding of 3H-dexamethasone and 3H-corticosterone to rat liver cytosol during postnatal period.", "content": "The binding of 3H-dexamethasone (3H-Dx) and 3H-corticosterone (3H-B) to specific binding proteins of rat liver cytosol was compared during pre- and postnatal period. The binding of 3H-Dx was almost twice as high as that of 3H-B during the whole postnatal period. The Scatchard analysis showed a number of binding sites for 3H-Dx to be 4.44 X 10(-13) mol mg-1 (Kd 5.9 X 10(-9) mol 1(-1)) and for 3H-B to be 2.7 X 10(-13) mol mg-1 (Kd 1.6 X 10(-8) mol 1(-1)). A negative relationship between the binding of 3H-Dx to the rat liver cytosol receptors and the level of plasma corticosterone was found and it was concluded that thenumber of free receptors is, to the certain extent, dependent on thelevel of endogenous corticosteron. In spite of that, however, it seems that, in addition to corticosterone, the undetectability of receptors during a short period after birth may be due to some other factors.", "contents": "Binding of 3H-dexamethasone and 3H-corticosterone to rat liver cytosol during postnatal period. The binding of 3H-dexamethasone (3H-Dx) and 3H-corticosterone (3H-B) to specific binding proteins of rat liver cytosol was compared during pre- and postnatal period. The binding of 3H-Dx was almost twice as high as that of 3H-B during the whole postnatal period. The Scatchard analysis showed a number of binding sites for 3H-Dx to be 4.44 X 10(-13) mol mg-1 (Kd 5.9 X 10(-9) mol 1(-1)) and for 3H-B to be 2.7 X 10(-13) mol mg-1 (Kd 1.6 X 10(-8) mol 1(-1)). A negative relationship between the binding of 3H-Dx to the rat liver cytosol receptors and the level of plasma corticosterone was found and it was concluded that thenumber of free receptors is, to the certain extent, dependent on thelevel of endogenous corticosteron. In spite of that, however, it seems that, in addition to corticosterone, the undetectability of receptors during a short period after birth may be due to some other factors.", "PMID": 305844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_469", "title": "Influence of insulin on mitotic rate in cultivated mammalian cells.", "content": "The influence of insulin (100 mU ml-1) on the mitotic rate in a tissue culture of muscle fibroblasts L was studied. The metod of temporary inhibition of cell transformation from G1 to S period with the aid of maintaining cells in serum free medium was used. Moreover, the number of mitoses in a stage of metaphasis after the addition of colchicine was counted and autoradiography was used. Insulin showed two independent effects on mitotic cycle: first it initiated the synthesis of DNA and increased the rate of a transformation of cells from a period G1 into period S; second--it increased the rate of processes at the final stages of mitotic cycle and increased the number of cells entering this cycle.", "contents": "Influence of insulin on mitotic rate in cultivated mammalian cells. The influence of insulin (100 mU ml-1) on the mitotic rate in a tissue culture of muscle fibroblasts L was studied. The metod of temporary inhibition of cell transformation from G1 to S period with the aid of maintaining cells in serum free medium was used. Moreover, the number of mitoses in a stage of metaphasis after the addition of colchicine was counted and autoradiography was used. Insulin showed two independent effects on mitotic cycle: first it initiated the synthesis of DNA and increased the rate of a transformation of cells from a period G1 into period S; second--it increased the rate of processes at the final stages of mitotic cycle and increased the number of cells entering this cycle.", "PMID": 305845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_470", "title": "Effect of hydrocortisone on bioelectric activity and morphological pattern of spinal cord in frogs.", "content": "The effect of 1 mg hydrocortisone (HC) administered 3 h before the experiment was studied the bioelectric activity of ventral roots of spinal cord, the size and morphology of motoric neurons and also the size of synaptic endings being measured under different frequency of electric stimulation in frogs. It was found that the effect of HC on the electric activity of spinal cord and morphology of its neural elements was dependent on the stimulation used. Under the resting conditins the administration of HC resulted in a small decrease of the size of neurons. Under a low frequency stimulation HC did not affect the electric activity of spinal cord, but prevented the swelling of neurons and of synaptic endings resulting from the stimulation. Under a high frequency stimulation themorphology of neurons was remarkably changed, a shrinkage of these and an appearance of \"dark\" cells being found. Also these changes were prevented by the administration of HC. It was concluded that in all experiments HC prevented the changes resulting from electrostimulation, its effect, however, being dependent on the parameters of the stimulation used.", "contents": "Effect of hydrocortisone on bioelectric activity and morphological pattern of spinal cord in frogs. The effect of 1 mg hydrocortisone (HC) administered 3 h before the experiment was studied the bioelectric activity of ventral roots of spinal cord, the size and morphology of motoric neurons and also the size of synaptic endings being measured under different frequency of electric stimulation in frogs. It was found that the effect of HC on the electric activity of spinal cord and morphology of its neural elements was dependent on the stimulation used. Under the resting conditins the administration of HC resulted in a small decrease of the size of neurons. Under a low frequency stimulation HC did not affect the electric activity of spinal cord, but prevented the swelling of neurons and of synaptic endings resulting from the stimulation. Under a high frequency stimulation themorphology of neurons was remarkably changed, a shrinkage of these and an appearance of \"dark\" cells being found. Also these changes were prevented by the administration of HC. It was concluded that in all experiments HC prevented the changes resulting from electrostimulation, its effect, however, being dependent on the parameters of the stimulation used.", "PMID": 305846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_471", "title": "Lesions of some central nervous structures result in altered pituitary-thyroid response to acute decrease of blood thyroid hormone level.", "content": "Eight groups (3--6 animals each) of rats weighing 350--400 g were subjected to electrolytic lesions of various parts of habenular, thalamic and hypothalamic areas of brain. On the 6th day after the lesion the level of blood thyroid hormone was acutely decreased with the aid of isovolemic exchange transfusion (IET) of thyroid hormone free blood suspension. The level of thyroxine (T4) in plasma was measured before and during 180 min after IET with the aid of specific radioimmunoassay and the changes of its post-transfusion level were evaluated. It was found that in three groups of animals bearing large bilateral lesions either in lateral ventral thalamus or in a central inferior thalamus the response of T4 level during the post-transfusion period is similar to that found in intact control groups from previous experiments. This consists in an increase of T4 level nearly to the initial value within about 120--150 min after IET. In contrast, there was only a slight post-transfusion increase of T4 level in one group with small central lesion in medial superior thalamus and no increase in two groups bilaterally lesioned in habenular area and in another two groups lesioned either in a central part of dorsal hypothalamus or in a central dorsal part of ventral basal hypothalamus. It was concluded that some parts of brain may be involved in managing the appropriate response of pituitary-thyroid axis to acute decrease of thyroid hormone level, no plausible explanation of the mechanism ofthe observed phenomena being offered.", "contents": "Lesions of some central nervous structures result in altered pituitary-thyroid response to acute decrease of blood thyroid hormone level. Eight groups (3--6 animals each) of rats weighing 350--400 g were subjected to electrolytic lesions of various parts of habenular, thalamic and hypothalamic areas of brain. On the 6th day after the lesion the level of blood thyroid hormone was acutely decreased with the aid of isovolemic exchange transfusion (IET) of thyroid hormone free blood suspension. The level of thyroxine (T4) in plasma was measured before and during 180 min after IET with the aid of specific radioimmunoassay and the changes of its post-transfusion level were evaluated. It was found that in three groups of animals bearing large bilateral lesions either in lateral ventral thalamus or in a central inferior thalamus the response of T4 level during the post-transfusion period is similar to that found in intact control groups from previous experiments. This consists in an increase of T4 level nearly to the initial value within about 120--150 min after IET. In contrast, there was only a slight post-transfusion increase of T4 level in one group with small central lesion in medial superior thalamus and no increase in two groups bilaterally lesioned in habenular area and in another two groups lesioned either in a central part of dorsal hypothalamus or in a central dorsal part of ventral basal hypothalamus. It was concluded that some parts of brain may be involved in managing the appropriate response of pituitary-thyroid axis to acute decrease of thyroid hormone level, no plausible explanation of the mechanism ofthe observed phenomena being offered.", "PMID": 305847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_472", "title": "Activation of human B and T lymphocytes by protein A of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, in soluble form or coupled to Sepharose beads, acts as a polyclonal B cell activator (PBA) for human lymphocytes in blood and spleen. PBA activity was demonstrated in spleen cells by the ability of protein A to induce the formation of intracellular immunoglobulin synthesis and to activate polyclonal antibody secretion demonstrated against fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled sheep erythrocytes in a modified hemolysis in gel assay. More plaqueforming cells (PFC) were seen in unseparated cells than in purified B cells. In blood lymphocytes, only few PFC were activated by soluble protein A. Protein A increased DNA synthesis in blood and spleen cells. At a concentration of 100 microgram/ml the peak response was on day 4 or 5, but at 1 microgram/ml the peak response occurred later. On day 4 of culture, high mitogenic activity was seen in unseparated lymphocytes or mixtures of separated B and T cells, whereas in enriched B and T cell suspensions activity was low. On day 7, however, DNA synthesis in both the enriched B and T cells was higher than in mixtures of B and T cells. Protein A stimulated DNA synthesis in thymus cells with a peak response on day 6. It is concluded that protein A alone or as an IgG complex can activate both B and T cells, though the mechanism of activation is not known and may be different for B and T cells.", "contents": "Activation of human B and T lymphocytes by protein A of Staphylococcus aureus. Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, in soluble form or coupled to Sepharose beads, acts as a polyclonal B cell activator (PBA) for human lymphocytes in blood and spleen. PBA activity was demonstrated in spleen cells by the ability of protein A to induce the formation of intracellular immunoglobulin synthesis and to activate polyclonal antibody secretion demonstrated against fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled sheep erythrocytes in a modified hemolysis in gel assay. More plaqueforming cells (PFC) were seen in unseparated cells than in purified B cells. In blood lymphocytes, only few PFC were activated by soluble protein A. Protein A increased DNA synthesis in blood and spleen cells. At a concentration of 100 microgram/ml the peak response was on day 4 or 5, but at 1 microgram/ml the peak response occurred later. On day 4 of culture, high mitogenic activity was seen in unseparated lymphocytes or mixtures of separated B and T cells, whereas in enriched B and T cell suspensions activity was low. On day 7, however, DNA synthesis in both the enriched B and T cells was higher than in mixtures of B and T cells. Protein A stimulated DNA synthesis in thymus cells with a peak response on day 6. It is concluded that protein A alone or as an IgG complex can activate both B and T cells, though the mechanism of activation is not known and may be different for B and T cells.", "PMID": 305849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_473", "title": "Genetic and functional characterization of an antiserum to the lipid A-specific triggering receptor on murine B lymphocytes.", "content": "The inheritance of responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and of a marker recognized in LPS-reactive cells by a heterologous antiserum, was studied in crosses between C3H/HeJ (nonresponder) and C3H/Tif (high responder) mice. F1 hybrid mice show codominant expression of these traits: (a) LPS-reactive cells are only hlaf as frequent in the hybrids as in the high responder parent; (b) the serologically defined marker is expressed in half as many cells in the hybrids as in the high responder parent. In backcross generations, both LPS responsiveness and this serological marker segregated into high, intermediate, and nonresponders. LPS or free lipid A, but not two other B cell mitogens (lipoprotein, and purified protein derivative of tuberculin), compete with the antiserum for binding to the B cell surface membrane, and are capable of completely inhibiting such binding without interfering with the binding of a-ti-Ig antibodies or complexes to Fc receptors. The addition of an IgG fraction of the antiserum to B cell cultures results in exponetial growth of the cells and in maturation to antibody secretion. This mitogenic activity is dose-depedent and absorbable on spleen cells from LPS high responder mice. Taken together, these observations suggest that this antiserum contains antibodies to the lipid A-specific triggering receptor on B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Genetic and functional characterization of an antiserum to the lipid A-specific triggering receptor on murine B lymphocytes. The inheritance of responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and of a marker recognized in LPS-reactive cells by a heterologous antiserum, was studied in crosses between C3H/HeJ (nonresponder) and C3H/Tif (high responder) mice. F1 hybrid mice show codominant expression of these traits: (a) LPS-reactive cells are only hlaf as frequent in the hybrids as in the high responder parent; (b) the serologically defined marker is expressed in half as many cells in the hybrids as in the high responder parent. In backcross generations, both LPS responsiveness and this serological marker segregated into high, intermediate, and nonresponders. LPS or free lipid A, but not two other B cell mitogens (lipoprotein, and purified protein derivative of tuberculin), compete with the antiserum for binding to the B cell surface membrane, and are capable of completely inhibiting such binding without interfering with the binding of a-ti-Ig antibodies or complexes to Fc receptors. The addition of an IgG fraction of the antiserum to B cell cultures results in exponetial growth of the cells and in maturation to antibody secretion. This mitogenic activity is dose-depedent and absorbable on spleen cells from LPS high responder mice. Taken together, these observations suggest that this antiserum contains antibodies to the lipid A-specific triggering receptor on B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 305850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_474", "title": "Cell membrane-mediated cytolysis by membranes from noncytolytic cells.", "content": "Cytolysis was obtained with plasma membrane fractions prepared not only from cytolytic T cells, but also from nonimmune lymphoid cells and, moreover, from cell lines of nonlymphoid origin displaying no lytic ability. Furthermore, no relationship exists between the genetic specificty of T cell-mediated cytolysis and the activity of membrane preparations. If anything, it appears that certain cell types may be unusually sensitive to membrane-mediated cytolysis. Our observations argue against a mechanistic relationship between T cell-mediated and membrane-mediated cytolysis.", "contents": "Cell membrane-mediated cytolysis by membranes from noncytolytic cells. Cytolysis was obtained with plasma membrane fractions prepared not only from cytolytic T cells, but also from nonimmune lymphoid cells and, moreover, from cell lines of nonlymphoid origin displaying no lytic ability. Furthermore, no relationship exists between the genetic specificty of T cell-mediated cytolysis and the activity of membrane preparations. If anything, it appears that certain cell types may be unusually sensitive to membrane-mediated cytolysis. Our observations argue against a mechanistic relationship between T cell-mediated and membrane-mediated cytolysis.", "PMID": 305851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_475", "title": "The effects of anti-theta-globulin treatment on the morphology of the mouse spleen.", "content": "Rabbit anti-mouse-theta-globulin raised against the brain tissue of DBA/2 mice was injected into DBA/2 mice subcutaneously 4 times at 2 days intervals and the histology of the spleen was assessed 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after the last dose. Untreated animals and those treated with normal rabbit gammaglobulin were used as controls. Anti-theta-globulin was found to induce a profound depletion of the small lymphocytes in the central regions of the periarterial lymphoid sheath (C-PALS). At the same time, a strong stimulation of the cellular elements involved in antibody response was evident in the peripheral regions of the periarterial lymphoid sheath (P-PALS). This stimulation was even more pronounced in mice treated with normal rabbit gammaglobulin, a fact possibly due to the undisturbed T-B-cell interaction in these cases. The results support the concept that two distinct areas exist in the spleen white pulp, C-PALS and P-PALS, a thymus- and a bursa-dependent area, respectively. A standardized system, analogous to that previously proposed for the morphology of the lymph nodes by Cottier et al. (1973), was introduced to describe the morphology of the spleen white pulp in relation to the immunological function.", "contents": "The effects of anti-theta-globulin treatment on the morphology of the mouse spleen. Rabbit anti-mouse-theta-globulin raised against the brain tissue of DBA/2 mice was injected into DBA/2 mice subcutaneously 4 times at 2 days intervals and the histology of the spleen was assessed 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after the last dose. Untreated animals and those treated with normal rabbit gammaglobulin were used as controls. Anti-theta-globulin was found to induce a profound depletion of the small lymphocytes in the central regions of the periarterial lymphoid sheath (C-PALS). At the same time, a strong stimulation of the cellular elements involved in antibody response was evident in the peripheral regions of the periarterial lymphoid sheath (P-PALS). This stimulation was even more pronounced in mice treated with normal rabbit gammaglobulin, a fact possibly due to the undisturbed T-B-cell interaction in these cases. The results support the concept that two distinct areas exist in the spleen white pulp, C-PALS and P-PALS, a thymus- and a bursa-dependent area, respectively. A standardized system, analogous to that previously proposed for the morphology of the lymph nodes by Cottier et al. (1973), was introduced to describe the morphology of the spleen white pulp in relation to the immunological function.", "PMID": 305853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_476", "title": "Effects of the antiprotease Trasylol on peripheral blood leucocytes.", "content": "Binding of the antiprotease Trasylol to human peripheral blood lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) was demonstrated at the ultrastructural level using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. This also revealed endocytosis of membrane bound Trasylol by PMNs. Trasylol inhibited PHA- and ConA-induced lymphocyte stimulation, and was cytotoxic to unstimulated cells.", "contents": "Effects of the antiprotease Trasylol on peripheral blood leucocytes. Binding of the antiprotease Trasylol to human peripheral blood lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) was demonstrated at the ultrastructural level using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. This also revealed endocytosis of membrane bound Trasylol by PMNs. Trasylol inhibited PHA- and ConA-induced lymphocyte stimulation, and was cytotoxic to unstimulated cells.", "PMID": 305854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_477", "title": "Kinetic analysis of the enhanced immune responsiveness of baby chicks grafted with lymphoid cells from juvenile donors.", "content": "The immunologic immaturity of embryos and newly hatched chicks to MRBC immunization has provided us with a model to investigate the distribution of immunocytes and their precursors in several tissues of juvenile chickens. Antigen-responsive cells (ARC) were rare in the peripheral blood, spleen, bone marrow, thymus and bursa of Fabricius of unimmunized young birds. Following MRBC immunization, they were abundant in the blood and spleen, low in frequency in bone marrow and absent in the thymus and bursa. The recipients of bone marrow cells, thymocytes, or bursacytes, when immunized at hatching, exhibited accelerated humoral immune responses. The enhancement property of the grafted cells was increased when MRBC was included in the cell suspension at the time of grafting. The precocious responsiveness of the grafted chicks is attributed to the cooperation of donor and host immunocytes. The enhancement effect, moreover, was less consistently expressed in allogeneic hosts. This capacity was aquired by thymic cells within a day after immunization of the donor and persisted well over a week. The role of antigen in driving the specific differentiation of T and Bu cells is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of the enhanced immune responsiveness of baby chicks grafted with lymphoid cells from juvenile donors. The immunologic immaturity of embryos and newly hatched chicks to MRBC immunization has provided us with a model to investigate the distribution of immunocytes and their precursors in several tissues of juvenile chickens. Antigen-responsive cells (ARC) were rare in the peripheral blood, spleen, bone marrow, thymus and bursa of Fabricius of unimmunized young birds. Following MRBC immunization, they were abundant in the blood and spleen, low in frequency in bone marrow and absent in the thymus and bursa. The recipients of bone marrow cells, thymocytes, or bursacytes, when immunized at hatching, exhibited accelerated humoral immune responses. The enhancement property of the grafted cells was increased when MRBC was included in the cell suspension at the time of grafting. The precocious responsiveness of the grafted chicks is attributed to the cooperation of donor and host immunocytes. The enhancement effect, moreover, was less consistently expressed in allogeneic hosts. This capacity was aquired by thymic cells within a day after immunization of the donor and persisted well over a week. The role of antigen in driving the specific differentiation of T and Bu cells is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 305863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_478", "title": "Serum alpha 1-antitrypsin levels in alcoholic hepatitis.", "content": "Serum alpha 1-antitrypsin concentrations have been measured in 68 patients with liver disease. High mean values (359 +/- 18.0) were found in patients with alcoholic hepatitis whereas patients with acute viral hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis did not show any significant differences from the controls. In a group of patients with both alcoholic hepatitis and acute pancreatitis the mean value (218 +/- 5.8) was significantly lower than in the control group. The mechanism for the reduction of serum alpha 1-antitrypsin levels in this group remains to be clarified but low serum alpha 1-antitrypsin may be due to increased proteolytic enzyme concentrations in acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Serum alpha 1-antitrypsin levels in alcoholic hepatitis. Serum alpha 1-antitrypsin concentrations have been measured in 68 patients with liver disease. High mean values (359 +/- 18.0) were found in patients with alcoholic hepatitis whereas patients with acute viral hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis did not show any significant differences from the controls. In a group of patients with both alcoholic hepatitis and acute pancreatitis the mean value (218 +/- 5.8) was significantly lower than in the control group. The mechanism for the reduction of serum alpha 1-antitrypsin levels in this group remains to be clarified but low serum alpha 1-antitrypsin may be due to increased proteolytic enzyme concentrations in acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 305871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_479", "title": "Establishment of a T-cell line from human lymphosarcoma.", "content": "A leukemic T-cell line, designated as TALL-1, has been established in continuous culture from the bone marrow of a patient with a leukemic phase of T-cell lymphosarcoma. TALL-1 cells have T-cell properties and lack Epstein-Barr virus or its genome. The cells of TALL-1 line are considered to have originated from the donor's leukemic cells on the basis of their cytogenetic, morphological, and surface features.", "contents": "Establishment of a T-cell line from human lymphosarcoma. A leukemic T-cell line, designated as TALL-1, has been established in continuous culture from the bone marrow of a patient with a leukemic phase of T-cell lymphosarcoma. TALL-1 cells have T-cell properties and lack Epstein-Barr virus or its genome. The cells of TALL-1 line are considered to have originated from the donor's leukemic cells on the basis of their cytogenetic, morphological, and surface features.", "PMID": 305872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_480", "title": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with obstruction. Immunological studies of seven patients.", "content": "We studied 7 patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting with obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Five had required surgical treatment for relief of obstructive symptoms or because of diagnostic uncertainty. Immunological studies, including serum immunoglobulins, serum complement, lymphocyte quantitation, and lymphocyte response to nonspecific mitogens revealed no striking abnormalities. None was clinically allergic or food sensitive, and serum IgE was normal in all. A review of the literature since 1970 suggests that the obstructive form of eosinophilic gastroenteritis accounts for about half of the reported cases. Allergy, especially hypersensitivity to food, is not required for the diagnosis.", "contents": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with obstruction. Immunological studies of seven patients. We studied 7 patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting with obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Five had required surgical treatment for relief of obstructive symptoms or because of diagnostic uncertainty. Immunological studies, including serum immunoglobulins, serum complement, lymphocyte quantitation, and lymphocyte response to nonspecific mitogens revealed no striking abnormalities. None was clinically allergic or food sensitive, and serum IgE was normal in all. A review of the literature since 1970 suggests that the obstructive form of eosinophilic gastroenteritis accounts for about half of the reported cases. Allergy, especially hypersensitivity to food, is not required for the diagnosis.", "PMID": 305875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_481", "title": "[Animal experiments on the prevention of peritoneal adhesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Several possibilities for the prevention of adhesions were checked in animal experiments. In rats adhesions were produced by a standardized operative procedure. For the prevention of adhesions an artificial ascites with normal saline solution or Dextran was tried. To maintain ascites an intraperitoneal catheter was left in place for the first three post-operative days and refilled. The proteolytic effect of Chymotrypsin, the proteinase inhibitor Trasylol and of Glucocorticoids was investigated. All three drugs showed a definite therapeutic effect. In 45-50% of the rats adhesions were prevented. A combination of Trasylol, Glucocorticoids and Dextran prevented adhesions in 65% of the animals. When the ascites was maintained for four days 80% of the animals remained free of adhesions.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on the prevention of peritoneal adhesions (author's transl)]. Several possibilities for the prevention of adhesions were checked in animal experiments. In rats adhesions were produced by a standardized operative procedure. For the prevention of adhesions an artificial ascites with normal saline solution or Dextran was tried. To maintain ascites an intraperitoneal catheter was left in place for the first three post-operative days and refilled. The proteolytic effect of Chymotrypsin, the proteinase inhibitor Trasylol and of Glucocorticoids was investigated. All three drugs showed a definite therapeutic effect. In 45-50% of the rats adhesions were prevented. A combination of Trasylol, Glucocorticoids and Dextran prevented adhesions in 65% of the animals. When the ascites was maintained for four days 80% of the animals remained free of adhesions.", "PMID": 305877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_482", "title": "[Interactions between 6-chloro-5-cyclohexyl-1-indancarboxylic acid (TAI-284) and biopolymers (author's transl)].", "content": "TAI-284, a new non-steroidal acidic analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent was investigated and the interactions with biopolymers were compared with those of indomethacin (IMC) and ibuprofen (IP). TAI-284 inhibited the heat denaturation of bovine serum albumin at pH 5.3, similar to that seen with IMC and weaker than that seen with phenylbutazone. TAI-284 prevented the rat erythrocyte from heat-induced hemolysis and was twice as potent as IMC. TAI-284 produced alterations in platelet function as characterized by loss of secondary aggregation in response to ADP and inhibition of aggregation by collagen. Both these effects were one fifth as potent as those seen with IMC. In rats, platelet aggregation induced by collagen and secondary ADP aggregation was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by a single oral administration of TAI-284. The inhibitory activity was approximately one fourth that of IMC or twice that of IP in the former and in the latter one fifth that of IMC or similar as that of IP. These results suggest that the essential feature of TAI-284 is its potent membrane stabilizing action which is considered to be an necessary mechanism in the action of anti-inflammatory drugs. It is considered that TAI-284 may be less active than IMC in inhibiting prostaglandin biosynthesis in platelets.", "contents": "[Interactions between 6-chloro-5-cyclohexyl-1-indancarboxylic acid (TAI-284) and biopolymers (author's transl)]. TAI-284, a new non-steroidal acidic analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent was investigated and the interactions with biopolymers were compared with those of indomethacin (IMC) and ibuprofen (IP). TAI-284 inhibited the heat denaturation of bovine serum albumin at pH 5.3, similar to that seen with IMC and weaker than that seen with phenylbutazone. TAI-284 prevented the rat erythrocyte from heat-induced hemolysis and was twice as potent as IMC. TAI-284 produced alterations in platelet function as characterized by loss of secondary aggregation in response to ADP and inhibition of aggregation by collagen. Both these effects were one fifth as potent as those seen with IMC. In rats, platelet aggregation induced by collagen and secondary ADP aggregation was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by a single oral administration of TAI-284. The inhibitory activity was approximately one fourth that of IMC or twice that of IP in the former and in the latter one fifth that of IMC or similar as that of IP. These results suggest that the essential feature of TAI-284 is its potent membrane stabilizing action which is considered to be an necessary mechanism in the action of anti-inflammatory drugs. It is considered that TAI-284 may be less active than IMC in inhibiting prostaglandin biosynthesis in platelets.", "PMID": 305882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_483", "title": "[Angiographic diagnosis and therapy of acute and chronic gastrointestinal hemorrhages].", "content": "In acute gastrointestinal bleeding visceral angiography has been showing its importance for years. It contributes to diagnosis especially in cases with persistent acute hemorrhage. In chronic gastrointestinal bleeding conventional radiographic procedures such as upper gastrointestinal series and barium enema will be preferred to angiography. The function of the radiologist goes beyond mere diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding. Treatment with vasopressin via the angiographic catheter has proven its clinical value. This method will be indicated especially in cases with high risk anesthesia and surgery. It will help to postpone necessary surgery to a more favorable moment following hemostasis. Side effects such as hypertension and antidiuresis are relatively rare and easy to manage. Numerous substances are used for embolization showing that ideal material has not been found yet and further development seems necessary. In contrast to vasopressin treatment, vascular occlusion is often irreversible, complications (unwanted reflux of embolization material, necrosis and plugging of the catheter) are more difficult to manage. Superselective visualization of a bleeding artery is always needed. Embolization is justified in cases when a possibility for anesthesia and surgery cannot be foreseen. The electrical vascular occlusion using direct current is still in the phase of animal experiments; its clinical value has not sufficiently been assessed as yet.", "contents": "[Angiographic diagnosis and therapy of acute and chronic gastrointestinal hemorrhages]. In acute gastrointestinal bleeding visceral angiography has been showing its importance for years. It contributes to diagnosis especially in cases with persistent acute hemorrhage. In chronic gastrointestinal bleeding conventional radiographic procedures such as upper gastrointestinal series and barium enema will be preferred to angiography. The function of the radiologist goes beyond mere diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding. Treatment with vasopressin via the angiographic catheter has proven its clinical value. This method will be indicated especially in cases with high risk anesthesia and surgery. It will help to postpone necessary surgery to a more favorable moment following hemostasis. Side effects such as hypertension and antidiuresis are relatively rare and easy to manage. Numerous substances are used for embolization showing that ideal material has not been found yet and further development seems necessary. In contrast to vasopressin treatment, vascular occlusion is often irreversible, complications (unwanted reflux of embolization material, necrosis and plugging of the catheter) are more difficult to manage. Superselective visualization of a bleeding artery is always needed. Embolization is justified in cases when a possibility for anesthesia and surgery cannot be foreseen. The electrical vascular occlusion using direct current is still in the phase of animal experiments; its clinical value has not sufficiently been assessed as yet.", "PMID": 305884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_484", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity in mice induced by intravenous sensitization with sheep erythrocytes: evidence for tuberculin type delayed hypersensitivity of the reaction.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction can be induced in mice by intravenous sensitization with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). However, as the sensitizing procedure is quite different from a usual mode of sensitization for DH using complete Freund's adjuvant (FCA), the nature of this reaction has been a matter of controversy. In an attempt to characterize this reaction, we placed special interest on two possibilities regarding the nature of this reaction; Jones-Mote reaction or tuberculin type DH. From the kinetics study on the DH after challenge, the DH reaction to SRBC in mice by intravenous sensitization was clearly distinguished from the Arthus reaction. The dose-response pattern of this reaction also suggested that the contribution of Arthus reactivity to delayed reactivity was negligible. Cell reconstitution experiments revealed this DH to be quantitatively thymus cell dependent. Furthermore, this DH required macrophages at its manifestation stage, and appearance of basophil infiltration at the lesion was absent. In addition, strain difference and ageing of host mice influenced the DH reaction in exactly the same fashion in which these factors influence the tuberculin type-DH induced by subcutaneous sensitization with methylated human serum albumin (MHSA) in FCA. Taken collectively, it was concluded that this DH reaction can be categorized as the tuberculin type.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity in mice induced by intravenous sensitization with sheep erythrocytes: evidence for tuberculin type delayed hypersensitivity of the reaction. Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction can be induced in mice by intravenous sensitization with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). However, as the sensitizing procedure is quite different from a usual mode of sensitization for DH using complete Freund's adjuvant (FCA), the nature of this reaction has been a matter of controversy. In an attempt to characterize this reaction, we placed special interest on two possibilities regarding the nature of this reaction; Jones-Mote reaction or tuberculin type DH. From the kinetics study on the DH after challenge, the DH reaction to SRBC in mice by intravenous sensitization was clearly distinguished from the Arthus reaction. The dose-response pattern of this reaction also suggested that the contribution of Arthus reactivity to delayed reactivity was negligible. Cell reconstitution experiments revealed this DH to be quantitatively thymus cell dependent. Furthermore, this DH required macrophages at its manifestation stage, and appearance of basophil infiltration at the lesion was absent. In addition, strain difference and ageing of host mice influenced the DH reaction in exactly the same fashion in which these factors influence the tuberculin type-DH induced by subcutaneous sensitization with methylated human serum albumin (MHSA) in FCA. Taken collectively, it was concluded that this DH reaction can be categorized as the tuberculin type.", "PMID": 305888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_485", "title": "Antibody responses to contact sensitizing agents. Effect of sensitized cells.", "content": "Lymphocytes from mice immunized by painting with the contact sensitizing agent picryl chloride have been shown to produce regulatory effects on the DNA synthesis and contact sensitivity responses of normal mice painted with picryl chloride. This report describes the effect of these cells on antibody responses of normal mice to picryl chloride. Lymph node cells taken 5--7 days after painting increased early IgM antibody responses of normal mice to picryl chloride. Spleen cells were not effective. The increase was mediated by T cells as judged by anti-theta treatment and nylon wool filtration and could not be produced by killed, irradiated or allogeneic cells. A similar activity could be demonstrated in cells from mice painted with another contact sensitizing agent, oxazolone. The effect was strictly specific and cells from mice painted with picryl chloride or oxazolone would only increase responses to picryl chloride or oxazolone, respectively, even when presented with a mixture of the two antigens. The cel-s increasing antibody production were different from T cells previously shown to mediate contact sensitivity and T cells shown to regulate DNA synthesis in that they could not be generated in adult-thymectomized mice.", "contents": "Antibody responses to contact sensitizing agents. Effect of sensitized cells. Lymphocytes from mice immunized by painting with the contact sensitizing agent picryl chloride have been shown to produce regulatory effects on the DNA synthesis and contact sensitivity responses of normal mice painted with picryl chloride. This report describes the effect of these cells on antibody responses of normal mice to picryl chloride. Lymph node cells taken 5--7 days after painting increased early IgM antibody responses of normal mice to picryl chloride. Spleen cells were not effective. The increase was mediated by T cells as judged by anti-theta treatment and nylon wool filtration and could not be produced by killed, irradiated or allogeneic cells. A similar activity could be demonstrated in cells from mice painted with another contact sensitizing agent, oxazolone. The effect was strictly specific and cells from mice painted with picryl chloride or oxazolone would only increase responses to picryl chloride or oxazolone, respectively, even when presented with a mixture of the two antigens. The cel-s increasing antibody production were different from T cells previously shown to mediate contact sensitivity and T cells shown to regulate DNA synthesis in that they could not be generated in adult-thymectomized mice.", "PMID": 305889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_486", "title": "Active suppression of in vitro reactivity of spleen cells after BCG treatment.", "content": "It was found that spleen cells from mice injected i.v. with large doses of BCG respond to PHA stimulation less intensely than do normal spleen cells. We were able to show that nylon wool column purified BCG treated T cells also had a low PHA reactivity. Unfractionated spleen cells, adherent cells or T-enriched populations from BCG treated mice, when added to normal T cells lowered their PHA reactivity. When the same BCG treated cell populations were added to tumor cells in vitro, they inhibited their growth.", "contents": "Active suppression of in vitro reactivity of spleen cells after BCG treatment. It was found that spleen cells from mice injected i.v. with large doses of BCG respond to PHA stimulation less intensely than do normal spleen cells. We were able to show that nylon wool column purified BCG treated T cells also had a low PHA reactivity. Unfractionated spleen cells, adherent cells or T-enriched populations from BCG treated mice, when added to normal T cells lowered their PHA reactivity. When the same BCG treated cell populations were added to tumor cells in vitro, they inhibited their growth.", "PMID": 305890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_487", "title": "Inhibition of the classical and alternative pathways by amino acids and their derivatives.", "content": "Effects of various aminoacids and their derivatives on the classical pathway and alternative pathway of the complement were studied. Leupeptin, acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-arginal, inhibited CH50 and Cl-esterase, but did not inhibit the alternative pathway. When aminoacids of carbon chains of the order of seven were used, arginine and lysine had stronger effects than trans-aminomethyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid (t-AMCHA), cis-aminomethyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid (cis-AMCHA) and epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA). SH-compounds, cysteine, homocysteine and glutathione, had the strongest inhibitory effects among these aminoacids on both classical and alternative pathways. When effects on Cl esterase were compared, arginine, lysine, t-AMCHA, cis-AMCHA and EACA had weak inhibition while SH-compounds showed strong inhibition. Poly-L-lysine, which had extremely strong inhibition of CH50, had no inhibition of Cl esterase. The inhibitory effects of antifibrinolytic agents, EACA and t-AMCHA, were weak but when effects on early parts of the classical pathway, C(1,4,2)H50 were tested, some inhibitory activities were recognized. Thus inhibitory effects of these agents were due to their activities on the early parts of the classical pathway.", "contents": "Inhibition of the classical and alternative pathways by amino acids and their derivatives. Effects of various aminoacids and their derivatives on the classical pathway and alternative pathway of the complement were studied. Leupeptin, acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-arginal, inhibited CH50 and Cl-esterase, but did not inhibit the alternative pathway. When aminoacids of carbon chains of the order of seven were used, arginine and lysine had stronger effects than trans-aminomethyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid (t-AMCHA), cis-aminomethyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid (cis-AMCHA) and epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA). SH-compounds, cysteine, homocysteine and glutathione, had the strongest inhibitory effects among these aminoacids on both classical and alternative pathways. When effects on Cl esterase were compared, arginine, lysine, t-AMCHA, cis-AMCHA and EACA had weak inhibition while SH-compounds showed strong inhibition. Poly-L-lysine, which had extremely strong inhibition of CH50, had no inhibition of Cl esterase. The inhibitory effects of antifibrinolytic agents, EACA and t-AMCHA, were weak but when effects on early parts of the classical pathway, C(1,4,2)H50 were tested, some inhibitory activities were recognized. Thus inhibitory effects of these agents were due to their activities on the early parts of the classical pathway.", "PMID": 305891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_488", "title": "Relationships among differentiated T-cell subpopulations. III. Radioresistance of delayed hypersensitivity to heterologous erythrocytes.", "content": "Effects of whole body irradiation with 600 rad on delayed hypersensitivity, direct cytotoxicity and antibody production were examined in mice immunized with chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) or sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in saline. Delayed footpad reactions to CRBC were not affected by the exposure to irradiation 3 h before or after antigenic stimulation. On the other hand, direct cytotoxic activities in spleen cells and antibody titres to CRBC were reduced by such exposures. Additionally, delayed footpad reactions to SRBC were not affected by the exposure to irradiation. Generation of effector cells responsible for delayed footpad reactions proved to be resistant to irradiation.", "contents": "Relationships among differentiated T-cell subpopulations. III. Radioresistance of delayed hypersensitivity to heterologous erythrocytes. Effects of whole body irradiation with 600 rad on delayed hypersensitivity, direct cytotoxicity and antibody production were examined in mice immunized with chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) or sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in saline. Delayed footpad reactions to CRBC were not affected by the exposure to irradiation 3 h before or after antigenic stimulation. On the other hand, direct cytotoxic activities in spleen cells and antibody titres to CRBC were reduced by such exposures. Additionally, delayed footpad reactions to SRBC were not affected by the exposure to irradiation. Generation of effector cells responsible for delayed footpad reactions proved to be resistant to irradiation.", "PMID": 305892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_489", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of the human lymphocyte colony enhancing factor (LCEF).", "content": "The cloning potential of PHA-treated T cells is significantly enhanced when lymphocyte culture fluid (LCF) from mitogen-treated lymphocytes is added to the soft agar culture system. The mitogens seem to stimulate the release of a lymphocyte colony enhancing factor (LCEF) into the culture medium. A study of the physico-chemical properties of the LCEF revealed that it is a nondialyzable, heat-labile molecule which migrates in the haptoglobin (2--2) post-transferrin region in acrylamide electrophoresis. It is stable to RNase and DNase but labile to papain and trypsin. The LCEF was partially purified from the crude LCF using a sequence of techniques--ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose and Bio-Gel P-150 chromatography and disc electrophoresis. The mol. wt of the purified LCEF, determined from gel filtration chromatography, was 90,000--110,000.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of the human lymphocyte colony enhancing factor (LCEF). The cloning potential of PHA-treated T cells is significantly enhanced when lymphocyte culture fluid (LCF) from mitogen-treated lymphocytes is added to the soft agar culture system. The mitogens seem to stimulate the release of a lymphocyte colony enhancing factor (LCEF) into the culture medium. A study of the physico-chemical properties of the LCEF revealed that it is a nondialyzable, heat-labile molecule which migrates in the haptoglobin (2--2) post-transferrin region in acrylamide electrophoresis. It is stable to RNase and DNase but labile to papain and trypsin. The LCEF was partially purified from the crude LCF using a sequence of techniques--ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose and Bio-Gel P-150 chromatography and disc electrophoresis. The mol. wt of the purified LCEF, determined from gel filtration chromatography, was 90,000--110,000.", "PMID": 305893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_490", "title": "Differences in lifespan and rate of turnover between phytohaemagglutinin responsive cells of the bone marrow and of peripheral lymphoid organs.", "content": "Radioautographic analyses were performed on PHA stimulated cultures of in vivo labelled cells obtained from mice previously injected with 3H-TdR to selectively label either cells with a rapid renewal rate (RR) or a slow renewal rate (SR). ha responsive cells in the bone marrow (BM) were found to be virtually all RR cells, whereas both RR and SR cells from lymph nodes (LN) and spleen (Spl) were stimulated by this mitogen. However, RR cells were proportionately more responsive to PHA than SR cells in all tissues examined. Only one out of 200 BM PHA blasts belonged to the SR subclass, whereas the RR/SR ratio was approximately 1/1 for LN and 2/1 for Spl. Control experiments demonstrated that significant in vitro re-utilization of 3H-TdR from dying cells did not occur in the cultures. These results support a growing body of evidence that BM PHA responsive cells are precursor T-cells which are known to have a rapid turnover rate.", "contents": "Differences in lifespan and rate of turnover between phytohaemagglutinin responsive cells of the bone marrow and of peripheral lymphoid organs. Radioautographic analyses were performed on PHA stimulated cultures of in vivo labelled cells obtained from mice previously injected with 3H-TdR to selectively label either cells with a rapid renewal rate (RR) or a slow renewal rate (SR). ha responsive cells in the bone marrow (BM) were found to be virtually all RR cells, whereas both RR and SR cells from lymph nodes (LN) and spleen (Spl) were stimulated by this mitogen. However, RR cells were proportionately more responsive to PHA than SR cells in all tissues examined. Only one out of 200 BM PHA blasts belonged to the SR subclass, whereas the RR/SR ratio was approximately 1/1 for LN and 2/1 for Spl. Control experiments demonstrated that significant in vitro re-utilization of 3H-TdR from dying cells did not occur in the cultures. These results support a growing body of evidence that BM PHA responsive cells are precursor T-cells which are known to have a rapid turnover rate.", "PMID": 305894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_491", "title": "Resistance and susceptibility of mice to bacterial infection: genetics of listeriosis.", "content": "A survey of various strains of mice showed distinct differences in resistance or susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes. C57B1, related sublines, NZB, and SJL were resistant to Listeria, whereas BALB/c, CBA, A, DBA/1, C3H, LP.RIII, 129, and WB were susceptible. The gene(s) responsible for resistance and susceptibility to Listeria were studied in detail. C57BL6/6, B10.D2, and B10.A mice were 100 times more resistant than were BALB/c, CBA, and A. Resistance of the (C57B1/6 X BALB/C)F1 was intermediate between the two parents, suggesting partial penetration of a dominant gene. Backcross studies in which the (C57B1/6 X BALB/c)F1 were crossed with the susceptible BALB/c parent suggested that a single gene or group of linked genes were the major determinant of resistance, although the possibility that other genes exerted a modifying influence was not excluded. By using the backcross and various congenic and recombinant mice, linkage of the genes involved to the H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-7, or H-8 loci, to the immunoglobulin allotype, to the Thy-1 gene, to the Hc gene specifying C5, or to coat color genes (B, c) was excluded. There was no difference in the response of males and females. In all studies, the powerful overriding influence of the C57B1 genome was evident.", "contents": "Resistance and susceptibility of mice to bacterial infection: genetics of listeriosis. A survey of various strains of mice showed distinct differences in resistance or susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes. C57B1, related sublines, NZB, and SJL were resistant to Listeria, whereas BALB/c, CBA, A, DBA/1, C3H, LP.RIII, 129, and WB were susceptible. The gene(s) responsible for resistance and susceptibility to Listeria were studied in detail. C57BL6/6, B10.D2, and B10.A mice were 100 times more resistant than were BALB/c, CBA, and A. Resistance of the (C57B1/6 X BALB/C)F1 was intermediate between the two parents, suggesting partial penetration of a dominant gene. Backcross studies in which the (C57B1/6 X BALB/c)F1 were crossed with the susceptible BALB/c parent suggested that a single gene or group of linked genes were the major determinant of resistance, although the possibility that other genes exerted a modifying influence was not excluded. By using the backcross and various congenic and recombinant mice, linkage of the genes involved to the H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-7, or H-8 loci, to the immunoglobulin allotype, to the Thy-1 gene, to the Hc gene specifying C5, or to coat color genes (B, c) was excluded. There was no difference in the response of males and females. In all studies, the powerful overriding influence of the C57B1 genome was evident.", "PMID": 305895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_492", "title": "New methods of pain measurement and their application to pain control.", "content": "Recent pain research advances show promise in their application to the relief of acute and chronic clinical dental pain. Regional electroanalgesia, or transcutaneous electrical stimulation, has been used successfully in the treatment of pain associated with peripheral nerve injuries. Electrical stimulation of teeth also may prove useful as a pain control technique during operative dentistry procedures. Another exciting research finding is the discovery of endogenous or natural pain-suppressing pathways in the brain. There are recent demonstrations that natural-occurring opiate-like compounds and receptors exist in the brain. The elucidation of stimuli and behavioral responses which will activate these specific descending pain control pathways may lead to exciting new methods of pain relief. Thus, both regional electroanalgesia and the discovery of endogenous pain-suppressing pathways offer the possibility of the future expanded use of non-pharmacological pain control techniques. The proper evaluation of new pain control techniques requires the development of better methods of measuring and assessing the multidimensional aspects of the pain experience. Category scales which scale the suprathreshold range of pain from threshold to tolerance levels can be used with both experimental and clinical pain. Sensory Decision Theory has been applied to the analysis of categorical pain responses. This method distinguishes between sensitivity to stimulus intensity and response bias, or the patient's willingness to report a given intensity as painful. Another promising method for scaling pain is the use of ratio-scaling methods with verbal pain descriptors. Verbal descriptors of pain may provide the best method of scaling different dimensions of the pain experience. Reliable and objective descriptor scales have been developed which separate pain along two dimensions: sensory intensity and affect, or unpleasantness. By using cross-modality matching procedures, specific numerical values can be calculated for each verbal descriptor. These scales have been used to measure the intensity and unpleasantness associated with tooth pulp evoked experimental and clinical pain, and should be extremely useful in the evaluation of acute and chronic dental pain. They will be important experimental and clinical adjuncts in determining the efficacy of non-pharmacological pain control methods such as regional electroanalgesia, biofeedback, relaxation-suggestion and hypnosis.", "contents": "New methods of pain measurement and their application to pain control. Recent pain research advances show promise in their application to the relief of acute and chronic clinical dental pain. Regional electroanalgesia, or transcutaneous electrical stimulation, has been used successfully in the treatment of pain associated with peripheral nerve injuries. Electrical stimulation of teeth also may prove useful as a pain control technique during operative dentistry procedures. Another exciting research finding is the discovery of endogenous or natural pain-suppressing pathways in the brain. There are recent demonstrations that natural-occurring opiate-like compounds and receptors exist in the brain. The elucidation of stimuli and behavioral responses which will activate these specific descending pain control pathways may lead to exciting new methods of pain relief. Thus, both regional electroanalgesia and the discovery of endogenous pain-suppressing pathways offer the possibility of the future expanded use of non-pharmacological pain control techniques. The proper evaluation of new pain control techniques requires the development of better methods of measuring and assessing the multidimensional aspects of the pain experience. Category scales which scale the suprathreshold range of pain from threshold to tolerance levels can be used with both experimental and clinical pain. Sensory Decision Theory has been applied to the analysis of categorical pain responses. This method distinguishes between sensitivity to stimulus intensity and response bias, or the patient's willingness to report a given intensity as painful. Another promising method for scaling pain is the use of ratio-scaling methods with verbal pain descriptors. Verbal descriptors of pain may provide the best method of scaling different dimensions of the pain experience. Reliable and objective descriptor scales have been developed which separate pain along two dimensions: sensory intensity and affect, or unpleasantness. By using cross-modality matching procedures, specific numerical values can be calculated for each verbal descriptor. These scales have been used to measure the intensity and unpleasantness associated with tooth pulp evoked experimental and clinical pain, and should be extremely useful in the evaluation of acute and chronic dental pain. They will be important experimental and clinical adjuncts in determining the efficacy of non-pharmacological pain control methods such as regional electroanalgesia, biofeedback, relaxation-suggestion and hypnosis.", "PMID": 305897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_493", "title": "Contact sensitivity in the pig. II. Induction by intralymphatic infusion of DNP conjugated cells.", "content": "Pigs were skin painted with the contact sensitizing agent DNFB and afferent lymph was collected for the next 24 h. The lymph cells carried a small amount of DNP and were able to sensitize 40% of homologous recipients. Peripheral blood lymphocytes conjugated with DNFB in vitro to the same degree as afferent lymph cells sensitized 80% of autologous and 40% of homologous recipients: lymphocytes conjugated at higher levels sensitized 75% of animals in each group. Lightly conjugated cells were capable of survival and able to respond to stimulation by mitogens and their ability to sensitize autologous recipients was abolished by heat killing. Highly conjugated cells were not capable of survival, their sensitizing ability was not altered by heat killing and they were able to sensitize incompatible recipients. It is suggested that highly conjugated cells sensitize by a different mechanism which depends on the cooperation of non-lymphocytic cells, not easily mobilized from lymphoid tissue.", "contents": "Contact sensitivity in the pig. II. Induction by intralymphatic infusion of DNP conjugated cells. Pigs were skin painted with the contact sensitizing agent DNFB and afferent lymph was collected for the next 24 h. The lymph cells carried a small amount of DNP and were able to sensitize 40% of homologous recipients. Peripheral blood lymphocytes conjugated with DNFB in vitro to the same degree as afferent lymph cells sensitized 80% of autologous and 40% of homologous recipients: lymphocytes conjugated at higher levels sensitized 75% of animals in each group. Lightly conjugated cells were capable of survival and able to respond to stimulation by mitogens and their ability to sensitize autologous recipients was abolished by heat killing. Highly conjugated cells were not capable of survival, their sensitizing ability was not altered by heat killing and they were able to sensitize incompatible recipients. It is suggested that highly conjugated cells sensitize by a different mechanism which depends on the cooperation of non-lymphocytic cells, not easily mobilized from lymphoid tissue.", "PMID": 305898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_494", "title": "Antibody formation to double-stranded DNA in nu/nu and nu/+ mice.", "content": "Antibody formation to double-stranded (ds-) DNA in nude mice (nu/nu) and normal littermates (nu/+) was studied using a Millipore filter method. The mean antibody titre to ds-DNA in the sera of nu/nu mice was generally higher than that in nu/+ mice raised in the same environment. However, in both genotypes, anti-ds-DNA titres varied according to the environmental condition in which the animals were raised. Mice maintained germ-free showed no significant antibody formation to ds-DNA. Nu/+ thymus and spleen cells passively transferred to nu/nu mice reduced the antibody titre to ds-DNA in the recipients. Immunochemical studies indicated that the antibodies to ds-DNA were IgM. It is suggested that T cell-mediated regulatory mechanisms control antibody formation to ds-DNA and that some infections trigger antibody formation to ds-DNA.", "contents": "Antibody formation to double-stranded DNA in nu/nu and nu/+ mice. Antibody formation to double-stranded (ds-) DNA in nude mice (nu/nu) and normal littermates (nu/+) was studied using a Millipore filter method. The mean antibody titre to ds-DNA in the sera of nu/nu mice was generally higher than that in nu/+ mice raised in the same environment. However, in both genotypes, anti-ds-DNA titres varied according to the environmental condition in which the animals were raised. Mice maintained germ-free showed no significant antibody formation to ds-DNA. Nu/+ thymus and spleen cells passively transferred to nu/nu mice reduced the antibody titre to ds-DNA in the recipients. Immunochemical studies indicated that the antibodies to ds-DNA were IgM. It is suggested that T cell-mediated regulatory mechanisms control antibody formation to ds-DNA and that some infections trigger antibody formation to ds-DNA.", "PMID": 305899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_495", "title": "Effects of superoxide dismutase, dithiothreitol and formate ion on the inactivation of papain by hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in aerated solutions.", "content": "Losses in enzyme activity and sulphydryl content have been studied in aerated papain solutions containing formate, superoxide dismutase and dithiothreitol. Both formate and dithiothreitol converted .OH to .O2-, whereas superoxide dismutase completely suppressed the inactivation by .O2-. Using results from all three systems, the fraction of .O2- reactions with papain that caused inactivation of the enzyme was 0.33 +/- 0.07. The results also showed that the fraction of .OH reactions, which cause inactivation of papain, is significantly higher in aerated than in oxygen-free solutions.", "contents": "Effects of superoxide dismutase, dithiothreitol and formate ion on the inactivation of papain by hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in aerated solutions. Losses in enzyme activity and sulphydryl content have been studied in aerated papain solutions containing formate, superoxide dismutase and dithiothreitol. Both formate and dithiothreitol converted .OH to .O2-, whereas superoxide dismutase completely suppressed the inactivation by .O2-. Using results from all three systems, the fraction of .O2- reactions with papain that caused inactivation of the enzyme was 0.33 +/- 0.07. The results also showed that the fraction of .OH reactions, which cause inactivation of papain, is significantly higher in aerated than in oxygen-free solutions.", "PMID": 305900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_496", "title": "Lymphoid tumours and leukaemia induced in mice by bone-seeking radionucleides.", "content": "Single intraperitoneal doses of soluble 90Sr and monomeric 239Pu induced generalized lymphomatosis in laboratory mice. Leukaemogenesis due to soluble 226Ra was more uncertain. Clinical expression was variable, but as a generalization the disease was a lymphosarcoma with haematogenous (leukaemic) spread. Only rarely, unlike the commonly recorded forms of natural and X-ray-induced lymphosarcomas, was the thymus apparently the site of onset. The cell-type was lymphoblastic of undifferentiated null form (not T, not B). The average doses of alpha or beta radiation accumulated in the bone-marrow, the presumed site of induction, were at the time of diagnosis usually more than 2500 rad, but, if the cases occurring after radium or low activities of plutonium are accepted as induced, 300-1500 rad of alpha radiation. Mice converted to chimaeras only rarely exhibited any lymphoma, general or local. Abdominal lymphomas were not numerically increased by these radionucleides (perhaps due to shortening of life-span) though some may have been prematurely induced.", "contents": "Lymphoid tumours and leukaemia induced in mice by bone-seeking radionucleides. Single intraperitoneal doses of soluble 90Sr and monomeric 239Pu induced generalized lymphomatosis in laboratory mice. Leukaemogenesis due to soluble 226Ra was more uncertain. Clinical expression was variable, but as a generalization the disease was a lymphosarcoma with haematogenous (leukaemic) spread. Only rarely, unlike the commonly recorded forms of natural and X-ray-induced lymphosarcomas, was the thymus apparently the site of onset. The cell-type was lymphoblastic of undifferentiated null form (not T, not B). The average doses of alpha or beta radiation accumulated in the bone-marrow, the presumed site of induction, were at the time of diagnosis usually more than 2500 rad, but, if the cases occurring after radium or low activities of plutonium are accepted as induced, 300-1500 rad of alpha radiation. Mice converted to chimaeras only rarely exhibited any lymphoma, general or local. Abdominal lymphomas were not numerically increased by these radionucleides (perhaps due to shortening of life-span) though some may have been prematurely induced.", "PMID": 305901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_497", "title": "Variation in U.V. primary fluorescence-intensity of vital cells depending on 60Co gamma-radiation dose.", "content": "Using impulse-cytofluorophotometry in the ultra-violet spectral region the author has shown on vital, unstained Ehrlich ascites tumour cells that the primary fluorescence intensity of this tumour is on day 11 after transplantation 20 per cent higher than on day 8. Storage of the vital cells for 25 min at 20 degrees C has no effect on this result. When the cells are exposed to 60Co to gamma-radiation on day 6, a new stable fluorescence level is established afted 20 hours. Measurements of the primary fluorescence intensity depending on dose have shown a significant rise starting from 75 rad at 48 hours after irradiation. The fluorescence intensity rises by 42.5 per cent of the control value at 3000 rad, but only by 31.5 per cent on exposure to 4000 rad.", "contents": "Variation in U.V. primary fluorescence-intensity of vital cells depending on 60Co gamma-radiation dose. Using impulse-cytofluorophotometry in the ultra-violet spectral region the author has shown on vital, unstained Ehrlich ascites tumour cells that the primary fluorescence intensity of this tumour is on day 11 after transplantation 20 per cent higher than on day 8. Storage of the vital cells for 25 min at 20 degrees C has no effect on this result. When the cells are exposed to 60Co to gamma-radiation on day 6, a new stable fluorescence level is established afted 20 hours. Measurements of the primary fluorescence intensity depending on dose have shown a significant rise starting from 75 rad at 48 hours after irradiation. The fluorescence intensity rises by 42.5 per cent of the control value at 3000 rad, but only by 31.5 per cent on exposure to 4000 rad.", "PMID": 305902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_498", "title": "Alkali-labile sites and post-irradiation effects in single-stranded DNA induced by H radicals.", "content": "Single-stranded phiX174 DNA in aqueous solutions has been irradiated in the absence of oxygen, under conditions in which only H radicals react with the DNA. It was shown that H radical reactions result in breaks, which contribute approximately 10 per cent inactivation. Further, two types of alkali-labile sites are formed. One is lethal and gives rise to single-strand breaks by alkali and is most probably identical with post-irradiation heat damage and contributes about 33 per cent to the inactivation mentioned above. The other consists of non-lethal damage, partly dihydropyrimidine derivatives, and is converted to lethal damage by alkali. This follows from experiments in which the DNA was treated with osmium-tetroxide, which oxidizes thymine to 5,6-dihydroxy-dihydrothymine. Treatment with alkali of this DNA gives the same temperature dependence as found for the non-lethal alkali-labile sites in irradiated DNA. A similar temperature dependence is found for dihydrothymine and irradiated pyrimidines with alkali.", "contents": "Alkali-labile sites and post-irradiation effects in single-stranded DNA induced by H radicals. Single-stranded phiX174 DNA in aqueous solutions has been irradiated in the absence of oxygen, under conditions in which only H radicals react with the DNA. It was shown that H radical reactions result in breaks, which contribute approximately 10 per cent inactivation. Further, two types of alkali-labile sites are formed. One is lethal and gives rise to single-strand breaks by alkali and is most probably identical with post-irradiation heat damage and contributes about 33 per cent to the inactivation mentioned above. The other consists of non-lethal damage, partly dihydropyrimidine derivatives, and is converted to lethal damage by alkali. This follows from experiments in which the DNA was treated with osmium-tetroxide, which oxidizes thymine to 5,6-dihydroxy-dihydrothymine. Treatment with alkali of this DNA gives the same temperature dependence as found for the non-lethal alkali-labile sites in irradiated DNA. A similar temperature dependence is found for dihydrothymine and irradiated pyrimidines with alkali.", "PMID": 305903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_499", "title": "Fluorescence study of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells after X-irradiation.", "content": "The mechanism of the increase in ultra-violet fluorescence (U.V.F.) intensity of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells after X-irradiation were investigated. It was shown that there were two mechanisms: size-dependent (mechanism I) and size-dependent (mechanism II). The basis of mechanism I is most probably an increase in protein content. Mechanism II is related to an increase in the U.V.F. quantum yield, though its biological nature is still unknown.", "contents": "Fluorescence study of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells after X-irradiation. The mechanism of the increase in ultra-violet fluorescence (U.V.F.) intensity of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells after X-irradiation were investigated. It was shown that there were two mechanisms: size-dependent (mechanism I) and size-dependent (mechanism II). The basis of mechanism I is most probably an increase in protein content. Mechanism II is related to an increase in the U.V.F. quantum yield, though its biological nature is still unknown.", "PMID": 305904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_500", "title": "The effect of X-rays and neutrons on lymphocyte death and transformation.", "content": "The effects of X-rays and neutrons on human lymphocytes in vitro has been tested. Radiation sensitivity of untransformed lymphocytes was assessed by the appearance of pyknotic cells, and the response of cells after stimulation by phyto-haemagglutinin was tested (a) morphologically and (b) by changes in DNA synthesis, using a labelled thymidine analogue. The data obtained for interphase cells suggest that lymphocytes are a mixed cell population with an insensitive component forming about 20 per cent of the population. The percentage of normal cells observed after both X-ray and neutron irradiation lie on the same dose--effect curve giving an r.b.e. of one. A biphasic response is seen after PHA stimulation with both tests of damage indicating at least two sub-populations of lymphocytes and these give r.b.e. values in the range 1.95 to 2.45. Providing the in vivo response is similar to that in vitro the r.b.e. for damage to circulating lymphocytes will be small and the reduction in white cell count will not therefore be a major factor limiting dose in neutron therapy.", "contents": "The effect of X-rays and neutrons on lymphocyte death and transformation. The effects of X-rays and neutrons on human lymphocytes in vitro has been tested. Radiation sensitivity of untransformed lymphocytes was assessed by the appearance of pyknotic cells, and the response of cells after stimulation by phyto-haemagglutinin was tested (a) morphologically and (b) by changes in DNA synthesis, using a labelled thymidine analogue. The data obtained for interphase cells suggest that lymphocytes are a mixed cell population with an insensitive component forming about 20 per cent of the population. The percentage of normal cells observed after both X-ray and neutron irradiation lie on the same dose--effect curve giving an r.b.e. of one. A biphasic response is seen after PHA stimulation with both tests of damage indicating at least two sub-populations of lymphocytes and these give r.b.e. values in the range 1.95 to 2.45. Providing the in vivo response is similar to that in vitro the r.b.e. for damage to circulating lymphocytes will be small and the reduction in white cell count will not therefore be a major factor limiting dose in neutron therapy.", "PMID": 305905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_501", "title": "Chromosome aberrations as a dosimetric technique for fission neutrons over the dose-range 0.2--50 rad.", "content": "An analysis of the literature shows a lack of data about basic biological parameters regarding cytogenetic dosimetry as applied to neutron fields, in the dose range below 50 rad. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to a degraded fission neutron spectrum of mean energy 0.4 MeV. The dose-range was 0.2--50 rad delivered at a dose-rate of about 0.2 or 7 rad/min. The results were processed using a computer programme. Both experimental data for dicentric induction, and theoretical considerations indicate the first-order polynomial as the best fitting dose--response function. The implications of these results for cytogenetic dosimetry are discussed. A comparison with 250 kV X-ray data in the same range gives an r.b.e. of 18.5 +/- 3.1.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations as a dosimetric technique for fission neutrons over the dose-range 0.2--50 rad. An analysis of the literature shows a lack of data about basic biological parameters regarding cytogenetic dosimetry as applied to neutron fields, in the dose range below 50 rad. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to a degraded fission neutron spectrum of mean energy 0.4 MeV. The dose-range was 0.2--50 rad delivered at a dose-rate of about 0.2 or 7 rad/min. The results were processed using a computer programme. Both experimental data for dicentric induction, and theoretical considerations indicate the first-order polynomial as the best fitting dose--response function. The implications of these results for cytogenetic dosimetry are discussed. A comparison with 250 kV X-ray data in the same range gives an r.b.e. of 18.5 +/- 3.1.", "PMID": 305906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_502", "title": "Pulse-radiolysis studies of 8-methoxypsoralen.", "content": "Both eaq- and .OH have been found to react with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), giving rate-constants of 1.1 X 10(10) M-1 s-1. Transient spectra of products from the reactions of eaq-, .OH with 8-MOP have been characterized. Rate-constants for the oxidation by 8-MOP of reduced and oxidized DNA bases have also been measured and found to lie in the range 3-6 X 10(9) M-1 s-1. Oxidation of reduced bases occurs by electron transfer with 100 per cent efficiency in all cases. However, for oxidized bases, only approximately 25 per cent of the intermediate yield produced by OH attack undergoes electron transfer; the balance of the oxidized base appears to form adducts with 8-MOP.", "contents": "Pulse-radiolysis studies of 8-methoxypsoralen. Both eaq- and .OH have been found to react with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), giving rate-constants of 1.1 X 10(10) M-1 s-1. Transient spectra of products from the reactions of eaq-, .OH with 8-MOP have been characterized. Rate-constants for the oxidation by 8-MOP of reduced and oxidized DNA bases have also been measured and found to lie in the range 3-6 X 10(9) M-1 s-1. Oxidation of reduced bases occurs by electron transfer with 100 per cent efficiency in all cases. However, for oxidized bases, only approximately 25 per cent of the intermediate yield produced by OH attack undergoes electron transfer; the balance of the oxidized base appears to form adducts with 8-MOP.", "PMID": 305907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_503", "title": "Effect of salt solutions on the radiosensitivity of mammalian cells. IV. Treatment with NaCl solutions containing ouabain, NEM, PNAP, cysteamine or DMSO.", "content": "The effects of a wide concentration range of NaCl solutions containing either ouabain, ethanol, para-nitroacetophenone (PNAP), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), cysteamine or dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) on cellular radiosensitivity have been examined. Ouabain and NEM treatment increased the radiosensitivity of V79 Chinese hamster cells, but the action of these chemicals did not depend on the concentration of NaCl. PNAP increased cellular radiosensitivity with increasing NaCl concentration reaching a maximum effect at 0.6 to 0.7 M NaCl. The radioprotective properties of cysteamine, DMSO and ethanol were all strongly dependent on the NaCl concentration in a complex but qualitatively similar manner. DMSO (2.0 M) increased radiation survival of cells after a 1380 rad dose by a factor of about 10(4) when present in 0.075 M NaCl and by a factor of 8.7 when present in 1.2 M NaCl.", "contents": "Effect of salt solutions on the radiosensitivity of mammalian cells. IV. Treatment with NaCl solutions containing ouabain, NEM, PNAP, cysteamine or DMSO. The effects of a wide concentration range of NaCl solutions containing either ouabain, ethanol, para-nitroacetophenone (PNAP), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), cysteamine or dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) on cellular radiosensitivity have been examined. Ouabain and NEM treatment increased the radiosensitivity of V79 Chinese hamster cells, but the action of these chemicals did not depend on the concentration of NaCl. PNAP increased cellular radiosensitivity with increasing NaCl concentration reaching a maximum effect at 0.6 to 0.7 M NaCl. The radioprotective properties of cysteamine, DMSO and ethanol were all strongly dependent on the NaCl concentration in a complex but qualitatively similar manner. DMSO (2.0 M) increased radiation survival of cells after a 1380 rad dose by a factor of about 10(4) when present in 0.075 M NaCl and by a factor of 8.7 when present in 1.2 M NaCl.", "PMID": 305908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_504", "title": "An analysis of radiation-induced malignancy based on somatic mutation.", "content": "If, as has been proposed, the factor which controls the malignant nature of a cell behaves as a recessive genetic character, a somatic mutation in the normal dominant homologous gene of a diploid cell, which carries the malignant factor, may allow the expression of the recessive malignant character. Using this proposal together with the molecular theory of cell survival, a mathematical equation is derived to provide a general description of the dose response for radiation-induced malignancy which is non-linear and peaked. The equation is based on the assumption that a radiation-induced DNA double-strand break can cause a somatic mutation or a chromosome aberration which may leave the cell in a precancerous state. The equation is used to analyse data on the radiation-induced transformation of diploid cells and extended logically to analyse data on the transformation of tetraploid cells.", "contents": "An analysis of radiation-induced malignancy based on somatic mutation. If, as has been proposed, the factor which controls the malignant nature of a cell behaves as a recessive genetic character, a somatic mutation in the normal dominant homologous gene of a diploid cell, which carries the malignant factor, may allow the expression of the recessive malignant character. Using this proposal together with the molecular theory of cell survival, a mathematical equation is derived to provide a general description of the dose response for radiation-induced malignancy which is non-linear and peaked. The equation is based on the assumption that a radiation-induced DNA double-strand break can cause a somatic mutation or a chromosome aberration which may leave the cell in a precancerous state. The equation is used to analyse data on the radiation-induced transformation of diploid cells and extended logically to analyse data on the transformation of tetraploid cells.", "PMID": 305909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_505", "title": "Blue cone function in a family with an inherited tritan defect, tested with electroretinography and psychophysics.", "content": "The sensitivity of the blue cone system to low frequency flicker was tested with a psychophysical and an electroretinographical method. With the psychophysical method the subjects, members of a family with an inherited tritan defect, showed no sign of the presence of the blue cone system. With the electroretinogram the sensitivity was also significantly lower than in normal subjects, thus indicating a retinal origin of the tritan defect.", "contents": "Blue cone function in a family with an inherited tritan defect, tested with electroretinography and psychophysics. The sensitivity of the blue cone system to low frequency flicker was tested with a psychophysical and an electroretinographical method. With the psychophysical method the subjects, members of a family with an inherited tritan defect, showed no sign of the presence of the blue cone system. With the electroretinogram the sensitivity was also significantly lower than in normal subjects, thus indicating a retinal origin of the tritan defect.", "PMID": 305912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_506", "title": "[Severe generalized courses of zoster due to cellular immunologic defects. Importance of an absolute or relative T-cell deficiency].", "content": "Four patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia, M. Hodgkin and metastatic breast carcinoma developed particularly severe generalised herpes zoster, with complications of herpes zoster pneumonia, signs of encephalitis and phrenic nerve paresis. Virus specific complement-fixing antibodies increased regularly or delayed, without strict correlation to the clinical course. However, in all these cases there was a relative or absolute deficiency of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, as a result of the underlying illness and of treatment with cytostatic agents. Because of the vital role of cell-mediated immunity in the control of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the observed T-cell deficiency seems to be an important pre-condition for the development of severe generalised herpes zoster.", "contents": "[Severe generalized courses of zoster due to cellular immunologic defects. Importance of an absolute or relative T-cell deficiency]. Four patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia, M. Hodgkin and metastatic breast carcinoma developed particularly severe generalised herpes zoster, with complications of herpes zoster pneumonia, signs of encephalitis and phrenic nerve paresis. Virus specific complement-fixing antibodies increased regularly or delayed, without strict correlation to the clinical course. However, in all these cases there was a relative or absolute deficiency of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, as a result of the underlying illness and of treatment with cytostatic agents. Because of the vital role of cell-mediated immunity in the control of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the observed T-cell deficiency seems to be an important pre-condition for the development of severe generalised herpes zoster.", "PMID": 305913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_507", "title": "Growth, luminescence, respiration, and the ATP pool during autoinduction in Beneckea harveyi.", "content": "The bacterial bioluminescence system is unusual because it is self-induced. In the late logarithmic phase of growth, upon the accumulation of an autoinducer, the synthesis of the components of the system is initiated. We were interested in determining what effect this burst of synthesis and activity has on cellular energy metabolism. The ATP pool of the luminous bacterium Beneckea harveyi was found to dip 10- to 20-fold during the luminescence period, while the respiration per unit cell mass (optical density) increased but by much less. The dip in the ATP pool did not occur in four different types of dark mutants, including one that was temperature conditional and another that was conditional upon added cyclic AMP for luminescence. However, it is neither the synthesis nor the activity of luciferase that is responsible for the ATP dip; the dip does not occur in certain dark \"aldehyde\" mutants which nevertheless synthesize normal levels of luciferase, whereas it does occur at 36 degrees C in a temperature-sensitive luciferase mutant which forms normal levels of inactive luciferase. Results with other aldehyde mutants implicate the pathway involved in the synthesis of the aldehyde factor with the ATP dip.", "contents": "Growth, luminescence, respiration, and the ATP pool during autoinduction in Beneckea harveyi. The bacterial bioluminescence system is unusual because it is self-induced. In the late logarithmic phase of growth, upon the accumulation of an autoinducer, the synthesis of the components of the system is initiated. We were interested in determining what effect this burst of synthesis and activity has on cellular energy metabolism. The ATP pool of the luminous bacterium Beneckea harveyi was found to dip 10- to 20-fold during the luminescence period, while the respiration per unit cell mass (optical density) increased but by much less. The dip in the ATP pool did not occur in four different types of dark mutants, including one that was temperature conditional and another that was conditional upon added cyclic AMP for luminescence. However, it is neither the synthesis nor the activity of luciferase that is responsible for the ATP dip; the dip does not occur in certain dark \"aldehyde\" mutants which nevertheless synthesize normal levels of luciferase, whereas it does occur at 36 degrees C in a temperature-sensitive luciferase mutant which forms normal levels of inactive luciferase. Results with other aldehyde mutants implicate the pathway involved in the synthesis of the aldehyde factor with the ATP dip.", "PMID": 305917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_508", "title": "The induction of ferritin synthesis in circulating larval red blood cells.", "content": "The circulating red blood cells formed in bullfrog larvae, chicken embryos, and mouse embryos contain large amounts of ferritin and storage iron in excess of the need for hemoglobin. In contrast, the circulating red cells of adult animals contain little ferritin. Ferritin synthesis and iron storage are coordinated with differentiation and hemoglobin synthesis in the red cells of adults. In order to test the hypothesis that ferritin synthesis could be controlled independently of hemoglobin synthesis and differentiation in the red cells formed early in life, bullfrog larvae were injected with iron to determine if ferritin synthesis was increased in the circulating red cells. Within 17 h after the injection of iron, the synthesis of ferritin, assayed as the incorporation of [14C]leucine by cell suspensions prepared from circulating red cells, was increased from 2.9 to 10.2% of the total protein, and the specific activity of the ferritin synthesized increased from 1100 to 3000 cpm/A280. There was no change in the hematocrit of the animals nor in the specific activity of hemoglobin synthesized by suspensions of red cells (average, 720 cpm/A280). The results suggest that in mature, larval red cells, ferritin synthesis can be controlled by changes in the extracellular environment. The results also indicate that ferritin synthesis can be controlled independently of hemoglobin synthesis with which it is coordinated during erythroid differentiation in adult animals.", "contents": "The induction of ferritin synthesis in circulating larval red blood cells. The circulating red blood cells formed in bullfrog larvae, chicken embryos, and mouse embryos contain large amounts of ferritin and storage iron in excess of the need for hemoglobin. In contrast, the circulating red cells of adult animals contain little ferritin. Ferritin synthesis and iron storage are coordinated with differentiation and hemoglobin synthesis in the red cells of adults. In order to test the hypothesis that ferritin synthesis could be controlled independently of hemoglobin synthesis and differentiation in the red cells formed early in life, bullfrog larvae were injected with iron to determine if ferritin synthesis was increased in the circulating red cells. Within 17 h after the injection of iron, the synthesis of ferritin, assayed as the incorporation of [14C]leucine by cell suspensions prepared from circulating red cells, was increased from 2.9 to 10.2% of the total protein, and the specific activity of the ferritin synthesized increased from 1100 to 3000 cpm/A280. There was no change in the hematocrit of the animals nor in the specific activity of hemoglobin synthesized by suspensions of red cells (average, 720 cpm/A280). The results suggest that in mature, larval red cells, ferritin synthesis can be controlled by changes in the extracellular environment. The results also indicate that ferritin synthesis can be controlled independently of hemoglobin synthesis with which it is coordinated during erythroid differentiation in adult animals.", "PMID": 305918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_509", "title": "A DNase for apurinic/apyrimidinic sites associated with exonuclease III of Hemophilus influenzae.", "content": "An endonuclease purified from Hemophilus influenzae made single strand breaks in DNA containing apurinic or apyrimidinic sites but had no detectable endonuclease activity on untreated native DNA. The new 5'-termini created at the cleavage sites were base-free deoxyribose 5-phosphate residues. The enzyme preparation also catalyzed the exonucleolytic release of 5'-mononucleotides from bihelical DNA and the hydrolysis of DNA 3'-terminal phosphomonoesters. The phosphatase-exonuclease activity was indistinguishable from that reported by Gunther and Goodgal (J. Biol. Chem. (1970) 245, 5341-5349) and resembled that of exonuclease III of Escherichia coli. The endonucleolytic and exonucleolytic activities could not be separated by electrophoresis, sedimentation, or gel filtration, and they were also affected simultaneously by mutation. The enzymatic activities appear to be functions of a single monomeric protein (M(r) = 30,000).", "contents": "A DNase for apurinic/apyrimidinic sites associated with exonuclease III of Hemophilus influenzae. An endonuclease purified from Hemophilus influenzae made single strand breaks in DNA containing apurinic or apyrimidinic sites but had no detectable endonuclease activity on untreated native DNA. The new 5'-termini created at the cleavage sites were base-free deoxyribose 5-phosphate residues. The enzyme preparation also catalyzed the exonucleolytic release of 5'-mononucleotides from bihelical DNA and the hydrolysis of DNA 3'-terminal phosphomonoesters. The phosphatase-exonuclease activity was indistinguishable from that reported by Gunther and Goodgal (J. Biol. Chem. (1970) 245, 5341-5349) and resembled that of exonuclease III of Escherichia coli. The endonucleolytic and exonucleolytic activities could not be separated by electrophoresis, sedimentation, or gel filtration, and they were also affected simultaneously by mutation. The enzymatic activities appear to be functions of a single monomeric protein (M(r) = 30,000).", "PMID": 305919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_510", "title": "Intraoperative ureteral trauma: a radiologic approach.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with inadvertent intraoperative ureteral trauma or ligation are presented. One-third of the injuries were due to general surgical procedures such as lumbar sympathectomy, aortoiliac bypass and colectomy. Because of postoperative pain, discomfort and sedation, these injuries are frequently unrecognized for long periods. This delay in diagnosis results in significant morbidity and mortality. The usual radiologic approach is an excretory urogram supplemented if necessary by a retrograde pyelogram. Temporary percutaneous or operative nephropyelostomies have been employed in seven of these patients.", "contents": "Intraoperative ureteral trauma: a radiologic approach. Thirty-two patients with inadvertent intraoperative ureteral trauma or ligation are presented. One-third of the injuries were due to general surgical procedures such as lumbar sympathectomy, aortoiliac bypass and colectomy. Because of postoperative pain, discomfort and sedation, these injuries are frequently unrecognized for long periods. This delay in diagnosis results in significant morbidity and mortality. The usual radiologic approach is an excretory urogram supplemented if necessary by a retrograde pyelogram. Temporary percutaneous or operative nephropyelostomies have been employed in seven of these patients.", "PMID": 305921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_511", "title": "Growth requirements of calf lens epithelium in culture.", "content": "The in vitro life span and rate of growth of calf lens cells cultured in serum-supplemented 199 medium can be markedly increased by growing the cells with a layer of mitomycin -killed 3T6 feeders. In the absence of feeders, the epithelial cells are partially blocked in the S period of the cell cycle but show a normal distribution of cells in G1 and G2 when grown with fibroblasts. Increased growth rates and division potential can also be achieved by growing the lens in 199 medium containing 10(-5) M thymidine, and cells grown under these conditions show a normal growth cycle. Our results suggest that lens epithelial cells cultured in medium 199 show a deficient endogenous synthesis of thymidylic acid, and fibroblast feeders or exogenously added thymidine enable them to overcome this deficiency. When grown in the presenct of 10(-5) M thymidine, the lens epithelial cells show a very low serum requirement for cell division in short term culture.", "contents": "Growth requirements of calf lens epithelium in culture. The in vitro life span and rate of growth of calf lens cells cultured in serum-supplemented 199 medium can be markedly increased by growing the cells with a layer of mitomycin -killed 3T6 feeders. In the absence of feeders, the epithelial cells are partially blocked in the S period of the cell cycle but show a normal distribution of cells in G1 and G2 when grown with fibroblasts. Increased growth rates and division potential can also be achieved by growing the lens in 199 medium containing 10(-5) M thymidine, and cells grown under these conditions show a normal growth cycle. Our results suggest that lens epithelial cells cultured in medium 199 show a deficient endogenous synthesis of thymidylic acid, and fibroblast feeders or exogenously added thymidine enable them to overcome this deficiency. When grown in the presenct of 10(-5) M thymidine, the lens epithelial cells show a very low serum requirement for cell division in short term culture.", "PMID": 305922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_512", "title": "The differential effect of in vivo hydrocortisone on the kinetics of subpopulations of human peripheral blood thymus-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of in vivo hydrocortisone on the kinetics of subpopulations of normal human peripheral blood (PB) thymus-derived (T) cells. Normal volunteers received a single i.v. dose of hydrocortisone, and blood was taken just before, as well as 4, 24, and 48 h after hydrocortisone administration. T cells were purified from each specimen, and proportions and absolute numbers of T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T(.G)) and for the Fc portion of IgM (T(.M)) were enumerated by rosetting T cells with bovine erythrocytes which had been coated with either antibovine erythrocyte IgG or IgM. 4 h after i.v. administration of hydrocortisone, T(.M) cells decreased from 52 (+/-5%) to 23 (+/-6%) of PB T cells (P < 0.01) and the absolute number of T(.M) cells decreased from 1,028 (+/-171) per mm(3) to 103 (+/-23) per mm(3) (P < 0.001). In contrast, relative proportion of T(.G) cells increased from 22 (+/-4%) to 66 (+/-7%), while the absolute numbers of T(.G) cells were essentially unchanged (P > 0.2). In vitro studies involving preincubation of T cells with hydrocortisone before rosette determination of T(.G) or T(.M) cells demonstrated that the decrease in absolute numbers of T(.M) cells did not represent hydrocortisone interference with T(.M) rosette formation, nor did it represent a switch of T(.M) cells to T(.G) cells. Thus, administration of hydrocortisone to normal subjects produces a selective depletion from the circulation of T lymphocytes which possess receptors for the Fc portion of IgM (T(.M) cells) and of T cells which possess no detectable F(C) receptor (T(.non-M, non-G) cells). T(.G) cells are relatively resistant to the lymphopenic effect of hydrocortisone. These data clearly demonstrate that in vivo corticosteroids have a differential effect on the kinetics of identifiable and distinct subsets of cells in the human T-cell class.", "contents": "The differential effect of in vivo hydrocortisone on the kinetics of subpopulations of human peripheral blood thymus-derived lymphocytes. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of in vivo hydrocortisone on the kinetics of subpopulations of normal human peripheral blood (PB) thymus-derived (T) cells. Normal volunteers received a single i.v. dose of hydrocortisone, and blood was taken just before, as well as 4, 24, and 48 h after hydrocortisone administration. T cells were purified from each specimen, and proportions and absolute numbers of T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T(.G)) and for the Fc portion of IgM (T(.M)) were enumerated by rosetting T cells with bovine erythrocytes which had been coated with either antibovine erythrocyte IgG or IgM. 4 h after i.v. administration of hydrocortisone, T(.M) cells decreased from 52 (+/-5%) to 23 (+/-6%) of PB T cells (P < 0.01) and the absolute number of T(.M) cells decreased from 1,028 (+/-171) per mm(3) to 103 (+/-23) per mm(3) (P < 0.001). In contrast, relative proportion of T(.G) cells increased from 22 (+/-4%) to 66 (+/-7%), while the absolute numbers of T(.G) cells were essentially unchanged (P > 0.2). In vitro studies involving preincubation of T cells with hydrocortisone before rosette determination of T(.G) or T(.M) cells demonstrated that the decrease in absolute numbers of T(.M) cells did not represent hydrocortisone interference with T(.M) rosette formation, nor did it represent a switch of T(.M) cells to T(.G) cells. Thus, administration of hydrocortisone to normal subjects produces a selective depletion from the circulation of T lymphocytes which possess receptors for the Fc portion of IgM (T(.M) cells) and of T cells which possess no detectable F(C) receptor (T(.non-M, non-G) cells). T(.G) cells are relatively resistant to the lymphopenic effect of hydrocortisone. These data clearly demonstrate that in vivo corticosteroids have a differential effect on the kinetics of identifiable and distinct subsets of cells in the human T-cell class.", "PMID": 305923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_513", "title": "Resistance to arteriosclerosis in pigs with von Willebrand's disease. Spontaneous and high cholesterol diet-induced arteriosclerosis.", "content": "The aortas of 11 pigs (aged 1-3 yr) with homozygous von Willebrand's disease (vWd) were compared with those of 11 normal pigs of the same ages. Six of the controls exhibited multiple arteriosclerotic plaques with intimal thickening of 63-130 mum. In contrast, none of the pigs with vWd had multiple plaques, and only one had a lesion >2 mm in diameter. In a subsequent study, 3-mo-old pigs (11 controls and 7 with homozygous vWd) were placed on a 2% cholesterol diet for up to 6 mo. All of the controls developed arteriosclerotic plaques in the aorta, and in nine of the controls, at least 13% of the entire surface was involved. Intimal thickness ranged up to 390 mum. In contrast, four of the pigs with vWd did not develop such lesions, two developed arteriosclerotic lesions affecting 6 and 7% of the aortic surface, and the seventh had 13% of the aortic surface involved. Most of the pigs with vWd, however, developed flat fatty lesions in contrast to the normal pigs whether on the normal or the high cholesterol diet. There was blue staining of the flat fatty lesions when two pigs with vWd were injected with Evans blue dye antemortem. By electron microscopy, severe endothelial damage was apparent, but there was no intimal proliferation. The coincidence of the impaired platelet-arterial wall interaction and lack of arteriosclerosis in this bleeding disease is discussed.", "contents": "Resistance to arteriosclerosis in pigs with von Willebrand's disease. Spontaneous and high cholesterol diet-induced arteriosclerosis. The aortas of 11 pigs (aged 1-3 yr) with homozygous von Willebrand's disease (vWd) were compared with those of 11 normal pigs of the same ages. Six of the controls exhibited multiple arteriosclerotic plaques with intimal thickening of 63-130 mum. In contrast, none of the pigs with vWd had multiple plaques, and only one had a lesion >2 mm in diameter. In a subsequent study, 3-mo-old pigs (11 controls and 7 with homozygous vWd) were placed on a 2% cholesterol diet for up to 6 mo. All of the controls developed arteriosclerotic plaques in the aorta, and in nine of the controls, at least 13% of the entire surface was involved. Intimal thickness ranged up to 390 mum. In contrast, four of the pigs with vWd did not develop such lesions, two developed arteriosclerotic lesions affecting 6 and 7% of the aortic surface, and the seventh had 13% of the aortic surface involved. Most of the pigs with vWd, however, developed flat fatty lesions in contrast to the normal pigs whether on the normal or the high cholesterol diet. There was blue staining of the flat fatty lesions when two pigs with vWd were injected with Evans blue dye antemortem. By electron microscopy, severe endothelial damage was apparent, but there was no intimal proliferation. The coincidence of the impaired platelet-arterial wall interaction and lack of arteriosclerosis in this bleeding disease is discussed.", "PMID": 305924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_514", "title": "Suppressor cell-mediated neutropenia in Felty's syndrome.", "content": "The mechanism of neutropenia in Felty's Syndrome (FS) was tested. The suppressor capacity of mononuclear cells from patients with FS on normal bone marrow granulopoiesis was tested by the in vitro colony forming unit in culture assay. Peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen cells from FS patients with marked neutropenia (less than 1,000 neutrophils/mm3) suppressed the colony forming unit in culture of normal bone marrow. Cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients without neutropenia, cells from patients with drug-induced neutropenia without rheumatoid arthritis, or plasma from FS patients failed to suppress the colony forming unit in culture. Though suppressor cells were predominantly thymus-derived (T) cells, monocytes were also effective in suppression. The suppressor efficiency of cells from the various compartments were spleen greater than bone marrow greater than peripheral blood. Splenectomy in FS transiently corrected the neutropenia and eliminated suppressor cell activity. Hyperactive suppressor cells may be responsible for the neutropenia in some patients with FS. Correction of neutropenia in these patients should be directed at modulating the suppressor cell subpopulation.", "contents": "Suppressor cell-mediated neutropenia in Felty's syndrome. The mechanism of neutropenia in Felty's Syndrome (FS) was tested. The suppressor capacity of mononuclear cells from patients with FS on normal bone marrow granulopoiesis was tested by the in vitro colony forming unit in culture assay. Peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen cells from FS patients with marked neutropenia (less than 1,000 neutrophils/mm3) suppressed the colony forming unit in culture of normal bone marrow. Cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients without neutropenia, cells from patients with drug-induced neutropenia without rheumatoid arthritis, or plasma from FS patients failed to suppress the colony forming unit in culture. Though suppressor cells were predominantly thymus-derived (T) cells, monocytes were also effective in suppression. The suppressor efficiency of cells from the various compartments were spleen greater than bone marrow greater than peripheral blood. Splenectomy in FS transiently corrected the neutropenia and eliminated suppressor cell activity. Hyperactive suppressor cells may be responsible for the neutropenia in some patients with FS. Correction of neutropenia in these patients should be directed at modulating the suppressor cell subpopulation.", "PMID": 305925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_515", "title": "Purification of specific precipitinogen and extraction of endotoxin from Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "After purifying a Haemophilus influenzae precipitinogen from endotoxic activity by means of ultracentrifugation, column chromatography (Sepharose 6B) and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE Sephadex A25) a fraction was obtained which still contained a specific precipitinogen that was virtually free of endotoxin. Furthermore, during the chromatographic procedures fractions with a high and a low molecular weight endotoxic activity were found. The limulus lysate test was more sensitive in the high molecular weight fractions and the LD50 in mice in the low molecular weight fractions with endotoxic activity.", "contents": "Purification of specific precipitinogen and extraction of endotoxin from Haemophilus influenzae. After purifying a Haemophilus influenzae precipitinogen from endotoxic activity by means of ultracentrifugation, column chromatography (Sepharose 6B) and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE Sephadex A25) a fraction was obtained which still contained a specific precipitinogen that was virtually free of endotoxin. Furthermore, during the chromatographic procedures fractions with a high and a low molecular weight endotoxic activity were found. The limulus lysate test was more sensitive in the high molecular weight fractions and the LD50 in mice in the low molecular weight fractions with endotoxic activity.", "PMID": 305926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_516", "title": "Topographic projections between the nucleus isthmi and the tectum of the frog Rana pipiens.", "content": "The connections between the nucleus isthmi and the tectum in the frog have been determined by several anatomical techniques: iontophoresis of horseradish peroxidase into the tectum, iontophoresis of 3H-porline into the nucleus isthmi and the tectum, and Fink-Heimer degeneration staining after lesions of the nucleus isthmi. The results show that the nucleus isthmi projects bilaterally to the tectal lobes. The ipsilateral isthmio-tectal fibers are distributed in the superficial layers of the tectum, coincident with the retionotectal terminals. The contralateral isthmio-tectal fibers travel anteriorly adjacent to the lateral optic tract and cross the midline in the supraoptic ventral decussation, where they turn dorsally and caudally; upon reaching the tectum, the fibers end in two discrete layers, layers 8 and A of Potter. The tectum projects to the ipsilateral nucleus isthmi and there is a reciprocal topographic relationship between the two structures. Thus, a retino-tecto-isthmio-tectal route exists which may contribute to the indirect ipsilateral retinotectal projection which is observed electrophysiologically. The connections between the nucleus isthmi and the tectum in the frog are strinkingly similar to the connections between the parabigeminal nucleus and the superior colliculus of mammals.", "contents": "Topographic projections between the nucleus isthmi and the tectum of the frog Rana pipiens. The connections between the nucleus isthmi and the tectum in the frog have been determined by several anatomical techniques: iontophoresis of horseradish peroxidase into the tectum, iontophoresis of 3H-porline into the nucleus isthmi and the tectum, and Fink-Heimer degeneration staining after lesions of the nucleus isthmi. The results show that the nucleus isthmi projects bilaterally to the tectal lobes. The ipsilateral isthmio-tectal fibers are distributed in the superficial layers of the tectum, coincident with the retionotectal terminals. The contralateral isthmio-tectal fibers travel anteriorly adjacent to the lateral optic tract and cross the midline in the supraoptic ventral decussation, where they turn dorsally and caudally; upon reaching the tectum, the fibers end in two discrete layers, layers 8 and A of Potter. The tectum projects to the ipsilateral nucleus isthmi and there is a reciprocal topographic relationship between the two structures. Thus, a retino-tecto-isthmio-tectal route exists which may contribute to the indirect ipsilateral retinotectal projection which is observed electrophysiologically. The connections between the nucleus isthmi and the tectum in the frog are strinkingly similar to the connections between the parabigeminal nucleus and the superior colliculus of mammals.", "PMID": 305927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_517", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in maintenance hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Lymphocyte counts and T,B and null cell proportions were analyzed in forty non-splenectomized, non-nephrectomized maintenance hemodialysis patients, and compared with those in controls. The patients were lymphopenic, but had normal T, B and null cell percentages, regardless of tehir primary renal disease. It is postulated that their lymphocyte suppression is non-selective and may be related to the state of controlled azotemia or to the dialysis procedure.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Lymphocyte counts and T,B and null cell proportions were analyzed in forty non-splenectomized, non-nephrectomized maintenance hemodialysis patients, and compared with those in controls. The patients were lymphopenic, but had normal T, B and null cell percentages, regardless of tehir primary renal disease. It is postulated that their lymphocyte suppression is non-selective and may be related to the state of controlled azotemia or to the dialysis procedure.", "PMID": 305928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_518", "title": "Successful coronary artery bypass in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Cardiovascular disease is the major casue of death in maintenance hemodialysis patients. We report two chronic hemodialysis patients with unstable, disabling angina in association with severe coronary artery disease involving all three major vessels. Both successfully underwent coronary artery bypass surgery and subsequently experienced dramatic clinical improvement. Principles of management are discussed and it is suggested that hemodialysis patients should not be arbitrarily denied consideration of coronary artery bypass surgery when it is otherwise indicated.", "contents": "Successful coronary artery bypass in hemodialysis patients. Cardiovascular disease is the major casue of death in maintenance hemodialysis patients. We report two chronic hemodialysis patients with unstable, disabling angina in association with severe coronary artery disease involving all three major vessels. Both successfully underwent coronary artery bypass surgery and subsequently experienced dramatic clinical improvement. Principles of management are discussed and it is suggested that hemodialysis patients should not be arbitrarily denied consideration of coronary artery bypass surgery when it is otherwise indicated.", "PMID": 305929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_519", "title": "T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis: dissociation of the binding and lytic mechanisms of the effector cell.", "content": "To determine functional relationships between the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) receptor for target binding and the lytic mechanism, we have studied the reaction between two immunized CTL populations (AalphaB and BalphaA), both at the population and the single-cell level. When studied at the population level, the reaction of AalphaB with BalphaA (bidirectional system) resulted in formation of AalphaB/BalphaA conjugates and bidirectional cytolysis. However, when the viability of cells in individual AalphaB/BalphaA conjugates was analyzed, unidirectional instead of bidirectional lysis occurred. These results indicate that under conditions that are conducive to lysis, binding of a potentially lytic cell to its target does not necessarily result in target lysis. Short heat treatment of CTL (44 degrees C, 10 min) totally abolished their lytic activity, without affecting their capacity to bind specifically, thus dissociating the binding from the lytic activity of the CTL. The cytolytic activity is probably associated with, or triggered by the CTL-binding unit. The binding unit, on the other hand, appears to be a functional receptor of the CTL, which is involved in but not sufficient to bring about lysis.", "contents": "T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis: dissociation of the binding and lytic mechanisms of the effector cell. To determine functional relationships between the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) receptor for target binding and the lytic mechanism, we have studied the reaction between two immunized CTL populations (AalphaB and BalphaA), both at the population and the single-cell level. When studied at the population level, the reaction of AalphaB with BalphaA (bidirectional system) resulted in formation of AalphaB/BalphaA conjugates and bidirectional cytolysis. However, when the viability of cells in individual AalphaB/BalphaA conjugates was analyzed, unidirectional instead of bidirectional lysis occurred. These results indicate that under conditions that are conducive to lysis, binding of a potentially lytic cell to its target does not necessarily result in target lysis. Short heat treatment of CTL (44 degrees C, 10 min) totally abolished their lytic activity, without affecting their capacity to bind specifically, thus dissociating the binding from the lytic activity of the CTL. The cytolytic activity is probably associated with, or triggered by the CTL-binding unit. The binding unit, on the other hand, appears to be a functional receptor of the CTL, which is involved in but not sufficient to bring about lysis.", "PMID": 305932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_520", "title": "Role of T lymphocytes in adjuvant arthritis. II. Different subpopulations of T lymphocytes functioning in the development of the disease.", "content": "The effects of treatments with cyclophosphamide (CY), hydrocortisone and anti-thymocyte sera (ATS) on the development of adjuvant arthritis (AA) were examined in WKA rats inoculated with wax D to induce AA. A single injection of 25 to 50 mg/kg of CY given 2 to 3 days before wax D inoculation caused severe arthritis with high incidence, whereas larger doses of CY were less efficient. Furthermore, the enhancing effect of CY pretreatment was abolished by passively transferred normal syngeneic thymocyreated with ATS and guinea pig C. On the basis of these results and the previous observations on the effect of adult thymectomy and low-dose irradiation, we concluded that this enhancing effect of CY pretreatment was caused by selective depletion of suppressor T lymphocytes. Pretreatment with 12.5 mg of hydrocortisone also caused severe arthritis. This enhancing effect of hydrocortisone could also be due to the elimination of those suppressor cells. In contrast, in vivo pretreatment with ATS showed striking inhibition on the development of AA, suggesting that ATS could eliminate T lymphocytes that were responsible for eliciting this disease. Thus it appears that at least two T cell subpopulations are involved in the development of AA, one is an ATS-sensitive T2 subpopulation that is effective for induction of AA and the other is a T1 subpopulation that regulates this disease process.", "contents": "Role of T lymphocytes in adjuvant arthritis. II. Different subpopulations of T lymphocytes functioning in the development of the disease. The effects of treatments with cyclophosphamide (CY), hydrocortisone and anti-thymocyte sera (ATS) on the development of adjuvant arthritis (AA) were examined in WKA rats inoculated with wax D to induce AA. A single injection of 25 to 50 mg/kg of CY given 2 to 3 days before wax D inoculation caused severe arthritis with high incidence, whereas larger doses of CY were less efficient. Furthermore, the enhancing effect of CY pretreatment was abolished by passively transferred normal syngeneic thymocyreated with ATS and guinea pig C. On the basis of these results and the previous observations on the effect of adult thymectomy and low-dose irradiation, we concluded that this enhancing effect of CY pretreatment was caused by selective depletion of suppressor T lymphocytes. Pretreatment with 12.5 mg of hydrocortisone also caused severe arthritis. This enhancing effect of hydrocortisone could also be due to the elimination of those suppressor cells. In contrast, in vivo pretreatment with ATS showed striking inhibition on the development of AA, suggesting that ATS could eliminate T lymphocytes that were responsible for eliciting this disease. Thus it appears that at least two T cell subpopulations are involved in the development of AA, one is an ATS-sensitive T2 subpopulation that is effective for induction of AA and the other is a T1 subpopulation that regulates this disease process.", "PMID": 305933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_521", "title": "Inactivation of antigen-responsive clones with antisera specific for IgM or IgD.", "content": "The present study examines the isotype of cell surface immunoglobulins involved in triggering a response to thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens. Antibodies to immunoglobulin isotypes were used to block the in vitro interaction of receptor IgD and IgM with antigen. The results indicate that both IgD and IgM are necessary to trigger a response to TNP-SRBC but that only IgM is required for responsiveness to TNP-Brucella. Limiting dilution studies indicate that the inhibition of the immune response by antibody occurs at the level of precursor activation and suggest that there is no effect of antibody on subsequent proliferation of the daughter cells.", "contents": "Inactivation of antigen-responsive clones with antisera specific for IgM or IgD. The present study examines the isotype of cell surface immunoglobulins involved in triggering a response to thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens. Antibodies to immunoglobulin isotypes were used to block the in vitro interaction of receptor IgD and IgM with antigen. The results indicate that both IgD and IgM are necessary to trigger a response to TNP-SRBC but that only IgM is required for responsiveness to TNP-Brucella. Limiting dilution studies indicate that the inhibition of the immune response by antibody occurs at the level of precursor activation and suggest that there is no effect of antibody on subsequent proliferation of the daughter cells.", "PMID": 305934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_522", "title": "The analysis of the monoclonal immune response to influenza virus. III. The relationship between stimulation of virus-primed precursor B cells by heterologous viruses and reactivity of secreted antibodies.", "content": "Individual splenic precursor B cells from BALB/c mice primed with influenza virus PR8[A/PR/8/34 (H0N1)] were stimulated in vitro in the splenic fragment culture system by homologous or various heterologous influenza viruses. The specificity of the stimulated precursor cells was determined by analysis of the antibodies secreted by the ensuing plasma cell clone in a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Viruses of the H2N2 and H3N2 subtypes were unable to stimulate hemagglutinin (HA)- or neuraminidase (NA)-committed precursor B cells but did efficiently stimulate chicken host component (ChHC)-committed precursors. Viruses of the H1N1 and H0N1 subtypes could stimulate precursors committed to any of the three viral surface components. Analysis of the fine specificity of HA-committed B cells showed that BEL(H0N1) and CAM(H1N1) stimulated almost exclusively precursors whose clonal antibody product reacted with the stimulating virus in the RIA. On the other hand, WSE and MEL (both H0N1) quite frequently were able to stimulate precursors whose clonal antibody product did not react with the stimulating virus in the RIA. These results suggest that the stimulatory interaction of viruses with the cell-bound immunoglobulin receptors is slightly less affinity dependent than the antigen-antibody interaction in the RIA.", "contents": "The analysis of the monoclonal immune response to influenza virus. III. The relationship between stimulation of virus-primed precursor B cells by heterologous viruses and reactivity of secreted antibodies. Individual splenic precursor B cells from BALB/c mice primed with influenza virus PR8[A/PR/8/34 (H0N1)] were stimulated in vitro in the splenic fragment culture system by homologous or various heterologous influenza viruses. The specificity of the stimulated precursor cells was determined by analysis of the antibodies secreted by the ensuing plasma cell clone in a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Viruses of the H2N2 and H3N2 subtypes were unable to stimulate hemagglutinin (HA)- or neuraminidase (NA)-committed precursor B cells but did efficiently stimulate chicken host component (ChHC)-committed precursors. Viruses of the H1N1 and H0N1 subtypes could stimulate precursors committed to any of the three viral surface components. Analysis of the fine specificity of HA-committed B cells showed that BEL(H0N1) and CAM(H1N1) stimulated almost exclusively precursors whose clonal antibody product reacted with the stimulating virus in the RIA. On the other hand, WSE and MEL (both H0N1) quite frequently were able to stimulate precursors whose clonal antibody product did not react with the stimulating virus in the RIA. These results suggest that the stimulatory interaction of viruses with the cell-bound immunoglobulin receptors is slightly less affinity dependent than the antigen-antibody interaction in the RIA.", "PMID": 305935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_523", "title": "The kinetics of target cell lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes: a description by Poisson statistics.", "content": "The kinetics of T cell killing are analyzed with the assumption that encounters between killer and target cells occur at random. The application of Poisson statistics leads to a number of theoretical predictions which were then tested experimentally. Good agreement between data and theory was found.", "contents": "The kinetics of target cell lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes: a description by Poisson statistics. The kinetics of T cell killing are analyzed with the assumption that encounters between killer and target cells occur at random. The application of Poisson statistics leads to a number of theoretical predictions which were then tested experimentally. Good agreement between data and theory was found.", "PMID": 305936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_524", "title": "Suppression of the mitogen-stimulated blastogenic response during reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced tumorigenesis: investigations into the mechanism of action of the suppressor.", "content": "Splenic lymphocytes from chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are suppressed in their ability to undergo PHA-induced blastogenesis. This suppression can be detected within 72 hr after virus injection and requires active viral infection since i.p. or i.v. injection of UV-inactivated REV does not result in inhibition of the blastogenic response. Suppressor cells from the spleens of REV-infected birds severely inhibit the ability of spleen cells from uninfected chickens to respond to PHA at a ratio of 1:20, suggesting that each suppressor cell may be capable of suppressing more than one target cell. Contact between suppressor and target cells is required for the rapid inhibition of the normal PHA response. The suppressive mechanism is cytostatic in nature, and apparently of host origin since neither REV, nor REV-infected (or transformed) cells mediate the suppression. The ability of the suppressor cells to impair the blastogenic response of spleen cells is sensitive to trypsin, suggesting that an inhibitory protein is exposed on the surface of the suppressor cells.", "contents": "Suppression of the mitogen-stimulated blastogenic response during reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced tumorigenesis: investigations into the mechanism of action of the suppressor. Splenic lymphocytes from chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are suppressed in their ability to undergo PHA-induced blastogenesis. This suppression can be detected within 72 hr after virus injection and requires active viral infection since i.p. or i.v. injection of UV-inactivated REV does not result in inhibition of the blastogenic response. Suppressor cells from the spleens of REV-infected birds severely inhibit the ability of spleen cells from uninfected chickens to respond to PHA at a ratio of 1:20, suggesting that each suppressor cell may be capable of suppressing more than one target cell. Contact between suppressor and target cells is required for the rapid inhibition of the normal PHA response. The suppressive mechanism is cytostatic in nature, and apparently of host origin since neither REV, nor REV-infected (or transformed) cells mediate the suppression. The ability of the suppressor cells to impair the blastogenic response of spleen cells is sensitive to trypsin, suggesting that an inhibitory protein is exposed on the surface of the suppressor cells.", "PMID": 305938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_525", "title": "Suppressor cell activity in tumor-bearing mice. I. Dualistic inhibition by suppressor T lymphocytes and macrophages.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice bearing methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas impaired mitogen responses of normal syngeneic lymphocytes. Nylon wool column and other depletion techniques were utilized to characterize the cellular source of suppressive activity in tumor-bearing host (TBH) spleens. Evidence is presented for two distinct suppressor cell systems operating in the spleens, but not lymph nodes, of BALB/c mice bearing transplanted tumors. Spleens from TBH were shown to have greatly increased numbers of macrophages over their normal counterparts. TBH macrophages were observed to have suppressive activity at low in vitro concentrations. Anti-Thy 1 serum treatment of TBH macrophages abrogated low dose inhibition but not suppression due to high numbers of macrophages. No functional difference was detected between anti-Thy 1 serum-treated TBH and normal splenic macrophages. In a macrophage-depleted culture system, mildly nylon wool adherent, anti-Thy 1 serum, and hydrocortisone succinate-sensitive suppressor cells could be detected. Soluble supernatant products of TBH spleen and thymus cells were also found to inhibit in vitro mitogen responses, whereas TBH macrophages and lymph node cells demonstrated no soluble suppressive activity. The major source of soluble inhibitor of DNA synthesis (IDS) seems to be an anti-Thy 1 serum, hydrocortisone-sensitive population.", "contents": "Suppressor cell activity in tumor-bearing mice. I. Dualistic inhibition by suppressor T lymphocytes and macrophages. Spleen cells from mice bearing methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas impaired mitogen responses of normal syngeneic lymphocytes. Nylon wool column and other depletion techniques were utilized to characterize the cellular source of suppressive activity in tumor-bearing host (TBH) spleens. Evidence is presented for two distinct suppressor cell systems operating in the spleens, but not lymph nodes, of BALB/c mice bearing transplanted tumors. Spleens from TBH were shown to have greatly increased numbers of macrophages over their normal counterparts. TBH macrophages were observed to have suppressive activity at low in vitro concentrations. Anti-Thy 1 serum treatment of TBH macrophages abrogated low dose inhibition but not suppression due to high numbers of macrophages. No functional difference was detected between anti-Thy 1 serum-treated TBH and normal splenic macrophages. In a macrophage-depleted culture system, mildly nylon wool adherent, anti-Thy 1 serum, and hydrocortisone succinate-sensitive suppressor cells could be detected. Soluble supernatant products of TBH spleen and thymus cells were also found to inhibit in vitro mitogen responses, whereas TBH macrophages and lymph node cells demonstrated no soluble suppressive activity. The major source of soluble inhibitor of DNA synthesis (IDS) seems to be an anti-Thy 1 serum, hydrocortisone-sensitive population.", "PMID": 305939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_526", "title": "Imbalances in T cell subpopulations in multiple sclerosis patients.", "content": "Abnormal proportions of a distinct T cell subpopulation able to bind IgG immune complexes (T.G cells) were found in peripheral blood samples from patients with MS. About 50% of the patients examined had an overabundance of T.G cells. The possible role of these cells in the pathogenesis of MS is considered.", "contents": "Imbalances in T cell subpopulations in multiple sclerosis patients. Abnormal proportions of a distinct T cell subpopulation able to bind IgG immune complexes (T.G cells) were found in peripheral blood samples from patients with MS. About 50% of the patients examined had an overabundance of T.G cells. The possible role of these cells in the pathogenesis of MS is considered.", "PMID": 305941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_527", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a rabbit T lymphocyte-specific antigen.", "content": "Rabbit T lymphocytes may be differentiated from B lymphocytes by the presence of a T lymphocyte-specific surface antigen. This unique antigen has been extracted from the plasma membrane of rabbit thymocytes by 3 M KCl. The presence of the antigen in the membrane extract was demonstrated by inhibition of cytotoxicity with goat anti-rabbit T cell serum (ATS). The crude membrane extract was fractionated by gel electrophoresis and the fractions containing the T cell antigen identified by inhibition of cytotoxic ATS and by passive hemagglutination. The purified T cell antigen was found to have a m.w. of approximately 12,000 and contained approximately 2.5% carbohydrate. Evidence was also obtained to suggest that the rabbit T cell antigen exists in multiple forms, each having the same m.w. but exhibiting different electrophoretic characteristics.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a rabbit T lymphocyte-specific antigen. Rabbit T lymphocytes may be differentiated from B lymphocytes by the presence of a T lymphocyte-specific surface antigen. This unique antigen has been extracted from the plasma membrane of rabbit thymocytes by 3 M KCl. The presence of the antigen in the membrane extract was demonstrated by inhibition of cytotoxicity with goat anti-rabbit T cell serum (ATS). The crude membrane extract was fractionated by gel electrophoresis and the fractions containing the T cell antigen identified by inhibition of cytotoxic ATS and by passive hemagglutination. The purified T cell antigen was found to have a m.w. of approximately 12,000 and contained approximately 2.5% carbohydrate. Evidence was also obtained to suggest that the rabbit T cell antigen exists in multiple forms, each having the same m.w. but exhibiting different electrophoretic characteristics.", "PMID": 305942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_528", "title": "Clq binding activity in lupus erythematosus: correlation with the \"lupus band test\".", "content": "A 131I C1q binding assay was employed to estimate C1q binding activity (C1q BA), presumably due to the presence of circulating immune complexes, in lupus erythematosus sera. Thirteen of 16 sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had elevated C1q BA. Only 1 of 17 sera from patients with generalized discoid LE (GDLE) and none of 5 localized DLE patient's sera had elevated C1q BA. A correlation between a positive LE band test and the level of C1q BA was apparent. A positive LE band test tended to occur in patients with higher levels of C1q BA, whereas a negative LE band test tended to occur in patients with low levels of C1q BA.", "contents": "Clq binding activity in lupus erythematosus: correlation with the \"lupus band test\". A 131I C1q binding assay was employed to estimate C1q binding activity (C1q BA), presumably due to the presence of circulating immune complexes, in lupus erythematosus sera. Thirteen of 16 sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had elevated C1q BA. Only 1 of 17 sera from patients with generalized discoid LE (GDLE) and none of 5 localized DLE patient's sera had elevated C1q BA. A correlation between a positive LE band test and the level of C1q BA was apparent. A positive LE band test tended to occur in patients with higher levels of C1q BA, whereas a negative LE band test tended to occur in patients with low levels of C1q BA.", "PMID": 305943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_529", "title": "Antibodies to nuclear antigens in patients with renal failure.", "content": "Nuclear material, presumably from damaged leukocytes, adheres to hemodialysis membranes. Previous studies have shown an increased prevalence of antibodies to nuclear antigens in chronic dialysis patients. Present studies verify the increased prevalence of antibodies to nuclear antigens in 52 of 243 chronic dialysis patients (21.4%). Because antibodies are present only intermittently, prevalence increases with repetitive blood sampling. In patients tested every 3 months over several years on chronic dialysis, the prevalence of antinuclear antibodies approaches 100%. The present studies also demonstrate, however, that the prevalence of antibodies is increased in patients with renal failure who have never undergone hemodialysis (10 of 86, 11.6%). Thus the tendency to form antibodies to nuclear antigens may be associated with renal failure rather than dialysis per se. Higher prevalences with increased time on dialysis and transplantation failure may accordingly reflect the greater duration of renal failure. The prevalence of antibodies to nuclear antigens was not significantly influenced by age, sex, type of kidney disease, major blood group, HLA tissue type, or coil reuse. Significantly lower hematocrits and white blood counts were noted when antibodies were present.", "contents": "Antibodies to nuclear antigens in patients with renal failure. Nuclear material, presumably from damaged leukocytes, adheres to hemodialysis membranes. Previous studies have shown an increased prevalence of antibodies to nuclear antigens in chronic dialysis patients. Present studies verify the increased prevalence of antibodies to nuclear antigens in 52 of 243 chronic dialysis patients (21.4%). Because antibodies are present only intermittently, prevalence increases with repetitive blood sampling. In patients tested every 3 months over several years on chronic dialysis, the prevalence of antinuclear antibodies approaches 100%. The present studies also demonstrate, however, that the prevalence of antibodies is increased in patients with renal failure who have never undergone hemodialysis (10 of 86, 11.6%). Thus the tendency to form antibodies to nuclear antigens may be associated with renal failure rather than dialysis per se. Higher prevalences with increased time on dialysis and transplantation failure may accordingly reflect the greater duration of renal failure. The prevalence of antibodies to nuclear antigens was not significantly influenced by age, sex, type of kidney disease, major blood group, HLA tissue type, or coil reuse. Significantly lower hematocrits and white blood counts were noted when antibodies were present.", "PMID": 305944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_530", "title": "Distribution of alpha 1-antitrypsin in normal, granuloma, and tumor tissues in rats.", "content": "Purified rat alpha 1-antitrypsin and albumin were radiolabeled, and their distribution and catabolism in various tissues were studied in rats with inflammatory granuloma or transplanted sarcoma. Intravenously administered labeled alpha 1-antitrypsin accumulated remarkably in extravascular spaces of the granuloma or sarcoma tissues. Among the normal organs examined, the lung preferentially incorporated alpha 1-antitrypsin. Furthermore, most of the alpha 1-antitrypsin accumulated in these three tissues remained in a TCA-precipitable form throughout the observation period. Since alpha 1-antitrypsin is incorporated in large amounts into inflammatory or tumor tissues, it could play a role in regulation of inflammatory processes or in controlling the proliferation of a tumor. The studies on TCA fractionation also suggest that liver and kidney provide the main sites for degradation of this protein. Although the accumulation of labeled albumin in granuloma and sarcoma was less marked, it showed essentially the same distribution and degradation pattern as alpha 1-antitrypsin in both morbid states.", "contents": "Distribution of alpha 1-antitrypsin in normal, granuloma, and tumor tissues in rats. Purified rat alpha 1-antitrypsin and albumin were radiolabeled, and their distribution and catabolism in various tissues were studied in rats with inflammatory granuloma or transplanted sarcoma. Intravenously administered labeled alpha 1-antitrypsin accumulated remarkably in extravascular spaces of the granuloma or sarcoma tissues. Among the normal organs examined, the lung preferentially incorporated alpha 1-antitrypsin. Furthermore, most of the alpha 1-antitrypsin accumulated in these three tissues remained in a TCA-precipitable form throughout the observation period. Since alpha 1-antitrypsin is incorporated in large amounts into inflammatory or tumor tissues, it could play a role in regulation of inflammatory processes or in controlling the proliferation of a tumor. The studies on TCA fractionation also suggest that liver and kidney provide the main sites for degradation of this protein. Although the accumulation of labeled albumin in granuloma and sarcoma was less marked, it showed essentially the same distribution and degradation pattern as alpha 1-antitrypsin in both morbid states.", "PMID": 305945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_531", "title": "Serum colony-stimulating and colony-inhibitory activity in response to neutropenia.", "content": "Since sera from most species contain both colony-stimulating and column-inhibitory factors, the net CSA results from a balance between these opposing substances. Studies were performed to determine whether the increased CSA noted during neutropenia or endotoxemia is due to an increase in CSF or to a decline in serum inhibitors. Rats were treated with cyclophosphamide, total body irradiation, or endotoxin and bled during the peak CSA response. By separation studies using Sephadex G150, it was shown that serum levels of high-molecular-weight inhibitors were unchanged from control values. Minimal CSA was detected in normal serum fractions; increased activity was found in fractions from neutropenic animals. During a postcyclophosphamide rebound neutrophilia, serum CSA was undetectable; inhibitor levels were similar to those measured in untreated controls. These observations show that the increased serum CSA seen with neutropenia is due to a true increase in CSF and not to a decline in circulating inhibitors.", "contents": "Serum colony-stimulating and colony-inhibitory activity in response to neutropenia. Since sera from most species contain both colony-stimulating and column-inhibitory factors, the net CSA results from a balance between these opposing substances. Studies were performed to determine whether the increased CSA noted during neutropenia or endotoxemia is due to an increase in CSF or to a decline in serum inhibitors. Rats were treated with cyclophosphamide, total body irradiation, or endotoxin and bled during the peak CSA response. By separation studies using Sephadex G150, it was shown that serum levels of high-molecular-weight inhibitors were unchanged from control values. Minimal CSA was detected in normal serum fractions; increased activity was found in fractions from neutropenic animals. During a postcyclophosphamide rebound neutrophilia, serum CSA was undetectable; inhibitor levels were similar to those measured in untreated controls. These observations show that the increased serum CSA seen with neutropenia is due to a true increase in CSF and not to a decline in circulating inhibitors.", "PMID": 305946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_532", "title": "Intracranial lipoma. Report of a case and differentiation from other tumours of the cerebellopontine angle.", "content": "Teratomata of the cerebellopontine angle are rare. A case of a lipoma of this localization occurring in a 50-year-old man with an interesting case history is reported. The differential diagnosis of tumours of the internal auditory meatus and the surrounding structures is discussed. In cases with an uncharacteristic clinical history suggesting involment of the VIIIth cranial nerve, it is important to focus attention on the existence of rare lesions of the internal acoustic porus. The diagnosis can only be established with operation and biopsy.", "contents": "Intracranial lipoma. Report of a case and differentiation from other tumours of the cerebellopontine angle. Teratomata of the cerebellopontine angle are rare. A case of a lipoma of this localization occurring in a 50-year-old man with an interesting case history is reported. The differential diagnosis of tumours of the internal auditory meatus and the surrounding structures is discussed. In cases with an uncharacteristic clinical history suggesting involment of the VIIIth cranial nerve, it is important to focus attention on the existence of rare lesions of the internal acoustic porus. The diagnosis can only be established with operation and biopsy.", "PMID": 305947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_533", "title": "Estradiol-17 beta interference with meiotic maturation in Rana pipiens ovarian follicles: evidence for inhibition of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "content": "Increasing doses of estradiol-17 beta added to in vitro incubations inhibited pregnenolone-induced germinal vesicle breakdown in Rana pipiens ovarian follicles. The inhibition was reversed with increasing concentrations or pregnenolone added to the medium. Because no evidence of estradiol-17 beta inhibition or interaction with progesterone-induced GVBD was observed, the effect of estradiol-17 beta on the conversion of 3H-pregnenolone to 3H-progesterone was investigated. Estradiol-17 beta in doses as low as 10(-7) M significantly inhibited the conversion of 3H-pregnenolone to 3H-progesterone in follicles incubated in vitro. It is suggested that estradiol-17 beta is a feedback inhibitor of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase, the enzyme complex that converts pregnenolone to progesterone, a necessary step in the initiation of GVBD.", "contents": "Estradiol-17 beta interference with meiotic maturation in Rana pipiens ovarian follicles: evidence for inhibition of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Increasing doses of estradiol-17 beta added to in vitro incubations inhibited pregnenolone-induced germinal vesicle breakdown in Rana pipiens ovarian follicles. The inhibition was reversed with increasing concentrations or pregnenolone added to the medium. Because no evidence of estradiol-17 beta inhibition or interaction with progesterone-induced GVBD was observed, the effect of estradiol-17 beta on the conversion of 3H-pregnenolone to 3H-progesterone was investigated. Estradiol-17 beta in doses as low as 10(-7) M significantly inhibited the conversion of 3H-pregnenolone to 3H-progesterone in follicles incubated in vitro. It is suggested that estradiol-17 beta is a feedback inhibitor of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase, the enzyme complex that converts pregnenolone to progesterone, a necessary step in the initiation of GVBD.", "PMID": 305948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_534", "title": "The proteins of hepatitis B Dane particle cores.", "content": "Although several studies have been done to analyze the peptides of purified 22-nm HbsAg particles, no information has been published about the peptides of the core of the Dane particle which bears the other hepatitis B viral antigen. HbcAg. Dane particles and Dane particle cores (produced by NP-40 treatment of Dane particles) were purified by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl density gradients. Two populations of Dane particles were observed at densities 1.27 and 1.24 g/ml, respectively. The higher buoyant density Dane particles yielded exclusively cores of buoyant density 1.38 g/ml in CsCl, and the lower buoyant density Dane particles yielded two kinds of cores with buoyant densities of 1.38 and 1.325 g/ml, respectively. Only the higher density Dane particles and cores manifested endogenously primed DNA polymerase activity. The peptides of density 1.38 g/ml Dane particle cores purified by equilibrium CsCl density gradient centrifugation and HBcAg particles from HBV infected chimpanzee liver purified in the same way were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both kinds of particles were found to consistently contain 3 Coomassie blue staining peptides with approximate molecular weights of 19,000, 70,000 and 80,000 daltons (designated P-19, P-70 and P-80 respectively). In addition, the HBcAg particles from infected liver regularly yielded a protein component with molecular weight greater than 200,000 daltons. This component was occasionally present in electrophoresis runs of core peptides from only one of two patients. Its irregular appearance after gel electrophoresis suggests it may have been an aggregate not completely dissociated under the conditions used. The lower density core component consistently contained P-19, P-70, and P-80, and infrequently additional minor peptides of uncertain origin. The irregular occurrence of the minor peptides in varying amounts suggests they were not intrinsic core proteins.", "contents": "The proteins of hepatitis B Dane particle cores. Although several studies have been done to analyze the peptides of purified 22-nm HbsAg particles, no information has been published about the peptides of the core of the Dane particle which bears the other hepatitis B viral antigen. HbcAg. Dane particles and Dane particle cores (produced by NP-40 treatment of Dane particles) were purified by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl density gradients. Two populations of Dane particles were observed at densities 1.27 and 1.24 g/ml, respectively. The higher buoyant density Dane particles yielded exclusively cores of buoyant density 1.38 g/ml in CsCl, and the lower buoyant density Dane particles yielded two kinds of cores with buoyant densities of 1.38 and 1.325 g/ml, respectively. Only the higher density Dane particles and cores manifested endogenously primed DNA polymerase activity. The peptides of density 1.38 g/ml Dane particle cores purified by equilibrium CsCl density gradient centrifugation and HBcAg particles from HBV infected chimpanzee liver purified in the same way were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both kinds of particles were found to consistently contain 3 Coomassie blue staining peptides with approximate molecular weights of 19,000, 70,000 and 80,000 daltons (designated P-19, P-70 and P-80 respectively). In addition, the HBcAg particles from infected liver regularly yielded a protein component with molecular weight greater than 200,000 daltons. This component was occasionally present in electrophoresis runs of core peptides from only one of two patients. Its irregular appearance after gel electrophoresis suggests it may have been an aggregate not completely dissociated under the conditions used. The lower density core component consistently contained P-19, P-70, and P-80, and infrequently additional minor peptides of uncertain origin. The irregular occurrence of the minor peptides in varying amounts suggests they were not intrinsic core proteins.", "PMID": 305949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_535", "title": "Cerebellar stimulation in man. Quantitative changes in spasticity.", "content": "The effects of chronic anterior lobe cerebellar stimulation on patients with cerebral palsy have been investigated using a new method of quanitfying muscle rigidity and stretch reflexes. The ankle is oscillated sinusoidally, compliance is measured at several frequencies, and electromyographic activity of the extensor and flexor muscles is recorded. In some patients stimulation can reduce rigidity and coactivation of muscles immediately or slowly over days or months. In others no change is found.", "contents": "Cerebellar stimulation in man. Quantitative changes in spasticity. The effects of chronic anterior lobe cerebellar stimulation on patients with cerebral palsy have been investigated using a new method of quanitfying muscle rigidity and stretch reflexes. The ankle is oscillated sinusoidally, compliance is measured at several frequencies, and electromyographic activity of the extensor and flexor muscles is recorded. In some patients stimulation can reduce rigidity and coactivation of muscles immediately or slowly over days or months. In others no change is found.", "PMID": 305950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_536", "title": "Holoprosencephaly in neurosurgical practice.", "content": "The clinical, angiographic, and pneumoencephalographic features of seven cases with holoprosencephaly are reported. Three of the alobar type in this series revealed  the facial dysmorphia characteristic of the anomaly. In the other four cases (one alobar, one semilobar, and two lobar), such facial anomaly was absent, and the diagnosis was achieved only after contrast studies. An azygous anterior cerebral artery running over the cerebral surface due to a defective interhemispheric fissure is pathognomonic for alobar and semilobar holoprosencephaly. Dysgenesis of the deep venous system was found in alobar, semilobar, and lobar holoprosencephaly, a finding helpful in diagnosis, especially of the lobar type. Air study and computerized tomography scan revealed incomplete separation of the ventricular system. The basic nature of holoprosencephalization and its differentiation from non-holoprosencephalic malformation are discussed. Six of the seven patients reported had hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Holoprosencephaly in neurosurgical practice. The clinical, angiographic, and pneumoencephalographic features of seven cases with holoprosencephaly are reported. Three of the alobar type in this series revealed  the facial dysmorphia characteristic of the anomaly. In the other four cases (one alobar, one semilobar, and two lobar), such facial anomaly was absent, and the diagnosis was achieved only after contrast studies. An azygous anterior cerebral artery running over the cerebral surface due to a defective interhemispheric fissure is pathognomonic for alobar and semilobar holoprosencephaly. Dysgenesis of the deep venous system was found in alobar, semilobar, and lobar holoprosencephaly, a finding helpful in diagnosis, especially of the lobar type. Air study and computerized tomography scan revealed incomplete separation of the ventricular system. The basic nature of holoprosencephalization and its differentiation from non-holoprosencephalic malformation are discussed. Six of the seven patients reported had hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 305951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_537", "title": "Diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in cystic fibrosis by the synthetic peptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid.", "content": "The synthetic peptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid is specifically cleaved by chymotrypsin to Bz-Ty and PABA. The liberated PABA is absorbed and excreted in the urine. Accordingly, PABA recovery reflects intraluminal chymotrypsin activity and is an index of exocrine pancreatic function. This test was evaluated in 24 patients with cystic fibrosis to determine its role in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Cumulative percent PABA recovery in six hours was significantly lower in CF patients compared with the control group. No overlap was noted between the two groups. There was good correlation between PABA recovery, fecal chymotrypsin activity, and coefficient of fat absorption. These findings indicate that PABA recovery is significantly reduced in patients with CF and steatorrhea and may prove a practical and reliable test of pancreatic insufficiency.", "contents": "Diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in cystic fibrosis by the synthetic peptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid. The synthetic peptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid is specifically cleaved by chymotrypsin to Bz-Ty and PABA. The liberated PABA is absorbed and excreted in the urine. Accordingly, PABA recovery reflects intraluminal chymotrypsin activity and is an index of exocrine pancreatic function. This test was evaluated in 24 patients with cystic fibrosis to determine its role in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Cumulative percent PABA recovery in six hours was significantly lower in CF patients compared with the control group. No overlap was noted between the two groups. There was good correlation between PABA recovery, fecal chymotrypsin activity, and coefficient of fat absorption. These findings indicate that PABA recovery is significantly reduced in patients with CF and steatorrhea and may prove a practical and reliable test of pancreatic insufficiency.", "PMID": 305953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_538", "title": "Pharmacological studies on N-demethylated carbachol.", "content": "In attempts to find a drug more active than pilocarpine, the tertiary nitrogen derivative of carbachol, N-demethylated carbachol, was synthetized and tested on several autonomic nervous system preparations. N-Demethylated carbachol was active at muscarinic and nicotinic sites in vivo and in vitro. In superfusion studies, N-demethylated carbachol contracted the smooth muscle of the guinea pig ileum as well as skeletal muscles of frog recus abdominis and chick biventer cervicis. N-Demethylated carbachol decreased blood pressure in the rat, with an ED50 (\"/- SEM) of 4.82 +/- 0.78 mg/kg. After close arterial injection to the cat superior cervical ganglion, N-demethylated carbachol elicited contractions of the nictitating membrane (ED50 of 1.68 +/- 0.24 mg/kg) that were not significantly affected by atropine. N-D-methylated carbachol stimulated salivation in dog Wharton duct preparations with an ED50 of 2.55 +/- 0.81 mg/kg. In contrast, pilocarpine had no effects on skeletal muscles in vitro, produced ganglionic effects blocked by atropine, had a prominent effect on salivation, and tended to elevate blood pressure.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on N-demethylated carbachol. In attempts to find a drug more active than pilocarpine, the tertiary nitrogen derivative of carbachol, N-demethylated carbachol, was synthetized and tested on several autonomic nervous system preparations. N-Demethylated carbachol was active at muscarinic and nicotinic sites in vivo and in vitro. In superfusion studies, N-demethylated carbachol contracted the smooth muscle of the guinea pig ileum as well as skeletal muscles of frog recus abdominis and chick biventer cervicis. N-Demethylated carbachol decreased blood pressure in the rat, with an ED50 (\"/- SEM) of 4.82 +/- 0.78 mg/kg. After close arterial injection to the cat superior cervical ganglion, N-demethylated carbachol elicited contractions of the nictitating membrane (ED50 of 1.68 +/- 0.24 mg/kg) that were not significantly affected by atropine. N-D-methylated carbachol stimulated salivation in dog Wharton duct preparations with an ED50 of 2.55 +/- 0.81 mg/kg. In contrast, pilocarpine had no effects on skeletal muscles in vitro, produced ganglionic effects blocked by atropine, had a prominent effect on salivation, and tended to elevate blood pressure.", "PMID": 305956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_539", "title": "[Massive digestive hemorrhage caused by arterial malformation of the jejunum. Diagnostic value of emergency arteriography].", "content": "A case of massive digestive bleeding due to an arterial abnormality of the jejunal wall is reported. Its interest is twofold: a) After a complete endoscopic and operative examination of the GI tract proved negative, an emergency superior mesenteric angiography was the only investigation which allowed to recognize the site and mechanism of the bleeding; b) from a nosologic point of view, the clinico-pathological picture was entirely similar to that of \"Dieulafoy's erosion\", a syndrome which has been only described, up to now, in the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "[Massive digestive hemorrhage caused by arterial malformation of the jejunum. Diagnostic value of emergency arteriography]. A case of massive digestive bleeding due to an arterial abnormality of the jejunal wall is reported. Its interest is twofold: a) After a complete endoscopic and operative examination of the GI tract proved negative, an emergency superior mesenteric angiography was the only investigation which allowed to recognize the site and mechanism of the bleeding; b) from a nosologic point of view, the clinico-pathological picture was entirely similar to that of \"Dieulafoy's erosion\", a syndrome which has been only described, up to now, in the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 305958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_540", "title": "Modification of oestrogen-induced uterine hyperaemia by drugs in the ovariectomized rat.", "content": "Uterine blood flow in ovariectomized rats was measured by means of radioactive microspheres. Blood flow was increased from 55 ml min-1 100 g-1 by treatment (i.v.) with 0.5 microgram oestradiol kg-1 and reached 680 ml min-1 100 g-1 within 60 min. This oestrogen-induced increase of blood flow was reduced significantly by pretreatment with mepyramine (a histamine H1-receptor antagonist), cellulose sulphate (a kininogen-depleting agent) and aprotinin (a kininogenase inhibitor). Cimetidine (a histamine H2-receptor antagonist), kallikrein (kininogenase enzyme) and atropine (an anticholinergic drug) had no effect on the increased uterine blood flow. Indomethacin and AH 7170, which inhibit the formation of prostaglandins, also caused a lower increase in uterine blood flow. None of the pretreatments fully inhibited the oestrogen-induced increase in blood flow, suggesting that more than one mediator may be involved.", "contents": "Modification of oestrogen-induced uterine hyperaemia by drugs in the ovariectomized rat. Uterine blood flow in ovariectomized rats was measured by means of radioactive microspheres. Blood flow was increased from 55 ml min-1 100 g-1 by treatment (i.v.) with 0.5 microgram oestradiol kg-1 and reached 680 ml min-1 100 g-1 within 60 min. This oestrogen-induced increase of blood flow was reduced significantly by pretreatment with mepyramine (a histamine H1-receptor antagonist), cellulose sulphate (a kininogen-depleting agent) and aprotinin (a kininogenase inhibitor). Cimetidine (a histamine H2-receptor antagonist), kallikrein (kininogenase enzyme) and atropine (an anticholinergic drug) had no effect on the increased uterine blood flow. Indomethacin and AH 7170, which inhibit the formation of prostaglandins, also caused a lower increase in uterine blood flow. None of the pretreatments fully inhibited the oestrogen-induced increase in blood flow, suggesting that more than one mediator may be involved.", "PMID": 305959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_541", "title": "Suppression of C3 rosette formation by serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A corollary of disease activity.", "content": "Many sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) inhibit C3 rosette formation of normal human lymphocytes. Fractionation of SLE sera by Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography showed that the inhibition was present in low molecular weight serum fractions. A correlation was noted between inhibition of C3 rosette formation and disease activity. Inhibition of C3 rosette formation may be helpful and simple way to monitor clinical activity and complement activation in patients with SLE.", "contents": "Suppression of C3 rosette formation by serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A corollary of disease activity. Many sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) inhibit C3 rosette formation of normal human lymphocytes. Fractionation of SLE sera by Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography showed that the inhibition was present in low molecular weight serum fractions. A correlation was noted between inhibition of C3 rosette formation and disease activity. Inhibition of C3 rosette formation may be helpful and simple way to monitor clinical activity and complement activation in patients with SLE.", "PMID": 305960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_542", "title": "Education in rheumatology for the primary care physician.", "content": "An international workshop considered rheumatological education of the primary care physician. All medical students need exposure to rheumatology. Emphasis should be on the musculoskeletal component and on the better defined diseases. During the postdoctoral years, principles of total health care need to be taught by well trained rheumatologists in tertiary care rheumatic disease units with comprehensive ambulatory care facilities. Continuing education of the generalist needs to be relevant to his professional competence. He needs to acquire and update the knowledge to manage common rheumatic diseases and to learn when to ask for help. General educational objectives are applicable to the field of rheumatology: cognitive skills bring knowledge of the scientific basis and clinical facts; motor skills--the ability to examine competently patients with rheumatic diseases; affective skills--the understanding of and capacity to deal with chronic illness.", "contents": "Education in rheumatology for the primary care physician. An international workshop considered rheumatological education of the primary care physician. All medical students need exposure to rheumatology. Emphasis should be on the musculoskeletal component and on the better defined diseases. During the postdoctoral years, principles of total health care need to be taught by well trained rheumatologists in tertiary care rheumatic disease units with comprehensive ambulatory care facilities. Continuing education of the generalist needs to be relevant to his professional competence. He needs to acquire and update the knowledge to manage common rheumatic diseases and to learn when to ask for help. General educational objectives are applicable to the field of rheumatology: cognitive skills bring knowledge of the scientific basis and clinical facts; motor skills--the ability to examine competently patients with rheumatic diseases; affective skills--the understanding of and capacity to deal with chronic illness.", "PMID": 305961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_543", "title": "Suboccipital surgical approach to the cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal.", "content": "The suboccipital craniectomy done with the patient in the prone position using modern microsurgical methods gives good anatomical exposure essential for efficient, accurate, total removal of cerebellopontine angle neoplasms and allows adjacent, uninvolved neurological structures to be spared. Modifying the anatomical exposure by varying the size and shape of the osseous craniectomy and placing the dural incision closer to the porus acousticus permits extradural retraction of the cerebellum. Thus large cerebellopontine angle neoplasms can be excised with less chance of damage to the cerebellum and smaller risk of hydrocephalus. The suboccipital craniectomy may be extended anteriorly to the facial nerve, thereby combining the suboccipital with the translabyrinthine approach, and providing a more direct angle to a large neoplasm involving the brain stem and cerebellum.", "contents": "Suboccipital surgical approach to the cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal. The suboccipital craniectomy done with the patient in the prone position using modern microsurgical methods gives good anatomical exposure essential for efficient, accurate, total removal of cerebellopontine angle neoplasms and allows adjacent, uninvolved neurological structures to be spared. Modifying the anatomical exposure by varying the size and shape of the osseous craniectomy and placing the dural incision closer to the porus acousticus permits extradural retraction of the cerebellum. Thus large cerebellopontine angle neoplasms can be excised with less chance of damage to the cerebellum and smaller risk of hydrocephalus. The suboccipital craniectomy may be extended anteriorly to the facial nerve, thereby combining the suboccipital with the translabyrinthine approach, and providing a more direct angle to a large neoplasm involving the brain stem and cerebellum.", "PMID": 305963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_544", "title": "Linkage relations of a locus for congenital total nuclear cataract.", "content": "A family with an autosomal dominant form of congenital cataract, total nuclear cataract, was examined for genetic linkage between the cataract locus and 30 marker loci. Close linkage was excluded for all of the 21 informative loci. There was no significant evidence for linkage of the cataract locus with any of the marker loci.", "contents": "Linkage relations of a locus for congenital total nuclear cataract. A family with an autosomal dominant form of congenital cataract, total nuclear cataract, was examined for genetic linkage between the cataract locus and 30 marker loci. Close linkage was excluded for all of the 21 informative loci. There was no significant evidence for linkage of the cataract locus with any of the marker loci.", "PMID": 305964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_545", "title": "Effect of BCG on alloimmune cell-mediated cytotoxicity in (C57BL/6Jfemale x A/Jmale)F1 mice. I. Effect of different BCG treatments on cytotoxicity mediated by T-cells and macrophages.", "content": "The effect of BCG on the development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in the spleens of allogeneic tumor-bearing female (C57BL/6Jfemale x A/Jmale)F1 mice was studied. BCG-treated tumor-bearing animals elicited a stronger CMC response than did the untreated tumor-bearing animals. Furthermore, the degree of activation was dependent on the time, route of injection, and dose of BCG. Therefore, if the BCG was administered at suboptimal conditions, a less marked stimulation of the CMC resulted. A combination of a high BCG dose given iv 12 days before implant of P815 tumor cells and a low, second dose given at the time of implant produced the most marked activation of the CMC response. By the use of in vitro technique, the specific CMC was mediated mostly by T-cells, with macrophages making a less significant contribution.", "contents": "Effect of BCG on alloimmune cell-mediated cytotoxicity in (C57BL/6Jfemale x A/Jmale)F1 mice. I. Effect of different BCG treatments on cytotoxicity mediated by T-cells and macrophages. The effect of BCG on the development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in the spleens of allogeneic tumor-bearing female (C57BL/6Jfemale x A/Jmale)F1 mice was studied. BCG-treated tumor-bearing animals elicited a stronger CMC response than did the untreated tumor-bearing animals. Furthermore, the degree of activation was dependent on the time, route of injection, and dose of BCG. Therefore, if the BCG was administered at suboptimal conditions, a less marked stimulation of the CMC resulted. A combination of a high BCG dose given iv 12 days before implant of P815 tumor cells and a low, second dose given at the time of implant produced the most marked activation of the CMC response. By the use of in vitro technique, the specific CMC was mediated mostly by T-cells, with macrophages making a less significant contribution.", "PMID": 305965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_546", "title": "Effect of BCG on alloimmune cell-mediated cytotoxicity in (C57BL/6Jfemale x A/Jmale)F1 mice. II. Correlation with BCG activity in syngeneic tumor systems.", "content": "The effectiveness of selected BCG regimens to produce an activation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in an allogeneic tumor system was compared with its ability to cause tumor regression in syngeneic tumor systems. In the tumor system selected in both inbred LEW rats and inbred C57BL/6J and (C57BL/6Jfemale x A/Jmale)F1 mice, a correlation was observed in that BCG treatments that caused marked CMC activation in the allogeneic tumor systems also effectively caused tumor regression and increased animal survival in syngeneic systems. It was concluded that the allogeneic CMC reaction can be used to predict the capacity of BCG to cause tumor rejection.", "contents": "Effect of BCG on alloimmune cell-mediated cytotoxicity in (C57BL/6Jfemale x A/Jmale)F1 mice. II. Correlation with BCG activity in syngeneic tumor systems. The effectiveness of selected BCG regimens to produce an activation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in an allogeneic tumor system was compared with its ability to cause tumor regression in syngeneic tumor systems. In the tumor system selected in both inbred LEW rats and inbred C57BL/6J and (C57BL/6Jfemale x A/Jmale)F1 mice, a correlation was observed in that BCG treatments that caused marked CMC activation in the allogeneic tumor systems also effectively caused tumor regression and increased animal survival in syngeneic systems. It was concluded that the allogeneic CMC reaction can be used to predict the capacity of BCG to cause tumor rejection.", "PMID": 305966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_547", "title": "Expression of human T-lymphocyte antigens by natural killer cells.", "content": "Rabbit antisera against human T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte antigens (anti-HTLA and anti-HBLA, respectively) were used to characterize natural killer (NK) cells mediating spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity for myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 as measured in a 51Cr-release assay. NK activity of lymphocyte suspensions was abrogated by incubation of the suspensions in anti-HTLA plus complement but not by incubation in anti-HBLA plus complement. The effect of anti-HTLA was due to removal of NK cells rather than antigen-antibody complex inhibition of NK cells inasmuch as lytic complement was necessary. The results indicated that NK cells were HTLA+-HBLA- and thus supported the concept that NK cells are T-cells.", "contents": "Expression of human T-lymphocyte antigens by natural killer cells. Rabbit antisera against human T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte antigens (anti-HTLA and anti-HBLA, respectively) were used to characterize natural killer (NK) cells mediating spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity for myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 as measured in a 51Cr-release assay. NK activity of lymphocyte suspensions was abrogated by incubation of the suspensions in anti-HTLA plus complement but not by incubation in anti-HBLA plus complement. The effect of anti-HTLA was due to removal of NK cells rather than antigen-antibody complex inhibition of NK cells inasmuch as lytic complement was necessary. The results indicated that NK cells were HTLA+-HBLA- and thus supported the concept that NK cells are T-cells.", "PMID": 305967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_548", "title": "Aortic rupture into the esophagus during angiography.", "content": "A 67-year-old woman was examined and found to have symptoms and chest roentgenogram suggesting acute aortic dissection. During emergency angiography, massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding developed, and the woman died. The angiogram showed a raised intimal flap of acute dissecting aneurysm. Postmortem examination showed extensive cystic medial necrosis, aortic dilation, and an unusual combination of anatomic abnormalities, which explained the previously unreported false-positive intimal flap. The site of aortic rupture was not localized, but a large tear was found in the esophagus.", "contents": "Aortic rupture into the esophagus during angiography. A 67-year-old woman was examined and found to have symptoms and chest roentgenogram suggesting acute aortic dissection. During emergency angiography, massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding developed, and the woman died. The angiogram showed a raised intimal flap of acute dissecting aneurysm. Postmortem examination showed extensive cystic medial necrosis, aortic dilation, and an unusual combination of anatomic abnormalities, which explained the previously unreported false-positive intimal flap. The site of aortic rupture was not localized, but a large tear was found in the esophagus.", "PMID": 305968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_549", "title": "[Local prophylactic measures to prevent postoperative infection after cataract operations (author's transl)].", "content": "The Allen procedure to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis has been applied in cataract operations since 1973. Postoperative endophthalmitis has been observed through the years 1965--1973 in 0.49% of registered cases, while the infection rate has now been lowered to 0.067%.", "contents": "[Local prophylactic measures to prevent postoperative infection after cataract operations (author's transl)]. The Allen procedure to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis has been applied in cataract operations since 1973. Postoperative endophthalmitis has been observed through the years 1965--1973 in 0.49% of registered cases, while the infection rate has now been lowered to 0.067%.", "PMID": 305974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_550", "title": "Lens structural disorders in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) supplied to the laboratory from wild populations.", "content": "Examination of lenses of 48 leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, from three commercial suppliers disclosed a high incidence of histologic aberrations. Only four of 17 lenses that appeared totally clear under the dissecting microscope were found to be free of discernible abnormalities on histologic examination. Deviations were most common in the area of elongation. Because of these findings, the applicability of frog lenses for cellular investigations was questioned.", "contents": "Lens structural disorders in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) supplied to the laboratory from wild populations. Examination of lenses of 48 leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, from three commercial suppliers disclosed a high incidence of histologic aberrations. Only four of 17 lenses that appeared totally clear under the dissecting microscope were found to be free of discernible abnormalities on histologic examination. Deviations were most common in the area of elongation. Because of these findings, the applicability of frog lenses for cellular investigations was questioned.", "PMID": 305977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_551", "title": "Effect of surgery on granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor.", "content": "Eighteen surgical patients were studied to determine the effect of anesthesia (general or spinal) and surgery on serum and urinary colony-stimulating factor(s) (CSF). CSF is a leukopoietin that stimulates proliferation of macrophages and granulocytes from bone marrow precursor cells. CSF was assayed by adding aliquots of serum or urine to semisolid agar cultures of bone marrow cells and scoring the number of colonies developing after 7 days of incubation. In all but 1 case, a 3- to 30-fold increase in the 24 hour excretion of urinary CSF was seen on the day of surgery and the first postoperative day. CSF urinary excretion began declining toward normal by the second postoperative day. A parallel increase in granulocyte count, a delayed rise in monocytes, and a decline in absolute lymphocyte counts were also observed. The data suggest that immediately postoperatively there may be a strong stimulus to granulocyte/macrophage proliferation. More rapidly proliferating cells would be anticipated to have increased vulnerability to toxicity from cell cycle-active chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Effect of surgery on granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Eighteen surgical patients were studied to determine the effect of anesthesia (general or spinal) and surgery on serum and urinary colony-stimulating factor(s) (CSF). CSF is a leukopoietin that stimulates proliferation of macrophages and granulocytes from bone marrow precursor cells. CSF was assayed by adding aliquots of serum or urine to semisolid agar cultures of bone marrow cells and scoring the number of colonies developing after 7 days of incubation. In all but 1 case, a 3- to 30-fold increase in the 24 hour excretion of urinary CSF was seen on the day of surgery and the first postoperative day. CSF urinary excretion began declining toward normal by the second postoperative day. A parallel increase in granulocyte count, a delayed rise in monocytes, and a decline in absolute lymphocyte counts were also observed. The data suggest that immediately postoperatively there may be a strong stimulus to granulocyte/macrophage proliferation. More rapidly proliferating cells would be anticipated to have increased vulnerability to toxicity from cell cycle-active chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 305979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_552", "title": "Concomitant coronary artery bypass and major noncardiac surgery.", "content": "Concomitant cardiac procedures performed in conjunction with coronary bypass have become commonplace, but not concomitant noncardiac procedures. Bernhard and associates were the first to report concomitant coronary bypass and carotid endarterectomy. This series, begun in 1971, consists of 71 noncardiac procedures performed concomitantly with coronary bypass on 68 patients. Thirty-seven procedures were performed for associated vascular disease, including carotid endarterectomy (25 patients) and resection of abdominal aortic aneurysm (three patients). Other concomitant problems included are thymoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, and hiatal hernia. The operative mortality rate of 2.9 percent compares very favorably with that of 1.7 percent in our group of patients having isolated coronary artery bypass. A plea is made for consideration of concomitant surgery in patients with operable coronary heart disease who have an additional serious noncardiac surgical disease.", "contents": "Concomitant coronary artery bypass and major noncardiac surgery. Concomitant cardiac procedures performed in conjunction with coronary bypass have become commonplace, but not concomitant noncardiac procedures. Bernhard and associates were the first to report concomitant coronary bypass and carotid endarterectomy. This series, begun in 1971, consists of 71 noncardiac procedures performed concomitantly with coronary bypass on 68 patients. Thirty-seven procedures were performed for associated vascular disease, including carotid endarterectomy (25 patients) and resection of abdominal aortic aneurysm (three patients). Other concomitant problems included are thymoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, and hiatal hernia. The operative mortality rate of 2.9 percent compares very favorably with that of 1.7 percent in our group of patients having isolated coronary artery bypass. A plea is made for consideration of concomitant surgery in patients with operable coronary heart disease who have an additional serious noncardiac surgical disease.", "PMID": 305981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_553", "title": "[Immunological reactivity and the prognosis for allergic complications in the crew of the 2d Saliut-4 expedition].", "content": "Immunological reactivity of P. I. Klimuk and V. I. Sevastyanov was studied before and after their 63-day flight aboard the orbital station Salyut-4. The study used the methods to assay reactivity of T- and B-lymphocytes (PHA-blast-transformation, nonspecific formation of rosettes with sheep red blood cells, immunofluorescence to identify cells carrying immunoglobulin receptors on their surface, serum level of immunoglobulins as a function of Becells). Sensitization of the human body to allergenes of representatives of normal automicroflora of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Proteus and E. coli was examined. Specific immunological reactivity which was marked on the 2nd day and tended to return to normal on the 7th day postflight as well as a significant decrease of IgA were noted. Postflight P. I. Klimuk showed sensitization to allergens of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Results of immunological examinations of the first and second expeditions aboard the orbital station Salyut-4 were compared.", "contents": "[Immunological reactivity and the prognosis for allergic complications in the crew of the 2d Saliut-4 expedition]. Immunological reactivity of P. I. Klimuk and V. I. Sevastyanov was studied before and after their 63-day flight aboard the orbital station Salyut-4. The study used the methods to assay reactivity of T- and B-lymphocytes (PHA-blast-transformation, nonspecific formation of rosettes with sheep red blood cells, immunofluorescence to identify cells carrying immunoglobulin receptors on their surface, serum level of immunoglobulins as a function of Becells). Sensitization of the human body to allergenes of representatives of normal automicroflora of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Proteus and E. coli was examined. Specific immunological reactivity which was marked on the 2nd day and tended to return to normal on the 7th day postflight as well as a significant decrease of IgA were noted. Postflight P. I. Klimuk showed sensitization to allergens of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Results of immunological examinations of the first and second expeditions aboard the orbital station Salyut-4 were compared.", "PMID": 305975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_554", "title": "[Human visual functions during mild vestibular exposures].", "content": "Human experiments have shown that after mild stimulation of semi-circular receptors, which induces no motion sickness symptoms, the time of recovery of the central vision acuity shortens and after stimulation of otolith receptors tends to increase. Thresholds of color discrimination as applied to the red, green and violet colours as well as the course of back adaptation after mild stimulation of otolith receptors remain unchanged. The time of appearance of the Purkinje phenomenon after stimulation of receptors of semi-circular canals often remains unaltered and sometimes increases. It is assumed that the visual fixation of objects occurring with the time deficiency as related to the object display is accompanied by a compensatory-adaptive increase in the resolution capacity of the visual system.", "contents": "[Human visual functions during mild vestibular exposures]. Human experiments have shown that after mild stimulation of semi-circular receptors, which induces no motion sickness symptoms, the time of recovery of the central vision acuity shortens and after stimulation of otolith receptors tends to increase. Thresholds of color discrimination as applied to the red, green and violet colours as well as the course of back adaptation after mild stimulation of otolith receptors remain unchanged. The time of appearance of the Purkinje phenomenon after stimulation of receptors of semi-circular canals often remains unaltered and sometimes increases. It is assumed that the visual fixation of objects occurring with the time deficiency as related to the object display is accompanied by a compensatory-adaptive increase in the resolution capacity of the visual system.", "PMID": 305976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_555", "title": "The internal mammary bypass graft: a superior second coronary artery.", "content": "In a study of the initial 1,004 consecutive patients who had direct coronary artery bypass at Ochsner Medical Institutions, computer methods of data processing were used to compare the clinical results between patients who had saphenous vein (SV) grafts and those who had internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts. The factors compared were the long-term mortality rates, nonfatal myocardial infarction rates, relief or persistence of angina, and the percentage of patients who acquired congestive heart failure. A simple comparison showed the patients with IMA grafts did better in all four categories; however, in a subsequent analysis in which maldistributed factors were removed, the rates of anginal relief and congestive heart failure were not significantly improved. The major benefit appears to be an increase in longevity among patients who had IMA bypasses.", "contents": "The internal mammary bypass graft: a superior second coronary artery. In a study of the initial 1,004 consecutive patients who had direct coronary artery bypass at Ochsner Medical Institutions, computer methods of data processing were used to compare the clinical results between patients who had saphenous vein (SV) grafts and those who had internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts. The factors compared were the long-term mortality rates, nonfatal myocardial infarction rates, relief or persistence of angina, and the percentage of patients who acquired congestive heart failure. A simple comparison showed the patients with IMA grafts did better in all four categories; however, in a subsequent analysis in which maldistributed factors were removed, the rates of anginal relief and congestive heart failure were not significantly improved. The major benefit appears to be an increase in longevity among patients who had IMA bypasses.", "PMID": 305982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_556", "title": "Coronary bypass with Gore-Tex graft.", "content": "The case is presented of a 68-year-old man who previously had undergone aorta-coronary bypass. During a 3 year interval the coronary disease progressed, so that a once insignification lesion necessitated reoperation. A Gore-Tex vascular graft was chosen as a substitute because of the lack of saphenous vein. Three months posoperatively the patient's recatheterization study showed patency of the Gore-Tex graft placed in the distal righ coronary artery, and there was a satisfactory clinical result. No anticoagulants have been given to the patient after the operation.", "contents": "Coronary bypass with Gore-Tex graft. The case is presented of a 68-year-old man who previously had undergone aorta-coronary bypass. During a 3 year interval the coronary disease progressed, so that a once insignification lesion necessitated reoperation. A Gore-Tex vascular graft was chosen as a substitute because of the lack of saphenous vein. Three months posoperatively the patient's recatheterization study showed patency of the Gore-Tex graft placed in the distal righ coronary artery, and there was a satisfactory clinical result. No anticoagulants have been given to the patient after the operation.", "PMID": 305983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_557", "title": "Twisting of an aorta-coronary bypass conduit: a complication of coronary surgery.", "content": "Twisting of an aorta-coronary bypass conduit was observed at necropsy in each of three patients. Three twists (540 degrees) just distal to the aortic anastomosis caused total obstruction of the bypass conduit to the left anterior descending coronary artery in one patient. A single twist (180 degrees) occurred in a bypass conduit in each of the othe two patients. Obviously, prevention of graft twisting is essential for successful bypass grafting.", "contents": "Twisting of an aorta-coronary bypass conduit: a complication of coronary surgery. Twisting of an aorta-coronary bypass conduit was observed at necropsy in each of three patients. Three twists (540 degrees) just distal to the aortic anastomosis caused total obstruction of the bypass conduit to the left anterior descending coronary artery in one patient. A single twist (180 degrees) occurred in a bypass conduit in each of the othe two patients. Obviously, prevention of graft twisting is essential for successful bypass grafting.", "PMID": 305984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_558", "title": "Delayed cardiac tamponade associated with prophylactic anticoagulation in patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting. Early diagnosis with two-dimensional echocardiography.", "content": "Pericardial tamponade occurring late in the hospitalization of a patient who has undergone a heart operation can be life threatening. Recognition of this insidious, but treatable, complication is difficult. Three patients experienced delayed tamponade while receiving warfarin prophylactically following coronary arter bypass. Two-dimensional echocardiography was useful in recognizing the effusion (and thus aided the diagnosis of tamponade) in each patients. The question of whether prophylactic antiocagulatin should be employed for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass procedures is also considered in light of both the present experience and collected reports from the literature.", "contents": "Delayed cardiac tamponade associated with prophylactic anticoagulation in patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting. Early diagnosis with two-dimensional echocardiography. Pericardial tamponade occurring late in the hospitalization of a patient who has undergone a heart operation can be life threatening. Recognition of this insidious, but treatable, complication is difficult. Three patients experienced delayed tamponade while receiving warfarin prophylactically following coronary arter bypass. Two-dimensional echocardiography was useful in recognizing the effusion (and thus aided the diagnosis of tamponade) in each patients. The question of whether prophylactic antiocagulatin should be employed for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass procedures is also considered in light of both the present experience and collected reports from the literature.", "PMID": 305985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_559", "title": "Imaging platelet deposition with 111In-labeled platelets in coronary artery bypass grafts in dogs.", "content": "At 8 and 32 hours after saphenous vein aortocoronary artery bypass graft surgery in four dogs, images of the grafts were obtained with a gamma camera after intravenous injection, 2 hours postoperatively, of autologous platelets labeled with indium-111. The location of platelet deposition could be accurately estimated from the scintiphotos. In vitro radioactivity counting of the segments of the isolated grafts showed 4 to 15 times greater activity in the grafts than in blood and 25 to 100 times greater activity than in normal myocardium. This was sufficient for delineating accurately the area of platelet deposition. This noninvasive technique may be a promising tool for a better understanding of the role played by platelets in the process of occlusion of saphenous vein bypass grafts in man.", "contents": "Imaging platelet deposition with 111In-labeled platelets in coronary artery bypass grafts in dogs. At 8 and 32 hours after saphenous vein aortocoronary artery bypass graft surgery in four dogs, images of the grafts were obtained with a gamma camera after intravenous injection, 2 hours postoperatively, of autologous platelets labeled with indium-111. The location of platelet deposition could be accurately estimated from the scintiphotos. In vitro radioactivity counting of the segments of the isolated grafts showed 4 to 15 times greater activity in the grafts than in blood and 25 to 100 times greater activity than in normal myocardium. This was sufficient for delineating accurately the area of platelet deposition. This noninvasive technique may be a promising tool for a better understanding of the role played by platelets in the process of occlusion of saphenous vein bypass grafts in man.", "PMID": 305986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_560", "title": "[Whole gut irrigation for large bowel preparation (author's transl)].", "content": "In a controlled trial whole gut irrigation (w.g.i.) was compared with elemental diet for 4 days as large bowel preparation. Cleansing effect, caloric intake and preparation time were significantly better in the first group (w.g.i.). In addition w.g.i. was routinely used studying 42 patients in an open trial which showed also a reliable cleansing effect and good practicability. At present the experience refers to a total of 163 preparations by means of w.g.i. In a further study the efficacy of w.g.i. for removal of blood from the intestinal tract in patients with bleeding esophageal varices was investigated. In 8 out of 11 cases a complete removal of the blood masses was obtained, 3 of these patients showed an improvement of the preexisting coma-stage.", "contents": "[Whole gut irrigation for large bowel preparation (author's transl)]. In a controlled trial whole gut irrigation (w.g.i.) was compared with elemental diet for 4 days as large bowel preparation. Cleansing effect, caloric intake and preparation time were significantly better in the first group (w.g.i.). In addition w.g.i. was routinely used studying 42 patients in an open trial which showed also a reliable cleansing effect and good practicability. At present the experience refers to a total of 163 preparations by means of w.g.i. In a further study the efficacy of w.g.i. for removal of blood from the intestinal tract in patients with bleeding esophageal varices was investigated. In 8 out of 11 cases a complete removal of the blood masses was obtained, 3 of these patients showed an improvement of the preexisting coma-stage.", "PMID": 306010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_561", "title": "Initial adjuvant therapy in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck employing weekly high dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue.", "content": "Our initial experience with weekly high dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue (MTX-LCV), in advanced recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with a 77% tumor response rate and high therapeutic index, prompted a trial of MTX-LCV as initial adjuvant therapy in high risk nonmetastatic patients. Results in 11 patients are presented and confirm the high response rate to MTX-LCV and the low incidence of myelotoxicity and mucositis, when concurrent urinary alkalinization is employed. Initial MTX-LCV administrations has not compromised subsequent optimum aggressive combinations of surgery and radiation therapy. Cytoreduction with MTX-LCV may be safely used initially in combined therapy for high risk squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "contents": "Initial adjuvant therapy in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck employing weekly high dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue. Our initial experience with weekly high dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue (MTX-LCV), in advanced recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with a 77% tumor response rate and high therapeutic index, prompted a trial of MTX-LCV as initial adjuvant therapy in high risk nonmetastatic patients. Results in 11 patients are presented and confirm the high response rate to MTX-LCV and the low incidence of myelotoxicity and mucositis, when concurrent urinary alkalinization is employed. Initial MTX-LCV administrations has not compromised subsequent optimum aggressive combinations of surgery and radiation therapy. Cytoreduction with MTX-LCV may be safely used initially in combined therapy for high risk squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "PMID": 306011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_562", "title": "The large vestibular aqueduct syndrome.", "content": "The radiographic observation of 50 patients, each having an enlarged (greater than 1.5 mm. diameter) vestibular aqueduct, are analyzed. In addition to the aqueduct other associated inner ear anomalies have been identified in 60% of this population including: enlarged vestibule (14); enlarged vestibule and lateral semicircular canal (7); enlarged vestibule and hypoplastic cochlea (4); and hypoplastic cochlea (4). The large equeduct then presumably represents an arrested phase of inner ear development common to all 50 cases. Only 8 of these cases may fall into the Mondini or Mondini-Alexander classification wherein cochlear abnormalities have been identified. The size of the aqueduct ranged from 1.5 to 8 mm. in the anteroposterior diameter; the clinical incidence is 50 in 3700 consecutive cases referred for inner ear tomography. Bilateral involvement is twice as common as unilateral with a female to male predominance of 3:2. Most cases are associated with congenital hearing losses.", "contents": "The large vestibular aqueduct syndrome. The radiographic observation of 50 patients, each having an enlarged (greater than 1.5 mm. diameter) vestibular aqueduct, are analyzed. In addition to the aqueduct other associated inner ear anomalies have been identified in 60% of this population including: enlarged vestibule (14); enlarged vestibule and lateral semicircular canal (7); enlarged vestibule and hypoplastic cochlea (4); and hypoplastic cochlea (4). The large equeduct then presumably represents an arrested phase of inner ear development common to all 50 cases. Only 8 of these cases may fall into the Mondini or Mondini-Alexander classification wherein cochlear abnormalities have been identified. The size of the aqueduct ranged from 1.5 to 8 mm. in the anteroposterior diameter; the clinical incidence is 50 in 3700 consecutive cases referred for inner ear tomography. Bilateral involvement is twice as common as unilateral with a female to male predominance of 3:2. Most cases are associated with congenital hearing losses.", "PMID": 306012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_563", "title": "Physicochemical properties of human middle ear effusions (mucus) and their relation to ciliary transport.", "content": "Middle ear effusions were collected from 10 patients (14 ears) with secretory otitis media. Mucoid samples were pooled and reconstituted to various concentrations of nondialyzable solids. Viscoelasticity was studied using a magnetic microrheometer and compared with mucociliary transport rates measured on the frog palate. Results indicate that the viscoelastic properties of middle ear mucus correlate with mucociliary transport. A transport maximum was found at a 2% nondialyzable solids content. Implications relative to ineffective mucociliary transport in secretory otitis media are discussed.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of human middle ear effusions (mucus) and their relation to ciliary transport. Middle ear effusions were collected from 10 patients (14 ears) with secretory otitis media. Mucoid samples were pooled and reconstituted to various concentrations of nondialyzable solids. Viscoelasticity was studied using a magnetic microrheometer and compared with mucociliary transport rates measured on the frog palate. Results indicate that the viscoelastic properties of middle ear mucus correlate with mucociliary transport. A transport maximum was found at a 2% nondialyzable solids content. Implications relative to ineffective mucociliary transport in secretory otitis media are discussed.", "PMID": 306013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_564", "title": "Bell's palsy: a theory as to etiology. Observations in six patients.", "content": "The etiology of Bell's palsy, like a number of other cranial nerve afflictions which consist of rapid or sudden loss of function, has never been satisfactorily explained despite extensive analysis by a number of investigators over the years. These entities may have a simple mechanical explanation in some patients. This consists of the sudden shift of an arterial loop in the cerebellopontine angle stretching the appropriate nerve. In Bell's palsy, the facial-acoustic nerve bundle appears to be stretched and compressed from the anterior aspect. Operative findings showing these abnormalities have been demonstrated in six patients and treated in five. A clinical-pathological analysis of the events of the history and findings in this modest series of patients with Bell's palsy appears to correlate clearly with such a cause.", "contents": "Bell's palsy: a theory as to etiology. Observations in six patients. The etiology of Bell's palsy, like a number of other cranial nerve afflictions which consist of rapid or sudden loss of function, has never been satisfactorily explained despite extensive analysis by a number of investigators over the years. These entities may have a simple mechanical explanation in some patients. This consists of the sudden shift of an arterial loop in the cerebellopontine angle stretching the appropriate nerve. In Bell's palsy, the facial-acoustic nerve bundle appears to be stretched and compressed from the anterior aspect. Operative findings showing these abnormalities have been demonstrated in six patients and treated in five. A clinical-pathological analysis of the events of the history and findings in this modest series of patients with Bell's palsy appears to correlate clearly with such a cause.", "PMID": 306014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_565", "title": "[Treatment of malignant melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "According to Clark there are three different types of melanoma: malignant melanoma which develops from the floor of a precancerous melanosis, the extensive superficial melanoma and nodular malignant melanoma. Therapeutically, surgery occupies the first place. Chemotherapeutically the combination of 3 or 4 different substances has given favorable results. Immunotherapeutically, immunization with BCG and mycobacteria, especially Cornyebacterium parvum, is considered the most reliable and least dangerous procedure. Altogether, a better prognosis for malignant melanoma can be expected in the future if diagnosis is made early and if treated with an optimum combination therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. According to Clark there are three different types of melanoma: malignant melanoma which develops from the floor of a precancerous melanosis, the extensive superficial melanoma and nodular malignant melanoma. Therapeutically, surgery occupies the first place. Chemotherapeutically the combination of 3 or 4 different substances has given favorable results. Immunotherapeutically, immunization with BCG and mycobacteria, especially Cornyebacterium parvum, is considered the most reliable and least dangerous procedure. Altogether, a better prognosis for malignant melanoma can be expected in the future if diagnosis is made early and if treated with an optimum combination therapy.", "PMID": 306028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_566", "title": "[Circulating types of human glucagon (author's transl)].", "content": "In the plasma of healthy subjects, 4 fractions of immunoreactive glucagon are found. The first has a molecular weight of about 160000, the second of 9000, the third 3500 and the fourth about 2000. The third probably corresponds to the intact hormone glucagon. In cirrhosis of the liver and diabetes mellitus, a statistically significant rise in the third fraction has been found. In patients with tumors of the pancreatic A-cells, in addition to the third fraction the second in particular was also increased: it may be a precursor of the glucagon molecule. In chronic renal insufficiency, fractions 2 and 3 were as markedly increased as in glucagonoma, which suggests a role for the kidney in the decomposition of glucagon. The pathophysiologic significance of the four immunoreactive fractions of glucagon cannot yet be assessed with certainty.", "contents": "[Circulating types of human glucagon (author's transl)]. In the plasma of healthy subjects, 4 fractions of immunoreactive glucagon are found. The first has a molecular weight of about 160000, the second of 9000, the third 3500 and the fourth about 2000. The third probably corresponds to the intact hormone glucagon. In cirrhosis of the liver and diabetes mellitus, a statistically significant rise in the third fraction has been found. In patients with tumors of the pancreatic A-cells, in addition to the third fraction the second in particular was also increased: it may be a precursor of the glucagon molecule. In chronic renal insufficiency, fractions 2 and 3 were as markedly increased as in glucagonoma, which suggests a role for the kidney in the decomposition of glucagon. The pathophysiologic significance of the four immunoreactive fractions of glucagon cannot yet be assessed with certainty.", "PMID": 306029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_567", "title": "[Detection of unrecognized hypertensives. A duty for longterm attendance (author's transl)].", "content": "The magnitude of the problem of hypertension is reflected in figures from the United States and Europe: with an incidence of about 15% of hypertensives in the adult population, about 1/3 of these individuals are unrecognized, a further third are indeed recognized but only inadequately treated or not at all, and only 1/3 are being satisfactorily treated. For this reason, not only the detection of unrecognized hypertensives must be dealt with, but also the problem of longterm supervision must be gone into at the same time. Were the adult population of the Federal Republic of Germany to be included in a \"filter\" investigation, about 3 million confirmed untreated hypertensives would have to be examined further and possibly treated. Also in an investigation of much smaller extent, the question of efficiency and tolerance must be raised.", "contents": "[Detection of unrecognized hypertensives. A duty for longterm attendance (author's transl)]. The magnitude of the problem of hypertension is reflected in figures from the United States and Europe: with an incidence of about 15% of hypertensives in the adult population, about 1/3 of these individuals are unrecognized, a further third are indeed recognized but only inadequately treated or not at all, and only 1/3 are being satisfactorily treated. For this reason, not only the detection of unrecognized hypertensives must be dealt with, but also the problem of longterm supervision must be gone into at the same time. Were the adult population of the Federal Republic of Germany to be included in a \"filter\" investigation, about 3 million confirmed untreated hypertensives would have to be examined further and possibly treated. Also in an investigation of much smaller extent, the question of efficiency and tolerance must be raised.", "PMID": 306031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_568", "title": "[Assessment of blood pressure measurement for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood pressure readings are the central parameter in the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of arterial hypertension. Frequent measurements are therefore necessary because the blood pressures of healthy people, and in particular of patients with hypertension, are subject to considerable variability. Emotional factors, physical strain and diurnal differences have a modifying effect. Attempts to standardize a single measurement such as has been tried in the determination of the basic blood pressure or the diastolic levels have proved of little relevance for information on the daily blood pressure profile. The frequent determination of a random blood pressure after 2 to 3 minutes rest is a logical alternative. Regular monitoring is almost ideally obtained, especially under antihypertensive drug therapy, by the patient measuring his own blood pressure.", "contents": "[Assessment of blood pressure measurement for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of hypertension (author's transl)]. Blood pressure readings are the central parameter in the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of arterial hypertension. Frequent measurements are therefore necessary because the blood pressures of healthy people, and in particular of patients with hypertension, are subject to considerable variability. Emotional factors, physical strain and diurnal differences have a modifying effect. Attempts to standardize a single measurement such as has been tried in the determination of the basic blood pressure or the diastolic levels have proved of little relevance for information on the daily blood pressure profile. The frequent determination of a random blood pressure after 2 to 3 minutes rest is a logical alternative. Regular monitoring is almost ideally obtained, especially under antihypertensive drug therapy, by the patient measuring his own blood pressure.", "PMID": 306032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_569", "title": "[Hypertension due to hormonal contraceptives and estrogens (author's transl)].", "content": "In over 95% of women who have for some time taken estrogen preparations or oral contraceptives containing estrogens there is no significant rise in blood pressure. Probably no more than 1 to 2% of young women treated develop clinically significant hypertension. In very rare instances, the preparations may induce potentially fatal malignant hypertension. Old age, a family history of hypertension and toxemia during earlier pregnancies seem to be predisposing factors for estrogen hypertension. Guide lines are given for the supervision of blood pressure in daily medical practice and circulatory contraindications to the prescription of these preparations are suggested.", "contents": "[Hypertension due to hormonal contraceptives and estrogens (author's transl)]. In over 95% of women who have for some time taken estrogen preparations or oral contraceptives containing estrogens there is no significant rise in blood pressure. Probably no more than 1 to 2% of young women treated develop clinically significant hypertension. In very rare instances, the preparations may induce potentially fatal malignant hypertension. Old age, a family history of hypertension and toxemia during earlier pregnancies seem to be predisposing factors for estrogen hypertension. Guide lines are given for the supervision of blood pressure in daily medical practice and circulatory contraindications to the prescription of these preparations are suggested.", "PMID": 306034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_570", "title": "[Hypertension in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "At the present time there are certain hints, but no definitive evidence, that hypertension in old age raises mortality and morbidity. No proof has yet been advanced that antihypertensive therapy improves the prognosis of senile hypertension. For this reason it is quite conceivable that hypertension in old age merely indicates arteriosclerotic changes but does not essentially cause them, so that senile hypertension is an indicator of risk but not a risk factor. Antihypertensive drug therapy for persons over the age of 65 is consequently only justifiable at present on the grounds of analogy. It is to be recommended if hypertensive complications are already present in organs, if additional risk factors are demonstrable or if additional risk factors are demonstrable or if there is a markedly increased blood pressure. A treatment already begun in earlier years which is effective and has few side effects should be continued. Antihypertensive treatment in old age must be initiated with low doses and carefully increased so that in patients who are often symptomless at first, the reduction in blood pressure does not create more problems in a short time than the untreated hypertension does in the course of years.", "contents": "[Hypertension in old age (author's transl)]. At the present time there are certain hints, but no definitive evidence, that hypertension in old age raises mortality and morbidity. No proof has yet been advanced that antihypertensive therapy improves the prognosis of senile hypertension. For this reason it is quite conceivable that hypertension in old age merely indicates arteriosclerotic changes but does not essentially cause them, so that senile hypertension is an indicator of risk but not a risk factor. Antihypertensive drug therapy for persons over the age of 65 is consequently only justifiable at present on the grounds of analogy. It is to be recommended if hypertensive complications are already present in organs, if additional risk factors are demonstrable or if additional risk factors are demonstrable or if there is a markedly increased blood pressure. A treatment already begun in earlier years which is effective and has few side effects should be continued. Antihypertensive treatment in old age must be initiated with low doses and carefully increased so that in patients who are often symptomless at first, the reduction in blood pressure does not create more problems in a short time than the untreated hypertension does in the course of years.", "PMID": 306035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_571", "title": "[Therapy of hypertension in general practice. Comments on the recommendations of the German Antihypertension League  (author's transl)].", "content": "The morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular complications of chronic arterial hypertension are distinctly reduced by persistent and successful antihypertensive therapy. The principal emphasis is on drug therapy. Diet and psychotherapy should be used as supportive measures. Examples of antihypertensive drugs available for general practice: saluretics, beta-receptor blockers, dihydralazine (Nepresol), alpha-methyldopa, clonidine (Catapresan), reserpine and guanethidine (Ismelin). With mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure up to 105 mm Hq), monotherapy with a beta-receptor blocker or a saluretic is indicated first. Contrary to the medical rule never to use a combination preparation if it can possibly be avoided fixed combinations have proved valuable in hypertensive therapy and facilitate therapy for the hypertensive patient and for the doctor.", "contents": "[Therapy of hypertension in general practice. Comments on the recommendations of the German Antihypertension League  (author's transl)]. The morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular complications of chronic arterial hypertension are distinctly reduced by persistent and successful antihypertensive therapy. The principal emphasis is on drug therapy. Diet and psychotherapy should be used as supportive measures. Examples of antihypertensive drugs available for general practice: saluretics, beta-receptor blockers, dihydralazine (Nepresol), alpha-methyldopa, clonidine (Catapresan), reserpine and guanethidine (Ismelin). With mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure up to 105 mm Hq), monotherapy with a beta-receptor blocker or a saluretic is indicated first. Contrary to the medical rule never to use a combination preparation if it can possibly be avoided fixed combinations have proved valuable in hypertensive therapy and facilitate therapy for the hypertensive patient and for the doctor.", "PMID": 306037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_572", "title": "[Side-effects on longterm treatment with antihypertensives (author's transl)].", "content": "Unspecific complaints as a result of lowering the blood pressure and substance-specific side-effects may occur during antihypertensive therapy. The frequency of the side-effects depends on the substance used (10 to 50%) and on the dose. An individual therapy, which in most cases involves the use of several substances, can reduce the frequency of side-effects decisively. With optimal therapy the ratio of benefits (= prevention of cardiovascular diseases) to side-effects (= sum of undesirable reactions) is completely acceptable in the treatment of high blood pressure.", "contents": "[Side-effects on longterm treatment with antihypertensives (author's transl)]. Unspecific complaints as a result of lowering the blood pressure and substance-specific side-effects may occur during antihypertensive therapy. The frequency of the side-effects depends on the substance used (10 to 50%) and on the dose. An individual therapy, which in most cases involves the use of several substances, can reduce the frequency of side-effects decisively. With optimal therapy the ratio of benefits (= prevention of cardiovascular diseases) to side-effects (= sum of undesirable reactions) is completely acceptable in the treatment of high blood pressure.", "PMID": 306038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_573", "title": "[Results of conservative and operative treatment of urogenital tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In spite of the constant regression in newly notified Tbc patients, the percentage of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, especially of the urogenital region, remains unchanged at a high level. Modern therapy of urogenital tuberculosis is divisible into conservative, purely medicamentous treatment, possibly in combination with corticosteroids, and operative therapy, procedures preserving organs and rational eradication of tuberculous processes having to be carefully weighed against each other. The results of treatment are analyzed with reference to our own series of patients (n = 478).", "contents": "[Results of conservative and operative treatment of urogenital tuberculosis (author's transl)]. In spite of the constant regression in newly notified Tbc patients, the percentage of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, especially of the urogenital region, remains unchanged at a high level. Modern therapy of urogenital tuberculosis is divisible into conservative, purely medicamentous treatment, possibly in combination with corticosteroids, and operative therapy, procedures preserving organs and rational eradication of tuberculous processes having to be carefully weighed against each other. The results of treatment are analyzed with reference to our own series of patients (n = 478).", "PMID": 306043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_574", "title": "[Surgical treatment of gastric stump carcinoma. Causes of the poorer results compared with primary gastric carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 3183 gastric operations during the past 13 1/4 years, 40 gastric stump carcinomas were observed after B II resection for benign ulcer. Eight of these underwent radical subtotal resection; 14 had total gastrectomy. Early and late follow-up prognosis of total gastrectomy for gastric stump carcinoma is significantly (p less than 0,05) worse than that for total gastrectomy for primary carcinoma of the stomach (n = 112). To improve the prognosis of gastric stump carcinoma, periodic follow-up of all patients with resected stomach to confirm an early diagnosis is necessary. Radical subtotal resection must be given priority because of its significantly lower lethality compared with a total gastrectomy.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of gastric stump carcinoma. Causes of the poorer results compared with primary gastric carcinoma (author's transl)]. In 3183 gastric operations during the past 13 1/4 years, 40 gastric stump carcinomas were observed after B II resection for benign ulcer. Eight of these underwent radical subtotal resection; 14 had total gastrectomy. Early and late follow-up prognosis of total gastrectomy for gastric stump carcinoma is significantly (p less than 0,05) worse than that for total gastrectomy for primary carcinoma of the stomach (n = 112). To improve the prognosis of gastric stump carcinoma, periodic follow-up of all patients with resected stomach to confirm an early diagnosis is necessary. Radical subtotal resection must be given priority because of its significantly lower lethality compared with a total gastrectomy.", "PMID": 306044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_575", "title": "[Metabolic and surgical aspects of total gastrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A follow-up examination was possible in 63 patients from a total of 323 with a total gastrectomy. All patients gained weight. The laboratory findings are in the normal range except for the low level of serum carotene and vitamin A. Carotene is greatly reduced by duodenal bypass or a short interposition of a small intestine loop. Radiological, endoscopic and histological findings correlate closely. Also, a reflux into the lower third of the esophagus causes clinical discomfort in 2/3 of all patients after esophagojejunostomy with end-to-side anastomosis. The interpretation of the negative points in conjunction with follow-up findings demonstrates the advantage of Longmire's interposition of a long small intestine loop for post-gastrectomy reconstruction.", "contents": "[Metabolic and surgical aspects of total gastrectomy (author's transl)]. A follow-up examination was possible in 63 patients from a total of 323 with a total gastrectomy. All patients gained weight. The laboratory findings are in the normal range except for the low level of serum carotene and vitamin A. Carotene is greatly reduced by duodenal bypass or a short interposition of a small intestine loop. Radiological, endoscopic and histological findings correlate closely. Also, a reflux into the lower third of the esophagus causes clinical discomfort in 2/3 of all patients after esophagojejunostomy with end-to-side anastomosis. The interpretation of the negative points in conjunction with follow-up findings demonstrates the advantage of Longmire's interposition of a long small intestine loop for post-gastrectomy reconstruction.", "PMID": 306045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_576", "title": "[Epidemiology of rabies (author's transl)].", "content": "Rabies is widespread in all continents except Australia. As an anthropozoonosis its main importance is in areas with uncontrolled dog rabies, nowadays principally topical and subtropical regions. The greatest economic losses however are encountered in the cattle herds of South and Central America, where paralyssa prevails. In the northern hemisphere particularly rabies is enzootic among wildlife. Under the given ecological conditions only one or two species act as primary vectors of the infection. In Europe and parts of North America the red fox, in the arctic regions the arctic fox; in the middle West of the USA the skunk and in smaller foci the raccoon and mongoose are the reservoirs of rabies.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of rabies (author's transl)]. Rabies is widespread in all continents except Australia. As an anthropozoonosis its main importance is in areas with uncontrolled dog rabies, nowadays principally topical and subtropical regions. The greatest economic losses however are encountered in the cattle herds of South and Central America, where paralyssa prevails. In the northern hemisphere particularly rabies is enzootic among wildlife. Under the given ecological conditions only one or two species act as primary vectors of the infection. In Europe and parts of North America the red fox, in the arctic regions the arctic fox; in the middle West of the USA the skunk and in smaller foci the raccoon and mongoose are the reservoirs of rabies.", "PMID": 306053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_577", "title": "[Epidemiology of rabies in the German Federal Republic (author's transl)].", "content": "Rabies has spread from east to west with an annual advance of about 40 km. By 1960, the silvatic type of rabies had reached the Rhein. The principal carrier is the fox which is involved in 70% of epidemic occurences. The danger of infection of other wild and domestic animals and of humans starts with foxes. From 1974-76 the number of rabies findings in wild animals had increased by almost 100%. Cattle in the fields are particularly endangered by rabies from game. Rodents, like rats and mice have no epizootic importance in such epidemics. Since the first appearance of rabies in the Federal Republic of Germany, 15 humans have died from it, 7 of them had been infected abroad.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of rabies in the German Federal Republic (author's transl)]. Rabies has spread from east to west with an annual advance of about 40 km. By 1960, the silvatic type of rabies had reached the Rhein. The principal carrier is the fox which is involved in 70% of epidemic occurences. The danger of infection of other wild and domestic animals and of humans starts with foxes. From 1974-76 the number of rabies findings in wild animals had increased by almost 100%. Cattle in the fields are particularly endangered by rabies from game. Rodents, like rats and mice have no epizootic importance in such epidemics. Since the first appearance of rabies in the Federal Republic of Germany, 15 humans have died from it, 7 of them had been infected abroad.", "PMID": 306054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_578", "title": "[Indications for rabies vaccination and prophylactic immunization in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Since therapy of an overt attack of rabies fails, we are completely dependent on prophylaxis. This must be carried out with extreme care. A careful detailed history is the most important, the fundamental question being: was this a provoked or unprovoked attack by the animal? In addition some knowledge of the behavior of different animals towards man is essential. Before every treatment, the question whether it is really necessary must be settled. The help of a veterinary colleague should be called upon in taking the history. A rapid diagnosis can be obtained by fluorescence serology of the dead animal.", "contents": "[Indications for rabies vaccination and prophylactic immunization in man (author's transl)]. Since therapy of an overt attack of rabies fails, we are completely dependent on prophylaxis. This must be carried out with extreme care. A careful detailed history is the most important, the fundamental question being: was this a provoked or unprovoked attack by the animal? In addition some knowledge of the behavior of different animals towards man is essential. Before every treatment, the question whether it is really necessary must be settled. The help of a veterinary colleague should be called upon in taking the history. A rapid diagnosis can be obtained by fluorescence serology of the dead animal.", "PMID": 306056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_579", "title": "[A purified rabies vaccine from human diploid cell cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to improve the tolerance of rabies vaccine from human diploid cell cultures, the rabies virus antigen is purified in the sucrose density gradient by means of a flow ultracentrifuge. The purified virus has a specific infectiosity of 10(9) LD50 and a speicific activity of 250 units \"relative activity\" per 1 mg protein. The purified vaccine has been shown to be well tolerated, effective and stable.", "contents": "[A purified rabies vaccine from human diploid cell cultures (author's transl)]. In order to improve the tolerance of rabies vaccine from human diploid cell cultures, the rabies virus antigen is purified in the sucrose density gradient by means of a flow ultracentrifuge. The purified virus has a specific infectiosity of 10(9) LD50 and a speicific activity of 250 units \"relative activity\" per 1 mg protein. The purified vaccine has been shown to be well tolerated, effective and stable.", "PMID": 306057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_580", "title": "[Experience in man with a purified rabies vaccine from huamn diploid cell (HDC) cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "A rabies HDC vaccine purified by density gradient centrifugation was used before and after exposure and the antigenic activity and tolerance investigated. Three injections on days 0, 7 and 21 induced neutralizing antibodies between 1:100 and 1: less than 1000 with 100% conversion rate, while one injection is sufficient for a booster. Vaccination after exposure is described; simultaneous passive immunization does not imply inhibition of the active immune response. Quantifiable local and general reactions seldom occur and serious neurological complications are not to be expected.", "contents": "[Experience in man with a purified rabies vaccine from huamn diploid cell (HDC) cultures (author's transl)]. A rabies HDC vaccine purified by density gradient centrifugation was used before and after exposure and the antigenic activity and tolerance investigated. Three injections on days 0, 7 and 21 induced neutralizing antibodies between 1:100 and 1: less than 1000 with 100% conversion rate, while one injection is sufficient for a booster. Vaccination after exposure is described; simultaneous passive immunization does not imply inhibition of the active immune response. Quantifiable local and general reactions seldom occur and serious neurological complications are not to be expected.", "PMID": 306058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_581", "title": "[Experience with new vaccines in rabies vaccination treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "As a result of our experience in 266 persons vaccinated with HDC vaccine we consider this type of vaccine to be a great advance. In spite of our very positive judgement we are of the opinion that vaccination should not be done without adequate indication. This type of vaccine contains certain imponderables which argue against widespread vaccination. At any rate, complications occurred in one of our patients vaccinated with HDC vaccine M\u00e9rieux. Nevertheless we consider vaccination before exposure of persons who are genuinely at risk, such as veterinarians, laboratory staff in rabies laboratories and possibly also hunters and agriculturalists in infected areas to be acceptable.", "contents": "[Experience with new vaccines in rabies vaccination treatment (author's transl)]. As a result of our experience in 266 persons vaccinated with HDC vaccine we consider this type of vaccine to be a great advance. In spite of our very positive judgement we are of the opinion that vaccination should not be done without adequate indication. This type of vaccine contains certain imponderables which argue against widespread vaccination. At any rate, complications occurred in one of our patients vaccinated with HDC vaccine M\u00e9rieux. Nevertheless we consider vaccination before exposure of persons who are genuinely at risk, such as veterinarians, laboratory staff in rabies laboratories and possibly also hunters and agriculturalists in infected areas to be acceptable.", "PMID": 306059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_582", "title": "Evidence against the reversion of mutation in the Haemophilus influenzae phage HP1c1 by preinfection treatment of host cells or phage with MNNG.", "content": "N-Methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) causes reversion of a temperature-sensitive mutation in a bacteriophage of Haemophilus influenzae if exposure to the mutagen takes place after infection but before lysis. However, neither pre-infection treatment of the phage DNA, host cells, or both will cause reversion. The reasons for this are discussed in relation to the somewhat different results in the Escherichia coli lambda phage system and in relation to error-prone repair and replication processes.", "contents": "Evidence against the reversion of mutation in the Haemophilus influenzae phage HP1c1 by preinfection treatment of host cells or phage with MNNG. N-Methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) causes reversion of a temperature-sensitive mutation in a bacteriophage of Haemophilus influenzae if exposure to the mutagen takes place after infection but before lysis. However, neither pre-infection treatment of the phage DNA, host cells, or both will cause reversion. The reasons for this are discussed in relation to the somewhat different results in the Escherichia coli lambda phage system and in relation to error-prone repair and replication processes.", "PMID": 306062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_583", "title": "Acquired von Willebrand's disease. Evidence for a quantitative and qualitative  factor VIII disorder.", "content": "To define further the factor VIII abnormality in acquired von Willebrand's disease, we performed immunoelectrophoresis of factor VIII antigen, as well as quantitative measurements of the antigen, factor VIII procoagulant activity and von Willebrand factor activity on plasma from an affected 57-year-old man who also had a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. No evidence for an inhibitor against factor VIII procoagulant activity or von Willebrand factor activity was detected, but immunoelectrophoresis showed none of the less anodic forms of factor VIII antigen. There were concomitant decreases in total antigen (0.19 U per milliliter) and von Willebrand factor levels (0.12 U per milliliter). Factor VIII-procoagulant activity was borderline low (0.45 U per milliliter). Correction of both the abnormal immunoelectrophoresis pattern and the quantitative abnormalities followed radiotherapy of the lymphoma. The factor VIII abnormalities might have resulted from binding or destruction of theless anodic forms of factor VIII antigen by the malignant lymphocytes.", "contents": "Acquired von Willebrand's disease. Evidence for a quantitative and qualitative  factor VIII disorder. To define further the factor VIII abnormality in acquired von Willebrand's disease, we performed immunoelectrophoresis of factor VIII antigen, as well as quantitative measurements of the antigen, factor VIII procoagulant activity and von Willebrand factor activity on plasma from an affected 57-year-old man who also had a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. No evidence for an inhibitor against factor VIII procoagulant activity or von Willebrand factor activity was detected, but immunoelectrophoresis showed none of the less anodic forms of factor VIII antigen. There were concomitant decreases in total antigen (0.19 U per milliliter) and von Willebrand factor levels (0.12 U per milliliter). Factor VIII-procoagulant activity was borderline low (0.45 U per milliliter). Correction of both the abnormal immunoelectrophoresis pattern and the quantitative abnormalities followed radiotherapy of the lymphoma. The factor VIII abnormalities might have resulted from binding or destruction of theless anodic forms of factor VIII antigen by the malignant lymphocytes.", "PMID": 306064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_584", "title": "Normal erythropoietic helper T cells in congenital hypoplastic (Diamond-Blackfan) anemia.", "content": "To examine the erythropoietic function of T and null cells in congenital hypoplastic (Diamond-Blackfan) anemia, we fractionated the peripheral blood of three normal subjects and three affected patients into subclasses of null, T and B cells. Mixtures of these cells were co-cultured in plasma clots in the presence of erythropoietin. Erythroid colonies grew in cultures of normal null cells if either normal or patient T cells were co-cultured with them. Null cells of patients with hypoplastic anemia did not produce erythroid colonies under any culture conditions. We conclude that in this disorder, T cells function normally as helper cells in erythropoiesis and do not suppress colony formation, whereas the erythroid progenitor cells in the peripheral blood null-cell fractions are deficient in either number of function.", "contents": "Normal erythropoietic helper T cells in congenital hypoplastic (Diamond-Blackfan) anemia. To examine the erythropoietic function of T and null cells in congenital hypoplastic (Diamond-Blackfan) anemia, we fractionated the peripheral blood of three normal subjects and three affected patients into subclasses of null, T and B cells. Mixtures of these cells were co-cultured in plasma clots in the presence of erythropoietin. Erythroid colonies grew in cultures of normal null cells if either normal or patient T cells were co-cultured with them. Null cells of patients with hypoplastic anemia did not produce erythroid colonies under any culture conditions. We conclude that in this disorder, T cells function normally as helper cells in erythropoiesis and do not suppress colony formation, whereas the erythroid progenitor cells in the peripheral blood null-cell fractions are deficient in either number of function.", "PMID": 306065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_585", "title": "Treatment of solid Gardner lymphosarcoma with methotrexate sorbed on 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate polymer in combination with leukovorin.", "content": "Implantation of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate microporous carrier with sorbed methotrexate (Hema-Hex-MTX) proved more toxic on C3H strain mice with a solid Gardner lymphosarcoma than on tumor-free mice of the same strain. If, during the first week of the experimental disease, the Hema-Hex-MTX implantation was followed by administration of leukovorin in course of next 24 hours the toxicity of MTX was abolished and the treated mice survived significantly longer than control animals.", "contents": "Treatment of solid Gardner lymphosarcoma with methotrexate sorbed on 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate polymer in combination with leukovorin. Implantation of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate microporous carrier with sorbed methotrexate (Hema-Hex-MTX) proved more toxic on C3H strain mice with a solid Gardner lymphosarcoma than on tumor-free mice of the same strain. If, during the first week of the experimental disease, the Hema-Hex-MTX implantation was followed by administration of leukovorin in course of next 24 hours the toxicity of MTX was abolished and the treated mice survived significantly longer than control animals.", "PMID": 306074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_586", "title": "Abnormal T cell subpopulations and circulating immune complexes in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Immunologic studies were performed in 21 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 16 with the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS). Levels of thymus-derived (T) cells measured by \"total\" and \"active\" rosette formation between sheep erythrocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (TEt, TEa) were within normal limits in all the patients, with the exception of four GBS patients, including one who also had received chemotherapy for lymphoma and three who were receiving steroids. When lymphocytes from the 21 patients were incubated with the bone-marrow-derived (B) lymphoblastoid cell line PGLC-33H, there were, for 12 of 18 MS patients and 11 of 16 GBS patients, significant decreases in a subpopulation of peripheral blood T lymphocytes that form \"PGLC rosettes\" (PGR) with the PGLC-33H cells. (Peripheral blood T cells from normal individuals formed PGR with 23.9 +/- 3.8 percent of PGLC-33H cells.) Using the 125l-C1q binding assay, immune complexes were detected in the serum of 14 of 19 MS patients and 15 of 16 GBS patients. An association between increased C1q binding and decreased PGR values was found in 10 of 18 MS patients and 12 of 17 GBS patients. The results suggest that in both diseases the etiology may involve a decrease in the subset of T cells that bind to the IgM-producing cell line PGLC-33H, in association with the appearance of circulating immune complexes containing the infectious viral agent.", "contents": "Abnormal T cell subpopulations and circulating immune complexes in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Immunologic studies were performed in 21 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 16 with the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS). Levels of thymus-derived (T) cells measured by \"total\" and \"active\" rosette formation between sheep erythrocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (TEt, TEa) were within normal limits in all the patients, with the exception of four GBS patients, including one who also had received chemotherapy for lymphoma and three who were receiving steroids. When lymphocytes from the 21 patients were incubated with the bone-marrow-derived (B) lymphoblastoid cell line PGLC-33H, there were, for 12 of 18 MS patients and 11 of 16 GBS patients, significant decreases in a subpopulation of peripheral blood T lymphocytes that form \"PGLC rosettes\" (PGR) with the PGLC-33H cells. (Peripheral blood T cells from normal individuals formed PGR with 23.9 +/- 3.8 percent of PGLC-33H cells.) Using the 125l-C1q binding assay, immune complexes were detected in the serum of 14 of 19 MS patients and 15 of 16 GBS patients. An association between increased C1q binding and decreased PGR values was found in 10 of 18 MS patients and 12 of 17 GBS patients. The results suggest that in both diseases the etiology may involve a decrease in the subset of T cells that bind to the IgM-producing cell line PGLC-33H, in association with the appearance of circulating immune complexes containing the infectious viral agent.", "PMID": 306075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_587", "title": "Complement-dependent serum: neuroelectric blocking activity in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "In attempting to discover a relationship between the neurologic and immunologic abnormalities in multiple sclerosis, we found a serum factor that inhibits the ventral root response in isolated, perfused frog spinal cords. This effect is correlated with disease activity. Blocking activity of the serum was lost by heating to 56 degrees C, restored by adding complement, and was found in the serum IgG fraction. There was no correlation of neuroelectric blocking activity with measles complement-fixing antibody. An antibody other than that to measles virus may thus have a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Complement-dependent serum: neuroelectric blocking activity in multiple sclerosis. In attempting to discover a relationship between the neurologic and immunologic abnormalities in multiple sclerosis, we found a serum factor that inhibits the ventral root response in isolated, perfused frog spinal cords. This effect is correlated with disease activity. Blocking activity of the serum was lost by heating to 56 degrees C, restored by adding complement, and was found in the serum IgG fraction. There was no correlation of neuroelectric blocking activity with measles complement-fixing antibody. An antibody other than that to measles virus may thus have a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 306076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_588", "title": "Pentylenetetrazol and reflex activity of isolated frog spinal cord.", "content": "The superfused in vitro frog spinal cord preparation was used to investigate the effects of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) on the spinal cord. PTZ depressed monosynaptic, but augmented polysynaptic reflexes, and decreased primary afferent deplorization. Concurrently, in Ringer's solution containing sufficient magnesium or cobalt ions to block synaptic transmission, PTZ antagonized the hyperpolarizing effects on motoneurons and the depolarizing effects on primary afferent fibers of the inhibitory amino acids GABA, beta-alanine, taurine, and glycine. PTZ did not affect responses to the excitatory amino acids glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Furthermore, PTZ did not alter high affinity uptake by cord slices, K+ -evoked release of [3H]GABA from them, or the spinal concentration of GABA. These data suggest that PTZ may produce its excitatory effects by postsynaptic blockade of inhibitory processes mediated by GABA (and possibly by other amino acids).", "contents": "Pentylenetetrazol and reflex activity of isolated frog spinal cord. The superfused in vitro frog spinal cord preparation was used to investigate the effects of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) on the spinal cord. PTZ depressed monosynaptic, but augmented polysynaptic reflexes, and decreased primary afferent deplorization. Concurrently, in Ringer's solution containing sufficient magnesium or cobalt ions to block synaptic transmission, PTZ antagonized the hyperpolarizing effects on motoneurons and the depolarizing effects on primary afferent fibers of the inhibitory amino acids GABA, beta-alanine, taurine, and glycine. PTZ did not affect responses to the excitatory amino acids glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Furthermore, PTZ did not alter high affinity uptake by cord slices, K+ -evoked release of [3H]GABA from them, or the spinal concentration of GABA. These data suggest that PTZ may produce its excitatory effects by postsynaptic blockade of inhibitory processes mediated by GABA (and possibly by other amino acids).", "PMID": 306077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_589", "title": "[Immunological determination of various blood proteins in clinical nephrology].", "content": "The serum levels of certain proteins were determined in 130 nephropathics collected into 8 different diagnostic groups, and in 20 normal subjects considered as a control group. The purpose was mainly to assess the clinico-diagnostic interest of such a measurement in nephrological practice. The results point to its clinical usefulness, particularly in differential diagnosis. It is possible to formulate interesting physiopathological interpretations notwithstanding the limitations of the eminently clinical features of the research.", "contents": "[Immunological determination of various blood proteins in clinical nephrology]. The serum levels of certain proteins were determined in 130 nephropathics collected into 8 different diagnostic groups, and in 20 normal subjects considered as a control group. The purpose was mainly to assess the clinico-diagnostic interest of such a measurement in nephrological practice. The results point to its clinical usefulness, particularly in differential diagnosis. It is possible to formulate interesting physiopathological interpretations notwithstanding the limitations of the eminently clinical features of the research.", "PMID": 306079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_590", "title": "Treatment of hypertension with labetalol.", "content": "Labetalol, a new antihypertensive drug which combines alpha- and beta-blocking properties, was used in an open clinical trial in a mixed group of 47 adult patients with mainly essential hypertension, many of whom had been poorly controlled on other drugs. Labetalol lowered lying and standing blood pressures significantly when given alone or when combined with other antihypertensive drugs and it was generally well tolerated. It is easy to use, and in some severe cases has been dramatically effective. Mean daily dose was 767 mg. A postural hypotensive effect was seen especially in patients taking concomitant diuretics but was not troublesome. Labetalol reduced heart rate in patients who were not on previous or concomitant beta-blocker therapy. Side effects were few and did not cause major problems. A transiently or persistently weakly positive ANF was noted in nine patients; the significance of this is uncertain at this stage and needs further assessment. Raynaud's phenomenon, which had complicated previous beta-blocker therapy in some patients, improved with labetalol.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertension with labetalol. Labetalol, a new antihypertensive drug which combines alpha- and beta-blocking properties, was used in an open clinical trial in a mixed group of 47 adult patients with mainly essential hypertension, many of whom had been poorly controlled on other drugs. Labetalol lowered lying and standing blood pressures significantly when given alone or when combined with other antihypertensive drugs and it was generally well tolerated. It is easy to use, and in some severe cases has been dramatically effective. Mean daily dose was 767 mg. A postural hypotensive effect was seen especially in patients taking concomitant diuretics but was not troublesome. Labetalol reduced heart rate in patients who were not on previous or concomitant beta-blocker therapy. Side effects were few and did not cause major problems. A transiently or persistently weakly positive ANF was noted in nine patients; the significance of this is uncertain at this stage and needs further assessment. Raynaud's phenomenon, which had complicated previous beta-blocker therapy in some patients, improved with labetalol.", "PMID": 306082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_591", "title": "[Formation and cellular structure of the lines of tension in the axial rudimenta of amphibian embryos].", "content": "The lines of mechanical tension (cross-lines) in axial rudiments of the amphibian embryo represent bands of polarized cells. They form in the inner layers of the rudiments as separate bundles of polarized cell which, then, merge, attain the external surface and gather in lengthy planes (cross-planes) and, later, degrade. The primary inductor induces the formation of cross-lines in the ventral ectoderm of the early gastrula. The growth of cross-lines in considered as one of the types of contact cells polarization. The morphogenetic role of contact polarization is discussed. The connection between the subsequent tension patterns is based on the fact that the lines of exit of the cross-planes on the surface of the embryo coincide with the direction of the previously established tensions.", "contents": "[Formation and cellular structure of the lines of tension in the axial rudimenta of amphibian embryos]. The lines of mechanical tension (cross-lines) in axial rudiments of the amphibian embryo represent bands of polarized cells. They form in the inner layers of the rudiments as separate bundles of polarized cell which, then, merge, attain the external surface and gather in lengthy planes (cross-planes) and, later, degrade. The primary inductor induces the formation of cross-lines in the ventral ectoderm of the early gastrula. The growth of cross-lines in considered as one of the types of contact cells polarization. The morphogenetic role of contact polarization is discussed. The connection between the subsequent tension patterns is based on the fact that the lines of exit of the cross-planes on the surface of the embryo coincide with the direction of the previously established tensions.", "PMID": 306083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_592", "title": "[Effect of sera against aggregated mouse immunoglobulins on a population of lymphoid and hematopoietic cells].", "content": "The in vitro treatment of the mouse spleen cells immunized by the ram erythrocytes with the rabbit and mouse sera against the thermoaggregated mouse immunoglobulins resulted in the inhibition of antigen binding receptors of rosette forming cells. The mouse serum, unlike the rabbit one, induced the inactivation of receptors in rosette forming lymphocytes both in the non-immune and immune mice on the 8th day after the antigenic stimulation. The treatment of bone marrow cells from the intact mice with these sera increased insignificantly the number of hemopoietic colonies in the spleens of lethally irradiated syngenic recipients and stimulated markedly the migration of spleen cells. This may be due both to the direct effect of these sera and to their mediated (through the humoral factor) influence. The inactivation of antigen binding receptors in the spleen rosette forming cells suggests the presence of immunoglobulins on the membrane of B-lymphocytes in the aggregated state or in the form of antigen--antibody complexes.", "contents": "[Effect of sera against aggregated mouse immunoglobulins on a population of lymphoid and hematopoietic cells]. The in vitro treatment of the mouse spleen cells immunized by the ram erythrocytes with the rabbit and mouse sera against the thermoaggregated mouse immunoglobulins resulted in the inhibition of antigen binding receptors of rosette forming cells. The mouse serum, unlike the rabbit one, induced the inactivation of receptors in rosette forming lymphocytes both in the non-immune and immune mice on the 8th day after the antigenic stimulation. The treatment of bone marrow cells from the intact mice with these sera increased insignificantly the number of hemopoietic colonies in the spleens of lethally irradiated syngenic recipients and stimulated markedly the migration of spleen cells. This may be due both to the direct effect of these sera and to their mediated (through the humoral factor) influence. The inactivation of antigen binding receptors in the spleen rosette forming cells suggests the presence of immunoglobulins on the membrane of B-lymphocytes in the aggregated state or in the form of antigen--antibody complexes.", "PMID": 306084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_593", "title": "Inflammatory response, endophthalmitis, corneal dystrophy, glaucoma, retinal detachment, dislocation, refractive error, lens removal, and enucleation.", "content": "This paper provides a synopis of published data on most of the major complications of the implantation of currently used intraocular lenses. With one exception, these studies lack controls, and the results show the variations expected when a variety of lens implants, techniques, and surgeons are compared. The author's personal data are also included.", "contents": "Inflammatory response, endophthalmitis, corneal dystrophy, glaucoma, retinal detachment, dislocation, refractive error, lens removal, and enucleation. This paper provides a synopis of published data on most of the major complications of the implantation of currently used intraocular lenses. With one exception, these studies lack controls, and the results show the variations expected when a variety of lens implants, techniques, and surgeons are compared. The author's personal data are also included.", "PMID": 306085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_594", "title": "Management of surgically dislocated intravitreal lens fragments by pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "We examined 26 eyes (19 of them following phacoemulsification) with surgically dislocated intravitreal lens fragments; 24 eyes were subsequently operated on using pars plana vitrectomy for removal of lens fragments. From this select group of patients we found moderate to severe uveitis, glaucoma, and vitreous opacification present in virtually all cases. Less common complications were retinal detachments (six cases) and bullous keratopathy; the latter problem was found most commonly in eyes subjected to anterior segment maneuvers such as the use of lens loops or vitreous irrigation for removal of the lens material. Pars plana vitrectomy proved an excellent method for removal of lens fragments. A simultaneous two-instrument technique using the Wilson foreign-body forceps and the vitrectomy machine facilitated removal of the denser sclerotic lens fragments. This procedure resulted in resolution of the uveitis and glaucoma with improvement in visual acuity in 20 of the 24 eyes. However, only 10 of the 24 patients operated on obtained 20/40 or better visual acuity. A relatively prompt pars plana vitrectomy in eyes subjected to a minimum of surgical trauma yielded the best visual results.", "contents": "Management of surgically dislocated intravitreal lens fragments by pars plana vitrectomy. We examined 26 eyes (19 of them following phacoemulsification) with surgically dislocated intravitreal lens fragments; 24 eyes were subsequently operated on using pars plana vitrectomy for removal of lens fragments. From this select group of patients we found moderate to severe uveitis, glaucoma, and vitreous opacification present in virtually all cases. Less common complications were retinal detachments (six cases) and bullous keratopathy; the latter problem was found most commonly in eyes subjected to anterior segment maneuvers such as the use of lens loops or vitreous irrigation for removal of the lens material. Pars plana vitrectomy proved an excellent method for removal of lens fragments. A simultaneous two-instrument technique using the Wilson foreign-body forceps and the vitrectomy machine facilitated removal of the denser sclerotic lens fragments. This procedure resulted in resolution of the uveitis and glaucoma with improvement in visual acuity in 20 of the 24 eyes. However, only 10 of the 24 patients operated on obtained 20/40 or better visual acuity. A relatively prompt pars plana vitrectomy in eyes subjected to a minimum of surgical trauma yielded the best visual results.", "PMID": 306086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_595", "title": "[Exceptional clinical courses of granulomatous colitis in children and adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute complications are known in chronic ulcerative colitis as well as in Crohn's colitis. They can rarely be seen also in childhood and adolescence. Massive rectal bleeding, particularly acute toxic dilatation of the large bowel should be treated surgically after a short-term medical therapy. The procedure of choice is the one stage proctocolectomy. Alternatively the method described by TURNBULL performing a loop ileostomy and several colostomies can be used. Besides the clinical symptoms and signs more than 8 stools and a temperature of more than 38 degrees C in the first 24 hours of hospitalisation can predict a severe clinical course.", "contents": "[Exceptional clinical courses of granulomatous colitis in children and adolescents (author's transl)]. Acute complications are known in chronic ulcerative colitis as well as in Crohn's colitis. They can rarely be seen also in childhood and adolescence. Massive rectal bleeding, particularly acute toxic dilatation of the large bowel should be treated surgically after a short-term medical therapy. The procedure of choice is the one stage proctocolectomy. Alternatively the method described by TURNBULL performing a loop ileostomy and several colostomies can be used. Besides the clinical symptoms and signs more than 8 stools and a temperature of more than 38 degrees C in the first 24 hours of hospitalisation can predict a severe clinical course.", "PMID": 306088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_596", "title": "Immunologic parameters in childhood Hodgkin's disease II. T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of normal children and in the spleen and peripheral blood of children with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A study of peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in 27 children with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 13 age-matched control subjects is presented. The absolute numbers and percentages of T and B lymphocytes identified by their surface marker characteristics were determined. In addition, in 13 HD children the percentages of T and B lymphocytes were estimated in the spleens removed at staging laparotomy. No differences were observed between the total peripheral blood lymphocyte counts of HD and control children, and we found no evidence of progressive lymphopenia with advancing stages of the disease. No decrease in the numbers of peripheral blood T lymphocytes was seen in this group of HD children. In contrast, the proportions and absolute numbers of B lymphocytes tended to be significantly lower in the children with HD than in the control subjects. In 9 of the 13 spleens studied high percentages of T lymphocytes were seen; low percentage of B lymphocytes were found in all spleens examined.", "contents": "Immunologic parameters in childhood Hodgkin's disease II. T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of normal children and in the spleen and peripheral blood of children with Hodgkin's disease. A study of peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in 27 children with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 13 age-matched control subjects is presented. The absolute numbers and percentages of T and B lymphocytes identified by their surface marker characteristics were determined. In addition, in 13 HD children the percentages of T and B lymphocytes were estimated in the spleens removed at staging laparotomy. No differences were observed between the total peripheral blood lymphocyte counts of HD and control children, and we found no evidence of progressive lymphopenia with advancing stages of the disease. No decrease in the numbers of peripheral blood T lymphocytes was seen in this group of HD children. In contrast, the proportions and absolute numbers of B lymphocytes tended to be significantly lower in the children with HD than in the control subjects. In 9 of the 13 spleens studied high percentages of T lymphocytes were seen; low percentage of B lymphocytes were found in all spleens examined.", "PMID": 306089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_597", "title": "Effect of ampicillin and chloramphenicol against Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Synergy, determined by isobolograms constructed from the minimal inhibitory concentrations of combinations of ampicillin and chloramphenicol, was observed against six of 13 ampicillin-susceptible Haemophilus influenzae type b isolates and against five of eight ampicillin-resistant strains by using a small inoculum of 10(4) colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter. Synergy occurred against nine of 13 ampicillin-susceptible and against two of eight ampicillin-resistant strains using a large inoculum of 10(7) CFU/ml. When synergy was not observed, additive effects occurred against the remainder of isolates. Additive effects were also observed against single strains of chloramphenicol-resistant, nontypeable H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae. No antagonism was observed. These data indicate that ampicillin and chloramphenicol may be synergistic against a significant number of H. influenzae strains depending on inoculum size, but the effect is unpredictable for a given isolate. These data support the recommendation that ampicillin and chloramphenicol both be used as initial therapy for patients with suspected bacterial meningitis.", "contents": "Effect of ampicillin and chloramphenicol against Haemophilus influenzae. Synergy, determined by isobolograms constructed from the minimal inhibitory concentrations of combinations of ampicillin and chloramphenicol, was observed against six of 13 ampicillin-susceptible Haemophilus influenzae type b isolates and against five of eight ampicillin-resistant strains by using a small inoculum of 10(4) colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter. Synergy occurred against nine of 13 ampicillin-susceptible and against two of eight ampicillin-resistant strains using a large inoculum of 10(7) CFU/ml. When synergy was not observed, additive effects occurred against the remainder of isolates. Additive effects were also observed against single strains of chloramphenicol-resistant, nontypeable H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae. No antagonism was observed. These data indicate that ampicillin and chloramphenicol may be synergistic against a significant number of H. influenzae strains depending on inoculum size, but the effect is unpredictable for a given isolate. These data support the recommendation that ampicillin and chloramphenicol both be used as initial therapy for patients with suspected bacterial meningitis.", "PMID": 306090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_598", "title": "[Familial immune deficit and genetic deficiency of adenosine deaminase or of nucleoside phosphorylase (author's transl)].", "content": "Two familial enzymopathies, always related to the combined immune deficit, are reviewed. Both are clinically characterized by repeated infections since the birth, leading to fatal issue before age of 4 years. The hereditary deficiency of adenosine deaminase is associated to the deficient functions of T and B lymphocytes. The activity of the enzyme is non detectable in the erythrocytes, strongly reduced in the lymphocytes and in several organs. In hereditary deficiency of nucleoside phosphorylase the functional anomalies of T lymphocytes are observed. The biochemical mechanism of the relation between the two enzymopathies and the deficient function of the immune system is centered on the metabolic pathway of purine nucleosides ans nucleotides.", "contents": "[Familial immune deficit and genetic deficiency of adenosine deaminase or of nucleoside phosphorylase (author's transl)]. Two familial enzymopathies, always related to the combined immune deficit, are reviewed. Both are clinically characterized by repeated infections since the birth, leading to fatal issue before age of 4 years. The hereditary deficiency of adenosine deaminase is associated to the deficient functions of T and B lymphocytes. The activity of the enzyme is non detectable in the erythrocytes, strongly reduced in the lymphocytes and in several organs. In hereditary deficiency of nucleoside phosphorylase the functional anomalies of T lymphocytes are observed. The biochemical mechanism of the relation between the two enzymopathies and the deficient function of the immune system is centered on the metabolic pathway of purine nucleosides ans nucleotides.", "PMID": 306093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_599", "title": "Dexamethasone modulates binding and action of epidermal growth factor in serum-free cell culture.", "content": "Experiments probing the mechanism by which glucocorticoids modulate cell proliferation were carried out on serum-free cell cultures of quiescent human diploid foreskin (HF) cells. Added alone, the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone had no effect on cell number. However, dexamethasone enhanced the mitogenic response of HF cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF) by 50% at all EGF concentrations. The mitogenic action of EGF was maximally promoted by a dexamethasone concentration of 100 ng/ml (0.25 muM). Binding studies with (125)I-labeled EGF ((125)I-EGF) suggested that dexamethasone caused this \"permissive\" effect by modulating cell surface receptors for EGF. Paralleling their increased responsiveness to EGF growth stimulation, dexamethasone-treated cells exhibited a 50-100% increased ability to bind physiological concentrations of (125)I-EGF. A binding increase was apparent after a 4-hr dexamethasone treatment. The dexamethasone-treated cells maintained an increased ability to bind (125)I-EGF during the prolonged exposure to EGF that was required to stimulate cell division. Moreover, the increase in (125)I-EGF binding exhibited a dexamethasone dose-dependence similar to that for the enhancement of EGF mitogenesis, suggesting a relationship between the dexamethasone effects on binding and growth. An investigation of the binding increase showed that it was specific for glucocorticoids, and required protein synthesis. The enhancement of (125)I-EGF binding diminished with increasing concentrations of (125)I-EGF, indicating that dexamethasone caused a qualitative change in the EGF receptors (possibly a change in receptor affinity or cooperativity). The alteration in (125)I-EGF binding may occur as part of a far-reaching dexamethasone-mediated change in the cell surface, because dexamethasone treatment slightly increased the ability of HF cells to bind (125)I-insulin, and decreased by half their ability to bind (125)I-thrombin.", "contents": "Dexamethasone modulates binding and action of epidermal growth factor in serum-free cell culture. Experiments probing the mechanism by which glucocorticoids modulate cell proliferation were carried out on serum-free cell cultures of quiescent human diploid foreskin (HF) cells. Added alone, the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone had no effect on cell number. However, dexamethasone enhanced the mitogenic response of HF cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF) by 50% at all EGF concentrations. The mitogenic action of EGF was maximally promoted by a dexamethasone concentration of 100 ng/ml (0.25 muM). Binding studies with (125)I-labeled EGF ((125)I-EGF) suggested that dexamethasone caused this \"permissive\" effect by modulating cell surface receptors for EGF. Paralleling their increased responsiveness to EGF growth stimulation, dexamethasone-treated cells exhibited a 50-100% increased ability to bind physiological concentrations of (125)I-EGF. A binding increase was apparent after a 4-hr dexamethasone treatment. The dexamethasone-treated cells maintained an increased ability to bind (125)I-EGF during the prolonged exposure to EGF that was required to stimulate cell division. Moreover, the increase in (125)I-EGF binding exhibited a dexamethasone dose-dependence similar to that for the enhancement of EGF mitogenesis, suggesting a relationship between the dexamethasone effects on binding and growth. An investigation of the binding increase showed that it was specific for glucocorticoids, and required protein synthesis. The enhancement of (125)I-EGF binding diminished with increasing concentrations of (125)I-EGF, indicating that dexamethasone caused a qualitative change in the EGF receptors (possibly a change in receptor affinity or cooperativity). The alteration in (125)I-EGF binding may occur as part of a far-reaching dexamethasone-mediated change in the cell surface, because dexamethasone treatment slightly increased the ability of HF cells to bind (125)I-insulin, and decreased by half their ability to bind (125)I-thrombin.", "PMID": 306107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_600", "title": "RNA content in human lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes are stained with the metachromatic dye acridine orange and the fluorescence of individual cells is measured by flow cytometry. The relative content of stainable RNA per cell is estimated by comparison with RNase-treated cells. Non-T and T lymphocytes have different mean quantities of RNA per cell, and these classes exhibit different distributions of RNA content. Non-T cells have a unimodal distribution with a sharp peak and exponential distribution towards higher RNA values. T cells have a bimodal distribution with two separate peaks. When T cells having receptors for IgG (Tgamma cells) and IgM (Tmu cells) are separated, each of these cell populations displays a unimodal distribution. Of these three lymphocyte subpopulations, Tgamma cells have the lowest content of RNA per cell. Non-T cells have slightly higher RNA content than Tgamma, and Tmu cells have twice as much RNA as Tgamma cells. The RNA content, which surely relates to the different functions of these lymphocyte subpopulations, may also be a useful marker for rapidly distinguishing the lymphocyte subpopulations.", "contents": "RNA content in human lymphocyte subpopulations. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes are stained with the metachromatic dye acridine orange and the fluorescence of individual cells is measured by flow cytometry. The relative content of stainable RNA per cell is estimated by comparison with RNase-treated cells. Non-T and T lymphocytes have different mean quantities of RNA per cell, and these classes exhibit different distributions of RNA content. Non-T cells have a unimodal distribution with a sharp peak and exponential distribution towards higher RNA values. T cells have a bimodal distribution with two separate peaks. When T cells having receptors for IgG (Tgamma cells) and IgM (Tmu cells) are separated, each of these cell populations displays a unimodal distribution. Of these three lymphocyte subpopulations, Tgamma cells have the lowest content of RNA per cell. Non-T cells have slightly higher RNA content than Tgamma, and Tmu cells have twice as much RNA as Tgamma cells. The RNA content, which surely relates to the different functions of these lymphocyte subpopulations, may also be a useful marker for rapidly distinguishing the lymphocyte subpopulations.", "PMID": 306108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_601", "title": "Clonal dominance: loss and restoration in adoptive transfer.", "content": "An adoptive transfer system was used to study the mechanism responsible for clonal dominance of the anti-phosphorylcholine response in BALB/c mice. The adult spleen contains phosphorylcholine-specific precursor cells that are capable of developing into antibody-producing cells after transfer into lethally irradiated animals. The neonatal liver of the BALB/c mouse lacks precursor cells specific for phosphorylcholine but contains immature cells that differentiate into specific precursors during the normal course of ontogeny. The transfer of fetal or neonatal liver cells into lethally irradiated recipients prevents the appearance of the dominant H8 clone which constitutes the majority of the clones responding to phosphorylcholine in adult BALB/c mice. However, if these cells are transferred into neonatally suppressed recipients that lack the H8 idiotype, dominance of the H8 clone can develop. The conversion of the committed immature progenitor cell into a responsive B lymphocyte precursor is a regulated event. Regulation at the level of progenitor cells determines the eventual clonal profile of the immune response to phosphorylcholine. It is suggested that selection of the dominant clone occurs at this level.", "contents": "Clonal dominance: loss and restoration in adoptive transfer. An adoptive transfer system was used to study the mechanism responsible for clonal dominance of the anti-phosphorylcholine response in BALB/c mice. The adult spleen contains phosphorylcholine-specific precursor cells that are capable of developing into antibody-producing cells after transfer into lethally irradiated animals. The neonatal liver of the BALB/c mouse lacks precursor cells specific for phosphorylcholine but contains immature cells that differentiate into specific precursors during the normal course of ontogeny. The transfer of fetal or neonatal liver cells into lethally irradiated recipients prevents the appearance of the dominant H8 clone which constitutes the majority of the clones responding to phosphorylcholine in adult BALB/c mice. However, if these cells are transferred into neonatally suppressed recipients that lack the H8 idiotype, dominance of the H8 clone can develop. The conversion of the committed immature progenitor cell into a responsive B lymphocyte precursor is a regulated event. Regulation at the level of progenitor cells determines the eventual clonal profile of the immune response to phosphorylcholine. It is suggested that selection of the dominant clone occurs at this level.", "PMID": 306109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_602", "title": "Effect of alloxan-diabetes on alpha-amylase and sialic acid levels in the parotid and submandibular glands of rats.", "content": "The relationship of diabetes to salivary gland metabolism has been investigated by comparing the levels of alpha-amylase, sialic acid and total protein in the parotid and submandibular glands, plasma and kidneys of control and alloxan-diabetic rats. A significant decrease in alpha-amylase activity was found in both the parotid and submandibular glands of the diabetic rats by use of both a chemical and an electrophoretic assay. Plasma and kidney levels of the enzyme were not altered in the diabetic rats. Sialic acid levels were not affected by the alloxan-induced diabetes. Although the total protein concentration was significantly altered only in the kidneys of the alloxan-diabetic rats, the electrophoretic patterns of both the parotid and submandibular gland soluble proteins were markedly different between the control and alloxan-diabetic rats. The electrophoretic data indicate that protein metabolism in general, and the alpha-amylase concentration specifically, are altered in the salivary glands of alloxan-diabetic rats.", "contents": "Effect of alloxan-diabetes on alpha-amylase and sialic acid levels in the parotid and submandibular glands of rats. The relationship of diabetes to salivary gland metabolism has been investigated by comparing the levels of alpha-amylase, sialic acid and total protein in the parotid and submandibular glands, plasma and kidneys of control and alloxan-diabetic rats. A significant decrease in alpha-amylase activity was found in both the parotid and submandibular glands of the diabetic rats by use of both a chemical and an electrophoretic assay. Plasma and kidney levels of the enzyme were not altered in the diabetic rats. Sialic acid levels were not affected by the alloxan-induced diabetes. Although the total protein concentration was significantly altered only in the kidneys of the alloxan-diabetic rats, the electrophoretic patterns of both the parotid and submandibular gland soluble proteins were markedly different between the control and alloxan-diabetic rats. The electrophoretic data indicate that protein metabolism in general, and the alpha-amylase concentration specifically, are altered in the salivary glands of alloxan-diabetic rats.", "PMID": 306111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_603", "title": "A radiotelemetry pill for the measurement of ionising radiation using a mercuric iodide detector.", "content": "A small radiation measuring pill is briefly described which utilises the principles of radiotelemetry and the properties of a room temperature semiconductor radiation detector such as mercuric iodide. By transmitting a radio signal to a remote receiver the pill could be an effective tool in localising bleeding sites along the gastrointestinal tract and also possibly in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal carcinoma. Other uses of the radiopill are suggested. The size of the pill is 27 mm x 10 mm diameter and consists of a mercuric iodide crystal, an amplifier, a frequency modulated transmitter and one battery. The radiotransmitter operates at about 106 MHz and has a range of about 10m, and the sensitivity of the pill has been found for 99Tcm, 131I and 32P.", "contents": "A radiotelemetry pill for the measurement of ionising radiation using a mercuric iodide detector. A small radiation measuring pill is briefly described which utilises the principles of radiotelemetry and the properties of a room temperature semiconductor radiation detector such as mercuric iodide. By transmitting a radio signal to a remote receiver the pill could be an effective tool in localising bleeding sites along the gastrointestinal tract and also possibly in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal carcinoma. Other uses of the radiopill are suggested. The size of the pill is 27 mm x 10 mm diameter and consists of a mercuric iodide crystal, an amplifier, a frequency modulated transmitter and one battery. The radiotransmitter operates at about 106 MHz and has a range of about 10m, and the sensitivity of the pill has been found for 99Tcm, 131I and 32P.", "PMID": 306112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_604", "title": "[Correlation of encephalotomography and computer tomography in space occupying lesions in the midline and cerebellopontine angle (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic value of encephalotomography and computer tomography in neuroradiology of midline tumors is discussed. Characteristic differences of both methods are summarized. The following conclusions of clinical importance are derived from our experiences: 1. Computer tomography is the most valuable method in the diagnostic procedure of midline tumors. Encephalography is not necessary is cases with density differences of tumor and surrounding brain tissue or contrast enhancement. 2. Encephalotomography should be performed in cases with dislocation of cisternes and ventricles without density differences or contrast enhancement. 3. Encephalotomography is the method of choice in patients with unclear computer tomography and contradictory clincial symptomatology.", "contents": "[Correlation of encephalotomography and computer tomography in space occupying lesions in the midline and cerebellopontine angle (author's transl)]. The diagnostic value of encephalotomography and computer tomography in neuroradiology of midline tumors is discussed. Characteristic differences of both methods are summarized. The following conclusions of clinical importance are derived from our experiences: 1. Computer tomography is the most valuable method in the diagnostic procedure of midline tumors. Encephalography is not necessary is cases with density differences of tumor and surrounding brain tissue or contrast enhancement. 2. Encephalotomography should be performed in cases with dislocation of cisternes and ventricles without density differences or contrast enhancement. 3. Encephalotomography is the method of choice in patients with unclear computer tomography and contradictory clincial symptomatology.", "PMID": 306116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_605", "title": "Transcatheter embolization for lower gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Transcatheter embolization was performed in 7 patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Hemorrhage was controlled in each of the 5 actively and massively bleeding patients but recurred after several months in 2 patients who had bled intermittently from vascular dysplasias. The authors recommend preoperative angiographic localization of the bleeding site in almost all cases of major lower gastrointestinal bleeding. When the cause and bleeding site have been identified, it seems reasonable to exploit the therapeutic potential of the angiographic catheter already in place: indeed, surgery may be obviated. If embolism fails or ischemic sequelae develop, partial colectomy can still be performed. Further long-term follow-up will be necessary before the role of transcatheter embolization can be definitively assessed.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolization for lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Transcatheter embolization was performed in 7 patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Hemorrhage was controlled in each of the 5 actively and massively bleeding patients but recurred after several months in 2 patients who had bled intermittently from vascular dysplasias. The authors recommend preoperative angiographic localization of the bleeding site in almost all cases of major lower gastrointestinal bleeding. When the cause and bleeding site have been identified, it seems reasonable to exploit the therapeutic potential of the angiographic catheter already in place: indeed, surgery may be obviated. If embolism fails or ischemic sequelae develop, partial colectomy can still be performed. Further long-term follow-up will be necessary before the role of transcatheter embolization can be definitively assessed.", "PMID": 306117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_606", "title": "Decrease in ventricular and sulcal size after death.", "content": "Fifty-one intact corpses were examined with the EMI head scanner from 1 1/2-52 hours after death; 15 of these had antemortem CT scans. Seven had sequential postmortem CT scans. CT scans and autopsy findings for lateral ventricular size and sulcal width were compared. The lateral ventricular size generally, and the sulcal width occasionally, became smaller after death, though the decrease was usually mild. This decrease was demonstrated not only on antemortem and postmortem sequential CT scans, but on postmortem sequential CT scans alone as well.", "contents": "Decrease in ventricular and sulcal size after death. Fifty-one intact corpses were examined with the EMI head scanner from 1 1/2-52 hours after death; 15 of these had antemortem CT scans. Seven had sequential postmortem CT scans. CT scans and autopsy findings for lateral ventricular size and sulcal width were compared. The lateral ventricular size generally, and the sulcal width occasionally, became smaller after death, though the decrease was usually mild. This decrease was demonstrated not only on antemortem and postmortem sequential CT scans, but on postmortem sequential CT scans alone as well.", "PMID": 306118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_607", "title": "Abnormal gallium scintigraphy in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with a normal chest radiograph.", "content": "The authors describe a patient with malignant lymphoma in whom the use of a 67Ga citrate lung scan assisted in the diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia. In immunodeficient patients presenting with unexplained fever, abnormal pulmonary function tests, a normal chest radiograph, and few chest symptoms, the 67Ga citrate scan may lead to the early detection and successful treatment of this potentially lethal infection.", "contents": "Abnormal gallium scintigraphy in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with a normal chest radiograph. The authors describe a patient with malignant lymphoma in whom the use of a 67Ga citrate lung scan assisted in the diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia. In immunodeficient patients presenting with unexplained fever, abnormal pulmonary function tests, a normal chest radiograph, and few chest symptoms, the 67Ga citrate scan may lead to the early detection and successful treatment of this potentially lethal infection.", "PMID": 306119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_608", "title": "Haemostatic effect of triglycylvasopressin on bleeding from gastric mucosal lesions in the rat.", "content": "The haemostatic effect of triglycylvasopressin (TGLVP) on the gastric mucosa was evaluated in an experimental model in the rat. TGLVP was found to reduce the bleeding significantly compared with the untreated controls. The haemostatic effect was most prounounced and prolonged when 200 microgram/kg b.w. was given intravenously. The clinical application of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Haemostatic effect of triglycylvasopressin on bleeding from gastric mucosal lesions in the rat. The haemostatic effect of triglycylvasopressin (TGLVP) on the gastric mucosa was evaluated in an experimental model in the rat. TGLVP was found to reduce the bleeding significantly compared with the untreated controls. The haemostatic effect was most prounounced and prolonged when 200 microgram/kg b.w. was given intravenously. The clinical application of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 306122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_609", "title": "Traffic of T and B lymphocytes in the normal spleen.", "content": "The occurrence of C3b and C3d complement receptors and of Fc and E receptors in normal splenic tissue was studied in cryostat sections incubated with specific marker cells. Thereby the topographic distribution of T and B lymphocytes in the splenic tissue was mapped: Te lymphocytes are found especially in the periateriolar sheaths, B lymphocytes in eccentric zones around the arterioles. The cells in the splenic pulp carry especially Fc, but also C3b receptors, whereas C3d receptors appear to be specific of lymphocytes. The basic lymphocyte traffic behind the mapped distribution of the lymphocyte subpopulations in the spleen was elucidated by lymphocyte kinetic studies using autologous 51Cr-labelled reinfused lymphocytes. These studies were performed partly on normal persons and partly on splenectomized persons without immune defects. The results indicate the presence of an exchangeable pool of T as well as of B lymphocytes in the spleen, the T cell pool being larger and making up in normals about 30% of the total exchangeable T lymphocyte mass. The matrix for the T lymphocyte pool in the spleen is the periateriolar sheaths. The difference in structure between the lymph nodes and the lymphoid tissue of the spleen, including differences in the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations, are explained by the special vascular arrangement in the spleen.", "contents": "Traffic of T and B lymphocytes in the normal spleen. The occurrence of C3b and C3d complement receptors and of Fc and E receptors in normal splenic tissue was studied in cryostat sections incubated with specific marker cells. Thereby the topographic distribution of T and B lymphocytes in the splenic tissue was mapped: Te lymphocytes are found especially in the periateriolar sheaths, B lymphocytes in eccentric zones around the arterioles. The cells in the splenic pulp carry especially Fc, but also C3b receptors, whereas C3d receptors appear to be specific of lymphocytes. The basic lymphocyte traffic behind the mapped distribution of the lymphocyte subpopulations in the spleen was elucidated by lymphocyte kinetic studies using autologous 51Cr-labelled reinfused lymphocytes. These studies were performed partly on normal persons and partly on splenectomized persons without immune defects. The results indicate the presence of an exchangeable pool of T as well as of B lymphocytes in the spleen, the T cell pool being larger and making up in normals about 30% of the total exchangeable T lymphocyte mass. The matrix for the T lymphocyte pool in the spleen is the periateriolar sheaths. The difference in structure between the lymph nodes and the lymphoid tissue of the spleen, including differences in the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations, are explained by the special vascular arrangement in the spleen.", "PMID": 306126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_610", "title": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in long-lasting traumatic coma.", "content": "Sixteen cases, aged 19 to 61 years and suffering from traumatic coma were studied for periods varying from 7 to 20 months. Obvious or occult gastrointestinal hemorrhage appeared in every case, the earliest presentation being after a few weeks and the latest at 20 months. Gastric acidity was normal in 15 cases. Five patients had duodenal ulceration in repeated roentgenological examination. Concomitant clinical findings included clubbing and paraarticular new bone formation in 9 patients. In addition, hypoxia with repeated values between 63 and 88 mm was observed in 13 of the 16 patients. The latter observation strongly suggests that hypoxia of gastrointestinal mucosa may, indeed, play a pathogenetic role in gastrointestinal hemorrhage of patients with C.C.I.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in long-lasting traumatic coma. Sixteen cases, aged 19 to 61 years and suffering from traumatic coma were studied for periods varying from 7 to 20 months. Obvious or occult gastrointestinal hemorrhage appeared in every case, the earliest presentation being after a few weeks and the latest at 20 months. Gastric acidity was normal in 15 cases. Five patients had duodenal ulceration in repeated roentgenological examination. Concomitant clinical findings included clubbing and paraarticular new bone formation in 9 patients. In addition, hypoxia with repeated values between 63 and 88 mm was observed in 13 of the 16 patients. The latter observation strongly suggests that hypoxia of gastrointestinal mucosa may, indeed, play a pathogenetic role in gastrointestinal hemorrhage of patients with C.C.I.", "PMID": 306127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_611", "title": "Value of fiberoptic gastrointestinal endoscopy in infants and children.", "content": "Fiberoptic gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed on 52 patients between the ages of 2 months and 16 years. The procedures were safely and easily done with premedications consisting of meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine, and atropine, with diazepam given at the time of the procedure. Fiberoptic endoscopy was particularly helpful in localizing the site of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, in retrieving foreign objects, and in removing colonic polyps. In contrast, endoscopy added little to the clinical history and roentgenographic studies in children with recurrent abdominal pain or vomiting, in whom we believe fiberoptic endoscopy is not indicated unless the symptoms or history appear inconsistent with the diagnosis of functional bowel disease.", "contents": "Value of fiberoptic gastrointestinal endoscopy in infants and children. Fiberoptic gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed on 52 patients between the ages of 2 months and 16 years. The procedures were safely and easily done with premedications consisting of meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine, and atropine, with diazepam given at the time of the procedure. Fiberoptic endoscopy was particularly helpful in localizing the site of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, in retrieving foreign objects, and in removing colonic polyps. In contrast, endoscopy added little to the clinical history and roentgenographic studies in children with recurrent abdominal pain or vomiting, in whom we believe fiberoptic endoscopy is not indicated unless the symptoms or history appear inconsistent with the diagnosis of functional bowel disease.", "PMID": 306130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_612", "title": "Effects of contrast media on the canine subarachnoid space.", "content": "This study reports an investigation of the canine arachnoid membrane using the scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) regarding the effects of contrast material on these structures. In the normal arachnoid membrane, two basic surface patterns were observed; one fenestrated and the other embossed with parallel fibers. Ventriculography was performed on 30 mongrel dogs divided into five groups: control, air, iophendylate, meglumine iothalamate, and Metrizamide. SEM study of the arachnoid membrane from basal cisterns showed no change after air ventriculography. After contrast agents were used, macrophages appeared and fenestrations became closed with fibrin-like substance.", "contents": "Effects of contrast media on the canine subarachnoid space. This study reports an investigation of the canine arachnoid membrane using the scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) regarding the effects of contrast material on these structures. In the normal arachnoid membrane, two basic surface patterns were observed; one fenestrated and the other embossed with parallel fibers. Ventriculography was performed on 30 mongrel dogs divided into five groups: control, air, iophendylate, meglumine iothalamate, and Metrizamide. SEM study of the arachnoid membrane from basal cisterns showed no change after air ventriculography. After contrast agents were used, macrophages appeared and fenestrations became closed with fibrin-like substance.", "PMID": 306132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_613", "title": "Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) vaginitis in women attending public health clinics: response to treatment with ampicillin.", "content": "Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) was isolated from genital specimens from 150 women who came to a public health venereal disease clinic. Forty-six patients returned to the clinic for at least one follow-up examination. Of the returnees, 22 of 24 who initially had received adequate therapy (14 g ampicillin in seven days) were cured, compared with three of 22 who did not received adequate therapy (X2 = 25.11; P less than 0.00005). These data included significant cure rates with adequate therapy among the 46 returnees, of whom 25 had vaginitis due to H. vaginalis only (X2 = 16.67;  P less than 0.00005) and 21 had vaginitis caused by a mixture of pathogens (X2 = 5.86; P less than 0.0156). Specimens obtained from 24 of the 46 returnees were cultured for H. vaginalis on the second visit; 19 were negative, and only five were positive. Clinical responses of the patients correlated closely with the results of culture in both treated and untreated groups (X2 = 14.23; P less than 0.00016).", "contents": "Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) vaginitis in women attending public health clinics: response to treatment with ampicillin. Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) was isolated from genital specimens from 150 women who came to a public health venereal disease clinic. Forty-six patients returned to the clinic for at least one follow-up examination. Of the returnees, 22 of 24 who initially had received adequate therapy (14 g ampicillin in seven days) were cured, compared with three of 22 who did not received adequate therapy (X2 = 25.11; P less than 0.00005). These data included significant cure rates with adequate therapy among the 46 returnees, of whom 25 had vaginitis due to H. vaginalis only (X2 = 16.67;  P less than 0.00005) and 21 had vaginitis caused by a mixture of pathogens (X2 = 5.86; P less than 0.0156). Specimens obtained from 24 of the 46 returnees were cultured for H. vaginalis on the second visit; 19 were negative, and only five were positive. Clinical responses of the patients correlated closely with the results of culture in both treated and untreated groups (X2 = 14.23; P less than 0.00016).", "PMID": 306133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_614", "title": "Synthesis of 1alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol.", "content": "A synthesis of 1alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol (1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2, a potent analog of vitamin D2, is described. The preparation route involves conversion of ergosterol in two steps (60%) to the known ergosta-4, 6, 22-trien-3-one and dehydrogenation of the triene with SeO2 to ergosta-1,4,6,22-tetraen-3-one (30%). Epoxidation of the tetraenone to the corresponding 1alpha, 2alpha-epoxide followed by Li/NH3 reduction gave ergosta-5,22-diene-1alpha, 3beta-diol in 26% yield from the tetranone. After conversion to the corresponding diacetate and allylic bromination/dehydrobromination 1alpha-acetoxyergosteryl acetate was obtained. Irradiation of this intermediate gave the previtamin which was converted to the new vitamin analog by thermal equilibration and hydrolysis of the acetates. Charcteristic uv, nmr and mass spectral patterns confirmed the structure of the product.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol. A synthesis of 1alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol (1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2, a potent analog of vitamin D2, is described. The preparation route involves conversion of ergosterol in two steps (60%) to the known ergosta-4, 6, 22-trien-3-one and dehydrogenation of the triene with SeO2 to ergosta-1,4,6,22-tetraen-3-one (30%). Epoxidation of the tetraenone to the corresponding 1alpha, 2alpha-epoxide followed by Li/NH3 reduction gave ergosta-5,22-diene-1alpha, 3beta-diol in 26% yield from the tetranone. After conversion to the corresponding diacetate and allylic bromination/dehydrobromination 1alpha-acetoxyergosteryl acetate was obtained. Irradiation of this intermediate gave the previtamin which was converted to the new vitamin analog by thermal equilibration and hydrolysis of the acetates. Charcteristic uv, nmr and mass spectral patterns confirmed the structure of the product.", "PMID": 306145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_615", "title": "The multicellular spheroid as a model tumor allograft. II. Characterization of spheroid-infiltrating cytotoxic cells.", "content": "Alloimmune lymphoid cells infiltrating multicellular spheroids of EMT6 mammary sarcoma cells (a solid tumor allograft model) have been characterized according to their morphological and functional properties. Both lymphocytes and macrophages were found within spheroids at the time of peak tumor cell damage. Cytotoxic cells specific for allograft antigens were also present. Using a short-term 51-Cr release assay, the cells responsible for cytotoxicity were characterized as a nonadherent, nonphagocytic T cell population. Velocity sedimentation cell separation further demonstrated that these cytotoxic cells had the physical properties of small lymphocytes. Some evidence for selective spheroid infiltration by specifically alloimmune cells was also obtained. The possible relationship of this cellular infiltrate to graft damage is discussed.", "contents": "The multicellular spheroid as a model tumor allograft. II. Characterization of spheroid-infiltrating cytotoxic cells. Alloimmune lymphoid cells infiltrating multicellular spheroids of EMT6 mammary sarcoma cells (a solid tumor allograft model) have been characterized according to their morphological and functional properties. Both lymphocytes and macrophages were found within spheroids at the time of peak tumor cell damage. Cytotoxic cells specific for allograft antigens were also present. Using a short-term 51-Cr release assay, the cells responsible for cytotoxicity were characterized as a nonadherent, nonphagocytic T cell population. Velocity sedimentation cell separation further demonstrated that these cytotoxic cells had the physical properties of small lymphocytes. Some evidence for selective spheroid infiltration by specifically alloimmune cells was also obtained. The possible relationship of this cellular infiltrate to graft damage is discussed.", "PMID": 306146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_616", "title": "In vivo and in vitro induction of cytotoxic lymphocytes by alloantigen-reactive lymphocytes fractionated on spleen cell monolayers.", "content": "The generation of cytotoxic T cells by normal and primed lymphocytes fractionated on spleen cell monolayers was examined by two methods. In the first method, sublethally irradiated recipients were inoculated with the fractionated cells, and 5 to 6 days later the spleens were tested for cytotoxicity against 51Cr tumor target cells syngeneic to the host. Significant reduction of cytotoxic activity was observed in one-half of the experiments. In the second method, the fractionated cells were cultured with mitomycin C-treated stimulated cells and tested 6 days later for cytotoxicity. A slight reduction of cytotoxic activity was observed. In both methods, the cytotoxic response generated by the fractionated alloantigen-primed lymphocytes was similar to the response obtained with unprimed cells.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro induction of cytotoxic lymphocytes by alloantigen-reactive lymphocytes fractionated on spleen cell monolayers. The generation of cytotoxic T cells by normal and primed lymphocytes fractionated on spleen cell monolayers was examined by two methods. In the first method, sublethally irradiated recipients were inoculated with the fractionated cells, and 5 to 6 days later the spleens were tested for cytotoxicity against 51Cr tumor target cells syngeneic to the host. Significant reduction of cytotoxic activity was observed in one-half of the experiments. In the second method, the fractionated cells were cultured with mitomycin C-treated stimulated cells and tested 6 days later for cytotoxicity. A slight reduction of cytotoxic activity was observed. In both methods, the cytotoxic response generated by the fractionated alloantigen-primed lymphocytes was similar to the response obtained with unprimed cells.", "PMID": 306147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_617", "title": "[Dynamics of immunologic reactivity in the acute phase of virus hepatitis B].", "content": "In 15 patients with acute icteric viral hepatitis B the immunological reactivity was tested. The examinations were performed on the 1st, 7th, and 14th day of hospitalization. They consisted of the determination of the HBsAg and its antibodies in the serum, of the percentage of the B- and T-lymphocytes, of the lymphocyte transformation test under the influence of phytohaemagglutinin, of the lymphocyte migration inhibitory test when the HBsAg is present as well as of the determination of the IgG, IgA and the IgM-level. A decreased percentage of the T-lymphocytes, a decreased blastic transformation and an inhibition of the lymphocyte migration was proved. After a transient increase in the first and second examination the IgG-level returned to the normal in the third examination, whereas the IgM-level increased. Finally dynamics and importance of the cellular reactivity in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis B are discussed.", "contents": "[Dynamics of immunologic reactivity in the acute phase of virus hepatitis B]. In 15 patients with acute icteric viral hepatitis B the immunological reactivity was tested. The examinations were performed on the 1st, 7th, and 14th day of hospitalization. They consisted of the determination of the HBsAg and its antibodies in the serum, of the percentage of the B- and T-lymphocytes, of the lymphocyte transformation test under the influence of phytohaemagglutinin, of the lymphocyte migration inhibitory test when the HBsAg is present as well as of the determination of the IgG, IgA and the IgM-level. A decreased percentage of the T-lymphocytes, a decreased blastic transformation and an inhibition of the lymphocyte migration was proved. After a transient increase in the first and second examination the IgG-level returned to the normal in the third examination, whereas the IgM-level increased. Finally dynamics and importance of the cellular reactivity in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis B are discussed.", "PMID": 306156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_618", "title": "Characteristics and in vitro growth influencing effects of the spleen cell population in a methylcholanthrene induced mouse sarcoma system.", "content": "Effects of immunization on the growth of the early passages of two methylcholanthrene induced mouse tumors, MC57 X and MC57 Y, were different. For tumor X, immunization resulted in complete protection, while tumor Y was enhanced. The enhancing effect was individual tumor specific. The spleens of tumor bearing animals were enlarged and the proportion of blasts, EAC- and EA-rosettes were increased. This was the case for the T cell enriched population also. In lesser extent, such findings were also obtained in the lymph nodes. The spleens of control and tumor bearer animals were tested for effect on the in vitro growth of tumor cells. From both sources non-adherent subpopulations enriched in C3 receptor bearing cells substantially reduced the number of tumor cells. Using the T cell fractions, only those derived from tumor bearer spleens were active. The in vitro effects on the growth of the two tumors were cross-reactive. T cells exhibiting growth inhibition in vitro were detectable 13 days after subcutaneous inoculation, when the tumor was already measurable, while earlier the T cells enhanced the growth. The outcome of the in vitro tests reflected only the tumorous status of the animal and did not relate to preimmunization.", "contents": "Characteristics and in vitro growth influencing effects of the spleen cell population in a methylcholanthrene induced mouse sarcoma system. Effects of immunization on the growth of the early passages of two methylcholanthrene induced mouse tumors, MC57 X and MC57 Y, were different. For tumor X, immunization resulted in complete protection, while tumor Y was enhanced. The enhancing effect was individual tumor specific. The spleens of tumor bearing animals were enlarged and the proportion of blasts, EAC- and EA-rosettes were increased. This was the case for the T cell enriched population also. In lesser extent, such findings were also obtained in the lymph nodes. The spleens of control and tumor bearer animals were tested for effect on the in vitro growth of tumor cells. From both sources non-adherent subpopulations enriched in C3 receptor bearing cells substantially reduced the number of tumor cells. Using the T cell fractions, only those derived from tumor bearer spleens were active. The in vitro effects on the growth of the two tumors were cross-reactive. T cells exhibiting growth inhibition in vitro were detectable 13 days after subcutaneous inoculation, when the tumor was already measurable, while earlier the T cells enhanced the growth. The outcome of the in vitro tests reflected only the tumorous status of the animal and did not relate to preimmunization.", "PMID": 306157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_619", "title": "Human blood lymphocyte fractionation with special attention to their cytotoxic potential.", "content": "In studies concerning the natural cytotoxic activity of human blood lymphocytes we have found that: 1. T cell, which rosette with sheep erythrocytes can be separated by centrifuging on Ficoll the lymphocyte and erythrocyte mixture without previously pelleting and incubating in the cold. 2. Lysis of marker erythrocytes with ammonium chloride impairs the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes. Incubation at 37 degrees C for 12 hr prior to the test restores the activity to some extent. 3. A high proportion of the so call \"null\" fraction i.e. cells remaining in the interface after removal of B cells (passage on nylon column) and sedimentation of E rosettes, sediments as rosettes with sheep EAC'indicating that these cells carry low density E and C3 receptors. Rosetting with SRBC or ox EAC' gave significantly lowr values. On a per cell basis the \"null\" fraction was the most efficient one in natural cytotoxicity. Depletion of cells with low affinity E or E and C3 receptors left highly active subfractions.", "contents": "Human blood lymphocyte fractionation with special attention to their cytotoxic potential. In studies concerning the natural cytotoxic activity of human blood lymphocytes we have found that: 1. T cell, which rosette with sheep erythrocytes can be separated by centrifuging on Ficoll the lymphocyte and erythrocyte mixture without previously pelleting and incubating in the cold. 2. Lysis of marker erythrocytes with ammonium chloride impairs the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes. Incubation at 37 degrees C for 12 hr prior to the test restores the activity to some extent. 3. A high proportion of the so call \"null\" fraction i.e. cells remaining in the interface after removal of B cells (passage on nylon column) and sedimentation of E rosettes, sediments as rosettes with sheep EAC'indicating that these cells carry low density E and C3 receptors. Rosetting with SRBC or ox EAC' gave significantly lowr values. On a per cell basis the \"null\" fraction was the most efficient one in natural cytotoxicity. Depletion of cells with low affinity E or E and C3 receptors left highly active subfractions.", "PMID": 306158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_620", "title": "No development of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in nude mice.", "content": "Homozygeous nu/nu mice do not develop experimental autoimmune thyroiditis and circulating thyroglobulin autoantibodies after two immunizations with murine thyroid extract and fortified complete Freund's adjuvant. However, heterozygeous nu/+ mice are perfectly apt for the induction of both thyroiditis and thyroglobulin autoantibodies. These results provide further evidence for the assumption that the development of experimentally induced autoimmune thyroiditis depends on the presence of T-cells as opposed to the spontaneously occurring autoimmune thyroiditis in Obese strain (OS) chickens which is mediated by B-effector cells. The present data further show that thyroglobulin is a T-dependent antigen in the mouse.", "contents": "No development of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in nude mice. Homozygeous nu/nu mice do not develop experimental autoimmune thyroiditis and circulating thyroglobulin autoantibodies after two immunizations with murine thyroid extract and fortified complete Freund's adjuvant. However, heterozygeous nu/+ mice are perfectly apt for the induction of both thyroiditis and thyroglobulin autoantibodies. These results provide further evidence for the assumption that the development of experimentally induced autoimmune thyroiditis depends on the presence of T-cells as opposed to the spontaneously occurring autoimmune thyroiditis in Obese strain (OS) chickens which is mediated by B-effector cells. The present data further show that thyroglobulin is a T-dependent antigen in the mouse.", "PMID": 306159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_621", "title": "Developmental biology of Pneumocystis carinii, and alternative view on the life cycle of the parasite.", "content": "In this paper we present, based on elaborate ultrastructural studies, data on the existence of both intracellular and extracellular stages of Pneumocystis carinii, which result in a proposal of a new life cycle of the parasite. Up to now the formation of daughter cells in thick-walled pneumocysts is supposed to be the only way of multiplication. The present study shows that in rats treated with cortisone acetate the formation of daughter cells also takes place within thin-walled pneumocysts. In our opinion this way of multiplication is important for the understanding of the rapid increase in number of the parasites in an infected lung. The presence of pneumocysts inside the alveolar epithelial cells suggests that intracellular development of the parasites can occur, but the method of cell penetration, intracellular multiplication and parasite liberation is still unknown. Moreover our observations for the first time indicate a direct pathogenicity of the parasites in host cells.", "contents": "Developmental biology of Pneumocystis carinii, and alternative view on the life cycle of the parasite. In this paper we present, based on elaborate ultrastructural studies, data on the existence of both intracellular and extracellular stages of Pneumocystis carinii, which result in a proposal of a new life cycle of the parasite. Up to now the formation of daughter cells in thick-walled pneumocysts is supposed to be the only way of multiplication. The present study shows that in rats treated with cortisone acetate the formation of daughter cells also takes place within thin-walled pneumocysts. In our opinion this way of multiplication is important for the understanding of the rapid increase in number of the parasites in an infected lung. The presence of pneumocysts inside the alveolar epithelial cells suggests that intracellular development of the parasites can occur, but the method of cell penetration, intracellular multiplication and parasite liberation is still unknown. Moreover our observations for the first time indicate a direct pathogenicity of the parasites in host cells.", "PMID": 306160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_622", "title": "[Endoscopic sclerosing of oesphageal varices (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to unsatisfactory results of porto-systematic shunts in oesophageal varices as prophylaxis or as therapy in haemorrhagic states local therapeutic measures have attracted attention, especially sclerosing the wall of the oesophagus by an endoscopic technique.", "contents": "[Endoscopic sclerosing of oesphageal varices (author's transl)]. Due to unsatisfactory results of porto-systematic shunts in oesophageal varices as prophylaxis or as therapy in haemorrhagic states local therapeutic measures have attracted attention, especially sclerosing the wall of the oesophagus by an endoscopic technique.", "PMID": 306180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_623", "title": "[Influence of homologous n-alcanoic acids on the function properties of isolated skeletal muscles. III. Contractures by fatty acids and relations to the effects of caffeine].", "content": "The influences of octanoic, decanoic, and hexadencanoic acid were tested on the contracture capability of isolated skeletal muscle of frogs and rats. 1. 100 mM octanoic or 10mM decanoic acid induce contractures in skeletal mucles after 20-30 min of exposure. 2. The time of exposure necessary for induction of contractures is shortened by an increase of bath temperature, electrical stimulation or KCl-depolarization of muscles. 3. Simultaneous addition of fatty acid and caffeine (10 mM) effects a depression and a delay of the caffeine contracture. The contractures evoked by 5 mM caffeine are inhibited by lower concentrations of fatty acids (1 mM octaonoic acid, 0,1 mM hexadecanoic acid). 4. After the complete development of a caffeine (or fatty acid) contracture the muscle is not able to develop an identical contracture by a second application of the same drug, even after intermediate treatment during one or two hours in Ringer solution. If the contracture is interrupted one minute after the caffeine application by changing the solution, the tension returns quickly to the resting level. A subsequent addition of caffeine (10 mM) after about 10 minutes effects an identical contracture. Thus the effect of fatty acids on caffeine contracture may be studied on the same muscle which served as its own control. 5. As mechanisms involved in the development of fatty acid contractures and in the inhibition of caffeine contractures, interactions of free fatty acids and lipids of biological membranes are disucssed. Especially, there may be changes of the calcium affinity of cellular membranes.", "contents": "[Influence of homologous n-alcanoic acids on the function properties of isolated skeletal muscles. III. Contractures by fatty acids and relations to the effects of caffeine]. The influences of octanoic, decanoic, and hexadencanoic acid were tested on the contracture capability of isolated skeletal muscle of frogs and rats. 1. 100 mM octanoic or 10mM decanoic acid induce contractures in skeletal mucles after 20-30 min of exposure. 2. The time of exposure necessary for induction of contractures is shortened by an increase of bath temperature, electrical stimulation or KCl-depolarization of muscles. 3. Simultaneous addition of fatty acid and caffeine (10 mM) effects a depression and a delay of the caffeine contracture. The contractures evoked by 5 mM caffeine are inhibited by lower concentrations of fatty acids (1 mM octaonoic acid, 0,1 mM hexadecanoic acid). 4. After the complete development of a caffeine (or fatty acid) contracture the muscle is not able to develop an identical contracture by a second application of the same drug, even after intermediate treatment during one or two hours in Ringer solution. If the contracture is interrupted one minute after the caffeine application by changing the solution, the tension returns quickly to the resting level. A subsequent addition of caffeine (10 mM) after about 10 minutes effects an identical contracture. Thus the effect of fatty acids on caffeine contracture may be studied on the same muscle which served as its own control. 5. As mechanisms involved in the development of fatty acid contractures and in the inhibition of caffeine contractures, interactions of free fatty acids and lipids of biological membranes are disucssed. Especially, there may be changes of the calcium affinity of cellular membranes.", "PMID": 306181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_624", "title": "Regeneration of ankylosed teeth in the adult frog premaxilla.", "content": "The relationship between the ankylosed amphibian tooth and regeneration of a jaw segment was studied. A section of the premaxilla was removed in 95 young leopard frogs. Subsequent would healing was observed at intervals of 0-180 days. The dental lamina formed new teeth and by 90 days, teeth in varying stages of development could be seen extending across the wound segment. Teeth within the wound grew to normal size and shape and were replaced by their successors without support of underlying jaw bone which grew in later and often was incomplete.", "contents": "Regeneration of ankylosed teeth in the adult frog premaxilla. The relationship between the ankylosed amphibian tooth and regeneration of a jaw segment was studied. A section of the premaxilla was removed in 95 young leopard frogs. Subsequent would healing was observed at intervals of 0-180 days. The dental lamina formed new teeth and by 90 days, teeth in varying stages of development could be seen extending across the wound segment. Teeth within the wound grew to normal size and shape and were replaced by their successors without support of underlying jaw bone which grew in later and often was incomplete.", "PMID": 306183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_625", "title": "Biogenic amine and amine precursor uptake by mast cells.", "content": "The mast cell population is heterogeneous concerning its amine precursor and amine uptake. The immature cells incorporate amine precursors, but in more advanced stages of their maturation they take up only 5-HTP. The mature cells do not take up precursors only 5-HT. The thyroid gland and heart muscle mast cells take up the highest amount of 5-HT; this may be related with some specific function of the mast cells in these two organs. Neither of the mast cells would take up histamine, the compound is synthetised by the cells.", "contents": "Biogenic amine and amine precursor uptake by mast cells. The mast cell population is heterogeneous concerning its amine precursor and amine uptake. The immature cells incorporate amine precursors, but in more advanced stages of their maturation they take up only 5-HTP. The mature cells do not take up precursors only 5-HT. The thyroid gland and heart muscle mast cells take up the highest amount of 5-HT; this may be related with some specific function of the mast cells in these two organs. Neither of the mast cells would take up histamine, the compound is synthetised by the cells.", "PMID": 306184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_626", "title": "Nucleus isthmi of the frog: structure and tecto-isthmic projection.", "content": "The morphology of neurons in the isthmic nucleus was studied with the Golgi technique. Most of the neurons have thick dendrites covered with lamelliform dendritic processes. The tecto-isthmic projection was investigated with the Fink--Heimer technique after partial tectal lesions. The anteromedial part of the tectum projects on the dorsal and anterior part, the caudomedial tectal region on the dorsal and posterior part of the nucleus. The posterolateral tectal area projects on the anterolateral part of the nucleus, and the axons originating in the anterolateral tectal quadrant terminate in its ventral and caudal part.", "contents": "Nucleus isthmi of the frog: structure and tecto-isthmic projection. The morphology of neurons in the isthmic nucleus was studied with the Golgi technique. Most of the neurons have thick dendrites covered with lamelliform dendritic processes. The tecto-isthmic projection was investigated with the Fink--Heimer technique after partial tectal lesions. The anteromedial part of the tectum projects on the dorsal and anterior part, the caudomedial tectal region on the dorsal and posterior part of the nucleus. The posterolateral tectal area projects on the anterolateral part of the nucleus, and the axons originating in the anterolateral tectal quadrant terminate in its ventral and caudal part.", "PMID": 306185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_627", "title": "Fascicular conduction distrubances after coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Two hundred patients underogoing coronary bypass graft surgery were studied to determine the frequency and significance fo new fascicular conduction distrubances. The follow-up period ranged from 13 to 39 months. New disturbances developed in 39 patients (20 percent). Isolated right bundle branch block (6 percent) and left anterior hemiblock (6 percent) were the most common disturbances. Righ bundle branch block was usually transient and was not associated with further complications in the follow-up period. However, patients with either transient or persistent left bundle branch block or left anterior hemiblock, or both, had (1) increased later mortality compared with patients without new fascicular conduction disturbances (5 of 26 versus 11 of 161; P less than 0.02), and (2) increased late myocardial infarction (2 of 26 versus 2 of 161; P less than 0.05). New left fascicular conduction disturbances after coronary surgery identified a subset of patients with more extensive ischemic heart disease, suggesting that these patients require close follow-up care.", "contents": "Fascicular conduction distrubances after coronary bypass surgery. Two hundred patients underogoing coronary bypass graft surgery were studied to determine the frequency and significance fo new fascicular conduction distrubances. The follow-up period ranged from 13 to 39 months. New disturbances developed in 39 patients (20 percent). Isolated right bundle branch block (6 percent) and left anterior hemiblock (6 percent) were the most common disturbances. Righ bundle branch block was usually transient and was not associated with further complications in the follow-up period. However, patients with either transient or persistent left bundle branch block or left anterior hemiblock, or both, had (1) increased later mortality compared with patients without new fascicular conduction disturbances (5 of 26 versus 11 of 161; P less than 0.02), and (2) increased late myocardial infarction (2 of 26 versus 2 of 161; P less than 0.05). New left fascicular conduction disturbances after coronary surgery identified a subset of patients with more extensive ischemic heart disease, suggesting that these patients require close follow-up care.", "PMID": 306190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_628", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae type b osteomyelitis.", "content": "Three children had osteomyelitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b. They were seen with signs and symptoms indistinguishable from infection caused by other organisms. One child was initially misdiagnosed as having septic arthritis because of failure to appreciate that Hemophilus may also cause bone infection. In the second patient osteomyelitis and arthritis developed during ampicillin sodium therapy for treatment of Hemophilus meningitis. His initial infection was caused by an ampicillin-sensitive isolate but his orthopedic infection subsequently responded to therapy only after changing to a regimen of chloramphenicol. In the third patient, bone scintigraphy was helpful in diagnosis since serial roentgenograms were not diagnostic of osteomyelitis. The anticapsular antibody responses of these patients were measured by radioimmune assay. The levels found were low but comparable to age-matched control children with H influenzae type b meningitis.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae type b osteomyelitis. Three children had osteomyelitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b. They were seen with signs and symptoms indistinguishable from infection caused by other organisms. One child was initially misdiagnosed as having septic arthritis because of failure to appreciate that Hemophilus may also cause bone infection. In the second patient osteomyelitis and arthritis developed during ampicillin sodium therapy for treatment of Hemophilus meningitis. His initial infection was caused by an ampicillin-sensitive isolate but his orthopedic infection subsequently responded to therapy only after changing to a regimen of chloramphenicol. In the third patient, bone scintigraphy was helpful in diagnosis since serial roentgenograms were not diagnostic of osteomyelitis. The anticapsular antibody responses of these patients were measured by radioimmune assay. The levels found were low but comparable to age-matched control children with H influenzae type b meningitis.", "PMID": 306193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_629", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: clinical use of hemostatic agents.", "content": "Systemic hemostatic agents are reviewed. Among the agents discussed are vitamin K preparations (phytonadione, menadione, menadione sodium bisulfite, menadiol sodium diphosphate); and blood products (whole blood, plasma, cryoprecipitate, factor VIII concentrates, factor IX concentrates and fibrinogen concentrates). Normal and abnormal hemostasis and fibrinolysis are discussed, as is the general management of systemic hemostatic defects. Specific disorders covered are clotting factor deficiencies, hemophilia A, factor VIII inhibitors, von Willebrand disease, hemophilia B (Christmas disease), other congenital coagulation disorders, acquired deficiency of factors II, VII, IX and X, and defibrination syndrome.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: clinical use of hemostatic agents. Systemic hemostatic agents are reviewed. Among the agents discussed are vitamin K preparations (phytonadione, menadione, menadione sodium bisulfite, menadiol sodium diphosphate); and blood products (whole blood, plasma, cryoprecipitate, factor VIII concentrates, factor IX concentrates and fibrinogen concentrates). Normal and abnormal hemostasis and fibrinolysis are discussed, as is the general management of systemic hemostatic defects. Specific disorders covered are clotting factor deficiencies, hemophilia A, factor VIII inhibitors, von Willebrand disease, hemophilia B (Christmas disease), other congenital coagulation disorders, acquired deficiency of factors II, VII, IX and X, and defibrination syndrome.", "PMID": 306196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_630", "title": "T cell acute lymphocytic leukemia terminating as malignant histiocytosis.", "content": "Less than 200 cases of malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis) have been reported in the literature. Five previously reported cases and the case reported in this article have been preceded by acute lymphocytic leukemia. All of these cases have had similar courses characterized by prompt response of the leukemia to chemotherapy followed in three to six months by the onset of rapidly fatal malignant histiocytosis. The leukemic lymphoblasts in the two cases studied for lymphocyte surface markers had T cell markers. No residual leukemia was identified at autopsy in four of the six cases.", "contents": "T cell acute lymphocytic leukemia terminating as malignant histiocytosis. Less than 200 cases of malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis) have been reported in the literature. Five previously reported cases and the case reported in this article have been preceded by acute lymphocytic leukemia. All of these cases have had similar courses characterized by prompt response of the leukemia to chemotherapy followed in three to six months by the onset of rapidly fatal malignant histiocytosis. The leukemic lymphoblasts in the two cases studied for lymphocyte surface markers had T cell markers. No residual leukemia was identified at autopsy in four of the six cases.", "PMID": 306197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_631", "title": "A new observation in the clinical spectrums of erythroleukemia. A report of 46 cases.", "content": "Erythroleukemia is a disease manifested by an abnormal proliferation of erythroid and myeloid precursors, generally consisting of a primary erythroid phase (chronic erythemic myelosis), a transition phase involving erythroid and myeloid precursors (erythroleukemia) and, finally, the purely myeloblastic (acute myeloblastic leukemia) phase. The experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center is reported. Presenting signs and symptoms are consistent with prior reports. The chemotherapy results in the past have been poor; because of the poor results, chemotherapy is started only if one of the following criteria are present: (1) frequent transfusion requirements; (2) rapidly increasing peripheral white blood cell count or percentage of leukemic blast forms; (3) frequent recurrent infectious and/or hemorrhagic complications. A hitherto unrecognized association of erythroleukemia and symptomatic rheumatic disease and numerous immunologic abberations are reported. The symptoms related to this rheumatic disorder do not seem to be relieved by therapy directed at the leukemic process, but rather by the use of simple anti-inflammatory agents.", "contents": "A new observation in the clinical spectrums of erythroleukemia. A report of 46 cases. Erythroleukemia is a disease manifested by an abnormal proliferation of erythroid and myeloid precursors, generally consisting of a primary erythroid phase (chronic erythemic myelosis), a transition phase involving erythroid and myeloid precursors (erythroleukemia) and, finally, the purely myeloblastic (acute myeloblastic leukemia) phase. The experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center is reported. Presenting signs and symptoms are consistent with prior reports. The chemotherapy results in the past have been poor; because of the poor results, chemotherapy is started only if one of the following criteria are present: (1) frequent transfusion requirements; (2) rapidly increasing peripheral white blood cell count or percentage of leukemic blast forms; (3) frequent recurrent infectious and/or hemorrhagic complications. A hitherto unrecognized association of erythroleukemia and symptomatic rheumatic disease and numerous immunologic abberations are reported. The symptoms related to this rheumatic disorder do not seem to be relieved by therapy directed at the leukemic process, but rather by the use of simple anti-inflammatory agents.", "PMID": 306198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_632", "title": "Circulatory effects on osmotic water exchange in Rana pipiens.", "content": "Tritiated water (3H2O) exchange was shown to be more sensitive to circulatory changes than to arginine vasopressin (ADH)-induced permeability changes. Reducing the circulation (sciatic artery ligation) and increasing the circulation (severing the sciatic nerve) caused the 3H2O exchange in frog legs to decrease from 6.0 +/- 1.3 (5) to 3.5 +/- 0.5 and increase from 6.0 +/- 0.7 (10) to 8.6 +/- 0.6 ml.h-1, respectively. In contrast injection of ADH caused a negligible increase in 3H2O exchange from whole frogs, while at the same time causing a significant increase in osmotic water exchange from 0.22 +/- 0.08 (6) to 0.63 +/- 0.13 (6) g.100 cm-2.h-1.200 mosM-1. Circulatory changes in whole frogs were produced by inducing a diving bradycardia that was less pronounced in a bath aerated with oxygen than with air. The bradycardia caused a reduction in skin circulation, as measured by 3H2O exchange, from 0.210 +/- 0.007 (16) to 0.17 +/- 0.006 (16) ml.h-1.cm-2 in air mixed media and from 0.149 +/- 0.009 (16) to 0.135 +/- 0.011 (16) in oxygen mixed media. Diving bradycardia was also found to affect osmotic water uptake which decreased from 0.61 +/- 0.05 (16) to 0.39 +/- 0.03 (16) g.100 cm-2.h-1.200 mosM-1 in air mixed media and from 0.61 +/- 0.05 (16) to 0.51 +/- 0.04 (16) in oxygen mixed media. The results indicate that circulation affects osmotic water exchange.", "contents": "Circulatory effects on osmotic water exchange in Rana pipiens. Tritiated water (3H2O) exchange was shown to be more sensitive to circulatory changes than to arginine vasopressin (ADH)-induced permeability changes. Reducing the circulation (sciatic artery ligation) and increasing the circulation (severing the sciatic nerve) caused the 3H2O exchange in frog legs to decrease from 6.0 +/- 1.3 (5) to 3.5 +/- 0.5 and increase from 6.0 +/- 0.7 (10) to 8.6 +/- 0.6 ml.h-1, respectively. In contrast injection of ADH caused a negligible increase in 3H2O exchange from whole frogs, while at the same time causing a significant increase in osmotic water exchange from 0.22 +/- 0.08 (6) to 0.63 +/- 0.13 (6) g.100 cm-2.h-1.200 mosM-1. Circulatory changes in whole frogs were produced by inducing a diving bradycardia that was less pronounced in a bath aerated with oxygen than with air. The bradycardia caused a reduction in skin circulation, as measured by 3H2O exchange, from 0.210 +/- 0.007 (16) to 0.17 +/- 0.006 (16) ml.h-1.cm-2 in air mixed media and from 0.149 +/- 0.009 (16) to 0.135 +/- 0.011 (16) in oxygen mixed media. Diving bradycardia was also found to affect osmotic water uptake which decreased from 0.61 +/- 0.05 (16) to 0.39 +/- 0.03 (16) g.100 cm-2.h-1.200 mosM-1 in air mixed media and from 0.61 +/- 0.05 (16) to 0.51 +/- 0.04 (16) in oxygen mixed media. The results indicate that circulation affects osmotic water exchange.", "PMID": 306202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_633", "title": "Chylous ascites after a Warren shunt.", "content": "A patient with intractable chylous ascites after a successful Warren shunt procedures is presented. The general incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment modalities of chylous ascites are discussed. Chylous ascites is a serious postoperative complication of the Warren shunt and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with ascites subsequent to this procedure.", "contents": "Chylous ascites after a Warren shunt. A patient with intractable chylous ascites after a successful Warren shunt procedures is presented. The general incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment modalities of chylous ascites are discussed. Chylous ascites is a serious postoperative complication of the Warren shunt and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with ascites subsequent to this procedure.", "PMID": 306203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_634", "title": "Studies on the cytodifferentiation of the neuroblasts and visual cells in the chick embryo retina, using the electron-microscopic autoradiography of 3H-thymidine.", "content": "Studies on the histogenetic analysis of cytodifferentiation of the neuroblast and visual cell in the chick embryo retina were made using the autoradiography of 3H-thymidine. The posterior pole region of the eyeball was observed in all the animals used. The retina in a 4-day-old chick embryo consists exclusively of matrix cells forming the matrix layer. In a 5-day-old chick embryo retina, neuroblasts first differentiated from the matrix cells migrate into the outer part of the matrix layer, forming mantle layer. The matrix cell is a homogeneous epithelial cell containing abundant free ribosomes and a poorly developed cytoplasmic membrane system in the cytoplasm. The characteristic sign of differentiation of the neuroblast is an appearance of elements of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and an indentation of the nucleus. The primitive visual cell having just lost its ability to synthesize DNA appears just beneath the pigment epithelium in a 7-day-old chick embryo, and all the cells lying beneath the pigment epithelium lose the ability to synthesize DNA at 10 days of incubation. The cytoplasmic process of the matrix cell is in contact with the adjacent one, making an apicolateral junction. When the matrix cell loses its ability to synthesize DNA, a big tentlike process extending over the level of the apicolateral junction appears. This phenomenon is considered to be a sign of differentiation from matrix cell to primitive visual cell, and this big tentlike process containing 2 centrioles is a primordium of the inner segment of the visual cell.", "contents": "Studies on the cytodifferentiation of the neuroblasts and visual cells in the chick embryo retina, using the electron-microscopic autoradiography of 3H-thymidine. Studies on the histogenetic analysis of cytodifferentiation of the neuroblast and visual cell in the chick embryo retina were made using the autoradiography of 3H-thymidine. The posterior pole region of the eyeball was observed in all the animals used. The retina in a 4-day-old chick embryo consists exclusively of matrix cells forming the matrix layer. In a 5-day-old chick embryo retina, neuroblasts first differentiated from the matrix cells migrate into the outer part of the matrix layer, forming mantle layer. The matrix cell is a homogeneous epithelial cell containing abundant free ribosomes and a poorly developed cytoplasmic membrane system in the cytoplasm. The characteristic sign of differentiation of the neuroblast is an appearance of elements of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and an indentation of the nucleus. The primitive visual cell having just lost its ability to synthesize DNA appears just beneath the pigment epithelium in a 7-day-old chick embryo, and all the cells lying beneath the pigment epithelium lose the ability to synthesize DNA at 10 days of incubation. The cytoplasmic process of the matrix cell is in contact with the adjacent one, making an apicolateral junction. When the matrix cell loses its ability to synthesize DNA, a big tentlike process extending over the level of the apicolateral junction appears. This phenomenon is considered to be a sign of differentiation from matrix cell to primitive visual cell, and this big tentlike process containing 2 centrioles is a primordium of the inner segment of the visual cell.", "PMID": 306204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_635", "title": "Automatic computerized perimetry in the detection of neurological visual field defects. A pilot study.", "content": "Forty-seven eyes from 25 patients with neurological disease were examined with an automatic computerized perimeter primarily intended for glaucoma. Manual kinetic and static perimetry with Goldmann's instrument was used for comparison. In 32 fields, the automatic method disclosed all defects that had been found by manual perimetry. Furthermore, it detected three small defects that had been missed in the initial manual examination. The remaining 12 fields were normally using both methods. Consequently, in detecting field defects, the automatic perimeter was superior to the manual method.", "contents": "Automatic computerized perimetry in the detection of neurological visual field defects. A pilot study. Forty-seven eyes from 25 patients with neurological disease were examined with an automatic computerized perimeter primarily intended for glaucoma. Manual kinetic and static perimetry with Goldmann's instrument was used for comparison. In 32 fields, the automatic method disclosed all defects that had been found by manual perimetry. Furthermore, it detected three small defects that had been missed in the initial manual examination. The remaining 12 fields were normally using both methods. Consequently, in detecting field defects, the automatic perimeter was superior to the manual method.", "PMID": 306205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_636", "title": "Iris fluorescein angiography in diabetic vitrectomy patients.", "content": "Preoperative iris fluorescein angiograms (IFA) and ophthalmic records of 34 diabetic patients who underwent vitrectomy were reviewed. Of 2 patients without clinically apparent rubeosis, 23 showed evidence of iris microvascular abnormalities or rubeosis on IFA. Patients with rubeosis (Grades III and IV) on IFA had a 63% incidence of postoperative neovascular glaucoma, thus isolating them as a high risk group. The visual outcome of patients developing neovascular glaucoma was poor.", "contents": "Iris fluorescein angiography in diabetic vitrectomy patients. Preoperative iris fluorescein angiograms (IFA) and ophthalmic records of 34 diabetic patients who underwent vitrectomy were reviewed. Of 2 patients without clinically apparent rubeosis, 23 showed evidence of iris microvascular abnormalities or rubeosis on IFA. Patients with rubeosis (Grades III and IV) on IFA had a 63% incidence of postoperative neovascular glaucoma, thus isolating them as a high risk group. The visual outcome of patients developing neovascular glaucoma was poor.", "PMID": 306206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_637", "title": "[Photocoagulation and vitreous growth. Experiments on development of the vitreous (author's transl)].", "content": "The examination in optical section of sheep eyes, photocoagulated several months previously, shows a disturbed vitreous growth above the destroyed retinal areas (Figs. 2-4). The shape of the resulting deficiencies of vitreous structure (holes) suggests that the vitreous is produced by retinal elements and develops by appositional growth. Holes above lesions due to photocoagulation in an early developmental stage are longer (Fig. 1a; Fig. 2) than those above photocoagulations in later stages (Fig. 1b; Fig. 4). Holes above lesions with intensive retinal destruction (Fig. 2a; Fig. 4a) produce more important vitreous deficienceis than do weaker coagulations (Fig. 2b). Structural deficiencies, though extensive at first, become less important during further growth (Fig. 1c; Fig. 2c; Fig. 3 shows transverse sections at a deep and superficial level through the holes of Figure 2c), which is a sign that in the retinal scars a regeneration of elements producing vitreous occurs. Apart from the theoretical implications concerning the development of the vitreous, the results of our experiments should be considered when photocoagulating children.", "contents": "[Photocoagulation and vitreous growth. Experiments on development of the vitreous (author's transl)]. The examination in optical section of sheep eyes, photocoagulated several months previously, shows a disturbed vitreous growth above the destroyed retinal areas (Figs. 2-4). The shape of the resulting deficiencies of vitreous structure (holes) suggests that the vitreous is produced by retinal elements and develops by appositional growth. Holes above lesions due to photocoagulation in an early developmental stage are longer (Fig. 1a; Fig. 2) than those above photocoagulations in later stages (Fig. 1b; Fig. 4). Holes above lesions with intensive retinal destruction (Fig. 2a; Fig. 4a) produce more important vitreous deficienceis than do weaker coagulations (Fig. 2b). Structural deficiencies, though extensive at first, become less important during further growth (Fig. 1c; Fig. 2c; Fig. 3 shows transverse sections at a deep and superficial level through the holes of Figure 2c), which is a sign that in the retinal scars a regeneration of elements producing vitreous occurs. Apart from the theoretical implications concerning the development of the vitreous, the results of our experiments should be considered when photocoagulating children.", "PMID": 306207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_638", "title": "Q-switched ruby laser induced damage of the adult rabbit lens capsule.", "content": "The technique of Q-switched ruby laser induced mechanical destruction of the lens capsule was used to study the reactions of the adult rabbit lens. The defect produced in the anterior lens capsule was larger than the 40-60 micrometer focus, which was due to rolled-up edges of the capsule. Long-term observations revealed some decrease in size of developing localized opacification and a healing of the defect by outgrowing lens epithelium with the formation of a new capsule. The rupture of the posterior capsule led to a slowly progressive opacification with little intraocular macrophage reaction.", "contents": "Q-switched ruby laser induced damage of the adult rabbit lens capsule. The technique of Q-switched ruby laser induced mechanical destruction of the lens capsule was used to study the reactions of the adult rabbit lens. The defect produced in the anterior lens capsule was larger than the 40-60 micrometer focus, which was due to rolled-up edges of the capsule. Long-term observations revealed some decrease in size of developing localized opacification and a healing of the defect by outgrowing lens epithelium with the formation of a new capsule. The rupture of the posterior capsule led to a slowly progressive opacification with little intraocular macrophage reaction.", "PMID": 306208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_639", "title": "Corneal preservation at -4 degrees C in a modified tissue culture medium.", "content": "Addition of 6% PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone, mol wt 40,000) to tissue culture medium No. 199 prevents it from freezing at -4 degrees C. Forty donor corneas stored for five and ten days in this medium had a mean thickness of 0.61 and 0.67 mm, respectively. By means of specular microscopy, intact endothelium was found after these storage periods. Epithelial cell layers were histologically present. Electronmicroscopic studies revealed only slight changes in the subcellular endothelial structures. During perfusion with modified Ringer's solution at +34 degrees C, the thickness of stored corneas decreased.", "contents": "Corneal preservation at -4 degrees C in a modified tissue culture medium. Addition of 6% PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone, mol wt 40,000) to tissue culture medium No. 199 prevents it from freezing at -4 degrees C. Forty donor corneas stored for five and ten days in this medium had a mean thickness of 0.61 and 0.67 mm, respectively. By means of specular microscopy, intact endothelium was found after these storage periods. Epithelial cell layers were histologically present. Electronmicroscopic studies revealed only slight changes in the subcellular endothelial structures. During perfusion with modified Ringer's solution at +34 degrees C, the thickness of stored corneas decreased.", "PMID": 306209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_640", "title": "Transient visual impairment following cardiac arrest.", "content": "This report presents an unusual case of visual impairment following cardiac arrest during general anesthesia. The presumptive etiology was macular capillary insufficiency secondary to vascular stagnation which occurred during cardiac standstill. Ophthalmic examination confirmed areas of macular edema corresponding to localized perifoveal regional infarcts. Isolated macular infarction is not a unique condition and has been reported in hemoglobulinopathies, diabetes, and other systemic diseases.", "contents": "Transient visual impairment following cardiac arrest. This report presents an unusual case of visual impairment following cardiac arrest during general anesthesia. The presumptive etiology was macular capillary insufficiency secondary to vascular stagnation which occurred during cardiac standstill. Ophthalmic examination confirmed areas of macular edema corresponding to localized perifoveal regional infarcts. Isolated macular infarction is not a unique condition and has been reported in hemoglobulinopathies, diabetes, and other systemic diseases.", "PMID": 306210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_641", "title": "Anti-DNA antibody in serum measured by radioimmunoassay (Farr technique). Description of method and recommended procedure.", "content": "Anti-DNA antibody determination in serum is increasingly used because it supports the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with high selectivity. The present work evaluates several of the technical variables of the Farr radioimmunoassay for anti-DNA antibody determination and describes a recommendable procedure, emphasizes the most important sources of error and gives the range of normal blood donors and a group of hospital patients without SLE.", "contents": "Anti-DNA antibody in serum measured by radioimmunoassay (Farr technique). Description of method and recommended procedure. Anti-DNA antibody determination in serum is increasingly used because it supports the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with high selectivity. The present work evaluates several of the technical variables of the Farr radioimmunoassay for anti-DNA antibody determination and describes a recommendable procedure, emphasizes the most important sources of error and gives the range of normal blood donors and a group of hospital patients without SLE.", "PMID": 306211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_642", "title": "Identification of activated T cells in sarcoidosis.", "content": "When peripheral blood lymphocytes are stimulated by mitogens or allogeneic cells, they acquire the capacity to form stable rosettes at 37 degrees C with sheep red blood cells, thereby identifying a population of activated T cells. In 7 consecutive patients with acute sarcoidosis, there was a significant (P less than 0.005) increase in the proportion and the total number of peripheral blood lymphocytes forming stable rosettes at 37 degrees C compared to age-matched normal control subjects (mean +/- SE, 12.6 +/- 3.0 versus 2.0 +/- 0.3 per cent, respectively). This occurred despite a significant decrease in the total number of lymphocytes (P less than 0.01) and T cells (P less than 0.001) in the peripheral blood in these same patients. Light and electron microscopic examination of sarcoid lymphocytes confirmed that cells forming stable rosettes at 37 degrees C were activated or atypical. Thus, in acute sarcoidosis, activated T cells are increased, whereas the total number of T cells is decreased in peripheral blood. This finding also posed certain technical problems in identifying B cells by surface immunoglobulin and complement receptors. Measures to overcome these difficulties are discussed. As determined by 2 independent tests of B cells (i.e., complement receptor and surface immunoglobulin), the number of circulating B cells was decreased.", "contents": "Identification of activated T cells in sarcoidosis. When peripheral blood lymphocytes are stimulated by mitogens or allogeneic cells, they acquire the capacity to form stable rosettes at 37 degrees C with sheep red blood cells, thereby identifying a population of activated T cells. In 7 consecutive patients with acute sarcoidosis, there was a significant (P less than 0.005) increase in the proportion and the total number of peripheral blood lymphocytes forming stable rosettes at 37 degrees C compared to age-matched normal control subjects (mean +/- SE, 12.6 +/- 3.0 versus 2.0 +/- 0.3 per cent, respectively). This occurred despite a significant decrease in the total number of lymphocytes (P less than 0.01) and T cells (P less than 0.001) in the peripheral blood in these same patients. Light and electron microscopic examination of sarcoid lymphocytes confirmed that cells forming stable rosettes at 37 degrees C were activated or atypical. Thus, in acute sarcoidosis, activated T cells are increased, whereas the total number of T cells is decreased in peripheral blood. This finding also posed certain technical problems in identifying B cells by surface immunoglobulin and complement receptors. Measures to overcome these difficulties are discussed. As determined by 2 independent tests of B cells (i.e., complement receptor and surface immunoglobulin), the number of circulating B cells was decreased.", "PMID": 306214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_643", "title": "Isoniazid induction of antinuclear antibodies. A prospective study.", "content": "We prospectively studied 102 patients admitted to the Chest Service with tuberculosis. Four patients (4%) had antinuclear antibodies before therapy and 22 patients (21.6%) developed antinuclear antibodies after treatment. None developed lupus erythematosus cells or signs or symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. Age and race were not related to the induction of antinuclear antibodies. The percent of positive sera was similar during and after 3 months of treatment, with higher titers after 3 months of therapy. Although patients were treated with various antituberculosis drugs, isoniazid alone or in combination with other drugs induced antinuclear antibodies.", "contents": "Isoniazid induction of antinuclear antibodies. A prospective study. We prospectively studied 102 patients admitted to the Chest Service with tuberculosis. Four patients (4%) had antinuclear antibodies before therapy and 22 patients (21.6%) developed antinuclear antibodies after treatment. None developed lupus erythematosus cells or signs or symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. Age and race were not related to the induction of antinuclear antibodies. The percent of positive sera was similar during and after 3 months of treatment, with higher titers after 3 months of therapy. Although patients were treated with various antituberculosis drugs, isoniazid alone or in combination with other drugs induced antinuclear antibodies.", "PMID": 306216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_644", "title": "[The action of levamisole on thymodependent rosettes in normal and atopic subjects].", "content": "Thymo-derived E-rosettes and fast E-rosettes have been determined in 26 normal and 17 atopic patients. The effect of levamisole in vitro has been studied by adjunction in the cell suspension at a concentration of 100 gamma/ml. In normal and atopic subjects the E-rosettes are not modified by levamisole. Fast E-rosettes are significantly increased by levamisole in normal but not in atopic patients. These results support the hypothesis of a functional deficiency of T-lymphocytes in atopy; they are correlated by the failure of treatment of atopic dermatitis by levamisole.", "contents": "[The action of levamisole on thymodependent rosettes in normal and atopic subjects]. Thymo-derived E-rosettes and fast E-rosettes have been determined in 26 normal and 17 atopic patients. The effect of levamisole in vitro has been studied by adjunction in the cell suspension at a concentration of 100 gamma/ml. In normal and atopic subjects the E-rosettes are not modified by levamisole. Fast E-rosettes are significantly increased by levamisole in normal but not in atopic patients. These results support the hypothesis of a functional deficiency of T-lymphocytes in atopy; they are correlated by the failure of treatment of atopic dermatitis by levamisole.", "PMID": 306217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_645", "title": "Modulation versus rescue of antimetabolite toxicity by salvage metabolites administered by continuous infusion.", "content": "A system has been developed for the long-term continuous intravenous infusion of chemotherapeutic agents into unrestrained mice which allows new approaches to the toxicological and chemotherapeutic evaluation of antimetabolites. In mice, the concurrent infusion of thymidine and a source of preformed purine reversed both the toxicity and antitumor activity of MTX comparable to what was previously observed in cell culture. The infusion of thymidine alone, however, also blocked the toxicity of MTX without interfering with antitumor activity. A comparison of leucovorin rescue versus the utilization of thymidine plus preformed purine indicated that these salvage metabolites were as effective as leucovorin in reducing the toxicity of high-dose MTX while retaining antitumor activity.", "contents": "Modulation versus rescue of antimetabolite toxicity by salvage metabolites administered by continuous infusion. A system has been developed for the long-term continuous intravenous infusion of chemotherapeutic agents into unrestrained mice which allows new approaches to the toxicological and chemotherapeutic evaluation of antimetabolites. In mice, the concurrent infusion of thymidine and a source of preformed purine reversed both the toxicity and antitumor activity of MTX comparable to what was previously observed in cell culture. The infusion of thymidine alone, however, also blocked the toxicity of MTX without interfering with antitumor activity. A comparison of leucovorin rescue versus the utilization of thymidine plus preformed purine indicated that these salvage metabolites were as effective as leucovorin in reducing the toxicity of high-dose MTX while retaining antitumor activity.", "PMID": 306219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_646", "title": "Acidometric agar plate method for ampicillin susceptibility testing of Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "The need for an accurate and rapid method of testing ampicillin susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae, especially strains isolated from patients with meningitis and septicemia, is indisputable. Various methods have been employed for this purpose. Each has advantages and disadvantages. This report describes a modification of the capillary acidometric procedure in which an agar plate is substituted for a tube. All beta-lactamase results obtained by this modified technique correlated with minimal inhibitory concentrations determined in liquid media and the chromogenic cephalosporin substrate method. This modified acidometric agar procedure is a simple, inexpensive, accurate, and rapid way to determine H. influenzae susceptibility to ampicillin.", "contents": "Acidometric agar plate method for ampicillin susceptibility testing of Haemophilus influenzae. The need for an accurate and rapid method of testing ampicillin susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae, especially strains isolated from patients with meningitis and septicemia, is indisputable. Various methods have been employed for this purpose. Each has advantages and disadvantages. This report describes a modification of the capillary acidometric procedure in which an agar plate is substituted for a tube. All beta-lactamase results obtained by this modified technique correlated with minimal inhibitory concentrations determined in liquid media and the chromogenic cephalosporin substrate method. This modified acidometric agar procedure is a simple, inexpensive, accurate, and rapid way to determine H. influenzae susceptibility to ampicillin.", "PMID": 306220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_647", "title": "Comparative activities of selected beta-lactam antibiotics against Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "The comparative activities of ampicillin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefaclor, and cefatrizine against both beta-lactamase-producing and non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae were determined by using an agar dilution susceptibility test procedure. Ampicillin was the most active drug tested against non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates, whereas cefamandole was most active against beta-lactamase-producing strains.", "contents": "Comparative activities of selected beta-lactam antibiotics against Haemophilus influenzae. The comparative activities of ampicillin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefaclor, and cefatrizine against both beta-lactamase-producing and non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae were determined by using an agar dilution susceptibility test procedure. Ampicillin was the most active drug tested against non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates, whereas cefamandole was most active against beta-lactamase-producing strains.", "PMID": 306221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_648", "title": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis and raised serum ige levels in a child with recurrent bacterial infections and eczema. Influence of levamisole.", "content": "A 5 1/2-year-old girl, with a life-long history of recurrent staphylococcal infections and eczematous dermatitis had a defect in polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis in autologous serum, a high serum IgE level, and a disturbed T cell function. Levamisole improved all the immunological abnormalities and there was a dramatic clinical improvement. Discontinuation of therapy with levamisole resulted in gradual deterioration.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis and raised serum ige levels in a child with recurrent bacterial infections and eczema. Influence of levamisole. A 5 1/2-year-old girl, with a life-long history of recurrent staphylococcal infections and eczematous dermatitis had a defect in polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis in autologous serum, a high serum IgE level, and a disturbed T cell function. Levamisole improved all the immunological abnormalities and there was a dramatic clinical improvement. Discontinuation of therapy with levamisole resulted in gradual deterioration.", "PMID": 306223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_649", "title": "Effect of storage and heat on antimicrobial proteins in human milk.", "content": "Human milk, after storage and pasteurisation at 73 degrees C for 30 minutes at a milk bank, was found to have little surviving IgA, IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and C3 complement. Accurate pasteurisation at 62.5 degrees C produced a loss of 23.7% of the lysozyme, 56.8% of the lactoferrin 34% of the IgG, but no loss of IgA. Storage by deep freezing at -20 degrees C for 3 months produced no appreciabile loss of lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgG, IgA, or C3.", "contents": "Effect of storage and heat on antimicrobial proteins in human milk. Human milk, after storage and pasteurisation at 73 degrees C for 30 minutes at a milk bank, was found to have little surviving IgA, IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and C3 complement. Accurate pasteurisation at 62.5 degrees C produced a loss of 23.7% of the lysozyme, 56.8% of the lactoferrin 34% of the IgG, but no loss of IgA. Storage by deep freezing at -20 degrees C for 3 months produced no appreciabile loss of lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgG, IgA, or C3.", "PMID": 306224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_650", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia.", "content": "Thirteen patients with Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia are reported to emphasise the clinical, radiographic, and therapeutic aspects of this illness. All but one patient was under 2 1/2 years of age. The presenting complaint was a variable duration of upper respiratory infection and fever in most cases. One-third of patients had radiographic evidence of pleural involvement; one-third showed a patchy bronchopneumonia on roentgenogram; and the remainder had segmental or lobar infiltrates. Clinical response to antibiotic therapy was prompt in patients without pleural involvement.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia. Thirteen patients with Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia are reported to emphasise the clinical, radiographic, and therapeutic aspects of this illness. All but one patient was under 2 1/2 years of age. The presenting complaint was a variable duration of upper respiratory infection and fever in most cases. One-third of patients had radiographic evidence of pleural involvement; one-third showed a patchy bronchopneumonia on roentgenogram; and the remainder had segmental or lobar infiltrates. Clinical response to antibiotic therapy was prompt in patients without pleural involvement.", "PMID": 306225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_651", "title": "Oesophageal variceal bleeding in Felty's syndrome associated with nodular regenerative hyperplasia.", "content": "Four patients with Felty's syndrome developed massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to oesophageal varices. The underlying hepatic pathology in all 4 was nodular regenerative hyperplasia. This appears to be a difficult histological diagnosis to make, having been initially reported as normal on percutaneous biopsy or as fibrosis or cirrhosis on wedge biopsy. This series brings the total number of cases reported in the English literature of this association to 12, suggesting a definite symptom complex. The portal hypertension seems to be due to a combination of increased splenic blood flow and postsinusoidal resistance. The clinical importance of this syndrome is that the  appropriate therapy for bleeding oesophageal varices appears to be shunt procedure such as a splenorenal shunt with splenectomy, which should be well tolerated.", "contents": "Oesophageal variceal bleeding in Felty's syndrome associated with nodular regenerative hyperplasia. Four patients with Felty's syndrome developed massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to oesophageal varices. The underlying hepatic pathology in all 4 was nodular regenerative hyperplasia. This appears to be a difficult histological diagnosis to make, having been initially reported as normal on percutaneous biopsy or as fibrosis or cirrhosis on wedge biopsy. This series brings the total number of cases reported in the English literature of this association to 12, suggesting a definite symptom complex. The portal hypertension seems to be due to a combination of increased splenic blood flow and postsinusoidal resistance. The clinical importance of this syndrome is that the  appropriate therapy for bleeding oesophageal varices appears to be shunt procedure such as a splenorenal shunt with splenectomy, which should be well tolerated.", "PMID": 306226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_652", "title": "Vascular reconstructive surgery following myocardial revascularization.", "content": "Survivors of successful coronary bypass have a life expectancy close to normal. Myocardial infarction has been the major cause for morbidity and mortality in patients requiring surgery. Current data suggests that patients who have undergone CAB are not only acceptable risks for subsequent surgery, but may in fact have a lesser cardiac risk than the routine patient. The selection of the proper sequential surgical procedures is critical for patient survival. We reviewed 74 major vascular reconstructive procedures in 53 patients. Twenty-nine cerebrovascular procedures, 20 femoro-popliteal bypasses, aneurysmectomy nine times, and aortic bypass in 16 patients were the procedures performed. Twenty-two abdominal operations were performed with no significant morbidity or mortality. Two patients died during the postoperative period and three have subsequently died. The 48 survivors continue to do well.", "contents": "Vascular reconstructive surgery following myocardial revascularization. Survivors of successful coronary bypass have a life expectancy close to normal. Myocardial infarction has been the major cause for morbidity and mortality in patients requiring surgery. Current data suggests that patients who have undergone CAB are not only acceptable risks for subsequent surgery, but may in fact have a lesser cardiac risk than the routine patient. The selection of the proper sequential surgical procedures is critical for patient survival. We reviewed 74 major vascular reconstructive procedures in 53 patients. Twenty-nine cerebrovascular procedures, 20 femoro-popliteal bypasses, aneurysmectomy nine times, and aortic bypass in 16 patients were the procedures performed. Twenty-two abdominal operations were performed with no significant morbidity or mortality. Two patients died during the postoperative period and three have subsequently died. The 48 survivors continue to do well.", "PMID": 306228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_653", "title": "Results of interposition \"H\" grafts for portal hypertension.", "content": "During the past nine years, 54 patients underwent interposition graft shunting for variceal bleeding in 48 and intractable ascites in six, either electively (35 instances) or as an emergency (13 instances). Autogenous jugular was used in 41 instances, homologous vena cava in nine and Dacron in five. The interposition graft was placed between superior mesenteric vein and vena cava in 36 instances and the portal vein and vena cava in 19. Using Child's Clinical Classification 44 were Class C and 10 Class B. There were six (11%) operative deaths with one (2.4%) in the elective and five (38%) in the emergency group. Encephalopathy was seen in 4 (10%) of those surviving more than one year. Two Dacron and two homografts thrombosed. Eight of the autografts were patent at autopsy, 18 on angiography and 15 assumed to be patent because patients were asymptomatic. Only one of 12 late deaths was related to grafts failure. Apparently the operation controls ascites and the autogenous jugular vein is the ideal material. Interposition \"H\" grafting is a simple safe procedure that can be used for portal decompression in patients with bleeding varices.", "contents": "Results of interposition \"H\" grafts for portal hypertension. During the past nine years, 54 patients underwent interposition graft shunting for variceal bleeding in 48 and intractable ascites in six, either electively (35 instances) or as an emergency (13 instances). Autogenous jugular was used in 41 instances, homologous vena cava in nine and Dacron in five. The interposition graft was placed between superior mesenteric vein and vena cava in 36 instances and the portal vein and vena cava in 19. Using Child's Clinical Classification 44 were Class C and 10 Class B. There were six (11%) operative deaths with one (2.4%) in the elective and five (38%) in the emergency group. Encephalopathy was seen in 4 (10%) of those surviving more than one year. Two Dacron and two homografts thrombosed. Eight of the autografts were patent at autopsy, 18 on angiography and 15 assumed to be patent because patients were asymptomatic. Only one of 12 late deaths was related to grafts failure. Apparently the operation controls ascites and the autogenous jugular vein is the ideal material. Interposition \"H\" grafting is a simple safe procedure that can be used for portal decompression in patients with bleeding varices.", "PMID": 306227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_654", "title": "Further evaluation of the surgical treatment of obstructive disease of the left main coronary artery.", "content": "A protocol for the operative management of two patient groups with left main coronary artery disease has been evaluated. The period prior to and during induction of anesthesia is managed without using aortic balloon counterpulsation. Of the 86 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass for left main coronary artery disease from 1970 to 1973, there was a surgical mortality of 8.1%. Follow-up of the survivors from 48 to 87 months revealed three coronary and five non-coronary related deaths with survival to seven years of 75.6 +/- 5%. If the operative mortality is excluded, there is an observed survival to seven years of 82.4 +/- 4.8%, almost the same as a \"normal\" population of similar age and sex. Utilizing the same protocol, 90 similar patients undergoing coronary artery bypass in 1976 had an operative mortality of 4.4%. The deaths were not related to induction of anesthesia. The perioperative infarction rate (2%) and postoperative cardiac enzyme determinations were no greater in a random group having the same operation for less severe forms of coronary artery disease during the same time period. This method of management for patients with significant left main coronary artery disease is judged superior to other more complex techniques.", "contents": "Further evaluation of the surgical treatment of obstructive disease of the left main coronary artery. A protocol for the operative management of two patient groups with left main coronary artery disease has been evaluated. The period prior to and during induction of anesthesia is managed without using aortic balloon counterpulsation. Of the 86 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass for left main coronary artery disease from 1970 to 1973, there was a surgical mortality of 8.1%. Follow-up of the survivors from 48 to 87 months revealed three coronary and five non-coronary related deaths with survival to seven years of 75.6 +/- 5%. If the operative mortality is excluded, there is an observed survival to seven years of 82.4 +/- 4.8%, almost the same as a \"normal\" population of similar age and sex. Utilizing the same protocol, 90 similar patients undergoing coronary artery bypass in 1976 had an operative mortality of 4.4%. The deaths were not related to induction of anesthesia. The perioperative infarction rate (2%) and postoperative cardiac enzyme determinations were no greater in a random group having the same operation for less severe forms of coronary artery disease during the same time period. This method of management for patients with significant left main coronary artery disease is judged superior to other more complex techniques.", "PMID": 306229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_655", "title": "Factors influencing late survival after coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "In order to determine which factors most influence late survival after the coronary bypass procedure, a review was made of the initial experience of one surgeon who performed 792 operations between 1968 and 1972. The initial 250 patients were compared with the subsequent 542 patients. The two groups were of similar age and sex and had a similar distribution of coronary disease and impaired left ventricular function. Perioperative mortality fell from an initial 6.8% (17/250) to 4.8% (26/542). The number of grafts per patient was initially 1.5 but later was 1.8. Graft patency beyond five years in 105 patients was 88.6% (148/167), 96.2% of patients had at least one patent graft. Initially, crude five year survival was 78.0% (195/250) but was 87.8% (476/542) in the later group. Patients who had no residual unbypassed lesions after operation had a 91.4% (287/314) survival while those with two residual lesions had a 66.7% (14/21) survival. Those patients with a preoperative end-diastolic pressure of less than 15 mmHg and no localized abnormality of contraction had a five year crude survival of 92.1% (316/343) whereas the patients with poor ventricular function had a survival of 81.8% (108/132). Our conclusion is that the most important factors determining late survival are the quality of surgical result achieved as shown by: perioperative mortality and graft patency; the degree of revascularization established; and the preoperative status of left ventricular function. The number of vessels diseased preoperatively had a minimal influence on late survival. These findings emphasize the primary importance of good surgical results in obtaining superior late survival rates.", "contents": "Factors influencing late survival after coronary bypass surgery. In order to determine which factors most influence late survival after the coronary bypass procedure, a review was made of the initial experience of one surgeon who performed 792 operations between 1968 and 1972. The initial 250 patients were compared with the subsequent 542 patients. The two groups were of similar age and sex and had a similar distribution of coronary disease and impaired left ventricular function. Perioperative mortality fell from an initial 6.8% (17/250) to 4.8% (26/542). The number of grafts per patient was initially 1.5 but later was 1.8. Graft patency beyond five years in 105 patients was 88.6% (148/167), 96.2% of patients had at least one patent graft. Initially, crude five year survival was 78.0% (195/250) but was 87.8% (476/542) in the later group. Patients who had no residual unbypassed lesions after operation had a 91.4% (287/314) survival while those with two residual lesions had a 66.7% (14/21) survival. Those patients with a preoperative end-diastolic pressure of less than 15 mmHg and no localized abnormality of contraction had a five year crude survival of 92.1% (316/343) whereas the patients with poor ventricular function had a survival of 81.8% (108/132). Our conclusion is that the most important factors determining late survival are the quality of surgical result achieved as shown by: perioperative mortality and graft patency; the degree of revascularization established; and the preoperative status of left ventricular function. The number of vessels diseased preoperatively had a minimal influence on late survival. These findings emphasize the primary importance of good surgical results in obtaining superior late survival rates.", "PMID": 306230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_656", "title": "Criteria for operability and reduction of surgical mortality in patients with severe left ventricular ischemia and dysfunction.", "content": "A series of 188 patients who were operated on for left ventricular ischemia and dysfunction is presented. Angina was a prominent symptom in all patients, and a history of congestive heart failure could be elicited in 20%. Mean ejection fraction for the series was 0.35, with 67% having an ejection fraction of 0.35 or less 24%, 0.20 or less. Complete revascularization was accomplished whenever possible; more than 70% of the patients had triple-vessel disease, and single bypass was performed infrequently (5%). Factors thought to be important in achieving a low operative mortality (2.1%) were: precise prebypass monitoring, particularly with the V5 precordial lead; maintaining a low rate-pressure product (less than 12,000) prior to bypass; myocardial preservation with cold hyperkalemic or hyperkalemic-hyperosmolar solution; and careful titration of inotropic and vasodilator drugs. Inotropic drugs and intraaortic balloon pumping were used frequently in this series. The late mortality was 4.3%. Angina was completely relieved or improved in 94% of the patients. Those having a history of congestive heart failure had an increased late mortality rate, four times that of the entire series.", "contents": "Criteria for operability and reduction of surgical mortality in patients with severe left ventricular ischemia and dysfunction. A series of 188 patients who were operated on for left ventricular ischemia and dysfunction is presented. Angina was a prominent symptom in all patients, and a history of congestive heart failure could be elicited in 20%. Mean ejection fraction for the series was 0.35, with 67% having an ejection fraction of 0.35 or less 24%, 0.20 or less. Complete revascularization was accomplished whenever possible; more than 70% of the patients had triple-vessel disease, and single bypass was performed infrequently (5%). Factors thought to be important in achieving a low operative mortality (2.1%) were: precise prebypass monitoring, particularly with the V5 precordial lead; maintaining a low rate-pressure product (less than 12,000) prior to bypass; myocardial preservation with cold hyperkalemic or hyperkalemic-hyperosmolar solution; and careful titration of inotropic and vasodilator drugs. Inotropic drugs and intraaortic balloon pumping were used frequently in this series. The late mortality was 4.3%. Angina was completely relieved or improved in 94% of the patients. Those having a history of congestive heart failure had an increased late mortality rate, four times that of the entire series.", "PMID": 306231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_657", "title": "Myocardial revascularization in women.", "content": "During the period January, 1970, through June, 1977, 1,541 patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting; 241 of them were women (15.6%). Operative mortality rates for the entire study were 2.4% in men and 3.7% in women, but they showed a marked decline in women during 1975 to mid-1977, with only 2 deaths in 140 patients (1.4%). Women comprised a larger percentage of patients (16.7%) in these later years. Women were slightly older, received fewer grafts, had better preservation of ventricular function on preoperative studies, and had more severe anginal symptoms than men. Patency rates were significantly lower in women at 1 month, 1 year, and 3 years. Five-year survival was not significantly different between women (88.3%) and men (93.5%). Many of these findings may be explained on the basis of women having smaller coronary arteries than men. These favorable results differ from earlier reports of higher mortality rates in women and indicate that myocardial revascularization should not be withheld from female patients.", "contents": "Myocardial revascularization in women. During the period January, 1970, through June, 1977, 1,541 patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting; 241 of them were women (15.6%). Operative mortality rates for the entire study were 2.4% in men and 3.7% in women, but they showed a marked decline in women during 1975 to mid-1977, with only 2 deaths in 140 patients (1.4%). Women comprised a larger percentage of patients (16.7%) in these later years. Women were slightly older, received fewer grafts, had better preservation of ventricular function on preoperative studies, and had more severe anginal symptoms than men. Patency rates were significantly lower in women at 1 month, 1 year, and 3 years. Five-year survival was not significantly different between women (88.3%) and men (93.5%). Many of these findings may be explained on the basis of women having smaller coronary arteries than men. These favorable results differ from earlier reports of higher mortality rates in women and indicate that myocardial revascularization should not be withheld from female patients.", "PMID": 306232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_658", "title": "The short saphenous vein: an alternative to the long saphenous vein for aortocoronary bypass.", "content": "The long saphenous vein and internal mammary artery are considered at present to be the best grafts available for coronary artery bypass. Patients who have had bilateral long saphenous vein stripping and who require multiple aortocoronary bypass grafts present a challenge to the cardiac surgeon. The short saphenous vein appears to be a suitable alterative.", "contents": "The short saphenous vein: an alternative to the long saphenous vein for aortocoronary bypass. The long saphenous vein and internal mammary artery are considered at present to be the best grafts available for coronary artery bypass. Patients who have had bilateral long saphenous vein stripping and who require multiple aortocoronary bypass grafts present a challenge to the cardiac surgeon. The short saphenous vein appears to be a suitable alterative.", "PMID": 306233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_659", "title": "Endophthalmitis following staphylococcal sepsis in renal failure patients.", "content": "Endophthalmitis occurred three months following completion of therapy for documented staphylococcal septicemia in two patients on long-term hemodialysis. The indolent course of the endophthalmitis, and its excellent response to systemic and subconjunctival antibiotics and subconjunctival and topical corticosteroid therapy, suggest the possibility that the acute fulminating clinical course of metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis may be modified in this population of patients. The reason for this modified clinical picture is probably the immune incompetence associated with uremia, which favors both the development of metastatic endophthalmitis as well as altering its clinical presentation. While funduscopic examination is suggested in all dialysis patients with eye complaints, this procedure becomes mandatory following episodes of sepsis.", "contents": "Endophthalmitis following staphylococcal sepsis in renal failure patients. Endophthalmitis occurred three months following completion of therapy for documented staphylococcal septicemia in two patients on long-term hemodialysis. The indolent course of the endophthalmitis, and its excellent response to systemic and subconjunctival antibiotics and subconjunctival and topical corticosteroid therapy, suggest the possibility that the acute fulminating clinical course of metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis may be modified in this population of patients. The reason for this modified clinical picture is probably the immune incompetence associated with uremia, which favors both the development of metastatic endophthalmitis as well as altering its clinical presentation. While funduscopic examination is suggested in all dialysis patients with eye complaints, this procedure becomes mandatory following episodes of sepsis.", "PMID": 306234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_660", "title": "Noncardiac surgery in patients with coronary artery disease. Risks, precautions, and perioperative management.", "content": "Patients with coronary artery disease face increased risks when they undergo noncardiac surgery. This is attributable to the cardiovascular stress imposed by the surgical procedure and the effects of anesthetic agents on the cardiovascular system. Several approaches to managing patients with coronary artery disease before, during, and after noncardiac surgery include \"prophylactic\" myocardial revascularization procedures, digitalization, use of propranolol hydrochloride, and insertion of temporary intravenous pacemakers.", "contents": "Noncardiac surgery in patients with coronary artery disease. Risks, precautions, and perioperative management. Patients with coronary artery disease face increased risks when they undergo noncardiac surgery. This is attributable to the cardiovascular stress imposed by the surgical procedure and the effects of anesthetic agents on the cardiovascular system. Several approaches to managing patients with coronary artery disease before, during, and after noncardiac surgery include \"prophylactic\" myocardial revascularization procedures, digitalization, use of propranolol hydrochloride, and insertion of temporary intravenous pacemakers.", "PMID": 306236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_661", "title": "Transfer of specific immunity with RNA.", "content": "The term \"immune RNA\" (iRNA), as presently used, refers not to a characterized species of RNA but to phenol extracts of lymphocytes from immunized animals, which have the capacity to transfer a variety of immune products or activities. These include synthesis of specific antibody, development of specific cellular (delayed) hypersensitivity, and production of immunoglobulin allotypic or idiotypic specificities. Recent evidence that iRNA might be used as a specific therapeutic agent to induce immunity to tumors has stimulated an increased interest in this area of research. The purpose of this article is to review the current status of studies on iRNA.", "contents": "Transfer of specific immunity with RNA. The term \"immune RNA\" (iRNA), as presently used, refers not to a characterized species of RNA but to phenol extracts of lymphocytes from immunized animals, which have the capacity to transfer a variety of immune products or activities. These include synthesis of specific antibody, development of specific cellular (delayed) hypersensitivity, and production of immunoglobulin allotypic or idiotypic specificities. Recent evidence that iRNA might be used as a specific therapeutic agent to induce immunity to tumors has stimulated an increased interest in this area of research. The purpose of this article is to review the current status of studies on iRNA.", "PMID": 306237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_662", "title": "Association and dissociation of visual functions in a case of bilateral occipital lobe infarction.", "content": "A severe restriction of the visual field was observed in a patient suffering a bilateral occipital lobe infarction. Soon after the lesion, the visual field had an angle of approx. 4 degrees. Some recovery was observed within the following months. Within the restricted visual field, several visual functions were tested. Increment threshold, for instance, was found to be one log unit higher than would normally be expected. Color vision was completely lost soon after the lesion, but some recovery was later observed. Although binocular interaction was demonstrated by the interocular transfer of after-effects, the patient never experienced steropsis. He also seemed unable to recognize faces. Dsepite the small visual field, optokinetic nystagmus could be elicited. A notable slowing down of visual analyses was observed in experiments on visual reaction time, on the inversion of the Necker cube, and on binocular rivalry. The complete loss of certain functions like steropsis or face recognition in contrast to a quantitative reduction of other functions like visual acuity or color perception can be discussed in the light of two conceptual models of perceptual processing. One model suggests the representation of different visual functions within one neuronal network, each function represented by a different number of neurons or a different algorithm within the network. The second model suggests a spatial segregation of different visual functions in different cortical areas that receive input from one common structure, presumably the striate cortex.", "contents": "Association and dissociation of visual functions in a case of bilateral occipital lobe infarction. A severe restriction of the visual field was observed in a patient suffering a bilateral occipital lobe infarction. Soon after the lesion, the visual field had an angle of approx. 4 degrees. Some recovery was observed within the following months. Within the restricted visual field, several visual functions were tested. Increment threshold, for instance, was found to be one log unit higher than would normally be expected. Color vision was completely lost soon after the lesion, but some recovery was later observed. Although binocular interaction was demonstrated by the interocular transfer of after-effects, the patient never experienced steropsis. He also seemed unable to recognize faces. Dsepite the small visual field, optokinetic nystagmus could be elicited. A notable slowing down of visual analyses was observed in experiments on visual reaction time, on the inversion of the Necker cube, and on binocular rivalry. The complete loss of certain functions like steropsis or face recognition in contrast to a quantitative reduction of other functions like visual acuity or color perception can be discussed in the light of two conceptual models of perceptual processing. One model suggests the representation of different visual functions within one neuronal network, each function represented by a different number of neurons or a different algorithm within the network. The second model suggests a spatial segregation of different visual functions in different cortical areas that receive input from one common structure, presumably the striate cortex.", "PMID": 306239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_663", "title": "[Prosopagnosia and disturbance of color recognition during recovery from cortical blindness].", "content": "Neuropsychologic findings during recovery from cortical blindness are described in four right-handed patients (two female, two male) aged 53 to 70 years. The lesions were due to occlusion of both posterior cerebral arteries (Case 1) and vascular spasm following subarachnoidal hemorrhage (Case 3) or angiography (Cases 2 and 4). Complete blindness lasted for 3 months until death in Case 1, 4 weeks in case 2, and 1 to 2 days in Cases 3 and 4.  Confusional states and visual hallucinations were pronounced in three cases. Anosognosia (Anton's syndrome) was most pronounced in a patient with occlusion of both posterior cerebral arteries and less obvious in the remaining patients. During the recovery phase, symptoms of right hemisphere involvement were prominent with left-sided hemianopsia and diminished optokinetic nystagmus to the left, prosopagnosia in two cases, and dysmorphopsia with altered physiognomic recognition in one case. Transient disturbances of color recognition occurred in three patients. The observations are discussed with reference to clinical and neuropathologic findings of the literature.", "contents": "[Prosopagnosia and disturbance of color recognition during recovery from cortical blindness]. Neuropsychologic findings during recovery from cortical blindness are described in four right-handed patients (two female, two male) aged 53 to 70 years. The lesions were due to occlusion of both posterior cerebral arteries (Case 1) and vascular spasm following subarachnoidal hemorrhage (Case 3) or angiography (Cases 2 and 4). Complete blindness lasted for 3 months until death in Case 1, 4 weeks in case 2, and 1 to 2 days in Cases 3 and 4.  Confusional states and visual hallucinations were pronounced in three cases. Anosognosia (Anton's syndrome) was most pronounced in a patient with occlusion of both posterior cerebral arteries and less obvious in the remaining patients. During the recovery phase, symptoms of right hemisphere involvement were prominent with left-sided hemianopsia and diminished optokinetic nystagmus to the left, prosopagnosia in two cases, and dysmorphopsia with altered physiognomic recognition in one case. Transient disturbances of color recognition occurred in three patients. The observations are discussed with reference to clinical and neuropathologic findings of the literature.", "PMID": 306240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_664", "title": "Precise diagnosis in severe hematochezia.", "content": "Angiography has clarified the origin of severe hematochezia in many cases. It has demonstrated the frequency of bleeding from colon diverticula on the right side, delineated new causes in occasional instances, eg, angiodysplasia, and underscored the fact that some patients in whom the clinical diagnosis is colonic bleeding may in fact be bleeding proximal to the colon. Although total colectomy has been widely accepted as the operation of choice, better results may be expected for many patients if the bleeding site is pinpointed and lesser resections done. In the case presented, colonoscopy identified the site of bleeding.", "contents": "Precise diagnosis in severe hematochezia. Angiography has clarified the origin of severe hematochezia in many cases. It has demonstrated the frequency of bleeding from colon diverticula on the right side, delineated new causes in occasional instances, eg, angiodysplasia, and underscored the fact that some patients in whom the clinical diagnosis is colonic bleeding may in fact be bleeding proximal to the colon. Although total colectomy has been widely accepted as the operation of choice, better results may be expected for many patients if the bleeding site is pinpointed and lesser resections done. In the case presented, colonoscopy identified the site of bleeding.", "PMID": 306241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_665", "title": "[Age and changes in the splenic lymphoid tissue of germ-free rats during the postnatal period of ontogenesis].", "content": "In germfree rats the splenic lymphopoiesis is not demonstrated by the investigation to be suppressed, and lymphoid follicules undergo age changes. Up to 15 days, periarterial zone of T-lymphocytes, responsible for cell immunity, is determined, and by the 30th day, as in control animals, peripheral zone of B-lymphocytes, responsible for hormonal immunity, is distinctly observed. In 4-month-old germfree animals, a large amount of free iron crystals is detected in the spleen, while in the organ of control animals its amount is still small. In 10-month-old germfree rats, with the appearance of reactive centers, the zone of B-lymphocytes widens in lymphoid follicules and iron crystals integrate in the red pulp. Lymphopoiesis in the spleen of the germfree rats seems to be maintained by certain local conditions which are connected with increased haemolytic function of the organ. This produces a discharge of a large amount of the products of erythrocytosis which, like autoantigens, stimulate lymphopoiesis in the spleen even when microflora is absent in the organism, while lymphopoiesis in lymph nodes in germfree animals is sharply inhibited.", "contents": "[Age and changes in the splenic lymphoid tissue of germ-free rats during the postnatal period of ontogenesis]. In germfree rats the splenic lymphopoiesis is not demonstrated by the investigation to be suppressed, and lymphoid follicules undergo age changes. Up to 15 days, periarterial zone of T-lymphocytes, responsible for cell immunity, is determined, and by the 30th day, as in control animals, peripheral zone of B-lymphocytes, responsible for hormonal immunity, is distinctly observed. In 4-month-old germfree animals, a large amount of free iron crystals is detected in the spleen, while in the organ of control animals its amount is still small. In 10-month-old germfree rats, with the appearance of reactive centers, the zone of B-lymphocytes widens in lymphoid follicules and iron crystals integrate in the red pulp. Lymphopoiesis in the spleen of the germfree rats seems to be maintained by certain local conditions which are connected with increased haemolytic function of the organ. This produces a discharge of a large amount of the products of erythrocytosis which, like autoantigens, stimulate lymphopoiesis in the spleen even when microflora is absent in the organism, while lymphopoiesis in lymph nodes in germfree animals is sharply inhibited.", "PMID": 306242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_666", "title": "[Cytoangioarchitectonics of the parasympathetic ganglion of the frog bladder according to findings from studies during life].", "content": "The form of neuronal bodies and their interarrangement with capillaries was studied in prevital parasympathetic ganglia in the bladder of the frog (Rana temporaria). The size of the neurons and the diameter of the capillaries were measured. Most of the neurons were stated to have oval form and they are oriented by their long axis along the capillaries, about 20% neurons have contacts with 2--3 capillaries; some neurons have no contacts and their distance from the nearest capillary is 32--26 mkm. Intermediate structure may be either a connective tissue or neuroglia, or (seldom) other neuronal cells. Unequal conditions of neuronal blood supply, as the author believes, demonstrate their different metabolism and various levels of their functional activity.", "contents": "[Cytoangioarchitectonics of the parasympathetic ganglion of the frog bladder according to findings from studies during life]. The form of neuronal bodies and their interarrangement with capillaries was studied in prevital parasympathetic ganglia in the bladder of the frog (Rana temporaria). The size of the neurons and the diameter of the capillaries were measured. Most of the neurons were stated to have oval form and they are oriented by their long axis along the capillaries, about 20% neurons have contacts with 2--3 capillaries; some neurons have no contacts and their distance from the nearest capillary is 32--26 mkm. Intermediate structure may be either a connective tissue or neuroglia, or (seldom) other neuronal cells. Unequal conditions of neuronal blood supply, as the author believes, demonstrate their different metabolism and various levels of their functional activity.", "PMID": 306243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_667", "title": "[Experience in creating an automated pathoanatomic archive in prosection at the A. N. Bakulev Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR].", "content": "An information system \"Automatic pathological anatomy archive\" has been created in the cardiac surgery center existing 22 years. A special card has been developed for resording of the results of morphological examinations and the main information on the patient, which is filled by the dissector after autopsy. Treatment of the data contained in the information mass stipulates an urgent search of the cases according to the set of data indicated in the request, interpretation of the content of unified cards for the selected cases, calculation of per cent ratios, etc. Realization of information systems in universal computers opens wide possibilities for principally new organization of pathological archives.", "contents": "[Experience in creating an automated pathoanatomic archive in prosection at the A. N. Bakulev Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR]. An information system \"Automatic pathological anatomy archive\" has been created in the cardiac surgery center existing 22 years. A special card has been developed for resording of the results of morphological examinations and the main information on the patient, which is filled by the dissector after autopsy. Treatment of the data contained in the information mass stipulates an urgent search of the cases according to the set of data indicated in the request, interpretation of the content of unified cards for the selected cases, calculation of per cent ratios, etc. Realization of information systems in universal computers opens wide possibilities for principally new organization of pathological archives.", "PMID": 306244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_668", "title": "Metastatic coccidioidal endophthalmitis.", "content": "A severe granulomatous iridocyclitis developed in association with a cavitary pulmonary lesion in a 29-year-old man. The initial diagnosis and treatment was for pulmonary tuberculosis with tuberculous uveitis. Although the pulmonary lesion improved with antituberculous therapy, the condition of the eye deteriorated. An anterior-chamber tap was positive for Coccidioides immitis, and the patient was treated with intravenous and two intracameral injections of amphotericin B. The eye was ultimately enucleated three weeks after the initial intracameral injection, and yet was culture-positive for the organism. Histopathologic examination disclosed diffuse involvement of the anterior segment, with multiple spherules present within the iris and limbus.", "contents": "Metastatic coccidioidal endophthalmitis. A severe granulomatous iridocyclitis developed in association with a cavitary pulmonary lesion in a 29-year-old man. The initial diagnosis and treatment was for pulmonary tuberculosis with tuberculous uveitis. Although the pulmonary lesion improved with antituberculous therapy, the condition of the eye deteriorated. An anterior-chamber tap was positive for Coccidioides immitis, and the patient was treated with intravenous and two intracameral injections of amphotericin B. The eye was ultimately enucleated three weeks after the initial intracameral injection, and yet was culture-positive for the organism. Histopathologic examination disclosed diffuse involvement of the anterior segment, with multiple spherules present within the iris and limbus.", "PMID": 306245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_669", "title": "Visualization of small extracanalicular neurilemomas by metrizamide cisternographic enhancement.", "content": "Metrizamide (Amipaque) computerized tomography cisternography (CTC) provides a rapid, simple, and accurate radiographic modality of intrathecal enhancement for detecting and morphologically characterizing cerebellopontine (CP) angle masses. The technique is of especial value in masses greater than 1.5 cm that are not detected on intravenously enhanced computerized tomography. Metrizamide CTC was used in six patients with no CP angle mass and in four patients with acoustic neurilemomas.", "contents": "Visualization of small extracanalicular neurilemomas by metrizamide cisternographic enhancement. Metrizamide (Amipaque) computerized tomography cisternography (CTC) provides a rapid, simple, and accurate radiographic modality of intrathecal enhancement for detecting and morphologically characterizing cerebellopontine (CP) angle masses. The technique is of especial value in masses greater than 1.5 cm that are not detected on intravenously enhanced computerized tomography. Metrizamide CTC was used in six patients with no CP angle mass and in four patients with acoustic neurilemomas.", "PMID": 306246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_670", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of rabbit plasma alpha1-antitrypsin.", "content": "Alpha1-Antitrypsin was isolated from rabbit plasma by salting out with (NH4)2SO4 followed by ion-exchange chromatography either on DEAE-Sephadex or DEAE-cellulose (each at pH8.8 and 6.5), and affinity chromatography on Sepharose-Cibacron Blue and Sepharose-concanavalin A. The protein thus obtained was homogeneous during crossed immunoelectrophoresis by using an antiserum to whole rabbit plasma, but it migrated as two broad bands when electrophoresed in alkaline polyacrylamide gels. Under optimal loading conditions, two or three subcomponents could be distinguished in each band. The two major forms of rabbit alpha1-antitrypsin, designated components F and S, were separated by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, and some of their physico-chemical properties were established. Both forms reacted with trypsin at a molar ratio of 1:1. Their elution volumes from a Sephadex G-200 column were identical, corresponding to a mol.wt. of 58000; however, some heterogeneity was observed after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel in a pH 4-6 gradient revealed a multiple-band pattern for each form in the range of pH4.4-4.9. The two forms of rabbit alpha1-antitrypsin possessed the same N-terminal amino acid (glutamic acid) and had very similar amino acid and carbohydrate compositions.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of rabbit plasma alpha1-antitrypsin. Alpha1-Antitrypsin was isolated from rabbit plasma by salting out with (NH4)2SO4 followed by ion-exchange chromatography either on DEAE-Sephadex or DEAE-cellulose (each at pH8.8 and 6.5), and affinity chromatography on Sepharose-Cibacron Blue and Sepharose-concanavalin A. The protein thus obtained was homogeneous during crossed immunoelectrophoresis by using an antiserum to whole rabbit plasma, but it migrated as two broad bands when electrophoresed in alkaline polyacrylamide gels. Under optimal loading conditions, two or three subcomponents could be distinguished in each band. The two major forms of rabbit alpha1-antitrypsin, designated components F and S, were separated by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, and some of their physico-chemical properties were established. Both forms reacted with trypsin at a molar ratio of 1:1. Their elution volumes from a Sephadex G-200 column were identical, corresponding to a mol.wt. of 58000; however, some heterogeneity was observed after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel in a pH 4-6 gradient revealed a multiple-band pattern for each form in the range of pH4.4-4.9. The two forms of rabbit alpha1-antitrypsin possessed the same N-terminal amino acid (glutamic acid) and had very similar amino acid and carbohydrate compositions.", "PMID": 306250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_671", "title": "Serologic studies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system dysfunction.", "content": "Serologic studies were performed on 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during 29 acute episodes of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Increased anti-DNA antibody and decreased total serum hemolytic complement activity were observed only in those patients with associated extra-CNS disease manifestations. Patients with isolated CNS disease were otherwise in apparent clinical and serological remission regarding these two indices. No special association of cold-reactive IgM antilymphocyte antibodies was demonstrable in patients with ongoing CNS injury. Of special interest was an increased incidence of anti-Sm antibodies in the patients with CNS dysfunction relative to that in a large group of patients without neuropsychiatric disease. The incidence of anti-RNP was not increased. The data do not support direct involvement in SLE brain injury of either DNA/anti-DNA complexes or of lymphocytotoxic antibodies cross-reactive with brain cells, but do suggest an association of anti-Sm with CNS disease in this disorder.", "contents": "Serologic studies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system dysfunction. Serologic studies were performed on 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during 29 acute episodes of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Increased anti-DNA antibody and decreased total serum hemolytic complement activity were observed only in those patients with associated extra-CNS disease manifestations. Patients with isolated CNS disease were otherwise in apparent clinical and serological remission regarding these two indices. No special association of cold-reactive IgM antilymphocyte antibodies was demonstrable in patients with ongoing CNS injury. Of special interest was an increased incidence of anti-Sm antibodies in the patients with CNS dysfunction relative to that in a large group of patients without neuropsychiatric disease. The incidence of anti-RNP was not increased. The data do not support direct involvement in SLE brain injury of either DNA/anti-DNA complexes or of lymphocytotoxic antibodies cross-reactive with brain cells, but do suggest an association of anti-Sm with CNS disease in this disorder.", "PMID": 306251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_672", "title": "Prevalence of rheumatic diseases as causes of disability and complaints by ambulatory patients.", "content": "Data from the National Health Survey reveal that musculoskeletal diseases are the most prevalent cause of chronic disability among the civilian, noninstitutionalized population. Because of the frequency of musculoskeletal injuries, rheumatic disorders are the second most common cause of acute disability. Problems referable to the musculoskeletal system constitute the second most frequent class of complaints presented by patients to office-based physicians. Only respiratory and circulatory diagnoses are recorded more often by such physicians.", "contents": "Prevalence of rheumatic diseases as causes of disability and complaints by ambulatory patients. Data from the National Health Survey reveal that musculoskeletal diseases are the most prevalent cause of chronic disability among the civilian, noninstitutionalized population. Because of the frequency of musculoskeletal injuries, rheumatic disorders are the second most common cause of acute disability. Problems referable to the musculoskeletal system constitute the second most frequent class of complaints presented by patients to office-based physicians. Only respiratory and circulatory diagnoses are recorded more often by such physicians.", "PMID": 306252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_673", "title": "Absence of B stem cells in spleens of chickens fed the androgen analog mibolerone.", "content": "Bursa-derived stem cells in the spleens of chickens treated with the androgen analog mibolerone or with cyclophosphamide and in the spleens of untreated controls were examined by a transplantation technique. Spleen cells from syngeneic donors 2-20 weeks old were transferred to syngeneic cyclophosphamide-treated recipients, and the immunocompetence of the recipients was tested 5 weeks after the transfer by antigenic stimuli with sheep erythrocytes and Brucella abortus. Spleens of mibolerone-treated chickens failed to reconstitute the immunologic capability of cyclophosphamide-treated recipients in a manner similar to spleen cells from normal donors. Spleens of cyclophosphamide-treated donors did not contain stem cells. Stem cells were detected in the spleens of untreated controls as young as 2 weeks old; activity was highest after the 13th week of age.", "contents": "Absence of B stem cells in spleens of chickens fed the androgen analog mibolerone. Bursa-derived stem cells in the spleens of chickens treated with the androgen analog mibolerone or with cyclophosphamide and in the spleens of untreated controls were examined by a transplantation technique. Spleen cells from syngeneic donors 2-20 weeks old were transferred to syngeneic cyclophosphamide-treated recipients, and the immunocompetence of the recipients was tested 5 weeks after the transfer by antigenic stimuli with sheep erythrocytes and Brucella abortus. Spleens of mibolerone-treated chickens failed to reconstitute the immunologic capability of cyclophosphamide-treated recipients in a manner similar to spleen cells from normal donors. Spleens of cyclophosphamide-treated donors did not contain stem cells. Stem cells were detected in the spleens of untreated controls as young as 2 weeks old; activity was highest after the 13th week of age.", "PMID": 306248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_674", "title": "Lung function in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficient sisters.", "content": "Two sisters were found to homozygous for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. One was disabled by breathlessness and had advanced clinical and radiological emphysema which was confirmed on lung function testing. The other, of similar age and smoking history, was symptom-free with a normal chest radiograph. She had a slightly increased airways resistance, a reduced gas transfer, a bilaterally reduced apex--base perfusion gradient and a small but generalized increase in physiological dead space in all zones. The minor pulmonary and vascular abnormalities present in the younger sibling suggest that we are witnessing early changes in the evolution of the panacinar emphysema characteristic of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. The reason for the different rates of progress of the disease in these two sisters is not understood.", "contents": "Lung function in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficient sisters. Two sisters were found to homozygous for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. One was disabled by breathlessness and had advanced clinical and radiological emphysema which was confirmed on lung function testing. The other, of similar age and smoking history, was symptom-free with a normal chest radiograph. She had a slightly increased airways resistance, a reduced gas transfer, a bilaterally reduced apex--base perfusion gradient and a small but generalized increase in physiological dead space in all zones. The minor pulmonary and vascular abnormalities present in the younger sibling suggest that we are witnessing early changes in the evolution of the panacinar emphysema characteristic of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. The reason for the different rates of progress of the disease in these two sisters is not understood.", "PMID": 306259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_675", "title": "[Rosette forming lymphocytes as prognostic indices in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura].", "content": "The study included 12 patients with acute ITP to whom subpopulations of rosette forming lymphocytes were determined in peripheral blood and in serial form, the number of platelets to establish a correlation as prognostic index in the evolution of the disease. No correlation was found between the progressive increment of platelets in the evolution of the disease. However, in patients with a tendency to remission, the percentage of E(T) rosette forming lymphocytes was low and normal that of EAC (B) lymphocytes. Dissimilarly, it was seen that in patients without tendency to remission, the percentage of T and B rosette forming lymphocytes was within normal limits. This seems to show that determination of the subpopulations of lymphocytes may be useful as a prognostic index in this stage of the disease.", "contents": "[Rosette forming lymphocytes as prognostic indices in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]. The study included 12 patients with acute ITP to whom subpopulations of rosette forming lymphocytes were determined in peripheral blood and in serial form, the number of platelets to establish a correlation as prognostic index in the evolution of the disease. No correlation was found between the progressive increment of platelets in the evolution of the disease. However, in patients with a tendency to remission, the percentage of E(T) rosette forming lymphocytes was low and normal that of EAC (B) lymphocytes. Dissimilarly, it was seen that in patients without tendency to remission, the percentage of T and B rosette forming lymphocytes was within normal limits. This seems to show that determination of the subpopulations of lymphocytes may be useful as a prognostic index in this stage of the disease.", "PMID": 306255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_676", "title": "The sympatomatic treatment of carcinoma of the bronchus using combination chemotherapy.", "content": "A study was made of chemotherapy for inoperable carcinoma of the bronchus. Only patients with symptoms directly due to the tumour or with evidence of rapid tumour growth were selected for treatment. Half the patients selected in this way responded and in these patients survival may have been prolonged. The regimen chosen caused the minimum of interference with the patient's life and, by relief of symptoms, appeared to offer an improvement in the quality of life.", "contents": "The sympatomatic treatment of carcinoma of the bronchus using combination chemotherapy. A study was made of chemotherapy for inoperable carcinoma of the bronchus. Only patients with symptoms directly due to the tumour or with evidence of rapid tumour growth were selected for treatment. Half the patients selected in this way responded and in these patients survival may have been prolonged. The regimen chosen caused the minimum of interference with the patient's life and, by relief of symptoms, appeared to offer an improvement in the quality of life.", "PMID": 306260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_677", "title": "[Concentration and activity of alpha-1-antitrypsin in neonatal hepatitis].", "content": "The concentration and activity of alpha 1-antitrypsin were studied in 20 children with the diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis. The concentration of alpha 1-AT was found normal or high in all of the patients (3.6 +/- 0.12 mg/ml). No case was found with PiZZ homozygote type alpha 1-AT deficiency. The activity of alpha l-AT was found decreased in 90% of the patients with neonatal hepatitis (control: 0.86 +/- 0.18 mg. trypsin inhibited by ml. of serum; neonatal hepatitis: 0.49 +/- 0.07 mg/ml.). The possibility that this may correspond to a disorder characteristic of neonatal hepatitis is mentioned.", "contents": "[Concentration and activity of alpha-1-antitrypsin in neonatal hepatitis]. The concentration and activity of alpha 1-antitrypsin were studied in 20 children with the diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis. The concentration of alpha 1-AT was found normal or high in all of the patients (3.6 +/- 0.12 mg/ml). No case was found with PiZZ homozygote type alpha 1-AT deficiency. The activity of alpha l-AT was found decreased in 90% of the patients with neonatal hepatitis (control: 0.86 +/- 0.18 mg. trypsin inhibited by ml. of serum; neonatal hepatitis: 0.49 +/- 0.07 mg/ml.). The possibility that this may correspond to a disorder characteristic of neonatal hepatitis is mentioned.", "PMID": 306256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_678", "title": "Structure of the oligosaccharides of three glycopeptides from calf thymocyte plasma membranes.", "content": "The carbohydrate composition and oligosaccharide structure of three glycopeptides isolated from delipidated calf thymocyte plasma membranes following Pronase digestion have been determined. Five major glycopeptide fractions were separated using Bio-Gel P-6 gel filtration and diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography. The structure of the oligosaccharide chains of three of these glycopeptides was determined by a combination of sequential degradation with glycosidases and methylation analysis. These oligosaccharide structures consist of complex, highly branched N-linked chains containing at their nonreducing termini the unusual sequence Gal(beta1 leads to 3)Gal(beta1 leads to 4)GlcNAc leads to as well as the more usual sequence SA(alpha2 leads to 3)Gal(beta1 leads to 4)GlcNAc leads to. In addition, one glycopeptide also contains short O-linked chains with the structure Gal(beta leads to 3)GalNAc leads to Ser(Thr) which have receptor activity for the lectin from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus.", "contents": "Structure of the oligosaccharides of three glycopeptides from calf thymocyte plasma membranes. The carbohydrate composition and oligosaccharide structure of three glycopeptides isolated from delipidated calf thymocyte plasma membranes following Pronase digestion have been determined. Five major glycopeptide fractions were separated using Bio-Gel P-6 gel filtration and diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography. The structure of the oligosaccharide chains of three of these glycopeptides was determined by a combination of sequential degradation with glycosidases and methylation analysis. These oligosaccharide structures consist of complex, highly branched N-linked chains containing at their nonreducing termini the unusual sequence Gal(beta1 leads to 3)Gal(beta1 leads to 4)GlcNAc leads to as well as the more usual sequence SA(alpha2 leads to 3)Gal(beta1 leads to 4)GlcNAc leads to. In addition, one glycopeptide also contains short O-linked chains with the structure Gal(beta leads to 3)GalNAc leads to Ser(Thr) which have receptor activity for the lectin from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus.", "PMID": 306261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_679", "title": "[Alpha-1-antitrypsin in the newborn with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome].", "content": "The study included 50 newborns with (RDS) and 41 controls in relation with the plasma concentration of alpha-antitrypsin (a-l-AT) and of proteins. The blood samples were taken at 24, 72 and 120 postnatal hours. At 24 hours, in infants with IRDS 187.5 +/- 9 mg/dl of a-l-AT were shown and 4.15 +/- 0.09 g. % of total proteins, which compared with concentrations of a-l-AT and total proteins in controls of the same age, turned out significantly lower. The a-l-AT and total proteins suffered increment in their concentrations at 72 hours of life in relation to control cases in whom there was no modifications in the course of postnatal age. Among other factors, a drop in total protein was considered related to the drop in globulin fraction. The usefulness of quantification of a-l-AT for the diagnosis of IRDS, is pointed out at the end.", "contents": "[Alpha-1-antitrypsin in the newborn with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome]. The study included 50 newborns with (RDS) and 41 controls in relation with the plasma concentration of alpha-antitrypsin (a-l-AT) and of proteins. The blood samples were taken at 24, 72 and 120 postnatal hours. At 24 hours, in infants with IRDS 187.5 +/- 9 mg/dl of a-l-AT were shown and 4.15 +/- 0.09 g. % of total proteins, which compared with concentrations of a-l-AT and total proteins in controls of the same age, turned out significantly lower. The a-l-AT and total proteins suffered increment in their concentrations at 72 hours of life in relation to control cases in whom there was no modifications in the course of postnatal age. Among other factors, a drop in total protein was considered related to the drop in globulin fraction. The usefulness of quantification of a-l-AT for the diagnosis of IRDS, is pointed out at the end.", "PMID": 306257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_680", "title": "[Influence of temperature on blood coagulation in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of different temperatures between 13 degrees C and 45 degrees C on coagulation factors in vitro was studied by measuring clotting time with the recalcification time, partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and thromboplastin time test. In all three tests the shortest clotting times were measured at a temperature of 40 degrees C. The relation between temperature and clotting time was similar in fresh plasma and in plasma which had been stored at a temperature of --20 degrees C before examination. However, in all tests stored plasma showed shorter coagulation times. Prolongation of coagulation time at 45 degrees C is caused by irreversible reduction of coagulation activity in the plasma. At the same time thromboplastin- and PTT-reagent are imparied in their coagulation acitvity by a temperature of 45 decrees C. In comparison to plasma obtained from healthy persons plasma from patients with hemophilia A or B or with v. Willebrand's disease reacted more sensitive to changes in temperature in the PTT test. The coagulation defect was definitely more pronounced at 27 degrees and 17 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. It was not possible to differentiate these three coagulopathies with the PTT test at 27 degrees and 17 degrees C.", "contents": "[Influence of temperature on blood coagulation in vitro (author's transl)]. The influence of different temperatures between 13 degrees C and 45 degrees C on coagulation factors in vitro was studied by measuring clotting time with the recalcification time, partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and thromboplastin time test. In all three tests the shortest clotting times were measured at a temperature of 40 degrees C. The relation between temperature and clotting time was similar in fresh plasma and in plasma which had been stored at a temperature of --20 degrees C before examination. However, in all tests stored plasma showed shorter coagulation times. Prolongation of coagulation time at 45 degrees C is caused by irreversible reduction of coagulation activity in the plasma. At the same time thromboplastin- and PTT-reagent are imparied in their coagulation acitvity by a temperature of 45 decrees C. In comparison to plasma obtained from healthy persons plasma from patients with hemophilia A or B or with v. Willebrand's disease reacted more sensitive to changes in temperature in the PTT test. The coagulation defect was definitely more pronounced at 27 degrees and 17 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. It was not possible to differentiate these three coagulopathies with the PTT test at 27 degrees and 17 degrees C.", "PMID": 306264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_681", "title": "[Participation of phospholipases in the \"repair\" of photoreceptor membranes subjected to peroxidation].", "content": "Results are presented showing that Ca++-activated endogenous phospholipases are able to catalyze hydrolysis of hydroperoxydiacyglycerophosphatides with subsequent formation of monoacyglycerophosphatides and free hydroperoxides of fatty acids in frog rod outer segment membranes. The role of endogenous phospholipases in the mechanisms of repair of photoreceptor membranes subjected to lipid peroxidation, as well as in \"molecular substitution\" of phospholipids under membrane renewal is discussed.", "contents": "[Participation of phospholipases in the \"repair\" of photoreceptor membranes subjected to peroxidation]. Results are presented showing that Ca++-activated endogenous phospholipases are able to catalyze hydrolysis of hydroperoxydiacyglycerophosphatides with subsequent formation of monoacyglycerophosphatides and free hydroperoxides of fatty acids in frog rod outer segment membranes. The role of endogenous phospholipases in the mechanisms of repair of photoreceptor membranes subjected to lipid peroxidation, as well as in \"molecular substitution\" of phospholipids under membrane renewal is discussed.", "PMID": 306262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_682", "title": "The importance of the anomalous left gastric artery in the arteriography of gastric haemorrhage.", "content": "The importance of the occasional anomalous origin of the left gastric artery (LGA) from the aorta in the arteriographic evaluation of gastrointestinal haemorrhage is illustrated by two cases. The incidence of the anomaly is between 2.5 and 5.4% and should be considered when the LGA is not opacified on a coeliac arteriogram.", "contents": "The importance of the anomalous left gastric artery in the arteriography of gastric haemorrhage. The importance of the occasional anomalous origin of the left gastric artery (LGA) from the aorta in the arteriographic evaluation of gastrointestinal haemorrhage is illustrated by two cases. The incidence of the anomaly is between 2.5 and 5.4% and should be considered when the LGA is not opacified on a coeliac arteriogram.", "PMID": 306267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_683", "title": "Vestibulogenic imbalance.", "content": "Vestibular lesions may cause imbalance that long outlasts vertigo. Photographic analysis in five cases showed defects not only of the tilting reactions, which are of labyrinthine origin, but also of certain other postural reactions, notably the counterpoising and protective stepping reactions. All of these reflexes are unconscious and consequently such patients are rendered unstable in several ways simultaneously and may have difficulty describing their symptoms.", "contents": "Vestibulogenic imbalance. Vestibular lesions may cause imbalance that long outlasts vertigo. Photographic analysis in five cases showed defects not only of the tilting reactions, which are of labyrinthine origin, but also of certain other postural reactions, notably the counterpoising and protective stepping reactions. All of these reflexes are unconscious and consequently such patients are rendered unstable in several ways simultaneously and may have difficulty describing their symptoms.", "PMID": 306268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_684", "title": "The effect of electric fields on osteoporosis of disuse.", "content": "An experiment originally done by McElhaney et al. was repeated to obtain additional information about the effects of electrical fields on osteoporosis of disuse. The right femurs of 35 male rats were immobilized in plaster casts. Sixteen rats were treated with transcutaneous electrical fields of 30 Hz and approximately 100 V/cm for periods of 2 or 8 h a day. While the right femurs of the untreated rats were found to be atrophic with respect to the opposite limb, in the treated rats the immobilized femur was made larger than the opposite bone. Longer daily treatments exaggerated this effect. The tumors found in the previous study were not seen in our experiments. Other similarities and differences in the 2 studies are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of electric fields on osteoporosis of disuse. An experiment originally done by McElhaney et al. was repeated to obtain additional information about the effects of electrical fields on osteoporosis of disuse. The right femurs of 35 male rats were immobilized in plaster casts. Sixteen rats were treated with transcutaneous electrical fields of 30 Hz and approximately 100 V/cm for periods of 2 or 8 h a day. While the right femurs of the untreated rats were found to be atrophic with respect to the opposite limb, in the treated rats the immobilized femur was made larger than the opposite bone. Longer daily treatments exaggerated this effect. The tumors found in the previous study were not seen in our experiments. Other similarities and differences in the 2 studies are discussed.", "PMID": 306277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_685", "title": "[Mortality in the emergency surgical management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to ulcers and gastritis].", "content": "A retrospective study of 68 patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (excluding bleeding from esophageal varices) revealed that all patients had emergency surgery. The factors influencing the mortality and the recurrent bleeding have been sought. The overall mortality was 29.5%. Age of patients and type of surgical procedure did not affect the mortality raate, while chronicity of lesions and their duodenal location had a favourable influence. Most deaths were due to hypovolemic shock and its complications. Gastric resection with vagotomy is the operation of choice for control of bleeding. The authors present a brief review of the literature and stress the importance of early diagnosis and resuscitative measures, as well as the need for aggressive surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Mortality in the emergency surgical management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to ulcers and gastritis]. A retrospective study of 68 patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (excluding bleeding from esophageal varices) revealed that all patients had emergency surgery. The factors influencing the mortality and the recurrent bleeding have been sought. The overall mortality was 29.5%. Age of patients and type of surgical procedure did not affect the mortality raate, while chronicity of lesions and their duodenal location had a favourable influence. Most deaths were due to hypovolemic shock and its complications. Gastric resection with vagotomy is the operation of choice for control of bleeding. The authors present a brief review of the literature and stress the importance of early diagnosis and resuscitative measures, as well as the need for aggressive surgical intervention.", "PMID": 306279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_686", "title": "Strength-duration properties of single units driven by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in rats.", "content": "Cathodal strength-duration functions were measured for 27 single units which were driven by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. The distribution of chronaxies of these units showed four clusters at about 0.1, 0.25, 0.4 and 0.5 msec. These chronaxies are not fundamentally different from those previously reported for peripheral nerve. Two units fired repetitively during a long-duration stimulation pulse. Anodal strengitation. The data are discussed with reference to behaviorally determith duration properties were obtained from 14 units. Four units were not excited by anodal pulses of any strength or duration, four were excited during an anodal pulse (anode-make excitation) but not at the termination of the pulse (anode-break excitation), and six showed both anode-make and anode-break excitation. The data are discussed with reference to behaviorally determined strength-duration functions for brain stimulation reward.", "contents": "Strength-duration properties of single units driven by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in rats. Cathodal strength-duration functions were measured for 27 single units which were driven by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. The distribution of chronaxies of these units showed four clusters at about 0.1, 0.25, 0.4 and 0.5 msec. These chronaxies are not fundamentally different from those previously reported for peripheral nerve. Two units fired repetitively during a long-duration stimulation pulse. Anodal strengitation. The data are discussed with reference to behaviorally determith duration properties were obtained from 14 units. Four units were not excited by anodal pulses of any strength or duration, four were excited during an anodal pulse (anode-make excitation) but not at the termination of the pulse (anode-break excitation), and six showed both anode-make and anode-break excitation. The data are discussed with reference to behaviorally determined strength-duration functions for brain stimulation reward.", "PMID": 306275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_687", "title": "Bacterial infections in pediatric Hodgkin's disease: relationship to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and splenectomy.", "content": "The occurrence of bacterial infections (B.I.) among 181 children with Hodgkin's disease (121 with splenectomy, 60 without splenectomy) was analyzed. Twenty-seven B.I. occurred among 22 children and included 15 episodes of bacteremia-meningitis in 14 children. B.I. occurred in all age groups, but bacteremia-meningitis occurred most commonly in splenectomized children 10 years of age or less. The frequency of B.I. in splenectomized children receiving radiotherapy was 1.4%, compared to 18.3% among those receiving chemotherapy (p less than 0.05); the frequency of B.I. among non-splenectomized children receiving radiotherapy was 2.8%, compared to 23.1% among those receiving chemotherapy (p less than 0.05). There was no difference in the probability of B.I. as a function of splenectomy for the corresponding groups, although all cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae bacteremia-meningitis in splenectomized children. Overwhelming postsplenectomy bacteremia infection not related to active disease or treatment occurred in 3/121 (2.5%) children, accounting for only one fatality (0.8%).", "contents": "Bacterial infections in pediatric Hodgkin's disease: relationship to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and splenectomy. The occurrence of bacterial infections (B.I.) among 181 children with Hodgkin's disease (121 with splenectomy, 60 without splenectomy) was analyzed. Twenty-seven B.I. occurred among 22 children and included 15 episodes of bacteremia-meningitis in 14 children. B.I. occurred in all age groups, but bacteremia-meningitis occurred most commonly in splenectomized children 10 years of age or less. The frequency of B.I. in splenectomized children receiving radiotherapy was 1.4%, compared to 18.3% among those receiving chemotherapy (p less than 0.05); the frequency of B.I. among non-splenectomized children receiving radiotherapy was 2.8%, compared to 23.1% among those receiving chemotherapy (p less than 0.05). There was no difference in the probability of B.I. as a function of splenectomy for the corresponding groups, although all cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae bacteremia-meningitis in splenectomized children. Overwhelming postsplenectomy bacteremia infection not related to active disease or treatment occurred in 3/121 (2.5%) children, accounting for only one fatality (0.8%).", "PMID": 306282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_688", "title": "Profound radiosensitivity in \"leukemic\" T-cell lines and T-cell-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia demonstrated by sodium [51Cr]chromate labeling.", "content": "Radiation sensitivity was determined by measuring spontaneous release from 51Cr-labeled cells in various lymphoid cell populations. Among six leukemia T-cell lines originating from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, four such lines were found to be highly radiosensitive. In contrast, two of the leukemic T-cell lines and four normal control B-cell lines were not radiosensitive. Thymocytes from six patients and leukemia T-cell blasts from three patients with T-cell leukemia were likewise found to be highly radiosensitive, whereas leukemic blasts from six patients with null-cell (non-T, non-B-cell) acute lymphoblastic leukemia were not radiosensitive. Normal peripheral blood lymphocytes and mitogen-induced normal lymphoblasts were found not to be radiosensitive. The results indicate that measurement of the radiation sensitivity of acute leukemic blasts may have a therapeutic significance in coping with the heterogeneous nature of individual leukemia cases.", "contents": "Profound radiosensitivity in \"leukemic\" T-cell lines and T-cell-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia demonstrated by sodium [51Cr]chromate labeling. Radiation sensitivity was determined by measuring spontaneous release from 51Cr-labeled cells in various lymphoid cell populations. Among six leukemia T-cell lines originating from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, four such lines were found to be highly radiosensitive. In contrast, two of the leukemic T-cell lines and four normal control B-cell lines were not radiosensitive. Thymocytes from six patients and leukemia T-cell blasts from three patients with T-cell leukemia were likewise found to be highly radiosensitive, whereas leukemic blasts from six patients with null-cell (non-T, non-B-cell) acute lymphoblastic leukemia were not radiosensitive. Normal peripheral blood lymphocytes and mitogen-induced normal lymphoblasts were found not to be radiosensitive. The results indicate that measurement of the radiation sensitivity of acute leukemic blasts may have a therapeutic significance in coping with the heterogeneous nature of individual leukemia cases.", "PMID": 306283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_689", "title": "An improved assay method for amylase activity using an amylodextrin fraction as substrate.", "content": "A rapid and simple method for determination of amylase activity, by using a fraction of amylo-oligosaccharide (amylodextrin, 1) as substrate, is described. The sample solution is incubated with a solution of 1 and the substrate consumed is estimated by measuring the difference in absorbance at 460 nm. The Km value of 1 is about half that of starch. The homogeneity of 1 in its chemical structure and molecular weight facilitated the specification of amylase units according to the international definition. This procedure was applied for assay of human-serum amylase with excellent reproducibility. This method did not require a large dilution factor, as the standard curve showed a linear relationship over a wide range of amylase concentrations.", "contents": "An improved assay method for amylase activity using an amylodextrin fraction as substrate. A rapid and simple method for determination of amylase activity, by using a fraction of amylo-oligosaccharide (amylodextrin, 1) as substrate, is described. The sample solution is incubated with a solution of 1 and the substrate consumed is estimated by measuring the difference in absorbance at 460 nm. The Km value of 1 is about half that of starch. The homogeneity of 1 in its chemical structure and molecular weight facilitated the specification of amylase units according to the international definition. This procedure was applied for assay of human-serum amylase with excellent reproducibility. This method did not require a large dilution factor, as the standard curve showed a linear relationship over a wide range of amylase concentrations.", "PMID": 306285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_690", "title": "Repetitive attack by Aspergillus oryzae alpha amylase.", "content": "The action of Aspergillus oryzae alpha amylase on reducing-end, and uniformly radiolabeled maltotriose through maltodecaose has been studied. The enzyme is found to hydrolyze more than a single glycosidic bond during enzyme-substrate encounters. The extent of this repetitive attack is quantitated.", "contents": "Repetitive attack by Aspergillus oryzae alpha amylase. The action of Aspergillus oryzae alpha amylase on reducing-end, and uniformly radiolabeled maltotriose through maltodecaose has been studied. The enzyme is found to hydrolyze more than a single glycosidic bond during enzyme-substrate encounters. The extent of this repetitive attack is quantitated.", "PMID": 306286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_691", "title": "A purification of Helix pomatia alpha amylase involving a novel affinity-binding procedure.", "content": "Shellfish glycogen was cross-linked by treatement with cyanogen bromide followed by 1,6-diaminohexane. The resulting, insoluble product efficiently adsorbed Helix pomatia alpha amylase [(1 linked to 4)-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase] from crude solutions of the enzyme at 0 degrees, but only poorly at higher temperatures. A method was developed for the purification of Helix pomatia alpha amylase involving formation of an enzyme-adsorbent complex in the cold and recovery of the alpha amylase by suspending the washed complex in buffer at 37 degrees. After chromatography of the desorbed alpha amylase on a column of Bio-Gel P-60, the enzyme was homogenous as judged by poly(acrylamide)-gel electrophoresis. An overall purification of 360-fold was achieved with a recovery of 35%.", "contents": "A purification of Helix pomatia alpha amylase involving a novel affinity-binding procedure. Shellfish glycogen was cross-linked by treatement with cyanogen bromide followed by 1,6-diaminohexane. The resulting, insoluble product efficiently adsorbed Helix pomatia alpha amylase [(1 linked to 4)-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase] from crude solutions of the enzyme at 0 degrees, but only poorly at higher temperatures. A method was developed for the purification of Helix pomatia alpha amylase involving formation of an enzyme-adsorbent complex in the cold and recovery of the alpha amylase by suspending the washed complex in buffer at 37 degrees. After chromatography of the desorbed alpha amylase on a column of Bio-Gel P-60, the enzyme was homogenous as judged by poly(acrylamide)-gel electrophoresis. An overall purification of 360-fold was achieved with a recovery of 35%.", "PMID": 306287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_692", "title": "On T-tubule openings at the sarcolemma of white fast-twitch muscle fibres in fish and frog.", "content": "In \"white\" muscle fibres of a teleost fish T-tubule openings may occur regularly at all Z-disc levels between adjacent peripheral myofibrils, the T-tubule openings thus occurring at a density of ca. 0.9 micrometer-2. In frog \"white\" fibres, T-tubule openings are infrequently seen in material fixed like the fish material. In material prepared according to the albumin method of Gray (1975, 1976 a, b) which renders the muscle fibres swollen, straight tubules or sometimes chains of vesicles instead are seen opening at the sarcolemmal surface. Such tubules occur at a higher density than expected from experiments with local activation of contraction. Lability and dynamics within the T-system normally and during fixation are discussed.", "contents": "On T-tubule openings at the sarcolemma of white fast-twitch muscle fibres in fish and frog. In \"white\" muscle fibres of a teleost fish T-tubule openings may occur regularly at all Z-disc levels between adjacent peripheral myofibrils, the T-tubule openings thus occurring at a density of ca. 0.9 micrometer-2. In frog \"white\" fibres, T-tubule openings are infrequently seen in material fixed like the fish material. In material prepared according to the albumin method of Gray (1975, 1976 a, b) which renders the muscle fibres swollen, straight tubules or sometimes chains of vesicles instead are seen opening at the sarcolemmal surface. Such tubules occur at a higher density than expected from experiments with local activation of contraction. Lability and dynamics within the T-system normally and during fixation are discussed.", "PMID": 306288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_693", "title": "A 'profile' of immune responsiveness in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "An 'immunological profile' of various indices of B-cell function and T-cell function was developed for the 'early' case of multiple sclerosis (MS). This was compared against two groups of controls comprising age and sex-matched healthy subjects, and patients with other disabling neurological diseases (CNS controls) who were matched for age, sex, and type and duration of disability. Some indices of humoral immune responsiveness, such as the induced primary response to monomeric flagellin and the 'resting' levels of antibody to measles and rubella viruses, showed significant augmentation. Cellular immune deficits were attributed to an illness effect per se because (a) cell-mediated immunity was depressed, but only when compared with that of healthy subjects and not when compared with that of the CNS controls, and (b) transformation responses of lymphocytes to viral antigens were inversely related to disability status. The abnormalities in humoral immune responses demonstrable in this study do not provide an explanation for this disease; if there is a relevant 'immunological fault', the nature of this needs to be sought from within the neuraxis rather than from the systemic circulation.", "contents": "A 'profile' of immune responsiveness in multiple sclerosis. An 'immunological profile' of various indices of B-cell function and T-cell function was developed for the 'early' case of multiple sclerosis (MS). This was compared against two groups of controls comprising age and sex-matched healthy subjects, and patients with other disabling neurological diseases (CNS controls) who were matched for age, sex, and type and duration of disability. Some indices of humoral immune responsiveness, such as the induced primary response to monomeric flagellin and the 'resting' levels of antibody to measles and rubella viruses, showed significant augmentation. Cellular immune deficits were attributed to an illness effect per se because (a) cell-mediated immunity was depressed, but only when compared with that of healthy subjects and not when compared with that of the CNS controls, and (b) transformation responses of lymphocytes to viral antigens were inversely related to disability status. The abnormalities in humoral immune responses demonstrable in this study do not provide an explanation for this disease; if there is a relevant 'immunological fault', the nature of this needs to be sought from within the neuraxis rather than from the systemic circulation.", "PMID": 306322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_694", "title": "Selective blocking of T cell-mediated in vitro cytotoxicity to a xenogeneic tumour by anti-immunoglobulin sera.", "content": "Rejection of a xenograft by BALB/c mice results in a highly potent immune peritoneal population. When these immune cells are analysed by using two in vitro assays in parallel, at least two active cytotoxic mechanisms can be demonstrated. Target cells can be labelled with [125I]iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) before the effector cells are added and the detachment of the DNA from plastic can be used to detect cell-mediated immunity. This is referred to as the direct cytotoxicity test. This assay is largely dependent on T-cell function and evidence is presented here that it can be inhibited by anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) antisera. The second test, which reflects the inhibition of incorporation of IUdR by previously mixed effector and target cells, is called the cytostatic assay. This test, although presumably affected by cytotoxic T cells, also reflects a T-independent mechanism which is not inhibited by anti-Ig sera.", "contents": "Selective blocking of T cell-mediated in vitro cytotoxicity to a xenogeneic tumour by anti-immunoglobulin sera. Rejection of a xenograft by BALB/c mice results in a highly potent immune peritoneal population. When these immune cells are analysed by using two in vitro assays in parallel, at least two active cytotoxic mechanisms can be demonstrated. Target cells can be labelled with [125I]iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) before the effector cells are added and the detachment of the DNA from plastic can be used to detect cell-mediated immunity. This is referred to as the direct cytotoxicity test. This assay is largely dependent on T-cell function and evidence is presented here that it can be inhibited by anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) antisera. The second test, which reflects the inhibition of incorporation of IUdR by previously mixed effector and target cells, is called the cytostatic assay. This test, although presumably affected by cytotoxic T cells, also reflects a T-independent mechanism which is not inhibited by anti-Ig sera.", "PMID": 306324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_695", "title": "Normal B-lymphocyte function in patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and HGPRT deficiency.", "content": "Immunological and biochemical studies were carried out in two patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. No abnormalities of T- or B-lymphocyte function could be demonstrated in the presence of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) deficiency.", "contents": "Normal B-lymphocyte function in patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and HGPRT deficiency. Immunological and biochemical studies were carried out in two patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. No abnormalities of T- or B-lymphocyte function could be demonstrated in the presence of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) deficiency.", "PMID": 306325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_696", "title": "A naturally occurring antibody in New Zealand mice cytotoxic to dissociated cerebellar cells.", "content": "A spontaneously occurring antibody cytotoxic to dissociated cells of the neonate mouse cerebellum was found in the sera of some New Zealand (NZ) mice. No significant activity was found in the sera of six non-autoimmune mouse strains. The degree of cytotoxicity was similar towards both allogeneic and syngeneic cells. Absorption of the cytotoxic sera with brain and kidney homogenates removed the reactivity, while liver removed less reactivity. Absorptions with thymocytes and several other tissue homogenates and cells had no effect on the cytotoxicity levels, nor was there a correlation between the levels of thymocytotoxicity and cerebellar cell cytotoxicity. The antibody cytotoxic for cerebellar cells could not be demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of any mice examined, including a mouse with high serum cytotoxic levels. Gel filtration of reactive sera indicated that the antibody is of the IgM class.", "contents": "A naturally occurring antibody in New Zealand mice cytotoxic to dissociated cerebellar cells. A spontaneously occurring antibody cytotoxic to dissociated cells of the neonate mouse cerebellum was found in the sera of some New Zealand (NZ) mice. No significant activity was found in the sera of six non-autoimmune mouse strains. The degree of cytotoxicity was similar towards both allogeneic and syngeneic cells. Absorption of the cytotoxic sera with brain and kidney homogenates removed the reactivity, while liver removed less reactivity. Absorptions with thymocytes and several other tissue homogenates and cells had no effect on the cytotoxicity levels, nor was there a correlation between the levels of thymocytotoxicity and cerebellar cell cytotoxicity. The antibody cytotoxic for cerebellar cells could not be demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of any mice examined, including a mouse with high serum cytotoxic levels. Gel filtration of reactive sera indicated that the antibody is of the IgM class.", "PMID": 306327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_697", "title": "Levamisole maintains cyclophsophamide-induced remission in murine lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Antibodies to DNA in 14 month old male NZB/W F1 mice were markedly decreased after 4 weeks of cyclophosphamide therapy. A group of these mice and untreated controls subsequently received levamisole for 12 weeks. Antibodies to DNA returned to pretreatment levels within 8 weeks in animals receiving only cyclophosphamide, whereas levamisole treatment after cyclophosphamide delayed the reappearance of these antibodies. Glomerular immunoglobulin deposition and the degree of lymphocytic tissue infiltrate were decreased in animals receiving cyclophosphamide followed by levamisole as compared with non-treated control animals or those receiving cyclophosphamide or levamisole alone. In vitro T-cell mitogen reactivity was inversely correlated with the final DNA antibody titres of individual mice, suggesting a relationship between decreased autoantibody production and augmented cellular immunity. We discuss possible mechanisms by which levamisole may delay the reappearance of autoantibodies and decrease the histological evidence of lupus nephritis when given to New Zealand mice first treated with cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Levamisole maintains cyclophsophamide-induced remission in murine lupus erythematosus. Antibodies to DNA in 14 month old male NZB/W F1 mice were markedly decreased after 4 weeks of cyclophosphamide therapy. A group of these mice and untreated controls subsequently received levamisole for 12 weeks. Antibodies to DNA returned to pretreatment levels within 8 weeks in animals receiving only cyclophosphamide, whereas levamisole treatment after cyclophosphamide delayed the reappearance of these antibodies. Glomerular immunoglobulin deposition and the degree of lymphocytic tissue infiltrate were decreased in animals receiving cyclophosphamide followed by levamisole as compared with non-treated control animals or those receiving cyclophosphamide or levamisole alone. In vitro T-cell mitogen reactivity was inversely correlated with the final DNA antibody titres of individual mice, suggesting a relationship between decreased autoantibody production and augmented cellular immunity. We discuss possible mechanisms by which levamisole may delay the reappearance of autoantibodies and decrease the histological evidence of lupus nephritis when given to New Zealand mice first treated with cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 306328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_698", "title": "Angiographic evaluation of gastrointestinal haemorrhage complicating pancreatic disease.", "content": "Seven patients with gastro-oesophageal varices due to splenic or portal vein obstruction from a diseased pancreas have been seen at the Mater Hospital during the past three years. Four of these patients had episodes of acute and massive gastrointestinal bleeding and this paper emphasises the role of angiography in the management of this complication. In three instances the bleeding was the result of the varices, but in one patient with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas the bleeding was shown to result from invasion of the tumour into the duodenum.", "contents": "Angiographic evaluation of gastrointestinal haemorrhage complicating pancreatic disease. Seven patients with gastro-oesophageal varices due to splenic or portal vein obstruction from a diseased pancreas have been seen at the Mater Hospital during the past three years. Four of these patients had episodes of acute and massive gastrointestinal bleeding and this paper emphasises the role of angiography in the management of this complication. In three instances the bleeding was the result of the varices, but in one patient with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas the bleeding was shown to result from invasion of the tumour into the duodenum.", "PMID": 306332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_699", "title": "[Most severe liver rupture with hepatic vein avulsion and massive hemobilia].", "content": "A case report of hepatic trauma in a patient with polytrauma. For treatment of a destroying lesion of the right lobe with disruption of the middle hepatic vein right lobectomy was done. Postoperatively an excessive hyperbilirubinaemia occurred because of a closed central contusion of the left lobe with a biliovenous fistula. This diagnosis was achieved by arteriography before a second operation and intraoperative cholangiography using a T tube. Bilhaemia completely disappeared while mild negative pressure was administered to the T tube. Diagnosis and therapy of bilhaemia are discussed.", "contents": "[Most severe liver rupture with hepatic vein avulsion and massive hemobilia]. A case report of hepatic trauma in a patient with polytrauma. For treatment of a destroying lesion of the right lobe with disruption of the middle hepatic vein right lobectomy was done. Postoperatively an excessive hyperbilirubinaemia occurred because of a closed central contusion of the left lobe with a biliovenous fistula. This diagnosis was achieved by arteriography before a second operation and intraoperative cholangiography using a T tube. Bilhaemia completely disappeared while mild negative pressure was administered to the T tube. Diagnosis and therapy of bilhaemia are discussed.", "PMID": 306335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_700", "title": "Massive colonic variceal bleeding secondary to abnormal splenocolic collaterals: report of a case.", "content": "Even in the absence of demonstrable esophagogastric varices in the cirrhotic patient, a diagnosis of variceal bleeding from unusual sites should be entertained in the differential diagnosis of massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The varices may reflect the increased pressure in the superior or inferior mesenteric systems or in the splenic system through abnormal splenocolic anastomoses. This case has the unique feature of bleeding from varices interposed between the splenic and inferior mesenteric venous systems, as opposed to the previously described cases of varices draining directly into a portosystemic conduit.", "contents": "Massive colonic variceal bleeding secondary to abnormal splenocolic collaterals: report of a case. Even in the absence of demonstrable esophagogastric varices in the cirrhotic patient, a diagnosis of variceal bleeding from unusual sites should be entertained in the differential diagnosis of massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The varices may reflect the increased pressure in the superior or inferior mesenteric systems or in the splenic system through abnormal splenocolic anastomoses. This case has the unique feature of bleeding from varices interposed between the splenic and inferior mesenteric venous systems, as opposed to the previously described cases of varices draining directly into a portosystemic conduit.", "PMID": 306336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_701", "title": "[Treatment of complications after endoscopic papillotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 717 endoscopic papillotomies there were 52 complications in 48 patients, requiring 15 emergency operations with 11 deaths. Surgical intervention was undertaken in six patients for cholangitis after obstruction by stone, in four for retroperitoneal perforation, in two each for bleeding or jamming of the dormia basket, and in one for pancreatitis. Cause of death was very poor general condition or age over 80 years in four; retroduodenal abscess in four; haemorrhagic pancreatitis in two, and cholangiogenic sepsis in one.", "contents": "[Treatment of complications after endoscopic papillotomy (author's transl)]. In 717 endoscopic papillotomies there were 52 complications in 48 patients, requiring 15 emergency operations with 11 deaths. Surgical intervention was undertaken in six patients for cholangitis after obstruction by stone, in four for retroperitoneal perforation, in two each for bleeding or jamming of the dormia basket, and in one for pancreatitis. Cause of death was very poor general condition or age over 80 years in four; retroduodenal abscess in four; haemorrhagic pancreatitis in two, and cholangiogenic sepsis in one.", "PMID": 306339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_702", "title": "Calcium-dependent inhibition by prostaglandin E1 of spontaneous acetylcholine release from frog motor nerve.", "content": "PGE1 (10(-7) M) in the absence of Ca2+ or at low external Ca2+ concentrations (0.2-0.5 mM) depressed the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) in frog sartorius muscle, but m.e.p.p. amplitudes were unchanged. Both an increase in Ca2+ concentration to 2 mM or a blockade of Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria by metabolic inhibitors (5 X 10(-5) M 2,4-dinitrophenol or 2 X 10(-5) M rotenone) prevented the inhibitory action of PGE1 on m.e.p.p. frequency. We suggest that PGE1 may inhibit acetylcholine release from motor nerve terminals by promoting the active uptake of Ca2+ by mitochondria, or by facilitating the efflux of Ca2+ from the axoplasm into the extracellular medium.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent inhibition by prostaglandin E1 of spontaneous acetylcholine release from frog motor nerve. PGE1 (10(-7) M) in the absence of Ca2+ or at low external Ca2+ concentrations (0.2-0.5 mM) depressed the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) in frog sartorius muscle, but m.e.p.p. amplitudes were unchanged. Both an increase in Ca2+ concentration to 2 mM or a blockade of Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria by metabolic inhibitors (5 X 10(-5) M 2,4-dinitrophenol or 2 X 10(-5) M rotenone) prevented the inhibitory action of PGE1 on m.e.p.p. frequency. We suggest that PGE1 may inhibit acetylcholine release from motor nerve terminals by promoting the active uptake of Ca2+ by mitochondria, or by facilitating the efflux of Ca2+ from the axoplasm into the extracellular medium.", "PMID": 306346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_703", "title": "Sources and nature of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in fetal mice.", "content": "At the earliest stages of fetal hepatic hemopoiesis in CBA mice (11-12 days gestation), colony stimulating activity could be found only in peripheral blood, yolk-sac fluid and media conditioned by yolk-sacs (YSCM). The colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from YSCM was able to be concentrated by absorption to DEAE-cellulose and subsequent elution. Titration of this material produced a sigmoid dose-response curve in agar cultures of adult CBA bone marrow cells. Unlike the high proportion of granulocyte colonies stimulated by the GM-CSF from mouse lung conditioned medium, all concentrations of YSCM produced a high proportion of macrophage colonies after 7 days of incubation. Mixing experiments eliminated the possibility that a specific inhibitor preventing granulocyte differentiation was present in YSCM. Fetal liver cells were relatively unresponsive to YSCM, but their ability to respond increased with gestational age. When stimulated by YSCM, fetal liver colony forming cells from mice of all gestational ages produced more than 90% macrophage colonies after 7 days of incubation. The experimental data suggest that the proliferation and differentiation of granulocyte and macrophage precursors in the early fetal liver could be controlled by a fetal type of GM-CSF favoring macrophage production.", "contents": "Sources and nature of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in fetal mice. At the earliest stages of fetal hepatic hemopoiesis in CBA mice (11-12 days gestation), colony stimulating activity could be found only in peripheral blood, yolk-sac fluid and media conditioned by yolk-sacs (YSCM). The colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from YSCM was able to be concentrated by absorption to DEAE-cellulose and subsequent elution. Titration of this material produced a sigmoid dose-response curve in agar cultures of adult CBA bone marrow cells. Unlike the high proportion of granulocyte colonies stimulated by the GM-CSF from mouse lung conditioned medium, all concentrations of YSCM produced a high proportion of macrophage colonies after 7 days of incubation. Mixing experiments eliminated the possibility that a specific inhibitor preventing granulocyte differentiation was present in YSCM. Fetal liver cells were relatively unresponsive to YSCM, but their ability to respond increased with gestational age. When stimulated by YSCM, fetal liver colony forming cells from mice of all gestational ages produced more than 90% macrophage colonies after 7 days of incubation. The experimental data suggest that the proliferation and differentiation of granulocyte and macrophage precursors in the early fetal liver could be controlled by a fetal type of GM-CSF favoring macrophage production.", "PMID": 306347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_704", "title": "Binding of colony stimulating factor by sterile filtration membranes.", "content": "Loss of serum-free L-cell colony stimulating factor (CSF) activity was noted when non-sterile or ethylene oxide sterilized Millipore filters were employed; autoclaved membranes showed no inactivation. The reduction in CSF did not appear to be due to release of inhibitory or inactivating substances as extensive rinsing with various solvents did not prevent loss of CSF activity. In addition, these filtrates did not inhibit the activity of standard CSF. Less pure sources of CSF, including standard serum containing L-cell CSF and human urinary concentrate, did not lose activity upon filtration. Moreover, the addition of bovine serum albumin to serum-free CSF completely prevented membrane filtration loss. The CSF loss could be prevented by treatment of the membranes with buffers contraining 0.05% polyethylene glycol (PEG). These findings show that Millipore membranes can bind significant quantities of partially purified CSF. It is important in purification studies to recognize that CSF loss can be prevented by addition of PEG to all buffer systems.", "contents": "Binding of colony stimulating factor by sterile filtration membranes. Loss of serum-free L-cell colony stimulating factor (CSF) activity was noted when non-sterile or ethylene oxide sterilized Millipore filters were employed; autoclaved membranes showed no inactivation. The reduction in CSF did not appear to be due to release of inhibitory or inactivating substances as extensive rinsing with various solvents did not prevent loss of CSF activity. In addition, these filtrates did not inhibit the activity of standard CSF. Less pure sources of CSF, including standard serum containing L-cell CSF and human urinary concentrate, did not lose activity upon filtration. Moreover, the addition of bovine serum albumin to serum-free CSF completely prevented membrane filtration loss. The CSF loss could be prevented by treatment of the membranes with buffers contraining 0.05% polyethylene glycol (PEG). These findings show that Millipore membranes can bind significant quantities of partially purified CSF. It is important in purification studies to recognize that CSF loss can be prevented by addition of PEG to all buffer systems.", "PMID": 306348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_705", "title": "Differences in the buoyant density characteristics of murine granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells cloned in the presence of serum and/or hemolysate.", "content": "Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells of granulocytes and macrophages undergo proliferation and maturation in vitro in the presence of colony-stimulating factors and suitable sera. It has recently been found that rat hemolysate can replace serum as a source of growth-supporting activities for cloning these progenitor cells. It is unclear, however, whether serum or hemolysate allows the growth of separate or identical precursor cell subpopulations. Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell populations cloned in either serum or hemolysate were identical in their buoyant density characteristics. However, an additional population of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors was preferentially detected when both substances were added to the cell cultures. Different responding cells may, therefore, differ in their nutritional requirements for in vitro cloning. Variability in the respective amounts of these growth factors in the stimulator source would influence the number of CFU-C cloned. The actual amount of stimulator in unpurified sources may, therefore, be grossly overestimated.", "contents": "Differences in the buoyant density characteristics of murine granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells cloned in the presence of serum and/or hemolysate. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells of granulocytes and macrophages undergo proliferation and maturation in vitro in the presence of colony-stimulating factors and suitable sera. It has recently been found that rat hemolysate can replace serum as a source of growth-supporting activities for cloning these progenitor cells. It is unclear, however, whether serum or hemolysate allows the growth of separate or identical precursor cell subpopulations. Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell populations cloned in either serum or hemolysate were identical in their buoyant density characteristics. However, an additional population of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors was preferentially detected when both substances were added to the cell cultures. Different responding cells may, therefore, differ in their nutritional requirements for in vitro cloning. Variability in the respective amounts of these growth factors in the stimulator source would influence the number of CFU-C cloned. The actual amount of stimulator in unpurified sources may, therefore, be grossly overestimated.", "PMID": 306349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_706", "title": "Hemopoietic effects in mice of a transplanted, granulocytosis-inducing tumor.", "content": "A transplanted tumor that induces granulocytosis and produces colony stimulating factor (CSF) was studied in mice during several passages. The sequence of events leading to granulocytosis was characterized. Band granulocytes were increased 3 days after tumor inoculation, while simultaneously CFU-s and CFU-c in bone marrow and spleen were transitorily low. This was followed by rapid accumulation of CFU-c and CFU-s in spleen, and by successive waves of increased mitotable and non-mitotable granulocytes in spleen and marrow. In contrast, marrow CFU-c and CFU-s remained normal or slightly decreased.", "contents": "Hemopoietic effects in mice of a transplanted, granulocytosis-inducing tumor. A transplanted tumor that induces granulocytosis and produces colony stimulating factor (CSF) was studied in mice during several passages. The sequence of events leading to granulocytosis was characterized. Band granulocytes were increased 3 days after tumor inoculation, while simultaneously CFU-s and CFU-c in bone marrow and spleen were transitorily low. This was followed by rapid accumulation of CFU-c and CFU-s in spleen, and by successive waves of increased mitotable and non-mitotable granulocytes in spleen and marrow. In contrast, marrow CFU-c and CFU-s remained normal or slightly decreased.", "PMID": 306350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_707", "title": "EA-rosette-forming cells in chickens: presence in spleens of bursectomized chickens and relationships to B-lymphocytes.", "content": "Spleen cells from 3-month-old chickens which had been surgically and chemically bursectomized were examined for rosette-forming lymphocytes (RFL). Finding no correlation between the degree of agammaglobulinemia in bursectomized chickens and the percentage of RFL in their spleens demonstrated a dissociation between two B-cell dependent functions, namely, immunoglobulin production and rosette-forming ability. In fact, the percentage of RFL in the spleens of agammaglobulinemic chickens was found to be slightly higher than those of normal chickens. The data indicate that RFL in spleens of normal chickens are B cells, and suggest the existence of a population of rosette-forming B lymphocytes in agammaglobulinemic bursectomized chickens.", "contents": "EA-rosette-forming cells in chickens: presence in spleens of bursectomized chickens and relationships to B-lymphocytes. Spleen cells from 3-month-old chickens which had been surgically and chemically bursectomized were examined for rosette-forming lymphocytes (RFL). Finding no correlation between the degree of agammaglobulinemia in bursectomized chickens and the percentage of RFL in their spleens demonstrated a dissociation between two B-cell dependent functions, namely, immunoglobulin production and rosette-forming ability. In fact, the percentage of RFL in the spleens of agammaglobulinemic chickens was found to be slightly higher than those of normal chickens. The data indicate that RFL in spleens of normal chickens are B cells, and suggest the existence of a population of rosette-forming B lymphocytes in agammaglobulinemic bursectomized chickens.", "PMID": 306354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_708", "title": "The spontaneous shedding of the lymphocyte receptor for sheep red blood cells.", "content": "Cells in vitro constantly synthesize and shed macromolecules into the surrounding culture medium. B and T lymphocytes also synthesize and shed membrane components. The human T lymphocyte is identified by its ability to attach spontaneously to sheep erythrocytes. This binding is more stable at 4 degrees C and is diminished at 37 degrees C, suggesting that the receptor for sheep erythrocyte may be spontaneously shed at 37 degrees C. Therefore supernatants were obtained from human lymphoyctes at 37 degrees C and then added to sheep erythrocytes at room temperature. After washing, these sheep erythrocytes were unable to rosette with human lymphocytes. The potency of the rosette blocking activity in the supernatant was (a) highest when lymphocytes wereincuated at 37 degrees C, less at room temperature, and least at 4 degrees C, (b) increased by increasing the numbers of lymphocytes held at 37 degrees C, (c) disappeared at dilutions of the supernatants greater than 1:8, (d) was completely adsorbed by sheep erythrocytes. This suggests that lymphocytes spontaneously shed receptors for sheep erythrocytes at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "The spontaneous shedding of the lymphocyte receptor for sheep red blood cells. Cells in vitro constantly synthesize and shed macromolecules into the surrounding culture medium. B and T lymphocytes also synthesize and shed membrane components. The human T lymphocyte is identified by its ability to attach spontaneously to sheep erythrocytes. This binding is more stable at 4 degrees C and is diminished at 37 degrees C, suggesting that the receptor for sheep erythrocyte may be spontaneously shed at 37 degrees C. Therefore supernatants were obtained from human lymphoyctes at 37 degrees C and then added to sheep erythrocytes at room temperature. After washing, these sheep erythrocytes were unable to rosette with human lymphocytes. The potency of the rosette blocking activity in the supernatant was (a) highest when lymphocytes wereincuated at 37 degrees C, less at room temperature, and least at 4 degrees C, (b) increased by increasing the numbers of lymphocytes held at 37 degrees C, (c) disappeared at dilutions of the supernatants greater than 1:8, (d) was completely adsorbed by sheep erythrocytes. This suggests that lymphocytes spontaneously shed receptors for sheep erythrocytes at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 306355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_709", "title": "The characterization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in human serum.", "content": "We describe the characterization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SRIF-LI) found by radioimmunoassay (RIA) to be present in normal human serum. Degradation by serum of 125I-Tyr1 SRIF in the assay, as assessed by chromatoelectrophoresis and immunoprecipitation, was overcome by using EDTA in the assay buffer and Trasylol in the blood samples. Serum samples thus obtained from 48 normal subjects revealed a bimodal distribution of SRIF-LI; 92 per cent (group 1) had a mean level of 0.274 +/- 0.009 ng. per milliliter. What was measured in these sera showed identity to synthetic SRIF on serial dilutions, Sephadex G-25 chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography, and it was shown to be immunoreactive by an antibody-Sepharose affinity system. Higher levels (1.0 +/- 0.041 ng. per milliliter) were found in 8 per cent of the sera; 50 per cent of this material behaved identically as serum SRIF-LI from group 1. The remainder proved to be heterogeneous, consisting of two peaks of large molecular weight, both of which shared immunologic identity with synthetic SRIF as shown by binding to the antibody-Sepharose affinity system. Their further nature is unknown.", "contents": "The characterization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in human serum. We describe the characterization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SRIF-LI) found by radioimmunoassay (RIA) to be present in normal human serum. Degradation by serum of 125I-Tyr1 SRIF in the assay, as assessed by chromatoelectrophoresis and immunoprecipitation, was overcome by using EDTA in the assay buffer and Trasylol in the blood samples. Serum samples thus obtained from 48 normal subjects revealed a bimodal distribution of SRIF-LI; 92 per cent (group 1) had a mean level of 0.274 +/- 0.009 ng. per milliliter. What was measured in these sera showed identity to synthetic SRIF on serial dilutions, Sephadex G-25 chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography, and it was shown to be immunoreactive by an antibody-Sepharose affinity system. Higher levels (1.0 +/- 0.041 ng. per milliliter) were found in 8 per cent of the sera; 50 per cent of this material behaved identically as serum SRIF-LI from group 1. The remainder proved to be heterogeneous, consisting of two peaks of large molecular weight, both of which shared immunologic identity with synthetic SRIF as shown by binding to the antibody-Sepharose affinity system. Their further nature is unknown.", "PMID": 306357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_710", "title": "[Aorto-coronary by-pass: pre and post-operative ergometric evaluation of 95 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "95 angina patients surgically treated by aortocoronary saphenous vein by-pass, have been studied by comparing the factors limiting the exercise (i.e. muscular exhaustion, angina, electrocardiographic changes), the total work performed, the O2 consumption and the heart rate-arterial pression product. After surgery the incidence of positive effort tests (effort angina and/or ecg evidence of myocardial ischemia) decreased from 79% to 27,4% (p less than 0,001), and the average amount of work performed increased from 2718 to 3504 Kgm (p less than 0,01), the MVO2 from 13,9 to 15,6 cc/min/Kg. (p less than 0,01) and the heart rate-arterial pression product from 206 to 243 (p less than 0,001). The patients who preoperatively were more invalidated (that is able to performe a lasser amount of physical work) presented a more pronounced improvement in comparison with those who had a greater tolerance to exercise. It seems therefore that for these latter patients the bypass grafting surgery should be justified only if a significant increase of life expectancy and reduction of myocardial infarction incidence could be definitely proved. The exercise performance improvement after surgery was statistically significant only in the patients with post infarction or with unstable angina not in those with chronic angina. The perioperative infarction (present in 8,4% of cases) did not show any unfavorable correlation with the result of the late postoperative effort test.", "contents": "[Aorto-coronary by-pass: pre and post-operative ergometric evaluation of 95 patients (author's transl)]. 95 angina patients surgically treated by aortocoronary saphenous vein by-pass, have been studied by comparing the factors limiting the exercise (i.e. muscular exhaustion, angina, electrocardiographic changes), the total work performed, the O2 consumption and the heart rate-arterial pression product. After surgery the incidence of positive effort tests (effort angina and/or ecg evidence of myocardial ischemia) decreased from 79% to 27,4% (p less than 0,001), and the average amount of work performed increased from 2718 to 3504 Kgm (p less than 0,01), the MVO2 from 13,9 to 15,6 cc/min/Kg. (p less than 0,01) and the heart rate-arterial pression product from 206 to 243 (p less than 0,001). The patients who preoperatively were more invalidated (that is able to performe a lasser amount of physical work) presented a more pronounced improvement in comparison with those who had a greater tolerance to exercise. It seems therefore that for these latter patients the bypass grafting surgery should be justified only if a significant increase of life expectancy and reduction of myocardial infarction incidence could be definitely proved. The exercise performance improvement after surgery was statistically significant only in the patients with post infarction or with unstable angina not in those with chronic angina. The perioperative infarction (present in 8,4% of cases) did not show any unfavorable correlation with the result of the late postoperative effort test.", "PMID": 306358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_711", "title": "Hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients: significance of HBeAg.", "content": "Twenty-four HBsAg-positive (HBsAg+) hemodialysis patients were prospectively studied to assess (1) the prognostic value of HBeAg and its HBe1Ag and HBe2Ag components and (2) whether a difference in cellular immune status between HBeAg+ and HBeAg-negative (HBeAg-) patients could be defined. Sixteen patients were HBeAg+ and 8 were HBeAg- initially. After a mean follow-up period of 23.7 months, it was concluded that the initial presence of HBeAg correlated with the persistence of HBsAg because 15 of the 16 HBeAg+ patients were still HBsAg+ at death or last follow-up, whereas 7 of the 8 HBeAg- patients had become HBsAg- at a mean period of 3.8 months. HBe1Ag was consistently present in 15 of the 16 patients when HBeAg was detectable, whereas HBe2Ag fluctuated widely in individual patients over time. No difference in cellular immune status between HBeAg+ and HBeAg- patients could be defined; although both HBeAg+ and HBeAg- patients had a similar decrease in peripheral blood T cells and poor responsiveness to purified HBsAg, both groups of patients had stimulation indices to nonspecific mitogens within the normal range.", "contents": "Hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients: significance of HBeAg. Twenty-four HBsAg-positive (HBsAg+) hemodialysis patients were prospectively studied to assess (1) the prognostic value of HBeAg and its HBe1Ag and HBe2Ag components and (2) whether a difference in cellular immune status between HBeAg+ and HBeAg-negative (HBeAg-) patients could be defined. Sixteen patients were HBeAg+ and 8 were HBeAg- initially. After a mean follow-up period of 23.7 months, it was concluded that the initial presence of HBeAg correlated with the persistence of HBsAg because 15 of the 16 HBeAg+ patients were still HBsAg+ at death or last follow-up, whereas 7 of the 8 HBeAg- patients had become HBsAg- at a mean period of 3.8 months. HBe1Ag was consistently present in 15 of the 16 patients when HBeAg was detectable, whereas HBe2Ag fluctuated widely in individual patients over time. No difference in cellular immune status between HBeAg+ and HBeAg- patients could be defined; although both HBeAg+ and HBeAg- patients had a similar decrease in peripheral blood T cells and poor responsiveness to purified HBsAg, both groups of patients had stimulation indices to nonspecific mitogens within the normal range.", "PMID": 306361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_712", "title": "On the incidence of unilateral and bilateral colour blindness in heterozygous females.", "content": "In 303 mothers of colour-blind sons, both eyes were tested with pseudoisochromatic plates and with the anomaloscope. Two hundred thirty healthy normal and 56 colour-blind males served as controls. In good agreement with the expected proportion of homozygotes in our sample, 17 colour-blind mothers were detected. Eight others had difficulty reading pseudoisochromatic plates and were conspicuous at the anomaloscope. In these, both eyes were affected to a very similar, moderate degree. Monocular disturbances of colour vision were not observed in the entire series. Our data suggest that (1) in most (if not all) of the carriers with colour vision impairment, there is no complete lack of normal retina cones, and (2) the proportion of defective retina cones is remarkably similar in both eyes of individual heterozygotes. The latter observation may indicate that at the time of X-differentiation there is a common primordial cell pool for both retinas.", "contents": "On the incidence of unilateral and bilateral colour blindness in heterozygous females. In 303 mothers of colour-blind sons, both eyes were tested with pseudoisochromatic plates and with the anomaloscope. Two hundred thirty healthy normal and 56 colour-blind males served as controls. In good agreement with the expected proportion of homozygotes in our sample, 17 colour-blind mothers were detected. Eight others had difficulty reading pseudoisochromatic plates and were conspicuous at the anomaloscope. In these, both eyes were affected to a very similar, moderate degree. Monocular disturbances of colour vision were not observed in the entire series. Our data suggest that (1) in most (if not all) of the carriers with colour vision impairment, there is no complete lack of normal retina cones, and (2) the proportion of defective retina cones is remarkably similar in both eyes of individual heterozygotes. The latter observation may indicate that at the time of X-differentiation there is a common primordial cell pool for both retinas.", "PMID": 306378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_713", "title": "Reliable classification of six Pi M subtypes by separator isoelectric focusing.", "content": "For the first time, segregation of three common PiM alleles in family material is verified by application of separator isoelectric focusing. A new nomenclature system for the Pi M subtypes is used, whereby the common subtypes are designated according to their physicochemical properties; the most anodal type is called Pi M1, the intermediary one Pi M2, and the most cathodal variant Pi M3 (previously called Pi M2). Pi gene frequencies from Finnish, Dutch and Black populations are presented. The PiM2 allele was rather high in Finns (0.12) but low (0.04) in the West African Bozo. The PiM3 was found with a frequency of 0.13 in Dutch, 0.08 in Finns and 0.02 in Bozo. A previous Finnish sample was retested with the new subtyping method and the six-subtype distribution was found to be in good Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The validity of the Pi polymorphism for population genetics, linkage analysis and parentage testing is discussed.", "contents": "Reliable classification of six Pi M subtypes by separator isoelectric focusing. For the first time, segregation of three common PiM alleles in family material is verified by application of separator isoelectric focusing. A new nomenclature system for the Pi M subtypes is used, whereby the common subtypes are designated according to their physicochemical properties; the most anodal type is called Pi M1, the intermediary one Pi M2, and the most cathodal variant Pi M3 (previously called Pi M2). Pi gene frequencies from Finnish, Dutch and Black populations are presented. The PiM2 allele was rather high in Finns (0.12) but low (0.04) in the West African Bozo. The PiM3 was found with a frequency of 0.13 in Dutch, 0.08 in Finns and 0.02 in Bozo. A previous Finnish sample was retested with the new subtyping method and the six-subtype distribution was found to be in good Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The validity of the Pi polymorphism for population genetics, linkage analysis and parentage testing is discussed.", "PMID": 306379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_714", "title": "[Photochemotherapy in mycosis fungoides].", "content": "Nineteen patients with mycosis fungoides (m.f.), without involvement of lymph nodes and/or internal organs, were treated with oral photochemotherapy (PUVA). After four to five weeks of PUVA therapy (four irradiations/week) complete remission of erythematous and infiltrative plaques occurred; tumorous m.f. lesions also responded to treatment but required longer treatment times. After complete resolution of m.f. lesions the patients were controlled regularly, the observation periods ranging from 6 to 27 months. When recurrences occurred the initial treatment schedule was resumed. Recurrences, more often seen in the tumorous m.f. stage, responded to PUVA equally well as the initial lesions. PUVA therapy of m.f. is thus more effective than conventional UVB-irradiation and less problematic than treatment with cytotoxic agents or ionizing radiation. Present experience indicates that PUVA represents the treatment of choice in early stage m.f.", "contents": "[Photochemotherapy in mycosis fungoides]. Nineteen patients with mycosis fungoides (m.f.), without involvement of lymph nodes and/or internal organs, were treated with oral photochemotherapy (PUVA). After four to five weeks of PUVA therapy (four irradiations/week) complete remission of erythematous and infiltrative plaques occurred; tumorous m.f. lesions also responded to treatment but required longer treatment times. After complete resolution of m.f. lesions the patients were controlled regularly, the observation periods ranging from 6 to 27 months. When recurrences occurred the initial treatment schedule was resumed. Recurrences, more often seen in the tumorous m.f. stage, responded to PUVA equally well as the initial lesions. PUVA therapy of m.f. is thus more effective than conventional UVB-irradiation and less problematic than treatment with cytotoxic agents or ionizing radiation. Present experience indicates that PUVA represents the treatment of choice in early stage m.f.", "PMID": 306384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_715", "title": "Characterization and regulation of anthranilate synthetase from a chloramphenicol-producing streptomycete.", "content": "In Streptomyces sp. 3022a, anthranilate synthetase is composed of two non-identical subunits. The major subunit (molecular weight, 72,000) converts chorismic acid to anthranilic acid, using ammonia as the source of the amino group. The smaller subunit (molecular weight 28,000 to 29,000) confers on the enzyme the ability to use glutamine instead of ammonia as a substrate. In this study, reactivity with glutamine reached its maximum at pH 7.2 to 7.6, whereas that with ammonia increased linearly through pH 9.0 without reaching a maximum. Activity was increased and stabilized by adding glutamine and magnesium chloride to the buffer system. Both activities of the enzyme were inhibited by anthranilic acid and by tryptophan. Synthesis was repressed by histidine, anthranilic acid, tryptophan, and p-aminobenzoic acid. When activity was repressed by anthranilic acid and by tryptophan, there was a concomitant increase in the activity of arylamine synthetase, an enzyme involved in chloramphenicol production. Stimulating arylamine synthetase, however, did not increase antibiotic synthesis.", "contents": "Characterization and regulation of anthranilate synthetase from a chloramphenicol-producing streptomycete. In Streptomyces sp. 3022a, anthranilate synthetase is composed of two non-identical subunits. The major subunit (molecular weight, 72,000) converts chorismic acid to anthranilic acid, using ammonia as the source of the amino group. The smaller subunit (molecular weight 28,000 to 29,000) confers on the enzyme the ability to use glutamine instead of ammonia as a substrate. In this study, reactivity with glutamine reached its maximum at pH 7.2 to 7.6, whereas that with ammonia increased linearly through pH 9.0 without reaching a maximum. Activity was increased and stabilized by adding glutamine and magnesium chloride to the buffer system. Both activities of the enzyme were inhibited by anthranilic acid and by tryptophan. Synthesis was repressed by histidine, anthranilic acid, tryptophan, and p-aminobenzoic acid. When activity was repressed by anthranilic acid and by tryptophan, there was a concomitant increase in the activity of arylamine synthetase, an enzyme involved in chloramphenicol production. Stimulating arylamine synthetase, however, did not increase antibiotic synthesis.", "PMID": 306386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_716", "title": "Malignant mouse melanoma cells do not form tumors when mixed with cells of a non-malignant subclone: relationships between plasminogen activator expression by the tumor cells and the host's immune response.", "content": "Mouse melanoma clones B559 and B78 are highly tumorigenic when injected into C57BL/6J mice. Tmor formation by these cells is suppressed when they are mixed with nonmalignant bromodeoxyuridine-grown clone C3471 before injection. C3471 cells suppress tumor formation only in immunocompetent hosts; mixtures of B559 and C3471 cells or C3471 cells alone form tumors in antithymocyte serum (ATS)-treated mice. Explants of C3471 tumors grown in ATS-treated mice form tumors in immunocompetent mice, most of which regress. Inability of C3471 or mixtures of C3471 with malignant cells to grow in normal mice, as contrasted with ability to grow in immunosuppressed mice, indicates that host response is involved. Both tumorigenic clones have high plasminogen activator activity, whereas nontumorigenic clone C3471 has none. Mixture of either tumorigenic clone with C3471 cells decreases plasminogen activator in vitro. C3471 tumor explants from ATS-treated mice initially express plasminogen activator, but lose the capacity to express this activity upon prolonged cultivation in vitro. Explants from B559 tumors retain plasminogen activator in long term culture. Close physical contact between C3471 and B559 cells appears essential both for inhibiton of plasminogen activator expression by B559 cells in vitro, and for tumor suppression in vivo. These findings suggest that production of plasminogen activators by tumor cells may play an important role in suppressing the host's immune response locally to an inoculum of syngeneic tumor cells.", "contents": "Malignant mouse melanoma cells do not form tumors when mixed with cells of a non-malignant subclone: relationships between plasminogen activator expression by the tumor cells and the host's immune response. Mouse melanoma clones B559 and B78 are highly tumorigenic when injected into C57BL/6J mice. Tmor formation by these cells is suppressed when they are mixed with nonmalignant bromodeoxyuridine-grown clone C3471 before injection. C3471 cells suppress tumor formation only in immunocompetent hosts; mixtures of B559 and C3471 cells or C3471 cells alone form tumors in antithymocyte serum (ATS)-treated mice. Explants of C3471 tumors grown in ATS-treated mice form tumors in immunocompetent mice, most of which regress. Inability of C3471 or mixtures of C3471 with malignant cells to grow in normal mice, as contrasted with ability to grow in immunosuppressed mice, indicates that host response is involved. Both tumorigenic clones have high plasminogen activator activity, whereas nontumorigenic clone C3471 has none. Mixture of either tumorigenic clone with C3471 cells decreases plasminogen activator in vitro. C3471 tumor explants from ATS-treated mice initially express plasminogen activator, but lose the capacity to express this activity upon prolonged cultivation in vitro. Explants from B559 tumors retain plasminogen activator in long term culture. Close physical contact between C3471 and B559 cells appears essential both for inhibiton of plasminogen activator expression by B559 cells in vitro, and for tumor suppression in vivo. These findings suggest that production of plasminogen activators by tumor cells may play an important role in suppressing the host's immune response locally to an inoculum of syngeneic tumor cells.", "PMID": 306389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_717", "title": "[Urinary incontinence after prostate surgery, Clinical, therapeutic and medico-legal aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Operative damage to the sphincter apparatus below the uvula vesicae is the most serious complication of prostatic surgery. Responsible for more or less total urinary incontinence, sometimes associated with dysuria, it is very difficult to repair, whatever the technics now proposed. The psychological and social repercussions of this infirmity, the difficulty or impossibility of its repair explain the importance of the medico-legal problems raised when the surgeon is responsible.", "contents": "[Urinary incontinence after prostate surgery, Clinical, therapeutic and medico-legal aspects (author's transl)]. Operative damage to the sphincter apparatus below the uvula vesicae is the most serious complication of prostatic surgery. Responsible for more or less total urinary incontinence, sometimes associated with dysuria, it is very difficult to repair, whatever the technics now proposed. The psychological and social repercussions of this infirmity, the difficulty or impossibility of its repair explain the importance of the medico-legal problems raised when the surgeon is responsible.", "PMID": 306390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_718", "title": "[Surgery of complicated diverticular sigmoiditis. Report of 138 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyse a series of 138 cases of complicated diverticular sigmoiditis treated surgically. They noted 50% of pyostercoral peritonitis, 32% of persigmoid abscesses, 13% of case of intestinal obstruction, and 5% of cases of fistual or hemorrhage. The overall mortality was 28% and depended mainly more on the surgical management adopted than on the type of complication. In this respect, simple colostomy with drainage of the septic focus had a mortality of 18%. The results suggest surgical operation in two stages, in the form of colonic resection, with, depending on each case, an anastomosis straight away with transverse colostomy or segmental colectomy with bitubular colostomy (Mikulicz procedure) or, in rarer cases, simple colostomy. The authors emphasise the interest of early surgery in sigmoiditis with complications and contrast the mortality of cold surgery which is now about 5% compared with 28% in emergency cases with complications.", "contents": "[Surgery of complicated diverticular sigmoiditis. Report of 138 cases (author's transl)]. The authors analyse a series of 138 cases of complicated diverticular sigmoiditis treated surgically. They noted 50% of pyostercoral peritonitis, 32% of persigmoid abscesses, 13% of case of intestinal obstruction, and 5% of cases of fistual or hemorrhage. The overall mortality was 28% and depended mainly more on the surgical management adopted than on the type of complication. In this respect, simple colostomy with drainage of the septic focus had a mortality of 18%. The results suggest surgical operation in two stages, in the form of colonic resection, with, depending on each case, an anastomosis straight away with transverse colostomy or segmental colectomy with bitubular colostomy (Mikulicz procedure) or, in rarer cases, simple colostomy. The authors emphasise the interest of early surgery in sigmoiditis with complications and contrast the mortality of cold surgery which is now about 5% compared with 28% in emergency cases with complications.", "PMID": 306391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_719", "title": "Passive immune haemolysis -- a class specific antibody assay for use in the pig.", "content": "An antibody assay is described based on the principle of complement mediated lysis of sheep red blood cells labelled with antigen. The technique provides a sensitive class specific assay  enabling antibody in all three major immunoglobulin classes to be quantitated independently. The assay may be performed in tubes allowing precise measurement of antibody concentration, or in microtitre plates which provides a rapid estimation of antibody titre.", "contents": "Passive immune haemolysis -- a class specific antibody assay for use in the pig. An antibody assay is described based on the principle of complement mediated lysis of sheep red blood cells labelled with antigen. The technique provides a sensitive class specific assay  enabling antibody in all three major immunoglobulin classes to be quantitated independently. The assay may be performed in tubes allowing precise measurement of antibody concentration, or in microtitre plates which provides a rapid estimation of antibody titre.", "PMID": 306396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_720", "title": "Amplification of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the detection of class-specific antibodies.", "content": "A modification of the standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described which circumvents the requirement for specifically purified antibodies from which antibody-enzyme complexes are made. The assay utilizes the principle of a soluble anti-alkaline phosphatase immune complex (AP-A-AP) and has been called the amplified ELISA. Methods for preparing and evidence for the specificity of rabbit anti-rat gamma-FC, IgM (mu) and IgA (alpha) are presented. These reagents are used to measure anti-DNP antibodies belonging to classes IgG, IgM and IgA in rat serum. Using antiglobulin and anti-enzyme reagents prepared in guinea pigs, anti-ovalbumin antibodies are measured in rabbit serum. Titration curves are similar when the amplified ELISA is compared to the standard ELISA. A change in slope suggesting an effect of saturation of antigen sites, occurs at the same input antibody concentration for both assays. Determination of the anti-DNP concentration of unknown sera by extrapopulation from titration graphs of a known serum suggests that the value is overestimated, i.e., amplified when the amplified ELISA is used. In addition, the amplified ELISA has an improved ability to detect low levels of antibody. Evidence is presented which illustrates how the use of optimally conjugated DNP-proteins, age of conjugates, and optimal dilutions of secondary antiglobulins and the AP-A-AP reduce non-specific binding in the amplified ELISA. The amplified ELISA is capable of detecting 2.4 ng of antibody to ovalbumin in a one: one million dilution of rabbit serum with high reproducibility and low background.", "contents": "Amplification of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the detection of class-specific antibodies. A modification of the standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described which circumvents the requirement for specifically purified antibodies from which antibody-enzyme complexes are made. The assay utilizes the principle of a soluble anti-alkaline phosphatase immune complex (AP-A-AP) and has been called the amplified ELISA. Methods for preparing and evidence for the specificity of rabbit anti-rat gamma-FC, IgM (mu) and IgA (alpha) are presented. These reagents are used to measure anti-DNP antibodies belonging to classes IgG, IgM and IgA in rat serum. Using antiglobulin and anti-enzyme reagents prepared in guinea pigs, anti-ovalbumin antibodies are measured in rabbit serum. Titration curves are similar when the amplified ELISA is compared to the standard ELISA. A change in slope suggesting an effect of saturation of antigen sites, occurs at the same input antibody concentration for both assays. Determination of the anti-DNP concentration of unknown sera by extrapopulation from titration graphs of a known serum suggests that the value is overestimated, i.e., amplified when the amplified ELISA is used. In addition, the amplified ELISA has an improved ability to detect low levels of antibody. Evidence is presented which illustrates how the use of optimally conjugated DNP-proteins, age of conjugates, and optimal dilutions of secondary antiglobulins and the AP-A-AP reduce non-specific binding in the amplified ELISA. The amplified ELISA is capable of detecting 2.4 ng of antibody to ovalbumin in a one: one million dilution of rabbit serum with high reproducibility and low background.", "PMID": 306397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_721", "title": "Contribution of T cell-mediated immunity to the resistance to staphylococcal infection.", "content": "Abscess formation in nude mice after subcutaneous inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was more extensive and prolonged as compared with that in phenotypically normal littermates. Abscess formation in nude mice was augmented markedly by whole-body irradiation. Not only T cell-mediated immunity but also radiosensitive, nonimmune phagocytosis appear to contribute to the resistance against staphylococcal infection.", "contents": "Contribution of T cell-mediated immunity to the resistance to staphylococcal infection. Abscess formation in nude mice after subcutaneous inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was more extensive and prolonged as compared with that in phenotypically normal littermates. Abscess formation in nude mice was augmented markedly by whole-body irradiation. Not only T cell-mediated immunity but also radiosensitive, nonimmune phagocytosis appear to contribute to the resistance against staphylococcal infection.", "PMID": 306401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_722", "title": "Clinical and laboratory evaluation of cefamandole in infants and children.", "content": "Fifty-three infants and children, aged three months to 15 years, were treated with an average daily dose of 100 mg of cefamandole/kg intravenously. Of these patients, 47 had soft tissue cellulitis and six had pneumonia. Primary pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, were isolated from 43 of the 53 patients. Bacteremia was documented in six of the 53 patients. A satisfactory clinical and bacteriologic response to cefamandole was achieved in all cases except on (98%). The only treatment failure occurred in an infant with both periorbital cellulitis and bacteremia due to H. influenzae who developed meningitis while receiving cefamandole; no extravasation of the drug across the blood-brain barrier could be detected in spite of inflamed meninges. In general, the only aberrant effects of cefamandole were the appearance of eosinophilia in 28% of patients and a positive indirect Cooms' test without hemolysis in one patient. Cefamandole showed excellent in vitro activity against 87 ampicillin-resistant strains of H. influenzae. Because it has greater activity than any of the other cephalosporins against this important pediatric pathogen, cefamandole may have particular pertinence in the treatment of infections in infants and young children.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory evaluation of cefamandole in infants and children. Fifty-three infants and children, aged three months to 15 years, were treated with an average daily dose of 100 mg of cefamandole/kg intravenously. Of these patients, 47 had soft tissue cellulitis and six had pneumonia. Primary pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, were isolated from 43 of the 53 patients. Bacteremia was documented in six of the 53 patients. A satisfactory clinical and bacteriologic response to cefamandole was achieved in all cases except on (98%). The only treatment failure occurred in an infant with both periorbital cellulitis and bacteremia due to H. influenzae who developed meningitis while receiving cefamandole; no extravasation of the drug across the blood-brain barrier could be detected in spite of inflamed meninges. In general, the only aberrant effects of cefamandole were the appearance of eosinophilia in 28% of patients and a positive indirect Cooms' test without hemolysis in one patient. Cefamandole showed excellent in vitro activity against 87 ampicillin-resistant strains of H. influenzae. Because it has greater activity than any of the other cephalosporins against this important pediatric pathogen, cefamandole may have particular pertinence in the treatment of infections in infants and young children.", "PMID": 306402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_723", "title": "Failure of cefamandole in treatment of meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b.", "content": "The in vitro activity of cefamandole was determined against 58 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae type b; 47 were beta-lactamase-negative (ampicillin-susceptible), and 11 produced beta-lactamase (ampicillin-resistant). Ampicillin-susceptible strains were susceptible to cefamandole with a median minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.4 microgram/ml. Ampicillin-resistant strains had a median MBC of 0.8 microgram/ml. Prior studies have documented these concentrations of cefamandole in cerebrospinal fluid in the presence of inflamed meninges. Three children with meningitis due to H. influenzae type b were treated with cefamandole (200 mg/kg per day), including one child with disease due to an ampicillin-resistant strain. All patients showed clinical improvement during therapy. However, sterility of the cerebrospinal fluid was never achieved in two patients during 72--96 hr of therapy with cefamandole. The third patient relapsed with a recurrence of positive cultures during the seventh day of cefamandole therapy. Therefore, cefamandole does not appear to be a useful agent for treatment of meningitis due to H. influenzae type b irrespective of in vitro susceptibility or evidence of penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Failure of cefamandole in treatment of meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b. The in vitro activity of cefamandole was determined against 58 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae type b; 47 were beta-lactamase-negative (ampicillin-susceptible), and 11 produced beta-lactamase (ampicillin-resistant). Ampicillin-susceptible strains were susceptible to cefamandole with a median minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.4 microgram/ml. Ampicillin-resistant strains had a median MBC of 0.8 microgram/ml. Prior studies have documented these concentrations of cefamandole in cerebrospinal fluid in the presence of inflamed meninges. Three children with meningitis due to H. influenzae type b were treated with cefamandole (200 mg/kg per day), including one child with disease due to an ampicillin-resistant strain. All patients showed clinical improvement during therapy. However, sterility of the cerebrospinal fluid was never achieved in two patients during 72--96 hr of therapy with cefamandole. The third patient relapsed with a recurrence of positive cultures during the seventh day of cefamandole therapy. Therefore, cefamandole does not appear to be a useful agent for treatment of meningitis due to H. influenzae type b irrespective of in vitro susceptibility or evidence of penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 306403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_724", "title": "T cells specific for hapten-modified self are precommitted for self major histocompatibility complex antigens before encounter with the hapten.", "content": "The technique of antigen-driven, 5-bromo-deoxyuridine and light suicide has been adapted to eliminate the precursors of cytotoxic effector cells both for alloantigen and for 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl(TNP)-modified stimulator and target cells. Using this technique, the following observations have been made. Precursors of killer cells specific for alloantigen can be suicided independently of precursors of killer cells specific for TNP-modified self cells. The loss of activity during this procedure is not due to either specific or nonspecific suppressor cells, as judged by mixing experiments. With responder cells from F1 animals, it has been possible to show that precursors specific for TNP-modified cells from one parent are suicided independently of precursors specific for TNP-modified cells of the other parent, but only if the parental strains differ in the K and D regions of the H-2 complex. Cells of F1 mice derived from K and D identical, I region different, parental strains were specifically suicided by TNP-modified stimulator cells from either parent. However, the cross-reactive killing of TNP-self targets induced by stimulation with allogeneic cells is not eliminated by first suiciding with TNP-parental cells, suggesting that the precursors of these two types of TNP-self killer cells are different. This is compatible with reported differences in their specificity, as confirmed in this report. Finally, deletion of alloreactive cells by this technique reveals little or no reactivity specific for TNP-modified allogeneic stimulator cells. In summary, these results strongly suggest that recognition of self MHC antigens is preprogrammed in peripheral T cells of normal animals, and is not acquired during the immunization process. They also suggest that cells specific for modified alloantigen are relatively rare in the strains of mice studied.", "contents": "T cells specific for hapten-modified self are precommitted for self major histocompatibility complex antigens before encounter with the hapten. The technique of antigen-driven, 5-bromo-deoxyuridine and light suicide has been adapted to eliminate the precursors of cytotoxic effector cells both for alloantigen and for 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl(TNP)-modified stimulator and target cells. Using this technique, the following observations have been made. Precursors of killer cells specific for alloantigen can be suicided independently of precursors of killer cells specific for TNP-modified self cells. The loss of activity during this procedure is not due to either specific or nonspecific suppressor cells, as judged by mixing experiments. With responder cells from F1 animals, it has been possible to show that precursors specific for TNP-modified cells from one parent are suicided independently of precursors specific for TNP-modified cells of the other parent, but only if the parental strains differ in the K and D regions of the H-2 complex. Cells of F1 mice derived from K and D identical, I region different, parental strains were specifically suicided by TNP-modified stimulator cells from either parent. However, the cross-reactive killing of TNP-self targets induced by stimulation with allogeneic cells is not eliminated by first suiciding with TNP-parental cells, suggesting that the precursors of these two types of TNP-self killer cells are different. This is compatible with reported differences in their specificity, as confirmed in this report. Finally, deletion of alloreactive cells by this technique reveals little or no reactivity specific for TNP-modified allogeneic stimulator cells. In summary, these results strongly suggest that recognition of self MHC antigens is preprogrammed in peripheral T cells of normal animals, and is not acquired during the immunization process. They also suggest that cells specific for modified alloantigen are relatively rare in the strains of mice studied.", "PMID": 306404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_725", "title": "Immunoregulatory circuits among T-cell sets. I. T-helper cells induce other T-cell sets to exert feedback inhibition.", "content": "These experiments test the hypothesis that cells carrying the Ly1+23- surface phenotype are programmed exclusively for helper and not suppressive activity regardless of external conditions such as the mode or type of antigen stimulation. To this end, we have stimulated purified populations of Ly1 cells with antigen in vitro using conditions devised to induce unselected T cells to express optimal levels of antigen specific T-suppressor activity. We find that after such stimulation, Ly1 cells generate SRBC-specific T-helper activity but not T-suppressive activity. These findings establish that the Ly1.2+,2.2/3.2- surface phenotype is a stable, and probably invariant, marker of T cells that are programmed to express only helper activity and have lost the capacity to directly suppress the antibody response. These findings support the concept that the genetic program for a single differentiated set of cells combines information for cell surface phenotype and function. We also demonstrate that antigen-stimulated Ly1 cells, in addition to inducing B cells to secrete antibody, can induce or activate other sets of resting T cells to develop profound suppressive effects. The surface phenotype of this feedback suppressive T-cell set is shown to be: Ly1+2+3+Qa1+. These findings, taken together, indicate that activation of resting Ly123 cells by immune Ly1 TH cells may represent an important homeostatic immunoregulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Immunoregulatory circuits among T-cell sets. I. T-helper cells induce other T-cell sets to exert feedback inhibition. These experiments test the hypothesis that cells carrying the Ly1+23- surface phenotype are programmed exclusively for helper and not suppressive activity regardless of external conditions such as the mode or type of antigen stimulation. To this end, we have stimulated purified populations of Ly1 cells with antigen in vitro using conditions devised to induce unselected T cells to express optimal levels of antigen specific T-suppressor activity. We find that after such stimulation, Ly1 cells generate SRBC-specific T-helper activity but not T-suppressive activity. These findings establish that the Ly1.2+,2.2/3.2- surface phenotype is a stable, and probably invariant, marker of T cells that are programmed to express only helper activity and have lost the capacity to directly suppress the antibody response. These findings support the concept that the genetic program for a single differentiated set of cells combines information for cell surface phenotype and function. We also demonstrate that antigen-stimulated Ly1 cells, in addition to inducing B cells to secrete antibody, can induce or activate other sets of resting T cells to develop profound suppressive effects. The surface phenotype of this feedback suppressive T-cell set is shown to be: Ly1+2+3+Qa1+. These findings, taken together, indicate that activation of resting Ly123 cells by immune Ly1 TH cells may represent an important homeostatic immunoregulatory mechanism.", "PMID": 306405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_726", "title": "Immunoregulatory circuits among T-cell sets. II. Physiologic role of feedback inhibition in vivo: absence in NZB mice.", "content": "We have shown that (a) purified T-helper cells induce cells of another T-cell set-, expressing the Ly123+Qa1+ surface phenotype, to exert potent suppressive activity, (b) this T-T interaction plays an important role in regulating in vivo immune responses, and (c) this interaction represents an important barrier to protocols intended to augment the immune status of individuals by adoptive (or active) immunotherapy. Our results also indicate that the Ly123+ T-cell set mediating feedback suppression in vivo is sensitive to both low doses of cyclophosphamide and removal of the thymus in adult life. The importance of this T-T interaction to normal, physiologic regulation of the immune system is emphasized by the finding that the major T-cell deficit of NZB mice (an inbred strain of mice that spontaneously develops an autoimmune disorder) is the absence or malfunction of an Ly123+ T-cell set responsible for feedback inhibition.", "contents": "Immunoregulatory circuits among T-cell sets. II. Physiologic role of feedback inhibition in vivo: absence in NZB mice. We have shown that (a) purified T-helper cells induce cells of another T-cell set-, expressing the Ly123+Qa1+ surface phenotype, to exert potent suppressive activity, (b) this T-T interaction plays an important role in regulating in vivo immune responses, and (c) this interaction represents an important barrier to protocols intended to augment the immune status of individuals by adoptive (or active) immunotherapy. Our results also indicate that the Ly123+ T-cell set mediating feedback suppression in vivo is sensitive to both low doses of cyclophosphamide and removal of the thymus in adult life. The importance of this T-T interaction to normal, physiologic regulation of the immune system is emphasized by the finding that the major T-cell deficit of NZB mice (an inbred strain of mice that spontaneously develops an autoimmune disorder) is the absence or malfunction of an Ly123+ T-cell set responsible for feedback inhibition.", "PMID": 306406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_727", "title": "Restricted helper function of F1 hybrid T cells positively selected to heterologous erythrocytes in irradiated parental strain mice. I. Failure to collaborate with B cells of the opposite parental strain not associated with active suppression.", "content": "Unprimed (CBA X C57BL/6)F1 lymph node T cells were transferred with sheep erythrocytes (SRC) into heavily irradiated F1 or parental strain mice and recovered from thoracic duct lymph or spleens of the recipients 5 days later. To study their helper function, the harvested F1 T cells were transferred with antigen into irradiated F1 mice plus B cells from either the two parental strains or from F1 mice. F1 T cells activated in F1 mice gave high IgM and IgG anti-SRC responses with all three populations of B cells. By contrast, F1 T cells activated in mice of one parental strain collaborated well with B cells of this strain, but poorly with B cells of the opposite strain. Active suppression was considered an unlikely explanation for this result since (a) good responses were found with F1 B cells, and (b) addition experiments showed that the poor response with B cells of the opposite parental strain (which was equivalent to that produced by unprimed F1 T cells) could be converted to a high response by a supplemental injection of F1 T cells activated in F1 mice. The phenomenon (a) was specific for the antigen used for activation (criss-cross experiments were performed with horse erythrocytes), (b) was reflected in levels of serum hemagglutinins as well as in numbers of splenic plaque-forming cells, (c) applied also to comparable activation of (DBA/2 X C57BL/6)F1 T cells, and (d) could be prevented by activating F1 T cells in mice of one parental strain in the presence of peritoneal exudate cells of the opposite parental strain. The hypothesis was advanced that F1 T cells contain two discrete subpopulations of antigen-reactive cells, each subject to restrictions acting at two different levels: (a) during T-macrophage interactions and (b) during T-B collaboration. It was suggested that when F1 T cells are activated to antigen in a parental strain environment, radioresistant macrophages activate only one of the two subgroups of T cells, and this subgroup is able to collaborate with B cells of the strain used for activation (and with F1 B cells) but not with B cells of the opposite parental strain. The other subgroup of T cells remains in an unprimed (nonactivated) state.", "contents": "Restricted helper function of F1 hybrid T cells positively selected to heterologous erythrocytes in irradiated parental strain mice. I. Failure to collaborate with B cells of the opposite parental strain not associated with active suppression. Unprimed (CBA X C57BL/6)F1 lymph node T cells were transferred with sheep erythrocytes (SRC) into heavily irradiated F1 or parental strain mice and recovered from thoracic duct lymph or spleens of the recipients 5 days later. To study their helper function, the harvested F1 T cells were transferred with antigen into irradiated F1 mice plus B cells from either the two parental strains or from F1 mice. F1 T cells activated in F1 mice gave high IgM and IgG anti-SRC responses with all three populations of B cells. By contrast, F1 T cells activated in mice of one parental strain collaborated well with B cells of this strain, but poorly with B cells of the opposite strain. Active suppression was considered an unlikely explanation for this result since (a) good responses were found with F1 B cells, and (b) addition experiments showed that the poor response with B cells of the opposite parental strain (which was equivalent to that produced by unprimed F1 T cells) could be converted to a high response by a supplemental injection of F1 T cells activated in F1 mice. The phenomenon (a) was specific for the antigen used for activation (criss-cross experiments were performed with horse erythrocytes), (b) was reflected in levels of serum hemagglutinins as well as in numbers of splenic plaque-forming cells, (c) applied also to comparable activation of (DBA/2 X C57BL/6)F1 T cells, and (d) could be prevented by activating F1 T cells in mice of one parental strain in the presence of peritoneal exudate cells of the opposite parental strain. The hypothesis was advanced that F1 T cells contain two discrete subpopulations of antigen-reactive cells, each subject to restrictions acting at two different levels: (a) during T-macrophage interactions and (b) during T-B collaboration. It was suggested that when F1 T cells are activated to antigen in a parental strain environment, radioresistant macrophages activate only one of the two subgroups of T cells, and this subgroup is able to collaborate with B cells of the strain used for activation (and with F1 B cells) but not with B cells of the opposite parental strain. The other subgroup of T cells remains in an unprimed (nonactivated) state.", "PMID": 306407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_728", "title": "Restricted helper function of F1 hybrid T cells positively selected to heterologous erythrocytes in irradiated parental strain mice. II. Evidence for restrictions affecting helper cell induction and T-B collaboration, both mapping to the K-end of the H-2 complex.", "content": "Studies with H-2-congenic and recombinant strains showed that when F1 hybrid T cells were activated to sheep erythrocytes in irradiated mice of parental strain or related strain, a population of helper cells was generated which collaborated only with B cells sharing the K-end of the H-2 complex with the strain used for activation. No evidence was found that the restriction in helper function (a) reflected a deficiency of appropriate macrophages during T-B collaboration, or (b) was influenced by the Ig allotype of the B cells. It was concluded that the results signified restrictions acting at both the level of helper cell induction (presumed to be a reflection of T-macrophage interactions in the irradiated intermediate hosts) and during T-B collaboration. With (CBA X C57BL/6)F1 cells, the restrictions at each level mapped to the same region i.e. to the left of the I-B subregion. Consequently, one gene (or set of genes) might control restriction at both levels. If so, T-cell recognition of major histocompatibility complex-associated antigen on macrophages and on specific B cells would be either identical or very similar. The fact that genes mapping to the K-end of the H-2 complex also control the restrictive interactions of homozygous T cells implies that F1 T cells behave functionally as a mixture of T cells derived from the two parental strains. Positive selection to antigen in parental strain mice appears simply to alter the ratio of these two populations.", "contents": "Restricted helper function of F1 hybrid T cells positively selected to heterologous erythrocytes in irradiated parental strain mice. II. Evidence for restrictions affecting helper cell induction and T-B collaboration, both mapping to the K-end of the H-2 complex. Studies with H-2-congenic and recombinant strains showed that when F1 hybrid T cells were activated to sheep erythrocytes in irradiated mice of parental strain or related strain, a population of helper cells was generated which collaborated only with B cells sharing the K-end of the H-2 complex with the strain used for activation. No evidence was found that the restriction in helper function (a) reflected a deficiency of appropriate macrophages during T-B collaboration, or (b) was influenced by the Ig allotype of the B cells. It was concluded that the results signified restrictions acting at both the level of helper cell induction (presumed to be a reflection of T-macrophage interactions in the irradiated intermediate hosts) and during T-B collaboration. With (CBA X C57BL/6)F1 cells, the restrictions at each level mapped to the same region i.e. to the left of the I-B subregion. Consequently, one gene (or set of genes) might control restriction at both levels. If so, T-cell recognition of major histocompatibility complex-associated antigen on macrophages and on specific B cells would be either identical or very similar. The fact that genes mapping to the K-end of the H-2 complex also control the restrictive interactions of homozygous T cells implies that F1 T cells behave functionally as a mixture of T cells derived from the two parental strains. Positive selection to antigen in parental strain mice appears simply to alter the ratio of these two populations.", "PMID": 306408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_729", "title": "Effect of colchicine on the antibody response. II. Demonstration of the inactivation of suppressor cell activities by colchicine.", "content": "The simultaneous administration of colchicine (CC) with a T-independent antigen, e.g. 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-keyhold limpet hemocyanin-Sepharose, to intact animals effectively enhanced their hapten-specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) response. However, in congenitally athymic nude mice in which T-cell regulation was absent, CC was ineffective in producing enhancement. These observations suggest that the target cell acted upon by CC is most likely thymus-derived. Furthermore, the injection of CC with the co-polymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) abolished GT-specific suppression of the PFC response to GT-methylated bovine serum albumin. Spleen cells from CC-treated and GT-primed hosts could no longer transfer suppressive activity to normal recipients. These results provide evidence that CC is capable of inactivating or eliminating suppressor cells or their precursors. Thus, CC-induced enhancement of the antibody response may be explained, at least in part, by its antimitotic, and hence lethal effect on dividing suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine on the antibody response. II. Demonstration of the inactivation of suppressor cell activities by colchicine. The simultaneous administration of colchicine (CC) with a T-independent antigen, e.g. 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-keyhold limpet hemocyanin-Sepharose, to intact animals effectively enhanced their hapten-specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) response. However, in congenitally athymic nude mice in which T-cell regulation was absent, CC was ineffective in producing enhancement. These observations suggest that the target cell acted upon by CC is most likely thymus-derived. Furthermore, the injection of CC with the co-polymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) abolished GT-specific suppression of the PFC response to GT-methylated bovine serum albumin. Spleen cells from CC-treated and GT-primed hosts could no longer transfer suppressive activity to normal recipients. These results provide evidence that CC is capable of inactivating or eliminating suppressor cells or their precursors. Thus, CC-induced enhancement of the antibody response may be explained, at least in part, by its antimitotic, and hence lethal effect on dividing suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 306409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_730", "title": "Role of viral infectivity in the induction of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "This report examines the requirement for infectious virus in the induction of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Infectious influenza virus was found to be highly efficient at generating both primary and secondary cytotoxic T-cell response in vivo. Inactivated influenza virus however, failed to stimulate a detectable cytotoxic T-cell response in vivo even at immunizing doses 10(5)-10(6)-fold higher than the minimum stimulatory dose of infectious virus. Likewise inactivated virus failed to sensitize target cells for T cell-mediated lysis in vitro but could stimulate a specific cytotoxic response from primed cells in vitro. Possible requirements for the induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses are discussed in light of these observations and those of other investigators.", "contents": "Role of viral infectivity in the induction of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. This report examines the requirement for infectious virus in the induction of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Infectious influenza virus was found to be highly efficient at generating both primary and secondary cytotoxic T-cell response in vivo. Inactivated influenza virus however, failed to stimulate a detectable cytotoxic T-cell response in vivo even at immunizing doses 10(5)-10(6)-fold higher than the minimum stimulatory dose of infectious virus. Likewise inactivated virus failed to sensitize target cells for T cell-mediated lysis in vitro but could stimulate a specific cytotoxic response from primed cells in vitro. Possible requirements for the induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses are discussed in light of these observations and those of other investigators.", "PMID": 306410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_731", "title": "Expression of Ly 1, Ly 2, Thy 1, and TL differentiation antigens on mouse T-cell tumors.", "content": "Transplanted lymphomas, most of thymic origin, induced in BALB/c mice with 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) and transplanted spontaneously occurring lymphomas of AKR mice were examined for the expression of the T-cell antigens Ly, TL, and Thy 1 by using three serological methods. Most (11 of 13) of the Thy 1+ and/or TL+ tumors, i.e., T-cell tumors, expressed high levels of either Ly 1 or Ly 2 antigen, but not both. Thus most thymic lymphocytic tumors expressed restricted Ly phenotypes comparable to phenotypes previously described for functional peripheral T cells. Because tumor phenotypes were stable over a number of transplant generations, they therefore appeared to be an intrinsic property of the specific tumors. The majority of the BALB/c lymphomas were Ly 1- 2+ and also positive with anti-TL antiserum. This predominant phenotype on the BALB/c tumors may be related to either the mode of tumor induction or to the mouse strain, but since the restricted Ly pattern was observed both in BALB/c and AKR tumors, the phenotypic restriction itself is not a consequence of either of these factors. Tumor induction by ENU per se is not responsible for Ly or TL ,ntigen expression since several non-T-cell BALB/ c tumors, also induced by ENU, did not express either Ly or TL antigens. Data presented here suggest that the target cell for leukemogenesis may be a partially differentiated thymus cell. The restricted expression of Ly antigens on differentiating thymus cells to either the (formula: see text), phenotype may occur before the loss of TL antigen.", "contents": "Expression of Ly 1, Ly 2, Thy 1, and TL differentiation antigens on mouse T-cell tumors. Transplanted lymphomas, most of thymic origin, induced in BALB/c mice with 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) and transplanted spontaneously occurring lymphomas of AKR mice were examined for the expression of the T-cell antigens Ly, TL, and Thy 1 by using three serological methods. Most (11 of 13) of the Thy 1+ and/or TL+ tumors, i.e., T-cell tumors, expressed high levels of either Ly 1 or Ly 2 antigen, but not both. Thus most thymic lymphocytic tumors expressed restricted Ly phenotypes comparable to phenotypes previously described for functional peripheral T cells. Because tumor phenotypes were stable over a number of transplant generations, they therefore appeared to be an intrinsic property of the specific tumors. The majority of the BALB/c lymphomas were Ly 1- 2+ and also positive with anti-TL antiserum. This predominant phenotype on the BALB/c tumors may be related to either the mode of tumor induction or to the mouse strain, but since the restricted Ly pattern was observed both in BALB/c and AKR tumors, the phenotypic restriction itself is not a consequence of either of these factors. Tumor induction by ENU per se is not responsible for Ly or TL ,ntigen expression since several non-T-cell BALB/ c tumors, also induced by ENU, did not express either Ly or TL antigens. Data presented here suggest that the target cell for leukemogenesis may be a partially differentiated thymus cell. The restricted expression of Ly antigens on differentiating thymus cells to either the (formula: see text), phenotype may occur before the loss of TL antigen.", "PMID": 306411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_732", "title": "Cytotoxic T cells recognize male antigen and H-2 as distinct entities.", "content": "XX cells from XX/XY hemopoietic chimeras do not express male determinants in a way to render them either stimulators or targets for male-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. XX- but not XY-responder T cells from chimeras can be activated to lyse allogeneic male target cells; T cells from normal XX mice depleted of alloreactive T cells, however, cannot be sensitized to lyse allogeneic XY targets. The results imply that T cells recognize the Y-antigen and H-2 as distinct entities, and that in chimeras, they acquire the potential to react against allogeneic XY cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T cells recognize male antigen and H-2 as distinct entities. XX cells from XX/XY hemopoietic chimeras do not express male determinants in a way to render them either stimulators or targets for male-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. XX- but not XY-responder T cells from chimeras can be activated to lyse allogeneic male target cells; T cells from normal XX mice depleted of alloreactive T cells, however, cannot be sensitized to lyse allogeneic XY targets. The results imply that T cells recognize the Y-antigen and H-2 as distinct entities, and that in chimeras, they acquire the potential to react against allogeneic XY cells.", "PMID": 306412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_733", "title": "Expression of IgD by murine lymphocytes. Loss of surface IgD indicates maturation of memory B cells.", "content": "B lymphocytes capable of generating primary IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) responses to burro erythrocytes have surface IgD, as do primary IgM PFC. IgG memroy cells arising after one injection of antigen are divided into two groups, one of which expresses surface IgD while the other has no detectable membrane IgD. PFC generated from the IgG memory cells lacking surface IgD show a higher average avidity than those arising from IgD-positive IgG memory cells, indicating that mature IgG memory cells do not have surface IgD. After more than one injection of antigen, few, if any, IgG memory cells have surface IgD. IgG PFC arising in primary or secondary immune response lack membrane-bound IgD. These data provide the outlines for a B-cell maturation pathway in which IgD marks unprimed and early memory B cells and is lost in mature memory cells. Studies presented here were conducted by isolating IgD+ and IgD- cells with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter and functional testing of the isolated populations in adoptive transfer experiments.", "contents": "Expression of IgD by murine lymphocytes. Loss of surface IgD indicates maturation of memory B cells. B lymphocytes capable of generating primary IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) responses to burro erythrocytes have surface IgD, as do primary IgM PFC. IgG memroy cells arising after one injection of antigen are divided into two groups, one of which expresses surface IgD while the other has no detectable membrane IgD. PFC generated from the IgG memory cells lacking surface IgD show a higher average avidity than those arising from IgD-positive IgG memory cells, indicating that mature IgG memory cells do not have surface IgD. After more than one injection of antigen, few, if any, IgG memory cells have surface IgD. IgG PFC arising in primary or secondary immune response lack membrane-bound IgD. These data provide the outlines for a B-cell maturation pathway in which IgD marks unprimed and early memory B cells and is lost in mature memory cells. Studies presented here were conducted by isolating IgD+ and IgD- cells with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter and functional testing of the isolated populations in adoptive transfer experiments.", "PMID": 306413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_734", "title": "The relationship between surface immunoglobulin isotype and immune function of murine B lymphocytes. III. Expression of a single predominant isotype on primed and unprimed B cells.", "content": "We determined whether primed and unprimed B cells in the spleen of (BALB/c x C57BL/Ka)F(1) mice contain subpopulations that express a predominant surface Ig isotype. Spleen cells were stained for surface isotypes and sorted on the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) in order to obtain B cells bearing predominantly IgM (mup cells), IgD (deltap cells), or IgG (gammap cells). Each population was assayed for its capacity to restore the adoptive primary and secondary anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibody response in irradiated syngeneic recipients. In addition, the adoptive response restored by isotype-predominant cells was compared to that restored by isotype- positive cells (B cells bearing a given surface isotype alone or in combination with others). The experimental results show that mup cells restore the adoptive primary and secondary IgM and IgG responses to BSA, and gammaP cells restore only the primary and secondary IgG response. Deltap Cells restored the adoptive secondary IgG response, but failed to restore the adoptive primary response at the cell doses tested. GammaP Cells but not deltap cells suppressed the IgM response of the mu(+) and delta(+) cells. The contribution of isotype-predominant cells to both the adoptive primary and secondary anti-BSA response was smaller than that of B cells bearing a combination of surface isotypes. Differences in the Ig isotype pattern expressed on the surface of primed and unprimed B cells are discussed.", "contents": "The relationship between surface immunoglobulin isotype and immune function of murine B lymphocytes. III. Expression of a single predominant isotype on primed and unprimed B cells. We determined whether primed and unprimed B cells in the spleen of (BALB/c x C57BL/Ka)F(1) mice contain subpopulations that express a predominant surface Ig isotype. Spleen cells were stained for surface isotypes and sorted on the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) in order to obtain B cells bearing predominantly IgM (mup cells), IgD (deltap cells), or IgG (gammap cells). Each population was assayed for its capacity to restore the adoptive primary and secondary anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibody response in irradiated syngeneic recipients. In addition, the adoptive response restored by isotype-predominant cells was compared to that restored by isotype- positive cells (B cells bearing a given surface isotype alone or in combination with others). The experimental results show that mup cells restore the adoptive primary and secondary IgM and IgG responses to BSA, and gammaP cells restore only the primary and secondary IgG response. Deltap Cells restored the adoptive secondary IgG response, but failed to restore the adoptive primary response at the cell doses tested. GammaP Cells but not deltap cells suppressed the IgM response of the mu(+) and delta(+) cells. The contribution of isotype-predominant cells to both the adoptive primary and secondary anti-BSA response was smaller than that of B cells bearing a combination of surface isotypes. Differences in the Ig isotype pattern expressed on the surface of primed and unprimed B cells are discussed.", "PMID": 306414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_735", "title": "Morphological and histochemical analyses of two human T-cell subpopulations bearing receptors for IgM or IgG.", "content": "Two subpopulation of circulating human T cells forming rosettes with neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes were purified on the basis of the presence of receptors for IgG (TG cells) or for IgM (TM cells), and were shown  to have distinguishing morphological and histochemical characteristics. TM cells had the general features of typical small- or medium-sized lymphocytes; most were easily identifiable by distinctive cytoplasmic accumulations, usually one and sometimes two large spots, of nonspecific acid esterase activity. The release of the vesicular contents on short-term culture of TG cells was inhibited by cytochalasin B. Definition of these distinguishing characteristics of TM and TG cells provides a basis for practical enumeration of these functionally distinct subpopulations of human T cells. Some of the TG cells were capable of endocytosis of IgG antibody-coated erythrocytes.", "contents": "Morphological and histochemical analyses of two human T-cell subpopulations bearing receptors for IgM or IgG. Two subpopulation of circulating human T cells forming rosettes with neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes were purified on the basis of the presence of receptors for IgG (TG cells) or for IgM (TM cells), and were shown  to have distinguishing morphological and histochemical characteristics. TM cells had the general features of typical small- or medium-sized lymphocytes; most were easily identifiable by distinctive cytoplasmic accumulations, usually one and sometimes two large spots, of nonspecific acid esterase activity. The release of the vesicular contents on short-term culture of TG cells was inhibited by cytochalasin B. Definition of these distinguishing characteristics of TM and TG cells provides a basis for practical enumeration of these functionally distinct subpopulations of human T cells. Some of the TG cells were capable of endocytosis of IgG antibody-coated erythrocytes.", "PMID": 306415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_736", "title": "Cell surface glycoproteins of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. I. T 145, a new cell surface glycoprotein selectively expressed on Ly 1-2+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "T lymphocytes at various stages of maturation and differentiation have been isolated by cellular fractionation procedures and characterized by cell surface markers and functional assays, The cell surface glycoproteins of the various T-cell preparations have been selectively radiolabeled by the galactose oxidase-tritiated sodium borohydride technique and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Details are presented on the appearance of a new cell surface glycoprotein (T 145), present on immunocompetent T lymphocytes after activation by either major histocompatibility complex alloantigens or by concanavalin A. The intensity of T 145 expression on T lymphoblasts is shown to be directly correlated in time and extent to the levels of cytotoxicity generated in a variety of T-cell activations. Specific enrichment procedures of purified populations of mixed leukocyte culture blasts have shown Ly 1(+)2(-) blasts to be T 145(-) and Ly 1(-)2(+) blasts to be strongly T 145(+). Similar enrichment procedures on normal peripheral T cells have failed to reveal any significant expression of T 145 on a highly enriched population of Ly 1(-)2(+) T cells, Further studies on the stability of T 145 expression after induction have shown it to be a more permanent-type differentiation structure whose expression is clearly not linked to the blast stage of activation. T 145 would thus appear to represent a membrane glycoprotein whose exclusive expression on T lymphoblasts is further restricted to a defined group of cells endowed with cytolytic activity and bearing the Ly phenotype Ly 1(-)2(+).", "contents": "Cell surface glycoproteins of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. I. T 145, a new cell surface glycoprotein selectively expressed on Ly 1-2+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes at various stages of maturation and differentiation have been isolated by cellular fractionation procedures and characterized by cell surface markers and functional assays, The cell surface glycoproteins of the various T-cell preparations have been selectively radiolabeled by the galactose oxidase-tritiated sodium borohydride technique and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Details are presented on the appearance of a new cell surface glycoprotein (T 145), present on immunocompetent T lymphocytes after activation by either major histocompatibility complex alloantigens or by concanavalin A. The intensity of T 145 expression on T lymphoblasts is shown to be directly correlated in time and extent to the levels of cytotoxicity generated in a variety of T-cell activations. Specific enrichment procedures of purified populations of mixed leukocyte culture blasts have shown Ly 1(+)2(-) blasts to be T 145(-) and Ly 1(-)2(+) blasts to be strongly T 145(+). Similar enrichment procedures on normal peripheral T cells have failed to reveal any significant expression of T 145 on a highly enriched population of Ly 1(-)2(+) T cells, Further studies on the stability of T 145 expression after induction have shown it to be a more permanent-type differentiation structure whose expression is clearly not linked to the blast stage of activation. T 145 would thus appear to represent a membrane glycoprotein whose exclusive expression on T lymphoblasts is further restricted to a defined group of cells endowed with cytolytic activity and bearing the Ly phenotype Ly 1(-)2(+).", "PMID": 306416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_737", "title": "Spontaneous pyrogen production by mouse histiocytic and myelomonocytic tumor cell lines in vitro.", "content": "Tumor-associated fever occurs commonly in acute leukemias and lymphomas. We investigated the capacity for in vitro production of pyrogen by three mouse histiocytic lymphoma cell lines (J-774, PU5-1.8, p 388 D1), one myelomonoyctic line (WEHI-3), and tow lymphoma-derived lines, RAW-8 and R-8. Pyrogen was released spontaneously into the culture medium during growth by all cell lines with macrophage or myeloid characteristics including lysozyme production; R-8 cells, of presumed B-lymphocyte origin, did not produce pyrogen. When injected into mice, the pyrogens gave fever curves typical of endogenous pyrogen, were inactived by heating to 56 degrees C and by pronase digestion, and appeared to be secreted continuously by viable cells. Two pyrogenic molecular species produced by H-774 cells were identified by Sephadex filtration, one of mol wt approximately equal to 30,000, and the other greater than or equal to 60,000. By contrast, three carcinoma cell lines of human origin and SV-40 3T3 mouse fibroblasts did not produce pyrogen in vitro. These results suggest that some malignant cells derived from phagocytic cells of bone marrow origin retain their capacity for pyrogen production, and may spontaneously secrete pyrogen during growth.", "contents": "Spontaneous pyrogen production by mouse histiocytic and myelomonocytic tumor cell lines in vitro. Tumor-associated fever occurs commonly in acute leukemias and lymphomas. We investigated the capacity for in vitro production of pyrogen by three mouse histiocytic lymphoma cell lines (J-774, PU5-1.8, p 388 D1), one myelomonoyctic line (WEHI-3), and tow lymphoma-derived lines, RAW-8 and R-8. Pyrogen was released spontaneously into the culture medium during growth by all cell lines with macrophage or myeloid characteristics including lysozyme production; R-8 cells, of presumed B-lymphocyte origin, did not produce pyrogen. When injected into mice, the pyrogens gave fever curves typical of endogenous pyrogen, were inactived by heating to 56 degrees C and by pronase digestion, and appeared to be secreted continuously by viable cells. Two pyrogenic molecular species produced by H-774 cells were identified by Sephadex filtration, one of mol wt approximately equal to 30,000, and the other greater than or equal to 60,000. By contrast, three carcinoma cell lines of human origin and SV-40 3T3 mouse fibroblasts did not produce pyrogen in vitro. These results suggest that some malignant cells derived from phagocytic cells of bone marrow origin retain their capacity for pyrogen production, and may spontaneously secrete pyrogen during growth.", "PMID": 306417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_738", "title": "Metabolism of immunoglobulin A, lymphocyte function, and histocompatibility antigens in patients on anticonvulsants.", "content": "Low serum IgA levels were found in patients taking phenytoin, together with evidence of depressed T cell function. There was no correlation between the dose or the serum level. A correlation was found, however, with HL-A status, patients with a low IgA showing increased frequency of HL-A2. It is suggested that epileptic patients with HL-A2 status are likely to develop IgA deficiency when given phenytoin.", "contents": "Metabolism of immunoglobulin A, lymphocyte function, and histocompatibility antigens in patients on anticonvulsants. Low serum IgA levels were found in patients taking phenytoin, together with evidence of depressed T cell function. There was no correlation between the dose or the serum level. A correlation was found, however, with HL-A status, patients with a low IgA showing increased frequency of HL-A2. It is suggested that epileptic patients with HL-A2 status are likely to develop IgA deficiency when given phenytoin.", "PMID": 306420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_739", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis--migration of early T cells from the circulation into the central nervous system.", "content": "Study of lymphocytes from the blood of guinea pigs with acute EAE induced by isologous spinal cord in adjuvant reconfirmed that in comparison to normals, the percentage of early (active or high affinity rosetting) T cells decreases dramatically and that these changes can be correlated with clinical signs. In addition, we have investigated matching samples of CNS infiltrating cells recovered by ultrasonication and have found that coinciding with the decrease in early T cells in the circulation, significantly higher levels (P less than 0.001) of these cells appear within the CNS compartment; It is concluded that the decrease of early T cells in the circulation is caused by their migration to the target organ, the CNS.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis--migration of early T cells from the circulation into the central nervous system. Study of lymphocytes from the blood of guinea pigs with acute EAE induced by isologous spinal cord in adjuvant reconfirmed that in comparison to normals, the percentage of early (active or high affinity rosetting) T cells decreases dramatically and that these changes can be correlated with clinical signs. In addition, we have investigated matching samples of CNS infiltrating cells recovered by ultrasonication and have found that coinciding with the decrease in early T cells in the circulation, significantly higher levels (P less than 0.001) of these cells appear within the CNS compartment; It is concluded that the decrease of early T cells in the circulation is caused by their migration to the target organ, the CNS.", "PMID": 306421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_740", "title": "Vestibulothalamic projections in man--a sixth primary sensory pathway.", "content": "1. Responses suggesting activation of the vestibular system, elicited by electrical stimulation of the human thalamus during 22 routine stereotaxic neurosurgical procedures, were examined in a retrospective study to determine the possible existence of vestibulothalamo-cortical projections in man. 2. Such responses were most frequently described as sensations of movement through space and were associated with two distinct vestibulothalamic projections: a) an anterior relay was situated ventral to the medial lemniscus, passing lateral to the red nucleus and dorsal to the subthalamic nucleus prior to terminating in the nucleus ventrointermedius (Vim) (comparable to VPLo in primates); b) a posterior relay associated with the auditory pathway (lateral lemniscus and brachium of the inferior colliculus) projected to the medial geniculate body. 3. The production of sensations of motion in conscious patients by stimulating areas that are similar to those reported constituting vestibulothalamic pathways in cats and primates implies a distinct primary sensory cortical projection for processing information from the vestibular receptors pertaining to the recognition of spatial movements.", "contents": "Vestibulothalamic projections in man--a sixth primary sensory pathway. 1. Responses suggesting activation of the vestibular system, elicited by electrical stimulation of the human thalamus during 22 routine stereotaxic neurosurgical procedures, were examined in a retrospective study to determine the possible existence of vestibulothalamo-cortical projections in man. 2. Such responses were most frequently described as sensations of movement through space and were associated with two distinct vestibulothalamic projections: a) an anterior relay was situated ventral to the medial lemniscus, passing lateral to the red nucleus and dorsal to the subthalamic nucleus prior to terminating in the nucleus ventrointermedius (Vim) (comparable to VPLo in primates); b) a posterior relay associated with the auditory pathway (lateral lemniscus and brachium of the inferior colliculus) projected to the medial geniculate body. 3. The production of sensations of motion in conscious patients by stimulating areas that are similar to those reported constituting vestibulothalamic pathways in cats and primates implies a distinct primary sensory cortical projection for processing information from the vestibular receptors pertaining to the recognition of spatial movements.", "PMID": 306422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_741", "title": "A respiratory survey of cedar mill workers. II. Influence of work-related and host factors on the prevalence of symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities.", "content": "The influence of certain work-related and host factors on the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities in 405 red cedar workers and 187 control workers was examined. In cedar workers, but not in controls, the prevalence of chest symptoms increased with duration of exposure. The decline in pulmonary function with increasing duration of exposure was also more marked in cedar workers, but in both groups smoking was a more important determinant. Substantial proportions of cedar workers and, to a lesser extent, controls noted improvement of cough and wheeze, and particularly of conjunctivitis and rhinitis, when away from work. No deterioration, however, was found in pulmonary function during the work week in either exposure group. Atopic status was unrelated to the prevalence of chest symptoms or pulmonary function abnormalities; it was more common in workers with conjunctivitis and rhinitis, particularly in the cedar group. Similarly, Pi phenotype did not appear to influence the occurrence of either symptoms or lung function abnormalities.", "contents": "A respiratory survey of cedar mill workers. II. Influence of work-related and host factors on the prevalence of symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities. The influence of certain work-related and host factors on the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities in 405 red cedar workers and 187 control workers was examined. In cedar workers, but not in controls, the prevalence of chest symptoms increased with duration of exposure. The decline in pulmonary function with increasing duration of exposure was also more marked in cedar workers, but in both groups smoking was a more important determinant. Substantial proportions of cedar workers and, to a lesser extent, controls noted improvement of cough and wheeze, and particularly of conjunctivitis and rhinitis, when away from work. No deterioration, however, was found in pulmonary function during the work week in either exposure group. Atopic status was unrelated to the prevalence of chest symptoms or pulmonary function abnormalities; it was more common in workers with conjunctivitis and rhinitis, particularly in the cedar group. Similarly, Pi phenotype did not appear to influence the occurrence of either symptoms or lung function abnormalities.", "PMID": 306425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_742", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of Hemophilus influenzae type b infections by latex particle agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Latex particle agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis techniques were compared in a clinical trial to demonstrate their sensitivity, specificity, and usefulness in the rapid diagnosis of invasive Hemophilus influenzae type b disease. LPA, a simplified LPA performed by house officers, and CIE used in this study detected 0.2, 0.5, and 1 to 10 ng/ml of Hib capsular antigen, respectively. One hundred-six illnesses suspected of being caused by Hib were evaluated prospectively by these assays. A total of 39 of these were confirmed by culture or detection of antigen or both. LPA and simplified LPA were more sensitive and specific than CIE in the diagnosis of Hib disease (P less than 0.01), especially in invasive disease other than meningitis. LPA is inexpensive, can be performed quickly, and detects all invasive Hib infections. The results emphasize the usefulness of antigen detection in the rapid diagnosis of Hib infections, demonstrate that LPA is more sensitive and specific than CIE, and can be conveniently performed by physicians.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of Hemophilus influenzae type b infections by latex particle agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Latex particle agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis techniques were compared in a clinical trial to demonstrate their sensitivity, specificity, and usefulness in the rapid diagnosis of invasive Hemophilus influenzae type b disease. LPA, a simplified LPA performed by house officers, and CIE used in this study detected 0.2, 0.5, and 1 to 10 ng/ml of Hib capsular antigen, respectively. One hundred-six illnesses suspected of being caused by Hib were evaluated prospectively by these assays. A total of 39 of these were confirmed by culture or detection of antigen or both. LPA and simplified LPA were more sensitive and specific than CIE in the diagnosis of Hib disease (P less than 0.01), especially in invasive disease other than meningitis. LPA is inexpensive, can be performed quickly, and detects all invasive Hib infections. The results emphasize the usefulness of antigen detection in the rapid diagnosis of Hib infections, demonstrate that LPA is more sensitive and specific than CIE, and can be conveniently performed by physicians.", "PMID": 306427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_743", "title": "Surface charges and the effects of calcium on the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials at the frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "1. When motor nerve terminals are slightly depolarized with increased [K+]o, progressive increases in [Ca2+]o raise min.e.p.p. frequencies until a maximum is reached; further increases then produce a depression (Cook & Quastel, 1973; Matthews & Wickelgren, 1977). 2. Increases in [Mg2+]o also produce the depression. 3. It has been suggested that the depression results from this sequence of events: (a) the divalent cations screen the fixed negative surface charges on the outer face of the nerve terminal, which (b) decreases the negativity of the surface potential, which (c) increases the voltage gradient within the membrane itself, which (d) tends to shut depolarization-gated channels for Ca2+ entry, which (e) decreases min.e.p.p. frequency. 4. In agreement with the interpretation, in frog neuromuscular junctions slightly depolarized with 11 mM-[K+]o, min.e.p.p. frequency is a monotonically increasing function of [Ca2+]o, as long as the sum of [Ca2+]o plus [Mg2+]o is kept constant. 5. The decrease in min.e.p.p. frequency caused by raising [Mg2+]o by 5 mM can be counterbalanced by raising [K+]o by about 9 mM. Using the Grahame equation (1947), assuming that the elevated divalent cations act solely by screening and have no effect on conductance, the negative surface charge is estimated to be roughly 1 electronic charge/75 A2.", "contents": "Surface charges and the effects of calcium on the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials at the frog neuromuscular junction. 1. When motor nerve terminals are slightly depolarized with increased [K+]o, progressive increases in [Ca2+]o raise min.e.p.p. frequencies until a maximum is reached; further increases then produce a depression (Cook & Quastel, 1973; Matthews & Wickelgren, 1977). 2. Increases in [Mg2+]o also produce the depression. 3. It has been suggested that the depression results from this sequence of events: (a) the divalent cations screen the fixed negative surface charges on the outer face of the nerve terminal, which (b) decreases the negativity of the surface potential, which (c) increases the voltage gradient within the membrane itself, which (d) tends to shut depolarization-gated channels for Ca2+ entry, which (e) decreases min.e.p.p. frequency. 4. In agreement with the interpretation, in frog neuromuscular junctions slightly depolarized with 11 mM-[K+]o, min.e.p.p. frequency is a monotonically increasing function of [Ca2+]o, as long as the sum of [Ca2+]o plus [Mg2+]o is kept constant. 5. The decrease in min.e.p.p. frequency caused by raising [Mg2+]o by 5 mM can be counterbalanced by raising [K+]o by about 9 mM. Using the Grahame equation (1947), assuming that the elevated divalent cations act solely by screening and have no effect on conductance, the negative surface charge is estimated to be roughly 1 electronic charge/75 A2.", "PMID": 306431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_744", "title": "Cross-bridge detachment and sarcomere 'give' during stretch of active frog's muscle.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the tension responses and sarcomere length changes produced by servo-controlled stretches applied to isometrically contracting frog muscle. Sarcomere lengths were monitored by cine-photography of diffiraction spectra obtained by illuminating a small area of muscle with a laser. 2. The tension increment produced by a ramp-and-hold stretch of approximately 1 mm (ca. 4% of the muscle length) comprises three phases whose limits are defined by two points, S1 and S2, where the slope of the response decreases abruptly. S1 and S2 correspond to extensions of 0.13 and 1.2% of the muscle length. 3. Movements of the first order spectra relative to the zero order recorded during stretch reveal that S2 coincides with an abrupt elongation of the sarcomeres. This is termed sarcomere 'give' and it occurs when the filaments are displaced by 11-12 nm from their steady-state (isometric) position. 4. The stiffness of the sarcomeres, Es, up to S2 decreases with increasing sarcomere length. The maximum force sustained by the muscle at S2, PS2, also shows an inverse dependence on sarcomere length. Both Es and PS2 fall to zero at an extrapolated sarcomere spacing of 3.6-3.7 micrometer, coinciding with the length at which the actin and myosin filaments no longer overlap. 5. The ratio PS2/P0 (where P0 = maximum isometric tension) varies with temperature and speed of stretch. It increases with increasing speeds of stretch until a certain critical velocity, Vc, is reached, beyond which it is almost independent of any further increase. Vc has a positive temperature coefficient, increasing 5-6 in the range 0-30 degrees C (Q10 = 1.8). There is a positive correlation between the maximum speed of isotonic shortening (Vmax.) and Vc in different muscles. 6. Sarcomere 'give' during stretch is considered to be due to forcible detachment of cross-bridges between the actin and myosin filaments. This results in recoil of the extended series elastic elements in the muscle at the expense of the sarcomers. The amount of filament displacement required to induce sarcomere 'give' (11-12 nm) is thought to represent the range of movement over which a cross-bridge can remain attached to actin during a stretch.", "contents": "Cross-bridge detachment and sarcomere 'give' during stretch of active frog's muscle. 1. A study has been made of the tension responses and sarcomere length changes produced by servo-controlled stretches applied to isometrically contracting frog muscle. Sarcomere lengths were monitored by cine-photography of diffiraction spectra obtained by illuminating a small area of muscle with a laser. 2. The tension increment produced by a ramp-and-hold stretch of approximately 1 mm (ca. 4% of the muscle length) comprises three phases whose limits are defined by two points, S1 and S2, where the slope of the response decreases abruptly. S1 and S2 correspond to extensions of 0.13 and 1.2% of the muscle length. 3. Movements of the first order spectra relative to the zero order recorded during stretch reveal that S2 coincides with an abrupt elongation of the sarcomeres. This is termed sarcomere 'give' and it occurs when the filaments are displaced by 11-12 nm from their steady-state (isometric) position. 4. The stiffness of the sarcomeres, Es, up to S2 decreases with increasing sarcomere length. The maximum force sustained by the muscle at S2, PS2, also shows an inverse dependence on sarcomere length. Both Es and PS2 fall to zero at an extrapolated sarcomere spacing of 3.6-3.7 micrometer, coinciding with the length at which the actin and myosin filaments no longer overlap. 5. The ratio PS2/P0 (where P0 = maximum isometric tension) varies with temperature and speed of stretch. It increases with increasing speeds of stretch until a certain critical velocity, Vc, is reached, beyond which it is almost independent of any further increase. Vc has a positive temperature coefficient, increasing 5-6 in the range 0-30 degrees C (Q10 = 1.8). There is a positive correlation between the maximum speed of isotonic shortening (Vmax.) and Vc in different muscles. 6. Sarcomere 'give' during stretch is considered to be due to forcible detachment of cross-bridges between the actin and myosin filaments. This results in recoil of the extended series elastic elements in the muscle at the expense of the sarcomers. The amount of filament displacement required to induce sarcomere 'give' (11-12 nm) is thought to represent the range of movement over which a cross-bridge can remain attached to actin during a stretch.", "PMID": 306433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_745", "title": "Filament sliding and energy absorbed by the cross-bridge in active muscle subjected to cycical length changes.", "content": "1. The effects of single and double cycles of stretch and release on the tension response and relative sliding movement of the actin and myosin filaments in active frog's muscle were investigated. 2. The cross-bridges linking the filaments together are able to accommodate a greater range of filament displacement before becoming detached during a second cycle stretch, providing it commences without delay following the preceding release: sarcomere 'give' then occurs for displacements of around 18 nm, as compared with 12 nm for a first cycle stretch. It is postulated that the difference arises because the myosin heads adopt different 'preferred' positions in the isometric steady-state and at the end of a previous release. 3. Muscle length-tension loops were recorded and used to measure the energy absorbed when a muscle is subjected to cycles of stretch and release. The work absorbed per unit length change increases with increasing displacement of the cross-bridges from their initial (isometric) steady-state position, up to the point at which sarcomere 'give' occurs (S2); thereafter it remains constant. 4. More work is absorbed during the first cycle of a double stretch-release combination than during the second. The greater amount absorbed during the first cycle is associated with a correspondingly greater amount of filament sliding in the period following sarcomere 'give'. Sarcomere length-tension loops were constructed and these showed that not less than 80-85% of the work done on a muscle is absorbed by the sarcomeres themselves. 5. A greater amount of work is done on stretching up to (but not beyond) S2 during second cycle stretch as compared to a first. The difference amounts about 1 mJ.m-2 per half-sarcomere. 6. The results are compatible with the mechanism for force production proposed by Huxley & Simmons (1973), in which each myosin head generates force in a number of stepping movements, from one attached state to another. It is concluded that (a) during an unloaded isotonic contraction the working 'stroke' of the head would result in a 10-13 nm relative sliding movement of the filaments, and (b) the potential energy difference separating the two 'preferred' states is 6-9.6 kT per cross-bridge, or 3-4.8 kT per S-1 sub-units, assuming that each one interacts simultaneously with the actin filament.", "contents": "Filament sliding and energy absorbed by the cross-bridge in active muscle subjected to cycical length changes. 1. The effects of single and double cycles of stretch and release on the tension response and relative sliding movement of the actin and myosin filaments in active frog's muscle were investigated. 2. The cross-bridges linking the filaments together are able to accommodate a greater range of filament displacement before becoming detached during a second cycle stretch, providing it commences without delay following the preceding release: sarcomere 'give' then occurs for displacements of around 18 nm, as compared with 12 nm for a first cycle stretch. It is postulated that the difference arises because the myosin heads adopt different 'preferred' positions in the isometric steady-state and at the end of a previous release. 3. Muscle length-tension loops were recorded and used to measure the energy absorbed when a muscle is subjected to cycles of stretch and release. The work absorbed per unit length change increases with increasing displacement of the cross-bridges from their initial (isometric) steady-state position, up to the point at which sarcomere 'give' occurs (S2); thereafter it remains constant. 4. More work is absorbed during the first cycle of a double stretch-release combination than during the second. The greater amount absorbed during the first cycle is associated with a correspondingly greater amount of filament sliding in the period following sarcomere 'give'. Sarcomere length-tension loops were constructed and these showed that not less than 80-85% of the work done on a muscle is absorbed by the sarcomeres themselves. 5. A greater amount of work is done on stretching up to (but not beyond) S2 during second cycle stretch as compared to a first. The difference amounts about 1 mJ.m-2 per half-sarcomere. 6. The results are compatible with the mechanism for force production proposed by Huxley & Simmons (1973), in which each myosin head generates force in a number of stepping movements, from one attached state to another. It is concluded that (a) during an unloaded isotonic contraction the working 'stroke' of the head would result in a 10-13 nm relative sliding movement of the filaments, and (b) the potential energy difference separating the two 'preferred' states is 6-9.6 kT per cross-bridge, or 3-4.8 kT per S-1 sub-units, assuming that each one interacts simultaneously with the actin filament.", "PMID": 306434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_746", "title": "Local anaesthetics transiently block currents through single acetylcholine-receptor channels.", "content": "1. Single channel currents through acetylcholine receptor channels (ACh channels) were recorded at chronically denervated frog muscle extrajunctional membranes in the absence and presence of the lidocaine derivatives QX-222 and QX-314. 2. The current wave forms due to the opening and closing of single ACh channels (activated by suberyldicholine) normally are square pulses. These single pulses appear to be chopped into bursts of much shorter pulses, when the drug QX-222 is present in addition to the agonist. 3. The mean duration of the bursts is comparable to or longer than the normal channel open time, and increases with increasing drug concentration. 4. The duration of the short pulses within a burst decreases with increasing drug concentration. 5. It is concluded that drug molecules reversibly block open end-plate channels and that the flickering within a burst represents this fast, repeatedly occurring reaction. 6. The voltage dependence of the reaction rates involved, suggested that the site of the blocking reaction is in the centre of the membrane, probably inside the ionic channel.", "contents": "Local anaesthetics transiently block currents through single acetylcholine-receptor channels. 1. Single channel currents through acetylcholine receptor channels (ACh channels) were recorded at chronically denervated frog muscle extrajunctional membranes in the absence and presence of the lidocaine derivatives QX-222 and QX-314. 2. The current wave forms due to the opening and closing of single ACh channels (activated by suberyldicholine) normally are square pulses. These single pulses appear to be chopped into bursts of much shorter pulses, when the drug QX-222 is present in addition to the agonist. 3. The mean duration of the bursts is comparable to or longer than the normal channel open time, and increases with increasing drug concentration. 4. The duration of the short pulses within a burst decreases with increasing drug concentration. 5. It is concluded that drug molecules reversibly block open end-plate channels and that the flickering within a burst represents this fast, repeatedly occurring reaction. 6. The voltage dependence of the reaction rates involved, suggested that the site of the blocking reaction is in the centre of the membrane, probably inside the ionic channel.", "PMID": 306437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_747", "title": "Calcium transients in isolated amphibian skeletal muscle fibres: detection with aequorin.", "content": "1. Single twitch muscle fibres isolated from frogs and toads were microinjected with the Ca2+-sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin. The fibres contracted normally and emitted flashes of light (aequorin responses) in response to stimulation for many hours thereafter. 2. No luminescence was detected from healthy fibres at rest. 3. The aequorin diffused from the site of injection at a rate consistent with a diffusion coefficient of 5 x 10(-8) cm2/sec. 4. During trains of isometric contractions there was a progressive reduction in both the amplitude and the rate of decline of the aequorin response, an observation consistent with the theory that Ca is redistributed from sites of release to sites of sequestration under such circumstances. 5. In isometric tetani light emission continued to rise long after the plateau of force had been achieved. This and the fact that the amplitude of the tetanic aequorin response increased steeply with increasing stimulus frequency suggest that in tetani the sarcoplasmic [Ca2+] may normally be above the level required to saturate the contractile apparatus. 6. Both in twitches and in tetani the amplitude of the aequorin response increased slightly and then decreased substantially as the fibre was stretched progressively beyond slack length. 7. In potassium contractures the luminescent and mechanical responses first became detectable at about the same [K+], but for equivalent force luminescence was less intense than in twitches. The aequorin response was biphasic in solutions of high [K+]. 8. Exposure of the fibre to Ca2+-free solutions had no influence on either the mechanical or the luminescent responses in twitches. In Ca2+-free solutions tetanic aequorin responses tended not to be maintained as well as normally, suggesting that intracellular Ca stores do become somewhat depleted. 9. In twitches the amplitude of the aequorin response probably reflects the amount of Ca2+ liberated into the cytoplasm rather than a [Ca2+] in equilibrium with the myofilaments. Changes in the rate of decay of the aequorin response may reflect changes in the rate of Ca sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 10. In K+-contractures and during the plateaus of tetani the aequorin signal changes slowly enough so that it seems unlikely that substantial gradients of [Ca2+] exist at the sarcomere level. Under such circumstances the amplitude of the aequorin response probably does reflect the [Ca2+] in equilibrium with the myofilaments.", "contents": "Calcium transients in isolated amphibian skeletal muscle fibres: detection with aequorin. 1. Single twitch muscle fibres isolated from frogs and toads were microinjected with the Ca2+-sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin. The fibres contracted normally and emitted flashes of light (aequorin responses) in response to stimulation for many hours thereafter. 2. No luminescence was detected from healthy fibres at rest. 3. The aequorin diffused from the site of injection at a rate consistent with a diffusion coefficient of 5 x 10(-8) cm2/sec. 4. During trains of isometric contractions there was a progressive reduction in both the amplitude and the rate of decline of the aequorin response, an observation consistent with the theory that Ca is redistributed from sites of release to sites of sequestration under such circumstances. 5. In isometric tetani light emission continued to rise long after the plateau of force had been achieved. This and the fact that the amplitude of the tetanic aequorin response increased steeply with increasing stimulus frequency suggest that in tetani the sarcoplasmic [Ca2+] may normally be above the level required to saturate the contractile apparatus. 6. Both in twitches and in tetani the amplitude of the aequorin response increased slightly and then decreased substantially as the fibre was stretched progressively beyond slack length. 7. In potassium contractures the luminescent and mechanical responses first became detectable at about the same [K+], but for equivalent force luminescence was less intense than in twitches. The aequorin response was biphasic in solutions of high [K+]. 8. Exposure of the fibre to Ca2+-free solutions had no influence on either the mechanical or the luminescent responses in twitches. In Ca2+-free solutions tetanic aequorin responses tended not to be maintained as well as normally, suggesting that intracellular Ca stores do become somewhat depleted. 9. In twitches the amplitude of the aequorin response probably reflects the amount of Ca2+ liberated into the cytoplasm rather than a [Ca2+] in equilibrium with the myofilaments. Changes in the rate of decay of the aequorin response may reflect changes in the rate of Ca sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 10. In K+-contractures and during the plateaus of tetani the aequorin signal changes slowly enough so that it seems unlikely that substantial gradients of [Ca2+] exist at the sarcomere level. Under such circumstances the amplitude of the aequorin response probably does reflect the [Ca2+] in equilibrium with the myofilaments.", "PMID": 306438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_748", "title": "Unitary recordings of near threshold responses of receptor cells in the olfactory mucosa of the frog.", "content": "1. Receptor cell activity in the frog's eminentia olfactoria was recorded using metal-filled micro-electrodes. 2. Several units discharged spontaneously with a mean frequency lower than 0.2 spikes per sec, or were silent in periods of up to 5 min. The other units displayed spontaneous activities between 0.2 and 1.05 spikes per sec; their activity could be modelled with a Poisson process. 3. Near-threshold responses to odour stimulation were investigated, considering several stimulations within a small concentration range. Low concentration stimulations were sometimes followed by a response, sometimes not. The concept of response probability is introduced to describe this incertitude. 4. The distribution of the number of spikes in several odour trials at low concentrations showed a reasonable agreement with two types of Poisson distribution. 5. The findings are discussed in connexion with receptor cell sensitivity and the excitation of second order neurones in the bulb.", "contents": "Unitary recordings of near threshold responses of receptor cells in the olfactory mucosa of the frog. 1. Receptor cell activity in the frog's eminentia olfactoria was recorded using metal-filled micro-electrodes. 2. Several units discharged spontaneously with a mean frequency lower than 0.2 spikes per sec, or were silent in periods of up to 5 min. The other units displayed spontaneous activities between 0.2 and 1.05 spikes per sec; their activity could be modelled with a Poisson process. 3. Near-threshold responses to odour stimulation were investigated, considering several stimulations within a small concentration range. Low concentration stimulations were sometimes followed by a response, sometimes not. The concept of response probability is introduced to describe this incertitude. 4. The distribution of the number of spikes in several odour trials at low concentrations showed a reasonable agreement with two types of Poisson distribution. 5. The findings are discussed in connexion with receptor cell sensitivity and the excitation of second order neurones in the bulb.", "PMID": 306439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_749", "title": "Contractile activation by voltage clamp depolarization of cut skeletal muscle fibres.", "content": "1. Single frog skeletal muscle fibres bathed in a relaxing solution were cut close to the tendon and mounted across a single Vaseline gap so that a short segment of intact terminated fibre extended beyond one side of the gap. 2. A compensating circuit, set with a micro-electrode in the terminated fibre segment, was used both to correct total current for external current crossing the gap and to correct pool voltage for the voltage drop across the fibre segment in the gap. 3. The micro-electrode was then removed and the fibre voltage-clamped using the compensating circuit. This allowed movement without damage under controlled voltage. 4. Strength-duration curves for contraction thresholds of cut fibres exposed externally to TTX Ringer solution and internally to a predominantly K glutamate solution were similar to strength-duration curves reported for intact fibres. 5. The change from TTX Ringer to a predominantly (TEA)2SO4 external solution shifted the strength-duration curve for cut fibre contraction thresholds in the negative direction as reported for intact fibres. 6. When studied at 3-4 degrees C, fibres from warm-adapted frogs appeared to have higher contraction thresholds than fibres from cold-adapted frogs. 7. Delayed rectifier currents recorded from cut fibres were similar to those reported for intact fibres.", "contents": "Contractile activation by voltage clamp depolarization of cut skeletal muscle fibres. 1. Single frog skeletal muscle fibres bathed in a relaxing solution were cut close to the tendon and mounted across a single Vaseline gap so that a short segment of intact terminated fibre extended beyond one side of the gap. 2. A compensating circuit, set with a micro-electrode in the terminated fibre segment, was used both to correct total current for external current crossing the gap and to correct pool voltage for the voltage drop across the fibre segment in the gap. 3. The micro-electrode was then removed and the fibre voltage-clamped using the compensating circuit. This allowed movement without damage under controlled voltage. 4. Strength-duration curves for contraction thresholds of cut fibres exposed externally to TTX Ringer solution and internally to a predominantly K glutamate solution were similar to strength-duration curves reported for intact fibres. 5. The change from TTX Ringer to a predominantly (TEA)2SO4 external solution shifted the strength-duration curve for cut fibre contraction thresholds in the negative direction as reported for intact fibres. 6. When studied at 3-4 degrees C, fibres from warm-adapted frogs appeared to have higher contraction thresholds than fibres from cold-adapted frogs. 7. Delayed rectifier currents recorded from cut fibres were similar to those reported for intact fibres.", "PMID": 306440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_750", "title": "The diagnosis and management of cerebellopontine angle tumors.", "content": "The diagnosis and surgical management of cerebellopontine angle tumors remains a challenge. Early detection and microsurgical technique have lowered mortality rates and have allowed surgeons to preserve facial nerve function in a high percentage of cases. The purpose of this paper is to report a series of 171 lesions removed through the middle fossa, translabyrinthine, and combined translabyrinthine-suboccipital approaches. Results and complications are covered in detail.", "contents": "The diagnosis and management of cerebellopontine angle tumors. The diagnosis and surgical management of cerebellopontine angle tumors remains a challenge. Early detection and microsurgical technique have lowered mortality rates and have allowed surgeons to preserve facial nerve function in a high percentage of cases. The purpose of this paper is to report a series of 171 lesions removed through the middle fossa, translabyrinthine, and combined translabyrinthine-suboccipital approaches. Results and complications are covered in detail.", "PMID": 306443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_751", "title": "Kartagener syndrome with abnormalities of cilia.", "content": "Kartagener syndrome of sinusitis, bronchiectasis and situs inversus has been so called since his classical description in 1933. This report presents two further cases, a brother and sister. They were extensively studied and the findings are reported. A unique finding was that in both patients, both in the maxillary sinuses and in the bronchi, abnormal cilia were discovered on electron microscopy. After a search of the literature the authors conclude that this finding is probably congenital rather than acquired and may explain the development of the sinusitis and bronchiectasis.", "contents": "Kartagener syndrome with abnormalities of cilia. Kartagener syndrome of sinusitis, bronchiectasis and situs inversus has been so called since his classical description in 1933. This report presents two further cases, a brother and sister. They were extensively studied and the findings are reported. A unique finding was that in both patients, both in the maxillary sinuses and in the bronchi, abnormal cilia were discovered on electron microscopy. After a search of the literature the authors conclude that this finding is probably congenital rather than acquired and may explain the development of the sinusitis and bronchiectasis.", "PMID": 306444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_752", "title": "T- and B-cell distribution in pregnancy.", "content": "We established the percentage of thymus-derived lymphocytes associated with cellular immune responses and bone marrow-derived, antibody-producing cells in maternal blood throughout normal gestation. The data are in conflict with a recent proposal that reversal ot the T:B cell ratio associated with the serum human chorionic gonadotrophin peak of early pregnancy assists in fetoplacental allograft acceptance. Moreover, variability on lymphocyte dynamics in four women followed up serially throughout pregnancy, as well as T- and B-cell determinations in 15 patients whose pregnancy complications are potentially related to maternal-fetal immunologic aberrations, suggests that more sensitive immunologic methods of monitoring the host immune response are necessary to be clinically useful in obstetrics.", "contents": "T- and B-cell distribution in pregnancy. We established the percentage of thymus-derived lymphocytes associated with cellular immune responses and bone marrow-derived, antibody-producing cells in maternal blood throughout normal gestation. The data are in conflict with a recent proposal that reversal ot the T:B cell ratio associated with the serum human chorionic gonadotrophin peak of early pregnancy assists in fetoplacental allograft acceptance. Moreover, variability on lymphocyte dynamics in four women followed up serially throughout pregnancy, as well as T- and B-cell determinations in 15 patients whose pregnancy complications are potentially related to maternal-fetal immunologic aberrations, suggests that more sensitive immunologic methods of monitoring the host immune response are necessary to be clinically useful in obstetrics.", "PMID": 306448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_753", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of aorta-coronary saphenous vein bypass graft patency using thermocouple.", "content": "Noninvasive monitoring of patency of aorta-coronary bypass grafts can be achieved with reasonable accuracy using the thermocouple. This method is consisted of attaching the thermocouple to the surface of grafted vein during surgery and judging the patency by rapid injection of iced solution into peripheral vein. Patient grafted vein will show the thermal change after injecting iced solution. On the contrary, occluded  graft will show no thermal change. As this thermal curve is a thermodilution curve by a single injection and is measured from the outside of the vessel, thermal change depends on the temperature and the quantity of the injected solution, cardiac output, body temperature, and loss of indicator temperature along the way to the thermocouple. When the grafted vein is patent, the same thermal curves are recorded regardless of the amount of the flow, and zero flow resulted in disappearance of curve. Initially, the method was evaluated in dogs and the appropriateness was verified. Subsequently, this method was applied to 16 vein grafts of 12 patients undergoing aorta-coronary bypass surgery. Ten or 15 ml of iced solution was injected through inferior vena cava or antecubital vein and the thermal change of the grafted vein was recorded for 1-4 weeks after the operation. Fourteen grafted veins were judged to be patent and 2 were occluded. The comparison of the results by this method with coronary angiography undergone at 4 weeks after the operation showed no false positive case but 1 false negative case. This extravascular observation of the thermodilution curve is a convenient method for judging whether vein graft is patent or not.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of aorta-coronary saphenous vein bypass graft patency using thermocouple. Noninvasive monitoring of patency of aorta-coronary bypass grafts can be achieved with reasonable accuracy using the thermocouple. This method is consisted of attaching the thermocouple to the surface of grafted vein during surgery and judging the patency by rapid injection of iced solution into peripheral vein. Patient grafted vein will show the thermal change after injecting iced solution. On the contrary, occluded  graft will show no thermal change. As this thermal curve is a thermodilution curve by a single injection and is measured from the outside of the vessel, thermal change depends on the temperature and the quantity of the injected solution, cardiac output, body temperature, and loss of indicator temperature along the way to the thermocouple. When the grafted vein is patent, the same thermal curves are recorded regardless of the amount of the flow, and zero flow resulted in disappearance of curve. Initially, the method was evaluated in dogs and the appropriateness was verified. Subsequently, this method was applied to 16 vein grafts of 12 patients undergoing aorta-coronary bypass surgery. Ten or 15 ml of iced solution was injected through inferior vena cava or antecubital vein and the thermal change of the grafted vein was recorded for 1-4 weeks after the operation. Fourteen grafted veins were judged to be patent and 2 were occluded. The comparison of the results by this method with coronary angiography undergone at 4 weeks after the operation showed no false positive case but 1 false negative case. This extravascular observation of the thermodilution curve is a convenient method for judging whether vein graft is patent or not.", "PMID": 306450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_754", "title": "An analysis of 5-HT hyperpolarization of sympathetic ganglion cells.", "content": "Bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells treated with nicotine are hyperpolarized with application of 5-HT. This 5-HT hyperpolarization, however, was not observed if preparations were pretreated with d-TC before being treated with nicotine. When preparations were treated with ACh or carbamylcholine, which transiently depolarizes ganglion cells, hyperpolarization did take place. Such was also observed in the presence of Ringer's solution if preparations were pretreated with the K+-free Ringer's solution. These results suggested that ganglion cells were hyperpolarized by the action of 5-HT when the Na+-pump of these cells was accelerated by accumulation of intracellular Na+, as the result of a transient depolarization or extracellular K+ deficiency.", "contents": "An analysis of 5-HT hyperpolarization of sympathetic ganglion cells. Bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells treated with nicotine are hyperpolarized with application of 5-HT. This 5-HT hyperpolarization, however, was not observed if preparations were pretreated with d-TC before being treated with nicotine. When preparations were treated with ACh or carbamylcholine, which transiently depolarizes ganglion cells, hyperpolarization did take place. Such was also observed in the presence of Ringer's solution if preparations were pretreated with the K+-free Ringer's solution. These results suggested that ganglion cells were hyperpolarized by the action of 5-HT when the Na+-pump of these cells was accelerated by accumulation of intracellular Na+, as the result of a transient depolarization or extracellular K+ deficiency.", "PMID": 306467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_755", "title": "[The intraindividual variation of fibrinolytic activity in volunteers (author's transl)].", "content": "In five volunteers fibrinolytic activity has been measured five times over a period of six weeks during increasing values of circadian rhythm. Euglobulinlysis-time, paper fibrinolysis, fibrinogen, plasminogen, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-makroglobulin, thrombino-coagulase-time and fibrin-split-products were used in one study. An increase of fibrinolytic activity in the mooning was observed in all volunteers. Intraindividual variation of values is considerable but less than variation of values compared interindividually. Moreover variation was smaller at noon than in the time before noon. In clinical trial of the short-time effect of drugs the period of the plateau of the fibrinolytic activity should be used because of its smaller variation of values. Furthermore, in this period the intraindividual variation of the fibrinolytic activity is smaller than during increasing slope of the circadian rhythm of fibrinolysis. Intraindividual control should be granted.", "contents": "[The intraindividual variation of fibrinolytic activity in volunteers (author's transl)]. In five volunteers fibrinolytic activity has been measured five times over a period of six weeks during increasing values of circadian rhythm. Euglobulinlysis-time, paper fibrinolysis, fibrinogen, plasminogen, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-makroglobulin, thrombino-coagulase-time and fibrin-split-products were used in one study. An increase of fibrinolytic activity in the mooning was observed in all volunteers. Intraindividual variation of values is considerable but less than variation of values compared interindividually. Moreover variation was smaller at noon than in the time before noon. In clinical trial of the short-time effect of drugs the period of the plateau of the fibrinolytic activity should be used because of its smaller variation of values. Furthermore, in this period the intraindividual variation of the fibrinolytic activity is smaller than during increasing slope of the circadian rhythm of fibrinolysis. Intraindividual control should be granted.", "PMID": 306476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_756", "title": "Influence of age on the immunological activity and capacity of the CBA mouse.", "content": "The immunological activity and capacity were studied in the CBA mouse as a function of its age. The activity was determined by the number of immunoglobulin containing (C-Ig) cells in different lymphoid organs and the immunoglobulin levels of the serum in non-artificially stimulated animals. It was confirmed that in older age the bone marrow takes over from the spleen the role of the major site of immunoglobulin production. A clear decrease in the number of C-Ig cells was observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes and the Peyer's patches. The Ig serum remained constant after the sixth month of age, with the exception of an increase of IgG1 and IgG,2B. There was a striking increase in variation between the individual animals with advancing age. From these data it can be concluded that the B-cell system of old animals is as active as that of young adult animals. The immunological capacity of CBA mice of various ages was assessed by measuring the levels of specific antibodies after the administration of human serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant. A severe decline of the primary and the secondary response was observed on ageing. The reaction of three year old animals was negligible. The discrepancy between the declining immunological capacity and the constant or increasing immunological activity is explained by an age-related deficiency of the T-cell compartment in the spleen.", "contents": "Influence of age on the immunological activity and capacity of the CBA mouse. The immunological activity and capacity were studied in the CBA mouse as a function of its age. The activity was determined by the number of immunoglobulin containing (C-Ig) cells in different lymphoid organs and the immunoglobulin levels of the serum in non-artificially stimulated animals. It was confirmed that in older age the bone marrow takes over from the spleen the role of the major site of immunoglobulin production. A clear decrease in the number of C-Ig cells was observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes and the Peyer's patches. The Ig serum remained constant after the sixth month of age, with the exception of an increase of IgG1 and IgG,2B. There was a striking increase in variation between the individual animals with advancing age. From these data it can be concluded that the B-cell system of old animals is as active as that of young adult animals. The immunological capacity of CBA mice of various ages was assessed by measuring the levels of specific antibodies after the administration of human serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant. A severe decline of the primary and the secondary response was observed on ageing. The reaction of three year old animals was negligible. The discrepancy between the declining immunological capacity and the constant or increasing immunological activity is explained by an age-related deficiency of the T-cell compartment in the spleen.", "PMID": 306478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_757", "title": "The effect of problem-oriented medical records on clinical management controlled for patient risks.", "content": "This study examines the change in clinical management by 28 medical and surgical firms in three London teaching hospitals following the introduction of Problem-Oriented Medical Records (POMR) in one of the hospitals. Comparison is made between firms using and not using POMR. The data are analyzed using a regression model. Analysis is based on the coefficient of change in each firm between the two study years when modified by the physiological and demographic patient variables significantly associated with the management of each disease. Although not conclusive, the results in four of the seven diseases studied encourage the speculation that POMR may have improved the thoroughness of patient management. The significant patient variables in each diagnosis suggest that patient risk on admission can affect management scores. Were this to be found elsewhere, the influences of patient mix might be considered in using explicit criteria to make comparisons between hospitals that serve different kinds of populations.", "contents": "The effect of problem-oriented medical records on clinical management controlled for patient risks. This study examines the change in clinical management by 28 medical and surgical firms in three London teaching hospitals following the introduction of Problem-Oriented Medical Records (POMR) in one of the hospitals. Comparison is made between firms using and not using POMR. The data are analyzed using a regression model. Analysis is based on the coefficient of change in each firm between the two study years when modified by the physiological and demographic patient variables significantly associated with the management of each disease. Although not conclusive, the results in four of the seven diseases studied encourage the speculation that POMR may have improved the thoroughness of patient management. The significant patient variables in each diagnosis suggest that patient risk on admission can affect management scores. Were this to be found elsewhere, the influences of patient mix might be considered in using explicit criteria to make comparisons between hospitals that serve different kinds of populations.", "PMID": 306479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_758", "title": "Chinese herbal arthritis cure and agranulocytosis.", "content": "Rheumatoid arthritis remains an incurable disease, and the patient who is unable to obtain relief from standard therapies will often turn to one of the many alternative treatments available. We report an episode of agranulocytosis which occurred in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis while he was taking a Chinese herbal preparation. We understand this preparation is readily obtainable by Australians.", "contents": "Chinese herbal arthritis cure and agranulocytosis. Rheumatoid arthritis remains an incurable disease, and the patient who is unable to obtain relief from standard therapies will often turn to one of the many alternative treatments available. We report an episode of agranulocytosis which occurred in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis while he was taking a Chinese herbal preparation. We understand this preparation is readily obtainable by Australians.", "PMID": 306485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_759", "title": "[The physiological principles of spa treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The physiological principles of Spa Treatment are explained on an adaptation model with three stages of adaptive modification: 1. autonomic recovery, 2. functional adaptation, 3. trophic and plastic adaptation. The stressors are the stimuli of the physical therapy which form adaptates during the spa treatment. These adaptates are directly dependent on the quantity and specificity of the stressors. Clinical symptomatology is elucidated practically with reference to two therapeutic principles and substantiated by results from spa research. The effects and long-term success of the treatment are scientifically demonstrated from the point of view of physiological adaptation.", "contents": "[The physiological principles of spa treatment (author's transl)]. The physiological principles of Spa Treatment are explained on an adaptation model with three stages of adaptive modification: 1. autonomic recovery, 2. functional adaptation, 3. trophic and plastic adaptation. The stressors are the stimuli of the physical therapy which form adaptates during the spa treatment. These adaptates are directly dependent on the quantity and specificity of the stressors. Clinical symptomatology is elucidated practically with reference to two therapeutic principles and substantiated by results from spa research. The effects and long-term success of the treatment are scientifically demonstrated from the point of view of physiological adaptation.", "PMID": 306516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_760", "title": "[Studies on the metabolism of inorganic sulfate (author's transl)].", "content": "The blood serum fasting levels of inorganic sulfate increase with age, other differences are largely due to diet. The serum sulfate shows a circadian rhythm with a minimum before noon and a maximum in the afternoon and evening. Urinary excretion of sulfate disappears during a low-protein diet. The serum sulfate levels rise temporarily if oral intake of protein, water or inorganic sulfate in non-laxative doses is increased. From the decomposition of protein, sulfate is first excreted with alkali cations and sooner than other catabolites. Drinking water mobilizes sulfate from its tissue pool, which can be blocked by the addition of sodium chloride. The subsequent excretion of an oral sulfate dose is prolonged over one day.", "contents": "[Studies on the metabolism of inorganic sulfate (author's transl)]. The blood serum fasting levels of inorganic sulfate increase with age, other differences are largely due to diet. The serum sulfate shows a circadian rhythm with a minimum before noon and a maximum in the afternoon and evening. Urinary excretion of sulfate disappears during a low-protein diet. The serum sulfate levels rise temporarily if oral intake of protein, water or inorganic sulfate in non-laxative doses is increased. From the decomposition of protein, sulfate is first excreted with alkali cations and sooner than other catabolites. Drinking water mobilizes sulfate from its tissue pool, which can be blocked by the addition of sodium chloride. The subsequent excretion of an oral sulfate dose is prolonged over one day.", "PMID": 306517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_761", "title": "[Sport today: ski acrobatics (author's transl)].", "content": "Stunt skiing is popular. It includes three disciplines: ski ballet, \"hot dog\" or \"rough track\" skiing and jumping. An extensive series of investigations showed that for well-trained professionals with suitable equipment and good outdoor conditions, the danger of injury is only slightly higher compared with normal skiing. Practising ballet figures considerably improves the stability of the good all-round skier.", "contents": "[Sport today: ski acrobatics (author's transl)]. Stunt skiing is popular. It includes three disciplines: ski ballet, \"hot dog\" or \"rough track\" skiing and jumping. An extensive series of investigations showed that for well-trained professionals with suitable equipment and good outdoor conditions, the danger of injury is only slightly higher compared with normal skiing. Practising ballet figures considerably improves the stability of the good all-round skier.", "PMID": 306518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_762", "title": "[Prognosis for patients of an intensive care unit. Myocardial infarct, pulmonary edema, reanimation and severe infections].", "content": "The prognosis of patients should influence diagnostic and therapeutic measurements. For this reason the survival time is shown of 516 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 200 patients with pulmonary edema, 553 patients in which resuscitation had become necessary and 201 with life-threatening infections. The survival time is correlated to clinical signs easily obtainable on admission. Small groups can be selected which with a high degree of probability will die during their stay in hospital. Intensive therapy should be withheld from those patients. But prognostic indices without the probability of error cannot yet be constructed.", "contents": "[Prognosis for patients of an intensive care unit. Myocardial infarct, pulmonary edema, reanimation and severe infections]. The prognosis of patients should influence diagnostic and therapeutic measurements. For this reason the survival time is shown of 516 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 200 patients with pulmonary edema, 553 patients in which resuscitation had become necessary and 201 with life-threatening infections. The survival time is correlated to clinical signs easily obtainable on admission. Small groups can be selected which with a high degree of probability will die during their stay in hospital. Intensive therapy should be withheld from those patients. But prognostic indices without the probability of error cannot yet be constructed.", "PMID": 306522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_763", "title": "[Seroepidemiology of acute infectious hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Hbs-Ag, anti-Hbs, anti-Hbc and anti-HA were determined and the concentration of IgM measured in the sera of cases of acute infectious hepatitis which occurred in the Hannover area in 1975. Although there was a high degree of contamination with hepatitis A virus among the population, acute infectious hepatitis A was rare (n = 56). The hepatitis A virus is principally transmitted by contact with infection or while traveling in southern Europe. The greatest part of infectious hepatitis is due to hepatitis virus B (n = 211). Non-A, non-B hepatitis was less frequently observed (n = 62). A high percentage of patients with serum hepatitis and non-A, non-B hepatitis gave a history of parenteral exposure to possibly infectious material.", "contents": "[Seroepidemiology of acute infectious hepatitis (author's transl)]. Hbs-Ag, anti-Hbs, anti-Hbc and anti-HA were determined and the concentration of IgM measured in the sera of cases of acute infectious hepatitis which occurred in the Hannover area in 1975. Although there was a high degree of contamination with hepatitis A virus among the population, acute infectious hepatitis A was rare (n = 56). The hepatitis A virus is principally transmitted by contact with infection or while traveling in southern Europe. The greatest part of infectious hepatitis is due to hepatitis virus B (n = 211). Non-A, non-B hepatitis was less frequently observed (n = 62). A high percentage of patients with serum hepatitis and non-A, non-B hepatitis gave a history of parenteral exposure to possibly infectious material.", "PMID": 306523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_764", "title": "[Control of animal rabies by veterinary official and hunting measures (author's transl)].", "content": "The system of state control of rabies consists of clearing and eliminating the sources of infection, the simultaneous interruption of the chains of infection and preventing such chains developing. For this purpose different measures are instituted for rabies in domestic and wild animals. The weight of the attack lies in the control of rabies in the fox as the epidemiologically responsible carrier. Its reduction also corresponds to other gamekeeping requirements, the gassing of fox-earths being called upon when hunting measures fail. Vaccination of domestic animals, particularly the carnivores, presents an opportunity to break down epidemiological bridges for game and to reduce the danger to humans. Along with the improvement of vaccination of humans against rabies, this can contribute to a \"dedramatisation\" of rabies.", "contents": "[Control of animal rabies by veterinary official and hunting measures (author's transl)]. The system of state control of rabies consists of clearing and eliminating the sources of infection, the simultaneous interruption of the chains of infection and preventing such chains developing. For this purpose different measures are instituted for rabies in domestic and wild animals. The weight of the attack lies in the control of rabies in the fox as the epidemiologically responsible carrier. Its reduction also corresponds to other gamekeeping requirements, the gassing of fox-earths being called upon when hunting measures fail. Vaccination of domestic animals, particularly the carnivores, presents an opportunity to break down epidemiological bridges for game and to reduce the danger to humans. Along with the improvement of vaccination of humans against rabies, this can contribute to a \"dedramatisation\" of rabies.", "PMID": 306524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_765", "title": "[Lymphogranulomatosis in infancy. histology, therapy and prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 10 and 14% of Lymphogranulomatosis are infants. In recent years distinct advances have been made through accurate histological classification, subdivision into clinical stages and aggressive radiotherapy and polychemotherapy. Therapeutic success depends particularly on the primary extent of the disease. But some therapeutic decisions require conclusive confirmation by still lacking longterm observations. In particular the number of  possible late relapses cannot be estimated at present.", "contents": "[Lymphogranulomatosis in infancy. histology, therapy and prognosis (author's transl)]. Between 10 and 14% of Lymphogranulomatosis are infants. In recent years distinct advances have been made through accurate histological classification, subdivision into clinical stages and aggressive radiotherapy and polychemotherapy. Therapeutic success depends particularly on the primary extent of the disease. But some therapeutic decisions require conclusive confirmation by still lacking longterm observations. In particular the number of  possible late relapses cannot be estimated at present.", "PMID": 306534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_766", "title": "[Screening newborn infants for phenylketonuria, histadinemia, homocystinuria and maple syrup disease. Results from north rhein-westphalia (1974-1976) (author's transl].", "content": "In North Rhein-Westphalia, 181 patients with phenylketonuria and 81 children with persistent phenylalaninemia were found from 1966-1973 during the phenylketonuria screening by the National Hygienic and Bacteriological Investigation Officials and the work of the Agency for tracing psychic disorders of metabolic origin. Continuation of the screenings and the work of the agency revealed 44 subjects with classical phenylketonuria and 27 with persistent phenylalaninemia between 1974 and 1976.", "contents": "[Screening newborn infants for phenylketonuria, histadinemia, homocystinuria and maple syrup disease. Results from north rhein-westphalia (1974-1976) (author's transl]. In North Rhein-Westphalia, 181 patients with phenylketonuria and 81 children with persistent phenylalaninemia were found from 1966-1973 during the phenylketonuria screening by the National Hygienic and Bacteriological Investigation Officials and the work of the Agency for tracing psychic disorders of metabolic origin. Continuation of the screenings and the work of the agency revealed 44 subjects with classical phenylketonuria and 27 with persistent phenylalaninemia between 1974 and 1976.", "PMID": 306535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_767", "title": "[Trigeminal neuralgia and its differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Trigeminal neuralgia (Tr. N.) occurring as tic douloureux usually proves to be senile neuralgia without any etiological background. On the other hand, isolated Tr. N. of the first ramus suggests the process. Bilateral Tr. N. are rare yet most frequently an expression of a multiple sclerosis with attacks first on one side and then on the other. Symptomatic Tr. N. occurs seldom as perhaps in M.S., only as tic douloureux, usually as a continuous pain with more or less acute exacerbations. Tr. N. are therapeutically problematic after operative treatment of the maxillary sinuses, still more so after herpes zoster. Other neuralgias and facial neuralgias (e.g. a glossopharyngeal neuralgia, nasociliary neuralgia, Sluder's neuralgia, Costen's syndrome, Horton's syndrome etc.) must be diagnostically differentiated from Tr. N.", "contents": "[Trigeminal neuralgia and its differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. Trigeminal neuralgia (Tr. N.) occurring as tic douloureux usually proves to be senile neuralgia without any etiological background. On the other hand, isolated Tr. N. of the first ramus suggests the process. Bilateral Tr. N. are rare yet most frequently an expression of a multiple sclerosis with attacks first on one side and then on the other. Symptomatic Tr. N. occurs seldom as perhaps in M.S., only as tic douloureux, usually as a continuous pain with more or less acute exacerbations. Tr. N. are therapeutically problematic after operative treatment of the maxillary sinuses, still more so after herpes zoster. Other neuralgias and facial neuralgias (e.g. a glossopharyngeal neuralgia, nasociliary neuralgia, Sluder's neuralgia, Costen's syndrome, Horton's syndrome etc.) must be diagnostically differentiated from Tr. N.", "PMID": 306538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_768", "title": "[Pathophysiology of facial neuralgia (authors' transl)].", "content": "Facial neuralgia appears in a variety of forms which have different fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms. Of decisive importance are neuralgias with sensitive trigeminal, intermediate (sensory root), glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves which are caused by functional disturbances or damage to the nerve. In addition, projected or referred pain occurs in intracranial and cervical affections. A vascular origin may be assumed for Horton's neuralgia. This periodic paroxysmal and unilateral facial neuralgia is related to migraine. Serotonin, histamine and plasma kinin may be important eliciting factors; the concomitant symptoms of lachyrmation and rhinorrhea, reddening of the eyes and the face and a transitory Horner's syndrome suggest participation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Consideration of the previously known pathophysiological mechanisms permits a differentiated therapy for the various facial neuralgias.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology of facial neuralgia (authors' transl)]. Facial neuralgia appears in a variety of forms which have different fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms. Of decisive importance are neuralgias with sensitive trigeminal, intermediate (sensory root), glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves which are caused by functional disturbances or damage to the nerve. In addition, projected or referred pain occurs in intracranial and cervical affections. A vascular origin may be assumed for Horton's neuralgia. This periodic paroxysmal and unilateral facial neuralgia is related to migraine. Serotonin, histamine and plasma kinin may be important eliciting factors; the concomitant symptoms of lachyrmation and rhinorrhea, reddening of the eyes and the face and a transitory Horner's syndrome suggest participation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Consideration of the previously known pathophysiological mechanisms permits a differentiated therapy for the various facial neuralgias.", "PMID": 306539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_769", "title": "[Facial neuralgia and the cervical vertebral column (author's transl)].", "content": "About one quarter of the pains in cervico-cranial syndromes in 50 adults are localized in the facial region. In 19 children more than half of the pains are projected into the face. In the discussion of the possibility of radiation mechanisms it is established that the radicular lesion is of minor importance here, as is the possible compression of a peripheral nerve. The fact is stresssed that \"pseudoradicular\" symptoms as an expression of a painful muscular tension causes painful radiation but that it is no explanation of radiation of pain into face. The most likely explanation for this is probably \"projected\" pain or referred pain which must be interpreted as an abnormal cortical reaction of a pain afferent at the trigeminal nucleus into the areas of the face formed like an onion skin.", "contents": "[Facial neuralgia and the cervical vertebral column (author's transl)]. About one quarter of the pains in cervico-cranial syndromes in 50 adults are localized in the facial region. In 19 children more than half of the pains are projected into the face. In the discussion of the possibility of radiation mechanisms it is established that the radicular lesion is of minor importance here, as is the possible compression of a peripheral nerve. The fact is stresssed that \"pseudoradicular\" symptoms as an expression of a painful muscular tension causes painful radiation but that it is no explanation of radiation of pain into face. The most likely explanation for this is probably \"projected\" pain or referred pain which must be interpreted as an abnormal cortical reaction of a pain afferent at the trigeminal nucleus into the areas of the face formed like an onion skin.", "PMID": 306540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_770", "title": "[Dental and gnathological aspects of facial neuralgia (author's transl)].", "content": "Disturbances of dental occlusion may lead to hyperactivity of the regional musculature, accompanied by a displacement of the lower jaw. The muscle and joint pains which then occur are the principal causes of the complex picture of facial neuralgia from the gnathological point of view, but the emotional factor must not be overlooked. The dental treatment of the pain syndrome demands extremely high expenditure in time and technical equipment. It usually consists of repositioning the displaced mandible with subsequent stabilization by dental technical measures. It is, moreover, important to keep parafunctional activity of the masseter muscles as low as possible or to suppress it altogether by purposeful arrangement of the occlusal surface complex.", "contents": "[Dental and gnathological aspects of facial neuralgia (author's transl)]. Disturbances of dental occlusion may lead to hyperactivity of the regional musculature, accompanied by a displacement of the lower jaw. The muscle and joint pains which then occur are the principal causes of the complex picture of facial neuralgia from the gnathological point of view, but the emotional factor must not be overlooked. The dental treatment of the pain syndrome demands extremely high expenditure in time and technical equipment. It usually consists of repositioning the displaced mandible with subsequent stabilization by dental technical measures. It is, moreover, important to keep parafunctional activity of the masseter muscles as low as possible or to suppress it altogether by purposeful arrangement of the occlusal surface complex.", "PMID": 306541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_771", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapuetic local anesthesia in facial neuralgia (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnostic and therapeutic local anesthesias (DLA and TLA) in experienced hands are also an important method first of establishing the cause of certain facial neuralgias and then of treating them successfully. Diagnostic and therapeutic local anesthesias presuppose a thorough examination of all factors which may arise in a particular facial neuralgia. If local anesthesia reveals a peripheral cause for the facial neuralgia concerned, a lasting relief of pain can then be obtained through extinction of the source of pain so that the body can restore, at first temporarily and under certain circumstances after consistent repetition of therapeutic local anesthesia at the same spot continuously, the disordered functions in this area (dysesthesia, dyskinesia, dyscrasia, dysthymia). DLA and TLA are only one method of peripheral neurotherapy.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapuetic local anesthesia in facial neuralgia (author's transl)]. Diagnostic and therapeutic local anesthesias (DLA and TLA) in experienced hands are also an important method first of establishing the cause of certain facial neuralgias and then of treating them successfully. Diagnostic and therapeutic local anesthesias presuppose a thorough examination of all factors which may arise in a particular facial neuralgia. If local anesthesia reveals a peripheral cause for the facial neuralgia concerned, a lasting relief of pain can then be obtained through extinction of the source of pain so that the body can restore, at first temporarily and under certain circumstances after consistent repetition of therapeutic local anesthesia at the same spot continuously, the disordered functions in this area (dysesthesia, dyskinesia, dyscrasia, dysthymia). DLA and TLA are only one method of peripheral neurotherapy.", "PMID": 306542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_772", "title": "[Neurosurgical treatment of symptomatic and atypical facial neuralgias (author's transl)].", "content": "Symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, especially in multiple sclerosis, can be successfully eliminated by percutaneously controlled thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. Atypical facial neuralgias are only improved by this intervention if secondary pains accompany the persistent pains. All neurosurgical procedures must be avoided with persistent unclassifiable pains in the area of distritubion of one or more branches of the trigeminus, especially in young people. The problem of neurosurgical treatment of analgesia dolorosa has not yet been finally solved.", "contents": "[Neurosurgical treatment of symptomatic and atypical facial neuralgias (author's transl)]. Symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, especially in multiple sclerosis, can be successfully eliminated by percutaneously controlled thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. Atypical facial neuralgias are only improved by this intervention if secondary pains accompany the persistent pains. All neurosurgical procedures must be avoided with persistent unclassifiable pains in the area of distritubion of one or more branches of the trigeminus, especially in young people. The problem of neurosurgical treatment of analgesia dolorosa has not yet been finally solved.", "PMID": 306543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_773", "title": "[Differential therapy of bromcarbamide poisoning with reference to primary detoxication by means of gastro- or duodenotomy].", "content": "Different Therapy of Bromisoval Poisoning and Primary Detoxication by Gastrotomy or Duodenotomy: Bromisoval poisoning is encumbered with a high complication rate and mortality. Primary and secondary detoxication methods differ in efficacy and risk of the method. Primary detoxication deserves prefrence because it terminates the invasion of the poison, the duration of coma is shortened and complications due to poisoning are eliminated. An extremely effective, and at the same time involving little risk, primary detoxication can be undertaken by gastrotomy or duodenotomy, because the tablet substances remain visible for a long time as radiopaque conglomerates in the stomach and suprapapillary duodenum. In 5 cases with 30 to 70 g carbamide, the duration of the coma was cut by more than half compared with 25 equally severe poisoning treated in the usual manner.", "contents": "[Differential therapy of bromcarbamide poisoning with reference to primary detoxication by means of gastro- or duodenotomy]. Different Therapy of Bromisoval Poisoning and Primary Detoxication by Gastrotomy or Duodenotomy: Bromisoval poisoning is encumbered with a high complication rate and mortality. Primary and secondary detoxication methods differ in efficacy and risk of the method. Primary detoxication deserves prefrence because it terminates the invasion of the poison, the duration of coma is shortened and complications due to poisoning are eliminated. An extremely effective, and at the same time involving little risk, primary detoxication can be undertaken by gastrotomy or duodenotomy, because the tablet substances remain visible for a long time as radiopaque conglomerates in the stomach and suprapapillary duodenum. In 5 cases with 30 to 70 g carbamide, the duration of the coma was cut by more than half compared with 25 equally severe poisoning treated in the usual manner.", "PMID": 306544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_774", "title": "[Quality control between utopia and reality. Situation in surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of every German surgeon is to ensure an optimal quality of performance in every sphere of surgical activity in the German Federal Republic. Cooperation of the Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Chirurgie (German Surgical Society) and the Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgen (professional association of German surgeons) is intended to achieve this aim by a system which offers all surgeons working independently in clinics, hospitals and private practice the possibility, on an absolutely voluntary basis, for data on their methods of treatment and results to be recorded centrally and stored in such a way that a comparison of certain criteria of quality assessment of their work is available for them. In the event of a marked difference in quality, an advisory committee of experienced surgeons specially appointed with the confidence of all involved should try to clarify the reason for this on the spot and seek ways to help.", "contents": "[Quality control between utopia and reality. Situation in surgery (author's transl)]. The aim of every German surgeon is to ensure an optimal quality of performance in every sphere of surgical activity in the German Federal Republic. Cooperation of the Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Chirurgie (German Surgical Society) and the Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgen (professional association of German surgeons) is intended to achieve this aim by a system which offers all surgeons working independently in clinics, hospitals and private practice the possibility, on an absolutely voluntary basis, for data on their methods of treatment and results to be recorded centrally and stored in such a way that a comparison of certain criteria of quality assessment of their work is available for them. In the event of a marked difference in quality, an advisory committee of experienced surgeons specially appointed with the confidence of all involved should try to clarify the reason for this on the spot and seek ways to help.", "PMID": 306568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_775", "title": "[Malpractice--unnatural death. Medico-legal problems in the diagnostic activity of pathologists (author's transl)].", "content": "According to definitions of medical malpractice and of unnatural death it is established that medical measures under criminal principles of causality come into consideration as causes of death even without proof of guilt. That clinical and scientific sections are turned into means of judicial redress by the provisions of the Cemetery and Burial Act is challenged. It is recommended--as has been the case in other European countries for a long time--that all doctors have a duty of compulsory notification of signs of unnatural death.", "contents": "[Malpractice--unnatural death. Medico-legal problems in the diagnostic activity of pathologists (author's transl)]. According to definitions of medical malpractice and of unnatural death it is established that medical measures under criminal principles of causality come into consideration as causes of death even without proof of guilt. That clinical and scientific sections are turned into means of judicial redress by the provisions of the Cemetery and Burial Act is challenged. It is recommended--as has been the case in other European countries for a long time--that all doctors have a duty of compulsory notification of signs of unnatural death.", "PMID": 306569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_776", "title": "[Quality reliability in the German Federal Republic. A model plan for ensuring quality and efficiency of hospital care (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to place the efforts to ensure quality in medical care in hospitals which have been begun in the surgical sphere on a broader and more permanent basis, these efforts by the hospital doctors should be supported by suitable measures. For this purpose a Model Organization for Ensuring Quality and Efficiency in Hospital Care in West Germany has been developed by an interdisciplinary project group under the leadership of professor Eichhorn at the German Hospital Institute. At the beginning of the project, considerations of the aims, the demands of method and the conditions for converting them to practice were put forward.", "contents": "[Quality reliability in the German Federal Republic. A model plan for ensuring quality and efficiency of hospital care (author's transl)]. In order to place the efforts to ensure quality in medical care in hospitals which have been begun in the surgical sphere on a broader and more permanent basis, these efforts by the hospital doctors should be supported by suitable measures. For this purpose a Model Organization for Ensuring Quality and Efficiency in Hospital Care in West Germany has been developed by an interdisciplinary project group under the leadership of professor Eichhorn at the German Hospital Institute. At the beginning of the project, considerations of the aims, the demands of method and the conditions for converting them to practice were put forward.", "PMID": 306570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_777", "title": "[Reflections on quality control in perinatalogy exemplified by the Munich Perinatal Study (author's transl)].", "content": "Quality control has four component parts: standardized observation, a procedure to measure the quality of individual production, a technique for aggregating and comparing measurements, and a means by which the behaviour of the subjects can be influenced by these comparisons. The greatest problems, which often remain unsolved, can be traced to the definition and measurement of the quality of medical care. Some problems and the feasibility of quality control are demonstrated using perinatalogy and the Munich Perinatal Study as models. This trial of self control shows that voluntary participation of the hospitals, assured anonymity, self-responsibility, and a statistical evaluation that can be used for educational purposes play an important part.", "contents": "[Reflections on quality control in perinatalogy exemplified by the Munich Perinatal Study (author's transl)]. Quality control has four component parts: standardized observation, a procedure to measure the quality of individual production, a technique for aggregating and comparing measurements, and a means by which the behaviour of the subjects can be influenced by these comparisons. The greatest problems, which often remain unsolved, can be traced to the definition and measurement of the quality of medical care. Some problems and the feasibility of quality control are demonstrated using perinatalogy and the Munich Perinatal Study as models. This trial of self control shows that voluntary participation of the hospitals, assured anonymity, self-responsibility, and a statistical evaluation that can be used for educational purposes play an important part.", "PMID": 306572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_778", "title": "Effect of acetylator phenotype on the rate at which procainamide induces antinuclear antibodies and the lupus syndrome.", "content": "To investigate the relation between acetvlator phenotype and the development of procainamide-induced lupus, we determined the rate of development of antinuclear antibodies in 20 patients of known acetylator phenotype receiving chronic procainamide therapy. The duration of therapy required to induce antibodies in 50 per cent of slow (11) and rapid (nine) acetylators was 2.9 and 7.3 months respectively. The median total dose that produced ant;bodies was 1.5 g per kilogram and 6.1 g per kilogram respectively. After one year antibodies had developed in 18 patients. Retrospective studies of patients in whom procainamide lupus had developed revealed that the duration of therapy required for induction in 14 slow and seven rapid acetylators was 12 +/- 5 and 48 +/- 22 months respectively (P less than 0.002). We conclude that acetylator phenotype influences the rate at which procainamide induces antinuclear antibodies and probably the lupus syndrome. Antibody production is probably related to the parent compound or a non-acetylated metabolite.", "contents": "Effect of acetylator phenotype on the rate at which procainamide induces antinuclear antibodies and the lupus syndrome. To investigate the relation between acetvlator phenotype and the development of procainamide-induced lupus, we determined the rate of development of antinuclear antibodies in 20 patients of known acetylator phenotype receiving chronic procainamide therapy. The duration of therapy required to induce antibodies in 50 per cent of slow (11) and rapid (nine) acetylators was 2.9 and 7.3 months respectively. The median total dose that produced ant;bodies was 1.5 g per kilogram and 6.1 g per kilogram respectively. After one year antibodies had developed in 18 patients. Retrospective studies of patients in whom procainamide lupus had developed revealed that the duration of therapy required for induction in 14 slow and seven rapid acetylators was 12 +/- 5 and 48 +/- 22 months respectively (P less than 0.002). We conclude that acetylator phenotype influences the rate at which procainamide induces antinuclear antibodies and probably the lupus syndrome. Antibody production is probably related to the parent compound or a non-acetylated metabolite.", "PMID": 306574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_779", "title": "Long-term anatomic fate of coronary-artery bypass grafts and functional status of patients five years after operation.", "content": "To assess long-term results, coronary and graft angiography was performed 53 to 84 months after operation in 22 of 30 consecutive patients who had undergone coronary-artery bypass grafting before 1973, and who had at least one graft patent at an early (three to nine months) postoperative study. Of the 33 grafts, 31 were patent at late study. All patients had severe symptoms before operation. Of 16 who became asymptomatic early after operation, angina pectoris later redeveloped in 11. Progression of disease in ungrafted vessels accounted for symptomatic deterioration in nine of these 11 patients. We conclude that most grafts patent several months after operation remain so for at least 4 1/2 years, and that although most patients improve symptomatically after operation, symptomatic deterioration is common in the succeeding years and is most often due to progression of disease in ungrafted vessels.", "contents": "Long-term anatomic fate of coronary-artery bypass grafts and functional status of patients five years after operation. To assess long-term results, coronary and graft angiography was performed 53 to 84 months after operation in 22 of 30 consecutive patients who had undergone coronary-artery bypass grafting before 1973, and who had at least one graft patent at an early (three to nine months) postoperative study. Of the 33 grafts, 31 were patent at late study. All patients had severe symptoms before operation. Of 16 who became asymptomatic early after operation, angina pectoris later redeveloped in 11. Progression of disease in ungrafted vessels accounted for symptomatic deterioration in nine of these 11 patients. We conclude that most grafts patent several months after operation remain so for at least 4 1/2 years, and that although most patients improve symptomatically after operation, symptomatic deterioration is common in the succeeding years and is most often due to progression of disease in ungrafted vessels.", "PMID": 306575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_780", "title": "Nonspecific vaginitis: role of Haemophilus vaginalis and treatment with metronidazole.", "content": "To assess the cause of nonspecific vaginitis, we performed a prospective case-control study of vaginal flora and a randomized unblinded trial of different therapies. Haemophilus vaginalis was isolated from 17 to 18 women with signs of vaginitis but only one of 18 normal matched controls (P less than 0.002). The concentration of anaerobic bacteria in vaginal washings also was increased in patients. Clinical improvement and eradication of H. vaginalis occurred in one of seven patients given sulfonamide vaginal cream, two of 15 given oral doxycycline, nine of 27 given oral ampicillin, and 80 of 81 given oral metronidazole. On the seventh day of therapy signs of nonspecific vaginitis persisted in 31 of 31 with, and in two of 92 without, persistent H. vaginalis infection (P less than 0.001). These data suggest the causal role of H. vaginalis in nonspecific vaginitis, possibly in concert with vaginal anaerobes. The widespread use of sulfonamide creams is inappropriate. Metronidazole is effective, but its efficacy must be weighed against its possible toxicity.", "contents": "Nonspecific vaginitis: role of Haemophilus vaginalis and treatment with metronidazole. To assess the cause of nonspecific vaginitis, we performed a prospective case-control study of vaginal flora and a randomized unblinded trial of different therapies. Haemophilus vaginalis was isolated from 17 to 18 women with signs of vaginitis but only one of 18 normal matched controls (P less than 0.002). The concentration of anaerobic bacteria in vaginal washings also was increased in patients. Clinical improvement and eradication of H. vaginalis occurred in one of seven patients given sulfonamide vaginal cream, two of 15 given oral doxycycline, nine of 27 given oral ampicillin, and 80 of 81 given oral metronidazole. On the seventh day of therapy signs of nonspecific vaginitis persisted in 31 of 31 with, and in two of 92 without, persistent H. vaginalis infection (P less than 0.001). These data suggest the causal role of H. vaginalis in nonspecific vaginitis, possibly in concert with vaginal anaerobes. The widespread use of sulfonamide creams is inappropriate. Metronidazole is effective, but its efficacy must be weighed against its possible toxicity.", "PMID": 306577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_781", "title": "Effects of coronary-artery bypass on global and regional left ventricular function during exercise.", "content": "To determine the effect of coronary revascularization on exercise-induced abnormalities of left ventricular-ejection fraction and regional contraction, we obtained electrocardiograph-gated 99mTc radionuclide cineangiograms before and after operation in 23 consecutive patients. At rest, their average ejection fraction remained unchanged: 51 +/- 3 versus 54 +/- 4 per cent (+/- S.E.M.). However, 17 of the patients showed improvement of ejection fraction during postoperative exercise (increase of 51 per cent). The remaining six patients had no change or a decreased ejection fraction during exercise. All patients with improved ejection fractions during exercise were symptomatically improved. No improvement of regional function occurred at rest, but improvement did occur in regions of exercise-induced dysfunction. Although coronary revascularization has little effect on left ventricular function at rest, the ejection fraction during exercise and exercise-induced wall-motion abnormalities improve in most patients who experience symptomatic improvement.", "contents": "Effects of coronary-artery bypass on global and regional left ventricular function during exercise. To determine the effect of coronary revascularization on exercise-induced abnormalities of left ventricular-ejection fraction and regional contraction, we obtained electrocardiograph-gated 99mTc radionuclide cineangiograms before and after operation in 23 consecutive patients. At rest, their average ejection fraction remained unchanged: 51 +/- 3 versus 54 +/- 4 per cent (+/- S.E.M.). However, 17 of the patients showed improvement of ejection fraction during postoperative exercise (increase of 51 per cent). The remaining six patients had no change or a decreased ejection fraction during exercise. All patients with improved ejection fractions during exercise were symptomatically improved. No improvement of regional function occurred at rest, but improvement did occur in regions of exercise-induced dysfunction. Although coronary revascularization has little effect on left ventricular function at rest, the ejection fraction during exercise and exercise-induced wall-motion abnormalities improve in most patients who experience symptomatic improvement.", "PMID": 306578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_782", "title": "[Angioventriculography in the study of deep arteriovenous aneurysms].", "content": "The authors discuss the value of angioventriculotomography before surgery in deep arteriovenous malformations. This new procedure was performed in 2 infants and 3 children. In all cases, it was possible to know the precise relations of the lesions to deep structures of the central nervous system. Surgery was then contra indicated in two patients. In the remaining three patients, it not only proved to be of great value before deciding surgery, but it also determined the entire surgical procedure. The only incident encountered in this series was a rapidly regressive convulsive seizure in an infant of 3 months.", "contents": "[Angioventriculography in the study of deep arteriovenous aneurysms]. The authors discuss the value of angioventriculotomography before surgery in deep arteriovenous malformations. This new procedure was performed in 2 infants and 3 children. In all cases, it was possible to know the precise relations of the lesions to deep structures of the central nervous system. Surgery was then contra indicated in two patients. In the remaining three patients, it not only proved to be of great value before deciding surgery, but it also determined the entire surgical procedure. The only incident encountered in this series was a rapidly regressive convulsive seizure in an infant of 3 months.", "PMID": 306581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_783", "title": "Late endocrine effects of L-dopa, 5-HTP, and 6-OH-dopa administered to neonatal rats.", "content": "Neonatal rats were injected with L-dopa, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) or 6-hydroxy-dopa (6-OH-dopa) and allowed to mature. Eye opening, vaginal opening, endocrine organ weights and pituitary hormone concentration in the serum were measured. Treatment with either the dopamine (DA) precursor or the serotonin (5-HT) precursor caused an acceleration in eye opening, a significant decrease in serum TSH (males) an elevation of serum prolactin (Prl; males), and a lowering of serum growth hormone (females). After chemical sympathectomy (6-OH-dopa) vaginal opening was delayed, thyroid weights were increased and serum TSH decreased (males). It is concluded that during the critical neonatal period overloading either of 2 of the principal monaminergic systems results in similar and persistent alterations in pituitary function. Chemical sympathectomy produced a different pattern of abnormalities.", "contents": "Late endocrine effects of L-dopa, 5-HTP, and 6-OH-dopa administered to neonatal rats. Neonatal rats were injected with L-dopa, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) or 6-hydroxy-dopa (6-OH-dopa) and allowed to mature. Eye opening, vaginal opening, endocrine organ weights and pituitary hormone concentration in the serum were measured. Treatment with either the dopamine (DA) precursor or the serotonin (5-HT) precursor caused an acceleration in eye opening, a significant decrease in serum TSH (males) an elevation of serum prolactin (Prl; males), and a lowering of serum growth hormone (females). After chemical sympathectomy (6-OH-dopa) vaginal opening was delayed, thyroid weights were increased and serum TSH decreased (males). It is concluded that during the critical neonatal period overloading either of 2 of the principal monaminergic systems results in similar and persistent alterations in pituitary function. Chemical sympathectomy produced a different pattern of abnormalities.", "PMID": 306584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_784", "title": "The quest for an image of brain: a brief historical and technical review of brain imaging techniques.", "content": "Each of the brain imaging techniques in common clinical use (skull radiography, midline ultrasonography, isotope scan, pneumoencephalography, angiography and computerized tomography) depicts some structural or functional characteristic of the brain. Each produces a correspondingly restricted concept of the status of the brain. Computerized tomography, which defines the radiodensity of head tissues, has a fundamental advantage over the other techniques in that it defines with quite good resolution a characteristic of brain tissue itself (radiodensity), rather than visualizing some anatomic compartment other than brain parenchyma. It provides an explicit image of the brain quite analogous to gross sections of the brain seen at autopsy. Computerized tomography has already substantially reshaped the practice of neurology wherever it has become available and probably will come to play a role as pivotal in clinical neurology as does bone radiography in orthopedics.", "contents": "The quest for an image of brain: a brief historical and technical review of brain imaging techniques. Each of the brain imaging techniques in common clinical use (skull radiography, midline ultrasonography, isotope scan, pneumoencephalography, angiography and computerized tomography) depicts some structural or functional characteristic of the brain. Each produces a correspondingly restricted concept of the status of the brain. Computerized tomography, which defines the radiodensity of head tissues, has a fundamental advantage over the other techniques in that it defines with quite good resolution a characteristic of brain tissue itself (radiodensity), rather than visualizing some anatomic compartment other than brain parenchyma. It provides an explicit image of the brain quite analogous to gross sections of the brain seen at autopsy. Computerized tomography has already substantially reshaped the practice of neurology wherever it has become available and probably will come to play a role as pivotal in clinical neurology as does bone radiography in orthopedics.", "PMID": 306588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_785", "title": "Immunologic thrombocytopenic purpura and pregnancy: six new cases.", "content": "Six new cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) associated with pregnancy are reported; one of these patients delivered triplets. In addition, 78 patients with 122 pregnancies and 124 fetuses have been reported previously. The maternal mortality rate was 4% and the fetal mortality rate was 18%. Prior recommendations for elective cesarean section in all mothers with a platelet count less than 100,000/cu mm at delivery is not supported by the data available. Treatment of pregnant women with ITP with adrenal corticosteroids has virtually eliminated maternal mortality, has replaced splenectomy as the therapy of choice during pregnancy, but has had little effect on fetal mortality.", "contents": "Immunologic thrombocytopenic purpura and pregnancy: six new cases. Six new cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) associated with pregnancy are reported; one of these patients delivered triplets. In addition, 78 patients with 122 pregnancies and 124 fetuses have been reported previously. The maternal mortality rate was 4% and the fetal mortality rate was 18%. Prior recommendations for elective cesarean section in all mothers with a platelet count less than 100,000/cu mm at delivery is not supported by the data available. Treatment of pregnant women with ITP with adrenal corticosteroids has virtually eliminated maternal mortality, has replaced splenectomy as the therapy of choice during pregnancy, but has had little effect on fetal mortality.", "PMID": 306590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_786", "title": "Gaucher's disease and pregnancy.", "content": "Two patients with Gaucher's disease during pregnancy are reported. In one there were severe puerperal hemorrhagic complications attributable to thrombocytopenia secondary to infiltration of the reticuloendothelial system by Gaucher cells. The conclusion as reported in previous literature, which is reviewed, regarding the absence of hemorrhagic complications is disputed since on of the cases reported here showed that these may be severe and occur late in the puerperium.", "contents": "Gaucher's disease and pregnancy. Two patients with Gaucher's disease during pregnancy are reported. In one there were severe puerperal hemorrhagic complications attributable to thrombocytopenia secondary to infiltration of the reticuloendothelial system by Gaucher cells. The conclusion as reported in previous literature, which is reviewed, regarding the absence of hemorrhagic complications is disputed since on of the cases reported here showed that these may be severe and occur late in the puerperium.", "PMID": 306591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_787", "title": "Lymphocyte mediated natural cytotoxicity in neoplasia.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphoid cells from normal donors, patients with non-malignant diseases, and patients with malignant diseases were evaluated for cytotoxicity against a cultured carcinoma cell line, using a chromium release assay. The natural spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly higher in tumor-free groups. The observed decreased response in patients with malignancies correlated with depressed responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Removal of cell subpopulations bearing Fc receptors significantly decreased the cytotoxicity, while depletion of phagocytic mononuclear cells did not. We suggest that natural cytotoxicity is a measure of cell membrane integrity of lymphocytes and should be included as a routine test for evaluation of general immune competence.", "contents": "Lymphocyte mediated natural cytotoxicity in neoplasia. Peripheral blood lymphoid cells from normal donors, patients with non-malignant diseases, and patients with malignant diseases were evaluated for cytotoxicity against a cultured carcinoma cell line, using a chromium release assay. The natural spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly higher in tumor-free groups. The observed decreased response in patients with malignancies correlated with depressed responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Removal of cell subpopulations bearing Fc receptors significantly decreased the cytotoxicity, while depletion of phagocytic mononuclear cells did not. We suggest that natural cytotoxicity is a measure of cell membrane integrity of lymphocytes and should be included as a routine test for evaluation of general immune competence.", "PMID": 306592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_788", "title": "Vestibulotixoci effect of alkylating agents.", "content": "The vestibular sensory epithelia from 3 patients treated with cytotoxic drugs were studied with a surface specimen technique, 2 cases had been treated with cyclophosphamide and 1 with melphalan. In all 3 cases there was some slight degeneration affecting the cristae ampullares. The macula utriculi showed no signs of degeneration. The degeneration affecting the cristae is probably too slight to produce any serious symptoms from the vestibular apparatus.", "contents": "Vestibulotixoci effect of alkylating agents. The vestibular sensory epithelia from 3 patients treated with cytotoxic drugs were studied with a surface specimen technique, 2 cases had been treated with cyclophosphamide and 1 with melphalan. In all 3 cases there was some slight degeneration affecting the cristae ampullares. The macula utriculi showed no signs of degeneration. The degeneration affecting the cristae is probably too slight to produce any serious symptoms from the vestibular apparatus.", "PMID": 306595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_789", "title": "The influence of optokinetic training upon vestibular responses induced by repetitive sinusoidal stimuli.", "content": "Optokinetic and vestibular training alternatively applied during two cycles, using sinusoidal pendular rotation and a stationary projection optokinetic stimulator, resulted in a progressive vestibular response decline. This response decrement was only revealed by the parameter of the slow-phase velocity. Combined optokinetic and vestibular training shows a facilitating effect upon vestibular habituation which cannot be induced by repetitive pendular rotation alone. Both a response decline, expressed by the parameter of the slow-phase velocity and a response increment, expressed by the number of nystagmus beats, were observed during one cycle of the pendular rotation. Both phenomena could be induced by alternative optokinetic and vestibular training and were interpreted as typical visual-vestibular interaction mechanisms.", "contents": "The influence of optokinetic training upon vestibular responses induced by repetitive sinusoidal stimuli. Optokinetic and vestibular training alternatively applied during two cycles, using sinusoidal pendular rotation and a stationary projection optokinetic stimulator, resulted in a progressive vestibular response decline. This response decrement was only revealed by the parameter of the slow-phase velocity. Combined optokinetic and vestibular training shows a facilitating effect upon vestibular habituation which cannot be induced by repetitive pendular rotation alone. Both a response decline, expressed by the parameter of the slow-phase velocity and a response increment, expressed by the number of nystagmus beats, were observed during one cycle of the pendular rotation. Both phenomena could be induced by alternative optokinetic and vestibular training and were interpreted as typical visual-vestibular interaction mechanisms.", "PMID": 306596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_790", "title": "[Aortic myocytes and calciferol-induced arterial calcification: ultrastructural and biochemical study].", "content": "Thirty0seven rats were given Vitamin D2 orally at the daily dose of 4000 I.U. for two months, then 8000 I.U. for the following two months and 26 rats were used as controls. Batches of both intoxicated and control rats were sacrificed on the 15, 30, 45, 90 and 120 days after the onset of the experiment. This chronic calciferol intoxication allowed a better understanding of the calcifying process. Modified myocytes were observed early and for a long time in and around the mineralizing foci. They had the ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of cells with an activated metabolism: excessive development of the organelles linked with synthesis processes, hyperactivity of phoshatases, of lysosomic enzymes and of enzymatic systems of cell respiration and glycolysis. Some data of the present study support the hypothesis that myocytes may be a local factor for the aortic calcification process: by increasing the conjonctive constituents calciphily, by producing phosphate and sulphate anions as well as calcifiable organic materials (glycoproteins, GAG), by modification in their own environmental physico-chemical conditions favorous to calcium precipitation (acidosis, phosphate and sulphate anions supersaturation).", "contents": "[Aortic myocytes and calciferol-induced arterial calcification: ultrastructural and biochemical study]. Thirty0seven rats were given Vitamin D2 orally at the daily dose of 4000 I.U. for two months, then 8000 I.U. for the following two months and 26 rats were used as controls. Batches of both intoxicated and control rats were sacrificed on the 15, 30, 45, 90 and 120 days after the onset of the experiment. This chronic calciferol intoxication allowed a better understanding of the calcifying process. Modified myocytes were observed early and for a long time in and around the mineralizing foci. They had the ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of cells with an activated metabolism: excessive development of the organelles linked with synthesis processes, hyperactivity of phoshatases, of lysosomic enzymes and of enzymatic systems of cell respiration and glycolysis. Some data of the present study support the hypothesis that myocytes may be a local factor for the aortic calcification process: by increasing the conjonctive constituents calciphily, by producing phosphate and sulphate anions as well as calcifiable organic materials (glycoproteins, GAG), by modification in their own environmental physico-chemical conditions favorous to calcium precipitation (acidosis, phosphate and sulphate anions supersaturation).", "PMID": 306599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_791", "title": "Influence of dietary restriction on immunologic function and renal disease in (NZB x NZW) F1 mice.", "content": "In (NZB x NZW)F(1) (B/W) mice, moderate caloric intake [10 kcal (41.8 kJ) per day] from the time of weaning was associated with maintenance of lower body weight, greater capacity of spleen cells to be stimulated with T-cell mitogens, and better preserved capacity to generate cytotoxic cells in response to in vitro and in vivo stimulation with allogeneic tumor cells. Plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes was also well maintained in animals on the restricted diets when sensitization was accomplished either in vitro or in vivo. Spontaneous suppressor cell activity against plaque-forming cells that developed in controls did not appear in the mice on the restricted diet. Significantly less circulating antibody to native DNA was present in the blood of mice 10 months of age when their dietary intake had been restricted. Histological analysis revealed that the development of renal disease and the deposition of gamma globulin in the glomerular capillaries was markedly inhibited in the mice on restricted diets. Dietary restriction from the time of weaning thus appears to prolong significantly the life of autoimmunity-prone (NZB x NZW)F(1) male and female mice and to alter lymphoid cell immune function, thereby decreasing the autoimmune processes and immunological assault associated with progressive renal disease in these animals.", "contents": "Influence of dietary restriction on immunologic function and renal disease in (NZB x NZW) F1 mice. In (NZB x NZW)F(1) (B/W) mice, moderate caloric intake [10 kcal (41.8 kJ) per day] from the time of weaning was associated with maintenance of lower body weight, greater capacity of spleen cells to be stimulated with T-cell mitogens, and better preserved capacity to generate cytotoxic cells in response to in vitro and in vivo stimulation with allogeneic tumor cells. Plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes was also well maintained in animals on the restricted diets when sensitization was accomplished either in vitro or in vivo. Spontaneous suppressor cell activity against plaque-forming cells that developed in controls did not appear in the mice on the restricted diet. Significantly less circulating antibody to native DNA was present in the blood of mice 10 months of age when their dietary intake had been restricted. Histological analysis revealed that the development of renal disease and the deposition of gamma globulin in the glomerular capillaries was markedly inhibited in the mice on restricted diets. Dietary restriction from the time of weaning thus appears to prolong significantly the life of autoimmunity-prone (NZB x NZW)F(1) male and female mice and to alter lymphoid cell immune function, thereby decreasing the autoimmune processes and immunological assault associated with progressive renal disease in these animals.", "PMID": 306627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_792", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae bacteremia and meningitis resulting from survival of a single organism.", "content": "Infant rats were infected intranasally with mixtures of streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b and cultures of nasopharyngeal washings, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid were obtained. If the infecting organisms cooperated with each other during the establishment of infection, nasopharyngeal, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures should have contained mixtures of the variants. If each organism acted independently, then with small infecting inocula all the organisms in nasopharynx, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid should be descended from a single bacterium. Cultures should then contain only one of the variants. Single variant nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from 8 out of 19 (42%) rats when the intranasal inoculum was <100 organisms. As the inoculum was increased, single variant cultures were less frequently observed. When the inoculum was >/=10(5) organisms, nasopharyngeal cultures were always mixtures. Single variant blood cultures were obtained in 46 of 67 (68.7%) episodes of bacteremia when rats were inoculated intranasally with 10(8) organisms. Single variants were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of 13 of 19 (68.4%) rats with meningitis whose blood contained both streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant variants. When the blood contained a single variant, this same variant was cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid on 39 of 40 (97.5%) occasions. These studies demonstrated that invasive. H. influenzae b infections of infant rats resulted from independent action, as opposed to cooperative interaction of intransally inoculated organisms. The results also suggested that the meninges were invaded by the hematogenous route.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae bacteremia and meningitis resulting from survival of a single organism. Infant rats were infected intranasally with mixtures of streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b and cultures of nasopharyngeal washings, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid were obtained. If the infecting organisms cooperated with each other during the establishment of infection, nasopharyngeal, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures should have contained mixtures of the variants. If each organism acted independently, then with small infecting inocula all the organisms in nasopharynx, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid should be descended from a single bacterium. Cultures should then contain only one of the variants. Single variant nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from 8 out of 19 (42%) rats when the intranasal inoculum was <100 organisms. As the inoculum was increased, single variant cultures were less frequently observed. When the inoculum was >/=10(5) organisms, nasopharyngeal cultures were always mixtures. Single variant blood cultures were obtained in 46 of 67 (68.7%) episodes of bacteremia when rats were inoculated intranasally with 10(8) organisms. Single variants were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of 13 of 19 (68.4%) rats with meningitis whose blood contained both streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant variants. When the blood contained a single variant, this same variant was cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid on 39 of 40 (97.5%) occasions. These studies demonstrated that invasive. H. influenzae b infections of infant rats resulted from independent action, as opposed to cooperative interaction of intransally inoculated organisms. The results also suggested that the meninges were invaded by the hematogenous route.", "PMID": 306628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_793", "title": "Experimental verification of an expected relation between time of incubation and magnitude of the fast and slow fractions of the sodium efflux from amphibian eggs.", "content": "The Na+ efflux curves of single ovarian eggs are separable into two fractions. The magnitude of the slow fraction increases slowly with time of exposure of the eggs to labeled Na+, long after the fast fraction has reached equilibrium. The data agree with the theory that the fast fraction is rate-limited by surface permeation and that the slow fraction is rate-limited by desorption from intracellular adsorption sites.", "contents": "Experimental verification of an expected relation between time of incubation and magnitude of the fast and slow fractions of the sodium efflux from amphibian eggs. The Na+ efflux curves of single ovarian eggs are separable into two fractions. The magnitude of the slow fraction increases slowly with time of exposure of the eggs to labeled Na+, long after the fast fraction has reached equilibrium. The data agree with the theory that the fast fraction is rate-limited by surface permeation and that the slow fraction is rate-limited by desorption from intracellular adsorption sites.", "PMID": 306631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_794", "title": "[Gastric mucosa and anti-inflammatory agents. A comparative study by fibroscopy].", "content": "A comparison was made between the gastroduodenal lesions observed by fibroscopy in a group of 47 patients treated with anti-inflammatory drugs for rheumatic conditions and a group of 50 controls. All patients had clinical symptoms of the stomach or duodenum. A statistical study show that the two groups were similar as regards age, sex and clinical signs. Besides ulcers the gastroduodenal lesions were acute and/or chronic. Among acute gastritis forms distinction is made between superficial, muco-erosive and haemorrhagic gastritis. The study showed the very high frequency of lesions of acute gastritis in rheumatic patients, especially of the antral and muco-erosive types, whereas the incidence of gastroduodenal ulcers was no higher than in the controles. An important finding is that acute gastritis is not favoured by pre-existing chronic gastritis.", "contents": "[Gastric mucosa and anti-inflammatory agents. A comparative study by fibroscopy]. A comparison was made between the gastroduodenal lesions observed by fibroscopy in a group of 47 patients treated with anti-inflammatory drugs for rheumatic conditions and a group of 50 controls. All patients had clinical symptoms of the stomach or duodenum. A statistical study show that the two groups were similar as regards age, sex and clinical signs. Besides ulcers the gastroduodenal lesions were acute and/or chronic. Among acute gastritis forms distinction is made between superficial, muco-erosive and haemorrhagic gastritis. The study showed the very high frequency of lesions of acute gastritis in rheumatic patients, especially of the antral and muco-erosive types, whereas the incidence of gastroduodenal ulcers was no higher than in the controles. An important finding is that acute gastritis is not favoured by pre-existing chronic gastritis.", "PMID": 306658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_795", "title": "An automated method for determination of serum and urine alpha-amylase.", "content": "An automated method for the determination of alpha-amylase activities of serum and urine using the Phadebas Amylase Test is described. The procedure has been adapted for the System Olli 3000 analyser using amylase tablets whose weight is half of that of normal tablets. The results are calculated by the computer with the aid of a standard curve calculated theoretically. This automated procedure is fast, as many as 120 analyses per hour can be carried out. Intra-assay precision of 2.0 and 2.2% (CV) is obtained from serum samples containing 301 and 181 u/l of alpha-amylase, respectively (n = 20), and inter-assay precision is 4.4 and 3.3% with mean values of 337 and 196 u/l, respectively (n = 20). When the automated procedure is compared with the manual procedure on 85 sera with alpha-amylase activities below 1000 u/l, a good correlation r = 0.992, and a regression equation y = 1.01x-6 are found. In the case of serum and urine samples, which contain high enzyme activities, the automated method gives slightly higher results than the manual method.", "contents": "An automated method for determination of serum and urine alpha-amylase. An automated method for the determination of alpha-amylase activities of serum and urine using the Phadebas Amylase Test is described. The procedure has been adapted for the System Olli 3000 analyser using amylase tablets whose weight is half of that of normal tablets. The results are calculated by the computer with the aid of a standard curve calculated theoretically. This automated procedure is fast, as many as 120 analyses per hour can be carried out. Intra-assay precision of 2.0 and 2.2% (CV) is obtained from serum samples containing 301 and 181 u/l of alpha-amylase, respectively (n = 20), and inter-assay precision is 4.4 and 3.3% with mean values of 337 and 196 u/l, respectively (n = 20). When the automated procedure is compared with the manual procedure on 85 sera with alpha-amylase activities below 1000 u/l, a good correlation r = 0.992, and a regression equation y = 1.01x-6 are found. In the case of serum and urine samples, which contain high enzyme activities, the automated method gives slightly higher results than the manual method.", "PMID": 306659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_796", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in juvenile periodontitis and levamisole treatment.", "content": "Immunostimulation with levamisole was attempted in eight patients with juvenile periodontitis and six reference patients with gingivitis but without loss of periodontal attachment. The following parameters were studied before and after levamisole treatment: gingival status, the concentration of serum immunoglobulins and complement, T and B lymphocyte ratio, leukocyte migration inhibition and lymphocyte transformation responses by dental plaque bacteria, PPD or PHA, and lymphocyte ATP-ase activity. In juvenile periodontitis cell-mediated immunity to dental plaque antigens seemed to be impaired, but the response was not restored by treatment with levamisole. There was no evidence of a broader suppression of cell-mediated immunity in juvenile periodontitis and there was no significant clinical effect of levamisole treatment. It is suggested that the apparent suppression of in vitro cell-mediated immunity to dental plaque bacteria in juvenile periodontitis is a secondary change, caused by a long-standing chronic infection.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in juvenile periodontitis and levamisole treatment. Immunostimulation with levamisole was attempted in eight patients with juvenile periodontitis and six reference patients with gingivitis but without loss of periodontal attachment. The following parameters were studied before and after levamisole treatment: gingival status, the concentration of serum immunoglobulins and complement, T and B lymphocyte ratio, leukocyte migration inhibition and lymphocyte transformation responses by dental plaque bacteria, PPD or PHA, and lymphocyte ATP-ase activity. In juvenile periodontitis cell-mediated immunity to dental plaque antigens seemed to be impaired, but the response was not restored by treatment with levamisole. There was no evidence of a broader suppression of cell-mediated immunity in juvenile periodontitis and there was no significant clinical effect of levamisole treatment. It is suggested that the apparent suppression of in vitro cell-mediated immunity to dental plaque bacteria in juvenile periodontitis is a secondary change, caused by a long-standing chronic infection.", "PMID": 306660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_797", "title": "Role of suppressor T cells in autoimmune responses induced by polyclonal B cell activators.", "content": "In order to investigate a possible role of suppressor T cells in the maintenance of self tolerance, we compared the autoimmune response induced by LPS in cultures of untreated spleen cells with the one of anti-theta treated spleen lymphocytes. It was constantly found that T cell depletion never resulted in an increase in the number of plaques directed against autologous albumin coupled SRBC. The same finding was also apparent when the autoimmune response given by spleen cells of old, normal or thymectomized and young untreated animals was compared. In order to exclude the possibility that lack of increase of the autoimmune response in animals with T cells deficiency was due to long-lived suppressor functions, cells or factors, we compared the response to autologous albumin, as induced by LPS, in spleen cells of nude mice with the one given by their normal littermates. Since even in this instance no significant increase could be detected, we conclude that suppressor cells do not play an active role in the maintenance of self tolerance.", "contents": "Role of suppressor T cells in autoimmune responses induced by polyclonal B cell activators. In order to investigate a possible role of suppressor T cells in the maintenance of self tolerance, we compared the autoimmune response induced by LPS in cultures of untreated spleen cells with the one of anti-theta treated spleen lymphocytes. It was constantly found that T cell depletion never resulted in an increase in the number of plaques directed against autologous albumin coupled SRBC. The same finding was also apparent when the autoimmune response given by spleen cells of old, normal or thymectomized and young untreated animals was compared. In order to exclude the possibility that lack of increase of the autoimmune response in animals with T cells deficiency was due to long-lived suppressor functions, cells or factors, we compared the response to autologous albumin, as induced by LPS, in spleen cells of nude mice with the one given by their normal littermates. Since even in this instance no significant increase could be detected, we conclude that suppressor cells do not play an active role in the maintenance of self tolerance.", "PMID": 306662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_798", "title": "Irreversible immunological tolerance to thymus-independent antigens is restricted to the clone of B cells having both Ig and PBA receptors for the tolerogen.", "content": "Mice were tolerized to the alpha1-6 epitope of native dextran. When their spleen cells were removed and activated by LPS, they did not synthesize antibodies against the tolerogen. However, when cells from tolerant mice were treated with dextranase or left untreated in culture for 24 h they were activated by LPS to the synthesis of antibodies against the tolerogen. When 24 h tolerized lymphocytes were treated with dextranase and transferred with immunogenic doses of dextran to irradiated mice they failed to produce antibodies against the tolerogen. In contrast, cells incubated with dextran for 2 h and thereafter dextranase treated were readily immunized by dextran in the same system. It is concluded that only the B cell clones having both Ig receptors and PBA receptors for the tolerogen become irreversibly tolerized, whereas B cells having Ig receptors for a different PBA are not tolerized, but remain in a resting state, even though their Ig receptors have bound the tolerogen.", "contents": "Irreversible immunological tolerance to thymus-independent antigens is restricted to the clone of B cells having both Ig and PBA receptors for the tolerogen. Mice were tolerized to the alpha1-6 epitope of native dextran. When their spleen cells were removed and activated by LPS, they did not synthesize antibodies against the tolerogen. However, when cells from tolerant mice were treated with dextranase or left untreated in culture for 24 h they were activated by LPS to the synthesis of antibodies against the tolerogen. When 24 h tolerized lymphocytes were treated with dextranase and transferred with immunogenic doses of dextran to irradiated mice they failed to produce antibodies against the tolerogen. In contrast, cells incubated with dextran for 2 h and thereafter dextranase treated were readily immunized by dextran in the same system. It is concluded that only the B cell clones having both Ig receptors and PBA receptors for the tolerogen become irreversibly tolerized, whereas B cells having Ig receptors for a different PBA are not tolerized, but remain in a resting state, even though their Ig receptors have bound the tolerogen.", "PMID": 306663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_799", "title": "Effect of membrane stabilizing agents on induction of the immune response. II. Inhibitory effects on lymphocyte activation by B-cell mitogens parallel toxicity.", "content": "The effect of three membrane stabilizing compounds, chlorpromazine, imipramine and lidocaine, on mouse spleen cells was investigated. Cellular activation by the B-cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to be inhibited. Suppressing doses also inhibited back ground DNA-synthesis and the number of background plaque forming cells. However, the degree of suppression caused by all three of the membrane stabilizing agents tested, parallelled the decline of viable cells in the cultures. It is concluded that the drug induced inhibition of LPS activation was due solely to the toxicity of the compounds.", "contents": "Effect of membrane stabilizing agents on induction of the immune response. II. Inhibitory effects on lymphocyte activation by B-cell mitogens parallel toxicity. The effect of three membrane stabilizing compounds, chlorpromazine, imipramine and lidocaine, on mouse spleen cells was investigated. Cellular activation by the B-cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to be inhibited. Suppressing doses also inhibited back ground DNA-synthesis and the number of background plaque forming cells. However, the degree of suppression caused by all three of the membrane stabilizing agents tested, parallelled the decline of viable cells in the cultures. It is concluded that the drug induced inhibition of LPS activation was due solely to the toxicity of the compounds.", "PMID": 306664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_800", "title": "Rat memory T lymphocytes: in vitro proliferation induced by antigens of Actinomyces viscosus.", "content": "Peripheral T lymphocytes from RIC-Sprague-Dawley rats primed in vivo several months earlier with Actinomyces viscosus Ny 1 reacted with a strong proliferative response upon antigenic challenge in vitro. Two different antigen preparations from A. viscosus Ny 1, a broken cell supernatant (BCS) and an extracellular fraction (EXC) gave maximum responses as measured by the uptake of [3H]thymidine at a concentration of 10 microgram at day 4 of culture. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) used as a control provoked a maximum proliferation in the same order of magnitude. T lymphocytes from unprimed, germfree and conventional animals showed a similar stimulation to PHA, but only a marginal reaction to BCS, and were not at all activated by EXC. Evidence is thus presented for efficient removal of cells responding non-specifically to B-cell mitogens.", "contents": "Rat memory T lymphocytes: in vitro proliferation induced by antigens of Actinomyces viscosus. Peripheral T lymphocytes from RIC-Sprague-Dawley rats primed in vivo several months earlier with Actinomyces viscosus Ny 1 reacted with a strong proliferative response upon antigenic challenge in vitro. Two different antigen preparations from A. viscosus Ny 1, a broken cell supernatant (BCS) and an extracellular fraction (EXC) gave maximum responses as measured by the uptake of [3H]thymidine at a concentration of 10 microgram at day 4 of culture. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) used as a control provoked a maximum proliferation in the same order of magnitude. T lymphocytes from unprimed, germfree and conventional animals showed a similar stimulation to PHA, but only a marginal reaction to BCS, and were not at all activated by EXC. Evidence is thus presented for efficient removal of cells responding non-specifically to B-cell mitogens.", "PMID": 306665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_801", "title": "Macrophage activation by lymphokines and after direct contact with sensitized lymphocytes: histocompatibility requirements and the effect of inhibitors.", "content": "A comparison was made between two procedures which give rise to in vitro activation of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages: (1) normal macrophages were incubated for 22 h with sensitized lymphocytes and antigen (assay A), and (2) normal macrophages were incubated for 70 h with supernatants from sensitized lymphocytes and antigen (assay B). The activation of macrophages was measured as an increase in 1-14 C glucose oxidation. Combinations of lymphocytes and macrophages is probably necessary in assay A.s from different mouse strains demonstrated that activation of macrophages in assay A, but not in assay B, required cells which were derived from strains of mice sharing identical H-2 antigens. Treatment of lymphocytes with mitomycin C blocked the activation of macrophages in both assays. Addition of alpha-L-fucose (0.1 M) during the incubation period blocked the activation of macrophages in assay B, but not in assay A. It is concluded that there is a qualitative difference between the two methods for activating macrophages and that direct contact between lymphocytes and macrophages is probably necessary in assay A.", "contents": "Macrophage activation by lymphokines and after direct contact with sensitized lymphocytes: histocompatibility requirements and the effect of inhibitors. A comparison was made between two procedures which give rise to in vitro activation of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages: (1) normal macrophages were incubated for 22 h with sensitized lymphocytes and antigen (assay A), and (2) normal macrophages were incubated for 70 h with supernatants from sensitized lymphocytes and antigen (assay B). The activation of macrophages was measured as an increase in 1-14 C glucose oxidation. Combinations of lymphocytes and macrophages is probably necessary in assay A.s from different mouse strains demonstrated that activation of macrophages in assay A, but not in assay B, required cells which were derived from strains of mice sharing identical H-2 antigens. Treatment of lymphocytes with mitomycin C blocked the activation of macrophages in both assays. Addition of alpha-L-fucose (0.1 M) during the incubation period blocked the activation of macrophages in assay B, but not in assay A. It is concluded that there is a qualitative difference between the two methods for activating macrophages and that direct contact between lymphocytes and macrophages is probably necessary in assay A.", "PMID": 306666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_802", "title": "The polyclonal B cell activator dextran-sulphate induces formation of colony stimulating activity.", "content": "The effect of dextran-sulphate (DS), a polyclonal activator known to stimulate immature murine B-cells, was assayed in a culture system allowing the growth of myeloid cells. It was known that DS induced the production of a myeloid colony stimulating factor (CSF) by cells from both spleen and bone marrow. Nylonwool purified mouse spleen cells, enriched for T cells, showed a dimished CSF production in response to DS, while CSF production in response to Con A was increased. Furthermore, DS induced CSF in both spleen and bone marrow cells from nude mice. Removal of macrophages did not affect CSF production. The CSF induced was non-dialysable and no small molecular weight or lipoprotein inhibitors could be demonstrated. The results suggest that DS activates cells other than T cells or macrophages (possibly B cells or null cells) to produce a myeloid stem cell stimulating substance. These results indicate that interactions between lymphoid and myeloid cells can take place during differentiation.", "contents": "The polyclonal B cell activator dextran-sulphate induces formation of colony stimulating activity. The effect of dextran-sulphate (DS), a polyclonal activator known to stimulate immature murine B-cells, was assayed in a culture system allowing the growth of myeloid cells. It was known that DS induced the production of a myeloid colony stimulating factor (CSF) by cells from both spleen and bone marrow. Nylonwool purified mouse spleen cells, enriched for T cells, showed a dimished CSF production in response to DS, while CSF production in response to Con A was increased. Furthermore, DS induced CSF in both spleen and bone marrow cells from nude mice. Removal of macrophages did not affect CSF production. The CSF induced was non-dialysable and no small molecular weight or lipoprotein inhibitors could be demonstrated. The results suggest that DS activates cells other than T cells or macrophages (possibly B cells or null cells) to produce a myeloid stem cell stimulating substance. These results indicate that interactions between lymphoid and myeloid cells can take place during differentiation.", "PMID": 306667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_803", "title": "Tracheobronchial clearance in patients with emphysema associated with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency.", "content": "Tracheobronchial clearance was studied in five patients who had emphysema associated with deficiency of serum alpha1-antitrypsin but no history of chronic bronchitis. After the patients had inhaled an aerosol of 6 micrometer teflon particles tagged with 99mTc, the radioactivity in the lungs was followed externally during 2 h. Clearance in the emphysematous patients was normal or even rapid as compared with clearance in healthy subjects, and was significantly more rapid than clearance in patients with a history of chronic bronchitis. The results indicate that emphysema can develop in patients with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency without their having an impairment of mucociliary transport.", "contents": "Tracheobronchial clearance in patients with emphysema associated with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Tracheobronchial clearance was studied in five patients who had emphysema associated with deficiency of serum alpha1-antitrypsin but no history of chronic bronchitis. After the patients had inhaled an aerosol of 6 micrometer teflon particles tagged with 99mTc, the radioactivity in the lungs was followed externally during 2 h. Clearance in the emphysematous patients was normal or even rapid as compared with clearance in healthy subjects, and was significantly more rapid than clearance in patients with a history of chronic bronchitis. The results indicate that emphysema can develop in patients with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency without their having an impairment of mucociliary transport.", "PMID": 306680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_804", "title": "Acute myelogenous leukemia: a human cell line responsive to colony-stimulating activity.", "content": "A permanent human cell line that maintains the granulocytic characteristics of acute myelogenous leukemia cells has been established. The cells of this line form myeloid colonies in soft gel culture in the presence of human colony-stimulating activity. The cell line may be useful for studying human acute myelogenous leukemia and the mechanism of response to colony-stimulating activity.", "contents": "Acute myelogenous leukemia: a human cell line responsive to colony-stimulating activity. A permanent human cell line that maintains the granulocytic characteristics of acute myelogenous leukemia cells has been established. The cells of this line form myeloid colonies in soft gel culture in the presence of human colony-stimulating activity. The cell line may be useful for studying human acute myelogenous leukemia and the mechanism of response to colony-stimulating activity.", "PMID": 306682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_805", "title": "Leftsided thoracotomy for coronary artery reoperation.", "content": "3 cases of coronary reoperations are described in which a leftsided thoracotomy offered considerable advantages. This approach is recommended for certain types of reoperations on the left coronary system.", "contents": "Leftsided thoracotomy for coronary artery reoperation. 3 cases of coronary reoperations are described in which a leftsided thoracotomy offered considerable advantages. This approach is recommended for certain types of reoperations on the left coronary system.", "PMID": 306690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_806", "title": "Bietti's tapetoretinal degeneration with marginal corneal dystrophy crystalline retinopathy.", "content": "In 1937 Bietti reported a tapetoretinal degeneration with associated corneal deposits at the limbus. The hallmark of the disease was the crystalline characteristics of the retinal spots as well as those at the corneal limbus. Bagolini and Ioli-Spade in 1968 presented a 30 year follow-up on Bietti's cases and presented six additional cases. The present report delas with this entity in Orientals, a Chinese woman and a Japanese man. Corneal and conjunctival biopsy from the female patient revelaed a lipid deposition in both fibroblasts and epithelium. The term \"crystalline retinopathy\" has been added to the description of this entity since it defines the most characteristic feature of the syndrome.", "contents": "Bietti's tapetoretinal degeneration with marginal corneal dystrophy crystalline retinopathy. In 1937 Bietti reported a tapetoretinal degeneration with associated corneal deposits at the limbus. The hallmark of the disease was the crystalline characteristics of the retinal spots as well as those at the corneal limbus. Bagolini and Ioli-Spade in 1968 presented a 30 year follow-up on Bietti's cases and presented six additional cases. The present report delas with this entity in Orientals, a Chinese woman and a Japanese man. Corneal and conjunctival biopsy from the female patient revelaed a lipid deposition in both fibroblasts and epithelium. The term \"crystalline retinopathy\" has been added to the description of this entity since it defines the most characteristic feature of the syndrome.", "PMID": 306693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_807", "title": "Pseudoinflammatory macular dystrophy.", "content": "A family with pseudoinflammatory macular dystrophy (PMD) is presented. This dominantly inherited macular dystrophy has its onset in the 3rd to 5th decades with the earliest manifestation being a macular subretinal neovascular network. Visual function tests (ERG, EOG, visual fields, retinal sensitivity) in the early and late stages indicates this is local or geographic disease. This dystrophy should be differentiated from other hereditary causes for subretinal neovascularization (angioid streaks, vitelliform dystrophy, dominant drusen of Bruch's membrane, optic nerve drusen and myopia). It is suggested that treatment be directed at early obliteration of the subretinal neovascularization with intense photocoagulation since the outcome in virtually all cases of untreated PMD is legal blindness.", "contents": "Pseudoinflammatory macular dystrophy. A family with pseudoinflammatory macular dystrophy (PMD) is presented. This dominantly inherited macular dystrophy has its onset in the 3rd to 5th decades with the earliest manifestation being a macular subretinal neovascular network. Visual function tests (ERG, EOG, visual fields, retinal sensitivity) in the early and late stages indicates this is local or geographic disease. This dystrophy should be differentiated from other hereditary causes for subretinal neovascularization (angioid streaks, vitelliform dystrophy, dominant drusen of Bruch's membrane, optic nerve drusen and myopia). It is suggested that treatment be directed at early obliteration of the subretinal neovascularization with intense photocoagulation since the outcome in virtually all cases of untreated PMD is legal blindness.", "PMID": 306694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_808", "title": "[Endovascular method of stopping gastric hemorrhages using temporary occlusion of the major vessels].", "content": "The author's method consists in temporary occlusion of the hepatic and splenic arteries; and contrast-medium or hemostatic sponge, introduced into the celiac trunk proximally to the site of the occlusion, propagate into the stomach artery. The method proved to be satisfactory in 8 patients.", "contents": "[Endovascular method of stopping gastric hemorrhages using temporary occlusion of the major vessels]. The author's method consists in temporary occlusion of the hepatic and splenic arteries; and contrast-medium or hemostatic sponge, introduced into the celiac trunk proximally to the site of the occlusion, propagate into the stomach artery. The method proved to be satisfactory in 8 patients.", "PMID": 306699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_809", "title": "[Treatment of congenital incompetence of the anal constrictor].", "content": "According to the authors' data the subdevelopment of the anal constrictor followed by sphincter incompetence of the I degree can be treated conservatively by means of electrical stimulation of the perineal muscles together with exercise therapy. Surgical correction-sphincterolevatoroplasty and sphincterogluteoplasty- is required in case of the incompetence of the II and III degree. In congenital abscence of the anal constrictor muscles the obturative function of the rectum can be reconstructed through the replacement of the sphincter by the musculus gluteus maximus graft.", "contents": "[Treatment of congenital incompetence of the anal constrictor]. According to the authors' data the subdevelopment of the anal constrictor followed by sphincter incompetence of the I degree can be treated conservatively by means of electrical stimulation of the perineal muscles together with exercise therapy. Surgical correction-sphincterolevatoroplasty and sphincterogluteoplasty- is required in case of the incompetence of the II and III degree. In congenital abscence of the anal constrictor muscles the obturative function of the rectum can be reconstructed through the replacement of the sphincter by the musculus gluteus maximus graft.", "PMID": 306700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_810", "title": "Myocardial revascularization in patients 70 years of age and older.", "content": "Myocardial revascularization has been carried out by us in 67 patients 70 years of age or older. Advanced coronary artery disease was found at angiography in more than two thirds of the patients. The postoperative morbidity and mortality compare very favorably with those in younger patients. The early and late mortality in the 67 patients was 4.5 percent and 6.0 percent, respectively. Fifty-seven survivors have been followed an average of 21 months; for most patients there has been a pronounced improvement in clinical classification. Properly selected, patients of advanced age can undergo successful revascularization surgical procedures. The adequacy of function of the left ventricle, proper timing of the surgical operation and an aggressive yet realistic approach seem to be major determinants for a good result.", "contents": "Myocardial revascularization in patients 70 years of age and older. Myocardial revascularization has been carried out by us in 67 patients 70 years of age or older. Advanced coronary artery disease was found at angiography in more than two thirds of the patients. The postoperative morbidity and mortality compare very favorably with those in younger patients. The early and late mortality in the 67 patients was 4.5 percent and 6.0 percent, respectively. Fifty-seven survivors have been followed an average of 21 months; for most patients there has been a pronounced improvement in clinical classification. Properly selected, patients of advanced age can undergo successful revascularization surgical procedures. The adequacy of function of the left ventricle, proper timing of the surgical operation and an aggressive yet realistic approach seem to be major determinants for a good result.", "PMID": 306708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_811", "title": "[X-ray diagnosis of hydrocephalus in infants and young children].", "content": "The article shows the results of X-ray examination of 49 children (including 41 neonates) in 43 of whom 54 various radiocontrast studies were conducted for exact preoperative identification of the form of hydrocephalus (whether closed or open). Modified pneumoencephalography without removal of fluid is suggested for infants, which yields an important diagnostic information necessary for choosing the methods of surgical treatment of hydrocephalus in children of early age and neonates.", "contents": "[X-ray diagnosis of hydrocephalus in infants and young children]. The article shows the results of X-ray examination of 49 children (including 41 neonates) in 43 of whom 54 various radiocontrast studies were conducted for exact preoperative identification of the form of hydrocephalus (whether closed or open). Modified pneumoencephalography without removal of fluid is suggested for infants, which yields an important diagnostic information necessary for choosing the methods of surgical treatment of hydrocephalus in children of early age and neonates.", "PMID": 306704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_812", "title": "[Postoperative haemorrhage in gastric ulceration and gallstone surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "5463 operations for gallstone disease were followed eleven times (0,2%) by haemorrhage. 16 intragastric (1,2%) and 11 haemorrhages into the peritoneal cavity (0,8%) could be observed after a total of 1370 operations for gastric or duodenal ulcer. For the most part haemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity frequently occurred within the first 24 hours, whereas the intragastric bleeding appeared later. Both manifestations showed the signs of haemorrhagic shock. While haemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity had to be treated mostly by secondary laparotomy after adequate shock therapy, intragastric haemorrhage could be cured most without surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Postoperative haemorrhage in gastric ulceration and gallstone surgery (author's transl)]. 5463 operations for gallstone disease were followed eleven times (0,2%) by haemorrhage. 16 intragastric (1,2%) and 11 haemorrhages into the peritoneal cavity (0,8%) could be observed after a total of 1370 operations for gastric or duodenal ulcer. For the most part haemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity frequently occurred within the first 24 hours, whereas the intragastric bleeding appeared later. Both manifestations showed the signs of haemorrhagic shock. While haemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity had to be treated mostly by secondary laparotomy after adequate shock therapy, intragastric haemorrhage could be cured most without surgical treatment.", "PMID": 306727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_813", "title": "[Appearance on effort of an image of a sub-epicardial lesion in the absence of signs of myocardial necrosis. Clinical, electrocardiographic and coronographic studies of 10 cases].", "content": "A clinical, electrocardiographic and coronarographic study of ten cases shows that surelevation of ST-segment during exercise (without any signs of infarction) correspond to very different clinical situations of anatomical state of coronary vessels, occurrence of coronary spasm and evolution of the ischemic disease. \"Inversed coronary Insufficiency\" is proposed to design this syndrome. Practical recommandations are formulated.", "contents": "[Appearance on effort of an image of a sub-epicardial lesion in the absence of signs of myocardial necrosis. Clinical, electrocardiographic and coronographic studies of 10 cases]. A clinical, electrocardiographic and coronarographic study of ten cases shows that surelevation of ST-segment during exercise (without any signs of infarction) correspond to very different clinical situations of anatomical state of coronary vessels, occurrence of coronary spasm and evolution of the ischemic disease. \"Inversed coronary Insufficiency\" is proposed to design this syndrome. Practical recommandations are formulated.", "PMID": 306730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_814", "title": "Pathology of chronic rheumatic heart disease with particular reference to tricuspid value involvement.", "content": "This study is based on a retrospective analysis of 144 autopsied cases of rheumatic heart disease. Majority of cases (79%) were chronic and 21% were acute in nature. The mortality was high and was maximum below the age of 30 years. The males predominated over females. A high incidence of organic tricuspid valve involvement was observed (45.8%). Tricuspid stenosis was observed in 3 cases. Latter was associated with aortic and mitral valve involvement. Mitral stenosis was severe in all the three cases. Criteria, both gross and microscopic for the involvement of the tricuspid valve have been described. Involvement of mitral valve either singly or in combination with the other valves, emerged to be the commonest. Changes observed in the lungs in these cases have been dealth with briefly. Pulmonary vascular changes were usually severe, particularly in the juvenile age group.", "contents": "Pathology of chronic rheumatic heart disease with particular reference to tricuspid value involvement. This study is based on a retrospective analysis of 144 autopsied cases of rheumatic heart disease. Majority of cases (79%) were chronic and 21% were acute in nature. The mortality was high and was maximum below the age of 30 years. The males predominated over females. A high incidence of organic tricuspid valve involvement was observed (45.8%). Tricuspid stenosis was observed in 3 cases. Latter was associated with aortic and mitral valve involvement. Mitral stenosis was severe in all the three cases. Criteria, both gross and microscopic for the involvement of the tricuspid valve have been described. Involvement of mitral valve either singly or in combination with the other valves, emerged to be the commonest. Changes observed in the lungs in these cases have been dealth with briefly. Pulmonary vascular changes were usually severe, particularly in the juvenile age group.", "PMID": 306731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_815", "title": "[Morphologic study of the arterial vasa vasorum of the pulmonary veins in dogs].", "content": "The authors studied 54 hearts of dog, to try and find a pattern of the origin, traject and distribution of the vasa vasorum of the great vessels in the heart of the dog. They used the injection-corrosion-fluorescence method imagined by one of them, verifying the good penetrability of the substance they injected and a fine visualization under Wood light. They observed that the arterial vasa vasorum of the pulmonary veins come from the atrial branches of the circumflex artery, from an atrial antero-right branch of the artery of sinusatrial node, branches from the right-coronary artery and from the bronchial arteries. The systematize the arterial blood supply of the different sides of the pulmonary veins, though it is not a rigid classification as the atrial arterial branches, supplying the vasa vasorum, show a great variability of size and there are several anastomosis between them.", "contents": "[Morphologic study of the arterial vasa vasorum of the pulmonary veins in dogs]. The authors studied 54 hearts of dog, to try and find a pattern of the origin, traject and distribution of the vasa vasorum of the great vessels in the heart of the dog. They used the injection-corrosion-fluorescence method imagined by one of them, verifying the good penetrability of the substance they injected and a fine visualization under Wood light. They observed that the arterial vasa vasorum of the pulmonary veins come from the atrial branches of the circumflex artery, from an atrial antero-right branch of the artery of sinusatrial node, branches from the right-coronary artery and from the bronchial arteries. The systematize the arterial blood supply of the different sides of the pulmonary veins, though it is not a rigid classification as the atrial arterial branches, supplying the vasa vasorum, show a great variability of size and there are several anastomosis between them.", "PMID": 306732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_816", "title": "Diagnosis of myocardial infarction by the orthogonal vectorcardiogram.", "content": "From the literature concerning the electrocardiological diagnosis of myocardial infarction, data are reviewed illustrating the role of the scalar orthogonal approach by the Frank system. Special attention is drawn to the Q/R ratio as a parameter. Criteria for the most frequent differential diagnoses are summarized in a practical way. The importance of the concepts sensitivity and specificity is stressed, while statistical methods for establishing the value of parameters are discussed. Results of multivariate analysis are indicated.", "contents": "Diagnosis of myocardial infarction by the orthogonal vectorcardiogram. From the literature concerning the electrocardiological diagnosis of myocardial infarction, data are reviewed illustrating the role of the scalar orthogonal approach by the Frank system. Special attention is drawn to the Q/R ratio as a parameter. Criteria for the most frequent differential diagnoses are summarized in a practical way. The importance of the concepts sensitivity and specificity is stressed, while statistical methods for establishing the value of parameters are discussed. Results of multivariate analysis are indicated.", "PMID": 306733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_817", "title": "[Study of the connections of the thalamus in Rana temporaria frogs by the peroxidase method].", "content": "In frogs, on the base of the axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, the connections ascending to the primordial hippocamp were shown from the ipsi- and contralateral pyriform pallium, contralateral primordial hippocamp, ispilateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens, as well as from rostral parts of the postero-central thalamic nucleus (bilaterally). The ascending connections from the dorsal column nuclei were followed with reliability till the rostral parts of the contralateral mesencephalic tegmentum, but very likely they reach also the dorsal thalamus.", "contents": "[Study of the connections of the thalamus in Rana temporaria frogs by the peroxidase method]. In frogs, on the base of the axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, the connections ascending to the primordial hippocamp were shown from the ipsi- and contralateral pyriform pallium, contralateral primordial hippocamp, ispilateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens, as well as from rostral parts of the postero-central thalamic nucleus (bilaterally). The ascending connections from the dorsal column nuclei were followed with reliability till the rostral parts of the contralateral mesencephalic tegmentum, but very likely they reach also the dorsal thalamus.", "PMID": 306728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_818", "title": "Correlation between percutaneous transhepatic portography and clinical findings in 56 patients with portal hypertension.", "content": "56 consecutive patients with portal hypertension were studied with percutaneous transhepatic portography and the results were correlated to clinical findings and the number of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhages and the size of the individual bleeding. An abundance of collateral paths was noted in most patients. No regularity in development of these collaterals was found. It was not correlated to liver disease etiology, sex or liver function parameters. Portal pressure was not correlated to the size or amount of collaterals. In four patients with liver cirrhosis hepato-fugal flow in one segment of the liver was noted proving that portal flow through the liver is not uniform in this disease. The size of the haemorrhages was only correlated to presence of hepato-fugal flow in the main stem of the portal vein. It was not correlated to the estimated size of the oesophageal varices or to portal pressure. Percutaneous transhepatic portography seems to be of little help in selecting \"high risk bleeders\" in portal hypertension. Other factors may be of greater help in this task as indicated by the findings in this investigation that patients with alcohol cirrhosis had larger haemorrhages than those with cirrhosis of another etiology and that patients with none or few bleeding episodes had higher thrombocyte count than those with several haemorrhages.", "contents": "Correlation between percutaneous transhepatic portography and clinical findings in 56 patients with portal hypertension. 56 consecutive patients with portal hypertension were studied with percutaneous transhepatic portography and the results were correlated to clinical findings and the number of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhages and the size of the individual bleeding. An abundance of collateral paths was noted in most patients. No regularity in development of these collaterals was found. It was not correlated to liver disease etiology, sex or liver function parameters. Portal pressure was not correlated to the size or amount of collaterals. In four patients with liver cirrhosis hepato-fugal flow in one segment of the liver was noted proving that portal flow through the liver is not uniform in this disease. The size of the haemorrhages was only correlated to presence of hepato-fugal flow in the main stem of the portal vein. It was not correlated to the estimated size of the oesophageal varices or to portal pressure. Percutaneous transhepatic portography seems to be of little help in selecting \"high risk bleeders\" in portal hypertension. Other factors may be of greater help in this task as indicated by the findings in this investigation that patients with alcohol cirrhosis had larger haemorrhages than those with cirrhosis of another etiology and that patients with none or few bleeding episodes had higher thrombocyte count than those with several haemorrhages.", "PMID": 306734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_819", "title": "[Catecholamines of the blood vessels of Rana temporaria frogs].", "content": "In histochemical (with the glyoxylic acid) and biochemical (spectrofluorimetric trioxyindolic method) investigations sources and content of catecholamines (dopa, noradrenalin, adrenalin) in the blood vessels, sympathetic chains, adrenals and cardiac ventricles have been studied in autumn-winter and spring-summer frogs at various temperatures. It was found that the catecholamines in the studied tissues are located in the sympathetic neurons, adrenergic terminals and chromaffin cells. The ratio of these structures in different tissues was various. It was found that the catecholamine level in frog blood vessels and various organs undergoes seasonal and temperature variations. The increase of temperature from + 5 to 20 degrees caused a decrease in the catecholamine level in the autumn-winter frogs, but increased the catecholamine concentrations over 60--100% in the spring-summer ones.", "contents": "[Catecholamines of the blood vessels of Rana temporaria frogs]. In histochemical (with the glyoxylic acid) and biochemical (spectrofluorimetric trioxyindolic method) investigations sources and content of catecholamines (dopa, noradrenalin, adrenalin) in the blood vessels, sympathetic chains, adrenals and cardiac ventricles have been studied in autumn-winter and spring-summer frogs at various temperatures. It was found that the catecholamines in the studied tissues are located in the sympathetic neurons, adrenergic terminals and chromaffin cells. The ratio of these structures in different tissues was various. It was found that the catecholamine level in frog blood vessels and various organs undergoes seasonal and temperature variations. The increase of temperature from + 5 to 20 degrees caused a decrease in the catecholamine level in the autumn-winter frogs, but increased the catecholamine concentrations over 60--100% in the spring-summer ones.", "PMID": 306729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_820", "title": "Combined Conray-Myodil ventriculography.", "content": "Combined Conray-Myodil ventriculography is described. An emulsified mixture of the two drugs is prepared immediately before injection into the lateral ventricle. The method gives excellent visualization of the entire ventricular system. There were no complications in 208 neurosurgical cases.", "contents": "Combined Conray-Myodil ventriculography. Combined Conray-Myodil ventriculography is described. An emulsified mixture of the two drugs is prepared immediately before injection into the lateral ventricle. The method gives excellent visualization of the entire ventricular system. There were no complications in 208 neurosurgical cases.", "PMID": 306737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_821", "title": "Acute postoperative graft phlebitis: a rare cause of saphenous vein-coronary artery bypass failure.", "content": "Most graft occlusions occurring early after saphenous vein coronary artery bypass procedures result from technical problems at the graft to coronary artery anastomosis site. This report describes an unusual cause of graft occlusion in a 67-year-old man who died three weeks after operation--a postoperative acute phlebitis of an implanted saphenous vein graft. Infection in the graft wall resulted in isolated graft thrombosis in the setting of a patent anastomosis. Graft phlebitis in this patient was associated with a purulent pericarditis and mediastinitis which failed to respond to surgical d\u00e9bridement and antibiotic therapy. Although mediastinitis is not infrequent, infection of an implanted saphenous vein coronary artery bypass graft in association with mediastinitis has never been reported. The findings in our case show that such graft infection may occur, and may result in graft thrombosis and occlusion.", "contents": "Acute postoperative graft phlebitis: a rare cause of saphenous vein-coronary artery bypass failure. Most graft occlusions occurring early after saphenous vein coronary artery bypass procedures result from technical problems at the graft to coronary artery anastomosis site. This report describes an unusual cause of graft occlusion in a 67-year-old man who died three weeks after operation--a postoperative acute phlebitis of an implanted saphenous vein graft. Infection in the graft wall resulted in isolated graft thrombosis in the setting of a patent anastomosis. Graft phlebitis in this patient was associated with a purulent pericarditis and mediastinitis which failed to respond to surgical d\u00e9bridement and antibiotic therapy. Although mediastinitis is not infrequent, infection of an implanted saphenous vein coronary artery bypass graft in association with mediastinitis has never been reported. The findings in our case show that such graft infection may occur, and may result in graft thrombosis and occlusion.", "PMID": 306741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_822", "title": "Unusual complications of coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Five patients after coronary bypass surgery developed unusual complications. Three developed new apical thrombi which are thought to be due to the trauma of the left ventricular vent or deterioration of the left ventricular contraction. Significant new mitral regurgitation in one patient probably is secondary to papillary muscle dysfunction as the result of stenosis distal to anastomoses. The leakage of angoigraphic material around distal anastomatic site is due to technical error. Although these unusual complications are very rare, however, they should be considered as potential source of morbidity in asymptomatic patients who leave the hospital after bypass surgery.", "contents": "Unusual complications of coronary bypass surgery. Five patients after coronary bypass surgery developed unusual complications. Three developed new apical thrombi which are thought to be due to the trauma of the left ventricular vent or deterioration of the left ventricular contraction. Significant new mitral regurgitation in one patient probably is secondary to papillary muscle dysfunction as the result of stenosis distal to anastomoses. The leakage of angoigraphic material around distal anastomatic site is due to technical error. Although these unusual complications are very rare, however, they should be considered as potential source of morbidity in asymptomatic patients who leave the hospital after bypass surgery.", "PMID": 306744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_823", "title": "Pi-Z phenotypes in a pulmonary clinic. Their prevalence and physiologic state.", "content": "A  series of 1,458 consecutive patients referred to the Cleveland Veterans Administration Pulmonary Clinic for pulmonary function studies was evaluated for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency by determination of serum trypsin inhibitory capacity (STIC). Protease inhibitor (Pi) phenotyping was performed on all sera with STIC values less than 1.6 mg/ml. The following non-MM phenotypes were found: 1FZ, 32MZ, 2ZZ, 3SZ, 5SS, 33MS, 21M. The prevalence of Pi Z heterozygosity is 2.74%. This figure is not significantly greater than that observed in a healthy population. A group ( n = 12) with heterozygous Z phenotype (MZ + SZ) was compared with a control (MM) group (n = 13) matched for age, race and smoking history from this same population. Our findings indicate similar deviations from predicted normal values in both control (MM) and Z-heterozygotic groups for physiologic tests of airway resistance, lung volumes, diffusing capacity, and static and dynamic compliance. There was no significant difference between MM controls and MZ heterozygotes in the physiologic variables measured.", "contents": "Pi-Z phenotypes in a pulmonary clinic. Their prevalence and physiologic state. A  series of 1,458 consecutive patients referred to the Cleveland Veterans Administration Pulmonary Clinic for pulmonary function studies was evaluated for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency by determination of serum trypsin inhibitory capacity (STIC). Protease inhibitor (Pi) phenotyping was performed on all sera with STIC values less than 1.6 mg/ml. The following non-MM phenotypes were found: 1FZ, 32MZ, 2ZZ, 3SZ, 5SS, 33MS, 21M. The prevalence of Pi Z heterozygosity is 2.74%. This figure is not significantly greater than that observed in a healthy population. A group ( n = 12) with heterozygous Z phenotype (MZ + SZ) was compared with a control (MM) group (n = 13) matched for age, race and smoking history from this same population. Our findings indicate similar deviations from predicted normal values in both control (MM) and Z-heterozygotic groups for physiologic tests of airway resistance, lung volumes, diffusing capacity, and static and dynamic compliance. There was no significant difference between MM controls and MZ heterozygotes in the physiologic variables measured.", "PMID": 306745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_824", "title": "Peripheral corneal degeneration and occlusive vasculitis in Wegener's granulomatosis.", "content": "A 61-year-old white woman, who had progressive arthritis over a two-year period, developed bilateral peripheral corneal degeneration. The superior cornea thinned to a thickness of approximately two thirds of normal. She died suddenly in the hospital and a primary occlusive vasculitis of the anterior ciliary arteries within the superior rectus muscles was found. There was necrotizing arteritis in the lungs, kidneys, adrenal caps, spleen, fallopian tubes, and skeletal muscle. The observation of an occlusive vasculitis of the anterior ciliary arteries in this patient supports the belief that ischemia may play a major role in peripheral marginal degeneration of the cornea.", "contents": "Peripheral corneal degeneration and occlusive vasculitis in Wegener's granulomatosis. A 61-year-old white woman, who had progressive arthritis over a two-year period, developed bilateral peripheral corneal degeneration. The superior cornea thinned to a thickness of approximately two thirds of normal. She died suddenly in the hospital and a primary occlusive vasculitis of the anterior ciliary arteries within the superior rectus muscles was found. There was necrotizing arteritis in the lungs, kidneys, adrenal caps, spleen, fallopian tubes, and skeletal muscle. The observation of an occlusive vasculitis of the anterior ciliary arteries in this patient supports the belief that ischemia may play a major role in peripheral marginal degeneration of the cornea.", "PMID": 306750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_825", "title": "Endothelial degeneration and posterior collagenous proliferation in aphakic bullous keratopathy.", "content": "In series of 39 corneal grafts, aphakic bullous keratopathy comprised 13 (33%) of the cases. By scanning and transmission electron microscopy, endothelial degeneration and posterior collagenous proliferation were consistent features. In all 13 cases, the patchy loss of endothelial cells occurred diffusely over the entire posterior corneal surface. The remaining endothelial cells had become extremely attenuated to increase their surface area. In nine cases, acellular proliferations of collagenous tissue were interposed between the endothelial cells and Descemet's membrane. These posterior collagenous layers were composed of collagen fibrils and basement membrane material, randomly arrayed in a feltwork of uniform thickness; they appeared ultrastructurally identical to those encountered in a variety of conditions involving endothelial distress.", "contents": "Endothelial degeneration and posterior collagenous proliferation in aphakic bullous keratopathy. In series of 39 corneal grafts, aphakic bullous keratopathy comprised 13 (33%) of the cases. By scanning and transmission electron microscopy, endothelial degeneration and posterior collagenous proliferation were consistent features. In all 13 cases, the patchy loss of endothelial cells occurred diffusely over the entire posterior corneal surface. The remaining endothelial cells had become extremely attenuated to increase their surface area. In nine cases, acellular proliferations of collagenous tissue were interposed between the endothelial cells and Descemet's membrane. These posterior collagenous layers were composed of collagen fibrils and basement membrane material, randomly arrayed in a feltwork of uniform thickness; they appeared ultrastructurally identical to those encountered in a variety of conditions involving endothelial distress.", "PMID": 306751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_826", "title": "Cefamandole levels in primary aqueous humor in man.", "content": "We administered cefamandole nafate to 69 patients before cataract extraction and assayed serum and aqueous humor for antibiotic content at the time of surgery. Average aqueous humor levels of 0.33, 0.59, 0.21, and 0.14 microgram/ml were achieved at one half, one, two and four hours, respectively, after a 1-g intravenous dose. After a 2-g intravenous dose, we found average aqueous humor levels of 1.26, 1.0, 1.57, 0.73, and 0.34 microgram/ml at one half, one, two, four and six hours, respectively. Therapeutic levels in primary aqueous humor effective against common grampositive pathogens were consistently achieved with the 2-g dose, but levels effective against Enterobactereaceae were attained only erratically.", "contents": "Cefamandole levels in primary aqueous humor in man. We administered cefamandole nafate to 69 patients before cataract extraction and assayed serum and aqueous humor for antibiotic content at the time of surgery. Average aqueous humor levels of 0.33, 0.59, 0.21, and 0.14 microgram/ml were achieved at one half, one, two and four hours, respectively, after a 1-g intravenous dose. After a 2-g intravenous dose, we found average aqueous humor levels of 1.26, 1.0, 1.57, 0.73, and 0.34 microgram/ml at one half, one, two, four and six hours, respectively. Therapeutic levels in primary aqueous humor effective against common grampositive pathogens were consistently achieved with the 2-g dose, but levels effective against Enterobactereaceae were attained only erratically.", "PMID": 306752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_827", "title": "Treatment of Reis-B\u00fccklers' corneal dystrophy by removal of subepithelial fibrous tissue.", "content": "We treated five eyes of three patients with Reis-B\u00fccklers' corneal dystrophy by blunt dissection of the subepithelial fibrous tissue layer. The postoperative follow-up ranged from four months to three years. Four of the five eyes had improved vision, and all four symptomatic eyes had cessation of the recurrent erosions. This simple effective technique eliminated the need for corneal transplantation.", "contents": "Treatment of Reis-B\u00fccklers' corneal dystrophy by removal of subepithelial fibrous tissue. We treated five eyes of three patients with Reis-B\u00fccklers' corneal dystrophy by blunt dissection of the subepithelial fibrous tissue layer. The postoperative follow-up ranged from four months to three years. Four of the five eyes had improved vision, and all four symptomatic eyes had cessation of the recurrent erosions. This simple effective technique eliminated the need for corneal transplantation.", "PMID": 306753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_828", "title": "Orbital apex syndrome secondary to herpes zoster ophthalmicus.", "content": "Two women, one with Hodgkin's disease and the other with no malignancy, developed herpes zoster with optic neuropathy and total ophthalmoplegia. Both patients developed an associated mild meningoencephalitis with a predominantly lymphocytic spinal fluid reaction that cleared spontaneously. The patient with Hodgkin's disease suffered a protracted course of the disease and developed a secondary bacterial endophthalmitis that necessitated an envisceration of the left eye. The patient without evidence of immunologic deficit recovered quickly with administration of corticosteroids.", "contents": "Orbital apex syndrome secondary to herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Two women, one with Hodgkin's disease and the other with no malignancy, developed herpes zoster with optic neuropathy and total ophthalmoplegia. Both patients developed an associated mild meningoencephalitis with a predominantly lymphocytic spinal fluid reaction that cleared spontaneously. The patient with Hodgkin's disease suffered a protracted course of the disease and developed a secondary bacterial endophthalmitis that necessitated an envisceration of the left eye. The patient without evidence of immunologic deficit recovered quickly with administration of corticosteroids.", "PMID": 306754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_829", "title": "Familial foveal retinoschisis associated with a rod-cone dystrophy.", "content": "A brother and sister born of a consanguinous marriage had bilateral foveal retinoschisis and a generalized rod-cone dysfunction. This was associated with nyctalopia, hyperopia, minimal vitreous opacities in the sister, a paramacular tapetal sheen reflex, normal retinal vessels, an abnormal electroretinogram, and a normal electro-oculogram in the less affected brother. Foveal retinoschisis is not pathognomonic for x-chromosome-linked juvenile retinoschisis. It may be seen as a manifestation of a macular dystrophy or associated with a generalized tapetoretinal dystrophy.", "contents": "Familial foveal retinoschisis associated with a rod-cone dystrophy. A brother and sister born of a consanguinous marriage had bilateral foveal retinoschisis and a generalized rod-cone dysfunction. This was associated with nyctalopia, hyperopia, minimal vitreous opacities in the sister, a paramacular tapetal sheen reflex, normal retinal vessels, an abnormal electroretinogram, and a normal electro-oculogram in the less affected brother. Foveal retinoschisis is not pathognomonic for x-chromosome-linked juvenile retinoschisis. It may be seen as a manifestation of a macular dystrophy or associated with a generalized tapetoretinal dystrophy.", "PMID": 306756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_830", "title": "Specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium and lens implant surgery.", "content": "Specular microscopy helps to estimate the viability of the corneal endothelium long before clinical signs of decompensation occur. Therefore, specular microscopy is useful for the selection of eyes for lens implantation in general; for the prognosis of the eye with a lens implant; and for the evaluation of the method of cataract surgery, of lens implantation techniques, and possibly of lens design, material, and manufacturing. A long-term study of intracapsular and extracapsular pseudophakic eyes revealed that the intracapsular pseudophakic eyes had significantly less endothelial cells, which could partly be explained by toxicity of the Supramid used as loop material, but mostly by assuming continuing endothelial disintegration in the intracapsular eyes. In 41 patients our extracapsular technique caused an average cell loss of only 6.7%.", "contents": "Specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium and lens implant surgery. Specular microscopy helps to estimate the viability of the corneal endothelium long before clinical signs of decompensation occur. Therefore, specular microscopy is useful for the selection of eyes for lens implantation in general; for the prognosis of the eye with a lens implant; and for the evaluation of the method of cataract surgery, of lens implantation techniques, and possibly of lens design, material, and manufacturing. A long-term study of intracapsular and extracapsular pseudophakic eyes revealed that the intracapsular pseudophakic eyes had significantly less endothelial cells, which could partly be explained by toxicity of the Supramid used as loop material, but mostly by assuming continuing endothelial disintegration in the intracapsular eyes. In 41 patients our extracapsular technique caused an average cell loss of only 6.7%.", "PMID": 306758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_831", "title": "Clinical differentiation of recessive congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy and dominant hereditary endothelial dystrophy.", "content": "Our review of previously published reports and familial cases revealed that corneal clouding in autosomal recessive congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy was present at birth or within the neonatal period. Further, corneal changes with time were minimal, nystagmus was often present, and there were no other signs or symptoms. Patients with autosomal dominant endothelial dystrophy usually had clear corneas early in life; corneal opacification was slowly progressive, nystagmus was infrequent, and photophobia, as well as epiphora, may have been the first indications of the dystrophy. As there is usually little or no congenital evidence of the dominant type, \"infantile\" or \"autosomal dominant\" hereditary endothelial dystrophy would be more appropriate names for the dominant variant.", "contents": "Clinical differentiation of recessive congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy and dominant hereditary endothelial dystrophy. Our review of previously published reports and familial cases revealed that corneal clouding in autosomal recessive congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy was present at birth or within the neonatal period. Further, corneal changes with time were minimal, nystagmus was often present, and there were no other signs or symptoms. Patients with autosomal dominant endothelial dystrophy usually had clear corneas early in life; corneal opacification was slowly progressive, nystagmus was infrequent, and photophobia, as well as epiphora, may have been the first indications of the dystrophy. As there is usually little or no congenital evidence of the dominant type, \"infantile\" or \"autosomal dominant\" hereditary endothelial dystrophy would be more appropriate names for the dominant variant.", "PMID": 306759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_832", "title": "Metastatic Peptostreptococcus intermedius endophthalmitis after a dental procedure.", "content": "A 46-year-old man developed symptoms of a chronic progressive uveitis in his right eye approximately one week after a dental procedure. The patient's intraocular inflammation was not diminished by massive treatment with topical and systemic corticosteroid therapy or intravenously administered adrenocorticotropic hormone. The inflammatory process progressed to an overt endophthalmitis during a period of three weeks and the eye eventually required evisceration. A pure culture of Peptostreptococcus intermedius was isolated from the eye. The most likely source of this organism was hematologic transport following a dental procedure.", "contents": "Metastatic Peptostreptococcus intermedius endophthalmitis after a dental procedure. A 46-year-old man developed symptoms of a chronic progressive uveitis in his right eye approximately one week after a dental procedure. The patient's intraocular inflammation was not diminished by massive treatment with topical and systemic corticosteroid therapy or intravenously administered adrenocorticotropic hormone. The inflammatory process progressed to an overt endophthalmitis during a period of three weeks and the eye eventually required evisceration. A pure culture of Peptostreptococcus intermedius was isolated from the eye. The most likely source of this organism was hematologic transport following a dental procedure.", "PMID": 306760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_833", "title": "Effect of long-term subconjunctival administration of Diamox (acetazolamide) on the ocular tension in rabbit.", "content": "In eight normal rabbits, sodium acetazolamide (5.5 mg per kg of body weight) in 11% solution was injected subconjunctivally daily for about four weeks in the left eye of each rabbit, with the right eye serving as a control. Ocular tension in both eyes was measured by the Perkins hand-held applanation tonometer. Five of the eight rabbits showed a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in ocular tension between treated and untreated eyes, with a decrease in the treated left eye. The ocular tension decrease in the treated left eye began about one week after the beginning of the injections and lasted for about two weeks. Thereafter, ocular tension in the treated left eye returned to base-line levels, despite continued subconjuctival injection of sodium acetazolamide.", "contents": "Effect of long-term subconjunctival administration of Diamox (acetazolamide) on the ocular tension in rabbit. In eight normal rabbits, sodium acetazolamide (5.5 mg per kg of body weight) in 11% solution was injected subconjunctivally daily for about four weeks in the left eye of each rabbit, with the right eye serving as a control. Ocular tension in both eyes was measured by the Perkins hand-held applanation tonometer. Five of the eight rabbits showed a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in ocular tension between treated and untreated eyes, with a decrease in the treated left eye. The ocular tension decrease in the treated left eye began about one week after the beginning of the injections and lasted for about two weeks. Thereafter, ocular tension in the treated left eye returned to base-line levels, despite continued subconjuctival injection of sodium acetazolamide.", "PMID": 306766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_834", "title": "Anterior segment fluorescein cineangiography.", "content": "We have developed a technique for performing anterior segment fluorescein cineangiography. Illumination is obtained with a halogen lamp of a standard slide projector that is fitted with a blue excitation filer. Cinematography occurs with a movie camera fitted with an absorption-type barrier filter and mounted to a photo slit lamp through a cineadapter. The technique has been successfully employed with animals, and it is anticipated that the light levels used are tolerable and safe for application with humans.", "contents": "Anterior segment fluorescein cineangiography. We have developed a technique for performing anterior segment fluorescein cineangiography. Illumination is obtained with a halogen lamp of a standard slide projector that is fitted with a blue excitation filer. Cinematography occurs with a movie camera fitted with an absorption-type barrier filter and mounted to a photo slit lamp through a cineadapter. The technique has been successfully employed with animals, and it is anticipated that the light levels used are tolerable and safe for application with humans.", "PMID": 306767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_835", "title": "[Scanniing electron-microscopic study of vascular distribution in the choriocapillaris and lamina vasculosa of the rat eye].", "content": "The choriocapillaris and lamina vasculosa of the rat eye were injected with methylmethacrylate and their vascular replicas were studied in the scanning electron microscope. There was not outstanding lobular distribution of vessels in the rat choriocapillaris. Their capillaries form a continuous anastomosed network that covers 85-95% of the surface of pigment epithelium. The terminal arteries ramify into many precapillary vessels that present a lacelike network. Advantages and disadvantages of vascular plastic replicas are discussed.", "contents": "[Scanniing electron-microscopic study of vascular distribution in the choriocapillaris and lamina vasculosa of the rat eye]. The choriocapillaris and lamina vasculosa of the rat eye were injected with methylmethacrylate and their vascular replicas were studied in the scanning electron microscope. There was not outstanding lobular distribution of vessels in the rat choriocapillaris. Their capillaries form a continuous anastomosed network that covers 85-95% of the surface of pigment epithelium. The terminal arteries ramify into many precapillary vessels that present a lacelike network. Advantages and disadvantages of vascular plastic replicas are discussed.", "PMID": 306768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_836", "title": "Diagnostic ultrasound in cases of acute iritis.", "content": "The A-scan ultrasound technique was used to examine the vitreous bodies of both the sick and the healthy eye in 47 patients with acute iritis. The acoustic findings were then compared to observations made with the slit lamp. Of the 47 iritis eyes, only 19 were amenable to a least some degree of optical examination. The most common factors preventing optical examination were opacity of the aqueous humor and posterior synechia. Comparison of optical and acoustic findings were difficult, since optical examination was possible in only 19 eyes. It would seem, however, that there is a farily close correlation between acoustic and optical findings. Ultrasound often offers the only possibility of ascertaining the presence and degree of exudation in cases of acute iritis, and such information may be important in planning treatment and following the course of the disease.", "contents": "Diagnostic ultrasound in cases of acute iritis. The A-scan ultrasound technique was used to examine the vitreous bodies of both the sick and the healthy eye in 47 patients with acute iritis. The acoustic findings were then compared to observations made with the slit lamp. Of the 47 iritis eyes, only 19 were amenable to a least some degree of optical examination. The most common factors preventing optical examination were opacity of the aqueous humor and posterior synechia. Comparison of optical and acoustic findings were difficult, since optical examination was possible in only 19 eyes. It would seem, however, that there is a farily close correlation between acoustic and optical findings. Ultrasound often offers the only possibility of ascertaining the presence and degree of exudation in cases of acute iritis, and such information may be important in planning treatment and following the course of the disease.", "PMID": 306769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_837", "title": "Rapid detection of changes in the optic disc: stereochronoscopy. II. Evaluation technique, influence of some physiologic factors, and follow-up of a case of choked disc.", "content": "A simple device for viewing stereochronoscopic (Sc) picture pairs under any azimuth is described. The influence of pulse, irradiation, time, and ocular pressure on disc configuration of some healthy and affected subjects is investigated. To test the sensitivity of Sc as compared to that of conventional steroscopy (St), a case of choked disc in which pictures of both kinds had been taken was followed up. This material also served to test 10 observers as to their ability to detect St and Sc effects in fundus pictures. Despite good stereo vision in all observers as tested by the Titmus charts, considerable differences were found in the analysis of fundus pictures. Detailed instruction resulted in improved results. Two cases of glaucoma simplex incipiens are presented in which a change of disc configuration could be detected by SC while ocular pressure and visual field remained normal in one case and did not change in the other.", "contents": "Rapid detection of changes in the optic disc: stereochronoscopy. II. Evaluation technique, influence of some physiologic factors, and follow-up of a case of choked disc. A simple device for viewing stereochronoscopic (Sc) picture pairs under any azimuth is described. The influence of pulse, irradiation, time, and ocular pressure on disc configuration of some healthy and affected subjects is investigated. To test the sensitivity of Sc as compared to that of conventional steroscopy (St), a case of choked disc in which pictures of both kinds had been taken was followed up. This material also served to test 10 observers as to their ability to detect St and Sc effects in fundus pictures. Despite good stereo vision in all observers as tested by the Titmus charts, considerable differences were found in the analysis of fundus pictures. Detailed instruction resulted in improved results. Two cases of glaucoma simplex incipiens are presented in which a change of disc configuration could be detected by SC while ocular pressure and visual field remained normal in one case and did not change in the other.", "PMID": 306770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_838", "title": "[Influence of adaption level upon oscillatory potential in the electroretinogram (author's transl)].", "content": "Oscillatory potentials (OP's) were recorded using constant energy stimulating from 2.5 J at different levels of adaptation from 400 to 30 fl, as well as pre-dark adaptation. O1, O2, and O3 regularly appear in the ascending branch of the b-wave complex, and after pre-dark adaptation the less differentiated O4 and O5 appear as well, exhibiting variable potental heights and durations as the dark time progresses. With intensive pre-light adaptation there is a relative reduction of potential, as is also true following weak prelight adaptation or dark adaptation; the culmination time in the former case being more rapid, and in the latter case slower. Good discrimination of the OP with a concurrent diminution in the amplitudes was only observed after a pre-dark adaptation.", "contents": "[Influence of adaption level upon oscillatory potential in the electroretinogram (author's transl)]. Oscillatory potentials (OP's) were recorded using constant energy stimulating from 2.5 J at different levels of adaptation from 400 to 30 fl, as well as pre-dark adaptation. O1, O2, and O3 regularly appear in the ascending branch of the b-wave complex, and after pre-dark adaptation the less differentiated O4 and O5 appear as well, exhibiting variable potental heights and durations as the dark time progresses. With intensive pre-light adaptation there is a relative reduction of potential, as is also true following weak prelight adaptation or dark adaptation; the culmination time in the former case being more rapid, and in the latter case slower. Good discrimination of the OP with a concurrent diminution in the amplitudes was only observed after a pre-dark adaptation.", "PMID": 306771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_839", "title": "Off-components in response to brief light flashes in the oscillatory potential of the human electroretinogram.", "content": "Amplitudes and implicit times of the several oscillatory potentials (OP's) in the human electroretinogram have been studied in relation to temporal, adaptive and spectral stimulus variables. The last of the OP-wavelets responds differently from the preceding ones; its implicit time shortens with increase in stimulus frequency or adaptive illumination, whereas that of the preceding OP's is prolonged or stays constant. Moreover, the last OP-wavelet is time locked with the stimulus offset, whereas the others are not. This can be confirmed by linear subtraction of responses to an isolated stimulus onset from responses to stimuli of variable durations. These results indicate, that the last oscillatory potential is related to the light offset and is presumably generated by the retinal off-elements described in single cell recordings.", "contents": "Off-components in response to brief light flashes in the oscillatory potential of the human electroretinogram. Amplitudes and implicit times of the several oscillatory potentials (OP's) in the human electroretinogram have been studied in relation to temporal, adaptive and spectral stimulus variables. The last of the OP-wavelets responds differently from the preceding ones; its implicit time shortens with increase in stimulus frequency or adaptive illumination, whereas that of the preceding OP's is prolonged or stays constant. Moreover, the last OP-wavelet is time locked with the stimulus offset, whereas the others are not. This can be confirmed by linear subtraction of responses to an isolated stimulus onset from responses to stimuli of variable durations. These results indicate, that the last oscillatory potential is related to the light offset and is presumably generated by the retinal off-elements described in single cell recordings.", "PMID": 306772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_840", "title": "[Spectral sensitivity of off-response in human VECP during selective chromatic adaptation (author's transl)].", "content": "The spectral sensitivity of the visual system of man during selective chromatic adaptation was determined. The criterion was an off-response of constant amplitude in the evoked cortical potential. Criterion of height of response differed among the subjects investigated. Generally, a pupillary radiant intensity between 0.4 and 1.0 lg unit above the sensory threshold was used. With stimulation of both the green- and the red-sensitive mechanism, the sensitivity of the off-response was low. It was high if either the green or the red mechanism were suppressed by selective chromatic adaptation. Demonstration of an opponent color mechanism in the visual system was easier with recording of the off-response in the VECP than with determination of the sensory threshold. The presence of the blue-sensitive mechanism as revealed by the VECP off-response was shown for light stimuli near the sensory threshold during adaptation which orange and red light for a late response of low amplitude.", "contents": "[Spectral sensitivity of off-response in human VECP during selective chromatic adaptation (author's transl)]. The spectral sensitivity of the visual system of man during selective chromatic adaptation was determined. The criterion was an off-response of constant amplitude in the evoked cortical potential. Criterion of height of response differed among the subjects investigated. Generally, a pupillary radiant intensity between 0.4 and 1.0 lg unit above the sensory threshold was used. With stimulation of both the green- and the red-sensitive mechanism, the sensitivity of the off-response was low. It was high if either the green or the red mechanism were suppressed by selective chromatic adaptation. Demonstration of an opponent color mechanism in the visual system was easier with recording of the off-response in the VECP than with determination of the sensory threshold. The presence of the blue-sensitive mechanism as revealed by the VECP off-response was shown for light stimuli near the sensory threshold during adaptation which orange and red light for a late response of low amplitude.", "PMID": 306773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_841", "title": "[Spatial arrangement and inner wall surface of ocular vessels. Scanning electronmicroscopy of vascular casts (author's transl)].", "content": "Vascular corrosion casts of the rabbit eye vessels were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Compared with light micrescopy, this method provides great depth of field and better contrast. Thus the pictures are more informative and documentation is easier. The high resolving power of scanning electron microscopy of suitable vascular casts allows the study of structures of the inner vessel wall. Such information could not be retrieved from these replicas until now.", "contents": "[Spatial arrangement and inner wall surface of ocular vessels. Scanning electronmicroscopy of vascular casts (author's transl)]. Vascular corrosion casts of the rabbit eye vessels were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Compared with light micrescopy, this method provides great depth of field and better contrast. Thus the pictures are more informative and documentation is easier. The high resolving power of scanning electron microscopy of suitable vascular casts allows the study of structures of the inner vessel wall. Such information could not be retrieved from these replicas until now.", "PMID": 306774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_842", "title": "[Niemann-Pick disease type B: An enzymatically confirmed case with unexpected retinal involvement (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 6-year-old girl with normal to outstanding intelligence Niemann-Pick disease was diagnosed by the demonstration of an about 90% deficient sphingomyelinase activity. Abnormalities of the eye fundi are described which are comparable to but quantitatively deviate from the classic cherry-red spot as known from neurolipidoses. The brownish-red foveola was surrounded by a relatively thin opaque ring around which punctate white deposits (lipids?) could be detected. The absence of any other neurologic symptom was in contrast iwth an extreme hepatosplenomegaly, foam cells in the bone marrow, lung infiltration, underweight, and undergrowth. Therefore, the case was classed with the type B of Niemann-Pick disease, although the common definition of this type excludes cerebral as well as oculoneural involvement. In the literature only one comparable case could be found which, however, had not been enzymatically confirmed. In the future the definition of type B of Niemann-Pick disease should include the possibility of oculoneural involvement.", "contents": "[Niemann-Pick disease type B: An enzymatically confirmed case with unexpected retinal involvement (author's transl)]. In a 6-year-old girl with normal to outstanding intelligence Niemann-Pick disease was diagnosed by the demonstration of an about 90% deficient sphingomyelinase activity. Abnormalities of the eye fundi are described which are comparable to but quantitatively deviate from the classic cherry-red spot as known from neurolipidoses. The brownish-red foveola was surrounded by a relatively thin opaque ring around which punctate white deposits (lipids?) could be detected. The absence of any other neurologic symptom was in contrast iwth an extreme hepatosplenomegaly, foam cells in the bone marrow, lung infiltration, underweight, and undergrowth. Therefore, the case was classed with the type B of Niemann-Pick disease, although the common definition of this type excludes cerebral as well as oculoneural involvement. In the literature only one comparable case could be found which, however, had not been enzymatically confirmed. In the future the definition of type B of Niemann-Pick disease should include the possibility of oculoneural involvement.", "PMID": 306775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_843", "title": "The registration of slow ERG potentials of the perfused extracorporeal bull's eye.", "content": "Enucleated bull's eyes were perfused with blood and ERG recorded, with special attention paid to the slow components. When the blood flow was interrupted, the ERG components vanished in the following order: b wave, c wave, off-effect (d wave), and a wave. When the perfusion was continued afterward, we saw a variation in the standing potential that hinted at the biochemical activities causing slow electrical potentials of the retina.", "contents": "The registration of slow ERG potentials of the perfused extracorporeal bull's eye. Enucleated bull's eyes were perfused with blood and ERG recorded, with special attention paid to the slow components. When the blood flow was interrupted, the ERG components vanished in the following order: b wave, c wave, off-effect (d wave), and a wave. When the perfusion was continued afterward, we saw a variation in the standing potential that hinted at the biochemical activities causing slow electrical potentials of the retina.", "PMID": 306776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_844", "title": "The vascular basis of the positional influence of the intraocular pressure.", "content": "By measuring intraocular pressure in different body positions from 60 degrees semiupright to 30 degrees head down, a nonlinear relationship between IOP increase and body position was confirmed. IOP postural response in individual subjects was roughly correlated to ophthalmic arterial pressure and to the episcleral venous pressure postural response. In one series of subjects, the episcleral venous pressure increments due to posture wa; parallel to the applanation-indentation disparity in the same individual eyes. Differential tonometry with applanation or indentation procedures under blind conditions gave significantly low indentation readings. It is concluded that IOP postural response depends on arterial and venous vascular changes when subjects move from an erect to a horizontal body position. Blood expulsion from the choroid by indentation tonometry might be the reason that this tonometric procedure does not measure IOP changes based on vascular changes.", "contents": "The vascular basis of the positional influence of the intraocular pressure. By measuring intraocular pressure in different body positions from 60 degrees semiupright to 30 degrees head down, a nonlinear relationship between IOP increase and body position was confirmed. IOP postural response in individual subjects was roughly correlated to ophthalmic arterial pressure and to the episcleral venous pressure postural response. In one series of subjects, the episcleral venous pressure increments due to posture wa; parallel to the applanation-indentation disparity in the same individual eyes. Differential tonometry with applanation or indentation procedures under blind conditions gave significantly low indentation readings. It is concluded that IOP postural response depends on arterial and venous vascular changes when subjects move from an erect to a horizontal body position. Blood expulsion from the choroid by indentation tonometry might be the reason that this tonometric procedure does not measure IOP changes based on vascular changes.", "PMID": 306777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_845", "title": "[Changes in the content in reduced and oxydized glutathione in incubated bovine lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "Incubation of bovine lenses over a period of 24 h in Krebs-Ringer solution effects a decrease in the content of GSH. This decrease can be blocked by addition of 2 mM/1, each of glycine, glutamic acid, and cysteine. The content in GSSG is in no way influenced by incubation with or without addition of the three amino acids.", "contents": "[Changes in the content in reduced and oxydized glutathione in incubated bovine lenses (author's transl)]. Incubation of bovine lenses over a period of 24 h in Krebs-Ringer solution effects a decrease in the content of GSH. This decrease can be blocked by addition of 2 mM/1, each of glycine, glutamic acid, and cysteine. The content in GSSG is in no way influenced by incubation with or without addition of the three amino acids.", "PMID": 306778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_846", "title": "In vitro release of fibrinolytic activators from cornea.", "content": "Rabbit corneas cultured in vitro in chemically defined media continuously released fibrinolytic agents. Such a substance was an activator of plasminogen and was released largely from the epithelium. Addition of prednisolone did not modify fibrinolytic activity, while death of the explants was followed by cessation of fibrinolysis, a finding suggesting synthesis of the activator during culture.", "contents": "In vitro release of fibrinolytic activators from cornea. Rabbit corneas cultured in vitro in chemically defined media continuously released fibrinolytic agents. Such a substance was an activator of plasminogen and was released largely from the epithelium. Addition of prednisolone did not modify fibrinolytic activity, while death of the explants was followed by cessation of fibrinolysis, a finding suggesting synthesis of the activator during culture.", "PMID": 306779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_847", "title": "The distribution and some properties of collagenolytic cathepsin in the bovine eye.", "content": "In vitro degradation of insoluble vitreous collagen by the action of collagenolytic cathepsin was studied biochemically. Among bovine ocular tissues, the uvea and the retina showed relatively high collagenolytic activity. The ciliary body revealed the highest specific activities of both cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin. Leupeptin and p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibited both cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin in the ciliary body lysosomes. Pepstatin inhibited cathepsin D, but did not affect cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin. It is suggested that distribution and properties of collagenolytic cathepsin are similar to those of cathepsin B in the bovine eye.", "contents": "The distribution and some properties of collagenolytic cathepsin in the bovine eye. In vitro degradation of insoluble vitreous collagen by the action of collagenolytic cathepsin was studied biochemically. Among bovine ocular tissues, the uvea and the retina showed relatively high collagenolytic activity. The ciliary body revealed the highest specific activities of both cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin. Leupeptin and p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibited both cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin in the ciliary body lysosomes. Pepstatin inhibited cathepsin D, but did not affect cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin. It is suggested that distribution and properties of collagenolytic cathepsin are similar to those of cathepsin B in the bovine eye.", "PMID": 306780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_848", "title": "Central serous choroidopathy with bullous retinal detachment.", "content": "We report here a new type of secondary retinal detachment that has never been clearly defined. The characteristic features of the disease are: (1) prevalence in middle-aged males, (2) bilateral involvement, (3) frequent existence of prodromal lesions that over long periods resemble central serous retinopathy, (4) in the evolution stage, appearance of multiple yellowish white exudative flecks of one-half to one disc in diameter at or near the posterior pole of the fundus, (5) fluorescein studies revealing pronounced leakage of dye from the choroid into the subretinal space at the sites of exudates, (6) retinal detachment of various degrees with shifting subretinal fluid and without tears, (7) no evidence of intraocular inflammation, (8) no filling abnormalities seen in the choroidal fluorescence, (9) no response to medical therapy, including steroids and antibiotics, (10) photocoagulation to leakage sites leading to rapid resolution of retinal detachment; otherwise, spontaneous healing of detachment occurring within about 7-9 months, leaving fibroblastic macular scars and marked visual loss, and (11) no evidence of systemic findings that may be of etiologic significance. From this characteristic clinical picture, the idea of a new clinical entity must be considered. Our findings in 35 eyes from 18 Japanese patients are discussed.", "contents": "Central serous choroidopathy with bullous retinal detachment. We report here a new type of secondary retinal detachment that has never been clearly defined. The characteristic features of the disease are: (1) prevalence in middle-aged males, (2) bilateral involvement, (3) frequent existence of prodromal lesions that over long periods resemble central serous retinopathy, (4) in the evolution stage, appearance of multiple yellowish white exudative flecks of one-half to one disc in diameter at or near the posterior pole of the fundus, (5) fluorescein studies revealing pronounced leakage of dye from the choroid into the subretinal space at the sites of exudates, (6) retinal detachment of various degrees with shifting subretinal fluid and without tears, (7) no evidence of intraocular inflammation, (8) no filling abnormalities seen in the choroidal fluorescence, (9) no response to medical therapy, including steroids and antibiotics, (10) photocoagulation to leakage sites leading to rapid resolution of retinal detachment; otherwise, spontaneous healing of detachment occurring within about 7-9 months, leaving fibroblastic macular scars and marked visual loss, and (11) no evidence of systemic findings that may be of etiologic significance. From this characteristic clinical picture, the idea of a new clinical entity must be considered. Our findings in 35 eyes from 18 Japanese patients are discussed.", "PMID": 306781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_849", "title": "[Enzyme activities of bovine aqueous humour in dependence on age (author's transl)].", "content": "The specific activities of LDH, MDH and ALD of bovine aqueous humour show no significant changes in dependence on age. The protein content remains constant too. Determination of the enzyme activities of Sorbitoldehydrogenase and Pyruvatekinase was not successful due to disturbing activities of the crude aqueous. Substrate affinities (KM-value) of LDH, MDH and ALD are almost identical in aqueous, serum and lens of the bovine.", "contents": "[Enzyme activities of bovine aqueous humour in dependence on age (author's transl)]. The specific activities of LDH, MDH and ALD of bovine aqueous humour show no significant changes in dependence on age. The protein content remains constant too. Determination of the enzyme activities of Sorbitoldehydrogenase and Pyruvatekinase was not successful due to disturbing activities of the crude aqueous. Substrate affinities (KM-value) of LDH, MDH and ALD are almost identical in aqueous, serum and lens of the bovine.", "PMID": 306782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_850", "title": "[The tensile strength of human zonule and its alteration with age (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 91 cryoextractions was performed on autopsy material. The scleral section was placed near to the chamber angle and was nearly circumferential (about 330 degrees). Cornea and adjacent sclera could be flapped over this way, and did not interfere with a straightforward lens extraction. The pupil was medically dilated. A cryoprobe was fixed to a specially constructed scale, and frozen to the anterior pole of the lens. Its weight was counterbalanced by a plastic water container at the other end of the scale. The extraction was performed by filling additional water into the counterbalancing container. The statistical evaluation of the results showed a very significant dependence of the average tensile strength on age. However, a considerable standard deviation was found throughout all ages. The nutritional state of the autopsy bodies and the time interval between death and start of the measurement had no significant influence. The differences between right and left eyes were also not significant, as could be expected. The methodological error remained small. Age proved to be an unreliable indicator for the tensile strength of the zonule. All results apply to clear lenses. We known from clinical experience that the tenacity of the zonule may also be different in the various types of cataract.", "contents": "[The tensile strength of human zonule and its alteration with age (author's transl)]. A series of 91 cryoextractions was performed on autopsy material. The scleral section was placed near to the chamber angle and was nearly circumferential (about 330 degrees). Cornea and adjacent sclera could be flapped over this way, and did not interfere with a straightforward lens extraction. The pupil was medically dilated. A cryoprobe was fixed to a specially constructed scale, and frozen to the anterior pole of the lens. Its weight was counterbalanced by a plastic water container at the other end of the scale. The extraction was performed by filling additional water into the counterbalancing container. The statistical evaluation of the results showed a very significant dependence of the average tensile strength on age. However, a considerable standard deviation was found throughout all ages. The nutritional state of the autopsy bodies and the time interval between death and start of the measurement had no significant influence. The differences between right and left eyes were also not significant, as could be expected. The methodological error remained small. Age proved to be an unreliable indicator for the tensile strength of the zonule. All results apply to clear lenses. We known from clinical experience that the tenacity of the zonule may also be different in the various types of cataract.", "PMID": 306783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_851", "title": "Primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma in a male metastatic to the choroid.", "content": "A rare metastatic choroidal tumor from primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma in a male is described. This tumor secreted gonadotrophins and showed the histopathologic characteristics of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells. Early metastatic disease resulted in rapid death; the development of the choroidal metastatic lesion was diagnosed at autopsy.", "contents": "Primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma in a male metastatic to the choroid. A rare metastatic choroidal tumor from primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma in a male is described. This tumor secreted gonadotrophins and showed the histopathologic characteristics of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells. Early metastatic disease resulted in rapid death; the development of the choroidal metastatic lesion was diagnosed at autopsy.", "PMID": 306784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_852", "title": "An injection/circulation-timing switch for angiography.", "content": "An injection/circulation-timing switch was developed to simply and precisely initiate the timing unit of the fundus camera for angiographic documentation. After starting the timer, the switch, mounted on the syringe used for injection of the tracer material, subsequently provides documentation of the total elapsed time of injection. Such quantitative data can enhance the evaluation of angiographic results and contribute to their universal comparability when combined with such qualitative data as injection location and total injectate.", "contents": "An injection/circulation-timing switch for angiography. An injection/circulation-timing switch was developed to simply and precisely initiate the timing unit of the fundus camera for angiographic documentation. After starting the timer, the switch, mounted on the syringe used for injection of the tracer material, subsequently provides documentation of the total elapsed time of injection. Such quantitative data can enhance the evaluation of angiographic results and contribute to their universal comparability when combined with such qualitative data as injection location and total injectate.", "PMID": 306785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_853", "title": "[Light- and electron-microscopic examinations of deep keratomycosis (aspergillosis) (author's transl)].", "content": "Light-microscopic and ultrastructural examinations of a corneal button with deep keratomycosis revealed that keratocytes are partly injured and partly of normal structure. In the cellular reaction, macrophages especially, are found that encircle hyphae with pseudopodia or cover the apical end of the fungi. In many sections, the fungal walls are very resistant to phygocytosis, but, on the contrary, the cytoplasm is damaged earlier and more severely. The cellular reaction in the anterior chamber is massive and intensive with predominance of macrophages.", "contents": "[Light- and electron-microscopic examinations of deep keratomycosis (aspergillosis) (author's transl)]. Light-microscopic and ultrastructural examinations of a corneal button with deep keratomycosis revealed that keratocytes are partly injured and partly of normal structure. In the cellular reaction, macrophages especially, are found that encircle hyphae with pseudopodia or cover the apical end of the fungi. In many sections, the fungal walls are very resistant to phygocytosis, but, on the contrary, the cytoplasm is damaged earlier and more severely. The cellular reaction in the anterior chamber is massive and intensive with predominance of macrophages.", "PMID": 306786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_854", "title": "Bilateral internal mammary artery mobilization and sternal healing.", "content": "Four instances of mediastinal wound infection occurred in 100 patients who underwent bilateral internal mammary artery (IMA) mobilization for coronary bypass. Debridement of 3--5 mm of the sternal edges was performed 6--18 days after the primary operation, and 2 patients required additional, anatomically limited debridement. Wounds were allowed to heal by secondary intention. The wounds of 3 patients healed by 4, 7, and 16 months; they had patent grafts at the postoperative or 1-year catheterization; and they returned to work and are free of angina. The fourth patient died of renal and respiratory failure 3 months after the operation; his wound was healing and had not required additional debridement. These observations indicate that bilateral IMA mobilization does not result in avascularity of the sternum, which required only limited debridement and quickly formed granulation tissue from the periosteum and marrow.", "contents": "Bilateral internal mammary artery mobilization and sternal healing. Four instances of mediastinal wound infection occurred in 100 patients who underwent bilateral internal mammary artery (IMA) mobilization for coronary bypass. Debridement of 3--5 mm of the sternal edges was performed 6--18 days after the primary operation, and 2 patients required additional, anatomically limited debridement. Wounds were allowed to heal by secondary intention. The wounds of 3 patients healed by 4, 7, and 16 months; they had patent grafts at the postoperative or 1-year catheterization; and they returned to work and are free of angina. The fourth patient died of renal and respiratory failure 3 months after the operation; his wound was healing and had not required additional debridement. These observations indicate that bilateral IMA mobilization does not result in avascularity of the sternum, which required only limited debridement and quickly formed granulation tissue from the periosteum and marrow.", "PMID": 306790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_855", "title": "The noninvasive diagnosis of thrombophlebitis in the lower extremities: clinical value of plethysmography combined with augmentation methods and a new scoring system.", "content": "Venous impedance plethysmography and respiratory-compression Doppler augmentation responses have proved to be diagnostically valuable in suspected thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities. These noninvasive methods can provide quantitative and reproducible data on the basis of which the presence of  increased deep venous resistance can be confirmed, suspected, or doubted. A new scoring system for the composite evaluation of data from 100 consecutive  patients with possible thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, or both, is presented. These procedures assume added importance in view of the diagnostic limitations, and even potential hazards, of other methods. These methods indluce lung scanning, radioactive fibrinogen scanning, venography, and pulmonary angiography. Serial studies can be performed with impunity for following highrisk patients and evaluating various therapeutic or prophylactic measures. The importance of monitoring the femoral-popliteal segment is emphasized, because of the greater propensity for massive pulmonary thromboembolism from thrombi in these veins than in the calf vessels. Clinical observations coupled with these studies underscore the fallacy of several widely-held diagnostic biases pertaining to deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism. The long-term followup of 12 patients in whom inferior vena cava unbrellas has been inserted for life-threatening pulmonary embolism is presented. The possible propensity to deep vein thrombosis from vitamin E therapy is raised.", "contents": "The noninvasive diagnosis of thrombophlebitis in the lower extremities: clinical value of plethysmography combined with augmentation methods and a new scoring system. Venous impedance plethysmography and respiratory-compression Doppler augmentation responses have proved to be diagnostically valuable in suspected thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities. These noninvasive methods can provide quantitative and reproducible data on the basis of which the presence of  increased deep venous resistance can be confirmed, suspected, or doubted. A new scoring system for the composite evaluation of data from 100 consecutive  patients with possible thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, or both, is presented. These procedures assume added importance in view of the diagnostic limitations, and even potential hazards, of other methods. These methods indluce lung scanning, radioactive fibrinogen scanning, venography, and pulmonary angiography. Serial studies can be performed with impunity for following highrisk patients and evaluating various therapeutic or prophylactic measures. The importance of monitoring the femoral-popliteal segment is emphasized, because of the greater propensity for massive pulmonary thromboembolism from thrombi in these veins than in the calf vessels. Clinical observations coupled with these studies underscore the fallacy of several widely-held diagnostic biases pertaining to deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism. The long-term followup of 12 patients in whom inferior vena cava unbrellas has been inserted for life-threatening pulmonary embolism is presented. The possible propensity to deep vein thrombosis from vitamin E therapy is raised.", "PMID": 306791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_856", "title": "The effects of corticosteroid administration on the bronchoalveolar cells obtained from guinea pigs by lung lavage.", "content": "The effects of systemic administration of corticosteroids on the bronchoalveolar cell population obtained from guinea pigs by lung lavage were studied. The results of this study demonstrate that in contrast to the marked decrease in the percentage of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of animals treated with steroids, there was no significant decrease in the percentage of T lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar cell population. In addition, corticosteroid administration did not significantly affect either the number of alveolar macrophages obtained by lavage or the Fc receptor activity of these cells. When considered in the context of previously reported data, these results emphasize that caution must be used in reaching conclusions about the integrity of the pulmonary immune response from the results of studies using a bronchoalveolar cell population obtained by lung lavage. This observation must be considered when evaluating the significance of studies of the human pulmonary immune response performed with cells obtained by segmental bronchopulmonary lavage.", "contents": "The effects of corticosteroid administration on the bronchoalveolar cells obtained from guinea pigs by lung lavage. The effects of systemic administration of corticosteroids on the bronchoalveolar cell population obtained from guinea pigs by lung lavage were studied. The results of this study demonstrate that in contrast to the marked decrease in the percentage of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of animals treated with steroids, there was no significant decrease in the percentage of T lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar cell population. In addition, corticosteroid administration did not significantly affect either the number of alveolar macrophages obtained by lavage or the Fc receptor activity of these cells. When considered in the context of previously reported data, these results emphasize that caution must be used in reaching conclusions about the integrity of the pulmonary immune response from the results of studies using a bronchoalveolar cell population obtained by lung lavage. This observation must be considered when evaluating the significance of studies of the human pulmonary immune response performed with cells obtained by segmental bronchopulmonary lavage.", "PMID": 306792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_857", "title": "The incidence of colour-blindness among the tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh.", "content": "Among 126 Valmiki, 128 Bagatha, 129 Konda Dora and 73 Samanta tribals of Andhra Pradesh, the incidence of red-green colour-blindness in the males ranges from zero to 2.27 per cent. Samanta males exhibit no colour-blindness. In the females, only Konda Doras exhibit a frequency of 2.44 per cent of the trait. Comparison of the present data with the other available tribal and non-tribal data of Andhra Pradesh shows that our results fall well in the range for other data. Post's (1962) hypothesis of relaxation of selection against colour-blindness is also supported by our Andhra Pradesh data.", "contents": "The incidence of colour-blindness among the tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh. Among 126 Valmiki, 128 Bagatha, 129 Konda Dora and 73 Samanta tribals of Andhra Pradesh, the incidence of red-green colour-blindness in the males ranges from zero to 2.27 per cent. Samanta males exhibit no colour-blindness. In the females, only Konda Doras exhibit a frequency of 2.44 per cent of the trait. Comparison of the present data with the other available tribal and non-tribal data of Andhra Pradesh shows that our results fall well in the range for other data. Post's (1962) hypothesis of relaxation of selection against colour-blindness is also supported by our Andhra Pradesh data.", "PMID": 306798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_858", "title": "The effects of single-dose alternate-day prednisone therapy on the immunological status of patients with neuromuscular diseases.", "content": "Several immunological variables were examined in patients receiving high-single-dose, alternate-day prednisone therapy for neuromuscular diseases. Dose-dependent leukocytosis, lymphopenia, and monocytopenia occurred which were maximal 6 hours after prednisone administration but returned to control levels by the 24-hour point. The lymphopenia involved T-cells, B-cells, and null cells, with the T-cells most affected. Plasma cortisol levels and lymphocyte transformation in response to mitogens were also transiently and reversibly suppressed. There was a persistent decrease in serum IgG. Lymphocyte transformation was also suppressed when normal lymphocytes were incubated with treated patient sera or when treated patient lymphocytes were incubated in autologous pretreatment sera. The suppression factor was not removed from the lymphocytes by extensive washing. Patients whose disease responded to the high-single-dose, alternate-day prednisone regiment were indistinguishable from nonresponders by the immunological responses measured.", "contents": "The effects of single-dose alternate-day prednisone therapy on the immunological status of patients with neuromuscular diseases. Several immunological variables were examined in patients receiving high-single-dose, alternate-day prednisone therapy for neuromuscular diseases. Dose-dependent leukocytosis, lymphopenia, and monocytopenia occurred which were maximal 6 hours after prednisone administration but returned to control levels by the 24-hour point. The lymphopenia involved T-cells, B-cells, and null cells, with the T-cells most affected. Plasma cortisol levels and lymphocyte transformation in response to mitogens were also transiently and reversibly suppressed. There was a persistent decrease in serum IgG. Lymphocyte transformation was also suppressed when normal lymphocytes were incubated with treated patient sera or when treated patient lymphocytes were incubated in autologous pretreatment sera. The suppression factor was not removed from the lymphocytes by extensive washing. Patients whose disease responded to the high-single-dose, alternate-day prednisone regiment were indistinguishable from nonresponders by the immunological responses measured.", "PMID": 306799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_859", "title": "Crista neglecta in man.", "content": "The prevalence, location, and size of the crista neglecta in man were investigated by examining the histological sections of 223 human temporal bones (137 cases). The relationship between the crista neglecta and the singular nerve was also described. The crista neglecta was observed in 17 cases, ranging in age from 15-week fetal life to 76 years. This structure was located on the wall of the anterolateral quadrant of the posterior canal ampulla, close to the cribriform area of the singular nerve in the area between the utriculoampullar duct and the intermediate portion of the posterior canal crista. The average width, length, and height of the crista neglecta were described. The crista neglecta had a mound-like shape and contained nerve fibers, transitional epithelium, sensory hair cells, and a cupula. The nerve fibers from the crista neglecta were joined to a small branch of the singular nerve at the cribriform area in 5 of 17 crista neglecta cases, and to the main trunk of the singular nerve in the remaining 12 cases.", "contents": "Crista neglecta in man. The prevalence, location, and size of the crista neglecta in man were investigated by examining the histological sections of 223 human temporal bones (137 cases). The relationship between the crista neglecta and the singular nerve was also described. The crista neglecta was observed in 17 cases, ranging in age from 15-week fetal life to 76 years. This structure was located on the wall of the anterolateral quadrant of the posterior canal ampulla, close to the cribriform area of the singular nerve in the area between the utriculoampullar duct and the intermediate portion of the posterior canal crista. The average width, length, and height of the crista neglecta were described. The crista neglecta had a mound-like shape and contained nerve fibers, transitional epithelium, sensory hair cells, and a cupula. The nerve fibers from the crista neglecta were joined to a small branch of the singular nerve at the cribriform area in 5 of 17 crista neglecta cases, and to the main trunk of the singular nerve in the remaining 12 cases.", "PMID": 306795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_860", "title": "Significance of surface immunoglobulin in murine and human myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "One important factor in the production of the immunologic deficiency in myeloma appears to be the alteration of the surface immunoglobulin by a macromolecular, RNA containing factor released by the tumor. In contrast, the cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia are not influenced by factors outside the cell and their lack of immunologic reactivity is due to an intrinsic defect. These characteristics may be occasionally important in differential-diagnostic considerations.", "contents": "Significance of surface immunoglobulin in murine and human myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. One important factor in the production of the immunologic deficiency in myeloma appears to be the alteration of the surface immunoglobulin by a macromolecular, RNA containing factor released by the tumor. In contrast, the cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia are not influenced by factors outside the cell and their lack of immunologic reactivity is due to an intrinsic defect. These characteristics may be occasionally important in differential-diagnostic considerations.", "PMID": 306797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_861", "title": "Intraoperative posterior left ventricular wall rupture associated with mitral valve replacement.", "content": "An unusual but often lethal complication of mitral valve replacement is rupture of the left ventricle. The two recognized types of rupture are discussed, and the literature and pathology are reviewed. It is stressed that this complication can be prevented, and the factors involved in prevention are outlined.", "contents": "Intraoperative posterior left ventricular wall rupture associated with mitral valve replacement. An unusual but often lethal complication of mitral valve replacement is rupture of the left ventricle. The two recognized types of rupture are discussed, and the literature and pathology are reviewed. It is stressed that this complication can be prevented, and the factors involved in prevention are outlined.", "PMID": 306802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_862", "title": "The de facto US mental health services system: a public health perspective.", "content": "The President's Commission on Mental Health has highlighted a heretofore unmet need for the linkage of data on the prevalence of mental disorder with national data on the use of mental health services. This study analyzes available epidemiological data and recent mental health services research findings to estimate the percent of the population with a mental disorder and the proportion utilizing various types of specialty mental health and general medical treatment settings. Provisional estimates indicate that at least 15% of the US population is affected by mental disorders in one year. In 1975, only one fifth of these were served in the specialty mental health sector, with about three fifths identified in the general medical (primary care) sector.", "contents": "The de facto US mental health services system: a public health perspective. The President's Commission on Mental Health has highlighted a heretofore unmet need for the linkage of data on the prevalence of mental disorder with national data on the use of mental health services. This study analyzes available epidemiological data and recent mental health services research findings to estimate the percent of the population with a mental disorder and the proportion utilizing various types of specialty mental health and general medical treatment settings. Provisional estimates indicate that at least 15% of the US population is affected by mental disorders in one year. In 1975, only one fifth of these were served in the specialty mental health sector, with about three fifths identified in the general medical (primary care) sector.", "PMID": 306803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_863", "title": "Prevalence of depression over a 12-month period in a nonpatient population.", "content": "A nonpatient population of air traffic controllers, all of whom remained employed during the observation period, was examined monthly for one year for level of depression using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. The average monthly prevalence of depression was 9.1%, with 7.0% at the symptom level, 1.9% at a level comparable to outpatients, and 0.2% with moderately severe levels. These figures were generally similar to those for other reported population groups, although exact comparisons were difficult because of the preselection for health in this population. Two patterns of depression were observed. One was characterized by an acute, episodic symptomatology returning to nonsymptomatic levels for most of the year, similar to Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) category \"episodic minor depressive disorder.\" The other showed a chronic, fluctuating course with significant depressive symptomatology over half the year, similar to RDC category \"chronic and intermittent minor depressive disorder.\"", "contents": "Prevalence of depression over a 12-month period in a nonpatient population. A nonpatient population of air traffic controllers, all of whom remained employed during the observation period, was examined monthly for one year for level of depression using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. The average monthly prevalence of depression was 9.1%, with 7.0% at the symptom level, 1.9% at a level comparable to outpatients, and 0.2% with moderately severe levels. These figures were generally similar to those for other reported population groups, although exact comparisons were difficult because of the preselection for health in this population. Two patterns of depression were observed. One was characterized by an acute, episodic symptomatology returning to nonsymptomatic levels for most of the year, similar to Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) category \"episodic minor depressive disorder.\" The other showed a chronic, fluctuating course with significant depressive symptomatology over half the year, similar to RDC category \"chronic and intermittent minor depressive disorder.\"", "PMID": 306804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_864", "title": "Colony-stimulating activity.", "content": "Hemopoietic cells, when placed in single-cell suspension in a semisolid growth medium for seven to 14 days, have been found to form visible colonies of granulocytes and monocytes. Colony growth appears only in cultures to which a source of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) is added. Because of these in vitro effects, CSA is thought to be an in vivo regulator of granulocyte and monocyte production from progenitor cells in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Colony-stimulating activity. Hemopoietic cells, when placed in single-cell suspension in a semisolid growth medium for seven to 14 days, have been found to form visible colonies of granulocytes and monocytes. Colony growth appears only in cultures to which a source of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) is added. Because of these in vitro effects, CSA is thought to be an in vivo regulator of granulocyte and monocyte production from progenitor cells in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 306805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_865", "title": "Pathology of coronary artery bypass graft surgery.", "content": "Coronary artery bypass graft surgery has been available and widely successful for the symptomatic treatment of ischemic heart disease. Despite its widespread use, there is little information available on the pathological consequences of this procedure on the human heart. In this article, morphological consequences of coronary artery bypass graft surgery is reviewed. Intimal changes occurring within the vein graft itself consist predominately of fibrous initimal proliferation, which in some patients may progress to from an occlusive plaque. Most occlusions, however, occur at the coronary artery bypass graft anastomosis site and the mechanisms of occlusion include compression of the vascular lumen, thrombosis, and dissection of the coronary artery. Most graft failure occurs in the setting of too small a native coronary artery lumen. The myocardium is also at risk for alterations as a result of the bypass operation. Contraction band or reperfusion necrosis is the type of injury most commonly seen, and it appears to occur most often in the distribution of patent grafts. Accelerated atherosclerosis in vein grafts and the myocardial injury associated with revascularization require further detailed morphological studies, but these are important areas for pathological exploration since they bear on important and yet unanswered questions about coronary bypass surgery: can it in the long run perserve myocardium and prolong life?", "contents": "Pathology of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery has been available and widely successful for the symptomatic treatment of ischemic heart disease. Despite its widespread use, there is little information available on the pathological consequences of this procedure on the human heart. In this article, morphological consequences of coronary artery bypass graft surgery is reviewed. Intimal changes occurring within the vein graft itself consist predominately of fibrous initimal proliferation, which in some patients may progress to from an occlusive plaque. Most occlusions, however, occur at the coronary artery bypass graft anastomosis site and the mechanisms of occlusion include compression of the vascular lumen, thrombosis, and dissection of the coronary artery. Most graft failure occurs in the setting of too small a native coronary artery lumen. The myocardium is also at risk for alterations as a result of the bypass operation. Contraction band or reperfusion necrosis is the type of injury most commonly seen, and it appears to occur most often in the distribution of patent grafts. Accelerated atherosclerosis in vein grafts and the myocardial injury associated with revascularization require further detailed morphological studies, but these are important areas for pathological exploration since they bear on important and yet unanswered questions about coronary bypass surgery: can it in the long run perserve myocardium and prolong life?", "PMID": 306806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_866", "title": "Atherosclerotic aneurysm in aortocoronary vein graft.", "content": "An atherosclerotic aneurysm was found in aortocoronary vein grafts of two patients who had a second revascularization because of reappearance of anginal symptoms five and six years, respectively, after the initial bypass operation.", "contents": "Atherosclerotic aneurysm in aortocoronary vein graft. An atherosclerotic aneurysm was found in aortocoronary vein grafts of two patients who had a second revascularization because of reappearance of anginal symptoms five and six years, respectively, after the initial bypass operation.", "PMID": 306807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_867", "title": "[Condensor field irradiation (27.12 mhz) and osteosynthetic implants (author's transl)].", "content": "The question whether metals implanted in tissue may induce heat damage is yet controversial. Due to physical laws an increased production of heat is to be expected around the metal parts directed towards the capacitor plates. This is due to a converging and shunting effect of the metal in the electric field. Model experiments show that the shunting effect is most significance for the production of heat damage close to the metal. No heat damage is to be expected under the four following conditions: 1. linear or 2-dimensional osteosynthesis implantats are in a rectangular position to the electric field, 2. the metal is covered with at least 10 mm of tissue, 3. the tissue between the capacitor plates is of a with at least 40 mm and 4. common used frequency generators or field intensities are applied. Reported results suggest to investigate whether the high frequent electrical field influences the fracture regeneration advantageously.", "contents": "[Condensor field irradiation (27.12 mhz) and osteosynthetic implants (author's transl)]. The question whether metals implanted in tissue may induce heat damage is yet controversial. Due to physical laws an increased production of heat is to be expected around the metal parts directed towards the capacitor plates. This is due to a converging and shunting effect of the metal in the electric field. Model experiments show that the shunting effect is most significance for the production of heat damage close to the metal. No heat damage is to be expected under the four following conditions: 1. linear or 2-dimensional osteosynthesis implantats are in a rectangular position to the electric field, 2. the metal is covered with at least 10 mm of tissue, 3. the tissue between the capacitor plates is of a with at least 40 mm and 4. common used frequency generators or field intensities are applied. Reported results suggest to investigate whether the high frequent electrical field influences the fracture regeneration advantageously.", "PMID": 306808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_868", "title": "Hemosuccus pancreaticus (hemoductal pancreatitis): gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm into the pancreatic duct.", "content": "A patient with recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding was found to have pancreatitis and a pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery that communicated with the pancreatic duct. Similar pathology noted in ten other patients found in an extensive review of the literature suggest that this rare entity must be considered in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal hemorrhage of obscure origin. In this collected experience, the combination of recurrent left upper quadrant pain, a history of pancreatitis, and recurrent bouts of gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin were usually present in those patients who were found to have a splenic artery aneurysm as the source of the blood loss. Distal pancreatectomy with resection of the splenic artery aneurysm is curative.", "contents": "Hemosuccus pancreaticus (hemoductal pancreatitis): gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm into the pancreatic duct. A patient with recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding was found to have pancreatitis and a pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery that communicated with the pancreatic duct. Similar pathology noted in ten other patients found in an extensive review of the literature suggest that this rare entity must be considered in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal hemorrhage of obscure origin. In this collected experience, the combination of recurrent left upper quadrant pain, a history of pancreatitis, and recurrent bouts of gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin were usually present in those patients who were found to have a splenic artery aneurysm as the source of the blood loss. Distal pancreatectomy with resection of the splenic artery aneurysm is curative.", "PMID": 306809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_869", "title": "Hashish smoking and T-lymphocytes.", "content": "To investigate the effect of long term hashish use on T-lymphocytes we have measured the incorporation of 14C-thymidine by peripheral blood lymphocytes, unstimulated and stimulated by phytohemagglutinin, as well as the proportion and number of E-rosettes in 12 healthy male chronic users of the drug before and after a smoking session, and in 15 control subjects. The results show that hashish smoking does not impair the response of lymphocytes to PHA, at least at the concentration of PHA used. Furthermore there is a possibility that among chronic users a hashish smoking session may have a slight stimulatory effect.", "contents": "Hashish smoking and T-lymphocytes. To investigate the effect of long term hashish use on T-lymphocytes we have measured the incorporation of 14C-thymidine by peripheral blood lymphocytes, unstimulated and stimulated by phytohemagglutinin, as well as the proportion and number of E-rosettes in 12 healthy male chronic users of the drug before and after a smoking session, and in 15 control subjects. The results show that hashish smoking does not impair the response of lymphocytes to PHA, at least at the concentration of PHA used. Furthermore there is a possibility that among chronic users a hashish smoking session may have a slight stimulatory effect.", "PMID": 306810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_870", "title": "[Internal carotid artery thrombosis in the course of rheumatic disease. Report of a case].", "content": "The case of a 21 years old man with hemiplegia and hyperthermia of sudden onset is reported. The angiographic study showed thrombosis of the distal portion of the internal carotid artery. Laboratorial studies revealed positive rheumatic tests. The authors think that the rheumatic arteritis may be responsible for this ischemic cerebral accident. Differential diagnosis with the embolic accidents caused by the rheumatic disease is discussed.", "contents": "[Internal carotid artery thrombosis in the course of rheumatic disease. Report of a case]. The case of a 21 years old man with hemiplegia and hyperthermia of sudden onset is reported. The angiographic study showed thrombosis of the distal portion of the internal carotid artery. Laboratorial studies revealed positive rheumatic tests. The authors think that the rheumatic arteritis may be responsible for this ischemic cerebral accident. Differential diagnosis with the embolic accidents caused by the rheumatic disease is discussed.", "PMID": 306813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_871", "title": "Endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy.", "content": "Two cases of late endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy surgery are described. Despite intensive antibiotic therapy, the visual end result in both cases was poor. The incidence of endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy, according to this report is similar to that after Scheie's procedure, but less than that after trephination. A possible cause of endophthalmitis is the anterior dissection of the superficial scleral flap into the cornea.", "contents": "Endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy. Two cases of late endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy surgery are described. Despite intensive antibiotic therapy, the visual end result in both cases was poor. The incidence of endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy, according to this report is similar to that after Scheie's procedure, but less than that after trephination. A possible cause of endophthalmitis is the anterior dissection of the superficial scleral flap into the cornea.", "PMID": 306814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_872", "title": "Hearing disorders after Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Comparison of different drug regimens.", "content": "Of 131 children with bacteriologically verified Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, 75 were treated with ampicillin sodium and 45 with a combination of chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and penicillin G sodium during the first 72 hours. Audiological and neuro-otologic examinations performed 1 to 15 years later showed that 3 patients were totally deaf, 11 had moderate and 15 minimal hearing losses, and 6 had vestibular disorders. All three deaf children and all those with recognized vestibular disorders had been treated with ampicillin. The severe sequelae, both otologic and nonotologic, tended to occur in children of the lower social groups. There were 15 ears with moderate hearing loss; the lesion was cochlear in nine and retrocochlea in four; it could not be localized in two. Ampicillin was given in relatively low dosage, but the results strongly support the value of chloramphenicol of \"triple therapy\" as weapons against H influenzae meningitis.", "contents": "Hearing disorders after Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Comparison of different drug regimens. Of 131 children with bacteriologically verified Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, 75 were treated with ampicillin sodium and 45 with a combination of chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and penicillin G sodium during the first 72 hours. Audiological and neuro-otologic examinations performed 1 to 15 years later showed that 3 patients were totally deaf, 11 had moderate and 15 minimal hearing losses, and 6 had vestibular disorders. All three deaf children and all those with recognized vestibular disorders had been treated with ampicillin. The severe sequelae, both otologic and nonotologic, tended to occur in children of the lower social groups. There were 15 ears with moderate hearing loss; the lesion was cochlear in nine and retrocochlea in four; it could not be localized in two. Ampicillin was given in relatively low dosage, but the results strongly support the value of chloramphenicol of \"triple therapy\" as weapons against H influenzae meningitis.", "PMID": 306816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_873", "title": "The significance of serial measurement of serum anti-native DNA antibodies and complement C3 and C4 components in the management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Serial measurements were made over a period of three years of serum DNA-binding capacity and complement C3 and C4 levels in parallel with documentation of clinical features of disease activity in Glasgow patients with SLE. Raised DNA-binding levels were noted in 27 of the 32 patients over this time period. High levels (over 80%) were found in patients with both renal and non-renal disease. In some patients increases in DNA-binding capacity and decreases in C3 levels were associated with changes in disease activity. This pattern was commonest in patients with renal SLE. In others DNA-binding capacity was elevated without any relationship to SLE disease activity. A fall in serum C3 levels was usually significant while serum C4 levels frequently fell without any change in clinical features of disease activity. Very low serum C4 levels (below 15 mg/dl), however, were usually of clinical relevance. The uses of immunological measurements in the differential diagnosis of a major illness in a patient with SLE are discussed. The finding of such an illness in a patient with normal serum DNA-binding levels made it unlikely that the illness was due to an exacerbation of the SLE and more likely that an alternative cause such as supervening bacteraemia was responsible.", "contents": "The significance of serial measurement of serum anti-native DNA antibodies and complement C3 and C4 components in the management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Serial measurements were made over a period of three years of serum DNA-binding capacity and complement C3 and C4 levels in parallel with documentation of clinical features of disease activity in Glasgow patients with SLE. Raised DNA-binding levels were noted in 27 of the 32 patients over this time period. High levels (over 80%) were found in patients with both renal and non-renal disease. In some patients increases in DNA-binding capacity and decreases in C3 levels were associated with changes in disease activity. This pattern was commonest in patients with renal SLE. In others DNA-binding capacity was elevated without any relationship to SLE disease activity. A fall in serum C3 levels was usually significant while serum C4 levels frequently fell without any change in clinical features of disease activity. Very low serum C4 levels (below 15 mg/dl), however, were usually of clinical relevance. The uses of immunological measurements in the differential diagnosis of a major illness in a patient with SLE are discussed. The finding of such an illness in a patient with normal serum DNA-binding levels made it unlikely that the illness was due to an exacerbation of the SLE and more likely that an alternative cause such as supervening bacteraemia was responsible.", "PMID": 306817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_874", "title": "Vestibular disease, and its relationship to facial paralysis in the horse: a clinical study of 7 cases.", "content": "The signs observed in 6 cases of peripheral vestibular disease included incoordination, head tilt and nystagmus. The intensity of the signs varied greatly with duration of the disease, and in 3 cases facial paralysis was also present. Tympanosclerosis was demonstrable in all cases subject to radiology. Trauma was the causative factor in most cases. The causes of, and relationships between, vestibular dysfunction and concomitant facial paralysis are discussed. The exact etiology of the tympanosclerosis is unknown.", "contents": "Vestibular disease, and its relationship to facial paralysis in the horse: a clinical study of 7 cases. The signs observed in 6 cases of peripheral vestibular disease included incoordination, head tilt and nystagmus. The intensity of the signs varied greatly with duration of the disease, and in 3 cases facial paralysis was also present. Tympanosclerosis was demonstrable in all cases subject to radiology. Trauma was the causative factor in most cases. The causes of, and relationships between, vestibular dysfunction and concomitant facial paralysis are discussed. The exact etiology of the tympanosclerosis is unknown.", "PMID": 306818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_875", "title": "Thresholds of perception for periodic linear motion.", "content": "This paper reviews 18 reports which have investigated the absolute threshold of perception of periodic linear motion. The roles of the otolith, somatosensory, and visual detection mechanisms in determining threshold are discussed. Most threshold data for oscillation at frequencies below 1 Hz reflect otolith and somatosensory detection, and show a falling threshold as the frequency rises. This is in accord with neurophysiological data of otolith and somatosensory function. The data for frequencies above 1 Hz reflect an unknown mix of visual, otolith, and somatosensory influences. These data are too heterogenous to indicate whether threshold rises or falls as the frequency of stimulation increases.", "contents": "Thresholds of perception for periodic linear motion. This paper reviews 18 reports which have investigated the absolute threshold of perception of periodic linear motion. The roles of the otolith, somatosensory, and visual detection mechanisms in determining threshold are discussed. Most threshold data for oscillation at frequencies below 1 Hz reflect otolith and somatosensory detection, and show a falling threshold as the frequency rises. This is in accord with neurophysiological data of otolith and somatosensory function. The data for frequencies above 1 Hz reflect an unknown mix of visual, otolith, and somatosensory influences. These data are too heterogenous to indicate whether threshold rises or falls as the frequency of stimulation increases.", "PMID": 306819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_876", "title": "Effect of the anti-estrogen, Nafoxidine, on NZB/W autoimmune disease.", "content": "Treatment of female NZB/W F1 mice with Nafoxidine, an anti-estrogen, led to delayed manifestation of autoimmune features. Such treated mice had reduced anti-DNA antibodies, reduced proteinuria, and improved survival. These results support the hypothesis that sex hormones play an important role in the expression of autoimmunity and suggest that estrogens may accelerate autoimmunity in NZB/W F1 mice.", "contents": "Effect of the anti-estrogen, Nafoxidine, on NZB/W autoimmune disease. Treatment of female NZB/W F1 mice with Nafoxidine, an anti-estrogen, led to delayed manifestation of autoimmune features. Such treated mice had reduced anti-DNA antibodies, reduced proteinuria, and improved survival. These results support the hypothesis that sex hormones play an important role in the expression of autoimmunity and suggest that estrogens may accelerate autoimmunity in NZB/W F1 mice.", "PMID": 306824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_877", "title": "[Muscle metabolic state in tourniquet syndrome in the rat after administration of the proteinase inhibitor aprotinin (author's transl)].", "content": "The metabolic status of rat skeletal muscle was examined after 5 h of unilateral ischemia of one hind leg and following 5 h of recirculation. There was no recovery, neither with nor without aprotinin (Trasylol) in different doses (35 000 and 125 000 KIE/kg b.w.). After 3 h of ischemia and 3 h of recirculation a significant recovery of the metabolic status occurred in animals without and with 35 000 KIE aprotinin/kg b.w. After injection of 125 000 KIE aprotinin the restoration of the metabolic status was significantly retarded. The metabolic situation of the contralateral, non-ischemic legs revealed--in comparison to normal levels--a significant deterioration in the latter group.", "contents": "[Muscle metabolic state in tourniquet syndrome in the rat after administration of the proteinase inhibitor aprotinin (author's transl)]. The metabolic status of rat skeletal muscle was examined after 5 h of unilateral ischemia of one hind leg and following 5 h of recirculation. There was no recovery, neither with nor without aprotinin (Trasylol) in different doses (35 000 and 125 000 KIE/kg b.w.). After 3 h of ischemia and 3 h of recirculation a significant recovery of the metabolic status occurred in animals without and with 35 000 KIE aprotinin/kg b.w. After injection of 125 000 KIE aprotinin the restoration of the metabolic status was significantly retarded. The metabolic situation of the contralateral, non-ischemic legs revealed--in comparison to normal levels--a significant deterioration in the latter group.", "PMID": 306826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_878", "title": "Technical considerations in patients undergoing combined aortic valve replacement and aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Forty-nine patients have undergone combined aortic valve replacement and aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass graft surgery using a technique of distal coronary perfusion. Vein grafts are placed before replacement of the aortic valve, and continuously perfused by siting the proximal anastomoses high on the aortic root or individually perfusing the grafts before proximal anastomosis. Continuous coronary ostial perfusion is used as well during aortic valve replacement. There were 3 (6.1%) operative deaths and 1 (2%) perioperative myocardial infarction. A comparison of this technique with other reported results suggests that attention to myocardial perfusion distal to significant coronary artery stenosis may decrease the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients requiring both aortic valve replacement and coronary bypass graft operation.", "contents": "Technical considerations in patients undergoing combined aortic valve replacement and aortocoronary bypass surgery. Forty-nine patients have undergone combined aortic valve replacement and aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass graft surgery using a technique of distal coronary perfusion. Vein grafts are placed before replacement of the aortic valve, and continuously perfused by siting the proximal anastomoses high on the aortic root or individually perfusing the grafts before proximal anastomosis. Continuous coronary ostial perfusion is used as well during aortic valve replacement. There were 3 (6.1%) operative deaths and 1 (2%) perioperative myocardial infarction. A comparison of this technique with other reported results suggests that attention to myocardial perfusion distal to significant coronary artery stenosis may decrease the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients requiring both aortic valve replacement and coronary bypass graft operation.", "PMID": 306830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_879", "title": "Effect of adult thymectomy on tumour immunity in mice.", "content": "The effect of adult thymectomy in DBA/2J mice on the in vitro response to syngeneic tumour cells was investigated. Spleen cells from adult mice which had been thymectomized 8 weeks previously demonstrated a severely impaired primary cytotoxic response to P815 tumour cells, whereas their cytotoxic responses to allogeneic cells (C57BL/6) and to non-H-2 antigens (BALB/c), and their ability to form a primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells was unimpaired. Suppressor T cells, specific for P815 cells, appeared early in the thymuses of animals inoculated with P815 cells (between 4 and 8 days after tumour-cell injection). No differences in tumour growth between animals thymectomized as adults and sham-operated controls were observed, and thymectomized tumour-bearing animals had levels of specific suppressor cells in their lymph nodes equivalent to the levels found in untreated controls. Severely thymocyte-deprived animals which had been thymectomized, irradiated and reconstituted with either marrow or spleen cells 8 weeks before tumour implantation succumbed more rapidly to metastatic tumour than did control animals.", "contents": "Effect of adult thymectomy on tumour immunity in mice. The effect of adult thymectomy in DBA/2J mice on the in vitro response to syngeneic tumour cells was investigated. Spleen cells from adult mice which had been thymectomized 8 weeks previously demonstrated a severely impaired primary cytotoxic response to P815 tumour cells, whereas their cytotoxic responses to allogeneic cells (C57BL/6) and to non-H-2 antigens (BALB/c), and their ability to form a primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells was unimpaired. Suppressor T cells, specific for P815 cells, appeared early in the thymuses of animals inoculated with P815 cells (between 4 and 8 days after tumour-cell injection). No differences in tumour growth between animals thymectomized as adults and sham-operated controls were observed, and thymectomized tumour-bearing animals had levels of specific suppressor cells in their lymph nodes equivalent to the levels found in untreated controls. Severely thymocyte-deprived animals which had been thymectomized, irradiated and reconstituted with either marrow or spleen cells 8 weeks before tumour implantation succumbed more rapidly to metastatic tumour than did control animals.", "PMID": 306831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_880", "title": "Activity and stability of the luciferase--flavin intermediate.", "content": "A luciferase intermediate in the bacterial bioluminescence system, which is formed by reaction of enzyme with reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) and oxygen, is shown to emit light with added aldehyde under anaerobic conditions. The reaction with oxygen is thus effectively irreversible under the conditions used. The flavin chromophore has an absorption maximum at about 370 nm and the potential activity (bioluminescence yield) in the further reaction of the isolated intermediate with aldehyde is strictly proportional to the amount of this flavin chromophore.", "contents": "Activity and stability of the luciferase--flavin intermediate. A luciferase intermediate in the bacterial bioluminescence system, which is formed by reaction of enzyme with reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) and oxygen, is shown to emit light with added aldehyde under anaerobic conditions. The reaction with oxygen is thus effectively irreversible under the conditions used. The flavin chromophore has an absorption maximum at about 370 nm and the potential activity (bioluminescence yield) in the further reaction of the isolated intermediate with aldehyde is strictly proportional to the amount of this flavin chromophore.", "PMID": 306832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_881", "title": "Formation and development of photosynthetic units in repigmenting Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides wild type and \"Phofil\" mutant strain.", "content": "The formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in the wild type Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and in the \"Phofil\" mutant was investigated by analyzing absorption and fluorescence parameters and the kinetics of fluorescence induction. Repigmentation was induced by transfer of bleached cells to semi-aerobic culture conditions. 1. In the \"Phofil\" mutant, functional photosynthetic units appear at pigment cellular contents which depend on the physiological state of the inoculum. The unadapted mutant can reach the functional units stage at a cellular pigment level 20 times lower than that of the wild type, although the size and composition of the units are identical in both strains. This rules out the hypothesis of photosynthetic units forming by random integration of pigments into the membrane. Moreover, the fact that units are separate at this stage (as shown by the exponential shape of fluorescence induction kinetics) suggests that the units' formation proceeds from discrete predetermined membrane sites. 2. In repigmentng wild type cells, the multistep assembly of bacteriochlorophyll complexes appears correlated to their organization in photosynthetic units as follows: (i) During a first stage, B-875 is mostly synthesized, while the efficiency of transfer increases, suggesting that the pigments are initially interpersed at comparatively large average distances from each other in the bleached membrane. (ii) After 1.5 h of repigmentation, the transfer and trapping efficiencies reach a maximum. The units (26 B-875 + 11 B-850 per center) are still separate, as shown by exponential fluorescence kinetics. (iii) The increase in the units' size then essentially proceeds through B-850 incorporation. Energy transfer between units occurs at a comparatively late stage, i.e., 5 h repigmentation.", "contents": "Formation and development of photosynthetic units in repigmenting Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides wild type and \"Phofil\" mutant strain. The formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in the wild type Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and in the \"Phofil\" mutant was investigated by analyzing absorption and fluorescence parameters and the kinetics of fluorescence induction. Repigmentation was induced by transfer of bleached cells to semi-aerobic culture conditions. 1. In the \"Phofil\" mutant, functional photosynthetic units appear at pigment cellular contents which depend on the physiological state of the inoculum. The unadapted mutant can reach the functional units stage at a cellular pigment level 20 times lower than that of the wild type, although the size and composition of the units are identical in both strains. This rules out the hypothesis of photosynthetic units forming by random integration of pigments into the membrane. Moreover, the fact that units are separate at this stage (as shown by the exponential shape of fluorescence induction kinetics) suggests that the units' formation proceeds from discrete predetermined membrane sites. 2. In repigmentng wild type cells, the multistep assembly of bacteriochlorophyll complexes appears correlated to their organization in photosynthetic units as follows: (i) During a first stage, B-875 is mostly synthesized, while the efficiency of transfer increases, suggesting that the pigments are initially interpersed at comparatively large average distances from each other in the bleached membrane. (ii) After 1.5 h of repigmentation, the transfer and trapping efficiencies reach a maximum. The units (26 B-875 + 11 B-850 per center) are still separate, as shown by exponential fluorescence kinetics. (iii) The increase in the units' size then essentially proceeds through B-850 incorporation. Energy transfer between units occurs at a comparatively late stage, i.e., 5 h repigmentation.", "PMID": 306833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_882", "title": "Electron transfer and spin exchange contributing to the magnetic field dependence of the primary photochemical reaction of bacterial photosynthesis.", "content": "The yield phiT of triplet products \"PR\" generated in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in which the \"primary\" acceptor is reduced had been found to depend on external magnetic fields. The magnetic field dependence varies, however, between different reaction center preparations. By means of a theoretical description of the primary electron transfer processes and hyperfine coupling-induced electron spin motion the factors influencing the magnetic field behaviour of the triplet products are studied. The following quantities characteristic of the primary electron transfer in photosynthesis have a strong effect on phiT: (1) the rate constants of reversible electron transfer between the initially excited singlet state of the reaction center and an intermediate radical ion pair state; (2) the rate constants of irreversible electron transfer of the radical pair to the ground and excited triplet state of the reaction center; (3) the electron exchange interactions between the radical pair and the \"primary\" acceptor. From the observed magnetic field dependence of phiT estimates for these quantities are obtained. A temperature dependence of the magnetic field behaviour of phiT and a magnetic field effect on the fluorescence quantum yield of the reaction center are predicted.", "contents": "Electron transfer and spin exchange contributing to the magnetic field dependence of the primary photochemical reaction of bacterial photosynthesis. The yield phiT of triplet products \"PR\" generated in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in which the \"primary\" acceptor is reduced had been found to depend on external magnetic fields. The magnetic field dependence varies, however, between different reaction center preparations. By means of a theoretical description of the primary electron transfer processes and hyperfine coupling-induced electron spin motion the factors influencing the magnetic field behaviour of the triplet products are studied. The following quantities characteristic of the primary electron transfer in photosynthesis have a strong effect on phiT: (1) the rate constants of reversible electron transfer between the initially excited singlet state of the reaction center and an intermediate radical ion pair state; (2) the rate constants of irreversible electron transfer of the radical pair to the ground and excited triplet state of the reaction center; (3) the electron exchange interactions between the radical pair and the \"primary\" acceptor. From the observed magnetic field dependence of phiT estimates for these quantities are obtained. A temperature dependence of the magnetic field behaviour of phiT and a magnetic field effect on the fluorescence quantum yield of the reaction center are predicted.", "PMID": 306834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_883", "title": "Analysis of the pigment content of an antenna pigment-protein complex from three strains of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "The pigment content of a B800-850 light-harvesting pigment-protein complex isolated from three different stains of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides has been determined. In each case the ratio of carotenoid to bacteriochlorophyll present is very nearly 1 : 3 an no specificity with regard to carotenoid type was observed. The fourth derivative of the infra-red absorption bands of the complex was determined and it is concluded that the minimal functional unit of B800-850 complex consists of 1 carotenoid molecule and three bacteriochlorophyll molecules. The data presented here, together with the previous study of Austin, (Austin, L.A. (1976) Ph.D. Thesis, University of California at Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report No. LBL 5512) suggest that the 800 nm absorption band represents one of these bacteriochlorophyll molecules while the remaining two bacteriochlorophylls are responsible for the 850 nm band. The absorption spectra and circular dichroism spectra of the complexes suggests that their structure has not been greatly altered during the purification.", "contents": "Analysis of the pigment content of an antenna pigment-protein complex from three strains of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The pigment content of a B800-850 light-harvesting pigment-protein complex isolated from three different stains of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides has been determined. In each case the ratio of carotenoid to bacteriochlorophyll present is very nearly 1 : 3 an no specificity with regard to carotenoid type was observed. The fourth derivative of the infra-red absorption bands of the complex was determined and it is concluded that the minimal functional unit of B800-850 complex consists of 1 carotenoid molecule and three bacteriochlorophyll molecules. The data presented here, together with the previous study of Austin, (Austin, L.A. (1976) Ph.D. Thesis, University of California at Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report No. LBL 5512) suggest that the 800 nm absorption band represents one of these bacteriochlorophyll molecules while the remaining two bacteriochlorophylls are responsible for the 850 nm band. The absorption spectra and circular dichroism spectra of the complexes suggests that their structure has not been greatly altered during the purification.", "PMID": 306835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_884", "title": "Short circuit current in tight and leaky epithelia.", "content": "The effect of short circuit current on the unidirectional fluxes of ions transported across tight and leaky epithelia was investigated. It was found that short circuiting of the frog gastric mucosa (classified as a tight epithelium) caused a decease of the passive JClms and a significant increase of the net Cl- secretion. However, no significant change of H+ secretory rate was observed. On the other hand, short circuiting of the mouse intestine (a known leaky membrane) caused a simultaneous increase of both Jms and Jsm fluxes of Na+ while the net fluxes of Na+ and Cl- remained unchanged. Also, short circuiting did not change the water permeability of the mouse intestine. To explain some of these results a theoretical model is presented to demonstrate that while short circuiting can block the passive ionic movement, it will cause an increase in the energy consumption of the system and introduce certain important changes in the ionic barriers and e.m.fs. The simultaneous increase in the unidirectional fluxes of Na+ under short circuit conditions can best be explained by a decrease in the polarized nature of the transepithelial shunt, thereby increasing the diffusion coefficient of the ion(s). Such an increase is specially favorable to the Na+ rather than an anion.", "contents": "Short circuit current in tight and leaky epithelia. The effect of short circuit current on the unidirectional fluxes of ions transported across tight and leaky epithelia was investigated. It was found that short circuiting of the frog gastric mucosa (classified as a tight epithelium) caused a decease of the passive JClms and a significant increase of the net Cl- secretion. However, no significant change of H+ secretory rate was observed. On the other hand, short circuiting of the mouse intestine (a known leaky membrane) caused a simultaneous increase of both Jms and Jsm fluxes of Na+ while the net fluxes of Na+ and Cl- remained unchanged. Also, short circuiting did not change the water permeability of the mouse intestine. To explain some of these results a theoretical model is presented to demonstrate that while short circuiting can block the passive ionic movement, it will cause an increase in the energy consumption of the system and introduce certain important changes in the ionic barriers and e.m.fs. The simultaneous increase in the unidirectional fluxes of Na+ under short circuit conditions can best be explained by a decrease in the polarized nature of the transepithelial shunt, thereby increasing the diffusion coefficient of the ion(s). Such an increase is specially favorable to the Na+ rather than an anion.", "PMID": 306836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_885", "title": "Circular dichroism studies on the effects of ethanol on the conformation of alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, deoxyribonuclease, pepsinogen, soybean trypsin inhibitor and unfolded ribonucleases.", "content": "The effects of 25 to 75 volume-% ethanol on conformation of human serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein, human serum alpha1-antitrypsin, pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I, porcine pepsinogen, the \"Kunitz\" trypsin inhibitor from soybeans, and oxidized as well as reduced and S-carboxymethylated ribonucleases were tested by the circular dichroism (CD) probe. It was found that 25 volume-% ethanol had a slight effect, whereas 50--75 vol.-% alcohol significantly altered the conformation. The tertiary structure was perturbed and the polypeptide main chain was reorganized into new conformations of higher helix and beta-structure contents than in the native state. Comparison of the various proteins showed that the degree of reorganization depended chiefly on the cross-linking of the main chain by disulfide bridges. While the unfolded ribonucleases were refolded by 25 vol.-% ethanol into ordered conformations, the native ribonuclease and alpha1-antitrypsin was more sensitive to 25 vol.-% ethanol than the conformation of alpha1-acid glycoprotein, pepsinogen, and soybean trypsin inhibitor. Almost complete restoration of the native conformation was achieved by diluting the alcohol-containing solutions with water or by dialysis against water or buffer solutions. However, the renaturation depended on the time of contact with alcohol and on the temperature at which the alcohol-containing solutions were kept.", "contents": "Circular dichroism studies on the effects of ethanol on the conformation of alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, deoxyribonuclease, pepsinogen, soybean trypsin inhibitor and unfolded ribonucleases. The effects of 25 to 75 volume-% ethanol on conformation of human serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein, human serum alpha1-antitrypsin, pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I, porcine pepsinogen, the \"Kunitz\" trypsin inhibitor from soybeans, and oxidized as well as reduced and S-carboxymethylated ribonucleases were tested by the circular dichroism (CD) probe. It was found that 25 volume-% ethanol had a slight effect, whereas 50--75 vol.-% alcohol significantly altered the conformation. The tertiary structure was perturbed and the polypeptide main chain was reorganized into new conformations of higher helix and beta-structure contents than in the native state. Comparison of the various proteins showed that the degree of reorganization depended chiefly on the cross-linking of the main chain by disulfide bridges. While the unfolded ribonucleases were refolded by 25 vol.-% ethanol into ordered conformations, the native ribonuclease and alpha1-antitrypsin was more sensitive to 25 vol.-% ethanol than the conformation of alpha1-acid glycoprotein, pepsinogen, and soybean trypsin inhibitor. Almost complete restoration of the native conformation was achieved by diluting the alcohol-containing solutions with water or by dialysis against water or buffer solutions. However, the renaturation depended on the time of contact with alcohol and on the temperature at which the alcohol-containing solutions were kept.", "PMID": 306838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_886", "title": "Helicoids in the T system and striations of frog skeletal muscle fibers seen by high voltage electron microscopy.", "content": "Reconstruction from thick serial transverse slices of frog skeletal muscle fibers stained with peroxidase and examined by high-voltage electron microscopy has revealed that the T system networks at successive sarcomeres are connected together in a helicoidal fashion. From zero to eight helicoids have been found in each of a group of 21 fibers reconstructed in cross section. Helicoids can have either right- or left-handed screw senses, and both senses can be found in one fiber cross section. Because the T system maintains a relatively precise alignment with the myofibrillar striations, it follows that the striations must also have a helicoidal arrangement. This has been found before, but has not been widely accepted in recent times. The presence of helicoids in the bands and membrane networks is not thought per se to alter very much our thinking about excitation and contraction mechanisms in skeletal muscle fibers.", "contents": "Helicoids in the T system and striations of frog skeletal muscle fibers seen by high voltage electron microscopy. Reconstruction from thick serial transverse slices of frog skeletal muscle fibers stained with peroxidase and examined by high-voltage electron microscopy has revealed that the T system networks at successive sarcomeres are connected together in a helicoidal fashion. From zero to eight helicoids have been found in each of a group of 21 fibers reconstructed in cross section. Helicoids can have either right- or left-handed screw senses, and both senses can be found in one fiber cross section. Because the T system maintains a relatively precise alignment with the myofibrillar striations, it follows that the striations must also have a helicoidal arrangement. This has been found before, but has not been widely accepted in recent times. The presence of helicoids in the bands and membrane networks is not thought per se to alter very much our thinking about excitation and contraction mechanisms in skeletal muscle fibers.", "PMID": 306839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_887", "title": "[Contracture of the myocardial fibers of the frog ventricle after high frequency stimulation while the calcium channels were blocked by manganese ions].", "content": "The contractile force of the myocardial strip of the frog ventricle stimulated by impulses of 0.5 Hz was diminished to 3--5% of the initial value when perfused with Ringer's solution containing 2.5 mM manganese. Under this condition the action potential duration was significantly decreased. An increase in frequency of stimulation up to 5 Hz leads to the development of contracture. The amplitude of contracture was about 30% of the initial contractile force in normal perfusion solution. The amplitude of contracture was more than doubled under the effect of ouabain (2 X X 10(-6) g/ml). Similar experiments with lanthanum failed to discover contracture produced by the increase of the stimulation frequency. In these experiments ouabain was also ineffective. It is supposed that contracture observed in the presence of manganese was caused by nonelectrogenic calcium transport into the muscle fibers.", "contents": "[Contracture of the myocardial fibers of the frog ventricle after high frequency stimulation while the calcium channels were blocked by manganese ions]. The contractile force of the myocardial strip of the frog ventricle stimulated by impulses of 0.5 Hz was diminished to 3--5% of the initial value when perfused with Ringer's solution containing 2.5 mM manganese. Under this condition the action potential duration was significantly decreased. An increase in frequency of stimulation up to 5 Hz leads to the development of contracture. The amplitude of contracture was about 30% of the initial contractile force in normal perfusion solution. The amplitude of contracture was more than doubled under the effect of ouabain (2 X X 10(-6) g/ml). Similar experiments with lanthanum failed to discover contracture produced by the increase of the stimulation frequency. In these experiments ouabain was also ineffective. It is supposed that contracture observed in the presence of manganese was caused by nonelectrogenic calcium transport into the muscle fibers.", "PMID": 306840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_888", "title": "[Simultaneous detection of T-, B- and D-rosette forming lymphocytes and null cells in humans].", "content": "For the identification of T-, B-, and D-rosette-forming lymphocytes and the \"null\" cells in the human peripheral blood a simultaneous reaction of rosette-forming cells with the use of zymosan-complement, sheep red blood cells, fixation and staining of smears in extraction of the lymphocytes tested with the aid of verographin may be recommended.", "contents": "[Simultaneous detection of T-, B- and D-rosette forming lymphocytes and null cells in humans]. For the identification of T-, B-, and D-rosette-forming lymphocytes and the \"null\" cells in the human peripheral blood a simultaneous reaction of rosette-forming cells with the use of zymosan-complement, sheep red blood cells, fixation and staining of smears in extraction of the lymphocytes tested with the aid of verographin may be recommended.", "PMID": 306841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_889", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the conjugates of cytolytic T-lymphocytes and target cells].", "content": "Conjugates of target cells and of cytological T-lymphocytes obtained on the 11th day after alloimmunization were investigated. The conjugates formed small and medium lymphocytes; mature secretory granules, crystal-like structures and lipids were revealed in their cytoplasm. The lymphocyte is spherical, the area of contact with the target cell does not exceed 5 to 15%. Cytolysis of target cells is observed after 30 to 60 minutes of incubation. The lymphocyte becomes flattened, its nucleus acquires an oval form, and the area of contact with the target cell increases considerably. At the same time hypertrophy and change of orientation of Golgi's complex to the area of contact with the target cell, coalescence of the secretory granules with lipids and crystal-like structures, the appearance of immature secretory granules and vacuolar degeneration of mitochondria are demonstrated. The lymphocyte membrane becomes \"desquamated\"; structures connected with it, named \"membranosomes\" are described. It is suggested that the secretory processes in the cytoplasm of cytolytic T-lymphocytes are activated in their interaction with target cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the conjugates of cytolytic T-lymphocytes and target cells]. Conjugates of target cells and of cytological T-lymphocytes obtained on the 11th day after alloimmunization were investigated. The conjugates formed small and medium lymphocytes; mature secretory granules, crystal-like structures and lipids were revealed in their cytoplasm. The lymphocyte is spherical, the area of contact with the target cell does not exceed 5 to 15%. Cytolysis of target cells is observed after 30 to 60 minutes of incubation. The lymphocyte becomes flattened, its nucleus acquires an oval form, and the area of contact with the target cell increases considerably. At the same time hypertrophy and change of orientation of Golgi's complex to the area of contact with the target cell, coalescence of the secretory granules with lipids and crystal-like structures, the appearance of immature secretory granules and vacuolar degeneration of mitochondria are demonstrated. The lymphocyte membrane becomes \"desquamated\"; structures connected with it, named \"membranosomes\" are described. It is suggested that the secretory processes in the cytoplasm of cytolytic T-lymphocytes are activated in their interaction with target cells.", "PMID": 306842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_890", "title": "[Thymosin activation of T-killer precursors for hematopoietic stem cells].", "content": "Lymph node cells of normal CBA mice, syngeneic radiation chimerae CBA leads to CBA and B-mice after incubation with thymosin (fraction 5) were transplanted to sublethally irradiated recipients (CBA X C57BL) F1; the number of endogenic colonies in the recipient's spleen was then recorded. Thymosin was shown to increase the killer activity of the lymph node cells of normal mice CBA, syngeneic chimerae CBA leads to CBA, but not of B-mice. As suggested, TU-cells' subpopulation served as target cells for thymosin.", "contents": "[Thymosin activation of T-killer precursors for hematopoietic stem cells]. Lymph node cells of normal CBA mice, syngeneic radiation chimerae CBA leads to CBA and B-mice after incubation with thymosin (fraction 5) were transplanted to sublethally irradiated recipients (CBA X C57BL) F1; the number of endogenic colonies in the recipient's spleen was then recorded. Thymosin was shown to increase the killer activity of the lymph node cells of normal mice CBA, syngeneic chimerae CBA leads to CBA, but not of B-mice. As suggested, TU-cells' subpopulation served as target cells for thymosin.", "PMID": 306843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_891", "title": "Clinical and cell surface marker characterization of the early phase of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The immunologic surface markers on lymphocytes and clinical characteristics of 35 patients with established (stages 0-4) CLL with absolute lymphocyte counts greater than 15,000/cu mm were compared to those of a group of 25 patients with CLL in an early or preleukemic phase (counts of less than 15,000/cu mm). We found a monoclonal B cell proliferation in most cases in the latter group, in spite of the paucity of clinical and laboratory findings. Furthermore, early CLL can readily be distinguished from benign lymphocytosis by surface marker criteria. In untreated CLL, surface marker characteristics are stable with time and predominantly reflect expansion of clones expressing only B cell markers; however, small increase of blood T cells are often seen. Surface markers are a simple and clinically useful tool for definding and characterizing the preleukemic phase of CLL and its ultimate progression to established CLL.", "contents": "Clinical and cell surface marker characterization of the early phase of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The immunologic surface markers on lymphocytes and clinical characteristics of 35 patients with established (stages 0-4) CLL with absolute lymphocyte counts greater than 15,000/cu mm were compared to those of a group of 25 patients with CLL in an early or preleukemic phase (counts of less than 15,000/cu mm). We found a monoclonal B cell proliferation in most cases in the latter group, in spite of the paucity of clinical and laboratory findings. Furthermore, early CLL can readily be distinguished from benign lymphocytosis by surface marker criteria. In untreated CLL, surface marker characteristics are stable with time and predominantly reflect expansion of clones expressing only B cell markers; however, small increase of blood T cells are often seen. Surface markers are a simple and clinically useful tool for definding and characterizing the preleukemic phase of CLL and its ultimate progression to established CLL.", "PMID": 306844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_892", "title": "T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: presence in bone marrow and peripheral blood of cells that suppress erythropoiesis in vitro.", "content": "The pathogenesis of the anemia associated with malignancy was investigated in a patient with T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The plasma clot culture system was used as a measure in vitro of erythropoiesis. The patient's peripheral blood and marrow T lymphocytes obtained both before and after transfusion therapy suppressed erythroid colony formation by normal human bone marrow cells. Pretreatment of the patient's bone marrow T cells by antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and complement reversed this suppression. In addition, pretreatment of the patient's marrow cells with ATG and complement markedly augmented erythropoiesis in vitro. The expression of erythroid activity caused by the selective destruction of the suppressor T lymphocytes in the patient's bone marrow with ATG and the suppression of normal erythropoiesis by the patient's bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes suggest that interaction between the malignant T cell and the erythropoietin-responsive stem cell is important in production of anemia in this patient.", "contents": "T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: presence in bone marrow and peripheral blood of cells that suppress erythropoiesis in vitro. The pathogenesis of the anemia associated with malignancy was investigated in a patient with T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The plasma clot culture system was used as a measure in vitro of erythropoiesis. The patient's peripheral blood and marrow T lymphocytes obtained both before and after transfusion therapy suppressed erythroid colony formation by normal human bone marrow cells. Pretreatment of the patient's bone marrow T cells by antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and complement reversed this suppression. In addition, pretreatment of the patient's marrow cells with ATG and complement markedly augmented erythropoiesis in vitro. The expression of erythroid activity caused by the selective destruction of the suppressor T lymphocytes in the patient's bone marrow with ATG and the suppression of normal erythropoiesis by the patient's bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes suggest that interaction between the malignant T cell and the erythropoietin-responsive stem cell is important in production of anemia in this patient.", "PMID": 306845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_893", "title": "Surface glycoproteins of human white blood cells. Analysis by surface labeling.", "content": "We labeled surface glycoproteins of normal human blood platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, T and B lymphocytes, and null cells by the galactose oxidase-NaB3H4 and periodate-NaB3H4 labeling techniques. The labeled glycoproteins were observed by fluorography after separation by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. All major types of human leukocytes showed different and characteristic surface glycoprotein patterns. These patterns evidently also include common components.", "contents": "Surface glycoproteins of human white blood cells. Analysis by surface labeling. We labeled surface glycoproteins of normal human blood platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, T and B lymphocytes, and null cells by the galactose oxidase-NaB3H4 and periodate-NaB3H4 labeling techniques. The labeled glycoproteins were observed by fluorography after separation by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. All major types of human leukocytes showed different and characteristic surface glycoprotein patterns. These patterns evidently also include common components.", "PMID": 306846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_894", "title": "Clonal origin of a T cell lymphoproliferative malignancy.", "content": "A woman with a T cell lymphoproliferative malignacy and heterozhgosity at the X chromosome-linked locus for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD) isoenzymes was studied to find the clonal origin of her circulating neoplastic T cells. The red blood cells, polymorphonuclear cells, whole mononuclear cells, and T cell-depleted mononuclear cells contained both A and B isoenzymes of G-6-PD. In contrast, the tumor cells, separated by using their capacity to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells, contained only the B isoenzyme of G-6-PD. This observation strongly suggests the monoclonality of this T cell malignancy.", "contents": "Clonal origin of a T cell lymphoproliferative malignancy. A woman with a T cell lymphoproliferative malignacy and heterozhgosity at the X chromosome-linked locus for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD) isoenzymes was studied to find the clonal origin of her circulating neoplastic T cells. The red blood cells, polymorphonuclear cells, whole mononuclear cells, and T cell-depleted mononuclear cells contained both A and B isoenzymes of G-6-PD. In contrast, the tumor cells, separated by using their capacity to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells, contained only the B isoenzyme of G-6-PD. This observation strongly suggests the monoclonality of this T cell malignancy.", "PMID": 306847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_895", "title": "Pokeweed mitogen-induced B cell differentiation in idiopathic aplastic anemia associated with hypogammaglobulinemia.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 14 patients with idiopathic aplastic anemia were examined to determine their capacity to differentiate into immunoglobulin (lg) producing cells in the presence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Four patients had hypogammaglobulinemia. Lymphocytes from ten patients without and one with hypogammaglobulinemia were capable of differentiating into lg-producing cells. Lymphocytes from three patients with hypogammaglobulinemia, however, were unable to differentiate. Coculture experiments showed that in one patient helper activity of T cells was impaired, in another patient B cells could not be stimulated by PWM to differentiate even in the presence of normal T cells, and in a third patient both the helper function of T cells and the capacity of B cells to differentiate into lg-producing cells were affected. These results suggest that differentiation of lymphoid cells is impaired in some cases of idiopathic aplastic anemia associated with hypogammaglobulinemia.", "contents": "Pokeweed mitogen-induced B cell differentiation in idiopathic aplastic anemia associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 14 patients with idiopathic aplastic anemia were examined to determine their capacity to differentiate into immunoglobulin (lg) producing cells in the presence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Four patients had hypogammaglobulinemia. Lymphocytes from ten patients without and one with hypogammaglobulinemia were capable of differentiating into lg-producing cells. Lymphocytes from three patients with hypogammaglobulinemia, however, were unable to differentiate. Coculture experiments showed that in one patient helper activity of T cells was impaired, in another patient B cells could not be stimulated by PWM to differentiate even in the presence of normal T cells, and in a third patient both the helper function of T cells and the capacity of B cells to differentiate into lg-producing cells were affected. These results suggest that differentiation of lymphoid cells is impaired in some cases of idiopathic aplastic anemia associated with hypogammaglobulinemia.", "PMID": 306848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_896", "title": "Comparison of enzyme-cytochemical findings and immunological marker investigations in acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL).", "content": "APh-activity and PAS-positive deposits were studied in 50 cases of ALL, classified as T-ALL and O-ALL according to immunological marker investigations. Correlation between morphological features of the cells and APh and PAS reactions, as well as between morphology and immunological markers was not detected. APh-activity in general was stronger in T-ALL (R+ and R-), while PAS-content was more pronounced in O-ALL. The results suggest that cytochemical methods, especially APh and PAS reaction, are valuable to distinguish T-ALL from O-ALL but not reliable enough to replace immunological marker investigations.", "contents": "Comparison of enzyme-cytochemical findings and immunological marker investigations in acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL). APh-activity and PAS-positive deposits were studied in 50 cases of ALL, classified as T-ALL and O-ALL according to immunological marker investigations. Correlation between morphological features of the cells and APh and PAS reactions, as well as between morphology and immunological markers was not detected. APh-activity in general was stronger in T-ALL (R+ and R-), while PAS-content was more pronounced in O-ALL. The results suggest that cytochemical methods, especially APh and PAS reaction, are valuable to distinguish T-ALL from O-ALL but not reliable enough to replace immunological marker investigations.", "PMID": 306849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_897", "title": "Functional and surface characterisitics of lymphocytes from patients with warm-antibody type autoimmunhemolytic anemia (AIHA).", "content": "As part of an overall assessment of immunological function, several aspects of cellular immunity and circulating lymphocyte subpopulations were evaluated in a group of 10 patients with idiopathic autoimmunhemolytic anemia (AIHA). The absolute numbers of circulating T and B cells were reduced in the patient group compared to normals. A shift from \"corticosteroid-sensitive\" to \"corticosteroid-resistent\" and activated cells in the cytogram of clustered Fe-(III)-hydroxide-glucane saccharose labeled T lymphocytes was apparent. In vitro studies of cellular reactivity, as evaluated by PHA, ConA, PWM, antigens and allogeneic cell induced proliferation showed a blend of general or selective depression and sometimes a normal or increased activity with no definite correlation with both the number of circulating T cells and the extent of the hemolytic activity by the disease. The possible significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Functional and surface characterisitics of lymphocytes from patients with warm-antibody type autoimmunhemolytic anemia (AIHA). As part of an overall assessment of immunological function, several aspects of cellular immunity and circulating lymphocyte subpopulations were evaluated in a group of 10 patients with idiopathic autoimmunhemolytic anemia (AIHA). The absolute numbers of circulating T and B cells were reduced in the patient group compared to normals. A shift from \"corticosteroid-sensitive\" to \"corticosteroid-resistent\" and activated cells in the cytogram of clustered Fe-(III)-hydroxide-glucane saccharose labeled T lymphocytes was apparent. In vitro studies of cellular reactivity, as evaluated by PHA, ConA, PWM, antigens and allogeneic cell induced proliferation showed a blend of general or selective depression and sometimes a normal or increased activity with no definite correlation with both the number of circulating T cells and the extent of the hemolytic activity by the disease. The possible significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 306850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_898", "title": "[High-dose methotrexate/leucovorin adjuvant chemotherapy of osteogenic sarcoma: biochemical effects in DNA-synthesis of bone marrow cells (author's transl)].", "content": "DNA metabolism in bone marrow cells was measured under high-dose Methotrexate/Leucovorin adjuvant chemotherapy of a patient with primary amputation of his right leg because of osteogenic sarcoma. The biochemical data showed that there was no rescue effect of Leucovorin after 200 mg/kg Methotrexate. Corresponding to this \"biochemical failure\" of the rescue effect the patient died from the complications of a long and very severe bone marrow suppression. To improve the safety of this therapeutic regimen the intravenous injection and in some cases a higher dose of Leucovorin is recommended.", "contents": "[High-dose methotrexate/leucovorin adjuvant chemotherapy of osteogenic sarcoma: biochemical effects in DNA-synthesis of bone marrow cells (author's transl)]. DNA metabolism in bone marrow cells was measured under high-dose Methotrexate/Leucovorin adjuvant chemotherapy of a patient with primary amputation of his right leg because of osteogenic sarcoma. The biochemical data showed that there was no rescue effect of Leucovorin after 200 mg/kg Methotrexate. Corresponding to this \"biochemical failure\" of the rescue effect the patient died from the complications of a long and very severe bone marrow suppression. To improve the safety of this therapeutic regimen the intravenous injection and in some cases a higher dose of Leucovorin is recommended.", "PMID": 306851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_899", "title": "[T-cell-antigen positive, E-rosette negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The lymphoblasts from 100 patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia were investigated for the expression of receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E) and of a specific heterologous T cell antigen (T). In 17 cases, both T cell markers were expressed simultaneously on the leukaemic cells. In 13 cases only T antigens could be demonstrated on the lymphoblasts. A quantitative analysis of T antigens by immunoautoradiography revealed that the T expression of E-T+ -lymphoblasts was in general like that of E+T+-lymphocytes in the blood of normal persons, in several cases even higher. Therefore, the failure of E-rosette formation cannot be correlated to a decrease of the other T cell differentiation marker. In 7 out of 9 tested cases, a strong acid phosphatase reaction product located paranuclearly could be demonstrated. Complement-receptors were expressed in 3 of 5 cases which were also demonstrated in some cases of the E+T+-ALL group. The latter group was characterized by a T antigen expression like that of thymocytes. 4 cases of the E-T+ALL group were adults. Since the leukaemia cells of 2 cases were negative for acid phosphatase, PAS and all surface markers including cALL antigen, the T antigen can classify undifferentiated and otherwise unclassificable leukaemias. The clinical signigicance of the E-T+-ALL seems to be important since 5 out of 9 children with this type of ALL died soon after diagnosis.", "contents": "[T-cell-antigen positive, E-rosette negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)]. The lymphoblasts from 100 patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia were investigated for the expression of receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E) and of a specific heterologous T cell antigen (T). In 17 cases, both T cell markers were expressed simultaneously on the leukaemic cells. In 13 cases only T antigens could be demonstrated on the lymphoblasts. A quantitative analysis of T antigens by immunoautoradiography revealed that the T expression of E-T+ -lymphoblasts was in general like that of E+T+-lymphocytes in the blood of normal persons, in several cases even higher. Therefore, the failure of E-rosette formation cannot be correlated to a decrease of the other T cell differentiation marker. In 7 out of 9 tested cases, a strong acid phosphatase reaction product located paranuclearly could be demonstrated. Complement-receptors were expressed in 3 of 5 cases which were also demonstrated in some cases of the E+T+-ALL group. The latter group was characterized by a T antigen expression like that of thymocytes. 4 cases of the E-T+ALL group were adults. Since the leukaemia cells of 2 cases were negative for acid phosphatase, PAS and all surface markers including cALL antigen, the T antigen can classify undifferentiated and otherwise unclassificable leukaemias. The clinical signigicance of the E-T+-ALL seems to be important since 5 out of 9 children with this type of ALL died soon after diagnosis.", "PMID": 306852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_900", "title": "Absence of detectable local antibody in genitourinary tract secretions of male contacts of women infected with Trichomonas vaginalis.", "content": "Samples of semen and urine were obtained from 37 male contacts of women with proved Trichomonas vaginalis infection; on culture, eight (22%) of the men were shown to harbour the parasite. However, significant amounts of antitrichomonal antibody were found in only two of these samples, and the amounts present were very small. A further 10 samples were tested but none was found to contain antibody. The asymptomatic nature and low parasite numbers commonly described in infections in men is thus unlikely to be due to a vigorous local immune response.", "contents": "Absence of detectable local antibody in genitourinary tract secretions of male contacts of women infected with Trichomonas vaginalis. Samples of semen and urine were obtained from 37 male contacts of women with proved Trichomonas vaginalis infection; on culture, eight (22%) of the men were shown to harbour the parasite. However, significant amounts of antitrichomonal antibody were found in only two of these samples, and the amounts present were very small. A further 10 samples were tested but none was found to contain antibody. The asymptomatic nature and low parasite numbers commonly described in infections in men is thus unlikely to be due to a vigorous local immune response.", "PMID": 306858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_901", "title": "Serum epinephrine and norepinephrine during valve replacement and aorta-coronary bypass.", "content": "A comparison of the levels of serum epinephrine, norepinephrine and blood pressure was made in 25 patients undergoing aorta-coronary bypass or valve replacement who were anaesthetized with a nitrous oxide-narcotic technique. Serum epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured in arterial samples drawn pre-induction, post-induction, before cardiopulmonary bypass, two and eight minutes after initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, 20 minutes before termination and after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. In both patient groups significant increases in epinephrine and norepinephrine occurred befored cardiopulmonary bypass, with accompanying increase of blood pressure in the valve replacement patients. During cardiopulmonary bypass an initial hypotensive response (p less than 0.001) was recorded, followed by a significant increase in blood pressure and epinephrine in both groups. After cardiopulmonary bypass, aorta-coronary bypass patients had epinephrine, norepinephrine and blood pressure equal to levels before cardiopulmonary bypass. In contrast, serum epinephrine continued to rise in the valve replacement patients, with a gradual recovery of blood pressure to pre-bypass levels. These findings demonstrate significant differences in blood pressure and catecholamine response in patients with valvular disease from patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Serum epinephrine and norepinephrine during valve replacement and aorta-coronary bypass. A comparison of the levels of serum epinephrine, norepinephrine and blood pressure was made in 25 patients undergoing aorta-coronary bypass or valve replacement who were anaesthetized with a nitrous oxide-narcotic technique. Serum epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured in arterial samples drawn pre-induction, post-induction, before cardiopulmonary bypass, two and eight minutes after initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, 20 minutes before termination and after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. In both patient groups significant increases in epinephrine and norepinephrine occurred befored cardiopulmonary bypass, with accompanying increase of blood pressure in the valve replacement patients. During cardiopulmonary bypass an initial hypotensive response (p less than 0.001) was recorded, followed by a significant increase in blood pressure and epinephrine in both groups. After cardiopulmonary bypass, aorta-coronary bypass patients had epinephrine, norepinephrine and blood pressure equal to levels before cardiopulmonary bypass. In contrast, serum epinephrine continued to rise in the valve replacement patients, with a gradual recovery of blood pressure to pre-bypass levels. These findings demonstrate significant differences in blood pressure and catecholamine response in patients with valvular disease from patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 306867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_902", "title": "Anaesthesia for the carcinoid syndrome: a report of nine cases.", "content": "Anaesthesia for nine patients with the carcinoid syndrome is described. With the exception of one case in which severe bronchospasm and hypertension occurred, complications were minor. Steroids, aprotonin and methotrimeprazine appear to be useful agents in the management of such patients. An anaesthetic technique employing thiopentone, pancuronium and nitrous oxide proved satisfactory.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for the carcinoid syndrome: a report of nine cases. Anaesthesia for nine patients with the carcinoid syndrome is described. With the exception of one case in which severe bronchospasm and hypertension occurred, complications were minor. Steroids, aprotonin and methotrimeprazine appear to be useful agents in the management of such patients. An anaesthetic technique employing thiopentone, pancuronium and nitrous oxide proved satisfactory.", "PMID": 306868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_903", "title": "Alpha1-antitrypsin phenotypes and lung function in a moderately polluted northern Ontario community.", "content": "To determine whether persons with intermediate value alpha1-antitrypsin phenotypes living in a polluted environment manifest significant abnormalities in lung function, a study was undertaken of an age-, sex- and smoking-stratified sample of 391 persons from the town of Fort Frances, Ont., which has elevated values of total dustfall, suspended particulates and hydrogen sulfide. Indices of pulmonary function were derived from the maximum expiratory flow and the single breath expiratory flow and the single breath expiratory nitrogen washout curves. The percentage frequency of the M, MS and MZ pheontypes was 91.7, 7.3 and 0.8, respectively. There was no significant difference between the M and MS groups as indicated by the nitrogen washout curve and maximum expiratory flow curve. There was no significant difference between the three MZ subjects and the M group. In both M and MS groups smokers displayed evidence of airflow obstruction when compared with nonsmokers. It would appear that, when compared with M subjects, persons with the MS phenotype living in a moderately polluted area show no changes in indicators of pulmonary function, including tests of early airway disease, that cannot be attributed to their smoking habit.", "contents": "Alpha1-antitrypsin phenotypes and lung function in a moderately polluted northern Ontario community. To determine whether persons with intermediate value alpha1-antitrypsin phenotypes living in a polluted environment manifest significant abnormalities in lung function, a study was undertaken of an age-, sex- and smoking-stratified sample of 391 persons from the town of Fort Frances, Ont., which has elevated values of total dustfall, suspended particulates and hydrogen sulfide. Indices of pulmonary function were derived from the maximum expiratory flow and the single breath expiratory flow and the single breath expiratory nitrogen washout curves. The percentage frequency of the M, MS and MZ pheontypes was 91.7, 7.3 and 0.8, respectively. There was no significant difference between the M and MS groups as indicated by the nitrogen washout curve and maximum expiratory flow curve. There was no significant difference between the three MZ subjects and the M group. In both M and MS groups smokers displayed evidence of airflow obstruction when compared with nonsmokers. It would appear that, when compared with M subjects, persons with the MS phenotype living in a moderately polluted area show no changes in indicators of pulmonary function, including tests of early airway disease, that cannot be attributed to their smoking habit.", "PMID": 306869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_904", "title": "A prospective study of immune responsiveness in human melanoma. I. Assessment of initial pretreatment status with stage of disease.", "content": "The clinical findings in 262 patients with melanoma were correlated with an assessment of their cellular-mediated immunity by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin tests, by lymphocyte blastogenesis, and by leukocyte enumerations. Patients with systemic metastases (stage IV) and those with evidence of tumor burden had fewer positive DTH reactions for recall antigens than did patients with localized disease (stage I), patients with no evidence of tumor burden, and 227 normal controls. However, no differences were found in the magnitude of response among patients with melanoma or when compared with controls. Patients with melanoma had fewer responses to dinitrochlorobenzene (40% than did controls (98%), but there were no differences by stage or tumor burden. Similarly, blastogenesis in the presence of PHA, Con A, and PWM was depressed when compared with controls, but there was no meaningful correlation with the clinical status. Leukocyte, T cell, or B cell counts revealed no alteration from normal for the patients with melanoma. The usefulness of these studies for routine clinical monitoring is questioned.", "contents": "A prospective study of immune responsiveness in human melanoma. I. Assessment of initial pretreatment status with stage of disease. The clinical findings in 262 patients with melanoma were correlated with an assessment of their cellular-mediated immunity by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin tests, by lymphocyte blastogenesis, and by leukocyte enumerations. Patients with systemic metastases (stage IV) and those with evidence of tumor burden had fewer positive DTH reactions for recall antigens than did patients with localized disease (stage I), patients with no evidence of tumor burden, and 227 normal controls. However, no differences were found in the magnitude of response among patients with melanoma or when compared with controls. Patients with melanoma had fewer responses to dinitrochlorobenzene (40% than did controls (98%), but there were no differences by stage or tumor burden. Similarly, blastogenesis in the presence of PHA, Con A, and PWM was depressed when compared with controls, but there was no meaningful correlation with the clinical status. Leukocyte, T cell, or B cell counts revealed no alteration from normal for the patients with melanoma. The usefulness of these studies for routine clinical monitoring is questioned.", "PMID": 306870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_905", "title": "Thymoma: an immunologic and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Ultrastructural features, surface morphology and immunologic surface markers were examined on the cells of three human thymomas. The vast majority of the lymphocytes from the thymomas formed spontaneous rosettes with unsensitized sheep erythrocytes in both cell suspension and frozen tissue section and were, therefore, T cells. In addition to the lymphocytes, epithelial cells and macrophages were observed within the thymomas by transmission electron microscopy. When examined by scanning electron microscopy, most lymphocytes had virtually smooth surfaces, whereas cells believed to be epithelial in origin had surface projections.", "contents": "Thymoma: an immunologic and electron microscopic study. Ultrastructural features, surface morphology and immunologic surface markers were examined on the cells of three human thymomas. The vast majority of the lymphocytes from the thymomas formed spontaneous rosettes with unsensitized sheep erythrocytes in both cell suspension and frozen tissue section and were, therefore, T cells. In addition to the lymphocytes, epithelial cells and macrophages were observed within the thymomas by transmission electron microscopy. When examined by scanning electron microscopy, most lymphocytes had virtually smooth surfaces, whereas cells believed to be epithelial in origin had surface projections.", "PMID": 306871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_906", "title": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.", "content": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMC), isolated by density gradient techniques with Ficoll-Hypaque, contain T- and B-lymphocytes and monocytes. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was measured in PMC subfractions consisting of T-lymphocyte-enriched, T-lymphocyte-depleted, and monocyte-depleted populations. The T-cell-enriched populations consistently showed enhancement of AHH activity with both the fluorometric and radiometric technique when compared to the total PMC population. This enhanced AHH activity was observed when T-cell-enriched populations were isolated either before or after 96 hr of lymphocyte culture, by the sheep red blood cell rosette method, or by the nylon wool column technique before lymphocyte culture. T-cell-depleted populations (B-cell enriched) obtained by sheep red blood cell rosette method had diminished AHH activity. Monocytes were shown to contribute to the total PMC AHH activity through an indirect technique by first depleting the monocytes from PMC with the carbonyl iron method. The monocyte-depleted populations had less AHH activity than did the total PMC population after both 24 and 96 hr of culture. The greatest amount of AHH activity was present in PMC populations with their native number of monocytes when cultured for 96 hr in the presence of mitogens.", "contents": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMC), isolated by density gradient techniques with Ficoll-Hypaque, contain T- and B-lymphocytes and monocytes. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was measured in PMC subfractions consisting of T-lymphocyte-enriched, T-lymphocyte-depleted, and monocyte-depleted populations. The T-cell-enriched populations consistently showed enhancement of AHH activity with both the fluorometric and radiometric technique when compared to the total PMC population. This enhanced AHH activity was observed when T-cell-enriched populations were isolated either before or after 96 hr of lymphocyte culture, by the sheep red blood cell rosette method, or by the nylon wool column technique before lymphocyte culture. T-cell-depleted populations (B-cell enriched) obtained by sheep red blood cell rosette method had diminished AHH activity. Monocytes were shown to contribute to the total PMC AHH activity through an indirect technique by first depleting the monocytes from PMC with the carbonyl iron method. The monocyte-depleted populations had less AHH activity than did the total PMC population after both 24 and 96 hr of culture. The greatest amount of AHH activity was present in PMC populations with their native number of monocytes when cultured for 96 hr in the presence of mitogens.", "PMID": 306872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_907", "title": "Risk factors and mortality in patients with aortocoronary vein bypass operation.", "content": "Patients who died one or more years after aortocoronary bypass surgery showed, at the time of the operation, higher prevalence of hypertension, and history of smoking and had higher plasma lipid levels than the patients who survived the operation for similar periods of time. No such differences in risk factors were seen between patients who survived or have died during the first 30 days after the operation. These findings suggest that pateints with abnormal risk factors have a poorer long-term prognosis.", "contents": "Risk factors and mortality in patients with aortocoronary vein bypass operation. Patients who died one or more years after aortocoronary bypass surgery showed, at the time of the operation, higher prevalence of hypertension, and history of smoking and had higher plasma lipid levels than the patients who survived the operation for similar periods of time. No such differences in risk factors were seen between patients who survived or have died during the first 30 days after the operation. These findings suggest that pateints with abnormal risk factors have a poorer long-term prognosis.", "PMID": 306874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_908", "title": "Lack of DNA synthesis inhibitory activity in an immunosuppressor obtained from spleen.", "content": "A tissue extract derived from bovine spleen which is an immunosuppressor in vivo inhibits the incorporation of the two DNA pyrimidine nucleosides but does not inhibit the incorporation of purine nucleosides. The results indicate that the immunosuppressive action of the spleen extract is not mediated via inhibition of cell division.", "contents": "Lack of DNA synthesis inhibitory activity in an immunosuppressor obtained from spleen. A tissue extract derived from bovine spleen which is an immunosuppressor in vivo inhibits the incorporation of the two DNA pyrimidine nucleosides but does not inhibit the incorporation of purine nucleosides. The results indicate that the immunosuppressive action of the spleen extract is not mediated via inhibition of cell division.", "PMID": 306876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_909", "title": "Two plasma membrane antigens of testicular sertoli cells and H-2-restricted versus unrestricted lysis by female T cells.", "content": "Sertoli cell-only seminiferous tubules of sterile XX,Sxrl-male mice served as an excellent source of pure Sertoli cells. When H-2-compatible female mice were immunized 3 times with these Sertoli cells, resulting antibodies recognized two antigens on the plasma membrane of testicular Sertoli cells. They were male-specific, but ubiquitously expressed H-Y antigen and the cell lineage-specific antigen which Sertoli cells shared with ovarian follicular cells. Doubly primed (2 or 3 times in vivo, and once in vitro) cytotoxic T cells from these females lysed target Sertoli cells in both H-2-restricted and nonrestricted manners. While H-2-restricted killings were attributable to H-Y antigen, further work is needed to identify the Sertoli follicular cell lineage-specific antigen as the cause of H-2-nonrestricted killings.", "contents": "Two plasma membrane antigens of testicular sertoli cells and H-2-restricted versus unrestricted lysis by female T cells. Sertoli cell-only seminiferous tubules of sterile XX,Sxrl-male mice served as an excellent source of pure Sertoli cells. When H-2-compatible female mice were immunized 3 times with these Sertoli cells, resulting antibodies recognized two antigens on the plasma membrane of testicular Sertoli cells. They were male-specific, but ubiquitously expressed H-Y antigen and the cell lineage-specific antigen which Sertoli cells shared with ovarian follicular cells. Doubly primed (2 or 3 times in vivo, and once in vitro) cytotoxic T cells from these females lysed target Sertoli cells in both H-2-restricted and nonrestricted manners. While H-2-restricted killings were attributable to H-Y antigen, further work is needed to identify the Sertoli follicular cell lineage-specific antigen as the cause of H-2-nonrestricted killings.", "PMID": 306877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_910", "title": "Amphibian embryo protease inhibitor. V. Effect of calcium on the distribution of amphibian trypsin inhibitor during fertilization and subsequent development of Rana pipiens.", "content": "In previous publications we have documented the existence in oocytes and embryos of a variety of forms (notably Rana pipiens), massive amounts of a powerful inhibitor of trypsin-like enzymes (ATI). The bulk of the inhibitor in Rana pipiens is localized in yolk platelets. We present evidence here that the distribution of the inhibitor between yolk platelets and cytosol changes and that this change is mediated by variations in the distribution of calcium ions. There is an inverse relationship between ATI and free calcium in the cytosol. Several workers have demonstrated a dramatic rise in free cytosol calcium immediately following fertilization. We confirm this observation, and demonstrate that there is a parallel and equally dramatic decrease in free cytosol ATI during this period. Experiments with purified yolk platelets indicate that calcium effects a release of sequestered inhibitor from these particles. Other experiments indicate that calcium mediates ATI-lippovitellin associations. A calcium mediated flux of ATI from cytosol to yolk is proposed as a device for controlling limited proteolysis in the cytoplasm. We offer this as a model for studying the unmasking of mRNA which follows fertilization.", "contents": "Amphibian embryo protease inhibitor. V. Effect of calcium on the distribution of amphibian trypsin inhibitor during fertilization and subsequent development of Rana pipiens. In previous publications we have documented the existence in oocytes and embryos of a variety of forms (notably Rana pipiens), massive amounts of a powerful inhibitor of trypsin-like enzymes (ATI). The bulk of the inhibitor in Rana pipiens is localized in yolk platelets. We present evidence here that the distribution of the inhibitor between yolk platelets and cytosol changes and that this change is mediated by variations in the distribution of calcium ions. There is an inverse relationship between ATI and free calcium in the cytosol. Several workers have demonstrated a dramatic rise in free cytosol calcium immediately following fertilization. We confirm this observation, and demonstrate that there is a parallel and equally dramatic decrease in free cytosol ATI during this period. Experiments with purified yolk platelets indicate that calcium effects a release of sequestered inhibitor from these particles. Other experiments indicate that calcium mediates ATI-lippovitellin associations. A calcium mediated flux of ATI from cytosol to yolk is proposed as a device for controlling limited proteolysis in the cytoplasm. We offer this as a model for studying the unmasking of mRNA which follows fertilization.", "PMID": 306878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_911", "title": "Supravital excitability of skeletal muscle of rats and bullfrogs to electrical stimuli.", "content": "Supravital excitability to electrical stimuli (for convenience, supravital electrocontractility (S.Ec) of the gastrocnemius muscle of rats and bullfrogs was examined after \"somatic death\" and the time during which S.Ec could be detected (S.Ec duration) was measured. S.Ec of the gastrocnemius muscle of rats and bullfrogs depended on temperature. The maximum S.Ec duration of the muscle of rats and bullfrogs were 110 min and 96 hr, respectively, at a low temperature (5 degrees), and 60 min and 9 hr, respectively, at a high temperature (30 degrees). The time course of rigor mortis at 5 degrees was slow and it was rapid at 30 degrees. In rats, the S.Ec disappeared completely before the onset of rigor mortis, and in bullfrogs, S.Ec existed at progressive stages of rigor mortis and it disappeared completely when rigor mortis reached about the maximum.", "contents": "Supravital excitability of skeletal muscle of rats and bullfrogs to electrical stimuli. Supravital excitability to electrical stimuli (for convenience, supravital electrocontractility (S.Ec) of the gastrocnemius muscle of rats and bullfrogs was examined after \"somatic death\" and the time during which S.Ec could be detected (S.Ec duration) was measured. S.Ec of the gastrocnemius muscle of rats and bullfrogs depended on temperature. The maximum S.Ec duration of the muscle of rats and bullfrogs were 110 min and 96 hr, respectively, at a low temperature (5 degrees), and 60 min and 9 hr, respectively, at a high temperature (30 degrees). The time course of rigor mortis at 5 degrees was slow and it was rapid at 30 degrees. In rats, the S.Ec disappeared completely before the onset of rigor mortis, and in bullfrogs, S.Ec existed at progressive stages of rigor mortis and it disappeared completely when rigor mortis reached about the maximum.", "PMID": 306897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_912", "title": "Analysis of glucocorticoid metabolites in the neonatal period: catabolism of cortisone acetate by an infant with 21-hydroxylase deficiency.", "content": "The urinary excretion of 27 individual 17-hydroxycorticosteroids by a female infant with 21-hydroxylase deficiency was studied using gas chromatography on an open-tubular column and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Samples were analysed from days 1, 3 and 4 of life, before cortisone acetate treatment commenced on day 6, and on days 9 and 192, during treatment. The pattern of metabolites before and after treatment showed similarities with extensive reductions at positions 3 and 20 of the steroid nucleus and hydroxylations at positions 1 and 6. The following new glucocorticoid metabolites were identified: 1beta,3alpha,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5alpha(andbeta)-pregnane-11,20-dione; 3alpha,6xi,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5xi-pregnane-11,20-dione (2 epimers); 1beta,3alpha,17alpha,20alpha(andbeta),21-pentahydroxy-5beta-pregnan-11-one, and 3alpha,6xi,17alpha,20alpha (andbeta),21-pentahydroxy-5beta-pregnan-11-one. These steroids comprised 50% of the total metabolites on day 9, but only 20% on day 192. They have also been detected in the urine of normal neonates.", "contents": "Analysis of glucocorticoid metabolites in the neonatal period: catabolism of cortisone acetate by an infant with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The urinary excretion of 27 individual 17-hydroxycorticosteroids by a female infant with 21-hydroxylase deficiency was studied using gas chromatography on an open-tubular column and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Samples were analysed from days 1, 3 and 4 of life, before cortisone acetate treatment commenced on day 6, and on days 9 and 192, during treatment. The pattern of metabolites before and after treatment showed similarities with extensive reductions at positions 3 and 20 of the steroid nucleus and hydroxylations at positions 1 and 6. The following new glucocorticoid metabolites were identified: 1beta,3alpha,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5alpha(andbeta)-pregnane-11,20-dione; 3alpha,6xi,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5xi-pregnane-11,20-dione (2 epimers); 1beta,3alpha,17alpha,20alpha(andbeta),21-pentahydroxy-5beta-pregnan-11-one, and 3alpha,6xi,17alpha,20alpha (andbeta),21-pentahydroxy-5beta-pregnan-11-one. These steroids comprised 50% of the total metabolites on day 9, but only 20% on day 192. They have also been detected in the urine of normal neonates.", "PMID": 306899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_913", "title": "The association of HLA-B8 with visceral disease in systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Seventy-one patients with systemic sclerosis (SS) were typed for twenty-seven HLA alleles of the A and B loci, and the findings were related to both the extent of visceral disease and tests of cellular immune competence in a subgroup of fifty-two of these patients. Nineteen pa;ients with widespread visceral involvement and more rapidly progressive disease had an increased frequency of HLA-B8 (relative risk = 4.14; P less than 0.05) when compared to thirty-three less severely affected patients and 3000 controls. Patients with severe and progressive disease also had defective cell-mediated immunity with reductions in both the numbers of circulating thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and in the lymphocyte transformation response to phytohaemagglutinin. These findings suggest that a genetic factor, such as an abnormal immune response gene, may be involved in the progression of the disease.", "contents": "The association of HLA-B8 with visceral disease in systemic sclerosis. Seventy-one patients with systemic sclerosis (SS) were typed for twenty-seven HLA alleles of the A and B loci, and the findings were related to both the extent of visceral disease and tests of cellular immune competence in a subgroup of fifty-two of these patients. Nineteen pa;ients with widespread visceral involvement and more rapidly progressive disease had an increased frequency of HLA-B8 (relative risk = 4.14; P less than 0.05) when compared to thirty-three less severely affected patients and 3000 controls. Patients with severe and progressive disease also had defective cell-mediated immunity with reductions in both the numbers of circulating thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and in the lymphocyte transformation response to phytohaemagglutinin. These findings suggest that a genetic factor, such as an abnormal immune response gene, may be involved in the progression of the disease.", "PMID": 306903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_914", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of the B-cell type refractory to intensive chemotherapy.", "content": "Four patients, aged 15-50, with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) shown to be of the B-cell type, since they formed rosettes with complement-coated sheep erythrocytes (EAC) and had lymphocytes bearing IgA on the cell surface. Clinically, they had massive leukaemic infiltration associated with hepatosplenomegaly and were extremely resistant to multiple, conventional chemotherapy, as demonstrated by prolonged therapy to achieve a remission or a short-term remission. The surface characteristics of the lymphoblasts in the circulating blood seemed to remain unchanged throughout the course of the leukaemia, despite intensive chemotherapy. The evaluation of surface markers on leukaemic cells might give better information for a forecast of the prognosis of the disease.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of the B-cell type refractory to intensive chemotherapy. Four patients, aged 15-50, with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) shown to be of the B-cell type, since they formed rosettes with complement-coated sheep erythrocytes (EAC) and had lymphocytes bearing IgA on the cell surface. Clinically, they had massive leukaemic infiltration associated with hepatosplenomegaly and were extremely resistant to multiple, conventional chemotherapy, as demonstrated by prolonged therapy to achieve a remission or a short-term remission. The surface characteristics of the lymphoblasts in the circulating blood seemed to remain unchanged throughout the course of the leukaemia, despite intensive chemotherapy. The evaluation of surface markers on leukaemic cells might give better information for a forecast of the prognosis of the disease.", "PMID": 306904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_915", "title": "Evaluation of the simultaneous estimation of anti-dsDNA and anti-ssDNA antibodies for clinical purposes.", "content": "The double-antibody solid-phase assay for DNA antibodies permits simultaneous and quantitative determination of antibodies to dsDNA and ssDNA. Using this method, 170 sera, mainly ANA-positive, were examined for the presence of anti-dsDNA and anti-ssDNA to assess the role of these antibodies in the ANA reaction. It was found that in the SLE group of patients, their ability to respond to dsDNA was correlated with the multiorgan symptomatology of disease. Anti-ssDNA titres are also highest in this group. However, anti-ssDNA titres predominate over anti-dsDNA in other collagen diseases. This predominance increases as we progress from the SLE group to undefined mild collagenosis, because the response to dsDNA decreases more than the response to ssDNA. This observation suggests that the clinical manifestation of the collagen diseases and multiorgan manifestation of SLE is linked with the pattern of response to DNA in the majority of cases. In conclusion, it appears that the determination of both ssDNA and dsDNA antibodies can be of value for the prognosis and management of patients with connective tissue disease.", "contents": "Evaluation of the simultaneous estimation of anti-dsDNA and anti-ssDNA antibodies for clinical purposes. The double-antibody solid-phase assay for DNA antibodies permits simultaneous and quantitative determination of antibodies to dsDNA and ssDNA. Using this method, 170 sera, mainly ANA-positive, were examined for the presence of anti-dsDNA and anti-ssDNA to assess the role of these antibodies in the ANA reaction. It was found that in the SLE group of patients, their ability to respond to dsDNA was correlated with the multiorgan symptomatology of disease. Anti-ssDNA titres are also highest in this group. However, anti-ssDNA titres predominate over anti-dsDNA in other collagen diseases. This predominance increases as we progress from the SLE group to undefined mild collagenosis, because the response to dsDNA decreases more than the response to ssDNA. This observation suggests that the clinical manifestation of the collagen diseases and multiorgan manifestation of SLE is linked with the pattern of response to DNA in the majority of cases. In conclusion, it appears that the determination of both ssDNA and dsDNA antibodies can be of value for the prognosis and management of patients with connective tissue disease.", "PMID": 306905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_916", "title": "T-cell depletion and in vitro thymosin inducibility in asthmatic children.", "content": "Thirty asthmatic children were compared with an equal number of age-matched healthy children. The mean peripheral blood T-lymphocyte level without foetal calf serum was lower in the asthmatic group (mean 970/mm3, as against 1740/mm3; P less than 0.0001), but this difference was abolished by adding foetal calf serum or thymosin, thus explaining how quite severe T-cell deficiency can be missed by widely used methods. The degree of eosinophilia and the degree of elevation of the plasma IgE level in the asthmatic patients were positively correlated. Positive correlations were also shown between the degree of severity of the asthma, the degree of eosinophilia and the degree of elevation of the plasma IgE level, but not the degree of depression of the T-cell numbers. If this T-cell deficiency reflects an inadequate suppression of IgE responses, a clinical trial of thymosin appears to be warranted.", "contents": "T-cell depletion and in vitro thymosin inducibility in asthmatic children. Thirty asthmatic children were compared with an equal number of age-matched healthy children. The mean peripheral blood T-lymphocyte level without foetal calf serum was lower in the asthmatic group (mean 970/mm3, as against 1740/mm3; P less than 0.0001), but this difference was abolished by adding foetal calf serum or thymosin, thus explaining how quite severe T-cell deficiency can be missed by widely used methods. The degree of eosinophilia and the degree of elevation of the plasma IgE level in the asthmatic patients were positively correlated. Positive correlations were also shown between the degree of severity of the asthma, the degree of eosinophilia and the degree of elevation of the plasma IgE level, but not the degree of depression of the T-cell numbers. If this T-cell deficiency reflects an inadequate suppression of IgE responses, a clinical trial of thymosin appears to be warranted.", "PMID": 306906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_917", "title": "Glyceryl p-aminobenzoate patch testing in benzocaine-sensitive subjects.", "content": "Benzocaine-reactive patients were patch tested to two commercial sources of glyceryl p-aminobenzoate containing varying concentrations of benzocaine as a contaminant. Eleven of 20 reacted to the source with approximately 0.3% benzocaine; none reacted to the source with approximately 0.001% benzocaine.", "contents": "Glyceryl p-aminobenzoate patch testing in benzocaine-sensitive subjects. Benzocaine-reactive patients were patch tested to two commercial sources of glyceryl p-aminobenzoate containing varying concentrations of benzocaine as a contaminant. Eleven of 20 reacted to the source with approximately 0.3% benzocaine; none reacted to the source with approximately 0.001% benzocaine.", "PMID": 306911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_918", "title": "Recent applications of functional electrical stimulation to stroke patients in Ljubljana.", "content": "Functional movements can be restored after stroke by portable neuroelectric stimulator controlled by the patient. This field of activity is called functional electrical stimulation (FES). A common example of FES is electric stimulation of the peroneal to prevent dropfoot. A more sophisticated multichannel enables stimulation of more than one paralyzed muscle of the leg. This system is used temporarily to facilitate recovery of muscle function following stroke. Upper extremity FES systems have proven more difficult to develop than lower extremity systems designed to improve walking. A single-channel hand stimulator is available to assist finger movements.", "contents": "Recent applications of functional electrical stimulation to stroke patients in Ljubljana. Functional movements can be restored after stroke by portable neuroelectric stimulator controlled by the patient. This field of activity is called functional electrical stimulation (FES). A common example of FES is electric stimulation of the peroneal to prevent dropfoot. A more sophisticated multichannel enables stimulation of more than one paralyzed muscle of the leg. This system is used temporarily to facilitate recovery of muscle function following stroke. Upper extremity FES systems have proven more difficult to develop than lower extremity systems designed to improve walking. A single-channel hand stimulator is available to assist finger movements.", "PMID": 306908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_919", "title": "Selective IgA deficiency and Pi ZZ-antitrypsin deficiency. Association with recurrent sinopulmonary infections, emphysema, and bronchiectasis.", "content": "We describe a patient in whom selective IgA deficiency and homozygous alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency were discovered. Clinically, the patient suffered from chronic sinopulmonary infections, destructive emphysema, and bronchiectasis. The interrelation of IgA and alpha1-antitrypsin was studied. Twenty-three alpha1-antitrypsin-deficient sera were screened for IgA deficiency. None of these sera were deficient in IgA. Fifteen IgA-deficient sera were screened for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. In this group, three patients were found to have variant alpha1-antitrypsin phenotypes. Respiratory infections were a prominent complaint in all three of these patients, with bronchiectasis in two patients. We believe that the combination of IgA and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiencies should be considered in the evaluation of any patient with idiopathic bronchiectasis.", "contents": "Selective IgA deficiency and Pi ZZ-antitrypsin deficiency. Association with recurrent sinopulmonary infections, emphysema, and bronchiectasis. We describe a patient in whom selective IgA deficiency and homozygous alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency were discovered. Clinically, the patient suffered from chronic sinopulmonary infections, destructive emphysema, and bronchiectasis. The interrelation of IgA and alpha1-antitrypsin was studied. Twenty-three alpha1-antitrypsin-deficient sera were screened for IgA deficiency. None of these sera were deficient in IgA. Fifteen IgA-deficient sera were screened for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. In this group, three patients were found to have variant alpha1-antitrypsin phenotypes. Respiratory infections were a prominent complaint in all three of these patients, with bronchiectasis in two patients. We believe that the combination of IgA and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiencies should be considered in the evaluation of any patient with idiopathic bronchiectasis.", "PMID": 306913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_920", "title": "Hormonal factors concerned with liver regeneration.", "content": "Hepatic regeneration in partially hepatectomized, eviscerated rats, and survival in mice infected with lethal doses of murine hepatitis virus, are both strikingly promoted by combined administration of insulin and glucagon. These two hormones, although potent promotors, fail as initiators of hepatocyte proliferation in animals with intact liver, which suggests a requirement for additional factors, probably derived from non-portal-splanchnic organs. We now find that continous intraperitoneal infusion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) initiates DNA synthesis, as determined by incorporation of [3H] thymidine, in livers of adult rats in vivo. The rise in DNA labelling, which is small with EGF alone, is augmented by addition to the infusion of either glucagon or insulin. This is in agreement with reports on adult hepatocytes in culture. Whether EGF has a physiological role in regulating liver growth under normal conditions in vivo remains to be determined.", "contents": "Hormonal factors concerned with liver regeneration. Hepatic regeneration in partially hepatectomized, eviscerated rats, and survival in mice infected with lethal doses of murine hepatitis virus, are both strikingly promoted by combined administration of insulin and glucagon. These two hormones, although potent promotors, fail as initiators of hepatocyte proliferation in animals with intact liver, which suggests a requirement for additional factors, probably derived from non-portal-splanchnic organs. We now find that continous intraperitoneal infusion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) initiates DNA synthesis, as determined by incorporation of [3H] thymidine, in livers of adult rats in vivo. The rise in DNA labelling, which is small with EGF alone, is augmented by addition to the infusion of either glucagon or insulin. This is in agreement with reports on adult hepatocytes in culture. Whether EGF has a physiological role in regulating liver growth under normal conditions in vivo remains to be determined.", "PMID": 306914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_921", "title": "Abnormal blood vessels of the prepyloric antrum in cirrhosis of the liver as a cause of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Three elderly females presenting with iron deficiency anaemia and faecal loss of blood were found to have a macronodular cirrhosis of the liver and an unusual red spotty appearence of the prepyloric antral mucosa. One patient underwent antral resection and the surgical specimen revealed abnormalities of the (sub)mucosal blood vessels. Anaemia and occult faecal blood loss disappeared after operation. It is suggested that this type of antral vascular abnormality is aetiologically related to hepatic cirrhosis and may represent a gastric equivalent of cutaneous spider angiomata.", "contents": "Abnormal blood vessels of the prepyloric antrum in cirrhosis of the liver as a cause of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. Three elderly females presenting with iron deficiency anaemia and faecal loss of blood were found to have a macronodular cirrhosis of the liver and an unusual red spotty appearence of the prepyloric antral mucosa. One patient underwent antral resection and the surgical specimen revealed abnormalities of the (sub)mucosal blood vessels. Anaemia and occult faecal blood loss disappeared after operation. It is suggested that this type of antral vascular abnormality is aetiologically related to hepatic cirrhosis and may represent a gastric equivalent of cutaneous spider angiomata.", "PMID": 306920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_922", "title": "Distribution of cardiac output in burned mice after treatment with triglycylvasopressin.", "content": "Earlier published results have shown an increased 5-day survival in burned mice treated with Triglycylvasopressin. In order to analyze the  cause of the increased survival, the distribution of cardiac output was studied in 51 mice divided into three groups. The investigation was performed on the 5th day after burn using a soluble indicator technique (86Rb). The first group consisted of unburned animals. In the second and third groups, a standardized burn of 15% of the body surface was undertaken. The animals in the second group were used as controls and received isotonic saline solution for 5 days. The third group were used as controls and received isotonic saline solution and in addition Triglycylvasopressin, a vasopressin with prolonged effect, 100 microgram/kg body weight subcutaneously twice a day in such a way that the total volume of fluid was identical in the different groups. Cardiac output distribution showed an increased fraction to kidney, liver and small bowel and a decreased fraction to carcass in the Triglycylvasopressin-treated animals compared to burned controls.", "contents": "Distribution of cardiac output in burned mice after treatment with triglycylvasopressin. Earlier published results have shown an increased 5-day survival in burned mice treated with Triglycylvasopressin. In order to analyze the  cause of the increased survival, the distribution of cardiac output was studied in 51 mice divided into three groups. The investigation was performed on the 5th day after burn using a soluble indicator technique (86Rb). The first group consisted of unburned animals. In the second and third groups, a standardized burn of 15% of the body surface was undertaken. The animals in the second group were used as controls and received isotonic saline solution for 5 days. The third group were used as controls and received isotonic saline solution and in addition Triglycylvasopressin, a vasopressin with prolonged effect, 100 microgram/kg body weight subcutaneously twice a day in such a way that the total volume of fluid was identical in the different groups. Cardiac output distribution showed an increased fraction to kidney, liver and small bowel and a decreased fraction to carcass in the Triglycylvasopressin-treated animals compared to burned controls.", "PMID": 306921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_923", "title": "Human B cell differentiation. I. Immunoglobulin synthesis induced by Nocardia mitogen.", "content": "Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM) is a mitogen which activates human B lymphocytes even in the absence of T cells. Tonsil and peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in the presence of NWSM gave rise to large numbers of cells containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulins of IgM, IgA or IgG classes. The number of plasma cells appeared to be elevated as early as day 3 of culture and peaked on day 5 or 7. The IgM response preceded the development of cells containing other Ig classes, and was found to remain predominant on days 5 and 7. A similar number of plasma cells were generated in T-deprived suspensions; however, a quantitative regulation by T cells cannot yet be excluded. The response to pokeweed mitogen appeared to be similar, except that it was often less intense and not observed in the absence of T cells. Very few or no IgD-containing cells were found to be differentiated with both mitogens.", "contents": "Human B cell differentiation. I. Immunoglobulin synthesis induced by Nocardia mitogen. Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM) is a mitogen which activates human B lymphocytes even in the absence of T cells. Tonsil and peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in the presence of NWSM gave rise to large numbers of cells containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulins of IgM, IgA or IgG classes. The number of plasma cells appeared to be elevated as early as day 3 of culture and peaked on day 5 or 7. The IgM response preceded the development of cells containing other Ig classes, and was found to remain predominant on days 5 and 7. A similar number of plasma cells were generated in T-deprived suspensions; however, a quantitative regulation by T cells cannot yet be excluded. The response to pokeweed mitogen appeared to be similar, except that it was often less intense and not observed in the absence of T cells. Very few or no IgD-containing cells were found to be differentiated with both mitogens.", "PMID": 306922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_924", "title": "Role of adherent cells in immune responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A.", "content": "The roles of adherent and nonadherent T cells in the responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were studied. [3H]thymidine uptake by mononuclear cells from human thymus and peripheral blood was used to measure the relative influence of monocytes and B cells on the responses to these mitogens. The response to Con A was dependent on two populations of T cells, one adherent to cotton or nylon and the other nonadherent. The first population appeared to potentiate the latter. In contrast, the response to PHA was dependent only on the nonadherent T cell subpopulation. The responses to PHA and to Con A were both dependent on monocytes to approximately the same extent, but the response to Con A, unlike the response to PHA, was also slightly dependent on B cells.", "contents": "Role of adherent cells in immune responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. The roles of adherent and nonadherent T cells in the responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were studied. [3H]thymidine uptake by mononuclear cells from human thymus and peripheral blood was used to measure the relative influence of monocytes and B cells on the responses to these mitogens. The response to Con A was dependent on two populations of T cells, one adherent to cotton or nylon and the other nonadherent. The first population appeared to potentiate the latter. In contrast, the response to PHA was dependent only on the nonadherent T cell subpopulation. The responses to PHA and to Con A were both dependent on monocytes to approximately the same extent, but the response to Con A, unlike the response to PHA, was also slightly dependent on B cells.", "PMID": 306923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_925", "title": "Regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity. II. Specific suppressor factor for delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes in mice.", "content": "An antigen-specific suppressor factor for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice is described. Lymph node cells and spleen cells from mice injected intravenously with 1 x 10(9) SRBC 4 days previously were incubated in vitro for 48 h in culture medium. Supernatant obtained from the culture inhibited the induction of DTH to SRBC in normal mice. It also suppressed the expression of DTH in presensitized mice. The suppression is specific as the suppressor factor had no effect on the DTH to noncross-reacting antigen, chicken red blood cells. Treatment of the spleen cells with anti-theta serum and complement prevented the production of the suppressor factor, whereas treatment with anti-Ig serum and complement had no effect. Suppressor factor produced by H-2k mice suppressed the DTH in H-2b mice. The factor thus seems to act across the H-2 barrier. The suppressor factor was not removed by adsorption with goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin immunoadsorbent, but could be adsorbed by SRBC. It was stable at 56 degrees C for 1 h, but was partially inactivated by freezing and thawing. The factor has a molecular weight of less than 35 000 daltons.", "contents": "Regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity. II. Specific suppressor factor for delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes in mice. An antigen-specific suppressor factor for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice is described. Lymph node cells and spleen cells from mice injected intravenously with 1 x 10(9) SRBC 4 days previously were incubated in vitro for 48 h in culture medium. Supernatant obtained from the culture inhibited the induction of DTH to SRBC in normal mice. It also suppressed the expression of DTH in presensitized mice. The suppression is specific as the suppressor factor had no effect on the DTH to noncross-reacting antigen, chicken red blood cells. Treatment of the spleen cells with anti-theta serum and complement prevented the production of the suppressor factor, whereas treatment with anti-Ig serum and complement had no effect. Suppressor factor produced by H-2k mice suppressed the DTH in H-2b mice. The factor thus seems to act across the H-2 barrier. The suppressor factor was not removed by adsorption with goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin immunoadsorbent, but could be adsorbed by SRBC. It was stable at 56 degrees C for 1 h, but was partially inactivated by freezing and thawing. The factor has a molecular weight of less than 35 000 daltons.", "PMID": 306924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_926", "title": "Regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity. III. Effect of cyclophosphamide on the suppressor cells for delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes in mice.", "content": "A previous study (Eur. J. Immunol. 1977. 7: 714) has shown that mice injected intravenously (i.v.) with 4 x10(9) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) produce cells which suppress delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). These suppressor cells are theta-positive, antigen-specific and act via a soluble factor which does not bear immunoglobulin determinants (Eur. J. Immunol. 1978. 8: 168). The present paper demonstrates that these suppressor cells are inhibitable by cyclophosphamide (CY). Mice injected with graded amounts of CY two days prior to SRBC injection, showed maximum augmentation of DTH at 200 mg/kg body weight, a dose which completely suppressed the appearance of splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) to SRBC. In contrast, lower doses of CY enhanced both DTH and PFC responses. Time course studies showed that CY inhibited the precursors of suppressor cells and had little or no effect on suppressor cells which have already encountered antigens. This was further confirmed by passive transfer studies which showed tha- suppressor cells were inhibited if CY was administered at the same time or 2 days before SRBC injection, but were not affected if CY was given after antigen stimulation. Direct evidence for the effect of CY on suppressor cells was obtained by cell fractination with a Ficoll density gradient. The denser suppressor cell population was absent from the spleens of mice treated with 200 mg/kg of CY 2 days before i.v. injection with 1 x 10(9) SRBC.", "contents": "Regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity. III. Effect of cyclophosphamide on the suppressor cells for delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes in mice. A previous study (Eur. J. Immunol. 1977. 7: 714) has shown that mice injected intravenously (i.v.) with 4 x10(9) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) produce cells which suppress delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). These suppressor cells are theta-positive, antigen-specific and act via a soluble factor which does not bear immunoglobulin determinants (Eur. J. Immunol. 1978. 8: 168). The present paper demonstrates that these suppressor cells are inhibitable by cyclophosphamide (CY). Mice injected with graded amounts of CY two days prior to SRBC injection, showed maximum augmentation of DTH at 200 mg/kg body weight, a dose which completely suppressed the appearance of splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) to SRBC. In contrast, lower doses of CY enhanced both DTH and PFC responses. Time course studies showed that CY inhibited the precursors of suppressor cells and had little or no effect on suppressor cells which have already encountered antigens. This was further confirmed by passive transfer studies which showed tha- suppressor cells were inhibited if CY was administered at the same time or 2 days before SRBC injection, but were not affected if CY was given after antigen stimulation. Direct evidence for the effect of CY on suppressor cells was obtained by cell fractination with a Ficoll density gradient. The denser suppressor cell population was absent from the spleens of mice treated with 200 mg/kg of CY 2 days before i.v. injection with 1 x 10(9) SRBC.", "PMID": 306925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_927", "title": "Tumor-induced changes in T cell mitogen responses in rats: suppression of spleen and blood lymphocyte responses and enhancement of thymocyte responses.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responses of spleen and blood lymphocytes from tumor-bearing (TB) rats were found to be markedly depressed in 4 different models employing tumors of spontaneous origin. Removal of phagocytic cells from both spleen and blood lymphocyte suspensions led to a complete restoration of the responses, indicating that the decreased responses were not due to intrinsic defects in the lymphocytes. The reduction was shown to be due to the inhibitory effect of an increase in the percentage of phagocytic cells. In addition, TB induced an atrophy of the thymus and a decrease in the number of thymic lymphocytes, mainly due to severe lymphocyte depletion in the cortex. The cells that remained in the thymus exhibited increased responsiveness to PHA and Con A as compared to thymus cells from normal rats. Similar results were found in hydrocortisone acetate-treated rats, suggesting that TB leads to a decrease in nonresponsive, cortical corticosteroid-sensitive thymocytes.", "contents": "Tumor-induced changes in T cell mitogen responses in rats: suppression of spleen and blood lymphocyte responses and enhancement of thymocyte responses. Concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responses of spleen and blood lymphocytes from tumor-bearing (TB) rats were found to be markedly depressed in 4 different models employing tumors of spontaneous origin. Removal of phagocytic cells from both spleen and blood lymphocyte suspensions led to a complete restoration of the responses, indicating that the decreased responses were not due to intrinsic defects in the lymphocytes. The reduction was shown to be due to the inhibitory effect of an increase in the percentage of phagocytic cells. In addition, TB induced an atrophy of the thymus and a decrease in the number of thymic lymphocytes, mainly due to severe lymphocyte depletion in the cortex. The cells that remained in the thymus exhibited increased responsiveness to PHA and Con A as compared to thymus cells from normal rats. Similar results were found in hydrocortisone acetate-treated rats, suggesting that TB leads to a decrease in nonresponsive, cortical corticosteroid-sensitive thymocytes.", "PMID": 306926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_928", "title": "The spontaneous development of thymocytotoxic antibodies in athymic nude mice and its suppression after transfer of syngeneic thymocytes.", "content": "Athymic nude mice early in life spontaneously develop a high level of thymocytotoxic antibodies which have characteristics similar to the thymocytotoxic autoantibodies occurring in young NZB mice. Thymocytotoxic activity was no longer detectable in the serum of nude mice two weeks after the intravenous injection of syngeneic thymocytes, although the levels of spontaneously occurring anti-DNA and anti-hapten antibodies were not affected by the cell transfer.", "contents": "The spontaneous development of thymocytotoxic antibodies in athymic nude mice and its suppression after transfer of syngeneic thymocytes. Athymic nude mice early in life spontaneously develop a high level of thymocytotoxic antibodies which have characteristics similar to the thymocytotoxic autoantibodies occurring in young NZB mice. Thymocytotoxic activity was no longer detectable in the serum of nude mice two weeks after the intravenous injection of syngeneic thymocytes, although the levels of spontaneously occurring anti-DNA and anti-hapten antibodies were not affected by the cell transfer.", "PMID": 306927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_929", "title": "Enhancement of the action of colony stimulating factor (CSF) by soluble component(s) of erythrocytes in mouse bone marrow cells cultures.", "content": "Rat erythrocytes, separated from other blood cells by SE-cellulose chromatography, were lysed by exposure to hypotonic solution, dialyzed and ultracentrifuged. The supernatant contained a substance which enhanced the activity of colony stimulating factor (CSF) in soft agar cultures of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-C) from normal mouse bone marrow. The growth-enhancing effect of the erythrocyte factor was observed when mouse L-cell conditioned medium was used as the CSF source and also when serum from endotoxin-treated mice or from mice undergoing graft-versus-host reaction was used as the stimulant. The erythrocyte factor effect was also detected by 3H-thymidine uptake of bone marrow cells in liquid cultures. These results suggest that the effect of the erythrocyte factor on CSF is not restricted to CSF from a specific source nor to semi-solid agar cultures.", "contents": "Enhancement of the action of colony stimulating factor (CSF) by soluble component(s) of erythrocytes in mouse bone marrow cells cultures. Rat erythrocytes, separated from other blood cells by SE-cellulose chromatography, were lysed by exposure to hypotonic solution, dialyzed and ultracentrifuged. The supernatant contained a substance which enhanced the activity of colony stimulating factor (CSF) in soft agar cultures of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-C) from normal mouse bone marrow. The growth-enhancing effect of the erythrocyte factor was observed when mouse L-cell conditioned medium was used as the CSF source and also when serum from endotoxin-treated mice or from mice undergoing graft-versus-host reaction was used as the stimulant. The erythrocyte factor effect was also detected by 3H-thymidine uptake of bone marrow cells in liquid cultures. These results suggest that the effect of the erythrocyte factor on CSF is not restricted to CSF from a specific source nor to semi-solid agar cultures.", "PMID": 306928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_930", "title": "In vitro evidence for genetically determined variations in marrow erythroid cell sensitivity to chloramphenicol.", "content": "The effect of chloramphenicol (CAP) was examined on the in vitro growth of CFU-E and CFU-C from four strains of mice: C57L/J, A/HEJ and their first generation hybrid LAF1, and the inbred strain C57BL/6J. The growth of marrow CFU-E from C57L/J and the hybrid LAF1 was inhibited by 82--96% at a CAP concentration of 10 microgram/ml compared to only 22--39% for CFU-E from A/HEJ and C57BL/6J. There was little difference in the degree of inhibition of CFU-C growth by CAP among the four strains, with that of C57L/J showing a slightly greater sensitivity to the drug. These results indicate a genetically-determined variation in the sensitivity of marrow erythroid cells to CAP.", "contents": "In vitro evidence for genetically determined variations in marrow erythroid cell sensitivity to chloramphenicol. The effect of chloramphenicol (CAP) was examined on the in vitro growth of CFU-E and CFU-C from four strains of mice: C57L/J, A/HEJ and their first generation hybrid LAF1, and the inbred strain C57BL/6J. The growth of marrow CFU-E from C57L/J and the hybrid LAF1 was inhibited by 82--96% at a CAP concentration of 10 microgram/ml compared to only 22--39% for CFU-E from A/HEJ and C57BL/6J. There was little difference in the degree of inhibition of CFU-C growth by CAP among the four strains, with that of C57L/J showing a slightly greater sensitivity to the drug. These results indicate a genetically-determined variation in the sensitivity of marrow erythroid cells to CAP.", "PMID": 306929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_931", "title": "Different colony stimulating activity by tumoral ascitic fluid and conditioned media.", "content": "The effects of intraperitoneal Ehrlich ascites tumor (ET) growth on the kinetics of hemopoietic stem cells in the host bone marrow were studied using the spleen colony and the soft agar culture techniques. There is a decrease in spleen colony forming capacity of bone marrow of ET bearing mice, whereas in vitro assays of the committed macrophage granulocyte precursors, by the soft agar method, show that in the same circumstances a high yield of granulopoietic colonies can still be obtained. A shift of the CFU-c/CFU-s ratio from 15 to 36 thus occurs. Moreover, ascitic fluid from tumoral mice displays strong activity as CSF on normal mouse marrow, twice as strong as the standard mouse embryo CSF. When conditioned medium from cultures of ET cells (ET-CM) is tested, the pattern of agar colonies obtained is different from the previously obtained pattern of growth kinetics; furthermore many colonies are composed of undifferentiated cells. The hypothesis is suggested that among the variety of known CSF's, the ET-CM represents a unique factor, capable of inducing proliferation of marrow CFU-c, but only limited differentiation.", "contents": "Different colony stimulating activity by tumoral ascitic fluid and conditioned media. The effects of intraperitoneal Ehrlich ascites tumor (ET) growth on the kinetics of hemopoietic stem cells in the host bone marrow were studied using the spleen colony and the soft agar culture techniques. There is a decrease in spleen colony forming capacity of bone marrow of ET bearing mice, whereas in vitro assays of the committed macrophage granulocyte precursors, by the soft agar method, show that in the same circumstances a high yield of granulopoietic colonies can still be obtained. A shift of the CFU-c/CFU-s ratio from 15 to 36 thus occurs. Moreover, ascitic fluid from tumoral mice displays strong activity as CSF on normal mouse marrow, twice as strong as the standard mouse embryo CSF. When conditioned medium from cultures of ET cells (ET-CM) is tested, the pattern of agar colonies obtained is different from the previously obtained pattern of growth kinetics; furthermore many colonies are composed of undifferentiated cells. The hypothesis is suggested that among the variety of known CSF's, the ET-CM represents a unique factor, capable of inducing proliferation of marrow CFU-c, but only limited differentiation.", "PMID": 306930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_932", "title": "[alpha-Amylase activity in lysosomes of Aspergillus oryzae (author's transl)].", "content": "The alpha-amylase of mycelial cells of Aspergillus oryzae exists in a particular form in 8000 g pellet. The lysosomal localization of acid phosphatase is confirmed by electron microscopy. The purification of lysosomes by discontinuous gradient of sucrose in D2O shows that alpha-amylase activity is bound to these particles.", "contents": "[alpha-Amylase activity in lysosomes of Aspergillus oryzae (author's transl)]. The alpha-amylase of mycelial cells of Aspergillus oryzae exists in a particular form in 8000 g pellet. The lysosomal localization of acid phosphatase is confirmed by electron microscopy. The purification of lysosomes by discontinuous gradient of sucrose in D2O shows that alpha-amylase activity is bound to these particles.", "PMID": 306932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_933", "title": "[Evidence of urinary glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigens excretion in 3 rodents (rat, mouse, and guinea-pig) (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunodiffusion technique, with rabbits antibodies against rat glomerular basement membrane (GBM), permits to evidence the presence of GBM antigens into normal urines of 3 rodents (rat, mouse, and guinea-pig). These results confirm the earlier works in human and rabbit urines and show the antigenic communauty existing between the 3 rodents GBM, since we can evidence antigens of 3 different mammals with the same antibody. The origin and the nature of this patterns and the signification of this presence into mammalian urines are discussed.", "contents": "[Evidence of urinary glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigens excretion in 3 rodents (rat, mouse, and guinea-pig) (author's transl)]. Immunodiffusion technique, with rabbits antibodies against rat glomerular basement membrane (GBM), permits to evidence the presence of GBM antigens into normal urines of 3 rodents (rat, mouse, and guinea-pig). These results confirm the earlier works in human and rabbit urines and show the antigenic communauty existing between the 3 rodents GBM, since we can evidence antigens of 3 different mammals with the same antibody. The origin and the nature of this patterns and the signification of this presence into mammalian urines are discussed.", "PMID": 306933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_934", "title": "The environment in which lymphocytes differentiate influences their ability to cooperate in vivo.", "content": "Whether or not parental B lymphocytes cooperate with F1 T lymphocytes depends upon the environment in which parental bone marrow cells differentiate. Only those parental B lymphocytes that have differentiated in the F1 environment are able to cooperate with F1 T lymphocytes.", "contents": "The environment in which lymphocytes differentiate influences their ability to cooperate in vivo. Whether or not parental B lymphocytes cooperate with F1 T lymphocytes depends upon the environment in which parental bone marrow cells differentiate. Only those parental B lymphocytes that have differentiated in the F1 environment are able to cooperate with F1 T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 306934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_935", "title": "[Effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan and serotonin antagonists on the functional state of the adrenal cortex].", "content": "The effect of 5-oxytryptophan, injected singly and in combination with the serotonin antagonists (novocain, atropine and bigumal) on the ascorbic acid level in the adrenal cortex and the eosinophilic content in the peripheral blood of white rats was studied. It was ascertained that 5-oxytryptophan reduced significantly the amount of ascorbic acid in the adrenal cortex and produced eosinopenia. Novocain, atropine and bigumal did not exert a similar effect. A combined injection of 5-oxytryptophan together with the mentioned antagonists of serotonin prevented eosinopenia evoked by 5-oxytryptophan. At the same time, the tested antagonists of serotonin did not change the effect of 5-oxytryptophan on the level of ascorbic acid in the adrenal cortex.", "contents": "[Effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan and serotonin antagonists on the functional state of the adrenal cortex]. The effect of 5-oxytryptophan, injected singly and in combination with the serotonin antagonists (novocain, atropine and bigumal) on the ascorbic acid level in the adrenal cortex and the eosinophilic content in the peripheral blood of white rats was studied. It was ascertained that 5-oxytryptophan reduced significantly the amount of ascorbic acid in the adrenal cortex and produced eosinopenia. Novocain, atropine and bigumal did not exert a similar effect. A combined injection of 5-oxytryptophan together with the mentioned antagonists of serotonin prevented eosinopenia evoked by 5-oxytryptophan. At the same time, the tested antagonists of serotonin did not change the effect of 5-oxytryptophan on the level of ascorbic acid in the adrenal cortex.", "PMID": 306935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_936", "title": "Immune response and degree of protection in mice immunized with Trichomonas vaginalis antigen.", "content": "The immune response and degree of protection of mice immunized with T. vaginalis sonicated antigen injected by intraperitoneal route, intraperitoneal and intravaginal only has been studied. Humoral response has been evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence and agglutination techniques; moreover, cytotoxicity of vaginal secreta has been investigated. Cellular response has been evaluated by stimulation of peripheral lymph-node cells and spleen lymphocytes with T. vaginalis antigen. It has been observed that inoculation by intraperitoneal plus intravaginal route induced a marked humoral and cellular response and a greater degree of protection.", "contents": "Immune response and degree of protection in mice immunized with Trichomonas vaginalis antigen. The immune response and degree of protection of mice immunized with T. vaginalis sonicated antigen injected by intraperitoneal route, intraperitoneal and intravaginal only has been studied. Humoral response has been evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence and agglutination techniques; moreover, cytotoxicity of vaginal secreta has been investigated. Cellular response has been evaluated by stimulation of peripheral lymph-node cells and spleen lymphocytes with T. vaginalis antigen. It has been observed that inoculation by intraperitoneal plus intravaginal route induced a marked humoral and cellular response and a greater degree of protection.", "PMID": 306940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_937", "title": "Thorotrast induced adhesive arachnoiditis associated with meningioma and schwannoma.", "content": "Adhesive arachnoiditis, a meningioma and a schwannoma were found at autopsy in a 56 year old man who had undergone Thorotrast myelography 33 years previously. Thorotrast was demonstrated in tissue sections by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, radioautography, and x-ray spectrometry.", "contents": "Thorotrast induced adhesive arachnoiditis associated with meningioma and schwannoma. Adhesive arachnoiditis, a meningioma and a schwannoma were found at autopsy in a 56 year old man who had undergone Thorotrast myelography 33 years previously. Thorotrast was demonstrated in tissue sections by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, radioautography, and x-ray spectrometry.", "PMID": 306957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_938", "title": "Genetic variants of serum alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi types) in Bretons.", "content": "The results of Pi typing on 280 Bretons from Morbihan (Southern Brittany) are reported. 6 phenotypes and 5 alleles have been found in this study. Pi M is the most frequent as in other populations. Pi S and Pi F apears as the two main variants in population genetics.", "contents": "Genetic variants of serum alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi types) in Bretons. The results of Pi typing on 280 Bretons from Morbihan (Southern Brittany) are reported. 6 phenotypes and 5 alleles have been found in this study. Pi M is the most frequent as in other populations. Pi S and Pi F apears as the two main variants in population genetics.", "PMID": 306958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_939", "title": "Frequencies of different types of colour vision defects in the Netherlands.", "content": "Two different population samples in Holland--one consisting of 1,093 boys from a technical school and the other of 493 male and 416 female students--were analysed for the presence of red-green colour vision defects. A total percentage of 7.3 for the male population was found. Based on the combined results of the Ishihara and HRR pseudoisochromatic plates, the Farnsworth 15-hue test and the anomaloscope, a subdivision of the deuteranomalous individuals into 3 subgroups is made. It is suggested that the differences between these groups may be genetic in nature and that the actual number of different genetic entities may still be greater.", "contents": "Frequencies of different types of colour vision defects in the Netherlands. Two different population samples in Holland--one consisting of 1,093 boys from a technical school and the other of 493 male and 416 female students--were analysed for the presence of red-green colour vision defects. A total percentage of 7.3 for the male population was found. Based on the combined results of the Ishihara and HRR pseudoisochromatic plates, the Farnsworth 15-hue test and the anomaloscope, a subdivision of the deuteranomalous individuals into 3 subgroups is made. It is suggested that the differences between these groups may be genetic in nature and that the actual number of different genetic entities may still be greater.", "PMID": 306959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_940", "title": "In vitro studies on allotype suppression. IV. Abrogation of waning suppression by normal immunoglobulin of the suppressed allotype.", "content": "The mechanism of allotype suppression in rabbits has been investigated by studying the in vitro immune responses of spleen cells from rabbits in advanced stages of spontaneous recovery from suppression. Whereas the spleen cells from highly suppressed rabbits can be released from their suppressed state only if treated with a combination of antibodies against the non-suppressed type and immunoglobulin (Ig) of the suppressed type, treatment with either of these two components alone suffices to overcome suppression when cells of more poorly suppressed spleen donors are used. The demonstration that suppression can be abrogated by normal Ig of the suppressed type alone, when cells are obtained from rabbits in the final phases of suppression, lends further support to the previously suggested concept that the probable role of this normal Ig in the release phenomenon may be that of neutralizing an effector of allotype-specific repression, possibly involving suppressor cells.", "contents": "In vitro studies on allotype suppression. IV. Abrogation of waning suppression by normal immunoglobulin of the suppressed allotype. The mechanism of allotype suppression in rabbits has been investigated by studying the in vitro immune responses of spleen cells from rabbits in advanced stages of spontaneous recovery from suppression. Whereas the spleen cells from highly suppressed rabbits can be released from their suppressed state only if treated with a combination of antibodies against the non-suppressed type and immunoglobulin (Ig) of the suppressed type, treatment with either of these two components alone suffices to overcome suppression when cells of more poorly suppressed spleen donors are used. The demonstration that suppression can be abrogated by normal Ig of the suppressed type alone, when cells are obtained from rabbits in the final phases of suppression, lends further support to the previously suggested concept that the probable role of this normal Ig in the release phenomenon may be that of neutralizing an effector of allotype-specific repression, possibly involving suppressor cells.", "PMID": 306960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_941", "title": "Cellular collaboration in the production of human leucocyte migration inhibition factor.", "content": "The participation of cell subpopulations in the expression of leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LMIF) in response to Concanavalin A and Protein A was evaluated for cells isolated from the peripheral blood of five healthy subjects. LMIF activity could not be attributed to the function of T cells, B enriched cells, or monocytes acting alone, or to a combination of B enriched cells and monocytes. The LMIF response was the result of a collaborative event that occurred between T cells and B enriched cells, or between T cells and monocytes.", "contents": "Cellular collaboration in the production of human leucocyte migration inhibition factor. The participation of cell subpopulations in the expression of leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LMIF) in response to Concanavalin A and Protein A was evaluated for cells isolated from the peripheral blood of five healthy subjects. LMIF activity could not be attributed to the function of T cells, B enriched cells, or monocytes acting alone, or to a combination of B enriched cells and monocytes. The LMIF response was the result of a collaborative event that occurred between T cells and B enriched cells, or between T cells and monocytes.", "PMID": 306961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_942", "title": "Plasmodium chabaudi in mice. Adoptive transfer of immunity with enriched populations of spleen T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "Thymectomized NIH and C57BL mice were more susceptible to Plasmodium chabaudi than controls, indicating a role for T cells in acquired immunity to the parasite. Enriched populations of T and B cells were prepared from the spleens of immune mice using nylon-wool columns, and were adoptively transferred to syngeneic non-irradiated mice or mice irradiated with 600 or 800 rad. Some immunity could usually be transferred with immune T, B and glass-wool (g.w.) filtered spleen cell populations. In the heavily irradiated mice g.w. filtered immune spleen cells gave the best protection and the immune T cells the least. Preliminary attempts to show synergistic activity between immune T and B cells in irradiated mice were not successful.", "contents": "Plasmodium chabaudi in mice. Adoptive transfer of immunity with enriched populations of spleen T and B lymphocytes. Thymectomized NIH and C57BL mice were more susceptible to Plasmodium chabaudi than controls, indicating a role for T cells in acquired immunity to the parasite. Enriched populations of T and B cells were prepared from the spleens of immune mice using nylon-wool columns, and were adoptively transferred to syngeneic non-irradiated mice or mice irradiated with 600 or 800 rad. Some immunity could usually be transferred with immune T, B and glass-wool (g.w.) filtered spleen cell populations. In the heavily irradiated mice g.w. filtered immune spleen cells gave the best protection and the immune T cells the least. Preliminary attempts to show synergistic activity between immune T and B cells in irradiated mice were not successful.", "PMID": 306962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_943", "title": "The formation of B-lymphocyte colonies in agar contained in glass capillaries.", "content": "Optimal conditions were established for a micro method for the production of colonies of B lymphocytes from mouse spleen cells cultured in agar in glass capillaries, in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Besides LPS the cultures require 5 X 10(-5) M mercaptoethanol and 20% horse serum for optimal colony growth. Foetal calf serum and heat-inactivated horse or foetal calf serum were found to be inferior. An agar gel strength of 0.3% was best for colony counting. A sigmoid curve was obtained when the number of colonies formed was related to the seeded cell density suggesting that some kind of cell to cell co-operation is essential for colony formation. The daily kinetics of colony growth were followed by microscopic colony counting and photometric capillary scanning with integration of the signal areas. Both methods indicated that colony growth had ceased by day 6. The combination of both methods gave the most realistic picture of B-lymphocyte colony development.", "contents": "The formation of B-lymphocyte colonies in agar contained in glass capillaries. Optimal conditions were established for a micro method for the production of colonies of B lymphocytes from mouse spleen cells cultured in agar in glass capillaries, in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Besides LPS the cultures require 5 X 10(-5) M mercaptoethanol and 20% horse serum for optimal colony growth. Foetal calf serum and heat-inactivated horse or foetal calf serum were found to be inferior. An agar gel strength of 0.3% was best for colony counting. A sigmoid curve was obtained when the number of colonies formed was related to the seeded cell density suggesting that some kind of cell to cell co-operation is essential for colony formation. The daily kinetics of colony growth were followed by microscopic colony counting and photometric capillary scanning with integration of the signal areas. Both methods indicated that colony growth had ceased by day 6. The combination of both methods gave the most realistic picture of B-lymphocyte colony development.", "PMID": 306964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_944", "title": "Structure and biological function of human IgD. XVI. T and B lymphocytes in pityriasis rosea.", "content": "The relative frequency of peripheral blood T and B cells and their biological function(s) from a group of patients with pityriasis rosea (PR) was investigated during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease using rosetting, immunofluorescent tests, and in vitro cell culturing with anti-delta and anti-mu antibodies and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The total number of immunoglobulin (Ig) bearing cells was significantly increased, in conjunction with a slight decrease in the T cell population. Lymphocytes with surface IgD, IgM, or both Ig, accounted for the increase in the B cell population. This increase was transient, since it was only observed during the acute phase of the disease. In spite of the increase in IgD/IgM bearing B cells, the mitogenic responsiveness of B or T lymphocytes to anti-delta, anti-mu, or PHA was similar to the same patients during the convalescent phase, or to normal donors. Similarly, the levels of serum IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA and IgE in PR remained constant and at a normal concentration throughout the experimental period. The significance of the transient increase in IgD/IgM bearing cells in the pathogenesis and etiology of PR and its possible impact on the immune system is discussed.", "contents": "Structure and biological function of human IgD. XVI. T and B lymphocytes in pityriasis rosea. The relative frequency of peripheral blood T and B cells and their biological function(s) from a group of patients with pityriasis rosea (PR) was investigated during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease using rosetting, immunofluorescent tests, and in vitro cell culturing with anti-delta and anti-mu antibodies and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The total number of immunoglobulin (Ig) bearing cells was significantly increased, in conjunction with a slight decrease in the T cell population. Lymphocytes with surface IgD, IgM, or both Ig, accounted for the increase in the B cell population. This increase was transient, since it was only observed during the acute phase of the disease. In spite of the increase in IgD/IgM bearing B cells, the mitogenic responsiveness of B or T lymphocytes to anti-delta, anti-mu, or PHA was similar to the same patients during the convalescent phase, or to normal donors. Similarly, the levels of serum IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA and IgE in PR remained constant and at a normal concentration throughout the experimental period. The significance of the transient increase in IgD/IgM bearing cells in the pathogenesis and etiology of PR and its possible impact on the immune system is discussed.", "PMID": 306971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_945", "title": "T lymphocytes and anticardiac antibodies in patients with ischemic heart diseases.", "content": "85 patients with a variety of ischemic heart diseases were examined for the proportion of T cells and the presence of anticardiac antibodies. Patients with acute myocardial infarction during the 2nd and 3rd week of initial acute episode had a higher proportion of T lymphocytes and a higher proportion of patients developed anticardiac antibody. Similar was the case with patients with angina. The extent of infarction and accompanying complications did not change the immune parameters studied. The relationship of anticardiac antibodies and T lymphocytes in context of ischemic heart diseases is discussed.", "contents": "T lymphocytes and anticardiac antibodies in patients with ischemic heart diseases. 85 patients with a variety of ischemic heart diseases were examined for the proportion of T cells and the presence of anticardiac antibodies. Patients with acute myocardial infarction during the 2nd and 3rd week of initial acute episode had a higher proportion of T lymphocytes and a higher proportion of patients developed anticardiac antibody. Similar was the case with patients with angina. The extent of infarction and accompanying complications did not change the immune parameters studied. The relationship of anticardiac antibodies and T lymphocytes in context of ischemic heart diseases is discussed.", "PMID": 306972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_946", "title": "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system--1977.", "content": "A Nomenclature Committee composed of geneticists and immunologists, including specialists in tissue typing, has met after each of the Histocompatibility Testing Workshops beginning with the 3rd Workshop in 1967. The Committee met again, in part under the auspices of the World Health Organisation and for report to the International Union of Immunological Societies, after the 7th Workshop in Oxford in September 1977, with the aim of updating the nomenclature for specificities of the HLA-A, B, C and D loci and establishing a nomenclature for the new specificities identified by serological techniques on B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system--1977. A Nomenclature Committee composed of geneticists and immunologists, including specialists in tissue typing, has met after each of the Histocompatibility Testing Workshops beginning with the 3rd Workshop in 1967. The Committee met again, in part under the auspices of the World Health Organisation and for report to the International Union of Immunological Societies, after the 7th Workshop in Oxford in September 1977, with the aim of updating the nomenclature for specificities of the HLA-A, B, C and D loci and establishing a nomenclature for the new specificities identified by serological techniques on B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 306973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_947", "title": "Evidence that nonspecific inhibitors are induced by soluble products of activated human lymphocytes.", "content": "Cultures of lymphocytes stimulated by polyclonal mitogens or specific antigens exhibit an initial wave of cell proliferation followed by a decline which has been explained by the activation of suppressor T cells. This article presents the first results aiming at testing the possibility that the suppressor cells are activated by soluble products released by stimulated lymphocytes. It was found that the supernatants of PHA-activated human lymphocytes stimulate lymphocytes to DNA synthesis with peak responses occurring on day 5 independent of the cell concentration in the cultures. In contrast, the kinetics of lymphocyte responses to phytomitogens or in the mixed lymphocyte culture were found to be dependent on cell concentration; peak responses were delayed at decreasing cell concentrations. The results support the view that certain lymphokines released in stimulated lymphocyte cultures induce suppressor cells and that biologically active concentrations are reached earlier at high cell densities.", "contents": "Evidence that nonspecific inhibitors are induced by soluble products of activated human lymphocytes. Cultures of lymphocytes stimulated by polyclonal mitogens or specific antigens exhibit an initial wave of cell proliferation followed by a decline which has been explained by the activation of suppressor T cells. This article presents the first results aiming at testing the possibility that the suppressor cells are activated by soluble products released by stimulated lymphocytes. It was found that the supernatants of PHA-activated human lymphocytes stimulate lymphocytes to DNA synthesis with peak responses occurring on day 5 independent of the cell concentration in the cultures. In contrast, the kinetics of lymphocyte responses to phytomitogens or in the mixed lymphocyte culture were found to be dependent on cell concentration; peak responses were delayed at decreasing cell concentrations. The results support the view that certain lymphokines released in stimulated lymphocyte cultures induce suppressor cells and that biologically active concentrations are reached earlier at high cell densities.", "PMID": 306974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_948", "title": "Unusual fungal infections associated with immunologic hyporeactivity.", "content": "Two patients had unusual fungal infections, considered to be contaminants, which suggested immunologic hyporeactivity. One patient with a Fusarium infection had an associated occult malignancy. The other patient had an initial localized, then disseminated Curvularia infection. Both patients, following analysis of subpopulations of lymphocytes, showed evidence of relative T and B cell defects.", "contents": "Unusual fungal infections associated with immunologic hyporeactivity. Two patients had unusual fungal infections, considered to be contaminants, which suggested immunologic hyporeactivity. One patient with a Fusarium infection had an associated occult malignancy. The other patient had an initial localized, then disseminated Curvularia infection. Both patients, following analysis of subpopulations of lymphocytes, showed evidence of relative T and B cell defects.", "PMID": 306975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_949", "title": "Final products obtained from the gamma radiolysis of frozen aqueous solutions of thymidine.", "content": "The final radiation products obtained by gamma-irradiation of frozen aqueous solutions of thymidine have been identified as 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxythy-midine, 5,6-dihydrothymidine, thymidine dimers, 1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-threo-pento-furanosyl)-thymine, 1-(2-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-pentofuranosyl)-thymine, thymine and 5,6-dihydrothymine. The nature of the radiation products could be explained on the basis of the radical structures reported earlier.", "contents": "Final products obtained from the gamma radiolysis of frozen aqueous solutions of thymidine. The final radiation products obtained by gamma-irradiation of frozen aqueous solutions of thymidine have been identified as 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxythy-midine, 5,6-dihydrothymidine, thymidine dimers, 1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-threo-pento-furanosyl)-thymine, 1-(2-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-pentofuranosyl)-thymine, thymine and 5,6-dihydrothymine. The nature of the radiation products could be explained on the basis of the radical structures reported earlier.", "PMID": 306976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_950", "title": "Quantitative determination of cross-linkage of bacteriophage DNA and protein by ionizing radiation.", "content": "Coliphage T7 was dissolved in tryptone broth and exposted to 60C gamma-radiation. Cross-linkage of DNA and protein of the virion was assayed using phenol-water countercurrent distribution. The results are interpreted in terms of a statistical model of cross-linkage and double-strand breaks. It was found that protein--DNA cross-links accumulate linearly with dose at a rate of o.74 X 10(-11) cross-links per rad per nucleotide pair, which is of the order of 5 per cent of the formation rate of double-strand breaks.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of cross-linkage of bacteriophage DNA and protein by ionizing radiation. Coliphage T7 was dissolved in tryptone broth and exposted to 60C gamma-radiation. Cross-linkage of DNA and protein of the virion was assayed using phenol-water countercurrent distribution. The results are interpreted in terms of a statistical model of cross-linkage and double-strand breaks. It was found that protein--DNA cross-links accumulate linearly with dose at a rate of o.74 X 10(-11) cross-links per rad per nucleotide pair, which is of the order of 5 per cent of the formation rate of double-strand breaks.", "PMID": 306977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_951", "title": "Radiolysis of chromatin extracted from cultured mammalian cells: production of alkali-labile strand damage in DNA.", "content": "Chromatin has been isolated from cultured Chinese-hamster lung fibroblasts as an expanded aqueous gel. The DNA in isolated chromatin has been examined by sedimentation on alkaline sucrose gradients. The average molecular weight of the DNA has been determined to be 50 million. gamma-irradiation of isolated chromatin degrades the DNA to lower molecular weight. The yield of single-strand breaks in the DNA is 0.02 single-strand breaks per krad-10(6) dalton, calculated from a dose-range of &--400 krad and covering a DNA molecular weight range of 2 X 10(7)-1.4 X 10(5). There is a considerable difference in the efficiency of the formation of single-strand breaks in DNA irradiated as isolated chromatin compared with chromatin irradiated in whole cells before isolation. For isolated chromatin, values of 6 dV per break have been calculated compared with about 80 eV per break for chromatin irradiated in whole cells, which suggest a large contribution from indirect action by aqueous radicals in isolated chromatin.", "contents": "Radiolysis of chromatin extracted from cultured mammalian cells: production of alkali-labile strand damage in DNA. Chromatin has been isolated from cultured Chinese-hamster lung fibroblasts as an expanded aqueous gel. The DNA in isolated chromatin has been examined by sedimentation on alkaline sucrose gradients. The average molecular weight of the DNA has been determined to be 50 million. gamma-irradiation of isolated chromatin degrades the DNA to lower molecular weight. The yield of single-strand breaks in the DNA is 0.02 single-strand breaks per krad-10(6) dalton, calculated from a dose-range of &--400 krad and covering a DNA molecular weight range of 2 X 10(7)-1.4 X 10(5). There is a considerable difference in the efficiency of the formation of single-strand breaks in DNA irradiated as isolated chromatin compared with chromatin irradiated in whole cells before isolation. For isolated chromatin, values of 6 dV per break have been calculated compared with about 80 eV per break for chromatin irradiated in whole cells, which suggest a large contribution from indirect action by aqueous radicals in isolated chromatin.", "PMID": 306978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_952", "title": "Experimental studies of the translocation of plutonium from simulated wound sites in the rat.", "content": "Wound contamination with plutonium was simulated in rats by injection into either muscle or subcutaneous tissue. The distribution after the injection of plutonium nitrate indicated that: (i) clearance from the contaminated tissue was due mainly to the movement of soluble complexes of plutonium, principally to the skeleton and liver, but also involved slower movement of polymerized, particulate plutonium to lymph nodes; (ii) clearance of soluble plutonium, and hence the overall state of clearance, was dependent on the tissue fluid flow through the contiminated tissue and the mass of plutonium deposited; (iii) lymphatic clearance of particulate plutonium resulted in the release of some particles into the circulation and subsequent uptake by the liver. Intramuscular deposition of small plutonium dioxide particles (approximately 1 nm in diameter) resulted in a greater rate of clearance of plutonium than deposition of the nitrate. Although the solubility of these particles was evident from the level of skeletal uptake of plutonium, a high level of excretion indicated that some plutonium was filtered into the urine in an undissolved form.", "contents": "Experimental studies of the translocation of plutonium from simulated wound sites in the rat. Wound contamination with plutonium was simulated in rats by injection into either muscle or subcutaneous tissue. The distribution after the injection of plutonium nitrate indicated that: (i) clearance from the contaminated tissue was due mainly to the movement of soluble complexes of plutonium, principally to the skeleton and liver, but also involved slower movement of polymerized, particulate plutonium to lymph nodes; (ii) clearance of soluble plutonium, and hence the overall state of clearance, was dependent on the tissue fluid flow through the contiminated tissue and the mass of plutonium deposited; (iii) lymphatic clearance of particulate plutonium resulted in the release of some particles into the circulation and subsequent uptake by the liver. Intramuscular deposition of small plutonium dioxide particles (approximately 1 nm in diameter) resulted in a greater rate of clearance of plutonium than deposition of the nitrate. Although the solubility of these particles was evident from the level of skeletal uptake of plutonium, a high level of excretion indicated that some plutonium was filtered into the urine in an undissolved form.", "PMID": 306979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_953", "title": "Enhanced lymphocyte-mediated killing of tumour cells after tumour irradiation in vivo.", "content": "The effect of local X-irradiation of a syngeneic carcinoma of fibrosarcoma growing in the leg of W/Fu rats on the ability of host spleen lymphocytes to kill syngeneic and allogeneic tumour cells in vitro was examined. Lymphocytotoxicity was found to be enhanced one day after local X-irradiation (4000 R) when compared with unirradiated tumour-bearing rats (p = 0.05 to 0.01). This enhancing effect of local irradiation was not observed when the lymphocytes were tested 1 week or later after X-irradiation, nor when normal legs of non-tumour bearing rats were irradiated. Mechanisms which might possibly explain these results are a reduction in release of tumour-specific antigen which can act as an inhibitor of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, or depletion of suppressor cells in the lymphocyte population. These findings may be relavant to clinical studies of cellular immunity in patients undergoing radiotherapy of malignant tumours.", "contents": "Enhanced lymphocyte-mediated killing of tumour cells after tumour irradiation in vivo. The effect of local X-irradiation of a syngeneic carcinoma of fibrosarcoma growing in the leg of W/Fu rats on the ability of host spleen lymphocytes to kill syngeneic and allogeneic tumour cells in vitro was examined. Lymphocytotoxicity was found to be enhanced one day after local X-irradiation (4000 R) when compared with unirradiated tumour-bearing rats (p = 0.05 to 0.01). This enhancing effect of local irradiation was not observed when the lymphocytes were tested 1 week or later after X-irradiation, nor when normal legs of non-tumour bearing rats were irradiated. Mechanisms which might possibly explain these results are a reduction in release of tumour-specific antigen which can act as an inhibitor of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, or depletion of suppressor cells in the lymphocyte population. These findings may be relavant to clinical studies of cellular immunity in patients undergoing radiotherapy of malignant tumours.", "PMID": 306980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_954", "title": "DNA synthesis and cell survival after X-irradiation of mammalian cells treated with caffeine or adenine.", "content": "The expression of the transient depression in the rate of DNA synthesis normally observed after exposure of randomly-dividing Chinese hamster V-79 or Chinese hamster CHO cells to ionizing radiation can be postponed or diminished by a post-irradiation treatment with 1.0 to 1.0 mM adenine or 1.5 mM caffeine. Caffeine may exert its effect by creating additional sites for replication in irradiated cells. Cells treated with caffeine or adenine for 2 or 4 hours after exposure to 3000 rad of 300 kVp X-rays exhibit depressed synthesis only after the removal of caffeine or adenine. These alterations in the timing of the X-ray-induced depression of the rate of DNA synthesis have no effect on X-ray-induced cell killing. Although a 4 hour post-irradiation treatment of randomly-dividing Chinese hamster V-79 cells with 1.0 or 2.0 mM caffeine potentiates X-ray-induced cell killing, this reduction in survival is due primarily to effects on cells in S-phase.", "contents": "DNA synthesis and cell survival after X-irradiation of mammalian cells treated with caffeine or adenine. The expression of the transient depression in the rate of DNA synthesis normally observed after exposure of randomly-dividing Chinese hamster V-79 or Chinese hamster CHO cells to ionizing radiation can be postponed or diminished by a post-irradiation treatment with 1.0 to 1.0 mM adenine or 1.5 mM caffeine. Caffeine may exert its effect by creating additional sites for replication in irradiated cells. Cells treated with caffeine or adenine for 2 or 4 hours after exposure to 3000 rad of 300 kVp X-rays exhibit depressed synthesis only after the removal of caffeine or adenine. These alterations in the timing of the X-ray-induced depression of the rate of DNA synthesis have no effect on X-ray-induced cell killing. Although a 4 hour post-irradiation treatment of randomly-dividing Chinese hamster V-79 cells with 1.0 or 2.0 mM caffeine potentiates X-ray-induced cell killing, this reduction in survival is due primarily to effects on cells in S-phase.", "PMID": 306981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_955", "title": "[Incidence of gastric mucosal changes in multiple injuries].", "content": "In a prospective study the frequency of gastric mucosal lesions was investigated in patients with polytrauma. 23 out of 24 patients had mucosal lesions of different degrees of severity. 5 had petechiae only, 9 developed erosions and 9 ulcers. 11 had symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding, 3 had to be operated.", "contents": "[Incidence of gastric mucosal changes in multiple injuries]. In a prospective study the frequency of gastric mucosal lesions was investigated in patients with polytrauma. 23 out of 24 patients had mucosal lesions of different degrees of severity. 5 had petechiae only, 9 developed erosions and 9 ulcers. 11 had symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding, 3 had to be operated.", "PMID": 306984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_956", "title": "[Effect of so-called electrodynamic potentials on experimental reactive pseudoarthroses in animal experiments].", "content": "Eelctromagnetic and a.c.-stimulation according to the method of Kraus was investigated using experimental hypertrophic delayed unions of the radius in beagles. We could not show any beneficial or adverse effect of the method of Kraus.", "contents": "[Effect of so-called electrodynamic potentials on experimental reactive pseudoarthroses in animal experiments]. Eelctromagnetic and a.c.-stimulation according to the method of Kraus was investigated using experimental hypertrophic delayed unions of the radius in beagles. We could not show any beneficial or adverse effect of the method of Kraus.", "PMID": 306985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_957", "title": "Impairment of cell-mediated immunity in ectodermal dysplasia with aplastic anemia.", "content": "A case of ectodermal dysplasia and aplastic anemia is presented in which a cell-mediated immunodeficiency led to a fatal Pneumocystis carinii infection. Elevated levels of IgG, IgA and IgD were present with normal specific antibody titres. A deficient cell-mediated immunity was documented by low T cell numbers, poor in vitro mitogenic responses, negative skin tests and by the histologic finding at autopsy of thymic dysplasia.", "contents": "Impairment of cell-mediated immunity in ectodermal dysplasia with aplastic anemia. A case of ectodermal dysplasia and aplastic anemia is presented in which a cell-mediated immunodeficiency led to a fatal Pneumocystis carinii infection. Elevated levels of IgG, IgA and IgD were present with normal specific antibody titres. A deficient cell-mediated immunity was documented by low T cell numbers, poor in vitro mitogenic responses, negative skin tests and by the histologic finding at autopsy of thymic dysplasia.", "PMID": 306986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_958", "title": "Gelfoam and autologous clot embolization: effect on coagulation.", "content": "An episode of disseminated intravascular coagulation following therapeutic gelfoam embolization to control bleeding from esophageal varices in a patient with liver disease is presented. We have since followed 13 patients prospectively (six control and seven gelfoam/autologous clot) to determine the effect of this procedure on clotting. We were unable to show significant differences between the two groups as measured by the prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen and platelet count. However, fibrin (ogen) degradation products were significantly elevated (p less than .01) in the gelfoam/autologous clot group. We suspect this occurred secondary to clot lysis at the site of embolization. No subsequent bleeding diathesis attributable to this abnormality occurred in any of the patients.", "contents": "Gelfoam and autologous clot embolization: effect on coagulation. An episode of disseminated intravascular coagulation following therapeutic gelfoam embolization to control bleeding from esophageal varices in a patient with liver disease is presented. We have since followed 13 patients prospectively (six control and seven gelfoam/autologous clot) to determine the effect of this procedure on clotting. We were unable to show significant differences between the two groups as measured by the prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen and platelet count. However, fibrin (ogen) degradation products were significantly elevated (p less than .01) in the gelfoam/autologous clot group. We suspect this occurred secondary to clot lysis at the site of embolization. No subsequent bleeding diathesis attributable to this abnormality occurred in any of the patients.", "PMID": 306983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_959", "title": "Comparison of BL-S786 with cephalothin, cefamandole and cefoxitin in vitro and in treatment of experimental infections in mice.", "content": "The activity of BL-S786 was compared to that of cephalothin, cefamandole and cefoxitin in vitro and in treatment of experimental infections in mice. In broth dilution tests, the activity of BL-S786 was less than cephalothin or cefamandole against Staphylococcus aureus and less than cefamandole or cefoxitin against Haemophilus influenzae. BL-S786 and cefamandole were the two most active drugs against cephalothin-sensitive Enterobacteriaceae. In tests with cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, BL-S786 was generally less active than cefamandole but more active than cefoxitin against all strains except Proteus and Providencia. Regardless of the comparative in vitro activity of the four drugs, BL-S786 was the most effective drug in treatment of mice lethally infected with Enterobacteriaceae. Protection from lethality was associated with clearance of bacteremia by each of the four drugs. In several tests where in vitro activity was not predictive of in vivo efficacy, selection of resistance in vivo was found to have occurred.", "contents": "Comparison of BL-S786 with cephalothin, cefamandole and cefoxitin in vitro and in treatment of experimental infections in mice. The activity of BL-S786 was compared to that of cephalothin, cefamandole and cefoxitin in vitro and in treatment of experimental infections in mice. In broth dilution tests, the activity of BL-S786 was less than cephalothin or cefamandole against Staphylococcus aureus and less than cefamandole or cefoxitin against Haemophilus influenzae. BL-S786 and cefamandole were the two most active drugs against cephalothin-sensitive Enterobacteriaceae. In tests with cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, BL-S786 was generally less active than cefamandole but more active than cefoxitin against all strains except Proteus and Providencia. Regardless of the comparative in vitro activity of the four drugs, BL-S786 was the most effective drug in treatment of mice lethally infected with Enterobacteriaceae. Protection from lethality was associated with clearance of bacteremia by each of the four drugs. In several tests where in vitro activity was not predictive of in vivo efficacy, selection of resistance in vivo was found to have occurred.", "PMID": 306989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_960", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the cochlea in man: hearing induction and tinnitus suppression.", "content": "Sensations induced by electrical stimulation of the cochlea in humans through a promontory or a round window electrode were studied in sixteen subjects. All the patients had total or severe hearing losses. Comparison of the results with the recordings of cochlear potentials gave valuable information in all cases about the site and degree of the disorder. The data on electrically induced auditory sensation are very similar to the general findings of other authors and support the attempts of rehabilitation of the deaf by this means. The most important result reported here is the cancellation of tinnitus during stimulation by positive pulses in most cases, without affecting simultaneous acoustical or electrical hearing. This phenomenon is very reliable and could lead to very important future developments.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the cochlea in man: hearing induction and tinnitus suppression. Sensations induced by electrical stimulation of the cochlea in humans through a promontory or a round window electrode were studied in sixteen subjects. All the patients had total or severe hearing losses. Comparison of the results with the recordings of cochlear potentials gave valuable information in all cases about the site and degree of the disorder. The data on electrically induced auditory sensation are very similar to the general findings of other authors and support the attempts of rehabilitation of the deaf by this means. The most important result reported here is the cancellation of tinnitus during stimulation by positive pulses in most cases, without affecting simultaneous acoustical or electrical hearing. This phenomenon is very reliable and could lead to very important future developments.", "PMID": 306987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_961", "title": "alpha-amylase from five strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: evidence for identical primary structures.", "content": "The alpha-amylases from five strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were compared to determine whether differences in primary structure are responsible for variations in catalytic properties previously reported among the enzymes. Amino acid analysis established virtually identical compositions for the proteins. Reaction with dimethylaminoaphthylene sulfonylchloride indicated the amino-terminal amino acid of each amylase to be valine. Carboxyl termini of the enzymes have been determined by digestion with carboxypeptidase A. The resulting kinetic data indicate tyrosine as the carboxyl terminus and leucine as the penultimate residue for all five proteins. Isoelectric focusing of the enzymes yielded isoelectric points in the pH range of 5.09 to 5.18. Tryptic digests of the enzymes chromatographed on a cation-exchange column showed identical elution patterns. It is concluded that the primary structure of the amylase from the five strains is identical or exhibits only conservative substitutions.", "contents": "alpha-amylase from five strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: evidence for identical primary structures. The alpha-amylases from five strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were compared to determine whether differences in primary structure are responsible for variations in catalytic properties previously reported among the enzymes. Amino acid analysis established virtually identical compositions for the proteins. Reaction with dimethylaminoaphthylene sulfonylchloride indicated the amino-terminal amino acid of each amylase to be valine. Carboxyl termini of the enzymes have been determined by digestion with carboxypeptidase A. The resulting kinetic data indicate tyrosine as the carboxyl terminus and leucine as the penultimate residue for all five proteins. Isoelectric focusing of the enzymes yielded isoelectric points in the pH range of 5.09 to 5.18. Tryptic digests of the enzymes chromatographed on a cation-exchange column showed identical elution patterns. It is concluded that the primary structure of the amylase from the five strains is identical or exhibits only conservative substitutions.", "PMID": 306994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_962", "title": "Crystal structure of monoclinic ribonuclease-S at 4 A resolution. The mode of binding of 4-thiouridylic acid and a fragment of folic acid, p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid.", "content": "A four-A electron density map was calculated for the monoclinic crystal of ribonuclease-S (RNase-S) based on two heavy-atom derivatives. Close geometrical similarity was found between the two crystallographically independent RNase-S molecules (called molecules ZA and ZB) in this crystal and that (called molecule Y) in the trigonal crystal. Using the rotational and translational parameters relating these three molecules, it was established that the crystallographic two-fold symmetry between the two molecules ZA in the monoclinic crystal was exactly identical to that between the two molecules Y in the trigonal crystal, suggesting the tendency of RNase-S molecules to associate in this way although the interaction is weak. The 4-A difference Fourier maps calculated for the monoclinic crystal established the following conclusions. (1) 4-Thiouridine-2'(3')-monophosphates binds to the B1 and R1 sites like other pyrimidine nucleoside-2'(3')-monophosphates as expected from previous spectrophotometric studies, but not to the B2 site even at the concentration of 20 mM. An attempt to visualize the photoproduct generated by irradiation of near-ultraviolet light in this complex failed. (2) p-Aminobenzoylglutamic acid, a fragment of folic acid, seems to bind to RNase-S with its benzene ring close to the B2 site and the alpha-carboxylate group close to the p1 site. The model is compatible with most of the chemical results obtained by Sawada et al. ((1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 479, 188-197).", "contents": "Crystal structure of monoclinic ribonuclease-S at 4 A resolution. The mode of binding of 4-thiouridylic acid and a fragment of folic acid, p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid. A four-A electron density map was calculated for the monoclinic crystal of ribonuclease-S (RNase-S) based on two heavy-atom derivatives. Close geometrical similarity was found between the two crystallographically independent RNase-S molecules (called molecules ZA and ZB) in this crystal and that (called molecule Y) in the trigonal crystal. Using the rotational and translational parameters relating these three molecules, it was established that the crystallographic two-fold symmetry between the two molecules ZA in the monoclinic crystal was exactly identical to that between the two molecules Y in the trigonal crystal, suggesting the tendency of RNase-S molecules to associate in this way although the interaction is weak. The 4-A difference Fourier maps calculated for the monoclinic crystal established the following conclusions. (1) 4-Thiouridine-2'(3')-monophosphates binds to the B1 and R1 sites like other pyrimidine nucleoside-2'(3')-monophosphates as expected from previous spectrophotometric studies, but not to the B2 site even at the concentration of 20 mM. An attempt to visualize the photoproduct generated by irradiation of near-ultraviolet light in this complex failed. (2) p-Aminobenzoylglutamic acid, a fragment of folic acid, seems to bind to RNase-S with its benzene ring close to the B2 site and the alpha-carboxylate group close to the p1 site. The model is compatible with most of the chemical results obtained by Sawada et al. ((1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 479, 188-197).", "PMID": 306995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_963", "title": "Studies on the substrate specificity of Taka-amylase A. XIII. Preparation of 6-deoxy-6-iodomaltooligosaccharides and their inhibitory action against Taka-amylase A1.", "content": "O-alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-6-deoxy-6-iodo-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose (6'-MT), O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-6-deoxy-6-iodo-D-glucopyranose (6-M), and O-6-deoxy-6-iodo-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose (6'-M) were prepared and their inhibitory action against Taka-amylase A [EC 3.2.1.1, alpha-1, 4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, Aspergillus oryzae] was investigated. The inhibitor constants of 6'-MT and 6'-M were 10 mM and 54 mM, respectively, and both inhibitors showed mixed-type inhibition. 6-M scarcely inhibited the enzyme action.", "contents": "Studies on the substrate specificity of Taka-amylase A. XIII. Preparation of 6-deoxy-6-iodomaltooligosaccharides and their inhibitory action against Taka-amylase A1. O-alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-6-deoxy-6-iodo-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose (6'-MT), O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-6-deoxy-6-iodo-D-glucopyranose (6-M), and O-6-deoxy-6-iodo-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose (6'-M) were prepared and their inhibitory action against Taka-amylase A [EC 3.2.1.1, alpha-1, 4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, Aspergillus oryzae] was investigated. The inhibitor constants of 6'-MT and 6'-M were 10 mM and 54 mM, respectively, and both inhibitors showed mixed-type inhibition. 6-M scarcely inhibited the enzyme action.", "PMID": 306997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_964", "title": "Absence of the corpus callosum: computed tomographic evaluation in infants and children.", "content": "Absence of the corpus callosum (ACC) has a characteristic finding on computed tomography of an elevated third ventricle interposed between the lateral ventricles. Ten children with ACC, 8 with associated craniocerebral lesions, are presented. The chief importance of computed tomography is in the accurate demonstration of ACC and its commonly associated intracranial lesions, some of which can be surgically treated. Secondly, the diagnosis of ACC implies, to the clinician, a greater degree of cellular brain maldevelopment.", "contents": "Absence of the corpus callosum: computed tomographic evaluation in infants and children. Absence of the corpus callosum (ACC) has a characteristic finding on computed tomography of an elevated third ventricle interposed between the lateral ventricles. Ten children with ACC, 8 with associated craniocerebral lesions, are presented. The chief importance of computed tomography is in the accurate demonstration of ACC and its commonly associated intracranial lesions, some of which can be surgically treated. Secondly, the diagnosis of ACC implies, to the clinician, a greater degree of cellular brain maldevelopment.", "PMID": 306998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_965", "title": "The radiology of intracranial tuberculosis in children.", "content": "Radiology provides valuable clues to the correct diagnosis of intracranial tuberculosis. Twenty-three children with this problem were reviewed. Fifteen had meningitis, 12 of whom had abnormal chest radiographs, nine of them suggestive of tuberculosis. Common neuroradiologic findings were minor suture separation, abnormal activity in the region of the sylvian fissure on brain scans, mild ventricular dilatation, and vasculitis. Among the eight patients with tuberculomas, abnormal chest radiographs were less common. Neuroradiologic abnormalities included evidence of increased intracranial pressure on skull radiographs, focal deep lesions on brain scans, and hydrocephalus and mass lesions on air studies. Most tuberculomas were calcified one year later.", "contents": "The radiology of intracranial tuberculosis in children. Radiology provides valuable clues to the correct diagnosis of intracranial tuberculosis. Twenty-three children with this problem were reviewed. Fifteen had meningitis, 12 of whom had abnormal chest radiographs, nine of them suggestive of tuberculosis. Common neuroradiologic findings were minor suture separation, abnormal activity in the region of the sylvian fissure on brain scans, mild ventricular dilatation, and vasculitis. Among the eight patients with tuberculomas, abnormal chest radiographs were less common. Neuroradiologic abnormalities included evidence of increased intracranial pressure on skull radiographs, focal deep lesions on brain scans, and hydrocephalus and mass lesions on air studies. Most tuberculomas were calcified one year later.", "PMID": 306999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_966", "title": "Isolation of plasma and nuclear membranes of thymocytes. II. Biochemical composition.", "content": "Thymocyte plasma and nuclear membranes obtained by the procedure described in the accompanying paper were analyzed for their biochemical composition. Plasma membranes were very rich in phospholipid, cholesterol, sialic aicd; they did not contain nucleic acids. In comparison, nuclear membranes had a lower phospholipid to protein ratio and contained much less sialic acid and cholesterol. 50% of the cellular cholesterol and of the membrane-bound sialic acid were found in the plasma membranes, 14% in the nuclear membranes. Live cells were labeled with 131I, and the acid-insoluble radioactivity was followed in the subfractions. A good correlation with the distribution and enrichment of plasma membrane market-enzymes was obtained. Label enrichment was about 50-fold in the two lightest of the three plasma membrane fractions. 60% of the label was contained in the plasma membranes, only 4% in the nuclear membranes. Cross-contamination of these two types of membranes was thus negligible. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis revealed three different patterns specific for, respectively, plasma membranes, the microsomal-mitochondrial fraction, and nuclear membranes. Each pattern was characterized by a set of proteins and glycoproteins, among which high molecular weight glycoproteins could be considered as marker-proteins of, respectively, 280,000, 260,000, and 230,000 daltons. 131I-labeling of live cells tagged with a very high specific activity three glycoproteins of mol wt 280,000, 200,000, and 135,000 daltons. Nuclear membranes prepared from labeled isolated nuclei had a set of labeled proteins completely different from plasma membranes.", "contents": "Isolation of plasma and nuclear membranes of thymocytes. II. Biochemical composition. Thymocyte plasma and nuclear membranes obtained by the procedure described in the accompanying paper were analyzed for their biochemical composition. Plasma membranes were very rich in phospholipid, cholesterol, sialic aicd; they did not contain nucleic acids. In comparison, nuclear membranes had a lower phospholipid to protein ratio and contained much less sialic acid and cholesterol. 50% of the cellular cholesterol and of the membrane-bound sialic acid were found in the plasma membranes, 14% in the nuclear membranes. Live cells were labeled with 131I, and the acid-insoluble radioactivity was followed in the subfractions. A good correlation with the distribution and enrichment of plasma membrane market-enzymes was obtained. Label enrichment was about 50-fold in the two lightest of the three plasma membrane fractions. 60% of the label was contained in the plasma membranes, only 4% in the nuclear membranes. Cross-contamination of these two types of membranes was thus negligible. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis revealed three different patterns specific for, respectively, plasma membranes, the microsomal-mitochondrial fraction, and nuclear membranes. Each pattern was characterized by a set of proteins and glycoproteins, among which high molecular weight glycoproteins could be considered as marker-proteins of, respectively, 280,000, 260,000, and 230,000 daltons. 131I-labeling of live cells tagged with a very high specific activity three glycoproteins of mol wt 280,000, 200,000, and 135,000 daltons. Nuclear membranes prepared from labeled isolated nuclei had a set of labeled proteins completely different from plasma membranes.", "PMID": 307000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_967", "title": "Molecular and biological properties of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor from mouse yolk sacs.", "content": "A colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) has been partially purified and concentrated from mouse yolk sac-conditioned medium (YSCM). M-CSF appeared to preferentially stimulate CBA bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC) to differentiate to form macrophage colonies in semisolid agar cultures. By comparison, colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from mouse lung-conditioned medium (MLCM) stimulated the formation of granulocytic, mixed granulocytic-macrophage, and pure macrophage colonies. Mixing experiments indicated that both M-CSF and GM-CSF stimulated all of the GM-CFC but that the smaller CFC were more sensitive to GM-CSF and that the larger CFC were more sensitive to M-CSF. Almost all developing \"clones\" stimulated initially with M-CSF continued to develop when transferred to cultures containing GM-CSF. In the converse situation, only 50% of GM-CSF prestimulated \"clones\" survived when transferred to cultures containing M-CSF. All clones initially stimulated by M-CSF or transferred to cultures stimulated by M-CSF contained macrophages after 7 days of culture. These results suggest that there is a population of cells (GM-CFC) that are capable of differentiating to form both granulocytes and macrophages, but, once these cells are activated by a specific CSF (e.g. M-CSF), they are committed to a particular differentiation pathway. The pattern of CFC differentiation was not directly related to the rate of proliferation: cultures maximally stimulated by M-CSF produced mostly macrophage colonies, but the presence of small amounts of GM-CSF produced granulocytic cells in 30% of the colonies. Gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and affinity chromatography with concanavalin A-Sepharose indicated that M-CSF from yolk sacs was a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 60,000. There was some heterogeneity of the carbohydrate portion of the molecule as evidenced by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose.", "contents": "Molecular and biological properties of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor from mouse yolk sacs. A colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) has been partially purified and concentrated from mouse yolk sac-conditioned medium (YSCM). M-CSF appeared to preferentially stimulate CBA bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC) to differentiate to form macrophage colonies in semisolid agar cultures. By comparison, colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from mouse lung-conditioned medium (MLCM) stimulated the formation of granulocytic, mixed granulocytic-macrophage, and pure macrophage colonies. Mixing experiments indicated that both M-CSF and GM-CSF stimulated all of the GM-CFC but that the smaller CFC were more sensitive to GM-CSF and that the larger CFC were more sensitive to M-CSF. Almost all developing \"clones\" stimulated initially with M-CSF continued to develop when transferred to cultures containing GM-CSF. In the converse situation, only 50% of GM-CSF prestimulated \"clones\" survived when transferred to cultures containing M-CSF. All clones initially stimulated by M-CSF or transferred to cultures stimulated by M-CSF contained macrophages after 7 days of culture. These results suggest that there is a population of cells (GM-CFC) that are capable of differentiating to form both granulocytes and macrophages, but, once these cells are activated by a specific CSF (e.g. M-CSF), they are committed to a particular differentiation pathway. The pattern of CFC differentiation was not directly related to the rate of proliferation: cultures maximally stimulated by M-CSF produced mostly macrophage colonies, but the presence of small amounts of GM-CSF produced granulocytic cells in 30% of the colonies. Gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and affinity chromatography with concanavalin A-Sepharose indicated that M-CSF from yolk sacs was a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 60,000. There was some heterogeneity of the carbohydrate portion of the molecule as evidenced by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose.", "PMID": 307001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_968", "title": "Peritoneal exudate cells. V. Influence of age, sex, strain and species on the induction and the growth of macrophage colony forming cells.", "content": "We investigated the effects of age, sex and strain in the induction of peritoneal exudate colony-forming cells (PE-CFC) in mice. Sex and age (ranging from 3 weeks to 12 months) had no significant effect on the induction of PE-CFC. However, we found significant difference between strains in terms of the number of nucleated cells and the proportion of PE-CFC in exudate cells. When we investigated the mechanisms behind this strain difference, we found that it was due to neither the type of colony-stimulating factor employed in culture, nor the type of stimulants used to induce the exudate, nor the difference in the kinetics of appearance of PE-CFC in the peritoneal cavity. We also studied the induction of PE-CFC in rats and hamsters and the growth of these cells in vitro. Unlike mouse cells, PE-CFC from rats and hamsters could also use media conditioned by cells from other species as a source of colony-stimulating factor.", "contents": "Peritoneal exudate cells. V. Influence of age, sex, strain and species on the induction and the growth of macrophage colony forming cells. We investigated the effects of age, sex and strain in the induction of peritoneal exudate colony-forming cells (PE-CFC) in mice. Sex and age (ranging from 3 weeks to 12 months) had no significant effect on the induction of PE-CFC. However, we found significant difference between strains in terms of the number of nucleated cells and the proportion of PE-CFC in exudate cells. When we investigated the mechanisms behind this strain difference, we found that it was due to neither the type of colony-stimulating factor employed in culture, nor the type of stimulants used to induce the exudate, nor the difference in the kinetics of appearance of PE-CFC in the peritoneal cavity. We also studied the induction of PE-CFC in rats and hamsters and the growth of these cells in vitro. Unlike mouse cells, PE-CFC from rats and hamsters could also use media conditioned by cells from other species as a source of colony-stimulating factor.", "PMID": 307002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_969", "title": "Determination of benoxaprofen [2-(4-chlorophenyl)-alpha-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid, LRCL 3794] in biological fluids.", "content": "Benoxaprofen, a novel anti-inflammatory compound, is efficiently (greater than 95%) extracted from plasma and urine in the pH range 1 to 5 into either chloroform or ether. The compound is determined either by UV spectroscopy or by gas-liquid chromatography of the methyl ester (formed by reaction with diazomethane) on a column of 3% of silicone gum E-301 on DCMS-treated Chromosorb W, with detection by flame ionisation (limit 0.3 microgram/ml) or electron capture (limit 0.01 microgram/ml). For rapid routine use, the UV method (limit ca. 5 microgram/ml) gives good agreement with the specific methods.", "contents": "Determination of benoxaprofen [2-(4-chlorophenyl)-alpha-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid, LRCL 3794] in biological fluids. Benoxaprofen, a novel anti-inflammatory compound, is efficiently (greater than 95%) extracted from plasma and urine in the pH range 1 to 5 into either chloroform or ether. The compound is determined either by UV spectroscopy or by gas-liquid chromatography of the methyl ester (formed by reaction with diazomethane) on a column of 3% of silicone gum E-301 on DCMS-treated Chromosorb W, with detection by flame ionisation (limit 0.3 microgram/ml) or electron capture (limit 0.01 microgram/ml). For rapid routine use, the UV method (limit ca. 5 microgram/ml) gives good agreement with the specific methods.", "PMID": 307005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_970", "title": "The effects of ristocetin and von Willebrand factor on platelet electrophoretic mobility.", "content": "Ristocetin will induce the agglutination of platelets in the presence of von Willebrand factor. In previous studies, an electrostatic mechanism was proposed for this phenomenon wherein first the platelet's surface charge is reduced by the binding of ristocetin and then the von Willebrand factor acts as a bridge between platelets. To test this hypothesis, the effects of ristocetin and von Willebrand factor, singly and together, on the electrophoretic mobility of normal, trypsinized, and Bernard-Soulier platelets was measured. Ristocetin alone, at concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml or more, produced a statistically significant reduction in the electrophoretic mobility of fresh or fixed platelets. Control experiments showed that the reduction was not due to changes in the ionic milieu of the solution. Therefore, the decrease in platelet mobility is evidence for binding of ristocetin to the platelet surface. Bernard-Soulier and trypsinized platelets also had reductions in mobility with ristocetin, suggesting that ristocetin binds to the platelet at sites other than the binding site for von Willebrand factor. The presence of plasma from a patient with von Willebrand's disease did not alter the reduction in mobility of normal platelets by ristocetin. However, the reduction was markedly enhanced in the presence of normal plasma. This enhancement did not occur with Bernard-Soulier platelets and was inhibited by anti-Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antiserum or trypsinization of the platelets. Thus, the enhanced reduction appears to be associated with the binding of von Willebrand factor to the platelet surface. These studies indicate that platelets undergo two changes with ristocetin and von Willebrand factor, both of which facilitate agglutination: reduction in net surface charge and binding of von Willebrand factor, a large molecule which can serve as a bridge between platelets. In parallel studies, bovine von Willebrand factor, without ristocetin, agglutinated and reduced the electrophoretic mobility of normal but not Bernard-Soulier or trypsinized platelets; this indicates a similar mechanism of agglutination.", "contents": "The effects of ristocetin and von Willebrand factor on platelet electrophoretic mobility. Ristocetin will induce the agglutination of platelets in the presence of von Willebrand factor. In previous studies, an electrostatic mechanism was proposed for this phenomenon wherein first the platelet's surface charge is reduced by the binding of ristocetin and then the von Willebrand factor acts as a bridge between platelets. To test this hypothesis, the effects of ristocetin and von Willebrand factor, singly and together, on the electrophoretic mobility of normal, trypsinized, and Bernard-Soulier platelets was measured. Ristocetin alone, at concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml or more, produced a statistically significant reduction in the electrophoretic mobility of fresh or fixed platelets. Control experiments showed that the reduction was not due to changes in the ionic milieu of the solution. Therefore, the decrease in platelet mobility is evidence for binding of ristocetin to the platelet surface. Bernard-Soulier and trypsinized platelets also had reductions in mobility with ristocetin, suggesting that ristocetin binds to the platelet at sites other than the binding site for von Willebrand factor. The presence of plasma from a patient with von Willebrand's disease did not alter the reduction in mobility of normal platelets by ristocetin. However, the reduction was markedly enhanced in the presence of normal plasma. This enhancement did not occur with Bernard-Soulier platelets and was inhibited by anti-Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antiserum or trypsinization of the platelets. Thus, the enhanced reduction appears to be associated with the binding of von Willebrand factor to the platelet surface. These studies indicate that platelets undergo two changes with ristocetin and von Willebrand factor, both of which facilitate agglutination: reduction in net surface charge and binding of von Willebrand factor, a large molecule which can serve as a bridge between platelets. In parallel studies, bovine von Willebrand factor, without ristocetin, agglutinated and reduced the electrophoretic mobility of normal but not Bernard-Soulier or trypsinized platelets; this indicates a similar mechanism of agglutination.", "PMID": 307006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_971", "title": "von Willebrand's disease antigen II. A new plasma and platelet antigen deficient in severe von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "Factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIag) is deficient in plasma and platelets of patients with severe von Willebrand's disease. This study reports a second von Willebrand's disease antigen (vWagII), distinct from VIIIag, that is also deficient in the platelets and plasma of patients with severe von Willebrand's disease. VIIIag and vWagII are separable by molecular exclusion chromatography, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. They show reactions of immunologic nonidentity with each other, and thus, do not share a precursor-product relationship. vWagII is released from normal platelets during blood clotting, accounting for a fourfold higher concentration of vWagII in serum over plasma.", "contents": "von Willebrand's disease antigen II. A new plasma and platelet antigen deficient in severe von Willebrand's disease. Factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIag) is deficient in plasma and platelets of patients with severe von Willebrand's disease. This study reports a second von Willebrand's disease antigen (vWagII), distinct from VIIIag, that is also deficient in the platelets and plasma of patients with severe von Willebrand's disease. VIIIag and vWagII are separable by molecular exclusion chromatography, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. They show reactions of immunologic nonidentity with each other, and thus, do not share a precursor-product relationship. vWagII is released from normal platelets during blood clotting, accounting for a fourfold higher concentration of vWagII in serum over plasma.", "PMID": 307007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_972", "title": "Golgi studies on Purkinje cell development in the frog during spontaneous metamorphosis. I. General pattern of development.", "content": "The development of Purkinje cells was studied in the bullfrog from prometamorphic tadpoles to 10-week-old postmetamorphic froglets by the Golgi-Kopsch method. In this species, the rate of Purkinje cell development is unusually slow and proceeds in two waves. The first wave of development begins prior to the establishment of the external granular layer (EGL), and proceeds slowly for two to three months during the formation of the EGL; then accelerating as metamorphosis is being completed, the cells reach near-adult dimensions a month later. Even prior to the formation of the EGL these cells are already present in the stage of dendritic orientation and flattening which, however, varies from the norm. The second wave of Purkinje cell development begins during metamorphosis and proceeds at a more rapid pace until two months after metamorphosis, at which time they appear to have reached adult dimensions. In these cells the development of the apical dendrite does not always coincide with the stellate stage but may proceed directly to the stage of dendritic orientation and flattening which, in accordance with the norm, is towards the pia and in the sagittal plane. Many variations are present in the dendritic trees and orientation of the dendritic branches of Purkinje cells throughout their development. These variations are similar to those seen in mammals, however, since the frog cerebellum consists of a simple plate, they cannot be attributed to a Cartesian transformation of dendrites to accomodate the curvatures of a folial pattern. Similarly, since these morphological variations occur in the course of normal development they cannot be attributed to a reaction to, or recovery from, injury during development.", "contents": "Golgi studies on Purkinje cell development in the frog during spontaneous metamorphosis. I. General pattern of development. The development of Purkinje cells was studied in the bullfrog from prometamorphic tadpoles to 10-week-old postmetamorphic froglets by the Golgi-Kopsch method. In this species, the rate of Purkinje cell development is unusually slow and proceeds in two waves. The first wave of development begins prior to the establishment of the external granular layer (EGL), and proceeds slowly for two to three months during the formation of the EGL; then accelerating as metamorphosis is being completed, the cells reach near-adult dimensions a month later. Even prior to the formation of the EGL these cells are already present in the stage of dendritic orientation and flattening which, however, varies from the norm. The second wave of Purkinje cell development begins during metamorphosis and proceeds at a more rapid pace until two months after metamorphosis, at which time they appear to have reached adult dimensions. In these cells the development of the apical dendrite does not always coincide with the stellate stage but may proceed directly to the stage of dendritic orientation and flattening which, in accordance with the norm, is towards the pia and in the sagittal plane. Many variations are present in the dendritic trees and orientation of the dendritic branches of Purkinje cells throughout their development. These variations are similar to those seen in mammals, however, since the frog cerebellum consists of a simple plate, they cannot be attributed to a Cartesian transformation of dendrites to accomodate the curvatures of a folial pattern. Similarly, since these morphological variations occur in the course of normal development they cannot be attributed to a reaction to, or recovery from, injury during development.", "PMID": 307008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_973", "title": "Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. III. Olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nuclei, olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex.", "content": "The catecholamine innervation of the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nuclei, olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex was studied in the rat using biochemical analysis and fluorescence histochemistry. Biochemical studies demonstrate a moderate norepinephrine (NE) content in all olfactory structures, a high dopamine (DA) content in the olfactory tubercle and a low DA content in the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus and piriform cortex. Following locus coeruleus lesions NE content decreases 71% in the olfactory bulb, 82% in the anterior olfactory nucleus, 62% in olfactory tubercle and 77% in piriform cortex...", "contents": "Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. III. Olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nuclei, olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex. The catecholamine innervation of the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nuclei, olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex was studied in the rat using biochemical analysis and fluorescence histochemistry. Biochemical studies demonstrate a moderate norepinephrine (NE) content in all olfactory structures, a high dopamine (DA) content in the olfactory tubercle and a low DA content in the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus and piriform cortex. Following locus coeruleus lesions NE content decreases 71% in the olfactory bulb, 82% in the anterior olfactory nucleus, 62% in olfactory tubercle and 77% in piriform cortex...", "PMID": 307009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_974", "title": "Retrograde responses of developing lateral motor column neurons.", "content": "Removing the right hind limb of Rana pipiens larvae at different stages during development initiates diverse responses within lateral motor column (LMC) neurons whose axons have entered the limb and are forming neuromuscular junctions; Severing the hind limb at stage V inhibits the future differentiation of LMC neurons and, ultimately, 95% of the presumably injured cells degenerate; Ultrastructural observations indicate that the affected neurons become pyknotic, but display little evidence of lysosomal involvement. However, a quite different reaction is encountered when limb ablation is delayed to stage X. At this stage, LMC neurons rapidly disclose an intense retrograde response, which includes the genesis of numerous secondary lysosomes in degenerating cells; If, however, limb removal is postponed until stage XV or XX then a clasic chromatolysis can be recognized in axotomized neurons. The intensity of the chromatolysis appears to be inversely related to the age of the neurons. This investigation tends to support the premise that differentiating LMC neurons pass through three crucial stages in their development which can be identified following axotomy.", "contents": "Retrograde responses of developing lateral motor column neurons. Removing the right hind limb of Rana pipiens larvae at different stages during development initiates diverse responses within lateral motor column (LMC) neurons whose axons have entered the limb and are forming neuromuscular junctions; Severing the hind limb at stage V inhibits the future differentiation of LMC neurons and, ultimately, 95% of the presumably injured cells degenerate; Ultrastructural observations indicate that the affected neurons become pyknotic, but display little evidence of lysosomal involvement. However, a quite different reaction is encountered when limb ablation is delayed to stage X. At this stage, LMC neurons rapidly disclose an intense retrograde response, which includes the genesis of numerous secondary lysosomes in degenerating cells; If, however, limb removal is postponed until stage XV or XX then a clasic chromatolysis can be recognized in axotomized neurons. The intensity of the chromatolysis appears to be inversely related to the age of the neurons. This investigation tends to support the premise that differentiating LMC neurons pass through three crucial stages in their development which can be identified following axotomy.", "PMID": 307010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_975", "title": "Allergy to a product(s) of ethylene oxide gas: demonstration of IgE and IgG antibodies and hapten specificity.", "content": "Patient D.H., on chronic hemodialysis, developed severe allergic reactions after exposure to articles such as plastic tubing and hemodialysis supplies which had undergone cold sterilization with ethylene oxide (EO) gas. It was shown that human serum albumin (HSA) exposed to EO (EO-HSA) in the usual sterilization procedure selectively elicited positive skin tests and in vitro histamine release. It is now demonstrated that D.H. serum reacts selectively in a radioallergosorbent test (RAST) which utilizes discs coated with HSA and exposed to EO gas. In addition, D.H. serum contained IgG antibodies reactive with EO-HSA. This antibody activity was not detected in the sera of 27 normal subjects and 25 chronic hemodialysis patients. EO-HSA and ragweed RAST inhibition tests with a number of proteins in native form and after exposure to EO demonstrated the EO hapten specificity of the IgE antibody.", "contents": "Allergy to a product(s) of ethylene oxide gas: demonstration of IgE and IgG antibodies and hapten specificity. Patient D.H., on chronic hemodialysis, developed severe allergic reactions after exposure to articles such as plastic tubing and hemodialysis supplies which had undergone cold sterilization with ethylene oxide (EO) gas. It was shown that human serum albumin (HSA) exposed to EO (EO-HSA) in the usual sterilization procedure selectively elicited positive skin tests and in vitro histamine release. It is now demonstrated that D.H. serum reacts selectively in a radioallergosorbent test (RAST) which utilizes discs coated with HSA and exposed to EO gas. In addition, D.H. serum contained IgG antibodies reactive with EO-HSA. This antibody activity was not detected in the sera of 27 normal subjects and 25 chronic hemodialysis patients. EO-HSA and ragweed RAST inhibition tests with a number of proteins in native form and after exposure to EO demonstrated the EO hapten specificity of the IgE antibody.", "PMID": 307011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_976", "title": "The hand in mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "The mixed connective tissue disease syndrome has been described in the medical literature. The clinical and serological characteristics of the syndrome are defined in this paper. The hands of these patients differ from the hands of patients with systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic sclerosis. In 10 patients there were no erosive changes on radiological examination and all 10 patients had Raynaud's phenomenon. The most striking finding was tightness  in the flexors. Mild cases of flexor tightness improved with systemic steroids. One patient with severe flexor tightness required surgical release of adhesions from a chronic inflammatory process of fascia, muscle, and tenosynovium. Biochemical studies showed an abnormal collagen pattern that may be distinct for mixed connective tissue disease.", "contents": "The hand in mixed connective tissue disease. The mixed connective tissue disease syndrome has been described in the medical literature. The clinical and serological characteristics of the syndrome are defined in this paper. The hands of these patients differ from the hands of patients with systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic sclerosis. In 10 patients there were no erosive changes on radiological examination and all 10 patients had Raynaud's phenomenon. The most striking finding was tightness  in the flexors. Mild cases of flexor tightness improved with systemic steroids. One patient with severe flexor tightness required surgical release of adhesions from a chronic inflammatory process of fascia, muscle, and tenosynovium. Biochemical studies showed an abnormal collagen pattern that may be distinct for mixed connective tissue disease.", "PMID": 307013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_977", "title": "Nonspecific activation of murine lymphocytes. II. Parameters of the interaction between splenic lymphocytes and radiolabeled 2-mercaptoethanol in vitro.", "content": "Recent evidence has indicated that addition of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to culture medium is able to activate murine lymphocytes to undergo blastogenesis, to synthesize polyclonal antibody, and to develop cytotoxicity to both autologous and heterologous target cells. In order to explore the basis for these phenomena, a study of the physical interaction between the cell and 2-ME was undertaken by using a radiolabeled preparation of 2-ME. Uptake of labeled 2-ME increased over the initial 24 hr of culture, after which a steady state was achieved. Cells were found to have maximal susceptibility to activation by 2-ME after incubation for 24 hr in the absence of the thiol compound. This observation was not explicable in terms of any alteration in the kinetics of 2-ME uptake. The amount of labeled 2-ME taken up was a function of the 2-ME concentration with which the cell was incubated, with the exception of the concentration range that is optimal for mitogenesis. At this range, the curve was suggestive of a saturation effect. Uptake by B cell cultures was found to exceed that by T cell cultures. Uptake was shown to result from interaction with protein, to be independent of metabolic energy, to be governed by temperature-dependent kinetics, and to be highly specific.", "contents": "Nonspecific activation of murine lymphocytes. II. Parameters of the interaction between splenic lymphocytes and radiolabeled 2-mercaptoethanol in vitro. Recent evidence has indicated that addition of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to culture medium is able to activate murine lymphocytes to undergo blastogenesis, to synthesize polyclonal antibody, and to develop cytotoxicity to both autologous and heterologous target cells. In order to explore the basis for these phenomena, a study of the physical interaction between the cell and 2-ME was undertaken by using a radiolabeled preparation of 2-ME. Uptake of labeled 2-ME increased over the initial 24 hr of culture, after which a steady state was achieved. Cells were found to have maximal susceptibility to activation by 2-ME after incubation for 24 hr in the absence of the thiol compound. This observation was not explicable in terms of any alteration in the kinetics of 2-ME uptake. The amount of labeled 2-ME taken up was a function of the 2-ME concentration with which the cell was incubated, with the exception of the concentration range that is optimal for mitogenesis. At this range, the curve was suggestive of a saturation effect. Uptake by B cell cultures was found to exceed that by T cell cultures. Uptake was shown to result from interaction with protein, to be independent of metabolic energy, to be governed by temperature-dependent kinetics, and to be highly specific.", "PMID": 307014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_978", "title": "Patterns of expression of human \"Ia-like\" antigens during the terminal stages of B cell development.", "content": "The \"Ia-like\" antigens characteristically present on the membrane of B lymphocytes were shown to be absent in most terminally differentiated Ig-producing plasma cells. This was most evident in analyses of myeloma plasma cells that uniformly lacked the Ia-antigens. Also, in B lymphoid cell lines, the lymphoblasts were uniformly Ia-positive but the plasma cells were negative. In contrast, however, the majority of plasma cells produced after pokeweed mitogen stimulation remained positive. Plasma cells in tonsil and in the tissue of peripheral blood of patients with Wladenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia were also sometimes Ia-positive although the majority were negative. Studies of membrane IgM and IgD indicated a similar loss in some instances. However, the SIg and Ia antigens were not invariably associated. These results lead to the conclusion that Ia-antigens are differentiation antigens for B cells and are usually lost by the end stage cells in this series.", "contents": "Patterns of expression of human \"Ia-like\" antigens during the terminal stages of B cell development. The \"Ia-like\" antigens characteristically present on the membrane of B lymphocytes were shown to be absent in most terminally differentiated Ig-producing plasma cells. This was most evident in analyses of myeloma plasma cells that uniformly lacked the Ia-antigens. Also, in B lymphoid cell lines, the lymphoblasts were uniformly Ia-positive but the plasma cells were negative. In contrast, however, the majority of plasma cells produced after pokeweed mitogen stimulation remained positive. Plasma cells in tonsil and in the tissue of peripheral blood of patients with Wladenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia were also sometimes Ia-positive although the majority were negative. Studies of membrane IgM and IgD indicated a similar loss in some instances. However, the SIg and Ia antigens were not invariably associated. These results lead to the conclusion that Ia-antigens are differentiation antigens for B cells and are usually lost by the end stage cells in this series.", "PMID": 307015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_979", "title": "Characterization of lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) produced by a macrophage cell line, P388D1. II. Biochemical characterization of LAF induced by activated T cells and LPS.", "content": "Unstimulated P388D1 cells, as well as P388D1 cells stimulated with PHA-activated guinea pig T lymphocytes or LPS, produced a lymphocyte activating factor (LAF). In order to have a chemical basis for comparing this LAF with the LAF produced by normal macrophages, we have analyzed several biochemical characteristics of the P388D1-derived LAF. Sephadex G-75 chromatography of concentrated LAF-containing supernatants from cultures of unstimulated and T cell stimulated P388D1 cells demonstrated that the cell line LAF had a m.w. of approximately 16,000. On DEAE cellulose, the T cell-induced LAF fractionated into at least three major peaks and one minor peak. By using hydroxylapatite chromatography, two of the major peaks of LAF activity were separated from residual contaminating Lowry positive material. LPS-stimulated P388D1 also produced LAF with a m.w. of 16,000. However, the LPS-induced LAF appeared to lack one of the DEAE peaks of LAF activity observed with the T cell-derived LAF. In contrast to LPS, T cells may induce the synthesis and/or release of an additional LAF component or enzymatically modify one or more of the LAF species that are produced in response to both stimulants. Based on the results of chemical characterization studies, the P388D1-derived LAF appears to be similar in size and charge to the lymphocyte activating factor produced by normal macrophages.", "contents": "Characterization of lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) produced by a macrophage cell line, P388D1. II. Biochemical characterization of LAF induced by activated T cells and LPS. Unstimulated P388D1 cells, as well as P388D1 cells stimulated with PHA-activated guinea pig T lymphocytes or LPS, produced a lymphocyte activating factor (LAF). In order to have a chemical basis for comparing this LAF with the LAF produced by normal macrophages, we have analyzed several biochemical characteristics of the P388D1-derived LAF. Sephadex G-75 chromatography of concentrated LAF-containing supernatants from cultures of unstimulated and T cell stimulated P388D1 cells demonstrated that the cell line LAF had a m.w. of approximately 16,000. On DEAE cellulose, the T cell-induced LAF fractionated into at least three major peaks and one minor peak. By using hydroxylapatite chromatography, two of the major peaks of LAF activity were separated from residual contaminating Lowry positive material. LPS-stimulated P388D1 also produced LAF with a m.w. of 16,000. However, the LPS-induced LAF appeared to lack one of the DEAE peaks of LAF activity observed with the T cell-derived LAF. In contrast to LPS, T cells may induce the synthesis and/or release of an additional LAF component or enzymatically modify one or more of the LAF species that are produced in response to both stimulants. Based on the results of chemical characterization studies, the P388D1-derived LAF appears to be similar in size and charge to the lymphocyte activating factor produced by normal macrophages.", "PMID": 307016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_980", "title": "Tumor cell cytostasis by macrophages and antibody in vitro. I. Resolution into contact-dependent and contact-independent steps.", "content": "In a murine system, macrophages, in concert with antibody, were shown to suppress iododeoxyuridine incorporation by tumor cells. The mechanism of suppression did not involve phagocytosis or lysis. The generation of suppressed tumor cells was resolved into a contact-dependent step and a contact-independent step. The first step was one-hit with respect to macrophages and multi-hit with respect to antibody.", "contents": "Tumor cell cytostasis by macrophages and antibody in vitro. I. Resolution into contact-dependent and contact-independent steps. In a murine system, macrophages, in concert with antibody, were shown to suppress iododeoxyuridine incorporation by tumor cells. The mechanism of suppression did not involve phagocytosis or lysis. The generation of suppressed tumor cells was resolved into a contact-dependent step and a contact-independent step. The first step was one-hit with respect to macrophages and multi-hit with respect to antibody.", "PMID": 307017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_981", "title": "Melanoma-associated immunosuppression through B cell activation of suppressor T cells.", "content": "Using normal human lymphocytes isolated by sedimentation and cotton column adherence, we have developed a reliable assay of immunosuppression of PHA-induced blastogenesis by serum from selected melanoma patients. These lymphocyte cultures contained both responder cells (subpopulation x) and regulator cells (subpopulation y). Lymphocytes isolated by gradient centrifugation on sodium metrizoate-Ficoll contained responder cells (x) but no regulator cells (y). Cultures of lymphocytes isolated by this method were stimulated by PHA but were not suppressed by the addition of melanoma serum. When lymphocytes were isolated by a cotton column adherence/Lymphoprep centrifugation-double separation, subpopulations (x) and (y) were isolated. We have established that both subpopulations are necessary for suppression to occur, and that (y) operates as the regulator of (x). Finally, by manipulating B cell and T cell populations isolated by nylon column adherence or AET rosette separation, we have determined that the regulator ability of subpopulation (y) is the result of B cell activation of suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Melanoma-associated immunosuppression through B cell activation of suppressor T cells. Using normal human lymphocytes isolated by sedimentation and cotton column adherence, we have developed a reliable assay of immunosuppression of PHA-induced blastogenesis by serum from selected melanoma patients. These lymphocyte cultures contained both responder cells (subpopulation x) and regulator cells (subpopulation y). Lymphocytes isolated by gradient centrifugation on sodium metrizoate-Ficoll contained responder cells (x) but no regulator cells (y). Cultures of lymphocytes isolated by this method were stimulated by PHA but were not suppressed by the addition of melanoma serum. When lymphocytes were isolated by a cotton column adherence/Lymphoprep centrifugation-double separation, subpopulations (x) and (y) were isolated. We have established that both subpopulations are necessary for suppression to occur, and that (y) operates as the regulator of (x). Finally, by manipulating B cell and T cell populations isolated by nylon column adherence or AET rosette separation, we have determined that the regulator ability of subpopulation (y) is the result of B cell activation of suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 307018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_982", "title": "Rabbit antiserum against Daudi-cell membrane fractions detects cell surface antigens present on subpopulations of human lymphocytes.", "content": "An antiserum was produced by immunization of rabbits with membrane preparations of a human lymphoblastoid B cell line, Daudi. After absorption with a human endometrial carcinoma cell line, this antiserum appeared to be specific for antigen(s) present on adult and fetal thymocytes as well as on tonsillar lymphocytes but absent, or present in very small amounts, on normal or phytohemagglutinin- (PHA) stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). When T and B cell-enriched fractions from tonsillar lymphocytes were tested with the anti-Daudi serum, the reactivity was equally distributed in each population. Among 13 human lymphoblastoid cell lines tested, reactivity was demonstrated on three out of four T cell lines, and on four out of nine B cell lines. The positive reacting B cell lines were derived from two African and two American Burkitt lymphomas. The antigen(s) described does not seem to be related either to human Ia-type antigens or to Epstein-Barr virus-associated antigens because these antigens are not present on fetal or adult thymocytes. Reciprocal absorption experiments indicate that this anti-Daudi serum detects the same antigenic structures present on certain subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Rabbit antiserum against Daudi-cell membrane fractions detects cell surface antigens present on subpopulations of human lymphocytes. An antiserum was produced by immunization of rabbits with membrane preparations of a human lymphoblastoid B cell line, Daudi. After absorption with a human endometrial carcinoma cell line, this antiserum appeared to be specific for antigen(s) present on adult and fetal thymocytes as well as on tonsillar lymphocytes but absent, or present in very small amounts, on normal or phytohemagglutinin- (PHA) stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). When T and B cell-enriched fractions from tonsillar lymphocytes were tested with the anti-Daudi serum, the reactivity was equally distributed in each population. Among 13 human lymphoblastoid cell lines tested, reactivity was demonstrated on three out of four T cell lines, and on four out of nine B cell lines. The positive reacting B cell lines were derived from two African and two American Burkitt lymphomas. The antigen(s) described does not seem to be related either to human Ia-type antigens or to Epstein-Barr virus-associated antigens because these antigens are not present on fetal or adult thymocytes. Reciprocal absorption experiments indicate that this anti-Daudi serum detects the same antigenic structures present on certain subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 307019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_983", "title": "Inhibition of the induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes with alloantisera directed against H-2K and H-2D gene products.", "content": "Alloantisera directed at gene products of the H-2Kd or H-2Dd loci on the stimulator cell were shown to inhibit specifically the generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes to those antigens. Thus, masking the antigens of one H-2 locus on the stimulator cell inhibits the induction of CTL to products of that locus but does not inhibit the induction of CTL to antigens of another H-2 locus. Alloantisera inhibition of the induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes occurred with both normal and primed responder cells and also occurred when the stimulating antigens were on whole cells or purified plasma membrane. Absorption on the appropriate spleen cells removed the inhibitory capacity of these alloantisera.", "contents": "Inhibition of the induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes with alloantisera directed against H-2K and H-2D gene products. Alloantisera directed at gene products of the H-2Kd or H-2Dd loci on the stimulator cell were shown to inhibit specifically the generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes to those antigens. Thus, masking the antigens of one H-2 locus on the stimulator cell inhibits the induction of CTL to products of that locus but does not inhibit the induction of CTL to antigens of another H-2 locus. Alloantisera inhibition of the induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes occurred with both normal and primed responder cells and also occurred when the stimulating antigens were on whole cells or purified plasma membrane. Absorption on the appropriate spleen cells removed the inhibitory capacity of these alloantisera.", "PMID": 307020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_984", "title": "Molecular identification of a surface structure on B cells (Lyb-3) and its relationship to B cell triggering.", "content": "Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination of cell surface proteins and immunochemical procedures are used to identify murine splenic lymphocyte membrane components bound by anti-Lyb-3 serum. This antiserum defines membrane components (Lyb-3) on a subpopulation of murine B cells that may function as a receptor for T cell signals. SDS-PAGE analysis of surface-labeled membrane components bound by anti-Lyb-3 serum demonstrated a single molecular species of 68,000 d. The polypeptides recognized by anti-Lyb-3 are not composed of disulfide-linked subunits and bear no antigenic relationship with known membrane immunoglobulins (IgM or IgD). Absorption of anti-Lyb-3 serum with the 68,000 d polypeptides removed the ability of anti-Lyb-3 serum to augment the in vivo immune response of mice to low doses of sheep erythrocytes. The latter provides formal proof that the 68,000 d polypeptide bound by anti-Lyb-3 serum is the target on the B cell membrane for the immunoenhancing activity of the antiserum.", "contents": "Molecular identification of a surface structure on B cells (Lyb-3) and its relationship to B cell triggering. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination of cell surface proteins and immunochemical procedures are used to identify murine splenic lymphocyte membrane components bound by anti-Lyb-3 serum. This antiserum defines membrane components (Lyb-3) on a subpopulation of murine B cells that may function as a receptor for T cell signals. SDS-PAGE analysis of surface-labeled membrane components bound by anti-Lyb-3 serum demonstrated a single molecular species of 68,000 d. The polypeptides recognized by anti-Lyb-3 are not composed of disulfide-linked subunits and bear no antigenic relationship with known membrane immunoglobulins (IgM or IgD). Absorption of anti-Lyb-3 serum with the 68,000 d polypeptides removed the ability of anti-Lyb-3 serum to augment the in vivo immune response of mice to low doses of sheep erythrocytes. The latter provides formal proof that the 68,000 d polypeptide bound by anti-Lyb-3 serum is the target on the B cell membrane for the immunoenhancing activity of the antiserum.", "PMID": 307021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_985", "title": "Specific binding of T lymphocytes to macrophages. III. Spontaneous dissociation of T cells from antigen-pulsed macrophages.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) from immune guinea pigs that adhere to antigen-pulsed macrophages (MO) were cultured for 1 week to yield a population enriched in antigen-specific (selected) T cells. These cells bind specifically within hours to fresh autologous antigen-pulsed MO. Thd dissociation of these selected PEL from antigen-pulsed MO was studied. No evidence was obtained that factors in the culture medium play a role in dissociation. Lymphocytes that have dissociated from antigen-pulsed MO are usually fully capable of rebinding to MO freshly pulsed with antigen, suggesting that there is no deficiency in the lymphocytes ability to bind. In contrast, readding antigen to cultures during incubation prevents the predicted dissociation. Moreover, repulsing MO cultured without selected PEL restores their capacity to bind fresh selected PEL. These findings indicate that decay of antigen associated with with MO is the major mechanism underlying the observed dissociation.", "contents": "Specific binding of T lymphocytes to macrophages. III. Spontaneous dissociation of T cells from antigen-pulsed macrophages. Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) from immune guinea pigs that adhere to antigen-pulsed macrophages (MO) were cultured for 1 week to yield a population enriched in antigen-specific (selected) T cells. These cells bind specifically within hours to fresh autologous antigen-pulsed MO. Thd dissociation of these selected PEL from antigen-pulsed MO was studied. No evidence was obtained that factors in the culture medium play a role in dissociation. Lymphocytes that have dissociated from antigen-pulsed MO are usually fully capable of rebinding to MO freshly pulsed with antigen, suggesting that there is no deficiency in the lymphocytes ability to bind. In contrast, readding antigen to cultures during incubation prevents the predicted dissociation. Moreover, repulsing MO cultured without selected PEL restores their capacity to bind fresh selected PEL. These findings indicate that decay of antigen associated with with MO is the major mechanism underlying the observed dissociation.", "PMID": 307024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_986", "title": "Partial purification and molecular characterization of a lymphokine (costimulator) required for the mitogenic response of mouse thymocytes in vitro.", "content": "We have partially purified a lymphokine, costimulator, which is necessary to induce mitogenesis in mouse thymocytes in vitro. Costimulator is released from mouse leukocytes exposed to Con A for 12 to 18 hr. It has been purified more than 100 X by gel exclusion chromatography and isoelectric focusing. Thymocytes from CBA/J mice respond to the mitogenic lectin Con A only if the costimulator concentration is above a certain level. Culturing such cells with Con A at a density below 1 X 10(6) cells/ml produces costimulator concentrations too low for mitogenesis. This system has been developed into a quantitative assay for costimulator, to monitor purification, recovery, and biologic activity in various methods of molecular characterization. The activity is trypsin sensitive, and has a buoyant density characteristic of protein or glycoprotein. However, for a protein, it is relatively heat stable. Its m.w., established by carrying out sedimentation, gel filtration, and buoyant density measurements, is 30,500, and its frictional coefficient is 1.45. Costimulator purified by isoelectric focusing is active at 10(-10) M or lower in tissue culture.", "contents": "Partial purification and molecular characterization of a lymphokine (costimulator) required for the mitogenic response of mouse thymocytes in vitro. We have partially purified a lymphokine, costimulator, which is necessary to induce mitogenesis in mouse thymocytes in vitro. Costimulator is released from mouse leukocytes exposed to Con A for 12 to 18 hr. It has been purified more than 100 X by gel exclusion chromatography and isoelectric focusing. Thymocytes from CBA/J mice respond to the mitogenic lectin Con A only if the costimulator concentration is above a certain level. Culturing such cells with Con A at a density below 1 X 10(6) cells/ml produces costimulator concentrations too low for mitogenesis. This system has been developed into a quantitative assay for costimulator, to monitor purification, recovery, and biologic activity in various methods of molecular characterization. The activity is trypsin sensitive, and has a buoyant density characteristic of protein or glycoprotein. However, for a protein, it is relatively heat stable. Its m.w., established by carrying out sedimentation, gel filtration, and buoyant density measurements, is 30,500, and its frictional coefficient is 1.45. Costimulator purified by isoelectric focusing is active at 10(-10) M or lower in tissue culture.", "PMID": 307026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_987", "title": "Suppression of polyclonal B cell activation in scrapie-infected C3H/HeJ mice.", "content": "A consistent modification in B lymphocyte activation has been observed 1 month after infection of C3H/HeJ mice with scrapie. The mitogenic response to lipopolysaccharide of splenocyte cultures from experimental mice was reduced 30 to 60% as compared to controls. This reduction in mitogen responsiveness was transient but coincided with the onset of detectable splenomegaly and with the reported recovery of maximum yield of infectious scrapie agent in the spleen. The DNA synthetic response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation of splenocytes from scrapie-infected C3H/HeJ mice was depressed relative to controls only between 20 and 40 days after intracerebral inoculation. At all other times, experimental and control responses were identical. Scrapie-associated decreases in mitogenesis were found whether the spleen cell cultures contained splenocytes from individual mice, splenocytes pooled from several mice, or gradient-purified mononuclear cells. The responses of C3H/HeJ splenocyte cultures to phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A stimulation were unaffected by scrapie infection.", "contents": "Suppression of polyclonal B cell activation in scrapie-infected C3H/HeJ mice. A consistent modification in B lymphocyte activation has been observed 1 month after infection of C3H/HeJ mice with scrapie. The mitogenic response to lipopolysaccharide of splenocyte cultures from experimental mice was reduced 30 to 60% as compared to controls. This reduction in mitogen responsiveness was transient but coincided with the onset of detectable splenomegaly and with the reported recovery of maximum yield of infectious scrapie agent in the spleen. The DNA synthetic response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation of splenocytes from scrapie-infected C3H/HeJ mice was depressed relative to controls only between 20 and 40 days after intracerebral inoculation. At all other times, experimental and control responses were identical. Scrapie-associated decreases in mitogenesis were found whether the spleen cell cultures contained splenocytes from individual mice, splenocytes pooled from several mice, or gradient-purified mononuclear cells. The responses of C3H/HeJ splenocyte cultures to phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A stimulation were unaffected by scrapie infection.", "PMID": 307027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_988", "title": "Analysis of the cellular basis of idiotype-specific suppression.", "content": "We have investigated the ability of B and T lymphocyte subclasses from donor mice that produce high levels of anti-Ar antibody but have been suppressed for one idiotypic component (CRI) to induce and maintain idiotypespecific suppression. Our studies indicate: 1) Memory B cells from such mice can preempt virgin CRI+ B cells present in the host from contributing to the anti-Ar response. 2) T cells can also adoptively transfer idiotypespecific suppression. 3) B and T cells do not act synergistically in this transfer of idiotype-specific suppression. 4) Extremely small numbers of Ly23 cells transfer suppression of idiotype and most probably represent true Ts cells. 5) Ly1 cells from hyperimmune idiotypically suppressed donors can induce idiotype-specific suppression. This latter result most likely reflects the induction of idiotype-specific suppressor cells in the host.", "contents": "Analysis of the cellular basis of idiotype-specific suppression. We have investigated the ability of B and T lymphocyte subclasses from donor mice that produce high levels of anti-Ar antibody but have been suppressed for one idiotypic component (CRI) to induce and maintain idiotypespecific suppression. Our studies indicate: 1) Memory B cells from such mice can preempt virgin CRI+ B cells present in the host from contributing to the anti-Ar response. 2) T cells can also adoptively transfer idiotypespecific suppression. 3) B and T cells do not act synergistically in this transfer of idiotype-specific suppression. 4) Extremely small numbers of Ly23 cells transfer suppression of idiotype and most probably represent true Ts cells. 5) Ly1 cells from hyperimmune idiotypically suppressed donors can induce idiotype-specific suppression. This latter result most likely reflects the induction of idiotype-specific suppressor cells in the host.", "PMID": 307028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_989", "title": "T cell growth factor: parameters of production and a quantitative microassay for activity.", "content": "Several soluble factors have recently been associated with the proliferation and differentiation of thymus-derived lymphocytes. One of these factors present in medium conditioned by T cell mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes has the ability to promote the long-term culture of normal and antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells. We report a method to test for this proliferative stimulus in the form of a sensitive microassay based upon the tritiated-thymidine incorporation of continuous murine tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell lines (CTLL). The microassay requires microliter quantitites of sample fluid and is amenable to quantitative analysis. This highly reproducible,  quantitative assay for T cell growth factor (TCGF) has allowed investigation as to the kinetics of TCGF generation and has revealed that T lymphocytes are required for its production. Further investigation has supported the notion that this nonspecies-specific factor is actively removed from tissue culture medium by the proliferation of either T cell mitogen-activated lymphocytes or CTLL.", "contents": "T cell growth factor: parameters of production and a quantitative microassay for activity. Several soluble factors have recently been associated with the proliferation and differentiation of thymus-derived lymphocytes. One of these factors present in medium conditioned by T cell mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes has the ability to promote the long-term culture of normal and antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells. We report a method to test for this proliferative stimulus in the form of a sensitive microassay based upon the tritiated-thymidine incorporation of continuous murine tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell lines (CTLL). The microassay requires microliter quantitites of sample fluid and is amenable to quantitative analysis. This highly reproducible,  quantitative assay for T cell growth factor (TCGF) has allowed investigation as to the kinetics of TCGF generation and has revealed that T lymphocytes are required for its production. Further investigation has supported the notion that this nonspecies-specific factor is actively removed from tissue culture medium by the proliferation of either T cell mitogen-activated lymphocytes or CTLL.", "PMID": 307029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_990", "title": "Studies on the question of conventional immunoglobulin on thymocytes from primitive vertebrates. I. Presence of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in rabbit anti-trout Ig sera.", "content": "An unexpected cross-reactivity between trout immunoglobulin (Ig) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was observed. Rabbit antisera to KLH were capable of binding to radioiodinated trout Ig and, conversely, antitrout Ig reacted with KLH. The cross-reactive antibodies were not found in preimmune sera and did not arise because of a common contaminant in the two immunizing preparations. The molecular basis of the cross-reactivity was found to reside in the carbohydrate moieties. Isolated glycopeptides from KLH and trout Ig were efficient inhibitors of the cross-reactivity. Furthermore, L-fucose was capable of inhibiting the cross-reactivity, whereas other monosaccharides tested did not. Absorption of anti-KLH with trout Ig and anti-trout Ig with KLH effectively removed the cross-reactive antibodies and only slightly affected the titer to their respective homologous antigens. Antibodies with specificity for L-fucose were isolated from anti-KLH and anti-trout Ig sera by passage over affinity columns and elution with the monosaccharide.", "contents": "Studies on the question of conventional immunoglobulin on thymocytes from primitive vertebrates. I. Presence of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in rabbit anti-trout Ig sera. An unexpected cross-reactivity between trout immunoglobulin (Ig) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was observed. Rabbit antisera to KLH were capable of binding to radioiodinated trout Ig and, conversely, antitrout Ig reacted with KLH. The cross-reactive antibodies were not found in preimmune sera and did not arise because of a common contaminant in the two immunizing preparations. The molecular basis of the cross-reactivity was found to reside in the carbohydrate moieties. Isolated glycopeptides from KLH and trout Ig were efficient inhibitors of the cross-reactivity. Furthermore, L-fucose was capable of inhibiting the cross-reactivity, whereas other monosaccharides tested did not. Absorption of anti-KLH with trout Ig and anti-trout Ig with KLH effectively removed the cross-reactive antibodies and only slightly affected the titer to their respective homologous antigens. Antibodies with specificity for L-fucose were isolated from anti-KLH and anti-trout Ig sera by passage over affinity columns and elution with the monosaccharide.", "PMID": 307030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_991", "title": "A micro-procedure for quantitative precipitin tests.", "content": "A new method for the quantitative analysis of antigens and antibodies has been based on (1) ultrafiltration of the antigen-antibody precipitates through silver membranes of 0.2 micrometer pore size in a specially designed multisample apparatus, and (2) spectrophotometric determination at 210 nm of the amount of proteins in the antigen-antibody precipitates dissolved in 0.01 N HCl. At this wavelength, the = C = O group of the polypeptide chains constitutes the main chromophoric group. In comparisons with the ninhydrin color reaction, protein determination by low UV spectrophotometry, e.g., at 210 nm, was shown to be about 6 times more sensitive, permitting analysis of samples containing from 1.0 to 35.0 microgram of antigen. The concentration range of protein solutions in 0.01 N HCl which is measured at low UV can be regulated by a factor of 8--10 by changing absorption between 200 and 230 nm. Comparison of the ultrafiltration microtechnique with the standard quantitative precipitin microtechnique involving centrifugation of precipitates was made in 4 different antigen-antibody systems. The new technique was found to be as accurate as the standard technique. It allows completion of analysis within only 5--6 h. The standard precipitin technique, by contrast, requires a 5--7-day reaction period for completion.", "contents": "A micro-procedure for quantitative precipitin tests. A new method for the quantitative analysis of antigens and antibodies has been based on (1) ultrafiltration of the antigen-antibody precipitates through silver membranes of 0.2 micrometer pore size in a specially designed multisample apparatus, and (2) spectrophotometric determination at 210 nm of the amount of proteins in the antigen-antibody precipitates dissolved in 0.01 N HCl. At this wavelength, the = C = O group of the polypeptide chains constitutes the main chromophoric group. In comparisons with the ninhydrin color reaction, protein determination by low UV spectrophotometry, e.g., at 210 nm, was shown to be about 6 times more sensitive, permitting analysis of samples containing from 1.0 to 35.0 microgram of antigen. The concentration range of protein solutions in 0.01 N HCl which is measured at low UV can be regulated by a factor of 8--10 by changing absorption between 200 and 230 nm. Comparison of the ultrafiltration microtechnique with the standard quantitative precipitin microtechnique involving centrifugation of precipitates was made in 4 different antigen-antibody systems. The new technique was found to be as accurate as the standard technique. It allows completion of analysis within only 5--6 h. The standard precipitin technique, by contrast, requires a 5--7-day reaction period for completion.", "PMID": 307031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_992", "title": "Presence of SLA and Ia-like antigen on boar spermatozoa.", "content": "Several parameters for serological tests on boar spermatozoa were studied, and a reliable technique was developed and employed. Using SLA (the MHC system in pig) genotyped boars, and specific reagents, SLA and Ia-like antigens were demonstrated on the sperm using both the cytotoxic and the absorption test. No SLA activity was detected in the seminal fluid.", "contents": "Presence of SLA and Ia-like antigen on boar spermatozoa. Several parameters for serological tests on boar spermatozoa were studied, and a reliable technique was developed and employed. Using SLA (the MHC system in pig) genotyped boars, and specific reagents, SLA and Ia-like antigens were demonstrated on the sperm using both the cytotoxic and the absorption test. No SLA activity was detected in the seminal fluid.", "PMID": 307032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_993", "title": "Heterogeneity of human colony-forming cells (CFU-C): differences in size, rate of colony formation, and responsiveness to colony-stimulating factor.", "content": "Human bone marrow cells have been fractionated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Fractions were analyzed for cell morphology, number of nucleated cells and myeloid colony-forming cells (CFU-C's). Colony formation was assayed with the following CSF preparations: serum-free HLCM and two electrophoretically distinct CSF fractions (CSF-A and CSF-B) purified from the same source. Two distinct CFU-C populations were found. One, a rapidly sedimenting (7.2 to 8.0 mm/hr), population exhibited colonies after 7 days of culture in response to HLCM and CSF-A only. The second, a more slowly sedimenting (6.5 mm/hr) CFU-C peak, did not exhibit colonies until 11 days of culture and did so in response to all three CSF's tested. The results indicate that human bone marrow CFU-C's are heterogeneous and that the two purified CSF fractions from human lung have different CFU-C specificity.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of human colony-forming cells (CFU-C): differences in size, rate of colony formation, and responsiveness to colony-stimulating factor. Human bone marrow cells have been fractionated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Fractions were analyzed for cell morphology, number of nucleated cells and myeloid colony-forming cells (CFU-C's). Colony formation was assayed with the following CSF preparations: serum-free HLCM and two electrophoretically distinct CSF fractions (CSF-A and CSF-B) purified from the same source. Two distinct CFU-C populations were found. One, a rapidly sedimenting (7.2 to 8.0 mm/hr), population exhibited colonies after 7 days of culture in response to HLCM and CSF-A only. The second, a more slowly sedimenting (6.5 mm/hr) CFU-C peak, did not exhibit colonies until 11 days of culture and did so in response to all three CSF's tested. The results indicate that human bone marrow CFU-C's are heterogeneous and that the two purified CSF fractions from human lung have different CFU-C specificity.", "PMID": 307040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_994", "title": "Selective impairment of hearing and vestibular function in a brain stem lesion.", "content": "A case of sudden bilateral hearing loss in a diabetic patient is reported. Acoustic-vestibular examination indicated a lesion localized in the brain stem although no other neurological abnormality was found. Postmortem examination demonstrated severe vascular changes of the brain stem. Areas of fresh infarction and necrosis were found localized to the cochlear and vestibular nuclei. The case demonstrates that central vascular disorders may be the cause of sudden severe hearing loss even without other neurological symptoms or signs.", "contents": "Selective impairment of hearing and vestibular function in a brain stem lesion. A case of sudden bilateral hearing loss in a diabetic patient is reported. Acoustic-vestibular examination indicated a lesion localized in the brain stem although no other neurological abnormality was found. Postmortem examination demonstrated severe vascular changes of the brain stem. Areas of fresh infarction and necrosis were found localized to the cochlear and vestibular nuclei. The case demonstrates that central vascular disorders may be the cause of sudden severe hearing loss even without other neurological symptoms or signs.", "PMID": 307041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_995", "title": "Optimal strategies in immunology. II. B memory cell production.", "content": "After a first encounter with most antigens, the immune system responds to susequent encounters with a faster, more efficient and more strenuous antibody response. The memory of previous antigen contacts is carried by lymphocytes. Expanding on the model developed in Part 1 of this paper, we examine the optimal strategy available to the immune system for B memory cell production. We again find that the strategy should be of the bang-bang variety. The model we consider assumes that antigen triggers a subpopulation of B-lymphocytes. These triggered lymphocytes can proliferate and secrete modest amounts of antibody, or differentiate into non-dividing plasma cells which secrete large amounts of antibody, or differentiate into non-antibody secreting memory cells. Given injections of antigen at two widely spaced times we compute the strategy which minimizes a linear combination of the primary and secondary response times. We find that for all biologically reasonable parameter values the best strategies are ones in which memory cells are produced at the end of the primary response. Exerimental results which bear on the actual strategies employed are discussed.", "contents": "Optimal strategies in immunology. II. B memory cell production. After a first encounter with most antigens, the immune system responds to susequent encounters with a faster, more efficient and more strenuous antibody response. The memory of previous antigen contacts is carried by lymphocytes. Expanding on the model developed in Part 1 of this paper, we examine the optimal strategy available to the immune system for B memory cell production. We again find that the strategy should be of the bang-bang variety. The model we consider assumes that antigen triggers a subpopulation of B-lymphocytes. These triggered lymphocytes can proliferate and secrete modest amounts of antibody, or differentiate into non-dividing plasma cells which secrete large amounts of antibody, or differentiate into non-antibody secreting memory cells. Given injections of antigen at two widely spaced times we compute the strategy which minimizes a linear combination of the primary and secondary response times. We find that for all biologically reasonable parameter values the best strategies are ones in which memory cells are produced at the end of the primary response. Exerimental results which bear on the actual strategies employed are discussed.", "PMID": 307043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_996", "title": "Diffusion and consumption of oxygen in the resting frog sartorius muscle.", "content": "Adaptations of the method of Takahashi et al. (1966. J. Gen. Physiol. 50:317-333) were used to test the validity of the one-dimensional diffusion equation for O2 in the resting excised frog sartorius muscle. This equation is: (formula: see text) where x is the distance perpendicular to the muscle surface. t is time, P(x, t) is the partial pressure of O2,D and alpha are the diffusion coefficient and solubility for O2 in the tissue, and Q is the rate of O2 consumption. P(O, t), the time-course of PO2 at one muscle surface, was measured by a micro-oxygen electrode. Transients in the PO2 profile of the muscle were induced by two methods: (a) after an equilibration period, one surface was sealed off by a disc in which the O2 electrode was embedded; (b) when PO2 at this surface reached a steady state, a step change was made in the PO2 at the other surface. With either method, the agreement between the measured P(O, t) and that predicted by the diffusion equation was excellent, making possible the calculation of D and Q. These two methods yielded statistically indistinguishable results, with the following pooled means (+/- SEM): (formula: see text) At each temperature, D was independent of muscle thickness (range, 0.67-1.34 mm). The activation energy (EA) for diffusion of oxygen in muscle was -3.85 kcal/mol, which closely matches the corresponding value in water. Together with absolute values of D in water taken from the literature, the present data imply that (Dmuscle/DH2O) is in the range 0.59-0.69. This value, and that of EA, are in agreement with the theory of Wang (1954, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76:4755-4763), suggesting that with respects to the diffusion of O2, to a useful approximation, frog skeletal muscle may be considered simply as a homogeneous protein solution.", "contents": "Diffusion and consumption of oxygen in the resting frog sartorius muscle. Adaptations of the method of Takahashi et al. (1966. J. Gen. Physiol. 50:317-333) were used to test the validity of the one-dimensional diffusion equation for O2 in the resting excised frog sartorius muscle. This equation is: (formula: see text) where x is the distance perpendicular to the muscle surface. t is time, P(x, t) is the partial pressure of O2,D and alpha are the diffusion coefficient and solubility for O2 in the tissue, and Q is the rate of O2 consumption. P(O, t), the time-course of PO2 at one muscle surface, was measured by a micro-oxygen electrode. Transients in the PO2 profile of the muscle were induced by two methods: (a) after an equilibration period, one surface was sealed off by a disc in which the O2 electrode was embedded; (b) when PO2 at this surface reached a steady state, a step change was made in the PO2 at the other surface. With either method, the agreement between the measured P(O, t) and that predicted by the diffusion equation was excellent, making possible the calculation of D and Q. These two methods yielded statistically indistinguishable results, with the following pooled means (+/- SEM): (formula: see text) At each temperature, D was independent of muscle thickness (range, 0.67-1.34 mm). The activation energy (EA) for diffusion of oxygen in muscle was -3.85 kcal/mol, which closely matches the corresponding value in water. Together with absolute values of D in water taken from the literature, the present data imply that (Dmuscle/DH2O) is in the range 0.59-0.69. This value, and that of EA, are in agreement with the theory of Wang (1954, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76:4755-4763), suggesting that with respects to the diffusion of O2, to a useful approximation, frog skeletal muscle may be considered simply as a homogeneous protein solution.", "PMID": 307046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_997", "title": "Kinetics of oxygen consumption after a single isometric tetanus of frog sartorius muscle at 20 degrees C.", "content": "The time-course of the rate of oxygen consumption (QO2) has been measured in the excised frog sartorius muscle after single isometric tetani of 0.1-1.0 s at 20 degrees C. To measure deltaQO2(t), the change in QO2 from its basal level, a novel method was devised, based on the validity in this tissue of the one-dimensional diffusion equation for oxygen, established in the preceding paper. After a tetanus, deltaQO2 reached a peak within 45-90 s, then declined exponentially, and could be well fit by deltaQO2(t) = QO + Q1(epsilon -k1t - epsilon-k2t). tau2 (= 1/k2), which characterized the rise of deltaQO2, was a decreasing function of tetanus duration (range: from 1.1 +/- 0.28 min [nu = 5] for a 0.1-s tetanus, to 0.34 +/- 0.05 min [nu = 8] for a 1.0-sec tetanus). tau1 (= 1/k1), which characterized the decline of deltaQO2, was not dependent on tetanus duration, with mean 3.68 +/- -.24 min (nu = 46). A forthcoming paper in this series shows that these kinetics of deltaQO2 are the responses to impulse-like changes in the rate of ATP hydrolysis. The variation of tau2 with tetanus duration thus indicates the involvement of a nonlinear process in the coupling of O2 consumption to ATP hydrolysis. However, the monoexponential decline of deltaQO2(t), with time constant independent of tetanus duration, suggests that during this phase, the coupling is rate-limited by a single reaction with apparent first order kinetics.", "contents": "Kinetics of oxygen consumption after a single isometric tetanus of frog sartorius muscle at 20 degrees C. The time-course of the rate of oxygen consumption (QO2) has been measured in the excised frog sartorius muscle after single isometric tetani of 0.1-1.0 s at 20 degrees C. To measure deltaQO2(t), the change in QO2 from its basal level, a novel method was devised, based on the validity in this tissue of the one-dimensional diffusion equation for oxygen, established in the preceding paper. After a tetanus, deltaQO2 reached a peak within 45-90 s, then declined exponentially, and could be well fit by deltaQO2(t) = QO + Q1(epsilon -k1t - epsilon-k2t). tau2 (= 1/k2), which characterized the rise of deltaQO2, was a decreasing function of tetanus duration (range: from 1.1 +/- 0.28 min [nu = 5] for a 0.1-s tetanus, to 0.34 +/- 0.05 min [nu = 8] for a 1.0-sec tetanus). tau1 (= 1/k1), which characterized the decline of deltaQO2, was not dependent on tetanus duration, with mean 3.68 +/- -.24 min (nu = 46). A forthcoming paper in this series shows that these kinetics of deltaQO2 are the responses to impulse-like changes in the rate of ATP hydrolysis. The variation of tau2 with tetanus duration thus indicates the involvement of a nonlinear process in the coupling of O2 consumption to ATP hydrolysis. However, the monoexponential decline of deltaQO2(t), with time constant independent of tetanus duration, suggests that during this phase, the coupling is rate-limited by a single reaction with apparent first order kinetics.", "PMID": 307047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_998", "title": "The influence of calcium-free EGTA solution upon membrane permeability in the crystalline lens of the frog.", "content": "Potential difference, resistance, cation content, and 86Rb efflux were measured in frog lenses maintained in normal or calcium-free EGTA Ringer's solution. Exposure of the lens to calcium-free solution resulted in a rapid fall in potential and resistance, together with a twofold increase in 86Rb efflux rate. These rapid changes were not due to an alteration in cation distribution between the lens and its environment. However, the alteration in 86Rb efflux rate could be explained on the basis of the fall in potential. These findings suggested that removal of calcium from the bathing medium caused a rapid increase in sodium permeability alone. This suggestion was substantiated by the results of experiments where the response of the lens to low calcium solution was determined in a medium in which 90% of the sodium had been replaced by sucrose.", "contents": "The influence of calcium-free EGTA solution upon membrane permeability in the crystalline lens of the frog. Potential difference, resistance, cation content, and 86Rb efflux were measured in frog lenses maintained in normal or calcium-free EGTA Ringer's solution. Exposure of the lens to calcium-free solution resulted in a rapid fall in potential and resistance, together with a twofold increase in 86Rb efflux rate. These rapid changes were not due to an alteration in cation distribution between the lens and its environment. However, the alteration in 86Rb efflux rate could be explained on the basis of the fall in potential. These findings suggested that removal of calcium from the bathing medium caused a rapid increase in sodium permeability alone. This suggestion was substantiated by the results of experiments where the response of the lens to low calcium solution was determined in a medium in which 90% of the sodium had been replaced by sucrose.", "PMID": 307048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_999", "title": "Studies on the mechanisms of vaccina virus cytopathic effects. I. Inhibition of protein synthesis in infected cells is associated with virus-induced RNA synthesis.", "content": "The mechanism of vaccinia virus-induced inhibition of protein synthesis was studied in LLC-MK2, HeLa and L cells. Removal of cycloheximide (300 microgram/ml) from cells infected at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 300 particles/cell at 4 h after infection resulted in the resumption of both host and virus protein synthesis in LLC-MK2 cells, but not in HeLa and L cells. In order to determine whether virus-induced RNA synthesis, which occurs in infected cells in the presence of cycloheximide, is related to the inhibition of protein synthesis, (cut-off), the rate of virus-induced RNA synthesis in the presence of cycloheximide was measured in all three cell types. In L cells and HeLa cells the rate of virus-induced RNA synthesis increased with time, whereas in LLC-MK2 cells it remained constant for at least 4 h. However, when higher multiplicities (900 and 2700 particles/cell) were used to infect LLC-MK2 cells, the rate of RNA synthesis in the presence of cycloheximide did increase with time and was greater at the higher multiplicity. Under these conditions there was a direct relationship between the extent of virus RNA synthesis and the degree of cut-off after the removal of cycloheximide. In HeLa and L cells infected at 300 particles/cell, the longer the exposure to cycloheximide, the greater was the cut-off observed upon removal of the drug. As was the case the LLC-MK2 cells, there was a direct relationship between the rate of RNA synthesis and the degree of inhibition of protein synthesis. Since virus-induced RNA synthesis occurs in the presence of cycloheximide, the effects of actinomycin D and cordycepin on host polypeptide synthesis were tested. Inhibition of host cell protein synthesis was virtually abolished when HeLA cells were infected in the presence of cordycepin (50 and 25 microgram/ml) or actinomycin D (20 microgram/ml). These results indicate that, as the rate of virus-induced RNA synthesis increased, regardless of the type of cell used, protein synthesis was inhibited at earlier times and to a greater extent. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the cut-off phenomenon is related to the synthesis of an early virus-induced RNA(s).", "contents": "Studies on the mechanisms of vaccina virus cytopathic effects. I. Inhibition of protein synthesis in infected cells is associated with virus-induced RNA synthesis. The mechanism of vaccinia virus-induced inhibition of protein synthesis was studied in LLC-MK2, HeLa and L cells. Removal of cycloheximide (300 microgram/ml) from cells infected at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 300 particles/cell at 4 h after infection resulted in the resumption of both host and virus protein synthesis in LLC-MK2 cells, but not in HeLa and L cells. In order to determine whether virus-induced RNA synthesis, which occurs in infected cells in the presence of cycloheximide, is related to the inhibition of protein synthesis, (cut-off), the rate of virus-induced RNA synthesis in the presence of cycloheximide was measured in all three cell types. In L cells and HeLa cells the rate of virus-induced RNA synthesis increased with time, whereas in LLC-MK2 cells it remained constant for at least 4 h. However, when higher multiplicities (900 and 2700 particles/cell) were used to infect LLC-MK2 cells, the rate of RNA synthesis in the presence of cycloheximide did increase with time and was greater at the higher multiplicity. Under these conditions there was a direct relationship between the extent of virus RNA synthesis and the degree of cut-off after the removal of cycloheximide. In HeLa and L cells infected at 300 particles/cell, the longer the exposure to cycloheximide, the greater was the cut-off observed upon removal of the drug. As was the case the LLC-MK2 cells, there was a direct relationship between the rate of RNA synthesis and the degree of inhibition of protein synthesis. Since virus-induced RNA synthesis occurs in the presence of cycloheximide, the effects of actinomycin D and cordycepin on host polypeptide synthesis were tested. Inhibition of host cell protein synthesis was virtually abolished when HeLA cells were infected in the presence of cordycepin (50 and 25 microgram/ml) or actinomycin D (20 microgram/ml). These results indicate that, as the rate of virus-induced RNA synthesis increased, regardless of the type of cell used, protein synthesis was inhibited at earlier times and to a greater extent. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the cut-off phenomenon is related to the synthesis of an early virus-induced RNA(s).", "PMID": 307049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1000", "title": "Effects on speech of chronic cerebellar stimulation in cerebral palsy.", "content": "Chronic cerebellar stimulation of the anterior lobe is undertaken for relief of motor dysfunction in cerebellar palsy, but the effect on speech and vocal ability has been uncertain. The present study evaluated speech before cerebellar stimulation and during the immediate postoperative period in seven severely spastic/athetoid patients with congenital cerebral palsy and one patient with traumatic brain damage. Structured listening tasks were completed in blind fashion by a trained panel of speech pathologists. Group analysis revealed no significant improvement in speech intelligibility or articulatory accuracy after stimulation. With the exception of strain/strangle vocal quality, which improved considerably, vocal characteristics were not affected by cerebellar stimulation. In three of eight patients, however, improvement in certain speech characteristics was noted.", "contents": "Effects on speech of chronic cerebellar stimulation in cerebral palsy. Chronic cerebellar stimulation of the anterior lobe is undertaken for relief of motor dysfunction in cerebellar palsy, but the effect on speech and vocal ability has been uncertain. The present study evaluated speech before cerebellar stimulation and during the immediate postoperative period in seven severely spastic/athetoid patients with congenital cerebral palsy and one patient with traumatic brain damage. Structured listening tasks were completed in blind fashion by a trained panel of speech pathologists. Group analysis revealed no significant improvement in speech intelligibility or articulatory accuracy after stimulation. With the exception of strain/strangle vocal quality, which improved considerably, vocal characteristics were not affected by cerebellar stimulation. In three of eight patients, however, improvement in certain speech characteristics was noted.", "PMID": 307051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1001", "title": "Studies of the third circulation. Amipaque CT cisternography and ventriculography.", "content": "The techniques of Amipaque (metrizamide) computerized tomography (CT) cisternography and Amipaque CT ventriculography are described. Normal, intermediate, delayed, and obstructive cerebrospinal fluid circulation patterns are readily demonstrated by evaluation of ventricular stasis of Amipaque on serial CT scans. Both the morphological and physiological characteristics of intracranial cysts are accurately defined and a diagnostic classification is presented. The functional integrity of ventricular shunts can be appraised using the ventricular persistance of Amipaque as a primary criterion. Other applications of these modalities are described and their place in the neurodiagnostic armamentarium is discussed.", "contents": "Studies of the third circulation. Amipaque CT cisternography and ventriculography. The techniques of Amipaque (metrizamide) computerized tomography (CT) cisternography and Amipaque CT ventriculography are described. Normal, intermediate, delayed, and obstructive cerebrospinal fluid circulation patterns are readily demonstrated by evaluation of ventricular stasis of Amipaque on serial CT scans. Both the morphological and physiological characteristics of intracranial cysts are accurately defined and a diagnostic classification is presented. The functional integrity of ventricular shunts can be appraised using the ventricular persistance of Amipaque as a primary criterion. Other applications of these modalities are described and their place in the neurodiagnostic armamentarium is discussed.", "PMID": 307052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1002", "title": "Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigrams in the evaluation of aorto-coronary saphenous bypass surgery.", "content": "The effect of aorto-coronary bypass graft surgery (CBG) upon regional myocardial perfusion (RMP) was studied in 23 patients using thallium-201 myocardial perfusing imaging after exercise. We compared the changes in RMP with the clinical status and ECG's during graded treadmill exercise (GTX) before and after CBG. After CBG, the New York Heart Association's \"functional class\" improved from 3.2 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SE) to 1.2 +/- 0.2, p less than 0.005. The GTX performance of the patients was also significantly improved postoperatively as judged by the total exercise time (11.7 +/- 0.6 min postop, compared with 7.2 +/- 0.5 min preop; p less than 0.005). Postoperative improved Tl-201 scintigrams were observed in 19 patients, but in only nine patients did the perfusion distribution return to normal. Thus, Tl-201 exercise scintigrams following CBG demonstrate improved RMP in most patients. Failure of regional myocardial perfusion to improve postoperatively, however, does not preclude marked alleviation of angina and improved exercise tolerance.", "contents": "Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigrams in the evaluation of aorto-coronary saphenous bypass surgery. The effect of aorto-coronary bypass graft surgery (CBG) upon regional myocardial perfusion (RMP) was studied in 23 patients using thallium-201 myocardial perfusing imaging after exercise. We compared the changes in RMP with the clinical status and ECG's during graded treadmill exercise (GTX) before and after CBG. After CBG, the New York Heart Association's \"functional class\" improved from 3.2 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SE) to 1.2 +/- 0.2, p less than 0.005. The GTX performance of the patients was also significantly improved postoperatively as judged by the total exercise time (11.7 +/- 0.6 min postop, compared with 7.2 +/- 0.5 min preop; p less than 0.005). Postoperative improved Tl-201 scintigrams were observed in 19 patients, but in only nine patients did the perfusion distribution return to normal. Thus, Tl-201 exercise scintigrams following CBG demonstrate improved RMP in most patients. Failure of regional myocardial perfusion to improve postoperatively, however, does not preclude marked alleviation of angina and improved exercise tolerance.", "PMID": 307053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1003", "title": "Increasing incidence of ampicillin resistance in Hemophilus influenzae.", "content": "The incidence of ampicillin resistance in Hemophilus influenzae and its medical significance have not been extensively determined. During 1975-1977, we tested for ampicillin resistance 489 consecutive middle-ear isolates of HI obtained from children in Huntsville, Alabama, and 719 consecutive laboratory isolates of HI from Children's Hospital, Boston. The annual incidence of Amp resistance rose progressively in each survey, from initial values of 1.4 to 5.3% in 1975, to 14 to 16% in 1977 (P less than 0.05), a mean annual rate of increase approximately twofold. Resistance was equally prevalent among type b and non-b isolates and among nasally carried and disease-associated isolates (from blood, CSF, middle ears). Patients harboring AmpR isolates were much more likely to have had recent exposure to beta-lactam antibiotics (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Increasing incidence of ampicillin resistance in Hemophilus influenzae. The incidence of ampicillin resistance in Hemophilus influenzae and its medical significance have not been extensively determined. During 1975-1977, we tested for ampicillin resistance 489 consecutive middle-ear isolates of HI obtained from children in Huntsville, Alabama, and 719 consecutive laboratory isolates of HI from Children's Hospital, Boston. The annual incidence of Amp resistance rose progressively in each survey, from initial values of 1.4 to 5.3% in 1975, to 14 to 16% in 1977 (P less than 0.05), a mean annual rate of increase approximately twofold. Resistance was equally prevalent among type b and non-b isolates and among nasally carried and disease-associated isolates (from blood, CSF, middle ears). Patients harboring AmpR isolates were much more likely to have had recent exposure to beta-lactam antibiotics (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 307055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1004", "title": "Coagulation abnormalities associated with localized hemorrhage in the neonate.", "content": "Serial coagulation studies were completed on six neonates with apparent or inapparent localized hemorrhage. The sites of the hemorrhages were intracranial (2), gastrointestinal (2), subperiosteal (1), and pulmonary (1). The studies revealed an increased factor VIII level, decreased platelet count, and a short PTT. Since similar findings occur in disseminated intravascular coagulation, it is possible that coagulation abnormalities associated with localized hemorrhage result from similar mechanisms. These observations suggest that occult and clinically unrecognized hemorrhage can be suspected by serial coagulation studies of sick infants.", "contents": "Coagulation abnormalities associated with localized hemorrhage in the neonate. Serial coagulation studies were completed on six neonates with apparent or inapparent localized hemorrhage. The sites of the hemorrhages were intracranial (2), gastrointestinal (2), subperiosteal (1), and pulmonary (1). The studies revealed an increased factor VIII level, decreased platelet count, and a short PTT. Since similar findings occur in disseminated intravascular coagulation, it is possible that coagulation abnormalities associated with localized hemorrhage result from similar mechanisms. These observations suggest that occult and clinically unrecognized hemorrhage can be suspected by serial coagulation studies of sick infants.", "PMID": 307056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1005", "title": "Biochemical and behavioral alterations in developing rats treated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine.", "content": "Intracisternal administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) to immature rats produced a marked reduction of brain norepinephrine and serotonin. Accompanying these reductions of brain amines were a decrease in body weight and alterations in behavior. After treatment with 5,7-DHT at 3 days of age, locomotor activity was significantly elevated at 14 days of age, but was reduced at 28 days of age. 5,7-DHT alone also induced a significant deficit in acquisition of the shuttle-box avoidance response and blocked body movements observed after decapitation. Treatment with either pargyline or desipramine before injection of 5,7-DHT eliminated the effect of 5,7-DHT on noradrenergic fibers while enhancing the effects of 5,7-DHT on brain serotonergic fibers. These treatments also minimized the deficits of 5,7-DHT on growth and on acquisition of the avoidance response and reversed the blockade of decapitation convulsions. However, animals pretreated with pargyline or desipramine before they received 5,7-DHT still demonstrated hyperactivity at 14 days of age equivalent to that observed in neonates that received only 5,7-DHT. Furthermore, a behavioral syndrome induced by 30 mg/kg of 5-hydroxytryptamine was markedly potentiated by all of the 5,7-DHT treatments which suggest that serotonin receptors were supersensitive.", "contents": "Biochemical and behavioral alterations in developing rats treated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Intracisternal administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) to immature rats produced a marked reduction of brain norepinephrine and serotonin. Accompanying these reductions of brain amines were a decrease in body weight and alterations in behavior. After treatment with 5,7-DHT at 3 days of age, locomotor activity was significantly elevated at 14 days of age, but was reduced at 28 days of age. 5,7-DHT alone also induced a significant deficit in acquisition of the shuttle-box avoidance response and blocked body movements observed after decapitation. Treatment with either pargyline or desipramine before injection of 5,7-DHT eliminated the effect of 5,7-DHT on noradrenergic fibers while enhancing the effects of 5,7-DHT on brain serotonergic fibers. These treatments also minimized the deficits of 5,7-DHT on growth and on acquisition of the avoidance response and reversed the blockade of decapitation convulsions. However, animals pretreated with pargyline or desipramine before they received 5,7-DHT still demonstrated hyperactivity at 14 days of age equivalent to that observed in neonates that received only 5,7-DHT. Furthermore, a behavioral syndrome induced by 30 mg/kg of 5-hydroxytryptamine was markedly potentiated by all of the 5,7-DHT treatments which suggest that serotonin receptors were supersensitive.", "PMID": 307057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1006", "title": "(2-Benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium chloride: a new, selective and stable inhibitor of human placental choline acetyl transferase.", "content": "(2-Benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (BETA), a keto analog of acetylcholine, was synthesized and studied as an inhibitor of human placental choline acetyltransferase (ChA). It is a potent inhibitor of ChA with an 150 of 3.1 X 10(-6) M. The inhibition was rapid in onset and was slowly reversible. Upon dialysis of the inhibited ChA, 50% activity was recovered within about 4.90 hours. BETA was noncompetitive with respect to both substrates of ChA, acetyl-CoA and choline. BETA was selective for inhibiting ChA. It was about 100, and 50, times more potent for inhibiting ChA than acetylcholinesterase, and cholinesterase, respectively. Its activities at muscarinic and nicotinic receptors were negligible at the concentrations where complete inhibition of ChA was obtained. In contrast to the other ChA inhibitors, the styrylpyridines and halogenoacetylcholines, BETA is stable in solution. On prolonged storage (several days at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4), solutions of BETA decomposed partially into trimethylamine and vinylphenylketone. Beta was considerably more stable and more selective than other inhibitors of ChA.", "contents": "(2-Benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium chloride: a new, selective and stable inhibitor of human placental choline acetyl transferase. (2-Benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (BETA), a keto analog of acetylcholine, was synthesized and studied as an inhibitor of human placental choline acetyltransferase (ChA). It is a potent inhibitor of ChA with an 150 of 3.1 X 10(-6) M. The inhibition was rapid in onset and was slowly reversible. Upon dialysis of the inhibited ChA, 50% activity was recovered within about 4.90 hours. BETA was noncompetitive with respect to both substrates of ChA, acetyl-CoA and choline. BETA was selective for inhibiting ChA. It was about 100, and 50, times more potent for inhibiting ChA than acetylcholinesterase, and cholinesterase, respectively. Its activities at muscarinic and nicotinic receptors were negligible at the concentrations where complete inhibition of ChA was obtained. In contrast to the other ChA inhibitors, the styrylpyridines and halogenoacetylcholines, BETA is stable in solution. On prolonged storage (several days at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4), solutions of BETA decomposed partially into trimethylamine and vinylphenylketone. Beta was considerably more stable and more selective than other inhibitors of ChA.", "PMID": 307058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1007", "title": "The effects of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP) on sodium and potassium excretion by the rat kidney: comparison with amiloride.", "content": "2,4,6-Triaminopyrimidine (TAP) has been reported to be a blocker of the cation-specific paracellular conductance pathways of several epithelia. The compound is also known to inhibit sodium transport in the frog skin. Its effects on renal function were studied in clearance experiments in anesthetized rats and in isolated perfused rat kidneys and compared with the effects of amiloride. The effects of both compounds on electrical resistance of the frog gallbladder were also evaluated. Both TAP and amiloride caused modest natriuresis and a marked reduction in potassium excretion. Amiloride is approximately 1000 times more potent than TAP when compared on the basis of drug concentration in the urine. The concentrations of both substances in urine (at effective doses) correspond to concentrations reported to be effective against sodium transport in amphibian membranes. The urinary concentrations of TAP also correspond to the concentrations required to inhibit paracellular cation movement in the gallbladder. Amiloride at the level tested (10(-3) M) did not seem to influence the paracellular pathway. The results neither establish nor disprove a role of the paracellular pathway in potassium secretion. Both TAP and amiloride are secreted by the renal tubules.", "contents": "The effects of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP) on sodium and potassium excretion by the rat kidney: comparison with amiloride. 2,4,6-Triaminopyrimidine (TAP) has been reported to be a blocker of the cation-specific paracellular conductance pathways of several epithelia. The compound is also known to inhibit sodium transport in the frog skin. Its effects on renal function were studied in clearance experiments in anesthetized rats and in isolated perfused rat kidneys and compared with the effects of amiloride. The effects of both compounds on electrical resistance of the frog gallbladder were also evaluated. Both TAP and amiloride caused modest natriuresis and a marked reduction in potassium excretion. Amiloride is approximately 1000 times more potent than TAP when compared on the basis of drug concentration in the urine. The concentrations of both substances in urine (at effective doses) correspond to concentrations reported to be effective against sodium transport in amphibian membranes. The urinary concentrations of TAP also correspond to the concentrations required to inhibit paracellular cation movement in the gallbladder. Amiloride at the level tested (10(-3) M) did not seem to influence the paracellular pathway. The results neither establish nor disprove a role of the paracellular pathway in potassium secretion. Both TAP and amiloride are secreted by the renal tubules.", "PMID": 307059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1008", "title": "Modification of electroshock convulsive responses and thresholds in neonatal rats after brain monoamine reduction.", "content": "Modification of electroshock (60 Hz; a.c.) convulsive responses and thresholds by monoamine-reducing drugs was investigated in developing rats. Throughout postnatal development, tetrabenazine (TBZ) reduced brain monoamines and increased the severity of motor responses to electroshock. The predominant maximal response in control pups progressed from hyperkinesia (day 1) to clonic convulsions (day 3) and tonic forelimb (day 7) and hindlimb (day 19) extension. The pattern in TBZ-treated pups progressed from tonic forelimb extension (day 1) to tonic hindlimb extension (day 7). On day 7, TBZ reduced the thresholds for clonic (CT) and tonic convulsions (TT) to 41 and 24% of control, respectively. Reserpine (1.25 mg/kg, 24 hours) decreased the TT but not the CT; TBZ, 4 hours before reserpine, prevented this decrease. A higher dose of reserpine (2.5 mg/kg) decreased both the CT and TT. On day 8, TBZ (25 mg/kg, 4 hours) decreased the TT (46% control); L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, but not 5-hydroxytryptophan prevented this decrease. Intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine reduced the TT on day 8, while intracisternal 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine had no effect despite a 46% reduction in serotonin. The results indicate that in the neonatal rat brain, monoaminergic systems are sufficiently mature to attenuate electroshock convulsive responses, perhaps by limiting propagation of seizure discharge.", "contents": "Modification of electroshock convulsive responses and thresholds in neonatal rats after brain monoamine reduction. Modification of electroshock (60 Hz; a.c.) convulsive responses and thresholds by monoamine-reducing drugs was investigated in developing rats. Throughout postnatal development, tetrabenazine (TBZ) reduced brain monoamines and increased the severity of motor responses to electroshock. The predominant maximal response in control pups progressed from hyperkinesia (day 1) to clonic convulsions (day 3) and tonic forelimb (day 7) and hindlimb (day 19) extension. The pattern in TBZ-treated pups progressed from tonic forelimb extension (day 1) to tonic hindlimb extension (day 7). On day 7, TBZ reduced the thresholds for clonic (CT) and tonic convulsions (TT) to 41 and 24% of control, respectively. Reserpine (1.25 mg/kg, 24 hours) decreased the TT but not the CT; TBZ, 4 hours before reserpine, prevented this decrease. A higher dose of reserpine (2.5 mg/kg) decreased both the CT and TT. On day 8, TBZ (25 mg/kg, 4 hours) decreased the TT (46% control); L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, but not 5-hydroxytryptophan prevented this decrease. Intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine reduced the TT on day 8, while intracisternal 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine had no effect despite a 46% reduction in serotonin. The results indicate that in the neonatal rat brain, monoaminergic systems are sufficiently mature to attenuate electroshock convulsive responses, perhaps by limiting propagation of seizure discharge.", "PMID": 307060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1009", "title": "[Haemorrhage from the duct of Wirsung : emergency arteriographic diagnosis. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of haemorrhage from the duct of Wirsung related to a pseudocyst of the pancreas ulcerating into a branch of the splenic artery. The diagnosis was made as an emergency by arteriography. 45 cases exist in the literature. Arteriography was performed in 10 cases. An arterio-canalar communication was demonstrated in only 3 cases.", "contents": "[Haemorrhage from the duct of Wirsung : emergency arteriographic diagnosis. One case (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of haemorrhage from the duct of Wirsung related to a pseudocyst of the pancreas ulcerating into a branch of the splenic artery. The diagnosis was made as an emergency by arteriography. 45 cases exist in the literature. Arteriography was performed in 10 cases. An arterio-canalar communication was demonstrated in only 3 cases.", "PMID": 307062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1010", "title": "Mechanistic possibilities in prebiotic thiophosphate chemistry.", "content": "Two types of reactivities of thiophosphates have been demonstrated: one being nucleophilic displacement by the P-S moiety of nucleoside phosphorothioates and the other, phosphorylation via P-S cleavage as the driving force. We have designed a system where both displacement on carbon and P-S cleavage are possible. Adenosine derivatives have been synthesized with 5'-deoxy-5'-chloro and 5'-O-tosyl substitutions as leaving groups utilizing the 3'-O-phosphorothioate as the biphilic center. The main products of cyclization were 5'-O-tosyl and 5'-chloroadenosine 2':3'-cyclic phosphate. Formation of 3':5'-S-phosphorothioate was slow even using an excellent leaving group. This is possibly due to hydrogen bonding between the 2'-OH and the neighboring P-O.--KOH hydrolysis of the cyclic phosphorothioate yielded 2'(3') phosphorothioates in a 1:1 ratio. The 2' and 3' isomers were separated and used to study the relative rates of cyclization. The cyclization via P-S cleavage of 2'(3')-O-phosphorothioates showed that the 2' isomer was more reactive. This is the first report of superior reactivity of the 3'-OH of a ribonucleoside.", "contents": "Mechanistic possibilities in prebiotic thiophosphate chemistry. Two types of reactivities of thiophosphates have been demonstrated: one being nucleophilic displacement by the P-S moiety of nucleoside phosphorothioates and the other, phosphorylation via P-S cleavage as the driving force. We have designed a system where both displacement on carbon and P-S cleavage are possible. Adenosine derivatives have been synthesized with 5'-deoxy-5'-chloro and 5'-O-tosyl substitutions as leaving groups utilizing the 3'-O-phosphorothioate as the biphilic center. The main products of cyclization were 5'-O-tosyl and 5'-chloroadenosine 2':3'-cyclic phosphate. Formation of 3':5'-S-phosphorothioate was slow even using an excellent leaving group. This is possibly due to hydrogen bonding between the 2'-OH and the neighboring P-O.--KOH hydrolysis of the cyclic phosphorothioate yielded 2'(3') phosphorothioates in a 1:1 ratio. The 2' and 3' isomers were separated and used to study the relative rates of cyclization. The cyclization via P-S cleavage of 2'(3')-O-phosphorothioates showed that the 2' isomer was more reactive. This is the first report of superior reactivity of the 3'-OH of a ribonucleoside.", "PMID": 307064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1011", "title": "Platelet-suppressant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Platelets may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and to the complications of coronary atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and sudden cardiac death. In addition, platelets may contribute to saphenous vein aortocoronary graft occlusion. Of 104 men with coronary artery disease, platelet survival (SURV) (chromium51 labeling) was shortened in 68% (3.1+/-0.03 days [average+/-SEM]; normal, 3.7+/-0.03 days; P greater than .001). Three platelet-suppressant drugs, sulfinpyrazone, clofibrate, and dipyridamole increased SURV. Saphenous vein graft occlusion was associated with shortened SURV. Of 36 men with occlusion of at least one graft, SURV was shortened in 35 (2.5+/-0.08 days), whereas in 19 with all grafts open, SURV was shortened in six (3.5+/-0.10 days; P less than .01). These drugs increased SURV (2.3 +/- 0.08 to 2.7 +/- 0.11 days; P less than 0.1) and were associated with improved graft patency (four of 32 grafts after initial bypass vs 30 of 34 grafts open after second operation).", "contents": "Platelet-suppressant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. Platelets may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and to the complications of coronary atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and sudden cardiac death. In addition, platelets may contribute to saphenous vein aortocoronary graft occlusion. Of 104 men with coronary artery disease, platelet survival (SURV) (chromium51 labeling) was shortened in 68% (3.1+/-0.03 days [average+/-SEM]; normal, 3.7+/-0.03 days; P greater than .001). Three platelet-suppressant drugs, sulfinpyrazone, clofibrate, and dipyridamole increased SURV. Saphenous vein graft occlusion was associated with shortened SURV. Of 36 men with occlusion of at least one graft, SURV was shortened in 35 (2.5+/-0.08 days), whereas in 19 with all grafts open, SURV was shortened in six (3.5+/-0.10 days; P less than .01). These drugs increased SURV (2.3 +/- 0.08 to 2.7 +/- 0.11 days; P less than 0.1) and were associated with improved graft patency (four of 32 grafts after initial bypass vs 30 of 34 grafts open after second operation).", "PMID": 307069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1012", "title": "Rapid penetration of potassium and other salts into the frog tongue papilla.", "content": "The permeabilities of the frog tongue epithelium for potassium and other ions during a short time span were investigated electrophysiologically. The fungiform papilla of the bullfrog tongue was suctioned into a U-shaped glass suction electrode, through which Ringer solution was circulated. Compound nerve action potentials were recorded antidromically from the electrode following electrical stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve. When more than 5-10 mM potassium salts, 30 mM RbCl, 30 mM CsCl, 0.025 g in dl solution tetrodotoxin, 0.1 g in dl solution lidocaine hydrochloride or 3 g in dl solution ethanol, each of which was dissolved in Ringer solution containing 1.9 mM KCl, were flowed through the suction electrode, only the negative components of action potentials were gradually reduced and finally disappeared. The time needed for 50% reduction of negative components was about 10 sec for 0.1 M potassium salts and longer for the nonelectrolytes. A single suctioned papilla, which was flowed with various test solutions, was stimulated electrically and the change in current threshold of the papillary nerve was measured by recording orthodromic action potentials from the glossopharyngeal nerve. The threshold decreased within 10 sec after 0.05 M BaCl2 was flowed, but increased within 10 sec after 0.1 M KCl was flowed. The reduction of negative components of nerve action potentials may be due to the conduction block induced by potassium and other ions invading to the space around axons terminals. The threshold change also may be induced by the ions reaching the axon. These results suggest that chemical substances can rapidly penetrate the tongue epithelium of the frog, reach the papillary nerve fibers and contribute or modify gustatory informations.", "contents": "Rapid penetration of potassium and other salts into the frog tongue papilla. The permeabilities of the frog tongue epithelium for potassium and other ions during a short time span were investigated electrophysiologically. The fungiform papilla of the bullfrog tongue was suctioned into a U-shaped glass suction electrode, through which Ringer solution was circulated. Compound nerve action potentials were recorded antidromically from the electrode following electrical stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve. When more than 5-10 mM potassium salts, 30 mM RbCl, 30 mM CsCl, 0.025 g in dl solution tetrodotoxin, 0.1 g in dl solution lidocaine hydrochloride or 3 g in dl solution ethanol, each of which was dissolved in Ringer solution containing 1.9 mM KCl, were flowed through the suction electrode, only the negative components of action potentials were gradually reduced and finally disappeared. The time needed for 50% reduction of negative components was about 10 sec for 0.1 M potassium salts and longer for the nonelectrolytes. A single suctioned papilla, which was flowed with various test solutions, was stimulated electrically and the change in current threshold of the papillary nerve was measured by recording orthodromic action potentials from the glossopharyngeal nerve. The threshold decreased within 10 sec after 0.05 M BaCl2 was flowed, but increased within 10 sec after 0.1 M KCl was flowed. The reduction of negative components of nerve action potentials may be due to the conduction block induced by potassium and other ions invading to the space around axons terminals. The threshold change also may be induced by the ions reaching the axon. These results suggest that chemical substances can rapidly penetrate the tongue epithelium of the frog, reach the papillary nerve fibers and contribute or modify gustatory informations.", "PMID": 307078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1013", "title": "Cadmium-induced decrease in the outer facing skin resistance of a bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).", "content": "Effects of cadmium on the electrical properties of frog skin were investigated by using the microelectrode technique. The epidermal application of 2 mM Cd for 5 min increased both the short circuit current and the skin potential, and decreased the skin resistance (RM). Cadmium also decreased intracellular potential with reference to the epidermal solution (PDi) and the electrical resistance between the epidermal solution and the tip of a microelectrode (RM1) located in the stratum germinativum. deltaRM that is RM,Cd-RM, control seemed to approximately coincide with deltaRM1 which is RM1,Cd-RM1,control. Comparing with our previous results, i.e., Cd decreased RNa (the resistance to the active Na current) and increased Rsigma (the resistance to the passive ions) but did not altered ENa (the electromotive force of active Na current) in the later stage (15 min or later). Cd seemed to decrease the RNa component at the epidermal side of the skin in the early stage (less than 5 min).", "contents": "Cadmium-induced decrease in the outer facing skin resistance of a bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Effects of cadmium on the electrical properties of frog skin were investigated by using the microelectrode technique. The epidermal application of 2 mM Cd for 5 min increased both the short circuit current and the skin potential, and decreased the skin resistance (RM). Cadmium also decreased intracellular potential with reference to the epidermal solution (PDi) and the electrical resistance between the epidermal solution and the tip of a microelectrode (RM1) located in the stratum germinativum. deltaRM that is RM,Cd-RM, control seemed to approximately coincide with deltaRM1 which is RM1,Cd-RM1,control. Comparing with our previous results, i.e., Cd decreased RNa (the resistance to the active Na current) and increased Rsigma (the resistance to the passive ions) but did not altered ENa (the electromotive force of active Na current) in the later stage (15 min or later). Cd seemed to decrease the RNa component at the epidermal side of the skin in the early stage (less than 5 min).", "PMID": 307079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1014", "title": "Aortic valve replacement and aorta-coronary bypass surgery. Results with perfusion of proximal and distal coronary arteries.", "content": "The results in 80 patients undergoing simultaneous aortic valve replacement and aorta-coronary saphenous vein bypass grafting were analyzed to assess the effect of operative technique. The over-all operative mortality rate of 6.3% (five of 80) did not differ significantly from our results with aortic valve replacement alone. All patients who had isolated aortic valve replacement were operated upon with moderate hypothermia. The combined operation was performed in two ways. Thirty-one patients had aortic valve replacement prior to bypass grafting with intermittent coronary ostila perfusion. There were two deaths (6.5%), and five myocardial infarctions (16.1%) were diagnosed by standard electrocardiographic and enzyme criteria. More recently, 49 patients have undergone bypass grafting prior to aortic valve replacement. The proximal ends of the grafts were either anastomosed high on the aortic root or else individually cannulated to provide continuous distal perfusion during subsequent aortic valve replacement, with continuous coronary ostial perfusion. There were three operative deaths (6.1%) and one myocardial infarction (2.0%). The risk of combined aortic valve replacement and coronary bypass need be no greater than the risk of aortic valve replacement alone. Our experience suggests that myocardial perfusion distal to significant coronary artery stenoses reduces the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with coronary artery disease requiring aortic valve replacement.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement and aorta-coronary bypass surgery. Results with perfusion of proximal and distal coronary arteries. The results in 80 patients undergoing simultaneous aortic valve replacement and aorta-coronary saphenous vein bypass grafting were analyzed to assess the effect of operative technique. The over-all operative mortality rate of 6.3% (five of 80) did not differ significantly from our results with aortic valve replacement alone. All patients who had isolated aortic valve replacement were operated upon with moderate hypothermia. The combined operation was performed in two ways. Thirty-one patients had aortic valve replacement prior to bypass grafting with intermittent coronary ostila perfusion. There were two deaths (6.5%), and five myocardial infarctions (16.1%) were diagnosed by standard electrocardiographic and enzyme criteria. More recently, 49 patients have undergone bypass grafting prior to aortic valve replacement. The proximal ends of the grafts were either anastomosed high on the aortic root or else individually cannulated to provide continuous distal perfusion during subsequent aortic valve replacement, with continuous coronary ostial perfusion. There were three operative deaths (6.1%) and one myocardial infarction (2.0%). The risk of combined aortic valve replacement and coronary bypass need be no greater than the risk of aortic valve replacement alone. Our experience suggests that myocardial perfusion distal to significant coronary artery stenoses reduces the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with coronary artery disease requiring aortic valve replacement.", "PMID": 307089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1015", "title": "[Reaction to physical load in persons with a varying vestibular-autonomic resistance].", "content": "The level of vestibular stability (tolerance to the double rotation test according to I. I. Bryanov) was compared with the pattern of changes in the heart rate and arterial pressure during exercise tests (20 squatting per 30 sec). The test subjects were 136 healthy male volunteers--representatives of different professions, aged 21--40. The subjects with high vestibular stability showed greater changes in heart rate (+29%) and a relatively stable diastolic pressure. The subjects with low vestibular stability displayed, on the contrary, greater changes in the diastolic (-9%) and pulse (+71%) pressure and a relatively low increase in heart rate. The time of recovery of the pressure level was significantly longer in the susceptible people. The possibility of predicting vestibular tolerance on the basis of responses to exercise tests was explored. Mathematical formulas of the theory of image recognition were used to develop a rule that makes it possible to identify 84.4% subjects with low vestibular stability in a given group.", "contents": "[Reaction to physical load in persons with a varying vestibular-autonomic resistance]. The level of vestibular stability (tolerance to the double rotation test according to I. I. Bryanov) was compared with the pattern of changes in the heart rate and arterial pressure during exercise tests (20 squatting per 30 sec). The test subjects were 136 healthy male volunteers--representatives of different professions, aged 21--40. The subjects with high vestibular stability showed greater changes in heart rate (+29%) and a relatively stable diastolic pressure. The subjects with low vestibular stability displayed, on the contrary, greater changes in the diastolic (-9%) and pulse (+71%) pressure and a relatively low increase in heart rate. The time of recovery of the pressure level was significantly longer in the susceptible people. The possibility of predicting vestibular tolerance on the basis of responses to exercise tests was explored. Mathematical formulas of the theory of image recognition were used to develop a rule that makes it possible to identify 84.4% subjects with low vestibular stability in a given group.", "PMID": 307085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1016", "title": "Survival after coronary surgery.", "content": "A 4.4 year follow-up study has been done on a previously reported group of 200 consecutive patients who underwnet coronary bypass. The yearly mortality rate has been 1% (8/200 in 4 years). Our total group of 1,038 surgically treated patients has had an operative mortality rate of 1.3%, and an early graft patency rate of 89.6% has been recorded in the 60% of patients consenting to restudy. These results are compared to natural history studies with and without angiography. Comparison with recent prospective randomized studies of patients with chronic stable angina and those with unstable angina suggests that a low operative mortality rate and optimal technical performance are necessary to improve the survival rate of patiens with symptomatic obstructive coronary disease.", "contents": "Survival after coronary surgery. A 4.4 year follow-up study has been done on a previously reported group of 200 consecutive patients who underwnet coronary bypass. The yearly mortality rate has been 1% (8/200 in 4 years). Our total group of 1,038 surgically treated patients has had an operative mortality rate of 1.3%, and an early graft patency rate of 89.6% has been recorded in the 60% of patients consenting to restudy. These results are compared to natural history studies with and without angiography. Comparison with recent prospective randomized studies of patients with chronic stable angina and those with unstable angina suggests that a low operative mortality rate and optimal technical performance are necessary to improve the survival rate of patiens with symptomatic obstructive coronary disease.", "PMID": 307091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1017", "title": "Risk factors in patients undergoing a second aorta-coronary bypass procedure.", "content": "A group of 38 patients with a second revascularization procedure was studied for factors which may have contributed to the reappearance of angina after the first operation. Our data indicate that these patients usually have the first operation at an earlier age and had fewer bypasses at that time. In addition, they had inadequate control of the plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels.", "contents": "Risk factors in patients undergoing a second aorta-coronary bypass procedure. A group of 38 patients with a second revascularization procedure was studied for factors which may have contributed to the reappearance of angina after the first operation. Our data indicate that these patients usually have the first operation at an earlier age and had fewer bypasses at that time. In addition, they had inadequate control of the plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels.", "PMID": 307092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1018", "title": "Potassium-induced cardioplegia. Additive protection against ischemic myocardial injury during coronary revascularization.", "content": "Potassium-induced cardioplegia during anoxic arrest was utilized in a study of 190 consecutive patients undergoing revascularization (average 2.8 grafts per patient) from August, 1975, through August, 1976. Surgical technique, moderate systemic hypothermia with intermittent anoxic arrest, and the surgeon were the same for all patients. One hundred thirty-five patients (KC1-treated) received a bolus (150 ml.) of potassium solution injected into the proximal aortic root whenever the aortic cross-clamp was applied; 55 others served as control subjects. The mortality rate was 2.2% (three of 135) in the KCl-treated group and one of 55 in the control group. New Q waves appeared in 5.9% (eight of 135) of the KCl-treated patients and 11% (6 of 55) of control subjects (p = N.S.). Catecholamine drips were required after bypass in 4.4% (six of 135) of patients given potassium and 18% (10 of 55) of control patients (p less than 0.05). Profound myocardial relaxation was of added technical value with potassium. It is our impression that hearts treated with potassium exhibited more prompt cardioversion, separated from cardiopulmonary bypass with less need for inotropic support, and exhibited less myocardial injury during the revascularization procedure.", "contents": "Potassium-induced cardioplegia. Additive protection against ischemic myocardial injury during coronary revascularization. Potassium-induced cardioplegia during anoxic arrest was utilized in a study of 190 consecutive patients undergoing revascularization (average 2.8 grafts per patient) from August, 1975, through August, 1976. Surgical technique, moderate systemic hypothermia with intermittent anoxic arrest, and the surgeon were the same for all patients. One hundred thirty-five patients (KC1-treated) received a bolus (150 ml.) of potassium solution injected into the proximal aortic root whenever the aortic cross-clamp was applied; 55 others served as control subjects. The mortality rate was 2.2% (three of 135) in the KCl-treated group and one of 55 in the control group. New Q waves appeared in 5.9% (eight of 135) of the KCl-treated patients and 11% (6 of 55) of control subjects (p = N.S.). Catecholamine drips were required after bypass in 4.4% (six of 135) of patients given potassium and 18% (10 of 55) of control patients (p less than 0.05). Profound myocardial relaxation was of added technical value with potassium. It is our impression that hearts treated with potassium exhibited more prompt cardioversion, separated from cardiopulmonary bypass with less need for inotropic support, and exhibited less myocardial injury during the revascularization procedure.", "PMID": 307093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1019", "title": "Delirium after coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "The incidence of postoperative delirium following coronary artery bypass surgery was 28%. This rate is comparable to that after open-heart surgery. However, of those variables which were previously found to correlate with delirium in the open-heart group, only severity of postoperative illness in the recovery room significantly correlated with delirium in patients having bypass. The relationship between personality type and delirium, previously found to be signficant, was suggestively associated in these patients. A history of myocardial infarction prior to surgery was significantly associated with delirium.", "contents": "Delirium after coronary artery bypass surgery. The incidence of postoperative delirium following coronary artery bypass surgery was 28%. This rate is comparable to that after open-heart surgery. However, of those variables which were previously found to correlate with delirium in the open-heart group, only severity of postoperative illness in the recovery room significantly correlated with delirium in patients having bypass. The relationship between personality type and delirium, previously found to be signficant, was suggestively associated in these patients. A history of myocardial infarction prior to surgery was significantly associated with delirium.", "PMID": 307094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1020", "title": "Directional selectivity and colour coding in the frog retina.", "content": "The impulse discharge of ganglion cells was recorded with extracellular micro-electrodes in the excised and opened eye of the common frog, Rana temporaria. The responses of different ganglion cell types to a standard moving spot with various spot-background contrasts are described. Information about such stimulus parameters as the size and contrast as a moving object is given by different classes of ganglion cells with preferences for different stimulus features. Of 171 sustained cells with small receptive fields 29 were found directionally selective, i.e. they responded well to movements only in some directions. Experiments with double stimulus fields suggest that this selectivity is due to an amacrine cell-mediated lateral inhibition nonsymmetrically arranged around the centre of the receptive field. The dichromatic colour vision of the frog is based on partly opponent signals from yellow-sensitive cones and blue-sensitive green rods. These opponent inputs make the ganglion cells respond to blue spots moving against a yellow-green background, irrespective of the relative intensities of the two colours. When the green rods are stimulated with blue light the ganglion cells produce long \"on\"-responses with significantly lower impulse frequencies than the short cone-mediated responses.", "contents": "Directional selectivity and colour coding in the frog retina. The impulse discharge of ganglion cells was recorded with extracellular micro-electrodes in the excised and opened eye of the common frog, Rana temporaria. The responses of different ganglion cell types to a standard moving spot with various spot-background contrasts are described. Information about such stimulus parameters as the size and contrast as a moving object is given by different classes of ganglion cells with preferences for different stimulus features. Of 171 sustained cells with small receptive fields 29 were found directionally selective, i.e. they responded well to movements only in some directions. Experiments with double stimulus fields suggest that this selectivity is due to an amacrine cell-mediated lateral inhibition nonsymmetrically arranged around the centre of the receptive field. The dichromatic colour vision of the frog is based on partly opponent signals from yellow-sensitive cones and blue-sensitive green rods. These opponent inputs make the ganglion cells respond to blue spots moving against a yellow-green background, irrespective of the relative intensities of the two colours. When the green rods are stimulated with blue light the ganglion cells produce long \"on\"-responses with significantly lower impulse frequencies than the short cone-mediated responses.", "PMID": 307098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1021", "title": "[Spontaneous and provoked nystagmus as a criterion of the duration of effect of hypnotics and narcotics in ambulant surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A testing of usefulness of systematic search for spontaneous and provoked nystagmus relative to the duration of effect of several hypnotics and narcotics showed in 83% positive vestibular findings in 150 non-selected, ear sound patients. Vestibular nystagmus was still detected 2 hour p.o. in 74%, 3 hours p.o. in 30% and 4 hours p.o. in 7% of cases. 78 times (52%) a convergent or divergent posture nystagmus was recorded and 47 times (31%) a vertical nystagmus. The subjective sensations of the test persons are out of proportion to the objective findings. The localisation of the pharmacotoxic lesion is discussed.", "contents": "[Spontaneous and provoked nystagmus as a criterion of the duration of effect of hypnotics and narcotics in ambulant surgery (author's transl)]. A testing of usefulness of systematic search for spontaneous and provoked nystagmus relative to the duration of effect of several hypnotics and narcotics showed in 83% positive vestibular findings in 150 non-selected, ear sound patients. Vestibular nystagmus was still detected 2 hour p.o. in 74%, 3 hours p.o. in 30% and 4 hours p.o. in 7% of cases. 78 times (52%) a convergent or divergent posture nystagmus was recorded and 47 times (31%) a vertical nystagmus. The subjective sensations of the test persons are out of proportion to the objective findings. The localisation of the pharmacotoxic lesion is discussed.", "PMID": 307100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1022", "title": "[Normal values of the caloric test (author's transl)].", "content": "Normal values of the caloric test are reported in 202 healthy subjects; besides the absolute values, these comprise the degree of side-difference of excitability and of directional preponderence in percent of the total reaction. In addition to mean values with standard deviations, the median values and the interquantile areas 80, 90, 94 and 100% have been reproduced in tabular form, because, according to statistical calculations, there is no normal distribution of the values in the strict sense. The problematic nature of borderline values for the separation of physiological from pathological responses is discussed in detail. In vieu of the considerable scattering, a knowledge of normal distribution areas appears to be absolutely necessary for an accurate evaluation of the caloric test in patients.", "contents": "[Normal values of the caloric test (author's transl)]. Normal values of the caloric test are reported in 202 healthy subjects; besides the absolute values, these comprise the degree of side-difference of excitability and of directional preponderence in percent of the total reaction. In addition to mean values with standard deviations, the median values and the interquantile areas 80, 90, 94 and 100% have been reproduced in tabular form, because, according to statistical calculations, there is no normal distribution of the values in the strict sense. The problematic nature of borderline values for the separation of physiological from pathological responses is discussed in detail. In vieu of the considerable scattering, a knowledge of normal distribution areas appears to be absolutely necessary for an accurate evaluation of the caloric test in patients.", "PMID": 307101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1023", "title": "[Experimental investigations of vestibulary hypoxia (author's transl)].", "content": "In an experiment with alert rabbits the inspired gas mixture was altered to obtain hypoxia. A significant reduction from the normal nystagmus reaction was observed. This reduction in the amplitude (about 50%) is immediately reversible by giving oxygen. These experiments were repeated with each animal several times, the results being reproductible. There is a significant decrease in nystagmus amplitude through the influence of hypoxia.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations of vestibulary hypoxia (author's transl)]. In an experiment with alert rabbits the inspired gas mixture was altered to obtain hypoxia. A significant reduction from the normal nystagmus reaction was observed. This reduction in the amplitude (about 50%) is immediately reversible by giving oxygen. These experiments were repeated with each animal several times, the results being reproductible. There is a significant decrease in nystagmus amplitude through the influence of hypoxia.", "PMID": 307102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1024", "title": "The spectrum of the Mallory-Weiss tear.", "content": "A Mallory-Weiss tear is a mucosal laceration occurrring at or near the esophagogastric junction and is most often associated with vomiting. This is a common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding; in our series, 14% of patients presenting to the hospital because of upper gastrointestinal bleeding had Mallory-Weiss tears. Massive hemorrhage is not characteristic and 37% of the patients required no blood transufsions. A classical history of nonbloody emesis followed by hematemesis was found in only 29% of patients. The most common story was the appearance of blood with the first vomiting. In 35% of our patients with Mallory-Weiss tear, an additional potential bleeding site was identified, and, in approximately half of these patients, it was actually bleeding. Most Mallory-Weiss tears stop bleeding spontaneously and supportive treatment is all that is required. If bleeding continues, infusion of vasoactive substances into the celiac artery or into the left gastric artery often obviates the need for operation.", "contents": "The spectrum of the Mallory-Weiss tear. A Mallory-Weiss tear is a mucosal laceration occurrring at or near the esophagogastric junction and is most often associated with vomiting. This is a common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding; in our series, 14% of patients presenting to the hospital because of upper gastrointestinal bleeding had Mallory-Weiss tears. Massive hemorrhage is not characteristic and 37% of the patients required no blood transufsions. A classical history of nonbloody emesis followed by hematemesis was found in only 29% of patients. The most common story was the appearance of blood with the first vomiting. In 35% of our patients with Mallory-Weiss tear, an additional potential bleeding site was identified, and, in approximately half of these patients, it was actually bleeding. Most Mallory-Weiss tears stop bleeding spontaneously and supportive treatment is all that is required. If bleeding continues, infusion of vasoactive substances into the celiac artery or into the left gastric artery often obviates the need for operation.", "PMID": 307105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1025", "title": "Coronary artery surgery in Australia, 1974-1976. A report by the National Heart Foundation of Australia.", "content": "This is a report of the total Australian experience in coronary artery bypass graft surgery over a two year period from October 1, 1974, to September 30, 1976. It provides data on the results up to discharge from hospital. There were 2349 patients undergoing operation in 9 units in all mainland States. Each of the nine participating units reported preoperative data on age, sex, symptoms, previous history, indications for surgery and special investigations including results of X-ray examination, electrocardiography (ECG), ventricular and coronary angiograms and left ventricular end diastolic pressure as well as details of surgery which was carried out, and patient status at the time of discharge. The data were collated and analysed at National Heart Foundation headquarters in Canberra.", "contents": "Coronary artery surgery in Australia, 1974-1976. A report by the National Heart Foundation of Australia. This is a report of the total Australian experience in coronary artery bypass graft surgery over a two year period from October 1, 1974, to September 30, 1976. It provides data on the results up to discharge from hospital. There were 2349 patients undergoing operation in 9 units in all mainland States. Each of the nine participating units reported preoperative data on age, sex, symptoms, previous history, indications for surgery and special investigations including results of X-ray examination, electrocardiography (ECG), ventricular and coronary angiograms and left ventricular end diastolic pressure as well as details of surgery which was carried out, and patient status at the time of discharge. The data were collated and analysed at National Heart Foundation headquarters in Canberra.", "PMID": 307106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1026", "title": "The natural history of chronic middle ear disease in Australian Aboriginals: a cross-sectional study.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-three Australian Aboriginals, who were aged from four months to 60 years, were examined clinically and otologically. Audiometric tests were completed on 110 of these subjects. On the assumptions that the aural health of these people has remained stable for many years, the cross-sectional data which were obtained have been used to infer the natural history of ear disease. Seromucinous otitis media is manifest as a disease of early childhood, which recovers spontaneously in most cases and has no obvious sequelae. Perforated tympanic membranes likewise seem to heal spontaneously in the majority of cases. The evidence suggests that hearing loss is the main problem and treatment should be directed towards the level of hearing loss and its effects.", "contents": "The natural history of chronic middle ear disease in Australian Aboriginals: a cross-sectional study. One hundred and sixty-three Australian Aboriginals, who were aged from four months to 60 years, were examined clinically and otologically. Audiometric tests were completed on 110 of these subjects. On the assumptions that the aural health of these people has remained stable for many years, the cross-sectional data which were obtained have been used to infer the natural history of ear disease. Seromucinous otitis media is manifest as a disease of early childhood, which recovers spontaneously in most cases and has no obvious sequelae. Perforated tympanic membranes likewise seem to heal spontaneously in the majority of cases. The evidence suggests that hearing loss is the main problem and treatment should be directed towards the level of hearing loss and its effects.", "PMID": 307107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1027", "title": "[Diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease].", "content": "31 patients with the diagnosis or presumed diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease were reinvestigated by means of Ristocetin cofactor-activity and factor VIII-associated antigen. In addition a family with a variant of von Willebrand's disease is described. Ristocetin cofactor-activity was found the most reliable test, its value for the diagnosis of mild forms and of variants of von Willebrand's disease is further established by these results.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease]. 31 patients with the diagnosis or presumed diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease were reinvestigated by means of Ristocetin cofactor-activity and factor VIII-associated antigen. In addition a family with a variant of von Willebrand's disease is described. Ristocetin cofactor-activity was found the most reliable test, its value for the diagnosis of mild forms and of variants of von Willebrand's disease is further established by these results.", "PMID": 307108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1028", "title": "[Complications of antithrombotic prophylaxis with acetylsalicylic acid (ASS) in polycythemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight patients with polycythemia whose main complaints resulted from vascular complications were prophylactically treated with ASS. 4 patients tolerated the treatment without any side effects, 4 patients had an acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, which was fatal in 2 cases. Correlations between the thrombohemorrhagical syndrome in polycythemia on one hand and the side effects of ASS on the other hand are discussed. As a result of this antithrombotic prophylaxis with ASS is not indicated in polycythemia even in predominance of vascular complications and absence of bleeding tendency. In life-threatening situations antithrombotic therapy with heparine should be preferred.", "contents": "[Complications of antithrombotic prophylaxis with acetylsalicylic acid (ASS) in polycythemia (author's transl)]. Eight patients with polycythemia whose main complaints resulted from vascular complications were prophylactically treated with ASS. 4 patients tolerated the treatment without any side effects, 4 patients had an acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, which was fatal in 2 cases. Correlations between the thrombohemorrhagical syndrome in polycythemia on one hand and the side effects of ASS on the other hand are discussed. As a result of this antithrombotic prophylaxis with ASS is not indicated in polycythemia even in predominance of vascular complications and absence of bleeding tendency. In life-threatening situations antithrombotic therapy with heparine should be preferred.", "PMID": 307109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1029", "title": "[Unusual skeletal changes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children (author's transl)].", "content": "During the early phase of their disease three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed unusual skeletal changes radiologically. Mainly osteolysis in the lower jaw, opacity of the sinus, decreased hight of the vertebrae, and a unilateral necrosis of the head of the femur. These skeletal alterations are much more common in other diseases than in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "contents": "[Unusual skeletal changes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children (author's transl)]. During the early phase of their disease three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed unusual skeletal changes radiologically. Mainly osteolysis in the lower jaw, opacity of the sinus, decreased hight of the vertebrae, and a unilateral necrosis of the head of the femur. These skeletal alterations are much more common in other diseases than in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "PMID": 307114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1030", "title": "[Number of hydrogen bonds in the structure of collagen].", "content": "The kinetics of hydrogen exchange of collagens from different animals was studied by the radioisotopic method (tritium) and infrared spectroscopy (deuterium). It has been shown that collagens from different animals (rat, pike, cod, carp, frogs) differ in amino acid composition and thermostability but are similar in the amount of slowly exchanged hydrogens. All the studied collagens have (1.00 +/- 0.05) very slowly exchanged hydrogens per triplet and (0.6 +/- 0.1) slowly exchanged hydrogens per triplet. Identifying the quantity of slowly exchanged hydrogens with the quantity of hydrogen bonds in the macromolecule, it can be concluded that collagens differing in stability do not differ by the quantity and composition of intramolecular hydrogen bonds.", "contents": "[Number of hydrogen bonds in the structure of collagen]. The kinetics of hydrogen exchange of collagens from different animals was studied by the radioisotopic method (tritium) and infrared spectroscopy (deuterium). It has been shown that collagens from different animals (rat, pike, cod, carp, frogs) differ in amino acid composition and thermostability but are similar in the amount of slowly exchanged hydrogens. All the studied collagens have (1.00 +/- 0.05) very slowly exchanged hydrogens per triplet and (0.6 +/- 0.1) slowly exchanged hydrogens per triplet. Identifying the quantity of slowly exchanged hydrogens with the quantity of hydrogen bonds in the macromolecule, it can be concluded that collagens differing in stability do not differ by the quantity and composition of intramolecular hydrogen bonds.", "PMID": 307113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1031", "title": "[Improvement of zoster therapy by adamantine].", "content": "In the course of 3 years we observed a considerable improvement of herpes zoster in 44 patients being treated with amantadine. The periods of pain and efflorescence were shortened to 1/3 of the values usually experienced and painful post-zoster complications did not occur. The therapeutic effect depends on a) beginning treatment with high doses as early as possible, b) combination of local and systemic administration of adamantine, c) continuation of treatment for several weeks with gradually reducing doses. Harmless side-effects which are easily controlled are dryness of mouth, slight fall in blood pressure and insignificant general stimulation. In old people half the standard dose should be given in the beginning and particular attention paid to symptoms of restlessness on account of a possible delirium. Severe disorders of renal function are a contraindication.", "contents": "[Improvement of zoster therapy by adamantine]. In the course of 3 years we observed a considerable improvement of herpes zoster in 44 patients being treated with amantadine. The periods of pain and efflorescence were shortened to 1/3 of the values usually experienced and painful post-zoster complications did not occur. The therapeutic effect depends on a) beginning treatment with high doses as early as possible, b) combination of local and systemic administration of adamantine, c) continuation of treatment for several weeks with gradually reducing doses. Harmless side-effects which are easily controlled are dryness of mouth, slight fall in blood pressure and insignificant general stimulation. In old people half the standard dose should be given in the beginning and particular attention paid to symptoms of restlessness on account of a possible delirium. Severe disorders of renal function are a contraindication.", "PMID": 307138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1032", "title": "[Neurosurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia].", "content": "Sweet's method for thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion is a real advance in the operative treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. The advantages of this method are obvious: minimum operation risk, minimum complication rate, short postoperative convalescence, shorter confinement to hospital and finally the possibility of repeating the operation without risk in the event of a relapse.", "contents": "[Neurosurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia]. Sweet's method for thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion is a real advance in the operative treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. The advantages of this method are obvious: minimum operation risk, minimum complication rate, short postoperative convalescence, shorter confinement to hospital and finally the possibility of repeating the operation without risk in the event of a relapse.", "PMID": 307139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1033", "title": "[Indomethacin retard 75 mg in the treatment of coxarthrosis].", "content": "A single dose of 75 mg Sustained-Release Indomethacin proved to be an effective medication in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip. It was generally well tolerated; two patients reported moderate gastrointestinal side effects, no CNS related side effects. The gastric tolerance appeared to be better than with Amuno. The convenience of the single dose therapy was spontaneously expressed by all patients.", "contents": "[Indomethacin retard 75 mg in the treatment of coxarthrosis]. A single dose of 75 mg Sustained-Release Indomethacin proved to be an effective medication in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip. It was generally well tolerated; two patients reported moderate gastrointestinal side effects, no CNS related side effects. The gastric tolerance appeared to be better than with Amuno. The convenience of the single dose therapy was spontaneously expressed by all patients.", "PMID": 307141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1034", "title": "[25 years of surgical treatment of femur neck fractures. Report on 1000 cases].", "content": "1000 operative treatments of fractured neck of the femur in hospital in 25 years were analyzed. In addition to a rise in frequency of admission, a progressive aging of the patients was observed. The operative technique developed into osteosynthesis, principally with the Pugh nail and hip joint alloplasty. 19% of the patients died.", "contents": "[25 years of surgical treatment of femur neck fractures. Report on 1000 cases]. 1000 operative treatments of fractured neck of the femur in hospital in 25 years were analyzed. In addition to a rise in frequency of admission, a progressive aging of the patients was observed. The operative technique developed into osteosynthesis, principally with the Pugh nail and hip joint alloplasty. 19% of the patients died.", "PMID": 307144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1035", "title": "[Epididymitis after prostatectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Complications which prolong hospitalization occur after 10% of prostatectomies, depending on the type of operation. Epididymitis develops after prostatectomy especially in postoperative urinary tract infection, and in patients with risk factors (retention of urine, recurrent residual urine, infected urine, and after adenomectomy). In comparison with the time before specific antibiotic therapy, postoperative epididymitis has fallen by 50% with preliminary antibiotic treatment. Postoperative epididymitis very rarely occurs under treatment with gentamicin.", "contents": "[Epididymitis after prostatectomy (author's transl)]. Complications which prolong hospitalization occur after 10% of prostatectomies, depending on the type of operation. Epididymitis develops after prostatectomy especially in postoperative urinary tract infection, and in patients with risk factors (retention of urine, recurrent residual urine, infected urine, and after adenomectomy). In comparison with the time before specific antibiotic therapy, postoperative epididymitis has fallen by 50% with preliminary antibiotic treatment. Postoperative epididymitis very rarely occurs under treatment with gentamicin.", "PMID": 307146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1036", "title": "[Etiological assessment of aseptic femoral head necrosis from blood serum metabolic parameters (author's transl)].", "content": "The etiological assessment of aseptic femoral head necrosis in adults is facilitated by investigation of the uric acid level and of fat metabolism parameters. From 98 of our own patients it appears that femoral head necrosis after trauma, irradiation therapy and caisson disease and after massive doses of cortisone only exceptionally shows pathological serum levels. Femoral head necrosis with manifest metabolic diseases shows 53.3% hyperuricemias and hyperlipemias or dyslipidemias. Of femoral head necroses without concomitant diseases, prior physical effects and administration of cortisone, 91% had hyperuricemia and 65% hyperlipemia or dyslipidemia.", "contents": "[Etiological assessment of aseptic femoral head necrosis from blood serum metabolic parameters (author's transl)]. The etiological assessment of aseptic femoral head necrosis in adults is facilitated by investigation of the uric acid level and of fat metabolism parameters. From 98 of our own patients it appears that femoral head necrosis after trauma, irradiation therapy and caisson disease and after massive doses of cortisone only exceptionally shows pathological serum levels. Femoral head necrosis with manifest metabolic diseases shows 53.3% hyperuricemias and hyperlipemias or dyslipidemias. Of femoral head necroses without concomitant diseases, prior physical effects and administration of cortisone, 91% had hyperuricemia and 65% hyperlipemia or dyslipidemia.", "PMID": 307145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1037", "title": "[Cholesterol deficiency. A pathogenetic factor in chronic anemias? Preliminary report of a study in three states (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been shown in several studies that there is a statistically confirmed connection between cholesterol and Hb levels in the sense that hypocholesterolemia and anemia occur together particularly frequently. This was demonstrated in an epidemiological cross-section study of 3958 patient data, and also that in a retrospective case control study of 159 anemias there wasa concurrent hypocholesterolemia. It is explained by the fact that cholesterol deficiency leads to rigidity of the erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Cholesterol deficiency. A pathogenetic factor in chronic anemias? Preliminary report of a study in three states (author's transl)]. It has been shown in several studies that there is a statistically confirmed connection between cholesterol and Hb levels in the sense that hypocholesterolemia and anemia occur together particularly frequently. This was demonstrated in an epidemiological cross-section study of 3958 patient data, and also that in a retrospective case control study of 159 anemias there wasa concurrent hypocholesterolemia. It is explained by the fact that cholesterol deficiency leads to rigidity of the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 307148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1038", "title": "[Somatic therapy of endogenous psychoses (author's transl)].", "content": "In pursuit of the idea of the scientific concept of disease, the aim of somatic treatment of the endogenous psychotic patient should be a specific causal therapy without aggravating and therapeutically useless side effects. Modern psychopharmacotherapy approaches this requirement. Insulin coma therapy and psychosurgical procedures have rightly been abandoned. Electroconvulsive therapy, on the other hand, in certain indications and observing certain precautions is still applicable. Under the influence of ideological critics with no experience of the method, its dangers are immeasurable over-emphasized and its therapeutic efficacy underestimated.", "contents": "[Somatic therapy of endogenous psychoses (author's transl)]. In pursuit of the idea of the scientific concept of disease, the aim of somatic treatment of the endogenous psychotic patient should be a specific causal therapy without aggravating and therapeutically useless side effects. Modern psychopharmacotherapy approaches this requirement. Insulin coma therapy and psychosurgical procedures have rightly been abandoned. Electroconvulsive therapy, on the other hand, in certain indications and observing certain precautions is still applicable. Under the influence of ideological critics with no experience of the method, its dangers are immeasurable over-emphasized and its therapeutic efficacy underestimated.", "PMID": 307153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1039", "title": "[Psychophysiological aspects of mastalgia. Psychometric studies (author's transl)].", "content": "After exclusion of clinical causes for intermittent mastalgia, psychosocial factors should be thought of as a study of 533 women showed: 1. Women with intermittent pains in the breast differed statistically significantly from other women without mastalgia in 8 out of 12 personality characteristics (FPI). 2. Mastalgia occurred more frequently with increasing age, in women without partners, in painful experiences with menarche and menstruation. 3. Women with mastalgia examined their breasts regularly, they were confident that they could feel nodules and went more frequently for medical treatment of their breasts. 4. In mastectomy patients with a history of mastalgia particular attention should be paid to a psycho-social status.", "contents": "[Psychophysiological aspects of mastalgia. Psychometric studies (author's transl)]. After exclusion of clinical causes for intermittent mastalgia, psychosocial factors should be thought of as a study of 533 women showed: 1. Women with intermittent pains in the breast differed statistically significantly from other women without mastalgia in 8 out of 12 personality characteristics (FPI). 2. Mastalgia occurred more frequently with increasing age, in women without partners, in painful experiences with menarche and menstruation. 3. Women with mastalgia examined their breasts regularly, they were confident that they could feel nodules and went more frequently for medical treatment of their breasts. 4. In mastectomy patients with a history of mastalgia particular attention should be paid to a psycho-social status.", "PMID": 307154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1040", "title": "[Duodenal ulcer therapy with cimetidine. A clinical endoscopic study in 76 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "34 patients were treated with cimetidine and placebo in a double blind trial and 42 were treated with cimetidine alone. Criteria investigated were the pain response, consumption of antacids when required and especially the endoscopically demonstrated scarring of the duodenal ulcer. Compared with placebo, cimetidine is capable of soothing pain and also reducing the consumption of antacids more quickly and to a greater extent. The differences are statistically significant. Complete anatomical healing of the ulcer was established in the double blind study in 80% of the patients in the cimetidine group and in 40% of the placebo group. Similar results were also shown in the group which received cimetidine alone.", "contents": "[Duodenal ulcer therapy with cimetidine. A clinical endoscopic study in 76 patients (author's transl)]. 34 patients were treated with cimetidine and placebo in a double blind trial and 42 were treated with cimetidine alone. Criteria investigated were the pain response, consumption of antacids when required and especially the endoscopically demonstrated scarring of the duodenal ulcer. Compared with placebo, cimetidine is capable of soothing pain and also reducing the consumption of antacids more quickly and to a greater extent. The differences are statistically significant. Complete anatomical healing of the ulcer was established in the double blind study in 80% of the patients in the cimetidine group and in 40% of the placebo group. Similar results were also shown in the group which received cimetidine alone.", "PMID": 307155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1041", "title": "[Immune defects as a cause of septic complications in leukemias and malignant lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Septicemias, especially those due to gram-negative pathogens, frequently occur in leukemias, malignant lymphomas and other malignant or metabolic diseases leading to inanition. The causes are disturbances of cellular defense and humoral immune defects. The immune reaction can be affected by disordered antibody function. In addition to a disturbance of leukocyte function due to reduction of granulocytes (granulocytopenia) disturbances of leukocyte function also occur with a normal cell count (granulocytopathy) especially under cytostatic therapy. Besides specific antibiotic therapy it is important to improve the defense position of the organism by treating the primary disease and to assess the disordered immune status correctly.", "contents": "[Immune defects as a cause of septic complications in leukemias and malignant lymphomas (author's transl)]. Septicemias, especially those due to gram-negative pathogens, frequently occur in leukemias, malignant lymphomas and other malignant or metabolic diseases leading to inanition. The causes are disturbances of cellular defense and humoral immune defects. The immune reaction can be affected by disordered antibody function. In addition to a disturbance of leukocyte function due to reduction of granulocytes (granulocytopenia) disturbances of leukocyte function also occur with a normal cell count (granulocytopathy) especially under cytostatic therapy. Besides specific antibiotic therapy it is important to improve the defense position of the organism by treating the primary disease and to assess the disordered immune status correctly.", "PMID": 307162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1042", "title": "[Effect and tolerance of Biarison (proquazone) in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Biarison was tested in 24 patients mainly with classical rheumatoid arthritis for its efficacy and tolerance. There was a distinct improvement in the course of the 4 weeks' therapy with a mean dosage of 900 mg/day (it was in the meantime raised to a maximum of 1500 mg/day in isolated cases) especially in the pain, stiffness and functional capacity. Biarison caused few gastrointestinal side effects: the tolerance may be said to be good on the whole.", "contents": "[Effect and tolerance of Biarison (proquazone) in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. Biarison was tested in 24 patients mainly with classical rheumatoid arthritis for its efficacy and tolerance. There was a distinct improvement in the course of the 4 weeks' therapy with a mean dosage of 900 mg/day (it was in the meantime raised to a maximum of 1500 mg/day in isolated cases) especially in the pain, stiffness and functional capacity. Biarison caused few gastrointestinal side effects: the tolerance may be said to be good on the whole.", "PMID": 307165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1043", "title": "[Therapy of alcoholism. The use of thiamine, ATP and magnesium and the control of clomethiazole sympathetic blockade (author's transl)].", "content": "Substitution therapy with thiamine, ATP and magnesium which, just like that with clomethiazole has a parasympathomimetic action, is based on the principle of suppression of the sympathetic system. If these patients are no longer capable for any reason of continuing to take the endogenous substances (thiamine, ATP and magnesium) by mouth, the treatment is continued with clomethiazole an an infusion. But since the intravenous administration of clomethiazole is not seldom accompanied by a parasympathetic coma with respiratory and cardiac depression and miosis, treatment of a sympathetic blockade with dextrose solution containing salt is proposed.", "contents": "[Therapy of alcoholism. The use of thiamine, ATP and magnesium and the control of clomethiazole sympathetic blockade (author's transl)]. Substitution therapy with thiamine, ATP and magnesium which, just like that with clomethiazole has a parasympathomimetic action, is based on the principle of suppression of the sympathetic system. If these patients are no longer capable for any reason of continuing to take the endogenous substances (thiamine, ATP and magnesium) by mouth, the treatment is continued with clomethiazole an an infusion. But since the intravenous administration of clomethiazole is not seldom accompanied by a parasympathetic coma with respiratory and cardiac depression and miosis, treatment of a sympathetic blockade with dextrose solution containing salt is proposed.", "PMID": 307166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1044", "title": "Role of helper, suppressor and B-cell defects in the pathogenesis of the hypogammaglobulinemias.", "content": "We investigated suppressor and helper T cells in 19 patients with variable immunodeficiency to assess the possibility that defective interactions among these cells and B lymphocytes are the chief cause of the inadequate plasma-cell development and hypogammaglobulinemia characterizing these syndromes. We accomplished functional separation of the two T-cell subsets, using irradiation, which selectively inactivates T-cell suppressors. The patient B lymphocytes were usually capable of some differentiation into plasma cells when co-cultured with T cells manipulated to optimize helper effects. Eighteen of 19 patients showed quantitatively poor plasma-cell production even under these conditions. However, only one had defective enough helper function, and only one sufficiently excessive suppressor activity for these factors to be considered the major pathogenetic process in each case. Since neither an absolute defect in B cells nor consistent abnormalities in modulator T cells were demonstrable in most patients, other explanations must be sought for the mechanisms underlying this form of primary immune deficiency.", "contents": "Role of helper, suppressor and B-cell defects in the pathogenesis of the hypogammaglobulinemias. We investigated suppressor and helper T cells in 19 patients with variable immunodeficiency to assess the possibility that defective interactions among these cells and B lymphocytes are the chief cause of the inadequate plasma-cell development and hypogammaglobulinemia characterizing these syndromes. We accomplished functional separation of the two T-cell subsets, using irradiation, which selectively inactivates T-cell suppressors. The patient B lymphocytes were usually capable of some differentiation into plasma cells when co-cultured with T cells manipulated to optimize helper effects. Eighteen of 19 patients showed quantitatively poor plasma-cell production even under these conditions. However, only one had defective enough helper function, and only one sufficiently excessive suppressor activity for these factors to be considered the major pathogenetic process in each case. Since neither an absolute defect in B cells nor consistent abnormalities in modulator T cells were demonstrable in most patients, other explanations must be sought for the mechanisms underlying this form of primary immune deficiency.", "PMID": 307183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1045", "title": "Calcium transients in aequorin-injected frog cardiac muscle.", "content": "The Ca2+ -sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin was microinjected into cells of frog atrial trabeculae to study intracellular calcium transients associated with excitation-contraction coupling. The amplitude of the aequorin signal increased with extracellular Ca2+ concentration and stimulus frequency, but decreased with stretch. Isoprenaline and acetylstrophanthidin both increased the amplitude, but had strikingly different effects on the time course of the signal.", "contents": "Calcium transients in aequorin-injected frog cardiac muscle. The Ca2+ -sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin was microinjected into cells of frog atrial trabeculae to study intracellular calcium transients associated with excitation-contraction coupling. The amplitude of the aequorin signal increased with extracellular Ca2+ concentration and stimulus frequency, but decreased with stretch. Isoprenaline and acetylstrophanthidin both increased the amplitude, but had strikingly different effects on the time course of the signal.", "PMID": 307184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1046", "title": "Endocrine control of appetite: gastrointestinal hormonal effects on CNS appetitive structures.", "content": "Permanent semi-microelectrodes were implanted in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), lateral hypothalamus (LH), amygdala (AMYG), medial forebrain bundle (MFB), anterior hypothalamus (AH), inferior colliculus (IC), and caudate nucleus (CN). Average evoked responses were recorded simultaneously from the above sites in freely behaving rats before and after administration of pentagastrin (100 microgram/kg), secretin 1 microgram/kg or cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP) (1 microgram/kg) in search of satiety signal. Gastrin and secretin had little effect while it appears that CCK may perform a regulatory function in a neurohumoral feedback mechanism.", "contents": "Endocrine control of appetite: gastrointestinal hormonal effects on CNS appetitive structures. Permanent semi-microelectrodes were implanted in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), lateral hypothalamus (LH), amygdala (AMYG), medial forebrain bundle (MFB), anterior hypothalamus (AH), inferior colliculus (IC), and caudate nucleus (CN). Average evoked responses were recorded simultaneously from the above sites in freely behaving rats before and after administration of pentagastrin (100 microgram/kg), secretin 1 microgram/kg or cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP) (1 microgram/kg) in search of satiety signal. Gastrin and secretin had little effect while it appears that CCK may perform a regulatory function in a neurohumoral feedback mechanism.", "PMID": 307189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1047", "title": "Comparison of metrizamide and iodophendylate for cerebral ventriculography: a long-term ultrastructural study of the ventricular wall in the rat.", "content": "Cerebral ventriculography was performed on adult albino rats to compare the effect of metrizamide and iodophendylate on the ependymal wall. The animals were killed by vascular perfusion 1 month and 4 months after ventriculography. The ependymal layer and the underlying brain tissue were examined with the electron microscope. After the use of metrizamide the tissue appeared completely normal. The use of iodophendylate provoked accumulation of phagocytozing macrophages on the ependymal wall and storage of iodophendylate in the ependyma and underlying brain tissue. These changes were present both 1 and 4 months after ventriculography.", "contents": "Comparison of metrizamide and iodophendylate for cerebral ventriculography: a long-term ultrastructural study of the ventricular wall in the rat. Cerebral ventriculography was performed on adult albino rats to compare the effect of metrizamide and iodophendylate on the ependymal wall. The animals were killed by vascular perfusion 1 month and 4 months after ventriculography. The ependymal layer and the underlying brain tissue were examined with the electron microscope. After the use of metrizamide the tissue appeared completely normal. The use of iodophendylate provoked accumulation of phagocytozing macrophages on the ependymal wall and storage of iodophendylate in the ependyma and underlying brain tissue. These changes were present both 1 and 4 months after ventriculography.", "PMID": 307190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1048", "title": "Morphological changes in the CNS after Dimer X ventriculography.", "content": "The brains of 89 cats were investigated after the stereotactic injection of Dimer X into the ventricular system. The animals were sacrificed after 6, 24 and 48 h and after 7 and 30 days. Morphological changes were found in the ependyma, choroid plexuses, subependymal zone and in the brain tissue. They were most intense within 2 days of the experiment and some lesions (subependymal inflammatory infiltrates and ependymitis granularis) persisted up to 30 days. Similar changes were revealed postmortem in the brains of 20 patients in whom Dimer X ventriculography had been performed.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the CNS after Dimer X ventriculography. The brains of 89 cats were investigated after the stereotactic injection of Dimer X into the ventricular system. The animals were sacrificed after 6, 24 and 48 h and after 7 and 30 days. Morphological changes were found in the ependyma, choroid plexuses, subependymal zone and in the brain tissue. They were most intense within 2 days of the experiment and some lesions (subependymal inflammatory infiltrates and ependymitis granularis) persisted up to 30 days. Similar changes were revealed postmortem in the brains of 20 patients in whom Dimer X ventriculography had been performed.", "PMID": 307191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1049", "title": "[Use of thymus hormone in the demonstration of acute T-null cell lymphocytic leukemia].", "content": "The Authors studied the effect of the human serum thymic factor on the peripheral-blood leukocytes from ALL patients, by testing the frequency of the E+cells by means of the e rosette assay before and after cell incubation with the above mentioned factor. In 3 out of 24 patients tested, the thymic factor incubation of peripheral-blood mononuclears increased the number of E+cells. The shift from R to E+cells caused by the human serum thymic factor occurred among null cells (E-, SM-Ig-). The possible value of the test in investigating whether a T0 leukemia might really exists is pointed out, as well as its prospective importance in monitoring the variations of the immature T cell counts in relationship to the patient's treatment and his disease course.", "contents": "[Use of thymus hormone in the demonstration of acute T-null cell lymphocytic leukemia]. The Authors studied the effect of the human serum thymic factor on the peripheral-blood leukocytes from ALL patients, by testing the frequency of the E+cells by means of the e rosette assay before and after cell incubation with the above mentioned factor. In 3 out of 24 patients tested, the thymic factor incubation of peripheral-blood mononuclears increased the number of E+cells. The shift from R to E+cells caused by the human serum thymic factor occurred among null cells (E-, SM-Ig-). The possible value of the test in investigating whether a T0 leukemia might really exists is pointed out, as well as its prospective importance in monitoring the variations of the immature T cell counts in relationship to the patient's treatment and his disease course.", "PMID": 307199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1050", "title": "The spectrum of Chandler's syndrome: an often overlooked cause of unilateral glaucoma.", "content": "Eleven cases of unilateral glaucoma are summarized. The typical presentations of these cases are (1) unilateral; (2) middle-aged women; (3) blurred vision; (4) corneal endothelial guttae (unilateral); (5) corneal edema; (6) stromal iris atrophy; (7) pupil abnormality; (8) peripheral anterior synechias;(9) elevated intraocular pressure; and (10) if previously diagnosed, the diagnosis is likely incorrect. Variations in these may occur. The disease can occur in men. Some patients may have nodular iris nevi. All of them represent the spectrum of Chandler's syndrome. Accurate diagnosis is important particularly in view of the optimistic prognostic implications for the fellow eye.", "contents": "The spectrum of Chandler's syndrome: an often overlooked cause of unilateral glaucoma. Eleven cases of unilateral glaucoma are summarized. The typical presentations of these cases are (1) unilateral; (2) middle-aged women; (3) blurred vision; (4) corneal endothelial guttae (unilateral); (5) corneal edema; (6) stromal iris atrophy; (7) pupil abnormality; (8) peripheral anterior synechias;(9) elevated intraocular pressure; and (10) if previously diagnosed, the diagnosis is likely incorrect. Variations in these may occur. The disease can occur in men. Some patients may have nodular iris nevi. All of them represent the spectrum of Chandler's syndrome. Accurate diagnosis is important particularly in view of the optimistic prognostic implications for the fellow eye.", "PMID": 307213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1051", "title": "Congenital cholesteatoma.", "content": "Congenital cholesteatoma of the temporal bone may be encountered by the otologist in the cerebellopontine angle, petrous bone, or middle ear cleft; the latter occurrence seems most likely. The etiology, epidemiologic factors, location of intracranial occurrence, clinical features, methods of diagnosis, differential diagnosis, gross and microscopic pathologic features, and surgical treatment of congenital cholesteatoma are presented. Our personal experience is described. The advantages and complications of various operative approaches are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital cholesteatoma. Congenital cholesteatoma of the temporal bone may be encountered by the otologist in the cerebellopontine angle, petrous bone, or middle ear cleft; the latter occurrence seems most likely. The etiology, epidemiologic factors, location of intracranial occurrence, clinical features, methods of diagnosis, differential diagnosis, gross and microscopic pathologic features, and surgical treatment of congenital cholesteatoma are presented. Our personal experience is described. The advantages and complications of various operative approaches are discussed.", "PMID": 307217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1052", "title": "Successful transplantation of the thymus in Nezelof's syndrome.", "content": "A 6-month-old girl with congenital thymic dysplasia or Nezelof's syndrome (lack of T cell function and normal levels of immunoglobulins) was given a transplant of a human thymus gland from a 14-week-old fetus and is surviving 36 months after transplant. Her clinical condition is the principal index of the success of the transplant since most in vitro and in vivo data indicate a full immunologic restoration has not been achieved. However, the number of E-rosettes in the peripheral blood has increased, the number of surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells has decreased, but there is little improvement in mitogen responsitivity. Immunoglobulin levels have increased with age, but there is no demonstrable specific antibody activity. Nevertheless, she remains free of infection, living in an unprotected environment.", "contents": "Successful transplantation of the thymus in Nezelof's syndrome. A 6-month-old girl with congenital thymic dysplasia or Nezelof's syndrome (lack of T cell function and normal levels of immunoglobulins) was given a transplant of a human thymus gland from a 14-week-old fetus and is surviving 36 months after transplant. Her clinical condition is the principal index of the success of the transplant since most in vitro and in vivo data indicate a full immunologic restoration has not been achieved. However, the number of E-rosettes in the peripheral blood has increased, the number of surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells has decreased, but there is little improvement in mitogen responsitivity. Immunoglobulin levels have increased with age, but there is no demonstrable specific antibody activity. Nevertheless, she remains free of infection, living in an unprotected environment.", "PMID": 307221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1053", "title": "Existence of a sodium current in the tubular membrane of frog twitch muscle fibre; its possible role in the activation of contraction.", "content": "1. The membrane current of frog twitch muscle fibre has been recorded together with contraction in the test gap of a double sucrose gap apparatus. 2. In Ringer, the inward current sometimes shows 2 phases with the same threshold and the same reversal potential: a rapid one (early inward current) and a slower one (late inward current). The mechanical threshold is near the inward current threshold. The amplitude of the contraction increases progressively with depolarizations, without modification of its time to peak. Experiments with variation of the pulse duration and with conditioning depolarization show that a part of the contraction seems to be correlated with the late inward current. 3. Experiments in a sodium free solution, with low TTX concentration, and on glycerol treated fibres show that the late inward current corresponds to a tubular sodium current. 4. A method is described to separate the two phases of inward current. The smooth development of the current-voltage relation of the late inward current, its diminution without modification in time to peak under the action of TTX, and the exponential decay of its tail current all suggest that the tubular membrane potential is sufficiently well controlled. 5. In the experiments where the tubular membrane potential seems to be controlled, a part of the contraction depends on the tubular sodium current, perhaps involving a mechanism of sodium induced calcium release.", "contents": "Existence of a sodium current in the tubular membrane of frog twitch muscle fibre; its possible role in the activation of contraction. 1. The membrane current of frog twitch muscle fibre has been recorded together with contraction in the test gap of a double sucrose gap apparatus. 2. In Ringer, the inward current sometimes shows 2 phases with the same threshold and the same reversal potential: a rapid one (early inward current) and a slower one (late inward current). The mechanical threshold is near the inward current threshold. The amplitude of the contraction increases progressively with depolarizations, without modification of its time to peak. Experiments with variation of the pulse duration and with conditioning depolarization show that a part of the contraction seems to be correlated with the late inward current. 3. Experiments in a sodium free solution, with low TTX concentration, and on glycerol treated fibres show that the late inward current corresponds to a tubular sodium current. 4. A method is described to separate the two phases of inward current. The smooth development of the current-voltage relation of the late inward current, its diminution without modification in time to peak under the action of TTX, and the exponential decay of its tail current all suggest that the tubular membrane potential is sufficiently well controlled. 5. In the experiments where the tubular membrane potential seems to be controlled, a part of the contraction depends on the tubular sodium current, perhaps involving a mechanism of sodium induced calcium release.", "PMID": 307222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1054", "title": "[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: comparison between the diagnostic conclusions of emergency fibroscopy and those of surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongst 1035 patients who underwent oesophago-gastro-duodenal fibroscopy as an emergency for an upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage between January 1973 and May 1977, 100 required surgery. The operative findings were compared with those of endoscopy. In 92 cases, surgical exploration found the same lesions that the endoscopist had reported as being responsible for the haemorrhage. In 14 of these patients, surgical exploration provided complementary data to the endoscopic findings. In the other 8 patients, there was disagreement between the surgical and endoscopic findings. In particular, there were 5 diagnostic errors: 2 false negatives, 1 error of localisation of the lesion and 2 errors of interpretation. The earlier endoscopy is performed, the better are the results: discovery of the bleeding lesion and elimination of other non-haemorrhagic lesions.", "contents": "[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: comparison between the diagnostic conclusions of emergency fibroscopy and those of surgery (author's transl)]. Amongst 1035 patients who underwent oesophago-gastro-duodenal fibroscopy as an emergency for an upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage between January 1973 and May 1977, 100 required surgery. The operative findings were compared with those of endoscopy. In 92 cases, surgical exploration found the same lesions that the endoscopist had reported as being responsible for the haemorrhage. In 14 of these patients, surgical exploration provided complementary data to the endoscopic findings. In the other 8 patients, there was disagreement between the surgical and endoscopic findings. In particular, there were 5 diagnostic errors: 2 false negatives, 1 error of localisation of the lesion and 2 errors of interpretation. The earlier endoscopy is performed, the better are the results: discovery of the bleeding lesion and elimination of other non-haemorrhagic lesions.", "PMID": 307223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1055", "title": "[Pan-lobular emphysema: relationship with serum alpha-1-antitrypsin levels, Pi phenotype and the HLA system (author's transl)].", "content": "Pi phenotypes have been studied in a group of 433 patients. Patients with panacinar emphysema and/or bullae were identified from careful analysis of their clinical, physiological, radiological and anatomical characteristics. Twenty-five p.cent of the emphysematous patients were MZ; there was no significant difference in the alpha-1-antitrypsin plasmatic levels between the groups. The HLA antigens were studied in order to try to identify the possible cofactors in the development of emphysema. The role of occupational pollutants and/or of tobacco is discussed. The frequency of the MZ phenotype in our series differs from previous publications. This discrepancy is discussed on the basis of the criterious used to identify the emphysematous patients.", "contents": "[Pan-lobular emphysema: relationship with serum alpha-1-antitrypsin levels, Pi phenotype and the HLA system (author's transl)]. Pi phenotypes have been studied in a group of 433 patients. Patients with panacinar emphysema and/or bullae were identified from careful analysis of their clinical, physiological, radiological and anatomical characteristics. Twenty-five p.cent of the emphysematous patients were MZ; there was no significant difference in the alpha-1-antitrypsin plasmatic levels between the groups. The HLA antigens were studied in order to try to identify the possible cofactors in the development of emphysema. The role of occupational pollutants and/or of tobacco is discussed. The frequency of the MZ phenotype in our series differs from previous publications. This discrepancy is discussed on the basis of the criterious used to identify the emphysematous patients.", "PMID": 307224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1056", "title": "[Pulmonary emphysema and hepatic involvement by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in two adults with a PiZ phenotype (author's transl)].", "content": "Two unreleated adult males were found to be suffering from an association of pan-lobular severe emphysema and hepatomegally of unknown origin which led to the discovery of a marked deficit in alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1-AT) in relation to a PiZ phenotype. Liver biopsy revealed cirrhosis with portal fibrosis in one case and in both cases fatty infiltration with the accumulation of a glycoprotein antigenically identical to A1-AT. Electron microscopy showed this protein to be situated within the dilated lumina of the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. A1-AT deficiency is usually associated with pulmonary involvement only in the adult and liver involvement only in the child. The association of the two remains rare--hence the interest of the two cases reported.", "contents": "[Pulmonary emphysema and hepatic involvement by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in two adults with a PiZ phenotype (author's transl)]. Two unreleated adult males were found to be suffering from an association of pan-lobular severe emphysema and hepatomegally of unknown origin which led to the discovery of a marked deficit in alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1-AT) in relation to a PiZ phenotype. Liver biopsy revealed cirrhosis with portal fibrosis in one case and in both cases fatty infiltration with the accumulation of a glycoprotein antigenically identical to A1-AT. Electron microscopy showed this protein to be situated within the dilated lumina of the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. A1-AT deficiency is usually associated with pulmonary involvement only in the adult and liver involvement only in the child. The association of the two remains rare--hence the interest of the two cases reported.", "PMID": 307225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1057", "title": "[The pathogenesis of psoriasis : realities and hypotheses (author's transl)].", "content": "Our pathogenic pattern, may be summarised in 7 propositions : - psoriasis is a proliferative disease of the epidermis. - the increased mitotic activity is related to imbalance of cyclic nucleotides and of prostaglandins. - this imbalance may be explained by abnormalities of the membranes of the keratinocytes. - this alteration in cell membranes results from immunological phenomena located in psoriatic epidermis. - the disturbance of immunity with production of auto-antibodies may be related to a deficiency in a sub-population of thymus-dependent lymphocytes. - this cyclic deficiency could be due to a viral agent whose penetration and persistence in the body would be dependent upon multiple genetic factors. - numerous external factors may act upon the various steps of this pathogenic chain, to worsen a pre-existent imbalance and precipitate the development of the lesions.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of psoriasis : realities and hypotheses (author's transl)]. Our pathogenic pattern, may be summarised in 7 propositions : - psoriasis is a proliferative disease of the epidermis. - the increased mitotic activity is related to imbalance of cyclic nucleotides and of prostaglandins. - this imbalance may be explained by abnormalities of the membranes of the keratinocytes. - this alteration in cell membranes results from immunological phenomena located in psoriatic epidermis. - the disturbance of immunity with production of auto-antibodies may be related to a deficiency in a sub-population of thymus-dependent lymphocytes. - this cyclic deficiency could be due to a viral agent whose penetration and persistence in the body would be dependent upon multiple genetic factors. - numerous external factors may act upon the various steps of this pathogenic chain, to worsen a pre-existent imbalance and precipitate the development of the lesions.", "PMID": 307227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1058", "title": "[Targets and mechanisms of levamisole-induced immunostimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Levamisole modify the functions of neutrophils, of macrophages and of T-cells in normal, healthy men and animals. Hormone-like products are synthetized after levamisole administration, even in athymic mice, to recruit T cells from precommitted precursor cells and to activate mature T cells. Levamisole-induced immunostimulation is associated with activities of its sulphur moiety more than with cholinergic properties of the imidazole moiety. Levamisole activities are modulated by genetic and environmental factors and by the degree of antigenic stimulus. Immunostimulation by levamisole depends upon individual responsiveness. Practical usefulness of levamisole therapy will be optimal if acquired experimental findings are taken in account to determine the schedules of treatment.", "contents": "[Targets and mechanisms of levamisole-induced immunostimulation (author's transl)]. Levamisole modify the functions of neutrophils, of macrophages and of T-cells in normal, healthy men and animals. Hormone-like products are synthetized after levamisole administration, even in athymic mice, to recruit T cells from precommitted precursor cells and to activate mature T cells. Levamisole-induced immunostimulation is associated with activities of its sulphur moiety more than with cholinergic properties of the imidazole moiety. Levamisole activities are modulated by genetic and environmental factors and by the degree of antigenic stimulus. Immunostimulation by levamisole depends upon individual responsiveness. Practical usefulness of levamisole therapy will be optimal if acquired experimental findings are taken in account to determine the schedules of treatment.", "PMID": 307228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1059", "title": "Extracellular nucleases of pseudomonas BAL 31. III. Use of the double-strand deoxyriboexonuclease activity as the basis of a convenient method for the mapping of fragments of DNA produced by cleavage with restriction enzymes.", "content": "We have previously characterized an extracellular nuclease from Pseudomonas BAL 31 which, in addition to other activities, displays a double-strand exonuclease activity which progressively shortens both strands of linear duplex DNA molecules from both termini. This degradation is accomplished without the introduction of detectable scissions away from the ends of the duplexes. When this nuclease is used to produce a series of progressively shortened samples from a linear duplex DNA, subsequent digestion of these samples with a site-specific restriction endonuclease and analysis of the resulting fragments by gel electrophoresis permits the rapid establishment of the order of the restriction enzyme fragments through the entire genome. This is accomplished by noting from the electropherograms the order in which the various restriction enzyme fragments become noticeably shortened or disappear. Using this method, the five cleavage sites for the endonuclease Hpa I and the single cleavage sites for the nucleases Hpa II and Pst I have been mapped in PM2 bacteriophage DNA. In a more stringent test of the method, 18 of the 24 fragments produced by cleavage of coliphage lambdab2b5c DNA with the Pst I nuclease have been mapped, and five of the six remaining fragments have been assigned to small regions of the genome.", "contents": "Extracellular nucleases of pseudomonas BAL 31. III. Use of the double-strand deoxyriboexonuclease activity as the basis of a convenient method for the mapping of fragments of DNA produced by cleavage with restriction enzymes. We have previously characterized an extracellular nuclease from Pseudomonas BAL 31 which, in addition to other activities, displays a double-strand exonuclease activity which progressively shortens both strands of linear duplex DNA molecules from both termini. This degradation is accomplished without the introduction of detectable scissions away from the ends of the duplexes. When this nuclease is used to produce a series of progressively shortened samples from a linear duplex DNA, subsequent digestion of these samples with a site-specific restriction endonuclease and analysis of the resulting fragments by gel electrophoresis permits the rapid establishment of the order of the restriction enzyme fragments through the entire genome. This is accomplished by noting from the electropherograms the order in which the various restriction enzyme fragments become noticeably shortened or disappear. Using this method, the five cleavage sites for the endonuclease Hpa I and the single cleavage sites for the nucleases Hpa II and Pst I have been mapped in PM2 bacteriophage DNA. In a more stringent test of the method, 18 of the 24 fragments produced by cleavage of coliphage lambdab2b5c DNA with the Pst I nuclease have been mapped, and five of the six remaining fragments have been assigned to small regions of the genome.", "PMID": 307230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1060", "title": "Possible prevention and treatment of steroid-induced osteoporosis.", "content": "Patients with steroid-induced, juvenile and senile osteoporosis were studied using balance techniques. The changes in calciun and phosphorus balance associated with glucocorticoid therapy were corrected with vitamin D and bendrofluazide given in combination. No hypercalcaemia occurred in osteoporotic patients who continued to receive glucocorticoids. Calcium and phosphorus balance was also improved in the osteoporotic subjects not receiving steroids, but these patients became hypercalcaemic during treatment. It is suggested that vitamin D, bendrofluazide and steroids antagonize the actions of one another on the renal tubule, gut and bone and in this way prevent the increased calciuria which occurs with glucocorticoid therapy. Since the increased calciuria and negative calcium balance induced by glucocorticoids is considered to be the result of excessive bone resorption, an adequate dose of bendrofluazide and vitamin D in combination might prevent the development of, or even reverse, steroid-induced osteoporosis.", "contents": "Possible prevention and treatment of steroid-induced osteoporosis. Patients with steroid-induced, juvenile and senile osteoporosis were studied using balance techniques. The changes in calciun and phosphorus balance associated with glucocorticoid therapy were corrected with vitamin D and bendrofluazide given in combination. No hypercalcaemia occurred in osteoporotic patients who continued to receive glucocorticoids. Calcium and phosphorus balance was also improved in the osteoporotic subjects not receiving steroids, but these patients became hypercalcaemic during treatment. It is suggested that vitamin D, bendrofluazide and steroids antagonize the actions of one another on the renal tubule, gut and bone and in this way prevent the increased calciuria which occurs with glucocorticoid therapy. Since the increased calciuria and negative calcium balance induced by glucocorticoids is considered to be the result of excessive bone resorption, an adequate dose of bendrofluazide and vitamin D in combination might prevent the development of, or even reverse, steroid-induced osteoporosis.", "PMID": 307243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1061", "title": "Molecular mechanism of mitogen action: processing of receptor induced by epidermal growth factor.", "content": "An affinity labeling technique used previously for identification of a membrane receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) was exploited to investigate the physiological fate of receptor after binding of EGF. Incubation of affinity-labeled cells at 37 degrees resulted in a time-dependent loss of radioactivity from the EGF-receptor covalent complex (M(r) 190,000). Ninety percent of the radioactivity lost from the band of M(r) 190,000 during a 1-hr incubation at 37 degrees appeared in three bands of M(r) 62,000, 47,000, and 37,000. The crosslinked EGF-receptor complex (M(r) 190,000) on intact cells was accessible to the action of trypsin at 4 degrees and cofractionated with the plasmalemmal fraction. The proteolytic processing products of receptor were inaccessible to trypsin and banded with the lysosomal fraction upon subcellular fractionation. The rate of internalization and proteolytic processing of radiolabeled receptor was the same as the rate of reduction of binding activity induced by EGF. A study of the relationship between EGF-induced receptor internalization and processing, and stimulation of DNA synthesis, showed that both these processes were half-maximally stimulated at approximately 0.1 nM EGF, a concentration at which only 10% of the receptor sites are occupied. These data indicate that at concentrations of EGF subsaturating for binding but optimal for biological activity, there is a slow, continuous process of receptor internalization and degradation which could be limiting for EGF-induced mitogenesis.", "contents": "Molecular mechanism of mitogen action: processing of receptor induced by epidermal growth factor. An affinity labeling technique used previously for identification of a membrane receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) was exploited to investigate the physiological fate of receptor after binding of EGF. Incubation of affinity-labeled cells at 37 degrees resulted in a time-dependent loss of radioactivity from the EGF-receptor covalent complex (M(r) 190,000). Ninety percent of the radioactivity lost from the band of M(r) 190,000 during a 1-hr incubation at 37 degrees appeared in three bands of M(r) 62,000, 47,000, and 37,000. The crosslinked EGF-receptor complex (M(r) 190,000) on intact cells was accessible to the action of trypsin at 4 degrees and cofractionated with the plasmalemmal fraction. The proteolytic processing products of receptor were inaccessible to trypsin and banded with the lysosomal fraction upon subcellular fractionation. The rate of internalization and proteolytic processing of radiolabeled receptor was the same as the rate of reduction of binding activity induced by EGF. A study of the relationship between EGF-induced receptor internalization and processing, and stimulation of DNA synthesis, showed that both these processes were half-maximally stimulated at approximately 0.1 nM EGF, a concentration at which only 10% of the receptor sites are occupied. These data indicate that at concentrations of EGF subsaturating for binding but optimal for biological activity, there is a slow, continuous process of receptor internalization and degradation which could be limiting for EGF-induced mitogenesis.", "PMID": 307248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1062", "title": "Direct visualization of binding, aggregation, and internalization of insulin and epidermal growth factor on living fibroblastic cells.", "content": "We have studied in detail the binding of fluorescent derivatives of insulin and epidermal growth factor to 3T3 fibroblasts. We have used two types of fluorescent analogues of insulin and epidermal growth factor: highly fluorescent derivatives which have seven to eight rhodamine molecules or fluorescent derivatives which have a single rhodamine molecule per one molecule of insulin or epidermal growth factor. Both types of analogue retained substantial binding affinity as determined by radioreceptor assays and biological activity. The cells labeled with the fluorescent analogues were visualized with a sensitive video intensification microscopic system that enabled us to directly observe the location of the fluorescent hormone on the surface and within the living fibroblasts. We found that both insulin and epidermal growth factor initially bound diffusely to the cell surface and, at 4 degrees , remained dispersed. Within a few minutes at 23 degrees or 37 degrees the hormone-receptor complexes aggregated into patches that could be readily removed by trypsin but not by excess native hormone. The hormone-receptor complexes, which were initially mobile in the plane of the membrane, become immobilized later as the consequence of the receptor aggregation or internalization. Within approximately 30 min at 37 degrees , much of the labeled hormone was found within the cell in endocytic vesicles that moved about in the cytoplasm in a saltatory manner. The aggregation and immobilization of the hormone-receptor complexes could be due to either hormone-hormone interactions on the cell membrane or a hormone-induced conformational change in the hormone-receptor complex. Aggregation and internalization of hormone-receptor complexes could be associated with certain aspects of hormone action, hormone degradation, down regulation of receptors, or negative cooperativity of hormone binding.", "contents": "Direct visualization of binding, aggregation, and internalization of insulin and epidermal growth factor on living fibroblastic cells. We have studied in detail the binding of fluorescent derivatives of insulin and epidermal growth factor to 3T3 fibroblasts. We have used two types of fluorescent analogues of insulin and epidermal growth factor: highly fluorescent derivatives which have seven to eight rhodamine molecules or fluorescent derivatives which have a single rhodamine molecule per one molecule of insulin or epidermal growth factor. Both types of analogue retained substantial binding affinity as determined by radioreceptor assays and biological activity. The cells labeled with the fluorescent analogues were visualized with a sensitive video intensification microscopic system that enabled us to directly observe the location of the fluorescent hormone on the surface and within the living fibroblasts. We found that both insulin and epidermal growth factor initially bound diffusely to the cell surface and, at 4 degrees , remained dispersed. Within a few minutes at 23 degrees or 37 degrees the hormone-receptor complexes aggregated into patches that could be readily removed by trypsin but not by excess native hormone. The hormone-receptor complexes, which were initially mobile in the plane of the membrane, become immobilized later as the consequence of the receptor aggregation or internalization. Within approximately 30 min at 37 degrees , much of the labeled hormone was found within the cell in endocytic vesicles that moved about in the cytoplasm in a saltatory manner. The aggregation and immobilization of the hormone-receptor complexes could be due to either hormone-hormone interactions on the cell membrane or a hormone-induced conformational change in the hormone-receptor complex. Aggregation and internalization of hormone-receptor complexes could be associated with certain aspects of hormone action, hormone degradation, down regulation of receptors, or negative cooperativity of hormone binding.", "PMID": 307249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1063", "title": "Regulation of antibody heterogeneity by suppressor T cells: diminishing suppressor T cell activity increases the number of dinitrophenyl clones in mice immunized with dinitrophenyl-poly(Glu,Lys,Phe) or dinitrophenyl-poly(Glu,Lys,Ala).", "content": "The anti-hapten responses to the dinitrophenyl (Dnp) conjugate of the random linear terpolymers poly(L-Glu,LLys,LPhe), GLphi, or poly(LGlu,LLys,LAla), GLA, are of highly restricted heterogeneity. Thus, individual mice of most responder strains express an average of two to four anti-Dnp clones to Dnp-GLphi or Dnp-GLA, as measured by isoelectric focusing techniques. To explore whether suppressor T cells regulate the heterogeneity of the anti-hapten response to Dnp conjugates of these polypeptides, various procedures aimed at reducing suppressor T-cell activity were tested for their ability to alter the restricted isoelectric focusing spectrotypes. These procedures, such as adult thymectomy, administration of low doses of cyclophosphamide, and in vivo treatment with anti-I-J antisera, significantly increased the magnitude and heterogeneity of the anti-Dnp antibody response to Dnp-GLphi and Dnp-GLA in strains of mice that possessed responder Ir genes. Such methods failed to alter the nonresponder status of mice that lacked the appropriate Ir genes. Thus, in systems under Ir gene control suppressor T-cell mechanisms appear to be involved in the regulation of the heterogeneity of hapten-specific B-cell responses.", "contents": "Regulation of antibody heterogeneity by suppressor T cells: diminishing suppressor T cell activity increases the number of dinitrophenyl clones in mice immunized with dinitrophenyl-poly(Glu,Lys,Phe) or dinitrophenyl-poly(Glu,Lys,Ala). The anti-hapten responses to the dinitrophenyl (Dnp) conjugate of the random linear terpolymers poly(L-Glu,LLys,LPhe), GLphi, or poly(LGlu,LLys,LAla), GLA, are of highly restricted heterogeneity. Thus, individual mice of most responder strains express an average of two to four anti-Dnp clones to Dnp-GLphi or Dnp-GLA, as measured by isoelectric focusing techniques. To explore whether suppressor T cells regulate the heterogeneity of the anti-hapten response to Dnp conjugates of these polypeptides, various procedures aimed at reducing suppressor T-cell activity were tested for their ability to alter the restricted isoelectric focusing spectrotypes. These procedures, such as adult thymectomy, administration of low doses of cyclophosphamide, and in vivo treatment with anti-I-J antisera, significantly increased the magnitude and heterogeneity of the anti-Dnp antibody response to Dnp-GLphi and Dnp-GLA in strains of mice that possessed responder Ir genes. Such methods failed to alter the nonresponder status of mice that lacked the appropriate Ir genes. Thus, in systems under Ir gene control suppressor T-cell mechanisms appear to be involved in the regulation of the heterogeneity of hapten-specific B-cell responses.", "PMID": 307250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1064", "title": "Decamethonium both opens and blocks endplate channels.", "content": "Miniature endplate currents, endplate current fluctuations (\"membrane noise\"), and voltage-jump current relaxations were studied in voltage-clamped frog muscle fibers during decamethonium action. All three types of experiments revealed two kinetic processes controlling the opening of endplate channels, one that reflects agonist action and another that reflects local anesthetic-like blocking activity. The kinetic constants for these two steps were evaluated from measurements of the fast and slow time constants as a function of decamethonium concentration. At -130 mV membrane potential and 13 degrees, the mean open time of decamethonium-activated channels is 2.8 msec. The forward and backward rate constants for channel blocking are 1.7 X 10(7) M-1 sec-1 and 10(3) sec-1. The voltage dependencies of the channel lifetime and of the blocking equilibrium are similar to those seen with pure agonists and local anesthetics, respectively.", "contents": "Decamethonium both opens and blocks endplate channels. Miniature endplate currents, endplate current fluctuations (\"membrane noise\"), and voltage-jump current relaxations were studied in voltage-clamped frog muscle fibers during decamethonium action. All three types of experiments revealed two kinetic processes controlling the opening of endplate channels, one that reflects agonist action and another that reflects local anesthetic-like blocking activity. The kinetic constants for these two steps were evaluated from measurements of the fast and slow time constants as a function of decamethonium concentration. At -130 mV membrane potential and 13 degrees, the mean open time of decamethonium-activated channels is 2.8 msec. The forward and backward rate constants for channel blocking are 1.7 X 10(7) M-1 sec-1 and 10(3) sec-1. The voltage dependencies of the channel lifetime and of the blocking equilibrium are similar to those seen with pure agonists and local anesthetics, respectively.", "PMID": 307251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1065", "title": "Computed tomography in craniopharyngiomas.", "content": "Computed tomographic examinations of 28 children and 12 adults with surgically proved craniopharyngiomas were retrospectively studied for characteristic findings that might be diagnostic of this tumor. It was found that 8 of 10 children and 2 of 4 adults examined pre-operatively had at least 2 of 3 findings: calcification, cyst, or contrast enhancement on CT. The remaining pre-operative patients did not receive contrast in their initial exams. Unusual presentation of the tumor in adults is also discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography in craniopharyngiomas. Computed tomographic examinations of 28 children and 12 adults with surgically proved craniopharyngiomas were retrospectively studied for characteristic findings that might be diagnostic of this tumor. It was found that 8 of 10 children and 2 of 4 adults examined pre-operatively had at least 2 of 3 findings: calcification, cyst, or contrast enhancement on CT. The remaining pre-operative patients did not receive contrast in their initial exams. Unusual presentation of the tumor in adults is also discussed.", "PMID": 307256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1066", "title": "Extravasation of contrast material from vascular ectasia of the cecum detected with 99mTc-pertechnetate.", "content": "A case of vascular ectasia of the cecum is presented. The isotopic pattern did not differ from that of Meckel's diverticulum. The authors suggest that studies with 99mTc may be helpful in screening for areas of pathology in cases of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.", "contents": "Extravasation of contrast material from vascular ectasia of the cecum detected with 99mTc-pertechnetate. A case of vascular ectasia of the cecum is presented. The isotopic pattern did not differ from that of Meckel's diverticulum. The authors suggest that studies with 99mTc may be helpful in screening for areas of pathology in cases of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.", "PMID": 307257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1067", "title": "Transcatheter embolization for treatment of Mallory-Weiss tears of the esophagogastric junction.", "content": "Five patients with Mallory-Weiss tears of the esophagus and massive uncontrolled upper gastrointestinal bleeding were treated by Gelfoam embolization of the left gastric artery. Four of the five required no further therapy. In one case permanent hemostasis was not achieved due to extension of the tear to branches of the inferior phrenic artery. Since Mallory-Weiss tears are usually self-healing, embolization is potentially the primary treatment modality. Surgery can be reserved for treatment of transmural perforation or recurrent bleeding.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolization for treatment of Mallory-Weiss tears of the esophagogastric junction. Five patients with Mallory-Weiss tears of the esophagus and massive uncontrolled upper gastrointestinal bleeding were treated by Gelfoam embolization of the left gastric artery. Four of the five required no further therapy. In one case permanent hemostasis was not achieved due to extension of the tear to branches of the inferior phrenic artery. Since Mallory-Weiss tears are usually self-healing, embolization is potentially the primary treatment modality. Surgery can be reserved for treatment of transmural perforation or recurrent bleeding.", "PMID": 307258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1068", "title": "The transjugular technique of hepatic venography and biopsy, cholangiography, and obliteration of esophageal varices.", "content": "The transjugular technique facilitates various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the liver. Even in patients with defective hemostasis, severe ascites, or marked obesity, liver biopsy or cholangiography can be performed with relative safety. It also provides an alternative route for entry into the portal system.", "contents": "The transjugular technique of hepatic venography and biopsy, cholangiography, and obliteration of esophageal varices. The transjugular technique facilitates various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the liver. Even in patients with defective hemostasis, severe ascites, or marked obesity, liver biopsy or cholangiography can be performed with relative safety. It also provides an alternative route for entry into the portal system.", "PMID": 307259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1069", "title": "An angiographic study of the temporal horn.", "content": "The anatomy of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and its branches is described. On the vertebral angiogram, displacement of these vessels is a sign of corresponding displacement of the temporal horn, which in turn is an indication of a mass involving the temporal lobe, diencephalon, or midbrain. Specific angiographic criteria for localization of the temporal horn include (a) the position of the lateral choroid artery (LCA) as it runs within the choroidal fissure; (b) the temporal branches of the PCA as they cross the parahippocampal gyrus and pass into the collateral sulcus; and (c) the crural and ambient segments of the PCA as they pass around the midbrain.", "contents": "An angiographic study of the temporal horn. The anatomy of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and its branches is described. On the vertebral angiogram, displacement of these vessels is a sign of corresponding displacement of the temporal horn, which in turn is an indication of a mass involving the temporal lobe, diencephalon, or midbrain. Specific angiographic criteria for localization of the temporal horn include (a) the position of the lateral choroid artery (LCA) as it runs within the choroidal fissure; (b) the temporal branches of the PCA as they cross the parahippocampal gyrus and pass into the collateral sulcus; and (c) the crural and ambient segments of the PCA as they pass around the midbrain.", "PMID": 307260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1070", "title": "Metrizamide ventriculography and computed tomography in lesions about the third ventricle.", "content": "Metrizamide ventriculography was used in 24 patients with suspected lesions in and near the third ventricle. The diagnoses were aqueduct stenosis (6), upper brain stem expansions (5), third ventricular tumors (6), craniopharyngiomas (2), subarachnoid cyst (1) and normal (1). Computed tomography was used as the guide to predict the likely causes of obstruction and to determine if ventricular shunting was appropriate before or after ventriculography. Several cases required pneumoencephalography in combination with ventriculography in order to determine whether an upper brain stem lesion was intrinsic or extrinsic.", "contents": "Metrizamide ventriculography and computed tomography in lesions about the third ventricle. Metrizamide ventriculography was used in 24 patients with suspected lesions in and near the third ventricle. The diagnoses were aqueduct stenosis (6), upper brain stem expansions (5), third ventricular tumors (6), craniopharyngiomas (2), subarachnoid cyst (1) and normal (1). Computed tomography was used as the guide to predict the likely causes of obstruction and to determine if ventricular shunting was appropriate before or after ventriculography. Several cases required pneumoencephalography in combination with ventriculography in order to determine whether an upper brain stem lesion was intrinsic or extrinsic.", "PMID": 307261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1071", "title": "The effects of DL-5-hydroxytryptophan on ethanol consumption by rats.", "content": "Rats were offered access to either distilled water or a 12% v/v solution of ethanol as their only fluid during a one hour period daily. After daily fluid consumption has achieved a stable baseline, either distilled water or DL-5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) in doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally one hour prior to the drinking session. While each of the three doses of 5HTP caused a significant reduction in ethanol intake, distilled water had no effect. Water consumption was unaffected by 5HTP or distilled water injections. Varying the pretreatment interval from 0.5, 1, 4 to 8 hours for the 100 mg/kg 5HTP dose resulted in a significant decrease in ethanol consumption at 0.5 and 1 hour pretreatment intervals only. In approximately 25% of the rats tested, 5HTP resulted in a prolonged rejection of ethanol so severe that it resulted in death. Selected rats offered water during this ethanol rejection period readily drank it and survived.", "contents": "The effects of DL-5-hydroxytryptophan on ethanol consumption by rats. Rats were offered access to either distilled water or a 12% v/v solution of ethanol as their only fluid during a one hour period daily. After daily fluid consumption has achieved a stable baseline, either distilled water or DL-5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) in doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally one hour prior to the drinking session. While each of the three doses of 5HTP caused a significant reduction in ethanol intake, distilled water had no effect. Water consumption was unaffected by 5HTP or distilled water injections. Varying the pretreatment interval from 0.5, 1, 4 to 8 hours for the 100 mg/kg 5HTP dose resulted in a significant decrease in ethanol consumption at 0.5 and 1 hour pretreatment intervals only. In approximately 25% of the rats tested, 5HTP resulted in a prolonged rejection of ethanol so severe that it resulted in death. Selected rats offered water during this ethanol rejection period readily drank it and survived.", "PMID": 307265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1072", "title": "The effect of temperature on cutaneous CO2, loss and conductance in the bullfrog.", "content": "Cutaneous and pulmonary CO2 loss were measured simultaneously in bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, at either 10, 20 or 30 degrees C. Arterial blood samples were taken in each experiment and analysed for [H+] and total plasma [CO2]. These values were used to calculate Pa(CO2) by means of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Both [H+] and Pa(CO2) increased with temperature as previously observed. Skin CO2 loss was measured using a titration method. (At 30 degrees C it was necessary to add calcium hypochlorite (5-9 ppm) to block bacterial growth and respiration). Skin CO2 loss rose with temperature but the mean fraction of the total CO2 lost by this route decreased from about 50% at 10 degrees C to less than a third at 30 degrees C. At each temperature, over 90% of an incremental increase in total CO2 loss was excreted via the lungs while skin loss was relatively constant over a wide range of total loss values. The increase in skin CO2 loss with temperature corresponded to a proportional increase in the estimated transcutaneous P(CO2) difference. (This difference was assumed to equal Pa(CO2) minus ambient P(CO2.) Consequently, the skin CO2 conductance (skin CO2 loss/transcutaneous P(CO2) was not significantly influenced by temperature. This apparent temperature independence of skin CO2 conductance may be important for acid-base regulation of skin breathers in response to temperature change.", "contents": "The effect of temperature on cutaneous CO2, loss and conductance in the bullfrog. Cutaneous and pulmonary CO2 loss were measured simultaneously in bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, at either 10, 20 or 30 degrees C. Arterial blood samples were taken in each experiment and analysed for [H+] and total plasma [CO2]. These values were used to calculate Pa(CO2) by means of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Both [H+] and Pa(CO2) increased with temperature as previously observed. Skin CO2 loss was measured using a titration method. (At 30 degrees C it was necessary to add calcium hypochlorite (5-9 ppm) to block bacterial growth and respiration). Skin CO2 loss rose with temperature but the mean fraction of the total CO2 lost by this route decreased from about 50% at 10 degrees C to less than a third at 30 degrees C. At each temperature, over 90% of an incremental increase in total CO2 loss was excreted via the lungs while skin loss was relatively constant over a wide range of total loss values. The increase in skin CO2 loss with temperature corresponded to a proportional increase in the estimated transcutaneous P(CO2) difference. (This difference was assumed to equal Pa(CO2) minus ambient P(CO2.) Consequently, the skin CO2 conductance (skin CO2 loss/transcutaneous P(CO2) was not significantly influenced by temperature. This apparent temperature independence of skin CO2 conductance may be important for acid-base regulation of skin breathers in response to temperature change.", "PMID": 307267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1073", "title": "Urinary excretion of porphyrins in two cases of porphyria cutanea tarda during a period of various treatments.", "content": "The urinary excretion of porphyrins in two cases of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) has been followed during a period in which various treatments have been tried. In one patient pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P-5-P) injections lead to a dramatic increase in porphyrin excretion. In another P-5-P treatment was followed by a significant decrease in porphyrin excretion. p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) apparently had no effect on porphyrin excretion, while repeated phlebotomies had the expected effect. In both patients all variations in the total amount of porphyrins excreted were almost exclusively due to the variations in the amounts of heptacarboxylic porphyrin type III and uroporphyrin I. A secondary finding was an increase in hexa- and penta-carboxylic porphyrins type III without a concomitant increase in coproporphyrin III.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of porphyrins in two cases of porphyria cutanea tarda during a period of various treatments. The urinary excretion of porphyrins in two cases of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) has been followed during a period in which various treatments have been tried. In one patient pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P-5-P) injections lead to a dramatic increase in porphyrin excretion. In another P-5-P treatment was followed by a significant decrease in porphyrin excretion. p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) apparently had no effect on porphyrin excretion, while repeated phlebotomies had the expected effect. In both patients all variations in the total amount of porphyrins excreted were almost exclusively due to the variations in the amounts of heptacarboxylic porphyrin type III and uroporphyrin I. A secondary finding was an increase in hexa- and penta-carboxylic porphyrins type III without a concomitant increase in coproporphyrin III.", "PMID": 307270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1074", "title": "Coexistence of haemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease in the same kindred.", "content": "A clinical and laboratory investigation of a kindred in which haemophilia A and autosomal recessive von Willebrand's disease (VWD) were concomitantly present is described. 3 male patients were shown to be hemizygotes for moderate haemophilia A, one female appeared to be haemophilia A carrier and 3 males showed laboratory findings consistent with heterozygosity for autosomal recessive VWD. In one woman, the pedigree and laboratory findings suggest the possibility of double heterozygosity.", "contents": "Coexistence of haemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease in the same kindred. A clinical and laboratory investigation of a kindred in which haemophilia A and autosomal recessive von Willebrand's disease (VWD) were concomitantly present is described. 3 male patients were shown to be hemizygotes for moderate haemophilia A, one female appeared to be haemophilia A carrier and 3 males showed laboratory findings consistent with heterozygosity for autosomal recessive VWD. In one woman, the pedigree and laboratory findings suggest the possibility of double heterozygosity.", "PMID": 307271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1075", "title": "Sequential changes in T and B lymphocyte responses to Herpes simplex virus in man.", "content": "Lymphocytes of seven patients with primary herpetic infection, twenty-three patients with recurrent herpes labialis and of nineteen control subjects were separated into T and B enriched cells by the use of nylon wool columns. In the absence of a herpetic infection the thymidine incorporation and macrophage migration inhibition responses to herpes simplex virus (HSV), Candida albicans and PPD, and the thymidine incorporation induced by PHA were functions of T cells. When a herpetic infection was present, the unfractionated lymphocyte response to HSV was increased, as measured by thymidine incorporation, but the T cell response was unchanged. However, T cells did show an increased response to HSV when prepared by elimination of cells forming rosettes with zymosan-complement. T cells of some patients were stimulated by contact with zymosan, and this correlated with the response to C. albicans. It is suggested that lymphocyte responses to HSV in man are mediated by T cells, but that these cells are specifically retained by nylon wool columns at the time of a herpetic infection. This may be associated with acquisition of an Fc receptor by the sensitized T cells.", "contents": "Sequential changes in T and B lymphocyte responses to Herpes simplex virus in man. Lymphocytes of seven patients with primary herpetic infection, twenty-three patients with recurrent herpes labialis and of nineteen control subjects were separated into T and B enriched cells by the use of nylon wool columns. In the absence of a herpetic infection the thymidine incorporation and macrophage migration inhibition responses to herpes simplex virus (HSV), Candida albicans and PPD, and the thymidine incorporation induced by PHA were functions of T cells. When a herpetic infection was present, the unfractionated lymphocyte response to HSV was increased, as measured by thymidine incorporation, but the T cell response was unchanged. However, T cells did show an increased response to HSV when prepared by elimination of cells forming rosettes with zymosan-complement. T cells of some patients were stimulated by contact with zymosan, and this correlated with the response to C. albicans. It is suggested that lymphocyte responses to HSV in man are mediated by T cells, but that these cells are specifically retained by nylon wool columns at the time of a herpetic infection. This may be associated with acquisition of an Fc receptor by the sensitized T cells.", "PMID": 307272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1076", "title": "The recovery of mice from influenza virus infection: adoptive transfer of immunity with immune T lymphocytes.", "content": "Transfer of primary or secondary influenza-immune spleen cells to mice infected intranasally with influenza virus resulted in a significant clearance of virus from the lungs and the protection of the recipients from death. The antiviral activity was associated only with intact, viable cells and was not due to carryover of virus. The effector cell population responsible for the antiviral effect was shown to be T cells. Thus, the removal of adherent, phagocytic and Ig+ cells did not affect the antiviral activity, whereas it was destroyed with antitheta serum and complement. Antiviral activity was specific and was best expressed if the virus used to infect the recipients and to generate immune cells was the same strain. Further work will be necessary to define rigorously the role of different viral antigens in cell-mediated immune response to influenza virus infection.", "contents": "The recovery of mice from influenza virus infection: adoptive transfer of immunity with immune T lymphocytes. Transfer of primary or secondary influenza-immune spleen cells to mice infected intranasally with influenza virus resulted in a significant clearance of virus from the lungs and the protection of the recipients from death. The antiviral activity was associated only with intact, viable cells and was not due to carryover of virus. The effector cell population responsible for the antiviral effect was shown to be T cells. Thus, the removal of adherent, phagocytic and Ig+ cells did not affect the antiviral activity, whereas it was destroyed with antitheta serum and complement. Antiviral activity was specific and was best expressed if the virus used to infect the recipients and to generate immune cells was the same strain. Further work will be necessary to define rigorously the role of different viral antigens in cell-mediated immune response to influenza virus infection.", "PMID": 307273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1077", "title": "Immunological and functional characteristics of peripheral blood and synovial fluid lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Spontaneous (SCMC) and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC); mitogenic responsiveness (PHA, Con A, PPD, dextran and pokeweed) as well as lymphocyte subpopulations (E-, EA-, EAC-rosettes, S-Ig) were studied simultaneously in peripheral blood (PBL) and synovial fluid lymphocytes (SFL) of fifteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Marked differences were observed in the cytotoxic activity of SFL and PBL. Whereas SCMC activity of SFL was always significantly elevated above the cytotoxic levels of PBL, the reverse was true for the ADCC reaction; here, 50% of the patients showed a decreased cytotoxicity of SFL compared to PBL. Synovial fluid neutrophils (SFN) were found to be inactive in both cytotoxic assays. No differences were found in ADCC activity of PBL between normal controls and RA patients. In SCMC assays a significantly increased activity of control PBL was only observed at L/T ratios of 100:1. Overnight incubation of PBL from RA patients and normal controls resulted in a marked decrease in SCMC and, to a smaller extent, in ADCC activity. SFL from three out of four patients lost less SCMC activity after overnight incubation than the corresponding PBL. In one patient even an increased activity in both cytotoxic systems was obtained. Regarding lymphocyte populations, T-cells were significantly decreased in PBL of RA patients. With the exception of a significantly lowered percentage of C3 receptor positive cells in SFL, no significant differences were recorded in the lymphocyte distribution between the patients' PBL and SFL. In the RA patients, the response to T-cell mitogens was significantly depressed in SFL while PPD and pokeweed reactivity was equal to that of PBL.", "contents": "Immunological and functional characteristics of peripheral blood and synovial fluid lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Spontaneous (SCMC) and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC); mitogenic responsiveness (PHA, Con A, PPD, dextran and pokeweed) as well as lymphocyte subpopulations (E-, EA-, EAC-rosettes, S-Ig) were studied simultaneously in peripheral blood (PBL) and synovial fluid lymphocytes (SFL) of fifteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Marked differences were observed in the cytotoxic activity of SFL and PBL. Whereas SCMC activity of SFL was always significantly elevated above the cytotoxic levels of PBL, the reverse was true for the ADCC reaction; here, 50% of the patients showed a decreased cytotoxicity of SFL compared to PBL. Synovial fluid neutrophils (SFN) were found to be inactive in both cytotoxic assays. No differences were found in ADCC activity of PBL between normal controls and RA patients. In SCMC assays a significantly increased activity of control PBL was only observed at L/T ratios of 100:1. Overnight incubation of PBL from RA patients and normal controls resulted in a marked decrease in SCMC and, to a smaller extent, in ADCC activity. SFL from three out of four patients lost less SCMC activity after overnight incubation than the corresponding PBL. In one patient even an increased activity in both cytotoxic systems was obtained. Regarding lymphocyte populations, T-cells were significantly decreased in PBL of RA patients. With the exception of a significantly lowered percentage of C3 receptor positive cells in SFL, no significant differences were recorded in the lymphocyte distribution between the patients' PBL and SFL. In the RA patients, the response to T-cell mitogens was significantly depressed in SFL while PPD and pokeweed reactivity was equal to that of PBL.", "PMID": 307274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1078", "title": "Isolated retinas synthesize visual pigments from tetinol congeners delivered by liposomes.", "content": "Isolated vertebrate retinas bathed in circulating Ringer solution cannot regenerate all of their bleached visual pigments. When dioleoyl-lecithin vesicles containing certain retinol congeners are added to the Ringer solution, such retinas begin to regenerate pigment immediately. The visual pigment of a bleached perfused retina can now be restored fully, making the isolated retina an independent unit for study. Loposomes can protect oxygen-sensitive, lipid-soluble substances and deliver them to living cells.", "contents": "Isolated retinas synthesize visual pigments from tetinol congeners delivered by liposomes. Isolated vertebrate retinas bathed in circulating Ringer solution cannot regenerate all of their bleached visual pigments. When dioleoyl-lecithin vesicles containing certain retinol congeners are added to the Ringer solution, such retinas begin to regenerate pigment immediately. The visual pigment of a bleached perfused retina can now be restored fully, making the isolated retina an independent unit for study. Loposomes can protect oxygen-sensitive, lipid-soluble substances and deliver them to living cells.", "PMID": 307275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1079", "title": "Analysis of adenosine-mediated pyrimidine starvation using cultured wild-type and mutant mouse T-lymphoma cells.", "content": "Using the S49 T-cell lymphoma system for the study of immunodeficiency diseases, we characterized several variants in purine salvage and transport pathways and studied their responses to the cytotoxic action of adenosine (5-20 micron) in the presence of adenosine deaminase (ADA) inhibitors. Both an adenosine transport deficient mutant and a mutant lacking adenosine (ado) kinase activity are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of adenosine up to 15 micron. Variants lacking hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase or adenine phosphoribosyltransferase are sensitive to the killing action of adenosine. We monitored the intracellular concentrations of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, orotate, and PPriboseP in mutant and wild-type cells following the addition of adenosine and an ADA inhibitor. We conclude that at low concentrations, adenosine must be phosphorylated to deplete the cell of pyrimidine nucleotides and PPriboseP and to promote the accumulation of orotate. These alterations account for one mechanism of adenosine toxicity.", "contents": "Analysis of adenosine-mediated pyrimidine starvation using cultured wild-type and mutant mouse T-lymphoma cells. Using the S49 T-cell lymphoma system for the study of immunodeficiency diseases, we characterized several variants in purine salvage and transport pathways and studied their responses to the cytotoxic action of adenosine (5-20 micron) in the presence of adenosine deaminase (ADA) inhibitors. Both an adenosine transport deficient mutant and a mutant lacking adenosine (ado) kinase activity are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of adenosine up to 15 micron. Variants lacking hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase or adenine phosphoribosyltransferase are sensitive to the killing action of adenosine. We monitored the intracellular concentrations of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, orotate, and PPriboseP in mutant and wild-type cells following the addition of adenosine and an ADA inhibitor. We conclude that at low concentrations, adenosine must be phosphorylated to deplete the cell of pyrimidine nucleotides and PPriboseP and to promote the accumulation of orotate. These alterations account for one mechanism of adenosine toxicity.", "PMID": 307279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1080", "title": "Humoral immunity in experimental hyposplenism.", "content": "The immune response to an intravenous bolus of sheep erythrocytes, a large particulate antigen, was examined in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats after varying reduction in spleen size by splenic artery ligation (SAL) or partial amputation (pSx), and the results were compared with splenectomized (Sx) and sham-operated controls. Whereas SAL and pSx rats both produced higher 5 day (primary response) hemolysin antibody titers (P less than 0.001) than Sx rats, levels were lower (P less than 0.05) than in sham-operated rats with larger spleens (P less than 0.001). A similar heterophile pattern was seen in SAL rats at 22 days (secondary response). Within each group there was a positive correlation between splenic weight and serum hemolysin titer (r greater than 0.81) (P less than 0.001). Whereas spleen weight of sham-operated rats increased only 58%, splenic remnants in pSx rats enlarged 139% to 412%, with the greatest percentage of growth in the smallest remnants (25 mg) and the least in the largest remnants (200 mg). These data demonstrate a measurable immunologic advantage of splenic remnants (hyposplenism) over asplenism. This difference, although suboptimal as compared with that of a whole spleen (eusplenism), nonetheless may bolster body defenses to certain forms of bacterial sepsis.", "contents": "Humoral immunity in experimental hyposplenism. The immune response to an intravenous bolus of sheep erythrocytes, a large particulate antigen, was examined in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats after varying reduction in spleen size by splenic artery ligation (SAL) or partial amputation (pSx), and the results were compared with splenectomized (Sx) and sham-operated controls. Whereas SAL and pSx rats both produced higher 5 day (primary response) hemolysin antibody titers (P less than 0.001) than Sx rats, levels were lower (P less than 0.05) than in sham-operated rats with larger spleens (P less than 0.001). A similar heterophile pattern was seen in SAL rats at 22 days (secondary response). Within each group there was a positive correlation between splenic weight and serum hemolysin titer (r greater than 0.81) (P less than 0.001). Whereas spleen weight of sham-operated rats increased only 58%, splenic remnants in pSx rats enlarged 139% to 412%, with the greatest percentage of growth in the smallest remnants (25 mg) and the least in the largest remnants (200 mg). These data demonstrate a measurable immunologic advantage of splenic remnants (hyposplenism) over asplenism. This difference, although suboptimal as compared with that of a whole spleen (eusplenism), nonetheless may bolster body defenses to certain forms of bacterial sepsis.", "PMID": 307280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1081", "title": "Primary lymphoproliferative conditions of lung.", "content": "The clinical, laboratory, and pathological features of six primary lymphoproliferative conditions of the lung are described. These comprise two patients with malignant lymphomas, one with pseudolymphoma, one with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP), one with lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and one with plasma cell granuloma. We recommend that the term 'premalignant lymphoma' be used for pseudolymphoma since the condition, although tending to remain localised, has a malignant potential. A combination of dyspnoea, cough, and pyrexia were the presenting features in our cases of premalignant and malignant lymphoma although they may often be discovered accidentally by chest radiography. The patient with LIP presented with the usual symptoms of dyspnoea and cough. The initial manifestations of the patient with lymphomatoid granulomatosis were skin radh and peripheral neuropathy nine months before the pulmonary symptoms, a not unusual occurrence. Plasma cell granuloma is often asymptomatic but our patient presented with cough, chest pain, haemoptysis. Premalignant lymphoma tends to pursue a benign course although exceptionally it may become disseminated. Malignant lymphoma may remain localised for many years but a significant proportion metastasise. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis and LIP have a varied course but both may terminate in malignant lymphoma. Plasma cell granuloma is always benign. The interrelationships of these conditions and their differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Primary lymphoproliferative conditions of lung. The clinical, laboratory, and pathological features of six primary lymphoproliferative conditions of the lung are described. These comprise two patients with malignant lymphomas, one with pseudolymphoma, one with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP), one with lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and one with plasma cell granuloma. We recommend that the term 'premalignant lymphoma' be used for pseudolymphoma since the condition, although tending to remain localised, has a malignant potential. A combination of dyspnoea, cough, and pyrexia were the presenting features in our cases of premalignant and malignant lymphoma although they may often be discovered accidentally by chest radiography. The patient with LIP presented with the usual symptoms of dyspnoea and cough. The initial manifestations of the patient with lymphomatoid granulomatosis were skin radh and peripheral neuropathy nine months before the pulmonary symptoms, a not unusual occurrence. Plasma cell granuloma is often asymptomatic but our patient presented with cough, chest pain, haemoptysis. Premalignant lymphoma tends to pursue a benign course although exceptionally it may become disseminated. Malignant lymphoma may remain localised for many years but a significant proportion metastasise. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis and LIP have a varied course but both may terminate in malignant lymphoma. Plasma cell granuloma is always benign. The interrelationships of these conditions and their differential diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 307283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1082", "title": "A double-antibody radioimmunoassay for serum progesterone using progesterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl) oximino-[125I]-iodo-histamine as radioligand.", "content": "A reliable, convenient and economical radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serum progesterone has been established and tested. This procedure employs diethyl ether extraction followed by RIA utilizing rabbit anti-11 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 11-hemisuccinyl-bovine serum albumin (progesterone-11 alpha-BSA) serum, progresterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl) oximino-[125I]-iodohistamine (progesterone-3-[125I]) as radioligand and goat anti-rabbit gamma globulin as second antibody. In conjunction with antiprogesterone-11 alpha-BSA serum, the overall assay specificity of the progesterone-3-[125I] RIA is similar to that of the [3H]-progesterone method using dextran-coated charcoal. The results of serum progesterone measurements during the menstrual cycle obtained by the progesterone-3-[125I] RIA appear comparable to those of [3H]-progesterone assays which employ similar anti-progesterone-11 alpha-BSA sera. The progesterone-3-[125I] double-antibody RIA, however, is more convenient and less expensive than the [3H]-progesterone RIA method.", "contents": "A double-antibody radioimmunoassay for serum progesterone using progesterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl) oximino-[125I]-iodo-histamine as radioligand. A reliable, convenient and economical radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serum progesterone has been established and tested. This procedure employs diethyl ether extraction followed by RIA utilizing rabbit anti-11 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 11-hemisuccinyl-bovine serum albumin (progesterone-11 alpha-BSA) serum, progresterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl) oximino-[125I]-iodohistamine (progesterone-3-[125I]) as radioligand and goat anti-rabbit gamma globulin as second antibody. In conjunction with antiprogesterone-11 alpha-BSA serum, the overall assay specificity of the progesterone-3-[125I] RIA is similar to that of the [3H]-progesterone method using dextran-coated charcoal. The results of serum progesterone measurements during the menstrual cycle obtained by the progesterone-3-[125I] RIA appear comparable to those of [3H]-progesterone assays which employ similar anti-progesterone-11 alpha-BSA sera. The progesterone-3-[125I] double-antibody RIA, however, is more convenient and less expensive than the [3H]-progesterone RIA method.", "PMID": 307289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1083", "title": "[Corticosteroid synthesis in chicken adrenals as affected by o,p'-DDD].", "content": "The corticosteroids biosynthesis in adrenals with administration of o,p'-DDD in doses of 40, 100, 200 mg/kg was studied for two weeks in experiments on chickens. The corticosteroids biosynthesis was judged by formation of corticosterone, hydrocortisone and desoxycorticosterone by 2% adrenal homogenates from the precursors (pregnelonone and 11-hydroxyprogesterone) introduced into the incubation medium. The formed corticosteriods were isolated chromatographically, then they were identified and quantitatively determined by spectrophotometry following the reaction with tetrazolium blue. The data of the studies performed by thin-layer chromatography show the inhibition of the 11-beta-hydroxylizing system with administration of o,p'-DDD in a dose of 50 mg/kg and stimulation of 21-hydroxylation of steroids. When introducing the inhibitor in a larger amount, most enzymatic systems participating in the process of the corticosteroids biosynthesis are inhibited.", "contents": "[Corticosteroid synthesis in chicken adrenals as affected by o,p'-DDD]. The corticosteroids biosynthesis in adrenals with administration of o,p'-DDD in doses of 40, 100, 200 mg/kg was studied for two weeks in experiments on chickens. The corticosteroids biosynthesis was judged by formation of corticosterone, hydrocortisone and desoxycorticosterone by 2% adrenal homogenates from the precursors (pregnelonone and 11-hydroxyprogesterone) introduced into the incubation medium. The formed corticosteriods were isolated chromatographically, then they were identified and quantitatively determined by spectrophotometry following the reaction with tetrazolium blue. The data of the studies performed by thin-layer chromatography show the inhibition of the 11-beta-hydroxylizing system with administration of o,p'-DDD in a dose of 50 mg/kg and stimulation of 21-hydroxylation of steroids. When introducing the inhibitor in a larger amount, most enzymatic systems participating in the process of the corticosteroids biosynthesis are inhibited.", "PMID": 307291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1084", "title": "Clinical diagnosis of psychogenic rheumatism.", "content": "Rheumatic symptoms that are a somatic expression of emotional disturbance are common, and often are mistakenly attributed by physicians to organic disease. Psychogenic rheumatism is encountered most frequently among middle-aged women. The typical complaint is of widespread pain and stiffness, often with report of swelling and paresthesia, but symptoms characteristically are vague. Overt psychiatric disturbance may be apparent. Distinction from organic disease should not be difficult if physicians recognize the typical presentation, and find that symptoms fail to correspond to patterns of organic disorders. When organic disease coexists with psychogenic rheumatism, as often is the case, the objective abnormalities are insufficient to explain the symptoms.", "contents": "Clinical diagnosis of psychogenic rheumatism. Rheumatic symptoms that are a somatic expression of emotional disturbance are common, and often are mistakenly attributed by physicians to organic disease. Psychogenic rheumatism is encountered most frequently among middle-aged women. The typical complaint is of widespread pain and stiffness, often with report of swelling and paresthesia, but symptoms characteristically are vague. Overt psychiatric disturbance may be apparent. Distinction from organic disease should not be difficult if physicians recognize the typical presentation, and find that symptoms fail to correspond to patterns of organic disorders. When organic disease coexists with psychogenic rheumatism, as often is the case, the objective abnormalities are insufficient to explain the symptoms.", "PMID": 307307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1085", "title": "[Biosynthesis of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate in lymphocytes stimulated by alloantigens in vitro].", "content": "Dynamics of alterations in pyridoxal kinase activity (key enzyme in biosynthesis of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate) was studied in lymphocytes of mice BALB/c, stimulated by irradiated cells from spleen of mice C3H in vitro. The cytolytic activity of lymphocytes was estimated by amount of Na251CrO4 realised from lysed cell-targets into medium. Maintenance of animals on a diet without pyridoxine within 1-3 weeks did not affect on the capacity of lymphocytes to proliferative in vitro and on their cytolytic activity. At the same time pyridoxal kinase activity was increased 2.5-3-fold in stimulated lymphocytes in presence of pyridoxal. Km value was 2.5-5.0.10(-5) M of pyridoxal for preparations of pyridoxal kinase from lymphocytes either with normal or with increased enzymatic activity. Lymphocytes of mice, kept on the diet without pyridoxine within 5-6 weeks, were characterized by distinctly decreased proliferative and cytolytic activities. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, added to incubation mixture in vitro, as distinct from pyridoxal, restored partially the impaired functions of T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate in lymphocytes stimulated by alloantigens in vitro]. Dynamics of alterations in pyridoxal kinase activity (key enzyme in biosynthesis of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate) was studied in lymphocytes of mice BALB/c, stimulated by irradiated cells from spleen of mice C3H in vitro. The cytolytic activity of lymphocytes was estimated by amount of Na251CrO4 realised from lysed cell-targets into medium. Maintenance of animals on a diet without pyridoxine within 1-3 weeks did not affect on the capacity of lymphocytes to proliferative in vitro and on their cytolytic activity. At the same time pyridoxal kinase activity was increased 2.5-3-fold in stimulated lymphocytes in presence of pyridoxal. Km value was 2.5-5.0.10(-5) M of pyridoxal for preparations of pyridoxal kinase from lymphocytes either with normal or with increased enzymatic activity. Lymphocytes of mice, kept on the diet without pyridoxine within 5-6 weeks, were characterized by distinctly decreased proliferative and cytolytic activities. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, added to incubation mixture in vitro, as distinct from pyridoxal, restored partially the impaired functions of T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 307304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1086", "title": "[Water-tight closure of spinal dura with a new clot suture technique (author's transl)].", "content": "A new clot-suturing Technique (using high-concentration fibrinogen solutions) for water-tight closure of the dura is reported. Six dogs underwent laminectomy of the thoracic spine with medial longitudinal incision in the chordal dura. After the dural split had been sealed with natural tissue adhesive and closure of the wound in layers, the animals were sacrificed at intervals of 1 to 21 days postoperatively and the chordal segments involved were removed and histologically examined. Early fibrinolysis of the clot was prevented by adding a natural proteinase inhibitor and factor XIII concentrate to the clotting substances. Histological analysis showed that healing was almost complete after 2 weeks, with delicate connective tissue overgrowing the dural split. After complete reabsorption of fibrin, the originally abundant absorbent granulation tissue had largely disappeared. Among the satisfactory results of fibrin suturing are optimum healing tendency in the fibrin-sutured region, absence of tissue irritation and neurotoxicity, which are known attributes of the synthetic alkl-cyano-acrylate tissue adhesives.", "contents": "[Water-tight closure of spinal dura with a new clot suture technique (author's transl)]. A new clot-suturing Technique (using high-concentration fibrinogen solutions) for water-tight closure of the dura is reported. Six dogs underwent laminectomy of the thoracic spine with medial longitudinal incision in the chordal dura. After the dural split had been sealed with natural tissue adhesive and closure of the wound in layers, the animals were sacrificed at intervals of 1 to 21 days postoperatively and the chordal segments involved were removed and histologically examined. Early fibrinolysis of the clot was prevented by adding a natural proteinase inhibitor and factor XIII concentrate to the clotting substances. Histological analysis showed that healing was almost complete after 2 weeks, with delicate connective tissue overgrowing the dural split. After complete reabsorption of fibrin, the originally abundant absorbent granulation tissue had largely disappeared. Among the satisfactory results of fibrin suturing are optimum healing tendency in the fibrin-sutured region, absence of tissue irritation and neurotoxicity, which are known attributes of the synthetic alkl-cyano-acrylate tissue adhesives.", "PMID": 307310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1087", "title": "[Antiviral immunity study in systemic diseases].", "content": "The investigation of antiviral antibody titers to 8 different antigens: measles, influenza A2 and B, parainfluenza types 1, 2, 3, adenovirus and smallpox, of interferon in the blood serum, the interferon-synthesizing activity of the peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with autoimmune diseases in the period of the disease exacerbation revealed a number of immunological features. Thus, in all groups of patients antibody titers were high to measles, influenza, parainfluenza type 3 viruses, and titers of leukocyte interferon and interferon in the blood serum were 3-4-fold lower than in the control group.", "contents": "[Antiviral immunity study in systemic diseases]. The investigation of antiviral antibody titers to 8 different antigens: measles, influenza A2 and B, parainfluenza types 1, 2, 3, adenovirus and smallpox, of interferon in the blood serum, the interferon-synthesizing activity of the peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with autoimmune diseases in the period of the disease exacerbation revealed a number of immunological features. Thus, in all groups of patients antibody titers were high to measles, influenza, parainfluenza type 3 viruses, and titers of leukocyte interferon and interferon in the blood serum were 3-4-fold lower than in the control group.", "PMID": 307306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1088", "title": "The effects of increased Waler salinity on the fine structure and acid phosphatase activity in frog pancreas (Rana temporaria L.).", "content": "Morphological alterations and AcPase activity in frog pancreas under the influence of high salinity water were investigated by electron microscopy. The 1% increase in the sodium chloride concentration of the water in which the animals were kept induced severe degranulation of all islet cell types and the stimulation of the autophagocytosis process. The latter was particularly obvious in the acinar cells, in which the occurrence of various morphological types of lysosomes was recorded. Other involutional changes in both endocrine and exocrine pancreas included lipid accumulation, mitochondria shrinkage, nuclear pycnosis and plasmalemma lysis. The ultrastructural modifications, mainly ascribed to the disturbance of the ionic balance of the body fluid, were accompanied by a general increase of the histochemically demonstrable AcPase activity. The enzyme was exclusively detected in lysosomes, GOLGI complex, and in different types of islet secretory granules. Several hypotheses concerning the functional significance of the enzym distribution are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of increased Waler salinity on the fine structure and acid phosphatase activity in frog pancreas (Rana temporaria L.). Morphological alterations and AcPase activity in frog pancreas under the influence of high salinity water were investigated by electron microscopy. The 1% increase in the sodium chloride concentration of the water in which the animals were kept induced severe degranulation of all islet cell types and the stimulation of the autophagocytosis process. The latter was particularly obvious in the acinar cells, in which the occurrence of various morphological types of lysosomes was recorded. Other involutional changes in both endocrine and exocrine pancreas included lipid accumulation, mitochondria shrinkage, nuclear pycnosis and plasmalemma lysis. The ultrastructural modifications, mainly ascribed to the disturbance of the ionic balance of the body fluid, were accompanied by a general increase of the histochemically demonstrable AcPase activity. The enzyme was exclusively detected in lysosomes, GOLGI complex, and in different types of islet secretory granules. Several hypotheses concerning the functional significance of the enzym distribution are discussed.", "PMID": 307314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1089", "title": "[Manifestations of influenza-virus variability during its cultivation in the system of passively immunized chick embryos].", "content": "A method of immunological actions on the influenza virus in the system of chick embryos passively immunized with isologous sera was elaborated. With the aid of the suggested method it was possible to induce in strains (with different hemagglutinin type and different degree of attenuation) the transformation of signs characterizing the virus variability in the epidemic process. Variants of the vaccine strains of the influenza virus with increased immunogenic activity and signs of antigenic \"outrunning\" were obtained. Experimental vaccines from these variants were nonreactogenic for humans and caused a more frequent seroconversion than the initial strain. The diagnostic agents from the variants revealed antibodies in human sera and gamma-globulin, similarly to the \"new\" viruses isolated from man. The theoretical significance and the aspects of practical utilization of the data obtained are discussed.", "contents": "[Manifestations of influenza-virus variability during its cultivation in the system of passively immunized chick embryos]. A method of immunological actions on the influenza virus in the system of chick embryos passively immunized with isologous sera was elaborated. With the aid of the suggested method it was possible to induce in strains (with different hemagglutinin type and different degree of attenuation) the transformation of signs characterizing the virus variability in the epidemic process. Variants of the vaccine strains of the influenza virus with increased immunogenic activity and signs of antigenic \"outrunning\" were obtained. Experimental vaccines from these variants were nonreactogenic for humans and caused a more frequent seroconversion than the initial strain. The diagnostic agents from the variants revealed antibodies in human sera and gamma-globulin, similarly to the \"new\" viruses isolated from man. The theoretical significance and the aspects of practical utilization of the data obtained are discussed.", "PMID": 307317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1090", "title": "[Indicators of cellular and humoral immunity in chronic opisthorchiasis].", "content": "Quantitative content of T- and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was studied after Mendes in 30 patients suffering from chronic opisthorcosis and in 30 practically healthy persons; immunoglobulins--M, G, and A were examined after Mancini, and the presence of autoantibodies in the blood serum was studied by indirect method of mast cells degranulation. There was revealed a reduction of the T-cell count to 28.8 +/- 2.28% (normal value--52.9 +/- 3.32%) and a fall of IgM level to 163.4 +/- 16.2 (207.2 +/- 10.5 in donors) in the patients; macrophages count was almost doubled. Autoantibodies to the antigens of the liver, gastric mucosa and the gall bladder wall were revealed in 1/3 of the patients.", "contents": "[Indicators of cellular and humoral immunity in chronic opisthorchiasis]. Quantitative content of T- and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was studied after Mendes in 30 patients suffering from chronic opisthorcosis and in 30 practically healthy persons; immunoglobulins--M, G, and A were examined after Mancini, and the presence of autoantibodies in the blood serum was studied by indirect method of mast cells degranulation. There was revealed a reduction of the T-cell count to 28.8 +/- 2.28% (normal value--52.9 +/- 3.32%) and a fall of IgM level to 163.4 +/- 16.2 (207.2 +/- 10.5 in donors) in the patients; macrophages count was almost doubled. Autoantibodies to the antigens of the liver, gastric mucosa and the gall bladder wall were revealed in 1/3 of the patients.", "PMID": 307318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1091", "title": "[Inactivation of the colony forming cells in bone marrow by allogenic T-lymphocytes].", "content": "Bone marrow cells together with allogeneic cortisone-resistant thymocytes or the lymph node cells of intact mice treated with antilymphocytic T or O-antisera were transplanted to the lethally irradiated mice. The antisera eliminated the capacity of T lymphocytes to inactivate allogeneic stem cells. Cortisone-resistant thymocytes displayed a strong inactivating action. The principal role in the processes of inactivation of genetically foreign stem cells was played by T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes possessed no properties of killer cells. The presence of B lymphocytes in the population of killer cells apparently failed to serve as a determinant one for the development of inactivation processes.", "contents": "[Inactivation of the colony forming cells in bone marrow by allogenic T-lymphocytes]. Bone marrow cells together with allogeneic cortisone-resistant thymocytes or the lymph node cells of intact mice treated with antilymphocytic T or O-antisera were transplanted to the lethally irradiated mice. The antisera eliminated the capacity of T lymphocytes to inactivate allogeneic stem cells. Cortisone-resistant thymocytes displayed a strong inactivating action. The principal role in the processes of inactivation of genetically foreign stem cells was played by T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes possessed no properties of killer cells. The presence of B lymphocytes in the population of killer cells apparently failed to serve as a determinant one for the development of inactivation processes.", "PMID": 307320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1092", "title": "[Immunological precursors of influenza epidemics].", "content": "The authors studied the immuno-epidemiological manifestations of ciculation and variability of the influenza virus during the periods preceding the officiallly recorded rise of the incidence of this disease. The following epidemic precursors were revealed: a) an increase of the number of persons who fell sick with subclinical form of the disease, accompanied by a rise in the population of the antibody level to the type of influenza virus whose latest variant later caused an epidemic morbidity elevation; b) a progressive predominance of the causative agent of the developing epidemic in the etiology of influenza; c) a growth of the collective immunity indices from the \"minimal\" to the \"critical\" levels; d) an increase of the sero-conversion multiplicity and of the antibody level in those who sustained the disease during the epidemic development. These precursors could be revealed at the period of from 1 1/2 to 6 months before the beginning of the morbidity growth caused by viruses of endogenous or of exogenous origin.", "contents": "[Immunological precursors of influenza epidemics]. The authors studied the immuno-epidemiological manifestations of ciculation and variability of the influenza virus during the periods preceding the officiallly recorded rise of the incidence of this disease. The following epidemic precursors were revealed: a) an increase of the number of persons who fell sick with subclinical form of the disease, accompanied by a rise in the population of the antibody level to the type of influenza virus whose latest variant later caused an epidemic morbidity elevation; b) a progressive predominance of the causative agent of the developing epidemic in the etiology of influenza; c) a growth of the collective immunity indices from the \"minimal\" to the \"critical\" levels; d) an increase of the sero-conversion multiplicity and of the antibody level in those who sustained the disease during the epidemic development. These precursors could be revealed at the period of from 1 1/2 to 6 months before the beginning of the morbidity growth caused by viruses of endogenous or of exogenous origin.", "PMID": 307321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1093", "title": "[Indications of arteriography and of emergency embolization in gastrointestinal tract and abdominal hemorrhages (author's transl)].", "content": "A propos 24 cases of gastro-intestinal tract's embolization of which eleven were performed in emergency for bleeding, the principle indications are described and illustrated. In some cases embolization gracefully replaces the ligation by a rapid and simple procedure at the time of diagnostic arteriography, preparing with safety the operative cure. In other cases embolization alone is curative: arteriovenous fistulas, telangiectases in 'Osler-'s disease, radiotherapic bleeding lesions, inoperable cancers. This implies the presence of trained radiologic teams and a tight collaboration with intensive care, endoscopy and surgery in large medical center. In this view the existence of radio-surgical rooms is useful.", "contents": "[Indications of arteriography and of emergency embolization in gastrointestinal tract and abdominal hemorrhages (author's transl)]. A propos 24 cases of gastro-intestinal tract's embolization of which eleven were performed in emergency for bleeding, the principle indications are described and illustrated. In some cases embolization gracefully replaces the ligation by a rapid and simple procedure at the time of diagnostic arteriography, preparing with safety the operative cure. In other cases embolization alone is curative: arteriovenous fistulas, telangiectases in 'Osler-'s disease, radiotherapic bleeding lesions, inoperable cancers. This implies the presence of trained radiologic teams and a tight collaboration with intensive care, endoscopy and surgery in large medical center. In this view the existence of radio-surgical rooms is useful.", "PMID": 307322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1094", "title": "Functional examination of the pancreatic secretion with 4-(n-acetyl-l-tyrosyl)aminobenzoic acid.", "content": "The oral dose of 2g 4-(N-acetyl-L-tyrosyl) aminobenzoic acid was used to establish the secretion of pancreatic chymotrypsin after stimulation with Lundh's test-meal in 45 persons. By action of chymotrypsin 4-aminobenzoic acid is split in the small intestine. The extent of its excretion in the urine serves as an indicator of exocrine pancreatic secretion. The 4-aminobenzoic acid in the urine is estimated after acid hydrolysis by the diazotation reaction. The average value (x +/- SE) of 4-aminobenzoic acid excreted in an 8-hr urine sample amounts to 69.4 +/- 3.0% with the lower limit of the normal values (x - 2 SD) 49.6%. The corresponding values in patients with pancreatic maldigestion were significantly decreased (25.1 +/- 3.6%). Reduction of the collection period of urine to 6 hrs is sufficient for the demonstration of more advanced forms of pancreatic insufficiency. In cases of disturbances of absorption in the small intestine an extension of the urine collection period to 8 hrs is recommended. We consider this oral test to be a suitable screening method which can be conveniently used in out-patient practice.", "contents": "Functional examination of the pancreatic secretion with 4-(n-acetyl-l-tyrosyl)aminobenzoic acid. The oral dose of 2g 4-(N-acetyl-L-tyrosyl) aminobenzoic acid was used to establish the secretion of pancreatic chymotrypsin after stimulation with Lundh's test-meal in 45 persons. By action of chymotrypsin 4-aminobenzoic acid is split in the small intestine. The extent of its excretion in the urine serves as an indicator of exocrine pancreatic secretion. The 4-aminobenzoic acid in the urine is estimated after acid hydrolysis by the diazotation reaction. The average value (x +/- SE) of 4-aminobenzoic acid excreted in an 8-hr urine sample amounts to 69.4 +/- 3.0% with the lower limit of the normal values (x - 2 SD) 49.6%. The corresponding values in patients with pancreatic maldigestion were significantly decreased (25.1 +/- 3.6%). Reduction of the collection period of urine to 6 hrs is sufficient for the demonstration of more advanced forms of pancreatic insufficiency. In cases of disturbances of absorption in the small intestine an extension of the urine collection period to 8 hrs is recommended. We consider this oral test to be a suitable screening method which can be conveniently used in out-patient practice.", "PMID": 307323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1095", "title": "Post-hypoxic intention myoclonus treated with 5-hydroxy-tryptophan and an extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor.", "content": "Post-hypoxic intention myoclonus successfully treated by long-term administration of the combination of 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa is described. Persistent euphoria and diarrhoea were essential side effects. Methysergide (12 mg/day) blocked the therapeutic effect, indicating a specific serotoninergic function of precursor loading with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Tryptophan (8 g/day) had no effect on the myoclonus suggesting a reduced tryptophan hydroxylase activity. Plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan in the range of 10--30 micromoles per liter were obtained during maintenance therapy with 900 mg 5-hydroxytryptophan per day in combination with 150 mg carbidopa per day.", "contents": "Post-hypoxic intention myoclonus treated with 5-hydroxy-tryptophan and an extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor. Post-hypoxic intention myoclonus successfully treated by long-term administration of the combination of 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa is described. Persistent euphoria and diarrhoea were essential side effects. Methysergide (12 mg/day) blocked the therapeutic effect, indicating a specific serotoninergic function of precursor loading with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Tryptophan (8 g/day) had no effect on the myoclonus suggesting a reduced tryptophan hydroxylase activity. Plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan in the range of 10--30 micromoles per liter were obtained during maintenance therapy with 900 mg 5-hydroxytryptophan per day in combination with 150 mg carbidopa per day.", "PMID": 307327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1096", "title": "[Proportion of B- and T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes removed from patients with Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "The proportions of T and B lymphocytes were determined in lymph nodes removed from 30 patients with Hodgkin's disease and in 18 control lymph nodes. In all lymph nodes obtained from patients with Hodgkin's disease histological examination demonstrated presence of typical granulation tissue of type Ns, Mc, Ld (changes of Lp type were not found). In the control lymph nodes no neoplastic changes or inflammatory reactions were observed. For identification of T cells the rosette test E was used and for identification of B cells --- the EAC rosette test and tests for presence of Ig on their surface by the immunofluorescent method (L Ig+). It was found that the proportions of T and B cells in the lymph nodes obtained from patients with Hodgkin's disease were not different from those in control lymph nodes. The percent values of T and B cells were similar in all three histological types of changes in Hodgkin's disease. Early radiotherapy was not connected with a change in T and B cell proportions in the irradiated lymph nodes.", "contents": "[Proportion of B- and T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes removed from patients with Hodgkin's disease]. The proportions of T and B lymphocytes were determined in lymph nodes removed from 30 patients with Hodgkin's disease and in 18 control lymph nodes. In all lymph nodes obtained from patients with Hodgkin's disease histological examination demonstrated presence of typical granulation tissue of type Ns, Mc, Ld (changes of Lp type were not found). In the control lymph nodes no neoplastic changes or inflammatory reactions were observed. For identification of T cells the rosette test E was used and for identification of B cells --- the EAC rosette test and tests for presence of Ig on their surface by the immunofluorescent method (L Ig+). It was found that the proportions of T and B cells in the lymph nodes obtained from patients with Hodgkin's disease were not different from those in control lymph nodes. The percent values of T and B cells were similar in all three histological types of changes in Hodgkin's disease. Early radiotherapy was not connected with a change in T and B cell proportions in the irradiated lymph nodes.", "PMID": 307324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1097", "title": "[Proportions and absolute count of T- and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and their blastic transformation induced by mitogens in splenectomized and non-splenectomized patients with Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on the effects of splenectomy on the immune state of patients with Hodgkin's disease during remission. In similarly treated non-splenectomized and splenectomized patients the proportions and absolute count of T and B lymphocytes were determined in peripheral blood. For identification of T cells the rosette test E was applied. B cells were identified by the method of EAC rosette test and by determination of immunoglobulins on their surface. For functional assessment of lymphocytes their blastic transformation was determined after stimulation with PHA, Con A and PWM. It was found that the proportions and counts of T and B lymphocytes in preripheral blood were not different in both groups. The values of blastic index in the cultures of lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens were higher, on the other hand, in non-splenectomized patients in relation to splenectomized ones. In the light of these investigations it is suggested that splenectomy in patients with Hodgkin's disease caused functional disturbances of lymphocytes. Further investigations are indispensable for establishing whether lymphocyte function impairment manifests itself with clinically detectable disorders of immune processes.", "contents": "[Proportions and absolute count of T- and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and their blastic transformation induced by mitogens in splenectomized and non-splenectomized patients with Hodgkin's disease]. Investigations were carried out on the effects of splenectomy on the immune state of patients with Hodgkin's disease during remission. In similarly treated non-splenectomized and splenectomized patients the proportions and absolute count of T and B lymphocytes were determined in peripheral blood. For identification of T cells the rosette test E was applied. B cells were identified by the method of EAC rosette test and by determination of immunoglobulins on their surface. For functional assessment of lymphocytes their blastic transformation was determined after stimulation with PHA, Con A and PWM. It was found that the proportions and counts of T and B lymphocytes in preripheral blood were not different in both groups. The values of blastic index in the cultures of lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens were higher, on the other hand, in non-splenectomized patients in relation to splenectomized ones. In the light of these investigations it is suggested that splenectomy in patients with Hodgkin's disease caused functional disturbances of lymphocytes. Further investigations are indispensable for establishing whether lymphocyte function impairment manifests itself with clinically detectable disorders of immune processes.", "PMID": 307325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1098", "title": "[Intracranial supratentorial \"arachnoid/ cysts. A report of nine cases and review of literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes nine cases who presented with supratentorial arachnoid cysts. The clinical pictures, diagnostic techniques, physiopathological hypotheses and therapeutic aspects are discussed. Additionally the value and use of computerized axial tomography in the diagnostic procedure are evaluated in the article.", "contents": "[Intracranial supratentorial \"arachnoid/ cysts. A report of nine cases and review of literature (author's transl)]. The author describes nine cases who presented with supratentorial arachnoid cysts. The clinical pictures, diagnostic techniques, physiopathological hypotheses and therapeutic aspects are discussed. Additionally the value and use of computerized axial tomography in the diagnostic procedure are evaluated in the article.", "PMID": 307326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1099", "title": "The pre- and postoperative ENG findings in clinical otosclerosis and the late hearing results.", "content": "125 patients suffering from otosclerosis underwent oto-neurological investigations preoperatively and again daily from the second to sixth day postoperatively. An abnormal ENG in the form of a spontaneous or positional nystagmus, directional preponderance or a diminished caloric reaction could be found preoperatively in 30% of the patients. No statistically significant difference between patients with or without abnormal ENG findings could be shown in the late postoperative hearing results of 3 years in a series of different types of operations. Nearly half of the patients had postoperative nystagmus. On the second day nystagmus beat towards the operated ear in 22.3% of the patients. On the sixth day there was nystagmus only in one-third of the patients and it then beat towards towards the operated ear in only 12.1% of the patients and away from the operated ear in 12.6%. No statistically significant correlation could be found between the nystagmus findings and the late hearing results after 3 years' observation in this series of different types of operation.", "contents": "The pre- and postoperative ENG findings in clinical otosclerosis and the late hearing results. 125 patients suffering from otosclerosis underwent oto-neurological investigations preoperatively and again daily from the second to sixth day postoperatively. An abnormal ENG in the form of a spontaneous or positional nystagmus, directional preponderance or a diminished caloric reaction could be found preoperatively in 30% of the patients. No statistically significant difference between patients with or without abnormal ENG findings could be shown in the late postoperative hearing results of 3 years in a series of different types of operations. Nearly half of the patients had postoperative nystagmus. On the second day nystagmus beat towards the operated ear in 22.3% of the patients. On the sixth day there was nystagmus only in one-third of the patients and it then beat towards towards the operated ear in only 12.1% of the patients and away from the operated ear in 12.6%. No statistically significant correlation could be found between the nystagmus findings and the late hearing results after 3 years' observation in this series of different types of operation.", "PMID": 307328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1100", "title": "[Discrimination curve of color hues].", "content": "The hue discrimination curve has been studied in 48 cases of acquired dyschromatopsias not as it is the rule in relation with the nosology but in relation with the classifications as they are given by the test of Farnsworth. The results show with evidence different characters according to the type of dyschromatopsia: protan deutan or tritan.", "contents": "[Discrimination curve of color hues]. The hue discrimination curve has been studied in 48 cases of acquired dyschromatopsias not as it is the rule in relation with the nosology but in relation with the classifications as they are given by the test of Farnsworth. The results show with evidence different characters according to the type of dyschromatopsia: protan deutan or tritan.", "PMID": 307333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1101", "title": "Quantification of vestibular compensation in unilateral Meniere's disease.", "content": "The main parameters of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (i.e. the gain or reflectivity, the long-time constant of the semicircular canals, the time constant of the mechano-neural transduction, and that of the central leaky integrator) were computed from the post-rotational nystagmic responses of unilateral Meniere's patients. Comparison with normal subjects showed a decrease of the first two parameters both in CW and CCW responses. No significant changes were observed in the remaining parameters. Probably due to a process of central compensation, a high level of symmetry was observed mainly in longstanding patients.", "contents": "Quantification of vestibular compensation in unilateral Meniere's disease. The main parameters of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (i.e. the gain or reflectivity, the long-time constant of the semicircular canals, the time constant of the mechano-neural transduction, and that of the central leaky integrator) were computed from the post-rotational nystagmic responses of unilateral Meniere's patients. Comparison with normal subjects showed a decrease of the first two parameters both in CW and CCW responses. No significant changes were observed in the remaining parameters. Probably due to a process of central compensation, a high level of symmetry was observed mainly in longstanding patients.", "PMID": 307330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1102", "title": "Drug prescribing patterns in the elderly: a cross-sectional study of in-patients.", "content": "A cross-sectional one-day survey of drug prescribing and use in elderly in-patients was carried out in Dundee hospitals. Altogether 873 patients were studied and analyses of prescribing patterns were carried out by patient categories--medical, surgical, geriatric, psychiatric and mentally subnormal--and by major drug groups. While the average number of drugs prescribed per patient on the study day was 3.3, which was not excessive, other results highlighted some possible problems of therapy, viz. the wide range of drugs used within drug groups, the common use of psychotropic drugs, dose regimes which although used in a geriatric population differed little from general adult dosages, and which sometimes involved many administrations per day. Examples were described relating to the use of nitrazepam, phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "Drug prescribing patterns in the elderly: a cross-sectional study of in-patients. A cross-sectional one-day survey of drug prescribing and use in elderly in-patients was carried out in Dundee hospitals. Altogether 873 patients were studied and analyses of prescribing patterns were carried out by patient categories--medical, surgical, geriatric, psychiatric and mentally subnormal--and by major drug groups. While the average number of drugs prescribed per patient on the study day was 3.3, which was not excessive, other results highlighted some possible problems of therapy, viz. the wide range of drugs used within drug groups, the common use of psychotropic drugs, dose regimes which although used in a geriatric population differed little from general adult dosages, and which sometimes involved many administrations per day. Examples were described relating to the use of nitrazepam, phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants.", "PMID": 307335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1103", "title": "Serum histamine levels following administration of ultrastructural tracers in three strains of rats.", "content": "Intravenous administration of the electron-opaque tracer ferritin resulted in substantial elevation of serum histamine levels in both the Munich--Wistar and Wistar-Furth strains of albino rats. Lewis rats were unaffected. Similarly, infusion of the non-protein tracer dextran was followed by greatly elevated serum histamine concentrations in Munich-Wistar and Lewis, but not in Wistar-Furth, rats. In sharp contrast with these results were those obtained using the tracer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PVP infusion caused no elevation of serum histamine levels in any of the rat strains studied. Caution in the use of such tracers is thus advised, since serum histamine concentration affects vascular permeability. Careful matching of ultrastructural tracer and strain of experimental animal is prerequisite in permeability studies.", "contents": "Serum histamine levels following administration of ultrastructural tracers in three strains of rats. Intravenous administration of the electron-opaque tracer ferritin resulted in substantial elevation of serum histamine levels in both the Munich--Wistar and Wistar-Furth strains of albino rats. Lewis rats were unaffected. Similarly, infusion of the non-protein tracer dextran was followed by greatly elevated serum histamine concentrations in Munich-Wistar and Lewis, but not in Wistar-Furth, rats. In sharp contrast with these results were those obtained using the tracer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PVP infusion caused no elevation of serum histamine levels in any of the rat strains studied. Caution in the use of such tracers is thus advised, since serum histamine concentration affects vascular permeability. Careful matching of ultrastructural tracer and strain of experimental animal is prerequisite in permeability studies.", "PMID": 307336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1104", "title": "Fendosal (HP 129): a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic compound.", "content": "Fendosal (HP 129) is one of a series of potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Fendosal was compared with aspirin in several anti-inflammatory and analgesic bioassay procedures. Results indicate that fendosal has an anti-inflammatory activity 1.4 times greater than does aspirin in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Fendosal is 6.9 to 9.5 times more active than aspirin in the prophylactic and therapeutic adjuvant-induced polyarthritis models of chronic inflammation. The analgesic activity of fendosal is considered to be superior to that of aspirin, with the advantage of a prolonged duration of action. The gastric-irritating properties of fendosal are very low in comparison with those of aspirin. Fendosal has a much wider separation of effective and gastric-irritating doses than does aspirin.", "contents": "Fendosal (HP 129): a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic compound. Fendosal (HP 129) is one of a series of potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Fendosal was compared with aspirin in several anti-inflammatory and analgesic bioassay procedures. Results indicate that fendosal has an anti-inflammatory activity 1.4 times greater than does aspirin in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Fendosal is 6.9 to 9.5 times more active than aspirin in the prophylactic and therapeutic adjuvant-induced polyarthritis models of chronic inflammation. The analgesic activity of fendosal is considered to be superior to that of aspirin, with the advantage of a prolonged duration of action. The gastric-irritating properties of fendosal are very low in comparison with those of aspirin. Fendosal has a much wider separation of effective and gastric-irritating doses than does aspirin.", "PMID": 307337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1105", "title": "Radiosensitivity of different B and T subpopulations of lymphocytes in the mouse spleen.", "content": "X-irradiation was used as a tool to investigate the radiosensitivity of different B and T precursor subpopulations as detected by three in vitro culture systems. The culture systems utilized in this study included antigen reactive cell assays (ARCA), polyclonal mitogen assays (PMA), and polyclonal effector cell assays (PECA). The order of radiosensitivity of these systems in both the B and T cell series was ARCA greater than PMA greater than PECA (D37 values for B cell responses: ARCA = 88.8 R, PMA = 125 R, PECA = 223 R; D37 values for T cell responses: ARCA = 160 R, PMA = 441 R and PECA = 1095 R). With all assay systems the B cell response was more radiosensitive than the T cell response. The extrapolation number (n) from the radiation survival curves was approximately 2.0 for T cell responses and approximately 1.0 for B cell responses. The value of 1.0 for B cell responses suggest that their extreme radiosensitivity may be due in part to a lack of repair mechanisms. These findings also suggest that the more primitive precursor cells are more apt to undergo cellular proliferation upon activation and that this event is more radiosensitive than is the final differentiation event of precursor cells into a progeny of functional end-stage cells.", "contents": "Radiosensitivity of different B and T subpopulations of lymphocytes in the mouse spleen. X-irradiation was used as a tool to investigate the radiosensitivity of different B and T precursor subpopulations as detected by three in vitro culture systems. The culture systems utilized in this study included antigen reactive cell assays (ARCA), polyclonal mitogen assays (PMA), and polyclonal effector cell assays (PECA). The order of radiosensitivity of these systems in both the B and T cell series was ARCA greater than PMA greater than PECA (D37 values for B cell responses: ARCA = 88.8 R, PMA = 125 R, PECA = 223 R; D37 values for T cell responses: ARCA = 160 R, PMA = 441 R and PECA = 1095 R). With all assay systems the B cell response was more radiosensitive than the T cell response. The extrapolation number (n) from the radiation survival curves was approximately 2.0 for T cell responses and approximately 1.0 for B cell responses. The value of 1.0 for B cell responses suggest that their extreme radiosensitivity may be due in part to a lack of repair mechanisms. These findings also suggest that the more primitive precursor cells are more apt to undergo cellular proliferation upon activation and that this event is more radiosensitive than is the final differentiation event of precursor cells into a progeny of functional end-stage cells.", "PMID": 307338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1106", "title": "Electrophysiologic characteristics of concealed bypass tracts: clinical and electrocardiographic correlates.", "content": "Twelve of 60 consecutively studied patients undergoing electrophysiologic study for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia had atrioventricular (A-V) bypass tracts functioning as the retrograde limb of the reentrant circuit. None had evidence of preexcitation in the surface electrocardiogram, but in two patients anterograde preexcitation could be produced by pacing from the coronary sinus. In all 12 patients with concealed bypass tracts the retrograde atrial activation sequence or effect of left bundle branch block aberration during the tachycardia, or both, confirmed the left-sided bypass tract. A negative P wave in lead I during the tachycardia was also diagnostic of a left-sided bypass tract. Dual A-V nodal pathways were found in five patients with concealed bypass tracts but were unrelated to the development of the tachycardia. When compared with supraventricular tachycardia due to A-V nodal reentry, clinical findings suggestive of a concealed bypass tract included: (1) P wave following the QRS complex (12 of 12 versus 12 of 40), (2) negative P wave in lead I during the tachycardia, and (3) bundle branch block aberration during the tachycardia (8 of 12 versus 3 of 40). Other characteristics of patients with concealed bypass tracts that were of less value in individual cases were shorter cycle lengths of tachycardia, younger patient age and lesser incidence of organic heart disease.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic characteristics of concealed bypass tracts: clinical and electrocardiographic correlates. Twelve of 60 consecutively studied patients undergoing electrophysiologic study for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia had atrioventricular (A-V) bypass tracts functioning as the retrograde limb of the reentrant circuit. None had evidence of preexcitation in the surface electrocardiogram, but in two patients anterograde preexcitation could be produced by pacing from the coronary sinus. In all 12 patients with concealed bypass tracts the retrograde atrial activation sequence or effect of left bundle branch block aberration during the tachycardia, or both, confirmed the left-sided bypass tract. A negative P wave in lead I during the tachycardia was also diagnostic of a left-sided bypass tract. Dual A-V nodal pathways were found in five patients with concealed bypass tracts but were unrelated to the development of the tachycardia. When compared with supraventricular tachycardia due to A-V nodal reentry, clinical findings suggestive of a concealed bypass tract included: (1) P wave following the QRS complex (12 of 12 versus 12 of 40), (2) negative P wave in lead I during the tachycardia, and (3) bundle branch block aberration during the tachycardia (8 of 12 versus 3 of 40). Other characteristics of patients with concealed bypass tracts that were of less value in individual cases were shorter cycle lengths of tachycardia, younger patient age and lesser incidence of organic heart disease.", "PMID": 307339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1107", "title": "Direct method for determining regional myocardial shortening after bypass surgery from radiopaque markers in man.", "content": "A new method is described for determining localized epicardial shortening in regions newly perfused after saphenous vein bypass grafting. Four to six radiopaque markers are sutured to the ventricular epicardium in pairs, 2 cm apart and 0 to 3 cm distal to the coronary anastomosis. Shortening fraction and time to onset of shortening are reported in 56 patients examined noninvasively with use of cinefluorography 1 week to 6 months after operation. The right coronary bypass region showed the greatest improvement in shortening fraction in 6 months (from 10.1 to 16.7 percent); the left anterior descending region showed the least (but still significant) improvement (from 8.6 to 11.5 percent). Paradoxical systolic expansion occurred predominantly in the region of the left anterior descending coronary bypass (95 percent of all such occurrences). Measurement error, observer variability and beat to beat variability were less important than the physiologic changes in the postoperative period. This technique is a direct method providing heretofore unavailable follow-up information on localized shortening in newly perfused myocardium after coronary bypass grafting.", "contents": "Direct method for determining regional myocardial shortening after bypass surgery from radiopaque markers in man. A new method is described for determining localized epicardial shortening in regions newly perfused after saphenous vein bypass grafting. Four to six radiopaque markers are sutured to the ventricular epicardium in pairs, 2 cm apart and 0 to 3 cm distal to the coronary anastomosis. Shortening fraction and time to onset of shortening are reported in 56 patients examined noninvasively with use of cinefluorography 1 week to 6 months after operation. The right coronary bypass region showed the greatest improvement in shortening fraction in 6 months (from 10.1 to 16.7 percent); the left anterior descending region showed the least (but still significant) improvement (from 8.6 to 11.5 percent). Paradoxical systolic expansion occurred predominantly in the region of the left anterior descending coronary bypass (95 percent of all such occurrences). Measurement error, observer variability and beat to beat variability were less important than the physiologic changes in the postoperative period. This technique is a direct method providing heretofore unavailable follow-up information on localized shortening in newly perfused myocardium after coronary bypass grafting.", "PMID": 307340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1108", "title": "Diagnosis of pneumonia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis of respiratory secretions.", "content": "Several recent studies in adults have indicated that counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of sputum can distinguish persons with pneumococcal pneumonia vs those in whom merely colonization of pneumococcus occurs--CIE being positive in the former and negative in the latter. Counterimmunoelectrophoretic determinations were done on nasopharyngeal (NP) secretions in 20 children with bacterial pneumonia as evidenced by physical and radiological findings, leukocytosis, response to a penicillin, and in some cases, evidence of bloodstream invasion. Thirty-five children with other types of respiratory illness served as controls. Ten of 16 children from the pneumonia group had pneumococcal antigen in their NP secretions. Four of the six patients without pneumonia had evidence of disease associated with type 14 pneumococcus, which is not generally detected by CIE. The four additional patients with pneumonia had Haemophilus influenzae type b, and H influenzae type b antigen was present in the NP secretions. In the control group, one patient had pneumococcal antigen, and one patient had H influenzae type b antigen in the NP secretions, although 17/35 were positive for pneumococcus by culture. Counterimmunoelectrophoretic determinations of NP secretins are reliable in distinguishing patients with pneumococcal pneumonia vs those who are merely carriers (P less than .001).", "contents": "Diagnosis of pneumonia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis of respiratory secretions. Several recent studies in adults have indicated that counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of sputum can distinguish persons with pneumococcal pneumonia vs those in whom merely colonization of pneumococcus occurs--CIE being positive in the former and negative in the latter. Counterimmunoelectrophoretic determinations were done on nasopharyngeal (NP) secretions in 20 children with bacterial pneumonia as evidenced by physical and radiological findings, leukocytosis, response to a penicillin, and in some cases, evidence of bloodstream invasion. Thirty-five children with other types of respiratory illness served as controls. Ten of 16 children from the pneumonia group had pneumococcal antigen in their NP secretions. Four of the six patients without pneumonia had evidence of disease associated with type 14 pneumococcus, which is not generally detected by CIE. The four additional patients with pneumonia had Haemophilus influenzae type b, and H influenzae type b antigen was present in the NP secretions. In the control group, one patient had pneumococcal antigen, and one patient had H influenzae type b antigen in the NP secretions, although 17/35 were positive for pneumococcus by culture. Counterimmunoelectrophoretic determinations of NP secretins are reliable in distinguishing patients with pneumococcal pneumonia vs those who are merely carriers (P less than .001).", "PMID": 307343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1109", "title": "Endoscopic papillotomy and removal of gallstones.", "content": "Summarizing our results we come to the following conclusions: 1. In high risk but operable patients, EPT is a useful treatment in cases with choledocholithiasis and with papillary stenosis. 2. The risk of the procedure is lower than by surgical intervention. 3. Complications can occur in 7.3%, most of them within 24 hours. 4. The mortality rate was 1.7% and depends on the precise selection of the patients; on the knowledge of the post-papillotomy treatment and on the experience of the examiner. 5. This procedure, at the present time, should be limited to centers with well trained and experienced endoscopists.", "contents": "Endoscopic papillotomy and removal of gallstones. Summarizing our results we come to the following conclusions: 1. In high risk but operable patients, EPT is a useful treatment in cases with choledocholithiasis and with papillary stenosis. 2. The risk of the procedure is lower than by surgical intervention. 3. Complications can occur in 7.3%, most of them within 24 hours. 4. The mortality rate was 1.7% and depends on the precise selection of the patients; on the knowledge of the post-papillotomy treatment and on the experience of the examiner. 5. This procedure, at the present time, should be limited to centers with well trained and experienced endoscopists.", "PMID": 307344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1110", "title": "Surface morphology of mouse and rat thymic lymphocytes: an in situ scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The present paper deals with a scanning electron microscopic investigation which was undertaken in order to make a direct study of geometrical conformations of thymocytes, to determine the effect of external mechanical forces and finally to analyse the relation of the cell surface morphology to the differentiation and release of thymocytes into circulation. Thymocytes in situ revealed a striking polyhedral configuration with distinct edges and angles that permit a close orientation of cells in a minimum space. This conformation is probably acquired under the influence of forces in the microenvironment of the cells. The immature thymocytes in the cortex were smooth surfaced and constituted a homogenous population with regards to surface morphology except for slight variations in the size and angles of varoius facets of the polyhedra. A minority of the cell population occupying the medulla, however, exhibited a departure in possessing surface undulations and stubby protuberances. Thymocytes isolated in suspension and those in postcapillary venules of thymus did not show the polyhedral shape characteristic of the cells in thymic tissue. They were always rounded, with their surfaces often exhibiting undulations or microvilli. The variations observed in situ are discussed in light of external mechanical forces, cell surface characteristics and the inherent properties of differentiating thymocytes.", "contents": "Surface morphology of mouse and rat thymic lymphocytes: an in situ scanning electron microscopic study. The present paper deals with a scanning electron microscopic investigation which was undertaken in order to make a direct study of geometrical conformations of thymocytes, to determine the effect of external mechanical forces and finally to analyse the relation of the cell surface morphology to the differentiation and release of thymocytes into circulation. Thymocytes in situ revealed a striking polyhedral configuration with distinct edges and angles that permit a close orientation of cells in a minimum space. This conformation is probably acquired under the influence of forces in the microenvironment of the cells. The immature thymocytes in the cortex were smooth surfaced and constituted a homogenous population with regards to surface morphology except for slight variations in the size and angles of varoius facets of the polyhedra. A minority of the cell population occupying the medulla, however, exhibited a departure in possessing surface undulations and stubby protuberances. Thymocytes isolated in suspension and those in postcapillary venules of thymus did not show the polyhedral shape characteristic of the cells in thymic tissue. They were always rounded, with their surfaces often exhibiting undulations or microvilli. The variations observed in situ are discussed in light of external mechanical forces, cell surface characteristics and the inherent properties of differentiating thymocytes.", "PMID": 307348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1111", "title": "Effect of the proteinase inhibitor aprotinin in the management of hemorrhagic shock in the dog.", "content": "Aprotinin, a proteinase inhibitor, was evaluated as a pharmacologic aid in dogs subjected to lethal hemorrhagic shock. Survival time, hemodynamic changes, and plasma enzyme analysis were measured as criteria for drug effects. Mixed-breed dogs (n = 14) were divided into 2 groups of 7 each: nontreated dogs in shock (group 1) and aprotinin-treated dogs in shock (group 2). One of 7 dogs in group 1 and 2 of 7 dogs in group 2 survived. Survival time, for the remaining dogs in group 1 (190 min, n = 6) and group 2 (188 min, n = 5) were not significantly different. There was no significant difference in mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, or left ventricle systolic pressure associated with aprotinin treatment at any time after hemorrhagic shock. There was no significant difference in plasma lactic acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, alpha-amylase, and beta-glucuronidase associated with treatment at any time; however, there were significant (P less than 0.05) increases with time. The gastrointestinal tract was the site of most obvious lesions found at necropsy. Lesions varied considerably in extent and severity without apparent correlation to the treatment regimen. These experiments did not show beneficial effects of aprotinin in dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock, but neither did they completely rule out some valuable actions that may have been obscured by the type of model used.", "contents": "Effect of the proteinase inhibitor aprotinin in the management of hemorrhagic shock in the dog. Aprotinin, a proteinase inhibitor, was evaluated as a pharmacologic aid in dogs subjected to lethal hemorrhagic shock. Survival time, hemodynamic changes, and plasma enzyme analysis were measured as criteria for drug effects. Mixed-breed dogs (n = 14) were divided into 2 groups of 7 each: nontreated dogs in shock (group 1) and aprotinin-treated dogs in shock (group 2). One of 7 dogs in group 1 and 2 of 7 dogs in group 2 survived. Survival time, for the remaining dogs in group 1 (190 min, n = 6) and group 2 (188 min, n = 5) were not significantly different. There was no significant difference in mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, or left ventricle systolic pressure associated with aprotinin treatment at any time after hemorrhagic shock. There was no significant difference in plasma lactic acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, alpha-amylase, and beta-glucuronidase associated with treatment at any time; however, there were significant (P less than 0.05) increases with time. The gastrointestinal tract was the site of most obvious lesions found at necropsy. Lesions varied considerably in extent and severity without apparent correlation to the treatment regimen. These experiments did not show beneficial effects of aprotinin in dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock, but neither did they completely rule out some valuable actions that may have been obscured by the type of model used.", "PMID": 307350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1112", "title": "Effects of atrial arrhythmias on aortocoronary bypass graft blood velocity in man.", "content": "Utilizing a Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter catheter, phasic instantaneous aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass blood velocity was recorded during various atrial arrhythmias in 17 patients. Atrial premature beats, supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation reduced peak bypass graft blood velocity in relation to the heart rate and diastolic cycle length. Such changes were more evident during the systolic fraction of bypass blood flow. In a single subject, systolic blood velocity alternans was observed during the course of atrial tachycardia. It is concluded that such study provides insight into the dynamics of bypass graft blood flow velocity during atrial arrhythmias.", "contents": "Effects of atrial arrhythmias on aortocoronary bypass graft blood velocity in man. Utilizing a Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter catheter, phasic instantaneous aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass blood velocity was recorded during various atrial arrhythmias in 17 patients. Atrial premature beats, supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation reduced peak bypass graft blood velocity in relation to the heart rate and diastolic cycle length. Such changes were more evident during the systolic fraction of bypass blood flow. In a single subject, systolic blood velocity alternans was observed during the course of atrial tachycardia. It is concluded that such study provides insight into the dynamics of bypass graft blood flow velocity during atrial arrhythmias.", "PMID": 307345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1113", "title": "Hemophilus influenzae type F pneumonia in adults.", "content": "A 69-year-old man was hospitalized with fatal bacteremic Hemophilus influenzae type F pneumonia. Three cases of type F pneumonia have been reported previously. When compared with 22 reported cases of bacteremic type B pneumonia, patients with type F infection were more likely to be elderly males who succumbed to their infection (p less than 0.05). Statistically significant differences in the incidence of underlying conditions or in the extent of pneumonia were not present.", "contents": "Hemophilus influenzae type F pneumonia in adults. A 69-year-old man was hospitalized with fatal bacteremic Hemophilus influenzae type F pneumonia. Three cases of type F pneumonia have been reported previously. When compared with 22 reported cases of bacteremic type B pneumonia, patients with type F infection were more likely to be elderly males who succumbed to their infection (p less than 0.05). Statistically significant differences in the incidence of underlying conditions or in the extent of pneumonia were not present.", "PMID": 307346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1114", "title": "Intermediate alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Yugoslavia.", "content": "As part of a larger investigation of factors associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among Yugoslavian men, an attempt was made to measure the role played by alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in the causation of those diseases. Almost 3,000 men from Tuzla, an industrial and mining center in central Bosnia, were screened for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Twenty-six men heterozygous for the Pi MZ phenotype were found in this population. The men with the Pi MZ phenotype were compared with a random sample from the total population. The analysis of the data showed that there is an apparent physiologic impairment associated with Pi Z heterozygosity that produces a shift in the relationships between the different lung volumes without over-all hyperinflation, namely, an increase in residual volume at the expense of vital capacity. However, because of the low prevalence of the Pi Z gene, it does not appear to account for much of the high rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease found in this population.", "contents": "Intermediate alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Yugoslavia. As part of a larger investigation of factors associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among Yugoslavian men, an attempt was made to measure the role played by alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in the causation of those diseases. Almost 3,000 men from Tuzla, an industrial and mining center in central Bosnia, were screened for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Twenty-six men heterozygous for the Pi MZ phenotype were found in this population. The men with the Pi MZ phenotype were compared with a random sample from the total population. The analysis of the data showed that there is an apparent physiologic impairment associated with Pi Z heterozygosity that produces a shift in the relationships between the different lung volumes without over-all hyperinflation, namely, an increase in residual volume at the expense of vital capacity. However, because of the low prevalence of the Pi Z gene, it does not appear to account for much of the high rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease found in this population.", "PMID": 307352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1115", "title": "Influenzal vaccine response in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The response of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and normal subjects to systemic immunization and boosting with influenza A vaccines was studied. Symptoms after vaccination were somewhat more frequent in the patients than in the normal subjects; however, all symptoms were minor and no major flare of illness occurred. No significant induction or increase of pre-existing autoantibodies among the patients was detected after vaccination. The immunogenecity of the vaccinations, as assessed by antibody titers, was similar in the patient and control groups. No correlation between serologic response to influenzal antigens and HLA was found. Thus, in this group of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, who were either in remission or had mild-to-moderate disease activity, killed influenzal vaccination caused no apparent worsening of disease activity.", "contents": "Influenzal vaccine response in systemic lupus erythematosus. The response of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and normal subjects to systemic immunization and boosting with influenza A vaccines was studied. Symptoms after vaccination were somewhat more frequent in the patients than in the normal subjects; however, all symptoms were minor and no major flare of illness occurred. No significant induction or increase of pre-existing autoantibodies among the patients was detected after vaccination. The immunogenecity of the vaccinations, as assessed by antibody titers, was similar in the patient and control groups. No correlation between serologic response to influenzal antigens and HLA was found. Thus, in this group of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, who were either in remission or had mild-to-moderate disease activity, killed influenzal vaccination caused no apparent worsening of disease activity.", "PMID": 307353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1116", "title": "Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system, as indicated by increased plasma kallikrein and depleted plasma kininogen, prekallikrein, and kallikrein inhibitor, was observed in five patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Four of the patients had petechial rashes characteristic of vasculitis. Three patients had alterations in coagulation consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation, although no hemorrhagic syndrome was found. Our data, along with the known physiologic actions of kinins, suggest a possible role for the kallikrein-kinin system in the pathophysiology of vasculitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, circulatory shock, and other complications of infection with Rickettsia rickettsii.", "contents": "Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system, as indicated by increased plasma kallikrein and depleted plasma kininogen, prekallikrein, and kallikrein inhibitor, was observed in five patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Four of the patients had petechial rashes characteristic of vasculitis. Three patients had alterations in coagulation consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation, although no hemorrhagic syndrome was found. Our data, along with the known physiologic actions of kinins, suggest a possible role for the kallikrein-kinin system in the pathophysiology of vasculitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, circulatory shock, and other complications of infection with Rickettsia rickettsii.", "PMID": 307354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1117", "title": "Intraerythrocytic parasitosis in humans with Entopolypoides species (family Babesiidae). Association with hepatic dysfunction and serum factors inhibiting lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "We have observed two cases of human infection with intraerythrocytic protozoa. The organisms appeared to be in the Entopolypoides group, which had not previously been associated with human infection. One patient was asplenic. Both patients had hepatic dysfunction, and their serum samples contained blocking factors that interfered in vitro with the stimulation of normal lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin. It appears that in humans, as well as in experimental animals, host factors are important in resistance to infection by intraerythrocytic parasites. These factors include the presence of a spleen and cell-mediated and humoral immunities. Possibly similar infections will be observed in patients with other impairments of T-cell function, such as those induced by malignancy, thymic dysfunction, or immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Intraerythrocytic parasitosis in humans with Entopolypoides species (family Babesiidae). Association with hepatic dysfunction and serum factors inhibiting lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin. We have observed two cases of human infection with intraerythrocytic protozoa. The organisms appeared to be in the Entopolypoides group, which had not previously been associated with human infection. One patient was asplenic. Both patients had hepatic dysfunction, and their serum samples contained blocking factors that interfered in vitro with the stimulation of normal lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin. It appears that in humans, as well as in experimental animals, host factors are important in resistance to infection by intraerythrocytic parasites. These factors include the presence of a spleen and cell-mediated and humoral immunities. Possibly similar infections will be observed in patients with other impairments of T-cell function, such as those induced by malignancy, thymic dysfunction, or immunosuppressive drugs.", "PMID": 307355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1118", "title": "Clinical and antibody responses after influenza immunization in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "After immunization with A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75 influenza vaccines, 11 patients with systemic lupud erythematosus were serially evaluated for changes in disease activity, serologic abnormalities, and their capability to generate specific antibodies. One patient, with active disease, developed a diffuse, proliferative glomerulonephritis. None of the other patients or control subjects had significant local or systemic side effects. Significant levels of antibodies were generated to A/New Jersey/76 in eight of the 11 patients and in seven of eight control subjects and to A/Victoria/75 in seven of 11 patients and five of eight control subjects. The geometric mean responses of both total and IgG antibodies to each viral antigen were no different in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus than in control subjects. In patients with stable systemic lupus erythematosus, immunization with killed influenza viral vaccine appears to be safe and effective.", "contents": "Clinical and antibody responses after influenza immunization in systemic lupus erythematosus. After immunization with A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75 influenza vaccines, 11 patients with systemic lupud erythematosus were serially evaluated for changes in disease activity, serologic abnormalities, and their capability to generate specific antibodies. One patient, with active disease, developed a diffuse, proliferative glomerulonephritis. None of the other patients or control subjects had significant local or systemic side effects. Significant levels of antibodies were generated to A/New Jersey/76 in eight of the 11 patients and in seven of eight control subjects and to A/Victoria/75 in seven of 11 patients and five of eight control subjects. The geometric mean responses of both total and IgG antibodies to each viral antigen were no different in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus than in control subjects. In patients with stable systemic lupus erythematosus, immunization with killed influenza viral vaccine appears to be safe and effective.", "PMID": 307356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1119", "title": "Ventricular arrhythmias in chronic stable angina pectoris with surgical or medical treatment.", "content": "Since both propranolol therapy and saphenous-vein bypass surgery have become accepted treatments for patients with symptomatic coronary-artery disease, it is important to determine if either influences the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias in these patients. Six-hour dynamic electrocardiography was done on 130 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris at least 1 year after being randomized to surgical or medical therapy. All surgical patients had saphenous-vein grafting; 90% of the medical patients received propranolol. Data analysis showed that even though the overall prevalence of premature ventricular contractions was no different in medical and surgical patients, the prevalence of complex premature ventricular contractions was significantly higher in surgically treated patients not receiving propranolol than in propranolol-treated medical patients (p less than 0.05). However, the survival rate was no different in either group, and the quality of life in the surgical patients remained superior.", "contents": "Ventricular arrhythmias in chronic stable angina pectoris with surgical or medical treatment. Since both propranolol therapy and saphenous-vein bypass surgery have become accepted treatments for patients with symptomatic coronary-artery disease, it is important to determine if either influences the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias in these patients. Six-hour dynamic electrocardiography was done on 130 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris at least 1 year after being randomized to surgical or medical therapy. All surgical patients had saphenous-vein grafting; 90% of the medical patients received propranolol. Data analysis showed that even though the overall prevalence of premature ventricular contractions was no different in medical and surgical patients, the prevalence of complex premature ventricular contractions was significantly higher in surgically treated patients not receiving propranolol than in propranolol-treated medical patients (p less than 0.05). However, the survival rate was no different in either group, and the quality of life in the surgical patients remained superior.", "PMID": 307358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1120", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus ducreyi.", "content": "The susceptibility of 19 isolates of Haemophilus ducreyi from a recent chancroid outbreak and four reference strains was determined in vitro to 13 antimicrobial agents. The rabbit intradermal test for virulence was positive for all of the local isolates, but not for the reference strains. The \"nonvirulent\" reference strains were inhibited by lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of most agents tested. For the virulent isolates, the range of MICs (in micrograms per milliliter) of the following were: of vancomycin, 8 to 128; of polymyxin, 32 to 128; of cloxacillin, 32 to 64; of tetracycline, 0.5 to 32; of cephalothin, 4 to 8; of doxycycline, 0.25 to 8; and of kanamycin, 1 to 8. Three strains were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin (MIC >/= 128 mug/ml), and these three strains produced beta-lactamase. The remainder were susceptible to 4 mug/ml. All strains were susceptible to rifampin (MIC </= 1 mug/ml), chloramphenicol (MIC </= 4 mug/ml), sulfisoxazole (MIC </= 8 mug/ml), and nalidixic acid (MIC </= 8 mug/ml). These susceptibilities of H. ducreyi indicate several antimicrobial agents that may be effective for chancroid treatment and support the use of vancomycin in a selective medium for the culture of chancroid genital ulcers.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus ducreyi. The susceptibility of 19 isolates of Haemophilus ducreyi from a recent chancroid outbreak and four reference strains was determined in vitro to 13 antimicrobial agents. The rabbit intradermal test for virulence was positive for all of the local isolates, but not for the reference strains. The \"nonvirulent\" reference strains were inhibited by lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of most agents tested. For the virulent isolates, the range of MICs (in micrograms per milliliter) of the following were: of vancomycin, 8 to 128; of polymyxin, 32 to 128; of cloxacillin, 32 to 64; of tetracycline, 0.5 to 32; of cephalothin, 4 to 8; of doxycycline, 0.25 to 8; and of kanamycin, 1 to 8. Three strains were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin (MIC >/= 128 mug/ml), and these three strains produced beta-lactamase. The remainder were susceptible to 4 mug/ml. All strains were susceptible to rifampin (MIC </= 1 mug/ml), chloramphenicol (MIC </= 4 mug/ml), sulfisoxazole (MIC </= 8 mug/ml), and nalidixic acid (MIC </= 8 mug/ml). These susceptibilities of H. ducreyi indicate several antimicrobial agents that may be effective for chancroid treatment and support the use of vancomycin in a selective medium for the culture of chancroid genital ulcers.", "PMID": 307364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1121", "title": "Nitrate reduction: new method for testing the antibiotic susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "We have developed a new micro-broth-dilution assay for determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae. This assay is based on the ability of viable H. influenzae to reduce nitrates to nitrites. Bacterial viability is detected by a positive nitrite reaction rather than visible turbidity. The nitrate reduction assay was compared with a standard microassay using 51 isolates of H. influenzae and six beta-lactam antibiotics. Although there was good agreement between the two methods, the nitrate reduction assay was more sensitive in detecting viable bacteria, and so established a more accurate estimate of the minimal inhibitory concentration. The nitrate reduction assay offered the additional advantage that it could be used to determine the minimal bactericidal concentration without having to subculture the broth. Ampicillin, penicillin, and cefamandole were equally effective in vitro against susceptible strains (minimal inhibitory concentrations, 0.125 to 0.5 mug/ml), whereas all three antibiotics were ineffective against two beta-lactamase-producing strains. Using the nitrate reduction assay, resistance to cefamandole was detectable with inoculum sizes ranging from 10(4) to 10(6) colony-forming units per ml, while the turbidity assay detected resistance only with the largest inoculum.", "contents": "Nitrate reduction: new method for testing the antibiotic susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae. We have developed a new micro-broth-dilution assay for determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae. This assay is based on the ability of viable H. influenzae to reduce nitrates to nitrites. Bacterial viability is detected by a positive nitrite reaction rather than visible turbidity. The nitrate reduction assay was compared with a standard microassay using 51 isolates of H. influenzae and six beta-lactam antibiotics. Although there was good agreement between the two methods, the nitrate reduction assay was more sensitive in detecting viable bacteria, and so established a more accurate estimate of the minimal inhibitory concentration. The nitrate reduction assay offered the additional advantage that it could be used to determine the minimal bactericidal concentration without having to subculture the broth. Ampicillin, penicillin, and cefamandole were equally effective in vitro against susceptible strains (minimal inhibitory concentrations, 0.125 to 0.5 mug/ml), whereas all three antibiotics were ineffective against two beta-lactamase-producing strains. Using the nitrate reduction assay, resistance to cefamandole was detectable with inoculum sizes ranging from 10(4) to 10(6) colony-forming units per ml, while the turbidity assay detected resistance only with the largest inoculum.", "PMID": 307365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1122", "title": "Restriction enzyme analysis of plasmids from Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Examination of Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in New Orleans revealed ampicillin-resistant strains with plasmids of size classes not previously detected in North America. The molecular weight of plasmids in five ampicillin-resistant strains ranged from 0.8 x 10(6) daltons (0.8 Mdal) to 36 Mdal. The molecular weights of the plasmids were determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation, electron microscopy, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Plasmids of the previously detected 30-Mdal size class were found in three of the five ampicillin-resistant strains. Restriction enzyme analysis is consistent with a close relationship between these three 30-Mdal plasmids. Of the two remaining ampicillin-resistant strains, one contained a single plasmid of 36 Mdal and the other contained two plasmids of 0.8 and 2.3 Mdal.", "contents": "Restriction enzyme analysis of plasmids from Haemophilus influenzae. Examination of Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in New Orleans revealed ampicillin-resistant strains with plasmids of size classes not previously detected in North America. The molecular weight of plasmids in five ampicillin-resistant strains ranged from 0.8 x 10(6) daltons (0.8 Mdal) to 36 Mdal. The molecular weights of the plasmids were determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation, electron microscopy, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Plasmids of the previously detected 30-Mdal size class were found in three of the five ampicillin-resistant strains. Restriction enzyme analysis is consistent with a close relationship between these three 30-Mdal plasmids. Of the two remaining ampicillin-resistant strains, one contained a single plasmid of 36 Mdal and the other contained two plasmids of 0.8 and 2.3 Mdal.", "PMID": 307366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1123", "title": "In vitro susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and cefaclor, cephalexin, and cephradine.", "content": "Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and three oral cephalosporins, cefaclor, cephalexin, and cephradine, were evaluated in vitro as possible alternatives to chloramphenicol in the treatment of non-central nervous system infections due to ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Sixty-four isolates of H. influenzae, including 31 beta-lactamase-positive strains, were tested by the agar dilution method. All strains were inhibited by 0.78/0.039 mug sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim per ml and by 0.78 mug of chloramphenicol per ml. At 6.25 mug/ml, 100, 11, and 3% of all strains were inhibited by cefaclor, cephalexin, and cephradine, respectively. Thus, on the basis of drug concentrations presumably achievable in serum, 100% of strains were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and cefaclor. However, a considerable inoculum effect was noted with both beta-lactamase-positive and -negative strains, when tested with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; the minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefaclor were only slightly affected. Also, synergistic effects of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole-erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole-cefaclor were seen when combinations were tested against both beta-lactamase-positive and -negative strains, as determined by minimal inhibitory concentrations measured by the broth dilution method and by killing curve analyses. These results support further evaluation of these combinations and of cefaclor alone for the treatment of non-central nervous system infections due to H. influenzae.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and cefaclor, cephalexin, and cephradine. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and three oral cephalosporins, cefaclor, cephalexin, and cephradine, were evaluated in vitro as possible alternatives to chloramphenicol in the treatment of non-central nervous system infections due to ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Sixty-four isolates of H. influenzae, including 31 beta-lactamase-positive strains, were tested by the agar dilution method. All strains were inhibited by 0.78/0.039 mug sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim per ml and by 0.78 mug of chloramphenicol per ml. At 6.25 mug/ml, 100, 11, and 3% of all strains were inhibited by cefaclor, cephalexin, and cephradine, respectively. Thus, on the basis of drug concentrations presumably achievable in serum, 100% of strains were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and cefaclor. However, a considerable inoculum effect was noted with both beta-lactamase-positive and -negative strains, when tested with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; the minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefaclor were only slightly affected. Also, synergistic effects of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole-erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole-cefaclor were seen when combinations were tested against both beta-lactamase-positive and -negative strains, as determined by minimal inhibitory concentrations measured by the broth dilution method and by killing curve analyses. These results support further evaluation of these combinations and of cefaclor alone for the treatment of non-central nervous system infections due to H. influenzae.", "PMID": 307367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1124", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae susceptibility testing within four hours by a modification of the Autobac I system.", "content": "By adding an XV strip to the eugonic broth or substituting Levinthal broth, the standard Autobac I susceptibility testing system may be used to determine susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to antimicrobial agents. Complete concordance was attained in testing 30 strains (5 resistant) by Autobac I, disk diffusion, and broth dilution methods. Autobac I results were available within 4 h after isolation of the organism.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae susceptibility testing within four hours by a modification of the Autobac I system. By adding an XV strip to the eugonic broth or substituting Levinthal broth, the standard Autobac I susceptibility testing system may be used to determine susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to antimicrobial agents. Complete concordance was attained in testing 30 strains (5 resistant) by Autobac I, disk diffusion, and broth dilution methods. Autobac I results were available within 4 h after isolation of the organism.", "PMID": 307368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1125", "title": "Blood loss and bank blood requirement in coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "With the use of nonblood prime and refinement in perfusion and surgical techniques, blood requirement for coronary bypass operations has been reduced to a minimum. Of 240 patients (average number of bypasses, 3.07; average pump time, two hours and 22 minutes), no blood was used in pump prime or before perfusion. During perfusion, 29 patients (12%) received 34 units of blood in the pump-oxygenator, and after bypass 64 patients (27%) received 65 units of blood in the operating room (average intraoperative use, 203 ml per patient). For the total hospital stay, the blood requirement was 728 ml per patient. For the last 60 patients operated on, the figure was 328 ml. There were no surgical deaths, and only 1 reexploration for postoperative hemorrhage (0.4%). Discharge hemoglobin level averaged 11.8 gm, whereas the admission hemoglobin level had averaged 13.8 gm. Autotransfusion, avoidance of entry into the pleural space, shorter perfusion time, postoperative platelet count of more than 150,000, and normal partial thromboplastin time tend to reduce blood requirement, but not to a striking degree. Bank blood requirement for the coronary bypass program accounted for 3.7% of the hospital need and 2% of the community need.", "contents": "Blood loss and bank blood requirement in coronary bypass surgery. With the use of nonblood prime and refinement in perfusion and surgical techniques, blood requirement for coronary bypass operations has been reduced to a minimum. Of 240 patients (average number of bypasses, 3.07; average pump time, two hours and 22 minutes), no blood was used in pump prime or before perfusion. During perfusion, 29 patients (12%) received 34 units of blood in the pump-oxygenator, and after bypass 64 patients (27%) received 65 units of blood in the operating room (average intraoperative use, 203 ml per patient). For the total hospital stay, the blood requirement was 728 ml per patient. For the last 60 patients operated on, the figure was 328 ml. There were no surgical deaths, and only 1 reexploration for postoperative hemorrhage (0.4%). Discharge hemoglobin level averaged 11.8 gm, whereas the admission hemoglobin level had averaged 13.8 gm. Autotransfusion, avoidance of entry into the pleural space, shorter perfusion time, postoperative platelet count of more than 150,000, and normal partial thromboplastin time tend to reduce blood requirement, but not to a striking degree. Bank blood requirement for the coronary bypass program accounted for 3.7% of the hospital need and 2% of the community need.", "PMID": 307370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1126", "title": "Transfusion of 2,3 DPG-enriched red blood cells to improve cardiac function.", "content": "Attempts were made to enhance oxygen availability in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass operations by transfusing red blood cells enriched in 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) to 150% of normal. In this study of 22 patients, 11 received red blood cells with high 2,3 DPG levels and 11 received red blood cells with 70% of normal 2,3 DPG levels (control). Immediately following cardiopulmonary bypass the 11 patients who received high 2,3 DPG red blood cells had a P50 value of 31.6 mm Hg; the value in control patients was 28.3 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Oxygen consumption values were 135 and 106 ml/min/m2, respectively (p less than 0.05). Mixed venous oxygen tensions were similar in the two groups, but the arteriovenous content difference was higher in the high 2,3 DPG group (p less than 0.05). Cardiac indices increased significantly in response to a fluid load in the high 2,3 DPG group compared with controls at comparable filling pressures. We believe the improved myocardial performance in response to a fluid challenge is a result of increased oxygen availability.", "contents": "Transfusion of 2,3 DPG-enriched red blood cells to improve cardiac function. Attempts were made to enhance oxygen availability in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass operations by transfusing red blood cells enriched in 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) to 150% of normal. In this study of 22 patients, 11 received red blood cells with high 2,3 DPG levels and 11 received red blood cells with 70% of normal 2,3 DPG levels (control). Immediately following cardiopulmonary bypass the 11 patients who received high 2,3 DPG red blood cells had a P50 value of 31.6 mm Hg; the value in control patients was 28.3 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Oxygen consumption values were 135 and 106 ml/min/m2, respectively (p less than 0.05). Mixed venous oxygen tensions were similar in the two groups, but the arteriovenous content difference was higher in the high 2,3 DPG group (p less than 0.05). Cardiac indices increased significantly in response to a fluid load in the high 2,3 DPG group compared with controls at comparable filling pressures. We believe the improved myocardial performance in response to a fluid challenge is a result of increased oxygen availability.", "PMID": 307371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1127", "title": "Adult polycystic kidney disease and lattice corneal dystrophy: occurrence in a single family.", "content": "Most ophthalmologic disorders reported with renal cystic disease have been associated with either medullary cystic disease or juvenile nephrophthisis. A family we investigated demonstrated two previously unreported autosomal dominant disorders: adult polycystic kidney disease and lattice corneal dystrophy.", "contents": "Adult polycystic kidney disease and lattice corneal dystrophy: occurrence in a single family. Most ophthalmologic disorders reported with renal cystic disease have been associated with either medullary cystic disease or juvenile nephrophthisis. A family we investigated demonstrated two previously unreported autosomal dominant disorders: adult polycystic kidney disease and lattice corneal dystrophy.", "PMID": 307373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1128", "title": "The problem-oriented medical record applied to communicative disorders.", "content": "A continuing interest in clarity of reporting generated a change in our reporting format from the traditional report to the problem-oriented structure. This article discusses the differences and the advantages and disadvantages of each.", "contents": "The problem-oriented medical record applied to communicative disorders. A continuing interest in clarity of reporting generated a change in our reporting format from the traditional report to the problem-oriented structure. This article discusses the differences and the advantages and disadvantages of each.", "PMID": 307375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1129", "title": "[Neuronal structure of the frog vestibular ganglion].", "content": "Neuronal organization of the vestibular ganglion of the nerve VIII in the frog (Rana temporaria) has been studied by means of light and electron microscopy. It has been stated that bipolar ganglion-forming neurons are not quite identical in their structure. They differ in size, fine organization of their cytoplasm and in the manner they construct their glial sheaths. Among ganglial neurons, two types are distinguished: myelinizated and unmyelinizated neurons. A considerable part is composed by neurons coated with myelin sheath which can be constructed according to compact or loose type of myelin. Myelinizated neurons are mostly large cells, with their cytoplasm saturated with organells. Unmyelinizated neurons are coated with a simple sheath composed of one layer of lemmocytes processes. These neurons are much smaller in size, their cytoplasm is poor in organells and contains large amount of neurophilaments.", "contents": "[Neuronal structure of the frog vestibular ganglion]. Neuronal organization of the vestibular ganglion of the nerve VIII in the frog (Rana temporaria) has been studied by means of light and electron microscopy. It has been stated that bipolar ganglion-forming neurons are not quite identical in their structure. They differ in size, fine organization of their cytoplasm and in the manner they construct their glial sheaths. Among ganglial neurons, two types are distinguished: myelinizated and unmyelinizated neurons. A considerable part is composed by neurons coated with myelin sheath which can be constructed according to compact or loose type of myelin. Myelinizated neurons are mostly large cells, with their cytoplasm saturated with organells. Unmyelinizated neurons are coated with a simple sheath composed of one layer of lemmocytes processes. These neurons are much smaller in size, their cytoplasm is poor in organells and contains large amount of neurophilaments.", "PMID": 307376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1130", "title": "Retinitis pigmentosa. Visual loss.", "content": "A total of 174 patients (347 eyes) with retinitis pigmentosa were categorized by genetic type and assessed as to the degree of central visual loss. The degree of central visual loss was mildest in cases of autosomal-dominant inheritance and most extensive in cases of X-linked recessive inheritance. Slightly more than one third (34%) of all eyes had acuity of 20/200 or less, while only 55% had vision of 20/60 or better. The data in this study provide general guidelines for counseling individual patients with retinitis pigmentosa as to the potential and extent of future central visual loss.", "contents": "Retinitis pigmentosa. Visual loss. A total of 174 patients (347 eyes) with retinitis pigmentosa were categorized by genetic type and assessed as to the degree of central visual loss. The degree of central visual loss was mildest in cases of autosomal-dominant inheritance and most extensive in cases of X-linked recessive inheritance. Slightly more than one third (34%) of all eyes had acuity of 20/200 or less, while only 55% had vision of 20/60 or better. The data in this study provide general guidelines for counseling individual patients with retinitis pigmentosa as to the potential and extent of future central visual loss.", "PMID": 307377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1131", "title": "Isolated trochlear nerve palsies in herpes zoster ophthalmicus.", "content": "The clinical course of six patients with isolated trochlear nerve palsy as the only ocular motor manifestation of herpes zoster ophthalmicus has been analyzed. Spontaneous recovery occurred in only three. Review of the literature does not clarify the mechanism of such palsies, which potentially may result from the following conditions: local orbital muscle inflammation and ischemia; contiguous intracavernous spread of inflammation from the trigeminal nerve; and a concurrent but independent motor neuropathy or ganglionitis.", "contents": "Isolated trochlear nerve palsies in herpes zoster ophthalmicus. The clinical course of six patients with isolated trochlear nerve palsy as the only ocular motor manifestation of herpes zoster ophthalmicus has been analyzed. Spontaneous recovery occurred in only three. Review of the literature does not clarify the mechanism of such palsies, which potentially may result from the following conditions: local orbital muscle inflammation and ischemia; contiguous intracavernous spread of inflammation from the trigeminal nerve; and a concurrent but independent motor neuropathy or ganglionitis.", "PMID": 307378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1132", "title": "Diagnostic limulus lysate assay for endophthalmitis and keratitis.", "content": "The limulus lysate assay is an inexpensive, reliable, and rapid means of detecting and presence of Gram-negative endotoxin. In all ten cases of experimentally induced Proteus endophthalmitis in rabbits, the assay was positive, and the assay was appropriately negative in all ten cases of Staphylococcal endophthalmitis, ten cases of Candida endophthalmitis, and ten cases of sterile endophthalmitis in rabbits. In a clinical assessment of keratitis, the assay of corneal scrapings was positive in 11 of 13 Gram-negative corneal ulcers. In a similar study of clinical endophthalmitis, both Gram-negative cases had a negative limulus assay, but two cases are insufficient to be conclusive. The assay may prove to be a useful adjunct both to standard diagnostic evaluations and in the rapid direction of appropriate therapy for these conditions.", "contents": "Diagnostic limulus lysate assay for endophthalmitis and keratitis. The limulus lysate assay is an inexpensive, reliable, and rapid means of detecting and presence of Gram-negative endotoxin. In all ten cases of experimentally induced Proteus endophthalmitis in rabbits, the assay was positive, and the assay was appropriately negative in all ten cases of Staphylococcal endophthalmitis, ten cases of Candida endophthalmitis, and ten cases of sterile endophthalmitis in rabbits. In a clinical assessment of keratitis, the assay of corneal scrapings was positive in 11 of 13 Gram-negative corneal ulcers. In a similar study of clinical endophthalmitis, both Gram-negative cases had a negative limulus assay, but two cases are insufficient to be conclusive. The assay may prove to be a useful adjunct both to standard diagnostic evaluations and in the rapid direction of appropriate therapy for these conditions.", "PMID": 307379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1133", "title": "The limulus lysate test. A rapid test for diagnosis of Pseudomonas keratitis or endophthalmitis.", "content": "The limulus amebocyte lysate test has been shown to be a highly sensitive indicator of endotoxin. Our studies showed that as little as 5 ng of endotoxin could be detected in aqueous or vitreous humor in vitro, although 10 microgram endotoxin injected into the aqueous could not be detected. Subsequent studies showed that by diluting the aqueous equally with saline solution, this inhibitory effect could be overcome. Detection of endotoxin elaborated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was made as early as 24 hours after induced Pseudomonas keratitis or endophthalmitis, whereas staphylococcal-induced keratitis or endophthalmitis gave negative results. Positive cultures using trypticase soy broth or agar slants were observed on all infected animals. Thus, this technique should have ready application for rapid detection of Pseudomonas keratitis or endophthalmitis.", "contents": "The limulus lysate test. A rapid test for diagnosis of Pseudomonas keratitis or endophthalmitis. The limulus amebocyte lysate test has been shown to be a highly sensitive indicator of endotoxin. Our studies showed that as little as 5 ng of endotoxin could be detected in aqueous or vitreous humor in vitro, although 10 microgram endotoxin injected into the aqueous could not be detected. Subsequent studies showed that by diluting the aqueous equally with saline solution, this inhibitory effect could be overcome. Detection of endotoxin elaborated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was made as early as 24 hours after induced Pseudomonas keratitis or endophthalmitis, whereas staphylococcal-induced keratitis or endophthalmitis gave negative results. Positive cultures using trypticase soy broth or agar slants were observed on all infected animals. Thus, this technique should have ready application for rapid detection of Pseudomonas keratitis or endophthalmitis.", "PMID": 307380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1134", "title": "The significance of urinary melanoma antigen excretion and the ability of thymosin to raise the level of depleted lymphocytes in vitro in malignant melanoma.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-six patients were screened for the presence of urinary melanoma antigen and serum cytoplasmic antibody. It was found that 44% of symptomless Stage 1 patients tested five to 15 years after operation had detectable antigen (Ag) in their urine; the urines of 67% of Stage 2A (local recurrence) patients were positive for Ag; while in only 38% of those patients graded 2B (lymph-node involvement) were these tests positive. Urines of 83% of patients with generalized metastases (Stage 3) were positive. A sequential study was made of 23 patients seen and treated in 1976. Of this group, 14 reverted from a positive state to a negative one following excision of their tumour, while six were negative on first postoperative testing and subsequently became positive. Three out of the 23 remained persistently negative. T lymphocyte levels were assessed in 71 melanoma patients, and a stage-related fall was noticed. Thymosin (Hoffman LaRoche) on in vitro incubation significantly raised the levels of T lymphocytes.", "contents": "The significance of urinary melanoma antigen excretion and the ability of thymosin to raise the level of depleted lymphocytes in vitro in malignant melanoma. One hundred and fifty-six patients were screened for the presence of urinary melanoma antigen and serum cytoplasmic antibody. It was found that 44% of symptomless Stage 1 patients tested five to 15 years after operation had detectable antigen (Ag) in their urine; the urines of 67% of Stage 2A (local recurrence) patients were positive for Ag; while in only 38% of those patients graded 2B (lymph-node involvement) were these tests positive. Urines of 83% of patients with generalized metastases (Stage 3) were positive. A sequential study was made of 23 patients seen and treated in 1976. Of this group, 14 reverted from a positive state to a negative one following excision of their tumour, while six were negative on first postoperative testing and subsequently became positive. Three out of the 23 remained persistently negative. T lymphocyte levels were assessed in 71 melanoma patients, and a stage-related fall was noticed. Thymosin (Hoffman LaRoche) on in vitro incubation significantly raised the levels of T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 307381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1135", "title": "Linear model for visual-vestibular interaction.", "content": "The results of experiments are evaluated in terms of a simple model for the interaction of eye movement responses to simultaneous optokinetic and vestibular stimuli. The model predictions agree with the results of these experiments and explain many clinical observations concerning the effect of vision on nystagmus. The model accounts for the dominance of the visual system's response over the vestibular system's response at low frequencies. It also accounts for the inability of patients with decreased smooth pursuit system response to suppress the vestibulo-ocular reflex during simultaneous optokinetic and vestibular stimulations. The model provides useful information for the design of combined optokinetic and vestibular stimuli for test vestibulo-ocular reflexes.", "contents": "Linear model for visual-vestibular interaction. The results of experiments are evaluated in terms of a simple model for the interaction of eye movement responses to simultaneous optokinetic and vestibular stimuli. The model predictions agree with the results of these experiments and explain many clinical observations concerning the effect of vision on nystagmus. The model accounts for the dominance of the visual system's response over the vestibular system's response at low frequencies. It also accounts for the inability of patients with decreased smooth pursuit system response to suppress the vestibulo-ocular reflex during simultaneous optokinetic and vestibular stimulations. The model provides useful information for the design of combined optokinetic and vestibular stimuli for test vestibulo-ocular reflexes.", "PMID": 307382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1136", "title": "Current status of space medicine and exobiology.", "content": "An overview of the present state of aerospace medicine and planetary biology is given with emphasis on the ongoing search for extraterrestrial life and life science studies being made both by independent and cooperative investigations of the United States, the Soviet Union, the European Space Agency, and countries with an interest in gravitational physiology, radiation, planetary quarantine, exobiology, and general space biology. A suitable animal model for outer space medical research, in-orbit vestibular function investigations, biomedical problems in the Earth's normal 1-G gravitational intensity, and biological satellite experiments are discussed. The scope of exobiology, life detection programs, solar system organic chemistry, and attempted elucidation of the question of the origin and early evolution of life are also discussed. Evaluation of data acquired from a variety of sources indicates that all phases of exobiology lead to biopoesis and chemical evolution, with allied aviation, space, and environmental medicine being the major part of the search for extraterrestrial life.", "contents": "Current status of space medicine and exobiology. An overview of the present state of aerospace medicine and planetary biology is given with emphasis on the ongoing search for extraterrestrial life and life science studies being made both by independent and cooperative investigations of the United States, the Soviet Union, the European Space Agency, and countries with an interest in gravitational physiology, radiation, planetary quarantine, exobiology, and general space biology. A suitable animal model for outer space medical research, in-orbit vestibular function investigations, biomedical problems in the Earth's normal 1-G gravitational intensity, and biological satellite experiments are discussed. The scope of exobiology, life detection programs, solar system organic chemistry, and attempted elucidation of the question of the origin and early evolution of life are also discussed. Evaluation of data acquired from a variety of sources indicates that all phases of exobiology lead to biopoesis and chemical evolution, with allied aviation, space, and environmental medicine being the major part of the search for extraterrestrial life.", "PMID": 307383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1137", "title": "Clues from genetic and epidemiologic studies.", "content": "There are clear indications that genetic variables influence the pathogenesis of SLE. The frequency of the disease in first-degree relatives of SLE subjects appears to be in the range of 1-2%, but this is in great excess relative to the frequency of SLE in the general population. The frequency of concordance of the disease in monozygotic twin pairs is in excess of 50%. The frequency of concordance of dizygotic twins may be no higher than that in other first-degree relatives. Data in twins support the conclusion that familial aggregation is due to genetic rather than to other familial factors. The high female-to-male ratio of patients with SLE may reflect sex hormonal influence on immunoreactivity rather than the genetic aspects of sex per se. The approximately threefold higher incidence of SLE in black subjects relative to white, in some studies, may reflect a heightened activity of the humoral immune system in blacks.", "contents": "Clues from genetic and epidemiologic studies. There are clear indications that genetic variables influence the pathogenesis of SLE. The frequency of the disease in first-degree relatives of SLE subjects appears to be in the range of 1-2%, but this is in great excess relative to the frequency of SLE in the general population. The frequency of concordance of the disease in monozygotic twin pairs is in excess of 50%. The frequency of concordance of dizygotic twins may be no higher than that in other first-degree relatives. Data in twins support the conclusion that familial aggregation is due to genetic rather than to other familial factors. The high female-to-male ratio of patients with SLE may reflect sex hormonal influence on immunoreactivity rather than the genetic aspects of sex per se. The approximately threefold higher incidence of SLE in black subjects relative to white, in some studies, may reflect a heightened activity of the humoral immune system in blacks.", "PMID": 307388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1138", "title": "HLA-D and Ia antigens in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The HLA-D region in the HLA chromosomal complex is concerned with cellular interactions and regulation of the immune response. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been found to be associated with one of the HLA-D antigens. In two separate studies from this laboratory it was found that HLA-Dw4 was more frequent in RA patients than in normal controls. The patients were Caucasians suffering from erosive, rheumatoid factor positive RA. Combined results of the two studies showed HLA-Dw4 to be present in 52% of the 130 patients, compared to 13% in 119 controls (P less than 10(-6). Ia antigens were determined serologically in isolated B cells. The antigen Ia4, associated with HLA-Dw4, was increased in RA patients (70%), compared to normal controls (28%). In SLE, typing was difficult because of fragility of the B cells. Preliminary results in 14 SLE patients suggested that Ia4 was also increased in this disease. It seems likely that these associations are a reflection of genetic factors related to the immune response involved in the pathogenesis of RA and perhaps also of SLE.", "contents": "HLA-D and Ia antigens in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The HLA-D region in the HLA chromosomal complex is concerned with cellular interactions and regulation of the immune response. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been found to be associated with one of the HLA-D antigens. In two separate studies from this laboratory it was found that HLA-Dw4 was more frequent in RA patients than in normal controls. The patients were Caucasians suffering from erosive, rheumatoid factor positive RA. Combined results of the two studies showed HLA-Dw4 to be present in 52% of the 130 patients, compared to 13% in 119 controls (P less than 10(-6). Ia antigens were determined serologically in isolated B cells. The antigen Ia4, associated with HLA-Dw4, was increased in RA patients (70%), compared to normal controls (28%). In SLE, typing was difficult because of fragility of the B cells. Preliminary results in 14 SLE patients suggested that Ia4 was also increased in this disease. It seems likely that these associations are a reflection of genetic factors related to the immune response involved in the pathogenesis of RA and perhaps also of SLE.", "PMID": 307389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1139", "title": "B lymphocyte development, heterogeneity, and function.", "content": "Thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes are a heterogeneous group of cells which, it is increasingly clear, undergo an ordered sequence of differentiation steps from stem cells to antibody producing cells. Through the study of the immunologic potential of B lymphocytes from neonatal mice and from mice with an X-linked immune defect, it has become possible to assign certain functions to cells of distinct differentiated states. Furthermore, a differentiation antigen, Lyb 5, has been identified which acts as a marker of a particular subset of B lymphocytes in normal mice. Initial studies of the functional properties of Lyb 5+ and Lyb 5- B lymphocytes are described.", "contents": "B lymphocyte development, heterogeneity, and function. Thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes are a heterogeneous group of cells which, it is increasingly clear, undergo an ordered sequence of differentiation steps from stem cells to antibody producing cells. Through the study of the immunologic potential of B lymphocytes from neonatal mice and from mice with an X-linked immune defect, it has become possible to assign certain functions to cells of distinct differentiated states. Furthermore, a differentiation antigen, Lyb 5, has been identified which acts as a marker of a particular subset of B lymphocytes in normal mice. Initial studies of the functional properties of Lyb 5+ and Lyb 5- B lymphocytes are described.", "PMID": 307390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1140", "title": "Loss of suppressor T cells in the pathogenesis of the autoimmunity of NZB/W mice.", "content": "Loss of suppressor T cells was demonstrated in NZB/W mice, an animal model of autoimmunity. As NZB/W mice matured they lost splenic T cells that could be activated by concanavalin A (Con A) to become suppressor cells and lost the ability to produce the regulator of humoral immune responses, soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS). However, NZB/W spleen cells retained the capacity to respond to suppressor signals from Con A pulsed normal spleen cells. Thrice weekly administration of SIRS containing supernatants of Con A pulsed normal spleen cells to young NZB/W mice lead to a striking reduction in the manifestations of autoimmunity.", "contents": "Loss of suppressor T cells in the pathogenesis of the autoimmunity of NZB/W mice. Loss of suppressor T cells was demonstrated in NZB/W mice, an animal model of autoimmunity. As NZB/W mice matured they lost splenic T cells that could be activated by concanavalin A (Con A) to become suppressor cells and lost the ability to produce the regulator of humoral immune responses, soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS). However, NZB/W spleen cells retained the capacity to respond to suppressor signals from Con A pulsed normal spleen cells. Thrice weekly administration of SIRS containing supernatants of Con A pulsed normal spleen cells to young NZB/W mice lead to a striking reduction in the manifestations of autoimmunity.", "PMID": 307391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1141", "title": "Proliferative reactivity of T cells to autologous, cell-associated antigens.", "content": "T cells capable of proliferating in response to signals from autologous cells can be demonstrated in normal peripheral blood. The stimulating cell is contained among populations enriched in B cells, \"null\" cells, and monocytes, but not among populations enriched in T cells. Density gradient fractionation indicated that the autologous reactive T cell may represent a subpopulation of cells responsive in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures. This was confirmed by negative selection (BUDR and light) experiments which also indicated that the \"autologous\" stimulus can be mediated by at least some allogeneic cells. In a portion of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus, autologous reactivity was reversibly blocked. Prior incubation of either responding T or stimulator cells at 37 degrees C restored this reactivity.", "contents": "Proliferative reactivity of T cells to autologous, cell-associated antigens. T cells capable of proliferating in response to signals from autologous cells can be demonstrated in normal peripheral blood. The stimulating cell is contained among populations enriched in B cells, \"null\" cells, and monocytes, but not among populations enriched in T cells. Density gradient fractionation indicated that the autologous reactive T cell may represent a subpopulation of cells responsive in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures. This was confirmed by negative selection (BUDR and light) experiments which also indicated that the \"autologous\" stimulus can be mediated by at least some allogeneic cells. In a portion of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus, autologous reactivity was reversibly blocked. Prior incubation of either responding T or stimulator cells at 37 degrees C restored this reactivity.", "PMID": 307392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1142", "title": "Etiology and pathogenesis of a spontaneous lupus-like syndrome in mice.", "content": "Two recently described murine strains, MRL/1 and BXSB, develop a lupus-like syndrome resulting in a 50% mortality by the fifth month of age. Comparison of the immunopathological and virological characteristics of these mice with those of the NZB/NZW F1 mouse reveals several pathogenetic common denominators but no obvious common etiologic factors. In all three kinds of mice, the lupus-like syndrome consists of a fatal immune complex type glomerulonephritis and complete or near complete thymic cortical atrophy plus lymphoid hyperplasia that varies in degree among the three kinds of mice. The nephritic glomeruli contain a concentration of antinuclear antibodies plus varying amounts of stainable gp70. This syndrome is consistently correlated with abnormally elevated serum IgG levels, antinuclear antibodies, anti ds- and ssDNA antibodies, and circulating immune complexes, as well as depressed serum hemolytic complement. Features that differ among the three kinds of mice include: H2 type, anti-lymphocyte antibody, cryoglobulins, T-B cell ratios, sex incidence of disease, vasculitis, and oncornaviral flora. The serum gp70 levels in the three mice also differ considerably, but all are within the range of gp70 levels found in some immunologically normal strains.", "contents": "Etiology and pathogenesis of a spontaneous lupus-like syndrome in mice. Two recently described murine strains, MRL/1 and BXSB, develop a lupus-like syndrome resulting in a 50% mortality by the fifth month of age. Comparison of the immunopathological and virological characteristics of these mice with those of the NZB/NZW F1 mouse reveals several pathogenetic common denominators but no obvious common etiologic factors. In all three kinds of mice, the lupus-like syndrome consists of a fatal immune complex type glomerulonephritis and complete or near complete thymic cortical atrophy plus lymphoid hyperplasia that varies in degree among the three kinds of mice. The nephritic glomeruli contain a concentration of antinuclear antibodies plus varying amounts of stainable gp70. This syndrome is consistently correlated with abnormally elevated serum IgG levels, antinuclear antibodies, anti ds- and ssDNA antibodies, and circulating immune complexes, as well as depressed serum hemolytic complement. Features that differ among the three kinds of mice include: H2 type, anti-lymphocyte antibody, cryoglobulins, T-B cell ratios, sex incidence of disease, vasculitis, and oncornaviral flora. The serum gp70 levels in the three mice also differ considerably, but all are within the range of gp70 levels found in some immunologically normal strains.", "PMID": 307393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1143", "title": "The unity of genes in the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the mouse can be genetically divided into several regions specialized to performing specific functions. Thus the class I regions (K and D) code for antigens that activate effector (killer) T cells, class II region (I) for antigens causing T-cell proliferation, and class III regions (s) for complement components. A strong case is made for the theory that the division of labor within the MHC is not absolute. Evidence is presented that class I antigens can sometimes cause as strong T-cell proliferation as class II antigens; that class II antigens can generate effector T cells; and that class I antigens may be involved in the immune response to some antigens. The fact that different regions can perform similar functions argues for the unity of the MHC genes.", "contents": "The unity of genes in the major histocompatibility complex. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the mouse can be genetically divided into several regions specialized to performing specific functions. Thus the class I regions (K and D) code for antigens that activate effector (killer) T cells, class II region (I) for antigens causing T-cell proliferation, and class III regions (s) for complement components. A strong case is made for the theory that the division of labor within the MHC is not absolute. Evidence is presented that class I antigens can sometimes cause as strong T-cell proliferation as class II antigens; that class II antigens can generate effector T cells; and that class I antigens may be involved in the immune response to some antigens. The fact that different regions can perform similar functions argues for the unity of the MHC genes.", "PMID": 307394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1144", "title": "Cellular immune response in virus infections.", "content": "Two levels of specificity exist in the killing of virus infected target cells by immune effector T cells. One relates to the classic specificity for the virus, and the second involves the necessity for sharing expression of genes mapping in K and D but not I regions. Among the theories that could explain this is that of dual recognition with separate T-cell receptors detecting H-2 and viral antigen. Support for this possibility was provided by experimental influenza virus infection where evidence of specific recognition of viral products was obtained.", "contents": "Cellular immune response in virus infections. Two levels of specificity exist in the killing of virus infected target cells by immune effector T cells. One relates to the classic specificity for the virus, and the second involves the necessity for sharing expression of genes mapping in K and D but not I regions. Among the theories that could explain this is that of dual recognition with separate T-cell receptors detecting H-2 and viral antigen. Support for this possibility was provided by experimental influenza virus infection where evidence of specific recognition of viral products was obtained.", "PMID": 307395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1145", "title": "Prolymphocytic leukaemia of T-cell type: immunological, enzymatic and ultrastructural morphometric characteristics.", "content": "A case of prolymphocytic leukaemia with immunological characteristics of T-cell type is reported. Three noteworthy findings can be emphasized: the presence of C3 receptors on the T-prolymphocytes, the study of the acid-phosphatase isoenzymatic pattern, which showed an increased band 3 with absence of band 3b, and the morphometric ultrastructural investigation. Cytochemistry and ultrastructural morphometry may be useful for a more precise characterization of prolymphocytic leukaemia and help to distinguish it from other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Prolymphocytic leukaemia of T-cell type: immunological, enzymatic and ultrastructural morphometric characteristics. A case of prolymphocytic leukaemia with immunological characteristics of T-cell type is reported. Three noteworthy findings can be emphasized: the presence of C3 receptors on the T-prolymphocytes, the study of the acid-phosphatase isoenzymatic pattern, which showed an increased band 3 with absence of band 3b, and the morphometric ultrastructural investigation. Cytochemistry and ultrastructural morphometry may be useful for a more precise characterization of prolymphocytic leukaemia and help to distinguish it from other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 307398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1146", "title": "Disorder is characteristic of nerve myelin.", "content": "An X-ray diffraction pattern from the myelin in frog sciatic nerve has been obtained using the intense synchrotron radiation from the storage ring, SPEAR. Data with good statistical accuracy are obtained in a few minutes by using a scintillation counter or position-sensitive detector. The same indications for stacking disorder are seen as in previous conventional exposures which required one to two days. Thus, the stacking disorder is characteristic of myelin in a freshly dissected nerve. The present data, obtained with a more nearly monochromatic X-ray beam than in the previous study, remove one of two ambiguities which bear on the possible phasing of the higher order Bragg reflections.", "contents": "Disorder is characteristic of nerve myelin. An X-ray diffraction pattern from the myelin in frog sciatic nerve has been obtained using the intense synchrotron radiation from the storage ring, SPEAR. Data with good statistical accuracy are obtained in a few minutes by using a scintillation counter or position-sensitive detector. The same indications for stacking disorder are seen as in previous conventional exposures which required one to two days. Thus, the stacking disorder is characteristic of myelin in a freshly dissected nerve. The present data, obtained with a more nearly monochromatic X-ray beam than in the previous study, remove one of two ambiguities which bear on the possible phasing of the higher order Bragg reflections.", "PMID": 307401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1147", "title": "The effect of copper on frog skin: the role of sulphydryl groups.", "content": "1. Cu2+ at a concentration of 10-4 M, when applied to the external side of the frog skin produces an increase in the short-circuit current (Isc). 2. This effect was studied in skins of Rana temporaria adapted to cold,(5 degrees C) and room temperature (20 degrees C), skins of Rana pipiens adapted to cold, and the results compared with those obtained previously with Rana ribibunda. 3. The observed effect is less dependent upon the adaptation to cold than upon the functional state of the skin: skins with low short circuit currents have a bigger response to Cu2+ than skins with high Isc. 4. A species difference cannot be ruled out since skins of Rana ribibunda exhibiting high Isc give good responses to Cu2+. 5. 5,5' -dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid), a sulphydryl-oxidizing reagent, produces an effect similar to that of Cu2+, and dithiothreitol an SH-reducing agent, reverses the effect of this ion. 6. Cu2+ also induces an increase in the unidirectional K+ fluxes and unmasks a net outward potassium flux. 7. The outward K+ flux induced by Cu2+ is sensitive to ouabain. 8. It is concluded that Cu2+ increases the permeability of the external barrier of the frog skin to Na+ and K+, probably by reacting with SH groups.", "contents": "The effect of copper on frog skin: the role of sulphydryl groups. 1. Cu2+ at a concentration of 10-4 M, when applied to the external side of the frog skin produces an increase in the short-circuit current (Isc). 2. This effect was studied in skins of Rana temporaria adapted to cold,(5 degrees C) and room temperature (20 degrees C), skins of Rana pipiens adapted to cold, and the results compared with those obtained previously with Rana ribibunda. 3. The observed effect is less dependent upon the adaptation to cold than upon the functional state of the skin: skins with low short circuit currents have a bigger response to Cu2+ than skins with high Isc. 4. A species difference cannot be ruled out since skins of Rana ribibunda exhibiting high Isc give good responses to Cu2+. 5. 5,5' -dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid), a sulphydryl-oxidizing reagent, produces an effect similar to that of Cu2+, and dithiothreitol an SH-reducing agent, reverses the effect of this ion. 6. Cu2+ also induces an increase in the unidirectional K+ fluxes and unmasks a net outward potassium flux. 7. The outward K+ flux induced by Cu2+ is sensitive to ouabain. 8. It is concluded that Cu2+ increases the permeability of the external barrier of the frog skin to Na+ and K+, probably by reacting with SH groups.", "PMID": 307402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1148", "title": "The use of the fluorescent probe alpha-parinaric acid to determine the physical state of the intracytoplasmic membranes of the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "alpha-Parinaric acid has been used to determine the degree of ordering of the hydrocarbon region of purified intracytoplasmic membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The usefulness of alpha-parinaric acid as a probe of membrane fluidity was established by comparison of its fluorescent properties in phosphatidylcholine vesicles with those of the more commonly used fluorescent probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Both fluorescent probes were shown to monitor similar environments in the phosphatidylcholine vesicles when the phospholipids were maintained at temperatures above their phase transition temperature. The rotational mobility of alpha-parinaric acid in the intracytoplasmic membranes was determined from 0 to 50 degrees C, a region where no phase transitions were detectable. The rotational mobility of alpha-parinaric acid dissolved in vesicles formed from total extracted intracytoplasmic membrane phospholipids, was 2--3-fold greater than that measured in the intact intracytoplasmic membranes; demonstrating that the presence of protein greatly reduces the mobility of the phospholipid acyl chains of the intracytoplasmic membranes. Due to the high protein content of these membranes, the perturbing effect of protein on acyl chain mobility may extend to virtually all the intracytoplasmic membrane phospholipid.", "contents": "The use of the fluorescent probe alpha-parinaric acid to determine the physical state of the intracytoplasmic membranes of the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. alpha-Parinaric acid has been used to determine the degree of ordering of the hydrocarbon region of purified intracytoplasmic membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The usefulness of alpha-parinaric acid as a probe of membrane fluidity was established by comparison of its fluorescent properties in phosphatidylcholine vesicles with those of the more commonly used fluorescent probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Both fluorescent probes were shown to monitor similar environments in the phosphatidylcholine vesicles when the phospholipids were maintained at temperatures above their phase transition temperature. The rotational mobility of alpha-parinaric acid in the intracytoplasmic membranes was determined from 0 to 50 degrees C, a region where no phase transitions were detectable. The rotational mobility of alpha-parinaric acid dissolved in vesicles formed from total extracted intracytoplasmic membrane phospholipids, was 2--3-fold greater than that measured in the intact intracytoplasmic membranes; demonstrating that the presence of protein greatly reduces the mobility of the phospholipid acyl chains of the intracytoplasmic membranes. Due to the high protein content of these membranes, the perturbing effect of protein on acyl chain mobility may extend to virtually all the intracytoplasmic membrane phospholipid.", "PMID": 307403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1149", "title": "Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. V. Identification of bacteriochlorophyll alpha-depleted cytoplasmic membrane in phototrophically grown cells.", "content": "The separation of membrane fragments was investigated in extracts of phototropically grown Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides to determine if the plasma membrane contains discrete regions. A highly purified fraction of bacteriochlorophyll alpha-deficient membrane fragments was isolated by differential centrifugation, chromatography on Sepharose 2B, reaggregation, and isopycnic sedimentation on sucrose gradients. Significant levels of b- and c-type cytochromes and succinate dehydrogenase were demonstrated in the isolated membrane fragments and their appearance in electron micrographs, their polypeptide profile in dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and overall chemical composition were essentially identical to a similar fraction isolated from aerobically grown cells. Their polypeptide profiles were distinct from those of the intracytoplasmic chromatophore and outer membranes, and on the basis of bacteriochlorophyll content the phototrophic fraction was contaminated with chromatophores by less than 9%. The membrane fragments contained no diaminopimelic acid or glucosamine. It is condluded that the membrane fragments isolated from phototrophically growing Rp. sphaeroides have arisen from photosynthetic pigment-depleted regions of the plasma membrane structurally and functionally differentiated from the intracytoplasmic chromatophore membrane. These regions represent conserved chemotrophic cytoplasmic membrane whose synthesis continues under photoheterotrophic conditions.", "contents": "Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. V. Identification of bacteriochlorophyll alpha-depleted cytoplasmic membrane in phototrophically grown cells. The separation of membrane fragments was investigated in extracts of phototropically grown Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides to determine if the plasma membrane contains discrete regions. A highly purified fraction of bacteriochlorophyll alpha-deficient membrane fragments was isolated by differential centrifugation, chromatography on Sepharose 2B, reaggregation, and isopycnic sedimentation on sucrose gradients. Significant levels of b- and c-type cytochromes and succinate dehydrogenase were demonstrated in the isolated membrane fragments and their appearance in electron micrographs, their polypeptide profile in dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and overall chemical composition were essentially identical to a similar fraction isolated from aerobically grown cells. Their polypeptide profiles were distinct from those of the intracytoplasmic chromatophore and outer membranes, and on the basis of bacteriochlorophyll content the phototrophic fraction was contaminated with chromatophores by less than 9%. The membrane fragments contained no diaminopimelic acid or glucosamine. It is condluded that the membrane fragments isolated from phototrophically growing Rp. sphaeroides have arisen from photosynthetic pigment-depleted regions of the plasma membrane structurally and functionally differentiated from the intracytoplasmic chromatophore membrane. These regions represent conserved chemotrophic cytoplasmic membrane whose synthesis continues under photoheterotrophic conditions.", "PMID": 307404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1150", "title": "Identification of the globin chain and the amino acid residue responsible for polymerization of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) hemoglobin with iodo[14C]acetamide.", "content": "The bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) major hemoglobin dissociates into its constituent globin chains (alpha and beta) which are separated by Sulfopropyl-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography after alkylation with iodo[14C]acetamide. Each globin chain has two cysteine residues and those of the beta-globin chain in the tetramer are preferentially alkylated with iodoacetamide.", "contents": "Identification of the globin chain and the amino acid residue responsible for polymerization of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) hemoglobin with iodo[14C]acetamide. The bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) major hemoglobin dissociates into its constituent globin chains (alpha and beta) which are separated by Sulfopropyl-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography after alkylation with iodo[14C]acetamide. Each globin chain has two cysteine residues and those of the beta-globin chain in the tetramer are preferentially alkylated with iodoacetamide.", "PMID": 307405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1151", "title": "Application of cell electrophoretic methods (preparative and analytical) in demonstrating the surface heterogeneity of T-lymphocytes in man.", "content": "The preparative electrophoretic method allows separation of several cell populations, which can be characterized by the usual membrane markers. This qualitative study shows a heterogeneous distribution of the T-lymphocytes from the most rapid to the slowest migration zones. The electrophoretic mobility (E.M.) of each fraction has been studied by analytical electrophoresis, which confirms the heterogeneity of T-cells. The experiments used total blood lymphocytes and rosette-forming cells with sheep red blood cells. The results obtained with the two methods were well correlated. The average migration speed of the separated populations showed a regular variation from one extreme fraction to the other. The E.M. speeds that characterize the main populations are--0.90 micrometer.sec.--1v.--1cm for the B-lymphocytes; for the T-lymphocytes,--1.10 (previously identified as the \"low affinity\" E-rosette FC),--1.20 and a small population centered around--1.35 (corresponding to active E rosette FC). In the T-lymphocytes separated after E-rosetting, the progresssive variation in the mean E.M. of each fraction is confirmed, as well as the existence of the previous 3 T-cell populations. Further studies have to be done, to show that each separated population does correspond with a functional differentiation.", "contents": "Application of cell electrophoretic methods (preparative and analytical) in demonstrating the surface heterogeneity of T-lymphocytes in man. The preparative electrophoretic method allows separation of several cell populations, which can be characterized by the usual membrane markers. This qualitative study shows a heterogeneous distribution of the T-lymphocytes from the most rapid to the slowest migration zones. The electrophoretic mobility (E.M.) of each fraction has been studied by analytical electrophoresis, which confirms the heterogeneity of T-cells. The experiments used total blood lymphocytes and rosette-forming cells with sheep red blood cells. The results obtained with the two methods were well correlated. The average migration speed of the separated populations showed a regular variation from one extreme fraction to the other. The E.M. speeds that characterize the main populations are--0.90 micrometer.sec.--1v.--1cm for the B-lymphocytes; for the T-lymphocytes,--1.10 (previously identified as the \"low affinity\" E-rosette FC),--1.20 and a small population centered around--1.35 (corresponding to active E rosette FC). In the T-lymphocytes separated after E-rosetting, the progresssive variation in the mean E.M. of each fraction is confirmed, as well as the existence of the previous 3 T-cell populations. Further studies have to be done, to show that each separated population does correspond with a functional differentiation.", "PMID": 307407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1152", "title": "Cytochrome P-450 from mitochondria of bovine adrenal cortex: comparison of cholesterol side-chain cleavage P-450 with steroid 11beta-hydroxylation P-450 and immunochemical cross-reactivity between adrenal mitochondrial and liver microsomal cytochromes P-450.", "content": "Adrenocortical mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 specific to the cholesterol side-chain cleavage (desmolase) reaction differs from that for the 11beta-hydroxylation reaction of deoxycorticosterone. The former cytochrome appears to be more loosely bound to the inner membrane than the latter. Upon ageing at 0 degrees C or by aerobic treatment with ferrous ions, the desmolase P-450 was more stable than the 11beta-hydroxylase P-450. By utilizing artificial hydroxylating agents such as cumene hydroperoxide, H2O2, and sodium periodate, the hydroxylation reaction of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone in the absence of NADPH was observed to a comparable extent with the reaction in the presence of adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin and NADPH. However, the hydroxylation reaction of cholesterol to pregnenolone was not supported by these artificial agents. Immunochemical cross-reactivity of bovine adrenal desmolase P-450 with rabbit liver microsomal P-450LM4 was also investigated. We found a weak but significant cross-reactivity between the adrenal mitochondrial P-450 and liver microsomal P-450LM4, indicating to some extent a homology between adrenal and liver cytochromes P-450.", "contents": "Cytochrome P-450 from mitochondria of bovine adrenal cortex: comparison of cholesterol side-chain cleavage P-450 with steroid 11beta-hydroxylation P-450 and immunochemical cross-reactivity between adrenal mitochondrial and liver microsomal cytochromes P-450. Adrenocortical mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 specific to the cholesterol side-chain cleavage (desmolase) reaction differs from that for the 11beta-hydroxylation reaction of deoxycorticosterone. The former cytochrome appears to be more loosely bound to the inner membrane than the latter. Upon ageing at 0 degrees C or by aerobic treatment with ferrous ions, the desmolase P-450 was more stable than the 11beta-hydroxylase P-450. By utilizing artificial hydroxylating agents such as cumene hydroperoxide, H2O2, and sodium periodate, the hydroxylation reaction of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone in the absence of NADPH was observed to a comparable extent with the reaction in the presence of adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin and NADPH. However, the hydroxylation reaction of cholesterol to pregnenolone was not supported by these artificial agents. Immunochemical cross-reactivity of bovine adrenal desmolase P-450 with rabbit liver microsomal P-450LM4 was also investigated. We found a weak but significant cross-reactivity between the adrenal mitochondrial P-450 and liver microsomal P-450LM4, indicating to some extent a homology between adrenal and liver cytochromes P-450.", "PMID": 307406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1153", "title": "Isolation of glycosaminoglycans from lymphocytes in chronic lymphoic leukemia.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from type B chronic lymphoid leukemia lymphocytes. Their studies showed chondroitin sulfate A (C) and under-sulfated chondroitin sulfate, no heparan sulfate was found. These results were confirmed with 12 other chronic lymphoid leukemia patients. By the same method polyanionic glycopeptides distinct from glycosaminoglycans were obtained from lymphocyte glycoproteins. They showed similarities in composition with known cell receptors. The largest part of chondroitin sulfate was liberated from cells by mild hydrolysis with trypsin and thus appeared to be a cell-surface component.", "contents": "Isolation of glycosaminoglycans from lymphocytes in chronic lymphoic leukemia. Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from type B chronic lymphoid leukemia lymphocytes. Their studies showed chondroitin sulfate A (C) and under-sulfated chondroitin sulfate, no heparan sulfate was found. These results were confirmed with 12 other chronic lymphoid leukemia patients. By the same method polyanionic glycopeptides distinct from glycosaminoglycans were obtained from lymphocyte glycoproteins. They showed similarities in composition with known cell receptors. The largest part of chondroitin sulfate was liberated from cells by mild hydrolysis with trypsin and thus appeared to be a cell-surface component.", "PMID": 307408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1154", "title": "Trasylol (aprotinin) as an anti-tumour agent.", "content": "Growth of a syngeneic adenocarcinoma in C3H mice was investigated in animals receiving twice-daily subcutaneous injections of the antiprotease Trasylol. Development of primary tumours was not influenced by Trasylol treatment and the antiprotease did not affect concomitant ant--tumour immunity as assessed by resistance to secondary footpad challenge. From histological examination of tumours and a study of GVH (graft-versus-host) activity no evidence was gained that Trasylol treatment augments the host cellular immune response.", "contents": "Trasylol (aprotinin) as an anti-tumour agent. Growth of a syngeneic adenocarcinoma in C3H mice was investigated in animals receiving twice-daily subcutaneous injections of the antiprotease Trasylol. Development of primary tumours was not influenced by Trasylol treatment and the antiprotease did not affect concomitant ant--tumour immunity as assessed by resistance to secondary footpad challenge. From histological examination of tumours and a study of GVH (graft-versus-host) activity no evidence was gained that Trasylol treatment augments the host cellular immune response.", "PMID": 307409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1155", "title": "Differential effect of hydrocortisone on lymphocyte populations in the mouse spleen.", "content": "The cellular composition of the spleen from CBA mice was investigated two days after administration of increasing doses of hydrocortisone acetate (HC), this using the presence of surface-immunoglobulin and the electrophoretic mobility as criteria for identification of lymphocyte populations. The B cell content was found to decrease more rapidly than did the T cell content. However, a significant diminution of the modal volume of both B and T cells was observed which suggests that HC acted similarly on each of these lymphocyte compartments by removing the larger elements. On the other hand, the in vitro reactivities to the B cell mitogens LPS and PPD were strongly depressed by HC injection while the reactivities to the T cell mitogens Con A and PHA remained relatively unchanged. Therefore, HC treatment appears to affect both B and T lymphocyte populations in the mouse spleen but the former to a greater extent than the latter.", "contents": "Differential effect of hydrocortisone on lymphocyte populations in the mouse spleen. The cellular composition of the spleen from CBA mice was investigated two days after administration of increasing doses of hydrocortisone acetate (HC), this using the presence of surface-immunoglobulin and the electrophoretic mobility as criteria for identification of lymphocyte populations. The B cell content was found to decrease more rapidly than did the T cell content. However, a significant diminution of the modal volume of both B and T cells was observed which suggests that HC acted similarly on each of these lymphocyte compartments by removing the larger elements. On the other hand, the in vitro reactivities to the B cell mitogens LPS and PPD were strongly depressed by HC injection while the reactivities to the T cell mitogens Con A and PHA remained relatively unchanged. Therefore, HC treatment appears to affect both B and T lymphocyte populations in the mouse spleen but the former to a greater extent than the latter.", "PMID": 307410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1156", "title": "In vitro restoration by thymosin of T lymphocytes from patients with lung tuberculosis.", "content": "The percentage of E-rosette forming T-lymphocytes is considerably decreased in a number of patients with severe form of lung tuberculosis, particularly in those with tuberculous empyema of the pleura (28.5% to 38%). After in vitro incubation of lymphocytes from those patients with thymosin V fraction T-lymphocytes restored normal.", "contents": "In vitro restoration by thymosin of T lymphocytes from patients with lung tuberculosis. The percentage of E-rosette forming T-lymphocytes is considerably decreased in a number of patients with severe form of lung tuberculosis, particularly in those with tuberculous empyema of the pleura (28.5% to 38%). After in vitro incubation of lymphocytes from those patients with thymosin V fraction T-lymphocytes restored normal.", "PMID": 307411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1157", "title": "Birefringence measurements of structural inhomogeneities in Rana pipiens rod outer segments.", "content": "The birefringence (deltan) of Rana pipiens rod outer segments (ROS) reveals microstructure inhomogeneities not seen with other techniques. In the basal 20-30-micron length of the ROS there is a nearly linear axial gradient in deltan of approximately equal to -2 x 10(-5)/micron. No consistent deltan gradients are found in the distal 20-30 micron of the ROS. Using glycerol imbibition to separate the intrinsic and form birefringence components, we found that the basal deltan gradient was principally due to a gradient of the intrinsic birefringence component. The disk membrane volume fraction decreases uniformly from the basal end to the distal end, while the disk membrane refractive index increases. The contributions of these changes to the form birefringence approximately cancel, so that the form component is fairly uniform along the ROS axis. Because its axial distance from the inner segment is a measure of the time since a disk membrane was formed, these gradients may reflect a disk membrane aging process. Occasionally a highly birefringent, 2-micron-wide band is seen at the basal end ot the ROS, possibly where the envelope membrane folds to form new disk membranes.", "contents": "Birefringence measurements of structural inhomogeneities in Rana pipiens rod outer segments. The birefringence (deltan) of Rana pipiens rod outer segments (ROS) reveals microstructure inhomogeneities not seen with other techniques. In the basal 20-30-micron length of the ROS there is a nearly linear axial gradient in deltan of approximately equal to -2 x 10(-5)/micron. No consistent deltan gradients are found in the distal 20-30 micron of the ROS. Using glycerol imbibition to separate the intrinsic and form birefringence components, we found that the basal deltan gradient was principally due to a gradient of the intrinsic birefringence component. The disk membrane volume fraction decreases uniformly from the basal end to the distal end, while the disk membrane refractive index increases. The contributions of these changes to the form birefringence approximately cancel, so that the form component is fairly uniform along the ROS axis. Because its axial distance from the inner segment is a measure of the time since a disk membrane was formed, these gradients may reflect a disk membrane aging process. Occasionally a highly birefringent, 2-micron-wide band is seen at the basal end ot the ROS, possibly where the envelope membrane folds to form new disk membranes.", "PMID": 307412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1158", "title": "[Calcium ion uptake by the skin fibroblast culture under normal conditions and in systemic diseases of the connective tissue].", "content": "Radioactive calcium (45Ca) uptake and the effect of adrenaline on this process was studied on the suspension of cells derived from the monolayer cultures of fibroblasts of the skin of healthy donors and of patients with systemic scleroderma and rheumatic fever. A significant increase of calcium uptake was shown in case of scleroderma in comparison with the normal and rheumatism cases. Adrenaline (2 X 10(-7)--2 X 10(-5) M) enhanced the rate of calcium uptake by fibroblasts in control and had the opposite effect in scleroderma. The data obtained indicated alteration of the fibroblast membrane function in systemic scleroderma which could underlay the change in the metabolic activity of these cells.", "contents": "[Calcium ion uptake by the skin fibroblast culture under normal conditions and in systemic diseases of the connective tissue]. Radioactive calcium (45Ca) uptake and the effect of adrenaline on this process was studied on the suspension of cells derived from the monolayer cultures of fibroblasts of the skin of healthy donors and of patients with systemic scleroderma and rheumatic fever. A significant increase of calcium uptake was shown in case of scleroderma in comparison with the normal and rheumatism cases. Adrenaline (2 X 10(-7)--2 X 10(-5) M) enhanced the rate of calcium uptake by fibroblasts in control and had the opposite effect in scleroderma. The data obtained indicated alteration of the fibroblast membrane function in systemic scleroderma which could underlay the change in the metabolic activity of these cells.", "PMID": 307413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1159", "title": "[Tolerance-like condition developing in mice under the effect of antigen of erythrocyte lysate].", "content": "Lysate of sheep red blood cells obtained by the treatment of these cells with distilled water and purified by ultracentrifugation in cold possessed a weak immunogenicity. Its administration to mice caused the state of hyporeactivity to sheep red blood cells (a reduction of the immune response level to 10-25% of control. The capacity of the mise spleen cells to respond by immune reaction to the red blood cells following adoptive transfer was not disturbed. At the early periods after the lysate administrations the mouse spleen cells possessed a weak supressive activity in case of their transfer to the intact animals. The blood serum of mice treated with the lysate possessed a blocking activity which disappeared after the serum absorption with sheep red blood cells. A conclusion was drawn that hyporeactivity originating in mice after the lysate administration was caused by the presence in the serum of antibodies inhibiting the immune response.", "contents": "[Tolerance-like condition developing in mice under the effect of antigen of erythrocyte lysate]. Lysate of sheep red blood cells obtained by the treatment of these cells with distilled water and purified by ultracentrifugation in cold possessed a weak immunogenicity. Its administration to mice caused the state of hyporeactivity to sheep red blood cells (a reduction of the immune response level to 10-25% of control. The capacity of the mise spleen cells to respond by immune reaction to the red blood cells following adoptive transfer was not disturbed. At the early periods after the lysate administrations the mouse spleen cells possessed a weak supressive activity in case of their transfer to the intact animals. The blood serum of mice treated with the lysate possessed a blocking activity which disappeared after the serum absorption with sheep red blood cells. A conclusion was drawn that hyporeactivity originating in mice after the lysate administration was caused by the presence in the serum of antibodies inhibiting the immune response.", "PMID": 307414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1160", "title": "[Role of thymus-dependent cells in splenic colony formation].", "content": "It was shown that treatment of the bone marrow with the serum reacting with the theta-antigen, irrespective of the presence of the complement, sharply decreases the capacity of its cells to form splenic colonies. Administration of the thymus cells together with the bone marrow to the recipient largely elminates the effect of this system, significantly increasing the splenic colony formation. It is supposed that the antiserum in the bone marrow inactivates the population of cells necessary for the formation of the colonies in the spleen, but differing from the pluripotent stem cells, possibly the population of T-cells.", "contents": "[Role of thymus-dependent cells in splenic colony formation]. It was shown that treatment of the bone marrow with the serum reacting with the theta-antigen, irrespective of the presence of the complement, sharply decreases the capacity of its cells to form splenic colonies. Administration of the thymus cells together with the bone marrow to the recipient largely elminates the effect of this system, significantly increasing the splenic colony formation. It is supposed that the antiserum in the bone marrow inactivates the population of cells necessary for the formation of the colonies in the spleen, but differing from the pluripotent stem cells, possibly the population of T-cells.", "PMID": 307415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1161", "title": "Ultrastructural study of acute lymphocytic leukemia: comparison with immunologic studies.", "content": "Leukemic cells from 29 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), studied for T and B cell markers by the use of sheep erythrocyte rosetting and surface immunoglobulin determinations, were examined by electron microscopy. The majority of patients (76%) were found to have non-T, non-B neoplasms composed predominantly of relatively small, inactive-appearing cells with frequent nuclear folds. T cell cases (21%) were associated with mediastinal masses and were predominantly composed of large, active-appearing cells with nuclear irregularity and little rough endoplasmic reticulum. One case of B cell origin was not morphologically distinct from the non-T, non-B cell cases.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of acute lymphocytic leukemia: comparison with immunologic studies. Leukemic cells from 29 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), studied for T and B cell markers by the use of sheep erythrocyte rosetting and surface immunoglobulin determinations, were examined by electron microscopy. The majority of patients (76%) were found to have non-T, non-B neoplasms composed predominantly of relatively small, inactive-appearing cells with frequent nuclear folds. T cell cases (21%) were associated with mediastinal masses and were predominantly composed of large, active-appearing cells with nuclear irregularity and little rough endoplasmic reticulum. One case of B cell origin was not morphologically distinct from the non-T, non-B cell cases.", "PMID": 307416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1162", "title": "The local anaesthetic activity of a benzotriazinium salt.", "content": "1 The local anaesthetic properties of 2-n-propyl-4-p-tolylamino-1,2,3-benzotriazinium iodide (TnPBI) were compared with those of lignocaine hydrochloride on intact and desheathed sciatic nerves of the frog, on the phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation of the rat, and by the intradermal wheal test in the guinea-pig. 2 Both TnPBI and lignocaine were more potent on desheathed than on intact sciatic nerves. The potency of TnPBI was affected more than that of lignocaine by the presence of the sheath in intact nerves. 3 Both drugs inhibited conduction in the rat phrenic nerve, as shown by the reduction in twitch tension of the diaphragm elicited by nerve stimulation. TnPBI also caused an initial augmentation of the twitch tension of the diaphragm when applied directly to the muscle. 4 TnPBI was shown to be approximately twice as potent as lignocaine by the guinea-pig intradermal wheal test. 5 These results are discussed in view of the known effects of TnPBI on intracellular calcium storage.", "contents": "The local anaesthetic activity of a benzotriazinium salt. 1 The local anaesthetic properties of 2-n-propyl-4-p-tolylamino-1,2,3-benzotriazinium iodide (TnPBI) were compared with those of lignocaine hydrochloride on intact and desheathed sciatic nerves of the frog, on the phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation of the rat, and by the intradermal wheal test in the guinea-pig. 2 Both TnPBI and lignocaine were more potent on desheathed than on intact sciatic nerves. The potency of TnPBI was affected more than that of lignocaine by the presence of the sheath in intact nerves. 3 Both drugs inhibited conduction in the rat phrenic nerve, as shown by the reduction in twitch tension of the diaphragm elicited by nerve stimulation. TnPBI also caused an initial augmentation of the twitch tension of the diaphragm when applied directly to the muscle. 4 TnPBI was shown to be approximately twice as potent as lignocaine by the guinea-pig intradermal wheal test. 5 These results are discussed in view of the known effects of TnPBI on intracellular calcium storage.", "PMID": 307423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1163", "title": "Neurotrophic control of RNA synthesis in amphibian striated muscle.", "content": "When frog sartorius muscles are incubated in culture for 3 days, a 98% increase in RNA synthesis by the muscles is seen. A portion of this increase (60--100% in different experiments) is prevented by the presence of a 2 cm distal nerve stump left attached to the muscle, or by the addition to the culture medium of nerve and spinal cord extracts from frog, rat or cow. The effect of the nerve stump and the extract is seen under conditions of neuro-muscular blockade by 50 mg/l gentamicin sulfate present in the culture medium. Autoradiography of 1 micrometer sections of muscles previously labeled with [3H]uridine shows that isotope incorporation is largely confined to muscle fibers rather than connective tissue. Muscles cultured for 3 days display normal action and resting potentials either in the presence or absence of extract. The results are discussed in terms of control of muscle RNA synthesis by substances present in motor neurons.", "contents": "Neurotrophic control of RNA synthesis in amphibian striated muscle. When frog sartorius muscles are incubated in culture for 3 days, a 98% increase in RNA synthesis by the muscles is seen. A portion of this increase (60--100% in different experiments) is prevented by the presence of a 2 cm distal nerve stump left attached to the muscle, or by the addition to the culture medium of nerve and spinal cord extracts from frog, rat or cow. The effect of the nerve stump and the extract is seen under conditions of neuro-muscular blockade by 50 mg/l gentamicin sulfate present in the culture medium. Autoradiography of 1 micrometer sections of muscles previously labeled with [3H]uridine shows that isotope incorporation is largely confined to muscle fibers rather than connective tissue. Muscles cultured for 3 days display normal action and resting potentials either in the presence or absence of extract. The results are discussed in terms of control of muscle RNA synthesis by substances present in motor neurons.", "PMID": 307424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1164", "title": "Differential synthesis of the polypeptides of aldehyde dehydrogenase and NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase in the bioluminescent bacterium Beneckea harveyi.", "content": "The proteins of the bioluminescent bacterium Beneckea harveyi have been labelled with [3H]leucine prior to the induction of bioluminescence, and with [14C]leucine during the development of the bioluminescent system. An aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase and a NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase, two enzymes that may be directly involved in the metabolism of the substrates (aldehyde, FMNH2) for the luminescent reaction catalyzed by luciferase, were purified and the isotope ratios of their respective polypeptide chains determined after sodium dodecyl sufate gel electrophoresis. A comparison of these isotope ratios to (a) the isotope ratios of the induced polypeptide chains of luciferase, purified in the same experiment, and (b) the average isotope ratio for the proteins synthesized in concert with growth has provided direct evidence that the synthesis of aldehyde dehydrogenase but not NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase is induced during the development of bioluminescence.", "contents": "Differential synthesis of the polypeptides of aldehyde dehydrogenase and NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase in the bioluminescent bacterium Beneckea harveyi. The proteins of the bioluminescent bacterium Beneckea harveyi have been labelled with [3H]leucine prior to the induction of bioluminescence, and with [14C]leucine during the development of the bioluminescent system. An aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase and a NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase, two enzymes that may be directly involved in the metabolism of the substrates (aldehyde, FMNH2) for the luminescent reaction catalyzed by luciferase, were purified and the isotope ratios of their respective polypeptide chains determined after sodium dodecyl sufate gel electrophoresis. A comparison of these isotope ratios to (a) the isotope ratios of the induced polypeptide chains of luciferase, purified in the same experiment, and (b) the average isotope ratio for the proteins synthesized in concert with growth has provided direct evidence that the synthesis of aldehyde dehydrogenase but not NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase is induced during the development of bioluminescence.", "PMID": 307425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1165", "title": "Antagonism by phosphate buffer of the twitch loss in isolated muscle fibers produced by calcium-free solutions.", "content": "In 37 of 41 isolated frog skeletal muscle fiber preparations (one, two, or three fibers) the twitch was eliminated or reduced to less than 10% of control by exposing the fibers to a O-calcium, bicarbonate-buffered solution for 10 min or less. Replacing the bicarbonate by a phosphate buffer either prevented twitch inhibition or increased the O-calcium exposure time required for its production. It is concluded that surface membrane-bound calcium ions (presumably in the t-tubules) are required to couple the action potential to the mechanical response and that phosphate ions inhibit the loss of the membrane-bound calcium ions into an external calcium-free solution.", "contents": "Antagonism by phosphate buffer of the twitch loss in isolated muscle fibers produced by calcium-free solutions. In 37 of 41 isolated frog skeletal muscle fiber preparations (one, two, or three fibers) the twitch was eliminated or reduced to less than 10% of control by exposing the fibers to a O-calcium, bicarbonate-buffered solution for 10 min or less. Replacing the bicarbonate by a phosphate buffer either prevented twitch inhibition or increased the O-calcium exposure time required for its production. It is concluded that surface membrane-bound calcium ions (presumably in the t-tubules) are required to couple the action potential to the mechanical response and that phosphate ions inhibit the loss of the membrane-bound calcium ions into an external calcium-free solution.", "PMID": 307426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1166", "title": "Flocculation and adsorption of enzymes during growth of a moderate halophile, Micrococcus varians var. Halophilus.", "content": "Flocculation of a moderate halophile, Micrococcus varians ATCC 2197, occurred during growth in complex medium containing 3 M NaCl and a concentration of MgSO4 and KH2PO4 greater than 40 and 14 mM, respectively. Extracellular nuclease activity was absent in the flocculated cultures. Repeated washing of flocs by Mg2+-free Tris buffer containing 3 M NaCl, lowering of pH value of floc suspension below 6.3, or addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid resulted in complete dissociation of the flocs and release of Mg2+ ions as well as nuclease and amylase. Inhibition of extracellular enzyme production accompanied by flocculation appeared to be the result of adsorption of enzyme proteins to surfaces of the flocs, but not of inhibition of biosynthesis. Floc formation could also occur in media containing 18 mM CaCl2 and 3.0 mM KH2PO4, but the Ca flocs were not deflocculated by washing with Ca2+-free buffer, suggesting that the affinity of Ca2+ for cell envelopes was stronger than that of Mg2+. It was also observed that most halophilic Planococcus and Micrococcus flocculated in the presence of MgSO4 and phosphate but halophilic Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Bacillus did not.", "contents": "Flocculation and adsorption of enzymes during growth of a moderate halophile, Micrococcus varians var. Halophilus. Flocculation of a moderate halophile, Micrococcus varians ATCC 2197, occurred during growth in complex medium containing 3 M NaCl and a concentration of MgSO4 and KH2PO4 greater than 40 and 14 mM, respectively. Extracellular nuclease activity was absent in the flocculated cultures. Repeated washing of flocs by Mg2+-free Tris buffer containing 3 M NaCl, lowering of pH value of floc suspension below 6.3, or addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid resulted in complete dissociation of the flocs and release of Mg2+ ions as well as nuclease and amylase. Inhibition of extracellular enzyme production accompanied by flocculation appeared to be the result of adsorption of enzyme proteins to surfaces of the flocs, but not of inhibition of biosynthesis. Floc formation could also occur in media containing 18 mM CaCl2 and 3.0 mM KH2PO4, but the Ca flocs were not deflocculated by washing with Ca2+-free buffer, suggesting that the affinity of Ca2+ for cell envelopes was stronger than that of Mg2+. It was also observed that most halophilic Planococcus and Micrococcus flocculated in the presence of MgSO4 and phosphate but halophilic Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Bacillus did not.", "PMID": 307427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1167", "title": "Potentiation by 2'-deoxycoformycin of the inhibitory effect by 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) on nuclear RNA synthesis in L1210 cells in vitro.", "content": "The effect of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2'-deoxycoformycin, on the inhibitory effect of cordycepin on nuclear RNA synthesis was examined in L1210 cells in vitro. The median inhibitory dose for the effect of deoxycoformycin on adenosine deaminase was 4 X 10(-8) M, and 100% inhibition was achieved at 5 X 10(-7) M. Pretreatment of cells for 30 min with 1 X 10(-6) M deoxycoformycin resulted in a reduction of the median inhibitory dose for cordycepin from 2.5 X 10(-4) to 1.8 X 10(-5) M, as assessed by the measurement of [3H]uridine incorporation into total RNA. Measurement of the synthesis of nuclear ribosomal RNA, nonpolyadenylic acid heterogeneous RNA, and polyadenylic acid heterogeneous RNA revealed potentiation by 2'-deoxycoformycin of the inhibitory effect of cordycepin on all species of RNA, as well as on polyadenylic acid synthesis. No differences were noted in the size of nuclear polyadenylic acid obtained from cells treated with cordycepin in either the presence or the absence of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor. These results suggest that the potentiation by 2'-deoxycoformycin of the cytotoxic and antitumor effects of cordycepin on L1210 cells in vivo is related to inhibition of nuclear RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Potentiation by 2'-deoxycoformycin of the inhibitory effect by 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) on nuclear RNA synthesis in L1210 cells in vitro. The effect of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2'-deoxycoformycin, on the inhibitory effect of cordycepin on nuclear RNA synthesis was examined in L1210 cells in vitro. The median inhibitory dose for the effect of deoxycoformycin on adenosine deaminase was 4 X 10(-8) M, and 100% inhibition was achieved at 5 X 10(-7) M. Pretreatment of cells for 30 min with 1 X 10(-6) M deoxycoformycin resulted in a reduction of the median inhibitory dose for cordycepin from 2.5 X 10(-4) to 1.8 X 10(-5) M, as assessed by the measurement of [3H]uridine incorporation into total RNA. Measurement of the synthesis of nuclear ribosomal RNA, nonpolyadenylic acid heterogeneous RNA, and polyadenylic acid heterogeneous RNA revealed potentiation by 2'-deoxycoformycin of the inhibitory effect of cordycepin on all species of RNA, as well as on polyadenylic acid synthesis. No differences were noted in the size of nuclear polyadenylic acid obtained from cells treated with cordycepin in either the presence or the absence of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor. These results suggest that the potentiation by 2'-deoxycoformycin of the cytotoxic and antitumor effects of cordycepin on L1210 cells in vivo is related to inhibition of nuclear RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 307428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1168", "title": "Role of intracisternal A-particles and of RNA molecules in plasmacytoma-associated immunodeficiency.", "content": "A subcellular fraction from murine plasmacytoma cells was shown to suppress the primary antibody response when injected into normal mice. The active subcellular fraction copurified with intracisternal A-particles. The RNA extracted from subcellular fractions enriched in A-particles was also immunosuppressive. This activity was due to a population of RNA molecules that contained polyadenylic acid. Upon fractionation on a sucrose gradient, two populations of immunosuppressive RNA were obtained with sedimentation velocities of 12 to 18S and 40 to 50S. The 40 to 50S RNA was shown to be a thermolabile aggregate of molecules that contained the 12 to 18S RNA molecules. Plasmacytoma-derived material with similar physicochemical characteristics had previously been shown to induce in normal mouse lymphocytes surface immunoglobulins with the plasmacytoma idiotype, supporting the possibility that one of the mechanisms responsible for the development of immunological deficiency is the change of surface immunoglobulins of nonmalignant B-cells.", "contents": "Role of intracisternal A-particles and of RNA molecules in plasmacytoma-associated immunodeficiency. A subcellular fraction from murine plasmacytoma cells was shown to suppress the primary antibody response when injected into normal mice. The active subcellular fraction copurified with intracisternal A-particles. The RNA extracted from subcellular fractions enriched in A-particles was also immunosuppressive. This activity was due to a population of RNA molecules that contained polyadenylic acid. Upon fractionation on a sucrose gradient, two populations of immunosuppressive RNA were obtained with sedimentation velocities of 12 to 18S and 40 to 50S. The 40 to 50S RNA was shown to be a thermolabile aggregate of molecules that contained the 12 to 18S RNA molecules. Plasmacytoma-derived material with similar physicochemical characteristics had previously been shown to induce in normal mouse lymphocytes surface immunoglobulins with the plasmacytoma idiotype, supporting the possibility that one of the mechanisms responsible for the development of immunological deficiency is the change of surface immunoglobulins of nonmalignant B-cells.", "PMID": 307429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1169", "title": "Illness associated with \"package tours\": a combined Spanish-Scottish study.", "content": "The occurrence of three deaths and substantial morbidity among members of a \"package tour\" who stayed at the same hotel in Benidorm, Spain, during the summer of 1973 provided an opportunity to study the experiences of persons undertaking this type of holiday and some of the factors that might affect their health. Of 252 tourists, 164 (65%) reported illness, 86 of those affected (52%) having respiratory symptoms. The three persons who died had predisposing factors and all had lobar pneumonia. In the control group of 157 persons, who stayed at other hotels in Benidorm, 82 (53%) experienced ill-health during their stay but fewer (38%) had respiratory illnesses. The study demonstrated some of the hazards encountered by the inexperienced traveller and also indicated the need to improve surveillance of what appears to be an unexpectedly large amount of illness among international tourists.", "contents": "Illness associated with \"package tours\": a combined Spanish-Scottish study. The occurrence of three deaths and substantial morbidity among members of a \"package tour\" who stayed at the same hotel in Benidorm, Spain, during the summer of 1973 provided an opportunity to study the experiences of persons undertaking this type of holiday and some of the factors that might affect their health. Of 252 tourists, 164 (65%) reported illness, 86 of those affected (52%) having respiratory symptoms. The three persons who died had predisposing factors and all had lobar pneumonia. In the control group of 157 persons, who stayed at other hotels in Benidorm, 82 (53%) experienced ill-health during their stay but fewer (38%) had respiratory illnesses. The study demonstrated some of the hazards encountered by the inexperienced traveller and also indicated the need to improve surveillance of what appears to be an unexpectedly large amount of illness among international tourists.", "PMID": 307440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1170", "title": "A comparison of Freon- and water-based insecticidal aerosols for aircraft disinsection.", "content": "In Miami, USA, passenger compartments of wide-bodied jet aircraft were disinsected at \"blocks away\" or while parked. The application of 2% Freon- and water-based formulations of (+)-phenothrin at about 35 g/100 m(3) was highly effective against mosquitos and flies in all instances. More basic research is needed on water-based aerosols.", "contents": "A comparison of Freon- and water-based insecticidal aerosols for aircraft disinsection. In Miami, USA, passenger compartments of wide-bodied jet aircraft were disinsected at \"blocks away\" or while parked. The application of 2% Freon- and water-based formulations of (+)-phenothrin at about 35 g/100 m(3) was highly effective against mosquitos and flies in all instances. More basic research is needed on water-based aerosols.", "PMID": 307441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1171", "title": "A simplified technique for counting onchocercal microfilariae in skin snips.", "content": "A new method for counting microfilariae in skin snips is described. The method, in which slide specimens are reconstituted after drying, is compared quantitatively with two existing methods that are used when the counting of microfilariae has to be postponed. Counts obtained by the new method were closely correlated with those taken in fresh specimens. Other advantages of the new method are discussed and its use in onchocerciasis field surveys is recommended.", "contents": "A simplified technique for counting onchocercal microfilariae in skin snips. A new method for counting microfilariae in skin snips is described. The method, in which slide specimens are reconstituted after drying, is compared quantitatively with two existing methods that are used when the counting of microfilariae has to be postponed. Counts obtained by the new method were closely correlated with those taken in fresh specimens. Other advantages of the new method are discussed and its use in onchocerciasis field surveys is recommended.", "PMID": 307442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1172", "title": "Evaluation of an experimental mollusciciding programme to control Schistosoma mansoni transmission in St Lucia.", "content": "The size and number of colonies of Biomphalaria glabrata were reduced after four years of a surveillance/treatment snail control programme using an emulsifiable concentrate of niclosamide (25% active ingredient). Surveys among the human population showed that the incidence of new Schistosoma mansoni infections in 0-10 year-old children fell from 22% to 4.3%, while in a comparison area the incidence remained at 20%. With reduced transmission over four years, the prevalence of infection in a cohort of children examined in 1971 and 1975 fell from 34% to 23%. The fall in prevalence and intensity of infection led to a reduction of 66% in the index of potential contamination, which was reflected in a reduced rate of infection among sentinel snails and representative samples of B. glabrata collected during surveillance searches.The overall annual cost of the programme was US $3.24 per capita.", "contents": "Evaluation of an experimental mollusciciding programme to control Schistosoma mansoni transmission in St Lucia. The size and number of colonies of Biomphalaria glabrata were reduced after four years of a surveillance/treatment snail control programme using an emulsifiable concentrate of niclosamide (25% active ingredient). Surveys among the human population showed that the incidence of new Schistosoma mansoni infections in 0-10 year-old children fell from 22% to 4.3%, while in a comparison area the incidence remained at 20%. With reduced transmission over four years, the prevalence of infection in a cohort of children examined in 1971 and 1975 fell from 34% to 23%. The fall in prevalence and intensity of infection led to a reduction of 66% in the index of potential contamination, which was reflected in a reduced rate of infection among sentinel snails and representative samples of B. glabrata collected during surveillance searches.The overall annual cost of the programme was US $3.24 per capita.", "PMID": 307443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1173", "title": "Advantages and disadvantages of killed and live poliomyelitis vaccines.", "content": "Decision-making on the use of poliomyelitis vaccines in the WHO Expanded Immunization Programme, and particularly in the developing nations, needs to be based on an understanding of the epidemiology of poliomyelitis in different parts of the globe. Even with two safe and effective kinds of poliomyelitis vaccine available, poliomyelitis has by no means been eradicated from the world. In developed countries that are considered well-vaccinated, certain sectors of the population may be inadequately protected against risk of infection by indigenous or imported wild polioviruses. In developing nations that are in transition toward an epidemic phase of poliomyelitis, wild polioviruses will continue to be a threat until thorough immunization is established and maintained. Killed-virus poliomyelitis vaccines have proved to be effective in certain countries that have used them exclusively; these are small countries with excellent public health systems, where coverage by the killed vaccine has been wide and frequent. Live vaccines, administered to hundreds of millions of persons during the past decade, have also been remarkably safe and effective. However, in certain warm-climate countries induction of antibodies in a satisfactorily high proportion of vaccinees has been difficult to accomplish. The advantages and disadvantages of each kind of poliomyelitis vaccine need to be weighed with respect to the particular setting in which a vaccine has been or will be used.", "contents": "Advantages and disadvantages of killed and live poliomyelitis vaccines. Decision-making on the use of poliomyelitis vaccines in the WHO Expanded Immunization Programme, and particularly in the developing nations, needs to be based on an understanding of the epidemiology of poliomyelitis in different parts of the globe. Even with two safe and effective kinds of poliomyelitis vaccine available, poliomyelitis has by no means been eradicated from the world. In developed countries that are considered well-vaccinated, certain sectors of the population may be inadequately protected against risk of infection by indigenous or imported wild polioviruses. In developing nations that are in transition toward an epidemic phase of poliomyelitis, wild polioviruses will continue to be a threat until thorough immunization is established and maintained. Killed-virus poliomyelitis vaccines have proved to be effective in certain countries that have used them exclusively; these are small countries with excellent public health systems, where coverage by the killed vaccine has been wide and frequent. Live vaccines, administered to hundreds of millions of persons during the past decade, have also been remarkably safe and effective. However, in certain warm-climate countries induction of antibodies in a satisfactorily high proportion of vaccinees has been difficult to accomplish. The advantages and disadvantages of each kind of poliomyelitis vaccine need to be weighed with respect to the particular setting in which a vaccine has been or will be used.", "PMID": 307445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1174", "title": "Species complexes in the Simuliidae.", "content": "The recent discovery that Simulium damnosum in Africa is not a single species but a complex of sibling species has important implications for the epidemiology and control of onchocerciasis. This paper sets out the current situation with regard to classification within the S. damnosum complex and the smaller S. neavei group. The nomenclature of the S. damnosum complex and current morphological and enzyme electrophoretic methods of differentiating among sibling species are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made on priorities for future research.", "contents": "Species complexes in the Simuliidae. The recent discovery that Simulium damnosum in Africa is not a single species but a complex of sibling species has important implications for the epidemiology and control of onchocerciasis. This paper sets out the current situation with regard to classification within the S. damnosum complex and the smaller S. neavei group. The nomenclature of the S. damnosum complex and current morphological and enzyme electrophoretic methods of differentiating among sibling species are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made on priorities for future research.", "PMID": 307447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1175", "title": "Ocular onchocerciasis.", "content": "Well over 20 million people in the world are infected with Onchocerca volvulus and it is probable that 200 000-500 000 people are blind as a result of this infection, which is the most important cause of blindness in certain areas of Africa and Latin America.Treatment of the disease is difficult and often produces serious adverse reactions in the patient. Combined use of diethylcarbamazine citrate and suramin is still the most suitable form of treatment. Screening for the early detection of cases at high risk of ocular manifestations must be organized, and their treatment undertaken, if blindness is to be avoided.Prevention of ocular onchocerciasis is feasible, using vector control methods to reduce transmission, but the procedures are costly and may have to be maintained for many years.Research is needed to improve treatment and to find a chemoprophylactic agent or a preventive vaccine.", "contents": "Ocular onchocerciasis. Well over 20 million people in the world are infected with Onchocerca volvulus and it is probable that 200 000-500 000 people are blind as a result of this infection, which is the most important cause of blindness in certain areas of Africa and Latin America.Treatment of the disease is difficult and often produces serious adverse reactions in the patient. Combined use of diethylcarbamazine citrate and suramin is still the most suitable form of treatment. Screening for the early detection of cases at high risk of ocular manifestations must be organized, and their treatment undertaken, if blindness is to be avoided.Prevention of ocular onchocerciasis is feasible, using vector control methods to reduce transmission, but the procedures are costly and may have to be maintained for many years.Research is needed to improve treatment and to find a chemoprophylactic agent or a preventive vaccine.", "PMID": 307448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1176", "title": "Occupational health hazards of mine workers.", "content": "Mining has always been among the most hazardous of occupations, and with the increasing demand for coal and minerals safety in mines assumes even greater importance. This article describes the present situation with regard to conditions in mines, the diseases and disabilities resulting from them, and measures that can be taken to prevent or treat them. The hazards covered are: accidents, dust (including poisoning by certain ores), high temperature and humidity, noise and vibration, toxic gases, and miscellaneous other hazards.", "contents": "Occupational health hazards of mine workers. Mining has always been among the most hazardous of occupations, and with the increasing demand for coal and minerals safety in mines assumes even greater importance. This article describes the present situation with regard to conditions in mines, the diseases and disabilities resulting from them, and measures that can be taken to prevent or treat them. The hazards covered are: accidents, dust (including poisoning by certain ores), high temperature and humidity, noise and vibration, toxic gases, and miscellaneous other hazards.", "PMID": 307452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1177", "title": "Interferon and other antiviral agents, with special reference to influenza: a memorandum.", "content": "Recent progress in the production of interferons and in knowledge of their mode of action has opened new possibilities for their prophylactic or therapeutic use, for example, in the treatment of influenza. Such use still needs further evaluation as do the presently available chemical antiviral drugs. The activity of interferon against other viral infections is also promising and preliminary trials on their effect on certain tumours have begun at a number of centres. There is, however, a need for quality control of interferon preparations and recommendations for the production and use of interferon as well as for further research are included in this Memorandum.", "contents": "Interferon and other antiviral agents, with special reference to influenza: a memorandum. Recent progress in the production of interferons and in knowledge of their mode of action has opened new possibilities for their prophylactic or therapeutic use, for example, in the treatment of influenza. Such use still needs further evaluation as do the presently available chemical antiviral drugs. The activity of interferon against other viral infections is also promising and preliminary trials on their effect on certain tumours have begun at a number of centres. There is, however, a need for quality control of interferon preparations and recommendations for the production and use of interferon as well as for further research are included in this Memorandum.", "PMID": 307453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1178", "title": "Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO/International Study Team.", "content": "A large outbreak of haemorrhagic fever (subsequently named Ebola haemorrhagic fever) occurred in southern Sudan between June and November 1976. There was a total of 284 cases; 67 in the source town of Nzara, 213 in Maridi, 3 in Tembura, and 1 in Juba. The outbreak in Nzara appears to have originated in the workers of a cotton factory. The disease in Maridi was amplified by transmission in a large, active hospital. Transmission of the disease required close contact with an acute case and was usually associated with the act of nursing a patient. The incubation period was between 7 and 14 days. Although the link was not well established, it appears that Nzara could have been the source of infection for a similar outbreak in the Bumba Zone of Zaire.In this outbreak Ebola haemorrhagic fever was a unique clinical disease with a high mortality rate (53% overall) and a prolonged recovery period in those who survived. Beginning with an influenza-like syndrome, including fever, headache, and joint and muscle pains, the disease soon caused diarrhoea (81%), vomiting (59%), chest pain (83%), pain and dryness of the throat (63%), and rash (52%). Haemorrhagic manifestations were common (71%), being present in half of the recovered cases and in almost all the fatal cases.Two post mortems were carried out on patients in November 1976. The histopathological findings resembled those of an acute viral infection and although the features were characteristic they were not exclusively diagnostic. They closely resembled the features described in Marburg virus infection, with focal eosinophilic necrosis in the liver and destruction of lymphocytes and their replacement by plasma cells. One case had evidence of renal tubular necrosis.Two strains of Ebola virus were isolated from acute phase sera collected from acutely ill patients in Maridi hospital during the investigation in November 1976. Antibodies to Ebola virus were detected by immunofluorescence in 42 of 48 patients in Maridi who had been diagnosed clinically, but in only 6 of 31 patients in Nzara. The possibility of the indirect immunofluorescent test not being sufficiently sensitive is discussed.Of Maridi case contacts, in hospital and in the local community, 19% had antibodies. Very few of them gave any history of illness, indicating that Ebola virus can cause mild or even subclinical infections. Of the cloth room workers in the Nzara cotton factory, 37% appeared to have been infected, suggesting that the factory may have been the prime source of infection.", "contents": "Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO/International Study Team. A large outbreak of haemorrhagic fever (subsequently named Ebola haemorrhagic fever) occurred in southern Sudan between June and November 1976. There was a total of 284 cases; 67 in the source town of Nzara, 213 in Maridi, 3 in Tembura, and 1 in Juba. The outbreak in Nzara appears to have originated in the workers of a cotton factory. The disease in Maridi was amplified by transmission in a large, active hospital. Transmission of the disease required close contact with an acute case and was usually associated with the act of nursing a patient. The incubation period was between 7 and 14 days. Although the link was not well established, it appears that Nzara could have been the source of infection for a similar outbreak in the Bumba Zone of Zaire.In this outbreak Ebola haemorrhagic fever was a unique clinical disease with a high mortality rate (53% overall) and a prolonged recovery period in those who survived. Beginning with an influenza-like syndrome, including fever, headache, and joint and muscle pains, the disease soon caused diarrhoea (81%), vomiting (59%), chest pain (83%), pain and dryness of the throat (63%), and rash (52%). Haemorrhagic manifestations were common (71%), being present in half of the recovered cases and in almost all the fatal cases.Two post mortems were carried out on patients in November 1976. The histopathological findings resembled those of an acute viral infection and although the features were characteristic they were not exclusively diagnostic. They closely resembled the features described in Marburg virus infection, with focal eosinophilic necrosis in the liver and destruction of lymphocytes and their replacement by plasma cells. One case had evidence of renal tubular necrosis.Two strains of Ebola virus were isolated from acute phase sera collected from acutely ill patients in Maridi hospital during the investigation in November 1976. Antibodies to Ebola virus were detected by immunofluorescence in 42 of 48 patients in Maridi who had been diagnosed clinically, but in only 6 of 31 patients in Nzara. The possibility of the indirect immunofluorescent test not being sufficiently sensitive is discussed.Of Maridi case contacts, in hospital and in the local community, 19% had antibodies. Very few of them gave any history of illness, indicating that Ebola virus can cause mild or even subclinical infections. Of the cloth room workers in the Nzara cotton factory, 37% appeared to have been infected, suggesting that the factory may have been the prime source of infection.", "PMID": 307455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1179", "title": "Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976.", "content": "Between 1 September and 24 October 1976, 318 cases of acute viral haemorrhagic fever occurred in northern Zaire. The outbreak was centred in the Bumba Zone of the Equateur Region and most of the cases were recorded within a radius of 70 km of Yambuku, although a few patients sought medical attention in Bumba, Abumombazi, and the capital city of Kinshasa, where individual secondary and tertiary cases occurred. There were 280 deaths, and only 38 serologically confirmed survivors.The index case in this outbreak had onset of symptoms on 1 September 1976, five days after receiving an injection of chloroquine for presumptive malaria at the outpatient clinic at Yambuku Mission Hospital (YMH). He had a clinical remission of his malaria symptoms. Within one week several other persons who had received injections at YMH also suffered from Ebola haemorrhagic fever, and almost all subsequent cases had either received injections at the hospital or had had close contact with another case. Most of these occurred during the first four weeks of the epidemic, after which time the hospital was closed, 11 of the 17 staff members having died of the disease. All ages and both sexes were affected, but women 15-29 years of age had the highest incidence of disease, a phenomenon strongly related to attendance at prenatal and outpatient clinics at the hospital where they received injections. The overall secondary attack rate was about 5%, although it ranged to 20% among close relatives such as spouses, parent or child, and brother or sister.Active surveillance disclosed that cases occurred in 55 of some 550 villages which were examined house-by-house. The disease was hitherto unknown to the people of the affected region. Intensive search for cases in the area of north-eastern Zaire between the Bumba Zone and the Sudan frontier near Nzara and Maridi failed to detect definite evidence of a link between an epidemic of the disease in that country and the outbreak near Bumba. Nevertheless it was established that people can and do make the trip between Nzara and Bumba in not more than four days: thus it was regarded as quite possible that an infected person had travelled from Sudan to Yambuku and transferred the virus to a needle of the hospital while receiving an injection at the outpatient clinic.Both the incubation period, and the duration of the clinical disease averaged about one week. After 3-4 days of non-specific symptoms and signs, patients typically experienced progressively severe sore throat, developed a maculopapular rash, had intractable abdominal pain, and began to bleed from multiple sites, principally the gastrointestinal tract. Although laboratory determinations were limited and not conclusive, it was concluded that pathogenesis of the disease included non-icteric hepatitis and possibly acute pancreatitis as well as disseminated intravascular coagulation.This syndrome was caused by a virus morphologically similar to Marburg virus, but immunologically distinct. It was named Ebola virus. The agent was isolated from the blood of 8 of 10 suspected cases using Vero cell cultures. Titrations of serial specimens obtained from one patient disclosed persistent viraemia of 10(6.5)-10(4.5) infectious units from the third day of illness until death on the eighth day. Ebola virus particles were found in formalin-", "contents": "Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Between 1 September and 24 October 1976, 318 cases of acute viral haemorrhagic fever occurred in northern Zaire. The outbreak was centred in the Bumba Zone of the Equateur Region and most of the cases were recorded within a radius of 70 km of Yambuku, although a few patients sought medical attention in Bumba, Abumombazi, and the capital city of Kinshasa, where individual secondary and tertiary cases occurred. There were 280 deaths, and only 38 serologically confirmed survivors.The index case in this outbreak had onset of symptoms on 1 September 1976, five days after receiving an injection of chloroquine for presumptive malaria at the outpatient clinic at Yambuku Mission Hospital (YMH). He had a clinical remission of his malaria symptoms. Within one week several other persons who had received injections at YMH also suffered from Ebola haemorrhagic fever, and almost all subsequent cases had either received injections at the hospital or had had close contact with another case. Most of these occurred during the first four weeks of the epidemic, after which time the hospital was closed, 11 of the 17 staff members having died of the disease. All ages and both sexes were affected, but women 15-29 years of age had the highest incidence of disease, a phenomenon strongly related to attendance at prenatal and outpatient clinics at the hospital where they received injections. The overall secondary attack rate was about 5%, although it ranged to 20% among close relatives such as spouses, parent or child, and brother or sister.Active surveillance disclosed that cases occurred in 55 of some 550 villages which were examined house-by-house. The disease was hitherto unknown to the people of the affected region. Intensive search for cases in the area of north-eastern Zaire between the Bumba Zone and the Sudan frontier near Nzara and Maridi failed to detect definite evidence of a link between an epidemic of the disease in that country and the outbreak near Bumba. Nevertheless it was established that people can and do make the trip between Nzara and Bumba in not more than four days: thus it was regarded as quite possible that an infected person had travelled from Sudan to Yambuku and transferred the virus to a needle of the hospital while receiving an injection at the outpatient clinic.Both the incubation period, and the duration of the clinical disease averaged about one week. After 3-4 days of non-specific symptoms and signs, patients typically experienced progressively severe sore throat, developed a maculopapular rash, had intractable abdominal pain, and began to bleed from multiple sites, principally the gastrointestinal tract. Although laboratory determinations were limited and not conclusive, it was concluded that pathogenesis of the disease included non-icteric hepatitis and possibly acute pancreatitis as well as disseminated intravascular coagulation.This syndrome was caused by a virus morphologically similar to Marburg virus, but immunologically distinct. It was named Ebola virus. The agent was isolated from the blood of 8 of 10 suspected cases using Vero cell cultures. Titrations of serial specimens obtained from one patient disclosed persistent viraemia of 10(6.5)-10(4.5) infectious units from the third day of illness until death on the eighth day. Ebola virus particles were found in formalin-", "PMID": 307456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1180", "title": "Quality control in laboratory investigations on Schistosoma mansoni on St Lucia, West Indies: a staff assessment scheme.", "content": "A method is described for the supervision of technicians engaged in microscopical screening of large numbers of stools for Schistosoma mansoni ova. The scheme presents graphically a regularly updated longitudinal evaluation of both individual and group standards of technical competence.", "contents": "Quality control in laboratory investigations on Schistosoma mansoni on St Lucia, West Indies: a staff assessment scheme. A method is described for the supervision of technicians engaged in microscopical screening of large numbers of stools for Schistosoma mansoni ova. The scheme presents graphically a regularly updated longitudinal evaluation of both individual and group standards of technical competence.", "PMID": 307457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1181", "title": "Trials of ecological and chemical measures for the control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in a Volta Lake village.", "content": "Urinary schistosomiasis is highly prevalent along the shores of the Volta Lake in Ghana, where transmission occurs focally in man-water contact sites. The intermediate host, Bulinus truncatus rohlfsi, prefers to harbour in Ceratophyllum, a common aquatic weed in the lake. Removal of this weed reduced the density of both infected and uninfected snails, but not sufficiently to interrupt transmission.Niclosamide was applied at 1, 0.7, and 0.5 mg/l in combination with weed removal at five water contact sites in December, January, and February, respectively. Plastic sheets were used to isolate treated sites from the main body of the lake. Snail surveys were carried out at short intervals to assess the effectiveness of these intervention measures. Niclosamide at 0.5 mg/l applied after weed removal was effective in killing the snails. The overall results indicate that snail control along the entire lake shore is impossible but that focal control of cercarial transmission at water contact sites is attainable and shows promise.", "contents": "Trials of ecological and chemical measures for the control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in a Volta Lake village. Urinary schistosomiasis is highly prevalent along the shores of the Volta Lake in Ghana, where transmission occurs focally in man-water contact sites. The intermediate host, Bulinus truncatus rohlfsi, prefers to harbour in Ceratophyllum, a common aquatic weed in the lake. Removal of this weed reduced the density of both infected and uninfected snails, but not sufficiently to interrupt transmission.Niclosamide was applied at 1, 0.7, and 0.5 mg/l in combination with weed removal at five water contact sites in December, January, and February, respectively. Plastic sheets were used to isolate treated sites from the main body of the lake. Snail surveys were carried out at short intervals to assess the effectiveness of these intervention measures. Niclosamide at 0.5 mg/l applied after weed removal was effective in killing the snails. The overall results indicate that snail control along the entire lake shore is impossible but that focal control of cercarial transmission at water contact sites is attainable and shows promise.", "PMID": 307458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1182", "title": "Effect of doxycycline on transmission of Vibrio cholerae infection among family contacts of cholera patients in Calcutta.", "content": "Doxycycline was used among the family contacts of hospitalized cholera patients in Calcutta to determine its effectiveness in controlling transmission of V. cholerae infection. A total of 137 such contacts were given a single oral dose of doxycycline in graded doses according to age. A similar group of 139 contacts received a single dose of multivitamins as placebo. All 276 contacts were examined bacteriologically daily for 10 days for the presence of V. cholerae in their stools. The results showed that doxycycline was effective in significantly reducing the load of V. cholerae infection for up to 5 days following treatment.", "contents": "Effect of doxycycline on transmission of Vibrio cholerae infection among family contacts of cholera patients in Calcutta. Doxycycline was used among the family contacts of hospitalized cholera patients in Calcutta to determine its effectiveness in controlling transmission of V. cholerae infection. A total of 137 such contacts were given a single oral dose of doxycycline in graded doses according to age. A similar group of 139 contacts received a single dose of multivitamins as placebo. All 276 contacts were examined bacteriologically daily for 10 days for the presence of V. cholerae in their stools. The results showed that doxycycline was effective in significantly reducing the load of V. cholerae infection for up to 5 days following treatment.", "PMID": 307459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1183", "title": "Effect of potassium cardioplegia on myocardial ischemia and post arrest ventricular function.", "content": "To assess the effects of moderate potassium cardioplegia (37 mEq/l KCl) on the severity of myocardial ischemia during arrest and on post arrest ventricular function, 32 isolated, isovolumic feline hearts were studied before, during and 1 hour after ischemic arrest. Normothermia (37 degrees C) was maintained in the remaining 16 hearts, eight without KCl and eight with KCl. Hypothermia (27 degrees C) was maintained in the remaining 16 hearts, eight with KCl and eight without KCl. Myocardial oxygen (PmO2) and carbon dioxide tensions (PmCO2) were measured by mass spectrometry. Maximum developed intraventricular pressure (max DP) and max dP/dt were used as indices of performance. Compared with normothermic or hypothermic arrest alone, the addition of potassium cardioplegia resulted in a significant reduction in the peak PmCO2 measured during the arrest period. Hypothermia alone resulted in morphologic evidence of improved myocardial preservation and a significant reduction in peak PmCO2 compared with normothermia. Post arrest ventricular function was best with the combination of hypothermic arrest and potassium cardioplegia (max DP = 96 +/- 6% of control and max dP/dt = 99 +/- 5% of control). These data suggest that the beneficial effects of postassium cardioplegia and 27 degrees hypothermia are additive, and that reduction in myocardial ischemia as evidenced by a reduction in peak PmCO2 correlated with improvement in ventricular performance in the post arrest period and with preservation of myocardial structure.", "contents": "Effect of potassium cardioplegia on myocardial ischemia and post arrest ventricular function. To assess the effects of moderate potassium cardioplegia (37 mEq/l KCl) on the severity of myocardial ischemia during arrest and on post arrest ventricular function, 32 isolated, isovolumic feline hearts were studied before, during and 1 hour after ischemic arrest. Normothermia (37 degrees C) was maintained in the remaining 16 hearts, eight without KCl and eight with KCl. Hypothermia (27 degrees C) was maintained in the remaining 16 hearts, eight with KCl and eight without KCl. Myocardial oxygen (PmO2) and carbon dioxide tensions (PmCO2) were measured by mass spectrometry. Maximum developed intraventricular pressure (max DP) and max dP/dt were used as indices of performance. Compared with normothermic or hypothermic arrest alone, the addition of potassium cardioplegia resulted in a significant reduction in the peak PmCO2 measured during the arrest period. Hypothermia alone resulted in morphologic evidence of improved myocardial preservation and a significant reduction in peak PmCO2 compared with normothermia. Post arrest ventricular function was best with the combination of hypothermic arrest and potassium cardioplegia (max DP = 96 +/- 6% of control and max dP/dt = 99 +/- 5% of control). These data suggest that the beneficial effects of postassium cardioplegia and 27 degrees hypothermia are additive, and that reduction in myocardial ischemia as evidenced by a reduction in peak PmCO2 correlated with improvement in ventricular performance in the post arrest period and with preservation of myocardial structure.", "PMID": 307460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1184", "title": "Vestibular function in benign intracranial hypertension.", "content": "Investigation of vestibular function in 34 patients with benign intracranial hypertension was performed and a follow-up examination 3-20 years after the primary examination, when the symptoms of intracranial hypertension had disappeared. A primarily affected vestibular function was found in 19 patients (56%), viz. hyporeactivity in 9, preponderance in 9, and hyperreactivity in 2. Except for 2 patients, all had normal vestibular reactions at follow-up. These patients exhibited no evidence of what is called 'congestive inner ear'. An account is given also of the role of vestibular testing in connection with brain death criteria and recent experience of continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Vestibular function in benign intracranial hypertension. Investigation of vestibular function in 34 patients with benign intracranial hypertension was performed and a follow-up examination 3-20 years after the primary examination, when the symptoms of intracranial hypertension had disappeared. A primarily affected vestibular function was found in 19 patients (56%), viz. hyporeactivity in 9, preponderance in 9, and hyperreactivity in 2. Except for 2 patients, all had normal vestibular reactions at follow-up. These patients exhibited no evidence of what is called 'congestive inner ear'. An account is given also of the role of vestibular testing in connection with brain death criteria and recent experience of continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 307461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1185", "title": "Accumulation of thyroid antigen-reactive T lymphocytes in the gland of patients with subacute thyroiditis.", "content": "Blood and thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes from patients with de Quervain's subacute thyroiditis were tested in the leucocyte migration inhibition test for cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to thyroid antigen. Blood leucocytes were positive for CMI in eleven out of thirteen (85%) patients in the acute phase of the disease. In five cases tested repeatedly this reactivity disappeared after 7-11 months. Thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes were obtained from eight patients by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. There was a relative accumulation of T lymphocytes (90 +/- 5%) in the thyroid gland as compared to lower numbers of T cells (65 +/- 5%) in the blood. When thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes were tested for CMI to thyroid antigen, a significantly stronger inhibition was demonstrated with the infiltrating lymphocytes as compared to that of blood leucocytes. We conclude that thyroid antigen-reactive T cells accumulate in the glands of patients with subacute thyroiditis. This observation is in accordance with the presumed viral aetiology of this disorder.", "contents": "Accumulation of thyroid antigen-reactive T lymphocytes in the gland of patients with subacute thyroiditis. Blood and thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes from patients with de Quervain's subacute thyroiditis were tested in the leucocyte migration inhibition test for cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to thyroid antigen. Blood leucocytes were positive for CMI in eleven out of thirteen (85%) patients in the acute phase of the disease. In five cases tested repeatedly this reactivity disappeared after 7-11 months. Thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes were obtained from eight patients by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. There was a relative accumulation of T lymphocytes (90 +/- 5%) in the thyroid gland as compared to lower numbers of T cells (65 +/- 5%) in the blood. When thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes were tested for CMI to thyroid antigen, a significantly stronger inhibition was demonstrated with the infiltrating lymphocytes as compared to that of blood leucocytes. We conclude that thyroid antigen-reactive T cells accumulate in the glands of patients with subacute thyroiditis. This observation is in accordance with the presumed viral aetiology of this disorder.", "PMID": 307462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1186", "title": "Enzyme differentiation of lymphocyte subpopulations in sections of human lymph nodes, tonsils and periodontal disease.", "content": "Five enzymes have been studied to differentiate between T and B lymphocytes in sections of human lymph nodes, tonsils and chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. The presence of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, non-specific esterase and fluoride-resistant esterase activity was determined histochemically. The results indicate that cells in the B area of both lymph nodes and tonsils are negative for enzyme activity, while those in the T area show a single intense granule of activity. These enzymes were unable to differentiate between T blasts, B blasts and plasma cells in the sections studied. The majority of the lymphoid cells in the lesions of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease are enzyme-negative and probably of B-cell origin.", "contents": "Enzyme differentiation of lymphocyte subpopulations in sections of human lymph nodes, tonsils and periodontal disease. Five enzymes have been studied to differentiate between T and B lymphocytes in sections of human lymph nodes, tonsils and chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. The presence of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, non-specific esterase and fluoride-resistant esterase activity was determined histochemically. The results indicate that cells in the B area of both lymph nodes and tonsils are negative for enzyme activity, while those in the T area show a single intense granule of activity. These enzymes were unable to differentiate between T blasts, B blasts and plasma cells in the sections studied. The majority of the lymphoid cells in the lesions of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease are enzyme-negative and probably of B-cell origin.", "PMID": 307463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1187", "title": "Susceptibility of inbred strains of mice to Trypanosoma congolense: correlation with changes in spleen lymphocyte populations.", "content": "A comparison was made of the susceptibility of eight inbred strains of mice to infection with Trypanosoma congolense. Marked differences in susceptibility as judged by survival were found between the different strains. The capacity of certain strains to survive longer than others appeared to be related to their ability to limit the numbers of trypanosomes in the circulation. There was no difference in the infectivity of T. congolense for mice of high and low susceptibility. Furthermore, the findings of similar prepatent periods suggested that the initial replication rate was similar in the different strains. These findings suggested that the level of parasitaemia in different strains of may reflect differences in the nature of quality of the immune response to the trypanosome. In all of the strains of mice a marked increase in splenic B and null lymphocytes was found. This, allied to the finding of an increase in the background plaque-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes, indicated, as suggested by other workers, that trypanosome infection results in a non-specific polyclonal activation of lymphocytes, and that this affects primarily B lymphocytes. In strains of mice which survived longest, i.e. C57B1/6J and AKR/A, the increase in splenic B and null cells was less marked. Whether this is associated with a decreased susceptibility of these strains to polyclonal activation induced by trypanosome infection, or whether it is merely the result of lower levels of parasitaemia, remains to be determined. By comparing T. congolense infection in three strains of mice congenic at the H-2 locus, representing H-2a, H-2b and H-2k haplotypes, it was found that the susceptibility was not associated with the H-2 haplotype. The finding that (A/J X C57B1/6J)F1 hybrids were of similar susceptibility as the C57B1/6J parents indicated that the relative resistance of this strain is inherited as a dominant trait, although in the early stages of infection the F1 hybrids consistently showed somewhat higher levels of parasitaemia than the C57B1/6J mice. Athymic nude mice and surgically splenectomized mice were found to be more susceptible to T. congolense infection than intact mice of the same strain. However, the effect of splenectomy was much less pronounced in C57B1/6J mice than in the relatively more susceptible BALB/c/A mice.", "contents": "Susceptibility of inbred strains of mice to Trypanosoma congolense: correlation with changes in spleen lymphocyte populations. A comparison was made of the susceptibility of eight inbred strains of mice to infection with Trypanosoma congolense. Marked differences in susceptibility as judged by survival were found between the different strains. The capacity of certain strains to survive longer than others appeared to be related to their ability to limit the numbers of trypanosomes in the circulation. There was no difference in the infectivity of T. congolense for mice of high and low susceptibility. Furthermore, the findings of similar prepatent periods suggested that the initial replication rate was similar in the different strains. These findings suggested that the level of parasitaemia in different strains of may reflect differences in the nature of quality of the immune response to the trypanosome. In all of the strains of mice a marked increase in splenic B and null lymphocytes was found. This, allied to the finding of an increase in the background plaque-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes, indicated, as suggested by other workers, that trypanosome infection results in a non-specific polyclonal activation of lymphocytes, and that this affects primarily B lymphocytes. In strains of mice which survived longest, i.e. C57B1/6J and AKR/A, the increase in splenic B and null cells was less marked. Whether this is associated with a decreased susceptibility of these strains to polyclonal activation induced by trypanosome infection, or whether it is merely the result of lower levels of parasitaemia, remains to be determined. By comparing T. congolense infection in three strains of mice congenic at the H-2 locus, representing H-2a, H-2b and H-2k haplotypes, it was found that the susceptibility was not associated with the H-2 haplotype. The finding that (A/J X C57B1/6J)F1 hybrids were of similar susceptibility as the C57B1/6J parents indicated that the relative resistance of this strain is inherited as a dominant trait, although in the early stages of infection the F1 hybrids consistently showed somewhat higher levels of parasitaemia than the C57B1/6J mice. Athymic nude mice and surgically splenectomized mice were found to be more susceptible to T. congolense infection than intact mice of the same strain. However, the effect of splenectomy was much less pronounced in C57B1/6J mice than in the relatively more susceptible BALB/c/A mice.", "PMID": 307464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1188", "title": "Suppression of rat adjuvant disease by cyclophosphamide pretreatment: evidence for an antibody mediated component in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide (Cy), given intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg per kg body weight 3 days before adjuvant, was found to abolish the development of adjuvant disease in the PVG/c rat. This treatment, however, enhanced the delayed hypersensitivity responses to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) developed by these animals. Lower doses of Cy caused a partial inhibition of arthritis which was dose-related. When the time between giving Cy and the injection of adjuvant was increased, a gradual time-dependent recovery of the response was observed. The arthritic response was restored by the passive transfer of 7.6 x 10(7) to 1.5 x 10(8) normal syngeneic spleen cells, although the development of secondary lesions was delayed by 7-14 days. The response could also be restored by the transfer of small amounts of serum from arthritic, but not normal, rats. Large amounts of serum failed to restore the response. Additional evidence that pretreatment with Cy preferentially depleted the B lymphocytes was obtained by the histological examination of the lymphoid tissue. It was also shown that the primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was abolished by Cy, but that skin allograft rejection was unaffected. A partial inhibition of the acute inflammatory reaction to carrageenan was observed 3 days after giving Cy. It is suggested that the pathogenesis of adjuvant arthritis involves an immune complex-mediated phase, whihc initiates the joint lesions. Once these lesions have formed, cell-mediated immune mechanisms predominate in the development of the disease. It is not known whether the persistence of immune complexes is necessary to maintain the lesions.", "contents": "Suppression of rat adjuvant disease by cyclophosphamide pretreatment: evidence for an antibody mediated component in the pathogenesis of the disease. Cyclophosphamide (Cy), given intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg per kg body weight 3 days before adjuvant, was found to abolish the development of adjuvant disease in the PVG/c rat. This treatment, however, enhanced the delayed hypersensitivity responses to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) developed by these animals. Lower doses of Cy caused a partial inhibition of arthritis which was dose-related. When the time between giving Cy and the injection of adjuvant was increased, a gradual time-dependent recovery of the response was observed. The arthritic response was restored by the passive transfer of 7.6 x 10(7) to 1.5 x 10(8) normal syngeneic spleen cells, although the development of secondary lesions was delayed by 7-14 days. The response could also be restored by the transfer of small amounts of serum from arthritic, but not normal, rats. Large amounts of serum failed to restore the response. Additional evidence that pretreatment with Cy preferentially depleted the B lymphocytes was obtained by the histological examination of the lymphoid tissue. It was also shown that the primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was abolished by Cy, but that skin allograft rejection was unaffected. A partial inhibition of the acute inflammatory reaction to carrageenan was observed 3 days after giving Cy. It is suggested that the pathogenesis of adjuvant arthritis involves an immune complex-mediated phase, whihc initiates the joint lesions. Once these lesions have formed, cell-mediated immune mechanisms predominate in the development of the disease. It is not known whether the persistence of immune complexes is necessary to maintain the lesions.", "PMID": 307465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1189", "title": "Augmentation of mitogen responsiveness in human lymphocytes by a humoral factor obtained from thymic epithelial cultures.", "content": "Supernatants derived from thymic epithelial cultures were studied for their effect in augmenting mitogen responsiveness in human thymocytes and lymphocytes. Incubation of these cells for 20 hr in diluted supernatants obtained from 14 to 25 day old cultures of thymic epithelium resulted in a significant increase in the response to Con A. The epithelial nature of the cells was confirmed by electron microscopy. Supernatants from fibroblast cultures or thymic epithelial cultures overgrown by fibroblasts were not effective, nor were supernatants from secondary epithelial outgrowths. The molecular weight of the active fraction appeared to be between 17,000 and 45,000 daltons. The data indicated that human thymus epithelium produced one or more humoral factors which were identical to, or shared properties with, thymic hormones.", "contents": "Augmentation of mitogen responsiveness in human lymphocytes by a humoral factor obtained from thymic epithelial cultures. Supernatants derived from thymic epithelial cultures were studied for their effect in augmenting mitogen responsiveness in human thymocytes and lymphocytes. Incubation of these cells for 20 hr in diluted supernatants obtained from 14 to 25 day old cultures of thymic epithelium resulted in a significant increase in the response to Con A. The epithelial nature of the cells was confirmed by electron microscopy. Supernatants from fibroblast cultures or thymic epithelial cultures overgrown by fibroblasts were not effective, nor were supernatants from secondary epithelial outgrowths. The molecular weight of the active fraction appeared to be between 17,000 and 45,000 daltons. The data indicated that human thymus epithelium produced one or more humoral factors which were identical to, or shared properties with, thymic hormones.", "PMID": 307466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1190", "title": "Receptors for IgM: a feature of subpopulations of both T and B human lymphocytes.", "content": "Receptors for IgM were detected on peripheral blood and tonsil human lymphocytes by a rosette technique with ox red blood cells (ORBC) coated with anti-ORBC rabbit IgM. It was found that the receptors are very sensitive to handling procedures of cells and to low temperatures. An overnight incubation period at 37 degrees C was the optimal condition for the maximum expression of receptors for IgM, but the use of IgM-free media in these cultures was neither an essential nor favourable factor for an optimal rosette formation, when ORBC heavily coated with rabbit IgM were used. The great majority of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients presented a high number of EA(IgM)-RFC, either on freshly drawn or cultured lymphocytes. By fractionation procedures of normal peripheral blood and tonsil lymphocytes, it was found that a subpopulation of B cells, like T cells, also posses a lower avidity for IgM than those present on T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Receptors for IgM: a feature of subpopulations of both T and B human lymphocytes. Receptors for IgM were detected on peripheral blood and tonsil human lymphocytes by a rosette technique with ox red blood cells (ORBC) coated with anti-ORBC rabbit IgM. It was found that the receptors are very sensitive to handling procedures of cells and to low temperatures. An overnight incubation period at 37 degrees C was the optimal condition for the maximum expression of receptors for IgM, but the use of IgM-free media in these cultures was neither an essential nor favourable factor for an optimal rosette formation, when ORBC heavily coated with rabbit IgM were used. The great majority of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients presented a high number of EA(IgM)-RFC, either on freshly drawn or cultured lymphocytes. By fractionation procedures of normal peripheral blood and tonsil lymphocytes, it was found that a subpopulation of B cells, like T cells, also posses a lower avidity for IgM than those present on T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 307467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1191", "title": "Migration inhibition of T lymphocytes from human peripheral blood by specific antigen and lymphokines.", "content": "The inhibition of migration of human peripheral blood cells in the presence of PPD was studied. It was found that migration inhibition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MN) from Mantoux-positive donors was far greater than the migration inhibition of peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL). Moreover, MN cells and T lymphocytes showed larger and more uniform areas of migration. In contrast, the migration of B lymphocytes and monocytes was poor. Further analysis using purified subpopulations of MN cells showed that PPD inhibited the migration of T lymphocytes but not of B lymphocytes and monocytes. Corresponding to these findings, lymphokine-containing supernatants also inhibited the migration of purified T cells from Matoux-negative donors. It was concluded that the T lymphocyte was the predominant cell in the MN cell population, which migrated, and was subject to inhibition by PPD or lymphokines. These results imply that the movement of human T lymphocytes may be influenced by soluble factors from antigen-activated sensitized cells.", "contents": "Migration inhibition of T lymphocytes from human peripheral blood by specific antigen and lymphokines. The inhibition of migration of human peripheral blood cells in the presence of PPD was studied. It was found that migration inhibition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MN) from Mantoux-positive donors was far greater than the migration inhibition of peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL). Moreover, MN cells and T lymphocytes showed larger and more uniform areas of migration. In contrast, the migration of B lymphocytes and monocytes was poor. Further analysis using purified subpopulations of MN cells showed that PPD inhibited the migration of T lymphocytes but not of B lymphocytes and monocytes. Corresponding to these findings, lymphokine-containing supernatants also inhibited the migration of purified T cells from Matoux-negative donors. It was concluded that the T lymphocyte was the predominant cell in the MN cell population, which migrated, and was subject to inhibition by PPD or lymphokines. These results imply that the movement of human T lymphocytes may be influenced by soluble factors from antigen-activated sensitized cells.", "PMID": 307468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1192", "title": "Age-dependent changes of human blood lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "T- and B-lymphocyte populations were enumerated at four stages of life: at the newly born, infant, adult and aged stages. The proportion of T cells detected by E rosettes and an anti-human T-lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) serum incresed from new-born children to adults, then decreased with ageing. The antiserum detected less mature T cells in aged people. The percentages of cell forming 'active' E rosettes increased with ageing. Lower numbers of B cells bearing surface immunoglobulins were found in adults.Complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes (percentages and absolute numbers) decreased from new-born children to aged humans. Finally, the number of monocytes were significantly greater in the young than in adult and aged people. Such results bring new data concerning the age-dependent changes of lymphocyte subpopulations and concerning the significance of various techniques used together to detect mononuclear cell populations in the human peripheral blood.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes of human blood lymphocyte subpopulations. T- and B-lymphocyte populations were enumerated at four stages of life: at the newly born, infant, adult and aged stages. The proportion of T cells detected by E rosettes and an anti-human T-lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) serum incresed from new-born children to adults, then decreased with ageing. The antiserum detected less mature T cells in aged people. The percentages of cell forming 'active' E rosettes increased with ageing. Lower numbers of B cells bearing surface immunoglobulins were found in adults.Complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes (percentages and absolute numbers) decreased from new-born children to aged humans. Finally, the number of monocytes were significantly greater in the young than in adult and aged people. Such results bring new data concerning the age-dependent changes of lymphocyte subpopulations and concerning the significance of various techniques used together to detect mononuclear cell populations in the human peripheral blood.", "PMID": 307469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1193", "title": "Catabolic rate of alpha1-antitrypsin of of Pi types S, and MMalton and of asialylated M-protein in man.", "content": "1. Human alpha1-antitrypsin was isolated with preserved microheterogeneity from subjects of Pi types M, S and MMalton. The M-protein was partially (20%) and completely desialylated. The proteins were labelled with either 125I or 131I. 2. The disappearance rate of these alpha1-antitrypsins was studied after simultaneous injection of the two types of labelled protein into Pi M subjects. The fractional catabolic rates of S- and MMalton-protein were 0.36 and 0.34 day(-1) respectively compared with 0.28 day(-1) for M-protein. The ratio of extravascular to plasma pools was 1.4 for S- protein and 1.6 for MMalton-protein. The 20% desialylated M-protein showed an increase of about 100% in its fractional catabolic rate. The disappearance rate of completely desialylated alpha1-antitrypsin was extremely rapid. 3. The slightly higher fractional catabolic rate of S- than of M-protein can only partly explain the 40% lower plasma concentration in subjects of Pi type S. Similarly the slight increase in catabolic rate of Pi MMalton- protein is too small to explain why the alpha1-antitrypsin content of the blood in Pi MMalton subjects is only 15% of that normally found. A low hepatic secretion seems to be the major cause of the low alpha1-antitrypsin concentration found in subjects of types Pi S and MMalton, as in Pi type Z.", "contents": "Catabolic rate of alpha1-antitrypsin of of Pi types S, and MMalton and of asialylated M-protein in man. 1. Human alpha1-antitrypsin was isolated with preserved microheterogeneity from subjects of Pi types M, S and MMalton. The M-protein was partially (20%) and completely desialylated. The proteins were labelled with either 125I or 131I. 2. The disappearance rate of these alpha1-antitrypsins was studied after simultaneous injection of the two types of labelled protein into Pi M subjects. The fractional catabolic rates of S- and MMalton-protein were 0.36 and 0.34 day(-1) respectively compared with 0.28 day(-1) for M-protein. The ratio of extravascular to plasma pools was 1.4 for S- protein and 1.6 for MMalton-protein. The 20% desialylated M-protein showed an increase of about 100% in its fractional catabolic rate. The disappearance rate of completely desialylated alpha1-antitrypsin was extremely rapid. 3. The slightly higher fractional catabolic rate of S- than of M-protein can only partly explain the 40% lower plasma concentration in subjects of Pi type S. Similarly the slight increase in catabolic rate of Pi MMalton- protein is too small to explain why the alpha1-antitrypsin content of the blood in Pi MMalton subjects is only 15% of that normally found. A low hepatic secretion seems to be the major cause of the low alpha1-antitrypsin concentration found in subjects of types Pi S and MMalton, as in Pi type Z.", "PMID": 307478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1194", "title": "Hemorrhagic gastritis: current concepts.", "content": "Hemorrhagic gastritis is a common cause of upper GI hemorrhage, in which the clinical course may vary from a mild, self-limited illness when associated with gastric irritants, to lifethreatening massive hemorrhage when associated with stress in critically ill patients. Treatment is based upon early endoscopic diagnosis, withdrawal of offending gastric irritants, intensive organ system support, and reduction of gastric acidity. Angiographic techniques and surgery are restricted to patients who fail these supportive measures, often after blood replacement beyond the usual criteria for operative intervention, usually in patients with stress. Newer pharmacologic and endoscopic therapeutic modalities are under evaluation and may help improve survival among patients with massive hemorrhage from stress ulcer.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic gastritis: current concepts. Hemorrhagic gastritis is a common cause of upper GI hemorrhage, in which the clinical course may vary from a mild, self-limited illness when associated with gastric irritants, to lifethreatening massive hemorrhage when associated with stress in critically ill patients. Treatment is based upon early endoscopic diagnosis, withdrawal of offending gastric irritants, intensive organ system support, and reduction of gastric acidity. Angiographic techniques and surgery are restricted to patients who fail these supportive measures, often after blood replacement beyond the usual criteria for operative intervention, usually in patients with stress. Newer pharmacologic and endoscopic therapeutic modalities are under evaluation and may help improve survival among patients with massive hemorrhage from stress ulcer.", "PMID": 307479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1195", "title": "Diagnosis of pneumonia due to Pneumocystis by subsegmental pulmonary lavage via the fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "To assess the accuracy of pulmonary lavage in diagnosing pneumonia due to Pneumocystis, we used animals as a model and then prospectively studied 33 immunosuppressed adults with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. In rats treated with cortisone, Pneumocystis organisms could be found in the effluent from lavage as early as in sections of pulmonary tissue, and the effluent from lavage remained diagnostic throughout the ten weeks of observation. Subsegmental lavage in adult patients was performed through the wedged fiberoptic bronchoscope. Pneumocystis organisms were demonstrated in seven patients by lavage, and no false-negative results were recorded. Pneumocystis organisms were readily identified among the sheets of alveolar macrophages seen in smears of the effluent from lavage that were stained with methenamine silver. Subsegmental lavage via the fiberoptic bronchoscope is an accurate and safe technique for establishing the diagnosis of pneumonia due to Pneumocystis in patients whose respiratory embarrassment or thrombocytopenia makes biopsy of the lung hazardous.", "contents": "Diagnosis of pneumonia due to Pneumocystis by subsegmental pulmonary lavage via the fiberoptic bronchoscope. To assess the accuracy of pulmonary lavage in diagnosing pneumonia due to Pneumocystis, we used animals as a model and then prospectively studied 33 immunosuppressed adults with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. In rats treated with cortisone, Pneumocystis organisms could be found in the effluent from lavage as early as in sections of pulmonary tissue, and the effluent from lavage remained diagnostic throughout the ten weeks of observation. Subsegmental lavage in adult patients was performed through the wedged fiberoptic bronchoscope. Pneumocystis organisms were demonstrated in seven patients by lavage, and no false-negative results were recorded. Pneumocystis organisms were readily identified among the sheets of alveolar macrophages seen in smears of the effluent from lavage that were stained with methenamine silver. Subsegmental lavage via the fiberoptic bronchoscope is an accurate and safe technique for establishing the diagnosis of pneumonia due to Pneumocystis in patients whose respiratory embarrassment or thrombocytopenia makes biopsy of the lung hazardous.", "PMID": 307482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1196", "title": "Trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole for treatment of infection with Pneumocystis carinii in renal insufficiency.", "content": "Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii developed in an immunosuppressed patient with a renal transplant who had substantial renal failure. Successful treatment was acheived with administration  of trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole at a dosage adjusted to the degree of renal failure. There were no significant adverse effects from this therapy.", "contents": "Trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole for treatment of infection with Pneumocystis carinii in renal insufficiency. Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii developed in an immunosuppressed patient with a renal transplant who had substantial renal failure. Successful treatment was acheived with administration  of trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole at a dosage adjusted to the degree of renal failure. There were no significant adverse effects from this therapy.", "PMID": 307483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1197", "title": "[Antimycotic sensitivity of yeast from clinical specimens (author's transl)].", "content": "The sensitivity against 5 antimycotics was examined with 353 yeast strains of 13 species from clinical material. The tests were carried out by means of the disc diffusion test on Bacto yeast morphology agar under standardized conditions. 33 (6.3%) of the isolates were resistant against 5-fluorocytosine, 11 (2.1%) strains showed no sensitivity against the imidazolyl antimycotics clotrimazole or miconazole. The resistant strains belonged to the species Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. All of the isolates were sensitive to the polyene antimycotics nystatin and pimaricin (natamycin).", "contents": "[Antimycotic sensitivity of yeast from clinical specimens (author's transl)]. The sensitivity against 5 antimycotics was examined with 353 yeast strains of 13 species from clinical material. The tests were carried out by means of the disc diffusion test on Bacto yeast morphology agar under standardized conditions. 33 (6.3%) of the isolates were resistant against 5-fluorocytosine, 11 (2.1%) strains showed no sensitivity against the imidazolyl antimycotics clotrimazole or miconazole. The resistant strains belonged to the species Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. All of the isolates were sensitive to the polyene antimycotics nystatin and pimaricin (natamycin).", "PMID": 307486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1198", "title": "[The effectiveness of stimulation of skin receptors in the treatment of prolonged pain (author's transl)].", "content": "In two groups of 30 patients pain relief due to transcutaneous nerve stimulation was compared with a placebo, under similar external conditions. The two groups were approximately similar in age, sex, and the origin of pain. Only patients with continuous pain of the limbs or trunk were included in the investigation. There was no statistically significant difference in the success rate of the two groups.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of stimulation of skin receptors in the treatment of prolonged pain (author's transl)]. In two groups of 30 patients pain relief due to transcutaneous nerve stimulation was compared with a placebo, under similar external conditions. The two groups were approximately similar in age, sex, and the origin of pain. Only patients with continuous pain of the limbs or trunk were included in the investigation. There was no statistically significant difference in the success rate of the two groups.", "PMID": 307487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1199", "title": "[Thymomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunological investigations concerning pathological autoantibodies and defects of humoral immunity were performed in 7 patients with thymomas, 5 of which showed invasive growth. The number of B and T lymphocytes in blood was determined at the same time using membrane markers as well as blood lymphocyte stimulation with phytohaemagglutinine. Two of the 3 patients with auto-antibodies against striated muscles or nuclei showed the clinical signs of accompanying disease (myasthenia gravis, lupus erythematodes). A humoral immunodisturbance with IgM deficiency was demonstrable in one patient and was accompanied by clinical symptoms. Lymphopenia with decreased numbers and functional disturbance of T and B lymphocytes could be shown in the majority of patients. Immunological investigations simplify proof of accompanying diseases in thymomas. These represent an important prognostic criterium in the same way as does invasive growth.", "contents": "[Thymomas (author's transl)]. Immunological investigations concerning pathological autoantibodies and defects of humoral immunity were performed in 7 patients with thymomas, 5 of which showed invasive growth. The number of B and T lymphocytes in blood was determined at the same time using membrane markers as well as blood lymphocyte stimulation with phytohaemagglutinine. Two of the 3 patients with auto-antibodies against striated muscles or nuclei showed the clinical signs of accompanying disease (myasthenia gravis, lupus erythematodes). A humoral immunodisturbance with IgM deficiency was demonstrable in one patient and was accompanied by clinical symptoms. Lymphopenia with decreased numbers and functional disturbance of T and B lymphocytes could be shown in the majority of patients. Immunological investigations simplify proof of accompanying diseases in thymomas. These represent an important prognostic criterium in the same way as does invasive growth.", "PMID": 307488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1200", "title": "The Zellweger syndrome: subcellular pathology, neuropathology, and the demonstration of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in two siblings.", "content": "The first Scandinavian cases of Zellweger syndrome (ZS) are described. A brother and sister, children of first cousins, had the typical clinical symptoms and pathological findings. Extensive metabolic studies in the boy were negative. Pipecolic acid in the urine was not elevated. Both children died at 14 weeks of age. Two months earlier the girl had suffered severe intestinal bleeding. Both had pneumocystic carinii pneumonia at autopsy although no evidence of immune deficiency had been found in the boy. The girl had used up her visible iron depots while the boy still had abundant but probably physiologic amounts of hemosiderin in the  RES. Most of the cerebral abnormalities are unspecfic and possibly related to anoxia or other causes of delayed maturation. The white matter abnormalities in ZS patients may only be quantitatively different from the common \"fatty metamorphosis\" in infants. Previously reported ultrastructural abnormalities (absence of peroxisomes and very sparse smooth endoplasmic reticulum, as well as mitochondrial abnormalities) which are possibly unique for ZS, are confirmed. It is stressed that these were seen despite phenobarbital treatment which normally stimulates the formation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "The Zellweger syndrome: subcellular pathology, neuropathology, and the demonstration of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in two siblings. The first Scandinavian cases of Zellweger syndrome (ZS) are described. A brother and sister, children of first cousins, had the typical clinical symptoms and pathological findings. Extensive metabolic studies in the boy were negative. Pipecolic acid in the urine was not elevated. Both children died at 14 weeks of age. Two months earlier the girl had suffered severe intestinal bleeding. Both had pneumocystic carinii pneumonia at autopsy although no evidence of immune deficiency had been found in the boy. The girl had used up her visible iron depots while the boy still had abundant but probably physiologic amounts of hemosiderin in the  RES. Most of the cerebral abnormalities are unspecfic and possibly related to anoxia or other causes of delayed maturation. The white matter abnormalities in ZS patients may only be quantitatively different from the common \"fatty metamorphosis\" in infants. Previously reported ultrastructural abnormalities (absence of peroxisomes and very sparse smooth endoplasmic reticulum, as well as mitochondrial abnormalities) which are possibly unique for ZS, are confirmed. It is stressed that these were seen despite phenobarbital treatment which normally stimulates the formation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 307490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1201", "title": "Factors influencing surfactant composition in the newborn infant.", "content": "In order to evaluate the surfactant maturation of the neonate, tracheal aspirates were analyzed in 84 newborn infants with 12h of birth. Using 2-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, 9 different phospholipids were identified. Dynamic surface tension measurements were performed with a modified Wilhelmy balance. Five different groups of infants with typical phospholipid patterns were characterized: i.e., 1. Normal term newborn. 2. RDS in the preterm infant. 3. Acceleration of lung maturity in preterm infants without RDS. 4. Retardation in term infants with RDS. 5. Therapeutic induction of pulmonary maturity in preterm infants following maternal glucocorticoid administration. Mature lung effluent contains high concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phsophatidylglycerol (PG). In infants with RDS, PC is low and PG absent. Accelerated lung maturity was observed after chronic prenatal stress, such as prolonged rupture of the membranes, chronic vaginal bleeding, and maternal hepatitis or drug addiction. Retardation of pulmonary maturity was seen in infants with alpha-1-AT-deficiency, maternal diabetes and maternal hypothyroidism. Administration of methylprednisolone to the mother 24 h to 72h before birth induced both the synthesis of PC and PG in the preterm infants, resulting in an almost full-term phospholipid pattern as early as 31 weeks of gestation. The significance of these factors on the pathogenesis of RDS is discussed.", "contents": "Factors influencing surfactant composition in the newborn infant. In order to evaluate the surfactant maturation of the neonate, tracheal aspirates were analyzed in 84 newborn infants with 12h of birth. Using 2-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, 9 different phospholipids were identified. Dynamic surface tension measurements were performed with a modified Wilhelmy balance. Five different groups of infants with typical phospholipid patterns were characterized: i.e., 1. Normal term newborn. 2. RDS in the preterm infant. 3. Acceleration of lung maturity in preterm infants without RDS. 4. Retardation in term infants with RDS. 5. Therapeutic induction of pulmonary maturity in preterm infants following maternal glucocorticoid administration. Mature lung effluent contains high concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phsophatidylglycerol (PG). In infants with RDS, PC is low and PG absent. Accelerated lung maturity was observed after chronic prenatal stress, such as prolonged rupture of the membranes, chronic vaginal bleeding, and maternal hepatitis or drug addiction. Retardation of pulmonary maturity was seen in infants with alpha-1-AT-deficiency, maternal diabetes and maternal hypothyroidism. Administration of methylprednisolone to the mother 24 h to 72h before birth induced both the synthesis of PC and PG in the preterm infants, resulting in an almost full-term phospholipid pattern as early as 31 weeks of gestation. The significance of these factors on the pathogenesis of RDS is discussed.", "PMID": 307491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1202", "title": "Surface immunoglobulin phenotype of murine spleen cells which form B cell colonies in agar.", "content": "Separation of IgD-bearing B lymphocytes from the spleens of 3-week-old or adult mice has been achieved using cellular affinity columns and an anti-delta allotype serum. The results demonstrate that the majority of cells capable of forming B lymphocyte colonies in agar are delta-positive although they lose detectable IgD upon stimulation. It is proposed that these cells are the descendants of IgD-negative cells found in the fetal liver and neonatal spleen.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulin phenotype of murine spleen cells which form B cell colonies in agar. Separation of IgD-bearing B lymphocytes from the spleens of 3-week-old or adult mice has been achieved using cellular affinity columns and an anti-delta allotype serum. The results demonstrate that the majority of cells capable of forming B lymphocyte colonies in agar are delta-positive although they lose detectable IgD upon stimulation. It is proposed that these cells are the descendants of IgD-negative cells found in the fetal liver and neonatal spleen.", "PMID": 307493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1203", "title": "Growth of canine T-lymphocyte colonies in vitro.", "content": "Canine lymphocytes from peripheral blood, lymph nodes, thymus and bone marrow were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) or concanavalin-A (CON-A) to form colonies in methylcellulose. Lymphocytes exposed to mitogens in liquid phase formed clumps the size of colonies. Lymphocyte clumping was eliminated by plating cells directly into methylcellulose, but high concentrations of mitogens (CON-A or PHA is greater than 10 mg/10(6) lymphocytes) were required in order to get subsequent colony formation. Thus, in contrast to published reports, exposure of lymphocytes to mitogen prior to plating was not required for cloning of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Colonies from thymus, lymph node, or peripheral blood consisted predominantly of T lymphocytes, whereas cultures from bone marrow also produced colonies with macrophage morphology and surface-adherent colonies with mesenchymal morphology.", "contents": "Growth of canine T-lymphocyte colonies in vitro. Canine lymphocytes from peripheral blood, lymph nodes, thymus and bone marrow were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) or concanavalin-A (CON-A) to form colonies in methylcellulose. Lymphocytes exposed to mitogens in liquid phase formed clumps the size of colonies. Lymphocyte clumping was eliminated by plating cells directly into methylcellulose, but high concentrations of mitogens (CON-A or PHA is greater than 10 mg/10(6) lymphocytes) were required in order to get subsequent colony formation. Thus, in contrast to published reports, exposure of lymphocytes to mitogen prior to plating was not required for cloning of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Colonies from thymus, lymph node, or peripheral blood consisted predominantly of T lymphocytes, whereas cultures from bone marrow also produced colonies with macrophage morphology and surface-adherent colonies with mesenchymal morphology.", "PMID": 307494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1204", "title": "Effects of alloxan on orotic acid and glycogen content in various vertebrate species.", "content": "Alloxan treatment induces a decrease of orotic acid content in various organs of carp, frog, pigeon and rat, parallel to a decrease of liver and muscle glycogen content. Loss of orotic acid and glycogen cannot be prevented by orotic acid and carbamyl phosphate given i.p. Mice, rats and pigeons use up and excrete exogenous orotic acid rapidly, but carps and frogs accumulate it.", "contents": "Effects of alloxan on orotic acid and glycogen content in various vertebrate species. Alloxan treatment induces a decrease of orotic acid content in various organs of carp, frog, pigeon and rat, parallel to a decrease of liver and muscle glycogen content. Loss of orotic acid and glycogen cannot be prevented by orotic acid and carbamyl phosphate given i.p. Mice, rats and pigeons use up and excrete exogenous orotic acid rapidly, but carps and frogs accumulate it.", "PMID": 307496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1205", "title": "Somatostatin reduces the release of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) from PHA-activated mouse spleen lymphocytes.", "content": "PHA-activated lymphocytes release colony-stimulating activity (CSA) for macrophage-granulocyte precursor cells (colony forming units, CFUc) in the culture medium. Somatostatin, known to interfer with ribosomal protein synthesis, was demonstrated to reduce the release of CSA from PHA-treated mouse spleen lymphocytes.", "contents": "Somatostatin reduces the release of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) from PHA-activated mouse spleen lymphocytes. PHA-activated lymphocytes release colony-stimulating activity (CSA) for macrophage-granulocyte precursor cells (colony forming units, CFUc) in the culture medium. Somatostatin, known to interfer with ribosomal protein synthesis, was demonstrated to reduce the release of CSA from PHA-treated mouse spleen lymphocytes.", "PMID": 307497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1206", "title": "Effect of immunosuppressive agents on the blastogenic response of mouse spleen T and B lymphocytes. I. Culture conditions and the evaluation system.", "content": "A microplate culture system has been standardized for blastic transformation of lymphocytes, using various mitogens more or less specific to T lymphocytes (concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin, erythrogenic toxin) or B lymphocytes (lipopolysaccharides and their lipids A, pokeweed mitogen). The mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte activation was examined by the use of the nucleolar test determining the state of nucleolar RNA synthesis by morphologic criteria. In this introductory paper to a series of papers analyzing the specificity of action of the various chemical and biological immunosuppressive agents on the blastogenic responses of T and B lymphocytes, optimal concentrations of cells and blastogenic substances and other parameters were tested, and the kinetics of transformation was investigated in detail.", "contents": "Effect of immunosuppressive agents on the blastogenic response of mouse spleen T and B lymphocytes. I. Culture conditions and the evaluation system. A microplate culture system has been standardized for blastic transformation of lymphocytes, using various mitogens more or less specific to T lymphocytes (concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin, erythrogenic toxin) or B lymphocytes (lipopolysaccharides and their lipids A, pokeweed mitogen). The mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte activation was examined by the use of the nucleolar test determining the state of nucleolar RNA synthesis by morphologic criteria. In this introductory paper to a series of papers analyzing the specificity of action of the various chemical and biological immunosuppressive agents on the blastogenic responses of T and B lymphocytes, optimal concentrations of cells and blastogenic substances and other parameters were tested, and the kinetics of transformation was investigated in detail.", "PMID": 307501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1207", "title": "Immunological studies in psoriasis.", "content": "The mean values of serum immunoglobulins A, G, M and D levels in 42 psoriasis patients showed no significant difference from those of control subjects. Analysis of the same sera for the presence of antiglobulin antibodies also yielded negative results. Antinuclear factor could be demonstrated in only 4.8% of the cases. The possibility that serum antiglobulins get drained into the lesions making their detection in the serum difficult, is supported by our preliminary findings of focal deposition in the stratum corneum of immune complexes of IgG, IgM and complement in tissue sections of psoriatic lesions from these patients.", "contents": "Immunological studies in psoriasis. The mean values of serum immunoglobulins A, G, M and D levels in 42 psoriasis patients showed no significant difference from those of control subjects. Analysis of the same sera for the presence of antiglobulin antibodies also yielded negative results. Antinuclear factor could be demonstrated in only 4.8% of the cases. The possibility that serum antiglobulins get drained into the lesions making their detection in the serum difficult, is supported by our preliminary findings of focal deposition in the stratum corneum of immune complexes of IgG, IgM and complement in tissue sections of psoriatic lesions from these patients.", "PMID": 307502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1208", "title": "Summertime actinic lichenoid eruption.", "content": "A distinct summertime skin disorder seen in 25 Indian patients is described under a tentative designation of summertime actinic lichenoid eruption (SALE). The eruption predominantly affects females in their 2nd to 4th decade. The initial lesions are in the form of closely aggregated pruritic lichenoid papules starting during summer months on the exposed parts of the body. The lesions respond favourably to sun protection and corticosteroid cream but the recurrences are common during the subsequent summers when the lesions tend to become more persistent, pruritic and lichenified. Histopathologic features include early basal cell degeneration, spongiotic vesiculation with or without focal parakeratosis and an intense lymphocytic infiltrate in the dermis. In spite of strong clinical evidence of relation to sunlight, the lesions are not easily reproducible by artificial light.", "contents": "Summertime actinic lichenoid eruption. A distinct summertime skin disorder seen in 25 Indian patients is described under a tentative designation of summertime actinic lichenoid eruption (SALE). The eruption predominantly affects females in their 2nd to 4th decade. The initial lesions are in the form of closely aggregated pruritic lichenoid papules starting during summer months on the exposed parts of the body. The lesions respond favourably to sun protection and corticosteroid cream but the recurrences are common during the subsequent summers when the lesions tend to become more persistent, pruritic and lichenified. Histopathologic features include early basal cell degeneration, spongiotic vesiculation with or without focal parakeratosis and an intense lymphocytic infiltrate in the dermis. In spite of strong clinical evidence of relation to sunlight, the lesions are not easily reproducible by artificial light.", "PMID": 307503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1209", "title": "[The effect of hydrocortisone and 6-methylprednisolone on the cytoplasmic membrane of rat thymocytes in an vitro system].", "content": "Hydrocortisone and 6-methylprednisolone increase the binding constant of anilinenaphthalene-sulphonate  (ANS) with the cytoplasmatic thymocytes membrane following a 2--3 hour long incubation in vitro. Over the same period these compounds stimulate the liberation of potassium ions  from the thymocytes. A supravital staining of the thymocytes with Trypan blue did not change during the whole time of the hormones action. The effect of the hydrocortisone and 6-methylprednisolone action on the ANS binding constant and potassium release depende upon the duration of incubation and concentration of the steriod in the medium. Hydrocortisone produces a greater influence than does 6-methylprednisolone.", "contents": "[The effect of hydrocortisone and 6-methylprednisolone on the cytoplasmic membrane of rat thymocytes in an vitro system]. Hydrocortisone and 6-methylprednisolone increase the binding constant of anilinenaphthalene-sulphonate  (ANS) with the cytoplasmatic thymocytes membrane following a 2--3 hour long incubation in vitro. Over the same period these compounds stimulate the liberation of potassium ions  from the thymocytes. A supravital staining of the thymocytes with Trypan blue did not change during the whole time of the hormones action. The effect of the hydrocortisone and 6-methylprednisolone action on the ANS binding constant and potassium release depende upon the duration of incubation and concentration of the steriod in the medium. Hydrocortisone produces a greater influence than does 6-methylprednisolone.", "PMID": 307499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1210", "title": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage from ileal leiomyoma: utility of the complete reflux small bowel examination.", "content": "A case of recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage with nondiagnostic conventional barium X-ray and endoscopic studies is described. A complete reflux small bowel examination clearly demonstrated an ilial leiomyoma. Details of the methodology of the reflux small bowel are reviewed.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage from ileal leiomyoma: utility of the complete reflux small bowel examination. A case of recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage with nondiagnostic conventional barium X-ray and endoscopic studies is described. A complete reflux small bowel examination clearly demonstrated an ilial leiomyoma. Details of the methodology of the reflux small bowel are reviewed.", "PMID": 307507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1211", "title": "Comparison of barium swallow and left gastric angiography in the diagnosis of esophageal varices, with special reference to the management of variceal bleeding.", "content": "Seventy-five patients with portal hypertension and esophageal varices were studied by means of barium swallow and selective left gastric angiography. The relative merits and limitations of these techniques in demonstrating the presence, extent, and severity of the varices are discussed, with reference to the selection of patients for prophylactic transection of the esophagus to prevent bleeding from the varices.", "contents": "Comparison of barium swallow and left gastric angiography in the diagnosis of esophageal varices, with special reference to the management of variceal bleeding. Seventy-five patients with portal hypertension and esophageal varices were studied by means of barium swallow and selective left gastric angiography. The relative merits and limitations of these techniques in demonstrating the presence, extent, and severity of the varices are discussed, with reference to the selection of patients for prophylactic transection of the esophagus to prevent bleeding from the varices.", "PMID": 307508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1212", "title": "Radiologic demonstration of Meckel's diverticulum.", "content": "A case of bleeding Meckel's diverticulum with a positive barium meal examination, selective mesenteric arteriography and 99mTc-pertechnetate scanning is presented. Complementary radiologic examinations are needed in the visualization of Meckel's diverticulum due to difficulties in making the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Radiologic demonstration of Meckel's diverticulum. A case of bleeding Meckel's diverticulum with a positive barium meal examination, selective mesenteric arteriography and 99mTc-pertechnetate scanning is presented. Complementary radiologic examinations are needed in the visualization of Meckel's diverticulum due to difficulties in making the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 307509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1213", "title": "Esophageal hematoma associated with thrombocytopenia.", "content": "Esophageal hematoma secondary to thrombocytopenia has only recently been described in the literature in a single case report. This article presents the clinical manifestations and radiographic findings of 4 additional cases of esophageal hematoma secondary to thrombocytopenia. Three patients were receiving treatment for leukemia, and the other patient had aplastic anemia. Previously reported cases of esophageal hematomas from other causes are reviewed.", "contents": "Esophageal hematoma associated with thrombocytopenia. Esophageal hematoma secondary to thrombocytopenia has only recently been described in the literature in a single case report. This article presents the clinical manifestations and radiographic findings of 4 additional cases of esophageal hematoma secondary to thrombocytopenia. Three patients were receiving treatment for leukemia, and the other patient had aplastic anemia. Previously reported cases of esophageal hematomas from other causes are reviewed.", "PMID": 307510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1214", "title": "Postsplenectomy abscess leading to acute gastric hemorrhage.", "content": "A case is presented of a 14-year-old boy with massive gastric bleeding 8 months after a splenectomy. A linear gastric ulcer was found associated with perforation leading to an abscess in the former splenic site. The vulnerability of proximal greater curvature to perforation after splenectomy, and the possibility of extrinsic erosion causing gastric or duodenal ulceration are emphasized.", "contents": "Postsplenectomy abscess leading to acute gastric hemorrhage. A case is presented of a 14-year-old boy with massive gastric bleeding 8 months after a splenectomy. A linear gastric ulcer was found associated with perforation leading to an abscess in the former splenic site. The vulnerability of proximal greater curvature to perforation after splenectomy, and the possibility of extrinsic erosion causing gastric or duodenal ulceration are emphasized.", "PMID": 307511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1215", "title": "Genetic basis of gluten-sentitive enteropathy.", "content": "Families of patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) were typed for HLA-A and -B antigens as well as for HLA-DW3 antigen(s) using appropriate typing alloantisera. In addition, patients and families were typed for GSE-associated B cell antigens using alloantisera obtained from mothers and wives of patients. The data obtained suggest that disease occurs within families when two conditions were fulfilled: (1) the family member is homozygous for the GSE-associated B cell antigens and (2) the family member also bears the HLA-DW3 antigen(s) or an antigen usually associated with DW3. In addition, with the family studies it was possible to show that the gene(s) controlling the DW3 antigen(s) and those controlling the GSE-associated B cell antigens are separate nonlinked genetic loci, a fact which leads to the conclusion that GSE has a genetic basis in at least two genes. It is speculated that the genes responsible for GSE code for surface proteins which are physically associated on lymphoid cell membranes and which form receptors important to the initiation of disease.", "contents": "Genetic basis of gluten-sentitive enteropathy. Families of patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) were typed for HLA-A and -B antigens as well as for HLA-DW3 antigen(s) using appropriate typing alloantisera. In addition, patients and families were typed for GSE-associated B cell antigens using alloantisera obtained from mothers and wives of patients. The data obtained suggest that disease occurs within families when two conditions were fulfilled: (1) the family member is homozygous for the GSE-associated B cell antigens and (2) the family member also bears the HLA-DW3 antigen(s) or an antigen usually associated with DW3. In addition, with the family studies it was possible to show that the gene(s) controlling the DW3 antigen(s) and those controlling the GSE-associated B cell antigens are separate nonlinked genetic loci, a fact which leads to the conclusion that GSE has a genetic basis in at least two genes. It is speculated that the genes responsible for GSE code for surface proteins which are physically associated on lymphoid cell membranes and which form receptors important to the initiation of disease.", "PMID": 307512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1216", "title": "Immune haemolytic anaemia after exchange transfusion.", "content": "Two cases of immune haemolytic anaemia in newborn infants who had received exchange transfusion on the first day of life because of hyperbilirubinaemia probably due to a conjugation defect, are reported. The first baby, born in the 30th week of gestation presented erythrocyte-fixed IgM antibodies + C, neutropenia, and circulating leucocytotoxic antibodies. The second baby, born at term to a diabetic mother showed erythrocyte-fixed IgG + IgM antibodies + C and a selective IgA deficit. In both cases the anaemia improved and the Coombs test became negative spontaneously in the 4th and 5th months of life, respectively. These haematologic alterations are similar to a graft versus host (GVH) reaction due to the persistence in the neonate blood of the donor's immunocompetent cells.", "contents": "Immune haemolytic anaemia after exchange transfusion. Two cases of immune haemolytic anaemia in newborn infants who had received exchange transfusion on the first day of life because of hyperbilirubinaemia probably due to a conjugation defect, are reported. The first baby, born in the 30th week of gestation presented erythrocyte-fixed IgM antibodies + C, neutropenia, and circulating leucocytotoxic antibodies. The second baby, born at term to a diabetic mother showed erythrocyte-fixed IgG + IgM antibodies + C and a selective IgA deficit. In both cases the anaemia improved and the Coombs test became negative spontaneously in the 4th and 5th months of life, respectively. These haematologic alterations are similar to a graft versus host (GVH) reaction due to the persistence in the neonate blood of the donor's immunocompetent cells.", "PMID": 307519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1217", "title": "Clinical evaluation of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan as an antidepressant drug.", "content": "Effectiveness of 5-hydroxy-L-trytophan as an antidepressant drug was studied with 59 patients with depressive symptoms using Rating Scale for Depression made by Clinico-Psychopharmacology Research Group in Japan for a preparatory step of a double blind clinical study of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan treatment of depression. A daily dose of 150--300 mg of 5-hydroxyl-L-tryptophan was administered for three weeks. Favorable responses were observed in 40 patients (67.8%), of whom 13 patients were markedly improved. These effects were noticed in 32 patients (80% of the improved patients) within a week of the treatment. Analysis of General Improvement Rating in the various subtypes of depressive symptoms indicated that endogenous depression and involutional or senile depression were the preferable indication of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan loading. The main side effects of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan were gastrointestinal disturbances which were minimized by the simultaneous administration of metoclopromide or trihexyphenidyl.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan as an antidepressant drug. Effectiveness of 5-hydroxy-L-trytophan as an antidepressant drug was studied with 59 patients with depressive symptoms using Rating Scale for Depression made by Clinico-Psychopharmacology Research Group in Japan for a preparatory step of a double blind clinical study of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan treatment of depression. A daily dose of 150--300 mg of 5-hydroxyl-L-tryptophan was administered for three weeks. Favorable responses were observed in 40 patients (67.8%), of whom 13 patients were markedly improved. These effects were noticed in 32 patients (80% of the improved patients) within a week of the treatment. Analysis of General Improvement Rating in the various subtypes of depressive symptoms indicated that endogenous depression and involutional or senile depression were the preferable indication of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan loading. The main side effects of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan were gastrointestinal disturbances which were minimized by the simultaneous administration of metoclopromide or trihexyphenidyl.", "PMID": 307522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1218", "title": "[Methods and possibilities of surgical endoscopy].", "content": "In a number of diseases, operative or therapeutic endoscopy permits an effective therapy without the necessity to open up the abdominal wall and the digestive organs themselves. Included here are the removal of foreign bodies, haemostasis, papillotomy with concrement dislodgement, polypectomy and the obliteration of the excretory pancreas. The evaluation of the achieved results and the examination of operative endoscopy in respect of its clinical value cooperation with the pathologisz should not be neglected. The refined endoscopic methods and the highly developed technology can only be applied successfully, when it is possible to get enough skillful endoscopists and to prevent an everyman's endoscopy by which the new methods could be brought into discredit.", "contents": "[Methods and possibilities of surgical endoscopy]. In a number of diseases, operative or therapeutic endoscopy permits an effective therapy without the necessity to open up the abdominal wall and the digestive organs themselves. Included here are the removal of foreign bodies, haemostasis, papillotomy with concrement dislodgement, polypectomy and the obliteration of the excretory pancreas. The evaluation of the achieved results and the examination of operative endoscopy in respect of its clinical value cooperation with the pathologisz should not be neglected. The refined endoscopic methods and the highly developed technology can only be applied successfully, when it is possible to get enough skillful endoscopists and to prevent an everyman's endoscopy by which the new methods could be brought into discredit.", "PMID": 307523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1219", "title": "Studies on the influence of Trasylol on the partition of trypsin between the human plasma protease inhibitors in vitro.", "content": "The distribution of trypsin between the protease inhibitors of human serum with and without Trasylol was studied in vitro. 1) Trypsin was preferentially bound by alpha2-macroglobulin on addition of small amounts of the enzyme to normal serum in both the presence and absence of Trasylol in a molar concentration equal to that of alpha2-macroglobulin. 2) On saturation of alpha2-macroglobulin, a considerable amount of trypsin was bound by Trasylol even when most of the serum alpha1-antitrypsin was in a free form. 3) In reaction mixtures containing small amounts of trypsin, Trasylol was identified in a free form as well as in complex with trypsin-alpha2-macroglobulin complex and to a limited extent with trypsin. 4) With larger amounts of trypsin, sufficient to saturate alpha2-macroglobulin, increasing amounts of Trasylol were bound to trypsin. The relative amount of Trasylol bound to trypsin-alpha2-macroglobulin complexes was now smaller. This was explained by a higher affinity (or binding rate) of Trasylol for trypsin than for trypsin-alpha2-macroglobulin complexes. 5) Trypsin-Trasylol complexes showed no signs of dissociation after 5 h incubation at 37 degrees C in serum.", "contents": "Studies on the influence of Trasylol on the partition of trypsin between the human plasma protease inhibitors in vitro. The distribution of trypsin between the protease inhibitors of human serum with and without Trasylol was studied in vitro. 1) Trypsin was preferentially bound by alpha2-macroglobulin on addition of small amounts of the enzyme to normal serum in both the presence and absence of Trasylol in a molar concentration equal to that of alpha2-macroglobulin. 2) On saturation of alpha2-macroglobulin, a considerable amount of trypsin was bound by Trasylol even when most of the serum alpha1-antitrypsin was in a free form. 3) In reaction mixtures containing small amounts of trypsin, Trasylol was identified in a free form as well as in complex with trypsin-alpha2-macroglobulin complex and to a limited extent with trypsin. 4) With larger amounts of trypsin, sufficient to saturate alpha2-macroglobulin, increasing amounts of Trasylol were bound to trypsin. The relative amount of Trasylol bound to trypsin-alpha2-macroglobulin complexes was now smaller. This was explained by a higher affinity (or binding rate) of Trasylol for trypsin than for trypsin-alpha2-macroglobulin complexes. 5) Trypsin-Trasylol complexes showed no signs of dissociation after 5 h incubation at 37 degrees C in serum.", "PMID": 307526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1220", "title": "Kartagener's syndrome in sibs: clinical and immunologic investigations.", "content": "In a sibship of ten children descending from a first cousin's marriage, two sibs were affected by Kartagener's syndrome with the typical symptoms of situs inversus, bronchiectasis, and polyposis nasi. Clinical investigation of the entire family revealed chronic infections of the paranasal sinus in five sibs and the mother, two of whom had bronchiectasis as well. Immunologically, a persistent cellular or humoral defect could not be detected in any of the family members. In the HLA system, only the two sibs with Kartagener's syndrome had identical HLA-types; all other family members had different combinations. A linkage between the loci for the HLA system and Kartagener's syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Kartagener's syndrome in sibs: clinical and immunologic investigations. In a sibship of ten children descending from a first cousin's marriage, two sibs were affected by Kartagener's syndrome with the typical symptoms of situs inversus, bronchiectasis, and polyposis nasi. Clinical investigation of the entire family revealed chronic infections of the paranasal sinus in five sibs and the mother, two of whom had bronchiectasis as well. Immunologically, a persistent cellular or humoral defect could not be detected in any of the family members. In the HLA system, only the two sibs with Kartagener's syndrome had identical HLA-types; all other family members had different combinations. A linkage between the loci for the HLA system and Kartagener's syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 307528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1221", "title": "Antibody forming cell precursors among glass-adherent peritoneal exudate cells.", "content": "Among glass-adherent peritoneal exudate cells (gaPEC), induced by an inoculation of 1% glycogen solution, about 4.5% were classified as antibody-forming cell precursors (AFCP) on the first day of culture by means of anti-mouse B-cell antibody (anti-B-Ab). They proliferated and differentiated into IgG-forming plasma cells when cultured with antigen and thymic RNA in vitro. Pretreatment of PEC with anti-B-Ab and complement suppressed the formation of plasma cells. AFCP had receptors for  IgM-antigen complexes and for complement, both of which were  independent of Ca++ and MG++ and resistant to treatment by pronase or phospholipase C. Cells bearing detectable receptors for EA (IgM) an EAC diminished by the 6th day when gaPEC were cultured with thymic RNA, but persisted longer in cultures without  thymic RNA. The same percentages of cells demonstrated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activities but were devoid of esterase. Twenty to thirty percent of anti-B-Ab sensitive cells ingested latex particles. The proliferation kinetics of IgG-forming cells were studied through the 21st day of culture by means of peroxidase-labeled antibody staining methods.", "contents": "Antibody forming cell precursors among glass-adherent peritoneal exudate cells. Among glass-adherent peritoneal exudate cells (gaPEC), induced by an inoculation of 1% glycogen solution, about 4.5% were classified as antibody-forming cell precursors (AFCP) on the first day of culture by means of anti-mouse B-cell antibody (anti-B-Ab). They proliferated and differentiated into IgG-forming plasma cells when cultured with antigen and thymic RNA in vitro. Pretreatment of PEC with anti-B-Ab and complement suppressed the formation of plasma cells. AFCP had receptors for  IgM-antigen complexes and for complement, both of which were  independent of Ca++ and MG++ and resistant to treatment by pronase or phospholipase C. Cells bearing detectable receptors for EA (IgM) an EAC diminished by the 6th day when gaPEC were cultured with thymic RNA, but persisted longer in cultures without  thymic RNA. The same percentages of cells demonstrated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activities but were devoid of esterase. Twenty to thirty percent of anti-B-Ab sensitive cells ingested latex particles. The proliferation kinetics of IgG-forming cells were studied through the 21st day of culture by means of peroxidase-labeled antibody staining methods.", "PMID": 307530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1222", "title": "Antibody production and protection against influenza virus in immunodeficient mice.", "content": "The roles of T and B cells in the immune response to influenza virus were studied by using mice deficient in either T cells (athymic nude) or immunoglobulin production (CBA/N). The serological responses of these mice to either whole or disrupted A/Aichi/2/68 influenza virus vaccines were examined, and the protective effect of these inoculations was tested by challenge infection with mouse-adapted A/Aichi/2/68 influenza virus. In contrast to normal mice, neither strain of immunodeficient mouse produced detectable serum antibody after inoculation with either type of vaccine. CBA/N mice immunized with intact virus vaccine were protected, however, against subsequent lethal challenge. CBA/N mice inoculated with disrupted virus vaccine and nude mice inoculated with either disrupted or whole virus vaccine were not protected against viral challenge. Evidence of immunological memory was observed in CBA/N and nude mice that had survived live virus challenge after immunization with inactivated vaccine.", "contents": "Antibody production and protection against influenza virus in immunodeficient mice. The roles of T and B cells in the immune response to influenza virus were studied by using mice deficient in either T cells (athymic nude) or immunoglobulin production (CBA/N). The serological responses of these mice to either whole or disrupted A/Aichi/2/68 influenza virus vaccines were examined, and the protective effect of these inoculations was tested by challenge infection with mouse-adapted A/Aichi/2/68 influenza virus. In contrast to normal mice, neither strain of immunodeficient mouse produced detectable serum antibody after inoculation with either type of vaccine. CBA/N mice immunized with intact virus vaccine were protected, however, against subsequent lethal challenge. CBA/N mice inoculated with disrupted virus vaccine and nude mice inoculated with either disrupted or whole virus vaccine were not protected against viral challenge. Evidence of immunological memory was observed in CBA/N and nude mice that had survived live virus challenge after immunization with inactivated vaccine.", "PMID": 307534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1223", "title": "Propagation of Pneumocystis carinii in Vero cell culture.", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii derived from infected murine lung was found to be capable of limited growth in Vero African green monkey kidney cell cultures. The observed increase in the number of cyst forms was influenced by the ratio of cysts to host cells in the inocula, duration of passage, and formulation of the cell culture media. Maximum growth was achieved by inoculating 1.3 X 10(5) cysts per 75-cm2 flask containing about 2 X 10(7) Vero cells (cyst-to-cell ratio=1:154) maintained on minimal essential medium supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum. Under these conditions of culture, a 10.8-fold increase in cyst forms was observed during a 7-day passage in cell culture utilizing cyst-to-cell ratios ranging from 1:28 to 1:2,778.", "contents": "Propagation of Pneumocystis carinii in Vero cell culture. Pneumocystis carinii derived from infected murine lung was found to be capable of limited growth in Vero African green monkey kidney cell cultures. The observed increase in the number of cyst forms was influenced by the ratio of cysts to host cells in the inocula, duration of passage, and formulation of the cell culture media. Maximum growth was achieved by inoculating 1.3 X 10(5) cysts per 75-cm2 flask containing about 2 X 10(7) Vero cells (cyst-to-cell ratio=1:154) maintained on minimal essential medium supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum. Under these conditions of culture, a 10.8-fold increase in cyst forms was observed during a 7-day passage in cell culture utilizing cyst-to-cell ratios ranging from 1:28 to 1:2,778.", "PMID": 307535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1224", "title": "Modulation of immune responses in newborn and adult mice by interferon.", "content": "Interferon was found to have both suppressive and enhancing effects on the antibody response in newborn and adult mice. Evidence was obtained that these effects are primarily evoked during the initial steps controlling cell proliferation. Stimulation of thymus and spleen cells with a T-cell mitogen was enhanced by low doses and suppressed by high doses of interferon. Treatment of parental spleen cells with interferon before injecting them into immunized F1 hybrid mice resulted in an enhanced allogeneic effect. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that interferon affects T cells and has an immunoregulatory role, either by inhibiting the action of suppressor cells or by promoting immunological maturation.", "contents": "Modulation of immune responses in newborn and adult mice by interferon. Interferon was found to have both suppressive and enhancing effects on the antibody response in newborn and adult mice. Evidence was obtained that these effects are primarily evoked during the initial steps controlling cell proliferation. Stimulation of thymus and spleen cells with a T-cell mitogen was enhanced by low doses and suppressed by high doses of interferon. Treatment of parental spleen cells with interferon before injecting them into immunized F1 hybrid mice resulted in an enhanced allogeneic effect. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that interferon affects T cells and has an immunoregulatory role, either by inhibiting the action of suppressor cells or by promoting immunological maturation.", "PMID": 307536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1225", "title": "Role for macrophages and thymus-derived lymphocytes in cholera toxin-induced immunosuppression.", "content": "The exo-enterotoxin derived from Vibrio cholerae bacilli has marked immunomodulating activities, both in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, the mechanism whereby cholera toxin depresses the antibody-forming ability of murine splenocytes was investigated by in vitro reconstitution experiments. Spleen cells derived from mice treated with cholera toxin 2 days earlier were markedly deficient in their ability to respond to sheep erythrocytes upon challenge immunization in vitro. Addition of graded numbers of normal spleen cells to spleen cell cultures from toxin-treated mice partially restored the antibody response. Adherent splenocyte populations were even more effective in restoring antibody formation. Normal peritoneal exudate cells rich in macrophages were also capable of restoring the antibody-forming ability of toxin-pretreated splenocytes. Furthermore, thymus (T)-derived spleen cells from normal mice, as well as sheep erythrocyte \"educated\" T cells, were capable of restoring antibody formation to normal levels. The importance of T lymphocytes in restoring immune competence of spleen cell cultures from toxin-treated mice was shown by additional experiments in which T-depleted cell preparations were found to be ineffective in restoring antibody activity. These studies point to macrophages and T-derived lymphocytes as a major target for cholera toxin-induced immunosuppression.", "contents": "Role for macrophages and thymus-derived lymphocytes in cholera toxin-induced immunosuppression. The exo-enterotoxin derived from Vibrio cholerae bacilli has marked immunomodulating activities, both in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, the mechanism whereby cholera toxin depresses the antibody-forming ability of murine splenocytes was investigated by in vitro reconstitution experiments. Spleen cells derived from mice treated with cholera toxin 2 days earlier were markedly deficient in their ability to respond to sheep erythrocytes upon challenge immunization in vitro. Addition of graded numbers of normal spleen cells to spleen cell cultures from toxin-treated mice partially restored the antibody response. Adherent splenocyte populations were even more effective in restoring antibody formation. Normal peritoneal exudate cells rich in macrophages were also capable of restoring the antibody-forming ability of toxin-pretreated splenocytes. Furthermore, thymus (T)-derived spleen cells from normal mice, as well as sheep erythrocyte \"educated\" T cells, were capable of restoring antibody formation to normal levels. The importance of T lymphocytes in restoring immune competence of spleen cell cultures from toxin-treated mice was shown by additional experiments in which T-depleted cell preparations were found to be ineffective in restoring antibody activity. These studies point to macrophages and T-derived lymphocytes as a major target for cholera toxin-induced immunosuppression.", "PMID": 307537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1226", "title": "Stimulation of subpopulations of human lymphocytes by a vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis.", "content": "When purified T lymphocytes from individuals vaccinated with a viable, attenuated strain of Francisella tularensis were incubated in vitro in the presence of heat-killed bacteria or a membrane preparation of the vaccine strain, they were stimulated to form blast cells and to synthesize deoxyribonucleic acid. The blast cells had the characteristics of T cells, being devoid of surface immunoglobulin and able to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. The stimulation occurred only when monocytes were present. A lymphocyte preparation enriched in B lymphocytes did not respond to the heat-killed bacteria or to the membrane preparation. In a stimulated mononuclear leukocyte preparation, about 70% of the blast cells formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, and 10 to 20% of them had surface immunoglobulin. The results show that there is an enlarged population of specifically committed T lymphocytes after tularemia vaccination. It is suggested that the lymphocyte stimulation test measures mainly T-lymphocyte reactivity when membranes or whole bacteria of F. tularensis LVS are used as antigen, and that the stimulation of human T lymphocytes by whole bacteria or bacterial membranes is completely monocyte or macrophage dependent. The present experimental procedure may provide a model for study of antigen-induced stimulation of human lymphocytes under controlled conditions. The technique used gave a reproducible, extremely purified preparation of T lymphocytes and a preparation of monocytes especially suitable for microcultures.", "contents": "Stimulation of subpopulations of human lymphocytes by a vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis. When purified T lymphocytes from individuals vaccinated with a viable, attenuated strain of Francisella tularensis were incubated in vitro in the presence of heat-killed bacteria or a membrane preparation of the vaccine strain, they were stimulated to form blast cells and to synthesize deoxyribonucleic acid. The blast cells had the characteristics of T cells, being devoid of surface immunoglobulin and able to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. The stimulation occurred only when monocytes were present. A lymphocyte preparation enriched in B lymphocytes did not respond to the heat-killed bacteria or to the membrane preparation. In a stimulated mononuclear leukocyte preparation, about 70% of the blast cells formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, and 10 to 20% of them had surface immunoglobulin. The results show that there is an enlarged population of specifically committed T lymphocytes after tularemia vaccination. It is suggested that the lymphocyte stimulation test measures mainly T-lymphocyte reactivity when membranes or whole bacteria of F. tularensis LVS are used as antigen, and that the stimulation of human T lymphocytes by whole bacteria or bacterial membranes is completely monocyte or macrophage dependent. The present experimental procedure may provide a model for study of antigen-induced stimulation of human lymphocytes under controlled conditions. The technique used gave a reproducible, extremely purified preparation of T lymphocytes and a preparation of monocytes especially suitable for microcultures.", "PMID": 307538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1227", "title": "Experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: immunological investigation of the infant rat model.", "content": "Infant rats inoculated intraperitoneally with Haemophilus influenzae type b develop bacteremia and meningitis. Rats were infected at 10 to 12 days of age and studied for the development of serum anticapsular antibody and bactericidal and opsonizing activity. Seven and 11 weeks after inoculation, convalescent animals showed a higher frequency of anticapsular antibody responses than uninfected controls, but 35 to 40% of the infected group had undetectable levels of anticapsular antibody (<0.10 mug/ml). In contrast, all of the convalescent animals, but none of the controls, showed moderate titers of serum bactericidal activity; and bactericidal activity persisted after absorption of the convalescent sera with type b capsule. Bactericidal activity was detected primarily in the eluted fraction corresponding to a molecular weight of 150,000 and was present in the offspring of convalescent females. Offspring of convalescent females were protected against challenge with H. influenzae type b, and control offspring could also be protected by passive immunization with convalescent serum which lacked detectable anticapsular antibody. Convalescent serum samples efficiently opsonized H. influenzae type b, and this activity persisted after absorption of the serum with capsular antigen. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that antibody to the noncapsular surface antigens of H. influenzae type b play an important role in host defenses.", "contents": "Experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: immunological investigation of the infant rat model. Infant rats inoculated intraperitoneally with Haemophilus influenzae type b develop bacteremia and meningitis. Rats were infected at 10 to 12 days of age and studied for the development of serum anticapsular antibody and bactericidal and opsonizing activity. Seven and 11 weeks after inoculation, convalescent animals showed a higher frequency of anticapsular antibody responses than uninfected controls, but 35 to 40% of the infected group had undetectable levels of anticapsular antibody (<0.10 mug/ml). In contrast, all of the convalescent animals, but none of the controls, showed moderate titers of serum bactericidal activity; and bactericidal activity persisted after absorption of the convalescent sera with type b capsule. Bactericidal activity was detected primarily in the eluted fraction corresponding to a molecular weight of 150,000 and was present in the offspring of convalescent females. Offspring of convalescent females were protected against challenge with H. influenzae type b, and control offspring could also be protected by passive immunization with convalescent serum which lacked detectable anticapsular antibody. Convalescent serum samples efficiently opsonized H. influenzae type b, and this activity persisted after absorption of the serum with capsular antigen. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that antibody to the noncapsular surface antigens of H. influenzae type b play an important role in host defenses.", "PMID": 307539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1228", "title": "Trypanosoma rhodesiense infection in congenitally athymic (nude) mice.", "content": "Athymic nude mice (nu/nu), heterozygous litter mates (nu/+), and thymic reconstituted homozygous animals (nu/nu TxR) were infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense. A reduced parasitemia and prolonged survival were observed in the nu/nu animals after infection and cure or after immunization with irradiated organisms. These studies indicate that resistance of mice to T. rhodesiense infection is relatively independent of thymic lymphocyte function.", "contents": "Trypanosoma rhodesiense infection in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Athymic nude mice (nu/nu), heterozygous litter mates (nu/+), and thymic reconstituted homozygous animals (nu/nu TxR) were infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense. A reduced parasitemia and prolonged survival were observed in the nu/nu animals after infection and cure or after immunization with irradiated organisms. These studies indicate that resistance of mice to T. rhodesiense infection is relatively independent of thymic lymphocyte function.", "PMID": 307540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1229", "title": "Two small lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood. I. Purification and surface marker profiles.", "content": "By means of simple rosette sedimentation methods two subsets from human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been isolated: (1) (E, Fc)- and (2) (E, Ig)-. The first subset was obtained by centrifuging suspensions of macrophage-depleted PBL in which E and EA rosettes had been allowed to form simultaneously. The dominant marker of these E- Fc- cells was surface Ig, and during 4 days of culture this population did not alter its surface markers. Subset 2 was obtained in two ways following rosette centrifugation with AET-treated SRBC and rabbit anti-human Ig-coated autologous RBC. This 'Null cell population' was shown to be highly variable as judged by the surface markers applied after 4 days of culture, and it is suggested that Null cells contain a number of immature lymphoid cells that may acquire their surface marker during culture. It is concluded that the methods described for purification of small subsets of human lymphocytes are effective and easy to perform and might be used to purify cells for functional studies.", "contents": "Two small lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood. I. Purification and surface marker profiles. By means of simple rosette sedimentation methods two subsets from human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been isolated: (1) (E, Fc)- and (2) (E, Ig)-. The first subset was obtained by centrifuging suspensions of macrophage-depleted PBL in which E and EA rosettes had been allowed to form simultaneously. The dominant marker of these E- Fc- cells was surface Ig, and during 4 days of culture this population did not alter its surface markers. Subset 2 was obtained in two ways following rosette centrifugation with AET-treated SRBC and rabbit anti-human Ig-coated autologous RBC. This 'Null cell population' was shown to be highly variable as judged by the surface markers applied after 4 days of culture, and it is suggested that Null cells contain a number of immature lymphoid cells that may acquire their surface marker during culture. It is concluded that the methods described for purification of small subsets of human lymphocytes are effective and easy to perform and might be used to purify cells for functional studies.", "PMID": 307541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1230", "title": "Lymphocyte-potentiating factor from human peripheral blood adherent cells.", "content": "Low-molecular-weight factor, which can restore the diminished concanavalin A (Con A) response of adherent-cell-depleted human peripheral blood lymphocytes, was partially purified from the culture supernatant of human peripheral blood adherent cells by ion-exchange column chromatography, gel filtration and preparative paper chromatography. This factor apparently has a mechanism of action distinct from that of 2-mercaptoethanol. It affects the cells just before the onset of DNA synthesis possibly as one of the second signals in the Con-A-induced activation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. However, it was demonstrated that the effective activation of lymphoyctes also required the presentation of Con A by adherent cells to lymphocytes at the triggering stage of the activation, indicating that adherent cells have two distinct functions in the Con-A-induced activation of lymphocytes, i.e. the the presentation of Con A to lymphoyctes and the elaboration of soluble factors.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-potentiating factor from human peripheral blood adherent cells. Low-molecular-weight factor, which can restore the diminished concanavalin A (Con A) response of adherent-cell-depleted human peripheral blood lymphocytes, was partially purified from the culture supernatant of human peripheral blood adherent cells by ion-exchange column chromatography, gel filtration and preparative paper chromatography. This factor apparently has a mechanism of action distinct from that of 2-mercaptoethanol. It affects the cells just before the onset of DNA synthesis possibly as one of the second signals in the Con-A-induced activation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. However, it was demonstrated that the effective activation of lymphoyctes also required the presentation of Con A by adherent cells to lymphocytes at the triggering stage of the activation, indicating that adherent cells have two distinct functions in the Con-A-induced activation of lymphocytes, i.e. the the presentation of Con A to lymphoyctes and the elaboration of soluble factors.", "PMID": 307542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1231", "title": "Initial observations on the isolated retinal pigment epithelium-choroid of the cat.", "content": "An in vitro preparation of a mammalian retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid was developed, that of the cat, in order to study the RPE in isolation from the neural retina. The purpose of these initial experiments was to evaluate the electrical characteristics of the tissue and the ionic properties of the RPE apical membrane. They were designed so that results would be directly comparable to those previously obtained on a more extensively studied cold-blooded preparation, the bullfrog. The electrical characteristics of the best cat tissues were similar to those routinely obtained in bullfrog, whereas the average cat apical membrane potential was 20 mV more depolarized than that of frog. The apical membrane of cat resembled the frog's in having a large sensitivity to potassium, but it had a relatively smaller sensitivity to bicarbonate and a relatively larger sensitivity to sodium. The cat, like the frog, also had a ouabain-sensitive mechanism on its apical membrane that directly contributed to membrane potential. Two factors contributing to the lower apical membrane potential in cat were the higher potassium concentration of the mammalian salt solution and the sodium conductance of the apical membrane.", "contents": "Initial observations on the isolated retinal pigment epithelium-choroid of the cat. An in vitro preparation of a mammalian retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid was developed, that of the cat, in order to study the RPE in isolation from the neural retina. The purpose of these initial experiments was to evaluate the electrical characteristics of the tissue and the ionic properties of the RPE apical membrane. They were designed so that results would be directly comparable to those previously obtained on a more extensively studied cold-blooded preparation, the bullfrog. The electrical characteristics of the best cat tissues were similar to those routinely obtained in bullfrog, whereas the average cat apical membrane potential was 20 mV more depolarized than that of frog. The apical membrane of cat resembled the frog's in having a large sensitivity to potassium, but it had a relatively smaller sensitivity to bicarbonate and a relatively larger sensitivity to sodium. The cat, like the frog, also had a ouabain-sensitive mechanism on its apical membrane that directly contributed to membrane potential. Two factors contributing to the lower apical membrane potential in cat were the higher potassium concentration of the mammalian salt solution and the sodium conductance of the apical membrane.", "PMID": 307543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1232", "title": "Selective embolization of the inferior mesenteric artery in massive colonic bleeding.", "content": "A case is described in which massive rectal bleeding was controlled by selective embolization of the superior hemorrhoidal arteries. Selective therapeutic arterial embolization in colonic bleeding represents an important alternative to procedures such as surgery and infusion of vasospastic agents which carry a prohibitive risk in severely ill patients.", "contents": "Selective embolization of the inferior mesenteric artery in massive colonic bleeding. A case is described in which massive rectal bleeding was controlled by selective embolization of the superior hemorrhoidal arteries. Selective therapeutic arterial embolization in colonic bleeding represents an important alternative to procedures such as surgery and infusion of vasospastic agents which carry a prohibitive risk in severely ill patients.", "PMID": 307544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1233", "title": "Effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in autistic children.", "content": "Behavioral effects of L-5-Hydroxytrophan (L-5-HTP), administered in combination with carbidopa, were evaluated in three autistic children using direct behavioral observation and parent ratings. Children were assessed under each of four experimental conditions: Baseline, Placebo I, L-5-HTP plus carbidopa, and Placebo II. During the 20-week study two children showed behavioral change that appeared to be unrelated to drug treatment. The findings did not support the hypothesis that a functional deficit in brain 5-HT underlies the autistic syndrome.", "contents": "Effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in autistic children. Behavioral effects of L-5-Hydroxytrophan (L-5-HTP), administered in combination with carbidopa, were evaluated in three autistic children using direct behavioral observation and parent ratings. Children were assessed under each of four experimental conditions: Baseline, Placebo I, L-5-HTP plus carbidopa, and Placebo II. During the 20-week study two children showed behavioral change that appeared to be unrelated to drug treatment. The findings did not support the hypothesis that a functional deficit in brain 5-HT underlies the autistic syndrome.", "PMID": 307546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1234", "title": "Viral R plasmid Rphi6P: properties of the penicillinase plasmid prophage and the supercoiled, circular encapsidated genome.", "content": "Properties of the viral R plasmid Rphi6P are described. As a temperate bacteriophage, it plaques on the facultative phototroph Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Under aerobic conditions the phage had a latent period of 180 min, a burst time of 200 min, and a burst size of 15 to 20 particles per infective center. The encapsidated viral genome occurred as a supercoiled, circular DNA duplex with a mean contour length of 16.5 +/- 10 micron. Percent guanine plus cytosine, as calculated from thermal denaturation profiles, was 63.5. Mitomycin C-induced loss of the prophage suggested an extrachromosomal location in the host cell. Use of this curing agent enabled the isolation of a plasmid-free strain of R. sphaeroides. Biophysical analysis of the plasmid-free strain lysogenized with Rphi6P confirmed that the prophage occurred as a plasmid in the host cell.", "contents": "Viral R plasmid Rphi6P: properties of the penicillinase plasmid prophage and the supercoiled, circular encapsidated genome. Properties of the viral R plasmid Rphi6P are described. As a temperate bacteriophage, it plaques on the facultative phototroph Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Under aerobic conditions the phage had a latent period of 180 min, a burst time of 200 min, and a burst size of 15 to 20 particles per infective center. The encapsidated viral genome occurred as a supercoiled, circular DNA duplex with a mean contour length of 16.5 +/- 10 micron. Percent guanine plus cytosine, as calculated from thermal denaturation profiles, was 63.5. Mitomycin C-induced loss of the prophage suggested an extrachromosomal location in the host cell. Use of this curing agent enabled the isolation of a plasmid-free strain of R. sphaeroides. Biophysical analysis of the plasmid-free strain lysogenized with Rphi6P confirmed that the prophage occurred as a plasmid in the host cell.", "PMID": 307547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1235", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of odontogenesis in the frog (Rana temporaria L.)].", "content": "Differentiation of the cells of the dental bud which produce the hard tissues of teeth was studied at the ultrastructural level; the activity of these cells (odontoblasts and ameloblasts), the laying down of organic matrices elaborated by them, the mineralization of these matrices, and the maturation of dentine and enamel are described. Injections of tritiated proline enabled us by the autoradiographic method, to confirm and to indicate more precisely the activity of these cells. Dental calcified tissues of Rana exhibit the general properties of these tissues among Vertebrates: high content of apatite, low content of organic materials (collagenous in dentine, non-collagenous in enamel), precise orientation of crystals, and true but non-prismatic enamel. The enamel of Anura as well as enamel of Urodela is a true enamel of epithelial origin.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of odontogenesis in the frog (Rana temporaria L.)]. Differentiation of the cells of the dental bud which produce the hard tissues of teeth was studied at the ultrastructural level; the activity of these cells (odontoblasts and ameloblasts), the laying down of organic matrices elaborated by them, the mineralization of these matrices, and the maturation of dentine and enamel are described. Injections of tritiated proline enabled us by the autoradiographic method, to confirm and to indicate more precisely the activity of these cells. Dental calcified tissues of Rana exhibit the general properties of these tissues among Vertebrates: high content of apatite, low content of organic materials (collagenous in dentine, non-collagenous in enamel), precise orientation of crystals, and true but non-prismatic enamel. The enamel of Anura as well as enamel of Urodela is a true enamel of epithelial origin.", "PMID": 307548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1236", "title": "Topological studies of the steroid hydroxylase complexes in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria.", "content": "The topology of the steroid hydroxylase complexes in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was studied by using nonpenetrating artificial electron acceptors and the impermeable protein reagent diazobenzenesulfonate. Inhibition of steroid hydroxylase activity by ferricyanide and dichlorophenolindophenol sulfonate was only observed in mitochondria which had been damaged by various techniques. Intact mitochondria were not inhibited by these reagents. The reaction was monitored by oxygen uptake due to hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone, as well as P-450 reduction and corticosterone formation. The results obtained were similar regardless of how the activity was measured. Labeling of the mitochondria with the nonpenetrating protein reagent diazobenzenesulfonate also inhibited P-450 reduction and corticosterone formation in mitochondria which had been damaged prior to addition of this reagent. Intact mitochondria which were labeled with this reagent showed very little inhibition of both activities. These results strongly suggest that all protein components of the steroid 11beta-hydroxylase system are located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. The inability of ferricyanide, dichlorophenolindophenol sulfonate, and diazobenzenesulfonate to inhibit the malate-dependent reduction of P-450 in intact mitochondria implies that all the P-450-dependent mitochondrial steroid hydroxylase systems are located on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "Topological studies of the steroid hydroxylase complexes in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. The topology of the steroid hydroxylase complexes in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was studied by using nonpenetrating artificial electron acceptors and the impermeable protein reagent diazobenzenesulfonate. Inhibition of steroid hydroxylase activity by ferricyanide and dichlorophenolindophenol sulfonate was only observed in mitochondria which had been damaged by various techniques. Intact mitochondria were not inhibited by these reagents. The reaction was monitored by oxygen uptake due to hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone, as well as P-450 reduction and corticosterone formation. The results obtained were similar regardless of how the activity was measured. Labeling of the mitochondria with the nonpenetrating protein reagent diazobenzenesulfonate also inhibited P-450 reduction and corticosterone formation in mitochondria which had been damaged prior to addition of this reagent. Intact mitochondria which were labeled with this reagent showed very little inhibition of both activities. These results strongly suggest that all protein components of the steroid 11beta-hydroxylase system are located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. The inability of ferricyanide, dichlorophenolindophenol sulfonate, and diazobenzenesulfonate to inhibit the malate-dependent reduction of P-450 in intact mitochondria implies that all the P-450-dependent mitochondrial steroid hydroxylase systems are located on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 307549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1237", "title": "The active form of cytochrome P-45011beta from adrenal cortex mitochondria.", "content": "Cytochrome P-45011beta has been solubilized and partially purified from bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria by means of chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B or DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. The partially purified P-450 preparations were about 90% pure as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but had a low specific content of P-450 (between 1 and 2 nmol of P-450 per mg of protein). In the presence of purified preparations of adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin, the partially purified P-450 preparations catalyzed NADPH-supported 11beta-hydroxylation of unconjugated and sulfoconjugated deoxycorticosterone. In the reconstituted system the hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone sulfate proceeded at a much higher rate than in intact mitochondria, indicating that in the former case interactions between the hydrophilic substrate and P-450 were facilitated. In the presence of Triton X-100 the partially purified cytochrome P-45011beta had a Stokes radius of 4.5 nm, a sedimentation coefficient of 3.1 S, and a partial specific volume of about 0.85 cm3/g. These results indicate that the cytochrome P-45011beta . Triton X-100 complex had a molecular weight of about 100,000 and that P-45011beta bound about 1.1 g of Triton X-100 per g of protein. The P-45011beta . Triton X-100 complex was catalytically active in hydroxylation reactions supported by NADPH or the hydroxylating agent ortho-nitroiodosobenzene, suggesting that the monomer of cytochrome P-45011beta is the active form of the protein.", "contents": "The active form of cytochrome P-45011beta from adrenal cortex mitochondria. Cytochrome P-45011beta has been solubilized and partially purified from bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria by means of chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B or DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. The partially purified P-450 preparations were about 90% pure as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but had a low specific content of P-450 (between 1 and 2 nmol of P-450 per mg of protein). In the presence of purified preparations of adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin, the partially purified P-450 preparations catalyzed NADPH-supported 11beta-hydroxylation of unconjugated and sulfoconjugated deoxycorticosterone. In the reconstituted system the hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone sulfate proceeded at a much higher rate than in intact mitochondria, indicating that in the former case interactions between the hydrophilic substrate and P-450 were facilitated. In the presence of Triton X-100 the partially purified cytochrome P-45011beta had a Stokes radius of 4.5 nm, a sedimentation coefficient of 3.1 S, and a partial specific volume of about 0.85 cm3/g. These results indicate that the cytochrome P-45011beta . Triton X-100 complex had a molecular weight of about 100,000 and that P-45011beta bound about 1.1 g of Triton X-100 per g of protein. The P-45011beta . Triton X-100 complex was catalytically active in hydroxylation reactions supported by NADPH or the hydroxylating agent ortho-nitroiodosobenzene, suggesting that the monomer of cytochrome P-45011beta is the active form of the protein.", "PMID": 307550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1238", "title": "Proteolytic inactivation of the luciferase from the luminous marine bacterium Beneckea harveyi.", "content": "The enzymatic activity of bacterial luciferase from Beneckea harveyi (a heterodimer, Mr = approximately 79,000) is rapidly lost upon treatment with trypsin or chymotrypsin. Under nondenaturing conditions, the proteolytically inactivated molecule has the same apparent molecular weight as the native enzyme, and appears to be relatively stable to further proteolytic degradation. Gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate of the products of this digestion shows that only the alpha subunit is degraded during the time of these experiments, and its rate of loss is the same as the rate of loss of light-producing activity. The action of either protease produces a species with mobility indicative of a molecular weight of about 28,000 and smaller fragments, and an unaltered beta subunit.", "contents": "Proteolytic inactivation of the luciferase from the luminous marine bacterium Beneckea harveyi. The enzymatic activity of bacterial luciferase from Beneckea harveyi (a heterodimer, Mr = approximately 79,000) is rapidly lost upon treatment with trypsin or chymotrypsin. Under nondenaturing conditions, the proteolytically inactivated molecule has the same apparent molecular weight as the native enzyme, and appears to be relatively stable to further proteolytic degradation. Gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate of the products of this digestion shows that only the alpha subunit is degraded during the time of these experiments, and its rate of loss is the same as the rate of loss of light-producing activity. The action of either protease produces a species with mobility indicative of a molecular weight of about 28,000 and smaller fragments, and an unaltered beta subunit.", "PMID": 307551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1239", "title": "Primary structure of human alpha1-protease inhibitor. The complete amino acid sequence of cyanogen bromide fragment II.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of a CNBr-fragment from human alpha1-protease inhibitor has been determined and is shown below. The peptide consists of 109 amino acid residues with 1 oligosaccharide unit. The 2 glutamic acid residues which have previously been shown to be substituted by lysine in the Z and by valine in the S mutant proteins are both located in this CNBr fragment. (formula: see text).", "contents": "Primary structure of human alpha1-protease inhibitor. The complete amino acid sequence of cyanogen bromide fragment II. The complete amino acid sequence of a CNBr-fragment from human alpha1-protease inhibitor has been determined and is shown below. The peptide consists of 109 amino acid residues with 1 oligosaccharide unit. The 2 glutamic acid residues which have previously been shown to be substituted by lysine in the Z and by valine in the S mutant proteins are both located in this CNBr fragment. (formula: see text).", "PMID": 307552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1240", "title": "The cyclic behavior of a cytoplasmic factor controlling nuclear membrane breakdown.", "content": "The activity of a cytoplasmic factor (MPF), capable of inducing nuclear membrane breakdown (germinal vesicle breakdown) when injected into amphibian oocytes, has been studied during the course of early cleavage in amphibian embryos. Mature egg cytoplasm was found to contain high levels of this activity, but this was quickly lost after fertilization or artificial activation. MPF activity later reappeared in the egg cytoplasm and started to cycle with time. The peak of embryonic MPF activity during each cycle coincided with the time the embryonic nuclei were entering the G2-M transition, i.e., mitosis. However, in colchicine-arrested embryos, this activity remained at an elevated level and no longer oscillated. The timing of the appearance and disappearance of this activity appeared to be under the control of the cytoplasm because such behavior was still observed in enucleated eggs. Continued protein synthesis in the embryo was required for the reappearance, but not for the disappearance, of this activity. MPF, previously thought to be restricted to oocyte maturation, may play a more general role in controlling nuclear membrane breakdown during mitosis as well as meiosis.", "contents": "The cyclic behavior of a cytoplasmic factor controlling nuclear membrane breakdown. The activity of a cytoplasmic factor (MPF), capable of inducing nuclear membrane breakdown (germinal vesicle breakdown) when injected into amphibian oocytes, has been studied during the course of early cleavage in amphibian embryos. Mature egg cytoplasm was found to contain high levels of this activity, but this was quickly lost after fertilization or artificial activation. MPF activity later reappeared in the egg cytoplasm and started to cycle with time. The peak of embryonic MPF activity during each cycle coincided with the time the embryonic nuclei were entering the G2-M transition, i.e., mitosis. However, in colchicine-arrested embryos, this activity remained at an elevated level and no longer oscillated. The timing of the appearance and disappearance of this activity appeared to be under the control of the cytoplasm because such behavior was still observed in enucleated eggs. Continued protein synthesis in the embryo was required for the reappearance, but not for the disappearance, of this activity. MPF, previously thought to be restricted to oocyte maturation, may play a more general role in controlling nuclear membrane breakdown during mitosis as well as meiosis.", "PMID": 307553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1241", "title": "Reinnervation of muscle fiber basal lamina after removal of myofibers. Differentiation of regenerating axons at original synaptic sites.", "content": "Axons regenerate to reinnervate denervated skeletal muscle fibers precisely at original synaptic sites, and they differentiate into nerve terminals where they contact muscle fibers. The aim of this study was to determine the location of factors that influence the growth and differentiation of the regenerating axons. We damaged and denervated frog muscles, causing myofibers and nerve terminals to degenerate, and then irradiated the animals to prevent regeneration of myofibers. The sheath of basal lamina (BL) that surrounds each myofiber survives these treatments, and original synaptic sites on BL can be recognized by several histological criteria after nerve terminals and muscle cells have been completely removed. Axons regenerate into the region of damage within 2 wk. They contact surviving BL almost exclusively at original synaptic sites; thus, factors that guide the axon's growth are present at synaptic sites and stably maintained outside of the myofiber. Portions of axons that contact the BL acquire active zones and accumulations of synaptic vesicles; thus by morphological criteria they differentiate into nerve terminals even though their postsynaptic targets, the myofibers, are absent. Within the terminals, the synaptic organelles line up opposite periodic specializations in the myofiber's BL, demonstrating that components associated with the BL play a role in organizing the differentiation of the nerve terminal.", "contents": "Reinnervation of muscle fiber basal lamina after removal of myofibers. Differentiation of regenerating axons at original synaptic sites. Axons regenerate to reinnervate denervated skeletal muscle fibers precisely at original synaptic sites, and they differentiate into nerve terminals where they contact muscle fibers. The aim of this study was to determine the location of factors that influence the growth and differentiation of the regenerating axons. We damaged and denervated frog muscles, causing myofibers and nerve terminals to degenerate, and then irradiated the animals to prevent regeneration of myofibers. The sheath of basal lamina (BL) that surrounds each myofiber survives these treatments, and original synaptic sites on BL can be recognized by several histological criteria after nerve terminals and muscle cells have been completely removed. Axons regenerate into the region of damage within 2 wk. They contact surviving BL almost exclusively at original synaptic sites; thus, factors that guide the axon's growth are present at synaptic sites and stably maintained outside of the myofiber. Portions of axons that contact the BL acquire active zones and accumulations of synaptic vesicles; thus by morphological criteria they differentiate into nerve terminals even though their postsynaptic targets, the myofibers, are absent. Within the terminals, the synaptic organelles line up opposite periodic specializations in the myofiber's BL, demonstrating that components associated with the BL play a role in organizing the differentiation of the nerve terminal.", "PMID": 307554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1242", "title": "Observations of the marginal band system of nucleated erythrocytes.", "content": "The marginal band (MB) of nucleated erythrocytes (thos of nonmammalian vertebrates) is a continuous peripheral bundle of microtubules normally obscured by hemoglobin. Treatment of these elliptical cells with modified microtubule polymerization media containing Triton X-100 yields a semilysed system in which MB, nucleus, and trans-MB material (TBM) are visible under phase contrast. The TBM apparently interconnects structural components, passing around opposite sides of the nucleus and suspending it in native position. In uranyl acetatestained whole whole mounts (goldfish) examined by transmission electron microscopy, the TBM appears as a network. MBs of semilysed cells are relatively planar initially, but twist subsequently into a range of \"figure-8\" shapes with one of the two possible mirror-image configurations predominant. Nuclei and MBs can be released using proteolytic enzymes, to which the TBM seems most rapidly vulnerable. MBs thus freed are birefringent, generally untwisted, and much more circular than they are in situ. As a working hypothesis, it is prosposed that the flattened, elliptical shape of nucleated erythrocytes is a result of TBM tension applied asymmetrically across an otherwise more circular MB, and that the firure-8 configuration occurs when there is extreme TBM shrinkage or contraction.", "contents": "Observations of the marginal band system of nucleated erythrocytes. The marginal band (MB) of nucleated erythrocytes (thos of nonmammalian vertebrates) is a continuous peripheral bundle of microtubules normally obscured by hemoglobin. Treatment of these elliptical cells with modified microtubule polymerization media containing Triton X-100 yields a semilysed system in which MB, nucleus, and trans-MB material (TBM) are visible under phase contrast. The TBM apparently interconnects structural components, passing around opposite sides of the nucleus and suspending it in native position. In uranyl acetatestained whole whole mounts (goldfish) examined by transmission electron microscopy, the TBM appears as a network. MBs of semilysed cells are relatively planar initially, but twist subsequently into a range of \"figure-8\" shapes with one of the two possible mirror-image configurations predominant. Nuclei and MBs can be released using proteolytic enzymes, to which the TBM seems most rapidly vulnerable. MBs thus freed are birefringent, generally untwisted, and much more circular than they are in situ. As a working hypothesis, it is prosposed that the flattened, elliptical shape of nucleated erythrocytes is a result of TBM tension applied asymmetrically across an otherwise more circular MB, and that the firure-8 configuration occurs when there is extreme TBM shrinkage or contraction.", "PMID": 307555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1243", "title": "Amphibian cells in culture. I. Nutritional studies.", "content": "Nutritional requirements of amphibian cells in culture were studied for the purpose of modifying a minimal medium in which frog cells could proliferate and which could be used for obtaining drug-resistant and auxotrophic variants. The serum, purine, CO2, and amino acid requirements for ICR 2A (a Rana pipiens haploid cell strain) have been investigated employing two different media: L-15, a nonbicarbonate, amino acid-buffered medium and Eagle's MEM, a bicarbonate-buffered medium. In this paper we present evidence to support the following conclusions: (1) With L-15 as the base medium, 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) supports optimal cell growth during exponential phase. Calf serum, whole, dialyzed, or heat-inactivated, cannot substitute for FCS and, in fact, is inhibitory. (2) Purines are required by ICR 2A cells only if grown in a nonbicarbonate-buffered medium, since the cells under these conditions cannot produce enough endogenous CO2 to support de novo purine synthesis. (3) In addition to the amino acids considered essential for mammalian cells in culture, ICR 2A cells depend upon exogenous asparagine. Glutamine and/or aspartic acid cannot replace the asparagine requirement. However, ICR 2A cells do utilized exogenous glutamine as an oxidative substrate.", "contents": "Amphibian cells in culture. I. Nutritional studies. Nutritional requirements of amphibian cells in culture were studied for the purpose of modifying a minimal medium in which frog cells could proliferate and which could be used for obtaining drug-resistant and auxotrophic variants. The serum, purine, CO2, and amino acid requirements for ICR 2A (a Rana pipiens haploid cell strain) have been investigated employing two different media: L-15, a nonbicarbonate, amino acid-buffered medium and Eagle's MEM, a bicarbonate-buffered medium. In this paper we present evidence to support the following conclusions: (1) With L-15 as the base medium, 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) supports optimal cell growth during exponential phase. Calf serum, whole, dialyzed, or heat-inactivated, cannot substitute for FCS and, in fact, is inhibitory. (2) Purines are required by ICR 2A cells only if grown in a nonbicarbonate-buffered medium, since the cells under these conditions cannot produce enough endogenous CO2 to support de novo purine synthesis. (3) In addition to the amino acids considered essential for mammalian cells in culture, ICR 2A cells depend upon exogenous asparagine. Glutamine and/or aspartic acid cannot replace the asparagine requirement. However, ICR 2A cells do utilized exogenous glutamine as an oxidative substrate.", "PMID": 307556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1244", "title": "Amphibian cells in culture. II. Isolation of drug-resistant variants and an asparagine-independent variant.", "content": "With L-15 as the base medium, drug-resistant variants were isolated from two amphibian tissue culture strains: the Xenopus laevis A8 diploid cell line and the ICR 2A cell line of Rana pipiens. Four different classes of variants were obtained: (1) A8 cells resistant to chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis; (2) A8 cells resistant to ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na+/K+-activated ATPase of the plasma membrane;(3) ICR 2A cells resistant to low (20 microgram/ml) and high (300 microgram/ml) levels of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), a thymidine analog which interferes with the pyrimidine salvage pathway; and (4) ICR 2A cells resistant to 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), an adenine analog which interferes with the purine salvage pathway. Unlike the other variants, isolation of BUdR resistant cells is a 2-step process. Resistance to low levels of BUdR is phenotypically expressed by a reduction in thymidine transport activities while resistance to high levels of this compound is evidenced by greatly reduced levels of thymidine kinase activity. DAP-resistant cells, which are characterized by reduced levels of adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) activity, do not die in AAT (adenine, aminopterin, thymidine) selection medium. This suggests that these cells utilize adenine efficiently. With MEM as the base medium, an asparagine independent clone was isolated from the ICR 2A cell line. When compared with the wild type, this variant exhibited a slightly reduced growth rate in the presence or absence of asparagine.", "contents": "Amphibian cells in culture. II. Isolation of drug-resistant variants and an asparagine-independent variant. With L-15 as the base medium, drug-resistant variants were isolated from two amphibian tissue culture strains: the Xenopus laevis A8 diploid cell line and the ICR 2A cell line of Rana pipiens. Four different classes of variants were obtained: (1) A8 cells resistant to chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis; (2) A8 cells resistant to ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na+/K+-activated ATPase of the plasma membrane;(3) ICR 2A cells resistant to low (20 microgram/ml) and high (300 microgram/ml) levels of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), a thymidine analog which interferes with the pyrimidine salvage pathway; and (4) ICR 2A cells resistant to 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), an adenine analog which interferes with the purine salvage pathway. Unlike the other variants, isolation of BUdR resistant cells is a 2-step process. Resistance to low levels of BUdR is phenotypically expressed by a reduction in thymidine transport activities while resistance to high levels of this compound is evidenced by greatly reduced levels of thymidine kinase activity. DAP-resistant cells, which are characterized by reduced levels of adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) activity, do not die in AAT (adenine, aminopterin, thymidine) selection medium. This suggests that these cells utilize adenine efficiently. With MEM as the base medium, an asparagine independent clone was isolated from the ICR 2A cell line. When compared with the wild type, this variant exhibited a slightly reduced growth rate in the presence or absence of asparagine.", "PMID": 307557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1245", "title": "Induction of cleavage in nucleated and enucleated frog eggs by injection of isolated sea-urchin mitotic apparatus.", "content": "Mitotic apparatus (MA) were isolated in glycerol-dimethylsulphoxide solution (MTME) from zygotes of sea urchins (Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus). Freshly isolated MA were stored in 1/10 strength MTME for varying periods of time and were then injected into unfertilized frog (Rana pipiens) eggs. These injections induced 40-60% of the recipient frog eggs to initiate cleavage, resulting in the formation of blastula cell clusters. The cleavage-inducing activity of MA stored in 1/10 MTME at room temperature decreased with time of storage in 1/10 strength MTME, and disappeared by about 6 h. There was no change in the ultrastructure of MA during storage. MA isolated and stored in MTME at room temperature had a constant level of cleavage-inducing activity during the first 48 h of storage, but this activity slowly declined upon further storage; almost no activity was left after 3 weeks. MA isolated in hexylene glycol (HG) and immediately transferred into MTME were compared with MA isolated in MTME; both MA had the same cleavage-inducing activity on the day of isolation, after which the MA isolated in HG quickly lost activity. On the other hand, MA isolated and stored in HG had little cleavage-inducing activity when tested 3 h following isolation. Cleavage-inducing agent (CIA) isolated from frog brains induced cleavage and blastula formation when injected into nucleated frog eggs, but had no such activity when injected into enucleated frog eggs. MA isolated in MTME induced cleavage and blastula formation in enucleated frog eggs as well as in nucleated frog eggs. Cytological examination revealed that blastula cells which developed from MA-injected enucleated eggs contained Feulgennegative nuclei, whereas cells which developed from CIA-injected nucleated eggs contained Feulgen-positive nuclei. These results suggest that sea-urchin nuclear materials participate in mitosis in frog eggs. Isolated MA which had been stored in MTME for 3 weeks and which exhibited little cleavage-inducing activity were injected together with frog brain CIA into either normal or enucleated eggs; normal recipient eggs cleaved with significantly higher frequencies (70%) than those injected with CIA alone (40%). Furthermore, enucleated eggs injected with CIA alone failed to cleave, while those injected with MA and CIA together cleaved with significant frequencies (overall 29%). This result suggests a cooperative interaction between CIA and the inactivated MA to restore the cleavage-inducing activity of MA.", "contents": "Induction of cleavage in nucleated and enucleated frog eggs by injection of isolated sea-urchin mitotic apparatus. Mitotic apparatus (MA) were isolated in glycerol-dimethylsulphoxide solution (MTME) from zygotes of sea urchins (Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus). Freshly isolated MA were stored in 1/10 strength MTME for varying periods of time and were then injected into unfertilized frog (Rana pipiens) eggs. These injections induced 40-60% of the recipient frog eggs to initiate cleavage, resulting in the formation of blastula cell clusters. The cleavage-inducing activity of MA stored in 1/10 MTME at room temperature decreased with time of storage in 1/10 strength MTME, and disappeared by about 6 h. There was no change in the ultrastructure of MA during storage. MA isolated and stored in MTME at room temperature had a constant level of cleavage-inducing activity during the first 48 h of storage, but this activity slowly declined upon further storage; almost no activity was left after 3 weeks. MA isolated in hexylene glycol (HG) and immediately transferred into MTME were compared with MA isolated in MTME; both MA had the same cleavage-inducing activity on the day of isolation, after which the MA isolated in HG quickly lost activity. On the other hand, MA isolated and stored in HG had little cleavage-inducing activity when tested 3 h following isolation. Cleavage-inducing agent (CIA) isolated from frog brains induced cleavage and blastula formation when injected into nucleated frog eggs, but had no such activity when injected into enucleated frog eggs. MA isolated in MTME induced cleavage and blastula formation in enucleated frog eggs as well as in nucleated frog eggs. Cytological examination revealed that blastula cells which developed from MA-injected enucleated eggs contained Feulgennegative nuclei, whereas cells which developed from CIA-injected nucleated eggs contained Feulgen-positive nuclei. These results suggest that sea-urchin nuclear materials participate in mitosis in frog eggs. Isolated MA which had been stored in MTME for 3 weeks and which exhibited little cleavage-inducing activity were injected together with frog brain CIA into either normal or enucleated eggs; normal recipient eggs cleaved with significantly higher frequencies (70%) than those injected with CIA alone (40%). Furthermore, enucleated eggs injected with CIA alone failed to cleave, while those injected with MA and CIA together cleaved with significant frequencies (overall 29%). This result suggests a cooperative interaction between CIA and the inactivated MA to restore the cleavage-inducing activity of MA.", "PMID": 307558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1246", "title": "Biochemical characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae in relationship to source of isolation and antibiotic resistance.", "content": "Based on a limited number of biochemical properties, a system for biotyping Haemophilus influenzae (M. Kilian, Acta Pathol. Microbiol, Scand. Sect. B82:835-842, 1976) was used to analyze the relationship of biotype to source of infection and antibiotic resistance for 600 clinical strains. The distribution of biotypes from bacteremic patients was significantly different (P less than 0.001) from the distribution of biotypes from nonbacteremic patients. Although there appeared to be a correlation between biotype and source of isolation, no single biotype correlated with a specific clinical syndrome in bacteremic patients. The frequency of resistance to antibiotics (ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and kanamycin), which was known to be at least in part plasmid mediated, was determined. Of the 600 isolates, 43 were resistant to at least one antibiotic (30 were ampicillin resistant, 11 were tetracycline resistant, 1 was ampicillin-tetracycline resistant, and 1 was tetracycline-chloramphenicol resistant). Of these 43 resistant isolates, 42 were either biotype I or II. This distribution of biotypes among antibiotic-resustant isolates was significantly different from the overall distribution of biotypes (P is less than 0.001).", "contents": "Biochemical characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae in relationship to source of isolation and antibiotic resistance. Based on a limited number of biochemical properties, a system for biotyping Haemophilus influenzae (M. Kilian, Acta Pathol. Microbiol, Scand. Sect. B82:835-842, 1976) was used to analyze the relationship of biotype to source of infection and antibiotic resistance for 600 clinical strains. The distribution of biotypes from bacteremic patients was significantly different (P less than 0.001) from the distribution of biotypes from nonbacteremic patients. Although there appeared to be a correlation between biotype and source of isolation, no single biotype correlated with a specific clinical syndrome in bacteremic patients. The frequency of resistance to antibiotics (ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and kanamycin), which was known to be at least in part plasmid mediated, was determined. Of the 600 isolates, 43 were resistant to at least one antibiotic (30 were ampicillin resistant, 11 were tetracycline resistant, 1 was ampicillin-tetracycline resistant, and 1 was tetracycline-chloramphenicol resistant). Of these 43 resistant isolates, 42 were either biotype I or II. This distribution of biotypes among antibiotic-resustant isolates was significantly different from the overall distribution of biotypes (P is less than 0.001).", "PMID": 307559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1247", "title": "Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein. Galactose a cryptic determinant of von Willebrand factor activity.", "content": "The normal Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein has the ability to agglutinate or aggregate normal platelets in the presence of ristocetin (von Willebrand factor activity). Removal of greater than 95% of the sialic acid from this protein by neuraminidase did not affect the von Willebrand factor or procoagulant activity. However, oxidation of the penultimate galactose of the asialo Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein with galactose oxidase resulted in a progressive loss of von Willebrand factor activity with no effect on procoagulant activity. Reduction of the 6-aldehydo intermediate by potassium borohydride caused full regeneration of von Willebrand factor activity. These studies confirm the identification of the intact penultimate galactose moiety as a critical determinant of von Willebrand factor activity.", "contents": "Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein. Galactose a cryptic determinant of von Willebrand factor activity. The normal Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein has the ability to agglutinate or aggregate normal platelets in the presence of ristocetin (von Willebrand factor activity). Removal of greater than 95% of the sialic acid from this protein by neuraminidase did not affect the von Willebrand factor or procoagulant activity. However, oxidation of the penultimate galactose of the asialo Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein with galactose oxidase resulted in a progressive loss of von Willebrand factor activity with no effect on procoagulant activity. Reduction of the 6-aldehydo intermediate by potassium borohydride caused full regeneration of von Willebrand factor activity. These studies confirm the identification of the intact penultimate galactose moiety as a critical determinant of von Willebrand factor activity.", "PMID": 307560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1248", "title": "The ventricular size on computed tomography.", "content": "Deriving a ventriculocranial index for the evaluation of ventricular size from a standard transverse plane image can lead to an erroneously small estimate of ventricular size due to partial volume averaging. Coronal plane imaging largely eliminates this problem. The index can then be derived either from the video image or the digital printout. There appears to be less error in measurements derived from the image than in measurements derived from the 64 X 64 printout, provided the image is photographed at large window widths of 2,000 Delta units or more.", "contents": "The ventricular size on computed tomography. Deriving a ventriculocranial index for the evaluation of ventricular size from a standard transverse plane image can lead to an erroneously small estimate of ventricular size due to partial volume averaging. Coronal plane imaging largely eliminates this problem. The index can then be derived either from the video image or the digital printout. There appears to be less error in measurements derived from the image than in measurements derived from the 64 X 64 printout, provided the image is photographed at large window widths of 2,000 Delta units or more.", "PMID": 307562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1249", "title": "Enhancement by oleandomycin of the inhibitory effect of methylprednisolone on phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Triacetyloleandomycin (TAO) and its parent compound oleandomycin have a \"steroid-sparing\" effect in asthmatic patients. This study was designed to determine whether oleandomycin would enhance the inhibitory action of glucocorticosteroids in suppressing the blast transformation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes. Although oleandomycin could not be shown to inhibit the phytohemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes, there was a significant potentiation of steroid suppression at each concentration of methylprednisolone examined. This augmentation of glucocorticosteroid suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro appears to support the clinically observed \"steroid-sparing\" effect of TAO and therefore its usefulness may not be limited to asthma and bronchitis.", "contents": "Enhancement by oleandomycin of the inhibitory effect of methylprednisolone on phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. Triacetyloleandomycin (TAO) and its parent compound oleandomycin have a \"steroid-sparing\" effect in asthmatic patients. This study was designed to determine whether oleandomycin would enhance the inhibitory action of glucocorticosteroids in suppressing the blast transformation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes. Although oleandomycin could not be shown to inhibit the phytohemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes, there was a significant potentiation of steroid suppression at each concentration of methylprednisolone examined. This augmentation of glucocorticosteroid suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro appears to support the clinically observed \"steroid-sparing\" effect of TAO and therefore its usefulness may not be limited to asthma and bronchitis.", "PMID": 307564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1250", "title": "Fc-receptor heterogeneity of human suppressor T cells.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated the IgM-binding subpopulation of human T cells (TM) to suppress the pokeweed mitogen-induced differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasma cells. Control TM cells that had not been Con A activated did not suppress. The degree of suppression was related to the number of Con A-TM cells added to the cultures and it was abolished by irradiation of the T lymphocytes either before or after the 24-hr culture period with Con A. Suppression did not require the presence of TG cells, whose suppressor potential has been previously established. These findings indicate that suppressor activity is not confined to the TG subpopulation but may be expressed by TM cells also.", "contents": "Fc-receptor heterogeneity of human suppressor T cells. Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated the IgM-binding subpopulation of human T cells (TM) to suppress the pokeweed mitogen-induced differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasma cells. Control TM cells that had not been Con A activated did not suppress. The degree of suppression was related to the number of Con A-TM cells added to the cultures and it was abolished by irradiation of the T lymphocytes either before or after the 24-hr culture period with Con A. Suppression did not require the presence of TG cells, whose suppressor potential has been previously established. These findings indicate that suppressor activity is not confined to the TG subpopulation but may be expressed by TM cells also.", "PMID": 307565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1251", "title": "Development of B cell subsets: effect of priming on in vitro TNP-LPS responsiveness.", "content": "Mice were injected with DNP-derivatives of thymus dependent (DNP-OA) and thymus-independent (DNP-Ficoll and TNP-LPS) antigens, and the response to TNP-LPS in vitro was studied after several priming periods. DNP-OA priming decreases the amount of cells responding to TNP-LPS in vitro. In the case of DNP-Ficoll and TNP-LPS-primed cells, there is an initial burst of responsiveness to TNP-LPS, which progressively decreases until an abolishment of TNP-LPS responsiveness is found at day 40 after immunization. The sensitivity to TNP-LPS reappears as new precursor cells differentiate into mature cells. We suggest that B cells progressively gain the capacity to respond to thymus-independent and thymus-dependent antigens (B1-B2 differentiation) and that challenge with a particle antigen increases the ratio of maturation throughout the pathway.", "contents": "Development of B cell subsets: effect of priming on in vitro TNP-LPS responsiveness. Mice were injected with DNP-derivatives of thymus dependent (DNP-OA) and thymus-independent (DNP-Ficoll and TNP-LPS) antigens, and the response to TNP-LPS in vitro was studied after several priming periods. DNP-OA priming decreases the amount of cells responding to TNP-LPS in vitro. In the case of DNP-Ficoll and TNP-LPS-primed cells, there is an initial burst of responsiveness to TNP-LPS, which progressively decreases until an abolishment of TNP-LPS responsiveness is found at day 40 after immunization. The sensitivity to TNP-LPS reappears as new precursor cells differentiate into mature cells. We suggest that B cells progressively gain the capacity to respond to thymus-independent and thymus-dependent antigens (B1-B2 differentiation) and that challenge with a particle antigen increases the ratio of maturation throughout the pathway.", "PMID": 307566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1252", "title": "Subpopulations of splenic T cells regulating an anti-hapten antibody response. II. Distinct functions of, and sequential requirement for, helper and amplifier cells.", "content": "In adoptive transfer experiments, two classes of peripheral T lymphocytes, carrier-primed helper (TH) and carrier-primed amplifier (TA) cells, synergized in the induction of a primary anti-hapten IgG response by virgin B cells. Purified TH and TA had separate functions and were required at different times during the antigen-driven development of the response. TH were required early, and provided an initiating signal to B cells in the presence of the specific hapten-carrier conjugate. The differentiative nature of this signal was inferred from the threshold dose-response relationship and the insensitivity of the TH-directed event to the antimitotic agent vinblastine. TA were required 4 days later and provided an amplifying signal to B cells in the presence of the same hapten-carrier conjugate. The proliferative nature of this second signal was inferred from the exponential dose-response relationship and the exquisite sensitivity of the TA-directed event to vinblastine. Virgin B cells became susceptible to the TA signal only after having received the TH signal. TH and TA did not synergize, however, in true secondary responses since hapten-primed B cells depended only on the TH signal to generate large numbers of IgG antibody-forming cells.", "contents": "Subpopulations of splenic T cells regulating an anti-hapten antibody response. II. Distinct functions of, and sequential requirement for, helper and amplifier cells. In adoptive transfer experiments, two classes of peripheral T lymphocytes, carrier-primed helper (TH) and carrier-primed amplifier (TA) cells, synergized in the induction of a primary anti-hapten IgG response by virgin B cells. Purified TH and TA had separate functions and were required at different times during the antigen-driven development of the response. TH were required early, and provided an initiating signal to B cells in the presence of the specific hapten-carrier conjugate. The differentiative nature of this signal was inferred from the threshold dose-response relationship and the insensitivity of the TH-directed event to the antimitotic agent vinblastine. TA were required 4 days later and provided an amplifying signal to B cells in the presence of the same hapten-carrier conjugate. The proliferative nature of this second signal was inferred from the exponential dose-response relationship and the exquisite sensitivity of the TA-directed event to vinblastine. Virgin B cells became susceptible to the TA signal only after having received the TH signal. TH and TA did not synergize, however, in true secondary responses since hapten-primed B cells depended only on the TH signal to generate large numbers of IgG antibody-forming cells.", "PMID": 307567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1253", "title": "The control of autoreactivity. I. Lack of autoreactivity in murine spleens is due to concomitant presence of suppressor and autocytotoxic lymphocytes.", "content": "To determine if autocytotoxic lymphocytes were naturally occurring in murine spleens, C57BL/6 spleen cells were fractionated on discontinuous BSA gradients. Autocytotoxicity was assessed in vitro (cytotoxicity of C57BL/6 fibroblasts) and in vivo (splenomegaly and popliteal node enlargement in C57BL/6 mice). A medium density subpopulation of lymphocytes was shown to be autocytotoxic and to be similar to autoreactive lymphocytes produced by the in vitro \"sensitization\" of splenic lymphocytes on syngeneic fibroblasts monolayers. The naturally occurring autocytotoxic lymphocytes express no detectable theta antigen, did not adhere to nylon, but did have an Fc receptor. In recombination experiments, BSA-fractionated lymphocytes were incubated with autocytotoxic and \"sensitized\" lymphocytes. A light density subpopulation was shown to suppress both autoreactive lymphocyte subpopulations at a 1:50 ratio. The suppressor cells were nylon nonadherent T lymphocytes. The lack of autoreactivity of unfractionated murine spleen cells is due to the concomitant presence of autocytotoxic and suppressor lymphocytes. If suppressor lymphocytes are selectively removed in vitro, the reactivity of autocytotoxic lymphocytes can be detected.", "contents": "The control of autoreactivity. I. Lack of autoreactivity in murine spleens is due to concomitant presence of suppressor and autocytotoxic lymphocytes. To determine if autocytotoxic lymphocytes were naturally occurring in murine spleens, C57BL/6 spleen cells were fractionated on discontinuous BSA gradients. Autocytotoxicity was assessed in vitro (cytotoxicity of C57BL/6 fibroblasts) and in vivo (splenomegaly and popliteal node enlargement in C57BL/6 mice). A medium density subpopulation of lymphocytes was shown to be autocytotoxic and to be similar to autoreactive lymphocytes produced by the in vitro \"sensitization\" of splenic lymphocytes on syngeneic fibroblasts monolayers. The naturally occurring autocytotoxic lymphocytes express no detectable theta antigen, did not adhere to nylon, but did have an Fc receptor. In recombination experiments, BSA-fractionated lymphocytes were incubated with autocytotoxic and \"sensitized\" lymphocytes. A light density subpopulation was shown to suppress both autoreactive lymphocyte subpopulations at a 1:50 ratio. The suppressor cells were nylon nonadherent T lymphocytes. The lack of autoreactivity of unfractionated murine spleen cells is due to the concomitant presence of autocytotoxic and suppressor lymphocytes. If suppressor lymphocytes are selectively removed in vitro, the reactivity of autocytotoxic lymphocytes can be detected.", "PMID": 307569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1254", "title": "Suppressor T cell mechanisms in contact sensitivity. II. Afferent blockade by alloinduced suppressor T cells.", "content": "We investigated the mechanism(s) by which MHC-restricted suppressor T cells (Ts) induced by i.v. injection of allogeneic DNP-modified lymphoid cells (alloinduced Ts) suppress the DNFB contact sensitivity response. It was shown that alloinduced Ts acted only during the early phases (afferent limb) of sensitization. They were incapable of suppressing previously sensitized recipients or of inhibiting the expression of DNFB-immune LN cells when co-transferred into normal recipients. The target of alloinduced Ts seems to be cell proliferation, i.e., inhibition of antigen-induced cell proliferation (DNA synthesis) in Ts recipient mice. The failure of recipients of alloinduced Ts to generate DNFB-immune LN cells capable of transferring contact sensitivity to normal recipients also suggests that these Ts act by preventing the development of an expanded clone of mature immune T cells. The suppressive effects of alloinduced Ts also were inhibited by prior in vitro treatment with anti-TNP serum. The data are discussed in terms of current models of suppression, and are compared to mechanisms of suppression in other contact sensitivity models.", "contents": "Suppressor T cell mechanisms in contact sensitivity. II. Afferent blockade by alloinduced suppressor T cells. We investigated the mechanism(s) by which MHC-restricted suppressor T cells (Ts) induced by i.v. injection of allogeneic DNP-modified lymphoid cells (alloinduced Ts) suppress the DNFB contact sensitivity response. It was shown that alloinduced Ts acted only during the early phases (afferent limb) of sensitization. They were incapable of suppressing previously sensitized recipients or of inhibiting the expression of DNFB-immune LN cells when co-transferred into normal recipients. The target of alloinduced Ts seems to be cell proliferation, i.e., inhibition of antigen-induced cell proliferation (DNA synthesis) in Ts recipient mice. The failure of recipients of alloinduced Ts to generate DNFB-immune LN cells capable of transferring contact sensitivity to normal recipients also suggests that these Ts act by preventing the development of an expanded clone of mature immune T cells. The suppressive effects of alloinduced Ts also were inhibited by prior in vitro treatment with anti-TNP serum. The data are discussed in terms of current models of suppression, and are compared to mechanisms of suppression in other contact sensitivity models.", "PMID": 307575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1255", "title": "Low density of Thy 1 antigen on mouse effector cells mediating natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells.", "content": "Mouse effector cells mediating natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells were found to contain a low density of Thy 1 antigen. Treatment of nude spleen cells, or spleen cells from mice in which natural reactivity was boosted, with anti-Thy 1.2 plus complement resulted in a substantial decrease in cytotoxicity. The spontaneous cytotoxic reactivity of young, thymus-bearing mice was resistant to such treatment, but repeated exposure to anti-Thy 1.2 plus complement did cause a decrease in lytic activity. By use of congenic anti-Thy 1.2 and effector cells from mice congenic for Thy 1, the effects of the treatment were shown to be specific for Thy 1.2 antigen.", "contents": "Low density of Thy 1 antigen on mouse effector cells mediating natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Mouse effector cells mediating natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells were found to contain a low density of Thy 1 antigen. Treatment of nude spleen cells, or spleen cells from mice in which natural reactivity was boosted, with anti-Thy 1.2 plus complement resulted in a substantial decrease in cytotoxicity. The spontaneous cytotoxic reactivity of young, thymus-bearing mice was resistant to such treatment, but repeated exposure to anti-Thy 1.2 plus complement did cause a decrease in lytic activity. By use of congenic anti-Thy 1.2 and effector cells from mice congenic for Thy 1, the effects of the treatment were shown to be specific for Thy 1.2 antigen.", "PMID": 307576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1256", "title": "The role of antibody in recovery from experimental rabies. I. Effect of depletion of B and T cells.", "content": "The avirulent high egg passage (HEP) strain of rabies virus produces an inapparent infection limited to the central nervous system (CNS) in intracerebrally inoculated adult mice. Heavy chain isotype (anti-mu antiserum) immunosuppression potentiates the infection, with a mortality of about 60% and with elevated virus titers in the brain. Anti-mu-treated mice fail to raise antibody responses to rabies virus although their T cell function is normal when measured by the concanavalin A response of splenic lymphocytes. This indicates that the B cell response plays an important role in clearance of rabies virus from the neuroparenchyma. Treatment with cyclophosphamide or by adult thymectomy, x-irradiation, and bone marrow reconstitution potentiates HEP infection to a greater extent than does isotype suppression. Since these suppressive techniques impair both T and B lymphocyte responses, the data suggest that cellular immune mechanisms may also contribute to host defenses against this central nervous system (CNS) virus infection.", "contents": "The role of antibody in recovery from experimental rabies. I. Effect of depletion of B and T cells. The avirulent high egg passage (HEP) strain of rabies virus produces an inapparent infection limited to the central nervous system (CNS) in intracerebrally inoculated adult mice. Heavy chain isotype (anti-mu antiserum) immunosuppression potentiates the infection, with a mortality of about 60% and with elevated virus titers in the brain. Anti-mu-treated mice fail to raise antibody responses to rabies virus although their T cell function is normal when measured by the concanavalin A response of splenic lymphocytes. This indicates that the B cell response plays an important role in clearance of rabies virus from the neuroparenchyma. Treatment with cyclophosphamide or by adult thymectomy, x-irradiation, and bone marrow reconstitution potentiates HEP infection to a greater extent than does isotype suppression. Since these suppressive techniques impair both T and B lymphocyte responses, the data suggest that cellular immune mechanisms may also contribute to host defenses against this central nervous system (CNS) virus infection.", "PMID": 307577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1257", "title": "Characteristics of BALB/C T cell lymphomas grown as continuous in vitro lines.", "content": "Transplanted lymphomas (Thy 1.2+, Ig-) of BALB/c mice, induced by the injection of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea, were adapted for growth as in vitro lines to provide potential tools for investigation of T lymphocyte differentiation and functions. All these tissue culture lines maintained the same pattern of surface differentiation antigens (Ly, TL, and Thy-1 antigens) as they had expressed during in vivo passages: BALENTL 13 was Thy 1.2+, TL.2-, and Ly 1+2-. BALENTL 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 14 were Thy 1.2+, TL.2+, and Ly 1-2+. P1798 and BALENTL 9 were Thy 1.2+, TL.2+, and Ly 1-2+. There were various levels of terminal transferase activity present among these T cell tumor lines. The range of variation was from 4.6 units/10(8) cells to 29.3 units/10(8) cells (normal thymocytes, 5.0 units/10(8) cells). This 6-fold variation in TdT activity was present even among those cell lines which were Ly 1-2+, TL+. Most cultures lines had chromosome numbers near 40 and generation times of 11 to 22 hr. There were no significant morphologic changes after the adaptation of these tumors in culture except an increase in cytoplasmic C-type virus particles.", "contents": "Characteristics of BALB/C T cell lymphomas grown as continuous in vitro lines. Transplanted lymphomas (Thy 1.2+, Ig-) of BALB/c mice, induced by the injection of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea, were adapted for growth as in vitro lines to provide potential tools for investigation of T lymphocyte differentiation and functions. All these tissue culture lines maintained the same pattern of surface differentiation antigens (Ly, TL, and Thy-1 antigens) as they had expressed during in vivo passages: BALENTL 13 was Thy 1.2+, TL.2-, and Ly 1+2-. BALENTL 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 14 were Thy 1.2+, TL.2+, and Ly 1-2+. P1798 and BALENTL 9 were Thy 1.2+, TL.2+, and Ly 1-2+. There were various levels of terminal transferase activity present among these T cell tumor lines. The range of variation was from 4.6 units/10(8) cells to 29.3 units/10(8) cells (normal thymocytes, 5.0 units/10(8) cells). This 6-fold variation in TdT activity was present even among those cell lines which were Ly 1-2+, TL+. Most cultures lines had chromosome numbers near 40 and generation times of 11 to 22 hr. There were no significant morphologic changes after the adaptation of these tumors in culture except an increase in cytoplasmic C-type virus particles.", "PMID": 307579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1258", "title": "Anti-tumor immunity in B lymphocyte-deprived mice. I. Immunity to a chemically induced tumor.", "content": "Immunity to a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced tumor was studied in (C57BL/6 X C3H)F1 males, treated continuously from birth with a rabbit anti-mouse IgM serum. Such mice have been shown to be selectively depleted of Ig-bearing lymphocytes and incapable of synthesizing antibodies. In the experiments reported, a heightened resistance of these mice to the syngeneic fibrosarcoma was demonstrated. This resistance was manifest in significantly slower tumor growth at the site of injection, as well as a lower incidence of spontaneous pulmonary metastasis.", "contents": "Anti-tumor immunity in B lymphocyte-deprived mice. I. Immunity to a chemically induced tumor. Immunity to a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced tumor was studied in (C57BL/6 X C3H)F1 males, treated continuously from birth with a rabbit anti-mouse IgM serum. Such mice have been shown to be selectively depleted of Ig-bearing lymphocytes and incapable of synthesizing antibodies. In the experiments reported, a heightened resistance of these mice to the syngeneic fibrosarcoma was demonstrated. This resistance was manifest in significantly slower tumor growth at the site of injection, as well as a lower incidence of spontaneous pulmonary metastasis.", "PMID": 307580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1259", "title": "Effect of a synthetic adjuvant on the induction of primary immune responses in T cell-depleted spleen cultures.", "content": "N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide) stimulates in vitro primary immune responses to SRBC in T cell-depleted (nude) spleen cultures. The stimulation of immune responses by muramyl peptide was antigen dependent. A microculture system was used to compare the T cell-replacing activities of several structural analogues of muramyl dipeptide and to compare the activity of muramyl dipeptide to helper T cells. In a limiting dilution analysis with excess helper T cells or muramyl dipeptide, the frequency of B cell precursors that respond to SRBC was similar, ranging from 1.5 to 5 X 10(-5). Decreasing the cell density in microcultures did not affect the efficiency of B cell precursor responses in the presence of muramyl dipeptide. Muramyl dipeptide was examined for mitogenic activity in spleen cell cultures. In serum-free medium, muramyl dipeptide stimulates slight (3-fold) increases in DNA synthetic activity. In medium supplemented with 5 to 20% fetal calf serum, muramyl dipeptide showed no significant mitogenic activity. There are a number of possible explanations for the T cell-replacing activity of muramyl dipeptide. The most likely is that muramyl dipeptide interacts directly with B cells to mimic the helper T cell signal in the inductive stimulus.", "contents": "Effect of a synthetic adjuvant on the induction of primary immune responses in T cell-depleted spleen cultures. N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide) stimulates in vitro primary immune responses to SRBC in T cell-depleted (nude) spleen cultures. The stimulation of immune responses by muramyl peptide was antigen dependent. A microculture system was used to compare the T cell-replacing activities of several structural analogues of muramyl dipeptide and to compare the activity of muramyl dipeptide to helper T cells. In a limiting dilution analysis with excess helper T cells or muramyl dipeptide, the frequency of B cell precursors that respond to SRBC was similar, ranging from 1.5 to 5 X 10(-5). Decreasing the cell density in microcultures did not affect the efficiency of B cell precursor responses in the presence of muramyl dipeptide. Muramyl dipeptide was examined for mitogenic activity in spleen cell cultures. In serum-free medium, muramyl dipeptide stimulates slight (3-fold) increases in DNA synthetic activity. In medium supplemented with 5 to 20% fetal calf serum, muramyl dipeptide showed no significant mitogenic activity. There are a number of possible explanations for the T cell-replacing activity of muramyl dipeptide. The most likely is that muramyl dipeptide interacts directly with B cells to mimic the helper T cell signal in the inductive stimulus.", "PMID": 307582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1260", "title": "Influence of specificity of reagents and of behaviour of cell surface Ig on the detection and enumeration of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes in humans.", "content": "Some parameters likely to influence detection and classification of human B-lymphocytes using anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) sera have been investigated. Of 20 separate mono- and polyspecific native or conjugated anti-Ig sera analysed by a passive haemagglutination technique, 13 exhibited non-specific reactivity. This technique showed no consistent correlation between the titre of individual sera against Fab2 and whole IgG respectively. The indirect immunofluorescence (IF) method applied to detect surface Ig on blood lymphocytes seemed to detect Fc-bearing rather than Ig-bearing cells. The direct method generally yielded fewer reacting cells (5%) than the indirect (10-25%), suggesting that Fc-bearing cells are more numerous than Ig-bearing cells. The Ig-bearing blood lymphocytes seemed to belong preferentially to the IgM class. Passively adsorbed Ig did not appear to contribute significantly to the number of Ig-bearing cells detected. Anti-Ig sera induced redistribution and some endocytosis of surface Ig but this did not markedly affect detection of Ig-bearing cells.", "contents": "Influence of specificity of reagents and of behaviour of cell surface Ig on the detection and enumeration of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes in humans. Some parameters likely to influence detection and classification of human B-lymphocytes using anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) sera have been investigated. Of 20 separate mono- and polyspecific native or conjugated anti-Ig sera analysed by a passive haemagglutination technique, 13 exhibited non-specific reactivity. This technique showed no consistent correlation between the titre of individual sera against Fab2 and whole IgG respectively. The indirect immunofluorescence (IF) method applied to detect surface Ig on blood lymphocytes seemed to detect Fc-bearing rather than Ig-bearing cells. The direct method generally yielded fewer reacting cells (5%) than the indirect (10-25%), suggesting that Fc-bearing cells are more numerous than Ig-bearing cells. The Ig-bearing blood lymphocytes seemed to belong preferentially to the IgM class. Passively adsorbed Ig did not appear to contribute significantly to the number of Ig-bearing cells detected. Anti-Ig sera induced redistribution and some endocytosis of surface Ig but this did not markedly affect detection of Ig-bearing cells.", "PMID": 307583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1261", "title": "Mitogenic analysis of murine B-cell heterogeneity.", "content": "The B-cell mitogens lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM), and dextran sulfate (DxS) react with different subpopulations of B lymphocytes. Selective in vitro killing of cells responding to either LPS or NWSM has little effect on the in vitro response to the other mitogen, although the response to DxS is reduced in both cases. If, after selective in vitro killing, cells are injected into irradiated mice for 2-3 wk before measuring their in vitro mitogen responses, the same specificity pattern is seen. Thus, one is dealing with different B-cell subpopulations rather than different stages of maturation of a single population. Treatment with various alloantisera and complement before measuring the mitogen response to LPS and NWSM shows that (a) whereas all LPS response cells carry surface Ig, a subpopulation of NWSM responsive cells does not; (b) both LPS- and NWSM-responsive cells carry I-A antigens but might not I-E or I-J antigens; (c) all LPS-responsive cells carry I-C antigens, whereas approximately 25% of NWSM responsive cells do not: (d) there is a subpopulation of NWSM-responsive cells carrying neither surface Ig nor I-C antigens and resistant to anti-theta treatment.", "contents": "Mitogenic analysis of murine B-cell heterogeneity. The B-cell mitogens lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM), and dextran sulfate (DxS) react with different subpopulations of B lymphocytes. Selective in vitro killing of cells responding to either LPS or NWSM has little effect on the in vitro response to the other mitogen, although the response to DxS is reduced in both cases. If, after selective in vitro killing, cells are injected into irradiated mice for 2-3 wk before measuring their in vitro mitogen responses, the same specificity pattern is seen. Thus, one is dealing with different B-cell subpopulations rather than different stages of maturation of a single population. Treatment with various alloantisera and complement before measuring the mitogen response to LPS and NWSM shows that (a) whereas all LPS response cells carry surface Ig, a subpopulation of NWSM responsive cells does not; (b) both LPS- and NWSM-responsive cells carry I-A antigens but might not I-E or I-J antigens; (c) all LPS-responsive cells carry I-C antigens, whereas approximately 25% of NWSM responsive cells do not: (d) there is a subpopulation of NWSM-responsive cells carrying neither surface Ig nor I-C antigens and resistant to anti-theta treatment.", "PMID": 307586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1262", "title": "Cytotoxic cells induced during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of mice. I. Characterization of natural killer cell induction.", "content": "Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of C3H/St, nude (BALB/c background), and other mice induced high levels of natural killer (NK) cell activity in the spleen and peritoneum. L-929 cells were used as targetsand were not lysed by spleen or peritoneal cells from uninfected mice. The cytotoxic cells were characterized as NK cells because they were nonadherent, nonphagocytic lymphocytes lacking theta and immunoglobulin antigens on their plasma membranes. Their activity was sensitive to 6 mM EDTA and to heating for 5 h at 37 degrees C, but resisted treatment with 0.5 percent trypsin. No role for antibody could be demonstrated in these assays. Relative to cytotoxic T-cell activity, the induction of NK cell activity was resistant to X-irradiation of mice with 1,000 rads but was sensitive if mice were first treated with Strontium-89, a bone-seeking isotope. NK cells were induced by LCMV in all tested strains of mice. In C3H/St mice NK cell activity was detected as early as 1 day and peaked at 3 days postinfection. Maximum activity in C3H/St mice was observed in mice 5-10 wk of age, but significant NK activity was also induced in newborns, which subsequently carried virus in their tissues for the duration of their lives. Older LCMV-carriers did not have detectable spleen NK cell activity. No memory oranamnestic response could be demonstrated for NK cell induction. NK cell activity was not induced by LCMV challenge of LCMV-immune mice, but was induced in those mice by infection with Pichinde virus, a closely related virus. The advent of NK cell activity correlated with the synthesis of interferon in LCMV-infected mice. Culture fluids lacking virus infectivity but containing interferon induced cytotoxic cell activity in nude and C3H/St mice. These experiments suggest that LCMV induced NK cells via an interferon-dependent mechanism. When studied in several strains of mice, the continued expression of NK cell activity did not seem to directly correlate with spleen interferon levels, suggesting that additional factors may play a role as well in maintaining the activity of the NK cell in vivo.", "contents": "Cytotoxic cells induced during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of mice. I. Characterization of natural killer cell induction. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of C3H/St, nude (BALB/c background), and other mice induced high levels of natural killer (NK) cell activity in the spleen and peritoneum. L-929 cells were used as targetsand were not lysed by spleen or peritoneal cells from uninfected mice. The cytotoxic cells were characterized as NK cells because they were nonadherent, nonphagocytic lymphocytes lacking theta and immunoglobulin antigens on their plasma membranes. Their activity was sensitive to 6 mM EDTA and to heating for 5 h at 37 degrees C, but resisted treatment with 0.5 percent trypsin. No role for antibody could be demonstrated in these assays. Relative to cytotoxic T-cell activity, the induction of NK cell activity was resistant to X-irradiation of mice with 1,000 rads but was sensitive if mice were first treated with Strontium-89, a bone-seeking isotope. NK cells were induced by LCMV in all tested strains of mice. In C3H/St mice NK cell activity was detected as early as 1 day and peaked at 3 days postinfection. Maximum activity in C3H/St mice was observed in mice 5-10 wk of age, but significant NK activity was also induced in newborns, which subsequently carried virus in their tissues for the duration of their lives. Older LCMV-carriers did not have detectable spleen NK cell activity. No memory oranamnestic response could be demonstrated for NK cell induction. NK cell activity was not induced by LCMV challenge of LCMV-immune mice, but was induced in those mice by infection with Pichinde virus, a closely related virus. The advent of NK cell activity correlated with the synthesis of interferon in LCMV-infected mice. Culture fluids lacking virus infectivity but containing interferon induced cytotoxic cell activity in nude and C3H/St mice. These experiments suggest that LCMV induced NK cells via an interferon-dependent mechanism. When studied in several strains of mice, the continued expression of NK cell activity did not seem to directly correlate with spleen interferon levels, suggesting that additional factors may play a role as well in maintaining the activity of the NK cell in vivo.", "PMID": 307587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1263", "title": "Effect of idiotype-specific suppressor T cells on primary and secondary responses.", "content": "Previous reports have shown that suppression of idiotype can be adoptively transferred by T cells, or by rosettes containing T cells with anti-idiotypic receptors, from an idiotypically suppressed, syngeneic mouse. The present data indicate that secondary B cells are highly resistant to such suppression. Priming recipients to the relevant hapten, p-azophenylarsonate, 6 days or 4 mo before the adoptive transfer prevented suppression. This was independent of the carrier used for the hapten group during priming or subsequent immunization, suggesting that resistance to suppression is attributable to secondary cells with specificity for the hapten. The effect of suppressor T cells could also be overcome by mixing them with specifically purified B cells having receptors for the hapten group before the adoptive transfer. Adoptive transfer of the suppressed state by specifically purified B cells from suppressed, hyperimmunized animals confirmed our previous finding that the suppression of idiotype can also be caused by B cells lacking idiotypic receptors, evidently through a mechanism involving clonal dominance. Possible mechanisms of idiotypic suppression by T cells are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of idiotype-specific suppressor T cells on primary and secondary responses. Previous reports have shown that suppression of idiotype can be adoptively transferred by T cells, or by rosettes containing T cells with anti-idiotypic receptors, from an idiotypically suppressed, syngeneic mouse. The present data indicate that secondary B cells are highly resistant to such suppression. Priming recipients to the relevant hapten, p-azophenylarsonate, 6 days or 4 mo before the adoptive transfer prevented suppression. This was independent of the carrier used for the hapten group during priming or subsequent immunization, suggesting that resistance to suppression is attributable to secondary cells with specificity for the hapten. The effect of suppressor T cells could also be overcome by mixing them with specifically purified B cells having receptors for the hapten group before the adoptive transfer. Adoptive transfer of the suppressed state by specifically purified B cells from suppressed, hyperimmunized animals confirmed our previous finding that the suppression of idiotype can also be caused by B cells lacking idiotypic receptors, evidently through a mechanism involving clonal dominance. Possible mechanisms of idiotypic suppression by T cells are discussed.", "PMID": 307588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1264", "title": "Site of action of serum factors that block delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice.", "content": "When mice have been rendered anergic by a large intravenous dose of sheep erythrocytes, their inability to mount a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction is not due to an absence of mediator cells, for these can be detected in the spleen by cell transfer. Nor is it due to disappearance of accessory cells (monocytes) from circulation. The serum of anergic mice contains blocking factors which are more abundant after absorption with antigen. Such factors are unable to inactivate the mediators of DTH in vitro, nor do they suppress a DTH reaction when introduced locally into the reaction site. They are active, however, when given intravenously to systemically sensitized mice, provided that the sensitized animal has an intact spleen. If the spleen has been removed or the recipients of sensitized cells have been treated with cyclophosphamide before cell transfer, blocking factors are no longer able to suppress a DTH reaction. Reasons are given for the belief that suppression of DTH in animals undergoing a vigorous antibody response is due to the diversion of reactive cells from circulation to undertake an alternative role in antibody formation in the spleen.", "contents": "Site of action of serum factors that block delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. When mice have been rendered anergic by a large intravenous dose of sheep erythrocytes, their inability to mount a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction is not due to an absence of mediator cells, for these can be detected in the spleen by cell transfer. Nor is it due to disappearance of accessory cells (monocytes) from circulation. The serum of anergic mice contains blocking factors which are more abundant after absorption with antigen. Such factors are unable to inactivate the mediators of DTH in vitro, nor do they suppress a DTH reaction when introduced locally into the reaction site. They are active, however, when given intravenously to systemically sensitized mice, provided that the sensitized animal has an intact spleen. If the spleen has been removed or the recipients of sensitized cells have been treated with cyclophosphamide before cell transfer, blocking factors are no longer able to suppress a DTH reaction. Reasons are given for the belief that suppression of DTH in animals undergoing a vigorous antibody response is due to the diversion of reactive cells from circulation to undertake an alternative role in antibody formation in the spleen.", "PMID": 307589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1265", "title": "The frequency of clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes generated by H-2 antigens.", "content": "By using a culture system that allows the segregation of individual precursors of cytotoxic lymphocytes, the number of clones generated by cells from different combinations of congenic mice have been measured. It has been found that 0.3% of the total anti-H2d clones are generated by stimulators which differ predominantly at the H-2 locus. The contribution of non-H-2 antigens to anti-H-2 responses is discussed.", "contents": "The frequency of clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes generated by H-2 antigens. By using a culture system that allows the segregation of individual precursors of cytotoxic lymphocytes, the number of clones generated by cells from different combinations of congenic mice have been measured. It has been found that 0.3% of the total anti-H2d clones are generated by stimulators which differ predominantly at the H-2 locus. The contribution of non-H-2 antigens to anti-H-2 responses is discussed.", "PMID": 307590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1266", "title": "Problems in family practice. Rectal bleeding.", "content": "The diagnosis and management of rectal bleeding problems varies with the urgency of the situation, the age of the patient, and the applicability of available diagnostic methods. Every instance of rectal bleeding is a problem that demands investigation by endoscopic, radiographic, and laboratory means. A physician can be misled by the patient's understatement or underobservance of bleeding. A good history obtained as quickly as possible in urgent circumstances and in great detail under more relaxed circumstances is of immeasurable diagnostic value.", "contents": "Problems in family practice. Rectal bleeding. The diagnosis and management of rectal bleeding problems varies with the urgency of the situation, the age of the patient, and the applicability of available diagnostic methods. Every instance of rectal bleeding is a problem that demands investigation by endoscopic, radiographic, and laboratory means. A physician can be misled by the patient's understatement or underobservance of bleeding. A good history obtained as quickly as possible in urgent circumstances and in great detail under more relaxed circumstances is of immeasurable diagnostic value.", "PMID": 307591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1267", "title": "Distal splenorenal shunt in children.", "content": "The distal splenorenal end-to-side anastomosis (Warren shunt) decompresses esophageal varices while maintaining high portal hypertension and avoiding reduction of portal venous blood inflow to the liver. The Warren shunt was performed in seven consecutive patients with portal hypertension, including post-necrotic cirrhosis, portal thrombosis, and schistosomiasis, all with recurrent esophageal bleeding. Five shunts remained patent and two thrombosed. There was no mortality. If long-term follow-up evaluations indicate its effectiveness in preventing esophageal hemorrhage, the distal selective splenorenal shunt would be the more physiologic and safer procedure in children with portal hypertension.", "contents": "Distal splenorenal shunt in children. The distal splenorenal end-to-side anastomosis (Warren shunt) decompresses esophageal varices while maintaining high portal hypertension and avoiding reduction of portal venous blood inflow to the liver. The Warren shunt was performed in seven consecutive patients with portal hypertension, including post-necrotic cirrhosis, portal thrombosis, and schistosomiasis, all with recurrent esophageal bleeding. Five shunts remained patent and two thrombosed. There was no mortality. If long-term follow-up evaluations indicate its effectiveness in preventing esophageal hemorrhage, the distal selective splenorenal shunt would be the more physiologic and safer procedure in children with portal hypertension.", "PMID": 307595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1268", "title": "GLC assay of fenclorac in human plasma.", "content": "A simple, sensitive GLC assay for fenclorac is described. Plasma proteins were precipitated with methanol, and the methanolic extract was refluxed with hydrochloric acid to form the methyl esters of fenclorac and the internal standard. The esters were purified by partitioning into benzene. Aliquots of 1 microliter of the concentrated benzene phase were injected into the gas chromatograph and quantitated by a 63Ni-electron-capture detector. Recovery of fenclorac from plasma averaged 82 +/- 1.6%.", "contents": "GLC assay of fenclorac in human plasma. A simple, sensitive GLC assay for fenclorac is described. Plasma proteins were precipitated with methanol, and the methanolic extract was refluxed with hydrochloric acid to form the methyl esters of fenclorac and the internal standard. The esters were purified by partitioning into benzene. Aliquots of 1 microliter of the concentrated benzene phase were injected into the gas chromatograph and quantitated by a 63Ni-electron-capture detector. Recovery of fenclorac from plasma averaged 82 +/- 1.6%.", "PMID": 307596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1269", "title": "A time-resolved X-ray diffraction study of muscle during twitch.", "content": "1. A position sensitive X-ray counter was connected to a data-collection system which registered the outputs of the counter as a function of time. This enabled us to study time-dependent changes in the intensities of the equatorial reflexions from frog sartorius muscle during an isometric twitch. 2. The intensity ratio of the 1.0 and 1.1 equatorial reflexions (I1,0/I1,1) decreased during a twitch. The time at which the intensity ratio started to decrease coinsided approximately with the onset of tension development. No detectable change in the intensity ratio occurred during the latency relaxation. 3. The intensity ratio reached a minimum level approximately 90 msec before the peak of tension, and stayed at that level until the peak tension. 4. The intensity ratio returned to the 'resting' value 0.7--1.1 sec after the twitch tension had fallen to zero. 5. The observed decrease in the intensity ratio was interpreted as being caused by radial movements of the myosin projections from the vicinity of thick filaments to that of thin filaments. This leads us to conclude that, early in the rising phase of twitch tension, the number of myosin projections in the vicinity of thin filaments reaches the value obtained during a maximum isometric tetanus.", "contents": "A time-resolved X-ray diffraction study of muscle during twitch. 1. A position sensitive X-ray counter was connected to a data-collection system which registered the outputs of the counter as a function of time. This enabled us to study time-dependent changes in the intensities of the equatorial reflexions from frog sartorius muscle during an isometric twitch. 2. The intensity ratio of the 1.0 and 1.1 equatorial reflexions (I1,0/I1,1) decreased during a twitch. The time at which the intensity ratio started to decrease coinsided approximately with the onset of tension development. No detectable change in the intensity ratio occurred during the latency relaxation. 3. The intensity ratio reached a minimum level approximately 90 msec before the peak of tension, and stayed at that level until the peak tension. 4. The intensity ratio returned to the 'resting' value 0.7--1.1 sec after the twitch tension had fallen to zero. 5. The observed decrease in the intensity ratio was interpreted as being caused by radial movements of the myosin projections from the vicinity of thick filaments to that of thin filaments. This leads us to conclude that, early in the rising phase of twitch tension, the number of myosin projections in the vicinity of thin filaments reaches the value obtained during a maximum isometric tetanus.", "PMID": 307597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1270", "title": "Reactivation of membrane charge movement and delayed potassium conductance in skeletal muscle fibres.", "content": "1. Intramembrane charge movement has been measured in striated muscle subjected to prolonged depolarization but repolarized to -100 mV for up to 100 sec. The method of measurement allows identification of charge or charges which are 'reprimed' by repolarization. 2. Charge 'reprimed' by repolarization appears to differ in its voltage distribution from charge detected in a permanently polarized fibre. The difference is probably due to the different pulse sequences used in the two measurements and to the fact that there appear to be several species of intramembrane charges with different transition potentials and different steepness of voltage distribution (V and k in eqn. (14): see below). 3. Potassium conductance is reprimed by repolarization following inactivation by depolarization. When the repriming potential is -100 mV the process appears to be in two stages; repriming to a value rather less than half the final value takes place exponentially with a time constant of approximately 40 sec; subsequently repriming to the final value is very slow. At a repriming potential of -140 mV repriming to the final value )1--2 mmho/microF) takes place exponentially with a time constant of approximately 17 sec.", "contents": "Reactivation of membrane charge movement and delayed potassium conductance in skeletal muscle fibres. 1. Intramembrane charge movement has been measured in striated muscle subjected to prolonged depolarization but repolarized to -100 mV for up to 100 sec. The method of measurement allows identification of charge or charges which are 'reprimed' by repolarization. 2. Charge 'reprimed' by repolarization appears to differ in its voltage distribution from charge detected in a permanently polarized fibre. The difference is probably due to the different pulse sequences used in the two measurements and to the fact that there appear to be several species of intramembrane charges with different transition potentials and different steepness of voltage distribution (V and k in eqn. (14): see below). 3. Potassium conductance is reprimed by repolarization following inactivation by depolarization. When the repriming potential is -100 mV the process appears to be in two stages; repriming to a value rather less than half the final value takes place exponentially with a time constant of approximately 40 sec; subsequently repriming to the final value is very slow. At a repriming potential of -140 mV repriming to the final value )1--2 mmho/microF) takes place exponentially with a time constant of approximately 17 sec.", "PMID": 307598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1271", "title": "Distribution of acetylcholine receptors at frog neuromuscular junctions with a discussion of some physiological implications.", "content": "1. The distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at frog cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junctions was studied quantitatively using [1125]alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) labelling and EM autoradiography. 2. We found that, as in mouse end-plates, the AChR is localized uniformly along the thickened post-junctional membrane. In the frog muscle this specialized membrane constitutes approximately the top 50% of the junctional folds. 3. The receptor site density is approximately 26,000 +/- 6000 sites/micrometer2 on the thickened post-junctional membrane and falls sharply to approximately 50 sites/micrometer2 within 15 micrometer from the axon terminal. 4. alpha-BTX site density on the presynaptic axonal membrane was directly determined to be at most 5% of the value on the thickened post-junctional membrane. 5. The high post junctional AChR site density leads us to conclude that: (a) each quantum of ACh needs to spread only over a very small post-junctional area (to be called the 'critical area') before it encounters as many AChR (plus AchE) sites as there are ACh molecules in the quantum (for a packet of 10(4) ACh molecules this critical area is approximately 0.3 micrometer2), (b) the average concentration of ACh prevailing in the cleft over this critical area during a quantal response will be approximately 10(-3)M (independent of the size of the quantal packet), and (c) since 10(-3)M-ACh is large compared to any estimates of the dissociation constant Kd for ACh binding to the AChR, the ACh will essentially saturate the AChR within the critical area (provided the ACh binding rate is sufficiently faster than the ACh spreading rate). 6. The total receptive surface for a frog end-plate is calculated to be approximately 1500 micrometer2, and therefore an end-plate potential resulting from 300 quanta will be due to the activation of less than 10% of the total receptive area. 7. Free diffusion would allow each small post-junctional critical area to be reached in less than 15 musec. Therefore, either the recorded rise time of the miniature end-plate is not predominantly a function of ACh diffusion time, or, as suggested by Gage & McBurney (1975), the net rate of movement of ACh in the cleft is much slower than indicated by the free diffusion constant.", "contents": "Distribution of acetylcholine receptors at frog neuromuscular junctions with a discussion of some physiological implications. 1. The distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at frog cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junctions was studied quantitatively using [1125]alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) labelling and EM autoradiography. 2. We found that, as in mouse end-plates, the AChR is localized uniformly along the thickened post-junctional membrane. In the frog muscle this specialized membrane constitutes approximately the top 50% of the junctional folds. 3. The receptor site density is approximately 26,000 +/- 6000 sites/micrometer2 on the thickened post-junctional membrane and falls sharply to approximately 50 sites/micrometer2 within 15 micrometer from the axon terminal. 4. alpha-BTX site density on the presynaptic axonal membrane was directly determined to be at most 5% of the value on the thickened post-junctional membrane. 5. The high post junctional AChR site density leads us to conclude that: (a) each quantum of ACh needs to spread only over a very small post-junctional area (to be called the 'critical area') before it encounters as many AChR (plus AchE) sites as there are ACh molecules in the quantum (for a packet of 10(4) ACh molecules this critical area is approximately 0.3 micrometer2), (b) the average concentration of ACh prevailing in the cleft over this critical area during a quantal response will be approximately 10(-3)M (independent of the size of the quantal packet), and (c) since 10(-3)M-ACh is large compared to any estimates of the dissociation constant Kd for ACh binding to the AChR, the ACh will essentially saturate the AChR within the critical area (provided the ACh binding rate is sufficiently faster than the ACh spreading rate). 6. The total receptive surface for a frog end-plate is calculated to be approximately 1500 micrometer2, and therefore an end-plate potential resulting from 300 quanta will be due to the activation of less than 10% of the total receptive area. 7. Free diffusion would allow each small post-junctional critical area to be reached in less than 15 musec. Therefore, either the recorded rise time of the miniature end-plate is not predominantly a function of ACh diffusion time, or, as suggested by Gage & McBurney (1975), the net rate of movement of ACh in the cleft is much slower than indicated by the free diffusion constant.", "PMID": 307600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1272", "title": "Responses and pharmacological properties of preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurones following medial forebrain bundle stimulation.", "content": "1. The responses of neurones in the anterior hypothalamic and preoptic areas (POA/AHA) to stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) have been studied in urethane anaesthetized female rats. Extracellular unit recordings have been made from 150 neurones which were responsive to a single stimulus applied to the MFB at the level of the mammillary nucleus. 2. Forty-five per cent of these cells were orthodromically activated with latencies ranging from 7.5 to 100 msec. However, the majority of cells responded with latencies of less than 40 msec. 3. Marked inhibition of spontaneous activity was observed in 41.5% of the units. Response latencies of up to 40 msec were observed in these cells, the inhibitory periods lasting up to 150 msec. 4. A small proportion of cells (13.5%) were antidromically activated and the average conduction velocity of these neurones in the POA/AHA with axons passing down to the mid-brain was estimated to be 0.3 m sec-1. It is suggested that they represent part of the descending MFB. 5. The experiments did not show any discrete topographical organization of cells in the POA/AHA which could be driven by MFB stimulation although the units tended to be located in more lateral rather than medial areas. 6. The responses to iontophoretically applied dopamine (DA) or noradrenaline (NA) was tested on sixty-one cells. These amines suppressed the activity of the majority of both orthodromically activated and inhibited units; the remaining cells were unresponsive. 7. These results provide electrophysiological evidence for both a direct and indirect input of MFB fibres to cells in the POA/AHA and that these inputs can be either excitatory or inhibitory. The data also indicate that a small number of fibres in the descending MFB originate from cells in the POA/AHA. 8. The sensitivity of these units to NA and DA suggests an inhibitory aminergic input, although this evidence is as yet indirect. 9. These connexions of the MFB, with neurones in the POA/AHA may be part of the neural circuits important for extra-hypothalamic modulation of gonadotrophin secretion.", "contents": "Responses and pharmacological properties of preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurones following medial forebrain bundle stimulation. 1. The responses of neurones in the anterior hypothalamic and preoptic areas (POA/AHA) to stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) have been studied in urethane anaesthetized female rats. Extracellular unit recordings have been made from 150 neurones which were responsive to a single stimulus applied to the MFB at the level of the mammillary nucleus. 2. Forty-five per cent of these cells were orthodromically activated with latencies ranging from 7.5 to 100 msec. However, the majority of cells responded with latencies of less than 40 msec. 3. Marked inhibition of spontaneous activity was observed in 41.5% of the units. Response latencies of up to 40 msec were observed in these cells, the inhibitory periods lasting up to 150 msec. 4. A small proportion of cells (13.5%) were antidromically activated and the average conduction velocity of these neurones in the POA/AHA with axons passing down to the mid-brain was estimated to be 0.3 m sec-1. It is suggested that they represent part of the descending MFB. 5. The experiments did not show any discrete topographical organization of cells in the POA/AHA which could be driven by MFB stimulation although the units tended to be located in more lateral rather than medial areas. 6. The responses to iontophoretically applied dopamine (DA) or noradrenaline (NA) was tested on sixty-one cells. These amines suppressed the activity of the majority of both orthodromically activated and inhibited units; the remaining cells were unresponsive. 7. These results provide electrophysiological evidence for both a direct and indirect input of MFB fibres to cells in the POA/AHA and that these inputs can be either excitatory or inhibitory. The data also indicate that a small number of fibres in the descending MFB originate from cells in the POA/AHA. 8. The sensitivity of these units to NA and DA suggests an inhibitory aminergic input, although this evidence is as yet indirect. 9. These connexions of the MFB, with neurones in the POA/AHA may be part of the neural circuits important for extra-hypothalamic modulation of gonadotrophin secretion.", "PMID": 307601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1273", "title": "Water response of the frog olfactory epithelium as observed from the olfactory bulb.", "content": "The water response elicited by application of distilled water on the olfactory epithelium was recorded extracellularly from single olfactory bulb neurones. Characteristics of the water response in the frog olfactory epithelium were examined in comparison with those of the water response in the gustatory and palatal organs. 1. Effects of various electrolyte solutions on the generation of the water response were studied by dripping distilled water on the olfactory epithelium after adaptation to each of these electrolyte solutions. Number of the olfactory bulb cells responding to distilled water increased with increasing the charge of the adapting cations and also with decreasing the size of the cations with a few exceptions. 2. Magnitude of the 'water response' increased with decreasing concentration of salt in the solution which was dripped after adaptation to the isotonic solution of the same salt. 3. The water response was effectively depressed by an electrolyte solution but not by a non-electrolyte solution. An electrolyte also depressed effectively the water response which was produced after adaptation to an organic salt solution. 4. The water response was blocked by treatment of the olfactory epithelium with the uranyl ions which had high affinity for phospholipids. A tentative hypothesis on the generating mechanism of the water response in the frog olfactory epithelium is presented on the basis of the present experimental results and the water responses of the gustatory and palatal organs so far reported.", "contents": "Water response of the frog olfactory epithelium as observed from the olfactory bulb. The water response elicited by application of distilled water on the olfactory epithelium was recorded extracellularly from single olfactory bulb neurones. Characteristics of the water response in the frog olfactory epithelium were examined in comparison with those of the water response in the gustatory and palatal organs. 1. Effects of various electrolyte solutions on the generation of the water response were studied by dripping distilled water on the olfactory epithelium after adaptation to each of these electrolyte solutions. Number of the olfactory bulb cells responding to distilled water increased with increasing the charge of the adapting cations and also with decreasing the size of the cations with a few exceptions. 2. Magnitude of the 'water response' increased with decreasing concentration of salt in the solution which was dripped after adaptation to the isotonic solution of the same salt. 3. The water response was effectively depressed by an electrolyte solution but not by a non-electrolyte solution. An electrolyte also depressed effectively the water response which was produced after adaptation to an organic salt solution. 4. The water response was blocked by treatment of the olfactory epithelium with the uranyl ions which had high affinity for phospholipids. A tentative hypothesis on the generating mechanism of the water response in the frog olfactory epithelium is presented on the basis of the present experimental results and the water responses of the gustatory and palatal organs so far reported.", "PMID": 307602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1274", "title": "The equilibrium between metarhodopsin I and metarhodopsin II in the isolated frog retina.", "content": "1. Rapid and slow changes in the absorbance of isolated frog retinae produced by exposure to brief flashes were studied at temperatures between 5 and 30 degrees C.2. Rapid changes observed at 475 nm consist of a transient increase of absorbance followed by an exponential decay to a new level of absorbance which is lower than before the flash exposure.3. The new level of absorbance determines the initial conditions of slow changes following the rapid ones. At higher temperatures, the loss of absorbance during the rapid changes is greater than at lower temperatures. Accordingly, the slow reactions start at lower levels of absorbance when the temperature is high.4. Quantitative analysis showed that the rapid reactions can be described in terms of two consecutive reactions followed by an equilibrium reaction: the light-controlled formation of lumirhodopsin, decay of lumirhodopsin to metarhodopsin I, and the equilibrium reaction between the metarhodopsins I and II.5. The slow absorbance changes observed in the visible (lambda = 480 nm) are due to metarhodopsin I and to metarhodopsin III. Metarhodopsin I decays during the early phase of slow reactions but can noticeably influence the kinetics at lower temperatures.6. The activation energy of the lumirhodopsin decay is 22.5 kcal/mole, that of the conversion of metarhodopsin I into metarhodopsin II is 30.1 kcal/mole. The entropy change associated with the metarhodopsin I-II equilibrium amounts to +34 cal/mole. K.", "contents": "The equilibrium between metarhodopsin I and metarhodopsin II in the isolated frog retina. 1. Rapid and slow changes in the absorbance of isolated frog retinae produced by exposure to brief flashes were studied at temperatures between 5 and 30 degrees C.2. Rapid changes observed at 475 nm consist of a transient increase of absorbance followed by an exponential decay to a new level of absorbance which is lower than before the flash exposure.3. The new level of absorbance determines the initial conditions of slow changes following the rapid ones. At higher temperatures, the loss of absorbance during the rapid changes is greater than at lower temperatures. Accordingly, the slow reactions start at lower levels of absorbance when the temperature is high.4. Quantitative analysis showed that the rapid reactions can be described in terms of two consecutive reactions followed by an equilibrium reaction: the light-controlled formation of lumirhodopsin, decay of lumirhodopsin to metarhodopsin I, and the equilibrium reaction between the metarhodopsins I and II.5. The slow absorbance changes observed in the visible (lambda = 480 nm) are due to metarhodopsin I and to metarhodopsin III. Metarhodopsin I decays during the early phase of slow reactions but can noticeably influence the kinetics at lower temperatures.6. The activation energy of the lumirhodopsin decay is 22.5 kcal/mole, that of the conversion of metarhodopsin I into metarhodopsin II is 30.1 kcal/mole. The entropy change associated with the metarhodopsin I-II equilibrium amounts to +34 cal/mole. K.", "PMID": 307603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1275", "title": "[Nature of the erythroid colony stimulating extract obtained from spleen of irradiated rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Non-adherent bone marrow cells of a bled rabbit were cultured in plasma clot media containing auto-serum, alpha-medium, erythropoietin (Ep) and spleen extract from irradiated rats. The preparations were cloted on a cover glass, fixed and stained by Giemsa or hemoglobin staining method after 3 or 5 days in culture, and the number of erythroid colony was counted as reported elsewhere. In the present study, first, it was elucidated that the optimal numbers of innoculating cells were among 0.6 approximately 1.2 x 10(4) cells per well for the erythroid colony formation. Second, this colony formation was slightly stimulated by the experimental media which contained heat treated extract at 40 degree or 50 degree C for 30 minutes. Contrary this, the extract treated at 70 degree C for 30 minutes lost completely its stimulating activity of the colony formation, suggesting that the effective substances might be protein in the extract. Third, an inhibitory factory might be present in the dialysate of the crude spleen extract, because the number of erythroid colonies decreased in a dose response manner by the dialysate. The residue of inner dialysate, however, certainly contained the colony stimulating factors (s). The crude extract was separated into five fractions (F1 approximately F5) by ammonium sulfate. F1, which was precipitated with 40% ammonium sulfate, had the highest activity for the colony formation. Fetuin also showed appreciable effect on the erythroid colony formation.", "contents": "[Nature of the erythroid colony stimulating extract obtained from spleen of irradiated rats (author's transl)]. Non-adherent bone marrow cells of a bled rabbit were cultured in plasma clot media containing auto-serum, alpha-medium, erythropoietin (Ep) and spleen extract from irradiated rats. The preparations were cloted on a cover glass, fixed and stained by Giemsa or hemoglobin staining method after 3 or 5 days in culture, and the number of erythroid colony was counted as reported elsewhere. In the present study, first, it was elucidated that the optimal numbers of innoculating cells were among 0.6 approximately 1.2 x 10(4) cells per well for the erythroid colony formation. Second, this colony formation was slightly stimulated by the experimental media which contained heat treated extract at 40 degree or 50 degree C for 30 minutes. Contrary this, the extract treated at 70 degree C for 30 minutes lost completely its stimulating activity of the colony formation, suggesting that the effective substances might be protein in the extract. Third, an inhibitory factory might be present in the dialysate of the crude spleen extract, because the number of erythroid colonies decreased in a dose response manner by the dialysate. The residue of inner dialysate, however, certainly contained the colony stimulating factors (s). The crude extract was separated into five fractions (F1 approximately F5) by ammonium sulfate. F1, which was precipitated with 40% ammonium sulfate, had the highest activity for the colony formation. Fetuin also showed appreciable effect on the erythroid colony formation.", "PMID": 307604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1276", "title": "Similarities in resorption patterns of maxillary and mandibular ridges.", "content": "The differences in the posterior arch widths between opposing maxillae and mandibles were studied in 100 edentulous denture-wearing patients. Panoramic radiographs of 67 of these patients were used to assess the percentage of mandibular height reduction from that considered present before extractions. Comparisons between posterior maxillary and mandibular arch widths, reductions in mandibular height, and edentulous age accompanied by denture wearing were made. The following conclusions emerged: 1. The mandible does not progressively widen as its opposing maxillae becomes narrower, nor does a progressive incremental increase occur in posterior maxillomandibular width relations with increased resorption or resorptive age. 2. The arch width of the mandible exceeds the arch width of the maxillae in the molar region by an average of 6 to 7 mm after sufficient resorption establisheds a definitive alveolar crest. This difference remains the same regardless of the amount of resorption or resorptive age. 3. The progressive and irreversible mandibular alveolar resorption rate is greatest in the earlier stages of edentulism and slows with loss of bone, longevity of edentulism, and attendant wearing of dentures.", "contents": "Similarities in resorption patterns of maxillary and mandibular ridges. The differences in the posterior arch widths between opposing maxillae and mandibles were studied in 100 edentulous denture-wearing patients. Panoramic radiographs of 67 of these patients were used to assess the percentage of mandibular height reduction from that considered present before extractions. Comparisons between posterior maxillary and mandibular arch widths, reductions in mandibular height, and edentulous age accompanied by denture wearing were made. The following conclusions emerged: 1. The mandible does not progressively widen as its opposing maxillae becomes narrower, nor does a progressive incremental increase occur in posterior maxillomandibular width relations with increased resorption or resorptive age. 2. The arch width of the mandible exceeds the arch width of the maxillae in the molar region by an average of 6 to 7 mm after sufficient resorption establisheds a definitive alveolar crest. This difference remains the same regardless of the amount of resorption or resorptive age. 3. The progressive and irreversible mandibular alveolar resorption rate is greatest in the earlier stages of edentulism and slows with loss of bone, longevity of edentulism, and attendant wearing of dentures.", "PMID": 307605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1277", "title": "Effect of ultraviolet light on disease characteristics of NZB/W mice.", "content": "The development of antinuclear antiboides, proteinuria and cumulative mortality has been studied in four groups of NZB/W mice. Two groups were exposed to different amounts of ultraviolet light [UVL] and one group were bred and raised in total darkness. The fourth group served as a control. No significant difference was noted bwtween the groups in the development of antinuclear antibodies, proteinuria or in cumulative mortality. This study failed to show any major role of UVL as an environmental factor in the development of this disease.", "contents": "Effect of ultraviolet light on disease characteristics of NZB/W mice. The development of antinuclear antiboides, proteinuria and cumulative mortality has been studied in four groups of NZB/W mice. Two groups were exposed to different amounts of ultraviolet light [UVL] and one group were bred and raised in total darkness. The fourth group served as a control. No significant difference was noted bwtween the groups in the development of antinuclear antibodies, proteinuria or in cumulative mortality. This study failed to show any major role of UVL as an environmental factor in the development of this disease.", "PMID": 307606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1278", "title": "Effect of external sodium and calcium on calcium efflux in frog striated muscle.", "content": "The effect of media with different ionic composition on calcium efflux from the dorsal head of semitendinosus muscles of Rana pipiens was studied. The reduction in the fractional loss of 45Ca, when going from normal Ringer's solution to an ONa--OCa medium, was 60%. Withdrawal of only Na or Ca from the external medium also caused a significant drop in the fractional loss (33% and 34%, respectively). The effect of different concentrations of Ca (studied on the absence of the external Na) was also studied. It was found that a linear function could describe the relationship between the calcium-dependent calcium efflux and the external calcium concentration. These results indicate that calcium efflux from frog muscle fibers consists of three major components: one that is dependent on the presence of calcium in the external medium, one that is dependent on the presence of sodium in the external medium, and one that persists in the absence of these two cations.", "contents": "Effect of external sodium and calcium on calcium efflux in frog striated muscle. The effect of media with different ionic composition on calcium efflux from the dorsal head of semitendinosus muscles of Rana pipiens was studied. The reduction in the fractional loss of 45Ca, when going from normal Ringer's solution to an ONa--OCa medium, was 60%. Withdrawal of only Na or Ca from the external medium also caused a significant drop in the fractional loss (33% and 34%, respectively). The effect of different concentrations of Ca (studied on the absence of the external Na) was also studied. It was found that a linear function could describe the relationship between the calcium-dependent calcium efflux and the external calcium concentration. These results indicate that calcium efflux from frog muscle fibers consists of three major components: one that is dependent on the presence of calcium in the external medium, one that is dependent on the presence of sodium in the external medium, and one that persists in the absence of these two cations.", "PMID": 307607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1279", "title": "Traumatic rupture of a left-sided liver and postoperative acute respiratory failure in a patient with Kartagener's syndrome.", "content": "A case is described of abdominal trauma and rupture of a left-sided liver in a patient with Kartagener's syndrome (situs inversus, bronchiectasis, sinusits). Exploratory laparotomy, left thoractomy, cholecystectomy and hepatic artery ligation were necessary to control hemorrhage. Special attention was paid to the patient's respiratory condition postoperatively via physiotherapy and analgesia. The importance of identifying this three-part syndrome and especially the bronchiectasis is emphasized.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of a left-sided liver and postoperative acute respiratory failure in a patient with Kartagener's syndrome. A case is described of abdominal trauma and rupture of a left-sided liver in a patient with Kartagener's syndrome (situs inversus, bronchiectasis, sinusits). Exploratory laparotomy, left thoractomy, cholecystectomy and hepatic artery ligation were necessary to control hemorrhage. Special attention was paid to the patient's respiratory condition postoperatively via physiotherapy and analgesia. The importance of identifying this three-part syndrome and especially the bronchiectasis is emphasized.", "PMID": 307608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1280", "title": "[Spiroergometry in assessing the late results of the aortocoronary shunting operation].", "content": "The remote results of aorticocoronary shunting were studied in 105 patients (follow-up periods of 1 to 5 years and more). The values of bicycle ergometry and spiroergometry (rehabilitation coefficient, oxygen expenditure per 1 kgm of work, maximum oxygen consumption per 1 kg body mass during muscular exertion, effectiveness of work) were studied before and after operation. The data obtained were compared with the results of spiroergometry in 175 patients with various lesions of the coronary arteries identified by coronarography and in 50 healthy individuals. Spiroergometry is an effective method for diagnosing coronary atherosclerosis before performing coronarography. Patients with good postoperative results showed values which were close to normal; in poor results of surgery and in thrombosis of the coronary shunts initial values characteristic of atherosclertoic involvement of the coronary arteries are encountered. Increase of the effectiveness of work to normal, decrease in oxygen expediture per 1 kgm of work, diminution of maximum oxygen consumption per 1 kg body mass during muscular exertion in the remote postoperative period make it possible to presume, before performing coronarography, that the shunts are functioning. The study conducted allow bicycle ergometry and spiroergometry to be considered demonstrative functional methods for appraising the remote results of operation.", "contents": "[Spiroergometry in assessing the late results of the aortocoronary shunting operation]. The remote results of aorticocoronary shunting were studied in 105 patients (follow-up periods of 1 to 5 years and more). The values of bicycle ergometry and spiroergometry (rehabilitation coefficient, oxygen expenditure per 1 kgm of work, maximum oxygen consumption per 1 kg body mass during muscular exertion, effectiveness of work) were studied before and after operation. The data obtained were compared with the results of spiroergometry in 175 patients with various lesions of the coronary arteries identified by coronarography and in 50 healthy individuals. Spiroergometry is an effective method for diagnosing coronary atherosclerosis before performing coronarography. Patients with good postoperative results showed values which were close to normal; in poor results of surgery and in thrombosis of the coronary shunts initial values characteristic of atherosclertoic involvement of the coronary arteries are encountered. Increase of the effectiveness of work to normal, decrease in oxygen expediture per 1 kgm of work, diminution of maximum oxygen consumption per 1 kg body mass during muscular exertion in the remote postoperative period make it possible to presume, before performing coronarography, that the shunts are functioning. The study conducted allow bicycle ergometry and spiroergometry to be considered demonstrative functional methods for appraising the remote results of operation.", "PMID": 307629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1281", "title": "[Results of lens extractions in defective light projection (author's transl)].", "content": "It is demonstrated by means of a series of 84 lens extractions in 80 patients that cataract extraction can be meaningful and successful even with defective light projection. Indications discussed are those which are considered urgent (Cataracta hypermatura or primary and secondary glaucoma with concomitant cataract), purely functionally urgent (desire on the part of the patient to have his vision restored) and relative.", "contents": "[Results of lens extractions in defective light projection (author's transl)]. It is demonstrated by means of a series of 84 lens extractions in 80 patients that cataract extraction can be meaningful and successful even with defective light projection. Indications discussed are those which are considered urgent (Cataracta hypermatura or primary and secondary glaucoma with concomitant cataract), purely functionally urgent (desire on the part of the patient to have his vision restored) and relative.", "PMID": 307631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1282", "title": "Precursors of B-lymphocytes with surface IgM and their possible migration from bone marrow to peripheral lymphatic tissues.", "content": "The lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins (sIg) represent precursors of B-lymphocytes and were studied in ontogeny of pigs by autoradiography using iodinated monospecific anti-mu, anti-gamma or anti-alpha antibodies. The earliest detection of sIgM+ small lymphocytes was at 44 days of gestation in liver, followed at 51 days in spleen and at 60 days in bone marrow, the thymocytes being sIg-negative. The first circulating small lymphocytes were detected at 38--40 days and are most probably thymus-derived.", "contents": "Precursors of B-lymphocytes with surface IgM and their possible migration from bone marrow to peripheral lymphatic tissues. The lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins (sIg) represent precursors of B-lymphocytes and were studied in ontogeny of pigs by autoradiography using iodinated monospecific anti-mu, anti-gamma or anti-alpha antibodies. The earliest detection of sIgM+ small lymphocytes was at 44 days of gestation in liver, followed at 51 days in spleen and at 60 days in bone marrow, the thymocytes being sIg-negative. The first circulating small lymphocytes were detected at 38--40 days and are most probably thymus-derived.", "PMID": 307636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1283", "title": "Medical record objectives in relation to clinical problems and user needs.", "content": "The difficulties met when clinical record systems are implemented using a computer have many causes. Some difficulties must be first solved by determining user requirements and then a technical solution found. The general considerations involved in setting up medical record objectives, which relate to medical activities, accounting procedures and technical solutions, are discussed. These factors are at the base of many system failures in the past decade.", "contents": "Medical record objectives in relation to clinical problems and user needs. The difficulties met when clinical record systems are implemented using a computer have many causes. Some difficulties must be first solved by determining user requirements and then a technical solution found. The general considerations involved in setting up medical record objectives, which relate to medical activities, accounting procedures and technical solutions, are discussed. These factors are at the base of many system failures in the past decade.", "PMID": 307637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1284", "title": "A problem orientated information system.", "content": "It has been suggested several times that care of patients with medical problems is not carried out in a consistent manner. Emergency medical care is most usually given by junior medical staff. It seems possible that their inexperience may further increase the inconsistency of care given. An information system HOISS (House Officer Information and Scheduling System) is described. It consists principally of a data-base of 80 clinical problems and a suite of programs to access the data-base. There is also a scheduling program which prints-out a worksheet of tests needed to be done that day. A review of the care of 86 patients is given. It is seen that there is considerable variation in the investigations done for a particular clinical problem. Also routine tests are not asked for and many investigations are done which cannot be justified from the patients condition. The results of five months experience with the system are presented. It is shown for the one problem considered that management was more consistent, the routine tests were done more regularly and there were less spurious tests performed.", "contents": "A problem orientated information system. It has been suggested several times that care of patients with medical problems is not carried out in a consistent manner. Emergency medical care is most usually given by junior medical staff. It seems possible that their inexperience may further increase the inconsistency of care given. An information system HOISS (House Officer Information and Scheduling System) is described. It consists principally of a data-base of 80 clinical problems and a suite of programs to access the data-base. There is also a scheduling program which prints-out a worksheet of tests needed to be done that day. A review of the care of 86 patients is given. It is seen that there is considerable variation in the investigations done for a particular clinical problem. Also routine tests are not asked for and many investigations are done which cannot be justified from the patients condition. The results of five months experience with the system are presented. It is shown for the one problem considered that management was more consistent, the routine tests were done more regularly and there were less spurious tests performed.", "PMID": 307638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1285", "title": "[Complications after severe corrosive lesion due to acid in the upper gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Case reports of 3 patients are given with severe corrosive lesions of the esophagus and stomach due to acid ingestion. All of them survived the initial phase and seemed to be expecting a favourable clinical course. In all of these cases however massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, and death occurred in a later phase after an interval free of symptoms. Treatment of severe corrosions of the upper gastrointestinal tract differs significantly from treatment of less serious cases. In less severe cases care has to be taken to avoid later complications in the first place. If there are serious corrosions however vital indications are predominant in determining the course of treatment during the initial phase. An interval with no or rather few clinical symptoms of 3 weeks duration after severe corrosive lesions should not be considered to exclude the danger of later lethal complications, especially bleeding and perforation. In order to avoid such complications endoscopic and eventually surgical exploration after the acute initial phase is recommended.", "contents": "[Complications after severe corrosive lesion due to acid in the upper gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)]. Case reports of 3 patients are given with severe corrosive lesions of the esophagus and stomach due to acid ingestion. All of them survived the initial phase and seemed to be expecting a favourable clinical course. In all of these cases however massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, and death occurred in a later phase after an interval free of symptoms. Treatment of severe corrosions of the upper gastrointestinal tract differs significantly from treatment of less serious cases. In less severe cases care has to be taken to avoid later complications in the first place. If there are serious corrosions however vital indications are predominant in determining the course of treatment during the initial phase. An interval with no or rather few clinical symptoms of 3 weeks duration after severe corrosive lesions should not be considered to exclude the danger of later lethal complications, especially bleeding and perforation. In order to avoid such complications endoscopic and eventually surgical exploration after the acute initial phase is recommended.", "PMID": 307640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1286", "title": "Alteration of the erythrocyte membrane during Newcastle disease virus-induced hemolysis.", "content": "In attempting to explain the mechanism whereby hemoglobin is released during NDV-induced hemolysis it was found that marker substances like albumin or myoglobin with diameters larger than 30 A are retained in the erythrocyte membrane, whereas low molecular weight material is released. This indicates that NDV-induced hemolysis does not result in the formation of membrane lesions but rather in the alteration of membrane permeability. A prerequisite for this process is the insertion of viral envelope components into the cell membrane. NDV-induced hemolysis can be enhanced by virus-specific antibodies and complement. In this case the release of marker substances is due to membrane lesions since large molecules also are released from the erythrocytes.", "contents": "Alteration of the erythrocyte membrane during Newcastle disease virus-induced hemolysis. In attempting to explain the mechanism whereby hemoglobin is released during NDV-induced hemolysis it was found that marker substances like albumin or myoglobin with diameters larger than 30 A are retained in the erythrocyte membrane, whereas low molecular weight material is released. This indicates that NDV-induced hemolysis does not result in the formation of membrane lesions but rather in the alteration of membrane permeability. A prerequisite for this process is the insertion of viral envelope components into the cell membrane. NDV-induced hemolysis can be enhanced by virus-specific antibodies and complement. In this case the release of marker substances is due to membrane lesions since large molecules also are released from the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 307645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1287", "title": "[Trampoline jumping--a dangerous sport? Analyses of injuries and preventive measures].", "content": "Trampoline Jumping--A Dangerous Sport? Injury Analyses and Prophylactic Measure: Trampoline jumping enjoys an increasing popularity yet it is not without its dangers. More than 7000 schoolchildren are reputedly injured at this sport annually. The numerous distortions, fractures and luxations of the extremities are relatively harmless injuries. However, severe traumata with tetraplegia appear with increasing frequency. We have seen 25 cases in 10 years. The causes and exact mechanism of injury became apparent from thorough analysis of the accidents. Improvement of the safety measures is urgently necessary. The mini-trampoline should be abolished from school lessons.", "contents": "[Trampoline jumping--a dangerous sport? Analyses of injuries and preventive measures]. Trampoline Jumping--A Dangerous Sport? Injury Analyses and Prophylactic Measure: Trampoline jumping enjoys an increasing popularity yet it is not without its dangers. More than 7000 schoolchildren are reputedly injured at this sport annually. The numerous distortions, fractures and luxations of the extremities are relatively harmless injuries. However, severe traumata with tetraplegia appear with increasing frequency. We have seen 25 cases in 10 years. The causes and exact mechanism of injury became apparent from thorough analysis of the accidents. Improvement of the safety measures is urgently necessary. The mini-trampoline should be abolished from school lessons.", "PMID": 307671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1288", "title": "[Local reaction and neutralization test in smallpox vaccination after previous inoculation with MVA. Stickl's graduated vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 200 first inoculations and 8 revaccinations, the sera were examined for content of neutralizing vaccine antibodies 3 weeks after the MVA graduated inoculation. In spite of imponderables which affect the failure rate in the \"clinical trial\", a positive result was obtained on first vaccination in 85%. In vaccinated children with a negative neutralization test a distinct booster effect was obtained with a \"main vaccination\" after about six months. The same effect was seen with revaccinations. For the time being inadequately controlled cerebral convulsive diseases, severe endogenous eczema, neurodermatitis, acute allergies, malignancies, immunosuppressive therapy, cortisole and intensive antirheumatic therapy and acute and purulent diseases must be considered as contraindications.", "contents": "[Local reaction and neutralization test in smallpox vaccination after previous inoculation with MVA. Stickl's graduated vaccination (author's transl)]. Of 200 first inoculations and 8 revaccinations, the sera were examined for content of neutralizing vaccine antibodies 3 weeks after the MVA graduated inoculation. In spite of imponderables which affect the failure rate in the \"clinical trial\", a positive result was obtained on first vaccination in 85%. In vaccinated children with a negative neutralization test a distinct booster effect was obtained with a \"main vaccination\" after about six months. The same effect was seen with revaccinations. For the time being inadequately controlled cerebral convulsive diseases, severe endogenous eczema, neurodermatitis, acute allergies, malignancies, immunosuppressive therapy, cortisole and intensive antirheumatic therapy and acute and purulent diseases must be considered as contraindications.", "PMID": 307672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1289", "title": "On the mode of action of diazepam on brain catecholamine metabolism.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of diazepam in moderate dosage (1--10mg/kg) to rats caused a decrease in dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) formation, measured as the accumulation of these intermediates induced by inhibition of the aromatic L-aminoacid decarboxylase by means of NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (HCl), in limbic forebrain, striatum and the remaining hemisphere portion. These effects are opposite to those induced by gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) and gamma-butyrolactone (100 and 750 mg/kg i.p. respectively), and the effects of the latter agents were significantly counteracted by diazepam. The effect of diazepam on dopa formation persisted after the acute transection of dopaminergic axons (transverse cerebral hemisection at the level of the caudal hypothalamus). The elevation of dopamine following hemisection was also significantly counteracted on the hemisected side of the brain, the intact side remaining unchanged. The data do not support the hypothesis that benzodiazepines act by enhancing gabaergic transmission. They rather suggest that these agents exert an inhibitory action on transmitter synthesis and utilization at the synaptic level, i.e. an action not necessarily bearing any direct relationship to gaba.", "contents": "On the mode of action of diazepam on brain catecholamine metabolism. Intraperitoneal injection of diazepam in moderate dosage (1--10mg/kg) to rats caused a decrease in dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) formation, measured as the accumulation of these intermediates induced by inhibition of the aromatic L-aminoacid decarboxylase by means of NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (HCl), in limbic forebrain, striatum and the remaining hemisphere portion. These effects are opposite to those induced by gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) and gamma-butyrolactone (100 and 750 mg/kg i.p. respectively), and the effects of the latter agents were significantly counteracted by diazepam. The effect of diazepam on dopa formation persisted after the acute transection of dopaminergic axons (transverse cerebral hemisection at the level of the caudal hypothalamus). The elevation of dopamine following hemisection was also significantly counteracted on the hemisected side of the brain, the intact side remaining unchanged. The data do not support the hypothesis that benzodiazepines act by enhancing gabaergic transmission. They rather suggest that these agents exert an inhibitory action on transmitter synthesis and utilization at the synaptic level, i.e. an action not necessarily bearing any direct relationship to gaba.", "PMID": 307697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1290", "title": "[Tumoral forms of tuberous sclerosis. The clinical and therapeutic importance of concomitant hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "In a young man and a pregnant young woman presenting since childhood of tuberous sclerosis without epilepsy or mental disorders severe intracranial hypertension developped secondary to obstructive hydrocephalus. Ventriculo-peritoneal shunting unilateral in the first case, bilateral in the second, releaved the patients of all their symptoms. Angiographic studies in both cases showed the existence of extracerebral visceral lesions. After a short review of similar published cases and the proposed treatments the authors suggest as only treatment a shunting procedure without attempt of removal of intracerebral nodules.", "contents": "[Tumoral forms of tuberous sclerosis. The clinical and therapeutic importance of concomitant hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. In a young man and a pregnant young woman presenting since childhood of tuberous sclerosis without epilepsy or mental disorders severe intracranial hypertension developped secondary to obstructive hydrocephalus. Ventriculo-peritoneal shunting unilateral in the first case, bilateral in the second, releaved the patients of all their symptoms. Angiographic studies in both cases showed the existence of extracerebral visceral lesions. After a short review of similar published cases and the proposed treatments the authors suggest as only treatment a shunting procedure without attempt of removal of intracerebral nodules.", "PMID": 307701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1291", "title": "Treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with an inhibitor of cathepsin D (pepstatin).", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of pepstatin (2 mg/day for 5 weeks) to Lewis rats subjected to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) (induced by guinea pig spinal cord and pertussis vaccine) suppressed the appearance of clinical signs of disease, and reduced the severity and incidence of CNS lesions normally associated with this disease. Administration of pepstatin for shorter periods to Lewis rats, or BSVS mice, or guinea pigs challenged with myelin basic protein delayed, but did not prevent clinical signs of EAE, but was accompanied in all cases by a less severe histopathology.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with an inhibitor of cathepsin D (pepstatin). Intraperitoneal administration of pepstatin (2 mg/day for 5 weeks) to Lewis rats subjected to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) (induced by guinea pig spinal cord and pertussis vaccine) suppressed the appearance of clinical signs of disease, and reduced the severity and incidence of CNS lesions normally associated with this disease. Administration of pepstatin for shorter periods to Lewis rats, or BSVS mice, or guinea pigs challenged with myelin basic protein delayed, but did not prevent clinical signs of EAE, but was accompanied in all cases by a less severe histopathology.", "PMID": 307703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1292", "title": "Aortocoronary bypass surgery and chronic renal failure: case report.", "content": "A successful case of aortocoronary bypass operation in a patient with chronic renal failure managed by home haemodialysis and being considered for renal transplantation is described.", "contents": "Aortocoronary bypass surgery and chronic renal failure: case report. A successful case of aortocoronary bypass operation in a patient with chronic renal failure managed by home haemodialysis and being considered for renal transplantation is described.", "PMID": 307707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1293", "title": "[Clinical experiences with a new method of laser coagulation in gastrointestinal hemorrhages].", "content": "Endoscopic laser-coagulation was used 94 times in 14 patients to stop gastro-intestinal bleeding or coagulate potential bleeding sources during non-bleeding intervals. Lasting haemostasis was achieved in three cases of incomplete gastric erosion, one of gastric ulcer, one of duodenal ulcer and one of bleeding after antral rugectomy. It failed to stop severe arterial bleeding in a case of gastric carcinoma. Lasting haemostasis was achieved in six haemangiomas of the colon, one case of angiomatosis of the antrum with 62 individual sites, two of angiodysplasia of the colon, 17 lesions in Osler's disease of the oesophagus (2 cases), stomach (10) and duodenum (5). The procedure was performed in the course of diagnostic endoscopy with an argon-ion laser developed by the authors, which has a density of 0.7-1.3 W/mm2. No complications have been observed so far.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with a new method of laser coagulation in gastrointestinal hemorrhages]. Endoscopic laser-coagulation was used 94 times in 14 patients to stop gastro-intestinal bleeding or coagulate potential bleeding sources during non-bleeding intervals. Lasting haemostasis was achieved in three cases of incomplete gastric erosion, one of gastric ulcer, one of duodenal ulcer and one of bleeding after antral rugectomy. It failed to stop severe arterial bleeding in a case of gastric carcinoma. Lasting haemostasis was achieved in six haemangiomas of the colon, one case of angiomatosis of the antrum with 62 individual sites, two of angiodysplasia of the colon, 17 lesions in Osler's disease of the oesophagus (2 cases), stomach (10) and duodenum (5). The procedure was performed in the course of diagnostic endoscopy with an argon-ion laser developed by the authors, which has a density of 0.7-1.3 W/mm2. No complications have been observed so far.", "PMID": 307704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1294", "title": "[A case of aneurysm of the celiac trunk ruptured into the duodenum].", "content": "A case of repeated, exsanguinating gastrointestinal haemorrhage in a 36-yr-old man, due to rupture in the duoedenum of an arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the coeliac artery, is described. Selective arteriography enabled the cause of bleeding to be established. The pictures for the coeliac and superior mesenteric arteries showed good hepatic arterial vascularisation via the vessels issuing from the right hand side of the superior mesenteric, immediately after its point of origin. Successful aneurysmectomy was not performed until the fifth operation, when the cause of bleeding had thus been made clear.", "contents": "[A case of aneurysm of the celiac trunk ruptured into the duodenum]. A case of repeated, exsanguinating gastrointestinal haemorrhage in a 36-yr-old man, due to rupture in the duoedenum of an arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the coeliac artery, is described. Selective arteriography enabled the cause of bleeding to be established. The pictures for the coeliac and superior mesenteric arteries showed good hepatic arterial vascularisation via the vessels issuing from the right hand side of the superior mesenteric, immediately after its point of origin. Successful aneurysmectomy was not performed until the fifth operation, when the cause of bleeding had thus been made clear.", "PMID": 307705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1295", "title": "Optokinetic training and vestribular habituation.", "content": "The present study deals with the interaction of the visual and vestibular system with special reference to habituation. The results indicate that vestibular responses are modified by repeated uni- and bidirectional optokinetic stimulation. This transfer mechanism is more evident in test subjects after wide angle (foveo-peripheral) than after narrow angle (foveal) optokinetic stimulation. The modification of vestibular responses by means of repetitive optokinetic stimuli is characterized by an enhancement on the one side and a decline of the responses on the other, depending entirely on the nature of the  optokinetic stimulus (uni- or bidirectional, foveal or foveo-peripheral). There is some evidence to suggest that these phenonomena are habituation transfer mechanisms. They seem to subserve the improvement of the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. They help the vestibular system to improve the assessment of self-rotation within the environment and to impede the development of visual-vestibular conflicts.", "contents": "Optokinetic training and vestribular habituation. The present study deals with the interaction of the visual and vestibular system with special reference to habituation. The results indicate that vestibular responses are modified by repeated uni- and bidirectional optokinetic stimulation. This transfer mechanism is more evident in test subjects after wide angle (foveo-peripheral) than after narrow angle (foveal) optokinetic stimulation. The modification of vestibular responses by means of repetitive optokinetic stimuli is characterized by an enhancement on the one side and a decline of the responses on the other, depending entirely on the nature of the  optokinetic stimulus (uni- or bidirectional, foveal or foveo-peripheral). There is some evidence to suggest that these phenonomena are habituation transfer mechanisms. They seem to subserve the improvement of the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. They help the vestibular system to improve the assessment of self-rotation within the environment and to impede the development of visual-vestibular conflicts.", "PMID": 307721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1296", "title": "Plasma tryptophan and musculoskeletal pain in non-articular rheumatism (\"fibrositis syndrome\").", "content": "Plasma-free tryptophan is inversely related to the severity of subjective pain in 8 patients who fulfilled criteria for a variety of non-articular rheumatism, the \"fibrositis syndrome\". The observation is consistent with animal and human studies suggesting a relationship between reduced brain serotonin metabolism and pain reactivity.", "contents": "Plasma tryptophan and musculoskeletal pain in non-articular rheumatism (\"fibrositis syndrome\"). Plasma-free tryptophan is inversely related to the severity of subjective pain in 8 patients who fulfilled criteria for a variety of non-articular rheumatism, the \"fibrositis syndrome\". The observation is consistent with animal and human studies suggesting a relationship between reduced brain serotonin metabolism and pain reactivity.", "PMID": 307724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1297", "title": "Neurodiagnostic tests in children with brain tumors: changing patterns of use and impact on cost.", "content": "The utilization of neurodiagnostic tests in the initial work-up in children with brain tumors was relatively stable during the three years before computed tomography (CT) became available. After this test became available there was a significant (P less than .05) reduction in the utilization of cerebral angiography, echoencephalography, electroencephalography, and ventriculography in children with tumors below the tentorium. In children with tumors above the tentorium, only a reduction in the use of cerebral angiography and radioisotopic scanning was demonstrated. These changes have resulted in a significant (P less than .05) reduction in cost to the patient (or third party) for the initial neurodiagnostic work-up. Since CT became available, children with brain tumors undergo fewer tests, and the greatest reduction has been in tests that have the greatest cost.", "contents": "Neurodiagnostic tests in children with brain tumors: changing patterns of use and impact on cost. The utilization of neurodiagnostic tests in the initial work-up in children with brain tumors was relatively stable during the three years before computed tomography (CT) became available. After this test became available there was a significant (P less than .05) reduction in the utilization of cerebral angiography, echoencephalography, electroencephalography, and ventriculography in children with tumors below the tentorium. In children with tumors above the tentorium, only a reduction in the use of cerebral angiography and radioisotopic scanning was demonstrated. These changes have resulted in a significant (P less than .05) reduction in cost to the patient (or third party) for the initial neurodiagnostic work-up. Since CT became available, children with brain tumors undergo fewer tests, and the greatest reduction has been in tests that have the greatest cost.", "PMID": 307727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1298", "title": "Modified K-channel gating by exhaustion and the block by internally applied TEA+ and 4-aminopyridine in muscle.", "content": "Voltage clamp experiments on frog sartorius muscle fibres suggest that the large increase in resting potassium conductance during metabolic exhaustion is due to a change in the gating of activated potassium channels to a permanently open state. gK in exhausted fibres is less sensitive to externally applied blockers as Zn2+ and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) while TEA+, Rb+ and Ba2+ act similarly, both in normal and exhausted fibres. In addition, injection experiments provide evidence that TEA+ and 4-AP applied internally to normal fibres effectively block potassium outward current, whereas in exhausted fibres the block seems to be smaller. These results suggest modifications in the structure of the potassium channels during metabolic exhaustion.", "contents": "Modified K-channel gating by exhaustion and the block by internally applied TEA+ and 4-aminopyridine in muscle. Voltage clamp experiments on frog sartorius muscle fibres suggest that the large increase in resting potassium conductance during metabolic exhaustion is due to a change in the gating of activated potassium channels to a permanently open state. gK in exhausted fibres is less sensitive to externally applied blockers as Zn2+ and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) while TEA+, Rb+ and Ba2+ act similarly, both in normal and exhausted fibres. In addition, injection experiments provide evidence that TEA+ and 4-AP applied internally to normal fibres effectively block potassium outward current, whereas in exhausted fibres the block seems to be smaller. These results suggest modifications in the structure of the potassium channels during metabolic exhaustion.", "PMID": 307731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1299", "title": "[The action of vitamin D2 and of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol on calcemia and urinary calcium excretion in the alcoholic cirrhotic (author's transl)].", "content": "In 2 similar groups of alcoholic cirrhotics with definite hepatic failure, the results of the oral administration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and of vitamin d2 on calcemia and urinary calcium excretion were studied. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol definitely increases calcemia and urinary calcium excretion, this action being superior to that of vitamin D2. This action which occurs, at least in part, by an increase in intestinal calcium absorption, deomonstrated the true nature of the \"hepatic block\" of vitamin D2 in alcoholic cirrhosis and the value of the administration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "[The action of vitamin D2 and of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol on calcemia and urinary calcium excretion in the alcoholic cirrhotic (author's transl)]. In 2 similar groups of alcoholic cirrhotics with definite hepatic failure, the results of the oral administration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and of vitamin d2 on calcemia and urinary calcium excretion were studied. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol definitely increases calcemia and urinary calcium excretion, this action being superior to that of vitamin D2. This action which occurs, at least in part, by an increase in intestinal calcium absorption, deomonstrated the true nature of the \"hepatic block\" of vitamin D2 in alcoholic cirrhosis and the value of the administration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 307732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1300", "title": "[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the cirrhotic. The value of injectable posterior pituitary extract (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the experience which the have acquired since 1970 in the use of posterior pituitary extract as part of the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics. 100 cases have been collected, in 73 patients. These may be divided into two groups: one of 32 patients, who did not receive posterior pituitary extract, with 31 deaths, and one of 41 patients who did receive the extract, with 6 deaths. These figures should be viewed in parallel with the results obtained by other techniques, and it would seem that comparison with other statistics is feasible. In addition, emphasis must be placed upon the simplicity of the administration and surveillance of treatment. Attention is also drawn to the absence of any inherent complication associated with the use of the drug, despite the administration, in certain cases, of high doses.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the cirrhotic. The value of injectable posterior pituitary extract (author's transl)]. The authors report the experience which the have acquired since 1970 in the use of posterior pituitary extract as part of the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics. 100 cases have been collected, in 73 patients. These may be divided into two groups: one of 32 patients, who did not receive posterior pituitary extract, with 31 deaths, and one of 41 patients who did receive the extract, with 6 deaths. These figures should be viewed in parallel with the results obtained by other techniques, and it would seem that comparison with other statistics is feasible. In addition, emphasis must be placed upon the simplicity of the administration and surveillance of treatment. Attention is also drawn to the absence of any inherent complication associated with the use of the drug, despite the administration, in certain cases, of high doses.", "PMID": 307734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1301", "title": "[The clinical significance of soluble nuclear antigen specific antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "Anti-ENA antibodies have been found in 176 sera which nearly all contained antinuclear antibodies giving a speckled pattern of nuclear fluorescence. The charts of 134 of these 176 patients were available for a thorough clinical study. Among these 134 patients, 59 had a well defined Connective Tissue Disease including 40 SLE, 31 had a limited clinical syndrome made of Raynaud's phenomenon, inflammatory polyarthritis, swollen fingers and hyperglobulinemia and 34 had a complex clinical picture associating signs of more than one connective tissue disease. Some of the patients in this third group could be considered as-having the Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) described by Sharp et al. Anti-RNP antibodies were more common in this series than the other anti-ENA antibodies. However, no narrow specificity could be assigned to any of these antibodies. This is true of the non anti-RNP antibodies, the anti-Sm in particular, which were found in 49 patients of whom 32 had SLE existing alone or in association with features of other connective tissue diseases and 17 had another connective tissue disease or the afore-mentioned limited clinical syndrome. In any case, the anti-ECT antibodies never reach the diagnostic value of the anti-DNA antibodies.", "contents": "[The clinical significance of soluble nuclear antigen specific antibodies (author's transl)]. Anti-ENA antibodies have been found in 176 sera which nearly all contained antinuclear antibodies giving a speckled pattern of nuclear fluorescence. The charts of 134 of these 176 patients were available for a thorough clinical study. Among these 134 patients, 59 had a well defined Connective Tissue Disease including 40 SLE, 31 had a limited clinical syndrome made of Raynaud's phenomenon, inflammatory polyarthritis, swollen fingers and hyperglobulinemia and 34 had a complex clinical picture associating signs of more than one connective tissue disease. Some of the patients in this third group could be considered as-having the Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) described by Sharp et al. Anti-RNP antibodies were more common in this series than the other anti-ENA antibodies. However, no narrow specificity could be assigned to any of these antibodies. This is true of the non anti-RNP antibodies, the anti-Sm in particular, which were found in 49 patients of whom 32 had SLE existing alone or in association with features of other connective tissue diseases and 17 had another connective tissue disease or the afore-mentioned limited clinical syndrome. In any case, the anti-ECT antibodies never reach the diagnostic value of the anti-DNA antibodies.", "PMID": 307737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1302", "title": "[Iatrogenic medullary deficiencies after gold salt therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 63 year-old patient with pancytopenia aplastic bone marrow of several years duration and incomplete response to anabolic steroids is reported. The bone marrow biopsy reveals within lymphoid areas, a refringent pigment proved by microanalysis to be a gold salt.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic medullary deficiencies after gold salt therapy (author's transl)]. A 63 year-old patient with pancytopenia aplastic bone marrow of several years duration and incomplete response to anabolic steroids is reported. The bone marrow biopsy reveals within lymphoid areas, a refringent pigment proved by microanalysis to be a gold salt.", "PMID": 307745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1303", "title": "[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage related to portal hypertension. The pathologist's viewpoint (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of as homogeneous series as possible of 72 cases of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients with portal hypertension showed that the major cause of bleeding, accounting for almost 70% of cases, was ulceration of oesophageal varices. The presence at autopsy of haemorrhagic or necrotic lesions of the gastric mucosa is not felt to be a definite argument in favour of a gastric origin of the bleeding. Ulceration of gastric varices is considered to be an uncommon possibility, by virtue of the absence of dystrophic changes in the overlying mucosa, in contrast to the state of affairs seen in the oesophagus. Finally, the authors noted the relatively common presence of an associated malignant tumour (more than 8% of cases). This should perhaps lead to more profound investigations in order to seek a malignant intra- or extrahepatic malignant tumour before any bypass procedure to correct portal hypertension is undertaken.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage related to portal hypertension. The pathologist's viewpoint (author's transl)]. Study of as homogeneous series as possible of 72 cases of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients with portal hypertension showed that the major cause of bleeding, accounting for almost 70% of cases, was ulceration of oesophageal varices. The presence at autopsy of haemorrhagic or necrotic lesions of the gastric mucosa is not felt to be a definite argument in favour of a gastric origin of the bleeding. Ulceration of gastric varices is considered to be an uncommon possibility, by virtue of the absence of dystrophic changes in the overlying mucosa, in contrast to the state of affairs seen in the oesophagus. Finally, the authors noted the relatively common presence of an associated malignant tumour (more than 8% of cases). This should perhaps lead to more profound investigations in order to seek a malignant intra- or extrahepatic malignant tumour before any bypass procedure to correct portal hypertension is undertaken.", "PMID": 307742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1304", "title": "[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage related to portal hypertension. The clinician's and the endoscopist's viewpoint (author's transl)].", "content": "The origin of bleeding in 54 patients was determined by fibroscopy in 36 cases. In 29 (80%) it was due to oesophageal varices. Such ulceration of oesophageal varices is the chief cause of bleeding (80% of cases). It is most grave when there is abundant and persistent haemorrhage in an individual aged less than 55, in particular male, and with signs of severe hepatic insufficiency.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage related to portal hypertension. The clinician's and the endoscopist's viewpoint (author's transl)]. The origin of bleeding in 54 patients was determined by fibroscopy in 36 cases. In 29 (80%) it was due to oesophageal varices. Such ulceration of oesophageal varices is the chief cause of bleeding (80% of cases). It is most grave when there is abundant and persistent haemorrhage in an individual aged less than 55, in particular male, and with signs of severe hepatic insufficiency.", "PMID": 307743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1305", "title": "Heterogeneity of locomotion in human T cell subsets.", "content": "Locomotor activity of T cells with receptors for IgM and IgG, T cells without receptors for IgM or IgG, and T and non-T cells from human peripheral blood and human tonsils towards the chemoattractant casein was examined in modified Boyden chambers. T cells with receptors for IgG both from human tonsils and peripheral blood did not move in response to casein. T cells with receptors for IgM and those without receptors for IgM or IgG, on the other hand, moved very well toward casein and the distances were comparable to those achieved by T cells before separation. This difference in the locomotor activity of T cell subsets might explain their differential distribution in various lymphoid compartments. Separated T cells, cultured in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum, moved into the filters in response to casein. Prior culture of T cells in medium alone or in medium supplemented with human AB serum resulted in a reduction in the distance traveled in response to casein; however, the effect of AB serum was variable. Non-T cells from peripheral blood and B cells from tonsils responded poorly to casein.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of locomotion in human T cell subsets. Locomotor activity of T cells with receptors for IgM and IgG, T cells without receptors for IgM or IgG, and T and non-T cells from human peripheral blood and human tonsils towards the chemoattractant casein was examined in modified Boyden chambers. T cells with receptors for IgG both from human tonsils and peripheral blood did not move in response to casein. T cells with receptors for IgM and those without receptors for IgM or IgG, on the other hand, moved very well toward casein and the distances were comparable to those achieved by T cells before separation. This difference in the locomotor activity of T cell subsets might explain their differential distribution in various lymphoid compartments. Separated T cells, cultured in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum, moved into the filters in response to casein. Prior culture of T cells in medium alone or in medium supplemented with human AB serum resulted in a reduction in the distance traveled in response to casein; however, the effect of AB serum was variable. Non-T cells from peripheral blood and B cells from tonsils responded poorly to casein.", "PMID": 307761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1306", "title": "Natural species-restricted attachment of human and murine T lymphocytes to various cells.", "content": "Murine and human T lymphocytes bear on their surface a receptor that confers on them the ability to attach to a variety of target cells from the same species, derived in vivo and in vitro. Thymocytes and activated T cells attached readily to target cells, while blood T lymphocytes were able to do so only after the removal of sialic acid from either their cell membrane or that of the target cell. The natural attachment (NA) receptor and the corresponding site on the target cells are trypsin sensitive and the conjugation between them is temperature dependent. The phenomenon may be a manifestation of self recognition in a broader sense--recognizing the species--which is also reflected in the reactivity of mitogen-activated T cells and specific immune responses against allo- or other antigens expressed on target cell surfaces.", "contents": "Natural species-restricted attachment of human and murine T lymphocytes to various cells. Murine and human T lymphocytes bear on their surface a receptor that confers on them the ability to attach to a variety of target cells from the same species, derived in vivo and in vitro. Thymocytes and activated T cells attached readily to target cells, while blood T lymphocytes were able to do so only after the removal of sialic acid from either their cell membrane or that of the target cell. The natural attachment (NA) receptor and the corresponding site on the target cells are trypsin sensitive and the conjugation between them is temperature dependent. The phenomenon may be a manifestation of self recognition in a broader sense--recognizing the species--which is also reflected in the reactivity of mitogen-activated T cells and specific immune responses against allo- or other antigens expressed on target cell surfaces.", "PMID": 307762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1307", "title": "Control of proliferation and differentiation in B lymphocytes by anti-Ig antibodies and a serum-derived cofactor.", "content": "The effects of various anti-Ig antibodies on different B lymphocyte functions were investigated. With the proper accessory cofactor(s) derived from serum, anti-IgM antibodies induced a vigorous proliferative response in normal adult murine B cells, while polyspecific anti-Ig and anti-IgD had no effect. Without the required cofactor, all three anti-Ig antibodies were inhibitory for mitogenic responses. All three anti-Ig antibodies were also inhibitory for mitogen-induced antibody responses with or without the cofactor. Even with the required cofactor, neonatal B cells as well as adult C3H/HeJ B cells were not triggered into proliferation by anti-IgM. Finally, the cofactor required for anti-IgM-triggered mitogenesis was shown to be generated from serum by 2-mercaptoethanol and to be approximately 65,000 in molecular weight. These results indicate that, for at least some responses, B lymphocyte surface IgM molecules are involved in both triggering and suppression, depending both on the developmental state of the B cell and the presence or absence of accessory influences. In these experiments, IgD gave evidence only of being suppressive.", "contents": "Control of proliferation and differentiation in B lymphocytes by anti-Ig antibodies and a serum-derived cofactor. The effects of various anti-Ig antibodies on different B lymphocyte functions were investigated. With the proper accessory cofactor(s) derived from serum, anti-IgM antibodies induced a vigorous proliferative response in normal adult murine B cells, while polyspecific anti-Ig and anti-IgD had no effect. Without the required cofactor, all three anti-Ig antibodies were inhibitory for mitogenic responses. All three anti-Ig antibodies were also inhibitory for mitogen-induced antibody responses with or without the cofactor. Even with the required cofactor, neonatal B cells as well as adult C3H/HeJ B cells were not triggered into proliferation by anti-IgM. Finally, the cofactor required for anti-IgM-triggered mitogenesis was shown to be generated from serum by 2-mercaptoethanol and to be approximately 65,000 in molecular weight. These results indicate that, for at least some responses, B lymphocyte surface IgM molecules are involved in both triggering and suppression, depending both on the developmental state of the B cell and the presence or absence of accessory influences. In these experiments, IgD gave evidence only of being suppressive.", "PMID": 307763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1308", "title": "Participation of histocompatibility antigens in capping of molecularly independent cell surface components by their specific antibodies.", "content": "The antibody-induced capping of several cell surface components has been investigated by immunofluorescence methods using two mouse cell lines, a parental C58 thymoma line and a mutant derived from it lacking TL and H-2 antigens. Other cell surface components were present in approximately equal amounts on the two cells. Parental cells treated with rabbit antibodies to T200, a major surface glycoprotein, rapidly formed caps containing T200, but the mutant cells similarly treated showed a uniform surface distribution of T200. On the other hand, with a secondary antibody treatment, the T200 on both cells capped equally well. When the indirect T200 caps were examined using a second immunofluorescent stain for H-2, TL, or Thy-1 antigens, it was found that on parental cells all three of these antigens were co-capped with T200; on mutant cells no staining was found for H-2 or TL, as expected, and essentially uniform distribution of Thy-1 was observed. The co-capping of H-2, TL, and Thy-1 antigens with T200 on the parent cell is remarkable, because the first three components are known to be molecularly independent in lymphocyte cell surfaces. The indirect capping of the viral glycoprotein gp 69/71 similarly induced a co-capping of H-2 and TL antigens on the parent cell. These results demonstrate that H-2 and related molecules may co-cap with a variety of independent cell surface antigens. Such co-capping of histocompatibility components could play an important role in a proposed dual recognition mechanism for cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions and other immunologically important cell-cell interactions.", "contents": "Participation of histocompatibility antigens in capping of molecularly independent cell surface components by their specific antibodies. The antibody-induced capping of several cell surface components has been investigated by immunofluorescence methods using two mouse cell lines, a parental C58 thymoma line and a mutant derived from it lacking TL and H-2 antigens. Other cell surface components were present in approximately equal amounts on the two cells. Parental cells treated with rabbit antibodies to T200, a major surface glycoprotein, rapidly formed caps containing T200, but the mutant cells similarly treated showed a uniform surface distribution of T200. On the other hand, with a secondary antibody treatment, the T200 on both cells capped equally well. When the indirect T200 caps were examined using a second immunofluorescent stain for H-2, TL, or Thy-1 antigens, it was found that on parental cells all three of these antigens were co-capped with T200; on mutant cells no staining was found for H-2 or TL, as expected, and essentially uniform distribution of Thy-1 was observed. The co-capping of H-2, TL, and Thy-1 antigens with T200 on the parent cell is remarkable, because the first three components are known to be molecularly independent in lymphocyte cell surfaces. The indirect capping of the viral glycoprotein gp 69/71 similarly induced a co-capping of H-2 and TL antigens on the parent cell. These results demonstrate that H-2 and related molecules may co-cap with a variety of independent cell surface antigens. Such co-capping of histocompatibility components could play an important role in a proposed dual recognition mechanism for cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions and other immunologically important cell-cell interactions.", "PMID": 307764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1309", "title": "Major histocompatibility complex-linked immune-responsiveness is acquired by lymphocytes of low-responder mice differentiating in thymus of high-responder mice.", "content": "Female murine T cells can respond to the Y antigen of male cells by generating cytotoxic T-killer lymphocytes. Responsiveness is linked to several H-2 genes. Two types of low responders can be distinguished: the B10.A(5R) (H-2i5) strain, a low responder because it lacks Y-specific precursor T cells able to differentiate into cytotoxic T-killer cells; and the CBA/J (H-2k) strain, a low responder because it lacks Y-specific T-helper cells able to support differentiation of T-killer cell precursors. B10.A(5R) stem cells differentiating in an x-irradiated (CBA/J X C57BL/6) (H-2k X H-2b)F1 host respond to Y antigen by generating T-killer cells whereas CBA/J stem cells do not. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that diversity of T-cell receptors is generated by somatic mutation of germ-line genes encoding specificity for self-H-2. A detailed account of this hypothesis is presented.", "contents": "Major histocompatibility complex-linked immune-responsiveness is acquired by lymphocytes of low-responder mice differentiating in thymus of high-responder mice. Female murine T cells can respond to the Y antigen of male cells by generating cytotoxic T-killer lymphocytes. Responsiveness is linked to several H-2 genes. Two types of low responders can be distinguished: the B10.A(5R) (H-2i5) strain, a low responder because it lacks Y-specific precursor T cells able to differentiate into cytotoxic T-killer cells; and the CBA/J (H-2k) strain, a low responder because it lacks Y-specific T-helper cells able to support differentiation of T-killer cell precursors. B10.A(5R) stem cells differentiating in an x-irradiated (CBA/J X C57BL/6) (H-2k X H-2b)F1 host respond to Y antigen by generating T-killer cells whereas CBA/J stem cells do not. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that diversity of T-cell receptors is generated by somatic mutation of germ-line genes encoding specificity for self-H-2. A detailed account of this hypothesis is presented.", "PMID": 307765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1310", "title": "Use of anti-idiotypic antibodies as cell-surface receptor probes.", "content": "Anti-idiotypic antibodies have been raised against antibodies to retinol-binding protein (RBP) and to insulin. After absorption the anti-idiotypic antibodies recognized the antigen-combining sites of the antibodies used as the immunogen but of no other antibodies. Some of the anti-idiotypic antibodies raised against antibodies to RBP bound specifically to rat intestine epithelial cells, which have a physiological cell-surface receptor for RBP. The RBP receptor mediates the uptake of retinol from RBP to the cells. This uptake was abolished in a concentration-dependent manner by the anti-idiotypic antibodies, which obviously competed with RBP for binding to the receptor.Anti-idiotypic antibodies against antibodies to insulin inhibited the binding of (125)I-labeled insulin to isolated rat epididymal fat cells, whereas anti-idiotypic antibodies raised against antibodies to RBP had no effect. Furthermore, on interacting with young rat thymocytes, anti-idiotypic antibodies against antibodies to insulin stimulated the uptake by the cells of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, thereby mimicking the effect of insulin. These results suggest that in some cases anti-idiotypic antibodies may be useful tools in elucidating structure-function relationships for cell-membrane receptors.", "contents": "Use of anti-idiotypic antibodies as cell-surface receptor probes. Anti-idiotypic antibodies have been raised against antibodies to retinol-binding protein (RBP) and to insulin. After absorption the anti-idiotypic antibodies recognized the antigen-combining sites of the antibodies used as the immunogen but of no other antibodies. Some of the anti-idiotypic antibodies raised against antibodies to RBP bound specifically to rat intestine epithelial cells, which have a physiological cell-surface receptor for RBP. The RBP receptor mediates the uptake of retinol from RBP to the cells. This uptake was abolished in a concentration-dependent manner by the anti-idiotypic antibodies, which obviously competed with RBP for binding to the receptor.Anti-idiotypic antibodies against antibodies to insulin inhibited the binding of (125)I-labeled insulin to isolated rat epididymal fat cells, whereas anti-idiotypic antibodies raised against antibodies to RBP had no effect. Furthermore, on interacting with young rat thymocytes, anti-idiotypic antibodies against antibodies to insulin stimulated the uptake by the cells of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, thereby mimicking the effect of insulin. These results suggest that in some cases anti-idiotypic antibodies may be useful tools in elucidating structure-function relationships for cell-membrane receptors.", "PMID": 307766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1311", "title": "Cocaine: acute effects on reinforcement thresholds for self-stimulation behavior to the medial forebrain bundle.", "content": "Reinforcing thresholds for self-stimulation behavior to the medial forebrain bundle were determined in rats by means of rate-free psychophysical method. The acute administration of cocaine lowered the reinforcing thresholds independent of motor stimulatory effects. These results indicate that cocaine affects the sensitivity of the reward pathways in the brain, and further demonstrate the utility of rate-independent methods in the assessment of drug effects on self-stimulation behavior.", "contents": "Cocaine: acute effects on reinforcement thresholds for self-stimulation behavior to the medial forebrain bundle. Reinforcing thresholds for self-stimulation behavior to the medial forebrain bundle were determined in rats by means of rate-free psychophysical method. The acute administration of cocaine lowered the reinforcing thresholds independent of motor stimulatory effects. These results indicate that cocaine affects the sensitivity of the reward pathways in the brain, and further demonstrate the utility of rate-independent methods in the assessment of drug effects on self-stimulation behavior.", "PMID": 307772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1312", "title": "Radiologic evaluation of the treatment of nonunion of fractures by electrical stimulation.", "content": "A procedure is described in which nonunion of fractures is treated by implantation of electrodes with direct electric current at the site of fracture. Of 107 patients treated with electrode stimulation, 71 (66%) healed. If one eliminates 9 cases of congenital pseudoarthrosis and 11 patients treated with only 10 microamperes of current, 70 of 87 patients (8095%) healed. Severe osteoporosis and sclerosis were common radiologic findings, but had no value in predicting which patients would respond to therapy.", "contents": "Radiologic evaluation of the treatment of nonunion of fractures by electrical stimulation. A procedure is described in which nonunion of fractures is treated by implantation of electrodes with direct electric current at the site of fracture. Of 107 patients treated with electrode stimulation, 71 (66%) healed. If one eliminates 9 cases of congenital pseudoarthrosis and 11 patients treated with only 10 microamperes of current, 70 of 87 patients (8095%) healed. Severe osteoporosis and sclerosis were common radiologic findings, but had no value in predicting which patients would respond to therapy.", "PMID": 307776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1313", "title": "Ventricular opacification after intravascular injections of contrast material.", "content": "The cerebral ventricles of two neonates were demonstrated on CT scans and plain radiographs after the intra-arterial injection of contrast material. Leakage of contrast material into the ventricles after intravenous injection probably indicates damage of the blood-brain barrier. Breakdown of this barrier results only from severe and prolonged anoxia because cerebral vessels are much more resistant to anoxia than neuronal tissues. The authors have not observed ventricular opacification in adults.", "contents": "Ventricular opacification after intravascular injections of contrast material. The cerebral ventricles of two neonates were demonstrated on CT scans and plain radiographs after the intra-arterial injection of contrast material. Leakage of contrast material into the ventricles after intravenous injection probably indicates damage of the blood-brain barrier. Breakdown of this barrier results only from severe and prolonged anoxia because cerebral vessels are much more resistant to anoxia than neuronal tissues. The authors have not observed ventricular opacification in adults.", "PMID": 307777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1314", "title": "Metabolism of para-aminobenzoate over time.", "content": "Potassium para-aminobenzoate incorporated into rat chow was fed ad libitum for 14 days to adult female Buffalo rats. Determination of the principal urinary metabolites, namely, p-aminobenzolyacetylester and p-aminobenzoylglucuronide, namely, p-aminobenzoylacetylester and p-aminobenzoylglucuronide, as well as p-aminobenzoylglycine and p-hydroxybenzoylglycine (hippurates), showed significantly greater amounts of the metabolites at the 14th day compared to day 1. There was no significant change in free p-aminobenzoate excretion during this interval. The results suggest that para-aminobenzoate stimulates its own metabolism during chronic administration.", "contents": "Metabolism of para-aminobenzoate over time. Potassium para-aminobenzoate incorporated into rat chow was fed ad libitum for 14 days to adult female Buffalo rats. Determination of the principal urinary metabolites, namely, p-aminobenzolyacetylester and p-aminobenzoylglucuronide, namely, p-aminobenzoylacetylester and p-aminobenzoylglucuronide, as well as p-aminobenzoylglycine and p-hydroxybenzoylglycine (hippurates), showed significantly greater amounts of the metabolites at the 14th day compared to day 1. There was no significant change in free p-aminobenzoate excretion during this interval. The results suggest that para-aminobenzoate stimulates its own metabolism during chronic administration.", "PMID": 307793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1315", "title": "Respiratory control and CO2 conductance: temperature effects in a turtle and a frog.", "content": "The respiratory control systems of the predominantly lung-breathing turtle. Pseudemys scripta, and the bimodal breathing frog, Rana catesbeiana, are compared. At constant temperature, control is effected in both species primarily by pulmonary ventilation, and appears to be similar in basic organization to the mammalian system. The skin CO2 exchange of the frog is largely passive and apparently under little adaptive control. CO2 exchange at different temperature is analyzed by means of the conductance equations: convective conductance [MCO2 = (VA/RT).pACO2] for lung exchange, and diffusive conductance (MCO2 = GCO2.transcutaneous deltaPCO2) for skin exchange. Predictions of conductance values, based on data for PaCO2 and MO2, agree well with measured values of both the turtle's ventilation and the frog's skin CO2 conductance at different temperatures. In each case the conductances increase only moderately, if at all, with temperature, a result that can be attributed to the similar Q10 values of PaCO2 and MO2. Because the conductances exhibit this blunted temperature dependence, both lung and skin breathers are provided with the respiratory effector mechanisms necessary to regulate PaCO2 and pHa at their characteristic values over the ectothermic temperature range.", "contents": "Respiratory control and CO2 conductance: temperature effects in a turtle and a frog. The respiratory control systems of the predominantly lung-breathing turtle. Pseudemys scripta, and the bimodal breathing frog, Rana catesbeiana, are compared. At constant temperature, control is effected in both species primarily by pulmonary ventilation, and appears to be similar in basic organization to the mammalian system. The skin CO2 exchange of the frog is largely passive and apparently under little adaptive control. CO2 exchange at different temperature is analyzed by means of the conductance equations: convective conductance [MCO2 = (VA/RT).pACO2] for lung exchange, and diffusive conductance (MCO2 = GCO2.transcutaneous deltaPCO2) for skin exchange. Predictions of conductance values, based on data for PaCO2 and MO2, agree well with measured values of both the turtle's ventilation and the frog's skin CO2 conductance at different temperatures. In each case the conductances increase only moderately, if at all, with temperature, a result that can be attributed to the similar Q10 values of PaCO2 and MO2. Because the conductances exhibit this blunted temperature dependence, both lung and skin breathers are provided with the respiratory effector mechanisms necessary to regulate PaCO2 and pHa at their characteristic values over the ectothermic temperature range.", "PMID": 307794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1316", "title": "[The esophagogastral transitional region--localization of acute and chronic hemorrhages (author's transl)].", "content": "Various diseases which can be associated with hemorrhages are located in the esophagogastral transitional region. Emergency endoscopy can contribute significantly to the detection of an acute source of hemorrhage. Roentgenologic examination can make significant contributions toward the further clarification of acute and especially chronic hemorrhages, by assessment of the topographic, morphologic, functional and angiologic conditions. The relevant diseases in this respect are discussed with regard to clinical pattern and significance of the roentgenologic and endoscopic methods of examination, namely, reflux disease, hiatal hernia, cardial tumors, esophageal varices and Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Differential diagnostic problems are demonstrated by means of relevant cases. Brief reference is also made to \"operated cardia\" and the associated possibility of hemorrhage.", "contents": "[The esophagogastral transitional region--localization of acute and chronic hemorrhages (author's transl)]. Various diseases which can be associated with hemorrhages are located in the esophagogastral transitional region. Emergency endoscopy can contribute significantly to the detection of an acute source of hemorrhage. Roentgenologic examination can make significant contributions toward the further clarification of acute and especially chronic hemorrhages, by assessment of the topographic, morphologic, functional and angiologic conditions. The relevant diseases in this respect are discussed with regard to clinical pattern and significance of the roentgenologic and endoscopic methods of examination, namely, reflux disease, hiatal hernia, cardial tumors, esophageal varices and Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Differential diagnostic problems are demonstrated by means of relevant cases. Brief reference is also made to \"operated cardia\" and the associated possibility of hemorrhage.", "PMID": 307804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1317", "title": "[Roentgenological morphology and clinical signs for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary fibroses (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinician usually determines the measures to be taken on the basis of clear symptomatics represented by more or less pronounced cyanosis. The author is able to show that the negative roentgenogram is not a reliable means of excluding pulmonary fibrosis, in contrast to functional pulmonary studies. If breathing physiology is normal and the roentgenogram does not reveal any abnormal findings, further invasive procedure will not be required. However, if functional investigations are positive and indicate a diffuse pulmonary disease, then our criteria point to open pulmonary biopsy, since prognosis and possible causal treatment largely depend on the histology.", "contents": "[Roentgenological morphology and clinical signs for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary fibroses (author's transl)]. The clinician usually determines the measures to be taken on the basis of clear symptomatics represented by more or less pronounced cyanosis. The author is able to show that the negative roentgenogram is not a reliable means of excluding pulmonary fibrosis, in contrast to functional pulmonary studies. If breathing physiology is normal and the roentgenogram does not reveal any abnormal findings, further invasive procedure will not be required. However, if functional investigations are positive and indicate a diffuse pulmonary disease, then our criteria point to open pulmonary biopsy, since prognosis and possible causal treatment largely depend on the histology.", "PMID": 307805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1318", "title": "[HLA DRw in ankylosing spondylitis].", "content": "The association of ankylosing spondylarthritis with the B locus and more specifically with the B 27 antigen, is the closet known for any illness. The absence of linkage with the DRw antigens studied during this project, in 50 patients, can give rise to the hypothesis that spondylarthritis is associated with determinants situated on the B lymphocytes, linked to the HLA-B locus.", "contents": "[HLA DRw in ankylosing spondylitis]. The association of ankylosing spondylarthritis with the B locus and more specifically with the B 27 antigen, is the closet known for any illness. The absence of linkage with the DRw antigens studied during this project, in 50 patients, can give rise to the hypothesis that spondylarthritis is associated with determinants situated on the B lymphocytes, linked to the HLA-B locus.", "PMID": 307806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1319", "title": "Immune function in patients with multiple myeloma (delayed cutaneous reactivity and lymphocytes bearing receptors for sheep, human and mouse erythrocytes).", "content": "Immunologic function was evaluated in 27 patients with multiple myleoma (MM). When tested for their ability to develop delayed hypersensitivity to panel of skin test antigens, 2 out of 15 such patients were found to be anergic. The property of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes to form rosettes with sheep [total E and active or early rosette-formimg cells (RFC)] and human erythrocytes (H-RFC) was also studied. In addition, rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes (M-RFC) was investigated as a B cell marker. Decreased proportions of total E-RFC were found in one third of the patients with MM when compared to normal volunteers. By contrast, both mean percentages and ranges of active E-RFC, H-RFC, and M-RFC in the MM patients overlapped those revealed in healthy controls. The rosette-forming ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes was tested before and after treatment with levamisole, thymosin, and transfer factor in healthy controls, as well as in some groups of patients with MM active systemic lupus erythematosus and Hodgkin's disease. A positive effect of all three immunomodulating agents could only be demonstrated on cells from T cell-deficient patients. It is suggested that the immunodeficiency syndrome associated with MM and related malignancies may reflect quantitative and possibly selective defects of lymphocyte subpopulations.", "contents": "Immune function in patients with multiple myeloma (delayed cutaneous reactivity and lymphocytes bearing receptors for sheep, human and mouse erythrocytes). Immunologic function was evaluated in 27 patients with multiple myleoma (MM). When tested for their ability to develop delayed hypersensitivity to panel of skin test antigens, 2 out of 15 such patients were found to be anergic. The property of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes to form rosettes with sheep [total E and active or early rosette-formimg cells (RFC)] and human erythrocytes (H-RFC) was also studied. In addition, rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes (M-RFC) was investigated as a B cell marker. Decreased proportions of total E-RFC were found in one third of the patients with MM when compared to normal volunteers. By contrast, both mean percentages and ranges of active E-RFC, H-RFC, and M-RFC in the MM patients overlapped those revealed in healthy controls. The rosette-forming ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes was tested before and after treatment with levamisole, thymosin, and transfer factor in healthy controls, as well as in some groups of patients with MM active systemic lupus erythematosus and Hodgkin's disease. A positive effect of all three immunomodulating agents could only be demonstrated on cells from T cell-deficient patients. It is suggested that the immunodeficiency syndrome associated with MM and related malignancies may reflect quantitative and possibly selective defects of lymphocyte subpopulations.", "PMID": 307801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1320", "title": "Diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae type b pericarditis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A 6-year-old girl developed pericardial tamponade because of pericarditis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Bacteriological cultures of the pericardial exudate were negative. The etiological diagnosis was established by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE).", "contents": "Diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae type b pericarditis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. A 6-year-old girl developed pericardial tamponade because of pericarditis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Bacteriological cultures of the pericardial exudate were negative. The etiological diagnosis was established by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE).", "PMID": 307808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1321", "title": "The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TNS) on joint pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) on joint pain was studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Three different forms of TNS were used in an attempt to evaluate the influence of placebo effects. The results were evaluated by means of loading tests and from the patients' own assessments of pain relief. High intensity TNS near the painful joint gave pain relief of varying degree in 95% of the patients, while TNS of low intensity and TNS applied at a remote site gave an improvement in 75% and 5% respectively. It seems quite clear that TNS is effective in reducing joint pain. There are a number of factors which intimate that this improvement is not merely a placebo effect.", "contents": "The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TNS) on joint pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) on joint pain was studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Three different forms of TNS were used in an attempt to evaluate the influence of placebo effects. The results were evaluated by means of loading tests and from the patients' own assessments of pain relief. High intensity TNS near the painful joint gave pain relief of varying degree in 95% of the patients, while TNS of low intensity and TNS applied at a remote site gave an improvement in 75% and 5% respectively. It seems quite clear that TNS is effective in reducing joint pain. There are a number of factors which intimate that this improvement is not merely a placebo effect.", "PMID": 307810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1322", "title": "HLA-B8 in caucasian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "HLA antigen frequencies were determined in 27 Caucasians with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A statistically significant association between HLA-B8 and SLE was found. HLA-B8 occurred in 48% of patients and in 18% of controls (P corr approximately equal to 0.005). The relative risk of SLE for HLA-B8 carriers is 4.23. In addition, SLE patients with later onset of disease more frequently had HLA-A1 and/or HLA-B8. There was no association between any HLA antigen and clinical (renal, central nervous system, and lung involvement) or serological (antinuclear and anti-nDNA antibodies) parameters.", "contents": "HLA-B8 in caucasian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. HLA antigen frequencies were determined in 27 Caucasians with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A statistically significant association between HLA-B8 and SLE was found. HLA-B8 occurred in 48% of patients and in 18% of controls (P corr approximately equal to 0.005). The relative risk of SLE for HLA-B8 carriers is 4.23. In addition, SLE patients with later onset of disease more frequently had HLA-A1 and/or HLA-B8. There was no association between any HLA antigen and clinical (renal, central nervous system, and lung involvement) or serological (antinuclear and anti-nDNA antibodies) parameters.", "PMID": 307811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1323", "title": "Electrical stimulation: new methods for therapy and rehabilitation.", "content": "Electrical stimulation is emerging as a new therapeutic and rehabilitative agent. Reviewed are pain control, restoration of lost functions and alteration of abnormal movement and other functions using electrical stimulation. Reported for acute and chronic pain control use are transcutaneous, dorsal column, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and direct brain stimulation methods and results. Overall success ranges up to 50% for chronic pain problems and up to 80% for acute pain; e.g., postoperative incisional pain, sports medicine, and trauma. Restoration of lost function has broad implications for the future. These include phrenic nerve pacing for respiration, foot drop control, restoration of bladder function, and grasp control in the spinal cord-injured patient. Amelioration of abnormal function includes stimulation for epilepsy and cerebral palsy, certain symptoms of multiple sclerosis and scoliosis. The effects of electrostimulation are completely reversible and nondestructive. Technical details of devices and stimulus waveforms are also briefly considered.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation: new methods for therapy and rehabilitation. Electrical stimulation is emerging as a new therapeutic and rehabilitative agent. Reviewed are pain control, restoration of lost functions and alteration of abnormal movement and other functions using electrical stimulation. Reported for acute and chronic pain control use are transcutaneous, dorsal column, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and direct brain stimulation methods and results. Overall success ranges up to 50% for chronic pain problems and up to 80% for acute pain; e.g., postoperative incisional pain, sports medicine, and trauma. Restoration of lost function has broad implications for the future. These include phrenic nerve pacing for respiration, foot drop control, restoration of bladder function, and grasp control in the spinal cord-injured patient. Amelioration of abnormal function includes stimulation for epilepsy and cerebral palsy, certain symptoms of multiple sclerosis and scoliosis. The effects of electrostimulation are completely reversible and nondestructive. Technical details of devices and stimulus waveforms are also briefly considered.", "PMID": 307812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1324", "title": "[Effect of vasopressin on the lower esophageal sphincter. Study on the action mechanism of vasopressin in bleeding esophageal varices].", "content": "The effect of vasopressin on the lower esophageal sphincter has been investigated in 12 healthy volunteers. Peripheral infusion of 0.2 U/min resulted in a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in sphincter pressure. Accordingly, vasopressin-induced myogenic compression of bleeding varices has been ruled out as a potential additional hemostatic mechanism of vasopressin.", "contents": "[Effect of vasopressin on the lower esophageal sphincter. Study on the action mechanism of vasopressin in bleeding esophageal varices]. The effect of vasopressin on the lower esophageal sphincter has been investigated in 12 healthy volunteers. Peripheral infusion of 0.2 U/min resulted in a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in sphincter pressure. Accordingly, vasopressin-induced myogenic compression of bleeding varices has been ruled out as a potential additional hemostatic mechanism of vasopressin.", "PMID": 307814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1325", "title": "[Immunology and immunotherapy of malignant tumors: balance and prospects 1978].", "content": "The immunology and immunotherapy of malignant tumours in man are still at the experimental stages. Practical use is now made of immunodiagnosis as well as immunological evaluation of tumour patients. Current research is focused on the interrelationship between immunological and neuroendocrinological mechanisms. Illustrations are provided to show how cancer chemotherapeutic agents may act by interfering with tumour-specific immune reactions.", "contents": "[Immunology and immunotherapy of malignant tumors: balance and prospects 1978]. The immunology and immunotherapy of malignant tumours in man are still at the experimental stages. Practical use is now made of immunodiagnosis as well as immunological evaluation of tumour patients. Current research is focused on the interrelationship between immunological and neuroendocrinological mechanisms. Illustrations are provided to show how cancer chemotherapeutic agents may act by interfering with tumour-specific immune reactions.", "PMID": 307815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1326", "title": "The Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A prospective study in 130 patients.", "content": "The clinical features of the Mallory-Weiss syndrome were prospectively documented in 130 of 1 667 patients submitted to endoscopy for gastro-intestinal haemorrhage, an incidence of 7,8%. The important clinical features found in these patients were: alcohol abuse (21%); retching or vomiting (38%); salicylate ingestion (36%); dyspepsia (39%). The correct clinical diagnosis was therefore often difficult to make. Additional lesions were found in 40% of patients at endoscopy. Blood loss was relatively small, and surgery was not required in any patient. The 2 deaths that occurred were not attributable to haemorrhage. A high index of suspicion and early endoscopy are required to establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "The Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A prospective study in 130 patients. The clinical features of the Mallory-Weiss syndrome were prospectively documented in 130 of 1 667 patients submitted to endoscopy for gastro-intestinal haemorrhage, an incidence of 7,8%. The important clinical features found in these patients were: alcohol abuse (21%); retching or vomiting (38%); salicylate ingestion (36%); dyspepsia (39%). The correct clinical diagnosis was therefore often difficult to make. Additional lesions were found in 40% of patients at endoscopy. Blood loss was relatively small, and surgery was not required in any patient. The 2 deaths that occurred were not attributable to haemorrhage. A high index of suspicion and early endoscopy are required to establish the diagnosis.", "PMID": 307821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1327", "title": "Colonic hemorrhage.", "content": "We have briefly presented our concepts of the investigation and management of lower intestinal bleeding. Such bleeding was divided into massive and nonmassive colonic hemorrhage, and the differences in the investigative techniques were discussed for each of these circumstances. An algorithm of our diagnostic and management protocol for massive large bowel hemorrhage may be followed in a somewhat varied fashion in the investigation of those patients having nonmassive large bowel bleeding.", "contents": "Colonic hemorrhage. We have briefly presented our concepts of the investigation and management of lower intestinal bleeding. Such bleeding was divided into massive and nonmassive colonic hemorrhage, and the differences in the investigative techniques were discussed for each of these circumstances. An algorithm of our diagnostic and management protocol for massive large bowel hemorrhage may be followed in a somewhat varied fashion in the investigation of those patients having nonmassive large bowel bleeding.", "PMID": 307823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1328", "title": "The collapsed ventricle: management and prevention.", "content": "Acute obstruction of a shunt may occur when the ventricular space becomes slitlike. Four patients with collapsed ventricles were treated by adding a higher pressure valve to the system. The ventricles enlarged and the patients became asymptomatic. Twelve children who had been shunted in the neonatal period had a higher pressure valve added as an elective procedure to prevent ventricular collapse. There were no episodes of shunt obstruction in the subsequent seven to 38 months.", "contents": "The collapsed ventricle: management and prevention. Acute obstruction of a shunt may occur when the ventricular space becomes slitlike. Four patients with collapsed ventricles were treated by adding a higher pressure valve to the system. The ventricles enlarged and the patients became asymptomatic. Twelve children who had been shunted in the neonatal period had a higher pressure valve added as an elective procedure to prevent ventricular collapse. There were no episodes of shunt obstruction in the subsequent seven to 38 months.", "PMID": 307825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1329", "title": "The von Willebrand pig as a model for atherosclerosis research.", "content": "In order to evaluate a possible role played by platelets in the development of atherosclerosis, the aortas of 11 control pigs and 11 homozygous von Willebrand (vWd) pigs were examined for spontaneous atherosclerosis. Of the 11 normal pigs, 6 showed multiple atherosclerotic plaques with an intimal thickening of 63 to 130 micrometer. In contrast, none of the von Willebrand pigs had multiple plaques and only one showed a single lesion of more than 2 mm in diameter. In a prospective study 5 control pigs and 5 vWd pigs were given a high (2%) cholesterol diet from the age of 3 to 9 months. All of the controls developed atherosclerotic plaques. In 4 of the pigs the plaques exceeded 13% of the aortic surface with an intimal thickening of 50 to 390 micrometer. In contrast, only one of the vWd pigs developed atherosclerotic plaques which only involved 7% of the aortic surface. Most of the vWd pigs, however, developed non-atherosclerotic flat fatty lesions. These findings may be related to the impaired platelet arterial wall interaction in vWd. The vWd pigs seem to be an ideal model for atherosclerosis research.", "contents": "The von Willebrand pig as a model for atherosclerosis research. In order to evaluate a possible role played by platelets in the development of atherosclerosis, the aortas of 11 control pigs and 11 homozygous von Willebrand (vWd) pigs were examined for spontaneous atherosclerosis. Of the 11 normal pigs, 6 showed multiple atherosclerotic plaques with an intimal thickening of 63 to 130 micrometer. In contrast, none of the von Willebrand pigs had multiple plaques and only one showed a single lesion of more than 2 mm in diameter. In a prospective study 5 control pigs and 5 vWd pigs were given a high (2%) cholesterol diet from the age of 3 to 9 months. All of the controls developed atherosclerotic plaques. In 4 of the pigs the plaques exceeded 13% of the aortic surface with an intimal thickening of 50 to 390 micrometer. In contrast, only one of the vWd pigs developed atherosclerotic plaques which only involved 7% of the aortic surface. Most of the vWd pigs, however, developed non-atherosclerotic flat fatty lesions. These findings may be related to the impaired platelet arterial wall interaction in vWd. The vWd pigs seem to be an ideal model for atherosclerosis research.", "PMID": 307829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1330", "title": "[Efficiency of sequential aorta-coronary vein-bypass (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1976 to 1977 308 patients were treated with multiple aorto-coronary vein-bypass. Fiftytwo patients receiving sequential bypasses were compared with 256 patients in whom conventional multiple anastomoses were performed. The rate of postoperative bypass failure did not differ significantly in the two types of anastomoses: 16 per cent in sequential as compared to 18 per cent in conventional bypass. In both cases the circumflex-system was afflicted by bypass failure more frequently (20 per cent each). The practical and theoretical advantages and disadvantages of the two procedures are discussed. Sequential aortocoronary vein-bypass is considered the method of choice for certain combinations of coronary stenoses and also if an adequate length of vein can not be obtained.", "contents": "[Efficiency of sequential aorta-coronary vein-bypass (author's transl)]. From 1976 to 1977 308 patients were treated with multiple aorto-coronary vein-bypass. Fiftytwo patients receiving sequential bypasses were compared with 256 patients in whom conventional multiple anastomoses were performed. The rate of postoperative bypass failure did not differ significantly in the two types of anastomoses: 16 per cent in sequential as compared to 18 per cent in conventional bypass. In both cases the circumflex-system was afflicted by bypass failure more frequently (20 per cent each). The practical and theoretical advantages and disadvantages of the two procedures are discussed. Sequential aortocoronary vein-bypass is considered the method of choice for certain combinations of coronary stenoses and also if an adequate length of vein can not be obtained.", "PMID": 307840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1331", "title": "Visualization of layers lining the lung of the South American lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa) and a comparison with the frog and rat.", "content": "Comarisons have been made of the structure of layers lining the lungs of lungfish, frog and rat using material fixed by perfusion of the pulmonary circulation of physiological pressures and at normal air pressures within the lung. The lining consists of a thin densely osmiophilic surface layer which covers a much thicker hypophase of generally floccular appearance. Tubular myelin, present in the frog and rat lung lining, was not observed in the layers lining the lung of Lepidosiren.", "contents": "Visualization of layers lining the lung of the South American lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa) and a comparison with the frog and rat. Comarisons have been made of the structure of layers lining the lungs of lungfish, frog and rat using material fixed by perfusion of the pulmonary circulation of physiological pressures and at normal air pressures within the lung. The lining consists of a thin densely osmiophilic surface layer which covers a much thicker hypophase of generally floccular appearance. Tubular myelin, present in the frog and rat lung lining, was not observed in the layers lining the lung of Lepidosiren.", "PMID": 307841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1332", "title": "The effects of enzyme concentration on the kinetic behavior of adrenal 21-hydroxylase and 11beta-hydroxylase in the pregnant rat.", "content": "Experiments were designed to study the kinetic behavior of 21-hydroxylase and 11beta-hydroxylase as a function of enzyme concentration (Et) during proestrus, dasy 5 (D5), 12 (D12), and 22 (D22) of pregnancy, and within 24 h post-partum. The enzymes were prepared from rat adrenal microsomes and mitochondria, respectively. The experiments consisted of measuring the initial velocity of each reaction for a series of substrate concentrations at three fixed Et. Double reciprocal plots were constructed and the slope (Km/Vmax) of each line estimated. Variation in the value of the slope as a function of enzyme dilution would predict the presence of an endogenous effector. The kinetic behavior of 21-hydroxylase was not altered throughout the range of Et (10-100 microgram protein) at any of the reproductive stages. In contrast, kinetic behavior of 11beta-hydroxylase was clearly dependent upon Et. Dilution of the enzyme preparation (25-200 microgram of protein) increased the slope of the double reciprocal plot at all reproductive stages, thus suggesting that an activator substance may be present within the mitochondrial preparation. A secondary plot of the slope (Km/Vmax) versus Et described a power function (Km/Vmax = a [Et]b) with the greatest rate of change in Km/Vmax occurring at low values of Et. The rate of change in Km/Vmax per mg rise in mitochondrial protein at all dilutions of enzyme was greatest for proestrus and post-partum, followed by D22 greater than D12  greater than D5. In addition, repeated washing of the enzyme preparation at 4 degrees C increased Km/Vmax to a greater extent at all Et than did the control preparation. These findings suggest the presence of a diffusible endogenous activator of 11beta-hydroxylase whose influence decreases markedly at D5 and D12. On the other hand, there is no evidence to suggest the presence of a diffusible endogenous effector for 21-hydroxylase.", "contents": "The effects of enzyme concentration on the kinetic behavior of adrenal 21-hydroxylase and 11beta-hydroxylase in the pregnant rat. Experiments were designed to study the kinetic behavior of 21-hydroxylase and 11beta-hydroxylase as a function of enzyme concentration (Et) during proestrus, dasy 5 (D5), 12 (D12), and 22 (D22) of pregnancy, and within 24 h post-partum. The enzymes were prepared from rat adrenal microsomes and mitochondria, respectively. The experiments consisted of measuring the initial velocity of each reaction for a series of substrate concentrations at three fixed Et. Double reciprocal plots were constructed and the slope (Km/Vmax) of each line estimated. Variation in the value of the slope as a function of enzyme dilution would predict the presence of an endogenous effector. The kinetic behavior of 21-hydroxylase was not altered throughout the range of Et (10-100 microgram protein) at any of the reproductive stages. In contrast, kinetic behavior of 11beta-hydroxylase was clearly dependent upon Et. Dilution of the enzyme preparation (25-200 microgram of protein) increased the slope of the double reciprocal plot at all reproductive stages, thus suggesting that an activator substance may be present within the mitochondrial preparation. A secondary plot of the slope (Km/Vmax) versus Et described a power function (Km/Vmax = a [Et]b) with the greatest rate of change in Km/Vmax occurring at low values of Et. The rate of change in Km/Vmax per mg rise in mitochondrial protein at all dilutions of enzyme was greatest for proestrus and post-partum, followed by D22 greater than D12  greater than D5. In addition, repeated washing of the enzyme preparation at 4 degrees C increased Km/Vmax to a greater extent at all Et than did the control preparation. These findings suggest the presence of a diffusible endogenous activator of 11beta-hydroxylase whose influence decreases markedly at D5 and D12. On the other hand, there is no evidence to suggest the presence of a diffusible endogenous effector for 21-hydroxylase.", "PMID": 307842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1333", "title": "[Etiology and prevention of hemorrhages after stomato-surgical interventions].", "content": "Haemorrhages may occur as complications after tooth extractions or other oral surgical procedures. Therapeutical difficulties will happen especially in patients with haemorrhagic diathesis of unknown aetiology. A survey of rare congenital and acquired forms of disturbance of clot formation is given in tabular form. The local particularities of the course of intra-oral blood clotting are pointed to. On the basis of six years of clinical experience, a drug combination for local application is recommended for the prevention of postoperative bleeding.", "contents": "[Etiology and prevention of hemorrhages after stomato-surgical interventions]. Haemorrhages may occur as complications after tooth extractions or other oral surgical procedures. Therapeutical difficulties will happen especially in patients with haemorrhagic diathesis of unknown aetiology. A survey of rare congenital and acquired forms of disturbance of clot formation is given in tabular form. The local particularities of the course of intra-oral blood clotting are pointed to. On the basis of six years of clinical experience, a drug combination for local application is recommended for the prevention of postoperative bleeding.", "PMID": 307843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1334", "title": "[Acute-phase proteins in women with a copper IUD (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute-phase (AP) proteins haptoglobin, alpha1-antitrypsin and C-reactive protein were measured in 50 women before and 10 to 30 weeks after insertion of a copper T-200. No statistically significant increase in AP proteins was found. Since these proteins are synthesized in the liver, the results indicate the lack of a systemic humoral reaction of the organism in women with a copper-containing IUD.", "contents": "[Acute-phase proteins in women with a copper IUD (author's transl)]. Acute-phase (AP) proteins haptoglobin, alpha1-antitrypsin and C-reactive protein were measured in 50 women before and 10 to 30 weeks after insertion of a copper T-200. No statistically significant increase in AP proteins was found. Since these proteins are synthesized in the liver, the results indicate the lack of a systemic humoral reaction of the organism in women with a copper-containing IUD.", "PMID": 307872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1335", "title": "[Disorders of phagocytic and fungicide function of granulocytes in chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis].", "content": "The granulocytes which are distributed by blood circulation close to the extern and intern body surfaces as well as in all organs protect the organism from microbial perils by phagocytosis and intracellular killing of bacteria and fungi so constituting a very important component of the granulocytic functions seriously impairs the host resistance and may entail a state of persisting infectious disease. As chronic mucocutaneous candidosis (CMCC) represents such a persistent generalized infection, we studied in vitro several functional activities of the granulocytes of 5 patients suffering from CMCC. 2 of them presented a non-familiar type of CMCC, the remaining 3 patients (father and 2 daughters) were subject to the hereditary type of CMCC. For comparison, by the same way we investigated the granulocytic functions of 51 clinically and immunologically healthy adult persons. Each of our 5 patients exhibited a reduced ability of the granulocytes to phagocytize and kill Candida albicans. In the CMCC family, the father had a marked deficiency of the oxidase activity of the granulocytes whereas in his daughters, the oxidase deficiency proved to be of a minor grade. In the sera of both daughters a phagocytosis inhibiting factor could be assumed to exist in addition to the granulocytic abnormalities. When heat-inactivated Candida albicans cells, however, were used for experiments, the granulocytes of each patient were able to phagocytize the germs at the same rate as did the granulocytes taken from the controls. With regard to alterations of the T cell function previously reported in CMCC, in all patients we also could demonstrate various symptoms of a T cell-dependent immunodeficiency. The results of the present in vitro-experiments furnish good evidence of a state of fundamental deficiency of the microphages in patients with CMCC, which may be the dominating cellular factor in the aetiopathogenesis of CMCC.", "contents": "[Disorders of phagocytic and fungicide function of granulocytes in chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis]. The granulocytes which are distributed by blood circulation close to the extern and intern body surfaces as well as in all organs protect the organism from microbial perils by phagocytosis and intracellular killing of bacteria and fungi so constituting a very important component of the granulocytic functions seriously impairs the host resistance and may entail a state of persisting infectious disease. As chronic mucocutaneous candidosis (CMCC) represents such a persistent generalized infection, we studied in vitro several functional activities of the granulocytes of 5 patients suffering from CMCC. 2 of them presented a non-familiar type of CMCC, the remaining 3 patients (father and 2 daughters) were subject to the hereditary type of CMCC. For comparison, by the same way we investigated the granulocytic functions of 51 clinically and immunologically healthy adult persons. Each of our 5 patients exhibited a reduced ability of the granulocytes to phagocytize and kill Candida albicans. In the CMCC family, the father had a marked deficiency of the oxidase activity of the granulocytes whereas in his daughters, the oxidase deficiency proved to be of a minor grade. In the sera of both daughters a phagocytosis inhibiting factor could be assumed to exist in addition to the granulocytic abnormalities. When heat-inactivated Candida albicans cells, however, were used for experiments, the granulocytes of each patient were able to phagocytize the germs at the same rate as did the granulocytes taken from the controls. With regard to alterations of the T cell function previously reported in CMCC, in all patients we also could demonstrate various symptoms of a T cell-dependent immunodeficiency. The results of the present in vitro-experiments furnish good evidence of a state of fundamental deficiency of the microphages in patients with CMCC, which may be the dominating cellular factor in the aetiopathogenesis of CMCC.", "PMID": 307875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1336", "title": "Surface carbohydrate composition of murine thymocytes and of lymph node cells from normal and athymic (nude) mice.", "content": "Surface glycoproteins (papain digests) have been isolated from lymph node cells of normal mice which contain mainly T cells, and from lymph node cells of nude (athymic) mice, which essentially represent B cells. Gaschromatographic analysis revealed that the glycoproteins from the lymph node cells of the euthymic mice contain less galactose than the glycoproteins from lymph node cells of the athymic mice, but contain still more galactose than glycoproteins from thymocytes. Lymph node cells from both sources contain about equal amounts of neuraminic acid, while thymocytes contain slightly less sialic acid. The observed differences provide a molecular explanation for the different reactivity of murine B cells and T cells towards soybean agglutinine and other galactose-binding plant lectins.", "contents": "Surface carbohydrate composition of murine thymocytes and of lymph node cells from normal and athymic (nude) mice. Surface glycoproteins (papain digests) have been isolated from lymph node cells of normal mice which contain mainly T cells, and from lymph node cells of nude (athymic) mice, which essentially represent B cells. Gaschromatographic analysis revealed that the glycoproteins from the lymph node cells of the euthymic mice contain less galactose than the glycoproteins from lymph node cells of the athymic mice, but contain still more galactose than glycoproteins from thymocytes. Lymph node cells from both sources contain about equal amounts of neuraminic acid, while thymocytes contain slightly less sialic acid. The observed differences provide a molecular explanation for the different reactivity of murine B cells and T cells towards soybean agglutinine and other galactose-binding plant lectins.", "PMID": 307877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1337", "title": "Predictors of operative mortality for coronary bypass grafting in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Predictors for operative mortality (OM) were studied in 172 consecutive patients (pts) undergoing coronary artery grafts (CAG) for angina pectoris.Seventy eight pts had Class IV angina; of the 147 patients given propranolol, 41 were gradually withdrawn from propranolol and finally discontinued 24 hours before surgery, and 106 were abruptly withdrawn from propranolol 24 hours before CAG; 20 pts had left main coronary disease; 156 pts had cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time shorter than 20 minutes, and 16 pts had a CPB longer than 120 minutes.The operative mortality was 5.2% (9/172) for the entire group. Class IV angina (OM 7%), abrupt propranolol withdrawal (OM 6.6%), left main coronary artery disease (OM 25%), and CPB longer than 120 minutes (OM 50%), all significantly increased OM. These variables were interdependent, however, as many pts belonged to several predictor categories, combinations of predictors were examined, in order to more accurately predict the risk of individual pts. The combination of left main coronary artery disease and CPB longer than 120 minutes; and Class IV angina and CPB longer than 120 minutes were significantly associated with higher operative mortality.We conclude that Class IV angina, abrupt propranolol withdrawal, left main coronary artery disease and prolonged CPB are potent, interdependent predictors of OM in pts undergoing CAG. Consideration of these predictors, alone and in combination, allows effective prediction of OM for CAG in patients with stable angina pectoris.", "contents": "Predictors of operative mortality for coronary bypass grafting in patients with ischemic heart disease. Predictors for operative mortality (OM) were studied in 172 consecutive patients (pts) undergoing coronary artery grafts (CAG) for angina pectoris.Seventy eight pts had Class IV angina; of the 147 patients given propranolol, 41 were gradually withdrawn from propranolol and finally discontinued 24 hours before surgery, and 106 were abruptly withdrawn from propranolol 24 hours before CAG; 20 pts had left main coronary disease; 156 pts had cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time shorter than 20 minutes, and 16 pts had a CPB longer than 120 minutes.The operative mortality was 5.2% (9/172) for the entire group. Class IV angina (OM 7%), abrupt propranolol withdrawal (OM 6.6%), left main coronary artery disease (OM 25%), and CPB longer than 120 minutes (OM 50%), all significantly increased OM. These variables were interdependent, however, as many pts belonged to several predictor categories, combinations of predictors were examined, in order to more accurately predict the risk of individual pts. The combination of left main coronary artery disease and CPB longer than 120 minutes; and Class IV angina and CPB longer than 120 minutes were significantly associated with higher operative mortality.We conclude that Class IV angina, abrupt propranolol withdrawal, left main coronary artery disease and prolonged CPB are potent, interdependent predictors of OM in pts undergoing CAG. Consideration of these predictors, alone and in combination, allows effective prediction of OM for CAG in patients with stable angina pectoris.", "PMID": 307873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1338", "title": "[Immunologic examination after posttraumatic splenectomy in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunologic examination was done in 26 patients on to 20 years after posttraumatic splenectomy at the age of 3 to 6 years of life. Immunologic parameters used were: concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM, isoagglutinins, heterophila antibodies, agglutinins against staphylococci E. coli and pertussis, serum opsonins for E. coli and pneumococci, serum haemolytic complement activity, C3C4, B- and T- subpopulations of lymphocytes, inhibition migration of mononnuclear cells with E. coli. Pathologic susceptibility to infections was not observed clinically. IgM, E. coli agglutinins and E. coli opsonins were significantly lower in the postsplenectomy group than in controls.", "contents": "[Immunologic examination after posttraumatic splenectomy in childhood (author's transl)]. Immunologic examination was done in 26 patients on to 20 years after posttraumatic splenectomy at the age of 3 to 6 years of life. Immunologic parameters used were: concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM, isoagglutinins, heterophila antibodies, agglutinins against staphylococci E. coli and pertussis, serum opsonins for E. coli and pneumococci, serum haemolytic complement activity, C3C4, B- and T- subpopulations of lymphocytes, inhibition migration of mononnuclear cells with E. coli. Pathologic susceptibility to infections was not observed clinically. IgM, E. coli agglutinins and E. coli opsonins were significantly lower in the postsplenectomy group than in controls.", "PMID": 307885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1339", "title": "[Regulatory role of bone marrow in immunogenesis. II. Analysis of various mechanisms of antibody genesis suppression by the bone marrow B cells in vitro].", "content": "The suppressive effect of the cells on the bone marrow of the B-lymphocytic series on the production of antibody-forming cells to sheep red blood cells, observed on their addition into the culture of the spleen cells after Mishell and Dutton, was mediated only by the live cells capable of proliferation, and was independent of the histocompatible differences between the bone marrow and the spleen cells and of the preliminary immunization of the bone marrow donors.", "contents": "[Regulatory role of bone marrow in immunogenesis. II. Analysis of various mechanisms of antibody genesis suppression by the bone marrow B cells in vitro]. The suppressive effect of the cells on the bone marrow of the B-lymphocytic series on the production of antibody-forming cells to sheep red blood cells, observed on their addition into the culture of the spleen cells after Mishell and Dutton, was mediated only by the live cells capable of proliferation, and was independent of the histocompatible differences between the bone marrow and the spleen cells and of the preliminary immunization of the bone marrow donors.", "PMID": 307887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1340", "title": "[Positive ventriculographic signs of cerebral hemisphere glioma extension into the ventricular system].", "content": "A positive ventriculography with fatty and water soluble contrast substances (myodil, conray, dinner - x, amipaque) was performed in 87 patients with gliomas of the frontal lobe 36 cases), temporal (22 cases) and parietal (29 cases) lobes. Gliomas of the frontal and temporal lobes penetrating into the cavity of the lateral ventricles from an \"amputation\" of  the anterior or inferior horn. Gliomas of the parietal lobe penetrated into the upper--outer wall of the triangle of the lateral ventricle and creates a defect of filling around which a certain \"plication\" develops. A common symptom of glioma penetration into the brain ventricles is its tuberous polycyclicity, an uneveness of the edges of the ventricles. The author describes some diagnostical signs of a penetrating glioma into the corpus callosum and subcortical nodes.", "contents": "[Positive ventriculographic signs of cerebral hemisphere glioma extension into the ventricular system]. A positive ventriculography with fatty and water soluble contrast substances (myodil, conray, dinner - x, amipaque) was performed in 87 patients with gliomas of the frontal lobe 36 cases), temporal (22 cases) and parietal (29 cases) lobes. Gliomas of the frontal and temporal lobes penetrating into the cavity of the lateral ventricles from an \"amputation\" of  the anterior or inferior horn. Gliomas of the parietal lobe penetrated into the upper--outer wall of the triangle of the lateral ventricle and creates a defect of filling around which a certain \"plication\" develops. A common symptom of glioma penetration into the brain ventricles is its tuberous polycyclicity, an uneveness of the edges of the ventricles. The author describes some diagnostical signs of a penetrating glioma into the corpus callosum and subcortical nodes.", "PMID": 307888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1341", "title": "[Proliferative response of schizophrenic patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes].", "content": "The author studied the proliferative abilities of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients and normals in cultures not containing autologous plasma. The reactivity of lymphocytes in schizophrenic patients to PHA and rabbit serum to human thymocytes (ATS) appeared to be decreased. The level of their proliferative response to concavaline A was significantly the same as in normals. The assumption is made that in schizophrenic patients there is a blocking of lymphocyte receptors, binding PHA and ATS. The possibility of a deficit of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes in the organism of patients highly sensitive to stimulation by PHA and ATS is not excluded.", "contents": "[Proliferative response of schizophrenic patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes]. The author studied the proliferative abilities of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients and normals in cultures not containing autologous plasma. The reactivity of lymphocytes in schizophrenic patients to PHA and rabbit serum to human thymocytes (ATS) appeared to be decreased. The level of their proliferative response to concavaline A was significantly the same as in normals. The assumption is made that in schizophrenic patients there is a blocking of lymphocyte receptors, binding PHA and ATS. The possibility of a deficit of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes in the organism of patients highly sensitive to stimulation by PHA and ATS is not excluded.", "PMID": 307889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1342", "title": "Comparison of the prevalence of hypertension in the rural and urban areas of Guilan Province, Northern Iran.", "content": "Blood pressure levels of three groups of people 35 years and older in the Guilan province, Northern Iran are compared. One group in the city of Bandar Pahlavi (550) another group in the coastal villages near the city (510) and the third in the mountain villages, less than 100 km far from the city (272). This study shows that in both sexes, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are lowest in the mountain villages, highest in the city and intermediate in the coastal villages. The possible causes of the observed differences are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of the prevalence of hypertension in the rural and urban areas of Guilan Province, Northern Iran. Blood pressure levels of three groups of people 35 years and older in the Guilan province, Northern Iran are compared. One group in the city of Bandar Pahlavi (550) another group in the coastal villages near the city (510) and the third in the mountain villages, less than 100 km far from the city (272). This study shows that in both sexes, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are lowest in the mountain villages, highest in the city and intermediate in the coastal villages. The possible causes of the observed differences are discussed.", "PMID": 307892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1343", "title": "[Electroencephalographic analysis of wakefulness and the primary form of sleep in the frog, Rana temporaria].", "content": "EEG spectral and correlation analyses data were obtained on the forebrain and midbrain during active wakefulness and under sleep-like conditions (primary sleep) in frogs. Autocorrelation analysis indicates that the degree of EEG stability and the content of periodic waves in the EEG during wakefulness and primary sleep are rather low. Cross-correlation connection between the bioelectrical activity in the forebrain primordial hippocamp and midbrain tectum was found to be rather poor. At the background of EEG of primary sleep in the midbrain (and to a lower extent--in the forebrain) spike-like activity was observed which is absent in the wake animals. It is suggested that EEG patterns of primary sleep and wakefulness are essentially different. Possibility of onset of specific electroencephalographic arousal reaction against the background of primary sleep (which differs from that in warm-blooded animals) is noted.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic analysis of wakefulness and the primary form of sleep in the frog, Rana temporaria]. EEG spectral and correlation analyses data were obtained on the forebrain and midbrain during active wakefulness and under sleep-like conditions (primary sleep) in frogs. Autocorrelation analysis indicates that the degree of EEG stability and the content of periodic waves in the EEG during wakefulness and primary sleep are rather low. Cross-correlation connection between the bioelectrical activity in the forebrain primordial hippocamp and midbrain tectum was found to be rather poor. At the background of EEG of primary sleep in the midbrain (and to a lower extent--in the forebrain) spike-like activity was observed which is absent in the wake animals. It is suggested that EEG patterns of primary sleep and wakefulness are essentially different. Possibility of onset of specific electroencephalographic arousal reaction against the background of primary sleep (which differs from that in warm-blooded animals) is noted.", "PMID": 307886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1344", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes following surgical repair of ostium primum defect.", "content": "A four-year-old boy had an OPD with an ECG showing a LAH pattern. After surgical repair the ECG changed to a pattern of LBBB with right axis deviation. This case suggests that early activation of the posterior left ventricular wall associated with partial impairment in the anterior portion of the left bundle, and abnormal hemodynamics, accounts for the superiorly oriented frontal plane QRS axis in patients with OPD.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes following surgical repair of ostium primum defect. A four-year-old boy had an OPD with an ECG showing a LAH pattern. After surgical repair the ECG changed to a pattern of LBBB with right axis deviation. This case suggests that early activation of the posterior left ventricular wall associated with partial impairment in the anterior portion of the left bundle, and abnormal hemodynamics, accounts for the superiorly oriented frontal plane QRS axis in patients with OPD.", "PMID": 307894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1345", "title": "E rosette-forming lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis patients. Basic protein stimulation of rosette-forming cells.", "content": "\"Total\" and \"active\" T cells were enumerated using sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosetting technique. The percentages of \"total\" and \"active\" T lymphocytes were not significantly different in multiple sclerosis patients as compared to other neurological disorders and/or healthy controls. However, the number of \"avid\" T cells binding more than three SRBC was significantly increased in MS patients. Active E rosette test has shown hypersensitization to myelin basic protein in 50% MS patients and 31% OND patients. All healthy controls studied, except one had negative response.", "contents": "E rosette-forming lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis patients. Basic protein stimulation of rosette-forming cells. \"Total\" and \"active\" T cells were enumerated using sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosetting technique. The percentages of \"total\" and \"active\" T lymphocytes were not significantly different in multiple sclerosis patients as compared to other neurological disorders and/or healthy controls. However, the number of \"avid\" T cells binding more than three SRBC was significantly increased in MS patients. Active E rosette test has shown hypersensitization to myelin basic protein in 50% MS patients and 31% OND patients. All healthy controls studied, except one had negative response.", "PMID": 307895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1346", "title": "[Visceral pathology in severe cranio-cerebral injuries and its pathogenetic mechanisms].", "content": "Pathological conditions of the internal organs and their innervation apparatus, including the limbic cortex, reticular formation, vegetative nuclei of the vagus nerves and spinal cord, peripheral ganglia, and intramural plexuses, in severe craniocerebral trauma were studied by the clinico-physiological, clinico-morphological, and neurohistological methods. The innervation apparatuses of the organs were also studied in experiments with a purposeful effect exerted on the hypothalamus. Peculiarities in the manifestation of visceral pathology in diencephalic and mesencephalobulbar forms of brain lesions were established. Histological changes in the tissues of the organs and in the structures forming the efferent and afferent links of the visceral reflex arc are described. The dependence of the structural disturbances in the central and peripheral components of the vegetative nervous system on hypothalamic affection was confirmed experimentally. Their dynamics was studied. The data of the investigations are discussed from the standpoint of the results of a complex of purposeful surgical and nonoperative treatment of craniocerebral trauma and its complications. Particular attention is focussed on the role of the neuro-conduction mechanism in the development of pathological conditions of the organs. The tissue changes are considered to be neurodystrophic.", "contents": "[Visceral pathology in severe cranio-cerebral injuries and its pathogenetic mechanisms]. Pathological conditions of the internal organs and their innervation apparatus, including the limbic cortex, reticular formation, vegetative nuclei of the vagus nerves and spinal cord, peripheral ganglia, and intramural plexuses, in severe craniocerebral trauma were studied by the clinico-physiological, clinico-morphological, and neurohistological methods. The innervation apparatuses of the organs were also studied in experiments with a purposeful effect exerted on the hypothalamus. Peculiarities in the manifestation of visceral pathology in diencephalic and mesencephalobulbar forms of brain lesions were established. Histological changes in the tissues of the organs and in the structures forming the efferent and afferent links of the visceral reflex arc are described. The dependence of the structural disturbances in the central and peripheral components of the vegetative nervous system on hypothalamic affection was confirmed experimentally. Their dynamics was studied. The data of the investigations are discussed from the standpoint of the results of a complex of purposeful surgical and nonoperative treatment of craniocerebral trauma and its complications. Particular attention is focussed on the role of the neuro-conduction mechanism in the development of pathological conditions of the organs. The tissue changes are considered to be neurodystrophic.", "PMID": 307890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1347", "title": "Osteogenetic stimulation by externally applied dc current.", "content": "A new, simple, safe and noninvasive technique for the electrical stimulation of fracture healing is introduced. The safety and the simplicity of the technique makes it possible to apply it almost immediately to clinical experimentation. Electrodes were applied externally to the fractured site producing current across the limb. It was observed that the current density changes the volume of callus and affects the direction of the trabecular orientation. When the trabecular orientation is completely changed from longitudinal to transverse, the larger volume of callus does not compensate for the loss of strength as compared with the callus on the control bone.", "contents": "Osteogenetic stimulation by externally applied dc current. A new, simple, safe and noninvasive technique for the electrical stimulation of fracture healing is introduced. The safety and the simplicity of the technique makes it possible to apply it almost immediately to clinical experimentation. Electrodes were applied externally to the fractured site producing current across the limb. It was observed that the current density changes the volume of callus and affects the direction of the trabecular orientation. When the trabecular orientation is completely changed from longitudinal to transverse, the larger volume of callus does not compensate for the loss of strength as compared with the callus on the control bone.", "PMID": 307896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1348", "title": "Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Four patients are presented aged 14 to 20 years with cystic fibrosis and recurrent purpura of the legs. They have polyclonal increase of Ig but no intermediate complexes demonstrable by ultracentrifugation. The 4 patients differ from other patients with cystic fibrosis by a rapid deterioration of the clinical condition after the establishment of permanent pulmonary infection, and also by their proneness to Haemophilus influenzae infections. The clinical and laboratory findings are compatible with the diagnosis of Waldenstr\u00f6m's hypergammaglobulinemic purpura. The heterogeneity of this syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura in cystic fibrosis. Four patients are presented aged 14 to 20 years with cystic fibrosis and recurrent purpura of the legs. They have polyclonal increase of Ig but no intermediate complexes demonstrable by ultracentrifugation. The 4 patients differ from other patients with cystic fibrosis by a rapid deterioration of the clinical condition after the establishment of permanent pulmonary infection, and also by their proneness to Haemophilus influenzae infections. The clinical and laboratory findings are compatible with the diagnosis of Waldenstr\u00f6m's hypergammaglobulinemic purpura. The heterogeneity of this syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 307897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1349", "title": "Chronic intestinal bleeding due to arteriovenous malformation of the colon.", "content": "A case of chronic intestinal bleeding due to arteriovenous malformation of the ascending colon was reported. Vascular abnormalities of the bowel represent the most common cause of gastrointestinal bleeding, the source of which could not be dislosed by conventional diagnostic procedures; selective abdominal angiography is the only most reliable technique in such cases. An acquaintance with these conditions may be of importance in the search for the cause of intestinal hemorrhages of otherwise obscure origin, and more attention should be paid to the clinicopathologic features of this entity.", "contents": "Chronic intestinal bleeding due to arteriovenous malformation of the colon. A case of chronic intestinal bleeding due to arteriovenous malformation of the ascending colon was reported. Vascular abnormalities of the bowel represent the most common cause of gastrointestinal bleeding, the source of which could not be dislosed by conventional diagnostic procedures; selective abdominal angiography is the only most reliable technique in such cases. An acquaintance with these conditions may be of importance in the search for the cause of intestinal hemorrhages of otherwise obscure origin, and more attention should be paid to the clinicopathologic features of this entity.", "PMID": 307898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1350", "title": "Binding of thiamine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in torpedo marmorata and the frog end plate.", "content": "Thiamine was found to bind to the isolated nicotinic receptor (nAChR) from Torpedo marmorata (KD = 3--5 X 10(-5) M). The binding was reversible and inhibited by alpha-neurotoxin from Naja naja siamensis. Acetylcholine binding was not inhibited by thiamine. When thiamine (5 X 10(-4) M) was applied to frog sartorius muscles a decrease of miniature end plate potential amplitudes was seen. This effect was readily reversible after the perfusion fluid of the muscle was changed to normal Ringer solution. Thus both biological and electrophysiological studies indicated a binding of thiamine to the nAChR.", "contents": "Binding of thiamine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in torpedo marmorata and the frog end plate. Thiamine was found to bind to the isolated nicotinic receptor (nAChR) from Torpedo marmorata (KD = 3--5 X 10(-5) M). The binding was reversible and inhibited by alpha-neurotoxin from Naja naja siamensis. Acetylcholine binding was not inhibited by thiamine. When thiamine (5 X 10(-4) M) was applied to frog sartorius muscles a decrease of miniature end plate potential amplitudes was seen. This effect was readily reversible after the perfusion fluid of the muscle was changed to normal Ringer solution. Thus both biological and electrophysiological studies indicated a binding of thiamine to the nAChR.", "PMID": 307899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1351", "title": "Urinary bladder necrosis following selective embolization of the internal iliac artery.", "content": "A case of massive hemorrhage from pelvic fractures was controlled by embolization of the internal iliac artery with autologous blood clots. Later an infarct of the bladder wall developed, probably because of embolic material in the capillary system preventing adequate collateral supply. It is concluded that collateral flow should be considered before embolization and that the technique of embolization must be adapted to the individual case.", "contents": "Urinary bladder necrosis following selective embolization of the internal iliac artery. A case of massive hemorrhage from pelvic fractures was controlled by embolization of the internal iliac artery with autologous blood clots. Later an infarct of the bladder wall developed, probably because of embolic material in the capillary system preventing adequate collateral supply. It is concluded that collateral flow should be considered before embolization and that the technique of embolization must be adapted to the individual case.", "PMID": 307900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1352", "title": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in chronic pain after peripheral nerve injury.", "content": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation was tested in 24 patients with chronic pain following a peripheral nerve injury in an extremity, in 10 patients with a good effect. All of these 10 patients displayed signs of increased sympathetic activity in addition to hyperalgesia. Sympathetic block gave complete freedeom from pain. In 14 patients with the same symptomatology but without an increased or with only very slightly increased sympathetic activity, no or an insignificant effect was obtained. Sympathetic block did not relieve the pain in this group. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation should be tried as an alternative to sympathectomy in causalgia major or minor.", "contents": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in chronic pain after peripheral nerve injury. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation was tested in 24 patients with chronic pain following a peripheral nerve injury in an extremity, in 10 patients with a good effect. All of these 10 patients displayed signs of increased sympathetic activity in addition to hyperalgesia. Sympathetic block gave complete freedeom from pain. In 14 patients with the same symptomatology but without an increased or with only very slightly increased sympathetic activity, no or an insignificant effect was obtained. Sympathetic block did not relieve the pain in this group. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation should be tried as an alternative to sympathectomy in causalgia major or minor.", "PMID": 307901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1353", "title": "Diagnosis and follow-up of parotitic pancreatitis by means of the determination of serum alpha-amylase activity.", "content": "In 1972 and 1973 the authors studied the problems of involvement of the pancreas in mumps. As the laboratory criterion they used the determination of serum alpha-amylase activities by Babson's method, which proved to be satisfactory and valuable. The incidence of pancreatitis in mumps has risen in recent years, as seen from the greater frequency of clinical signs of pancreatitis and pathologically elevated serum alpha-amylase activities. In our series of 190 patients, clinical signs of pancreatitis were present in 42% of all the patients with mumps. In some of these patients, the signs of pancreatitis did not appear until a few days after the onset of the disease. It is therefore desirable to put all patients with mumps on a suitable diet, to follow them up for a long period, including the convalescent phase, and to check their alpha-amylas activities from time to time.", "contents": "Diagnosis and follow-up of parotitic pancreatitis by means of the determination of serum alpha-amylase activity. In 1972 and 1973 the authors studied the problems of involvement of the pancreas in mumps. As the laboratory criterion they used the determination of serum alpha-amylase activities by Babson's method, which proved to be satisfactory and valuable. The incidence of pancreatitis in mumps has risen in recent years, as seen from the greater frequency of clinical signs of pancreatitis and pathologically elevated serum alpha-amylase activities. In our series of 190 patients, clinical signs of pancreatitis were present in 42% of all the patients with mumps. In some of these patients, the signs of pancreatitis did not appear until a few days after the onset of the disease. It is therefore desirable to put all patients with mumps on a suitable diet, to follow them up for a long period, including the convalescent phase, and to check their alpha-amylas activities from time to time.", "PMID": 307904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1354", "title": "Proof of chymotrypsin activity by a peroral test using a synthetic peptide with a C-terminal P-aminobenzoic acid residue.", "content": "The reciprocal relationship between the peroral dose and urinary excretion and the optimum testing load of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and N-acetyl tyrosine peptide (Ac-L-Tyr-PABA), alone and after cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and secretin hormonal stimulation, was studied in rats. Between the peroral test dose of PABA and its urinary excretion there is a constant proportionality which is correlated to the size of the dose and is linear in the dose range up to 50 mg/kg b.w. The situation for Ac-L-Tyr-PABA is similar. Dosage of over 50 mg/kg b.w. do not lead to proportional excretion of the test substance in the urine. I.v. stimulation by cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and secretin, using peroral administration of Ac-L-Tyr-PABA, was not followed by a significant increase in urinary PABA excretion. The optimum peroral load of both PABA and Ac-L Tyr-PABA in the rat is 50 mg/kg b.w. With this dose, 82% of free PABA and 77% of the model peptide PABA excreted in 24 hours is found in the urine after 6 hours, so that for practical purposes this interval is adequate. The findings furnish important information on the possibilities of utilizing the given technique for diagnosing the state of exocrine pancreatic function in clinical practice.", "contents": "Proof of chymotrypsin activity by a peroral test using a synthetic peptide with a C-terminal P-aminobenzoic acid residue. The reciprocal relationship between the peroral dose and urinary excretion and the optimum testing load of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and N-acetyl tyrosine peptide (Ac-L-Tyr-PABA), alone and after cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and secretin hormonal stimulation, was studied in rats. Between the peroral test dose of PABA and its urinary excretion there is a constant proportionality which is correlated to the size of the dose and is linear in the dose range up to 50 mg/kg b.w. The situation for Ac-L-Tyr-PABA is similar. Dosage of over 50 mg/kg b.w. do not lead to proportional excretion of the test substance in the urine. I.v. stimulation by cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and secretin, using peroral administration of Ac-L-Tyr-PABA, was not followed by a significant increase in urinary PABA excretion. The optimum peroral load of both PABA and Ac-L Tyr-PABA in the rat is 50 mg/kg b.w. With this dose, 82% of free PABA and 77% of the model peptide PABA excreted in 24 hours is found in the urine after 6 hours, so that for practical purposes this interval is adequate. The findings furnish important information on the possibilities of utilizing the given technique for diagnosing the state of exocrine pancreatic function in clinical practice.", "PMID": 307905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1355", "title": "The aging heart.", "content": "The heart of an elderly person functions well in ordinary circumstances but has lost much of its physiologic reserve. The effects of aging myocardium are difficult to spearate from those of coronary atherosclerosis. In addition to ischemic heart disease, a high index of suspicion must be maintained for the sick sinus syndrome, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies, congenital lesions, corpulmonale and thyroid disease. Management requires the judicious use of drugs and the prescription of appropriate physical activity.", "contents": "The aging heart. The heart of an elderly person functions well in ordinary circumstances but has lost much of its physiologic reserve. The effects of aging myocardium are difficult to spearate from those of coronary atherosclerosis. In addition to ischemic heart disease, a high index of suspicion must be maintained for the sick sinus syndrome, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies, congenital lesions, corpulmonale and thyroid disease. Management requires the judicious use of drugs and the prescription of appropriate physical activity.", "PMID": 307906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1356", "title": "Disease of the left main coronary artery. Surgical treatment and long-term follow up in 267 patients.", "content": "Of 4,196 patients undergoing coronary angiography, 297 (7 percent) had left main coronary arterial narrowing. In 188 (4.5 percent) the narrowing was greater than or equal to 70 percent and in 109 (3 percent) it was between 50 and 69 percent. Three patients (1 percent) died at cardiac catheterization. Saphenous vein bypass graft surgery was performed in 267 patients with an operative mortality of 7 percent: in 179 patients the left main coronary narrowing was greater than or equal to 70 percent (operative mortality 9 percent), and in 88 between 50 and 69 percent (mortality rate 2 percent). There was an average of 2.6 grafts per patient. The course of these patients was followed up for 4 3/4 years. At 1 year there was a 92.2 percent survival rate. The rate of survival at 2, 3 and 4 3/4 years, was 91, 89 and 86 percent, respectively. After saphenous vein bypass graft surgery, 75 percent of patients are angina-free and 22.4 percent are in improved condition. Grafts were studied in 51 patients and 85 percent of 128 grafts were found to be patent. It appears that there is improvement in survival and a reduction of symptoms after saphenous vein bypass graft surgery in patients with left main coronary arterial narrowing.", "contents": "Disease of the left main coronary artery. Surgical treatment and long-term follow up in 267 patients. Of 4,196 patients undergoing coronary angiography, 297 (7 percent) had left main coronary arterial narrowing. In 188 (4.5 percent) the narrowing was greater than or equal to 70 percent and in 109 (3 percent) it was between 50 and 69 percent. Three patients (1 percent) died at cardiac catheterization. Saphenous vein bypass graft surgery was performed in 267 patients with an operative mortality of 7 percent: in 179 patients the left main coronary narrowing was greater than or equal to 70 percent (operative mortality 9 percent), and in 88 between 50 and 69 percent (mortality rate 2 percent). There was an average of 2.6 grafts per patient. The course of these patients was followed up for 4 3/4 years. At 1 year there was a 92.2 percent survival rate. The rate of survival at 2, 3 and 4 3/4 years, was 91, 89 and 86 percent, respectively. After saphenous vein bypass graft surgery, 75 percent of patients are angina-free and 22.4 percent are in improved condition. Grafts were studied in 51 patients and 85 percent of 128 grafts were found to be patent. It appears that there is improvement in survival and a reduction of symptoms after saphenous vein bypass graft surgery in patients with left main coronary arterial narrowing.", "PMID": 307907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1357", "title": "Synergistic effect of vitamin C and aspirin on gastric lesions in the rat.", "content": "The effects of varying levels of dietary vitamin C on the incidence of aspirin-induced gastric hemorrhagic lesions were studied in young, male rats. Rats fed diets containing either 20, 40, or 60 mg of L-ascorbic acid per gram of diet did not exhibit focal gastric lesions. Administering a single oral dose of aspirin (30 mg aspirin/100 g of body weight) to rats fed control diets produced gastric lesions. When the rats were given aspirin plus a diet containing either 40 or 60 mg ascorbic acid per gram of diet, there was a significant increase in number of gastric lesions. Since vitamin C and aspirin seem to act synergistically in producing hemorrhagic lesions in the stomach, it is recommended that all individuals taking megadoses of vitamin C be cautioned against taking aspirin concurrently.", "contents": "Synergistic effect of vitamin C and aspirin on gastric lesions in the rat. The effects of varying levels of dietary vitamin C on the incidence of aspirin-induced gastric hemorrhagic lesions were studied in young, male rats. Rats fed diets containing either 20, 40, or 60 mg of L-ascorbic acid per gram of diet did not exhibit focal gastric lesions. Administering a single oral dose of aspirin (30 mg aspirin/100 g of body weight) to rats fed control diets produced gastric lesions. When the rats were given aspirin plus a diet containing either 40 or 60 mg ascorbic acid per gram of diet, there was a significant increase in number of gastric lesions. Since vitamin C and aspirin seem to act synergistically in producing hemorrhagic lesions in the stomach, it is recommended that all individuals taking megadoses of vitamin C be cautioned against taking aspirin concurrently.", "PMID": 307908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1358", "title": "Risk of cervical cancer among an electrocoagulated population.", "content": "In Finland an organized mass screening program covers the total female population. Based on the material (429,832) from a nationwide mass screening registry it was estimated that the female population not subjected to electrocoagulation of the uterine cervix (362,511) had a sixfold risk of frankly invasive carcinoma, a fourfold risk of carcinoma in situ or dysplasia of high degree, and a twofold risk of dysplasia of low degree as compared with the female population subjected to electrocoagulation of the uterine cervix (67,321). The relative risk of cervical lesion varied by cytologic diagnosis, marital status, and Trichomonas vaginalis.", "contents": "Risk of cervical cancer among an electrocoagulated population. In Finland an organized mass screening program covers the total female population. Based on the material (429,832) from a nationwide mass screening registry it was estimated that the female population not subjected to electrocoagulation of the uterine cervix (362,511) had a sixfold risk of frankly invasive carcinoma, a fourfold risk of carcinoma in situ or dysplasia of high degree, and a twofold risk of dysplasia of low degree as compared with the female population subjected to electrocoagulation of the uterine cervix (67,321). The relative risk of cervical lesion varied by cytologic diagnosis, marital status, and Trichomonas vaginalis.", "PMID": 307910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1359", "title": "Enhanced syngeneic tumor destruction by in vivo inhibition of suppressor T cells using anti-I-J alloantiserum.", "content": "The cellular response to a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma S1509a has been investigated. Histologic analysis of the in vivo response to S1509a included a study of tumor development in nonimmune, tumor immune, or hyerimmune syngeneic mice, as well as in nonimmune animals treated with antiserum produced to interact solely with determinants encoded by the I-J subregion of the H-2 major histocompatibility complex. Tumors from immune or hyperimmune mice showed marked infiltration by mononuclear and, to a lesser extent, polymorphonuclear cells, with marked tumor cell necrosis. Anti-I-J treated mice displayed similar but quantitatively reduced leukocytic infiltrates and less evidence of tumor cell degeneration. Untreated nonimmune mice, on the other hand, revealed only mild leukocytic infiltration with little or no necrosis of the tumor. Thus, the  administration of anti-I-J antiserum, which has been shown to diminish suppressor cell activity, is associated with increased leukocytic infiltration and enhanced syngeneic tumor destruction in vivo in the nonimmune host.", "contents": "Enhanced syngeneic tumor destruction by in vivo inhibition of suppressor T cells using anti-I-J alloantiserum. The cellular response to a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma S1509a has been investigated. Histologic analysis of the in vivo response to S1509a included a study of tumor development in nonimmune, tumor immune, or hyerimmune syngeneic mice, as well as in nonimmune animals treated with antiserum produced to interact solely with determinants encoded by the I-J subregion of the H-2 major histocompatibility complex. Tumors from immune or hyperimmune mice showed marked infiltration by mononuclear and, to a lesser extent, polymorphonuclear cells, with marked tumor cell necrosis. Anti-I-J treated mice displayed similar but quantitatively reduced leukocytic infiltrates and less evidence of tumor cell degeneration. Untreated nonimmune mice, on the other hand, revealed only mild leukocytic infiltration with little or no necrosis of the tumor. Thus, the  administration of anti-I-J antiserum, which has been shown to diminish suppressor cell activity, is associated with increased leukocytic infiltration and enhanced syngeneic tumor destruction in vivo in the nonimmune host.", "PMID": 307911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1360", "title": "Prevalence of hyperactivity in elementary school children as a function of social system definers.", "content": "This study seeks to reconcile the widely varying estimates of prevalence of hyperactivity in children. Parents, teachers, and physicians were asked to identify hyperactive children in a sample of some 5000 elementary school children. Approximately five percent were considered hyperactive by at least one defining system; only one percent were considered hyperactive by all three definers. Prevalence rates were relatively constant from kindergarten through fifth grade.", "contents": "Prevalence of hyperactivity in elementary school children as a function of social system definers. This study seeks to reconcile the widely varying estimates of prevalence of hyperactivity in children. Parents, teachers, and physicians were asked to identify hyperactive children in a sample of some 5000 elementary school children. Approximately five percent were considered hyperactive by at least one defining system; only one percent were considered hyperactive by all three definers. Prevalence rates were relatively constant from kindergarten through fifth grade.", "PMID": 307912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1361", "title": "Dependence of energy output on force generation during muscle contraction.", "content": "It has been proposed that the energy (heat + work) output of an isometric twitch is determined by the force that is generated under conditions of invariant activation, irrespective of muscle length. To test the effect of length and force on total energy output, muscles were stretched by increments beyond the muscle length at which twitch force is maximum (LO) and then stimulated; energy output and force then were measured. These data were compared with isovelocity twitches in which stimulated muscles, initially at different lengths, shortened (near maximum velocity) a constant distance and then redeveloped tension at lengths less than LO. If energy liberation was determined by force generation, plots of energy output versus force produced would be parallel with isovelocity twitches liberating extra energy as shortening heat. As predicted, the ratio of the slopes (n = 13) of these relations, 0.98 +/- 0.02, was not different from 1 and the shortening heat coefficient (alphaF/Pot, measured from the difference in intercepts), 0.15 +/- 0.01, was near to the expected value. Therefore, energy liberation in twitches appears to be uniquely determined by force generation and not by muscle length.", "contents": "Dependence of energy output on force generation during muscle contraction. It has been proposed that the energy (heat + work) output of an isometric twitch is determined by the force that is generated under conditions of invariant activation, irrespective of muscle length. To test the effect of length and force on total energy output, muscles were stretched by increments beyond the muscle length at which twitch force is maximum (LO) and then stimulated; energy output and force then were measured. These data were compared with isovelocity twitches in which stimulated muscles, initially at different lengths, shortened (near maximum velocity) a constant distance and then redeveloped tension at lengths less than LO. If energy liberation was determined by force generation, plots of energy output versus force produced would be parallel with isovelocity twitches liberating extra energy as shortening heat. As predicted, the ratio of the slopes (n = 13) of these relations, 0.98 +/- 0.02, was not different from 1 and the shortening heat coefficient (alphaF/Pot, measured from the difference in intercepts), 0.15 +/- 0.01, was near to the expected value. Therefore, energy liberation in twitches appears to be uniquely determined by force generation and not by muscle length.", "PMID": 307913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1362", "title": "Energy coupling to sodium transport in frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "In addition to a strophanthidin-sensitive (SS) sodium efflux, a large component of the sodium efflux in freshly isolated frog skeletal muscle is sodium-activated and strophanthidin-insensitive (SASI). The amount of metabolic energy associated with sodium movement by each of these components was measured and the coupling between sodium movement and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis in muscle was calculated. Energy production was blocked by iodoacetate and cyanide. Energy turnover was estimated from the change in creatine phosphate (CrP) and ATP contents and expressed as potential energy (PE = CrP + 2ATP). After metabolic poisoning a linear fall of PE occurred (6.3 mumol/g.h). Metabolic poisoning had no effect on the magnitude of the SS or SASI components of sodium efflux. In 2 h the sodium moved, and PE change due to the SS component was 4.35 and 1.66 mumol/g.h, respectively, which gave a coupling factor of 2.6. The amount of sodium moved by the SASI component was similar to that moved by the SS component in 2 h whereas no energy change was observed. It was, therefore, concluded that sodium movement by the SASI component requires no energy input.", "contents": "Energy coupling to sodium transport in frog skeletal muscle. In addition to a strophanthidin-sensitive (SS) sodium efflux, a large component of the sodium efflux in freshly isolated frog skeletal muscle is sodium-activated and strophanthidin-insensitive (SASI). The amount of metabolic energy associated with sodium movement by each of these components was measured and the coupling between sodium movement and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis in muscle was calculated. Energy production was blocked by iodoacetate and cyanide. Energy turnover was estimated from the change in creatine phosphate (CrP) and ATP contents and expressed as potential energy (PE = CrP + 2ATP). After metabolic poisoning a linear fall of PE occurred (6.3 mumol/g.h). Metabolic poisoning had no effect on the magnitude of the SS or SASI components of sodium efflux. In 2 h the sodium moved, and PE change due to the SS component was 4.35 and 1.66 mumol/g.h, respectively, which gave a coupling factor of 2.6. The amount of sodium moved by the SASI component was similar to that moved by the SS component in 2 h whereas no energy change was observed. It was, therefore, concluded that sodium movement by the SASI component requires no energy input.", "PMID": 307914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1363", "title": "Potassium reabsorption and secretion in the perfused bullfrog kidney.", "content": "Techniques have been developed for obtaining comparative estimates of the rates of K secretion and reabsorption in the artificially perfused bullfrog kidney and the use of 42K infused into the portal circulation. In control experiments in which Kexc/Kfilt averaged 0.65, approximately 30% of filtered K escaped reabsorption and excreted K was composed of roughly equal parts of filtered K and secreted K. Fractional reabsorption of K was constant at 70% over a wide range of filtration rates. The rate of K secretion correlated significantly with the rate of Na reabsorption and with the urine flow rate. Acetazolamide stimulated secretion and inhibited reabsorption.", "contents": "Potassium reabsorption and secretion in the perfused bullfrog kidney. Techniques have been developed for obtaining comparative estimates of the rates of K secretion and reabsorption in the artificially perfused bullfrog kidney and the use of 42K infused into the portal circulation. In control experiments in which Kexc/Kfilt averaged 0.65, approximately 30% of filtered K escaped reabsorption and excreted K was composed of roughly equal parts of filtered K and secreted K. Fractional reabsorption of K was constant at 70% over a wide range of filtration rates. The rate of K secretion correlated significantly with the rate of Na reabsorption and with the urine flow rate. Acetazolamide stimulated secretion and inhibited reabsorption.", "PMID": 307915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1364", "title": "Coupling between chloride absorption and base excretion in isolated skin of Rana esculenta.", "content": "The net excretory fluxes of base (HCO3- or OH-) and the unidirectional fluxes of chloride were measured and their relationship examined in isolated frog skin maintained in open- or short-circuit (OC and SC) conditions. When the mucosal solution was a 2 mM choline chloride solution and the serosal solution a Ringer solution buffered with a HCO3-/CO2 mixture, the rate of base excretion was -105 +/- 10 in OC and -60 +/- 7 neq h-1 cm-2 in SC. A highly significant correlation was observed between the influx of chloride and the excretion of base. As a function of external chloride both these parameters followed saturation kinetics, Vmax being obtained for a chloride concentration below 2 mM. The removal of chloride in the external solution was followed by a 70 or 100% inhibition of base excretion in OC and SC conditions, respectively. Chloride transport is dependent on the presence of a HCO3-/CO2 mixture in the internal or the external medium. This transport, as well as base excretion, is inhibited to a considerable extent by removal of HCO3-/CO2 or by acetazolamide (10(-3) M). This investigation characterizes a saturable transport system in which chloride absorption and base excretion are coupled.", "contents": "Coupling between chloride absorption and base excretion in isolated skin of Rana esculenta. The net excretory fluxes of base (HCO3- or OH-) and the unidirectional fluxes of chloride were measured and their relationship examined in isolated frog skin maintained in open- or short-circuit (OC and SC) conditions. When the mucosal solution was a 2 mM choline chloride solution and the serosal solution a Ringer solution buffered with a HCO3-/CO2 mixture, the rate of base excretion was -105 +/- 10 in OC and -60 +/- 7 neq h-1 cm-2 in SC. A highly significant correlation was observed between the influx of chloride and the excretion of base. As a function of external chloride both these parameters followed saturation kinetics, Vmax being obtained for a chloride concentration below 2 mM. The removal of chloride in the external solution was followed by a 70 or 100% inhibition of base excretion in OC and SC conditions, respectively. Chloride transport is dependent on the presence of a HCO3-/CO2 mixture in the internal or the external medium. This transport, as well as base excretion, is inhibited to a considerable extent by removal of HCO3-/CO2 or by acetazolamide (10(-3) M). This investigation characterizes a saturable transport system in which chloride absorption and base excretion are coupled.", "PMID": 307916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1365", "title": "Changes in serotonin contents in brain affect metabolic heat production of rabbits in cold.", "content": "Elevating serotonin (5-HT) contents in brain with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) reduced rectal temperature (Tre) in rabbits after peripheral decarboxylase inhibition with the aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor R04-4602 at two ambient temperatures (Ta), 2 and 22 degrees C. The hypothermia was brought about by both an increase in respiratory evaporative heat loss (Eres) and a decrease in metabolic rate (MR) in the cold. At a Ta of 22 degrees C, the hypothermia was achieved solely due to an increase in heat loss. Depleting brain contents of 5-HT with intraventricular, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) produced an increased Eres and ear blood flow even at Ta of 2 degrees C. Also, MR increased at all but the Ta of 32 degrees C. However, depleting the central and peripheral contents of 5-HT with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) produced lower MR accompanied by lower Eres in the cold compared to the untreated control. Both groups of pCPA-treated and 5,7-DHT-treated animals maintained their Tre within normal limits. The data suggest that changes in 5-HT content in brain affects the MR of rabbits in the cold. Elevating brain content of 5-HT tends to depress the MR response to cold, while depleting brain content of 5-HT tends to enhance the MR response to cold.", "contents": "Changes in serotonin contents in brain affect metabolic heat production of rabbits in cold. Elevating serotonin (5-HT) contents in brain with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) reduced rectal temperature (Tre) in rabbits after peripheral decarboxylase inhibition with the aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor R04-4602 at two ambient temperatures (Ta), 2 and 22 degrees C. The hypothermia was brought about by both an increase in respiratory evaporative heat loss (Eres) and a decrease in metabolic rate (MR) in the cold. At a Ta of 22 degrees C, the hypothermia was achieved solely due to an increase in heat loss. Depleting brain contents of 5-HT with intraventricular, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) produced an increased Eres and ear blood flow even at Ta of 2 degrees C. Also, MR increased at all but the Ta of 32 degrees C. However, depleting the central and peripheral contents of 5-HT with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) produced lower MR accompanied by lower Eres in the cold compared to the untreated control. Both groups of pCPA-treated and 5,7-DHT-treated animals maintained their Tre within normal limits. The data suggest that changes in 5-HT content in brain affects the MR of rabbits in the cold. Elevating brain content of 5-HT tends to depress the MR response to cold, while depleting brain content of 5-HT tends to enhance the MR response to cold.", "PMID": 307917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1366", "title": "Strongyloides ratti infections in rats. I. Immunopathology.", "content": "The elimination of adult parasites from the intestines of rats after a first and second infection of Strongyloides ratti was studied. Expulsion after a second infection was anamnestic, indication that the response is immunologic. Intestinal mast cell responses accompanied damage and expulsion of worms, the secondary mast cell response being more rapid but less intense that the first. Antithymocyte serum suppressed expulsion as well as both the intestinal mast cell and circulating eosinophil responses to primary infection.", "contents": "Strongyloides ratti infections in rats. I. Immunopathology. The elimination of adult parasites from the intestines of rats after a first and second infection of Strongyloides ratti was studied. Expulsion after a second infection was anamnestic, indication that the response is immunologic. Intestinal mast cell responses accompanied damage and expulsion of worms, the secondary mast cell response being more rapid but less intense that the first. Antithymocyte serum suppressed expulsion as well as both the intestinal mast cell and circulating eosinophil responses to primary infection.", "PMID": 307918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1367", "title": "The response of ophthalmic arterial pressure to topically applied clonidine.", "content": "The effect of topically applied clonidine on aphthalmic arterial pressure was tested in three groups of open-angle glaucoma patients. In this test, 0.125% clonidine eye drops did not cause a statistically significant change in ophthalmic arterial pressure, but 0.25% and 0.5% clonidine caused a statistically significant, dose-dependent decrease in the diastolic and the systolic arterial pressure in the orbit. The clinical relevance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "The response of ophthalmic arterial pressure to topically applied clonidine. The effect of topically applied clonidine on aphthalmic arterial pressure was tested in three groups of open-angle glaucoma patients. In this test, 0.125% clonidine eye drops did not cause a statistically significant change in ophthalmic arterial pressure, but 0.25% and 0.5% clonidine caused a statistically significant, dose-dependent decrease in the diastolic and the systolic arterial pressure in the orbit. The clinical relevance of the results is discussed.", "PMID": 307921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1368", "title": "[Doppler ultrasonography of orbital vessels in temporal arteritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Doppler Ultrasonography of the orbital vessels is a simple non invasive technique for the qualitative determination of velocity and direction of blood flow within the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries. In temporal arteritis characteristic findings can be obtained with this method. The amplitudes of ultrasonograms are markedly reduced and the waveforms considerably distorted. Sometimes there is a complete absence of velocity signals from the orbital vessels. When the superficial temporal artery is compressed abnormal reactions are almost always elicited, whereas the compression of the homolateral carotid artery yields normal results. In temporal arteritis, the diagnostic value of Doppler ultrasonography of orbital vessels seems about as great as that of Hager ophtalmodynamography.", "contents": "[Doppler ultrasonography of orbital vessels in temporal arteritis (author's transl)]. Doppler Ultrasonography of the orbital vessels is a simple non invasive technique for the qualitative determination of velocity and direction of blood flow within the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries. In temporal arteritis characteristic findings can be obtained with this method. The amplitudes of ultrasonograms are markedly reduced and the waveforms considerably distorted. Sometimes there is a complete absence of velocity signals from the orbital vessels. When the superficial temporal artery is compressed abnormal reactions are almost always elicited, whereas the compression of the homolateral carotid artery yields normal results. In temporal arteritis, the diagnostic value of Doppler ultrasonography of orbital vessels seems about as great as that of Hager ophtalmodynamography.", "PMID": 307922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1369", "title": "[Gluing with fibrin in corneal surgery. An experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "Penetrating corneal incisions of various sizes and forms were microsurgically glued onto 48 rabbit eyes by means of fibrinogen-plasma cryoprecipitate with or without 10x0 nylon sutures. Linear or curved penetrating corneal cuts up to 4 mm in length could be immediately closed water tight by pure gluing and without development of anterior synechiae. The suturing of oblique cuts may prove problematic. The more oblique such cuts were, the better the results they yielded after gluing. In cases of linear penetrating corneal incisions exceeding 4 mm in length, and in star-shaped wounds with radiants over 3 mm in length, anterior synechiae could only be avoided by application of additional sutures. Pure or additional gluing of corneal penetrating cuts accelerated wound healing, but was followed by broader scars than after pure suturing. Hence, the gluing of certain types of penetrating corneal wounds by means of fibrin can be applied only as an auxiliary procedure to microsurgical wound closure with sutures.", "contents": "[Gluing with fibrin in corneal surgery. An experimental study (author's transl)]. Penetrating corneal incisions of various sizes and forms were microsurgically glued onto 48 rabbit eyes by means of fibrinogen-plasma cryoprecipitate with or without 10x0 nylon sutures. Linear or curved penetrating corneal cuts up to 4 mm in length could be immediately closed water tight by pure gluing and without development of anterior synechiae. The suturing of oblique cuts may prove problematic. The more oblique such cuts were, the better the results they yielded after gluing. In cases of linear penetrating corneal incisions exceeding 4 mm in length, and in star-shaped wounds with radiants over 3 mm in length, anterior synechiae could only be avoided by application of additional sutures. Pure or additional gluing of corneal penetrating cuts accelerated wound healing, but was followed by broader scars than after pure suturing. Hence, the gluing of certain types of penetrating corneal wounds by means of fibrin can be applied only as an auxiliary procedure to microsurgical wound closure with sutures.", "PMID": 307923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1370", "title": "[A new probe for trabeculotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility of complications connected with trabeculotomy led us to the development of the so-called hook probe. Instead of being twisted into the anterior chamber the probe is successively pulled back into Schlemm's canal, thereby tearing the trabecular meshwork. Complications connected with the turning of the probe can thus be avoided. Three techniques of trabeculotomy are compared: Harms trabeculotomy, with the turning of the probe over 60 degrees or 120 degrees and trabeculotomy with the hook probe over 60 degrees of the circumference. This use of the hook probe results in minimal trauma to the anterior part of the eye. Hemorrhaging particularly is infrequent or often even absent, during the cutting of the trabecular meshwork. The influence on intraocular pressure does not significantly differ between use of the hook probe and use of Harms probe. The dependence of intraocular pressure on length of tearing distance could not be determined. The results give the impression that a portion of the outflow resistance-at least postoperatively-within a greater percentage of simple glaucoma eyes lies distally to the trabecular meshwork. In choosing the best technique for operating, it is therefore important to know whether the outflow resistance in each individual case is mainly localized trabecularly or intrascleraly.", "contents": "[A new probe for trabeculotomy (author's transl)]. The possibility of complications connected with trabeculotomy led us to the development of the so-called hook probe. Instead of being twisted into the anterior chamber the probe is successively pulled back into Schlemm's canal, thereby tearing the trabecular meshwork. Complications connected with the turning of the probe can thus be avoided. Three techniques of trabeculotomy are compared: Harms trabeculotomy, with the turning of the probe over 60 degrees or 120 degrees and trabeculotomy with the hook probe over 60 degrees of the circumference. This use of the hook probe results in minimal trauma to the anterior part of the eye. Hemorrhaging particularly is infrequent or often even absent, during the cutting of the trabecular meshwork. The influence on intraocular pressure does not significantly differ between use of the hook probe and use of Harms probe. The dependence of intraocular pressure on length of tearing distance could not be determined. The results give the impression that a portion of the outflow resistance-at least postoperatively-within a greater percentage of simple glaucoma eyes lies distally to the trabecular meshwork. In choosing the best technique for operating, it is therefore important to know whether the outflow resistance in each individual case is mainly localized trabecularly or intrascleraly.", "PMID": 307924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1371", "title": "[Some problems in electroperimetric investigation by means of visual evoked cortical potentials (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss problems of localized retinal stimulation including the influence of stray light in cases of electroperimetry by means of VECP. The present study shows that we can successfully perform electroperimetric investigation under certain conditions. This is confirmed by investigation of visual field defects in a case of Arachnitis optico chiasmatica.", "contents": "[Some problems in electroperimetric investigation by means of visual evoked cortical potentials (author's transl)]. The authors discuss problems of localized retinal stimulation including the influence of stray light in cases of electroperimetry by means of VECP. The present study shows that we can successfully perform electroperimetric investigation under certain conditions. This is confirmed by investigation of visual field defects in a case of Arachnitis optico chiasmatica.", "PMID": 307925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1372", "title": "[Contact B-scan ultrasonography in ocular fundus lesions. Contribution to diagnostic criteria (author's transl)].", "content": "Topographical criteria in B-Scan ultrasonograms of ocular fundus lesions are discussed that leads to the possibility of differentiating retinal from uveal lesions, especially if the retina is detached.", "contents": "[Contact B-scan ultrasonography in ocular fundus lesions. Contribution to diagnostic criteria (author's transl)]. Topographical criteria in B-Scan ultrasonograms of ocular fundus lesions are discussed that leads to the possibility of differentiating retinal from uveal lesions, especially if the retina is detached.", "PMID": 307926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1373", "title": "[Measurement of subretinal fluid in retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "In surgery for retinal detachment, such as shortening of the eyeball, volume reducing, and indentating operations, knowledge of the volume of the subretinal fluid is important. A method based on ultrasonography was developed to measure the volume of subretinal fluid preoperatively. After establishing a topography of the fundus, the height of retinal detachment can be measured by ultrasonography at 49 defined points. The diameter of the eyeball is measured at 12 different points. From the height of retinal detachment and the diameter of the eyeball it is possible to calculate the subretinal space, which is divided into 60 segments. The total volume of subretinal fluid is calculated by adding the volumes of these 60 segments. The calculus is programmed on a computer.", "contents": "[Measurement of subretinal fluid in retinal detachment (author's transl)]. In surgery for retinal detachment, such as shortening of the eyeball, volume reducing, and indentating operations, knowledge of the volume of the subretinal fluid is important. A method based on ultrasonography was developed to measure the volume of subretinal fluid preoperatively. After establishing a topography of the fundus, the height of retinal detachment can be measured by ultrasonography at 49 defined points. The diameter of the eyeball is measured at 12 different points. From the height of retinal detachment and the diameter of the eyeball it is possible to calculate the subretinal space, which is divided into 60 segments. The total volume of subretinal fluid is calculated by adding the volumes of these 60 segments. The calculus is programmed on a computer.", "PMID": 307927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1374", "title": "Immune histochemical and electron microscopic observations on so-called non-specific mesenterial lymphadenitis.", "content": "Two cases of so-called mesenterial lymphadenitis in childhood were investigated with the immunoperoxidase technique. One more case was studied electron microscopically. All three cases were morphologically identical. In two cases infection with Yersinia enterocolitica was proven serologically. The majority of the lymphoid cells which filled the strongly distended sinuses represented electron microscopically various steps of the lymphocyte transformation. Immune histochemically, the blasts contained large amounts of immunoglobulins. It is suggested that the mitogen and adjuvant activity of bacterial lipopolysaccharides may substantially be involved in the pathogenesis of the characteristic lesion of the mesenterial lymphadenitis.", "contents": "Immune histochemical and electron microscopic observations on so-called non-specific mesenterial lymphadenitis. Two cases of so-called mesenterial lymphadenitis in childhood were investigated with the immunoperoxidase technique. One more case was studied electron microscopically. All three cases were morphologically identical. In two cases infection with Yersinia enterocolitica was proven serologically. The majority of the lymphoid cells which filled the strongly distended sinuses represented electron microscopically various steps of the lymphocyte transformation. Immune histochemically, the blasts contained large amounts of immunoglobulins. It is suggested that the mitogen and adjuvant activity of bacterial lipopolysaccharides may substantially be involved in the pathogenesis of the characteristic lesion of the mesenterial lymphadenitis.", "PMID": 307931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1375", "title": "Cell surface markers on canine lymphocytes.", "content": "Reference values for T and B lymphocytes were determined on lymphocytes from canine thymus, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, and peripheral blood by use of erythrocyte (E) and erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette assays, plus a direct fluorescent technique for assay of surface immunoglobulins. Numbers of T lymphocytes, indicated by E rosette formation with human erythrocytes, ranged from a low of 1% in the thymus to 13% in the peripheral blood, whereas B-lymphocyte numbers ranged from 3% (thymus) to 41% (bone marrow) and from 6% (thymus) to 36% (bone marrow), as indicated by EAC rosette formation or presence of surface immunoglobulins respectively. Stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with either phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A increased the total number of E-rosetting cells two to threefold, whereas the number of EAC-rosetting cells decreased by half. Further, the percentage of cells bearing Fc receptors increased after phytohemagglutinin stimulation. These results indicate the E rosette technique can be used to identify and to monitor a population of canine T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cell surface markers on canine lymphocytes. Reference values for T and B lymphocytes were determined on lymphocytes from canine thymus, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, and peripheral blood by use of erythrocyte (E) and erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette assays, plus a direct fluorescent technique for assay of surface immunoglobulins. Numbers of T lymphocytes, indicated by E rosette formation with human erythrocytes, ranged from a low of 1% in the thymus to 13% in the peripheral blood, whereas B-lymphocyte numbers ranged from 3% (thymus) to 41% (bone marrow) and from 6% (thymus) to 36% (bone marrow), as indicated by EAC rosette formation or presence of surface immunoglobulins respectively. Stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with either phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A increased the total number of E-rosetting cells two to threefold, whereas the number of EAC-rosetting cells decreased by half. Further, the percentage of cells bearing Fc receptors increased after phytohemagglutinin stimulation. These results indicate the E rosette technique can be used to identify and to monitor a population of canine T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 307932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1376", "title": "Immunogenetic determinants of familial acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Acute lymphocytic leukemia developed almost simultaneously in two adolescent brothers, and another brother and both parents had rheumatoid arthritis. Laboratory studies uncovered no evidence for an underlying immunodeficiency state in the family. Immunogenetic evaluation showed the leukemic siblings to be HLA- and mixed-leukocyte-culture identical and homozygous for a recessively inherited locus dictating the presence of antigens on the surface of B-cells. This Ia antigen, as detected by sera from mothers of leukemic children, appeared to be mapped within the major histocompatibility region and may be a human analogue to murine immune-response antigens associated with susceptibility to leukemia.", "contents": "Immunogenetic determinants of familial acute lymphocytic leukemia. Acute lymphocytic leukemia developed almost simultaneously in two adolescent brothers, and another brother and both parents had rheumatoid arthritis. Laboratory studies uncovered no evidence for an underlying immunodeficiency state in the family. Immunogenetic evaluation showed the leukemic siblings to be HLA- and mixed-leukocyte-culture identical and homozygous for a recessively inherited locus dictating the presence of antigens on the surface of B-cells. This Ia antigen, as detected by sera from mothers of leukemic children, appeared to be mapped within the major histocompatibility region and may be a human analogue to murine immune-response antigens associated with susceptibility to leukemia.", "PMID": 307933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1377", "title": "Ocular sporotrichosis mimicking mucormycosis in a diabetic.", "content": "Primary sporotrichosis of the eye is very rare; most infections are limited to the conjunctiva or adnexa. We report a case of Sporothrix endophthalmitis associated with necrotizing ethmoid sinusitis developing in a young diabetic man with ketoacidosis. The infection clinically resembled rhino-ophthalmic mycormycosis. Cure followed evisceration and an abbreviated course (215 mg) of amphotericin B. Sporothrix must now be regarded as another fungal agent capable of causing primary rhino-ophthalmic infection similar to Mucor.", "contents": "Ocular sporotrichosis mimicking mucormycosis in a diabetic. Primary sporotrichosis of the eye is very rare; most infections are limited to the conjunctiva or adnexa. We report a case of Sporothrix endophthalmitis associated with necrotizing ethmoid sinusitis developing in a young diabetic man with ketoacidosis. The infection clinically resembled rhino-ophthalmic mycormycosis. Cure followed evisceration and an abbreviated course (215 mg) of amphotericin B. Sporothrix must now be regarded as another fungal agent capable of causing primary rhino-ophthalmic infection similar to Mucor.", "PMID": 307934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1378", "title": "Deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin and bronchiectasis.", "content": "60 consecutive patients with bronchiectasis were screened for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Six cases (10%) with genotype PiMZ (alpha1-antitrypsin less than 66% of normal) were found. This frequency (10%) was statistically significantly (p less than 0.005) higher than the frequency of PiMZ (2.7%) in the control group. In two patients the bronchiectasis was cystic. It is suggested that the deficiency states of alpha1-antitrypsin promoting the proteolysis can participate in the genesis of bronchiectasis.", "contents": "Deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin and bronchiectasis. 60 consecutive patients with bronchiectasis were screened for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Six cases (10%) with genotype PiMZ (alpha1-antitrypsin less than 66% of normal) were found. This frequency (10%) was statistically significantly (p less than 0.005) higher than the frequency of PiMZ (2.7%) in the control group. In two patients the bronchiectasis was cystic. It is suggested that the deficiency states of alpha1-antitrypsin promoting the proteolysis can participate in the genesis of bronchiectasis.", "PMID": 307937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1379", "title": "Clinical and laboratory investigation of cefamandole in infections of infants and children.", "content": "Forty-seven infants and children with a variety of infections including bacteremia, ethmoiditis, and periorbital cellulitis, soft tissue infection, pneumonia, and lymphadenitis were treated with intravenous cefamandole. The infections were due to Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. The clinical response was prompt, and, with the exception of two cases who developed skin rash, significant side effects were not noted. In vitro cefamandole was very effective in inhibiting the growth of H. influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant isolates.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory investigation of cefamandole in infections of infants and children. Forty-seven infants and children with a variety of infections including bacteremia, ethmoiditis, and periorbital cellulitis, soft tissue infection, pneumonia, and lymphadenitis were treated with intravenous cefamandole. The infections were due to Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. The clinical response was prompt, and, with the exception of two cases who developed skin rash, significant side effects were not noted. In vitro cefamandole was very effective in inhibiting the growth of H. influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant isolates.", "PMID": 307939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1380", "title": "Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae type b to rifampin and sulfisoxazole.", "content": "A total of 100 and 97% of Haemophilus influenzae type b strains from major infections were susceptible, respectively, to levels of rifampin and sulfisoxazole attainable in saliva. It is theoretically feasible to eliminate Haemophilus influenzae from the nasopharynx with these drugs.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae type b to rifampin and sulfisoxazole. A total of 100 and 97% of Haemophilus influenzae type b strains from major infections were susceptible, respectively, to levels of rifampin and sulfisoxazole attainable in saliva. It is theoretically feasible to eliminate Haemophilus influenzae from the nasopharynx with these drugs.", "PMID": 307940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1381", "title": "Combination of pentamidine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in therapy of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats.", "content": "Treatment with either pentamidine isethionate or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole significantly reduces the mortality of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. It is not known whether a combination might act in an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic manner. We studied the interaction of these two agents in the steroid-conditioned rat model of pneumocystosis. Of animals receiving pentamidine alone, 48% died and 45% had P. carinii cysts at autopsy. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole alone resulted in 21% mortality, and cysts were found in 28%. Both agents in full doses resulted in 45% deaths and cysts in 37%. Animals treated with half-dosages of pentamidine plus trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole had mortality of 35%, and 21% had cysts. Trimethoprim alone, in two dosages, was ineffective in eradicating P. carinii cysts. The data suggest that combination therapy is no more effective than trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole alone in the treatment of P. carinii pneumonia.", "contents": "Combination of pentamidine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in therapy of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats. Treatment with either pentamidine isethionate or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole significantly reduces the mortality of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. It is not known whether a combination might act in an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic manner. We studied the interaction of these two agents in the steroid-conditioned rat model of pneumocystosis. Of animals receiving pentamidine alone, 48% died and 45% had P. carinii cysts at autopsy. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole alone resulted in 21% mortality, and cysts were found in 28%. Both agents in full doses resulted in 45% deaths and cysts in 37%. Animals treated with half-dosages of pentamidine plus trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole had mortality of 35%, and 21% had cysts. Trimethoprim alone, in two dosages, was ineffective in eradicating P. carinii cysts. The data suggest that combination therapy is no more effective than trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole alone in the treatment of P. carinii pneumonia.", "PMID": 307941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1382", "title": "[Influence of cyclophosphamide on the production of experimentale autoimmune encephalomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of the so carried out experiments is to establish whether the created disbalance between T- and B-lymphocyte populations influences the final stages of a cell-mediated reaction in vivo. The chosen model was one of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Guinea pigs were given a single challenge (intradermally in the hind foot-pads) of 70 microgram myelin basic protein (MBP)--isolated from bovine spinal cord--in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Another group of animals was treated intraperitoneally with 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CY) 3 days before the MBP-CFA challenge. The control group received only CY. At different times after the administration of MBP, CY or CY-MBP, the popliteal lymph nodes have been examined and the morphological changes together with the number of anti-MBP antibody synthesizing cells (ASC) were recorded. In the guinea-pigs treated with the CY 3 days before the antigen challenge the disease develops earlier and shows a degree of severity with a threefold greater mean score. The number of ASC is increasing up till the 10th day and slightly decreases toward the 20th day when there are clinical and histological signs of EAE. If MBP is administered after a 3-day action of CY, the number of these cells till the 7th day after the antigen challenge is strongly reduced, then surpasses the normal value about the 10th day and comes back to it towards the 20th day. The results so obtained confirm the concept of the T-lymphocyte mediation of EAE and give us grounds for discussing the CY action on the lymphocyte subpopulation.", "contents": "[Influence of cyclophosphamide on the production of experimentale autoimmune encephalomyelitis (author's transl)]. The aim of the so carried out experiments is to establish whether the created disbalance between T- and B-lymphocyte populations influences the final stages of a cell-mediated reaction in vivo. The chosen model was one of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Guinea pigs were given a single challenge (intradermally in the hind foot-pads) of 70 microgram myelin basic protein (MBP)--isolated from bovine spinal cord--in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Another group of animals was treated intraperitoneally with 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CY) 3 days before the MBP-CFA challenge. The control group received only CY. At different times after the administration of MBP, CY or CY-MBP, the popliteal lymph nodes have been examined and the morphological changes together with the number of anti-MBP antibody synthesizing cells (ASC) were recorded. In the guinea-pigs treated with the CY 3 days before the antigen challenge the disease develops earlier and shows a degree of severity with a threefold greater mean score. The number of ASC is increasing up till the 10th day and slightly decreases toward the 20th day when there are clinical and histological signs of EAE. If MBP is administered after a 3-day action of CY, the number of these cells till the 7th day after the antigen challenge is strongly reduced, then surpasses the normal value about the 10th day and comes back to it towards the 20th day. The results so obtained confirm the concept of the T-lymphocyte mediation of EAE and give us grounds for discussing the CY action on the lymphocyte subpopulation.", "PMID": 307938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1383", "title": "Actions of G-strophanthin, adrenaline and acetylcholine on bullfrog ventricular muscle in the sodium-free lithium solution.", "content": "The actions of g-strophanthin, adrenaline and acetylcholine on the action potential of bullfrog ventricular muscle were studied in the Na+ -free Li+ solution, in order to examine if these actions are associated with the change of active Na+ transport. The action of g-strophanthin on the action potential, being observed in the Ringer solution, completely disappeared in the Na+-free Li+ solution. On the other hand, the actions of adrenaline and acetylcholine remained unchanged in the Na+ -free Li+ solution, except the hyperpolarizing action of adrenaline on the resting membrane. These results suggest that changes of the action potential by g-strophanthin are secondary events caused by the change of active Na+ transport, whereas those by adrenaline and acetylcholine are primary events due to the change of membrane permeability.", "contents": "Actions of G-strophanthin, adrenaline and acetylcholine on bullfrog ventricular muscle in the sodium-free lithium solution. The actions of g-strophanthin, adrenaline and acetylcholine on the action potential of bullfrog ventricular muscle were studied in the Na+ -free Li+ solution, in order to examine if these actions are associated with the change of active Na+ transport. The action of g-strophanthin on the action potential, being observed in the Ringer solution, completely disappeared in the Na+-free Li+ solution. On the other hand, the actions of adrenaline and acetylcholine remained unchanged in the Na+ -free Li+ solution, except the hyperpolarizing action of adrenaline on the resting membrane. These results suggest that changes of the action potential by g-strophanthin are secondary events caused by the change of active Na+ transport, whereas those by adrenaline and acetylcholine are primary events due to the change of membrane permeability.", "PMID": 307944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1384", "title": "Vestibular hyporeactivity in infants at risk for schizophrenia. Association with critical developmental disorders.", "content": "Vestibular responses to caloric stimulation were measured from birth to age 2 years in ten infants born to schizophrenic mothers. This is part of a study of evolving neurointegrative disorders that may be associated with a genetic risk for schizophrenia. Transiently decreased vestibular responses coincided with several developmental disorders that were related to psychopathology at 10 years. Absent to decreased responses were associated with (1) a \"pandevelopmental retardation\" involving physical growth as well as postural-motor and visual-motor development, (2) an \"abnormally quiet\" state in the first month, and (3) failures of bimanual integration between 4 and 6 months. The transitory nature of the decreased nystagmus rules out the possibility of an organic lesion of the vestibular system. Rather, it suggests that some covert decrease in arousal accompanied those periods when central nervous system integration was disrupted.", "contents": "Vestibular hyporeactivity in infants at risk for schizophrenia. Association with critical developmental disorders. Vestibular responses to caloric stimulation were measured from birth to age 2 years in ten infants born to schizophrenic mothers. This is part of a study of evolving neurointegrative disorders that may be associated with a genetic risk for schizophrenia. Transiently decreased vestibular responses coincided with several developmental disorders that were related to psychopathology at 10 years. Absent to decreased responses were associated with (1) a \"pandevelopmental retardation\" involving physical growth as well as postural-motor and visual-motor development, (2) an \"abnormally quiet\" state in the first month, and (3) failures of bimanual integration between 4 and 6 months. The transitory nature of the decreased nystagmus rules out the possibility of an organic lesion of the vestibular system. Rather, it suggests that some covert decrease in arousal accompanied those periods when central nervous system integration was disrupted.", "PMID": 307945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1385", "title": "The influence of arrhythmogenic substances on the E.C.G. of rats calcified by high doses of vitamin D2.", "content": "Calcification of the aorta and the coronary vessels as well as metastatic calcification of the heart muscle in the rat was produced by daily oral administration of 300,000 i.u. vitamin D2/kg for 6 consecutive days. E.C.G. tracings showed different pathological conditions. The response of the cardiovascular system to certain arrhythmogenic substances, e.g. aconitine and CaCl2 was generally reduced in comparison to non-treated rats.", "contents": "The influence of arrhythmogenic substances on the E.C.G. of rats calcified by high doses of vitamin D2. Calcification of the aorta and the coronary vessels as well as metastatic calcification of the heart muscle in the rat was produced by daily oral administration of 300,000 i.u. vitamin D2/kg for 6 consecutive days. E.C.G. tracings showed different pathological conditions. The response of the cardiovascular system to certain arrhythmogenic substances, e.g. aconitine and CaCl2 was generally reduced in comparison to non-treated rats.", "PMID": 307947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1386", "title": "Lipomas of the internal auditory canal.", "content": "We present two cases of lipoma of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), which brings, to our knowledge, the total reported in the literature to six. These cases had a clinical, surgical, and postoperative course that was similar to a small acoustic neuroma. The roentgenographic aspects were in keeping with small, CPA tumors. A review of the literature of CPA tumors and lipomas of the CNS is presented. We discuss the controversy surrounding the origin of lipomas of the CNS.", "contents": "Lipomas of the internal auditory canal. We present two cases of lipoma of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), which brings, to our knowledge, the total reported in the literature to six. These cases had a clinical, surgical, and postoperative course that was similar to a small acoustic neuroma. The roentgenographic aspects were in keeping with small, CPA tumors. A review of the literature of CPA tumors and lipomas of the CNS is presented. We discuss the controversy surrounding the origin of lipomas of the CNS.", "PMID": 307948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1387", "title": "Evaluation of radiochromium blood loss studies in unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia.", "content": "Radiochromium measurement of gastrointestinal (GI) blood loss was performed on an outpatient basis on 57 patients with unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia. With the exception of pre-menopausal women, patients were only selected for study if the anaemia remained unexplained after careful GI radiological and endoscopic examination. Occult GI blood loss was confirmed in 31 patients and further investigation including laparotomy in some cases, led to a diagnosis in 17 of the 31. Carcinoma was present in five (colon four, stomach one) and benign lesions of the small intestine in five. There was no correlation between the severity or pattern of bleeding and the nature of the lesion. Of the 26 patients without demonstrable occult bleeding, anaemia was aspirin-induced in five and caused by menorrhagia in six. With the pre-menopausal women, measurement of both GI and menstrual blood loss resulted in detection of silent GI lesions in four and gynaecological disease in six. The cause of anaemia has not been elucidated in 23 of the 57 patients, including seven of 11 with aortic valve disease, even after follow-up for an average of 3.0 years. These results indicate that radiochromium studies effectively identify the patients with unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia who require continued active investigation for a focal GI lesion.", "contents": "Evaluation of radiochromium blood loss studies in unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia. Radiochromium measurement of gastrointestinal (GI) blood loss was performed on an outpatient basis on 57 patients with unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia. With the exception of pre-menopausal women, patients were only selected for study if the anaemia remained unexplained after careful GI radiological and endoscopic examination. Occult GI blood loss was confirmed in 31 patients and further investigation including laparotomy in some cases, led to a diagnosis in 17 of the 31. Carcinoma was present in five (colon four, stomach one) and benign lesions of the small intestine in five. There was no correlation between the severity or pattern of bleeding and the nature of the lesion. Of the 26 patients without demonstrable occult bleeding, anaemia was aspirin-induced in five and caused by menorrhagia in six. With the pre-menopausal women, measurement of both GI and menstrual blood loss resulted in detection of silent GI lesions in four and gynaecological disease in six. The cause of anaemia has not been elucidated in 23 of the 57 patients, including seven of 11 with aortic valve disease, even after follow-up for an average of 3.0 years. These results indicate that radiochromium studies effectively identify the patients with unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia who require continued active investigation for a focal GI lesion.", "PMID": 307949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1388", "title": "Radionuclide imaging to assess myocardial damage during open heart surgery.", "content": "Technetium 99m Pyrophosphate imaging before and after open heart surgery was performed in 38 patients to estimate the incidence of peri-operative infarction. Positive images were present pre-operatively in 11 of 30 patients with coronary artery disease. In three patients the images changed from negative to positive and in two this was thought to be due to infarction produced at operation. The high incidence of positive pre-operative images emphasises that many patients with evolving myocardial infarction, unstable angina or severe heart failure are now operated upon without delay. Because many patients have positive images before surgery pre-operative and post-operative images must be compared to assess myocardial damage due to surgery.", "contents": "Radionuclide imaging to assess myocardial damage during open heart surgery. Technetium 99m Pyrophosphate imaging before and after open heart surgery was performed in 38 patients to estimate the incidence of peri-operative infarction. Positive images were present pre-operatively in 11 of 30 patients with coronary artery disease. In three patients the images changed from negative to positive and in two this was thought to be due to infarction produced at operation. The high incidence of positive pre-operative images emphasises that many patients with evolving myocardial infarction, unstable angina or severe heart failure are now operated upon without delay. Because many patients have positive images before surgery pre-operative and post-operative images must be compared to assess myocardial damage due to surgery.", "PMID": 307950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1389", "title": "The effect of westernization on native populations. Studies on a Micronesian community with a high diabetes prevalence.", "content": "A diabetes prevalence study in 1975 on an isolated urbanized Central Pacific island (Nauru) showed rates comparable to the American Pima Indians--the highest yet recorded in the world literature. This paper reports the results of a follow-up study and the high prevalence has been confirmed. In this survey of 417 people aged ten years and over, 9.8% were known diabetics. With a plasma glucose of 160 mg/100 ml or over at two hours after a 75 gram oral glucose load as the criterion of diagnosis, , diabetes was detected in a further 19.2%, making a total diabetic population of 29% in the population studied. The prevalence of diabetes was 44% in people aged 20 years and over. A further 7% had borderline diabetes on the basis of a two-hour plasma glucose of 140--159 mg/100 ml. Parity did not appear to be a causative factor in relation to the high diabetes prevalence. However, obesity is common in this community and is more marked than that seen in other Pacific or Caucasian communities. The high prevalence of diabetes in this population appears to be related to the inter-action of environmental factors, such as obesity, with a diabetic genotype. The results confirm the possible detrimental effects of westernization on native populations.", "contents": "The effect of westernization on native populations. Studies on a Micronesian community with a high diabetes prevalence. A diabetes prevalence study in 1975 on an isolated urbanized Central Pacific island (Nauru) showed rates comparable to the American Pima Indians--the highest yet recorded in the world literature. This paper reports the results of a follow-up study and the high prevalence has been confirmed. In this survey of 417 people aged ten years and over, 9.8% were known diabetics. With a plasma glucose of 160 mg/100 ml or over at two hours after a 75 gram oral glucose load as the criterion of diagnosis, , diabetes was detected in a further 19.2%, making a total diabetic population of 29% in the population studied. The prevalence of diabetes was 44% in people aged 20 years and over. A further 7% had borderline diabetes on the basis of a two-hour plasma glucose of 140--159 mg/100 ml. Parity did not appear to be a causative factor in relation to the high diabetes prevalence. However, obesity is common in this community and is more marked than that seen in other Pacific or Caucasian communities. The high prevalence of diabetes in this population appears to be related to the inter-action of environmental factors, such as obesity, with a diabetic genotype. The results confirm the possible detrimental effects of westernization on native populations.", "PMID": 307951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1390", "title": "Preparation of anti-human globulin serum in Bangladeshi rabbits and goats.", "content": "Anti-human globulin was produced in local rabbits and goats by using human O serum mixed with Freund's adjuvants (complete or incomplete) for immunising the animals. A titre of 1/1024 was obtained in rabbit and a titre of 1/8192 was obtained in goat. Quality-and quantity-wise, goat's serum appeared to be better than rabbit's serum.", "contents": "Preparation of anti-human globulin serum in Bangladeshi rabbits and goats. Anti-human globulin was produced in local rabbits and goats by using human O serum mixed with Freund's adjuvants (complete or incomplete) for immunising the animals. A titre of 1/1024 was obtained in rabbit and a titre of 1/8192 was obtained in goat. Quality-and quantity-wise, goat's serum appeared to be better than rabbit's serum.", "PMID": 307952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1391", "title": "[Diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease].", "content": "Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease was a special problem. Criteria up to date: prolonged bleeding time, reduced platelet adhesiveness, decreased F. VIII coagulant activity, as well as a particularly behaviour after the infusion of F. VIII, were not sufficient to differentiatie this disease from other congenital disorder of F. VIII. Recent investigations, introducing the immunological methods for determination of F. VIII--related antigen, as well as the investigation of ristocetin induced platelet aggregation, give the new approach in the diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease. Authors presented preliminary results of investigations of F. VIII--related antigen in the patients with von Willebrand's disease, as well as the results of investigation of the patients with hemophilia A and normal subjects, as a control group.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease]. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease was a special problem. Criteria up to date: prolonged bleeding time, reduced platelet adhesiveness, decreased F. VIII coagulant activity, as well as a particularly behaviour after the infusion of F. VIII, were not sufficient to differentiatie this disease from other congenital disorder of F. VIII. Recent investigations, introducing the immunological methods for determination of F. VIII--related antigen, as well as the investigation of ristocetin induced platelet aggregation, give the new approach in the diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease. Authors presented preliminary results of investigations of F. VIII--related antigen in the patients with von Willebrand's disease, as well as the results of investigation of the patients with hemophilia A and normal subjects, as a control group.", "PMID": 307953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1392", "title": "[Congenital deficiency of humoral and cellular immunity].", "content": "The study involves 10 children with primary immunologic deficiency of the humoral and cellular immunity diagnosed on the basis of the clinical symptoms of the disease and immunologic investigation. In 7 children, out of whome three were infants, suffering of recurrent respiratory tract infections, examinations revealed either absence or deficiency of the IgA in the serum and saliva. 2 children presented a classical picture of the Wiskott-Aldrich's syndrome followed by eczema, recurrent infections and trombocytopenia. Having studied the immunologic status in these two children in vitro and in vivo, the authors established deficiency in the humoral and cellular immunity. In an infant aged three months, with diagnosed histiocytosis X after histologic examination of the skin, the authors had examined the function of the T and B cells after which it was concluded that it was a case of rare form of the combined primary immunodeficiency.", "contents": "[Congenital deficiency of humoral and cellular immunity]. The study involves 10 children with primary immunologic deficiency of the humoral and cellular immunity diagnosed on the basis of the clinical symptoms of the disease and immunologic investigation. In 7 children, out of whome three were infants, suffering of recurrent respiratory tract infections, examinations revealed either absence or deficiency of the IgA in the serum and saliva. 2 children presented a classical picture of the Wiskott-Aldrich's syndrome followed by eczema, recurrent infections and trombocytopenia. Having studied the immunologic status in these two children in vitro and in vivo, the authors established deficiency in the humoral and cellular immunity. In an infant aged three months, with diagnosed histiocytosis X after histologic examination of the skin, the authors had examined the function of the T and B cells after which it was concluded that it was a case of rare form of the combined primary immunodeficiency.", "PMID": 307954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1393", "title": "Lichen planus: study with anti-human T lymphocyte antigen (anti-HTLA) serum on frozen tissue sections.", "content": "The lymphocytic infiltrate of lichen planus was studied by the identification of the human T lymphocyte antigen in frozen tissue sections using specific anti-human T lymphocytes antigen antiserum. The infiltrate was shown to be composed principally of T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lichen planus: study with anti-human T lymphocyte antigen (anti-HTLA) serum on frozen tissue sections. The lymphocytic infiltrate of lichen planus was studied by the identification of the human T lymphocyte antigen in frozen tissue sections using specific anti-human T lymphocytes antigen antiserum. The infiltrate was shown to be composed principally of T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 307957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1394", "title": "Identification of mononuclear cells in situ in skin lesions of lichen planus.", "content": "Cryostat sections of lesional skin of lichen planus were examined for receptors for sheep erythrocytes (T lymphocytes), Fcgamma and C3b receptors (B lymphocytes and macrophages) and C3d (B lymphocytes). The indicator cells were applied using a closed chamber technique. The combination of the closed chamber technique and treatment of the sheep erythrocytes with a strong sulphydryl reagent enabled us to detect T lymphocytes by their membrane receptors in situ. T lymphocytes were the predominant mononuclear cells in the dermal infiltrate, with less macrophages and only a few B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Identification of mononuclear cells in situ in skin lesions of lichen planus. Cryostat sections of lesional skin of lichen planus were examined for receptors for sheep erythrocytes (T lymphocytes), Fcgamma and C3b receptors (B lymphocytes and macrophages) and C3d (B lymphocytes). The indicator cells were applied using a closed chamber technique. The combination of the closed chamber technique and treatment of the sheep erythrocytes with a strong sulphydryl reagent enabled us to detect T lymphocytes by their membrane receptors in situ. T lymphocytes were the predominant mononuclear cells in the dermal infiltrate, with less macrophages and only a few B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 307958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1395", "title": "Relationship between T and B lymphocyte values and prognosis in malignant melanoma.", "content": "T and B lymphocyte populations were evaluated in 56 patients with malignant melanoma. Active rosettes (T-Ea) were decreased only in metastatic patients, while the total T population (T-Et) was decreased in all stages. In addition the metastatic patients presented significant decreases in IgD and IgM subpopulations. An increase in null cells was noted in metastatic patients. Regular controls over a period of 2 years showed that T-Ea levels were closely linked to the clinical picture. Patients whose values were constant remained cancer free, while a reduction heralded the appearance of clinical and/or radiological signs of metastasis.", "contents": "Relationship between T and B lymphocyte values and prognosis in malignant melanoma. T and B lymphocyte populations were evaluated in 56 patients with malignant melanoma. Active rosettes (T-Ea) were decreased only in metastatic patients, while the total T population (T-Et) was decreased in all stages. In addition the metastatic patients presented significant decreases in IgD and IgM subpopulations. An increase in null cells was noted in metastatic patients. Regular controls over a period of 2 years showed that T-Ea levels were closely linked to the clinical picture. Patients whose values were constant remained cancer free, while a reduction heralded the appearance of clinical and/or radiological signs of metastasis.", "PMID": 307959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1396", "title": "Individual assignments of the methyl resonances in the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "In earlier work the resonances of the 20 methyl groups in the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) had been identified in the 360-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and most of the methyl lines had from spin-decoupling experiments been assigned to the different types of amino acid residues. The assignments to the different amino acid types were now completed by studies of the saturation transfer between the denatured and the globular forms of the inhibitor and by spin-decoupling experiments in nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) difference spectra. These distinguished between the methyl resonances of Ala and Thr. Furthermore, for most of the methyl resonances, individual assignments to specific residues in the amino acid sequence were obtained from measurements of intramolecular proton-proton NOE's, use of lanthanide NMR shift and relaxation probes, and comparative studies of various chemically modified forms of BPTI. These data provide the basis for individual assignments of the methyl 13C NMR lines in BPTI and for detailed investigations of the relations between the spatial structure of the protein and the chemical shifts of the methyl groups. The methyl groups in BPTI are of particular interest since they are located almost exclusively on the surface of the protein and thus represent potential natural NMR probes for studies of the protein-protein interactions in the complexes formed between BPTI and a variety of proteases.", "contents": "Individual assignments of the methyl resonances in the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. In earlier work the resonances of the 20 methyl groups in the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) had been identified in the 360-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and most of the methyl lines had from spin-decoupling experiments been assigned to the different types of amino acid residues. The assignments to the different amino acid types were now completed by studies of the saturation transfer between the denatured and the globular forms of the inhibitor and by spin-decoupling experiments in nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) difference spectra. These distinguished between the methyl resonances of Ala and Thr. Furthermore, for most of the methyl resonances, individual assignments to specific residues in the amino acid sequence were obtained from measurements of intramolecular proton-proton NOE's, use of lanthanide NMR shift and relaxation probes, and comparative studies of various chemically modified forms of BPTI. These data provide the basis for individual assignments of the methyl 13C NMR lines in BPTI and for detailed investigations of the relations between the spatial structure of the protein and the chemical shifts of the methyl groups. The methyl groups in BPTI are of particular interest since they are located almost exclusively on the surface of the protein and thus represent potential natural NMR probes for studies of the protein-protein interactions in the complexes formed between BPTI and a variety of proteases.", "PMID": 307961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1397", "title": "Multimolecular substrate reactions catalyzed by caabohydrases. Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase degradation of maltooligosaccharides.", "content": "Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase degrades maltooligosaccharides by other pathways besides simple glycosidic bond scission. The utilization of the alternate pathways increases with the concentration of substrate implicating a multimolecular substrate mechanism. Reducing-end labeled and uniformly labeled maltooligosaccharides were used to elucidate these alternate degradation mechanisms. Condensation followed by hydrolysis is not a significant pathway. Transglycosylation is concluded to occur, but no single transglycosylation mechanism can account for all of the experimental data for maltotriose degradation. Rather, a combination of transglycosylations must be invoked.", "contents": "Multimolecular substrate reactions catalyzed by caabohydrases. Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase degradation of maltooligosaccharides. Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase degrades maltooligosaccharides by other pathways besides simple glycosidic bond scission. The utilization of the alternate pathways increases with the concentration of substrate implicating a multimolecular substrate mechanism. Reducing-end labeled and uniformly labeled maltooligosaccharides were used to elucidate these alternate degradation mechanisms. Condensation followed by hydrolysis is not a significant pathway. Transglycosylation is concluded to occur, but no single transglycosylation mechanism can account for all of the experimental data for maltotriose degradation. Rather, a combination of transglycosylations must be invoked.", "PMID": 307963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1398", "title": "Model for carbohydrase action. Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase degradation of maltotriose.", "content": "Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase catalyzes degradation of oligosaccharides by a variety of pathways. We present here a quantitative study of the degradation of maltotriose by this amylase. Our results lead to a scheme involving multiple transglycosylation reactions and shifted binding due to simultaneous binding of two substrate molecules. The scheme is able to account for the diverse body of information collected for the enzyme. The effect of substrate concentration on the products of maltotriose degradation is correctly predicted over a 10(4)-fold concentration range, and the time course of maltotriose degradation is closely approximated by this scheme. The initial velocity data, which show deviation from Michaelis-Menton kinetics, are also consistent with the formulated scheme. The scheme is proposed as a general model of carbohydrase action.", "contents": "Model for carbohydrase action. Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase degradation of maltotriose. Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase catalyzes degradation of oligosaccharides by a variety of pathways. We present here a quantitative study of the degradation of maltotriose by this amylase. Our results lead to a scheme involving multiple transglycosylation reactions and shifted binding due to simultaneous binding of two substrate molecules. The scheme is able to account for the diverse body of information collected for the enzyme. The effect of substrate concentration on the products of maltotriose degradation is correctly predicted over a 10(4)-fold concentration range, and the time course of maltotriose degradation is closely approximated by this scheme. The initial velocity data, which show deviation from Michaelis-Menton kinetics, are also consistent with the formulated scheme. The scheme is proposed as a general model of carbohydrase action.", "PMID": 307964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1399", "title": "Effect of sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, on frog skin potential difference and short circuit current.", "content": "Sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, causes a initial stimulation of frog skin short circuit current Isc when present in the mucosal bathing medium at 10(-4) M. The stimulation is accompanied by an increase in spontaneous potential difference (PD) and increase in D.C. resistance. No effects are seen with sanguinarine in the serosal bathing medium. The initial stimulation is followed by a decrease in Isc and PD, but a continued increase in resistance. In skins whose initial spontaneous PD is high, no initial stimulation in Isc and PD is seen; however, clamping these skins to a lower potential does not alter their initial inhibitory response to sanguinarine. Likewise, clamping the lower potential skins to higher potential does not alter their initial stimulatory response. Sanguinarine seems to be acting on the permeability barriers at the outer surface of the frog skin.", "contents": "Effect of sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, on frog skin potential difference and short circuit current. Sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, causes a initial stimulation of frog skin short circuit current Isc when present in the mucosal bathing medium at 10(-4) M. The stimulation is accompanied by an increase in spontaneous potential difference (PD) and increase in D.C. resistance. No effects are seen with sanguinarine in the serosal bathing medium. The initial stimulation is followed by a decrease in Isc and PD, but a continued increase in resistance. In skins whose initial spontaneous PD is high, no initial stimulation in Isc and PD is seen; however, clamping these skins to a lower potential does not alter their initial inhibitory response to sanguinarine. Likewise, clamping the lower potential skins to higher potential does not alter their initial stimulatory response. Sanguinarine seems to be acting on the permeability barriers at the outer surface of the frog skin.", "PMID": 307965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1400", "title": "[Effect of highly purified thymus factor on the cellular and humoral indices of immunity in thymectomized mice].", "content": "Effect of homogeneous polypeptide thymus factor of mol weight about 5000 (thymarin-III) on cellular and humoral immune responses of thymectomized adult CBA mice was studied. Thymectomy proved to greatly decrease the number of T-cells in the spleen. Accordingly, the capability of these mice to produce both IgM and IgG antibody-forming cells in response to the thymus-dependent antigen (sheep red blood cells) was significantly depressed. Subcutaneous injections of thymarin-III (1 microgram per g of body weight) for 7 days completely restored the T-cell spleen population and normalized the animals' immune response.", "contents": "[Effect of highly purified thymus factor on the cellular and humoral indices of immunity in thymectomized mice]. Effect of homogeneous polypeptide thymus factor of mol weight about 5000 (thymarin-III) on cellular and humoral immune responses of thymectomized adult CBA mice was studied. Thymectomy proved to greatly decrease the number of T-cells in the spleen. Accordingly, the capability of these mice to produce both IgM and IgG antibody-forming cells in response to the thymus-dependent antigen (sheep red blood cells) was significantly depressed. Subcutaneous injections of thymarin-III (1 microgram per g of body weight) for 7 days completely restored the T-cell spleen population and normalized the animals' immune response.", "PMID": 307966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1401", "title": "Human lung tissue as a source of colony stimulating activity.", "content": "Medium conditioned by human lung tissue was found to contain colony stimulating activity (CSA). This material was tested against mouse and human bone marrow as target system. Colony forming units (CFUc) from both species responded and gave rise to clonal growth in agar cultures. This colony formation was dose dependent and the relationship was a sigmoid one. Experiments to determine the molecular weight of human lung derived colony stimulating Factors brought evidence for four active molecular weight fractions with approximately 79000, 40000, 23000 and 2000 daltons. The 23000 dalton fraction activated human cells only, whereas the other fractions were active on both human and mouse bone marrow cells.", "contents": "Human lung tissue as a source of colony stimulating activity. Medium conditioned by human lung tissue was found to contain colony stimulating activity (CSA). This material was tested against mouse and human bone marrow as target system. Colony forming units (CFUc) from both species responded and gave rise to clonal growth in agar cultures. This colony formation was dose dependent and the relationship was a sigmoid one. Experiments to determine the molecular weight of human lung derived colony stimulating Factors brought evidence for four active molecular weight fractions with approximately 79000, 40000, 23000 and 2000 daltons. The 23000 dalton fraction activated human cells only, whereas the other fractions were active on both human and mouse bone marrow cells.", "PMID": 307969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1402", "title": "Technical aspects of injection sclerotherapy of acute oesophageal variceal haemorrhage as seen by radiography.", "content": "Certain aspects of the technique of injection sclerotherapy are illustrated in a series of 15 patients presenting with acute oesophageal variceal haemorrhage due to bilharzial hepatic fibrosis. The results of this form of treatment are shown. The actual process of variceal injection was done under visual fluoroscopic control, using a mixture of 76 per cent Urografin and 5 per cent ethanolamine oleate. The findings showed that: (a) the sclerosant did not reach the gastric varices which could be a possible source of re-bleeding; (b) intravariceally injected material rapidly escaped from the submucosal varices, where it should stay, to the peri-oesophageal veins; (c) sclerosant remaining on the variceal walls was minimal by the time the Sengestaken tube was inflated.", "contents": "Technical aspects of injection sclerotherapy of acute oesophageal variceal haemorrhage as seen by radiography. Certain aspects of the technique of injection sclerotherapy are illustrated in a series of 15 patients presenting with acute oesophageal variceal haemorrhage due to bilharzial hepatic fibrosis. The results of this form of treatment are shown. The actual process of variceal injection was done under visual fluoroscopic control, using a mixture of 76 per cent Urografin and 5 per cent ethanolamine oleate. The findings showed that: (a) the sclerosant did not reach the gastric varices which could be a possible source of re-bleeding; (b) intravariceally injected material rapidly escaped from the submucosal varices, where it should stay, to the peri-oesophageal veins; (c) sclerosant remaining on the variceal walls was minimal by the time the Sengestaken tube was inflated.", "PMID": 307971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1403", "title": "Biochemical and morphometric studies of the relationship of acetylcholine synthesis and vesicle numbers after stimulation of frog neuromuscular junctions: the effect of a choline-O-acetyltransferase inhibitor.", "content": "The present study compares choline acetylase (ChAc) activity with morphometric determinations of synaptic vesicles at the neuromuscular junctions of frog pectoralis muscle subjected to high and low frequency stimulation in the presence or absence of NVP, a ChAc inhibitor. Muscles stimulated at 10/sec for 20 min with one hour rest, in the presence of NVP, showed an approximately 50% reduction in synthesis of Ach, and a 50--60% reduction in the numerical density of synaptic vesicles relative to controls preparations. Similar nerve muscle preparations stimulated at 2/sec for one hour without rest, in the presence of NVP, also showed approximately 50% less synthesis of Ach and vesicle numbers 43% lower than that seen in control muscles treated in the same way in the absence of drug. The results indicate a correlation between the inhibitory effect of NVP on ChAc and the numbers of vesicles present within terminals. In addition, stimulation of nerve terminals, with or without NVP, produced a significant increase in the numerical density of synaptic vesicles over respective unstimulated controls. These and other results are discussed in relation to current hypotheses concerning recirculation of synaptic vesicles.", "contents": "Biochemical and morphometric studies of the relationship of acetylcholine synthesis and vesicle numbers after stimulation of frog neuromuscular junctions: the effect of a choline-O-acetyltransferase inhibitor. The present study compares choline acetylase (ChAc) activity with morphometric determinations of synaptic vesicles at the neuromuscular junctions of frog pectoralis muscle subjected to high and low frequency stimulation in the presence or absence of NVP, a ChAc inhibitor. Muscles stimulated at 10/sec for 20 min with one hour rest, in the presence of NVP, showed an approximately 50% reduction in synthesis of Ach, and a 50--60% reduction in the numerical density of synaptic vesicles relative to controls preparations. Similar nerve muscle preparations stimulated at 2/sec for one hour without rest, in the presence of NVP, also showed approximately 50% less synthesis of Ach and vesicle numbers 43% lower than that seen in control muscles treated in the same way in the absence of drug. The results indicate a correlation between the inhibitory effect of NVP on ChAc and the numbers of vesicles present within terminals. In addition, stimulation of nerve terminals, with or without NVP, produced a significant increase in the numerical density of synaptic vesicles over respective unstimulated controls. These and other results are discussed in relation to current hypotheses concerning recirculation of synaptic vesicles.", "PMID": 307974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1404", "title": "A mechanism for type III vestibular responses of frog cerebellar Purkinje cells.", "content": "Type III Purkinje cells (P-cells), which are excited with both directions of horizontal rotation, are found in high numbers in the frog auricular lobe and adjacent cerebellar areas. To examine the mechanisms underlying these responses, recordings were made from P-cells in curarized animals during rotational stimulation of the horizontal canals. The horizontal canal input to these cells was then modified unilaterally by VIIth nerve section, intraperilymphatic injection of local anesthetic, or by caloric stimulation. Control recordings were also obtained from peripheral canal neurons. Type III responses were abolished by unilateral lesions or reversible blockage of the VIIIth nerve with local anesthetic. The remaining responses were attributable only to the unaffected horizontal canal, ie. only type II or type I responses were observed upon interruption of the ipsi-or contralateral nerve, respectively. The level of spontaneous activity of cerebellar input fibers was low and during rotation produced 'cell silencing' response waveform asymmetries (facilitation greater than disfacilitation). When the level of peripheral resting activity was increased (warm water irrigation), thereby increasing horizontal canal response symmetry, type III responses were reduced in magnitude or abolished. Conversely, cold water irrigation, which decreases the resting rate and response symmetry of input fibers, enhanced type III response magnitudes. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that type III responses result from the fact that single P-cells receive a facilitatory input from both horizontal canals. Since these inputs are 180 degrees phase-reversed and their response waveforms asymmetrical, their resulting postsynaptic effect is a net excitation during both portions of the stimulus cycle.", "contents": "A mechanism for type III vestibular responses of frog cerebellar Purkinje cells. Type III Purkinje cells (P-cells), which are excited with both directions of horizontal rotation, are found in high numbers in the frog auricular lobe and adjacent cerebellar areas. To examine the mechanisms underlying these responses, recordings were made from P-cells in curarized animals during rotational stimulation of the horizontal canals. The horizontal canal input to these cells was then modified unilaterally by VIIth nerve section, intraperilymphatic injection of local anesthetic, or by caloric stimulation. Control recordings were also obtained from peripheral canal neurons. Type III responses were abolished by unilateral lesions or reversible blockage of the VIIIth nerve with local anesthetic. The remaining responses were attributable only to the unaffected horizontal canal, ie. only type II or type I responses were observed upon interruption of the ipsi-or contralateral nerve, respectively. The level of spontaneous activity of cerebellar input fibers was low and during rotation produced 'cell silencing' response waveform asymmetries (facilitation greater than disfacilitation). When the level of peripheral resting activity was increased (warm water irrigation), thereby increasing horizontal canal response symmetry, type III responses were reduced in magnitude or abolished. Conversely, cold water irrigation, which decreases the resting rate and response symmetry of input fibers, enhanced type III response magnitudes. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that type III responses result from the fact that single P-cells receive a facilitatory input from both horizontal canals. Since these inputs are 180 degrees phase-reversed and their response waveforms asymmetrical, their resulting postsynaptic effect is a net excitation during both portions of the stimulus cycle.", "PMID": 307975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1405", "title": "Preoptic knife cuts and sexual behavior in male rats.", "content": "Knife cuts aimed at severing either the medial-lateral or dorsal fiber connections of the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (MPOAH) produced two clearly distinguishable patterns of copulatory deficits in male rats. On the other hand, transverse cuts, which were designed to destroy longitudinal connections on either the anterior or posterior end of the MPOAH, did not affect sexual behavior. Males with sagittal cuts exhibited deficits primarily in the initiation of copulation. In contrast, those with dorsal cuts showed alterations primarily in the execution of copulatory behavior. Combined behavioral and anatomical evidence was interpreted as suggesting that the MOPAH has at least two regulatory functions related to sex behavior: (1) it is involved in the mediation of the initiation of copulation through its lateral connections with the medial forebrain bundle, and (2) it influences the achievement of ejaculation and the subsequent refractory period through its dorsal connections with the amygdala and the hippocampus.", "contents": "Preoptic knife cuts and sexual behavior in male rats. Knife cuts aimed at severing either the medial-lateral or dorsal fiber connections of the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (MPOAH) produced two clearly distinguishable patterns of copulatory deficits in male rats. On the other hand, transverse cuts, which were designed to destroy longitudinal connections on either the anterior or posterior end of the MPOAH, did not affect sexual behavior. Males with sagittal cuts exhibited deficits primarily in the initiation of copulation. In contrast, those with dorsal cuts showed alterations primarily in the execution of copulatory behavior. Combined behavioral and anatomical evidence was interpreted as suggesting that the MOPAH has at least two regulatory functions related to sex behavior: (1) it is involved in the mediation of the initiation of copulation through its lateral connections with the medial forebrain bundle, and (2) it influences the achievement of ejaculation and the subsequent refractory period through its dorsal connections with the amygdala and the hippocampus.", "PMID": 307976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1406", "title": "Hypothermic coronary perfusion for myocardial protection during aortocoronary bypass.", "content": "Numerous methods have been used in an attempt to prevent myocardial injury that results from the interruption of aortic flow during cardiac operations. The authors describe a relatively simple means of inducing cardioplegia during coronary bypass surgery by coronary perfusion with cold lactated Ringer's solution through the aortic root. When the results following the employment of hypothermic coronary perfusion for intraoperative cardioplegia were compared with those obtained without its use, the procedure was found to confer a degree of intraoperative myocardial protection and appeared to lead to a decrease in intraoperative myocardial infarction, subendocardial ischemia and intraoperative mortality.", "contents": "Hypothermic coronary perfusion for myocardial protection during aortocoronary bypass. Numerous methods have been used in an attempt to prevent myocardial injury that results from the interruption of aortic flow during cardiac operations. The authors describe a relatively simple means of inducing cardioplegia during coronary bypass surgery by coronary perfusion with cold lactated Ringer's solution through the aortic root. When the results following the employment of hypothermic coronary perfusion for intraoperative cardioplegia were compared with those obtained without its use, the procedure was found to confer a degree of intraoperative myocardial protection and appeared to lead to a decrease in intraoperative myocardial infarction, subendocardial ischemia and intraoperative mortality.", "PMID": 307979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1407", "title": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: a T-cell deficiency.", "content": "The case of a 49-year-old man with the diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy is reported. The patient survived a stormy clinical course. The corticosteroids improved dramatically the clinical picture although the patient developed a staphylococcal septicemia. Before treatment immunological studies were done including quantitation of B and T-cells, antigen stimulation of lymphocytes in vitro, skin tests and skin window. Impairment of cell mediated immunity, decreased T-lymphocytes and increased B-lymphocytes were found. A decreased migration of lymphocytes in the skin window was also found compatible with immunosuppression. A possible presumptive pathogenetic mechanism is described although the cause of this recently described entity remains unknown.", "contents": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: a T-cell deficiency. The case of a 49-year-old man with the diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy is reported. The patient survived a stormy clinical course. The corticosteroids improved dramatically the clinical picture although the patient developed a staphylococcal septicemia. Before treatment immunological studies were done including quantitation of B and T-cells, antigen stimulation of lymphocytes in vitro, skin tests and skin window. Impairment of cell mediated immunity, decreased T-lymphocytes and increased B-lymphocytes were found. A decreased migration of lymphocytes in the skin window was also found compatible with immunosuppression. A possible presumptive pathogenetic mechanism is described although the cause of this recently described entity remains unknown.", "PMID": 307980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1408", "title": "Serum copper and zinc measurement in patients with osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Serum copper level (SCL), serum zinc level (SZL), and SCL/SZL ratio were measured in 18 patients with biopsy-proven osteogenic sarcoma. Measurements were made on sequentially collected serum samples beginning prior to the institution of therapy and continuing periodically until documented relapse. All patients were treated by curative resection and adjuvant therapy consisting of high dose methotrexate (with leucovorin rescue) with or without BCG immunotherapy. The SCL, SZI, and SCL/SZL determinations were made using proton-induced x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. SCL was significantly elevated (p less than .0001) in the 18 patients with primary untreated osteogenic sarcoma )173 +/- 30 microgram/dl) compared with a sex and age-matched normal group (115 +/- 16 microgram/dl). A significantly different SZL was not found, however, so that an elevated SCL/SZL ratio in the osteogenic sarcoma patients was primarily due to the altered SCL. SCL and SCL/SZL did not change significantly following curative surgery or become more abnormal in those patients who developed recurrent disease. The SCL and SCL/SZL were noted to be markedly elevated in those patients receiving BCG therapy, raising concern regarding the specificity of these tests as markers of tumor activity. SCL, SZL, and SCL/SZL did not appear useful as markers of tumor activity in patients with osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "Serum copper and zinc measurement in patients with osteogenic sarcoma. Serum copper level (SCL), serum zinc level (SZL), and SCL/SZL ratio were measured in 18 patients with biopsy-proven osteogenic sarcoma. Measurements were made on sequentially collected serum samples beginning prior to the institution of therapy and continuing periodically until documented relapse. All patients were treated by curative resection and adjuvant therapy consisting of high dose methotrexate (with leucovorin rescue) with or without BCG immunotherapy. The SCL, SZI, and SCL/SZL determinations were made using proton-induced x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. SCL was significantly elevated (p less than .0001) in the 18 patients with primary untreated osteogenic sarcoma )173 +/- 30 microgram/dl) compared with a sex and age-matched normal group (115 +/- 16 microgram/dl). A significantly different SZL was not found, however, so that an elevated SCL/SZL ratio in the osteogenic sarcoma patients was primarily due to the altered SCL. SCL and SCL/SZL did not change significantly following curative surgery or become more abnormal in those patients who developed recurrent disease. The SCL and SCL/SZL were noted to be markedly elevated in those patients receiving BCG therapy, raising concern regarding the specificity of these tests as markers of tumor activity. SCL, SZL, and SCL/SZL did not appear useful as markers of tumor activity in patients with osteogenic sarcoma.", "PMID": 307981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1409", "title": "An arterio-venous study of serum alpha1-antitrypsin in patients with chronic bronchitis.", "content": "The effect of passage through the lung on alpha1-antitrypsin was studied in sixteen patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. The average mixed venous value of alpha1-antitrypsin (106.2% standard serum value) was not different from the the mean arterial value (105.6%). Where individual differences were found there was a similar difference in serum albumin. However, there was a small but significant rise (p less than 0.005) in serum alpha1-antitrypsin \"complex\" as blood traversed the lung (mixed value = 6.3%; mixed arterial value = 6.8%). The reason is not yet clear.", "contents": "An arterio-venous study of serum alpha1-antitrypsin in patients with chronic bronchitis. The effect of passage through the lung on alpha1-antitrypsin was studied in sixteen patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. The average mixed venous value of alpha1-antitrypsin (106.2% standard serum value) was not different from the the mean arterial value (105.6%). Where individual differences were found there was a similar difference in serum albumin. However, there was a small but significant rise (p less than 0.005) in serum alpha1-antitrypsin \"complex\" as blood traversed the lung (mixed value = 6.3%; mixed arterial value = 6.8%). The reason is not yet clear.", "PMID": 307994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1410", "title": "Septic arthritis of the hip in infancy: end result study.", "content": "Twenty-four hips in 21 patients suffering septic arthritis at infancy were followed 11-30 years (mean 17 years). Fourteen hips with none to moderate femoral head destruction proved to have a fairly good chance of becoming located following closed treatment. If it failed, open reduction was successful, provided the femoral head-neck was big enough to achieve a stable reduction. Out of the 10 hips with absent femoral head-neck and an iliac dislocation, 6 underwent trochanteric arthroplasty: 3 hips remained located though with limited motion, and one of the 3 became painful requiring arthrodesis. Two redislocated and one subluxated. Following infantile septic arthritis, the proximal femur may remain cartilaginous during the first years of life. Arthrography did not prove helpful in evaluating the hip damage, nor the remnant bone stock. During this stage, push-pull X-rays seemed the most reliable method to assess joint location. Only surgical exploration gave a definite evidence of the amount of hip destruction. If the hip persists unstable after the septic process is well under control, surgical exploration is indicated, at about one to 2 years of age. Open reduction should be performed if there is sufficient head-neck to achieve a stable reduction. Otherwise, a trochanteric arthroplasty seems the procedure of choice followed by a varus osteotomy if there is progressive subluxation. If successful, it will provide a stable joint, less length discrepancy and a limited motion which seems preferable than accepting a high iliac dislocation. It will also offer a better anatomical condition for joint replacement, if indicated at a later age.", "contents": "Septic arthritis of the hip in infancy: end result study. Twenty-four hips in 21 patients suffering septic arthritis at infancy were followed 11-30 years (mean 17 years). Fourteen hips with none to moderate femoral head destruction proved to have a fairly good chance of becoming located following closed treatment. If it failed, open reduction was successful, provided the femoral head-neck was big enough to achieve a stable reduction. Out of the 10 hips with absent femoral head-neck and an iliac dislocation, 6 underwent trochanteric arthroplasty: 3 hips remained located though with limited motion, and one of the 3 became painful requiring arthrodesis. Two redislocated and one subluxated. Following infantile septic arthritis, the proximal femur may remain cartilaginous during the first years of life. Arthrography did not prove helpful in evaluating the hip damage, nor the remnant bone stock. During this stage, push-pull X-rays seemed the most reliable method to assess joint location. Only surgical exploration gave a definite evidence of the amount of hip destruction. If the hip persists unstable after the septic process is well under control, surgical exploration is indicated, at about one to 2 years of age. Open reduction should be performed if there is sufficient head-neck to achieve a stable reduction. Otherwise, a trochanteric arthroplasty seems the procedure of choice followed by a varus osteotomy if there is progressive subluxation. If successful, it will provide a stable joint, less length discrepancy and a limited motion which seems preferable than accepting a high iliac dislocation. It will also offer a better anatomical condition for joint replacement, if indicated at a later age.", "PMID": 307996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1411", "title": "A statistical review of 100 consecutive \"U.C.I.\" low friction knee arthroplasties with analysis of results.", "content": "In 100 U.C.I. low friction knee arthroplasties, the primary goal of relief from pain was accomplished in most patients. However, the precise evaluation of the result of a knee arthroplasty can be difficult. Many of the patients who rated good or better within an average follow up time of one year had patellofemoral complaints to some extent. Cold flow deformation and prosthetic loosening is a definite concern about the tibial component. A longer follow-up study is needed to better evaluate the significance of the 1-2 mm radiolucent line at the bone cement interface of the tibial component. Although most patients in this series were greatly relieved of their pain, even better results are possible if the arthroplasty would include the patellofemoral joint and tibial component more substantially bonded to cancellous bone.", "contents": "A statistical review of 100 consecutive \"U.C.I.\" low friction knee arthroplasties with analysis of results. In 100 U.C.I. low friction knee arthroplasties, the primary goal of relief from pain was accomplished in most patients. However, the precise evaluation of the result of a knee arthroplasty can be difficult. Many of the patients who rated good or better within an average follow up time of one year had patellofemoral complaints to some extent. Cold flow deformation and prosthetic loosening is a definite concern about the tibial component. A longer follow-up study is needed to better evaluate the significance of the 1-2 mm radiolucent line at the bone cement interface of the tibial component. Although most patients in this series were greatly relieved of their pain, even better results are possible if the arthroplasty would include the patellofemoral joint and tibial component more substantially bonded to cancellous bone.", "PMID": 307997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1412", "title": "Brain tumor in newborn babies.", "content": "5 cases of brain tumor in newborn babies under 2 months are presented. 4 of them were supratentorial teratoma and originated from the midline, and 1 was a glioma at the cerebelloponitine angle. 2 cases died before surgery and 2 cases after surgery. In our 5th case a benign teratoma of 150 g was removed from the third ventricle. He was discharged and enjoyed rather good health for 2 years and 1 month before dying of recurrence of tumor. Internal hydrocephalus associated with the huge tumor was responsible for the sudden deterioration of general condition. Therefore, shunting procedures should be performed as the first aid. However, in our experiences, the conditions at admission were the critical and/or too late to be beneficial. Thus early diagnosis is absolutely necessary for surgical treatment. A summary and discussion of the data of 103 previously reported cases are included.", "contents": "Brain tumor in newborn babies. 5 cases of brain tumor in newborn babies under 2 months are presented. 4 of them were supratentorial teratoma and originated from the midline, and 1 was a glioma at the cerebelloponitine angle. 2 cases died before surgery and 2 cases after surgery. In our 5th case a benign teratoma of 150 g was removed from the third ventricle. He was discharged and enjoyed rather good health for 2 years and 1 month before dying of recurrence of tumor. Internal hydrocephalus associated with the huge tumor was responsible for the sudden deterioration of general condition. Therefore, shunting procedures should be performed as the first aid. However, in our experiences, the conditions at admission were the critical and/or too late to be beneficial. Thus early diagnosis is absolutely necessary for surgical treatment. A summary and discussion of the data of 103 previously reported cases are included.", "PMID": 308000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1413", "title": "[Porphyria cutanea tarda: possible treatment and its results (author's transl)].", "content": "In 4 of 12 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) treatment with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) achieved normal porphyrin excretion and disappearance of the skin changes. But this result is far worse than that obtained with the venesection method of Ippen. PABA treatment should, therefore, be discontinued.--Among 56 patients (37 males, 19 females) given chloroquine treatment (twice 125 mg per week), normal porphyrin excretion and disappearance of the skin changes occurred in 32 after an average duration of treatment of 8 months, while in 21 (15 males and 6 females) an improvement set in after an average treatment duration of only 5 months so far. The treatment failed in three patients, but one of them lapsed his treatment and one died of an intercurrent disease, so that only one can be reckoned a true failure of chloroquine treatment.", "contents": "[Porphyria cutanea tarda: possible treatment and its results (author's transl)]. In 4 of 12 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) treatment with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) achieved normal porphyrin excretion and disappearance of the skin changes. But this result is far worse than that obtained with the venesection method of Ippen. PABA treatment should, therefore, be discontinued.--Among 56 patients (37 males, 19 females) given chloroquine treatment (twice 125 mg per week), normal porphyrin excretion and disappearance of the skin changes occurred in 32 after an average duration of treatment of 8 months, while in 21 (15 males and 6 females) an improvement set in after an average treatment duration of only 5 months so far. The treatment failed in three patients, but one of them lapsed his treatment and one died of an intercurrent disease, so that only one can be reckoned a true failure of chloroquine treatment.", "PMID": 308001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1414", "title": "[Gastrointestinal complications of acute pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastrointestinal complications, such as ileus, bleeding, stenosis and fistula formation, were retrospectively analysed on 180 patients with acute pancreatitis. Paralytic ileus occurred in only a quarter of patients with acute oedematous pancreatitis and only one had bleeding from a gastric ulcer. Complications occurred in the early but also postacute stage in patients with the haemorrhagic-necrotizing form. Even with early and delayed operation and adequate treatment of most complications, renewed gastrointestinal complications were not uncommon and required re-operations.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal complications of acute pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Gastrointestinal complications, such as ileus, bleeding, stenosis and fistula formation, were retrospectively analysed on 180 patients with acute pancreatitis. Paralytic ileus occurred in only a quarter of patients with acute oedematous pancreatitis and only one had bleeding from a gastric ulcer. Complications occurred in the early but also postacute stage in patients with the haemorrhagic-necrotizing form. Even with early and delayed operation and adequate treatment of most complications, renewed gastrointestinal complications were not uncommon and required re-operations.", "PMID": 308003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1415", "title": "Myasthenia gravis: steroid-induced effects on lymphocyte subpopulations in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations from patients with myasthenia gravis were evaluated during chronic steroid therapy. A marked lymphocytopenia (10-70%) was initially (day 3-21) noticed as well as a preferential depletion of thymus-derived cells which paralleled the clinical deterioration. Thus there was a relative increase in B cells, although their absolute number remained rather constant. These changes were reverted within 2-4 weeks in spite of continuous treatment. These findings are compatible with a release of myasthenic factors (anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies?) during the initial steroid-induced cell damage, the long-term beneficial effects being due to loss or suppression of autoreactive helper t cells.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis: steroid-induced effects on lymphocyte subpopulations in myasthenia gravis. Lymphocyte subpopulations from patients with myasthenia gravis were evaluated during chronic steroid therapy. A marked lymphocytopenia (10-70%) was initially (day 3-21) noticed as well as a preferential depletion of thymus-derived cells which paralleled the clinical deterioration. Thus there was a relative increase in B cells, although their absolute number remained rather constant. These changes were reverted within 2-4 weeks in spite of continuous treatment. These findings are compatible with a release of myasthenic factors (anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies?) during the initial steroid-induced cell damage, the long-term beneficial effects being due to loss or suppression of autoreactive helper t cells.", "PMID": 308007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1416", "title": "LSD and 5-HTP: tolerance and cross-tolerance relationships.", "content": "Tolerance and cross-tolerance relationships between lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were studied in rats trained on an operant task. The results demonstrated that behavioral tolerance to both compounds occur in the rat and that asymmetrical cross-tolerance relationships exist; that is, animals tolerant to 5-HTP were cross-tolerant to LSD, but animals tolerant to LSD were not cross-tolerant to 5-HTP.", "contents": "LSD and 5-HTP: tolerance and cross-tolerance relationships. Tolerance and cross-tolerance relationships between lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were studied in rats trained on an operant task. The results demonstrated that behavioral tolerance to both compounds occur in the rat and that asymmetrical cross-tolerance relationships exist; that is, animals tolerant to 5-HTP were cross-tolerant to LSD, but animals tolerant to LSD were not cross-tolerant to 5-HTP.", "PMID": 308008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1417", "title": "[Change in cardiac pacemaker activity during interaction of parasympathetic and sympathetic regulatory effects].", "content": "Chronotropic effect on the isolated sinus node of the frog heart and the unit activity of the pacemaker cells were studied during separate and joint stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. The joint stimulation entailed parasympathetic bradycardia or augmented the initial negative chronotropic response occurring in case of the parasympathetic stimulation alone. In most cases the joint stimulation diminished the speed of the slow diastolic depolarization and shortened the pacemaker AP. Thus the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects were not antagonistic in relation to the rhythmicity of the sino-atrial pacemaker. The possibility that catecholamines may increase the efficiency of the cholinergic action is discussed.", "contents": "[Change in cardiac pacemaker activity during interaction of parasympathetic and sympathetic regulatory effects]. Chronotropic effect on the isolated sinus node of the frog heart and the unit activity of the pacemaker cells were studied during separate and joint stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. The joint stimulation entailed parasympathetic bradycardia or augmented the initial negative chronotropic response occurring in case of the parasympathetic stimulation alone. In most cases the joint stimulation diminished the speed of the slow diastolic depolarization and shortened the pacemaker AP. Thus the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects were not antagonistic in relation to the rhythmicity of the sino-atrial pacemaker. The possibility that catecholamines may increase the efficiency of the cholinergic action is discussed.", "PMID": 308012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1418", "title": "Clustering of HBsAg in a family.", "content": "A study was performed on a family of 7 followed up over a 4-year period in which an outbreak of B-antigen-positive hepatitis occurred. Of the 5 male members who acquired HBsAg, 1 became a chronic asymptomatic carrier and 4 had episodes of acute icteric hepatitis during a 15-month period with development of histologically documented chronic hepatitis with persistent HBs antigenaemia in all. Of the 2 female members, 1 had an attack of acute HBsAg-positive hepatitis but recovered normally and cleared HBsAg from her serum, while the other was found to have anti-HBs with no evidence of liver disease. Serological and immunological studies carried out in all members of this family suggested that a sex-linked defect of T cell function itself could explain the differing host immune response to HBV infection in genetically related subjects.", "contents": "Clustering of HBsAg in a family. A study was performed on a family of 7 followed up over a 4-year period in which an outbreak of B-antigen-positive hepatitis occurred. Of the 5 male members who acquired HBsAg, 1 became a chronic asymptomatic carrier and 4 had episodes of acute icteric hepatitis during a 15-month period with development of histologically documented chronic hepatitis with persistent HBs antigenaemia in all. Of the 2 female members, 1 had an attack of acute HBsAg-positive hepatitis but recovered normally and cleared HBsAg from her serum, while the other was found to have anti-HBs with no evidence of liver disease. Serological and immunological studies carried out in all members of this family suggested that a sex-linked defect of T cell function itself could explain the differing host immune response to HBV infection in genetically related subjects.", "PMID": 308017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1419", "title": "[Rheologic, coagulative parameters and study of fibrinolysis in patients with coronary heart disease before and after aorto-coronary by-pass (author's transl)].", "content": "A study has been made of 31 patients with coronary heart disease where diagnosis had been clearly ascertained both from a clinical and strumental point of view. All patients had undergone aorto-coronary by-pass surgery. The controls of the parameters under observation (whole-blood and plasmatic viscosity, hematocrit, fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis, T protothrombin, T of partial thromboplastin, thromboelastogram antithrombin III, plasminogen, alfa2-macroglobulin and fractions C'3c, C'3c, C'4 of the complement) were carried out as follows: basic sample taken, I control (8th-10th day), II control (15th-20th day), III control (45th-50th day), IV control (85th-90th day) after surgical operation. A global examination of our results showed significant changes in the rheologic coagulative and fibrinolytic parameters after an aorto-coronary surgical operation. The slight tendency toward hypercoagulability met with in the basic blood sample (slight increase of whole-blood viscosity, hyperfibrinogenemy, inhibition of fibrinolytic activity) does not change significantly after surgical operation. This seems to indicate that the coronary by-pass does not in any way alter the evolution of arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "[Rheologic, coagulative parameters and study of fibrinolysis in patients with coronary heart disease before and after aorto-coronary by-pass (author's transl)]. A study has been made of 31 patients with coronary heart disease where diagnosis had been clearly ascertained both from a clinical and strumental point of view. All patients had undergone aorto-coronary by-pass surgery. The controls of the parameters under observation (whole-blood and plasmatic viscosity, hematocrit, fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis, T protothrombin, T of partial thromboplastin, thromboelastogram antithrombin III, plasminogen, alfa2-macroglobulin and fractions C'3c, C'3c, C'4 of the complement) were carried out as follows: basic sample taken, I control (8th-10th day), II control (15th-20th day), III control (45th-50th day), IV control (85th-90th day) after surgical operation. A global examination of our results showed significant changes in the rheologic coagulative and fibrinolytic parameters after an aorto-coronary surgical operation. The slight tendency toward hypercoagulability met with in the basic blood sample (slight increase of whole-blood viscosity, hyperfibrinogenemy, inhibition of fibrinolytic activity) does not change significantly after surgical operation. This seems to indicate that the coronary by-pass does not in any way alter the evolution of arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 308020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1420", "title": "Lymphotoxin production in cancer patients: possible relation to blastogenesis and the degree of tumor disease.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy donors, cancer patients, and noncancer patients were cultured with or without phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 3 days, supernatant containing lymphotoxin (LT) was added to L cells, and LT activities were examined. LT release by PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with uterine cervical cancer in stages 0 and I decreased and the degree of the decrease was much more marked in stage IV. However, LT activities released spontaneously without PHA were higher in patients with uterine myoma, patients with uterine cervical cancer in stages II to IV, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, and patients with gastro-intestinal cancer. Relation of LT release and blastogenesis following stimulation with PHA was also examined. Correlation was observed in only 14 out of 43 patients with uterine cervical cancer (32.6%). The role of LT in cancer patients was discussed.", "contents": "Lymphotoxin production in cancer patients: possible relation to blastogenesis and the degree of tumor disease. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy donors, cancer patients, and noncancer patients were cultured with or without phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 3 days, supernatant containing lymphotoxin (LT) was added to L cells, and LT activities were examined. LT release by PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with uterine cervical cancer in stages 0 and I decreased and the degree of the decrease was much more marked in stage IV. However, LT activities released spontaneously without PHA were higher in patients with uterine myoma, patients with uterine cervical cancer in stages II to IV, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, and patients with gastro-intestinal cancer. Relation of LT release and blastogenesis following stimulation with PHA was also examined. Correlation was observed in only 14 out of 43 patients with uterine cervical cancer (32.6%). The role of LT in cancer patients was discussed.", "PMID": 308023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1421", "title": "Functional abnormalities, of mesenteric blood flow. A guide to organic disease of the bowel.", "content": "Analysis of functional as well as anatomic aspects of blood flow greatly increases the diagnostic accuracy of superior mesenteric artery angiography. In almost all normal individuals the major branches of the superior mesenteric artery empty within a spain of two seconds. The corresponding draining veins all first appear within a two second span. Deviations from the pattern must be explained, as they usually signal abnormality. Five pertinent cases illustrate functional abnormalities leading to the detection of tumors where definite tumor vascularity was not demonstrated, the localization of a bleeding site where extravasation was not detected, and the recognition of obstructing adhesive bands.", "contents": "Functional abnormalities, of mesenteric blood flow. A guide to organic disease of the bowel. Analysis of functional as well as anatomic aspects of blood flow greatly increases the diagnostic accuracy of superior mesenteric artery angiography. In almost all normal individuals the major branches of the superior mesenteric artery empty within a spain of two seconds. The corresponding draining veins all first appear within a two second span. Deviations from the pattern must be explained, as they usually signal abnormality. Five pertinent cases illustrate functional abnormalities leading to the detection of tumors where definite tumor vascularity was not demonstrated, the localization of a bleeding site where extravasation was not detected, and the recognition of obstructing adhesive bands.", "PMID": 308025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1422", "title": "Hemobilia: calcified hepatic artery aneurysm presenting with massive gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "A case of a calcified and ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm presenting with hemobilia and massive gastrointestinal bleeding is reported and illustrated. The clinical diagnosis should be entertained whenever the triad of findings (abdominal colic, gastrointestinal bleeding, elevated bilirubin levels) is present. Angiography is the method of choice in confirming this diagnosis. A short review of the clinical and radiographic syndrome of hemobilia with emphasis on the occurence, significance, and prognosis of hepatic artery aneurysms is presented.", "contents": "Hemobilia: calcified hepatic artery aneurysm presenting with massive gastrointestinal bleeding. A case of a calcified and ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm presenting with hemobilia and massive gastrointestinal bleeding is reported and illustrated. The clinical diagnosis should be entertained whenever the triad of findings (abdominal colic, gastrointestinal bleeding, elevated bilirubin levels) is present. Angiography is the method of choice in confirming this diagnosis. A short review of the clinical and radiographic syndrome of hemobilia with emphasis on the occurence, significance, and prognosis of hepatic artery aneurysms is presented.", "PMID": 308026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1423", "title": "The liver in hereditary haemorrhagic teleangiectasia: an inborn error of vascular structure with multiple manifestations: a reappraisal.", "content": "Hereditary haemorrhagic teleangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber disease) is an inborn error of vascular structure with multiple manifestations. Its incidence is about 1-2:100 000 in the European population. The incidence of telangiectases and/or fistula formation was estimated to be 1 in 10 carriers of the Osler trait. The findings in the family reported herewith suggest a much higher incidence if angiography is more frequently performed. Apart from the skin and mucous membrane, teleangiectases and/or arteriovenous fistulas may be present in the lungs, intestinal tract, spleen, kidney, brain, and bones. The liver apparently is more involved than was orginally suspected. The vascular derangement includes teleangiectases, arteriovenous fistulas, and connective tissue formation with fibrosis and atypical cirrhosis. In intestinal bleeding laser coagulation seems to be very efficient. The pathogenesis of teleangiectases is not known but involves several factors such as special formation of venules, capillaries and arterioles, abnormal perivascular connective tissue and endothelial cells.", "contents": "The liver in hereditary haemorrhagic teleangiectasia: an inborn error of vascular structure with multiple manifestations: a reappraisal. Hereditary haemorrhagic teleangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber disease) is an inborn error of vascular structure with multiple manifestations. Its incidence is about 1-2:100 000 in the European population. The incidence of telangiectases and/or fistula formation was estimated to be 1 in 10 carriers of the Osler trait. The findings in the family reported herewith suggest a much higher incidence if angiography is more frequently performed. Apart from the skin and mucous membrane, teleangiectases and/or arteriovenous fistulas may be present in the lungs, intestinal tract, spleen, kidney, brain, and bones. The liver apparently is more involved than was orginally suspected. The vascular derangement includes teleangiectases, arteriovenous fistulas, and connective tissue formation with fibrosis and atypical cirrhosis. In intestinal bleeding laser coagulation seems to be very efficient. The pathogenesis of teleangiectases is not known but involves several factors such as special formation of venules, capillaries and arterioles, abnormal perivascular connective tissue and endothelial cells.", "PMID": 308029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1424", "title": "Circulating immune complexes and disease activity in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were determined in 59 consecutive patients with Crohn's disease and 100 blood donors by a double method based on the inhibition of the agglutinating activity of CIq and/or rheumatoid factor on the IgG-coated polystyrene particles. In patients, the incidence of positive immune complexes was 63% and 61% at first testing, 85% and 78% at subsequent determinations; there was a good correlation between the inhibition titres of CIq and those of rheumatoid factor (p less than 0.001). In blood donors, the incidence was 22% and 14% at low titre. The incidence of immune complexes was the lowest (36%) in the group of resected patients without signs of relapse; repeat determinations showed absence of immune complexes three months postoperatively. In patients medically treated for primary disease or relapse, rheumatoid factor titre higher than 1/1 was less frequent than in medically untreated patients with active disease (p less than 0.01). A significantly higher concentration of serum alpha-1-antitrypsin and orosomucoid, and a significantly lower level of serum iron were found in patients with an IC titre exceeding 1/1; longitudinal studies showed in most cases a concordance between the evolution of immune complex titres, inflammatory parameters and clinical status.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes and disease activity in Crohn's disease. Circulating immune complexes were determined in 59 consecutive patients with Crohn's disease and 100 blood donors by a double method based on the inhibition of the agglutinating activity of CIq and/or rheumatoid factor on the IgG-coated polystyrene particles. In patients, the incidence of positive immune complexes was 63% and 61% at first testing, 85% and 78% at subsequent determinations; there was a good correlation between the inhibition titres of CIq and those of rheumatoid factor (p less than 0.001). In blood donors, the incidence was 22% and 14% at low titre. The incidence of immune complexes was the lowest (36%) in the group of resected patients without signs of relapse; repeat determinations showed absence of immune complexes three months postoperatively. In patients medically treated for primary disease or relapse, rheumatoid factor titre higher than 1/1 was less frequent than in medically untreated patients with active disease (p less than 0.01). A significantly higher concentration of serum alpha-1-antitrypsin and orosomucoid, and a significantly lower level of serum iron were found in patients with an IC titre exceeding 1/1; longitudinal studies showed in most cases a concordance between the evolution of immune complex titres, inflammatory parameters and clinical status.", "PMID": 308030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1425", "title": "Group-specific component, alpha1-antitrypsin and esterase D in Canadian Eskimos.", "content": "Three genetic markers - group-specific component (Gc), alpha1-antitrypsin, and esterase D - were examined in a population of Eskimos from Igloolik in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Gc and esterase D were found to be polymorphic. In addition to the common Gc types, an anodal variant called Gc Igloolik was found, probably identical to previously reported Gc Eskimo. Gene frequencies were Gc1: 0.6524, Gc2: 0.3373, GcIgl: 0.0104, for 338 Eskimos. Genetic types of alpha1-antitrypsin (Pi types) were mostly M, with two MS sibs who were half Caucasian, in 170 Eskimos. Frequencies of the esterase D allele in 336 Eskimos were EsD1: 0.7083, EsD2: 0.2917. The frequencies of Gc2 and EsD2 are both higher than are found in Caucasian populations.", "contents": "Group-specific component, alpha1-antitrypsin and esterase D in Canadian Eskimos. Three genetic markers - group-specific component (Gc), alpha1-antitrypsin, and esterase D - were examined in a population of Eskimos from Igloolik in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Gc and esterase D were found to be polymorphic. In addition to the common Gc types, an anodal variant called Gc Igloolik was found, probably identical to previously reported Gc Eskimo. Gene frequencies were Gc1: 0.6524, Gc2: 0.3373, GcIgl: 0.0104, for 338 Eskimos. Genetic types of alpha1-antitrypsin (Pi types) were mostly M, with two MS sibs who were half Caucasian, in 170 Eskimos. Frequencies of the esterase D allele in 336 Eskimos were EsD1: 0.7083, EsD2: 0.2917. The frequencies of Gc2 and EsD2 are both higher than are found in Caucasian populations.", "PMID": 308031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1426", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes in newborns from Central and Southern Italy.", "content": "The results of Pi typing on 500 infants from Central and Southern Italy are reported. Phenotype determinations were performed on umbilical cord serum. We observed nine different phenotypes; each of these is present in other European populations. The frequencies of the Pi alleles in our group were found to be, on the whole, comparable to those found in other populations widely separated geographically. However, the frequency of the Pi S gene in our sample (0.0670) was greater than that observed in Northern and Central European and American groups. Our Pi S frequency was similar to that found in a French group and lower than that of Spanish and Portuguese groups. Our data thus confirm the higher Pi S gene frequency in Latin populations.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes in newborns from Central and Southern Italy. The results of Pi typing on 500 infants from Central and Southern Italy are reported. Phenotype determinations were performed on umbilical cord serum. We observed nine different phenotypes; each of these is present in other European populations. The frequencies of the Pi alleles in our group were found to be, on the whole, comparable to those found in other populations widely separated geographically. However, the frequency of the Pi S gene in our sample (0.0670) was greater than that observed in Northern and Central European and American groups. Our Pi S frequency was similar to that found in a French group and lower than that of Spanish and Portuguese groups. Our data thus confirm the higher Pi S gene frequency in Latin populations.", "PMID": 308032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1427", "title": "Phenotype and gene distribution of alpha-1-antitrypsin in a North Italian population.", "content": "A group of 202 unrelated Italians were screened for alpha1-antitrypsin using agarose-acrylamide electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The S and F gene frequencies were comparable to those found among Greeks and North European populations but they differed considerably from the frequencies found among Spaniards and Portuguese. The other gene frequencies appeared to be comparable to other populations, studied.", "contents": "Phenotype and gene distribution of alpha-1-antitrypsin in a North Italian population. A group of 202 unrelated Italians were screened for alpha1-antitrypsin using agarose-acrylamide electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The S and F gene frequencies were comparable to those found among Greeks and North European populations but they differed considerably from the frequencies found among Spaniards and Portuguese. The other gene frequencies appeared to be comparable to other populations, studied.", "PMID": 308033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1428", "title": "The class of antibodies sensitizing bacteria measured by mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination (MRPAH).", "content": "A test is described which is capable of differentiating and measuring by titration the individual classes of antibody reacting with a bacterial suspension. The serum or fluid under test is incubated with the bacteria which are then very well washed and added to indicator red cells linked with specific antiglobulin reagents. Sensitization of the bacteria by a particular class of antibody is shown by haemagglutination (passive) of the appropriate red cells. Agglutination of the bacteria themselves does not preclude an analysis. The reaction, which has been developed on a brucella system, has been designated Mixed Reverse Passive Antiglobulin Haemagglutination (or MRPAH for short).", "contents": "The class of antibodies sensitizing bacteria measured by mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination (MRPAH). A test is described which is capable of differentiating and measuring by titration the individual classes of antibody reacting with a bacterial suspension. The serum or fluid under test is incubated with the bacteria which are then very well washed and added to indicator red cells linked with specific antiglobulin reagents. Sensitization of the bacteria by a particular class of antibody is shown by haemagglutination (passive) of the appropriate red cells. Agglutination of the bacteria themselves does not preclude an analysis. The reaction, which has been developed on a brucella system, has been designated Mixed Reverse Passive Antiglobulin Haemagglutination (or MRPAH for short).", "PMID": 308036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1429", "title": "Ontogeny of murine-B-lymphocytes. Avidity of antigen binding cells in neonatal and adult mice.", "content": "The heterogeneity of avidity of DNP-binding (rosetting) cells has been studied in mice of various ages, in an attempt to learn more about the development of antibody diversity. The results indicate that during the neonatal period murine B cells show a limited heterogeneity of avidity with no \"high\" avidity ABC being detectable. This implies that the full repertoire of anti-DNP antibodies is only gradually acquired during ontogeny. The results are interpreted as favouring the hypothesis that somatic events are important in the generation of antibody diversity.", "contents": "Ontogeny of murine-B-lymphocytes. Avidity of antigen binding cells in neonatal and adult mice. The heterogeneity of avidity of DNP-binding (rosetting) cells has been studied in mice of various ages, in an attempt to learn more about the development of antibody diversity. The results indicate that during the neonatal period murine B cells show a limited heterogeneity of avidity with no \"high\" avidity ABC being detectable. This implies that the full repertoire of anti-DNP antibodies is only gradually acquired during ontogeny. The results are interpreted as favouring the hypothesis that somatic events are important in the generation of antibody diversity.", "PMID": 308037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1430", "title": "Suppressor T cells which block the induction of cytotoxic T cells in vivo.", "content": "Mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide have an increased ability to produce anti-trinitrophenyl cytotoxic T cells after painting with the contact sensitizing agent picryl chloride. This could be abrogated by injecting normal cells or cells from mice exposed to trinitrophenyl derivatives at the time of painting. If the injection of cells was delayed until 1 day after painting specificity could be demonstrated. Normal cells and cells from mice injected with dinitrobenzene sulphonate were ineffective whereas cells from donors injected with picryl sulphonic acid were inhibitory. Inhibitory cells were also shown in mice painted with picryl chloride, particularly after adult thymectomy. Using this system it was found that cells from picryl chloride but not oxazolone painted mice were inhibitory when injected 1 day after painting the recipients. The suppressor cells from the mice injected with picryl sulphonic acid and from the mice painted with picryl chloride were shown to be cyclophosphamide sensitive T cells and were not affected by adult thymectomy. These properties have helped to classify the suppressor cells induced by trinitrophenyl derivatives.", "contents": "Suppressor T cells which block the induction of cytotoxic T cells in vivo. Mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide have an increased ability to produce anti-trinitrophenyl cytotoxic T cells after painting with the contact sensitizing agent picryl chloride. This could be abrogated by injecting normal cells or cells from mice exposed to trinitrophenyl derivatives at the time of painting. If the injection of cells was delayed until 1 day after painting specificity could be demonstrated. Normal cells and cells from mice injected with dinitrobenzene sulphonate were ineffective whereas cells from donors injected with picryl sulphonic acid were inhibitory. Inhibitory cells were also shown in mice painted with picryl chloride, particularly after adult thymectomy. Using this system it was found that cells from picryl chloride but not oxazolone painted mice were inhibitory when injected 1 day after painting the recipients. The suppressor cells from the mice injected with picryl sulphonic acid and from the mice painted with picryl chloride were shown to be cyclophosphamide sensitive T cells and were not affected by adult thymectomy. These properties have helped to classify the suppressor cells induced by trinitrophenyl derivatives.", "PMID": 308038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1431", "title": "Suppressor cells in antigenic competition in contact allergy in mice.", "content": "The effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) thymectomy and splenectomy on the antigenic competition in contact hypersensitivity between dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and picryl chloride (PCI) was investigated. Contact sensitivity of PCI was suppressed by a prior painting of DNFB. When these two sensitizers were painted 7 days apart and CY was injected 3 days after the painting of DNFB, the antigenic competition did not occur. On the other hand, when CY was injected 3 days before painting of DNFB, the antigenic competition was partially abolished. The antigenic competition was seen in mice 2 weeks after adult thymectomy and in splenectomized mice. However, antigenic competition did not occur in mice 6 weeks after thymectomy. These results suggest that some thymus-derived cells may be involved in the antigenic competition in contact sensitivity.", "contents": "Suppressor cells in antigenic competition in contact allergy in mice. The effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) thymectomy and splenectomy on the antigenic competition in contact hypersensitivity between dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and picryl chloride (PCI) was investigated. Contact sensitivity of PCI was suppressed by a prior painting of DNFB. When these two sensitizers were painted 7 days apart and CY was injected 3 days after the painting of DNFB, the antigenic competition did not occur. On the other hand, when CY was injected 3 days before painting of DNFB, the antigenic competition was partially abolished. The antigenic competition was seen in mice 2 weeks after adult thymectomy and in splenectomized mice. However, antigenic competition did not occur in mice 6 weeks after thymectomy. These results suggest that some thymus-derived cells may be involved in the antigenic competition in contact sensitivity.", "PMID": 308039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1432", "title": "Identification, functional characterization and partial purification of thymus-derived lymphocytes in inbred hamsters.", "content": "Antiserum specific for hamster thymus-derived lymphocytes, prepared by immunization of rabbits with brain tissue from MHA/ssLAK hamsters, was, in the presence of guinea-pig complement, cytotoxic to hamster thymocytes greater than lymph node cells greater than spleen cells, while virtually unreactive against bone marrow cells. This antiserum markedely inhibited spleen cell response to the T cell mitogen, Concanavalin A, while the response to the B the T cell mitogen, pokeweed, was much less inhibited. These in vitro effects of the anti-hamster T cell serum were confirmed by utilizing lymphoid cells from thymectomized, lethally-irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted hamsters. Lymph node cells from such animals were killed by the anti-T cell serum only to the same extent as bone marrow cells, while spleen cells from these animals gave a good response to pokeweek mitogen but were virtually unresponsive to Concanavalin A. Passage of hamster spleen cells over nylon wool columns yielded effluent populations highly enriched in T lymphocytes. The eluted cells were fully capable of T cell functions, as determined by their blastogenic response to various T and B cell mitogens in vitro and their ability to inhibit the growth of syngeneic SV40 tumours in vivo.", "contents": "Identification, functional characterization and partial purification of thymus-derived lymphocytes in inbred hamsters. Antiserum specific for hamster thymus-derived lymphocytes, prepared by immunization of rabbits with brain tissue from MHA/ssLAK hamsters, was, in the presence of guinea-pig complement, cytotoxic to hamster thymocytes greater than lymph node cells greater than spleen cells, while virtually unreactive against bone marrow cells. This antiserum markedely inhibited spleen cell response to the T cell mitogen, Concanavalin A, while the response to the B the T cell mitogen, pokeweed, was much less inhibited. These in vitro effects of the anti-hamster T cell serum were confirmed by utilizing lymphoid cells from thymectomized, lethally-irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted hamsters. Lymph node cells from such animals were killed by the anti-T cell serum only to the same extent as bone marrow cells, while spleen cells from these animals gave a good response to pokeweek mitogen but were virtually unresponsive to Concanavalin A. Passage of hamster spleen cells over nylon wool columns yielded effluent populations highly enriched in T lymphocytes. The eluted cells were fully capable of T cell functions, as determined by their blastogenic response to various T and B cell mitogens in vitro and their ability to inhibit the growth of syngeneic SV40 tumours in vivo.", "PMID": 308040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1433", "title": "Contribution of lymphocytes bearing Fcgamma receptors to PHA-induced cytotoxicity.", "content": "Lymphocytes participating in PHA-induced lysis of chicken erythrocytes were characterized by means of cell fractionation methods. Selective depletion of, or enrichment in, E-rosetting cells indicated that the effector cell population was heterogenous, consisting of both T and non-T lymphocytes. Most effector cells, however, were shown to bear Fcgamma receptors detected by the formation of erythrocyte-antibody (EA) rosettes, but to lack C3 receptors. This distribution of effector cells among tonsils, peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymph paralleled that of EA-rosette forming cells but not that of T or B cells. Addition of aggregated IgG resulted in a moderate decrease of PHA cytotoxicity. However, almost complete inhibition was achieved within a few hours of contact between effectors cells and insoluble immune complexes. The results support the hypothesis that cytotoxic capacity is associated with the presence of Fcgamma receptors on the cell surface.", "contents": "Contribution of lymphocytes bearing Fcgamma receptors to PHA-induced cytotoxicity. Lymphocytes participating in PHA-induced lysis of chicken erythrocytes were characterized by means of cell fractionation methods. Selective depletion of, or enrichment in, E-rosetting cells indicated that the effector cell population was heterogenous, consisting of both T and non-T lymphocytes. Most effector cells, however, were shown to bear Fcgamma receptors detected by the formation of erythrocyte-antibody (EA) rosettes, but to lack C3 receptors. This distribution of effector cells among tonsils, peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymph paralleled that of EA-rosette forming cells but not that of T or B cells. Addition of aggregated IgG resulted in a moderate decrease of PHA cytotoxicity. However, almost complete inhibition was achieved within a few hours of contact between effectors cells and insoluble immune complexes. The results support the hypothesis that cytotoxic capacity is associated with the presence of Fcgamma receptors on the cell surface.", "PMID": 308041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1434", "title": "Differentiation of lymphoid cells: evidence for a B-cell specific serum suppressor.", "content": "The induction of immunoglobulin production by rabbit spleen cells is markedly inhibited by the presence of normal rabbit serum during cell culture. A similar inhibition is observed when spleen cell populations in which T cells have been inactivated are temporarily incubated with normal rabbit serum before being reconstituted with T cells by adding thymocytes. In contrast, no inhibition was observed upon temporary incubation of thymocytes with normal serum prior to addition of T cell-inactivated spleen cell populations. Removal of adherent cells did not affect the induction of immunoglobulin production or its inhibition by normal serum. Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced immunoglobin production was also inhibited by normal serum, thereby providing additional confidence that bone-marrow derived (B) cells are the target of the normal serum inhibitor.", "contents": "Differentiation of lymphoid cells: evidence for a B-cell specific serum suppressor. The induction of immunoglobulin production by rabbit spleen cells is markedly inhibited by the presence of normal rabbit serum during cell culture. A similar inhibition is observed when spleen cell populations in which T cells have been inactivated are temporarily incubated with normal rabbit serum before being reconstituted with T cells by adding thymocytes. In contrast, no inhibition was observed upon temporary incubation of thymocytes with normal serum prior to addition of T cell-inactivated spleen cell populations. Removal of adherent cells did not affect the induction of immunoglobulin production or its inhibition by normal serum. Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced immunoglobin production was also inhibited by normal serum, thereby providing additional confidence that bone-marrow derived (B) cells are the target of the normal serum inhibitor.", "PMID": 308042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1435", "title": "Contact sensitivity in the pig. III. Induction by intralymphatic infusion of DNP-conjugated cell membranes and soluble proteins, free DNFB and some small molecular weight derivatives.", "content": "DNP-conjugated lymph node cell plasma membranes, thymocyte plasma membranes and red cell ghosts were prepared and tested for their ability to induce contact sensitivity, using pigs as experimental animals. Lymph node cell membranes and red cell ghosts were able to sensitize, provided the dose of DNP was very large, but thymocyte membrane failed to sensitize most pigs. DNP-conjugated lymph proteins coming from the site of application of DNFB were also able to sensitize if large amounts were administered, but free DNFB itself, infused directly into an afferent lymphatic, was much more efficient. Since DNFB can often be detected in lymph folowing skin painting, it may conjugate cells within the node which later contact the recirculating population of lymphocytes and so sensitize the animal by a central mechanism. The best-equipped cells would be the macrophage-like lymph cells which are closely related to the epidermal Langerhans cells and are known to migrate to the paracortex of the node.", "contents": "Contact sensitivity in the pig. III. Induction by intralymphatic infusion of DNP-conjugated cell membranes and soluble proteins, free DNFB and some small molecular weight derivatives. DNP-conjugated lymph node cell plasma membranes, thymocyte plasma membranes and red cell ghosts were prepared and tested for their ability to induce contact sensitivity, using pigs as experimental animals. Lymph node cell membranes and red cell ghosts were able to sensitize, provided the dose of DNP was very large, but thymocyte membrane failed to sensitize most pigs. DNP-conjugated lymph proteins coming from the site of application of DNFB were also able to sensitize if large amounts were administered, but free DNFB itself, infused directly into an afferent lymphatic, was much more efficient. Since DNFB can often be detected in lymph folowing skin painting, it may conjugate cells within the node which later contact the recirculating population of lymphocytes and so sensitize the animal by a central mechanism. The best-equipped cells would be the macrophage-like lymph cells which are closely related to the epidermal Langerhans cells and are known to migrate to the paracortex of the node.", "PMID": 308049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1436", "title": "The rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks and a model for the formation of chromosomal rearrangements.", "content": "The recombination type of process, which has been proposed by Resnick to explain the rejoining of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks, is combined with the molecular theory of radiation action to provide a description of the formation of chromosomal rearrangments. It is shown that the majority of chromosomal aberration types found at the first mitosis after radiation can be explained on the basis of one radiation-induced DNA double-strand break in the backbone of the unineme chromatid, followed by the enzymatically controlled recombinational process for the rejoining of the double-strand break. The recombinogenic process for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks relies on the close association between the broken DNA double helix and homologous DNA. The homologous nature of repeated DNA base pair sequences is used, in this model, to explain the occurrence of chromosomal exchanges between non-homologous chromosomes. The important role which repetitive DNA plays in the formation of chromosomal rearrangements and in the distribution of 'break-points' found in radiation experiments is discussed.", "contents": "The rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks and a model for the formation of chromosomal rearrangements. The recombination type of process, which has been proposed by Resnick to explain the rejoining of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks, is combined with the molecular theory of radiation action to provide a description of the formation of chromosomal rearrangments. It is shown that the majority of chromosomal aberration types found at the first mitosis after radiation can be explained on the basis of one radiation-induced DNA double-strand break in the backbone of the unineme chromatid, followed by the enzymatically controlled recombinational process for the rejoining of the double-strand break. The recombinogenic process for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks relies on the close association between the broken DNA double helix and homologous DNA. The homologous nature of repeated DNA base pair sequences is used, in this model, to explain the occurrence of chromosomal exchanges between non-homologous chromosomes. The important role which repetitive DNA plays in the formation of chromosomal rearrangements and in the distribution of 'break-points' found in radiation experiments is discussed.", "PMID": 308051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1437", "title": "Changes in pheromone production, release, mating behaviour and reproductive ability of the gamma-irradiated cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier).", "content": "Mature males of Nauphoeta cinerea produce a sex pheromone 'seducin' which has short-range effects in attracting mature females of the same species. Exposure of newly-emerged adult males to 3.5, 7, 14 or 21 krad of gamma-radiation decreased their life expectancy and affected their mating behaviour. Bioassay of dichloromethane extracts of males showed that radiation doses (14 krad) sufficient to induce sterility did not affect the ability to produce pheromone but significantly reduced the release of pheromone by inhibiting wing-raising. The sterile-male technique using males sterilized by ionizing radiation in air may not be the method of choice for control of Nauphoeta cinerea.", "contents": "Changes in pheromone production, release, mating behaviour and reproductive ability of the gamma-irradiated cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier). Mature males of Nauphoeta cinerea produce a sex pheromone 'seducin' which has short-range effects in attracting mature females of the same species. Exposure of newly-emerged adult males to 3.5, 7, 14 or 21 krad of gamma-radiation decreased their life expectancy and affected their mating behaviour. Bioassay of dichloromethane extracts of males showed that radiation doses (14 krad) sufficient to induce sterility did not affect the ability to produce pheromone but significantly reduced the release of pheromone by inhibiting wing-raising. The sterile-male technique using males sterilized by ionizing radiation in air may not be the method of choice for control of Nauphoeta cinerea.", "PMID": 308052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1438", "title": "Interaction of aminoacridines with nucleic acids. A pulse-radiolysis study.", "content": "Pulse radiolysis has been used to study the interaction of aminoacridines with nucleic acids. The data confirm that there are two modes of binding. These are: a weak interaction which has a maximum binding ratio of one site per dye; and a strong binding process effected by both electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions. The limit of this latter, strong binding mode is approximately six sites per dye. The radiation-induced transient absorption spectrum of benzoflavine is characterized by a pronounced bleaching at 440 nm, which is quenched by the addition of nucleic acids. Mechanisms have been proposed for the reactions of both eaq-and .OH with benzoflavine which account both for the observed bleaching of benzoflavine solutions and for the protective effect of nucleic acids. It is proposed that eaq-reacts with benzoflavine to form a stable benzoflavine semiquinone radical and that .OH reacts with subsequent formation of a very stable benzoflavine hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical.", "contents": "Interaction of aminoacridines with nucleic acids. A pulse-radiolysis study. Pulse radiolysis has been used to study the interaction of aminoacridines with nucleic acids. The data confirm that there are two modes of binding. These are: a weak interaction which has a maximum binding ratio of one site per dye; and a strong binding process effected by both electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions. The limit of this latter, strong binding mode is approximately six sites per dye. The radiation-induced transient absorption spectrum of benzoflavine is characterized by a pronounced bleaching at 440 nm, which is quenched by the addition of nucleic acids. Mechanisms have been proposed for the reactions of both eaq-and .OH with benzoflavine which account both for the observed bleaching of benzoflavine solutions and for the protective effect of nucleic acids. It is proposed that eaq-reacts with benzoflavine to form a stable benzoflavine semiquinone radical and that .OH reacts with subsequent formation of a very stable benzoflavine hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical.", "PMID": 308053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1439", "title": "A study of cell-mediated immunity and histocompatibility antigens in leprosy patients in Iran.", "content": "Fifty-six male and 14 female leprosy patients, aged 11-62, were studied for cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and histocompatibility antigens. Healthy blood donors were used as normal controls. All patients were receiving antileprosy drugs. T and B cells were detected by E and EAC rosette formation technics, and the leukocyte migration test (LMT) was done in the presence of PHA. HLA antigens were defined by a modified N.I.H. lymphocytotoxicity test in order to type 48 patients and 100 controls. There was a significant difference (p less than 0.01) in the number of T cells between tuberculoid and lepromatous forms of the disease as compared to normal controls. We did not observe any differences in EAC rosette cells. It should be noted that the migration index is significantly higher in controls than in leprosy patients for PHA. There are no significant differences in the distribution of the A locus antigens between leprosy patients and controls, although a higher percentage of A-11 was obtained in leprosy patients. A slight elevation of B5 antigen was observed but these results are preliminary and our information regarding the B locus is incomplete. Thus, it is difficult to establish any precise relationship between HLA antigen and leprosy at this stage.", "contents": "A study of cell-mediated immunity and histocompatibility antigens in leprosy patients in Iran. Fifty-six male and 14 female leprosy patients, aged 11-62, were studied for cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and histocompatibility antigens. Healthy blood donors were used as normal controls. All patients were receiving antileprosy drugs. T and B cells were detected by E and EAC rosette formation technics, and the leukocyte migration test (LMT) was done in the presence of PHA. HLA antigens were defined by a modified N.I.H. lymphocytotoxicity test in order to type 48 patients and 100 controls. There was a significant difference (p less than 0.01) in the number of T cells between tuberculoid and lepromatous forms of the disease as compared to normal controls. We did not observe any differences in EAC rosette cells. It should be noted that the migration index is significantly higher in controls than in leprosy patients for PHA. There are no significant differences in the distribution of the A locus antigens between leprosy patients and controls, although a higher percentage of A-11 was obtained in leprosy patients. A slight elevation of B5 antigen was observed but these results are preliminary and our information regarding the B locus is incomplete. Thus, it is difficult to establish any precise relationship between HLA antigen and leprosy at this stage.", "PMID": 308050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1440", "title": "The relationship between 59Fe uptake in marrow and 239Pu deposition in bone.", "content": "The marrow in the left femur of each of 17 mice was destroyed by X-irradiation and 59Fe and 239Pu uptake into both femurs was measured 1, 3 and 7 days later. Uptake of 59Fe into marrow was depressed in the left femur 1 and 3 days after irradiation but was enhanced in the right unirradiated femur 3 days after the left femur was irradiated. There was no corresponding depression of 239Pu uptake into the left irradiated femur or enhancement into the right unirradiated femur. These results do not support the view that a functioning erythropoietic marrow is necessary for 239Pu to be deposited in bone.", "contents": "The relationship between 59Fe uptake in marrow and 239Pu deposition in bone. The marrow in the left femur of each of 17 mice was destroyed by X-irradiation and 59Fe and 239Pu uptake into both femurs was measured 1, 3 and 7 days later. Uptake of 59Fe into marrow was depressed in the left femur 1 and 3 days after irradiation but was enhanced in the right unirradiated femur 3 days after the left femur was irradiated. There was no corresponding depression of 239Pu uptake into the left irradiated femur or enhancement into the right unirradiated femur. These results do not support the view that a functioning erythropoietic marrow is necessary for 239Pu to be deposited in bone.", "PMID": 308054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1441", "title": "Congenital stationary night blindness: an animal model.", "content": "Electroretinographic studies of myctalopic Appaloosa horses demonstrated photopic and scotopic abnormalities similar to those in humans with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) of the Schubert-Bornschein type. The phototopic abnormalities consisted of reduced b-wave amplitudes and slower than normal b-wave implict time. The dark-adapted ERG's consisted of a simple negative potential; the scotopic b-wave was nonrecordable. However, a normal c-wave was present in the dark-adapted response. Histologic studies demonstrated no structural abnormalities that could explain the functional defect.", "contents": "Congenital stationary night blindness: an animal model. Electroretinographic studies of myctalopic Appaloosa horses demonstrated photopic and scotopic abnormalities similar to those in humans with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) of the Schubert-Bornschein type. The phototopic abnormalities consisted of reduced b-wave amplitudes and slower than normal b-wave implict time. The dark-adapted ERG's consisted of a simple negative potential; the scotopic b-wave was nonrecordable. However, a normal c-wave was present in the dark-adapted response. Histologic studies demonstrated no structural abnormalities that could explain the functional defect.", "PMID": 308060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1442", "title": "[The early diagnosis of cerebello-pontine angle tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The early symptoms and findings of 25 patients with tumors of the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the diagnostic value of our methods for early tumor detection. Of the audiometric suprathreshold methods, the Carhart test, stapedius reflex audiometry, and the speech audiogram constituted the most reliable procedures for defining deafness due to involvement of the auditory nerve by tumor. All of the patients examined by electronystagmography showed a significant vestibular hypoexcitability on the side of tumor involvement. The methodology of the vestibular testing and its evaluation are detailed. Although these methods are complicated and time-consuming, they enable an early tumor diagnosis to be made so that surgical intervention will result in preservation of the facial nerve and markedly lessen surgical mortality.", "contents": "[The early diagnosis of cerebello-pontine angle tumors (author's transl)]. The early symptoms and findings of 25 patients with tumors of the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the diagnostic value of our methods for early tumor detection. Of the audiometric suprathreshold methods, the Carhart test, stapedius reflex audiometry, and the speech audiogram constituted the most reliable procedures for defining deafness due to involvement of the auditory nerve by tumor. All of the patients examined by electronystagmography showed a significant vestibular hypoexcitability on the side of tumor involvement. The methodology of the vestibular testing and its evaluation are detailed. Although these methods are complicated and time-consuming, they enable an early tumor diagnosis to be made so that surgical intervention will result in preservation of the facial nerve and markedly lessen surgical mortality.", "PMID": 308062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1443", "title": "[Electro-acupuncture in otolaryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "As an introduction to electro-acupuncture, the author discusses the basic theory of classical acupuncture as well as the therapeutic applications of low frequency positive or negative half-waves. Electro-therapy using specific points of acupuncture which refer to selected organs can now be carried out with a compact apparatus called ELBION. This instrument had originally been designed by the author for reliable and uncomplicated applications in oto-rhino-laryngology. ELBION thus permits the realization of a complete electro-acupuncture (EAP). Typical indications for EAP, as confirmed by the author, include influenzal anosmia, Bell's paralysis and central equilibrium disturbances of the neurovascular type. EAP serves as a most helpful additional treatment in cases of frontal sinusitis, various kinds of neuralgia, cervical otalgia, as well as sialoses of obscure or chronic genesis.", "contents": "[Electro-acupuncture in otolaryngology (author's transl)]. As an introduction to electro-acupuncture, the author discusses the basic theory of classical acupuncture as well as the therapeutic applications of low frequency positive or negative half-waves. Electro-therapy using specific points of acupuncture which refer to selected organs can now be carried out with a compact apparatus called ELBION. This instrument had originally been designed by the author for reliable and uncomplicated applications in oto-rhino-laryngology. ELBION thus permits the realization of a complete electro-acupuncture (EAP). Typical indications for EAP, as confirmed by the author, include influenzal anosmia, Bell's paralysis and central equilibrium disturbances of the neurovascular type. EAP serves as a most helpful additional treatment in cases of frontal sinusitis, various kinds of neuralgia, cervical otalgia, as well as sialoses of obscure or chronic genesis.", "PMID": 308063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1444", "title": "Effect of heat and 2-mercaptoethanol on intracytoplasmic membrane polypeptides of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Solubilization at 75 degrees C of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides chromatophores in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 2-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME) resulted in the selective absence of reaction center B and C polypeptides from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles. A newly identified, chromatophore-specific polypeptide, with a mass of 35.2 kdaltons, was also missing under these conditions of chromatophore solubilization. Solubilization at 27 degrees C in the presence of SDS and beta-ME also resulted in the disappearance of these three polypeptides, but at much slower rates. Disappearance of either endogenous or exogenously supplied reaction center polypeptides B and C during SDS solubilization of whole chromatophores at either 27 or 75 degrees C was shown to be entirely dependent upon the presence of beta-ME. After chromatophore solubilization in the presence of beta-ME and subsequent SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, exogenously added reaction centers B and C could be localized in a complex of no less than 100 to 200 kdaltons. However, the precise size of the complex was influenced by the stoichiometry of the reacting components. The disappearance of the 35.2-kdalton polypeptide was neither dependent upon the presence of beta-ME nor dependent upon the presence of any additional chromatophore polypeptides. The 35.2-kdalton polypeptide underwent a heat-induced oligomerization to yield several high-molecular-weight species.", "contents": "Effect of heat and 2-mercaptoethanol on intracytoplasmic membrane polypeptides of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Solubilization at 75 degrees C of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides chromatophores in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 2-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME) resulted in the selective absence of reaction center B and C polypeptides from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles. A newly identified, chromatophore-specific polypeptide, with a mass of 35.2 kdaltons, was also missing under these conditions of chromatophore solubilization. Solubilization at 27 degrees C in the presence of SDS and beta-ME also resulted in the disappearance of these three polypeptides, but at much slower rates. Disappearance of either endogenous or exogenously supplied reaction center polypeptides B and C during SDS solubilization of whole chromatophores at either 27 or 75 degrees C was shown to be entirely dependent upon the presence of beta-ME. After chromatophore solubilization in the presence of beta-ME and subsequent SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, exogenously added reaction centers B and C could be localized in a complex of no less than 100 to 200 kdaltons. However, the precise size of the complex was influenced by the stoichiometry of the reacting components. The disappearance of the 35.2-kdalton polypeptide was neither dependent upon the presence of beta-ME nor dependent upon the presence of any additional chromatophore polypeptides. The 35.2-kdalton polypeptide underwent a heat-induced oligomerization to yield several high-molecular-weight species.", "PMID": 308064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1445", "title": "Evaluation of Problem Oriented Treatment Planning in outpatient psychotherapy.", "content": "The paper presents systematic evaluation of a modified problem oriented medical record approach to treatment planning in outpatient psychotherapy. By comparison with a four year period prior to the institution of problem oriented treatment planning (POTP), data from a year in which POTP was used indicated a 50% reduction in patient drop out but no change in clinician rated condition of patients at termination. Findings of the report suggest an optimistic stance on the part of the clinician regarding accomplishment of goals in six weeks when patient and clinician are in agreement as to problem and goal even if the goal entails adjustment to psychological conflict. Contrary to authors' expectations staff acceptance of POTP was good.", "contents": "Evaluation of Problem Oriented Treatment Planning in outpatient psychotherapy. The paper presents systematic evaluation of a modified problem oriented medical record approach to treatment planning in outpatient psychotherapy. By comparison with a four year period prior to the institution of problem oriented treatment planning (POTP), data from a year in which POTP was used indicated a 50% reduction in patient drop out but no change in clinician rated condition of patients at termination. Findings of the report suggest an optimistic stance on the part of the clinician regarding accomplishment of goals in six weeks when patient and clinician are in agreement as to problem and goal even if the goal entails adjustment to psychological conflict. Contrary to authors' expectations staff acceptance of POTP was good.", "PMID": 308065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1446", "title": "Control of proliferation of human vascular endothelial cells. Characterization of the response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and thrombin.", "content": "Because the response of human endothelial cells to growth factors and conditioning agents has broad implications for our understanding of wound healing angiogenesis, and human atherogenesis, we have investigated the responses of these cells to the fibroblast (FGF) and epidermal growth factors (EGF), as well as to the protease thrombin, which has been previously shown to potentiate the growth response of other cell types of FGF and EGF. Because the vascular endothelial cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels may be expected to be exposed to high thrombin concentrations after trauma or in pathological states associated with thrombosis, they are of particular interest with respect to the physiological role of this protease in potentiating cell proliferation. Our results indicate that human vascular endothelial cells respond poorly to either FGF or thrombin alone. In contrast, when cells are maintained in the presence of thrombin, their proliferative response to FGF is greatly increased even in cultures seeded at a density as low as 3 cells/mm2. Human vascular endothelial cells also respond to EGF and thrombin, although their rate of proliferation is much slower than when maintained with FGF and thrombin. In contrast, bovine vascular endothelial cells derived from vascular territories as diverse as the bovine heart, aortic arch, and umbilical vein respond maximally to FGF alone and neither respond to nor bind EGF. Furthermore, the response of bovine vascular endothelial cells to FGF was not potentiated by thrombin, indicating that the set of factors controlling the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells could be species-dependent. The requirement of cultured human vascular endothelial cells for thrombin could explain why the human cells, in contrast to bovine endothelial cells, are so difficult to maintain in tissue culture. Our results demonstrate that by using FGF and thrombin one can develop cultures of human vascular endothelial cells capable of being passage repeatedly while maintaining a high mitotic index. The stock cultures used for these studies have been passed weekly with a split ratio of 1 to 10 and are currently in their 30th passage. These cultures are indistinguishable from earlier passages when examined for the presence of Weibel-Palade bodies or Factor VIII antigen. We conclude that the use of FGF and thrombin can prevent the precocious senescence observed in most human endothelial cells cultures previously described.", "contents": "Control of proliferation of human vascular endothelial cells. Characterization of the response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and thrombin. Because the response of human endothelial cells to growth factors and conditioning agents has broad implications for our understanding of wound healing angiogenesis, and human atherogenesis, we have investigated the responses of these cells to the fibroblast (FGF) and epidermal growth factors (EGF), as well as to the protease thrombin, which has been previously shown to potentiate the growth response of other cell types of FGF and EGF. Because the vascular endothelial cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels may be expected to be exposed to high thrombin concentrations after trauma or in pathological states associated with thrombosis, they are of particular interest with respect to the physiological role of this protease in potentiating cell proliferation. Our results indicate that human vascular endothelial cells respond poorly to either FGF or thrombin alone. In contrast, when cells are maintained in the presence of thrombin, their proliferative response to FGF is greatly increased even in cultures seeded at a density as low as 3 cells/mm2. Human vascular endothelial cells also respond to EGF and thrombin, although their rate of proliferation is much slower than when maintained with FGF and thrombin. In contrast, bovine vascular endothelial cells derived from vascular territories as diverse as the bovine heart, aortic arch, and umbilical vein respond maximally to FGF alone and neither respond to nor bind EGF. Furthermore, the response of bovine vascular endothelial cells to FGF was not potentiated by thrombin, indicating that the set of factors controlling the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells could be species-dependent. The requirement of cultured human vascular endothelial cells for thrombin could explain why the human cells, in contrast to bovine endothelial cells, are so difficult to maintain in tissue culture. Our results demonstrate that by using FGF and thrombin one can develop cultures of human vascular endothelial cells capable of being passage repeatedly while maintaining a high mitotic index. The stock cultures used for these studies have been passed weekly with a split ratio of 1 to 10 and are currently in their 30th passage. These cultures are indistinguishable from earlier passages when examined for the presence of Weibel-Palade bodies or Factor VIII antigen. We conclude that the use of FGF and thrombin can prevent the precocious senescence observed in most human endothelial cells cultures previously described.", "PMID": 308066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1447", "title": "The trigeminal system in the pigeon (Columba livia). I. Projections of the gasserian ganglion.", "content": "The central projections of the Gasserian ganglion were investigated in the pigeon, Columba livia. Lesions were placed in the ganglion either by direct surgical exposure or stereotaxically, and following survival times of one to four days, the brains stained with the Fink-Heimer method. The main group of central axons bifurcate to form distinct ascending and descending branches, the tractus trigemini ascendens (TTA) and the tractus trigemini descendens (TTD). A smaller tract also courses caudally (ITTD) separate of TTD proper to terminate in the nucleus cuneatus externus. The TTA projects topographically upon the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminus, ending in both the pars dorsalis and a smaller pars ventralis. The neurons at the point of bifurcation of the entering radix have been designated as the pars oralis of nTTD. The TTD distributes caudally to several distinct subnuclei at each level, and extends into the cervical spinal cord. Relatively discrete regions corresponding to the pars interpolaris and caudalis were recognized. The projections to the cervical cord terminate in laminae I-IV. There was no evidence of projections to the cerebellum, or contralateral PrV or TTD. There was a small projection to the contralateral cervical spinal cord. No clear evidence of a projection to the nucleus solitarius was found. The distribution of primary trigeminal axons is compared to that described in other vertebrates.", "contents": "The trigeminal system in the pigeon (Columba livia). I. Projections of the gasserian ganglion. The central projections of the Gasserian ganglion were investigated in the pigeon, Columba livia. Lesions were placed in the ganglion either by direct surgical exposure or stereotaxically, and following survival times of one to four days, the brains stained with the Fink-Heimer method. The main group of central axons bifurcate to form distinct ascending and descending branches, the tractus trigemini ascendens (TTA) and the tractus trigemini descendens (TTD). A smaller tract also courses caudally (ITTD) separate of TTD proper to terminate in the nucleus cuneatus externus. The TTA projects topographically upon the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminus, ending in both the pars dorsalis and a smaller pars ventralis. The neurons at the point of bifurcation of the entering radix have been designated as the pars oralis of nTTD. The TTD distributes caudally to several distinct subnuclei at each level, and extends into the cervical spinal cord. Relatively discrete regions corresponding to the pars interpolaris and caudalis were recognized. The projections to the cervical cord terminate in laminae I-IV. There was no evidence of projections to the cerebellum, or contralateral PrV or TTD. There was a small projection to the contralateral cervical spinal cord. No clear evidence of a projection to the nucleus solitarius was found. The distribution of primary trigeminal axons is compared to that described in other vertebrates.", "PMID": 308067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1448", "title": "Determination of volume from computerized tomograms: finding the volume of fluid-filled brain cavities.", "content": "The concept of characteristic computed density is introduced and used as the basis of a method for computing the volume of reconstructed objects. The interpretation of a computed tomographic (CT) scan as a picture is considered to be misleading for this purpose, and is replaced by the notion of a CT scan as a reconstructed slice, or slice array. A pattern recognition system for estimating the volume of fluid-filled brain cavities is described. Operational definitions for certain structures in the brain are given. Finding the volume of brain cavities is seen to hinge on an adequate estimation of the characteristic density of brain tissue bordering the cavities. Computer methods are discussed for producing a normalized (relative distance) map of a brain slice and for searching in three dimensions through a stack of slice arrays. An evaluation of the system, on mock brain tissue and ventricles in a human skull, yielded encouraging results.", "contents": "Determination of volume from computerized tomograms: finding the volume of fluid-filled brain cavities. The concept of characteristic computed density is introduced and used as the basis of a method for computing the volume of reconstructed objects. The interpretation of a computed tomographic (CT) scan as a picture is considered to be misleading for this purpose, and is replaced by the notion of a CT scan as a reconstructed slice, or slice array. A pattern recognition system for estimating the volume of fluid-filled brain cavities is described. Operational definitions for certain structures in the brain are given. Finding the volume of brain cavities is seen to hinge on an adequate estimation of the characteristic density of brain tissue bordering the cavities. Computer methods are discussed for producing a normalized (relative distance) map of a brain slice and for searching in three dimensions through a stack of slice arrays. An evaluation of the system, on mock brain tissue and ventricles in a human skull, yielded encouraging results.", "PMID": 308068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1449", "title": "The normal contrast-enhanced computed axial tomogram of the brain.", "content": "Intravenous administration of iodinated contrast agents permits identification of the major cerebral arteries and veins; third, fourth, and lateral ventricular choroid plexuses; falx and tentorium on appropriate sections of contrast-enhanced computed axial tomographic (CECT) images. Combinations of these normal vascular structures into conglomerate densities may produce confusing contrast pseudotumors on CECT images.", "contents": "The normal contrast-enhanced computed axial tomogram of the brain. Intravenous administration of iodinated contrast agents permits identification of the major cerebral arteries and veins; third, fourth, and lateral ventricular choroid plexuses; falx and tentorium on appropriate sections of contrast-enhanced computed axial tomographic (CECT) images. Combinations of these normal vascular structures into conglomerate densities may produce confusing contrast pseudotumors on CECT images.", "PMID": 308069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1450", "title": "Early detection of occlusal caries by measuring the electrical resistance of the tooth.", "content": "The tooth resistance measuring instrument was compared to the traditional method of the explorer examination for the detection of occlusal carious lesions. The findings of the instrument were more sensitive as compared to the traditional method when verified by a histological examination.", "contents": "Early detection of occlusal caries by measuring the electrical resistance of the tooth. The tooth resistance measuring instrument was compared to the traditional method of the explorer examination for the detection of occlusal carious lesions. The findings of the instrument were more sensitive as compared to the traditional method when verified by a histological examination.", "PMID": 308070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1451", "title": "Compounds which affect the adherence of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans to hydroxyapatite.", "content": "Several compounds were evaluated in an in vitro assay system for their ability to block the adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite and Streptococcus mutans to dextran-coated hydroxyapatitite. Fatty acids, ranging from C-12 to C-20, the enzyme amylase, chlorhexidine, human sera, and several serum proteins blocked S sanguis adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Chlorhexidine blocked S mutans adherence to dextran-coated hydroxyapatite, but human sera and serum proteins did not. The effects of these compounds on the adherence of these organisms to hydroxyapatite may help in the development of specific plaque control methods for use in human populations.", "contents": "Compounds which affect the adherence of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans to hydroxyapatite. Several compounds were evaluated in an in vitro assay system for their ability to block the adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite and Streptococcus mutans to dextran-coated hydroxyapatitite. Fatty acids, ranging from C-12 to C-20, the enzyme amylase, chlorhexidine, human sera, and several serum proteins blocked S sanguis adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Chlorhexidine blocked S mutans adherence to dextran-coated hydroxyapatite, but human sera and serum proteins did not. The effects of these compounds on the adherence of these organisms to hydroxyapatite may help in the development of specific plaque control methods for use in human populations.", "PMID": 308071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1452", "title": "Triggering of cultured neoplastic mast cells by antibodies to the receptor for IgE.", "content": "Cell surface receptors for IgE were isolated from detergent lysates of iodinated, IgE-saturated, rat basophilic leukemia cells by precipitation with anti-IgE antibodies followed by chromatography at acid pH. The isolated material showed a single 125I-band (m.w. approximately 58,000) on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and was used to immunize a rabbit. The resulting anti-serum was reacted with lysates of surface iodinated mouse or rat tumor mast cells. Analysis of the precipitates on (10%) gel electrophoresis revealed one major peak comprising greater than 80% of the detectable counts and having an estimated m.w. of approximately 58,000. The antiserum reacted with detergent-solubilized and cell-bound receptors in the presence or absence of excess IgE; it also inhibited the binding of 125I-IgE. Cultured mouse mastocytoma cells never exposed to IgE released 3H-serotonin when incubated with F(ab')2, but not Fab' fragments of the antiserum, which had been rigorously freed of IgE and anti-IgE. The release was inhibited in the presence of excess IgE, was Ca++ dependent, and equaled 80% of the maximum obtained with IgE and anti-IgE. We conclude that aggregation of the receptors for IgE provides the critical signals for cell activation.", "contents": "Triggering of cultured neoplastic mast cells by antibodies to the receptor for IgE. Cell surface receptors for IgE were isolated from detergent lysates of iodinated, IgE-saturated, rat basophilic leukemia cells by precipitation with anti-IgE antibodies followed by chromatography at acid pH. The isolated material showed a single 125I-band (m.w. approximately 58,000) on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and was used to immunize a rabbit. The resulting anti-serum was reacted with lysates of surface iodinated mouse or rat tumor mast cells. Analysis of the precipitates on (10%) gel electrophoresis revealed one major peak comprising greater than 80% of the detectable counts and having an estimated m.w. of approximately 58,000. The antiserum reacted with detergent-solubilized and cell-bound receptors in the presence or absence of excess IgE; it also inhibited the binding of 125I-IgE. Cultured mouse mastocytoma cells never exposed to IgE released 3H-serotonin when incubated with F(ab')2, but not Fab' fragments of the antiserum, which had been rigorously freed of IgE and anti-IgE. The release was inhibited in the presence of excess IgE, was Ca++ dependent, and equaled 80% of the maximum obtained with IgE and anti-IgE. We conclude that aggregation of the receptors for IgE provides the critical signals for cell activation.", "PMID": 308073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1453", "title": "Mechanism of allosuppression: evidence for direct suppression of responding B cells.", "content": "The mechanism of allosuppression has been investigated. As previously described, negative allogeneic effects result when T cells recognize MHC-encoded alloantigens on responding lymphocytes, preventing the generation of a secondary anti-PFC response in vitro. Several experiments suggested that this suppression was not due to the generation of cytotoxic effectors. First, effective suppression occurred only when T cells, either unprimed or alloantigen activated, were added during the first 24 hr of the responding culture. Even previously generated cytotoxic effectors were relatively ineffective when added late in the response. Furthermore, no detectable cytotoxic effectors were found in suppressed cultures. The major target of suppression was the responding B cell. Only B cells carrying alloantigens (thus recognized by the T cells) were suppressed; bystander B cells were little affected. Thus allosuppression appears to involve the recognition by T cells of alloantigens on responding B cells and direct suppression of some early event in the development of these B cells into PFC. The responses of primed B cells were found to be preferentially sensitive to the suppressive effects of allo- T cells, whereas the response of unprimed B cells was influenced preferentially by the helper effects of alloantigen-activated T cells. It is possible that the state of differentiation of the B cell may determine the outcome of the interaction with regulatory T cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of allosuppression: evidence for direct suppression of responding B cells. The mechanism of allosuppression has been investigated. As previously described, negative allogeneic effects result when T cells recognize MHC-encoded alloantigens on responding lymphocytes, preventing the generation of a secondary anti-PFC response in vitro. Several experiments suggested that this suppression was not due to the generation of cytotoxic effectors. First, effective suppression occurred only when T cells, either unprimed or alloantigen activated, were added during the first 24 hr of the responding culture. Even previously generated cytotoxic effectors were relatively ineffective when added late in the response. Furthermore, no detectable cytotoxic effectors were found in suppressed cultures. The major target of suppression was the responding B cell. Only B cells carrying alloantigens (thus recognized by the T cells) were suppressed; bystander B cells were little affected. Thus allosuppression appears to involve the recognition by T cells of alloantigens on responding B cells and direct suppression of some early event in the development of these B cells into PFC. The responses of primed B cells were found to be preferentially sensitive to the suppressive effects of allo- T cells, whereas the response of unprimed B cells was influenced preferentially by the helper effects of alloantigen-activated T cells. It is possible that the state of differentiation of the B cell may determine the outcome of the interaction with regulatory T cells.", "PMID": 308076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1454", "title": "Differential endotoxin sensitivity of lymphocytes and macrophages from mice with an X-linked defect in B cell maturation.", "content": "The in vitro sensitivity of B lymphocytes and macrophages derived from (CBA/N X DBA/2N) F1 male mice, which carry an X-linked recessive gene that produces defective B cell maturation, was compared to phenotypically normal F1 female mice. B lymphocytes of F1 males exhibit an abnormal mitogenic response to LPS in serum-free culture conditions, which is partially reversed in the presence of serum. In contrast, both resident and thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophages of F1 male mice respond normally to LPS. In response to LPS in vitro, F1 male macrophages produce the monokine, lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) and release prostaglandins. Furthermore, F1 male macrophages are sensitive to the lethal effects of LPS. Therefore, the defective CBA/N gene appears to be expressed only in B lymphocytes and not in macrophages. Since F1 male mice are normally sensitive to the lethal and adjuvant effects of LPS in vivo, these findings suggest that a mature B lymphocyte population is not required for these effects and support the role of the macrophage in the mediation of LPS-induced lethality and adjuvanticity.", "contents": "Differential endotoxin sensitivity of lymphocytes and macrophages from mice with an X-linked defect in B cell maturation. The in vitro sensitivity of B lymphocytes and macrophages derived from (CBA/N X DBA/2N) F1 male mice, which carry an X-linked recessive gene that produces defective B cell maturation, was compared to phenotypically normal F1 female mice. B lymphocytes of F1 males exhibit an abnormal mitogenic response to LPS in serum-free culture conditions, which is partially reversed in the presence of serum. In contrast, both resident and thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophages of F1 male mice respond normally to LPS. In response to LPS in vitro, F1 male macrophages produce the monokine, lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) and release prostaglandins. Furthermore, F1 male macrophages are sensitive to the lethal effects of LPS. Therefore, the defective CBA/N gene appears to be expressed only in B lymphocytes and not in macrophages. Since F1 male mice are normally sensitive to the lethal and adjuvant effects of LPS in vivo, these findings suggest that a mature B lymphocyte population is not required for these effects and support the role of the macrophage in the mediation of LPS-induced lethality and adjuvanticity.", "PMID": 308077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1455", "title": "Persistent activity of suppressor cells in T cell-mediated immune response.", "content": "Tolerance to dinitrochlorobenzene contact sensitivity induced i.v. injection of dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in guinea pigs is a long-lasting phenomenon (up to 1 year). The tolerogen, however, was traceable in the circulation only up to 3 months after its application. In spite of that, tolerance was adoptively transferred by parabiosis 6 months after being induced. Moreover, active suppressor cells eliminated by cyclophosphamide treatment are able to regenerate in those adoptively tolerized animals. These results indicate that the tolerogenic injection stimulates precursors of suppressor cells to generate active suppressor cells and memory cells of suppression. The further formation of active suppressor cells from memory cells seems to be tolerogen independent, but the existence of specific stimulator cells for suppression may be considered. These cells may bind undetectable small amounts of tolerogen. The recovery of suppression might, however, be also due to recovery of suppressor cells which were temporarily inactivated but not destroyed by cyclophosphamide treatment.", "contents": "Persistent activity of suppressor cells in T cell-mediated immune response. Tolerance to dinitrochlorobenzene contact sensitivity induced i.v. injection of dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in guinea pigs is a long-lasting phenomenon (up to 1 year). The tolerogen, however, was traceable in the circulation only up to 3 months after its application. In spite of that, tolerance was adoptively transferred by parabiosis 6 months after being induced. Moreover, active suppressor cells eliminated by cyclophosphamide treatment are able to regenerate in those adoptively tolerized animals. These results indicate that the tolerogenic injection stimulates precursors of suppressor cells to generate active suppressor cells and memory cells of suppression. The further formation of active suppressor cells from memory cells seems to be tolerogen independent, but the existence of specific stimulator cells for suppression may be considered. These cells may bind undetectable small amounts of tolerogen. The recovery of suppression might, however, be also due to recovery of suppressor cells which were temporarily inactivated but not destroyed by cyclophosphamide treatment.", "PMID": 308079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1456", "title": "Fc-receptors for IgG and IgM immunoglobulins on human T lymphocytes: mode of re-expression after proteolysis or interaction with immune complexes.", "content": "The susceptibility to proteolysis and the mode of re-expression of receptors for IgM or IgG present on two different subpopulations of human T lymphocytes (T.M and T.G cells, respectively) have been investigated. The IgM receptor was highly susceptible to both trypsin and pronase, whereas the IgG receptor was resistant to trypsin and sensitive only to high concentrations of pronase. The receptors have been removed by treating purified human T cells with pronase and their reappearance on the cell surface has been followed in vitro. The IgM receptors on the cell surface were detectable within 2 hr and the resynthesis was completed in 6 hr. IgG receptors were detectable in 4 to 6 hr and the resynthesis completed within 12 hr. When protein synthesis was inhibited by culturing the cells in the presence of cycloheximide for up to 12 hr, only the IgM receptor (which had a higher turnover rate) failed to be expressed. Whereas interaction of IgG immune complex with the IgG receptors was previously shown to induce a modulation of the receptors, contact with antigen-IgM antibody complexes did not alter the mode of expression of IgM receptors.", "contents": "Fc-receptors for IgG and IgM immunoglobulins on human T lymphocytes: mode of re-expression after proteolysis or interaction with immune complexes. The susceptibility to proteolysis and the mode of re-expression of receptors for IgM or IgG present on two different subpopulations of human T lymphocytes (T.M and T.G cells, respectively) have been investigated. The IgM receptor was highly susceptible to both trypsin and pronase, whereas the IgG receptor was resistant to trypsin and sensitive only to high concentrations of pronase. The receptors have been removed by treating purified human T cells with pronase and their reappearance on the cell surface has been followed in vitro. The IgM receptors on the cell surface were detectable within 2 hr and the resynthesis was completed in 6 hr. IgG receptors were detectable in 4 to 6 hr and the resynthesis completed within 12 hr. When protein synthesis was inhibited by culturing the cells in the presence of cycloheximide for up to 12 hr, only the IgM receptor (which had a higher turnover rate) failed to be expressed. Whereas interaction of IgG immune complex with the IgG receptors was previously shown to induce a modulation of the receptors, contact with antigen-IgM antibody complexes did not alter the mode of expression of IgM receptors.", "PMID": 308080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1457", "title": "Activation of a human T cell subpopulation bearing receptors for autologous erythrocytes by concanavalin A.", "content": "Human lymphocytes from different lymphoid organs were examined for rosette formation with autologous erythrocytes. The autorosette-forming cells (A-RFC) were shown to belong to a T cell subset including less mature lymphocytes. When normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated with low doses of the plant lectin concanavalin A (Con A), in the presence of autologous plasma, the A-RFC levels were strongly enhanced. This response gave rise to two peaks: the first one coincided with the peak of thymidine incorporation but the maximum increase occurred 5 or 6 days later when the proliferative response was impaired. Depletion of A-RFC before stimulation with Con A led to a clear-cut decrease in autorosette levels at both peaks of the response. It is concluded that Con A, generally used for polyclonal activation against heteroantigens, may also result, in terms of A-RFC marker, in expansion of an autoreactive T cell population.", "contents": "Activation of a human T cell subpopulation bearing receptors for autologous erythrocytes by concanavalin A. Human lymphocytes from different lymphoid organs were examined for rosette formation with autologous erythrocytes. The autorosette-forming cells (A-RFC) were shown to belong to a T cell subset including less mature lymphocytes. When normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated with low doses of the plant lectin concanavalin A (Con A), in the presence of autologous plasma, the A-RFC levels were strongly enhanced. This response gave rise to two peaks: the first one coincided with the peak of thymidine incorporation but the maximum increase occurred 5 or 6 days later when the proliferative response was impaired. Depletion of A-RFC before stimulation with Con A led to a clear-cut decrease in autorosette levels at both peaks of the response. It is concluded that Con A, generally used for polyclonal activation against heteroantigens, may also result, in terms of A-RFC marker, in expansion of an autoreactive T cell population.", "PMID": 308081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1458", "title": "Identification of T and B lymphocytes in pigs by combined E-rosette test and surface Ig labelling.", "content": "A procedure for combining labelling of B lymphocytes with [125I]anti-Ig-antibodies and E-rosetting is described which permits simultaneous detection of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. Pig lymphocytes were incubated with iodinated anti-Ig antibodies and the E-rosette test with SRBC was performed. E-rosettes appeared stable after methanol fixation of cell smears on agarose-coated slides and treatment for autoradiography on stripping films. The percentage of cells classified as B or T lymphocytes in pig peripheral blood closely resembles that in man. No doubly marked cells were demonstrated provided cells were classified as E-rosettes only when 5 or more red cells were attached.", "contents": "Identification of T and B lymphocytes in pigs by combined E-rosette test and surface Ig labelling. A procedure for combining labelling of B lymphocytes with [125I]anti-Ig-antibodies and E-rosetting is described which permits simultaneous detection of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. Pig lymphocytes were incubated with iodinated anti-Ig antibodies and the E-rosette test with SRBC was performed. E-rosettes appeared stable after methanol fixation of cell smears on agarose-coated slides and treatment for autoradiography on stripping films. The percentage of cells classified as B or T lymphocytes in pig peripheral blood closely resembles that in man. No doubly marked cells were demonstrated provided cells were classified as E-rosettes only when 5 or more red cells were attached.", "PMID": 308082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1459", "title": "Potentiometric investigations of antigen-antibody and enzyme-enzyme inhibitor reactions using chemically modified metal electrodes.", "content": "The electrical potential between an immunoreactive electrode and a reference electrode in a buffer solution was studied. The immunoelectrode was made of titanium wire, on which an antigen or an antibody was chemically fixed. The electric potential of the electrode sensitized with anti-hCG gamma-globulin shifted in the positive direction in the presence of a small amount of hCG in the solution. On the other hand, the potential of the hCG-sensitized electrode ran in the negative direction upon addition of anti-hCG to the buffer solution. Similar changes in potential were observed between trypsin and its inhibitor, aprotinin. Kinetic analysis was made for the reactions between these species and the change in potential was explained by a simple charge transfer model.", "contents": "Potentiometric investigations of antigen-antibody and enzyme-enzyme inhibitor reactions using chemically modified metal electrodes. The electrical potential between an immunoreactive electrode and a reference electrode in a buffer solution was studied. The immunoelectrode was made of titanium wire, on which an antigen or an antibody was chemically fixed. The electric potential of the electrode sensitized with anti-hCG gamma-globulin shifted in the positive direction in the presence of a small amount of hCG in the solution. On the other hand, the potential of the hCG-sensitized electrode ran in the negative direction upon addition of anti-hCG to the buffer solution. Similar changes in potential were observed between trypsin and its inhibitor, aprotinin. Kinetic analysis was made for the reactions between these species and the change in potential was explained by a simple charge transfer model.", "PMID": 308083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1460", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of serum alpha-1-protease inhibitor (alpha-1-antitrypsin): Pi i, a deficient allele of the Pi system.", "content": "The microheterogeneity of the I allele of the Pi system of APi (alpha-1-antitrypsin) was studied in 43 individuals with the new PAGIF technique. The unique aspect of the I allele product (unequal distribution of bands 4 and 6), previously demonstrated with acid-starch gel, was confirmed. In addition, two subtypes of the  Pi I allele--I1 and I2--were clearly distinguished. Serum concentrations of APi associated with the expression of the I allele were significantly decreased (68% of normal values) and thus very similar to those associated with the expression of the S allele. This indicates that the I allele can be considered as a \"deficient\" allele of the Pi system.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of serum alpha-1-protease inhibitor (alpha-1-antitrypsin): Pi i, a deficient allele of the Pi system. The microheterogeneity of the I allele of the Pi system of APi (alpha-1-antitrypsin) was studied in 43 individuals with the new PAGIF technique. The unique aspect of the I allele product (unequal distribution of bands 4 and 6), previously demonstrated with acid-starch gel, was confirmed. In addition, two subtypes of the  Pi I allele--I1 and I2--were clearly distinguished. Serum concentrations of APi associated with the expression of the I allele were significantly decreased (68% of normal values) and thus very similar to those associated with the expression of the S allele. This indicates that the I allele can be considered as a \"deficient\" allele of the Pi system.", "PMID": 308085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1461", "title": "Requirement for hexose, unrelated to energy provision, in T-cell-mediated cytolysis at the lethal hit stage.", "content": "The requirement for D-glucose in T-cell-mediated cytolysis was studied using mouse spleen cells sensitized against alloantigens in vitro. Glucose was required for cytolysis: (a) cytolysis proceeded in a simple buffered salt solution containing Ca++ and Mg++ (low phosphate-buffered saline, LPBS) in the presence but not in the absence of added glucose; (b) 2-deoxy-D-glucose blocked cytolysis. The block by this agent was overcome by excess glucose added as late as 40 min after the inhibitor. This block was not due to inhibition of NADP reduction, since 2-deoxy-D-glucose failed to interfere with the rate of CO2 production by the pentose cycle which we found to be of significant activity in sensitized spleen cells; (c) dialyzed fetal bovine serum (DFBS) in LPBS supported cytolysis in the absence of added glucose. However, 2-deoxy-D-glucose was also inhibitory under these conditions, suggesting that carbohydrate was required here as well. Further results supported the conclusion that DFBS was not acting as a direct source of the required carbohydrate. The relationship between cytolysis, glucose requirement, and provision of energy was studied. As little as 0.1 mM D-glucose in LPBS supported cytolysis. At this glucose concentration, there was no measurable accumulation of lactate in sensitized spleen cells, but Krebs cycle activity was detectable. In 3 mM glucose or above, the range covered by standard tissue culture media, anaerobic glycolysis became a major source of energy in sensitized spleen cells. Consequently, it appears that in standard tissue culture medium, effector cells can generate sufficient energy for cytolysis either by aerobic or anaerobic metabolism. However, the addition of an energy source alone in the absence of glucose was insufficient to support cytolysis in LPBS. Pyruvate in LPBS did not support cytolysis but was shown to be a good substrate for aerobic metabolism in sensitized spleen cells. Glycogenic amino acids and glycerol also failed to support cytolysis. The stage of cytolysis at which glucose is required was investigated. Glucose was necessary for the calcium-dependent lethal hit phase, but not for the cytochalasin A-blockable recognition stage, nor for 51Cr release from injured target cells. Models for the lethal hit process are discussed, which are compatible with the observed requirement for certain hexoses unrelated to their capacity to serve as sources of energy.", "contents": "Requirement for hexose, unrelated to energy provision, in T-cell-mediated cytolysis at the lethal hit stage. The requirement for D-glucose in T-cell-mediated cytolysis was studied using mouse spleen cells sensitized against alloantigens in vitro. Glucose was required for cytolysis: (a) cytolysis proceeded in a simple buffered salt solution containing Ca++ and Mg++ (low phosphate-buffered saline, LPBS) in the presence but not in the absence of added glucose; (b) 2-deoxy-D-glucose blocked cytolysis. The block by this agent was overcome by excess glucose added as late as 40 min after the inhibitor. This block was not due to inhibition of NADP reduction, since 2-deoxy-D-glucose failed to interfere with the rate of CO2 production by the pentose cycle which we found to be of significant activity in sensitized spleen cells; (c) dialyzed fetal bovine serum (DFBS) in LPBS supported cytolysis in the absence of added glucose. However, 2-deoxy-D-glucose was also inhibitory under these conditions, suggesting that carbohydrate was required here as well. Further results supported the conclusion that DFBS was not acting as a direct source of the required carbohydrate. The relationship between cytolysis, glucose requirement, and provision of energy was studied. As little as 0.1 mM D-glucose in LPBS supported cytolysis. At this glucose concentration, there was no measurable accumulation of lactate in sensitized spleen cells, but Krebs cycle activity was detectable. In 3 mM glucose or above, the range covered by standard tissue culture media, anaerobic glycolysis became a major source of energy in sensitized spleen cells. Consequently, it appears that in standard tissue culture medium, effector cells can generate sufficient energy for cytolysis either by aerobic or anaerobic metabolism. However, the addition of an energy source alone in the absence of glucose was insufficient to support cytolysis in LPBS. Pyruvate in LPBS did not support cytolysis but was shown to be a good substrate for aerobic metabolism in sensitized spleen cells. Glycogenic amino acids and glycerol also failed to support cytolysis. The stage of cytolysis at which glucose is required was investigated. Glucose was necessary for the calcium-dependent lethal hit phase, but not for the cytochalasin A-blockable recognition stage, nor for 51Cr release from injured target cells. Models for the lethal hit process are discussed, which are compatible with the observed requirement for certain hexoses unrelated to their capacity to serve as sources of energy.", "PMID": 308086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1462", "title": "Effect of castration and sex hormone treatment on survival, anti-nucleic acid antibodies, and glomerulonephritis in NZB/NZW F1 mice.", "content": "NZB/NZW F1 mice of both sexes were castrated at 2 wk of age and implanted subcutaneously with silastic tubes containing either 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone or estradiol-17-beta. Mice receiving androgen showed improved survival, reduced anti-nucleic acid antibodies, or less evidence of glomerulonephritis as determined by light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy. By contrast, opposite effects were observed in castrated mice receiving estrogen. Intact male NZB/NZW F1 mice received androgen implants at 8 mo, an age when they develop an accelerated autoimmune disease associated with a decline in serum testosterone concentration. Such treated mice had improved survival and reduced concentrations of antibodies to DNA and to polyadenylic acid (Poly A). Prepubertal castration of male NZB/NZW F1 mice results in an earlier appearance of IgG antibodies to Poly A. This effect of castration was prevented if neonatal thymectomy was also performed.", "contents": "Effect of castration and sex hormone treatment on survival, anti-nucleic acid antibodies, and glomerulonephritis in NZB/NZW F1 mice. NZB/NZW F1 mice of both sexes were castrated at 2 wk of age and implanted subcutaneously with silastic tubes containing either 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone or estradiol-17-beta. Mice receiving androgen showed improved survival, reduced anti-nucleic acid antibodies, or less evidence of glomerulonephritis as determined by light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy. By contrast, opposite effects were observed in castrated mice receiving estrogen. Intact male NZB/NZW F1 mice received androgen implants at 8 mo, an age when they develop an accelerated autoimmune disease associated with a decline in serum testosterone concentration. Such treated mice had improved survival and reduced concentrations of antibodies to DNA and to polyadenylic acid (Poly A). Prepubertal castration of male NZB/NZW F1 mice results in an earlier appearance of IgG antibodies to Poly A. This effect of castration was prevented if neonatal thymectomy was also performed.", "PMID": 308087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1463", "title": "In vitro induction of cytotoxic effector cells with spontaneous killer cell specificity.", "content": "The present work shows that stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with autologous or allogeneic B-cell lines leads to a strong induction of cytotoxic effector cells with spontaneous killer (SK) cell specificity, apart from the specific response directed against the particular stimulating cell. To demonstrate this we have determined a relative target cell specificity in the SK system, defined by the short-term 51Cr release assay, and established a relative specificity index (RSI). Using this approach we have been able to show that killer cells induced during a 5-day cocultivation period with B-cell lines have a similar PSI to that of unstimulated SK cells. In addition, we have shown that such killer cells can be induced from several different lymphocyte subpopulations and that they, in contrast to SK cells, do not express Fc receptors. The implications of these findings in relation to the nature, mechanism, and biological significance of the SK cell system is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro induction of cytotoxic effector cells with spontaneous killer cell specificity. The present work shows that stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with autologous or allogeneic B-cell lines leads to a strong induction of cytotoxic effector cells with spontaneous killer (SK) cell specificity, apart from the specific response directed against the particular stimulating cell. To demonstrate this we have determined a relative target cell specificity in the SK system, defined by the short-term 51Cr release assay, and established a relative specificity index (RSI). Using this approach we have been able to show that killer cells induced during a 5-day cocultivation period with B-cell lines have a similar PSI to that of unstimulated SK cells. In addition, we have shown that such killer cells can be induced from several different lymphocyte subpopulations and that they, in contrast to SK cells, do not express Fc receptors. The implications of these findings in relation to the nature, mechanism, and biological significance of the SK cell system is discussed.", "PMID": 308088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1464", "title": "The switch from IgM to IgG secretion in single mitogen-stimulated B-cell clones.", "content": "The frequency of mitogen-reactive B cells yielding an IgG plaque-forming cell (PFC) response has been determined in vitro by limiting dilution analysis under culture conditions which allow every growth-induced B cell to grow and mature into a clone of Ig-secreting cells. The frequencies of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-and lipoprotein-reactive precursors for IgG-secreting cells in the spleen of 6--8 wk old C3H/Tif and of C57BL/67 mice were found to be between 1 in 30 and 1 in 40 B cells and, therefore, only one tenth of the frequencies of mitogen-reactive precursors of clones secreting IgM. All IgG-secreting cells developed by switching in clones which previously contained IgM-secreting cells. This was shown in two experiments where the total number of mitogen-reactive precursor yielding IgM-secreting cell clones was limited such that 82 or 90% of all responding cultures originated from one precursor. Thus, of 480 cultures in the first and 720 cultures in the second experiment, 86 and 98 cultures were found positive, yielding IgM-secreting cells at day 5. When the same cultures were assayed at day 7 for IgG-secreting cells 9 and 10 cultures were found positive. All 19 cultures with IgG-secreting cells previously had contained IgM-secreting cells. The probability that IgG-secreting cells and IgM-secreting cells would have arisen from independent precursors can be calculated using Fisher's exact test of independence. For the two experiments those probabilities are 3.4 X 10(-7) and 4.0 X 10(-9). Since we have previously shown that each cell in a mitogen-stimulated, growing B-cell clone divides, and that each dividing cell secretes Ig, we conclude from these experiments that the large majority--in our experiments all--of the IgG-secreting cells in mitogen-stimulated B-cell clones develop by switch from IgM-secreting cells. IgG-secreting cells develop either early or late during growth of a single IgM-secreting cell clone. The switch to IgG secretion, therefore, is not fixed in the time of clonal growth after mitogenic stimulation.", "contents": "The switch from IgM to IgG secretion in single mitogen-stimulated B-cell clones. The frequency of mitogen-reactive B cells yielding an IgG plaque-forming cell (PFC) response has been determined in vitro by limiting dilution analysis under culture conditions which allow every growth-induced B cell to grow and mature into a clone of Ig-secreting cells. The frequencies of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-and lipoprotein-reactive precursors for IgG-secreting cells in the spleen of 6--8 wk old C3H/Tif and of C57BL/67 mice were found to be between 1 in 30 and 1 in 40 B cells and, therefore, only one tenth of the frequencies of mitogen-reactive precursors of clones secreting IgM. All IgG-secreting cells developed by switching in clones which previously contained IgM-secreting cells. This was shown in two experiments where the total number of mitogen-reactive precursor yielding IgM-secreting cell clones was limited such that 82 or 90% of all responding cultures originated from one precursor. Thus, of 480 cultures in the first and 720 cultures in the second experiment, 86 and 98 cultures were found positive, yielding IgM-secreting cells at day 5. When the same cultures were assayed at day 7 for IgG-secreting cells 9 and 10 cultures were found positive. All 19 cultures with IgG-secreting cells previously had contained IgM-secreting cells. The probability that IgG-secreting cells and IgM-secreting cells would have arisen from independent precursors can be calculated using Fisher's exact test of independence. For the two experiments those probabilities are 3.4 X 10(-7) and 4.0 X 10(-9). Since we have previously shown that each cell in a mitogen-stimulated, growing B-cell clone divides, and that each dividing cell secretes Ig, we conclude from these experiments that the large majority--in our experiments all--of the IgG-secreting cells in mitogen-stimulated B-cell clones develop by switch from IgM-secreting cells. IgG-secreting cells develop either early or late during growth of a single IgM-secreting cell clone. The switch to IgG secretion, therefore, is not fixed in the time of clonal growth after mitogenic stimulation.", "PMID": 308089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1465", "title": "Cellular and molecular requirements for X-linked, hapten-specific B-cell blockade in CBA/N mice.", "content": "CBA/N mice, a mutant CBA subline, harbor an X-linked B-cell defect which prevents them from mounting immune responses to certain thymic-independent antigens such as pneumococcal polysaccharides and haptenated-Ficoll derivatives. These mice and the hybrid male progeny of CBA/N females are also exquisitely sensitive to a hapten-specific blockade of their otherwise adequate immune responses to thymic-dependent antigens such as N-2,4-dinitrophenylated-hemocyanin (DNP-KLH). As little as 10 ng of a DNP-Ficoll conjugate given 2 h before immunization with a 5,000-fold greater dosage of DNP-KLH, virtually abolishes the 4th-day direct plaque-forming cell (PFC) response specific for DNP. Responding hybrid (CBA/N x C3H/HeN) female mice are resistant to such blockade even at DNP-Ficoll dosages increased by three orders of magnitude. The DNP hapten and Ficoll must be chemically joined for this blocking effect to occur, and increasing the hapten derivatization of Ficoll increases its blockade-invoking capacity. Significant blockade can be produced by administering DNP-Ficoll as early as 4 days before or as late as 4 h after immunization with DNP-KLH. All currently available data point to the defective B cell as the target of this hapten-polysaccharide-mediated blockade. Mice bearing B memory cells, however, are refractory to such blockade. In addition, DNP-Ficoll injections which cause virtually total blockade of 4th-day primary direct PFC responses to DNP-KLH have little or no effect on the development of DNP-reactive B-cell memory measured at either 8 or 30 days. These findings suggest very different blockade susceptibilities for B cells or their precursors at various stages of differentiative development. Our findings also lead to the formulation of testable hypotheses regarding the mechanism of this selective B-cell blockade phenomenon.", "contents": "Cellular and molecular requirements for X-linked, hapten-specific B-cell blockade in CBA/N mice. CBA/N mice, a mutant CBA subline, harbor an X-linked B-cell defect which prevents them from mounting immune responses to certain thymic-independent antigens such as pneumococcal polysaccharides and haptenated-Ficoll derivatives. These mice and the hybrid male progeny of CBA/N females are also exquisitely sensitive to a hapten-specific blockade of their otherwise adequate immune responses to thymic-dependent antigens such as N-2,4-dinitrophenylated-hemocyanin (DNP-KLH). As little as 10 ng of a DNP-Ficoll conjugate given 2 h before immunization with a 5,000-fold greater dosage of DNP-KLH, virtually abolishes the 4th-day direct plaque-forming cell (PFC) response specific for DNP. Responding hybrid (CBA/N x C3H/HeN) female mice are resistant to such blockade even at DNP-Ficoll dosages increased by three orders of magnitude. The DNP hapten and Ficoll must be chemically joined for this blocking effect to occur, and increasing the hapten derivatization of Ficoll increases its blockade-invoking capacity. Significant blockade can be produced by administering DNP-Ficoll as early as 4 days before or as late as 4 h after immunization with DNP-KLH. All currently available data point to the defective B cell as the target of this hapten-polysaccharide-mediated blockade. Mice bearing B memory cells, however, are refractory to such blockade. In addition, DNP-Ficoll injections which cause virtually total blockade of 4th-day primary direct PFC responses to DNP-KLH have little or no effect on the development of DNP-reactive B-cell memory measured at either 8 or 30 days. These findings suggest very different blockade susceptibilities for B cells or their precursors at various stages of differentiative development. Our findings also lead to the formulation of testable hypotheses regarding the mechanism of this selective B-cell blockade phenomenon.", "PMID": 308090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1466", "title": "Antigen requirements for induction of B-memory cells: studies with dinitrophenyl coupled to T-dependent and T-independent carriers.", "content": "Mice were primed with dinitrophenyl (DNP) (trinitrophenyl, TNP) coupled to thymus-independent (TI) or thymus-dependent (TD) carriers. B cells from these mice were transferred to irradiated recipients with T cells from keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed mice. After secondary immunization with DNP-KLH a significant DNP-specific IgG memory response was produced only by mice which received B cells which had been primed with TD antigens. TI antigens were unable to induce differentiation of B-cell precursors to IgG producing memory B cells but they did not suppress the induction of B-memory cells by TD antigens. The results indicate that TI antigens fail to activate a cell type which is required for the induction of memory B cells.", "contents": "Antigen requirements for induction of B-memory cells: studies with dinitrophenyl coupled to T-dependent and T-independent carriers. Mice were primed with dinitrophenyl (DNP) (trinitrophenyl, TNP) coupled to thymus-independent (TI) or thymus-dependent (TD) carriers. B cells from these mice were transferred to irradiated recipients with T cells from keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed mice. After secondary immunization with DNP-KLH a significant DNP-specific IgG memory response was produced only by mice which received B cells which had been primed with TD antigens. TI antigens were unable to induce differentiation of B-cell precursors to IgG producing memory B cells but they did not suppress the induction of B-memory cells by TD antigens. The results indicate that TI antigens fail to activate a cell type which is required for the induction of memory B cells.", "PMID": 308091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1467", "title": "Restricted helper function of F1 leads to parent bone marrow chimeras controlled by K-end of H-2 complex.", "content": "F1 leads to parent bone marrow chimeras were prepared by transferring F1 hybrid marrow cells into heavily irradiated parental strain mice. When unprimed, donor-derived F1 T cells from the chimeras were activated to sheep erythrocytes (SRC) for 5 days in irradiated normal F1 mice, high IgM and IgG anti-SRC responses were observed with F1 B cells, and with B cells H-2-compatible with the strain in which the T cells were raised from stem cells. Significantly, however, responses with B cells of the opposite parental strain were either absent or very low. The restriction in T-helper function mapped to the K-end of the H-2 complex and could not be attributed to active suppression.", "contents": "Restricted helper function of F1 leads to parent bone marrow chimeras controlled by K-end of H-2 complex. F1 leads to parent bone marrow chimeras were prepared by transferring F1 hybrid marrow cells into heavily irradiated parental strain mice. When unprimed, donor-derived F1 T cells from the chimeras were activated to sheep erythrocytes (SRC) for 5 days in irradiated normal F1 mice, high IgM and IgG anti-SRC responses were observed with F1 B cells, and with B cells H-2-compatible with the strain in which the T cells were raised from stem cells. Significantly, however, responses with B cells of the opposite parental strain were either absent or very low. The restriction in T-helper function mapped to the K-end of the H-2 complex and could not be attributed to active suppression.", "PMID": 308092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1468", "title": "Hematopoietic thymocyte precursors: IV. Enrichment of the precursors and evidence for heterogeneity.", "content": "A method has been developed for the enrichment of the hematopoietic precursors of thymocytes from spleen and bone marrow cells. Up to 40-fold enrichments were obtained resulting in preparations in which as few as 10(5) cells produced prompt repopulation of the thymus of an irradiated mouse. Precursor cells from bone marrow appear to contain the enzyme terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (Tdt), an agent suggested as a potential somatic mutator. This enzyme (Tdt) was not detectable in any spleen cell preparation examined, including one in which a 40-fold enrichment of thymocyte precursors had been produced. This is the first difference reported between the splenic and bone marrow precursors of thymocytes.", "contents": "Hematopoietic thymocyte precursors: IV. Enrichment of the precursors and evidence for heterogeneity. A method has been developed for the enrichment of the hematopoietic precursors of thymocytes from spleen and bone marrow cells. Up to 40-fold enrichments were obtained resulting in preparations in which as few as 10(5) cells produced prompt repopulation of the thymus of an irradiated mouse. Precursor cells from bone marrow appear to contain the enzyme terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (Tdt), an agent suggested as a potential somatic mutator. This enzyme (Tdt) was not detectable in any spleen cell preparation examined, including one in which a 40-fold enrichment of thymocyte precursors had been produced. This is the first difference reported between the splenic and bone marrow precursors of thymocytes.", "PMID": 308093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1469", "title": "Wound healing in tadpole tailfin pieces in vitro.", "content": "Explants of tail fins from R. catesbeiana tadpoles undergo reepithelialization of their cut surfaces (healing) when cultured in vitro in Hanks' balanced salt solution at 22 degrees C. Healing is initiated early and closure of the wound is complete by 12 to 24 hours. Morphogenesis continues for several days as further reorganization and migration of epidermal cells from the regions adjacent to the wound margins take place. The addition of serum to the culture media improves the general appearance of these tissues and promotes healing. The rate of healing is affected by temperature. Tail fins maintained at 10 degrees C do not heal while fins maintained at 30 degrees and 37 degrees, although healing more rapidly than at 22 degrees, undergo progressive degeneration in culture. Epidermal cell movements were also studied in explants consisting of a combination of intact tail fin plus tail fin deprived of its epithelium. Rapid and extensive migration of epidermal cells from the intact tail fin across the collagen lamella of the stripped fin is observed.", "contents": "Wound healing in tadpole tailfin pieces in vitro. Explants of tail fins from R. catesbeiana tadpoles undergo reepithelialization of their cut surfaces (healing) when cultured in vitro in Hanks' balanced salt solution at 22 degrees C. Healing is initiated early and closure of the wound is complete by 12 to 24 hours. Morphogenesis continues for several days as further reorganization and migration of epidermal cells from the regions adjacent to the wound margins take place. The addition of serum to the culture media improves the general appearance of these tissues and promotes healing. The rate of healing is affected by temperature. Tail fins maintained at 10 degrees C do not heal while fins maintained at 30 degrees and 37 degrees, although healing more rapidly than at 22 degrees, undergo progressive degeneration in culture. Epidermal cell movements were also studied in explants consisting of a combination of intact tail fin plus tail fin deprived of its epithelium. Rapid and extensive migration of epidermal cells from the intact tail fin across the collagen lamella of the stripped fin is observed.", "PMID": 308094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1470", "title": "Contrast-enhanced lesions on computerised tomography in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Two patients are described in whom computerised tomography revealed contrast-enhanced lesions in the early stages of multiple sclerosis. Such lesions may be differentiated from tumours by their transient nature, lack of space-occupying effect, and localisation in the white matter. Contrast enhancement in demyelinating disease is probably related to local breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Contrast-enhanced lesions on computerised tomography in multiple sclerosis. Two patients are described in whom computerised tomography revealed contrast-enhanced lesions in the early stages of multiple sclerosis. Such lesions may be differentiated from tumours by their transient nature, lack of space-occupying effect, and localisation in the white matter. Contrast enhancement in demyelinating disease is probably related to local breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 308096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1471", "title": "Determination of cerebrospinal fluid shunt function with water-soluble contrast medium.", "content": "Determination of cerebrospinal fluid shunt patency with water-soluble contrast medium is a simple, rapid, reliable, and safe technique. Since September, 1974, the authors performed 113 examinations. With the Spitz-Holter valve, only the atrial catheter can be studied, but, with the Pudenz valve and with the shunting devices that have a double-dome reservoir, both the proximal and the distal catheter can be visualized. Through the ventricular catheter a full ventriculographic study can be made, demonstrating ventricular size, malposition of the catheter, and the lesion that caused the hydrocephalus, or its evolution. The problem of collapsed ventricules, in which clinical and \"manual\" evaluation of the flushing device can give misleading findings, is emphasized. The injection of the atrial or peritoneal catheter in the pathological cases demonstrated its blockage, level of disconnection, malposition, sleeve, or cyst formation. Computerized tomography has only slightly decreased the number of these studies: when the ventricles are large, the examination with water-soluble contrast medium is still needed to demonstrate the exact level of malfunction. This demonstration has decreased the number of the total revisions complete changes of shunting systems, eliminating some unnecessary changes of normally functioning catheters.", "contents": "Determination of cerebrospinal fluid shunt function with water-soluble contrast medium. Determination of cerebrospinal fluid shunt patency with water-soluble contrast medium is a simple, rapid, reliable, and safe technique. Since September, 1974, the authors performed 113 examinations. With the Spitz-Holter valve, only the atrial catheter can be studied, but, with the Pudenz valve and with the shunting devices that have a double-dome reservoir, both the proximal and the distal catheter can be visualized. Through the ventricular catheter a full ventriculographic study can be made, demonstrating ventricular size, malposition of the catheter, and the lesion that caused the hydrocephalus, or its evolution. The problem of collapsed ventricules, in which clinical and \"manual\" evaluation of the flushing device can give misleading findings, is emphasized. The injection of the atrial or peritoneal catheter in the pathological cases demonstrated its blockage, level of disconnection, malposition, sleeve, or cyst formation. Computerized tomography has only slightly decreased the number of these studies: when the ventricles are large, the examination with water-soluble contrast medium is still needed to demonstrate the exact level of malfunction. This demonstration has decreased the number of the total revisions complete changes of shunting systems, eliminating some unnecessary changes of normally functioning catheters.", "PMID": 308097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1472", "title": "Evidence that serotonin mediates some behavioral effects of amphetamine.", "content": "In the rat, d-amphetamine sulfate (15--80 mg/kg) causes numerous behavioral effects including simultaneous side-to-side head weaving or head tremor, forepaw padding and splayed hindlimbs. These signs are strikingly similar to a behavioral syndrome caused by intense serotonin (5-HT) receptor activation. Experiments were designed to determine whether some of the numerous effects of amphetamine on behavior can be ascribed to actions of the drug on 5-HT mechanisms. Catecholamine depletion with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine did not prevent the amphetamine syndrome. However, 5-HT depletion with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine or with p-chlorophenylalanine did prevent the syndrome. The degree of syndrome inhibition by p-chlorophenylalanine was correlated with the extent of 5-HT depletion. Normal responsiveness to amphetamine in p-chlorophenylalanine-treated rats was restored by 5-hydroxytryptophan, the precursor of 5-HT. Furthermore, methysergide, a 5-HT receptor blocker, prevented the amphetamine syndrome, whereas catecholamine blockers, phenoxybenzamine and pimozide, were ineffective. The results suggest that when amphetamine causes the signs of the syndrome it does so by activating 5-HT receptors in the brain, probably by displacement of endogenous 5-HT.", "contents": "Evidence that serotonin mediates some behavioral effects of amphetamine. In the rat, d-amphetamine sulfate (15--80 mg/kg) causes numerous behavioral effects including simultaneous side-to-side head weaving or head tremor, forepaw padding and splayed hindlimbs. These signs are strikingly similar to a behavioral syndrome caused by intense serotonin (5-HT) receptor activation. Experiments were designed to determine whether some of the numerous effects of amphetamine on behavior can be ascribed to actions of the drug on 5-HT mechanisms. Catecholamine depletion with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine did not prevent the amphetamine syndrome. However, 5-HT depletion with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine or with p-chlorophenylalanine did prevent the syndrome. The degree of syndrome inhibition by p-chlorophenylalanine was correlated with the extent of 5-HT depletion. Normal responsiveness to amphetamine in p-chlorophenylalanine-treated rats was restored by 5-hydroxytryptophan, the precursor of 5-HT. Furthermore, methysergide, a 5-HT receptor blocker, prevented the amphetamine syndrome, whereas catecholamine blockers, phenoxybenzamine and pimozide, were ineffective. The results suggest that when amphetamine causes the signs of the syndrome it does so by activating 5-HT receptors in the brain, probably by displacement of endogenous 5-HT.", "PMID": 308099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1473", "title": "Distribution of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and effusions of patients with cancer.", "content": "The relative distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood and in pleural or abdominal effusions was compared among 24 patients with fluid accumulation due to metastatic cancer and 8 patients without evidence of cancer. The data obtained indicated that the mean percentage of T-lymphocytes in malignant effusions was significantly greater than that in the peripheral blood of the same patients. At the same time, the mean eprcentage of B-lymphocytes was decreased in malignant effusions when compared with peripheral blood. Neither of these differences was observed when effusions and blood of patients with nonmalignant effusions were compared. In addition, patients with both types of effusions had fewer total lymphocytes in their blood than did normal control patients, whereas those with cancer-associated effusions had an increased proportion of active T-lymphocytes in their blood.", "contents": "Distribution of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and effusions of patients with cancer. The relative distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood and in pleural or abdominal effusions was compared among 24 patients with fluid accumulation due to metastatic cancer and 8 patients without evidence of cancer. The data obtained indicated that the mean percentage of T-lymphocytes in malignant effusions was significantly greater than that in the peripheral blood of the same patients. At the same time, the mean eprcentage of B-lymphocytes was decreased in malignant effusions when compared with peripheral blood. Neither of these differences was observed when effusions and blood of patients with nonmalignant effusions were compared. In addition, patients with both types of effusions had fewer total lymphocytes in their blood than did normal control patients, whereas those with cancer-associated effusions had an increased proportion of active T-lymphocytes in their blood.", "PMID": 308101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1474", "title": "Acute lymphocytic leukemia-associated cell membrane antigen.", "content": "Antisera were raised in New Zealand White rabbits against non-B, non-T acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells coated with antilymphocyte serum. Following minimal absorption with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, the antiserum reacted mainly with non-B, non-T ALL cells. The following numbers of patients had leukemia cells that reacted with the ALL antisera: 13 of 18 with ALL, 3 of 27 with acute myelocytic leukemia, 1 of 8 with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), and 0 of 12 with CLL. The positive CML was a patient in CML blast crisis. Normal peripheral blood B- and T-lymphocytes and normal bone marrow were negative. Reactions of the anti-ALL serum (136K) were compared with the reactions of a rabbit anti-B-cell antiserum (63K) that reacted with approximately 70% of leukemia cells. Cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines from normal donors were negative by both cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence tests. However, by immunofluorescence testing, 8 of 17 known malignant lines from a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders were positive; 4 of these lines were of T-cell origin. By immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the ALL antigen appeared to consist of a single polypeptide chain of approximately 98,000 daltons. The anti-ALL antiserum was not cytotoxic for normal myeloid stem cells (colony-forming units).", "contents": "Acute lymphocytic leukemia-associated cell membrane antigen. Antisera were raised in New Zealand White rabbits against non-B, non-T acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells coated with antilymphocyte serum. Following minimal absorption with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, the antiserum reacted mainly with non-B, non-T ALL cells. The following numbers of patients had leukemia cells that reacted with the ALL antisera: 13 of 18 with ALL, 3 of 27 with acute myelocytic leukemia, 1 of 8 with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), and 0 of 12 with CLL. The positive CML was a patient in CML blast crisis. Normal peripheral blood B- and T-lymphocytes and normal bone marrow were negative. Reactions of the anti-ALL serum (136K) were compared with the reactions of a rabbit anti-B-cell antiserum (63K) that reacted with approximately 70% of leukemia cells. Cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines from normal donors were negative by both cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence tests. However, by immunofluorescence testing, 8 of 17 known malignant lines from a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders were positive; 4 of these lines were of T-cell origin. By immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the ALL antigen appeared to consist of a single polypeptide chain of approximately 98,000 daltons. The anti-ALL antiserum was not cytotoxic for normal myeloid stem cells (colony-forming units).", "PMID": 308102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1475", "title": "Cellular and molecular toxicology of lead. II. Effect of lead on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase of cultured cells.", "content": "The effect of lead nitrate on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA synthetase), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, was studied by using an established rat liver cell line (RLC-GAI). Lead was shown to produce a time-dependent increase in ALA synthetase activity, with a maximum after incubation of the cells for 24 h with 10(-5) M lead nitrate. The effect of lead was not liver-specific in that increases in enzyme activity were produced in other tissue-derived cell lines. Cycloheximide but not actinomycin D, cordycepin, or hydroxyurea, at concentrations that inhibit the synthesis of protein, RNA, and DNA, prevented the lead-associated increase in ALA synthetase activity. Heme, added to the cells as hemin, also prevented the effect of lead. These results indicate that lead induced the synthesis of ALA synthetase secondary to an inhibition of the synthesis of heme.", "contents": "Cellular and molecular toxicology of lead. II. Effect of lead on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase of cultured cells. The effect of lead nitrate on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA synthetase), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, was studied by using an established rat liver cell line (RLC-GAI). Lead was shown to produce a time-dependent increase in ALA synthetase activity, with a maximum after incubation of the cells for 24 h with 10(-5) M lead nitrate. The effect of lead was not liver-specific in that increases in enzyme activity were produced in other tissue-derived cell lines. Cycloheximide but not actinomycin D, cordycepin, or hydroxyurea, at concentrations that inhibit the synthesis of protein, RNA, and DNA, prevented the lead-associated increase in ALA synthetase activity. Heme, added to the cells as hemin, also prevented the effect of lead. These results indicate that lead induced the synthesis of ALA synthetase secondary to an inhibition of the synthesis of heme.", "PMID": 308103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1476", "title": "Reappraisal of low-velocity gunshot wounds of the aorta and inferior vena cava in civilian practice.", "content": "Eighteen low-velocity gunshot wounds of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava were analyzed. Injury to the aorta and inferior vena cava occurred in 9.2% of all penetrating abdominal injuries due to gunshot wounds in our series. The mortality rate was 33% for the suprarenal and 25% for the infrarenal inferior vena cava, 50% for the infrarenal aorta, 100% for the suprarenal aorta and for the combined injuries. Control of active bleeding is more closely related to survival than any other single factor.", "contents": "Reappraisal of low-velocity gunshot wounds of the aorta and inferior vena cava in civilian practice. Eighteen low-velocity gunshot wounds of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava were analyzed. Injury to the aorta and inferior vena cava occurred in 9.2% of all penetrating abdominal injuries due to gunshot wounds in our series. The mortality rate was 33% for the suprarenal and 25% for the infrarenal inferior vena cava, 50% for the infrarenal aorta, 100% for the suprarenal aorta and for the combined injuries. Control of active bleeding is more closely related to survival than any other single factor.", "PMID": 308104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1477", "title": "Preoperative propranolol therapy and aortocoronary bypass operation.", "content": "The relationship between long-term propranolol hydrochloride therapy and subsequent coronary bypass operation was prospectively investigated in 119 patients who were grouped three ways: propranolol therapy continued in full dosage to operation (group A), propranolol therapy discontinued or tapered 24 to 72 hours preoperatively (group B), and no preoperative propranolol therapy (control group). During preoperative hospitalization, one patient in each group A and the control group suffered an increase in anginal symptoms compared with 15 patients in group B, three of whom also had new ventricular arrhythmias. During anesthesia up to the period of cardiopulmonary bypass, 26% of group A patients showed signs of ischemia (eg, ST segment deviation or ventricular arrhythmias) as compared with 51% of the control group and 70% of group B. Hypotension and bradycardia were not more common in group A patients. No differences among groups were noted in case of emergence from bypass, need for cardiac stimulants, or mortality.", "contents": "Preoperative propranolol therapy and aortocoronary bypass operation. The relationship between long-term propranolol hydrochloride therapy and subsequent coronary bypass operation was prospectively investigated in 119 patients who were grouped three ways: propranolol therapy continued in full dosage to operation (group A), propranolol therapy discontinued or tapered 24 to 72 hours preoperatively (group B), and no preoperative propranolol therapy (control group). During preoperative hospitalization, one patient in each group A and the control group suffered an increase in anginal symptoms compared with 15 patients in group B, three of whom also had new ventricular arrhythmias. During anesthesia up to the period of cardiopulmonary bypass, 26% of group A patients showed signs of ischemia (eg, ST segment deviation or ventricular arrhythmias) as compared with 51% of the control group and 70% of group B. Hypotension and bradycardia were not more common in group A patients. No differences among groups were noted in case of emergence from bypass, need for cardiac stimulants, or mortality.", "PMID": 308109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1478", "title": "Specificity of anti-human IgG antibodies in antiglobulin (Coombs) sera.", "content": "The agglutination test with latex particles coated with aggregated human IgG was introduced into the evaluation of Coombs serum as an additional test for anti-IgG antibody activity. In Coombs sera prepared by the conventional immunization method employing Freund's adjuvant, latex agglutination titers were found much lower than those of anti-D-coated red cell agglutination. On the other hand, in sera prepared by other immunization methods, such as the one according to Haynes and Chaplin (1971), anti-IgG antibody response was readily observed by IgG-coated latex agglutination. Specificity of anti-IgG antibodies in the latter sera seems to be predominantly directed to aggregated human IgG.", "contents": "Specificity of anti-human IgG antibodies in antiglobulin (Coombs) sera. The agglutination test with latex particles coated with aggregated human IgG was introduced into the evaluation of Coombs serum as an additional test for anti-IgG antibody activity. In Coombs sera prepared by the conventional immunization method employing Freund's adjuvant, latex agglutination titers were found much lower than those of anti-D-coated red cell agglutination. On the other hand, in sera prepared by other immunization methods, such as the one according to Haynes and Chaplin (1971), anti-IgG antibody response was readily observed by IgG-coated latex agglutination. Specificity of anti-IgG antibodies in the latter sera seems to be predominantly directed to aggregated human IgG.", "PMID": 308110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1479", "title": "An improved cannulation technique for prolonged blood sampling of the American bullfrog.", "content": "A T-cannula was used to collect serial blood samples from the sciatic artery of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). The horizontal arm of the cannula was implanted in the artery and the vertical arm employed to collect blood samples. The T-cannula allowed blood flow to continue in the cannulated artery and provided long-term, repetitive blood samples from conscious, caged, but otherwise unrestrained and undisturbed animals. The cannula functioned for at least 14 days, the maximum period investigated. Athough developed for studies on amphibians and reptiles, the technique appeared to be applicable, with appropriate modifications, to a variety of small animals.", "contents": "An improved cannulation technique for prolonged blood sampling of the American bullfrog. A T-cannula was used to collect serial blood samples from the sciatic artery of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). The horizontal arm of the cannula was implanted in the artery and the vertical arm employed to collect blood samples. The T-cannula allowed blood flow to continue in the cannulated artery and provided long-term, repetitive blood samples from conscious, caged, but otherwise unrestrained and undisturbed animals. The cannula functioned for at least 14 days, the maximum period investigated. Athough developed for studies on amphibians and reptiles, the technique appeared to be applicable, with appropriate modifications, to a variety of small animals.", "PMID": 308116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1480", "title": "Tissue localization of T-lymphocytes by the histochemical demonstration of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase.", "content": "Nonspecific acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity has previously been evaluated with the sheep erythrocyte (E) rosette assay and found to be a useful T-cell marker in cell suspension studies. T-lymphocytes display a solitary red brown nodule of reaction product (T-pattern) which can be readily distinguished from the diffuse, cytoplasmic staining of monocytes (M-pattern). Freshly obtained human tissue blocks were fixed with buffered formal sucrose and maintained in Holt's syrup; cryostat sections were cut and incubated under conditions appropriate for the histochemical demonstration of lymphocyte acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity. The results clearly demonstrate that T-pattern ANAE+ lymphocytes populate the paracortical and interfollicular regions of normal lymph nodes and tonsils and the periarteriolar sheaths of normal spleen, T-cell zones, while nearly every germinal center (B-cell area) lymphocyte is ANAE-. Macrophages and dendritic reticulum cells display diffuse cytoplasmic ANAE activity (M-pattern). Nodular malignant lymphomas (B-cell origin) are ANAE-; an E+ diffuse, cutaneous lymphoma was ANAE+. The histochemical demonstration of ANAE activity may represent the first reproducible, routine technique to localize T-lymphocytes in tissue sections.", "contents": "Tissue localization of T-lymphocytes by the histochemical demonstration of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase. Nonspecific acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity has previously been evaluated with the sheep erythrocyte (E) rosette assay and found to be a useful T-cell marker in cell suspension studies. T-lymphocytes display a solitary red brown nodule of reaction product (T-pattern) which can be readily distinguished from the diffuse, cytoplasmic staining of monocytes (M-pattern). Freshly obtained human tissue blocks were fixed with buffered formal sucrose and maintained in Holt's syrup; cryostat sections were cut and incubated under conditions appropriate for the histochemical demonstration of lymphocyte acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity. The results clearly demonstrate that T-pattern ANAE+ lymphocytes populate the paracortical and interfollicular regions of normal lymph nodes and tonsils and the periarteriolar sheaths of normal spleen, T-cell zones, while nearly every germinal center (B-cell area) lymphocyte is ANAE-. Macrophages and dendritic reticulum cells display diffuse cytoplasmic ANAE activity (M-pattern). Nodular malignant lymphomas (B-cell origin) are ANAE-; an E+ diffuse, cutaneous lymphoma was ANAE+. The histochemical demonstration of ANAE activity may represent the first reproducible, routine technique to localize T-lymphocytes in tissue sections.", "PMID": 308117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1481", "title": "Evaluation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in serum of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.", "content": "Serial determinations of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes were performed in 50 patients undergoing cardiac surgery for coronary artery bypass and heart valve replacement. A sequence of LD isoenzyme patterns was established in the patients with uncomplicated recovery. These patterns served as controls for the detection of abnormal patterns associated with clinical complications. Perioperative myocardial infarction was detected in seven patients by a characteristic reversal of the LD1:LD2 ratio. These studies established that accurate determination of LD isoenzymes improved their diagnostic specificity. These isoenzymes were determined by (1) using the same technique for tissues and for serum samples, (2) applying a volume of serum containing a standard amount of enzymatic activity, and (3) making a clear separation, which allows accurate quantitation. This test can provide useful information to the surgeon for the evaluation of operative procedures and to the clinician for the appropriate management of the patient undergoing cardiac surgery.", "contents": "Evaluation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in serum of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Serial determinations of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes were performed in 50 patients undergoing cardiac surgery for coronary artery bypass and heart valve replacement. A sequence of LD isoenzyme patterns was established in the patients with uncomplicated recovery. These patterns served as controls for the detection of abnormal patterns associated with clinical complications. Perioperative myocardial infarction was detected in seven patients by a characteristic reversal of the LD1:LD2 ratio. These studies established that accurate determination of LD isoenzymes improved their diagnostic specificity. These isoenzymes were determined by (1) using the same technique for tissues and for serum samples, (2) applying a volume of serum containing a standard amount of enzymatic activity, and (3) making a clear separation, which allows accurate quantitation. This test can provide useful information to the surgeon for the evaluation of operative procedures and to the clinician for the appropriate management of the patient undergoing cardiac surgery.", "PMID": 308119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1482", "title": "Aortic valve replacement in von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "A patient with von Willebrand's disease having aortic valve replacement was managed with cryoprecipitate infusions and monitoring of factor VIII levels. This disorder is associated with low factor VIII levels and abnormal platelet function. There may be no history of bleeding, as the severity of the bleeding tendency varies greatly and fluctuates temporally. The partial thromboplastin time is frequently prolonged, but more detailed studies are necessary to establish a diagnosis (bleeding time, platelet adhesiveness to glass beads and ristocetin, von Willebrand's antigen, ristocetin-von Willebrand's factor, and factor VIII clotting activity). Elevation of factor VIII levels to 50 to 100% of normal allows adequate clotting and is best accomplished with cryoprecipitate or fresh frozen plasma rather than commercial concentrates of factor VIII, whose activity is unpredictable.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement in von Willebrand's disease. A patient with von Willebrand's disease having aortic valve replacement was managed with cryoprecipitate infusions and monitoring of factor VIII levels. This disorder is associated with low factor VIII levels and abnormal platelet function. There may be no history of bleeding, as the severity of the bleeding tendency varies greatly and fluctuates temporally. The partial thromboplastin time is frequently prolonged, but more detailed studies are necessary to establish a diagnosis (bleeding time, platelet adhesiveness to glass beads and ristocetin, von Willebrand's antigen, ristocetin-von Willebrand's factor, and factor VIII clotting activity). Elevation of factor VIII levels to 50 to 100% of normal allows adequate clotting and is best accomplished with cryoprecipitate or fresh frozen plasma rather than commercial concentrates of factor VIII, whose activity is unpredictable.", "PMID": 308120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1483", "title": "Changes in T cell population in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Absolute numbers of T cells were measured in a series of 84 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and were compared with T cell percent with regard to clinical stage, course, and histologic type. Although T cell percent declined in accordance with the advancement of stage, the differences between the stages were not statistically significant. On the other hand, the absolute number of T cells decreased prominently in Stages III and IV as compared to Stages I and II (p less than 0.05 between Stages I and III, P less than 0.001 between Stages I and IV, and p less than 0.05 between Stages II and IV). Likewise in patients who were followed serially after resection, the absolute number of T cels correlated well with the postoperative course. These results lead us to the conclusion that it is more useful estimate the absolute T cell count rather than T cell percentage in lung cancer.", "contents": "Changes in T cell population in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Absolute numbers of T cells were measured in a series of 84 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and were compared with T cell percent with regard to clinical stage, course, and histologic type. Although T cell percent declined in accordance with the advancement of stage, the differences between the stages were not statistically significant. On the other hand, the absolute number of T cells decreased prominently in Stages III and IV as compared to Stages I and II (p less than 0.05 between Stages I and III, P less than 0.001 between Stages I and IV, and p less than 0.05 between Stages II and IV). Likewise in patients who were followed serially after resection, the absolute number of T cels correlated well with the postoperative course. These results lead us to the conclusion that it is more useful estimate the absolute T cell count rather than T cell percentage in lung cancer.", "PMID": 308122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1484", "title": "The rheumatologic manifestations of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The rheumatologic disorders associated with diabetes mellitus have been reviewed. From the evidence presented, it can be concluded that neuroarthropathy and osteolysis are definitely assoicated with diabetes. Ankylosing hyperostosis and periarthritis probably represent valid associations, and possible, but still unproven associations exist for gout, pseudogout, the carpal tunnel syndrome, osteoarthritis, Dupuytren's contracture and joint contractures. Despite the lack of a proven pathophysiologic basis these interrelationships may be clinically relevant. The discovery of one of these disorders may provide a clue to underlying glucose intolerance, and idabetics should be followed with the knowledge that they are at risk for the development of certain musculoskeletal problems.", "contents": "The rheumatologic manifestations of diabetes mellitus. The rheumatologic disorders associated with diabetes mellitus have been reviewed. From the evidence presented, it can be concluded that neuroarthropathy and osteolysis are definitely assoicated with diabetes. Ankylosing hyperostosis and periarthritis probably represent valid associations, and possible, but still unproven associations exist for gout, pseudogout, the carpal tunnel syndrome, osteoarthritis, Dupuytren's contracture and joint contractures. Despite the lack of a proven pathophysiologic basis these interrelationships may be clinically relevant. The discovery of one of these disorders may provide a clue to underlying glucose intolerance, and idabetics should be followed with the knowledge that they are at risk for the development of certain musculoskeletal problems.", "PMID": 308142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1485", "title": "Morphological reaction in transplanted small intestines using immunogenetically defined rat strain combinations.", "content": "From the inbred rat stains F344, LEW and Brown-Norway (BN), the following combinations were formed: syngeneic (LEW--LEW), weakly allogeneic (F344--LEW) and strongly allogeneic (BN--LEW). A small intestine segment was transplanted using the by-pass technique; after 10 days the graft was removed and histologically investigated. The strongest rejection was found in the lymphatic tissue and the epithelium of the small intestinal transplant. The immunogenetical difference is significant for the survival of the graft: the greater the immunogenetical difference between donor and host, the more severe the morphologically demonstrable rejection reaction.", "contents": "Morphological reaction in transplanted small intestines using immunogenetically defined rat strain combinations. From the inbred rat stains F344, LEW and Brown-Norway (BN), the following combinations were formed: syngeneic (LEW--LEW), weakly allogeneic (F344--LEW) and strongly allogeneic (BN--LEW). A small intestine segment was transplanted using the by-pass technique; after 10 days the graft was removed and histologically investigated. The strongest rejection was found in the lymphatic tissue and the epithelium of the small intestinal transplant. The immunogenetical difference is significant for the survival of the graft: the greater the immunogenetical difference between donor and host, the more severe the morphologically demonstrable rejection reaction.", "PMID": 308144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1486", "title": "[The effect of bencyclane, flunarizine and naftidrofuryl on a calorically induced long time nystagmus (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of a calorically induced long time stimulation is shown. Appr. 15 minutes after begin fo stimulation a nystagmus plateau can be observed. We used this plateau to demonstrate the effects of three cerebral vasoactive drugs--Bencyclane, Flunarizine and Naftidrofuryl-Hydrogenoxalate in a randomized double blind study. All of them depressed the nystagmus significantly. Naftidrofuryl by 38.4 +/- 4.6%, Flunarizine by 31 +/- 4.5% and Bencyclane by 25.1 +/- 3.8%. The depressing mechanism of Flunarizine is partly due to sedation.", "contents": "[The effect of bencyclane, flunarizine and naftidrofuryl on a calorically induced long time nystagmus (author's transl)]. The method of a calorically induced long time stimulation is shown. Appr. 15 minutes after begin fo stimulation a nystagmus plateau can be observed. We used this plateau to demonstrate the effects of three cerebral vasoactive drugs--Bencyclane, Flunarizine and Naftidrofuryl-Hydrogenoxalate in a randomized double blind study. All of them depressed the nystagmus significantly. Naftidrofuryl by 38.4 +/- 4.6%, Flunarizine by 31 +/- 4.5% and Bencyclane by 25.1 +/- 3.8%. The depressing mechanism of Flunarizine is partly due to sedation.", "PMID": 308146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1487", "title": "Degradation and clearance of methotrexate in children with osteosarcoma receiving high-dose infusion.", "content": "Plasma methotrexate (MTX) concentrations were quantitated in 34 patients after 127 high-dose (35--350 mg/kg) infusions with citrovorum factor rescue. Significant linear correlations have been obtained between methotrexate dosage and concentrations in plasma at 6 and 24 hours after the initiation of the therapy. However, similar trends have not been observed when 48- and 72-hour samples were analyzed. Clinical toxicity was not serious when the methotrexate level in plasma was less than 4.5 X 10(-6) M at 48 hours after the start of a six-hour infusion in children. A minimal four-hour steady-state methotrexate plasma level can be maintained during a six-hour infusion. Children excrete methotrexate at a faster rate than adults; the half-life of MTX during the first phase of plasma clearance curve is one hour shorter in children. Urinary analyses have indicated that substantial methotrexate is metabolized. The chemical nature of these components has not been identified. Further, the urinary metabolic profiles varied among patients.", "contents": "Degradation and clearance of methotrexate in children with osteosarcoma receiving high-dose infusion. Plasma methotrexate (MTX) concentrations were quantitated in 34 patients after 127 high-dose (35--350 mg/kg) infusions with citrovorum factor rescue. Significant linear correlations have been obtained between methotrexate dosage and concentrations in plasma at 6 and 24 hours after the initiation of the therapy. However, similar trends have not been observed when 48- and 72-hour samples were analyzed. Clinical toxicity was not serious when the methotrexate level in plasma was less than 4.5 X 10(-6) M at 48 hours after the start of a six-hour infusion in children. A minimal four-hour steady-state methotrexate plasma level can be maintained during a six-hour infusion. Children excrete methotrexate at a faster rate than adults; the half-life of MTX during the first phase of plasma clearance curve is one hour shorter in children. Urinary analyses have indicated that substantial methotrexate is metabolized. The chemical nature of these components has not been identified. Further, the urinary metabolic profiles varied among patients.", "PMID": 308151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1488", "title": "[The importance of echography in the differential diagnosis of renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience with echographic investigation of the kidney and the urinary efferent system in the diagnosis of renal insufficiency is reported. Taking into account a number of criteria (size, differentiation from the surrounding tissues, position of the kidney in relation to neighboring organs and to the body surface, mobility or change of shape on respiration, on altehe evaluation of the nephroechographic findings an attempt is made to rationalize the applicatinon of further diagnostic measures. The method is recommended both for the initial diagnosis of renal insufficiency and for the supervision of patients with confirmed renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[The importance of echography in the differential diagnosis of renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. Experience with echographic investigation of the kidney and the urinary efferent system in the diagnosis of renal insufficiency is reported. Taking into account a number of criteria (size, differentiation from the surrounding tissues, position of the kidney in relation to neighboring organs and to the body surface, mobility or change of shape on respiration, on altehe evaluation of the nephroechographic findings an attempt is made to rationalize the applicatinon of further diagnostic measures. The method is recommended both for the initial diagnosis of renal insufficiency and for the supervision of patients with confirmed renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 308154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1489", "title": "Electrical brain stimulation for the control of chronic pain.", "content": "An implanted brain stimulation system can be used for control of chronic intractable pain that is unresponsive to other forms of treatment. A trial period of temporary stimulation first determines whether a patient is likely to benefit from a permanent implant. Success has been achieved in the majority of patients, although technical problems have necessitated repairs.", "contents": "Electrical brain stimulation for the control of chronic pain. An implanted brain stimulation system can be used for control of chronic intractable pain that is unresponsive to other forms of treatment. A trial period of temporary stimulation first determines whether a patient is likely to benefit from a permanent implant. Success has been achieved in the majority of patients, although technical problems have necessitated repairs.", "PMID": 308150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1490", "title": "[Measures for prevention of hospital-acquired infections of the urinary tract. Local antibiotics: yes or no? (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important measures for prevention of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections are: sterility when passing catheters, daily catheter care, careful disinfection of hands before manipulation of the catheter system, closed urine drainage systems. When using closed urine drainage systems whose continuity must never be interrupted, rinsing with local antibiotics is unnecessary.", "contents": "[Measures for prevention of hospital-acquired infections of the urinary tract. Local antibiotics: yes or no? (author's transl)]. The most important measures for prevention of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections are: sterility when passing catheters, daily catheter care, careful disinfection of hands before manipulation of the catheter system, closed urine drainage systems. When using closed urine drainage systems whose continuity must never be interrupted, rinsing with local antibiotics is unnecessary.", "PMID": 308159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1491", "title": "[Short-term and long-term therapy with slow-release ISDN. Echographic, vector cardiographic and ergometric findings (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of slow-release isosorbide dinitrate (Maycor retard) on the myocard was investigated in a short-term study (single dose of 20 mg slow-release ISDN) and in a long-term study (2 X 20 mg slow-release ISDN daily) in 10 patients with coronary heart disease. The parameters assessed were heart rate, blood pressure and skin temperature at rest, load ECG, orthogonal ECG and VCG by computer and UCG echocardiography. The reductions of diastolic and systolic ventricular diameter are statistically significant in the short-term and long-term trials. The ejection time decreases. The velocity of circumferential fiber shortening as a measure of myocardial contractility increases highly significantly. R peak and T wave amplitude in the Y lead change significantly. These findings can be interpreted as an expression of improved myocardial tension and a normalization of the contraction and relaxation.", "contents": "[Short-term and long-term therapy with slow-release ISDN. Echographic, vector cardiographic and ergometric findings (author's transl)]. The effect of slow-release isosorbide dinitrate (Maycor retard) on the myocard was investigated in a short-term study (single dose of 20 mg slow-release ISDN) and in a long-term study (2 X 20 mg slow-release ISDN daily) in 10 patients with coronary heart disease. The parameters assessed were heart rate, blood pressure and skin temperature at rest, load ECG, orthogonal ECG and VCG by computer and UCG echocardiography. The reductions of diastolic and systolic ventricular diameter are statistically significant in the short-term and long-term trials. The ejection time decreases. The velocity of circumferential fiber shortening as a measure of myocardial contractility increases highly significantly. R peak and T wave amplitude in the Y lead change significantly. These findings can be interpreted as an expression of improved myocardial tension and a normalization of the contraction and relaxation.", "PMID": 308160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1492", "title": "[Studies on the antihypertensive effect of metoprolol in practice. Results of a cooperative study by 1296 general practitioners (author's transl)].", "content": "A study with the beta1-selective adrenergic receptor blocker metoprolol in general practice was carried out by 1296 practitioners and internists. The results in 10.088 hypertensive patients were analyzed with regard to 1.9 million separate data. 200 mg metoprolol lowered the blood pressure by 25/12 mm Hg, the pulse rate fell by an average of 8 beats per minute within 6 weeks. Metoprolol was well tolerated and the relatively rare side-effects decreased in the course of the 6 weeks' therapy.", "contents": "[Studies on the antihypertensive effect of metoprolol in practice. Results of a cooperative study by 1296 general practitioners (author's transl)]. A study with the beta1-selective adrenergic receptor blocker metoprolol in general practice was carried out by 1296 practitioners and internists. The results in 10.088 hypertensive patients were analyzed with regard to 1.9 million separate data. 200 mg metoprolol lowered the blood pressure by 25/12 mm Hg, the pulse rate fell by an average of 8 beats per minute within 6 weeks. Metoprolol was well tolerated and the relatively rare side-effects decreased in the course of the 6 weeks' therapy.", "PMID": 308161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1493", "title": "[Orthopedics in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Early diagnosis and treatment is of decisive importance for the prognosis of many orthopedic diseases in infancy, especially of congenital skeletal lesions. Taking as examples deformities of the foot, hip dysplasia and luxation and infantile scoliosis, the principles of diagnosis and guide lines for therapy are indicated. Diseases of the locomotor apparatus can be considerably improved and late lesions to a great extent prevented by early recognition and treatment combined with good interdisciplinary cooperation.", "contents": "[Orthopedics in infancy (author's transl)]. Early diagnosis and treatment is of decisive importance for the prognosis of many orthopedic diseases in infancy, especially of congenital skeletal lesions. Taking as examples deformities of the foot, hip dysplasia and luxation and infantile scoliosis, the principles of diagnosis and guide lines for therapy are indicated. Diseases of the locomotor apparatus can be considerably improved and late lesions to a great extent prevented by early recognition and treatment combined with good interdisciplinary cooperation.", "PMID": 308168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1494", "title": "[Epicondylitis of the humerus (author's transl)].", "content": "Principles of Treatment and Results after Hohmann's Operation: The method of clinical examination and rational conservative measures including physiotherapy are discussed in the light of the literature and the results of a cooperative study. To summarize briefly it may be said that conservative therapy should first of all be completely exhausted. Local injections of a corticosteroid should not exceed 3 and at most 6. If conservative therapy is unsuccessful after 4 months, operation is indicated and the extended Hohmann operation performed.", "contents": "[Epicondylitis of the humerus (author's transl)]. Principles of Treatment and Results after Hohmann's Operation: The method of clinical examination and rational conservative measures including physiotherapy are discussed in the light of the literature and the results of a cooperative study. To summarize briefly it may be said that conservative therapy should first of all be completely exhausted. Local injections of a corticosteroid should not exceed 3 and at most 6. If conservative therapy is unsuccessful after 4 months, operation is indicated and the extended Hohmann operation performed.", "PMID": 308169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1495", "title": "[Sport injuries due to squash. Epidemiology and prevention (author's transl)].", "content": "A statistical collection of squash injuries in 8000 players from 30 squash centers in the Federal Republic of Germany over a 12 months period is presented and evaluated. The comparison with other types of sport shows squash to be sooner likely to cause injuries than tennis, but to entail essentially less injuries than e.g. football or handball. With a view to prevention, certain demands must be made on the player as regards his manner of playing and equipment, but also as regards the ground conditions of squash halls.", "contents": "[Sport injuries due to squash. Epidemiology and prevention (author's transl)]. A statistical collection of squash injuries in 8000 players from 30 squash centers in the Federal Republic of Germany over a 12 months period is presented and evaluated. The comparison with other types of sport shows squash to be sooner likely to cause injuries than tennis, but to entail essentially less injuries than e.g. football or handball. With a view to prevention, certain demands must be made on the player as regards his manner of playing and equipment, but also as regards the ground conditions of squash halls.", "PMID": 308170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1496", "title": "[Vitamin D deficiency in femoral neck fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "In a therapeutic trial 20 patients with femoral neck fractures (FNF) were treated alternatively without supplemental vitamin D, calcium and phosphate or with 15 000 I.U. vitamin D2, 500 mg Ca++ and 560 mg of phosphate daily. Within two weeks, 25-OH-D in serum increased in patients with supplementary therapy. It is concluded that in the German Federal Republic, vitamin D deficiency is frequently found in the elderly during the winter months and that vitamin D deficiency could be important for the development of FNF.", "contents": "[Vitamin D deficiency in femoral neck fractures (author's transl)]. In a therapeutic trial 20 patients with femoral neck fractures (FNF) were treated alternatively without supplemental vitamin D, calcium and phosphate or with 15 000 I.U. vitamin D2, 500 mg Ca++ and 560 mg of phosphate daily. Within two weeks, 25-OH-D in serum increased in patients with supplementary therapy. It is concluded that in the German Federal Republic, vitamin D deficiency is frequently found in the elderly during the winter months and that vitamin D deficiency could be important for the development of FNF.", "PMID": 308171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1497", "title": "[Hormonal contraception for adolescents? (author's transl)].", "content": "Pregnancy in adolescence is seldom planned. If an adolescent girl comes to the doctor with a pressing desire for hormonal contraception, the many risks must be weighed against each other. Endocrinologically the \"post-pill amenorrhea\" and later reduced fertility are quantitatively of little importance. Developmentally and psychologically the danger of delayed growth as a result of the steroids present in the ovulation inhibitors is small. It is particularly important to weight the perinatal risks of an unwanted pregnancy against the risks of a hormonal contraceptive. Among the psychosocial factors impaired development of personality is prominent. Altogether, an unwanted pregnancy carries considerably more risk for an adolescent girl than hormonal contraception.", "contents": "[Hormonal contraception for adolescents? (author's transl)]. Pregnancy in adolescence is seldom planned. If an adolescent girl comes to the doctor with a pressing desire for hormonal contraception, the many risks must be weighed against each other. Endocrinologically the \"post-pill amenorrhea\" and later reduced fertility are quantitatively of little importance. Developmentally and psychologically the danger of delayed growth as a result of the steroids present in the ovulation inhibitors is small. It is particularly important to weight the perinatal risks of an unwanted pregnancy against the risks of a hormonal contraceptive. Among the psychosocial factors impaired development of personality is prominent. Altogether, an unwanted pregnancy carries considerably more risk for an adolescent girl than hormonal contraception.", "PMID": 308178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1498", "title": "[The effect of the female biological sexual rhythm on the time of the first cerebrovascular insult (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationship between the first cerebrovascular insult and estrogen production in the three sexual phases was investigated in 79 women treated in hospital. 46 women age about 14.7 years at the time of the menarche were affected at 69.5 years; 78 women who began the menopause at about 48.2 years fell ill at about 69.3 years on the average; the duration of fertility was determined at about 33.9 years in 45 women, their first illness due to cerebrovascular insult occurred at 69.3 years. No relationship could be established between the onset of menarche or menopause, or the duration of fertility and the age at the first cerebrovascular insult.", "contents": "[The effect of the female biological sexual rhythm on the time of the first cerebrovascular insult (author's transl)]. The relationship between the first cerebrovascular insult and estrogen production in the three sexual phases was investigated in 79 women treated in hospital. 46 women age about 14.7 years at the time of the menarche were affected at 69.5 years; 78 women who began the menopause at about 48.2 years fell ill at about 69.3 years on the average; the duration of fertility was determined at about 33.9 years in 45 women, their first illness due to cerebrovascular insult occurred at 69.3 years. No relationship could be established between the onset of menarche or menopause, or the duration of fertility and the age at the first cerebrovascular insult.", "PMID": 308179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1499", "title": "B-lymphocyte alloantigens associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "We examined B-lymphocyte alloantigens in 41 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 184 controls, using a panel of 47 pregnancy serums, and compared reaction frequencies of individual serums. One serum, la-715, reacted with B lymphocytes from 75.6 per cent of patients and 14.1 per cent of controls (Pc less than 0.005, relative risk 18.8). Twenty-eight of the patients were also typed with a panel of HLA-D-related serums from the Seventh International Histocompatibility Workshop, HLA-DRw types assigned, and compared to 490 Workshop controls. Both HLA-DRw2 (57.1 per cent vs. 26.4 per cent, Pc less than 0.004) and HLA-DRw3 (46.4 per cent vs. 22.2 per cent, Pc less than 0.03) were increased in systemic lupus erythematosus. This study demonstrates that select B-lymphocyte alloantigens, which are controlled by genes in the major histocompatibility complex, are present in increased frequency in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "B-lymphocyte alloantigens associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. We examined B-lymphocyte alloantigens in 41 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 184 controls, using a panel of 47 pregnancy serums, and compared reaction frequencies of individual serums. One serum, la-715, reacted with B lymphocytes from 75.6 per cent of patients and 14.1 per cent of controls (Pc less than 0.005, relative risk 18.8). Twenty-eight of the patients were also typed with a panel of HLA-D-related serums from the Seventh International Histocompatibility Workshop, HLA-DRw types assigned, and compared to 490 Workshop controls. Both HLA-DRw2 (57.1 per cent vs. 26.4 per cent, Pc less than 0.004) and HLA-DRw3 (46.4 per cent vs. 22.2 per cent, Pc less than 0.03) were increased in systemic lupus erythematosus. This study demonstrates that select B-lymphocyte alloantigens, which are controlled by genes in the major histocompatibility complex, are present in increased frequency in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 308181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1500", "title": "Cellular immunity in Guamanians with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that host resistance factors may be abnormal in Guamanians in whom amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia develop, cellular immunity was evaluated in both diseases and compared to that of Guamanians with other nervous-system diseases, normal adult Guamanians and non-Guamanians with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism. Diminished responses to skin-test antigens, lymphopenia, diminished per cent and total T cells and, less frequently, decreased mitogen responses were seen in Guamanian patients with amytorophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia but not in the other patient or normal groups. Guamanian patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and diminished cellular immunity had an increased frequency of HLA-Bw35 (P less than 0.005) and shorter mean duration of disease (P less than 0.05) than those with normal cellular immunity. In Parkinsonism dementia diminished cellular immunity was less strongly associated with HLA-BW35 (P less than 0.05) and was not associated with differences in duration of disease. Normal Guamanians and those with other nervous-system diseases showed no association of diminished cellular immunity with HLA-Bw35. The association appeared disease-related, with onset concomitant with the neurologic expression of Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in Guamanians with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia. To test the hypothesis that host resistance factors may be abnormal in Guamanians in whom amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia develop, cellular immunity was evaluated in both diseases and compared to that of Guamanians with other nervous-system diseases, normal adult Guamanians and non-Guamanians with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism. Diminished responses to skin-test antigens, lymphopenia, diminished per cent and total T cells and, less frequently, decreased mitogen responses were seen in Guamanian patients with amytorophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia but not in the other patient or normal groups. Guamanian patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and diminished cellular immunity had an increased frequency of HLA-Bw35 (P less than 0.005) and shorter mean duration of disease (P less than 0.05) than those with normal cellular immunity. In Parkinsonism dementia diminished cellular immunity was less strongly associated with HLA-BW35 (P less than 0.05) and was not associated with differences in duration of disease. Normal Guamanians and those with other nervous-system diseases showed no association of diminished cellular immunity with HLA-Bw35. The association appeared disease-related, with onset concomitant with the neurologic expression of Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia.", "PMID": 308183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1501", "title": "Muscular fatigue investigated by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "Muscular fatigue has been studied using 31PNMR to measure the levels and rates of utilisation of several key metabolites and the free-energy change for ATP hydrolysis. Force development is closely correlated with metabolite levels and is proportional to the rate at which ATP is hydrolysed.", "contents": "Muscular fatigue investigated by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance. Muscular fatigue has been studied using 31PNMR to measure the levels and rates of utilisation of several key metabolites and the free-energy change for ATP hydrolysis. Force development is closely correlated with metabolite levels and is proportional to the rate at which ATP is hydrolysed.", "PMID": 308189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1502", "title": "Safety and clinical efficacy.", "content": "When applied under the circumstances of minimal patient risk documented in this paper, implanted neuroaugmentive spinal devices are a reasonable means of therapy for selected severe pain problems. With presently developed screening techniques, in 198 patients predominantly suffering from failed back surgery syndrome, a 50% good-to-excellent result was obtained. These figures represent a very significant improvement in the success of treatment for this group of patients when compared to other present modes of therapy. With continued optimization of the use of spinal neuroaugmentive devices, it is likely that clinical success can be further improved in the future.", "contents": "Safety and clinical efficacy. When applied under the circumstances of minimal patient risk documented in this paper, implanted neuroaugmentive spinal devices are a reasonable means of therapy for selected severe pain problems. With presently developed screening techniques, in 198 patients predominantly suffering from failed back surgery syndrome, a 50% good-to-excellent result was obtained. These figures represent a very significant improvement in the success of treatment for this group of patients when compared to other present modes of therapy. With continued optimization of the use of spinal neuroaugmentive devices, it is likely that clinical success can be further improved in the future.", "PMID": 308196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1503", "title": "Chronic stimulation via percutaneously inserted epidural electrodes.", "content": "Thirty-one patients suffering from intractable pain associated with chronic low back syndrome, cancer, and other disorders have been studied after an average of 6 months of treatment by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord applied using electrodes inserted through a Touhy needle into the epidural space. As judged by three different subjective rating methods, epidrual stimulation successfully relieved otherwise intractable chronic pain in from 23 to 26 of the 31 patients. Reported improvements in the ability to perform various everyday activities, and elimination of drug usage by many patients, corroborated this finding.", "contents": "Chronic stimulation via percutaneously inserted epidural electrodes. Thirty-one patients suffering from intractable pain associated with chronic low back syndrome, cancer, and other disorders have been studied after an average of 6 months of treatment by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord applied using electrodes inserted through a Touhy needle into the epidural space. As judged by three different subjective rating methods, epidrual stimulation successfully relieved otherwise intractable chronic pain in from 23 to 26 of the 31 patients. Reported improvements in the ability to perform various everyday activities, and elimination of drug usage by many patients, corroborated this finding.", "PMID": 308197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1504", "title": "Long term results of periventricular gray self-stimulation.", "content": "Thirty patients were operated upon, with chronic implantation of self-stimulating devices for stimulation of the posterior periventricular gray matter for pain control. Three patients required removal of the electrodes because of failure of adequate pain control during the period of percutaneous testing, and five patients report on long term follow-up that they have had no pain relief with stimulation, and have discontinued it. Four patients describe minor relief of pain, and 18 patients report significant relief of pain with stimulation. Therefore, 18 patients, or 66% of the 27 patients having implantation, are considered to have had successful operations, and 12 of the patients are considered failures. Stimulation for brief periods of time, such as 5 to 30 minutes every 2 to 12 hours has been found adequate for control of chronic pain with minimal side effects and a low complication rate.", "contents": "Long term results of periventricular gray self-stimulation. Thirty patients were operated upon, with chronic implantation of self-stimulating devices for stimulation of the posterior periventricular gray matter for pain control. Three patients required removal of the electrodes because of failure of adequate pain control during the period of percutaneous testing, and five patients report on long term follow-up that they have had no pain relief with stimulation, and have discontinued it. Four patients describe minor relief of pain, and 18 patients report significant relief of pain with stimulation. Therefore, 18 patients, or 66% of the 27 patients having implantation, are considered to have had successful operations, and 12 of the patients are considered failures. Stimulation for brief periods of time, such as 5 to 30 minutes every 2 to 12 hours has been found adequate for control of chronic pain with minimal side effects and a low complication rate.", "PMID": 308192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1505", "title": "Safety and efficacy of chronic stimulation.", "content": "It is our conclusion that chronic cerebellar stimulation is both efficacious and safe as a therapeutic measure for selected neurological disease. Improvements in patient selection, with patients chosen who are not as incapacitated as those of our first group, showed make this even more apparent. In order to be certain that calibration of the present stimulating equipment is accurate, each such apparatus should be calibrated by the group treating the patient. We no make this a routine aspect of our follow-up re-examinations.", "contents": "Safety and efficacy of chronic stimulation. It is our conclusion that chronic cerebellar stimulation is both efficacious and safe as a therapeutic measure for selected neurological disease. Improvements in patient selection, with patients chosen who are not as incapacitated as those of our first group, showed make this even more apparent. In order to be certain that calibration of the present stimulating equipment is accurate, each such apparatus should be calibrated by the group treating the patient. We no make this a routine aspect of our follow-up re-examinations.", "PMID": 308193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1506", "title": "Demyelinating, degenerative, and vascular disease.", "content": "Fifty per cent of patients diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis, primary lateral sclerosis, or hereditary spinocerebellar disorders were observed to have enduring favorable changes in neurological function during the 15 to 27 months they have been followed. The patients who were the least severely disabled were benefitted the most by the stimulation and made the most rapid progress. For example, the patient having only an ataxic or a spastic gait typically was observed to improve faster than the patient having both an ataxic and a spastic gait. The long term effect of electrostimulation of the spinal cord on these patients is unknown. The purpose of the stimulation is to attempt to obtain an improvement in neurological function so that the patient may experience a better life style. It is not thought that the electrical current has any effect on the basic disease process. Electrostimulation over the posterior spinal roots and spinal cord, although not new, has not been used extensively for the treatment of patients with arterial disease. The patients who have responded the most dramatically to electrostimulation are those with vasospastic disorders. A larger percentage of patients showed a greater response to implanted stimulation than to transcutaneous stimulation. Electrostimulation of the nervous system is not designed to replace standard therapeutic measures of treatment of patients with vascular disease, but to supplement them.", "contents": "Demyelinating, degenerative, and vascular disease. Fifty per cent of patients diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis, primary lateral sclerosis, or hereditary spinocerebellar disorders were observed to have enduring favorable changes in neurological function during the 15 to 27 months they have been followed. The patients who were the least severely disabled were benefitted the most by the stimulation and made the most rapid progress. For example, the patient having only an ataxic or a spastic gait typically was observed to improve faster than the patient having both an ataxic and a spastic gait. The long term effect of electrostimulation of the spinal cord on these patients is unknown. The purpose of the stimulation is to attempt to obtain an improvement in neurological function so that the patient may experience a better life style. It is not thought that the electrical current has any effect on the basic disease process. Electrostimulation over the posterior spinal roots and spinal cord, although not new, has not been used extensively for the treatment of patients with arterial disease. The patients who have responded the most dramatically to electrostimulation are those with vasospastic disorders. A larger percentage of patients showed a greater response to implanted stimulation than to transcutaneous stimulation. Electrostimulation of the nervous system is not designed to replace standard therapeutic measures of treatment of patients with vascular disease, but to supplement them.", "PMID": 308199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1507", "title": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus due to membranous obstruction of the sylvian aqueduct.", "content": "In a patient presenting with the clinical features of normal pressure hydrocephalus, a membranous obstruction of the aqueduct of Sylvius was demonstrated by combined air encephalography and contrast ventriculography. Ventriculoatrial shunting resulted in clinical improvement without significant change in ventricular size.", "contents": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus due to membranous obstruction of the sylvian aqueduct. In a patient presenting with the clinical features of normal pressure hydrocephalus, a membranous obstruction of the aqueduct of Sylvius was demonstrated by combined air encephalography and contrast ventriculography. Ventriculoatrial shunting resulted in clinical improvement without significant change in ventricular size.", "PMID": 308206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1508", "title": "Experience with implanted electrodes.", "content": "Implant units, manufactured by Medtronic, Inc., have been implanted in 31 patients for treatment of drop-foot. The principal problem encountered in this series was inflammatory reaction. This was observed in seven patients, and was serious enough in five to require removal of the implant. On the positive side, there have been no failures of the implanted equipment for periods of up to 7.3 years, although there is currently a question on one patient. There has also been no documented damage to the nerve from chronic stimulation. Fine wire elctrodes have been implanted intraneurally in a series of animals and in three patients. Preliminary results look encouraging, and this approach seems to hold considerable promise for a new generation of electrode design.", "contents": "Experience with implanted electrodes. Implant units, manufactured by Medtronic, Inc., have been implanted in 31 patients for treatment of drop-foot. The principal problem encountered in this series was inflammatory reaction. This was observed in seven patients, and was serious enough in five to require removal of the implant. On the positive side, there have been no failures of the implanted equipment for periods of up to 7.3 years, although there is currently a question on one patient. There has also been no documented damage to the nerve from chronic stimulation. Fine wire elctrodes have been implanted intraneurally in a series of animals and in three patients. Preliminary results look encouraging, and this approach seems to hold considerable promise for a new generation of electrode design.", "PMID": 308202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1509", "title": "Diaphragm pacing as an adjunct in respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "Most neurosurgical patients with permanent partial or complete respiratory insufficiency are managed with a mechanical ventilator and tracheostomy. This method presents many medical, technical, emotional, and social problems. A case is presented that illustrates the potential usefulness of electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve (\"diaphragm pacing\") as an alternate method of therapy for respiratory insufficiency. This paper outlines the indications for, methods of, and problems with such a system and is intended to make its availability more widely appreciated among neurosurgeons.", "contents": "Diaphragm pacing as an adjunct in respiratory insufficiency. Most neurosurgical patients with permanent partial or complete respiratory insufficiency are managed with a mechanical ventilator and tracheostomy. This method presents many medical, technical, emotional, and social problems. A case is presented that illustrates the potential usefulness of electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve (\"diaphragm pacing\") as an alternate method of therapy for respiratory insufficiency. This paper outlines the indications for, methods of, and problems with such a system and is intended to make its availability more widely appreciated among neurosurgeons.", "PMID": 308204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1510", "title": "[Acid-base metabolism in patients with hepatic cirrhosis treated with portacaval anastomosis at various intervals after the operation].", "content": "In a series of 68 cirrhotics subjected to portacaval anastomosis for digestive haemorrhage, alterations in the acid base balance, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 weeks after anastomosis, were examined. Following operation, an increase in the incidence of the usual acid base disturbances of liver cirrhosis is observed. Respiratory alkalosis increases with no direct relationship to teh postoperative increase in ammoniemia, the main stimulating agent of the resporatory centres. This is probably because the active fraction on the nerve cells is the non-ionized one only, freely diffusible through the haematoencephalic barrier, the plasma concentration of which is a function of blood pH. Postoperative metabolic alkalosis is secondary to the potassium and chloride depletion consequent on operative trauma, on the malnutrition syndrome and, in the case of potassium, on secondary hyperaldosteronism which, unlike what is observed in the other groups of cirrhotics, is uncorrected by anastomosis. After the shunt, metabolic acidosis may be the expression of an increase in lactates and pyruvates following on further liver function deterioration, and of a functional renal insufficiency which anastomosis makes more manifest.", "contents": "[Acid-base metabolism in patients with hepatic cirrhosis treated with portacaval anastomosis at various intervals after the operation]. In a series of 68 cirrhotics subjected to portacaval anastomosis for digestive haemorrhage, alterations in the acid base balance, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 weeks after anastomosis, were examined. Following operation, an increase in the incidence of the usual acid base disturbances of liver cirrhosis is observed. Respiratory alkalosis increases with no direct relationship to teh postoperative increase in ammoniemia, the main stimulating agent of the resporatory centres. This is probably because the active fraction on the nerve cells is the non-ionized one only, freely diffusible through the haematoencephalic barrier, the plasma concentration of which is a function of blood pH. Postoperative metabolic alkalosis is secondary to the potassium and chloride depletion consequent on operative trauma, on the malnutrition syndrome and, in the case of potassium, on secondary hyperaldosteronism which, unlike what is observed in the other groups of cirrhotics, is uncorrected by anastomosis. After the shunt, metabolic acidosis may be the expression of an increase in lactates and pyruvates following on further liver function deterioration, and of a functional renal insufficiency which anastomosis makes more manifest.", "PMID": 308208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1511", "title": "The initial management of simple febrile seizures.", "content": "One hundred consecutive cases of simple febrile seizures in childhood were studied. Seventeen of these children had had more than one seizure during the febrile episode, but none of the patients had a further seizure after treatment with simple antipyretic measures. Thus it appears unnecessary to give anticonvulsants to prevent early recurrence of simple febrile seizures.", "contents": "The initial management of simple febrile seizures. One hundred consecutive cases of simple febrile seizures in childhood were studied. Seventeen of these children had had more than one seizure during the febrile episode, but none of the patients had a further seizure after treatment with simple antipyretic measures. Thus it appears unnecessary to give anticonvulsants to prevent early recurrence of simple febrile seizures.", "PMID": 308210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1512", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae amnionitis associated with prematurity and premature membrane rupture.", "content": "Prematurity and premature rupture of the membranes present major obstetric problems. When associated with amnionitis, the result may be disastrous. A case of Haemophilus influenzae aminionitis in association with premature rupture of the membranes is presented. The rarity of this organism as a causative agent in amnionitis and its possible causative role in premature membrane rupture are considered in review of the scant relevant literature.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae amnionitis associated with prematurity and premature membrane rupture. Prematurity and premature rupture of the membranes present major obstetric problems. When associated with amnionitis, the result may be disastrous. A case of Haemophilus influenzae aminionitis in association with premature rupture of the membranes is presented. The rarity of this organism as a causative agent in amnionitis and its possible causative role in premature membrane rupture are considered in review of the scant relevant literature.", "PMID": 308211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1513", "title": "CT scan in intraventricular hemorrhage: correlation of clinical findings with computerized tomographic scans of the brain.", "content": "Twenty-three adults who had evidence of intraventricular hemorrhage were identified, and their charts were reviewed. Thirteen patients died and 10 survived. Eleven of the 13 who died were hypertensive. All had severe neurological deficit and evidence of brain stem dysfunction at the time of admission and progressed rapidly to coma and death. Two of the survivors had periventricular arteriovenous malformations. They presented neurologically intact and remained so. The other eight survivors had a distinct clinical course. They presented with focal deficits and abnormalities of mental status. These persisted, and at follow-up 3 to 20 months later they all had profound deficits of recent memory and intellect, and none was capable of daily self-care. Computerized tomographic (CT) scans were not useful in predicting outcome. The presence of parenchymal clot, multiple chamber involvement, 3rd ventricular involvement, ventriculomegaly, and midline shift were seen in all groups. Illustrative examples are presented.", "contents": "CT scan in intraventricular hemorrhage: correlation of clinical findings with computerized tomographic scans of the brain. Twenty-three adults who had evidence of intraventricular hemorrhage were identified, and their charts were reviewed. Thirteen patients died and 10 survived. Eleven of the 13 who died were hypertensive. All had severe neurological deficit and evidence of brain stem dysfunction at the time of admission and progressed rapidly to coma and death. Two of the survivors had periventricular arteriovenous malformations. They presented neurologically intact and remained so. The other eight survivors had a distinct clinical course. They presented with focal deficits and abnormalities of mental status. These persisted, and at follow-up 3 to 20 months later they all had profound deficits of recent memory and intellect, and none was capable of daily self-care. Computerized tomographic (CT) scans were not useful in predicting outcome. The presence of parenchymal clot, multiple chamber involvement, 3rd ventricular involvement, ventriculomegaly, and midline shift were seen in all groups. Illustrative examples are presented.", "PMID": 308205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1514", "title": "Lichen planus: immunologic and morphologic identification of the submucosal infiltrate.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to specifically identify T cells, B cells, and histiocytes in the infiltrate typically seen in lichen planus. In frozen tissue sections, AET-treated sheep erythrocytes formed immunologic rosettes with the lymphocytes in the infiltrate, designating them as T cells. Rosette assays with reagent erythrocytes, IgGEA, IgMEA, IgMEAC, and E resulted in nonadherence, indicating a lack of B cells and macrophages, and indirectly implicating them as T cells. Scanning electron microscopy of the cellular infiltrate, in situ, showed that the cells had smooth, nonvillous surfaces. These observations were consistent with a T cell origin and were considered supportive of the immunologic data. The results of this investigation support the hypothesis that lichen planus is a disease mediated by thymus-dependent lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lichen planus: immunologic and morphologic identification of the submucosal infiltrate. The purpose of this investigation was to specifically identify T cells, B cells, and histiocytes in the infiltrate typically seen in lichen planus. In frozen tissue sections, AET-treated sheep erythrocytes formed immunologic rosettes with the lymphocytes in the infiltrate, designating them as T cells. Rosette assays with reagent erythrocytes, IgGEA, IgMEA, IgMEAC, and E resulted in nonadherence, indicating a lack of B cells and macrophages, and indirectly implicating them as T cells. Scanning electron microscopy of the cellular infiltrate, in situ, showed that the cells had smooth, nonvillous surfaces. These observations were consistent with a T cell origin and were considered supportive of the immunologic data. The results of this investigation support the hypothesis that lichen planus is a disease mediated by thymus-dependent lymphocytes.", "PMID": 308212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1515", "title": "alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in early childhood.", "content": "Among 200,000 infants screened for alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) deficiency, 125 Pi Z, 48 Pi Z, 1Pi S-, and 2 Pi Z- children were followed up prospectively. Eleven percent of the Pi Z infants had neonatal cholestasis, and at 2 years of age three of them had cirrhosis. About 50% of the asymptomatic Pi Z and Pi Z- subjects occasionally had serum alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) levels above normal, and in 15% of them the levels were probably permanently increased during the first two years of life. Two previously healthy Pi Z children had transient symptoms of liver disease at age 2 years in connection with severe infections. The Pi SZ children had no significant clinical liver disease and only two had abnormal serum ALAT levels. Among Pi Z children up to 2 years of age the following diseases were also encountered: eight had recurrent bronchitis with wheezing, two had persistant cough (both had cirrhosis), one had severe pneumonia, one was mentally retarded, three had urinary tract infections, six had pronounced eczema, one had allergic shock, and three had congenital malformations. Among the Pi SZ children one had recurrent bronchitis, one had eczema, and one had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Three children, two Pi Z and one Pi SZ, have died. The Pi Z- and Pi S- subjects were healthy. In conclusion a variety of significant symptoms were observed in about 30% of the Pi Z children compared with 6% of the Pi SZ children during the first two years of life.", "contents": "alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in early childhood. Among 200,000 infants screened for alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) deficiency, 125 Pi Z, 48 Pi Z, 1Pi S-, and 2 Pi Z- children were followed up prospectively. Eleven percent of the Pi Z infants had neonatal cholestasis, and at 2 years of age three of them had cirrhosis. About 50% of the asymptomatic Pi Z and Pi Z- subjects occasionally had serum alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) levels above normal, and in 15% of them the levels were probably permanently increased during the first two years of life. Two previously healthy Pi Z children had transient symptoms of liver disease at age 2 years in connection with severe infections. The Pi SZ children had no significant clinical liver disease and only two had abnormal serum ALAT levels. Among Pi Z children up to 2 years of age the following diseases were also encountered: eight had recurrent bronchitis with wheezing, two had persistant cough (both had cirrhosis), one had severe pneumonia, one was mentally retarded, three had urinary tract infections, six had pronounced eczema, one had allergic shock, and three had congenital malformations. Among the Pi SZ children one had recurrent bronchitis, one had eczema, and one had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Three children, two Pi Z and one Pi SZ, have died. The Pi Z- and Pi S- subjects were healthy. In conclusion a variety of significant symptoms were observed in about 30% of the Pi Z children compared with 6% of the Pi SZ children during the first two years of life.", "PMID": 308215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1516", "title": "Study of foveal tritanopia.", "content": "This paper discusses the possibility there is a difference between men and women in foveal tritanopia. The discussion is based on a study carried out by Cobb and McCrossan in 1973 in which they measured the luminosity curves of the fovea in five women and five men. The instrument used was a Wright colorimeter which measured the luminosity curves with a 2 degree 12' field and a 0 degree 12.5' field. Comparison shows a loss of sensitivity to blue for the curve obtained with the 0 degrees 12.5 relative to the curve obtained with the 2 degree 12' field. Male subjects obtained two maxima with the 0 degree 12.5' field, usually at 555 nm and 595 nm, whereas for females on maximum, usually at 555 nm and from 555 nm to the long wavelength end of the spectrum, curves followed loosely the curve obtained with the 2 degree 12' field. Thus, a significant difference was found between the males and the females in their response to the longer wave-lengths when the 0 degree 12.5' (0 degree 12.5') field was used. In addition to this there were also large individual differences in the matching points obtained by the males while the differences among the females were much smaller.", "contents": "Study of foveal tritanopia. This paper discusses the possibility there is a difference between men and women in foveal tritanopia. The discussion is based on a study carried out by Cobb and McCrossan in 1973 in which they measured the luminosity curves of the fovea in five women and five men. The instrument used was a Wright colorimeter which measured the luminosity curves with a 2 degree 12' field and a 0 degree 12.5' field. Comparison shows a loss of sensitivity to blue for the curve obtained with the 0 degrees 12.5 relative to the curve obtained with the 2 degree 12' field. Male subjects obtained two maxima with the 0 degree 12.5' field, usually at 555 nm and 595 nm, whereas for females on maximum, usually at 555 nm and from 555 nm to the long wavelength end of the spectrum, curves followed loosely the curve obtained with the 2 degree 12' field. Thus, a significant difference was found between the males and the females in their response to the longer wave-lengths when the 0 degree 12.5' (0 degree 12.5') field was used. In addition to this there were also large individual differences in the matching points obtained by the males while the differences among the females were much smaller.", "PMID": 308216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1517", "title": "Transient tension responses of voltage-clamped frog atrial muscle related to sudden changes in external Ca or Na.", "content": "Frog atrial muscle strips were placed in a double sucrose gap chamber and perfusion of the central node was arranged as to allow rapid changes of external Ca or Na concentration during long-lasting (15 s) depolarizing clamps. When the superfusing fluid was suddenly switched, the intercellular space inside the fibre bundle equilibrated with a time constant in the order of 1 s. A fast change of perfusate during clamp was followed by a delayed change of tonic (sustained) contraction. When [Ca]0 was increased from 0.25 to 4 mM, tension rose in a sigmoid manner and the level reached at the end of the clamp was almost identical with the steady control in 4 mM-Ca-Ringer. A similar tension increase occurred upon a reduction of [Na]0 from 100 to 25% of normal. At a given depolarization time course and height of the tension responses followed the ratio of [Ca]0/[Na]20. Transient tension responses are interpreted in terms of a sudden perturbation of a transmembrane Ca-Na exchange system leading to a depression of Ca pumping activity.", "contents": "Transient tension responses of voltage-clamped frog atrial muscle related to sudden changes in external Ca or Na. Frog atrial muscle strips were placed in a double sucrose gap chamber and perfusion of the central node was arranged as to allow rapid changes of external Ca or Na concentration during long-lasting (15 s) depolarizing clamps. When the superfusing fluid was suddenly switched, the intercellular space inside the fibre bundle equilibrated with a time constant in the order of 1 s. A fast change of perfusate during clamp was followed by a delayed change of tonic (sustained) contraction. When [Ca]0 was increased from 0.25 to 4 mM, tension rose in a sigmoid manner and the level reached at the end of the clamp was almost identical with the steady control in 4 mM-Ca-Ringer. A similar tension increase occurred upon a reduction of [Na]0 from 100 to 25% of normal. At a given depolarization time course and height of the tension responses followed the ratio of [Ca]0/[Na]20. Transient tension responses are interpreted in terms of a sudden perturbation of a transmembrane Ca-Na exchange system leading to a depression of Ca pumping activity.", "PMID": 308218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1518", "title": "Multichannel functional electrical stimulation--facts and expectations.", "content": "Clinically applied multichannel stimulation was visualized in the very beginnings of FES. A short survey of existing multichannel systems was taken and compared to initial expectations. While much still remains to be done to get multichannel stimulation out of the research environment and into the clinical routine, the results obtained so far are encouraging enough to continue work in this area with increased effort.", "contents": "Multichannel functional electrical stimulation--facts and expectations. Clinically applied multichannel stimulation was visualized in the very beginnings of FES. A short survey of existing multichannel systems was taken and compared to initial expectations. While much still remains to be done to get multichannel stimulation out of the research environment and into the clinical routine, the results obtained so far are encouraging enough to continue work in this area with increased effort.", "PMID": 308220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1519", "title": "Asymmetrical displacement currents in the membrane of frog myelinated nerve: early time course and effects of membrane potential.", "content": "1. Asymmetrical displacement currents were studied in myelinated nerve fibres from Rana esculenta with a voltage clamp technique. 2. For brief pulses symmetrical with respect to a holding potential of--97mV, the asymmetry current flowing during pulses (on-response) exhibited a rising phase to a peak followed by an approximately exponential decline. After the pulses the rising phase in the off-response could not be resolved; the time constant varied about 2-fold with either size or duration of the pulse. 3. For longer pulses a second slower component could be detected both in on- and off-responses. 4. The rapidly declining on- and off-responses associated with brief pulses carried about the same charges Qon and Qoff. Increasing the duration of the pulse reduced Qoff. For all pulses tested Qoff approached about one fifth of Qmax. The reduction of Qoff was roughly characterised by time constants ranging between 1.5 and 0.5 ms for potentials between--25 and + 23 mV. Analysis of individual membrane currents confirmed that the capacity current after depolarizing pulses decreased with pulse length. 5. The effects of membrane potential on asymmetry current were studied by varying the level from which pulses were applied during 46.9ms prepulses in the range from--97 to--29mV. The fast and slow components of asymmetry current were affected differently. For potentials more positive than--90mV the fast on-response was reduced and reversed its sign at a potential 25mV more negative than the potential estimated from the steady-state charge distribution measured from--97mV.", "contents": "Asymmetrical displacement currents in the membrane of frog myelinated nerve: early time course and effects of membrane potential. 1. Asymmetrical displacement currents were studied in myelinated nerve fibres from Rana esculenta with a voltage clamp technique. 2. For brief pulses symmetrical with respect to a holding potential of--97mV, the asymmetry current flowing during pulses (on-response) exhibited a rising phase to a peak followed by an approximately exponential decline. After the pulses the rising phase in the off-response could not be resolved; the time constant varied about 2-fold with either size or duration of the pulse. 3. For longer pulses a second slower component could be detected both in on- and off-responses. 4. The rapidly declining on- and off-responses associated with brief pulses carried about the same charges Qon and Qoff. Increasing the duration of the pulse reduced Qoff. For all pulses tested Qoff approached about one fifth of Qmax. The reduction of Qoff was roughly characterised by time constants ranging between 1.5 and 0.5 ms for potentials between--25 and + 23 mV. Analysis of individual membrane currents confirmed that the capacity current after depolarizing pulses decreased with pulse length. 5. The effects of membrane potential on asymmetry current were studied by varying the level from which pulses were applied during 46.9ms prepulses in the range from--97 to--29mV. The fast and slow components of asymmetry current were affected differently. For potentials more positive than--90mV the fast on-response was reduced and reversed its sign at a potential 25mV more negative than the potential estimated from the steady-state charge distribution measured from--97mV.", "PMID": 308219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1520", "title": "Rapid murine mixed lymphocyte cultures assessed by emergence of T cell insulin receptors.", "content": "Murine T lymphocytes incubated in the mixed lymphocyte culture with allogeneic lymphocytes incompatible for the H-2 region or subregions thereof rapidly develop insulin receptors. In contrast, T cells cultured with syngeneic or H-2 and M-locus compatible cells do not develop insulin binding sites. The emergence of insulin receptors may allow rapid HLA-D typing in man.", "contents": "Rapid murine mixed lymphocyte cultures assessed by emergence of T cell insulin receptors. Murine T lymphocytes incubated in the mixed lymphocyte culture with allogeneic lymphocytes incompatible for the H-2 region or subregions thereof rapidly develop insulin receptors. In contrast, T cells cultured with syngeneic or H-2 and M-locus compatible cells do not develop insulin binding sites. The emergence of insulin receptors may allow rapid HLA-D typing in man.", "PMID": 308231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1521", "title": "Cole-Moore effect in the frog node.", "content": "Potassium currents were recorded from the voltage-clamped frog node (Rana esculenta) during various test pulses that followed hyperpolarizing prepulses of different amplitudes and durations. Both the delay in potassium current onset and the shape of the current trace as a function of time were found to be a function of prepulse parameters. This finding is different from the current trace superposition described by Cole and Moore for a specific test pulse, sodium equilibrium potential in the squid giant axon. The Cole-Moore effect, which was found here only under a specific set of conditions, thus may be a special case rather than the general property of the membrane. The implication of these findings to the various excitable membrane potassium channel models, which are based on the Cole-Moore effect, is discussed.", "contents": "Cole-Moore effect in the frog node. Potassium currents were recorded from the voltage-clamped frog node (Rana esculenta) during various test pulses that followed hyperpolarizing prepulses of different amplitudes and durations. Both the delay in potassium current onset and the shape of the current trace as a function of time were found to be a function of prepulse parameters. This finding is different from the current trace superposition described by Cole and Moore for a specific test pulse, sodium equilibrium potential in the squid giant axon. The Cole-Moore effect, which was found here only under a specific set of conditions, thus may be a special case rather than the general property of the membrane. The implication of these findings to the various excitable membrane potassium channel models, which are based on the Cole-Moore effect, is discussed.", "PMID": 308232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1522", "title": "Activated human T lymphocytes display new surface glycoproteins.", "content": "We have analyzed the surface glycoproteins of resting and in vitro activated human T lymphocytes by the galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 and the periodate/NaB3H4 labeling techniques. The labeled glycoproteins were separated by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. A \"new\" glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 130,000 (GP130) was strongly labeled on alloantigen-activated T blasts but only weakly or not at all on mitogen-stimulated T blasts and resting T lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that human T cells, as earlier found in the mouse system, express different surface molecules in relation to the particular mode of activation and stage of differentiation.", "contents": "Activated human T lymphocytes display new surface glycoproteins. We have analyzed the surface glycoproteins of resting and in vitro activated human T lymphocytes by the galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 and the periodate/NaB3H4 labeling techniques. The labeled glycoproteins were separated by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. A \"new\" glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 130,000 (GP130) was strongly labeled on alloantigen-activated T blasts but only weakly or not at all on mitogen-stimulated T blasts and resting T lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that human T cells, as earlier found in the mouse system, express different surface molecules in relation to the particular mode of activation and stage of differentiation.", "PMID": 308233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1523", "title": "Acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage: the changing role of barium examinations.", "content": "The emergency evaluation of a patient with acute life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage requires the coordinated efforts of medical, surgical, and radiologic personnel. In most patients with an acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, endoscopy represents the primary diagnostic procedure. Arteriography may follow, depending on the identification of the lesion at endoscopy or the need for therapy through the vascular catheter. Arteriography should precede endoscopy when bleeding is massive or the clinical situation suggests that therapy by a catheter must be instituted on a more urgent basis. When personnel are available to perform endoscopy and arteriography, the barium examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract is best postponed for a few days until the patient can be stabilized completely. In the patient with massive red rectal bleeding and a negative nasogastric aspirate, the arteriogram is clearly the procedure of choice for the emergency diagnostic evaluation. Bleeding diverticular and vascular ectatic lesions can be diagnosed only by arteriography and treatment can usually begin immediately by a catheter infusion of vasopressin. Colonoscopic and barium enema examinations of the acutely bleeding patient are not reliable. In addition, the presence of barium in the colon interferes with arteriography for a number of hours. The barium examination of the colon should be performed at some time during the hospitalization to exclude other possible bleeding lesions and to provide a better overall anatomic assessment of the colon. Both the retrograde and antegrade small bowel enemas are useful in detecting obscure small bowel bleeding lesions that occasionally present as a massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "contents": "Acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage: the changing role of barium examinations. The emergency evaluation of a patient with acute life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage requires the coordinated efforts of medical, surgical, and radiologic personnel. In most patients with an acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, endoscopy represents the primary diagnostic procedure. Arteriography may follow, depending on the identification of the lesion at endoscopy or the need for therapy through the vascular catheter. Arteriography should precede endoscopy when bleeding is massive or the clinical situation suggests that therapy by a catheter must be instituted on a more urgent basis. When personnel are available to perform endoscopy and arteriography, the barium examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract is best postponed for a few days until the patient can be stabilized completely. In the patient with massive red rectal bleeding and a negative nasogastric aspirate, the arteriogram is clearly the procedure of choice for the emergency diagnostic evaluation. Bleeding diverticular and vascular ectatic lesions can be diagnosed only by arteriography and treatment can usually begin immediately by a catheter infusion of vasopressin. Colonoscopic and barium enema examinations of the acutely bleeding patient are not reliable. In addition, the presence of barium in the colon interferes with arteriography for a number of hours. The barium examination of the colon should be performed at some time during the hospitalization to exclude other possible bleeding lesions and to provide a better overall anatomic assessment of the colon. Both the retrograde and antegrade small bowel enemas are useful in detecting obscure small bowel bleeding lesions that occasionally present as a massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "PMID": 308236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1524", "title": "[Interstitial pneumonia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. prophylaxis with pentamidine during induction chemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of pentamidine prophylaxis on incidence and degree of interstitial pneumonia (IP) during a standardized induction chemotherapy in 100 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been investigated. For radiologic evaluation we established three stages of IP. With pentamidine prophylaxis the incidence of IP was reduced from 48% to 9%. In addition, there was a significant reduction of severe or lethal courses.", "contents": "[Interstitial pneumonia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. prophylaxis with pentamidine during induction chemotherapy (author's transl)]. The influence of pentamidine prophylaxis on incidence and degree of interstitial pneumonia (IP) during a standardized induction chemotherapy in 100 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been investigated. For radiologic evaluation we established three stages of IP. With pentamidine prophylaxis the incidence of IP was reduced from 48% to 9%. In addition, there was a significant reduction of severe or lethal courses.", "PMID": 308237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1525", "title": "[Vertebral changes in histiocytosis x (author's transl)].", "content": "Manifestations of histiocytosis X in the vertebral column occurred in 3 of 15 children. Pathological alterations showed a marked variability. Especially a vertebra plana should be considered as eosinophilic granuloma, until another cause is proven. Bone scans were positive in all three cases. Even in most severe cases with vertebral destruction neurological abnormalities were absent.", "contents": "[Vertebral changes in histiocytosis x (author's transl)]. Manifestations of histiocytosis X in the vertebral column occurred in 3 of 15 children. Pathological alterations showed a marked variability. Especially a vertebra plana should be considered as eosinophilic granuloma, until another cause is proven. Bone scans were positive in all three cases. Even in most severe cases with vertebral destruction neurological abnormalities were absent.", "PMID": 308238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1526", "title": "[Meatocisternography with water-soluble contrast medium for diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "First experiences with Metrizamide in Meatocisternography for evaluation of cerebellopontine angles tumors are reported. The diagnostic value of this method to demonstrate space occupying lesions in this area could be shown. Severe side effects had not been observed. Simultaneous monitoring of EEG, ENG and ECG showed no pathological alterations.", "contents": "[Meatocisternography with water-soluble contrast medium for diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumors (author's transl)]. First experiences with Metrizamide in Meatocisternography for evaluation of cerebellopontine angles tumors are reported. The diagnostic value of this method to demonstrate space occupying lesions in this area could be shown. Severe side effects had not been observed. Simultaneous monitoring of EEG, ENG and ECG showed no pathological alterations.", "PMID": 308239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1527", "title": "[Biorheologic study of pathological synovial fluids].", "content": "Rheometric studies of 34 synovial fluids done using a rheometer with a cone and stage (Shirley-Ferranti type) showed that arthrotic synovial fluids had pseudoplastic characteristics (non-Newtonian) but in inflammatory rheumatisms, the characteristics index rises, the consistency decreases and the fluid tends to loose its pseudoplastic properties and to become Newtonian. Radioisotope synoviorthosis seems capable of restoring to a certain extent and in certain cases the rheometric characteristics of the pseudoplastic properties.", "contents": "[Biorheologic study of pathological synovial fluids]. Rheometric studies of 34 synovial fluids done using a rheometer with a cone and stage (Shirley-Ferranti type) showed that arthrotic synovial fluids had pseudoplastic characteristics (non-Newtonian) but in inflammatory rheumatisms, the characteristics index rises, the consistency decreases and the fluid tends to loose its pseudoplastic properties and to become Newtonian. Radioisotope synoviorthosis seems capable of restoring to a certain extent and in certain cases the rheometric characteristics of the pseudoplastic properties.", "PMID": 308251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1528", "title": "[Study of cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "The responsiveness to mitogens of the in vitro cultural peripheral blood lymphocytes from 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and from controls was evaluated in terms of H3 TdR uptake. The size of the response was tested for a correlation with the percentages of T and B lymphocytes, determined by E and EAC rosette test, as well as with the various alterations of the clinical and biological parameters. In the RA cultures an elevated level of spontaneous H3 TdR uptake was found, which could be an in vitro carry-over of an activation in vivo. No significant statistical differences were found between rheumatic and control groups as regards: 1 degrees--the H3 TdR uptake induced both by PHA and SLO; 2 degrees--the proportion of the circulating T and B lymphocytes. The only positive correlation evidenced by this study in RA patients was that between the proportion of B lymphocytes and the gammaglobulin level in the plasma.", "contents": "[Study of cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis]. The responsiveness to mitogens of the in vitro cultural peripheral blood lymphocytes from 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and from controls was evaluated in terms of H3 TdR uptake. The size of the response was tested for a correlation with the percentages of T and B lymphocytes, determined by E and EAC rosette test, as well as with the various alterations of the clinical and biological parameters. In the RA cultures an elevated level of spontaneous H3 TdR uptake was found, which could be an in vitro carry-over of an activation in vivo. No significant statistical differences were found between rheumatic and control groups as regards: 1 degrees--the H3 TdR uptake induced both by PHA and SLO; 2 degrees--the proportion of the circulating T and B lymphocytes. The only positive correlation evidenced by this study in RA patients was that between the proportion of B lymphocytes and the gammaglobulin level in the plasma.", "PMID": 308252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1529", "title": "[Juvenile arthritis reevaluated in rheumatology in adult age. 30 cases].", "content": "The authors describe and comment on 30 observations of peripheral polyarthritis starting before puberty and reveluated in an adult rheumatologoy service at the average age of 29 and during an observation period of about 16 years. The actual classification of juvenile polyarthritis proves to be valid in this group since the clinical forms are still observed in adulthood. However, during the evolution, there is a shifting from one form to another. The systemic forms can reoccur in adulthood even after several years of quiescence, accompanied by visceral complications. The pauciarticular forms as a rule remain benign. As in childhood, they frequently show antinuclear factors. Some forms, initially peripheral, can show axial signs. The presence of HLA B27 antigens allow them to be linked up with ankylosing spondylarthritis. But this is not the case for all the forms with sacroiliac functions. The evolution since childhood is often characterized by long remissions which can still persist by the time of the visit, which is then motivated by resulting mechanical and local arthrotic problems. Despite often severe anatomical symptoms, the functional handicap is limited, allowing quite a remarkable adaptation. Most of the patients lead an active professional life. Yet despite this and despite an often satisfactory sex life, half of the patients have a psychological handicap which makes it necessary for them to be placed under special carl. No therapeutic conclusion, particularly about the efficiency of the basic therapy, can be drawn from this study.", "contents": "[Juvenile arthritis reevaluated in rheumatology in adult age. 30 cases]. The authors describe and comment on 30 observations of peripheral polyarthritis starting before puberty and reveluated in an adult rheumatologoy service at the average age of 29 and during an observation period of about 16 years. The actual classification of juvenile polyarthritis proves to be valid in this group since the clinical forms are still observed in adulthood. However, during the evolution, there is a shifting from one form to another. The systemic forms can reoccur in adulthood even after several years of quiescence, accompanied by visceral complications. The pauciarticular forms as a rule remain benign. As in childhood, they frequently show antinuclear factors. Some forms, initially peripheral, can show axial signs. The presence of HLA B27 antigens allow them to be linked up with ankylosing spondylarthritis. But this is not the case for all the forms with sacroiliac functions. The evolution since childhood is often characterized by long remissions which can still persist by the time of the visit, which is then motivated by resulting mechanical and local arthrotic problems. Despite often severe anatomical symptoms, the functional handicap is limited, allowing quite a remarkable adaptation. Most of the patients lead an active professional life. Yet despite this and despite an often satisfactory sex life, half of the patients have a psychological handicap which makes it necessary for them to be placed under special carl. No therapeutic conclusion, particularly about the efficiency of the basic therapy, can be drawn from this study.", "PMID": 308253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1530", "title": "[Circulating immune complexes and anti-IgG antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Anti-IgG antibodies were studied in 222 patients hospitalized in a Rheumatology service using \"radio-immuno-precipitation-PEG-assay\" (RIPEGA), The presence of anti-IgG antibodies was observed in 94 per cent of sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA+), 88 percent of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA--), 50 percent miscellaneous chronic inflammatory rheumatisms (CIR) and 77 percent of no-classifiable chronic inflammatory rheumatisms. The study of circulating immune complexes (CIC) using the CIC-125 I linkage tests, carried out on 101 RA cases, demonstrated their presence in 80 per cent of RA+ and 85 per cent of RA--. The comparison of these two factors during RA showed a concordant relationship that was statistically significant. The presence of the rheumatoid factor (RF) in the form of complexes in the blood stream, is discussed.", "contents": "[Circulating immune complexes and anti-IgG antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis]. Anti-IgG antibodies were studied in 222 patients hospitalized in a Rheumatology service using \"radio-immuno-precipitation-PEG-assay\" (RIPEGA), The presence of anti-IgG antibodies was observed in 94 per cent of sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA+), 88 percent of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA--), 50 percent miscellaneous chronic inflammatory rheumatisms (CIR) and 77 percent of no-classifiable chronic inflammatory rheumatisms. The study of circulating immune complexes (CIC) using the CIC-125 I linkage tests, carried out on 101 RA cases, demonstrated their presence in 80 per cent of RA+ and 85 per cent of RA--. The comparison of these two factors during RA showed a concordant relationship that was statistically significant. The presence of the rheumatoid factor (RF) in the form of complexes in the blood stream, is discussed.", "PMID": 308254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1531", "title": "alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi) phenotypes in a Finnish population.", "content": "alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi) phenotypes of 548 normal Finnish blood donors were determined by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. The frequencies obtained (M, 93.3%; FM, 0.4%, GM, 0.2%; MS, 3.5%; MZ, 2.7%) differed from those reported earlier for a more restricted Finnish population but agreed better with the frequencies reported for other Scandinavian populations. The disagreement with the earlier report was attributed to differences in sampling and laboratory techniques. The present study confirms an earlier finding of a sarcity of fast Pi variants in the Finnish population. One M variant was found. The isoelectric focusing technique used in this study has several advantages over the methods previously described for Pi typing.", "contents": "alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi) phenotypes in a Finnish population. alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi) phenotypes of 548 normal Finnish blood donors were determined by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. The frequencies obtained (M, 93.3%; FM, 0.4%, GM, 0.2%; MS, 3.5%; MZ, 2.7%) differed from those reported earlier for a more restricted Finnish population but agreed better with the frequencies reported for other Scandinavian populations. The disagreement with the earlier report was attributed to differences in sampling and laboratory techniques. The present study confirms an earlier finding of a sarcity of fast Pi variants in the Finnish population. One M variant was found. The isoelectric focusing technique used in this study has several advantages over the methods previously described for Pi typing.", "PMID": 308256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1532", "title": "Altered proportion of T mu-and T gamma-cell subpopulations in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) to form rosettes with ox red blood cells (ORBC) sensitized by anti-ORBC purified rabbit IgM and IgG was investigated. The mean percentage of cells capable of forming rosettes with ORBC coated with IgM (EAIgM-RFC) in the peripheral blood of either untreated or X-ray-treated patients with HD was significantly lower than that of normal individuals. In the same groups of patients with HD the mean percentage of T lymphocytes equipped with receptor for IgG (T gamma lymphocytes), evaluated by a mixed fluorescent rosette assay, was significantly higher than in normal controls. These data suggest that the altered proportion between T mu-and T gamma-cell subpopulations in patients with HD probably represents a disease-related phenomenon.", "contents": "Altered proportion of T mu-and T gamma-cell subpopulations in patients with Hodgkin's disease. The ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) to form rosettes with ox red blood cells (ORBC) sensitized by anti-ORBC purified rabbit IgM and IgG was investigated. The mean percentage of cells capable of forming rosettes with ORBC coated with IgM (EAIgM-RFC) in the peripheral blood of either untreated or X-ray-treated patients with HD was significantly lower than that of normal individuals. In the same groups of patients with HD the mean percentage of T lymphocytes equipped with receptor for IgG (T gamma lymphocytes), evaluated by a mixed fluorescent rosette assay, was significantly higher than in normal controls. These data suggest that the altered proportion between T mu-and T gamma-cell subpopulations in patients with HD probably represents a disease-related phenomenon.", "PMID": 308257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1533", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern: marker for differentiation of lymphocytes.", "content": "The lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern has been determined in different murine thymocyte cell populations. Enrichment of thymocytes with more mature cells through total irradiation results in a smaller percentage of LDH-1, LDH-2, LDH-3 and a greater percentage of LDH-4 and LDH-5. Fractionation of normal thymocytes by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity yields a fraction of cells with a high sedimentation rate. LDH-1 and LDH-2 formed a smaller percentage of the total enzyme activity in these cells. These findings indicate that the LDH isoenzyme distribution is a marker for differentiation of thymocytes.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern: marker for differentiation of lymphocytes. The lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern has been determined in different murine thymocyte cell populations. Enrichment of thymocytes with more mature cells through total irradiation results in a smaller percentage of LDH-1, LDH-2, LDH-3 and a greater percentage of LDH-4 and LDH-5. Fractionation of normal thymocytes by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity yields a fraction of cells with a high sedimentation rate. LDH-1 and LDH-2 formed a smaller percentage of the total enzyme activity in these cells. These findings indicate that the LDH isoenzyme distribution is a marker for differentiation of thymocytes.", "PMID": 308258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1534", "title": "beta-lactamases and R-plasmids of Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "The emergence of resistance to ampicillin and other antibiotics in Haemophilus influenzae has been a relatively recent event. In contrast, drug resistance has been rampant in the Enterobacteriaceae for many years. Ampicillin-resistance in H. influenzae is almost invariably attributable to possession of the TEM (Type III a)beta-lactamase. As is common in other bacteria the gene specifying this enzyme is plasmid-borne in Haemophilus. Some ampicillin-resistant strains of H. influenzae can transfer the TEM beta-lactamase gene to other strains of Haemophilus, to Escherichia coli and to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The features of such transfer are unusual and lead for example, to the induction of adenine requirement in recipient strains of P. aeruginosa. Crypticity measurements of beta-lactamase activity show that in comparison to P. aeruginosa or E. coli, the outer membrane of H. influenzae affords only a weak penetration barrier to beta-lactam antibiotics. This may have consequences for the stability and distribution of beta-lactamase production in Haemophilus spp. which are discussed. A comparison of the molecular properties of R-plasmids determining a variety of resistances and carried by strains of H. influenzae isolated in diverse geographical locations has revealed unexpected homologies. A series of such plasmids of similar molecular weights (about 30 X 10(6)) differ substantially only in the transposable resistance genes that they carry. A model based on these findings is presented to explain the acquisition of ampicillin- and other resistances by Haemophilus.", "contents": "beta-lactamases and R-plasmids of Haemophilus influenzae. The emergence of resistance to ampicillin and other antibiotics in Haemophilus influenzae has been a relatively recent event. In contrast, drug resistance has been rampant in the Enterobacteriaceae for many years. Ampicillin-resistance in H. influenzae is almost invariably attributable to possession of the TEM (Type III a)beta-lactamase. As is common in other bacteria the gene specifying this enzyme is plasmid-borne in Haemophilus. Some ampicillin-resistant strains of H. influenzae can transfer the TEM beta-lactamase gene to other strains of Haemophilus, to Escherichia coli and to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The features of such transfer are unusual and lead for example, to the induction of adenine requirement in recipient strains of P. aeruginosa. Crypticity measurements of beta-lactamase activity show that in comparison to P. aeruginosa or E. coli, the outer membrane of H. influenzae affords only a weak penetration barrier to beta-lactam antibiotics. This may have consequences for the stability and distribution of beta-lactamase production in Haemophilus spp. which are discussed. A comparison of the molecular properties of R-plasmids determining a variety of resistances and carried by strains of H. influenzae isolated in diverse geographical locations has revealed unexpected homologies. A series of such plasmids of similar molecular weights (about 30 X 10(6)) differ substantially only in the transposable resistance genes that they carry. A model based on these findings is presented to explain the acquisition of ampicillin- and other resistances by Haemophilus.", "PMID": 308259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1535", "title": "Studies with cefuroxime and cefoxitin.", "content": "We have studied cefuroxime, a new beta-lactamase resistant cephalosporin, and cefoxitin, the first cephamycin antibiotic, which is also resistant to many beta-lactamases. Both of these antibiotics have been shown to be microbiologically superior to the \"first generation\" cephalosporins, cefuroxime having notable activity against Haemophilus influenzae, and cefoxitin against Bacteroides fragilis. Neither antibiotic is absorbed from the gut but, following parenteral administration, serum, urine and bile concentrations are high. Clinical trials have been conducted on both cefoxitin and cefuroxime. The results of these have been satisfactory and untoward side-effects minimal. We suggest that cefoxitin will be particularly valuable in the management of abdominal sepsis and cefuroxime in infections caused by H. influenzae.", "contents": "Studies with cefuroxime and cefoxitin. We have studied cefuroxime, a new beta-lactamase resistant cephalosporin, and cefoxitin, the first cephamycin antibiotic, which is also resistant to many beta-lactamases. Both of these antibiotics have been shown to be microbiologically superior to the \"first generation\" cephalosporins, cefuroxime having notable activity against Haemophilus influenzae, and cefoxitin against Bacteroides fragilis. Neither antibiotic is absorbed from the gut but, following parenteral administration, serum, urine and bile concentrations are high. Clinical trials have been conducted on both cefoxitin and cefuroxime. The results of these have been satisfactory and untoward side-effects minimal. We suggest that cefoxitin will be particularly valuable in the management of abdominal sepsis and cefuroxime in infections caused by H. influenzae.", "PMID": 308260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1536", "title": "Acoustic neuroma: results of brain stem evoked response audiometry.", "content": "Brain stem evoked response (BER) audiometry presents abnormal findings in patients with acoustic neuromas. The test involves averaging of recordings at the vertex as sound-triggered nerve impulses travel from the cochlea to the brain stem. From the time the sound stimulus arrives at the cochlea until it reaches the first major brain stem synapse (within 10 milliseconds), five major waves have been identified as typical of normal averaged responses. Abnormality in the cochlea or eighth nerve causes specific changes in pattern, primarily in wave latency. These latency shifts can be used to predict the site of the lesion. In evaluating 17 lesions of the cerebellopontine angle, BER audiometry was accurate in the diagnosis of all of the tumors. This diagnostic tool should play a prominent role when acoustic tumor is suspected.", "contents": "Acoustic neuroma: results of brain stem evoked response audiometry. Brain stem evoked response (BER) audiometry presents abnormal findings in patients with acoustic neuromas. The test involves averaging of recordings at the vertex as sound-triggered nerve impulses travel from the cochlea to the brain stem. From the time the sound stimulus arrives at the cochlea until it reaches the first major brain stem synapse (within 10 milliseconds), five major waves have been identified as typical of normal averaged responses. Abnormality in the cochlea or eighth nerve causes specific changes in pattern, primarily in wave latency. These latency shifts can be used to predict the site of the lesion. In evaluating 17 lesions of the cerebellopontine angle, BER audiometry was accurate in the diagnosis of all of the tumors. This diagnostic tool should play a prominent role when acoustic tumor is suspected.", "PMID": 308263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1537", "title": "Observations on fifty distal splenorenal shunts.", "content": "Fifty patients underwent conventional distal splenorenal shunts for bleeding esophageal varices. Five patient died within 30 days, giving an operative mortality of 10%. Three patients were lost of follow-up, but 47 patients were evaluated. Twelve patients died, 11 of liver failure, with more than half of the deaths occurring with 1 year, three fourths within 2 years, and all within 3 years after operation. Eleven patients rebled, and seven of these were among those who died. Sixteen patients had ascites prior to operation, but all responded to aggressive medical therapy. Twenty-two patients were available for study 2 or more years following operation. Eighteen (82%) are well with no encephalopathy, although the remaining four (18%) have had transient episodes of encephalopathy. Sixteen of the 18 patients judge their lifestyles to be productive. If the patient survived 24 months or longer, he had a four in five chance of living a normal life.", "contents": "Observations on fifty distal splenorenal shunts. Fifty patients underwent conventional distal splenorenal shunts for bleeding esophageal varices. Five patient died within 30 days, giving an operative mortality of 10%. Three patients were lost of follow-up, but 47 patients were evaluated. Twelve patients died, 11 of liver failure, with more than half of the deaths occurring with 1 year, three fourths within 2 years, and all within 3 years after operation. Eleven patients rebled, and seven of these were among those who died. Sixteen patients had ascites prior to operation, but all responded to aggressive medical therapy. Twenty-two patients were available for study 2 or more years following operation. Eighteen (82%) are well with no encephalopathy, although the remaining four (18%) have had transient episodes of encephalopathy. Sixteen of the 18 patients judge their lifestyles to be productive. If the patient survived 24 months or longer, he had a four in five chance of living a normal life.", "PMID": 308265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1538", "title": "[Effect of olivomycin on denervation changes in the membrane of frog tonic muscle fibers].", "content": "Membrane properties of frog denervated tonic muscle fibers were investigated after the action of olivomycin, which is an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Olivomycin injected as a single dose (7.5 mg) during 1--2 days after the denervation of m. pyriformis decreases the regenerative action potentials. This action is decreased three weeks after denervation. After denervation, olivomycin failed to prevent the appearance of extrajunctional cholinoergic receptors, but blocked the increase of junctional ones. The data support the view that some neuronal factor may influence the synthesis of functional membrane proteins.", "contents": "[Effect of olivomycin on denervation changes in the membrane of frog tonic muscle fibers]. Membrane properties of frog denervated tonic muscle fibers were investigated after the action of olivomycin, which is an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Olivomycin injected as a single dose (7.5 mg) during 1--2 days after the denervation of m. pyriformis decreases the regenerative action potentials. This action is decreased three weeks after denervation. After denervation, olivomycin failed to prevent the appearance of extrajunctional cholinoergic receptors, but blocked the increase of junctional ones. The data support the view that some neuronal factor may influence the synthesis of functional membrane proteins.", "PMID": 308268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1539", "title": "[Treatment of peyronie's disease with para-aminobenzoacidic potassium (POTOBA) (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 214 urologists treated 2653 cases of Peyronie's Disease with para-aminobenzoacidic potassium (POTOBA). The treatment was successful in 57.3% and unsuccessful in 42.7% of the cases; 246 patients (9.3%) were 'cured. Particular prescriptions intended to increase gastric tolerance and thereby guarantee long-term use of the medication are pointed to as a prerequisite to successful therapy. Practical advice is presented on how to interest patients in carrying out long-term treatment themselves.", "contents": "[Treatment of peyronie's disease with para-aminobenzoacidic potassium (POTOBA) (author's transl)]. A total of 214 urologists treated 2653 cases of Peyronie's Disease with para-aminobenzoacidic potassium (POTOBA). The treatment was successful in 57.3% and unsuccessful in 42.7% of the cases; 246 patients (9.3%) were 'cured. Particular prescriptions intended to increase gastric tolerance and thereby guarantee long-term use of the medication are pointed to as a prerequisite to successful therapy. Practical advice is presented on how to interest patients in carrying out long-term treatment themselves.", "PMID": 308273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1540", "title": "Rheumatoid granuloma of kidney.", "content": "A seventy-year-old black man with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis who had been treated with corticoids presented with painless hematuria originating from the kidney. The clinical findings were suggestive of a renal cell carcinoma. The resected kidney was markedly enlarged, scarred, and disclosed a necrotic rheumatoid granuloma surrounded by chronic inflammatory reaction. The mechanism of hematuria and the clinical significance of the rheumatoid granulomatous involvement of the kidney are discussed.", "contents": "Rheumatoid granuloma of kidney. A seventy-year-old black man with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis who had been treated with corticoids presented with painless hematuria originating from the kidney. The clinical findings were suggestive of a renal cell carcinoma. The resected kidney was markedly enlarged, scarred, and disclosed a necrotic rheumatoid granuloma surrounded by chronic inflammatory reaction. The mechanism of hematuria and the clinical significance of the rheumatoid granulomatous involvement of the kidney are discussed.", "PMID": 308274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1541", "title": "[Sulfanilimide acetylation and coenzyme A concentration in liver and heart muscle in experimental myocardial necrosis].", "content": "Sulfanilamide acetylation was inhibited and content of CoA was decreased in myocardium and liver tissue within the first day after occlusion of coronary arteries. Within 1-6 days after the occlusion the sulfanilamide acetylation and content of CoA were increased in the tissues studied; at the 12th day the reactions of acetylation were normalized in myocardium but remained at an increased level in the liver tissue. The content of CoA was similar to the values found in the normal state.", "contents": "[Sulfanilimide acetylation and coenzyme A concentration in liver and heart muscle in experimental myocardial necrosis]. Sulfanilamide acetylation was inhibited and content of CoA was decreased in myocardium and liver tissue within the first day after occlusion of coronary arteries. Within 1-6 days after the occlusion the sulfanilamide acetylation and content of CoA were increased in the tissues studied; at the 12th day the reactions of acetylation were normalized in myocardium but remained at an increased level in the liver tissue. The content of CoA was similar to the values found in the normal state.", "PMID": 308276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1542", "title": "[Regional ventricular function at rest during exercise before and after bypass surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "In 9 patients with coronary heart disease isovolumetric contractility indices and ejection phase parameters were measured simultaneously, using an angiographic catheter with a manometer at the tip (Millar). Regional wall motion at rest, after leg raising and during physical exercise (bicycle ergometer) was analyzed applying the hemiaxis method. Five weeks after aortocoronary bypass surgery the same examinations were repeated. Preoperatively left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) increased from 21 to 37 mm Hg following leg raising. The velocity mean of fiber shortening (Vcf) and of regional fiber shortening in the anterior wall decreased significantly.--All patients discontinued physical exercise due to angina pectoris. LVEDP increased from 21 to 39 mm Hg. Large hypokinetic and akinetic areas developed especially in the anterior wall. Velocity of fiber shortening of the anterior wall decreased from 1.43 to 0.76/s. Enddiastolic volume remained unchanged while endsystolic volume increased significantly. In six patients with patent grafts surgery had a beneficial effect. Comparing angiograms at rest no significant changes were found. After leg raising and physical exercise, however, marked improvement in ventricular function occurred, compared to the preoperative performance. All 6 patients were exercised without complaints at a load of 100 watts for 8 minutes. Velocity of fiber shortening in the anterior wall increased significantly from 0.76 to 2.56/s, mean Vcf from 1.11 to 2.12 circ/s, max dP/dt from 2302 to 4280 mm Hg/s and Vpm from 27.8 to 55.7/s. Functional improvement in individual wall segments amounted to 500% in the mean. Ejection fraction increased from 54 to 76%. Enddiastolic volume remained unchanged while endsystolic volume decreased from 67 to 33 ml/1.37 m2 (p less than 0.002). In three patients the bypass occluded or myocardial infarction occurred intraoperatively. Postoperative findings at rest and during exercise were unchanged as compared to preoperative values. Following successful bypass surgery ventricular function at rest did not change. During exercise, however, a marked improvement in overall and in regional ventricular function was found.", "contents": "[Regional ventricular function at rest during exercise before and after bypass surgery (author's transl)]. In 9 patients with coronary heart disease isovolumetric contractility indices and ejection phase parameters were measured simultaneously, using an angiographic catheter with a manometer at the tip (Millar). Regional wall motion at rest, after leg raising and during physical exercise (bicycle ergometer) was analyzed applying the hemiaxis method. Five weeks after aortocoronary bypass surgery the same examinations were repeated. Preoperatively left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) increased from 21 to 37 mm Hg following leg raising. The velocity mean of fiber shortening (Vcf) and of regional fiber shortening in the anterior wall decreased significantly.--All patients discontinued physical exercise due to angina pectoris. LVEDP increased from 21 to 39 mm Hg. Large hypokinetic and akinetic areas developed especially in the anterior wall. Velocity of fiber shortening of the anterior wall decreased from 1.43 to 0.76/s. Enddiastolic volume remained unchanged while endsystolic volume increased significantly. In six patients with patent grafts surgery had a beneficial effect. Comparing angiograms at rest no significant changes were found. After leg raising and physical exercise, however, marked improvement in ventricular function occurred, compared to the preoperative performance. All 6 patients were exercised without complaints at a load of 100 watts for 8 minutes. Velocity of fiber shortening in the anterior wall increased significantly from 0.76 to 2.56/s, mean Vcf from 1.11 to 2.12 circ/s, max dP/dt from 2302 to 4280 mm Hg/s and Vpm from 27.8 to 55.7/s. Functional improvement in individual wall segments amounted to 500% in the mean. Ejection fraction increased from 54 to 76%. Enddiastolic volume remained unchanged while endsystolic volume decreased from 67 to 33 ml/1.37 m2 (p less than 0.002). In three patients the bypass occluded or myocardial infarction occurred intraoperatively. Postoperative findings at rest and during exercise were unchanged as compared to preoperative values. Following successful bypass surgery ventricular function at rest did not change. During exercise, however, a marked improvement in overall and in regional ventricular function was found.", "PMID": 308282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1543", "title": "Anterior pituitary function in women with postpartum hemorrhage.", "content": "Thirteen asymptomatic women with postpartum blood loss of at least 500 cc were evaluated for anterior pituitary endocrine function. Insulin tolerance tests and TRH stimulation tests were done and determinations made for serum growth hormone, cortisol, thyrotropin, and prolactin. There was no laboratory evidence of pituitary dysfunction in this group of 13 patients. Subclinical hypopituitarism in women with previous postpartum hemorrhage would appear to be uncommon.", "contents": "Anterior pituitary function in women with postpartum hemorrhage. Thirteen asymptomatic women with postpartum blood loss of at least 500 cc were evaluated for anterior pituitary endocrine function. Insulin tolerance tests and TRH stimulation tests were done and determinations made for serum growth hormone, cortisol, thyrotropin, and prolactin. There was no laboratory evidence of pituitary dysfunction in this group of 13 patients. Subclinical hypopituitarism in women with previous postpartum hemorrhage would appear to be uncommon.", "PMID": 308279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1544", "title": "[Effect of cordycepin on the activation of RNA and protein synthesis at the early inhibition stages of Agrostemma githago embryos].", "content": "In embryos of Agrostemma githago pre-rRNA, ribosomal, heterogeneous, and transfer RNA is transcribed at 0 to 3 hrs of inhibition. An essential amount of hnRNA/mRNA is polyadenylated and can be prepared by affinity chromatography on poly(U)-sepharose columns. At very low concentrations of cordycepin synthesis of poly(A)+-RNA is especially inhibited. At increasing concentration of cordycepin the synthesis of ribosomal RNA is inhibited too. According to these results cordycepin is a suitable inhibitor to study the function of post-transcriptional polyadenylation of mRNA at the regulation of early protein synthesis of imbibing Agrostemma embryos. Incorporation of [3H]-leucine into protein occurring from 0 to 3 hrs of inhibition is not remarkably inhibited by cordycepin. These results may indicate that neither synthesis of mRNA nor its polyadenylation nor the polyadenylation of stable mRNA is involved in the regulation of early protein synthesis.", "contents": "[Effect of cordycepin on the activation of RNA and protein synthesis at the early inhibition stages of Agrostemma githago embryos]. In embryos of Agrostemma githago pre-rRNA, ribosomal, heterogeneous, and transfer RNA is transcribed at 0 to 3 hrs of inhibition. An essential amount of hnRNA/mRNA is polyadenylated and can be prepared by affinity chromatography on poly(U)-sepharose columns. At very low concentrations of cordycepin synthesis of poly(A)+-RNA is especially inhibited. At increasing concentration of cordycepin the synthesis of ribosomal RNA is inhibited too. According to these results cordycepin is a suitable inhibitor to study the function of post-transcriptional polyadenylation of mRNA at the regulation of early protein synthesis of imbibing Agrostemma embryos. Incorporation of [3H]-leucine into protein occurring from 0 to 3 hrs of inhibition is not remarkably inhibited by cordycepin. These results may indicate that neither synthesis of mRNA nor its polyadenylation nor the polyadenylation of stable mRNA is involved in the regulation of early protein synthesis.", "PMID": 308287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1545", "title": "The effects of methylprednisolone on the complications of coronary artery surgery.", "content": "Complications of coronary artery surgery were analyzed in a prospective controlled study of 150 patients, one group receiving methylprednisolone before temporary cardiopulmonary bypass. The patient population was comparable in both the groups. The number of deaths were the same in both the groups, myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias were definitely lower in the Solu-Medrol group. Cerebral vascular accidents were higher in the control group and there were none in the drug treated group. Incidences of pulmonary embolism was reduced by the drug. Oxygen consumption by the tissues was higher in the Solu-Medrol treated group. There were no known complications of the drug, such as stress ulcer and infection. One patient did receive prophylactic antibiotics. Solu-Medrol was deliberately given in patients who were known to have uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. Post-operative bleeding in patients with duodenal ulcer was not noted. This could be explained due to the short acting nature of Solu-Medrol. We feel that Solu-Medrol does minimize serious sequelae of heart-lung machine in coronary artery surgery.", "contents": "The effects of methylprednisolone on the complications of coronary artery surgery. Complications of coronary artery surgery were analyzed in a prospective controlled study of 150 patients, one group receiving methylprednisolone before temporary cardiopulmonary bypass. The patient population was comparable in both the groups. The number of deaths were the same in both the groups, myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias were definitely lower in the Solu-Medrol group. Cerebral vascular accidents were higher in the control group and there were none in the drug treated group. Incidences of pulmonary embolism was reduced by the drug. Oxygen consumption by the tissues was higher in the Solu-Medrol treated group. There were no known complications of the drug, such as stress ulcer and infection. One patient did receive prophylactic antibiotics. Solu-Medrol was deliberately given in patients who were known to have uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. Post-operative bleeding in patients with duodenal ulcer was not noted. This could be explained due to the short acting nature of Solu-Medrol. We feel that Solu-Medrol does minimize serious sequelae of heart-lung machine in coronary artery surgery.", "PMID": 308283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1546", "title": "[X-ray microanalysis of elements in epon-embedded animals tissues].", "content": "X-ray microanalysis was performed on ultrathin sections of tissues from six rats, four of which having been exposed to experimental metabolic disorder by overdoses of NaCl and Ca-Vit. D2, respectively. It was demonstrated that the elements Cl, Si, P, S, Ca and traces of Fe are identifiable quantitatively in arteriolar walls of colon, heart and kidney even after conventional electron microscopic preparation (fixation, dehydration and Epon embedding). Depending on the pretreatment considerable differences in elemental quantities between animal groups were observed. The reliability of these findings must be confirmed by further tests on a greater number of individuals.", "contents": "[X-ray microanalysis of elements in epon-embedded animals tissues]. X-ray microanalysis was performed on ultrathin sections of tissues from six rats, four of which having been exposed to experimental metabolic disorder by overdoses of NaCl and Ca-Vit. D2, respectively. It was demonstrated that the elements Cl, Si, P, S, Ca and traces of Fe are identifiable quantitatively in arteriolar walls of colon, heart and kidney even after conventional electron microscopic preparation (fixation, dehydration and Epon embedding). Depending on the pretreatment considerable differences in elemental quantities between animal groups were observed. The reliability of these findings must be confirmed by further tests on a greater number of individuals.", "PMID": 308288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1547", "title": "Central thickness in corneal disorders.", "content": "In the single individual the central corneal thickness (CCT) shows only small variations. Therefore CCT has been studied in a number of corneal diseases in order to investigate if this dimension might contribute to the diagnosis or to the understanding of the pathogenesis. Normal CCT was found in hereditary dystrophies with the exception of the macular dystrophy of Groenouw (type II), which showed a significantly reduced thickness. Reduced CCT was found in chronic degenerations of leutic, tuberculous or indefinite nature. Marginal degenerations of Fuchs-Terrien type also showed reduced CCT. The possible role of abiotrophic processes in this corneal thinning is dicussed. Endothelial dysfunction is indicated by increased CCT. This occurs in bullous keratopathy and in many acute disorders. Vascularisation of the cornea does not preclude the occurrence of normal or even reduced thickness.", "contents": "Central thickness in corneal disorders. In the single individual the central corneal thickness (CCT) shows only small variations. Therefore CCT has been studied in a number of corneal diseases in order to investigate if this dimension might contribute to the diagnosis or to the understanding of the pathogenesis. Normal CCT was found in hereditary dystrophies with the exception of the macular dystrophy of Groenouw (type II), which showed a significantly reduced thickness. Reduced CCT was found in chronic degenerations of leutic, tuberculous or indefinite nature. Marginal degenerations of Fuchs-Terrien type also showed reduced CCT. The possible role of abiotrophic processes in this corneal thinning is dicussed. Endothelial dysfunction is indicated by increased CCT. This occurs in bullous keratopathy and in many acute disorders. Vascularisation of the cornea does not preclude the occurrence of normal or even reduced thickness.", "PMID": 308291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1548", "title": "Differentiation of mouse T-lymphocytes. 19 Characterization of thymocyte precursors in bone marrow by one G velocity sedimentation.", "content": "Bone marrow cells were transferred into 700 R X-irradiated syngeneic mice, and regeneration of the thymus was demonstrated by determining the total amount of DNA in the thymus. The amount of DNA in the regenerated thymus 9 days after X-irradiation paralleled the number of cells injected, the range being 0 to 10(6) cells. These results indicate that regeneration during this period reflects the proliferation of thymocyte precursors existing in bone marrow cells, therefore such can be used as an indicator to determine the number of thymocyte precursors. Thymocyte precursors were separated from spleen colony forming cells and soft agar colony forming cells by one G velocity sedimentation. Thymocyte precursors (more than 4.3 mm/hour sedimentation rate) sedimented faster than did spleen colony forming cells (peak at about 3.0 mm/hour) and Thy-1 antigen was already evidenced on the cell surface as demonstrated by complement dependent cytotoxicity. Soft agar colony forming cells also sedimented faster, suggesting that cells destined to become one type of cell are larger than multi-potential stem cells.", "contents": "Differentiation of mouse T-lymphocytes. 19 Characterization of thymocyte precursors in bone marrow by one G velocity sedimentation. Bone marrow cells were transferred into 700 R X-irradiated syngeneic mice, and regeneration of the thymus was demonstrated by determining the total amount of DNA in the thymus. The amount of DNA in the regenerated thymus 9 days after X-irradiation paralleled the number of cells injected, the range being 0 to 10(6) cells. These results indicate that regeneration during this period reflects the proliferation of thymocyte precursors existing in bone marrow cells, therefore such can be used as an indicator to determine the number of thymocyte precursors. Thymocyte precursors were separated from spleen colony forming cells and soft agar colony forming cells by one G velocity sedimentation. Thymocyte precursors (more than 4.3 mm/hour sedimentation rate) sedimented faster than did spleen colony forming cells (peak at about 3.0 mm/hour) and Thy-1 antigen was already evidenced on the cell surface as demonstrated by complement dependent cytotoxicity. Soft agar colony forming cells also sedimented faster, suggesting that cells destined to become one type of cell are larger than multi-potential stem cells.", "PMID": 308292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1549", "title": "Mild phosphate diabetes in adults.", "content": "Phosphate diabetes has been considered as rare and to occur almost exclusively in children. Upon examination of adult patients with rheumatic or kidney diseases it has, however, been found that the combination of hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphaturia is not so rare. This paper deals with 24 adult patients of this type, whom we have found during 6 months. Their mean serum phosphorus concentration was 0.7 mmol/l (range 0.5--0.8). Mean phosphate clearance was 31 ml/min/1.73 m2 (range 16--51). The diagnoses were myalgia, dorsalgia (n = 7), papillitis calcificans (n = 5), prostatitis or prostate accretions (n = 4), dizziness (n = 2), kidney stones, tubular defect, interstitial nephritis, medullary sponge kidney (1 case each), two patients had transplanted kidneys. Asthenia was a common additional diagnosis. The patients' complaints have been pain in the muscles, joints, bones (18 cases), tiredness (10 cases), dizziness (8 cases), shakyness, numbness, burning sensation (7 cases), tenderness in the muscles and bones (\"the princess-on-the-pea syndrome\") (7 cases). The most common findings upon examination were bone tenderness (13 cases), reduced manual power (8 cases), positive Romberg test (3 cases), slight muscle atrophy (2 cases), waddling gait (2 cases). The most common findings encountered in the laboratory, besides hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphaturia, were high pH in the urine, hyperaminoaciduria, and phosphate crystals in dried urine.", "contents": "Mild phosphate diabetes in adults. Phosphate diabetes has been considered as rare and to occur almost exclusively in children. Upon examination of adult patients with rheumatic or kidney diseases it has, however, been found that the combination of hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphaturia is not so rare. This paper deals with 24 adult patients of this type, whom we have found during 6 months. Their mean serum phosphorus concentration was 0.7 mmol/l (range 0.5--0.8). Mean phosphate clearance was 31 ml/min/1.73 m2 (range 16--51). The diagnoses were myalgia, dorsalgia (n = 7), papillitis calcificans (n = 5), prostatitis or prostate accretions (n = 4), dizziness (n = 2), kidney stones, tubular defect, interstitial nephritis, medullary sponge kidney (1 case each), two patients had transplanted kidneys. Asthenia was a common additional diagnosis. The patients' complaints have been pain in the muscles, joints, bones (18 cases), tiredness (10 cases), dizziness (8 cases), shakyness, numbness, burning sensation (7 cases), tenderness in the muscles and bones (\"the princess-on-the-pea syndrome\") (7 cases). The most common findings upon examination were bone tenderness (13 cases), reduced manual power (8 cases), positive Romberg test (3 cases), slight muscle atrophy (2 cases), waddling gait (2 cases). The most common findings encountered in the laboratory, besides hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphaturia, were high pH in the urine, hyperaminoaciduria, and phosphate crystals in dried urine.", "PMID": 308293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1550", "title": "[Retrograde positive ventriculography by sub-occipital catheterization of the ventricular system (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a new method of retrograde selective ventriculography by means of which the necessity for making an opening in the skull and for a trans-cerebral ventricular puncture is avoided. Trough a sub-occipital puncture and cannula a radio-opaque catheter is guided under radiological control into the ventricular system.", "contents": "[Retrograde positive ventriculography by sub-occipital catheterization of the ventricular system (author's transl)]. The authors describe a new method of retrograde selective ventriculography by means of which the necessity for making an opening in the skull and for a trans-cerebral ventricular puncture is avoided. Trough a sub-occipital puncture and cannula a radio-opaque catheter is guided under radiological control into the ventricular system.", "PMID": 308295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1551", "title": "Cytoenzymatic studies on the lymphocytes of peripheral blood and lymphatic nodes of rats in an experimental magnesium deficiency.", "content": "Wistar rats kept on a magnesium deficient diet show several changes in the lymphatic organs as well as some disorders in the function of the immunological system, which appear as an impairment of cellular immunity and also as hypogammaglobulinemia. In the present experiment the level of leuco- and lymphocytosis has been studied. Furthermore, the activity of some lysosomal enzymes in blood lymphocytes, as well as the ability to incorporate labelled leucine shown by lymph nodes lymphocytes of deficient rats have been investigated. The rise in leuco- and lymphocytosis is similar to that reported by other authors. A significant rise in the activity of beta-glucuronidase as well as a considerable drop in the percentage of enzyme-negative lymphocytes have been observed as early as the first week of experiment. Tissue cultures of the lymph nodes, lymphocytes of deficient rats showed significantly lower values of labelled leucine incorporation with respect to the controls; in contrast, after phytohemagglutinin M stimulation the increase of incorporation in the lymphocytes of deficient and control rats was similar. Our findings may be indicative of some disorders in the redistribution of T and B lymphocytes in the blood and tissues of deficient rats. The observed cytochemical changes may be due to the intensification of autophagic processes in the lymphocytes that manifest a diminished ability to synthetize proteins.", "contents": "Cytoenzymatic studies on the lymphocytes of peripheral blood and lymphatic nodes of rats in an experimental magnesium deficiency. Wistar rats kept on a magnesium deficient diet show several changes in the lymphatic organs as well as some disorders in the function of the immunological system, which appear as an impairment of cellular immunity and also as hypogammaglobulinemia. In the present experiment the level of leuco- and lymphocytosis has been studied. Furthermore, the activity of some lysosomal enzymes in blood lymphocytes, as well as the ability to incorporate labelled leucine shown by lymph nodes lymphocytes of deficient rats have been investigated. The rise in leuco- and lymphocytosis is similar to that reported by other authors. A significant rise in the activity of beta-glucuronidase as well as a considerable drop in the percentage of enzyme-negative lymphocytes have been observed as early as the first week of experiment. Tissue cultures of the lymph nodes, lymphocytes of deficient rats showed significantly lower values of labelled leucine incorporation with respect to the controls; in contrast, after phytohemagglutinin M stimulation the increase of incorporation in the lymphocytes of deficient and control rats was similar. Our findings may be indicative of some disorders in the redistribution of T and B lymphocytes in the blood and tissues of deficient rats. The observed cytochemical changes may be due to the intensification of autophagic processes in the lymphocytes that manifest a diminished ability to synthetize proteins.", "PMID": 308298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1552", "title": "Long term follow-up of aneurysmectomy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.", "content": "The success of aneurysmectomy in abolishing recurrent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation has not been clearly defined. Ten patients who underwent aneurysm resection to control ventricular arrhythmias were studied before and an average of 19 (4 to 42) months following operation. All patients had moderate to large aneurysms and four had asynergy in adjacent segments. Of four patients with significant stenosis in vessels not supplying the aneurysm, three had aortocoronary bypass grafts in addition to their resection. Ambulatory Holter monitoring and a graded exercise test were performed in all patients postoperatively. There was no operative mortality. Two patients who did not have associated revascularization procedures died suddenly 1.5 and 7 months postoperatively. Of the eight survivors, despite clinical improvement, the Holter ECG revealed runs of ventricular tachycardia in three patients and frequent multifocal ventricular extrasystoles in the other five patients. No correlation was found between recurrence of the ventricular arrhythmias and aneurysm size, contraction pattern of other myocardial segments, extent of coronary disease, or the presence of congestive heart failure. In conclusion, aneurysmectomy does not abolish ventricular tachyarrhythmias and probably should be reserved for patients who remain symptomatic despite an adequate medical trial. The persistence of complex arrhythmias following operation warrants a close follow-up in these patients.", "contents": "Long term follow-up of aneurysmectomy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. The success of aneurysmectomy in abolishing recurrent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation has not been clearly defined. Ten patients who underwent aneurysm resection to control ventricular arrhythmias were studied before and an average of 19 (4 to 42) months following operation. All patients had moderate to large aneurysms and four had asynergy in adjacent segments. Of four patients with significant stenosis in vessels not supplying the aneurysm, three had aortocoronary bypass grafts in addition to their resection. Ambulatory Holter monitoring and a graded exercise test were performed in all patients postoperatively. There was no operative mortality. Two patients who did not have associated revascularization procedures died suddenly 1.5 and 7 months postoperatively. Of the eight survivors, despite clinical improvement, the Holter ECG revealed runs of ventricular tachycardia in three patients and frequent multifocal ventricular extrasystoles in the other five patients. No correlation was found between recurrence of the ventricular arrhythmias and aneurysm size, contraction pattern of other myocardial segments, extent of coronary disease, or the presence of congestive heart failure. In conclusion, aneurysmectomy does not abolish ventricular tachyarrhythmias and probably should be reserved for patients who remain symptomatic despite an adequate medical trial. The persistence of complex arrhythmias following operation warrants a close follow-up in these patients.", "PMID": 308302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1553", "title": "Mechanism of tolerance to DNCB-contact sensitivity induced by immunosuppressive agents.", "content": "Specific unresponsiveness to DNCB contact sensitivity has been induced in guinea pigs by a combined application of two immunosuppressive agents, cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte serum, to guinea pigs during the period of sensitization with DNCB. This tolerance was specific since the reactivity to an unrelated hapten (oxazolon) was not impaired by the previous immunosuppressive treatment. The unresponsiveness induced by immunosuppressive treatment has not been reversed by an additional treatment with the high dose of cyclophosphamide known to reverse hapten-induced tolerance, and has not been transferred by parabiosis from tolerant to normal partners. From these results it is concluded that specific unresponsiveness induced by immunosuppressive agents is not mediated by suppressor cells but is rather based on clonal deletion. The relative in unstability of this tolerance may be due to formation of new antigen-reactive cells from undeleted precursors.", "contents": "Mechanism of tolerance to DNCB-contact sensitivity induced by immunosuppressive agents. Specific unresponsiveness to DNCB contact sensitivity has been induced in guinea pigs by a combined application of two immunosuppressive agents, cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte serum, to guinea pigs during the period of sensitization with DNCB. This tolerance was specific since the reactivity to an unrelated hapten (oxazolon) was not impaired by the previous immunosuppressive treatment. The unresponsiveness induced by immunosuppressive treatment has not been reversed by an additional treatment with the high dose of cyclophosphamide known to reverse hapten-induced tolerance, and has not been transferred by parabiosis from tolerant to normal partners. From these results it is concluded that specific unresponsiveness induced by immunosuppressive agents is not mediated by suppressor cells but is rather based on clonal deletion. The relative in unstability of this tolerance may be due to formation of new antigen-reactive cells from undeleted precursors.", "PMID": 308299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1554", "title": "Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy to evaluate patients after coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "To determine the utility of thallium-201 stress scintigraphy in assessing the results of coronary bypass surgery, chest pain, stress electrocardiograms and scintigrams were evaluated in 27 patients postoperatively. These findings were compared with coronary angiographic data in which a significant postoperative lesion was defined as 75 percent or more stenosis in a graft, its distal vessel or in an ungrafted native vessel. As an indicator of postoperative coronary lesions, chest pain lacked sensitivity (60 percent) and was nonspecific (20 percent). The stress electrocardiogram had poor sensitivity (60 percent) and good specificity (86 percent) but was not helpful in six patients who had equivocal or suboptimal tests. The scintigram had good sensitivity (77 percent) and was highly specific for the diagnosis of coronary stenosis. It was significantly more specific than chest pain (P less than 0.01), gave excellent localizing information and added to the accuracy of both conclusive and inconclusive stress tests. In nine patients with preoperative stress scintigrams, comparison of pre- and postoperative studies reflected the \u00e9ffects of bypass surgery on coronary perfusion. Scintigraphy is a useful technique for the noninvasive evaluation of the patient after coronary bypass surgery, and postoperative scintigraphy alone is of great value in documenting surgical results.", "contents": "Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy to evaluate patients after coronary bypass surgery. To determine the utility of thallium-201 stress scintigraphy in assessing the results of coronary bypass surgery, chest pain, stress electrocardiograms and scintigrams were evaluated in 27 patients postoperatively. These findings were compared with coronary angiographic data in which a significant postoperative lesion was defined as 75 percent or more stenosis in a graft, its distal vessel or in an ungrafted native vessel. As an indicator of postoperative coronary lesions, chest pain lacked sensitivity (60 percent) and was nonspecific (20 percent). The stress electrocardiogram had poor sensitivity (60 percent) and good specificity (86 percent) but was not helpful in six patients who had equivocal or suboptimal tests. The scintigram had good sensitivity (77 percent) and was highly specific for the diagnosis of coronary stenosis. It was significantly more specific than chest pain (P less than 0.01), gave excellent localizing information and added to the accuracy of both conclusive and inconclusive stress tests. In nine patients with preoperative stress scintigrams, comparison of pre- and postoperative studies reflected the \u00e9ffects of bypass surgery on coronary perfusion. Scintigraphy is a useful technique for the noninvasive evaluation of the patient after coronary bypass surgery, and postoperative scintigraphy alone is of great value in documenting surgical results.", "PMID": 308304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1555", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in various allergies.", "content": "The percentages and absolute numbers of T, B and \"null\" cells were studied in 100 allergic patients and compared with values observed in 35 healthy age matched control subjects. T cells were identified by their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with SRBC (E-RFC) and B cells by their complement receptor that allows the binding of antibody-complement coated erythrocytes (EAC-RFC). The PBL count was found to be slightly lowered in patients suffering from pollinosis, candidiasis and chronic urticaria. The percentages of T and B lymphocytes were similar in both allergic and healthy people, but the patients with pollinosis, candidiasis and chronic urticaria showed decreased absolute numbers of T lymphocytes. Most of them had normal or even--in some cases of pollinosis and candidiasis--increased numbers of B lymphocytes, and normal or--as in some cases of chronic urticaria and candidiasis--increased numbers of B lymphocytes, and normal or--as in some cases of chronic urticaria and candidiasis--decreased numbers of \"null\" cells. This study support the hypothesis that allergic diseases may be associated with a defect of a subpopulation of T cells, however, it does not seem possible that \"null\" cells may represent these defective suppressor T cells.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in various allergies. The percentages and absolute numbers of T, B and \"null\" cells were studied in 100 allergic patients and compared with values observed in 35 healthy age matched control subjects. T cells were identified by their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with SRBC (E-RFC) and B cells by their complement receptor that allows the binding of antibody-complement coated erythrocytes (EAC-RFC). The PBL count was found to be slightly lowered in patients suffering from pollinosis, candidiasis and chronic urticaria. The percentages of T and B lymphocytes were similar in both allergic and healthy people, but the patients with pollinosis, candidiasis and chronic urticaria showed decreased absolute numbers of T lymphocytes. Most of them had normal or even--in some cases of pollinosis and candidiasis--increased numbers of B lymphocytes, and normal or--as in some cases of chronic urticaria and candidiasis--increased numbers of B lymphocytes, and normal or--as in some cases of chronic urticaria and candidiasis--decreased numbers of \"null\" cells. This study support the hypothesis that allergic diseases may be associated with a defect of a subpopulation of T cells, however, it does not seem possible that \"null\" cells may represent these defective suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 308300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1556", "title": "Results of aortocoronary bypass grafting in patients with subendocardial infarction: late follow-up.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with subendocardial infarction (Group A) were compared with 28 patients with unstable angina (Group B) and 28 with stable angina (Group C) matched for age and sex. The three groups did not differ in prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, old infarction or duration of disease. There were no significant differences in number of diseased vessels, coronary score, abnormal left ventricular wall motion or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Angiograms performed 2 weeks postoperatively revealed closure of 3 of 31 grafts (16 patients) in Group A, closure of 3 of 34 grafts (17 patients) in Group B and closure of 6 of 50 grafts (22 patients) in Group C (differences not significant). Postoperative angiograms showed improved wall motion in 37 percent of Group A, 53 percent of Group B and 36 percent of Group C (differences not significant). Postoperative new Q waves appeared in one hospital in Group A and in two patients in Groups B and C. There were no hospital or late deaths. In a mean follow-up period of 29 months, 68 percent of patients in Group A, 61 percent in Group B and 54 percent in Group C were asymptomatic. Thus, bypass grafting was performed with similarly low mortality and morbidity in patients with subendocardial infarction and in those with angina; more than one third of postoperative angiograms in the three groups showed improved wall motion; and late follow-up studies demonstrated functional improvement in the majority of patients in all three groups.", "contents": "Results of aortocoronary bypass grafting in patients with subendocardial infarction: late follow-up. Twenty-eight patients with subendocardial infarction (Group A) were compared with 28 patients with unstable angina (Group B) and 28 with stable angina (Group C) matched for age and sex. The three groups did not differ in prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, old infarction or duration of disease. There were no significant differences in number of diseased vessels, coronary score, abnormal left ventricular wall motion or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Angiograms performed 2 weeks postoperatively revealed closure of 3 of 31 grafts (16 patients) in Group A, closure of 3 of 34 grafts (17 patients) in Group B and closure of 6 of 50 grafts (22 patients) in Group C (differences not significant). Postoperative angiograms showed improved wall motion in 37 percent of Group A, 53 percent of Group B and 36 percent of Group C (differences not significant). Postoperative new Q waves appeared in one hospital in Group A and in two patients in Groups B and C. There were no hospital or late deaths. In a mean follow-up period of 29 months, 68 percent of patients in Group A, 61 percent in Group B and 54 percent in Group C were asymptomatic. Thus, bypass grafting was performed with similarly low mortality and morbidity in patients with subendocardial infarction and in those with angina; more than one third of postoperative angiograms in the three groups showed improved wall motion; and late follow-up studies demonstrated functional improvement in the majority of patients in all three groups.", "PMID": 308305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1557", "title": "Intraoperative evaluation of the functional significance of coronary collateral vessels in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Coronary hemodynamics were studied intraoperatively in 65 patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass grafting. Poststenotic coronary pressure and graft flow hyperemia were measured. Patients without coronary collateral vessels on arteriography (class A) were compared with patients with collateral vessels (class B). Patients in class A were grouped according to the angiographically determined degree of coronary stenosis. Eight of these patients with moderate coronary stenosis underwent intraoperative studies with transient complete coronary occlusion and were classified in the \"acute\" occlusion group. In class B all patients had complete coronary occlusion with good retrograde filling of the distal segment. In class A patients there was good correlation between the degree of stenosis and poststenotic pressure or hyperemic response. Stenosis had to be at least 80 percent before it produced a significant pressure gradient or graft flow hyperemia. In class B patients (those with complete \"chronic\" coronary  occlusion), poststenotic pressure was significantly greater than in the class A patients with \"acute\" occlusion, significantly less than in the class A groups with 71 to 80 percent and 81 to 90% stenosis but not significantly different from values in the class A group with 91 to 99 percent stenosis. The hyperemic response was significantly less than in the \"acute\" occlusion group of class A, significantly greater than in the class A groups with 71 to 80 percent and 81 to 90 percent stenosis, but not significantly different from values in the class A group with 91 to 99 percent stenosis. It is concluded that (1) under basal conditions a coronary stenosis must be at least 80 percent to be hemodynamically significant, and (2) well developed collateral vessels produce in a completely occluded coronary artery hemodynamic changes that simulate those of a 90 percent coronary stenosis without collateral vessels.", "contents": "Intraoperative evaluation of the functional significance of coronary collateral vessels in patients with coronary artery disease. Coronary hemodynamics were studied intraoperatively in 65 patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass grafting. Poststenotic coronary pressure and graft flow hyperemia were measured. Patients without coronary collateral vessels on arteriography (class A) were compared with patients with collateral vessels (class B). Patients in class A were grouped according to the angiographically determined degree of coronary stenosis. Eight of these patients with moderate coronary stenosis underwent intraoperative studies with transient complete coronary occlusion and were classified in the \"acute\" occlusion group. In class B all patients had complete coronary occlusion with good retrograde filling of the distal segment. In class A patients there was good correlation between the degree of stenosis and poststenotic pressure or hyperemic response. Stenosis had to be at least 80 percent before it produced a significant pressure gradient or graft flow hyperemia. In class B patients (those with complete \"chronic\" coronary  occlusion), poststenotic pressure was significantly greater than in the class A patients with \"acute\" occlusion, significantly less than in the class A groups with 71 to 80 percent and 81 to 90% stenosis but not significantly different from values in the class A group with 91 to 99 percent stenosis. The hyperemic response was significantly less than in the \"acute\" occlusion group of class A, significantly greater than in the class A groups with 71 to 80 percent and 81 to 90 percent stenosis, but not significantly different from values in the class A group with 91 to 99 percent stenosis. It is concluded that (1) under basal conditions a coronary stenosis must be at least 80 percent to be hemodynamically significant, and (2) well developed collateral vessels produce in a completely occluded coronary artery hemodynamic changes that simulate those of a 90 percent coronary stenosis without collateral vessels.", "PMID": 308306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1558", "title": "Electrophysiologic effects of acute myocardial infarction in man.", "content": "Six patients undergoing surgery for ischemic heart disease were studied by means of epicardial electrodes affixed to the left ventricle. One patient who underwent triple coronary arterial bypass and plication of a left ventricular aneurysm had evidence of an acute myocardial infarction 1 day after operation. A surface electrocardiogram and a bipolar electrogram from the left ventricle were recorded before and after development of the infarction. The bipolar electrogram showed a marked loss of voltage and delay of conduction that were not present in the  patients who underwent surgery but did not sustain an acute myocardial infarction. Thus, any acute myocardial infarction in conscious persons appears to be associated with areas of delayed epicardial action and diminution of local voltage. This observation suggests that the electrophysiologic mechanisms of infarction in man are similar to those of infarction in the dog.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effects of acute myocardial infarction in man. Six patients undergoing surgery for ischemic heart disease were studied by means of epicardial electrodes affixed to the left ventricle. One patient who underwent triple coronary arterial bypass and plication of a left ventricular aneurysm had evidence of an acute myocardial infarction 1 day after operation. A surface electrocardiogram and a bipolar electrogram from the left ventricle were recorded before and after development of the infarction. The bipolar electrogram showed a marked loss of voltage and delay of conduction that were not present in the  patients who underwent surgery but did not sustain an acute myocardial infarction. Thus, any acute myocardial infarction in conscious persons appears to be associated with areas of delayed epicardial action and diminution of local voltage. This observation suggests that the electrophysiologic mechanisms of infarction in man are similar to those of infarction in the dog.", "PMID": 308309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1559", "title": "Spread of Haemophilus influenzae. Secondary illness in household contacts of patients with H influenzae meningitis.", "content": "To determine the risk of severe secondary illness in household contacts of patients with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, telephone interviews were conducted with contacts of patients with reported cases. Four probable or proved secondary cases of severe disease were identified for a secondary attack rate of 0.4%. The secondary attack rate for household contacts of patients 2 years of age and younger was 4.9%. Until safe, effective prophylactic measures become available, physicians should explain to parents that any person who becomes ill in the month after a household case of H influenzae meningitis should be brought to the attention of a physician for appropriate evaluation and treatment.", "contents": "Spread of Haemophilus influenzae. Secondary illness in household contacts of patients with H influenzae meningitis. To determine the risk of severe secondary illness in household contacts of patients with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, telephone interviews were conducted with contacts of patients with reported cases. Four probable or proved secondary cases of severe disease were identified for a secondary attack rate of 0.4%. The secondary attack rate for household contacts of patients 2 years of age and younger was 4.9%. Until safe, effective prophylactic measures become available, physicians should explain to parents that any person who becomes ill in the month after a household case of H influenzae meningitis should be brought to the attention of a physician for appropriate evaluation and treatment.", "PMID": 308312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1560", "title": "Oral administration of chymotrypsin labile peptide for a new test of exocrine pancreatic function (PET) in comparison and pancreozymin-secretin test.", "content": "A new test using N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (N-BT-PABA) for an evaluation of exocrine pancreatic function was compared with a pancreozymin-secretin test in 38 subjects. Urinary recovery of PABA, which is absorbed from the intestine and conjugated in the liver after an oral administration of N-BT-PABA, depends mainly on chymotrypsin activity. The recovery rate of PABA in urine decreases in chronic pancreatitis, in which chymotrypsin activity in the duodenal juice is disturbed. The recovery rate of PABA in calcifying chronic pancreatitis was 40.2 +/- 15% and significantly less than 81.2 +/- 7.4% in normal subjects (P less than 0.01). The amount of PABA in urine during eight hours was correlated with parameters of volume output- bicarbonate concentration and amylase output stimulated by injections of pancreozymin and secretin (P-S test). The new test using N-BT-PABA is useful for the evaluation of exocrine pancreatic function in general practice.", "contents": "Oral administration of chymotrypsin labile peptide for a new test of exocrine pancreatic function (PET) in comparison and pancreozymin-secretin test. A new test using N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (N-BT-PABA) for an evaluation of exocrine pancreatic function was compared with a pancreozymin-secretin test in 38 subjects. Urinary recovery of PABA, which is absorbed from the intestine and conjugated in the liver after an oral administration of N-BT-PABA, depends mainly on chymotrypsin activity. The recovery rate of PABA in urine decreases in chronic pancreatitis, in which chymotrypsin activity in the duodenal juice is disturbed. The recovery rate of PABA in calcifying chronic pancreatitis was 40.2 +/- 15% and significantly less than 81.2 +/- 7.4% in normal subjects (P less than 0.01). The amount of PABA in urine during eight hours was correlated with parameters of volume output- bicarbonate concentration and amylase output stimulated by injections of pancreozymin and secretin (P-S test). The new test using N-BT-PABA is useful for the evaluation of exocrine pancreatic function in general practice.", "PMID": 308313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1561", "title": "Recurrent renal carcinoma causing intestinal hemorrhage.", "content": "Three cases of gastrointestinal bleeding caused by secondary renal carcinoma are presented. Hemorrhage occurred secondary to invasion of bowel anatomically related to the primary tumor. Bleeding can best be controlled by excision of tumor and involved intestine. Surgery is justified by the unpredictable prognosis for renal carcinoma with secondary disease.", "contents": "Recurrent renal carcinoma causing intestinal hemorrhage. Three cases of gastrointestinal bleeding caused by secondary renal carcinoma are presented. Hemorrhage occurred secondary to invasion of bowel anatomically related to the primary tumor. Bleeding can best be controlled by excision of tumor and involved intestine. Surgery is justified by the unpredictable prognosis for renal carcinoma with secondary disease.", "PMID": 308314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1562", "title": "Endoscopic evaluation of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the newborn.", "content": "A case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the first 24 hours of life is discussed. The application and importance of upper gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy in establishing a precise diagnosis in this age group, not previously reported, is demonstrated.", "contents": "Endoscopic evaluation of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the newborn. A case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the first 24 hours of life is discussed. The application and importance of upper gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy in establishing a precise diagnosis in this age group, not previously reported, is demonstrated.", "PMID": 308315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1563", "title": "Acquired von Willebrand's disease, platelet-release defect and angiodysplasia.", "content": "A previously healthy elderly man with gastrointestinal bleeding was found to have criteria for von Willebrand's disease. The late clinical onset of the disorder and negative family studies suggest that the von Willebrand's disease may be acquired. The findings in the patient were similar to the abnormalities reported in the small number of other patients thought to have acquired von Willebrands disease. An inhibitor of factor VIII could not be demonstrated in this patient. This patient also had platelet aggregation abnormalities that are atypical for patients with congenital or acquired von Willebrand's disease. Vascular abnormalities were also found in this patient and in several other previously described patients with von Willebrand's disease.", "contents": "Acquired von Willebrand's disease, platelet-release defect and angiodysplasia. A previously healthy elderly man with gastrointestinal bleeding was found to have criteria for von Willebrand's disease. The late clinical onset of the disorder and negative family studies suggest that the von Willebrand's disease may be acquired. The findings in the patient were similar to the abnormalities reported in the small number of other patients thought to have acquired von Willebrands disease. An inhibitor of factor VIII could not be demonstrated in this patient. This patient also had platelet aggregation abnormalities that are atypical for patients with congenital or acquired von Willebrand's disease. Vascular abnormalities were also found in this patient and in several other previously described patients with von Willebrand's disease.", "PMID": 308316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1564", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of intraocular lens and endothelial cell interaction.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of two intraocular lenses removed at keratoplasty for pseudophakie bullous keratopathy demonstrated apparently viable endothelial cells adherent to their surfaces. These presumably adhered to the lens implants at the time of their insertion and confirm this as a mechanism for endothelial damage and subsequent corneal edema from intraocular lens implantation.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of intraocular lens and endothelial cell interaction. Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of two intraocular lenses removed at keratoplasty for pseudophakie bullous keratopathy demonstrated apparently viable endothelial cells adherent to their surfaces. These presumably adhered to the lens implants at the time of their insertion and confirm this as a mechanism for endothelial damage and subsequent corneal edema from intraocular lens implantation.", "PMID": 308319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1565", "title": "Bacterial cultures of lenses removed during cataract surgery.", "content": "Lenses removed in 408 cataract operations were cultured for bacteria. Most (78%) lenses were sterile. Of the positive cultures, 48% were positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis and 15.4% for S. aureus. These findings reflect the flora of the normal preoperative conjunctiva, and the organisms most commonly implicated in postoperative endophthalmitis. One case of endophthalmitis occurred in this series, and S. aureus was cultured from the lens and later from the postoperative wound and a wound suture, but no intraocular paracentesis was performed to confirm the causative organism.", "contents": "Bacterial cultures of lenses removed during cataract surgery. Lenses removed in 408 cataract operations were cultured for bacteria. Most (78%) lenses were sterile. Of the positive cultures, 48% were positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis and 15.4% for S. aureus. These findings reflect the flora of the normal preoperative conjunctiva, and the organisms most commonly implicated in postoperative endophthalmitis. One case of endophthalmitis occurred in this series, and S. aureus was cultured from the lens and later from the postoperative wound and a wound suture, but no intraocular paracentesis was performed to confirm the causative organism.", "PMID": 308320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1566", "title": "Septo-optic dysplasia (de Morsier syndrome).", "content": "A 12-year-old girl and a 30-year-old woman had bilateral optic disk hypoplasia and bitemporal hemianopia. By using computed axial tomography on our patients, we demonstrated the absence of the septum pellucidum, which confirmed the diagnosis of septo-optic dysplasia, or the de Morsier syndrome.", "contents": "Septo-optic dysplasia (de Morsier syndrome). A 12-year-old girl and a 30-year-old woman had bilateral optic disk hypoplasia and bitemporal hemianopia. By using computed axial tomography on our patients, we demonstrated the absence of the septum pellucidum, which confirmed the diagnosis of septo-optic dysplasia, or the de Morsier syndrome.", "PMID": 308321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1567", "title": "Venous catheter-associated candidemia.", "content": "Fifty-five patients with venous catheter-associated candidemia were seen over a 13-year period. Thirty-five patients recovered from the infection. Twenty-six of these patients became afebrile within 72 hours of catheter removal; none were treated with systemic antifungal agents. Endophthalmitis appeared in four patients, three of whom had significant loss of vision. Nine patients had persistent candidemia following catheter removal and required antifungal therapy; none developed metastatic infection. Twenty other critically ill patients died during fungemia. Two of these patients were found to have Candida endocarditis that arose from previous catheter infections not suspected of being caused by this organism. Prevention of candidemia by proper care of indwelling vascular catheters is the ultimate goal. Appropriate management of the episodes of candidemia that occur may avert serious metastatic complications.", "contents": "Venous catheter-associated candidemia. Fifty-five patients with venous catheter-associated candidemia were seen over a 13-year period. Thirty-five patients recovered from the infection. Twenty-six of these patients became afebrile within 72 hours of catheter removal; none were treated with systemic antifungal agents. Endophthalmitis appeared in four patients, three of whom had significant loss of vision. Nine patients had persistent candidemia following catheter removal and required antifungal therapy; none developed metastatic infection. Twenty other critically ill patients died during fungemia. Two of these patients were found to have Candida endocarditis that arose from previous catheter infections not suspected of being caused by this organism. Prevention of candidemia by proper care of indwelling vascular catheters is the ultimate goal. Appropriate management of the episodes of candidemia that occur may avert serious metastatic complications.", "PMID": 308317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1568", "title": "An animal model for childhood convoluted T-cell lymphoma.", "content": "The light microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of the AKR-J mouse lymphoma are described in detail. Clinical and histologic facets of convoluted T-cell lymphoma of childhood and AKR-J mouse lymphoma are reviewed. The remarkably close correlation between these two entities is demonstrated. The possibility that this mouse tumor should be utilized as a model for convoluted T-cell lymphoma of childhood is emphasized.", "contents": "An animal model for childhood convoluted T-cell lymphoma. The light microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of the AKR-J mouse lymphoma are described in detail. Clinical and histologic facets of convoluted T-cell lymphoma of childhood and AKR-J mouse lymphoma are reviewed. The remarkably close correlation between these two entities is demonstrated. The possibility that this mouse tumor should be utilized as a model for convoluted T-cell lymphoma of childhood is emphasized.", "PMID": 308322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1569", "title": "Renal and vascular responses of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) to mesotocin.", "content": "Although mesotocin (MT) has long been known to occur in the amphibian neurohypophysis, there have been few reports on its action among amphibians. In the present investigation, renal responses of intact bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and perfused bullfrog kidneys to MT were studied. The blood pressure responses of this amphibian to MT were also analyzed. We found that MT is diuretic at low doses and that the response is dose related. At high doses the diuretic response decreases progressively and, at times, antidiuresis is observed. The changes in urine flow are proportional to the changes in glomerular filtration rate. In addition, there is a dose-related depressor effect. Data from perfused kidney studies suggest that MT may dilate the afferent glomerular vessels. The possible action of MT as a physiologically important diuretic agent is discussed.", "contents": "Renal and vascular responses of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) to mesotocin. Although mesotocin (MT) has long been known to occur in the amphibian neurohypophysis, there have been few reports on its action among amphibians. In the present investigation, renal responses of intact bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and perfused bullfrog kidneys to MT were studied. The blood pressure responses of this amphibian to MT were also analyzed. We found that MT is diuretic at low doses and that the response is dose related. At high doses the diuretic response decreases progressively and, at times, antidiuresis is observed. The changes in urine flow are proportional to the changes in glomerular filtration rate. In addition, there is a dose-related depressor effect. Data from perfused kidney studies suggest that MT may dilate the afferent glomerular vessels. The possible action of MT as a physiologically important diuretic agent is discussed.", "PMID": 308323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1570", "title": "Immune competence in patients with Klinefelter syndrome.", "content": "We studied cellular and humoral immunity on ten patients with documented Klinefelter syndrome. Cellular immunity as measured by in vivo skin tests and in vitro lymphocyte transformation tests appeared intact. However, the mean values of T cells and EAC rosette-forming cells were significantly decreased as compared with controls. All patients had normal isoagglutinin titer. One patient failed to produce febrile agglutinin even after immunization. Some patients showed elevated levels of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) or Immunoglobulin M (IgM), probably due to the underlying diseases. Three patients had serum and secretory Immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels below normal. Classification of IgA deficiency and its associated diseases were discussed. These three patients are 38, 44, and 60 years old respectively. Long-term follow-up of these three patients can determine whether or not they will develop malignancy and autoimmune diseases. One patient with bronchogenic carcinoma and the other with autoimmune disease had normal serum and secretory IgA levels. It is possible that they had low IgA initially, but their underlying diseases brought up their IgA levels to the normal range.", "contents": "Immune competence in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. We studied cellular and humoral immunity on ten patients with documented Klinefelter syndrome. Cellular immunity as measured by in vivo skin tests and in vitro lymphocyte transformation tests appeared intact. However, the mean values of T cells and EAC rosette-forming cells were significantly decreased as compared with controls. All patients had normal isoagglutinin titer. One patient failed to produce febrile agglutinin even after immunization. Some patients showed elevated levels of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) or Immunoglobulin M (IgM), probably due to the underlying diseases. Three patients had serum and secretory Immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels below normal. Classification of IgA deficiency and its associated diseases were discussed. These three patients are 38, 44, and 60 years old respectively. Long-term follow-up of these three patients can determine whether or not they will develop malignancy and autoimmune diseases. One patient with bronchogenic carcinoma and the other with autoimmune disease had normal serum and secretory IgA levels. It is possible that they had low IgA initially, but their underlying diseases brought up their IgA levels to the normal range.", "PMID": 308318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1571", "title": "Lack of association of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.", "content": "To evaluate the role of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in the pathogenesis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, alpha-1-antitrypsin was measured in 90 patients with schistosomal splenomegaly and in 87 phenotyping was also done. All levels were in the normal range except for those of two patients who were shown to have the heterozygous deficiency state, PiMZ. The phenotypes found in the 87 were as would be expected in a normal population. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Lack of association of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. To evaluate the role of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in the pathogenesis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, alpha-1-antitrypsin was measured in 90 patients with schistosomal splenomegaly and in 87 phenotyping was also done. All levels were in the normal range except for those of two patients who were shown to have the heterozygous deficiency state, PiMZ. The phenotypes found in the 87 were as would be expected in a normal population. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 308324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1572", "title": "Meckel's diverticulum. Investigation of 600 patients in Japanese literature.", "content": "A total of 600 cases, comprising 4 of our cases and 596 others in Japan, was analyzed, and the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum was made in only 34 of them. The rate of diagnosis was 5.7 per cent, which is very low. The most common complication of this disease was intestinal obstruction, the second most common was intussusception, the third was inflammation, and the fourth was rectal bleeding. Ectopic tissue, present in ninety-three patients, consisted of ectopic gastric mucosa in fifty-eight. 99mTc-P scanning was performed on fifteen patients. In twelve of them ectopic gastric mucosa was observed. However, it was not found in three, all of whom had false-positive scans.", "contents": "Meckel's diverticulum. Investigation of 600 patients in Japanese literature. A total of 600 cases, comprising 4 of our cases and 596 others in Japan, was analyzed, and the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum was made in only 34 of them. The rate of diagnosis was 5.7 per cent, which is very low. The most common complication of this disease was intestinal obstruction, the second most common was intussusception, the third was inflammation, and the fourth was rectal bleeding. Ectopic tissue, present in ninety-three patients, consisted of ectopic gastric mucosa in fifty-eight. 99mTc-P scanning was performed on fifteen patients. In twelve of them ectopic gastric mucosa was observed. However, it was not found in three, all of whom had false-positive scans.", "PMID": 308325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1573", "title": "Diagnosis and management of spontaneous aortoenteric fistulas.", "content": "Spontaneous aortoenteric fistulas are rare but appear to be increasing. They may occur anywhere from the esophagus to the rectum but most often between the duodenum and an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. Four patients (two with aortoesophageal, one with aortoduodenal, and one with aortocolic fistulas) are presented. The patient usually presents with the clinical triad of aortic aneurysm, pain suggesting aortic disruption, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The final exsanguinating hemorrhage is usually preceded by prodomal hemorrhages of varying severity which may be present for weeks to months. Endsocopy is the most helpful diagnostic procedure. Prompt aggressive surgical therapy is the only hope for survival. Successful reconstruction requires placement of the graft in uninfected tissue--often in an extraanatomic position--and interposition of healthy tissues between the graft and the repaired enteric tract.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of spontaneous aortoenteric fistulas. Spontaneous aortoenteric fistulas are rare but appear to be increasing. They may occur anywhere from the esophagus to the rectum but most often between the duodenum and an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. Four patients (two with aortoesophageal, one with aortoduodenal, and one with aortocolic fistulas) are presented. The patient usually presents with the clinical triad of aortic aneurysm, pain suggesting aortic disruption, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The final exsanguinating hemorrhage is usually preceded by prodomal hemorrhages of varying severity which may be present for weeks to months. Endsocopy is the most helpful diagnostic procedure. Prompt aggressive surgical therapy is the only hope for survival. Successful reconstruction requires placement of the graft in uninfected tissue--often in an extraanatomic position--and interposition of healthy tissues between the graft and the repaired enteric tract.", "PMID": 308326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1574", "title": "Co-activation of the M. transversus auris with eye movements (Wilson's oculo-auricular phenomenon) and with activity in other cranial nerves.", "content": "Extreme lateral gaze induces a perceptible backward movement of the upper part of the pinna (Wilson, 1908). In 29 subjects (15 normal controls and 14 patients with peripheral eye-muscle or facial paresis) electromyographic (EMG) investigation of the transverse auricular muscle with simultaneous electronystagmographic (ENG) recording of the various ocular movements was carried out. Tonic activity was detected in the transverse auricular muscle during extreme horizontal eye movements, but was detected in only a few subjects during convergent or vertical movement of the eyes, or in the primary position. Investigation of the other cranial nerves revealed that EMG activity of the transverse auricular muscle is also occasionally present during chewing, coughing, swallowing, straining, inspiration, and vestibular stimulation.", "contents": "Co-activation of the M. transversus auris with eye movements (Wilson's oculo-auricular phenomenon) and with activity in other cranial nerves. Extreme lateral gaze induces a perceptible backward movement of the upper part of the pinna (Wilson, 1908). In 29 subjects (15 normal controls and 14 patients with peripheral eye-muscle or facial paresis) electromyographic (EMG) investigation of the transverse auricular muscle with simultaneous electronystagmographic (ENG) recording of the various ocular movements was carried out. Tonic activity was detected in the transverse auricular muscle during extreme horizontal eye movements, but was detected in only a few subjects during convergent or vertical movement of the eyes, or in the primary position. Investigation of the other cranial nerves revealed that EMG activity of the transverse auricular muscle is also occasionally present during chewing, coughing, swallowing, straining, inspiration, and vestibular stimulation.", "PMID": 308327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1575", "title": "[The effect of the pupil as aperture and field stop on the various components of the human electroretinogram (author's transl)].", "content": "The electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded in 10 normal subjects under scotopic and photopic conditions with the pupil of one eye constricted and that of the other eye dilated. The human iris, being displaced from the nodal point of the eye, acts not only as an aperture, regulating the retinal illumination, but also as a field stop, limiting the visual angle, especially for large object fields, as in Ganzfeld illumination. This double effect of a constricted pupil clearly influences the Ganzfeld ERG, not only shifting the intensity response functions to higher luminances but also diminishing the maximal responses. Control experiments with smaller test fields, which are less affected by the pupillary field-stop properties, reveal no diminution of the scotopic b-wave amplitudes. Implicit time functions, being nearly independent of the number of receptors stimulated, can be matched by taking into account the pupillary diameter and calculating the actual retinal illumination (Troland). Amplitudes, being highly affected by a decrease of responding neurons due to the angle-limiting field-stop character of the pupil, cannot be matched with regard to the pupillary diameter. This effect is most noticeable in Ganzfeld illumination for the scotopic b-wave, generated mainly by neurons of the peripheral retina, and has less effect on the photopic responses that are generated more centrally.", "contents": "[The effect of the pupil as aperture and field stop on the various components of the human electroretinogram (author's transl)]. The electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded in 10 normal subjects under scotopic and photopic conditions with the pupil of one eye constricted and that of the other eye dilated. The human iris, being displaced from the nodal point of the eye, acts not only as an aperture, regulating the retinal illumination, but also as a field stop, limiting the visual angle, especially for large object fields, as in Ganzfeld illumination. This double effect of a constricted pupil clearly influences the Ganzfeld ERG, not only shifting the intensity response functions to higher luminances but also diminishing the maximal responses. Control experiments with smaller test fields, which are less affected by the pupillary field-stop properties, reveal no diminution of the scotopic b-wave amplitudes. Implicit time functions, being nearly independent of the number of receptors stimulated, can be matched by taking into account the pupillary diameter and calculating the actual retinal illumination (Troland). Amplitudes, being highly affected by a decrease of responding neurons due to the angle-limiting field-stop character of the pupil, cannot be matched with regard to the pupillary diameter. This effect is most noticeable in Ganzfeld illumination for the scotopic b-wave, generated mainly by neurons of the peripheral retina, and has less effect on the photopic responses that are generated more centrally.", "PMID": 308328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1576", "title": "Changes of the current pathways in the eye due to coating agents during electroretinography.", "content": "This study suggests a model by which we try to explain why coating agents habitually applied in electroretinography can change the amplitude of electroretinographic responses. The model is based on the results of experiments described in this paper. The accuracy of measurement in clinical and experimental electroretinography can be enhanced by applying this model.", "contents": "Changes of the current pathways in the eye due to coating agents during electroretinography. This study suggests a model by which we try to explain why coating agents habitually applied in electroretinography can change the amplitude of electroretinographic responses. The model is based on the results of experiments described in this paper. The accuracy of measurement in clinical and experimental electroretinography can be enhanced by applying this model.", "PMID": 308329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1577", "title": "The influence of coating agents on the electrode circuit in electroretinography.", "content": "In electroretinography, coating agents are usually applied to improve the contact between the contact-lens electrode and the eye. These agents influence electroretinographic responses. In this experimental study we show that the characteristic properties of the electrode circuit are not influenced by the coating agent. Thus we conclude that these coating agents influence the eye itself. The mechanism of this interaction may be physical, or may be an unknown pharmacologic drug side effect.", "contents": "The influence of coating agents on the electrode circuit in electroretinography. In electroretinography, coating agents are usually applied to improve the contact between the contact-lens electrode and the eye. These agents influence electroretinographic responses. In this experimental study we show that the characteristic properties of the electrode circuit are not influenced by the coating agent. Thus we conclude that these coating agents influence the eye itself. The mechanism of this interaction may be physical, or may be an unknown pharmacologic drug side effect.", "PMID": 308330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1578", "title": "[Wound healing in the feline retina following mechanical trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "The healing of superficial retinal scratches inflicted with a Sato knife was followed from days 1 to 135 in 20 domestic cats. Breakdown of retinal tissue continued for 18 weeks. Glial proliferation was extremely sparse and never observed before day 6. Microvilli and cell processes, derived mainly from M\u00fcller cells, were also seen in the wound. Regeneration of the internal limiting membrane was never observed. The choroid, pigment epithelium, retinal blood vessels, and vitreous played no part in the healing process.", "contents": "[Wound healing in the feline retina following mechanical trauma (author's transl)]. The healing of superficial retinal scratches inflicted with a Sato knife was followed from days 1 to 135 in 20 domestic cats. Breakdown of retinal tissue continued for 18 weeks. Glial proliferation was extremely sparse and never observed before day 6. Microvilli and cell processes, derived mainly from M\u00fcller cells, were also seen in the wound. Regeneration of the internal limiting membrane was never observed. The choroid, pigment epithelium, retinal blood vessels, and vitreous played no part in the healing process.", "PMID": 308331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1579", "title": "Experimental skeletal teratogenesis in the frog tadpole.", "content": "Severe deformities of the hind limb skeleton such as shortening, abnormal curvatures, terminal expansions, curled toes and joint dislocations were produced in frog tadpoles by the osteolathyrogenic principle. Gross-anatomical features of the deformed skeleton and of the respective nervous trunks were studied in specimens cleared according to WILLIAMS' technique. The findings support the previously suggested osteo-neural concept: Experimental skeletal deformities represent adaptations of the bone growth at the organ level to the inadequate extensive growth of the nervous trunks. The neural growth appears to be more severely affected by the teratogen than the bone growth proper.", "contents": "Experimental skeletal teratogenesis in the frog tadpole. Severe deformities of the hind limb skeleton such as shortening, abnormal curvatures, terminal expansions, curled toes and joint dislocations were produced in frog tadpoles by the osteolathyrogenic principle. Gross-anatomical features of the deformed skeleton and of the respective nervous trunks were studied in specimens cleared according to WILLIAMS' technique. The findings support the previously suggested osteo-neural concept: Experimental skeletal deformities represent adaptations of the bone growth at the organ level to the inadequate extensive growth of the nervous trunks. The neural growth appears to be more severely affected by the teratogen than the bone growth proper.", "PMID": 308332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1580", "title": "Thymic hormones and immunopeptides.", "content": "The role of the thymus and its hormones in immunity is discussed. The known characteristics of various thymic factors, their mode of action and possible clinical applications are also reviewed. A brief discussion of other immunopeptides which are liberated by lymphocytes is also included.", "contents": "Thymic hormones and immunopeptides. The role of the thymus and its hormones in immunity is discussed. The known characteristics of various thymic factors, their mode of action and possible clinical applications are also reviewed. A brief discussion of other immunopeptides which are liberated by lymphocytes is also included.", "PMID": 308333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1581", "title": "Aspirin- and coumadin-related bleeding after coronary- artery bypass graft surgery.", "content": "We studied 100 consecutive patients to evaluate the potential effect of platelet active and antithrombotic agents prescribed preoperatively on bleeding complications after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery. Preoperative hemostatic values were normal in all patients. Mean mediastinal blood loss was significantly greater in 13 patients taking aspirin (892 +/- 91 ml) and six patients taking Coumadin (warfarin sodium) (858 +/- 168 ml) within 7 days of surgery than in 64 control subjects (439 +/- 28, P less than 0.001). Less marked but similar differences (P less than 0.05) were noted with other agents inhibiting platelet function. However, in nine patients given heparin, mean mediastinal blood loss (436 +/- 61 ml) was no different from that of control subjects. The degree of mediastinal blood loss did not correlate with age, sex, mean total operative time, bypass time, or number of vessels diseased or bypassed. In addition, patients taking aspirin or Coumadin required prolonged chest tube drainage compared to those in heparin or control groups (34 +/- 4 versus 20 +/- 1 h) (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Aspirin- and coumadin-related bleeding after coronary- artery bypass graft surgery. We studied 100 consecutive patients to evaluate the potential effect of platelet active and antithrombotic agents prescribed preoperatively on bleeding complications after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery. Preoperative hemostatic values were normal in all patients. Mean mediastinal blood loss was significantly greater in 13 patients taking aspirin (892 +/- 91 ml) and six patients taking Coumadin (warfarin sodium) (858 +/- 168 ml) within 7 days of surgery than in 64 control subjects (439 +/- 28, P less than 0.001). Less marked but similar differences (P less than 0.05) were noted with other agents inhibiting platelet function. However, in nine patients given heparin, mean mediastinal blood loss (436 +/- 61 ml) was no different from that of control subjects. The degree of mediastinal blood loss did not correlate with age, sex, mean total operative time, bypass time, or number of vessels diseased or bypassed. In addition, patients taking aspirin or Coumadin required prolonged chest tube drainage compared to those in heparin or control groups (34 +/- 4 versus 20 +/- 1 h) (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 308334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1582", "title": "[7 cases of trisomy 2q34 leads to 2qter resulting from a familial t(2;8)(q34;23)].", "content": "Seven patients from two different families are trisomic 2q34 leads to 2qter due to segregation of a familial t(2;8)(q34;p23). The clinical features are characteristic: microcephaly, a narrow forehead with bossing and temporal retraction, hypertelorism, palpebral fissures slanted downwards, large irides, and a very concave margin of the lower eyelid. Mental retardation is severe with a mean IQ of 50.", "contents": "[7 cases of trisomy 2q34 leads to 2qter resulting from a familial t(2;8)(q34;23)]. Seven patients from two different families are trisomic 2q34 leads to 2qter due to segregation of a familial t(2;8)(q34;p23). The clinical features are characteristic: microcephaly, a narrow forehead with bossing and temporal retraction, hypertelorism, palpebral fissures slanted downwards, large irides, and a very concave margin of the lower eyelid. Mental retardation is severe with a mean IQ of 50.", "PMID": 308338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1583", "title": "[Gene dosage and chromosome enzymatic markers].", "content": "Data are tabulated on the number of nomenclature current abbreviations, the occurence of multiple gene loci and corresponding polypeptide chains, and chromosomal assignment of 114 enzymes. Gene dose effect measurement is dependent upon several properties of the enzyme which are also listed: tissue and subcellular distribution, subunit number, interloci hybrids, genetic polymorphism, qualitative and quantitative methods of detection. The possibilities and limits of the concept of a gene-dose relationship, for the detection of carriers of chromosomal aberrations, and also for chromosomal assignment are discussed.", "contents": "[Gene dosage and chromosome enzymatic markers]. Data are tabulated on the number of nomenclature current abbreviations, the occurence of multiple gene loci and corresponding polypeptide chains, and chromosomal assignment of 114 enzymes. Gene dose effect measurement is dependent upon several properties of the enzyme which are also listed: tissue and subcellular distribution, subunit number, interloci hybrids, genetic polymorphism, qualitative and quantitative methods of detection. The possibilities and limits of the concept of a gene-dose relationship, for the detection of carriers of chromosomal aberrations, and also for chromosomal assignment are discussed.", "PMID": 308339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1584", "title": "[Anomaly of the nuclear maturation in vitro of golden hamster oocytes].", "content": "Nuclear anomalies were observed during maturation in vitro of golden hamster oocytes, as follows: 1) In 33 p. cent of oocytes, the axis of the first meiotic division spindle was oriented incorrectly. This leads either to the formation of \"large\" polar bodies or to non-expulsion of the polar body if the spindle occupied a central instead of peripherical position. 2) Triploidy was observed in 0.3 p. cent of the oocytes which accomplished their maturation and fertilization in vitro. 3) Two rare anomalies--reconstitution of the nucleus after expulsion of the first polar body and formation of two second division spindles--appeared to be due to degenerescence of the oocytes in culture.", "contents": "[Anomaly of the nuclear maturation in vitro of golden hamster oocytes]. Nuclear anomalies were observed during maturation in vitro of golden hamster oocytes, as follows: 1) In 33 p. cent of oocytes, the axis of the first meiotic division spindle was oriented incorrectly. This leads either to the formation of \"large\" polar bodies or to non-expulsion of the polar body if the spindle occupied a central instead of peripherical position. 2) Triploidy was observed in 0.3 p. cent of the oocytes which accomplished their maturation and fertilization in vitro. 3) Two rare anomalies--reconstitution of the nucleus after expulsion of the first polar body and formation of two second division spindles--appeared to be due to degenerescence of the oocytes in culture.", "PMID": 308340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1585", "title": "Regulation of immune response by anti-receptor antibody.", "content": "A new function of antibodies in the regulation of immune responses is proposed. Antibodies have specific variable sequence determinants which are detected by anti-idiotypic antisera. Anti-idiotypic antibodies can suppress the production of the complementary idiotypic  antibody and are, therefore, specific anti-receptor antibodies. Experiments in inbred mice have shown that mutual and reciprocal functional interactions of idiotype and anti-idiotype can occur. These findings give evidence for regulatory mechanisms in the expressions of immune clones by complementary idiotypes.", "contents": "Regulation of immune response by anti-receptor antibody. A new function of antibodies in the regulation of immune responses is proposed. Antibodies have specific variable sequence determinants which are detected by anti-idiotypic antisera. Anti-idiotypic antibodies can suppress the production of the complementary idiotypic  antibody and are, therefore, specific anti-receptor antibodies. Experiments in inbred mice have shown that mutual and reciprocal functional interactions of idiotype and anti-idiotype can occur. These findings give evidence for regulatory mechanisms in the expressions of immune clones by complementary idiotypes.", "PMID": 308337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1586", "title": "[Assignment of alpha-Fuc to1p in man and the chimpanzee and to chromosome 4 in the African green monkey].", "content": "Analysis of cellular hybrids confirms the assignment of alpha-L-fucosidase (alpha-FUC) to 1p in man. Discordant results are in favour of the following gene order: 1pter (ENO-1, alpha-FUC,AK2) PGM1 centromere Pep-C but give no information on the relative positions of ENO-1,alpha-FUC, and AK2. The assignments of alpha-FUC to chromosome 1 in the chimpanzee and to chromosome 4 in the African green monkey are demonstrated (chromosome nomenclature by Finaz et al, 1976). These results confirm the homology of chromosome 4 of the African green monkey and 1p of man and the chimpanzee.", "contents": "[Assignment of alpha-Fuc to1p in man and the chimpanzee and to chromosome 4 in the African green monkey]. Analysis of cellular hybrids confirms the assignment of alpha-L-fucosidase (alpha-FUC) to 1p in man. Discordant results are in favour of the following gene order: 1pter (ENO-1, alpha-FUC,AK2) PGM1 centromere Pep-C but give no information on the relative positions of ENO-1,alpha-FUC, and AK2. The assignments of alpha-FUC to chromosome 1 in the chimpanzee and to chromosome 4 in the African green monkey are demonstrated (chromosome nomenclature by Finaz et al, 1976). These results confirm the homology of chromosome 4 of the African green monkey and 1p of man and the chimpanzee.", "PMID": 308341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1587", "title": "Another case of 9P-syndrome.", "content": "This paper discusses the value of an International Repository of Chromosomal Abnormalities and Variants as a means of communication and case finding. A further case of 9p- is described. The clinical and cytogenetic findings confirm the existence of a clinical entity which in many respects is the opposite of the 9p trisomy syndrome.", "contents": "Another case of 9P-syndrome. This paper discusses the value of an International Repository of Chromosomal Abnormalities and Variants as a means of communication and case finding. A further case of 9p- is described. The clinical and cytogenetic findings confirm the existence of a clinical entity which in many respects is the opposite of the 9p trisomy syndrome.", "PMID": 308342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1588", "title": "A theory explaining the abnormality in 45,X/46,XY mosaicism with non-fluorescent Y chromosome. presentation of three cases.", "content": "Three patients with male habitus, short stature and testicular differentiation are described. All had mos 45,X/46,XY, the ratio of the two stemlines varying between the patients and between different tissues. The Y chromosome was abnormal, lacking the brilliant QFQ fluorescence and dark CGB staining characteristic of the distal part of the normal Y. Detailed banding studies suggested that the short arm and proximal part of the long arm were normal, while the distal part of the long arm was molecularly or otherwise altered, resulting in abnormal staining properties. Two of the patients were tested for H-Y antigen and found to be positive. These data and those collected from the literature are compatible with a model in which the primary lesion in X/XY mosaicism is a molecular alteration in the reiterated Y-specific DNA sequences (and possibly neighbouring sequences) of a 46,XY zygote resulting in the frequent mitotic loss of the Y and the emergence of a 45,X line. Provided the testis-determining gene(s) near the centromere are normal, testes are formed and the patient is H-Y antigen-positive. The extent of male or female differentiation depends in part on the prevalence, time of occurence, and distribution of the 45,X line and possibly in part on the alteration of other genes involved in sex differentiation and located on Yq further from the centromere.", "contents": "A theory explaining the abnormality in 45,X/46,XY mosaicism with non-fluorescent Y chromosome. presentation of three cases. Three patients with male habitus, short stature and testicular differentiation are described. All had mos 45,X/46,XY, the ratio of the two stemlines varying between the patients and between different tissues. The Y chromosome was abnormal, lacking the brilliant QFQ fluorescence and dark CGB staining characteristic of the distal part of the normal Y. Detailed banding studies suggested that the short arm and proximal part of the long arm were normal, while the distal part of the long arm was molecularly or otherwise altered, resulting in abnormal staining properties. Two of the patients were tested for H-Y antigen and found to be positive. These data and those collected from the literature are compatible with a model in which the primary lesion in X/XY mosaicism is a molecular alteration in the reiterated Y-specific DNA sequences (and possibly neighbouring sequences) of a 46,XY zygote resulting in the frequent mitotic loss of the Y and the emergence of a 45,X line. Provided the testis-determining gene(s) near the centromere are normal, testes are formed and the patient is H-Y antigen-positive. The extent of male or female differentiation depends in part on the prevalence, time of occurence, and distribution of the 45,X line and possibly in part on the alteration of other genes involved in sex differentiation and located on Yq further from the centromere.", "PMID": 308343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1589", "title": "A case of partial 9p monosomy with some unusual clinical features.", "content": "A patient is described with a karyotype 46,XX,del(9)(qter leads to p22:) and having the main clinical characteristics of pure monosomy for part of the short arm of chromosome No 9, among which craniosynostosis and trigonocephaly. She has also a few atypical features: a clearly advanced osseous maturation, marked congenital vertebral anomalies and unusual dermatoglyphics.", "contents": "A case of partial 9p monosomy with some unusual clinical features. A patient is described with a karyotype 46,XX,del(9)(qter leads to p22:) and having the main clinical characteristics of pure monosomy for part of the short arm of chromosome No 9, among which craniosynostosis and trigonocephaly. She has also a few atypical features: a clearly advanced osseous maturation, marked congenital vertebral anomalies and unusual dermatoglyphics.", "PMID": 308344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1590", "title": "A 45,XX,-5,-14,+t(5q;14q)mat cri du chat child.", "content": "A two-year-old girl has the following features of the cri du chat syndrome: microcephaly, hypertelorism, downward slanting of the palpebral fissures, psychomotor retardation and a cat-like cry. She is only of five patients having the cat cry syndrome with 45 chromosomes. Her karyotype is 45,XX, -5, -14, +t(5; 14)(5qter leads to 5p11: : 14q11 leads to 14qter) with the translocation inherited from her mother and maternal grandmother, each of whom is the carrier of a balanced translocation 46,XX,t(5;14)(p11q11). Normal plasma activity for hexosaminidase B suggests the locus for this enzyme is not located in the delected segment of 5 p.", "contents": "A 45,XX,-5,-14,+t(5q;14q)mat cri du chat child. A two-year-old girl has the following features of the cri du chat syndrome: microcephaly, hypertelorism, downward slanting of the palpebral fissures, psychomotor retardation and a cat-like cry. She is only of five patients having the cat cry syndrome with 45 chromosomes. Her karyotype is 45,XX, -5, -14, +t(5; 14)(5qter leads to 5p11: : 14q11 leads to 14qter) with the translocation inherited from her mother and maternal grandmother, each of whom is the carrier of a balanced translocation 46,XX,t(5;14)(p11q11). Normal plasma activity for hexosaminidase B suggests the locus for this enzyme is not located in the delected segment of 5 p.", "PMID": 308345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1591", "title": "Partial trisomy 18(q11 leads to qter) in an infant and aborted fetus resulting from a balanced paternal translocation t(13;18)(q32:q11).", "content": "Partial trisomy 18 is described in a two month old female with severe mental, motor and growth retardation, associated with multiple congenital anomalies characteristic of complete trisomy 18. Trisomy for almost all of 18q resulted from adjacent I segregation of a paternally inherited translocation t(13; 18)(q32:q11). The balanced translocation was observed in three generations of the family. Partial trisomy 18q identical to that observed in the proband was found in a subsequent miscarriage.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 18(q11 leads to qter) in an infant and aborted fetus resulting from a balanced paternal translocation t(13;18)(q32:q11). Partial trisomy 18 is described in a two month old female with severe mental, motor and growth retardation, associated with multiple congenital anomalies characteristic of complete trisomy 18. Trisomy for almost all of 18q resulted from adjacent I segregation of a paternally inherited translocation t(13; 18)(q32:q11). The balanced translocation was observed in three generations of the family. Partial trisomy 18q identical to that observed in the proband was found in a subsequent miscarriage.", "PMID": 308346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1592", "title": "Transferable chloramphenicol and ampicillin resistance in a strain of Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "A strain of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from sputum has been shown to be resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and tetracycline. All three resistances were transferred together to recipients when the selecting antibiotic was ampicillin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline.", "contents": "Transferable chloramphenicol and ampicillin resistance in a strain of Haemophilus influenzae. A strain of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from sputum has been shown to be resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and tetracycline. All three resistances were transferred together to recipients when the selecting antibiotic was ampicillin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline.", "PMID": 308347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1593", "title": "Treatment of alopecia areata with dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "Persistent refractory alopecia areata in 26 patients was treated topically with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Sixteen patients have had excellent regrowth of hair; three patients could either not be initially sensitized or an adequate allergic contact dermatitis on the scalp did not develop. Two patients discontinued therapy within two months; hair growth did not develop in five patients despite an adequate trial. Augmentation of the T-lymphocyte pool via DNCB sensitization and challenge may become effective therapy for some patients with severe alopecia areata.", "contents": "Treatment of alopecia areata with dinitrochlorobenzene. Persistent refractory alopecia areata in 26 patients was treated topically with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Sixteen patients have had excellent regrowth of hair; three patients could either not be initially sensitized or an adequate allergic contact dermatitis on the scalp did not develop. Two patients discontinued therapy within two months; hair growth did not develop in five patients despite an adequate trial. Augmentation of the T-lymphocyte pool via DNCB sensitization and challenge may become effective therapy for some patients with severe alopecia areata.", "PMID": 308348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1594", "title": "Infant with abnormal pigmentation, malformations, and immune deficiency.", "content": "An infant had swirling hyperpigmentation, streaks of hypopigmentation, abnormal T-cell function, cleft palate, patent ductus arteriosus, and arrhinencephaly. This pattern of abnormalities is distinct from other disorders with abnormal pigmentation and malformations; such as incontinentia pigmenti, incontinentia pigmenti achromians, and the epidermal nevus syndrome.", "contents": "Infant with abnormal pigmentation, malformations, and immune deficiency. An infant had swirling hyperpigmentation, streaks of hypopigmentation, abnormal T-cell function, cleft palate, patent ductus arteriosus, and arrhinencephaly. This pattern of abnormalities is distinct from other disorders with abnormal pigmentation and malformations; such as incontinentia pigmenti, incontinentia pigmenti achromians, and the epidermal nevus syndrome.", "PMID": 308349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1595", "title": "[The special relations of malignant skin lymphomas to the epidermis and to the epidermal appendages (author's transl)].", "content": "Epitheliotropia of malignant skin lymphomas is an unexplained phenomenon which equally affects epidermis and ectodermal appendages. This phenomenon is found especially in tumours of probable T-cell origin. However it can also be observed in B-cell lymphomas (immunocytomas) and is therefore not an exact criterium for the biological origin of a lymphoma. In the case of germinal center tumors we could not find evidence of epitheliotropia. An active invasion of neoplastic cellular infiltrate into the epithelium must be differentiated from the phenomenons caused by passive pressure, resulting from the expansion of the tumor. However, one has to remember that epitheliotropic malignant lymphomas invade the epidermis in all stages of development. It is shown, that Pautrier microabscesses are only a special non specific aspect of epidermotropia.", "contents": "[The special relations of malignant skin lymphomas to the epidermis and to the epidermal appendages (author's transl)]. Epitheliotropia of malignant skin lymphomas is an unexplained phenomenon which equally affects epidermis and ectodermal appendages. This phenomenon is found especially in tumours of probable T-cell origin. However it can also be observed in B-cell lymphomas (immunocytomas) and is therefore not an exact criterium for the biological origin of a lymphoma. In the case of germinal center tumors we could not find evidence of epitheliotropia. An active invasion of neoplastic cellular infiltrate into the epithelium must be differentiated from the phenomenons caused by passive pressure, resulting from the expansion of the tumor. However, one has to remember that epitheliotropic malignant lymphomas invade the epidermis in all stages of development. It is shown, that Pautrier microabscesses are only a special non specific aspect of epidermotropia.", "PMID": 308351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1596", "title": "T-cell function in atopic dermatitis. Controlled examination of concanavalin A dose-response relations in cultured lymphocytes.", "content": "The Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation response of peripheral lymphocytes in vitro was found to be decreased statistically significant (alpha = 0.005) in patients with light atopic dermatitis, Strictly matched pairs were examined. Using ten graded concentrations of Con A, dose-response relations of the pairs were demonstrated, differences were more evident at lower suboptimal concentrations. Background DNA-synthesis of the patients was elevated.", "contents": "T-cell function in atopic dermatitis. Controlled examination of concanavalin A dose-response relations in cultured lymphocytes. The Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation response of peripheral lymphocytes in vitro was found to be decreased statistically significant (alpha = 0.005) in patients with light atopic dermatitis, Strictly matched pairs were examined. Using ten graded concentrations of Con A, dose-response relations of the pairs were demonstrated, differences were more evident at lower suboptimal concentrations. Background DNA-synthesis of the patients was elevated.", "PMID": 308352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1597", "title": "Combination of theophylline and prostaglandin E1 as inhibitors of the adjuvant-induced arthritis syndrome of rats.", "content": "The effects of daily subcutaneous administration of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), theophylline, and of both drugs together were studied on the Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory and arthritic syndrome in rats. In the doses used, neither drug affected the acute inflammatory response in the adjuvant-treated paw, but together they caused marked inhibition. Chronic inflammation in the contralateral (nontreated) hind paws was slightly inhibited by each drug and combined treatment resulted in marked inhibition. The drugs also counteracted splenomegaly in adjuvant-diseased rats and their effects on spleen weight paralleled the inhibition of chronic inflammation. Arthritic lesions, as judged by x-rays of tibiotarsal joint destruction in the nontreated paws, were partially prevented by PGE1 alone, but not by theophylline. The combined treatment entirely prevented these joint lesions. PGE1 did not cause an increase in adrenal weight, but enhanced the effect of theophylline on adrenal weight. Only PGE1 improved gait in arthritic rats, simultaneous theophylline treatement having little additional effect. Other workers have found the PGE1 increases intracellular cAMP and that this effect is enhanced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline. We propose that the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of combined drug treatment involve cAMP changes in phagocytic cells at the site of tissue injury and in systemic lymphocytes.", "contents": "Combination of theophylline and prostaglandin E1 as inhibitors of the adjuvant-induced arthritis syndrome of rats. The effects of daily subcutaneous administration of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), theophylline, and of both drugs together were studied on the Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory and arthritic syndrome in rats. In the doses used, neither drug affected the acute inflammatory response in the adjuvant-treated paw, but together they caused marked inhibition. Chronic inflammation in the contralateral (nontreated) hind paws was slightly inhibited by each drug and combined treatment resulted in marked inhibition. The drugs also counteracted splenomegaly in adjuvant-diseased rats and their effects on spleen weight paralleled the inhibition of chronic inflammation. Arthritic lesions, as judged by x-rays of tibiotarsal joint destruction in the nontreated paws, were partially prevented by PGE1 alone, but not by theophylline. The combined treatment entirely prevented these joint lesions. PGE1 did not cause an increase in adrenal weight, but enhanced the effect of theophylline on adrenal weight. Only PGE1 improved gait in arthritic rats, simultaneous theophylline treatement having little additional effect. Other workers have found the PGE1 increases intracellular cAMP and that this effect is enhanced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline. We propose that the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of combined drug treatment involve cAMP changes in phagocytic cells at the site of tissue injury and in systemic lymphocytes.", "PMID": 308353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1598", "title": "Clinical significance of antibodies to soluble extractable nuclear antigens (anti-ENA).", "content": "Clinical and biological manifestations have been studied in 134 patients whose serum had antibodies to soluble extractable nuclear antigens (ENA). 85 of the patients had anti-RNP antibodies, 18 had anti-Sm antibodies, and 31 had antibodies to one or more soluble nuclear antigen. In all groups, the predominant clinical manifestations were polyarthritis, Raynaud's phenomenon, fever, and skin involvement. Renal disease was less common in those patients with anti-RNP antibodies than in the other patients. Most patients with definite renal disease (13 out of 15) also had circulating anti-DNA antibodies. The final diagnoses in these 134 patients were well defined connective tissue disease in 59; overlap syndromes in 34; a limited clinical syndrome made up of polyarthritis Raynaud's phenomenon--often with swollen fingers--and/or hypergammaglobulin-aemia in 31, and various other clinical conditions in 10.", "contents": "Clinical significance of antibodies to soluble extractable nuclear antigens (anti-ENA). Clinical and biological manifestations have been studied in 134 patients whose serum had antibodies to soluble extractable nuclear antigens (ENA). 85 of the patients had anti-RNP antibodies, 18 had anti-Sm antibodies, and 31 had antibodies to one or more soluble nuclear antigen. In all groups, the predominant clinical manifestations were polyarthritis, Raynaud's phenomenon, fever, and skin involvement. Renal disease was less common in those patients with anti-RNP antibodies than in the other patients. Most patients with definite renal disease (13 out of 15) also had circulating anti-DNA antibodies. The final diagnoses in these 134 patients were well defined connective tissue disease in 59; overlap syndromes in 34; a limited clinical syndrome made up of polyarthritis Raynaud's phenomenon--often with swollen fingers--and/or hypergammaglobulin-aemia in 31, and various other clinical conditions in 10.", "PMID": 308354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1599", "title": "The visual analogue scale in the assessment of grip strength.", "content": "The accuracy of information derived from a visual analogue scale has been assessed by comparing the measured grip strength of 100 subjects against their estimate of grip strength scored on a visual analogue scale. There was relatively poor correlation between the measured and assessed values, suggesting that similar inaccuracies may occur when the scales are used to assess subjective phenomena.", "contents": "The visual analogue scale in the assessment of grip strength. The accuracy of information derived from a visual analogue scale has been assessed by comparing the measured grip strength of 100 subjects against their estimate of grip strength scored on a visual analogue scale. There was relatively poor correlation between the measured and assessed values, suggesting that similar inaccuracies may occur when the scales are used to assess subjective phenomena.", "PMID": 308355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1600", "title": "Teaching rheumatology to nurses.", "content": "Seven different types of lecturing technique were assessed in 14 groups of nurses at 2 hospitals. Two lectures in rheumatology were given to each group and a multiple choice questionnaire answered by the nurses immediately after the lecture and 3 months later. A significant amount of knowledge was imparted by the lecturer. About a third of the knowledge, however, was lost within a minute of the end of the lecture, and a half to two-thirds within 3 months. There was no correlation between scores and the row on which the students sat. There was no significant difference between the scores of overseas students and those of British nurses. At immediate recall the techniques differed little. The techniques which scored best were giving the questionnaire before the lectures, giving handouts and using the blackboard. At delayed recall 100% differences in marks were seen between the worst and best techniques in the second lecture. The same techniques which scored best at immediate recall did so on delayed recall. The lowest score occurred where note taking was forbidden. Some questions scored significantly better with note taking. When note taking was forbidden, it made no difference if the student was an habitual notetaker or not. Nor did it make any difference if she was frustrated by the ban. There was no correlation between entry qualifications and the scores obtained. Nurses at a non-teaching hospital did just as well as those at a teaching hospital. It should be emphasised that teaching endeavours to influence 3 aspects-knowledge, skills and attitudes. This series of experiments largely tests the first, but does suggest that a technique which scores highly on information recall may be less helpful in forming constructive attitudes to the patient.", "contents": "Teaching rheumatology to nurses. Seven different types of lecturing technique were assessed in 14 groups of nurses at 2 hospitals. Two lectures in rheumatology were given to each group and a multiple choice questionnaire answered by the nurses immediately after the lecture and 3 months later. A significant amount of knowledge was imparted by the lecturer. About a third of the knowledge, however, was lost within a minute of the end of the lecture, and a half to two-thirds within 3 months. There was no correlation between scores and the row on which the students sat. There was no significant difference between the scores of overseas students and those of British nurses. At immediate recall the techniques differed little. The techniques which scored best were giving the questionnaire before the lectures, giving handouts and using the blackboard. At delayed recall 100% differences in marks were seen between the worst and best techniques in the second lecture. The same techniques which scored best at immediate recall did so on delayed recall. The lowest score occurred where note taking was forbidden. Some questions scored significantly better with note taking. When note taking was forbidden, it made no difference if the student was an habitual notetaker or not. Nor did it make any difference if she was frustrated by the ban. There was no correlation between entry qualifications and the scores obtained. Nurses at a non-teaching hospital did just as well as those at a teaching hospital. It should be emphasised that teaching endeavours to influence 3 aspects-knowledge, skills and attitudes. This series of experiments largely tests the first, but does suggest that a technique which scores highly on information recall may be less helpful in forming constructive attitudes to the patient.", "PMID": 308356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1601", "title": "A randomized, controlled trial of the distal splenorenal shunt.", "content": "In 1971 a prospective, randomized trial was initiated to determine efficacy of the distal splenorenal shunt in the management of cirrhotic patients who had previously bled from esophageal varices. When entry into the trial was terminated in 1976, 26 patients had received the distal splenorenal shunt (selective) and 29 had undergone a nonselective shunting procedure (18 interposition mesorenal, six interposition mesocaval, and five other nonselective shunts). Three operative deaths occurred in each group. Early postoperative angiography revealed preservation of hepatic portal perfusion in 14 of 16 selective patients (88%), but in only one of 20 nonselective patients (5%; p < .001). Quantitative measures of hepatic function (maximal rate of urea synthesis or MRUS and Child's score) were similar to preoperative values in the selective group but were significantly decreased in nonselective patients on the first postoperative evaluation (p < .001 for MRUS; p < .05 for Child's score). Eighty-seven per cent of selective and 81% of nonselective patients have now been followed for three to six years since surgery. Late postoperative evaluation of 29 survivors (12 selective, 17 nonselective) still shows an advantage to the selective group with respect to MRUS, Child's score, and incidence of hepatopetal portal blood flow, but differences are no longer statistically significant. However, if the seven patients with portal flow (five selective; two nonselective) are compared to the 20 with absent portal flow (seven selective; 13 nonselective), the former group has significantly higher values for MRUS (p < .05) and Child's score (p < .025). No patient with continuing portal perfusion has developed encephalopathy as compared to a 45% incidence of this complication in individuals without portal flow (p < .05). No significant differences between selective and nonselective groups have appeared with respect to total cumulative mortality (ten selective; 38%; eight nonselective, 28%), shunt occlusion (two selective, 10%; five nonselective, 18%), or recurrent variceal hemorrhage (one selective, 4%; two nonselective, 8%). Overall, significantly fewer selective patients have developed postoperative encephalopathy (three selective, 12%; 15 nonselective, 52%; p < .001). Therefore, we conclude that the distal splenorenal shunt, especially when its objective of maintaining hepatic portal perfusion is achieved, results in significantly less morbidity than nonselective shunting procedures.", "contents": "A randomized, controlled trial of the distal splenorenal shunt. In 1971 a prospective, randomized trial was initiated to determine efficacy of the distal splenorenal shunt in the management of cirrhotic patients who had previously bled from esophageal varices. When entry into the trial was terminated in 1976, 26 patients had received the distal splenorenal shunt (selective) and 29 had undergone a nonselective shunting procedure (18 interposition mesorenal, six interposition mesocaval, and five other nonselective shunts). Three operative deaths occurred in each group. Early postoperative angiography revealed preservation of hepatic portal perfusion in 14 of 16 selective patients (88%), but in only one of 20 nonselective patients (5%; p < .001). Quantitative measures of hepatic function (maximal rate of urea synthesis or MRUS and Child's score) were similar to preoperative values in the selective group but were significantly decreased in nonselective patients on the first postoperative evaluation (p < .001 for MRUS; p < .05 for Child's score). Eighty-seven per cent of selective and 81% of nonselective patients have now been followed for three to six years since surgery. Late postoperative evaluation of 29 survivors (12 selective, 17 nonselective) still shows an advantage to the selective group with respect to MRUS, Child's score, and incidence of hepatopetal portal blood flow, but differences are no longer statistically significant. However, if the seven patients with portal flow (five selective; two nonselective) are compared to the 20 with absent portal flow (seven selective; 13 nonselective), the former group has significantly higher values for MRUS (p < .05) and Child's score (p < .025). No patient with continuing portal perfusion has developed encephalopathy as compared to a 45% incidence of this complication in individuals without portal flow (p < .05). No significant differences between selective and nonselective groups have appeared with respect to total cumulative mortality (ten selective; 38%; eight nonselective, 28%), shunt occlusion (two selective, 10%; five nonselective, 18%), or recurrent variceal hemorrhage (one selective, 4%; two nonselective, 8%). Overall, significantly fewer selective patients have developed postoperative encephalopathy (three selective, 12%; 15 nonselective, 52%; p < .001). Therefore, we conclude that the distal splenorenal shunt, especially when its objective of maintaining hepatic portal perfusion is achieved, results in significantly less morbidity than nonselective shunting procedures.", "PMID": 308357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1602", "title": "Cerebrovascular response to intracarotid infusion of 5-hydroxytryptophan and L-DOPA  in cats.", "content": "Intracarotid administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (10 mg/kg) results in a slight vasoconstriction of cerebral vessels. L-DOPA (20 mg/kg) administered by the same route enhances cerebral blood flow. The effect on cerebral blood flow of L-DOPA (20 mg/kg) following intracarotid 5-hydroxytryptophan (10 mg/kg) administration shows a potentiation of cerebral blood flow response in non-pretreated as well as in nialamide- and reserpine-pretreated cats.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular response to intracarotid infusion of 5-hydroxytryptophan and L-DOPA  in cats. Intracarotid administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (10 mg/kg) results in a slight vasoconstriction of cerebral vessels. L-DOPA (20 mg/kg) administered by the same route enhances cerebral blood flow. The effect on cerebral blood flow of L-DOPA (20 mg/kg) following intracarotid 5-hydroxytryptophan (10 mg/kg) administration shows a potentiation of cerebral blood flow response in non-pretreated as well as in nialamide- and reserpine-pretreated cats.", "PMID": 308358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1603", "title": "[The deficiency of 17-hydroxylase: a cause of growth and puberty retardation in the girl. One case].", "content": "A case of 17-hydroxylase deficiency in a 14 years old girl is reported. She presented with the unique association of hypertension, hypokaliemia, delayed puberty and growth failure. It is suggested that the reduced statural growth starting between 7 and 10 years of age and accompanied by a markedly reduced bone maturation was, at least in part, the consequence of the absence of adrenarche. The secretion rate of cortisol was very low while an increased production of D.O.C. and corticosterone was demonstrated by the elevated levels of their urinary tetrahydroderivatives. A good feminisation and a growth spurt were observed under ethinyl oestradiol substitutive therapy. A progressive normalization of the kaliemia and the blood pressure was obtained with hydrocortisone treatment but long term hydrocortisone therapy appears less satisfactory with easy clinical manifestations of overdosage on the one hand and incomplete maintenance of normal blood pressure of the other hand.", "contents": "[The deficiency of 17-hydroxylase: a cause of growth and puberty retardation in the girl. One case]. A case of 17-hydroxylase deficiency in a 14 years old girl is reported. She presented with the unique association of hypertension, hypokaliemia, delayed puberty and growth failure. It is suggested that the reduced statural growth starting between 7 and 10 years of age and accompanied by a markedly reduced bone maturation was, at least in part, the consequence of the absence of adrenarche. The secretion rate of cortisol was very low while an increased production of D.O.C. and corticosterone was demonstrated by the elevated levels of their urinary tetrahydroderivatives. A good feminisation and a growth spurt were observed under ethinyl oestradiol substitutive therapy. A progressive normalization of the kaliemia and the blood pressure was obtained with hydrocortisone treatment but long term hydrocortisone therapy appears less satisfactory with easy clinical manifestations of overdosage on the one hand and incomplete maintenance of normal blood pressure of the other hand.", "PMID": 308359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1604", "title": "[Parinaud's syndrome indicating imbalanced hydrocephalus in patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunts].", "content": "The cases of two patients with hypertensive hydrocephalus and Parinaud syndrome are reported. In both cases the ventriculographic studies showed a cystic expansion of the suprapineal recess. The upward gaze palsy was related with the expansion of the suprapineal recess. The radiological study of the posterior portion of the third ventricle in these cases is recommended. The use of inadequate devices in these situations may cause the worsing of the patient.", "contents": "[Parinaud's syndrome indicating imbalanced hydrocephalus in patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunts]. The cases of two patients with hypertensive hydrocephalus and Parinaud syndrome are reported. In both cases the ventriculographic studies showed a cystic expansion of the suprapineal recess. The upward gaze palsy was related with the expansion of the suprapineal recess. The radiological study of the posterior portion of the third ventricle in these cases is recommended. The use of inadequate devices in these situations may cause the worsing of the patient.", "PMID": 308364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1605", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis.", "content": "Cellitis that is caused by Haemophilus influenzae demonstrates a unique predilection for the faces of young children. Although previously considered a rare entity, it is currently being recognized more frequently. Despite the importance of early recognition and treatment in preventing potentially fatal complications, it has been noticeably neglected in the otolaryngologic literature. We report a case and discuss the diagnosis and management of H influenzae cellulitis.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis. Cellitis that is caused by Haemophilus influenzae demonstrates a unique predilection for the faces of young children. Although previously considered a rare entity, it is currently being recognized more frequently. Despite the importance of early recognition and treatment in preventing potentially fatal complications, it has been noticeably neglected in the otolaryngologic literature. We report a case and discuss the diagnosis and management of H influenzae cellulitis.", "PMID": 308365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1606", "title": "T lymphocytes in the effusions of secretory otitis media.", "content": "Smears were made from 39 middle ear effusions in 29 children with secretory otitis media (SOM) and stained with acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) to demonstrate T lymphocytes. The effusions showed on the average 21% of the lymphocytes to be ANAE positive, while simultaneously drawn peripheral blood revealed the proportion of ANAE positive cells to be 53% (P less than 0.001, the Student's t-test). Our finding suggests that T cell dependent defence mechanisms may be locally disturbed in SOM.", "contents": "T lymphocytes in the effusions of secretory otitis media. Smears were made from 39 middle ear effusions in 29 children with secretory otitis media (SOM) and stained with acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) to demonstrate T lymphocytes. The effusions showed on the average 21% of the lymphocytes to be ANAE positive, while simultaneously drawn peripheral blood revealed the proportion of ANAE positive cells to be 53% (P less than 0.001, the Student's t-test). Our finding suggests that T cell dependent defence mechanisms may be locally disturbed in SOM.", "PMID": 308366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1607", "title": "Chemical composition in various compartments of inner ear fluid.", "content": "Sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose and total protein were determined in samples of scala vestibuli perilymph, scala tympani perilymph, CSF, cochlear endolymph and utricular endolymph from normal cats. Small but significant differences were evident in the concentrations of sodium and potassium between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani perilymph. It was also apparent that each compartment of endolymph has different values for sodium and potassium concentrations. Compared with the endolymph, the perilymph was found to contain a higher concentration of glucose and total protein. These findings are discussed from the view point of biological significance.", "contents": "Chemical composition in various compartments of inner ear fluid. Sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose and total protein were determined in samples of scala vestibuli perilymph, scala tympani perilymph, CSF, cochlear endolymph and utricular endolymph from normal cats. Small but significant differences were evident in the concentrations of sodium and potassium between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani perilymph. It was also apparent that each compartment of endolymph has different values for sodium and potassium concentrations. Compared with the endolymph, the perilymph was found to contain a higher concentration of glucose and total protein. These findings are discussed from the view point of biological significance.", "PMID": 308367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1608", "title": "Structural studies of wheat monomeric and dimeric protein inhibitors of alpha-amylase.", "content": "Two wheat monomeric protein inhibitors of alpha-amylase with mol.wt. 12000, designated inhibitors 0.28 and 0.39 according to their gel-electrophoretic mobilities, showed almost identical circular-dichroism spectra in both the far and near u.v. at different pH values as well as in the presence or absence of dissociating and reducing agents. Both inhibitors (0.28 and 0.39) were readily inactivated by reduction of the five disulphide bridges present in each inhibitor molecule. These properties are very similar to those exhibited by the wheat dimeric protein inhibitor of alpha-amylase with mol.wt. 24000, designated inhibitor 0.19 according to its gel-electrophoretic mobility. The N-terminal sequence of the 0.19 inhibitor was determined without separating its subunits and compared with that of the 0.28 inhibitor reported by Redman [(1976) Biochem. J. 155, 193--195]. Petide 'maps' from tryptic digests of reduced and carboxymethylated inhibitors 0.19 and 0.28 were compared. One molecule of reducing sugar is covalently bound per inhibitor-0.19 protomer and inhibitor-0.28 molecule. The results obtained strongly support previous findings indicating the structural equivalence of inhibitor 0.28 with each inhibitor-0.19 protomer and the common phylogenetic origin of these protein alpha-amylase inhibitors from wheat kernel.", "contents": "Structural studies of wheat monomeric and dimeric protein inhibitors of alpha-amylase. Two wheat monomeric protein inhibitors of alpha-amylase with mol.wt. 12000, designated inhibitors 0.28 and 0.39 according to their gel-electrophoretic mobilities, showed almost identical circular-dichroism spectra in both the far and near u.v. at different pH values as well as in the presence or absence of dissociating and reducing agents. Both inhibitors (0.28 and 0.39) were readily inactivated by reduction of the five disulphide bridges present in each inhibitor molecule. These properties are very similar to those exhibited by the wheat dimeric protein inhibitor of alpha-amylase with mol.wt. 24000, designated inhibitor 0.19 according to its gel-electrophoretic mobility. The N-terminal sequence of the 0.19 inhibitor was determined without separating its subunits and compared with that of the 0.28 inhibitor reported by Redman [(1976) Biochem. J. 155, 193--195]. Petide 'maps' from tryptic digests of reduced and carboxymethylated inhibitors 0.19 and 0.28 were compared. One molecule of reducing sugar is covalently bound per inhibitor-0.19 protomer and inhibitor-0.28 molecule. The results obtained strongly support previous findings indicating the structural equivalence of inhibitor 0.28 with each inhibitor-0.19 protomer and the common phylogenetic origin of these protein alpha-amylase inhibitors from wheat kernel.", "PMID": 308369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1609", "title": "A cross-bridge model for inotropism as revealed by stiffness measurements in cardiac muscle.", "content": "Stiffness measurements obtained by means of rapid length changes performed according to Huxley and Simmons (23) showed that the series elasticity of the living frog myocardium obeys Hooke's law and alters in proportion to isometric tension. The same results had previously been reported for glycerol-extracted heart muscle (15, 16). Under conditions of postive inotropism caused by application of noradrenaline, adrenaline or increased extracellular Ca++ concentration, the proportionality between tension and stiffness is maintained (13). As there is strong evidence that the series elasticity of heart muscle resides in the cross-bridges (17, 24) this means that systolic force development and positive inotropism are due to the same process, namely a recruitment of \"activated\" cross-bridges (an increase in the number of cross-bridges attached to actin at any moment). This rules out the two-component model proposed by Sonnenblick in which a non-linear series elastic element was postulated.", "contents": "A cross-bridge model for inotropism as revealed by stiffness measurements in cardiac muscle. Stiffness measurements obtained by means of rapid length changes performed according to Huxley and Simmons (23) showed that the series elasticity of the living frog myocardium obeys Hooke's law and alters in proportion to isometric tension. The same results had previously been reported for glycerol-extracted heart muscle (15, 16). Under conditions of postive inotropism caused by application of noradrenaline, adrenaline or increased extracellular Ca++ concentration, the proportionality between tension and stiffness is maintained (13). As there is strong evidence that the series elasticity of heart muscle resides in the cross-bridges (17, 24) this means that systolic force development and positive inotropism are due to the same process, namely a recruitment of \"activated\" cross-bridges (an increase in the number of cross-bridges attached to actin at any moment). This rules out the two-component model proposed by Sonnenblick in which a non-linear series elastic element was postulated.", "PMID": 308368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1610", "title": "[Diagnosis of IIIrd ventricular cyst with \"amipaque (metrizamide) CT ventriculography (author's transl)].", "content": "The patient is a 17-year-old female. She was suffering from dwarfism, irregular menstruation and obesity. Out of the dwarfism, there were no other neurological abnormalities. The serious clinical examinations were performed, and the cerebral angiography and the CT scan demonstrated the findings of the obstructive hydrocephalus. Namely, enlarged IIIrd ventricle and small IVth ventricle were observed with routine CT scan. Because these findings on CT scan, we thought the hydrocephalus was based on the aqueductal stenosis. The vertebral angiography showed stretched posterior medial choroidal arteries and compressed the basilar tip posteriorly and inferiorly. Moreover, the carotid-angiography demonstrated the following findings, unrolling of the anterior cerebral arteries laterally stretched bilateral lenticulostriate arteries laterally shifted sylvian groups of the middle cerebral arteries, and stretched bilateral internal cerebral veins. Judging from that angiographic findings and CT scan, we thought there would be cystic tumor in the IIIrd ventricle. However, we suspected the IIIrd ventricular tumor, we were not able to differentiated it from the enlarged IIIrd ventricle itself exactly. Because, it's density in CT scan was equaled with that the cerebrospinal fluid. According to above facts, we performed \"Amipaque CT ventriculography through the ventricular catheter after V-P shunt. By \"the Ampiqque CT ventriculography\" we found exactly there was large cystic tumor in the IIIrd ventricle. Their manifestation and some differential diagnosis were discused.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of IIIrd ventricular cyst with \"amipaque (metrizamide) CT ventriculography (author's transl)]. The patient is a 17-year-old female. She was suffering from dwarfism, irregular menstruation and obesity. Out of the dwarfism, there were no other neurological abnormalities. The serious clinical examinations were performed, and the cerebral angiography and the CT scan demonstrated the findings of the obstructive hydrocephalus. Namely, enlarged IIIrd ventricle and small IVth ventricle were observed with routine CT scan. Because these findings on CT scan, we thought the hydrocephalus was based on the aqueductal stenosis. The vertebral angiography showed stretched posterior medial choroidal arteries and compressed the basilar tip posteriorly and inferiorly. Moreover, the carotid-angiography demonstrated the following findings, unrolling of the anterior cerebral arteries laterally stretched bilateral lenticulostriate arteries laterally shifted sylvian groups of the middle cerebral arteries, and stretched bilateral internal cerebral veins. Judging from that angiographic findings and CT scan, we thought there would be cystic tumor in the IIIrd ventricle. However, we suspected the IIIrd ventricular tumor, we were not able to differentiated it from the enlarged IIIrd ventricle itself exactly. Because, it's density in CT scan was equaled with that the cerebrospinal fluid. According to above facts, we performed \"Amipaque CT ventriculography through the ventricular catheter after V-P shunt. By \"the Ampiqque CT ventriculography\" we found exactly there was large cystic tumor in the IIIrd ventricle. Their manifestation and some differential diagnosis were discused.", "PMID": 308373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1611", "title": "Coronary surgery for unstable angina pectoris. Incidence and mortality of perioperative myocardial infarction.", "content": "The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction determined by electrocardiogram was examined in 123 consecutive patients having only coronary artery bypass grafting for unstable angina pectoris, at Yale-New Haven Hospital from January 1974 to June 1975. The incidence of myocardial infarction and its mortality were correlated with clinical, haemodynamic, anatomical, and operative factors. Myocardial infarction occurred in 18% of all patients (22/123); 15 inferior, 6 anterior, and 1 anterolateral wall. Three factors appeared to be related to the occurrence of myocardial infarction: left main coronary artery disease (LMCD), (47%, 7/15), increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), (27%, 14/52), and cardiopulmonary bypass time more than 60 minutes (24%, 21/88). The mortality of perioperative myocardial infarcation was 13.6% (3/22), while for patients without perioperative myocardial infarction the mortality was 2% (2/101). The overall operative mortality was 4% (5/123). The risk of perioperative myocardial infarction is significantly increased by left main coronary artery disease, increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and cardiopulmonary bypass time more than 60 minutes, in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery for unstable angina pectoris. The mortality of perioperative myocardial infarction is high (13.6%) in patients with unstable angina.", "contents": "Coronary surgery for unstable angina pectoris. Incidence and mortality of perioperative myocardial infarction. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction determined by electrocardiogram was examined in 123 consecutive patients having only coronary artery bypass grafting for unstable angina pectoris, at Yale-New Haven Hospital from January 1974 to June 1975. The incidence of myocardial infarction and its mortality were correlated with clinical, haemodynamic, anatomical, and operative factors. Myocardial infarction occurred in 18% of all patients (22/123); 15 inferior, 6 anterior, and 1 anterolateral wall. Three factors appeared to be related to the occurrence of myocardial infarction: left main coronary artery disease (LMCD), (47%, 7/15), increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), (27%, 14/52), and cardiopulmonary bypass time more than 60 minutes (24%, 21/88). The mortality of perioperative myocardial infarcation was 13.6% (3/22), while for patients without perioperative myocardial infarction the mortality was 2% (2/101). The overall operative mortality was 4% (5/123). The risk of perioperative myocardial infarction is significantly increased by left main coronary artery disease, increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and cardiopulmonary bypass time more than 60 minutes, in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery for unstable angina pectoris. The mortality of perioperative myocardial infarction is high (13.6%) in patients with unstable angina.", "PMID": 308374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1612", "title": "Endocytosis of the antiprotease aprotinin by Landsch\u00fctz ascites carcinoma cells and its effects in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Aprotinin was bound and endocytosed by Landsch\u00fctz ascites carcinoma (LAC) cells in vitro. Addition of the antiprotease to cultures of these cells led to a dose-dependent growth-inhibitory and cytotoxic effect. In mice inoculated with LAC cells and treated with aprotinin there was a transient reduction in both the number and concentration of recovered ascites cells during the early phase of tumour growth. This was accompanied by a temporary increase in the proportion of peritoneal phagocytes (mononuclear phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes) relative to carcinoma cells. However, the number and concentration of ascites cells eventually achieved was comparable in saline and aprotinin-treated animals.", "contents": "Endocytosis of the antiprotease aprotinin by Landsch\u00fctz ascites carcinoma cells and its effects in vitro and in vivo. Aprotinin was bound and endocytosed by Landsch\u00fctz ascites carcinoma (LAC) cells in vitro. Addition of the antiprotease to cultures of these cells led to a dose-dependent growth-inhibitory and cytotoxic effect. In mice inoculated with LAC cells and treated with aprotinin there was a transient reduction in both the number and concentration of recovered ascites cells during the early phase of tumour growth. This was accompanied by a temporary increase in the proportion of peritoneal phagocytes (mononuclear phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes) relative to carcinoma cells. However, the number and concentration of ascites cells eventually achieved was comparable in saline and aprotinin-treated animals.", "PMID": 308375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1613", "title": "Formation of hyposorhodopsin in frog retina.", "content": "Hypsorhodopsin was formed in frog retina by irradiation at liquid helium temperature and converted into bathorhodopsin above about 29K.", "contents": "Formation of hyposorhodopsin in frog retina. Hypsorhodopsin was formed in frog retina by irradiation at liquid helium temperature and converted into bathorhodopsin above about 29K.", "PMID": 308376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1614", "title": "An electrogenic NA+/K+ pump in the choroid plexus.", "content": "Intracellular electrical potential and potassium activity was measured by means of microelectrodes in the epithelial cells of choroid plexus from bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). Ouabain applied from the ventricular side caused an abrupt depolarisation of 10 mV but only a gradual loss of potassium from the cells. Readministration of potassium to the ventricular solution of plexuses which were previously depleted of potassium, caused a hyperpolarisation of about 4 mV. These two experiments are consistent with the notion of an electrogenic Na+/K+ pump situated at the ventricular membrane and which pumps potassium into the cell and sodium into the ventricle. The numerical values obtained suggest that 3 sodium ions are pumped for 2 potassium ions. The permeability coefficient for potassium exit from the cell is calculated to be 1.24 . 10(-5) cm-1 . s-1 expressed per cm2 of flat epithelium.", "contents": "An electrogenic NA+/K+ pump in the choroid plexus. Intracellular electrical potential and potassium activity was measured by means of microelectrodes in the epithelial cells of choroid plexus from bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). Ouabain applied from the ventricular side caused an abrupt depolarisation of 10 mV but only a gradual loss of potassium from the cells. Readministration of potassium to the ventricular solution of plexuses which were previously depleted of potassium, caused a hyperpolarisation of about 4 mV. These two experiments are consistent with the notion of an electrogenic Na+/K+ pump situated at the ventricular membrane and which pumps potassium into the cell and sodium into the ventricle. The numerical values obtained suggest that 3 sodium ions are pumped for 2 potassium ions. The permeability coefficient for potassium exit from the cell is calculated to be 1.24 . 10(-5) cm-1 . s-1 expressed per cm2 of flat epithelium.", "PMID": 308377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1615", "title": "Organ cultures of human fetal hepatocytes in the study of extra-and intracellular alpha1-antitrypsin.", "content": "The rate of synthesis of alpha 1-antitrypsin has been studied in organ cultures of fetal human liver. By de novo synthesis, alpha 1-antitrypsin of the same electrophoretic mobility and molecular size as plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin was produced. Synthetic rate was comparable to in vivo conditions and was suppressed by cycloheximide, colchicine and neuraminidase. By increasing alpha 1-antitrypsin levels in cultre medium, suppression of alpha 1-antitrypsin release from the intra-to the extracellular site was achieved, i.e., synthesis does not proceed autonomously. This suppression was preceded by a temporary enhancement of synthesis. Both effects were found to be independent of degree of sialylation of add-d alpha 1-antitrypsin. In contrast to alpha 1-antitrypsin released in tissue culture, the intracellular protein, as analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis of Triton X-100 extracts from fetal liver, was found to occur partly as slowly moving peaks. Whether these peaks represent proforms or incompletely glycosylated precursors of export alpha 1-antitrypsin or complexes with proteases remains unsettled. A variety of other plasma proteins are released in organ cultures making the system suitable for study of factors regulating plasma protein synthesis.", "contents": "Organ cultures of human fetal hepatocytes in the study of extra-and intracellular alpha1-antitrypsin. The rate of synthesis of alpha 1-antitrypsin has been studied in organ cultures of fetal human liver. By de novo synthesis, alpha 1-antitrypsin of the same electrophoretic mobility and molecular size as plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin was produced. Synthetic rate was comparable to in vivo conditions and was suppressed by cycloheximide, colchicine and neuraminidase. By increasing alpha 1-antitrypsin levels in cultre medium, suppression of alpha 1-antitrypsin release from the intra-to the extracellular site was achieved, i.e., synthesis does not proceed autonomously. This suppression was preceded by a temporary enhancement of synthesis. Both effects were found to be independent of degree of sialylation of add-d alpha 1-antitrypsin. In contrast to alpha 1-antitrypsin released in tissue culture, the intracellular protein, as analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis of Triton X-100 extracts from fetal liver, was found to occur partly as slowly moving peaks. Whether these peaks represent proforms or incompletely glycosylated precursors of export alpha 1-antitrypsin or complexes with proteases remains unsettled. A variety of other plasma proteins are released in organ cultures making the system suitable for study of factors regulating plasma protein synthesis.", "PMID": 308378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1616", "title": "Picosecond dynamics of primary electron-transfer processes in bacterial photosynthesis.", "content": "The primary electron transfer processes in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26 were studied as a function of temperature by means of picosecond spectroscopy. The first chemical step of the bacterial photosynthesis involves an electron transfer from the excited state of a bacteriochlorophyll a dimer, (BChl)2, to a bacteriopheophytin (BPh) to form the radical ion pair (BChl)2+. BPh-.. The upper limit for the formation time of this ion-pair was found to be 10 ps, at temperatures in the range 300-4.2 degree K. Similarly, the second chemical step, involving electron transfer from BPh-. to an ubiquinone-iron complex (QFe), was found to have a lifetime of approximately 150 ps, also independent of temperature in the same range. We interpret the absence of temperature dependence as indicating that process 2 proceeds via a tunneling mechanism. Utilizing our results in conjunction with electron tunneling theories, we calculate the distance between BPh-. and Q(Fe) to be 9--13 A. Our results also imply a closer proximity between (BChl)2 and BPh.", "contents": "Picosecond dynamics of primary electron-transfer processes in bacterial photosynthesis. The primary electron transfer processes in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26 were studied as a function of temperature by means of picosecond spectroscopy. The first chemical step of the bacterial photosynthesis involves an electron transfer from the excited state of a bacteriochlorophyll a dimer, (BChl)2, to a bacteriopheophytin (BPh) to form the radical ion pair (BChl)2+. BPh-.. The upper limit for the formation time of this ion-pair was found to be 10 ps, at temperatures in the range 300-4.2 degree K. Similarly, the second chemical step, involving electron transfer from BPh-. to an ubiquinone-iron complex (QFe), was found to have a lifetime of approximately 150 ps, also independent of temperature in the same range. We interpret the absence of temperature dependence as indicating that process 2 proceeds via a tunneling mechanism. Utilizing our results in conjunction with electron tunneling theories, we calculate the distance between BPh-. and Q(Fe) to be 9--13 A. Our results also imply a closer proximity between (BChl)2 and BPh.", "PMID": 308379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1617", "title": "Biochemical and behavioral effects of serotonin neurotoxins on the nigrostriatal dopamine system: comparison of injection sites.", "content": "Unilateral injections of the serotonin neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (DHT), at various points along the 5-HT pathway to the forebrain produce a turning syndrome associated with alterations of dopamine synthesis in the ipsilateral striatum. Unilateral injections of DHT into the SN produced an ipsilateral increase in striatal dopamine (DA) turnover and contralateral rotation in response to amphetamine or apomorphine. Injection of DHT into the MFB produced an ipsilateral decrease in striatal DA turnover and tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) activity, and ipsilateral rotation in response to amphetamine or apomorphine. After the injection of DHT into the SN or MFB, there was a significant correlation between the rates of drug-induced rotation, the decrease in cortical 5-HT turnover, and the change in striatal DA turnover, suggesting that the unilateral change in DA turnover (and, presumably, the increased stimulation of DA receptors) is causally linked to turning. Injection of DHT into the zones of the striatum and GP richest in 5-HT terminals produced the same responses as the MFB-lesioned rats: ipsilateral rotation and a decrease in striatal TOH activity. Injection of DHT into the area of the striatum richest in DA terminals failed to produce rotation or a significant change in TOH activity. We suggest that 5-HT neurons from the raphe nuclei exert a tonic inhibition on the nigrostriatal pathway at the level of the SN through direct synapses on DA neurons, whereas their neostriatal terminals have an indirect effect on DA terminals, perhaps via interaction with cholinergic and GABA-ergic neurons.", "contents": "Biochemical and behavioral effects of serotonin neurotoxins on the nigrostriatal dopamine system: comparison of injection sites. Unilateral injections of the serotonin neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (DHT), at various points along the 5-HT pathway to the forebrain produce a turning syndrome associated with alterations of dopamine synthesis in the ipsilateral striatum. Unilateral injections of DHT into the SN produced an ipsilateral increase in striatal dopamine (DA) turnover and contralateral rotation in response to amphetamine or apomorphine. Injection of DHT into the MFB produced an ipsilateral decrease in striatal DA turnover and tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) activity, and ipsilateral rotation in response to amphetamine or apomorphine. After the injection of DHT into the SN or MFB, there was a significant correlation between the rates of drug-induced rotation, the decrease in cortical 5-HT turnover, and the change in striatal DA turnover, suggesting that the unilateral change in DA turnover (and, presumably, the increased stimulation of DA receptors) is causally linked to turning. Injection of DHT into the zones of the striatum and GP richest in 5-HT terminals produced the same responses as the MFB-lesioned rats: ipsilateral rotation and a decrease in striatal TOH activity. Injection of DHT into the area of the striatum richest in DA terminals failed to produce rotation or a significant change in TOH activity. We suggest that 5-HT neurons from the raphe nuclei exert a tonic inhibition on the nigrostriatal pathway at the level of the SN through direct synapses on DA neurons, whereas their neostriatal terminals have an indirect effect on DA terminals, perhaps via interaction with cholinergic and GABA-ergic neurons.", "PMID": 308384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1618", "title": "Behavioral and prolactin responses to 5-hydroxytryptophan in rats treated during development with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine.", "content": "The serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), can induce a behavioral syndrome characterized by rigidity, splayed feet, tremor, head weaving, salivation and forepaw treading. This response to 5-HTP was markedly potentiated in adult rats treated intracisternally with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) during development. Prevention of the 5,7-DHT-induced reduction of brain norepinephrine with pargyline or desipramine did not diminish the potentiation of 5-HTP, suggesting that noradrenergic fibers are not contributing to the altered 5-HTP response. It was also found that treatments with 5,7-DHT potentiated the release of prolactin and the disruption of responding in a fixed-ratio operant task induced by 5-HTP. Other experiments indicated that 5,7-DHT treatments potentiated 5-HTP without affecting the action of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine. In addition, administration of the decarboxylase inhibitor, R0-4-4602, at a dose that inhibits enzyme activity in brain, blocked the 5-HTP-induced behavioral syndrome in 5,7-DHT-treated rats, indicating that 5-HTP must be converted to serotonin for 5-HTP to alter behavior. Thus, the present studies indicate that destruction of serotonergic fibers during development can produce permanent changes in central serotonergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Behavioral and prolactin responses to 5-hydroxytryptophan in rats treated during development with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. The serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), can induce a behavioral syndrome characterized by rigidity, splayed feet, tremor, head weaving, salivation and forepaw treading. This response to 5-HTP was markedly potentiated in adult rats treated intracisternally with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) during development. Prevention of the 5,7-DHT-induced reduction of brain norepinephrine with pargyline or desipramine did not diminish the potentiation of 5-HTP, suggesting that noradrenergic fibers are not contributing to the altered 5-HTP response. It was also found that treatments with 5,7-DHT potentiated the release of prolactin and the disruption of responding in a fixed-ratio operant task induced by 5-HTP. Other experiments indicated that 5,7-DHT treatments potentiated 5-HTP without affecting the action of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine. In addition, administration of the decarboxylase inhibitor, R0-4-4602, at a dose that inhibits enzyme activity in brain, blocked the 5-HTP-induced behavioral syndrome in 5,7-DHT-treated rats, indicating that 5-HTP must be converted to serotonin for 5-HTP to alter behavior. Thus, the present studies indicate that destruction of serotonergic fibers during development can produce permanent changes in central serotonergic mechanisms.", "PMID": 308387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1619", "title": "Failure of immunogenic tumors to elicit cytolytic T cells in syngeneic hosts.", "content": "Immunogenic, methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas failed to elicit the production of rapidly cytolytic T lymphocytes in syngeneic mice, although they did elicit the production of more slowly cytotoxic cells. They were, however, susceptible to attack by cytolytic T cells from allo-immune mice and, if infected with ectromelia virus, to attack by similar cells from virus-immune, H-2 compatible mice. It is suggested that the failure to elicit cytolytic T cell production may be due to the lack of an appropriate association between tumour-specific antigens and elements of the major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "Failure of immunogenic tumors to elicit cytolytic T cells in syngeneic hosts. Immunogenic, methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas failed to elicit the production of rapidly cytolytic T lymphocytes in syngeneic mice, although they did elicit the production of more slowly cytotoxic cells. They were, however, susceptible to attack by cytolytic T cells from allo-immune mice and, if infected with ectromelia virus, to attack by similar cells from virus-immune, H-2 compatible mice. It is suggested that the failure to elicit cytolytic T cell production may be due to the lack of an appropriate association between tumour-specific antigens and elements of the major histocompatibility complex.", "PMID": 308390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1620", "title": "Treatment of mycosis fungoides lymphoma: effectiveness of infusions of methotrexate followed by oral citrovorum factor.", "content": "Eleven patients with stage II or III mycosis fungoides lymphoma were treated with a regimen consisting of iv infusions of methotrexate (MTX) (60-240 mg/m2) administered sequentially and oral citrovorum factor. All 11 patients experienced a good to excellent response. Complete remissions were induced in seven of the 11 patients. In most cases remissions were sustained with weekly administration of low-dose (25--50 mg) MTX. Adverse drug reactions, such as leukopenia, anemia, and mucositis, were minimal in degree. Some unique adverse reactions included skin ulcerations (three patients), a leukocytoclastic angiitis (one patient), and painful hands and feet during MTX infusions (two patients). Our experience with this regimen has led us to conclude that it is safe and very effective in the treatment of stages II and III of mycosis fungoides.", "contents": "Treatment of mycosis fungoides lymphoma: effectiveness of infusions of methotrexate followed by oral citrovorum factor. Eleven patients with stage II or III mycosis fungoides lymphoma were treated with a regimen consisting of iv infusions of methotrexate (MTX) (60-240 mg/m2) administered sequentially and oral citrovorum factor. All 11 patients experienced a good to excellent response. Complete remissions were induced in seven of the 11 patients. In most cases remissions were sustained with weekly administration of low-dose (25--50 mg) MTX. Adverse drug reactions, such as leukopenia, anemia, and mucositis, were minimal in degree. Some unique adverse reactions included skin ulcerations (three patients), a leukocytoclastic angiitis (one patient), and painful hands and feet during MTX infusions (two patients). Our experience with this regimen has led us to conclude that it is safe and very effective in the treatment of stages II and III of mycosis fungoides.", "PMID": 308391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1621", "title": "Effect of myleran on murine hemopoiesis. I. Granulocytic cell line specificity of action on progenitor cells.", "content": "Time- and dose-dependent patterns of depletion and regeneration of hemopoietic progenitor cells in mouse femora and spleens following treatment with the antileukemic agent Myleran (Busulphan, MY) were studied using the murine spleen colony system and the agar gel in vitro colony system. MY was found to depress granulopoiesis selectively, as manifested by the development of marked prolonged neutropenia, hypoplasia of the bone marrow and (to a lesser degree) of the spleen, reduction of the incidence of multipotential hemopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-S) and of granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in both femora and spleens, and impairment of the capacity of CFU-S from either tissue to generate granulocytic colonies in the spleens of irradiated hosts. The severity and duration was greatest at high dose levels of MY (800 microgram). The action of MY on CFU-S was more pronounced than that on CFU-C, suggesting that MY is a cycle-independent agent. Repopulation of the CFU-C pool preceded that of the CFU-S pool. Development of neutropenia and maximal marrow hypoplasia followed the onset of depression of CFU-S and CFU-C incidence, while recovery of normal nucleated cellularity in the blood, femur and spleen preceded repopulation of the CFU-S and CFU-C pools. MY treatment resulted in transitory stimulation of colony stimulating factor (CSF) generation by the femur but had no effect on serum CSF levels. The peak of femoral CSF generation coincided with the nadir of CFU-C depression. These findings indicated that the prolonged neutropenia following MY treatment was secondary to depletion of the progenitor cell pools, that during recovery granulopoietic repopulation took precedence over self-maintenance of the hemopoietic progenitor cell pools, and that increased generation of CSF may play a role in the early phase of granulopoietic recovery.", "contents": "Effect of myleran on murine hemopoiesis. I. Granulocytic cell line specificity of action on progenitor cells. Time- and dose-dependent patterns of depletion and regeneration of hemopoietic progenitor cells in mouse femora and spleens following treatment with the antileukemic agent Myleran (Busulphan, MY) were studied using the murine spleen colony system and the agar gel in vitro colony system. MY was found to depress granulopoiesis selectively, as manifested by the development of marked prolonged neutropenia, hypoplasia of the bone marrow and (to a lesser degree) of the spleen, reduction of the incidence of multipotential hemopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-S) and of granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in both femora and spleens, and impairment of the capacity of CFU-S from either tissue to generate granulocytic colonies in the spleens of irradiated hosts. The severity and duration was greatest at high dose levels of MY (800 microgram). The action of MY on CFU-S was more pronounced than that on CFU-C, suggesting that MY is a cycle-independent agent. Repopulation of the CFU-C pool preceded that of the CFU-S pool. Development of neutropenia and maximal marrow hypoplasia followed the onset of depression of CFU-S and CFU-C incidence, while recovery of normal nucleated cellularity in the blood, femur and spleen preceded repopulation of the CFU-S and CFU-C pools. MY treatment resulted in transitory stimulation of colony stimulating factor (CSF) generation by the femur but had no effect on serum CSF levels. The peak of femoral CSF generation coincided with the nadir of CFU-C depression. These findings indicated that the prolonged neutropenia following MY treatment was secondary to depletion of the progenitor cell pools, that during recovery granulopoietic repopulation took precedence over self-maintenance of the hemopoietic progenitor cell pools, and that increased generation of CSF may play a role in the early phase of granulopoietic recovery.", "PMID": 308393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1622", "title": "Stimulating factors and cell recruitment in murine bone marrow stem cells and EMT6 tumours.", "content": "The role of a stimulating factor in cell recruitment and the kinetics of its secretion were investigated by in vivo and in vitro techniques. The association of these two methods made it possible to demonstrate that a non-cycling population liberates a factor which in turn stimulates quiescent bone marrow stem cells into DNA synthesis. Moreover, it seems that undamaged cells are capable of secreting this factor. A stimulating factor responsible for cell recruitment was also demonstrated in an experimental EMT6 tumour and the kinetics of its secretion reported.", "contents": "Stimulating factors and cell recruitment in murine bone marrow stem cells and EMT6 tumours. The role of a stimulating factor in cell recruitment and the kinetics of its secretion were investigated by in vivo and in vitro techniques. The association of these two methods made it possible to demonstrate that a non-cycling population liberates a factor which in turn stimulates quiescent bone marrow stem cells into DNA synthesis. Moreover, it seems that undamaged cells are capable of secreting this factor. A stimulating factor responsible for cell recruitment was also demonstrated in an experimental EMT6 tumour and the kinetics of its secretion reported.", "PMID": 308394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1623", "title": "Model of skin vascularization in Rana esculenta L.:  scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts.", "content": "Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of Rana esculenta L. were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy with particular reference to the subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries. Due to the fact that arteries and veins lie in the deeper layers of the stratum spongiosum of the corium, the respiratory vessels form a morphologically homogeneous network. Functionally, however, this network is subdivided into small areas with a centripetal direction of blood flow. The deep capillary net, situated at the base of the stratum compactum of the corium, is not so dense as the respiratory network and does not directly communicate with it. Alveolar glands of the skin have no effect on the distribution of capillaries in the two networks.", "contents": "Model of skin vascularization in Rana esculenta L.:  scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts. Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of Rana esculenta L. were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy with particular reference to the subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries. Due to the fact that arteries and veins lie in the deeper layers of the stratum spongiosum of the corium, the respiratory vessels form a morphologically homogeneous network. Functionally, however, this network is subdivided into small areas with a centripetal direction of blood flow. The deep capillary net, situated at the base of the stratum compactum of the corium, is not so dense as the respiratory network and does not directly communicate with it. Alveolar glands of the skin have no effect on the distribution of capillaries in the two networks.", "PMID": 308395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1624", "title": "Stereological model system for free cells and base-line data for human peripheral blood-derived small T-lymphocytes.", "content": "T-lymphocytes derived from human peripheral blood and passed through a nylon-wool column, were employed to develop and test a new stereological model system for free spherical cells, allowing a quantitative characterization of the cell and its components at the ultrastructural level. Electron micrographs were recorded in a hierarchical manner at three different levels of magnification and subjected to point counting procedures. The resulting parameters were expressed in relation to various reference compartments, both absolute and relative. Results indicated that the average volume of a small, non-activated T-lymphocyte was 103.8 micron3, the nuclear volume 47.5 micron3 and the cytoplasmic volume 55.9 micron3. On the average, the cytoplasm contained 30 mitochondria, 0.7 micron3 RER-cisternae, 0.2 micron3 cisternae and vesicles of the Golgi apparatus and about 231,000 free ribosomes (most of them single). The ratio of eu- to heterochromatin volume was 0.5. The design and application of the stereological model system are discussed with regard to dynamic studies of a variety of free cells, such as macrophages, neutrophilic granulocytes and various lymphocytes.", "contents": "Stereological model system for free cells and base-line data for human peripheral blood-derived small T-lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes derived from human peripheral blood and passed through a nylon-wool column, were employed to develop and test a new stereological model system for free spherical cells, allowing a quantitative characterization of the cell and its components at the ultrastructural level. Electron micrographs were recorded in a hierarchical manner at three different levels of magnification and subjected to point counting procedures. The resulting parameters were expressed in relation to various reference compartments, both absolute and relative. Results indicated that the average volume of a small, non-activated T-lymphocyte was 103.8 micron3, the nuclear volume 47.5 micron3 and the cytoplasmic volume 55.9 micron3. On the average, the cytoplasm contained 30 mitochondria, 0.7 micron3 RER-cisternae, 0.2 micron3 cisternae and vesicles of the Golgi apparatus and about 231,000 free ribosomes (most of them single). The ratio of eu- to heterochromatin volume was 0.5. The design and application of the stereological model system are discussed with regard to dynamic studies of a variety of free cells, such as macrophages, neutrophilic granulocytes and various lymphocytes.", "PMID": 308396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1625", "title": "Healthy family functioning: a cross-cultural appraisal.", "content": "It is increasingly recognized that rapid cultural, social, economic, and technological changes are imposing increasing stress on family structures, traditional values, and the ability to adapt to new environments in different societies. For the purposes of this paper, \"healthy family functioning\" is defined in terms of a family unit (however it is conceived in any given culture) effectively coping with cultural, environmental, psychosocial, and socioeconomic stresses throughout the family life cycle. While a review of international literature in the behavioural and biomedical sciences yields little data on comparative studies, there is growing awareness of the need for cooperative international research on family coping mechanisms and determinants of self-reliant communal coping behaviour, as well as more efficient utilization of already available knowledge. After consideration of methodological pitfalls of assessment procedures, there is a presentation of an evolving theory of healthy family functioning with the suggestion that studies of young married couples constitute a particularly promising vehicle for developing needed cooperative cross-cultural research.", "contents": "Healthy family functioning: a cross-cultural appraisal. It is increasingly recognized that rapid cultural, social, economic, and technological changes are imposing increasing stress on family structures, traditional values, and the ability to adapt to new environments in different societies. For the purposes of this paper, \"healthy family functioning\" is defined in terms of a family unit (however it is conceived in any given culture) effectively coping with cultural, environmental, psychosocial, and socioeconomic stresses throughout the family life cycle. While a review of international literature in the behavioural and biomedical sciences yields little data on comparative studies, there is growing awareness of the need for cooperative international research on family coping mechanisms and determinants of self-reliant communal coping behaviour, as well as more efficient utilization of already available knowledge. After consideration of methodological pitfalls of assessment procedures, there is a presentation of an evolving theory of healthy family functioning with the suggestion that studies of young married couples constitute a particularly promising vehicle for developing needed cooperative cross-cultural research.", "PMID": 308401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1626", "title": "Fertility regulation in the male.", "content": "The current state of research into new methods of male contraception is reviewed, with special emphasis on the efforts of the WHO Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. The article concentrates mainly on the development of orally administered or injectable substances capable of either (a) interfering with the hormonal control of testicular function, (b) disrupting spermatogenesis by direct influence on testis function, or (c) interfering with the fertilizing ability of the sperm and their transport. It is concluded that, despite the numerous areas of research currently being pursued, the availability of a new male contraceptive remains several years away.", "contents": "Fertility regulation in the male. The current state of research into new methods of male contraception is reviewed, with special emphasis on the efforts of the WHO Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. The article concentrates mainly on the development of orally administered or injectable substances capable of either (a) interfering with the hormonal control of testicular function, (b) disrupting spermatogenesis by direct influence on testis function, or (c) interfering with the fertilizing ability of the sperm and their transport. It is concluded that, despite the numerous areas of research currently being pursued, the availability of a new male contraceptive remains several years away.", "PMID": 308403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1627", "title": "Epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis: present situation and priorities for further research. Scientific Working Group on Schistosomiasis.", "content": "The article highlights specific aspects of the epidemiology of schistosomiasis where insufficient data are available on which to base appropriate control strategies. Emphasis is placed on the part that immunological techniques might play in improving the baseline epidemiological data. A study of acquired resistance to the disease is also important in relation to epidemiology and control. The clinical manifestations of the disease vary in different areas and further study of the relation between the clinical and pathological manifestations are therefore required. In relation to the intermediate host, the main priority for research concerns the definition of the location and time-patterns of transmission foci within any particular area: variations in transmission are of particular importance in relation to man-made water resources. Although chemotherapy will play an increasing role in control, its importance will depend on local conditions: coordinated and standardized trials are required of chemotherapeutic agents in different regions and in various defined groups of subjects. The effects of chemotherapy on immunity to reinfection and on immunopathology also require study. With all types of snail control-chemical, ecological, and biological-cost-effectiveness aspects are important. With chemicals, it is important to bear in mind other possible effects on the environment. In the field of water supplies and sanitation, several aspects are important in relation to schistosomiasis transmission and community involvement should be encouraged.", "contents": "Epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis: present situation and priorities for further research. Scientific Working Group on Schistosomiasis. The article highlights specific aspects of the epidemiology of schistosomiasis where insufficient data are available on which to base appropriate control strategies. Emphasis is placed on the part that immunological techniques might play in improving the baseline epidemiological data. A study of acquired resistance to the disease is also important in relation to epidemiology and control. The clinical manifestations of the disease vary in different areas and further study of the relation between the clinical and pathological manifestations are therefore required. In relation to the intermediate host, the main priority for research concerns the definition of the location and time-patterns of transmission foci within any particular area: variations in transmission are of particular importance in relation to man-made water resources. Although chemotherapy will play an increasing role in control, its importance will depend on local conditions: coordinated and standardized trials are required of chemotherapeutic agents in different regions and in various defined groups of subjects. The effects of chemotherapy on immunity to reinfection and on immunopathology also require study. With all types of snail control-chemical, ecological, and biological-cost-effectiveness aspects are important. With chemicals, it is important to bear in mind other possible effects on the environment. In the field of water supplies and sanitation, several aspects are important in relation to schistosomiasis transmission and community involvement should be encouraged.", "PMID": 308404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1628", "title": "Water-contact patterns in relation to Schistosoma haematobium infection.", "content": "Water-contact observations were carried out on a population exposed to Schistosoma haematobium in a village situated on a man-made lake, Lake Volta, Ghana.The observations were made over a period of 12 months prior to the introduction of control measures. A multiple regression analysis was performed on the results of observations on 132 individuals, with egg output as the dependent variable and various types of water-contact activity, as well as age and sex, as independent variables. In the analysis, specific activities, notably water-contact for domestic purposes and activities associated with fishermen's canoes, were found to be significantly related to schistosomiasis. Age was less important than degree of exposure as a contributory factor to variations in infection rates: the reduced intensity of infection of S. haematobium in the older age groups could be mainly due to a lower level of exposure to the cercarial population.", "contents": "Water-contact patterns in relation to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Water-contact observations were carried out on a population exposed to Schistosoma haematobium in a village situated on a man-made lake, Lake Volta, Ghana.The observations were made over a period of 12 months prior to the introduction of control measures. A multiple regression analysis was performed on the results of observations on 132 individuals, with egg output as the dependent variable and various types of water-contact activity, as well as age and sex, as independent variables. In the analysis, specific activities, notably water-contact for domestic purposes and activities associated with fishermen's canoes, were found to be significantly related to schistosomiasis. Age was less important than degree of exposure as a contributory factor to variations in infection rates: the reduced intensity of infection of S. haematobium in the older age groups could be mainly due to a lower level of exposure to the cercarial population.", "PMID": 308406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1629", "title": "A cold box for the transport and storage of vaccines.", "content": "A cold box capable of maintaining a temperature below +4 degrees C for 1 week was constructed and tested in the laboratory and under field conditions. Cooling is produced by commercial cold packs precooled in a deep-freeze or the freezing compartment of a refrigerator. The box can take approximately 3000 doses of vaccine and is simple, cheap and strong. It is primarily intended for storage of vaccines during field trips by vaccination teams, as an alternative to the refrigerator in regional and peripheral stores in the case of an electrical power failure, and for the delivery of vaccines from regional store to the district.", "contents": "A cold box for the transport and storage of vaccines. A cold box capable of maintaining a temperature below +4 degrees C for 1 week was constructed and tested in the laboratory and under field conditions. Cooling is produced by commercial cold packs precooled in a deep-freeze or the freezing compartment of a refrigerator. The box can take approximately 3000 doses of vaccine and is simple, cheap and strong. It is primarily intended for storage of vaccines during field trips by vaccination teams, as an alternative to the refrigerator in regional and peripheral stores in the case of an electrical power failure, and for the delivery of vaccines from regional store to the district.", "PMID": 308407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1630", "title": "The Styx Field Trial: effect of treatment of the definitive host for tapeworms on larval forms in the intermediate host.", "content": "A 13-year assessment has been made of the effectiveness of a monthly drug treatment programme for the control of tapeworms in dogs in order to prevent hydatidosis (Echinococcus granulosus) and cysticercosis (Taenia hydatigena and T. ovis) in sheep. The age-specific prevalence of T. hydatigena in lambs was used as the principal indicator. The trial was carried out in the Styx Valley of the Maniototo Plain in the South Island of New Zealand.Over an 8-year period dogs were treated monthly with bunamidine hydrochloride at about 25 mg/kg with little effect on the prevalence of T. hydatigena in lambs. The addition of niclosamide at 50 mg/kg for 1 year also had little effect. Eggs appeared to survive from one season to the next. Those shed prior to the lamb-rearing season gave rise to endemic-type patterns; whereas patent infections occurring during this period rapidly gave rise to an epidemic-type pattern or a \"cysticercosis storm\". In this 9-year period there were 16 \"cysticercosis storms\" and all susceptible lambs were infected. These storms did not necessarily give rise to a similar prevalence on neighbouring farms, but may have contributed to the overall infective pattern. A similar situation occurred in the first year that nitroscanate at 100 mg/kg was introduced. During this 10-year period, arecoline surveillance of the dog population was undertaken in the remainder of the county and many dogs were found to harbour tapeworms. Both resident and introduced dogs may have contributed to the infective patterns in the Styx Valley.Treatment with nitroscanate was continued monthly in the Styx Valley and niclosamide was used in the remainder of the County for a further 3 years. There was a marked reduction in the age-specific prevalence and lambs on many farms were free from T. hydatigena at slaughter. However, one \"breakdown\" occurred and this was almost certainly autochthonous.Comparisons with an earlier period when arecoline surveillance was used in the Styx Valley, indicate that the present evidence favours a drug-orientated treatment programme of the definitive host for the control of cysticercosis. However, \"breakdowns\" caused by either autochthonous or itinerant sources have profound effects, since they involve all susceptible age-cohorts including those that have never been infected and those that have lost the immunity induced by an earlier infection.", "contents": "The Styx Field Trial: effect of treatment of the definitive host for tapeworms on larval forms in the intermediate host. A 13-year assessment has been made of the effectiveness of a monthly drug treatment programme for the control of tapeworms in dogs in order to prevent hydatidosis (Echinococcus granulosus) and cysticercosis (Taenia hydatigena and T. ovis) in sheep. The age-specific prevalence of T. hydatigena in lambs was used as the principal indicator. The trial was carried out in the Styx Valley of the Maniototo Plain in the South Island of New Zealand.Over an 8-year period dogs were treated monthly with bunamidine hydrochloride at about 25 mg/kg with little effect on the prevalence of T. hydatigena in lambs. The addition of niclosamide at 50 mg/kg for 1 year also had little effect. Eggs appeared to survive from one season to the next. Those shed prior to the lamb-rearing season gave rise to endemic-type patterns; whereas patent infections occurring during this period rapidly gave rise to an epidemic-type pattern or a \"cysticercosis storm\". In this 9-year period there were 16 \"cysticercosis storms\" and all susceptible lambs were infected. These storms did not necessarily give rise to a similar prevalence on neighbouring farms, but may have contributed to the overall infective pattern. A similar situation occurred in the first year that nitroscanate at 100 mg/kg was introduced. During this 10-year period, arecoline surveillance of the dog population was undertaken in the remainder of the county and many dogs were found to harbour tapeworms. Both resident and introduced dogs may have contributed to the infective patterns in the Styx Valley.Treatment with nitroscanate was continued monthly in the Styx Valley and niclosamide was used in the remainder of the County for a further 3 years. There was a marked reduction in the age-specific prevalence and lambs on many farms were free from T. hydatigena at slaughter. However, one \"breakdown\" occurred and this was almost certainly autochthonous.Comparisons with an earlier period when arecoline surveillance was used in the Styx Valley, indicate that the present evidence favours a drug-orientated treatment programme of the definitive host for the control of cysticercosis. However, \"breakdowns\" caused by either autochthonous or itinerant sources have profound effects, since they involve all susceptible age-cohorts including those that have never been infected and those that have lost the immunity induced by an earlier infection.", "PMID": 308408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1631", "title": "Evaluation of fenitrothion for the control of malaria.", "content": "Fenitrothion was evaluated for residual spraying in antimalaria programmes in a large-scale field trial near Kisumu, Kenya from 1972 to 1976. The insecticide was applied in a hyper/holoendemic malarious area of 200 km(2) inhabited by about 50 000 people. All houses and animal shelters were sprayed at a target dosage rate of 2 g/m(2) at 3-month intervals for a total of 8 consecutive spray rounds in 2 years. The malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae species A and B and A. funestus were reduced to negligible densities indoors and outdoors immediately after initiation of spraying and for 10 months after the last spray round. However, A. gambiae reappeared during the main wet season at densities high enough to reestablish low-level transmission for short periods. Spraying produced a marked and rapid decrease in both the incidence and prevalence of malaria. The daily probability of acquiring malaria infection was reduced from 0.009 before spraying to 0.0003 under spray protection, a reduction of 96%. Data collected on a longitudinal basis indicated that sustained spray protection would reduce malaria prevalence to an asymptotic limit of 6.9% under the assumption that the inoculation and recovery rates remain stable. However, to attain malaria eradication in this type of epidemiological situation, complementary measures such as mass drug administration appear to be necessary.", "contents": "Evaluation of fenitrothion for the control of malaria. Fenitrothion was evaluated for residual spraying in antimalaria programmes in a large-scale field trial near Kisumu, Kenya from 1972 to 1976. The insecticide was applied in a hyper/holoendemic malarious area of 200 km(2) inhabited by about 50 000 people. All houses and animal shelters were sprayed at a target dosage rate of 2 g/m(2) at 3-month intervals for a total of 8 consecutive spray rounds in 2 years. The malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae species A and B and A. funestus were reduced to negligible densities indoors and outdoors immediately after initiation of spraying and for 10 months after the last spray round. However, A. gambiae reappeared during the main wet season at densities high enough to reestablish low-level transmission for short periods. Spraying produced a marked and rapid decrease in both the incidence and prevalence of malaria. The daily probability of acquiring malaria infection was reduced from 0.009 before spraying to 0.0003 under spray protection, a reduction of 96%. Data collected on a longitudinal basis indicated that sustained spray protection would reduce malaria prevalence to an asymptotic limit of 6.9% under the assumption that the inoculation and recovery rates remain stable. However, to attain malaria eradication in this type of epidemiological situation, complementary measures such as mass drug administration appear to be necessary.", "PMID": 308409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1632", "title": "Genetic sex separation in Anopheles arabiensis and the production of sterile hybrids.", "content": "The gene for dieldrin resistance has been artificially male-linked so that females can be selectively killed with dieldrin. By intercrossing different sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, batches consisting of sterile males only can be reared. This seems to have potential for use in genetic control operations.", "contents": "Genetic sex separation in Anopheles arabiensis and the production of sterile hybrids. The gene for dieldrin resistance has been artificially male-linked so that females can be selectively killed with dieldrin. By intercrossing different sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, batches consisting of sterile males only can be reared. This seems to have potential for use in genetic control operations.", "PMID": 308410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1633", "title": "Progress towards the colonization of Cnephia mutata (Diptera: Simuliidae).", "content": "Cnephia mutata was successfully induced to complete two entire generations in the laboratory. Owing to its triploid condition, this simuliid is parthenogenetic and mature eggs may be dissected from the ovaries, thus eliminating both mating and oviposition. C. mutata in Newfoundland is also autogenous, making blood-feeding unnecessary. Progress towards colonization of this species is reviewed.", "contents": "Progress towards the colonization of Cnephia mutata (Diptera: Simuliidae). Cnephia mutata was successfully induced to complete two entire generations in the laboratory. Owing to its triploid condition, this simuliid is parthenogenetic and mature eggs may be dissected from the ovaries, thus eliminating both mating and oviposition. C. mutata in Newfoundland is also autogenous, making blood-feeding unnecessary. Progress towards colonization of this species is reviewed.", "PMID": 308411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1634", "title": "Occupation, education, and income as socioeconomic indicators in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in the urban African.", "content": "A yardstick is needed for measuring the medical consequences of socioeconomic change in developing countries. Education, income, and a newly developed occupation index were studied in urban African males in relation to six coronary artery disease risk factors. Occupation was the status indicator best known to a man's family, correlated best with the risk factors, and was not age dependent.", "contents": "Occupation, education, and income as socioeconomic indicators in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in the urban African. A yardstick is needed for measuring the medical consequences of socioeconomic change in developing countries. Education, income, and a newly developed occupation index were studied in urban African males in relation to six coronary artery disease risk factors. Occupation was the status indicator best known to a man's family, correlated best with the risk factors, and was not age dependent.", "PMID": 308412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1635", "title": "Proposals for the nomenclature of salivarian trypanosomes and for the maintenance of reference collections.", "content": "Studies on the characterization of salivarian trypanosomes are at present developing rapidly and difficulties in communication tend to arise because of different procedures in the different laboratories concerned. Terms can be divided into two classes, those that are purely operational and simply describe the laboratory history of the organism, and those that imply characterization. Of the Linnaean taxa, the section Salivaria and the four subgenera thereof, Duttonella, Nannomonas, Pycnomonas, and Trypanozoon, are useful at the present time but lower taxa are often unsatisfactorily defined. Characters such as the clinical course of infection, which have been used for subspeciation, are being found to correlate with such characters as isoenzyme patterns, antigenic make-up and DNA constitution.Serial passage of organisms has serious disadvantages and so reference collections are primarily of stabilates-cryopreserved suspensions of living organisms. Methods for the preparation of antigens, antisera, and isoenzymes are briefly noted.Conventions for the documentation of reference collections are proposed, in particular that the designation of materials should consist of two components, one signifying the primary isolation and the other the particular derived material used. The requirements for rapid information retrieval and global cataloguing of materials are considered.", "contents": "Proposals for the nomenclature of salivarian trypanosomes and for the maintenance of reference collections. Studies on the characterization of salivarian trypanosomes are at present developing rapidly and difficulties in communication tend to arise because of different procedures in the different laboratories concerned. Terms can be divided into two classes, those that are purely operational and simply describe the laboratory history of the organism, and those that imply characterization. Of the Linnaean taxa, the section Salivaria and the four subgenera thereof, Duttonella, Nannomonas, Pycnomonas, and Trypanozoon, are useful at the present time but lower taxa are often unsatisfactorily defined. Characters such as the clinical course of infection, which have been used for subspeciation, are being found to correlate with such characters as isoenzyme patterns, antigenic make-up and DNA constitution.Serial passage of organisms has serious disadvantages and so reference collections are primarily of stabilates-cryopreserved suspensions of living organisms. Methods for the preparation of antigens, antisera, and isoenzymes are briefly noted.Conventions for the documentation of reference collections are proposed, in particular that the designation of materials should consist of two components, one signifying the primary isolation and the other the particular derived material used. The requirements for rapid information retrieval and global cataloguing of materials are considered.", "PMID": 308413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1636", "title": "Acute respiratory infections: a review.", "content": "Acute respiratory infections (ARI) constitute one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in many countries. Data from 88 countries in five continents, with a total population of nearly 1200 million, showed that deaths due to ARI in 1972 amounted to 666 000. Pneumonia, both viral and bacterial, accounted for 75.5% of the total deaths from ARI. Mortality from ARI represents 6.3% of deaths from all causes. Considerable differences in mortality rates exist both between and within continents. Mortality from ARI is highest in infants and old people. The data suggest that in some areas of the world mortality due to ARI is extremely high.", "contents": "Acute respiratory infections: a review. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) constitute one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in many countries. Data from 88 countries in five continents, with a total population of nearly 1200 million, showed that deaths due to ARI in 1972 amounted to 666 000. Pneumonia, both viral and bacterial, accounted for 75.5% of the total deaths from ARI. Mortality from ARI represents 6.3% of deaths from all causes. Considerable differences in mortality rates exist both between and within continents. Mortality from ARI is highest in infants and old people. The data suggest that in some areas of the world mortality due to ARI is extremely high.", "PMID": 308414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1637", "title": "Kinetic measurement of alpha-amylase with a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "We compared results of an enzymic assay for alpha-amylase (EC 3.2 1.1), adapted to a centrifugal analyzer (GEMSAEC), with results by the manual dyed-starch (Phadebas) amylase assay. We assessed linearity and precision, and the stability of the reagent. The kinetic procedure is rapid, precise, requires only 25 microliter of serum, and thus is evidently suited for both pediatric and emergency use.", "contents": "Kinetic measurement of alpha-amylase with a centrifugal analyzer. We compared results of an enzymic assay for alpha-amylase (EC 3.2 1.1), adapted to a centrifugal analyzer (GEMSAEC), with results by the manual dyed-starch (Phadebas) amylase assay. We assessed linearity and precision, and the stability of the reagent. The kinetic procedure is rapid, precise, requires only 25 microliter of serum, and thus is evidently suited for both pediatric and emergency use.", "PMID": 308416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1638", "title": "Decreased suppressor cell activity in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Studies were performed on eleven patients with inflammatory bowel disease to determine if there was an alteration in concanavalin A (Con A) induced suppressor cell activity. Similar investigations were also performed on twenty-one control subjects and five patients with other inflammatory conditions. Supressor cells were generated by pre-incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a mitogenic concentration of Con A, followed by treatment with mitomycin C and alpha-methyl mannoside. Under these conditions, cells obtained from normal individuals are then capable of suppressing the Con A-stimulated blast transformation responses of fresh allogeneic lymphocytes in new cultures. We found that in twenty out of twenty-one control subjects, and all five patients with other inflammatory disorders, Con A-stimulated suppressor cell activity was demonstrable. Four patients with inflammatory bowel disease, whose disease was mildly active or was in clinical remission, had elicitable suppressor cell activity which fell within the normal range. In contrast, suppressor cell activity was markedly diminished or absent in seven patients with severe and active inflammatory bowel disease. These studies suggest that an alternation in Con A-stimulated suppressor cells exists in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease, which may contribute, in part, to the persistent inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Decreased suppressor cell activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Studies were performed on eleven patients with inflammatory bowel disease to determine if there was an alteration in concanavalin A (Con A) induced suppressor cell activity. Similar investigations were also performed on twenty-one control subjects and five patients with other inflammatory conditions. Supressor cells were generated by pre-incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a mitogenic concentration of Con A, followed by treatment with mitomycin C and alpha-methyl mannoside. Under these conditions, cells obtained from normal individuals are then capable of suppressing the Con A-stimulated blast transformation responses of fresh allogeneic lymphocytes in new cultures. We found that in twenty out of twenty-one control subjects, and all five patients with other inflammatory disorders, Con A-stimulated suppressor cell activity was demonstrable. Four patients with inflammatory bowel disease, whose disease was mildly active or was in clinical remission, had elicitable suppressor cell activity which fell within the normal range. In contrast, suppressor cell activity was markedly diminished or absent in seven patients with severe and active inflammatory bowel disease. These studies suggest that an alternation in Con A-stimulated suppressor cells exists in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease, which may contribute, in part, to the persistent inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 308420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1639", "title": "In vitro studies of suppressor cell function in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.", "content": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal donors, pre-cultured at 37 degrees C for 24 hr before the addition of mitogen, demonstrated an enhanced proliferative response. This may be due to the loss of a subpopulation of suppressor cells during the incubation period. Still further enhancement was observed when pre-culturing was prolonged for 48 hr, while cells pre-incubated at 4 degrees C showed no increased responsiveness. Concanavalin A (Con A) pre-activated PBMC supressed the mitogen response of responder cells. More marked suppression was observed when the concentration of Con A used to induce the suppressor cells was increased. It was not possible to activate suppressor function in cells which had been kept in vitro for longer than 48 hr. These findings support the concept of the existence and function of suppressor cells, and that the suppressive influence is short-lived in vitro culture.", "contents": "In vitro studies of suppressor cell function in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal donors, pre-cultured at 37 degrees C for 24 hr before the addition of mitogen, demonstrated an enhanced proliferative response. This may be due to the loss of a subpopulation of suppressor cells during the incubation period. Still further enhancement was observed when pre-culturing was prolonged for 48 hr, while cells pre-incubated at 4 degrees C showed no increased responsiveness. Concanavalin A (Con A) pre-activated PBMC supressed the mitogen response of responder cells. More marked suppression was observed when the concentration of Con A used to induce the suppressor cells was increased. It was not possible to activate suppressor function in cells which had been kept in vitro for longer than 48 hr. These findings support the concept of the existence and function of suppressor cells, and that the suppressive influence is short-lived in vitro culture.", "PMID": 308421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1640", "title": "Is the adherent, non-specific 'suppressor' cell from rodent spleens an in vitro artefact?", "content": "Mitomycin C-treated cells from the spleens of mice pre-treated with BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, cyclophosphamide or methylcellulose will inhibit the mitogen responses of normal cells in vitro, but extended dose-response studies have shown that such cell populations will also enhance the response if added in very small numbers. The number of cells giving peak enhancement is proportional to the percentage of the spleen cells which are adherent at 72 hr. Such late-adhering cells are not removed by conventional adherence column techniques. The concept of the adherent suppressor T cell is discussed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Is the adherent, non-specific 'suppressor' cell from rodent spleens an in vitro artefact? Mitomycin C-treated cells from the spleens of mice pre-treated with BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, cyclophosphamide or methylcellulose will inhibit the mitogen responses of normal cells in vitro, but extended dose-response studies have shown that such cell populations will also enhance the response if added in very small numbers. The number of cells giving peak enhancement is proportional to the percentage of the spleen cells which are adherent at 72 hr. Such late-adhering cells are not removed by conventional adherence column techniques. The concept of the adherent suppressor T cell is discussed in the light of these findings.", "PMID": 308422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1641", "title": "Monocyte-dependent stimulation of human T cells by zinc.", "content": "Subpopulations of human peripheral blood leucocytes were isolated by nylon filtration or E-rosette separation and tested for functional activity. As shown previously, zinc ions induce DNA synthesis in unfractionated lymphocyte cultures. E-rosette-forming cells (E-RFC), obtained either by nylon wool filtration or E-rosette separation, responded well to PHA but showed only low levels of proliferative reactivity to zinc and Con A. These dminished responses could be completely restored by the addition of small numbers of autologous, mitomycin-treated monocytes; further experiments suggested that a monocyte-derived soluble factor can substitute for monocytes in this function. B lymphocyte-enriched cell populations, containing less than 1% E-RFC, did not respond to zinc and showed only marginal reactivity to PHA and Con A.", "contents": "Monocyte-dependent stimulation of human T cells by zinc. Subpopulations of human peripheral blood leucocytes were isolated by nylon filtration or E-rosette separation and tested for functional activity. As shown previously, zinc ions induce DNA synthesis in unfractionated lymphocyte cultures. E-rosette-forming cells (E-RFC), obtained either by nylon wool filtration or E-rosette separation, responded well to PHA but showed only low levels of proliferative reactivity to zinc and Con A. These dminished responses could be completely restored by the addition of small numbers of autologous, mitomycin-treated monocytes; further experiments suggested that a monocyte-derived soluble factor can substitute for monocytes in this function. B lymphocyte-enriched cell populations, containing less than 1% E-RFC, did not respond to zinc and showed only marginal reactivity to PHA and Con A.", "PMID": 308423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1642", "title": "In vitro modulation of lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin by plasma in mother and baby at the time of birth. Increased lymphocyte responses in babies of mothers with lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from nineteen healthy mothers, mothers with borderline tuberculoid leprosy and fourteen mothers with borderline or polar lepromatous leprosy, and their newborn babies, were stimulated in vitro with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The responses in medium supplemented by serum from a pool of healthy non-pregnant individuals were compared with responses in medium supplemented by plasma from the mothers or from their babies, to assay for the presence of non-specific effects on T-cell responses. It was found that plasma from the mothers at the time of labour profoundly suppressed their own lymphocyte responses to PHA. However, the lymphocyte responses of healthy mothers were not significantly suppressed when cultivated in the presence of plasma from the babies, indicating that the suppressive factor(s) of normal pregnancy did not pass the placental barrier. Plasma from mothers with leprosy had a greater inhibitory effect on their babies' lymphocytes than plasma from healthy mothers. This raises the possibility that plasma from leprosy patients contains suppressive factors other than those associated with pregnancy. Babies of lepromatous leprosy mothers, who might have been exposed to mycobacterial antigens in utero, had higher PHA responses than the other babies, possibly due to a compensatory reaction to early stresses in the immune system.", "contents": "In vitro modulation of lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin by plasma in mother and baby at the time of birth. Increased lymphocyte responses in babies of mothers with lepromatous leprosy. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from nineteen healthy mothers, mothers with borderline tuberculoid leprosy and fourteen mothers with borderline or polar lepromatous leprosy, and their newborn babies, were stimulated in vitro with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The responses in medium supplemented by serum from a pool of healthy non-pregnant individuals were compared with responses in medium supplemented by plasma from the mothers or from their babies, to assay for the presence of non-specific effects on T-cell responses. It was found that plasma from the mothers at the time of labour profoundly suppressed their own lymphocyte responses to PHA. However, the lymphocyte responses of healthy mothers were not significantly suppressed when cultivated in the presence of plasma from the babies, indicating that the suppressive factor(s) of normal pregnancy did not pass the placental barrier. Plasma from mothers with leprosy had a greater inhibitory effect on their babies' lymphocytes than plasma from healthy mothers. This raises the possibility that plasma from leprosy patients contains suppressive factors other than those associated with pregnancy. Babies of lepromatous leprosy mothers, who might have been exposed to mycobacterial antigens in utero, had higher PHA responses than the other babies, possibly due to a compensatory reaction to early stresses in the immune system.", "PMID": 308425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1643", "title": "Longitudinal studies showing alterations in the levels and functional response of T and B lymphocytes in human pregnancy.", "content": "Altered blood levels of T and B lymphocytes were found in the first half of human pregnancy. A total of twenty-two women were tested, using direct or indirect rosetting assays or the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, to determine the levels of peripheral blood T and B cells. In all cases, an inversion of T- and B-cell levels was observed, i.e. T-cell levels were decreased and B-cell levels (as measured by the presence of surface immunoglobulin or the presence of B-cell surface antigens) were increased. This inversion was exhibited as early as 1 week post-implantation. Lymphocytes from two fo the women were also examined for stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) at intervals during gestation, and the amount of [3H]thymidine uptake was compared to that of two non-pregnant women tested at each interval. The values obtained for the pregnant women with PHA were markedly lower, and with pokeweed mitogen slightly lower, than those of non-pregnant controls. However, the PHA and PWM values in the pregnant women returned to levels similar to those of the nonpregnant women shortly after the T- and B-cell levels returned to normal. Thus the decrease in the response of the lymphocytes to mitogens during early pregnancy appears to parallel the numerical deficiency of T cells.", "contents": "Longitudinal studies showing alterations in the levels and functional response of T and B lymphocytes in human pregnancy. Altered blood levels of T and B lymphocytes were found in the first half of human pregnancy. A total of twenty-two women were tested, using direct or indirect rosetting assays or the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, to determine the levels of peripheral blood T and B cells. In all cases, an inversion of T- and B-cell levels was observed, i.e. T-cell levels were decreased and B-cell levels (as measured by the presence of surface immunoglobulin or the presence of B-cell surface antigens) were increased. This inversion was exhibited as early as 1 week post-implantation. Lymphocytes from two fo the women were also examined for stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) at intervals during gestation, and the amount of [3H]thymidine uptake was compared to that of two non-pregnant women tested at each interval. The values obtained for the pregnant women with PHA were markedly lower, and with pokeweed mitogen slightly lower, than those of non-pregnant controls. However, the PHA and PWM values in the pregnant women returned to levels similar to those of the nonpregnant women shortly after the T- and B-cell levels returned to normal. Thus the decrease in the response of the lymphocytes to mitogens during early pregnancy appears to parallel the numerical deficiency of T cells.", "PMID": 308426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1644", "title": "[Factors contributing to the impairment of cellular immunity in cancer patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Factors contributing to the impairment of cell-mediated immunity in cancer patients were studied. Normal plasma enhanced the PHA-induced transformation of cancer lymphocytes. Cancer plasma suppressed the transformation of normal lymphocytes. The plasma factor(s), which might play an important role in the impairment of cell-mediated immunity in cancer, was further characterized to be heat-labile, being completely destroyed at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes. It was present on the surface of T lymphocytes, and was partially removable by digestion with 0.05% Bacto-trypsin. Moreover, the percentage of T cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients was lower than that of normal as determined by the anti-human thymocyte serum cytotoxicity test and the spontaneous rosette forming test.", "contents": "[Factors contributing to the impairment of cellular immunity in cancer patients (author's transl)]. Factors contributing to the impairment of cell-mediated immunity in cancer patients were studied. Normal plasma enhanced the PHA-induced transformation of cancer lymphocytes. Cancer plasma suppressed the transformation of normal lymphocytes. The plasma factor(s), which might play an important role in the impairment of cell-mediated immunity in cancer, was further characterized to be heat-labile, being completely destroyed at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes. It was present on the surface of T lymphocytes, and was partially removable by digestion with 0.05% Bacto-trypsin. Moreover, the percentage of T cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients was lower than that of normal as determined by the anti-human thymocyte serum cytotoxicity test and the spontaneous rosette forming test.", "PMID": 308446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1645", "title": "[Baby hamster kidney cells as antigen for demonstration of antinuclear antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "Baby hamster kidney cells fixed in acetone on glass slides were used as antigen for demonstration of antinuclear antibodies. Where certain storage conditions were observed (drying agent, 4 degrees C) they have kept for 12 months up to now. As regards specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and differentiation of fluorescent types the baby hamster kidney cell test appears superior to other immunofluorescence methods used (chicken erythrocytes, rat liver sections, and crithidiae). These results were obtained in 73 sera from patients with disseminated lupus erythematodes, drug-induced lupus erythematodes, discoid erythematodes, allergic vasculitis, progressive scleroderma, dermatomyositis, and 36 control sera.", "contents": "[Baby hamster kidney cells as antigen for demonstration of antinuclear antibodies (author's transl)]. Baby hamster kidney cells fixed in acetone on glass slides were used as antigen for demonstration of antinuclear antibodies. Where certain storage conditions were observed (drying agent, 4 degrees C) they have kept for 12 months up to now. As regards specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and differentiation of fluorescent types the baby hamster kidney cell test appears superior to other immunofluorescence methods used (chicken erythrocytes, rat liver sections, and crithidiae). These results were obtained in 73 sera from patients with disseminated lupus erythematodes, drug-induced lupus erythematodes, discoid erythematodes, allergic vasculitis, progressive scleroderma, dermatomyositis, and 36 control sera.", "PMID": 308447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1646", "title": "[Gingival bleeding test with a new tonometer and testing of a chlorhexidine containing dentifrice].", "content": "A novel gingival tonometer is introduced with which definable pressures from 8.2-196.7 p/mm2 on the gum can be exerted. Bleeding from the gum can be produced by definable pressure, relating the inflammatory condition to the pressure insult and so achieving objective measurements. In 53 cases of periodontitis marginalis the results of treatment with a mouthwash containing chlorhexidine was tested. The gingivitis was so far improved by one week's treatment with the rinsing combination that in 1287 periodontitis cases the pressure had to be doubled before bleeding was produced.", "contents": "[Gingival bleeding test with a new tonometer and testing of a chlorhexidine containing dentifrice]. A novel gingival tonometer is introduced with which definable pressures from 8.2-196.7 p/mm2 on the gum can be exerted. Bleeding from the gum can be produced by definable pressure, relating the inflammatory condition to the pressure insult and so achieving objective measurements. In 53 cases of periodontitis marginalis the results of treatment with a mouthwash containing chlorhexidine was tested. The gingivitis was so far improved by one week's treatment with the rinsing combination that in 1287 periodontitis cases the pressure had to be doubled before bleeding was produced.", "PMID": 308450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1647", "title": "Grafting of triggering sites onto lymphocytes: requirement of multivalency in the stimulation of dinitrophenyl-modified thymocytes by anti-dinitrophenyl antibody.", "content": "N4-Dinitrophenyl-L-2,4,-diaminobutyric acid hydrazide was coupled to aldehyde groups generated by periodate oxidation of sialyl residues on thymocytes. Anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl(Dnp)antibody was found to stimulate mature, hydrocortisone-resistant thymocytes, while it had no mitogenic effect on the immature thymocytes. In order to study the involvement of different regions of the antibody molecule in the triggering process of stimulation, the mitogenicity of various antibody fragments was also assessed. The divalent F(ab')2 was found to be a superior mitogen compared to the intact antibody when added to Dnp-conjugated thymocytes. The monovalent Fab' and Fab fragments have no mitogenic activity indicating that cross-linkage may be a prerequisite for stimulation.", "contents": "Grafting of triggering sites onto lymphocytes: requirement of multivalency in the stimulation of dinitrophenyl-modified thymocytes by anti-dinitrophenyl antibody. N4-Dinitrophenyl-L-2,4,-diaminobutyric acid hydrazide was coupled to aldehyde groups generated by periodate oxidation of sialyl residues on thymocytes. Anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl(Dnp)antibody was found to stimulate mature, hydrocortisone-resistant thymocytes, while it had no mitogenic effect on the immature thymocytes. In order to study the involvement of different regions of the antibody molecule in the triggering process of stimulation, the mitogenicity of various antibody fragments was also assessed. The divalent F(ab')2 was found to be a superior mitogen compared to the intact antibody when added to Dnp-conjugated thymocytes. The monovalent Fab' and Fab fragments have no mitogenic activity indicating that cross-linkage may be a prerequisite for stimulation.", "PMID": 308451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1648", "title": "T cell-dependent suppression of antibody production. I. Characteristics of suppressor T cells following tolerance induction.", "content": "Specific immunological tolerance was induced in adult CBA mice by a single injection of deaggregated human IgG (dHGG). Spleen cells taken 7 to 42 days later, produced consistent suppression of a DNP-HGG collaborative antibody response on adoptive transfer into heavily irradiated recipients. Noncentrifuged F(ab')2 fragments of HGG were as effective as dHGG in the production of suppressor cells. Suppression was antigen-specific since HGG-tolerant cells failed to abrogate either a DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin collaborative response or antibody production to the noncross-reactive antigen, horse erythrocytes. Pretreatment of the tolerant cell population with anti-Thy-1 serum and complement reversed the suppressive effect. However, purified tolerant T cells obtained by passage through nylon wool or anti-Ig columns were less effective than the original spleen cells in mediating suppression. Analysis of the cell types appearing in the column effluents indicated that the reduction in suppressive activity is best explained by retention of T cells rather than macrophages. Different T cell populations, however, were retained on the two types of columns. In the case of anti-Ig columns, these consisted of Ly-2,3+, Ia+ effector cells, whereas nylon wool columns caused depletion of Ly-1,2,3+ cells which are known to act as amplifiers of suppression. Suppression could not be explained in terms of delay in differentiation of antibody-forming cell precursors since the effect persisted for up to 15 days after transfer of tolerant cells. The demonstration of a reduction in serum anti-DNP and anti-HGG antibodies excluded the possibility of antibody production in sites other than the spleen. A role for anti-carrier antibody-antigen complexes in mediating the effector phase of suppression was rendered unlikely by the finding that the suppressive effect of tolerant cells persisted in the absence of detectable anti-HGG antibody production. Effector T cells mediating suppression in this system were shown to bear the phenotype Ia+, Ly-2,3+ as judged by the effect of pretreatment with appropriate antisera and complement. They were spleen-seeking, but were not detected in the thymus or recirculating lymphocyte pool. Adult thymectomy failed to cause a significant reduction in suppressive activity by tolerant spleen cells indicating that at least a major component of the immediate precursors is not of recent thymic origin.", "contents": "T cell-dependent suppression of antibody production. I. Characteristics of suppressor T cells following tolerance induction. Specific immunological tolerance was induced in adult CBA mice by a single injection of deaggregated human IgG (dHGG). Spleen cells taken 7 to 42 days later, produced consistent suppression of a DNP-HGG collaborative antibody response on adoptive transfer into heavily irradiated recipients. Noncentrifuged F(ab')2 fragments of HGG were as effective as dHGG in the production of suppressor cells. Suppression was antigen-specific since HGG-tolerant cells failed to abrogate either a DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin collaborative response or antibody production to the noncross-reactive antigen, horse erythrocytes. Pretreatment of the tolerant cell population with anti-Thy-1 serum and complement reversed the suppressive effect. However, purified tolerant T cells obtained by passage through nylon wool or anti-Ig columns were less effective than the original spleen cells in mediating suppression. Analysis of the cell types appearing in the column effluents indicated that the reduction in suppressive activity is best explained by retention of T cells rather than macrophages. Different T cell populations, however, were retained on the two types of columns. In the case of anti-Ig columns, these consisted of Ly-2,3+, Ia+ effector cells, whereas nylon wool columns caused depletion of Ly-1,2,3+ cells which are known to act as amplifiers of suppression. Suppression could not be explained in terms of delay in differentiation of antibody-forming cell precursors since the effect persisted for up to 15 days after transfer of tolerant cells. The demonstration of a reduction in serum anti-DNP and anti-HGG antibodies excluded the possibility of antibody production in sites other than the spleen. A role for anti-carrier antibody-antigen complexes in mediating the effector phase of suppression was rendered unlikely by the finding that the suppressive effect of tolerant cells persisted in the absence of detectable anti-HGG antibody production. Effector T cells mediating suppression in this system were shown to bear the phenotype Ia+, Ly-2,3+ as judged by the effect of pretreatment with appropriate antisera and complement. They were spleen-seeking, but were not detected in the thymus or recirculating lymphocyte pool. Adult thymectomy failed to cause a significant reduction in suppressive activity by tolerant spleen cells indicating that at least a major component of the immediate precursors is not of recent thymic origin.", "PMID": 308454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1649", "title": "Possible occurrence and meaning of lymphocytes bearing autoanti-idiotypic receptors during the immune response.", "content": "During an immune response, the increase in binding affinity of antibodies is followed by a fall. Lymphocytes bearing autoanti-idiotypic receptors were detected during a normal immune response. The kinetics of appearance and disappearance of such lymphocytes led us to propose a network model to explain the changes occurring in antibody properties during an immune response.", "contents": "Possible occurrence and meaning of lymphocytes bearing autoanti-idiotypic receptors during the immune response. During an immune response, the increase in binding affinity of antibodies is followed by a fall. Lymphocytes bearing autoanti-idiotypic receptors were detected during a normal immune response. The kinetics of appearance and disappearance of such lymphocytes led us to propose a network model to explain the changes occurring in antibody properties during an immune response.", "PMID": 308455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1650", "title": "Properties of antisera against lymphocytes of nude mice.", "content": "The activity of rabbit antisera against nu/nu BALB/c lymphocytes was estimated in vivo and in vitro. It was found that anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) against nu/nu lymph node cells suppressed the alloantigen reaction and the spontaneous rosette-forming cell (sRFC) or plaque-forming cell (PFC) formation for T-dependent (sheep red blood cells) and T-independent (lipopolysaccharide) antigens. ALS against nu/nu spleen cells affected only the sRFC and PFC for T-independent antigen. The former serum exhibited a high cytotoxicity for the suspensions enriched or depleted in B cells, while the latter was more cytotoxic for the suspension enriched in B cells. This may indicate that ALS anti-nu/nu spleen cells is specific for B lymphocytes, and ALS anti nu/nu lymph node cells is directed not only to B cells but also to a subpopulation of T lymphocytes. It may suggest the existence of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes in nu/nu lymph node cells.", "contents": "Properties of antisera against lymphocytes of nude mice. The activity of rabbit antisera against nu/nu BALB/c lymphocytes was estimated in vivo and in vitro. It was found that anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) against nu/nu lymph node cells suppressed the alloantigen reaction and the spontaneous rosette-forming cell (sRFC) or plaque-forming cell (PFC) formation for T-dependent (sheep red blood cells) and T-independent (lipopolysaccharide) antigens. ALS against nu/nu spleen cells affected only the sRFC and PFC for T-independent antigen. The former serum exhibited a high cytotoxicity for the suspensions enriched or depleted in B cells, while the latter was more cytotoxic for the suspension enriched in B cells. This may indicate that ALS anti-nu/nu spleen cells is specific for B lymphocytes, and ALS anti nu/nu lymph node cells is directed not only to B cells but also to a subpopulation of T lymphocytes. It may suggest the existence of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes in nu/nu lymph node cells.", "PMID": 308458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1651", "title": "Requirement for antigen in lipopolysaccharide-dependent induction of B cells.", "content": "The magnitude of the IgM response to a variety of antigens, induced on the in vivo administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mice, is approximately proportional to the magnitude of the background response observed in untreated animals. This striking correlation suggests that the administration of LPS alone cannot in general induce a specific response in the absence of a background response. Such is the case for the antigen rat erythrocytes against which no LPS-dependent or background response is found. The response to a marginally immunogenic dose of rat erythrocytes, however, can be considerably enhanced by the administration of LPS. These observations are expected on the hypothesis that both background and LPS-induced responses are due to ongoing antigen-dependent stimulation in normal mice. This hypothesis is further supported by evidence suggesting that the LPS-dependent anti-sheep erythrocyte response is due, at least in part, to a particular antigen present on degraded mouse erythrocytes.", "contents": "Requirement for antigen in lipopolysaccharide-dependent induction of B cells. The magnitude of the IgM response to a variety of antigens, induced on the in vivo administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mice, is approximately proportional to the magnitude of the background response observed in untreated animals. This striking correlation suggests that the administration of LPS alone cannot in general induce a specific response in the absence of a background response. Such is the case for the antigen rat erythrocytes against which no LPS-dependent or background response is found. The response to a marginally immunogenic dose of rat erythrocytes, however, can be considerably enhanced by the administration of LPS. These observations are expected on the hypothesis that both background and LPS-induced responses are due to ongoing antigen-dependent stimulation in normal mice. This hypothesis is further supported by evidence suggesting that the LPS-dependent anti-sheep erythrocyte response is due, at least in part, to a particular antigen present on degraded mouse erythrocytes.", "PMID": 308459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1652", "title": "Inhibition of \"wet shakes\" during morphine abstinence by an antagonist of opiate analgesia.", "content": "An antagonist of morphine analgesia, N-cyclopropylmethylnorazidomorphine (CAM) inhibited the\"wet shakes\" appearing during spontaneous or nalorphine-precipitated morphine abstinence. CAM inhibited the pinna reflex more strongly than did morphine and selectively antagonized quipazine-induced head twitches; its inhibition of head twitches induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan or LSD seemed unspecific. The results suggest that the opiate receptors involved in the inhibition of some symptoms of morphine abstinence and of the pinna reflex differ from those involved in opiate analgesia.", "contents": "Inhibition of \"wet shakes\" during morphine abstinence by an antagonist of opiate analgesia. An antagonist of morphine analgesia, N-cyclopropylmethylnorazidomorphine (CAM) inhibited the\"wet shakes\" appearing during spontaneous or nalorphine-precipitated morphine abstinence. CAM inhibited the pinna reflex more strongly than did morphine and selectively antagonized quipazine-induced head twitches; its inhibition of head twitches induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan or LSD seemed unspecific. The results suggest that the opiate receptors involved in the inhibition of some symptoms of morphine abstinence and of the pinna reflex differ from those involved in opiate analgesia.", "PMID": 308460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1653", "title": "The effect of sera from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients on normal mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. A possible correlation with the patients' T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "Serum from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients was examined for its effect on normal lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed. Responses of the patients' lymphocytes were similarly examined. E and EAC rosettes were also tested. A significantly increased transformation response was found when normal lymphocytes were exposed to sera from those patients who had a reduced number of E-rosette-forming lymphocytes (mean 8%) as compared to the response to sera from patients with a higher number of E-rosette-forming cells. The results suggest that a factor is present in sera from some CLL patients which stimulates the transformation of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and which seems to be related to the number of the patient's T and B lymphocytes and perhaps with a T suppressor effect on B lymphocytes.", "contents": "The effect of sera from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients on normal mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. A possible correlation with the patients' T and B lymphocytes. Serum from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients was examined for its effect on normal lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed. Responses of the patients' lymphocytes were similarly examined. E and EAC rosettes were also tested. A significantly increased transformation response was found when normal lymphocytes were exposed to sera from those patients who had a reduced number of E-rosette-forming lymphocytes (mean 8%) as compared to the response to sera from patients with a higher number of E-rosette-forming cells. The results suggest that a factor is present in sera from some CLL patients which stimulates the transformation of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and which seems to be related to the number of the patient's T and B lymphocytes and perhaps with a T suppressor effect on B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 308462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1654", "title": "Hematopoiesis on cellulose ester membranes (CEM). II. Enrichment of the hematopoietic microenvironment by the addition of selected cellular elements.", "content": "Cellulose ester membranes (CEM) were folded into a trilaminar open-ended tube which was implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice. CEM rapidly acquired a stromal core with many features of marrow such as fat, fibroblasts, an abundant sinusoidal microcirculation and monocyte-macrophage-like cells. CEM took up 59iron, 99technetium sulfur colloid and produced CSF in in vitro culture but their microenvironment supported only granulopoiesis. CEM were coated on their interior surfaces with bone marrow or regenerating medullary cavity mesenchyme or bone but the stromal cores supported only granulopoiesis after 3 weeks to 3 months of implantation. CEM coated with spleen and implanted into mice developed trilineal hematopoiesis within 6 weeks with abundant erythropoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis in addition to granulopoiesis. These CEM differed from splenic tissue in that only scattered lymphoid tissue was present. CEM coated with bone marrow and bone developed trilineal hematopoiesis but only after3--6 months of peritoneal implantation. CEM coated with regenerating medullary cavity mesenchyme failed to develop trilineal hematopoiesis. Cyclophosphamide injection did not enhance hematopoiesis. These experiments indicate that splenic, marrow and bone tissue contain stromal elements capable of being transferred onto CEM which then develop a microenvironment capable of supporting trilineal hematopoiesis.", "contents": "Hematopoiesis on cellulose ester membranes (CEM). II. Enrichment of the hematopoietic microenvironment by the addition of selected cellular elements. Cellulose ester membranes (CEM) were folded into a trilaminar open-ended tube which was implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice. CEM rapidly acquired a stromal core with many features of marrow such as fat, fibroblasts, an abundant sinusoidal microcirculation and monocyte-macrophage-like cells. CEM took up 59iron, 99technetium sulfur colloid and produced CSF in in vitro culture but their microenvironment supported only granulopoiesis. CEM were coated on their interior surfaces with bone marrow or regenerating medullary cavity mesenchyme or bone but the stromal cores supported only granulopoiesis after 3 weeks to 3 months of implantation. CEM coated with spleen and implanted into mice developed trilineal hematopoiesis within 6 weeks with abundant erythropoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis in addition to granulopoiesis. These CEM differed from splenic tissue in that only scattered lymphoid tissue was present. CEM coated with bone marrow and bone developed trilineal hematopoiesis but only after3--6 months of peritoneal implantation. CEM coated with regenerating medullary cavity mesenchyme failed to develop trilineal hematopoiesis. Cyclophosphamide injection did not enhance hematopoiesis. These experiments indicate that splenic, marrow and bone tissue contain stromal elements capable of being transferred onto CEM which then develop a microenvironment capable of supporting trilineal hematopoiesis.", "PMID": 308463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1655", "title": "Endotoxin-induced alterations in canine granulopoiesis: colony-stimulating factor, colony-forming cells in culture, and growth of cells in diffusion chambers.", "content": "Salmonella typhosa endotoxin injected into dogs produced elevated plasma CSF levels, transient leukopenia followed by leukocytosis, and stimulation of marrow granulopoiesis and mobilization of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors cells into the the peripheral circulation. The number of marrow CFU-c decreased to 65% of the control number within 6 h, returned to control levels by 24 h, and increased to 370% of the control number by 48h after endotoxin. The granulopoietic response was supported by a concomitant increase in the M:E ratio, an increased fraction of marrow-derived CFU-c susceptible to 3H-TdR suicide, and increased granulo-monocytopoietic activity of marrow- and peripheral blood-derived cells grown in diffusion chamber cultures. These results are consistent with the concept that endotoxin-induced CSF is a physiologic regulator of canine granulopoiesis, and that canine marrow responds to endotoxin with a significant increase in the concentration of marrow-derived granulocytic progenitors and with mobilization of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors into the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Endotoxin-induced alterations in canine granulopoiesis: colony-stimulating factor, colony-forming cells in culture, and growth of cells in diffusion chambers. Salmonella typhosa endotoxin injected into dogs produced elevated plasma CSF levels, transient leukopenia followed by leukocytosis, and stimulation of marrow granulopoiesis and mobilization of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors cells into the the peripheral circulation. The number of marrow CFU-c decreased to 65% of the control number within 6 h, returned to control levels by 24 h, and increased to 370% of the control number by 48h after endotoxin. The granulopoietic response was supported by a concomitant increase in the M:E ratio, an increased fraction of marrow-derived CFU-c susceptible to 3H-TdR suicide, and increased granulo-monocytopoietic activity of marrow- and peripheral blood-derived cells grown in diffusion chamber cultures. These results are consistent with the concept that endotoxin-induced CSF is a physiologic regulator of canine granulopoiesis, and that canine marrow responds to endotoxin with a significant increase in the concentration of marrow-derived granulocytic progenitors and with mobilization of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors into the peripheral circulation.", "PMID": 308464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1656", "title": "Response characteristics of semicircular canal and otolith systems in cat. II. Responses of trochlear motoneurons.", "content": "1. The electrical activity of single trochlear motoneurons (TMns) and axons of second order vestibular neurons presumably terminating on these motoneurons were studied during natural stimulation of semicircular canals and otolith organs in cats anesthetized with Ketamine. 2. Null point analysis showed that TMns received an excitatory canal input from the contralateral posterior canal, and labyrinthine lesion experiments suggested that the functionally synergistic, ipsilateral anterior canal provides an inhibitory input. A small number of motoneurons showed orthogonal canal convergence. 3. In addition to the canal projections most TMns received an otolithic input. Firing rate was proportional to lateral head tilt and was of the beta type. Most units also responded to pitch with an increase and decrease in firing rate on nose-up and nose-down positioning, respectively. Lesion experiments indicated that the otolith responses are the results of reciprocal innervation of TMns by contralateral (excitatory) and ipsilateral (inhibitory) otolith projections. 4. During sinusoidal rotation in yaw (canal only stimulation) the mean phase lag re acceleration of the response of TMns increased from 60 degrees at 0.025 Hz to 126 degrees at 1.0 Hz. In roll (canal plus otolith stimulation) the phase lag of TMn responses measured 180 degrees and 130 degrees at 0.025 and 1.0 Hz, respectively. Phase-lags measured in Vi and Vc axons were less by ca. 15 degrees. 5. The otolith contribution to TMn responses in roll was calculated by vectorial subtraction of the yaw from the roll responses: A phase lag of 10 (0.025 Hz) to 90 degrees (0.5 Hz) re. displacement was noted and gain was constant over the same range. Similar lag dynamics were revealed in TMns when studied during ramp displacement of the head. 6. The possible functional role of central canal-otolith convergence and the differences between the response of primary vestibular afferents and secondary vestibular neurons and TMns will be discussed.", "contents": "Response characteristics of semicircular canal and otolith systems in cat. II. Responses of trochlear motoneurons. 1. The electrical activity of single trochlear motoneurons (TMns) and axons of second order vestibular neurons presumably terminating on these motoneurons were studied during natural stimulation of semicircular canals and otolith organs in cats anesthetized with Ketamine. 2. Null point analysis showed that TMns received an excitatory canal input from the contralateral posterior canal, and labyrinthine lesion experiments suggested that the functionally synergistic, ipsilateral anterior canal provides an inhibitory input. A small number of motoneurons showed orthogonal canal convergence. 3. In addition to the canal projections most TMns received an otolithic input. Firing rate was proportional to lateral head tilt and was of the beta type. Most units also responded to pitch with an increase and decrease in firing rate on nose-up and nose-down positioning, respectively. Lesion experiments indicated that the otolith responses are the results of reciprocal innervation of TMns by contralateral (excitatory) and ipsilateral (inhibitory) otolith projections. 4. During sinusoidal rotation in yaw (canal only stimulation) the mean phase lag re acceleration of the response of TMns increased from 60 degrees at 0.025 Hz to 126 degrees at 1.0 Hz. In roll (canal plus otolith stimulation) the phase lag of TMn responses measured 180 degrees and 130 degrees at 0.025 and 1.0 Hz, respectively. Phase-lags measured in Vi and Vc axons were less by ca. 15 degrees. 5. The otolith contribution to TMn responses in roll was calculated by vectorial subtraction of the yaw from the roll responses: A phase lag of 10 (0.025 Hz) to 90 degrees (0.5 Hz) re. displacement was noted and gain was constant over the same range. Similar lag dynamics were revealed in TMns when studied during ramp displacement of the head. 6. The possible functional role of central canal-otolith convergence and the differences between the response of primary vestibular afferents and secondary vestibular neurons and TMns will be discussed.", "PMID": 308465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1657", "title": "Experimental immune pancreatitis in the mouse by rabbit immune sera directed against purified enzymes of the exocrine pancreas.", "content": "An experimental xenogeneic immune pancreatitis was induced in AB-mice by repeated intraperitoneal injections of rabbit immune sera directed against purified pancreatic enzymes (alpha-amylase, lipase, trypsin) for 3 hours up to 8 days. Histologically, the immune pancreatitis is characterized by three different findings: 1. Multiple acinar cell necroses on the 2nd, 3rd and 5th day of immune serum application. 2. A dedifferentiating acinar cell atrophy with development of pseudocanalicular acini on the 5th and 9th day. 3. An increasing interstitial histiolymphoplasmocytic pancreatitis on the 5th and 9th experimental day. Ultrastructurally, the acinar cell necroses proved as the final stage of a step-by-step developing acute lethal cell damage. The dedifferentiating acinar cell atrophy corresponds to a chronic sublethal cell injury with alteration of different cytoplasmic components. The interstitial pancreatitis in immune serum treatment is characterized by differently activated histiocytes and lymphocytes as well as by mature plasma cells. Because of immune histological findings (peri- and intraacinar deposition of rabbit globulin, specific fixation of guinea-pig complement, and appearance of mouse globulin in the mouse exocrine pancreas) and control experiments with rabbit and mouse normal serum as well as with physiological saline, the pathogenesis of the induced xenogeneic immune pancreatitis is regarded as a twophase process: 1. The acinar cell necroses are mainly due to a cytotoxic immune reaction (possibly in combination with an immune complex reaction) caused by specific anti-pancreatic enzyme antibodies of the applied immune sera. The dedifferentiating acinar cell atrophy may be the result of a specific action of the anti-enzyme antibodies against the corresponding pancreatic enzymes in the apical secretion granules of the pancreatic acinar cells. 2. The interstitial histiolymphoplasmocytic pancreatitis is mainly the morphologic substrate of an extravascularly (intraperitoneally) induced serum sickness reaction (immune complex reaction) due to the foreign proteins applied with the xenogeneic immune sera.", "contents": "Experimental immune pancreatitis in the mouse by rabbit immune sera directed against purified enzymes of the exocrine pancreas. An experimental xenogeneic immune pancreatitis was induced in AB-mice by repeated intraperitoneal injections of rabbit immune sera directed against purified pancreatic enzymes (alpha-amylase, lipase, trypsin) for 3 hours up to 8 days. Histologically, the immune pancreatitis is characterized by three different findings: 1. Multiple acinar cell necroses on the 2nd, 3rd and 5th day of immune serum application. 2. A dedifferentiating acinar cell atrophy with development of pseudocanalicular acini on the 5th and 9th day. 3. An increasing interstitial histiolymphoplasmocytic pancreatitis on the 5th and 9th experimental day. Ultrastructurally, the acinar cell necroses proved as the final stage of a step-by-step developing acute lethal cell damage. The dedifferentiating acinar cell atrophy corresponds to a chronic sublethal cell injury with alteration of different cytoplasmic components. The interstitial pancreatitis in immune serum treatment is characterized by differently activated histiocytes and lymphocytes as well as by mature plasma cells. Because of immune histological findings (peri- and intraacinar deposition of rabbit globulin, specific fixation of guinea-pig complement, and appearance of mouse globulin in the mouse exocrine pancreas) and control experiments with rabbit and mouse normal serum as well as with physiological saline, the pathogenesis of the induced xenogeneic immune pancreatitis is regarded as a twophase process: 1. The acinar cell necroses are mainly due to a cytotoxic immune reaction (possibly in combination with an immune complex reaction) caused by specific anti-pancreatic enzyme antibodies of the applied immune sera. The dedifferentiating acinar cell atrophy may be the result of a specific action of the anti-enzyme antibodies against the corresponding pancreatic enzymes in the apical secretion granules of the pancreatic acinar cells. 2. The interstitial histiolymphoplasmocytic pancreatitis is mainly the morphologic substrate of an extravascularly (intraperitoneally) induced serum sickness reaction (immune complex reaction) due to the foreign proteins applied with the xenogeneic immune sera.", "PMID": 308466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1658", "title": "[Changes in the contractile properties of tonic muscle fibers following denervation].", "content": "After denervation, most of the tonic muscle fibers, contrary to intact fibers, cannot keep for a considerable time either the potassium (K) or the acetylcholine (A) contracture. The maximal mechanical tension in response to K and A in the denervated tonic fibers is lesser than in normal. The amplitude, speed of development, and latency (L) of the caffeine contracture remain practically the same. The speed of development of the K contracture sharply falls down and its L rather increases while the respective parameters of the A contracture practically do not change. The main changes developing after the denervation seem to occur in the processes controlling relaxation of the tonic fiber, as well as in the mechanisms for activation of K contracture while preserving the mechanisms for activation of A contracture.", "contents": "[Changes in the contractile properties of tonic muscle fibers following denervation]. After denervation, most of the tonic muscle fibers, contrary to intact fibers, cannot keep for a considerable time either the potassium (K) or the acetylcholine (A) contracture. The maximal mechanical tension in response to K and A in the denervated tonic fibers is lesser than in normal. The amplitude, speed of development, and latency (L) of the caffeine contracture remain practically the same. The speed of development of the K contracture sharply falls down and its L rather increases while the respective parameters of the A contracture practically do not change. The main changes developing after the denervation seem to occur in the processes controlling relaxation of the tonic fiber, as well as in the mechanisms for activation of K contracture while preserving the mechanisms for activation of A contracture.", "PMID": 308467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1659", "title": "Natural hemolytic activity of snake serum. II. Heterogeneity of putative natural antibody and levels of hemolytic activity.", "content": "The erythrocytes of various vertebrates, such as mice, rabbits, sheep, chickens, bullfrogs, and toads are lysed by normal snake sera. However, snake erythrocytes were not lysed by serum from different snake species. Putative natural antibody seems with different specificities to comprise heterogeneous antibodies. Thus, absorption of snake serum with mouse erythrocytes, for example, abrogated hemolytic activity for mice but not for rabbit or sheep erythrocytes. We observed no significant intraspecies individual differences in serum hemolytic titer, but interspecies differences were obvious. Immunization of snakes with sheep erythrocytes caused no further elevation of hemolytic activity, though high titer antibody was produced in response to certain bacterial antigens. Even the sera of newly-hatched snakes showed hemolytic activity at modestly high levels. No seasonal change in hemolytic activity was observed.", "contents": "Natural hemolytic activity of snake serum. II. Heterogeneity of putative natural antibody and levels of hemolytic activity. The erythrocytes of various vertebrates, such as mice, rabbits, sheep, chickens, bullfrogs, and toads are lysed by normal snake sera. However, snake erythrocytes were not lysed by serum from different snake species. Putative natural antibody seems with different specificities to comprise heterogeneous antibodies. Thus, absorption of snake serum with mouse erythrocytes, for example, abrogated hemolytic activity for mice but not for rabbit or sheep erythrocytes. We observed no significant intraspecies individual differences in serum hemolytic titer, but interspecies differences were obvious. Immunization of snakes with sheep erythrocytes caused no further elevation of hemolytic activity, though high titer antibody was produced in response to certain bacterial antigens. Even the sera of newly-hatched snakes showed hemolytic activity at modestly high levels. No seasonal change in hemolytic activity was observed.", "PMID": 308470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1660", "title": "Characterization of a differentiation-stimulating factor for mouse myeloid leukemia cells.", "content": "Conditioned medium containing a differentiation-stimulating factor (D-factor) for M1 cells (myeloid leukemia cell line) was recovered over a period of several weeks by culturing mouse secondary embryo cells in serum-free medium but supplemented with bovine serum albumin. Incubation of M1 cells with the conditioned medium for 48 hr or less resulted in differentiation of 60 to 80% of the cells. From the conditioned medium, D-factor was partially purified by preparative electrophoresis on a Pevikon block and the specific activity was increased 50 approximately 60-fold. The partially purified D-factor was capable of differentiating 30% of the M1 cells at a protein concentration of 2 approximately 3 microgram/ml. Half-logarithmic plots of phagocytosis-inducing activity vs. protein concentration yielded a sigmoid dose-response curve. D-factor is considered to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 40,000 approximately 50,000 and an electrophoretic mobility of alpha-globulin. It is resistant to different protein-denaturing treatments. Since the nature of D-factor differs from that of the colony-stimulating factor for mouse bone marrow cells, it appears that these two activities are due to different substances.", "contents": "Characterization of a differentiation-stimulating factor for mouse myeloid leukemia cells. Conditioned medium containing a differentiation-stimulating factor (D-factor) for M1 cells (myeloid leukemia cell line) was recovered over a period of several weeks by culturing mouse secondary embryo cells in serum-free medium but supplemented with bovine serum albumin. Incubation of M1 cells with the conditioned medium for 48 hr or less resulted in differentiation of 60 to 80% of the cells. From the conditioned medium, D-factor was partially purified by preparative electrophoresis on a Pevikon block and the specific activity was increased 50 approximately 60-fold. The partially purified D-factor was capable of differentiating 30% of the M1 cells at a protein concentration of 2 approximately 3 microgram/ml. Half-logarithmic plots of phagocytosis-inducing activity vs. protein concentration yielded a sigmoid dose-response curve. D-factor is considered to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 40,000 approximately 50,000 and an electrophoretic mobility of alpha-globulin. It is resistant to different protein-denaturing treatments. Since the nature of D-factor differs from that of the colony-stimulating factor for mouse bone marrow cells, it appears that these two activities are due to different substances.", "PMID": 308473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1661", "title": "Studies on the subpopulation and function of peripheral lymphocytes, and lymphocyte reactivity to colonic mucosal antigen and bacterial antigen in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "Immunological studies were carried out in fifteen cases of ulcerative colitis, three cases of tuberculous colitis, four cases of Crohn's disease and one case of Behcet's disease diagnosed by X-ray, endoscopy or biopsy mainly from the standpoint of cellular immunity. In patients with ulcerative colitis the T-cell population and PHA responsiveness of peripheral lymphocytes were both depressed more than in the control group. At different stages of the disease, the deviation of the values of PHA responsiveness of lymphocytes showed a rather wide range in the active stage and there was also immunological instability. However, when the disease entered remission, the immunological conditions settled down and the pathological condition appeared stable. In contrast to the nonspecific immunological conditions mentioned above, characteristically, there were many examples of a positive lymphocyte response to colonic mucosal and bacterial antigens. In all cases of Crohn's disease the lesions are in the small intestine and there was a reduced response to PHA lymphocytic stimulation which was more pronounced than that in patients with ulcerative colitis. PHA response was also high in tuberculous colitis cases.", "contents": "Studies on the subpopulation and function of peripheral lymphocytes, and lymphocyte reactivity to colonic mucosal antigen and bacterial antigen in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Immunological studies were carried out in fifteen cases of ulcerative colitis, three cases of tuberculous colitis, four cases of Crohn's disease and one case of Behcet's disease diagnosed by X-ray, endoscopy or biopsy mainly from the standpoint of cellular immunity. In patients with ulcerative colitis the T-cell population and PHA responsiveness of peripheral lymphocytes were both depressed more than in the control group. At different stages of the disease, the deviation of the values of PHA responsiveness of lymphocytes showed a rather wide range in the active stage and there was also immunological instability. However, when the disease entered remission, the immunological conditions settled down and the pathological condition appeared stable. In contrast to the nonspecific immunological conditions mentioned above, characteristically, there were many examples of a positive lymphocyte response to colonic mucosal and bacterial antigens. In all cases of Crohn's disease the lesions are in the small intestine and there was a reduced response to PHA lymphocytic stimulation which was more pronounced than that in patients with ulcerative colitis. PHA response was also high in tuberculous colitis cases.", "PMID": 308474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1662", "title": "Binding studies of H-Y antigen in rat tissues: indications for a gonad-specific receptor.", "content": "The binding capacity for H-Y antigen was studied in various rat tissues of both sexes. In nongonadal tissues (liver, kidney, brain, epidermis) binding could not be demonstrated. In contrast, the gonads are able to bind exogenously supplied H-Y antigen. In the ovary, the binding capacity remains unchanged in newborn and adult animals, while in the testis, this capacity decreases with age. A receptor like that of a proteohormone is assumed to exist in the gonads but not in other tissues. In nongonadal tissues, H-Y antigen apparently is present only if the cell itself synthesizes the antigen. The H-Y antigen receptor of the gonads is not sex-specific. Thus, the primary sex differentiation depends on whether H-Y antigen is synthesized in the organism.", "contents": "Binding studies of H-Y antigen in rat tissues: indications for a gonad-specific receptor. The binding capacity for H-Y antigen was studied in various rat tissues of both sexes. In nongonadal tissues (liver, kidney, brain, epidermis) binding could not be demonstrated. In contrast, the gonads are able to bind exogenously supplied H-Y antigen. In the ovary, the binding capacity remains unchanged in newborn and adult animals, while in the testis, this capacity decreases with age. A receptor like that of a proteohormone is assumed to exist in the gonads but not in other tissues. In nongonadal tissues, H-Y antigen apparently is present only if the cell itself synthesizes the antigen. The H-Y antigen receptor of the gonads is not sex-specific. Thus, the primary sex differentiation depends on whether H-Y antigen is synthesized in the organism.", "PMID": 308491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1663", "title": "PKU locus: genetic linkage with human amylase (Amy) loci and assignment to linkage group I.", "content": "The linked alpha-amylase loci Amy 1 and Amy 2 were evaluated for their linkage relationship to the PKU locus using data collected from two (one Czech and one Polish) groups of families. The five sibships informative for Amy 1:PKU give a z score of 1.505 at theta = 0.00 and the eight sibships informative for Amy 2:PKU give a z score of 2.709 at theta = 0.00. Due to the tandem position of Amy 1 and Amy 2 loci, these data could be combined, and linkage between Amy and PKU loci established with a z score 4,214 at theta = 0.00. The practical significance of the linkage, especially for identifying PKU allele carriers, is emphasized.", "contents": "PKU locus: genetic linkage with human amylase (Amy) loci and assignment to linkage group I. The linked alpha-amylase loci Amy 1 and Amy 2 were evaluated for their linkage relationship to the PKU locus using data collected from two (one Czech and one Polish) groups of families. The five sibships informative for Amy 1:PKU give a z score of 1.505 at theta = 0.00 and the eight sibships informative for Amy 2:PKU give a z score of 2.709 at theta = 0.00. Due to the tandem position of Amy 1 and Amy 2 loci, these data could be combined, and linkage between Amy and PKU loci established with a z score 4,214 at theta = 0.00. The practical significance of the linkage, especially for identifying PKU allele carriers, is emphasized.", "PMID": 308492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1664", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in patients with diabetes mellitus by delayed hypersensitivity skin tests and in vitro lymphocyte transformations. Only 44% of diabetic patients had skin test reactivity to Candida antigen, compared with 88% of normal controls (P < 0.001). Insulin-dependent diabetic (IDD) patients had abnormally low lymphocyte transformation responses to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and streptokinase-streptodornase (P < 0.05). This defect was not corrected by culturing the cells in nondiabetic plasma. IDD patients with persistent hyperglycemia (fasting serum glucose level, >200 mg/dl) had lower levels of transformation than did IDD patients with fasting serum glucose levels less than 150 mg/dl. Lymphocytes from two IDD patients with poor lymphocyte transformation responses had marked improvement in response to phytohemagglutinin when the lymphocytes were cultured after a preincubation period designed to deplete cultures of suppressor activity. Seven IDD patients were studied serially over 12 months. Lymphocyte transformation responses in four of these patients improved coincidentally with a change in the level of fasting hyperglycemia from >200 to <150 mg/dl. The other three IDD patients with consistent fasting serum glucose levels of >200 mg/dl had poor lymphocyte transformation responses. Diabetic patients have demonstrable defects in lymphocyte function which improved in a small number of patients with reduction in the level of fasting hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in diabetes mellitus. Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in patients with diabetes mellitus by delayed hypersensitivity skin tests and in vitro lymphocyte transformations. Only 44% of diabetic patients had skin test reactivity to Candida antigen, compared with 88% of normal controls (P < 0.001). Insulin-dependent diabetic (IDD) patients had abnormally low lymphocyte transformation responses to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and streptokinase-streptodornase (P < 0.05). This defect was not corrected by culturing the cells in nondiabetic plasma. IDD patients with persistent hyperglycemia (fasting serum glucose level, >200 mg/dl) had lower levels of transformation than did IDD patients with fasting serum glucose levels less than 150 mg/dl. Lymphocytes from two IDD patients with poor lymphocyte transformation responses had marked improvement in response to phytohemagglutinin when the lymphocytes were cultured after a preincubation period designed to deplete cultures of suppressor activity. Seven IDD patients were studied serially over 12 months. Lymphocyte transformation responses in four of these patients improved coincidentally with a change in the level of fasting hyperglycemia from >200 to <150 mg/dl. The other three IDD patients with consistent fasting serum glucose levels of >200 mg/dl had poor lymphocyte transformation responses. Diabetic patients have demonstrable defects in lymphocyte function which improved in a small number of patients with reduction in the level of fasting hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 308493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1665", "title": "Chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes by radiation from 252Cf.", "content": "In vitro dose--response curves of unstable chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes have been obtained for 252Cf neutron radiation. The aberration yields fitted best to the linear function Y=aD, which is consistent with the single-track model of aberration formation for high LET radiation. The curves have been compared with others previously produced in this laboratory for several energies of neutrons and for 60Co gamma radiation. The r.b.e. for 252Cf with respect to 60Co is 27 at very low doses, decreasing to 6 at an aberration yield equivalent to 400 rad of 18 rad/hour gamma radiation. A profile of chromosome-aberration induction with depth in a perspex phantom was obtained by placing blood samples at several distances over the range 0.65-2.0 cm from the californium source. This profile was compared with depth-damage calculations for a radium needle. The r.b.e. of 252Cf radiation relative to 226Ra gamma radiation increased with the distance from the source, implying that californium is more effective at greater distances in destroying the ability of cells to divide, which may be an advantage in the treatment of large tumours.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes by radiation from 252Cf. In vitro dose--response curves of unstable chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes have been obtained for 252Cf neutron radiation. The aberration yields fitted best to the linear function Y=aD, which is consistent with the single-track model of aberration formation for high LET radiation. The curves have been compared with others previously produced in this laboratory for several energies of neutrons and for 60Co gamma radiation. The r.b.e. for 252Cf with respect to 60Co is 27 at very low doses, decreasing to 6 at an aberration yield equivalent to 400 rad of 18 rad/hour gamma radiation. A profile of chromosome-aberration induction with depth in a perspex phantom was obtained by placing blood samples at several distances over the range 0.65-2.0 cm from the californium source. This profile was compared with depth-damage calculations for a radium needle. The r.b.e. of 252Cf radiation relative to 226Ra gamma radiation increased with the distance from the source, implying that californium is more effective at greater distances in destroying the ability of cells to divide, which may be an advantage in the treatment of large tumours.", "PMID": 308494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1666", "title": "Vertebral compression syndrome in multiple exostoses (case report).", "content": "The authors present a case, the second in the world literature, of Spinal Compression Syndrome in Multiple Exostoses. The diagnosis, not revealed on standard radiographs of the vertebral column, was suspected on radiculography and confirmed only by oblique stratigraphic projection. These demonstrated bone formation on the right vertebral lamina of L4 encroaching considerably on the spinal canal. Surgical laminectomy was followed by complete remission of neurological symptoms.", "contents": "Vertebral compression syndrome in multiple exostoses (case report). The authors present a case, the second in the world literature, of Spinal Compression Syndrome in Multiple Exostoses. The diagnosis, not revealed on standard radiographs of the vertebral column, was suspected on radiculography and confirmed only by oblique stratigraphic projection. These demonstrated bone formation on the right vertebral lamina of L4 encroaching considerably on the spinal canal. Surgical laminectomy was followed by complete remission of neurological symptoms.", "PMID": 308497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1667", "title": "[So-called nevoid forms of congenital poikiloderma].", "content": "The nevoid forms of poikilodermia as described in the literature are reviewed. The cases presented can be classified in better defined entities. The significance of a nevoid form of poikilodermia is doubted.", "contents": "[So-called nevoid forms of congenital poikiloderma]. The nevoid forms of poikilodermia as described in the literature are reviewed. The cases presented can be classified in better defined entities. The significance of a nevoid form of poikilodermia is doubted.", "PMID": 308498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1668", "title": "Synchronous division and rates of macromolecular synthesis in Haemophilus influenzae competent for genetic transformation.", "content": "When competent Haemophilus influenzae were returned to complete growth medium, they resumed growth at once and underwent a synchronous division after 20 to 25 min. The rate of DNA synthesis increased to the definitive rate very quickly after resumption of growth. In contrast, the rate of RNA synthesis remained low until the time of division, at which time it accelerated dramatically. Changes in the rate of protein synthesis were similar in form to those of RNA synthesis. The kinetics of loss of competence upon resumption of growth had a pattern similar to the rate of RNA synthesis, and both processes accelerated markedly at the time of cell division, suggesting an inverse relationship between RNA synthesis and the ability to take up DNA.", "contents": "Synchronous division and rates of macromolecular synthesis in Haemophilus influenzae competent for genetic transformation. When competent Haemophilus influenzae were returned to complete growth medium, they resumed growth at once and underwent a synchronous division after 20 to 25 min. The rate of DNA synthesis increased to the definitive rate very quickly after resumption of growth. In contrast, the rate of RNA synthesis remained low until the time of division, at which time it accelerated dramatically. Changes in the rate of protein synthesis were similar in form to those of RNA synthesis. The kinetics of loss of competence upon resumption of growth had a pattern similar to the rate of RNA synthesis, and both processes accelerated markedly at the time of cell division, suggesting an inverse relationship between RNA synthesis and the ability to take up DNA.", "PMID": 308508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1669", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity during natural measles infection.", "content": "Natural measles causes prolonged depression of cell-mediated immunity yet little is known as to how the infection influences lymphocyte function. Therefore, we studied the properties and function of lymphocytes during and after measles. The number and proportion of circulating thymus-derived lymphocytes was low during the acute stage of measles, and at this time 37% of these cells showed positive immunofluorescent staining for measles virus after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. 7% of B cells were shown to contain virus but their numbers did not alter during the infection. Acute-phase lymphocytes, when stimulated, yielded infective virus and half were killed on incubation with autologous serum and complement. In acute measles the increase in [(3)H]-thymidine uptake of lymphocytes when stimulated with an optimal dose of PHA was normal in media with 10% fetal calf serum and low in media containing 10% autologous serum: the mean values were 56.8+/-34.1 and 23.7+/-25.9 cpm x 10(3) per 10(6) lymphocytes, respectively. Stimulation of acute-phase lymphocytes by Candida antigen was also low in media containing autologous serum averaging 1.2 x 10(3) cpm per 10(6) lymphocytes. On recovery 4-6 wk later this rose significantly to 18.9+/-19.8. The mean migration index of leukocytes to heat-killed candida cells in acute measles was 0.84+/-SD 0.08, and this fell significantly to 0.75+/-SD 0.08 4 wk later. Thus, depletion of T cells, an inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation in the serum and a possible defect in antigen processing, interacts to depress cell-mediated immunity in measles.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity during natural measles infection. Natural measles causes prolonged depression of cell-mediated immunity yet little is known as to how the infection influences lymphocyte function. Therefore, we studied the properties and function of lymphocytes during and after measles. The number and proportion of circulating thymus-derived lymphocytes was low during the acute stage of measles, and at this time 37% of these cells showed positive immunofluorescent staining for measles virus after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. 7% of B cells were shown to contain virus but their numbers did not alter during the infection. Acute-phase lymphocytes, when stimulated, yielded infective virus and half were killed on incubation with autologous serum and complement. In acute measles the increase in [(3)H]-thymidine uptake of lymphocytes when stimulated with an optimal dose of PHA was normal in media with 10% fetal calf serum and low in media containing 10% autologous serum: the mean values were 56.8+/-34.1 and 23.7+/-25.9 cpm x 10(3) per 10(6) lymphocytes, respectively. Stimulation of acute-phase lymphocytes by Candida antigen was also low in media containing autologous serum averaging 1.2 x 10(3) cpm per 10(6) lymphocytes. On recovery 4-6 wk later this rose significantly to 18.9+/-19.8. The mean migration index of leukocytes to heat-killed candida cells in acute measles was 0.84+/-SD 0.08, and this fell significantly to 0.75+/-SD 0.08 4 wk later. Thus, depletion of T cells, an inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation in the serum and a possible defect in antigen processing, interacts to depress cell-mediated immunity in measles.", "PMID": 308511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1670", "title": "Disulfide bonds and the quaternary structure of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor.", "content": "Human Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor, purified by calcium citrate-cellulose chromatography and 4% agarose gel filtration was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis on gels containing 2% acrylamide and 0.5% agarose. We find a series of multimers of which the apparent molecular weight of the higher members was congruent with5 million. The higher multimers were isolated by 2% agarose gel filtration. Treatment of the high molecular weight multimers with 2-mercaptoethanol at concentrations of 0.005-0.5% in the presence of 1% dodecyl sulfate resulted in a shift to lower molecular weight multimers. Between mercaptoethanol concentrations of 0.01 and 0.5%, the predominant species was the dimer of the basic subunit. Mercaptoethanol concentrations >0.5% were required to reduce the interchain disulfide bonds of the dimer. An artificial multimeric series was prepared by cross-linking von Willebrand factor subunits with dimethylsuberimidate. Comparison of the multimers produced by reduction with the multimers produced by cross-linking, demonstrated the absence of odd-numbered multimers from the reduced series. Thus, the protomeric unit appears to be the dimer. High molecular weight multimers had both ristocetin cofactor activity and Factor VIII procoagulant activity. Reduction of the protein in the absence of denaturing agents, caused a gradual shift to lower molecular weight species and a concomitant loss of von Willebrand factor activity. In contrast, Factor VIII activity was unchanged by reduction. These studies suggest that the moieties having von Willebrand factor activity and those having Factor VIII activities are covalently linked by disulfide bonds.", "contents": "Disulfide bonds and the quaternary structure of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Human Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor, purified by calcium citrate-cellulose chromatography and 4% agarose gel filtration was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis on gels containing 2% acrylamide and 0.5% agarose. We find a series of multimers of which the apparent molecular weight of the higher members was congruent with5 million. The higher multimers were isolated by 2% agarose gel filtration. Treatment of the high molecular weight multimers with 2-mercaptoethanol at concentrations of 0.005-0.5% in the presence of 1% dodecyl sulfate resulted in a shift to lower molecular weight multimers. Between mercaptoethanol concentrations of 0.01 and 0.5%, the predominant species was the dimer of the basic subunit. Mercaptoethanol concentrations >0.5% were required to reduce the interchain disulfide bonds of the dimer. An artificial multimeric series was prepared by cross-linking von Willebrand factor subunits with dimethylsuberimidate. Comparison of the multimers produced by reduction with the multimers produced by cross-linking, demonstrated the absence of odd-numbered multimers from the reduced series. Thus, the protomeric unit appears to be the dimer. High molecular weight multimers had both ristocetin cofactor activity and Factor VIII procoagulant activity. Reduction of the protein in the absence of denaturing agents, caused a gradual shift to lower molecular weight species and a concomitant loss of von Willebrand factor activity. In contrast, Factor VIII activity was unchanged by reduction. These studies suggest that the moieties having von Willebrand factor activity and those having Factor VIII activities are covalently linked by disulfide bonds.", "PMID": 308512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1671", "title": "Correlation of adenosine deaminase activity with cell surface markers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity has been measured in the lymphoblasts of 23 untreated patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and related to the presence or absence of immunologic cell surface markers. The mean ADA activity in the acute lymphoblastic leukemia population as a whole was increased fourfold over that in normal lymphocytes. 9 of the 23 patients were classified as thymus-derived (T-) cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia on the basis of erythrocyte rosette positivity; the remaining 14 patients had null-cell leukemia. The mean ADA activity (ADA U/mg protein) of T-cell lymphoblasts (102 U) was 3 times higher than the mean of null lymphoblasts (30 U). This difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.02). Measurement of ADA activity offers a biochemical method of distinguishing between immunological subtypes of lymphoblasts which may be of prognostic and therapeutic value.", "contents": "Correlation of adenosine deaminase activity with cell surface markers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity has been measured in the lymphoblasts of 23 untreated patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and related to the presence or absence of immunologic cell surface markers. The mean ADA activity in the acute lymphoblastic leukemia population as a whole was increased fourfold over that in normal lymphocytes. 9 of the 23 patients were classified as thymus-derived (T-) cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia on the basis of erythrocyte rosette positivity; the remaining 14 patients had null-cell leukemia. The mean ADA activity (ADA U/mg protein) of T-cell lymphoblasts (102 U) was 3 times higher than the mean of null lymphoblasts (30 U). This difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.02). Measurement of ADA activity offers a biochemical method of distinguishing between immunological subtypes of lymphoblasts which may be of prognostic and therapeutic value.", "PMID": 308513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1672", "title": "A serum inhibitor of immune regulation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Normal mononuclear leukocytes were incubated with serum from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy subjects and then studied on lymphoproliferative tests. Serum from SLE patients that contained an autoantibody to a subpopulation of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes inhibited suppressor T-cell activity induced with concanavalin A. These sera did not inhibit lymphoproliferative responses or suppression by monocytoid cells. Mitogen-activated suppressor cells were not inhibited with serum from SLE patients or healthy subjects lacking T-cell autoantibody. This abnormality may contribute to the altered immune response that occurs with SLE.", "contents": "A serum inhibitor of immune regulation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Normal mononuclear leukocytes were incubated with serum from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy subjects and then studied on lymphoproliferative tests. Serum from SLE patients that contained an autoantibody to a subpopulation of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes inhibited suppressor T-cell activity induced with concanavalin A. These sera did not inhibit lymphoproliferative responses or suppression by monocytoid cells. Mitogen-activated suppressor cells were not inhibited with serum from SLE patients or healthy subjects lacking T-cell autoantibody. This abnormality may contribute to the altered immune response that occurs with SLE.", "PMID": 308514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1673", "title": "Senescent changes of the cornea.", "content": "In clinical optometry the practitioner often encounters that \"gray area\" concerning corneal changes of a senescent nature versus those that are not within normal limits and warrant referral. This paper provides a base line of information on corneal architecture and the physiology of the aging processes which take place within the tissue. This is followed by descriptions of the more commonly encountered senescent corneal changes and their clinical presentation.", "contents": "Senescent changes of the cornea. In clinical optometry the practitioner often encounters that \"gray area\" concerning corneal changes of a senescent nature versus those that are not within normal limits and warrant referral. This paper provides a base line of information on corneal architecture and the physiology of the aging processes which take place within the tissue. This is followed by descriptions of the more commonly encountered senescent corneal changes and their clinical presentation.", "PMID": 308515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1674", "title": "Treatment of the chronic pain patient.", "content": "A small percentage of patients with persistent pain are sufficiently angry, demanding, and manipulative to require the negotiation of an explicit treatment and/or management contract. The very few studies in this field suggest that pain is both a function of and a stimulus to abnormal illness behavior, thus requiring special attention to therapeutic \"ground rules.\" Treatment requires an unequivocal assertion by the patient that he wishes to get better and is willing to work at doing so; the specification of clearcut goals and the means of working towards them (\"pacing behavior\"); and the possible use of electrical neurostimulation and/or weak analgesics for pain control. Explicit understanding of mutual expectations and the patient's and doctor's \"rights\" is also helpful in fostering goodwill and desirable results.", "contents": "Treatment of the chronic pain patient. A small percentage of patients with persistent pain are sufficiently angry, demanding, and manipulative to require the negotiation of an explicit treatment and/or management contract. The very few studies in this field suggest that pain is both a function of and a stimulus to abnormal illness behavior, thus requiring special attention to therapeutic \"ground rules.\" Treatment requires an unequivocal assertion by the patient that he wishes to get better and is willing to work at doing so; the specification of clearcut goals and the means of working towards them (\"pacing behavior\"); and the possible use of electrical neurostimulation and/or weak analgesics for pain control. Explicit understanding of mutual expectations and the patient's and doctor's \"rights\" is also helpful in fostering goodwill and desirable results.", "PMID": 308516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1675", "title": "In situ cytotoxic T cells in a methylcholanthrene-induced tumor.", "content": "The in situ localization of cytotoxic T-cells was examined in a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma. The MCA 2 tumor was initiated in this laboratory and utilized before extensive in vivo passage. Tumor cell suspensions were separated by unit velocity sedimentation. The T cell-enriched tumor-derived fractions and spleen cells from MCA 2-bearing mice were cytotoxic for in vivo isolated MCA 2 and in vitro cultured MCA 2 tumor cells, but not for SAD2 tumor cells. The cytotoxic activity of effector cells isolated from MCA 2 tumors was abrogated by treatment with anti-theta serum plus complement. The significance of cytotoxic T cells with in a progressing tumor is discussed.", "contents": "In situ cytotoxic T cells in a methylcholanthrene-induced tumor. The in situ localization of cytotoxic T-cells was examined in a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma. The MCA 2 tumor was initiated in this laboratory and utilized before extensive in vivo passage. Tumor cell suspensions were separated by unit velocity sedimentation. The T cell-enriched tumor-derived fractions and spleen cells from MCA 2-bearing mice were cytotoxic for in vivo isolated MCA 2 and in vitro cultured MCA 2 tumor cells, but not for SAD2 tumor cells. The cytotoxic activity of effector cells isolated from MCA 2 tumors was abrogated by treatment with anti-theta serum plus complement. The significance of cytotoxic T cells with in a progressing tumor is discussed.", "PMID": 308517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1676", "title": "Autoreactive antibody-forming cells directed against thymocytes and thymus-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "Antibody-forming cells with specificities against syngeneic and allogeneic thymocytes are detected in the spleens of normal mice after activation in vitro or in vivo with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The activity of such cells was measured in a complement-dependent plaque assay employing trypan blue dye to assess zones of lysis. Plaques were rarely seen in the absence of LPS treatment. Anti-immunoglobulin added to the plaque assay abrogated the appearance of plaques, but the addition of LPS had no effect. Furthermore, plaque formation was 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive indicating that the antibody responsible was of the IgM class. Plaque forming cells (PFC) were also detected against syngeneic and allogeneic lymph node cells and to a much lesser extent against splenocytes. The numbers of PFC found against syngeneic, allogeneic, or a mixture of thymocytes was similar and ranged from 1000 to 3000 PFC/10(8) viable spleen cells tested. All murine strains tested, including congenitally athymic nude mice, exhibited anti-thymocyte PFC after LPS activation. C3H/HeJ mice, genetically unresponsive to LPS, did not respond mitogenically to LPS and no anti-thymocyte plaques were observed. These findings suggest that clones of autoreactive B cells are present in normal mice and can be activated by LPS.", "contents": "Autoreactive antibody-forming cells directed against thymocytes and thymus-derived lymphocytes. Antibody-forming cells with specificities against syngeneic and allogeneic thymocytes are detected in the spleens of normal mice after activation in vitro or in vivo with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The activity of such cells was measured in a complement-dependent plaque assay employing trypan blue dye to assess zones of lysis. Plaques were rarely seen in the absence of LPS treatment. Anti-immunoglobulin added to the plaque assay abrogated the appearance of plaques, but the addition of LPS had no effect. Furthermore, plaque formation was 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive indicating that the antibody responsible was of the IgM class. Plaque forming cells (PFC) were also detected against syngeneic and allogeneic lymph node cells and to a much lesser extent against splenocytes. The numbers of PFC found against syngeneic, allogeneic, or a mixture of thymocytes was similar and ranged from 1000 to 3000 PFC/10(8) viable spleen cells tested. All murine strains tested, including congenitally athymic nude mice, exhibited anti-thymocyte PFC after LPS activation. C3H/HeJ mice, genetically unresponsive to LPS, did not respond mitogenically to LPS and no anti-thymocyte plaques were observed. These findings suggest that clones of autoreactive B cells are present in normal mice and can be activated by LPS.", "PMID": 308519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1677", "title": "Further studies on the tumor-specific suppressor cells induced by ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Recent studies have suggested that the immunologic unresponsiveness of UV-irradiated mice against UV-induced fibrosarcomas might be due to the presence of suppressor lymphoid cells. In these experiments, we present additional evidence that suppressor lymphoid cells are present in lymph nodes and spleens of UV-irradiated mice and demonstrate that these cells are enriched after incubation on nylon wool columns, that they are inactive after treatment with anti-theta serum and complement, and that they are effective for at least 7 weeks after transfer to lethally x-irradiated mice. Splenectomy of UV-treated mice before tumor challenge did not restore their anti-tumor reactivity. The UV-induced suppressor cells appear to be specific for syngeneic UV-induced tumors, since they did not suppress the rejection of an allogeneic UV-induced tumor or two chemically induced syngeneic tumors.", "contents": "Further studies on the tumor-specific suppressor cells induced by ultraviolet radiation. Recent studies have suggested that the immunologic unresponsiveness of UV-irradiated mice against UV-induced fibrosarcomas might be due to the presence of suppressor lymphoid cells. In these experiments, we present additional evidence that suppressor lymphoid cells are present in lymph nodes and spleens of UV-irradiated mice and demonstrate that these cells are enriched after incubation on nylon wool columns, that they are inactive after treatment with anti-theta serum and complement, and that they are effective for at least 7 weeks after transfer to lethally x-irradiated mice. Splenectomy of UV-treated mice before tumor challenge did not restore their anti-tumor reactivity. The UV-induced suppressor cells appear to be specific for syngeneic UV-induced tumors, since they did not suppress the rejection of an allogeneic UV-induced tumor or two chemically induced syngeneic tumors.", "PMID": 308520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1678", "title": "Opposing reactivities of subpopulations of T lymphocytes toward syngeneic tumor cells: separation of early thymocytes.", "content": "The present communication is a continuation of earlier studies which indicated that interaction between syngeneic tumors and those lymphocytes in the early stages of thymic processing can result in enhanced tumor growth in vivo. The thymocytes involved in this tumor enhancement were found previously in the rapidly dividing subpopulation of subcapsular cortical thymocytes, both in the untreated thymus and in the thymus undergoing repopulation after cortisone depletion. In the present experiments we have isolated this small subpopulation of early thymocytes. After cortisone injection such cells could be separated from the medullary cortisone-resistant thymocytes since the latter cells exhibit a high level of surface H-2 antigens and were thus lysed preferentially by anti-H-2 serum and complement. The repopulating subcapsular early thymocytes, which were resistant to this treatment, were incapable of responding to PHA while their basal proliferation rate was undiminished, and the majority of the cells were found to be dividing. When such low H-2 early thymocytes were injected together with three different tumors into syngeneic mice their tumor-enhancing activity was evident. It is clear that such early thymocytes are not devoid of biologic reactivity and their release from the thymus could have decisive results.", "contents": "Opposing reactivities of subpopulations of T lymphocytes toward syngeneic tumor cells: separation of early thymocytes. The present communication is a continuation of earlier studies which indicated that interaction between syngeneic tumors and those lymphocytes in the early stages of thymic processing can result in enhanced tumor growth in vivo. The thymocytes involved in this tumor enhancement were found previously in the rapidly dividing subpopulation of subcapsular cortical thymocytes, both in the untreated thymus and in the thymus undergoing repopulation after cortisone depletion. In the present experiments we have isolated this small subpopulation of early thymocytes. After cortisone injection such cells could be separated from the medullary cortisone-resistant thymocytes since the latter cells exhibit a high level of surface H-2 antigens and were thus lysed preferentially by anti-H-2 serum and complement. The repopulating subcapsular early thymocytes, which were resistant to this treatment, were incapable of responding to PHA while their basal proliferation rate was undiminished, and the majority of the cells were found to be dividing. When such low H-2 early thymocytes were injected together with three different tumors into syngeneic mice their tumor-enhancing activity was evident. It is clear that such early thymocytes are not devoid of biologic reactivity and their release from the thymus could have decisive results.", "PMID": 308521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1679", "title": "Chronic permeability of the central nervous system to mononuclear cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat.", "content": "In order to assess whether experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a putative animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS), is an ongoing chronic disorder, we have studied the permeability of spinal cords of Lewis rats with EAE to 3H-uridine- or 3H-thymidine-labeled lymphoid cells obtained from thymuses of naive donors or from draining lymph nodes of donors injected with guinea pig spinal cord + complete Fruend's adjuvant (CFA), guinea pig myelin basic protein + CFA, or with CFA alone. During the acute clinical phase of EAE there is a high-level infiltration of 3H-thymidine- or 3H-uridine-labeled cells into the spinal cords. After clinical recovery from EAE up to 58 days post-inoculation, there is a low-level infiltration of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells into the spinal cords. A similar infiltration into the spinal cords by 3H-uridine-labeled cells was not detected. Donor cells from animals immunized with CFA alone showed similar levels of infiltration into the spinal cords of animals with EAE as donor cells from animals immunized with the encephalitogenic emulsion. Spinal cords from recipients immunized with CFA alone showed no increased permeability to labeled cells. Heat-killed labeled cells did not migrate into the spinal cords of animals with EAE. We conclude that a) EAE is a chronic disease and in this regard is a valid model for MS; and B) in the chronic phase of EAE, recently divided cells (3H-thymidine-labeled cells) show higher levels of migration into the target tissue than 3H-uridine-labeled cells.", "contents": "Chronic permeability of the central nervous system to mononuclear cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat. In order to assess whether experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a putative animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS), is an ongoing chronic disorder, we have studied the permeability of spinal cords of Lewis rats with EAE to 3H-uridine- or 3H-thymidine-labeled lymphoid cells obtained from thymuses of naive donors or from draining lymph nodes of donors injected with guinea pig spinal cord + complete Fruend's adjuvant (CFA), guinea pig myelin basic protein + CFA, or with CFA alone. During the acute clinical phase of EAE there is a high-level infiltration of 3H-thymidine- or 3H-uridine-labeled cells into the spinal cords. After clinical recovery from EAE up to 58 days post-inoculation, there is a low-level infiltration of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells into the spinal cords. A similar infiltration into the spinal cords by 3H-uridine-labeled cells was not detected. Donor cells from animals immunized with CFA alone showed similar levels of infiltration into the spinal cords of animals with EAE as donor cells from animals immunized with the encephalitogenic emulsion. Spinal cords from recipients immunized with CFA alone showed no increased permeability to labeled cells. Heat-killed labeled cells did not migrate into the spinal cords of animals with EAE. We conclude that a) EAE is a chronic disease and in this regard is a valid model for MS; and B) in the chronic phase of EAE, recently divided cells (3H-thymidine-labeled cells) show higher levels of migration into the target tissue than 3H-uridine-labeled cells.", "PMID": 308523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1680", "title": "Characterization of a B cell defect in the NZB mouse manifested by an increased ratio of surface IgM to IgD.", "content": "In an effort to define the cellular basis of abnormalities in polyclonal B cell activation previously noted in NZB mice, the surface immunoglobulin (sIg) isotypes of spleen cells from NZB mice were examined. After lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination, the cell surface immunoglobulins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Spleen cells from 8- to 10-week-old NZB mice were found to have an increased ratio of cell surface IgM/IgD compared to cells from 11 control strains. The altered ratio of sIg isotypes was not a consequence of increased proteolytic activity present in NZB cell suspensions or of the presence of cytophilic antibody or autoantibody. Ontogenetic studies of the sIgM/sIgD (mu/delta) ration on splenocytes from NZB and BALB/c mice revealed that the former cells had higher mu/delta ratios as early as 2 weeks after birth. By 4 weeks of age the mu/delta ratios were equivalent. Between 4 weeks and 1 year of age, the mu/delta ratios on NZB splenocytes remained constant whereas those on BALB/c splenocytes decreased and reached adult levels at 6 weeks.", "contents": "Characterization of a B cell defect in the NZB mouse manifested by an increased ratio of surface IgM to IgD. In an effort to define the cellular basis of abnormalities in polyclonal B cell activation previously noted in NZB mice, the surface immunoglobulin (sIg) isotypes of spleen cells from NZB mice were examined. After lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination, the cell surface immunoglobulins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Spleen cells from 8- to 10-week-old NZB mice were found to have an increased ratio of cell surface IgM/IgD compared to cells from 11 control strains. The altered ratio of sIg isotypes was not a consequence of increased proteolytic activity present in NZB cell suspensions or of the presence of cytophilic antibody or autoantibody. Ontogenetic studies of the sIgM/sIgD (mu/delta) ration on splenocytes from NZB and BALB/c mice revealed that the former cells had higher mu/delta ratios as early as 2 weeks after birth. By 4 weeks of age the mu/delta ratios were equivalent. Between 4 weeks and 1 year of age, the mu/delta ratios on NZB splenocytes remained constant whereas those on BALB/c splenocytes decreased and reached adult levels at 6 weeks.", "PMID": 308525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1681", "title": "Functional significance of electrocardiographic changes after left ventricular aneurysmectomy.", "content": "Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes after left ventricular aneurysmectomy were analyzed in 20 patients, thirteen of whom had additional aorto coronary saphenous vein bypass surgery. ECG changes were correlated with postoperative clinical and hemodynamic results. Out of 14 patients (Group I) who showed hemodynamic and/or clinical improvement, eight had decrease of chronic ST segment elevation that was associated in five with loss of pathologic Q waves. In the remaining six patients (Group II) who showed no hemodynamic or clinical improvement as well as in six patients in Group I, chronic ST segment elevation persisted or increased and in some, new pathologic Q waves developed after surgery. The study suggests that loss of pathologic Q waves and/or decrease of chronic ST segment elevation in patients who undergo a left ventricular aneurysmectomy with aorto coronary saphenous vein bypass surgery may reflect postoperative clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic improvement. On the other hand, failure of these ECG changes to occur or, conversely, increased ST segment elevation and/or appearance of new Q waves may have no predictive value. The mechanisms for these ECG changes are discussed.", "contents": "Functional significance of electrocardiographic changes after left ventricular aneurysmectomy. Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes after left ventricular aneurysmectomy were analyzed in 20 patients, thirteen of whom had additional aorto coronary saphenous vein bypass surgery. ECG changes were correlated with postoperative clinical and hemodynamic results. Out of 14 patients (Group I) who showed hemodynamic and/or clinical improvement, eight had decrease of chronic ST segment elevation that was associated in five with loss of pathologic Q waves. In the remaining six patients (Group II) who showed no hemodynamic or clinical improvement as well as in six patients in Group I, chronic ST segment elevation persisted or increased and in some, new pathologic Q waves developed after surgery. The study suggests that loss of pathologic Q waves and/or decrease of chronic ST segment elevation in patients who undergo a left ventricular aneurysmectomy with aorto coronary saphenous vein bypass surgery may reflect postoperative clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic improvement. On the other hand, failure of these ECG changes to occur or, conversely, increased ST segment elevation and/or appearance of new Q waves may have no predictive value. The mechanisms for these ECG changes are discussed.", "PMID": 308526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1682", "title": "Evidence for changes in segmental motoneurone pools by chronic cerebellar stimulation and its clinical significance.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies in eight patients with severe motor system abnormalities are described both before and after the start of chronic electrical stimulation of the anterior cerebellum. With stimulation, at least one of following changes was found in seven of these eight patients: reversal of abdominal F amplitude ratios (flexor/extensor muscles), decreased prominence of F responses, and loss of H reflexes in at least one muscle other than the soleus. These changes indicate that cerebellar stimulation can affect the excitability of segmental motoneurone pools. Although clinical changes, particularly decrease in tone, were observed in all the patients with stimulation, the complexity of trying to relate the physiological findings to functional improvement is emphasised.", "contents": "Evidence for changes in segmental motoneurone pools by chronic cerebellar stimulation and its clinical significance. Electrophysiological studies in eight patients with severe motor system abnormalities are described both before and after the start of chronic electrical stimulation of the anterior cerebellum. With stimulation, at least one of following changes was found in seven of these eight patients: reversal of abdominal F amplitude ratios (flexor/extensor muscles), decreased prominence of F responses, and loss of H reflexes in at least one muscle other than the soleus. These changes indicate that cerebellar stimulation can affect the excitability of segmental motoneurone pools. Although clinical changes, particularly decrease in tone, were observed in all the patients with stimulation, the complexity of trying to relate the physiological findings to functional improvement is emphasised.", "PMID": 308528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1683", "title": "Relapsing neuropathy due to tetanus toxoid. Report of a case.", "content": "A unique case history is presented, of a 42-year-old patient who has suffered three episodes of a demyelinating neuropathy, each of which followed an injection of tetanus toxoid. The clinical features on each occasion were characteristic of acute idiopathic polyneuropathy; a rapid onset of a mainly motor neuropathy with eventual recovery. Nerve conduction studies performed during the second and third episodes demonstrated grossly slowed motor conduction velocities. The sural nerve was biopsied after the third episode, and the features seen on light and electron microscopy included prominent hypertrophic changes, mononuclear cells associated with most \"onion bulbs\" and macrophage mediated demyelination. Studies of blastogenesis and macrophage migration inhibition, showed T lymphocyte responsiveness to both peripheral nerve myelin and tetanus toxoid. Typing for antigens of the HLA system indicated that the patient was homozygous for HLAB8.", "contents": "Relapsing neuropathy due to tetanus toxoid. Report of a case. A unique case history is presented, of a 42-year-old patient who has suffered three episodes of a demyelinating neuropathy, each of which followed an injection of tetanus toxoid. The clinical features on each occasion were characteristic of acute idiopathic polyneuropathy; a rapid onset of a mainly motor neuropathy with eventual recovery. Nerve conduction studies performed during the second and third episodes demonstrated grossly slowed motor conduction velocities. The sural nerve was biopsied after the third episode, and the features seen on light and electron microscopy included prominent hypertrophic changes, mononuclear cells associated with most \"onion bulbs\" and macrophage mediated demyelination. Studies of blastogenesis and macrophage migration inhibition, showed T lymphocyte responsiveness to both peripheral nerve myelin and tetanus toxoid. Typing for antigens of the HLA system indicated that the patient was homozygous for HLAB8.", "PMID": 308529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1684", "title": "DNA and RNA antibodies in serum and CSF of multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients.", "content": "DNA and RNA (nucleic) antibodies were found in the CSF of 18 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) (out of 45), 11 with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) (out of 12) and 9 controls (out of 30). Viral (measles and rubella, by HAI) antibodies were present in all SSPE, 23 MS and 11 control patients. A clear correlation exists between (1) CSF immunological patterns, (2) oligoclonal aspect, (3) simultaneous presence of nucleic and viral antibodies, suggesting the local synthesis of both. This is confirmed by the comparison of the ratios IgG/antibodies in serum and CSF: the CSF ratio may be higher for nucleic and/or viral antibodies in SSPE and MS patients. Thus nucleic antibodies seem to be related to a persistent active infection within the central nervous system.", "contents": "DNA and RNA antibodies in serum and CSF of multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients. DNA and RNA (nucleic) antibodies were found in the CSF of 18 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) (out of 45), 11 with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) (out of 12) and 9 controls (out of 30). Viral (measles and rubella, by HAI) antibodies were present in all SSPE, 23 MS and 11 control patients. A clear correlation exists between (1) CSF immunological patterns, (2) oligoclonal aspect, (3) simultaneous presence of nucleic and viral antibodies, suggesting the local synthesis of both. This is confirmed by the comparison of the ratios IgG/antibodies in serum and CSF: the CSF ratio may be higher for nucleic and/or viral antibodies in SSPE and MS patients. Thus nucleic antibodies seem to be related to a persistent active infection within the central nervous system.", "PMID": 308530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1685", "title": "Effect of TMP-SMX on nasopharyngeal carriage of ampicillin-sensitive and ampicillin-resistant hemophilus influenzae type B.", "content": "The carriage rate of ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae type B in a chronic care facility was investigated. Up to 48% of the children carried this strain. Of interest was the finding of simulaneous carriage of ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-sensitive HITB, a phenomenon which was detected by using both chocolate agar and chocolate agar containing 2 microgram/ml of ampicillin. A trial of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprin successfully eradicated the ampicillin-sensitive HITB, but had no effect on the ampicillin-resistant HITB.", "contents": "Effect of TMP-SMX on nasopharyngeal carriage of ampicillin-sensitive and ampicillin-resistant hemophilus influenzae type B. The carriage rate of ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae type B in a chronic care facility was investigated. Up to 48% of the children carried this strain. Of interest was the finding of simulaneous carriage of ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-sensitive HITB, a phenomenon which was detected by using both chocolate agar and chocolate agar containing 2 microgram/ml of ampicillin. A trial of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprin successfully eradicated the ampicillin-sensitive HITB, but had no effect on the ampicillin-resistant HITB.", "PMID": 308533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1686", "title": "Maintenance of low sodium and high potassium levels in resting muscle cells.", "content": "1. Previous work has shown that a frog sartorius muscle consists of parallel cells running all the way from one end of the muscle to the other and that amputation of one end of the muscle is not followed by regeneration of a new cell membrane. If now only the cut end of the amputated muscle is exposed to a Ringer solution in which the solutes 42K and 22Na act as radioactive labels and the rest of the cell is suspended in air, we have what is described as an effectively membraneless open-ended cell or EMOC preparation. In this case the only remaining anatomically intact plasma membrane and pumps are made nonfunctional by the removal of 'sources' for inward pumps and 'sinks' for outward pumps. 2. The healthy region of a frog sartorius muscle EMOC preparation continues to accumulate labelled K+ to a level higher than that in the Ringer solution and to exclude labelled Na+ to a level below that in the Ringer solution, much as a normal uncut muscle does in its normal environment. The differences were reduced by inclusion of ouabain in the medium. 3. The diffusion coefficient of Na+ in the normal muscle cytoplasm at 25 degrees C was measured using two methods. The average diffusion coefficient measured was 2.07 X 10(-6) cm2/sec, roughly 1/6 that of the diffusion coefficient of Na+ in a 0.1 N-NaCl solution. 4. The data obtained are discussed in terms of the association-induction hypothesis. In this theory asymmetrical solute distribution, basically an expression of a non-energy consuming metastable equilibrium state, is the result of specific combinations of two opposing mechanisms: adsorption which raises the level of the intracellular solute; and exclusion from cell water which tends to lower it.", "contents": "Maintenance of low sodium and high potassium levels in resting muscle cells. 1. Previous work has shown that a frog sartorius muscle consists of parallel cells running all the way from one end of the muscle to the other and that amputation of one end of the muscle is not followed by regeneration of a new cell membrane. If now only the cut end of the amputated muscle is exposed to a Ringer solution in which the solutes 42K and 22Na act as radioactive labels and the rest of the cell is suspended in air, we have what is described as an effectively membraneless open-ended cell or EMOC preparation. In this case the only remaining anatomically intact plasma membrane and pumps are made nonfunctional by the removal of 'sources' for inward pumps and 'sinks' for outward pumps. 2. The healthy region of a frog sartorius muscle EMOC preparation continues to accumulate labelled K+ to a level higher than that in the Ringer solution and to exclude labelled Na+ to a level below that in the Ringer solution, much as a normal uncut muscle does in its normal environment. The differences were reduced by inclusion of ouabain in the medium. 3. The diffusion coefficient of Na+ in the normal muscle cytoplasm at 25 degrees C was measured using two methods. The average diffusion coefficient measured was 2.07 X 10(-6) cm2/sec, roughly 1/6 that of the diffusion coefficient of Na+ in a 0.1 N-NaCl solution. 4. The data obtained are discussed in terms of the association-induction hypothesis. In this theory asymmetrical solute distribution, basically an expression of a non-energy consuming metastable equilibrium state, is the result of specific combinations of two opposing mechanisms: adsorption which raises the level of the intracellular solute; and exclusion from cell water which tends to lower it.", "PMID": 308536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1687", "title": "A potential- and time-dependent blockade of inward rectification in frog skeletal muscle fibres by barium and strontium ions.", "content": "1. A three-electrode voltage clamp method was used to investigate the effects of Ba and Sr ions on the inwardly rectifying K conductance of resting frog sartorius muscle fibres. 2. When Ba2+ (0.01-5 mM) was added to the control (115 mM-K+) solution the inward currents recorded during hyperpolarizing voltage steps turned off exponentially with time as the blockade by Ba2+ developed. Outward currents showed no time-dependence. 3. Ba2+ ions reduced both the instantaneous and the steady-state values of currents recorded on hyperpolarization. The blockade was potential-dependent, steady-state currents being increasingly reduced with increasing hyperpolarization. 4. The concentration-effect relation for the blockade of instantaneous currents by Ba2+ could be fitted assuming 1:1 binding of Ba2+ to a receptor, with the block being proportional to the number of Ba2+-filled receptors. The apparent dissociation constant at the holding potential (-5 mV) was 0.65 mM. Concentration-effect relations were shifted along the concentration axis to lower concentrations by hyperpolarization. The apparent dissociation constant was reduced e-fold for a 16.8 mV change in potential. 5. Increasing the [Ba]o increased the rate of onset of the blockade at a given potential. 6. The rate of onset of the blockade had a high temperature dependence (Q10 = 3.15 +/- 0.08). 7. When [K]o was doubled to 230 mM, under conditions where [K]i was also doubled, [Ba]o had to be raised approximately fourfold to produce the same degree and rate of onset of blockade. Similarly, when [K]o was decreased, the degree and rate of onset of blockade were increased for a given [Ba]o. 8. The blockade could be readily removed by removal of Ba2+ from the bathing solution. In addition the blockade which develops on hyperpolarization is removed exponentially on return to the holding potential. 9. The blockade which exists at the holding potential may be removed by a depolarizing prepulse. 10. Sr causes a similar potential-dependent blockade to that by Ba2+, but is around 400 times less effective. 11. The results have been fitted with a model assuming that the permeability mechanism is an aqueous pore with a site which binds one Ba2+ ion or two K+ ions. The site must have affinity for Ba2+ and a low affinity for K+.", "contents": "A potential- and time-dependent blockade of inward rectification in frog skeletal muscle fibres by barium and strontium ions. 1. A three-electrode voltage clamp method was used to investigate the effects of Ba and Sr ions on the inwardly rectifying K conductance of resting frog sartorius muscle fibres. 2. When Ba2+ (0.01-5 mM) was added to the control (115 mM-K+) solution the inward currents recorded during hyperpolarizing voltage steps turned off exponentially with time as the blockade by Ba2+ developed. Outward currents showed no time-dependence. 3. Ba2+ ions reduced both the instantaneous and the steady-state values of currents recorded on hyperpolarization. The blockade was potential-dependent, steady-state currents being increasingly reduced with increasing hyperpolarization. 4. The concentration-effect relation for the blockade of instantaneous currents by Ba2+ could be fitted assuming 1:1 binding of Ba2+ to a receptor, with the block being proportional to the number of Ba2+-filled receptors. The apparent dissociation constant at the holding potential (-5 mV) was 0.65 mM. Concentration-effect relations were shifted along the concentration axis to lower concentrations by hyperpolarization. The apparent dissociation constant was reduced e-fold for a 16.8 mV change in potential. 5. Increasing the [Ba]o increased the rate of onset of the blockade at a given potential. 6. The rate of onset of the blockade had a high temperature dependence (Q10 = 3.15 +/- 0.08). 7. When [K]o was doubled to 230 mM, under conditions where [K]i was also doubled, [Ba]o had to be raised approximately fourfold to produce the same degree and rate of onset of blockade. Similarly, when [K]o was decreased, the degree and rate of onset of blockade were increased for a given [Ba]o. 8. The blockade could be readily removed by removal of Ba2+ from the bathing solution. In addition the blockade which develops on hyperpolarization is removed exponentially on return to the holding potential. 9. The blockade which exists at the holding potential may be removed by a depolarizing prepulse. 10. Sr causes a similar potential-dependent blockade to that by Ba2+, but is around 400 times less effective. 11. The results have been fitted with a model assuming that the permeability mechanism is an aqueous pore with a site which binds one Ba2+ ion or two K+ ions. The site must have affinity for Ba2+ and a low affinity for K+.", "PMID": 308537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1688", "title": "Reversible depletion of synaptic vesicles induced by application of high external potassium to the frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "1. Reversible depletion of synaptic vesicles from frog cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junctions was studied by application of a Ringer solution containing 115 mM-K propionate.2. During the release of transmitter, the synaptic vesicle membrane is added to the axolemmal membrane. Under the conditions of high K(+)-induced release, the synaptic vesicle membrane accumulates as folds formed in the region of the axolemmal membrane between the active zones. In depleted terminals, large vesicular structures appear and the evidence shows that some of them (possibly all) are formed as axolemmal infoldings. During formation of such infoldings the active zones remain fixed in position with respect to the post-junctional membrane.3. During recovery in normal Ringer solution, which followed 30 min depolarization in high K(+) Ringer solution, spontaneous m.e.p.p.s were detected as early as 9 min after the start of the recovery period and the average time for their reappearance was 17 min.4. At the end of a 20 min recovery period which followed K(+) depolarization, small accumulations of synaptic vesicles were again found within the terminal close to the active zones. At this time coated vesicles and coated pits were seen associated with the prejunctional axolemma and its infoldings. It appears that synaptic vesicles are re-formed directly from these coated vesicles.5. After 60 min recovery from K(+) depolarization, at which time stimulation of the motor nerve induced a muscle twitch, the structure of the terminals closely resembled that of control preparations.6. The entire synaptic vesicle recycling process can take place in the absence of the neurone soma.", "contents": "Reversible depletion of synaptic vesicles induced by application of high external potassium to the frog neuromuscular junction. 1. Reversible depletion of synaptic vesicles from frog cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junctions was studied by application of a Ringer solution containing 115 mM-K propionate.2. During the release of transmitter, the synaptic vesicle membrane is added to the axolemmal membrane. Under the conditions of high K(+)-induced release, the synaptic vesicle membrane accumulates as folds formed in the region of the axolemmal membrane between the active zones. In depleted terminals, large vesicular structures appear and the evidence shows that some of them (possibly all) are formed as axolemmal infoldings. During formation of such infoldings the active zones remain fixed in position with respect to the post-junctional membrane.3. During recovery in normal Ringer solution, which followed 30 min depolarization in high K(+) Ringer solution, spontaneous m.e.p.p.s were detected as early as 9 min after the start of the recovery period and the average time for their reappearance was 17 min.4. At the end of a 20 min recovery period which followed K(+) depolarization, small accumulations of synaptic vesicles were again found within the terminal close to the active zones. At this time coated vesicles and coated pits were seen associated with the prejunctional axolemma and its infoldings. It appears that synaptic vesicles are re-formed directly from these coated vesicles.5. After 60 min recovery from K(+) depolarization, at which time stimulation of the motor nerve induced a muscle twitch, the structure of the terminals closely resembled that of control preparations.6. The entire synaptic vesicle recycling process can take place in the absence of the neurone soma.", "PMID": 308538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1689", "title": "Potassium efflux in heart muscle during activity: extracellular accumulation and its implications.", "content": "1. Extracellular K+ activity and transmembrane potential were simultaneously monitored with a K+-selective micro-electrode placed in the extracellular space and a standard KCl-filled micro-electrode in the intracellular space of the frog ventricular muscle. 2. K+ was found to accumulate during activity and had the approximate magnitude and time course to account for the measured membrane depolarization. 3. The magnitude of the K+ accumulation depended on the frequency of stimulation, diameter of the muscle and temperature of the bathing solution. 4. The time constants of accumulation and decay were dependent only on the diameter and the temperature of the strip. A Q10 of 2 was measured for the decay of accumulated K+. 5. Double barrelled K+-electrodes were used to monitor the change in K+ activity accompanying a single action potential, since the reference barrel allowed for rapid compensation of the electrical potential fluctuations encountered in the subendothelial space. 6. K+ accumulated continuously during the plateau to a level which increased external K concentration by about 1 mM. This increase in the subendothelial space corresponds to about 1-3 muA/cm2 or 10-30 pmole/cm2-sec-1 of net K+ efflux. These values are at least an order of magnitude larger than required to discharge the membrane capacitance. 7. There is no direct relation between action potential duration and rate of development or magnitude of K+ accumulation during that action potential. 8. Increase in the external K concentration, while shortening the action potential and depolarizing the membrane, does not lead to an increased rate of accumulation of K+. The presence of Ni2+, on the other hand, prolongs the action potential and decreases the rate of K+ accumulation. 9. The results suggest that there is a substantial and continuous efflux of K+ during the action potential, which sums during rapid beating, resulting in membrane depolarization and alteration of action potential duration. The change in action potential duration in response to rate may be caused by alteration of EK in the local micro-environments.", "contents": "Potassium efflux in heart muscle during activity: extracellular accumulation and its implications. 1. Extracellular K+ activity and transmembrane potential were simultaneously monitored with a K+-selective micro-electrode placed in the extracellular space and a standard KCl-filled micro-electrode in the intracellular space of the frog ventricular muscle. 2. K+ was found to accumulate during activity and had the approximate magnitude and time course to account for the measured membrane depolarization. 3. The magnitude of the K+ accumulation depended on the frequency of stimulation, diameter of the muscle and temperature of the bathing solution. 4. The time constants of accumulation and decay were dependent only on the diameter and the temperature of the strip. A Q10 of 2 was measured for the decay of accumulated K+. 5. Double barrelled K+-electrodes were used to monitor the change in K+ activity accompanying a single action potential, since the reference barrel allowed for rapid compensation of the electrical potential fluctuations encountered in the subendothelial space. 6. K+ accumulated continuously during the plateau to a level which increased external K concentration by about 1 mM. This increase in the subendothelial space corresponds to about 1-3 muA/cm2 or 10-30 pmole/cm2-sec-1 of net K+ efflux. These values are at least an order of magnitude larger than required to discharge the membrane capacitance. 7. There is no direct relation between action potential duration and rate of development or magnitude of K+ accumulation during that action potential. 8. Increase in the external K concentration, while shortening the action potential and depolarizing the membrane, does not lead to an increased rate of accumulation of K+. The presence of Ni2+, on the other hand, prolongs the action potential and decreases the rate of K+ accumulation. 9. The results suggest that there is a substantial and continuous efflux of K+ during the action potential, which sums during rapid beating, resulting in membrane depolarization and alteration of action potential duration. The change in action potential duration in response to rate may be caused by alteration of EK in the local micro-environments.", "PMID": 308540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1690", "title": "Detubulation effects on the action of zinc on frog skeletal muscle action potential.", "content": "Detubulation of the untreated fiber decreases the time constant of the action potential's foot (tauf) and increases the maximal rate of rise of the spike (Vmax). Zinc at all concentrations, and regardless of whether the fiber is intact or detubulated, increases tauf and decreases Vmax, and thus seems to decrease Na activation of the fiber. Detubulation was used principally to elucidate the localization and mechanism of the Zn2+-induced retardation of the falling phase of the frog sartorius fiber action potential, which evidently results from a general depression of delayed rectification. At 50 to 1000 mum, Zn2+ not only prolongs repolarization of intact fibers (measured by increase in t0.5, the half-time of the spike's fall), but also produces a marked hump early in this phase. Detubulation of zinc-free fibers reduces t0.5 to about 80% of its intact value, and under Zn2+ treatment t0.5 is increased but only to about 80% of that produced in the inus, detubulation decreases t0.5 in Zn2+-treated fibers not only to about 80% of that produced in the intact fiber, and the falling-phase hump is completely obliterated. Thus, detubulation decreases t0.5 in Zn2+-treated fibers not only by generally eliminating T-tubular participation in action potential generation, but also by subtracting a Zn2+-induced retardation of tubular delayed rectification. Tubular delayed rectification must therefore be an intrinsic feature of normal excitation. These results are further analyzed by means of (i) Stanfield's findings about retardation of delayed rectification by Zn2+ and (ii) Adrian-Peachey's theory of T-tubule participation in action potential generation, which suggests that the Zn2+-evoked repolarization hump signals onset of Zn2+-altered active participation of T-tubules in determining the spike's shape.", "contents": "Detubulation effects on the action of zinc on frog skeletal muscle action potential. Detubulation of the untreated fiber decreases the time constant of the action potential's foot (tauf) and increases the maximal rate of rise of the spike (Vmax). Zinc at all concentrations, and regardless of whether the fiber is intact or detubulated, increases tauf and decreases Vmax, and thus seems to decrease Na activation of the fiber. Detubulation was used principally to elucidate the localization and mechanism of the Zn2+-induced retardation of the falling phase of the frog sartorius fiber action potential, which evidently results from a general depression of delayed rectification. At 50 to 1000 mum, Zn2+ not only prolongs repolarization of intact fibers (measured by increase in t0.5, the half-time of the spike's fall), but also produces a marked hump early in this phase. Detubulation of zinc-free fibers reduces t0.5 to about 80% of its intact value, and under Zn2+ treatment t0.5 is increased but only to about 80% of that produced in the inus, detubulation decreases t0.5 in Zn2+-treated fibers not only to about 80% of that produced in the intact fiber, and the falling-phase hump is completely obliterated. Thus, detubulation decreases t0.5 in Zn2+-treated fibers not only by generally eliminating T-tubular participation in action potential generation, but also by subtracting a Zn2+-induced retardation of tubular delayed rectification. Tubular delayed rectification must therefore be an intrinsic feature of normal excitation. These results are further analyzed by means of (i) Stanfield's findings about retardation of delayed rectification by Zn2+ and (ii) Adrian-Peachey's theory of T-tubule participation in action potential generation, which suggests that the Zn2+-evoked repolarization hump signals onset of Zn2+-altered active participation of T-tubules in determining the spike's shape.", "PMID": 308543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1691", "title": "Ultraviolet carcinogenesis in T-cell-depleted mice.", "content": "The induction of skin tumors by chronic UV irradiation was compared in normal C3H/HeN(MTV-) mice, T-cell-depleted mice, and T-cell-depleted mice reconstituted with thymus grafts. The T-cell-depleted mice were thymectomized as young adults, lethally X-irradiated, and repopulated with neonatal liver cells. Skin tumors appeared earlier in the immunosuppressed T-cell-depleted mice than in the normal mice. However, tumors developed most rapidly in the group that was T-cell depleted and immunologically restored with thymus grafts. In the latter group, most of the tumors were squamous cell carcinomas, whereas in the normal mice, fibrosarcomas predominated. These experiments illustrated the limitations of this approach to studying the role of the immune response in carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Ultraviolet carcinogenesis in T-cell-depleted mice. The induction of skin tumors by chronic UV irradiation was compared in normal C3H/HeN(MTV-) mice, T-cell-depleted mice, and T-cell-depleted mice reconstituted with thymus grafts. The T-cell-depleted mice were thymectomized as young adults, lethally X-irradiated, and repopulated with neonatal liver cells. Skin tumors appeared earlier in the immunosuppressed T-cell-depleted mice than in the normal mice. However, tumors developed most rapidly in the group that was T-cell depleted and immunologically restored with thymus grafts. In the latter group, most of the tumors were squamous cell carcinomas, whereas in the normal mice, fibrosarcomas predominated. These experiments illustrated the limitations of this approach to studying the role of the immune response in carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 308544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1692", "title": "BN rat myeloid leukemia transferred to the (LEW x BN)F1 rat.", "content": "The BN rat myelocytic leukemia was transferred to (LEW x BN)F1 rats. In the F1 host the growth, dissemination, and response of this leukemia to chemotherapy were predictable, stable through serial passage, and similar to this leukemia's behavior in the parent strain. Rats given 10(7) spleen cells iv from leukemic donors died in about 3 weeks if untreated or responded to cytosine arabinoside even after overt leukemia had developed. This animal leukemia is useful as a model for human acute myelocytic leukemia.", "contents": "BN rat myeloid leukemia transferred to the (LEW x BN)F1 rat. The BN rat myelocytic leukemia was transferred to (LEW x BN)F1 rats. In the F1 host the growth, dissemination, and response of this leukemia to chemotherapy were predictable, stable through serial passage, and similar to this leukemia's behavior in the parent strain. Rats given 10(7) spleen cells iv from leukemic donors died in about 3 weeks if untreated or responded to cytosine arabinoside even after overt leukemia had developed. This animal leukemia is useful as a model for human acute myelocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 308545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1693", "title": "Vestibular-optokinetic interactions in normal subjects and in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction.", "content": "The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) during rotation, optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), and interactions between the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic systems were studied quantitatively in 10 normal human subjects, 15 patients with unilateral horizontal semicircular canal paralysis (UP), and 11 patients with bilateral horizontal semicircular canal paralysis (BP). The OKN gain (eye velocity/drum velocity) was not significantly different between the normal subjects and the patient groups. During tests in which rotatory and visual stimuli were presented simultaneously, the contribution to the observed eye movements by the VOR was only one-fourth to one-third of its gain during rotation in the dark in the normal subjects and UP patients. These interactive tests did not differentiate UP patients from normal subjects but did separate BP patients from normal subjects.", "contents": "Vestibular-optokinetic interactions in normal subjects and in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) during rotation, optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), and interactions between the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic systems were studied quantitatively in 10 normal human subjects, 15 patients with unilateral horizontal semicircular canal paralysis (UP), and 11 patients with bilateral horizontal semicircular canal paralysis (BP). The OKN gain (eye velocity/drum velocity) was not significantly different between the normal subjects and the patient groups. During tests in which rotatory and visual stimuli were presented simultaneously, the contribution to the observed eye movements by the VOR was only one-fourth to one-third of its gain during rotation in the dark in the normal subjects and UP patients. These interactive tests did not differentiate UP patients from normal subjects but did separate BP patients from normal subjects.", "PMID": 308546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1694", "title": "Effects of gustatory stimulants upon the olfactory epithelium of the bullfrog and the carp.", "content": "Effects of various gustatory stimulants upon the olfactory spithelia were examined in the olfactory bulb of the bullfrog and the carp. 1. The olfactory epithelia of the two animals responded to the salty, bitter- and acid-tasting substances, but not to the sweet ones. 2. The olfactory epithelium of the bullfrog responded immediately to sodium solutions of high concentrations (the \"initial response\"), but the response to those of low concentrations showed long latency (the \"delayed response\"). In the carp, the \"initial response\" was found, while the \"delayed response\" was not in most cases. A \"negative\" delayed response was found only infrequently. 3. Responses only to high alkali or acid solutions were found in the two animals. 4. When 0.05 M NaCl was added to HCl solutions, an enhancing effect was found in the bullfrog, while a reducing effect occurred in the carp. On the contrary, when 0.05 M NaCl was added to NaOH solutions, an enhancing effect occurred in the carp, while no consistent result was founding the bullfrog.  5. Many amino acids were effective stimuli in the bullfrog, but only betaine and 1-aspartic acid were found effective in the carp. 6. Changes in temperatures beyond 35 degrees C or under 10 degrees C elicited responses. Mechanical stimuli were effective in the carp, but not in the bullfrog. 7. The \"water response\" was found in the bullfrog, but not in the carp. 8. Sensitivities of the olfactory epithelia of the two animals were compared and discussed.", "contents": "Effects of gustatory stimulants upon the olfactory epithelium of the bullfrog and the carp. Effects of various gustatory stimulants upon the olfactory spithelia were examined in the olfactory bulb of the bullfrog and the carp. 1. The olfactory epithelia of the two animals responded to the salty, bitter- and acid-tasting substances, but not to the sweet ones. 2. The olfactory epithelium of the bullfrog responded immediately to sodium solutions of high concentrations (the \"initial response\"), but the response to those of low concentrations showed long latency (the \"delayed response\"). In the carp, the \"initial response\" was found, while the \"delayed response\" was not in most cases. A \"negative\" delayed response was found only infrequently. 3. Responses only to high alkali or acid solutions were found in the two animals. 4. When 0.05 M NaCl was added to HCl solutions, an enhancing effect was found in the bullfrog, while a reducing effect occurred in the carp. On the contrary, when 0.05 M NaCl was added to NaOH solutions, an enhancing effect occurred in the carp, while no consistent result was founding the bullfrog.  5. Many amino acids were effective stimuli in the bullfrog, but only betaine and 1-aspartic acid were found effective in the carp. 6. Changes in temperatures beyond 35 degrees C or under 10 degrees C elicited responses. Mechanical stimuli were effective in the carp, but not in the bullfrog. 7. The \"water response\" was found in the bullfrog, but not in the carp. 8. Sensitivities of the olfactory epithelia of the two animals were compared and discussed.", "PMID": 308564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1695", "title": "Ionic stimulation of the olfactory epithelium in the bullfrog and the carp.", "content": "The stimulating effects of mono- and divalent cations and anions were studied in the olfactory epithelia of the bullfrog and the carp. The rhythmic waves induced by these ions were recorded in the olfactory bulb. 1. Many mono- and divalent cations and anions showed stimulating actions in the bullfrog and the carp. 2. Microelectrode studies disclosed that the olfactory receptor cells respond to different ions differently. 3. When many ions were applied with various concentrations, responses appeared with long latencies while the concentration was very low (the \"delayed responses\"). The responses nearly disappeared at the intermediate concentrations, but then responses with short latencies appeared at the higher concentrations (the \"initial responses\"). Thus, many ions showed dual responses in the bullfrog, although some exceptional cases were found (choline+, Tl+, La3+, Cd2+). 4. Cd2+ and other heavy metal ions showed depressive actions upon the responses induced by other ions in the olfactory epithelium. 5. Tetrodotoxin of even 10 (-5) g/ml was found ineffective in depressing the rhythmic waves induced by ions. 6. Chemoreceptive activities of the olfactory epithelia of the bullfrog and the carp were compared with the activities of the gustatory receptors. They were also compared with the other chemoreceptors of the fish, namely the palatal organ, external chemoreceptors over the snout region and the lateral-line organ. Chemical senses of the fish were discussed.", "contents": "Ionic stimulation of the olfactory epithelium in the bullfrog and the carp. The stimulating effects of mono- and divalent cations and anions were studied in the olfactory epithelia of the bullfrog and the carp. The rhythmic waves induced by these ions were recorded in the olfactory bulb. 1. Many mono- and divalent cations and anions showed stimulating actions in the bullfrog and the carp. 2. Microelectrode studies disclosed that the olfactory receptor cells respond to different ions differently. 3. When many ions were applied with various concentrations, responses appeared with long latencies while the concentration was very low (the \"delayed responses\"). The responses nearly disappeared at the intermediate concentrations, but then responses with short latencies appeared at the higher concentrations (the \"initial responses\"). Thus, many ions showed dual responses in the bullfrog, although some exceptional cases were found (choline+, Tl+, La3+, Cd2+). 4. Cd2+ and other heavy metal ions showed depressive actions upon the responses induced by other ions in the olfactory epithelium. 5. Tetrodotoxin of even 10 (-5) g/ml was found ineffective in depressing the rhythmic waves induced by ions. 6. Chemoreceptive activities of the olfactory epithelia of the bullfrog and the carp were compared with the activities of the gustatory receptors. They were also compared with the other chemoreceptors of the fish, namely the palatal organ, external chemoreceptors over the snout region and the lateral-line organ. Chemical senses of the fish were discussed.", "PMID": 308565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1696", "title": "Stimulation of the olfactory epithelium with odorants in gaseous and aqueous phases.", "content": "The olfactory epithelia of the bullfrog and the carp were stimulated with various odorants in the gaseous and/or aqueous phases. Some ionic solutions were also applied. 1. By recording the induced waves in the olfactory bulb, it was shown that the bullfrog responds to odorants in the two phases, but the carp can respond only to odorants in the aqueous phase. 2. Comparison of the stimulative effects of the same odorants in the two phases were made in the bullfrog. Although various response patterns to gaseous and aqueous stimuli of single cells in the olfactory bulb were found in most cases, a difference in the application methods of vapors and solutions made such comparison difficult. 3. The same single cells in the olfactory bulb usually responded to various odorous vapors and solutions as well as to ions in different patterns. When the responses to the vapors and solutions of the same odorants of different concentrations were compared, different patterns were also found.", "contents": "Stimulation of the olfactory epithelium with odorants in gaseous and aqueous phases. The olfactory epithelia of the bullfrog and the carp were stimulated with various odorants in the gaseous and/or aqueous phases. Some ionic solutions were also applied. 1. By recording the induced waves in the olfactory bulb, it was shown that the bullfrog responds to odorants in the two phases, but the carp can respond only to odorants in the aqueous phase. 2. Comparison of the stimulative effects of the same odorants in the two phases were made in the bullfrog. Although various response patterns to gaseous and aqueous stimuli of single cells in the olfactory bulb were found in most cases, a difference in the application methods of vapors and solutions made such comparison difficult. 3. The same single cells in the olfactory bulb usually responded to various odorous vapors and solutions as well as to ions in different patterns. When the responses to the vapors and solutions of the same odorants of different concentrations were compared, different patterns were also found.", "PMID": 308566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1697", "title": "Seasonal change of membrane potential across the proximal tubular epithelium in bullfrog kidneys.", "content": "In order to examine the seasonal changes in the relationship between the membrane potential and potassium activity of proximal tubular epithelium, a micropuncture study was performed with potassium selective microelectrodes on the kidney of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) in two different seasons: winter (7 degrees C) and summer (20 degrees C). The potasssium activity in winter animals (7 degrees C) was 2.92 +/- 0.33 (mean +/- S.D., n = 20), 63.2 +/- 12.7 (n = 26), and 2.68 +/- 0.19 (n = 26) mM for the tubular fluid, cell, and plasma, whereas that in summer animals (20 degrees C) was 2.84 +/- 0.05 (n = 22), 61.8 +/- 11.2 (n = 24), 2.63 +/- 0.24 (n = 24) mM, respectively, indicating no seasonal difference. On the other hand, the mean values of the membrane PD in winter animals were 59.4 +/- 1.8 (n = 26) and 71.7 \"/- 7.2 (n = 26) mV for the luminal and peritubular borders, whereas those in summer animals were 55.1 +/- 1.7 (n = 24) and 63.9 +/- 6.9 (n = 24) mV, respectivley, indicating that there was a significant seasonal difference (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001). Hence, compared to winter animals, the changes in the electrochemical profile for potassium in summer animals were: 1) the peritubular membrane PD is lower and 2) the transtubular electrochemical gradient is less steep. The sodium permeability calculated  as the best fitting for a modified Goldman equation was 0.01 and 0.03 for winter and summer animals, respectively. In view of the fact the potassium in the cell and luminal fluid of the proximal tubule is kept at similar levels, potassium homeostasis is maintained in both groups of animals. The seasonal changes in electrical potentials are probably be due to an increase of cellular membrane permeability to ions other than potassium and to increased paracellular shunt conductance through the epithelium.", "contents": "Seasonal change of membrane potential across the proximal tubular epithelium in bullfrog kidneys. In order to examine the seasonal changes in the relationship between the membrane potential and potassium activity of proximal tubular epithelium, a micropuncture study was performed with potassium selective microelectrodes on the kidney of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) in two different seasons: winter (7 degrees C) and summer (20 degrees C). The potasssium activity in winter animals (7 degrees C) was 2.92 +/- 0.33 (mean +/- S.D., n = 20), 63.2 +/- 12.7 (n = 26), and 2.68 +/- 0.19 (n = 26) mM for the tubular fluid, cell, and plasma, whereas that in summer animals (20 degrees C) was 2.84 +/- 0.05 (n = 22), 61.8 +/- 11.2 (n = 24), 2.63 +/- 0.24 (n = 24) mM, respectively, indicating no seasonal difference. On the other hand, the mean values of the membrane PD in winter animals were 59.4 +/- 1.8 (n = 26) and 71.7 \"/- 7.2 (n = 26) mV for the luminal and peritubular borders, whereas those in summer animals were 55.1 +/- 1.7 (n = 24) and 63.9 +/- 6.9 (n = 24) mV, respectivley, indicating that there was a significant seasonal difference (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001). Hence, compared to winter animals, the changes in the electrochemical profile for potassium in summer animals were: 1) the peritubular membrane PD is lower and 2) the transtubular electrochemical gradient is less steep. The sodium permeability calculated  as the best fitting for a modified Goldman equation was 0.01 and 0.03 for winter and summer animals, respectively. In view of the fact the potassium in the cell and luminal fluid of the proximal tubule is kept at similar levels, potassium homeostasis is maintained in both groups of animals. The seasonal changes in electrical potentials are probably be due to an increase of cellular membrane permeability to ions other than potassium and to increased paracellular shunt conductance through the epithelium.", "PMID": 308567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1698", "title": "Effect of low temperature on the membrane currents and tension components of bullfrog atrial muscle.", "content": "In order to clarify the nature of inotropic action of low temperature, the effects of cooling on the membrane currents and tension components were studied on the bullfrog atrial muscle under voltage clamped and unclamped conditions with double gap method. Cooling (in between 35 degrees-7 degrees C) produced an increase of overshoot and a prolongation of the action potential accompanied by a slight depolarization of the membrane, a decrease of basal tension and an increase of twitch contraction. Under voltage clamp, a marked augmentation of contraction also occurred despite a decrease of basal tension, suggesting that the inotropic effect of cooling is not merely dependent on the prolongation of action potential. When the components of membrane current and tension were isolated in modified Ringer solutions, it became clear that ICa and ICa -dependent tension markedly increased at low temperature, while all other currents (INaf, INas, IK1 Ix) and ICa-independent tension decreased. Leaky membrane current (I1) for hyperpolarizing pulses also diminished. Temperature coefficient (Q10) of the ICa-independent tension component was 1.2-1.5 between 7 degrees C and 17 degrees C, while that of ICa-dependent tension varied depending on depolarization voltages. These data were discussed in relation to possible alteration of Ca concentration at outer and inner layers of the membrane which may depend on temperature.", "contents": "Effect of low temperature on the membrane currents and tension components of bullfrog atrial muscle. In order to clarify the nature of inotropic action of low temperature, the effects of cooling on the membrane currents and tension components were studied on the bullfrog atrial muscle under voltage clamped and unclamped conditions with double gap method. Cooling (in between 35 degrees-7 degrees C) produced an increase of overshoot and a prolongation of the action potential accompanied by a slight depolarization of the membrane, a decrease of basal tension and an increase of twitch contraction. Under voltage clamp, a marked augmentation of contraction also occurred despite a decrease of basal tension, suggesting that the inotropic effect of cooling is not merely dependent on the prolongation of action potential. When the components of membrane current and tension were isolated in modified Ringer solutions, it became clear that ICa and ICa -dependent tension markedly increased at low temperature, while all other currents (INaf, INas, IK1 Ix) and ICa-independent tension decreased. Leaky membrane current (I1) for hyperpolarizing pulses also diminished. Temperature coefficient (Q10) of the ICa-independent tension component was 1.2-1.5 between 7 degrees C and 17 degrees C, while that of ICa-dependent tension varied depending on depolarization voltages. These data were discussed in relation to possible alteration of Ca concentration at outer and inner layers of the membrane which may depend on temperature.", "PMID": 308568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1699", "title": "[Effect of abdominal aortic clamping on the kallikrein-kinin system and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes during reconstructive operations].", "content": "To study the effect of abdominal aorta clamping and revascularization and appraise the efficacy of the drug gordox during surgical intervention, the values of the kinin system, acid-base balance, acid metabolites, and the total activity of lactic dehydrogenase and its isoenzymatic spectrum were determined in 24 patients with aortic stenosis of atherosclerotic origin. In patients who did not receive gordox, the kinin system became markedly activated after the clamp was removed from the aorta, which led to a sharp fall in arterial pressure, the development of metabolic acidosis, and activation of enzymes of the glycolytic cycle. Preventive administration of gordox in the other group of patients during operation inhibited the processes of activation of the kinin system, stabilized hemodynamics, improved tissue circulation and prevented the development of hypoxia.", "contents": "[Effect of abdominal aortic clamping on the kallikrein-kinin system and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes during reconstructive operations]. To study the effect of abdominal aorta clamping and revascularization and appraise the efficacy of the drug gordox during surgical intervention, the values of the kinin system, acid-base balance, acid metabolites, and the total activity of lactic dehydrogenase and its isoenzymatic spectrum were determined in 24 patients with aortic stenosis of atherosclerotic origin. In patients who did not receive gordox, the kinin system became markedly activated after the clamp was removed from the aorta, which led to a sharp fall in arterial pressure, the development of metabolic acidosis, and activation of enzymes of the glycolytic cycle. Preventive administration of gordox in the other group of patients during operation inhibited the processes of activation of the kinin system, stabilized hemodynamics, improved tissue circulation and prevented the development of hypoxia.", "PMID": 308570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1700", "title": "[Role of the sympathetic-adrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems in regulating central hemodynamics in acute experimental occlusion of the terminal portion of the aorta].", "content": "The role of the sympatheticoadrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems in the pathogenesis of hemodynamic disorders was studied in 29 dogs with acute experimental occlusion of the terminal part of the aorta. Data confirming the close dependence of the indices of central hemodynamics on the activity of the sympatheticoadrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems are presented. Close positive correlative connection between activation of the sympatheticoadrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems was revealed. The possible mechanisms of the correction of hemodynamic disorders in severe degree of ischemia by means of agents blocking the kallikrein system are discussed.", "contents": "[Role of the sympathetic-adrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems in regulating central hemodynamics in acute experimental occlusion of the terminal portion of the aorta]. The role of the sympatheticoadrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems in the pathogenesis of hemodynamic disorders was studied in 29 dogs with acute experimental occlusion of the terminal part of the aorta. Data confirming the close dependence of the indices of central hemodynamics on the activity of the sympatheticoadrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems are presented. Close positive correlative connection between activation of the sympatheticoadrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems was revealed. The possible mechanisms of the correction of hemodynamic disorders in severe degree of ischemia by means of agents blocking the kallikrein system are discussed.", "PMID": 308571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1701", "title": "Treatment of hereditary angioedema.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to report the results of different treatments in 20 patients with hereditary angioedema. Effectiveness of tranexamic acid in preventing swellings was evaluated in 15 patients: in all but 3 subjects tranexamic acid was effective without serious side effects. 15 severe attacks of edema were managed with intravenous infusions of either kallikrein inhibitor (8 cases) or concentrate of C1 esterase inhibitor (7 cases). In only 1 case was the kallikrein inhibitor unsuccessful.  C 1 esterase inhibitor concentrate proved highly effective in the treatment of acute attacks (the result was lacking in one patient because of too low dosage of the drug). No side effects were observed with both treatments, but improvement was more rapidly achieved with infusion of C1 esterase inhibitor. The serum levels of C4 and C1 esterase inhibitor and the activity of C 1 esterase inhibitor before and after long-term prophylaxis and acute attacks treatment were investigated.", "contents": "Treatment of hereditary angioedema. The purpose of this study was to report the results of different treatments in 20 patients with hereditary angioedema. Effectiveness of tranexamic acid in preventing swellings was evaluated in 15 patients: in all but 3 subjects tranexamic acid was effective without serious side effects. 15 severe attacks of edema were managed with intravenous infusions of either kallikrein inhibitor (8 cases) or concentrate of C1 esterase inhibitor (7 cases). In only 1 case was the kallikrein inhibitor unsuccessful.  C 1 esterase inhibitor concentrate proved highly effective in the treatment of acute attacks (the result was lacking in one patient because of too low dosage of the drug). No side effects were observed with both treatments, but improvement was more rapidly achieved with infusion of C1 esterase inhibitor. The serum levels of C4 and C1 esterase inhibitor and the activity of C 1 esterase inhibitor before and after long-term prophylaxis and acute attacks treatment were investigated.", "PMID": 308574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1702", "title": "Effect of operation on B and T lymphocyte counts.", "content": "Preoperative and postoperative studies of peripheral B and T lymphocyte counts were accomplished in 21 patients. Diagnoses included 10 carcinoma of the breast, 3 sarcoma, and 8 benign diseases. On postoperative day one and two, an increase in B-cell percentage was observed in the majority of patients tested. However, there was a decrease in total lymphocyte count and fast-reacting T lymphocyte numbers on postoperative day one, especially in patients who had intraabdominal operations. All the lymphocyte counts returned to preoperative range within one week. Pertinent reports in the literature were reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Effect of operation on B and T lymphocyte counts. Preoperative and postoperative studies of peripheral B and T lymphocyte counts were accomplished in 21 patients. Diagnoses included 10 carcinoma of the breast, 3 sarcoma, and 8 benign diseases. On postoperative day one and two, an increase in B-cell percentage was observed in the majority of patients tested. However, there was a decrease in total lymphocyte count and fast-reacting T lymphocyte numbers on postoperative day one, especially in patients who had intraabdominal operations. All the lymphocyte counts returned to preoperative range within one week. Pertinent reports in the literature were reviewed and discussed.", "PMID": 308579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1703", "title": "[Characteristics of vestibular nystagmus in rats].", "content": "As a result of experiments on Wistar, Wistar-SPF and mongrel rats, the duration, number of beats and frequency of nystagmus in response to progressively increasing acceleration of 10, 20, 30 and 40 deg/sec2 for 3 sec at each step were determined. These parameters were found to increase with a rise in acceleration, the rate of increase being gradually slowed down (the slope of the curves decreased). The number of beats and the duration of the nystagmus in the Wistar and mongrel rats were identical and significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than those in the Wistar-SPF rats. There was no difference in the nystagmic frequency. It was demonstrated that the system of animal restraint produced a noticeable effect on the quantitative characteristics of the nystagmus, e. g. duration and number of beats. The paper describes a system of gentle restraint of rats.", "contents": "[Characteristics of vestibular nystagmus in rats]. As a result of experiments on Wistar, Wistar-SPF and mongrel rats, the duration, number of beats and frequency of nystagmus in response to progressively increasing acceleration of 10, 20, 30 and 40 deg/sec2 for 3 sec at each step were determined. These parameters were found to increase with a rise in acceleration, the rate of increase being gradually slowed down (the slope of the curves decreased). The number of beats and the duration of the nystagmus in the Wistar and mongrel rats were identical and significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than those in the Wistar-SPF rats. There was no difference in the nystagmic frequency. It was demonstrated that the system of animal restraint produced a noticeable effect on the quantitative characteristics of the nystagmus, e. g. duration and number of beats. The paper describes a system of gentle restraint of rats.", "PMID": 308575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1704", "title": "Age related differences in cellular immune response to vaccine induced rubella infection.", "content": "Employing the techniques of in-vitro lymphocyte transformation (LTF) and using Putnam strain of rubella virus as the antigen, the development of rubella specific cellular immune response was studied in different age groups of rubella seronegative normal subjects at various intervals after subcutaneous administration of HPV=77/DE5 live attenuated rubella vaccine. The rubella specific lymphocyte response in children ranging in age from two to twelve years was characterized by significant LTF activity at two months, followed by a gradual decrease. The response in adult subjects 18 to 35 years of age showed a slight delay initially in the appearance and the maximum LTF activity appeared to be 3--4 fold lower (P less than 0.01) than observed in the children. No difference was observed in the maximum antibody titers to rubella virus between these two groups of subjects. These observations suggest that the age related differences in the lymphoproliferative responses might be associated with adverse effects which are known to occur more frequently in adolescent and older patients than in childhood population after vaccine induced rubella infection.", "contents": "Age related differences in cellular immune response to vaccine induced rubella infection. Employing the techniques of in-vitro lymphocyte transformation (LTF) and using Putnam strain of rubella virus as the antigen, the development of rubella specific cellular immune response was studied in different age groups of rubella seronegative normal subjects at various intervals after subcutaneous administration of HPV=77/DE5 live attenuated rubella vaccine. The rubella specific lymphocyte response in children ranging in age from two to twelve years was characterized by significant LTF activity at two months, followed by a gradual decrease. The response in adult subjects 18 to 35 years of age showed a slight delay initially in the appearance and the maximum LTF activity appeared to be 3--4 fold lower (P less than 0.01) than observed in the children. No difference was observed in the maximum antibody titers to rubella virus between these two groups of subjects. These observations suggest that the age related differences in the lymphoproliferative responses might be associated with adverse effects which are known to occur more frequently in adolescent and older patients than in childhood population after vaccine induced rubella infection.", "PMID": 308599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1705", "title": "[Sport and prolongation of life (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective study a group of 80-year-old men (114) were compared with regard to their living habits with a group of men from the same firm (131) who had died before the age of 65. The aim of the study was to present factors which could possibly affect the limitation of life expectancy. By means of electronic data processing the findings of the investigation and historical data (family history, personal history, risk factors, physical activity, occupational and social status) were evaluated and possible correlations looked for. The cause of death was particularly included in the interpretation. The risk factors of greatest importance were: cigarette smoking, adiposity, little physical activity.", "contents": "[Sport and prolongation of life (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study a group of 80-year-old men (114) were compared with regard to their living habits with a group of men from the same firm (131) who had died before the age of 65. The aim of the study was to present factors which could possibly affect the limitation of life expectancy. By means of electronic data processing the findings of the investigation and historical data (family history, personal history, risk factors, physical activity, occupational and social status) were evaluated and possible correlations looked for. The cause of death was particularly included in the interpretation. The risk factors of greatest importance were: cigarette smoking, adiposity, little physical activity.", "PMID": 308607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1706", "title": "[Recent aspects of the chemotherapy of malignant tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of basic research of proliferation kinetics and pharmacokinetics as well as comparative clinical studies led to the development of therapeutic principles for malignant diseases. Thus polychemotherapy is to be preferred to monotherapy in most types of disease. To prevent primary resistance only those cytostatics should be combined which have been proved effective or could be expected to be effective individually. The relative cell cycle specificity of cytostatics should be taken into account by combination of drugs acting at different phases of the tumor cell cycle. The different growth behavior of tumor and normal tissues suggest the use of intermittent stoss therapy for the regeneration of normal tissue in the therapy-free interval.", "contents": "[Recent aspects of the chemotherapy of malignant tumors (author's transl)]. The results of basic research of proliferation kinetics and pharmacokinetics as well as comparative clinical studies led to the development of therapeutic principles for malignant diseases. Thus polychemotherapy is to be preferred to monotherapy in most types of disease. To prevent primary resistance only those cytostatics should be combined which have been proved effective or could be expected to be effective individually. The relative cell cycle specificity of cytostatics should be taken into account by combination of drugs acting at different phases of the tumor cell cycle. The different growth behavior of tumor and normal tissues suggest the use of intermittent stoss therapy for the regeneration of normal tissue in the therapy-free interval.", "PMID": 308609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1707", "title": "Systemic membrane defect in the proximal muscular dystrophies.", "content": "We studied lymphocyte capping in 61 patients with Duchenne, Becker, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral and congenital muscular dystrophies. All showed a markedly diminished percentage of capped cells when compared with 86 normal controls, providing support for previous evidence that an alteration in membrane fluidity may be a common pathogenic feature in several genetically distinct forms of proximal muscular dystrophy. Heterozygous carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy showed diminished capping that was indistinguishable from that of afflicted males and was often present even when serum enzyme levels were normal. Studies in 25 families with 16 suspected sporadic cases indicated that no more than four out of 30 afflicted males may represent new mutations. These findings imply that most cases of Duchenne dystrophy might be prevented by a population screening program for carrier females combined with prenatal detection of afflicted males.", "contents": "Systemic membrane defect in the proximal muscular dystrophies. We studied lymphocyte capping in 61 patients with Duchenne, Becker, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral and congenital muscular dystrophies. All showed a markedly diminished percentage of capped cells when compared with 86 normal controls, providing support for previous evidence that an alteration in membrane fluidity may be a common pathogenic feature in several genetically distinct forms of proximal muscular dystrophy. Heterozygous carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy showed diminished capping that was indistinguishable from that of afflicted males and was often present even when serum enzyme levels were normal. Studies in 25 families with 16 suspected sporadic cases indicated that no more than four out of 30 afflicted males may represent new mutations. These findings imply that most cases of Duchenne dystrophy might be prevented by a population screening program for carrier females combined with prenatal detection of afflicted males.", "PMID": 308614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1708", "title": "Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in normal subjects and in patients with hereditary rickets or bone disease.", "content": "The serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxylvitamin D (1,25-[OH]2D) in normal children and in children with inherited diseases of bone was compared by use of a competitive binding assay. Observed values were: in 12 normal children and adolescents, 37.1 +/- 1.9 pg per milliliter (mean +/- S.D.); in 14 patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets treated with vitamin D2 and phosphate supplements, 15.6 +/- 7.8 (P less than 0.01 versus control); in six patients with autosomal recessive vitamin D dependency treated with vitamin D2, 9.5 +/- 2.9 (P less than 0.01 versus control); and in four untreated patients with autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic (non-rachitic) bone disease, 30.2 +/- 6.3 (not significantly different from the controls). The difference in bone disease between X-linked hypophosphatemia (severe) and hypophosphatemic bone disease (mild) at comparable low serum levels of phosphate implies that 1,25-(OH)2D and phosphate may have independent roles in the pathogenesis of defective bone mineralization.", "contents": "Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in normal subjects and in patients with hereditary rickets or bone disease. The serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxylvitamin D (1,25-[OH]2D) in normal children and in children with inherited diseases of bone was compared by use of a competitive binding assay. Observed values were: in 12 normal children and adolescents, 37.1 +/- 1.9 pg per milliliter (mean +/- S.D.); in 14 patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets treated with vitamin D2 and phosphate supplements, 15.6 +/- 7.8 (P less than 0.01 versus control); in six patients with autosomal recessive vitamin D dependency treated with vitamin D2, 9.5 +/- 2.9 (P less than 0.01 versus control); and in four untreated patients with autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic (non-rachitic) bone disease, 30.2 +/- 6.3 (not significantly different from the controls). The difference in bone disease between X-linked hypophosphatemia (severe) and hypophosphatemic bone disease (mild) at comparable low serum levels of phosphate implies that 1,25-(OH)2D and phosphate may have independent roles in the pathogenesis of defective bone mineralization.", "PMID": 308618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1709", "title": "Stages of the development of immunologic response in regional lymph nodes draining breast cancer.", "content": "During the studies of regional lymph nodes originating from 50 patients with breast cancer, there were distinguished four stages in development of immune response. The first, stage of induction of the response concerned patients with non-infiltrating carcinoma. The second stage of the active immune response was observed in 1/3 of the patients with infiltrating cancer without metastases. In these cases, in the pattern of regional lymph nodes predominated medium sized lymphocytes within the thymus-dependent inner cortex, while in outer areas there was an increased number of small active follicles. Within the sinusoidal structures there predominated proliferating prohistiocytes growing in interaction with small lymphocytes. The third stage of immune response was characterized by weak activity and progressive cortical strophy of the lymph nodes and it was observed in 2/3 of the patients with invasive cancer. The fourth stage of immunologic response concerned the patients with minute-metastases within the regional lymph nodes. In these cases one group of the lymph nodes showed unstimulated pattern while the other a highly stimulated pattern with the presence of giant follicles.", "contents": "Stages of the development of immunologic response in regional lymph nodes draining breast cancer. During the studies of regional lymph nodes originating from 50 patients with breast cancer, there were distinguished four stages in development of immune response. The first, stage of induction of the response concerned patients with non-infiltrating carcinoma. The second stage of the active immune response was observed in 1/3 of the patients with infiltrating cancer without metastases. In these cases, in the pattern of regional lymph nodes predominated medium sized lymphocytes within the thymus-dependent inner cortex, while in outer areas there was an increased number of small active follicles. Within the sinusoidal structures there predominated proliferating prohistiocytes growing in interaction with small lymphocytes. The third stage of immune response was characterized by weak activity and progressive cortical strophy of the lymph nodes and it was observed in 2/3 of the patients with invasive cancer. The fourth stage of immunologic response concerned the patients with minute-metastases within the regional lymph nodes. In these cases one group of the lymph nodes showed unstimulated pattern while the other a highly stimulated pattern with the presence of giant follicles.", "PMID": 308619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1710", "title": "Further observations on the use of 5-hydroxytryptophan in a child with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "The effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a serotonin precursor, and carbidopa, a peripheral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, were studied in a boy with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. No effects on the self-mutilating behaviors of this disorder were noted. However, sleep patterns were normalized, with a reduction in the proportionate amounts of wakefulness and an augmentation of active sleep. A sharp reduction in waking behavioral dyskinesias was also correlated to increased drug dosage.", "contents": "Further observations on the use of 5-hydroxytryptophan in a child with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a serotonin precursor, and carbidopa, a peripheral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, were studied in a boy with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. No effects on the self-mutilating behaviors of this disorder were noted. However, sleep patterns were normalized, with a reduction in the proportionate amounts of wakefulness and an augmentation of active sleep. A sharp reduction in waking behavioral dyskinesias was also correlated to increased drug dosage.", "PMID": 308621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1711", "title": "[Experience in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices].", "content": "Personal experience with respect to the diagnosis and treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis is described. Diagnosis is directed both to the establishment of the site of bleeding and the disease responsible and to the evaluation of risk in view of the possibliity of portal decompression. Treatment is aimed at stopping bleeding and at lowering this risk so that as many patients as possible can be operated with an acceptable degree of surgical risk.", "contents": "[Experience in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices]. Personal experience with respect to the diagnosis and treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis is described. Diagnosis is directed both to the establishment of the site of bleeding and the disease responsible and to the evaluation of risk in view of the possibliity of portal decompression. Treatment is aimed at stopping bleeding and at lowering this risk so that as many patients as possible can be operated with an acceptable degree of surgical risk.", "PMID": 308622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1712", "title": "[Epidemiological study of emergency surgical pathology in the first aid department of a large hospital].", "content": "During a two-year period, major operations were performed on 874 males and 649 females at the first-aid section of a major hospital. Acute appendicitis was the most common intraoperative diagnosis (45.63%), followed by intestinal obstruction (21%), gastroduodenal perforation (6.83%), abdominal injury (5.98%), angiosurgical emergency situations (5.19%, including amputation for gangrene), gynaecological emergency situations (3.74%), acute cholecystitis (3.35%), haematemesis (1.44%), acute pancreatitis (1.31%), and various other diseases. Further surgery as a result of complications was required in 2.63%. Mortality (1 year only) was 7.42%. The results achieved and the tactical criteria employed are discussed.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study of emergency surgical pathology in the first aid department of a large hospital]. During a two-year period, major operations were performed on 874 males and 649 females at the first-aid section of a major hospital. Acute appendicitis was the most common intraoperative diagnosis (45.63%), followed by intestinal obstruction (21%), gastroduodenal perforation (6.83%), abdominal injury (5.98%), angiosurgical emergency situations (5.19%, including amputation for gangrene), gynaecological emergency situations (3.74%), acute cholecystitis (3.35%), haematemesis (1.44%), acute pancreatitis (1.31%), and various other diseases. Further surgery as a result of complications was required in 2.63%. Mortality (1 year only) was 7.42%. The results achieved and the tactical criteria employed are discussed.", "PMID": 308623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1713", "title": "[Possibilities of splenorenal anastomosis in portal hypertension].", "content": "The classical splenorenal shunt of Linton modified by Clatworthy is definitely superior to portocaval anastomosis. Between 1968 and 1976 in 225 patients with bleeding oesophageal varices a splenorenal anastomosis was performed in 47 cases, a portocaval in 30 cases and a mesentericocaval in 2 cases. There were 55 palliative operations as compared with 91 conservative therapeutic approaches. Over the last five years central termino-lateral splenorenal anastomses have been performed almost exclusively.", "contents": "[Possibilities of splenorenal anastomosis in portal hypertension]. The classical splenorenal shunt of Linton modified by Clatworthy is definitely superior to portocaval anastomosis. Between 1968 and 1976 in 225 patients with bleeding oesophageal varices a splenorenal anastomosis was performed in 47 cases, a portocaval in 30 cases and a mesentericocaval in 2 cases. There were 55 palliative operations as compared with 91 conservative therapeutic approaches. Over the last five years central termino-lateral splenorenal anastomses have been performed almost exclusively.", "PMID": 308624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1714", "title": "[Effect of neuropharmacologic preparations and colchicine on morphogenetic processes in embryonal amphibian cells].", "content": "The effect of antagonists of biogenous amines (antitransmitters--AT) and colchicine on rapid morphogenetic processes in the explants of embryonic ectoderm with underlying mesoderm cut from the lateral region of Rana temporaria embryos at the late neurula-early taibud stages was studied. The normal morphogenesis of the explants consists of two successive phases: phase of contact polarization and phase of cell movement into the fragment. The high concentrations of AT inhibited completely the morphogenesis of explants but somewhat lower concentrations inhibited the second phase of morphogenesis and not only did not prevent the cell polarization but even assisted its propagation over all the fragment. The inhibiting effect of AT was relieved by 5-hydroxytryptamine which per se stimulated the morphogenesis of explants. Thus, AT exert a specific inhibition of the motility of embryonic cells but do not prevent the contact interactions responsible for cell polarization within every layer.", "contents": "[Effect of neuropharmacologic preparations and colchicine on morphogenetic processes in embryonal amphibian cells]. The effect of antagonists of biogenous amines (antitransmitters--AT) and colchicine on rapid morphogenetic processes in the explants of embryonic ectoderm with underlying mesoderm cut from the lateral region of Rana temporaria embryos at the late neurula-early taibud stages was studied. The normal morphogenesis of the explants consists of two successive phases: phase of contact polarization and phase of cell movement into the fragment. The high concentrations of AT inhibited completely the morphogenesis of explants but somewhat lower concentrations inhibited the second phase of morphogenesis and not only did not prevent the cell polarization but even assisted its propagation over all the fragment. The inhibiting effect of AT was relieved by 5-hydroxytryptamine which per se stimulated the morphogenesis of explants. Thus, AT exert a specific inhibition of the motility of embryonic cells but do not prevent the contact interactions responsible for cell polarization within every layer.", "PMID": 308625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1715", "title": "Changes in somatic sensitivity during transcutaneous electrical analgesia.", "content": "Patients with chronic pain in one limb, who experienced pain reduction with transcutaneous neurostimulation, were examined for sensory perception in that limb before and during electrical analgesia. Contralateral limbs and normal subjects served as controls. Sensory stimuli were quantified, a range of stimuli were presented and data were analyzed according to sensory decision theory. Results showed that, compared to controls, painful limbs show considerable impairment in sensory sensitivity. With transcutaneous neurostimulation, however, sensitivity is improved towards normal, whereas electrical stimulation slightly impairs perception in normal limbs. These results suggest that electrical analgesia involves both peripheral small-fiber blockade and large-fiber stimulation; the latter is more noticeable in the normal limb, but the former effect is predominant when pain reduction occurs in a painful limb.", "contents": "Changes in somatic sensitivity during transcutaneous electrical analgesia. Patients with chronic pain in one limb, who experienced pain reduction with transcutaneous neurostimulation, were examined for sensory perception in that limb before and during electrical analgesia. Contralateral limbs and normal subjects served as controls. Sensory stimuli were quantified, a range of stimuli were presented and data were analyzed according to sensory decision theory. Results showed that, compared to controls, painful limbs show considerable impairment in sensory sensitivity. With transcutaneous neurostimulation, however, sensitivity is improved towards normal, whereas electrical stimulation slightly impairs perception in normal limbs. These results suggest that electrical analgesia involves both peripheral small-fiber blockade and large-fiber stimulation; the latter is more noticeable in the normal limb, but the former effect is predominant when pain reduction occurs in a painful limb.", "PMID": 308630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1716", "title": "[Post-haemorrhagic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. Prevention by digestive irrigation with 100 mg/l mannitol (author's transl)].", "content": "Rapid digestive irrigation makes it possible to remove all the blood contained in the intestine of the cirrhotic suffering from a gastrointestinal haemorrhage. With this procedure, used 62 times during 110 haemorrhages occurring in 57 patients with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis, there was statistically significant prevention (p is less than 0.001) against complications of post-haemorrhagic encephalopathy, but there was no action where neurological and psychiatric problems had already developed. The excellent tolerance of mannitol in a concentration of 100 mg/l, and in particular the absence of any untoward effects on water and electrolyte balance, made it possible to reduce fluid intake to 2000 ml in 2 hours without diminishing its effectiveness, the technique thus being simple and easy to apply.", "contents": "[Post-haemorrhagic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. Prevention by digestive irrigation with 100 mg/l mannitol (author's transl)]. Rapid digestive irrigation makes it possible to remove all the blood contained in the intestine of the cirrhotic suffering from a gastrointestinal haemorrhage. With this procedure, used 62 times during 110 haemorrhages occurring in 57 patients with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis, there was statistically significant prevention (p is less than 0.001) against complications of post-haemorrhagic encephalopathy, but there was no action where neurological and psychiatric problems had already developed. The excellent tolerance of mannitol in a concentration of 100 mg/l, and in particular the absence of any untoward effects on water and electrolyte balance, made it possible to reduce fluid intake to 2000 ml in 2 hours without diminishing its effectiveness, the technique thus being simple and easy to apply.", "PMID": 308638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1717", "title": "In vivo induction of normal differentiation in myeloid leukemia cells.", "content": "MGI(+)D(+), MGI(+)D(-), and MGI(-)D(-) mouse myeloid leukemic cells, which genetically differ in their competence to be induced to undergo normal cell differentiation in vitro by the normal macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing protein MGI, were analyzed for their ability to undergo cell differentiation in diffusion chambers in vivo. As after induction by MGI in vitro, MGI(+)D(+) clones were induced for Fc and C3 rosettes, lysozyme, and mature macrophages and granulocytes in normal syngeneic or allogeneic mice. MGI(+)D(-) clones were also induced in these mice for all these properties, although in vitro they were not induced by MGI for mature cells. The MGI(-)D(-) clones were induced in vivo for C3 and Fc rosettes, lysozyme, and intermediate stages but not for mature cells, whereas none of these properties were induced in these clones by MGI in vitro. Thus, certain types of myeloid leukemic cells differentiate better in vivo, possibly due to the presence of higher effective concentrations of MGI and/or other inducing factors, and MGI(+)D(+) and MGI(+)D(-) cells can completely differentiate in vivo to mature cells. In vivo differentiation was inhibited in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. It was also inhibited in various strains of nude mice, except for one MGI(+)D(+) clone, where it was inhibited in C57BL/6 but not in ICR nude mice. This MGI(+)D(+) clone was also the only clone that was induced to differentiate normally in vitro by a 23,000 molecular weight form of purified MGI. The results suggest that different clones respond to different molecular forms of MGI, which may be present in different proportions in some animals, that in vivo differentiation by MGI possibly with other factors may be regulated by cells involved in the immune response, and that this differentiation can be genetically controlled. Differentiation in vivo was enhanced by injection of conditioned medium containing MGI and by inoculation of MGI-producing cells, including normal granulocytes. This indicates that the induction of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells in vivo can be enhanced by these treatments.", "contents": "In vivo induction of normal differentiation in myeloid leukemia cells. MGI(+)D(+), MGI(+)D(-), and MGI(-)D(-) mouse myeloid leukemic cells, which genetically differ in their competence to be induced to undergo normal cell differentiation in vitro by the normal macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing protein MGI, were analyzed for their ability to undergo cell differentiation in diffusion chambers in vivo. As after induction by MGI in vitro, MGI(+)D(+) clones were induced for Fc and C3 rosettes, lysozyme, and mature macrophages and granulocytes in normal syngeneic or allogeneic mice. MGI(+)D(-) clones were also induced in these mice for all these properties, although in vitro they were not induced by MGI for mature cells. The MGI(-)D(-) clones were induced in vivo for C3 and Fc rosettes, lysozyme, and intermediate stages but not for mature cells, whereas none of these properties were induced in these clones by MGI in vitro. Thus, certain types of myeloid leukemic cells differentiate better in vivo, possibly due to the presence of higher effective concentrations of MGI and/or other inducing factors, and MGI(+)D(+) and MGI(+)D(-) cells can completely differentiate in vivo to mature cells. In vivo differentiation was inhibited in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. It was also inhibited in various strains of nude mice, except for one MGI(+)D(+) clone, where it was inhibited in C57BL/6 but not in ICR nude mice. This MGI(+)D(+) clone was also the only clone that was induced to differentiate normally in vitro by a 23,000 molecular weight form of purified MGI. The results suggest that different clones respond to different molecular forms of MGI, which may be present in different proportions in some animals, that in vivo differentiation by MGI possibly with other factors may be regulated by cells involved in the immune response, and that this differentiation can be genetically controlled. Differentiation in vivo was enhanced by injection of conditioned medium containing MGI and by inoculation of MGI-producing cells, including normal granulocytes. This indicates that the induction of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells in vivo can be enhanced by these treatments.", "PMID": 308656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1718", "title": "Isolation of myeloma variants with predefined variant surface immunoglobulin by cell sorting.", "content": "We describe a procedure for the isolation of somatic cell variants in which gene products are expressed on the cell surface that are not expressed in the wild type. Cloned cells of the myeloma line MPC 11, which expresses an IgG2b protein, were incubated with an antiserum specific for IgGI and IgG2a. Cells reacting with this antiserum were stained with a fluorescent anti-antiserum and enriched in three cycles of sorting in the fluorescence-activated cell sorter and subsequent growth in vitro. From the enriched population two variants were isolated by cloning in soft agar. One of them expressed a variant immunoglobulin that types serologically as an IgG2a but whose variable portion was idiotypically related to that of the MPC 11 wild-type protein.", "contents": "Isolation of myeloma variants with predefined variant surface immunoglobulin by cell sorting. We describe a procedure for the isolation of somatic cell variants in which gene products are expressed on the cell surface that are not expressed in the wild type. Cloned cells of the myeloma line MPC 11, which expresses an IgG2b protein, were incubated with an antiserum specific for IgGI and IgG2a. Cells reacting with this antiserum were stained with a fluorescent anti-antiserum and enriched in three cycles of sorting in the fluorescence-activated cell sorter and subsequent growth in vitro. From the enriched population two variants were isolated by cloning in soft agar. One of them expressed a variant immunoglobulin that types serologically as an IgG2a but whose variable portion was idiotypically related to that of the MPC 11 wild-type protein.", "PMID": 308657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1719", "title": "Mechanisms of trypanosome-mediated suppression of humoral immunity in mice.", "content": "Spleen cells from Trypanosoma musculi-infected mice were unable to respond to sheep erythrocyte antigen in vitro; moreover, they suppressed the responses of normal spleen cell cultures in dose-dependent fashion. Suppression was maximal with spleen cells obtained during maximal parasitemia and waned as the donors recovered from infection. A macrophage-enriched population of spleen cells from infected mice, prepared either by adherence to plastic or by density gradient centrifugation, was not contaminated by the parasites and was not suppressive, whereas the plastic-nonadherent population was both contaminated and suppressive. Adherent and nonadherent cells of infected mice, separated by use of nylon wool columns, were almost equally suppressive and equally contaminated by trypanosomes. Addition of specific rabbit antiserum against T. musculi to cultures containing cells from infected mice eliminated contaminating parasites and alleviated suppression exerted by cells obtained from mice early during the course of infection but not after 12-15 days of infection. The suppression exerted by enriched T-cells obtained from mice on day 12 of infection was largely alleviated by use of the antiserum. A large portion of cells obtained on day 14 of infection could be killed by the antiserum and complement. It appeared that soluble substances derived from the parasites acted directly on B lymphocytes or essential assistant cells rather than by activating suppressor T cells or macrophages.", "contents": "Mechanisms of trypanosome-mediated suppression of humoral immunity in mice. Spleen cells from Trypanosoma musculi-infected mice were unable to respond to sheep erythrocyte antigen in vitro; moreover, they suppressed the responses of normal spleen cell cultures in dose-dependent fashion. Suppression was maximal with spleen cells obtained during maximal parasitemia and waned as the donors recovered from infection. A macrophage-enriched population of spleen cells from infected mice, prepared either by adherence to plastic or by density gradient centrifugation, was not contaminated by the parasites and was not suppressive, whereas the plastic-nonadherent population was both contaminated and suppressive. Adherent and nonadherent cells of infected mice, separated by use of nylon wool columns, were almost equally suppressive and equally contaminated by trypanosomes. Addition of specific rabbit antiserum against T. musculi to cultures containing cells from infected mice eliminated contaminating parasites and alleviated suppression exerted by cells obtained from mice early during the course of infection but not after 12-15 days of infection. The suppression exerted by enriched T-cells obtained from mice on day 12 of infection was largely alleviated by use of the antiserum. A large portion of cells obtained on day 14 of infection could be killed by the antiserum and complement. It appeared that soluble substances derived from the parasites acted directly on B lymphocytes or essential assistant cells rather than by activating suppressor T cells or macrophages.", "PMID": 308658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1720", "title": "Role of T lymphocytes in cellular immune responses during herpes simplex virus infection in humans.", "content": "Lymphocyte blast transformation and interferon production in mononuclear cell culture prepared on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients from individuals with herpes simplex virus-I infection were enhanced by a disease recurrence. Responses to both herpes simplex virus-2 and phytohemagglutinin were unaltered. Transformation to herpes simplex virus-I antigen was adversely affected by depleting either thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes or bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes together with monocytes from cultures. The transformation response was reconstructed when the selectively depleted lymphocyte populations were recombined. X-irradiation of either T or B lymphocytes and monocytes showed that T lymphocytes incorporated [3H]thymidine with the aid of a radioresistant non-rosetting cell, probably a monocyte. Depletion of B lymphocytes and monocytes, but not of T lymphocytes, resulted in reduction in interferon production. Irradiated B lymphocytes and monocytes failed to produce significant quantities of interferon, suggesting that a radiosensitive B cell was a major interferon source.", "contents": "Role of T lymphocytes in cellular immune responses during herpes simplex virus infection in humans. Lymphocyte blast transformation and interferon production in mononuclear cell culture prepared on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients from individuals with herpes simplex virus-I infection were enhanced by a disease recurrence. Responses to both herpes simplex virus-2 and phytohemagglutinin were unaltered. Transformation to herpes simplex virus-I antigen was adversely affected by depleting either thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes or bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes together with monocytes from cultures. The transformation response was reconstructed when the selectively depleted lymphocyte populations were recombined. X-irradiation of either T or B lymphocytes and monocytes showed that T lymphocytes incorporated [3H]thymidine with the aid of a radioresistant non-rosetting cell, probably a monocyte. Depletion of B lymphocytes and monocytes, but not of T lymphocytes, resulted in reduction in interferon production. Irradiated B lymphocytes and monocytes failed to produce significant quantities of interferon, suggesting that a radiosensitive B cell was a major interferon source.", "PMID": 308659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1721", "title": "Catecholamine levels in the whole brain and the probability of memory formation are not related.", "content": "Amnesia was induced with reserpine or was blocked with 1-dopa and 5-hydroxytrptophan before or after passive avoidance training in mice. The levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the whole brain were measured in corresponding groups with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No correlation was found between retention and the levels of these catecholamines in the brain.", "contents": "Catecholamine levels in the whole brain and the probability of memory formation are not related. Amnesia was induced with reserpine or was blocked with 1-dopa and 5-hydroxytrptophan before or after passive avoidance training in mice. The levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the whole brain were measured in corresponding groups with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No correlation was found between retention and the levels of these catecholamines in the brain.", "PMID": 308663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1722", "title": "Chlordiazepoxide-fluoxetine interactions on food intake in free-feeding rats.", "content": "Chlordiazepoxide, which blocks serotonin turnover, increased food intake; and fluoxetine, a serotonin agonist, decreased food intake. Administration of combinations of the two drugs showed an antagonistic dose-dependent relationship, implicating a satiety of hunger mechanims which is mediated by serotonin.", "contents": "Chlordiazepoxide-fluoxetine interactions on food intake in free-feeding rats. Chlordiazepoxide, which blocks serotonin turnover, increased food intake; and fluoxetine, a serotonin agonist, decreased food intake. Administration of combinations of the two drugs showed an antagonistic dose-dependent relationship, implicating a satiety of hunger mechanims which is mediated by serotonin.", "PMID": 308664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1723", "title": "Transcatheter vascular occlusion therapy with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (bucrylate) for control of massive upper-gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Transcatheter embolization with bucrylate, a tissue adhesive, was performed in 16 patients with massive upper-gastrointestinal bleeding. Control of arterial bleeding from the stomach was achieved in 6 of 8 patients, and from the duodenum in 3 of 4. Embolization of gastric veins resulted in temporary control of esophageal variceal bleeding in 3 of 4 patients. Histological study showed no evidence of bucrylate causing histotoxicity in 2 patients. Because bucrylate polymerizes rapidly, a localized vascular occlusion mimicking a surgical ligation is produced. Because collateral vessels are not occluded. localized tissue ischemia is unlikely. Tissue adhesives are, however, difficult to use.", "contents": "Transcatheter vascular occlusion therapy with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (bucrylate) for control of massive upper-gastrointestinal bleeding. Transcatheter embolization with bucrylate, a tissue adhesive, was performed in 16 patients with massive upper-gastrointestinal bleeding. Control of arterial bleeding from the stomach was achieved in 6 of 8 patients, and from the duodenum in 3 of 4. Embolization of gastric veins resulted in temporary control of esophageal variceal bleeding in 3 of 4 patients. Histological study showed no evidence of bucrylate causing histotoxicity in 2 patients. Because bucrylate polymerizes rapidly, a localized vascular occlusion mimicking a surgical ligation is produced. Because collateral vessels are not occluded. localized tissue ischemia is unlikely. Tissue adhesives are, however, difficult to use.", "PMID": 308668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1724", "title": "[Postoperative digestive complications of thoracic surgery].", "content": "The authors investigated the pathologic digestive manifestations that have developed after 2000 surgical interventions in the thoracic-pulmonary field. Four categories of digestive disturbances have been considered: paresis (dynamic ileus), including acute gastric dilation; haemorrhage; mechanical ileus, and digestive perforation. The digestive pathology developed either autonomously or in association with other symptoms of shock. A total of 788 digestive complications have been recorded (39%), of which: 654 cases of dynamic ileus, 118 cases of haemorrhage, 2 cases of mechanical ileus, 4 cases of perforation and 10 cases of mixed complications. In fact haemorrhage is more frequent, haemorrhagic gastritis being found in most of the deceased patients, following prolonged postoperative evolution. The simultaneous or succesive development was noted of digestive complication and respiratory failure in a total of 126 patients (6,3% of the total number of cases investigated). Pulmonary failure became more severe after the onset of dynamic ileus, especially after acute gastric dilatation. The development of any digestive complication represented in all cases an aggravation factor, especially when accompanying respiratory failure. The decrease with time of the incidence of digestive complications, from 57% to 21,8%, is due to changes that have occured in anesthesy techniques, of which NLA appears to play the most important role.", "contents": "[Postoperative digestive complications of thoracic surgery]. The authors investigated the pathologic digestive manifestations that have developed after 2000 surgical interventions in the thoracic-pulmonary field. Four categories of digestive disturbances have been considered: paresis (dynamic ileus), including acute gastric dilation; haemorrhage; mechanical ileus, and digestive perforation. The digestive pathology developed either autonomously or in association with other symptoms of shock. A total of 788 digestive complications have been recorded (39%), of which: 654 cases of dynamic ileus, 118 cases of haemorrhage, 2 cases of mechanical ileus, 4 cases of perforation and 10 cases of mixed complications. In fact haemorrhage is more frequent, haemorrhagic gastritis being found in most of the deceased patients, following prolonged postoperative evolution. The simultaneous or succesive development was noted of digestive complication and respiratory failure in a total of 126 patients (6,3% of the total number of cases investigated). Pulmonary failure became more severe after the onset of dynamic ileus, especially after acute gastric dilatation. The development of any digestive complication represented in all cases an aggravation factor, especially when accompanying respiratory failure. The decrease with time of the incidence of digestive complications, from 57% to 21,8%, is due to changes that have occured in anesthesy techniques, of which NLA appears to play the most important role.", "PMID": 308682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1725", "title": "Presence of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity in human haematopoietic cell lines and in fresh biopsy specimens of lymphoma and myeloma.", "content": "We have previously shown that non-proliferating human T- but not B-lymphocytes contain demonstrable amounts of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE). The usefulness of this histochemical marker for the diagnosis and classification of malignant lymphoid tumors was investigated by use of a panel of established normal and malignant human haematopoietic cell lines and fresh biopsy cells from malignant lymphomas and myelomas. The results showed that not only the T-cell derived acute leukaemia lines, but also histiocytic lymphoma and myeloma lines and some of the lymphoma (Burkitt and lymphocytic) and non-neoplastic lymphoblastoid cell lines with B-cell surface markers expressed strong ANAE reactivity. Some but not all of the immunoglobulin producing myeloma and lymphocytic lymphoma biopsies were ANAE-positive. Inhibition experiments with sodium fluoride and E-600 demonstrated that although the T-lymphocyte specific esterase is predominantly of 'A'-type, the malignant lines contain also non-specific 'B' esterase and pseudocholinesterase. As the presence of the various esterases did not demonstrate any specific distribution pattern among he haematopoietic cell lines of different origin, we concluded that the ANAE marker is no longer T-specific when malignant lymphoid cells are considered, and that the usefulness of this marker in routine diagnostic work therefore is limited.", "contents": "Presence of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity in human haematopoietic cell lines and in fresh biopsy specimens of lymphoma and myeloma. We have previously shown that non-proliferating human T- but not B-lymphocytes contain demonstrable amounts of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE). The usefulness of this histochemical marker for the diagnosis and classification of malignant lymphoid tumors was investigated by use of a panel of established normal and malignant human haematopoietic cell lines and fresh biopsy cells from malignant lymphomas and myelomas. The results showed that not only the T-cell derived acute leukaemia lines, but also histiocytic lymphoma and myeloma lines and some of the lymphoma (Burkitt and lymphocytic) and non-neoplastic lymphoblastoid cell lines with B-cell surface markers expressed strong ANAE reactivity. Some but not all of the immunoglobulin producing myeloma and lymphocytic lymphoma biopsies were ANAE-positive. Inhibition experiments with sodium fluoride and E-600 demonstrated that although the T-lymphocyte specific esterase is predominantly of 'A'-type, the malignant lines contain also non-specific 'B' esterase and pseudocholinesterase. As the presence of the various esterases did not demonstrate any specific distribution pattern among he haematopoietic cell lines of different origin, we concluded that the ANAE marker is no longer T-specific when malignant lymphoid cells are considered, and that the usefulness of this marker in routine diagnostic work therefore is limited.", "PMID": 308688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1726", "title": "Intravaginal electrical stimulation. Clinical experiments of urethral closure.", "content": "The effect on the urethra of intravaginal electrical stimulation (IVS) was registered by means of urethral pressure profiles (UPP). With the object of finding the most appropriate electrical parameters and optimal electrode positions within the vagina, 24 patients with stress incontinence, 22 with urgency and 4 continent women were studied. Electrical stimulation was given via an obturator with seven electrodes, which could be connected in different combinations of pairs. In all the women, stimulation with the electrodes in specific positions effected a more marked rise in the UPPs than with the electrodes in other positions. A change in position of more than 5 to 10 mm caused a decrease in the response. It was determined that a frequency of between 20 to 50 Hz with a pulse duration of 1 to 5 ms was most effective for urethral closure.", "contents": "Intravaginal electrical stimulation. Clinical experiments of urethral closure. The effect on the urethra of intravaginal electrical stimulation (IVS) was registered by means of urethral pressure profiles (UPP). With the object of finding the most appropriate electrical parameters and optimal electrode positions within the vagina, 24 patients with stress incontinence, 22 with urgency and 4 continent women were studied. Electrical stimulation was given via an obturator with seven electrodes, which could be connected in different combinations of pairs. In all the women, stimulation with the electrodes in specific positions effected a more marked rise in the UPPs than with the electrodes in other positions. A change in position of more than 5 to 10 mm caused a decrease in the response. It was determined that a frequency of between 20 to 50 Hz with a pulse duration of 1 to 5 ms was most effective for urethral closure.", "PMID": 308690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1727", "title": "Intravaginal electrical stimulation. Clinical experiments on bladder inhibition.", "content": "The effect of intravaginal electrical stimulation (IVS) on the bladder in 17 patients with motor detrusor instability was explored. Isotonic volume registrations and cystometries were used for evaluation of volume increase and inhibition of abortive detrusor contractions. With either one or the other method, bladder inhibition was found in all patients, but with both methods only in 6. During isotonic volume registration, the volume increase showed considerable variations ranging between 4 to 465%, and during cystometry between 11 to 3500%. Bladder inhibition proved to be most effective when using a frequency of 10 Hz.", "contents": "Intravaginal electrical stimulation. Clinical experiments on bladder inhibition. The effect of intravaginal electrical stimulation (IVS) on the bladder in 17 patients with motor detrusor instability was explored. Isotonic volume registrations and cystometries were used for evaluation of volume increase and inhibition of abortive detrusor contractions. With either one or the other method, bladder inhibition was found in all patients, but with both methods only in 6. During isotonic volume registration, the volume increase showed considerable variations ranging between 4 to 465%, and during cystometry between 11 to 3500%. Bladder inhibition proved to be most effective when using a frequency of 10 Hz.", "PMID": 308691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1728", "title": "Mechanisms for closure of the human urethra during intravaginal electrical stimulation.", "content": "The effect of intravaginal electrical stimulation (IVS) on the urethral pressure profile (UPP) before and during succinylcholine blockade or spinal anaesthesia was studied in patients with stress incontinence and in patients with clinically normal urethral function. During succinylcholine blockade, the UPP was lowered to 74% and during spinal anaesthesia to 39% of the original maximal UPP. IVS could not influence the UPP during succinylcholine blockade, while the UPP could be restored during spinal anaesthesia when the stimulation strength was increased 3 to 4 times. The following conclusions were arrived at: 1) The urethral effect of IVS is due to activation of somatic nerves and not to activation of nerves supplying smooth muscles or direct activation of striated and smooth muscles. 2) The more pronounced depression of the UPP during spinal anaesthesia compared to succinylcholine blockade should be caused by the loss of nervous activity of the smooth muscles. 3) The fact that the UPP could be restored during spinal anaesthesia indicates that activation of somatic efferents can compensate for the loss of striated and smooth muscle activity. Therefore, IVS can control incontinence in partial lower motor neuron lesions, provided a sufficient number of efferent neurons are preserved.", "contents": "Mechanisms for closure of the human urethra during intravaginal electrical stimulation. The effect of intravaginal electrical stimulation (IVS) on the urethral pressure profile (UPP) before and during succinylcholine blockade or spinal anaesthesia was studied in patients with stress incontinence and in patients with clinically normal urethral function. During succinylcholine blockade, the UPP was lowered to 74% and during spinal anaesthesia to 39% of the original maximal UPP. IVS could not influence the UPP during succinylcholine blockade, while the UPP could be restored during spinal anaesthesia when the stimulation strength was increased 3 to 4 times. The following conclusions were arrived at: 1) The urethral effect of IVS is due to activation of somatic nerves and not to activation of nerves supplying smooth muscles or direct activation of striated and smooth muscles. 2) The more pronounced depression of the UPP during spinal anaesthesia compared to succinylcholine blockade should be caused by the loss of nervous activity of the smooth muscles. 3) The fact that the UPP could be restored during spinal anaesthesia indicates that activation of somatic efferents can compensate for the loss of striated and smooth muscle activity. Therefore, IVS can control incontinence in partial lower motor neuron lesions, provided a sufficient number of efferent neurons are preserved.", "PMID": 308692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1729", "title": "Long-term intravaginal electrical stimulation in urge and stress incontinence.", "content": "Using a new device for intravaginal electrical stimulation (IVS), 24 women with pure stress incontinence, mixed urge and stress incontinence or urge incontinence due to detrusor instability, were treated. To minimize mechanical discomfort, the electrode carrier was made of flexible material and inflatable. Furthermore, this design facilitated fixed, constant positioning of the electrodes at individually tested sites to produce maximum response at voltage well tolerated by the patient. The stimulation frequency was adjusted to suit the cause of incontinence: 20 to 50 Hz in stress incontinence, 10 Hz detrusor instability. The electrode carrier was well accepted. Seven of the 9 patients with pure stress incontinence became continent during IVS. Three of them have so far remained continent for 2 to 8 months without IVS. The 15 patients with detrusor instability or mixed incontinence were all free from symptoms after IVS for more than 3 months. Two of them have remained cured for more than 3 months after they had stopped IVS.", "contents": "Long-term intravaginal electrical stimulation in urge and stress incontinence. Using a new device for intravaginal electrical stimulation (IVS), 24 women with pure stress incontinence, mixed urge and stress incontinence or urge incontinence due to detrusor instability, were treated. To minimize mechanical discomfort, the electrode carrier was made of flexible material and inflatable. Furthermore, this design facilitated fixed, constant positioning of the electrodes at individually tested sites to produce maximum response at voltage well tolerated by the patient. The stimulation frequency was adjusted to suit the cause of incontinence: 20 to 50 Hz in stress incontinence, 10 Hz detrusor instability. The electrode carrier was well accepted. Seven of the 9 patients with pure stress incontinence became continent during IVS. Three of them have so far remained continent for 2 to 8 months without IVS. The 15 patients with detrusor instability or mixed incontinence were all free from symptoms after IVS for more than 3 months. Two of them have remained cured for more than 3 months after they had stopped IVS.", "PMID": 308693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1730", "title": "A new fatal complication of transtracheal aspiration.", "content": "A new, fatal complication of transtracheal aspiration is described in a cirrhotic patient. Death was related to gastrointestinal bleeding (rupture of oesophageal varices and Mallory-Weiss syndrome) due to unrestrainable coughing originating from transtracheal aspiration.", "contents": "A new fatal complication of transtracheal aspiration. A new, fatal complication of transtracheal aspiration is described in a cirrhotic patient. Death was related to gastrointestinal bleeding (rupture of oesophageal varices and Mallory-Weiss syndrome) due to unrestrainable coughing originating from transtracheal aspiration.", "PMID": 308694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1731", "title": "[Acute \"high risk\" and \"low risk\" juvenile lymphatic leukemia (proceedings)].", "content": "After an initial blood and thorax examination, 97 children with ALL were divided into \"high risk\" and \"low risk\" groups. From the 20 new \"high risk\" patients seen between 1972 and 1975 about one quarter were still alive 3 years later, the corresponding proportion from 37 \"low risk\" patients being about two thirds. Despite increased therapy, the number of early relapses does not appear to have decreased in the new \"high risk\" cases seen between 1976/77. An investigation of cell surface markers established that T-ALL always occurred in the \"high risk\" group, whereas B-negative/T-negative ALL was found not only in the \"low risk\" group but also occasionally in the \"high risk\" group.", "contents": "[Acute \"high risk\" and \"low risk\" juvenile lymphatic leukemia (proceedings)]. After an initial blood and thorax examination, 97 children with ALL were divided into \"high risk\" and \"low risk\" groups. From the 20 new \"high risk\" patients seen between 1972 and 1975 about one quarter were still alive 3 years later, the corresponding proportion from 37 \"low risk\" patients being about two thirds. Despite increased therapy, the number of early relapses does not appear to have decreased in the new \"high risk\" cases seen between 1976/77. An investigation of cell surface markers established that T-ALL always occurred in the \"high risk\" group, whereas B-negative/T-negative ALL was found not only in the \"low risk\" group but also occasionally in the \"high risk\" group.", "PMID": 308695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1732", "title": "alpha1-Antitrypsin: the presence of excess mannose in the Z variant isolated from liver.", "content": "The Z variant of alpha1-antitrypsin was isolated by a new technique from the liver of a patient homozygous for the Z allele of the protease inhibitor locus. The material was homogenous and antigenically competent but had no protease inhibiting capacity. An interesting correlation was found between the subcellular localization and the carbohydrate composition of the Z variant from liver. Carbohydate analysis of this glycoprotein showed an absence of galactose and sialic acid, an appreciable decrease in N-acetylglucosamine, and an almost twofold increase in mannose residues. These data indicate a considerable slowdown in the processing of the oligosaccharides of liver Z variant. In spite of the absence of sialyl residues, the liver Z varant was microheterogeneous by analytical isoelectric focusing. The isoproteins of liver Z variant coincided with those of asialo M variant in the focusing field.", "contents": "alpha1-Antitrypsin: the presence of excess mannose in the Z variant isolated from liver. The Z variant of alpha1-antitrypsin was isolated by a new technique from the liver of a patient homozygous for the Z allele of the protease inhibitor locus. The material was homogenous and antigenically competent but had no protease inhibiting capacity. An interesting correlation was found between the subcellular localization and the carbohydrate composition of the Z variant from liver. Carbohydate analysis of this glycoprotein showed an absence of galactose and sialic acid, an appreciable decrease in N-acetylglucosamine, and an almost twofold increase in mannose residues. These data indicate a considerable slowdown in the processing of the oligosaccharides of liver Z variant. In spite of the absence of sialyl residues, the liver Z varant was microheterogeneous by analytical isoelectric focusing. The isoproteins of liver Z variant coincided with those of asialo M variant in the focusing field.", "PMID": 308696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1733", "title": "Impulse blockade in frog cardiac ganglion does not resemble partial denervation in changing synaptic organization.", "content": "Partial denervation of parasympathetic neurons in the frog heart by surgical section of one vagus nerve results in a marked reorganization of functional synaptic connections made by the remaining vagus nerve. These changes are not simply due to a lack of impulse activity per se in the sectioned nerve because blockage of impulses in one vagus with tetrodotoxin-impregnated cuffs did not cause similar changes in the innervation pattern of the ganglion. Furthermore, tetrodotoxin-blocked vagal fibers retain their ability to sprout and can form new synapses on denervated neurons.", "contents": "Impulse blockade in frog cardiac ganglion does not resemble partial denervation in changing synaptic organization. Partial denervation of parasympathetic neurons in the frog heart by surgical section of one vagus nerve results in a marked reorganization of functional synaptic connections made by the remaining vagus nerve. These changes are not simply due to a lack of impulse activity per se in the sectioned nerve because blockage of impulses in one vagus with tetrodotoxin-impregnated cuffs did not cause similar changes in the innervation pattern of the ganglion. Furthermore, tetrodotoxin-blocked vagal fibers retain their ability to sprout and can form new synapses on denervated neurons.", "PMID": 308697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1734", "title": "Tumor-promoting phorbol esters inhibit binding of epidermal growth factor to cellular receptors.", "content": "Tumor-promoting phorbol esters and related plant macrocyclic diterpenes inhibit the binding of epidermal growth factor to its receptors on HeLa cells. This effect shows marked structural specificity and correlates with other biological effects of these compounds on mouse skin and in cell culture systems. The active compounds inhibited binding of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor with a 50 per-cent effective dose in the range of 10(-8) to 10(-9) M. Inhibition appears to be due to a decrease in the number of available epidermal growth factor receptors rather than a change in receptor affinity. These results suggest that certain biologic effects of tumor promoters may result from alterations in the function of cell surface receptors involved in growth regulation.", "contents": "Tumor-promoting phorbol esters inhibit binding of epidermal growth factor to cellular receptors. Tumor-promoting phorbol esters and related plant macrocyclic diterpenes inhibit the binding of epidermal growth factor to its receptors on HeLa cells. This effect shows marked structural specificity and correlates with other biological effects of these compounds on mouse skin and in cell culture systems. The active compounds inhibited binding of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor with a 50 per-cent effective dose in the range of 10(-8) to 10(-9) M. Inhibition appears to be due to a decrease in the number of available epidermal growth factor receptors rather than a change in receptor affinity. These results suggest that certain biologic effects of tumor promoters may result from alterations in the function of cell surface receptors involved in growth regulation.", "PMID": 308698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1735", "title": "Osteosarcoma--the winds of change.", "content": "The occurrence of pulmonary metastases in patients suffering from primary classic osteogenic sarcoma is compared among two groups of patients treated according to different protocols at Groote Schuur Hospital. A group of 28 patients treated by radiation and delayed amputation (before the end of 1974) is compared with 12 patients managed by immediate ablation and adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, high-dose methotrexate and leucovorin rescue, and adriamycin (after 1974). The incidence of pulmonary metastases at 12 months was significantly lower in the latter group.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma--the winds of change. The occurrence of pulmonary metastases in patients suffering from primary classic osteogenic sarcoma is compared among two groups of patients treated according to different protocols at Groote Schuur Hospital. A group of 28 patients treated by radiation and delayed amputation (before the end of 1974) is compared with 12 patients managed by immediate ablation and adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, high-dose methotrexate and leucovorin rescue, and adriamycin (after 1974). The incidence of pulmonary metastases at 12 months was significantly lower in the latter group.", "PMID": 308700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1736", "title": "Cystic fibrosis in Southern Africa. Including the preparation of a register of carriers and potential carriers.", "content": "Little has been published on cystic fibrosis (CF) in Whites in southern Africa, and no figures as to incidence exist. A register of CF patients, their parents (obligatory carriers), siblings, uncles, aunts and first cousins (potential carriers) has been compiled for southern Africa. The degree of co-operation shown by colleagues and by families whose addresses have been provided by them, and possible reasons for non-co-operation are discussed. From the numbers and birth dates of patients a rough estimate of the incidence in the Republic of South Africa, South West Africa and Rhodesia has been made. In all three regions, but especially in South Africa, incidence is likely to have been underestimated. Details available from the register include the number of CF patients alive and dead, those who presented with meconium ileus, the number of affected patients per family, consanguinity among the parents or grandparents, the frequency with which identical surnames were encountered, and the sibship sizes of all those on the register. Towns and districts with a population rich in the CF gene are mentioned. The number of potential carriers has been determined, so that they can be screened when a practicable detection test is devised. The register has answered a number of questions about CF in southern Africa. It has focused attention on the disease in the region and played a major catalytic role in the formation of the Southern African Cystic Fibrosis Association.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis in Southern Africa. Including the preparation of a register of carriers and potential carriers. Little has been published on cystic fibrosis (CF) in Whites in southern Africa, and no figures as to incidence exist. A register of CF patients, their parents (obligatory carriers), siblings, uncles, aunts and first cousins (potential carriers) has been compiled for southern Africa. The degree of co-operation shown by colleagues and by families whose addresses have been provided by them, and possible reasons for non-co-operation are discussed. From the numbers and birth dates of patients a rough estimate of the incidence in the Republic of South Africa, South West Africa and Rhodesia has been made. In all three regions, but especially in South Africa, incidence is likely to have been underestimated. Details available from the register include the number of CF patients alive and dead, those who presented with meconium ileus, the number of affected patients per family, consanguinity among the parents or grandparents, the frequency with which identical surnames were encountered, and the sibship sizes of all those on the register. Towns and districts with a population rich in the CF gene are mentioned. The number of potential carriers has been determined, so that they can be screened when a practicable detection test is devised. The register has answered a number of questions about CF in southern Africa. It has focused attention on the disease in the region and played a major catalytic role in the formation of the Southern African Cystic Fibrosis Association.", "PMID": 308702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1737", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: aggressive management decreases mortality.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 630 patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital between 1963 and 1971, the overall mortality was 12.54%. Mortality increased in patients receiving more than 10 units of blood and in patients over 60 years of age. Mortality decreased in patients in whom the site of hemorrhage was known prior to operation. Early surgery for gastric ulcers and conservative therapy for acute gastric erosions reduced mortality. Therefore in 334 patients admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital between 1973 and 1976 with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, an aggressive approach to diagnosis and management was emphasized. There was a significant decrease in patients with duodenal ulcers, acute gastric erosions, and gastric ulcers who received more than 10 units of blood. There was a significant increase in the use of endoscopy to establish the source of hemorrhage and a significant increase in the use of endoscopy to establish the source of hemorrhage and a significant decrease in the number of patients who did not have a diagnosis prior to operation. There was also a significant increase in early surgery for gastric ulcers. This regimen led to a significant decrease in mortality (6.69% vs. 12.54%). This report demonstrates that early diagnosis and management based on the lesion found reduces mortality from upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: aggressive management decreases mortality. In a retrospective study of 630 patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital between 1963 and 1971, the overall mortality was 12.54%. Mortality increased in patients receiving more than 10 units of blood and in patients over 60 years of age. Mortality decreased in patients in whom the site of hemorrhage was known prior to operation. Early surgery for gastric ulcers and conservative therapy for acute gastric erosions reduced mortality. Therefore in 334 patients admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital between 1973 and 1976 with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, an aggressive approach to diagnosis and management was emphasized. There was a significant decrease in patients with duodenal ulcers, acute gastric erosions, and gastric ulcers who received more than 10 units of blood. There was a significant increase in the use of endoscopy to establish the source of hemorrhage and a significant increase in the use of endoscopy to establish the source of hemorrhage and a significant decrease in the number of patients who did not have a diagnosis prior to operation. There was also a significant increase in early surgery for gastric ulcers. This regimen led to a significant decrease in mortality (6.69% vs. 12.54%). This report demonstrates that early diagnosis and management based on the lesion found reduces mortality from upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "PMID": 308704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1738", "title": "Purulent pericarditis in children.", "content": "Acute purulent pericarditis was treated successfully in five children between the ages of 27 months and 11 1/2 years during the past 5 years. The responsible organism was Hemophilus influenzae, type b, in two cases and Meningococcus, Pneumococcus, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus in one case each. No primary source of infection could be identified in two patients. A high index of suspicion, combined with immediate echocardiograms and pericardiocentesis, led to the diagnosis. Immediate antibiotic therapy was instituted on the basis of the gram stain of the pericardial fluid. All five patients had a pericardial window established--four through subxyphoid approach and the fifth, because of a left pleural effusion, through a left thoracotomy. When the subxyphoid approach was used, sump drains were left for postoperative suction and irrigation. All five patients survived without sequalae during follow-up periods of from 18 months to 5 years. We advocate an aggressive approach to the diagnosis and treatment of this problem. This report documents the safety, ease, and effectiveness of the subxyphoid approach as a means of drainage.", "contents": "Purulent pericarditis in children. Acute purulent pericarditis was treated successfully in five children between the ages of 27 months and 11 1/2 years during the past 5 years. The responsible organism was Hemophilus influenzae, type b, in two cases and Meningococcus, Pneumococcus, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus in one case each. No primary source of infection could be identified in two patients. A high index of suspicion, combined with immediate echocardiograms and pericardiocentesis, led to the diagnosis. Immediate antibiotic therapy was instituted on the basis of the gram stain of the pericardial fluid. All five patients had a pericardial window established--four through subxyphoid approach and the fifth, because of a left pleural effusion, through a left thoracotomy. When the subxyphoid approach was used, sump drains were left for postoperative suction and irrigation. All five patients survived without sequalae during follow-up periods of from 18 months to 5 years. We advocate an aggressive approach to the diagnosis and treatment of this problem. This report documents the safety, ease, and effectiveness of the subxyphoid approach as a means of drainage.", "PMID": 308705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1739", "title": "Effective antitumor immunity following elimination of suppressor T cell function.", "content": "An increased resistance to a transplantable tumor was demonstrable in Fischer (F344) strain rats after thymectomy and high doses of total body irradiation, followed by bone marrow cell repopulation if the animals were allowed to recover for 6 to 8 weeks. Further experiments demonstrated that removal of a subpopulation of T cells by lower doses of radiation plus thymectomy could (1) reduce recurrences after surgical excision, and (2) prolong survival of animals with established pulmonary metastases. It was found that thymectomy + 50 leads to 100 R total body irradiation could eliminate a T cell-mediated suppression of effective antitumor immunity. The removal of the suppressor cell component by lower doses of irradiation was dependent on pre-exposure of the animals to tumor antigen. These experiments indicate the specificity of suppressor T cells to tumor antigen and their exquisite sensitivity to radiation in appropriate circumstances.", "contents": "Effective antitumor immunity following elimination of suppressor T cell function. An increased resistance to a transplantable tumor was demonstrable in Fischer (F344) strain rats after thymectomy and high doses of total body irradiation, followed by bone marrow cell repopulation if the animals were allowed to recover for 6 to 8 weeks. Further experiments demonstrated that removal of a subpopulation of T cells by lower doses of radiation plus thymectomy could (1) reduce recurrences after surgical excision, and (2) prolong survival of animals with established pulmonary metastases. It was found that thymectomy + 50 leads to 100 R total body irradiation could eliminate a T cell-mediated suppression of effective antitumor immunity. The removal of the suppressor cell component by lower doses of irradiation was dependent on pre-exposure of the animals to tumor antigen. These experiments indicate the specificity of suppressor T cells to tumor antigen and their exquisite sensitivity to radiation in appropriate circumstances.", "PMID": 308706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1740", "title": "Control of acute gastroduodenal hemorrhage with cimetidine.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with acute gastroduodenal hemorrhage were treated with intravenous Cimetidine. Preliminary endoscopy was done at the onset of bleeding to determine the source of bleeding and to rule out the presence of a brisk arterial bleeding site that would require immediate operation for control. Sixteen of the patients had primary peptic ulcer disease and 18 patients had \"stress ulcer\" syndrome. The bleeding stopped following Cimetidine administration in 14 of the 16 peptic ulcer patients (88%) and in 13 of 18 stress ulcer patients (72%). There was no subsequent rebleeding. The data suggest that Cimetidine is of value in the immediate nonoperative management of acute gastroduodenal hemorrhage. Further, the availability of Cimetidine for postoperative use may modify the surgical approach to stress ulcer bleeding.", "contents": "Control of acute gastroduodenal hemorrhage with cimetidine. Thirty-four patients with acute gastroduodenal hemorrhage were treated with intravenous Cimetidine. Preliminary endoscopy was done at the onset of bleeding to determine the source of bleeding and to rule out the presence of a brisk arterial bleeding site that would require immediate operation for control. Sixteen of the patients had primary peptic ulcer disease and 18 patients had \"stress ulcer\" syndrome. The bleeding stopped following Cimetidine administration in 14 of the 16 peptic ulcer patients (88%) and in 13 of 18 stress ulcer patients (72%). There was no subsequent rebleeding. The data suggest that Cimetidine is of value in the immediate nonoperative management of acute gastroduodenal hemorrhage. Further, the availability of Cimetidine for postoperative use may modify the surgical approach to stress ulcer bleeding.", "PMID": 308707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1741", "title": "Direct myocardial revascularisation: experience with 9364 operations.", "content": "Between July 1968 and December 1976, 9364 consecutive patients with coronary insufficiency underwent direct myocardial revascularisation using aortocoronary bypass (ACB). Among these patients 8017 had ACB alone, and the remaining 1347 had ACB in addition to correction of other cardiac and vascular lesions. In the series of patients having ACB alone the hospital (early) mortality was 3.9%, but for 2383 surgical patients in 1976 this figure was 2.2%. Operative mortality was higher for women (6.85%) than for men (3.5%), but late survival was about the same for both sexes. Among surviving patients 88% were improved or symptom-free after undergoing ACB. According to our data, at the end of eight years 80% of the patients will be survivors. These results, when compared with other series of patients treated medically, indicate the superiority of surgical treatment both in terms of symptomatic relief and also in increased life expectancy.", "contents": "Direct myocardial revascularisation: experience with 9364 operations. Between July 1968 and December 1976, 9364 consecutive patients with coronary insufficiency underwent direct myocardial revascularisation using aortocoronary bypass (ACB). Among these patients 8017 had ACB alone, and the remaining 1347 had ACB in addition to correction of other cardiac and vascular lesions. In the series of patients having ACB alone the hospital (early) mortality was 3.9%, but for 2383 surgical patients in 1976 this figure was 2.2%. Operative mortality was higher for women (6.85%) than for men (3.5%), but late survival was about the same for both sexes. Among surviving patients 88% were improved or symptom-free after undergoing ACB. According to our data, at the end of eight years 80% of the patients will be survivors. These results, when compared with other series of patients treated medically, indicate the superiority of surgical treatment both in terms of symptomatic relief and also in increased life expectancy.", "PMID": 308709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1742", "title": "[Results of endarterectomy in coronary artery surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of 432 aortocoronary bypass procedures endarterectomies were performed in 58 patients (13.4%) on 60 coronary arteries. Except of two vein patch grafts all endarterectomized arteries were bypassed with a saphenous vein graft. The majority of the patients had an endarterectomy of the right coronary artery. Clinical control investigations were performed in 43 out of 47 survivors including 30 with coronary angiograms 5.2 months (mean) after surgery. 26 out of 31 endarterectomized arteries (83.9%) were open angiographically whereas the patency rate to non-endarterectomized arteries of the same patients was 86.4%. The hospital mortality was high; 11 out of 58 patients (19%) deceased. All patients who died postoperatively had a three vessel disease with diffuse coronary sclerosis. Only three had no myodardial infarction prior to surgery, seven had one to four infarctions before surgery. The relatively high mortality intends for the future a more strict revision of the indications for coronary surgical procedures. But not in all cases the preoperative coronary angiograms and ventriculograms allow a clear estimation of the local arterial conditions.", "contents": "[Results of endarterectomy in coronary artery surgery (author's transl)]. In a series of 432 aortocoronary bypass procedures endarterectomies were performed in 58 patients (13.4%) on 60 coronary arteries. Except of two vein patch grafts all endarterectomized arteries were bypassed with a saphenous vein graft. The majority of the patients had an endarterectomy of the right coronary artery. Clinical control investigations were performed in 43 out of 47 survivors including 30 with coronary angiograms 5.2 months (mean) after surgery. 26 out of 31 endarterectomized arteries (83.9%) were open angiographically whereas the patency rate to non-endarterectomized arteries of the same patients was 86.4%. The hospital mortality was high; 11 out of 58 patients (19%) deceased. All patients who died postoperatively had a three vessel disease with diffuse coronary sclerosis. Only three had no myodardial infarction prior to surgery, seven had one to four infarctions before surgery. The relatively high mortality intends for the future a more strict revision of the indications for coronary surgical procedures. But not in all cases the preoperative coronary angiograms and ventriculograms allow a clear estimation of the local arterial conditions.", "PMID": 308715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1743", "title": "Serological characterization of human monocytes for HLA, B-lymphocyte, granulocyte, and monocyte-associated antigens by cytotoxicity testing.", "content": "Highly enriched preparations of monocytes, B and T lymphocytes, and granulocytes from 18 normal donors were serotyped in parallel in a complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay using allogeneic and heterologous antisera defining three independent tissue antigen systems. HLA and B-lymphocyte tissue antigens were detected on human monocytes although granulocyte antigens were absent. By cytotoxicity testing the presence of Ia-like antigens on monocytes was significantly diminished compared to the autologous B-lymphocyte population and has important implications in B-lymphocyte serology. The study indentified a number of human antisera obtained from multitransfused subjects and pre- and post-transplant organ recipients that were non-HLA and appeared to define monocyte-associated antigens. The serological implications of surface antigen expression on human monocytes compared with other peripheral blood cells are discussed.", "contents": "Serological characterization of human monocytes for HLA, B-lymphocyte, granulocyte, and monocyte-associated antigens by cytotoxicity testing. Highly enriched preparations of monocytes, B and T lymphocytes, and granulocytes from 18 normal donors were serotyped in parallel in a complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay using allogeneic and heterologous antisera defining three independent tissue antigen systems. HLA and B-lymphocyte tissue antigens were detected on human monocytes although granulocyte antigens were absent. By cytotoxicity testing the presence of Ia-like antigens on monocytes was significantly diminished compared to the autologous B-lymphocyte population and has important implications in B-lymphocyte serology. The study indentified a number of human antisera obtained from multitransfused subjects and pre- and post-transplant organ recipients that were non-HLA and appeared to define monocyte-associated antigens. The serological implications of surface antigen expression on human monocytes compared with other peripheral blood cells are discussed.", "PMID": 308716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1744", "title": "Fluctuated changes in the rat hypothalamic content of corticotropin releasing factor around the peak of the circadian rhythm.", "content": "It is well known that hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) activity shows a marked circadian rhythm with the peak around 16 o'clock and the minimal level around 8 o'clock, followed by almost parallel changes of plasma corticosterone. But the circadian variations of CRF activity at short intervals (22 or 23 min) around 16 o'clock has not been obvious. In this experiment, we demonstrated fluctuated changes of CRF content in the non-stressed rat hypothalamus with 22 or 23 min intervals around the peak at a quarter past 16 o'clock.", "contents": "Fluctuated changes in the rat hypothalamic content of corticotropin releasing factor around the peak of the circadian rhythm. It is well known that hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) activity shows a marked circadian rhythm with the peak around 16 o'clock and the minimal level around 8 o'clock, followed by almost parallel changes of plasma corticosterone. But the circadian variations of CRF activity at short intervals (22 or 23 min) around 16 o'clock has not been obvious. In this experiment, we demonstrated fluctuated changes of CRF content in the non-stressed rat hypothalamus with 22 or 23 min intervals around the peak at a quarter past 16 o'clock.", "PMID": 308717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1745", "title": "[Rhodopsin regeneration: role of interaction between the photoreceptors and pigment epithelium cells].", "content": "Regeneration of rhodopsin has been studied in the eyecup, isolated retina and retinal homogenate of frog Rana temporaia as well as in the eyecup and isolated retina of fish-flounder Limanda aspera (Pallas). Rhodopsin has been found to regenerate only in the eyecup of frog, while isorhodopsin appeared to be the final product in the frog retinal homogenate. Decrease in rhodopsin regeneration level has been resulted from addition of inhibitors--theophyllin (2.10-2 M), papaverine (10-4--10-3 M) and strophantin (2.10-4 M) To the eyecup preparations (60, 20, 23%, consequently). A conclusion is made that structural connection between pigment epithelium cells and photoreceptors is necessary to provide regeneration of native rhodopsin.", "contents": "[Rhodopsin regeneration: role of interaction between the photoreceptors and pigment epithelium cells]. Regeneration of rhodopsin has been studied in the eyecup, isolated retina and retinal homogenate of frog Rana temporaia as well as in the eyecup and isolated retina of fish-flounder Limanda aspera (Pallas). Rhodopsin has been found to regenerate only in the eyecup of frog, while isorhodopsin appeared to be the final product in the frog retinal homogenate. Decrease in rhodopsin regeneration level has been resulted from addition of inhibitors--theophyllin (2.10-2 M), papaverine (10-4--10-3 M) and strophantin (2.10-4 M) To the eyecup preparations (60, 20, 23%, consequently). A conclusion is made that structural connection between pigment epithelium cells and photoreceptors is necessary to provide regeneration of native rhodopsin.", "PMID": 308718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1746", "title": "[Effect of phytohemagglutinin on T-lymphocytes isolated from human blood].", "content": "T--enriched lymphocyte fraction from normal donors was isolated from heparinized peripheral blood on Ficoll-Urotrast gradients. The mitogenic response of T-lymphocytes in culture was 3 times as high as that of unseparated mononuclear cells. The intensity of blast transformation to PHA did not correlate with the increase of T-lymphocytes in culture. These data suggest that cells of not T-origin may be the limiting factor during mitogenic response of T-lymphocytes to PHA.", "contents": "[Effect of phytohemagglutinin on T-lymphocytes isolated from human blood]. T--enriched lymphocyte fraction from normal donors was isolated from heparinized peripheral blood on Ficoll-Urotrast gradients. The mitogenic response of T-lymphocytes in culture was 3 times as high as that of unseparated mononuclear cells. The intensity of blast transformation to PHA did not correlate with the increase of T-lymphocytes in culture. These data suggest that cells of not T-origin may be the limiting factor during mitogenic response of T-lymphocytes to PHA.", "PMID": 308719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1747", "title": "[Quantitative interrelationships between the T- and B-cell populations of mouse lymphoid organs].", "content": "The number of thymocytes and splenic T-lymphocytes correlate negatively. After the treatment of mice with cortisol, this negative correlation changes for a positive one. It is proposed that the negative correlation between cortisone-sensitive thymocytes and splenic T cells is mediated by cortisone-resistant thymocytes. The negative correlations were also found between amounts of T-cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and in Peyer's patches, the positive correlations being seen between numbers of splenic and lymph nodes T-lymphocytes. No correlations between B-cell populations in different organs were revealed. Apparently, correlations between lymphocyte populations reflect some aspect of hierachic structure of the lymphoid system.", "contents": "[Quantitative interrelationships between the T- and B-cell populations of mouse lymphoid organs]. The number of thymocytes and splenic T-lymphocytes correlate negatively. After the treatment of mice with cortisol, this negative correlation changes for a positive one. It is proposed that the negative correlation between cortisone-sensitive thymocytes and splenic T cells is mediated by cortisone-resistant thymocytes. The negative correlations were also found between amounts of T-cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and in Peyer's patches, the positive correlations being seen between numbers of splenic and lymph nodes T-lymphocytes. No correlations between B-cell populations in different organs were revealed. Apparently, correlations between lymphocyte populations reflect some aspect of hierachic structure of the lymphoid system.", "PMID": 308720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1748", "title": "[Regulation of alpha-amylase biosynthesis in Pichia burtonii B].", "content": "The synthesis of amylolytic enzymes by Pichia burtonii strain CBS 6141 requires the presence of etarch, maltose, and saccharose. Glucose exerts a strong repression which completely inhibited snzyme induction.", "contents": "[Regulation of alpha-amylase biosynthesis in Pichia burtonii B]. The synthesis of amylolytic enzymes by Pichia burtonii strain CBS 6141 requires the presence of etarch, maltose, and saccharose. Glucose exerts a strong repression which completely inhibited snzyme induction.", "PMID": 308745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1749", "title": "[Indices of cellular immunity in patients with influenza A1].", "content": "The content of T-lymphocytes was determined by the method of spontaneous rosette formation according to Bach et al. and of B-lympocytes by the method of complementary rosette formation according to Mendes et al. in patients with uncomplicated and complicated influenza A1. In the acute period the values of T-lymphocytes were low and of B-lymphocytes and \"O\" cells high. During the convalescent period the amount of T-lymphocytes became normal in most patients. In patients with concurrent chronic diseases and in elderly patients the amount of T-lymphocytes remained low for a longer period and did not become normal in most of them during convalescence. The amount of B-lymphocytes at the time of recovery remained high, but in patients with complicated forms of the diseases the values were higher.", "contents": "[Indices of cellular immunity in patients with influenza A1]. The content of T-lymphocytes was determined by the method of spontaneous rosette formation according to Bach et al. and of B-lympocytes by the method of complementary rosette formation according to Mendes et al. in patients with uncomplicated and complicated influenza A1. In the acute period the values of T-lymphocytes were low and of B-lymphocytes and \"O\" cells high. During the convalescent period the amount of T-lymphocytes became normal in most patients. In patients with concurrent chronic diseases and in elderly patients the amount of T-lymphocytes remained low for a longer period and did not become normal in most of them during convalescence. The amount of B-lymphocytes at the time of recovery remained high, but in patients with complicated forms of the diseases the values were higher.", "PMID": 308742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1750", "title": "[Morphological and physiological characterization of fiber types in the iliofibular muscle of Rana esculenta].", "content": "In both longitudinal and cross sections of the M. iliofibularis of Rana esculenta three types of muscle fibres are identified by means of light and electron microscopy. These fibretypes called A-, B- and C-fibres are according to the fibres of m. rectus abdominis of the frog. They can be compared with the fibres of the m. rectus abdominis of rat and mouse. But there is another distribution of the fibretypes A, B and C in the m. iliofibularis and in the m. rectus abdominis. The m. iliofibularis is divided into two parts called \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" and \"nichttonischer Teil\" by means of their reaction to acetylcholine. The surface of the \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" consists of A-, B- and C-fibres while its inside is onlyformed by A- and B-fibres. They continue the \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" in the \"nichttonischer Teil\". This part chiefly consists of A-fibres. In cross sections their myofibrils are larger in their extent than the A-fibres known before. Therefore the A-fibretype has to be distinguished into two A-fibres: A1 and A2. The new one is called A2-fibre. A1-fibre is described in the \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" and in further investigations. The difference between the two fibres can be understood as a greater manifestation of power of the A1-fibre. The surface of the \"nichttonischer Teil\" of the m. iliofibularis consists of A2-fibres which easily could be found opposite the \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\". At this point in contrary to the \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" could be found a defined morphological substrate for physiological investigations. The different reactions of \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" and \"nichttonischer Teil\" to acetylcholine could only be explained by the sum of reactions of all fibretypes in each bundle in correspondence with the reaction of the fibres in the neighbour bundle. But their different behaviour by summer- and winterfrogs is unknown. Therefore it is to discuss whether it is allowed to refer generally the results to \"muscle\" or \"musclefibre\" got from frogs living in cooled rooms. It is known in literature that not all results of physiological investigations can be interpreted with the two fibre- theorie (\"twitch\" and \"slow\") of muscle. Those not interpretable physiological results could be associated to the B-fibre can not be explained by morphological methods but must be proofed by physiological investigations. In tables are summerised morphological criteria of the three types and it is tried to associate the physiological qualities known from literature. Besides there is summerised the usual nomenclature with the first citations.", "contents": "[Morphological and physiological characterization of fiber types in the iliofibular muscle of Rana esculenta]. In both longitudinal and cross sections of the M. iliofibularis of Rana esculenta three types of muscle fibres are identified by means of light and electron microscopy. These fibretypes called A-, B- and C-fibres are according to the fibres of m. rectus abdominis of the frog. They can be compared with the fibres of the m. rectus abdominis of rat and mouse. But there is another distribution of the fibretypes A, B and C in the m. iliofibularis and in the m. rectus abdominis. The m. iliofibularis is divided into two parts called \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" and \"nichttonischer Teil\" by means of their reaction to acetylcholine. The surface of the \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" consists of A-, B- and C-fibres while its inside is onlyformed by A- and B-fibres. They continue the \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" in the \"nichttonischer Teil\". This part chiefly consists of A-fibres. In cross sections their myofibrils are larger in their extent than the A-fibres known before. Therefore the A-fibretype has to be distinguished into two A-fibres: A1 and A2. The new one is called A2-fibre. A1-fibre is described in the \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" and in further investigations. The difference between the two fibres can be understood as a greater manifestation of power of the A1-fibre. The surface of the \"nichttonischer Teil\" of the m. iliofibularis consists of A2-fibres which easily could be found opposite the \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\". At this point in contrary to the \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" could be found a defined morphological substrate for physiological investigations. The different reactions of \"Tonusb\u00fcndel\" and \"nichttonischer Teil\" to acetylcholine could only be explained by the sum of reactions of all fibretypes in each bundle in correspondence with the reaction of the fibres in the neighbour bundle. But their different behaviour by summer- and winterfrogs is unknown. Therefore it is to discuss whether it is allowed to refer generally the results to \"muscle\" or \"musclefibre\" got from frogs living in cooled rooms. It is known in literature that not all results of physiological investigations can be interpreted with the two fibre- theorie (\"twitch\" and \"slow\") of muscle. Those not interpretable physiological results could be associated to the B-fibre can not be explained by morphological methods but must be proofed by physiological investigations. In tables are summerised morphological criteria of the three types and it is tried to associate the physiological qualities known from literature. Besides there is summerised the usual nomenclature with the first citations.", "PMID": 308746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1751", "title": "[Regulatory role of the bone marrow in immunogenesis. 1. Bone marrow suppressor cells in the in vitro culture].", "content": "Bone marrow cells added to the spleen cell culture (after Mishell and Dutton) stimulated with sheep red blood cells suppressed the production of plaque-forming cells. Bone marrow supressors-cells bear surface immunoglobulins and MBLA, they are referred to the actively prolferating cells, and, apparently, represent immature cells-precursors of B-lymphocytic series.", "contents": "[Regulatory role of the bone marrow in immunogenesis. 1. Bone marrow suppressor cells in the in vitro culture]. Bone marrow cells added to the spleen cell culture (after Mishell and Dutton) stimulated with sheep red blood cells suppressed the production of plaque-forming cells. Bone marrow supressors-cells bear surface immunoglobulins and MBLA, they are referred to the actively prolferating cells, and, apparently, represent immature cells-precursors of B-lymphocytic series.", "PMID": 308750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1752", "title": "[Methods of determination of toxicity of pertussis vaccine. 1. Change in the weight of the thymus gland and the spleen in mice after administration of pertussis vaccine].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on mice, strain NIH, line HSFS/N, immunized with pertussis vaccine. Determination of thymocyte pool proved to be a more sensitive method of detection of the stress effect of the vaccine than determination of the thymus weight. The test can be used for the elaboration of the method of assessment of the toxicity of pertussis preparations.", "contents": "[Methods of determination of toxicity of pertussis vaccine. 1. Change in the weight of the thymus gland and the spleen in mice after administration of pertussis vaccine]. Experiments were conducted on mice, strain NIH, line HSFS/N, immunized with pertussis vaccine. Determination of thymocyte pool proved to be a more sensitive method of detection of the stress effect of the vaccine than determination of the thymus weight. The test can be used for the elaboration of the method of assessment of the toxicity of pertussis preparations.", "PMID": 308751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1753", "title": "[Thrombocytosis in progressive generalized sclerosis (scleroderma) and in other rheumatic diseases].", "content": "A platelet count was made in 37 patients with Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS), 6 with Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome, 11 with Rheumatic Polymyalgia with or without Horton's Arteritis (PMR-AH), 26 with Ankylosing Spondylitis (A.Sp.), 29 with Psoriatic Arthritis, 15 with Gout and in 65 healthy subjects. In this last group the mean platelet count was 215.692/mm3, S.E. 4.167. In the various groups of patients the following mean platelet counts were determined: PSS 242.108 +/- 11.766; Sj\u00f6gren 245.000 +/- 22.620; PMR-AH 276.818 +/- 25.577; A.Sp. 272.846 +/- 14.124; Psoriatic Arthritis 245.833 +/- 9.374; Gout 265.333 +/- 24.628. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P less than 0.05), (P less than 0.01) or (P less than 0.001) between each group of patients and the controls. However, the platelet count in the majority of patients in each group was not higher than 300.000/mm3. Statistically significant correlations were found between platelet count and some biolgoical inflammation parameters. All patients with platelets higher than 300.000/mm3 showed a high disease activity. Yet some patients with marked inflammation did not present thrombocytosis. According to literature data thrombocytosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis is considered to be correlated to disease activity. The results of this study indicate that even in other rheumatic diseases thrombocytosis is often present, apparently correlated to the inflammation. Therefore thrombocytosis is an inflammation parameter; but it is less sensitive than other ones.", "contents": "[Thrombocytosis in progressive generalized sclerosis (scleroderma) and in other rheumatic diseases]. A platelet count was made in 37 patients with Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS), 6 with Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome, 11 with Rheumatic Polymyalgia with or without Horton's Arteritis (PMR-AH), 26 with Ankylosing Spondylitis (A.Sp.), 29 with Psoriatic Arthritis, 15 with Gout and in 65 healthy subjects. In this last group the mean platelet count was 215.692/mm3, S.E. 4.167. In the various groups of patients the following mean platelet counts were determined: PSS 242.108 +/- 11.766; Sj\u00f6gren 245.000 +/- 22.620; PMR-AH 276.818 +/- 25.577; A.Sp. 272.846 +/- 14.124; Psoriatic Arthritis 245.833 +/- 9.374; Gout 265.333 +/- 24.628. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P less than 0.05), (P less than 0.01) or (P less than 0.001) between each group of patients and the controls. However, the platelet count in the majority of patients in each group was not higher than 300.000/mm3. Statistically significant correlations were found between platelet count and some biolgoical inflammation parameters. All patients with platelets higher than 300.000/mm3 showed a high disease activity. Yet some patients with marked inflammation did not present thrombocytosis. According to literature data thrombocytosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis is considered to be correlated to disease activity. The results of this study indicate that even in other rheumatic diseases thrombocytosis is often present, apparently correlated to the inflammation. Therefore thrombocytosis is an inflammation parameter; but it is less sensitive than other ones.", "PMID": 308747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1754", "title": "[Protein synthesis in lymphocytes of patients with various stages of chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "Protein synthesis in lymphocytes of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis shows various levels according to the stage of the disease. Incorporation of 3H-isoleucine is markedly increased in progredient cases (compared to normal subjects + 75%). Additional treatment of these patients with corticosteroids has no effect on the protein synthesis in the lymphocytes. This seems to be in contrast to investigations using in vitro incubation of lymphocytes in media containing steroids. Because of completely different conditions in these investigations exact comparison of the results is not possible. Protein synthesis in lymphocytes from patients with early stages of rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis shows no statistically significant difference to normal controls.", "contents": "[Protein synthesis in lymphocytes of patients with various stages of chronic polyarthritis]. Protein synthesis in lymphocytes of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis shows various levels according to the stage of the disease. Incorporation of 3H-isoleucine is markedly increased in progredient cases (compared to normal subjects + 75%). Additional treatment of these patients with corticosteroids has no effect on the protein synthesis in the lymphocytes. This seems to be in contrast to investigations using in vitro incubation of lymphocytes in media containing steroids. Because of completely different conditions in these investigations exact comparison of the results is not possible. Protein synthesis in lymphocytes from patients with early stages of rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis shows no statistically significant difference to normal controls.", "PMID": 308748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1755", "title": "[Effect of the low molecular weight thymus factor on T-cells in human blood].", "content": "Lowmolecular factor of polypeptide nature (thymarin) was extracted from calf thymus. This factor differed by physical and chemical characteristics from thymosin. The percentage content of \"active\" T-lymphocytes increased under the effect of thymarin in the cultures of lymphoid cells obtained from healthy individuals. The total T-cell count remained unchanged. Thymarin favoured increase of the total T-lymphocyte and \"active\" T-lymphocyte count in the cultures of cells from patients with chronic inflammatory processes. Cellular immunity reactions were restored and the course of the main disease improved under the effect of parenteral administration of thymarin. It is supposed that T-immunity system incompetence was associated with the inadequate production of the thymus factor capable of restoring the activity of the thymus-dependent lymphocyte population.", "contents": "[Effect of the low molecular weight thymus factor on T-cells in human blood]. Lowmolecular factor of polypeptide nature (thymarin) was extracted from calf thymus. This factor differed by physical and chemical characteristics from thymosin. The percentage content of \"active\" T-lymphocytes increased under the effect of thymarin in the cultures of lymphoid cells obtained from healthy individuals. The total T-cell count remained unchanged. Thymarin favoured increase of the total T-lymphocyte and \"active\" T-lymphocyte count in the cultures of cells from patients with chronic inflammatory processes. Cellular immunity reactions were restored and the course of the main disease improved under the effect of parenteral administration of thymarin. It is supposed that T-immunity system incompetence was associated with the inadequate production of the thymus factor capable of restoring the activity of the thymus-dependent lymphocyte population.", "PMID": 308753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1756", "title": "Changes in the activity of the ependyma in the infundibular recess of the brain of Rana esculenta L. in the annual cycle.", "content": "Volume of the cell nuclei of the ependyma of the infundibular recess was measured in 30 female and 30 male water frogs (Rana esculenta L.) obtained from their natural environment, taking into account the phase of the annual cycle. Karyometry of the ependymal cell nuclei in the infundibular recess in males and females showed statistically significant differences of volume (activity) in the annual cycle. The largest volume of nuclei of the ependymal cells in females and males was observed in the first decade of April (end of hibernation), and the smallest in the first decade of September (end of the period of active life). Activity of nuclei of cells from the infundibular recess clearly correlated with gonadal development.", "contents": "Changes in the activity of the ependyma in the infundibular recess of the brain of Rana esculenta L. in the annual cycle. Volume of the cell nuclei of the ependyma of the infundibular recess was measured in 30 female and 30 male water frogs (Rana esculenta L.) obtained from their natural environment, taking into account the phase of the annual cycle. Karyometry of the ependymal cell nuclei in the infundibular recess in males and females showed statistically significant differences of volume (activity) in the annual cycle. The largest volume of nuclei of the ependymal cells in females and males was observed in the first decade of April (end of hibernation), and the smallest in the first decade of September (end of the period of active life). Activity of nuclei of cells from the infundibular recess clearly correlated with gonadal development.", "PMID": 308755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1757", "title": "The dorsomedial nuclear group of cranial nerves in the frog.", "content": "The dorsomedial motor nuclei were demonstrated by the cobalt-labeling technique applied to the so-called somatic motor cranial nerves. The motoneurons constituting these nuclei are oval-shaped and smaller than the motoneurons in the ventrolateral motor nuclei. They give rise to ventral and dorsal dendrite groups which have extensive arborization areas. A dorsolateral cell group in the rostral three quarters of the oculomotorius nucleus innervates ipsilateral eye muscles (m.obl.inf., m.rect.inf., m.rect.med.) and a ventromedial cell group innervates the contralateral m. rectus superior. Ipsilateral axons originate from ventral dendrites, contralateral axons emerge from the medial aspect of cell bodies, or from dorsal dendrites, and form a \"knee\" as they turn around the nucleus on their way to join the ipsilateral axons. A few labeled small cells found dorsal and lateral to the main nucleus in the central gray matter are regarded as representing the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal. The trochlearis nucleus is continuous with the ventromedial cell group of the oculomotorius nucleus. The axons originate in dorsal dendrites, run dorsally along the border of the gray matter and pierce the velum medullare on the contralateral side. A compact dendritic bundle of oculomotorius neurons traverse the nucleus, and side branches appear to be in close apposition to the trochlearis neurons. A dorsomedial and a ventrolateral cell group becomes labeled via the abducens nerve. The former supplies the m. rectus lateralis, while the latter corresponds to the accessorius abducens nucleus which innervates the mm. rectractores. Neurons in this latter nucleus are large and multipolar, resembling the neurons in the ventrolateral motor nuclei. Their axons originate from dorsal dendrites and form a \"knee\" around the dorsomedial aspect of the abducens nucleus. Cobalt applied to the hypoglossus nerve reaches a dorsomedial cell group (the nucleus proper), spinal motoneurons and sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Of the dorsomedial motor cells, the hypoglossus neurons are the largest, and a branch of their ventral dendrites terminates on the contralateral side. Some functional and developmental biological aspects of the morphological findings, such as the crossing axons and the peculiar morphology of the accessory abducens nucleus, are discussed.", "contents": "The dorsomedial nuclear group of cranial nerves in the frog. The dorsomedial motor nuclei were demonstrated by the cobalt-labeling technique applied to the so-called somatic motor cranial nerves. The motoneurons constituting these nuclei are oval-shaped and smaller than the motoneurons in the ventrolateral motor nuclei. They give rise to ventral and dorsal dendrite groups which have extensive arborization areas. A dorsolateral cell group in the rostral three quarters of the oculomotorius nucleus innervates ipsilateral eye muscles (m.obl.inf., m.rect.inf., m.rect.med.) and a ventromedial cell group innervates the contralateral m. rectus superior. Ipsilateral axons originate from ventral dendrites, contralateral axons emerge from the medial aspect of cell bodies, or from dorsal dendrites, and form a \"knee\" as they turn around the nucleus on their way to join the ipsilateral axons. A few labeled small cells found dorsal and lateral to the main nucleus in the central gray matter are regarded as representing the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal. The trochlearis nucleus is continuous with the ventromedial cell group of the oculomotorius nucleus. The axons originate in dorsal dendrites, run dorsally along the border of the gray matter and pierce the velum medullare on the contralateral side. A compact dendritic bundle of oculomotorius neurons traverse the nucleus, and side branches appear to be in close apposition to the trochlearis neurons. A dorsomedial and a ventrolateral cell group becomes labeled via the abducens nerve. The former supplies the m. rectus lateralis, while the latter corresponds to the accessorius abducens nucleus which innervates the mm. rectractores. Neurons in this latter nucleus are large and multipolar, resembling the neurons in the ventrolateral motor nuclei. Their axons originate from dorsal dendrites and form a \"knee\" around the dorsomedial aspect of the abducens nucleus. Cobalt applied to the hypoglossus nerve reaches a dorsomedial cell group (the nucleus proper), spinal motoneurons and sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Of the dorsomedial motor cells, the hypoglossus neurons are the largest, and a branch of their ventral dendrites terminates on the contralateral side. Some functional and developmental biological aspects of the morphological findings, such as the crossing axons and the peculiar morphology of the accessory abducens nucleus, are discussed.", "PMID": 308756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1758", "title": "Chronic bleeding from a primary non-specific small intestinal ulceration localized by angiography.", "content": "An idiopathic non-specific small intestinal ulceration in a young man is described. The lesion, which caused chronic anemia, was localized by angiography. Immediately prior to operation an angiography catheter was placed with the tip in the mesenteric artery supplying the abnormality. The catheter was easily palpated peroperatively and the lesion found.", "contents": "Chronic bleeding from a primary non-specific small intestinal ulceration localized by angiography. An idiopathic non-specific small intestinal ulceration in a young man is described. The lesion, which caused chronic anemia, was localized by angiography. Immediately prior to operation an angiography catheter was placed with the tip in the mesenteric artery supplying the abnormality. The catheter was easily palpated peroperatively and the lesion found.", "PMID": 308757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1759", "title": "[Diagnosis of neurinomas of the Gasserian ganglion].", "content": "The article analyses the findings of clinical and X-ray examination in 39 patients in two types of growth of neurinoma of the gasserian ganglion: with localization within the boundaries of the middle cranial fossa (22) and with the formation of tumor nodes in the middle and posterior cranial fossae (17). The first symptoms of the disease were paresthesia or numbness and continuous pain mostly in the zone innervated by the 1st--2nd pair of the trigeminal nerve, absence of corneal reflexes, high lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and protein-cellular dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid. The craniograms revealed destruction of the floor of the middle cranial fossa with involvement of the walls of the f. ovale, spinosum et lacerum and the apex of the pyramid of the temporal bone. Carotid angiography demonstrated typical displacement of the carotid siphon to the midline, to the front, or to the back. The middle cerebral artery was moderately displaced upward and an arched art. chorioidea, anterior was noted. Growth of the neurinoma into the posterior cranial fossa was attended with displacement and deformity of a. basilaris et cerebellaris superior and the veins of the posterior cranial fossa. The ventriculograms showed compression of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle and moderate compression of the caudal parts of the fourth ventricle and aqueduct of Sylvius. Comprehensive generalization of all the findings gained from examination of the patient is necessary in determining the topics and type of the growth of a neurinoma of the gasserian ganglion.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of neurinomas of the Gasserian ganglion]. The article analyses the findings of clinical and X-ray examination in 39 patients in two types of growth of neurinoma of the gasserian ganglion: with localization within the boundaries of the middle cranial fossa (22) and with the formation of tumor nodes in the middle and posterior cranial fossae (17). The first symptoms of the disease were paresthesia or numbness and continuous pain mostly in the zone innervated by the 1st--2nd pair of the trigeminal nerve, absence of corneal reflexes, high lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and protein-cellular dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid. The craniograms revealed destruction of the floor of the middle cranial fossa with involvement of the walls of the f. ovale, spinosum et lacerum and the apex of the pyramid of the temporal bone. Carotid angiography demonstrated typical displacement of the carotid siphon to the midline, to the front, or to the back. The middle cerebral artery was moderately displaced upward and an arched art. chorioidea, anterior was noted. Growth of the neurinoma into the posterior cranial fossa was attended with displacement and deformity of a. basilaris et cerebellaris superior and the veins of the posterior cranial fossa. The ventriculograms showed compression of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle and moderate compression of the caudal parts of the fourth ventricle and aqueduct of Sylvius. Comprehensive generalization of all the findings gained from examination of the patient is necessary in determining the topics and type of the growth of a neurinoma of the gasserian ganglion.", "PMID": 308754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1760", "title": "Congenital achromatopsia in a Finnish family.", "content": "A family with two achromatic members, a sister and brother, is described. Their parents were first cousins. Eye examination of the 34 relatives examined revealed no abnormalities in 32. The son of their youngest brother was deuteranomalous. However, since this recessive trait is X chromosome linked, this failure was not related to the achromatopsia gene. The granddaughter of their eldest brother had difficulties in colour vision tests and was interpreted as an anomalous trichromat of unclassified nature. This might be a slight intermediate heterozygotic manifestation of the gene. The information of those relatives not examined revealed only a deceased paternal aunt who had had poor vision of an unknown cause. Congenital achromatopsia is rare but nevertheless should be kept in mind in cases of unexplained amblyopia. The nature of this disorder justifies the opthalamologist to inform these patients of the hereditary character of this disease and to give advice on educational guidance to them.", "contents": "Congenital achromatopsia in a Finnish family. A family with two achromatic members, a sister and brother, is described. Their parents were first cousins. Eye examination of the 34 relatives examined revealed no abnormalities in 32. The son of their youngest brother was deuteranomalous. However, since this recessive trait is X chromosome linked, this failure was not related to the achromatopsia gene. The granddaughter of their eldest brother had difficulties in colour vision tests and was interpreted as an anomalous trichromat of unclassified nature. This might be a slight intermediate heterozygotic manifestation of the gene. The information of those relatives not examined revealed only a deceased paternal aunt who had had poor vision of an unknown cause. Congenital achromatopsia is rare but nevertheless should be kept in mind in cases of unexplained amblyopia. The nature of this disorder justifies the opthalamologist to inform these patients of the hereditary character of this disease and to give advice on educational guidance to them.", "PMID": 308762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1761", "title": "Spontaneous lymphokine production by human B lymphocytes.", "content": "When human blood lymphocytes are cultured in vitro without any intended stimulus, they produce activities in the supernatant resembling lymphokine. This phenomenon was further investigated in the present study, where it has been demonstrated by physicochemical characterization and inhibition experiments that leukocyte migration inhibitory activity in the supernatants is due to leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF). When T and B lymphocytes were purified by carbonyl iron and SRBC-rosette sedimentation, only B cells produced LIF and leukocyte chemotactic lymphokine(s) in subsequent cultures. B cells elaborated lymphokines without the help of T cells. the need for co-operation of monocytes was also unlikely. T cells were inactive even when reconstituted with monocytes and platelets.", "contents": "Spontaneous lymphokine production by human B lymphocytes. When human blood lymphocytes are cultured in vitro without any intended stimulus, they produce activities in the supernatant resembling lymphokine. This phenomenon was further investigated in the present study, where it has been demonstrated by physicochemical characterization and inhibition experiments that leukocyte migration inhibitory activity in the supernatants is due to leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF). When T and B lymphocytes were purified by carbonyl iron and SRBC-rosette sedimentation, only B cells produced LIF and leukocyte chemotactic lymphokine(s) in subsequent cultures. B cells elaborated lymphokines without the help of T cells. the need for co-operation of monocytes was also unlikely. T cells were inactive even when reconstituted with monocytes and platelets.", "PMID": 308763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1762", "title": "Freezing of rat lymphocytes. V. The effect of suppressor cells in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated spleen cell cultures before and after freeze-thawing.", "content": "Spleen lymphocyte proliferation, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation induced by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), was increased after freeze-thawing with 10% dimethyl sulphoxide. Depletion or intoxication of macrophages in fresh spleen cell preparations also increased lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA. On the other hand, freezing of macrophage-depleted spleen cell suspensions lowered 3H-thymidine uptake of stimulated cultures. At concntrations above 3%, macrophages added to cultures of fresh purified lymphocytes showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the PHA response, and fresh macrophages were more inhibitory than frozen-thawed macrophages. Purified lymphocytes mixed with 10% macrophages showed a higher response after freeze-thawing. It is concluded that macrophages suppress the lymphoproliferative response to PHA in rat spleen cell cultures, and that these macrophages are more sensitive than lymphocytes to the present freeze-thaw process.", "contents": "Freezing of rat lymphocytes. V. The effect of suppressor cells in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated spleen cell cultures before and after freeze-thawing. Spleen lymphocyte proliferation, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation induced by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), was increased after freeze-thawing with 10% dimethyl sulphoxide. Depletion or intoxication of macrophages in fresh spleen cell preparations also increased lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA. On the other hand, freezing of macrophage-depleted spleen cell suspensions lowered 3H-thymidine uptake of stimulated cultures. At concntrations above 3%, macrophages added to cultures of fresh purified lymphocytes showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the PHA response, and fresh macrophages were more inhibitory than frozen-thawed macrophages. Purified lymphocytes mixed with 10% macrophages showed a higher response after freeze-thawing. It is concluded that macrophages suppress the lymphoproliferative response to PHA in rat spleen cell cultures, and that these macrophages are more sensitive than lymphocytes to the present freeze-thaw process.", "PMID": 308764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1763", "title": "Triton detergents and the frog neuromuscular end-plate: an electrophysiological and ultrastructural study.", "content": "The effects of the nonionic detergents Triton X-45 and Triton X-100 were studied in the frog muscle end-plate, by intracellular recordings of spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.'s) and the potential changes produced by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh-potentials). In addition, the ultrastructural changes produced by Triton X-100 were studied by transmission electron microscopic and freeze-fracture techniques. It was found that Triton X-45 and Triton X-100 caused a rapidly developing reduction of the amplitude of the m.e.p.p.'s. The response to iontophoretic application of acetylcholine was reduced by Triton X-100. Following return to normal Ringer solution the ACh-potentials recovered, although not completely. The dissociation constant calculated from the rate constants for onset and offset of the reaction (Kp=k2/k1) was 5--50 micron depending on the type of stoichiometric reaction presumed to occur between Triton X-100 and the cholinergic receptor. The ultrastructural changes observed indicate that the nerve terminal plasma membrane and mitochondria are affected by Triton X-100. Leakage of Ca2+ from the latter may therefore be the cause of the increase in m.e.p.p. frequency. It is concluded that the influence on the amplitude of the m.e.p.p.'s and the ACh-potentials can be attributed to a direct effect of the detergent upon the acetylcholine receptor protein.", "contents": "Triton detergents and the frog neuromuscular end-plate: an electrophysiological and ultrastructural study. The effects of the nonionic detergents Triton X-45 and Triton X-100 were studied in the frog muscle end-plate, by intracellular recordings of spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.'s) and the potential changes produced by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh-potentials). In addition, the ultrastructural changes produced by Triton X-100 were studied by transmission electron microscopic and freeze-fracture techniques. It was found that Triton X-45 and Triton X-100 caused a rapidly developing reduction of the amplitude of the m.e.p.p.'s. The response to iontophoretic application of acetylcholine was reduced by Triton X-100. Following return to normal Ringer solution the ACh-potentials recovered, although not completely. The dissociation constant calculated from the rate constants for onset and offset of the reaction (Kp=k2/k1) was 5--50 micron depending on the type of stoichiometric reaction presumed to occur between Triton X-100 and the cholinergic receptor. The ultrastructural changes observed indicate that the nerve terminal plasma membrane and mitochondria are affected by Triton X-100. Leakage of Ca2+ from the latter may therefore be the cause of the increase in m.e.p.p. frequency. It is concluded that the influence on the amplitude of the m.e.p.p.'s and the ACh-potentials can be attributed to a direct effect of the detergent upon the acetylcholine receptor protein.", "PMID": 308765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1764", "title": "Histiocytosis X. II. Histologic appearance correlated to prognosis and extent of disease.", "content": "Specimens from 27 bone lesions of histiocytosis X were analysed semiquantitatively before treatment. Eosinophilic granulocytes seemed to be the only significant prognostic cell type. Absence of eosionphils or only slight eosinophilia in the initial bone lesions were found predominantly in widespread disease with fatal outcome. A moderate or severe degree of eosinophilia dominated in solitary bone lesions with good prognosis.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X. II. Histologic appearance correlated to prognosis and extent of disease. Specimens from 27 bone lesions of histiocytosis X were analysed semiquantitatively before treatment. Eosinophilic granulocytes seemed to be the only significant prognostic cell type. Absence of eosionphils or only slight eosinophilia in the initial bone lesions were found predominantly in widespread disease with fatal outcome. A moderate or severe degree of eosinophilia dominated in solitary bone lesions with good prognosis.", "PMID": 308766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1765", "title": "Needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of lytic bone lesions in histiocytosis X, Ewing's sarcoma and neuroblastoma.", "content": "Cytologic smears obtained by needle aspiration biopsy of lytic bone lesions in 15 patients with histiocytosis X, Ewing's sarcoma and neuroblastoma were reviewed. After conventional staining, histiocytosis X could be diagnosed and differentiated from small cell tumours such as Ewing's sarcoma and neuroblastoma. The need for sampling material for cytochemical and ultrastructural analysis of these small cell tumours by needle aspiration is emphasized.", "contents": "Needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of lytic bone lesions in histiocytosis X, Ewing's sarcoma and neuroblastoma. Cytologic smears obtained by needle aspiration biopsy of lytic bone lesions in 15 patients with histiocytosis X, Ewing's sarcoma and neuroblastoma were reviewed. After conventional staining, histiocytosis X could be diagnosed and differentiated from small cell tumours such as Ewing's sarcoma and neuroblastoma. The need for sampling material for cytochemical and ultrastructural analysis of these small cell tumours by needle aspiration is emphasized.", "PMID": 308767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1766", "title": "Differentiation between process and reactive schizophrenia based on vestibular reactivity, grasp strength, and posture.", "content": "The sensory-integrative treatment approach for the adult schizophrenic was indirectly examined by focusing on the differences between process and reactive subtypes of schizophrenia. Differences between the process and reactive schizophrenic were evaluated on the basis of three variables; grasp strength, posture, and vestibular reactivity. Results of the study indicated a significant difference between the process subtype schizophrenic subjects and normal subjects on all three variables, and a significant difference in vestibular reactivity between the process and reactive schizophrenic groups. Vestibular reactivity appears to be a variable by which to distinguish between reactive and process schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Differentiation between process and reactive schizophrenia based on vestibular reactivity, grasp strength, and posture. The sensory-integrative treatment approach for the adult schizophrenic was indirectly examined by focusing on the differences between process and reactive subtypes of schizophrenia. Differences between the process and reactive schizophrenic were evaluated on the basis of three variables; grasp strength, posture, and vestibular reactivity. Results of the study indicated a significant difference between the process subtype schizophrenic subjects and normal subjects on all three variables, and a significant difference in vestibular reactivity between the process and reactive schizophrenic groups. Vestibular reactivity appears to be a variable by which to distinguish between reactive and process schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 308769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1767", "title": "The effects of vestibular stimulation on verbalization in chronic schizophrenics.", "content": "An experimental group of seven nonparanoid schizophrenic adults was given eight weeks of sensory-stimulating treatment, while a control group of seven similar subjects was given eight weeks of sedentary activities. Three components of language, in response to 16 questions, were measured pre- and post-treatment: number of words used, speed of response, and relevance of response. Analysis of covariance showed that the post-test scores of the experimental group were better than the post-test scores of the experimental group in relevance of response at the .01 level. These results suggest that eight weeks of sensory-stimulating activities can improve the quality of nonparanoid schizophrenic language, but does not appear to have an effect on the quantity or rate of that language.", "contents": "The effects of vestibular stimulation on verbalization in chronic schizophrenics. An experimental group of seven nonparanoid schizophrenic adults was given eight weeks of sensory-stimulating treatment, while a control group of seven similar subjects was given eight weeks of sedentary activities. Three components of language, in response to 16 questions, were measured pre- and post-treatment: number of words used, speed of response, and relevance of response. Analysis of covariance showed that the post-test scores of the experimental group were better than the post-test scores of the experimental group in relevance of response at the .01 level. These results suggest that eight weeks of sensory-stimulating activities can improve the quality of nonparanoid schizophrenic language, but does not appear to have an effect on the quantity or rate of that language.", "PMID": 308770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1768", "title": "Sensorimotor treatment of chronic schizophrenics.", "content": "A pilot study, a sensorimotor treatment program, was conducted that involved five subjects. The subjects ranged in age from 23 to 49 and all carried a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Length of hospitalization ranged from 3 years to 30 years with only brief interruptions. Patients were evaluated before treatment, after six weeks of treatment, and six weeks after termination of treatment. Evaluation procedures used were: DRAW-A-PERSON Test; NOSIE; Posture Evaluation; and the Step Test. Results showed a decrease in overt psychotic behavior that did not last after sensorimotor treatment was discontinued; improved posture and gait in most patients; and improved body concept. There were no significant changes in pulse, blood pressure, or respiration rates.", "contents": "Sensorimotor treatment of chronic schizophrenics. A pilot study, a sensorimotor treatment program, was conducted that involved five subjects. The subjects ranged in age from 23 to 49 and all carried a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Length of hospitalization ranged from 3 years to 30 years with only brief interruptions. Patients were evaluated before treatment, after six weeks of treatment, and six weeks after termination of treatment. Evaluation procedures used were: DRAW-A-PERSON Test; NOSIE; Posture Evaluation; and the Step Test. Results showed a decrease in overt psychotic behavior that did not last after sensorimotor treatment was discontinued; improved posture and gait in most patients; and improved body concept. There were no significant changes in pulse, blood pressure, or respiration rates.", "PMID": 308771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1769", "title": "Electrocardiographic pseudo-infarction pattern: appearance with a large posterior pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery.", "content": "Two patients with a large posterior pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery presented with electrocardiographic precordial Q waves without evidence of myocardial infarction. Resolution of the pericardial fluid resulted in the disappearance of the Q waves. Changes in conductivity and orientation of the heart within the pericardial space, along with a decrease in QRS voltage, could lead to the loss of initial R waves in the precordial leads, eventually resulting in a QS complex. Care should be taken in interpreting the electrocardiogram after cardiac surgery in patients with a large posterior pericardial effusion. The clinical course along with serial electrocardiographic and echocardiographic tracings should be helpful in identifying this false infarction pattern.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic pseudo-infarction pattern: appearance with a large posterior pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery. Two patients with a large posterior pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery presented with electrocardiographic precordial Q waves without evidence of myocardial infarction. Resolution of the pericardial fluid resulted in the disappearance of the Q waves. Changes in conductivity and orientation of the heart within the pericardial space, along with a decrease in QRS voltage, could lead to the loss of initial R waves in the precordial leads, eventually resulting in a QS complex. Care should be taken in interpreting the electrocardiogram after cardiac surgery in patients with a large posterior pericardial effusion. The clinical course along with serial electrocardiographic and echocardiographic tracings should be helpful in identifying this false infarction pattern.", "PMID": 308774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1770", "title": "A \"problem-oriented\" optometric record?", "content": "The concept of the problem-oriented record is presented. The system of record-keeping is described in detail and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. A recommendation is made to incorporate the system in optometric practice.", "contents": "A \"problem-oriented\" optometric record? The concept of the problem-oriented record is presented. The system of record-keeping is described in detail and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. A recommendation is made to incorporate the system in optometric practice.", "PMID": 308776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1771", "title": "Applied pressures and net water flux across in vitro frog gastric mucosa.", "content": "The effects of hydrostatic pressure differences up to 0.4 atm/413 cmH2O were studied on frog gastric mucosa in vitro. Net water flux, transmucosal electrical potential difference, and acid secretion were measured.  A significant correlation between hydrostatistic pressure difference and net water flow (r=0.77) was obtained. The intercept of the regression line, at zero hydrostatic pressure difference, is 9.3 +/- 0.5 microliter/cm2.h, and the slope 42.9 +/- 3.2 microliter/cm2.atm.h. No significant correlation was obtained between the hydrostatic pressure difference and the transmucosal potential difference (P greater than 0.20), the acid secretion (P greater than 0.20), or the nonacidic chloride transport, measured as short-circuit current (P greater than 0.20). Hydrostatic water flux is compared to osmotically induced flux previously reported. It is proposed that the difference between hydrostatic and osmotic induced water fluxes is due to the area of cells exposed to the pressures. Only part of surface cells are directly exposed to the osmotic pressure due to the presence of restricted extracellular compartments.", "contents": "Applied pressures and net water flux across in vitro frog gastric mucosa. The effects of hydrostatic pressure differences up to 0.4 atm/413 cmH2O were studied on frog gastric mucosa in vitro. Net water flux, transmucosal electrical potential difference, and acid secretion were measured.  A significant correlation between hydrostatistic pressure difference and net water flow (r=0.77) was obtained. The intercept of the regression line, at zero hydrostatic pressure difference, is 9.3 +/- 0.5 microliter/cm2.h, and the slope 42.9 +/- 3.2 microliter/cm2.atm.h. No significant correlation was obtained between the hydrostatic pressure difference and the transmucosal potential difference (P greater than 0.20), the acid secretion (P greater than 0.20), or the nonacidic chloride transport, measured as short-circuit current (P greater than 0.20). Hydrostatic water flux is compared to osmotically induced flux previously reported. It is proposed that the difference between hydrostatic and osmotic induced water fluxes is due to the area of cells exposed to the pressures. Only part of surface cells are directly exposed to the osmotic pressure due to the presence of restricted extracellular compartments.", "PMID": 308777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1772", "title": "Use of platelet-fibrinogen-thrombin mixture to seal experimental penetrating corneal wounds.", "content": "A platelet-fibrinogen-thrombin mixture utilizing autologous platelets was studied for its potential to seal perforating corneal wounds. In rabbits, the mixture demonstrated sufficient adhesive properties to permit 75% of penetrating keratoplasties to remain in place without the use of sutures. All 12 grafts held initially; after 48 h three grafts extruded. In control eyes only two out of 12 (16%) of the corneal grafts remained in place. The material is simple to prepare and apply and is not toxic to the cornea. It does not cause inflammation or lid irritation. Intraocular complications observed with its use were transient anterior synechiae and retrocorneal membrane formation.", "contents": "Use of platelet-fibrinogen-thrombin mixture to seal experimental penetrating corneal wounds. A platelet-fibrinogen-thrombin mixture utilizing autologous platelets was studied for its potential to seal perforating corneal wounds. In rabbits, the mixture demonstrated sufficient adhesive properties to permit 75% of penetrating keratoplasties to remain in place without the use of sutures. All 12 grafts held initially; after 48 h three grafts extruded. In control eyes only two out of 12 (16%) of the corneal grafts remained in place. The material is simple to prepare and apply and is not toxic to the cornea. It does not cause inflammation or lid irritation. Intraocular complications observed with its use were transient anterior synechiae and retrocorneal membrane formation.", "PMID": 308778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1773", "title": "Anterior chamber angle recession in uveal melanomas.", "content": "Sixteen uveal melanomas in celloidin sections and eight other fresh cases of melanoma were examined using different clinical and histological methods. A recession of the lateral border of the anterior chamber angle was found in most of them. The grade of this distortion varied from very deep to insignificant, but was apparent in most cases. Seven fresh cases were gonioscopically examined and some recession was seen in five of them.", "contents": "Anterior chamber angle recession in uveal melanomas. Sixteen uveal melanomas in celloidin sections and eight other fresh cases of melanoma were examined using different clinical and histological methods. A recession of the lateral border of the anterior chamber angle was found in most of them. The grade of this distortion varied from very deep to insignificant, but was apparent in most cases. Seven fresh cases were gonioscopically examined and some recession was seen in five of them.", "PMID": 308779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1774", "title": "[Perimetry during monocular and binocular fixation with the phase-difference haploscope of Aulhorn].", "content": "For the first time it was possible to compare perimetry during monocular and binocualr fixation under homogeneous conditions by the aid of phase-difference haploscopy. A binocular perimetry was not practicable using common perimeters. The examination was based on the anatomical fixed papilla nervi optici, which appears in the visual field as the blind spot. Its extension corresponds more to the anatomical size during binocular examination than during monocular examination. The difference is highly significant. Likewise the binocular perimetry refers to the quality of reproduction of paracentral retinal diseases significantly improved compared with the monocular examination. Supposing that the use of a larger fixation target during monocular perimetry contributes to the stabilization of normal eye movements, all examinations were additionally made with two fixation targets of different sizes. We have shown that there is no significant difference between the measurement either concerning the extension of the blind spot or the paracentral retinal diseases, which means a larger fixation target represents no fixation aid.", "contents": "[Perimetry during monocular and binocular fixation with the phase-difference haploscope of Aulhorn]. For the first time it was possible to compare perimetry during monocular and binocualr fixation under homogeneous conditions by the aid of phase-difference haploscopy. A binocular perimetry was not practicable using common perimeters. The examination was based on the anatomical fixed papilla nervi optici, which appears in the visual field as the blind spot. Its extension corresponds more to the anatomical size during binocular examination than during monocular examination. The difference is highly significant. Likewise the binocular perimetry refers to the quality of reproduction of paracentral retinal diseases significantly improved compared with the monocular examination. Supposing that the use of a larger fixation target during monocular perimetry contributes to the stabilization of normal eye movements, all examinations were additionally made with two fixation targets of different sizes. We have shown that there is no significant difference between the measurement either concerning the extension of the blind spot or the paracentral retinal diseases, which means a larger fixation target represents no fixation aid.", "PMID": 308780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1775", "title": "The blood-aqueous barrier and its permeability for proteins of different molecular weight.", "content": "In aqueous humors and sera from 44 patients with cataracts, albumin, IgG, and alpha-1-antitrypsin were measured using radial immunodiffusion. The mean concentrations of the three proteins were significantly smaller than values found in aqueous humors taken post mortem, but corresponded well to values found in cerebrospinal fluid. No statistically significant difference was found between men and women, normotensives and hypertensives, and patients with or without myopia of high degree (greater than 6 diopters). A slight increase in protein concentrations in older patients and a relative decrease of alpha-1-antitrypsin is described. The aqueous humor-serum quotients of the different proteins showed a higher correlation than did the concentration of the proteins in aqueous humors.", "contents": "The blood-aqueous barrier and its permeability for proteins of different molecular weight. In aqueous humors and sera from 44 patients with cataracts, albumin, IgG, and alpha-1-antitrypsin were measured using radial immunodiffusion. The mean concentrations of the three proteins were significantly smaller than values found in aqueous humors taken post mortem, but corresponded well to values found in cerebrospinal fluid. No statistically significant difference was found between men and women, normotensives and hypertensives, and patients with or without myopia of high degree (greater than 6 diopters). A slight increase in protein concentrations in older patients and a relative decrease of alpha-1-antitrypsin is described. The aqueous humor-serum quotients of the different proteins showed a higher correlation than did the concentration of the proteins in aqueous humors.", "PMID": 308781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1776", "title": "Vitreous fluorophotometry and retinal blood flow studies in proliferative retinopathy.", "content": "The permeability of the blood-retinal barrier and retinal blood flow were evaluated by two new fluorophotometric methods in a series of patients with proliferative retinopathy, due either to retinal vein occlusion or to diabetes. A breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and a decrease in retinal blood flow were observed in these patients. The breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier could be quantitated by vitreous fluorophotometry, which revealed very high concentrations of fluorescein in the vitreous after intravenous administration. The decrease in retinal blood flow appeared to be due mainly to appreciable narrowing of the retinal arteriolar vessels.", "contents": "Vitreous fluorophotometry and retinal blood flow studies in proliferative retinopathy. The permeability of the blood-retinal barrier and retinal blood flow were evaluated by two new fluorophotometric methods in a series of patients with proliferative retinopathy, due either to retinal vein occlusion or to diabetes. A breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and a decrease in retinal blood flow were observed in these patients. The breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier could be quantitated by vitreous fluorophotometry, which revealed very high concentrations of fluorescein in the vitreous after intravenous administration. The decrease in retinal blood flow appeared to be due mainly to appreciable narrowing of the retinal arteriolar vessels.", "PMID": 308782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1777", "title": "Role of debridement and interferon in the treatment of dendritic keratitis.", "content": "In a controlled clinical study, 42 patients with dendritic keratitis were treated either with thermocautery plus human leukocyte interferon (HLI) or with minimal wiping debridement plus HLI. The results show that the efficiency with which primary debridement was carried out, determined the success of further therapy using interferon. We conclude that interferon works basically as a prophylactic agent and needs the support of further antiviral measures to be effective against dendritic keratitis.", "contents": "Role of debridement and interferon in the treatment of dendritic keratitis. In a controlled clinical study, 42 patients with dendritic keratitis were treated either with thermocautery plus human leukocyte interferon (HLI) or with minimal wiping debridement plus HLI. The results show that the efficiency with which primary debridement was carried out, determined the success of further therapy using interferon. We conclude that interferon works basically as a prophylactic agent and needs the support of further antiviral measures to be effective against dendritic keratitis.", "PMID": 308783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1778", "title": "Phagocytic activity in the ischemic retinal pigment epithelial cells. An electronmicroscopic histochemical study of acid phosphatase.", "content": "The role of lysosomal enzymes in ischemic retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) of albino rabbits was examined with the modified Gomori technique for acid phosphatase. Ischemia was produced by cutting the lateral posterior ciliary artery and short posterior ciliary arteries (PCA). Five days after PCA-cut RPE in the ischemic region were disorganized by increased enzymatic digestion. In RPE of the border between the ischemic and normal region a lot of fragmented outer segments were phagocytosed 24 h to 7 days after PCA-cut. At this time phagosomes appeared much more frequently than in the normal retina, showing several variations in their shape, localization, and histochemical reaction. However, after 10 and 14 days, RPE in the border had a tendency to reduce the phagocytic activity. A strong acid phosphatase activity was encountered in the phagosomes of macrophages, which was considered to be derived from RPE, and seemed to play the major role in scavenging destructed retinal elements.", "contents": "Phagocytic activity in the ischemic retinal pigment epithelial cells. An electronmicroscopic histochemical study of acid phosphatase. The role of lysosomal enzymes in ischemic retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) of albino rabbits was examined with the modified Gomori technique for acid phosphatase. Ischemia was produced by cutting the lateral posterior ciliary artery and short posterior ciliary arteries (PCA). Five days after PCA-cut RPE in the ischemic region were disorganized by increased enzymatic digestion. In RPE of the border between the ischemic and normal region a lot of fragmented outer segments were phagocytosed 24 h to 7 days after PCA-cut. At this time phagosomes appeared much more frequently than in the normal retina, showing several variations in their shape, localization, and histochemical reaction. However, after 10 and 14 days, RPE in the border had a tendency to reduce the phagocytic activity. A strong acid phosphatase activity was encountered in the phagosomes of macrophages, which was considered to be derived from RPE, and seemed to play the major role in scavenging destructed retinal elements.", "PMID": 308784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1779", "title": "Amiodarone-induced lipidosis-like alterations in ocular tissues of rats.", "content": "The antianginal drug amiodarone (an amphiphilic cationic compound) causes a keratopathy in humans. In the present investigation the cytologic effects of amiodarone on ocular tissues of rats were studied. Ultrastructural alterations, which are typical of human keratopathy and characteristic of drug-induced lipidosis, could be experimentally reproduced in rats by local application of amiodarone. Repeated oral administration of high drug doses induced lipidosis-like alterations in many ocular cell types, particularly in retinal pigment epithelium. It is concluded that amiodarone has the potency to induce generalized lipidosis in rats, as do several other previously investigated amphiphilic cationic drugs. It is tentatively suggested that amiodarone-induced corneal alterations in humans might equally be interpreted as part of a generalized lipidosis.", "contents": "Amiodarone-induced lipidosis-like alterations in ocular tissues of rats. The antianginal drug amiodarone (an amphiphilic cationic compound) causes a keratopathy in humans. In the present investigation the cytologic effects of amiodarone on ocular tissues of rats were studied. Ultrastructural alterations, which are typical of human keratopathy and characteristic of drug-induced lipidosis, could be experimentally reproduced in rats by local application of amiodarone. Repeated oral administration of high drug doses induced lipidosis-like alterations in many ocular cell types, particularly in retinal pigment epithelium. It is concluded that amiodarone has the potency to induce generalized lipidosis in rats, as do several other previously investigated amphiphilic cationic drugs. It is tentatively suggested that amiodarone-induced corneal alterations in humans might equally be interpreted as part of a generalized lipidosis.", "PMID": 308785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1780", "title": "Exogenous mycotic infections of the eye and adnexia.", "content": "Three cases of exogenous mycotic infections of the eye are presented. The first is a case of keratitis in a patient suffering from glaucoma simplex who removed a foreign body from the cornea, caused by Fusarium solani, generally known as a saprophytic soil and plant inhabitant. As factors predisposing the patient to infection, trauma to the cornea like injury by a foreign body, as well as the preexisting disease of the eye, are discussed. The other case illustrates the change in the pathogenicity of an otherwise innocent fungus like Penicillium, which penetrated the sclera after injury of the eye by a broken airpiece of a drill and caused a severe endophathalmitis. The infection responded well to treatment with 5-fluorocytosine. The last case represents a rather mild well-known mycotic infection by Streptomyces somaliensis causing canaliculitis in a patient admitted for cataract surgery. Curettage of the infected canaliculus followed by iodine washout proved to be effective. The importance of the early clinical and laboratory diagnosis in order to avoid mistreatment with antibiotics and steroids and to ensure the right antimycotic treatment is stressed.", "contents": "Exogenous mycotic infections of the eye and adnexia. Three cases of exogenous mycotic infections of the eye are presented. The first is a case of keratitis in a patient suffering from glaucoma simplex who removed a foreign body from the cornea, caused by Fusarium solani, generally known as a saprophytic soil and plant inhabitant. As factors predisposing the patient to infection, trauma to the cornea like injury by a foreign body, as well as the preexisting disease of the eye, are discussed. The other case illustrates the change in the pathogenicity of an otherwise innocent fungus like Penicillium, which penetrated the sclera after injury of the eye by a broken airpiece of a drill and caused a severe endophathalmitis. The infection responded well to treatment with 5-fluorocytosine. The last case represents a rather mild well-known mycotic infection by Streptomyces somaliensis causing canaliculitis in a patient admitted for cataract surgery. Curettage of the infected canaliculus followed by iodine washout proved to be effective. The importance of the early clinical and laboratory diagnosis in order to avoid mistreatment with antibiotics and steroids and to ensure the right antimycotic treatment is stressed.", "PMID": 308789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1781", "title": "Intravenous chloramphenicol to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis in cataract surgery--520 consecutive cases.", "content": "In 520 consecutive cataract extractions, 1 gm chloramphenicol has been given intravenously immediately before entering the anterior chamber of the eye with no known resultant blood dyscrasias and no bacterial endophthalmitis.", "contents": "Intravenous chloramphenicol to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis in cataract surgery--520 consecutive cases. In 520 consecutive cataract extractions, 1 gm chloramphenicol has been given intravenously immediately before entering the anterior chamber of the eye with no known resultant blood dyscrasias and no bacterial endophthalmitis.", "PMID": 308790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1782", "title": "Heterotypic protective immune reactions in mice infected with distinct serotypes of human influenza virus.", "content": "Infection of mice with subtype A0 OR A2 human influenza viruses, by a non-respiratory route causing no lethality, renders the animals markedly resistant to subsequent respiratory challenge with a strain differing from the first one through its haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. This state of heterotypic immunity which appears rapidly (5 days) after the first infection, manifests itself during the second infection by a much reduced mortality, by less extensive lung lesions than in the control mice and by a final drop in lung virus titre (while in controls this titre stays at a high level until death) associated with a rapid rise of serum antibody levels against the haemagglutinin of the challenge virus and the \"soluble\" antigen common to type A strains. The development of this state of heterotypic immunity is dependent on the capacity of the first virus inoculated to replicate actively in the mouse. The role played by cell-mediated immunity in this phenomenon is evidenced by the fact that both the induction and the expression of this state of heterotypic resistance may be abolished by treatment of the mice with anti-thymocyte serum, while they are not affected by cyclophosphamide. Furthermore, in the mouse infected with an influenza A0 or A2 virus, it has been possible to demonstrate completely cross-reactive delayed type hypersensitivity reactions against the virions or their products. The fact that heterotypic immunity is not demonstrable between influenza viruses of type A and B favors the hypothesis that an antigen (matrix or nucleoprotein) common to all A subtypes--but different in B type strains--plays a role in these reactions of cross-protection.", "contents": "Heterotypic protective immune reactions in mice infected with distinct serotypes of human influenza virus. Infection of mice with subtype A0 OR A2 human influenza viruses, by a non-respiratory route causing no lethality, renders the animals markedly resistant to subsequent respiratory challenge with a strain differing from the first one through its haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. This state of heterotypic immunity which appears rapidly (5 days) after the first infection, manifests itself during the second infection by a much reduced mortality, by less extensive lung lesions than in the control mice and by a final drop in lung virus titre (while in controls this titre stays at a high level until death) associated with a rapid rise of serum antibody levels against the haemagglutinin of the challenge virus and the \"soluble\" antigen common to type A strains. The development of this state of heterotypic immunity is dependent on the capacity of the first virus inoculated to replicate actively in the mouse. The role played by cell-mediated immunity in this phenomenon is evidenced by the fact that both the induction and the expression of this state of heterotypic resistance may be abolished by treatment of the mice with anti-thymocyte serum, while they are not affected by cyclophosphamide. Furthermore, in the mouse infected with an influenza A0 or A2 virus, it has been possible to demonstrate completely cross-reactive delayed type hypersensitivity reactions against the virions or their products. The fact that heterotypic immunity is not demonstrable between influenza viruses of type A and B favors the hypothesis that an antigen (matrix or nucleoprotein) common to all A subtypes--but different in B type strains--plays a role in these reactions of cross-protection.", "PMID": 308787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1783", "title": "Combined activitiy of clavulanic acid and ticarcillin against ticarcillin-resistant, gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "Fifty-one clinical isolates of ticarcillin-resistant, gram-negative bacilli were tested for susceptibility to combinations of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid (BRL 14151), a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured by a microdilution method, and minimal bactericidal concentrations for selected strains were measured by the broth dilution method. Ticarcillin MICs were >/=128 mug/ml for all and >/=512 mug/ml for 38 (75%) of the strains. Thirty-nine strains of Enterobacteriaceae tested included Escherichia coli (14), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16), Citrobacter sp. (3), Enterobacter sp. (3), Salmonella enteritidis (1), Serratia marcescens (1), and Proteus mirabilis (1). Ticarcillin MICs for 34 strains (88%) were lowered at least threefold by the addition of 1.0 mug of clavulanic acid per ml. Against 33 strains (85%), the MICs were 64 mug or less per ml in the presence of 5 mug of clavulanic acid per ml. In contrast, the MICs for seven of eight strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were unaffected by the addition of up to 10 mug of clavulanic acid per ml. Ticarcillin with 5 mug of clavulanic acid per ml was bactericidal against ticarcillin-resistant (MIC >/= 2,048 mug/ml) E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter, and P. mirabilis.", "contents": "Combined activitiy of clavulanic acid and ticarcillin against ticarcillin-resistant, gram-negative bacilli. Fifty-one clinical isolates of ticarcillin-resistant, gram-negative bacilli were tested for susceptibility to combinations of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid (BRL 14151), a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured by a microdilution method, and minimal bactericidal concentrations for selected strains were measured by the broth dilution method. Ticarcillin MICs were >/=128 mug/ml for all and >/=512 mug/ml for 38 (75%) of the strains. Thirty-nine strains of Enterobacteriaceae tested included Escherichia coli (14), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16), Citrobacter sp. (3), Enterobacter sp. (3), Salmonella enteritidis (1), Serratia marcescens (1), and Proteus mirabilis (1). Ticarcillin MICs for 34 strains (88%) were lowered at least threefold by the addition of 1.0 mug of clavulanic acid per ml. Against 33 strains (85%), the MICs were 64 mug or less per ml in the presence of 5 mug of clavulanic acid per ml. In contrast, the MICs for seven of eight strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were unaffected by the addition of up to 10 mug of clavulanic acid per ml. Ticarcillin with 5 mug of clavulanic acid per ml was bactericidal against ticarcillin-resistant (MIC >/= 2,048 mug/ml) E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter, and P. mirabilis.", "PMID": 308792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1784", "title": "Specificity of pig T lymphocyte antiserum: cytotoxicity and inhibiting properties onto E-rosette-forming lymphocytes.", "content": "The immunoglobulins obtained from a sheep anti-pig thymocyte serum were made specific for a subpopulation of porcine lymphocytes by adsorptions with pig red blood cells and bone marrow cells. In the presence of rabbit complement, these immunoglobulins killed a porcine lymphocyte subpopulation similar to the subpopulation of lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep red blood cell (E-rosettes) when enhanced by dextran. Without complement, these immunoglobulins inhibited the E-rosette phenomenon at a dilution near to the cytotoxicity titre of the serum, but did not inhibit the rosettes formed with activated zymosan (ZC rosettes). These two different tests revealed the presence of antibodies directed against pig T-lymphocyte specific antigens and allowed the quantitication of T lymphocytes in different organs.", "contents": "Specificity of pig T lymphocyte antiserum: cytotoxicity and inhibiting properties onto E-rosette-forming lymphocytes. The immunoglobulins obtained from a sheep anti-pig thymocyte serum were made specific for a subpopulation of porcine lymphocytes by adsorptions with pig red blood cells and bone marrow cells. In the presence of rabbit complement, these immunoglobulins killed a porcine lymphocyte subpopulation similar to the subpopulation of lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep red blood cell (E-rosettes) when enhanced by dextran. Without complement, these immunoglobulins inhibited the E-rosette phenomenon at a dilution near to the cytotoxicity titre of the serum, but did not inhibit the rosettes formed with activated zymosan (ZC rosettes). These two different tests revealed the presence of antibodies directed against pig T-lymphocyte specific antigens and allowed the quantitication of T lymphocytes in different organs.", "PMID": 308791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1785", "title": "[Serological diagnosis of the antigenic markers of acute lymphatic leukaemias and non-Hodgkin lymphomas in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Leukaemia cells of 11 children with acute lymphatic leukaemias (ALL) and lymphoma cells of 4 children with lymphosarcoma (LS) were studied for the presence of T- and B-lymphocyte markers on their cell membranes. Spontaneous rosette formation (E-rosettes) of the malignant cells after adding sheep erythrocytes and the reaction with antithymocyteserum in cytotoxic test served as T-cell-markers and the surface immunoglobulins as B-cell-markers. The leukaemia cells of 5 ALL-patients with mediastinal tumours formed E-rosettes and reacted with the anti-thymocyte-serum. Six ALL-patients did not show these reactions. None of the ALL-patients had surface-immunoglobulins. Two of the 4 LS-children were E-rosette-positive, the cells of the other two LS-children contained surface immunoglobulins. There was a good correlation between the formation of E-rosettes and the reaction with the anti-thymocyte-serum. After absorption of the anti-thymocyte-serum with peripheral leukocytes it reacted with some of the E-positive lymphoblasts and thymocytes but not with normal peripheral T-lymphocytes. Anti-leukaemia-sera against the ALL-cells with T-cell markers of two patients after absorption with spleen cells did not react with peripheral lymphocytes but did effect lysis of thymocytes. Consequently, leukaemia cells which are E-rosette-positive possess a T-lymphocyte-associated antigen and a Thymus-associated antigen.", "contents": "[Serological diagnosis of the antigenic markers of acute lymphatic leukaemias and non-Hodgkin lymphomas in childhood (author's transl)]. Leukaemia cells of 11 children with acute lymphatic leukaemias (ALL) and lymphoma cells of 4 children with lymphosarcoma (LS) were studied for the presence of T- and B-lymphocyte markers on their cell membranes. Spontaneous rosette formation (E-rosettes) of the malignant cells after adding sheep erythrocytes and the reaction with antithymocyteserum in cytotoxic test served as T-cell-markers and the surface immunoglobulins as B-cell-markers. The leukaemia cells of 5 ALL-patients with mediastinal tumours formed E-rosettes and reacted with the anti-thymocyte-serum. Six ALL-patients did not show these reactions. None of the ALL-patients had surface-immunoglobulins. Two of the 4 LS-children were E-rosette-positive, the cells of the other two LS-children contained surface immunoglobulins. There was a good correlation between the formation of E-rosettes and the reaction with the anti-thymocyte-serum. After absorption of the anti-thymocyte-serum with peripheral leukocytes it reacted with some of the E-positive lymphoblasts and thymocytes but not with normal peripheral T-lymphocytes. Anti-leukaemia-sera against the ALL-cells with T-cell markers of two patients after absorption with spleen cells did not react with peripheral lymphocytes but did effect lysis of thymocytes. Consequently, leukaemia cells which are E-rosette-positive possess a T-lymphocyte-associated antigen and a Thymus-associated antigen.", "PMID": 308796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1786", "title": "[Role of the ballon of intraaortic contrapulsation in a patient with stenosis of the main left branch and renovascular hypertension].", "content": "A 34 year old patient with prolonged unstable angina pectoris who did not respond to medical treatment is presented. In the course of three days he developed acute subendocardial infarction complicated by severe ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Previously renovascular arterial hypertension due to important stenosis of the right renal artery had been diagnosed by renal arteriography. The precordial pain did not disappear with acute myocardial infarction. He presented acute postinfarction angina which required the use of vasodilator and beta-adrenergic blocking agents which did not alleviate his symptoms completely. Coronary arteriography performed a month after acute myocardial infarction demonstrated 99% stenosis of the left main coronary artery and 70% stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. During three days before surgery intraaortic ballon pumping was employed and the patient did not present precordial pain. The patient became asymptomatic after placing two aortocoronary vein grafts to the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries, and three months later blood pressure fell to normal after placing a right aorto renal graft. The poor prognosis of critical stenosis of the main left branch, its medical treatment and better evolution after surgery is discussed. The indications for intra-aortic ballon pumping in this type of patients and its use before surgery so as to be able to suspend beta-adrenergic blocking agents without risks are specified. Finally the surgical indications for renovascular hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "[Role of the ballon of intraaortic contrapulsation in a patient with stenosis of the main left branch and renovascular hypertension]. A 34 year old patient with prolonged unstable angina pectoris who did not respond to medical treatment is presented. In the course of three days he developed acute subendocardial infarction complicated by severe ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Previously renovascular arterial hypertension due to important stenosis of the right renal artery had been diagnosed by renal arteriography. The precordial pain did not disappear with acute myocardial infarction. He presented acute postinfarction angina which required the use of vasodilator and beta-adrenergic blocking agents which did not alleviate his symptoms completely. Coronary arteriography performed a month after acute myocardial infarction demonstrated 99% stenosis of the left main coronary artery and 70% stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. During three days before surgery intraaortic ballon pumping was employed and the patient did not present precordial pain. The patient became asymptomatic after placing two aortocoronary vein grafts to the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries, and three months later blood pressure fell to normal after placing a right aorto renal graft. The poor prognosis of critical stenosis of the main left branch, its medical treatment and better evolution after surgery is discussed. The indications for intra-aortic ballon pumping in this type of patients and its use before surgery so as to be able to suspend beta-adrenergic blocking agents without risks are specified. Finally the surgical indications for renovascular hypertension are discussed.", "PMID": 308793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1787", "title": "Histopathology of cornea and iris in Chandler's syndrome.", "content": "Corneal and iris tissue were examined from a 72-year-old woman with Chandler's syndrome. Light and electron microscopy showed posterior, corneal, collagenous-layer production by metaplastic corneal endothelium. In areas of iridocorneal contact, there were several layers of metaplastic endothelial cells that covered iris stroma and melanocytes, which were directly subjacent to Descemet's membrane. Cells similar to the metaplastic endothelium covered the anterior surface of the iris specimen. Similar corneal endothelial metaplasia has been described in posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. Presumptive growth of corneal endothelium on the anterior iris surface has been observed in typical essential iris atrophy and in Cogan-Reese syndrome, both of which share several features with Chandler's syndrome. Proliferation of endothelium over the anterior chamber angle and the iris may play a role in glaucoma and in the iris abnormalities that occur in these disorders.", "contents": "Histopathology of cornea and iris in Chandler's syndrome. Corneal and iris tissue were examined from a 72-year-old woman with Chandler's syndrome. Light and electron microscopy showed posterior, corneal, collagenous-layer production by metaplastic corneal endothelium. In areas of iridocorneal contact, there were several layers of metaplastic endothelial cells that covered iris stroma and melanocytes, which were directly subjacent to Descemet's membrane. Cells similar to the metaplastic endothelium covered the anterior surface of the iris specimen. Similar corneal endothelial metaplasia has been described in posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. Presumptive growth of corneal endothelium on the anterior iris surface has been observed in typical essential iris atrophy and in Cogan-Reese syndrome, both of which share several features with Chandler's syndrome. Proliferation of endothelium over the anterior chamber angle and the iris may play a role in glaucoma and in the iris abnormalities that occur in these disorders.", "PMID": 308798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1788", "title": "[Situs inversus and long-term bronchopneumopathies, existing since the neonatal period].", "content": "Four boys are described who developed respiratory difficulties and broncho-pulmonary disease in the neonatal period. Three had situs inversus, and one situs ambiguus (Ivemark's syndrome). The symptoms continued for several months or years and in three children progressed to bronchiectasis. The other child is recovered. Two the children were brothers and a third sib. presented with bronchopulmonary disease at birth that continued for 17 months. He did not have situs inversus.", "contents": "[Situs inversus and long-term bronchopneumopathies, existing since the neonatal period]. Four boys are described who developed respiratory difficulties and broncho-pulmonary disease in the neonatal period. Three had situs inversus, and one situs ambiguus (Ivemark's syndrome). The symptoms continued for several months or years and in three children progressed to bronchiectasis. The other child is recovered. Two the children were brothers and a third sib. presented with bronchopulmonary disease at birth that continued for 17 months. He did not have situs inversus.", "PMID": 308794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1789", "title": "Multi-system immunologically mediated disease: T lymphocyte deficiency and thyroid immunologic disease--a report of four cases.", "content": "Four cases are described of multi-system immunologically-mediated disease (systemic lupus erythematosus (two cases), polymyositis, and sarcoidosis) in association with thyroid autoimmunity. In all patients there was evidence of T lymphocyte deficiency, namely poor response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to T cell mitogens (four cases) and failure or decreased ability to become sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene (three cases), although two patients were ill and two were being treated with steroids. There was also evidence of B lymphocyte deficiency since PBL of no patient responded normally to pokeweed mitogen, a B and T lymphocyte mitogen. In two patients there was evidence of cell-mediated immunity to human thyroid antigens. Although thyroid stimulating antibody was not detected in the one patient with Graves' disease tested, significant titres of thyroid antibodies were detected in all cases. Possible relationships between T lymphocyte deficiency, organ-specific autoimmune disease and immunologically-mediated multi-system disorders are discussed.", "contents": "Multi-system immunologically mediated disease: T lymphocyte deficiency and thyroid immunologic disease--a report of four cases. Four cases are described of multi-system immunologically-mediated disease (systemic lupus erythematosus (two cases), polymyositis, and sarcoidosis) in association with thyroid autoimmunity. In all patients there was evidence of T lymphocyte deficiency, namely poor response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to T cell mitogens (four cases) and failure or decreased ability to become sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene (three cases), although two patients were ill and two were being treated with steroids. There was also evidence of B lymphocyte deficiency since PBL of no patient responded normally to pokeweed mitogen, a B and T lymphocyte mitogen. In two patients there was evidence of cell-mediated immunity to human thyroid antigens. Although thyroid stimulating antibody was not detected in the one patient with Graves' disease tested, significant titres of thyroid antibodies were detected in all cases. Possible relationships between T lymphocyte deficiency, organ-specific autoimmune disease and immunologically-mediated multi-system disorders are discussed.", "PMID": 308799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1790", "title": "[Hypogammaglobulinemia of variable expression, Addison's disease, Dubin-Johnson's disease].", "content": "A girl aged 12  with hypogammaglobulinaemia is described who developed Addison's disease with adrenal antibodies at the age of eight. This unusual finding is rarely seen in childhood except in the syndrome of juvenile familial polyendocrinopathy and mucocutaneous moniliasis. By chance the child also had Dubin-Johnson syndrome which could alter the metabolism of therapeutically administered drugs and steroids.", "contents": "[Hypogammaglobulinemia of variable expression, Addison's disease, Dubin-Johnson's disease]. A girl aged 12  with hypogammaglobulinaemia is described who developed Addison's disease with adrenal antibodies at the age of eight. This unusual finding is rarely seen in childhood except in the syndrome of juvenile familial polyendocrinopathy and mucocutaneous moniliasis. By chance the child also had Dubin-Johnson syndrome which could alter the metabolism of therapeutically administered drugs and steroids.", "PMID": 308795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1791", "title": "Hypertension due to 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.", "content": "A female patient with hypertension, hypogonadism and hypokalaemia due to 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency is described, in whom the diagnosis was initially based on the finding of low urinary 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, in the presence of high plasma fluorometric 11-hydroxycorticoids. Later studies confirmed the diagnosis by demonstrating low circulating levels of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and the steroids derived from this precursor: 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, oestradiol and testosterone. Plasma progesterone, corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) were greatly increased, but plasma and urine aldosterone were very low. The initial subnormal cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol levels responded to tetracosactrin administration, suggesting that the adrenal was not maximally stimulated by endogenous ACTH and indicating that the 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency was incomplete. Plasma and urinary aldosterone levels were still suppressed after 12 months treatment with prednisone despite normalization of the previously suppressed renin levels. The findings indicate that this uncommon cause of medically-controllable juvenile hypertension can be identified without specific steroid assays.", "contents": "Hypertension due to 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. A female patient with hypertension, hypogonadism and hypokalaemia due to 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency is described, in whom the diagnosis was initially based on the finding of low urinary 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, in the presence of high plasma fluorometric 11-hydroxycorticoids. Later studies confirmed the diagnosis by demonstrating low circulating levels of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and the steroids derived from this precursor: 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, oestradiol and testosterone. Plasma progesterone, corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) were greatly increased, but plasma and urine aldosterone were very low. The initial subnormal cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol levels responded to tetracosactrin administration, suggesting that the adrenal was not maximally stimulated by endogenous ACTH and indicating that the 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency was incomplete. Plasma and urinary aldosterone levels were still suppressed after 12 months treatment with prednisone despite normalization of the previously suppressed renin levels. The findings indicate that this uncommon cause of medically-controllable juvenile hypertension can be identified without specific steroid assays.", "PMID": 308800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1792", "title": "Localization of ferrochelatase and of newly synthesized haem in membrane fractions from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.", "content": "Cells of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, strains R-26 or GVP, were grown photosynthetically, disrupted and two particulate fractions separated by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. The upper particulate fraction, enriched in bacteriochlorophyll, was identified as containing the chromatophores; the lower particulate fraction had the characteristics of the cell envelope. The two fractions differed in cytochrome content and cytochrome spectra. Ferrochelatase was found almost exclusively in the chromatophore fraction and was located on the outer face of the chromatophores, i.e. in contact with the cytosol in intact cells. The addition of 59FeCl3 to cells growing in low-iron media resulted in labelling of the protohaem fraction (probably arising from cytochrome b) of the membranes. The specific radioactivity of the haem of the chromatophores rose more rapidly than that of the envelope fraction and then after 2 h declined to approximately the same value, suggesting that haems of the chromatophore may act as precursors of haem of the envelope.", "contents": "Localization of ferrochelatase and of newly synthesized haem in membrane fractions from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Cells of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, strains R-26 or GVP, were grown photosynthetically, disrupted and two particulate fractions separated by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. The upper particulate fraction, enriched in bacteriochlorophyll, was identified as containing the chromatophores; the lower particulate fraction had the characteristics of the cell envelope. The two fractions differed in cytochrome content and cytochrome spectra. Ferrochelatase was found almost exclusively in the chromatophore fraction and was located on the outer face of the chromatophores, i.e. in contact with the cytosol in intact cells. The addition of 59FeCl3 to cells growing in low-iron media resulted in labelling of the protohaem fraction (probably arising from cytochrome b) of the membranes. The specific radioactivity of the haem of the chromatophores rose more rapidly than that of the envelope fraction and then after 2 h declined to approximately the same value, suggesting that haems of the chromatophore may act as precursors of haem of the envelope.", "PMID": 308802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1793", "title": "Immunological abnormalities in bronchiectasis with chronic bronchial suppuration.", "content": "Fifty-three patients with bronchiectasis (chronic bronchial suppuration) of unknown cause, in whom the chronic production of purulent sputum was the prominent clinical feature, were investigated for possible immunological abnormalities. They were compared with two control groups comprising 50 patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema and 33 patients with bronchial asthma. Forty-two patients with bronchiectasis(79%) had at least one abnormality of immunoglobulin, usually elevation of IgA, IgG or IgM. Eight patients had all three immunoglobulin levels raised and this was related to severity of disease. Similar increases in immunoglobulin levels were observed in the control groups, but the frequency and severity of these changes were significantly greater in the bronchiectasis patients. Two patients had IgA deficiency. There was a very high prevalence of rheumatoid factor (52%) and an increased prevalence of antinuclear factor (10%) in the bronchiectasis patients compared with the control groups. The presence of these autoantibodies did not correlate closely with severity of disease. Ten patients with bronchiectasis (19%) had one or more autoimmune disorders, and the association of severe bronchiectasis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and pernicious anaemia in one patient is described in detail. The immunoglobulin changes, high incidence of autoantibodies and association with autoimmune disorders raises the possibility that in some patients with bronchiectasis (chronic bronchial suppuration) of apparent unknown cause abnormal immune mechanisms may be important in causing or perpetuating the condition.", "contents": "Immunological abnormalities in bronchiectasis with chronic bronchial suppuration. Fifty-three patients with bronchiectasis (chronic bronchial suppuration) of unknown cause, in whom the chronic production of purulent sputum was the prominent clinical feature, were investigated for possible immunological abnormalities. They were compared with two control groups comprising 50 patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema and 33 patients with bronchial asthma. Forty-two patients with bronchiectasis(79%) had at least one abnormality of immunoglobulin, usually elevation of IgA, IgG or IgM. Eight patients had all three immunoglobulin levels raised and this was related to severity of disease. Similar increases in immunoglobulin levels were observed in the control groups, but the frequency and severity of these changes were significantly greater in the bronchiectasis patients. Two patients had IgA deficiency. There was a very high prevalence of rheumatoid factor (52%) and an increased prevalence of antinuclear factor (10%) in the bronchiectasis patients compared with the control groups. The presence of these autoantibodies did not correlate closely with severity of disease. Ten patients with bronchiectasis (19%) had one or more autoimmune disorders, and the association of severe bronchiectasis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and pernicious anaemia in one patient is described in detail. The immunoglobulin changes, high incidence of autoantibodies and association with autoimmune disorders raises the possibility that in some patients with bronchiectasis (chronic bronchial suppuration) of apparent unknown cause abnormal immune mechanisms may be important in causing or perpetuating the condition.", "PMID": 308809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1794", "title": "Gastrointestinal systemic sclerosis in serologic mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "Mixed connective tissue disease is a clinical entity defined by overlapping features of progressive systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, and distinct serologic findings. Esophageal dilatation and dysmotility have been the only gastrointestinal manifestations reported. Three patients with serologic findings of mixed connective tissue disease and extensive gastrointestinal involvement compatible with the changes found in progressive systemic sclerosis are presented. Gastrointestinal manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis are reviewed and were found to be indistinguishable from the findings in these patients.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal systemic sclerosis in serologic mixed connective tissue disease. Mixed connective tissue disease is a clinical entity defined by overlapping features of progressive systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, and distinct serologic findings. Esophageal dilatation and dysmotility have been the only gastrointestinal manifestations reported. Three patients with serologic findings of mixed connective tissue disease and extensive gastrointestinal involvement compatible with the changes found in progressive systemic sclerosis are presented. Gastrointestinal manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis are reviewed and were found to be indistinguishable from the findings in these patients.", "PMID": 308806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1795", "title": "Circulating S\u00e9zary cells in hospitalized dermatology patients.", "content": "S\u00e9zary cells in the circulation were counted daily in 14 hospitalized dermatology patients: six with contact dermatitis, five with atopic dermatitis, and three with exfoliative psoriasis. All had circulating S\u00e9zary cells, but absolute counts of S\u00e9zary cells of more than 1000/mm3 appeared to correlate with a severe refractory course in two patients. It is probable that low, intermittent levels of circulating S\u00e9zary cells accompany many inflammatory dermatoses, and it is reasonable that monitoring this cell population may aid in anticipating more consequential skin disease.", "contents": "Circulating S\u00e9zary cells in hospitalized dermatology patients. S\u00e9zary cells in the circulation were counted daily in 14 hospitalized dermatology patients: six with contact dermatitis, five with atopic dermatitis, and three with exfoliative psoriasis. All had circulating S\u00e9zary cells, but absolute counts of S\u00e9zary cells of more than 1000/mm3 appeared to correlate with a severe refractory course in two patients. It is probable that low, intermittent levels of circulating S\u00e9zary cells accompany many inflammatory dermatoses, and it is reasonable that monitoring this cell population may aid in anticipating more consequential skin disease.", "PMID": 308811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1796", "title": "Role of ultraviolet light and UV DNA in the induction of skin lesions in experimental animals.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro animal experiments have been performed to clarify the role of ultraviolet light denatured DNA (UV DNA) and ultraviolet light (UVL) in the pathogenesis of the dermal lesions of human SLE. Rabbits immunized with UV DNA show deposition of immunoglobulin at the dermal-epidermal junction following exposure to UVL. We have also shown that UV DNA appears concomitantly with the antibody at the dermal-epidermal junction subsequent to the UVL exposure. Both n DNA and UV DNA have been shown to bind to the dermal-epidermal junction in vitro which could result in the persistence of these antigens at this site. These studies lend further support to the hypothesis that the release of UV DNA and its subsequent deposition at the dermal-epidermal junction may result in binding of both immunoglobulin and complement, leading to the development of histological lesions of SLE.", "contents": "Role of ultraviolet light and UV DNA in the induction of skin lesions in experimental animals. In vivo and in vitro animal experiments have been performed to clarify the role of ultraviolet light denatured DNA (UV DNA) and ultraviolet light (UVL) in the pathogenesis of the dermal lesions of human SLE. Rabbits immunized with UV DNA show deposition of immunoglobulin at the dermal-epidermal junction following exposure to UVL. We have also shown that UV DNA appears concomitantly with the antibody at the dermal-epidermal junction subsequent to the UVL exposure. Both n DNA and UV DNA have been shown to bind to the dermal-epidermal junction in vitro which could result in the persistence of these antigens at this site. These studies lend further support to the hypothesis that the release of UV DNA and its subsequent deposition at the dermal-epidermal junction may result in binding of both immunoglobulin and complement, leading to the development of histological lesions of SLE.", "PMID": 308812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1797", "title": "Circulating inhibitors of granulopoiesis in patients with aplastic anaemia.", "content": "An inhibitor of granulopoiesis has been detected in the serum of aplastic patients by its ability to reduce colony formation by normal human marrow cells in culture. The inhibitory activity in the serum was abolished when a patient was treated with azathioprine and exposure of aplastic marrow to antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in vitro released the colony forming cells from suppression. The clinical findings in three of the patients studied support the idea that the inhibitory activity detected in vitro is associated with normal marrow suppression in vivo.", "contents": "Circulating inhibitors of granulopoiesis in patients with aplastic anaemia. An inhibitor of granulopoiesis has been detected in the serum of aplastic patients by its ability to reduce colony formation by normal human marrow cells in culture. The inhibitory activity in the serum was abolished when a patient was treated with azathioprine and exposure of aplastic marrow to antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in vitro released the colony forming cells from suppression. The clinical findings in three of the patients studied support the idea that the inhibitory activity detected in vitro is associated with normal marrow suppression in vivo.", "PMID": 308813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1798", "title": "Use of an antiserum specific for human T lymphocytes as a diagnostic reagent: comparison with E rosette formation and mitogenic response to PHA.", "content": "An antiserum with specificity for human T lymphocytes was evaluated as a diagnostic reagent in the clinical immunology laboratory. The antiserum was used in indirect immunofluorescence to detect T cells in blood samples from normal controls and patients with various disorders involving the immune system. The same samples were also examined using two established tests for T cells, the rosette reaction with sheep red blood cells (E rosette assay) and the proliferative response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The antiserum and the rosette assay detected approximately the same numbers of T cells in controls, but the antiserum indicated T cell deficiency in several patients who appeared normal by rosetting or PHA reactivity. PHA stimulation in autologous plasma was depressed in a further group of patients who had normal T cell numbers by the other two tests. In vitro experiments with normal lymphocytes indicated that the E-rosette receptor was distinct from determinants detected by the T-cell specific antiserum. The immunofluorescence test with the anti-T serum provides an additional assay which appears to be more sensitive than the other two tests in detecting certain cases of T lymphocyte deficiency.", "contents": "Use of an antiserum specific for human T lymphocytes as a diagnostic reagent: comparison with E rosette formation and mitogenic response to PHA. An antiserum with specificity for human T lymphocytes was evaluated as a diagnostic reagent in the clinical immunology laboratory. The antiserum was used in indirect immunofluorescence to detect T cells in blood samples from normal controls and patients with various disorders involving the immune system. The same samples were also examined using two established tests for T cells, the rosette reaction with sheep red blood cells (E rosette assay) and the proliferative response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The antiserum and the rosette assay detected approximately the same numbers of T cells in controls, but the antiserum indicated T cell deficiency in several patients who appeared normal by rosetting or PHA reactivity. PHA stimulation in autologous plasma was depressed in a further group of patients who had normal T cell numbers by the other two tests. In vitro experiments with normal lymphocytes indicated that the E-rosette receptor was distinct from determinants detected by the T-cell specific antiserum. The immunofluorescence test with the anti-T serum provides an additional assay which appears to be more sensitive than the other two tests in detecting certain cases of T lymphocyte deficiency.", "PMID": 308814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1799", "title": "Purification and characterization of a colony stimulating factor from human lung.", "content": "Conditioned medium prepared from human autopsy lung tissue contains high level activity of colony stimulating factor which stimulates granulocytes and macrophage colony formation in both mouse and human bone marrow. The lung colony stimulating factor has been purified about 2250-fold by methods including hydroxylapatite chromatography, preparative gel electrophoresis, preparative isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration chromatography. The final specific activity was 2.7 X 10(6) units/mg. The purified factor has a molecular weight of 41 000 as determined by gel filtration. It is stable at the pH range of 6.5--10 and 56 degrees C for 30 min but sensitive to protease digestion and periodate oxidation. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it migrates in the alpha-globulin post-albumin region. Upon isoelectrofocusing lung colony stimulating factor appears heterogeneous with isoelectric points of 3.7--4.3. Treatment with neuraminidase did not affect its activity, but caused a change in electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric point. Antibody produced by immunizing rabbits with partially purified lung colony stimulating factor exerted strong inhibitory activity on the factor from lung as well as on colony stimulating factor from other human sources including serum, urine, and placenta.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a colony stimulating factor from human lung. Conditioned medium prepared from human autopsy lung tissue contains high level activity of colony stimulating factor which stimulates granulocytes and macrophage colony formation in both mouse and human bone marrow. The lung colony stimulating factor has been purified about 2250-fold by methods including hydroxylapatite chromatography, preparative gel electrophoresis, preparative isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration chromatography. The final specific activity was 2.7 X 10(6) units/mg. The purified factor has a molecular weight of 41 000 as determined by gel filtration. It is stable at the pH range of 6.5--10 and 56 degrees C for 30 min but sensitive to protease digestion and periodate oxidation. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it migrates in the alpha-globulin post-albumin region. Upon isoelectrofocusing lung colony stimulating factor appears heterogeneous with isoelectric points of 3.7--4.3. Treatment with neuraminidase did not affect its activity, but caused a change in electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric point. Antibody produced by immunizing rabbits with partially purified lung colony stimulating factor exerted strong inhibitory activity on the factor from lung as well as on colony stimulating factor from other human sources including serum, urine, and placenta.", "PMID": 308816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1800", "title": "Amylase transport across ileal epithelium in vitro.", "content": "Amylase transport was measured across the rabbit ileum in vitro employing a modified Ussing chamber. Amylase was moved preferentially in the mucosal to serosal direction. Its rate of transfer was 2--3 orders of magnitude greater than that for inulin. Mucosal to serosal transport of exogenous amylase was completely inhibited in the absence of oxygen. There was also a constant release of endogenous amylase from intestinal tissue into both mucosal and serosal compartments in the absence of an exogenous source. An estimate of the rate of amylase absorption indicates that it may be of sufficient magnitude to account for the enteropancreatic circulation of amylase secreted by the pancreas during augmented secretion.", "contents": "Amylase transport across ileal epithelium in vitro. Amylase transport was measured across the rabbit ileum in vitro employing a modified Ussing chamber. Amylase was moved preferentially in the mucosal to serosal direction. Its rate of transfer was 2--3 orders of magnitude greater than that for inulin. Mucosal to serosal transport of exogenous amylase was completely inhibited in the absence of oxygen. There was also a constant release of endogenous amylase from intestinal tissue into both mucosal and serosal compartments in the absence of an exogenous source. An estimate of the rate of amylase absorption indicates that it may be of sufficient magnitude to account for the enteropancreatic circulation of amylase secreted by the pancreas during augmented secretion.", "PMID": 308817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1801", "title": "Non-enzymatic DNA strand breaks induced in mammalian cells by fluorescent light.", "content": "Fluorescent light (5.4 J . m-2 . s-1) induces 0.041 single-strand breaks per 10(8) daltons per h in the DNA of cultured Chinese hamster cells (4.8 . 10(-6) breaks per 10(8) daltons per J . m-2). The breaks are induced at 1 degrees C and hence are not likely to be the result of endonuclease incision. When the cells are incubated at 37 degrees C, the breaks are rejoined within 2 h. At least two lesions are responsible for the observed effects. One lesion has the ability to break DNA subsequently treated with alkali but is neither toxic nor mutagenic. This lesion is produced by light of wavelength greater than approx. 350 nm. The other lesion(s) produce mutagenicity and/or toxicity, but do not necessarily produce strand breaks. These lesion(s) are produced by light of wavelength less than 350 nm.", "contents": "Non-enzymatic DNA strand breaks induced in mammalian cells by fluorescent light. Fluorescent light (5.4 J . m-2 . s-1) induces 0.041 single-strand breaks per 10(8) daltons per h in the DNA of cultured Chinese hamster cells (4.8 . 10(-6) breaks per 10(8) daltons per J . m-2). The breaks are induced at 1 degrees C and hence are not likely to be the result of endonuclease incision. When the cells are incubated at 37 degrees C, the breaks are rejoined within 2 h. At least two lesions are responsible for the observed effects. One lesion has the ability to break DNA subsequently treated with alkali but is neither toxic nor mutagenic. This lesion is produced by light of wavelength greater than approx. 350 nm. The other lesion(s) produce mutagenicity and/or toxicity, but do not necessarily produce strand breaks. These lesion(s) are produced by light of wavelength less than 350 nm.", "PMID": 308818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1802", "title": "[Detection of isoimmune antibodies against a population of human B-lymphocytes].", "content": "Rosette-forming ability of human lymphocytes was tested before and after their sensitization with isoimmune sera against histocompatibility antigens. Anti-HLA sera inhibited the ability of T- and B- lymphocyte\u00e8 to form rosettes. Some sera inhibited rosette formation mostly of B-lymphocytes; they also possessed marked capacity to react with B-lymphocytes population in prolonged lymphotoxic tests.", "contents": "[Detection of isoimmune antibodies against a population of human B-lymphocytes]. Rosette-forming ability of human lymphocytes was tested before and after their sensitization with isoimmune sera against histocompatibility antigens. Anti-HLA sera inhibited the ability of T- and B- lymphocyte\u00e8 to form rosettes. Some sera inhibited rosette formation mostly of B-lymphocytes; they also possessed marked capacity to react with B-lymphocytes population in prolonged lymphotoxic tests.", "PMID": 308820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1803", "title": "[Cortical tissue from syngenous brain as a stimulator of immunogenesis in thymectomized mice].", "content": "Experiments on CBA mice showed that the gray matter homogenate of the syngeneic brain contained components reconstituting the T-cell population in the spleen of thymectomized animals and possessing a stimulating effect on the immune response to sheep red blood cells. The white matter homogenate was much less active, it is not excluded that the trace activity is due to the gray matter admixture in the preparation. Syngeneic muscle tissue homogenate possessed no biological activity.", "contents": "[Cortical tissue from syngenous brain as a stimulator of immunogenesis in thymectomized mice]. Experiments on CBA mice showed that the gray matter homogenate of the syngeneic brain contained components reconstituting the T-cell population in the spleen of thymectomized animals and possessing a stimulating effect on the immune response to sheep red blood cells. The white matter homogenate was much less active, it is not excluded that the trace activity is due to the gray matter admixture in the preparation. Syngeneic muscle tissue homogenate possessed no biological activity.", "PMID": 308821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1804", "title": "[Mechanism of the stimulating effect of an electric current on reparative regeneration of bone tissue].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rabbits. Changes in ATP in the regenerating bone tissue after incomplete osteotomy and removal of a bone section, and also in cases of reparative osteogenesis stimulation in the region of the bone defect by means of pulse electric current were studied. ATP content in the bone callus after incomplete osteotomy and electrostimulation proved to exceed such in the regenerating bone tissue following removal of the bone fragment when no stimulation was applied. On the basis of the data obtained it is suggested that improvement of energy provision of the fracture consolidation process was one of the important links in the mechanism of stimulating influence of the electric current on the reparative regeneration of the bone tissue.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the stimulating effect of an electric current on reparative regeneration of bone tissue]. Experiments were conducted on rabbits. Changes in ATP in the regenerating bone tissue after incomplete osteotomy and removal of a bone section, and also in cases of reparative osteogenesis stimulation in the region of the bone defect by means of pulse electric current were studied. ATP content in the bone callus after incomplete osteotomy and electrostimulation proved to exceed such in the regenerating bone tissue following removal of the bone fragment when no stimulation was applied. On the basis of the data obtained it is suggested that improvement of energy provision of the fracture consolidation process was one of the important links in the mechanism of stimulating influence of the electric current on the reparative regeneration of the bone tissue.", "PMID": 308822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1805", "title": "Purification and some properties of colony-stimulating factor from normal human urine.", "content": "A colony-stimulating factor (CSF) that stimulated human and mouse bone marrow cells to proliferate in vitro and form pure granuloid colonies was purified about 4000-fold from normal human urine. Purification procedures included concentration with polyethyleneglycol, ammonium sulfate precipitation, two chromatographic separations on DEAE-cellulose columns, gel filtration, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the purified factor was estimated to be about 85,000 daltons by gel filtration, and the specific activity was found to be 10(6) or 6.7 X 10(5) colonies/mg protein using mouse or human bone marrow cells, respectively. A urinary colony-inhibiting factor was separated from the CSF on the first DEAE-cellulose column. This inhibitor suppressed the formation of pure granuloid colonies of human and mouse bone marrow cells when employed in conjunction with the purified urinary CSF.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of colony-stimulating factor from normal human urine. A colony-stimulating factor (CSF) that stimulated human and mouse bone marrow cells to proliferate in vitro and form pure granuloid colonies was purified about 4000-fold from normal human urine. Purification procedures included concentration with polyethyleneglycol, ammonium sulfate precipitation, two chromatographic separations on DEAE-cellulose columns, gel filtration, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the purified factor was estimated to be about 85,000 daltons by gel filtration, and the specific activity was found to be 10(6) or 6.7 X 10(5) colonies/mg protein using mouse or human bone marrow cells, respectively. A urinary colony-inhibiting factor was separated from the CSF on the first DEAE-cellulose column. This inhibitor suppressed the formation of pure granuloid colonies of human and mouse bone marrow cells when employed in conjunction with the purified urinary CSF.", "PMID": 308823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1806", "title": "Human T lymphocyte cell line producing colony-stimulating activity.", "content": "We derived a permanent human T lymphocyte cell line that elaborates a potent colony-stimulating activity (CSA). The line was established with spleen cells from a patient with a T lymphocyte variant of hairy-cell leukemia. These cells form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, show a proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin, and are lysed by antithymocyte globulin. They do not synthesize immunoglobulin, nor do they contain Epstein-Barr virus. CSA is regularly detected in the supernatant medium after 3 days culture. In the presence of PHA there is augmented elaboration of CSA; maximal activity is reached by 2 days and is 20% greater than that produced by a feeder layer of 1 X 10(6) peripheral blood leukocytes. One microliter of the supernatant material stimulated colony formation from the light-density nonadherent fraction of human bone marrow; there was maximal activity between 10 and 50 microliter/ml. Conditioned medium from these cells has little effect in stimulating CFU-C from murine bone marrow. The availability of a human T lymphocyte line producing CSA will provide a source for large quantities of the lymphocyte-derived hormone and permit a definition of factors modulating the interaction of T lymphocytes with granulocyte and monocyte stem cells.", "contents": "Human T lymphocyte cell line producing colony-stimulating activity. We derived a permanent human T lymphocyte cell line that elaborates a potent colony-stimulating activity (CSA). The line was established with spleen cells from a patient with a T lymphocyte variant of hairy-cell leukemia. These cells form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, show a proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin, and are lysed by antithymocyte globulin. They do not synthesize immunoglobulin, nor do they contain Epstein-Barr virus. CSA is regularly detected in the supernatant medium after 3 days culture. In the presence of PHA there is augmented elaboration of CSA; maximal activity is reached by 2 days and is 20% greater than that produced by a feeder layer of 1 X 10(6) peripheral blood leukocytes. One microliter of the supernatant material stimulated colony formation from the light-density nonadherent fraction of human bone marrow; there was maximal activity between 10 and 50 microliter/ml. Conditioned medium from these cells has little effect in stimulating CFU-C from murine bone marrow. The availability of a human T lymphocyte line producing CSA will provide a source for large quantities of the lymphocyte-derived hormone and permit a definition of factors modulating the interaction of T lymphocytes with granulocyte and monocyte stem cells.", "PMID": 308824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1807", "title": "Production of stem cell proliferation stimulators and inhibitors by haemopoietic cell suspensions.", "content": "In mice treated with phenylhydrazine haemopoietic spleen colony forming cells (CFU-S) are proliferating rapidly in the bone marrow but not in the spleen. Using such mice we have investigated the production of factors responsible for the control of CFU-S proliferation. When irradiated spleen cells are incubated with non-irradiated bone marrow cells there is a marked fall in the proportion of femoral CFU-S in DNA synthesis. In the converse experiments, rapid triggering of splenic CFU-S is achieved. Both these effects can be eliminated by washing the irradiated cells prior to incubation; they are, however, retained in the supernatant media \"conditioned\" by these cells. When the washed cells are incubated in fresh medium at 37 degrees C both stimulatory and inhibitory activities reappear but after different incubation periods. The data demonstrate that both proliferation stimulatory and inhibitory factors acting on CFU-S can be produced by the same haemopoietic cell suspension.", "contents": "Production of stem cell proliferation stimulators and inhibitors by haemopoietic cell suspensions. In mice treated with phenylhydrazine haemopoietic spleen colony forming cells (CFU-S) are proliferating rapidly in the bone marrow but not in the spleen. Using such mice we have investigated the production of factors responsible for the control of CFU-S proliferation. When irradiated spleen cells are incubated with non-irradiated bone marrow cells there is a marked fall in the proportion of femoral CFU-S in DNA synthesis. In the converse experiments, rapid triggering of splenic CFU-S is achieved. Both these effects can be eliminated by washing the irradiated cells prior to incubation; they are, however, retained in the supernatant media \"conditioned\" by these cells. When the washed cells are incubated in fresh medium at 37 degrees C both stimulatory and inhibitory activities reappear but after different incubation periods. The data demonstrate that both proliferation stimulatory and inhibitory factors acting on CFU-S can be produced by the same haemopoietic cell suspension.", "PMID": 308819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1808", "title": "Ventricular tachycardia due to cardiac ischaemia: assessment by exercise electrocardiography.", "content": "Although ventricular tachycardia is a well-known complication of myocardial ischaemia and may be provoked by exercise, many patients may appreciate only the angina and be unaware of the unduly rapid heart rate that precipitates it. Exercise testing is needed to show this arrhythmia and to enable treatment to be started.Twenty-three patients were found to have chronic ischaemic heart disease complicated by ventricular tachycardia. Six patients with old myocardial infarction had ventricular tachycardia at rest which required conversion to sinus rhythm; 17 patients developed ventricular tachycardia only when they exercised. In 12 of these 17 patients coronary angiography showed disease of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery; other vessels were usually also affected. Although beta-adrenergic blocking drugs increased exercise tolerance, ventricular tachycardia still occurred when the heart rate on exercise reached a level similar to that before treatment. In five patients coronary artery bypass surgery was performed because of angina and exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia. Exercise tolerance was increased in all three patients who underwent exercise tests after operation, and in two of these patients, both of whom were known to have patent grafts, ventricular tachycardia was abolished.If part of the beneficial effect of coronary bypass surgery is preventing life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias it is essential to detect these, and ambulatory monitoring and stress testing have a complementary role.", "contents": "Ventricular tachycardia due to cardiac ischaemia: assessment by exercise electrocardiography. Although ventricular tachycardia is a well-known complication of myocardial ischaemia and may be provoked by exercise, many patients may appreciate only the angina and be unaware of the unduly rapid heart rate that precipitates it. Exercise testing is needed to show this arrhythmia and to enable treatment to be started.Twenty-three patients were found to have chronic ischaemic heart disease complicated by ventricular tachycardia. Six patients with old myocardial infarction had ventricular tachycardia at rest which required conversion to sinus rhythm; 17 patients developed ventricular tachycardia only when they exercised. In 12 of these 17 patients coronary angiography showed disease of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery; other vessels were usually also affected. Although beta-adrenergic blocking drugs increased exercise tolerance, ventricular tachycardia still occurred when the heart rate on exercise reached a level similar to that before treatment. In five patients coronary artery bypass surgery was performed because of angina and exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia. Exercise tolerance was increased in all three patients who underwent exercise tests after operation, and in two of these patients, both of whom were known to have patent grafts, ventricular tachycardia was abolished.If part of the beneficial effect of coronary bypass surgery is preventing life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias it is essential to detect these, and ambulatory monitoring and stress testing have a complementary role.", "PMID": 308827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1809", "title": "Diagnosis and management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Twelve consecutive patients presenting with unexplained recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding were investigated by selective visceral angiography. A cause for the bleeding was shown in all 12 cases, and in eight the lesion responsible was diagnosed radiologically as an area of angiodysplasia. Abnormal areas were pinpointed by fluoroscopy and examination of the resected bowel with a dissecting microscope after injecting the vessels with barium. Histologically these areas had various microvascular abnormalities. Angiodysplasia is a useful descriptive radiological term, but does not seem to represent a single pathological entity.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Twelve consecutive patients presenting with unexplained recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding were investigated by selective visceral angiography. A cause for the bleeding was shown in all 12 cases, and in eight the lesion responsible was diagnosed radiologically as an area of angiodysplasia. Abnormal areas were pinpointed by fluoroscopy and examination of the resected bowel with a dissecting microscope after injecting the vessels with barium. Histologically these areas had various microvascular abnormalities. Angiodysplasia is a useful descriptive radiological term, but does not seem to represent a single pathological entity.", "PMID": 308828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1810", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on cerebellar histogenesis in the frog: the external granular layer and the molecular layer.", "content": "Maturational changes of the cerebellum of frog tadpoles were studied with the electron miscroscope. In the premetamorphic tadpole, parallel fiber-like processes (PFP) were present in the incipient molecular layer, long before the appearance of the external granular layer (EGL). These PFP showed synaptic contacts with the precociously developed Purkinje cell dendrites. It appears that these PFP may be responsible for inducing the precocious elaboration of the Purkinje cell dendritic arborization. In the metamorphosing tadpoles, the EGL cells migrating into the internal granular layer were frequently seen in close association with the ependymoglial cell processes, which extend from the pia down toward the ependymal surface. This observation lends support to the hypothesis that glial processes guide the migrating EGL cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on cerebellar histogenesis in the frog: the external granular layer and the molecular layer. Maturational changes of the cerebellum of frog tadpoles were studied with the electron miscroscope. In the premetamorphic tadpole, parallel fiber-like processes (PFP) were present in the incipient molecular layer, long before the appearance of the external granular layer (EGL). These PFP showed synaptic contacts with the precociously developed Purkinje cell dendrites. It appears that these PFP may be responsible for inducing the precocious elaboration of the Purkinje cell dendritic arborization. In the metamorphosing tadpoles, the EGL cells migrating into the internal granular layer were frequently seen in close association with the ependymoglial cell processes, which extend from the pia down toward the ependymal surface. This observation lends support to the hypothesis that glial processes guide the migrating EGL cells.", "PMID": 308829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1811", "title": "The topographical distribution of serotoninergic terminals in the spinal cord of the cat: quantitative radioautographic studies.", "content": "In vitro uptake of labeled serotonin (5-HT) has allowed the radioautographic detection of serotoninergic fibers in the cat spinal cord at thoracic and lumbar levels. The specificity of labeling was ensured by the conditions of incubation ([3H]5-HT was 10(-7) M) and by test control experiments with concomitant 10(-6) M NA or 2 X 10(-6) M fluoxetine which led respectively to an unmodified or a negative radioautographic pattern. Macroscopic radioautography with [14C]5-HT gave the framework for analysis of 5-HT innervation at this level which appeared dense in the grey matter and more scattered in white matter except in the periphery. In the grey matter labeled structures appeared at histological level as randomly oriented fibers. They displayed enlargements which were identified by electron microscopy as varicosities (mean diameter 0.7 micrometer) containing clear and large granular vesicles. To estimate the density of 5-HT varicosities in grey matter, semi-automatic counting was performed on histological radioautographs, using an image analyzer. Maximal concentrations of boutons were found in the periependymal region, the sympathetic lateral column, the whole dorsal horn and the motor neuron area of ventral horn. In a densely innervated region, the number of boutons was estimated to be at least 2.65 X 10(6)/cu.mm. In white matter, labeled fibers were longitudinally oriented in the periphery and obliquely in other regions, except in the dorsal funiculus, where they were nearly absent. Previous histofluorescence and biochemical data are confirmed and completed by the results of this approach which displays several advantages in resolution, sensitivity and possibilities of automated quantification. Moreover owing to the dynamic abilities of the radioautographic method, the spinal cord provides a good model for the study of the properties (namely the axonal flow) and the functions of the serotoninergic neurons.", "contents": "The topographical distribution of serotoninergic terminals in the spinal cord of the cat: quantitative radioautographic studies. In vitro uptake of labeled serotonin (5-HT) has allowed the radioautographic detection of serotoninergic fibers in the cat spinal cord at thoracic and lumbar levels. The specificity of labeling was ensured by the conditions of incubation ([3H]5-HT was 10(-7) M) and by test control experiments with concomitant 10(-6) M NA or 2 X 10(-6) M fluoxetine which led respectively to an unmodified or a negative radioautographic pattern. Macroscopic radioautography with [14C]5-HT gave the framework for analysis of 5-HT innervation at this level which appeared dense in the grey matter and more scattered in white matter except in the periphery. In the grey matter labeled structures appeared at histological level as randomly oriented fibers. They displayed enlargements which were identified by electron microscopy as varicosities (mean diameter 0.7 micrometer) containing clear and large granular vesicles. To estimate the density of 5-HT varicosities in grey matter, semi-automatic counting was performed on histological radioautographs, using an image analyzer. Maximal concentrations of boutons were found in the periependymal region, the sympathetic lateral column, the whole dorsal horn and the motor neuron area of ventral horn. In a densely innervated region, the number of boutons was estimated to be at least 2.65 X 10(6)/cu.mm. In white matter, labeled fibers were longitudinally oriented in the periphery and obliquely in other regions, except in the dorsal funiculus, where they were nearly absent. Previous histofluorescence and biochemical data are confirmed and completed by the results of this approach which displays several advantages in resolution, sensitivity and possibilities of automated quantification. Moreover owing to the dynamic abilities of the radioautographic method, the spinal cord provides a good model for the study of the properties (namely the axonal flow) and the functions of the serotoninergic neurons.", "PMID": 308830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1812", "title": "Hypothalamic-pituitary responses to intracranial self-stimulation in the rat.", "content": "The effects on pituitary and adrenal hormones of intracranial self-stimulation (ISS) and forced stimulation in rewarding (PS) and non-rewarding (NSS) sites were investigated in adult male rats. Growth hormone (GH) was suppressed during periods of ISS and PS and rose sharply to a peak within 15 min of cessation. The interval between GH secretory episodes was significantly shortened during all 3 types of stimulation when compared to the normal rhythmic discharge observed in freely behaving baseline (BL) sampled rats. ISS, PS and NSS resulted in a rapid rise in prolactin (Prl), which returned to normal by the end of each hourly period of stimulation. There was a significant reduction of Prl elevation in the second and third periods of stimulation, suggesting that the first exposure to ISS had a greater stimulatory effect than subsequent stimulations. There was a rapid and sustained release of corticosterone (CS) during ISS and PS. As with Prl, the initial period of either ISS or PS caused a greater effect that subsequent periods. These studies provide data to compare the relationship between ISS and neuroendocrine responses. The hormonal responses, with minor exceptions, were similar under all experimental conditions, and could not be clearly dissociated from previously described stress responses. Neural pathways and substrates involved in GH, Prl and CS secretion are discussed in relation to pathways activated by LH-MFB stimulation. Potential differential functions of monoamines and hypothalamic neuropeptides in behavioral and neuroendocrine regulation are hypothesized.", "contents": "Hypothalamic-pituitary responses to intracranial self-stimulation in the rat. The effects on pituitary and adrenal hormones of intracranial self-stimulation (ISS) and forced stimulation in rewarding (PS) and non-rewarding (NSS) sites were investigated in adult male rats. Growth hormone (GH) was suppressed during periods of ISS and PS and rose sharply to a peak within 15 min of cessation. The interval between GH secretory episodes was significantly shortened during all 3 types of stimulation when compared to the normal rhythmic discharge observed in freely behaving baseline (BL) sampled rats. ISS, PS and NSS resulted in a rapid rise in prolactin (Prl), which returned to normal by the end of each hourly period of stimulation. There was a significant reduction of Prl elevation in the second and third periods of stimulation, suggesting that the first exposure to ISS had a greater stimulatory effect than subsequent stimulations. There was a rapid and sustained release of corticosterone (CS) during ISS and PS. As with Prl, the initial period of either ISS or PS caused a greater effect that subsequent periods. These studies provide data to compare the relationship between ISS and neuroendocrine responses. The hormonal responses, with minor exceptions, were similar under all experimental conditions, and could not be clearly dissociated from previously described stress responses. Neural pathways and substrates involved in GH, Prl and CS secretion are discussed in relation to pathways activated by LH-MFB stimulation. Potential differential functions of monoamines and hypothalamic neuropeptides in behavioral and neuroendocrine regulation are hypothesized.", "PMID": 308836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1813", "title": "Trigeminal neuralgia in aqueduct stenosis.", "content": "Trigeminal neuralgia was the presenting symptom in two patients with aqueduct stenosis, hydrocephalus, and raised intracranial pressure. Treatment of the hydrocephalus resulted in the remission of pain in both patients.", "contents": "Trigeminal neuralgia in aqueduct stenosis. Trigeminal neuralgia was the presenting symptom in two patients with aqueduct stenosis, hydrocephalus, and raised intracranial pressure. Treatment of the hydrocephalus resulted in the remission of pain in both patients.", "PMID": 308837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1814", "title": "Hodgkin's disease terminating in a T-cell immunoblastic leukemia.", "content": "A patient who developed an immunoblastic leukemia of T-cell type two and one half years after initial diagnosis of mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease, stage IIIB, is described. The patient's course was characterized by an initial 15-months remission following radiation therapy. A relapse of Hodgkin's disease was treated with intensive chemotherapy. Thirteen months later the patient entered a rapid terminal course with multiple organ infiltrates and a leukemic peripheral blood. The leukemic phase was characterized by a 55,000 WGC with 48% immunoblasts, greater than 90% of which marked as T-cells. Although acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia and other tumors have been described in Hodgkin's disease after intensive therapy, this is the first report of the unusual association of a T-cell immunoblastic leukemia with Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease terminating in a T-cell immunoblastic leukemia. A patient who developed an immunoblastic leukemia of T-cell type two and one half years after initial diagnosis of mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease, stage IIIB, is described. The patient's course was characterized by an initial 15-months remission following radiation therapy. A relapse of Hodgkin's disease was treated with intensive chemotherapy. Thirteen months later the patient entered a rapid terminal course with multiple organ infiltrates and a leukemic peripheral blood. The leukemic phase was characterized by a 55,000 WGC with 48% immunoblasts, greater than 90% of which marked as T-cells. Although acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia and other tumors have been described in Hodgkin's disease after intensive therapy, this is the first report of the unusual association of a T-cell immunoblastic leukemia with Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 308839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1815", "title": "Establishment and characterization of a human cancer cell line that produces human colony-stimulating factor.", "content": "A human colony-stimulating factor (CSF) producing cell line, T3M-1, has been established from explant cultures of a human squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity that secretes human CSF. It has been continously propagated during the past 15 months. The cells grew in a monolayered sheet with about 17 hr of population-doubling time and showed a colony-forming capacity with about 5% plating efficiency. The cells exhibited an epithelioid morphology resembling the structure of the original tumor, and they showed \"tumor takes\" when inoculated into nude mice. Karyotypic analysis revealed the cell line to be a human aneuploid one with a hypotriploid mode, including the Y-chromosome(s) and at least 10 common markers. T3M-1 cells possess the characteristic function of human CSF production in vitro, and a marked neutrophilia was observed in nude mice bearing the tumors produced by inoculation with the T3M-1 represents a new human cell line that secretes human CSF.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of a human cancer cell line that produces human colony-stimulating factor. A human colony-stimulating factor (CSF) producing cell line, T3M-1, has been established from explant cultures of a human squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity that secretes human CSF. It has been continously propagated during the past 15 months. The cells grew in a monolayered sheet with about 17 hr of population-doubling time and showed a colony-forming capacity with about 5% plating efficiency. The cells exhibited an epithelioid morphology resembling the structure of the original tumor, and they showed \"tumor takes\" when inoculated into nude mice. Karyotypic analysis revealed the cell line to be a human aneuploid one with a hypotriploid mode, including the Y-chromosome(s) and at least 10 common markers. T3M-1 cells possess the characteristic function of human CSF production in vitro, and a marked neutrophilia was observed in nude mice bearing the tumors produced by inoculation with the T3M-1 represents a new human cell line that secretes human CSF.", "PMID": 308840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1816", "title": "Clinical implications of glucocorticoid receptors in human leukemia.", "content": "Glucorticoid receptors were studied in various populations of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes and leukemic lymphoblasts. Normal lymphocytes contain low levels of glucocorticoid receptor (approximately 2,500 sites/cell) which are identical in T- and non-T-fractions. Phytohemagglutinin treatment increases levels about 3-fold. Leukemic lymphoblasts contain larger numbers of receptor sites. Presence of receptor is correlated with in vitro sensitivitiy to glucocorticoids and in vivo response to therapy. Quantity of receptor is also correlated with complete remission duration independently of leukemic cell type (T or null), initial WBC, or age of patient. Quantitative determination of glucocorticoid receptor levels in acute lymphoblastic leukemia may be of value both as an independent prognostic variable and in suggesting which patients should receive glucocorticoid therapy.", "contents": "Clinical implications of glucocorticoid receptors in human leukemia. Glucorticoid receptors were studied in various populations of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes and leukemic lymphoblasts. Normal lymphocytes contain low levels of glucocorticoid receptor (approximately 2,500 sites/cell) which are identical in T- and non-T-fractions. Phytohemagglutinin treatment increases levels about 3-fold. Leukemic lymphoblasts contain larger numbers of receptor sites. Presence of receptor is correlated with in vitro sensitivitiy to glucocorticoids and in vivo response to therapy. Quantity of receptor is also correlated with complete remission duration independently of leukemic cell type (T or null), initial WBC, or age of patient. Quantitative determination of glucocorticoid receptor levels in acute lymphoblastic leukemia may be of value both as an independent prognostic variable and in suggesting which patients should receive glucocorticoid therapy.", "PMID": 308841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1817", "title": "Structural examination of antitumour, water-soluble glucans from Grifora umbellata by use of four types of glucanase.", "content": "Antitumour glucans (GU) from the fungus Grifora umbellata have been subjected to periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, and treatment with endo-(1 leads to 6)-beta-D-, endo-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-, and exo-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanases, and alpha-amylase; the following structural features were revealed. GU-2 contains a backbone involving (1 leads to 6)-beta- and () leads to 3)-beta linkages, and two kinds of branches involving (1 leads to 6)-beta and (1 leads to 4)-alpha linkages. GU-3 has a (1 leads to 3)-beta-linked backbone and branches involving (1 leads to 6)-beta linkages or (1 leads to 4)-alpha and (1 leads to 6)-beta linkages. GU-4 also contains a (1 leads to 3) beta-D-glucan backbone and a small number of (1 leads to 6)-beta-linked branches. Probable structural units of these glucans are proposed.", "contents": "Structural examination of antitumour, water-soluble glucans from Grifora umbellata by use of four types of glucanase. Antitumour glucans (GU) from the fungus Grifora umbellata have been subjected to periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis, and treatment with endo-(1 leads to 6)-beta-D-, endo-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-, and exo-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanases, and alpha-amylase; the following structural features were revealed. GU-2 contains a backbone involving (1 leads to 6)-beta- and () leads to 3)-beta linkages, and two kinds of branches involving (1 leads to 6)-beta and (1 leads to 4)-alpha linkages. GU-3 has a (1 leads to 3)-beta-linked backbone and branches involving (1 leads to 6)-beta linkages or (1 leads to 4)-alpha and (1 leads to 6)-beta linkages. GU-4 also contains a (1 leads to 3) beta-D-glucan backbone and a small number of (1 leads to 6)-beta-linked branches. Probable structural units of these glucans are proposed.", "PMID": 308842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1818", "title": "[Trichocellular leukemia--ultrastructural study of tumor cells and various functional parameters].", "content": "In two cases of trichocellular leukaemia, specimens of blood, bone marrow and the spleen were evaluated not only by means of SEM and TEM but also with a view to their phagocytic and immunological properties. While immunological investigation rather suggested a B lymphocytic aetiology of the process, phagocytosis of Ferrocide (not, however, of latex) seemed to justify, in one case, also histoendothelial aetiology.", "contents": "[Trichocellular leukemia--ultrastructural study of tumor cells and various functional parameters]. In two cases of trichocellular leukaemia, specimens of blood, bone marrow and the spleen were evaluated not only by means of SEM and TEM but also with a view to their phagocytic and immunological properties. While immunological investigation rather suggested a B lymphocytic aetiology of the process, phagocytosis of Ferrocide (not, however, of latex) seemed to justify, in one case, also histoendothelial aetiology.", "PMID": 308867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1819", "title": "Cancer, pancreatitis, and the detection of the isoenzymes of DNAase, RNAase and amylase.", "content": "Substrate films of starch, RNA, and DNA were used to identify the isoenzymes of amylase, RNAase, and DNAase found in human ductal pancreatic juice subjected to isoelectric focusing. The pancreatic secretions from 15 patients were shown to contain as many as four isoenzymes of RNAase; the two major forms had isoelectric points of 7.87 and 7.52, and the two minor forms, of 7.25 and 6.90. Six DNAase bands were detected; the major bands had pI values of 4.86 and 4.79, and sometimes appeared as one band. The minor bands had pI values of 5.08, 5.00, 4.68, and 4.58. Purified bovine DNAase I, analyzed similarly, showed four bands (5.29, 5.19, 5.04 and 4.96). Nine isoenzymes of alpha-amylase were observed in the secretions from 15 patients. The major alpha-amylase isoenzyme had a pI value of 6.84 in 14 patients and of 7.04 in 1 patient. Secondary bands were seen with pI values of 6.23, 6.53 and 6.69. Additional isoenzymes were found with pI values of 7.16, 6.39, 6.00 and 5.78. The amylase isoenzyme with a pI value of 6.39 was found in 7 of the 8 patients with a normal pancreas or carcinoma of the pancreas, and in only 1 of 7 patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Cancer, pancreatitis, and the detection of the isoenzymes of DNAase, RNAase and amylase. Substrate films of starch, RNA, and DNA were used to identify the isoenzymes of amylase, RNAase, and DNAase found in human ductal pancreatic juice subjected to isoelectric focusing. The pancreatic secretions from 15 patients were shown to contain as many as four isoenzymes of RNAase; the two major forms had isoelectric points of 7.87 and 7.52, and the two minor forms, of 7.25 and 6.90. Six DNAase bands were detected; the major bands had pI values of 4.86 and 4.79, and sometimes appeared as one band. The minor bands had pI values of 5.08, 5.00, 4.68, and 4.58. Purified bovine DNAase I, analyzed similarly, showed four bands (5.29, 5.19, 5.04 and 4.96). Nine isoenzymes of alpha-amylase were observed in the secretions from 15 patients. The major alpha-amylase isoenzyme had a pI value of 6.84 in 14 patients and of 7.04 in 1 patient. Secondary bands were seen with pI values of 6.23, 6.53 and 6.69. Additional isoenzymes were found with pI values of 7.16, 6.39, 6.00 and 5.78. The amylase isoenzyme with a pI value of 6.39 was found in 7 of the 8 patients with a normal pancreas or carcinoma of the pancreas, and in only 1 of 7 patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 308871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1820", "title": "[Hyposensitisation treatment with pure bee venom (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyposensitisation with pure bee venom was undertaken in eleven persons with proven allergy to bee stings. Rapid hyposensitisation led to side effects in seven of them during dosage increase. Serial determination of total IgA, IgG, IgM and alpha1-antitrypsin revealed no changes, while allergen-specific IgG and IgE and total IgE increased maximally after 30 days. All persons were exposed to one bee sting during the treatment: all tolerated it well without the allergic reactions which had previously been noted.", "contents": "[Hyposensitisation treatment with pure bee venom (author's transl)]. Hyposensitisation with pure bee venom was undertaken in eleven persons with proven allergy to bee stings. Rapid hyposensitisation led to side effects in seven of them during dosage increase. Serial determination of total IgA, IgG, IgM and alpha1-antitrypsin revealed no changes, while allergen-specific IgG and IgE and total IgE increased maximally after 30 days. All persons were exposed to one bee sting during the treatment: all tolerated it well without the allergic reactions which had previously been noted.", "PMID": 308876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1821", "title": "Transglycosylic reactions of deoxysugars. Biosynthesis of deoxy analogues of starch.", "content": "The biosynthesis of starch was investigated in the reaction catalyzed by plant alpha(1 leads to 4)-glucan phosphorylase using alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate and its deoxy analogues as substrates. It was found that the hydroxyl groups at the positions C-2, C-3, C-4 and C-6 in the glucose moiety of the molecule of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate are not essential for its substrate properties in the transglycosylic reaction. The affinity of plant (alpha(1 leads to 4)-glucan phosphorylase and the rate of hexose incorporation into alpha(1 leads to 4)-glucan decreases in the following sequence: alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phos-phosphate, 2-deoxy-, 6-deoxy, 4-deoxy, and 3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate. The deoxyglucosyl analogues of alpha-D-glucosylpyranosyl phosphate act as competitive inhibitors on the elongation reaction of the alpha(1 leads to 4) chains of starch. It was found that more than one residue of 2-deoxy-D-glucose or 6-deoxy-D-glucose can be incorporated into the nonreducing terminus of alpha(1 leads to 4)-glucan chains of starch.", "contents": "Transglycosylic reactions of deoxysugars. Biosynthesis of deoxy analogues of starch. The biosynthesis of starch was investigated in the reaction catalyzed by plant alpha(1 leads to 4)-glucan phosphorylase using alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate and its deoxy analogues as substrates. It was found that the hydroxyl groups at the positions C-2, C-3, C-4 and C-6 in the glucose moiety of the molecule of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate are not essential for its substrate properties in the transglycosylic reaction. The affinity of plant (alpha(1 leads to 4)-glucan phosphorylase and the rate of hexose incorporation into alpha(1 leads to 4)-glucan decreases in the following sequence: alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phos-phosphate, 2-deoxy-, 6-deoxy, 4-deoxy, and 3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate. The deoxyglucosyl analogues of alpha-D-glucosylpyranosyl phosphate act as competitive inhibitors on the elongation reaction of the alpha(1 leads to 4) chains of starch. It was found that more than one residue of 2-deoxy-D-glucose or 6-deoxy-D-glucose can be incorporated into the nonreducing terminus of alpha(1 leads to 4)-glucan chains of starch.", "PMID": 308877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1822", "title": "Angina following aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "43 patients (group A) who had a recurrence of angina after aortocoronary bypass surgery were compared with 93 (group AF) who remained symptom free for at least 1 yr in order to assess the effects of pre- and intraoperative factors on the outcome of surgery. Age and sex distribution, severity and duration of preoperative angina, incidence of preoperative infarction, known coronary risk factors and severity of coronary artery disease assessed angiographically, were similar in the 2 groups. Group A had a lower preoperative exercise tolerance (434 V, 517 ppm/min; P less than 0.05) and a greater proportion of patients with cardiac enlargement (33% V, 14%; P less than 0.05). Fewer grafts were implanted in this group (1.65 V, 2.05; P less than 0.01) which consequently had a higher postoperative coronary score (2.47 V, 1.69; P less than 0.05). It appears that the extent of myocardial revascularization may influence the symptomatic result of aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "Angina following aortocoronary bypass surgery. 43 patients (group A) who had a recurrence of angina after aortocoronary bypass surgery were compared with 93 (group AF) who remained symptom free for at least 1 yr in order to assess the effects of pre- and intraoperative factors on the outcome of surgery. Age and sex distribution, severity and duration of preoperative angina, incidence of preoperative infarction, known coronary risk factors and severity of coronary artery disease assessed angiographically, were similar in the 2 groups. Group A had a lower preoperative exercise tolerance (434 V, 517 ppm/min; P less than 0.05) and a greater proportion of patients with cardiac enlargement (33% V, 14%; P less than 0.05). Fewer grafts were implanted in this group (1.65 V, 2.05; P less than 0.01) which consequently had a higher postoperative coronary score (2.47 V, 1.69; P less than 0.05). It appears that the extent of myocardial revascularization may influence the symptomatic result of aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "PMID": 308878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1823", "title": "Prevention of immunoglobulin production by allotype-dependent T cells.", "content": "Adoptive lymphocyte transfers between Iga, Igb and Igd allotype-congenic mouse strains revealed host barriers against the production of certain donor allotypes. First, as recipients of Igb cells, Iga and Igd mice permitted the production of donor Ig-4b but not that of Ig-1 b. The apparent mediators of this Ig-1 b barrier were T cells specific for Ig- 1 b determinants on B cells. Additional cell transfers showed Iga mice to have a second barrier against allotype production by Igd donor cells. Reciprocal cell transfers showed Igb and Igd mice to have comparatively weak barriers against Iga-producing cells. As host barriers were absent in mice deficient for T cells (athymic nude mice), it appears that they are T cell-mediated. Further, the allotype-dependence of such barriers means that the antigens responsible must be under the control of allotype-linked genes. The regulatory implications of this for the immune system are discussed.", "contents": "Prevention of immunoglobulin production by allotype-dependent T cells. Adoptive lymphocyte transfers between Iga, Igb and Igd allotype-congenic mouse strains revealed host barriers against the production of certain donor allotypes. First, as recipients of Igb cells, Iga and Igd mice permitted the production of donor Ig-4b but not that of Ig-1 b. The apparent mediators of this Ig-1 b barrier were T cells specific for Ig- 1 b determinants on B cells. Additional cell transfers showed Iga mice to have a second barrier against allotype production by Igd donor cells. Reciprocal cell transfers showed Igb and Igd mice to have comparatively weak barriers against Iga-producing cells. As host barriers were absent in mice deficient for T cells (athymic nude mice), it appears that they are T cell-mediated. Further, the allotype-dependence of such barriers means that the antigens responsible must be under the control of allotype-linked genes. The regulatory implications of this for the immune system are discussed.", "PMID": 308880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1824", "title": "A time study of the requirement for carrier-specific helper cells in the response of mice to dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin.", "content": "The anti-hapten response of spleen cells from mice primed with hapten-carrier (dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin) was decreased by depletion of T cells during the first four days after secondary antigenic stimulation, but was unaffected when the T cells were depleted on day 5. The response of cultures that were depleted of T cells prior to secondary antigenic stimulation was restored by addition of carrier-primed cells during the first two days of culture, partially restored on day 3, but not at later times. Thus, T cells were required only at about day 4 of a secondary response to a T-dependent antigen that peaked on day 8. Autoradiography experiments showed that the frequency of antigen-binding cells increased with time regardless of the presence of T cells in the cultures. We conclude that helper T cells are not required for B cell proliferation, but are required for the differentiation of B cells to antibody-secreting cells.", "contents": "A time study of the requirement for carrier-specific helper cells in the response of mice to dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The anti-hapten response of spleen cells from mice primed with hapten-carrier (dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin) was decreased by depletion of T cells during the first four days after secondary antigenic stimulation, but was unaffected when the T cells were depleted on day 5. The response of cultures that were depleted of T cells prior to secondary antigenic stimulation was restored by addition of carrier-primed cells during the first two days of culture, partially restored on day 3, but not at later times. Thus, T cells were required only at about day 4 of a secondary response to a T-dependent antigen that peaked on day 8. Autoradiography experiments showed that the frequency of antigen-binding cells increased with time regardless of the presence of T cells in the cultures. We conclude that helper T cells are not required for B cell proliferation, but are required for the differentiation of B cells to antibody-secreting cells.", "PMID": 308881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1825", "title": "Colony formation of cytolytic T cells in semisolid medium.", "content": "Addition of supernatant from concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells to in vitro primed cytolytic T lymphocytes in semisolid medium stimulated the growth of colonies of cytolytic lymphocytes. Optimal results were obtained using a peritoneal adherent cell underlayer where a 10% plating efficiency (greater than or equal to 4 cells per colony) was achieved when between 5000 and 100 000 cells were plated per dish. Individual colonies were harvested and tested in a short term (5h) 51Cr release microassay, employing 200 target cells. The frequency of lytic colonies varied from 46--67%. The observed lytic activities were specific for the relevant allogeneic target cells.", "contents": "Colony formation of cytolytic T cells in semisolid medium. Addition of supernatant from concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells to in vitro primed cytolytic T lymphocytes in semisolid medium stimulated the growth of colonies of cytolytic lymphocytes. Optimal results were obtained using a peritoneal adherent cell underlayer where a 10% plating efficiency (greater than or equal to 4 cells per colony) was achieved when between 5000 and 100 000 cells were plated per dish. Individual colonies were harvested and tested in a short term (5h) 51Cr release microassay, employing 200 target cells. The frequency of lytic colonies varied from 46--67%. The observed lytic activities were specific for the relevant allogeneic target cells.", "PMID": 308882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1826", "title": "Idiotype-specific T helper cells are required to induce idiotype-positive B memory cells to secrete antibody.", "content": "We have tested the proposition that induction of certain sets of B cell clones to produce antibody requires a signal from T helper cells that recognize idiotypic determinants expressed on Ig receptors of the relevant B cell clones. The approach is based on the analysis of T cell populations required to induce B cells to secrete anti-arsonate antibodies that are marked by a cross-reactive idiotype (CRId). crid+ anti-azophenyl arsonate (Ar) antibodies are produced in A/J strain mice after immunization with Ar keyhole limpet hemocyanin and represent 20--70% of the total anti-Ar antibody response. These studies indicate that antibody secretion by idiotype+ B memory cells requires two signals: one provided by \"carrier\"-specific Ly-1 cells, and a second delivered by idiotype-specific Ly-1 cells. Both signals are required for optimal induction of idiotype+ B memory clones.", "contents": "Idiotype-specific T helper cells are required to induce idiotype-positive B memory cells to secrete antibody. We have tested the proposition that induction of certain sets of B cell clones to produce antibody requires a signal from T helper cells that recognize idiotypic determinants expressed on Ig receptors of the relevant B cell clones. The approach is based on the analysis of T cell populations required to induce B cells to secrete anti-arsonate antibodies that are marked by a cross-reactive idiotype (CRId). crid+ anti-azophenyl arsonate (Ar) antibodies are produced in A/J strain mice after immunization with Ar keyhole limpet hemocyanin and represent 20--70% of the total anti-Ar antibody response. These studies indicate that antibody secretion by idiotype+ B memory cells requires two signals: one provided by \"carrier\"-specific Ly-1 cells, and a second delivered by idiotype-specific Ly-1 cells. Both signals are required for optimal induction of idiotype+ B memory clones.", "PMID": 308883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1827", "title": "Effects of the antituberculous agent ethambutol on myelinated nerve.", "content": "The action of the antituberculous agent ethambutol on the myelinated nerve was studied in two ways: (1) Resting and compound action potentials of the desheathed sciatic nerve were measured; (2) Na+ and K+ currents through the node of Ranvier were investigated by means of the voltage clamp. Reversible dose-dependent decreases of the compound action potential and of the conduction velocity were observed when ethambutol was applied in concentrations of 1--7 mM for 15 min; prolongation up to 60 min caused irreversible changes in membrane function and a decrease in Ca content. Ethambutol induced a hyperpolarizing change of the resting potential. When the nerve was depolarized in Ca2+-free solutions, ethambutol repolarized the nerve membrane. Ethambutol instantly reduced sodium and potassium currents through the nodal membrane. Presumably ethambutol acts primarily as a Ca2+ chelating cation on negative charges at the nerve membrane.", "contents": "Effects of the antituberculous agent ethambutol on myelinated nerve. The action of the antituberculous agent ethambutol on the myelinated nerve was studied in two ways: (1) Resting and compound action potentials of the desheathed sciatic nerve were measured; (2) Na+ and K+ currents through the node of Ranvier were investigated by means of the voltage clamp. Reversible dose-dependent decreases of the compound action potential and of the conduction velocity were observed when ethambutol was applied in concentrations of 1--7 mM for 15 min; prolongation up to 60 min caused irreversible changes in membrane function and a decrease in Ca content. Ethambutol induced a hyperpolarizing change of the resting potential. When the nerve was depolarized in Ca2+-free solutions, ethambutol repolarized the nerve membrane. Ethambutol instantly reduced sodium and potassium currents through the nodal membrane. Presumably ethambutol acts primarily as a Ca2+ chelating cation on negative charges at the nerve membrane.", "PMID": 308884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1828", "title": "Seasonal variations in fat body metabolism of the green frog Rana esculenta (L.).", "content": "Rana esculenta (L.), kept under natural conditions, show almost constant body weights in the annual cycle. Fat body weight, however, has a distinct maximum in October decreasing continuously to a May minimum which is also evident in the fat body index. The triglyceride and protein contents show the same course. Suprisingly high amounts of glycogen are found, which reach a maximum in August.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in fat body metabolism of the green frog Rana esculenta (L.). Rana esculenta (L.), kept under natural conditions, show almost constant body weights in the annual cycle. Fat body weight, however, has a distinct maximum in October decreasing continuously to a May minimum which is also evident in the fat body index. The triglyceride and protein contents show the same course. Suprisingly high amounts of glycogen are found, which reach a maximum in August.", "PMID": 308886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1829", "title": "Kinetics of antibody response in unprimed recipients after transfer of immune lymphocytes.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice immunized with SRBC were transferred, at various times after immunization, to non-irradiated and lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. The PFC kinetics and anti-SRBC antibody titres were followed in various groups of mice. Similar results were obtained both in non-irradiated and lethally irradiated recipients, showing that after the transfer: a) PFC proliferation was blocked, b) PFC blocking was unrelated to their maturation stage, c) resting PFC were still able to synthesize antibodies, d) blocking activity was radio-resistant.", "contents": "Kinetics of antibody response in unprimed recipients after transfer of immune lymphocytes. Spleen cells from mice immunized with SRBC were transferred, at various times after immunization, to non-irradiated and lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. The PFC kinetics and anti-SRBC antibody titres were followed in various groups of mice. Similar results were obtained both in non-irradiated and lethally irradiated recipients, showing that after the transfer: a) PFC proliferation was blocked, b) PFC blocking was unrelated to their maturation stage, c) resting PFC were still able to synthesize antibodies, d) blocking activity was radio-resistant.", "PMID": 308888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1830", "title": "Effect of piperazine on central and peripheral cholinergic synapses of the frog.", "content": "The anthelmintic agent piperazine did not antagonize carbachol-induced depolarizations of the frog sartorius muscle but depressed root potentials and acetylcholine release from the frog spinal cord. We suggest that piperazine has a presynaptic site of action at central cholinergic nerve-terminals.", "contents": "Effect of piperazine on central and peripheral cholinergic synapses of the frog. The anthelmintic agent piperazine did not antagonize carbachol-induced depolarizations of the frog sartorius muscle but depressed root potentials and acetylcholine release from the frog spinal cord. We suggest that piperazine has a presynaptic site of action at central cholinergic nerve-terminals.", "PMID": 308887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1831", "title": "The role of the radiologist in acute gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Angiography is valuable in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of the patient with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. It should be preceded by endoscopy in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding, angiography is firmly established as the primary diagnostic modality. Although angiography is less useful in chronic gastrointestinal bleeding, it may show the underlying pathologic lesion. Vasonconstrictive and embolic therapeutic angiographic procedures are particularly valuable in the patient with multiple system disease.", "contents": "The role of the radiologist in acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Angiography is valuable in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of the patient with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. It should be preceded by endoscopy in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding, angiography is firmly established as the primary diagnostic modality. Although angiography is less useful in chronic gastrointestinal bleeding, it may show the underlying pathologic lesion. Vasonconstrictive and embolic therapeutic angiographic procedures are particularly valuable in the patient with multiple system disease.", "PMID": 308889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1832", "title": "Production of alpha-amylase by yeasts and yeast-like organisms.", "content": "Of a total of 177 strains of yeasts and yeast-like organisms only 8 were capable of producing alpha-amylase; most strains were able to utilize 1,4-alpha-glucans by means of enzymes acting on the non-reducing ends of the outer glucan chains.", "contents": "Production of alpha-amylase by yeasts and yeast-like organisms. Of a total of 177 strains of yeasts and yeast-like organisms only 8 were capable of producing alpha-amylase; most strains were able to utilize 1,4-alpha-glucans by means of enzymes acting on the non-reducing ends of the outer glucan chains.", "PMID": 308919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1833", "title": "[Determination of blood coagulation in acute obstetrical and gynecologic hemorrhages by means of the Hellige direct writing thrombelastograph].", "content": "Thrombelastography, as a method of rapid registration, is an important addition to the present screening tests of coagulation status. With this method we are able to quickly obtain exact values for clotting and fibrinolysis with more precision than those which can be obtained from the clot observation test. The TEG monitor must however be available in the immediate vicinity of the labour ward and must be ready for use around the clock. Specific therapy for the elimination of failures in hemostasis may then be started without delay, due to prompt determination of coagulation status and early detection of fibrinolysis.", "contents": "[Determination of blood coagulation in acute obstetrical and gynecologic hemorrhages by means of the Hellige direct writing thrombelastograph]. Thrombelastography, as a method of rapid registration, is an important addition to the present screening tests of coagulation status. With this method we are able to quickly obtain exact values for clotting and fibrinolysis with more precision than those which can be obtained from the clot observation test. The TEG monitor must however be available in the immediate vicinity of the labour ward and must be ready for use around the clock. Specific therapy for the elimination of failures in hemostasis may then be started without delay, due to prompt determination of coagulation status and early detection of fibrinolysis.", "PMID": 308920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1834", "title": "[T-lymphocytes and their function in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "In untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease the percentage of T-lymphocytes was significantly reduced in comparison to healthy controls independent of the stage of the disease. The absolute number of T-lymphocytes was also reduced in most patients. The response of lymphocytes after PHA-stimulation was diminished parallel with the skin reactivity: Normal results were obtained in early stages and with favorable histological types whilst low values were found in stages III and IV and in unfavourable histological types. A correlation between the percentage of T-lymphocytes and the PHA-stimulation was found in early stages, but not in stages III and IV. There was also a correlation between the absolute number of T-lymphocytes and skin reactivity. The percentage of DNA-synthesizing lymphocytes was significantly higher than in normal blood. The highest values were found in stages III and IV and in unfavourable histological types. After radiation therapy the T-lymphopenia, the diminished PHA-stimulation as well as anergy was more pronounced than after chemotherapy.", "contents": "[T-lymphocytes and their function in Hodgkin's disease]. In untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease the percentage of T-lymphocytes was significantly reduced in comparison to healthy controls independent of the stage of the disease. The absolute number of T-lymphocytes was also reduced in most patients. The response of lymphocytes after PHA-stimulation was diminished parallel with the skin reactivity: Normal results were obtained in early stages and with favorable histological types whilst low values were found in stages III and IV and in unfavourable histological types. A correlation between the percentage of T-lymphocytes and the PHA-stimulation was found in early stages, but not in stages III and IV. There was also a correlation between the absolute number of T-lymphocytes and skin reactivity. The percentage of DNA-synthesizing lymphocytes was significantly higher than in normal blood. The highest values were found in stages III and IV and in unfavourable histological types. After radiation therapy the T-lymphopenia, the diminished PHA-stimulation as well as anergy was more pronounced than after chemotherapy.", "PMID": 308921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1835", "title": "[Immunosuppression by means of cytostatic chemotherapy. Inhibition of antibody formation and induction of tolerance in animal experiments].", "content": "Two different experimental models are presented for the induction of immunosuppression and immunological tolerance in mice with antineoplastic drugs: a) an unspecific T cell activation with a phytomitogen (phytohemagglutinin), or b) a partial synchronization of antigen-induced proliferation by mitotic blockade with vincristinsulfate prepare lymphoid tissue for an increased sensitivity to cyclophosphamide. With the first model a complete (antigen-nonspecific) inhibition of antibody production--mediated by an inactivation of T cells which act synergistically with antibody-forming cell precursors during the induction of the humoral immune response (\"helper cells\") -- has been demonstrated. The second model was shown to be suitable for the induction of immunotolerance, indicating a rather selective suppression of a clone of antigen-specific cells.", "contents": "[Immunosuppression by means of cytostatic chemotherapy. Inhibition of antibody formation and induction of tolerance in animal experiments]. Two different experimental models are presented for the induction of immunosuppression and immunological tolerance in mice with antineoplastic drugs: a) an unspecific T cell activation with a phytomitogen (phytohemagglutinin), or b) a partial synchronization of antigen-induced proliferation by mitotic blockade with vincristinsulfate prepare lymphoid tissue for an increased sensitivity to cyclophosphamide. With the first model a complete (antigen-nonspecific) inhibition of antibody production--mediated by an inactivation of T cells which act synergistically with antibody-forming cell precursors during the induction of the humoral immune response (\"helper cells\") -- has been demonstrated. The second model was shown to be suitable for the induction of immunotolerance, indicating a rather selective suppression of a clone of antigen-specific cells.", "PMID": 308923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1836", "title": "Characterization and mitogenic activity of Haemophilus influenzae type B capsular polysaccharide.", "content": "Studies were conducted on the characterization of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (HITB-PS) and its mitogenic activity upon peripheral lymphocytes. This capsular polysaccharide was found to contain hexosamines and hexoses in addition to the main components of ribose and ribitol phosphate. The molecular weight of HITB-PS was determined as 585,000. The affinity constant of HITB-PS to unfractionated lymphocytes was 3.13 X 10(3) M-1 with 1.11 X 10(4) binding sites per cell. HITB-PS was found to be mitogenic for both human T and B lymphocytes. At optimum doses, a three to five fold increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation into T and B cells was observed. Higher than optimum doses resulted in suppression of this mitogenicity. The effect of concanavalin A (Con A) mitogenicity was detected in T and B cells treated with effective as well as suppressive doses of HITB-PS; the mitogenic activities of Con A and HITB-PS were found to be independent of each other.", "contents": "Characterization and mitogenic activity of Haemophilus influenzae type B capsular polysaccharide. Studies were conducted on the characterization of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (HITB-PS) and its mitogenic activity upon peripheral lymphocytes. This capsular polysaccharide was found to contain hexosamines and hexoses in addition to the main components of ribose and ribitol phosphate. The molecular weight of HITB-PS was determined as 585,000. The affinity constant of HITB-PS to unfractionated lymphocytes was 3.13 X 10(3) M-1 with 1.11 X 10(4) binding sites per cell. HITB-PS was found to be mitogenic for both human T and B lymphocytes. At optimum doses, a three to five fold increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation into T and B cells was observed. Higher than optimum doses resulted in suppression of this mitogenicity. The effect of concanavalin A (Con A) mitogenicity was detected in T and B cells treated with effective as well as suppressive doses of HITB-PS; the mitogenic activities of Con A and HITB-PS were found to be independent of each other.", "PMID": 308927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1837", "title": "Mitogenic factor from chronically infected guinea pigs.", "content": "A lymphokine produced by antigen stimulated lymphocytes, induces blastogenesis in cultures of lymphocytes which are not sensitive to the specific antigen. The in vitro production of this factor (MF) was accomplished utilizing peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from Coccidioides immitis infected guinea pigs. Production of MF by lymphoid cultures paralleled skin test reactivity of the donor animal. Removal of adherent cells from the PE population did not decrease the production of MF; conversely, a more significant production of MF was effected by the adherent cell depleted populations. Maximal production of MF was achieved at non-adherent cell concentrations from 4 X 10(6) to 8 X 10(6) cells/ml. Cell concentrations below 4 X 10(6)/ml produced material which inhibited DNA synthesis in test cultures. MF was separated from the inhibitory substance(s) by column chromatography of the crude preparations on Sephadex G-75. Inhibitor(s) eluted in the void volume (VO), and the MF eluted in an effluent volume (Ve) which was greater than the total bed volume (Vt) suggesting that MF is adsorbed by Sephadex beads.", "contents": "Mitogenic factor from chronically infected guinea pigs. A lymphokine produced by antigen stimulated lymphocytes, induces blastogenesis in cultures of lymphocytes which are not sensitive to the specific antigen. The in vitro production of this factor (MF) was accomplished utilizing peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from Coccidioides immitis infected guinea pigs. Production of MF by lymphoid cultures paralleled skin test reactivity of the donor animal. Removal of adherent cells from the PE population did not decrease the production of MF; conversely, a more significant production of MF was effected by the adherent cell depleted populations. Maximal production of MF was achieved at non-adherent cell concentrations from 4 X 10(6) to 8 X 10(6) cells/ml. Cell concentrations below 4 X 10(6)/ml produced material which inhibited DNA synthesis in test cultures. MF was separated from the inhibitory substance(s) by column chromatography of the crude preparations on Sephadex G-75. Inhibitor(s) eluted in the void volume (VO), and the MF eluted in an effluent volume (Ve) which was greater than the total bed volume (Vt) suggesting that MF is adsorbed by Sephadex beads.", "PMID": 308928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1838", "title": "Different mitogenic activity of soluble and insoluble staphylococcal protein A (SPA).", "content": "The response to SPA and Staphylococcus strain Cowan I (StaCw) of highly purified populations of peripheral blood and tonsil human lymphocytes was investigated. Purified T lymphocytes isolated from perpheral blood by E-rosetting were unable to respond in vitro to StaCw. Highly purified B-cell populations from tonsils did not show any proliferative response in the presence of soluble SPA. The addition to highly purified B-cell suspensions from human tonsils of increasing concentrations of autologous T lymphocytes did not induce any increase of thymidine uptake in the presence of StaCw. However, it was able to restore a marked proliferative response of the B-cell cultures to soluble SPA, even though mitomycin-treated T lymphocytes were added. The low response of highly purified peripheral blood T lymphocytes to soluble SPA could be potentiated by the addition of autologous mitomycin-treated B cells, whereas the unresponsiveness of purified T lymphocytes to StaCw was not affected. Mitogenic activity of SPA coupled to Sepharose beads was different from that of soluble SPA and paralleled that of StaCw. These data strongly suggest that insoluble SPA is a T-cell-independent B-cell mitogen in man, whereas soluble SPA, like PWM, exerts its activity on B cells only in the presence of T cells.", "contents": "Different mitogenic activity of soluble and insoluble staphylococcal protein A (SPA). The response to SPA and Staphylococcus strain Cowan I (StaCw) of highly purified populations of peripheral blood and tonsil human lymphocytes was investigated. Purified T lymphocytes isolated from perpheral blood by E-rosetting were unable to respond in vitro to StaCw. Highly purified B-cell populations from tonsils did not show any proliferative response in the presence of soluble SPA. The addition to highly purified B-cell suspensions from human tonsils of increasing concentrations of autologous T lymphocytes did not induce any increase of thymidine uptake in the presence of StaCw. However, it was able to restore a marked proliferative response of the B-cell cultures to soluble SPA, even though mitomycin-treated T lymphocytes were added. The low response of highly purified peripheral blood T lymphocytes to soluble SPA could be potentiated by the addition of autologous mitomycin-treated B cells, whereas the unresponsiveness of purified T lymphocytes to StaCw was not affected. Mitogenic activity of SPA coupled to Sepharose beads was different from that of soluble SPA and paralleled that of StaCw. These data strongly suggest that insoluble SPA is a T-cell-independent B-cell mitogen in man, whereas soluble SPA, like PWM, exerts its activity on B cells only in the presence of T cells.", "PMID": 308929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1839", "title": "Influenzal pneumonia: early appearance of cross-reactive T cells in lungs of mice primed with heterologous type A viruses.", "content": "Mice were first primed with a type A or a type B influenza virus and then challenged intranasally at least 1 month later with another type A virus. Potent cytotoxic T cell populations were found in lung, and effector T cell function was also demonstrated in blood, spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes. Lymphocytes isolated from all of these anatomical sites were active against target cells infected with the same, or with serologically different, type A influenza viruses. Also, prior exposure to another type A virus resulted in more rapid development of effector function than was seen in mice that had first been infected with B/Lee. Cytotoxic T cell populations generated in mice with influenza thus tend overall to be type-specific, and there is substantial localization of these effector lymphocytes in the pneumonic lung.", "contents": "Influenzal pneumonia: early appearance of cross-reactive T cells in lungs of mice primed with heterologous type A viruses. Mice were first primed with a type A or a type B influenza virus and then challenged intranasally at least 1 month later with another type A virus. Potent cytotoxic T cell populations were found in lung, and effector T cell function was also demonstrated in blood, spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes. Lymphocytes isolated from all of these anatomical sites were active against target cells infected with the same, or with serologically different, type A influenza viruses. Also, prior exposure to another type A virus resulted in more rapid development of effector function than was seen in mice that had first been infected with B/Lee. Cytotoxic T cell populations generated in mice with influenza thus tend overall to be type-specific, and there is substantial localization of these effector lymphocytes in the pneumonic lung.", "PMID": 308930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1840", "title": "The effect of passive immunization against tetanus toxoid in man.", "content": "The present study deals with the immunological response in man after passive immunization against tetanus toxoid. Treatment of man with equine antitetanus serum stimulates a rise of E rosette-forming T lymphocytes. The level of IgG also rises while the level of IgM falls. It is assumed that the foreign globulin acts as an antigen that evokes the T lymphocytes' co-operation for the humoral immune response with a switch from IgM to IgG synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of passive immunization against tetanus toxoid in man. The present study deals with the immunological response in man after passive immunization against tetanus toxoid. Treatment of man with equine antitetanus serum stimulates a rise of E rosette-forming T lymphocytes. The level of IgG also rises while the level of IgM falls. It is assumed that the foreign globulin acts as an antigen that evokes the T lymphocytes' co-operation for the humoral immune response with a switch from IgM to IgG synthesis.", "PMID": 308931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1841", "title": "Immune reactions associated with practolol therapy.", "content": "A review of adverse reactions following practolol therapy is presented. The appearance of antinuclear antibodies seems to herald the clinical manifestations. Antinuclear antibodies were found in 30% of patients treated with practolol for prolonged periods. It is suggested that patients who develop an immune reaction following practolol metabolize the drug differently than those who do not.", "contents": "Immune reactions associated with practolol therapy. A review of adverse reactions following practolol therapy is presented. The appearance of antinuclear antibodies seems to herald the clinical manifestations. Antinuclear antibodies were found in 30% of patients treated with practolol for prolonged periods. It is suggested that patients who develop an immune reaction following practolol metabolize the drug differently than those who do not.", "PMID": 308936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1842", "title": "Alterations in cardiovascular function during neurolept anesthesia for surgery on the coronary vessels.", "content": "Induction of anesthesia for aortocoronary bypass surgery was accomplished by the administration of droperidol, morphine, oxygen and nitrous oxide-oxygen in 20 patients. They ranged from 40 to 69 years of age. Premedication consisted of diphenhydramine and morphine. Cardiovascular stability was the most important aspect of the technique. Heart rate changes were insignificant. Cardiac index increased substantially after droperiodol and remained unchanged after morphine. It stayed around control levels for the rest of the induction. A substantial decrease was observed while using mechanical ventilation. Mean arterial pressure dropped significantly after droperidol and again after morphine, then rose about 17% after oxygen to near control levels, where it stayed thereafter. Peripheral vascular resistance dropped substantially after droperidol. A significant increase occurred after oxygen, reaching almost control levels at this point. Mechanical ventilation caused a significant increase, similar to the decrease in the cardiac index. Decreased oxygen availability was compensated for by decreased oxygen consumption. Induction of neurolept anesthesia in the manner described appears to be void of the undesirable effects of either large doses of morphine, or nitrous oxide-oxygen following such morphine doses. Amnesia was complete in every patient.", "contents": "Alterations in cardiovascular function during neurolept anesthesia for surgery on the coronary vessels. Induction of anesthesia for aortocoronary bypass surgery was accomplished by the administration of droperidol, morphine, oxygen and nitrous oxide-oxygen in 20 patients. They ranged from 40 to 69 years of age. Premedication consisted of diphenhydramine and morphine. Cardiovascular stability was the most important aspect of the technique. Heart rate changes were insignificant. Cardiac index increased substantially after droperiodol and remained unchanged after morphine. It stayed around control levels for the rest of the induction. A substantial decrease was observed while using mechanical ventilation. Mean arterial pressure dropped significantly after droperidol and again after morphine, then rose about 17% after oxygen to near control levels, where it stayed thereafter. Peripheral vascular resistance dropped substantially after droperidol. A significant increase occurred after oxygen, reaching almost control levels at this point. Mechanical ventilation caused a significant increase, similar to the decrease in the cardiac index. Decreased oxygen availability was compensated for by decreased oxygen consumption. Induction of neurolept anesthesia in the manner described appears to be void of the undesirable effects of either large doses of morphine, or nitrous oxide-oxygen following such morphine doses. Amnesia was complete in every patient.", "PMID": 308937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1843", "title": "Laser-coagulation of ruptured fixation suture after lens-implantation.", "content": "Before it was known that polyamide tends to dissolve in tissue, nylon sutures were used to fixate 2-loop-Medallion-lenses to the iris. As was to be expected cases turned up in which the suture had ruptured. This situation entails the danger of contact between the end of the broken suture and the endothelium. By coagulation of the suture with a laser beam the danger was eliminated.", "contents": "Laser-coagulation of ruptured fixation suture after lens-implantation. Before it was known that polyamide tends to dissolve in tissue, nylon sutures were used to fixate 2-loop-Medallion-lenses to the iris. As was to be expected cases turned up in which the suture had ruptured. This situation entails the danger of contact between the end of the broken suture and the endothelium. By coagulation of the suture with a laser beam the danger was eliminated.", "PMID": 308942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1844", "title": "Corneal dellen following cataract extraction with lens implantation.", "content": "Two cases of dellen following cataract extraction with implant insertion are described. Etiology may be based upon deprivation of nervous and vascular supplies, and possibly related to large corneal sections. Conservative therapy was found to be sufficient in restoring the corneal integrity.", "contents": "Corneal dellen following cataract extraction with lens implantation. Two cases of dellen following cataract extraction with implant insertion are described. Etiology may be based upon deprivation of nervous and vascular supplies, and possibly related to large corneal sections. Conservative therapy was found to be sufficient in restoring the corneal integrity.", "PMID": 308943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1845", "title": "A study of the mechanism of action of Taka-amylase A1 on linear oligosaccharides by product analysis and computer simulation.", "content": "The action pattern and mechanism of the Taka-amylase A-catalyzed reaction were studied quantitatively and kinetically by product analysis, using a series of maltooligosaccharides from maltotriose (G3) to maltoheptaose (G7) labeled at the reducing end with 14C-glucose. A marked concentration dependency of the product distribution from the end-labeled oligosaccharides was found, Especially with G3 and G4 as substrates. The relative cleavage frequency at the first glycosidic bond counting from the nonreducing end of the substrate increases with increasing substrate concentration. Further product analyses with unlabeled and end-labeled G3 as substrates yielded the following findings: 1) Maltose is produced in much greater yield than glucose from unlabeled G3 at high concentration (73 mM). 2) Maltooligosaccharides higher than the starting substrate were found in the hydrolysate of labeled G3. 3) Nonreducing end-labeled maltose (G-G), which is a specific product of condensation, was found to amount to only about 4% of the total labeled maltose. Based on these findings, it was concluded that transglycosylation plays a significant role in the reaction at high concentrations of G3, although the contribution of condensation cannot be ignored. A new method for evaluating subsite affinities is proposed; it is based on the combination of the kinetic parameter (ko/Km) and the bond-cleavage distribution at a sufficiently low substrate concentration, where transglycosylation and condensation can be ignored. This method was applied to evaluate the subsite affinities of Taka-amylase A. Based on a reaction scheme which involves hydrolysis, transglycosylation and condensation, the time courses of the formation of various products were simulated, using the Runge-Kutta-Gill method. Good agreement with the experimental results was obtained.", "contents": "A study of the mechanism of action of Taka-amylase A1 on linear oligosaccharides by product analysis and computer simulation. The action pattern and mechanism of the Taka-amylase A-catalyzed reaction were studied quantitatively and kinetically by product analysis, using a series of maltooligosaccharides from maltotriose (G3) to maltoheptaose (G7) labeled at the reducing end with 14C-glucose. A marked concentration dependency of the product distribution from the end-labeled oligosaccharides was found, Especially with G3 and G4 as substrates. The relative cleavage frequency at the first glycosidic bond counting from the nonreducing end of the substrate increases with increasing substrate concentration. Further product analyses with unlabeled and end-labeled G3 as substrates yielded the following findings: 1) Maltose is produced in much greater yield than glucose from unlabeled G3 at high concentration (73 mM). 2) Maltooligosaccharides higher than the starting substrate were found in the hydrolysate of labeled G3. 3) Nonreducing end-labeled maltose (G-G), which is a specific product of condensation, was found to amount to only about 4% of the total labeled maltose. Based on these findings, it was concluded that transglycosylation plays a significant role in the reaction at high concentrations of G3, although the contribution of condensation cannot be ignored. A new method for evaluating subsite affinities is proposed; it is based on the combination of the kinetic parameter (ko/Km) and the bond-cleavage distribution at a sufficiently low substrate concentration, where transglycosylation and condensation can be ignored. This method was applied to evaluate the subsite affinities of Taka-amylase A. Based on a reaction scheme which involves hydrolysis, transglycosylation and condensation, the time courses of the formation of various products were simulated, using the Runge-Kutta-Gill method. Good agreement with the experimental results was obtained.", "PMID": 308947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1846", "title": "Nonuniform distribution of concanavalin-A receptors and surface antigens on uropod-forming thymocytes.", "content": "Uropods can form spontaneously in a variable fraction of mouse thymocytes incubated for 30--60 min in vitro at temperatures between about 8 degrees and 37 degrees C. The majority of the cells with a typical uropod are medium and large thymocytes. The \"normal\" distribution of concanavalin-A receptors and antigens recognized by a rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum was studied on these cells by electron microscopy using ferritin-conjugated lectin or antibodies. The cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde before labeling. The distribution was essentially uniform on spherical cells. On the contrary, on cells which had formed a uropod the labeled receptors and antigens appeared to be preferentially concentrated around the nucleus, and depleted over the uropod, and especially over the constriction at the base of the uropod. Uropod formation and inhomogeneous distribution were inhibited or reversed by cytochalasin B, but not by vinblastine or colchicine. When the same ligands were applied to unfixed cells, the labeled and cross-linked components capped normally towards the cytoplasmic pole of the cell. These observations are described in relation to the ability of receptors and antigens to interact with an intracellular mechanical structure, and to the mechanism of capping.", "contents": "Nonuniform distribution of concanavalin-A receptors and surface antigens on uropod-forming thymocytes. Uropods can form spontaneously in a variable fraction of mouse thymocytes incubated for 30--60 min in vitro at temperatures between about 8 degrees and 37 degrees C. The majority of the cells with a typical uropod are medium and large thymocytes. The \"normal\" distribution of concanavalin-A receptors and antigens recognized by a rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum was studied on these cells by electron microscopy using ferritin-conjugated lectin or antibodies. The cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde before labeling. The distribution was essentially uniform on spherical cells. On the contrary, on cells which had formed a uropod the labeled receptors and antigens appeared to be preferentially concentrated around the nucleus, and depleted over the uropod, and especially over the constriction at the base of the uropod. Uropod formation and inhomogeneous distribution were inhibited or reversed by cytochalasin B, but not by vinblastine or colchicine. When the same ligands were applied to unfixed cells, the labeled and cross-linked components capped normally towards the cytoplasmic pole of the cell. These observations are described in relation to the ability of receptors and antigens to interact with an intracellular mechanical structure, and to the mechanism of capping.", "PMID": 308949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1847", "title": "Amino acid transport in thymic- and spleen-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "We have examined the transport of amino acids by the sodium-dependent \"A\" and \"ASC\" system in thymic- and splenic-derived lymphocytes from the Long-Evans rat. Lymphocytes derived from the thymus transport amino acids by both the \"A\" and \"ASC\" systems, whereas lymphocytes from the spleen transport amino acids by the \"ASC\" system only. Thymic lymphocytes are capable of establishing a steady state distribution ratio of 7.9 for 2-aminoisobutyric acid, but splenic lymphocytes can attain only 3.5. The steady state distribution ratio of alanine was the same in both cell types. Sodium-independent transport is also different in splenic and thymic lymphocytes. But both cells move amino acids by a Na+-independent system for mediated exchange-diffusion. The studies show that lymphocytes derived from the spleen and thymus transport amino acids differently, and that the \"T\" lymphocytes from the spleen have membrane transport systems different from \"T\" lymphocytes from the thymus.", "contents": "Amino acid transport in thymic- and spleen-derived lymphocytes. We have examined the transport of amino acids by the sodium-dependent \"A\" and \"ASC\" system in thymic- and splenic-derived lymphocytes from the Long-Evans rat. Lymphocytes derived from the thymus transport amino acids by both the \"A\" and \"ASC\" systems, whereas lymphocytes from the spleen transport amino acids by the \"ASC\" system only. Thymic lymphocytes are capable of establishing a steady state distribution ratio of 7.9 for 2-aminoisobutyric acid, but splenic lymphocytes can attain only 3.5. The steady state distribution ratio of alanine was the same in both cell types. Sodium-independent transport is also different in splenic and thymic lymphocytes. But both cells move amino acids by a Na+-independent system for mediated exchange-diffusion. The studies show that lymphocytes derived from the spleen and thymus transport amino acids differently, and that the \"T\" lymphocytes from the spleen have membrane transport systems different from \"T\" lymphocytes from the thymus.", "PMID": 308950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1848", "title": "Extracellular matrix synthesis in blastula and gastrula stages of normal and hybrid frog embryos. IV. Biochemical and autoradiographic observations on fucose-, glucose-, and mannose-labelled materials.", "content": "Normal Rana pipiens gastrulae show more incorporation of isotopically labelled fucose, glucose, and mannose into TCA-insoluble materials than blastulae. Interspecific hybrid embryos which undergo developmental arrest at the onset of gastrulation often synthesize reduced amounts of fucose-, glucose- and mannose-labelled materials. These materials are high-molecular weight and are degraded by Pronase into fragments which are included in Sepharose CL-4B but excluded from Sephadex G-50. Labelled materials contain label predominantly in fucose and galactose with little label in glucose or mannose. Labelled materials migrate slowly on cellulose acetate, bind to DEAE-cellulose and elute at low ionic strength and are precipitated by cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) without the addition of carrier compounds. Pulse-chase labelling experiments and light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography were used to examine the site of synthesis, mode of transport, and sites of deposition of fucose-, glucose- and mannose-labelled materials in different developmental stages of normal developing Rana pipiens embryos and interspecific hybrid embryos formed by fertilizing the eggs of R. pipiens with the sperm of R. catesbeiana. In both normal and hybrid embryos, after a 15-30-min pulse, grains are closely associated with juxtanuclear and cytoplasmic collections of membrane-bound vesicles which resemble the Golgi apparatus. In normal embryos following a 15-30-min pulse and a 60-min chase, grains are largely cleared from the cytoplasmic vesicles and deposited in the extracellular spaces or along cell surfaces. In contrast, arrested hybrid embryos given a 15-30-min pulse and a 60-min chase show a marked accumulation of grains over cytoplasmic structures such as the Golgi apparatus and vesicular elements in the cell cortex. Certain interesting features of regional variation in synthetic activity in developing normal embryos are also described.", "contents": "Extracellular matrix synthesis in blastula and gastrula stages of normal and hybrid frog embryos. IV. Biochemical and autoradiographic observations on fucose-, glucose-, and mannose-labelled materials. Normal Rana pipiens gastrulae show more incorporation of isotopically labelled fucose, glucose, and mannose into TCA-insoluble materials than blastulae. Interspecific hybrid embryos which undergo developmental arrest at the onset of gastrulation often synthesize reduced amounts of fucose-, glucose- and mannose-labelled materials. These materials are high-molecular weight and are degraded by Pronase into fragments which are included in Sepharose CL-4B but excluded from Sephadex G-50. Labelled materials contain label predominantly in fucose and galactose with little label in glucose or mannose. Labelled materials migrate slowly on cellulose acetate, bind to DEAE-cellulose and elute at low ionic strength and are precipitated by cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) without the addition of carrier compounds. Pulse-chase labelling experiments and light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography were used to examine the site of synthesis, mode of transport, and sites of deposition of fucose-, glucose- and mannose-labelled materials in different developmental stages of normal developing Rana pipiens embryos and interspecific hybrid embryos formed by fertilizing the eggs of R. pipiens with the sperm of R. catesbeiana. In both normal and hybrid embryos, after a 15-30-min pulse, grains are closely associated with juxtanuclear and cytoplasmic collections of membrane-bound vesicles which resemble the Golgi apparatus. In normal embryos following a 15-30-min pulse and a 60-min chase, grains are largely cleared from the cytoplasmic vesicles and deposited in the extracellular spaces or along cell surfaces. In contrast, arrested hybrid embryos given a 15-30-min pulse and a 60-min chase show a marked accumulation of grains over cytoplasmic structures such as the Golgi apparatus and vesicular elements in the cell cortex. Certain interesting features of regional variation in synthetic activity in developing normal embryos are also described.", "PMID": 308951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1849", "title": "Suppressor-cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cells involved and in vitro correction.", "content": "To characterize the cell(s) responsible for the suppressor-cell dysfunction in active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we fractionated blood mononuclear cells into thymus-derived (T), bone marrow-derived (B), and monocyte-depleted populations. Various cell populations from active SLE, inactive SLE, or normals, were activated with Concanavalin A, washed, and then co-cultured with active SLE cells. Soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS) from culture supernates of the activated cells was also used for the possible correction of the suppressor-cell dysfunction. Suppression was tested by enumerating DNA-binding cells by radioautography and by quantitating anti-DNA antibody in culture supernates by radioimmunoassay; and immunoglobulin was tested in cells and supernates by the immunofluorescence and the immunofluor techniques, respectively. Except for the numbers of DNA-binding cells, which were not suppressed, all the other three parameters in co-cultures with cells from active SLE patients were suppressed by Concanavalin A-activated cells (P < 0.001), or by SIRS (P < 0.05) from normals or inactive SLE patients. Concanavalin A-activated autologous or allogeneic active SLE cells and nonactivated cells from active or inactive SLE failed to suppress the various B-cell functions. Nonactivated normal cells suppressed levels of anti-DNA and immunoglobulin in supernates (P < 0.05). In characterizing the cells responsible for the suppressor dysfunction, it was clear from the results that T cells responsive to Concanavalin A activation are deficient in active SLE and fail to generate SIRS. On the other hand, monocytes from active SLE patients are responsive to signals from the activated T cells of normals or inactive SLE donors. Because SIRS suppresses active SLE cells in vitro, it might be considered therapeutically for the in vivo modulation of SLE.", "contents": "Suppressor-cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cells involved and in vitro correction. To characterize the cell(s) responsible for the suppressor-cell dysfunction in active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we fractionated blood mononuclear cells into thymus-derived (T), bone marrow-derived (B), and monocyte-depleted populations. Various cell populations from active SLE, inactive SLE, or normals, were activated with Concanavalin A, washed, and then co-cultured with active SLE cells. Soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS) from culture supernates of the activated cells was also used for the possible correction of the suppressor-cell dysfunction. Suppression was tested by enumerating DNA-binding cells by radioautography and by quantitating anti-DNA antibody in culture supernates by radioimmunoassay; and immunoglobulin was tested in cells and supernates by the immunofluorescence and the immunofluor techniques, respectively. Except for the numbers of DNA-binding cells, which were not suppressed, all the other three parameters in co-cultures with cells from active SLE patients were suppressed by Concanavalin A-activated cells (P < 0.001), or by SIRS (P < 0.05) from normals or inactive SLE patients. Concanavalin A-activated autologous or allogeneic active SLE cells and nonactivated cells from active or inactive SLE failed to suppress the various B-cell functions. Nonactivated normal cells suppressed levels of anti-DNA and immunoglobulin in supernates (P < 0.05). In characterizing the cells responsible for the suppressor dysfunction, it was clear from the results that T cells responsive to Concanavalin A activation are deficient in active SLE and fail to generate SIRS. On the other hand, monocytes from active SLE patients are responsive to signals from the activated T cells of normals or inactive SLE donors. Because SIRS suppresses active SLE cells in vitro, it might be considered therapeutically for the in vivo modulation of SLE.", "PMID": 308952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1850", "title": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia. Origin of some lymphocytes from leukemic stem cells.", "content": "In three patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia who were heterozygous at the X-linked glucose-6-phosph\u00e1te dehydrogenase locus, lymphocytes were studied to determine if they had the same stem cell origin as the leukemic myeloid cells. Normal tissues such as skin had both B and A glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, but the leukemic myelogenous cells displayed only one isoenzyme type, consistent with their clonal origin. A population of cells with undoubted thymus-derived (T)-lymphocyte characteristics had both isoenzymes. Presumably, then, these T cells did not arise from the leukemic stem cell, either because they antedated the development of leukemia in that stem cell or, more likely, because they arose from progenitors not involved by the disease. In contrast, another population of lymphocytes showed only one isoenzyme type, suggesting that it arose from the chronic myelocytic leukemia stem cell. However, although this population contained many cells with the characteristics of bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes, it is not certain that the single enzyme produced by the cells over all can be attributed to B lymphocytes rather than to contaminating non-B-lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia. Origin of some lymphocytes from leukemic stem cells. In three patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia who were heterozygous at the X-linked glucose-6-phosph\u00e1te dehydrogenase locus, lymphocytes were studied to determine if they had the same stem cell origin as the leukemic myeloid cells. Normal tissues such as skin had both B and A glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, but the leukemic myelogenous cells displayed only one isoenzyme type, consistent with their clonal origin. A population of cells with undoubted thymus-derived (T)-lymphocyte characteristics had both isoenzymes. Presumably, then, these T cells did not arise from the leukemic stem cell, either because they antedated the development of leukemia in that stem cell or, more likely, because they arose from progenitors not involved by the disease. In contrast, another population of lymphocytes showed only one isoenzyme type, suggesting that it arose from the chronic myelocytic leukemia stem cell. However, although this population contained many cells with the characteristics of bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes, it is not certain that the single enzyme produced by the cells over all can be attributed to B lymphocytes rather than to contaminating non-B-lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 308953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1851", "title": "Overproduction of adenine deoxynucleosides and deoxynucletides in adenosine deaminase deficiency with severe combined immunodeficiency disease.", "content": "The deoxynucleotide, dATP, is elevated 50- to 1,000-fold above normal in erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and bone marrow from a child with adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency disease. The child, when 17 mo of age, was also excreting approximately 30 mg of deoxyadenosine per day in urine (normal is less than 0.1 mg/day). Urinary excretion of uric acid was decreased. Elevated dATP levels in lymphocytes and bone marrow, and increased  urinary excretion of deoxyadenosine, persisted despite hypertransfusion of the child with irradiated erythrocytes from a donor with normal adenosine deaminase. Overproduction of deoxynucleotides by increased salvage of adenosine appears to be the primary metabolic abnormality in patients with adenosine de aminase deficiency.", "contents": "Overproduction of adenine deoxynucleosides and deoxynucletides in adenosine deaminase deficiency with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. The deoxynucleotide, dATP, is elevated 50- to 1,000-fold above normal in erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and bone marrow from a child with adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency disease. The child, when 17 mo of age, was also excreting approximately 30 mg of deoxyadenosine per day in urine (normal is less than 0.1 mg/day). Urinary excretion of uric acid was decreased. Elevated dATP levels in lymphocytes and bone marrow, and increased  urinary excretion of deoxyadenosine, persisted despite hypertransfusion of the child with irradiated erythrocytes from a donor with normal adenosine deaminase. Overproduction of deoxynucleotides by increased salvage of adenosine appears to be the primary metabolic abnormality in patients with adenosine de aminase deficiency.", "PMID": 308954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1852", "title": "General anaesthesia for periodontal surgery.", "content": "A technique is described in which full-mouth periodontal surgery is carried out under general anaesthesia. The use of an endotracheal tube with inflatable cuff allows good visibility and access to all parts of the mouth unhampered by a throat pack; access is further improved by sloping the operating table foot-down. A system of haemorrhage control is used involving a combination of procedures: smooth anaesthetic induction and controlled carbon dioxide levels; intravenous injection of a fibrinolytic inhibitor (epsilon amino-caproic acid); foot-down tilt to the operating table and infiltration with local analgesic solution. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed.", "contents": "General anaesthesia for periodontal surgery. A technique is described in which full-mouth periodontal surgery is carried out under general anaesthesia. The use of an endotracheal tube with inflatable cuff allows good visibility and access to all parts of the mouth unhampered by a throat pack; access is further improved by sloping the operating table foot-down. A system of haemorrhage control is used involving a combination of procedures: smooth anaesthetic induction and controlled carbon dioxide levels; intravenous injection of a fibrinolytic inhibitor (epsilon amino-caproic acid); foot-down tilt to the operating table and infiltration with local analgesic solution. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed.", "PMID": 308955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1853", "title": "Computer assisted ventriculography.", "content": "Computed tomography was performed following iothalamate meglumine (Conray) ventriculography in two cases of colloid cyst of the third ventricle. The application of this technique in the diagnosis of intraventricular mass lesions is discussed.", "contents": "Computer assisted ventriculography. Computed tomography was performed following iothalamate meglumine (Conray) ventriculography in two cases of colloid cyst of the third ventricle. The application of this technique in the diagnosis of intraventricular mass lesions is discussed.", "PMID": 308956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1854", "title": "Cytotoxic activities of normal cultured human T cells.", "content": "Normal human T cells grown in continued cultures in medium containing conditioned medium (CM) from PHA-stimulated lymphocytes were studied for their ability to manifest three known forms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity: lectin-induced cellular cytotoxicity (LICC), natural killer cell (NK) activity, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The cultured T cells (CTC) were very effective mediators of LICC, being cytotoxic even at very low attacker-target cell ratios in the presence of different lectins, and against different types of targets. When tested without the addition of lectin, the CTC demonstrated a low degree of spontaneous cytotoxicity. This spontaneous cytotoxicity might not be due to conventional NK cells however, since the CTC failed to show significant numbers of cells with Fc receptors (FcR) for IgG, and had no detectable ADCC activity. CTC could represent a population enriched in polyclonal activated T cells with low spontaneous cytotoxicity against a variety of allogeneic target cells, which is greatly enhanced by the addition of lectins dur ing the 51Cr release assay.", "contents": "Cytotoxic activities of normal cultured human T cells. Normal human T cells grown in continued cultures in medium containing conditioned medium (CM) from PHA-stimulated lymphocytes were studied for their ability to manifest three known forms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity: lectin-induced cellular cytotoxicity (LICC), natural killer cell (NK) activity, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The cultured T cells (CTC) were very effective mediators of LICC, being cytotoxic even at very low attacker-target cell ratios in the presence of different lectins, and against different types of targets. When tested without the addition of lectin, the CTC demonstrated a low degree of spontaneous cytotoxicity. This spontaneous cytotoxicity might not be due to conventional NK cells however, since the CTC failed to show significant numbers of cells with Fc receptors (FcR) for IgG, and had no detectable ADCC activity. CTC could represent a population enriched in polyclonal activated T cells with low spontaneous cytotoxicity against a variety of allogeneic target cells, which is greatly enhanced by the addition of lectins dur ing the 51Cr release assay.", "PMID": 308961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1855", "title": "Biochemical relationship of thymocyte mitogenic factor and factors enhancing humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.", "content": "Supernatants from concanavalin A-induced mouse spleen cells contain soluble factors which: 1) augment the anti-sheep erythrocyte hemolytic plaque-forming cell response of nude mouse spleen cells, 2) facilitate the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic cells by alloantigen-stimulated thymocytes, and 3) enhance the mitogenic response of thymocytes in the presence or absence of phytohemagglutinin. The uninduced control spleen cell supernatants contained variable but significantly less biologic activity within the difference assay systems. The principle enhancing activity (apparent m.w. 35,000 to 38,000) in each of the assay systems was found to be inseparable after a multiple step purification scheme involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, two-cycle gel filtration, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl Sepharose. These results indicate that either a single factor (designated thymocyte mitogenic factor) augments both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses or, alternatively, the different biologic activities are mediated by different factors that share a common core structure.", "contents": "Biochemical relationship of thymocyte mitogenic factor and factors enhancing humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Supernatants from concanavalin A-induced mouse spleen cells contain soluble factors which: 1) augment the anti-sheep erythrocyte hemolytic plaque-forming cell response of nude mouse spleen cells, 2) facilitate the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic cells by alloantigen-stimulated thymocytes, and 3) enhance the mitogenic response of thymocytes in the presence or absence of phytohemagglutinin. The uninduced control spleen cell supernatants contained variable but significantly less biologic activity within the difference assay systems. The principle enhancing activity (apparent m.w. 35,000 to 38,000) in each of the assay systems was found to be inseparable after a multiple step purification scheme involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, two-cycle gel filtration, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl Sepharose. These results indicate that either a single factor (designated thymocyte mitogenic factor) augments both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses or, alternatively, the different biologic activities are mediated by different factors that share a common core structure.", "PMID": 308962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1856", "title": "Expression of human T lymphocyte antigens by killer cells.", "content": "K cells, the effectors of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, were found to express human T but not B lymphocyte antigens detected by rabbit anti-HTLA and anti-HBLA. Pretreatment of effector cells with anti-HTLA+C inhibited ADCC by specifically lysing K cells: no inhibition of ADCC by anti-HTLA occurred when deltaC was substituted for C. By contrast, pretreatment of effector cells with anti-HBLA nonspecifically inhibited ADCC, probably for forming antigen-antibody complexes with HBLA+ cells in effector suspensions: a) treatment with anti-HBLA deltaC was more inhibitory of ADCC than treatment with anti-HBLA+C, and b) the inhibitory effect of anti-HBLA on ADCC was either eliminated or markedly reduced if effector suspensions were first passed through a nylon fiber column, a procedure that removed most HBLA+ cells without affecting K cell activity. HTLA antigens expressed by K cells and NK cells are the same as HTLA antigens expressed by thymocytes since thymocytes completely absorb the anti-K cell and NK cell reactivity of anti-HTLA.", "contents": "Expression of human T lymphocyte antigens by killer cells. K cells, the effectors of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, were found to express human T but not B lymphocyte antigens detected by rabbit anti-HTLA and anti-HBLA. Pretreatment of effector cells with anti-HTLA+C inhibited ADCC by specifically lysing K cells: no inhibition of ADCC by anti-HTLA occurred when deltaC was substituted for C. By contrast, pretreatment of effector cells with anti-HBLA nonspecifically inhibited ADCC, probably for forming antigen-antibody complexes with HBLA+ cells in effector suspensions: a) treatment with anti-HBLA deltaC was more inhibitory of ADCC than treatment with anti-HBLA+C, and b) the inhibitory effect of anti-HBLA on ADCC was either eliminated or markedly reduced if effector suspensions were first passed through a nylon fiber column, a procedure that removed most HBLA+ cells without affecting K cell activity. HTLA antigens expressed by K cells and NK cells are the same as HTLA antigens expressed by thymocytes since thymocytes completely absorb the anti-K cell and NK cell reactivity of anti-HTLA.", "PMID": 308964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1857", "title": "Lymphocyte-activating factor. I. Generation and physicochemical characterization.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide-activated murine peritoneal macrophages elaborate lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) which is mitogenic for murine thymocytes. A method of LAF production is presented that permits the generation of a relatively homogeneous molecular species. LAF has an isoelectric point of 4.8 (range 4.7-4.9). The m.w. was determined by using several physical techniques. The apparent sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) was determined to be 2.0S by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The Stokes (molecular) radius was determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 to be 22 A (range 21.5 to 22.5); the calculated diffusion coefficient (D20,w) was 9.7 X 10(-7) cm2/sec (range 9.5 X 10(-7) to 9.9 X 10(-7). The buoyant density of LAF is 1.30 g/cm3 (range 1.27 to 1.33) as determined by CsCl isopycnic ultracentrifugation; the partial specific volume was estimated to be 0.72 (range 0.70 to 0.74). From these data, the m.w. was calculated to be 18,000 daltons (range 16,400 to 19,600) with the Svedberg equation. The frictional ratio was calculated to be 1.25.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-activating factor. I. Generation and physicochemical characterization. Lipopolysaccharide-activated murine peritoneal macrophages elaborate lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) which is mitogenic for murine thymocytes. A method of LAF production is presented that permits the generation of a relatively homogeneous molecular species. LAF has an isoelectric point of 4.8 (range 4.7-4.9). The m.w. was determined by using several physical techniques. The apparent sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) was determined to be 2.0S by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The Stokes (molecular) radius was determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 to be 22 A (range 21.5 to 22.5); the calculated diffusion coefficient (D20,w) was 9.7 X 10(-7) cm2/sec (range 9.5 X 10(-7) to 9.9 X 10(-7). The buoyant density of LAF is 1.30 g/cm3 (range 1.27 to 1.33) as determined by CsCl isopycnic ultracentrifugation; the partial specific volume was estimated to be 0.72 (range 0.70 to 0.74). From these data, the m.w. was calculated to be 18,000 daltons (range 16,400 to 19,600) with the Svedberg equation. The frictional ratio was calculated to be 1.25.", "PMID": 308965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1858", "title": "Characteristics of complement receptor-bearing cells in the spleens of tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "In the course of mammary tumor development, a population of nylon nonadherent cells with CR appears in the spleens of tumor-bearing mice although none are ever detected in normal mice. These cells apparently arise in response to immunologic stimulation. In a series of studies we have further characterized subsets of T cells (CR+ and CR-) with regard to their responses to mitogens in the lymphocyte transformation assay. Nylon column nonadherent cells from the spleens of tumor-bearing mice were rosetted in a complement receptor assay using EAC rosetting, and CR+ cells were separated from CR- by centrifugation in a discontinuous Ficoll gradient. CR+ T cells responded strongly to PHA and Con A and in addition responded to LPS, an activity not usually associated with conventional T cells. In contrast, CR- T cells from tumor-burdened mice responded to PHA but failed to respond to Con A or LPS.", "contents": "Characteristics of complement receptor-bearing cells in the spleens of tumor-bearing mice. In the course of mammary tumor development, a population of nylon nonadherent cells with CR appears in the spleens of tumor-bearing mice although none are ever detected in normal mice. These cells apparently arise in response to immunologic stimulation. In a series of studies we have further characterized subsets of T cells (CR+ and CR-) with regard to their responses to mitogens in the lymphocyte transformation assay. Nylon column nonadherent cells from the spleens of tumor-bearing mice were rosetted in a complement receptor assay using EAC rosetting, and CR+ cells were separated from CR- by centrifugation in a discontinuous Ficoll gradient. CR+ T cells responded strongly to PHA and Con A and in addition responded to LPS, an activity not usually associated with conventional T cells. In contrast, CR- T cells from tumor-burdened mice responded to PHA but failed to respond to Con A or LPS.", "PMID": 308966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1859", "title": "In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. VI. Rabbit anti-mouse cytotoxic T effector cells are inhibited by anti-rabbit T cell serum in the absence of complement.", "content": "Xenogeneic rabbit anti-mouse cell-mediated cytotoxic activity could be generated by culturing lymphoid cells from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, or peripheral blood of rabbits primed 2 to 8 weeks earlier with mouse tumor or spleen cells. MLN cells, which provided the best source of activity after being cultured with 5 to 10 X 10(6) mitomycin C-treated mouse spleen cells for 4 to 6 days, produced 30 to 90% specific isotope release after 4 to 7 hr incubation with 15Cr-labeled tumor target cells. Xenogeneic cytotoxic activity was primarily H-2 specific and could not be blocked by immune complexes but was abrogated by treatment with goat anti-rabbit thymocyte serum plus complement (ATS + C) before or after culture. Therefore, the activity appeared to be mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Furthermore, ATS without C abrogated cytotoxic activity when included in the CTL assay at concentrations of 5 to 15 microliter/10(7) effector cells. The inhibitory activity of ATS was directed to the rabbit effector population and could be absorbed completely by rabbit thymocytes. Antisera to mouse T cells with comparable cytolytic activity in the presence of C did not inhibit murine allogeneic CTL.", "contents": "In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. VI. Rabbit anti-mouse cytotoxic T effector cells are inhibited by anti-rabbit T cell serum in the absence of complement. Xenogeneic rabbit anti-mouse cell-mediated cytotoxic activity could be generated by culturing lymphoid cells from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, or peripheral blood of rabbits primed 2 to 8 weeks earlier with mouse tumor or spleen cells. MLN cells, which provided the best source of activity after being cultured with 5 to 10 X 10(6) mitomycin C-treated mouse spleen cells for 4 to 6 days, produced 30 to 90% specific isotope release after 4 to 7 hr incubation with 15Cr-labeled tumor target cells. Xenogeneic cytotoxic activity was primarily H-2 specific and could not be blocked by immune complexes but was abrogated by treatment with goat anti-rabbit thymocyte serum plus complement (ATS + C) before or after culture. Therefore, the activity appeared to be mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Furthermore, ATS without C abrogated cytotoxic activity when included in the CTL assay at concentrations of 5 to 15 microliter/10(7) effector cells. The inhibitory activity of ATS was directed to the rabbit effector population and could be absorbed completely by rabbit thymocytes. Antisera to mouse T cells with comparable cytolytic activity in the presence of C did not inhibit murine allogeneic CTL.", "PMID": 308967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1860", "title": "Regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions by cyclophosphamide-sensitive T cells.", "content": "The onset, intensity, and duration of DTH reactions elicited in mice immunized with either SRBC or products of the major histocompatibility complex can be altered significantly by pretreatment with CY 1 to 2 days before immunization. Such drug pretreatment tends to augment low DTH responses caused by the use of too much antigen and to diminish many responses that are optimal. Thus, pretreatment with CY does not specifically eliminate suppressor cells. Our results are most consistent with the notion that the cellular targets of low doses of CY are positive and negative feedback regulatory cells, which may consist of one population with two effects or, more likely, two distinct cell populations.", "contents": "Regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions by cyclophosphamide-sensitive T cells. The onset, intensity, and duration of DTH reactions elicited in mice immunized with either SRBC or products of the major histocompatibility complex can be altered significantly by pretreatment with CY 1 to 2 days before immunization. Such drug pretreatment tends to augment low DTH responses caused by the use of too much antigen and to diminish many responses that are optimal. Thus, pretreatment with CY does not specifically eliminate suppressor cells. Our results are most consistent with the notion that the cellular targets of low doses of CY are positive and negative feedback regulatory cells, which may consist of one population with two effects or, more likely, two distinct cell populations.", "PMID": 308970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1861", "title": "Quantitative differences in immune responses during the various stages of  the estrous cycle in female BALB/c mice.", "content": "The immune responsiveness of spleens from female BALB/c mice to PHA, Con A, and LPS was greater at proestrus and metestrus as compared with estrus and diestrus. The peaks of responsiveness corresponded to reported elevated levels of estrogen and pregnenolone during these phases of the cycle. Similar results were obtained with the IgM or direct plaque-forming cell responses, which were also increased at proestrus and metestrus. It appears that female hormones may directly or indirectly stimulate immune responsiveness in adult mice.", "contents": "Quantitative differences in immune responses during the various stages of  the estrous cycle in female BALB/c mice. The immune responsiveness of spleens from female BALB/c mice to PHA, Con A, and LPS was greater at proestrus and metestrus as compared with estrus and diestrus. The peaks of responsiveness corresponded to reported elevated levels of estrogen and pregnenolone during these phases of the cycle. Similar results were obtained with the IgM or direct plaque-forming cell responses, which were also increased at proestrus and metestrus. It appears that female hormones may directly or indirectly stimulate immune responsiveness in adult mice.", "PMID": 308972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1862", "title": "Particle counting immunoassay (PACIA). II. Automated determination of circulating immune complexes by inhibition of the agglutinating activity of rheumatoid sera.", "content": "Antigen--antibody complexes were detected in patients' sera by inhibition of the agglutinating activity of rheumatoid sera toward IgG coated particles (latex). Precision, sensitivity (1--10 microgram/ml equivalents of heat-aggregated IgG), and reproducibility (maximum coefficient of variation of 11%) were obtained by measuring agglutination with an instrument counting the residual free particles. Automation allowed testing of 20 to 40 samples per hour. The inhibitory activity of sponta\u0144eously agglutinating sera was determined after inactivating endogenous rheumatoid factor by reduction with dithiothreitol. Non-aggregated IgG did not significantly interfere. The agglutinating activity of 6 rheumatoid sera was tested after incubation with the various immunoglobulin classes and subclasses polymerized by coupling to agarose, and all were found to be readily absorbed by IgG1, but poorly by IgG3, IgA1 and IgM. Reactivity with IgG2, IgG4 and IgA2 clearly differed for different rheumatoid sera. Among 70 sera from blood donors, 7 had abnormally high inhibitory activity. Six of these had also an abnormal protein profile, suggesting existence of latent disease. High inhibitory activity in 15 sera out of 18 from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and in 23 sera out of 46 from patients with breast cancer suggested that the rheumatoid factor inhibition test has a discriminatory capacity comparable with that of more sophisticated techniques requiring radioisotopes and/or cellular material.", "contents": "Particle counting immunoassay (PACIA). II. Automated determination of circulating immune complexes by inhibition of the agglutinating activity of rheumatoid sera. Antigen--antibody complexes were detected in patients' sera by inhibition of the agglutinating activity of rheumatoid sera toward IgG coated particles (latex). Precision, sensitivity (1--10 microgram/ml equivalents of heat-aggregated IgG), and reproducibility (maximum coefficient of variation of 11%) were obtained by measuring agglutination with an instrument counting the residual free particles. Automation allowed testing of 20 to 40 samples per hour. The inhibitory activity of sponta\u0144eously agglutinating sera was determined after inactivating endogenous rheumatoid factor by reduction with dithiothreitol. Non-aggregated IgG did not significantly interfere. The agglutinating activity of 6 rheumatoid sera was tested after incubation with the various immunoglobulin classes and subclasses polymerized by coupling to agarose, and all were found to be readily absorbed by IgG1, but poorly by IgG3, IgA1 and IgM. Reactivity with IgG2, IgG4 and IgA2 clearly differed for different rheumatoid sera. Among 70 sera from blood donors, 7 had abnormally high inhibitory activity. Six of these had also an abnormal protein profile, suggesting existence of latent disease. High inhibitory activity in 15 sera out of 18 from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and in 23 sera out of 46 from patients with breast cancer suggested that the rheumatoid factor inhibition test has a discriminatory capacity comparable with that of more sophisticated techniques requiring radioisotopes and/or cellular material.", "PMID": 308973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1863", "title": "Annual variations in the total lipid and protein content of the liver, fat body, ovary and plasma of the female frog (Rana esculenta L.).", "content": "The concentrations of lipid and protein in the ovary, fat body, liver and plasma of the female frog (Rana esculenta L.) were found to exhibit marked seasonal variations. There was an interesting correspondence between the depletion of lipid in the plasma and fat body and an increased level of lipid in the ovary. It would appear that oestrogenic steroids stimulate and increase the concentrations of lipids in the plasma, whereas pituitary gonadotrophins influence the uptake of lipids by ovarian tissue for vitellogenesis.", "contents": "Annual variations in the total lipid and protein content of the liver, fat body, ovary and plasma of the female frog (Rana esculenta L.). The concentrations of lipid and protein in the ovary, fat body, liver and plasma of the female frog (Rana esculenta L.) were found to exhibit marked seasonal variations. There was an interesting correspondence between the depletion of lipid in the plasma and fat body and an increased level of lipid in the ovary. It would appear that oestrogenic steroids stimulate and increase the concentrations of lipids in the plasma, whereas pituitary gonadotrophins influence the uptake of lipids by ovarian tissue for vitellogenesis.", "PMID": 308977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1864", "title": "Specific suppressive factors produced by hybridomas derived from the fusion of enriched suppressor T cells and a T lymphoma cell line.", "content": "A cell fusion technique was used to produce hybridomas between the T lymphoma cell line, EL-4, derived from C57BL (H-2(b)), and an enriched population of human gamma globulin (HGG)-specific suppressor T cells prepared from the spleens of HGG-tolerant CBA mice (H-2(k)). Membrane fluorescence analysis of the hybridoma cells within 6 wk of cell fusion revealed expression of H-2(k) and I-J(k) gene products as well as H-2(b) antigens. Sonicates prepared from hybridomas which contained I-J(k) cells were tested for suppressive activity in vivo in irradiated mice given HGG-primed cells, dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed cells, HGG-DNP, and horse erythrocytes. Among 18 such hybridoma lines, 6 showed specific suppressive activity, 5 nonspecific suppression, and 7 no suppression. Most lines progressively lost, with time, those properties derived from the normal parent cell. By about 3 mo after fusion few cells expressed CBA markers and only one cell line (number 77) retained some specific suppressive activity. In parallel with the losses was an alteration in chromosome number from near-tetraploid, soon after cell fusion, to near- diploid. Preliminary results with the T lymphoma-sensitive hypoxanthine aminopterin thymidine cell line, L5178, indicate retention of the expression of surface markers derived from the normal parent for 18 wk after hybidization. This suggests that T lymphoma cell lines may have to be screened for their capacity to produce hybridomas with stable properties.", "contents": "Specific suppressive factors produced by hybridomas derived from the fusion of enriched suppressor T cells and a T lymphoma cell line. A cell fusion technique was used to produce hybridomas between the T lymphoma cell line, EL-4, derived from C57BL (H-2(b)), and an enriched population of human gamma globulin (HGG)-specific suppressor T cells prepared from the spleens of HGG-tolerant CBA mice (H-2(k)). Membrane fluorescence analysis of the hybridoma cells within 6 wk of cell fusion revealed expression of H-2(k) and I-J(k) gene products as well as H-2(b) antigens. Sonicates prepared from hybridomas which contained I-J(k) cells were tested for suppressive activity in vivo in irradiated mice given HGG-primed cells, dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed cells, HGG-DNP, and horse erythrocytes. Among 18 such hybridoma lines, 6 showed specific suppressive activity, 5 nonspecific suppression, and 7 no suppression. Most lines progressively lost, with time, those properties derived from the normal parent cell. By about 3 mo after fusion few cells expressed CBA markers and only one cell line (number 77) retained some specific suppressive activity. In parallel with the losses was an alteration in chromosome number from near-tetraploid, soon after cell fusion, to near- diploid. Preliminary results with the T lymphoma-sensitive hypoxanthine aminopterin thymidine cell line, L5178, indicate retention of the expression of surface markers derived from the normal parent for 18 wk after hybidization. This suggests that T lymphoma cell lines may have to be screened for their capacity to produce hybridomas with stable properties.", "PMID": 308978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1865", "title": "Studies on the mechanisms of macrophage activation. I. Destruction of intracellular Leishmania enriettii in macrophages activated by cocultivation with stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "When cultures of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected with the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania enrietti, the micro-organism was found to survive intracellularly for several days, apparently without multiplication. However, exposure of infected macrophages to certain stimuli led to rapid parasite killing and digestion, providing a sensitive assay with which the mechanisms of macrophage activation can be studied. Microbicidal activity was induced by incubation of macrophages with syngeneic spleen lymphocytes, which were stimulated either by allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) or by the plant lectin concanavalin A (Con A). Cocultivation with MLCs led to parasite killing within 48-72 h, whereas exposure of infected cells to Con A-stimulated lymphocytes resulted in substantial destruction of the micro-organism within less than 24 h, an effect which was dependent on the presence of thymus-derived lymphocytes and was inhibited by alpha methyl-mannoside. Incubation with Con A-stimulated lymphocytes also led to lysis of part of the macrophage monolayer. However, parasite killing did not result from decreased macrophage survival, as destruction of the micro-organism was highest under culture conditions which were the least detrimental to the phagocytes. Conversely, excess numbers of Con A-stimulated lymphocytes were less efficient at inducing macrophage activation and displayed marked toxicity to the macrophage monolayer. When spleen cells were stimulated by Con A at concentrations above 10 mug/ml, a decrease was noted in the capacity of macrophages to destroy the parasite, probably reflecting a toxicity of the lectin for lymphocytes resulting in impaired activating capacity.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanisms of macrophage activation. I. Destruction of intracellular Leishmania enriettii in macrophages activated by cocultivation with stimulated lymphocytes. When cultures of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected with the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania enrietti, the micro-organism was found to survive intracellularly for several days, apparently without multiplication. However, exposure of infected macrophages to certain stimuli led to rapid parasite killing and digestion, providing a sensitive assay with which the mechanisms of macrophage activation can be studied. Microbicidal activity was induced by incubation of macrophages with syngeneic spleen lymphocytes, which were stimulated either by allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) or by the plant lectin concanavalin A (Con A). Cocultivation with MLCs led to parasite killing within 48-72 h, whereas exposure of infected cells to Con A-stimulated lymphocytes resulted in substantial destruction of the micro-organism within less than 24 h, an effect which was dependent on the presence of thymus-derived lymphocytes and was inhibited by alpha methyl-mannoside. Incubation with Con A-stimulated lymphocytes also led to lysis of part of the macrophage monolayer. However, parasite killing did not result from decreased macrophage survival, as destruction of the micro-organism was highest under culture conditions which were the least detrimental to the phagocytes. Conversely, excess numbers of Con A-stimulated lymphocytes were less efficient at inducing macrophage activation and displayed marked toxicity to the macrophage monolayer. When spleen cells were stimulated by Con A at concentrations above 10 mug/ml, a decrease was noted in the capacity of macrophages to destroy the parasite, probably reflecting a toxicity of the lectin for lymphocytes resulting in impaired activating capacity.", "PMID": 308979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1866", "title": "Intermediary role of macrophages in the passage of suppressor signals between T-cell subsets.", "content": "We have examined the ability of macrophages (Mphi) to transmit T-cell derived suppressor signals to other T cells. The suppressor signal studied is an antigen-specific factor which suppresses the ability of adoptively transferred, sensitized lymphocytes to express contact hypersensitivity in normal recipients. We have found that this factor binds to peritoneal exudate Mphi via cell surface structures which can be blocked with heat-aggregated gamma globulin. Dead (HK) Mphi bind the factor but fail to present it in a functional way to assay (immune) T cells, whereas live (L) Mphi perform both functions. Further, L Mphi can retrieve the factor in an active form from the surfaces of HK Mphi. Based on these and other findings (1-5), we discuss the possibility that Mphi may play as important a role in presenting T-cell communication signals to the cells of the immune system as they do in presenting antigen.", "contents": "Intermediary role of macrophages in the passage of suppressor signals between T-cell subsets. We have examined the ability of macrophages (Mphi) to transmit T-cell derived suppressor signals to other T cells. The suppressor signal studied is an antigen-specific factor which suppresses the ability of adoptively transferred, sensitized lymphocytes to express contact hypersensitivity in normal recipients. We have found that this factor binds to peritoneal exudate Mphi via cell surface structures which can be blocked with heat-aggregated gamma globulin. Dead (HK) Mphi bind the factor but fail to present it in a functional way to assay (immune) T cells, whereas live (L) Mphi perform both functions. Further, L Mphi can retrieve the factor in an active form from the surfaces of HK Mphi. Based on these and other findings (1-5), we discuss the possibility that Mphi may play as important a role in presenting T-cell communication signals to the cells of the immune system as they do in presenting antigen.", "PMID": 308980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1867", "title": "Role of the H-2 complex in induction of T helper cells in vivo. I. Antigen-specific selection of donor T cells to sheep erythrocytes in irradiated mice dependent upon sharing of H-2 determinants between donor and host.", "content": "When purified CBA lymph node T cells were mixed with sheep erythrocytes (SRC) and filtered from blood to lymph through irradiated syngeneic mice for 1-2 days, the donor cells lost their capacity to stimulate anti-SRC responses by CBA B cells; the response to a third-party antigen (horse erythrocytes) was unaffected and active suppression was not involved. This process of specific negative selection to SRC also occurred when semiallogeneic mice were used as filtration hosts. By contrast, when allogeneic hosts were used the helper function of the donor cells was not reduced; this applied to both primed and unprimed T cells. Studied with congeneic resistant strains indicated that negative selection to SRC occurred only when the donor and host shared H-2 determinants. Studies with T cells depleted of alloreactive lymphocytes showed that negative selection to SRC in irradiated F1 hybrid mice was followed by a stage of positive selection where the donor cells gave greatly increased responses to the injected antigen. Positive selection did not occur in H-2-different mice, however, and the helper function of the donor cells remained unchanged. By these parameters it was concluded that homozygous T helper cells have no detectable capacity to recognize antigen in an H-2-different environment.", "contents": "Role of the H-2 complex in induction of T helper cells in vivo. I. Antigen-specific selection of donor T cells to sheep erythrocytes in irradiated mice dependent upon sharing of H-2 determinants between donor and host. When purified CBA lymph node T cells were mixed with sheep erythrocytes (SRC) and filtered from blood to lymph through irradiated syngeneic mice for 1-2 days, the donor cells lost their capacity to stimulate anti-SRC responses by CBA B cells; the response to a third-party antigen (horse erythrocytes) was unaffected and active suppression was not involved. This process of specific negative selection to SRC also occurred when semiallogeneic mice were used as filtration hosts. By contrast, when allogeneic hosts were used the helper function of the donor cells was not reduced; this applied to both primed and unprimed T cells. Studied with congeneic resistant strains indicated that negative selection to SRC occurred only when the donor and host shared H-2 determinants. Studies with T cells depleted of alloreactive lymphocytes showed that negative selection to SRC in irradiated F1 hybrid mice was followed by a stage of positive selection where the donor cells gave greatly increased responses to the injected antigen. Positive selection did not occur in H-2-different mice, however, and the helper function of the donor cells remained unchanged. By these parameters it was concluded that homozygous T helper cells have no detectable capacity to recognize antigen in an H-2-different environment.", "PMID": 308981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1868", "title": "Adoptive transfer of allotype-specific suppressor cells inhibits thymus-independent immunoglobulin production in syngeneic athymic mice.", "content": "(SJL X BALB)F1 suppressed mice have, in their lymphoid tissues, a population of suppressor T cells directed specifically against a paternal gamma G2a allotype (Ig-1b). Spleen or lymph node cells from these mice were injected into syngeneic nude mice and the effect on thymus-independent synthesis of Ig-1b in the athymic recipients was determined. After the injection of suppressor cells, Ig-1b disappeared from the serum of the recipients in a time course similar to that seen in normal mice. These results indicate that suppression occurs in the absence of thymus-derived helper cells, and they suggest that Ig-1b-producing B cells are the target of allotype-suppressor cells.", "contents": "Adoptive transfer of allotype-specific suppressor cells inhibits thymus-independent immunoglobulin production in syngeneic athymic mice. (SJL X BALB)F1 suppressed mice have, in their lymphoid tissues, a population of suppressor T cells directed specifically against a paternal gamma G2a allotype (Ig-1b). Spleen or lymph node cells from these mice were injected into syngeneic nude mice and the effect on thymus-independent synthesis of Ig-1b in the athymic recipients was determined. After the injection of suppressor cells, Ig-1b disappeared from the serum of the recipients in a time course similar to that seen in normal mice. These results indicate that suppression occurs in the absence of thymus-derived helper cells, and they suggest that Ig-1b-producing B cells are the target of allotype-suppressor cells.", "PMID": 308982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1869", "title": "Regulation of cytotoxic T-cell reactivity to syngeneic tumors by the thymus.", "content": "Adult thymectomy has been shown to result in the enhanced capacity of splenic T cells to respond to and lyse syngeneic tumor cells in vitro. In addition, T cells from thymectomized mice which kill syngeneic tumor cells do not lyse either normal lymphoid or mitogen-stimulated syngeneic lymphoblast target cells. These findings indicate that the thymus exports a subpopulation of T cells sensitive to adult thymectomy which regulates the generation of cytolytic T cells directed against syngeneic tumor cells.", "contents": "Regulation of cytotoxic T-cell reactivity to syngeneic tumors by the thymus. Adult thymectomy has been shown to result in the enhanced capacity of splenic T cells to respond to and lyse syngeneic tumor cells in vitro. In addition, T cells from thymectomized mice which kill syngeneic tumor cells do not lyse either normal lymphoid or mitogen-stimulated syngeneic lymphoblast target cells. These findings indicate that the thymus exports a subpopulation of T cells sensitive to adult thymectomy which regulates the generation of cytolytic T cells directed against syngeneic tumor cells.", "PMID": 308983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1870", "title": "Adaptive differentiation of murine lymphocytes. I. Both T and B lymphocytes differentiating in F1 transplanted to parental chimeras manifest preferential cooperative activity for partner lymphocytes derived from the same parental type corresponding to the chimeric host.", "content": "The concept of adaptive (selective) differentiation preducts that early differentiation of lymphocytes is conditioned by the environment in which such differentiation takes place. These processes appear to involve selection of lymphocytes according to their self-recognition between interacting lymphocytes is, at least in part, controlled by major histocompatibility complex-linked genes, then adaptive differentiation is also controlled by these genes. In these studies, we have tested the capacities of helper T lymphocytes and hapten-specific B lymphocytes primed in the environments of various combinations of bone marrow chimeras prepared between two parental strains (i.e. A/J and BALB/c) and their corresponding F1 hybrid (CAF1) to interact with primed B and T lymphocytes derived from conventional parent and F1 donors as well as all of the corresponding bone marrow chimera combinations. The results demonstrate clearly that (a) F1 transplanted to F1 chimeric lymphocytes display no restriction in terms of cooperative activity with all of the various partner cell combinations; (b) parent transplanted to F1 chimeric lymphocytes manifest effective cooperative activity only for partner cells from F) or parental donors corresponding to the haplotype of the original bone marrow donor, thereby behaving phenotypically just like conventional parental lymphocytes; and (c) F1 transplanted to parent chimeric lymphocytes display restricted haplotype preference in cooperating best with partner lymphocytes sharing the H-2 haplotype, either entirely or codomimantly, of the parental chimeric host. The implications of these findings for understanding certain controlling mechanisms for lymphocyte differentiation are discussed.", "contents": "Adaptive differentiation of murine lymphocytes. I. Both T and B lymphocytes differentiating in F1 transplanted to parental chimeras manifest preferential cooperative activity for partner lymphocytes derived from the same parental type corresponding to the chimeric host. The concept of adaptive (selective) differentiation preducts that early differentiation of lymphocytes is conditioned by the environment in which such differentiation takes place. These processes appear to involve selection of lymphocytes according to their self-recognition between interacting lymphocytes is, at least in part, controlled by major histocompatibility complex-linked genes, then adaptive differentiation is also controlled by these genes. In these studies, we have tested the capacities of helper T lymphocytes and hapten-specific B lymphocytes primed in the environments of various combinations of bone marrow chimeras prepared between two parental strains (i.e. A/J and BALB/c) and their corresponding F1 hybrid (CAF1) to interact with primed B and T lymphocytes derived from conventional parent and F1 donors as well as all of the corresponding bone marrow chimera combinations. The results demonstrate clearly that (a) F1 transplanted to F1 chimeric lymphocytes display no restriction in terms of cooperative activity with all of the various partner cell combinations; (b) parent transplanted to F1 chimeric lymphocytes manifest effective cooperative activity only for partner cells from F) or parental donors corresponding to the haplotype of the original bone marrow donor, thereby behaving phenotypically just like conventional parental lymphocytes; and (c) F1 transplanted to parent chimeric lymphocytes display restricted haplotype preference in cooperating best with partner lymphocytes sharing the H-2 haplotype, either entirely or codomimantly, of the parental chimeric host. The implications of these findings for understanding certain controlling mechanisms for lymphocyte differentiation are discussed.", "PMID": 308984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1871", "title": "Individual antigen-specific T lymphocytes: helper function in enabling the expression of multiple antibody isotypes.", "content": "In recent years antigen-specific T cells have been shown to be capable of mediating a number of diverse functions in collaboration with B cells in humoral immune responses. One of the more intriguing roles attributed to helper T cells is the promotion of the synthesis of multiple immunoglobulin isotypes by B cells in T-dependent antibody responses. The experiments presented in this report were carried out to determine if an individual antigen-specific T lymphocyte has the capability to enable the production of antibodies of multiple immunoglobulin heavy chain isotypes. We describe an experimental system which allows for the isolation and antigenic stimulation of individual helper T cells in a splenic environment which provides an excess of primary B cells for collaboration with isolated T lymphocytes. Employing this system we have demonstrated that an individual antigen-specific T lymphocyte, specific for the PR8 strain of influenza virus, has the capacity to enable primary B-cell PR8-specific antibody responses of more than a single immunoglobulin isotype. The implications made by these studies regarding the problem of genetic restrictions regulating T-cell-B-cell interaction is discussed.", "contents": "Individual antigen-specific T lymphocytes: helper function in enabling the expression of multiple antibody isotypes. In recent years antigen-specific T cells have been shown to be capable of mediating a number of diverse functions in collaboration with B cells in humoral immune responses. One of the more intriguing roles attributed to helper T cells is the promotion of the synthesis of multiple immunoglobulin isotypes by B cells in T-dependent antibody responses. The experiments presented in this report were carried out to determine if an individual antigen-specific T lymphocyte has the capability to enable the production of antibodies of multiple immunoglobulin heavy chain isotypes. We describe an experimental system which allows for the isolation and antigenic stimulation of individual helper T cells in a splenic environment which provides an excess of primary B cells for collaboration with isolated T lymphocytes. Employing this system we have demonstrated that an individual antigen-specific T lymphocyte, specific for the PR8 strain of influenza virus, has the capacity to enable primary B-cell PR8-specific antibody responses of more than a single immunoglobulin isotype. The implications made by these studies regarding the problem of genetic restrictions regulating T-cell-B-cell interaction is discussed.", "PMID": 308985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1872", "title": "H-2 antigens of the thymus determine lymphocyte specificity.", "content": "After immunization, normal H-2 heterozygous mice (for example H-2(b) x H-2(d)) generate two populations of cytotoxic effector T cells, one specific for target cells expressing H-2(b)-plus-antigen and the other specific for H- 2(d)-plus-antigen. With a multideterminant antigen, these two populations have about the same activity. We show here that the H-2 type of resident cells in the thymus determines the H-2 preference of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. F(1)(B 10 x B 10.D2) (H-2(b) x H-2 (d)) mice were thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and reconstituted with T-cell-depleted syngeneic hematopoietic cells. Groups of such ATXBM mice were grafted subcutaneously with neonatal thymus lobes from parental mice, either B10 (H-2 (b)) or B10.D2 (H-2(d)). 2-3 mo later, the mice were immunized against the minor histocompatibility antigens on F(1)(BALB/c x BALB.B) cells and assayed for cytotoxic T-cell activity. H-2(b) x H-2(d) ATXBM mice with H-2(b) thymus grafts responded to antigen-plus-H-2(b) much better than to antigen-plus-H-2(d), and vice versa for the mice with H-2(d) thymus grafts. As judged by antiserum treatment, the effector cells were of F(1) origin. To explore the possibility that the \"thymus preference\" may have been due to suppression of T-cell activity, nonimmune spleen and lymph node cells from normal H-2(b) x H-2(d) mice and cells from H-2(b) x H-2(d) mice bearing a homozygous thymus were mixed 1:1 and immunized in adoptive transfer. The mixture responded to antigen-plus-H-2(b) and antigen-plus-H-2(d) equally well, demonstrating that the cells that showed a \"thymus preference\" could not suppress a response to antigen in association with the nonthymic H-2 type. We conclude from these and other experiments that H-2 antigens present on resident cells of the thymus determine the spectrum of specificity of T cells which mature in that thymus and eventually make up the peripheral T- cell pool.", "contents": "H-2 antigens of the thymus determine lymphocyte specificity. After immunization, normal H-2 heterozygous mice (for example H-2(b) x H-2(d)) generate two populations of cytotoxic effector T cells, one specific for target cells expressing H-2(b)-plus-antigen and the other specific for H- 2(d)-plus-antigen. With a multideterminant antigen, these two populations have about the same activity. We show here that the H-2 type of resident cells in the thymus determines the H-2 preference of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. F(1)(B 10 x B 10.D2) (H-2(b) x H-2 (d)) mice were thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and reconstituted with T-cell-depleted syngeneic hematopoietic cells. Groups of such ATXBM mice were grafted subcutaneously with neonatal thymus lobes from parental mice, either B10 (H-2 (b)) or B10.D2 (H-2(d)). 2-3 mo later, the mice were immunized against the minor histocompatibility antigens on F(1)(BALB/c x BALB.B) cells and assayed for cytotoxic T-cell activity. H-2(b) x H-2(d) ATXBM mice with H-2(b) thymus grafts responded to antigen-plus-H-2(b) much better than to antigen-plus-H-2(d), and vice versa for the mice with H-2(d) thymus grafts. As judged by antiserum treatment, the effector cells were of F(1) origin. To explore the possibility that the \"thymus preference\" may have been due to suppression of T-cell activity, nonimmune spleen and lymph node cells from normal H-2(b) x H-2(d) mice and cells from H-2(b) x H-2(d) mice bearing a homozygous thymus were mixed 1:1 and immunized in adoptive transfer. The mixture responded to antigen-plus-H-2(b) and antigen-plus-H-2(d) equally well, demonstrating that the cells that showed a \"thymus preference\" could not suppress a response to antigen in association with the nonthymic H-2 type. We conclude from these and other experiments that H-2 antigens present on resident cells of the thymus determine the spectrum of specificity of T cells which mature in that thymus and eventually make up the peripheral T- cell pool.", "PMID": 308986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1873", "title": "Regression and inhibition of sarcoma growth by interference with a radiosensitive T-cell population.", "content": "BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(6) cells from either of two syngeneic sarcomas 1315 and 1425. 6--8 days later, the mice were randomized into groups which were left untreated or given 400 rads of whole body irradiation. Irradiation significantly retarded the growth of both sarcomas, and complete regressions were seen of approximately equal to 30% of the small, established 1315 tumors. The anti-tumor effect of irradiation was abolished if the irradiated mice were inoculated with a T-cell-enriched (but not with a T-cell deprived) suspension of syngeneic spleen cells, suggesting that the irradiation inhibited tumor growth by affecting a radiosensitive population of host suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Regression and inhibition of sarcoma growth by interference with a radiosensitive T-cell population. BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(6) cells from either of two syngeneic sarcomas 1315 and 1425. 6--8 days later, the mice were randomized into groups which were left untreated or given 400 rads of whole body irradiation. Irradiation significantly retarded the growth of both sarcomas, and complete regressions were seen of approximately equal to 30% of the small, established 1315 tumors. The anti-tumor effect of irradiation was abolished if the irradiated mice were inoculated with a T-cell-enriched (but not with a T-cell deprived) suspension of syngeneic spleen cells, suggesting that the irradiation inhibited tumor growth by affecting a radiosensitive population of host suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 308987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1874", "title": "Identification of lactoferrin as the granulocyte-derived inhibitor of colony-stimulating activity production.", "content": "Lactoferrin (LF), the iron-binding protein present in the specific granules of mature granulocytes has been identified as colony inhibitory factor (CIF) which suppresses granulocyte--macrophage colony stimulating activity (CSA) production by monocytes and macrophages in vitro and rebound granulopoiesis in vivo. Separation of LF and CIF by isoelectric focusing confirmed that the regions of inhibitory activity corresponded in both to a pH of congruent to 6.5. In addition, the purified immunoglobulin fraction of rabbit anti-human LF antiserum, but not rabbit anti-transferrin (TF), inactivated the capacity of LF and CIF to inhibit CSA production, an effect blocked by prior incubation of anti-LF with neutralizing concentrations of LF. Suppression of CSA production correlated with the iron-saturation of LF; APO-LF (depleted of iron) was only active concentrations greater than 10(-7) M, native LF (8% iron saturated) was active at 10(-15) M, and fully iron-saturated LF inhibited at 10(-17) M. Suppression of CSA production occurred within a 1/2-h preincubation period with human blood monocytes but was reversed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This reversal was dependent on the relative concentrations of LF to LPS. Serum TF, a biochemically similar iron-binding protein which is antigenically distinct from LF, was only minimally active at concentrations greater than 10(-6) M. LF did not inhibit exogenously stimulated human granylocyte and macrophage colony-forming cells or erythropoietin-dependent human or murine erythroid colony- or erythroid burst-forming cells. Microgram quantities of LF acted in vivo to inhibit rebound granulopoiesis and CSA production in CD1 and C57Bl/6 mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide. These results strongly implicate LF as a physiological regulator of granulopoiesis.", "contents": "Identification of lactoferrin as the granulocyte-derived inhibitor of colony-stimulating activity production. Lactoferrin (LF), the iron-binding protein present in the specific granules of mature granulocytes has been identified as colony inhibitory factor (CIF) which suppresses granulocyte--macrophage colony stimulating activity (CSA) production by monocytes and macrophages in vitro and rebound granulopoiesis in vivo. Separation of LF and CIF by isoelectric focusing confirmed that the regions of inhibitory activity corresponded in both to a pH of congruent to 6.5. In addition, the purified immunoglobulin fraction of rabbit anti-human LF antiserum, but not rabbit anti-transferrin (TF), inactivated the capacity of LF and CIF to inhibit CSA production, an effect blocked by prior incubation of anti-LF with neutralizing concentrations of LF. Suppression of CSA production correlated with the iron-saturation of LF; APO-LF (depleted of iron) was only active concentrations greater than 10(-7) M, native LF (8% iron saturated) was active at 10(-15) M, and fully iron-saturated LF inhibited at 10(-17) M. Suppression of CSA production occurred within a 1/2-h preincubation period with human blood monocytes but was reversed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This reversal was dependent on the relative concentrations of LF to LPS. Serum TF, a biochemically similar iron-binding protein which is antigenically distinct from LF, was only minimally active at concentrations greater than 10(-6) M. LF did not inhibit exogenously stimulated human granylocyte and macrophage colony-forming cells or erythropoietin-dependent human or murine erythroid colony- or erythroid burst-forming cells. Microgram quantities of LF acted in vivo to inhibit rebound granulopoiesis and CSA production in CD1 and C57Bl/6 mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide. These results strongly implicate LF as a physiological regulator of granulopoiesis.", "PMID": 308988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1875", "title": "Long-term culture of human antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell lines.", "content": "Long-term cultures of human cytotoxic T-cell lines (H-CTLL) were established. H-CTLL cells were strictly dependent on growth upon a T-cell growth factor (TCGF) produced by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. H-CTLL cells were maintained in TCGF-dependent exponential proliferative culture for over 4 mo during which time they continued to mediate stimulator antigen-specific cytotoxicity as measured by a 4-h 51Cr-release assay. H-CTLL cells recovered from cryopreserved stocks and re-established in long-term culture demonstrated similar high levels of antigen-specific cytotoxicity. H-CTLL cells were 95--100% E-rosette positive and expressed normal T and Ia-like cell surface markers. The ability to sustain differentiated antigen-specific T-effector cells in long-term culture may provide a new means for the study of both the mechanism and regulation of T-cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Long-term culture of human antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell lines. Long-term cultures of human cytotoxic T-cell lines (H-CTLL) were established. H-CTLL cells were strictly dependent on growth upon a T-cell growth factor (TCGF) produced by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. H-CTLL cells were maintained in TCGF-dependent exponential proliferative culture for over 4 mo during which time they continued to mediate stimulator antigen-specific cytotoxicity as measured by a 4-h 51Cr-release assay. H-CTLL cells recovered from cryopreserved stocks and re-established in long-term culture demonstrated similar high levels of antigen-specific cytotoxicity. H-CTLL cells were 95--100% E-rosette positive and expressed normal T and Ia-like cell surface markers. The ability to sustain differentiated antigen-specific T-effector cells in long-term culture may provide a new means for the study of both the mechanism and regulation of T-cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 308989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1876", "title": "Immunoregulatory circuits among T-cell sets. Identification of a subpopulation of T-helper cells that induces feedback inhibition.", "content": "Purified Ly1 cells induce other T-cell sets to exert potent feedback inhibitory activity and this T-T interaction has been shown to play an important role in regulating in vivo immune responses. Approximately 2/3 of Ly1 cells also express the Qa1 surface phenotype (Ly1:Qa1+ cells). The experiments reported here indicate that Ly1:Qal+ cells are responsible for induction of feedback inhibition and that signals from both Ly1:Qal+ cells and Ly1:Qal- cells are required for optimal formation of antibody by B cells.", "contents": "Immunoregulatory circuits among T-cell sets. Identification of a subpopulation of T-helper cells that induces feedback inhibition. Purified Ly1 cells induce other T-cell sets to exert potent feedback inhibitory activity and this T-T interaction has been shown to play an important role in regulating in vivo immune responses. Approximately 2/3 of Ly1 cells also express the Qa1 surface phenotype (Ly1:Qa1+ cells). The experiments reported here indicate that Ly1:Qal+ cells are responsible for induction of feedback inhibition and that signals from both Ly1:Qal+ cells and Ly1:Qal- cells are required for optimal formation of antibody by B cells.", "PMID": 308990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1877", "title": "A medical information system for ambulatory care, research, and curriculum in an army family practice residency: 51,113 patient problems.", "content": "Over a 16-month period, the Family Practice Residency at Madigan Army Medical Center coded 51,113 ambulatory problems using the International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC) coding scheme. The demography of this defined active duty, retired, and dependent population is described as well as the rank order of the major diagnostic categories and top 25 individual diagnoses. A plot of the major diagnostic categories seen by month over a 16-month period is presented. Comparisons between similar curves are made. Physician compliance to coding approached 75 percent and an average of 1.42 problems were dealt with (coded) per visit. Fifty percent of all patient problems recorded fell into 25 descriptive diagnoses. Ninety percent of all patient problems recorded fell into 163 descriptive diagnoses. These data compare favorably to the Virginia study. Comparison of the top 25 patient problems also revealed similarities between this and the Virginia study. Difficulties arise in comparing data because of the differences in coding schemes (RCGP vs ICHPPC). A universally adopted code for all family practice and ambulatory care research would help in overcoming this problem.", "contents": "A medical information system for ambulatory care, research, and curriculum in an army family practice residency: 51,113 patient problems. Over a 16-month period, the Family Practice Residency at Madigan Army Medical Center coded 51,113 ambulatory problems using the International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC) coding scheme. The demography of this defined active duty, retired, and dependent population is described as well as the rank order of the major diagnostic categories and top 25 individual diagnoses. A plot of the major diagnostic categories seen by month over a 16-month period is presented. Comparisons between similar curves are made. Physician compliance to coding approached 75 percent and an average of 1.42 problems were dealt with (coded) per visit. Fifty percent of all patient problems recorded fell into 25 descriptive diagnoses. Ninety percent of all patient problems recorded fell into 163 descriptive diagnoses. These data compare favorably to the Virginia study. Comparison of the top 25 patient problems also revealed similarities between this and the Virginia study. Difficulties arise in comparing data because of the differences in coding schemes (RCGP vs ICHPPC). A universally adopted code for all family practice and ambulatory care research would help in overcoming this problem.", "PMID": 308991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1878", "title": "Information management in clinical practice.", "content": "Information management is essential for optimal delivery of health care services to individuals and the community. Current information techniques--largely dependent on the individual patient record--cannot effectively store, process, retrieve, and communicate the vast amount of data and information which is integral to the comprehensive health care process. Computerized techniques similar to those which are an indispensable part of almost all scientific, commercial, and administrative sectors of society are urgently needed to support a fully effective health care system.", "contents": "Information management in clinical practice. Information management is essential for optimal delivery of health care services to individuals and the community. Current information techniques--largely dependent on the individual patient record--cannot effectively store, process, retrieve, and communicate the vast amount of data and information which is integral to the comprehensive health care process. Computerized techniques similar to those which are an indispensable part of almost all scientific, commercial, and administrative sectors of society are urgently needed to support a fully effective health care system.", "PMID": 308992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1879", "title": "The red eye.", "content": "The nonophthalmic physician confronted by a patient with a red eye should be able to distinguish common microbial or allergic conjunctivitis from potentially blinding disorders, such as acute angle closure glaucoma, uveitis, or herpes simplex keratitis, and should remain alert for an associated systemic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, polycythemia, or carotid cavernous fistula. The physician should approach the red eye systematically: take a careful history, including type of pain; measure visual acuity; observe the pattern of redness, the type of discharge, the shape of the pupil, and the opacities of the media; and measure the intraocular pressure.", "contents": "The red eye. The nonophthalmic physician confronted by a patient with a red eye should be able to distinguish common microbial or allergic conjunctivitis from potentially blinding disorders, such as acute angle closure glaucoma, uveitis, or herpes simplex keratitis, and should remain alert for an associated systemic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, polycythemia, or carotid cavernous fistula. The physician should approach the red eye systematically: take a careful history, including type of pain; measure visual acuity; observe the pattern of redness, the type of discharge, the shape of the pupil, and the opacities of the media; and measure the intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 308993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1880", "title": "Voltage- and time-dependent action of histrionicotoxin on the endplate current of the frog muscle.", "content": "Histrionicotoxin, a toxin isolated from skin secretions of a Colombian arrow poison frog, Dendrobates histrionicus, decreased the amplitude and time-course of the endplate current, and altered the voltage dependence of the half-decay time. In addition, the toxin produced a characteristic nonlinearity in the current-voltage relationship of the endplate current when 3-s voltage conditioning steps were used. Reduction in time of the conditioning steps to 10 ms made the current-voltage relationship linear. The decrease in peak amplitude of the endplate current (epc) produced by histrionicotoxin measured during long hyperpolarizing conditioning steps was fitted by a single exponential function. The calculated rate constants ranged from 0.03 to 0.14 s-1 and varied with membrane potential at hyperpolarizing levels. The voltage- and time-dependent action of histrionicotoxin does not require an initial activation of receptors by acetylcholine (ACh). The characteristic of the current-voltage relationship can be accounted for by the observed voltage and time dependency of the attenuation of the endplate current amplitude in the presence of histrionicotoxin during long conditioning steps. These effects of histrionicotoxin on the peak amplitude, and on the voltage and time dependence of the epc were concentration-dependent and slowly reversible upon washing out the toxin. Thus, the voltage- and time-dependent action of histrionicotoxin at the endplate is related to an increase in the affinity between the toxin and the ACh receptor-ionic channel complex. This increase in affinity is postulated to be due to a conformational change of the macromolecule in the presence of histrionicotoxin which is demonstrated to be relatively slow, i.e., on the order of tens of seconds.", "contents": "Voltage- and time-dependent action of histrionicotoxin on the endplate current of the frog muscle. Histrionicotoxin, a toxin isolated from skin secretions of a Colombian arrow poison frog, Dendrobates histrionicus, decreased the amplitude and time-course of the endplate current, and altered the voltage dependence of the half-decay time. In addition, the toxin produced a characteristic nonlinearity in the current-voltage relationship of the endplate current when 3-s voltage conditioning steps were used. Reduction in time of the conditioning steps to 10 ms made the current-voltage relationship linear. The decrease in peak amplitude of the endplate current (epc) produced by histrionicotoxin measured during long hyperpolarizing conditioning steps was fitted by a single exponential function. The calculated rate constants ranged from 0.03 to 0.14 s-1 and varied with membrane potential at hyperpolarizing levels. The voltage- and time-dependent action of histrionicotoxin does not require an initial activation of receptors by acetylcholine (ACh). The characteristic of the current-voltage relationship can be accounted for by the observed voltage and time dependency of the attenuation of the endplate current amplitude in the presence of histrionicotoxin during long conditioning steps. These effects of histrionicotoxin on the peak amplitude, and on the voltage and time dependence of the epc were concentration-dependent and slowly reversible upon washing out the toxin. Thus, the voltage- and time-dependent action of histrionicotoxin at the endplate is related to an increase in the affinity between the toxin and the ACh receptor-ionic channel complex. This increase in affinity is postulated to be due to a conformational change of the macromolecule in the presence of histrionicotoxin which is demonstrated to be relatively slow, i.e., on the order of tens of seconds.", "PMID": 308995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1881", "title": "Influenza virus infection in newborn rats: a possible marker of attenuation for man.", "content": "The growth of parent influenza viruses A/England/939/69 and A/PR/8/34, and clones 6, 7, and 64C, derived by recombination, was studied in newborn rats. Using an inoculum of 10(4.0) EID50, influenza virus A/England/939/69 produced the highest titres of virus in rat turbinates at 48 hours after inoculation; clones 6 and 7 and A/PR/8/34 grew to lower titres; and clone 64C grew to the lowest titre. These differences were less apparent when 10(2.0) EID50 of virus was used as an inoculum, and rats were not infected by smaller inoculum of any of the virus strains. Infection with 10(4.0) EID50 of all viruses produced lung infection; at 48 hours after infection, the highest titres were recovered from rats infected with A/PR/8/34 and A/England/939/69 virus. Prior infection with A/England/939/69 or A/PR/8/34 increased the incidence of bacteraemia and meningitis following intranasal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae type b; infection with clone 64C did not enhance bacterial meningitis, while infection with clone 6 gave an intermediate result. Volunteer studies with these viruses have shown that influenza virus A/England/939/69 was virulent, clones 6 and 7 were attenuated, clone 64C was over-attenuated, and A/PR/8/34 virus was noninfective for man. The relative titres of virus recovered from turbinates taken 48 hours after infection with 10(4.0) EID50 of virus and the ability of virus infection to enhance bacterial infection correlated with the property of virus attenuation for man for four of the five strains tested; however, no correlation was seen for A/PR/8/34 virus, which is a result also found in other laboratory tests designed to measure virulence for man.", "contents": "Influenza virus infection in newborn rats: a possible marker of attenuation for man. The growth of parent influenza viruses A/England/939/69 and A/PR/8/34, and clones 6, 7, and 64C, derived by recombination, was studied in newborn rats. Using an inoculum of 10(4.0) EID50, influenza virus A/England/939/69 produced the highest titres of virus in rat turbinates at 48 hours after inoculation; clones 6 and 7 and A/PR/8/34 grew to lower titres; and clone 64C grew to the lowest titre. These differences were less apparent when 10(2.0) EID50 of virus was used as an inoculum, and rats were not infected by smaller inoculum of any of the virus strains. Infection with 10(4.0) EID50 of all viruses produced lung infection; at 48 hours after infection, the highest titres were recovered from rats infected with A/PR/8/34 and A/England/939/69 virus. Prior infection with A/England/939/69 or A/PR/8/34 increased the incidence of bacteraemia and meningitis following intranasal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae type b; infection with clone 64C did not enhance bacterial meningitis, while infection with clone 6 gave an intermediate result. Volunteer studies with these viruses have shown that influenza virus A/England/939/69 was virulent, clones 6 and 7 were attenuated, clone 64C was over-attenuated, and A/PR/8/34 virus was noninfective for man. The relative titres of virus recovered from turbinates taken 48 hours after infection with 10(4.0) EID50 of virus and the ability of virus infection to enhance bacterial infection correlated with the property of virus attenuation for man for four of the five strains tested; however, no correlation was seen for A/PR/8/34 virus, which is a result also found in other laboratory tests designed to measure virulence for man.", "PMID": 308996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1882", "title": "Limited effect of erythrocyte and plasma infusions in adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "content": "A 10-month-old child with a profound deficiency of adenosine deaminase and severe combined immunodeficiency was treated for a period of 17 months with red cell and plasma transfusions containing normal amounts of the deficient enzyme. Following each transfusion, the plasma adenosine, red cell and lymphocyte ATP, urinary adenine, and urinary deoxyadenosine decreased transiently. During this period, the absolute blood lymphocyte count rose and a limited increased in the response of the lymphocytes to PHA-P was observed. Delayed hypersensitivity skin tests remained negative during the transfusion periods. A quantitative elevation of serum immunoglobulins occurred, but specific antibody formation was not elicited. In contrast to a previous report of successful therapy of ADA deficiency with red cell and plasma infusions, this patient responded poorly to enzyme replacement therapy. The difference may be related to a more profound enzyme deficiency in our patient.", "contents": "Limited effect of erythrocyte and plasma infusions in adenosine deaminase deficiency. A 10-month-old child with a profound deficiency of adenosine deaminase and severe combined immunodeficiency was treated for a period of 17 months with red cell and plasma transfusions containing normal amounts of the deficient enzyme. Following each transfusion, the plasma adenosine, red cell and lymphocyte ATP, urinary adenine, and urinary deoxyadenosine decreased transiently. During this period, the absolute blood lymphocyte count rose and a limited increased in the response of the lymphocytes to PHA-P was observed. Delayed hypersensitivity skin tests remained negative during the transfusion periods. A quantitative elevation of serum immunoglobulins occurred, but specific antibody formation was not elicited. In contrast to a previous report of successful therapy of ADA deficiency with red cell and plasma infusions, this patient responded poorly to enzyme replacement therapy. The difference may be related to a more profound enzyme deficiency in our patient.", "PMID": 308999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1883", "title": "Body rocking, head banging, and head rolling in normal children.", "content": "Body rocking, head banging, and head rolling--three rhythmic behaviors that involve stimulation of the vestibular system--were studies in 525 normal children. Data analyses focused on two issues: (1) the prevalence and duration of these habits and their relationship to child and family factors and (2) the hypothesis that children who persistently displayed such behaviors would be reported as developmentally more advanced than \"non-self-stimulators.\" Body rocking was the earliest to appear and most prevalent of the three habits. Head banging and head rolling had roughly the same prevalence and age of onset. Comparisons of \"self-stimulators\" with \"non-self-stimulators\" yielded no significant effects for birth order or SES; only for head banging was a significant (3:1) ratio of males to females found. A comparison of the ages at which 12 \"milestones\" first appeared supported the hypothesis of developmental precocity for the body rockers and the head bangers, but not for the head rollers.", "contents": "Body rocking, head banging, and head rolling in normal children. Body rocking, head banging, and head rolling--three rhythmic behaviors that involve stimulation of the vestibular system--were studies in 525 normal children. Data analyses focused on two issues: (1) the prevalence and duration of these habits and their relationship to child and family factors and (2) the hypothesis that children who persistently displayed such behaviors would be reported as developmentally more advanced than \"non-self-stimulators.\" Body rocking was the earliest to appear and most prevalent of the three habits. Head banging and head rolling had roughly the same prevalence and age of onset. Comparisons of \"self-stimulators\" with \"non-self-stimulators\" yielded no significant effects for birth order or SES; only for head banging was a significant (3:1) ratio of males to females found. A comparison of the ages at which 12 \"milestones\" first appeared supported the hypothesis of developmental precocity for the body rockers and the head bangers, but not for the head rollers.", "PMID": 309000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1884", "title": "Enhancement of mechanical performance by stretch during tetanic contractions of vertebrate skeletal muscle fibres.", "content": "1. Single fibres from the semitendinosus muscle of Rana temporaria were stretched during fused tetanic contractions and tension and sarcomere length (laser diffraction) responses were recorded. 2. Stretch of the fibres caused proportional increases in length of the sarcomeres. The force increased to a plateau value which was maintained during stretch or increased to a plateau value which was maintained during stretch or increased slightly. 3. The plateau value of force during stretch was dependent upon the velocity of stretch, was independent of the amplitude of stretch and was not proportional to overlap of thick and thin filaments. 4. There was enhancement of force after stretch compared with that produced at the same sarcomere length during isometric tetani. This force enhancement was independent of the velocity at which the stretch had been applied. 5. At sarcomere lengths between 1.9 and 2.3 micrometer, the force enhancement after stretch declayed rapidly, was independent of amplitude of stretch above approximately 25 nm per sarcomere not associated with a shift of the force--velocity curve. At sarcomere lengths above 2.3 micrometer the force enhancement after stretch decayed very slowly and was still present after 4 sec in long tetani. 6. At sarcomere lengths above 2.3 micrometer, force enhancement after stretch increased with amplitude of stretch and increased for any given stretch amplitude with sarcomere length. The force recorded after stretch was thus not proportional to overlap of thick and thin filaments. 7. At sarcomere lengths above 2.3 micrometer, the force enhancement after stretch was associated with a shift towards higher force value of the force--velocity curve. The velocity of shortening and zero load (V max) derived by hyperbolic extrapolation of the force--velocity curve was not affected.  8. Tension enhancement during and after stretch has a stabilizing effect in preventing dispersion of sarcomere length, particularly on the descending limb of the length--tension curve.", "contents": "Enhancement of mechanical performance by stretch during tetanic contractions of vertebrate skeletal muscle fibres. 1. Single fibres from the semitendinosus muscle of Rana temporaria were stretched during fused tetanic contractions and tension and sarcomere length (laser diffraction) responses were recorded. 2. Stretch of the fibres caused proportional increases in length of the sarcomeres. The force increased to a plateau value which was maintained during stretch or increased to a plateau value which was maintained during stretch or increased slightly. 3. The plateau value of force during stretch was dependent upon the velocity of stretch, was independent of the amplitude of stretch and was not proportional to overlap of thick and thin filaments. 4. There was enhancement of force after stretch compared with that produced at the same sarcomere length during isometric tetani. This force enhancement was independent of the velocity at which the stretch had been applied. 5. At sarcomere lengths between 1.9 and 2.3 micrometer, the force enhancement after stretch declayed rapidly, was independent of amplitude of stretch above approximately 25 nm per sarcomere not associated with a shift of the force--velocity curve. At sarcomere lengths above 2.3 micrometer the force enhancement after stretch decayed very slowly and was still present after 4 sec in long tetani. 6. At sarcomere lengths above 2.3 micrometer, force enhancement after stretch increased with amplitude of stretch and increased for any given stretch amplitude with sarcomere length. The force recorded after stretch was thus not proportional to overlap of thick and thin filaments. 7. At sarcomere lengths above 2.3 micrometer, the force enhancement after stretch was associated with a shift towards higher force value of the force--velocity curve. The velocity of shortening and zero load (V max) derived by hyperbolic extrapolation of the force--velocity curve was not affected.  8. Tension enhancement during and after stretch has a stabilizing effect in preventing dispersion of sarcomere length, particularly on the descending limb of the length--tension curve.", "PMID": 309001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1885", "title": "Reprimed charge movement in skeletal muscle fibres.", "content": "1. The three intracellular micro-electrode voltage-clamp technique was used to study the recovery of membrane charge movement in semitendinosus muscles of Rana pipiens. Muscles were placed in a hypertonic depolarizing solution to inactivate voltage dependent charge movement. Tetrodotoxin and tetraethylammonium ions (TEA+) were present to block voltage dependent ionic conductances. Rb+ and SO4(2-) were present to reduce inward rectification and leakage conductance. 2. The recovery ('repriming') of membrane charge movement was studied following hyperpolarizing pulses from a holding potential of -20 mV to membrane potentials from -30 to -140 mV for durations of 2--100 sec. The reprimed charge movement measured as the difference in membrane current required for identical voltage steps before and after long duration hyperpolarizing pulses was a linear function of membrane potential and symmetrical in shape. Reprimed charge is, therefore, simply the result of an increase in the linear capacitance of the fibre. 3. The mean value of the percent increase in capacitance for repriming at -100 mV was 12.3 +/- 1.7% (S.E. of mean) for 25 sec duration pulses and 27.8 +/- 2.9% for 100 sec duration pulses. If these data are corrected to the steady state and the surface contribution subtracted, the mean increase in 'volume' capacity is 40.3 +/-  3.6% (n = 21) for fibres with a mean diameter of 51 +/- 4 micron. 4. The increase in capacity can arise either by an increase in the transverse tubular length constant (lambdaT) or by gaining electrical access to additional linear capacitance within the fibre volume. If the capacitance arises solely from the transverse tubular system, the value of lambdaT before repriming can be no larger than 20 micron in order to explain the observed increase in volume capacity. A value of lambdaT as small as this seems unlikely. 5. The observation that reprimed charge is simply the result of an increase in linear capacitance is not consistent with the hypothesis that it is a gating mechanism for the activation of contraction.", "contents": "Reprimed charge movement in skeletal muscle fibres. 1. The three intracellular micro-electrode voltage-clamp technique was used to study the recovery of membrane charge movement in semitendinosus muscles of Rana pipiens. Muscles were placed in a hypertonic depolarizing solution to inactivate voltage dependent charge movement. Tetrodotoxin and tetraethylammonium ions (TEA+) were present to block voltage dependent ionic conductances. Rb+ and SO4(2-) were present to reduce inward rectification and leakage conductance. 2. The recovery ('repriming') of membrane charge movement was studied following hyperpolarizing pulses from a holding potential of -20 mV to membrane potentials from -30 to -140 mV for durations of 2--100 sec. The reprimed charge movement measured as the difference in membrane current required for identical voltage steps before and after long duration hyperpolarizing pulses was a linear function of membrane potential and symmetrical in shape. Reprimed charge is, therefore, simply the result of an increase in the linear capacitance of the fibre. 3. The mean value of the percent increase in capacitance for repriming at -100 mV was 12.3 +/- 1.7% (S.E. of mean) for 25 sec duration pulses and 27.8 +/- 2.9% for 100 sec duration pulses. If these data are corrected to the steady state and the surface contribution subtracted, the mean increase in 'volume' capacity is 40.3 +/-  3.6% (n = 21) for fibres with a mean diameter of 51 +/- 4 micron. 4. The increase in capacity can arise either by an increase in the transverse tubular length constant (lambdaT) or by gaining electrical access to additional linear capacitance within the fibre volume. If the capacitance arises solely from the transverse tubular system, the value of lambdaT before repriming can be no larger than 20 micron in order to explain the observed increase in volume capacity. A value of lambdaT as small as this seems unlikely. 5. The observation that reprimed charge is simply the result of an increase in linear capacitance is not consistent with the hypothesis that it is a gating mechanism for the activation of contraction.", "PMID": 309002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1886", "title": "Determination of dose-response curves by quantitative ionophoresis at the frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "1. Quantitative ionophoresis at the neuromuscular junction is possible when (a) the drug is released from appropriate distances (15--20 micrometer for most drugs), (b) the topology of receptors is known and (c) high resistance drug pipettes (100--200 M omega) are sued. 2. With this method, drug concentration-endplate conductance relations were determined in voltage-clamped end-plates of the frog for the agonists ACh, carbamylcholine (CCh) and suberyldicholine (SubCh). 3. Based on the co-operative and independent model, theoretical dose-response curves were computed using as parameters the Hill coefficient nH, maximum conductance gmax., and apparent dissociation constant K. It was found that the co-operative model fitted the data much better than the independent model. 4. Based on the co-operative model, the mean maximum conductance for ACh was gmax. = 169 nS/micrometer, equivalent to 9000 ionic channels/micrometer length of a nerve terminal which can be opened at high drug concentrations. 5. The maximum conductance for CCh at--80 mV membrane potential was, on the average, 78% of that for ACh measured at the same end-plates. This value is termed the relative efficacy of CCh. 6. The mean values for the apparent dissociation constant K were 27.8 micrometer for ACh, 336 micrometer for CCh and 18 micrometer for SubCh. 7. The inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity by edrophonium (3--10 micrometer) affected only the local ACh concentration at the receptor sites, but not gmax. and nH. 8. Dose-response curves measured before and after removal of single nerve terminals in collagenase-treated muscle fibres showed no change in the nH, gmax. and K. A slight increase in gmax. to a value of 218 nS/micrometer observed comparing collagenase-treated and untreated end-plate. 9. Desensitization of receptors may occur in the range of several tens of milli-seconds.", "contents": "Determination of dose-response curves by quantitative ionophoresis at the frog neuromuscular junction. 1. Quantitative ionophoresis at the neuromuscular junction is possible when (a) the drug is released from appropriate distances (15--20 micrometer for most drugs), (b) the topology of receptors is known and (c) high resistance drug pipettes (100--200 M omega) are sued. 2. With this method, drug concentration-endplate conductance relations were determined in voltage-clamped end-plates of the frog for the agonists ACh, carbamylcholine (CCh) and suberyldicholine (SubCh). 3. Based on the co-operative and independent model, theoretical dose-response curves were computed using as parameters the Hill coefficient nH, maximum conductance gmax., and apparent dissociation constant K. It was found that the co-operative model fitted the data much better than the independent model. 4. Based on the co-operative model, the mean maximum conductance for ACh was gmax. = 169 nS/micrometer, equivalent to 9000 ionic channels/micrometer length of a nerve terminal which can be opened at high drug concentrations. 5. The maximum conductance for CCh at--80 mV membrane potential was, on the average, 78% of that for ACh measured at the same end-plates. This value is termed the relative efficacy of CCh. 6. The mean values for the apparent dissociation constant K were 27.8 micrometer for ACh, 336 micrometer for CCh and 18 micrometer for SubCh. 7. The inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity by edrophonium (3--10 micrometer) affected only the local ACh concentration at the receptor sites, but not gmax. and nH. 8. Dose-response curves measured before and after removal of single nerve terminals in collagenase-treated muscle fibres showed no change in the nH, gmax. and K. A slight increase in gmax. to a value of 218 nS/micrometer observed comparing collagenase-treated and untreated end-plate. 9. Desensitization of receptors may occur in the range of several tens of milli-seconds.", "PMID": 309003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1887", "title": "An analysis of the dose-response relationship at voltage-clamped frog neuromuscular junctions.", "content": "1. Frog neuromuscular junctions were viewed with Nomarski optics and voltage clamped. Agonist was applied ionophoretically and agonist concentrations were measured using a micro-electrode sensitive to quaternary amines. 2. The dose-response relationship was studied using the agonists carbamylcholine, suberyldicholine and hydroxyphenyl-propyltrimethylammonium. 3. With all of these agonists, it appeared that the ACh receptor could be active when either one or two agonist  binding sites were occupied. The receptor was much more likely to be active when both sites were occupied. Agonist dissociation constants and receptor activation probabilities were estimated by non-linear regression techniques for several possible receptor activation schemes.", "contents": "An analysis of the dose-response relationship at voltage-clamped frog neuromuscular junctions. 1. Frog neuromuscular junctions were viewed with Nomarski optics and voltage clamped. Agonist was applied ionophoretically and agonist concentrations were measured using a micro-electrode sensitive to quaternary amines. 2. The dose-response relationship was studied using the agonists carbamylcholine, suberyldicholine and hydroxyphenyl-propyltrimethylammonium. 3. With all of these agonists, it appeared that the ACh receptor could be active when either one or two agonist  binding sites were occupied. The receptor was much more likely to be active when both sites were occupied. Agonist dissociation constants and receptor activation probabilities were estimated by non-linear regression techniques for several possible receptor activation schemes.", "PMID": 309004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1888", "title": "A simple problem orientated record card for general practice.", "content": "A simple way of introducing a problem orientated summary card into conventional NHS medical records is described.", "contents": "A simple problem orientated record card for general practice. A simple way of introducing a problem orientated summary card into conventional NHS medical records is described.", "PMID": 309005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1889", "title": "Rheumatology in general practice--a survey in World Rheumatism Year 1977.", "content": "Rheumatological complaints accounted for 10.6 per cent of new presentations in this general-practice survey. Spinal problems formed almost half of this total and led to a greater degree of disability than other locomotor system disorders. Active participation in the treatment of pain by the practitioner's use of manipulation and injection techniques is shown to be quite feasible in general. Forty-six per cent of all hospital referrals were simply requests for physiotherapy, and we suggest that physiotherapy departments should offer open access and so lead to a marked reduction in over-strained rheumatology consultant outpatient clinics.", "contents": "Rheumatology in general practice--a survey in World Rheumatism Year 1977. Rheumatological complaints accounted for 10.6 per cent of new presentations in this general-practice survey. Spinal problems formed almost half of this total and led to a greater degree of disability than other locomotor system disorders. Active participation in the treatment of pain by the practitioner's use of manipulation and injection techniques is shown to be quite feasible in general. Forty-six per cent of all hospital referrals were simply requests for physiotherapy, and we suggest that physiotherapy departments should offer open access and so lead to a marked reduction in over-strained rheumatology consultant outpatient clinics.", "PMID": 309006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1890", "title": "Effects of antidiuretic hormone upon electrical potential and resistance of apical and basolateral membranes of frog skin.", "content": "The effect of ADH upon the intracellular potential and the resistance of inner and outer borders of the transport pathway was investigated on isolated skins of Rana temporaria. Within 40 min after ADH (100--300 mU/ml), the intracellular potential under short-circuit conditions decreased to about 40% of the control value (--79 +/- 4 mV), concomitant with an increase in the short-circuit current to about 160% of the control value. Amiloride, applied when steady values under ADH had been reached, caused an immediate rise of the intracellular potential to values typical for control conditions. This confirms (i) the intracellular location of the microelectrode and the absence of impalement artifacts, and (ii) the ineffectiveness of ADH upon the electromotive forces of the inner border. ADH had no effect upon the intracellular potential after blockage of the Na entry by Amiloride. The equilibrium potential of the outer border was estimated to be about +20mV under the influence of ADH. As this value is considerably less positive than might be expected for the chemical potential of Na, a significant contribution of ions other than Na to the outer border conductance and equilibrium potential is implicated. The resistance of the outer border was more significantly decreased than that of the active transcellular pathway after ADH due to an increase in the inner border resistance, which exceeded that of the outer border after ADH. The effect of ADH upon the outer membrane characteristics would be underestimated by a factor of two, if the alterations of the electrical potential difference were not taken into consideration.", "contents": "Effects of antidiuretic hormone upon electrical potential and resistance of apical and basolateral membranes of frog skin. The effect of ADH upon the intracellular potential and the resistance of inner and outer borders of the transport pathway was investigated on isolated skins of Rana temporaria. Within 40 min after ADH (100--300 mU/ml), the intracellular potential under short-circuit conditions decreased to about 40% of the control value (--79 +/- 4 mV), concomitant with an increase in the short-circuit current to about 160% of the control value. Amiloride, applied when steady values under ADH had been reached, caused an immediate rise of the intracellular potential to values typical for control conditions. This confirms (i) the intracellular location of the microelectrode and the absence of impalement artifacts, and (ii) the ineffectiveness of ADH upon the electromotive forces of the inner border. ADH had no effect upon the intracellular potential after blockage of the Na entry by Amiloride. The equilibrium potential of the outer border was estimated to be about +20mV under the influence of ADH. As this value is considerably less positive than might be expected for the chemical potential of Na, a significant contribution of ions other than Na to the outer border conductance and equilibrium potential is implicated. The resistance of the outer border was more significantly decreased than that of the active transcellular pathway after ADH due to an increase in the inner border resistance, which exceeded that of the outer border after ADH. The effect of ADH upon the outer membrane characteristics would be underestimated by a factor of two, if the alterations of the electrical potential difference were not taken into consideration.", "PMID": 309008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1891", "title": "Altered carbohydrate content of alpha1-antitrypsin in patients with cancer.", "content": "The glycosylation of IgG and alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) was studied by their precipitation with concanavalin A in a codified serum panel from the National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, Md.) and the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minn.). The serum panel was composed of samples from 98 patients with cancer of the lung, prostate gland, or gastrointestinal tract, 50 samples from patients with benign inflammatory diseases from the same organs as those of the cancer patients, and 41 samples from apparently healthy smokers. The assay for alpha1-AT revealed statistically significant differences in levels between the patients with cancer, the patients with benign diseases, and the smokers. However, tests revealed no statistically significant difference in IgG levels among the three groups. These results suggest that cancer may alter the glycosylation of alpha1-AT. The possibility remains that the test for alpha1-AT can detect genetic differences among individuals, but studies of families are needed before a final conclusion can be made.", "contents": "Altered carbohydrate content of alpha1-antitrypsin in patients with cancer. The glycosylation of IgG and alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) was studied by their precipitation with concanavalin A in a codified serum panel from the National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, Md.) and the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minn.). The serum panel was composed of samples from 98 patients with cancer of the lung, prostate gland, or gastrointestinal tract, 50 samples from patients with benign inflammatory diseases from the same organs as those of the cancer patients, and 41 samples from apparently healthy smokers. The assay for alpha1-AT revealed statistically significant differences in levels between the patients with cancer, the patients with benign diseases, and the smokers. However, tests revealed no statistically significant difference in IgG levels among the three groups. These results suggest that cancer may alter the glycosylation of alpha1-AT. The possibility remains that the test for alpha1-AT can detect genetic differences among individuals, but studies of families are needed before a final conclusion can be made.", "PMID": 309009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1892", "title": "Homozygous alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency with unusual associations:  a case report.", "content": "The rare association of protease inhibitor deficiency (Pi(zz) genotype) in a black American with chronic, obstructive pulmonary disease due to asthmatic bronchitis, rather than basal pan lobular emphysema, is presented. The late onset of symptoms, despite environmental exposures, is also unusual in this homozygote, as is his ethnic background.", "contents": "Homozygous alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency with unusual associations:  a case report. The rare association of protease inhibitor deficiency (Pi(zz) genotype) in a black American with chronic, obstructive pulmonary disease due to asthmatic bronchitis, rather than basal pan lobular emphysema, is presented. The late onset of symptoms, despite environmental exposures, is also unusual in this homozygote, as is his ethnic background.", "PMID": 309010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1893", "title": "Gastric candidiasis.", "content": "Two cases of candidiasis occured in the stomach. The first is a case of disseminated candidiasis with stomach wall involvement. The patient had Hodgkin's disease and responded to chemotherapy and amphotericin B. The second is a case of superficial invasion of Candida in a stitch ulcer. Systemic and local factors influence growth of Candida in the stomach.", "contents": "Gastric candidiasis. Two cases of candidiasis occured in the stomach. The first is a case of disseminated candidiasis with stomach wall involvement. The patient had Hodgkin's disease and responded to chemotherapy and amphotericin B. The second is a case of superficial invasion of Candida in a stitch ulcer. Systemic and local factors influence growth of Candida in the stomach.", "PMID": 309011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1894", "title": "The cost of coronary bypass procedures.", "content": "We reviewed the financial records of 200 succesive patients who had coronary artery bypass surgery in the first three months of 1976. The average hospital bill was $7,690 and the average length of stay was 18 days. The highest bill was $28,329 (79 days) and the lowest was $6,126 (11 days). The average total physician charge to the patient was $3,240. The total average hospital and physician cost was $10,930.", "contents": "The cost of coronary bypass procedures. We reviewed the financial records of 200 succesive patients who had coronary artery bypass surgery in the first three months of 1976. The average hospital bill was $7,690 and the average length of stay was 18 days. The highest bill was $28,329 (79 days) and the lowest was $6,126 (11 days). The average total physician charge to the patient was $3,240. The total average hospital and physician cost was $10,930.", "PMID": 309012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1895", "title": "[Action of a new antiarrhythmia preparation, etmozin, on the contractile force, transmembrane action potential and the rapid incoming sodium flow of the frog atrial muscle].", "content": "The mechanism of the effect of ethmosine on the force of contraction, the membrane potential and the rapid incoming sodium flow of the frog atrium was studied by means of microelectrode technique and the method of potential fixation. It has been shown that in a concentration of up to 10(-5) g/ml ethmosine reduces the rate of increase of the foremost front of the action potential by 50%; has no substantial effect on the force of contraction, and on the shape and duration of the transmembrane action potential; inhibits the rapid incoming sodium flow by more than 50% by diminishing maximum conductivity of sodium ions; has no effect on processes of activation, inactivation and reactivation of the sodium flow. A comparison is made between ethmosine and other antiarrhythmic agents in their effect on the force of contraction and the electric parameters of cardiac cells.", "contents": "[Action of a new antiarrhythmia preparation, etmozin, on the contractile force, transmembrane action potential and the rapid incoming sodium flow of the frog atrial muscle]. The mechanism of the effect of ethmosine on the force of contraction, the membrane potential and the rapid incoming sodium flow of the frog atrium was studied by means of microelectrode technique and the method of potential fixation. It has been shown that in a concentration of up to 10(-5) g/ml ethmosine reduces the rate of increase of the foremost front of the action potential by 50%; has no substantial effect on the force of contraction, and on the shape and duration of the transmembrane action potential; inhibits the rapid incoming sodium flow by more than 50% by diminishing maximum conductivity of sodium ions; has no effect on processes of activation, inactivation and reactivation of the sodium flow. A comparison is made between ethmosine and other antiarrhythmic agents in their effect on the force of contraction and the electric parameters of cardiac cells.", "PMID": 309020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1896", "title": "[The diagnostic and prognostic value of alpha-1-antitrypsin measurement in tear fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacterial infections of conjunctiva and cornea cause an increase of alpha-1-antitrypsin in tears. In 77 cases detections of this antiproteases were performed by immuno-chemical methods. We believed that the estimation of alpha-1-antitrypsin in tears may be an effective help in diagnosis of ocular inflamations.", "contents": "[The diagnostic and prognostic value of alpha-1-antitrypsin measurement in tear fluid (author's transl)]. Bacterial infections of conjunctiva and cornea cause an increase of alpha-1-antitrypsin in tears. In 77 cases detections of this antiproteases were performed by immuno-chemical methods. We believed that the estimation of alpha-1-antitrypsin in tears may be an effective help in diagnosis of ocular inflamations.", "PMID": 309022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1897", "title": "[Anomalies of the colour vision of women as an indication of testicular feminisation (author's transl)].", "content": "When women show inborn anomalies of colour vision the syndroma of testicular feminization should be thought of as a possibility. In such cases the ophthalmologist should always ask the patient whether an amenorrhoea is present or ask for gynaecological examination.", "contents": "[Anomalies of the colour vision of women as an indication of testicular feminisation (author's transl)]. When women show inborn anomalies of colour vision the syndroma of testicular feminization should be thought of as a possibility. In such cases the ophthalmologist should always ask the patient whether an amenorrhoea is present or ask for gynaecological examination.", "PMID": 309023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1898", "title": "[Diagnostik significance of cell membrane markers in childhood ALL (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in childhood is not a homogeneous disease. By membrane phenotyping 6 groups of ALL in 66 children could be differentiated: Group I (38%) common ALL (anti-cALL+. Group II (32%) common ALL with T cell marker in addition (anti-cALL+, anti-T+). Group III (14%) T. cell ALL with E-rosette marker (anti T+, E+). Group IV (9%) T cell ALL without E-rosette marker (anti T+, E-). Group V (6%) undifferentiated ALL (anti-cALL-, anti-T). Group VI (1%) B cell typ (SmIg+). 19 or 20% of children in groups I and II opposed to 67 or 100% of children in groups III and IV had a white cell count at diagnosis of greater than 25,0 x 10(3)/mm(3) Mediastinal involvement was typical for groups III and IV. No significant difference was found so far for age or sex in the groups.", "contents": "[Diagnostik significance of cell membrane markers in childhood ALL (author's transl)]. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in childhood is not a homogeneous disease. By membrane phenotyping 6 groups of ALL in 66 children could be differentiated: Group I (38%) common ALL (anti-cALL+. Group II (32%) common ALL with T cell marker in addition (anti-cALL+, anti-T+). Group III (14%) T. cell ALL with E-rosette marker (anti T+, E+). Group IV (9%) T cell ALL without E-rosette marker (anti T+, E-). Group V (6%) undifferentiated ALL (anti-cALL-, anti-T). Group VI (1%) B cell typ (SmIg+). 19 or 20% of children in groups I and II opposed to 67 or 100% of children in groups III and IV had a white cell count at diagnosis of greater than 25,0 x 10(3)/mm(3) Mediastinal involvement was typical for groups III and IV. No significant difference was found so far for age or sex in the groups.", "PMID": 309025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1899", "title": "Demonstration of antinuclear antibodies in mercuric chloride-induced glomerulopathy in the rat.", "content": "Serial administration of mercuric chloride to PVG/C rats induced a glomerulopathy associated with immune complex deposition along the glomerular basement membrane and in the mesangial area. These deposits could be demonstrated by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy 5 to 8 weeks after the first injection of mercuric chloride. At this time antinuclear antibodies could be demonstrated in the sera and in the eluates from the renal cortices from diseased animals. These findings suggest a possible role for antibodies directed against nuclear antigen in the pathogenesis of this type of experimental glomerular disease.", "contents": "Demonstration of antinuclear antibodies in mercuric chloride-induced glomerulopathy in the rat. Serial administration of mercuric chloride to PVG/C rats induced a glomerulopathy associated with immune complex deposition along the glomerular basement membrane and in the mesangial area. These deposits could be demonstrated by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy 5 to 8 weeks after the first injection of mercuric chloride. At this time antinuclear antibodies could be demonstrated in the sera and in the eluates from the renal cortices from diseased animals. These findings suggest a possible role for antibodies directed against nuclear antigen in the pathogenesis of this type of experimental glomerular disease.", "PMID": 309027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1900", "title": "Results and patterns of perioperative myocardial infarction.", "content": "Myocardial injury during a variety of cardiac surgical operations was determined in 57 patients by serial electrocardiograms (ECG's), serial determinations of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and perioperative and postoperative technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (PYP) scans. ECG evidence of injury developed in four patients, whereas positive localized injury by PYP scan developed in ten. Twenty-one patients had elevated CPK enzymes postoperatively. The localization of injury by PYP scan correlated with ECG evidence of infarction in only one of four patients. Localized left ventricular injury by PYP scan without new Q waves on the ECG was common (5/12) in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with perfusion of the coronary arteries. The injury in patients with congenital heart disease occurred at sites of ventricular incision or suggested possible air embolization of the coronary arteries. Perioperative infarction is frequently segmental and nontransmural and occurs in patients with coronary, valvular, and congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Results and patterns of perioperative myocardial infarction. Myocardial injury during a variety of cardiac surgical operations was determined in 57 patients by serial electrocardiograms (ECG's), serial determinations of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and perioperative and postoperative technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (PYP) scans. ECG evidence of injury developed in four patients, whereas positive localized injury by PYP scan developed in ten. Twenty-one patients had elevated CPK enzymes postoperatively. The localization of injury by PYP scan correlated with ECG evidence of infarction in only one of four patients. Localized left ventricular injury by PYP scan without new Q waves on the ECG was common (5/12) in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with perfusion of the coronary arteries. The injury in patients with congenital heart disease occurred at sites of ventricular incision or suggested possible air embolization of the coronary arteries. Perioperative infarction is frequently segmental and nontransmural and occurs in patients with coronary, valvular, and congenital heart disease.", "PMID": 309028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1901", "title": "Perioperative myocardial infarction in patients with coronary artery disease with and without aorta--coronary artery bypass grafts.", "content": "The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) was examined in 148 patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent 226 noncardiac surgical procedures. In 168 operations in 99 patients who had prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) there were no perioperative MI's whereas in the 49 patients who had not undergone prior CABG who underwent 58 noncardiac operations, there were three MI's (5 percent). The lower (p less than 0.02) incidence of perioperative MI in patients with CAD who had had prior CABG suggests a protective effect for subsequent noncardiac operation, which could not be explained by other differences in cardiac status between the groups. All three MI's occurred in patients with three-vessel CAD, evidence that this should be added to prior MI as a significant risk factor. The study indicates also that patients with prior CABG have less risk of MI during and following anesthesia and noncardiac operation than do patients without CABG who have had a previous MI.", "contents": "Perioperative myocardial infarction in patients with coronary artery disease with and without aorta--coronary artery bypass grafts. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) was examined in 148 patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent 226 noncardiac surgical procedures. In 168 operations in 99 patients who had prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) there were no perioperative MI's whereas in the 49 patients who had not undergone prior CABG who underwent 58 noncardiac operations, there were three MI's (5 percent). The lower (p less than 0.02) incidence of perioperative MI in patients with CAD who had had prior CABG suggests a protective effect for subsequent noncardiac operation, which could not be explained by other differences in cardiac status between the groups. All three MI's occurred in patients with three-vessel CAD, evidence that this should be added to prior MI as a significant risk factor. The study indicates also that patients with prior CABG have less risk of MI during and following anesthesia and noncardiac operation than do patients without CABG who have had a previous MI.", "PMID": 309029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1902", "title": "Aorta--coronary artery revascularization with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft. A preliminary report.", "content": "Patients requiring coronary artery surgery may have had bilateral saphenous vein stripping, and the arm veins may not be adequate for use for coronary artery grafting. The internal mammary artery may not be long enough for use for the circumflex or right coronary artery anastomoses. A suitable substitute would be most welcome for these patients or for those with marked varicosities of the saphenous vein. Five patients received expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts (Gore-Tex vascular grafts) for coronary artery revascularization because veins of adequate size or length were not available at the time of operation. These five patients are alive 9 to 14 months after graft insertion. Four of the five grafts were patent at the time of restudy 3 to 6 months postoperatively. More follow-up studies for far longer periods of time will be necessary before Gore-Tex vascular grafts can be recommended as the ideal material for coronary artery bypass surgery.", "contents": "Aorta--coronary artery revascularization with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft. A preliminary report. Patients requiring coronary artery surgery may have had bilateral saphenous vein stripping, and the arm veins may not be adequate for use for coronary artery grafting. The internal mammary artery may not be long enough for use for the circumflex or right coronary artery anastomoses. A suitable substitute would be most welcome for these patients or for those with marked varicosities of the saphenous vein. Five patients received expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts (Gore-Tex vascular grafts) for coronary artery revascularization because veins of adequate size or length were not available at the time of operation. These five patients are alive 9 to 14 months after graft insertion. Four of the five grafts were patent at the time of restudy 3 to 6 months postoperatively. More follow-up studies for far longer periods of time will be necessary before Gore-Tex vascular grafts can be recommended as the ideal material for coronary artery bypass surgery.", "PMID": 309030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1903", "title": "Cold cardioplegia versus hypothermia for myocardial protection. Randomized clinical study.", "content": "Seventeen of 34 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly assigned to one of two methods of myocardial preservation. With the cold cardioplegic method (Group A), a 4 degrees C.  asanguineous solution with 30 mEq. of potassium per liter was infused into the aortic root for about 2 minutes immediately after aortic cross-clamping and again after about 45 minutes or when myocardial temperature rose above 19 degrees C. External cardiac cooling was provided by constant infusion of 4 degrees C. Ringer's solution into the pericardium. Seventeen patients were assigned to simple cardiac cooling by hypothermic systemic perfusion before aortic cross-clamping plus external cardiac cooling (Group B). Electromechanical activity ceased within 1 to 2 minutes in Group A but continued throughout the ischemic period in 14 patients in Group B. Myocardial temperature (mean for all observations) during aortic cross-clamping was 17.2 +/- 0.44 degrees C. In Group A and 24.0 +/- 0.70 degrees C. in Group B. Operating conditions were better in Group A. Card-ac function early postoperatively was good in both groups clinically and according to measurements, but only in the cold cardioplegic group (A) was cardiac index not adversely affected by longer cross-clamp time. Myocardial necrosis occurred in both groups but was probably less in the cold cardioplegic group. Thirteen patients (76 percent) in Group A had no electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial injury, compared with eight (47 percent) in Group B (p = 0.08). Eleven (65 percent of Group A had no or short-lived appearance of ceatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), compared with six (35 percent) of Group B (p = 0.08). Time-related CK-MB and SGOT mean levels were consistently lower in Group A.", "contents": "Cold cardioplegia versus hypothermia for myocardial protection. Randomized clinical study. Seventeen of 34 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly assigned to one of two methods of myocardial preservation. With the cold cardioplegic method (Group A), a 4 degrees C.  asanguineous solution with 30 mEq. of potassium per liter was infused into the aortic root for about 2 minutes immediately after aortic cross-clamping and again after about 45 minutes or when myocardial temperature rose above 19 degrees C. External cardiac cooling was provided by constant infusion of 4 degrees C. Ringer's solution into the pericardium. Seventeen patients were assigned to simple cardiac cooling by hypothermic systemic perfusion before aortic cross-clamping plus external cardiac cooling (Group B). Electromechanical activity ceased within 1 to 2 minutes in Group A but continued throughout the ischemic period in 14 patients in Group B. Myocardial temperature (mean for all observations) during aortic cross-clamping was 17.2 +/- 0.44 degrees C. In Group A and 24.0 +/- 0.70 degrees C. in Group B. Operating conditions were better in Group A. Card-ac function early postoperatively was good in both groups clinically and according to measurements, but only in the cold cardioplegic group (A) was cardiac index not adversely affected by longer cross-clamp time. Myocardial necrosis occurred in both groups but was probably less in the cold cardioplegic group. Thirteen patients (76 percent) in Group A had no electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial injury, compared with eight (47 percent) in Group B (p = 0.08). Eleven (65 percent of Group A had no or short-lived appearance of ceatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), compared with six (35 percent) of Group B (p = 0.08). Time-related CK-MB and SGOT mean levels were consistently lower in Group A.", "PMID": 309031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1904", "title": "Relation of preoperative use of aspirin to increased mediastinal blood loss after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.", "content": "To evaluate the potential effect of aspirin, a platelet inhibitory agent, on postoperative bleeding complications after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, we compared each of nine patients who had taken aspirin within 7 days prior to operation to one or two control subjects (total 16 patients) matched for age, sex, extent of coronary disease, number of grafts placed total operative time, bypass time, and preoperative use of propranolol. Preoperative prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and platelet counts were normal for all patients. Mean mediastinal blood loss was significantly greater in the aspirin group (919 +/- 164 ml., S.E.) than in the control group (437 +/- 61 ml., p less than 0.001). The degree of mediastinal blood loss did not correlate with patient age, total operative time, bypass time, number of vessels diseased, or grafts placed. In addition, compared to controls the aspirin group required prolonged chest tube drainage (33 +/- 5 hours versus 19 +/- 1 hour, p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Relation of preoperative use of aspirin to increased mediastinal blood loss after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. To evaluate the potential effect of aspirin, a platelet inhibitory agent, on postoperative bleeding complications after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, we compared each of nine patients who had taken aspirin within 7 days prior to operation to one or two control subjects (total 16 patients) matched for age, sex, extent of coronary disease, number of grafts placed total operative time, bypass time, and preoperative use of propranolol. Preoperative prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and platelet counts were normal for all patients. Mean mediastinal blood loss was significantly greater in the aspirin group (919 +/- 164 ml., S.E.) than in the control group (437 +/- 61 ml., p less than 0.001). The degree of mediastinal blood loss did not correlate with patient age, total operative time, bypass time, number of vessels diseased, or grafts placed. In addition, compared to controls the aspirin group required prolonged chest tube drainage (33 +/- 5 hours versus 19 +/- 1 hour, p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 309032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1905", "title": "A one-stage combined approach for the management of large cerebellopontine angle tumors.", "content": "This paper reviews 180 cerebellopontine angle lesions in regard to results and complications of the surgical management with special emphasis on the diagnosis, surgical removal, and results in 60 large (4 cm. or greater) tumors of the CPA. The authors conclude that in their experience a one-stage combined translabyrinthine-suboccipital approach, which is explained in detail, is the procedure of choice in dealing with large tumors of the CPA.", "contents": "A one-stage combined approach for the management of large cerebellopontine angle tumors. This paper reviews 180 cerebellopontine angle lesions in regard to results and complications of the surgical management with special emphasis on the diagnosis, surgical removal, and results in 60 large (4 cm. or greater) tumors of the CPA. The authors conclude that in their experience a one-stage combined translabyrinthine-suboccipital approach, which is explained in detail, is the procedure of choice in dealing with large tumors of the CPA.", "PMID": 309054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1906", "title": "The effect of the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt operation on vestibular function.", "content": "Preoperative vestibular function was studied in 56 patients undergoing the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedure for M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease by electronystagmographic recording of bithermal air caloric stimulation. Fifty-two percent had normal vestibular function while 48% had a reduced vestibular response on the affected side using 20% difference as being significant. Best results of surgery with relief of vertigo were found in the group of patients with normal preoperative vestibular function (82%) while the group with reduced vestibular response preoperatively showed 63% with a good result. Postoperatively, 81% had a reduced vestibular response in the operated-on ear with 62% obtaining relief of vertigo. In patients with normal vestibular function postoperatively excellent relief of vertigo was obtained. Of patients with normal vestibular function preoperatively, 69% developed a reduced vestibular response postoperatively with only 55% having relief of vertigo. The results of surgery could be predicted more accurately using the results of vestibular function tests than audiometric data. It appears that for best results the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedure should be performed early in the course of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease when hearing is fluctuating and vestibular function is normal.", "contents": "The effect of the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt operation on vestibular function. Preoperative vestibular function was studied in 56 patients undergoing the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedure for M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease by electronystagmographic recording of bithermal air caloric stimulation. Fifty-two percent had normal vestibular function while 48% had a reduced vestibular response on the affected side using 20% difference as being significant. Best results of surgery with relief of vertigo were found in the group of patients with normal preoperative vestibular function (82%) while the group with reduced vestibular response preoperatively showed 63% with a good result. Postoperatively, 81% had a reduced vestibular response in the operated-on ear with 62% obtaining relief of vertigo. In patients with normal vestibular function postoperatively excellent relief of vertigo was obtained. Of patients with normal vestibular function preoperatively, 69% developed a reduced vestibular response postoperatively with only 55% having relief of vertigo. The results of surgery could be predicted more accurately using the results of vestibular function tests than audiometric data. It appears that for best results the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedure should be performed early in the course of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease when hearing is fluctuating and vestibular function is normal.", "PMID": 309055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1907", "title": "[Long term effects of splenectomy on the immune-status of Hodgkin's disease patients depending on the modality of treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "In a total group of 103 Hodgkin's disease patients the immune-status of splenectomized and non-splenectomized individuals is compared in subgroups characterized by the modality of treatment (RT, CT, RCT). The mitogenic stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes showed a decreased response of splenectomized patients in each therapy group. The percentage, but not the absolute number/mm3, of peripheral T-cells was reduced after splenectomy. Splenectomized patients, who received combined radiation and chemotherapy showed significantly lower IgM-levels than non-splenectomized patients after the same treatment. EBV-VCA-titers and skin-test-reactivity were not influenced by splenectomy.", "contents": "[Long term effects of splenectomy on the immune-status of Hodgkin's disease patients depending on the modality of treatment (author's transl)]. In a total group of 103 Hodgkin's disease patients the immune-status of splenectomized and non-splenectomized individuals is compared in subgroups characterized by the modality of treatment (RT, CT, RCT). The mitogenic stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes showed a decreased response of splenectomized patients in each therapy group. The percentage, but not the absolute number/mm3, of peripheral T-cells was reduced after splenectomy. Splenectomized patients, who received combined radiation and chemotherapy showed significantly lower IgM-levels than non-splenectomized patients after the same treatment. EBV-VCA-titers and skin-test-reactivity were not influenced by splenectomy.", "PMID": 309061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1908", "title": "[Production of mutants with an increased alpha-amylase synthesis].", "content": "A mutant characterized by elevated biosynthesis of alpha-amylase was obtained as a result of a three-stage induced selection using nitroso compounds. Changes of mutagens in the course of selection stages and the establishment of their effective doses causing the maximum accumulation of mutations yielded the mutant which produced 2.5 times more alpha-amylase than the parent strain of Aspergillus oryzae 762. The induced variability of the mutant can be registered on a solid growth medium and provides the high activity of alpha-amylase.", "contents": "[Production of mutants with an increased alpha-amylase synthesis]. A mutant characterized by elevated biosynthesis of alpha-amylase was obtained as a result of a three-stage induced selection using nitroso compounds. Changes of mutagens in the course of selection stages and the establishment of their effective doses causing the maximum accumulation of mutations yielded the mutant which produced 2.5 times more alpha-amylase than the parent strain of Aspergillus oryzae 762. The induced variability of the mutant can be registered on a solid growth medium and provides the high activity of alpha-amylase.", "PMID": 309059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1909", "title": "The association of serum proteins with peripheral blood cells at low ionic strength: ultrastructural examination.", "content": "Peripheral white blood cells have been shown to bind serum immunoglobins when prepared in low ionic strength sucrose solutions. The presence and distribution of Ig on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes was described using an immunoferritin probe and the electron microscope. It appears that this approach reveals immunoglobulins associated with peripheral white blood cells that are not observed by the usual methods of examining these cell surfaces after preparation at physiological ionic strength.", "contents": "The association of serum proteins with peripheral blood cells at low ionic strength: ultrastructural examination. Peripheral white blood cells have been shown to bind serum immunoglobins when prepared in low ionic strength sucrose solutions. The presence and distribution of Ig on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes was described using an immunoferritin probe and the electron microscope. It appears that this approach reveals immunoglobulins associated with peripheral white blood cells that are not observed by the usual methods of examining these cell surfaces after preparation at physiological ionic strength.", "PMID": 309063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1910", "title": "[Iron deficiency anemia caused by occult intestinal bleeding due to milk allergy (author's transl)].", "content": "With the passive hemagglutination method the authors proved antibodies against milkprotein fractions in three of nine patients with hypochrome anemia aged 7, 12 and 17 months. In these children the X-ray examination showed an intestinal allergy, presumably the reason for occult intestinal bleeding which inturn caused hypochrome anemia. After milk was eliminated from the diet iron therapy restored a normal haemoglobin content. Iron therapy alone only improved the anemia, since continuing intestinal bleeding prevented fullrecovery.", "contents": "[Iron deficiency anemia caused by occult intestinal bleeding due to milk allergy (author's transl)]. With the passive hemagglutination method the authors proved antibodies against milkprotein fractions in three of nine patients with hypochrome anemia aged 7, 12 and 17 months. In these children the X-ray examination showed an intestinal allergy, presumably the reason for occult intestinal bleeding which inturn caused hypochrome anemia. After milk was eliminated from the diet iron therapy restored a normal haemoglobin content. Iron therapy alone only improved the anemia, since continuing intestinal bleeding prevented fullrecovery.", "PMID": 309064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1911", "title": "Comparison of incidence and prevalence of arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Current methods of handling quantitative arrhythmia data deal primarily with the incidence (I) of arrhythmias and the relation of incidence to morbidity and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). To evaluate a new parameter, prevalence (P), and compare it with I, data from 345 patients with MI were analyzed from a computerized data base. I was defined as the number of patients in whom an arrhythmia had occurred and P as the number of days the arrythmia persisted. A high I/P ratio is generally associated with a low prevalence and a low I/P ratio with a high prevalence. Incidence, prevalence, and I/P ratios are shown for supraventricular, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias, and AV block. Further analysis of the data from 98 patients showed that when inferior MI was compared to anteroseptal MI there was an increased incidence of AV block, and an increased incidence of ventricular tachycardia. A high I/P ratio is shown for arrhythmias associated with a high mortality in our previous studies. The data suggest the need for newer techniques for handling quantative arrhythmia data.", "contents": "Comparison of incidence and prevalence of arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. Current methods of handling quantitative arrhythmia data deal primarily with the incidence (I) of arrhythmias and the relation of incidence to morbidity and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). To evaluate a new parameter, prevalence (P), and compare it with I, data from 345 patients with MI were analyzed from a computerized data base. I was defined as the number of patients in whom an arrhythmia had occurred and P as the number of days the arrythmia persisted. A high I/P ratio is generally associated with a low prevalence and a low I/P ratio with a high prevalence. Incidence, prevalence, and I/P ratios are shown for supraventricular, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias, and AV block. Further analysis of the data from 98 patients showed that when inferior MI was compared to anteroseptal MI there was an increased incidence of AV block, and an increased incidence of ventricular tachycardia. A high I/P ratio is shown for arrhythmias associated with a high mortality in our previous studies. The data suggest the need for newer techniques for handling quantative arrhythmia data.", "PMID": 309060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1912", "title": "Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamide.", "content": "To evaluate the effectiveness of cyclophosphamide in the treatment of lupus nephritis, we designed a prospective study of patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Twenty-six patients received prednisone (average dose, 40 mg per day) and 24 combined prednisone (average dose, 29 mg per day) and cyclophosphamide (average dose, 107 mg per day) for six months. Thereafter, all patients received maintenance doses of prednisone. Most of the patients improved (84 per cent) after six months of initial treatment with either program. Early progression of disease, ending mainly in end-stage renal disease, was equally frequent in the two treatment groups in patients with already advanced disease. In a four-year follow-up study there was a higher incidence (P approximately 0.04) and average rate (P approximately 0.02) of clinical recurrence of nephritis in the group initially given only steroid than in the group initially given both drugs. However, the proportion of patients alive after four years with stable or improved renal function was similar in the two treatment groups.", "contents": "Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamide. To evaluate the effectiveness of cyclophosphamide in the treatment of lupus nephritis, we designed a prospective study of patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Twenty-six patients received prednisone (average dose, 40 mg per day) and 24 combined prednisone (average dose, 29 mg per day) and cyclophosphamide (average dose, 107 mg per day) for six months. Thereafter, all patients received maintenance doses of prednisone. Most of the patients improved (84 per cent) after six months of initial treatment with either program. Early progression of disease, ending mainly in end-stage renal disease, was equally frequent in the two treatment groups in patients with already advanced disease. In a four-year follow-up study there was a higher incidence (P approximately 0.04) and average rate (P approximately 0.02) of clinical recurrence of nephritis in the group initially given only steroid than in the group initially given both drugs. However, the proportion of patients alive after four years with stable or improved renal function was similar in the two treatment groups.", "PMID": 309095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1913", "title": "A new Thy-1 alloantigen as a temporal marker of T lymphocyte differentiation.", "content": "A new Thy-1 alloantigenic specificity is defined in the mouse. Antigen expression is restricted to 'mature' and memory T cells, with either helper or killer activity.", "contents": "A new Thy-1 alloantigen as a temporal marker of T lymphocyte differentiation. A new Thy-1 alloantigenic specificity is defined in the mouse. Antigen expression is restricted to 'mature' and memory T cells, with either helper or killer activity.", "PMID": 309098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1914", "title": "The use of Adriamycin and mehtotrexate in carcinoma of the cervix. The development of a safe effective regimen.", "content": "The results of treating 59 patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix with Adriamycin and methotrexate are given. Five combinations of the two cytotoxic drugs have been evaluated, differing only with regard to the methotrexate. One particular regimen has been shown to be effective with a relatively high remission rate coupled with a low rate of side effects.", "contents": "The use of Adriamycin and mehtotrexate in carcinoma of the cervix. The development of a safe effective regimen. The results of treating 59 patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix with Adriamycin and methotrexate are given. Five combinations of the two cytotoxic drugs have been evaluated, differing only with regard to the methotrexate. One particular regimen has been shown to be effective with a relatively high remission rate coupled with a low rate of side effects.", "PMID": 309102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1915", "title": "Genetic resistance to helminths. The influence of breed and haemoglobin type on the response of sheep to re-infection with Haemonchus contortus.", "content": "The influence of genetic factors on acquired resistance to Haemonchus contortus infections in sheep was investigated. Animals whose primary infections were terminated with an anthelmintic failed to develop any immunity against subsequent challenge as judged by worm numbers. Nevertheless, all were better able to retard the development and reduce the fecundity and haematophagic activities of their parasite populations than animals undergoing primary infections. High levels of resistance, as judged by all these parameters, were observed in most animals when the challenge larvae were superimposed on existing worm populations. The patterns of worm establishment and disease indicated that genetic factors operated in determining resistance, since fewer worms became established and less severe clinical and pathophysiological changes were observed in Scottish Blackface than in Finn Dorset sheep with the same haemoglobin type. Similar advantages were displayed by animals with haemoglobin AA and to a lesser extent those with haemoglobin AB over haemoglobin BB types. The importance of breed was further indicated by the occurrence of 'self-cure' in the majority of the Scottish Blackfaces but in only one Finn Dorset. There was no evidence that this reaction was associated with haemoglobin type.", "contents": "Genetic resistance to helminths. The influence of breed and haemoglobin type on the response of sheep to re-infection with Haemonchus contortus. The influence of genetic factors on acquired resistance to Haemonchus contortus infections in sheep was investigated. Animals whose primary infections were terminated with an anthelmintic failed to develop any immunity against subsequent challenge as judged by worm numbers. Nevertheless, all were better able to retard the development and reduce the fecundity and haematophagic activities of their parasite populations than animals undergoing primary infections. High levels of resistance, as judged by all these parameters, were observed in most animals when the challenge larvae were superimposed on existing worm populations. The patterns of worm establishment and disease indicated that genetic factors operated in determining resistance, since fewer worms became established and less severe clinical and pathophysiological changes were observed in Scottish Blackface than in Finn Dorset sheep with the same haemoglobin type. Similar advantages were displayed by animals with haemoglobin AA and to a lesser extent those with haemoglobin AB over haemoglobin BB types. The importance of breed was further indicated by the occurrence of 'self-cure' in the majority of the Scottish Blackfaces but in only one Finn Dorset. There was no evidence that this reaction was associated with haemoglobin type.", "PMID": 309103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1916", "title": "[Comparative study of the peripheral lymphocyte count in controls and in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemias 4 hours after injection of hydrocortisone (author's transl)].", "content": "The peripheral lymphocyte count was investigated prior to and 4 h after a single intravenous injection of 400 mg of hydrocortisone (HSHC) in 23 controls and 43 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A reduction in the peripheral lymphocyte count was observed in all normal controls, the mean decrease being 51.9%, with differences according to age.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the peripheral lymphocyte count in controls and in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemias 4 hours after injection of hydrocortisone (author's transl)]. The peripheral lymphocyte count was investigated prior to and 4 h after a single intravenous injection of 400 mg of hydrocortisone (HSHC) in 23 controls and 43 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A reduction in the peripheral lymphocyte count was observed in all normal controls, the mean decrease being 51.9%, with differences according to age.", "PMID": 309108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1917", "title": "DNA replication in Physarum polycephalum: UV photolysis of maturing 5-bromo-deoxyuridine substituted DNA.", "content": "Combinations of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and 3H-deoxyadenosine (3H-DAdo) short pulses were given in the synchronous DNA-replication period of Physarum polycephalum. After a chase period, UV-photolysis products were analyzed on alkaline sucrose gradients. This strategy has allowed the following conclusions. a) at the time of master-initiation of DNA replication, points separated by 1.1-2.2x10(7) daltons of single strand DNA may initiate DNA synthesis. b) among these, only selected groups of replicons actually proceed in DNA replication at this time, while others appear to hold (later temporal sets of replicons). The origins of the ones that proceed in replication are separated from each other by a distance corresponding to 1.1-2.x10(7) daltons. c) regions in actual replication are separated from each other by increasing distances (up to 1.5x10(8) daltons single strand DNA) at later times in S.", "contents": "DNA replication in Physarum polycephalum: UV photolysis of maturing 5-bromo-deoxyuridine substituted DNA. Combinations of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and 3H-deoxyadenosine (3H-DAdo) short pulses were given in the synchronous DNA-replication period of Physarum polycephalum. After a chase period, UV-photolysis products were analyzed on alkaline sucrose gradients. This strategy has allowed the following conclusions. a) at the time of master-initiation of DNA replication, points separated by 1.1-2.2x10(7) daltons of single strand DNA may initiate DNA synthesis. b) among these, only selected groups of replicons actually proceed in DNA replication at this time, while others appear to hold (later temporal sets of replicons). The origins of the ones that proceed in replication are separated from each other by a distance corresponding to 1.1-2.x10(7) daltons. c) regions in actual replication are separated from each other by increasing distances (up to 1.5x10(8) daltons single strand DNA) at later times in S.", "PMID": 309109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1918", "title": "[Preoperative detection of a bleeding Meckel's diverticulum by 99mTc-pertechnetate scinitigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "A Meckel's diverticulum containing gastric mucosa was causing recurrent intestinal bleeding in a 5-year old boy. 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy was used to demonstrate the heterotopic gastric mucosa preoperatively. Compared to intestinal radiography and angiography, 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy is a mild and uncomplicated investigation without any risk and with a minimum of radiation exposure. Evaluating its results critically this procedure can be of great help in the preoperative diagnosis of intestinal bleedings of unknown origin.", "contents": "[Preoperative detection of a bleeding Meckel's diverticulum by 99mTc-pertechnetate scinitigraphy (author's transl)]. A Meckel's diverticulum containing gastric mucosa was causing recurrent intestinal bleeding in a 5-year old boy. 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy was used to demonstrate the heterotopic gastric mucosa preoperatively. Compared to intestinal radiography and angiography, 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy is a mild and uncomplicated investigation without any risk and with a minimum of radiation exposure. Evaluating its results critically this procedure can be of great help in the preoperative diagnosis of intestinal bleedings of unknown origin.", "PMID": 309110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1919", "title": "Juvenile polyp in a 10-month-old infant.", "content": "A 10-month-old boy had episodes of apparent colic with bloody diarrhea. On investigation after prolapse of a rectal mass, a pedunculated polyp was found and removed by transanal ligation. The abdominal pain had been caused by the polyp intussuscepting the sigmoid colon into the rectum. Although rectal bleeding in children under age 1 is rarely caused by rectal polyps, physicians should consider this diagnosis in children of any age when recurrent colic and blood-streaked diarrhea occur.", "contents": "Juvenile polyp in a 10-month-old infant. A 10-month-old boy had episodes of apparent colic with bloody diarrhea. On investigation after prolapse of a rectal mass, a pedunculated polyp was found and removed by transanal ligation. The abdominal pain had been caused by the polyp intussuscepting the sigmoid colon into the rectum. Although rectal bleeding in children under age 1 is rarely caused by rectal polyps, physicians should consider this diagnosis in children of any age when recurrent colic and blood-streaked diarrhea occur.", "PMID": 309125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1920", "title": "Painful joints. Clues to early diagnosis.", "content": "Many cases of joint pain may be diagnosed from clinical findings alone. A careful history and physical examination are essential. Of all diagnostic laboratory tests for joint disease, none is completely specific. Results of latex fixation tests, antinuclear antibody (ANA) tests, and uric acid tests are all strongly suggestive when positive but do not rule out disease when negative. The most valuable laboratory procedure is examination of the synovial fluid. X-ray examination seldom is helpful in differentiation of early joint disease but may be very helpful in later stages.", "contents": "Painful joints. Clues to early diagnosis. Many cases of joint pain may be diagnosed from clinical findings alone. A careful history and physical examination are essential. Of all diagnostic laboratory tests for joint disease, none is completely specific. Results of latex fixation tests, antinuclear antibody (ANA) tests, and uric acid tests are all strongly suggestive when positive but do not rule out disease when negative. The most valuable laboratory procedure is examination of the synovial fluid. X-ray examination seldom is helpful in differentiation of early joint disease but may be very helpful in later stages.", "PMID": 309126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1921", "title": "[Serum factors inhibiting cellular immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "Forty three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were divided into three groups, inactive, active without treatment and active on treatment with steroids. T lymphocytes from peripheral blood were determined and the results compared with those of twenty five normal individuals. In further experiments, the mitogenic capacity of SLE lymphocytes to Con A and the serum's activity of these patients upon normal lymphocytes were analized. Decreased T lymphocytes were found in all groups of patients with SLE. There were no difference between the mitogenic response of SLE patients and controls when the lymphocytes were incubated with normal human AB serum. When normal lymphocytes were incubated with serum from SLE patients with active disease, and inhibition of mitogenic response to Con A was observed. These results suggests that the decrease cellular immunity observed in SLE is due to serum factors rather than to intrinsic T cell abnormality.", "contents": "[Serum factors inhibiting cellular immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus]. Forty three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were divided into three groups, inactive, active without treatment and active on treatment with steroids. T lymphocytes from peripheral blood were determined and the results compared with those of twenty five normal individuals. In further experiments, the mitogenic capacity of SLE lymphocytes to Con A and the serum's activity of these patients upon normal lymphocytes were analized. Decreased T lymphocytes were found in all groups of patients with SLE. There were no difference between the mitogenic response of SLE patients and controls when the lymphocytes were incubated with normal human AB serum. When normal lymphocytes were incubated with serum from SLE patients with active disease, and inhibition of mitogenic response to Con A was observed. These results suggests that the decrease cellular immunity observed in SLE is due to serum factors rather than to intrinsic T cell abnormality.", "PMID": 309127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1922", "title": "Modulation of macrophage tumoricidal capability by polyene antibiotics: support for membrane lipid as a regulatory determinant of macrophage function.", "content": "We have examined the effects of the sterol-binding polyene antibiotics on macrophage tumoricidal capability. Incubation for 2 hr of activated macrophages from bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-infected mice with amphotericin B at 0.5--2 microgram/ml or amphotericin B methyl ester at 0.5--10 microgram/ml enhanced the capability of activated macrophages to kill 3T12 cells. These polyenes did not make normal or stimulated macrophages tumoricidal. Experiments with the ionophores gramicidin, alamethecin, nigericin, and valinomycin indicate that the ionophoretic properties of amphotericin B may not account for its enhancing effect on macrophage tumoricidal potential. Two polyenes with a smaller ring structure, filipin and pimaricin, were also ineffective suggesting that stereospecific modifications in membrane lipid organization underlie the enhancing effect of amphotericin B. The results suggest that the clinical efficacy of amphotericin B in promoting resistance to fungal disease and possibly to neoplasia may operate in part through potentiation of macrophage effector functions.", "contents": "Modulation of macrophage tumoricidal capability by polyene antibiotics: support for membrane lipid as a regulatory determinant of macrophage function. We have examined the effects of the sterol-binding polyene antibiotics on macrophage tumoricidal capability. Incubation for 2 hr of activated macrophages from bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-infected mice with amphotericin B at 0.5--2 microgram/ml or amphotericin B methyl ester at 0.5--10 microgram/ml enhanced the capability of activated macrophages to kill 3T12 cells. These polyenes did not make normal or stimulated macrophages tumoricidal. Experiments with the ionophores gramicidin, alamethecin, nigericin, and valinomycin indicate that the ionophoretic properties of amphotericin B may not account for its enhancing effect on macrophage tumoricidal potential. Two polyenes with a smaller ring structure, filipin and pimaricin, were also ineffective suggesting that stereospecific modifications in membrane lipid organization underlie the enhancing effect of amphotericin B. The results suggest that the clinical efficacy of amphotericin B in promoting resistance to fungal disease and possibly to neoplasia may operate in part through potentiation of macrophage effector functions.", "PMID": 309132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1923", "title": "Actin may be present on the lymphocyte surface.", "content": "Lymphocytes were assessed for the presence of surface actin and myosin by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and indirect immunofluorescence using antisera against purified pig skeletal muscle actin and pig smooth muscle myosin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 125I-labeled pig, mouse, and human B lymphocytes revealed an intense radioactive band of 43,000 molecular weight, whereas pig and mouse T lymphocytes gave a much less intense band. This band comigrated with actin, was nonglycosylated as judged by lack of binding to lentil lectin-Sepharose, was bound specifically by myosin fibers, and could be distinguished from a polypeptide of similar mobility derived from the major histocompatibility antigens. These results suggest that actin is present on the surface of B lymphocytes and, to a lesser extent, on T lymphocytes. Pig, mouse, and human Ig-bearing cells were stained by antiactin and antimyosin antisera, as judged by indirect immunofluorescence, whereas non-Ig-bearing cells were not stained. Antibody binding, however, was depleted by adsorbing the antisera with Ig-Sepharose. It was concluded that the immunofluorescence results are misleading and reflect the presence of antibodies that crossreact with Ig.", "contents": "Actin may be present on the lymphocyte surface. Lymphocytes were assessed for the presence of surface actin and myosin by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and indirect immunofluorescence using antisera against purified pig skeletal muscle actin and pig smooth muscle myosin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 125I-labeled pig, mouse, and human B lymphocytes revealed an intense radioactive band of 43,000 molecular weight, whereas pig and mouse T lymphocytes gave a much less intense band. This band comigrated with actin, was nonglycosylated as judged by lack of binding to lentil lectin-Sepharose, was bound specifically by myosin fibers, and could be distinguished from a polypeptide of similar mobility derived from the major histocompatibility antigens. These results suggest that actin is present on the surface of B lymphocytes and, to a lesser extent, on T lymphocytes. Pig, mouse, and human Ig-bearing cells were stained by antiactin and antimyosin antisera, as judged by indirect immunofluorescence, whereas non-Ig-bearing cells were not stained. Antibody binding, however, was depleted by adsorbing the antisera with Ig-Sepharose. It was concluded that the immunofluorescence results are misleading and reflect the presence of antibodies that crossreact with Ig.", "PMID": 309133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1924", "title": "Venom coagglutinin: an activator of platelet aggregation dependent on von Willebrand factor.", "content": "A platelet-aggregating activity was found in many snake venoms, predominantly those of the genus Bothrops, that is apparent only in the presence of the platelet-aggregating von Willebrand factor of plasma. It is designated \"venom coagglutinin.\" The coagglutinin can be largely separated from the thrombin-like enzyme of the venoms by ion-exchange chromatography. The venom factor acts on formaldehyde-fixed platelets and is effective with decalcified, heparinized, and afibrinogenemic plasmas but not with severe von Willebrand disease plasmas or with normal plasmas in which the von Willebrand factor has been neutralized by specific antibodies. Use of this coagglutinin permits the assay of von Willebrand factor without the many disadvantages of the ristocetin test. The coagglutinin is active with human, dog, pig, and bovine plasmas and with platelets of any one of these species. This broad-spectrum activity without regard to species contrasts with the ristocetin-resistance of many combinations of plasma and platelets from various species. The assay provides a procedure for studying human, porcine, and canine von Willebrand disease. The lack of species specificity of the coagglutinin suggests that it may be a universal activator of the von Willebrand factor-platelet reaction.", "contents": "Venom coagglutinin: an activator of platelet aggregation dependent on von Willebrand factor. A platelet-aggregating activity was found in many snake venoms, predominantly those of the genus Bothrops, that is apparent only in the presence of the platelet-aggregating von Willebrand factor of plasma. It is designated \"venom coagglutinin.\" The coagglutinin can be largely separated from the thrombin-like enzyme of the venoms by ion-exchange chromatography. The venom factor acts on formaldehyde-fixed platelets and is effective with decalcified, heparinized, and afibrinogenemic plasmas but not with severe von Willebrand disease plasmas or with normal plasmas in which the von Willebrand factor has been neutralized by specific antibodies. Use of this coagglutinin permits the assay of von Willebrand factor without the many disadvantages of the ristocetin test. The coagglutinin is active with human, dog, pig, and bovine plasmas and with platelets of any one of these species. This broad-spectrum activity without regard to species contrasts with the ristocetin-resistance of many combinations of plasma and platelets from various species. The assay provides a procedure for studying human, porcine, and canine von Willebrand disease. The lack of species specificity of the coagglutinin suggests that it may be a universal activator of the von Willebrand factor-platelet reaction.", "PMID": 309134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1925", "title": "Serotonergic reduction of dorsal central gray area stimulation-produced aversion.", "content": "Stimulating electrodes were implanted into the dorsal central gray area (DCG) of rats. The animals were trained to bar press to decrement the aversive DCG stimulation current. Rats treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 75 mg/kg or 150 mg/kg, showed a dose-dependent reduction in decremental bar pressing. In a second study, animals received either chlorimipramine, 15 mg/kg, protriptyline, 15 mg/kg, or 5-HTP, 150 mg/kg. Chlorimipramine, a strong blocker of serotonin reuptake, and 5-HTP produced significant reductions in decremental bar pressing. Protriptyline, a weak serotonin reuptake blocker, produced no significant effect. These results suggest that serotonin reduces aversive neural mechanisms associated with the dorsal central gray area.", "contents": "Serotonergic reduction of dorsal central gray area stimulation-produced aversion. Stimulating electrodes were implanted into the dorsal central gray area (DCG) of rats. The animals were trained to bar press to decrement the aversive DCG stimulation current. Rats treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 75 mg/kg or 150 mg/kg, showed a dose-dependent reduction in decremental bar pressing. In a second study, animals received either chlorimipramine, 15 mg/kg, protriptyline, 15 mg/kg, or 5-HTP, 150 mg/kg. Chlorimipramine, a strong blocker of serotonin reuptake, and 5-HTP produced significant reductions in decremental bar pressing. Protriptyline, a weak serotonin reuptake blocker, produced no significant effect. These results suggest that serotonin reduces aversive neural mechanisms associated with the dorsal central gray area.", "PMID": 309135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1926", "title": "Changes in ingestive behavior following interruption of a noradrenergic projection to the paraventricular nucleus: histochemical and neurochemical analyses.", "content": "Histochemical investigation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) identified the tractus filiformis lateralis (TF) as a major noradrenergic preterminal pathway to the PVN. Bilateral knife cuts transecting the TF resulted in a discrete deafferentation of 56% of the noradrenergic input to the PVN region. TF transection also resulted in hypophagia and hypodipsia during the first four days after surgery. A marked hyperdipsia developed between postoperative Days 11 and 13 and persisted until sacrifice on Day 17. The results suggest that the TF contains a noradrenergic system which innervates the PVN and is involved in mediation of ingestive behaviors.", "contents": "Changes in ingestive behavior following interruption of a noradrenergic projection to the paraventricular nucleus: histochemical and neurochemical analyses. Histochemical investigation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) identified the tractus filiformis lateralis (TF) as a major noradrenergic preterminal pathway to the PVN. Bilateral knife cuts transecting the TF resulted in a discrete deafferentation of 56% of the noradrenergic input to the PVN region. TF transection also resulted in hypophagia and hypodipsia during the first four days after surgery. A marked hyperdipsia developed between postoperative Days 11 and 13 and persisted until sacrifice on Day 17. The results suggest that the TF contains a noradrenergic system which innervates the PVN and is involved in mediation of ingestive behaviors.", "PMID": 309136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1927", "title": "Antinuclear antibodies, affective disorders and lithium therapy.", "content": "The prevalence of positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) was investigated in a group of patients suffering from recurrent affective disorders who had been treated for more than one year with lithium carbonate. There was no  increase of ANA in these patients (8%) as compared with a group of patients suffering from affective disorders (7.5%), but untreated with lithium salts, or with the prevalence of ANA in the general population (9%) of the same age group.", "contents": "Antinuclear antibodies, affective disorders and lithium therapy. The prevalence of positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) was investigated in a group of patients suffering from recurrent affective disorders who had been treated for more than one year with lithium carbonate. There was no  increase of ANA in these patients (8%) as compared with a group of patients suffering from affective disorders (7.5%), but untreated with lithium salts, or with the prevalence of ANA in the general population (9%) of the same age group.", "PMID": 309137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1928", "title": "Doxepin as a blocker of central serotonin receptors.", "content": "The antidepressant drug-Doxepin (DX) was examined in order to investigate its central antiserotonin activity. The drug antagonized the behavioral syndrome elecited by L-5-hydroxytryptophan in rats and mice, but did not affect the pinna reflex. In the flexor reflex preparation, DX acted like other sero-tonin receptor blockers: By itself, it had no influence on the flexor reflex but it prevented the potentiation induced by serotonergic agents (fenfluramine, LDS, mescaline). The hyperthermia provoked by serotonergic agent (fenfluramine, LSD)in rabbits was antagonized by DX. DX abolished the syndrome induced by oxotremorine. The results obtained indicate that DX blocks central 5-HT receptors, like the two other antidepressants, mianserin and danitracen.", "contents": "Doxepin as a blocker of central serotonin receptors. The antidepressant drug-Doxepin (DX) was examined in order to investigate its central antiserotonin activity. The drug antagonized the behavioral syndrome elecited by L-5-hydroxytryptophan in rats and mice, but did not affect the pinna reflex. In the flexor reflex preparation, DX acted like other sero-tonin receptor blockers: By itself, it had no influence on the flexor reflex but it prevented the potentiation induced by serotonergic agents (fenfluramine, LDS, mescaline). The hyperthermia provoked by serotonergic agent (fenfluramine, LSD)in rabbits was antagonized by DX. DX abolished the syndrome induced by oxotremorine. The results obtained indicate that DX blocks central 5-HT receptors, like the two other antidepressants, mianserin and danitracen.", "PMID": 309138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1929", "title": "[Inflammatory pulmonary lesions: resolutions and residuals (author's transl)].", "content": "There are different patterns of development and resolution of inflammatory alveolar and interstitial pulmonary lesions. Delayed resolution of peripheral pneumonia results in lung shrinkage mainly towards the mediastinum and the apices with distortion and atypical distribution of pulmonary vasculature and compensatory hyperinflation. Resolution in perivascular and peribronchial parts is often delayed and results in scarring. Interstitial pneumonia may result directly in pulmonary fibrosis with loss of volume and honeycombing. With varying microorganisms and varying immunity chronic and atypical courses are observed more frequently.", "contents": "[Inflammatory pulmonary lesions: resolutions and residuals (author's transl)]. There are different patterns of development and resolution of inflammatory alveolar and interstitial pulmonary lesions. Delayed resolution of peripheral pneumonia results in lung shrinkage mainly towards the mediastinum and the apices with distortion and atypical distribution of pulmonary vasculature and compensatory hyperinflation. Resolution in perivascular and peribronchial parts is often delayed and results in scarring. Interstitial pneumonia may result directly in pulmonary fibrosis with loss of volume and honeycombing. With varying microorganisms and varying immunity chronic and atypical courses are observed more frequently.", "PMID": 309140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1930", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices: some technical aspects.", "content": "Two cases of bleeding from gastroesophageal varices treated by variceal obliteration illustrate multiple routes of variceal supply, and alert embolizing angiographers to the presence of spontaneous portosystemic shunts which should be kept open. In one case, variceal obliteration required embolization of the left gastric vein and a transhepatic collateral originating from the left hepatic portal branch and contributing substantially to variceal filling. A second patient with a relatively large spontaneous splenorenal shunt had recurrent variceal bleeding two months after a successful embolization of the coronary vein and a short gastric vein. A repeat study revealed the recurrent varices were supplied by enlarged right gastric and gastroepiploic veins. Superior mesenteric venography was necessary for their visualization.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices: some technical aspects. Two cases of bleeding from gastroesophageal varices treated by variceal obliteration illustrate multiple routes of variceal supply, and alert embolizing angiographers to the presence of spontaneous portosystemic shunts which should be kept open. In one case, variceal obliteration required embolization of the left gastric vein and a transhepatic collateral originating from the left hepatic portal branch and contributing substantially to variceal filling. A second patient with a relatively large spontaneous splenorenal shunt had recurrent variceal bleeding two months after a successful embolization of the coronary vein and a short gastric vein. A repeat study revealed the recurrent varices were supplied by enlarged right gastric and gastroepiploic veins. Superior mesenteric venography was necessary for their visualization.", "PMID": 309141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1931", "title": "Detection of hemorrhage in a patient with cecal varices using 99mTc-sulfur colloid.", "content": "Colonic or ileal varices secondary to portal hypertension or superior mesenteric vein obstruction may present with significant hemorrhage which is difficult to diagnose by angiography. In a patient with lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage and colonic varices, a 99mTc-sulfur colloid scan demonstrated the varices and extravasation into the cecum. Extravasation was not demonstrable by angiography.", "contents": "Detection of hemorrhage in a patient with cecal varices using 99mTc-sulfur colloid. Colonic or ileal varices secondary to portal hypertension or superior mesenteric vein obstruction may present with significant hemorrhage which is difficult to diagnose by angiography. In a patient with lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage and colonic varices, a 99mTc-sulfur colloid scan demonstrated the varices and extravasation into the cecum. Extravasation was not demonstrable by angiography.", "PMID": 309142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1932", "title": "Suppression of cone signal in the dark-adapted frog retina as indicated by the electroretinogram.", "content": "Electroretinogram (ERG) cone acitvity is depressed in the dark-adapted frog retina. The strength of this effect is examined over a large range of flash energy, for 618 nm flashes extending up to about 4 log10 units above the \"threshold\" (10-25 micron V b-wave) of the cone ERG \"released\" in the early stage of rapid dark-adaptation (RDA). Cone signal depression is remarkably strong over this flash energy range. The cone ERG is practically absent for flashes up to about I log unit above cone RDA threshold. For stronger flashes, the suppression becomes time-dependent, that is, cone signal is very small for the first few hundred msec. after the flash, cone intrusion then becoming detectable. The results suggest that the cone suppression phenomena arises distally in the retina, probably near the receptor layer, and that cone signal intrusion a few hundred msec. after a strong flash may be due to light-adaptation of rods by the flash itself.", "contents": "Suppression of cone signal in the dark-adapted frog retina as indicated by the electroretinogram. Electroretinogram (ERG) cone acitvity is depressed in the dark-adapted frog retina. The strength of this effect is examined over a large range of flash energy, for 618 nm flashes extending up to about 4 log10 units above the \"threshold\" (10-25 micron V b-wave) of the cone ERG \"released\" in the early stage of rapid dark-adaptation (RDA). Cone signal depression is remarkably strong over this flash energy range. The cone ERG is practically absent for flashes up to about I log unit above cone RDA threshold. For stronger flashes, the suppression becomes time-dependent, that is, cone signal is very small for the first few hundred msec. after the flash, cone intrusion then becoming detectable. The results suggest that the cone suppression phenomena arises distally in the retina, probably near the receptor layer, and that cone signal intrusion a few hundred msec. after a strong flash may be due to light-adaptation of rods by the flash itself.", "PMID": 309154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1933", "title": "[Association of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and mixed connective tissue disease (Sharp's syndrome) in an adolescent (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the case of an adolescent who, despite his youth and relatively unaffected lacrimo-salivary secretion, was classified within the context of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrom on the basis of paraclinical investigations, in particular the detection of salivary and lacrimal immunoglobulins. During a long course, the progresssive appearance of new lupoid type signs led to further complex immunological examinations, including examination for anti-E.C.T. antibodies. This case would appear to be an incomplete Sharp's syndrome and should be classified amongst the mixed connective tissue diseases.", "contents": "[Association of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and mixed connective tissue disease (Sharp's syndrome) in an adolescent (author's transl)]. The authors present the case of an adolescent who, despite his youth and relatively unaffected lacrimo-salivary secretion, was classified within the context of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrom on the basis of paraclinical investigations, in particular the detection of salivary and lacrimal immunoglobulins. During a long course, the progresssive appearance of new lupoid type signs led to further complex immunological examinations, including examination for anti-E.C.T. antibodies. This case would appear to be an incomplete Sharp's syndrome and should be classified amongst the mixed connective tissue diseases.", "PMID": 309169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1934", "title": "Immune status in Crohn's disease. I. Leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood.", "content": "Proportions and absolute numbers of circulating leukocyte populations and lymphocyte subpopulations (T- and B-cells) were determined in 33 patients with Crohn's disease (group CD), and were compared with those of age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Group CD comprised 15 patients with newly diagnosed, short-standing, and untreated CD (group CD 1) and 18 patients with long-standing, previously drug treated CD (group CD 2). All CD groups showed a significant absoulte leukocytosis, based on a significant absolute and relative increase of the neutrophils, and, as far as group CD and CD 1 were concerned, also of the absolute number of monocytes. In group CD 1, absolute lymphocyte and relative as well as absolute T-cell numbers were close to normal. In contrast, in group CD 2 absolute as well as relative numbers of lymphocytes and absolute numbers of T-cells were highly significantly reduced, whereas the reduction of the relative T-cell concentration barely reached significance. The proportion of B-cells was significantly above normal in all patient groups, the absolute number in group CD only. Also group CD 1 showed considerably, though statistically insignificantly, higher than normal absolute B-cell numbers. In group CD 1 , there was an inverse correlation between absolute T-cell numbers and disease activity, and between absolute lymphocyte numbers and duration of disease. These data indicate that there is no gross numerical reduction of the carriers of the cell-mediated immunity as a primary predisposing factor for CD, but that a reduction of these cells occurs in the circulation after the disease has started.", "contents": "Immune status in Crohn's disease. I. Leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood. Proportions and absolute numbers of circulating leukocyte populations and lymphocyte subpopulations (T- and B-cells) were determined in 33 patients with Crohn's disease (group CD), and were compared with those of age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Group CD comprised 15 patients with newly diagnosed, short-standing, and untreated CD (group CD 1) and 18 patients with long-standing, previously drug treated CD (group CD 2). All CD groups showed a significant absoulte leukocytosis, based on a significant absolute and relative increase of the neutrophils, and, as far as group CD and CD 1 were concerned, also of the absolute number of monocytes. In group CD 1, absolute lymphocyte and relative as well as absolute T-cell numbers were close to normal. In contrast, in group CD 2 absolute as well as relative numbers of lymphocytes and absolute numbers of T-cells were highly significantly reduced, whereas the reduction of the relative T-cell concentration barely reached significance. The proportion of B-cells was significantly above normal in all patient groups, the absolute number in group CD only. Also group CD 1 showed considerably, though statistically insignificantly, higher than normal absolute B-cell numbers. In group CD 1 , there was an inverse correlation between absolute T-cell numbers and disease activity, and between absolute lymphocyte numbers and duration of disease. These data indicate that there is no gross numerical reduction of the carriers of the cell-mediated immunity as a primary predisposing factor for CD, but that a reduction of these cells occurs in the circulation after the disease has started.", "PMID": 309171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1935", "title": "Peroperative endoscopic diagnosis of small intestinal bleeding.", "content": "Two patients with recurrent bleeding from vascular anomalies in the small intestine are described. In both patients intestinal angiography had shown either pathological vessels or extravasation of blood into the proximal part of jejunum, but during explorative laparotomy the source of bleeding had not been found. The diagnosis was made by performing peroperative endoscopy. After resection of the involved small bowel segment one patient with cavernous hemangioma has remained asymptomatic. In the other patient, who suffered from a combination of multiple arteriovenous malformations and a congenital platelet defect, limited surgical resection did not influence the need of blood transfusions. This investigational approach should become the method of choice in patients suspected of bleeding from the small intestine.", "contents": "Peroperative endoscopic diagnosis of small intestinal bleeding. Two patients with recurrent bleeding from vascular anomalies in the small intestine are described. In both patients intestinal angiography had shown either pathological vessels or extravasation of blood into the proximal part of jejunum, but during explorative laparotomy the source of bleeding had not been found. The diagnosis was made by performing peroperative endoscopy. After resection of the involved small bowel segment one patient with cavernous hemangioma has remained asymptomatic. In the other patient, who suffered from a combination of multiple arteriovenous malformations and a congenital platelet defect, limited surgical resection did not influence the need of blood transfusions. This investigational approach should become the method of choice in patients suspected of bleeding from the small intestine.", "PMID": 309172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1936", "title": "[Clinical evolution of hemorrhage in the proximal portion of the digestive tract. Comparison of its management with and without endoscopy].", "content": "To determine if endoscopic study of the esophago-gastro-duodenal portion of the digestive tract diminishes morbimortality of patients with hemorrhage in this area, a comparative study was made. The results for the first group were obtained from 92 cases of patients with hemorrhage in which endoscopic studies were performed. The results for the second group were obtained from 88 cases of patients with hemorrhage in which no endoscopic study was made. Both groups were comparable in age, sex, magnitude of bleeding and medical management; even though there were more patients in the second group that did not require blood transfusions. No statistically significant differences were found in the number mortality. Diagnostic centainty was higher in the endoscopic group (82.6% versus 36.3% P less than 0.002). The number of the patients released without diagnosis was higher in the group not undergoing endoscopic examination (23.4% versus 8.5% P less than 0.005). The conclusion that endoscopic examination improves the quality of diagnosis in patients with upper digestive tract hemorrhage, but does not diminish morbimortality, is reached. The possible reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical evolution of hemorrhage in the proximal portion of the digestive tract. Comparison of its management with and without endoscopy]. To determine if endoscopic study of the esophago-gastro-duodenal portion of the digestive tract diminishes morbimortality of patients with hemorrhage in this area, a comparative study was made. The results for the first group were obtained from 92 cases of patients with hemorrhage in which endoscopic studies were performed. The results for the second group were obtained from 88 cases of patients with hemorrhage in which no endoscopic study was made. Both groups were comparable in age, sex, magnitude of bleeding and medical management; even though there were more patients in the second group that did not require blood transfusions. No statistically significant differences were found in the number mortality. Diagnostic centainty was higher in the endoscopic group (82.6% versus 36.3% P less than 0.002). The number of the patients released without diagnosis was higher in the group not undergoing endoscopic examination (23.4% versus 8.5% P less than 0.005). The conclusion that endoscopic examination improves the quality of diagnosis in patients with upper digestive tract hemorrhage, but does not diminish morbimortality, is reached. The possible reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 309167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1937", "title": "Immunological tolerance to the thymus-independent antigen dextran can be abrogated by thymus-dependent dextran conjugates: evidence against clonal deletion as the mechanism of tolerance induction.", "content": "Tolerance to the alpha1--6 epitope of native dextran B512 was found to be very stable and could not be broken by the injection of dextran conjugated to several substances, such as protein A, keyhole limpet haemocyanin, edistin, concanvalin A or Staphylococcus bacteria, strain Cowan. However, when tolerant mice were injected with dextranase, all the above conjugates induced a strong anti-alpha1--6 immune response. In contrast, native dextran itself never induced a response in tolerant, dextranase-treated mice. It was concluded that tolerance only affects the specific B-cell subpopulation that can respond to the polyclonal B-cell-activating (PBA) property of dextran, whereas other specific B cells having PBA receptors for, e.g., signals delivered by collaborating T cells remain in a resting state. These B cells can respond in a specific immune response against the tolerogen after removal of the antigen, which blocks the Ig receptors and therefore prevents them from passively focusing the antigen. Thus, immunological tolerance is not caused by clonal elimination of the antigen-specific clone, but only affects a small subfraction of cells with Ig receptors against the tolerogen.", "contents": "Immunological tolerance to the thymus-independent antigen dextran can be abrogated by thymus-dependent dextran conjugates: evidence against clonal deletion as the mechanism of tolerance induction. Tolerance to the alpha1--6 epitope of native dextran B512 was found to be very stable and could not be broken by the injection of dextran conjugated to several substances, such as protein A, keyhole limpet haemocyanin, edistin, concanvalin A or Staphylococcus bacteria, strain Cowan. However, when tolerant mice were injected with dextranase, all the above conjugates induced a strong anti-alpha1--6 immune response. In contrast, native dextran itself never induced a response in tolerant, dextranase-treated mice. It was concluded that tolerance only affects the specific B-cell subpopulation that can respond to the polyclonal B-cell-activating (PBA) property of dextran, whereas other specific B cells having PBA receptors for, e.g., signals delivered by collaborating T cells remain in a resting state. These B cells can respond in a specific immune response against the tolerogen after removal of the antigen, which blocks the Ig receptors and therefore prevents them from passively focusing the antigen. Thus, immunological tolerance is not caused by clonal elimination of the antigen-specific clone, but only affects a small subfraction of cells with Ig receptors against the tolerogen.", "PMID": 309173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1938", "title": "Transient increase of IgG Fc receptor-bearing T lymphocytes following positive PPD skin testing.", "content": "In tuberculin-sensitive individuals, IgG Fc receptor (FcR)-bearing lymphocytes in the peripheral blood increased transiently following PPD-tuberculin skin test. This rise in circulating FcR-bearing cells appeared to peak about 36--48 h after the intradermal inoculation of PPD and seemed to occur largely in the T cell population. Skin test-negative individuals showed no significant changes in their circulating FcR-bearing cells following PPD inoculation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from PPD-sensitive individuals were fractionated into non-T cell and T cell-enriched populations by E rosette sedimentation technique. FcR-bearing cells in the T cell-enriched population were eliminated by EA rosette sedimentation: i.e. FcR-negative T cells. Then, equal numbers (1 X 10(5) cells each) of non-T cells and unfractionated or FcR-negative T cells were recombined in culture. Prior to PPD inoculation, there was no significant difference between these two cell mixtures in the in vitro cellular response to PPD or mitogens. When these cell populations were obtained 36--48 h after PPD inoculation, however, the combination of non-T cells and FcR-negative T cells responded to PPD much better than the combination of non-T cells and unfractionated T cells, whereas the mitogen-induced cellular proliferation of these two cell mixtures did not differ from each other.", "contents": "Transient increase of IgG Fc receptor-bearing T lymphocytes following positive PPD skin testing. In tuberculin-sensitive individuals, IgG Fc receptor (FcR)-bearing lymphocytes in the peripheral blood increased transiently following PPD-tuberculin skin test. This rise in circulating FcR-bearing cells appeared to peak about 36--48 h after the intradermal inoculation of PPD and seemed to occur largely in the T cell population. Skin test-negative individuals showed no significant changes in their circulating FcR-bearing cells following PPD inoculation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from PPD-sensitive individuals were fractionated into non-T cell and T cell-enriched populations by E rosette sedimentation technique. FcR-bearing cells in the T cell-enriched population were eliminated by EA rosette sedimentation: i.e. FcR-negative T cells. Then, equal numbers (1 X 10(5) cells each) of non-T cells and unfractionated or FcR-negative T cells were recombined in culture. Prior to PPD inoculation, there was no significant difference between these two cell mixtures in the in vitro cellular response to PPD or mitogens. When these cell populations were obtained 36--48 h after PPD inoculation, however, the combination of non-T cells and FcR-negative T cells responded to PPD much better than the combination of non-T cells and unfractionated T cells, whereas the mitogen-induced cellular proliferation of these two cell mixtures did not differ from each other.", "PMID": 309175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1939", "title": "Functional characterization of lanatoside-C-responsive cells.", "content": "Lanatoside C, a digitalis glycoside previously shown to be a polyclonal B-cell activator (PBA), was found to stimulate immature cells residing in fetal liver, bone marrow and spleen but also to activate cells from peripheral lymph nodes and peripheral blood. The proliferative response obtained in spleen cells was not affected by macrophage removal, whereas anti-Ig or anti-Ia antiserum pretreatment partially inhibited the responses. Removal of T cells by a pretreatment with anti-Thy 1.2 antiserum plus complement caused a marked increase in the proliferative response of the remaining cells, suggesting the existence of a naturally occurring suppressor T cell for glycoside-induced mitogenesis. Synergy experiments with 'classical' PBAs and lanatoside C, given simultaneously or subsequently, suggest an overlap between the lanatoside-C-responding cell population and the dextran sulphate (DxS)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensitive cells. Since DxS-induced activation of B cells is dependent on macrophages, it is suggested that lanatoside C may be used as a functional marker for direct activation of immature B cells.", "contents": "Functional characterization of lanatoside-C-responsive cells. Lanatoside C, a digitalis glycoside previously shown to be a polyclonal B-cell activator (PBA), was found to stimulate immature cells residing in fetal liver, bone marrow and spleen but also to activate cells from peripheral lymph nodes and peripheral blood. The proliferative response obtained in spleen cells was not affected by macrophage removal, whereas anti-Ig or anti-Ia antiserum pretreatment partially inhibited the responses. Removal of T cells by a pretreatment with anti-Thy 1.2 antiserum plus complement caused a marked increase in the proliferative response of the remaining cells, suggesting the existence of a naturally occurring suppressor T cell for glycoside-induced mitogenesis. Synergy experiments with 'classical' PBAs and lanatoside C, given simultaneously or subsequently, suggest an overlap between the lanatoside-C-responding cell population and the dextran sulphate (DxS)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensitive cells. Since DxS-induced activation of B cells is dependent on macrophages, it is suggested that lanatoside C may be used as a functional marker for direct activation of immature B cells.", "PMID": 309177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1940", "title": "[Cefuroxim, a new beta-lactamase stable cephalosporin].", "content": "In vitro activity of cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin stable to bacterial beta-lactamases, was compared with that of cefalothin and other cephalosporins by serial dilution test in more than 600 bacterial strains. Cefuroxime was more active than cefalothin on most strains of Gram negative bacilli (except Salmonella species) and also on most strains of cefalothin-resistant bacteria. In comparison to cefalothin, cefoxitin and cefamandol, cefuroxime exerted the strongest activity on meningococci, streptococci of group A and B and also on Citrobacter freundii. It was as active as cefamandol and more active than cefalothin and cefoxitin on Haemophilus influenzae (also in ampicillin-resistant strains). Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in 10 healthy adult volunteers after i.v. injection of 0.75 g, 1 g, and 1.5 g cefuroxime and of 1 g cefalothin. Cefuroxime was superior to cefalothin by slower renal excretion, longer half-life, lesser or no metabolization and better tissue penetration. Cefuroxime is well tolerated and should be administered in adequate doses corresponding to the severity of the disease and the susceptibility of the causative agent.", "contents": "[Cefuroxim, a new beta-lactamase stable cephalosporin]. In vitro activity of cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin stable to bacterial beta-lactamases, was compared with that of cefalothin and other cephalosporins by serial dilution test in more than 600 bacterial strains. Cefuroxime was more active than cefalothin on most strains of Gram negative bacilli (except Salmonella species) and also on most strains of cefalothin-resistant bacteria. In comparison to cefalothin, cefoxitin and cefamandol, cefuroxime exerted the strongest activity on meningococci, streptococci of group A and B and also on Citrobacter freundii. It was as active as cefamandol and more active than cefalothin and cefoxitin on Haemophilus influenzae (also in ampicillin-resistant strains). Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in 10 healthy adult volunteers after i.v. injection of 0.75 g, 1 g, and 1.5 g cefuroxime and of 1 g cefalothin. Cefuroxime was superior to cefalothin by slower renal excretion, longer half-life, lesser or no metabolization and better tissue penetration. Cefuroxime is well tolerated and should be administered in adequate doses corresponding to the severity of the disease and the susceptibility of the causative agent.", "PMID": 309178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1941", "title": "Eye-specific termination bands in tecta of three-eyed frogs.", "content": "An extra eye primordium was implanted into the forebrain region of embryonic Rana pipiens. During development both normal and supernumerary optic tracts terminated within a single, previously uninnervated tectal lobe. Autoradiographic tracing of either the normal or supernumerary eye's projection revealed distinct, eye-specific bands of radioactivity running rostrocaudally through the dually innervated tectum. Interactions among axons of retinal ganglion cells, possibly mediated through tectal neurons, must be invoked to explain this stereotyped disruption of the normally continuous retinal termination pattern.", "contents": "Eye-specific termination bands in tecta of three-eyed frogs. An extra eye primordium was implanted into the forebrain region of embryonic Rana pipiens. During development both normal and supernumerary optic tracts terminated within a single, previously uninnervated tectal lobe. Autoradiographic tracing of either the normal or supernumerary eye's projection revealed distinct, eye-specific bands of radioactivity running rostrocaudally through the dually innervated tectum. Interactions among axons of retinal ganglion cells, possibly mediated through tectal neurons, must be invoked to explain this stereotyped disruption of the normally continuous retinal termination pattern.", "PMID": 309179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1942", "title": "Intramural coronary artery as a cause of unstable angina pectoris.", "content": "A patient with an anomalous intramyocardial course of the LAD coronary artery, causing angina pectoris, is described. The patient had symptomatic relief after an aortocoronary artery bypass operation. Intramural coronary arteries may be clinically significant. In cases where medical management does not provide relief, surgical correction of the anomaly may give symptomatic improvement and improved exercise tolerance.", "contents": "Intramural coronary artery as a cause of unstable angina pectoris. A patient with an anomalous intramyocardial course of the LAD coronary artery, causing angina pectoris, is described. The patient had symptomatic relief after an aortocoronary artery bypass operation. Intramural coronary arteries may be clinically significant. In cases where medical management does not provide relief, surgical correction of the anomaly may give symptomatic improvement and improved exercise tolerance.", "PMID": 309182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1943", "title": "Hodgkin's disease - a 'B' neoplasm?", "content": "Lymph node tissue from 2 patients with Hodgkin's disease was studied by light microscopy using the immunoperoxidase technique with a panel of monospecific antisera. Hodgkin's mononuclear and Reed-Sternberg cells were shown to exhibit features characteristic of B cells. The possibility that Hodgkin's disease is a B-cell neoplasm is discussed.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease - a 'B' neoplasm? Lymph node tissue from 2 patients with Hodgkin's disease was studied by light microscopy using the immunoperoxidase technique with a panel of monospecific antisera. Hodgkin's mononuclear and Reed-Sternberg cells were shown to exhibit features characteristic of B cells. The possibility that Hodgkin's disease is a B-cell neoplasm is discussed.", "PMID": 309183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1944", "title": "Platelet-binding of the von Willebrand factor.", "content": "The aggregation of platelets by the antibiotic, ristocetin, requires a plasma cofactor (VIII:vWF) and one or more specific binding sites on the platelet membrane. The interaction between VII:vWF and the platelet was examined using VIII:vWF labelled with 125I. In the presence of ristocetin (1.5 mg/ml), from 70 to 90% of the 125I-VIII:vWF became platelet-bound. By contrast, only 21% was bound with thrombin (2.5 microgram/ml), and 2.2% with buffer alone. Fractionation of the platelets revealed that peak radioactivity was present in the membrane fraction. Treatment of ristocetin-reacted platelets with either chymotrypsin, 100 microgram/ml, or trypsin, 75 microgram/ml, resulted in the partial release of the membrane-bound radioactivity. It is concluded that VIII:vWF binds to the platelet membrane in the presence of ristocetin.", "contents": "Platelet-binding of the von Willebrand factor. The aggregation of platelets by the antibiotic, ristocetin, requires a plasma cofactor (VIII:vWF) and one or more specific binding sites on the platelet membrane. The interaction between VII:vWF and the platelet was examined using VIII:vWF labelled with 125I. In the presence of ristocetin (1.5 mg/ml), from 70 to 90% of the 125I-VIII:vWF became platelet-bound. By contrast, only 21% was bound with thrombin (2.5 microgram/ml), and 2.2% with buffer alone. Fractionation of the platelets revealed that peak radioactivity was present in the membrane fraction. Treatment of ristocetin-reacted platelets with either chymotrypsin, 100 microgram/ml, or trypsin, 75 microgram/ml, resulted in the partial release of the membrane-bound radioactivity. It is concluded that VIII:vWF binds to the platelet membrane in the presence of ristocetin.", "PMID": 309191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1945", "title": "Heparin neutralizing activity in patients with renal disease on maintenance haemodialysis.", "content": "Heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) was increased in plasma of patients with end-stage renal disease treated by maintenance haemodialysis. It was not raised in non-dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure, nor in patients with normal renal function who had been exposed to the extracorporeal circulation of the heart-lung bypass 48--72 hr before testing. It is postulated that the trauma of extracorporeal circulation causes platelets to release HNA which is not cleared by the dialysis membranes of the artificial kidney but is by the human kidney. This may have therapeutic implications for heparin dosage schedules during haemodialysis.", "contents": "Heparin neutralizing activity in patients with renal disease on maintenance haemodialysis. Heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) was increased in plasma of patients with end-stage renal disease treated by maintenance haemodialysis. It was not raised in non-dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure, nor in patients with normal renal function who had been exposed to the extracorporeal circulation of the heart-lung bypass 48--72 hr before testing. It is postulated that the trauma of extracorporeal circulation causes platelets to release HNA which is not cleared by the dialysis membranes of the artificial kidney but is by the human kidney. This may have therapeutic implications for heparin dosage schedules during haemodialysis.", "PMID": 309192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1946", "title": "Mitogenic activity of an extract of Trypanosoma gambiense.", "content": "An extract obtained by repeated freeze/thawing of a freshly isolated strain of Trypanosoma gambiense caused stimulation of lymphocytes obtained from healthy adult donors and from cord blood. The active factor had some stimulatory effect on purified B and T lymphocytes and in two of five subjects increased IgM production by lymphocytes cultured in vitro. A trypanosome-derived mitogenic factor may play some part in the pathogenesis of the hypergammaglobulinaemia characteristic of African trypanosomiasis.", "contents": "Mitogenic activity of an extract of Trypanosoma gambiense. An extract obtained by repeated freeze/thawing of a freshly isolated strain of Trypanosoma gambiense caused stimulation of lymphocytes obtained from healthy adult donors and from cord blood. The active factor had some stimulatory effect on purified B and T lymphocytes and in two of five subjects increased IgM production by lymphocytes cultured in vitro. A trypanosome-derived mitogenic factor may play some part in the pathogenesis of the hypergammaglobulinaemia characteristic of African trypanosomiasis.", "PMID": 309195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1947", "title": "Antagonism between donor and host B cells in allotype congenic chicken chimeras.", "content": "B cell chimerism was analyzed in juvenile chickens given injections of major histocompatibility complex-compatible lymphoid cells. The allelic products of donor and host-derived B cells were monitored with antisera directed against M1 (IgM) and G1 (IgG) isotype-specific allotypes. Injection of peripheral blood lymphocytes and spleen cells suppressed host allotype levels whereas purified T lymphocytes were ineffective. Pretreatment of recipients with cyclophosphamide was more effective than irradiation in promoting both engraftment and host B cell suppression. Host allotype suppression endured for several months after cell transfer and was attributable to B cell deletion, as ascertained by the lack of cells which expressed surface M1. In partially suppressed chickens, host G1 was inhibited to a greater degree than M1 allotype. Host recovery was followed by donor B cell rejection when low numbers of donor cells and/or inadequate host conditioning was used. Selective M1 chimerism occurred when limiting numbers of spleen cells were transferred into cyclophosphamide-treated hosts, whereas selective G1 chimerism resulted after the transfer of large numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes or spleen cells into unconditioned recipients. We consider that these findings can be attributed to a B cell surveillance mechanism which may be similar to that postulated previously to explain resistance to haemopoietic and tumour cells.", "contents": "Antagonism between donor and host B cells in allotype congenic chicken chimeras. B cell chimerism was analyzed in juvenile chickens given injections of major histocompatibility complex-compatible lymphoid cells. The allelic products of donor and host-derived B cells were monitored with antisera directed against M1 (IgM) and G1 (IgG) isotype-specific allotypes. Injection of peripheral blood lymphocytes and spleen cells suppressed host allotype levels whereas purified T lymphocytes were ineffective. Pretreatment of recipients with cyclophosphamide was more effective than irradiation in promoting both engraftment and host B cell suppression. Host allotype suppression endured for several months after cell transfer and was attributable to B cell deletion, as ascertained by the lack of cells which expressed surface M1. In partially suppressed chickens, host G1 was inhibited to a greater degree than M1 allotype. Host recovery was followed by donor B cell rejection when low numbers of donor cells and/or inadequate host conditioning was used. Selective M1 chimerism occurred when limiting numbers of spleen cells were transferred into cyclophosphamide-treated hosts, whereas selective G1 chimerism resulted after the transfer of large numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes or spleen cells into unconditioned recipients. We consider that these findings can be attributed to a B cell surveillance mechanism which may be similar to that postulated previously to explain resistance to haemopoietic and tumour cells.", "PMID": 309198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1948", "title": "[Influence of T-lymphocytes in bladder cancer on appearance and infiltration of recurrences (author's transl)].", "content": "Intrinsic body defences against cancer depend on cells of the lymphatic and reticulo-endothelial systems, the T-lymphocytes playing a central role in the immunological rejection of tumor. The mononuclear cell infiltrate in tumor tissue is largely composed of immunocytes of the T-lymphocyte series. A heavy concentration of lymphocytes in stroma of bladder tissue affected with cancer appears to indicate a good prognosis. After removal of the primary tumor, recurrences are noted only after a relatively long interval, infiltration of the tumor into bladder muscle being hindered by immunocyte activity. It is clear, from comparison with dinitrochlorbenzol skin testing, that the extent of lymphocyte infiltration in tumor tissue is a measure of the cellular immune status of a patient with cancer.", "contents": "[Influence of T-lymphocytes in bladder cancer on appearance and infiltration of recurrences (author's transl)]. Intrinsic body defences against cancer depend on cells of the lymphatic and reticulo-endothelial systems, the T-lymphocytes playing a central role in the immunological rejection of tumor. The mononuclear cell infiltrate in tumor tissue is largely composed of immunocytes of the T-lymphocyte series. A heavy concentration of lymphocytes in stroma of bladder tissue affected with cancer appears to indicate a good prognosis. After removal of the primary tumor, recurrences are noted only after a relatively long interval, infiltration of the tumor into bladder muscle being hindered by immunocyte activity. It is clear, from comparison with dinitrochlorbenzol skin testing, that the extent of lymphocyte infiltration in tumor tissue is a measure of the cellular immune status of a patient with cancer.", "PMID": 309205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1949", "title": "Acute electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence.", "content": "Acute or maximal electric stimulation of the pelvic floor muscles has been used in incontinent patients who are suitable candidates for electrical stimulation, but unwilling or unable to use the anal plug electrodes. Seventeen of 20 patients had relief or improvement of their incontinence. However 5 of these 17 patients had a relapse of symptoms on follow-up, requiring a repeat treatment with acute or maximal electrical stimulation.", "contents": "Acute electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence. Acute or maximal electric stimulation of the pelvic floor muscles has been used in incontinent patients who are suitable candidates for electrical stimulation, but unwilling or unable to use the anal plug electrodes. Seventeen of 20 patients had relief or improvement of their incontinence. However 5 of these 17 patients had a relapse of symptoms on follow-up, requiring a repeat treatment with acute or maximal electrical stimulation.", "PMID": 309207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1950", "title": "[Cryoelectrocoagulation in acute gastroduodenal hemorrhages].", "content": "Separate and combined cryoelectrocoagulation in acute gastroduodenal bleeding is a fairly effective method of local hemostasis. The applied cryoagent--liquid freon induces local freezing of the stomach mucous membrane practically immediately. Initially gasiform freon cleans mechanically the bleeding site of blood, which facilitates considerably the following electrocoagulation or freezing with liquid freon.", "contents": "[Cryoelectrocoagulation in acute gastroduodenal hemorrhages]. Separate and combined cryoelectrocoagulation in acute gastroduodenal bleeding is a fairly effective method of local hemostasis. The applied cryoagent--liquid freon induces local freezing of the stomach mucous membrane practically immediately. Initially gasiform freon cleans mechanically the bleeding site of blood, which facilitates considerably the following electrocoagulation or freezing with liquid freon.", "PMID": 309210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1951", "title": "[Immunoglobulin receptors of antigen-stimulated B-lymphocytes].", "content": "Albino mice were immunized with a suspension of sheep erythrocytes. On the fifth day following treatment the animals were killed and B lymphocytes were isolated from their spleen tissue. Both the complement-fixation test and the immunofluorescence method were employed to specify the number of immunoglobulin receptors on the membrane surface, and disk electrophoresis was used to separate the protein fractions of the solubilizates from their membranes. Normal lymphocytes, obtained from unimmunized animals, were used as controls. It was established that: 1. The immunoglobulin receptors gradually decreased in number is the stimulated lymphocytes. On the fifth day of immunization their amount was 6.6 times lower than that in the normal lymphocytes. 2. The receptors in the normal lymphocytes proved diffusely scattered on the cell surface, while those in the stimulated lymphocytes were concentrated into clusters at one of the cell poles. The biologic nature of the observed changes is briefly discussed. It is concluded that the mature antibody-producing cell is not dependent on the antigen.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin receptors of antigen-stimulated B-lymphocytes]. Albino mice were immunized with a suspension of sheep erythrocytes. On the fifth day following treatment the animals were killed and B lymphocytes were isolated from their spleen tissue. Both the complement-fixation test and the immunofluorescence method were employed to specify the number of immunoglobulin receptors on the membrane surface, and disk electrophoresis was used to separate the protein fractions of the solubilizates from their membranes. Normal lymphocytes, obtained from unimmunized animals, were used as controls. It was established that: 1. The immunoglobulin receptors gradually decreased in number is the stimulated lymphocytes. On the fifth day of immunization their amount was 6.6 times lower than that in the normal lymphocytes. 2. The receptors in the normal lymphocytes proved diffusely scattered on the cell surface, while those in the stimulated lymphocytes were concentrated into clusters at one of the cell poles. The biologic nature of the observed changes is briefly discussed. It is concluded that the mature antibody-producing cell is not dependent on the antigen.", "PMID": 309211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1952", "title": "[Foundations and indications for selective coronary perfusion scintigraphy].", "content": "By means of coronarography in the most favourable case only the morphology and function of the vessels up to a diameter of 0.1 mm may be established. By the selective coronary perfusion scintigraphy this gap is closed, for it allows a judgment also of the terminal vascular system of the myocardium. The basis of this method is an occlusion of the arterioles and capillaries by radioactively labelled microspheres, in which case, however, only every 10,000th to 20,000th vessel is embolized for a short time. Thus the proper selective perfusion scintigraphy is for the patient a procedure which is not stressing, which, however, demands a sounding of the coronary vessels. On the basis of our own previous results this investigation method is indicated in the diagnostics of the ischaemic heart disease also in its atypical form, in the indication to the vascularisation operation with aortocoronary bypass and its postoperative control as well as in the cardiomyopathies. Also in load examinations and in pharmacological tests by their use as double nuclide method an enlarged information can be got. The importance of the perfusion scintigraphy is among others shown in patients with normal coronarogramme, but with perfusion disturbances which can be proved by means of this method. The most comprehensive invasive diagnostics in the diseases mentioned is at present achieved by the combination of coronarography, ventriculography and selective perfusion scintigraphy.", "contents": "[Foundations and indications for selective coronary perfusion scintigraphy]. By means of coronarography in the most favourable case only the morphology and function of the vessels up to a diameter of 0.1 mm may be established. By the selective coronary perfusion scintigraphy this gap is closed, for it allows a judgment also of the terminal vascular system of the myocardium. The basis of this method is an occlusion of the arterioles and capillaries by radioactively labelled microspheres, in which case, however, only every 10,000th to 20,000th vessel is embolized for a short time. Thus the proper selective perfusion scintigraphy is for the patient a procedure which is not stressing, which, however, demands a sounding of the coronary vessels. On the basis of our own previous results this investigation method is indicated in the diagnostics of the ischaemic heart disease also in its atypical form, in the indication to the vascularisation operation with aortocoronary bypass and its postoperative control as well as in the cardiomyopathies. Also in load examinations and in pharmacological tests by their use as double nuclide method an enlarged information can be got. The importance of the perfusion scintigraphy is among others shown in patients with normal coronarogramme, but with perfusion disturbances which can be proved by means of this method. The most comprehensive invasive diagnostics in the diseases mentioned is at present achieved by the combination of coronarography, ventriculography and selective perfusion scintigraphy.", "PMID": 309220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1953", "title": "[Clinical studies on the connection between preceding abruptio placentae and abortus and subsequent complications during the afterbirth phase (author's transl)].", "content": "2176 vaginal deliveries at Jena University Hospital were selected at random to check whether in these patients it is possible to establish the connection postulated by some authors between preceding premature termination of pregnancy and the mass incidence of afterbirth haemorrhages, as well as of necessary surgery in the afterbirth phase. There was no significant increase of afterbirth complications following abruptio placentae and abortus, whereas there are partly statistically significant differences in the incidence of surgery reauired in children of normal weight of underweight.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on the connection between preceding abruptio placentae and abortus and subsequent complications during the afterbirth phase (author's transl)]. 2176 vaginal deliveries at Jena University Hospital were selected at random to check whether in these patients it is possible to establish the connection postulated by some authors between preceding premature termination of pregnancy and the mass incidence of afterbirth haemorrhages, as well as of necessary surgery in the afterbirth phase. There was no significant increase of afterbirth complications following abruptio placentae and abortus, whereas there are partly statistically significant differences in the incidence of surgery reauired in children of normal weight of underweight.", "PMID": 309221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1954", "title": "[Comparative study of the biological activity and toxic effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and ergocalciferol in rats].", "content": "Single administration of 0.25 microgram of sunthetic Ialpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (IalphaOHD3) into nephrectomized rats, maintained at D-avitaminous diet, improved the active transport of calcium ions against the concentration gradient in small intestine of these animals, whereas ergocalciferol was biologically inactive under the same conditions. Administration of IalphaOHD3 during 5 days at a dose 0.025 microgram normalized calcium content in blood serum of rats with D-avitaminosis, Increased doses of IalphaOHD3, administered into intact animals, caused transient hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia, calcinosis of internal tissues (kidney heart, aorta) as well as death of some animals. IalphaOHD3 exceeded 400-fold the hypercalcemic and calcinose effects of ergocalciferol. LD50 for IalphaOHD3 was equal to 100 microgram/kg, if it was administered during 5 days per os. Tissue calcinosis was developed after administration of a daily dose 10 microgram/kg, moderate hypercalcemia was caused by a daily dose 1 microgram/kg or 0.25 microgram per an animal; this amount is only 10-fold higher as compared with the physiologic requirement. Ergocalciferol caused hypercalcemia and metastatic calcification only at a dose 4000 microgram/kg. Clinical use of IalphaOHD3 at doses, exceeding the physiologic requirements, has to be prohibited due to high activity of the preparation and to toxicity of its increased doses.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the biological activity and toxic effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and ergocalciferol in rats]. Single administration of 0.25 microgram of sunthetic Ialpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (IalphaOHD3) into nephrectomized rats, maintained at D-avitaminous diet, improved the active transport of calcium ions against the concentration gradient in small intestine of these animals, whereas ergocalciferol was biologically inactive under the same conditions. Administration of IalphaOHD3 during 5 days at a dose 0.025 microgram normalized calcium content in blood serum of rats with D-avitaminosis, Increased doses of IalphaOHD3, administered into intact animals, caused transient hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia, calcinosis of internal tissues (kidney heart, aorta) as well as death of some animals. IalphaOHD3 exceeded 400-fold the hypercalcemic and calcinose effects of ergocalciferol. LD50 for IalphaOHD3 was equal to 100 microgram/kg, if it was administered during 5 days per os. Tissue calcinosis was developed after administration of a daily dose 10 microgram/kg, moderate hypercalcemia was caused by a daily dose 1 microgram/kg or 0.25 microgram per an animal; this amount is only 10-fold higher as compared with the physiologic requirement. Ergocalciferol caused hypercalcemia and metastatic calcification only at a dose 4000 microgram/kg. Clinical use of IalphaOHD3 at doses, exceeding the physiologic requirements, has to be prohibited due to high activity of the preparation and to toxicity of its increased doses.", "PMID": 309216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1955", "title": "The properties of the extraocular muscles of the frog. I. Mechanical properties of the isolated superior oblique and superior rectus muscles.", "content": "The mechanical properties of two extraocular muscles (superior oblique and superior rectus muscles) of the frog were studied and compared with those of a frog's skeletal muscle (iliofibularis muscle) which contains the same types of muscle fibres as the oculorotatory muscles. The extraocular muscles are very fast twitching muscles. They exhibit a smaller contraction time, a smaller half-relaxation time, a higher fusion frequency, and a lower twitch-tetanus ratio than the skeletal muscles. The maximum isometric tetanic tension produced per unit cross-sectional area is lower in the extraocular muscles than in skeletal muscles. However, the extraocular muscles show a higher fatigue resistance than the skeletal muscles. With respect to the dynamic properties there are some differences between the various oculorotatory muscles of the frog. The superior rectus muscle exhibits a faster time-course of the contraction, a higher fusion frequency, and a higher fatigability than the superior oblique muscle. An increase of the extracellular K+-concentration evokes sustained contractures not only in the extraocular muscles but also in the iliofibularis muscle; between these muscles there are no striking differences in the mechanical threshold of the whole muscle preparation. The mechanical threshold depends on the Ca++-concentration of the bathing solution and it is found in a range between 12.5 and 17.5 mM K+ in a normal Ringer solution containing 1.8 mM Ca++. The static-mechanical properties of the extraocular muscles of the frog and the dependence of the active developed tension on the muscle extension are very similar to those which are known to exist in the extraocular muscles of other vertebrates. In tetanic activated frog's oculorotatory muscles a linear relationship exists between length and tension. A variation of the stimulation frequency does not change the slope of this curve but causes parallel shifts of the curve. The peculiar properties of the extraocular muscles of the frog are discussed with respect to the muscle fibre types in these muscles and to the diameter of the muscle fibres.", "contents": "The properties of the extraocular muscles of the frog. I. Mechanical properties of the isolated superior oblique and superior rectus muscles. The mechanical properties of two extraocular muscles (superior oblique and superior rectus muscles) of the frog were studied and compared with those of a frog's skeletal muscle (iliofibularis muscle) which contains the same types of muscle fibres as the oculorotatory muscles. The extraocular muscles are very fast twitching muscles. They exhibit a smaller contraction time, a smaller half-relaxation time, a higher fusion frequency, and a lower twitch-tetanus ratio than the skeletal muscles. The maximum isometric tetanic tension produced per unit cross-sectional area is lower in the extraocular muscles than in skeletal muscles. However, the extraocular muscles show a higher fatigue resistance than the skeletal muscles. With respect to the dynamic properties there are some differences between the various oculorotatory muscles of the frog. The superior rectus muscle exhibits a faster time-course of the contraction, a higher fusion frequency, and a higher fatigability than the superior oblique muscle. An increase of the extracellular K+-concentration evokes sustained contractures not only in the extraocular muscles but also in the iliofibularis muscle; between these muscles there are no striking differences in the mechanical threshold of the whole muscle preparation. The mechanical threshold depends on the Ca++-concentration of the bathing solution and it is found in a range between 12.5 and 17.5 mM K+ in a normal Ringer solution containing 1.8 mM Ca++. The static-mechanical properties of the extraocular muscles of the frog and the dependence of the active developed tension on the muscle extension are very similar to those which are known to exist in the extraocular muscles of other vertebrates. In tetanic activated frog's oculorotatory muscles a linear relationship exists between length and tension. A variation of the stimulation frequency does not change the slope of this curve but causes parallel shifts of the curve. The peculiar properties of the extraocular muscles of the frog are discussed with respect to the muscle fibre types in these muscles and to the diameter of the muscle fibres.", "PMID": 309253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1956", "title": "The properties of the extraocular muscles of the frog. II. Pharmacological properties of the isolated superior oblique and superior rectus muscles.", "content": "The pharmacological properties of the superior oblique and the superior rectus muscles of the frog's eye were investigated in comparison with those of a skeletal muscle (iliofibularis muscle) of the same animal. Acetylcholine causes sustained contractures of the extraocular muscles; this effect is increased by physostigmine and decreased or abolished by d-tubocurarine. Also the applications of succinylcholine, choline or caffeine are able to evoke contractures. There are no striking differences in pharmacological properties between extraocular and skeletal muscles of the frog. The time-course of the contractures and the sensitivity of the muscle preparations to the drugs which evoke contractures are identical in extraocular and iliofibularis muscles. In comparison with skeletal muscles there is no higher sensitivity of the extraocular muscles against curare-like drugs. The existence of adrenergic receptors could not be found neither in extraocular nor in skeletal muscles of the frog. It is concluded that in frogs no pharmacological differences exist between the muscle fibre types which compose the extraocular and the skeletal muscles.", "contents": "The properties of the extraocular muscles of the frog. II. Pharmacological properties of the isolated superior oblique and superior rectus muscles. The pharmacological properties of the superior oblique and the superior rectus muscles of the frog's eye were investigated in comparison with those of a skeletal muscle (iliofibularis muscle) of the same animal. Acetylcholine causes sustained contractures of the extraocular muscles; this effect is increased by physostigmine and decreased or abolished by d-tubocurarine. Also the applications of succinylcholine, choline or caffeine are able to evoke contractures. There are no striking differences in pharmacological properties between extraocular and skeletal muscles of the frog. The time-course of the contractures and the sensitivity of the muscle preparations to the drugs which evoke contractures are identical in extraocular and iliofibularis muscles. In comparison with skeletal muscles there is no higher sensitivity of the extraocular muscles against curare-like drugs. The existence of adrenergic receptors could not be found neither in extraocular nor in skeletal muscles of the frog. It is concluded that in frogs no pharmacological differences exist between the muscle fibre types which compose the extraocular and the skeletal muscles.", "PMID": 309254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1957", "title": "The properties of the extraocular muscles of the frog. III. Morphological, mechanical and pharmacological properties of the isolated retractor bulbi muscle.", "content": "Some morphological, physiological, and pharmacological properties of the retractor bulbi muscle of the frog were tested. The enzyme-histochemical investigation shows that the retractor bulbi muscle contains twitch muscle fibres only. Two types of twitch muscle fibres, which are especially different in their diameter and in the content of mitochondria, build the muscle in an irregular arrangement; tonic muscle fibres were not observed. On the average, the isolated retractor bulbi muscle has at room temperature a contraction time of 26 ms, a half-relaxation time of 28 ms, a fusion frequency of 75 stimuli/s, and a twitch-tetanus ratio of 0.28. The fatigability of this muscle is higher than in oculorotatory eye muscles but lower than in skeletal muscles of the frog. An increase of the extracellular K+-concentration elicits in retractor bulbi muscles a quickly transient contracture; the mechanical threshold of the muscle fibres is found in a range between 20 and 25 mM K+ in Ringer solution. Similar short-lasting contractures, which are probably caused by twitch fibres, rich in mitochondria, are also evoked by application of depolarizing drugs like acetylcholine. The properties of the retractor bulbi muscle are compared with those of the sartorius muscle of the frog, which likewise contains twitch muscle fibres only.", "contents": "The properties of the extraocular muscles of the frog. III. Morphological, mechanical and pharmacological properties of the isolated retractor bulbi muscle. Some morphological, physiological, and pharmacological properties of the retractor bulbi muscle of the frog were tested. The enzyme-histochemical investigation shows that the retractor bulbi muscle contains twitch muscle fibres only. Two types of twitch muscle fibres, which are especially different in their diameter and in the content of mitochondria, build the muscle in an irregular arrangement; tonic muscle fibres were not observed. On the average, the isolated retractor bulbi muscle has at room temperature a contraction time of 26 ms, a half-relaxation time of 28 ms, a fusion frequency of 75 stimuli/s, and a twitch-tetanus ratio of 0.28. The fatigability of this muscle is higher than in oculorotatory eye muscles but lower than in skeletal muscles of the frog. An increase of the extracellular K+-concentration elicits in retractor bulbi muscles a quickly transient contracture; the mechanical threshold of the muscle fibres is found in a range between 20 and 25 mM K+ in Ringer solution. Similar short-lasting contractures, which are probably caused by twitch fibres, rich in mitochondria, are also evoked by application of depolarizing drugs like acetylcholine. The properties of the retractor bulbi muscle are compared with those of the sartorius muscle of the frog, which likewise contains twitch muscle fibres only.", "PMID": 309255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1958", "title": "[Effect of electric cardiac stimulation in experimental supraventricular tachycardia].", "content": "Experimental supraventricular tachyarrhythmia was produced in dogs by the local application of aconitine on the left auricle. The effect of various types of stimulations (right auricular, right ventricular, double-delayed right auricular and right ventricular-right auricular double-delayed stimulation) was studied for the suppression of supra-ventricular (overdrive) tachyarrhythmia. It was found that the electric stimulation of the heart is an effective method of suppressing tachyarrhythmias, though there is a significant difference in the anti-arrhythmic effects of the electric stimulations of various types. For suppression of the supraventricular tachyarrhythmia caused by aconitine, delayed double-right auricular stimulation seemed to be the most effective with respect to the right ventricle. The bioelectric features of aconitine arrhythmia and the mechanism of the antiarrhythmic effect of the electric stimulation of the heart are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of electric cardiac stimulation in experimental supraventricular tachycardia]. Experimental supraventricular tachyarrhythmia was produced in dogs by the local application of aconitine on the left auricle. The effect of various types of stimulations (right auricular, right ventricular, double-delayed right auricular and right ventricular-right auricular double-delayed stimulation) was studied for the suppression of supra-ventricular (overdrive) tachyarrhythmia. It was found that the electric stimulation of the heart is an effective method of suppressing tachyarrhythmias, though there is a significant difference in the anti-arrhythmic effects of the electric stimulations of various types. For suppression of the supraventricular tachyarrhythmia caused by aconitine, delayed double-right auricular stimulation seemed to be the most effective with respect to the right ventricle. The bioelectric features of aconitine arrhythmia and the mechanism of the antiarrhythmic effect of the electric stimulation of the heart are discussed.", "PMID": 309256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1959", "title": "[A case of diphtheric myocarditis, Anatomoclinical study with histology of the conduction system].", "content": "Presentation of a case of diphteric myocarditis. The histological examination of the conduction system can explain the rhythm disturbances in the present case with the EKG characteristics of the sick sinus syndrome and the intraventricular conduction disturbances. The anatomical lesions are variables in their topography and age, explaining the variability of the troubles of the rhythm during the first weeks of the disease. The fibrotic scars and the ageing changes of the conduction system are probably the reason for the late constitution of AV block and sick sinus syndrome, years after the acute episode.", "contents": "[A case of diphtheric myocarditis, Anatomoclinical study with histology of the conduction system]. Presentation of a case of diphteric myocarditis. The histological examination of the conduction system can explain the rhythm disturbances in the present case with the EKG characteristics of the sick sinus syndrome and the intraventricular conduction disturbances. The anatomical lesions are variables in their topography and age, explaining the variability of the troubles of the rhythm during the first weeks of the disease. The fibrotic scars and the ageing changes of the conduction system are probably the reason for the late constitution of AV block and sick sinus syndrome, years after the acute episode.", "PMID": 309258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1960", "title": "Inotropic effects of calcitonin in man.", "content": "The Authors have studied th haemodynamic response of ten normal subjects to the intravenous administration of 160 MRC.U. of Calcitonin in 60 min, by serial measurement of the systolic time intervals. The analysis of results pointed out a minor inotropic effect starting from the 10th minute from the beginning of the infusion. Little but significant decrements (P less than 0.01) in the duration of the pre-ejection phase of the isovolumetric contraction time, as well as a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in the LVET/PEP ratio, have been noted. A negative chronotropic effect (P less than 0.05) has been noted starting from the 30th minute. The mechanism by which Calcitonin can modify the myocardial inotropism in the normal subject is till now unknown, and it could be related to the interference of this hormore on the endocellular movements of Calcium, and on the cellular levels of cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Inotropic effects of calcitonin in man. The Authors have studied th haemodynamic response of ten normal subjects to the intravenous administration of 160 MRC.U. of Calcitonin in 60 min, by serial measurement of the systolic time intervals. The analysis of results pointed out a minor inotropic effect starting from the 10th minute from the beginning of the infusion. Little but significant decrements (P less than 0.01) in the duration of the pre-ejection phase of the isovolumetric contraction time, as well as a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in the LVET/PEP ratio, have been noted. A negative chronotropic effect (P less than 0.05) has been noted starting from the 30th minute. The mechanism by which Calcitonin can modify the myocardial inotropism in the normal subject is till now unknown, and it could be related to the interference of this hormore on the endocellular movements of Calcium, and on the cellular levels of cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 309259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1961", "title": "\"Torsades de pointe\": a distinct entity of ventricular arrhythmia?", "content": "Seven cases of an unusual type of ventricular arrhythmia, already named \"Torsades de pointe\" by French authors, are presented. It is characterized by a changing pattern of the ventricular complexes, spontaneous onset and cessation, and refractoriness to defibrillation and antiarrhythmic drugs which decrease intraventricular conduction. Prior to its onset, Q-T prolongation is almost universally seen in the ECG. Hypokalemia, myocardial depressants and bradycardia are common causes. Isoproterenol and rapid cardiac pacing are recommended as the treatment of choice. This arrhythmia is a distinct entity, quite different from typical ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.", "contents": "\"Torsades de pointe\": a distinct entity of ventricular arrhythmia? Seven cases of an unusual type of ventricular arrhythmia, already named \"Torsades de pointe\" by French authors, are presented. It is characterized by a changing pattern of the ventricular complexes, spontaneous onset and cessation, and refractoriness to defibrillation and antiarrhythmic drugs which decrease intraventricular conduction. Prior to its onset, Q-T prolongation is almost universally seen in the ECG. Hypokalemia, myocardial depressants and bradycardia are common causes. Isoproterenol and rapid cardiac pacing are recommended as the treatment of choice. This arrhythmia is a distinct entity, quite different from typical ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.", "PMID": 309260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1962", "title": "[Aneurysm of Valsalva's sinus, apropos of 7 surgical cases[].", "content": "The authors describe 7 cases of rupture of the Valsalva sinus. Until rupture the aneurysm is silent. Aortic insufficiency and left to right shunt are major components of this syndrome. Surgical treatment under extra-corporal circulation needs aortotomy and an approach of the ruptured extremity to close the defect and maintaining the integrity of the valvular structures.", "contents": "[Aneurysm of Valsalva's sinus, apropos of 7 surgical cases[]. The authors describe 7 cases of rupture of the Valsalva sinus. Until rupture the aneurysm is silent. Aortic insufficiency and left to right shunt are major components of this syndrome. Surgical treatment under extra-corporal circulation needs aortotomy and an approach of the ruptured extremity to close the defect and maintaining the integrity of the valvular structures.", "PMID": 309261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1963", "title": "Placebo effect in the treatment of angina pectoris.", "content": "The interference of placebo effect in the treatment of angina pectoris has been studied in a group of patients with stable angina pectoris, selected on the basis of normal electrocardiogram at rest and a pathologic ergometric electrocardiographic test. It was found that the patients could be divided, according to the results of the exercise test, into two groups: placebo responders and place-bo-non-responders. The anti-anginal effect of beta-blocking agents has been clearly demonstrated only in the placebo-non-responders group. No statistically significant effect of beta-blocking agents was observed in the placebo-responders group. This result shows that it is necessary, in double blind trials, at first to separate placebo-responders from placebo-non responders. Otherwise the correct evaluation of a drug can be modified by the placebo-responders group.", "contents": "Placebo effect in the treatment of angina pectoris. The interference of placebo effect in the treatment of angina pectoris has been studied in a group of patients with stable angina pectoris, selected on the basis of normal electrocardiogram at rest and a pathologic ergometric electrocardiographic test. It was found that the patients could be divided, according to the results of the exercise test, into two groups: placebo responders and place-bo-non-responders. The anti-anginal effect of beta-blocking agents has been clearly demonstrated only in the placebo-non-responders group. No statistically significant effect of beta-blocking agents was observed in the placebo-responders group. This result shows that it is necessary, in double blind trials, at first to separate placebo-responders from placebo-non responders. Otherwise the correct evaluation of a drug can be modified by the placebo-responders group.", "PMID": 309264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1964", "title": "Phentolamine infusion in cor pulmonale due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Continuous phentolamine infusion, produced a marked decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance with an increase in cardiac output, in the majority of a group of 13 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cor pulmonale. Changes in vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, arterial blood gas values and peripheral blood pressure were not significant except in one patient. The changes in the pulmonary circulation are probably due to the alpha blocking effect of phentolamine, although a direct effect of the drug on vascular smooth muscle can not be excluded.", "contents": "Phentolamine infusion in cor pulmonale due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Continuous phentolamine infusion, produced a marked decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance with an increase in cardiac output, in the majority of a group of 13 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cor pulmonale. Changes in vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, arterial blood gas values and peripheral blood pressure were not significant except in one patient. The changes in the pulmonary circulation are probably due to the alpha blocking effect of phentolamine, although a direct effect of the drug on vascular smooth muscle can not be excluded.", "PMID": 309265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1965", "title": "Extent of the inferior myocardial infarction assessed by the frontal plane of the vectorcardiogram.", "content": "A correlation was made between the vectorcardiographic changes and the peak value of the L.D.H. in the serum of 21 patients with acute inferior (diafragmatic) M.I. The following vectorcardiographic variables showed changes proportional to the increase in serum L.D.H. The correlation was found to be statistically significant. The direction of the 0.025 sec vector (r = 0.63, P less than 0.005). The duration of the initial superior forces of the QRS loop (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001). The maximal leftward deviation of the initial superior QRS loop forces (r = 0.65, P less than 0.005). The maximal superior deviation of the initial QRS loop forces (r = 0.68, P less than 0.05). The ratio of the maximal superior deviation over the maximal inferior deviation of the QRS loop \"QY/RY\" (r = 0.76, P less than 0.001). The area under the initial superior forces of the QRS loop and over 0 degrees +/- 180 degrees axis in squared milimeters (r = 0.88, P less than 0.001). It is suggested that V.C.G. is a usefull means in assessing the extent of inferior M.I.", "contents": "Extent of the inferior myocardial infarction assessed by the frontal plane of the vectorcardiogram. A correlation was made between the vectorcardiographic changes and the peak value of the L.D.H. in the serum of 21 patients with acute inferior (diafragmatic) M.I. The following vectorcardiographic variables showed changes proportional to the increase in serum L.D.H. The correlation was found to be statistically significant. The direction of the 0.025 sec vector (r = 0.63, P less than 0.005). The duration of the initial superior forces of the QRS loop (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001). The maximal leftward deviation of the initial superior QRS loop forces (r = 0.65, P less than 0.005). The maximal superior deviation of the initial QRS loop forces (r = 0.68, P less than 0.05). The ratio of the maximal superior deviation over the maximal inferior deviation of the QRS loop \"QY/RY\" (r = 0.76, P less than 0.001). The area under the initial superior forces of the QRS loop and over 0 degrees +/- 180 degrees axis in squared milimeters (r = 0.88, P less than 0.001). It is suggested that V.C.G. is a usefull means in assessing the extent of inferior M.I.", "PMID": 309266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1966", "title": "B and T lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis and mumps meningitis.", "content": "B and T cells were defined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of 18 multiple sclerosis (MS), five optic neuritis, and 17 mumps meningitis patients by counting immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes for B cells, and the capacity of rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes of T-cell determination. Patients with MS and mumps meningitis had significantly higher T-cell values in CSF compared to blood, while the B cell value was significantly lower in CSF in mumps meningitis only. MS patients also displayed significantly lower B-cell values in blood compared to mumps meningitis patients and blood donors. No significant differences were observed between MS patients in exacerbation and in remission.", "contents": "B and T lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis and mumps meningitis. B and T cells were defined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of 18 multiple sclerosis (MS), five optic neuritis, and 17 mumps meningitis patients by counting immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes for B cells, and the capacity of rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes of T-cell determination. Patients with MS and mumps meningitis had significantly higher T-cell values in CSF compared to blood, while the B cell value was significantly lower in CSF in mumps meningitis only. MS patients also displayed significantly lower B-cell values in blood compared to mumps meningitis patients and blood donors. No significant differences were observed between MS patients in exacerbation and in remission.", "PMID": 309267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1967", "title": "Functional analysis of lymphoid cells from mouse bone marrow in vitro.", "content": "The present results show that mouse bone marrow (BM) cells responded in vitro against phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, BM cell suspensions contained relatively many cells with ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) activity. BM cells were fractionated according to various cell surface characteristics. The results of these experiments were compared with previously published reports, showing that pre-T and pre-B cells could be separated on Ig anti-Ig columns (Ig = immunoglobulin). The combined results showed that pre-T cells may fractionate together with cells with the following characteristics: they displayed ADCC activity and had Fc receptors (FcR) and/or membrane Ig. Pre-B cells fractionated with cells with the following characteristics: they responded to LPS but had no ADCC activity. They were not adherent and/or phagocytic and were Ig-, FcR- and C3 receptor (C3R) negative.", "contents": "Functional analysis of lymphoid cells from mouse bone marrow in vitro. The present results show that mouse bone marrow (BM) cells responded in vitro against phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, BM cell suspensions contained relatively many cells with ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) activity. BM cells were fractionated according to various cell surface characteristics. The results of these experiments were compared with previously published reports, showing that pre-T and pre-B cells could be separated on Ig anti-Ig columns (Ig = immunoglobulin). The combined results showed that pre-T cells may fractionate together with cells with the following characteristics: they displayed ADCC activity and had Fc receptors (FcR) and/or membrane Ig. Pre-B cells fractionated with cells with the following characteristics: they responded to LPS but had no ADCC activity. They were not adherent and/or phagocytic and were Ig-, FcR- and C3 receptor (C3R) negative.", "PMID": 309269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1968", "title": "The prevalence and possible significance of IgD granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies in neutropenic and non-neutropenic cases of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Sera from 21 rheumatoid arthritis patients with accompanying neutropenia (less than or equal to 2000 neutrophils/microliter) and 45 rheumatoid arthritis patients without neutropenia were studied for the occurrence of IgD granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies. Such antibodies were found in 67 per cent of the neutropenic and 18 per cent of the non-neutropenic cases (p less than 0.001). The titres of IgD granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies varied independently of the titres of IgD and complement-fixing granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies, but showed some covariation with granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies of the IgA and IgM classes most probably reflecting a broad polyclonal antibody response to phagocyte nuclear antigens in the serologically highly active neutropenic cases. Gel filtration studies on selected sera containing IgD granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies indicated participation of these antibodies in immune complexes. It is thus possible that IgD granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies may have some significance for the rheumatoid inflammatory processes.", "contents": "The prevalence and possible significance of IgD granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies in neutropenic and non-neutropenic cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Sera from 21 rheumatoid arthritis patients with accompanying neutropenia (less than or equal to 2000 neutrophils/microliter) and 45 rheumatoid arthritis patients without neutropenia were studied for the occurrence of IgD granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies. Such antibodies were found in 67 per cent of the neutropenic and 18 per cent of the non-neutropenic cases (p less than 0.001). The titres of IgD granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies varied independently of the titres of IgD and complement-fixing granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies, but showed some covariation with granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies of the IgA and IgM classes most probably reflecting a broad polyclonal antibody response to phagocyte nuclear antigens in the serologically highly active neutropenic cases. Gel filtration studies on selected sera containing IgD granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies indicated participation of these antibodies in immune complexes. It is thus possible that IgD granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies may have some significance for the rheumatoid inflammatory processes.", "PMID": 309270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1969", "title": "The effects of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors on plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan in man.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptophan has been found to be beneficial when administered alone or in combination with extracerebral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors for therapeutic purposes in various disorders in which myoclonus is prominent. In five subjects the effect of decarboxylase inhibitors on the accumulation and elimination of 5-hydroxytryptophan in plasma was studied. The plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan were increased about ten fold by pretreatment with the decarboxylase inhibitors, carbidopa and benserazide. Half-lives of 2.2--3.0 hrs. were obtained following oral administration of a single dose of 5-hydroxytryptophan with or without pretreatment. In one subject the half-life of 5-hydroxytryptophan in plasma increased to 5.5 hrs. during long-term treatment with carbidopa.", "contents": "The effects of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors on plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan in man. 5-Hydroxytryptophan has been found to be beneficial when administered alone or in combination with extracerebral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors for therapeutic purposes in various disorders in which myoclonus is prominent. In five subjects the effect of decarboxylase inhibitors on the accumulation and elimination of 5-hydroxytryptophan in plasma was studied. The plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan were increased about ten fold by pretreatment with the decarboxylase inhibitors, carbidopa and benserazide. Half-lives of 2.2--3.0 hrs. were obtained following oral administration of a single dose of 5-hydroxytryptophan with or without pretreatment. In one subject the half-life of 5-hydroxytryptophan in plasma increased to 5.5 hrs. during long-term treatment with carbidopa.", "PMID": 309271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1970", "title": "A prospective study of gentamicin ototoxicity.", "content": "Twenty patients were included in a prospective otoneurological study performed to assess the ototoxicity in gentamicin therapy. Gentamicin was administered intravenously, and the serum level was currently determined. Audiographic and electronystagmographic studies were carried out at the institution and discontinuation of the treatment and again a few weeks later. Ten patients exhibited ototoxic actions, predominantly cochlear, 4 of the cases being fully reversible. Two patients developed severe hearing loss, associated in one with bilateral extinction of vestibular function. Low serum levels of gentamicin did not rule out the possiblity of ototoxicity. These results urge the continuing of prospective studies and indicate that gentamicin should be used only as a link in the primary treatment of severe infection or in cases in which other, less toxic agents have failed.", "contents": "A prospective study of gentamicin ototoxicity. Twenty patients were included in a prospective otoneurological study performed to assess the ototoxicity in gentamicin therapy. Gentamicin was administered intravenously, and the serum level was currently determined. Audiographic and electronystagmographic studies were carried out at the institution and discontinuation of the treatment and again a few weeks later. Ten patients exhibited ototoxic actions, predominantly cochlear, 4 of the cases being fully reversible. Two patients developed severe hearing loss, associated in one with bilateral extinction of vestibular function. Low serum levels of gentamicin did not rule out the possiblity of ototoxicity. These results urge the continuing of prospective studies and indicate that gentamicin should be used only as a link in the primary treatment of severe infection or in cases in which other, less toxic agents have failed.", "PMID": 309268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1971", "title": "New aspects of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in humans investigated by sequential gammacamera cisternography, with data evaluation by the digital multichannel analyzer. Part 3: Physiopathology of the ventricular reflux.", "content": "Although well described and intensively used for diagnostic purposes, the ventricular reflux as a gammacisternographic phenomen has not yet been satisfactorily explained, and its physiopathology is a subject of controversy. Based on our method of quantitative gammacisternography and gammaventriculography we study the evolution of the tracer concentrations in two main chambers:--the basal cisterns together with the upper cervical canal, considered as a functional unity (the distribution area) and--the ventricular system. We propose the mathematical analysis of a theoretical model which represents the normal and pathological situations of these two chambers, as a method for measuring ventricular volume and ventricular tracer clearance. From the correlation in results with patients and models, we suggest turbulence as the main factor in generating backmixing or total mixing, the appearance of which is called ventricular reflux. We deny the existence of a real inversion of CSF flow. The spinal canal velocity of isotope flow is proposed as additional evidence of turbulence. The normal general dynamics of CSF are delineated, and we propose the following factors that lead to ventricular reflux:--partial obstruction to epicortical CSF flow;--total obstruction to epicortical CSF flow. Their principal characteristics are given, and the importance of using their quantitative parameters in descriptions of patients is stressed. Different aspects in the evolution of hydrocephalus, transependymal resorption, and factors involved in hydrodynamic changes etc. are discussed.", "contents": "New aspects of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in humans investigated by sequential gammacamera cisternography, with data evaluation by the digital multichannel analyzer. Part 3: Physiopathology of the ventricular reflux. Although well described and intensively used for diagnostic purposes, the ventricular reflux as a gammacisternographic phenomen has not yet been satisfactorily explained, and its physiopathology is a subject of controversy. Based on our method of quantitative gammacisternography and gammaventriculography we study the evolution of the tracer concentrations in two main chambers:--the basal cisterns together with the upper cervical canal, considered as a functional unity (the distribution area) and--the ventricular system. We propose the mathematical analysis of a theoretical model which represents the normal and pathological situations of these two chambers, as a method for measuring ventricular volume and ventricular tracer clearance. From the correlation in results with patients and models, we suggest turbulence as the main factor in generating backmixing or total mixing, the appearance of which is called ventricular reflux. We deny the existence of a real inversion of CSF flow. The spinal canal velocity of isotope flow is proposed as additional evidence of turbulence. The normal general dynamics of CSF are delineated, and we propose the following factors that lead to ventricular reflux:--partial obstruction to epicortical CSF flow;--total obstruction to epicortical CSF flow. Their principal characteristics are given, and the importance of using their quantitative parameters in descriptions of patients is stressed. Different aspects in the evolution of hydrocephalus, transependymal resorption, and factors involved in hydrodynamic changes etc. are discussed.", "PMID": 309273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1972", "title": "Idiopathic differentiated histiocytosis.", "content": "Eighty-nine cases variously diagnosed as histiocytosis X, eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, Letterer-Siwe disease, or malignant histiocytosis from one institution were reviewed. Follow-up data were obtained for all patients. On the basis of clinicopathologic correlation, the following distinct groups were identified. 1. Disseminated histiocytosis (12 patients) with involvement of more than two organ systems at the time of recognition of the disease, affecting children less than 3 years of age (the patient's general condition is poor and hepatosplenomegaly is common. The patients do poorly, and all the patients in this group of the present study died. 2. Histiocytosis confined to bone, whether monostotic (36 patients) or polyostotic (eight patients). This type is self-healing, does not disseminate, and does not require intensive therapy. Clinically the patients are older and in good general condition during the course of the disease. Histologically histiocytes in these two groups are cytologically benign, and the whole process is inflammatory rather than neoplastic. Presence of giant cells, eosinophils, and necrosis are usually associated with better prognosis. Many neoplastic diseases and infectious processes manifest as histiocytosis. More than a third of the cases of this study diagnosed as histiocytosis proved to be other processes. This confusion contributes to differences of various reports and difficulty of interpretation of findings.", "contents": "Idiopathic differentiated histiocytosis. Eighty-nine cases variously diagnosed as histiocytosis X, eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, Letterer-Siwe disease, or malignant histiocytosis from one institution were reviewed. Follow-up data were obtained for all patients. On the basis of clinicopathologic correlation, the following distinct groups were identified. 1. Disseminated histiocytosis (12 patients) with involvement of more than two organ systems at the time of recognition of the disease, affecting children less than 3 years of age (the patient's general condition is poor and hepatosplenomegaly is common. The patients do poorly, and all the patients in this group of the present study died. 2. Histiocytosis confined to bone, whether monostotic (36 patients) or polyostotic (eight patients). This type is self-healing, does not disseminate, and does not require intensive therapy. Clinically the patients are older and in good general condition during the course of the disease. Histologically histiocytes in these two groups are cytologically benign, and the whole process is inflammatory rather than neoplastic. Presence of giant cells, eosinophils, and necrosis are usually associated with better prognosis. Many neoplastic diseases and infectious processes manifest as histiocytosis. More than a third of the cases of this study diagnosed as histiocytosis proved to be other processes. This confusion contributes to differences of various reports and difficulty of interpretation of findings.", "PMID": 309279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1973", "title": "Aortoduodenal fistula: role of endoscopy in diagnosis.", "content": "A patient with an aortic by-pass graft presented with intermittent gastrointestinal bleeding. A definitive diagnosis of an aortoenteric fistula involving the third part of the duodenum was made at endoscopy. Diagnosis of an aortoenteric fistula is often difficult with angiography and barium contrast studies, frequently being negative. Since the majority of these fistulas involve the distal duodenum, early endoscopy should be considered when an aortoenteric fistula is suspected.", "contents": "Aortoduodenal fistula: role of endoscopy in diagnosis. A patient with an aortic by-pass graft presented with intermittent gastrointestinal bleeding. A definitive diagnosis of an aortoenteric fistula involving the third part of the duodenum was made at endoscopy. Diagnosis of an aortoenteric fistula is often difficult with angiography and barium contrast studies, frequently being negative. Since the majority of these fistulas involve the distal duodenum, early endoscopy should be considered when an aortoenteric fistula is suspected.", "PMID": 309280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1974", "title": "Patency of saphenous vein grafts five or more years after coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "The state of preservation of 48 coronary saphenous vein grafts was investigated by angiography in 27 patients from 60 to 79 months, average 64.6 months, after their insertion. Thirty-nine of the grafts (81.2 per cent) were patent; of these, 24 (50 per cent) were in excellent, six (12.5 per cent) in good, six (12.5 per cent) in fair and three (6.2 per cent) in poor condition. Nine grafts (18.8 per cent) were occluded. The rate of graft patency in this series compares favorably with that in shorter follow-ups and presages their further prolonged viability. Atherosclerotic obstructive graft disease may emerge as an important cause of late graft deterioration in an occasional patient.", "contents": "Patency of saphenous vein grafts five or more years after coronary bypass surgery. The state of preservation of 48 coronary saphenous vein grafts was investigated by angiography in 27 patients from 60 to 79 months, average 64.6 months, after their insertion. Thirty-nine of the grafts (81.2 per cent) were patent; of these, 24 (50 per cent) were in excellent, six (12.5 per cent) in good, six (12.5 per cent) in fair and three (6.2 per cent) in poor condition. Nine grafts (18.8 per cent) were occluded. The rate of graft patency in this series compares favorably with that in shorter follow-ups and presages their further prolonged viability. Atherosclerotic obstructive graft disease may emerge as an important cause of late graft deterioration in an occasional patient.", "PMID": 309281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1975", "title": "Severe factor VIII and factor IX deficiency in females.", "content": "A survey of 11 hemophilia centers produced data concerning 28 females with extremely low levels of factor VIII or IX coagulant activity. Ten of the 28 have hemophilia A, six have hemophilia B, and 12 have severe von Willebrand's disease. The 16 females who have severe factor VIII or factor IX deficiency as an isolated defect exemplify several of the possible genetic explanations for the occurrence of hemophilia in females. All 16 bruise excessively, and several have had recurrent hemarthroses. Three of these girls, ages five, 10 and 23 years, have evidence of chronic hemophilic arthropathy. The 12 females with severe von Willebrand's disease are either homozygous for von Willebrand's disease or severely affected heterozygotes. All 12 have mucous membrane bleeding. In addition, five of the 12 have recurrent hemarthroses and three have evidence of chronic joint disease. However, the major problem in the adult females with von Willebrand's disease has been extreme menorrhagia. One of the seven adults underwent irradiation sterilization and another had a hysterectomy because of menorrhagia. The others have been managed with anovulatory drugs or plasma infusions and EACA. Despite menorrhagia, five pregnancies and deliveries have been uneventful in three of these women.", "contents": "Severe factor VIII and factor IX deficiency in females. A survey of 11 hemophilia centers produced data concerning 28 females with extremely low levels of factor VIII or IX coagulant activity. Ten of the 28 have hemophilia A, six have hemophilia B, and 12 have severe von Willebrand's disease. The 16 females who have severe factor VIII or factor IX deficiency as an isolated defect exemplify several of the possible genetic explanations for the occurrence of hemophilia in females. All 16 bruise excessively, and several have had recurrent hemarthroses. Three of these girls, ages five, 10 and 23 years, have evidence of chronic hemophilic arthropathy. The 12 females with severe von Willebrand's disease are either homozygous for von Willebrand's disease or severely affected heterozygotes. All 12 have mucous membrane bleeding. In addition, five of the 12 have recurrent hemarthroses and three have evidence of chronic joint disease. However, the major problem in the adult females with von Willebrand's disease has been extreme menorrhagia. One of the seven adults underwent irradiation sterilization and another had a hysterectomy because of menorrhagia. The others have been managed with anovulatory drugs or plasma infusions and EACA. Despite menorrhagia, five pregnancies and deliveries have been uneventful in three of these women.", "PMID": 309282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1976", "title": "Distinction between the common symptoms of the phosphate-depletion syndrome and glucocorticoid-induced disease.", "content": "A phosphate depletion syndrome developed in a steroid-dependent asthmatic patient. Initially, the clinical picture was confused with steroid-associated myopathy rather than the phosphate depletion syndrome which has similar symptoms. The classic biochemical findings led to the correct diagnosis. Cessation of phosphate-binding antacids and phosphorus repletion rapidly corrected the biochemical findings and led to the patient's clinical improvement. Platelet phosphate metabolism was evaluated; it was found to correlate with the phosphorus-depleted state and clinical recovery with phosphate repletion. Attention is drawn to the clinical entity of phosphate depletion which may mimic steroid-induced side effects, both of which may occur in patients receiving steroids and antacids.", "contents": "Distinction between the common symptoms of the phosphate-depletion syndrome and glucocorticoid-induced disease. A phosphate depletion syndrome developed in a steroid-dependent asthmatic patient. Initially, the clinical picture was confused with steroid-associated myopathy rather than the phosphate depletion syndrome which has similar symptoms. The classic biochemical findings led to the correct diagnosis. Cessation of phosphate-binding antacids and phosphorus repletion rapidly corrected the biochemical findings and led to the patient's clinical improvement. Platelet phosphate metabolism was evaluated; it was found to correlate with the phosphorus-depleted state and clinical recovery with phosphate repletion. Attention is drawn to the clinical entity of phosphate depletion which may mimic steroid-induced side effects, both of which may occur in patients receiving steroids and antacids.", "PMID": 309283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1977", "title": "Measuring the interventions used in the short-term interpersonal psychotherapy of depression.", "content": "This paper describes a method for measuring the interventions employed by psychotherapists in the short-term interpersonal treatment of depressive disorders. The psychotherapy techniques are described, and the methodology for measuring these techniques is presented. These are illustrated with the findings of the collaborative Boston-New Haven project.", "contents": "Measuring the interventions used in the short-term interpersonal psychotherapy of depression. This paper describes a method for measuring the interventions employed by psychotherapists in the short-term interpersonal treatment of depressive disorders. The psychotherapy techniques are described, and the methodology for measuring these techniques is presented. These are illustrated with the findings of the collaborative Boston-New Haven project.", "PMID": 309286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1978", "title": "The mortality of bleeding esophageal varices in a private university hospital.", "content": "The mortality of patients with bleeding esophageal varices was studied in a private hospital where the modalities of treatment are considered optimal. Of the sixty-two patients in the study, twenty (32 per cent) died. Mortality was higher (p is less than 0.02) for those who had ascites or bilirubin more than 5 mg/dl, albumin less than 3 gm/dl, prothrombin time more than 4 seconds of control, or blood transfusions of more than 5 liters. The lower mortality in this study as compared with other studies among indigent population is the result of either private patients having less severe liver disease or having more effective care of both.", "contents": "The mortality of bleeding esophageal varices in a private university hospital. The mortality of patients with bleeding esophageal varices was studied in a private hospital where the modalities of treatment are considered optimal. Of the sixty-two patients in the study, twenty (32 per cent) died. Mortality was higher (p is less than 0.02) for those who had ascites or bilirubin more than 5 mg/dl, albumin less than 3 gm/dl, prothrombin time more than 4 seconds of control, or blood transfusions of more than 5 liters. The lower mortality in this study as compared with other studies among indigent population is the result of either private patients having less severe liver disease or having more effective care of both.", "PMID": 309287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1979", "title": "A study of the craniofacial skeleton.", "content": "Multivariate analysis of craniofacial profiles demonstrated the complex interaction between the brain case and facial skeleton during growth and between various occlusal categories. Only by investigating craniofacial growth data still further will it be possible to establish normative standard growth patterns that can withstand critical scientific appraisal.", "contents": "A study of the craniofacial skeleton. Multivariate analysis of craniofacial profiles demonstrated the complex interaction between the brain case and facial skeleton during growth and between various occlusal categories. Only by investigating craniofacial growth data still further will it be possible to establish normative standard growth patterns that can withstand critical scientific appraisal.", "PMID": 309291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1980", "title": "Serum IgE levels in patients with selective IgA deficiency.", "content": "In this study serum IgE levels were measured by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay in 31 patients with serum IgA concentration less than 0.01 mg/ml who were followed in the arthritis and allergy clinics. On a group basis there was no significant difference in mean serum IgE levels between the IgA deficient patients and normal subjects of the same age. However, in the absence of atopic disease, IgA deficient patients had significantly lower serum IgE levels. When atopy was associated with IgA deficiency IgE levels were the same as in the normal subjects but significantly lower than those of atopic non-IgA deficient patients. IgE levels in those with recurrent respiratory tract infection were not different. Adults with anti-IgA antibodies had significantly lower IgE values. IgE levels in patients with RA, JRA or SLE were not significantly different. Selective IgA deficient patients may have a relative deficiency of serum IgE depending on the comparison group.", "contents": "Serum IgE levels in patients with selective IgA deficiency. In this study serum IgE levels were measured by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay in 31 patients with serum IgA concentration less than 0.01 mg/ml who were followed in the arthritis and allergy clinics. On a group basis there was no significant difference in mean serum IgE levels between the IgA deficient patients and normal subjects of the same age. However, in the absence of atopic disease, IgA deficient patients had significantly lower serum IgE levels. When atopy was associated with IgA deficiency IgE levels were the same as in the normal subjects but significantly lower than those of atopic non-IgA deficient patients. IgE levels in those with recurrent respiratory tract infection were not different. Adults with anti-IgA antibodies had significantly lower IgE values. IgE levels in patients with RA, JRA or SLE were not significantly different. Selective IgA deficient patients may have a relative deficiency of serum IgE depending on the comparison group.", "PMID": 309292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1981", "title": "Histological evaluation of cutaneous wound healing in presence of nitrous oxide in rats.", "content": "Three-centimetre linear incisions were made in 90 young male Lew/f Mai rats by scalpel through skin to the investing fascia of the left flank. The skin was undermined sharply for a distance of 0.5 cm along both sides of the entire length of the incision. The wound site was closed per primam with Michel clips and left uncovered. Following emergence from anesthesia, rats were randomly allocated to one of three groups of 30 rats each: one group breathed air only and acted as control; the second was exposed to 20% N2O for 24 hours daily until sacrificed (continuous group); the third was exposed to 20% N2O for 8 hours daily until sacrificed (intermittent group). Ten rats from each of the three groups were sacrificed after 3, 7, or 10 days postincision. After sacrifice, sections from the wound stained with hematoxylin and eosin or reticulin were examined microscopically. No histological evidence of an effect on wound healing of skin occurred in rats exposed to 20% N2O.", "contents": "Histological evaluation of cutaneous wound healing in presence of nitrous oxide in rats. Three-centimetre linear incisions were made in 90 young male Lew/f Mai rats by scalpel through skin to the investing fascia of the left flank. The skin was undermined sharply for a distance of 0.5 cm along both sides of the entire length of the incision. The wound site was closed per primam with Michel clips and left uncovered. Following emergence from anesthesia, rats were randomly allocated to one of three groups of 30 rats each: one group breathed air only and acted as control; the second was exposed to 20% N2O for 24 hours daily until sacrificed (continuous group); the third was exposed to 20% N2O for 8 hours daily until sacrificed (intermittent group). Ten rats from each of the three groups were sacrificed after 3, 7, or 10 days postincision. After sacrifice, sections from the wound stained with hematoxylin and eosin or reticulin were examined microscopically. No histological evidence of an effect on wound healing of skin occurred in rats exposed to 20% N2O.", "PMID": 309290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1982", "title": "Inhibitory activity of unstimulated alveolar macrophages on T-lymphocyte blastogenic response.", "content": "Unlike peritoneal macrophages from normal rats, which stimulate T-lymphocyte blastogenic responses, alveolar macrophages are highly inhibitory. However, alveolar macrophages collected from lungs previously exposed to an inflammatory agent develop the capacity to cooperate with T cells in these responses. Recent reports in this journal indicate that underlying inflammation greatly enhances the susceptibility of the lung to sensitization by inhaled antigen. It is suggested that inflammatory-induced changes in the population of alveolar macrophages, which abolish the inhibitory activity of the latter on proliferation of T cells, are intimately involved in the increased susceptibility of the lung to the development of cellular hypersensitivity that accompanies inflammation.", "contents": "Inhibitory activity of unstimulated alveolar macrophages on T-lymphocyte blastogenic response. Unlike peritoneal macrophages from normal rats, which stimulate T-lymphocyte blastogenic responses, alveolar macrophages are highly inhibitory. However, alveolar macrophages collected from lungs previously exposed to an inflammatory agent develop the capacity to cooperate with T cells in these responses. Recent reports in this journal indicate that underlying inflammation greatly enhances the susceptibility of the lung to sensitization by inhaled antigen. It is suggested that inflammatory-induced changes in the population of alveolar macrophages, which abolish the inhibitory activity of the latter on proliferation of T cells, are intimately involved in the increased susceptibility of the lung to the development of cellular hypersensitivity that accompanies inflammation.", "PMID": 309295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1983", "title": "Isoniazid hepatotoxicity in children.", "content": "One hundred sixteen children, including 50 less than 10 years of age, received isoniazid therapy for tuberculous infection. Determinations of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase concentrations at time of institution of therapy, 6 to 20 weeks later, and again at the completion of the therapeutic course, showed no evidence of hepatotoxicity. Clinical symptoms were never such that discontinuation of therapy was necessary.", "contents": "Isoniazid hepatotoxicity in children. One hundred sixteen children, including 50 less than 10 years of age, received isoniazid therapy for tuberculous infection. Determinations of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase concentrations at time of institution of therapy, 6 to 20 weeks later, and again at the completion of the therapeutic course, showed no evidence of hepatotoxicity. Clinical symptoms were never such that discontinuation of therapy was necessary.", "PMID": 309296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1984", "title": "Effect of central nervous system-acting drugs after selective destruction by neurotoxins of 5-hydroxytryptamine fibers in the brain.", "content": "Some behavioral effects of CNS-acting drugs have been studied in two animal species after functional impairment of central serotonergic activity. In rabbits, pretreatment with p-CPA or with 5,6-DHT counteracted the hyperthermia induced by d-amphetamine or apomorphine; the same pretreatments were ineffective in modifying pyrogen-induced fever. These data indicate a modulatory role of the 5-HT system in the hyperthermic response to dopaminergic agonists, such as d-amphetamine and apomorphine, and rule out 5-HT involvement in the hyperpyrexia induced by pyrogen. A previous intraventricular injection of 5,6-DHT significantly potentiated the increase in body temperature induced by 5-HTP in combination with a MAO inhibitor. Pretreatment with p-CPA, instead, strongly inhibited the hyperthermic response to 5-HTP. In unanesthetized fowl, at the time of the most dramatic degenerative signs of indoleaminergic neurons induced by 5,6-DHT, as documented by histofluorescence pictures, intraventricular infusion of 5-HT induced more intense behavioral, electrocortical, and body temperature modifications than in control animals. These results suggest the existence of receptor supersensitivity after 5-HT nerve ending degeneration but not after brain 5-HT depletion. The hyperthermic effect of a presynaptically acting drug, fenfluramine, was counteracted in rabbits and in fowl pretreated with either p-CPA or 5,6-DHT. Since identical behavioral, electrocortical, and body temperature effects have been observed after 5-HT or 5,6-DHT infusion into the third ventricle of fowl, it may be concluded that 5,6-DHT behaves also as a central 5-HT receptor agonist.", "contents": "Effect of central nervous system-acting drugs after selective destruction by neurotoxins of 5-hydroxytryptamine fibers in the brain. Some behavioral effects of CNS-acting drugs have been studied in two animal species after functional impairment of central serotonergic activity. In rabbits, pretreatment with p-CPA or with 5,6-DHT counteracted the hyperthermia induced by d-amphetamine or apomorphine; the same pretreatments were ineffective in modifying pyrogen-induced fever. These data indicate a modulatory role of the 5-HT system in the hyperthermic response to dopaminergic agonists, such as d-amphetamine and apomorphine, and rule out 5-HT involvement in the hyperpyrexia induced by pyrogen. A previous intraventricular injection of 5,6-DHT significantly potentiated the increase in body temperature induced by 5-HTP in combination with a MAO inhibitor. Pretreatment with p-CPA, instead, strongly inhibited the hyperthermic response to 5-HTP. In unanesthetized fowl, at the time of the most dramatic degenerative signs of indoleaminergic neurons induced by 5,6-DHT, as documented by histofluorescence pictures, intraventricular infusion of 5-HT induced more intense behavioral, electrocortical, and body temperature modifications than in control animals. These results suggest the existence of receptor supersensitivity after 5-HT nerve ending degeneration but not after brain 5-HT depletion. The hyperthermic effect of a presynaptically acting drug, fenfluramine, was counteracted in rabbits and in fowl pretreated with either p-CPA or 5,6-DHT. Since identical behavioral, electrocortical, and body temperature effects have been observed after 5-HT or 5,6-DHT infusion into the third ventricle of fowl, it may be concluded that 5,6-DHT behaves also as a central 5-HT receptor agonist.", "PMID": 309299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1985", "title": "Effects of serotonin neurotoxins on rotational behavior in the rat.", "content": "Injections of p-CA or 5,7-DHT into the MRN caused decreases in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the cortex and striatum. They also caused a decrease in 5-HT turnover in the cortex and an increase in striatal DA turnover. The unilaterally injected rats showed contralateral rotation after amphetamine or apomorphine administration. There was a significant correlation among the rate of rotation, the decrease in cortical 5-HT turnover, and the increase in striatal DA turnover. Injection of 5,7-DHT into the SN produced the same biochemical and behavioral changes as did MRN lesions, suggesting that the changes induced by MRN lesions might be due to a direct projection from the raphe to the substantia nigra. Injection of 5,7-DHT into the MFB caused ipsilateral rotation after injection of amphetamine or apomorphine and a decrease in DA turnover in the striatum. There was a significant correlation among the rate of rotation, the decrease in 5-HT turnover in the cortex, and the decrease in striatal DA turnover in the MFB-lesioned rats. These effects might be due to a projection from the DRN to cell bodies in the striatum.", "contents": "Effects of serotonin neurotoxins on rotational behavior in the rat. Injections of p-CA or 5,7-DHT into the MRN caused decreases in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the cortex and striatum. They also caused a decrease in 5-HT turnover in the cortex and an increase in striatal DA turnover. The unilaterally injected rats showed contralateral rotation after amphetamine or apomorphine administration. There was a significant correlation among the rate of rotation, the decrease in cortical 5-HT turnover, and the increase in striatal DA turnover. Injection of 5,7-DHT into the SN produced the same biochemical and behavioral changes as did MRN lesions, suggesting that the changes induced by MRN lesions might be due to a direct projection from the raphe to the substantia nigra. Injection of 5,7-DHT into the MFB caused ipsilateral rotation after injection of amphetamine or apomorphine and a decrease in DA turnover in the striatum. There was a significant correlation among the rate of rotation, the decrease in 5-HT turnover in the cortex, and the decrease in striatal DA turnover in the MFB-lesioned rats. These effects might be due to a projection from the DRN to cell bodies in the striatum.", "PMID": 309303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1986", "title": "[In vitro study of cellular immunity in atopic and in contact eczema (author's transl)].", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 atopic dermatitis patients, 10 contact dermatitis and 50 healthy subjects were studied by the following methods: E rosettes, active E rosettes anti-HTLA serum (T cells), surface immunoglobulins (B cells), Ea rosettes (Fc-gamma-receptor bearing cells) stimulation by PHA, ConA, PWM. In contact dermatitis the results only indicated significantly low percentages of active E rosettes (whereas E rosette, HTLA, surface immunoglobulins, Ea rosettes are normal) and a poor response to PHA and ConA. In atopic dermatitis the presence of a T cell defect was assessed by low percentages of E rosettes. However normal results obtained with an anti-HTLA serum indicated that this T cell defect was not quantitative but could be due to intrinsic lymphocyte abnormalities or serum factors. Moreover the percentage of B cells was significantly increased. The stimulation index was lower after ConA than after PHA stimulation. This could be in favor of a T suppressor cell impairment. The place of this T cell defect in atopic dermatitis and the possible correlations with the Sczentivanyi's theory are discussed.", "contents": "[In vitro study of cellular immunity in atopic and in contact eczema (author's transl)]. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 atopic dermatitis patients, 10 contact dermatitis and 50 healthy subjects were studied by the following methods: E rosettes, active E rosettes anti-HTLA serum (T cells), surface immunoglobulins (B cells), Ea rosettes (Fc-gamma-receptor bearing cells) stimulation by PHA, ConA, PWM. In contact dermatitis the results only indicated significantly low percentages of active E rosettes (whereas E rosette, HTLA, surface immunoglobulins, Ea rosettes are normal) and a poor response to PHA and ConA. In atopic dermatitis the presence of a T cell defect was assessed by low percentages of E rosettes. However normal results obtained with an anti-HTLA serum indicated that this T cell defect was not quantitative but could be due to intrinsic lymphocyte abnormalities or serum factors. Moreover the percentage of B cells was significantly increased. The stimulation index was lower after ConA than after PHA stimulation. This could be in favor of a T suppressor cell impairment. The place of this T cell defect in atopic dermatitis and the possible correlations with the Sczentivanyi's theory are discussed.", "PMID": 309304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1987", "title": "[Genetic structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis strain No. 17 possessing penicillinase and bacteriocinogenic activity].", "content": "The studies on the genetic structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis, strain 17 showed that this strain possessed a factor of bactericinogenicity of the one type, which was an extrachromosomal element not bound with penicillinase activity. The loss of the bacteriocinogenicity factor spontaneously or under the effect of acridine orange at a temperature of 37 degrees C was not observed. Passages of the strain at a temperature of 44 degrees C for 5 days and acridine orange proved to be the most effective eliminating factors. The loss of the bacteriocinogenicity plasmid did not result in changing any biochemical properties of the strain but was accompanied by a loss of the immunity to bacteriocin of the initial strain. The study of the growth regularities of the initial strain and its variant deprived of the bacteriocinogenicity plasmid showed that multiplication of the cells in the presence of the plasmid practically started without the latent period.", "contents": "[Genetic structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis strain No. 17 possessing penicillinase and bacteriocinogenic activity]. The studies on the genetic structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis, strain 17 showed that this strain possessed a factor of bactericinogenicity of the one type, which was an extrachromosomal element not bound with penicillinase activity. The loss of the bacteriocinogenicity factor spontaneously or under the effect of acridine orange at a temperature of 37 degrees C was not observed. Passages of the strain at a temperature of 44 degrees C for 5 days and acridine orange proved to be the most effective eliminating factors. The loss of the bacteriocinogenicity plasmid did not result in changing any biochemical properties of the strain but was accompanied by a loss of the immunity to bacteriocin of the initial strain. The study of the growth regularities of the initial strain and its variant deprived of the bacteriocinogenicity plasmid showed that multiplication of the cells in the presence of the plasmid practically started without the latent period.", "PMID": 309305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1988", "title": "CP-45,899, a beta-lactamase inhibitor that extends the antibacterial spectrum of beta-lactams: initial bacteriological characterization.", "content": "CP-45,899 {3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 4,4-dioxide, [2S-(2alpha,5alpha)]} is an irreversible inhibitor of several bacterial penicillinases and cephalosporinases. In the presence of low concentrations of CP-45,899, ampicillin and other beta-lactams readily inhibit the growth of a variety of resistant bacteria that contain beta-lactamases. CP-45,899 used alone displays only weak antibacterial activity, with the notable exception of its potent effects on susceptible and resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. CP-45,899 appears to be somewhat less potent but markedly more stable (in aqueous solution) than the recently described beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid. The spectrum extensions provided by the two compounds are similar. A 1:1 mixture of CP-45,899 and ampicillin displays marked antimicrobial activity in mice experimentally infected with ampicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus vulgaris.", "contents": "CP-45,899, a beta-lactamase inhibitor that extends the antibacterial spectrum of beta-lactams: initial bacteriological characterization. CP-45,899 {3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 4,4-dioxide, [2S-(2alpha,5alpha)]} is an irreversible inhibitor of several bacterial penicillinases and cephalosporinases. In the presence of low concentrations of CP-45,899, ampicillin and other beta-lactams readily inhibit the growth of a variety of resistant bacteria that contain beta-lactamases. CP-45,899 used alone displays only weak antibacterial activity, with the notable exception of its potent effects on susceptible and resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. CP-45,899 appears to be somewhat less potent but markedly more stable (in aqueous solution) than the recently described beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid. The spectrum extensions provided by the two compounds are similar. A 1:1 mixture of CP-45,899 and ampicillin displays marked antimicrobial activity in mice experimentally infected with ampicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus vulgaris.", "PMID": 309306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1989", "title": "Safety and efficacy of chronic cerebellar stimulation.", "content": "It is our conclusion that CCS is both efficacious and safe as a therapeutic measure for neurologic disease. As indications become more concise and patients can be chosen who are not as incapacitated as those in our first group, this should become even more apparent. In order to be certain that calibration of the stimulating equipment is accurate each apparatus should be calibrated by the group treating the patient. We are now making this a routine aspect of our follow-up recheck examinations.", "contents": "Safety and efficacy of chronic cerebellar stimulation. It is our conclusion that CCS is both efficacious and safe as a therapeutic measure for neurologic disease. As indications become more concise and patients can be chosen who are not as incapacitated as those in our first group, this should become even more apparent. In order to be certain that calibration of the stimulating equipment is accurate each apparatus should be calibrated by the group treating the patient. We are now making this a routine aspect of our follow-up recheck examinations.", "PMID": 309307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1990", "title": "Control of spasticity and involuntary movements--cerebellar stimulation.", "content": "By stimulating the medial aspect of the superior surface of the cerebellum with relatively short, low current stimulating pulses, spasticity and some involuntary movements have been reduced. Voluntary movements, as a result, are able to come through better; however, if the child has little voluntary ability, he is at least more relaxed, thus allowing the parents to care for him more easily. The children and adults with cerebral palsy have not been transformed from their previous status, although CCS has allowed them to become more independent, more ambulatory, and more communicative.", "contents": "Control of spasticity and involuntary movements--cerebellar stimulation. By stimulating the medial aspect of the superior surface of the cerebellum with relatively short, low current stimulating pulses, spasticity and some involuntary movements have been reduced. Voluntary movements, as a result, are able to come through better; however, if the child has little voluntary ability, he is at least more relaxed, thus allowing the parents to care for him more easily. The children and adults with cerebral palsy have not been transformed from their previous status, although CCS has allowed them to become more independent, more ambulatory, and more communicative.", "PMID": 309308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1991", "title": "Chronic dorsal column stimulation via percutaneously inserted epidural electrodes. Preliminary results in 31 patients.", "content": "31 patients suffering from intractable pain associated with chronic low back syndrome, terminal cancer, and other disorders have been studied after an average 6 months' treatment by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord applied via electrodes inserted through a Tuohy needle into the epidural space. As judged by three different subjective rating methods, epidural stimulation successfully relieved otherwise intractable chronic pain in from 23 to 26 of the 31 patients. Reported improvements in the ability to perform various everyday activities, and elimination of drug usage by many patients, corroborate this finding. The side effects of stimulation, both as reported subjectively and as measured objectively by sensory testing, were not clinically significant. Spontaneous electrode displacements, leading to loss of analgesia and requiring minor surgery for repositioning, were encountered frequently, as were lead wire failures necessitating replacement. The partially implanted, externally powered stimulation system presently in use also suffers from problems of reliability and convenience to the patient.", "contents": "Chronic dorsal column stimulation via percutaneously inserted epidural electrodes. Preliminary results in 31 patients. 31 patients suffering from intractable pain associated with chronic low back syndrome, terminal cancer, and other disorders have been studied after an average 6 months' treatment by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord applied via electrodes inserted through a Tuohy needle into the epidural space. As judged by three different subjective rating methods, epidural stimulation successfully relieved otherwise intractable chronic pain in from 23 to 26 of the 31 patients. Reported improvements in the ability to perform various everyday activities, and elimination of drug usage by many patients, corroborate this finding. The side effects of stimulation, both as reported subjectively and as measured objectively by sensory testing, were not clinically significant. Spontaneous electrode displacements, leading to loss of analgesia and requiring minor surgery for repositioning, were encountered frequently, as were lead wire failures necessitating replacement. The partially implanted, externally powered stimulation system presently in use also suffers from problems of reliability and convenience to the patient.", "PMID": 309310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1992", "title": "Safety and clinical efficacy of implanted neuroaugmentive spinal devices for the relief of pain.", "content": "When applied under the circumstances of minimal patient risk, as documented in this paper, implanted neuroaugmentive spinal devices are a reasonable means of therapy for selected severe pain problems. With presently developed screening techniques, a 50% good-to-excellent result was obtained in 198 patients predominently consisting of 'failed back surgery syndrome' (94%). These figures represent a very significant improvement in success of treatment for this group of patients when compared to other present modes of therapy. With continued optimization of the use of spinal neuroaugmentive devices, it is likely that future clinical success can be significantly improved.", "contents": "Safety and clinical efficacy of implanted neuroaugmentive spinal devices for the relief of pain. When applied under the circumstances of minimal patient risk, as documented in this paper, implanted neuroaugmentive spinal devices are a reasonable means of therapy for selected severe pain problems. With presently developed screening techniques, a 50% good-to-excellent result was obtained in 198 patients predominently consisting of 'failed back surgery syndrome' (94%). These figures represent a very significant improvement in success of treatment for this group of patients when compared to other present modes of therapy. With continued optimization of the use of spinal neuroaugmentive devices, it is likely that future clinical success can be significantly improved.", "PMID": 309309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1993", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the conus medullaris in the paraplegic. A 5-year review.", "content": "In 1970 we carried out the first electrode implantation of the conus medullaris of a 17-year-old male paraplegic to control the emptying of his paralyzed bladder. Our patient has used electromicturition for 6 years to successfully empty his bladder and prevent urinary infection. To date, a total of 11 paraplegic patients have been implanted (6 males, 5 females). The cause of the paraplegia was the result of trauma, and the implants were performed from 16 days to 15 years postinjury. All the patients had experienced numerous urinary infections and required constant catheter drainage, and it was the opinion of our urologic associate that current methods of control of the bladder problem were of no avail. The bladder was considered to be atonic in 7 patients and spastic in 4. The results indicate that after a follow-up of 1--6 years, 8 patients have complete control of voiding by electrical stimulation (4 female, 4 male). 2 of the males required partial sphincterotomy to improve emptying, but none of the females experienced sphincter interference. One male quadriparetic patient died 7 months postimplantation of pneumonia and hepatitis. There have been no infections related to the implantable device; however, 1 female broke the connecting wires to the spinal cord electrode during a paraplegic basketball game. In addition to the induced electrical contraction of the bladder, we have observed increased autonomic activity below the level of the spinal cord transection, improved defecation, reduction of spasticity in the paralyzed legs, penile erection in males, and reduction of decalcification of the long bones. This group of patients represents the longest use of an implantable electronic device to control bladder function.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the conus medullaris in the paraplegic. A 5-year review. In 1970 we carried out the first electrode implantation of the conus medullaris of a 17-year-old male paraplegic to control the emptying of his paralyzed bladder. Our patient has used electromicturition for 6 years to successfully empty his bladder and prevent urinary infection. To date, a total of 11 paraplegic patients have been implanted (6 males, 5 females). The cause of the paraplegia was the result of trauma, and the implants were performed from 16 days to 15 years postinjury. All the patients had experienced numerous urinary infections and required constant catheter drainage, and it was the opinion of our urologic associate that current methods of control of the bladder problem were of no avail. The bladder was considered to be atonic in 7 patients and spastic in 4. The results indicate that after a follow-up of 1--6 years, 8 patients have complete control of voiding by electrical stimulation (4 female, 4 male). 2 of the males required partial sphincterotomy to improve emptying, but none of the females experienced sphincter interference. One male quadriparetic patient died 7 months postimplantation of pneumonia and hepatitis. There have been no infections related to the implantable device; however, 1 female broke the connecting wires to the spinal cord electrode during a paraplegic basketball game. In addition to the induced electrical contraction of the bladder, we have observed increased autonomic activity below the level of the spinal cord transection, improved defecation, reduction of spasticity in the paralyzed legs, penile erection in males, and reduction of decalcification of the long bones. This group of patients represents the longest use of an implantable electronic device to control bladder function.", "PMID": 309311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1994", "title": "Electrostimulation of the nervous system for patients with demyelinating and degenerative diseases of the nervous system and vascular diseases of the extremities.", "content": "The results of electrostimulation of the spinal cord for symptoms other than that of pain are recorded in this publication. 50% of patients with multiple sclerosis, primary lateral sclerosis and hereditary spino-cerebellar disorders were observed to have enduring favourable changes in neurological function during the 15 to 27 months they have been followed. The patients who were the least severely disabled had the greatest amount of increased function and were benefitted the most by the stimulation. Those who had the fewest neurological pathways affected make the most rapid progress. For example, the patient with only an ataxic or spastic gait was observed to improve faster than the patient with an ataxic and a spastic gait. The long-term effect of electrostimulation of the spinal cord on patients with these diseases is unknown at the present time. The purpose of the stimulation is to increase neurological function so that the patient can live a better life style. It is not thought that the electrical current is responsible for a 'cure' of the basic disease process. Electrostimulation of the posterior spinal roots and spinal cord, while not new, has not been used extensively for the treatment of patients with arterial disease. The patients who have responded the most dramatically to electrostimulation are those with vasospastic disorders. A larger percentage of patients showed a greater response to implanted stimulation than to transcutaneous stimulation. Electrostimulation of the nervous system is not designed to replace standard therapeutic measures of treatment of patients with vascular disease but to supplement them.", "contents": "Electrostimulation of the nervous system for patients with demyelinating and degenerative diseases of the nervous system and vascular diseases of the extremities. The results of electrostimulation of the spinal cord for symptoms other than that of pain are recorded in this publication. 50% of patients with multiple sclerosis, primary lateral sclerosis and hereditary spino-cerebellar disorders were observed to have enduring favourable changes in neurological function during the 15 to 27 months they have been followed. The patients who were the least severely disabled had the greatest amount of increased function and were benefitted the most by the stimulation. Those who had the fewest neurological pathways affected make the most rapid progress. For example, the patient with only an ataxic or spastic gait was observed to improve faster than the patient with an ataxic and a spastic gait. The long-term effect of electrostimulation of the spinal cord on patients with these diseases is unknown at the present time. The purpose of the stimulation is to increase neurological function so that the patient can live a better life style. It is not thought that the electrical current is responsible for a 'cure' of the basic disease process. Electrostimulation of the posterior spinal roots and spinal cord, while not new, has not been used extensively for the treatment of patients with arterial disease. The patients who have responded the most dramatically to electrostimulation are those with vasospastic disorders. A larger percentage of patients showed a greater response to implanted stimulation than to transcutaneous stimulation. Electrostimulation of the nervous system is not designed to replace standard therapeutic measures of treatment of patients with vascular disease but to supplement them.", "PMID": 309312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1995", "title": "PABA screening test for exocrine pancreatic function in infants and children.", "content": "P-Amino-benzoic acid (PABA) is split specifically by pancreatic chymotrypsin from the synthetic tripeptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-PABA. The urinary excretion of absorbed PABA serves as an index for exocrine pancreatic function. The peptide (0.015 g/kg) was administered orally to 20 controls (aged between 5 months and 16 years), 6 patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency caused by cystic fibrosis (CF), and 9 newborn infants. In the controls the mean 6-hour PABA recovery was 58.5% (+/- 11.2 SD). Recovery in patients with CF was lower (P less than 0.001) with no overlap. In newborn infants the mean 6-hour PABA recovery was 23.4 (+/- 17.7 SD); overlapping in 3 instances with the results in CF patients. This simple, noninvasive test thus appears promising and merits further investigation in younger infants, especially newborns.", "contents": "PABA screening test for exocrine pancreatic function in infants and children. P-Amino-benzoic acid (PABA) is split specifically by pancreatic chymotrypsin from the synthetic tripeptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-PABA. The urinary excretion of absorbed PABA serves as an index for exocrine pancreatic function. The peptide (0.015 g/kg) was administered orally to 20 controls (aged between 5 months and 16 years), 6 patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency caused by cystic fibrosis (CF), and 9 newborn infants. In the controls the mean 6-hour PABA recovery was 58.5% (+/- 11.2 SD). Recovery in patients with CF was lower (P less than 0.001) with no overlap. In newborn infants the mean 6-hour PABA recovery was 23.4 (+/- 17.7 SD); overlapping in 3 instances with the results in CF patients. This simple, noninvasive test thus appears promising and merits further investigation in younger infants, especially newborns.", "PMID": 309317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1996", "title": "Effect of uptake inhibitors on the depletion of brain norepinephrine and serotonin after alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine administration to rats.", "content": "The depletion of brain norepinephrine after alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine injection into rats was antagonized by pretreatment with an uptake inhibitor (protriptyline or chlorimipramine) but was not completely prevented. Administration of protriptyline after alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine injection, at a time when norepinephrine had been depleted, partially reversed the depletion. Serotonin depletion after alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine was not altered by pretreatment with fluoxetine, an inhibitor of uptake into serotonin neurons. Apparently part of the norepinephrine (but not serotonin) depletion occurring after alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine injection is due to the action of amine products that enter the norepinephrine neuron via the membrane uptake pump and whose presence within the nerve terminals is maintained by the uptake pump.", "contents": "Effect of uptake inhibitors on the depletion of brain norepinephrine and serotonin after alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine administration to rats. The depletion of brain norepinephrine after alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine injection into rats was antagonized by pretreatment with an uptake inhibitor (protriptyline or chlorimipramine) but was not completely prevented. Administration of protriptyline after alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine injection, at a time when norepinephrine had been depleted, partially reversed the depletion. Serotonin depletion after alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine was not altered by pretreatment with fluoxetine, an inhibitor of uptake into serotonin neurons. Apparently part of the norepinephrine (but not serotonin) depletion occurring after alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine injection is due to the action of amine products that enter the norepinephrine neuron via the membrane uptake pump and whose presence within the nerve terminals is maintained by the uptake pump.", "PMID": 309319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1997", "title": "Acute renal failure secondary to interstitial lupus nephritis.", "content": "A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), followed up over a six-month period, exhibited numerous immunologic abnormalities and varied renal pathologic features. Initial findings included minimal glomerular lesions, serum antibodies directed solely against nuclear RNA protein, and lupus band test showing pure IgM deposition. These findings suggested a good prognosis. Subsequently, the patient developed acute renal failure secondary to an interstitial lupus nephritis, without progression of the glomerular abnormality. Serum antibodies to the nuclear non-nucleic acid macromolecule and single stranded and native DNA were demonstrated concurrently. New skin deposits of IgG and IgA in addition to IgM also were observed. This patient demonstrates the potential progression of lupus renal disease despite the initial favorable prognostic indicators.", "contents": "Acute renal failure secondary to interstitial lupus nephritis. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), followed up over a six-month period, exhibited numerous immunologic abnormalities and varied renal pathologic features. Initial findings included minimal glomerular lesions, serum antibodies directed solely against nuclear RNA protein, and lupus band test showing pure IgM deposition. These findings suggested a good prognosis. Subsequently, the patient developed acute renal failure secondary to an interstitial lupus nephritis, without progression of the glomerular abnormality. Serum antibodies to the nuclear non-nucleic acid macromolecule and single stranded and native DNA were demonstrated concurrently. New skin deposits of IgG and IgA in addition to IgM also were observed. This patient demonstrates the potential progression of lupus renal disease despite the initial favorable prognostic indicators.", "PMID": 309320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1998", "title": "Experience with implanted electrodes at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital.", "content": "Implanted units, manufactured by Medtronic, Inc., have been implanted in 31 patients for treatment of drop-foot. The principal problem encountered in this series is inflammatory reaction, which was observed in 7 patients and was serious enough in 5 to require removal. Theree have been no failures of the implanted equipment for periods of up to 7.3 years, although there is currently a question in 1 patient. There has also been no documented damage to the nerve due to chronic stimulation. Fine wire electrodes have been implanted intraneurally in a series of animals and in 3 patients. Preliminary results look encouraging, and this approach seems to hold considerable promise for a new generation of electrode design.", "contents": "Experience with implanted electrodes at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital. Implanted units, manufactured by Medtronic, Inc., have been implanted in 31 patients for treatment of drop-foot. The principal problem encountered in this series is inflammatory reaction, which was observed in 7 patients and was serious enough in 5 to require removal. Theree have been no failures of the implanted equipment for periods of up to 7.3 years, although there is currently a question in 1 patient. There has also been no documented damage to the nerve due to chronic stimulation. Fine wire electrodes have been implanted intraneurally in a series of animals and in 3 patients. Preliminary results look encouraging, and this approach seems to hold considerable promise for a new generation of electrode design.", "PMID": 309315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_1999", "title": "Instrumentation problems with implanted neuroaugmentive devices.", "content": "An analysis of the technical problems encountered in the implantation of 218 neurostimulation systems during the period 1971--1977 is reviewed. Multiple transmitter and antenna failures were seen. The most significant failures involved lead conductors and/or insulation in the internal portion of the system. The failures seen often required surgical revision. The observed incidence of lead wire failure appears to increase in relation to age of the devices. This survey indicates that significant material and design changes in the neuroaugmentive devices surveyed are necessary.", "contents": "Instrumentation problems with implanted neuroaugmentive devices. An analysis of the technical problems encountered in the implantation of 218 neurostimulation systems during the period 1971--1977 is reviewed. Multiple transmitter and antenna failures were seen. The most significant failures involved lead conductors and/or insulation in the internal portion of the system. The failures seen often required surgical revision. The observed incidence of lead wire failure appears to increase in relation to age of the devices. This survey indicates that significant material and design changes in the neuroaugmentive devices surveyed are necessary.", "PMID": 309313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2000", "title": "Depression of cell-mediated immunity in diabetes.", "content": "Parameters of cell-mediated and humoral-mediated immunity were measured in ten infection-free, insulin-dependent, controlled diabetic patients and in ten similar but nondiabetic patients awaiting elective operations. Tests performed included total and differential leukocyte counts, neutrophil reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium, mitogen response of lymphocyte to phytohemagglutinin, ratio of thymus-derived to bone marrow-derived lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, and IgM, macrophage inhibition factor, serum zinc, and reaction to skin test antigens. Diabetics had a significantly (P less than .05) decreased mean response response to phytoheagglutinin stimulation and a lowered ratio of thymus-derived to bone marrow-derived lymphocytes. These findings support the concept of depressed cell-mediated immunity in the controlled, adult diabetic and might explain the propensity of the uncontrolled diabetic to increased frequency and severity of bacterial infection.", "contents": "Depression of cell-mediated immunity in diabetes. Parameters of cell-mediated and humoral-mediated immunity were measured in ten infection-free, insulin-dependent, controlled diabetic patients and in ten similar but nondiabetic patients awaiting elective operations. Tests performed included total and differential leukocyte counts, neutrophil reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium, mitogen response of lymphocyte to phytohemagglutinin, ratio of thymus-derived to bone marrow-derived lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, and IgM, macrophage inhibition factor, serum zinc, and reaction to skin test antigens. Diabetics had a significantly (P less than .05) decreased mean response response to phytoheagglutinin stimulation and a lowered ratio of thymus-derived to bone marrow-derived lymphocytes. These findings support the concept of depressed cell-mediated immunity in the controlled, adult diabetic and might explain the propensity of the uncontrolled diabetic to increased frequency and severity of bacterial infection.", "PMID": 309322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2001", "title": "Combined left ventricular aneurysm and coronary artery bypass surgery: long-term results of 100 consecutive patients.", "content": "Forty-four percent of 2,367 patients who had operations for the complications of coronary atherosclerosis between 1971 and 1977 were noted to have major left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. Of this group, 100 patients required left ventricular aneurysm resections or plications (4.2%). There were 85 men and 15 women. Their average age was 52 years (range, 30 to 68 years). Concomitant coronary  artery bypass grafting was required in 95 patients. The operative mortality was 7% and the actuarial survival at six years was 78%. Patients were followed for an average of 31 months (range, 3 to 72 months). Eighty-eight percent of the survivors had excellent or good results with improvement of their functional status to the New York Heart Association classes I and II. Age, congestive heart failure, and poor residual left ventricular function had an adverse effect on the outcome of these patients. Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting seems to have favorably influenced their outcome and functional recovery. Surgical judgment is of great importance in selecting which patients require left ventricular aneurysm resection.", "contents": "Combined left ventricular aneurysm and coronary artery bypass surgery: long-term results of 100 consecutive patients. Forty-four percent of 2,367 patients who had operations for the complications of coronary atherosclerosis between 1971 and 1977 were noted to have major left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. Of this group, 100 patients required left ventricular aneurysm resections or plications (4.2%). There were 85 men and 15 women. Their average age was 52 years (range, 30 to 68 years). Concomitant coronary  artery bypass grafting was required in 95 patients. The operative mortality was 7% and the actuarial survival at six years was 78%. Patients were followed for an average of 31 months (range, 3 to 72 months). Eighty-eight percent of the survivors had excellent or good results with improvement of their functional status to the New York Heart Association classes I and II. Age, congestive heart failure, and poor residual left ventricular function had an adverse effect on the outcome of these patients. Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting seems to have favorably influenced their outcome and functional recovery. Surgical judgment is of great importance in selecting which patients require left ventricular aneurysm resection.", "PMID": 309323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2002", "title": "Pain suppression by peripheral nerve stimulation. Chronic effects of implanted devices.", "content": "This is a study of the long range effects of pain suppression obtained by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves. These cases were followed during 12--46 months and evaluated personally and by questionnaires. Selection for surgery was done exclusively on the basis of the results of a preoperative peripheral nerve stimulation test. Of 37 cases observations, 18 were considered significantly relieved; that is, more than 50% of the intensity and/or duration of pain was consistently admitted. The results obtained in the acute preoperative trial could be reproduced indefinitely in some cases for as long as 46 months. Correlation of the results with the disease producing the pain revealed as benefitting for painful syndromes associated with peripheral nerve disorders, amputation, soft tissue injuries (nerves?), and some recurrent lumbar disc surgeries. Sciatic, ulnar and occipital nerve implantations were particularly rewarding. The best and worse results were analyzed. The complications appear to be largely preventable and of no serious consequences. Our analysis suggests that most failures take place within 2 years from implantation. Experience seems to be accumulating showing that a number of patients may receive sustained relief beyond this period.", "contents": "Pain suppression by peripheral nerve stimulation. Chronic effects of implanted devices. This is a study of the long range effects of pain suppression obtained by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves. These cases were followed during 12--46 months and evaluated personally and by questionnaires. Selection for surgery was done exclusively on the basis of the results of a preoperative peripheral nerve stimulation test. Of 37 cases observations, 18 were considered significantly relieved; that is, more than 50% of the intensity and/or duration of pain was consistently admitted. The results obtained in the acute preoperative trial could be reproduced indefinitely in some cases for as long as 46 months. Correlation of the results with the disease producing the pain revealed as benefitting for painful syndromes associated with peripheral nerve disorders, amputation, soft tissue injuries (nerves?), and some recurrent lumbar disc surgeries. Sciatic, ulnar and occipital nerve implantations were particularly rewarding. The best and worse results were analyzed. The complications appear to be largely preventable and of no serious consequences. Our analysis suggests that most failures take place within 2 years from implantation. Experience seems to be accumulating showing that a number of patients may receive sustained relief beyond this period.", "PMID": 309314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2003", "title": "Changing indications for the surgical treatment of unstable angina.", "content": "From 1970 to 1977, 127 patients were operated on for unstable angina. On the basis of response to intensive medical therapy, patients were classified into a medically controlled, semielective surgery group (54 patients) and a medically uncontrolled, emergent/urgent surgical group (73 patients). There were five operative deaths. 1/54 in the medically controlled group (1.8%) and 4/73 (5%) in the medically uncontrolled group; 4/5 operative deaths occured with left main coronary stenosis. There were five late deaths during a follow-up period of 12 to 84 months, 37.5 with an actuarial survival of 83.5%. If patients with unstable angina can be medically controlled, operation can be delayed and the operative long-term survival is similar to that of elective coronary bypass. Patients who cannot be controlled medically, particularly those with left main coronary lesions, should be operated on urgently with selective use of preoperative balloon support.", "contents": "Changing indications for the surgical treatment of unstable angina. From 1970 to 1977, 127 patients were operated on for unstable angina. On the basis of response to intensive medical therapy, patients were classified into a medically controlled, semielective surgery group (54 patients) and a medically uncontrolled, emergent/urgent surgical group (73 patients). There were five operative deaths. 1/54 in the medically controlled group (1.8%) and 4/73 (5%) in the medically uncontrolled group; 4/5 operative deaths occured with left main coronary stenosis. There were five late deaths during a follow-up period of 12 to 84 months, 37.5 with an actuarial survival of 83.5%. If patients with unstable angina can be medically controlled, operation can be delayed and the operative long-term survival is similar to that of elective coronary bypass. Patients who cannot be controlled medically, particularly those with left main coronary lesions, should be operated on urgently with selective use of preoperative balloon support.", "PMID": 309324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2004", "title": "Esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage: its treatment by percutaneous transephatic coronary vein occlusion.", "content": "The angiographic technique percutaneous transhepatic coronary vein occlusion was used to treat esophagogastric variceal bleeding in 38 patients. There were two categories of patients: those actively bleeding who had not been controlled by continuous vasopressin infusion and/or Blakemore tube tamponade, and those with portal hypertension who were not actively bleeding at the time of transhepatic portal venography but who were at high risk for recurrent variceal hemorrhage. Coronary vein occlusion was achieved in 33 patients by (1) metal clip and cotton devices(one); (2) balloon catheter occlusion (two); (3) heat-treated autogenous clot and powdered absorbable gelatin sponge (Gelfoam) (13); and (4) Gelfoam strips soaked in sodium tetradecyl sulfate (17). Percutaneous coronary vein occlusion was effective in controlling 81% of the patients with actively bleeding varices. In patients who were not actively bleeding, percutaneous transhepatic coronary vein occlusion seemed to afford good protection for recurrent variceal hemorrhage.", "contents": "Esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage: its treatment by percutaneous transephatic coronary vein occlusion. The angiographic technique percutaneous transhepatic coronary vein occlusion was used to treat esophagogastric variceal bleeding in 38 patients. There were two categories of patients: those actively bleeding who had not been controlled by continuous vasopressin infusion and/or Blakemore tube tamponade, and those with portal hypertension who were not actively bleeding at the time of transhepatic portal venography but who were at high risk for recurrent variceal hemorrhage. Coronary vein occlusion was achieved in 33 patients by (1) metal clip and cotton devices(one); (2) balloon catheter occlusion (two); (3) heat-treated autogenous clot and powdered absorbable gelatin sponge (Gelfoam) (13); and (4) Gelfoam strips soaked in sodium tetradecyl sulfate (17). Percutaneous coronary vein occlusion was effective in controlling 81% of the patients with actively bleeding varices. In patients who were not actively bleeding, percutaneous transhepatic coronary vein occlusion seemed to afford good protection for recurrent variceal hemorrhage.", "PMID": 309325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2005", "title": "Adjuvant methotrexate and leucovorin in head and neck squamous cancer. Two-year follow-up of a pilot project.", "content": "A series of 17 patients with stage III and IV head and neck cancer received three cycles of methotrexate and leucovorin calcium during an interval of two weeks prior to surgery and/or radiotherapy. The dosage of methotrexate was sequentially escalated to produce mucositis (the usual dose-limiting toxicity). All patients have been followed up for a minimum of two years (range, 24 to 44 months). Two recurrences and two second primary tumors occurred in seven patients with stage III cancer, and one recurrence and one postoperative death (pulmonary embolism) occurred in ten patients with stage IV cancer. Seventy-six percent of patients survived, with 71% disease free. Mucositis occurred in 88% but was transient and prevented oral fluid intake in only one patient. Bone marrow suppression was usually mild and did not delay surgery. Escalation of dosage was thought to be important in achieving these encouraging results. A controlled trial is under way to better define the degree of efficacy of this regimen of adjuvant chemotherapy.", "contents": "Adjuvant methotrexate and leucovorin in head and neck squamous cancer. Two-year follow-up of a pilot project. A series of 17 patients with stage III and IV head and neck cancer received three cycles of methotrexate and leucovorin calcium during an interval of two weeks prior to surgery and/or radiotherapy. The dosage of methotrexate was sequentially escalated to produce mucositis (the usual dose-limiting toxicity). All patients have been followed up for a minimum of two years (range, 24 to 44 months). Two recurrences and two second primary tumors occurred in seven patients with stage III cancer, and one recurrence and one postoperative death (pulmonary embolism) occurred in ten patients with stage IV cancer. Seventy-six percent of patients survived, with 71% disease free. Mucositis occurred in 88% but was transient and prevented oral fluid intake in only one patient. Bone marrow suppression was usually mild and did not delay surgery. Escalation of dosage was thought to be important in achieving these encouraging results. A controlled trial is under way to better define the degree of efficacy of this regimen of adjuvant chemotherapy.", "PMID": 309326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2006", "title": "Rheumatic disease: exercise or immobilization?", "content": "Though it may be true that, in the absence of a dependable cause, there is no single cure for inflammatory diseases of the locomotor system, nevertheless there is no reason for therapeutic nihilism. Much can be done to induce a remission in the disease while at the same time suppressing inflammation, relieving pain, preventing or correcting deformities, easing stiffness and increasing muscular control of the joints. However, no drug regime can be expected to achieve this, and reliance on drugs alone invariably leads to disappointing results, both for the doctor and patient. Hence every patient also should have a properly organized and supervised regime of physical methods of treatment. The relative value of rest or exercise remains controversial, and different considerations play a role in some of the disease processes. Thus in patients with active rheumatoid synovitis there seems no doubt that at first, extra rest to the inflamed joints is essential, but as the disease process is brought under control, the patient can be mobilized and made more active. In patients with ankylosing spondylitis, the emphasis should be placed on activity and exercise.", "contents": "Rheumatic disease: exercise or immobilization? Though it may be true that, in the absence of a dependable cause, there is no single cure for inflammatory diseases of the locomotor system, nevertheless there is no reason for therapeutic nihilism. Much can be done to induce a remission in the disease while at the same time suppressing inflammation, relieving pain, preventing or correcting deformities, easing stiffness and increasing muscular control of the joints. However, no drug regime can be expected to achieve this, and reliance on drugs alone invariably leads to disappointing results, both for the doctor and patient. Hence every patient also should have a properly organized and supervised regime of physical methods of treatment. The relative value of rest or exercise remains controversial, and different considerations play a role in some of the disease processes. Thus in patients with active rheumatoid synovitis there seems no doubt that at first, extra rest to the inflamed joints is essential, but as the disease process is brought under control, the patient can be mobilized and made more active. In patients with ankylosing spondylitis, the emphasis should be placed on activity and exercise.", "PMID": 309327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2007", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis of rheumatic diseases.", "content": "Laboratory investigations have been perhaps the most important factor in the development of our understanding and classification of rheumatic diseases. Provided they are used and interpreted appropriately, they can assist considerably in the diagnosis and management of these diseases. They are an important adjunct to clinical findings, but not a substitute for them.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. Laboratory investigations have been perhaps the most important factor in the development of our understanding and classification of rheumatic diseases. Provided they are used and interpreted appropriately, they can assist considerably in the diagnosis and management of these diseases. They are an important adjunct to clinical findings, but not a substitute for them.", "PMID": 309329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2008", "title": "Early radiologic signs of rheumatic disease.", "content": "The radiographic manifestations of rheumatic disease are varied. Proper interpretation of the observed roentgen abnormalities requires knowledge of the underlying pathogenesis and characteristic distribution of the disease. With this knowledge the physician may provide accurate and early diagnosis in many patients with arthritis.", "contents": "Early radiologic signs of rheumatic disease. The radiographic manifestations of rheumatic disease are varied. Proper interpretation of the observed roentgen abnormalities requires knowledge of the underlying pathogenesis and characteristic distribution of the disease. With this knowledge the physician may provide accurate and early diagnosis in many patients with arthritis.", "PMID": 309330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2009", "title": "Bleeding oesophageal varices.", "content": "At the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, most patients with bleeding varices have been poor-risk alcoholics. A high proportion were receiving a State pension. The early mortality due to bleeding varices was 53%. This figure comprised a 60% mortality following conservative management and 40% after urgent shunt. All patients having urgent operations which were not portal decompression died. No patient who had an elective shunt died. In a mean follow-up period of 15.4 months, a further 14% of survivors died. No form of conservative management appeared to have much effect on the natural history of the bleeding. A blood replacement of more than five litres indicated that spontaneous cessation of haemorrhage was unlikely. Shunt operations usually controlled haemorrhage, but hepatorenal failure was common after the urgent shunts. The cost of operation was greater than that of conservative management, but in neither case was it considered excessive.", "contents": "Bleeding oesophageal varices. At the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, most patients with bleeding varices have been poor-risk alcoholics. A high proportion were receiving a State pension. The early mortality due to bleeding varices was 53%. This figure comprised a 60% mortality following conservative management and 40% after urgent shunt. All patients having urgent operations which were not portal decompression died. No patient who had an elective shunt died. In a mean follow-up period of 15.4 months, a further 14% of survivors died. No form of conservative management appeared to have much effect on the natural history of the bleeding. A blood replacement of more than five litres indicated that spontaneous cessation of haemorrhage was unlikely. Shunt operations usually controlled haemorrhage, but hepatorenal failure was common after the urgent shunts. The cost of operation was greater than that of conservative management, but in neither case was it considered excessive.", "PMID": 309331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2010", "title": "The effect of deoxyuridine, vitamin B12, folate and alcohol on the uptake of thymidine and on the deoxynucleoside triphosphate concentrations in normal and megaloblastic cells.", "content": "Deoxyuridine suppression of labelled thymidine uptake tests were performed in the bone marrows of 58 patients with megaloblastic anaemia (haemoglobin less than 10.0 g/dl) and invariably gave values (range 10.3-58.8%) above the range in 16 control marrows (range 1.0-9.0%). Folinic acid corrected the test equally well in either folate or vitamin B12 deficiency, even at concentrations as low as 60 ng/ml. Folic acid also corrected the test equally well in either deficiency but was only effective at concentrations down to 5 microgram/ml. Vitamin B12 (100 microgram/ml) only corrected the test in vitamin B12 deficiency and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate only corrected the test in folate deficiency at the concentrations tested between 60 and 1.2 microgram/ml. Among 16 patients with subnormal serum levels of both vitamin B12 and folate, vitamin B12 partially corrected the test in eight, including all five with pernicious anaemia, but had no effect in the other eight. Despite the clear-cut results of the dU suppression test, measurement of the deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) concentration in normal and megaloblastic phytohaemagglutinin stimulated lymphocyte cultures or short-term bone marrow cultures gave no clear-cut differences between normal and megaloblastic cells after addition of deoxyuridine nor did the addition of vitamin B12, folic acid or folinic acid either alone or with deoxyuridine produce consistent changes in the dTTP concentration in lymphocytes or bone marrow cells in megaloblastic anaemia. Alcohol caused a rise in deoxyadenosine triphosphate concentration in normal PHA-stimulated lymphocytes which was concentration dependent but caused no consistent change in any of the other three deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) concentrations. Diphenylhydantoin (10(-3)M, 10(-4)M) had no consistent effect on any of the four dNTP concentrations.", "contents": "The effect of deoxyuridine, vitamin B12, folate and alcohol on the uptake of thymidine and on the deoxynucleoside triphosphate concentrations in normal and megaloblastic cells. Deoxyuridine suppression of labelled thymidine uptake tests were performed in the bone marrows of 58 patients with megaloblastic anaemia (haemoglobin less than 10.0 g/dl) and invariably gave values (range 10.3-58.8%) above the range in 16 control marrows (range 1.0-9.0%). Folinic acid corrected the test equally well in either folate or vitamin B12 deficiency, even at concentrations as low as 60 ng/ml. Folic acid also corrected the test equally well in either deficiency but was only effective at concentrations down to 5 microgram/ml. Vitamin B12 (100 microgram/ml) only corrected the test in vitamin B12 deficiency and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate only corrected the test in folate deficiency at the concentrations tested between 60 and 1.2 microgram/ml. Among 16 patients with subnormal serum levels of both vitamin B12 and folate, vitamin B12 partially corrected the test in eight, including all five with pernicious anaemia, but had no effect in the other eight. Despite the clear-cut results of the dU suppression test, measurement of the deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) concentration in normal and megaloblastic phytohaemagglutinin stimulated lymphocyte cultures or short-term bone marrow cultures gave no clear-cut differences between normal and megaloblastic cells after addition of deoxyuridine nor did the addition of vitamin B12, folic acid or folinic acid either alone or with deoxyuridine produce consistent changes in the dTTP concentration in lymphocytes or bone marrow cells in megaloblastic anaemia. Alcohol caused a rise in deoxyadenosine triphosphate concentration in normal PHA-stimulated lymphocytes which was concentration dependent but caused no consistent change in any of the other three deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) concentrations. Diphenylhydantoin (10(-3)M, 10(-4)M) had no consistent effect on any of the four dNTP concentrations.", "PMID": 309336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2011", "title": "A comparative study of the buoyant density distribution of normal and malignant lymphocytes.", "content": "Density distribution patterns of normal and malignant lymphocytes were compared following centrifugation to equilibrium on linear density gradients. For normal lymphocytes differences in the distribution patterns were observed between: (1) B and T cells, (2) central and peripheral cells, and (3) resting and activated cells. The findings suggested that cell density is determined by cell lineage the degree of differentiation and the stage of functional activation. Marked differences in the density distribution profiles were also observed among certain types of morphologically distinguishable lymphoproliferations. To some extent density analyses enabled the discrimination between CLL, follicular lymphomas and lymphoblastic lymphomas as well as between O-ALL and T-ALL. Density profiles of malignant lymphocytes failed to disclose any features specific for malignancies. But they revealed some similarities with distinct subsets of normal lymphocytes, i.e. between: (1) CLL and bone marrow lymphoid cells, (2) follicular lymphomas and follicular centre cells, and (3) lymphoblastic lymphomas and activated lymphocytes. These findings are further evidence supporting the hypothesis that the malignant transformation of phenotypically different lymphoproliferations takes place at different levels of lymphocyte differentiation.", "contents": "A comparative study of the buoyant density distribution of normal and malignant lymphocytes. Density distribution patterns of normal and malignant lymphocytes were compared following centrifugation to equilibrium on linear density gradients. For normal lymphocytes differences in the distribution patterns were observed between: (1) B and T cells, (2) central and peripheral cells, and (3) resting and activated cells. The findings suggested that cell density is determined by cell lineage the degree of differentiation and the stage of functional activation. Marked differences in the density distribution profiles were also observed among certain types of morphologically distinguishable lymphoproliferations. To some extent density analyses enabled the discrimination between CLL, follicular lymphomas and lymphoblastic lymphomas as well as between O-ALL and T-ALL. Density profiles of malignant lymphocytes failed to disclose any features specific for malignancies. But they revealed some similarities with distinct subsets of normal lymphocytes, i.e. between: (1) CLL and bone marrow lymphoid cells, (2) follicular lymphomas and follicular centre cells, and (3) lymphoblastic lymphomas and activated lymphocytes. These findings are further evidence supporting the hypothesis that the malignant transformation of phenotypically different lymphoproliferations takes place at different levels of lymphocyte differentiation.", "PMID": 309337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2012", "title": "Stimulation of in vitro granulocyte--macrophage colony formation by mouse heart conditioned medium.", "content": "Medium conditioned by mouse heart tissue was found to contain colony-stimulating factor(s) (CSF) which produced in vitro colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages with bone marrow cells of CBA mice. The action of this CSF type (CSFMHCM) was compared with that of post-endotoxin mouse serum (CSFES on colony formation by density subpopulations of colony-forming cells (CFU-c), separated by isopycnic centrifugation in a continous albumin density gradient. The number, size and morphology of colonies were examined. Mouse heart conditioned medium produced slightly more colonies and of larger size than endotoxin serum but the density distribution of their CFU-c were similar. Low density CFU-c produced predominately pure granulocytic colonies and high density ones predominately pure macrophage colonies with both types of CSF. There was no apparent relationship between colony size and CFU-c density.", "contents": "Stimulation of in vitro granulocyte--macrophage colony formation by mouse heart conditioned medium. Medium conditioned by mouse heart tissue was found to contain colony-stimulating factor(s) (CSF) which produced in vitro colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages with bone marrow cells of CBA mice. The action of this CSF type (CSFMHCM) was compared with that of post-endotoxin mouse serum (CSFES on colony formation by density subpopulations of colony-forming cells (CFU-c), separated by isopycnic centrifugation in a continous albumin density gradient. The number, size and morphology of colonies were examined. Mouse heart conditioned medium produced slightly more colonies and of larger size than endotoxin serum but the density distribution of their CFU-c were similar. Low density CFU-c produced predominately pure granulocytic colonies and high density ones predominately pure macrophage colonies with both types of CSF. There was no apparent relationship between colony size and CFU-c density.", "PMID": 309338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2013", "title": "Use of a simple visual assay of Willebrand factor for diagnosis and carrier identification.", "content": "A visual assay of factor VIII-related Willebrand factor (VIIIR:WF) is described which utilizes formaldehyde-fixed platelets, end points being read in microflocculation tiles. Four dilutions of a sample can be assessed simultaneously, and the correlation with aggregometric assays is high (r = 0.91). Measurement error is 8.0% for a single assay in triplicate and less than 5% if an assay is repeated three times. The method has been used for 2 years by the coagulation genetics group at Chapel Hill for diagnosing subjects with von Willebrand's disease and assigning genotypes to members of families transmitting this disorder. Its utility in classifying known carriers of haemophilia A has also been examined, both in conjunction with assays of VIII:C and in a three-way test with assays of VIII:C and VIIIR:Ag. As predicted by the Lyon hypothesis, the rate of false negative diagnosis was higher than false positive diagnosis, but the overall rate of misclassification on single plasma samples was 7/51 = 13.7%. The error rate was the same whether discrimination was based upon assays of VIII:C vs. VIIIR:Ag, VIII:C vs. VIIIR:WF, or VIII:C vs. VIIIR:Ag vs VIIIR:WF, the same individuals being misclassified by each method. The observed rate of misclassification was well within the rates reported by others and very similar to our previous experience. We have concluded that this method of assaying VIIIR:WF is highly useful for diagnosing vWd, detecting inhibitors to VIIIR:WF, and examining large numbers of column fractions. It is a useful supplement, although it cannot yet substitute for, assays of VIIIR:Ag in detecting carriers of haemophilia A.", "contents": "Use of a simple visual assay of Willebrand factor for diagnosis and carrier identification. A visual assay of factor VIII-related Willebrand factor (VIIIR:WF) is described which utilizes formaldehyde-fixed platelets, end points being read in microflocculation tiles. Four dilutions of a sample can be assessed simultaneously, and the correlation with aggregometric assays is high (r = 0.91). Measurement error is 8.0% for a single assay in triplicate and less than 5% if an assay is repeated three times. The method has been used for 2 years by the coagulation genetics group at Chapel Hill for diagnosing subjects with von Willebrand's disease and assigning genotypes to members of families transmitting this disorder. Its utility in classifying known carriers of haemophilia A has also been examined, both in conjunction with assays of VIII:C and in a three-way test with assays of VIII:C and VIIIR:Ag. As predicted by the Lyon hypothesis, the rate of false negative diagnosis was higher than false positive diagnosis, but the overall rate of misclassification on single plasma samples was 7/51 = 13.7%. The error rate was the same whether discrimination was based upon assays of VIII:C vs. VIIIR:Ag, VIII:C vs. VIIIR:WF, or VIII:C vs. VIIIR:Ag vs VIIIR:WF, the same individuals being misclassified by each method. The observed rate of misclassification was well within the rates reported by others and very similar to our previous experience. We have concluded that this method of assaying VIIIR:WF is highly useful for diagnosing vWd, detecting inhibitors to VIIIR:WF, and examining large numbers of column fractions. It is a useful supplement, although it cannot yet substitute for, assays of VIIIR:Ag in detecting carriers of haemophilia A.", "PMID": 309339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2014", "title": "Streptococcus suis type II (group R) as a cause of endophthalmitis.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient with bilateral endophthalmitis, meningitis, sensorineural deafness, labyrinthitis, and septicaemia due to Streptococcus suis type II (group R). The organism is known to produce epidemic meningitis, septicaemia, and purulent arthritis in piglets, but human infection is rare, and no other case reports of ocular infection are known. The organism was sensitive to penicillin at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.03 mg/1.", "contents": "Streptococcus suis type II (group R) as a cause of endophthalmitis. A case is reported of a patient with bilateral endophthalmitis, meningitis, sensorineural deafness, labyrinthitis, and septicaemia due to Streptococcus suis type II (group R). The organism is known to produce epidemic meningitis, septicaemia, and purulent arthritis in piglets, but human infection is rare, and no other case reports of ocular infection are known. The organism was sensitive to penicillin at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.03 mg/1.", "PMID": 309340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2015", "title": "Does intracellular sodium regulate sodium transport across the mucosal surface of frog skin?", "content": "A method has been devised to functionally remove the serosal membrane of frog skin. Skins treated in this way have no spontaneous potential. However, if sodium  gradients are placed across the tissues diffusion potentials and hence short-circuit currents of either sign, depending on the direction of the gradient, could be recorded. These short-circuit currents were completely imhibited by amiloride only from the mucosal face. However, the concentration of amiloride causing 50% inhibition of the short-circuit curent (Km) in treated skins was 2.3 . 10(-3)M, when a sodium gradient was applied from serosa to mucosa, whereas both in untreated skins without a sodium gradient and in treated skins with a mucosal to serosal sodium gradient, the Km of amiloride was 2 . 10(-7)-4 . 10(-7)M. The mechanism by which amiloride is able to inhibit the short-circuit currents of either sign is discussed.", "contents": "Does intracellular sodium regulate sodium transport across the mucosal surface of frog skin? A method has been devised to functionally remove the serosal membrane of frog skin. Skins treated in this way have no spontaneous potential. However, if sodium  gradients are placed across the tissues diffusion potentials and hence short-circuit currents of either sign, depending on the direction of the gradient, could be recorded. These short-circuit currents were completely imhibited by amiloride only from the mucosal face. However, the concentration of amiloride causing 50% inhibition of the short-circuit curent (Km) in treated skins was 2.3 . 10(-3)M, when a sodium gradient was applied from serosa to mucosa, whereas both in untreated skins without a sodium gradient and in treated skins with a mucosal to serosal sodium gradient, the Km of amiloride was 2 . 10(-7)-4 . 10(-7)M. The mechanism by which amiloride is able to inhibit the short-circuit currents of either sign is discussed.", "PMID": 309341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2016", "title": "Exploring fast electron transfer processes by magnetic fields.", "content": "Photoinduced electron transfer generates radical pairs which recombine with 10(-9)10(-8)s by electron back-transfer to either singlet or triplet products. The product distribution determined by the spin motion of the unpaired electrons in the radical pairs is affected by external magnetic fields. The analysis of the magnetic field effect furnishes new information about electron transfer processes. Light-induced electron transfer in polar solvents and in the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center are discussed as examples.", "contents": "Exploring fast electron transfer processes by magnetic fields. Photoinduced electron transfer generates radical pairs which recombine with 10(-9)10(-8)s by electron back-transfer to either singlet or triplet products. The product distribution determined by the spin motion of the unpaired electrons in the radical pairs is affected by external magnetic fields. The analysis of the magnetic field effect furnishes new information about electron transfer processes. Light-induced electron transfer in polar solvents and in the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center are discussed as examples.", "PMID": 309342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2017", "title": "Modulation of the primary electron transfer rate in photosynthetic reaction centers by reduction of a secondary acceptor.", "content": "Photosynthetic application of picosecond spectroscopic techniques to bacterial reaction centers has led to a much greater understanding of the chemical nature of the initial steps of photosynthesis. Within 10 ps after excitation, a charge transfer complex is formed between the primary donor, a \"special pair\" of bacteriochlorophyll molecules, and a transient acceptor involving bacteriopheophytin. This complex subsequently decays in about 120 ps by donating the electron to a metastable acceptor, a tightly bound quinone.Recent experiments with conventional optical and ESR techniques have shown that when reaction centers are illuminated by a series of single turnover flashes in the presence of excess electron donors and acceptors, a stable, anionic ubisemiquinone is formed on odd flashes and destroyed on even flashes, suggesting that the acceptor region contains a second quinone that acts as a two-electron gate between the reaction center and subsequent electron transport events involving the quinone pool.Utilizing standard picosecond techniques, we have examined the decay of the charge transfer complex in reaction centers in the presence of the stable semiquinone, formed by flash illumination with a dye laser 10 s before excitation by a picosecond pulse. In this state the decay rate for the charge transfer complex is considerably slower than when no electron is present in the quinone acceptor region. This indicates fairly strong coupling between constituents of the reaction center-quinone acceptor complex and may provide a probe into the relative positions of the various components.", "contents": "Modulation of the primary electron transfer rate in photosynthetic reaction centers by reduction of a secondary acceptor. Photosynthetic application of picosecond spectroscopic techniques to bacterial reaction centers has led to a much greater understanding of the chemical nature of the initial steps of photosynthesis. Within 10 ps after excitation, a charge transfer complex is formed between the primary donor, a \"special pair\" of bacteriochlorophyll molecules, and a transient acceptor involving bacteriopheophytin. This complex subsequently decays in about 120 ps by donating the electron to a metastable acceptor, a tightly bound quinone.Recent experiments with conventional optical and ESR techniques have shown that when reaction centers are illuminated by a series of single turnover flashes in the presence of excess electron donors and acceptors, a stable, anionic ubisemiquinone is formed on odd flashes and destroyed on even flashes, suggesting that the acceptor region contains a second quinone that acts as a two-electron gate between the reaction center and subsequent electron transport events involving the quinone pool.Utilizing standard picosecond techniques, we have examined the decay of the charge transfer complex in reaction centers in the presence of the stable semiquinone, formed by flash illumination with a dye laser 10 s before excitation by a picosecond pulse. In this state the decay rate for the charge transfer complex is considerably slower than when no electron is present in the quinone acceptor region. This indicates fairly strong coupling between constituents of the reaction center-quinone acceptor complex and may provide a probe into the relative positions of the various components.", "PMID": 309343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2018", "title": "[Pharmacology of several aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors].", "content": "D,L-beta-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid (I), D,L-beta-(5-hydroxyindolyl-3)lactic acid (II), and L-alpha-methyl-DOPA (III) inhibited the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) competitively. In difference from the compound III, I and II were not AAAD substrates. Compound II selectively suppressed decarboxylation of L-5-hydroxytryptophane. Compounds I and III potentiated the excitation caused in mice by L-DOPA and failed to influence the excitation due to L-5-hudroxytryptophane (L-5-HTP). Compound II attenuated the excitation caused by L-DOPA and L-5-HTP. Pyridoxine hydrochloride and pyridoxalphosphate attenated the excitation caused by L-DOPA and L-5-HTP. Compounds I and III eliminated this action of vitamins B6.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of several aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors]. D,L-beta-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid (I), D,L-beta-(5-hydroxyindolyl-3)lactic acid (II), and L-alpha-methyl-DOPA (III) inhibited the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) competitively. In difference from the compound III, I and II were not AAAD substrates. Compound II selectively suppressed decarboxylation of L-5-hydroxytryptophane. Compounds I and III potentiated the excitation caused in mice by L-DOPA and failed to influence the excitation due to L-5-hudroxytryptophane (L-5-HTP). Compound II attenuated the excitation caused by L-DOPA and L-5-HTP. Pyridoxine hydrochloride and pyridoxalphosphate attenated the excitation caused by L-DOPA and L-5-HTP. Compounds I and III eliminated this action of vitamins B6.", "PMID": 309344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2019", "title": "Postpartum haemorrhage after induced and spontaneous labour.", "content": "The labour records of 1000 consecutive deliveries were studied to compare the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage after induced labour with that after spontaneous labour. The discovery of an increased incidence of postpartum haemorrhage in the induced group prompted further analysis of the incidence of haemorrhage among 3674 normal deliveries. This analysis confirmed that the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage was increased after induction of labour; among primiparous patients the increased incidence after induced labours was nearly twice that after spontaneous labours, even when only normal deliveries were considered. These findings indicate that postpartum haemorrhage is another complication of induction that needs to be taken into account when induction is being considered.", "contents": "Postpartum haemorrhage after induced and spontaneous labour. The labour records of 1000 consecutive deliveries were studied to compare the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage after induced labour with that after spontaneous labour. The discovery of an increased incidence of postpartum haemorrhage in the induced group prompted further analysis of the incidence of haemorrhage among 3674 normal deliveries. This analysis confirmed that the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage was increased after induction of labour; among primiparous patients the increased incidence after induced labours was nearly twice that after spontaneous labours, even when only normal deliveries were considered. These findings indicate that postpartum haemorrhage is another complication of induction that needs to be taken into account when induction is being considered.", "PMID": 309347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2020", "title": "Do primary afferents from tooth-pulp cross the midline?", "content": "Compound action potentials were recorded from the pulps of canine teeth in cats during stimulation of the inferior dental nerve, trigeminal ganglion or brain stem on one side. Recordings were also made from the inferior dental nerve while stimulating the canine pulps. No evidence for pulpal fibres crossing the midline was found.", "contents": "Do primary afferents from tooth-pulp cross the midline? Compound action potentials were recorded from the pulps of canine teeth in cats during stimulation of the inferior dental nerve, trigeminal ganglion or brain stem on one side. Recordings were also made from the inferior dental nerve while stimulating the canine pulps. No evidence for pulpal fibres crossing the midline was found.", "PMID": 309351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2021", "title": "Transient potassium currents in slow muscle fibers.", "content": "Transient changes in potassium conductance in chronically depolarized slow muscle fibers have been studied using a voltage clamp method. The transient behavior included current decays from initial to steady state for hyperpolarizing and depolarizing voltage clamp steps. A two-pulse voltage clamp sequence (conditioning step followed by test step) showed the initial potassium test current to depend sigmoidally on conditioning potential implicating the involvement of a membrane-bound charged group in regulating potassium current.", "contents": "Transient potassium currents in slow muscle fibers. Transient changes in potassium conductance in chronically depolarized slow muscle fibers have been studied using a voltage clamp method. The transient behavior included current decays from initial to steady state for hyperpolarizing and depolarizing voltage clamp steps. A two-pulse voltage clamp sequence (conditioning step followed by test step) showed the initial potassium test current to depend sigmoidally on conditioning potential implicating the involvement of a membrane-bound charged group in regulating potassium current.", "PMID": 309352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2022", "title": "Unexpected longevity of a patient with malignant pleural mesothelioma: report of a case.", "content": "A 53-year-old male with untreated malignant pleural mesothelioma and with seven years survival time since the appearance of clinical symptoms is reported. Histopathological and immunological findings were at variance with those usually seen with mesothelioma. Both lymphocyte surface markers and lymphocyte function values were found to be within normal range; in contrast, in eleven mesothelioma patients who progressed and died, both numerical and functional defects in T and B lymphocytes were seen. There was potential for neighborhood asbestos exposure.", "contents": "Unexpected longevity of a patient with malignant pleural mesothelioma: report of a case. A 53-year-old male with untreated malignant pleural mesothelioma and with seven years survival time since the appearance of clinical symptoms is reported. Histopathological and immunological findings were at variance with those usually seen with mesothelioma. Both lymphocyte surface markers and lymphocyte function values were found to be within normal range; in contrast, in eleven mesothelioma patients who progressed and died, both numerical and functional defects in T and B lymphocytes were seen. There was potential for neighborhood asbestos exposure.", "PMID": 309354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2023", "title": "Comparative effects of citrovorum factor and carboxypeptidase G1 on cerebrospinal fluid-methotrexate pharmacokinetics.", "content": "A comparison between citrovorum factor (CF) and carboxypeptidase G1 (CPDG1) rescue with respect to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-methotrexate (MTX) disappearance was studied in a patient with recurrent medulloblastoma who had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. CPDG1 rescue resulted in a prolonged CSF-MTX half-life of 16.5-23 hours in comparison with CF rescue where the CSF-MTX half-life was 6.5-7.2 hours. There was a positive clinical response measured by loss of bone pain, increased physical activity, and almost complete clearing of CSF blast cells. CPDG1 rescue after high-dose MTX may provide more intense and selective treatment for meningeal neoplasms.", "contents": "Comparative effects of citrovorum factor and carboxypeptidase G1 on cerebrospinal fluid-methotrexate pharmacokinetics. A comparison between citrovorum factor (CF) and carboxypeptidase G1 (CPDG1) rescue with respect to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-methotrexate (MTX) disappearance was studied in a patient with recurrent medulloblastoma who had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. CPDG1 rescue resulted in a prolonged CSF-MTX half-life of 16.5-23 hours in comparison with CF rescue where the CSF-MTX half-life was 6.5-7.2 hours. There was a positive clinical response measured by loss of bone pain, increased physical activity, and almost complete clearing of CSF blast cells. CPDG1 rescue after high-dose MTX may provide more intense and selective treatment for meningeal neoplasms.", "PMID": 309355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2024", "title": "[Histochemistry as a diagnostic technic in the classification of hematopoietic-system tumors].", "content": "106 tumours involving the haematopoietic system were examined using a wider range of histochemical methods, particularly enzymatic ones. The results were compared with other diagnostic techniques. A critical analysis of the results showed that as regards the purely diagnostic aspect the significance of histochemistry was severely limited to practically no more than tumours of the granulocytic series (myeloperoxidase and chloracetylesterase activities). Proof of alpha--mannosidase activity appeared to be greatly promising in the group of histiocytosis X. In the rest of the series, particularly in the lymphatic and thrombocytic series, the diagnostic significance of histochemistry proved to be either limited or non-existent. Considering the present state of methods used, the main advantage of histochemistry is in that it helps add details to the metabolic profile of the tumour under study. Some of the problems of the conception of the so called markers are discussed.", "contents": "[Histochemistry as a diagnostic technic in the classification of hematopoietic-system tumors]. 106 tumours involving the haematopoietic system were examined using a wider range of histochemical methods, particularly enzymatic ones. The results were compared with other diagnostic techniques. A critical analysis of the results showed that as regards the purely diagnostic aspect the significance of histochemistry was severely limited to practically no more than tumours of the granulocytic series (myeloperoxidase and chloracetylesterase activities). Proof of alpha--mannosidase activity appeared to be greatly promising in the group of histiocytosis X. In the rest of the series, particularly in the lymphatic and thrombocytic series, the diagnostic significance of histochemistry proved to be either limited or non-existent. Considering the present state of methods used, the main advantage of histochemistry is in that it helps add details to the metabolic profile of the tumour under study. Some of the problems of the conception of the so called markers are discussed.", "PMID": 309360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2025", "title": "[Upper digestive fiberscopy in paediatrics in hiatal hernia and gastrointestinal haemorrhage].", "content": "On the basis of their experience of upper digestive fiberscopy in paediatrics in hiatal hernia and gastrointestinal haemorrhage, the authors wish to point out the value of this technique as a complement to radiological investigations. They indicate the possibility, in a specialised centre of the everyday use of currently available fiberscopic equipment, from the neonatal period onwards, and emphasize the definite contribution of endoscopic findings in the definition of indications for surgery in the pathological states which they have chosen to illustrate here.", "contents": "[Upper digestive fiberscopy in paediatrics in hiatal hernia and gastrointestinal haemorrhage]. On the basis of their experience of upper digestive fiberscopy in paediatrics in hiatal hernia and gastrointestinal haemorrhage, the authors wish to point out the value of this technique as a complement to radiological investigations. They indicate the possibility, in a specialised centre of the everyday use of currently available fiberscopic equipment, from the neonatal period onwards, and emphasize the definite contribution of endoscopic findings in the definition of indications for surgery in the pathological states which they have chosen to illustrate here.", "PMID": 309361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2026", "title": "Interrelations of the renal kallikrein-kinin system and renal prostaglandins in the conscious rat. Influence of mineralocorticoids.", "content": "To investigate possible relationships between mineralocorticoids, the renal kallikreinkinin system, and renal prostaglandins, we studied the effects of aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and of an inhibitor of kallikrein, aprotinin, on the urinary excretion of kallikrein and prostaglandin E-like substance (PGE) by the conscious rat. Aldosterone (0.25 mg/day, sc), injected into six rats for 14 consecutive days, increased PGE and kallikrein excretion from 52.3 +/- 8.7 (mean +/- SE) ng/day and 29.8 +/- 3.0 U/day to 141.5 +/- 30.7 ng/day (P less than 0.02) and 105.6 +/- 28.1 U/day (P less than 0.05), respectively. Similarly, injections of DOCA (5 mg/day) into 14 rats increased the excretion of PGE and kallikrein, measured before and after 10 days of treatment, from 41.6 +/- 3.9 ng/day and 39.4 +/-4.9 U/day to 194.3 +/- 20.7 ng/day (P less than 0.001) and 90.6 +/- 14.7 U/day (P less than 0.001), respectively. Injections of aprotinin for 4 days (50,000 KIU twice daily, sc) in conjunction with DOCA into eight rats pretreated with the steroid for 10 days decreased the urinary excretion of kallikrein and PGE, measured on the 4th day of aprotinin administration, by 61% (P less than 0.01) and 80% (P less than 0.001), respectively. Urinary potassium excretion decreased throughout the course of aprotinin treatment, whereas sodium excretion and urine volume decreased during the first 2 days but subsequently returned toward control values. This study demonstrates that mineralocorticoids enhance the urinary excretion of PGE, and this effect appears to be a consequence of activation of the renal kallikrein-kinin system by the steroids. Thus, changes in the intrarenal activity of the kallikrein-kinin system may modulate renal prostaglandin release.", "contents": "Interrelations of the renal kallikrein-kinin system and renal prostaglandins in the conscious rat. Influence of mineralocorticoids. To investigate possible relationships between mineralocorticoids, the renal kallikreinkinin system, and renal prostaglandins, we studied the effects of aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and of an inhibitor of kallikrein, aprotinin, on the urinary excretion of kallikrein and prostaglandin E-like substance (PGE) by the conscious rat. Aldosterone (0.25 mg/day, sc), injected into six rats for 14 consecutive days, increased PGE and kallikrein excretion from 52.3 +/- 8.7 (mean +/- SE) ng/day and 29.8 +/- 3.0 U/day to 141.5 +/- 30.7 ng/day (P less than 0.02) and 105.6 +/- 28.1 U/day (P less than 0.05), respectively. Similarly, injections of DOCA (5 mg/day) into 14 rats increased the excretion of PGE and kallikrein, measured before and after 10 days of treatment, from 41.6 +/- 3.9 ng/day and 39.4 +/-4.9 U/day to 194.3 +/- 20.7 ng/day (P less than 0.001) and 90.6 +/- 14.7 U/day (P less than 0.001), respectively. Injections of aprotinin for 4 days (50,000 KIU twice daily, sc) in conjunction with DOCA into eight rats pretreated with the steroid for 10 days decreased the urinary excretion of kallikrein and PGE, measured on the 4th day of aprotinin administration, by 61% (P less than 0.01) and 80% (P less than 0.001), respectively. Urinary potassium excretion decreased throughout the course of aprotinin treatment, whereas sodium excretion and urine volume decreased during the first 2 days but subsequently returned toward control values. This study demonstrates that mineralocorticoids enhance the urinary excretion of PGE, and this effect appears to be a consequence of activation of the renal kallikrein-kinin system by the steroids. Thus, changes in the intrarenal activity of the kallikrein-kinin system may modulate renal prostaglandin release.", "PMID": 309362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2027", "title": "Improvement of myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with unstable angina.", "content": "Changes in myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function were evaluated pre- and post-operatively (3--6 months) in 14 patients with unstable angina who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. Perfusion was studied with intracoronary and intragraft injections of radiolabeled macroaggregated albumin particles. Of 20 abnormal perfusion areas identified preoperatively, 13 demonstrated improved perfusion post-operatively. Segmental analysis of the left ventriculogram demonstrated improved wall motion in 29 abnormally contracting segments; 18 normalized. Areas which showed improvement of left ventricular perfusion were invariably associated with improvement of left ventricular wall motion. Five patients showed improvement in perfusion and contraction in areas of apparent old myocardial infarction. Thirteen of the 14 patients had significantly less angina whether or not there was evidence of improved perfusion. However, only those patients who demonstrated improved perfusion had a significant improvement in their treadmill exercise tolerance postoperatively. Thus, patients with unstable angina have perfusion defects which may be reversed as a result of saphenous vein graft surgery. Reversal of these perfusion abnormalities results in improved left ventricular performance and better exercise tolerance postoperatively.", "contents": "Improvement of myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with unstable angina. Changes in myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function were evaluated pre- and post-operatively (3--6 months) in 14 patients with unstable angina who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. Perfusion was studied with intracoronary and intragraft injections of radiolabeled macroaggregated albumin particles. Of 20 abnormal perfusion areas identified preoperatively, 13 demonstrated improved perfusion post-operatively. Segmental analysis of the left ventriculogram demonstrated improved wall motion in 29 abnormally contracting segments; 18 normalized. Areas which showed improvement of left ventricular perfusion were invariably associated with improvement of left ventricular wall motion. Five patients showed improvement in perfusion and contraction in areas of apparent old myocardial infarction. Thirteen of the 14 patients had significantly less angina whether or not there was evidence of improved perfusion. However, only those patients who demonstrated improved perfusion had a significant improvement in their treadmill exercise tolerance postoperatively. Thus, patients with unstable angina have perfusion defects which may be reversed as a result of saphenous vein graft surgery. Reversal of these perfusion abnormalities results in improved left ventricular performance and better exercise tolerance postoperatively.", "PMID": 309364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2028", "title": "Combined aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization: results in 220 patients.", "content": "During a 7.5-year period ending in June 1977, 220 patients underwent combined aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization. Early (30-day) mortality was 5.4% (12 patients), and was significantly affected by the development of perioperative myocardial infarction. For 23 patients with electrocardiographic and enzymatic evidence for definite infarction, hospital mortality was 17%; for 66 patients with probable infarction mortality was 5%; and for 116 patients without evidence for infarction mortality was 3%. The difference in mortality between the definite and no infarction groups was significant (p less than 0.01). The incidence of perioperative infarction was influenced by the type of myocardial protection employed during the operative procedure. Definite infarction occurred in 24% of 41 patients who had mild (28-32 degrees C), intermittent hypothermic coronary perfusion, in 9% of 142 patients with hypothermic ischemic arrest (myocardial temperature 20 to 27 degrees C) and in none of 22 patients with hypothermic, potassium-induced cardioplegia (myocardial temperature 8--18 degrees C). The difference in the rate of infarction between the coronary perfusion and the two hypothermic ischemic arrest groups was significant (p less than 0.01). The mean duration of followup for 100% of the hospital survivors was 22.5 months. Cumulative survival was 88% at 1 year and 77% at 3 years. These figures do not differ significantly from those for patients without coronary artery disease having isolated aortic valve replacement in our institution, and are superior to those reported for patients with coronary and aortic valve disease undergoing only aortic valve replacement. We conclude that combined aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization should be performed in all patients in whom the lesions coexist. Hypothermic ischemic arrest, preferably in combination with potassium-induced cardioplegia, provides the most myocardial protection during operation.", "contents": "Combined aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization: results in 220 patients. During a 7.5-year period ending in June 1977, 220 patients underwent combined aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization. Early (30-day) mortality was 5.4% (12 patients), and was significantly affected by the development of perioperative myocardial infarction. For 23 patients with electrocardiographic and enzymatic evidence for definite infarction, hospital mortality was 17%; for 66 patients with probable infarction mortality was 5%; and for 116 patients without evidence for infarction mortality was 3%. The difference in mortality between the definite and no infarction groups was significant (p less than 0.01). The incidence of perioperative infarction was influenced by the type of myocardial protection employed during the operative procedure. Definite infarction occurred in 24% of 41 patients who had mild (28-32 degrees C), intermittent hypothermic coronary perfusion, in 9% of 142 patients with hypothermic ischemic arrest (myocardial temperature 20 to 27 degrees C) and in none of 22 patients with hypothermic, potassium-induced cardioplegia (myocardial temperature 8--18 degrees C). The difference in the rate of infarction between the coronary perfusion and the two hypothermic ischemic arrest groups was significant (p less than 0.01). The mean duration of followup for 100% of the hospital survivors was 22.5 months. Cumulative survival was 88% at 1 year and 77% at 3 years. These figures do not differ significantly from those for patients without coronary artery disease having isolated aortic valve replacement in our institution, and are superior to those reported for patients with coronary and aortic valve disease undergoing only aortic valve replacement. We conclude that combined aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization should be performed in all patients in whom the lesions coexist. Hypothermic ischemic arrest, preferably in combination with potassium-induced cardioplegia, provides the most myocardial protection during operation.", "PMID": 309365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2029", "title": "Sequential changes of alpha1-antitrypsin after surgical trauma.", "content": "alpha1-Antitrypsin, an acute phase reactant, is known to rise following surgery [1,2]. It has not been previously reported, however, that the rise is preceded by an initial drop. Our study on a large group of surgical patients confirms the rise, but also shows that a significant drop in alpha1-antitrypsin levels occurs prior to the increase, if the serum samples are obtained immediately after completion of surgery. The observed decrease was independent of age, sex, type of surgery performed or the anesthetic administered. It is postulated that the decrease in serum levels is the result of migration of alpha1-antitrypsin to the tissues injured during surgery.", "contents": "Sequential changes of alpha1-antitrypsin after surgical trauma. alpha1-Antitrypsin, an acute phase reactant, is known to rise following surgery [1,2]. It has not been previously reported, however, that the rise is preceded by an initial drop. Our study on a large group of surgical patients confirms the rise, but also shows that a significant drop in alpha1-antitrypsin levels occurs prior to the increase, if the serum samples are obtained immediately after completion of surgery. The observed decrease was independent of age, sex, type of surgery performed or the anesthetic administered. It is postulated that the decrease in serum levels is the result of migration of alpha1-antitrypsin to the tissues injured during surgery.", "PMID": 309367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2030", "title": "Activity of serum alpha-amylases in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "A new method which uses a differential inhibitor to measure pancreatic and salivary type alpha-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) was applied to serum samples from 46 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients (age range 4-14 years) and 50 controls of the same age group. The levels of pancreatic type amylase were lower in the CF patients (median 26.5 I.U./1) than the controls (median 81.5) (P less than 0.001). The results for salivary-type enzyme, however, did not support the previously reported finding of higher than usual levels in CF patients. This discrepancy is probably due to differences in analytical methods. It is felt that this procedure will be of value in the investigation of patients for cystic fibrosis and other pancreatic disorders.", "contents": "Activity of serum alpha-amylases in cystic fibrosis. A new method which uses a differential inhibitor to measure pancreatic and salivary type alpha-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) was applied to serum samples from 46 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients (age range 4-14 years) and 50 controls of the same age group. The levels of pancreatic type amylase were lower in the CF patients (median 26.5 I.U./1) than the controls (median 81.5) (P less than 0.001). The results for salivary-type enzyme, however, did not support the previously reported finding of higher than usual levels in CF patients. This discrepancy is probably due to differences in analytical methods. It is felt that this procedure will be of value in the investigation of patients for cystic fibrosis and other pancreatic disorders.", "PMID": 309368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2031", "title": "The role of the host immune response in the development of tissue lesions associated with African trypanosomiasis in mice.", "content": "A variety of tissue lesions occurs in African trypanosomiasis, in the pathogenesis of which direct toxic effects of the parasite as well as immunological mechanisms may be involved. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of the host immune response in inducing tissue damage in this disease and particularly in the production of lesions in striated muscle. The development of muscle lesions in T. brucei infection was studied in several groups of mice with different forms of immunodeficiency, as well as in normal mice. In the normal mice, foci of intense inflammation and necrosis were found in the cardiac and skeletal muscles 2 weeks or more after infection. In these lesions, there was a heavy deposition of IgG and IgM, and of trypanosomal antigens. In irradiated, newborn mice, and athymic nude mice infected with T. brucei, these inflammatory lesions were not found, although large numbers of trypanosomes were present between the muscle fibres. The characteristic lesions could be induced in athymic nude mice by transfer of normal spleen cells or of normal T lymphocytes 1 week after the onset of infection. The lesions were also partly induced by transfer of antibody to T. brucei. No antibodies to tissue components, particularly to cardiac myofibrils, were found in any of the infected mice. The results of this study show that immunodeficiency suppresses the development of the characteristic muscle lesions of African trypanosomiasis. The relative importance of humoral and cellular immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of these lesions is not year clear.", "contents": "The role of the host immune response in the development of tissue lesions associated with African trypanosomiasis in mice. A variety of tissue lesions occurs in African trypanosomiasis, in the pathogenesis of which direct toxic effects of the parasite as well as immunological mechanisms may be involved. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of the host immune response in inducing tissue damage in this disease and particularly in the production of lesions in striated muscle. The development of muscle lesions in T. brucei infection was studied in several groups of mice with different forms of immunodeficiency, as well as in normal mice. In the normal mice, foci of intense inflammation and necrosis were found in the cardiac and skeletal muscles 2 weeks or more after infection. In these lesions, there was a heavy deposition of IgG and IgM, and of trypanosomal antigens. In irradiated, newborn mice, and athymic nude mice infected with T. brucei, these inflammatory lesions were not found, although large numbers of trypanosomes were present between the muscle fibres. The characteristic lesions could be induced in athymic nude mice by transfer of normal spleen cells or of normal T lymphocytes 1 week after the onset of infection. The lesions were also partly induced by transfer of antibody to T. brucei. No antibodies to tissue components, particularly to cardiac myofibrils, were found in any of the infected mice. The results of this study show that immunodeficiency suppresses the development of the characteristic muscle lesions of African trypanosomiasis. The relative importance of humoral and cellular immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of these lesions is not year clear.", "PMID": 309369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2032", "title": "T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations following radiotherapy for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with cervical carcinoma were studied before and after radiotherapy. T lymphocytes were recognized by their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes). Two surface marker characteristics were used to detect B lymphocytes: receptors for activated complement responsible for erythrocyte--antibody--complement (EAC) rosette formation, and surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg), readily stainable by immunofluorescence. We have demonstrated a significant depression of total lymphocytes after radiotherapy which persists for more than 5 years. This reduction in lymphocytes is due to a loss of E rosette-forming T cells, SmIg-bearing B cells and null cells. Absolute numbers of EAC rosette-forming B cells are not altered by treatment, and there is a rise in this cell type when the results are expressed as percentages of the total lymphocyte count. The possible functional immunological significance of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations following radiotherapy for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with cervical carcinoma were studied before and after radiotherapy. T lymphocytes were recognized by their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes). Two surface marker characteristics were used to detect B lymphocytes: receptors for activated complement responsible for erythrocyte--antibody--complement (EAC) rosette formation, and surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg), readily stainable by immunofluorescence. We have demonstrated a significant depression of total lymphocytes after radiotherapy which persists for more than 5 years. This reduction in lymphocytes is due to a loss of E rosette-forming T cells, SmIg-bearing B cells and null cells. Absolute numbers of EAC rosette-forming B cells are not altered by treatment, and there is a rise in this cell type when the results are expressed as percentages of the total lymphocyte count. The possible functional immunological significance of these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 309370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2033", "title": "Neurodiagnostic studies and the management of head injury.", "content": "The rational management of patients with head injury calls for the closest cooperation between the radiologist and neurosurgeon. Until the last three to four years, cerebral angiography had been considered the diagnostic procedure of choice for the management of patients with suspected traumatically induced intracranial mass lesions. Experience with CT scanning now indicates that for a number of reasons this procedure is to be preferred in the diagnosis of head injuries. It is more rapid than angiography, routinely visualizes the entire brain, is noninvasive, resolves lesions that are much smaller than any visualized by angiography and defines the density and thus the nature of traumatic lesions in a manner not possible with previously employed techniques. Using CT scanning in a sequential fashion we have routinely been able to visualize the appearance of new lesions in the post-traumatic period and have as well, been able to develop insights into the temporal appearance and disappearance of white matter edema as measured by Hounsfield numbers. In the late post-traumatic period, it has been valuable in defining hydrocephalus, porencephaly and other post-traumatic lesions that have a significant bearing on both therapy and prognosis.", "contents": "Neurodiagnostic studies and the management of head injury. The rational management of patients with head injury calls for the closest cooperation between the radiologist and neurosurgeon. Until the last three to four years, cerebral angiography had been considered the diagnostic procedure of choice for the management of patients with suspected traumatically induced intracranial mass lesions. Experience with CT scanning now indicates that for a number of reasons this procedure is to be preferred in the diagnosis of head injuries. It is more rapid than angiography, routinely visualizes the entire brain, is noninvasive, resolves lesions that are much smaller than any visualized by angiography and defines the density and thus the nature of traumatic lesions in a manner not possible with previously employed techniques. Using CT scanning in a sequential fashion we have routinely been able to visualize the appearance of new lesions in the post-traumatic period and have as well, been able to develop insights into the temporal appearance and disappearance of white matter edema as measured by Hounsfield numbers. In the late post-traumatic period, it has been valuable in defining hydrocephalus, porencephaly and other post-traumatic lesions that have a significant bearing on both therapy and prognosis.", "PMID": 309380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2034", "title": "Third factor and edema formation.", "content": "Urine extracts as well as plasma and urine fractions from normal persons during extracellular volume expansion and from patients with edema of different origin were tested for natriuretic (rat bioassay) and antinatriferetic (frog skin) activity. Whereas the extracts and fractions from normal persons with extracellular volume expansion proved to have a distinct natriuretic and antinatriferetic effect, no such effect was observed with urine and plasma preparations from patients with sodium retention and edema. Whether or not edema formation is mediated by a loss of natriuretic activity remains still to be clarified.", "contents": "Third factor and edema formation. Urine extracts as well as plasma and urine fractions from normal persons during extracellular volume expansion and from patients with edema of different origin were tested for natriuretic (rat bioassay) and antinatriferetic (frog skin) activity. Whereas the extracts and fractions from normal persons with extracellular volume expansion proved to have a distinct natriuretic and antinatriferetic effect, no such effect was observed with urine and plasma preparations from patients with sodium retention and edema. Whether or not edema formation is mediated by a loss of natriuretic activity remains still to be clarified.", "PMID": 309381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2035", "title": "[Positive effects of L-dopa on a \"marginal\" symptomatology observed in parkinsonians].", "content": "In some patients with parkinsonism, we have found and, often, cured by L-DOPA: 1) An unfrequent symptomatology (oculomotor, sensory, syncinesias, \"Babinski\" sign), not included in the classic rating scales. 2) A symptomatology \"attributable to frontal lesion\": grasping; inability to reproduce a serie of three gestures; inability to react to an audio-visual stimulus by a definited opposite gesture. In such patients, the improvement is in total contrast with the lack of effect of L-DOPA in several patients with frontal lesions, but without parkinsonism. It is possible that the last constatation may contribute: a) to localize more exactly the topography of dopaminergic pathways, b) to approach the respective parts of the cortical and subcortical structures in the programming of the movement.", "contents": "[Positive effects of L-dopa on a \"marginal\" symptomatology observed in parkinsonians]. In some patients with parkinsonism, we have found and, often, cured by L-DOPA: 1) An unfrequent symptomatology (oculomotor, sensory, syncinesias, \"Babinski\" sign), not included in the classic rating scales. 2) A symptomatology \"attributable to frontal lesion\": grasping; inability to reproduce a serie of three gestures; inability to react to an audio-visual stimulus by a definited opposite gesture. In such patients, the improvement is in total contrast with the lack of effect of L-DOPA in several patients with frontal lesions, but without parkinsonism. It is possible that the last constatation may contribute: a) to localize more exactly the topography of dopaminergic pathways, b) to approach the respective parts of the cortical and subcortical structures in the programming of the movement.", "PMID": 309387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2036", "title": "Effect of thiocyanate and other univalent anions on the binding of thyroxine to rat liver nuclei and homogenate.", "content": "The binding of thyroxine (125I-T4) in rat liver homogenate and isolated nuclei was investigated in vitro. In homogenate, the binding of T4 was modified by thiocyanate ion (SCN-) added to the incubation mixture as potassium thiocyanate. The displacing effect of SCN- increased with increasing concentrations of this compound, the lowest effective dose being that which significantly displaced T4 from liver homogenate (105 pmol per one ml medium). Moreover, SCN- significantly increased the displacing effect of unlabelled T4. In contrast, however, no effect of SCN- was found on the binding of T4 in the isolated liver nuclei. In sonicated nuclei no effect of SCN- on T4 binding was found, but specific binding of T4 under these circumstances was impaired. Finally, in a homogenate a displacing effect of other univalent anions (BF4-, ClO4- and MnO4-) was found resembling that of SCN-. It is suggested that, in the liver homogenate, SCN- displaces T4 from non-specific binding sites. This view is also supported by the fact that in liver nuclei, where specific binding sites prevail, no effect of SCN- was observed.", "contents": "Effect of thiocyanate and other univalent anions on the binding of thyroxine to rat liver nuclei and homogenate. The binding of thyroxine (125I-T4) in rat liver homogenate and isolated nuclei was investigated in vitro. In homogenate, the binding of T4 was modified by thiocyanate ion (SCN-) added to the incubation mixture as potassium thiocyanate. The displacing effect of SCN- increased with increasing concentrations of this compound, the lowest effective dose being that which significantly displaced T4 from liver homogenate (105 pmol per one ml medium). Moreover, SCN- significantly increased the displacing effect of unlabelled T4. In contrast, however, no effect of SCN- was found on the binding of T4 in the isolated liver nuclei. In sonicated nuclei no effect of SCN- on T4 binding was found, but specific binding of T4 under these circumstances was impaired. Finally, in a homogenate a displacing effect of other univalent anions (BF4-, ClO4- and MnO4-) was found resembling that of SCN-. It is suggested that, in the liver homogenate, SCN- displaces T4 from non-specific binding sites. This view is also supported by the fact that in liver nuclei, where specific binding sites prevail, no effect of SCN- was observed.", "PMID": 309388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2037", "title": "Participation of hypothalamus in the response of interrenal tissue to stress of frog Rana ridibunda.", "content": "Frogs of species Rana ridibunda were divided into 6 groups: 1. control; 2. sham operated; 3. with transsection (TS) in front of the median eminence; 4. with TS under optic chiasm; 5. with TS in front of the optic chiasm; 6. hypophysectomized. On the experimental day a half of the animals of each group was stressed by restraint and the level of plasma corticosterone was measured. The results show that TS in front of the median eminence, under optic chiasm and in front of the optic chiasm increased the resting levels of corticosterone in plasma. The most intense response to stress was observed in frogs with TS in front of the median eminence and optic chiasm, while that after TS under optic chiasm was less. Hypophysectomized frogs responded to stress by increase of corticosterone level in plasma.", "contents": "Participation of hypothalamus in the response of interrenal tissue to stress of frog Rana ridibunda. Frogs of species Rana ridibunda were divided into 6 groups: 1. control; 2. sham operated; 3. with transsection (TS) in front of the median eminence; 4. with TS under optic chiasm; 5. with TS in front of the optic chiasm; 6. hypophysectomized. On the experimental day a half of the animals of each group was stressed by restraint and the level of plasma corticosterone was measured. The results show that TS in front of the median eminence, under optic chiasm and in front of the optic chiasm increased the resting levels of corticosterone in plasma. The most intense response to stress was observed in frogs with TS in front of the median eminence and optic chiasm, while that after TS under optic chiasm was less. Hypophysectomized frogs responded to stress by increase of corticosterone level in plasma.", "PMID": 309389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2038", "title": "Increased sensitivity of bone to parathyroid hormone in castrated mice.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of endogenous testosterone on parathormone induced bone changes in mice was studied with the aid of the analysis of calcium and protein content in femur and of plasma calcium and alkaline phosphatase. It was found that the absence of endogenous testosterone for seven days after castration resulted in a decrease in the bone protein and calcium content and in plasma alkaline phosphatase as compared to controls. In parathormone treated castrated mice the protein content of the femur and plasma alkaline phosphatase were raised to control values, but the decrease in the calcium content of the femur was further potentiated. Finally, the administration of parathormone to intact male mice caused only a depletion in calcium content of the femur. It may be concluded that the response of bone to parathormone is enhanced in the absence of endogenous testosterone. In view of this finding one of the possible explanations may be that endogenous testosterone protects the bone by the inhibition of its sensitivity to parathormone.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity of bone to parathyroid hormone in castrated mice. The inhibitory effect of endogenous testosterone on parathormone induced bone changes in mice was studied with the aid of the analysis of calcium and protein content in femur and of plasma calcium and alkaline phosphatase. It was found that the absence of endogenous testosterone for seven days after castration resulted in a decrease in the bone protein and calcium content and in plasma alkaline phosphatase as compared to controls. In parathormone treated castrated mice the protein content of the femur and plasma alkaline phosphatase were raised to control values, but the decrease in the calcium content of the femur was further potentiated. Finally, the administration of parathormone to intact male mice caused only a depletion in calcium content of the femur. It may be concluded that the response of bone to parathormone is enhanced in the absence of endogenous testosterone. In view of this finding one of the possible explanations may be that endogenous testosterone protects the bone by the inhibition of its sensitivity to parathormone.", "PMID": 309390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2039", "title": "Induction of B lymphocyte colony growth in vitro by thymus-derived stimulating factor.", "content": "Murine lymphoid cells which were stimulated in liquid culture containing thymus culture fluid (Thy-CF) and seeded in a soft agar culture system, proliferated and developed into B cell colonies. Two types of colonies were formed: large colonies within the upper layer and small flat colonies on the surface of the upper layer. Thy-CF prepared from cells of normal hydrocortisone-treated mice had a higher cloning potential than Thy-CF prepared from untreated mice. At concentrations of Thy-CF in culture medium greater than 35%, Thy-CF prepared from normal mice had an inhibitory effect on colony formation. Cells of nude mice were also able to form B cell colonies if thymocytes of normal mice were mixed with lymphoid cells in the culture medium. Thymocytes elaborate a B lymphocyte colony-stimulating factor which, with the help of T cells, triggers a B cell population into colony formation and immunoglobulin production.", "contents": "Induction of B lymphocyte colony growth in vitro by thymus-derived stimulating factor. Murine lymphoid cells which were stimulated in liquid culture containing thymus culture fluid (Thy-CF) and seeded in a soft agar culture system, proliferated and developed into B cell colonies. Two types of colonies were formed: large colonies within the upper layer and small flat colonies on the surface of the upper layer. Thy-CF prepared from cells of normal hydrocortisone-treated mice had a higher cloning potential than Thy-CF prepared from untreated mice. At concentrations of Thy-CF in culture medium greater than 35%, Thy-CF prepared from normal mice had an inhibitory effect on colony formation. Cells of nude mice were also able to form B cell colonies if thymocytes of normal mice were mixed with lymphoid cells in the culture medium. Thymocytes elaborate a B lymphocyte colony-stimulating factor which, with the help of T cells, triggers a B cell population into colony formation and immunoglobulin production.", "PMID": 309392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2040", "title": "Influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in man; induction and properties of the cytotoxic cell.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been sensitized in vitro to influenza virus antigen. After an induction period of 4--14 days, cytotoxic cells which lyse autologous influenza virus-infected lymphoid cells could be demonstrated. The cytotoxic cell is a T lymphocyte which shows specificity for sensitizing influenza virus type A or B. It cannot distinguish between major subtypes of influenza A virus. The use of virus-infected normal lymphoid cells as target cells overcame the difficulties of nonspecific killing encountered with some transformed cells.", "contents": "Influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in man; induction and properties of the cytotoxic cell. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been sensitized in vitro to influenza virus antigen. After an induction period of 4--14 days, cytotoxic cells which lyse autologous influenza virus-infected lymphoid cells could be demonstrated. The cytotoxic cell is a T lymphocyte which shows specificity for sensitizing influenza virus type A or B. It cannot distinguish between major subtypes of influenza A virus. The use of virus-infected normal lymphoid cells as target cells overcame the difficulties of nonspecific killing encountered with some transformed cells.", "PMID": 309394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2041", "title": "Requirement for matching T cell and B cell subsets in secondary anti-hapten antibody responses.", "content": "The in vitro secondary anti-hapten response to trinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP-KLH) has been investigated using B and T cells from the same or a pool of identically primed syngeneic individuals. The optimum antibody response obtained from B cells of any given animal was seen when the same individual's T cells were used as a helper cell source. This individual preference was lost if secondary challenge in culture was made with TNP on a heterologous carrier, with the helper cells obtained from suitably primed individuals or a pool thereof. These data are interpreted in terms of a network theory for the regulation of immune responses under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Requirement for matching T cell and B cell subsets in secondary anti-hapten antibody responses. The in vitro secondary anti-hapten response to trinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP-KLH) has been investigated using B and T cells from the same or a pool of identically primed syngeneic individuals. The optimum antibody response obtained from B cells of any given animal was seen when the same individual's T cells were used as a helper cell source. This individual preference was lost if secondary challenge in culture was made with TNP on a heterologous carrier, with the helper cells obtained from suitably primed individuals or a pool thereof. These data are interpreted in terms of a network theory for the regulation of immune responses under physiological conditions.", "PMID": 309396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2042", "title": "Stimulation of specific suppressor T cells in newborn responder mice by the terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT).", "content": "The effects of immunization with the terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine40-L-tyrosine10 (GAT), the copolymers of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine40 (GA) and of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT), were compared in adult and newborn BALB/c and BALB.B mice. as expected, BALB/c (H-2d) and BALB.B (H-2b) adult mice were responders to GAT and GA and nonresponders to GT, which induced suppressor T cells in BALB/c but not in BALB.B mice. in contrast, newborn mice expressed different phenotypes. Two-week-old mice developed responses to GAT, GA and GT-complexed methylated bovine serum albumin, but immunization at birth with these copolymers induced a cross-reactive tolerance in both strains. Neonatal GAT tolerance could be transferred in adult and involved suppressor T cells in the two inbred strains, whereas the GT-specific immune suppression was not demonstrable in newborn BALB/c mice. The significance of these data to our understanding of the regulation of specific immune response and tolerance is discussed.", "contents": "Stimulation of specific suppressor T cells in newborn responder mice by the terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT). The effects of immunization with the terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine40-L-tyrosine10 (GAT), the copolymers of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine40 (GA) and of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT), were compared in adult and newborn BALB/c and BALB.B mice. as expected, BALB/c (H-2d) and BALB.B (H-2b) adult mice were responders to GAT and GA and nonresponders to GT, which induced suppressor T cells in BALB/c but not in BALB.B mice. in contrast, newborn mice expressed different phenotypes. Two-week-old mice developed responses to GAT, GA and GT-complexed methylated bovine serum albumin, but immunization at birth with these copolymers induced a cross-reactive tolerance in both strains. Neonatal GAT tolerance could be transferred in adult and involved suppressor T cells in the two inbred strains, whereas the GT-specific immune suppression was not demonstrable in newborn BALB/c mice. The significance of these data to our understanding of the regulation of specific immune response and tolerance is discussed.", "PMID": 309397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2043", "title": "Studies on induction and control of cell-mediated autoimmunity. I. Induction of \"autoreactive\" T lymphocytes in mice by cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Injection of a single dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) (125 mg/kg) or a combination of a small dose of CY (20 mg/kg) and 2.5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide induces a transient appearance of autoreactive T lymphocytes (T-ARC) in the spleens of mice. The T-ARC activity reaches a peak 6 days after CY injection and could not be detected 8 days after this treatment. For testing T-ARC activity, spleen cells were injected into the footpads of syngeneic recipients, and the resulting lymph node enlargement at the draining site of cell inoculation and the content of nucleated cells in the lymph node was determined. Possible explanations of this autoimmune phenomenon are discussed. It is postulated that CY-resistant precursors of T-ARC are stimulated by \"new\" antigenic sites present on the surface of B lymphoblasts repopulating the CY-damaged spleen in a period of transient absence of CY-sensitive suppressor cells.", "contents": "Studies on induction and control of cell-mediated autoimmunity. I. Induction of \"autoreactive\" T lymphocytes in mice by cyclophosphamide. Injection of a single dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) (125 mg/kg) or a combination of a small dose of CY (20 mg/kg) and 2.5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide induces a transient appearance of autoreactive T lymphocytes (T-ARC) in the spleens of mice. The T-ARC activity reaches a peak 6 days after CY injection and could not be detected 8 days after this treatment. For testing T-ARC activity, spleen cells were injected into the footpads of syngeneic recipients, and the resulting lymph node enlargement at the draining site of cell inoculation and the content of nucleated cells in the lymph node was determined. Possible explanations of this autoimmune phenomenon are discussed. It is postulated that CY-resistant precursors of T-ARC are stimulated by \"new\" antigenic sites present on the surface of B lymphoblasts repopulating the CY-damaged spleen in a period of transient absence of CY-sensitive suppressor cells.", "PMID": 309398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2044", "title": "Studies on induction and control of cell-mediated autoimmunity. II. Prevention of induction and activity of autoreactive T cells by suppressor cells and by a suppressive serum factor.", "content": "Autoreactive T lymphocytes (T-ARC) can be detected in the spleen of mice treated with a single dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) (125 mg/kg), a peak occurring 6 days after CY injection. Eight days after CY treatment, the mice develop a specific anergic state. This anergic state can be transferred to normal syngeneic animals by either splenic nylon wool-nonadherent lymphocytes (suppressor cells, S-ARC) or by the serum of anergic mice, implying the development of an active suppressive mechanism due to CY treatment. Precursors of both potentially T-ARC as well as S-ARC coexist in the spleen of normal animals. Precursors of S-ARC present in the spleen and in the thymus of normal animals are sensitive to CY. However, committed S-ARC obtained from anergic mice are resistant to CY. Committed S-ARC as well as their precursors prevent induction of T-ARC. Committed S-ARC counteract expression of committed T-ARC activity, whereas precursors of S-ARC fail to do so. The autoimmune phenomenon described here represents an in vivo animal model system for induction of T-ARC and for the control mechanism which normally prevents induction and/or expression of cell-mediated autoreactivity by specific suppressor cells and by suppressive factors.", "contents": "Studies on induction and control of cell-mediated autoimmunity. II. Prevention of induction and activity of autoreactive T cells by suppressor cells and by a suppressive serum factor. Autoreactive T lymphocytes (T-ARC) can be detected in the spleen of mice treated with a single dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) (125 mg/kg), a peak occurring 6 days after CY injection. Eight days after CY treatment, the mice develop a specific anergic state. This anergic state can be transferred to normal syngeneic animals by either splenic nylon wool-nonadherent lymphocytes (suppressor cells, S-ARC) or by the serum of anergic mice, implying the development of an active suppressive mechanism due to CY treatment. Precursors of both potentially T-ARC as well as S-ARC coexist in the spleen of normal animals. Precursors of S-ARC present in the spleen and in the thymus of normal animals are sensitive to CY. However, committed S-ARC obtained from anergic mice are resistant to CY. Committed S-ARC as well as their precursors prevent induction of T-ARC. Committed S-ARC counteract expression of committed T-ARC activity, whereas precursors of S-ARC fail to do so. The autoimmune phenomenon described here represents an in vivo animal model system for induction of T-ARC and for the control mechanism which normally prevents induction and/or expression of cell-mediated autoreactivity by specific suppressor cells and by suppressive factors.", "PMID": 309399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2045", "title": "Loss of reactivity of a BALB/c myeoloma tumor with allogeneic and syngeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "It was previously observed that MOPC-315EL, a subline of the BALB/c myeloma tumor MOPC-315, varies in its ability to interact with primary anti-H-2d cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL) while remaining invariant in its expression of cell surface antigens recognized by anti-H-2d sera. This paper demonstrates (a) that secondary anti-H-2d CTL also fail to recognize the late tumor cells, and (b) that two other CTL systems (anti-minor histocompatibility antigens and anti-2,4,6-trinitrophenyl), which require recognition of both H-2 products and other surface antigens, also fail to react with the late tumor cells. The defect in the late tumor cells was evident when they were used as targets, inhibitors, and stimulators of CTL activity.", "contents": "Loss of reactivity of a BALB/c myeoloma tumor with allogeneic and syngeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes. It was previously observed that MOPC-315EL, a subline of the BALB/c myeloma tumor MOPC-315, varies in its ability to interact with primary anti-H-2d cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL) while remaining invariant in its expression of cell surface antigens recognized by anti-H-2d sera. This paper demonstrates (a) that secondary anti-H-2d CTL also fail to recognize the late tumor cells, and (b) that two other CTL systems (anti-minor histocompatibility antigens and anti-2,4,6-trinitrophenyl), which require recognition of both H-2 products and other surface antigens, also fail to react with the late tumor cells. The defect in the late tumor cells was evident when they were used as targets, inhibitors, and stimulators of CTL activity.", "PMID": 309400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2046", "title": "Role of membrane receptors in the induction of an in vitro secondary anti-hapten response. I. differentiation of B memory cells to plasma cells is independent of antigen-immunoglobulin receptor interaction.", "content": "In these experiments, we show that the interaction of antigen and B cell surface immunoglobulin is not essential for the generation of an IgG in vitro response to the hapten p-azophenyl-lactoside (lac). In our experimental system, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was first selectively attached either to H-2, Ia or Ig receptors of lac-primed B cells by a hapten sandwich technique or to Fc receptors by complexes of azophenyl arsonate (ars)-coupled KLH and anti-ars. The labeled cells were then cultured with KLH-specific T cells for 5 days in the absence of antigen. Under all conditions of attachment we observed a significant anti-lac IgG response. We have demonstrated an absolute requirement for KLH-specific helper T cells. The results thus indicate that T helper cells are by themselves, regardless of the B cell antigen that serves to effect bridging, sufficient to activate B memory cells. We could find no evidence to support either a matrix theory or a two-signal hypothesis as currently proposed.", "contents": "Role of membrane receptors in the induction of an in vitro secondary anti-hapten response. I. differentiation of B memory cells to plasma cells is independent of antigen-immunoglobulin receptor interaction. In these experiments, we show that the interaction of antigen and B cell surface immunoglobulin is not essential for the generation of an IgG in vitro response to the hapten p-azophenyl-lactoside (lac). In our experimental system, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was first selectively attached either to H-2, Ia or Ig receptors of lac-primed B cells by a hapten sandwich technique or to Fc receptors by complexes of azophenyl arsonate (ars)-coupled KLH and anti-ars. The labeled cells were then cultured with KLH-specific T cells for 5 days in the absence of antigen. Under all conditions of attachment we observed a significant anti-lac IgG response. We have demonstrated an absolute requirement for KLH-specific helper T cells. The results thus indicate that T helper cells are by themselves, regardless of the B cell antigen that serves to effect bridging, sufficient to activate B memory cells. We could find no evidence to support either a matrix theory or a two-signal hypothesis as currently proposed.", "PMID": 309402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2047", "title": "Role of membrane receptors in the induction of an in vitro secondary anti-hapten response. II. Antigen-immunoglobulin receptor interaction is not required for B memory cell proliferation.", "content": "In this study it has been investigated whether the interaction of antigen and B cell surface immunoglobulin (sIg) is required for full clonal expansion of memory B cells specific for the hapten, p-azophenyl-lactoside (lac). Cultures of lac-primed B cells and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-specific T cells were activated in three ways: (a) by the antigen lac-KLH, (b) in the absence of lac epitopes by attaching KLH to the H-2 antigens of the B cells, and (c) in similar conditions where lac epitopes were supplied on carriers unrecognized by helper T cells. Dilution analyses showed that the yield of IgG anti-lac plaques per activated precursor was identical in all situations, and that the increased responses observed in the presence of lac epitopes were due to an increase in the frequency of activated precursors. Our results thus indicate that specific interacting T cells convey both the differentiative and proliferative signals to B memory cells, and are at variance with proposals advocating that an antigen-induced proliferative phase is succeeded by a T-cell-dependent differentiative event. We suggest that the effect of sIg-antigen interaction may be to cycle some precursors into a more easily activated state.", "contents": "Role of membrane receptors in the induction of an in vitro secondary anti-hapten response. II. Antigen-immunoglobulin receptor interaction is not required for B memory cell proliferation. In this study it has been investigated whether the interaction of antigen and B cell surface immunoglobulin (sIg) is required for full clonal expansion of memory B cells specific for the hapten, p-azophenyl-lactoside (lac). Cultures of lac-primed B cells and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-specific T cells were activated in three ways: (a) by the antigen lac-KLH, (b) in the absence of lac epitopes by attaching KLH to the H-2 antigens of the B cells, and (c) in similar conditions where lac epitopes were supplied on carriers unrecognized by helper T cells. Dilution analyses showed that the yield of IgG anti-lac plaques per activated precursor was identical in all situations, and that the increased responses observed in the presence of lac epitopes were due to an increase in the frequency of activated precursors. Our results thus indicate that specific interacting T cells convey both the differentiative and proliferative signals to B memory cells, and are at variance with proposals advocating that an antigen-induced proliferative phase is succeeded by a T-cell-dependent differentiative event. We suggest that the effect of sIg-antigen interaction may be to cycle some precursors into a more easily activated state.", "PMID": 309403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2048", "title": "Canine granulopoiesis: alterations induced by suppression of gram-negative flora.", "content": "We investigated alterations in canine granulopoiesis following suppression of bacterial flora by antibiotic treatment. Beagles were decontaminated in sterile isolation with laminar air flow, by an antifungal and antibiotic regimen. Skin and fecal specimen cultures were usually negative after 4 days. The reduction of gram-negative bacteria resulted in a significant decrease in plasma colony-stimulating factor (CSF) levels, marrow CFU-c concentration, and the cytopoietic activity of marrow-derived diffusion chamber (DC) progenitor cells. The period of conventionalization was characterized by a significant although delayed increase in plasma CSF as well as marked increases in marrow CFU-c concentration and cytopoietic activity of marrow DC progenitors. There was also mobilization of marrow DC progenitors into the circulation. All parameters returned to control values within 7 days of conventionalization. These data supported the hypothesis that the gram-negative bacteria of the gut play a significant role in the regulation of normal canine granulopoiesis.", "contents": "Canine granulopoiesis: alterations induced by suppression of gram-negative flora. We investigated alterations in canine granulopoiesis following suppression of bacterial flora by antibiotic treatment. Beagles were decontaminated in sterile isolation with laminar air flow, by an antifungal and antibiotic regimen. Skin and fecal specimen cultures were usually negative after 4 days. The reduction of gram-negative bacteria resulted in a significant decrease in plasma colony-stimulating factor (CSF) levels, marrow CFU-c concentration, and the cytopoietic activity of marrow-derived diffusion chamber (DC) progenitor cells. The period of conventionalization was characterized by a significant although delayed increase in plasma CSF as well as marked increases in marrow CFU-c concentration and cytopoietic activity of marrow DC progenitors. There was also mobilization of marrow DC progenitors into the circulation. All parameters returned to control values within 7 days of conventionalization. These data supported the hypothesis that the gram-negative bacteria of the gut play a significant role in the regulation of normal canine granulopoiesis.", "PMID": 309405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2049", "title": "Differential effects of red cells on the formation of normal and neoplastic mouse B lymphocyte colonies in vitro.", "content": "Intact sheep red cells potentiated mouse B lymphocyte colony growth in agar but red cell membranes or lysates exhibited no comparable ability. For maximum colony formation red cells had to be present throughout the entire culture period. Red cells added to cultures late in the culture period did not potentiate growth. Intimate contact between colony-forming cells and red cells was not essential for potentiation to occur. Red cell lysates inhibited normal B lymphocyte colony formation in cultures containing intact red cells, but did not inhibit colony formation by cells of the B lymphoid leukemia ABE-8. This differential effect may provide a means of differentiating normal from neoplastic colony-forming B lymphocytes in the mouse. Eight different tumors were also examined. Intact red cells potentiated colony formation by all of them. Lysed red cells did not potentiate the growth of any of the tumor lines. The mastocytoma P815 was the only tumor whose colony formation was inhibited by the addition of intact and lysed red cells.", "contents": "Differential effects of red cells on the formation of normal and neoplastic mouse B lymphocyte colonies in vitro. Intact sheep red cells potentiated mouse B lymphocyte colony growth in agar but red cell membranes or lysates exhibited no comparable ability. For maximum colony formation red cells had to be present throughout the entire culture period. Red cells added to cultures late in the culture period did not potentiate growth. Intimate contact between colony-forming cells and red cells was not essential for potentiation to occur. Red cell lysates inhibited normal B lymphocyte colony formation in cultures containing intact red cells, but did not inhibit colony formation by cells of the B lymphoid leukemia ABE-8. This differential effect may provide a means of differentiating normal from neoplastic colony-forming B lymphocytes in the mouse. Eight different tumors were also examined. Intact red cells potentiated colony formation by all of them. Lysed red cells did not potentiate the growth of any of the tumor lines. The mastocytoma P815 was the only tumor whose colony formation was inhibited by the addition of intact and lysed red cells.", "PMID": 309406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2050", "title": "Regulation of enzyme secretion by mononuclear phagocytes: studies with macrophage plasminogen activator and lysozyme.", "content": "Lysozyme and plasminogen activator (PA) are independently regulated secretion products of the macrophage. Lysozyme is released constitutively by all types of macrophage, whereas PA is induced during macrophage activation by nonspecific stimuli or by an immunologically specific pathway under control of sensitized T lymphocytes and antigen. Production of PA is closely related to the ability of the macrophage to proliferate in the presence of colony stimulating factor (CSF). Production of lysozyme is often extinguished after hybridization of macrophages with other cells, but may persist and serve as a useful marker for expression of the differentiated macrophage phenotype in somatic cell hybrids.", "contents": "Regulation of enzyme secretion by mononuclear phagocytes: studies with macrophage plasminogen activator and lysozyme. Lysozyme and plasminogen activator (PA) are independently regulated secretion products of the macrophage. Lysozyme is released constitutively by all types of macrophage, whereas PA is induced during macrophage activation by nonspecific stimuli or by an immunologically specific pathway under control of sensitized T lymphocytes and antigen. Production of PA is closely related to the ability of the macrophage to proliferate in the presence of colony stimulating factor (CSF). Production of lysozyme is often extinguished after hybridization of macrophages with other cells, but may persist and serve as a useful marker for expression of the differentiated macrophage phenotype in somatic cell hybrids.", "PMID": 309409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2051", "title": "Serotonin metabolism in patients with carcinoid tumors: incidence of 5-hydroxytryptophan-secreting tumors.", "content": "The urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, tryptamine, and tyramine and the serum serotonin concentration were determined in 38 consecutive patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors. Four of the 23 patients with the carcinoid syndrome (15%) had markedly elevated excretion of 5-hydroxytryptophan. None of the patients had markedly elevated excretion of tryptamine or tyramine; a substantial number of patients had moderately low urinary excretion of these amines. All of the patients with the carcinoid syndrome had elevated urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion; 2 of these patients had normal serum serotonin concentrations, suggesting that quantitative 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion is the most reliable test for the carcinoid syndrome. Although tryptamine secretion by carcinoid tumors is rare, 5-hydroxytryptophan secretion may be more common than is recognized.", "contents": "Serotonin metabolism in patients with carcinoid tumors: incidence of 5-hydroxytryptophan-secreting tumors. The urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, tryptamine, and tyramine and the serum serotonin concentration were determined in 38 consecutive patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors. Four of the 23 patients with the carcinoid syndrome (15%) had markedly elevated excretion of 5-hydroxytryptophan. None of the patients had markedly elevated excretion of tryptamine or tyramine; a substantial number of patients had moderately low urinary excretion of these amines. All of the patients with the carcinoid syndrome had elevated urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion; 2 of these patients had normal serum serotonin concentrations, suggesting that quantitative 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion is the most reliable test for the carcinoid syndrome. Although tryptamine secretion by carcinoid tumors is rare, 5-hydroxytryptophan secretion may be more common than is recognized.", "PMID": 309417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2052", "title": "Vitamin D dependence of in vivo calcium transport and mucosal calcium binding protein in rat large intestine.", "content": "Dependence of large intestinal calcium transport on vitamin D has been examined in vitro in colon only. The authors studied calcium fluxes in cecum and colon in vivo by perfusion with 1.6 mM calcium chloride in saline. Tracer 45Ca either was injected parenterally 24 hr before study or was added to the perfusates. For 8--10 wk after weaning, rats had been fed a rachitogenic diet; 48 and 24 hr before study, 50% of the animals were treated with 20,000 IU vitamin E2. In a separate set of animals, mucosal calcium binding protein was analyzed by the Chelex assay method. In comparison with vitamin D-deficient rats, the colon of vitamin D-treated rats showed higher lumen-to-plasma flux and lower plasma-to-lumen flux and net absorption instead of net secretion. In cecum, calcium transport was not significantly altered by vitamin D treatment. Mucosal calcium binding protein was higher in cecum than in colon in both groups and was higher in vitamin-D-treated than in vitamin D-deficient animals in both segments. The current study shows that in the rat colon calcium fluxes both into and out of the lumen as well as net transport are significantly by vitamin D treatment, but that cecal transport rates are not affected. In both cecum and colon, mucosal calcium binding protein increases with vitamin D treatment.", "contents": "Vitamin D dependence of in vivo calcium transport and mucosal calcium binding protein in rat large intestine. Dependence of large intestinal calcium transport on vitamin D has been examined in vitro in colon only. The authors studied calcium fluxes in cecum and colon in vivo by perfusion with 1.6 mM calcium chloride in saline. Tracer 45Ca either was injected parenterally 24 hr before study or was added to the perfusates. For 8--10 wk after weaning, rats had been fed a rachitogenic diet; 48 and 24 hr before study, 50% of the animals were treated with 20,000 IU vitamin E2. In a separate set of animals, mucosal calcium binding protein was analyzed by the Chelex assay method. In comparison with vitamin D-deficient rats, the colon of vitamin D-treated rats showed higher lumen-to-plasma flux and lower plasma-to-lumen flux and net absorption instead of net secretion. In cecum, calcium transport was not significantly altered by vitamin D treatment. Mucosal calcium binding protein was higher in cecum than in colon in both groups and was higher in vitamin-D-treated than in vitamin D-deficient animals in both segments. The current study shows that in the rat colon calcium fluxes both into and out of the lumen as well as net transport are significantly by vitamin D treatment, but that cecal transport rates are not affected. In both cecum and colon, mucosal calcium binding protein increases with vitamin D treatment.", "PMID": 309418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2053", "title": "[Pathomechanisms, signs, symptoms and management of amniotic fluid embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare, acute and dramatic event of amniotic fluid embolism is increasing in relative importance as a cause of maternal mortality. Recent findings based on the estimation and characterization of circulating fibrin, fibrinogen content and fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products indicate that the coagulation disorder is caused by intravascular coagulation and extensive fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis. The program of treatment consists of: 1. Management of the acute respiratory insufficiency syndrome by early intubation and ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). 2. Intensive therapy of shock and rapid restoration of blood volume with blood transfusion (fresh whole blood) and infusion of other fluids. 3. Treatment of the coagulation disorder with fibrinogen, antifibrinolytic agents (aprotinin--Trasylol), platelet transfusion and fresh frozen plasma.", "contents": "[Pathomechanisms, signs, symptoms and management of amniotic fluid embolism (author's transl)]. The rare, acute and dramatic event of amniotic fluid embolism is increasing in relative importance as a cause of maternal mortality. Recent findings based on the estimation and characterization of circulating fibrin, fibrinogen content and fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products indicate that the coagulation disorder is caused by intravascular coagulation and extensive fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis. The program of treatment consists of: 1. Management of the acute respiratory insufficiency syndrome by early intubation and ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). 2. Intensive therapy of shock and rapid restoration of blood volume with blood transfusion (fresh whole blood) and infusion of other fluids. 3. Treatment of the coagulation disorder with fibrinogen, antifibrinolytic agents (aprotinin--Trasylol), platelet transfusion and fresh frozen plasma.", "PMID": 309419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2054", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in adult coeliac disease.", "content": "Rosetting techniques were used to estimate T and B cell subpopulations in the peripheral blood in patients with treated and untreated adult coeliac disease and in control subjects. In patients with untreated coeliac disease, T cell numbers were significantly lower than in controls or treated patients, although there was no difference in total lymphocyte counts. There was no significant difference in B cell numbers between treated and untreated patients, and the subpopulation which increased to replace the T cells in untreated patients comprised cells not identified by B or T cell markers. Total lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte subpopulations were affected by splenic atrophy. It is suggested that these effects might be caused by the loss of lymphocytes from the gastrointestinal tract in untreated coeliac disease.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in adult coeliac disease. Rosetting techniques were used to estimate T and B cell subpopulations in the peripheral blood in patients with treated and untreated adult coeliac disease and in control subjects. In patients with untreated coeliac disease, T cell numbers were significantly lower than in controls or treated patients, although there was no difference in total lymphocyte counts. There was no significant difference in B cell numbers between treated and untreated patients, and the subpopulation which increased to replace the T cells in untreated patients comprised cells not identified by B or T cell markers. Total lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte subpopulations were affected by splenic atrophy. It is suggested that these effects might be caused by the loss of lymphocytes from the gastrointestinal tract in untreated coeliac disease.", "PMID": 309420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2055", "title": "Selective transplenic decompression of oesophageal varices by distal splenorenal and splenocaval shunt.", "content": "The usefulness of selective transplenic decompression of oesophageal varices by distal splenorenal shunt and splenocaval shunt was evaluated in the control of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients with portal hypertension of varied aetiology. (Decompression was successful in 69 out of 78 cases.) It was shown that it is superior to total portosystemic shunts, as the incidence of encephalopathy was very low compared with the data from our series of portocaval shunts. The operative mortality has been progressively lowered and has now reached levels comparable with portocaval shunt. Distal splenorenal shunt when performed as an emergency procedure to arrest bleeding has limited usefulness but when performed as an elective or prophylactic procedure its results are comparable with those of portocaval shunt without the untoward complications such as encephalopathy. A modified selective decompression of varices has been described in which the distal end of the splenic vein is anastomosed to the inferior vena cava. Though no long term follow-up studies are available, we believe that this shunt is likely to prove superior to distal splenorenal shunt as it has both the advantages of the distal splenoral and the haemodynamic advantage of end-to-side portocaval shunt. We conclude that in patients with portal hypertension of varied aetiology, who have not had a haemorrhagic episode but in whom varices have been demonstrated or who have had one episode of haemorrhage from varices, the splenocaval shunt when feasible or the distal splenorenal shunt offers the optimal method of management at present in India.", "contents": "Selective transplenic decompression of oesophageal varices by distal splenorenal and splenocaval shunt. The usefulness of selective transplenic decompression of oesophageal varices by distal splenorenal shunt and splenocaval shunt was evaluated in the control of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients with portal hypertension of varied aetiology. (Decompression was successful in 69 out of 78 cases.) It was shown that it is superior to total portosystemic shunts, as the incidence of encephalopathy was very low compared with the data from our series of portocaval shunts. The operative mortality has been progressively lowered and has now reached levels comparable with portocaval shunt. Distal splenorenal shunt when performed as an emergency procedure to arrest bleeding has limited usefulness but when performed as an elective or prophylactic procedure its results are comparable with those of portocaval shunt without the untoward complications such as encephalopathy. A modified selective decompression of varices has been described in which the distal end of the splenic vein is anastomosed to the inferior vena cava. Though no long term follow-up studies are available, we believe that this shunt is likely to prove superior to distal splenorenal shunt as it has both the advantages of the distal splenoral and the haemodynamic advantage of end-to-side portocaval shunt. We conclude that in patients with portal hypertension of varied aetiology, who have not had a haemorrhagic episode but in whom varices have been demonstrated or who have had one episode of haemorrhage from varices, the splenocaval shunt when feasible or the distal splenorenal shunt offers the optimal method of management at present in India.", "PMID": 309421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2056", "title": "[Analgetic and antipyretic activity of SL-573 (author's transl)].", "content": "Potency of analgetic activity of SL-573 was between that of indomethacin and aminopyrine in chemical stimulation tests. The analgetic activity of SL-573 was 3.2 times as potent as that of aminopyrine in the phenylquinone writhing test, 4.1 times as potent as aminopyrine in the acetic acid writhing test and 6.3 times as potent as aminopyrine in the Randall and Selitto test. Thus the analgetic activity of SL-573 appears to be comparable etic to that of codeine. SL-573, unlike narcotic analgesics, showed common properties to known antipyretic analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents in the following points. (1) Analgetic activity was not evident in the mechanical stimulation or in the heat stimulation tests. (2) The analgetic activity was not antagonized by naloxone. (3) SL-573 showed no antagonistic effect to morphine. (4) Tolerance to the analgetic activity of SL-573 was not observed after a one week pretreatment with this compound. (5) SL-573 had no effect on the evoked potentials recorded from cells in the pain pathway of CNS and the site of action of analgetic effect was considered to be in peripheral sites of the sensory neurons. The antipyretic activity of SL-573 was equal to that of aminopyrine in febrile rabbits and 4 times as potent as that of aminopyrine in febrile rats. This compound did not affect normal body temperature of rabbits and rats, this observation being similar to that noted with antipyretic analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "contents": "[Analgetic and antipyretic activity of SL-573 (author's transl)]. Potency of analgetic activity of SL-573 was between that of indomethacin and aminopyrine in chemical stimulation tests. The analgetic activity of SL-573 was 3.2 times as potent as that of aminopyrine in the phenylquinone writhing test, 4.1 times as potent as aminopyrine in the acetic acid writhing test and 6.3 times as potent as aminopyrine in the Randall and Selitto test. Thus the analgetic activity of SL-573 appears to be comparable etic to that of codeine. SL-573, unlike narcotic analgesics, showed common properties to known antipyretic analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents in the following points. (1) Analgetic activity was not evident in the mechanical stimulation or in the heat stimulation tests. (2) The analgetic activity was not antagonized by naloxone. (3) SL-573 showed no antagonistic effect to morphine. (4) Tolerance to the analgetic activity of SL-573 was not observed after a one week pretreatment with this compound. (5) SL-573 had no effect on the evoked potentials recorded from cells in the pain pathway of CNS and the site of action of analgetic effect was considered to be in peripheral sites of the sensory neurons. The antipyretic activity of SL-573 was equal to that of aminopyrine in febrile rabbits and 4 times as potent as that of aminopyrine in febrile rats. This compound did not affect normal body temperature of rabbits and rats, this observation being similar to that noted with antipyretic analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "PMID": 309422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2057", "title": "[Calcifying coronary sclerosis. Incidence and clinical importance of radiographically visible coronary sclerosis in the light of new study methods].", "content": "Since introduction of the new image intensifier generation coronary calcification has become a common finding during fluoroscopy. Nearly one quarter of all patients over 40 years have calcified coronary vessels, men twice as often as women. More than two thirds of all these patients have coronary heart disease. Patients with coronary calcification suffer more often than those without from risk diseases of atherosclerosis, especially of coronary heart disease. The calcification means in most cases a lumen reduction of the vessel and is predominantly located in the left coronary artery. Other uncalcified stenoses exist very often, i.e. multiple vessel disease is a very common finding in these patients. The x-ray sign confirms the diagnosis \"coronary heart disease\" if there are other suspicious findings but it has not rarely its own value in comparison with other non-invasive examination methods in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "[Calcifying coronary sclerosis. Incidence and clinical importance of radiographically visible coronary sclerosis in the light of new study methods]. Since introduction of the new image intensifier generation coronary calcification has become a common finding during fluoroscopy. Nearly one quarter of all patients over 40 years have calcified coronary vessels, men twice as often as women. More than two thirds of all these patients have coronary heart disease. Patients with coronary calcification suffer more often than those without from risk diseases of atherosclerosis, especially of coronary heart disease. The calcification means in most cases a lumen reduction of the vessel and is predominantly located in the left coronary artery. Other uncalcified stenoses exist very often, i.e. multiple vessel disease is a very common finding in these patients. The x-ray sign confirms the diagnosis \"coronary heart disease\" if there are other suspicious findings but it has not rarely its own value in comparison with other non-invasive examination methods in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 309426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2058", "title": "The immunopathology of myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, induced by immunization with solubilized acetylcholine receptors, has proven an excellent animal model for the study of myasthenia gravis. The role of the thymus in myasthenia gravis is not yet known. Its content of skeletal muscle elements and acetylcholine receptors and the presence of germinal centers in myasthenia gravis suggest that the thymus could be a site of autoimmunization. An effector role has not been demonstrated for T cells in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune or clinical myasthenia gravis, but helper T cells participate in the rat's autoantibody response to acetylcholine receptors. Antibodies and lymphocytes reactive with acetylcholine receptors are demonstrable in the peripheral blood of patients with myasthenia gravis and appear to be specific for this disease. Parallel studies of both experimental autoimmune and clinical myasthenia gravis have provided evidence for an autoimmune basis for the pathophysiology in myasthenia gravis. Antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies appear to play a central role in impairing neuromuscular transmission. Numerous antibody specificities have been described, but none seems to be directed at the acetylcholine binding site of the receptor. Addition of antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies to cultured muscle cells, in the absence of complement, causes redistribution of the receptors on the membranes of myotubes, accelerated receptor degradation, apparent impairment of ionophore function, and loss of sensitivity to acetylcholine. In vivo complement appears to be an important mediator of antiacetylcholine receptor antibody pathogenicity. Its presence is essential for the passive transfer of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis with antibodies. In muscle biopsy specimens from patients with myasthenia gravis, IgG and C3 have been demonstrated on the postsynaptic membrane and on degenerated fragments of membrane in the synaptic cleft. This suggests that complement activation in vivo is associated with focal lysis of the postsynaptic membrane. A causal relationship appears to exist between the binding of antibody to acetylcholine receptors, the reduction in muscle acetylcholine receptors, and impairment of neuromuscular transmission.", "contents": "The immunopathology of myasthenia gravis. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, induced by immunization with solubilized acetylcholine receptors, has proven an excellent animal model for the study of myasthenia gravis. The role of the thymus in myasthenia gravis is not yet known. Its content of skeletal muscle elements and acetylcholine receptors and the presence of germinal centers in myasthenia gravis suggest that the thymus could be a site of autoimmunization. An effector role has not been demonstrated for T cells in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune or clinical myasthenia gravis, but helper T cells participate in the rat's autoantibody response to acetylcholine receptors. Antibodies and lymphocytes reactive with acetylcholine receptors are demonstrable in the peripheral blood of patients with myasthenia gravis and appear to be specific for this disease. Parallel studies of both experimental autoimmune and clinical myasthenia gravis have provided evidence for an autoimmune basis for the pathophysiology in myasthenia gravis. Antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies appear to play a central role in impairing neuromuscular transmission. Numerous antibody specificities have been described, but none seems to be directed at the acetylcholine binding site of the receptor. Addition of antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies to cultured muscle cells, in the absence of complement, causes redistribution of the receptors on the membranes of myotubes, accelerated receptor degradation, apparent impairment of ionophore function, and loss of sensitivity to acetylcholine. In vivo complement appears to be an important mediator of antiacetylcholine receptor antibody pathogenicity. Its presence is essential for the passive transfer of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis with antibodies. In muscle biopsy specimens from patients with myasthenia gravis, IgG and C3 have been demonstrated on the postsynaptic membrane and on degenerated fragments of membrane in the synaptic cleft. This suggests that complement activation in vivo is associated with focal lysis of the postsynaptic membrane. A causal relationship appears to exist between the binding of antibody to acetylcholine receptors, the reduction in muscle acetylcholine receptors, and impairment of neuromuscular transmission.", "PMID": 309428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2059", "title": "Evidence for the involvement of corticosterone in the ontogeny of the cellular immune apparatus of the mouse.", "content": "The effects of corticosterone deprivation in the cellular immune system of the mouse have been studied. Adrenalectomy was performed from three weeks after birth; at an earlier age oral administration of aminoglutethimide phosphate (AGP) had to be used. Three effects could be recognized: (1) Adrenalectomy or AGP treatment, at any age studied, resulted in an enhanced delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). This effect has previously been ascribed to monocytes. (2) An altered T lymphocyte distribution was observed as consequence of early adrenalectomy or continuous AGP administration. The lymph nodes were depleted whereas the thymus was increased in size and blood-leucocytes increased in number. This effect appeared reversible on restoration of adrenal function. (3) Irreversible damage to the cellular immune system following early AGP intake was observed in DH after recovery of the adrenal function. As corticosterone is the principal glucocorticoid produced by mice the effects described under (2) and (3) may be ascribed to this hormone. Our results suggest that thymic involution during life, is at least partially, under adrenal control.", "contents": "Evidence for the involvement of corticosterone in the ontogeny of the cellular immune apparatus of the mouse. The effects of corticosterone deprivation in the cellular immune system of the mouse have been studied. Adrenalectomy was performed from three weeks after birth; at an earlier age oral administration of aminoglutethimide phosphate (AGP) had to be used. Three effects could be recognized: (1) Adrenalectomy or AGP treatment, at any age studied, resulted in an enhanced delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). This effect has previously been ascribed to monocytes. (2) An altered T lymphocyte distribution was observed as consequence of early adrenalectomy or continuous AGP administration. The lymph nodes were depleted whereas the thymus was increased in size and blood-leucocytes increased in number. This effect appeared reversible on restoration of adrenal function. (3) Irreversible damage to the cellular immune system following early AGP intake was observed in DH after recovery of the adrenal function. As corticosterone is the principal glucocorticoid produced by mice the effects described under (2) and (3) may be ascribed to this hormone. Our results suggest that thymic involution during life, is at least partially, under adrenal control.", "PMID": 309431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2060", "title": "Activation of human B lymphocytes induced by Robinia pseudoacacia lectin in the presence of T cells.", "content": "Robinia pseudoacacia seed lectin is a potent human lymphocyte activator which is capable of activating pure T cells but not pure B lymphocytes. However, when B and T cells were cultured together, the thymidine incorporation was found to be higher than that expected from B- or T-cell cultures alone. Killing of T cells by anti-human-T-lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) serum and complement at the time of thymidine incorporation was found to be unable to suppress completely the thymidine uptake whereas treatment by anti-human-B-lymphocyte and monocyte antigen (HBLMA) serum reduced the response to some extent. Moreover, stimulated lymphoblasts were shown to bear B-cell markers (surface Ig and complement receptors) in about the same proportion as B lymphocytes present in the cultures. These results show that B cells proliferate in the presence of T cells and Robinia lectin. Finally, activation of B cells by Robinia lectin in the presence of T cells led to their maturation to plasma cells in the same way as PWM.", "contents": "Activation of human B lymphocytes induced by Robinia pseudoacacia lectin in the presence of T cells. Robinia pseudoacacia seed lectin is a potent human lymphocyte activator which is capable of activating pure T cells but not pure B lymphocytes. However, when B and T cells were cultured together, the thymidine incorporation was found to be higher than that expected from B- or T-cell cultures alone. Killing of T cells by anti-human-T-lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) serum and complement at the time of thymidine incorporation was found to be unable to suppress completely the thymidine uptake whereas treatment by anti-human-B-lymphocyte and monocyte antigen (HBLMA) serum reduced the response to some extent. Moreover, stimulated lymphoblasts were shown to bear B-cell markers (surface Ig and complement receptors) in about the same proportion as B lymphocytes present in the cultures. These results show that B cells proliferate in the presence of T cells and Robinia lectin. Finally, activation of B cells by Robinia lectin in the presence of T cells led to their maturation to plasma cells in the same way as PWM.", "PMID": 309432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2061", "title": "Mitogenicity of Mycoplasma fermentans for human lymphocytes.", "content": "The in vitro stimulation response of human lymphocytes to Mycoplasma fermentans was examined. M. fermentans stimulated DNA synthesis in blood lymphocytes from all of 20 healthy subjects examined. Only one of these subjects had complement-fixing antibodies to M. fermentans. Lymphocytes from 21 of 22 adenoids and from 1 spleen were also stimulated to DNA synthesis by M. fermentans. The organism induced DNA synthesis in both B and T lymphocytes from adenoids and spleen and preferentially in T lymphocytes from blood. M. fermentans was shown to activate adenoid lymphocytes to non-amtogem-specific antibody secretion demonstrable by a hemolytic plaque assay. It is concluded that M. fermentans can have a mitogenic effect on both B and T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Mitogenicity of Mycoplasma fermentans for human lymphocytes. The in vitro stimulation response of human lymphocytes to Mycoplasma fermentans was examined. M. fermentans stimulated DNA synthesis in blood lymphocytes from all of 20 healthy subjects examined. Only one of these subjects had complement-fixing antibodies to M. fermentans. Lymphocytes from 21 of 22 adenoids and from 1 spleen were also stimulated to DNA synthesis by M. fermentans. The organism induced DNA synthesis in both B and T lymphocytes from adenoids and spleen and preferentially in T lymphocytes from blood. M. fermentans was shown to activate adenoid lymphocytes to non-amtogem-specific antibody secretion demonstrable by a hemolytic plaque assay. It is concluded that M. fermentans can have a mitogenic effect on both B and T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 309436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2062", "title": "Experimental murine candidiasis: pathological and immune responses in T-lymphocyte-depleted mice.", "content": "Mice depleted of T-lymphocytes by thymectomy and irradiation (TXB) and immunologically competent mice were compared for gross and histological pathology as well as immune responses after cutaneous and/or intravenous challenge with Candida albicans. In response to a first cutaneous inoculation with viable Candida, TXB, sham-operated (SXB), and unmanipulated (normal) mice, all developed lesions of comparable size, duration, and histopathology. When challenged a second time cutaneously, normal and SXB mice developed lesions which were greatly increased in size when compared with those produced by a first cutaneous infection, whereas TXB mice developed lesions comparable in size to those initiated by the first infection. Histologically, the first and second lesions in all animals were acute abscesses predominantly comprised of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The larger second lesions in SXB and normal mice were accompanied by detectable circulating antibody and by delayed hypersensitivity. Neither circulating antibody nor delayed hypersensitivity were stimulated in the TXB mice. When challenged intravenously, all previously uninfected mice, regardless of T-cell status, were equally susceptible to C. albicans. Contrary to SXB or normal mice, however, TXB mice which had been infected cutaneously were not more resistant to a subsequent intravenous challenge as judged by 6-week survival. The results suggest that T-cells do not play a significant role in innate resistance of mice to systemic candidiasis, but that such cells are important in the development of acquired resistance.", "contents": "Experimental murine candidiasis: pathological and immune responses in T-lymphocyte-depleted mice. Mice depleted of T-lymphocytes by thymectomy and irradiation (TXB) and immunologically competent mice were compared for gross and histological pathology as well as immune responses after cutaneous and/or intravenous challenge with Candida albicans. In response to a first cutaneous inoculation with viable Candida, TXB, sham-operated (SXB), and unmanipulated (normal) mice, all developed lesions of comparable size, duration, and histopathology. When challenged a second time cutaneously, normal and SXB mice developed lesions which were greatly increased in size when compared with those produced by a first cutaneous infection, whereas TXB mice developed lesions comparable in size to those initiated by the first infection. Histologically, the first and second lesions in all animals were acute abscesses predominantly comprised of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The larger second lesions in SXB and normal mice were accompanied by detectable circulating antibody and by delayed hypersensitivity. Neither circulating antibody nor delayed hypersensitivity were stimulated in the TXB mice. When challenged intravenously, all previously uninfected mice, regardless of T-cell status, were equally susceptible to C. albicans. Contrary to SXB or normal mice, however, TXB mice which had been infected cutaneously were not more resistant to a subsequent intravenous challenge as judged by 6-week survival. The results suggest that T-cells do not play a significant role in innate resistance of mice to systemic candidiasis, but that such cells are important in the development of acquired resistance.", "PMID": 309437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2063", "title": "Histoplasma capsulatum infection in nude mice.", "content": "Congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice, when injected intraperitoneally with Histoplasma capsulatum, developed a rapidly fatal disseminated infection characterized by heavy parasitization of reticuloendothelial tissues. In contrast, their heterozygous (nu/X) littermates, which possessed a functioning thymus, developed only a low-grade infection which was apparently self-limited and rarely fatal. Transplantation of thymic tissue into nu/nu mice diminished greatly the severity of infection and reduced mortality by about 50%. These studies emphasize the importance of cell-mediated immunity in host defense against histoplasmosis and suggest that the nude mouse may be a valuable model for the study of this chronic intracellular infection.", "contents": "Histoplasma capsulatum infection in nude mice. Congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice, when injected intraperitoneally with Histoplasma capsulatum, developed a rapidly fatal disseminated infection characterized by heavy parasitization of reticuloendothelial tissues. In contrast, their heterozygous (nu/X) littermates, which possessed a functioning thymus, developed only a low-grade infection which was apparently self-limited and rarely fatal. Transplantation of thymic tissue into nu/nu mice diminished greatly the severity of infection and reduced mortality by about 50%. These studies emphasize the importance of cell-mediated immunity in host defense against histoplasmosis and suggest that the nude mouse may be a valuable model for the study of this chronic intracellular infection.", "PMID": 309438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2064", "title": "The comparative radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "This study deals with the comparative effects of gamma irradiation on T and B lymphocytes in mice. Quantitatively, splenic T cells appeared substantially more radioresistant than B cells. However, in the thymus, the mesenteric lymph node and peripheral blood, both cell types were highly radiosensitive. No repair processes could be detected with respect to lymphocyte killing, since reducing the dose rate or fractionating the dose resulted in no reduction in cell destruction. Splenic B cells which remained intact 3 days after doses of 600 R or larger were impaired in their ability to form caps, whereas T cells capped normally. Spleen cells which were viable 3 days after irradiation bore latent radiation damage which was manifested as a reduced ability to survive and generate plaque-forming cells in vitro. Attempts to separately assess irradiated T and B cell immunocompetence in vitro suggested that at doses of 300 R and below, surviving B cells were more impaired than T cells. After a 600 R dose, neither cell type appeared to be functional.", "contents": "The comparative radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes. This study deals with the comparative effects of gamma irradiation on T and B lymphocytes in mice. Quantitatively, splenic T cells appeared substantially more radioresistant than B cells. However, in the thymus, the mesenteric lymph node and peripheral blood, both cell types were highly radiosensitive. No repair processes could be detected with respect to lymphocyte killing, since reducing the dose rate or fractionating the dose resulted in no reduction in cell destruction. Splenic B cells which remained intact 3 days after doses of 600 R or larger were impaired in their ability to form caps, whereas T cells capped normally. Spleen cells which were viable 3 days after irradiation bore latent radiation damage which was manifested as a reduced ability to survive and generate plaque-forming cells in vitro. Attempts to separately assess irradiated T and B cell immunocompetence in vitro suggested that at doses of 300 R and below, surviving B cells were more impaired than T cells. After a 600 R dose, neither cell type appeared to be functional.", "PMID": 309439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2065", "title": "Plutonium-239 deposition in the skeleton of the mouse.", "content": "Using the technique of neutron-induced autoradiography, together with computer-based methods of data reduction, the distribution of intravenously injected plutonium-239 in the skeleton of the female CBA mouse, 24 hours after injection, has been investigated. With these techniques, it is possible to measure the localization of 239Pu on the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone to an accuracy of approximately +/- 2 x 5 micrometer. Results are reported for the distribution of 239Pu in the third lumbar vertebra, a central caudal vertebra, the right ilium and the right femur. Radiochemical analyses of the 239Pu in other comparable bones of the skeleton are also reported.", "contents": "Plutonium-239 deposition in the skeleton of the mouse. Using the technique of neutron-induced autoradiography, together with computer-based methods of data reduction, the distribution of intravenously injected plutonium-239 in the skeleton of the female CBA mouse, 24 hours after injection, has been investigated. With these techniques, it is possible to measure the localization of 239Pu on the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone to an accuracy of approximately +/- 2 x 5 micrometer. Results are reported for the distribution of 239Pu in the third lumbar vertebra, a central caudal vertebra, the right ilium and the right femur. Radiochemical analyses of the 239Pu in other comparable bones of the skeleton are also reported.", "PMID": 309440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2066", "title": "Factors affecting the mobility of plutonium-238 dioxide in the rat.", "content": "A major factor influencing the movement of plutonium-238 from the lungs to blood after the intubation of oxide suspensions is the presense of 0.001 micrometer diameter particles. In a polydisperse suspension of particles this fraction increases with time, due it is thought, to fragmentation of larger particles induced by alpha decay. The rate of this process could account for the greater transportability in vivo of plutonium-238 relative to plutonium-239 when the oxides are inhaled. In blood, 0.001 micrometer diameter plutonium-238 oxide particles undergo a rapid reaction to form a low molecular weight species before plutonium is complexed with transferrin and citrate ions. The filtration of this species through the kidneys may explain the observed enhanced urinary excretion of plutonium relative to administered plutonium citrate. The mechanism of urinary excretion and relationship between cumulative urinary excretion and body content for plutonium-238 is similar to that previously observed for plutonium-239, even though different methods of preparation of the oxides were used.", "contents": "Factors affecting the mobility of plutonium-238 dioxide in the rat. A major factor influencing the movement of plutonium-238 from the lungs to blood after the intubation of oxide suspensions is the presense of 0.001 micrometer diameter particles. In a polydisperse suspension of particles this fraction increases with time, due it is thought, to fragmentation of larger particles induced by alpha decay. The rate of this process could account for the greater transportability in vivo of plutonium-238 relative to plutonium-239 when the oxides are inhaled. In blood, 0.001 micrometer diameter plutonium-238 oxide particles undergo a rapid reaction to form a low molecular weight species before plutonium is complexed with transferrin and citrate ions. The filtration of this species through the kidneys may explain the observed enhanced urinary excretion of plutonium relative to administered plutonium citrate. The mechanism of urinary excretion and relationship between cumulative urinary excretion and body content for plutonium-238 is similar to that previously observed for plutonium-239, even though different methods of preparation of the oxides were used.", "PMID": 309441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2067", "title": "The uptake and redistribution of 241pu within the gonads.", "content": "Male and female hamsters and a female rabbit were injected with 241Pu citrate. The hamsters were killed serially at 15 min, 2 hours, 1 day and 10 days after injection, and the rabbit 1 week after injection. The gonads were examined for 241Pu by tissue-section autoradiography. Soon after injection the plutonium was concentrated by the contents of atretic Graafian follicles and by thecal rings in the ovary, but was found to be dispersed throughout the testes. It is suggested that the disperse distribution in the testes which is only seen soon after injection may be an artefact of tissue processing. One day after injection, plutonium was accumulated by macrophages in both the follicles of the ovary and in the interstitial tissue of the testes. Macrophages containing plutonium later migrated away from the aretic ovarian follicles towards the ovarian medulla. This pattern of distribution and redistribution in the ovary is regarded as likely to lower the effective dose from a-emitting plutonium isotopes to the viable oocytes. No migration of macrophages was seen in the testes. Histochemical staining methods revealed the presence of acid protoglycans, including chondroitin sulphate, and glycoproteins at the sites of plutonium concentration in the ovary. These molecules are regarded as likely receptor sites for plutonium. In the testes no acidic carbohydrates were found, and it is suggested that the initial binding site for plutonium may be a compound lipid. This was deduced from the apparent inability of the interstitial tissue of the testes to bind plutonium in situ.", "contents": "The uptake and redistribution of 241pu within the gonads. Male and female hamsters and a female rabbit were injected with 241Pu citrate. The hamsters were killed serially at 15 min, 2 hours, 1 day and 10 days after injection, and the rabbit 1 week after injection. The gonads were examined for 241Pu by tissue-section autoradiography. Soon after injection the plutonium was concentrated by the contents of atretic Graafian follicles and by thecal rings in the ovary, but was found to be dispersed throughout the testes. It is suggested that the disperse distribution in the testes which is only seen soon after injection may be an artefact of tissue processing. One day after injection, plutonium was accumulated by macrophages in both the follicles of the ovary and in the interstitial tissue of the testes. Macrophages containing plutonium later migrated away from the aretic ovarian follicles towards the ovarian medulla. This pattern of distribution and redistribution in the ovary is regarded as likely to lower the effective dose from a-emitting plutonium isotopes to the viable oocytes. No migration of macrophages was seen in the testes. Histochemical staining methods revealed the presence of acid protoglycans, including chondroitin sulphate, and glycoproteins at the sites of plutonium concentration in the ovary. These molecules are regarded as likely receptor sites for plutonium. In the testes no acidic carbohydrates were found, and it is suggested that the initial binding site for plutonium may be a compound lipid. This was deduced from the apparent inability of the interstitial tissue of the testes to bind plutonium in situ.", "PMID": 309442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2068", "title": "Irradiation of micro-organisms with mono-energetic X-rays; biological consequences of the Auger effect.", "content": "The radiation resonance effect reported previously for isolated biomolecules has now for the first time been observed in a cellular system. Dried bacteria, Micrococcus denitrificans, in which TdR in DNA was partially substituted by BUdR, were subjected to mono-energetic X-rays of energies below or above the K-edge for Br. Subsequently, the colony-forming ability was assayed. For photon energy slightly above the K-edge, the lethality/rad was greater than that below the K-edge. This is interpreted in terms of the Auger effect initiated selectively by photo-absorption in constituent Br atoms. The differential absorption of low-energy photons in constituent atoms of DNA is also discussed.", "contents": "Irradiation of micro-organisms with mono-energetic X-rays; biological consequences of the Auger effect. The radiation resonance effect reported previously for isolated biomolecules has now for the first time been observed in a cellular system. Dried bacteria, Micrococcus denitrificans, in which TdR in DNA was partially substituted by BUdR, were subjected to mono-energetic X-rays of energies below or above the K-edge for Br. Subsequently, the colony-forming ability was assayed. For photon energy slightly above the K-edge, the lethality/rad was greater than that below the K-edge. This is interpreted in terms of the Auger effect initiated selectively by photo-absorption in constituent Br atoms. The differential absorption of low-energy photons in constituent atoms of DNA is also discussed.", "PMID": 309443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2069", "title": "The absence of an effect of photoreactivation on sub-lethal damage accumulation in a photoreactive wallaby cell-line.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of JU56 wallaby cells were exposed to germicidal U.V. and/or photoreactivating (PR) light. The U.V. exposures induced dose-dependent cell-death. The survival data are consistent with a common extrapolation number (n) of 6 x 17 +/- 0 x 98 with a D(0) of 123 x 0 +/- 6 x 8 erg/mm2 for photo-reactivated cells and a D0 of 87 x 3 +/- 4 x 9 erg/mm2 for non-photoreactivated cells; the photoreactivation protected the cells with a dose-modification factor of 1 x 41 +/- 0 x 02. Therefore PR is not a shoulder phenomenon and so has no relationship to the repair of sub-lethal damage.", "contents": "The absence of an effect of photoreactivation on sub-lethal damage accumulation in a photoreactive wallaby cell-line. Monolayer cultures of JU56 wallaby cells were exposed to germicidal U.V. and/or photoreactivating (PR) light. The U.V. exposures induced dose-dependent cell-death. The survival data are consistent with a common extrapolation number (n) of 6 x 17 +/- 0 x 98 with a D(0) of 123 x 0 +/- 6 x 8 erg/mm2 for photo-reactivated cells and a D0 of 87 x 3 +/- 4 x 9 erg/mm2 for non-photoreactivated cells; the photoreactivation protected the cells with a dose-modification factor of 1 x 41 +/- 0 x 02. Therefore PR is not a shoulder phenomenon and so has no relationship to the repair of sub-lethal damage.", "PMID": 309444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2070", "title": "Radioprotective effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on mammalian cells irradiated in vitro.", "content": "The radioprotective effect in vitro of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (k-HTP) was studied with cultured mammalian cells of three cell lines: 5-HT-synthesizing FMA and 5-HT-non-synthesizing FM3A and B16-C2W. In these cells, the addition of 5-HT to the suspending medium induced only a weak protection or no protection at all. The increase in the 5-HT content of these cells at the time of irradiation was negligible. Pre-incubation of cells for 40 min in a 5-HTP-containing medium resulted in an elevation of the 5-HT content concomitantly with an increase in the radioresistance of FMA cells, where the DRF at 1 per cent was 1 x 8. In FM3A and B16-C2W cells such an effect was not observed. The same relationship between 5-HT content and radioresistance was also observed in FMA cells which were cultured in different densities or with reserpine. These results strongly suggest that the substance playing the main role in the induction of radioresistance in cells in vitro is the 5-HT that exists in the cells.", "contents": "Radioprotective effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on mammalian cells irradiated in vitro. The radioprotective effect in vitro of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (k-HTP) was studied with cultured mammalian cells of three cell lines: 5-HT-synthesizing FMA and 5-HT-non-synthesizing FM3A and B16-C2W. In these cells, the addition of 5-HT to the suspending medium induced only a weak protection or no protection at all. The increase in the 5-HT content of these cells at the time of irradiation was negligible. Pre-incubation of cells for 40 min in a 5-HTP-containing medium resulted in an elevation of the 5-HT content concomitantly with an increase in the radioresistance of FMA cells, where the DRF at 1 per cent was 1 x 8. In FM3A and B16-C2W cells such an effect was not observed. The same relationship between 5-HT content and radioresistance was also observed in FMA cells which were cultured in different densities or with reserpine. These results strongly suggest that the substance playing the main role in the induction of radioresistance in cells in vitro is the 5-HT that exists in the cells.", "PMID": 309445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2071", "title": "The r.b.e. of different-energy neutrons as determined by human bone-marrow cell-culture techniques.", "content": "The effect of X-rays and different-energy neutrons on human bone-marrow cells was studied using two different cell-culture techniques--diffusion chamber (DC) growth and colony formation in vitro (CFU-C). Based on the survival of proliferative granulocytes in DC on day 13, the D0 value was 80 rad with X-rays, and 117 rad as measured by the CFU-C assay. The D0 values for neutrons depended on the radiation source and the energy level. The r.b.e. values, which dropped with increasing energy levels of mono-energetic neutrons, were (i) 0.44 MeV; DC 3.7, CFU-C 4.1; (ii) 6 MeV; DC 1.8, CFU-C 2.0; (iii) 15 MeV; DC 1.6, CFU-C 1.6; (iv) fission neutrons; DC 2.6, CFU-C 2.4.", "contents": "The r.b.e. of different-energy neutrons as determined by human bone-marrow cell-culture techniques. The effect of X-rays and different-energy neutrons on human bone-marrow cells was studied using two different cell-culture techniques--diffusion chamber (DC) growth and colony formation in vitro (CFU-C). Based on the survival of proliferative granulocytes in DC on day 13, the D0 value was 80 rad with X-rays, and 117 rad as measured by the CFU-C assay. The D0 values for neutrons depended on the radiation source and the energy level. The r.b.e. values, which dropped with increasing energy levels of mono-energetic neutrons, were (i) 0.44 MeV; DC 3.7, CFU-C 4.1; (ii) 6 MeV; DC 1.8, CFU-C 2.0; (iii) 15 MeV; DC 1.6, CFU-C 1.6; (iv) fission neutrons; DC 2.6, CFU-C 2.4.", "PMID": 309448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2072", "title": "Photodynamic activity of dyes with different DNA binding properties I. free-radical induction in DNA.", "content": "The photosensitizing efficiencies of eight dyes have been compared; two acridines, two xanthene derivatives, one sulphur-containing dye and three chemotherapeutic agents. The analysed reaction was the photosensitized induction of free radicals in calf-thymus DNA at low temperature. The binding of these dyes to DNA was first measured. Both strong (process I) and weak (process II) binding, with different intensities, either alone or together, were observed as mode of fixation. Whatever the nature of their binding, all the dyes used revealed a photosensitizing power as inducers of peroxide radicals in DNA. Their relative efficiencies, expressed as a function of the amount of dye molecules bound to DNA, were found to be very different. Intercalation, however, appeared to favour the free-radical induction as the first strongly bound molecules were more efficient.", "contents": "Photodynamic activity of dyes with different DNA binding properties I. free-radical induction in DNA. The photosensitizing efficiencies of eight dyes have been compared; two acridines, two xanthene derivatives, one sulphur-containing dye and three chemotherapeutic agents. The analysed reaction was the photosensitized induction of free radicals in calf-thymus DNA at low temperature. The binding of these dyes to DNA was first measured. Both strong (process I) and weak (process II) binding, with different intensities, either alone or together, were observed as mode of fixation. Whatever the nature of their binding, all the dyes used revealed a photosensitizing power as inducers of peroxide radicals in DNA. Their relative efficiencies, expressed as a function of the amount of dye molecules bound to DNA, were found to be very different. Intercalation, however, appeared to favour the free-radical induction as the first strongly bound molecules were more efficient.", "PMID": 309449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2073", "title": "Photodynamic activity of dyes with different DNA binding properties II. T4 phage inactivation.", "content": "The photosensitizing efficiency of six dyes--proflavine, 9-aminoacridine, ethidium bromide, thiopyronine, pyronine and acridine red--have been compared on the basis of the inactivation of sensitized T4 phage caused by light irradiation. This reaction was only measurable after diffusion of the dye through the phage capsid and was not observed in the presence of either chloroquine or quinacrine; it followed a single-hit kinetics as a function of the irradiation time. With each dye, a double reciprocal plot of the inactivation constant versus the dye concentration present gave rise to a linear relationship. From this relation, parameters were deduced which expressed the relative photosensitizing efficiencies. Dye-binding to the phages was measured and the proflavine-mediated inactivation appeared to be related to the amount of strongly bound molecules. Such a conclusion could not be reached in the case of 9-aminoacridine and ethidium bromide, which were much less efficient photosensitizers than proflavine, but which were also strongly bound to the phages. Thiopyronine was weakly bound to the phages; it had, however, the highest photosensitizing activity observed. These results indicate that various mechanisms are involved when the phage photosensitization is due to one dye or another.", "contents": "Photodynamic activity of dyes with different DNA binding properties II. T4 phage inactivation. The photosensitizing efficiency of six dyes--proflavine, 9-aminoacridine, ethidium bromide, thiopyronine, pyronine and acridine red--have been compared on the basis of the inactivation of sensitized T4 phage caused by light irradiation. This reaction was only measurable after diffusion of the dye through the phage capsid and was not observed in the presence of either chloroquine or quinacrine; it followed a single-hit kinetics as a function of the irradiation time. With each dye, a double reciprocal plot of the inactivation constant versus the dye concentration present gave rise to a linear relationship. From this relation, parameters were deduced which expressed the relative photosensitizing efficiencies. Dye-binding to the phages was measured and the proflavine-mediated inactivation appeared to be related to the amount of strongly bound molecules. Such a conclusion could not be reached in the case of 9-aminoacridine and ethidium bromide, which were much less efficient photosensitizers than proflavine, but which were also strongly bound to the phages. Thiopyronine was weakly bound to the phages; it had, however, the highest photosensitizing activity observed. These results indicate that various mechanisms are involved when the phage photosensitization is due to one dye or another.", "PMID": 309450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2074", "title": "Thermal enhancement of the effectiveness of gamma radiation for induction of reproductive death in cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "The induction by gamma radiation of reproductive death in cultured cells derived from a rat ureter carcinoma (RUC-2) and from Chinese-hamster lung tissue (CH-V79) was shown to be enhanced by hyperthermic treatments at 41, 43 and 45 degrees C. The degree of enhancement was found to depend on the line of cells studied, the temperature employed and the level of damage considered. The influence of accumulating sublethal damage was decreased by hyperthermia, and the final slope of the radiation survival curve was increased. The degree of enhancement of lethal damage was found to depend on the time interval between the heat treatment and irradiation, especially at 41 degrees C.", "contents": "Thermal enhancement of the effectiveness of gamma radiation for induction of reproductive death in cultured mammalian cells. The induction by gamma radiation of reproductive death in cultured cells derived from a rat ureter carcinoma (RUC-2) and from Chinese-hamster lung tissue (CH-V79) was shown to be enhanced by hyperthermic treatments at 41, 43 and 45 degrees C. The degree of enhancement was found to depend on the line of cells studied, the temperature employed and the level of damage considered. The influence of accumulating sublethal damage was decreased by hyperthermia, and the final slope of the radiation survival curve was increased. The degree of enhancement of lethal damage was found to depend on the time interval between the heat treatment and irradiation, especially at 41 degrees C.", "PMID": 309451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2075", "title": "Interaction of ascorbate with the radioprotective effect of mercaptoethylamin. An exploratory study in mice, whole animals and cell cultures.", "content": "The injection of ascrobate together with cysteamine (beta-mercaptoethylamin or MEA) was shown to cause a partial reversion of the radioprotective action of MEA in mice, and simultaneously of the suppressive action of MEA on RNA synthesis in bone marrow cells. In mouse spleen lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A in vitro, MEA and ascorbate exhibited a strong antagonism, neutralizing each other's inhibitory action on RNA synthesis. The latter effect failed to appear after chelation of trace metals, and it is indicated that the ability of ascorbate to counteract the effects of MEA on radiosensitivity and metabolism requires the formation of oxidized products, probably monodehydroascorbate, in agreement with previous observations on bacteria.", "contents": "Interaction of ascorbate with the radioprotective effect of mercaptoethylamin. An exploratory study in mice, whole animals and cell cultures. The injection of ascrobate together with cysteamine (beta-mercaptoethylamin or MEA) was shown to cause a partial reversion of the radioprotective action of MEA in mice, and simultaneously of the suppressive action of MEA on RNA synthesis in bone marrow cells. In mouse spleen lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A in vitro, MEA and ascorbate exhibited a strong antagonism, neutralizing each other's inhibitory action on RNA synthesis. The latter effect failed to appear after chelation of trace metals, and it is indicated that the ability of ascorbate to counteract the effects of MEA on radiosensitivity and metabolism requires the formation of oxidized products, probably monodehydroascorbate, in agreement with previous observations on bacteria.", "PMID": 309452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2076", "title": "Late effects of successive massive doses of radiation on parabiont rat pairs.", "content": "Parabiosis of rats permits one partner to survive 1000 R X-radiation if the other is shielded. This dose to the previously shielded partner after intervals of 5, 10 or 30 days tests the ability of the first irradiated partner to recover and, in turn, support the second. The effectiveness of this can be measured by the late effects induced in the pair. Lifespan was shortened by 100--150 days following a 5-day interval, by 30 days following a 10-day interval and not shortened following a 30-day interval. The incidence of leukaemia was about 6 per cent in each group, close to that in control pairs. Shortening the interval between the irradiations decreased the average age of death from leukaemia. No solid lymphoid tumours were induced in the doubly irradiated pairs. The incidence of osteogenic sarcoma was 1.6 per cent in controls and 12.9 per cent in the pairs with both partners irradiated.", "contents": "Late effects of successive massive doses of radiation on parabiont rat pairs. Parabiosis of rats permits one partner to survive 1000 R X-radiation if the other is shielded. This dose to the previously shielded partner after intervals of 5, 10 or 30 days tests the ability of the first irradiated partner to recover and, in turn, support the second. The effectiveness of this can be measured by the late effects induced in the pair. Lifespan was shortened by 100--150 days following a 5-day interval, by 30 days following a 10-day interval and not shortened following a 30-day interval. The incidence of leukaemia was about 6 per cent in each group, close to that in control pairs. Shortening the interval between the irradiations decreased the average age of death from leukaemia. No solid lymphoid tumours were induced in the doubly irradiated pairs. The incidence of osteogenic sarcoma was 1.6 per cent in controls and 12.9 per cent in the pairs with both partners irradiated.", "PMID": 309453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2077", "title": "The effect of ubiquinone-7 and its metabolites on the immune response. IV. Chemical structure-adjuvant activity relationship of quinonyl derivatives on humoral immune response.", "content": "The effects of the emulsion of quinonyl acids (QS-n, ES-n, KS-n) and related compounds (QSA-n) in Freund's incomplete adjuvant on the humoral immune response to bacterial alpha-amylase were assayed, and their structure-adjuvant activity relationships were discussed. All the quinonyl acids tested (500 microgram/mouse) enhanced the humoral immune response two to seven times as much as that of the control group, five weeks after immunization. 3'-Methyl and 2', 3'-double bond in the carboxy side chains of ubiquinone metabolites (Q acid-I, -II) were not essential for the adjuvant activity. The conversion of methoxyls on the quinone ring into methyls, and that of benzoquinone into phenol also did not affect the activity, but the activity seemed to depend on the carbon number of the carboxy side chain, and the prominent adjuvant activity was observed in the carboxylates having the carboxyalkyl chain of five to seven carbons. High doses (1 or 5 mg/mouse) of ubiquinone-7 and -2 enhanced the humoral immune response two to three times as much as that of the control group, and quinonyl alcohols (QSA-n) enhanced that with low dose (500 microgram/mouse).", "contents": "The effect of ubiquinone-7 and its metabolites on the immune response. IV. Chemical structure-adjuvant activity relationship of quinonyl derivatives on humoral immune response. The effects of the emulsion of quinonyl acids (QS-n, ES-n, KS-n) and related compounds (QSA-n) in Freund's incomplete adjuvant on the humoral immune response to bacterial alpha-amylase were assayed, and their structure-adjuvant activity relationships were discussed. All the quinonyl acids tested (500 microgram/mouse) enhanced the humoral immune response two to seven times as much as that of the control group, five weeks after immunization. 3'-Methyl and 2', 3'-double bond in the carboxy side chains of ubiquinone metabolites (Q acid-I, -II) were not essential for the adjuvant activity. The conversion of methoxyls on the quinone ring into methyls, and that of benzoquinone into phenol also did not affect the activity, but the activity seemed to depend on the carbon number of the carboxy side chain, and the prominent adjuvant activity was observed in the carboxylates having the carboxyalkyl chain of five to seven carbons. High doses (1 or 5 mg/mouse) of ubiquinone-7 and -2 enhanced the humoral immune response two to three times as much as that of the control group, and quinonyl alcohols (QSA-n) enhanced that with low dose (500 microgram/mouse).", "PMID": 309457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2078", "title": "[Giant hypertrophy of the gastric antrum (localized Menetrier's disease) as a cause of recurrent intestinal hemorrhage].", "content": "A case of discrete, localised Morbus M\u00e9n\u00e9trier is reported, with pitting of a giant mucosal fold at the antrum, where the patients' main symptom was recurrent gastric haemorrhage. The presentation posed considerable diagnostic difficulties that were only clarified through a partial gastric resection and subsequent histological examination.", "contents": "[Giant hypertrophy of the gastric antrum (localized Menetrier's disease) as a cause of recurrent intestinal hemorrhage]. A case of discrete, localised Morbus M\u00e9n\u00e9trier is reported, with pitting of a giant mucosal fold at the antrum, where the patients' main symptom was recurrent gastric haemorrhage. The presentation posed considerable diagnostic difficulties that were only clarified through a partial gastric resection and subsequent histological examination.", "PMID": 309460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2079", "title": "[Azygoportal interruption, fundoplication and vagotomy in hemorrhagic esophageal varices].", "content": "A vascular interruption to the azygoportal zone, achieved by devascularisation about the cardia and a closed transmural ligation of the varices is described, which is combined with a simultaneous truncal vagotomy, pyloroplasty procedure and a fundoplication. This fourfold method combats the bleeding varices at several points: a direct disruption of vascular paths, haemodynamic control, reduced influence of peptic factors, the management of coincident ulcer pathology and the prevention of gastro-oesophageal reflux. The results from 5 patients are encouraging. This abdominal operation is swift, comparatively atraumatic and may be undertaken in emergency cases and in at-risk patients on an elective basis.", "contents": "[Azygoportal interruption, fundoplication and vagotomy in hemorrhagic esophageal varices]. A vascular interruption to the azygoportal zone, achieved by devascularisation about the cardia and a closed transmural ligation of the varices is described, which is combined with a simultaneous truncal vagotomy, pyloroplasty procedure and a fundoplication. This fourfold method combats the bleeding varices at several points: a direct disruption of vascular paths, haemodynamic control, reduced influence of peptic factors, the management of coincident ulcer pathology and the prevention of gastro-oesophageal reflux. The results from 5 patients are encouraging. This abdominal operation is swift, comparatively atraumatic and may be undertaken in emergency cases and in at-risk patients on an elective basis.", "PMID": 309462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2080", "title": "Immune status in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Observations in 67 cases.", "content": "67 children affected with acute lympocytic leukemia were immunologically evaluated for lymphocytic markers, serum immunoglobulins and delayed hypersensitivity skin tests at the onset, in remission and after cessation of therapy. E, EA rosettes and surface Ig assayed significantly lower in leukemic children than in matched controls, except for three cases of T-cell leukemia in which E rosettes were very high. After cessation of therapy almost normal results were obtained. As for serum Ig, the only abnormal finding was that of low IgM during therapy. The skin tests with Varidase, Candidine, Mumps antigen and DNCB were not significantly different at onset and in remission. As for DNCB test, the negative responses at onset often became positive in remission, but only when the test was performed before any treatment (anamnestic-like response?). One of the three patients with T-cell leukemia relapsed after 8 months: strangely enough, no surface marker could be detected on that occasion. We could not find any relationship between various immunological tests, or between these tests and prognosis; chemotherapy proved active in suppressing cellular immunity, especially the primary cellular response.", "contents": "Immune status in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Observations in 67 cases. 67 children affected with acute lympocytic leukemia were immunologically evaluated for lymphocytic markers, serum immunoglobulins and delayed hypersensitivity skin tests at the onset, in remission and after cessation of therapy. E, EA rosettes and surface Ig assayed significantly lower in leukemic children than in matched controls, except for three cases of T-cell leukemia in which E rosettes were very high. After cessation of therapy almost normal results were obtained. As for serum Ig, the only abnormal finding was that of low IgM during therapy. The skin tests with Varidase, Candidine, Mumps antigen and DNCB were not significantly different at onset and in remission. As for DNCB test, the negative responses at onset often became positive in remission, but only when the test was performed before any treatment (anamnestic-like response?). One of the three patients with T-cell leukemia relapsed after 8 months: strangely enough, no surface marker could be detected on that occasion. We could not find any relationship between various immunological tests, or between these tests and prognosis; chemotherapy proved active in suppressing cellular immunity, especially the primary cellular response.", "PMID": 309463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2081", "title": "[Juvenile Sharp syndrome (mixed connective tissue disease)].", "content": "Five children with Sharp syndrome are described presenting a non-erosive polyarthritis, hand and finger swelling, Raynaud phenomenon, myositis, dermatomyositis or SLE-like rash. Characteristic laboratory findings are, apart from elevated sedimentation rate, anemia and leucopenia, high titer IgM rheumatoid factors and antinuclear antibodies (ANA). The latter show speckled pattern, contain IgG, bind complement components and are directed against ribonuclease-sensitive nuclear antigens. All patients have antibodies against the so-called extractable nuclear antigens (Anti-ENA) and antibodies against ribonucleoproteins (Anti-RNP). Since children with Sharp syndrome rarely show renal or cerebral involvement, the prognosis seems to be fairly good.", "contents": "[Juvenile Sharp syndrome (mixed connective tissue disease)]. Five children with Sharp syndrome are described presenting a non-erosive polyarthritis, hand and finger swelling, Raynaud phenomenon, myositis, dermatomyositis or SLE-like rash. Characteristic laboratory findings are, apart from elevated sedimentation rate, anemia and leucopenia, high titer IgM rheumatoid factors and antinuclear antibodies (ANA). The latter show speckled pattern, contain IgG, bind complement components and are directed against ribonuclease-sensitive nuclear antigens. All patients have antibodies against the so-called extractable nuclear antigens (Anti-ENA) and antibodies against ribonucleoproteins (Anti-RNP). Since children with Sharp syndrome rarely show renal or cerebral involvement, the prognosis seems to be fairly good.", "PMID": 309464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2082", "title": "Comparison, by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, of chromatophores, spheroplast-derived membrane vesicles, and whole cells of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "By using freeze-fracture electron microscopy, chromatophores and spheroplast-derived membrane vesicles from photosynthetically grown Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were compared with cytoplasmic membrane and intracellular vesicles of whole cells. In whole cells, the extracellular fracture faces of both cytoplasmic membrane and vesicles contained particles of 11-nm diameter at a density of about 5 particles per 10(4) nm2. The protoplasmic fracture faces contained particles of 11 to 12-nm diameter at a density of 14.6 particles per 10(4) nm2 on the cytoplasmic membrane and a density of 31.3 particles per 10(4) nm2 on the vesicle membranes. The spheroplast-derived membrane fraction consisted of large vesicles of irregular shape and varied size, often enclosing other vesicles. Sixty-six percent of the spheroplast-derived vesicles were oriented in the opposite way from the intracellular vesicle membranes of whole cells. Eighty percent of the total vesicle surface area that was exposed to the external medium (unenclosed vesicles) showed this opposite orientation. The chromatophore fractions contained spherical vesicles of uniform size approximately equal to the size of the vesicles in whole cells. The majority (79%) of the chromatophores purified on sucrose gradients were oriented in the same way as vesicles in whole cells, whereas after agarose filtration almost all (97%) were oriented in this way. Thus, on the basis of morphological criteria, most spheroplast-derived vesicles were oriented oppositely from most chromatophores.", "contents": "Comparison, by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, of chromatophores, spheroplast-derived membrane vesicles, and whole cells of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. By using freeze-fracture electron microscopy, chromatophores and spheroplast-derived membrane vesicles from photosynthetically grown Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were compared with cytoplasmic membrane and intracellular vesicles of whole cells. In whole cells, the extracellular fracture faces of both cytoplasmic membrane and vesicles contained particles of 11-nm diameter at a density of about 5 particles per 10(4) nm2. The protoplasmic fracture faces contained particles of 11 to 12-nm diameter at a density of 14.6 particles per 10(4) nm2 on the cytoplasmic membrane and a density of 31.3 particles per 10(4) nm2 on the vesicle membranes. The spheroplast-derived membrane fraction consisted of large vesicles of irregular shape and varied size, often enclosing other vesicles. Sixty-six percent of the spheroplast-derived vesicles were oriented in the opposite way from the intracellular vesicle membranes of whole cells. Eighty percent of the total vesicle surface area that was exposed to the external medium (unenclosed vesicles) showed this opposite orientation. The chromatophore fractions contained spherical vesicles of uniform size approximately equal to the size of the vesicles in whole cells. The majority (79%) of the chromatophores purified on sucrose gradients were oriented in the same way as vesicles in whole cells, whereas after agarose filtration almost all (97%) were oriented in this way. Thus, on the basis of morphological criteria, most spheroplast-derived vesicles were oriented oppositely from most chromatophores.", "PMID": 309467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2083", "title": "Studies on the substrate specificity of Taka-amylase A1. XIV. Preparation of 6-deoxy-6-halogenomaltotrioses and their hydrolysis by Taka-amylase A.", "content": "1. O-6-Deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose, O-6-chloro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose, O-6-bromo-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose, and O-6-deoxy-6-iodo-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose were prepared, taking advantage of the substrate specificities of Taka-amylase A and glucoamylase, and the action of Taka-amylase A on these substrates was investigated. 2. The Michaelis constant Km and the molecular activity ko were determined at 37 degrees C and pH 5.2 using the modified maltotrioses. The values of Km and ko decreased upon modification of maltotriose and those of ko/Km were in agreement with the comparative initial rates for the corresponding derivatives of phenyl alpha-maltoside at low substrate concentrations. This result suggested that a subsite of the enzyme may have a specific interaction with halogen atoms in the substrate. 3. All halogenomaltotrioses examined showed substrate inhibition at high substrate concentrations.", "contents": "Studies on the substrate specificity of Taka-amylase A1. XIV. Preparation of 6-deoxy-6-halogenomaltotrioses and their hydrolysis by Taka-amylase A. 1. O-6-Deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose, O-6-chloro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose, O-6-bromo-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose, and O-6-deoxy-6-iodo-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-glucopyranose were prepared, taking advantage of the substrate specificities of Taka-amylase A and glucoamylase, and the action of Taka-amylase A on these substrates was investigated. 2. The Michaelis constant Km and the molecular activity ko were determined at 37 degrees C and pH 5.2 using the modified maltotrioses. The values of Km and ko decreased upon modification of maltotriose and those of ko/Km were in agreement with the comparative initial rates for the corresponding derivatives of phenyl alpha-maltoside at low substrate concentrations. This result suggested that a subsite of the enzyme may have a specific interaction with halogen atoms in the substrate. 3. All halogenomaltotrioses examined showed substrate inhibition at high substrate concentrations.", "PMID": 309468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2084", "title": "Purification and some properties of two proteinases from Crotalus adamanteus venom that inactivate human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor.", "content": "Two proteinases (proteinases I and II) have been purified from Crotalus adamanteus venom to the stage of electrophoretic homogeneity and proteinase II has been crystallized. The proteinase differ slightly in molecular weight and amino acid composition. Both are metalloenzymes requiring Zn2+ or Ca2+, or both; neither requires thiol compounds for activation. The proteinases are free of esterolytic activity against benzoly-L-arginine ethyl ester and benzoyl--tyrosine ethyl ester. Proteinase II cleaves the oxidized B chain of insulin at the bonds Phe1-Val2, His5-Leu6, His10-Leu11, Ala14-Leu15, Leu15-Tyr16, and Tyr-16-Leu17. Digestion of polylsine and polyarginine by proteinase II liberates products ranging from dodecapeptides to hexapeptides. Proteinases I and II catalytically inactive human plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (54,000 daltons). Electrophoretic analysis of the reaction of proteinase II with alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor reveals that an inactivated inhibitor species of 50,000 daltons is formed, and a peptide of 4,000 daltons is released. The gradual disappearance of the native inhibitor results in the corresponding loss of inhibitory activity against trypsin and chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of two proteinases from Crotalus adamanteus venom that inactivate human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. Two proteinases (proteinases I and II) have been purified from Crotalus adamanteus venom to the stage of electrophoretic homogeneity and proteinase II has been crystallized. The proteinase differ slightly in molecular weight and amino acid composition. Both are metalloenzymes requiring Zn2+ or Ca2+, or both; neither requires thiol compounds for activation. The proteinases are free of esterolytic activity against benzoly-L-arginine ethyl ester and benzoyl--tyrosine ethyl ester. Proteinase II cleaves the oxidized B chain of insulin at the bonds Phe1-Val2, His5-Leu6, His10-Leu11, Ala14-Leu15, Leu15-Tyr16, and Tyr-16-Leu17. Digestion of polylsine and polyarginine by proteinase II liberates products ranging from dodecapeptides to hexapeptides. Proteinases I and II catalytically inactive human plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (54,000 daltons). Electrophoretic analysis of the reaction of proteinase II with alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor reveals that an inactivated inhibitor species of 50,000 daltons is formed, and a peptide of 4,000 daltons is released. The gradual disappearance of the native inhibitor results in the corresponding loss of inhibitory activity against trypsin and chymotrypsin.", "PMID": 309470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2085", "title": "The participation of a second molecule of adrenodoxin in cytochrome P-450-catalyzed 11beta hydroxylation.", "content": "We have utilized 11beta-hydroxylase activity and visible absorption spectrophotometry to detect possible complex formation among adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome P-450(11)beta. At low ionic strength, a 1:1 complex between adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin occurs but does not support maximal rates of 11beta hydroxylation; at least 1 additional molecule of adrenodoxin in excess of the 1:1 complex is required for full hydroxylase activity. Spectrophotometric titration of a mixture of adrenodoxin reductase and cytochrome P-450(11)beta with adrenodoxin indicates sequential formation of 1:1 complexes between adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin and then between a second adrenodoxin and cytochrome P-450(11beta; the adrenodoxin-cytochrome P-450(11)beta complex is only detectable when the concentration of adrenodoxin exceeds that of adrenodoxin reductase.", "contents": "The participation of a second molecule of adrenodoxin in cytochrome P-450-catalyzed 11beta hydroxylation. We have utilized 11beta-hydroxylase activity and visible absorption spectrophotometry to detect possible complex formation among adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome P-450(11)beta. At low ionic strength, a 1:1 complex between adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin occurs but does not support maximal rates of 11beta hydroxylation; at least 1 additional molecule of adrenodoxin in excess of the 1:1 complex is required for full hydroxylase activity. Spectrophotometric titration of a mixture of adrenodoxin reductase and cytochrome P-450(11)beta with adrenodoxin indicates sequential formation of 1:1 complexes between adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin and then between a second adrenodoxin and cytochrome P-450(11beta; the adrenodoxin-cytochrome P-450(11)beta complex is only detectable when the concentration of adrenodoxin exceeds that of adrenodoxin reductase.", "PMID": 309471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2086", "title": "Interaction of platelet membrane receptors with von Willebrand factor, ristocetin, and the Fc region of immunoglobulin G.", "content": "The agglutination of human platelets by ristocetin and von Willebrand factor was inhibited by aggregated immunoglobulin (Ig)G and by Fc fragments of IgG, but not by Fab, F(ab')(2) or pFc fragments of IgG. Because this inhibition occurred with formalin-fixed platelets as well as with normal platelets, a generalized aggregation of fluid membrane components by Fc fragments was not responsible for this inhibition of ristocetin and von Willebrand factor-induced agglutination. Reciprocal inhibition of platelet Fc receptors was produced by prior incubation of platelets with von Willebrand factor and ristocetin. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies demonstrated that aggregated IgG did not form fluid-phase complexes with von Willebrand factor and ristocetin. Furthermore, passage of von Willebrand factor and ristocetin through a column of immobilized heat-aggregated IgG did not alter platelet agglutinating activity which indicates that aggregated IgG did not inactivate von Willebrand factor or ristocetin. Thus, it was likely that the IgG-mediated interference with platelet agglutination by ristocetin and von Willebrand factor did not occur in the fluid phase but at the platelet surface. These studies suggest that the platelet membrane Fc receptor may be either a part of, or sterically related to, the membrane glycoprotein I complex that interacts with von Willebrand factor, and that occupation of one of these surface components blocks the availability of the other.", "contents": "Interaction of platelet membrane receptors with von Willebrand factor, ristocetin, and the Fc region of immunoglobulin G. The agglutination of human platelets by ristocetin and von Willebrand factor was inhibited by aggregated immunoglobulin (Ig)G and by Fc fragments of IgG, but not by Fab, F(ab')(2) or pFc fragments of IgG. Because this inhibition occurred with formalin-fixed platelets as well as with normal platelets, a generalized aggregation of fluid membrane components by Fc fragments was not responsible for this inhibition of ristocetin and von Willebrand factor-induced agglutination. Reciprocal inhibition of platelet Fc receptors was produced by prior incubation of platelets with von Willebrand factor and ristocetin. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies demonstrated that aggregated IgG did not form fluid-phase complexes with von Willebrand factor and ristocetin. Furthermore, passage of von Willebrand factor and ristocetin through a column of immobilized heat-aggregated IgG did not alter platelet agglutinating activity which indicates that aggregated IgG did not inactivate von Willebrand factor or ristocetin. Thus, it was likely that the IgG-mediated interference with platelet agglutination by ristocetin and von Willebrand factor did not occur in the fluid phase but at the platelet surface. These studies suggest that the platelet membrane Fc receptor may be either a part of, or sterically related to, the membrane glycoprotein I complex that interacts with von Willebrand factor, and that occupation of one of these surface components blocks the availability of the other.", "PMID": 309473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2087", "title": "A direct binding assay for rheumatoid factor serum antiglobulins using fluorescein-labelled Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin-G.", "content": "A simple routine method is described for the quantitation of antiglobulin (rheumatoid factor) in human serum irrespective of its immunoglobulin class. Papain Fc fragment of human IgG is labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and incubated with the serum. Bound Fc is separated from free Fc by precipitation with polyethylene glycol and measured by the fluorescence of the precipitate. Results are expressed as a percentage of the binding obtained with a normal pool serum. About 60% of seronegative rheumatoid sera and 96% of seropositive rheumatoid sera gave results more than 2SD above the mean value for normal sera. Only 17% of osteoarthritis sera gave positive results by the same criterion. A relationship is also deduced to show that if the test is carried out at a number of Fc concentrations a double reciprocal plot of bound Fc against free Fc enables both the total antiglobulin and the ratio of binding constants of antiglobulin for Fc and for IgG to be calculated. This ratio is approximately unity. Under the standard conditions the results correspond to a measurement of approximately 30% of the total antiglobulins present.", "contents": "A direct binding assay for rheumatoid factor serum antiglobulins using fluorescein-labelled Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin-G. A simple routine method is described for the quantitation of antiglobulin (rheumatoid factor) in human serum irrespective of its immunoglobulin class. Papain Fc fragment of human IgG is labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and incubated with the serum. Bound Fc is separated from free Fc by precipitation with polyethylene glycol and measured by the fluorescence of the precipitate. Results are expressed as a percentage of the binding obtained with a normal pool serum. About 60% of seronegative rheumatoid sera and 96% of seropositive rheumatoid sera gave results more than 2SD above the mean value for normal sera. Only 17% of osteoarthritis sera gave positive results by the same criterion. A relationship is also deduced to show that if the test is carried out at a number of Fc concentrations a double reciprocal plot of bound Fc against free Fc enables both the total antiglobulin and the ratio of binding constants of antiglobulin for Fc and for IgG to be calculated. This ratio is approximately unity. Under the standard conditions the results correspond to a measurement of approximately 30% of the total antiglobulins present.", "PMID": 309474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2088", "title": "Decreased serum thymic factor activity in asthmatic children.", "content": "Serum thymic factor (STF) activity was assayed in 26 young asthmatic patients and in 20 age-and sex-matched controls, in view of the increasing importance attributed to this thymic product in regulating several immune mechanisms. Determinations of total and specific IgE and of other immunoglobulins and skin tests were also performed. Decreased STF activity and high total and specific IgE concentrations were observed in the majority of asthmatic patients. In controls, STF activity was within normal limits in all cases and total and specific IgE concentrations were increased only on one case. The decreased STF activity may be responsible for a possible impairment of cell-mediated immunity and for the increased stimulation of the reaginic system observed in asthmatic patients, via its effects on some T cell subpopulation, namely, suppressor T lymphocytes, which seem particularly sensitive to STF variations. On the basis of these data and of the results of our study, a possible, although speculative, correlation between reduced STF activity and high IgE concentrations in asthmatic patients may be postulated. The reported increased occurrence of autoimmune phenomena in asthmatic patients is in agreement with the hypothesis of a STF-mediated suppressor T-lymphocyte quantitative and/or qualitative defect in this disease.", "contents": "Decreased serum thymic factor activity in asthmatic children. Serum thymic factor (STF) activity was assayed in 26 young asthmatic patients and in 20 age-and sex-matched controls, in view of the increasing importance attributed to this thymic product in regulating several immune mechanisms. Determinations of total and specific IgE and of other immunoglobulins and skin tests were also performed. Decreased STF activity and high total and specific IgE concentrations were observed in the majority of asthmatic patients. In controls, STF activity was within normal limits in all cases and total and specific IgE concentrations were increased only on one case. The decreased STF activity may be responsible for a possible impairment of cell-mediated immunity and for the increased stimulation of the reaginic system observed in asthmatic patients, via its effects on some T cell subpopulation, namely, suppressor T lymphocytes, which seem particularly sensitive to STF variations. On the basis of these data and of the results of our study, a possible, although speculative, correlation between reduced STF activity and high IgE concentrations in asthmatic patients may be postulated. The reported increased occurrence of autoimmune phenomena in asthmatic patients is in agreement with the hypothesis of a STF-mediated suppressor T-lymphocyte quantitative and/or qualitative defect in this disease.", "PMID": 309476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2089", "title": "Cytotoxic T lymphocyte sequential killing of immobilized allogeneic tumor target cells measured by time-lapse microcinematography.", "content": "Sequential killing of allogeneic target cells by immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was directly observed by time-lapse microcinematography. Target cells (EL4 lymphoma cells from C56BL/6 mice), coated with Fab fragments of goat antibody to EL4, were immobilized by binding to the floor of a polystyrene tissue culture flask that had been precoated with specifically purified anti-goat Fab. On adding immune BALB/c spleen CTL to such target cell monolayers it could be verified by direct observation that individual CTL could sequentially kill several target cells, that the CTL usually separated from the target cell before target cell death, that not all contacted target cells were killed, and that duration of contact was variable and not correlated with subsequent target cell death.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T lymphocyte sequential killing of immobilized allogeneic tumor target cells measured by time-lapse microcinematography. Sequential killing of allogeneic target cells by immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was directly observed by time-lapse microcinematography. Target cells (EL4 lymphoma cells from C56BL/6 mice), coated with Fab fragments of goat antibody to EL4, were immobilized by binding to the floor of a polystyrene tissue culture flask that had been precoated with specifically purified anti-goat Fab. On adding immune BALB/c spleen CTL to such target cell monolayers it could be verified by direct observation that individual CTL could sequentially kill several target cells, that the CTL usually separated from the target cell before target cell death, that not all contacted target cells were killed, and that duration of contact was variable and not correlated with subsequent target cell death.", "PMID": 309477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2090", "title": "Tumor-associated antigens of rat moloney sarcoma cells. II. Cytosol antigens.", "content": "Rat Moloney sarcoma cells (MST) were pulsed with 35S-L-methionine for 10 and 60 min and lysed by vortexing in 0.5% deoxycholate, 0.5% NP40, 0.02 M Tris, 0.05 M NaCl, pH 7.5, for 30 sec. The lysate was centrifuged at 16,300 X G for 10 min and the supernatant was co-precipitated with Ig fractions of normal BN serum, normal Lewis serum, BN antiserum to Moloney sarcoma cells (BNaMST), BN antiserum to tumor-associated antigens (BNaTAA), BN antiserum to murine leukemia virus (BNaMuLV), BN antiserum to p30 (BNap30), BN antiserum to gp70 (BNagp70), Lewis antiserum to BN (LeaBN), and BN antiserum to BC5 tumor (BNaBC5). With BNaTAA and BNaMST, a cytoplasmic TAA with m.w. 85,000 was detected. In addition, BNaTAA detected three other species of cytoplasmic TAA with m.w. 220,000, 170,000 and 39,000.", "contents": "Tumor-associated antigens of rat moloney sarcoma cells. II. Cytosol antigens. Rat Moloney sarcoma cells (MST) were pulsed with 35S-L-methionine for 10 and 60 min and lysed by vortexing in 0.5% deoxycholate, 0.5% NP40, 0.02 M Tris, 0.05 M NaCl, pH 7.5, for 30 sec. The lysate was centrifuged at 16,300 X G for 10 min and the supernatant was co-precipitated with Ig fractions of normal BN serum, normal Lewis serum, BN antiserum to Moloney sarcoma cells (BNaMST), BN antiserum to tumor-associated antigens (BNaTAA), BN antiserum to murine leukemia virus (BNaMuLV), BN antiserum to p30 (BNap30), BN antiserum to gp70 (BNagp70), Lewis antiserum to BN (LeaBN), and BN antiserum to BC5 tumor (BNaBC5). With BNaTAA and BNaMST, a cytoplasmic TAA with m.w. 85,000 was detected. In addition, BNaTAA detected three other species of cytoplasmic TAA with m.w. 220,000, 170,000 and 39,000.", "PMID": 309482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2091", "title": "Identification and cytotoxic reactivity of inflammatory cells recovered from progressing or regressing syngeneic UV-induced murine tumors.", "content": "Most tumors induced in C3H mice by ultraviolet (UV) light are immunologically rejected by normal syngeneic recipients, but will grow progressively in immunosuppressed mice and in mice treated with UV light. In this study we compared the composition and cytotoxic activity of the inflammatory cell infiltrate from tumors transplanted into syngeneic UV-irradiated or unirradiated mice. Tumor fragments were implanted in either normal (regressor) or UV-treated (progressor) mice, and removed on various days after implantation and mechanically dissociated. The cells were examined by immunofluorescence for theta and immunoglobulin markers, stained for morphologic examination, and tested for cytotoxicity against the tumor. No significant differences were noted in numbers of macrophages, granulocytes, or B cells recovered from progressing or regressing tumors on day 6, the time of greatest activity. However, the numbers of T cells recovered from tumor fragments implanted in normal mice was approximately 3-fold that recovered from tumor fragments implanted in UV-treated mice. Lymphocytes recovered from regressing tumor fragments were specifically cytotoxic for that tumor in a microcytotoxicity test; those from progressing tumor fragments were not cytotoxic.", "contents": "Identification and cytotoxic reactivity of inflammatory cells recovered from progressing or regressing syngeneic UV-induced murine tumors. Most tumors induced in C3H mice by ultraviolet (UV) light are immunologically rejected by normal syngeneic recipients, but will grow progressively in immunosuppressed mice and in mice treated with UV light. In this study we compared the composition and cytotoxic activity of the inflammatory cell infiltrate from tumors transplanted into syngeneic UV-irradiated or unirradiated mice. Tumor fragments were implanted in either normal (regressor) or UV-treated (progressor) mice, and removed on various days after implantation and mechanically dissociated. The cells were examined by immunofluorescence for theta and immunoglobulin markers, stained for morphologic examination, and tested for cytotoxicity against the tumor. No significant differences were noted in numbers of macrophages, granulocytes, or B cells recovered from progressing or regressing tumors on day 6, the time of greatest activity. However, the numbers of T cells recovered from tumor fragments implanted in normal mice was approximately 3-fold that recovered from tumor fragments implanted in UV-treated mice. Lymphocytes recovered from regressing tumor fragments were specifically cytotoxic for that tumor in a microcytotoxicity test; those from progressing tumor fragments were not cytotoxic.", "PMID": 309483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2092", "title": "In vitro growth of murine T cells. I. Production of factors necessary for T cell growth.", "content": "Supernatants of murine lymphoid cultures stimulated with Concanavalin A contain factor(s) capable of sustaining continuous growth of murine lymphoid cells in vitro. Methods for the optimal generation of these growth factors (GM) have been defined, including number of cells required, optimal concentration of Concanavalin A, incubation time, and strain differences in GM production. With GM, cells have been grown for over 15 10-fold generations over a 2-month period. The growing cells express the theta surface marker and do not express surface Ia antigens.", "contents": "In vitro growth of murine T cells. I. Production of factors necessary for T cell growth. Supernatants of murine lymphoid cultures stimulated with Concanavalin A contain factor(s) capable of sustaining continuous growth of murine lymphoid cells in vitro. Methods for the optimal generation of these growth factors (GM) have been defined, including number of cells required, optimal concentration of Concanavalin A, incubation time, and strain differences in GM production. With GM, cells have been grown for over 15 10-fold generations over a 2-month period. The growing cells express the theta surface marker and do not express surface Ia antigens.", "PMID": 309484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2093", "title": "In vitro growth of murine T cells. II. Growth of in vitro sensitized cells cytotoxic for alloantigens.", "content": "Growth factors (GM), produced by murine lymphoid cells incubated with Concanavalin A, have been used to grow cytotoxic lymphoid cells in culture. C57BL/6 and DBA/2 lymphoid cells were sensitized against each other in primary, secondary, and tertiary in vitro cultures. These sensitized cells were grown in vitro in GM and retained their cytotoxic properties. Cells grew in culture about 10-fold every 5 to 7 days for over 2 months. Initial growth of cytotoxic cells in GM resulted in marked enhancement of specific cytotoxicity that returned to original levels after subsequent subcultures. After five 10-fold cell culture generations some nonspecific cytotoxicity directed against the responding target cell strain appeared in continuous cultures. This technique for growing large numbers of cytotoxic cells may be of value in the development of adoptive immunotherapies.", "contents": "In vitro growth of murine T cells. II. Growth of in vitro sensitized cells cytotoxic for alloantigens. Growth factors (GM), produced by murine lymphoid cells incubated with Concanavalin A, have been used to grow cytotoxic lymphoid cells in culture. C57BL/6 and DBA/2 lymphoid cells were sensitized against each other in primary, secondary, and tertiary in vitro cultures. These sensitized cells were grown in vitro in GM and retained their cytotoxic properties. Cells grew in culture about 10-fold every 5 to 7 days for over 2 months. Initial growth of cytotoxic cells in GM resulted in marked enhancement of specific cytotoxicity that returned to original levels after subsequent subcultures. After five 10-fold cell culture generations some nonspecific cytotoxicity directed against the responding target cell strain appeared in continuous cultures. This technique for growing large numbers of cytotoxic cells may be of value in the development of adoptive immunotherapies.", "PMID": 309485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2094", "title": "Enhancement of T cell cytotoxic responses by purified human fibroblast interferon.", "content": "Purified polyribonucleotide-induced human fibroblast interferon (HFIF) was tested for its effects on proliferative and cytotoxic human T cell responses to alloantigens. The addition of HFIF (100 to 400 IFU/ml) to mixed leukocyte cultures decreased alloantigen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses as determined by both recovery of responding cells and by 3H-thymidine incorporation into responding cells. However, HFIF, but not the mock interferon preparation, increased the cytotoxic response of T cells to allogeneic cells by 4- to 5-fold when expressed in terms of lytic units. Although fibroblast and leukocyte interferons have different physicochemical and biologic properties, the results reported here are in concert with previous findings concerning the effects of virus-induced leukocyte interferon on human T cell functions.", "contents": "Enhancement of T cell cytotoxic responses by purified human fibroblast interferon. Purified polyribonucleotide-induced human fibroblast interferon (HFIF) was tested for its effects on proliferative and cytotoxic human T cell responses to alloantigens. The addition of HFIF (100 to 400 IFU/ml) to mixed leukocyte cultures decreased alloantigen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses as determined by both recovery of responding cells and by 3H-thymidine incorporation into responding cells. However, HFIF, but not the mock interferon preparation, increased the cytotoxic response of T cells to allogeneic cells by 4- to 5-fold when expressed in terms of lytic units. Although fibroblast and leukocyte interferons have different physicochemical and biologic properties, the results reported here are in concert with previous findings concerning the effects of virus-induced leukocyte interferon on human T cell functions.", "PMID": 309487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2095", "title": "Types of cells involved in antigen-stimulated and spontaneous rosette formation with Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Antigen-binding cells were identified by using rosette formation of Toxoplasma gondii and defined lymphoid populations under different experimental conditions. Treatment of immunized spleen cell suspensions with anti-Thy 1 serum plus complement inhibited 5 to 29% of the rosette-forming cells (RFC). Higher numbers of thymus-derived lymphocyte-RFC were obtained after incubation at 4 degrees C and by the centrifugation method than by simple incubation at 20 degrees C. RFC were also observed with thymocytes. Combined treatment with anti-Thy 1 serum plus complement and depletion of adherent cells indicated that the major proportion, 46 to 70%, of RFC were B cells. Spleenocytes of nu/nu mice formed similarly high numbers of rosettes. Spontaneous RFC were observed in nonimmunized mice with both spleen and thymus populations. Numbers of rosettes varied considerably depending on the method and the source of cell population used. Removal of adherent cells from spleen suspensions resulted in RFC reduction of 14 to 25% in immunized and 14 to 33% in nonimmunized animals. Pretreatment with anti-mouse immunoglobulin inhibited completely the spleen and spontaneous thymus RFC and partially the thymus RFC in immunized animals.", "contents": "Types of cells involved in antigen-stimulated and spontaneous rosette formation with Toxoplasma gondii. Antigen-binding cells were identified by using rosette formation of Toxoplasma gondii and defined lymphoid populations under different experimental conditions. Treatment of immunized spleen cell suspensions with anti-Thy 1 serum plus complement inhibited 5 to 29% of the rosette-forming cells (RFC). Higher numbers of thymus-derived lymphocyte-RFC were obtained after incubation at 4 degrees C and by the centrifugation method than by simple incubation at 20 degrees C. RFC were also observed with thymocytes. Combined treatment with anti-Thy 1 serum plus complement and depletion of adherent cells indicated that the major proportion, 46 to 70%, of RFC were B cells. Spleenocytes of nu/nu mice formed similarly high numbers of rosettes. Spontaneous RFC were observed in nonimmunized mice with both spleen and thymus populations. Numbers of rosettes varied considerably depending on the method and the source of cell population used. Removal of adherent cells from spleen suspensions resulted in RFC reduction of 14 to 25% in immunized and 14 to 33% in nonimmunized animals. Pretreatment with anti-mouse immunoglobulin inhibited completely the spleen and spontaneous thymus RFC and partially the thymus RFC in immunized animals.", "PMID": 309488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2096", "title": "Regulation of antibody response in different immunoglobulin classes. V. Establishment of T hybrid cell line secreting IgE class-specific suppressor factor.", "content": "Establishment of a mouse T hybrid cell line secreting suppressor factor(s) specific for the IgE antibody response is described. Fusion was made with polyethyleneglycol between AKR-derived T lymphoma cells (BW5147) and T cells from mice sensitized with DNP-Mycobacterium. Treatment of spleen cells with nondialyzable factor(s) in the culture supernatants of the T cell hybrid clone, 26-M10, showed a suppressive effect on IgE formation but not on IgG formation in adoptive transfer experiments. The suppressive effect was exerted through inactivation of normal or antigen-primed B cells responsible for IgE formation. It was also shown by direct cytotoxic test that the hybrid cells expressed H-2 and Thy-1 antigens derived from both parental cells on their surface. Karyotype analysis of the hybrid cells revealed that the number of chromosomes was less than the sum of the two parental cells' and the average was 50 (45 to 55). Although the 26-M10 hybrid cells lost the ability to secrete active suppressive factor(s) into culture medium 21 weeks after hybridization when the number of chromosomes in most of the cells was less than 41, recloning of the 26-M10 cells successfully recovered active suppressive clones.", "contents": "Regulation of antibody response in different immunoglobulin classes. V. Establishment of T hybrid cell line secreting IgE class-specific suppressor factor. Establishment of a mouse T hybrid cell line secreting suppressor factor(s) specific for the IgE antibody response is described. Fusion was made with polyethyleneglycol between AKR-derived T lymphoma cells (BW5147) and T cells from mice sensitized with DNP-Mycobacterium. Treatment of spleen cells with nondialyzable factor(s) in the culture supernatants of the T cell hybrid clone, 26-M10, showed a suppressive effect on IgE formation but not on IgG formation in adoptive transfer experiments. The suppressive effect was exerted through inactivation of normal or antigen-primed B cells responsible for IgE formation. It was also shown by direct cytotoxic test that the hybrid cells expressed H-2 and Thy-1 antigens derived from both parental cells on their surface. Karyotype analysis of the hybrid cells revealed that the number of chromosomes was less than the sum of the two parental cells' and the average was 50 (45 to 55). Although the 26-M10 hybrid cells lost the ability to secrete active suppressive factor(s) into culture medium 21 weeks after hybridization when the number of chromosomes in most of the cells was less than 41, recloning of the 26-M10 cells successfully recovered active suppressive clones.", "PMID": 309489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2097", "title": "Radiosensitivity of the helper cell function.", "content": "The helper function of T cells primed and irradiated in vivo was tested in vitro by the Mishell-Dutton technique. Spleen cells from mice carrier-primed with HRBC and exposed to 50 to 2000 rads of x-radiation were assayed for their ability to help syngeneic normal spleen cells to mount an in vitro anti-hapten antibody response after stimulation with the conjugate TNP-HRBC. The anti-TNP response was evaluated by the Jerne technique. The helper activity was titrated by adding graded numbers of carrier-primed spleen cells to a constant number of normal spleen cells. The slope of the initial linear portion of the response-cell dose titration curve was taken as an estimated of the helper activity and found to decrease with increasing the x-ray dose. The curve describing the remaining helper activity as a function of the radiation dose shows the presence of two components, one radiosensitive, the other, radioresistant. This suggests the existence either of helper cells at different stages of activation or of two cell subpopulations participating in the helper function.", "contents": "Radiosensitivity of the helper cell function. The helper function of T cells primed and irradiated in vivo was tested in vitro by the Mishell-Dutton technique. Spleen cells from mice carrier-primed with HRBC and exposed to 50 to 2000 rads of x-radiation were assayed for their ability to help syngeneic normal spleen cells to mount an in vitro anti-hapten antibody response after stimulation with the conjugate TNP-HRBC. The anti-TNP response was evaluated by the Jerne technique. The helper activity was titrated by adding graded numbers of carrier-primed spleen cells to a constant number of normal spleen cells. The slope of the initial linear portion of the response-cell dose titration curve was taken as an estimated of the helper activity and found to decrease with increasing the x-ray dose. The curve describing the remaining helper activity as a function of the radiation dose shows the presence of two components, one radiosensitive, the other, radioresistant. This suggests the existence either of helper cells at different stages of activation or of two cell subpopulations participating in the helper function.", "PMID": 309490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2098", "title": "Modulation of age-related development of contact sensitivity in mice by adult thymectomy.", "content": "The effect of adult thymectomy on antibody production and on the development of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride in mice of different ages was studied. An age-dependent decline in the ability to develop contact sensitivity was found to be counteracted by thymectomy. In contrast, antibody production was regularly decreased by thymectomy in mice of all ages. A hypothesis is put forward in which the development of contact sensitivity may be regulated by long-lived thymus-dependent suppressor cells which do not affect antibody formation.", "contents": "Modulation of age-related development of contact sensitivity in mice by adult thymectomy. The effect of adult thymectomy on antibody production and on the development of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride in mice of different ages was studied. An age-dependent decline in the ability to develop contact sensitivity was found to be counteracted by thymectomy. In contrast, antibody production was regularly decreased by thymectomy in mice of all ages. A hypothesis is put forward in which the development of contact sensitivity may be regulated by long-lived thymus-dependent suppressor cells which do not affect antibody formation.", "PMID": 309492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2099", "title": "Characterization of mononuclear cell infiltrates in psoriatic lesions.", "content": "The dermal mononuclear cell infiltrates of psoriatic lesions were characterized by receptors for sheep erythrocytes (T-lymphocytes), C3b receptors (macrophages and B-lymphocytes) and C3d receptors (B-lymphocytes), using hemadsorption to cryostat sections in a closed chamber. T-lymphocytes and macrophages were the predominant inflammatory cells. Very few B-lymphocytes were detected. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible pathogenetic signficance of cellular immunity in psoriasis.", "contents": "Characterization of mononuclear cell infiltrates in psoriatic lesions. The dermal mononuclear cell infiltrates of psoriatic lesions were characterized by receptors for sheep erythrocytes (T-lymphocytes), C3b receptors (macrophages and B-lymphocytes) and C3d receptors (B-lymphocytes), using hemadsorption to cryostat sections in a closed chamber. T-lymphocytes and macrophages were the predominant inflammatory cells. Very few B-lymphocytes were detected. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible pathogenetic signficance of cellular immunity in psoriasis.", "PMID": 309493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2100", "title": "Role of immunity in the clearance of bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "The role of antibodies to capsular and somatic antigens in the clearance of Haemophilus influenzae was investigated by active and passive immunization. The clearance index (k) and the proportion of strain b organisms cleared 30 min after intravenous administration (deltaY30) were greater in eight-week-old actively immunized rats (k = 0.693, deltaY30 = 4.07) than in nonimmune animals (k = 0.075, deltaY30 = 0.95)(P less than 0.025 for all); however, clearance correlated imprecisely with titers of bactericidal or anticapsular antibody. In three-week-old rats, intranasal immunization with strain b or U significantly increased (P less than 0.005) the rate of clearance of strains b and U. Passive immunization with antibodies to somatic or capsular antigens significantly increased the rate of clearance (P less than 0.001) and the proportion of bacteria cleared (P less than 0.05) with all test strains. The increased clearance associated with passive immunization correlated with increased splenic uptake of 32P-labeled H. influenzae (r = 0.83, P less than 0.025). Analysis of the disappearance of viable organisms and bacterial 32P suggested that bacteriolysis of H. influenzae did not occur during clearance of the bacteremia. Either antibody to capsular antigen or antibody to somatic antigen, administered or evoked in rats, accelerates intravenous clearance of H. influenzae by promotion of reticuloendothelial phagocytosis.", "contents": "Role of immunity in the clearance of bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae. The role of antibodies to capsular and somatic antigens in the clearance of Haemophilus influenzae was investigated by active and passive immunization. The clearance index (k) and the proportion of strain b organisms cleared 30 min after intravenous administration (deltaY30) were greater in eight-week-old actively immunized rats (k = 0.693, deltaY30 = 4.07) than in nonimmune animals (k = 0.075, deltaY30 = 0.95)(P less than 0.025 for all); however, clearance correlated imprecisely with titers of bactericidal or anticapsular antibody. In three-week-old rats, intranasal immunization with strain b or U significantly increased (P less than 0.005) the rate of clearance of strains b and U. Passive immunization with antibodies to somatic or capsular antigens significantly increased the rate of clearance (P less than 0.001) and the proportion of bacteria cleared (P less than 0.05) with all test strains. The increased clearance associated with passive immunization correlated with increased splenic uptake of 32P-labeled H. influenzae (r = 0.83, P less than 0.025). Analysis of the disappearance of viable organisms and bacterial 32P suggested that bacteriolysis of H. influenzae did not occur during clearance of the bacteremia. Either antibody to capsular antigen or antibody to somatic antigen, administered or evoked in rats, accelerates intravenous clearance of H. influenzae by promotion of reticuloendothelial phagocytosis.", "PMID": 309494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2101", "title": "Significance of thymus-derived lymphocytes in immunity elicited by immunization with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "The lymphoid cells responsible for protective immunity to histoplasmosis were characterized. Adoptive transfer of spleen and peritoneal cells treated with antiserum to theta-antigen from mice immunized with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum abrogated the ability of these cells to protect the syngeneic recipients, whereas treatment of lymphoid cells with antiserum to IgG did not affect the immunity. Prior removal of glass-adhering cells from spleen and peritoneal cell suspensions did not alter their protective activity. Treatment with mitomycin C, an antimitotic agent, ablated the capacity of immune lymphocytes to protect the syngeneic recipients. These results indicate that the immune spleen and peritoneal cells that confer immunity to histoplasmosis are thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and that their active proliferation in the recipients is necessary for expression of the protective immunity. Furthermore, the immunity elicited by immunization with histoplasma ribosomes and live yeast cells is mediated by a similar mechanism.", "contents": "Significance of thymus-derived lymphocytes in immunity elicited by immunization with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. The lymphoid cells responsible for protective immunity to histoplasmosis were characterized. Adoptive transfer of spleen and peritoneal cells treated with antiserum to theta-antigen from mice immunized with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum abrogated the ability of these cells to protect the syngeneic recipients, whereas treatment of lymphoid cells with antiserum to IgG did not affect the immunity. Prior removal of glass-adhering cells from spleen and peritoneal cell suspensions did not alter their protective activity. Treatment with mitomycin C, an antimitotic agent, ablated the capacity of immune lymphocytes to protect the syngeneic recipients. These results indicate that the immune spleen and peritoneal cells that confer immunity to histoplasmosis are thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and that their active proliferation in the recipients is necessary for expression of the protective immunity. Furthermore, the immunity elicited by immunization with histoplasma ribosomes and live yeast cells is mediated by a similar mechanism.", "PMID": 309495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2102", "title": "Colony-stimulating activity in serum and bone-conditioned medium of 89Sr marrow-ablated mice.", "content": "We evaluated the levels of CSA in the serum of and in the medium conditioned by marrow-free femurs of 12 to 16-week-old female CAF1 mice whose marrows had been ablated with the bone-seeking radionuclide, 89Sr. Intact mice were studied 10 to 56 days after 89Sr injection, and mice splenectomized on days 14 and 42 after injection of 89Sr were studied on days 21 and 56, respectively. Control mice were injected with cold 89Sr; sham-splenectomized mice were used when appropriate. None of the mice had any significant levels of CSA in the serum, even the leukopenic splenectomized 89Sr-treated mice. Femur-conditioned medium from all groups contained sizable, but approximately equal, amounts of CSA; thus 89Sr marrow ablation did not adversely affect the capacity of femurs to elaborate CSA. Intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin effected an increase in serum CSA in both intact and splenectomized 89Sr marrow-ablated mice which was equal to that found in the control mice.", "contents": "Colony-stimulating activity in serum and bone-conditioned medium of 89Sr marrow-ablated mice. We evaluated the levels of CSA in the serum of and in the medium conditioned by marrow-free femurs of 12 to 16-week-old female CAF1 mice whose marrows had been ablated with the bone-seeking radionuclide, 89Sr. Intact mice were studied 10 to 56 days after 89Sr injection, and mice splenectomized on days 14 and 42 after injection of 89Sr were studied on days 21 and 56, respectively. Control mice were injected with cold 89Sr; sham-splenectomized mice were used when appropriate. None of the mice had any significant levels of CSA in the serum, even the leukopenic splenectomized 89Sr-treated mice. Femur-conditioned medium from all groups contained sizable, but approximately equal, amounts of CSA; thus 89Sr marrow ablation did not adversely affect the capacity of femurs to elaborate CSA. Intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin effected an increase in serum CSA in both intact and splenectomized 89Sr marrow-ablated mice which was equal to that found in the control mice.", "PMID": 309497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2103", "title": "Effect of shear rate on platelet interaction with subendothelium in citrated and native blood. I. Shear rate--dependent decrease of adhesion in von Willebrand's disease and the Bernard-Soulier syndrome.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated impaired adhesion of platelets to the subendothelium in von Willebrand's disease. These studies were performed by circulating (in a closed system) citrated whole blood through a chamber containing everted segments of rabbit aorta from which the endothelium had been removed by balloon catheter. The average wall shear rate was 800 sec-1, and the perfusion time was 10 min. In the present study we measured the interaction of platelets with subendothelium in native (nonanticoagulated) blood, using a recently described technique in which the vessel segments are perfused with directly sampled venous blood. The system was open; that is, the blood was not recirculated. We used blood flow rates of 20, 40, and 50 ml/min, which correspond to calculated shear rates of 1300, 2600, and 3300 sec-1 and perfusion times of 3, 2, and 2 min, respectively. For comparison, parallel studies at 1300 sec-1 were also obtained with citrated blood. In normal subjects, at a shear rate of 1300 sec-1, platelet adhesion was less in native blood than in citrated blood, but thrombus formation was greater. Platelet adhesion in five patients with von Willebrand's disease was decreased in both citrated and native blood. The magnitude of the adhesion defect was strongly dependent on the shear rate. Thus, in citrated blood studied at a shear rate of 1300 sec-1, adhesion was 75% less than in normal subjects, whereas in previous studies at 800 sec-1 the reduction in adhesion was 29%. In native blood, adhesion in von Willebrand's disease was normal at a shear rate of 1300 sec-1, whereas 53% and 77% reductions in adhesion were obtained at shear rates of 2600 and 3300 sec-1, respectively. The latter shear rates studied, adhesion of platelets in native blood was also decreased in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome but was normal in hemophilia and afibrinogenemia. Our findings with native blood provide further evidence that impaired adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall accounts for the hemostatic defect in von Willebrand's disease. In addition, this adhesion defect is shear rate-dependent.", "contents": "Effect of shear rate on platelet interaction with subendothelium in citrated and native blood. I. Shear rate--dependent decrease of adhesion in von Willebrand's disease and the Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Previous studies have demonstrated impaired adhesion of platelets to the subendothelium in von Willebrand's disease. These studies were performed by circulating (in a closed system) citrated whole blood through a chamber containing everted segments of rabbit aorta from which the endothelium had been removed by balloon catheter. The average wall shear rate was 800 sec-1, and the perfusion time was 10 min. In the present study we measured the interaction of platelets with subendothelium in native (nonanticoagulated) blood, using a recently described technique in which the vessel segments are perfused with directly sampled venous blood. The system was open; that is, the blood was not recirculated. We used blood flow rates of 20, 40, and 50 ml/min, which correspond to calculated shear rates of 1300, 2600, and 3300 sec-1 and perfusion times of 3, 2, and 2 min, respectively. For comparison, parallel studies at 1300 sec-1 were also obtained with citrated blood. In normal subjects, at a shear rate of 1300 sec-1, platelet adhesion was less in native blood than in citrated blood, but thrombus formation was greater. Platelet adhesion in five patients with von Willebrand's disease was decreased in both citrated and native blood. The magnitude of the adhesion defect was strongly dependent on the shear rate. Thus, in citrated blood studied at a shear rate of 1300 sec-1, adhesion was 75% less than in normal subjects, whereas in previous studies at 800 sec-1 the reduction in adhesion was 29%. In native blood, adhesion in von Willebrand's disease was normal at a shear rate of 1300 sec-1, whereas 53% and 77% reductions in adhesion were obtained at shear rates of 2600 and 3300 sec-1, respectively. The latter shear rates studied, adhesion of platelets in native blood was also decreased in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome but was normal in hemophilia and afibrinogenemia. Our findings with native blood provide further evidence that impaired adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall accounts for the hemostatic defect in von Willebrand's disease. In addition, this adhesion defect is shear rate-dependent.", "PMID": 309498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2104", "title": "Failure to respond to influenza vaccine in the aged: correlation with B-cell number and function.", "content": "Failure to respond to influenza vaccination correlated with a decreased number and percentage of IgD-bearing PBL and a dampened lymphocyte response to PWM in a subset of healthy aged volunteers. These subjects had normal levels of serum immunoglobulins, intact T cell function, and normal numbers of E-rosetting cells.", "contents": "Failure to respond to influenza vaccine in the aged: correlation with B-cell number and function. Failure to respond to influenza vaccination correlated with a decreased number and percentage of IgD-bearing PBL and a dampened lymphocyte response to PWM in a subset of healthy aged volunteers. These subjects had normal levels of serum immunoglobulins, intact T cell function, and normal numbers of E-rosetting cells.", "PMID": 309499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2105", "title": "Arachnoiditis presenting as a cerebello-pontine angle tumour.", "content": "Two cases are reported in which arachnoiditis presented as tumours of the cerebello-pontine angle. The possible aetiological factors are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Arachnoiditis presenting as a cerebello-pontine angle tumour. Two cases are reported in which arachnoiditis presented as tumours of the cerebello-pontine angle. The possible aetiological factors are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 309500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2106", "title": "Initiation of parturition in the goat: evidence for control by foetal glucocorticoid through activation of placental C21-steroid 17alpha-hydroxylase.", "content": "Infusion of dexamethasone into chronically catheterized foetal kids induced delivery in 41--65 h. Changes in the concentrations of placental and ovarian steroids in the maternal circulation at dexamethasone-induced delivery mimicked those preceding spontaneous kidding at term; in both instances the peripheral concentration of progesterone fell and the concentration of oestradiol-17beta rose. The concentration of cortisol in the foetus was low at dexamethasone-induced delivery. Metabolism of pregnenolone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione by extracts of foetal placenta was investigated in late pregnancy, after premature parturition induced with dexamethasone or prostaglandins and after spontaneous parturition at term. In placenta obtained before the onset of labour (or from animals induced to kid by administration of prostaglandins), the main product of progesterone metabolism was a 5beta-pregnane-3,20-diol. In contrast, placentae from animals in which the foetal level of glucocorticoid had been raised (after spontaneous parturition or by administration of dexamethasone to the foetus) were able to 17alpha-hydroxylate and progesterone was metabolized to 5beta-pregnane-3alpha/3beta,17alpha,20alpha-triols and 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. The appearance of placental 17alpha-hydroxylase was correlated with raised maternal concentrations of 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and androstenedione. The induction or activation of placental 17alpha-hydroxylase may represent the mechanism by which foetal glucocorticoid controls the onset of labour in the goat.", "contents": "Initiation of parturition in the goat: evidence for control by foetal glucocorticoid through activation of placental C21-steroid 17alpha-hydroxylase. Infusion of dexamethasone into chronically catheterized foetal kids induced delivery in 41--65 h. Changes in the concentrations of placental and ovarian steroids in the maternal circulation at dexamethasone-induced delivery mimicked those preceding spontaneous kidding at term; in both instances the peripheral concentration of progesterone fell and the concentration of oestradiol-17beta rose. The concentration of cortisol in the foetus was low at dexamethasone-induced delivery. Metabolism of pregnenolone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione by extracts of foetal placenta was investigated in late pregnancy, after premature parturition induced with dexamethasone or prostaglandins and after spontaneous parturition at term. In placenta obtained before the onset of labour (or from animals induced to kid by administration of prostaglandins), the main product of progesterone metabolism was a 5beta-pregnane-3,20-diol. In contrast, placentae from animals in which the foetal level of glucocorticoid had been raised (after spontaneous parturition or by administration of dexamethasone to the foetus) were able to 17alpha-hydroxylate and progesterone was metabolized to 5beta-pregnane-3alpha/3beta,17alpha,20alpha-triols and 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. The appearance of placental 17alpha-hydroxylase was correlated with raised maternal concentrations of 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and androstenedione. The induction or activation of placental 17alpha-hydroxylase may represent the mechanism by which foetal glucocorticoid controls the onset of labour in the goat.", "PMID": 309501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2107", "title": "Static pressure-volume curves for the lung of the frog (Rana pipiens).", "content": "1. Static pressure/volume curves have been determined for isolated frog lungs inflated with either air or saline. In both cases a hysteresis was present: the pressure required to produce unit change of volume being greater during inflation than deflation 2. The pressure necessary for a given volume change was less for the saline-filled than the air-filled lungs. The difference between these curves is due to the surface tension at the air/lung interface. 3. Pressure/volume curves for air-filled lungs in situ were similar to curves for isolated lungs. However, a greater pressure was required for the same volume change during both inflation and deflation. 4. Compliance was calculated from different parts of air pressure/volume curves and gave values greater than those obtained using similar calculations for higher vertebrates. 5. These observations support other evidence for the presence of a surfactant in the lung lining of frogs in spite of the relatively large diameter of their 'alveoli.' The precise role of such a lining is uncertain and it is concluded that similar forces may be involved during the inflation and deflation of lungs of frogs and higher vertebrates in spite of differences in gross morphology.", "contents": "Static pressure-volume curves for the lung of the frog (Rana pipiens). 1. Static pressure/volume curves have been determined for isolated frog lungs inflated with either air or saline. In both cases a hysteresis was present: the pressure required to produce unit change of volume being greater during inflation than deflation 2. The pressure necessary for a given volume change was less for the saline-filled than the air-filled lungs. The difference between these curves is due to the surface tension at the air/lung interface. 3. Pressure/volume curves for air-filled lungs in situ were similar to curves for isolated lungs. However, a greater pressure was required for the same volume change during both inflation and deflation. 4. Compliance was calculated from different parts of air pressure/volume curves and gave values greater than those obtained using similar calculations for higher vertebrates. 5. These observations support other evidence for the presence of a surfactant in the lung lining of frogs in spite of the relatively large diameter of their 'alveoli.' The precise role of such a lining is uncertain and it is concluded that similar forces may be involved during the inflation and deflation of lungs of frogs and higher vertebrates in spite of differences in gross morphology.", "PMID": 309502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2108", "title": "Adult idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus with and without shunting.", "content": "The outcome in 37 adult patients with idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus treated by ventriculoatrial shunting is presented. Only 33% showed definite improvement, and no diagnostic procedures accurately predicted the outcome of surgery. These were compared with a \"control\" group of 12 patients who were not shunted; 50% of these were stable for up to 36 months. These findings, and the high frequency of serious complications (35%), suggest caution in recommending a shunt procedure.", "contents": "Adult idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus with and without shunting. The outcome in 37 adult patients with idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus treated by ventriculoatrial shunting is presented. Only 33% showed definite improvement, and no diagnostic procedures accurately predicted the outcome of surgery. These were compared with a \"control\" group of 12 patients who were not shunted; 50% of these were stable for up to 36 months. These findings, and the high frequency of serious complications (35%), suggest caution in recommending a shunt procedure.", "PMID": 309503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2109", "title": "Gastric heterotopia in the ileum causing hemorrhage.", "content": "Two cases of infants with heterotopic gastric mucosa in the ileum causing hemorrhage and massive bleeding per rectum are presented. Preoperative Technetium 99 m scanning was valuable as a means to the diagnosis. Successful operative treatment was achieved by segmental resection with end to end anastomosis.", "contents": "Gastric heterotopia in the ileum causing hemorrhage. Two cases of infants with heterotopic gastric mucosa in the ileum causing hemorrhage and massive bleeding per rectum are presented. Preoperative Technetium 99 m scanning was valuable as a means to the diagnosis. Successful operative treatment was achieved by segmental resection with end to end anastomosis.", "PMID": 309505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2110", "title": "Effect of surfactants on percutaneous absorption of naproxen II: in vivo and in vitro correlations in rats.", "content": "The effect of surfactants on percutaneous absorption of naproxen was studied using rat in vivo models. The in vivo normalized relative absorption rates were in good agreement with the in vitro relative flux. An antipyretic model in the rat could not show relatively small increases in percutaneous absorption caused by the surfactants. Based on these results, it is apparent that reliance on the rat, using either in vitro or in vivo models, may lead to erroneous conclusions when considering the effect of surfactants on human percutaneous absorption of drugs such as naproxen.", "contents": "Effect of surfactants on percutaneous absorption of naproxen II: in vivo and in vitro correlations in rats. The effect of surfactants on percutaneous absorption of naproxen was studied using rat in vivo models. The in vivo normalized relative absorption rates were in good agreement with the in vitro relative flux. An antipyretic model in the rat could not show relatively small increases in percutaneous absorption caused by the surfactants. Based on these results, it is apparent that reliance on the rat, using either in vitro or in vivo models, may lead to erroneous conclusions when considering the effect of surfactants on human percutaneous absorption of drugs such as naproxen.", "PMID": 309506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2111", "title": "Fading: a new cytofluorimetric measure quantifying serotonin in the presence of catecholamines at the cellular level in brain.", "content": "A new histopharmacological approach to the study of serotonergic neurons is described. Using a computerized microspectrofluorimeter, we demonstrated that a measure of fluorescence fading reliably detects changes in serotonin even in the presence of catecholamines. This \"fading measure\" was validated with model droplets containing serotonin, norepinephrine or mixtures of the two, and with in vivo studies using pargyline to increase brain serotonin. After various doses of pargyline, a correlation of 0.927 was found between our intraperikaryal fading measure and a standard florimetric measure of serotonin in dissected samples of the raphe. Further experiments were designed to test the feasibility of the cytofluorimetric fading measure for quantifying differential changes in serotonin in intraperikaryal and extraperikaryal regions. Both LSD (75 and 150 microgram/kg) and a low dose of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (25 mg/kg) increased intraperikaryal serotonin without affecting extraperikaryal fluorescence. Conversely, the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine produced the opposite effect of selectively increasing extraperikaryal serotonin. Another inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, chlorimipramine, which also blocks reuptake of norepinephrine in vivo, markedly increased both intraperikaryal and extraperikaryal serotonin. These results confirm the utility of cytofluorimetric measures of serotonin within raphe cell bodies from untreated rats, and indicate that changes in the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of serotonin can be differentiated.", "contents": "Fading: a new cytofluorimetric measure quantifying serotonin in the presence of catecholamines at the cellular level in brain. A new histopharmacological approach to the study of serotonergic neurons is described. Using a computerized microspectrofluorimeter, we demonstrated that a measure of fluorescence fading reliably detects changes in serotonin even in the presence of catecholamines. This \"fading measure\" was validated with model droplets containing serotonin, norepinephrine or mixtures of the two, and with in vivo studies using pargyline to increase brain serotonin. After various doses of pargyline, a correlation of 0.927 was found between our intraperikaryal fading measure and a standard florimetric measure of serotonin in dissected samples of the raphe. Further experiments were designed to test the feasibility of the cytofluorimetric fading measure for quantifying differential changes in serotonin in intraperikaryal and extraperikaryal regions. Both LSD (75 and 150 microgram/kg) and a low dose of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (25 mg/kg) increased intraperikaryal serotonin without affecting extraperikaryal fluorescence. Conversely, the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine produced the opposite effect of selectively increasing extraperikaryal serotonin. Another inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, chlorimipramine, which also blocks reuptake of norepinephrine in vivo, markedly increased both intraperikaryal and extraperikaryal serotonin. These results confirm the utility of cytofluorimetric measures of serotonin within raphe cell bodies from untreated rats, and indicate that changes in the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of serotonin can be differentiated.", "PMID": 309507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2112", "title": "Mammary gland hyperplastic alveolar noduligenesis in the LEW/Mai rat in relation to mitotic activity, estrous cycle status, and age.", "content": "Spontaneous mammary hyperplastic alveolar noduligenesis was studied in nulliparous female LEW/Mai rats in relation to age, estrous cycle status, and mammary gland mitotic activity. The morphometric composition of the mammary gland and the incidence of hyperplastic alveolar nodules (HAN) and dysplasias were determined by examination of stained wholemount preparations of one of the inguinal mammary glands. Mitotic activity in the contralateral mammary gland rose almost linearly from 30 to 108 days of age and then fell progressively thereafter, although mitotic activity remained significantly elevated compared to that in mammary glands of rats less than 100 days old. Mitotic activity was nonrandomly distributed in the mammary glands of young pubertal rats in contrast to that in glands of prepubertal rats and in rats in persistent estrus, in which it tended to be randomly distributed. HAN were present in some rats by 150 days of age and were frequent in the mammary glands of most rats older than 200 days. All animals with HAN were in persistent vaginal estrus and had significantly increased pituitary weights. This association suggested that hormone imbalance may be an important etiologic factor in spontaneous hyperplastic alveolar noduligenesis in the rat.", "contents": "Mammary gland hyperplastic alveolar noduligenesis in the LEW/Mai rat in relation to mitotic activity, estrous cycle status, and age. Spontaneous mammary hyperplastic alveolar noduligenesis was studied in nulliparous female LEW/Mai rats in relation to age, estrous cycle status, and mammary gland mitotic activity. The morphometric composition of the mammary gland and the incidence of hyperplastic alveolar nodules (HAN) and dysplasias were determined by examination of stained wholemount preparations of one of the inguinal mammary glands. Mitotic activity in the contralateral mammary gland rose almost linearly from 30 to 108 days of age and then fell progressively thereafter, although mitotic activity remained significantly elevated compared to that in mammary glands of rats less than 100 days old. Mitotic activity was nonrandomly distributed in the mammary glands of young pubertal rats in contrast to that in glands of prepubertal rats and in rats in persistent estrus, in which it tended to be randomly distributed. HAN were present in some rats by 150 days of age and were frequent in the mammary glands of most rats older than 200 days. All animals with HAN were in persistent vaginal estrus and had significantly increased pituitary weights. This association suggested that hormone imbalance may be an important etiologic factor in spontaneous hyperplastic alveolar noduligenesis in the rat.", "PMID": 309509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2113", "title": "Aspirin and gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "There is no other over-the-counter (OTC) drug having the widespread use of aspirin. Evoking the well-established analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities with an amazingly low degree of toxicity, its use has increased in this country to the astounding figure of more than 20 tons daily. The observation that comparatively small daily doses of aspirin may serve as a means of preventing certain types of cardiovascular disasters may lead to even more widespread use of the drug. The most frequent untoward side effect of aspirin is gastric discomfort with or without microbleeding. The amount of bleeding is usually quite small but owing to the long interest of the author in buffered aspirin, it is prudent to determine whether or not this action of aspirin is serious.", "contents": "Aspirin and gastrointestinal bleeding. There is no other over-the-counter (OTC) drug having the widespread use of aspirin. Evoking the well-established analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities with an amazingly low degree of toxicity, its use has increased in this country to the astounding figure of more than 20 tons daily. The observation that comparatively small daily doses of aspirin may serve as a means of preventing certain types of cardiovascular disasters may lead to even more widespread use of the drug. The most frequent untoward side effect of aspirin is gastric discomfort with or without microbleeding. The amount of bleeding is usually quite small but owing to the long interest of the author in buffered aspirin, it is prudent to determine whether or not this action of aspirin is serious.", "PMID": 309511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2114", "title": "Late results of bladder stimulation in 11 patients: followup to 4 years.", "content": "Direct stimulation of the detrusor muscle offers the best possibility to evacuate the bladder in highly selected patients. During the last 4 years 11 patients have undergone implantation of a bladder pacemaker; followup revealed that 1 patient could void only during stimulation, while 7 patients had reflex evacuation and 3 had no function at all. An exceptional case report is presented.", "contents": "Late results of bladder stimulation in 11 patients: followup to 4 years. Direct stimulation of the detrusor muscle offers the best possibility to evacuate the bladder in highly selected patients. During the last 4 years 11 patients have undergone implantation of a bladder pacemaker; followup revealed that 1 patient could void only during stimulation, while 7 patients had reflex evacuation and 3 had no function at all. An exceptional case report is presented.", "PMID": 309513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2115", "title": "Studies on the adjuvant effect of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion of sesame oil. 2. Mode of action of the w/o/w emulsion.", "content": "The water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion showed potent adjuvant effect on the antibody formation to thymus-dependent antigens, but not to thymus-independent antigens. In hapten-carrier system the priming with carrier in the w/o/w emulsion enhanced more effectively the carrier specific helper function than did the priming with carrier in free solution. The cells responsible for the helper function were radioresistant. In the adoptive cell transfer system, the w/o/w emulsion was shown to enhance helper cell function. It is discussed that our w/o/w emulsion exerts the adjuvant effect by enhancing helper T cell activity.", "contents": "Studies on the adjuvant effect of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion of sesame oil. 2. Mode of action of the w/o/w emulsion. The water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion showed potent adjuvant effect on the antibody formation to thymus-dependent antigens, but not to thymus-independent antigens. In hapten-carrier system the priming with carrier in the w/o/w emulsion enhanced more effectively the carrier specific helper function than did the priming with carrier in free solution. The cells responsible for the helper function were radioresistant. In the adoptive cell transfer system, the w/o/w emulsion was shown to enhance helper cell function. It is discussed that our w/o/w emulsion exerts the adjuvant effect by enhancing helper T cell activity.", "PMID": 309525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2116", "title": "Inhibitory effects of cadmium on the release of acetylcholine from cardiac nerve terminals.", "content": "The effect of stimulation of the vagaosympathetic trunk or the vagal nerve on the cardiac interval of the spontaneously beating heart of the bullfrog was studied in the presence and absence of Cd. The prolongation of the cardiac interval following the nerve stimulation was abolished by Cd (5 micrometer). Such an effect of Cd was completely antagonized by increasing the external Ca to 10 times the normal concentration. Cd (10 micrometer) did not alter the compound action potential of the nerve trunk, nor did it affect the pacemaker activity of the heart. Bioassay of acetylcholine in the effluent from the heart after cardiac nerve stimulation showed that Cd reduced the acetylcholine release from the cardiac nerve. It is concluded that Cd may act on the cardiac nerve terminals where Cd suppresses the release of acetycholine.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of cadmium on the release of acetylcholine from cardiac nerve terminals. The effect of stimulation of the vagaosympathetic trunk or the vagal nerve on the cardiac interval of the spontaneously beating heart of the bullfrog was studied in the presence and absence of Cd. The prolongation of the cardiac interval following the nerve stimulation was abolished by Cd (5 micrometer). Such an effect of Cd was completely antagonized by increasing the external Ca to 10 times the normal concentration. Cd (10 micrometer) did not alter the compound action potential of the nerve trunk, nor did it affect the pacemaker activity of the heart. Bioassay of acetylcholine in the effluent from the heart after cardiac nerve stimulation showed that Cd reduced the acetylcholine release from the cardiac nerve. It is concluded that Cd may act on the cardiac nerve terminals where Cd suppresses the release of acetycholine.", "PMID": 309529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2117", "title": "[Changes in clinical and immunological laboratory parameters of healthy adults after exposure to a one-hour 40 degree C-whole-body hyperthermia (author's transl)].", "content": "There are no signs of organ lesions in healthy subjects exposed to an 1-hour 40 degree C whole-body hyperthermia, induced by radiofrequency or infrared light. As to the immunological in vitro parameters, only a slight decrease of the relative T-cell count is seen, T-cell functions however being normal. A leukocytosis appearing during infrared-induced hyperthermia is probably related to the erythema caused by skin heating. About possible indications and clinical values of this treatment, nothing can however be said so far.", "contents": "[Changes in clinical and immunological laboratory parameters of healthy adults after exposure to a one-hour 40 degree C-whole-body hyperthermia (author's transl)]. There are no signs of organ lesions in healthy subjects exposed to an 1-hour 40 degree C whole-body hyperthermia, induced by radiofrequency or infrared light. As to the immunological in vitro parameters, only a slight decrease of the relative T-cell count is seen, T-cell functions however being normal. A leukocytosis appearing during infrared-induced hyperthermia is probably related to the erythema caused by skin heating. About possible indications and clinical values of this treatment, nothing can however be said so far.", "PMID": 309533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2118", "title": "HLA-B27, antinuclear antibodies and drug-induced agranulocytosis.", "content": "Eight female patients with drug-induced agranulocytosis (five patients with definite seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), three patients with upper respiratory infections) were studied for the presence of HLA-B27 and antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Five of eight patients were found to be HLA-B27 positive and all RA patients had ANA in their serum. The frequency of HLA-B27 and ANA was found to be significantly different from control groups. It is concluded that the occurrence of HLA-B27 and ANA was found to be significantly different from control groups. It is concluded that the occurrence of HLA-B27 in female patients with seropositive RA (especially in those with ANA) and of HLA-B27 alone in other individuals could reflect an increased risk for drug-induced agranulocytosis.", "contents": "HLA-B27, antinuclear antibodies and drug-induced agranulocytosis. Eight female patients with drug-induced agranulocytosis (five patients with definite seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), three patients with upper respiratory infections) were studied for the presence of HLA-B27 and antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Five of eight patients were found to be HLA-B27 positive and all RA patients had ANA in their serum. The frequency of HLA-B27 and ANA was found to be significantly different from control groups. It is concluded that the occurrence of HLA-B27 and ANA was found to be significantly different from control groups. It is concluded that the occurrence of HLA-B27 in female patients with seropositive RA (especially in those with ANA) and of HLA-B27 alone in other individuals could reflect an increased risk for drug-induced agranulocytosis.", "PMID": 309534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2119", "title": "Studies in valine biosynthesis. X. The acetolactate synthase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.", "content": "The first committed enzyme in valine biosynthesis, acetolactate synthase, in the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, required added pyruvate (apparent Km--4.5 mM), Mg2+ (Km--1.01 mM), diphosphothiamine (Km--29.6 micrometer), flavin adenine dinucleotide, and a buffer pH of 7.2--7.4 for enzymatic activity. The synthase was affected by L-valine, an end-product inhibitor, in a competitive manner. The presence of acetolactate synthase, along with other earlier observed enzymes, completes the identification of the valine biosynthetic pathway in this photo-organotroph.", "contents": "Studies in valine biosynthesis. X. The acetolactate synthase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. The first committed enzyme in valine biosynthesis, acetolactate synthase, in the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, required added pyruvate (apparent Km--4.5 mM), Mg2+ (Km--1.01 mM), diphosphothiamine (Km--29.6 micrometer), flavin adenine dinucleotide, and a buffer pH of 7.2--7.4 for enzymatic activity. The synthase was affected by L-valine, an end-product inhibitor, in a competitive manner. The presence of acetolactate synthase, along with other earlier observed enzymes, completes the identification of the valine biosynthetic pathway in this photo-organotroph.", "PMID": 309550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2120", "title": "Evidence that the malignant lymphoma of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is a monoclonal B-cell neoplasm.", "content": "We studied the malignant lymphomas that developed in patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and the antecedent benign salivary-gland lesions to determine their cellular characteristics. We used an immunoperoxidase technic that identified intracellular gamma, alpha and mu heavy chains and kappa and lambda light chains. In six of nine patients, the lymphomas were composed of cells containing intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin that was exclusively IgMK. The benign lymphoepithelial salivary-gland lesions preceding these malignant tumors consisted of approximately equal numbers of lymphoid cells containing either kappa or lambda light chains. Thus, in some patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, there may be a progression in the lympho-proliferative lesions from a polyclonal infiltrate to a monoclonal neoplasm. Intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin identifies six of the nine cases as being B-cell in origin.", "contents": "Evidence that the malignant lymphoma of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is a monoclonal B-cell neoplasm. We studied the malignant lymphomas that developed in patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and the antecedent benign salivary-gland lesions to determine their cellular characteristics. We used an immunoperoxidase technic that identified intracellular gamma, alpha and mu heavy chains and kappa and lambda light chains. In six of nine patients, the lymphomas were composed of cells containing intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin that was exclusively IgMK. The benign lymphoepithelial salivary-gland lesions preceding these malignant tumors consisted of approximately equal numbers of lymphoid cells containing either kappa or lambda light chains. Thus, in some patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, there may be a progression in the lympho-proliferative lesions from a polyclonal infiltrate to a monoclonal neoplasm. Intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin identifies six of the nine cases as being B-cell in origin.", "PMID": 309554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2121", "title": "[A case of choroid plexus papilloma at the right cerebello-pontine angle (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of the choroid plexus papilloma originating from the extraventricle was reported. A 48-hear-old woman began not to walk well about two years ago. Then, she was complained of vertigo, hearing disturbance of the right ear and nausea. These symptoms gradually increased. On admission she had papilledema, Brun's nystagmus, hearing disturbance of right ear and cerebellar ataxia. Cerebral angiogram and CT scan showed dilated ventricles and a large tumor in the posterior fossa. At operation, tumor was found in extramedullary space at the right cerebello-pontine angle and extended to the foramen magnum. This was removed totally. Histological examination revealed choroid plexus papilloma. Her postoperative course was satisfactory and shunting procedure was not necessary. According to the electron microscopic findings, the ultrastructure of tumor was similar to that of normal choroid plexus. We could not clear the morphological features which were considered essential for overproduction of CSF in the tumor.", "contents": "[A case of choroid plexus papilloma at the right cerebello-pontine angle (author's transl)]. A rare case of the choroid plexus papilloma originating from the extraventricle was reported. A 48-hear-old woman began not to walk well about two years ago. Then, she was complained of vertigo, hearing disturbance of the right ear and nausea. These symptoms gradually increased. On admission she had papilledema, Brun's nystagmus, hearing disturbance of right ear and cerebellar ataxia. Cerebral angiogram and CT scan showed dilated ventricles and a large tumor in the posterior fossa. At operation, tumor was found in extramedullary space at the right cerebello-pontine angle and extended to the foramen magnum. This was removed totally. Histological examination revealed choroid plexus papilloma. Her postoperative course was satisfactory and shunting procedure was not necessary. According to the electron microscopic findings, the ultrastructure of tumor was similar to that of normal choroid plexus. We could not clear the morphological features which were considered essential for overproduction of CSF in the tumor.", "PMID": 309561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2122", "title": "Macrosomia. A proposed indication for primary cesarean section.", "content": "Fetal macrosomia (birthweight equal to or in excess of 4500 g) in a study of 110 affected infants was associated with excessive maternal weight, prolonged gestation, white race, multiparity, maternal diabetes, male fetus, and a previous macrosomic infant. The two most common obstetric complications associated with fetal macrosomia were postpartum hemorrhage and shoulder dystocia. One-minute Apgar score was less than 7 in 10.9% of the macrosomic infants, in contrast to 6.3% for the smaller infants studied as controls. The low fetal mortality rate (1.8%) was attributed to a 22.5% cesarean rate for the macrosomia group. Even more frequent use of abdominal delivery might further reduce obstetric and neonatal complications for macrosomic infants.", "contents": "Macrosomia. A proposed indication for primary cesarean section. Fetal macrosomia (birthweight equal to or in excess of 4500 g) in a study of 110 affected infants was associated with excessive maternal weight, prolonged gestation, white race, multiparity, maternal diabetes, male fetus, and a previous macrosomic infant. The two most common obstetric complications associated with fetal macrosomia were postpartum hemorrhage and shoulder dystocia. One-minute Apgar score was less than 7 in 10.9% of the macrosomic infants, in contrast to 6.3% for the smaller infants studied as controls. The low fetal mortality rate (1.8%) was attributed to a 22.5% cesarean rate for the macrosomia group. Even more frequent use of abdominal delivery might further reduce obstetric and neonatal complications for macrosomic infants.", "PMID": 309570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2123", "title": "Intraarterial pelvic infusion chemotherapy in advanced gynecologic cancer.", "content": "Fourteen patients with advanced localized gynecologic cancer were treated with 44 courses of intraarterial pelvic infusion chemotherapy. All patients received methotrexate with folinic acid rescue; 9 patients also received vincristine. Tumor regression was observed in 3 of 14 patients (21.4%). In 5 patients there were major complications related to 28 intraarterial catheter placements. Two patients developed leukopenia following chemotherapy. The value of intraarterial infusion chemotherapy in gynecologic cancer is limited. Its use in gynecologic oncology is discussed.", "contents": "Intraarterial pelvic infusion chemotherapy in advanced gynecologic cancer. Fourteen patients with advanced localized gynecologic cancer were treated with 44 courses of intraarterial pelvic infusion chemotherapy. All patients received methotrexate with folinic acid rescue; 9 patients also received vincristine. Tumor regression was observed in 3 of 14 patients (21.4%). In 5 patients there were major complications related to 28 intraarterial catheter placements. Two patients developed leukopenia following chemotherapy. The value of intraarterial infusion chemotherapy in gynecologic cancer is limited. Its use in gynecologic oncology is discussed.", "PMID": 309571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2124", "title": "[Radioautographic analysis of from peripheral blood and a focus of inflammation in amphibia].", "content": "In the peripheral blood of intact amphibians the cells of big lymphocyte type (light-nuclear forms) only are capable to incorporate 3H-thymidine. The implantation of foreign bodies in the subcutaneous lymphatic sac of R. temporaria induced the appearance in the circulating blood of one more cell form (dark-nuclear cells) capable of DNA synthesis. The autoradiographic analysis of interrelations between these forms allows to consider them as stages of one histogenesis.", "contents": "[Radioautographic analysis of from peripheral blood and a focus of inflammation in amphibia]. In the peripheral blood of intact amphibians the cells of big lymphocyte type (light-nuclear forms) only are capable to incorporate 3H-thymidine. The implantation of foreign bodies in the subcutaneous lymphatic sac of R. temporaria induced the appearance in the circulating blood of one more cell form (dark-nuclear cells) capable of DNA synthesis. The autoradiographic analysis of interrelations between these forms allows to consider them as stages of one histogenesis.", "PMID": 309574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2125", "title": "[Differentiation of hematopoietic cells in explants of embryonal organs of Rana temporaria L].", "content": "The potencies of isolated embryonic hemopoietic organs (pronephros and liver) of Rana temporaria L. to the formation of the foci of hemopoiesis were studied. The pronephros and liver rudiments were explanted at the early developmental stages (late neurula and early tail bud) and cultivated in vivo in the diffusion chambers. The blast hemopoietic elements and differentiated blood cells are found in the explants within 7 to 10 days of cultivation. A suggestion is put forward that the differentiation of hemopoietic cells in the embryonic hemopoietic organs proceeds from the local cells-precursors.", "contents": "[Differentiation of hematopoietic cells in explants of embryonal organs of Rana temporaria L]. The potencies of isolated embryonic hemopoietic organs (pronephros and liver) of Rana temporaria L. to the formation of the foci of hemopoiesis were studied. The pronephros and liver rudiments were explanted at the early developmental stages (late neurula and early tail bud) and cultivated in vivo in the diffusion chambers. The blast hemopoietic elements and differentiated blood cells are found in the explants within 7 to 10 days of cultivation. A suggestion is put forward that the differentiation of hemopoietic cells in the embryonic hemopoietic organs proceeds from the local cells-precursors.", "PMID": 309575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2126", "title": "[Eosinophilic granuloma of the conjunctiva].", "content": "The histology of a case of dermal and conjunctival eosinophilic granuloma in a 74-year-old female patient is described. The aetiology could not be established until now. The differential diagnosis of atypical histiocytosis X, eosinophilic leukaemoid and eosinophilia persistens is discussed.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic granuloma of the conjunctiva]. The histology of a case of dermal and conjunctival eosinophilic granuloma in a 74-year-old female patient is described. The aetiology could not be established until now. The differential diagnosis of atypical histiocytosis X, eosinophilic leukaemoid and eosinophilia persistens is discussed.", "PMID": 309577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2127", "title": "[Recurrent dystrophic erosion of the corneal epithelium].", "content": "In the majority of cases there exists, at the beginning of the recurrent dystrophic erosion of the corneal epithelium, a slight superficial trauma. There are, neverthless, also spontaneous forms, which are more often bilateral, hereditary forms and secondary forms with more generalized corneal dystrophies. (2) Between the trauma and the appearance of the recurrent  erosion there is always a latency period of variable duration. (3) Women are more often affected than men. The condition usually is observed between 25 and 40 years of age. (4) The epithelial erosions reoccur at irregular intervals nearly always in the morning when the eyes are opened. They are always localized below the pupillary area and not necessarily at the site of the trauma. (5) Between two recurrences, there persists a latent epithelial dystrophy, which is characterized by subjective symptoms (pricking pain in the morning at the opening of the eyes) and by objective signs (grey epithelial spots or epithelial microbullae below the pupillary area near the vertical meridian). (6) At the light and electron microscope one sees alterations of the basal epithelial cells, intra epithelial cysts, ruptures of the basement membrane and disappearance of the hemidesmosomes. (7) The disorder is a true epithelial dystrophy, the traumatism being only an occasional cause. (8) The treatment is discussed.", "contents": "[Recurrent dystrophic erosion of the corneal epithelium]. In the majority of cases there exists, at the beginning of the recurrent dystrophic erosion of the corneal epithelium, a slight superficial trauma. There are, neverthless, also spontaneous forms, which are more often bilateral, hereditary forms and secondary forms with more generalized corneal dystrophies. (2) Between the trauma and the appearance of the recurrent  erosion there is always a latency period of variable duration. (3) Women are more often affected than men. The condition usually is observed between 25 and 40 years of age. (4) The epithelial erosions reoccur at irregular intervals nearly always in the morning when the eyes are opened. They are always localized below the pupillary area and not necessarily at the site of the trauma. (5) Between two recurrences, there persists a latent epithelial dystrophy, which is characterized by subjective symptoms (pricking pain in the morning at the opening of the eyes) and by objective signs (grey epithelial spots or epithelial microbullae below the pupillary area near the vertical meridian). (6) At the light and electron microscope one sees alterations of the basal epithelial cells, intra epithelial cysts, ruptures of the basement membrane and disappearance of the hemidesmosomes. (7) The disorder is a true epithelial dystrophy, the traumatism being only an occasional cause. (8) The treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 309578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2128", "title": "Autosomal recessive incomplete achromatopsia with protan luminosity function.", "content": "A unique form of dichromatic color vision is described in a family with incomplete achromatopsia. In 1966, incomplete achromatopsia was diagnosed in 4 of 14 children of a consanguineous marriage. The 4 affected had best visual acuities of 6/60 or 6/180, pendular nystagmus, and aversion to bright lights. The ERG showed minimal photopic responses. No abnormality of rod function was present. There was a severe color vision defect. In 1976, one of the patients returned for further color testing. Color tests included measurement of the luminous efficiency function using heterochromatic flicker photometry and colorimetric evaluation. The luminous efficiency function resembled that of the protanope. From the colorimetric measurements, we conclude that the patient has a unique form of dichromatic color vision mediated by two visual photopigments: the normal MWS cone photopigment and a photopigment with the spectral characteristics of rhodopsin.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive incomplete achromatopsia with protan luminosity function. A unique form of dichromatic color vision is described in a family with incomplete achromatopsia. In 1966, incomplete achromatopsia was diagnosed in 4 of 14 children of a consanguineous marriage. The 4 affected had best visual acuities of 6/60 or 6/180, pendular nystagmus, and aversion to bright lights. The ERG showed minimal photopic responses. No abnormality of rod function was present. There was a severe color vision defect. In 1976, one of the patients returned for further color testing. Color tests included measurement of the luminous efficiency function using heterochromatic flicker photometry and colorimetric evaluation. The luminous efficiency function resembled that of the protanope. From the colorimetric measurements, we conclude that the patient has a unique form of dichromatic color vision mediated by two visual photopigments: the normal MWS cone photopigment and a photopigment with the spectral characteristics of rhodopsin.", "PMID": 309579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2129", "title": "Middle ear ciliary defect in Kartagener's syndrome.", "content": "Patients with Kartagener's syndrome have shown electron photomicrographic abnormalities of nasal or bronchial cilia in addition to functional defects of mucociliary transport (immotile cilia syndrome). This report describes a boy with Kartagener's syndrome and chronic otitis media who demonstrates electron photomicrographic abnormalities of middle ear cilia, confirming the important role of cilia in providing protection against infection of the middle ear.", "contents": "Middle ear ciliary defect in Kartagener's syndrome. Patients with Kartagener's syndrome have shown electron photomicrographic abnormalities of nasal or bronchial cilia in addition to functional defects of mucociliary transport (immotile cilia syndrome). This report describes a boy with Kartagener's syndrome and chronic otitis media who demonstrates electron photomicrographic abnormalities of middle ear cilia, confirming the important role of cilia in providing protection against infection of the middle ear.", "PMID": 309587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2130", "title": "Congenital vesicular eruption caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b.", "content": "We report a case of perinatal infection that we believe is the first documented report of a congenital vesicular eruption due to Haemophilus influenzae type b and the second report of puerperal sepsis with this organism. A vesicular eruption was noted at birth on an infant delivered at 37 weeks following 34 hours' premature rupture of membranes. Gram-negative rods were seen on Gram stain of vesicular fluid, and H. influenzae type b grew on cultures of vesicular fluid. The mother sustained postpartum septicemia with the same organism. Amnionitis and funistis were demonstrated histologically. Results of all viral studies were negative. Infant and mother did well with antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Congenital vesicular eruption caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. We report a case of perinatal infection that we believe is the first documented report of a congenital vesicular eruption due to Haemophilus influenzae type b and the second report of puerperal sepsis with this organism. A vesicular eruption was noted at birth on an infant delivered at 37 weeks following 34 hours' premature rupture of membranes. Gram-negative rods were seen on Gram stain of vesicular fluid, and H. influenzae type b grew on cultures of vesicular fluid. The mother sustained postpartum septicemia with the same organism. Amnionitis and funistis were demonstrated histologically. Results of all viral studies were negative. Infant and mother did well with antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 309588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2131", "title": "Tension responses of frog sartorius muscle to quick ramp-shaped shortenings and some effects of metabolic inhibition.", "content": "The dynamic properties of the contractile mechanism of skeletal muscle were investigated in electrically stimulated sartorius muscle of the frog at 0 degrees C by analysis of the force responses to quick changes in length. 1. The tension responses to ramp-shaped shortenings at different rates of shortening have been recorded. The tension course during the ramp is described in terms of a damped elastic element. In addition a maximum value for an additional series elastic element is estimated. 2. The tension reponses to pulse-shaped shortenings have been recorded. At least 15 ms after the pulse a minimum in tension is found, which depends on amplitude and duration of the pulse. This effect is optimal at a pulse duration of about 6 ms. It is concluded that within 15 ms after the pulse detachment of crossbridges occurs. 3. Muscles were incubated with the metabolic inhibitors IAA and FAA or IAA and FDNB. After repeated stimulation, but before the muscle passes into the rigor state, the fast recovery and the plateau in the responses to quick shortenings are either diminished or abolished, depending on the amplitude of the shortening. This can be explained by assuming that in the unpoisened muscle, ATP enables the crossbridges to exert temporarily a larger force.", "contents": "Tension responses of frog sartorius muscle to quick ramp-shaped shortenings and some effects of metabolic inhibition. The dynamic properties of the contractile mechanism of skeletal muscle were investigated in electrically stimulated sartorius muscle of the frog at 0 degrees C by analysis of the force responses to quick changes in length. 1. The tension responses to ramp-shaped shortenings at different rates of shortening have been recorded. The tension course during the ramp is described in terms of a damped elastic element. In addition a maximum value for an additional series elastic element is estimated. 2. The tension reponses to pulse-shaped shortenings have been recorded. At least 15 ms after the pulse a minimum in tension is found, which depends on amplitude and duration of the pulse. This effect is optimal at a pulse duration of about 6 ms. It is concluded that within 15 ms after the pulse detachment of crossbridges occurs. 3. Muscles were incubated with the metabolic inhibitors IAA and FAA or IAA and FDNB. After repeated stimulation, but before the muscle passes into the rigor state, the fast recovery and the plateau in the responses to quick shortenings are either diminished or abolished, depending on the amplitude of the shortening. This can be explained by assuming that in the unpoisened muscle, ATP enables the crossbridges to exert temporarily a larger force.", "PMID": 309590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2132", "title": "A large scale preparation of peanut agglutinin on a new affinity matrix.", "content": "A simple and rapid method for the purification of Peanut Agglutinin by affinity chromatography on cross-linked arabinogalactan is described. Cross-linked arabinogalactan shows a high capacity for PNA. The lectin has been obtained to electrophoretic purity and has a high hemagglutinating specific activity.", "contents": "A large scale preparation of peanut agglutinin on a new affinity matrix. A simple and rapid method for the purification of Peanut Agglutinin by affinity chromatography on cross-linked arabinogalactan is described. Cross-linked arabinogalactan shows a high capacity for PNA. The lectin has been obtained to electrophoretic purity and has a high hemagglutinating specific activity.", "PMID": 309602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2133", "title": "The isolation and characterization of plasma membranes from calf thymocytes.", "content": "A simple method is described for the isolation and characterization of plasma membranes from calf thymocytes. The procedure involves extraction of thymocytes in a hypotonic medium containing borate and EDTA. Membrane ghosts, obtained by centrifugation of the cell lysate, are purified by passage through a column containing glass beads. The purity of plasma membranes was checked by chemical analysis, by assay of marker enzymes and also by electron microscopy. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the calf thymocyte plasma membrane produced a number of protein bands as well as a major band which stained for carbohydrate. The method is rapid and could be applied to isolate plasma membranes from nucleated cells of various types in large quantities.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of plasma membranes from calf thymocytes. A simple method is described for the isolation and characterization of plasma membranes from calf thymocytes. The procedure involves extraction of thymocytes in a hypotonic medium containing borate and EDTA. Membrane ghosts, obtained by centrifugation of the cell lysate, are purified by passage through a column containing glass beads. The purity of plasma membranes was checked by chemical analysis, by assay of marker enzymes and also by electron microscopy. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the calf thymocyte plasma membrane produced a number of protein bands as well as a major band which stained for carbohydrate. The method is rapid and could be applied to isolate plasma membranes from nucleated cells of various types in large quantities.", "PMID": 309603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2134", "title": "Role of peripheral mechanisms in the behavioral effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan.", "content": "The effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were studied in rats trained to press a lever under a fixed-ratio (Fr-32) schedule of water presentation. d-, l-and d,l-5-HTP all decreased responding in a dose-related manner. The levo isomer (12.5-25 mg/kg) was twice as potent as the racemic form (25-50 mg/kg) in this respect. Moderate doses of d-5-HTP (less than 100 mg/kg) did not affect responding, whereas 200 mg/kg produced almost complete suppression. The response decrement produced by 25 mg/kg l-5-HTP was completely antagonized by pretreatment with either 50 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg of the decarboxylase inhibitor, benserazide (Ro4-4602). The specific peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa (MK-486) (50 mg/kg) and the peripheral serotonergic antagonist, xylamidine tosylate (1 mg/kg) also antagonized the effects of 25 mg/kg l-5-HTP. These results suggest that at least some of the behavioral effects of 5-HTP are due to increases in levels or turnover of 5-HTP in peripheral serotonergic neuronal systems.", "contents": "Role of peripheral mechanisms in the behavioral effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were studied in rats trained to press a lever under a fixed-ratio (Fr-32) schedule of water presentation. d-, l-and d,l-5-HTP all decreased responding in a dose-related manner. The levo isomer (12.5-25 mg/kg) was twice as potent as the racemic form (25-50 mg/kg) in this respect. Moderate doses of d-5-HTP (less than 100 mg/kg) did not affect responding, whereas 200 mg/kg produced almost complete suppression. The response decrement produced by 25 mg/kg l-5-HTP was completely antagonized by pretreatment with either 50 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg of the decarboxylase inhibitor, benserazide (Ro4-4602). The specific peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa (MK-486) (50 mg/kg) and the peripheral serotonergic antagonist, xylamidine tosylate (1 mg/kg) also antagonized the effects of 25 mg/kg l-5-HTP. These results suggest that at least some of the behavioral effects of 5-HTP are due to increases in levels or turnover of 5-HTP in peripheral serotonergic neuronal systems.", "PMID": 309609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2135", "title": "The recognition and prevention of border zone cerebral ischaemia during cardiac surgery.", "content": "Four patients who sustained bilateral occipital and parietal lobe ischaemia during cardiac surgery for coronary artery bypass are described. The features include cortical blindness, visual disorientation, disturbances of reading and constructional dyspraxia. The symptoms tended to improve over about six weeks and good visual acuity was regained in all instances. The likeliest cause is generalized cerebral hypotension. Ischaemic injury might be prevented by prior detection of extracranial arterial disease and by monitoring cerebral as well as cardiac activity during surgery.", "contents": "The recognition and prevention of border zone cerebral ischaemia during cardiac surgery. Four patients who sustained bilateral occipital and parietal lobe ischaemia during cardiac surgery for coronary artery bypass are described. The features include cortical blindness, visual disorientation, disturbances of reading and constructional dyspraxia. The symptoms tended to improve over about six weeks and good visual acuity was regained in all instances. The likeliest cause is generalized cerebral hypotension. Ischaemic injury might be prevented by prior detection of extracranial arterial disease and by monitoring cerebral as well as cardiac activity during surgery.", "PMID": 309611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2136", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with subsequent development of multiple myeloma. Evidence of two B-lymphocyte clones and of myeloma-induced suppression of secretion of an M-component and of normal immunoglobulins.", "content": "In a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, two M components of the IgGkappa and IgGlambda classes were demonstrated in the serum at the time of diagnosis. The patient was first followed without treatment; after 18 months multiple myeloma developed. At that time, immunofluorescence study of lymphocytes of the peripheral blood showed mainly membrane-bound immunoglobulins (S-Ig) of the IgGkappa class. The bone marrow disclosed a definite predominance of plasma cells with cytoplasmic IgGlambda, suggesting that the two B cell-derived diseases had arisen from two different cell clones. During the development of multiple myeloma, the serum concentration of the M component IgGlambda increased. Concurrently, the M component of IgGkappa gradually disappeared from the serum, and the concentrations of the normal immunoglobulins IgA and IgM declined. Following cytostatic treatment, the concentration of the myeloma-derived M component IgGlambda was halved and simultaneously the M component IgGkappa reappeared in the serum. To our knowledge, this case is the second reported of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma indicating development of the two diseases from different cell clones, and the first reported cases with myeloma-induced suppression of M-component secretion from malignant cells.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with subsequent development of multiple myeloma. Evidence of two B-lymphocyte clones and of myeloma-induced suppression of secretion of an M-component and of normal immunoglobulins. In a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, two M components of the IgGkappa and IgGlambda classes were demonstrated in the serum at the time of diagnosis. The patient was first followed without treatment; after 18 months multiple myeloma developed. At that time, immunofluorescence study of lymphocytes of the peripheral blood showed mainly membrane-bound immunoglobulins (S-Ig) of the IgGkappa class. The bone marrow disclosed a definite predominance of plasma cells with cytoplasmic IgGlambda, suggesting that the two B cell-derived diseases had arisen from two different cell clones. During the development of multiple myeloma, the serum concentration of the M component IgGlambda increased. Concurrently, the M component of IgGkappa gradually disappeared from the serum, and the concentrations of the normal immunoglobulins IgA and IgM declined. Following cytostatic treatment, the concentration of the myeloma-derived M component IgGlambda was halved and simultaneously the M component IgGkappa reappeared in the serum. To our knowledge, this case is the second reported of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma indicating development of the two diseases from different cell clones, and the first reported cases with myeloma-induced suppression of M-component secretion from malignant cells.", "PMID": 309624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2137", "title": "Non-specific acid esterase activity in rat lymphocytes.", "content": "In a first night's collection of rat thoracic duct lymphocytes B- and T-cells were distinguished on cytocentrifuge smears by complementary markers: B-cells by rosette-formation with Staphylococcus aureus Strain Cowan 1 armed with rabbit antiserum to rat F(ab')2 and T-cells by high uptake of 3H-uridine demonstrated by autoradiography. On incubation of the cytocentrifuge smears for demonstration of alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase (ANAE)-activity, most B-cells showed large, intense colour deposits often located in the uropod. T-cell ANAE-activity on the other hand was variable, possibly due to variations in experimental conditions. When present, the T-cell colour deposits were small, dot-like and of low intensity. ANAE-activity may then be used to differentiate between rat T- and B-cells, being a marker for the latter cell type. This is unexpected as others have reported that ANAE-activity is specific for T-cells in mouse and man. Studies with inhibitors indicate that the rat B-cell enzyme belongs to the acetylesterases.", "contents": "Non-specific acid esterase activity in rat lymphocytes. In a first night's collection of rat thoracic duct lymphocytes B- and T-cells were distinguished on cytocentrifuge smears by complementary markers: B-cells by rosette-formation with Staphylococcus aureus Strain Cowan 1 armed with rabbit antiserum to rat F(ab')2 and T-cells by high uptake of 3H-uridine demonstrated by autoradiography. On incubation of the cytocentrifuge smears for demonstration of alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase (ANAE)-activity, most B-cells showed large, intense colour deposits often located in the uropod. T-cell ANAE-activity on the other hand was variable, possibly due to variations in experimental conditions. When present, the T-cell colour deposits were small, dot-like and of low intensity. ANAE-activity may then be used to differentiate between rat T- and B-cells, being a marker for the latter cell type. This is unexpected as others have reported that ANAE-activity is specific for T-cells in mouse and man. Studies with inhibitors indicate that the rat B-cell enzyme belongs to the acetylesterases.", "PMID": 309625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2138", "title": "Different requirements for T cells responding to various doses of concanavalin A.", "content": "Con A is known to activate T cells to proliferation and the development of effector cells. Conflicting reports have been published as to the need for accessory cells in the T-cell response induced by Con A. We have found that the proliferative response in purified mouse spleen T cells induced by various doses of Con A requires different culture conditions and helper cells. The Con-A-induced response induced by optimal and high concentrations of the ligand requires the presence of either serum or adherent cells obtained from the peritoneal cavity or the spleen. For induction of a proliferative response by low doses of Con A both serum and helper cells must be present. The T-cell response to suboptimal concentrations of Con A is further characterized by the fact that the presence of an Ia-positive cell is required. Removal of Ia-positive cells from purified T cells results in a loss of the response of remaining cells to low doses of Con A but has less effect on the response induced by higher concentrations of the activating ligand. The possibility that distinct subsets of T cells are responding to low and high concentrations of Con A will be discussed.", "contents": "Different requirements for T cells responding to various doses of concanavalin A. Con A is known to activate T cells to proliferation and the development of effector cells. Conflicting reports have been published as to the need for accessory cells in the T-cell response induced by Con A. We have found that the proliferative response in purified mouse spleen T cells induced by various doses of Con A requires different culture conditions and helper cells. The Con-A-induced response induced by optimal and high concentrations of the ligand requires the presence of either serum or adherent cells obtained from the peritoneal cavity or the spleen. For induction of a proliferative response by low doses of Con A both serum and helper cells must be present. The T-cell response to suboptimal concentrations of Con A is further characterized by the fact that the presence of an Ia-positive cell is required. Removal of Ia-positive cells from purified T cells results in a loss of the response of remaining cells to low doses of Con A but has less effect on the response induced by higher concentrations of the activating ligand. The possibility that distinct subsets of T cells are responding to low and high concentrations of Con A will be discussed.", "PMID": 309626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2139", "title": "A chemical approach to the mechanism of B-lymphocyte activation. II. The pure presentation of haptens does not inactivate B lymphocytes.", "content": "Dinitrophenyl (DNP)-lysine-polymethylmethacrylate and DNP-cellulose conjugates do not irreversibly inactivate anti-DNP antigen-sensitive cells, regardless of the dose (up to 10 mg) or persistence of the stimulation (up to 2 weeks). Since these conjugates constitute pure hapten presentations, it is concluded that the pure hapten presentation to B lymphocyte does not irreversibly inactivate them. When murine spleen cells are cultured with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (non-immunogenic) DNP-lysine-polymethylmethacrylate or (non-immunogenic)  DNP-cellulose conjugates, an anti-DNP immune response occurs. However, replacement of DNP-lysine-polymethylmethacrylate with polymethylmethacrylate, or DNP-cellulose with cellulose, also results in a similar anti-DNP response. It is consequently concluded that the anti-DNP responses are entirely elicited by LPS, the hapten Dnp being inoperative. The anti-DNP response elicited by DNP-Ficoll is, upon exhaustive testing, carrier-dependent. This implies that the mechanism of DNP-Ficoll immunogenicity is not two cooperative signals passed on to B lymphocytes via the hapten DNP. These results argue against any two-signal model of B-lymphocyte activation.", "contents": "A chemical approach to the mechanism of B-lymphocyte activation. II. The pure presentation of haptens does not inactivate B lymphocytes. Dinitrophenyl (DNP)-lysine-polymethylmethacrylate and DNP-cellulose conjugates do not irreversibly inactivate anti-DNP antigen-sensitive cells, regardless of the dose (up to 10 mg) or persistence of the stimulation (up to 2 weeks). Since these conjugates constitute pure hapten presentations, it is concluded that the pure hapten presentation to B lymphocyte does not irreversibly inactivate them. When murine spleen cells are cultured with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (non-immunogenic) DNP-lysine-polymethylmethacrylate or (non-immunogenic)  DNP-cellulose conjugates, an anti-DNP immune response occurs. However, replacement of DNP-lysine-polymethylmethacrylate with polymethylmethacrylate, or DNP-cellulose with cellulose, also results in a similar anti-DNP response. It is consequently concluded that the anti-DNP responses are entirely elicited by LPS, the hapten Dnp being inoperative. The anti-DNP response elicited by DNP-Ficoll is, upon exhaustive testing, carrier-dependent. This implies that the mechanism of DNP-Ficoll immunogenicity is not two cooperative signals passed on to B lymphocytes via the hapten DNP. These results argue against any two-signal model of B-lymphocyte activation.", "PMID": 309627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2140", "title": "Study of the immunological status of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis have impaired T-lymphocyte function as measured by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization and response to tetanus toxoid. The humoral immune response as gauged by the ability to respond to typhoid vaccine was not affected. Tuberculous patients had higher immunoglobulin levels than normal controls. The relative proportions of T lymphocytes in patients were lower than in controls while those of B lymphocytes were normal. By these criteria, rifampin treatment did not seem to cause immunosuppression.", "contents": "Study of the immunological status of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis have impaired T-lymphocyte function as measured by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization and response to tetanus toxoid. The humoral immune response as gauged by the ability to respond to typhoid vaccine was not affected. Tuberculous patients had higher immunoglobulin levels than normal controls. The relative proportions of T lymphocytes in patients were lower than in controls while those of B lymphocytes were normal. By these criteria, rifampin treatment did not seem to cause immunosuppression.", "PMID": 309628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2141", "title": "Many bacterial species are mitogenic for human blood B lymphocytes.", "content": "Thirty bacterial species were tested for their ability to stimulate to increased DNA synthesis in human blood lymphocytes. A definite stimulation was obtained with eighteen bacterial species. For three of these species ten different strains of each were tested, and all increased DNA synthesis. The maximum response was after 3--4 days of culture, suggesting a mitogenic effect. This was confirmed by the induction of polyclonal antibody production shown by a plague assay, which was positive for nine of eleven species tested. Most bacterial species increased the DNA synthesis in B-lymphocyte-enriched and unseparated lymphocytes but had negligible activity on T-lymphocyte-enriched cultures. Among bacteria with a mitogenic effect and ability to induce polyclonal antibody production are Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I with a high content of protein A and many common human pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus group A and Streptococcus pneumoniae.", "contents": "Many bacterial species are mitogenic for human blood B lymphocytes. Thirty bacterial species were tested for their ability to stimulate to increased DNA synthesis in human blood lymphocytes. A definite stimulation was obtained with eighteen bacterial species. For three of these species ten different strains of each were tested, and all increased DNA synthesis. The maximum response was after 3--4 days of culture, suggesting a mitogenic effect. This was confirmed by the induction of polyclonal antibody production shown by a plague assay, which was positive for nine of eleven species tested. Most bacterial species increased the DNA synthesis in B-lymphocyte-enriched and unseparated lymphocytes but had negligible activity on T-lymphocyte-enriched cultures. Among bacteria with a mitogenic effect and ability to induce polyclonal antibody production are Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I with a high content of protein A and many common human pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus group A and Streptococcus pneumoniae.", "PMID": 309629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2142", "title": "Intramural oesophageal cyst with massive mediastinal bleeding. A case report.", "content": "Intramural oesophageal cysts lined by ciliated columnar epithelium are considered to be lesions which are not prone to serious complications except infection. In contrast to this view, a case of intramural oesophageal cyst recently operated upon by us, in which severe mediastinal bleeding developed, is described.", "contents": "Intramural oesophageal cyst with massive mediastinal bleeding. A case report. Intramural oesophageal cysts lined by ciliated columnar epithelium are considered to be lesions which are not prone to serious complications except infection. In contrast to this view, a case of intramural oesophageal cyst recently operated upon by us, in which severe mediastinal bleeding developed, is described.", "PMID": 309652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2143", "title": "Postoperative serum level and urinary excretion of magnesium following heart surgery.", "content": "The level of serum magnesium was examined in relation to open-heart surgery. A significant fall below normal values was observed during the first postoperative day, probably caused by haemodilution during bypass. Serum concentrations were normal from the second postoperative day onwards. This result differs from observations at other centres. Two possible causes for this divergency are suggested: (1) a habitiually high dietary intake of magnesium from the drinking water and (2) a postoperative regime emphasizing the maintenance of a positive blood and plasma balance, thus supplying the patients with a considerable amount of magnesium. It is concluded that no indications for pre- , per- or postoperative supplementation of magnesium in association with cardiopulmonary bypass were found.", "contents": "Postoperative serum level and urinary excretion of magnesium following heart surgery. The level of serum magnesium was examined in relation to open-heart surgery. A significant fall below normal values was observed during the first postoperative day, probably caused by haemodilution during bypass. Serum concentrations were normal from the second postoperative day onwards. This result differs from observations at other centres. Two possible causes for this divergency are suggested: (1) a habitiually high dietary intake of magnesium from the drinking water and (2) a postoperative regime emphasizing the maintenance of a positive blood and plasma balance, thus supplying the patients with a considerable amount of magnesium. It is concluded that no indications for pre- , per- or postoperative supplementation of magnesium in association with cardiopulmonary bypass were found.", "PMID": 309653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2144", "title": "[Echocardiographic serial study on movements of the interventricular septum after aorto-coronary bypass].", "content": "The data presented show that echocardiographically detected abnormal septal movement is frequent early after coronary bypass surgery but that these abnormalities decrease in many patients during late follow-up. Increased anterior movement of the whole heart during systole and decreased regional myocardial contraction both contribute to the septum abnormalities. However, the overall left ventricular function remains unchanged after coronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic serial study on movements of the interventricular septum after aorto-coronary bypass]. The data presented show that echocardiographically detected abnormal septal movement is frequent early after coronary bypass surgery but that these abnormalities decrease in many patients during late follow-up. Increased anterior movement of the whole heart during systole and decreased regional myocardial contraction both contribute to the septum abnormalities. However, the overall left ventricular function remains unchanged after coronary bypass surgery.", "PMID": 309654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2145", "title": "Serotonin shifts the phase of the circadian rhythm from the Aplysia eye.", "content": "A putative neurotransmitter, serotonin, may be used to transmit temporal information in the eye of Aplysia, because it can shift the phase of the circadian rhythm of spontaneous optic nerve impulses from the eye and the eye contains a significant quantity of serotonin. Serotonin acts either directly on the cell, or cells, containing the circadian pacemaker or on cells electronically coupled to the pacemaker cells.", "contents": "Serotonin shifts the phase of the circadian rhythm from the Aplysia eye. A putative neurotransmitter, serotonin, may be used to transmit temporal information in the eye of Aplysia, because it can shift the phase of the circadian rhythm of spontaneous optic nerve impulses from the eye and the eye contains a significant quantity of serotonin. Serotonin acts either directly on the cell, or cells, containing the circadian pacemaker or on cells electronically coupled to the pacemaker cells.", "PMID": 309655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2146", "title": "Dichromatic color language: \"reds\" and \"greens\" don't look alike but their colors do.", "content": "When protanopes or deuteranopes arrange the Farnsworth Dichotomous Test colors in order of similarity, they reveal their lack of red/green hue discriminations by alternating chips that the normal trichromat sees as reddish and greenish test colors. The dichromatic orderings follow a systematic variation in saturation of blue hues through neutral and into yellow hues as described by theory for each of the two types. Some dichromats who show the typical test behavior nevertheless use reddish and greenish hue terms appropriately when instructed to name the same test colors. Lightness cues are probably used by these dichromats in the naming task but ignored in the perceptual similarity task. Thus, unlike normal trichromats, who use similar names for perceptually similar colors, dichromats may use dissimilar names for perceptually similar colors. In this way they can achieve concordance with the normative language system despite its discordance with their impoverished color perceptions.", "contents": "Dichromatic color language: \"reds\" and \"greens\" don't look alike but their colors do. When protanopes or deuteranopes arrange the Farnsworth Dichotomous Test colors in order of similarity, they reveal their lack of red/green hue discriminations by alternating chips that the normal trichromat sees as reddish and greenish test colors. The dichromatic orderings follow a systematic variation in saturation of blue hues through neutral and into yellow hues as described by theory for each of the two types. Some dichromats who show the typical test behavior nevertheless use reddish and greenish hue terms appropriately when instructed to name the same test colors. Lightness cues are probably used by these dichromats in the naming task but ignored in the perceptual similarity task. Thus, unlike normal trichromats, who use similar names for perceptually similar colors, dichromats may use dissimilar names for perceptually similar colors. In this way they can achieve concordance with the normative language system despite its discordance with their impoverished color perceptions.", "PMID": 309656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2147", "title": "Diverticular disease of the colon: surgical management at a military hospital.", "content": "A recent review of the surgical management of diverticular disease of the colon included 73 patients. One-stage resections were accomplished in 67%, primarily in patients operated on electively for recurrent diverticulitis or fistula, and in the group of patients with cecal diverticulitis operated on for presumed appendicitis. Single-stage resection with ileorectal anastomosis is also preferred in patients with massive diverticular bleeding. For patients with large abscesses or diffuse peritonitis a two-stage procedure which removes the site of disease in the initial operation is recommended. There were no deaths and a lower incidence of complications in the group of patients who had elective operations for recurrent diverticulitis and fistula.", "contents": "Diverticular disease of the colon: surgical management at a military hospital. A recent review of the surgical management of diverticular disease of the colon included 73 patients. One-stage resections were accomplished in 67%, primarily in patients operated on electively for recurrent diverticulitis or fistula, and in the group of patients with cecal diverticulitis operated on for presumed appendicitis. Single-stage resection with ileorectal anastomosis is also preferred in patients with massive diverticular bleeding. For patients with large abscesses or diffuse peritonitis a two-stage procedure which removes the site of disease in the initial operation is recommended. There were no deaths and a lower incidence of complications in the group of patients who had elective operations for recurrent diverticulitis and fistula.", "PMID": 309657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2148", "title": "Hemophilus influenzae f cellulitis with bacteremia, peritonitis, and pleuritis in an adult with nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Hemophilus influenzae f was responsible for cellulitis with bacteremia, pleuritis, and peritonitis in an adult patient with the nephrotic syndrome. The patient rapidly responded to ampicillin. H influenzae f has previously been rarely found to cause pleuritis and bacteremia, but has not been reported as a cause of cellulitis or primary peritonitis. Patients with the nephrotic syndrome are prone to serious infection with encapsulated bacteria. The relative frequency of infection with the various encapsulated bacteria most likely parallels that of colonization by these organisms.", "contents": "Hemophilus influenzae f cellulitis with bacteremia, peritonitis, and pleuritis in an adult with nephrotic syndrome. Hemophilus influenzae f was responsible for cellulitis with bacteremia, pleuritis, and peritonitis in an adult patient with the nephrotic syndrome. The patient rapidly responded to ampicillin. H influenzae f has previously been rarely found to cause pleuritis and bacteremia, but has not been reported as a cause of cellulitis or primary peritonitis. Patients with the nephrotic syndrome are prone to serious infection with encapsulated bacteria. The relative frequency of infection with the various encapsulated bacteria most likely parallels that of colonization by these organisms.", "PMID": 309658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2149", "title": "Etopic pregnancy causing massive rectal bleeding.", "content": "A case of severe rectal bleeding due to an ectopic pregnancy in the wall of the cecum is reported. The usual preoperative studies for rectal bleeding were performed but did not yield a definitive diagnosis. At laparotomy the right side of the uterus was found to be adherent to the cecum.", "contents": "Etopic pregnancy causing massive rectal bleeding. A case of severe rectal bleeding due to an ectopic pregnancy in the wall of the cecum is reported. The usual preoperative studies for rectal bleeding were performed but did not yield a definitive diagnosis. At laparotomy the right side of the uterus was found to be adherent to the cecum.", "PMID": 309659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2150", "title": "Bulging (sagging) fissure sign in Hemophilus influenzae lobar pneumonia.", "content": "A bulging fissure sign was noticed on chest roentgenogram in a patient with H influenzae pneumonia. This sign is usually associated with Klebsiella pneumonia and has also been seen in pneumococcal and plague pneumonia, tuberculosis, mass lesions of the lung, and large lung abscesses. This is thought to be the first report of a bulging fissure sign associated with pneumonia due to H influenzae.", "contents": "Bulging (sagging) fissure sign in Hemophilus influenzae lobar pneumonia. A bulging fissure sign was noticed on chest roentgenogram in a patient with H influenzae pneumonia. This sign is usually associated with Klebsiella pneumonia and has also been seen in pneumococcal and plague pneumonia, tuberculosis, mass lesions of the lung, and large lung abscesses. This is thought to be the first report of a bulging fissure sign associated with pneumonia due to H influenzae.", "PMID": 309660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2151", "title": "Hereditary multiple exostoses. A rare cause of spinal cord compression.", "content": "A case of hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) with compression of the cervical cord, the cervical plexus, and the ulnar nerve is reported. Complete recovery following surgery was obtianed. Review of the literature revealed 21 previous cases of HME with cord compression. The cervical and thoracic areas are predominantly affected and the symptoms usually evolve slowly. Recovery after laminectomy is to be expected in the majority of the cases.", "contents": "Hereditary multiple exostoses. A rare cause of spinal cord compression. A case of hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) with compression of the cervical cord, the cervical plexus, and the ulnar nerve is reported. Complete recovery following surgery was obtianed. Review of the literature revealed 21 previous cases of HME with cord compression. The cervical and thoracic areas are predominantly affected and the symptoms usually evolve slowly. Recovery after laminectomy is to be expected in the majority of the cases.", "PMID": 309661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2152", "title": "The treatment of hemorrhagic gastritis with cimetidine.", "content": "Thirteen patients in whom bleeding from hemorrhagic gastritis was not controlled by a variety of therapeutic modalities were treated with cimetidine. Twelve of the 13 patients stopped bleeding. Three subsequently rebled, two of whom required an operation to control the bleeding. The average amount of blood transfused per patient before treatment with cimetidine was 16 units and after cimetidine, 1.6 units. Nine of the 13 patients died, but only one of them died of hemorrhage. The remaining eight patients died of a combination of sepsis and multiple organ failure. We observed no adverse side-effects after the administration of cimetidine. Cimetidine is a safe and reliable means to control bleeding from hemorrhagic gastritis. Once the diagnosis of hemorrhagic gastritis is established, treatment with cimetidine should be begun and continued until the underlying stress which initiated the bleeding is controlled.", "contents": "The treatment of hemorrhagic gastritis with cimetidine. Thirteen patients in whom bleeding from hemorrhagic gastritis was not controlled by a variety of therapeutic modalities were treated with cimetidine. Twelve of the 13 patients stopped bleeding. Three subsequently rebled, two of whom required an operation to control the bleeding. The average amount of blood transfused per patient before treatment with cimetidine was 16 units and after cimetidine, 1.6 units. Nine of the 13 patients died, but only one of them died of hemorrhage. The remaining eight patients died of a combination of sepsis and multiple organ failure. We observed no adverse side-effects after the administration of cimetidine. Cimetidine is a safe and reliable means to control bleeding from hemorrhagic gastritis. Once the diagnosis of hemorrhagic gastritis is established, treatment with cimetidine should be begun and continued until the underlying stress which initiated the bleeding is controlled.", "PMID": 309664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2153", "title": "Optimal myocardial protection.", "content": "The low mortality and perioperative infarction rates for aortocoronary bypass (ACB) make them unsuitable for evaluating the adequacy of myocardial protection. Enzymatic and functional measurements were found to be sensitive and specific indicators of myocardial injury. A prospective concurrent study of 78 patients undergoing triple ACB was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three popular methods of myocardial protection. Group I (32 patients) had a single dose of cold (4 degrees C) potassium cardioplegic (CPC) solution infused inducing a mean myocardial temperature (MMT) of 31 +/- 4 degrees C/min. Group II (23 patients) had multiple doses of CPC solution 8nducing a MMT of 22 +/- 2 degrees C/min. Group III (23 patients) had intermittent anoxic arrest at a MMT of 28 +/- 1 degrees C. The groups were not randomized but had comparable clinical symptoms and catheterization findings. Serial measurements of cardiac specific creatine kinase (CK-MB) revealed a peak in enzymatic activity occurring 60 minutes following ACB. The highest CK-MB was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in group II (25 +/- 8 IU/liter) than group I (50 +/- 8 IU/liter), or group III (68 +/- 14 IU/liter). Myocardial performance was evaluated after ACB by serially measuring left ventricular stroke work index (SW) and left atrial pressure (LAP) in response to volume loading. The rise in SW was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater in group II (3.0 +/- 0.7 gm.m/sq m/mm Hg) than in group I (1.4 +/- 0.7) or group III (1.8 +/- 0.9). The highest SW attained was higher (P less than .01) in group II (43 +/- 7 gm.m/sq m) than group I (19 +/- 6) or group III (34 +/- 8) at comparable LAP values (group I: 20 +/- 5 mm Hg; group II: 18 +/- 3; group III: 18 +/- 4). Post-operative clinical evaluation failed to differentiate among the three groups. The more sensitive indices, however, demonstrated the superiority of cold, multidose cardioplegia in providing optimal myocardial protection.", "contents": "Optimal myocardial protection. The low mortality and perioperative infarction rates for aortocoronary bypass (ACB) make them unsuitable for evaluating the adequacy of myocardial protection. Enzymatic and functional measurements were found to be sensitive and specific indicators of myocardial injury. A prospective concurrent study of 78 patients undergoing triple ACB was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three popular methods of myocardial protection. Group I (32 patients) had a single dose of cold (4 degrees C) potassium cardioplegic (CPC) solution infused inducing a mean myocardial temperature (MMT) of 31 +/- 4 degrees C/min. Group II (23 patients) had multiple doses of CPC solution 8nducing a MMT of 22 +/- 2 degrees C/min. Group III (23 patients) had intermittent anoxic arrest at a MMT of 28 +/- 1 degrees C. The groups were not randomized but had comparable clinical symptoms and catheterization findings. Serial measurements of cardiac specific creatine kinase (CK-MB) revealed a peak in enzymatic activity occurring 60 minutes following ACB. The highest CK-MB was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in group II (25 +/- 8 IU/liter) than group I (50 +/- 8 IU/liter), or group III (68 +/- 14 IU/liter). Myocardial performance was evaluated after ACB by serially measuring left ventricular stroke work index (SW) and left atrial pressure (LAP) in response to volume loading. The rise in SW was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater in group II (3.0 +/- 0.7 gm.m/sq m/mm Hg) than in group I (1.4 +/- 0.7) or group III (1.8 +/- 0.9). The highest SW attained was higher (P less than .01) in group II (43 +/- 7 gm.m/sq m) than group I (19 +/- 6) or group III (34 +/- 8) at comparable LAP values (group I: 20 +/- 5 mm Hg; group II: 18 +/- 3; group III: 18 +/- 4). Post-operative clinical evaluation failed to differentiate among the three groups. The more sensitive indices, however, demonstrated the superiority of cold, multidose cardioplegia in providing optimal myocardial protection.", "PMID": 309665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2154", "title": "[Abolition of pacing induced akinesia after aorto-coronary bypass grafting in patients with stable angina (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemodynamic studies were performed in 6 normal individuals, 8 patients with severe obstruction (more than 85% stenosis) of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), 10 patients with patent LAD grafts and 4 patients with stenosed or occluded LAD grafts. All patients were suffering from stable angina before operation. Monoplane ventriculograms and left ventricular pressure determinations were carried out at rest and immediately after ventricular pacing (170/min.). Anterior wall motion was determined from half-diameter shortening and ejection fraction was calculated using the area-length method. Heart rate and left ventricular systolic pressure were comparable in all 4 groups at rest and after pacing. Normal individuals and patients with patent grafts to the LAD showed no significant change of anterior wall motion, ejection fraction and left ventricular enddiastolic pressure after pacing as compared to rest. Patients with LAD stenosis showed a significant decrease of anterior wall motion, of ejection fraction and an increase of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Patients with graft failure revealed a drastic though not significant decrease of anterior wall motion. Decrease of ejection fraction and increase of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were significant. Thus, in patients with stable angina and severe coronary stenosis regional and total left ventricular function may well be maintained at rest but become severely impaired after pacing. Successful revascularization abolishes this ischemic response.", "contents": "[Abolition of pacing induced akinesia after aorto-coronary bypass grafting in patients with stable angina (author's transl)]. Hemodynamic studies were performed in 6 normal individuals, 8 patients with severe obstruction (more than 85% stenosis) of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), 10 patients with patent LAD grafts and 4 patients with stenosed or occluded LAD grafts. All patients were suffering from stable angina before operation. Monoplane ventriculograms and left ventricular pressure determinations were carried out at rest and immediately after ventricular pacing (170/min.). Anterior wall motion was determined from half-diameter shortening and ejection fraction was calculated using the area-length method. Heart rate and left ventricular systolic pressure were comparable in all 4 groups at rest and after pacing. Normal individuals and patients with patent grafts to the LAD showed no significant change of anterior wall motion, ejection fraction and left ventricular enddiastolic pressure after pacing as compared to rest. Patients with LAD stenosis showed a significant decrease of anterior wall motion, of ejection fraction and an increase of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Patients with graft failure revealed a drastic though not significant decrease of anterior wall motion. Decrease of ejection fraction and increase of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were significant. Thus, in patients with stable angina and severe coronary stenosis regional and total left ventricular function may well be maintained at rest but become severely impaired after pacing. Successful revascularization abolishes this ischemic response.", "PMID": 309669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2155", "title": "Stimulatory effect of soluble supernatant on hydroxylase activity of rat testis microsomes.", "content": "Addition of soluble supernatant to testis microsomes results in 42% increase in steroid 17,20-lyase activity and a 65% increase in 17alpha-hydroxylase activity. This stimulatory activity could be partially purified by salt fractionation. The activating factor(s) was not removed by dialysis nor did it appear to be lipid. It was destroyed by trypsin. Differential effects of heat were observed with the hydroxylase and lyase activators. The activation did not affect Km but only increased Vmax. The supernatant could be added to each enzyme to the point of maturation. No binding of steroids by the supernatant could be detected. Corpus luteum and placental supernatant did not stimulate enzymic activity, but supernatant from an adrenal adenoma was active.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of soluble supernatant on hydroxylase activity of rat testis microsomes. Addition of soluble supernatant to testis microsomes results in 42% increase in steroid 17,20-lyase activity and a 65% increase in 17alpha-hydroxylase activity. This stimulatory activity could be partially purified by salt fractionation. The activating factor(s) was not removed by dialysis nor did it appear to be lipid. It was destroyed by trypsin. Differential effects of heat were observed with the hydroxylase and lyase activators. The activation did not affect Km but only increased Vmax. The supernatant could be added to each enzyme to the point of maturation. No binding of steroids by the supernatant could be detected. Corpus luteum and placental supernatant did not stimulate enzymic activity, but supernatant from an adrenal adenoma was active.", "PMID": 309670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2156", "title": "The transition from natural to controlled fertility in Taiwan: a cross-sectional analysis of demand and supply factors.", "content": "Three factors are usually proposed as inducing the transition from natural to regulated fertility. Fertility regulation may occur when the demand for children is reduced; when general attitudes toward fertility regulaton become positive; and, finally, when such factors as infant and child survival prospects and natural fertility conditions improve. Applying the Easterlin framework for fertility determination, this paper considers the effect of these factors in the shift from natural to regulated fertility in Taiwan in 1965. Cross-sectional data for continuously married women aged 35-44 are used. The results indicate that, at the initial stages of the fertility transition, it is primarily an increase in the potential output of surviving children and a decline in the subjective costs associated with fertility regulation, rahter than a decline in desired fertility, that distinguish the natural fertility subpopulation from the regulating subpopulation.", "contents": "The transition from natural to controlled fertility in Taiwan: a cross-sectional analysis of demand and supply factors. Three factors are usually proposed as inducing the transition from natural to regulated fertility. Fertility regulation may occur when the demand for children is reduced; when general attitudes toward fertility regulaton become positive; and, finally, when such factors as infant and child survival prospects and natural fertility conditions improve. Applying the Easterlin framework for fertility determination, this paper considers the effect of these factors in the shift from natural to regulated fertility in Taiwan in 1965. Cross-sectional data for continuously married women aged 35-44 are used. The results indicate that, at the initial stages of the fertility transition, it is primarily an increase in the potential output of surviving children and a decline in the subjective costs associated with fertility regulation, rahter than a decline in desired fertility, that distinguish the natural fertility subpopulation from the regulating subpopulation.", "PMID": 309671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2157", "title": "[Neuropathological aspects of chronic diseases].", "content": "Practically all diseases of bodily organs may lead to quantitatively and qualitatively differing alterations of the central and periphal nervous system. These are connected to the basic disease on one side, to compications on the other. The preliminary condition for the appearance of encephalopathies following bodily diseases lies mostly in a disturbance of the blood-brain and blood-liquor barrier. No close correlation exists usually between psychiatric and nervous syndromes and pathomorphological findings. However, the findings are often characteristical, although not specifical. Especially the findings in uraemia, liver diseases, rheumatic and so-called pararheumatic diseases (collagenoses) are discussed.", "contents": "[Neuropathological aspects of chronic diseases]. Practically all diseases of bodily organs may lead to quantitatively and qualitatively differing alterations of the central and periphal nervous system. These are connected to the basic disease on one side, to compications on the other. The preliminary condition for the appearance of encephalopathies following bodily diseases lies mostly in a disturbance of the blood-brain and blood-liquor barrier. No close correlation exists usually between psychiatric and nervous syndromes and pathomorphological findings. However, the findings are often characteristical, although not specifical. Especially the findings in uraemia, liver diseases, rheumatic and so-called pararheumatic diseases (collagenoses) are discussed.", "PMID": 309691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2158", "title": "[Pathogneses of cutaneous malignant lymphoma].", "content": "In 1974 we suggested a schedule of the pathogenesis of CML. CML was described as a variant of the cutaneous lymphadenoid infiltrate (Fig. 2). Four years later, the schedule still appears to be valid, even to explain the three types of pseudolymphoma (Table 3). Recent findings concering. Burkitt's lymphoma and Mycosis fungoides fit in well with the proposed schedule. In studying CML recognition of the malignant lymphomatous cell is most important. Progress in immunology should make it possible to destroy these malignant cells by immunological measures since the cells belong to one clone.", "contents": "[Pathogneses of cutaneous malignant lymphoma]. In 1974 we suggested a schedule of the pathogenesis of CML. CML was described as a variant of the cutaneous lymphadenoid infiltrate (Fig. 2). Four years later, the schedule still appears to be valid, even to explain the three types of pseudolymphoma (Table 3). Recent findings concering. Burkitt's lymphoma and Mycosis fungoides fit in well with the proposed schedule. In studying CML recognition of the malignant lymphomatous cell is most important. Progress in immunology should make it possible to destroy these malignant cells by immunological measures since the cells belong to one clone.", "PMID": 309693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2159", "title": "Juvenile cirrhosis and membranous glomerulonephritis in a child with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency PiSZ.", "content": "An infant with alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) deficiency PiSZ presented with liver cirrhosis and showed clinical and laboratory evidence of renal disease when hepatic decompensation developed, shortly before death at 12 months of age. Low serum levels of alpha1-AT were only demonstrated late in the disease. SZ phenotype was proved by starch gel electrophoresis. Post-mortem pathological studies revealed severe hepatic cirrhosis with intracytoplasmic inclusion of alpha1-AT and membranous glomerulonephritis with deposits of complement and immunoglobulins but without the presence of alpha1-AT. The present case suggests the importance of studying Pi phenotypes and serum levels of alpha1-AT in all cases of idiopathic cirrhosis or renal disease in infancy.", "contents": "Juvenile cirrhosis and membranous glomerulonephritis in a child with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency PiSZ. An infant with alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) deficiency PiSZ presented with liver cirrhosis and showed clinical and laboratory evidence of renal disease when hepatic decompensation developed, shortly before death at 12 months of age. Low serum levels of alpha1-AT were only demonstrated late in the disease. SZ phenotype was proved by starch gel electrophoresis. Post-mortem pathological studies revealed severe hepatic cirrhosis with intracytoplasmic inclusion of alpha1-AT and membranous glomerulonephritis with deposits of complement and immunoglobulins but without the presence of alpha1-AT. The present case suggests the importance of studying Pi phenotypes and serum levels of alpha1-AT in all cases of idiopathic cirrhosis or renal disease in infancy.", "PMID": 309702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2160", "title": "[Neurophysiologic analysis of activation spontaneously developing in Rana temporaria frogs against a background of primary sleep].", "content": "The presence of spike-like activity against the background of the primary sleep EEG is described in the frog. Patterns of amplitude--frequency spectra computed for parts of the EEG with this activity differ from those computed for the typical EEG of the primary sleep, but have much in common with the spectra of wakefulness EEG. The point of view suggested by I. Karmanova [8] about functional role of different forms of activation arising against the background of the primary sleep in poikilotherms as possible precursors of paradoxical sleep in homoiotherms is confirmed.", "contents": "[Neurophysiologic analysis of activation spontaneously developing in Rana temporaria frogs against a background of primary sleep]. The presence of spike-like activity against the background of the primary sleep EEG is described in the frog. Patterns of amplitude--frequency spectra computed for parts of the EEG with this activity differ from those computed for the typical EEG of the primary sleep, but have much in common with the spectra of wakefulness EEG. The point of view suggested by I. Karmanova [8] about functional role of different forms of activation arising against the background of the primary sleep in poikilotherms as possible precursors of paradoxical sleep in homoiotherms is confirmed.", "PMID": 309699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2161", "title": "Intranuclear cytoplasmic organelles in hematopoietic diseases.", "content": "Mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and other cytoplasmic organelles were found within the nuclei, not in 'nuclear pseudo-inclusions', of some cells in several hematopoietic disorders. Mitoses were fairly often observed in the atypical cells of these cases. We suggest that these intranuclear cytoplasmic organelles may be trapped in the nucleus during an abnormal mitosis.", "contents": "Intranuclear cytoplasmic organelles in hematopoietic diseases. Mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and other cytoplasmic organelles were found within the nuclei, not in 'nuclear pseudo-inclusions', of some cells in several hematopoietic disorders. Mitoses were fairly often observed in the atypical cells of these cases. We suggest that these intranuclear cytoplasmic organelles may be trapped in the nucleus during an abnormal mitosis.", "PMID": 309703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2162", "title": "[Vasomotor innervation of the arteries and veins of Rana temporaria frogs].", "content": "Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of frog arteries and veins has been studied histochemically using glyoxilic acid and the method of Karnovsky--Roots. It was shown that the vessels studied differ in catecholamine-containing structures, the intensity of fluorescence of adrenergic nerve endings, the density of nervous plexus and the direction of nerve fibers. It was found that adrenergic innervation is present not only in the arteries, but in the veins as well. Morphometrical analysis indicates that the density of adrenergic plexus per volume unit of vascular wall in the veins investigated is higher than the density of adrenergic nerves in the arteries. This finding suggests that the nervous control of the veins appears in evolution beginning from amphibians, but not from reptiles. It was reliably demonstrated that aorta thoracica and pulmonary artery receive cholinergic innervation, the density of cholinergic plexus in the latter being twice higher than that of adrenergic one.", "contents": "[Vasomotor innervation of the arteries and veins of Rana temporaria frogs]. Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of frog arteries and veins has been studied histochemically using glyoxilic acid and the method of Karnovsky--Roots. It was shown that the vessels studied differ in catecholamine-containing structures, the intensity of fluorescence of adrenergic nerve endings, the density of nervous plexus and the direction of nerve fibers. It was found that adrenergic innervation is present not only in the arteries, but in the veins as well. Morphometrical analysis indicates that the density of adrenergic plexus per volume unit of vascular wall in the veins investigated is higher than the density of adrenergic nerves in the arteries. This finding suggests that the nervous control of the veins appears in evolution beginning from amphibians, but not from reptiles. It was reliably demonstrated that aorta thoracica and pulmonary artery receive cholinergic innervation, the density of cholinergic plexus in the latter being twice higher than that of adrenergic one.", "PMID": 309698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2163", "title": "[Human serum colony-stimulating factor in mouse bone marrow culture].", "content": "Activity of CSF was measured in human serum after chromatography on Sephadex G-200. Agar culture of bone marrow cells was done in Petri dishes with agar in Eagle'a medium containing fetal calf serum and antibiotics. This agar-medium containing mouse bone marrow cells, was allowed to gel and the dishes were incubated at 37 degrees C in a fully humidified atmosphere of 10% CO2 in air. Our data indicate that chromatography procedure allows to get CSF free from its inhibitors. All activity was localized in one peak, in the region of low molecular weight proteins.", "contents": "[Human serum colony-stimulating factor in mouse bone marrow culture]. Activity of CSF was measured in human serum after chromatography on Sephadex G-200. Agar culture of bone marrow cells was done in Petri dishes with agar in Eagle'a medium containing fetal calf serum and antibiotics. This agar-medium containing mouse bone marrow cells, was allowed to gel and the dishes were incubated at 37 degrees C in a fully humidified atmosphere of 10% CO2 in air. Our data indicate that chromatography procedure allows to get CSF free from its inhibitors. All activity was localized in one peak, in the region of low molecular weight proteins.", "PMID": 309700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2164", "title": "Mitogen stimulation and distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes during natural rubella infection.", "content": "The phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) response of lymphocytes from seven patients with natural rubella infection was investigated during the acute, early and late convalescence stages of disease. When the lymphocytes were cultured in autologous serum, a moderate depression of the response, following stimulation with PHA in both optimal and suboptimal concentrations was obtained two weeks after the onset of exanthema (early convalescence). Two months later (late convalescence), the lymphocyte stimulation response had returned to almost normal values. On the other hand, lymphocytes incubated in pooled homologous serum reacted normally to PHA in optimal concentrations at all three stages. Determination of T- and B-lymphocytes did not reveal any change in the relative proportion of T-lymphocytes during the course of the disease. However, in late convalescence, a significant decrease in the relative number of B-lymphocytes was recorded.", "contents": "Mitogen stimulation and distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes during natural rubella infection. The phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) response of lymphocytes from seven patients with natural rubella infection was investigated during the acute, early and late convalescence stages of disease. When the lymphocytes were cultured in autologous serum, a moderate depression of the response, following stimulation with PHA in both optimal and suboptimal concentrations was obtained two weeks after the onset of exanthema (early convalescence). Two months later (late convalescence), the lymphocyte stimulation response had returned to almost normal values. On the other hand, lymphocytes incubated in pooled homologous serum reacted normally to PHA in optimal concentrations at all three stages. Determination of T- and B-lymphocytes did not reveal any change in the relative proportion of T-lymphocytes during the course of the disease. However, in late convalescence, a significant decrease in the relative number of B-lymphocytes was recorded.", "PMID": 309704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2165", "title": "Characterization of clinical tonsil stages by their T-cell count. Immunopathological description of tonsils after a peritonsillar abscess.", "content": "The T-cell counts in five different clinical tonsil stages are compared. No particularities were observed, with the exception of the condition after a peritonsillar abscess. The differences existing between the individual groups are discussed as age-dependent. A considerable increase in T-cells is found in the abscess tonsil compared with other tonsils and the T-cell count in blood. Its pathomechanism is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of clinical tonsil stages by their T-cell count. Immunopathological description of tonsils after a peritonsillar abscess. The T-cell counts in five different clinical tonsil stages are compared. No particularities were observed, with the exception of the condition after a peritonsillar abscess. The differences existing between the individual groups are discussed as age-dependent. A considerable increase in T-cells is found in the abscess tonsil compared with other tonsils and the T-cell count in blood. Its pathomechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 309701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2166", "title": "The prevalence of IgE antinuclear antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) of the IgE class were studied in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy controls. Sixty per cent of 20 RA patients with neutropenia were found to have IgE granulocyte-specific (GS-)ANA, whereas only 16% of RA patients without neutropenia had IgE antibodies of similar specificity. About 5% in each group of RA patients had IgE organ-nonspecific (ON-)ANA. Eleven of 15 patients with active SLE and only 4 of 20 with inactive SLE had IgE ON-ANA. Sera from five patients with lupus nephritis all contained IgE ON-ANA. None of 100 sera from controls showed presence of IgE  ANA. IgE ANA titres in RA and SLE patients correlated to the titres of ANA of the other four immunoglobulin classes. Gel filtration studies at neutral and acid pH of RA sera containing high titres of IgE GS-ANA indicated the presence of these antibodies in immune complexes. Studies of serum cryoprecipitates supported this conclusion. IgE ANA production may be of pathogenetic importance in RA and SLE by eliciting type-I reactions.", "contents": "The prevalence of IgE antinuclear antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) of the IgE class were studied in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy controls. Sixty per cent of 20 RA patients with neutropenia were found to have IgE granulocyte-specific (GS-)ANA, whereas only 16% of RA patients without neutropenia had IgE antibodies of similar specificity. About 5% in each group of RA patients had IgE organ-nonspecific (ON-)ANA. Eleven of 15 patients with active SLE and only 4 of 20 with inactive SLE had IgE ON-ANA. Sera from five patients with lupus nephritis all contained IgE ON-ANA. None of 100 sera from controls showed presence of IgE  ANA. IgE ANA titres in RA and SLE patients correlated to the titres of ANA of the other four immunoglobulin classes. Gel filtration studies at neutral and acid pH of RA sera containing high titres of IgE GS-ANA indicated the presence of these antibodies in immune complexes. Studies of serum cryoprecipitates supported this conclusion. IgE ANA production may be of pathogenetic importance in RA and SLE by eliciting type-I reactions.", "PMID": 309705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2167", "title": "Schizophrenia and rheumatic disease. A study on the concurrence of inflammatory joint diseases and a review of 58 case-records.", "content": "The coincidental occurrence of schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis is considered to be low in relation to the prevalence of the two diseases. In the present study, data from the patient statistics prepared by the Swedish Social Welfare Board were examined for the occurrence of rheumatic disease in schizophrenic patients. With the aid of the statistics and of questionnaires, 58 case-records were collected and studied. Very few cases were found of co-existing schizophrenia and inflammatory joint disease, rheumatoid arthritis in particular. There were, however, some cases of genuine schizophrenia and definite seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in the same patient. Rheumatoid arthritis is possibly uncommon also in combination with other psychiatric diseases that require hospital care. The ankylosing-spondylitis cases were over-represented in relation to the rheumatoid-arthritis cases included in the statistics from psychiatric care. Most of the 13 ankylosing-spondylitis patients whose case-records were studied had schizoaffective psychosis or atypical psychosis. The results of the investigation should be confirmed by epidemiological studies; this may contribute to the understanding of the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis and of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Schizophrenia and rheumatic disease. A study on the concurrence of inflammatory joint diseases and a review of 58 case-records. The coincidental occurrence of schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis is considered to be low in relation to the prevalence of the two diseases. In the present study, data from the patient statistics prepared by the Swedish Social Welfare Board were examined for the occurrence of rheumatic disease in schizophrenic patients. With the aid of the statistics and of questionnaires, 58 case-records were collected and studied. Very few cases were found of co-existing schizophrenia and inflammatory joint disease, rheumatoid arthritis in particular. There were, however, some cases of genuine schizophrenia and definite seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in the same patient. Rheumatoid arthritis is possibly uncommon also in combination with other psychiatric diseases that require hospital care. The ankylosing-spondylitis cases were over-represented in relation to the rheumatoid-arthritis cases included in the statistics from psychiatric care. Most of the 13 ankylosing-spondylitis patients whose case-records were studied had schizoaffective psychosis or atypical psychosis. The results of the investigation should be confirmed by epidemiological studies; this may contribute to the understanding of the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis and of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 309707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2168", "title": "Natural history and life expectancy in severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Pi Z.", "content": "Clinical data from 246 adult Swedish individuals with severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Pi Z, diagnosed in 1963--77, were analyzed. Primary emphysema was present in 109 cases. Of 75 Pi Z patients with other types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), all but 7 showed signs of emphysema. Median age at onset of dyspnoea in Pi Z smokers was 40 years, compared to 53 in non-smokers (p less than 0.001). Of the Pi Z individuals over the age of 50, 19% had a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis and 15% signs of glomerular renal damage. Of 91 deceased patients, 56 died from COPD and 12 from liver disease. A greatly reduced survival was demonstrated in Pi Z individuals, regardless of sex. Smoking Pi Z individuals had a significantly lower life expectancy than Pi Z non-smokers (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Natural history and life expectancy in severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Pi Z. Clinical data from 246 adult Swedish individuals with severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Pi Z, diagnosed in 1963--77, were analyzed. Primary emphysema was present in 109 cases. Of 75 Pi Z patients with other types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), all but 7 showed signs of emphysema. Median age at onset of dyspnoea in Pi Z smokers was 40 years, compared to 53 in non-smokers (p less than 0.001). Of the Pi Z individuals over the age of 50, 19% had a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis and 15% signs of glomerular renal damage. Of 91 deceased patients, 56 died from COPD and 12 from liver disease. A greatly reduced survival was demonstrated in Pi Z individuals, regardless of sex. Smoking Pi Z individuals had a significantly lower life expectancy than Pi Z non-smokers (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 309708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2169", "title": "Intermediate alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Pi M-.", "content": "A 50-year-old man was found to have 40% of the normal serum alpha1-antitrypsin concentration but subsequent electrofocusing showed a pattern indistinguishable from the ordinary M pattern. This finding and family studies suggested that he was a carrier of a null (-) allele. Heavy smoking and this Pi M- phenotype in interaction probably were responsible for the development of emphysema, documented by an extensive investigation of lung function. Two non-smoking offspring carrying the null allele had normal lung function. Normal karyotypes were found in all the Pi M- subjects.", "contents": "Intermediate alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Pi M-. A 50-year-old man was found to have 40% of the normal serum alpha1-antitrypsin concentration but subsequent electrofocusing showed a pattern indistinguishable from the ordinary M pattern. This finding and family studies suggested that he was a carrier of a null (-) allele. Heavy smoking and this Pi M- phenotype in interaction probably were responsible for the development of emphysema, documented by an extensive investigation of lung function. Two non-smoking offspring carrying the null allele had normal lung function. Normal karyotypes were found in all the Pi M- subjects.", "PMID": 309709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2170", "title": "Ventriculographic features of ascending transtentorial herniation.", "content": "The ventriculographic findings of a severe ascending transtentorial herniation that occurred after shunting in an infant with a posterior fossa tumour are described.", "contents": "Ventriculographic features of ascending transtentorial herniation. The ventriculographic findings of a severe ascending transtentorial herniation that occurred after shunting in an infant with a posterior fossa tumour are described.", "PMID": 309710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2171", "title": "Activation of B cell subsets by T-dependent and T-independent antigens.", "content": "The capacity of the trinitrophenyl haptenic group coupled to a series of chemically dissimilar carriers to cross-stimulate putative T-dependent and T-independent B-cell subpopulations was determined by using an in vitro limiting dilution technique to generate primary IgM responses. TNP-Ficoll and TNP-dextran, two T-independent antigens with little or no polyclonal mitogenicity, stimulate the same population of anti-TNP precursors, which is distinct from the precursor population activated by TNP-LPS, a T-independent polyclonal mitogen, or by TNP-HRBC, a T-dependent antigen. TNP-LPS and TNP-HRBC activate the same precursor population, indicating that LPS can substitute for the T cell signal in T-dependent B-cell responses, whereas nonmitogenic T-independent antigens cannot. However, the cumulative evidence from this and other laboratories suggests that LPS and T-dependent antigens activate B cells by different mechanisms. TNP conjugates of Ficoll and dextran, which are relatively poor inducers of polyclonal B cell activation, induced larger anti-TNP clones than did TNP-LPS, a strong polyclonal mitogen. Macrophages are required for the anti-TNP-Ficoll/anti-TNP-dextran response, whereas, a similar requirement has not been shown for the anti-TNP-LPS response. Thus, macrophages may function as polyclonal B cell activators in T-independent responses. Experiments in which TNP was coupled directly onto the macrophage surface support this hypothesis. B-cell heterogenity in T-dependent responses is suggested by experiments using the C3 receptor as a marker for functional subpopulations of B cells. Murine T cells cooperate with B cells that carry a receptor for C3 and with at least some B cells which lack the C3 receptor in a primary in vitro antibody response. In vitro culture experiments using populations of B cells fractionated on the basis of the C3 receptor showed that CR+ cells were unable to make T-dependent antibody responses in the presence of anti-C3 antibody, whereas the response of CR- B cells was unaffected. Using irradiated, carrier-primed spleen cells from B10.A mice as a source of helper cells for B cells derived from various congenic strains in an in vitro primary IgM response to TNP-KLH, CR+ B cells cooperated across haplotype differences in the I region of the MHC, whereas CR- B cells did not. Preliminary mapping experiments for the genetic restriction of CR- B cells suggest complementation between the I-A and I-C subregions of the MHC. These findings tentatively suggest the existence of alternative cooperative pathways between T cells and B cell subpopulations.", "contents": "Activation of B cell subsets by T-dependent and T-independent antigens. The capacity of the trinitrophenyl haptenic group coupled to a series of chemically dissimilar carriers to cross-stimulate putative T-dependent and T-independent B-cell subpopulations was determined by using an in vitro limiting dilution technique to generate primary IgM responses. TNP-Ficoll and TNP-dextran, two T-independent antigens with little or no polyclonal mitogenicity, stimulate the same population of anti-TNP precursors, which is distinct from the precursor population activated by TNP-LPS, a T-independent polyclonal mitogen, or by TNP-HRBC, a T-dependent antigen. TNP-LPS and TNP-HRBC activate the same precursor population, indicating that LPS can substitute for the T cell signal in T-dependent B-cell responses, whereas nonmitogenic T-independent antigens cannot. However, the cumulative evidence from this and other laboratories suggests that LPS and T-dependent antigens activate B cells by different mechanisms. TNP conjugates of Ficoll and dextran, which are relatively poor inducers of polyclonal B cell activation, induced larger anti-TNP clones than did TNP-LPS, a strong polyclonal mitogen. Macrophages are required for the anti-TNP-Ficoll/anti-TNP-dextran response, whereas, a similar requirement has not been shown for the anti-TNP-LPS response. Thus, macrophages may function as polyclonal B cell activators in T-independent responses. Experiments in which TNP was coupled directly onto the macrophage surface support this hypothesis. B-cell heterogenity in T-dependent responses is suggested by experiments using the C3 receptor as a marker for functional subpopulations of B cells. Murine T cells cooperate with B cells that carry a receptor for C3 and with at least some B cells which lack the C3 receptor in a primary in vitro antibody response. In vitro culture experiments using populations of B cells fractionated on the basis of the C3 receptor showed that CR+ cells were unable to make T-dependent antibody responses in the presence of anti-C3 antibody, whereas the response of CR- B cells was unaffected. Using irradiated, carrier-primed spleen cells from B10.A mice as a source of helper cells for B cells derived from various congenic strains in an in vitro primary IgM response to TNP-KLH, CR+ B cells cooperated across haplotype differences in the I region of the MHC, whereas CR- B cells did not. Preliminary mapping experiments for the genetic restriction of CR- B cells suggest complementation between the I-A and I-C subregions of the MHC. These findings tentatively suggest the existence of alternative cooperative pathways between T cells and B cell subpopulations.", "PMID": 309712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2172", "title": "Regulation of anti-hapten antibody secretion by carrier-specific suppressor T cells.", "content": "Carrier-primed T lymphocytes can suppress high avidity IgG anti-hapten antibody secretion within 90 min. in vitro if the suppressor and target cells are primed with the same carrier determinants. Suppression seems to be directed to the antibody secreting cell since the effect is rapid and does not depend on macrophages or T cells in the target cell population. Suppression can be blocked by inclusion of soluble carrier in the cell mixture or by treatment of the target cells with anti-carrier antibody or pronase. Moreover, suppression can be augmented by PFC exposure to the soluble hapten-carrier conjugate. Finally, carrier specificity may be altered by preincubation of the target population with a hapten-heterologous carrier before addition of suppressor cells specific for the heterologous carrier. Thus, it is likely that high avidity suppression depends upon immunogen bound to the surfaces of antibody secreting cells which serves as a target for suppressor cells or molecules.", "contents": "Regulation of anti-hapten antibody secretion by carrier-specific suppressor T cells. Carrier-primed T lymphocytes can suppress high avidity IgG anti-hapten antibody secretion within 90 min. in vitro if the suppressor and target cells are primed with the same carrier determinants. Suppression seems to be directed to the antibody secreting cell since the effect is rapid and does not depend on macrophages or T cells in the target cell population. Suppression can be blocked by inclusion of soluble carrier in the cell mixture or by treatment of the target cells with anti-carrier antibody or pronase. Moreover, suppression can be augmented by PFC exposure to the soluble hapten-carrier conjugate. Finally, carrier specificity may be altered by preincubation of the target population with a hapten-heterologous carrier before addition of suppressor cells specific for the heterologous carrier. Thus, it is likely that high avidity suppression depends upon immunogen bound to the surfaces of antibody secreting cells which serves as a target for suppressor cells or molecules.", "PMID": 309713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2173", "title": "Independent precursors for thymus dependent and thymus independent IgG memory B cells.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice primed with the thymus dependent antigen trinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin several months earlier can be cultured in vitro to give vigorous IgG antihapten PFC responses to thymus dependent and thymus independent forms of the hapten. The IgG memory precursors responding to these two forms of the hapten constitute functionally distinct subpopulations which we have designated as B1gamma and B2gamma to represent the precursor cells responding to the thymus independent and thymus dependent antigens respectively. Four types of evidence for these subpopulations are presented 1) the responses to the two types of antigen are additive when both forms are added to the same culture; 2) the precursor frequency for the thymus dependent and thymus independent populations is different although expansion over primary IgM precursor frequencies was not detectable; 3) the avidities of the PFC elicited by each antigen are distinct; the thymus independnet antigens elicit lower avidity PFC; 4) selective killing of one population can be accomplished by BUdR and light treatment without affecting the other population.", "contents": "Independent precursors for thymus dependent and thymus independent IgG memory B cells. Spleen cells from mice primed with the thymus dependent antigen trinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin several months earlier can be cultured in vitro to give vigorous IgG antihapten PFC responses to thymus dependent and thymus independent forms of the hapten. The IgG memory precursors responding to these two forms of the hapten constitute functionally distinct subpopulations which we have designated as B1gamma and B2gamma to represent the precursor cells responding to the thymus independent and thymus dependent antigens respectively. Four types of evidence for these subpopulations are presented 1) the responses to the two types of antigen are additive when both forms are added to the same culture; 2) the precursor frequency for the thymus dependent and thymus independent populations is different although expansion over primary IgM precursor frequencies was not detectable; 3) the avidities of the PFC elicited by each antigen are distinct; the thymus independnet antigens elicit lower avidity PFC; 4) selective killing of one population can be accomplished by BUdR and light treatment without affecting the other population.", "PMID": 309714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2174", "title": "Radionuclide assessment of ventricular performance during propranolol withdrawal prior to aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "The effects of oral propranolol upon left ventricular performance were assessed in 18 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease in whom propranolol was tapered prior to elective aortocoronary bypass surgery. Left ventricular ejection fraction, ejection rate, and regional wall motion were obtained on three occasions with first-pass radionuclide angiocardiographic techniques. Patients were studied at peak propranolol dose ( +/- SEM) 224 +/- 29 mg./day; serum propranolol level, 85 +/- 22 ng./ml.), intermediate dose (99 +/- 9 mg./day; serum propranolol, 30 +/- 6 ng./ml.), and 24 hours following discontinuation of propranolol therapy. Heart rate increased significantly (62 +/- 2.3 vs 67 +/- 3.0 vs 73 +/- 2.3 beats/minute, p less than 0.001) during propranolol withdrawal, while systolic blood pressure did not change significantly (114.7 +/- 4.3 vs 110.3 +/-3.0 vs 113 +/- 3.0 mm. Hg, p greater than 0.05). There was no significant change in ejection fraction (59.1 +/- 2.4 vs 60.4 +/- 2.0 vs 59.2 +/- 2.5 per cent) or ejection rate 2.80 +/- 0.18 vs 2.87 +/- 0.18 vs 2.92 +/- 0.20 sec.-1) as propranolol was tapered (p greater than 0.05). No patient demonstrated a change in regional wall motion in response to propranolol withdrawal. The results of this study suggest that oral propranolol in commonly used clinical dosages does not significantly affect radionuclide measures of left ventricular performance in the basal state.", "contents": "Radionuclide assessment of ventricular performance during propranolol withdrawal prior to aortocoronary bypass surgery. The effects of oral propranolol upon left ventricular performance were assessed in 18 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease in whom propranolol was tapered prior to elective aortocoronary bypass surgery. Left ventricular ejection fraction, ejection rate, and regional wall motion were obtained on three occasions with first-pass radionuclide angiocardiographic techniques. Patients were studied at peak propranolol dose ( +/- SEM) 224 +/- 29 mg./day; serum propranolol level, 85 +/- 22 ng./ml.), intermediate dose (99 +/- 9 mg./day; serum propranolol, 30 +/- 6 ng./ml.), and 24 hours following discontinuation of propranolol therapy. Heart rate increased significantly (62 +/- 2.3 vs 67 +/- 3.0 vs 73 +/- 2.3 beats/minute, p less than 0.001) during propranolol withdrawal, while systolic blood pressure did not change significantly (114.7 +/- 4.3 vs 110.3 +/-3.0 vs 113 +/- 3.0 mm. Hg, p greater than 0.05). There was no significant change in ejection fraction (59.1 +/- 2.4 vs 60.4 +/- 2.0 vs 59.2 +/- 2.5 per cent) or ejection rate 2.80 +/- 0.18 vs 2.87 +/- 0.18 vs 2.92 +/- 0.20 sec.-1) as propranolol was tapered (p greater than 0.05). No patient demonstrated a change in regional wall motion in response to propranolol withdrawal. The results of this study suggest that oral propranolol in commonly used clinical dosages does not significantly affect radionuclide measures of left ventricular performance in the basal state.", "PMID": 309716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2175", "title": "Transcatheter therapy of gastrointestinal arterial bleeding.", "content": "Transcatheter therapy for arteriocapillary gastrointestinal bleeding is often an effective form of treatment. The choice of transcatheter therapy (ie, vasoconstrictor or occlusive) often is dependent on the etiology and location of bleeding. Vasopressin is a generally safe form of treatment which is often successful in treating bleeding secondary to gastritis, Mallory-Weiss mucosal tears, and diverticular disease. It is less effective in treating bleeding peptic ulcers, neoplastic bleeding, or bleeding when clotting abnormalities exist. Occlusive therapy is an effective alternate form of therapy in selected circumstances. Ischemic complications from vasoconstrictor and embolic therapy may occur and require appropriate caution and discretion with their use.", "contents": "Transcatheter therapy of gastrointestinal arterial bleeding. Transcatheter therapy for arteriocapillary gastrointestinal bleeding is often an effective form of treatment. The choice of transcatheter therapy (ie, vasoconstrictor or occlusive) often is dependent on the etiology and location of bleeding. Vasopressin is a generally safe form of treatment which is often successful in treating bleeding secondary to gastritis, Mallory-Weiss mucosal tears, and diverticular disease. It is less effective in treating bleeding peptic ulcers, neoplastic bleeding, or bleeding when clotting abnormalities exist. Occlusive therapy is an effective alternate form of therapy in selected circumstances. Ischemic complications from vasoconstrictor and embolic therapy may occur and require appropriate caution and discretion with their use.", "PMID": 309720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2176", "title": "Giant cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Report of a case with upper gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosed by endoscopic brush cytology.", "content": "A case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding as the first and only manifestation of giant cell carcinoma of the pancreas invading the duodenum is described. The polypoid tumor was visualized during endoscopy. The diagnosis was made by a cytologic brush and confirmed by endoscopic biopsy. The rather uncommon presentation of pancreatic carcinoma and the possibility of establishing the diagnosis by a cytologic brush is discussed.", "contents": "Giant cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Report of a case with upper gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosed by endoscopic brush cytology. A case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding as the first and only manifestation of giant cell carcinoma of the pancreas invading the duodenum is described. The polypoid tumor was visualized during endoscopy. The diagnosis was made by a cytologic brush and confirmed by endoscopic biopsy. The rather uncommon presentation of pancreatic carcinoma and the possibility of establishing the diagnosis by a cytologic brush is discussed.", "PMID": 309721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2177", "title": "T and B lymphocytes, immunoglobulins and complement components in bronchial asthma.", "content": "Sixty children, 7--15 years old, suffering from bronchial asthma and 44 healthy children, 12--14 years old, were studied for the percentage and the total count per mm.3 of T and B lymphocytes. Patients were classified into extrinsic atopic, mixed and intrinsic asthma. According to the clinical course mild and severe cases were analysed separately. The total and \"active\" T lymphocytes were detected by the ability to form nonimmune rosettes with sheep red blood cells. The B lymphocytes were estimated by the rosetting procedure with antibody mouse complement coated sheep erythrocytes. No decrease of the percentage or total count of T lymphocytes was observed, and an elevation of total count and percentage of active T cell rosettes was even seen in severe cases of extrinsic atopic asthma. The B cell percentage was decreased in severe atopic, mild intrinsic and mild mixed asthma but the total number was lowered only in the last group. The immunoglobulin A, G, M, D and E level, measured by the single radial immunodifussion test, was correlated neither to T cell nor B cell percentage. The complement components C1q, C4, C3, C3 proactivator and C5 were measured by the radial immunodufusion test in the plasma of some patients and controls. The C1q level was normal. An elevation of C4 in mild extrinsic, C5 in severe extrinsic and C3 in severe mixed asthma was seen. A decrease of C3 proactivator was observed in mild extrinsic and mixed asthma, and in three cases of intinsic asthma this was accompanied by lowering of C3, suggesting an activation of the alternative pathway.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes, immunoglobulins and complement components in bronchial asthma. Sixty children, 7--15 years old, suffering from bronchial asthma and 44 healthy children, 12--14 years old, were studied for the percentage and the total count per mm.3 of T and B lymphocytes. Patients were classified into extrinsic atopic, mixed and intrinsic asthma. According to the clinical course mild and severe cases were analysed separately. The total and \"active\" T lymphocytes were detected by the ability to form nonimmune rosettes with sheep red blood cells. The B lymphocytes were estimated by the rosetting procedure with antibody mouse complement coated sheep erythrocytes. No decrease of the percentage or total count of T lymphocytes was observed, and an elevation of total count and percentage of active T cell rosettes was even seen in severe cases of extrinsic atopic asthma. The B cell percentage was decreased in severe atopic, mild intrinsic and mild mixed asthma but the total number was lowered only in the last group. The immunoglobulin A, G, M, D and E level, measured by the single radial immunodifussion test, was correlated neither to T cell nor B cell percentage. The complement components C1q, C4, C3, C3 proactivator and C5 were measured by the radial immunodufusion test in the plasma of some patients and controls. The C1q level was normal. An elevation of C4 in mild extrinsic, C5 in severe extrinsic and C3 in severe mixed asthma was seen. A decrease of C3 proactivator was observed in mild extrinsic and mixed asthma, and in three cases of intinsic asthma this was accompanied by lowering of C3, suggesting an activation of the alternative pathway.", "PMID": 309715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2178", "title": "Triplo-X constitution of mother explains apparent occurrence of two recombinants in sibship segregating at two closely X-linked loci (G6PD and deutan).", "content": "Two male sibs believed to be examples of meiotic recombinants between the closely linked loci for G6PD deficiency of Mediterranean type and severe deutan color blindness proved to be simple segregants of a triplo-X mother of genotype d--GdMediterranean/d+GdMediterranean/d+GdB. This finding suggests that in Sardinia the linkage between the two loci under consideration may be tighter than previously assumed.", "contents": "Triplo-X constitution of mother explains apparent occurrence of two recombinants in sibship segregating at two closely X-linked loci (G6PD and deutan). Two male sibs believed to be examples of meiotic recombinants between the closely linked loci for G6PD deficiency of Mediterranean type and severe deutan color blindness proved to be simple segregants of a triplo-X mother of genotype d--GdMediterranean/d+GdMediterranean/d+GdB. This finding suggests that in Sardinia the linkage between the two loci under consideration may be tighter than previously assumed.", "PMID": 309723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2179", "title": "Alpha1-antitrypsin: further genetic heterogeneity revealed by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "Alpha1-antitrypsin is a major human serum protein that shows an extensive polymorphism. Genetic heterogeneity has previously been demonstrated by starch gel electrophoresis. By applying analytical isoelectric focusing (pH 3.5--5.0) to this system, we found a common variant, Pi M3, with an isoelectric point between those of Pi M1 and Pi M2. The gene frequency of this variant was .11 in U.S. whites and .054 in blacks. When PiM3 and PiM1 are included in the Pi system, the heterozygosity at the Pi locus is five times greater in whites and 10 times greater in blacks than that detected by earlier electrophoretic techniques.", "contents": "Alpha1-antitrypsin: further genetic heterogeneity revealed by isoelectric focusing. Alpha1-antitrypsin is a major human serum protein that shows an extensive polymorphism. Genetic heterogeneity has previously been demonstrated by starch gel electrophoresis. By applying analytical isoelectric focusing (pH 3.5--5.0) to this system, we found a common variant, Pi M3, with an isoelectric point between those of Pi M1 and Pi M2. The gene frequency of this variant was .11 in U.S. whites and .054 in blacks. When PiM3 and PiM1 are included in the Pi system, the heterozygosity at the Pi locus is five times greater in whites and 10 times greater in blacks than that detected by earlier electrophoretic techniques.", "PMID": 309724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2180", "title": "Human pancreatic alpha-amylase: phenotypic codominance and new electrophoretic variants.", "content": "The genetic heterogeneity of human pancreatic alpha-amylase (alpha-1,4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.1) has been better defined through the development of an asparagine buffered electrophoretic gel system. Three alleles had been identified for the pancreatic amylase locus, AMY2, with two variant alleles as autosomal dominant traits on Tris HCl buffered sheet gels. The asparagine buffered sheet gel now allows the differentiation of the genotypes AMY2B/AMY2B,AMY2B/AMY2A, and AMY2B/AMY2C, thus classifying these three alleles as codominants. Asparagine buffered polyacrylamide gels and thin layer polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing aided in the identification of three new pancreatic amylase variants: AMY2D,AMY2E, and AMY2F. AMY2E has been identified only in AMY2B and AMY2E individuals. This allele is proposed as a quantitative activity variant with essentially the same electrophoretic mobility as AMY2A. The other new autosomal variants have each been identified in single white families. AMY2D is dominant and AMY2F is a codominant trait as shown on thin layer polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing gels.", "contents": "Human pancreatic alpha-amylase: phenotypic codominance and new electrophoretic variants. The genetic heterogeneity of human pancreatic alpha-amylase (alpha-1,4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.1) has been better defined through the development of an asparagine buffered electrophoretic gel system. Three alleles had been identified for the pancreatic amylase locus, AMY2, with two variant alleles as autosomal dominant traits on Tris HCl buffered sheet gels. The asparagine buffered sheet gel now allows the differentiation of the genotypes AMY2B/AMY2B,AMY2B/AMY2A, and AMY2B/AMY2C, thus classifying these three alleles as codominants. Asparagine buffered polyacrylamide gels and thin layer polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing aided in the identification of three new pancreatic amylase variants: AMY2D,AMY2E, and AMY2F. AMY2E has been identified only in AMY2B and AMY2E individuals. This allele is proposed as a quantitative activity variant with essentially the same electrophoretic mobility as AMY2A. The other new autosomal variants have each been identified in single white families. AMY2D is dominant and AMY2F is a codominant trait as shown on thin layer polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing gels.", "PMID": 309725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2181", "title": "The HLA antigens in Cogan's syndrome.", "content": "HLA typing of ten patients with well documented Cogan's syndrome failed to support previous reports of an increased incidence of HLA-B17. Although HLA-A9 (Aw24), Bw35, and Cw4 appeared increased in frequency among patients, the small number of cases precluded attaching importance to the significance of these increased frequencies.", "contents": "The HLA antigens in Cogan's syndrome. HLA typing of ten patients with well documented Cogan's syndrome failed to support previous reports of an increased incidence of HLA-B17. Although HLA-A9 (Aw24), Bw35, and Cw4 appeared increased in frequency among patients, the small number of cases precluded attaching importance to the significance of these increased frequencies.", "PMID": 309727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2182", "title": "In vitro antibiotic synergism against ocular fungal isolates.", "content": "A microtiter method for the determination of fungal sensitivities was used to determine the minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of two antifungal agents, amphotericin B and natamycin, both alone and in combination with four different antibiotics: rifampin, gentamicin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Synergism was defined as a fourfold or greater reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, or both, of the antifungal agent in the presence of antibiotic; antagonism was defined as fourfold or greater increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, or both. Amphotericin B and rifampin were synergistic against the majority of organisms, but synergism between amphotericin B and other antibiotics was infrequent. Combinations of natamycin and rifampin or of natamycin and gentamicin were synergistic against the majority of Fusarium solani tested. Combinations of amphotericin B and tetracycline were antagonistic against 14% of the organisms.", "contents": "In vitro antibiotic synergism against ocular fungal isolates. A microtiter method for the determination of fungal sensitivities was used to determine the minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of two antifungal agents, amphotericin B and natamycin, both alone and in combination with four different antibiotics: rifampin, gentamicin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Synergism was defined as a fourfold or greater reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, or both, of the antifungal agent in the presence of antibiotic; antagonism was defined as fourfold or greater increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, or both. Amphotericin B and rifampin were synergistic against the majority of organisms, but synergism between amphotericin B and other antibiotics was infrequent. Combinations of natamycin and rifampin or of natamycin and gentamicin were synergistic against the majority of Fusarium solani tested. Combinations of amphotericin B and tetracycline were antagonistic against 14% of the organisms.", "PMID": 309728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2183", "title": "Peripheral corneal ulcers with herpes zoster ophthalmicus.", "content": "Four patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus developed peripheral corneal ulcers with steep central edges. An anterior uveitis was associated with all cases. One patient developed bilateral corneal ulcers that were typical of Mooren's ulcer and eventually destroyed both corneas. The other three cases were unilateral and were not relentlessly progressive.", "contents": "Peripheral corneal ulcers with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Four patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus developed peripheral corneal ulcers with steep central edges. An anterior uveitis was associated with all cases. One patient developed bilateral corneal ulcers that were typical of Mooren's ulcer and eventually destroyed both corneas. The other three cases were unilateral and were not relentlessly progressive.", "PMID": 309729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2184", "title": "Unplanned extracapsular cataract extraction in postvitrectomy eyes.", "content": "A 70-year-old man, a 59-year-old woman, and a 57-year-old woman underwent pars plana vitrectomy. In all three cases, cataracts developed in the eyes that had been operated on. During cataract extraction, which included massage of the globe after retrobulbar anesthesia and a conventional ab externo incision, loss of lens material into the vitreous cavity occurred in all three postvitrectomy eyes.", "contents": "Unplanned extracapsular cataract extraction in postvitrectomy eyes. A 70-year-old man, a 59-year-old woman, and a 57-year-old woman underwent pars plana vitrectomy. In all three cases, cataracts developed in the eyes that had been operated on. During cataract extraction, which included massage of the globe after retrobulbar anesthesia and a conventional ab externo incision, loss of lens material into the vitreous cavity occurred in all three postvitrectomy eyes.", "PMID": 309730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2185", "title": "Mechanisms of tumor immunity. An overview.", "content": "The involvement of the immune system in the host response to tumors is complex and involves both lymphocytes and lymphocyte-derived mediators, as well as inflammatory cells and various other agents such as complement. These activies are not confined to cytodestructive processes; recent studies demonstrate that the migration characteristics of tumor cells may be modified by immunologically derived substances. The multiplicity of possible immune system-neoplastic cell interaction is unfortunately balanced by the multiplicity of mechanisms that serve to interfere with an effective immune response to tumors. These mechanisms may reflect pathologic derangements of normal immunoregulatory processes or may involve the production of suppressive substances by the tumors themselves. In either case, a number of genetic and other predisposing factors must contribute to the ultimate resolution of the battle between host and tumor. Successful strategies for immunologic intervention must take these parameters into account.", "contents": "Mechanisms of tumor immunity. An overview. The involvement of the immune system in the host response to tumors is complex and involves both lymphocytes and lymphocyte-derived mediators, as well as inflammatory cells and various other agents such as complement. These activies are not confined to cytodestructive processes; recent studies demonstrate that the migration characteristics of tumor cells may be modified by immunologically derived substances. The multiplicity of possible immune system-neoplastic cell interaction is unfortunately balanced by the multiplicity of mechanisms that serve to interfere with an effective immune response to tumors. These mechanisms may reflect pathologic derangements of normal immunoregulatory processes or may involve the production of suppressive substances by the tumors themselves. In either case, a number of genetic and other predisposing factors must contribute to the ultimate resolution of the battle between host and tumor. Successful strategies for immunologic intervention must take these parameters into account.", "PMID": 309731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2186", "title": "Autoimmunity and tumor resistance. 3-Methylcholanthrene tumorigenesis in New Zealand Black mice.", "content": "Skin tumors induced by the subcutaneous injection of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) in New Zealand Black (NZB) mice had a delayed development and lower frequency compared with BALB/c and C57BL mice. In the SJL/J strain, the incidence of tumors was lower than in the NZB, but with the same delayed development. Most of the tumors in the BALB/c, C57BL, and SJL/J strains were sarcomas; more than one third of the tumors in the NZB mice were squamous cell carcinomas. The greatest frequency and most rapid development of tumors in the NZB, as a function of age at the time of injection of 3-MC, occurred at 4 months. Young (3.5 and 7 weeks) and 12-month-old tumor incidence in the 4-month-old NZB was decreased by treatment with antithymocyte serum (ATS). Five hundred rad whole-body x-irradiation accelerated the onset of tumors but did not increase the final incidence. 3-MC injection and the presence of skin tumors had no influence on the development of glomerulonephritis or hematopoietic neoplasms in the NZB mice. Coombs' positive anemia was not influenced by 3-MC injection, but there was an earlier and increased incidence of positive Coombs' tests in tumor-bearing animals. Liver aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) specific activity was low in the young NZB, increased gradually with age, and was higher in the female mice.", "contents": "Autoimmunity and tumor resistance. 3-Methylcholanthrene tumorigenesis in New Zealand Black mice. Skin tumors induced by the subcutaneous injection of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) in New Zealand Black (NZB) mice had a delayed development and lower frequency compared with BALB/c and C57BL mice. In the SJL/J strain, the incidence of tumors was lower than in the NZB, but with the same delayed development. Most of the tumors in the BALB/c, C57BL, and SJL/J strains were sarcomas; more than one third of the tumors in the NZB mice were squamous cell carcinomas. The greatest frequency and most rapid development of tumors in the NZB, as a function of age at the time of injection of 3-MC, occurred at 4 months. Young (3.5 and 7 weeks) and 12-month-old tumor incidence in the 4-month-old NZB was decreased by treatment with antithymocyte serum (ATS). Five hundred rad whole-body x-irradiation accelerated the onset of tumors but did not increase the final incidence. 3-MC injection and the presence of skin tumors had no influence on the development of glomerulonephritis or hematopoietic neoplasms in the NZB mice. Coombs' positive anemia was not influenced by 3-MC injection, but there was an earlier and increased incidence of positive Coombs' tests in tumor-bearing animals. Liver aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) specific activity was low in the young NZB, increased gradually with age, and was higher in the female mice.", "PMID": 309732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2187", "title": "An increase in intraocular pressure due to clonidine.", "content": "The rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) observed after the administration of clonidine into the carotid arteries was studied in anesthetized rats and cats. This increase of IOP proved to be blocked by the alpha-sympathicolytic agent piperoxane and by the muscle relaxants d-tubocurarine and gallamine. Our experiments suggest that the elevation of IOP after clonidine injection is due to contraction of the eyelids and extraocular muscles. In these tissues alpha-adrenoceptors seem to play a part.", "contents": "An increase in intraocular pressure due to clonidine. The rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) observed after the administration of clonidine into the carotid arteries was studied in anesthetized rats and cats. This increase of IOP proved to be blocked by the alpha-sympathicolytic agent piperoxane and by the muscle relaxants d-tubocurarine and gallamine. Our experiments suggest that the elevation of IOP after clonidine injection is due to contraction of the eyelids and extraocular muscles. In these tissues alpha-adrenoceptors seem to play a part.", "PMID": 309734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2188", "title": "[In vitro incubation of lenses. Model for testing substrate utilization of substances of the energy metabolism, demonstrated with bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate (author's transl)].", "content": "When bovine lens homogenate was treated with bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate, the carbohydrate metabolism was activated. This may chiefly be due to the fumarate part of the substance. A 24 H In vitro incubation of whole bovine lenses in TC-199 with and without bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate did not show the above effect. On the model of former investigations by J.E. Harris et al. we modified the test procedure by selecting the medium and the time of incubation so that the endogenous carbohydrates of the lens were consumed, thus creating new metabolic balances. This metabolic condition allows investigations intended to activate metabolic processes and to restore the steady state of metabolic parameters. We investigated the effect of bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate using the same method and found that given certain conditions the lens recovers when incubated for 2 h in TC-199 (containing 1 g glucose/1) with addition of a 10(-4) M solution of bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate. The ATP-content of these lenses in particular gives proof of this result. As already observed in former investigations on homogenates, this effect is probably due to metabolization of the fumarate part of the bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate by the citric acid cycle. The method used explains the differences observed when using lens homogenates or whole lenses under the same experimental conditions.", "contents": "[In vitro incubation of lenses. Model for testing substrate utilization of substances of the energy metabolism, demonstrated with bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate (author's transl)]. When bovine lens homogenate was treated with bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate, the carbohydrate metabolism was activated. This may chiefly be due to the fumarate part of the substance. A 24 H In vitro incubation of whole bovine lenses in TC-199 with and without bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate did not show the above effect. On the model of former investigations by J.E. Harris et al. we modified the test procedure by selecting the medium and the time of incubation so that the endogenous carbohydrates of the lens were consumed, thus creating new metabolic balances. This metabolic condition allows investigations intended to activate metabolic processes and to restore the steady state of metabolic parameters. We investigated the effect of bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate using the same method and found that given certain conditions the lens recovers when incubated for 2 h in TC-199 (containing 1 g glucose/1) with addition of a 10(-4) M solution of bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate. The ATP-content of these lenses in particular gives proof of this result. As already observed in former investigations on homogenates, this effect is probably due to metabolization of the fumarate part of the bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate by the citric acid cycle. The method used explains the differences observed when using lens homogenates or whole lenses under the same experimental conditions.", "PMID": 309736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2189", "title": "[The equidensitometric analysis of ultrasound B-scans--a possibility for the differentiation of tissues (author's transl)].", "content": "An equidensitometric method for the objective analysis of ultrasound B-scans is presented that not only allows an exact analysis of the distribution of the grey values within the B-scan, but thereby also makes the differentiation of tissues possible. The method is demonstrated and the findings in human tongues are documented.", "contents": "[The equidensitometric analysis of ultrasound B-scans--a possibility for the differentiation of tissues (author's transl)]. An equidensitometric method for the objective analysis of ultrasound B-scans is presented that not only allows an exact analysis of the distribution of the grey values within the B-scan, but thereby also makes the differentiation of tissues possible. The method is demonstrated and the findings in human tongues are documented.", "PMID": 309737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2190", "title": "Fluorescein angiography of the corneal limbus--drug effects on capillary blood flow.", "content": "By means of fluorescein angiography, plasma flow through the capillaries at the limbus corneae is demonstrated. The number of stained capillaries at a given time served as a measure of capillary perfusion. Even without drug the entire capillary system is perfused at least by plasma. Tolazoline enhanced the velocity of perfusion (P = 2alpha less than 0.01), epinephrine caused a marked capillary constriction (P = 2alpha less than 0.01), as well as--to a lesser extent--did dexamethasone (P = 2alpha less than 0.05). Dionine caused hyperemia, but the data varied much more than after tolazoline. In addition, dionine enhanced the dye leakage from the vessels.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography of the corneal limbus--drug effects on capillary blood flow. By means of fluorescein angiography, plasma flow through the capillaries at the limbus corneae is demonstrated. The number of stained capillaries at a given time served as a measure of capillary perfusion. Even without drug the entire capillary system is perfused at least by plasma. Tolazoline enhanced the velocity of perfusion (P = 2alpha less than 0.01), epinephrine caused a marked capillary constriction (P = 2alpha less than 0.01), as well as--to a lesser extent--did dexamethasone (P = 2alpha less than 0.05). Dionine caused hyperemia, but the data varied much more than after tolazoline. In addition, dionine enhanced the dye leakage from the vessels.", "PMID": 309738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2191", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 on the permeability of the iris vessels to horseradish peroxidase in the rabbit.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 (0.5 microgram in 10 microliter 10% ethanol) was introduced into the anterior chambers of rabbit eyes. Using the horseradish peroxidase method, it was shown under the electron microscope that the endothelial barrier of the iris vessels broke down. The peroxidase penetrated as far as the basis of the posterior epithelial cells, however, without entering their lateral intercellular spaces. The question of whether the effect of prostaglandins on the barrier was a direct effect or at least a partially indirect one, i.e., a haemodynamic action, is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 on the permeability of the iris vessels to horseradish peroxidase in the rabbit. Prostaglandin E2 (0.5 microgram in 10 microliter 10% ethanol) was introduced into the anterior chambers of rabbit eyes. Using the horseradish peroxidase method, it was shown under the electron microscope that the endothelial barrier of the iris vessels broke down. The peroxidase penetrated as far as the basis of the posterior epithelial cells, however, without entering their lateral intercellular spaces. The question of whether the effect of prostaglandins on the barrier was a direct effect or at least a partially indirect one, i.e., a haemodynamic action, is discussed.", "PMID": 309739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2192", "title": "Colonoscopic evaluation of rectal bleeding: a study of 304 patients.", "content": "We studied 258 patients with rectal bleeding and 46 patients with anemia and occult blood in the stool. All 304 patients had negative proctosigmoidoscopies, single-contrast barium studies that were negative or showed diverticula only, and colonoscopic evaluation. In the 258 patients, the overall incidence of finding significant lesions by colonoscopy was 41.5%. Twenty-nine patients (11.2%) had carcinoma and 17 patients (6.6%) had cecal telangiectasia. In the 46 patients, the overall incidence of finding significant lesions was 19.6%. Three patients with carcinoma were found in this group. A significant number of both benign and malignant lesions were detected by colonoscopy proximal to the splenic flexure. Colonoscopy should be done in patients with rectal bleeding or anemia and occult blood in the stool who have had negative proctosigmoidoscopies and single-contrast barium studies interpreted as normal or showing diverticula.", "contents": "Colonoscopic evaluation of rectal bleeding: a study of 304 patients. We studied 258 patients with rectal bleeding and 46 patients with anemia and occult blood in the stool. All 304 patients had negative proctosigmoidoscopies, single-contrast barium studies that were negative or showed diverticula only, and colonoscopic evaluation. In the 258 patients, the overall incidence of finding significant lesions by colonoscopy was 41.5%. Twenty-nine patients (11.2%) had carcinoma and 17 patients (6.6%) had cecal telangiectasia. In the 46 patients, the overall incidence of finding significant lesions was 19.6%. Three patients with carcinoma were found in this group. A significant number of both benign and malignant lesions were detected by colonoscopy proximal to the splenic flexure. Colonoscopy should be done in patients with rectal bleeding or anemia and occult blood in the stool who have had negative proctosigmoidoscopies and single-contrast barium studies interpreted as normal or showing diverticula.", "PMID": 309745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2193", "title": "Telangiectasia and von Willebrand's disease in two families.", "content": "Two families are described with members who have both von Willebrand's disease and telangiectasias. Family A has four members in three consecutive generations that have both von Willebrand's disease and telangiectasias. von Willebrand's disease in this family is characterized by decreased ristocetin cofactor (FVIII-vWF), variably depressed factor VIII coagulant (FVIII-AHG), and factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII-AGN) levels. FVIII-AGN mobility on two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis was found to be normal. Four generations in Family B have von Willebrand's disease characterized by decreased FVIIII-AHG, FVIII-vWF, FVIII-AGN, and prolonged template bleeding times. Two members of this family also have telangiectasias and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. Results in these two families suggest an association between von Willebrand's disease and telangiectasia--perhaps a defect in vascular endothelial cell function.", "contents": "Telangiectasia and von Willebrand's disease in two families. Two families are described with members who have both von Willebrand's disease and telangiectasias. Family A has four members in three consecutive generations that have both von Willebrand's disease and telangiectasias. von Willebrand's disease in this family is characterized by decreased ristocetin cofactor (FVIII-vWF), variably depressed factor VIII coagulant (FVIII-AHG), and factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII-AGN) levels. FVIII-AGN mobility on two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis was found to be normal. Four generations in Family B have von Willebrand's disease characterized by decreased FVIIII-AHG, FVIII-vWF, FVIII-AGN, and prolonged template bleeding times. Two members of this family also have telangiectasias and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. Results in these two families suggest an association between von Willebrand's disease and telangiectasia--perhaps a defect in vascular endothelial cell function.", "PMID": 309746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2194", "title": "Allergic contact photodermatitis to para-aminobenzoic acid.", "content": "Allergic photocontact dermatitis developed in a patient to a commercial sunscreen preparation containing para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in an alcohol base. Photopatch testing showed photosensitivity to PABA. Sensitization could only be detected when PABA was tested in an alcohol vehicle; a photopatch test to PABA in petrolatum was negative.", "contents": "Allergic contact photodermatitis to para-aminobenzoic acid. Allergic photocontact dermatitis developed in a patient to a commercial sunscreen preparation containing para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in an alcohol base. Photopatch testing showed photosensitivity to PABA. Sensitization could only be detected when PABA was tested in an alcohol vehicle; a photopatch test to PABA in petrolatum was negative.", "PMID": 309749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2195", "title": "Cockayne's syndrome and emphysema.", "content": "A 5-year-old boy with Cockayne's syndrome is described. In addition to the recognised clinical features, he presented with severe fixed airways obstruction, and investigations confirmed clinical and physiological emphysema. In a disorder associated with many of the features of aging, it is probably that the presence of relative alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (1.5 g/l) in a child with PiMZ phenotype, contributed to his severe lung disease.", "contents": "Cockayne's syndrome and emphysema. A 5-year-old boy with Cockayne's syndrome is described. In addition to the recognised clinical features, he presented with severe fixed airways obstruction, and investigations confirmed clinical and physiological emphysema. In a disorder associated with many of the features of aging, it is probably that the presence of relative alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (1.5 g/l) in a child with PiMZ phenotype, contributed to his severe lung disease.", "PMID": 309750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2196", "title": "Pancreatic pseudocyst--operative strategy.", "content": "The experience with 131 patients with 157 pseudocysts is reported. One hundred and twenty patients with 146 pseudocysts underwent 165 operations. There were ten operative deaths (8.3%) three of which were not attributable to the pseudocyst or its operative management. Sixteen patients died six months to 14 years after operation. Deaths in six of the 16 patients were in part attributable to pancreatitis or complications of pseudocyst management. The operative mortality was highest in patients undergoing incision and drainage and cystoduodenostomy. Other factors influencing mortality unfavorably included postoperative gastrointestinal hemorrhage from a pseudocyst; rupture or fistulization of the cyst into the gastrointestinal tract if associated with hemorrhage, and evidence of common duct obstruction, or the location of cysts in the head or uncinate process of the pancreas. Visceral angiography should be performed on all patients with pseudocysts. The risk of massive gastrointestinal or intra-abdominal hemorrhage is highest in the 10% of patients having pseudoaneurysms associated with their pseudocysts. Incision and drainage of pseudocysts is associated with a high rate of recurrence of the cyst and continued pain. Incision and drainage should only be used if the cyst is infected, or the cyst wall is not mature enough to hold sutures. Cystogastrostomy and cystojejunostomy are the procedures of choice for mature cysts. The presence of a pseudoaneurysm visualized on preoperative visceral angiography is an indication for an excisional operation as are the presence of multiple cysts, compression of the common duct or duodenum by the cyst, evidence of left sided portal hypertension, recurrent cysts or evidence of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreatic pseudocyst--operative strategy. The experience with 131 patients with 157 pseudocysts is reported. One hundred and twenty patients with 146 pseudocysts underwent 165 operations. There were ten operative deaths (8.3%) three of which were not attributable to the pseudocyst or its operative management. Sixteen patients died six months to 14 years after operation. Deaths in six of the 16 patients were in part attributable to pancreatitis or complications of pseudocyst management. The operative mortality was highest in patients undergoing incision and drainage and cystoduodenostomy. Other factors influencing mortality unfavorably included postoperative gastrointestinal hemorrhage from a pseudocyst; rupture or fistulization of the cyst into the gastrointestinal tract if associated with hemorrhage, and evidence of common duct obstruction, or the location of cysts in the head or uncinate process of the pancreas. Visceral angiography should be performed on all patients with pseudocysts. The risk of massive gastrointestinal or intra-abdominal hemorrhage is highest in the 10% of patients having pseudoaneurysms associated with their pseudocysts. Incision and drainage of pseudocysts is associated with a high rate of recurrence of the cyst and continued pain. Incision and drainage should only be used if the cyst is infected, or the cyst wall is not mature enough to hold sutures. Cystogastrostomy and cystojejunostomy are the procedures of choice for mature cysts. The presence of a pseudoaneurysm visualized on preoperative visceral angiography is an indication for an excisional operation as are the presence of multiple cysts, compression of the common duct or duodenum by the cyst, evidence of left sided portal hypertension, recurrent cysts or evidence of chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 309751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2197", "title": "Immune monitoring protocol for patients with carcinoma of the head and neck. Preliminary report.", "content": "Numerous investigators have observed a depression of cell-mediated immunity in patients with carcinoma of the head and neck using a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays. This report presents the data obtained when a group of head and neck cancer patients were evaluated for reactivity in an in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis assay using polyclonal mitogens and specific antigens, numbers of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes, and levels of circulating immune complexes. Such an immunological monitoring protocol revealed a depressed reactivity of the cancer patients in the lymphocyte blastogenesis assay when compared to normal age-matched controls. We also observed that 75% of these patients had circulating soluble immune complexes in their sera before and after therapy. These preliminary data indicate that further research is needed to examine the potential role of soluble immune complexes in modulating the host's immune response.", "contents": "Immune monitoring protocol for patients with carcinoma of the head and neck. Preliminary report. Numerous investigators have observed a depression of cell-mediated immunity in patients with carcinoma of the head and neck using a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays. This report presents the data obtained when a group of head and neck cancer patients were evaluated for reactivity in an in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis assay using polyclonal mitogens and specific antigens, numbers of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes, and levels of circulating immune complexes. Such an immunological monitoring protocol revealed a depressed reactivity of the cancer patients in the lymphocyte blastogenesis assay when compared to normal age-matched controls. We also observed that 75% of these patients had circulating soluble immune complexes in their sera before and after therapy. These preliminary data indicate that further research is needed to examine the potential role of soluble immune complexes in modulating the host's immune response.", "PMID": 309748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2198", "title": "Vestibular toxicity of gentamicin. Incidence in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis therapy.", "content": "Twenty-three patients on long-term hemodialysis regimens who received gentamicin sulfate were reviewed retrospectively to assess the incidence of ototoxicity and to identify potential risk factors. Dosage of gentamicin sulfate was 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg intravenously three times weekly. Serum gentamicin levels were monitored in 21 cases. Seven patients developed signs and symptoms of vestibular dysfunction. Statistically significant differences were found between the ototoxic and nonototoxic groups with respect to age (P less than .001), total dose (milligrams per kilogram) (P less than .001), and duration of therapy (P less than .001). The total dose per kilogram of body weight contributed most heavily to ototoxicity, and regression analysis suggests that the critical cumulative dose is about 17.5 mg/kg. The two groups did not differ with respect to mean peak and valley serum levels. We conclude that this population is at high risk of developing gentamicin-related vestibular dysfunction specifically when the cumulative dose exceeds 17.5 mg/kg.", "contents": "Vestibular toxicity of gentamicin. Incidence in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis therapy. Twenty-three patients on long-term hemodialysis regimens who received gentamicin sulfate were reviewed retrospectively to assess the incidence of ototoxicity and to identify potential risk factors. Dosage of gentamicin sulfate was 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg intravenously three times weekly. Serum gentamicin levels were monitored in 21 cases. Seven patients developed signs and symptoms of vestibular dysfunction. Statistically significant differences were found between the ototoxic and nonototoxic groups with respect to age (P less than .001), total dose (milligrams per kilogram) (P less than .001), and duration of therapy (P less than .001). The total dose per kilogram of body weight contributed most heavily to ototoxicity, and regression analysis suggests that the critical cumulative dose is about 17.5 mg/kg. The two groups did not differ with respect to mean peak and valley serum levels. We conclude that this population is at high risk of developing gentamicin-related vestibular dysfunction specifically when the cumulative dose exceeds 17.5 mg/kg.", "PMID": 309753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2199", "title": "Bacteremic Haemophilus influenzae genitourinary tract infections in adults.", "content": "Six cases of bacteremia associated with genitourinary (GU) tract infections in adults due to Haemophilus influenzae occurred during a 42-month period at the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg, Canada. Four cases were associated with pregnancy or abortion, one with acute salpingitis, and one with urinary tract manipulation. Four of the five strains available for serotyping were nontypable. Clinical conjunctivitis was present in one patient, and infants born to two other patients developed purulent conjunctivitis from which H influenzae was grown. These six cases, and others from the literature, include a wide spectrum of GU tract infections due to this organism. With the rising incidence of severe infections in adults due to this organism, and the widespread emergence of ampicillin-resistant strains, H influenzae must be considered a GU tract pathogen.", "contents": "Bacteremic Haemophilus influenzae genitourinary tract infections in adults. Six cases of bacteremia associated with genitourinary (GU) tract infections in adults due to Haemophilus influenzae occurred during a 42-month period at the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg, Canada. Four cases were associated with pregnancy or abortion, one with acute salpingitis, and one with urinary tract manipulation. Four of the five strains available for serotyping were nontypable. Clinical conjunctivitis was present in one patient, and infants born to two other patients developed purulent conjunctivitis from which H influenzae was grown. These six cases, and others from the literature, include a wide spectrum of GU tract infections due to this organism. With the rising incidence of severe infections in adults due to this organism, and the widespread emergence of ampicillin-resistant strains, H influenzae must be considered a GU tract pathogen.", "PMID": 309754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2200", "title": "Classification of lymphoma.", "content": "Classifications of B cell lymphomas are primarily designed for morphological diagnosis and are necessarily rigid in format, implying that clear distinctions exist between tumors composed of small lymphocytes, follicular center cells, immunoblasts, and plasma cells. This view may serve to obscure the interrelations of these neoplasms, for these cell types are not of separate lineage, but merely represent different morphological phases in the cell cycle of a single cell type--the B-lymphocyte. For lymphomas, as for neoplasia in general, the behavior of a tumor (benign vs malignant) may be predicted from the degree to which the neoplastic cells retain the function and form of the progenitor cell type. This review seeks to apply these principles to the diagnosis and classification of lymphocyte-derived neoplasms.", "contents": "Classification of lymphoma. Classifications of B cell lymphomas are primarily designed for morphological diagnosis and are necessarily rigid in format, implying that clear distinctions exist between tumors composed of small lymphocytes, follicular center cells, immunoblasts, and plasma cells. This view may serve to obscure the interrelations of these neoplasms, for these cell types are not of separate lineage, but merely represent different morphological phases in the cell cycle of a single cell type--the B-lymphocyte. For lymphomas, as for neoplasia in general, the behavior of a tumor (benign vs malignant) may be predicted from the degree to which the neoplastic cells retain the function and form of the progenitor cell type. This review seeks to apply these principles to the diagnosis and classification of lymphocyte-derived neoplasms.", "PMID": 309755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2201", "title": "Brachial plexus palsy in neonates and children.", "content": "In 135 children with obstetrical palsy, clinical and electrodiagnostic studies on inital and serial evaluation aided in designing a conservative treatment program. Prevention of contractures, maintenance of muscle strength and reinforcing the child's awareness of the affected limb were predicated on the limiting factors of permanent denervation and agnosia. Instability of the scapula, scapulohumeral adhesions and elbow flexion with loss of active supination defy conventional range of motion exercises. Forced passive supination of the elbow may actually compound the problem of radial head dislocation and ulnar bowing. Because of the young age of most of the patients, only 7 have had orthopedic intervention. Rotational osteotomy of the humerus and transfer of intact muscles seem to improve function. Prior to selection of muscles for transfer, electromyography is advised. Later surgical treatment of the shoulder and elbow seems to improve cosmesis but not function. Of the 135 children, 70% had mild residua, 22% showed moderate impairment and 8% had severe deficit.", "contents": "Brachial plexus palsy in neonates and children. In 135 children with obstetrical palsy, clinical and electrodiagnostic studies on inital and serial evaluation aided in designing a conservative treatment program. Prevention of contractures, maintenance of muscle strength and reinforcing the child's awareness of the affected limb were predicated on the limiting factors of permanent denervation and agnosia. Instability of the scapula, scapulohumeral adhesions and elbow flexion with loss of active supination defy conventional range of motion exercises. Forced passive supination of the elbow may actually compound the problem of radial head dislocation and ulnar bowing. Because of the young age of most of the patients, only 7 have had orthopedic intervention. Rotational osteotomy of the humerus and transfer of intact muscles seem to improve function. Prior to selection of muscles for transfer, electromyography is advised. Later surgical treatment of the shoulder and elbow seems to improve cosmesis but not function. Of the 135 children, 70% had mild residua, 22% showed moderate impairment and 8% had severe deficit.", "PMID": 309756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2202", "title": "Corneal endothelial dystrophy. A study of 64 families.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken during an 18-month period with 64 families who had endothelial dystrophy. Two hundred twenty-eight relatives were examined. Of those older than the age of 40, 38% were affected. Women were affected more severely and 2.5 times more frequently than men. The disease showed a strong familial tendency: there was one family in which three generations were affected and 16 families in which two generations were affected. There were four families that had members with edema in two generations. There was no association between edema in a parent and edema in a child. The proportion of relatives affected and the severity of involvement increased with age. Fifty-three probands and 18 relatives had endothelial dystrophy with edema (Fuchs' dystrophy). Of these 71, one had glaucoma.", "contents": "Corneal endothelial dystrophy. A study of 64 families. A prospective study was undertaken during an 18-month period with 64 families who had endothelial dystrophy. Two hundred twenty-eight relatives were examined. Of those older than the age of 40, 38% were affected. Women were affected more severely and 2.5 times more frequently than men. The disease showed a strong familial tendency: there was one family in which three generations were affected and 16 families in which two generations were affected. There were four families that had members with edema in two generations. There was no association between edema in a parent and edema in a child. The proportion of relatives affected and the severity of involvement increased with age. Fifty-three probands and 18 relatives had endothelial dystrophy with edema (Fuchs' dystrophy). Of these 71, one had glaucoma.", "PMID": 309758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2203", "title": "Correlation of clinicopathologic findings in a patient. Congenital night blindness, branch retinal vein occlusion, cilioretinal artery, drusen of the optic nerve head, and intraretinal pigmented lesion.", "content": "The ocular clinicopathologic features of this unique patient were congenital stationary night blindness, drusen of the optic nerve head, cilioretinal artery, intraretinal pigmented lesion, and branch retinal vein occlusion. Photocoagulation therapy led to total disappearance of the neovascular tissue, clinically and histopathologically. Histopathologic examination showed an occluded branch vein associated with a sclerotic retinal arteriole. Peripheral to the site of venous occlusion, inner ischemic retinal atrophy was present. The normal complement of rod and cone photoreceptors supports the view that the night blindness in this case was an abnormality in the neural transmission and not on a morphological basis. The pigmented intraretinal lesion proved to be a localized area of retinal and choroidal neovascularization with anastomosis and secondary retinal pigment epithelial hyperplasia. This lesion was identical to Fuchs' dot of myopia but out patient was hyperopic.", "contents": "Correlation of clinicopathologic findings in a patient. Congenital night blindness, branch retinal vein occlusion, cilioretinal artery, drusen of the optic nerve head, and intraretinal pigmented lesion. The ocular clinicopathologic features of this unique patient were congenital stationary night blindness, drusen of the optic nerve head, cilioretinal artery, intraretinal pigmented lesion, and branch retinal vein occlusion. Photocoagulation therapy led to total disappearance of the neovascular tissue, clinically and histopathologically. Histopathologic examination showed an occluded branch vein associated with a sclerotic retinal arteriole. Peripheral to the site of venous occlusion, inner ischemic retinal atrophy was present. The normal complement of rod and cone photoreceptors supports the view that the night blindness in this case was an abnormality in the neural transmission and not on a morphological basis. The pigmented intraretinal lesion proved to be a localized area of retinal and choroidal neovascularization with anastomosis and secondary retinal pigment epithelial hyperplasia. This lesion was identical to Fuchs' dot of myopia but out patient was hyperopic.", "PMID": 309759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2204", "title": "Results of aortocoronary bypass operations. Follow-up in 343 patients.", "content": "Three hundred and forty-three patients who had aortocoronary bypass graft operations for disabling angina were followed up for from 6 months to 5 years (average 2 years). 80 per cent had multiple grafts and 20 per cent had additional endarterectomy. The overall mortality within one month of operation was 5 per cent, and in those who had vein graft procedures only was 4 per cent. 11 per cent had a postoperative myocardial infarction (6% perioperative) and there were 3 per cent late deaths. At 3 years 90 per cent are surviving. 80 per cent are asymptomatic without treatment. The mean angina grade was 0.3 at the latest follow-up, compared with 2.5 before operation; maximum exercise tolerance was also significantly improved (P less than 0.001). When angina recurred, it did so in 80 per cent of the cases within 12 months of operation and was usually attributable to inadequate revascularisation. Ventricular function as assessed by preoperative ventriculography was the factor most clearly related to survival rate and the early excellent results of coronary bypass operations seem to be maintained up to 5 years. It is, therefore, reasonable to continue to advise operation if only for relief of angina.", "contents": "Results of aortocoronary bypass operations. Follow-up in 343 patients. Three hundred and forty-three patients who had aortocoronary bypass graft operations for disabling angina were followed up for from 6 months to 5 years (average 2 years). 80 per cent had multiple grafts and 20 per cent had additional endarterectomy. The overall mortality within one month of operation was 5 per cent, and in those who had vein graft procedures only was 4 per cent. 11 per cent had a postoperative myocardial infarction (6% perioperative) and there were 3 per cent late deaths. At 3 years 90 per cent are surviving. 80 per cent are asymptomatic without treatment. The mean angina grade was 0.3 at the latest follow-up, compared with 2.5 before operation; maximum exercise tolerance was also significantly improved (P less than 0.001). When angina recurred, it did so in 80 per cent of the cases within 12 months of operation and was usually attributable to inadequate revascularisation. Ventricular function as assessed by preoperative ventriculography was the factor most clearly related to survival rate and the early excellent results of coronary bypass operations seem to be maintained up to 5 years. It is, therefore, reasonable to continue to advise operation if only for relief of angina.", "PMID": 309762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2205", "title": "Haemodynamics during maximal exercise after coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Fifty patients underwent an objective measurement of physical working capacity by means of a multistage test of maximally tolerated exertion before and after coronary bypass surgery; 29 patients also had haemodynamic measurements during maximal exercise before and after coronary bypass surgery. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the degree of revascularisation: adequate (n = 20), partial (n = 17), or none (n = 13). Adequate revascularisation induces a large increase in physical working capacity because of an increased maximal heart rate and maximal cardiac output; stroke volume during maximal exercise and ejection fraction at rest were not modified, suggesting no major changes in left ventricular function. After unsuccessful coronary bypass surgery, the physical working capacity was unchanged despite an increased maximal heart rate; maximal cardiac output was unchanged and stroke volume during maximal exercise was significantly lower. These undesirable results are often associated with perioperative myocardial infarction and are attended by a decreased ejection fraction at rest; these data suggest an impaired left ventricular function after unsuccessful coronary bypass surgery. The results of partial revascularisation are intermediate but appear to be determined by the incidence of partial graft failure which is also often associated with perioperative myocardial infarction. From individual changes in data collected during maximal exercise testing, it is often impossible to predict the degree of revascularisation.", "contents": "Haemodynamics during maximal exercise after coronary bypass surgery. Fifty patients underwent an objective measurement of physical working capacity by means of a multistage test of maximally tolerated exertion before and after coronary bypass surgery; 29 patients also had haemodynamic measurements during maximal exercise before and after coronary bypass surgery. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the degree of revascularisation: adequate (n = 20), partial (n = 17), or none (n = 13). Adequate revascularisation induces a large increase in physical working capacity because of an increased maximal heart rate and maximal cardiac output; stroke volume during maximal exercise and ejection fraction at rest were not modified, suggesting no major changes in left ventricular function. After unsuccessful coronary bypass surgery, the physical working capacity was unchanged despite an increased maximal heart rate; maximal cardiac output was unchanged and stroke volume during maximal exercise was significantly lower. These undesirable results are often associated with perioperative myocardial infarction and are attended by a decreased ejection fraction at rest; these data suggest an impaired left ventricular function after unsuccessful coronary bypass surgery. The results of partial revascularisation are intermediate but appear to be determined by the incidence of partial graft failure which is also often associated with perioperative myocardial infarction. From individual changes in data collected during maximal exercise testing, it is often impossible to predict the degree of revascularisation.", "PMID": 309763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2206", "title": "Effect of prednisolone on the growth of human bone marrow cells in vitro.", "content": "The addition of prednisolone to autostimulatory cultures of human bone marrow in agar results in the formation of an increased number of granulocytic aggregates. The effect is dependent on the concentration of cultured cells and does not occur at low cell concentration. The increase in aggregate numbers is maximal early in the culture and occurs at steroid concentrations which are comparable with pharmacological levels. Prednisolone directly inhibits the responsiveness of granulocytic precursors to colony-stimulating activity (CSA) and it is suggested that the stimulatory effect is indirect and may be caused by a steroid action on mediator production. These findings may be relevant to the polymorphonuclear leucocytosis induced by glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Effect of prednisolone on the growth of human bone marrow cells in vitro. The addition of prednisolone to autostimulatory cultures of human bone marrow in agar results in the formation of an increased number of granulocytic aggregates. The effect is dependent on the concentration of cultured cells and does not occur at low cell concentration. The increase in aggregate numbers is maximal early in the culture and occurs at steroid concentrations which are comparable with pharmacological levels. Prednisolone directly inhibits the responsiveness of granulocytic precursors to colony-stimulating activity (CSA) and it is suggested that the stimulatory effect is indirect and may be caused by a steroid action on mediator production. These findings may be relevant to the polymorphonuclear leucocytosis induced by glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 309764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2207", "title": "Effect of experimental inflammation on the synthesis and distribution of antithrombin III and alpha1-antitrypsin in rabbits.", "content": "Local inflammation, induced by s.c. injection of turpentine, evoked characteristic changes in the metabolism of antithrombin III, and alpha1-antitrypsin. For a period of approximately 36 h, the plasma half-lives of both protease inhibitors were shortened to 70--74% of the respective preinjection values. Similar changes were also observed in the slope of iodine-labelled albumin, suggesting that increased capillary permeability was primarily responsible for the losses of labelled proteins from the circulation. Incorporation of [3H]- or [14C]-leucine into albumin changed little during inflammation, but markedly increased values were measured for anti-thrombin III (3-fold), alpha1-antitrypsin (4-fold) and, above all, for fibrinogen (7-fold) 24 h and 48 h after the injection of turpentine. These changes in synthesis and elimination rates resulted in the following net balances: fibrinogen concentrations in plasma rose substantially during the early phase of inflammation; alpha1-antitrypsin concentrations increased gradually but to a significantly lesser extent, peak concentrations being reached after a reverse trend in fibrinogen concentrations had become apparent; antithrombin III concentrations remained steady throughout at levels which were only marginally above the pretreatment values.", "contents": "Effect of experimental inflammation on the synthesis and distribution of antithrombin III and alpha1-antitrypsin in rabbits. Local inflammation, induced by s.c. injection of turpentine, evoked characteristic changes in the metabolism of antithrombin III, and alpha1-antitrypsin. For a period of approximately 36 h, the plasma half-lives of both protease inhibitors were shortened to 70--74% of the respective preinjection values. Similar changes were also observed in the slope of iodine-labelled albumin, suggesting that increased capillary permeability was primarily responsible for the losses of labelled proteins from the circulation. Incorporation of [3H]- or [14C]-leucine into albumin changed little during inflammation, but markedly increased values were measured for anti-thrombin III (3-fold), alpha1-antitrypsin (4-fold) and, above all, for fibrinogen (7-fold) 24 h and 48 h after the injection of turpentine. These changes in synthesis and elimination rates resulted in the following net balances: fibrinogen concentrations in plasma rose substantially during the early phase of inflammation; alpha1-antitrypsin concentrations increased gradually but to a significantly lesser extent, peak concentrations being reached after a reverse trend in fibrinogen concentrations had become apparent; antithrombin III concentrations remained steady throughout at levels which were only marginally above the pretreatment values.", "PMID": 309765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2208", "title": "Bilateral versus unilateral cataract extraction: advantages and complications.", "content": "Cataract extraction was performed on 734 patients. These were followed up postoperatively for up to 1 year. In 448 cases the extraction was performed in both eyes during 1 operating session (896 eyes) and in 1 eye in 286 cases, a total of 1182 cataract extractions. Preoperatively more than 75% of the eyes in both groups had perception of light only. Postoperatively more than 85% of eyes in both groups achieved a visual acuity of 6/30 or better. The postoperative visual performance of an eye was not influenced by the mode of operation, bilateral or unilateral. The overall incidence of complications among the 1182 operated eyes was: accidental extra-capsular cataract extraction 10.2%, vitreous loss 11.0%, hyphaema 1.4%, flat anterior chamber 0.9%, dehiscence of the wound 0.5%, uveitis 1.2%, endophthalmitis 0.3%, secondary glaucoma 0.9%, severe bullous keratopathy 1.4%, oedema of the macula 0.5%, and retinal detachment 0.3%. The complications in both groups of patients were comparable. Only in 1 case operated in both eyes vision was not restored following a bilateral endophthalmitis.", "contents": "Bilateral versus unilateral cataract extraction: advantages and complications. Cataract extraction was performed on 734 patients. These were followed up postoperatively for up to 1 year. In 448 cases the extraction was performed in both eyes during 1 operating session (896 eyes) and in 1 eye in 286 cases, a total of 1182 cataract extractions. Preoperatively more than 75% of the eyes in both groups had perception of light only. Postoperatively more than 85% of eyes in both groups achieved a visual acuity of 6/30 or better. The postoperative visual performance of an eye was not influenced by the mode of operation, bilateral or unilateral. The overall incidence of complications among the 1182 operated eyes was: accidental extra-capsular cataract extraction 10.2%, vitreous loss 11.0%, hyphaema 1.4%, flat anterior chamber 0.9%, dehiscence of the wound 0.5%, uveitis 1.2%, endophthalmitis 0.3%, secondary glaucoma 0.9%, severe bullous keratopathy 1.4%, oedema of the macula 0.5%, and retinal detachment 0.3%. The complications in both groups of patients were comparable. Only in 1 case operated in both eyes vision was not restored following a bilateral endophthalmitis.", "PMID": 309767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2209", "title": "Purification, characterization, and amino acid sequence of rat anaphylatoxin (C3a).", "content": "C3a anaphylatoxin derived from the third component of complement has been isolated from rat serum and its complete amino acid seuqence determined. A three-step purification procedure was employed that consisted of gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, followed by chromatography of the anaphylatoxin-containing pool on carboxymethylcellulose. A subsequent separation on DEAE-Sephadex resolved C3a from minor contaminating peptides. Biological studies have shown that purified rat anaphylatoxin is approximately twice as active as human or porcine C3a when tested for smooth-muscle contraction. In addition to the active form of rat anaphylatoxin, a serum carboxypeptidase B inactivated form of C3a (C3ades-Arg) was purified from rat serum and utilized in subsequent structural studies. Sequence analysis of rat C3a was facilitated by a long automated Edman degradation which established the first 55 residues of the anaphylatoxin. Overlapping peptides were generated by cyanogen bromide and trypsin, and the resultant fragments were sequenced by either automated or manual Edman procedures. The primary structure of rat C3a is 70% identical to the previously determined structures of human and porcine anaphylatoxin. Antisera raised to the purified rat peptide do not cross-react immunologically by Ouchterlony analysis with either human or porcine C3a.", "contents": "Purification, characterization, and amino acid sequence of rat anaphylatoxin (C3a). C3a anaphylatoxin derived from the third component of complement has been isolated from rat serum and its complete amino acid seuqence determined. A three-step purification procedure was employed that consisted of gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, followed by chromatography of the anaphylatoxin-containing pool on carboxymethylcellulose. A subsequent separation on DEAE-Sephadex resolved C3a from minor contaminating peptides. Biological studies have shown that purified rat anaphylatoxin is approximately twice as active as human or porcine C3a when tested for smooth-muscle contraction. In addition to the active form of rat anaphylatoxin, a serum carboxypeptidase B inactivated form of C3a (C3ades-Arg) was purified from rat serum and utilized in subsequent structural studies. Sequence analysis of rat C3a was facilitated by a long automated Edman degradation which established the first 55 residues of the anaphylatoxin. Overlapping peptides were generated by cyanogen bromide and trypsin, and the resultant fragments were sequenced by either automated or manual Edman procedures. The primary structure of rat C3a is 70% identical to the previously determined structures of human and porcine anaphylatoxin. Antisera raised to the purified rat peptide do not cross-react immunologically by Ouchterlony analysis with either human or porcine C3a.", "PMID": 309768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2210", "title": "Effects of dehydration on reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Air-dried films of reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were found to resemble aqueous suspensions of these reaction centers in their optical and photochemical properties, except that the long wave absorption band of bacteriochlorophyll was shifted from about 860 to 845 nm. The quantum efficiency of the photochemical reaction that produces oxidized bacteriochlorophyll and reduced ubiquinone was greater than 0.75 in the films, using 800-nm actinic light. Dehydration of the films caused further blue shifts of all the absorption bands between 500 and 900 nm, and some loss (about 20%) of intensity of the long wave band, coupled to a gain of absorbance centered at 795 nm. The latter changes were not accompanied by an increase at 1250 nm, ruling out the oxidation of bacteriochlorophyll as a cause of these changes. Dehydration caused about 50% of the reaction centers to become photochemically inactive. For the component that remained active, the photochemical quantum efficiency was about 0.5 at room temperature, rising to 0.7 or more as the temperature was brought below 250 K. The yield of 900 nm fluorescence was approximately the same in air-dried films as in aqueous suspensions; dehydration of a film raised the fluorescence yield about 3-fold. The yield of this fluorescence in a dehydrated film was independent of temperature (+/- 10%) between 300 and 70 K. The back reaction after illumination, return of electrons from reduced ubiquinone to oxidized bacteriochlorophyll, has kinetics in which a most rapid first-order component is mixed with slower components. The fastest component, identified with the return of electrons from 'primary' ubiquinone to oxidized bacteriochlorophyll, was predominant in the materials tested here. Its half time in an aqueous suspension of reaction centers fell from 86 ms at 300 K to 33 MS AT 200 K and declined more gradually to 15 ms at 50 K. An air-dried film showed similar behavior. The dramatic change of half-time between 300 and 200 K can be ascribed to one or more phase transitions involving water; in a dehydrated film the half-time of the fastest decay component was about 22 +/- 5 ms, independent of the temperature between 300 and 70 K. The original properties of an air-dried film were restored fully, after dehydration, by exposure to either H2O or 2H2O vapor. There was no significant difference, in these measurements, between H2O-restored and 2H2O-restored films.", "contents": "Effects of dehydration on reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Air-dried films of reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were found to resemble aqueous suspensions of these reaction centers in their optical and photochemical properties, except that the long wave absorption band of bacteriochlorophyll was shifted from about 860 to 845 nm. The quantum efficiency of the photochemical reaction that produces oxidized bacteriochlorophyll and reduced ubiquinone was greater than 0.75 in the films, using 800-nm actinic light. Dehydration of the films caused further blue shifts of all the absorption bands between 500 and 900 nm, and some loss (about 20%) of intensity of the long wave band, coupled to a gain of absorbance centered at 795 nm. The latter changes were not accompanied by an increase at 1250 nm, ruling out the oxidation of bacteriochlorophyll as a cause of these changes. Dehydration caused about 50% of the reaction centers to become photochemically inactive. For the component that remained active, the photochemical quantum efficiency was about 0.5 at room temperature, rising to 0.7 or more as the temperature was brought below 250 K. The yield of 900 nm fluorescence was approximately the same in air-dried films as in aqueous suspensions; dehydration of a film raised the fluorescence yield about 3-fold. The yield of this fluorescence in a dehydrated film was independent of temperature (+/- 10%) between 300 and 70 K. The back reaction after illumination, return of electrons from reduced ubiquinone to oxidized bacteriochlorophyll, has kinetics in which a most rapid first-order component is mixed with slower components. The fastest component, identified with the return of electrons from 'primary' ubiquinone to oxidized bacteriochlorophyll, was predominant in the materials tested here. Its half time in an aqueous suspension of reaction centers fell from 86 ms at 300 K to 33 MS AT 200 K and declined more gradually to 15 ms at 50 K. An air-dried film showed similar behavior. The dramatic change of half-time between 300 and 200 K can be ascribed to one or more phase transitions involving water; in a dehydrated film the half-time of the fastest decay component was about 22 +/- 5 ms, independent of the temperature between 300 and 70 K. The original properties of an air-dried film were restored fully, after dehydration, by exposure to either H2O or 2H2O vapor. There was no significant difference, in these measurements, between H2O-restored and 2H2O-restored films.", "PMID": 309769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2211", "title": "Non-step intracellular voltage response of epithelial and oxyntic cells in frog gastric mucosa.", "content": "Intracellular analyses of the electrical potential response to current pulses were performed in epithelial and oxyntic cells of the frog gastric mucosa. Independently of the use of Cl- or SO(2-)4 solutions and of the transmucosal potential difference measured, the resistance and slow potential changes observed across the mucosal surface of epithelial cells are not different from those registered across the serosal surface. In the oxyntic cells the resistance and slow potential changes are significantly higher across the mucosal than across the  serosal surface, when the solution in contact with the serosal surface is positive with respect to the solution in contact with the mucosal surface. These differences were not observed when the transmucosal potential difference was reversed. It is proposed that the ionic concentration changes, by effect of current flow across the mucosa, occur in the oxyntic cells and that these changes are the origin of the slow transmucosal potential change. The epithelial cells act as a passive shunt.", "contents": "Non-step intracellular voltage response of epithelial and oxyntic cells in frog gastric mucosa. Intracellular analyses of the electrical potential response to current pulses were performed in epithelial and oxyntic cells of the frog gastric mucosa. Independently of the use of Cl- or SO(2-)4 solutions and of the transmucosal potential difference measured, the resistance and slow potential changes observed across the mucosal surface of epithelial cells are not different from those registered across the serosal surface. In the oxyntic cells the resistance and slow potential changes are significantly higher across the mucosal than across the  serosal surface, when the solution in contact with the serosal surface is positive with respect to the solution in contact with the mucosal surface. These differences were not observed when the transmucosal potential difference was reversed. It is proposed that the ionic concentration changes, by effect of current flow across the mucosa, occur in the oxyntic cells and that these changes are the origin of the slow transmucosal potential change. The epithelial cells act as a passive shunt.", "PMID": 309770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2212", "title": "Substrate specificity and other properties of DOPA decarboxylase from guinea pig kidneys.", "content": "DOPA decarboxylase (aromatic-l-amino-acid carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.28) from guinea pig kidneys has been purified to a specific activity of 9370 or 330-fold. Efficient purification was possible by employing apolar interaction chromatography. The purified enzyme gives a single component on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the absorption spectrum of the enzyme reveals two forms of binding of pyridoxal 5-phosphate. The pure enzyme decarboxylates l-DOPA, 5-hydroxytryptophan, o-tyrosine and m-tyrosine but it is inactive towards phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine and 3-methoxy-phenylalanine. The enzyme behaves as an undissociated enzyme but only towards 5-hydroxytryptophan. It behaves as an enzyme from which the coenzyme is partially dissociated when it attacks l-DOPA, o-tyrosine and m-tyrosine.", "contents": "Substrate specificity and other properties of DOPA decarboxylase from guinea pig kidneys. DOPA decarboxylase (aromatic-l-amino-acid carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.28) from guinea pig kidneys has been purified to a specific activity of 9370 or 330-fold. Efficient purification was possible by employing apolar interaction chromatography. The purified enzyme gives a single component on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the absorption spectrum of the enzyme reveals two forms of binding of pyridoxal 5-phosphate. The pure enzyme decarboxylates l-DOPA, 5-hydroxytryptophan, o-tyrosine and m-tyrosine but it is inactive towards phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine and 3-methoxy-phenylalanine. The enzyme behaves as an undissociated enzyme but only towards 5-hydroxytryptophan. It behaves as an enzyme from which the coenzyme is partially dissociated when it attacks l-DOPA, o-tyrosine and m-tyrosine.", "PMID": 309771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2213", "title": "omega- and (omega--1)-hydroxylation of fatty acids by frog liver microsomes. Substrate specificity and other properties.", "content": "Frog liver microsomes catalyzed the hydroxylation of various saturated fatty acids whose chain lengths were from 8 to 18 carbon atoms into the corresponding omega- and (omega--1)-hydroxy derivatives. In addition, small amounts of the dicarboxylic acids and (omega--1)-keto acids were also formed from all the fatty acids. The relative activity of the hydroxylase with the substrates was as follows: C13(100), C12(98), C14(88), C10(62), C16(34), C18(29), and C8(8). The percentage of omega-hydroxy derivative relative to the (omega--1)-isomer increased with increasing carbon chain length of the fatty acid substrate. Oleate, linoleate and linolenate were also tested and found to be at least as active their saturated analog (stearate). Both NADPH and O2 were required for hydroxylase activity. The apparent Km for NADPH was 3.7 . 10(-5) M, and NADH had very little effect. The apparent Km value for laurate was 1.5 . 10(-5) M. The hydroxylating system was about 50% inhibited by 10 mM KCN and 81% inhibited by CO at a CO : O2 ratio of 4.0. In contrast, NaN3 showed no effect on hydroxylation.", "contents": "omega- and (omega--1)-hydroxylation of fatty acids by frog liver microsomes. Substrate specificity and other properties. Frog liver microsomes catalyzed the hydroxylation of various saturated fatty acids whose chain lengths were from 8 to 18 carbon atoms into the corresponding omega- and (omega--1)-hydroxy derivatives. In addition, small amounts of the dicarboxylic acids and (omega--1)-keto acids were also formed from all the fatty acids. The relative activity of the hydroxylase with the substrates was as follows: C13(100), C12(98), C14(88), C10(62), C16(34), C18(29), and C8(8). The percentage of omega-hydroxy derivative relative to the (omega--1)-isomer increased with increasing carbon chain length of the fatty acid substrate. Oleate, linoleate and linolenate were also tested and found to be at least as active their saturated analog (stearate). Both NADPH and O2 were required for hydroxylase activity. The apparent Km for NADPH was 3.7 . 10(-5) M, and NADH had very little effect. The apparent Km value for laurate was 1.5 . 10(-5) M. The hydroxylating system was about 50% inhibited by 10 mM KCN and 81% inhibited by CO at a CO : O2 ratio of 4.0. In contrast, NaN3 showed no effect on hydroxylation.", "PMID": 309772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2214", "title": "Stimulation of platelet production in vivo by a factor in cell culture conditioned medium.", "content": "Injection of medium conditioned by a murine myelomonocytic leukaemic cell-line (WEHI-CM) stimulates platelet production in irradiated, bone marrow reconstituted mice. Media conditioned by the growth of normal bone marrow cells (BM-CM) or by a lymphoid leukaemia cell line had no effect on platelet production. However, the effect of WEHI-CM on platelet production was further enhanced when injected along with BM-CM, indicating that more than one factor may play a role in the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of platelet production in vivo by a factor in cell culture conditioned medium. Injection of medium conditioned by a murine myelomonocytic leukaemic cell-line (WEHI-CM) stimulates platelet production in irradiated, bone marrow reconstituted mice. Media conditioned by the growth of normal bone marrow cells (BM-CM) or by a lymphoid leukaemia cell line had no effect on platelet production. However, the effect of WEHI-CM on platelet production was further enhanced when injected along with BM-CM, indicating that more than one factor may play a role in the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis.", "PMID": 309775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2215", "title": "[Role of cholinergic and serotoninergic processes in modulating the activity of the negative reinforcement system].", "content": "The influence of choline- and serotoninergic drugs upon the latency of switching off the central aversive stimulation was investigated. Physostigmine and fluoxetine were shown to increase the latency of escape. Scopolamine and p-chloroamphetamine could both increase the time of active escape and decrease it. Fluoxetine diminished the activation effect and inversed the inhibitory effect of scopolamine. Fluoxetine potentiated the inhibitory action of physostigmine. p-Chloroamphetamine attenuated the inhibitory effect of physostigmine and increased scopolamine effect. It is suggested that choline- and serotoninergic mechanisms depressed the activity of the negative reinforcement system. Functional interaction is postulated between these neuromediator systems.", "contents": "[Role of cholinergic and serotoninergic processes in modulating the activity of the negative reinforcement system]. The influence of choline- and serotoninergic drugs upon the latency of switching off the central aversive stimulation was investigated. Physostigmine and fluoxetine were shown to increase the latency of escape. Scopolamine and p-chloroamphetamine could both increase the time of active escape and decrease it. Fluoxetine diminished the activation effect and inversed the inhibitory effect of scopolamine. Fluoxetine potentiated the inhibitory action of physostigmine. p-Chloroamphetamine attenuated the inhibitory effect of physostigmine and increased scopolamine effect. It is suggested that choline- and serotoninergic mechanisms depressed the activity of the negative reinforcement system. Functional interaction is postulated between these neuromediator systems.", "PMID": 309776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2216", "title": "[Supressor activity of spleen cells during medically induced immunologic tolerance].", "content": "SRBC tolerance was induced in mice (CBA X C57BL/6) F1 by single intraperitoneal injection of 6 X 10(9) SRBC and of cyclophosphamide (100-200 mg/kg) in 44-46 hours. Spleen cells of tolerant mice obtained at various periods after the tolerance induction (in 12-26 days) failed to decrease their immune response to SRBC after administration to intact syngeneic recipients. Contrary to intact mice, tolerant animals were incapable of producing suppressor cells after a single SRBC immunization. Only when 3 additional injections of high SRBC doses (6 X 10(9)) were given to tolerant mice the spleen cells in them acquired the capacity to inhibit the immune response after administration to normal mice. It is supposed that the absence of suppressor cells in induction of the immunological tolerance by means of cyclophosphane was caused by the processes of clone elimination. Suppressor cells can originate in tolerant animals under the effect of intensive antigenic stimulation, this leading to enhancement of the tolerance state as a result of additional SRBC injections.", "contents": "[Supressor activity of spleen cells during medically induced immunologic tolerance]. SRBC tolerance was induced in mice (CBA X C57BL/6) F1 by single intraperitoneal injection of 6 X 10(9) SRBC and of cyclophosphamide (100-200 mg/kg) in 44-46 hours. Spleen cells of tolerant mice obtained at various periods after the tolerance induction (in 12-26 days) failed to decrease their immune response to SRBC after administration to intact syngeneic recipients. Contrary to intact mice, tolerant animals were incapable of producing suppressor cells after a single SRBC immunization. Only when 3 additional injections of high SRBC doses (6 X 10(9)) were given to tolerant mice the spleen cells in them acquired the capacity to inhibit the immune response after administration to normal mice. It is supposed that the absence of suppressor cells in induction of the immunological tolerance by means of cyclophosphane was caused by the processes of clone elimination. Suppressor cells can originate in tolerant animals under the effect of intensive antigenic stimulation, this leading to enhancement of the tolerance state as a result of additional SRBC injections.", "PMID": 309777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2217", "title": "Monoamine metabolism during bicuculline-induced epileptic seizures in the rat.", "content": "Brain levels of tyrosine, dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured after 30, 60 and 120 min of sustained seizure activity, induced in paralyzed, artificially ventilated and anaesthetized (70% N2O) rats by administration of bicuculline (1.2 mg/kg i.v.). In separate animals the rates of accumulation of DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were estimated in three different brain regions after blockage of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase with NSD 1015 (100 mg/kg). The tissue level of NA was markedly reduced at 30 min and remained low during 120 min of sustained epileptic seizures. In contrast, the DA concentration, being essentially unaffected at 30 min, continuously increased during the following 90 min. 5-HT decreased significantly after 30 min but returned to control levels following 60 and 120 min of seizure activity. The 5-HIAA concentration progressively increased. In all three brain regions (striatum, limbic forebrain and hemispheres) the rate of tyrosine hydroxylation increased. Tryptophan hydroxylation showed a significant increase only in the limbic forebrain. The results suggest that bicuculline-induced seizures lead to an increased functional activity in NA neurons and, at least initially, also in 5-HT neurons. In contrast, DA neurons appear to be inhibited.", "contents": "Monoamine metabolism during bicuculline-induced epileptic seizures in the rat. Brain levels of tyrosine, dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured after 30, 60 and 120 min of sustained seizure activity, induced in paralyzed, artificially ventilated and anaesthetized (70% N2O) rats by administration of bicuculline (1.2 mg/kg i.v.). In separate animals the rates of accumulation of DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were estimated in three different brain regions after blockage of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase with NSD 1015 (100 mg/kg). The tissue level of NA was markedly reduced at 30 min and remained low during 120 min of sustained epileptic seizures. In contrast, the DA concentration, being essentially unaffected at 30 min, continuously increased during the following 90 min. 5-HT decreased significantly after 30 min but returned to control levels following 60 and 120 min of seizure activity. The 5-HIAA concentration progressively increased. In all three brain regions (striatum, limbic forebrain and hemispheres) the rate of tyrosine hydroxylation increased. Tryptophan hydroxylation showed a significant increase only in the limbic forebrain. The results suggest that bicuculline-induced seizures lead to an increased functional activity in NA neurons and, at least initially, also in 5-HT neurons. In contrast, DA neurons appear to be inhibited.", "PMID": 309780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2218", "title": "Influence of transient ischemia on monoamine metabolism in the rat brain during nitrous oxide and phenobarbitone anaesthesia.", "content": "Cerebral ischemia was induced in normothermic, artificially ventilated rats, anesthetized with 70% N2O or 150 mg/kg of phenobarbitone, by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries and by simultaneous depression of the mean arterial blood pressure to 50 mm Hg. The levels of tyrosine, dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured after 15 min of ischemia as well as after 30 min of recirculation. In separate experiments (70% N2O) the rate of accumulation of DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) was determined in three different brain regions (striatum, limbic forebrain and hemispheres) during recirculation. During ischemia, the monoamine pattern was unaffected. Following recirculation, increases in DA, 5-HIAA, tyrosine and tryptophan were found irrespective of the type of anesthesia used. Pronounced postischemic decreases in NA and 5-HT were observed in animals anesthetized with nitrous oxide but not in those given phenobarbitone. During recirculation the rate of tyrosine hydroxylation increased in all three brain regions while tryptophan hydroxylation was reduced. It is tentatively concluded that following transient, global cerebral ischemia, neuronal activity is low or eliminated in dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurons and high in noradrenergic neurons.", "contents": "Influence of transient ischemia on monoamine metabolism in the rat brain during nitrous oxide and phenobarbitone anaesthesia. Cerebral ischemia was induced in normothermic, artificially ventilated rats, anesthetized with 70% N2O or 150 mg/kg of phenobarbitone, by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries and by simultaneous depression of the mean arterial blood pressure to 50 mm Hg. The levels of tyrosine, dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured after 15 min of ischemia as well as after 30 min of recirculation. In separate experiments (70% N2O) the rate of accumulation of DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) was determined in three different brain regions (striatum, limbic forebrain and hemispheres) during recirculation. During ischemia, the monoamine pattern was unaffected. Following recirculation, increases in DA, 5-HIAA, tyrosine and tryptophan were found irrespective of the type of anesthesia used. Pronounced postischemic decreases in NA and 5-HT were observed in animals anesthetized with nitrous oxide but not in those given phenobarbitone. During recirculation the rate of tyrosine hydroxylation increased in all three brain regions while tryptophan hydroxylation was reduced. It is tentatively concluded that following transient, global cerebral ischemia, neuronal activity is low or eliminated in dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurons and high in noradrenergic neurons.", "PMID": 309781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2219", "title": "Massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding: an unusual complication of Crohn's disease.", "content": "Massive rectal bleeding may complicate Crohn's disease at any stage and tends to be persistent. Limited experience gained with this complication supports the use of selective agiography followed by conservative resection as the management of choice. Results of experimental studies suggest that selective infusion of vasopressors may be safely attempted when hemorrhage complicates Crohn's disease in its early stages but is probably too hazardous in cases in which the disease is more advanced.", "contents": "Massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding: an unusual complication of Crohn's disease. Massive rectal bleeding may complicate Crohn's disease at any stage and tends to be persistent. Limited experience gained with this complication supports the use of selective agiography followed by conservative resection as the management of choice. Results of experimental studies suggest that selective infusion of vasopressors may be safely attempted when hemorrhage complicates Crohn's disease in its early stages but is probably too hazardous in cases in which the disease is more advanced.", "PMID": 309787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2220", "title": "Comparison of the effects of single versus multiple agent chemotherapy on lymphocytes assayed by the rosette technique.", "content": "The percentage of peripheral blood Total T, Active T and B-Rosette Forming Cells (RFC) were determined serially (Day 0, 1, 2, 7, and 21) following administration of single (SAT) versus multiple (MAT) agent chemotherapy. SAT caused essentially a decrease in the percentage of B-RFC. MAT resulted in profound decrease of Active T and B-RFC and to a lesser degree of Total T-RFC percentages with nadirs being reached in 48 hours. The most striking decrease involved the percentage of Active T-RFC which remained 15% below pretreatment level 7th posttreatment day. The posttreatment changes in the absolute numbers of Total T, Active T and B-RFCs following MAT were similar to that noted on the RFC percentage. Effects of the two most commonly used multiple agent treatments (COBAM and DOMF) were comparable. MAT causes a more profound decrease in the percentage of various RFCs than SAT. The differences between the nadirs of various RFC reached Day 1 and 2 with MAT versus SAT are statistically significant (p less than .001). We conclude that the effects of chemotherapy on peripheral RFC may be best evidenced by serial determination of their percentage rather than their absolute numbers. Subpopulation of the T-RFC which has been labeled Active T-RFC appears to be the best indicator of the chemotherapy effects on the lymphocyte population since they demonstrate the most profound and persistent changes.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of single versus multiple agent chemotherapy on lymphocytes assayed by the rosette technique. The percentage of peripheral blood Total T, Active T and B-Rosette Forming Cells (RFC) were determined serially (Day 0, 1, 2, 7, and 21) following administration of single (SAT) versus multiple (MAT) agent chemotherapy. SAT caused essentially a decrease in the percentage of B-RFC. MAT resulted in profound decrease of Active T and B-RFC and to a lesser degree of Total T-RFC percentages with nadirs being reached in 48 hours. The most striking decrease involved the percentage of Active T-RFC which remained 15% below pretreatment level 7th posttreatment day. The posttreatment changes in the absolute numbers of Total T, Active T and B-RFCs following MAT were similar to that noted on the RFC percentage. Effects of the two most commonly used multiple agent treatments (COBAM and DOMF) were comparable. MAT causes a more profound decrease in the percentage of various RFCs than SAT. The differences between the nadirs of various RFC reached Day 1 and 2 with MAT versus SAT are statistically significant (p less than .001). We conclude that the effects of chemotherapy on peripheral RFC may be best evidenced by serial determination of their percentage rather than their absolute numbers. Subpopulation of the T-RFC which has been labeled Active T-RFC appears to be the best indicator of the chemotherapy effects on the lymphocyte population since they demonstrate the most profound and persistent changes.", "PMID": 309788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2221", "title": "Dynamic parameters of membrane lipids in normal and leukemic human lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood and bone marrow.", "content": "The degree of microviscosity (eta), and lipid fluidity (LFU) of cellular membranes of normal and leukemic lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood and bone marrow of normal donors and acute lymphatic leukemic (ALL) patients was quantitatively monitored by fluorescence polarization analysis with the aid of the fluorescent lipophilic probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene when embedded in cellular membranes of intact cells. The results have shown a marked decrease in eta and a significant increase in LFU in lymphocytes obtained from both peripheral blood and bone marrow of ALL patients at admission when compared to both T- and B-lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood of normal donors. Moreover, both dynamic parameters, eta and LFU, show normal characteristic values in lymphocytes obtained from bone marrow of ALL patients in complete hematological remission. Since in few cases a decrease in eta and an increase in LFU were observed in bone marrow lymphocytes isolated from ALL patients in remission, the possibility that these dynamic parameters may serve as a diagnostic tool for an early detection of a new relapse is discussed.", "contents": "Dynamic parameters of membrane lipids in normal and leukemic human lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood and bone marrow. The degree of microviscosity (eta), and lipid fluidity (LFU) of cellular membranes of normal and leukemic lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood and bone marrow of normal donors and acute lymphatic leukemic (ALL) patients was quantitatively monitored by fluorescence polarization analysis with the aid of the fluorescent lipophilic probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene when embedded in cellular membranes of intact cells. The results have shown a marked decrease in eta and a significant increase in LFU in lymphocytes obtained from both peripheral blood and bone marrow of ALL patients at admission when compared to both T- and B-lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood of normal donors. Moreover, both dynamic parameters, eta and LFU, show normal characteristic values in lymphocytes obtained from bone marrow of ALL patients in complete hematological remission. Since in few cases a decrease in eta and an increase in LFU were observed in bone marrow lymphocytes isolated from ALL patients in remission, the possibility that these dynamic parameters may serve as a diagnostic tool for an early detection of a new relapse is discussed.", "PMID": 309792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2222", "title": "Extravascular transfer within the anuran pars intermedia.", "content": "To study the transport of protein from the blood into and throughout the sparsely vascularized pars intermedia of anurans, the electrondense tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the vascular system of adult frogs. A strong reaction product was localized in small vesicles in the cytoplasm of that portion of the stellate cells immediately beneath the vascular spaces. Also, within two minutes after an injection of HRP, which was given during a period of one minute, the reaction product was seen in the extracellular spaces between the stellate and/or MSH secretory cells throughout the gland. Additionally, it appeared that HRP was pinocytosed by the stellate cell processes in the interior of the pars intermedia. Since frogs adapted to different backgrounds were perfused with HRP for a variety of time periods, from 3 to 90 min, it was thought that it would be possible to trace the pathway of the HRP-filled vesicles as they moved through the stellate cells. There did not appear to be a migration of these vesicles within the cells. Because of the electron density of the HRP, the tortuous extensions from the perivascular spaces of the capillary plexus intermedius were obvious as they ramified into the pars intermedia and pars nervosa. In the frogs not injected with HRP, it was possible to observe the substructure of these ramifications which paralleled the stellate cells and formed enlargements at the convergence of the stellate cell processes and sometimes the nerve processes. An extravascular, many-branched transport system that penetrates the parenchyma is discussed in addition to the possible transfer role of the stellate cells.", "contents": "Extravascular transfer within the anuran pars intermedia. To study the transport of protein from the blood into and throughout the sparsely vascularized pars intermedia of anurans, the electrondense tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the vascular system of adult frogs. A strong reaction product was localized in small vesicles in the cytoplasm of that portion of the stellate cells immediately beneath the vascular spaces. Also, within two minutes after an injection of HRP, which was given during a period of one minute, the reaction product was seen in the extracellular spaces between the stellate and/or MSH secretory cells throughout the gland. Additionally, it appeared that HRP was pinocytosed by the stellate cell processes in the interior of the pars intermedia. Since frogs adapted to different backgrounds were perfused with HRP for a variety of time periods, from 3 to 90 min, it was thought that it would be possible to trace the pathway of the HRP-filled vesicles as they moved through the stellate cells. There did not appear to be a migration of these vesicles within the cells. Because of the electron density of the HRP, the tortuous extensions from the perivascular spaces of the capillary plexus intermedius were obvious as they ramified into the pars intermedia and pars nervosa. In the frogs not injected with HRP, it was possible to observe the substructure of these ramifications which paralleled the stellate cells and formed enlargements at the convergence of the stellate cell processes and sometimes the nerve processes. An extravascular, many-branched transport system that penetrates the parenchyma is discussed in addition to the possible transfer role of the stellate cells.", "PMID": 309794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2223", "title": "Secretion of melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH) in long-term cultures of pituitary neurointermediate lobes.", "content": "Neurointermediate lobes from pituitaries of the frog, Rana berlandieri forreri (Rana pipiens, sensu lato), were maintained in organ culture in media with and without serum for up to six months. The cultured tissues were examined periodically by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and by bioassay of the melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH) secreted and present in the culture media. Light-microscopic observations revealed a high degree of preservation of the pars intermedia at four weeks with isolated areas of some glands maintaining histological integrity for the entire six months. Similarly, at the ultrastructural level the cells appeared morphologically intact and to be actively synthesizing and secreting hormone. Bioassays showed the glands to be continuously secreting MSH; however, larger yields of hormone were obtained in media lacking serum. No significant ultrastructural differences between cells grown in the presence or absence of serum were detected. The difference in concentration of MSH between the two groups therefore apparently results from enzymatic degradation of the hormone by the serum. Organ culture of the vertebrate neurointermediate lobe may provide a unique method for the production of large quantities of MSH and for the study of other melanotropic and opiate peptides as they may be synthesized and secreted by the pars intermedia.", "contents": "Secretion of melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH) in long-term cultures of pituitary neurointermediate lobes. Neurointermediate lobes from pituitaries of the frog, Rana berlandieri forreri (Rana pipiens, sensu lato), were maintained in organ culture in media with and without serum for up to six months. The cultured tissues were examined periodically by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and by bioassay of the melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH) secreted and present in the culture media. Light-microscopic observations revealed a high degree of preservation of the pars intermedia at four weeks with isolated areas of some glands maintaining histological integrity for the entire six months. Similarly, at the ultrastructural level the cells appeared morphologically intact and to be actively synthesizing and secreting hormone. Bioassays showed the glands to be continuously secreting MSH; however, larger yields of hormone were obtained in media lacking serum. No significant ultrastructural differences between cells grown in the presence or absence of serum were detected. The difference in concentration of MSH between the two groups therefore apparently results from enzymatic degradation of the hormone by the serum. Organ culture of the vertebrate neurointermediate lobe may provide a unique method for the production of large quantities of MSH and for the study of other melanotropic and opiate peptides as they may be synthesized and secreted by the pars intermedia.", "PMID": 309795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2224", "title": "DNA-binding antibodies and hepatitis B markers in acute and chronic liver disease.", "content": "A Farr technique has been used to assay antibodies to double-stranded DNA in the serum of patients with acute and chronic liver disease and carriers of HBsAg from the United Kingdom and Iraq. These antibodies were found in all groups from both countries. The highest levels were found in chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis. In the Iraqi patients there was a strongly positive correlation between DNA-binding antibody levels and the presence of hepatitis B markers but not with disease activity. In the patients from the United Kingdom there was little correlation with disease activity and none with autoantibodies. Ninety-five per cent of asymptomatic carriers of HBsAG had elevated DNA-binding antibodies. It is suggested that hepatitis B-specific DNA might be one trigger to DNA antibody formation, though in liver disease a variety of factors are clearly operative.", "contents": "DNA-binding antibodies and hepatitis B markers in acute and chronic liver disease. A Farr technique has been used to assay antibodies to double-stranded DNA in the serum of patients with acute and chronic liver disease and carriers of HBsAg from the United Kingdom and Iraq. These antibodies were found in all groups from both countries. The highest levels were found in chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis. In the Iraqi patients there was a strongly positive correlation between DNA-binding antibody levels and the presence of hepatitis B markers but not with disease activity. In the patients from the United Kingdom there was little correlation with disease activity and none with autoantibodies. Ninety-five per cent of asymptomatic carriers of HBsAG had elevated DNA-binding antibodies. It is suggested that hepatitis B-specific DNA might be one trigger to DNA antibody formation, though in liver disease a variety of factors are clearly operative.", "PMID": 309808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2225", "title": "The immune-dependence of schistosomicidal chemotherapy: relative lack of efficacy of an antimonial in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice deprived of their T-cells and the demonstration of drug-antiserum synergy.", "content": "When T-cell deprived CBA mice, infected with Schistosoma mansoni, were treated orally with potassium antimony tartrate, the reduction in size of their worm burdens was less than in similarly treated, immunologically-intact animals. The defect in deprived mice could be restored by the administration of serum obtained from S. mansoni-infected normal mice simultaneously with the drug, but by a different route. A serum component, probably immunoglobulin, obtained from rabbits which had been injected with an extract from S. mansoni adult worms was also found to act synergystically with the antimonial in the chemotherapeutic eradication of S. mansoni worms from immunologically intact mice.", "contents": "The immune-dependence of schistosomicidal chemotherapy: relative lack of efficacy of an antimonial in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice deprived of their T-cells and the demonstration of drug-antiserum synergy. When T-cell deprived CBA mice, infected with Schistosoma mansoni, were treated orally with potassium antimony tartrate, the reduction in size of their worm burdens was less than in similarly treated, immunologically-intact animals. The defect in deprived mice could be restored by the administration of serum obtained from S. mansoni-infected normal mice simultaneously with the drug, but by a different route. A serum component, probably immunoglobulin, obtained from rabbits which had been injected with an extract from S. mansoni adult worms was also found to act synergystically with the antimonial in the chemotherapeutic eradication of S. mansoni worms from immunologically intact mice.", "PMID": 309809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2226", "title": "T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations in the tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS).", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in thirty-nine patients with the tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) were studied using the E-rosette, EAC rosette and direct immunofluorescent staining techniques. In the peripheral blood a decrease in the percentage of T-lymphocytes was found which was accompanied by an increase in the percentage and number of B-lymphocytes. These abnormalities reverted towards normal on treatment. Splenic aspirates contained an increased proportion of T-lymphocytes. The relative T-cell lymphoenia in TSS is probably due to specific trapping or non-specific sequestration of lymphocytes in the liver and splen. B-cell lymphocytosis is probably due to persistent antigenic or mitogenic stimulation by malaria.", "contents": "T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations in the tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS). Lymphocyte subpopulations in thirty-nine patients with the tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) were studied using the E-rosette, EAC rosette and direct immunofluorescent staining techniques. In the peripheral blood a decrease in the percentage of T-lymphocytes was found which was accompanied by an increase in the percentage and number of B-lymphocytes. These abnormalities reverted towards normal on treatment. Splenic aspirates contained an increased proportion of T-lymphocytes. The relative T-cell lymphoenia in TSS is probably due to specific trapping or non-specific sequestration of lymphocytes in the liver and splen. B-cell lymphocytosis is probably due to persistent antigenic or mitogenic stimulation by malaria.", "PMID": 309810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2227", "title": "Rabbit antiserum to human thymocyte membranes: specificity for normal and malignant T-lymphocytes.", "content": "An antiserum was obtained by immunization of rabbits with human thymocyte membrane fractions. After appropriate absorptions, the antiserum was shown to detect specifically a population of T-cells. When tested by complement-mediated cytotoxicity the antiserum lysed 95% of thymocytes, 65% of normal PBL and 45% of tonsillar lymphocytes. It was also cytotoxic for three different T-cell lines (MOLT-4, CCRF-CEM and CCRF-HSB-2). When peripheral or tonsillar lymphocytes were separated into populations enriched in B- and T-cells, the percentage of cells lysed by the antiserum correlated well with the proportion of E-rosetting cells. Treatment of PBL with the antiserum and complement resulted in an increase of SmIg-positive B-cells in the residual cell fraction, which could no longer form E-rosettes. Treatment of PBL with the antiserum alone completely inhibited the E-rosette formation. The cytotoxic index on PBL from patients with various lymphoid disorders always correlated with the proportion of T-cells as assessed by E-rosette formation. Finally, the absorptive capacity of thymocytes for the antiserum was ten times higher as compared to that of PBL or tonsil cells.", "contents": "Rabbit antiserum to human thymocyte membranes: specificity for normal and malignant T-lymphocytes. An antiserum was obtained by immunization of rabbits with human thymocyte membrane fractions. After appropriate absorptions, the antiserum was shown to detect specifically a population of T-cells. When tested by complement-mediated cytotoxicity the antiserum lysed 95% of thymocytes, 65% of normal PBL and 45% of tonsillar lymphocytes. It was also cytotoxic for three different T-cell lines (MOLT-4, CCRF-CEM and CCRF-HSB-2). When peripheral or tonsillar lymphocytes were separated into populations enriched in B- and T-cells, the percentage of cells lysed by the antiserum correlated well with the proportion of E-rosetting cells. Treatment of PBL with the antiserum and complement resulted in an increase of SmIg-positive B-cells in the residual cell fraction, which could no longer form E-rosettes. Treatment of PBL with the antiserum alone completely inhibited the E-rosette formation. The cytotoxic index on PBL from patients with various lymphoid disorders always correlated with the proportion of T-cells as assessed by E-rosette formation. Finally, the absorptive capacity of thymocytes for the antiserum was ten times higher as compared to that of PBL or tonsil cells.", "PMID": 309811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2228", "title": "B-cell activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia.", "content": "The mitogenic response of blood lymphocytes from twelve patients with B-cell CLL and seven healthy controls was investigated. All patients were untreated and had a typical B-cell dominance in their peripheral blood. The patients demonstrated a scattered response pattern with a higher variance than in the control group. We demonstrated examples of stimulation of DNA-synthesis by polyclonal B-cell activators (PBA) as well as inhibition. The variable pattern between the patients might result from a malignant transformation of cells originating from different lymphocyte subpopulations in different patients. Thus PBA studies of lymphocytes from CLL patients might be a valuable tool in characterizing further this clinically variable disease at the cellular level.", "contents": "B-cell activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia. The mitogenic response of blood lymphocytes from twelve patients with B-cell CLL and seven healthy controls was investigated. All patients were untreated and had a typical B-cell dominance in their peripheral blood. The patients demonstrated a scattered response pattern with a higher variance than in the control group. We demonstrated examples of stimulation of DNA-synthesis by polyclonal B-cell activators (PBA) as well as inhibition. The variable pattern between the patients might result from a malignant transformation of cells originating from different lymphocyte subpopulations in different patients. Thus PBA studies of lymphocytes from CLL patients might be a valuable tool in characterizing further this clinically variable disease at the cellular level.", "PMID": 309812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2229", "title": "Avidity of anti-native DNA antibody and glomerular immune complex localization in lupus nephritis.", "content": "Ten patients with clinically active SLE and biopsy-proven renal involvement were studied. Antigen binding capacity (ABC) and avidity of anti-nDNA antibodies were measured, using 125I-nDNA, by the ammonium sulfate test of Minden and Farr. The glomerular localization of immune complexes was determined by morphological studies. Mean avidity in 7 patients with mesangial and subendothelial deposits was 0.387 +/- 0.022 (mean +/- SE), and in those with additional subepithelial deposits was 0.247 +/- 0.036 (P less than 0.01). When measured serially, the avidity was found to alter slowly either during treatment or spontaneously. Follow-up histology in 2 cases showed morphologic transitions; in one the transition from the initial mesangial proliferative type to the membranous form was associated with a shift of the avidity from a high level to a low one. There was no significant relation between the avidity and ABC (r = 0.235, P greater than 0.1), suggesting that avidity and the quantitative ABC of antibodies in immune complexes may not necessarily behave in parallel. Thus, the avidity measurement is useful in understanding the immunological events which underlie various clinicopathological features of SLE.", "contents": "Avidity of anti-native DNA antibody and glomerular immune complex localization in lupus nephritis. Ten patients with clinically active SLE and biopsy-proven renal involvement were studied. Antigen binding capacity (ABC) and avidity of anti-nDNA antibodies were measured, using 125I-nDNA, by the ammonium sulfate test of Minden and Farr. The glomerular localization of immune complexes was determined by morphological studies. Mean avidity in 7 patients with mesangial and subendothelial deposits was 0.387 +/- 0.022 (mean +/- SE), and in those with additional subepithelial deposits was 0.247 +/- 0.036 (P less than 0.01). When measured serially, the avidity was found to alter slowly either during treatment or spontaneously. Follow-up histology in 2 cases showed morphologic transitions; in one the transition from the initial mesangial proliferative type to the membranous form was associated with a shift of the avidity from a high level to a low one. There was no significant relation between the avidity and ABC (r = 0.235, P greater than 0.1), suggesting that avidity and the quantitative ABC of antibodies in immune complexes may not necessarily behave in parallel. Thus, the avidity measurement is useful in understanding the immunological events which underlie various clinicopathological features of SLE.", "PMID": 309813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2230", "title": "The effect of quipazine, a serotonin receptor agonist, on serum corticosterone concentration in rats.", "content": "Quipazine, a serotonin receptor agonist, increased serum corticosterone within 30 min after its i.p. injection (at 10 mg/kg) into rats; the effect persisted at 1 and 2 hrs, but not at 4 hrs. Elevation of serum corticosterone did not occur with a 1.25 mg/kg dose of quipazine but was dose-related over a 2.5-20 mg/kg dose range. The effect of quipazine was completely prevented by methergoline, a serotonin receptor antagonist. The effect of quipazine was present in rats pretreated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine to destroy serotonin nerves and was not enhanced (as was the effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan) by fluoxetine pretreatment. These data are compatible with the idea that quipazine increases serum corticosterone as a consequence of direct stimulation of serotonin receptors in brain.", "contents": "The effect of quipazine, a serotonin receptor agonist, on serum corticosterone concentration in rats. Quipazine, a serotonin receptor agonist, increased serum corticosterone within 30 min after its i.p. injection (at 10 mg/kg) into rats; the effect persisted at 1 and 2 hrs, but not at 4 hrs. Elevation of serum corticosterone did not occur with a 1.25 mg/kg dose of quipazine but was dose-related over a 2.5-20 mg/kg dose range. The effect of quipazine was completely prevented by methergoline, a serotonin receptor antagonist. The effect of quipazine was present in rats pretreated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine to destroy serotonin nerves and was not enhanced (as was the effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan) by fluoxetine pretreatment. These data are compatible with the idea that quipazine increases serum corticosterone as a consequence of direct stimulation of serotonin receptors in brain.", "PMID": 309816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2231", "title": "The amino-acid sequence of troponin C from frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "The primary structure of the troponin C from skeletal muscle of the frog Rana esculenta has been determined. The amino acid sequence was deduced from amino acid determinations of peptides obtained after cleavage with cyanogen bromide. Overlapping peptides were isolated from tryptic digests of performic-acid-oxidized troponin C and phthalylated performic-acid-oxidized troponin C. All overlaps have been determined except for the Arg-Ile sequence at position 103--104, which has been obtained by comparison with homologous troponins C. Frog troponin C consists of one polypeptide chain containing 152 amino acids. The calculated molecular weight is 18299. There is a single cysteine residue at position 101 and a single tyrosine residue at position 112. No histidine or tryptophan residues are present. The amino-terminal amino acid is N-acetylated. The homology of frog troponin C with other skeletal and cardiac troponin C is briefly discussed.", "contents": "The amino-acid sequence of troponin C from frog skeletal muscle. The primary structure of the troponin C from skeletal muscle of the frog Rana esculenta has been determined. The amino acid sequence was deduced from amino acid determinations of peptides obtained after cleavage with cyanogen bromide. Overlapping peptides were isolated from tryptic digests of performic-acid-oxidized troponin C and phthalylated performic-acid-oxidized troponin C. All overlaps have been determined except for the Arg-Ile sequence at position 103--104, which has been obtained by comparison with homologous troponins C. Frog troponin C consists of one polypeptide chain containing 152 amino acids. The calculated molecular weight is 18299. There is a single cysteine residue at position 101 and a single tyrosine residue at position 112. No histidine or tryptophan residues are present. The amino-terminal amino acid is N-acetylated. The homology of frog troponin C with other skeletal and cardiac troponin C is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 309817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2232", "title": "The hatching rhythm of Polystoma integerrimum, a monogenean from the frog Rana temporaria.", "content": "1. Eggs of Polystoma integerrimum incubated in alternating periods of light and darkness at a constant temperature hatch in the light. 2. Eggs incubated and hatched in continuous light (10 degrees or 18 degrees C) hatch without a rhythm. Eggs incubated and hatched in continuous darkness at 18 degrees C hatch without any circadian rhythm but fail to hatch at 10 degees C until 1 month later than expected. 3. At both 10 degrees and 18 degrees C the hatching rhythm persists in conditions of continuous light if, during incubation, the eggs were exposed to alternating light and darkness. At 18 degrees C the rhythm appears to persist in total darkness following incubation in alternating light and darkness. At 10 degrees C hatching is blocked. 4. At 10 degrees C if eggs are incubated in alternating periods of light and darkness and then, when hatching begins, these periods are reversed, the hatching rhythm becomes synchronous with the new lighting regime. This may be due to the effect of low temperature. 5. Hatching during the day may have survival value of P. integerrimum since the host tadpoles congregate at this time around the edges of the lakes, the region where the parasite eggs are laid.", "contents": "The hatching rhythm of Polystoma integerrimum, a monogenean from the frog Rana temporaria. 1. Eggs of Polystoma integerrimum incubated in alternating periods of light and darkness at a constant temperature hatch in the light. 2. Eggs incubated and hatched in continuous light (10 degrees or 18 degrees C) hatch without a rhythm. Eggs incubated and hatched in continuous darkness at 18 degrees C hatch without any circadian rhythm but fail to hatch at 10 degees C until 1 month later than expected. 3. At both 10 degrees and 18 degrees C the hatching rhythm persists in conditions of continuous light if, during incubation, the eggs were exposed to alternating light and darkness. At 18 degrees C the rhythm appears to persist in total darkness following incubation in alternating light and darkness. At 10 degrees C hatching is blocked. 4. At 10 degrees C if eggs are incubated in alternating periods of light and darkness and then, when hatching begins, these periods are reversed, the hatching rhythm becomes synchronous with the new lighting regime. This may be due to the effect of low temperature. 5. Hatching during the day may have survival value of P. integerrimum since the host tadpoles congregate at this time around the edges of the lakes, the region where the parasite eggs are laid.", "PMID": 309814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2233", "title": "Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin: selectivity of binding to lymphocyte surface glycoproteins on T cells and certain B cells.", "content": "Human and mouse lymphocytes were surface-labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination, or by galactose oxidase oxidation followed by reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride. The labeled cells were lysed with Nonidet P-40. Proteins binding to Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin (HP) were isolated by affinity chromatography on HP-Sepharose and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. A major cell surface glycoprotein (apparent mol. wt. 150 000, using reducing conditions) on human lymphocytes was responsible for almost all binding of HP. This protein was present on normal and malignant thymus-derived lymphocytes, e.g. thymocytes, blood T cells and T leukemia cell lines. It was also found on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, one null cell leukemia line, one unidentified leukemia line, one lymphoblastoid cell line of B origin and on one stem cell lymphoma line. In contrast, this protein was not found on various B cells at different steps of differentiation, e.g. four B lymphoma lines or one myeloma line. It was also absent from a histiocytic leukemia line. However, two of the four B lymphoma lines and the myeloma line had another HP-binding surface glycoprotein (mol. wt. 200 000) instead of the 150 000 protein. Studies of mouse lymphocytes similarly showed that thymus-derived lymphocytes (normal and malignant) but not normal adult B cells expressed a major HP-binding surface glycoprotein of apparent mol. wt. 130 000 (reducing conditions).", "contents": "Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin: selectivity of binding to lymphocyte surface glycoproteins on T cells and certain B cells. Human and mouse lymphocytes were surface-labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination, or by galactose oxidase oxidation followed by reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride. The labeled cells were lysed with Nonidet P-40. Proteins binding to Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin (HP) were isolated by affinity chromatography on HP-Sepharose and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. A major cell surface glycoprotein (apparent mol. wt. 150 000, using reducing conditions) on human lymphocytes was responsible for almost all binding of HP. This protein was present on normal and malignant thymus-derived lymphocytes, e.g. thymocytes, blood T cells and T leukemia cell lines. It was also found on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, one null cell leukemia line, one unidentified leukemia line, one lymphoblastoid cell line of B origin and on one stem cell lymphoma line. In contrast, this protein was not found on various B cells at different steps of differentiation, e.g. four B lymphoma lines or one myeloma line. It was also absent from a histiocytic leukemia line. However, two of the four B lymphoma lines and the myeloma line had another HP-binding surface glycoprotein (mol. wt. 200 000) instead of the 150 000 protein. Studies of mouse lymphocytes similarly showed that thymus-derived lymphocytes (normal and malignant) but not normal adult B cells expressed a major HP-binding surface glycoprotein of apparent mol. wt. 130 000 (reducing conditions).", "PMID": 309819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2234", "title": "A new surface marker on mouse natural killer cells: receptors for Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin.", "content": "Natural killer (NK) cells in normal mouse spleen have so far been found to lack conventional cell surface markers. Recently, neuraminidase treatment has been shown to uncover receptors for the A hemagglutinin of the snail Helix pomatia (HP) on populations (preferentially T cells) of human blood lymphocytes. We have used HP coupled to Sepharose in columns to fractionate mouse spleen cells. Fractions consisted of passed cells (fraction I) and cells eluted with the competitive hapten N-acetyl-D-galactosamine at either 0.1 mg/ml (fraction II) or 1.0 mg/ml (fraction III), NK activity and percentage of T and B cells in each fraction were determined. B cells were found enriched in fraction I. T lymphocytes, among them alloreactive cytotoxic T cells (CTL), were eluted in fraction III. However, NK activity of normal CBA spleens was highest in fraction II, fraction III was somewhat enriched, whereas fraction I was depleted of lytic activity. Thus, while NK cells possess HP receptors, their binding properties seem to differ from those of CTL. HP receptors represent the first simple and reliable marker detected on NK cells and might be useful for purification of this cell type.", "contents": "A new surface marker on mouse natural killer cells: receptors for Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin. Natural killer (NK) cells in normal mouse spleen have so far been found to lack conventional cell surface markers. Recently, neuraminidase treatment has been shown to uncover receptors for the A hemagglutinin of the snail Helix pomatia (HP) on populations (preferentially T cells) of human blood lymphocytes. We have used HP coupled to Sepharose in columns to fractionate mouse spleen cells. Fractions consisted of passed cells (fraction I) and cells eluted with the competitive hapten N-acetyl-D-galactosamine at either 0.1 mg/ml (fraction II) or 1.0 mg/ml (fraction III), NK activity and percentage of T and B cells in each fraction were determined. B cells were found enriched in fraction I. T lymphocytes, among them alloreactive cytotoxic T cells (CTL), were eluted in fraction III. However, NK activity of normal CBA spleens was highest in fraction II, fraction III was somewhat enriched, whereas fraction I was depleted of lytic activity. Thus, while NK cells possess HP receptors, their binding properties seem to differ from those of CTL. HP receptors represent the first simple and reliable marker detected on NK cells and might be useful for purification of this cell type.", "PMID": 309820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2235", "title": "Quantitative comparison of K cell potential in human T and null cells.", "content": "Using a short-term quantitative assay of the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes towards 51Cr-labeled mouse lymphoma cells, it is possible to estimate the relative involvement of various lymphocyte populations in the overall ADCC potential displayed by unfractioned lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were separated by means of an anti-F(ab')2 column combined with sedimentation of E rosette-forming cells or EA rosette-forming cells, and a discontinuous serum albumin gradient, and were characterized by several surface markers. ADCC results were expressed as the cytotoxic capacity of 10(6) cells of each population (lytic units/10(6) cells) as well as the cytotoxic potential of each population by taking into account their relative numerical sizes. Although the null cells had the highest cytotoxic capacity, highly purified T cells also disclosed a cytotoxic capacity which, because of the large numerical excess of T cells over null cells, could account for closely equivalent cytotoxic potentials of these two populations. ADCC was entirely abolished by further removal of Fc receptor-bearing-cells, in all the subsets studied. Our data underline the role that the small proportion of Fc receptor-carrying T cells might play in ADCC.", "contents": "Quantitative comparison of K cell potential in human T and null cells. Using a short-term quantitative assay of the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes towards 51Cr-labeled mouse lymphoma cells, it is possible to estimate the relative involvement of various lymphocyte populations in the overall ADCC potential displayed by unfractioned lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were separated by means of an anti-F(ab')2 column combined with sedimentation of E rosette-forming cells or EA rosette-forming cells, and a discontinuous serum albumin gradient, and were characterized by several surface markers. ADCC results were expressed as the cytotoxic capacity of 10(6) cells of each population (lytic units/10(6) cells) as well as the cytotoxic potential of each population by taking into account their relative numerical sizes. Although the null cells had the highest cytotoxic capacity, highly purified T cells also disclosed a cytotoxic capacity which, because of the large numerical excess of T cells over null cells, could account for closely equivalent cytotoxic potentials of these two populations. ADCC was entirely abolished by further removal of Fc receptor-bearing-cells, in all the subsets studied. Our data underline the role that the small proportion of Fc receptor-carrying T cells might play in ADCC.", "PMID": 309822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2236", "title": "Water compartments in the myelinated nerve. III. Pulsed NMR results.", "content": "3 experimentally distinct transverse relaxation components of the water in frog sciatic nerve are obtained by Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill technique. The relative weights of these components: approximately 29%; approximately 50%; approximately 21% fit well with water compartments in this tissue as revealed by previous methods.", "contents": "Water compartments in the myelinated nerve. III. Pulsed NMR results. 3 experimentally distinct transverse relaxation components of the water in frog sciatic nerve are obtained by Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill technique. The relative weights of these components: approximately 29%; approximately 50%; approximately 21% fit well with water compartments in this tissue as revealed by previous methods.", "PMID": 309823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2237", "title": "Chemically mediated cell-to-cell contractile activation in isolated frog atrial cardiac cells.", "content": "A dying single frog atrial cardiac cell liberates an unknown substance which diffuses away from the dying cell and activates contractile activity in other isolated intact single cardiac cells within the vicinity of the dying cell.", "contents": "Chemically mediated cell-to-cell contractile activation in isolated frog atrial cardiac cells. A dying single frog atrial cardiac cell liberates an unknown substance which diffuses away from the dying cell and activates contractile activity in other isolated intact single cardiac cells within the vicinity of the dying cell.", "PMID": 309824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2238", "title": "Porphobilinogen-accumulation by a porphyrin auxotrophic strain of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The amount of porphobilinogen accumulated by a Bacillus subtilis hemC mutant strain is dependent on time and exogenic aminolevulinic acid addition. hemC mutant seems to be suitable for porphobilinogen production on a large scale.", "contents": "Porphobilinogen-accumulation by a porphyrin auxotrophic strain of Bacillus subtilis. The amount of porphobilinogen accumulated by a Bacillus subtilis hemC mutant strain is dependent on time and exogenic aminolevulinic acid addition. hemC mutant seems to be suitable for porphobilinogen production on a large scale.", "PMID": 309825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2239", "title": "Inhibition of vitamin A action in rat bone cultures by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis.", "content": "Using explanted humeri of late fetal rats, retinoic acid induced a dose- and time-dependent regression of cartilage. The retinoic acid-induced release of proteoglycan into the medium was blocked by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis, suggesting its dependence upon continuous RNA and protein synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of vitamin A action in rat bone cultures by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. Using explanted humeri of late fetal rats, retinoic acid induced a dose- and time-dependent regression of cartilage. The retinoic acid-induced release of proteoglycan into the medium was blocked by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis, suggesting its dependence upon continuous RNA and protein synthesis.", "PMID": 309826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2240", "title": "Role of catechol structure in the inhibitory effects of D-isomers of amino acids on the decarboxylation of L-5-hydroxytryptophan.", "content": "D-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, D-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine and pyrocatechol competitively inhibited aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, whereas no inhibition occurred with l-norepinephrine, l-epinephrine, dopamine or some other amino acids without catechol side chains.", "contents": "Role of catechol structure in the inhibitory effects of D-isomers of amino acids on the decarboxylation of L-5-hydroxytryptophan. D-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, D-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine and pyrocatechol competitively inhibited aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, whereas no inhibition occurred with l-norepinephrine, l-epinephrine, dopamine or some other amino acids without catechol side chains.", "PMID": 309827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2241", "title": "Tubuloreticular structures in chicken bursa Fabricii lymphocytes.", "content": "Tubuloreticular structures were observed in bursal lymphocytes of a 12-day-old male chicken. These structures are often observed in mammalian lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Their presence in bursal lymphocytes confirm their association with B-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Tubuloreticular structures in chicken bursa Fabricii lymphocytes. Tubuloreticular structures were observed in bursal lymphocytes of a 12-day-old male chicken. These structures are often observed in mammalian lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Their presence in bursal lymphocytes confirm their association with B-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 309828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2242", "title": "Epidermotropic lymphomas. Introductory immunological remarks.", "content": "The immune system is reviewed. Its ontogeny, differentiation and localization are discussed. Although cellular immunity mainly depends on T cells (thymus-derived) and humoral immunity depends on B cells (bone-marrow-derived), there are many interactions between these two systems. The role of T cells, in the production of antibodies, appears to be mainly regulatory. Various subpopulations of T cells are mentioned. The interactions between B cells and macrophages are described, as well as the markers of human T and B cells.", "contents": "Epidermotropic lymphomas. Introductory immunological remarks. The immune system is reviewed. Its ontogeny, differentiation and localization are discussed. Although cellular immunity mainly depends on T cells (thymus-derived) and humoral immunity depends on B cells (bone-marrow-derived), there are many interactions between these two systems. The role of T cells, in the production of antibodies, appears to be mainly regulatory. Various subpopulations of T cells are mentioned. The interactions between B cells and macrophages are described, as well as the markers of human T and B cells.", "PMID": 309836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2243", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of cerebral electrograms following administration of biogenic amines].", "content": "The influence of acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin on the biopotentials of the cortical and subcortical-stem formations of the brain was studied in cats during a chronic experiment with monopolar electrodes. The accumulation of acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin determines the formation of various profiles representing spectral characteristics of the brain electrograms, which, apparently, is conditioned by a temporal specificity of the action produced by the neuromediators on the post-synaptic membranes.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of cerebral electrograms following administration of biogenic amines]. The influence of acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin on the biopotentials of the cortical and subcortical-stem formations of the brain was studied in cats during a chronic experiment with monopolar electrodes. The accumulation of acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin determines the formation of various profiles representing spectral characteristics of the brain electrograms, which, apparently, is conditioned by a temporal specificity of the action produced by the neuromediators on the post-synaptic membranes.", "PMID": 309832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2244", "title": "[Introduction to the modern classifications of the non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the historical evolution of the concepts of non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas which lead to the new functional classifications of Lukes and of Kiel. These classifications are based on the discoveries of modern immunology and are relying on the marking techniques for the identification of the T, B and U lymphocytes. Arguments are presented why these modern nomenclatures should progressively replace the Rappaport classification which preceded the major developments of modern immunology. The Kiel nomenclature is briefly described.", "contents": "[Introduction to the modern classifications of the non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas (author's transl)]. The authors present the historical evolution of the concepts of non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas which lead to the new functional classifications of Lukes and of Kiel. These classifications are based on the discoveries of modern immunology and are relying on the marking techniques for the identification of the T, B and U lymphocytes. Arguments are presented why these modern nomenclatures should progressively replace the Rappaport classification which preceded the major developments of modern immunology. The Kiel nomenclature is briefly described.", "PMID": 309837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2245", "title": "Cancer immunotherapy.", "content": "This paper briefly reviews some mechanisms of tumor immunity and the principles of cancer immunotherapy. Cellular and humoral immunity can both influence tumor cells. Most of the cells belonging to the immune system can act on neoplastic cells. T cells can kill them, macrophages inhibit their growth, and K cells through their Fc receptor also destroy antibody-coated tumor cells. Cancer patients have usually depressed cellular immune functions. The goal of immunotherapy is to amplify the immune reactions in order to destroy the tumor cells. The modalities of immunotherapy are described. They may become important as adjuvant therapy. Immunotherapy has already been successfully in skin cancers, lung cancer and acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "contents": "Cancer immunotherapy. This paper briefly reviews some mechanisms of tumor immunity and the principles of cancer immunotherapy. Cellular and humoral immunity can both influence tumor cells. Most of the cells belonging to the immune system can act on neoplastic cells. T cells can kill them, macrophages inhibit their growth, and K cells through their Fc receptor also destroy antibody-coated tumor cells. Cancer patients have usually depressed cellular immune functions. The goal of immunotherapy is to amplify the immune reactions in order to destroy the tumor cells. The modalities of immunotherapy are described. They may become important as adjuvant therapy. Immunotherapy has already been successfully in skin cancers, lung cancer and acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "PMID": 309838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2246", "title": "T-lymphocyte dependency of B-lymphocyte blastogenic response to phytomitogens.", "content": "Human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes were separated by a method based on the stable rosette formation of T lymphocytes with neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes, followed by centrifugation over a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Monocytes were isolated from the T-depleted B lymphocyte preparation by allowing the monocytes to ingest iron particles and by subsequent centrifugation over a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. The T lymphocytes responded extremely well to PHA and very well to PWM, while the B lymphocytes were unresponsive to either PHA or PWM. However, when the B lymphocytes were cultured together with irradiated autologous or allogeneic T lymphocytes (1:1, 1:2 or 1:4 ratio), both PHA and PWM became mitogenic to B lymphocytes. Irradiated T lymphocytes alone did not respond to either PHA or PWM, indicating that the 3H-thymidine incorporation seen in the mixed-cell culture was due to the activation of unirradiated B lymphocytes. The B lymphocytes failed to respond to these phytomitogens in the presence of lower concentrations of irradiated T lymphocytes. The monocytes were found to be incapable of helping the B lymphocytes to respond to PHA or PWM.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte dependency of B-lymphocyte blastogenic response to phytomitogens. Human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes were separated by a method based on the stable rosette formation of T lymphocytes with neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes, followed by centrifugation over a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Monocytes were isolated from the T-depleted B lymphocyte preparation by allowing the monocytes to ingest iron particles and by subsequent centrifugation over a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. The T lymphocytes responded extremely well to PHA and very well to PWM, while the B lymphocytes were unresponsive to either PHA or PWM. However, when the B lymphocytes were cultured together with irradiated autologous or allogeneic T lymphocytes (1:1, 1:2 or 1:4 ratio), both PHA and PWM became mitogenic to B lymphocytes. Irradiated T lymphocytes alone did not respond to either PHA or PWM, indicating that the 3H-thymidine incorporation seen in the mixed-cell culture was due to the activation of unirradiated B lymphocytes. The B lymphocytes failed to respond to these phytomitogens in the presence of lower concentrations of irradiated T lymphocytes. The monocytes were found to be incapable of helping the B lymphocytes to respond to PHA or PWM.", "PMID": 309847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2247", "title": "The generation of memory cells. II. Generation of B memory cells with preformed antigen-antibody complexes.", "content": "Mice were immunized with preformed complexes of dinitrophenylated haemocyanin (DNP-KLH) and anti-DNP or anti-KLH antibodies, and subsequently assayed for the generation of B memory (BM) cells. Complexes formed at equivalence or in slight antigen excess were far more effective than antigen alone in generating memory: as little as 100 ng DNP-KLH-anti-DNP produced substantial B cell priming. Anti-carrier and anti-hapten antibodies were equally effective. Complexes generated memory more rapidly than antigen alone, and the adjuvant effect was not simply due to aggregation of the antigen. Optimal priming by complexes required the integrity of the Fc portion of the antibody: F(ab')2 antibody fragments were less effective. The capacity of complexes to prime BM cells was abrogated by depriving mice of C3. C3 was also required for localization of complexes within splenic lymphoid follicles; complexes made with F(ab')2 localized in follicles, but less efficiently than those made with intact antibody. These results extend earlier findings (Klaus & Humphrey, 1977) and strongly suggest that the generation of BM cells involves the C3-dependent localization of antigen-antibody complexes within lymphoid follicles and strengthen the concept that germinal centres are the birthplace of BM cells.", "contents": "The generation of memory cells. II. Generation of B memory cells with preformed antigen-antibody complexes. Mice were immunized with preformed complexes of dinitrophenylated haemocyanin (DNP-KLH) and anti-DNP or anti-KLH antibodies, and subsequently assayed for the generation of B memory (BM) cells. Complexes formed at equivalence or in slight antigen excess were far more effective than antigen alone in generating memory: as little as 100 ng DNP-KLH-anti-DNP produced substantial B cell priming. Anti-carrier and anti-hapten antibodies were equally effective. Complexes generated memory more rapidly than antigen alone, and the adjuvant effect was not simply due to aggregation of the antigen. Optimal priming by complexes required the integrity of the Fc portion of the antibody: F(ab')2 antibody fragments were less effective. The capacity of complexes to prime BM cells was abrogated by depriving mice of C3. C3 was also required for localization of complexes within splenic lymphoid follicles; complexes made with F(ab')2 localized in follicles, but less efficiently than those made with intact antibody. These results extend earlier findings (Klaus & Humphrey, 1977) and strongly suggest that the generation of BM cells involves the C3-dependent localization of antigen-antibody complexes within lymphoid follicles and strengthen the concept that germinal centres are the birthplace of BM cells.", "PMID": 309848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2248", "title": "Macrophage-lymphocyte association in in vitro mouse spleen cultures; the formation of B-cell colonies.", "content": "Colonies of predominantly B lymphocytes have been grown in liquid culture, without agar or specific mitogen treatment. An essential component of the colonies is a macrophage-like cell. Colonies appear to result from continued growth of B lymphocytes following a primary macrophage-lymphocyte association which frequently occurs under a variety of culture conditions. Factors promoting colony growth are foetal calf serum and 2 mercapto-ethanol, the latter acting in part through reduction of a non-dialysable sulphur-containing component of serum.", "contents": "Macrophage-lymphocyte association in in vitro mouse spleen cultures; the formation of B-cell colonies. Colonies of predominantly B lymphocytes have been grown in liquid culture, without agar or specific mitogen treatment. An essential component of the colonies is a macrophage-like cell. Colonies appear to result from continued growth of B lymphocytes following a primary macrophage-lymphocyte association which frequently occurs under a variety of culture conditions. Factors promoting colony growth are foetal calf serum and 2 mercapto-ethanol, the latter acting in part through reduction of a non-dialysable sulphur-containing component of serum.", "PMID": 309849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2249", "title": "Activation of B lymphocytes by mycoplasma mitogen(s).", "content": "Various strains of the murine mycoplasma M. neurolyticum have been shown to induce extensive blast transformation of mouse lymphocytes, comparable in strength to mitogenicity exerted by these mycoplasma species on rat lymphocytes. The data summarized in this report demonstrate that this mitogenic effect is non-specific. Lymphoid cells from mycoplasma free, germ-free mice were activated to the same extent as those lymphocytes obtained from conventionally bred animals. Lymph node cell suspensions obtained from athymic nude mice were strongly activated by M. neurolyticum mitogen. Furthermore, mouse thymocytes and mouse T-cell enriched populations, were not stimulated by these mitogens. It was thus suggested that M. neurolyticum activates mouse B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Activation of B lymphocytes by mycoplasma mitogen(s). Various strains of the murine mycoplasma M. neurolyticum have been shown to induce extensive blast transformation of mouse lymphocytes, comparable in strength to mitogenicity exerted by these mycoplasma species on rat lymphocytes. The data summarized in this report demonstrate that this mitogenic effect is non-specific. Lymphoid cells from mycoplasma free, germ-free mice were activated to the same extent as those lymphocytes obtained from conventionally bred animals. Lymph node cell suspensions obtained from athymic nude mice were strongly activated by M. neurolyticum mitogen. Furthermore, mouse thymocytes and mouse T-cell enriched populations, were not stimulated by these mitogens. It was thus suggested that M. neurolyticum activates mouse B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 309850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2250", "title": "Active E rosette formation by human lymphoblasts.", "content": "The percentage of active and total E rosettes for lymphocytes cultured for 72 h both with and without phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was evaluated in 20 normal subjects. A clear increase in the formation of active E rosettes by PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was demonstrated with respect to unstimulated lymphocytes. Our data gives further proof that the active E rosettes constitute a specific subpopulation of lymphocytes which represent functionally active T cells in the blood.", "contents": "Active E rosette formation by human lymphoblasts. The percentage of active and total E rosettes for lymphocytes cultured for 72 h both with and without phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was evaluated in 20 normal subjects. A clear increase in the formation of active E rosettes by PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was demonstrated with respect to unstimulated lymphocytes. Our data gives further proof that the active E rosettes constitute a specific subpopulation of lymphocytes which represent functionally active T cells in the blood.", "PMID": 309851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2251", "title": "T-lymphocyte colonies in the lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "Human lymphocytes from peripheral blood, bone marrow spleen and lymph nodes were cultured. Continuous phytoheamagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was used, first during a 24 h liquid preincubation, then during a 5 day culture in methylcellulose. In normal donors a rapid colony formation took place, with a mean of 124+/-82 colonies per 1 times 10(5) preincubated lymphocytes. Cells from such colonies were studied by cytology, scanning electron microscopy and rosette formation techniques; arguments favour the hypothesis that these could be T lymphocytes. Neither granulocytes nor macrophages could be grown, and no lymphoid colony formation occurred without PHA stimulation. The same technique was applied to patients with various lymphoproliferative disorders. Significant colony suppression was observed in nearly every case of chronic lymphatic leukaemia; the number of colonies was reduced in some patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia, lymphosarcoma, dysglobulinaemia and Hodgkin's disease. This lymphoid culture method should be applied to a larger number of patients to determine whether it has a classification value and/or prognostic significance. When colonies were grown in pathological states, rosette formation was identical to that of normal donors; colony formation could be due to persisting normal lymphocytes.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte colonies in the lymphoproliferative disorders. Human lymphocytes from peripheral blood, bone marrow spleen and lymph nodes were cultured. Continuous phytoheamagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was used, first during a 24 h liquid preincubation, then during a 5 day culture in methylcellulose. In normal donors a rapid colony formation took place, with a mean of 124+/-82 colonies per 1 times 10(5) preincubated lymphocytes. Cells from such colonies were studied by cytology, scanning electron microscopy and rosette formation techniques; arguments favour the hypothesis that these could be T lymphocytes. Neither granulocytes nor macrophages could be grown, and no lymphoid colony formation occurred without PHA stimulation. The same technique was applied to patients with various lymphoproliferative disorders. Significant colony suppression was observed in nearly every case of chronic lymphatic leukaemia; the number of colonies was reduced in some patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia, lymphosarcoma, dysglobulinaemia and Hodgkin's disease. This lymphoid culture method should be applied to a larger number of patients to determine whether it has a classification value and/or prognostic significance. When colonies were grown in pathological states, rosette formation was identical to that of normal donors; colony formation could be due to persisting normal lymphocytes.", "PMID": 309852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2252", "title": "Distinction between suppressors of the delayed-type hypersensitivity and the humoral response to sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Suppressors for both delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and the humoral immune response could be simultaneously induced in the spleens of mice by immunization with a high dose of SRBC. Normal recipient mice of the spleen cells from donors immunized 5 days previously elicited depressed DTH or humoral response when immunized with SRBC. The suppressive activity was found to reside in T not B enriched fraction. Four hundred rad irradiation of the primed spleen cells resulted in complete loss of DTH suppressor activity, but only in some reduction of the suppressor activity for the humoral response. In contrast, hydrocortisone treatment of the donor mice caused no loss of DTH suppressor activity while approximately half of the suppressive activity for anti-SRBC PFC response was lost. Adult thymectomy prevented completely the induction of the DTH suppressor in contrast to little loss of the suppressor activity for the humoral response. DTH suppression was antigen-specific for the induction, but nonspecific for the expression. However the suppression of the humoral response was antigen-specific not only for the induction but also for the expression. In addition, DTH suppressor was capable of suppressing both the induction and expression of DTH while the humoral response was suppressed only in the induction stage by the suppressor.", "contents": "Distinction between suppressors of the delayed-type hypersensitivity and the humoral response to sheep erythrocytes. Suppressors for both delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and the humoral immune response could be simultaneously induced in the spleens of mice by immunization with a high dose of SRBC. Normal recipient mice of the spleen cells from donors immunized 5 days previously elicited depressed DTH or humoral response when immunized with SRBC. The suppressive activity was found to reside in T not B enriched fraction. Four hundred rad irradiation of the primed spleen cells resulted in complete loss of DTH suppressor activity, but only in some reduction of the suppressor activity for the humoral response. In contrast, hydrocortisone treatment of the donor mice caused no loss of DTH suppressor activity while approximately half of the suppressive activity for anti-SRBC PFC response was lost. Adult thymectomy prevented completely the induction of the DTH suppressor in contrast to little loss of the suppressor activity for the humoral response. DTH suppression was antigen-specific for the induction, but nonspecific for the expression. However the suppression of the humoral response was antigen-specific not only for the induction but also for the expression. In addition, DTH suppressor was capable of suppressing both the induction and expression of DTH while the humoral response was suppressed only in the induction stage by the suppressor.", "PMID": 309853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2253", "title": "Isolation of various canine leucocytes and their characterization by surface marker analysis.", "content": "Various techniques were used to separate canine peripheral blood leucocytes into populations enriched in lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, phagocytic mononuclear cells (monocytes) and macrophages. Surface markers on each cell population were determined by rosette formation. Fc receptors for IgG and complement receptors (C3b and C3d) were present on PMN, monocytes, macrophages as well as on a sub-population of lymphocytes. Purification of the lymphocytes into T-and B-cell-enriched populations revealed that these receptors were present only on the B lymphocytes and not on the T lymphocytes. In addition, a third lymphocyte population, which did not possess surface immunoglobulin, and Fc receptor but not the complement receptor. None of the cell populations exhibited C4 complement receptors or Fc receptors for IgM. When different cell populations were tested for their ability to form rosettes directly with human type 'O' red blood cells it was found that most populations could rosette, suggesting that this technique could not be used as a specific marker for canine T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Isolation of various canine leucocytes and their characterization by surface marker analysis. Various techniques were used to separate canine peripheral blood leucocytes into populations enriched in lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, phagocytic mononuclear cells (monocytes) and macrophages. Surface markers on each cell population were determined by rosette formation. Fc receptors for IgG and complement receptors (C3b and C3d) were present on PMN, monocytes, macrophages as well as on a sub-population of lymphocytes. Purification of the lymphocytes into T-and B-cell-enriched populations revealed that these receptors were present only on the B lymphocytes and not on the T lymphocytes. In addition, a third lymphocyte population, which did not possess surface immunoglobulin, and Fc receptor but not the complement receptor. None of the cell populations exhibited C4 complement receptors or Fc receptors for IgM. When different cell populations were tested for their ability to form rosettes directly with human type 'O' red blood cells it was found that most populations could rosette, suggesting that this technique could not be used as a specific marker for canine T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 309854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2254", "title": "Expression of T cell suppressor activity in the immune response of newborn mice to a T-independent synthetic polypeptide.", "content": "One and two day old mice responded to the T-independent synthetic polypeptide poly (DTyr,DGlu)-poly(DPro)--poly(DLys) with high antibody production, whereas a dramatic decrease was observed in the immune response of 3 day old injected animals. The presence and expression of suppressor T cells in the 3 day old newborn mice spleens was demonstrated by transferring spleens of 3 day old mice into either thymectomized, irradiated recipients together with bone-marrow cells, or into 1--2 day old newborn recipients. In both cases a significantly lower antibody response was observed in recipients of the 3 day old newborn spleen cells as compared to recipients of the same number of adult spleen cells. No decrease in the antibody levels was detected following inoculation of 3 day old spleen cells after anti-theta-treatment, while enriched T cell populations obtained from nylon wool columns had the same suppressive effect as the whole spleen cell preparations. Thus, the cell expressing the suppressor activity in the newborn spleen is a T cell.", "contents": "Expression of T cell suppressor activity in the immune response of newborn mice to a T-independent synthetic polypeptide. One and two day old mice responded to the T-independent synthetic polypeptide poly (DTyr,DGlu)-poly(DPro)--poly(DLys) with high antibody production, whereas a dramatic decrease was observed in the immune response of 3 day old injected animals. The presence and expression of suppressor T cells in the 3 day old newborn mice spleens was demonstrated by transferring spleens of 3 day old mice into either thymectomized, irradiated recipients together with bone-marrow cells, or into 1--2 day old newborn recipients. In both cases a significantly lower antibody response was observed in recipients of the 3 day old newborn spleen cells as compared to recipients of the same number of adult spleen cells. No decrease in the antibody levels was detected following inoculation of 3 day old spleen cells after anti-theta-treatment, while enriched T cell populations obtained from nylon wool columns had the same suppressive effect as the whole spleen cell preparations. Thus, the cell expressing the suppressor activity in the newborn spleen is a T cell.", "PMID": 309855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2255", "title": "Studies on the host-parasite relationship in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice: the immunological dependence of parasite egg excretion.", "content": "CBA mice deprived of their T cells by means of thymectomy and anti-thymocyte serum and subsequently infected with Schistosoma mansoni were found to have substantially fewer parasite eggs in their faeces than similarly infected immunologically-intact control animals. The number of parasite eggs deposited in the tissues of T-cell deprived mice was by comparison only marginally lower than in control mice. Administration of serum obtained from normal mice with chronic S. mansoni infections partially restored the egg excretion rate in infected deprived mice, and also resulted in an increased number of eggs being deposited in the liver and intestine of these animals.", "contents": "Studies on the host-parasite relationship in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice: the immunological dependence of parasite egg excretion. CBA mice deprived of their T cells by means of thymectomy and anti-thymocyte serum and subsequently infected with Schistosoma mansoni were found to have substantially fewer parasite eggs in their faeces than similarly infected immunologically-intact control animals. The number of parasite eggs deposited in the tissues of T-cell deprived mice was by comparison only marginally lower than in control mice. Administration of serum obtained from normal mice with chronic S. mansoni infections partially restored the egg excretion rate in infected deprived mice, and also resulted in an increased number of eggs being deposited in the liver and intestine of these animals.", "PMID": 309856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2256", "title": "Effects of the B-cell activators lipid A and dextran sulphate on the antibody response to sheep red blood cells in piglets.", "content": "The in vivo effects of Lipid A and dextran sulphate on the antibody response to the thymus-dependent antigen SRBC in piglets are reported. No alteration of the low primary antibody response was observed with any of the B-cell activators. However, both substances induced an increase in antibody titre after secondary challenge with the antigen, which was shown to be of the IgG class. An activation of immunological memory in the absence of primary antibody response is suggested.", "contents": "Effects of the B-cell activators lipid A and dextran sulphate on the antibody response to sheep red blood cells in piglets. The in vivo effects of Lipid A and dextran sulphate on the antibody response to the thymus-dependent antigen SRBC in piglets are reported. No alteration of the low primary antibody response was observed with any of the B-cell activators. However, both substances induced an increase in antibody titre after secondary challenge with the antigen, which was shown to be of the IgG class. An activation of immunological memory in the absence of primary antibody response is suggested.", "PMID": 309857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2257", "title": "Studies of hyperthymic mice. I. The influence of multiple thymus grafts on the size of the peripheral T cell pool and immunological performance.", "content": "Following the implantation of syngeneic chromosomally marked thymuses under the kidney capsule of normal adult mice, donor T cells were found in the blood and other lymphoid organs. The mice were found to have increased numbers of Thy.1-positive cells in spleen and lymph nodes, increased peripheral blood lymphocyte levels and also augmented immune responses to sheep erythrocytes. The contribution made by an individual graft to the donor T cell pool was independent of the number of thymuses grafted as was the growth of the grafts themselves. The results reaffirm that there is no homeostatic feedback control of thymus growth in adult mice.", "contents": "Studies of hyperthymic mice. I. The influence of multiple thymus grafts on the size of the peripheral T cell pool and immunological performance. Following the implantation of syngeneic chromosomally marked thymuses under the kidney capsule of normal adult mice, donor T cells were found in the blood and other lymphoid organs. The mice were found to have increased numbers of Thy.1-positive cells in spleen and lymph nodes, increased peripheral blood lymphocyte levels and also augmented immune responses to sheep erythrocytes. The contribution made by an individual graft to the donor T cell pool was independent of the number of thymuses grafted as was the growth of the grafts themselves. The results reaffirm that there is no homeostatic feedback control of thymus growth in adult mice.", "PMID": 309858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2258", "title": "Surface membrane changes of T cells induced by syngeneic tumour cells. II. T-cell defects induced by small tumour cell inocula or tumour cell antigens.", "content": "Injection of a large number of tumour cells, like other strong immunogenic challenges, is followed within 6 h by the uptake of cytophilic Ig (probably complexes) by a subpopulation of T cells. This phenomenon, known as the \"6-hour T-cell response\" is abrogated when small tumour cell inocula (10(2)), or small amounts of a preparation from tumour cells, which contains tumour antigens, are injected prior to the immunogenic challenge Abrogation of the \"6-hour T-cell response\" resulted in a decrease in specific anti-tumour cell immunity as tested in vitro by measuring growth inhibition (cytostasis). It has also resulted in loss of the amplifying function on antibody formation against sheep erythrocytes, normally detected in a T-B cell co-operative system when T cells are used 6 h after priming with sheep erythrocytes. It is postulated that this T-cell defect may represent a mechanism by which tumour cells, in the early stages of their growth, interfere with inductive stages of the immune response for a sufficient period of time to allow the tumour to grow beyond immune control.", "contents": "Surface membrane changes of T cells induced by syngeneic tumour cells. II. T-cell defects induced by small tumour cell inocula or tumour cell antigens. Injection of a large number of tumour cells, like other strong immunogenic challenges, is followed within 6 h by the uptake of cytophilic Ig (probably complexes) by a subpopulation of T cells. This phenomenon, known as the \"6-hour T-cell response\" is abrogated when small tumour cell inocula (10(2)), or small amounts of a preparation from tumour cells, which contains tumour antigens, are injected prior to the immunogenic challenge Abrogation of the \"6-hour T-cell response\" resulted in a decrease in specific anti-tumour cell immunity as tested in vitro by measuring growth inhibition (cytostasis). It has also resulted in loss of the amplifying function on antibody formation against sheep erythrocytes, normally detected in a T-B cell co-operative system when T cells are used 6 h after priming with sheep erythrocytes. It is postulated that this T-cell defect may represent a mechanism by which tumour cells, in the early stages of their growth, interfere with inductive stages of the immune response for a sufficient period of time to allow the tumour to grow beyond immune control.", "PMID": 309866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2259", "title": "Human tumor-lymphocyte interaction in vitro. III. T lymphocytes in autologous tumor stimulation (ATS).", "content": "The T-cell nature of the responding cells in autologous tumor stimulation (ATS) was proven by (1) E-rosette formation of lymphocytes attached to tumor cells during the early period of co-cultivation; (2) blast-transformed E-rosetting cells detectable at the end of the test period (day 6) and (3) the reactivity of T-enriched lymphocyte subset and unresponsiveness of T-depleted fractions. Preparation of tumor suspensions devoid of lymphocytes made it possible to carry out cross-tests between patients. Blastogenesis with allogeneic tumors was rare. The restricted autologous nature of the reaction is a strong indication for genuine tumor-relatedness.", "contents": "Human tumor-lymphocyte interaction in vitro. III. T lymphocytes in autologous tumor stimulation (ATS). The T-cell nature of the responding cells in autologous tumor stimulation (ATS) was proven by (1) E-rosette formation of lymphocytes attached to tumor cells during the early period of co-cultivation; (2) blast-transformed E-rosetting cells detectable at the end of the test period (day 6) and (3) the reactivity of T-enriched lymphocyte subset and unresponsiveness of T-depleted fractions. Preparation of tumor suspensions devoid of lymphocytes made it possible to carry out cross-tests between patients. Blastogenesis with allogeneic tumors was rare. The restricted autologous nature of the reaction is a strong indication for genuine tumor-relatedness.", "PMID": 309867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2260", "title": "Heteroantiserum against acute lymphocytic leukemia raised to the lymphoblastoid cell line NALM-1.", "content": "Antisera have been raised in rabbits to the lymphoblastoid cell line NALM 1 precoated with anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS). Following absorption with chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells (CLL) the antisera reacted mainly with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells, and were very similar in specificity to antisera raised to ALL cells precoated with ALS. Leukemia cells from the following numbers of patients were positive for the anti-NALM 1 sera in a complement-dependent cytotoxicity test; 11/14 ALL, 3/15 acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), 1/5 chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) and 0/8 CLL. Normal B and T peripheral blood lymphocytes were negative. The titer of the anti-NALM 1 sera against positive cells was 1:64 to 1:256 whereas the undiluted sera did not react with negative cells. Ten out of 11 of the positive ALL cells were of the non-B non-T type. However, cells from 1/4 T ALL patients and a cultured T ALL line 8402 were also positive. Six of 12 cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines were positive, all of which were of malignant origin. The molecular weight of the ALL antigen detected by anti-NALM-1 serum was determined by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to be approximately 98,000 daltons.", "contents": "Heteroantiserum against acute lymphocytic leukemia raised to the lymphoblastoid cell line NALM-1. Antisera have been raised in rabbits to the lymphoblastoid cell line NALM 1 precoated with anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS). Following absorption with chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells (CLL) the antisera reacted mainly with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells, and were very similar in specificity to antisera raised to ALL cells precoated with ALS. Leukemia cells from the following numbers of patients were positive for the anti-NALM 1 sera in a complement-dependent cytotoxicity test; 11/14 ALL, 3/15 acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), 1/5 chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) and 0/8 CLL. Normal B and T peripheral blood lymphocytes were negative. The titer of the anti-NALM 1 sera against positive cells was 1:64 to 1:256 whereas the undiluted sera did not react with negative cells. Ten out of 11 of the positive ALL cells were of the non-B non-T type. However, cells from 1/4 T ALL patients and a cultured T ALL line 8402 were also positive. Six of 12 cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines were positive, all of which were of malignant origin. The molecular weight of the ALL antigen detected by anti-NALM-1 serum was determined by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to be approximately 98,000 daltons.", "PMID": 309868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2261", "title": "Effect of 60Co gamma radiation on the valyl-tRNA synthetase isolated from chick embryo brain.", "content": "The effect of 60Co gamma irradiation on the activity of valyl-tRNA synthetase isolated from chick embryo brain was studied. The enzyme activity exponentially decreased in the dose range 10--200 krad. The first step of the enzyme action, i.e. the amino acid activation, was found to be less sensitive to irradiation than the whole reaction, the formation of valyl-tRNA, 2-Mercapto ethanol and/or glycerol had a significant radioprotective effect. The lesion caused by radiation in the enzyme was also influenced by its concentration during exposure (dilution effect). According to gel-electrophoretic experiments, no chain rupture occurred in the enzyme molecule. Not even a change in Km was observed; however, the maximum velocity of the reaction was found to decrease with increasing radiation dose.", "contents": "Effect of 60Co gamma radiation on the valyl-tRNA synthetase isolated from chick embryo brain. The effect of 60Co gamma irradiation on the activity of valyl-tRNA synthetase isolated from chick embryo brain was studied. The enzyme activity exponentially decreased in the dose range 10--200 krad. The first step of the enzyme action, i.e. the amino acid activation, was found to be less sensitive to irradiation than the whole reaction, the formation of valyl-tRNA, 2-Mercapto ethanol and/or glycerol had a significant radioprotective effect. The lesion caused by radiation in the enzyme was also influenced by its concentration during exposure (dilution effect). According to gel-electrophoretic experiments, no chain rupture occurred in the enzyme molecule. Not even a change in Km was observed; however, the maximum velocity of the reaction was found to decrease with increasing radiation dose.", "PMID": 309870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2262", "title": "Chromosome condensation and radiation-induced G2 arrest studied by the induction of premature chromosome condensation following cell fusion.", "content": "When mitotic and interphase cells are fused together, the chromosomes of the interphase cell sometimes condense prematurely. The phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) was utilized in investigating the problem of whether the chromosomes of cells suffering a radiation-induced G2 delay are capable of condensation. Colcemide-arrested mitotic cells were fused with synchronized G2 cells, and with irradiated cells suffering a G2 delay. The frequency of PCC in mitotic X G2 binucleate cells was determined. This was compared to the PCC frequency in an unirradiated synchronized population rich in G2 cells after fusion with mitotic cells. Flash-labelling with 3HTdR and autoradiography allowed us to eliminate S-phase cells. The frequency of G2 PCCs was not significantly different for the irradiated G2-delayed or unirradiated cells. From these results we conclude that the chromosomes of cells suffering a G2 arrest are capable of condensation, although the involvement of the condensation process in radiation-induced G2 delay cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Chromosome condensation and radiation-induced G2 arrest studied by the induction of premature chromosome condensation following cell fusion. When mitotic and interphase cells are fused together, the chromosomes of the interphase cell sometimes condense prematurely. The phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) was utilized in investigating the problem of whether the chromosomes of cells suffering a radiation-induced G2 delay are capable of condensation. Colcemide-arrested mitotic cells were fused with synchronized G2 cells, and with irradiated cells suffering a G2 delay. The frequency of PCC in mitotic X G2 binucleate cells was determined. This was compared to the PCC frequency in an unirradiated synchronized population rich in G2 cells after fusion with mitotic cells. Flash-labelling with 3HTdR and autoradiography allowed us to eliminate S-phase cells. The frequency of G2 PCCs was not significantly different for the irradiated G2-delayed or unirradiated cells. From these results we conclude that the chromosomes of cells suffering a G2 arrest are capable of condensation, although the involvement of the condensation process in radiation-induced G2 delay cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 309871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2263", "title": "Radiation-induced damage to blood vessels: a study of dose--effect relationship with time after X-irradiation.", "content": "Radiation damage to the right femoral artery was studied in mice 7--8 weeks old. Single X-ray exposures of 500 to 10 000 rad were used. The animals, except for the right upper legs, were shielded from exposure. The unexposed left femoral arteries served as 'controls'. Animals were killed at post-irradiation times of up to 120 days. Pathological changes in the irradiated arteries were scored on an arbitrary scale of 0 to 5 for individual tunica. The overall arterial damage was scored on a scale of 0 to 15. Radiation doses of 1000 to 10 000 rad produced quantitative histological changes in the three individual tunica and the degree of damage was dose-dependent. The tunica adventitia showed the maximum radiation injury, followed by tunica media and tunica intima in decreasing magnitude of injury. The combined effects on the artery followed closely the effects on media and adventitia.", "contents": "Radiation-induced damage to blood vessels: a study of dose--effect relationship with time after X-irradiation. Radiation damage to the right femoral artery was studied in mice 7--8 weeks old. Single X-ray exposures of 500 to 10 000 rad were used. The animals, except for the right upper legs, were shielded from exposure. The unexposed left femoral arteries served as 'controls'. Animals were killed at post-irradiation times of up to 120 days. Pathological changes in the irradiated arteries were scored on an arbitrary scale of 0 to 5 for individual tunica. The overall arterial damage was scored on a scale of 0 to 15. Radiation doses of 1000 to 10 000 rad produced quantitative histological changes in the three individual tunica and the degree of damage was dose-dependent. The tunica adventitia showed the maximum radiation injury, followed by tunica media and tunica intima in decreasing magnitude of injury. The combined effects on the artery followed closely the effects on media and adventitia.", "PMID": 309872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2264", "title": "Syntheses of DNA and chromosomal proteins in the rat thymus following whole-body X-irradiation.", "content": "Syntheses of chromosomal proteins was studied in relation to DNA syntheses in the rat thymus following whole-body X-irradiation (600 rad). There was a considerable depression of the syntheses of DNA and histones during the first 4--48 hours after irradiation. The syntheses of histones H3 and H4 plus H2A were affected to a much greater degree than those of histones H1 and H2B, suggesting a tight coupling between the syntheses of DNA and histones H3 and H4 plus H2A. A part of the lysine-rich histones H1 and H2B, however, seems to be synthesized, even in the absence of DNA synthesis. Biosynthesis of non-histone proteins was also depressed in the thymus after irradiation. The degree of inhibition, however, was very low, except for the syntheses of a few non-histone protein components which were depressed to a considerable extent. This implies that the synthesis of the majority of non-histone proteins is independent of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Syntheses of DNA and chromosomal proteins in the rat thymus following whole-body X-irradiation. Syntheses of chromosomal proteins was studied in relation to DNA syntheses in the rat thymus following whole-body X-irradiation (600 rad). There was a considerable depression of the syntheses of DNA and histones during the first 4--48 hours after irradiation. The syntheses of histones H3 and H4 plus H2A were affected to a much greater degree than those of histones H1 and H2B, suggesting a tight coupling between the syntheses of DNA and histones H3 and H4 plus H2A. A part of the lysine-rich histones H1 and H2B, however, seems to be synthesized, even in the absence of DNA synthesis. Biosynthesis of non-histone proteins was also depressed in the thymus after irradiation. The degree of inhibition, however, was very low, except for the syntheses of a few non-histone protein components which were depressed to a considerable extent. This implies that the synthesis of the majority of non-histone proteins is independent of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 309873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2265", "title": "Medically and surgically treated coronary patients in cardiovascular rehabilitation: a comparative study.", "content": "Mood and physical performance were assessed in medically and surgically treated patients with coronary artery disease referred to a cardiovascular rehabilitation program early in convalescence. Surgically treated patients reported less mood disturbance prior to training and demonstrated greater gains in exercise tolerance. Medically managed patients had more mood disturbance prior to training and greater mood improvement in the six week rehabilitation program. Improvements in mood were independent of improvement in exercise tolerance. Group differences in mood state could not be attributed to the use of defensive denial, time from discharge, severity of coronary disease, or age of patient. The psychological and physical impact of bypass surgery contributes to the mood and physical performance of postoperative patients.", "contents": "Medically and surgically treated coronary patients in cardiovascular rehabilitation: a comparative study. Mood and physical performance were assessed in medically and surgically treated patients with coronary artery disease referred to a cardiovascular rehabilitation program early in convalescence. Surgically treated patients reported less mood disturbance prior to training and demonstrated greater gains in exercise tolerance. Medically managed patients had more mood disturbance prior to training and greater mood improvement in the six week rehabilitation program. Improvements in mood were independent of improvement in exercise tolerance. Group differences in mood state could not be attributed to the use of defensive denial, time from discharge, severity of coronary disease, or age of patient. The psychological and physical impact of bypass surgery contributes to the mood and physical performance of postoperative patients.", "PMID": 309869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2266", "title": "[Ulcus-molle epidemic in Turkey].", "content": "240 patients with soft chancre who have been observed within a year dating from March 1976 at the University Dermatological Clinic of Istanbul are presented. The clinical findings encountered in our cases are presented and the therapeutic results are discussed.", "contents": "[Ulcus-molle epidemic in Turkey]. 240 patients with soft chancre who have been observed within a year dating from March 1976 at the University Dermatological Clinic of Istanbul are presented. The clinical findings encountered in our cases are presented and the therapeutic results are discussed.", "PMID": 309877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2267", "title": "[Protein concentrations in the ejaculate of patients with chronic prostatitis].", "content": "In 158 patients suffering from chronic prostatitis and 23 healthy men seminal fluid concentrations of IgG, IgA, C3c, coeruloplasmin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-glycoprotein were determined by immunodiffusion. Concentration of IgG is closely correlated to leucocyte counts, that of IgG, C3c, and coeruloplasmin to erythrocyte counts. C3c, coeruloplasmin, alapha-1-glycoprotein and alpha-1-antitrypsin are further correlated to sperm counts. IgG and C3c concentrations are related to pathogenetic factors. If pathogenic bacteria are found, they are significantly higher than in patients with mycoplasmas, without bacteria or normal men. The same relation is found when observing the leucocyte count. IgG is significantly lower when mycoplasmas are found.", "contents": "[Protein concentrations in the ejaculate of patients with chronic prostatitis]. In 158 patients suffering from chronic prostatitis and 23 healthy men seminal fluid concentrations of IgG, IgA, C3c, coeruloplasmin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-glycoprotein were determined by immunodiffusion. Concentration of IgG is closely correlated to leucocyte counts, that of IgG, C3c, and coeruloplasmin to erythrocyte counts. C3c, coeruloplasmin, alapha-1-glycoprotein and alpha-1-antitrypsin are further correlated to sperm counts. IgG and C3c concentrations are related to pathogenetic factors. If pathogenic bacteria are found, they are significantly higher than in patients with mycoplasmas, without bacteria or normal men. The same relation is found when observing the leucocyte count. IgG is significantly lower when mycoplasmas are found.", "PMID": 309878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2268", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in the hypertrophic chondrocyte of the frog.", "content": "The ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase was studied in the hypertrophic chondrocyte of the frog (Rana temporaria) by incubating sections of glutaraldehyde fixed tissue in a medium containing sodium beta glycerophosphate and calcium chloride. Control specimens were incubated in substrate free medium. Alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase) is a high molecular weight glycoprotein that hydrolyses phosphorylated metabolites much as acid phosphatase does except that its action is optimal at an alkaline pH. The results of this investigation showed that alkaline phosphatase activity was present within the cytoplasm and around the plasma membrane of frog hypertrophic chondrocytes. Although only a small proportion of frog hypertrophic chondrocytes demonstrated enzyme activity, there was evidence that this was concentrated within Golgi lamellae and vesicles leaving other organelles unreactive. The finding of alkaline phosphatase activity within Golgi lamellae of hypertrophic chondrocytes is regarded as unusual although postitive reactions within chondrocyte lysosomes have previously been reported (Doty and Schofield, 1976).", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in the hypertrophic chondrocyte of the frog. The ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase was studied in the hypertrophic chondrocyte of the frog (Rana temporaria) by incubating sections of glutaraldehyde fixed tissue in a medium containing sodium beta glycerophosphate and calcium chloride. Control specimens were incubated in substrate free medium. Alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase) is a high molecular weight glycoprotein that hydrolyses phosphorylated metabolites much as acid phosphatase does except that its action is optimal at an alkaline pH. The results of this investigation showed that alkaline phosphatase activity was present within the cytoplasm and around the plasma membrane of frog hypertrophic chondrocytes. Although only a small proportion of frog hypertrophic chondrocytes demonstrated enzyme activity, there was evidence that this was concentrated within Golgi lamellae and vesicles leaving other organelles unreactive. The finding of alkaline phosphatase activity within Golgi lamellae of hypertrophic chondrocytes is regarded as unusual although postitive reactions within chondrocyte lysosomes have previously been reported (Doty and Schofield, 1976).", "PMID": 309879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2269", "title": "[Congenital cysts of the oval window (author's transl)].", "content": "A 3 year old child with recurrent pneumococcal meningitis and a congenital cyst of the oval window is presented. An aqueous middle ear effusion was found and scintigraphy demonstrated a middle ear CSF leak. Surgical exploration revealed a cyst originating from the stapes footplate. The origin of this malformation is discussed and its possible presence in recurrent mengitis is stressed.", "contents": "[Congenital cysts of the oval window (author's transl)]. A 3 year old child with recurrent pneumococcal meningitis and a congenital cyst of the oval window is presented. An aqueous middle ear effusion was found and scintigraphy demonstrated a middle ear CSF leak. Surgical exploration revealed a cyst originating from the stapes footplate. The origin of this malformation is discussed and its possible presence in recurrent mengitis is stressed.", "PMID": 309880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2270", "title": "Apparent suicide inactivation of human lymphoblast S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by 2'-deoxyadenosine and adenine arabinoside. A basis for direct toxic effects of analogs of adenosine.", "content": "Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from human lymphoblasts binds 2'-deoxy[3H]adenosine tightly. Binding is associated with time-dependent, saturable, irreversible inactivation of catalytic activity which occurs with first order kinetics, suggesting \"suicide\" inactivation. Adenine arabinoside produces similar inactivation but is more potent. These results suggest a basis for a heretofore unrecognized mechanism of action for these and other analogs of adenosine, in which toxicity results from actions of the nucleosides themselves, rather than from nucleotides to which they may be converted.", "contents": "Apparent suicide inactivation of human lymphoblast S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by 2'-deoxyadenosine and adenine arabinoside. A basis for direct toxic effects of analogs of adenosine. Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from human lymphoblasts binds 2'-deoxy[3H]adenosine tightly. Binding is associated with time-dependent, saturable, irreversible inactivation of catalytic activity which occurs with first order kinetics, suggesting \"suicide\" inactivation. Adenine arabinoside produces similar inactivation but is more potent. These results suggest a basis for a heretofore unrecognized mechanism of action for these and other analogs of adenosine, in which toxicity results from actions of the nucleosides themselves, rather than from nucleotides to which they may be converted.", "PMID": 309884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2271", "title": "The sidewinder catheter for extra cranial angiography: technical, diagnostic and therapeutic applications.", "content": "Through using the sidewinder catheter system for visceral angiography in over 200 patients we have improved our success rate. The method is simple and safe, and we recommend it.", "contents": "The sidewinder catheter for extra cranial angiography: technical, diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Through using the sidewinder catheter system for visceral angiography in over 200 patients we have improved our success rate. The method is simple and safe, and we recommend it.", "PMID": 309885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2272", "title": "Glomerular permeability in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana.", "content": "Filtration studies suggest similar size pores in the glomerular filters of mammals and amphibians. However, the glomerular wall in the bullfrog exhibits several structural features not found in mammals. The subendothelial space of the basement membrane is often greatly enlarged and infiltrated by cellular elements. The lamina densa of the basement membrane shows extensive variation in thickness and packing of its filaments. On the other hand, the epithelial slits in the bullfrog are closed by a slit diaphragm which appears similar in size and structure to the slit diaphragm in mammals. Horse spleen ferritin, a protein with a hydrodynamic radius of 61 A, was used as an ultrastructural tracer to determine whether the highly variable structure of the basement membrane renders this layer more permeable than its mammalian counterpart. Within 10 min after intravenous injection, ferritin was found throughout the basement membrane and often in clusters within the subepithelial layer adjacent to the slit diaphragm. Virtually no ferritin was found within the urinary space, podocytes, or cells of the proximal tubule. Ferritin distribution was the same in both superficial glomeruli and more deeply lying glomeruli regardless of the method of fixation. These results indicate that in the bullfrog the slit diaphragm is a principal filtration barrier to ferritin and thus to smaller plasma proteins.", "contents": "Glomerular permeability in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. Filtration studies suggest similar size pores in the glomerular filters of mammals and amphibians. However, the glomerular wall in the bullfrog exhibits several structural features not found in mammals. The subendothelial space of the basement membrane is often greatly enlarged and infiltrated by cellular elements. The lamina densa of the basement membrane shows extensive variation in thickness and packing of its filaments. On the other hand, the epithelial slits in the bullfrog are closed by a slit diaphragm which appears similar in size and structure to the slit diaphragm in mammals. Horse spleen ferritin, a protein with a hydrodynamic radius of 61 A, was used as an ultrastructural tracer to determine whether the highly variable structure of the basement membrane renders this layer more permeable than its mammalian counterpart. Within 10 min after intravenous injection, ferritin was found throughout the basement membrane and often in clusters within the subepithelial layer adjacent to the slit diaphragm. Virtually no ferritin was found within the urinary space, podocytes, or cells of the proximal tubule. Ferritin distribution was the same in both superficial glomeruli and more deeply lying glomeruli regardless of the method of fixation. These results indicate that in the bullfrog the slit diaphragm is a principal filtration barrier to ferritin and thus to smaller plasma proteins.", "PMID": 309886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2273", "title": "Two distinct mechanisms for redistribution of lymphocyte surface macromolecules. I. Relationship to cytoplasmic myosin.", "content": "A detailed kinetic analysis of the distribution of cytoplasmic myosin during the capping of various lymphocytic surface molecules revealed two distinct capping mechanisms. (a) Some cell surface molecules, including immunoglobulin, Fc receptor, and thymus leukemia antigen, all cap spontaneously in a small fraction of lymphocytes during locomotion. Cytoplasmic myosin becomes concentrated in the cytoplasm underlying these spontaneous caps. Exposure to specific antibodies causes all three of these surface molecules to cap rapidly with a concomitant redistribution of cytoplasmic myosin to the area of the cap. These antibodies also stimulate cell locomotion. (b) Other lymphocyte surface molecules, including H2 and Thy.1, do not cap spontaneously. Moreover, exposure to antibodies to these molecules causes them to cap slowly without a redistribution of cytoplasmic myosin or stimulation of cell locomotion. Exposure to concanavalin A gives a response intermediate between these two extremes. We believe that the first type of capping is active and may involve a direct link between the surface molecules and the cytoplasmic contractile apparatus. The second type of capping appears to result simply from aggregation of cross-linked molecules in the plane of the membrane.", "contents": "Two distinct mechanisms for redistribution of lymphocyte surface macromolecules. I. Relationship to cytoplasmic myosin. A detailed kinetic analysis of the distribution of cytoplasmic myosin during the capping of various lymphocytic surface molecules revealed two distinct capping mechanisms. (a) Some cell surface molecules, including immunoglobulin, Fc receptor, and thymus leukemia antigen, all cap spontaneously in a small fraction of lymphocytes during locomotion. Cytoplasmic myosin becomes concentrated in the cytoplasm underlying these spontaneous caps. Exposure to specific antibodies causes all three of these surface molecules to cap rapidly with a concomitant redistribution of cytoplasmic myosin to the area of the cap. These antibodies also stimulate cell locomotion. (b) Other lymphocyte surface molecules, including H2 and Thy.1, do not cap spontaneously. Moreover, exposure to antibodies to these molecules causes them to cap slowly without a redistribution of cytoplasmic myosin or stimulation of cell locomotion. Exposure to concanavalin A gives a response intermediate between these two extremes. We believe that the first type of capping is active and may involve a direct link between the surface molecules and the cytoplasmic contractile apparatus. The second type of capping appears to result simply from aggregation of cross-linked molecules in the plane of the membrane.", "PMID": 309887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2274", "title": "A collision analysis of lymphoid cell aggregation.", "content": "We have obtained data on the frequency of aggregates of different size classes and on the maximum aggregate diameter of lymphoid cells subjected to aggregation in the laminar shear field of a Couette viscometer. Maximum aggregate diameter reached a plateau level during aggregation. This plateau is considered to be the result of a balance between the hydrodynamic shear forces tending to resist the formation of aggregates, and the adhesive forces of the aggregated cells tending to resist dissociation. Stepwise-increases in the shear rate produced aggregates of progressively smaller maximum diameter until the limiting (i.e. control equivalent) diameter was reached. Equations governing these stepwise changes in aggregate diameter were obtained by regression analysis, and an estimate of the force of dissociation (FD) was made from derived values of the critical shear rate. Thymocytes (FD=2.54 X 10(-6) N m-2/cell) were found to be more adhesive than lymphocytes (FD=2.05 X 10(-6) N m-2/cell), in agreement with current concepts. The observed data on aggregate frequency were seen to be of poor fit with a model of aggregation derived by collision analysis of the aggregation process. This led us to consider the possibility that all cells may not share the same probability of forming an adhesion. We thus derived further models of aggregation in which some fraction of the total cells was considered to have enhanced possibilities of a collision producing an adhesion. Of the models we considered, a 15% preferred fraction offered best agreement with the experimental observations. We therefore conclude that the populations of cells studied in this report are not 'homogenous' in that some cells are more adhesive than others. Alterations in the percentage of the preferred fraction of cells will lead to different aggregate-frequency indices. Such changes might be expected to occur during the initial stages of carcinoma development.", "contents": "A collision analysis of lymphoid cell aggregation. We have obtained data on the frequency of aggregates of different size classes and on the maximum aggregate diameter of lymphoid cells subjected to aggregation in the laminar shear field of a Couette viscometer. Maximum aggregate diameter reached a plateau level during aggregation. This plateau is considered to be the result of a balance between the hydrodynamic shear forces tending to resist the formation of aggregates, and the adhesive forces of the aggregated cells tending to resist dissociation. Stepwise-increases in the shear rate produced aggregates of progressively smaller maximum diameter until the limiting (i.e. control equivalent) diameter was reached. Equations governing these stepwise changes in aggregate diameter were obtained by regression analysis, and an estimate of the force of dissociation (FD) was made from derived values of the critical shear rate. Thymocytes (FD=2.54 X 10(-6) N m-2/cell) were found to be more adhesive than lymphocytes (FD=2.05 X 10(-6) N m-2/cell), in agreement with current concepts. The observed data on aggregate frequency were seen to be of poor fit with a model of aggregation derived by collision analysis of the aggregation process. This led us to consider the possibility that all cells may not share the same probability of forming an adhesion. We thus derived further models of aggregation in which some fraction of the total cells was considered to have enhanced possibilities of a collision producing an adhesion. Of the models we considered, a 15% preferred fraction offered best agreement with the experimental observations. We therefore conclude that the populations of cells studied in this report are not 'homogenous' in that some cells are more adhesive than others. Alterations in the percentage of the preferred fraction of cells will lead to different aggregate-frequency indices. Such changes might be expected to occur during the initial stages of carcinoma development.", "PMID": 309888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2275", "title": "Oxygen uptake during the cell cycle of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "Oxygen uptake was measured in synchronous cultures of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The rate of oxygen uptake was found to increase in a step-wise manner at the beginning of the cycle and again in the middle of the cycle. The increases in rate were such that overall, oxygen uptake doubled in rate once per cell cycle. Addition of inhibitors of DNA synthesis or nuclear division to a synchronous culture did not affect the uptake of oxygen. In an induced synchronous culture, in which DNA synthesis, cell division, and nuclear division, but not 'growth' were synchronized, oxygen uptake increased continuously in rate and did not show the step-wise rises which were shown in the selection-synchronized culture. These results were compared with previous measurements of oxygen uptake in yeast and an explanation is suggested for the many different patterns which have been reported.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake during the cell cycle of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Oxygen uptake was measured in synchronous cultures of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The rate of oxygen uptake was found to increase in a step-wise manner at the beginning of the cycle and again in the middle of the cycle. The increases in rate were such that overall, oxygen uptake doubled in rate once per cell cycle. Addition of inhibitors of DNA synthesis or nuclear division to a synchronous culture did not affect the uptake of oxygen. In an induced synchronous culture, in which DNA synthesis, cell division, and nuclear division, but not 'growth' were synchronized, oxygen uptake increased continuously in rate and did not show the step-wise rises which were shown in the selection-synchronized culture. These results were compared with previous measurements of oxygen uptake in yeast and an explanation is suggested for the many different patterns which have been reported.", "PMID": 309889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2276", "title": "Nerve fibers of the eighth nerve and their distribution to the sensory nerves of the inner ear in the bullfrog.", "content": "The number of both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers has been determined for the eighth nerve and each of its sensory branches in the bullfrog. No significant differences were found in the size distribution of the myelinated nerve fibers among the three ampullary nerves or between the saccular and lagenar nerves. Comparison of these two functional groups also showed no significant differences in the myelinated nerve fiber size distribution between the angular acceleration and otolithic receptors, collectively the equilibrium receptors. The wide variability, that was found not only among the animals but also between the right and left sides, most likely resulted in the absence of differences. Highly significant differences were noted when the myelinated nerve fiber diameter distributions to the acoustic organs were compared to those of the equilibrium organs. The most notable difference was the absence of any myelinated nerve fibers whose diameters were greater than 8 micrometer.", "contents": "Nerve fibers of the eighth nerve and their distribution to the sensory nerves of the inner ear in the bullfrog. The number of both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers has been determined for the eighth nerve and each of its sensory branches in the bullfrog. No significant differences were found in the size distribution of the myelinated nerve fibers among the three ampullary nerves or between the saccular and lagenar nerves. Comparison of these two functional groups also showed no significant differences in the myelinated nerve fiber size distribution between the angular acceleration and otolithic receptors, collectively the equilibrium receptors. The wide variability, that was found not only among the animals but also between the right and left sides, most likely resulted in the absence of differences. Highly significant differences were noted when the myelinated nerve fiber diameter distributions to the acoustic organs were compared to those of the equilibrium organs. The most notable difference was the absence of any myelinated nerve fibers whose diameters were greater than 8 micrometer.", "PMID": 309890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2277", "title": "A histochemical study on the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in the bullfrog.", "content": "Specific histochemical techniques for the demonstration of catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase have been used to study the distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves on the cerebral blood vessels of bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. The adrenergic nerve meshworks on the cerebral arteries of bullfrog were less dense, had a more elongate appearance along the arterial axis as compared with those of mammals and were rather similar to those of snakes. The nerve plexuses on the cerebral carotid artery and its main branches were somewhat denser than those on the basilar artery. The most characteristic feature of innervation in the bullfrog cerebral vessels was that no acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres were observed on the extraparenchymal arteries, whereas, in all higher vertebrates investigated so far, the cerebral arteries have been found to be dually innervated although differences in the density of innervation of the two nerves may exist. This suggests that the peripheral adrenergic innervation on the cerebral blood vessels appeared earlier than the cholinergic one in the evolution of vertebrates. On the other hand, both adrenergic and acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres were observed in close contact with parenchymal arterioles and capillaries suggesting the possible existence of a dual central innervation. This feature, however, was by no means common. Thus, the central neurons have a significant influence on the cerebral circulation in the bullfrog is somewhat equivocal. Most of the pial and the parenchymal small vessels and the parenchymal capillaries exhibited a heavy acetylcholinesterase activity on the vascular walls. Although the significance of the enzyme is obscure as yet, this has to be considered in relation to the regulatory mechanism of the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "A histochemical study on the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in the bullfrog. Specific histochemical techniques for the demonstration of catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase have been used to study the distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves on the cerebral blood vessels of bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. The adrenergic nerve meshworks on the cerebral arteries of bullfrog were less dense, had a more elongate appearance along the arterial axis as compared with those of mammals and were rather similar to those of snakes. The nerve plexuses on the cerebral carotid artery and its main branches were somewhat denser than those on the basilar artery. The most characteristic feature of innervation in the bullfrog cerebral vessels was that no acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres were observed on the extraparenchymal arteries, whereas, in all higher vertebrates investigated so far, the cerebral arteries have been found to be dually innervated although differences in the density of innervation of the two nerves may exist. This suggests that the peripheral adrenergic innervation on the cerebral blood vessels appeared earlier than the cholinergic one in the evolution of vertebrates. On the other hand, both adrenergic and acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres were observed in close contact with parenchymal arterioles and capillaries suggesting the possible existence of a dual central innervation. This feature, however, was by no means common. Thus, the central neurons have a significant influence on the cerebral circulation in the bullfrog is somewhat equivocal. Most of the pial and the parenchymal small vessels and the parenchymal capillaries exhibited a heavy acetylcholinesterase activity on the vascular walls. Although the significance of the enzyme is obscure as yet, this has to be considered in relation to the regulatory mechanism of the cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 309891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2278", "title": "Visualization of intracellular concanavalin A binding sites in retinal photoreceptors.", "content": "Localization of carbohydrate components in retinal photoreceptor cells and membranes was studied. Frog and rat retinas were fixed with glutaraldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate or in a mixture of glycol methacrylate, glutaraldehyde and urea. Thin sections were incubated with ferritin-labeled concanavalin A (F-Con A) and stained with osmium vapors. Intensive binding was observed in both rod and cone outer segments. In the rod inner segment, differential binding of F-Con A was demonstrated. While numerous ferritin granules were observed in the myoid zone, only a few were seen in the ellipsoid zone, except for a local accumulation along the plasma membrane. In the rod outer segment, Con A binding sites were closely associated with the disk membranes. Ferritin granules were observed on both sides of the membranes. The relationship between the localization of Con A binding sites and the orientation of visual pigment molecules within the rod outer segments disk membranes was discussed.", "contents": "Visualization of intracellular concanavalin A binding sites in retinal photoreceptors. Localization of carbohydrate components in retinal photoreceptor cells and membranes was studied. Frog and rat retinas were fixed with glutaraldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate or in a mixture of glycol methacrylate, glutaraldehyde and urea. Thin sections were incubated with ferritin-labeled concanavalin A (F-Con A) and stained with osmium vapors. Intensive binding was observed in both rod and cone outer segments. In the rod inner segment, differential binding of F-Con A was demonstrated. While numerous ferritin granules were observed in the myoid zone, only a few were seen in the ellipsoid zone, except for a local accumulation along the plasma membrane. In the rod outer segment, Con A binding sites were closely associated with the disk membranes. Ferritin granules were observed on both sides of the membranes. The relationship between the localization of Con A binding sites and the orientation of visual pigment molecules within the rod outer segments disk membranes was discussed.", "PMID": 309892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2279", "title": "Proliferative response to anti-IgM antibodies of various B lymphocyte subpopulations isolated by cell sorting.", "content": "We have utilized several methods to isolate populations of murine splenic B lymphocytes bearing different classes of surface Ig molecules. Antibody and complement-mediated cytotoxicity was used to remove IgD-bearing B cells, and fluorescein-conjugated anti-IgM and polyspecific anti-Ig-F(ab')2 antibody fragments were used with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter to isolate cell bearing IgM or all Ig classes. First, the technique of isolating cells in the sorter was evaluated. It was found that among cells sorted as negative for Ig there was always a certain percentage where IgM reappeared on the membrane after overnight culture. Second, evidence is presented that surface IgM is present on the controls the proliferation of the majority of B lymphocytes in an adult mouse spleen. This includes cells bearing predominantly IgM and cells bearing predominantly IgD. Finally, a theory of B cell stimulation is presented, based on distinctive roles for surface IgM and IgD molecules, as well as a balance between their signals to an individual cell.", "contents": "Proliferative response to anti-IgM antibodies of various B lymphocyte subpopulations isolated by cell sorting. We have utilized several methods to isolate populations of murine splenic B lymphocytes bearing different classes of surface Ig molecules. Antibody and complement-mediated cytotoxicity was used to remove IgD-bearing B cells, and fluorescein-conjugated anti-IgM and polyspecific anti-Ig-F(ab')2 antibody fragments were used with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter to isolate cell bearing IgM or all Ig classes. First, the technique of isolating cells in the sorter was evaluated. It was found that among cells sorted as negative for Ig there was always a certain percentage where IgM reappeared on the membrane after overnight culture. Second, evidence is presented that surface IgM is present on the controls the proliferation of the majority of B lymphocytes in an adult mouse spleen. This includes cells bearing predominantly IgM and cells bearing predominantly IgD. Finally, a theory of B cell stimulation is presented, based on distinctive roles for surface IgM and IgD molecules, as well as a balance between their signals to an individual cell.", "PMID": 309893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2280", "title": "Interaction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with target cells. I. Specific inhibition by detergent-solubilized, partially purified mouse histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "H-2 antigens from EL4 (H-2b) and RLmale 1 (H-2d) leukemias were solubilized with deoxycholate and partially purified based on their adherence to a Lens culinaris hemagglutinin column. In double reciprocal experiments we have shown that these preparations specifically inhibit conjugate formation between target cells and alloimmune peritoneal lymphocytes, a preparation rich in cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Interaction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with target cells. I. Specific inhibition by detergent-solubilized, partially purified mouse histocompatibility antigens. H-2 antigens from EL4 (H-2b) and RLmale 1 (H-2d) leukemias were solubilized with deoxycholate and partially purified based on their adherence to a Lens culinaris hemagglutinin column. In double reciprocal experiments we have shown that these preparations specifically inhibit conjugate formation between target cells and alloimmune peritoneal lymphocytes, a preparation rich in cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 309895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2281", "title": "The effects of anti-IgD on serum immunoglobulins, antibody production, and immunoglobulin-bearing cells in adult rats.", "content": "Rabbit anti-rat IgC (delta-specific) injected subcutaneously into adult rats resulted in hypergammaglobulinemia, increased serum immunoglobulins, increased antibody production, and alterations in the percentages of PBL expressing IgD and IgM. Serum IgM, IgG2a and IgG2c concentrations were increased 100%, 125%, and 200%, respectively, over controls, whereas IgA levels were not altered. Increases in the serum immunoglobulins were predominately due to an increase in antibodies to the rabbit serum components. A depletion of IgD-IgM bearing lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was observed after 24 hr of injection. Percentages of IgC-IgM bearing lymphocytes returned to normal by day 4 and were significantly increased (approximately 2-fold) by day 8. The in vivo effects of anti-delta in rats were similar to those reported in the monkey. Possible modes of action of the anti-delta and the significance of these results in relation to the biologic function of membrane IgD are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of anti-IgD on serum immunoglobulins, antibody production, and immunoglobulin-bearing cells in adult rats. Rabbit anti-rat IgC (delta-specific) injected subcutaneously into adult rats resulted in hypergammaglobulinemia, increased serum immunoglobulins, increased antibody production, and alterations in the percentages of PBL expressing IgD and IgM. Serum IgM, IgG2a and IgG2c concentrations were increased 100%, 125%, and 200%, respectively, over controls, whereas IgA levels were not altered. Increases in the serum immunoglobulins were predominately due to an increase in antibodies to the rabbit serum components. A depletion of IgD-IgM bearing lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was observed after 24 hr of injection. Percentages of IgC-IgM bearing lymphocytes returned to normal by day 4 and were significantly increased (approximately 2-fold) by day 8. The in vivo effects of anti-delta in rats were similar to those reported in the monkey. Possible modes of action of the anti-delta and the significance of these results in relation to the biologic function of membrane IgD are discussed.", "PMID": 309896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2282", "title": "5'-Nucleotidase activity in subpopulations of rat lymphocytes.", "content": "Rat lymphocyte populations were assessed for 5'-nucleotidase activity by both biochemical and histochemical methods. Enzyme-specific activity was enriched in lymphocyte plasma membrane fractions and was higher in lymph node and spleen lymphocytes than in thymocytes. Histochemical reactions on sections of spleen and lymph node revealed strong activity in the thymus-dependent regions, periarteriolar lymphoid sheath in spleen, and paracortex in lymph node; whereas the thymus-independent regions, follicles, and germinal centers were negative. In cellular depletion experiments, with three different methods to detect 5'-nucleotidase, it was observed that the depletion of T cells, but not B cells, was accompanied by a loss of enzyme activity and a decrease in the percentage of nucleotidase-positive cells. The results suggest that, among members of the lymphocyte series, high 5'-nucleotidase activity is selectively associated with the plasma membranes of peripheral T cells in the rat.", "contents": "5'-Nucleotidase activity in subpopulations of rat lymphocytes. Rat lymphocyte populations were assessed for 5'-nucleotidase activity by both biochemical and histochemical methods. Enzyme-specific activity was enriched in lymphocyte plasma membrane fractions and was higher in lymph node and spleen lymphocytes than in thymocytes. Histochemical reactions on sections of spleen and lymph node revealed strong activity in the thymus-dependent regions, periarteriolar lymphoid sheath in spleen, and paracortex in lymph node; whereas the thymus-independent regions, follicles, and germinal centers were negative. In cellular depletion experiments, with three different methods to detect 5'-nucleotidase, it was observed that the depletion of T cells, but not B cells, was accompanied by a loss of enzyme activity and a decrease in the percentage of nucleotidase-positive cells. The results suggest that, among members of the lymphocyte series, high 5'-nucleotidase activity is selectively associated with the plasma membranes of peripheral T cells in the rat.", "PMID": 309899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2283", "title": "Modulation of immune response by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS): cellular basis of stimulatory and inhibitory effects of LPS on the in vitro IgM antibody response to a T-dependent antigen.", "content": "The role of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) in LPS modulation of T cell-dependent antibody responses has been investigated. We have assessed the effect of LPS on the primary anti-TNP response to TNP-SRBC of cultures of whole spleen cells or T cell-depleted spleen cells that were supplemented with various subpopulations of carrier-primed (SRBC) spleen cells. The TNP-PFC response was enhanced in the presence of irradiated SRBC-primed spleen cells by addition of 0.16 to 20 microgram/ml LPS, but inhibition was observed when irradiation of primed cells was omitted. Enhancement but no inhibition occurred when added primed cells were first passed through a nylon wool column. LPS-mediated enhancement was dependent on a T cell in the primed population. These results suggest that LPS modulation of antibody synthesis is dependent on two populations of antigen-specific cells that have opposing effects on B cell responses to a T-dependent antigen: a helper cell that is irradiation resistant, nonadherent to nylon wool, and sensitive to anti-T cell serum, and a suppressor cell that is irradiation sensitive and adherent to nylon wool.", "contents": "Modulation of immune response by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS): cellular basis of stimulatory and inhibitory effects of LPS on the in vitro IgM antibody response to a T-dependent antigen. The role of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) in LPS modulation of T cell-dependent antibody responses has been investigated. We have assessed the effect of LPS on the primary anti-TNP response to TNP-SRBC of cultures of whole spleen cells or T cell-depleted spleen cells that were supplemented with various subpopulations of carrier-primed (SRBC) spleen cells. The TNP-PFC response was enhanced in the presence of irradiated SRBC-primed spleen cells by addition of 0.16 to 20 microgram/ml LPS, but inhibition was observed when irradiation of primed cells was omitted. Enhancement but no inhibition occurred when added primed cells were first passed through a nylon wool column. LPS-mediated enhancement was dependent on a T cell in the primed population. These results suggest that LPS modulation of antibody synthesis is dependent on two populations of antigen-specific cells that have opposing effects on B cell responses to a T-dependent antigen: a helper cell that is irradiation resistant, nonadherent to nylon wool, and sensitive to anti-T cell serum, and a suppressor cell that is irradiation sensitive and adherent to nylon wool.", "PMID": 309900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2284", "title": "Development of IgE-forming cells in vitro from rat mesenteric lymph node cells.", "content": "Mesenteric lymph node cells from normal rats and rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) were cultured with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or Nb antigen, and the development of IgM-, IgG2a-, or IgE-containing cells was assessed by immunofluorescence. Normal lymph node cells stimulated with PWM developed into both IgM- and IgE-containing cells, whereas similar stimulation of cells from Nb-infected rats resulted in the development of IgM-, IgG2a-, and IgE-containing cells. The in vitro plasma cell response to PWM was dependent on the presence of T lymphocytes. Lymph node cells from Nb-infected rats responsed to Nb antigen and developed into plasma cells of IgM, IgG, and IgE classes. The response was antigen specific and required antigen-primed T cells. Depletion of IgE-bearing cells or IgM-bearing cells before stimulation with either PWM or Nb antigen diminished the level of IgE forming cell development, suggesting that IgE-IgM double bearing cells are precursors of IgE-forming cells. The distribution of the three isotypes among the If-forming cells that developed in response to PWM was influenced by the source of both B and T cells. When B cells from Nb-infected rats were employed as a source of precursors, T cells from infected animals were more effective than normal T cells for the development of IgE-forming cells, whereas the latter cells were more effective for the development of IgG2a-forming cells than T cells from infected animals.", "contents": "Development of IgE-forming cells in vitro from rat mesenteric lymph node cells. Mesenteric lymph node cells from normal rats and rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) were cultured with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or Nb antigen, and the development of IgM-, IgG2a-, or IgE-containing cells was assessed by immunofluorescence. Normal lymph node cells stimulated with PWM developed into both IgM- and IgE-containing cells, whereas similar stimulation of cells from Nb-infected rats resulted in the development of IgM-, IgG2a-, and IgE-containing cells. The in vitro plasma cell response to PWM was dependent on the presence of T lymphocytes. Lymph node cells from Nb-infected rats responsed to Nb antigen and developed into plasma cells of IgM, IgG, and IgE classes. The response was antigen specific and required antigen-primed T cells. Depletion of IgE-bearing cells or IgM-bearing cells before stimulation with either PWM or Nb antigen diminished the level of IgE forming cell development, suggesting that IgE-IgM double bearing cells are precursors of IgE-forming cells. The distribution of the three isotypes among the If-forming cells that developed in response to PWM was influenced by the source of both B and T cells. When B cells from Nb-infected rats were employed as a source of precursors, T cells from infected animals were more effective than normal T cells for the development of IgE-forming cells, whereas the latter cells were more effective for the development of IgG2a-forming cells than T cells from infected animals.", "PMID": 309901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2285", "title": "Distribution of identity of Thy-1-bearing cells during ontogeny in rat hemopoietic and lymphoid tissues.", "content": "The distribution and identity of Thy-1+ cells during ontogeny in the rat were examined by immunofluorescent and histologic techniques, and the relative amount of Thy-1 antigen on different cell types was assessed by quantitative absorption. Thy-1+ cells were subsequently studied by dual immunofluorescence for the simultaneous expression of either T or B lymphocyte markers. The results indicate that the Thy-1 antigen is present on hemopoietic precursors and on at least some of their lymphoid (both T and B) and nonlymphoid descendants. In addition, six serologically distinct subpopulations of lymphoid cells were identified, and their position in T and B cell maturational pathways is discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of identity of Thy-1-bearing cells during ontogeny in rat hemopoietic and lymphoid tissues. The distribution and identity of Thy-1+ cells during ontogeny in the rat were examined by immunofluorescent and histologic techniques, and the relative amount of Thy-1 antigen on different cell types was assessed by quantitative absorption. Thy-1+ cells were subsequently studied by dual immunofluorescence for the simultaneous expression of either T or B lymphocyte markers. The results indicate that the Thy-1 antigen is present on hemopoietic precursors and on at least some of their lymphoid (both T and B) and nonlymphoid descendants. In addition, six serologically distinct subpopulations of lymphoid cells were identified, and their position in T and B cell maturational pathways is discussed.", "PMID": 309903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2286", "title": "Recognition by cytolytic T and K cells: identification in both systems of a divalent cation-independent, cytochalasin A-sensitive step.", "content": "Most studies of recognition events in cell-mediated cytolysis have analyzed the conditions that are required to establish mechanically stable binding between effector cells and target cells. This approach has shown that cytolytic T cells require a temperature above 20 degrees C and free divalent cations to bind specifically to target cells. K cells on the other hand were shown to bind to IgG on target cells in the absence of divalent cations at 4 degrees C. In this paper we show that both K cell- and T cell-mediated cytolysis are inhibited by cytochalasin A, if this drug is added to cultures before the effector and target cells have interacted. However, the drug does not block the calcium-dependent lethal hit stage of cytolysis in either system. We then show that in both T cell- and K cell-mediated cytolysis, the cytochalasin A-inhibitable stage can proceed in the absence of divalent cations. We conclude from these data that: 1) both K cell- and T cell-mediated cytolysis have a divalent cation-independent stage, which is inhibitable by cytochalasin A; 2) firm mechanical binding of T effectors to target cells requires divalent cations. It is uncertain if the latter is necessary for cytolysis of whether K cells also have to go through a divalent cation phase before the lethal hit stage. The implications of these findings are discussed, especially as to the possibility that strong binding may not be necessary for T cell-mediated cytolysis.", "contents": "Recognition by cytolytic T and K cells: identification in both systems of a divalent cation-independent, cytochalasin A-sensitive step. Most studies of recognition events in cell-mediated cytolysis have analyzed the conditions that are required to establish mechanically stable binding between effector cells and target cells. This approach has shown that cytolytic T cells require a temperature above 20 degrees C and free divalent cations to bind specifically to target cells. K cells on the other hand were shown to bind to IgG on target cells in the absence of divalent cations at 4 degrees C. In this paper we show that both K cell- and T cell-mediated cytolysis are inhibited by cytochalasin A, if this drug is added to cultures before the effector and target cells have interacted. However, the drug does not block the calcium-dependent lethal hit stage of cytolysis in either system. We then show that in both T cell- and K cell-mediated cytolysis, the cytochalasin A-inhibitable stage can proceed in the absence of divalent cations. We conclude from these data that: 1) both K cell- and T cell-mediated cytolysis have a divalent cation-independent stage, which is inhibitable by cytochalasin A; 2) firm mechanical binding of T effectors to target cells requires divalent cations. It is uncertain if the latter is necessary for cytolysis of whether K cells also have to go through a divalent cation phase before the lethal hit stage. The implications of these findings are discussed, especially as to the possibility that strong binding may not be necessary for T cell-mediated cytolysis.", "PMID": 309905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2287", "title": "The detection of alloantibodies to subpopulations of human lymphocytes: an adaptation of the indirect anti-immunoglobulin rosetting reaction (IARR).", "content": "An indirect anti-immunoglobulin rosetting reaction (IARR) can be successfully used to detect alloantibodies to human lymphocytes. In this paper we describe an adaptation of the IARR which allows detection of alloantibodies to human lymphocyte subpopulations. Fluorescein labelled sheep red cells, as a T cell marker, are incorporated into the rosetting reactions and by looking for rosettes with two indicator cell types, sheep and ox, one can determine if the alloantibodies are reacting with T cells or non-T cells. This type of assay is more sensitive than a standard cytotoxic test and can detect non-cytotoxic antibodies. The results show that this rosetting assay with two types of indicator cell can be useful in the study of pregnancy anisera, particularly those that are thought to contain reactivity directed solely against non-T cells. These antisera probably recognise the human DR antigens which are thought to be equivalent to the rodent Ia antigens.", "contents": "The detection of alloantibodies to subpopulations of human lymphocytes: an adaptation of the indirect anti-immunoglobulin rosetting reaction (IARR). An indirect anti-immunoglobulin rosetting reaction (IARR) can be successfully used to detect alloantibodies to human lymphocytes. In this paper we describe an adaptation of the IARR which allows detection of alloantibodies to human lymphocyte subpopulations. Fluorescein labelled sheep red cells, as a T cell marker, are incorporated into the rosetting reactions and by looking for rosettes with two indicator cell types, sheep and ox, one can determine if the alloantibodies are reacting with T cells or non-T cells. This type of assay is more sensitive than a standard cytotoxic test and can detect non-cytotoxic antibodies. The results show that this rosetting assay with two types of indicator cell can be useful in the study of pregnancy anisera, particularly those that are thought to contain reactivity directed solely against non-T cells. These antisera probably recognise the human DR antigens which are thought to be equivalent to the rodent Ia antigens.", "PMID": 309908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2288", "title": "Spontaneous murine lupus-like syndromes. Clinical and immunopathological manifestations in several strains.", "content": "MRL/1 and BXSB male mice have a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like disease similar to but more acute than that occurring in NZB X W mice. The common elements of lymphoid hyperplasia, B-cell hyperactivity, autoantibodies, circulating immune complex (IC), complement consumption, IC glomerulonephritis with gp70 deposition, and thymic atrophy were found in all three kinds of SLE mice. On the basis of these common elements, SLE seen in these mice can be considered a single disease in the same sense that human SLE is one disease. The differences in the SLE expressed in the different mice are no greater than those found in an unselected series of humans with SLE. However, the significant quantitative and qualitative variations in abnormal immunologic expression suggest that different constellations of factors, genetic and/or pathophysiologic, may operate in the three murine strains and that each constellation is capable of leading, via its particular abnormal immunologic consequences, to the activation of common immunopathologic effector mechanisms that cause quite similar SLE-like syndromes. From an experimental point of view, the availability of several inbred murine strains of commonplace histocompatibility types that express an SLE-like syndrome makes possible innumerable manipulations which should help to elucidate the nature and cause(s) of this disorder.", "contents": "Spontaneous murine lupus-like syndromes. Clinical and immunopathological manifestations in several strains. MRL/1 and BXSB male mice have a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like disease similar to but more acute than that occurring in NZB X W mice. The common elements of lymphoid hyperplasia, B-cell hyperactivity, autoantibodies, circulating immune complex (IC), complement consumption, IC glomerulonephritis with gp70 deposition, and thymic atrophy were found in all three kinds of SLE mice. On the basis of these common elements, SLE seen in these mice can be considered a single disease in the same sense that human SLE is one disease. The differences in the SLE expressed in the different mice are no greater than those found in an unselected series of humans with SLE. However, the significant quantitative and qualitative variations in abnormal immunologic expression suggest that different constellations of factors, genetic and/or pathophysiologic, may operate in the three murine strains and that each constellation is capable of leading, via its particular abnormal immunologic consequences, to the activation of common immunopathologic effector mechanisms that cause quite similar SLE-like syndromes. From an experimental point of view, the availability of several inbred murine strains of commonplace histocompatibility types that express an SLE-like syndrome makes possible innumerable manipulations which should help to elucidate the nature and cause(s) of this disorder.", "PMID": 309911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2289", "title": "Anti-idiotype induced regulation of helper cell function for the response to phosphorylcholine in adult BALB/c mice.", "content": "An adoptive secondary antibody response to phosphorylcholine (PC) can be generated by the transfer of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed T cells, PC-bovine gamma globulin-primed B cells, and PC-KLH into irradiated syngeneic BALB/c mice. If the KLH-primed T-cell donors were pretreated with anti-idiotype antibodies directed against the BALB/c PC-binding myeloma TEPC 15, their T cells were unable to collaborate effectively with PC-primed B cells; moreover, they could suppress the helper activity of T cells from normal mice for the PC-KLH response. The Ly phenotype of these T cells was found to be Ly 1-, 2+. The specificity of the suppressor T-cell population induced by anti-T15 treatment appears to be both for idiotype (hapten) and carrier, since the suppressor T cells fail to interfere with the antibody response to PC on a heterologous carrier, nor do they suppress the response to trinitrophenol-KLH.", "contents": "Anti-idiotype induced regulation of helper cell function for the response to phosphorylcholine in adult BALB/c mice. An adoptive secondary antibody response to phosphorylcholine (PC) can be generated by the transfer of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed T cells, PC-bovine gamma globulin-primed B cells, and PC-KLH into irradiated syngeneic BALB/c mice. If the KLH-primed T-cell donors were pretreated with anti-idiotype antibodies directed against the BALB/c PC-binding myeloma TEPC 15, their T cells were unable to collaborate effectively with PC-primed B cells; moreover, they could suppress the helper activity of T cells from normal mice for the PC-KLH response. The Ly phenotype of these T cells was found to be Ly 1-, 2+. The specificity of the suppressor T-cell population induced by anti-T15 treatment appears to be both for idiotype (hapten) and carrier, since the suppressor T cells fail to interfere with the antibody response to PC on a heterologous carrier, nor do they suppress the response to trinitrophenol-KLH.", "PMID": 309912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2290", "title": "Evidence that cytotoxic T cells are part of the host's response to influenza pneumonia.", "content": "Cytotoxic T cells were detected in the cervical lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, and peripheral blood of mice with influenza. Lymphocytes decreased in the peripheral circulation and increased in the lung during the period of acute inflammation and pneumonia. Peak cytotoxic T-cell activity was present at the time of marked pulmonary infiltration, and it decreased with resolution of the pneumonia. The cytotoxic T cells in the lung were shown to be H-2 restricted and specific for the hemagglutinin of the infecting virus. The results indicate that hemagglutinin specific cytotoxic T cells are (a) induced during influenza infection; (b) they circulate in the blood; (c) they are present in greatest number; and (d) they have their peak cytotoxic effect when pneumonia is most marked. We interpret the results to indicate that specific cytotoxic T cells in the infected target organ are part of the immunological and pathological response to virus infection.", "contents": "Evidence that cytotoxic T cells are part of the host's response to influenza pneumonia. Cytotoxic T cells were detected in the cervical lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, and peripheral blood of mice with influenza. Lymphocytes decreased in the peripheral circulation and increased in the lung during the period of acute inflammation and pneumonia. Peak cytotoxic T-cell activity was present at the time of marked pulmonary infiltration, and it decreased with resolution of the pneumonia. The cytotoxic T cells in the lung were shown to be H-2 restricted and specific for the hemagglutinin of the infecting virus. The results indicate that hemagglutinin specific cytotoxic T cells are (a) induced during influenza infection; (b) they circulate in the blood; (c) they are present in greatest number; and (d) they have their peak cytotoxic effect when pneumonia is most marked. We interpret the results to indicate that specific cytotoxic T cells in the infected target organ are part of the immunological and pathological response to virus infection.", "PMID": 309913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2291", "title": "Demonstration of Thy-1 antigen on pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells in the rat.", "content": "Three approaches were used to demonstrate the presence of Thy-1 antigen on the surface of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells in the rat. In the first, stem cells from fetal liver, neonatal spleen, and adult bone marrow were prevented from forming hemopoietic colonies in the spleens of irradiated recipients spleen (colony-forming unit assay) by incubation with antibodies to Thy-1 antigen. Highly specific rabbit heteroantiserum to purified rat brain Thy-1 antigen and mouse alloantisera to Thy-1.1-positive thymocytes were equally effective. This inhibition was neutralized by purified Thy-1 antigen. In a second series of experiments, Thy-1-positive and Thy-1-negative populations of nucleated bone marrow cells were separated by the FACS. All of the hemopoietic stem cell activity was recovered in the Thy-1-positive population. The stem cells were among the most strongly positive for Thy-1 antigen, being in the upper 25th percentile for relative fluorescence intensity. The relationships of Thy-1 antigen to the rat bone marrow lymphocyte antigen (BMLA) was shown in a third series of experiments. Rabbit anti-BMLA serum, which is raised against a null population of lymphocyte-like bone marrow cells, has been shown to have anti-stem cell activity. Here we demonstrate by double immunofluorescence, cocapping, and differential absorption studies that Thy-1 and BMLA are parts of the same molecule.", "contents": "Demonstration of Thy-1 antigen on pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells in the rat. Three approaches were used to demonstrate the presence of Thy-1 antigen on the surface of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells in the rat. In the first, stem cells from fetal liver, neonatal spleen, and adult bone marrow were prevented from forming hemopoietic colonies in the spleens of irradiated recipients spleen (colony-forming unit assay) by incubation with antibodies to Thy-1 antigen. Highly specific rabbit heteroantiserum to purified rat brain Thy-1 antigen and mouse alloantisera to Thy-1.1-positive thymocytes were equally effective. This inhibition was neutralized by purified Thy-1 antigen. In a second series of experiments, Thy-1-positive and Thy-1-negative populations of nucleated bone marrow cells were separated by the FACS. All of the hemopoietic stem cell activity was recovered in the Thy-1-positive population. The stem cells were among the most strongly positive for Thy-1 antigen, being in the upper 25th percentile for relative fluorescence intensity. The relationships of Thy-1 antigen to the rat bone marrow lymphocyte antigen (BMLA) was shown in a third series of experiments. Rabbit anti-BMLA serum, which is raised against a null population of lymphocyte-like bone marrow cells, has been shown to have anti-stem cell activity. Here we demonstrate by double immunofluorescence, cocapping, and differential absorption studies that Thy-1 and BMLA are parts of the same molecule.", "PMID": 309914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2292", "title": "Ia-bearing T lymphocytes in man. Their identification and role in the generation of allogeneic helper activity.", "content": "The presence of Ia-like antigens was demonstrated on a small population (2-6%) of highly purified human circulating T lymphocytes by immunofluorescence with a rabbit anti-Ia serum raised against the isolated bimolecular Ia structure. The Ia+ T lymphocytes have no surface or intracellular immunoglobulins. The expansion of this Ia+ T-cell population was encountered in certain patients. Ia antigens were also found on T blasts grown in long-term cultures with conditioned medium generated by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. In addition, leukemia blasts which stained for Ia antigens and formed E rosettes were identified in the peripheral blood of two leukemic patients. This evidence further supports the existence of Ia-bearing T cells in man. The Ia+ T-lymphocyte population was shown to contain cells responsible for the generation of allogeneic helper activity. Elimination of Ia+ lymphocytes from a purified T-cell population by the anti-Ia antiserum and complement abolished its ability to help an allogeneic B-cell preparation to generate plaque-forming cells against sheep erythrocytes in vitro in the presence of the antigen.", "contents": "Ia-bearing T lymphocytes in man. Their identification and role in the generation of allogeneic helper activity. The presence of Ia-like antigens was demonstrated on a small population (2-6%) of highly purified human circulating T lymphocytes by immunofluorescence with a rabbit anti-Ia serum raised against the isolated bimolecular Ia structure. The Ia+ T lymphocytes have no surface or intracellular immunoglobulins. The expansion of this Ia+ T-cell population was encountered in certain patients. Ia antigens were also found on T blasts grown in long-term cultures with conditioned medium generated by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. In addition, leukemia blasts which stained for Ia antigens and formed E rosettes were identified in the peripheral blood of two leukemic patients. This evidence further supports the existence of Ia-bearing T cells in man. The Ia+ T-lymphocyte population was shown to contain cells responsible for the generation of allogeneic helper activity. Elimination of Ia+ lymphocytes from a purified T-cell population by the anti-Ia antiserum and complement abolished its ability to help an allogeneic B-cell preparation to generate plaque-forming cells against sheep erythrocytes in vitro in the presence of the antigen.", "PMID": 309915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2293", "title": "Secondary induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with solubilized syngeneic tumor cell plasma membranes.", "content": "Secondary induction of in vitro cytotoxic T lymphocytes in a syngeneic system has been achieved with plasma membrane, both in the particulate and solubilized forms. Both the induction and the lytic phases were shown to be immunologically specific. The effector cells generated were completely susceptible to treatment with anti-theta antibody and complement, suggesting that they are T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Secondary induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with solubilized syngeneic tumor cell plasma membranes. Secondary induction of in vitro cytotoxic T lymphocytes in a syngeneic system has been achieved with plasma membrane, both in the particulate and solubilized forms. Both the induction and the lytic phases were shown to be immunologically specific. The effector cells generated were completely susceptible to treatment with anti-theta antibody and complement, suggesting that they are T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 309916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2294", "title": "HLA restriction of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for influenza virus. Poor recognition of virus associated with HLA A2.", "content": "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), specific for influenza A/X31 virus, were generated from human peripheral blood lymphocytes. These CTL lysed target cells that were infected with the same virus and that shared HLA A or B locus antigens. Minimal lysis was observed when HLA-D antigens were shared. Not all HLA A and B antigens were equally effective. Efficient lysis of target cells was seen when HLA A1, A3, B7, B8, B27 and BW21 were shared with the CTL, but when HLA A2 was the only shared antigen lysis was usually minimal. This deficiency in CTL function associated with HLA A2 was not absolute. It is suggested that the function of this antigen might be influenced by other surface molecules on the cell and in particular the other HLA products.", "contents": "HLA restriction of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for influenza virus. Poor recognition of virus associated with HLA A2. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), specific for influenza A/X31 virus, were generated from human peripheral blood lymphocytes. These CTL lysed target cells that were infected with the same virus and that shared HLA A or B locus antigens. Minimal lysis was observed when HLA-D antigens were shared. Not all HLA A and B antigens were equally effective. Efficient lysis of target cells was seen when HLA A1, A3, B7, B8, B27 and BW21 were shared with the CTL, but when HLA A2 was the only shared antigen lysis was usually minimal. This deficiency in CTL function associated with HLA A2 was not absolute. It is suggested that the function of this antigen might be influenced by other surface molecules on the cell and in particular the other HLA products.", "PMID": 309917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2295", "title": "Monoclonal origin of B lymphocyte colony-forming cells in spleen colonies formed by multipotential hemopoietic stem cells.", "content": "Spleen colonies produced by transplanting lethally irradiated mice with either 12 day fetal liver or adult bone marrow cells were found to contain B- lymphocyte colony-forming cells (BL-CFC) . The proportion of BL-CFC positive spleen colonies did not increase substantially between 8 and 14 days after transplantation, the range being 18-45 percent. However, the absolute number of BL-CFC per spleen colony varied considerably (between 1 and 10,318), although the majority of colonies contained less than 200 BL-CFC. Irrespective of the time after transplantation, smaller spleen colonies were found to have a higher frequency of BL-CFC than larger spleen colonies. To determine the possible clonal origin of BL-CFC from spleen colony- forming unit (CFU-S), CBA mice were injected with equal numbers of CBA and CBA T(6)/T(6) fetal liver or adult bone marrow cells. Analysis of 7-15-day spleen colonies demonstrated that 90 percent were either exclusively T(6) positive or T(6) negative and approximately equal numbers ofboth colony types were observed. B-lymphocyte colonies were grown and successfully karyotyped from 19 spleen colonies. When compared with the original spleen colony karyotype the B-lymphocyte colony cells karyotype was identical in all 19 cases. In 3 of the 19 colonies analyzed a mixture of T(6) positive and T(6) negative karyotypes was present and identical proportions of the karyotypes were present in the pooled B-lymphocyte colony cells and spleen colony cells. The data indicate that the B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells detected in spleen colonies are genuine members of the hemopoietic clone derived from the initiating hemopoietic stem cell (CFU-S).", "contents": "Monoclonal origin of B lymphocyte colony-forming cells in spleen colonies formed by multipotential hemopoietic stem cells. Spleen colonies produced by transplanting lethally irradiated mice with either 12 day fetal liver or adult bone marrow cells were found to contain B- lymphocyte colony-forming cells (BL-CFC) . The proportion of BL-CFC positive spleen colonies did not increase substantially between 8 and 14 days after transplantation, the range being 18-45 percent. However, the absolute number of BL-CFC per spleen colony varied considerably (between 1 and 10,318), although the majority of colonies contained less than 200 BL-CFC. Irrespective of the time after transplantation, smaller spleen colonies were found to have a higher frequency of BL-CFC than larger spleen colonies. To determine the possible clonal origin of BL-CFC from spleen colony- forming unit (CFU-S), CBA mice were injected with equal numbers of CBA and CBA T(6)/T(6) fetal liver or adult bone marrow cells. Analysis of 7-15-day spleen colonies demonstrated that 90 percent were either exclusively T(6) positive or T(6) negative and approximately equal numbers ofboth colony types were observed. B-lymphocyte colonies were grown and successfully karyotyped from 19 spleen colonies. When compared with the original spleen colony karyotype the B-lymphocyte colony cells karyotype was identical in all 19 cases. In 3 of the 19 colonies analyzed a mixture of T(6) positive and T(6) negative karyotypes was present and identical proportions of the karyotypes were present in the pooled B-lymphocyte colony cells and spleen colony cells. The data indicate that the B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells detected in spleen colonies are genuine members of the hemopoietic clone derived from the initiating hemopoietic stem cell (CFU-S).", "PMID": 309918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2296", "title": "T-T-cell interactions during the vitro cytotoxic allograft responses. I. Soluble products from activated Lyl+ T cells trigger autonomously antigen-primed Ly23+ T cells to cell proliferation and cytolytic activity.", "content": "Secondary murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses from alloantigen-primed T cells can be induced in vitro by apparently unrelated regimens, such as addition of either concanavalin A (Con A), conditioned medium from Con A stimulated lymphocyte cultures, conditioned medium from secondary mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), or stimulator cells sharing only the I-region with the stimulating cells used for primary sensitization. We now report that upon polyclonal (Con A), or antigen-specific (MLC) stimulation, Lyl+ T cells release a factor, which in turn triggers alloantigen primed Ly23+ T cells to proliferation and cytolytic activity. The secondary cytotoxic T lymphocyte inducing factor (SCIF) is produced within 24 h. For its production, an intact protein metabolism, not DNA metabolism, is required. Once induced, the functional activity of SCIF is nonspecific and not H-2 restricted. SCIF allows exponential growth and long-term propagation of cytolytic Ly23+ T cells with specificity to alloantigens used for primary sensitization. SCIF induced activation of alloantigen primed Ly23+ T cells does not require the presence of alloantigens. The results therefore reveal a process by which Lyl+ T-cell-derived nonspecific factor(s) induce autonomously Ly23+ T-cell-mediated, antigen-specific, cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.", "contents": "T-T-cell interactions during the vitro cytotoxic allograft responses. I. Soluble products from activated Lyl+ T cells trigger autonomously antigen-primed Ly23+ T cells to cell proliferation and cytolytic activity. Secondary murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses from alloantigen-primed T cells can be induced in vitro by apparently unrelated regimens, such as addition of either concanavalin A (Con A), conditioned medium from Con A stimulated lymphocyte cultures, conditioned medium from secondary mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), or stimulator cells sharing only the I-region with the stimulating cells used for primary sensitization. We now report that upon polyclonal (Con A), or antigen-specific (MLC) stimulation, Lyl+ T cells release a factor, which in turn triggers alloantigen primed Ly23+ T cells to proliferation and cytolytic activity. The secondary cytotoxic T lymphocyte inducing factor (SCIF) is produced within 24 h. For its production, an intact protein metabolism, not DNA metabolism, is required. Once induced, the functional activity of SCIF is nonspecific and not H-2 restricted. SCIF allows exponential growth and long-term propagation of cytolytic Ly23+ T cells with specificity to alloantigens used for primary sensitization. SCIF induced activation of alloantigen primed Ly23+ T cells does not require the presence of alloantigens. The results therefore reveal a process by which Lyl+ T-cell-derived nonspecific factor(s) induce autonomously Ly23+ T-cell-mediated, antigen-specific, cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.", "PMID": 309919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2297", "title": "Immune suppression in vivo with antigen-modified syngeneic cells. I. T-cell-mediated suppression to the terpolymer poly-(Glu, Lys, Phe)n.", "content": "The palmitoyl derivative of the linear polypeptide of poly-(L-Glu-L-Lys-L-Phe)n (GLphi) can be coupled to spleen cells directly. The intravenous administration of 2 X 10(5)--3 X 10(7) GLphi-coupled syngeneic spleen cells induces GL-phi-specific suppressor T cells in C57BL/6 nonresponder mice. The suppression is antigen specific and can be detected by the inhibition of the primary GLphi plaque-forming cell response to challenge with GLphi-fowl gamma globulin. The number of inducer cells required for suppression carry less than 0.1 microgram of antigen. Spleen cells from tolerized mice can transfer suppression to normal syngeneic recipients. The suppression is cyclophosphamide sensitive and the suppressor cells bear the Thy 1.2 marker. This method of inducing antigen-specific suppressor cells may be generally applicable to other antigen systems.", "contents": "Immune suppression in vivo with antigen-modified syngeneic cells. I. T-cell-mediated suppression to the terpolymer poly-(Glu, Lys, Phe)n. The palmitoyl derivative of the linear polypeptide of poly-(L-Glu-L-Lys-L-Phe)n (GLphi) can be coupled to spleen cells directly. The intravenous administration of 2 X 10(5)--3 X 10(7) GLphi-coupled syngeneic spleen cells induces GL-phi-specific suppressor T cells in C57BL/6 nonresponder mice. The suppression is antigen specific and can be detected by the inhibition of the primary GLphi plaque-forming cell response to challenge with GLphi-fowl gamma globulin. The number of inducer cells required for suppression carry less than 0.1 microgram of antigen. Spleen cells from tolerized mice can transfer suppression to normal syngeneic recipients. The suppression is cyclophosphamide sensitive and the suppressor cells bear the Thy 1.2 marker. This method of inducing antigen-specific suppressor cells may be generally applicable to other antigen systems.", "PMID": 309920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2298", "title": "The immunological basis of endotoxin-induced tumor regression. Requirement for T-cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "It was shown that although intravenous administration of bacterial endotoxin caused extensive hemorrhagic necrosis of four different syngeneic murine tumors, only two of these tumors subsequently underwent complete regression: the two that were shown to be immunogeneic as classically defined. An immunologic basis for endotoxin-induced regression was further indicated by the additional findings that regression, but not hemorrhagic necrosis, of the two immunogenic tumors failed to occur in mice that were immunodepressed by whole-body gamma-irradiation, or that were made T-cell deficient by thymectomy and irradiation. That endotoxin-induced regression is T-cell mediated was suggested by the findings that tumor regression was followed by a state of long-lived immunity to a tumor cell challenge implant, and with the possession by the host of T cells that were capable of passively transferring this state of immunity to normal recipients. It is concluded that although parenteral injection of endotoxin causes hemorrhagic necrosis of most solid murine tumors, it is only those tumors that are immunogenic enough to evoke the generation of T-cell-mediated immunity which subsequently go on to completely regress.", "contents": "The immunological basis of endotoxin-induced tumor regression. Requirement for T-cell-mediated immunity. It was shown that although intravenous administration of bacterial endotoxin caused extensive hemorrhagic necrosis of four different syngeneic murine tumors, only two of these tumors subsequently underwent complete regression: the two that were shown to be immunogeneic as classically defined. An immunologic basis for endotoxin-induced regression was further indicated by the additional findings that regression, but not hemorrhagic necrosis, of the two immunogenic tumors failed to occur in mice that were immunodepressed by whole-body gamma-irradiation, or that were made T-cell deficient by thymectomy and irradiation. That endotoxin-induced regression is T-cell mediated was suggested by the findings that tumor regression was followed by a state of long-lived immunity to a tumor cell challenge implant, and with the possession by the host of T cells that were capable of passively transferring this state of immunity to normal recipients. It is concluded that although parenteral injection of endotoxin causes hemorrhagic necrosis of most solid murine tumors, it is only those tumors that are immunogenic enough to evoke the generation of T-cell-mediated immunity which subsequently go on to completely regress.", "PMID": 309921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2299", "title": "The immunological basis of endotoxin-induced tumor regression. Requirement for a pre-existing state of concomitant anti-tumor immunity.", "content": "It was shown that of four syngeneic, murine tumors investigated, only those that evoked the generation of a state of concomitant anti-tumor immunity were susceptible to endotoxin-induced regression. Moreover, the temporal relationship between the generation of concomitant immunity and the onset of susceptibility to endotoxin-induced regression points to the likely possibility that tumor regression depends on the preceding acquisition of the specifically-sensitized, effector T cells that express concomitant immunity. It is suggested that endotoxin-induced hemorrhagic necrosis which invariably precedes tumor regression serves to create conditions inside the tumor that are conducive to the entry and the functioning of effector T cells. It is also suggested that tumor necrosis factor causes hemorrhagic necrosis rather than tumor regression.", "contents": "The immunological basis of endotoxin-induced tumor regression. Requirement for a pre-existing state of concomitant anti-tumor immunity. It was shown that of four syngeneic, murine tumors investigated, only those that evoked the generation of a state of concomitant anti-tumor immunity were susceptible to endotoxin-induced regression. Moreover, the temporal relationship between the generation of concomitant immunity and the onset of susceptibility to endotoxin-induced regression points to the likely possibility that tumor regression depends on the preceding acquisition of the specifically-sensitized, effector T cells that express concomitant immunity. It is suggested that endotoxin-induced hemorrhagic necrosis which invariably precedes tumor regression serves to create conditions inside the tumor that are conducive to the entry and the functioning of effector T cells. It is also suggested that tumor necrosis factor causes hemorrhagic necrosis rather than tumor regression.", "PMID": 309922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2300", "title": "Induction of in vitro differentiation and immunoglobulin synthesis of human leukemic B lymphocytes.", "content": "Successful induction of in vitro differentiation and immunoglobulin synthesis of the leukemic lymphocytes was carried out in two cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Few plasma cells and little specific Ig secretion were detected in the cultures of isolated leukemic B cells in either the presence or the absence of autologous T cells. Up to 30% of the leukemic B cells matured to plasma cells, and a 32-fold increase in specific Ig synthesis was observed when T cells from normal individuals were added to the cultures of these leukemic B cells. In one of the two cases, autologous T cells were able to induce greater than 50% of the leukemic B cells to differentiate further to plasma cells in the presence of pokeweed mitogen. This markedly accelerated in vitro differentiation was only achieved with leukemic cells from cases in which there was evidence of slight differentiation in vivo. No evidence could be obtained for excessive suppressor T cells in these patients. However, a T-cell defect in the generation of allogeneic effect helper factors was identified. This defect may be responsible for the reduced rate of leukemic maturation in vivo.", "contents": "Induction of in vitro differentiation and immunoglobulin synthesis of human leukemic B lymphocytes. Successful induction of in vitro differentiation and immunoglobulin synthesis of the leukemic lymphocytes was carried out in two cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Few plasma cells and little specific Ig secretion were detected in the cultures of isolated leukemic B cells in either the presence or the absence of autologous T cells. Up to 30% of the leukemic B cells matured to plasma cells, and a 32-fold increase in specific Ig synthesis was observed when T cells from normal individuals were added to the cultures of these leukemic B cells. In one of the two cases, autologous T cells were able to induce greater than 50% of the leukemic B cells to differentiate further to plasma cells in the presence of pokeweed mitogen. This markedly accelerated in vitro differentiation was only achieved with leukemic cells from cases in which there was evidence of slight differentiation in vivo. No evidence could be obtained for excessive suppressor T cells in these patients. However, a T-cell defect in the generation of allogeneic effect helper factors was identified. This defect may be responsible for the reduced rate of leukemic maturation in vivo.", "PMID": 309923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2301", "title": "In vitro generation of antigen-specific helper T cells that collaborate with cytotoxic T-cell precursors.", "content": "Antigen-specific helper T cells are required in the generation of cytotoxic T cells from thymocyte precursors. We have demonstrated that these alloantigen-specific helper cells can be generated in vitro and that both the quantity and quality of the helpers appear to be superior to the help obtained from unprimed spleen cells. Optimal helper cell activity is produced at day two of culture when CBA splenic helper precursors are stimulated by irradiated allogeneic spleen cells. Helper cell precursors are antigen-specific cells which cannot be instructed to express forbidden receptor specificities and bear theta antigen on their surface. The helper effectors are radioresistant, theta-bearing, and antigen-specific cells.", "contents": "In vitro generation of antigen-specific helper T cells that collaborate with cytotoxic T-cell precursors. Antigen-specific helper T cells are required in the generation of cytotoxic T cells from thymocyte precursors. We have demonstrated that these alloantigen-specific helper cells can be generated in vitro and that both the quantity and quality of the helpers appear to be superior to the help obtained from unprimed spleen cells. Optimal helper cell activity is produced at day two of culture when CBA splenic helper precursors are stimulated by irradiated allogeneic spleen cells. Helper cell precursors are antigen-specific cells which cannot be instructed to express forbidden receptor specificities and bear theta antigen on their surface. The helper effectors are radioresistant, theta-bearing, and antigen-specific cells.", "PMID": 309924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2302", "title": "B-cell precursors specific to sheep erythrocytes. Estimation of frequency in a specific helper assay.", "content": "A sensitive, specific, and reproducible in vitro helper assay is described which is suited to limiting dilution analysis of murine B cells. 1 in about 3,000 syngeneic splenic B cells can be induced to form plaque-forming cells (PFC) to sheep erythrocytes in this system. The induction of PFC is absolutely dependent on antigen  and specific helper T cells.", "contents": "B-cell precursors specific to sheep erythrocytes. Estimation of frequency in a specific helper assay. A sensitive, specific, and reproducible in vitro helper assay is described which is suited to limiting dilution analysis of murine B cells. 1 in about 3,000 syngeneic splenic B cells can be induced to form plaque-forming cells (PFC) to sheep erythrocytes in this system. The induction of PFC is absolutely dependent on antigen  and specific helper T cells.", "PMID": 309925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2303", "title": "Nonspecific signals for B-cell localization and activation.", "content": "Virgin, inactive mammary gland autografted to the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye remains free of lymphoid cells. Activation of the ectopic gland by systemic injection of chorionic gonadotropin results in maturation of the gland and milk production, accompanied  by the immirgration of lymphocytes and their activati-n to Ig formation, predominantly of the IgA class. In the presence of antigen-induced intraocular inflammation, the activated gland is able to influence the Ig class of B cells in the neighboring ocular tissues. These data suggest that even nonlymphoid tissues may elaborate lymphocyte-homing and polyclonal B-cell activating factors which function independently of specific antigen.", "contents": "Nonspecific signals for B-cell localization and activation. Virgin, inactive mammary gland autografted to the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye remains free of lymphoid cells. Activation of the ectopic gland by systemic injection of chorionic gonadotropin results in maturation of the gland and milk production, accompanied  by the immirgration of lymphocytes and their activati-n to Ig formation, predominantly of the IgA class. In the presence of antigen-induced intraocular inflammation, the activated gland is able to influence the Ig class of B cells in the neighboring ocular tissues. These data suggest that even nonlymphoid tissues may elaborate lymphocyte-homing and polyclonal B-cell activating factors which function independently of specific antigen.", "PMID": 309926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2304", "title": "Disease associations of the Ia-like human alloantigens. Contrasting patterns in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Increasing evidence has been obtained of the special value of Ia-like B-cell alloantisera for demonstrating disease associations with histocompatibility antigens. This was particularly evident for the study of the immunogenetics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), two conditions frequently considered related. The profiles of antigens recognized by the alloantisera in patients from each disease group was distinctive. Two types of alloantisera were obtained that illustrated the divergence between the twod iseases. One type showed a higher than normal incidence in RA but lower than normal in SLE; the other showed a higher incidence in SLE. While these sera were not totally defined, evidence was obtained that the SLE-reactive alloantiserum related to two alleles of the major histocompatibility complex DRw2 and DRw3, while the RA-reactive alloantiserum related to a common specificity shared by cells positive for either DRw4, DRw7, or DRw10. The data indicate that immunogenetic factors are relevant to the development of both RA and SLE, but that these are distinct for each disease.", "contents": "Disease associations of the Ia-like human alloantigens. Contrasting patterns in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Increasing evidence has been obtained of the special value of Ia-like B-cell alloantisera for demonstrating disease associations with histocompatibility antigens. This was particularly evident for the study of the immunogenetics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), two conditions frequently considered related. The profiles of antigens recognized by the alloantisera in patients from each disease group was distinctive. Two types of alloantisera were obtained that illustrated the divergence between the twod iseases. One type showed a higher than normal incidence in RA but lower than normal in SLE; the other showed a higher incidence in SLE. While these sera were not totally defined, evidence was obtained that the SLE-reactive alloantiserum related to two alleles of the major histocompatibility complex DRw2 and DRw3, while the RA-reactive alloantiserum related to a common specificity shared by cells positive for either DRw4, DRw7, or DRw10. The data indicate that immunogenetic factors are relevant to the development of both RA and SLE, but that these are distinct for each disease.", "PMID": 309927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2305", "title": "The problem-oriented unit record in residency management.", "content": "Application of the \"medical model\" of supervision to a university affiliated residency network resulted in a problem-oriented record for each unit. A data-base tabulation and standardized problem list were developed. These have been found useful in the supervision/consultation process for established programs, in the assistance of developers of new programs, and in evaluative reporting.", "contents": "The problem-oriented unit record in residency management. Application of the \"medical model\" of supervision to a university affiliated residency network resulted in a problem-oriented record for each unit. A data-base tabulation and standardized problem list were developed. These have been found useful in the supervision/consultation process for established programs, in the assistance of developers of new programs, and in evaluative reporting.", "PMID": 309928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2306", "title": "The sarcomere length-tension relation in skeletal muscle.", "content": "Tension development during isometric tetani in single fibers of frog semitendinosus muscle occurs in three phases: (a) in initial fast-rise phase; (b) a slow-rise phase; and (c) a plateau, which lasts greater than 10 s. The slow-rise phase has previously been assumed to rise out of a progressive increase of sarcomere length dispersion along the fiber (Gordon et al. 1966. J. Physiol. [Lond.]. 184:143--169;184:170--192). Consequently, the \"true\" tetanic tension has been considered to be the one existing before the onset of the slow-rise phase; this is obtained by extrapolating the slowly rising tension back to the start of the tetanus. In the study by Gordon et al. (1966. J. Physiol. [Lond.] 184:170--192), as well as in the present study, the relation between this extrapolated tension and sarcomere length gave the familiar linear descending limb of the length-tension relation. We tested the assumption that the slow rise of tension was due to a progressive increase in sarcomere length dispersion. During the fast rise, the slow rise, and the plateau of tension, the sarcomere length dispersion at any area along the muscle was less than 4% of the average sarcomere length. Therefore, a progressive increase of sarcomere length dispersion during contraction appears unable to account for the slow rise of tetanic tension. A sarcomere length-tension relation was constructed from the levels of tension and sarcomere length measured during the plateau. Tension was independent of sarcomere length between 1.9 and 2.6 microgram, and declined to 50% maximal at 3.4 microgram. This result is difficult to reconcile with the cross-bridge model of force generation.", "contents": "The sarcomere length-tension relation in skeletal muscle. Tension development during isometric tetani in single fibers of frog semitendinosus muscle occurs in three phases: (a) in initial fast-rise phase; (b) a slow-rise phase; and (c) a plateau, which lasts greater than 10 s. The slow-rise phase has previously been assumed to rise out of a progressive increase of sarcomere length dispersion along the fiber (Gordon et al. 1966. J. Physiol. [Lond.]. 184:143--169;184:170--192). Consequently, the \"true\" tetanic tension has been considered to be the one existing before the onset of the slow-rise phase; this is obtained by extrapolating the slowly rising tension back to the start of the tetanus. In the study by Gordon et al. (1966. J. Physiol. [Lond.] 184:170--192), as well as in the present study, the relation between this extrapolated tension and sarcomere length gave the familiar linear descending limb of the length-tension relation. We tested the assumption that the slow rise of tension was due to a progressive increase in sarcomere length dispersion. During the fast rise, the slow rise, and the plateau of tension, the sarcomere length dispersion at any area along the muscle was less than 4% of the average sarcomere length. Therefore, a progressive increase of sarcomere length dispersion during contraction appears unable to account for the slow rise of tetanic tension. A sarcomere length-tension relation was constructed from the levels of tension and sarcomere length measured during the plateau. Tension was independent of sarcomere length between 1.9 and 2.6 microgram, and declined to 50% maximal at 3.4 microgram. This result is difficult to reconcile with the cross-bridge model of force generation.", "PMID": 309929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2307", "title": "Mortality and psychosis in a peasant society.", "content": "A survey was conducted of psychotic persons in a peasant society where psychiatric services were not available. Their age distribution and duration of psychosis indicated that they had a reduced longevity as compared to the general population. Intensive study of six fatal and near fatal cases suggested that violence and infection accounted for their early demise. Those with organic psychosis appeared to have a greater mortality than those with functional psychosis. As our social policies toward the mentally ill change, these findings may have applicability in our own society.", "contents": "Mortality and psychosis in a peasant society. A survey was conducted of psychotic persons in a peasant society where psychiatric services were not available. Their age distribution and duration of psychosis indicated that they had a reduced longevity as compared to the general population. Intensive study of six fatal and near fatal cases suggested that violence and infection accounted for their early demise. Those with organic psychosis appeared to have a greater mortality than those with functional psychosis. As our social policies toward the mentally ill change, these findings may have applicability in our own society.", "PMID": 309930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2308", "title": "Clinical effects of aspirin and acetaminophen on hemostasis after exodontics.", "content": "The effects of aspirin and acetaminophen on postextraction hemostasis were evaluated in a double-blind study in a group of 43 patients; 20 received aspirin and 23 received acetaminophen. No significant difference was found in the observed postsurgical alveolus bleeding times or the patients' reported length of postoperative bleeding. However, Ivy bleeding times taken after the ingestion of 80 grains of medication showed an elevation in 75% of the aspirin users and in 60% of the acetaminophen group; the mean change in bleeding times was 2.75 times greater in the aspirin group.", "contents": "Clinical effects of aspirin and acetaminophen on hemostasis after exodontics. The effects of aspirin and acetaminophen on postextraction hemostasis were evaluated in a double-blind study in a group of 43 patients; 20 received aspirin and 23 received acetaminophen. No significant difference was found in the observed postsurgical alveolus bleeding times or the patients' reported length of postoperative bleeding. However, Ivy bleeding times taken after the ingestion of 80 grains of medication showed an elevation in 75% of the aspirin users and in 60% of the acetaminophen group; the mean change in bleeding times was 2.75 times greater in the aspirin group.", "PMID": 309931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2309", "title": "Problems involved in grading the severity of hemophilia by test results.", "content": "Some problems involved in grading the severity of hemophilia were discussed. No definite correlation existed between the clinical severity of hemophilia and the results of coagulation tests (activity of deficient factors, whole blood clotting time, thromboplastin screening test). There was also no correlation between the presence or absence of oral bleeding or hemarthrosis and the test results. It was concluded that the clinical severity of the disease can be graded more reasonably on the basis of clinical hemorrhagic symptoms than according to the activity of deficient factors.", "contents": "Problems involved in grading the severity of hemophilia by test results. Some problems involved in grading the severity of hemophilia were discussed. No definite correlation existed between the clinical severity of hemophilia and the results of coagulation tests (activity of deficient factors, whole blood clotting time, thromboplastin screening test). There was also no correlation between the presence or absence of oral bleeding or hemarthrosis and the test results. It was concluded that the clinical severity of the disease can be graded more reasonably on the basis of clinical hemorrhagic symptoms than according to the activity of deficient factors.", "PMID": 309932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2310", "title": "Heterotransplantation of human neoplasms.", "content": "The heterotransplantation of 39 solid human neoplasms into athymic and asplenic-athymic mice resulted in the successful growth of 28 of the transplants. However, only 17 of the tumors could be maintained in serial passage. Metastasis or local infiltration by the transplanted tumors was not observed. Melanomas and colorectal carcinomas grew well whereas other types grew poorly or not at all. Possible factors responsible for the poor growth or lack of growth are discussed. The rapid growth of a melanoma in newborn mice in contrast with the slow growth of the same tumor in adult mice suggests a new experimental approach for transplantation of malignancies which previously have been difficult to establish.", "contents": "Heterotransplantation of human neoplasms. The heterotransplantation of 39 solid human neoplasms into athymic and asplenic-athymic mice resulted in the successful growth of 28 of the transplants. However, only 17 of the tumors could be maintained in serial passage. Metastasis or local infiltration by the transplanted tumors was not observed. Melanomas and colorectal carcinomas grew well whereas other types grew poorly or not at all. Possible factors responsible for the poor growth or lack of growth are discussed. The rapid growth of a melanoma in newborn mice in contrast with the slow growth of the same tumor in adult mice suggests a new experimental approach for transplantation of malignancies which previously have been difficult to establish.", "PMID": 309933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2311", "title": "Quantitation of the anti-inflammatory agent fenbufen and its metabolites in human serum and urine using high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Specific procedures are described for the determination of fenbufen and its metabolites in serum and urine using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Serum or urine extracts were chromatographed on a bounded reversed-phase partitioning column. The sensitivity of the assay for fenbufen was 0.5 microgram/ml in serum with 2-ml samples and 1.0 microgram/ml in urine with 1-ml samples. The procedures are suitable for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "Quantitation of the anti-inflammatory agent fenbufen and its metabolites in human serum and urine using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Specific procedures are described for the determination of fenbufen and its metabolites in serum and urine using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Serum or urine extracts were chromatographed on a bounded reversed-phase partitioning column. The sensitivity of the assay for fenbufen was 0.5 microgram/ml in serum with 2-ml samples and 1.0 microgram/ml in urine with 1-ml samples. The procedures are suitable for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 309938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2312", "title": "Fever and survival in rabbits infected with Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "1. Fever and survival rate of New Zealand white rabbits, injected with two doses of live Pasteurella multocida, were compared to determine if the relation between fever and survival observed in reptiles is also seen in a mammal. Since it is known that fever is beneficial in infected reptiles, our experiments were viewed as an initial step in the investigation of a similar potentially beneficial effect in mammals.2. There was a statistically significant correlation between the fever magnitude and survival. As fever increased up to 2.25 degrees C, the survival rate increased. Fevers above this level were associated with a decreased survival rate.3. Antipyretic drugs were administered to half the rabbits. The drugs were ineffective in reducing the fevers produced by injections of large doses of bacteria. Rabbits infused with antipyretics had a decreased mortality rate. The decreased mortality rate may be due to some action of the drugs other than their antipyretic effect.4. In vitro growth of P. multocida at normal (39 degrees C) and febrile (42 degrees C) temperatures was not significantly different. This suggests that the increased survival rate associated with higher fevers was not due to a direct inhibition of the growth of the bacteria by the increased temperature. It may be due to an enhancement of some aspect of the rabbits' immunological defences.5. It remains to be determined whether fever causes a higher survival rate or whether fever is only correlated with survival rate.", "contents": "Fever and survival in rabbits infected with Pasteurella multocida. 1. Fever and survival rate of New Zealand white rabbits, injected with two doses of live Pasteurella multocida, were compared to determine if the relation between fever and survival observed in reptiles is also seen in a mammal. Since it is known that fever is beneficial in infected reptiles, our experiments were viewed as an initial step in the investigation of a similar potentially beneficial effect in mammals.2. There was a statistically significant correlation between the fever magnitude and survival. As fever increased up to 2.25 degrees C, the survival rate increased. Fevers above this level were associated with a decreased survival rate.3. Antipyretic drugs were administered to half the rabbits. The drugs were ineffective in reducing the fevers produced by injections of large doses of bacteria. Rabbits infused with antipyretics had a decreased mortality rate. The decreased mortality rate may be due to some action of the drugs other than their antipyretic effect.4. In vitro growth of P. multocida at normal (39 degrees C) and febrile (42 degrees C) temperatures was not significantly different. This suggests that the increased survival rate associated with higher fevers was not due to a direct inhibition of the growth of the bacteria by the increased temperature. It may be due to an enhancement of some aspect of the rabbits' immunological defences.5. It remains to be determined whether fever causes a higher survival rate or whether fever is only correlated with survival rate.", "PMID": 309939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2313", "title": "T-tubule swelling in hypertonic solutions: a freeze substitution study.", "content": "Striated muscles from Rana pipiens have been exposed for variable periods of time to Ringer solutions made hypertonic by addition of either sucrose or sodium chloride. The muscles have been rapid-frozen and then prepared for electron microscopy by either freeze-substitution, freeze-fracture or cryoultramicrotomy. The only compartment greatly affected by hypertonicity is the transverse tubular system, which is visibly swollen. None of the elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum increase in size.", "contents": "T-tubule swelling in hypertonic solutions: a freeze substitution study. Striated muscles from Rana pipiens have been exposed for variable periods of time to Ringer solutions made hypertonic by addition of either sucrose or sodium chloride. The muscles have been rapid-frozen and then prepared for electron microscopy by either freeze-substitution, freeze-fracture or cryoultramicrotomy. The only compartment greatly affected by hypertonicity is the transverse tubular system, which is visibly swollen. None of the elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum increase in size.", "PMID": 309940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2314", "title": "Inward calcium current in twitch muscle fibres of the frog.", "content": "1. Voltage clamp experiments using the three micro-electrode voltage clamp technique were performed on sartorius muscles of the frog. 2. By blocking potassium currents with tetraethylammonium and replacing chloride ions with sulphate a slow inward current was detected. 3. The slow inward current is mainly carried by calcium, since it is abolished by cobalt and D-600, it depends on external calcium, and is not affected by removing external sodium or by tetrodotoxin (TTX). 4. The slow inward current has a mean threshold of -40 mV, reaches a mean maximum value at ca. 0 mV of 81 microamperemetercm-2 and has a mean reversal potential of +38 mV. 5. The calcium current is inactivated by the application of 2 sec conditioning prepulses according to a sigmoid curve with V(h) = -42 mV and k = 6.2 mV. 6. The slow time course of this calcium current makes it rather unlikely that it participates in contraction during a twitch, but it might be activated during long depolarizations as potassium contractures.", "contents": "Inward calcium current in twitch muscle fibres of the frog. 1. Voltage clamp experiments using the three micro-electrode voltage clamp technique were performed on sartorius muscles of the frog. 2. By blocking potassium currents with tetraethylammonium and replacing chloride ions with sulphate a slow inward current was detected. 3. The slow inward current is mainly carried by calcium, since it is abolished by cobalt and D-600, it depends on external calcium, and is not affected by removing external sodium or by tetrodotoxin (TTX). 4. The slow inward current has a mean threshold of -40 mV, reaches a mean maximum value at ca. 0 mV of 81 microamperemetercm-2 and has a mean reversal potential of +38 mV. 5. The calcium current is inactivated by the application of 2 sec conditioning prepulses according to a sigmoid curve with V(h) = -42 mV and k = 6.2 mV. 6. The slow time course of this calcium current makes it rather unlikely that it participates in contraction during a twitch, but it might be activated during long depolarizations as potassium contractures.", "PMID": 309941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2315", "title": "An analysis of the cable properties of frog ventricular myocardium.", "content": "1. The passive and active electrical parameters of frog ventricular myocardium have been measured. 2. The cytoplasmic resistivity has been determined by following changes in the resistance of a micro-electrode on penetration of a cell. 3. Unidimensional cable analysis using direct and alternating currents revealed the presence of a single time constant attributed to the surface membrane. 4. Longitudinal impedance measurements indicate that a second time constant is present in the intracellular pathway. 5. The results indicate that the resistance between cells is low so that action potentials can propagate from cell to cell by local circuits. 6. A three-dimensional cable analysis has also been carried out and compared to a simplified mathematical model which is presented in an Appendix and which closely approximates the experimental situation.", "contents": "An analysis of the cable properties of frog ventricular myocardium. 1. The passive and active electrical parameters of frog ventricular myocardium have been measured. 2. The cytoplasmic resistivity has been determined by following changes in the resistance of a micro-electrode on penetration of a cell. 3. Unidimensional cable analysis using direct and alternating currents revealed the presence of a single time constant attributed to the surface membrane. 4. Longitudinal impedance measurements indicate that a second time constant is present in the intracellular pathway. 5. The results indicate that the resistance between cells is low so that action potentials can propagate from cell to cell by local circuits. 6. A three-dimensional cable analysis has also been carried out and compared to a simplified mathematical model which is presented in an Appendix and which closely approximates the experimental situation.", "PMID": 309942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2316", "title": "A comparison of current-voltage relations for full and partial agonists.", "content": "1. Local conductance changes produced by various bath-applied agonists at frog end-plate membrane were measured using focal recording of extracellular potential in voltage-clamped muscle fibres. The potential difference between a focal micropipette placed on the nerve terminal and another micro-pipette placed on or near inactive membrane was taken as proportional to the agonist-induced current through a small patch of an end-plate membrane. 2. The current-voltage (I--V) relation of active membrane was obtained directly by increasing the membrane potential in a ramp fashion. The change in membrane potential was slow enough for post-synaptic gating processes to reach equilibrium during the ramp. 3. During application of sufficiently low concentrations of full agonists (carbachol, (ACh) and partial agonists (choline and decamethonium) the I--V relation of end-plate membrane showed strong curvature in the range of -60 to -130 mV. The slope of I--V relations increased exponentially with membrane hyperpolarization, an e-fold change in conductance occurring for about 50 mV potential shift. 4. The curvature of the I--V relation of end-plate-membrane activated by the partial agonists choline and decamethonium became less as the agonist concentration was increased, and with high concentrations (choline 15 mM; decamethonium 250 micrometer) the I--V relation became almost straight. 5. When end-plate currents produced by high concentrations of partial agonists were matched by application of equi-active concentrations of carbachol, the carbachol-activated membrane still showed as much curvature in its I--V relation as when low concentrations of carbachol were used. 6. Choline and decamethonium concentrations for which the I--V relation was straight produced much greater depression of miniature end-plate currents than did carbachol concentrations which produced the same membrane current at the holding potential. 7. I--V relations for full agonists at high concentrations were obtained after alpha-bungarotoxin pre-treatment. During application of carbachol (400--500 micrometer) and ACh (30--40 micrometer; after complete inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity) the I--V relation of end-plate membrane is much less curved than during application of low concentrations. 8. It is concluded that either the voltage sensitivity of agonist-induced end-plate conductance reflects voltage sensitivity of agonist binding, or the partial agonists used can exert a voltage-dependent 'local anaesthetic' action in addition to their agonist activity.", "contents": "A comparison of current-voltage relations for full and partial agonists. 1. Local conductance changes produced by various bath-applied agonists at frog end-plate membrane were measured using focal recording of extracellular potential in voltage-clamped muscle fibres. The potential difference between a focal micropipette placed on the nerve terminal and another micro-pipette placed on or near inactive membrane was taken as proportional to the agonist-induced current through a small patch of an end-plate membrane. 2. The current-voltage (I--V) relation of active membrane was obtained directly by increasing the membrane potential in a ramp fashion. The change in membrane potential was slow enough for post-synaptic gating processes to reach equilibrium during the ramp. 3. During application of sufficiently low concentrations of full agonists (carbachol, (ACh) and partial agonists (choline and decamethonium) the I--V relation of end-plate membrane showed strong curvature in the range of -60 to -130 mV. The slope of I--V relations increased exponentially with membrane hyperpolarization, an e-fold change in conductance occurring for about 50 mV potential shift. 4. The curvature of the I--V relation of end-plate-membrane activated by the partial agonists choline and decamethonium became less as the agonist concentration was increased, and with high concentrations (choline 15 mM; decamethonium 250 micrometer) the I--V relation became almost straight. 5. When end-plate currents produced by high concentrations of partial agonists were matched by application of equi-active concentrations of carbachol, the carbachol-activated membrane still showed as much curvature in its I--V relation as when low concentrations of carbachol were used. 6. Choline and decamethonium concentrations for which the I--V relation was straight produced much greater depression of miniature end-plate currents than did carbachol concentrations which produced the same membrane current at the holding potential. 7. I--V relations for full agonists at high concentrations were obtained after alpha-bungarotoxin pre-treatment. During application of carbachol (400--500 micrometer) and ACh (30--40 micrometer; after complete inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity) the I--V relation of end-plate membrane is much less curved than during application of low concentrations. 8. It is concluded that either the voltage sensitivity of agonist-induced end-plate conductance reflects voltage sensitivity of agonist binding, or the partial agonists used can exert a voltage-dependent 'local anaesthetic' action in addition to their agonist activity.", "PMID": 309943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2317", "title": "The effect of vasectomy on the testes of inbred Lewis rats.", "content": "By 3 months after surgery, testicular weights were 12-14% below control values in a large series of vasectomized rats of the inbred Lewis strain. Testicular sperm concentrations in the vasectomized rats were 25-29% below those in the sham-operated animals. Although modest in magnitude, these differences were highly significant (P less than 0.001). Histometric analysis of testes from a smaller series of vasectomized Lewis rats revealed various proportions of abnormal seminiferous tubules. The degenerative changes included reduction in tubule diameter, fusion of spermatids, and depletion of advanced germinal elements. In the most severely affected tubules, leakiness of the blood-testis barrier was indicated by penetration of lanthanum through Sertoli-cell tight junctions.", "contents": "The effect of vasectomy on the testes of inbred Lewis rats. By 3 months after surgery, testicular weights were 12-14% below control values in a large series of vasectomized rats of the inbred Lewis strain. Testicular sperm concentrations in the vasectomized rats were 25-29% below those in the sham-operated animals. Although modest in magnitude, these differences were highly significant (P less than 0.001). Histometric analysis of testes from a smaller series of vasectomized Lewis rats revealed various proportions of abnormal seminiferous tubules. The degenerative changes included reduction in tubule diameter, fusion of spermatids, and depletion of advanced germinal elements. In the most severely affected tubules, leakiness of the blood-testis barrier was indicated by penetration of lanthanum through Sertoli-cell tight junctions.", "PMID": 309945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2318", "title": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenzo[b,e]thiepinalkanoic acids and related compounds.", "content": "Acetic acid derivatives of tricyclic systems, such as 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenzo[b,e]thiepin, 4,10-dihydro-4-oxo-thieno[2,3-c][1]benzothiepin, dibenzo[b,f]thiepin, dibenz[b,f]oxepin, etc., were synthesized and assayed for antiinflammatory activity. One of the compounds, 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenzo[b,e]thiepin-3-acetic acid (52), was chosen for evaluation in man on the basis of high antiinflammatory activity in both short- and long-term animal assays and a low gastric irritation liability in rats and dogs.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenzo[b,e]thiepinalkanoic acids and related compounds. Acetic acid derivatives of tricyclic systems, such as 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenzo[b,e]thiepin, 4,10-dihydro-4-oxo-thieno[2,3-c][1]benzothiepin, dibenzo[b,f]thiepin, dibenz[b,f]oxepin, etc., were synthesized and assayed for antiinflammatory activity. One of the compounds, 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenzo[b,e]thiepin-3-acetic acid (52), was chosen for evaluation in man on the basis of high antiinflammatory activity in both short- and long-term animal assays and a low gastric irritation liability in rats and dogs.", "PMID": 309946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2319", "title": "Novel analgesic-antiinflammatory salicylates.", "content": "5-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)salicylic acid, diflunisal (25), is the best compound, in terms of both efficacy and safety, from over 500 salicylates investigated in our laboratories. It is a chemically distinct, nonacetylating salicylic acid, more active than aspirin as an analgesic and antiinflammatory agent and superior in duration of action and therapeutic index. Some recent clinical and biochemical observations are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Novel analgesic-antiinflammatory salicylates. 5-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)salicylic acid, diflunisal (25), is the best compound, in terms of both efficacy and safety, from over 500 salicylates investigated in our laboratories. It is a chemically distinct, nonacetylating salicylic acid, more active than aspirin as an analgesic and antiinflammatory agent and superior in duration of action and therapeutic index. Some recent clinical and biochemical observations are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 309947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2320", "title": "Synthesis and analgesic-antiinflammatory activity of some 4- and 5-substituted heteroarylsalicylic acids.", "content": "We have made a series of 4- and 5-aryl- and 4- and 5-heteroarylsalicylic acid derivatives with the objective of reducing gastric irritation and increasing potency. Here we describe a series of 4- and 5-heterocyclic salicylic acids and their antiinflammatory-analgesic potencies measured in comparison to aspirin. An improvement of the therapeutic index over aspirin of 100 was achieved; however, the heterocyclic salicylic acids lacked antipyretic activity. Some physicochemical parameters which may bear on the antiinflammatory activity of these compounds are discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and analgesic-antiinflammatory activity of some 4- and 5-substituted heteroarylsalicylic acids. We have made a series of 4- and 5-aryl- and 4- and 5-heteroarylsalicylic acid derivatives with the objective of reducing gastric irritation and increasing potency. Here we describe a series of 4- and 5-heterocyclic salicylic acids and their antiinflammatory-analgesic potencies measured in comparison to aspirin. An improvement of the therapeutic index over aspirin of 100 was achieved; however, the heterocyclic salicylic acids lacked antipyretic activity. Some physicochemical parameters which may bear on the antiinflammatory activity of these compounds are discussed.", "PMID": 309948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2321", "title": "Antiinflammatory and analgesic diastereoisomeric derivatives of indan-5-acetic acid.", "content": "Various 2-alkyl-alpha-methyl- and 2-alkylindan-5-acetic acids have been prepared. The acids, which can exist in two diastereoisomeric forms that cannot be separated by crystallization or chromatography, can be analyzed in their mixture by NMR in the presence of Eu(dpm)3. It has been possible to reconstitute the two pure racemic 2-isopropyl-alpha-methylindan-5-acetic acids from their enantiomers obtained after resolution of the mixtures through salts with various active bases. The relative configuration of the two asymmetric centers of one of the diastereoisomers salts with various active bases. The relative configuration of the two asymmetric centers of one of the diastereoisomers has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The absolute configurations of the resolved acids have been established by a comparative study of their CD curves. The antiinflammatory and analgesic properties of these compounds as functions of their structure and stereochemistry are discussed.", "contents": "Antiinflammatory and analgesic diastereoisomeric derivatives of indan-5-acetic acid. Various 2-alkyl-alpha-methyl- and 2-alkylindan-5-acetic acids have been prepared. The acids, which can exist in two diastereoisomeric forms that cannot be separated by crystallization or chromatography, can be analyzed in their mixture by NMR in the presence of Eu(dpm)3. It has been possible to reconstitute the two pure racemic 2-isopropyl-alpha-methylindan-5-acetic acids from their enantiomers obtained after resolution of the mixtures through salts with various active bases. The relative configuration of the two asymmetric centers of one of the diastereoisomers salts with various active bases. The relative configuration of the two asymmetric centers of one of the diastereoisomers has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The absolute configurations of the resolved acids have been established by a comparative study of their CD curves. The antiinflammatory and analgesic properties of these compounds as functions of their structure and stereochemistry are discussed.", "PMID": 309949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2322", "title": "Synthesis and analgesic activity of 1,3-dihydro-3-(substituted phenyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ones and 3-(substituted phenyl)-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines.", "content": "In a study of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory and analgesic agents, a series of 1,3-dihydro-3-(substituted phenyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ones-and 3-(substituted phenyl)triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines was prepared. Many of the imidazolones were alkylated on the free nitrogen. In a modified Randall-Selitto analgesic assay, the pain thresholds of both the inflamed and normal foot were elevated. This is not commonly observed with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. The most active compounds were 1,3-dihydro-3[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one (I-15) and its N-allyl (I-21) and N-isopropyl (I-121) derivatives. In the triazole series the 3-(2-fluoro- and 2,4-difluorophenyl)triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines (T-1 and T-8) were the best. The imidazole compounds were somewhat superior in analgesic activity to codeine and d-propoxyphene without showing any narcotic characteristics. Some of the compounds also possessed activity against carrageenan-induced foot edema in the rat, so these compounds represent a new class of nonnarcotic analgesic antiinflammatories, capable of producing a greater degree of analgesia than that obtainable with other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents.", "contents": "Synthesis and analgesic activity of 1,3-dihydro-3-(substituted phenyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ones and 3-(substituted phenyl)-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines. In a study of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory and analgesic agents, a series of 1,3-dihydro-3-(substituted phenyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ones-and 3-(substituted phenyl)triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines was prepared. Many of the imidazolones were alkylated on the free nitrogen. In a modified Randall-Selitto analgesic assay, the pain thresholds of both the inflamed and normal foot were elevated. This is not commonly observed with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. The most active compounds were 1,3-dihydro-3[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one (I-15) and its N-allyl (I-21) and N-isopropyl (I-121) derivatives. In the triazole series the 3-(2-fluoro- and 2,4-difluorophenyl)triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines (T-1 and T-8) were the best. The imidazole compounds were somewhat superior in analgesic activity to codeine and d-propoxyphene without showing any narcotic characteristics. Some of the compounds also possessed activity against carrageenan-induced foot edema in the rat, so these compounds represent a new class of nonnarcotic analgesic antiinflammatories, capable of producing a greater degree of analgesia than that obtainable with other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents.", "PMID": 309950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2323", "title": "Protease inhibitor profile of black Americans with and without chronic cardiopulmonary disease.", "content": "An epidemiologic study of protease inhibitor (alpha(1)-antitrypsin) was undertaken among 599 ambulatory and hospitalized black American patients with chronic cardiopulmonary disease referred for pulmonary function testing, and 115 ethnically matched, healthy control subjects. Clinical evaluation consisted of respiratory questionnaire completion, physical examination, chest radiograph, and spirography. Protease inhibitor evaluation consisted of measurement of serum trypsin inhibitory capacity in all subjects corrected by comparison with control sera, while 200 of these subjects were phenotyped for alpha(1)-antitrypsin electrophoretic variants.Results showed mean serum trypsin inhibitory capacity for all subjects was 1.56, SD \u00b1 0.47 mg/ml, while corrected values were 111.2, SD \u00b1 30.5 percent of control. Acute phase reactivity was present for patients with heart disease, pulmonary malignancy, p<0.01 for both, and pulmonary fibrosis, p<0.05, when compared with controls. Prevalence of protease inhibitor variants in 29 controls was two heterozygotes for the Z variant (seven percent), and one homozygote for the S variant. Among 94 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, prevalence was 1.1 percent each for ZZ and SZ phenotypes, and 2.1 percent for MZ. Suprprisingly, the sole ZZ patient had asthmatic bronchitis rather than emphysema.Computed allele frequencies for Pi M and Z were comparable to those for a random sample of black Americans in St. Louis, but differed from a sample of black infants in Brooklyn, NY.These results indicate that protease inhibitor deficiency variants are not as uncommon among black Americans as the literature suggests. Furthermore, the heterozygous state is not necessarily a risk factor in development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Protease inhibitor deficiency states therefore appear to play less important a role in etiology of chronic cardiopulmonary disease in black Americans than among their Caucasian counterparts.Preliminary work was published in abstract form.(1)", "contents": "Protease inhibitor profile of black Americans with and without chronic cardiopulmonary disease. An epidemiologic study of protease inhibitor (alpha(1)-antitrypsin) was undertaken among 599 ambulatory and hospitalized black American patients with chronic cardiopulmonary disease referred for pulmonary function testing, and 115 ethnically matched, healthy control subjects. Clinical evaluation consisted of respiratory questionnaire completion, physical examination, chest radiograph, and spirography. Protease inhibitor evaluation consisted of measurement of serum trypsin inhibitory capacity in all subjects corrected by comparison with control sera, while 200 of these subjects were phenotyped for alpha(1)-antitrypsin electrophoretic variants.Results showed mean serum trypsin inhibitory capacity for all subjects was 1.56, SD \u00b1 0.47 mg/ml, while corrected values were 111.2, SD \u00b1 30.5 percent of control. Acute phase reactivity was present for patients with heart disease, pulmonary malignancy, p<0.01 for both, and pulmonary fibrosis, p<0.05, when compared with controls. Prevalence of protease inhibitor variants in 29 controls was two heterozygotes for the Z variant (seven percent), and one homozygote for the S variant. Among 94 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, prevalence was 1.1 percent each for ZZ and SZ phenotypes, and 2.1 percent for MZ. Suprprisingly, the sole ZZ patient had asthmatic bronchitis rather than emphysema.Computed allele frequencies for Pi M and Z were comparable to those for a random sample of black Americans in St. Louis, but differed from a sample of black infants in Brooklyn, NY.These results indicate that protease inhibitor deficiency variants are not as uncommon among black Americans as the literature suggests. Furthermore, the heterozygous state is not necessarily a risk factor in development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Protease inhibitor deficiency states therefore appear to play less important a role in etiology of chronic cardiopulmonary disease in black Americans than among their Caucasian counterparts.Preliminary work was published in abstract form.(1)", "PMID": 309951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2324", "title": "Inhibitory effects of cations on the Ca2+ response of water fibers in the frog tongue.", "content": "The effects of various cations on water fibers in the frog (Rana catesbeiana) tongue were investigated. The following results were obtained. 1. Water fibers responded well to Ca2+ and Sr2+. 2. SO2-(4) did not inhibit the Ca2+ response. Cl- at high concentrations had an inhibitory effect on the response to high Ca2+ stimulation. However, when the Ca2+ concentration was low, Cl- did not induce any inhibition. Therefore, low Ca2+ stimulation (0.1 mM CaCl2) was used to examine the inhibitory effect of cation. 3. MgCl2 and MgSO4 strongly inhibited the response to low Ca2+ stimulation. The inhibition by Mg salts was not caused by anion but by Mg2+. 4. The Ca2+ response was inhibited by various cations. The order of the inhibitory effects of cations was as follows: La3+ greater than Mn2+ = Mg2+ greater than or equal to Ni2+ greater than Co2+ greater than monovalent cations (Na+, K+, NH4+ and choline+). 5. The Sr2+ response, as well as the Ca2+ response, was inhibited by Na+ and Mg2+.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of cations on the Ca2+ response of water fibers in the frog tongue. The effects of various cations on water fibers in the frog (Rana catesbeiana) tongue were investigated. The following results were obtained. 1. Water fibers responded well to Ca2+ and Sr2+. 2. SO2-(4) did not inhibit the Ca2+ response. Cl- at high concentrations had an inhibitory effect on the response to high Ca2+ stimulation. However, when the Ca2+ concentration was low, Cl- did not induce any inhibition. Therefore, low Ca2+ stimulation (0.1 mM CaCl2) was used to examine the inhibitory effect of cation. 3. MgCl2 and MgSO4 strongly inhibited the response to low Ca2+ stimulation. The inhibition by Mg salts was not caused by anion but by Mg2+. 4. The Ca2+ response was inhibited by various cations. The order of the inhibitory effects of cations was as follows: La3+ greater than Mn2+ = Mg2+ greater than or equal to Ni2+ greater than Co2+ greater than monovalent cations (Na+, K+, NH4+ and choline+). 5. The Sr2+ response, as well as the Ca2+ response, was inhibited by Na+ and Mg2+.", "PMID": 309963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2325", "title": "Retinoic acid stimulation of the induction of mouse killer T-cells in allogeneic and syngeneic systems.", "content": "The ability of retinoic acid (RA), a potent antitumor agent, to stimulate cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in mice was investigated. Low doses of RA (5-300 micrograms/mouse/day) administered ip into C57BL/6 mice for 5 days daily or for 1--3 months three times a week before immunization in vivo or in vitro with allogeneic BALB/c S194 myeloma cells led to an enhanced cytotoxic activity of their spleen effector cells. Similarly, in a syngeneic situation injection of RA into C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice before in vitro challenge with EL 4 (C57BL/6) or S194 (BALB/c) tumor cells strongly stimulated CMC. The enhanced cytotoxic activity was effected by thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) and specific for the H-2 histocompatibility antigens in the case of the allogeneic sensitization or specific for tumor antigens in the case of the syngeneic sensitization. Because RA had no effect on the effector step of CMC, RA likely enhanced the induction step of T-CMC. The action of RA was antigen-dependent, and it is therefore a true adjuvant rather than a nonspecific stimulator or polyclonal activator of cytotoxic T-cells.", "contents": "Retinoic acid stimulation of the induction of mouse killer T-cells in allogeneic and syngeneic systems. The ability of retinoic acid (RA), a potent antitumor agent, to stimulate cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in mice was investigated. Low doses of RA (5-300 micrograms/mouse/day) administered ip into C57BL/6 mice for 5 days daily or for 1--3 months three times a week before immunization in vivo or in vitro with allogeneic BALB/c S194 myeloma cells led to an enhanced cytotoxic activity of their spleen effector cells. Similarly, in a syngeneic situation injection of RA into C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice before in vitro challenge with EL 4 (C57BL/6) or S194 (BALB/c) tumor cells strongly stimulated CMC. The enhanced cytotoxic activity was effected by thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) and specific for the H-2 histocompatibility antigens in the case of the allogeneic sensitization or specific for tumor antigens in the case of the syngeneic sensitization. Because RA had no effect on the effector step of CMC, RA likely enhanced the induction step of T-CMC. The action of RA was antigen-dependent, and it is therefore a true adjuvant rather than a nonspecific stimulator or polyclonal activator of cytotoxic T-cells.", "PMID": 309967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2326", "title": "Pneumocystis pneumonia: a plague of the immunosuppressed.", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis is a diffuse bilateral alveolopathy encountered in the immunocompromised host with cancer, a congenital immune deficiency disorder, an organ transplant, severe protein-energy malnutrition or recipients of immunosuppressive therapy for other conditions. The onset is abrupt with fever and tachypnea. No rales are heard and the roentgenogram reveals a diffuse alveolar disease. Once the pneumonitis is evident, the infection is usually fatal if no treatment is given. The diagnosis is best established by the demonstration of the causative organism in specimens obtained by open lung biopsy, or other invasive methods, and stained with Gomori's methenamine silver nitrate, toluidine blue O or polychrome stains. Of the two drugs available for treatment, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is preferred over pentamidine isethionate because of relative difference in adverse effects. With either drug the recovery rate is about 75%. The infection can be prevented in high risk patients by the administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylactically.", "contents": "Pneumocystis pneumonia: a plague of the immunosuppressed. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis is a diffuse bilateral alveolopathy encountered in the immunocompromised host with cancer, a congenital immune deficiency disorder, an organ transplant, severe protein-energy malnutrition or recipients of immunosuppressive therapy for other conditions. The onset is abrupt with fever and tachypnea. No rales are heard and the roentgenogram reveals a diffuse alveolar disease. Once the pneumonitis is evident, the infection is usually fatal if no treatment is given. The diagnosis is best established by the demonstration of the causative organism in specimens obtained by open lung biopsy, or other invasive methods, and stained with Gomori's methenamine silver nitrate, toluidine blue O or polychrome stains. Of the two drugs available for treatment, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is preferred over pentamidine isethionate because of relative difference in adverse effects. With either drug the recovery rate is about 75%. The infection can be prevented in high risk patients by the administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylactically.", "PMID": 309968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2327", "title": "Mitogens for murine embryo cell lines.", "content": "The growth-promoting activities of fetal bovine serum, cortisol, phorbol myristate acetate, prostaglandin F2alpha, insulin, epidermal growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor were evaluated on four murine embryo cell lines (Swiss 3T3, Balb 3T3, M2, and C3H10T 1/2). Each cell has an unique response spectrum to this collection of reported mitogens. Phorbol myristate acetate and prostaglandin F2alpha were active only on selected cell lines; cortisol was inactive on all four lines. Serum, epidermal growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor were able to stimulate cell division in all four lines, albeit to varying degrees for the different target cells.", "contents": "Mitogens for murine embryo cell lines. The growth-promoting activities of fetal bovine serum, cortisol, phorbol myristate acetate, prostaglandin F2alpha, insulin, epidermal growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor were evaluated on four murine embryo cell lines (Swiss 3T3, Balb 3T3, M2, and C3H10T 1/2). Each cell has an unique response spectrum to this collection of reported mitogens. Phorbol myristate acetate and prostaglandin F2alpha were active only on selected cell lines; cortisol was inactive on all four lines. Serum, epidermal growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor were able to stimulate cell division in all four lines, albeit to varying degrees for the different target cells.", "PMID": 309972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2328", "title": "Regulation of hemopoietic cell differentiation and proliferation.", "content": "Differentiation and proliferation of almost all hemopoietic cell lines can now be studied in vitro. Cloning techniques and suspension cultures allow the study of proliferation of the multipotential hemopoietic progenitor cell and the committed progenitors for granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes. The proliferation of each of the committed progenitor cells is controlled by specific glycoproteins and two of these have recently been purified: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and erythropoietin. The rate of proliferation of the GM-progenitor cells and their pattern of differentiation depends on the concentration of the hormone. At low concentrations of GM-CSF (10(-11) M) fewer progenitor cells are stimulated and macrophage colonies rather than granulocyte colonies develop. The change in the direction of granulocyte-macrophage differentiation appears to be related to a) the concentration of GM- CSF and b) the different sensitivity of a subpopulation of monocyte colony-forming cells which are responsive to GM-CSF even at low concentrations of the regulator. Analysis of the rate of RNA synthesis by bone marrow cells has shown that GM-CSF stimulates the mature nondividing end cells of differentiation (ie, polymorphs) as well as the progenitor cells. Although GM-CSF and erythropoietin have been radiolabeled, binding studies have been hampered by the loss of biologic activity during the labeling procedure and the heterogeneity of the target cells to which the regulators bind. Surface proteins and receptors for erythrocytes have been well characterized but the relationships between these proteins and the cell surface proteins of nucleated blood cells is not well understood. It appears that some proteins are lost from the cell surface during the development of granulocytes, which are retained on the surface of the B lymphocyte. Other proteins such as chemotactic receptors and complement receptors only appear on the mature cells. External radiolabeling of the granulocyte surface using iodogen yielded a simple profile of 125I-labeled proteins when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Regulation of hemopoietic cell differentiation and proliferation. Differentiation and proliferation of almost all hemopoietic cell lines can now be studied in vitro. Cloning techniques and suspension cultures allow the study of proliferation of the multipotential hemopoietic progenitor cell and the committed progenitors for granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes. The proliferation of each of the committed progenitor cells is controlled by specific glycoproteins and two of these have recently been purified: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and erythropoietin. The rate of proliferation of the GM-progenitor cells and their pattern of differentiation depends on the concentration of the hormone. At low concentrations of GM-CSF (10(-11) M) fewer progenitor cells are stimulated and macrophage colonies rather than granulocyte colonies develop. The change in the direction of granulocyte-macrophage differentiation appears to be related to a) the concentration of GM- CSF and b) the different sensitivity of a subpopulation of monocyte colony-forming cells which are responsive to GM-CSF even at low concentrations of the regulator. Analysis of the rate of RNA synthesis by bone marrow cells has shown that GM-CSF stimulates the mature nondividing end cells of differentiation (ie, polymorphs) as well as the progenitor cells. Although GM-CSF and erythropoietin have been radiolabeled, binding studies have been hampered by the loss of biologic activity during the labeling procedure and the heterogeneity of the target cells to which the regulators bind. Surface proteins and receptors for erythrocytes have been well characterized but the relationships between these proteins and the cell surface proteins of nucleated blood cells is not well understood. It appears that some proteins are lost from the cell surface during the development of granulocytes, which are retained on the surface of the B lymphocyte. Other proteins such as chemotactic receptors and complement receptors only appear on the mature cells. External radiolabeling of the granulocyte surface using iodogen yielded a simple profile of 125I-labeled proteins when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 309973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2329", "title": "Selective arterialization of the coronary venous system. Encouraging long-term flow evaluation utilizing radioactive microspheres.", "content": "The long-term effectiveness of a retrograde coronary venous bypass graft (CVBG) to an ischemic left ventricle was evaluated in 18 dogs. A saphenous vein was interposed between the aorta and left anterior descending (LAD) vein. The LAD vein was ligated cephalad to the CVBG to prevent an arteriovenous fistula. The LAD artery was ligated at its origin to create anterior wall ischemia. Operative graft flow averaged 53 ml. per minute. The 14 surviving dogs were catheterized 3 to 5 months later. Ten of the 14 CVBG's were patent angiographically. The chests were opened and graft flow now averaged 50 ml. per minute. 141Ce microspheres were injected into the left atrium to measure myocardial flow to the anterior wall. In the 10 dogs with patent grafts, transmural flow was 39 +/- 1 (S.E.M.) ml. per 100 Gm. of tissue per minute. The endocardial/epicardial flow ratio was 1.4/1, indicating that retrograde venous perfusion effectively delivered blood to the subendocardium. After ligation of the CVBG, microsphere measured flow dropped to 15 +/- 1 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute. In 15 control dogs, anterior wall flow was 100 +/- 3 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute, decreasing to 13 +/- 2 ml. 45 minutes after ligation of the LAD artery and vein. None of the eight control dogs with simple ligation of the LAD artery and vein survived more than 5 days. Histologic examination of the anterior wall of the left ventricle, the area served by the CVBG's for 3 to 5 months, disclosed no evidence of venous sclerosis or thrombosis and no evidence of interstitial edema or hemorrhage. Thus a CVBG permitted long-term survival in an otherwise nonviable anatomic preparation. Moreover, restoration of flow with a CVBG was effective because it perfused all layers of the myocardium, especially the subendocardium--the crucial layer of myocardial muscle.", "contents": "Selective arterialization of the coronary venous system. Encouraging long-term flow evaluation utilizing radioactive microspheres. The long-term effectiveness of a retrograde coronary venous bypass graft (CVBG) to an ischemic left ventricle was evaluated in 18 dogs. A saphenous vein was interposed between the aorta and left anterior descending (LAD) vein. The LAD vein was ligated cephalad to the CVBG to prevent an arteriovenous fistula. The LAD artery was ligated at its origin to create anterior wall ischemia. Operative graft flow averaged 53 ml. per minute. The 14 surviving dogs were catheterized 3 to 5 months later. Ten of the 14 CVBG's were patent angiographically. The chests were opened and graft flow now averaged 50 ml. per minute. 141Ce microspheres were injected into the left atrium to measure myocardial flow to the anterior wall. In the 10 dogs with patent grafts, transmural flow was 39 +/- 1 (S.E.M.) ml. per 100 Gm. of tissue per minute. The endocardial/epicardial flow ratio was 1.4/1, indicating that retrograde venous perfusion effectively delivered blood to the subendocardium. After ligation of the CVBG, microsphere measured flow dropped to 15 +/- 1 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute. In 15 control dogs, anterior wall flow was 100 +/- 3 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute, decreasing to 13 +/- 2 ml. 45 minutes after ligation of the LAD artery and vein. None of the eight control dogs with simple ligation of the LAD artery and vein survived more than 5 days. Histologic examination of the anterior wall of the left ventricle, the area served by the CVBG's for 3 to 5 months, disclosed no evidence of venous sclerosis or thrombosis and no evidence of interstitial edema or hemorrhage. Thus a CVBG permitted long-term survival in an otherwise nonviable anatomic preparation. Moreover, restoration of flow with a CVBG was effective because it perfused all layers of the myocardium, especially the subendocardium--the crucial layer of myocardial muscle.", "PMID": 309974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2330", "title": "Regional myocardial dimensions following coronary artery bypass grafting in patients. Relationship of functional deterioration to graft occlusion.", "content": "The direct relationship between graft flow and regional midwall myocardial function has not been documented in patients. Therefore, the present study was designed to quantitate the effects of coronary artery bypass grafting on regional myocardial mechanics distal to a coronary artery obstruction. Twenty-one patients with subtotal or total occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Following completion of the aortic and coronary anastomoses, two miniature ultrasonic dimension transducers (2.5 mm. diameter) were positioned within the minor axis of the anterior left ventricular free wall and were allowed complete freedom of movement. The transducers were placed at midwall depth, and areas of clinically apparent myocardial fibrosis were not utilized as sites of implantation. During control, 30 minutes following the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass, regional myocardial dimensions, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure, arterial pressure, and heart rate were recorded with all saphenous vein grafts open and after 30 seconds of single vein graft occlusion. These measurements were repeated during atrial pacing at a rate of 128 +/- 4 beats per minute. Data are mean +/- the standard error of the mean. During control, graft occlusion resulted in a regional decrease in systolic excursion from 1.3 +/- 0.1 to 1.0 +/- 0.2 mm. (p less than 0.01), as well as a decrease in the rate of shortening from 8.7 +/- 0.2 to 6.2 +/- 1.1 mm. per second (p less than 0.05); heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure remained unchanged. Graft occlusion with atrial pacing resulted in an exaggerated decrease in both regional systolic excursion, from 1.2 +/- 0.2 to 0.6 +/- 0.2 mm. (p less than 0.01), and rate of shortening, from 9.4 +/- 1.5 to 4.4 +/- 0.2 mm. per second (p less than 0.01). For the group of patients studied, end-diastolic lengths were unchanged with graft occlusion during control and atrial pacing. Moreover, with graft occlusion, isolated patients demonstrated regional dyskinesia as evidenced by holosystolic bulging. These studies in patients have documented for the first time that, despite a constant preload, afterload, and heart rate, regional myocardial function following coronary artery bypass grafting is dependent upon adequate graft flow, especially during stress.", "contents": "Regional myocardial dimensions following coronary artery bypass grafting in patients. Relationship of functional deterioration to graft occlusion. The direct relationship between graft flow and regional midwall myocardial function has not been documented in patients. Therefore, the present study was designed to quantitate the effects of coronary artery bypass grafting on regional myocardial mechanics distal to a coronary artery obstruction. Twenty-one patients with subtotal or total occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Following completion of the aortic and coronary anastomoses, two miniature ultrasonic dimension transducers (2.5 mm. diameter) were positioned within the minor axis of the anterior left ventricular free wall and were allowed complete freedom of movement. The transducers were placed at midwall depth, and areas of clinically apparent myocardial fibrosis were not utilized as sites of implantation. During control, 30 minutes following the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass, regional myocardial dimensions, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure, arterial pressure, and heart rate were recorded with all saphenous vein grafts open and after 30 seconds of single vein graft occlusion. These measurements were repeated during atrial pacing at a rate of 128 +/- 4 beats per minute. Data are mean +/- the standard error of the mean. During control, graft occlusion resulted in a regional decrease in systolic excursion from 1.3 +/- 0.1 to 1.0 +/- 0.2 mm. (p less than 0.01), as well as a decrease in the rate of shortening from 8.7 +/- 0.2 to 6.2 +/- 1.1 mm. per second (p less than 0.05); heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure remained unchanged. Graft occlusion with atrial pacing resulted in an exaggerated decrease in both regional systolic excursion, from 1.2 +/- 0.2 to 0.6 +/- 0.2 mm. (p less than 0.01), and rate of shortening, from 9.4 +/- 1.5 to 4.4 +/- 0.2 mm. per second (p less than 0.01). For the group of patients studied, end-diastolic lengths were unchanged with graft occlusion during control and atrial pacing. Moreover, with graft occlusion, isolated patients demonstrated regional dyskinesia as evidenced by holosystolic bulging. These studies in patients have documented for the first time that, despite a constant preload, afterload, and heart rate, regional myocardial function following coronary artery bypass grafting is dependent upon adequate graft flow, especially during stress.", "PMID": 309975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2331", "title": "Left ventricular aneurysm. Preoperative risk factors and long-term postoperative results.", "content": "The results of operative treatment of postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm in 169 patients undergoing operation since 1970 are analyzed in this report. Maximum follow-up extended to 7 year (average 2.9 years). Average patient age was 56 years (range 34 to 82 years). Nearly all patients (94%) had left anterior descending coronary artery disease with anterior aneurysm formation and 73% had multivessel disease. Sixty-eight percent of patients underwent aorta-coronary bypass grafting (ACBG) and/or mitral valve replacement (MVR) concomitantly with aneurysmectomy. The over-all operative mortality rate was 17.8%. Preoperative factors that correlated significantly (p less than 0.05) with increased operative risk reflected primarily the quality of left ventricular function, and included functional classification, cardiac index, contractile function of residual myocardium not involved by aneurysm, and mitral regurgitation. Patients whose primary preoperative disability consisted of angina pectoris (42 patients) exhibited significantly higher over-all survival rates (actuarial 5 year survival 75%) than those undergoing operation because of congestive heart failure (86 patients) or ventricular tachyarrhythmias (38 patients), whose 5 year survival rates were 52 and 57%, respectively. Concomitant ACBG (+/- MVR) was associated with a higher operative mortality rate than aneurysmectomy alone (21.1 versus 10.9%), but late postoperative attrition was similar. The over-all 5 year survival rate, including operative death, was 60%, and 90% of surviving patients were in Functional Class I or II at follow-up evaluation. We conclude from this analysis that the long-term prognosis of patients with symptomatic postinfection left ventricular aneurysms, although determined importantly by preoperative left ventricular function, is enhanced by surgical treatment.", "contents": "Left ventricular aneurysm. Preoperative risk factors and long-term postoperative results. The results of operative treatment of postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm in 169 patients undergoing operation since 1970 are analyzed in this report. Maximum follow-up extended to 7 year (average 2.9 years). Average patient age was 56 years (range 34 to 82 years). Nearly all patients (94%) had left anterior descending coronary artery disease with anterior aneurysm formation and 73% had multivessel disease. Sixty-eight percent of patients underwent aorta-coronary bypass grafting (ACBG) and/or mitral valve replacement (MVR) concomitantly with aneurysmectomy. The over-all operative mortality rate was 17.8%. Preoperative factors that correlated significantly (p less than 0.05) with increased operative risk reflected primarily the quality of left ventricular function, and included functional classification, cardiac index, contractile function of residual myocardium not involved by aneurysm, and mitral regurgitation. Patients whose primary preoperative disability consisted of angina pectoris (42 patients) exhibited significantly higher over-all survival rates (actuarial 5 year survival 75%) than those undergoing operation because of congestive heart failure (86 patients) or ventricular tachyarrhythmias (38 patients), whose 5 year survival rates were 52 and 57%, respectively. Concomitant ACBG (+/- MVR) was associated with a higher operative mortality rate than aneurysmectomy alone (21.1 versus 10.9%), but late postoperative attrition was similar. The over-all 5 year survival rate, including operative death, was 60%, and 90% of surviving patients were in Functional Class I or II at follow-up evaluation. We conclude from this analysis that the long-term prognosis of patients with symptomatic postinfection left ventricular aneurysms, although determined importantly by preoperative left ventricular function, is enhanced by surgical treatment.", "PMID": 309979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2332", "title": "Regional myocardial shortening in relation to graft-reactive hyperemia and flow after coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Extent of regional shortening of myocardium in areas newly perfused by bypass grafting was determined in 56 patients by a new technique employing four to six radiopaque markers sutured in pairs to the epicardium near the coronary anastomosis. Paradoxical systolic expansion (PSE) was manifest in 16 regions (a 12% incidence) during the follow-up period, and six of these showed spontaneous remission. All cases of PSE were in the region of the left anterior descending artery. Correlation between graft flow measured during operation and regional shortening during the postoperative period revealed that the development of PSE could not be predicted from the hemodynamic measurements. In the majority of cases postoperative myocardial infarction could also be excluded as an explanation. At 1 year after operation most grafts were patent in PSE regions but collaterals, apparent preoperatively, could not be visualized. Excluding PSE, shortening fraction (ratio of shortening to maximum marker separation) for all graft regions at 1 week was 9.8%; 1 month, 12.8%; 3 months, 13.3%; and six months, 13.9%. Average graft flow was 56 ml. per minute and average reactive hyperemia was 25% with 37% of grafts showing no response. For those regions that did not develop PSE there was a positive correlation between shortening fraction and flow that became significant (null hypothesis: r = 0) when reactive hyperemia exceeded 20%. Correlation was greatest at 1 week and 1 month, but became nonsignificant at 6 months. These results are consistent with a simple interpretation of reactive hyperemia: Graft-reactive hyperemia is related to the dependence of viable tissue on the functioning of the graft.", "contents": "Regional myocardial shortening in relation to graft-reactive hyperemia and flow after coronary bypass surgery. Extent of regional shortening of myocardium in areas newly perfused by bypass grafting was determined in 56 patients by a new technique employing four to six radiopaque markers sutured in pairs to the epicardium near the coronary anastomosis. Paradoxical systolic expansion (PSE) was manifest in 16 regions (a 12% incidence) during the follow-up period, and six of these showed spontaneous remission. All cases of PSE were in the region of the left anterior descending artery. Correlation between graft flow measured during operation and regional shortening during the postoperative period revealed that the development of PSE could not be predicted from the hemodynamic measurements. In the majority of cases postoperative myocardial infarction could also be excluded as an explanation. At 1 year after operation most grafts were patent in PSE regions but collaterals, apparent preoperatively, could not be visualized. Excluding PSE, shortening fraction (ratio of shortening to maximum marker separation) for all graft regions at 1 week was 9.8%; 1 month, 12.8%; 3 months, 13.3%; and six months, 13.9%. Average graft flow was 56 ml. per minute and average reactive hyperemia was 25% with 37% of grafts showing no response. For those regions that did not develop PSE there was a positive correlation between shortening fraction and flow that became significant (null hypothesis: r = 0) when reactive hyperemia exceeded 20%. Correlation was greatest at 1 week and 1 month, but became nonsignificant at 6 months. These results are consistent with a simple interpretation of reactive hyperemia: Graft-reactive hyperemia is related to the dependence of viable tissue on the functioning of the graft.", "PMID": 309980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2333", "title": "[About rupture and lesion of the labyrinthine windows (author's transl)].", "content": "After the extensive discussion of the last published literature on the different possibilities of a lesion of the labyrinthine windows, four own cases are discussed. In case of a typical anamnesis of single patients with sudden deafness after sudden exertion or trauma prior to onset the surgical exploration is recommended. It is concluded that spontaneous labyrinthine window ruptures must be added to the etiologic factors in sudden hearing loss.", "contents": "[About rupture and lesion of the labyrinthine windows (author's transl)]. After the extensive discussion of the last published literature on the different possibilities of a lesion of the labyrinthine windows, four own cases are discussed. In case of a typical anamnesis of single patients with sudden deafness after sudden exertion or trauma prior to onset the surgical exploration is recommended. It is concluded that spontaneous labyrinthine window ruptures must be added to the etiologic factors in sudden hearing loss.", "PMID": 310011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2334", "title": "Third stage management: how important is it?", "content": "The normal physiology of the third stage of labour and the effect of oxytocics at the end of the second stage have been discussed. An assessment of the results of different policies of third stage management has been made, including a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional method versus the use of controlled cord traction. It is recommended that ergometrine (0.25 mg) be administered intravenously after delivery of the baby, and the exclusion of a second twin. Once the uterus has contracted the placenta should then be delivered by the technique of controlled cord traction.", "contents": "Third stage management: how important is it? The normal physiology of the third stage of labour and the effect of oxytocics at the end of the second stage have been discussed. An assessment of the results of different policies of third stage management has been made, including a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional method versus the use of controlled cord traction. It is recommended that ergometrine (0.25 mg) be administered intravenously after delivery of the baby, and the exclusion of a second twin. Once the uterus has contracted the placenta should then be delivered by the technique of controlled cord traction.", "PMID": 310016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2335", "title": "Clinical analysis of colour vision deficiencies with The City University test.", "content": "The City University colour vision test (CUCVT) was used for the examination of 158 subjects suffering from congenital colour vision defects (36 protanopes, 122 deutanopes) and its results were compared with that of an anomaloscope and of the panel D-15. 23% of the subjects classified as protanopes and 98% of the subjects classified as deuteranopes by means of the anomaloscope were also classified as such by means of the CUCVT, while 93% of the subjects classified as protanomalous and 90% of the subjects classified as deuteranomalous by means of the anomaloscope gave normal answers at the CUCVT. The results of the CUCVT were almost the same as with panel D-15 except protanopia. The colour spots of each plate of the CUCVT were plotted on a CIE chromaticity diagram and the results of this study are also reported.", "contents": "Clinical analysis of colour vision deficiencies with The City University test. The City University colour vision test (CUCVT) was used for the examination of 158 subjects suffering from congenital colour vision defects (36 protanopes, 122 deutanopes) and its results were compared with that of an anomaloscope and of the panel D-15. 23% of the subjects classified as protanopes and 98% of the subjects classified as deuteranopes by means of the anomaloscope were also classified as such by means of the CUCVT, while 93% of the subjects classified as protanomalous and 90% of the subjects classified as deuteranomalous by means of the anomaloscope gave normal answers at the CUCVT. The results of the CUCVT were almost the same as with panel D-15 except protanopia. The colour spots of each plate of the CUCVT were plotted on a CIE chromaticity diagram and the results of this study are also reported.", "PMID": 310022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2336", "title": "Clinical experience with the Lovibond Colour Vision Analyser. Results from the examination of normal and congenital colour-deficient subjects.", "content": "The Colour Vision Analyser was used for testing 98 persons of both sexes, aged from 10 to 70 years, and recognized as normal by means of pseudo-isochromatic plates and an anomaloscope. A drop of the saturation thresholds from yellow to green and from blue to purple was observed from the age of 40 years. The saturation thresholds from yellow to green was found lower in every age group than that from blue to purple. Congenital colour defects could be completely distinguished from normal subjects. As for the classification in types, those diagnosed as deutan by means of the anomaloscope were also diagnosed as deutan by the Analyser, however, there were, among those diagnosed as protan by the anomaloscope, some subjects who were diagnosed as deutan by the Analyser. Nearly all cases could be classified as anopia or anomaly.", "contents": "Clinical experience with the Lovibond Colour Vision Analyser. Results from the examination of normal and congenital colour-deficient subjects. The Colour Vision Analyser was used for testing 98 persons of both sexes, aged from 10 to 70 years, and recognized as normal by means of pseudo-isochromatic plates and an anomaloscope. A drop of the saturation thresholds from yellow to green and from blue to purple was observed from the age of 40 years. The saturation thresholds from yellow to green was found lower in every age group than that from blue to purple. Congenital colour defects could be completely distinguished from normal subjects. As for the classification in types, those diagnosed as deutan by means of the anomaloscope were also diagnosed as deutan by the Analyser, however, there were, among those diagnosed as protan by the anomaloscope, some subjects who were diagnosed as deutan by the Analyser. Nearly all cases could be classified as anopia or anomaly.", "PMID": 310023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2337", "title": "Temporal variations in anomaloscope equations.", "content": "Temporal variations in the value of blue/green derived from the equation: 'Blue' + 'Green' = 'Cyan' + 'Yellow', seem to be of two kinds. Those found in a cross-sectional study of 167 normal eyes in the age range 13--83 years could be attributed to progressive changes in lens absorbance. Individual cyclic variations in short-term (12 h) and long-term (11 months) longitudinal studies could not be attributed to the lens.", "contents": "Temporal variations in anomaloscope equations. Temporal variations in the value of blue/green derived from the equation: 'Blue' + 'Green' = 'Cyan' + 'Yellow', seem to be of two kinds. Those found in a cross-sectional study of 167 normal eyes in the age range 13--83 years could be attributed to progressive changes in lens absorbance. Individual cyclic variations in short-term (12 h) and long-term (11 months) longitudinal studies could not be attributed to the lens.", "PMID": 310025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2338", "title": "Flicker fusion thresholds of red-green dichromats.", "content": "Measurements of the relative energies required for critical flicker fusion (CFF) at each of 14 wavelengths were obtained in normal, protanopic, and deuteranopic observers. Normals required more energy beyond 580 nm in going from 30 to 40 flashes per second than protanopes or deuteranopes. This suggests an adaptational collapse of the red-sensitive mechanism of normals which is not present in the red cones of deuteranopes or the green cones of protanopes over the same intensity range.", "contents": "Flicker fusion thresholds of red-green dichromats. Measurements of the relative energies required for critical flicker fusion (CFF) at each of 14 wavelengths were obtained in normal, protanopic, and deuteranopic observers. Normals required more energy beyond 580 nm in going from 30 to 40 flashes per second than protanopes or deuteranopes. This suggests an adaptational collapse of the red-sensitive mechanism of normals which is not present in the red cones of deuteranopes or the green cones of protanopes over the same intensity range.", "PMID": 310031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2339", "title": "Incomplete achromatopsia in Bishnupur.", "content": "Nine males and 2 females from the Shankhabanik Community in Bishnupur, provisionally diagnosed as incomplete rod achromats by Bose, Joardar and Sukul in 1968, with 2 new similar males, were tested more fully with six colour vision tests. All had photophobia, nystagmus of fixation, extremely low visual acuity and extreme loss of colour sense with shortened red spectrum. 40 other males and 24 females, relatives of the defectives, were also tested for comparison. The provisional diagnosis was confirmed, and the hypothesis of autosomal inheritance seemed most probably true. Various details about the relatives emerged.", "contents": "Incomplete achromatopsia in Bishnupur. Nine males and 2 females from the Shankhabanik Community in Bishnupur, provisionally diagnosed as incomplete rod achromats by Bose, Joardar and Sukul in 1968, with 2 new similar males, were tested more fully with six colour vision tests. All had photophobia, nystagmus of fixation, extremely low visual acuity and extreme loss of colour sense with shortened red spectrum. 40 other males and 24 females, relatives of the defectives, were also tested for comparison. The provisional diagnosis was confirmed, and the hypothesis of autosomal inheritance seemed most probably true. Various details about the relatives emerged.", "PMID": 310037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2340", "title": "Further observations on the extramacular chromatic mechanisms.", "content": "Monochromatic targets presented at 30 degrees excentricity on orange, magenta and blue backgrouds are used. A small monochromatic light, 476 nm on orange, 551 nm on magenta and 621 nm on blue, is flashed at 3 cps-1 on the centre of the targets. The size of the targets is varied and their luminance adjusted using neutral filters until the flashing light is just not visible. This method allows the study of chromatic mechanism sensitivity and of retinal interactions (summation and inhibition). Some observations in normal as well as in pathological conditions are presented.", "contents": "Further observations on the extramacular chromatic mechanisms. Monochromatic targets presented at 30 degrees excentricity on orange, magenta and blue backgrouds are used. A small monochromatic light, 476 nm on orange, 551 nm on magenta and 621 nm on blue, is flashed at 3 cps-1 on the centre of the targets. The size of the targets is varied and their luminance adjusted using neutral filters until the flashing light is just not visible. This method allows the study of chromatic mechanism sensitivity and of retinal interactions (summation and inhibition). Some observations in normal as well as in pathological conditions are presented.", "PMID": 310042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2341", "title": "Acquired 'tritan' deficiencies in macular pathology.", "content": "14 patients with maculopathy (18 eyes affected, 10 eyes clinically normal) were examined using the HRR plates, the Farnsworth F2 (tritan) plate, the Farnsworth panel D15 test, the Nagel anomaloscope (model I) and on a 'blue-green' equation for 2 degrees and 11 degrees fields on the Moreland anomaloscope. The correlation of tritan-like responses to each test and the differences between the 2 degrees and 11 degrees equations are discussed.", "contents": "Acquired 'tritan' deficiencies in macular pathology. 14 patients with maculopathy (18 eyes affected, 10 eyes clinically normal) were examined using the HRR plates, the Farnsworth F2 (tritan) plate, the Farnsworth panel D15 test, the Nagel anomaloscope (model I) and on a 'blue-green' equation for 2 degrees and 11 degrees fields on the Moreland anomaloscope. The correlation of tritan-like responses to each test and the differences between the 2 degrees and 11 degrees equations are discussed.", "PMID": 310044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2342", "title": "Color matching and Stiles-Crawford effect in central serous choroidopathy.", "content": "Color matching and Stiles-Crawford effect measurement were performed in 3 patients with central serous choroidopathy, 2 normal and 1 deuteranomalous trichromats. The color matches in the affected eye of each patient were displaced to red and could be explained by the hypothesis that the visual photopigments are in reduced optical density due to receptor disorientation caused by serous elevation of the sensory retina. The Stiles-Crawford effects of the affected eyes was abnormal confirming the hypothesis of receptor disorientation. The type III color defect accompanied by pseudo-protanomaly ascribable to receptor disorientation as occurs in central serous choroidopathy may be differentiated from the type III defect without pseudo-protanomaly.", "contents": "Color matching and Stiles-Crawford effect in central serous choroidopathy. Color matching and Stiles-Crawford effect measurement were performed in 3 patients with central serous choroidopathy, 2 normal and 1 deuteranomalous trichromats. The color matches in the affected eye of each patient were displaced to red and could be explained by the hypothesis that the visual photopigments are in reduced optical density due to receptor disorientation caused by serous elevation of the sensory retina. The Stiles-Crawford effects of the affected eyes was abnormal confirming the hypothesis of receptor disorientation. The type III color defect accompanied by pseudo-protanomaly ascribable to receptor disorientation as occurs in central serous choroidopathy may be differentiated from the type III defect without pseudo-protanomaly.", "PMID": 310046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2343", "title": "Electroretinography as a diagnostic test in colour vision deficiencies.", "content": "Colour vision defects were studied with an adapto-electroretinogram and with computer of average transients. ERG abnormalities were observed in achromatopsia, protanopia and protanomaly, which in deuteranopia and deuteranomaly the ERG was normal.", "contents": "Electroretinography as a diagnostic test in colour vision deficiencies. Colour vision defects were studied with an adapto-electroretinogram and with computer of average transients. ERG abnormalities were observed in achromatopsia, protanopia and protanomaly, which in deuteranopia and deuteranomaly the ERG was normal.", "PMID": 310047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2344", "title": "Diabetic retinopathy and colour discrimination under various illuminants.", "content": "25 patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy, examined with the aid of 100-hue test, show an acquired tritan-like deficiency. Colour discrimination impairment is found to run parallel to visual acuity deterioration. When tested under illumination produced by an Hg source, relatively poor of energy in the short wavelength range, an improvement in colour discrimination (decrease in total score) compared to C illumination is found.", "contents": "Diabetic retinopathy and colour discrimination under various illuminants. 25 patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy, examined with the aid of 100-hue test, show an acquired tritan-like deficiency. Colour discrimination impairment is found to run parallel to visual acuity deterioration. When tested under illumination produced by an Hg source, relatively poor of energy in the short wavelength range, an improvement in colour discrimination (decrease in total score) compared to C illumination is found.", "PMID": 310050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2345", "title": "Psychophysical flicker thresholds and ERG flicker responses in congenital and acquired vision deficiencies.", "content": "Psychophysical flicker thresholds and ERG flicker responses were compared with Farnsworth's 100-hue colour test data in cases of congenital and acquired vision deficiences. The results, evaluated in term of sensitivity and specificity lead to some practical and theoretical suggestions. In most cases, flicker responses and colour tests results were better than other classical tests for evaluating the first signs or gravity importance of a macular disturbance. Relatively minor differences between the 3 tests may be related to the observed or supposed extension of lesion in the macular area, but in some cases the observed functional changes can be understood only by admitting some lateral effect from one area to another. Generally acquired colour differences are associated with flicker response changes. In congenital red-green blindness of different gravity, moderate abnormal white light flicker responses could be observed. But they do not seem to be associated clearly with a type and gravity of the deficiency. With coloured stimuli, the difference between normal and red-green colour-blindness is more clear-cut, and red-blind can be discriminated from green-blind. Subclinical retinal pathology as well as specific stimulus conditions in normal and red-green colour-blind subjects reveal some non-linear processes in the low-frequency range of the temporal attenuation characteristics.", "contents": "Psychophysical flicker thresholds and ERG flicker responses in congenital and acquired vision deficiencies. Psychophysical flicker thresholds and ERG flicker responses were compared with Farnsworth's 100-hue colour test data in cases of congenital and acquired vision deficiences. The results, evaluated in term of sensitivity and specificity lead to some practical and theoretical suggestions. In most cases, flicker responses and colour tests results were better than other classical tests for evaluating the first signs or gravity importance of a macular disturbance. Relatively minor differences between the 3 tests may be related to the observed or supposed extension of lesion in the macular area, but in some cases the observed functional changes can be understood only by admitting some lateral effect from one area to another. Generally acquired colour differences are associated with flicker response changes. In congenital red-green blindness of different gravity, moderate abnormal white light flicker responses could be observed. But they do not seem to be associated clearly with a type and gravity of the deficiency. With coloured stimuli, the difference between normal and red-green colour-blindness is more clear-cut, and red-blind can be discriminated from green-blind. Subclinical retinal pathology as well as specific stimulus conditions in normal and red-green colour-blind subjects reveal some non-linear processes in the low-frequency range of the temporal attenuation characteristics.", "PMID": 310055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2346", "title": "Central representation of colour vision deduced from studies on a subject with a central colour vision defect.", "content": "M.W.'s grossly defective responses to red light stimuli are caused by an abnormality of central vision which is highly specific in its action. The abnormal activity does not affect stereoscopic function and only partially modifies the parametric characteristics of the contrast threshold elevation effect. These experimental observations lend support to the concept of parallel processing of different attributes of the visual stimulus, possibly by different cortical areas. We suggest that understanding of central visual processes could be facilitated by further studies on subjects with malfunction of the visual cortex.", "contents": "Central representation of colour vision deduced from studies on a subject with a central colour vision defect. M.W.'s grossly defective responses to red light stimuli are caused by an abnormality of central vision which is highly specific in its action. The abnormal activity does not affect stereoscopic function and only partially modifies the parametric characteristics of the contrast threshold elevation effect. These experimental observations lend support to the concept of parallel processing of different attributes of the visual stimulus, possibly by different cortical areas. We suggest that understanding of central visual processes could be facilitated by further studies on subjects with malfunction of the visual cortex.", "PMID": 310058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2347", "title": "[Differential diagnosis between third-ventricle neoplasms and tumors of the posterior fossa based on clinical manifestations and results of contrast radiograms of the brain].", "content": "Differential diagnosis in the material was based on the neurological and radiological findings made in 45 patients with third-ventricle tumours and 133 with subtentorial tumours. No clinical syndrome has been found which could help in reliable diagnosis concerning either of these locations of the tumour. Of decisive significance for the correct localization of tumours was ventriculography which established the diagnosis in 42 cases of third-ventricle tumours and 103 cases of subtentorial tumours. The most difficult problem was recognition of the relation of the subtentorial tumours to the brain stem since this relation could not be indicated unequivocally neither by clinical findings nor by radiological examination. This required surgical revision of the posterior fossa in most cases with suspected brain stem tumours.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis between third-ventricle neoplasms and tumors of the posterior fossa based on clinical manifestations and results of contrast radiograms of the brain]. Differential diagnosis in the material was based on the neurological and radiological findings made in 45 patients with third-ventricle tumours and 133 with subtentorial tumours. No clinical syndrome has been found which could help in reliable diagnosis concerning either of these locations of the tumour. Of decisive significance for the correct localization of tumours was ventriculography which established the diagnosis in 42 cases of third-ventricle tumours and 103 cases of subtentorial tumours. The most difficult problem was recognition of the relation of the subtentorial tumours to the brain stem since this relation could not be indicated unequivocally neither by clinical findings nor by radiological examination. This required surgical revision of the posterior fossa in most cases with suspected brain stem tumours.", "PMID": 310080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2348", "title": "[Intraventricular extravasation of contrast media through ruptured intracranial aneurysm--report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Extravasation of contrast media through ruptured intracranial aneurysm has been reported as an unusual case. Among the reported cases, a ventricular opacification is very rare, and in such cases, the prognosis is worst. In this paper, two cases with an aneurysm bleeding into the ventricular system were reported. Case 1. A 37-year-old woman was admitted because of severe headache and disturbance of consciousness. On admission, she was deeply comatose with decerebrate rigidity. Carotid angiogram taken 2 hours and 30 minutes after the attack revealed an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery and an extravasation of contrast media into the lateral ventricle. Although a continuous ventricular drainage was instituted immediately, the patient died after five days. Case 2. A 33-year-old man suddenly developed severe headache with subsequent loss of consciousness. Two hours after the onset, the patient was admitted in comatose state. Angiography taken 3 hours after the attack demonstrated an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. The posterior horns of the lateral ventricles were opacificated. The patient died after 24 hours. In case 1, it was interesting that a remarkable stenosis of the cisternal portion of the internal carotid artery was demonstrated at the 2nd carotid angiography (lateral view), but the third carotid angiography taken after the continuous ventricular drainage showed a complete recovery from the stenosis. This stenosis was supposed to be caused by a compression of the internal carotid artery against the interclinoid ligamentum. Moreover, a rapid enlargement of the aneurysm was noticed by repeated angiography.", "contents": "[Intraventricular extravasation of contrast media through ruptured intracranial aneurysm--report of two cases (author's transl)]. Extravasation of contrast media through ruptured intracranial aneurysm has been reported as an unusual case. Among the reported cases, a ventricular opacification is very rare, and in such cases, the prognosis is worst. In this paper, two cases with an aneurysm bleeding into the ventricular system were reported. Case 1. A 37-year-old woman was admitted because of severe headache and disturbance of consciousness. On admission, she was deeply comatose with decerebrate rigidity. Carotid angiogram taken 2 hours and 30 minutes after the attack revealed an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery and an extravasation of contrast media into the lateral ventricle. Although a continuous ventricular drainage was instituted immediately, the patient died after five days. Case 2. A 33-year-old man suddenly developed severe headache with subsequent loss of consciousness. Two hours after the onset, the patient was admitted in comatose state. Angiography taken 3 hours after the attack demonstrated an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. The posterior horns of the lateral ventricles were opacificated. The patient died after 24 hours. In case 1, it was interesting that a remarkable stenosis of the cisternal portion of the internal carotid artery was demonstrated at the 2nd carotid angiography (lateral view), but the third carotid angiography taken after the continuous ventricular drainage showed a complete recovery from the stenosis. This stenosis was supposed to be caused by a compression of the internal carotid artery against the interclinoid ligamentum. Moreover, a rapid enlargement of the aneurysm was noticed by repeated angiography.", "PMID": 310082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2349", "title": "[Giant basilar aneurysm--a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a giant aneurysm arising from the basilar artery is presented. The patient a 41--year-old female, had recent memory disturbance, miscalculations and hemiparesis on admission. Vertebral angiograms displayed a giant aneurysm measuring approximately 66 mm in diameter arising from the basilar artery, a tortuous vertebral artery, an extremely dilated basilar artery and an agenesis of the left carotid artery. Due to the enormous size of the aneurysm and its location in the deep intracranial portion, radical surgery was abandoned. Six months following her discharge, she died. At autopsy, the giant aneurysm arising from the top of the basilar artery was found, existing just beneath the third ventricle and extending to the left basal ganglia. The lateral ventricle, the third ventricle and the Sylvian fissure were filled by hematoma resulting from the rupture of the aneurysm. It is possible that this giant aneurysm could be considered a vascular anomaly, and hence be distinguished from saccular aneurysms.", "contents": "[Giant basilar aneurysm--a case report (author's transl)]. A case of a giant aneurysm arising from the basilar artery is presented. The patient a 41--year-old female, had recent memory disturbance, miscalculations and hemiparesis on admission. Vertebral angiograms displayed a giant aneurysm measuring approximately 66 mm in diameter arising from the basilar artery, a tortuous vertebral artery, an extremely dilated basilar artery and an agenesis of the left carotid artery. Due to the enormous size of the aneurysm and its location in the deep intracranial portion, radical surgery was abandoned. Six months following her discharge, she died. At autopsy, the giant aneurysm arising from the top of the basilar artery was found, existing just beneath the third ventricle and extending to the left basal ganglia. The lateral ventricle, the third ventricle and the Sylvian fissure were filled by hematoma resulting from the rupture of the aneurysm. It is possible that this giant aneurysm could be considered a vascular anomaly, and hence be distinguished from saccular aneurysms.", "PMID": 310083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2350", "title": "How should one investigate the posterior fossa?", "content": "The case notes of 170 consecutive patients with a suggestive clinical history, or a proven final diagnosis of a posterior fossa lesion have been analyzed in order to determine the precise value of each radiological investigation. All had had CT scans. The patients have been grouped clinically according to their presenting signs and symptoms. The analysis suggests some well-defined regimes of investigation and indicates the successes and failures of radiology.", "contents": "How should one investigate the posterior fossa? The case notes of 170 consecutive patients with a suggestive clinical history, or a proven final diagnosis of a posterior fossa lesion have been analyzed in order to determine the precise value of each radiological investigation. All had had CT scans. The patients have been grouped clinically according to their presenting signs and symptoms. The analysis suggests some well-defined regimes of investigation and indicates the successes and failures of radiology.", "PMID": 310085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2351", "title": "Computed tomography for small acoustic neuromas.", "content": "The minimal size of acoustic neuromas detectable by computered tomography (CT) is, according to the available literature, 1.5 to 2 cm. The new otoneurosurgical technic using the transtemporal and translabyrinthine approach necessitates an early diagnosis of neuromas protruding 1 cm or less into the cerebellopontine angle cistern. This seemed impossible with the available CT equipment. Eight proven acoustic neuromas 1 cm or less in diameter, detected with CT, are reported. Diagnostic criteria are elaborated. The study shows that small cerebellopontine angle tumors can be detected by use of CT machines of the newer generation which perform scanning with thin and overlapping slices.", "contents": "Computed tomography for small acoustic neuromas. The minimal size of acoustic neuromas detectable by computered tomography (CT) is, according to the available literature, 1.5 to 2 cm. The new otoneurosurgical technic using the transtemporal and translabyrinthine approach necessitates an early diagnosis of neuromas protruding 1 cm or less into the cerebellopontine angle cistern. This seemed impossible with the available CT equipment. Eight proven acoustic neuromas 1 cm or less in diameter, detected with CT, are reported. Diagnostic criteria are elaborated. The study shows that small cerebellopontine angle tumors can be detected by use of CT machines of the newer generation which perform scanning with thin and overlapping slices.", "PMID": 310086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2352", "title": "[Therapeutic efficacy and tolerance of a new drug, sodium diclofenac, in inflammatory and metabolic rheumatism].", "content": "A new antirheumatic, non-steroid drug, sodium diclofenac (Voltaren Geigy) has been experimented in 14 patients aged between 27 and 69 hospitalized at the IInd Medical Division of Enna Hospital. The patients were divided into three groups suffering from: rheumatoid arthritis, scapulohumeral periarthritis, uratic arthritis, and rheumatic carditis in active phase. In almost all treated cases, the drug proved to have good therapeutic effectiveness demonstrated by complete remission or attenuation of clinical symptomatology and by the return to normal or reduction in the various modified biohumoral indices; in all cases treated, good tolerance, absolute lack of side-effects and toxicity. Special attention has been paid to study of possible changes to gastric mucosa by means of careful evaluation of endoscopic and histological findings.", "contents": "[Therapeutic efficacy and tolerance of a new drug, sodium diclofenac, in inflammatory and metabolic rheumatism]. A new antirheumatic, non-steroid drug, sodium diclofenac (Voltaren Geigy) has been experimented in 14 patients aged between 27 and 69 hospitalized at the IInd Medical Division of Enna Hospital. The patients were divided into three groups suffering from: rheumatoid arthritis, scapulohumeral periarthritis, uratic arthritis, and rheumatic carditis in active phase. In almost all treated cases, the drug proved to have good therapeutic effectiveness demonstrated by complete remission or attenuation of clinical symptomatology and by the return to normal or reduction in the various modified biohumoral indices; in all cases treated, good tolerance, absolute lack of side-effects and toxicity. Special attention has been paid to study of possible changes to gastric mucosa by means of careful evaluation of endoscopic and histological findings.", "PMID": 310087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2353", "title": "[Results of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy by means of the microsphere technique is a valuable method for detecting regional myocardial scars. The use of the microsphere technique is indicated in all patients who have had myocardial infarction and before coronary bypass operations. In a certain group of patients with severe but atypical angina pectoris and a normal coronary arteriogram and in some arrhythmias the perfusion scintigram can provide information on changes coronary microcirculation. The assessment of myocardial blood flow redistribution under pharmacological intervention is a further indication for the microsphere technique.", "contents": "[Results of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (author's transl)]. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy by means of the microsphere technique is a valuable method for detecting regional myocardial scars. The use of the microsphere technique is indicated in all patients who have had myocardial infarction and before coronary bypass operations. In a certain group of patients with severe but atypical angina pectoris and a normal coronary arteriogram and in some arrhythmias the perfusion scintigram can provide information on changes coronary microcirculation. The assessment of myocardial blood flow redistribution under pharmacological intervention is a further indication for the microsphere technique.", "PMID": 310093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2354", "title": "Catabolism of 2-deoxyglucose by phagocytic leukocytes in the presence of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate.", "content": "We have found that phagocytic leukocytes exposed to the tumor-promoting agent, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, efficiently release carbon-1 of 2-deoxyglucose in the form of CO2 with concurrent intracellular accumulation of a phosphorylated 5-carbon intermediate. In the absence of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, these cells release barely detectable amounts of CO2 from 2-deoxyglucose. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, at a concentration of 1 ng/ml, has an immediate effect on CO2 release, which is temperature-dependent and linear with time and cell number. The ability of a number of phorbol ester-like compounds to enhance this catabolic pathway for 2-deoxyglucose correlates with their ability to act as tumor promotors and inflammatory agents. Although this effect of phorbol esters appears to be restricted to granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, the possibility arises that other mammalian cells are capable of catabolizing or can be induced to catabolize-2-deoxyglucose. Thus, 2-deoxyglucose decarboxylation should be considered whenever this analog of mannose and glucose is used as an indicator for sugar transport, especially when pharmacodynamic agents are present.", "contents": "Catabolism of 2-deoxyglucose by phagocytic leukocytes in the presence of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. We have found that phagocytic leukocytes exposed to the tumor-promoting agent, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, efficiently release carbon-1 of 2-deoxyglucose in the form of CO2 with concurrent intracellular accumulation of a phosphorylated 5-carbon intermediate. In the absence of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, these cells release barely detectable amounts of CO2 from 2-deoxyglucose. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, at a concentration of 1 ng/ml, has an immediate effect on CO2 release, which is temperature-dependent and linear with time and cell number. The ability of a number of phorbol ester-like compounds to enhance this catabolic pathway for 2-deoxyglucose correlates with their ability to act as tumor promotors and inflammatory agents. Although this effect of phorbol esters appears to be restricted to granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, the possibility arises that other mammalian cells are capable of catabolizing or can be induced to catabolize-2-deoxyglucose. Thus, 2-deoxyglucose decarboxylation should be considered whenever this analog of mannose and glucose is used as an indicator for sugar transport, especially when pharmacodynamic agents are present.", "PMID": 310120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2355", "title": "Diamagnetic anisotropy and orientation of alpha helix in frog rhodopsin and meta II intermediate.", "content": "The diamagnetic anisotropy of retinal rod outer segments, and its variation upon bleaching, have been measured with a rotating field device. A large molar diamagnetic asymmetry is found for rhodopsin. This cannot be explained by an anisotropy of the aromatic side chains of the protein, nor by the orientation of the retinal chromophore. However, it can be accounted for by an orientation perpendicular to the disc membrane of a major proportion of the alpha-helical segments of the protein. Upon bleaching a decrease of 9 +/- 2% of the diamagnetic asymmetry is observed when going to the meta II intermediate. This change is not mainly due to a reorientation of the retinal, since it is practically insensitive to detachment of the chromophore by addition of NH2OH. Comparison with recent UV linear dichroism results indicate that it may be due to the rotation of a trytophan residue in the bleaching sequence.", "contents": "Diamagnetic anisotropy and orientation of alpha helix in frog rhodopsin and meta II intermediate. The diamagnetic anisotropy of retinal rod outer segments, and its variation upon bleaching, have been measured with a rotating field device. A large molar diamagnetic asymmetry is found for rhodopsin. This cannot be explained by an anisotropy of the aromatic side chains of the protein, nor by the orientation of the retinal chromophore. However, it can be accounted for by an orientation perpendicular to the disc membrane of a major proportion of the alpha-helical segments of the protein. Upon bleaching a decrease of 9 +/- 2% of the diamagnetic asymmetry is observed when going to the meta II intermediate. This change is not mainly due to a reorientation of the retinal, since it is practically insensitive to detachment of the chromophore by addition of NH2OH. Comparison with recent UV linear dichroism results indicate that it may be due to the rotation of a trytophan residue in the bleaching sequence.", "PMID": 310121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2356", "title": "Regeneration of T-cell helper function in zinc-deficient adult mice.", "content": "Diets deficient in zinc cause rapid atrophy of the thymus and loss of T-cell helper function in the young adult A/J mouse. Because zinc deficiency, as well as other nutritional deficiences, causes extensive damage to the immune system, the question arose as to whether zinc-deficient mice could repair the thymus and fully regenerate T-cell helper function if returned to diets containing adequate amounts of zinc. Five-week-old A/J female mice were fed either a zinc-deficient (<1 mug of Zn per g) or a zinc-adequate (50 mug of Zn per g) diet for 31 days. Histological examination of thymuses from the zinc-deficient mice revealed that the cortex was preferentially involuted and the thymus was about one-third of normal size. The direct plaque-forming cells produced per mouse spleen in response to immunization with sheep erythrocytes was 34% of normal; indirect plaque-forming cells were 18% of normal (Jerne plaque assay). After the deficient mice had been fed a zinc-adequate diet for 1 week, their response was nearly normal, except that the indirect response was 68% of controls; in this same period, the thymuses of these mice had quadrupled in size and exhibited a greatly enlarged cortex repopulated with immature thymocytes. By 2 weeks, the thymuses of the previously zinc-deficient mice were normal in size and appearance; however, there was a slight increases in numbers of indirect plaque-forming cells. By 4 weeks, the thymus weights, direct and indirect plaque-forming cell counts, and secondary response of the previously deficient mice were normal. Mice that were nearly athymic after 45 days of dietary zinc deficiency were also able to fully reconstruct the thymus and regenerate T-cell helper function. The data show that the zinc-deficient young adult mouse has the capacity to fully restore the T-cell-dependent antibody-mediated responses upon nutritional repletion.", "contents": "Regeneration of T-cell helper function in zinc-deficient adult mice. Diets deficient in zinc cause rapid atrophy of the thymus and loss of T-cell helper function in the young adult A/J mouse. Because zinc deficiency, as well as other nutritional deficiences, causes extensive damage to the immune system, the question arose as to whether zinc-deficient mice could repair the thymus and fully regenerate T-cell helper function if returned to diets containing adequate amounts of zinc. Five-week-old A/J female mice were fed either a zinc-deficient (<1 mug of Zn per g) or a zinc-adequate (50 mug of Zn per g) diet for 31 days. Histological examination of thymuses from the zinc-deficient mice revealed that the cortex was preferentially involuted and the thymus was about one-third of normal size. The direct plaque-forming cells produced per mouse spleen in response to immunization with sheep erythrocytes was 34% of normal; indirect plaque-forming cells were 18% of normal (Jerne plaque assay). After the deficient mice had been fed a zinc-adequate diet for 1 week, their response was nearly normal, except that the indirect response was 68% of controls; in this same period, the thymuses of these mice had quadrupled in size and exhibited a greatly enlarged cortex repopulated with immature thymocytes. By 2 weeks, the thymuses of the previously zinc-deficient mice were normal in size and appearance; however, there was a slight increases in numbers of indirect plaque-forming cells. By 4 weeks, the thymus weights, direct and indirect plaque-forming cell counts, and secondary response of the previously deficient mice were normal. Mice that were nearly athymic after 45 days of dietary zinc deficiency were also able to fully reconstruct the thymus and regenerate T-cell helper function. The data show that the zinc-deficient young adult mouse has the capacity to fully restore the T-cell-dependent antibody-mediated responses upon nutritional repletion.", "PMID": 310122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2357", "title": "Molecular association between transplantation antigens and cell surface antigen in adenovirus-transformed cell line.", "content": "A rat cell line (A2T2C4) transformed with adenovirus type 2 elicited cytotoxic T lymphocytes in syngeneic rats. Cytotoxicity was abolished by a rabbit antiserum directed against the major histocompatibility (AgB) antigens and by a syngeneic rat antiserum raised against the virus-transformed cell line. The syngeneic antiserum immunoprecipitated surface proteins with apparent molecular weights of 45,000, 19,000, 17,000, and 12,000 from the A2T2C4 cells but it displayed no reactivity against primary rat fibroblasts and spleen cells. The rabbit antiserum against AgB antigens precipitated a 19,000-dalton component from the A2T2C4 cells which was not observed in primary rat fibroblasts. Sequential immunoprecipitation revealed identity between the major polypeptides recognized by the two antisera. Because the rabbit anti-AgB antigen serum was specific for the transplantation antigen subunits and because the syngeneic rat antiserum against the A2T2C4 cells failed to react with the AgB antigens in normal cells, it is concluded that the 19,000-dalton component is coprecipitated with the AgB antigens. Antisera directed specifically against beta2-microglobulin and the alloantigenic AgB antigen subunit also coprecipitated the 19,000-dalton component. These results indicate that the AgB antigen subunits form a ternary complex with a virus-coded protein on the surface of the virus-transformed A2T2C4 cells. This molecular complex may be recognized by the cytoloytic T lymphocytes", "contents": "Molecular association between transplantation antigens and cell surface antigen in adenovirus-transformed cell line. A rat cell line (A2T2C4) transformed with adenovirus type 2 elicited cytotoxic T lymphocytes in syngeneic rats. Cytotoxicity was abolished by a rabbit antiserum directed against the major histocompatibility (AgB) antigens and by a syngeneic rat antiserum raised against the virus-transformed cell line. The syngeneic antiserum immunoprecipitated surface proteins with apparent molecular weights of 45,000, 19,000, 17,000, and 12,000 from the A2T2C4 cells but it displayed no reactivity against primary rat fibroblasts and spleen cells. The rabbit antiserum against AgB antigens precipitated a 19,000-dalton component from the A2T2C4 cells which was not observed in primary rat fibroblasts. Sequential immunoprecipitation revealed identity between the major polypeptides recognized by the two antisera. Because the rabbit anti-AgB antigen serum was specific for the transplantation antigen subunits and because the syngeneic rat antiserum against the A2T2C4 cells failed to react with the AgB antigens in normal cells, it is concluded that the 19,000-dalton component is coprecipitated with the AgB antigens. Antisera directed specifically against beta2-microglobulin and the alloantigenic AgB antigen subunit also coprecipitated the 19,000-dalton component. These results indicate that the AgB antigen subunits form a ternary complex with a virus-coded protein on the surface of the virus-transformed A2T2C4 cells. This molecular complex may be recognized by the cytoloytic T lymphocytes", "PMID": 310123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2358", "title": "Cholesterol is a critical cellular component for T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity.", "content": "Preincubation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) generated in secondary C57BL/6 anti-DBA/2 mixed leukocyte cultures with an inhibitor of cellular cholesterol synthesis (25-OH-cholesterol) for 24 hr strongly depressed the cytolytic activity as determined in a 3-hr 51Cr assay. The effect of the inhibitor was reversed by the simultaneous addition of cholesterol or of mevalonic acid during the preincubation period (mevalonate is the product of the regulatory enzyme in the sterol synthesis pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADP) [mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34]). Because, under the same culture conditions, inhibition of DNA synthesis had no effect on CTL activity, the experiments suggest that the effect of 25-OH-cholesterol is related to its inhibitory effect on sterol synthesis, resulting in decreased levels of membrane-bound cholesterol, rather than to inhibition of cellular proliferation.", "contents": "Cholesterol is a critical cellular component for T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Preincubation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) generated in secondary C57BL/6 anti-DBA/2 mixed leukocyte cultures with an inhibitor of cellular cholesterol synthesis (25-OH-cholesterol) for 24 hr strongly depressed the cytolytic activity as determined in a 3-hr 51Cr assay. The effect of the inhibitor was reversed by the simultaneous addition of cholesterol or of mevalonic acid during the preincubation period (mevalonate is the product of the regulatory enzyme in the sterol synthesis pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADP) [mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34]). Because, under the same culture conditions, inhibition of DNA synthesis had no effect on CTL activity, the experiments suggest that the effect of 25-OH-cholesterol is related to its inhibitory effect on sterol synthesis, resulting in decreased levels of membrane-bound cholesterol, rather than to inhibition of cellular proliferation.", "PMID": 310124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2359", "title": "Induction of secondary cytotoxic T lymphocytes by purified HLA-A and HLA-B antigens reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "Mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes were induced by culturing primed spleen cells with cells, membranes, or detergent-solubilized and dialyzed membranes from the human lymphoblastoid cell line JY. Cytotoxic T cells could also be induced by coculturing primed spleen cells with phospholipid vesicles containing purified HLA-A and -B antigens derived from JY cells. The induction of killer cells by all subcellular fractions demonstrated an optimal response as a function of the amount of material added and, in the case of HLA-containing liposomes, this optimum was dependent upon the density of the HLA molecules in the liposomes. In addition, the maximal level of cytotoxicity elicited was also dependent upon this density. Finally, the cytotoxic cells demonstrated specificity as judged by a lower level of lysis on an HLA-unrelated lymphoblastoid cell line than on the appropriate target, JY. These results suggest that major histocompatibility antigens alone are sufficient for the induction of a secondary cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. It is proposed that this system may be useful in defining possible sites on the HLA molecule recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Induction of secondary cytotoxic T lymphocytes by purified HLA-A and HLA-B antigens reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles. Mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes were induced by culturing primed spleen cells with cells, membranes, or detergent-solubilized and dialyzed membranes from the human lymphoblastoid cell line JY. Cytotoxic T cells could also be induced by coculturing primed spleen cells with phospholipid vesicles containing purified HLA-A and -B antigens derived from JY cells. The induction of killer cells by all subcellular fractions demonstrated an optimal response as a function of the amount of material added and, in the case of HLA-containing liposomes, this optimum was dependent upon the density of the HLA molecules in the liposomes. In addition, the maximal level of cytotoxicity elicited was also dependent upon this density. Finally, the cytotoxic cells demonstrated specificity as judged by a lower level of lysis on an HLA-unrelated lymphoblastoid cell line than on the appropriate target, JY. These results suggest that major histocompatibility antigens alone are sufficient for the induction of a secondary cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. It is proposed that this system may be useful in defining possible sites on the HLA molecule recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 310125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2360", "title": "[Spontaneous ventriculocisternostomies].", "content": "A pantopaque ventriculogram is used to demonstrate spontaneous ventriculocisternostomy over the r. suprapinealis in a patient with benign occlusion of the aqueduct. Clinical remission corresponds to sufficient spontaneous liquor drainage. Thus, a total of thirteen real perforations of the third ventricle have so far been described in the literature in addition to nine complete lateral ventricular ruptures. The differences between incomplete ventricular wall ruptures, ventricular diverticula, and ventriculocisternostomies are discussed.", "contents": "[Spontaneous ventriculocisternostomies]. A pantopaque ventriculogram is used to demonstrate spontaneous ventriculocisternostomy over the r. suprapinealis in a patient with benign occlusion of the aqueduct. Clinical remission corresponds to sufficient spontaneous liquor drainage. Thus, a total of thirteen real perforations of the third ventricle have so far been described in the literature in addition to nine complete lateral ventricular ruptures. The differences between incomplete ventricular wall ruptures, ventricular diverticula, and ventriculocisternostomies are discussed.", "PMID": 310128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2361", "title": "Selective massive amyloidosis of the small intestine mimicking multiple tumors.", "content": "Selective massive amyloidosis of the small intestine is uncommon. A patient is described who presented with abdominal pains and hematemesis. The small bowel series showed numerous discrete nodules, some with ulcerations. Biopsy demonstrated massive infiltration with amyloid.", "contents": "Selective massive amyloidosis of the small intestine mimicking multiple tumors. Selective massive amyloidosis of the small intestine is uncommon. A patient is described who presented with abdominal pains and hematemesis. The small bowel series showed numerous discrete nodules, some with ulcerations. Biopsy demonstrated massive infiltration with amyloid.", "PMID": 310129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2362", "title": "Computed tomography of isoattenuating subdural hematomas.", "content": "CT scans of 87 patients with subdural hematoma were compared to those of 393 patients with midline shift caused by other intracranial lesions with regard to attenuation changes in the lesion and the character of the ventricular deformity. Isoattenuating was exhibited by 25% of the subdural hematomas and 5% of the other lesions. In 70 to 80% of the isoattenuating hematomas, the diagnosis could be made on the basis of the characteristic ventricular deformity. Other diagnostic procedures are not necessary in these cases.", "contents": "Computed tomography of isoattenuating subdural hematomas. CT scans of 87 patients with subdural hematoma were compared to those of 393 patients with midline shift caused by other intracranial lesions with regard to attenuation changes in the lesion and the character of the ventricular deformity. Isoattenuating was exhibited by 25% of the subdural hematomas and 5% of the other lesions. In 70 to 80% of the isoattenuating hematomas, the diagnosis could be made on the basis of the characteristic ventricular deformity. Other diagnostic procedures are not necessary in these cases.", "PMID": 310130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2363", "title": "Attempts to infect T lymphocyte-deficient mice with Babesia species of cattle.", "content": "Nu/nu, nu/+, splenectomised nu/nu and Lasat mice were inoculated with freshly collected bovine blood infected with Babesia divergens and B major. There was no evidence that either parasite became established in mice but B divergens persisted in mice up to 10 days whereas B major lasted only one day. B divergens infection generally persisted longer in splenectomised mice but absence of thymus made no apparent difference to persistence of infection. B divergens underwent morphological changes in mice to vacuolated and ring forms.", "contents": "Attempts to infect T lymphocyte-deficient mice with Babesia species of cattle. Nu/nu, nu/+, splenectomised nu/nu and Lasat mice were inoculated with freshly collected bovine blood infected with Babesia divergens and B major. There was no evidence that either parasite became established in mice but B divergens persisted in mice up to 10 days whereas B major lasted only one day. B divergens infection generally persisted longer in splenectomised mice but absence of thymus made no apparent difference to persistence of infection. B divergens underwent morphological changes in mice to vacuolated and ring forms.", "PMID": 310145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2364", "title": "Monitoring adverse reactions to antirheumatic drugs.", "content": "Drug monitoring systems have been developed in response to public concern over drug-related adverse events: no completely satisfactory method has yet been developed. Drug associated morbidity and mortality is a major problem in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. The damage to patients from recognized drug hazards can be reduced by close monitoring and sequential recording of results of investigations. Previously unrecognized drug-associated adverse events can best be identified by prospective surveillance of new drugs. Methodological problems are considerable but not insurmountable. Rheumatologists need to apply a variety of strategies to drug monitoring, some of them involving international cooperation.", "contents": "Monitoring adverse reactions to antirheumatic drugs. Drug monitoring systems have been developed in response to public concern over drug-related adverse events: no completely satisfactory method has yet been developed. Drug associated morbidity and mortality is a major problem in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. The damage to patients from recognized drug hazards can be reduced by close monitoring and sequential recording of results of investigations. Previously unrecognized drug-associated adverse events can best be identified by prospective surveillance of new drugs. Methodological problems are considerable but not insurmountable. Rheumatologists need to apply a variety of strategies to drug monitoring, some of them involving international cooperation.", "PMID": 310151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2365", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus and DNA antibodies in pleural effusions.", "content": "The quantity of antibodies to double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) in 53 pleural effusions from 48 patients was measured by means of a modified Farr technique. In 10 samples, binding of ds-DNA was greater than 5 mg/l (range 6--14 mg/l), five samples being from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), four from patients with lung cancer, and one from a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. After treatment of pleural effusion samples with DNase, there was a marked increase of ds-DNA binding in the SLE group (n = 5), but none in the lung cancer group (n = 7) or in 4 patients with pleural effusions of various origin. In pleural fluid, demonstration of antibodies to ds-DNA and anti-ds-DNA-ds-DNA complexes, unmasked by DNase, may prove valuable when differentiating clinical conditions with pleural effusions.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus and DNA antibodies in pleural effusions. The quantity of antibodies to double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) in 53 pleural effusions from 48 patients was measured by means of a modified Farr technique. In 10 samples, binding of ds-DNA was greater than 5 mg/l (range 6--14 mg/l), five samples being from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), four from patients with lung cancer, and one from a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. After treatment of pleural effusion samples with DNase, there was a marked increase of ds-DNA binding in the SLE group (n = 5), but none in the lung cancer group (n = 7) or in 4 patients with pleural effusions of various origin. In pleural fluid, demonstration of antibodies to ds-DNA and anti-ds-DNA-ds-DNA complexes, unmasked by DNase, may prove valuable when differentiating clinical conditions with pleural effusions.", "PMID": 310156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2366", "title": "Incidence of inflammatory rheumatic diseases in Finland.", "content": "The incidence of inflammatory joint diseases was estimated by using two patient series. Firstly, the total yearly incidence of all such diseases together was estimated in a population of 15 600 persons of 16 years of age or older. Secondly, this overall incidence was divided by the ratio of different diseases obtained from a larger series of patients. The incidence of all inflammatory joint diseases was 218/100 000/year, 182 in males and 250 in females. The incidence was highest in middle age and lowest in old age. The incidence of ill-defined arthritides was five times that of definite rheumatoid arthritis in the youngest age group but in the oldest their frequencies were equal. In the whole population, the proportion of ill-defined arthritides was 2/5, of definite RA 1/5, of HL-A B27 associated diseases 1/5, and of other diseases 1/5 of the total incidence of inflammatory joint diseases. Because the frequency of HL-A B27 in all patients surveyed was about 40%, only half of the patients with this antigen showed a clinical picture of ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's disease, or reactive arthritis.", "contents": "Incidence of inflammatory rheumatic diseases in Finland. The incidence of inflammatory joint diseases was estimated by using two patient series. Firstly, the total yearly incidence of all such diseases together was estimated in a population of 15 600 persons of 16 years of age or older. Secondly, this overall incidence was divided by the ratio of different diseases obtained from a larger series of patients. The incidence of all inflammatory joint diseases was 218/100 000/year, 182 in males and 250 in females. The incidence was highest in middle age and lowest in old age. The incidence of ill-defined arthritides was five times that of definite rheumatoid arthritis in the youngest age group but in the oldest their frequencies were equal. In the whole population, the proportion of ill-defined arthritides was 2/5, of definite RA 1/5, of HL-A B27 associated diseases 1/5, and of other diseases 1/5 of the total incidence of inflammatory joint diseases. Because the frequency of HL-A B27 in all patients surveyed was about 40%, only half of the patients with this antigen showed a clinical picture of ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's disease, or reactive arthritis.", "PMID": 310157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2367", "title": "Aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass graft. Peroperative flow studies related to late graft patency.", "content": "In aorto-coronary saphenous bypass grafts, peroperative flows measured by electromagnetic flowmetry were studied at rest and after injection of papaverine to reduce vasomotor tone. The results were correlated to graft patency approximately 14 months after operation and showed that patent grafts had greater flow values, both at rest and after papaverine, than grafts which were occluded at the re-examination. There was, however, considerable overlapping between the two groups, and no clear distinction between flow values in successful and unsuccessful grafts either at rest or after papaverine was found. No correlations were demonstrated between peroperative graft flow on one hand and the presence or absence of ventricular dyskinesia or electrocardiographic evidence of previous transmural myocardial infarction on the other.", "contents": "Aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass graft. Peroperative flow studies related to late graft patency. In aorto-coronary saphenous bypass grafts, peroperative flows measured by electromagnetic flowmetry were studied at rest and after injection of papaverine to reduce vasomotor tone. The results were correlated to graft patency approximately 14 months after operation and showed that patent grafts had greater flow values, both at rest and after papaverine, than grafts which were occluded at the re-examination. There was, however, considerable overlapping between the two groups, and no clear distinction between flow values in successful and unsuccessful grafts either at rest or after papaverine was found. No correlations were demonstrated between peroperative graft flow on one hand and the presence or absence of ventricular dyskinesia or electrocardiographic evidence of previous transmural myocardial infarction on the other.", "PMID": 310158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2368", "title": "Influence of aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass surgery on left ventricular function. Comparison before and one year after surgery in 80 patients.", "content": "To assess the haemodynamic effects of aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass grafting, pre- and post-angiographic left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and ejection fraction (EF) were measured before and in average 14 months after surgery in 80 patients. Symptomatic improvement occurred in 91% (73 of 80). In 43 patients with patent graft(s), pre-angiographic LVEDP and EF were unchanged (p always greater than 0.05), while postangiographic LVEDP was significantly reduced. Unchanged pre- and postangiographic LVEDP and EF were observed in 28 patients with double or triple grafts, with at least one graft patent and the other(s) occluded. Unchanged pre- and postangiographic LVEDP and reduced EF were observed in 9 patients with occluded single, double or triple grafts. We conclude that successful aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass surgery in general does not improve resting left ventricular performance, but that the beneficial effect on left ventricular function can be demonstrated after a stress test such as ventriculography. A single graft to the left anterior descending artery seems to be of particular importance in this connection. On the other hand, deterioration was evident after unsuccessful surgery, particularly in patients with occlusions of 2 or 3 grafts. Digitalis therapy after operation or electrocardiographic indices of postoperative myocardial infarction apparently did not influence left ventricular performance.", "contents": "Influence of aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass surgery on left ventricular function. Comparison before and one year after surgery in 80 patients. To assess the haemodynamic effects of aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass grafting, pre- and post-angiographic left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and ejection fraction (EF) were measured before and in average 14 months after surgery in 80 patients. Symptomatic improvement occurred in 91% (73 of 80). In 43 patients with patent graft(s), pre-angiographic LVEDP and EF were unchanged (p always greater than 0.05), while postangiographic LVEDP was significantly reduced. Unchanged pre- and postangiographic LVEDP and EF were observed in 28 patients with double or triple grafts, with at least one graft patent and the other(s) occluded. Unchanged pre- and postangiographic LVEDP and reduced EF were observed in 9 patients with occluded single, double or triple grafts. We conclude that successful aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass surgery in general does not improve resting left ventricular performance, but that the beneficial effect on left ventricular function can be demonstrated after a stress test such as ventriculography. A single graft to the left anterior descending artery seems to be of particular importance in this connection. On the other hand, deterioration was evident after unsuccessful surgery, particularly in patients with occlusions of 2 or 3 grafts. Digitalis therapy after operation or electrocardiographic indices of postoperative myocardial infarction apparently did not influence left ventricular performance.", "PMID": 310159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2369", "title": "Cardiac surgery in extreme haemodilution without donor blood, blood products or artificial macromolecules.", "content": "A triple aorto-coronary vein bypass was performed in a 56-year-old Jehovah's Witness. Neither donor blood, albumin nor artificial macromolecules were used. Ten litres of non-haemic fluid were given during surgery and an additional 4 litres during the first 18 postoperative hours. During perfusion the haematocrit fell to 19 vol% and total protein in serum to 29 g/l. Eighteen hours after surgery, the patient was extubated without any signs of oedema and with a positive water balance of only 2.2 l. Diuretics were not given. Acid-base and electrolyte values were within normal limits both during and after operation. This and similar cases reported in the literature show that during extracorporeal circulation it is possible to reduce the concentrations of red cells and plasma proteins to below 40% of pre-operative values without serious complications.", "contents": "Cardiac surgery in extreme haemodilution without donor blood, blood products or artificial macromolecules. A triple aorto-coronary vein bypass was performed in a 56-year-old Jehovah's Witness. Neither donor blood, albumin nor artificial macromolecules were used. Ten litres of non-haemic fluid were given during surgery and an additional 4 litres during the first 18 postoperative hours. During perfusion the haematocrit fell to 19 vol% and total protein in serum to 29 g/l. Eighteen hours after surgery, the patient was extubated without any signs of oedema and with a positive water balance of only 2.2 l. Diuretics were not given. Acid-base and electrolyte values were within normal limits both during and after operation. This and similar cases reported in the literature show that during extracorporeal circulation it is possible to reduce the concentrations of red cells and plasma proteins to below 40% of pre-operative values without serious complications.", "PMID": 310160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2370", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and chest disease a clinical and physiological study.", "content": "Four families with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency have been identified. Of 7 homozygous subjects 5 smoked and had chest disease while the 2 non-smokers were unaffected. Productive cough was a feature in 4 of the 5 affected homozygotes and symptoms commenced earlier than is usual with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Of 11 heterozygous subjects only 5 who smoked had symptomatic or laboratory evidence of obstructive airways disease, in each case less marked than that of their homozygous smoking relatives. Severely affected subjects were underweight, the degree of weight loss being related to the measured severity of airways disease. A survey of emphsematous patients screened for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is described. The natural course and significance of this enzyme deficiency are examined with reference to previous literature.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and chest disease a clinical and physiological study. Four families with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency have been identified. Of 7 homozygous subjects 5 smoked and had chest disease while the 2 non-smokers were unaffected. Productive cough was a feature in 4 of the 5 affected homozygotes and symptoms commenced earlier than is usual with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Of 11 heterozygous subjects only 5 who smoked had symptomatic or laboratory evidence of obstructive airways disease, in each case less marked than that of their homozygous smoking relatives. Severely affected subjects were underweight, the degree of weight loss being related to the measured severity of airways disease. A survey of emphsematous patients screened for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is described. The natural course and significance of this enzyme deficiency are examined with reference to previous literature.", "PMID": 310161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2371", "title": "Treatment of otitis media caused by Hemophilus influenzae: evaluation of three antimicrobial regimens.", "content": "Ninety young children with otitis media, proven by tympanocentesis culture to be due to Hemophilus influenzae, were treated in a prospective double-blind study with one of three antimicrobial regimens: ampicillin, erythromycin ethylsuccinate, or erythromycin ethylsuccinate with concomitant trisulfapyrimidines. Results of efficacy evaluation indicated that the combination was as effective as ampicillin and statistically superior to erythromycine alone. Of the strains of H influenzae identified, 15/9 were typable with 12/9, type b. In vitro sensitivity tests indicated that the strains were sensitive to the amtimicrobials studied in clinically attainable levels; however, comparison of individual efficacy ratings with sensitivity results indicated that some children in each treatment group failed to respond as predicted.", "contents": "Treatment of otitis media caused by Hemophilus influenzae: evaluation of three antimicrobial regimens. Ninety young children with otitis media, proven by tympanocentesis culture to be due to Hemophilus influenzae, were treated in a prospective double-blind study with one of three antimicrobial regimens: ampicillin, erythromycin ethylsuccinate, or erythromycin ethylsuccinate with concomitant trisulfapyrimidines. Results of efficacy evaluation indicated that the combination was as effective as ampicillin and statistically superior to erythromycine alone. Of the strains of H influenzae identified, 15/9 were typable with 12/9, type b. In vitro sensitivity tests indicated that the strains were sensitive to the amtimicrobials studied in clinically attainable levels; however, comparison of individual efficacy ratings with sensitivity results indicated that some children in each treatment group failed to respond as predicted.", "PMID": 310164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2372", "title": "Evaluation of the indirect hemagglutination technique for study of Trichomonas vaginalis infections, particularly in men.", "content": "The indirect hemagglutination (IHA) technique was evaluated for use in the serologic study of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. The IHA test showed that sera from 88% of women attending a venereal disease clinic had antibody to T. vaginalis. The antibody frequency and titers were highest in women who had documented infections due to T. vaginalis. Serologic and cultural evidence of recent or active trichomonal infection was found in 11% of 85 men who had nongonococcal urethritis, but was absent in a control group of 27 men. Clinical findings in ten men with symptomatic genitourinary trichomoniasis are described; all but one had relatively high (greater than or equal to 1:80) IHA antibody titers. Antibody to T. vaginalis was found significantly (P less than 0.005) more often in sera from women than in sera from men in an apparently healthy group of individuals between the ages of 1 and 20 years. The IHA test appears potentially useful for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men and in the seroepidemiology of infections due to T. vaginalis.", "contents": "Evaluation of the indirect hemagglutination technique for study of Trichomonas vaginalis infections, particularly in men. The indirect hemagglutination (IHA) technique was evaluated for use in the serologic study of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. The IHA test showed that sera from 88% of women attending a venereal disease clinic had antibody to T. vaginalis. The antibody frequency and titers were highest in women who had documented infections due to T. vaginalis. Serologic and cultural evidence of recent or active trichomonal infection was found in 11% of 85 men who had nongonococcal urethritis, but was absent in a control group of 27 men. Clinical findings in ten men with symptomatic genitourinary trichomoniasis are described; all but one had relatively high (greater than or equal to 1:80) IHA antibody titers. Antibody to T. vaginalis was found significantly (P less than 0.005) more often in sera from women than in sera from men in an apparently healthy group of individuals between the ages of 1 and 20 years. The IHA test appears potentially useful for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men and in the seroepidemiology of infections due to T. vaginalis.", "PMID": 310166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2373", "title": "Aneurysm of the main stem of the left coronary artery associated with aortic insufficiency and aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Report of a case with successful surgical repair.", "content": "A case of aneurysm of the main stem of the left coronary artery associated with aortic insufficiency and an aneurysm of the ascending aorta is reported. The importance of coronary angiography in diagnosing this condition is illustrated. Surgical repair included isolation of the coronary aneurysm and replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve, combined with triple aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts. A review of the aetiology, clinical features, and surgical management of coronary artery aneurysms is presented.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the main stem of the left coronary artery associated with aortic insufficiency and aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Report of a case with successful surgical repair. A case of aneurysm of the main stem of the left coronary artery associated with aortic insufficiency and an aneurysm of the ascending aorta is reported. The importance of coronary angiography in diagnosing this condition is illustrated. Surgical repair included isolation of the coronary aneurysm and replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve, combined with triple aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts. A review of the aetiology, clinical features, and surgical management of coronary artery aneurysms is presented.", "PMID": 310173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2374", "title": "The origin of protein and fatty yolk in Rana pipiens. III. Intramitochondrial and primary vesicular yolk formation in frog oocytes.", "content": "The precise origin of the primary yolk precursor complex or primary vesicular yolk is obscure but in its earliest recognizable stage it is a typical multivesicular body which first acquires a moderately electron-dark matrix. Following this, an extremely electron-dark amorphous material, the yolk protein, appears within the precursor. This yolk protein increases in amount as the yolk vesicle grows and by the time the precursors are about 1 micrometer in diameter this protein is partly to almost completely crystalline. Yolk originating within mitochondrial cristae unlike that in the yolk precursor complexes is crystalline from its earliest appearance. Intracristae mitochondrial yolk crystals have a spacing of 70--85 A. Their molecular organization appears in some sections as electron-dark lamellae and in others as light cylinders surrounded by an electron-dark matrix.", "contents": "The origin of protein and fatty yolk in Rana pipiens. III. Intramitochondrial and primary vesicular yolk formation in frog oocytes. The precise origin of the primary yolk precursor complex or primary vesicular yolk is obscure but in its earliest recognizable stage it is a typical multivesicular body which first acquires a moderately electron-dark matrix. Following this, an extremely electron-dark amorphous material, the yolk protein, appears within the precursor. This yolk protein increases in amount as the yolk vesicle grows and by the time the precursors are about 1 micrometer in diameter this protein is partly to almost completely crystalline. Yolk originating within mitochondrial cristae unlike that in the yolk precursor complexes is crystalline from its earliest appearance. Intracristae mitochondrial yolk crystals have a spacing of 70--85 A. Their molecular organization appears in some sections as electron-dark lamellae and in others as light cylinders surrounded by an electron-dark matrix.", "PMID": 310177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2375", "title": "The origin of protein and fatty yolk in Rana pipiens. IV. Secondary vesicular yolk formation in frog oocytes.", "content": "Secondary yolk precursor complexes are differentiated from primary yolk precursor complexes in that little or no background matrix or small vesicles are present and that electron-dark, amorphous yolk protein fills the precursor at a very early stage of growth. Secondary precursors are formed in two ways; from multivesicular bodies or from the fusion of smooth-surfaced endocytotic vesicles. Ultimately, fusion of secondary precursors with multivesicular bodies makes them indistinguishable from primary precursors. Precursors are called yolk platelets when they are mainly crystalline with only a small amount of amorphous yolk protein present. The structure of the crystal is particulate with a spacing of 70--85 A. At high resolution, the particles are seen to measure approximately 20 X 60 A. The chemical composition and interpretations of studies of the crystal structure are discussed.", "contents": "The origin of protein and fatty yolk in Rana pipiens. IV. Secondary vesicular yolk formation in frog oocytes. Secondary yolk precursor complexes are differentiated from primary yolk precursor complexes in that little or no background matrix or small vesicles are present and that electron-dark, amorphous yolk protein fills the precursor at a very early stage of growth. Secondary precursors are formed in two ways; from multivesicular bodies or from the fusion of smooth-surfaced endocytotic vesicles. Ultimately, fusion of secondary precursors with multivesicular bodies makes them indistinguishable from primary precursors. Precursors are called yolk platelets when they are mainly crystalline with only a small amount of amorphous yolk protein present. The structure of the crystal is particulate with a spacing of 70--85 A. At high resolution, the particles are seen to measure approximately 20 X 60 A. The chemical composition and interpretations of studies of the crystal structure are discussed.", "PMID": 310178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2376", "title": "The Mackenzie Memorial Lecture, 1977. Of divers colours.", "content": "I shall discuss the nature of the sensation of colour and the reason for our colour vision, leading on to the existence of defects in that sense. I will consider the different kinds of such defects and the arguments for the use of particular tests in varying circumstances. I report the result of a recent survey of the value of a careers advisory service for \"colour blind\" school children seen between 1965 and 1977 (primarily red-green blind). This leads to examples of the value of these tests in genetics, and in the early diagnosis of disease or toxicity. I shall also describe the various modifications I have made to the 100-hue test, with its eventual automation both for computation and recording. Finally, the recommendations I make for future progress cover routine examination, both on starting primary education and on entering secondary education, analysis of the colour task at work, and the adoption of an enlightened system of colour coding.", "contents": "The Mackenzie Memorial Lecture, 1977. Of divers colours. I shall discuss the nature of the sensation of colour and the reason for our colour vision, leading on to the existence of defects in that sense. I will consider the different kinds of such defects and the arguments for the use of particular tests in varying circumstances. I report the result of a recent survey of the value of a careers advisory service for \"colour blind\" school children seen between 1965 and 1977 (primarily red-green blind). This leads to examples of the value of these tests in genetics, and in the early diagnosis of disease or toxicity. I shall also describe the various modifications I have made to the 100-hue test, with its eventual automation both for computation and recording. Finally, the recommendations I make for future progress cover routine examination, both on starting primary education and on entering secondary education, analysis of the colour task at work, and the adoption of an enlightened system of colour coding.", "PMID": 310181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2377", "title": "[Changes in lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the course of muscle alteration].", "content": "Changes of outflux, extractability and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDG) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PhDG) of muscles under the action of heating (at 32--44 degrees for 15 min) and urea (1 M during 10 min, 30 min, 2 hr. and 9 hr.) on the skeletal muscles of R. temporaria L. were studied. Under the thermal action not accompanied by contracture and fall of the excitability (32--36 degrees), the increase of outflux of LDG out of muscles into surrounding solutions is observed. G-6-PhDG in the external medium under any heating action was not revealed. Extractibility of LDG  and G-6-PhDG did not change. Under the thermal action accompanied by the fall of excitability and by the contracture, along with the prolong increase of outflux of LDG, a decrease of extractability of LDG takes place. The decrease of G-6-PhDG is set at 42 degrees. Under the alteration of muscles by urea in the period of the temporary fall of excitability and contracture (10 and 30 min) an increase of the outflux of LDG out of muscles is observed. G-6PhDG in the surrounding medium was not revealed up to 9 hr. of incubation of muscle. In the period of the recovery of the excitability and relaxation of muscles (2hr.) the outflux of LDG approaches the control level. During the temporary loss and recovery of excitability, the extractability of LDG and G-6-PhDG does not change. In the period of irreversible contracture and loss of the excitability (6--10 hr.) a sharp increase of outflux of LDG out of muscles takes place. The extractability of the examined enzymes, especially of LDG, decreases.", "contents": "[Changes in lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the course of muscle alteration]. Changes of outflux, extractability and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDG) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PhDG) of muscles under the action of heating (at 32--44 degrees for 15 min) and urea (1 M during 10 min, 30 min, 2 hr. and 9 hr.) on the skeletal muscles of R. temporaria L. were studied. Under the thermal action not accompanied by contracture and fall of the excitability (32--36 degrees), the increase of outflux of LDG out of muscles into surrounding solutions is observed. G-6-PhDG in the external medium under any heating action was not revealed. Extractibility of LDG  and G-6-PhDG did not change. Under the thermal action accompanied by the fall of excitability and by the contracture, along with the prolong increase of outflux of LDG, a decrease of extractability of LDG takes place. The decrease of G-6-PhDG is set at 42 degrees. Under the alteration of muscles by urea in the period of the temporary fall of excitability and contracture (10 and 30 min) an increase of the outflux of LDG out of muscles is observed. G-6PhDG in the surrounding medium was not revealed up to 9 hr. of incubation of muscle. In the period of the recovery of the excitability and relaxation of muscles (2hr.) the outflux of LDG approaches the control level. During the temporary loss and recovery of excitability, the extractability of LDG and G-6-PhDG does not change. In the period of irreversible contracture and loss of the excitability (6--10 hr.) a sharp increase of outflux of LDG out of muscles takes place. The extractability of the examined enzymes, especially of LDG, decreases.", "PMID": 310182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2378", "title": "[Rare complications with multiple hereditary cartilaginous exostosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of hereditary multiple cartilaginous exostosis is reported and the clinical symptoms are discussed. An exostosis of the distal femur was followed by an aneurysma spurium of the left femoral artery. Osteochondromas of the left ribs caused a hematothorax. Thoracotomy was necessary for treatment.", "contents": "[Rare complications with multiple hereditary cartilaginous exostosis (author's transl)]. A case of hereditary multiple cartilaginous exostosis is reported and the clinical symptoms are discussed. An exostosis of the distal femur was followed by an aneurysma spurium of the left femoral artery. Osteochondromas of the left ribs caused a hematothorax. Thoracotomy was necessary for treatment.", "PMID": 310217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2379", "title": "Development of peripheral B and T lymphocytes in piglets.", "content": "The percentage of B and T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of piglets during their first 35 days of life was estimated by means of the immunofluorescence-labelled anti-L chains sera and the spontaneous E-rosette techniques. The mean values obtained for adult pigs PBL were 23.8 +/- 10.2% of B and 38.0 +/- 8.4% of T lymphocytes. The piglets showed a linear increase for the B lymphocytes starting from a mean value of 4% observed for the newborns. The trend of the T lymphocytes was represented by a bimodal curve. It starts for newborns at 3% and shows a change in shape by the 10th day. It is suggested that the piglets have adult levels of B and T lymphocytes by the time of weaning.", "contents": "Development of peripheral B and T lymphocytes in piglets. The percentage of B and T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of piglets during their first 35 days of life was estimated by means of the immunofluorescence-labelled anti-L chains sera and the spontaneous E-rosette techniques. The mean values obtained for adult pigs PBL were 23.8 +/- 10.2% of B and 38.0 +/- 8.4% of T lymphocytes. The piglets showed a linear increase for the B lymphocytes starting from a mean value of 4% observed for the newborns. The trend of the T lymphocytes was represented by a bimodal curve. It starts for newborns at 3% and shows a change in shape by the 10th day. It is suggested that the piglets have adult levels of B and T lymphocytes by the time of weaning.", "PMID": 310218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2380", "title": "Inhibition of a primary DNA-synthesis response by trinitrobenzosulfonate (TNBS)-activated suppressor cells; characterization of the inhibitory cells.", "content": "Repeated intravenous injections of high doses of trinitrobenzosulfonate (TNBS) or dinitrobenzosulfonate (DNBS) activate suppressor cells which inhibit the in vivo activation of a primary DNA synthesis response against trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), respectively, almost completely and the delayed type hypersensitivity (DH) response only partially. When tested on the DNA-synthesis response, the suppressor cells show excellent specificity with little cross reactivity of TNBS (or DNBS) induced suppressor cells for DNCB- (or TNCB-) specific responses. TNBS- and DNBS-specific suppressor activity is found in spleen cells, mesenteric lymph nodes and peripheral lymph nodes. The activation of suppressor cells is resistant to the early effects of adult thymectomy (ATx), but sensitive to pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (CyP). The suppressor cells are not simply haptenated cells. They need several days for their activation and are inactivated by incubation for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C or by 2,000 R irradiation. Attempts to obtain soluble suppressor factors by in vitro incubation or extraction of these suppressor cells failed.", "contents": "Inhibition of a primary DNA-synthesis response by trinitrobenzosulfonate (TNBS)-activated suppressor cells; characterization of the inhibitory cells. Repeated intravenous injections of high doses of trinitrobenzosulfonate (TNBS) or dinitrobenzosulfonate (DNBS) activate suppressor cells which inhibit the in vivo activation of a primary DNA synthesis response against trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), respectively, almost completely and the delayed type hypersensitivity (DH) response only partially. When tested on the DNA-synthesis response, the suppressor cells show excellent specificity with little cross reactivity of TNBS (or DNBS) induced suppressor cells for DNCB- (or TNCB-) specific responses. TNBS- and DNBS-specific suppressor activity is found in spleen cells, mesenteric lymph nodes and peripheral lymph nodes. The activation of suppressor cells is resistant to the early effects of adult thymectomy (ATx), but sensitive to pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (CyP). The suppressor cells are not simply haptenated cells. They need several days for their activation and are inactivated by incubation for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C or by 2,000 R irradiation. Attempts to obtain soluble suppressor factors by in vitro incubation or extraction of these suppressor cells failed.", "PMID": 310219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2381", "title": "Effect of induced hypercalcemia on ultimobranchial gland of the lizard, Calotes versicolor.", "content": "The ultimobranchial of the lizard Calotes consists of parenchymal patches and several follicles. After induced hypercalcemia, the gland became more active suggesting the hypocalcemic secretion from the gland.", "contents": "Effect of induced hypercalcemia on ultimobranchial gland of the lizard, Calotes versicolor. The ultimobranchial of the lizard Calotes consists of parenchymal patches and several follicles. After induced hypercalcemia, the gland became more active suggesting the hypocalcemic secretion from the gland.", "PMID": 310221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2382", "title": "[Experiences gained from the establishment of a complex physical therapy program for the management of female urinary incontinence].", "content": "Reported in this paper are preliminary experiences so far obtained from a complex physiotherapeutic programme for conservative and pre-operative treatment of functional urinary incontinence in women. Included in this pilot study were 82 patients of whom 23 (28 per cent) were continent on termination of the therapy, while another 38 (46 per cent) had improved to an extent where they abandoned their original intention to undergo surgery for incontinence. Complex physiotherapy may add favourably to the spectrum of possible therapeutic approaches, provided its proper and differentiated coordination with the generally known surgical approaches.", "contents": "[Experiences gained from the establishment of a complex physical therapy program for the management of female urinary incontinence]. Reported in this paper are preliminary experiences so far obtained from a complex physiotherapeutic programme for conservative and pre-operative treatment of functional urinary incontinence in women. Included in this pilot study were 82 patients of whom 23 (28 per cent) were continent on termination of the therapy, while another 38 (46 per cent) had improved to an extent where they abandoned their original intention to undergo surgery for incontinence. Complex physiotherapy may add favourably to the spectrum of possible therapeutic approaches, provided its proper and differentiated coordination with the generally known surgical approaches.", "PMID": 310222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2383", "title": "[Isolation of purified populations of T- and B-lymphocytes under clinical conditions].", "content": "The authors present comparative characteristics of the methods of isolation of T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. T-lymphocytes were obtained on columns with neilon cotton wool. B-cells were fractionated by repeated centrifugation in the gradient of phycol-urotrast density after staging E-rosette formation with the total lymphocyte pool. Methodical peculiarities of single-stage and two-stage B-lymphocyte fractionation were revealed.", "contents": "[Isolation of purified populations of T- and B-lymphocytes under clinical conditions]. The authors present comparative characteristics of the methods of isolation of T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. T-lymphocytes were obtained on columns with neilon cotton wool. B-cells were fractionated by repeated centrifugation in the gradient of phycol-urotrast density after staging E-rosette formation with the total lymphocyte pool. Methodical peculiarities of single-stage and two-stage B-lymphocyte fractionation were revealed.", "PMID": 310223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2384", "title": "[State of the T- and B-system of immunity in normal cerebrospinal fluid from persons of different age groups].", "content": "The paper is concerned with studies of the T- and B-immunity systems in the CSF in 37 patients, in whom the CSF was extracted in order to perform spinal anesthesia. This was necessary for surgical operations because of cryptochidism (16 patients aged from 16--30) and hypertrophy of the prostate (21 patients aged from 60 and over). The patients of both groups showed no signs of nervous system lesions. A comprehensive immunomorphological analysis of the CSF cells permitted to detect the medium indices of the T- and B-immunocompetent cells of individuals depneding upon the age.", "contents": "[State of the T- and B-system of immunity in normal cerebrospinal fluid from persons of different age groups]. The paper is concerned with studies of the T- and B-immunity systems in the CSF in 37 patients, in whom the CSF was extracted in order to perform spinal anesthesia. This was necessary for surgical operations because of cryptochidism (16 patients aged from 16--30) and hypertrophy of the prostate (21 patients aged from 60 and over). The patients of both groups showed no signs of nervous system lesions. A comprehensive immunomorphological analysis of the CSF cells permitted to detect the medium indices of the T- and B-immunocompetent cells of individuals depneding upon the age.", "PMID": 310224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2385", "title": "[Congenital color vision disorders in persons with mental disorders].", "content": "Colour vision was studied in 3000 mental patients (2000 males and 1000 females) with different diseases by means of polychromatic tables and a spectral anomaloscope AH-59. It was established that the frequency of genetically determined pathology of colour vision in patients (9,3% in males and 08,% in females) is similar to the pathology found in the general population and does not depend upon the clinical diagnosis. At the same time there was a large amount of patients with acquired disorders to colour perception (30% of the general pathology of colour vision).", "contents": "[Congenital color vision disorders in persons with mental disorders]. Colour vision was studied in 3000 mental patients (2000 males and 1000 females) with different diseases by means of polychromatic tables and a spectral anomaloscope AH-59. It was established that the frequency of genetically determined pathology of colour vision in patients (9,3% in males and 08,% in females) is similar to the pathology found in the general population and does not depend upon the clinical diagnosis. At the same time there was a large amount of patients with acquired disorders to colour perception (30% of the general pathology of colour vision).", "PMID": 310226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2386", "title": "[Early detection of colonic and rectal cancer; extensive study of occult blood].", "content": "Due to the high frequency and usually late diagnosis of cancer of colon and rectum the \"haemoccult test\" has been recommended as an easy, quick, and unexpensive method for stool determination of occult blood that will allow us to suspect the existence of these tumors in their early asymptomatic stages. The test was performed in 1437 patients attending the gastroenterology clinic which had no clinical evidence of bleeding, of these, 1150 returned the samples. In 52 (4,6%) the test was positive for occult blood. The studies performed revelated that 4 were upper gastrointestinal ilions, one ileal diverticulum and 40 (3,47%) patients had colonic disease of the latter 19 were diverticular disease, 1 crohnis disease of rectum, 2 adenomatous and 2 villous polips, 1 Hodkgin disease and 7 carcinomas. There were 6 false positive results. The high frequency of positive \"haemoccult test\" in colonic disease, specially benign and malignant tumors, make this test and appropiate method of this time in the detection for colo-rectal carcinoma.", "contents": "[Early detection of colonic and rectal cancer; extensive study of occult blood]. Due to the high frequency and usually late diagnosis of cancer of colon and rectum the \"haemoccult test\" has been recommended as an easy, quick, and unexpensive method for stool determination of occult blood that will allow us to suspect the existence of these tumors in their early asymptomatic stages. The test was performed in 1437 patients attending the gastroenterology clinic which had no clinical evidence of bleeding, of these, 1150 returned the samples. In 52 (4,6%) the test was positive for occult blood. The studies performed revelated that 4 were upper gastrointestinal ilions, one ileal diverticulum and 40 (3,47%) patients had colonic disease of the latter 19 were diverticular disease, 1 crohnis disease of rectum, 2 adenomatous and 2 villous polips, 1 Hodkgin disease and 7 carcinomas. There were 6 false positive results. The high frequency of positive \"haemoccult test\" in colonic disease, specially benign and malignant tumors, make this test and appropiate method of this time in the detection for colo-rectal carcinoma.", "PMID": 310229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2387", "title": "Treatment of pain by transcutaneous electrical stimulation.", "content": "Two hundred and ninety-two patients suffering from a wide range of pain syndromes were treated with transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES). Electrical stimulation of the painful area was administered on the skin by externally applied electrodes, attached to a portable battery-operated apparatus. The results, determined according to a subjective scoring system, were good in 50.7%, moderate in 24.3% and poor in 25% of the patients. TES is a non-invasive technique, has no side effects and may easily be self-administered. It is concluded that it should be tried in pain syndromes for which no specific therapy is available.", "contents": "Treatment of pain by transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Two hundred and ninety-two patients suffering from a wide range of pain syndromes were treated with transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES). Electrical stimulation of the painful area was administered on the skin by externally applied electrodes, attached to a portable battery-operated apparatus. The results, determined according to a subjective scoring system, were good in 50.7%, moderate in 24.3% and poor in 25% of the patients. TES is a non-invasive technique, has no side effects and may easily be self-administered. It is concluded that it should be tried in pain syndromes for which no specific therapy is available.", "PMID": 310231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2388", "title": "Plasma free norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations following diazepam-ketamine induction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.", "content": "Ketamine causes cardiovascular stimulation, presumably, by increasing central sympathetic activity. This study was undertaken to find out if diazepam in appropriate doses could abolish or moderate the central sympathetic and cardiovascular stimulation following ketamine in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Twelve patients, scheduled for valvular replacement (8) and direct aortocoronary bypass graft operations (4) were studied. After premedication with diazepam 0.15 mg/kg orally and morphine sulphate 0.15 mg/kg i.m., they were induced with diazepam 0.3 mg/kg i.v., followed 10 min later by ketamine 2 mg/kg i.v. Direct arterial pressure by a strain gauge from the radial artery and heart rate by EKG were continuously recorded. Plasma free norepinephrine, measured by Vendsalu's method, in the arterial blood was 0.39 +/- 0.03 ng/ml prior to induction, 0.39 +/- 0.03 ng/ml 10 min after diazepam and 0.42 +/- 0.05 ng/ml (P greater than 0.05) 5 min after ketamine administration. Plasma free epinephrine concentrations were 0.10 +/- 0.04 ng/ml prior to induction, 0.06 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (P less than 0.05) 10 min after diazepam and 0.01 +/- 0.003 ng/ml (P less than 0.05) 5 min after ketamine. Heart rate and systolic pressure did not change significantly throughout the study period. Diastolic pressures were elevated significantly (P less than 0.05) 5 min after ketamine administration, amounting to a 12% increase over baseline. Diazepam-ketamine induction in cardiac surgical patients did not result in clinically significant central sympathetic or cardiovascular stimulation.", "contents": "Plasma free norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations following diazepam-ketamine induction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Ketamine causes cardiovascular stimulation, presumably, by increasing central sympathetic activity. This study was undertaken to find out if diazepam in appropriate doses could abolish or moderate the central sympathetic and cardiovascular stimulation following ketamine in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Twelve patients, scheduled for valvular replacement (8) and direct aortocoronary bypass graft operations (4) were studied. After premedication with diazepam 0.15 mg/kg orally and morphine sulphate 0.15 mg/kg i.m., they were induced with diazepam 0.3 mg/kg i.v., followed 10 min later by ketamine 2 mg/kg i.v. Direct arterial pressure by a strain gauge from the radial artery and heart rate by EKG were continuously recorded. Plasma free norepinephrine, measured by Vendsalu's method, in the arterial blood was 0.39 +/- 0.03 ng/ml prior to induction, 0.39 +/- 0.03 ng/ml 10 min after diazepam and 0.42 +/- 0.05 ng/ml (P greater than 0.05) 5 min after ketamine administration. Plasma free epinephrine concentrations were 0.10 +/- 0.04 ng/ml prior to induction, 0.06 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (P less than 0.05) 10 min after diazepam and 0.01 +/- 0.003 ng/ml (P less than 0.05) 5 min after ketamine. Heart rate and systolic pressure did not change significantly throughout the study period. Diastolic pressures were elevated significantly (P less than 0.05) 5 min after ketamine administration, amounting to a 12% increase over baseline. Diazepam-ketamine induction in cardiac surgical patients did not result in clinically significant central sympathetic or cardiovascular stimulation.", "PMID": 310232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2389", "title": "The clinical character of local anesthetics: a function of frequency-dependent conduction block.", "content": "It is clinically recognized fact that some local anesthetics have a proclivity for inhibition of motor nerves, while others preferentially affect sensory and sympathetic fibers. On the basis that sensory fibers have a frequency threshold for transmission of nociceptive stimuli and that somatic motor fibers have no such frequency threshold, we hypothesized that this variation may be due to differences in the effect of local anesthetics on axonal refractory period. Frog sciatic nerves were partially blocked with lidocaine, bupivacaine, tetracaine and etidocaine, and then stimulated in trains of 17 pulses, at frequencies between 3 and 100 Hz. The height and area of the last action potential in a train were measured. At a comparable level of partial block (50% at 100 Hz), tetracaine and etidocaine showed only a 10% difference between 3 and 100 Hz, while with bupivacaine and lidocaine there was a 30% drop between these two frequencies. This excellent correlation between the laboratory and clinical phenomenon supports our hypothesis. Local anesthetics which have a minimal effect on the refractory period yield enhanced motor block; whereas local anesthetics with a large effect on the refractory period are relatively more potent blockers of sensory and sympathetic transmission.", "contents": "The clinical character of local anesthetics: a function of frequency-dependent conduction block. It is clinically recognized fact that some local anesthetics have a proclivity for inhibition of motor nerves, while others preferentially affect sensory and sympathetic fibers. On the basis that sensory fibers have a frequency threshold for transmission of nociceptive stimuli and that somatic motor fibers have no such frequency threshold, we hypothesized that this variation may be due to differences in the effect of local anesthetics on axonal refractory period. Frog sciatic nerves were partially blocked with lidocaine, bupivacaine, tetracaine and etidocaine, and then stimulated in trains of 17 pulses, at frequencies between 3 and 100 Hz. The height and area of the last action potential in a train were measured. At a comparable level of partial block (50% at 100 Hz), tetracaine and etidocaine showed only a 10% difference between 3 and 100 Hz, while with bupivacaine and lidocaine there was a 30% drop between these two frequencies. This excellent correlation between the laboratory and clinical phenomenon supports our hypothesis. Local anesthetics which have a minimal effect on the refractory period yield enhanced motor block; whereas local anesthetics with a large effect on the refractory period are relatively more potent blockers of sensory and sympathetic transmission.", "PMID": 310233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2390", "title": "Mononuclear cell migration inhibition in children with nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "The relative number of T/B lymphocytes and the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to PHA in the migration inhibition test was studied in a group of patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. It has been found that the level of T lymphocytes and the response to PHA was decreased in patients in particular those with frequent relapses. The possible implications of these finding for pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Mononuclear cell migration inhibition in children with nephrotic syndrome. The relative number of T/B lymphocytes and the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to PHA in the migration inhibition test was studied in a group of patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. It has been found that the level of T lymphocytes and the response to PHA was decreased in patients in particular those with frequent relapses. The possible implications of these finding for pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 310234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2391", "title": "T-lymphocytes transfer streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in mice.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus induced by low dose treatment with streptozotocin in BALB/c mice was passively transferred to syngeneic recipients with a predominantly T-lymphocyte fraction of spleen cells. This fraction was prepared by density centrifugation and passage through an antimouse immunoglobulin coated column. Variation in numbers of injected cells in the range of 10(3) to 10(7) showed that the smaller cell numbers gave the highest blood sugar values. Athymic nude recipients of BALB/c background also developed diabetes following similar transplants. A preliminary result was that the highest blood sugars were seen after transplantation of T-lymphocytes treated by low dose irradiation (200 R). This may reflect a specific effect on T-suppressor lymphocytes.", "contents": "T-lymphocytes transfer streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in mice. Diabetes mellitus induced by low dose treatment with streptozotocin in BALB/c mice was passively transferred to syngeneic recipients with a predominantly T-lymphocyte fraction of spleen cells. This fraction was prepared by density centrifugation and passage through an antimouse immunoglobulin coated column. Variation in numbers of injected cells in the range of 10(3) to 10(7) showed that the smaller cell numbers gave the highest blood sugar values. Athymic nude recipients of BALB/c background also developed diabetes following similar transplants. A preliminary result was that the highest blood sugars were seen after transplantation of T-lymphocytes treated by low dose irradiation (200 R). This may reflect a specific effect on T-suppressor lymphocytes.", "PMID": 310235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2392", "title": "Cell surface markers in cord blood leucocytes after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide B.", "content": "T- and B-lymphocyte markers were studied in cord blood cells cultured with lipopolysaccharide B (LPS). Cells cultured with leucoagglutinin (LA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were used as controls. LPS-induced lymphoblasts were negative for surface Ig, positive for intracellular Ig and did not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). LA-activated cells formed rosettes with SRBC, while PWM cultures showed a varying proportion of surface Ig-positive or SRBC rosetting cells, dependent on the time of culture. About 50% of both LA- and LPS-activated lymphoblasts formed EA rosettes (specific for Fc receptors) and EAC rosettes (specific for complement receptors). The response of foetal cells to LPS was reduced when lymphocytes obtained from Isopaque-Ficoll gradients were passed through nylon wool columns, whereas this procedure led to an increased response to LA. Thus LPS-activated foetal leucocytes are B lymphocytes expressing intracellular but not surface Ig.", "contents": "Cell surface markers in cord blood leucocytes after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide B. T- and B-lymphocyte markers were studied in cord blood cells cultured with lipopolysaccharide B (LPS). Cells cultured with leucoagglutinin (LA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were used as controls. LPS-induced lymphoblasts were negative for surface Ig, positive for intracellular Ig and did not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). LA-activated cells formed rosettes with SRBC, while PWM cultures showed a varying proportion of surface Ig-positive or SRBC rosetting cells, dependent on the time of culture. About 50% of both LA- and LPS-activated lymphoblasts formed EA rosettes (specific for Fc receptors) and EAC rosettes (specific for complement receptors). The response of foetal cells to LPS was reduced when lymphocytes obtained from Isopaque-Ficoll gradients were passed through nylon wool columns, whereas this procedure led to an increased response to LA. Thus LPS-activated foetal leucocytes are B lymphocytes expressing intracellular but not surface Ig.", "PMID": 310236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2393", "title": "Unilateral stellate block in the treatment of hypertension after coronary bypass surgery. Implications of a new therapeutic approach.", "content": "Unilateral stellate ganglion block (right or left) was achieved by local injection of 15 ml of lidocaine in 27 patients with hypertension after coronary bypass surgery. The stellate block led to rapid and sustained control of blood pressure in 18 patients (9 of 15 with right stellate block and 9 of 12 with left stellate block). The reduction in arterial pressure was associated with significant (P less than 0.01) reductions in total peripheral resistance and heart rate but no significant changes in cardiac output or central venous or left atrial pressures. This hemodynamic pattern as well as effectiveness of a unilateral approach suggests that the stellate block reduced arterial pressure by interrupting the afferent limb of a pressor reflex from the heart or great vessels, or both. The procedure was free from side effects and helped avoid prolonged parenteral administration of potent antihypertensive drugs.", "contents": "Unilateral stellate block in the treatment of hypertension after coronary bypass surgery. Implications of a new therapeutic approach. Unilateral stellate ganglion block (right or left) was achieved by local injection of 15 ml of lidocaine in 27 patients with hypertension after coronary bypass surgery. The stellate block led to rapid and sustained control of blood pressure in 18 patients (9 of 15 with right stellate block and 9 of 12 with left stellate block). The reduction in arterial pressure was associated with significant (P less than 0.01) reductions in total peripheral resistance and heart rate but no significant changes in cardiac output or central venous or left atrial pressures. This hemodynamic pattern as well as effectiveness of a unilateral approach suggests that the stellate block reduced arterial pressure by interrupting the afferent limb of a pressor reflex from the heart or great vessels, or both. The procedure was free from side effects and helped avoid prolonged parenteral administration of potent antihypertensive drugs.", "PMID": 310239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2394", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of aortocoronary bypass graft patency using pulsed Doppler echocardiography.", "content": "To evaluate noninvasively aortocoronary bypass graft patency, pulsed Doppler echocardiography was performed at the time of postoperative coronary angiography in 120 consecutive patients. Ultrasonic examination of 163 vein grafts was possible. One hundred twenty-seven patent and 14 occluded grafts were correctly identified. Eleven patent grafts could not be recorded, and 11 occluded grafts were falsely diagnosed as patent. The method had an overall sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 56%. This high sensitivity level may be increased to almost 100% by enhanced technical skill and experience. The low specificity level, although the method must be tested in a larger number of bypass grafts, stresses the importance of correctly identifying other sources of diastolic blood flow. Diastolic flows from the superior vena cava, internal mammary veins, tricuspid valve, mitral valve and right ventricle may be eliminated by careful adjustment of the depth, site and size of the pulsed Doppler electronic sampling gate. Standard echocardiographic landmarks for avoiding confusion with the coronary arteries are also described.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of aortocoronary bypass graft patency using pulsed Doppler echocardiography. To evaluate noninvasively aortocoronary bypass graft patency, pulsed Doppler echocardiography was performed at the time of postoperative coronary angiography in 120 consecutive patients. Ultrasonic examination of 163 vein grafts was possible. One hundred twenty-seven patent and 14 occluded grafts were correctly identified. Eleven patent grafts could not be recorded, and 11 occluded grafts were falsely diagnosed as patent. The method had an overall sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 56%. This high sensitivity level may be increased to almost 100% by enhanced technical skill and experience. The low specificity level, although the method must be tested in a larger number of bypass grafts, stresses the importance of correctly identifying other sources of diastolic blood flow. Diastolic flows from the superior vena cava, internal mammary veins, tricuspid valve, mitral valve and right ventricle may be eliminated by careful adjustment of the depth, site and size of the pulsed Doppler electronic sampling gate. Standard echocardiographic landmarks for avoiding confusion with the coronary arteries are also described.", "PMID": 310240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2395", "title": "Left ventricular false aneurysm after coronary bypass surgery: radionuclide diagnosis and surgical resection.", "content": "A patient with left ventricular pseudoaneurysm formation resulting from myocardial infarction 4 years after coronary bypass surgery is described. The pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed with gated cardiac blood pool imaging and was subsequently successfully surgically repaired. Postoperative pericardial abnormalities predisposing to the possible development of a false aneurysm are discussed. Also, clinical situations in which pseudoaneurysm should be suspected are described, and appropriate diagnostic approaches are outlined.", "contents": "Left ventricular false aneurysm after coronary bypass surgery: radionuclide diagnosis and surgical resection. A patient with left ventricular pseudoaneurysm formation resulting from myocardial infarction 4 years after coronary bypass surgery is described. The pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed with gated cardiac blood pool imaging and was subsequently successfully surgically repaired. Postoperative pericardial abnormalities predisposing to the possible development of a false aneurysm are discussed. Also, clinical situations in which pseudoaneurysm should be suspected are described, and appropriate diagnostic approaches are outlined.", "PMID": 310241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2396", "title": "Blood pressure in Tokelauan children in two contrasting environments.", "content": "To assess the influence of the environment on blood pressure levels in children, the patterns of blood pressure in Tokelauan children resident in the isolated atolls of Tokelau and in New Zealand are compared. Blood pressure was measured twice by one observer using a random zero sphygmomanometer on 571 (96% response) Tokelauan children resident on the atolls and on 856 (95% response) Tokelauan children resident in New Zealand. After adjusting for cuff size and controlling for age, weight and height, the systolic blood pressure of New Zealand resident children was found to be significantly higher in boys of all ages and in girls under the age of eight. The difference does not appear to be due to selective migration; the association of the heavier weight of the New Zealand resident children with part of this blood pressure difference may be important from a preventive viewpoint.", "contents": "Blood pressure in Tokelauan children in two contrasting environments. To assess the influence of the environment on blood pressure levels in children, the patterns of blood pressure in Tokelauan children resident in the isolated atolls of Tokelau and in New Zealand are compared. Blood pressure was measured twice by one observer using a random zero sphygmomanometer on 571 (96% response) Tokelauan children resident on the atolls and on 856 (95% response) Tokelauan children resident in New Zealand. After adjusting for cuff size and controlling for age, weight and height, the systolic blood pressure of New Zealand resident children was found to be significantly higher in boys of all ages and in girls under the age of eight. The difference does not appear to be due to selective migration; the association of the heavier weight of the New Zealand resident children with part of this blood pressure difference may be important from a preventive viewpoint.", "PMID": 310245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2397", "title": "Night myopia at night automobile luminances: final report.", "content": "One-hundred seventy-five persons viewed test letters of 35 and 11% contrast at 0.1 and 0.01 fL chart luminance while lenses (+0.25 to -1.50 D in 0.25-D steps) were placed before their eyes (and glasses, if they wore them). With one or more of the minus lenses, only 9% of the subjects obtained improved acuity by one or more lines on the chart. The most common optimum lens power was -0.75 D.", "contents": "Night myopia at night automobile luminances: final report. One-hundred seventy-five persons viewed test letters of 35 and 11% contrast at 0.1 and 0.01 fL chart luminance while lenses (+0.25 to -1.50 D in 0.25-D steps) were placed before their eyes (and glasses, if they wore them). With one or more of the minus lenses, only 9% of the subjects obtained improved acuity by one or more lines on the chart. The most common optimum lens power was -0.75 D.", "PMID": 310246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2398", "title": "Serum protein levels as anthropological markers: a statistical analysis in Binga Pygmies and Italians.", "content": "Data on serum protein levels in Binga Pygmies are presented, and these are compared with the levels in healthy Italians and in Italians suffering from liver diseases. Principal Component Analysis carried out on the three groups points out similarities in protein levels between the Pygmies and the Italian Hepatopaths on one hand and between healthy and liver diseased Italians on the other. Discriminant Analyses reveal the important differences between the populations. It is suggested that such analyses of protein levels could serve as tools in population biology.", "contents": "Serum protein levels as anthropological markers: a statistical analysis in Binga Pygmies and Italians. Data on serum protein levels in Binga Pygmies are presented, and these are compared with the levels in healthy Italians and in Italians suffering from liver diseases. Principal Component Analysis carried out on the three groups points out similarities in protein levels between the Pygmies and the Italian Hepatopaths on one hand and between healthy and liver diseased Italians on the other. Discriminant Analyses reveal the important differences between the populations. It is suggested that such analyses of protein levels could serve as tools in population biology.", "PMID": 310247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2399", "title": "Immunological features of kala-azar.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulins, complement C3c, percentage of T and B cells, and skin reactivity to Leishmania were studied in ten cases of kala-azar. Immunoglobulin G was increased in a majority of these patients. The C3c level in two out of six patients tested was lower than normal. The percentage of T cells in peripheral blood of nine patients tested was reduced and in seven of these patients the percentage of B cells was elevated. After a full course of anti-kala-azar therapy the percentage of T and B cells remained the same in five patients studied. All the patients showed a negative skin reaction when they were tested with Leishmania antigen.", "contents": "Immunological features of kala-azar. Serum immunoglobulins, complement C3c, percentage of T and B cells, and skin reactivity to Leishmania were studied in ten cases of kala-azar. Immunoglobulin G was increased in a majority of these patients. The C3c level in two out of six patients tested was lower than normal. The percentage of T cells in peripheral blood of nine patients tested was reduced and in seven of these patients the percentage of B cells was elevated. After a full course of anti-kala-azar therapy the percentage of T and B cells remained the same in five patients studied. All the patients showed a negative skin reaction when they were tested with Leishmania antigen.", "PMID": 310248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2400", "title": "Prospective comparative clinical trial with distal splenorenal and mesocaval shunts.", "content": "In a randomized study, the rate of postshunt encephalopathy was significantly lower after distal splenorenal shunting than after mesocaval shunting. Either shunt can be performed electively with a low operative mortality. If initial hemorrhage cannot be controlled, mortality may be minimized by mesocaval shunting. Advanced cirrhosis is not a contraindication to elective or emergency portasystemic shunting.", "contents": "Prospective comparative clinical trial with distal splenorenal and mesocaval shunts. In a randomized study, the rate of postshunt encephalopathy was significantly lower after distal splenorenal shunting than after mesocaval shunting. Either shunt can be performed electively with a low operative mortality. If initial hemorrhage cannot be controlled, mortality may be minimized by mesocaval shunting. Advanced cirrhosis is not a contraindication to elective or emergency portasystemic shunting.", "PMID": 310249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2401", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the cornea in the chick embryo.", "content": "The study of the development of the cornea in the chick embryo by transmission and scanning electron microscopy allows us to observe the differences between the aspect of thin sections and the surface of the cells. When studied with the T.E.M. both endothelium and epithelium have a rather normal and mature aspects on the 9th day of development. Observed with the S.E.M., the aspect of the surface of the epithelium becomes mature no earlier than on the 19th day, whereas the development of the endothelium is completed only after hatching. The development of apical junctional complexes occurs at a later stage in the organisation of the endothelial layer.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the cornea in the chick embryo. The study of the development of the cornea in the chick embryo by transmission and scanning electron microscopy allows us to observe the differences between the aspect of thin sections and the surface of the cells. When studied with the T.E.M. both endothelium and epithelium have a rather normal and mature aspects on the 9th day of development. Observed with the S.E.M., the aspect of the surface of the epithelium becomes mature no earlier than on the 19th day, whereas the development of the endothelium is completed only after hatching. The development of apical junctional complexes occurs at a later stage in the organisation of the endothelial layer.", "PMID": 310254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2402", "title": "Some aspects of radiant energy damage to the retina.", "content": "The retinae of anaesthetised Dutch rabbits were exposed to white light of various intensities * (*67--235 mW/cm2 measured at 2.5 cms from the end plate of the light guide) for a period of one h. After this period the animals were killed and tissue taken for investigation by light and electron microscopy. The higher intensities produced marked disruption of the visual cell outer and inner segments as well as a variety of morphological changes in the pigment epithelium. The highest intensity produced severe disruption of the visual cells and pigment epithelium in addition to a general disruption of the other retinal layers. Accompanying the retinal damage there was an inflammatory response in the choroid of the experimental eyes and surprisingly, at some intensities, a similar inflammatory response in the choroid of the control eye.", "contents": "Some aspects of radiant energy damage to the retina. The retinae of anaesthetised Dutch rabbits were exposed to white light of various intensities * (*67--235 mW/cm2 measured at 2.5 cms from the end plate of the light guide) for a period of one h. After this period the animals were killed and tissue taken for investigation by light and electron microscopy. The higher intensities produced marked disruption of the visual cell outer and inner segments as well as a variety of morphological changes in the pigment epithelium. The highest intensity produced severe disruption of the visual cells and pigment epithelium in addition to a general disruption of the other retinal layers. Accompanying the retinal damage there was an inflammatory response in the choroid of the experimental eyes and surprisingly, at some intensities, a similar inflammatory response in the choroid of the control eye.", "PMID": 310255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2403", "title": "Development and ultrastructure of peripheral subretinal neovascularizations.", "content": "Anterior to the equator an additional vascular layer can regularly be found between peripheral retina and choroid. The vessels are located within Bruch's membrane, subjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium. Apparently, this layer is not present at birth and develops at a relatively young age. With the electron microscope all steps of vasculogenesis could be followed. The presence of such vessels also in the eye of a 29-year-old individual suggests that they represent a physiologic condition rather than an ageing change. In contrast to the subretinal neovascular membranes of the posterior fundus, these peripheral neovascularizations show no relation to any known fundus disease.", "contents": "Development and ultrastructure of peripheral subretinal neovascularizations. Anterior to the equator an additional vascular layer can regularly be found between peripheral retina and choroid. The vessels are located within Bruch's membrane, subjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium. Apparently, this layer is not present at birth and develops at a relatively young age. With the electron microscope all steps of vasculogenesis could be followed. The presence of such vessels also in the eye of a 29-year-old individual suggests that they represent a physiologic condition rather than an ageing change. In contrast to the subretinal neovascular membranes of the posterior fundus, these peripheral neovascularizations show no relation to any known fundus disease.", "PMID": 310256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2404", "title": "Hyperacute form of experimental autoimmune uveo-retinitis in Lewis rats; electron microscopic study.", "content": "One systemic injection of retinal tissue or extract mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant induces uveo-retinitis in several animal species: guinea pig [6], rabbit [5, 7], monkey [4] and rat [8]. Rod outer segments may be used as the pathogenic antigenic preparation [1, 3, 9]. This study reports on the conditions of induction of experimental autoimmune uveo-retinitis (EAU) in rats (susceptible strains of rats, optimal doses of antigen and adjuvant) and the histopathological features of the lesions in the early stages of the disease.  In several species one systemic injection of retinal tissue or extract mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant induces an ocular inflammatory disease, whose main features are an inflammatory infiltration of the uvea and a destruction of the external layers of the retina. With adequate doses of guinea pig retinal extract and adjuvant, the disease was induced in all cases in albino rats of the Lewis strain. The vascular and tissular lesions, and the infiltrates with a predominance of PMN's and basophils seem to be the result of immune complexe deposition.", "contents": "Hyperacute form of experimental autoimmune uveo-retinitis in Lewis rats; electron microscopic study. One systemic injection of retinal tissue or extract mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant induces uveo-retinitis in several animal species: guinea pig [6], rabbit [5, 7], monkey [4] and rat [8]. Rod outer segments may be used as the pathogenic antigenic preparation [1, 3, 9]. This study reports on the conditions of induction of experimental autoimmune uveo-retinitis (EAU) in rats (susceptible strains of rats, optimal doses of antigen and adjuvant) and the histopathological features of the lesions in the early stages of the disease.  In several species one systemic injection of retinal tissue or extract mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant induces an ocular inflammatory disease, whose main features are an inflammatory infiltration of the uvea and a destruction of the external layers of the retina. With adequate doses of guinea pig retinal extract and adjuvant, the disease was induced in all cases in albino rats of the Lewis strain. The vascular and tissular lesions, and the infiltrates with a predominance of PMN's and basophils seem to be the result of immune complexe deposition.", "PMID": 310257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2405", "title": "Comparative studies of erythrophagocytosis in the rabbit and human vitreous.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes which occurred during red cell degradation in the vitreous were studied in rabbit and human eyes. The major pathway for red cell lysis was extracellular in both species, and this type of haemolysis was probably induced by the unfavourable environment in the vitreous and by age changes in the red cells themselves. The released red cell debris was then phagocytosed by invading macrophages. Intracellular lysis also occurred within the cytoplasm of large macrophages after ingestion of whole red cells by the phagocytes. Thus inflammatory cells were always ultimately involved in both forms of red cell lysis in the vitreous. Intracellular lysis appeared to be more common in human cases of recurrent intravitreal haemorrhage associated with intravitreal new vessel formation. In addition, a higher proportion of young macrophages was observed in the inflammatory cell exudates of recurrent haemorrhages, suggesting that macrophage turnover was more rapid in these cases.", "contents": "Comparative studies of erythrophagocytosis in the rabbit and human vitreous. The ultrastructural changes which occurred during red cell degradation in the vitreous were studied in rabbit and human eyes. The major pathway for red cell lysis was extracellular in both species, and this type of haemolysis was probably induced by the unfavourable environment in the vitreous and by age changes in the red cells themselves. The released red cell debris was then phagocytosed by invading macrophages. Intracellular lysis also occurred within the cytoplasm of large macrophages after ingestion of whole red cells by the phagocytes. Thus inflammatory cells were always ultimately involved in both forms of red cell lysis in the vitreous. Intracellular lysis appeared to be more common in human cases of recurrent intravitreal haemorrhage associated with intravitreal new vessel formation. In addition, a higher proportion of young macrophages was observed in the inflammatory cell exudates of recurrent haemorrhages, suggesting that macrophage turnover was more rapid in these cases.", "PMID": 310258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2406", "title": "Innervation of the conus papillaris in the eye of lacertilians.", "content": "The autonomic innervation of the conus papillaris has been observed by electron microscopy in Lacerta viridis, muralis, Anguis fragilis and Zonosaurus ornatus. Bundles of nerve fibres accompanying blood vessels penetrate the conus at the level of the intraocular portion of the optic nerve.  Within the  conus proper, different aspects are described: bundles of fibres from which some axons can be separated, aggregates of axons with varicosities enclosed within the cytoplasm of pigmented cells, isolated preterminal axons or varicose terminals encircled by pigment cell cytoplasm or cytoplasmic processes, and naked terminals. The observed innervation is to be related to blood vessel vasomotor activity or to pigment cell motility. This problem remains unsolved.", "contents": "Innervation of the conus papillaris in the eye of lacertilians. The autonomic innervation of the conus papillaris has been observed by electron microscopy in Lacerta viridis, muralis, Anguis fragilis and Zonosaurus ornatus. Bundles of nerve fibres accompanying blood vessels penetrate the conus at the level of the intraocular portion of the optic nerve.  Within the  conus proper, different aspects are described: bundles of fibres from which some axons can be separated, aggregates of axons with varicosities enclosed within the cytoplasm of pigmented cells, isolated preterminal axons or varicose terminals encircled by pigment cell cytoplasm or cytoplasmic processes, and naked terminals. The observed innervation is to be related to blood vessel vasomotor activity or to pigment cell motility. This problem remains unsolved.", "PMID": 310259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2407", "title": "Histological and ultrastructural studies on the ringbands in human extraocular muscles.", "content": "Ringbands are a typical finding in the extraocular muscles of individuals of twenty years and older. The number of these structures increases distinctly after the 60th year of life. In optimally fixed muscles the ringbands are separated from the sarcolemma by a space containing the so-called sarcoplasmic masses. These masses were composed of vaculated mitochondria, dilated tubules of the sarcoplasmic system and, in some fibers, of fragments of myofibrils. Structures from which a neoformation of myofibrils as the origin of the ringbands could be concluded (as proposed by Jonecko, 1967), were never observed in this hypolemmal area. In contrast, the formation of the ringbands seems to be correlated to the ultrastructural alterations of the myofilaments and the looser arrangement of the myofibrils which can first be observed in extraocular muscles of 10-year-old patients and increasingly in older patients (M\u00fchlendyck, 1977). These alterations lead to continous and repeated changes in the orientation of the myofibrils during the extension and contraction processes of the muscle fiber. Thus, the myofibrils undergo a constant mechanical stress which they cannot resist indefinetly, leading to disruption of some of the fibrils. The disrupted free end contracts, deviates almost at a right angle from its former course and, while the sarcolemma forms thread-like folds during the contraction of the muscle fiber, it is coiled around the longitudinal undisrupted fibrillar core. This leads to a disfunction of the muscle fiber and aids in explaining the steady decrease of the excursion of the eye after about 30 years of age.", "contents": "Histological and ultrastructural studies on the ringbands in human extraocular muscles. Ringbands are a typical finding in the extraocular muscles of individuals of twenty years and older. The number of these structures increases distinctly after the 60th year of life. In optimally fixed muscles the ringbands are separated from the sarcolemma by a space containing the so-called sarcoplasmic masses. These masses were composed of vaculated mitochondria, dilated tubules of the sarcoplasmic system and, in some fibers, of fragments of myofibrils. Structures from which a neoformation of myofibrils as the origin of the ringbands could be concluded (as proposed by Jonecko, 1967), were never observed in this hypolemmal area. In contrast, the formation of the ringbands seems to be correlated to the ultrastructural alterations of the myofilaments and the looser arrangement of the myofibrils which can first be observed in extraocular muscles of 10-year-old patients and increasingly in older patients (M\u00fchlendyck, 1977). These alterations lead to continous and repeated changes in the orientation of the myofibrils during the extension and contraction processes of the muscle fiber. Thus, the myofibrils undergo a constant mechanical stress which they cannot resist indefinetly, leading to disruption of some of the fibrils. The disrupted free end contracts, deviates almost at a right angle from its former course and, while the sarcolemma forms thread-like folds during the contraction of the muscle fiber, it is coiled around the longitudinal undisrupted fibrillar core. This leads to a disfunction of the muscle fiber and aids in explaining the steady decrease of the excursion of the eye after about 30 years of age.", "PMID": 310260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2408", "title": "Fine structure of palpebral molluscum contagiosum and its secondary conjunctival lesions.", "content": "One case of molluscum contagiosum of the lid, which has been followed by follicular conjunctivitis and superficial punctate keratitis, has enabled us to compare the ultrastructure of the skin tumor and of the conjunctival lesion. Electron microscopic observation is the only way for discovering the causal Poxvirus. Up to now isolation of the viral strain has not been possible. Examination of the skin tumor showed different maturation forms of the virus and associated cell alterations. In the conjunctiva there was an inflammatory reaction, with exocytosis and infiltration of the chorion by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Intracytoplasmic organelles were formed in the superficial epithelial cells. Their size and structure resembled that of the immature virions found in the epidermic cells. The comparison between skin and conjunctival lesions suggests the following sequence of events in the pathogenesis: the virus, leaving the lid tumor, probably penetrates the conjunctival cells and, without finding the conditions necessary for its full development, produces abnormal viral inclusions unable to become a mature virus. The excision of skin nodules thus cures the infection, since it prevents further reinfection by the skin virus. The morphological criteria on which this hypothesis is based must be confirmed by chemical and morphometrical studies.", "contents": "Fine structure of palpebral molluscum contagiosum and its secondary conjunctival lesions. One case of molluscum contagiosum of the lid, which has been followed by follicular conjunctivitis and superficial punctate keratitis, has enabled us to compare the ultrastructure of the skin tumor and of the conjunctival lesion. Electron microscopic observation is the only way for discovering the causal Poxvirus. Up to now isolation of the viral strain has not been possible. Examination of the skin tumor showed different maturation forms of the virus and associated cell alterations. In the conjunctiva there was an inflammatory reaction, with exocytosis and infiltration of the chorion by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Intracytoplasmic organelles were formed in the superficial epithelial cells. Their size and structure resembled that of the immature virions found in the epidermic cells. The comparison between skin and conjunctival lesions suggests the following sequence of events in the pathogenesis: the virus, leaving the lid tumor, probably penetrates the conjunctival cells and, without finding the conditions necessary for its full development, produces abnormal viral inclusions unable to become a mature virus. The excision of skin nodules thus cures the infection, since it prevents further reinfection by the skin virus. The morphological criteria on which this hypothesis is based must be confirmed by chemical and morphometrical studies.", "PMID": 310261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2409", "title": "Reis-B\u00fcckler's dystrophy.", "content": "A case of Reis-B\u00fcckler's dystrophy in a 36-year-old man is reported. Its clinical aspect is compared with its histological and ultrastructural features. The slight reticular opacities situated superficially in the central part of the cornea, immediately beneath the epithelium, correspond to dark, irregular deposits. These replaced the basal membrane and Bowman's membrane and are composed of granular material, glycogen granules, and short fibers. These short, curved, osmiophilic fibers whose diameter is approximately 130 A are also located inside the anterior stromal lamellae. These deposits seem to be the characteristic feature of this particular and rare dystrophy, stated as by Hogan. Their nature and origin are discussed.", "contents": "Reis-B\u00fcckler's dystrophy. A case of Reis-B\u00fcckler's dystrophy in a 36-year-old man is reported. Its clinical aspect is compared with its histological and ultrastructural features. The slight reticular opacities situated superficially in the central part of the cornea, immediately beneath the epithelium, correspond to dark, irregular deposits. These replaced the basal membrane and Bowman's membrane and are composed of granular material, glycogen granules, and short fibers. These short, curved, osmiophilic fibers whose diameter is approximately 130 A are also located inside the anterior stromal lamellae. These deposits seem to be the characteristic feature of this particular and rare dystrophy, stated as by Hogan. Their nature and origin are discussed.", "PMID": 310262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2410", "title": "Further observations on the process of haemophagocytosis in the human outflow system.", "content": "The outflow system was studied in seven human traumatised eyes in which there was a hyphaema (injury-enucleation periods 7h to 35 days). Extracellular lysis of red cells was present, but lysed red cells were not found in the outer part of the meshwork. Exogenous macrophages and endogenous endothelial cells contained red cells and their breakdown products and evidence was obtained to indicate intracellular haemolysis as the cells passed through the meshwork. Penetration of the lining endothelium of Schlemm's canal by red cells and macrophages was a rare observation and this was attributed to the presence of a co-existing hypotonia.", "contents": "Further observations on the process of haemophagocytosis in the human outflow system. The outflow system was studied in seven human traumatised eyes in which there was a hyphaema (injury-enucleation periods 7h to 35 days). Extracellular lysis of red cells was present, but lysed red cells were not found in the outer part of the meshwork. Exogenous macrophages and endogenous endothelial cells contained red cells and their breakdown products and evidence was obtained to indicate intracellular haemolysis as the cells passed through the meshwork. Penetration of the lining endothelium of Schlemm's canal by red cells and macrophages was a rare observation and this was attributed to the presence of a co-existing hypotonia.", "PMID": 310263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2411", "title": "Studies on the pseudo-exfoliation material: a review.", "content": "Pseudo-exfoliation (PE) material may be found on several surfaces of the anterior segment of the eye. The material contains typical cross-banded PE fibrils distributed at random. These fibrils have been studied with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Negative staining of dispersed PE fibrils indicated that the fibrils have a core consisting of a small number of filamentous subunits. The core is surrounded by a fuzzy material which protrudes from the fibrils at regular intervals. This is the basis of the cross-bands of the fibrils. Staining with ruthenium red and alcian blue indicates that glycosaminoglycans are present, mainly on the surface of the PE fibrils. Tracer particles have been applied in vitro on lenses with PE. The distribution of the tracers in the PE material indicates that the fibrils are embedded in an interfibrillar matrix consisting of filamentous units. It is concluded that the PE material is made up of filamentous proteo-glycosaminoglycans. The fibrils represent relatively dense aggregates of such filaments, while the interfibrillar matrix is a gel of the same filamentous units in a loose, random arrangement.", "contents": "Studies on the pseudo-exfoliation material: a review. Pseudo-exfoliation (PE) material may be found on several surfaces of the anterior segment of the eye. The material contains typical cross-banded PE fibrils distributed at random. These fibrils have been studied with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Negative staining of dispersed PE fibrils indicated that the fibrils have a core consisting of a small number of filamentous subunits. The core is surrounded by a fuzzy material which protrudes from the fibrils at regular intervals. This is the basis of the cross-bands of the fibrils. Staining with ruthenium red and alcian blue indicates that glycosaminoglycans are present, mainly on the surface of the PE fibrils. Tracer particles have been applied in vitro on lenses with PE. The distribution of the tracers in the PE material indicates that the fibrils are embedded in an interfibrillar matrix consisting of filamentous units. It is concluded that the PE material is made up of filamentous proteo-glycosaminoglycans. The fibrils represent relatively dense aggregates of such filaments, while the interfibrillar matrix is a gel of the same filamentous units in a loose, random arrangement.", "PMID": 310264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2412", "title": "Endothelial cell junctions in the ciliary body microvasculature. A freeze-fracture study in the rabbit.", "content": "Endothelial cells of the microvasculature (arterioles, fenestrated capillaries, and small venules) of the rabbit ciliary body have been examined in freeze-fracture replicas in ultrahigh vacuum and at very low temperatures, with special regard to their junctional boundaries. The junctional complexes of fenestrated capillaries and venular endothelium are discontinuous and do not seal the interendothelial clefts. They cannot be compared with zonulae occludentes or tight junctions, while the junctions in the arteriolar endothelium are continuous and well organized, suggesting a very low degree of paracellular permeability. It would be of interest to know if these structural differences at the junctional level in each segment of the microvasculature correspond to different paracellular permeability properties.", "contents": "Endothelial cell junctions in the ciliary body microvasculature. A freeze-fracture study in the rabbit. Endothelial cells of the microvasculature (arterioles, fenestrated capillaries, and small venules) of the rabbit ciliary body have been examined in freeze-fracture replicas in ultrahigh vacuum and at very low temperatures, with special regard to their junctional boundaries. The junctional complexes of fenestrated capillaries and venular endothelium are discontinuous and do not seal the interendothelial clefts. They cannot be compared with zonulae occludentes or tight junctions, while the junctions in the arteriolar endothelium are continuous and well organized, suggesting a very low degree of paracellular permeability. It would be of interest to know if these structural differences at the junctional level in each segment of the microvasculature correspond to different paracellular permeability properties.", "PMID": 310265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2413", "title": "Communicating junctions of the human sensory retina. A freeze-fracture study.", "content": "Using the freeze-fracture technique communicating junctions could be identified between the cells of the adult human sensory retina. Communicating junctions with particles arranged in linear or circular rows as well as in small aggregates were found between adjacent photoreceptor endings. Communicating junctions with particles forming plaques were localized in the inner plexiform layer. They were isolated between unidentified cell processes or lay close to active sites of chemical synapses, thus suggesting the occurrence of \"mixed\" (chemical and electrical) synapses in this layer. Furthermore, communicating junctions were detected between portions of M\u00fcller's cells.", "contents": "Communicating junctions of the human sensory retina. A freeze-fracture study. Using the freeze-fracture technique communicating junctions could be identified between the cells of the adult human sensory retina. Communicating junctions with particles arranged in linear or circular rows as well as in small aggregates were found between adjacent photoreceptor endings. Communicating junctions with particles forming plaques were localized in the inner plexiform layer. They were isolated between unidentified cell processes or lay close to active sites of chemical synapses, thus suggesting the occurrence of \"mixed\" (chemical and electrical) synapses in this layer. Furthermore, communicating junctions were detected between portions of M\u00fcller's cells.", "PMID": 310266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2414", "title": "Postnatal development of the cat's retina: a concept of maturation obtained by qualitative and quantitative examinations.", "content": "From a coherent morphological and morphometrical investigation of the postnatal development of the cat's retina, some main aspects are presented concerning the structures lying outside the outer limiting membrane, the neuropile layers and the nuclear layers. It is shown by means of qualitative and quantitative results, that the maturation process of the various cellular elements in the cat's retina can be devided into three phases and is presumably finished between the 4th to the 5th month of life.", "contents": "Postnatal development of the cat's retina: a concept of maturation obtained by qualitative and quantitative examinations. From a coherent morphological and morphometrical investigation of the postnatal development of the cat's retina, some main aspects are presented concerning the structures lying outside the outer limiting membrane, the neuropile layers and the nuclear layers. It is shown by means of qualitative and quantitative results, that the maturation process of the various cellular elements in the cat's retina can be devided into three phases and is presumably finished between the 4th to the 5th month of life.", "PMID": 310267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2415", "title": "[The influence of changes in body position on intraocular pressure, episcleral venous pressure, and blood pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "The intraocular pressure, the ophthalmic artery pressure, and the episcleral venous pressure increased after changes from sitting to recumbent body position, whereas the subclavian artery pressure remained unchanged or decreased slightly. Changing from recumbent to sitting position was followed by a decrease in IOP, ophthalmic pressure, and subclavian artery pressure.  Comparing the last measurement in the first position to the first value after change, it was found that the IOP alters by about 20%, the ophthalmic artery pressure by 15%, and the episcleral venous pressure by 50%. In all series a decrease in subclavian artery pressure was observed during the first 15 min. The mean pressure in the ophthalmic artery diminished in the series that changed from sitting to recumbent position, whereas it increased in the other series during the first 15 min. The episcleral venous pressure increased more than the corresponding IOP after changing to the recumbent position.", "contents": "[The influence of changes in body position on intraocular pressure, episcleral venous pressure, and blood pressure (author's transl)]. The intraocular pressure, the ophthalmic artery pressure, and the episcleral venous pressure increased after changes from sitting to recumbent body position, whereas the subclavian artery pressure remained unchanged or decreased slightly. Changing from recumbent to sitting position was followed by a decrease in IOP, ophthalmic pressure, and subclavian artery pressure.  Comparing the last measurement in the first position to the first value after change, it was found that the IOP alters by about 20%, the ophthalmic artery pressure by 15%, and the episcleral venous pressure by 50%. In all series a decrease in subclavian artery pressure was observed during the first 15 min. The mean pressure in the ophthalmic artery diminished in the series that changed from sitting to recumbent position, whereas it increased in the other series during the first 15 min. The episcleral venous pressure increased more than the corresponding IOP after changing to the recumbent position.", "PMID": 310268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2416", "title": "Human leukocyte and fibroblast interferon in a combination therapy of dendritic keratitis.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with virologically proven dendritic keratitis were treated using either debridement plus human leukocyte interferon (HLI) or debridement plus human fibroblast interferon (HFI) in a randomized, double-blind study. We administered one drop of HLI or HFI (1 X 10(6) reference units/ml) daily and found no significant difference in the action of either type of interferon.", "contents": "Human leukocyte and fibroblast interferon in a combination therapy of dendritic keratitis. Thirty-eight patients with virologically proven dendritic keratitis were treated using either debridement plus human leukocyte interferon (HLI) or debridement plus human fibroblast interferon (HFI) in a randomized, double-blind study. We administered one drop of HLI or HFI (1 X 10(6) reference units/ml) daily and found no significant difference in the action of either type of interferon.", "PMID": 310269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2417", "title": "Penetration of atenolol in the rabbit eye.", "content": "The ocular penetration of topically applied [14C]-atenolol in the rabbit was determined by means of liquid scintillation counting. Only one eye was treated, the fellow eye serving as a control. Blood plasma levels were measured as well. The absolute amount of atenolol which penetrated the eye was very low, but a relatively high concentration was achieved in the tissues of the nictitating membrane. We could only detect an increase in the amount of atenolol with time in the aqueous humor. In all other ocular tissues, including iris and ciliary body, the atenolol level remained constant with time. Hardly any atenolol could be detected in the untreated eye and none in the blood plasma. These findings suggest that the ocular penetration of atenolol administered as an eye drop is very poor. Ocular penetration, therefore, hardly seems to play a part in the antiglaucomatous effect of atenolol.", "contents": "Penetration of atenolol in the rabbit eye. The ocular penetration of topically applied [14C]-atenolol in the rabbit was determined by means of liquid scintillation counting. Only one eye was treated, the fellow eye serving as a control. Blood plasma levels were measured as well. The absolute amount of atenolol which penetrated the eye was very low, but a relatively high concentration was achieved in the tissues of the nictitating membrane. We could only detect an increase in the amount of atenolol with time in the aqueous humor. In all other ocular tissues, including iris and ciliary body, the atenolol level remained constant with time. Hardly any atenolol could be detected in the untreated eye and none in the blood plasma. These findings suggest that the ocular penetration of atenolol administered as an eye drop is very poor. Ocular penetration, therefore, hardly seems to play a part in the antiglaucomatous effect of atenolol.", "PMID": 310270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2418", "title": "Orbital volume after enucleation and eye volume in the adult rabbit.", "content": "Of 21 mature, fully grown Dutch rabbits, seven were controls separated into two groups in which eye and orbital volumes were determined at 10 and at 18 months of age respectively. In the 14 remaining rabbits, enucleation of one eye was done at 10 months of age. Immediately afterward the eye volume was determined. These animals were killed at 18 months of age at which time the volumes of the remaining eye and of both orbits were determined. Within the limits of this preliminary experiment the following were noted. The mean eye volume was slightly greater at 18 than at 10 months of age. This was statistically significant. After enucleation of the eye at 10 months of age orbital volume of that side was similar to the opposite side at 18 months of age in the male rabbits. In the female rabbits there was a small significant statistical difference. The conclusions however, are that in the Dutch rabbit there is not a meaningful clinical volumetric difference in either the eye from 10 to 18 months of age or the orbit from 10 to 18 months of age with or without enucleation at 10 months of age.", "contents": "Orbital volume after enucleation and eye volume in the adult rabbit. Of 21 mature, fully grown Dutch rabbits, seven were controls separated into two groups in which eye and orbital volumes were determined at 10 and at 18 months of age respectively. In the 14 remaining rabbits, enucleation of one eye was done at 10 months of age. Immediately afterward the eye volume was determined. These animals were killed at 18 months of age at which time the volumes of the remaining eye and of both orbits were determined. Within the limits of this preliminary experiment the following were noted. The mean eye volume was slightly greater at 18 than at 10 months of age. This was statistically significant. After enucleation of the eye at 10 months of age orbital volume of that side was similar to the opposite side at 18 months of age in the male rabbits. In the female rabbits there was a small significant statistical difference. The conclusions however, are that in the Dutch rabbit there is not a meaningful clinical volumetric difference in either the eye from 10 to 18 months of age or the orbit from 10 to 18 months of age with or without enucleation at 10 months of age.", "PMID": 310271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2419", "title": "Bandpass measurements in the electroretinographic electrode circuit.", "content": "In the experiments in this study band-pass measurements in electroretinographic electrode circuits were done for the first time, according to the information presently available to us. Our experiments show that in the much faster band-pass assessment by analysis of sawtooth and square waves no major error is involved. It may be concluded from our results that the recordings of ERG potentials are not changed by the characteristic properties of the electrode circuit in the frequency range of interest.", "contents": "Bandpass measurements in the electroretinographic electrode circuit. In the experiments in this study band-pass measurements in electroretinographic electrode circuits were done for the first time, according to the information presently available to us. Our experiments show that in the much faster band-pass assessment by analysis of sawtooth and square waves no major error is involved. It may be concluded from our results that the recordings of ERG potentials are not changed by the characteristic properties of the electrode circuit in the frequency range of interest.", "PMID": 310272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2420", "title": "[The role of glycogen in the donor eye (author's transl)].", "content": "Bovine eyes were conserved under donor eye conditions in a moist chamber for 48 h. Metabolite levels of glucose, fructose, glucose (glycogen) were determined in corneal epithelium and aqueous humour at certain times by enzymatic optical tests. The role of fructuse and glycogen as a nutrient metabolite responsible for the transparency and structure of the cornea is discussed.", "contents": "[The role of glycogen in the donor eye (author's transl)]. Bovine eyes were conserved under donor eye conditions in a moist chamber for 48 h. Metabolite levels of glucose, fructose, glucose (glycogen) were determined in corneal epithelium and aqueous humour at certain times by enzymatic optical tests. The role of fructuse and glycogen as a nutrient metabolite responsible for the transparency and structure of the cornea is discussed.", "PMID": 310273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2421", "title": "The rate of CSF formation in man: preliminary observations on metrizamide washout as a measure of CSF bulk flow.", "content": "Metrizamide, a nonionic, water-soluble contrast agent, was injected into the ventricular system of 3 patients with indwelling ventricular catheters and subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid reservoirs. A first-order rate constant, k, for metrizamide washout from the right lateral ventricle was determined with reference to mean ventricular metrizamide concentration on serial CAT scans; right ventricular volume, V, was estimated after metrizamide injection by multiplying the appropriate ventricular area on consecutive CAT slices by the nominal slice thickness. The rate of right lateral ventricular CSF formation, If, in our 3 patients was calculated as k X V and ranged from 0.083 to 0.103 ml per minute.", "contents": "The rate of CSF formation in man: preliminary observations on metrizamide washout as a measure of CSF bulk flow. Metrizamide, a nonionic, water-soluble contrast agent, was injected into the ventricular system of 3 patients with indwelling ventricular catheters and subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid reservoirs. A first-order rate constant, k, for metrizamide washout from the right lateral ventricle was determined with reference to mean ventricular metrizamide concentration on serial CAT scans; right ventricular volume, V, was estimated after metrizamide injection by multiplying the appropriate ventricular area on consecutive CAT slices by the nominal slice thickness. The rate of right lateral ventricular CSF formation, If, in our 3 patients was calculated as k X V and ranged from 0.083 to 0.103 ml per minute.", "PMID": 310276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2422", "title": "Clinical evaluation of metrizamide for neuroradiology in chilren.", "content": "Metrizamide is a nonionic water-soluble contrast medium for neuroradiological studies that is less irritating to the nervous system than other water-soluble agents. Studies in adults have shown that metrizamide has advantages over currently available media, but experience with children has been limited. Sixty-two children have had myelography or ventriculography using metrizamide. The children ranged in age from 11 days to 22 years. Technically satisfactory studies were obtained in every patient. No major complications were encountered. Minor side-effects included headache in 11 children (18%), mild nausea or vomiting in 16 children (26%), and fever in 4 children (6%). Seizures did not occur. One infant in the study subsequently died of unrelated problems; there was no evidence of arachnoiditis at postmortem examination. Metrizamide is a safe, effective contrast medium for neuroradiological use in children.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of metrizamide for neuroradiology in chilren. Metrizamide is a nonionic water-soluble contrast medium for neuroradiological studies that is less irritating to the nervous system than other water-soluble agents. Studies in adults have shown that metrizamide has advantages over currently available media, but experience with children has been limited. Sixty-two children have had myelography or ventriculography using metrizamide. The children ranged in age from 11 days to 22 years. Technically satisfactory studies were obtained in every patient. No major complications were encountered. Minor side-effects included headache in 11 children (18%), mild nausea or vomiting in 16 children (26%), and fever in 4 children (6%). Seizures did not occur. One infant in the study subsequently died of unrelated problems; there was no evidence of arachnoiditis at postmortem examination. Metrizamide is a safe, effective contrast medium for neuroradiological use in children.", "PMID": 310277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2423", "title": "Transient cerebral dysfunction following chemotherapy for osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "An unusual neurological syndrome occurred in 4  of 158 patients treated for osteogenic sarcoma with combination chemotherapy. There was an abrupt onset of focal cerebral deficits approximately ten days after chemotherapy with vincristine and high-dose methotrexate plus citrovorum factor rescue. The syndrome was short lived and always occurred early in the course of treatment. Prolonged neurological deficits remained in 2 patients. When similar chemotherapy was reinstituted in the 4 patients, no further neurological complications ensued. Possible causes include a leukoencephalopathy related to methotrexate or an embolic cerebral vasculopathy related to necrotic tumor microemboli emanating from the lungs.", "contents": "Transient cerebral dysfunction following chemotherapy for osteogenic sarcoma. An unusual neurological syndrome occurred in 4  of 158 patients treated for osteogenic sarcoma with combination chemotherapy. There was an abrupt onset of focal cerebral deficits approximately ten days after chemotherapy with vincristine and high-dose methotrexate plus citrovorum factor rescue. The syndrome was short lived and always occurred early in the course of treatment. Prolonged neurological deficits remained in 2 patients. When similar chemotherapy was reinstituted in the 4 patients, no further neurological complications ensued. Possible causes include a leukoencephalopathy related to methotrexate or an embolic cerebral vasculopathy related to necrotic tumor microemboli emanating from the lungs.", "PMID": 310278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2424", "title": "Clavulanic acid, a novel inhibitor of beta-lactamases.", "content": "Clavulanic acid, Z-(2R,5R)-3-(beta-hydroxyethylidene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo-[3,2,0] heptane-2-carboxylic acid, has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of the beta-lactamases of the Richmond types II, III, IV, and V. Inhibition is a time-dependent reaction and is irreversible. Clavulanic acid had poor antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with minimal inhibitory levels greater than 25 mug/ml. It did inhibit the majority of Neisseria gonorrhoeae at 0.1 mug/ml and Haemophilus influenzae at 6.3 mug/ml. Clavulanic acid acted synergistically with penicillins and cephalosporins to inhibit beta-lactamase-producing S. aureus and Enterobacteriaceae. Clavulanic acid combined with ampicillin inhibited beta-lactamase-producing N. gonorrhoeae, H. influenzae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella sonnei.", "contents": "Clavulanic acid, a novel inhibitor of beta-lactamases. Clavulanic acid, Z-(2R,5R)-3-(beta-hydroxyethylidene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo-[3,2,0] heptane-2-carboxylic acid, has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of the beta-lactamases of the Richmond types II, III, IV, and V. Inhibition is a time-dependent reaction and is irreversible. Clavulanic acid had poor antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with minimal inhibitory levels greater than 25 mug/ml. It did inhibit the majority of Neisseria gonorrhoeae at 0.1 mug/ml and Haemophilus influenzae at 6.3 mug/ml. Clavulanic acid acted synergistically with penicillins and cephalosporins to inhibit beta-lactamase-producing S. aureus and Enterobacteriaceae. Clavulanic acid combined with ampicillin inhibited beta-lactamase-producing N. gonorrhoeae, H. influenzae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella sonnei.", "PMID": 310279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2425", "title": "Beta-lactamase production and resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Nocardia.", "content": "Although ampicillin has been suggested as a useful agent for the treatment of nocardiosis in man, little is known regarding the presence of beta-lactamase in Nocardia or its possible role in determining resistance to ampicillin and the other beta-lactam antibiotics. We have evaluated 55 isolates of Nocardia for susceptibility to five beta-lactam antibiotics and for the presence of beta-lactamase. Nocardia were resistant to penicillin G, cloxacillin, and cefazolin, but 27 and 62% were susceptible to 3.1 and 25 mug of ampicillin per ml, respectively. Almost 90% of these ampicillin-susceptible or intermediate strains were also susceptible to carbenicillin. The combination of ampicillin and cloxacillin was synergistic against many ampicillin-resistant strains. Beta-lactamase was detected in 89% of Nocardia isolates when intact cells were used and in six of six strains after cell fractionation. This beta-lactamase was most active against penicillin G and ampicillin, with lesser activity against carbenicillin and cephaloridine. These studies suggest that beta-lactamase may be present in all clinical isolates of Nocardia and that mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance other than or in addition to beta-lactamase are responsible for resistance of Nocardia to ampicillin and carbenicillin.", "contents": "Beta-lactamase production and resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Nocardia. Although ampicillin has been suggested as a useful agent for the treatment of nocardiosis in man, little is known regarding the presence of beta-lactamase in Nocardia or its possible role in determining resistance to ampicillin and the other beta-lactam antibiotics. We have evaluated 55 isolates of Nocardia for susceptibility to five beta-lactam antibiotics and for the presence of beta-lactamase. Nocardia were resistant to penicillin G, cloxacillin, and cefazolin, but 27 and 62% were susceptible to 3.1 and 25 mug of ampicillin per ml, respectively. Almost 90% of these ampicillin-susceptible or intermediate strains were also susceptible to carbenicillin. The combination of ampicillin and cloxacillin was synergistic against many ampicillin-resistant strains. Beta-lactamase was detected in 89% of Nocardia isolates when intact cells were used and in six of six strains after cell fractionation. This beta-lactamase was most active against penicillin G and ampicillin, with lesser activity against carbenicillin and cephaloridine. These studies suggest that beta-lactamase may be present in all clinical isolates of Nocardia and that mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance other than or in addition to beta-lactamase are responsible for resistance of Nocardia to ampicillin and carbenicillin.", "PMID": 310280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2426", "title": "Minimum bactericidal concentration of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for Haemophilus influenzae: correlation with prophylaxis.", "content": "The inability of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) to eradicate Haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal carriage in all asymptomatic patients in closed populations was examined in vitro. A broth medium was adapted for susceptibility testing of H. influenzae which permitted us to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). The minimum inhibitory concentrations were all low, but the MBCs were bimodally distributed. Trimethoprim alone or the combination SXT either was bactericidal for H. influenzae isolates at low concentrations (i.e., low MBCs) similar to minimum inhibitory concentrations or showed no bactericidal activity (i.e., high MBCs). If trimethoprim was bactericidal when tested alone against H. influenzae, then the combination SXT was also bactericidal. H. influenzae carriage could not be eradicated from asymptomatic patients with SXT therapy when that combination was not bactericidal for these isolates in vitro. H. influenzae carriage was eradicated from patients when the activity of SXT was bactericidal in vitro. H. influenzae strains that are not killed by trimethoprim or SXT seem to occur at random.", "contents": "Minimum bactericidal concentration of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for Haemophilus influenzae: correlation with prophylaxis. The inability of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) to eradicate Haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal carriage in all asymptomatic patients in closed populations was examined in vitro. A broth medium was adapted for susceptibility testing of H. influenzae which permitted us to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). The minimum inhibitory concentrations were all low, but the MBCs were bimodally distributed. Trimethoprim alone or the combination SXT either was bactericidal for H. influenzae isolates at low concentrations (i.e., low MBCs) similar to minimum inhibitory concentrations or showed no bactericidal activity (i.e., high MBCs). If trimethoprim was bactericidal when tested alone against H. influenzae, then the combination SXT was also bactericidal. H. influenzae carriage could not be eradicated from asymptomatic patients with SXT therapy when that combination was not bactericidal for these isolates in vitro. H. influenzae carriage was eradicated from patients when the activity of SXT was bactericidal in vitro. H. influenzae strains that are not killed by trimethoprim or SXT seem to occur at random.", "PMID": 310281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2427", "title": "Treatment of spasmodic torticollis by dorsal column stimulation.", "content": "A new method is described to treat spasmodic torticollis with the implantation of a dorsal column stimulator at the C1--2 level or with transcutaneous stimulation. 22 patients were evaluated. 3 had sufficient relief to be treated with transcutaneous stimulation only. An additional 6 patients had surgically implanted dorsal column stimulators. It was empirically determined that a frequency of 800--1,100 Hz gave the best relief from torticollis. 1 patient had an excellent result; 3 have had good results; 1 had a fair result, and 1 had a poor result. An additional patient with dystonia musculorum deformans was considerably improved by the use of dorsal column stimulation.", "contents": "Treatment of spasmodic torticollis by dorsal column stimulation. A new method is described to treat spasmodic torticollis with the implantation of a dorsal column stimulator at the C1--2 level or with transcutaneous stimulation. 22 patients were evaluated. 3 had sufficient relief to be treated with transcutaneous stimulation only. An additional 6 patients had surgically implanted dorsal column stimulators. It was empirically determined that a frequency of 800--1,100 Hz gave the best relief from torticollis. 1 patient had an excellent result; 3 have had good results; 1 had a fair result, and 1 had a poor result. An additional patient with dystonia musculorum deformans was considerably improved by the use of dorsal column stimulation.", "PMID": 310282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2428", "title": "Electrical spinal cord stimulation for spastic movement disorders.", "content": "Spinal cord stimulation seems today a promising method to improve spasticity. The experiences of two different clinics (Z\u00fcrich and Freiburg i.Br.) are reported with long-term assessment up to 28 months. The objective data with measurement of stretch and H reflexes support the clinical results. An experimental study on animals does not permit a definitive explanation, but some hypotheses can be suggested.", "contents": "Electrical spinal cord stimulation for spastic movement disorders. Spinal cord stimulation seems today a promising method to improve spasticity. The experiences of two different clinics (Z\u00fcrich and Freiburg i.Br.) are reported with long-term assessment up to 28 months. The objective data with measurement of stretch and H reflexes support the clinical results. An experimental study on animals does not permit a definitive explanation, but some hypotheses can be suggested.", "PMID": 310283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2429", "title": "Chronic paleocerebellar stimulation for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Four case report.", "content": "4 patients suffering severe neuromuscular diseases were subjected to a subtentorial implantation of electrodes over the anterior cerebellar lobe surface. Chronic stimulation was applied for 90 min to 7 h daily, with a rate of 20--180 Hz, 6--10 V and a schedule of 15 min \"on\", 15 min \"off\". Some improvement was observed in 3 patients treated with high frequency stimulation. 1 patient suffered seizures after three months of chronic stimulation. In 2 cases, posterior fossa explorations were necessary for revision of the stimulation apparatus and marked meningeal proliferation surrounding the electrodes was observed. Light and electron microscopic examination of the biopsies showed loss of Purkinje cells and gliofibrillar reaction. Effectiveness and side effects of chronic stimulation of the cerebellum are discussed.", "contents": "Chronic paleocerebellar stimulation for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Four case report. 4 patients suffering severe neuromuscular diseases were subjected to a subtentorial implantation of electrodes over the anterior cerebellar lobe surface. Chronic stimulation was applied for 90 min to 7 h daily, with a rate of 20--180 Hz, 6--10 V and a schedule of 15 min \"on\", 15 min \"off\". Some improvement was observed in 3 patients treated with high frequency stimulation. 1 patient suffered seizures after three months of chronic stimulation. In 2 cases, posterior fossa explorations were necessary for revision of the stimulation apparatus and marked meningeal proliferation surrounding the electrodes was observed. Light and electron microscopic examination of the biopsies showed loss of Purkinje cells and gliofibrillar reaction. Effectiveness and side effects of chronic stimulation of the cerebellum are discussed.", "PMID": 310284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2430", "title": "Percutaneous central gray stimulation for cancer pain.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the periventricular and periaqueductal gray matter via a percutaneous electrode appears to be a useful method for relieving cancer pain with midline and bilateral distribution. Due to the nondestructive character and the minor surgical risks involved in this procedure it may be tried before considering bilateral cordotomy or myelotomy. A possible mechanism of action or at least a contributive factor to the pain relief is the activation of endorphins.", "contents": "Percutaneous central gray stimulation for cancer pain. Electrical stimulation of the periventricular and periaqueductal gray matter via a percutaneous electrode appears to be a useful method for relieving cancer pain with midline and bilateral distribution. Due to the nondestructive character and the minor surgical risks involved in this procedure it may be tried before considering bilateral cordotomy or myelotomy. A possible mechanism of action or at least a contributive factor to the pain relief is the activation of endorphins.", "PMID": 310285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2431", "title": "Subcutaneous transposition of the spleen: a method for treatment of complications in portal hypertension?", "content": "Eleven patients with portal hypertension were treated with subcutaneous transposition of a resected spleen. In eight of the patients the operation was performed after variceal bleeding. In this group there was one operative mortality--a 77-year-old woman. Another patient died after 28 months in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Autopsy showed varices in the gastric fundus and a cancer in the cardia. The other six patients are alive and in good health after 41--60 months. The operation was performed in another three patients, who had not bled. The indication was hypersplenism and esophageal varices in two and severe thrombocytopenia in one. Two of these patients (both with advanced hepatic disease) died postoperatively. The operation is proposed as an alternative method in the treatment of portal hypertension--especially when the main problem is hypersplenism. The operation has no negative effects on liver function and does not cause encephalopathy. Hypersplenism is cured. The survival time and freedom from postoperative bleeding among those who bled preoperatively is in the present material very satisfactory. However, the operation cannot be recommended for the prophylactic treatment of patients with esophageal varices who have not bled--at least not in the patient with advanced hepatid dysfunction.", "contents": "Subcutaneous transposition of the spleen: a method for treatment of complications in portal hypertension? Eleven patients with portal hypertension were treated with subcutaneous transposition of a resected spleen. In eight of the patients the operation was performed after variceal bleeding. In this group there was one operative mortality--a 77-year-old woman. Another patient died after 28 months in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Autopsy showed varices in the gastric fundus and a cancer in the cardia. The other six patients are alive and in good health after 41--60 months. The operation was performed in another three patients, who had not bled. The indication was hypersplenism and esophageal varices in two and severe thrombocytopenia in one. Two of these patients (both with advanced hepatic disease) died postoperatively. The operation is proposed as an alternative method in the treatment of portal hypertension--especially when the main problem is hypersplenism. The operation has no negative effects on liver function and does not cause encephalopathy. Hypersplenism is cured. The survival time and freedom from postoperative bleeding among those who bled preoperatively is in the present material very satisfactory. However, the operation cannot be recommended for the prophylactic treatment of patients with esophageal varices who have not bled--at least not in the patient with advanced hepatid dysfunction.", "PMID": 310286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2432", "title": "Prompt endoscopic diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: its value for specific diagnosis and management.", "content": "From July 1, 1973 to June 30, 1976 789 patients admitted as upper gastrointestinal bleeders had endoscopies performed within 24 hours after preliminary resuscitation and preparation. More than one lesion was found in approximately 45% of the patients. Erosive hemorrhagic gastritis was the most common lesion, being present in 27.3--48.2% of the subjects (the latter precentage was found in those with a history of intake of both alcohol and ulcerogenic drugs). Gastric ulcer was the next most common lesion, present in 16.3--18.42%; the higher percentage represents the patients who were taking ulcerogenic drugs. The highest incidence of gastric ulcer (19.59%) or duodenal ulcer (10.5%) was among the patients in a group who had no apparent definite cause for the bleeding. A small number of patients had rare causes for the bleeding and in only a small percentage of the patients was the cause not diagnosed. These data suggest that early endoscopy is of diagnostic value in upper G.I. bleeders leading to prompt, lifesaving management and prevention of prolonged morbidity.", "contents": "Prompt endoscopic diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: its value for specific diagnosis and management. From July 1, 1973 to June 30, 1976 789 patients admitted as upper gastrointestinal bleeders had endoscopies performed within 24 hours after preliminary resuscitation and preparation. More than one lesion was found in approximately 45% of the patients. Erosive hemorrhagic gastritis was the most common lesion, being present in 27.3--48.2% of the subjects (the latter precentage was found in those with a history of intake of both alcohol and ulcerogenic drugs). Gastric ulcer was the next most common lesion, present in 16.3--18.42%; the higher percentage represents the patients who were taking ulcerogenic drugs. The highest incidence of gastric ulcer (19.59%) or duodenal ulcer (10.5%) was among the patients in a group who had no apparent definite cause for the bleeding. A small number of patients had rare causes for the bleeding and in only a small percentage of the patients was the cause not diagnosed. These data suggest that early endoscopy is of diagnostic value in upper G.I. bleeders leading to prompt, lifesaving management and prevention of prolonged morbidity.", "PMID": 310287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2433", "title": "[Immune profile in melanoma patients. I. PHA--stimulation of circulating lymphocytes and number of T- and B-lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "20 patients with malignant melanoma in clinical stage I and II and 10 controls were examined by means of the PHA-lymphocyte-stimulation-test as by the sheep red cell rosette formation for T-cells and by the mouse red cell rosette formation for B-cells at the beginning of a non-specific immunotherapy with BCG. Mean values of both the PHA stimulation indices and the circulating T-cells and B-cells did not show any significant differences in patients with malignant melanoma compared to the control group. The relatively wide range of values was striking, especially in patients with malignant melanoma in clinical stage II. Thus cross-section studies concerning the immunology of patients with malignant melanoma are thought to be less evident for the clinician than immunologic studies of the course of disease in the individual patient.", "contents": "[Immune profile in melanoma patients. I. PHA--stimulation of circulating lymphocytes and number of T- and B-lymphocytes (author's transl)]. 20 patients with malignant melanoma in clinical stage I and II and 10 controls were examined by means of the PHA-lymphocyte-stimulation-test as by the sheep red cell rosette formation for T-cells and by the mouse red cell rosette formation for B-cells at the beginning of a non-specific immunotherapy with BCG. Mean values of both the PHA stimulation indices and the circulating T-cells and B-cells did not show any significant differences in patients with malignant melanoma compared to the control group. The relatively wide range of values was striking, especially in patients with malignant melanoma in clinical stage II. Thus cross-section studies concerning the immunology of patients with malignant melanoma are thought to be less evident for the clinician than immunologic studies of the course of disease in the individual patient.", "PMID": 310289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2434", "title": "Listeria endophthalmitis.", "content": "Listeria endophthalmitis developed in a patient who was being treated for extensive metastases of carcinoma of the breast. At the time of admission she was receiving cobalt therapy, chemotherapy, and high doses of oral steroids. The early identification of organisms with an immediate paracentesis and the early institution of broad-spectrum antibiotics is recommended.", "contents": "Listeria endophthalmitis. Listeria endophthalmitis developed in a patient who was being treated for extensive metastases of carcinoma of the breast. At the time of admission she was receiving cobalt therapy, chemotherapy, and high doses of oral steroids. The early identification of organisms with an immediate paracentesis and the early institution of broad-spectrum antibiotics is recommended.", "PMID": 310292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2435", "title": "Fusarium oxysporum endophthalmitis.", "content": "A 27-year-old man sustained a thorn injury to his left eye and a culture-proven Fusarium oxysporum endophthalmitis developed. This was successfully treated with a vitrectomy, intravitreal and intravenous amphotericin B, and oral flucytosine. The patient maintains 20/20 vision at this time in his left eye. We recommend combined therapy for this filamentous fungal infection.", "contents": "Fusarium oxysporum endophthalmitis. A 27-year-old man sustained a thorn injury to his left eye and a culture-proven Fusarium oxysporum endophthalmitis developed. This was successfully treated with a vitrectomy, intravitreal and intravenous amphotericin B, and oral flucytosine. The patient maintains 20/20 vision at this time in his left eye. We recommend combined therapy for this filamentous fungal infection.", "PMID": 310293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2436", "title": "Candida endophthalmitis after intravenous drug abuse.", "content": "Patients with endogenous Candida endophthalmitis associated with intravenous (IV) drug abuse may manifest ocular and systemic signs different from those seen in other forms of endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. There may be a sparcity of evidence of systemic candidiasis, including negative serology and normal physical examination results. Anterior uveitis and extensive vitreous involvement are common and do not necessarily have associated typical retinal lesions, which are more commonly seen in the compromised host. This may occur either because of the more transitory nature of choroidal or retinal lesions or because these patients often seek treatment at later stages. Even with a typical clinical picture, it is difficult to get culture confirmation of the diagnosis. Material obtained by vitrectomy must be concentrated before inoculation of media because of the known difficulty of culturing Candida from the vitreous cavity.", "contents": "Candida endophthalmitis after intravenous drug abuse. Patients with endogenous Candida endophthalmitis associated with intravenous (IV) drug abuse may manifest ocular and systemic signs different from those seen in other forms of endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. There may be a sparcity of evidence of systemic candidiasis, including negative serology and normal physical examination results. Anterior uveitis and extensive vitreous involvement are common and do not necessarily have associated typical retinal lesions, which are more commonly seen in the compromised host. This may occur either because of the more transitory nature of choroidal or retinal lesions or because these patients often seek treatment at later stages. Even with a typical clinical picture, it is difficult to get culture confirmation of the diagnosis. Material obtained by vitrectomy must be concentrated before inoculation of media because of the known difficulty of culturing Candida from the vitreous cavity.", "PMID": 310294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2437", "title": "Origin of the multiple components of human alpha1-antitrypsin.", "content": "Multiple components of human alpha1-antitrypsin were separated by preparative starch gel electrophoresis, and the sialic acid contents of these components were determined. The acidic components contained more sialic acid per molecule than the basic components. The molecular sizes of these components were identical, excluding the possibility of polymerization of the inhibitor in the formation of the multiple components. Consequently, the multiple components of the inhibitor are primarily due to differences in the sialic acid content of each component. Three major components contain eight, seven, and six sialic acid residues per molecule, respectively.", "contents": "Origin of the multiple components of human alpha1-antitrypsin. Multiple components of human alpha1-antitrypsin were separated by preparative starch gel electrophoresis, and the sialic acid contents of these components were determined. The acidic components contained more sialic acid per molecule than the basic components. The molecular sizes of these components were identical, excluding the possibility of polymerization of the inhibitor in the formation of the multiple components. Consequently, the multiple components of the inhibitor are primarily due to differences in the sialic acid content of each component. Three major components contain eight, seven, and six sialic acid residues per molecule, respectively.", "PMID": 310304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2438", "title": "Aerobic glycolysis and lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "1. The role of enhanced aerobic glycolysis in the transformation of rat thymocytes by concanavalin A has been investigated. Concanavalin A addition doubled [U-(14)C]glucose uptake by rat thymocytes over 3h and caused an equivalent increased incorporation into protein, lipids and RNA. A disproportionately large percentage of the extra glucose taken up was converted into lactate, but concanavalin A also caused a specific increase in pyruvate oxidation, leading to an increase in the percentage contribution of glucose to the respiratory fuel. 2. Acetoacetate metabolism, which was not affected by concanavalin A, strongly suppressed pyruvate oxidation in the presence of [U-(14)C]glucose, but did not prevent the concanavalin A-induced stimulation of this process. Glucose uptake was not affected by acetoacetate in the presence or absence of concanavalin A, but in each case acetoacetate increased the percentage of glucose uptake accounted for by lactate production. 3. [(3)H]Thymidine incorporation into DNA in concanavalin A-treated thymocyte cultures was sensitive to the glucose concentration in the medium in a biphasic manner. Very low concentrations of glucose (25mum) stimulated DNA synthesis half-maximally, but maximum [(3)H]thymidine incorporation was observed only when the glucose concentration was raised to 1mm. Lactate addition did not alter the sensitivity of [(3)H]-thymidine uptake to glucose, but inosine blocked the effect of added glucose and strongly inhibited DNA synthesis. 4. It is suggested that the major function of enhanced aerobic glycolysis in transforming lymphocytes is to maintain higher steady-state amounts of glycolytic intermediates to act as precursors for macromolecule synthesis.", "contents": "Aerobic glycolysis and lymphocyte transformation. 1. The role of enhanced aerobic glycolysis in the transformation of rat thymocytes by concanavalin A has been investigated. Concanavalin A addition doubled [U-(14)C]glucose uptake by rat thymocytes over 3h and caused an equivalent increased incorporation into protein, lipids and RNA. A disproportionately large percentage of the extra glucose taken up was converted into lactate, but concanavalin A also caused a specific increase in pyruvate oxidation, leading to an increase in the percentage contribution of glucose to the respiratory fuel. 2. Acetoacetate metabolism, which was not affected by concanavalin A, strongly suppressed pyruvate oxidation in the presence of [U-(14)C]glucose, but did not prevent the concanavalin A-induced stimulation of this process. Glucose uptake was not affected by acetoacetate in the presence or absence of concanavalin A, but in each case acetoacetate increased the percentage of glucose uptake accounted for by lactate production. 3. [(3)H]Thymidine incorporation into DNA in concanavalin A-treated thymocyte cultures was sensitive to the glucose concentration in the medium in a biphasic manner. Very low concentrations of glucose (25mum) stimulated DNA synthesis half-maximally, but maximum [(3)H]thymidine incorporation was observed only when the glucose concentration was raised to 1mm. Lactate addition did not alter the sensitivity of [(3)H]-thymidine uptake to glucose, but inosine blocked the effect of added glucose and strongly inhibited DNA synthesis. 4. It is suggested that the major function of enhanced aerobic glycolysis in transforming lymphocytes is to maintain higher steady-state amounts of glycolytic intermediates to act as precursors for macromolecule synthesis.", "PMID": 310305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2439", "title": "A possible role for 5-hydroxytryptamine as a mediator for calcitonin actions on the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas in rats.", "content": "Administration of pig calcitonin (10 M.R.C. units/kg body wt.) produced an immediate decrease in 5-hydroxytryptamine content in the antrum-duodenum region and ileum. In contrast, the hormone treatment rapidly increased the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the blood and pancreas. Serum immunoreactive gastrin did not change over a period of 3h after calcitonin administration. The results suggest that the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine probably mediates calcitonin actions on the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas.", "contents": "A possible role for 5-hydroxytryptamine as a mediator for calcitonin actions on the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas in rats. Administration of pig calcitonin (10 M.R.C. units/kg body wt.) produced an immediate decrease in 5-hydroxytryptamine content in the antrum-duodenum region and ileum. In contrast, the hormone treatment rapidly increased the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the blood and pancreas. Serum immunoreactive gastrin did not change over a period of 3h after calcitonin administration. The results suggest that the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine probably mediates calcitonin actions on the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas.", "PMID": 310306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2440", "title": "Lack of correlation between in vivo rejection of syngeneic fibrosarcomas and in vitro non-specific macrophage cytotoxicity.", "content": "Two transplantable, highly immunogenic syngeneic C57BL fibrosarcomas, FS1 and FS6, were shown to have tumour-specific rejection antigens, as shown by excision of the primary tumours and i.p. or i.m. injection of graded doses of the specific and unrelated tumour cells. I.p. challenge with tumour cells induced a large and relatively long-lasting increase in numbers of peritoneal leucocytes. Macrophage monolayers prepared from such exudates were, in general, non-specifically cytotoxic, though occasional specific cytotoxicity was detected. T lymphocytes isolated from exudates were shown to kill in a specific manner. When immunized mice were challenged with the specific tumour cells to elicit large numbers of peritoneal cytotoxic cells, and with graded doses of the non-cross-reacting tumour cells at the same time or at various times thereafter, growth of the non-related tumours occurred in all cases and only the specific tumour was rejected. Moreover, Winn tests, in which the inflammatory cells were mixed with unrelated tumour cells and implanted i.m., did not delay tumour growth. The relevance of these findings to the role of macrophages and lymphocytes in syngeneic tumour rejection is discussed.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between in vivo rejection of syngeneic fibrosarcomas and in vitro non-specific macrophage cytotoxicity. Two transplantable, highly immunogenic syngeneic C57BL fibrosarcomas, FS1 and FS6, were shown to have tumour-specific rejection antigens, as shown by excision of the primary tumours and i.p. or i.m. injection of graded doses of the specific and unrelated tumour cells. I.p. challenge with tumour cells induced a large and relatively long-lasting increase in numbers of peritoneal leucocytes. Macrophage monolayers prepared from such exudates were, in general, non-specifically cytotoxic, though occasional specific cytotoxicity was detected. T lymphocytes isolated from exudates were shown to kill in a specific manner. When immunized mice were challenged with the specific tumour cells to elicit large numbers of peritoneal cytotoxic cells, and with graded doses of the non-cross-reacting tumour cells at the same time or at various times thereafter, growth of the non-related tumours occurred in all cases and only the specific tumour was rejected. Moreover, Winn tests, in which the inflammatory cells were mixed with unrelated tumour cells and implanted i.m., did not delay tumour growth. The relevance of these findings to the role of macrophages and lymphocytes in syngeneic tumour rejection is discussed.", "PMID": 310310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2441", "title": "E-rosette-forming cells at 29 degrees C: an assay for the evaluation of the immune status of cancer patients.", "content": "High-affinity rosette-forming T-cell assays were performed by incubation of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells with sheep erythrocytes (E) at 29 degrees C. As compared with normal controls, the levels of high-affinity rosette-forming cells (RFC) were much more frequently depressed in cancer patients than were the total E-RFC incubated at 4 degrees C. Only 2/83 normal controls had less than 38% 29 degrees C E-RFC (mean 48 +/- 5), whilst 78/89 cancer patients were below this level. The few postoperative patients tested exhibited a normal range of 29 degrees C E-RFC. The 29 degrees C E-rosette assay gives reproducible counts of a T-cell subset, and is a sensitive assay for evaluating the immune status of cancer patients.", "contents": "E-rosette-forming cells at 29 degrees C: an assay for the evaluation of the immune status of cancer patients. High-affinity rosette-forming T-cell assays were performed by incubation of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells with sheep erythrocytes (E) at 29 degrees C. As compared with normal controls, the levels of high-affinity rosette-forming cells (RFC) were much more frequently depressed in cancer patients than were the total E-RFC incubated at 4 degrees C. Only 2/83 normal controls had less than 38% 29 degrees C E-RFC (mean 48 +/- 5), whilst 78/89 cancer patients were below this level. The few postoperative patients tested exhibited a normal range of 29 degrees C E-RFC. The 29 degrees C E-rosette assay gives reproducible counts of a T-cell subset, and is a sensitive assay for evaluating the immune status of cancer patients.", "PMID": 310311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2442", "title": "Cell studies in prolymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "A case of prolymphocytic leukaemia, showing several features not yet reported in this disease, is reported. The majority of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow had markers of both B- and T-lymphocytes. The simultaneous presence of receptors for sheep RBC and surface immunoglobulins on individual cells was demonstrated and the endogenous origin of these markers was established. The lymphocytes had some of the functional characteristics seen in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CCL). In vitro cell death in the presence of colchicine (colchicine ultrasensitivity) and polystyrene bead column retention were of the same order as seen in CLL. In contrast with the findings in CLL, these cells were markedly radioresistant in vitro. The dominant clinical features--anaemia and constitutional symptoms--appeared to be related to hypersplenism associated with massive splenomegaly. The relevance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Cell studies in prolymphocytic leukaemia. A case of prolymphocytic leukaemia, showing several features not yet reported in this disease, is reported. The majority of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow had markers of both B- and T-lymphocytes. The simultaneous presence of receptors for sheep RBC and surface immunoglobulins on individual cells was demonstrated and the endogenous origin of these markers was established. The lymphocytes had some of the functional characteristics seen in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CCL). In vitro cell death in the presence of colchicine (colchicine ultrasensitivity) and polystyrene bead column retention were of the same order as seen in CLL. In contrast with the findings in CLL, these cells were markedly radioresistant in vitro. The dominant clinical features--anaemia and constitutional symptoms--appeared to be related to hypersplenism associated with massive splenomegaly. The relevance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 310313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2443", "title": "Homology of single copy and repeated sequences in chicken, duck, Japanese quail, and ostrich DNA.", "content": "The extent of reassociation of 3H-labeled repetitive or single copy DNA sequences from the chicken with excess unlabeled DNA from the duck, the Japanese quail, and the ostrich, respectively, was measured by hydroxylapatite chromatography. Chicken repetitive DNA reassociated to an equal or greater extent than chicken single copy DNA with the DNA of each of the other birds. Using an isolated subfraction of chicken repetitive DNA representing those DNA sequences common to the chicken and ostrich genomes, we determined that many repetitive DNA sequences that occur at high repetition frequency in the chicken genome have a much lower repetition frequency in ostrich DNA. The data indicate that there has been a striking change in the number of copies of many repetitive DNA sequences during avian evolution.", "contents": "Homology of single copy and repeated sequences in chicken, duck, Japanese quail, and ostrich DNA. The extent of reassociation of 3H-labeled repetitive or single copy DNA sequences from the chicken with excess unlabeled DNA from the duck, the Japanese quail, and the ostrich, respectively, was measured by hydroxylapatite chromatography. Chicken repetitive DNA reassociated to an equal or greater extent than chicken single copy DNA with the DNA of each of the other birds. Using an isolated subfraction of chicken repetitive DNA representing those DNA sequences common to the chicken and ostrich genomes, we determined that many repetitive DNA sequences that occur at high repetition frequency in the chicken genome have a much lower repetition frequency in ostrich DNA. The data indicate that there has been a striking change in the number of copies of many repetitive DNA sequences during avian evolution.", "PMID": 310314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2444", "title": "Circular dichroism of chemically modified human plasma alpha1-antitrypsin. Interaction with porcine elastase.", "content": "Chemical modifications of human plasma alpha1-antitrypsin with reagents which modify lysyl residues (citraconic anhydride, acetic anhydride, formaldehyde and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) and arginyl residued (1,2-cyclohexanedione) were examined with regard to their effect upon the elastase inhibitory capacity of the glycoprotein. 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid was employed to quantitate the remaining free amino groups (epsilon-NH2 groups of lysine) and the extent of modifications. Amino acid analysis was utilized in the same capacity for the guanidino groups of arginyl residues. The elastase inhibitory capacity of alpha1-antitrypsin was destroyed following trinitrophenylation, citraconylation and acetylation. Circular dichroism of the native and modified derivatives revealed major changes in conformation following trinitrophenylation and citraconylation while CD profiles of acetylated and reductively methylated derivatives differed from that of the native profile considerably less. Reductively methylated alpha1-antitrypsin retained its elastatse inhibitory capacity. The reaction of 1,2-cyclohexanedione with alpha1-antitrypsin did not effect in a loss in inhibitory capacity. Gel filtration studies of native and modified alpha1-antitrypsin on Sephadex G-100 demonstrated an increased molecular weight presumably through molecular aggregation, in the citraconylated and trinitrophenylated derivatives, but not in the cases of the other derivatives. Based upon these studies and previous investigations of our laboratory, it was concluded that (1) alpha1-antitrypsin is a lysyl inhibitor type (i.e., the reactive site is a Lys-X bond), (2) its interaction with elastase follows a pattern similar to trypsin and chymotrypsin, and (3) the positively charged epsilon-NH2 group of lysine is essential for the maintenance of elastase inhibitory capacity.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of chemically modified human plasma alpha1-antitrypsin. Interaction with porcine elastase. Chemical modifications of human plasma alpha1-antitrypsin with reagents which modify lysyl residues (citraconic anhydride, acetic anhydride, formaldehyde and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) and arginyl residued (1,2-cyclohexanedione) were examined with regard to their effect upon the elastase inhibitory capacity of the glycoprotein. 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid was employed to quantitate the remaining free amino groups (epsilon-NH2 groups of lysine) and the extent of modifications. Amino acid analysis was utilized in the same capacity for the guanidino groups of arginyl residues. The elastase inhibitory capacity of alpha1-antitrypsin was destroyed following trinitrophenylation, citraconylation and acetylation. Circular dichroism of the native and modified derivatives revealed major changes in conformation following trinitrophenylation and citraconylation while CD profiles of acetylated and reductively methylated derivatives differed from that of the native profile considerably less. Reductively methylated alpha1-antitrypsin retained its elastatse inhibitory capacity. The reaction of 1,2-cyclohexanedione with alpha1-antitrypsin did not effect in a loss in inhibitory capacity. Gel filtration studies of native and modified alpha1-antitrypsin on Sephadex G-100 demonstrated an increased molecular weight presumably through molecular aggregation, in the citraconylated and trinitrophenylated derivatives, but not in the cases of the other derivatives. Based upon these studies and previous investigations of our laboratory, it was concluded that (1) alpha1-antitrypsin is a lysyl inhibitor type (i.e., the reactive site is a Lys-X bond), (2) its interaction with elastase follows a pattern similar to trypsin and chymotrypsin, and (3) the positively charged epsilon-NH2 group of lysine is essential for the maintenance of elastase inhibitory capacity.", "PMID": 310316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2445", "title": "The fucosyl specific lectins of Ulex europaeus and Sarothamnus scoparius. Biochemical characteristics and binding properties to human B-lymphocytes.", "content": "From the seeds of the gorse, Ulex europaeus and of the broom, Sarothamnus scoparius L-fucosyl-specific lectins were isolated by affinity chromatography on L-fucosyl-epoxy-Sepharose. The lectins showed similarities in their molecular weights, amino acid composition, carbohydrate content and in the finger-prints of their tryptic peptides. The fluorescein-labeled lectins of both seeds attached especially to the plasma membranes of human B-lymphocytes.", "contents": "The fucosyl specific lectins of Ulex europaeus and Sarothamnus scoparius. Biochemical characteristics and binding properties to human B-lymphocytes. From the seeds of the gorse, Ulex europaeus and of the broom, Sarothamnus scoparius L-fucosyl-specific lectins were isolated by affinity chromatography on L-fucosyl-epoxy-Sepharose. The lectins showed similarities in their molecular weights, amino acid composition, carbohydrate content and in the finger-prints of their tryptic peptides. The fluorescein-labeled lectins of both seeds attached especially to the plasma membranes of human B-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 310317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2446", "title": "Linear dichroism and the orientation of reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in dried gelatin films.", "content": "Aqueous mixtures of reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and gelatin were dried to form thin films. Following hydration, these films were stretched as much as two to three times their original length. Polarized absorption spectra showing linear dichroism were obtained for both unstretched and stretched films, with the planes and stretching axes of the films mounted in various geometries relative to the electric vector of the measuring beam. These data were analyzed in terms of the following model: Reaction centers possess an axis of symmetry that is fixed in relation to the reaction center structure. In unstretched films this axis is confined to the film plane and oriented at random within the plane. In stretched films the symmetry axis is aligned with the direction of stretching. In both preparations reaction centers are distributed randomly with respect to rotation about the axis of symmetry. The data are consistent with this model when the analysis acknowledges less than perfect orientation. For perfect orientation in a stretched film the model predicts uniaxial symmetry about the axis of stretching. The approach to this condition was examined with films stretched to different extents. Extrapolation yielded dichroic ratios for the ideal case of perfect orientation, and allowed calculation of the angles between the axis of symmetry and the various optical transition dipoles in the reaction center. This treatment included the two absorption bands of the bacteriochlorophyll 'special pair' (photochemical electron donor) in the Qx region, at 600 and 630 nm, which we were able to resolve in light minus dark difference spectra.", "contents": "Linear dichroism and the orientation of reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in dried gelatin films. Aqueous mixtures of reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and gelatin were dried to form thin films. Following hydration, these films were stretched as much as two to three times their original length. Polarized absorption spectra showing linear dichroism were obtained for both unstretched and stretched films, with the planes and stretching axes of the films mounted in various geometries relative to the electric vector of the measuring beam. These data were analyzed in terms of the following model: Reaction centers possess an axis of symmetry that is fixed in relation to the reaction center structure. In unstretched films this axis is confined to the film plane and oriented at random within the plane. In stretched films the symmetry axis is aligned with the direction of stretching. In both preparations reaction centers are distributed randomly with respect to rotation about the axis of symmetry. The data are consistent with this model when the analysis acknowledges less than perfect orientation. For perfect orientation in a stretched film the model predicts uniaxial symmetry about the axis of stretching. The approach to this condition was examined with films stretched to different extents. Extrapolation yielded dichroic ratios for the ideal case of perfect orientation, and allowed calculation of the angles between the axis of symmetry and the various optical transition dipoles in the reaction center. This treatment included the two absorption bands of the bacteriochlorophyll 'special pair' (photochemical electron donor) in the Qx region, at 600 and 630 nm, which we were able to resolve in light minus dark difference spectra.", "PMID": 310318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2447", "title": "The orientations of transition moments in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, computed from data of linear dichroism and photoselection measurements.", "content": "Linear dichroism measurements of reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in stretched gelatin films have yielded angles that various optical transition moments make with an axis of symmetry in the reaction center. Photoselection experiments have yielded angles that certain transition moments make with each other. We have combined these data so as to compute the orientations of the Qx and Qy transition moments of the two molecules of bacteriopheophytin and of the bacteriochlorophyll special pair (photochemical electron donor) in the reaction center. Orientations are expressed in spherical polar coordinates with the symmetry axis as the pole. We have also computed additional angles between pairs of transition moments. In this treatment we have assumed that the bacteriopheophytins are independent monomers with little or no exciton coupling.", "contents": "The orientations of transition moments in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, computed from data of linear dichroism and photoselection measurements. Linear dichroism measurements of reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in stretched gelatin films have yielded angles that various optical transition moments make with an axis of symmetry in the reaction center. Photoselection experiments have yielded angles that certain transition moments make with each other. We have combined these data so as to compute the orientations of the Qx and Qy transition moments of the two molecules of bacteriopheophytin and of the bacteriochlorophyll special pair (photochemical electron donor) in the reaction center. Orientations are expressed in spherical polar coordinates with the symmetry axis as the pole. We have also computed additional angles between pairs of transition moments. In this treatment we have assumed that the bacteriopheophytins are independent monomers with little or no exciton coupling.", "PMID": 310319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2448", "title": "Optical diffraction study of muscle fibers. II. Electro-optical properties of muscle fibers.", "content": "When an electric field is applied along the fiber axis, the intensities of all observable optical diffraction lines of skeletal muscle fibers increase. This electro-optical effect was extensively studied and it was confirmed that the effect is due to the interaction between electric dipole moments of thin filaments and the applied field. From the present study on the intensity modulation due to applied field in sinusoidal and square forms, we confirmed that (1) the thin filament is a semiflexible rod, (2) the second order mode of the bending motion of thin filaments contributes to the electro-optical effect of muscle fibers at higher frequencies of a sinusodidal field or shorter durations of a square field, (3) the induced moment has no appreciable effect, and (4) the estimated value of the flexural rigidity of thin filaments strongly depends on the concentrations of free calcium ions in the myofibrillar space.", "contents": "Optical diffraction study of muscle fibers. II. Electro-optical properties of muscle fibers. When an electric field is applied along the fiber axis, the intensities of all observable optical diffraction lines of skeletal muscle fibers increase. This electro-optical effect was extensively studied and it was confirmed that the effect is due to the interaction between electric dipole moments of thin filaments and the applied field. From the present study on the intensity modulation due to applied field in sinusoidal and square forms, we confirmed that (1) the thin filament is a semiflexible rod, (2) the second order mode of the bending motion of thin filaments contributes to the electro-optical effect of muscle fibers at higher frequencies of a sinusodidal field or shorter durations of a square field, (3) the induced moment has no appreciable effect, and (4) the estimated value of the flexural rigidity of thin filaments strongly depends on the concentrations of free calcium ions in the myofibrillar space.", "PMID": 310320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2449", "title": "[Effect of acetylcholine on the firing rate and action potential shape of pacemaker cells].", "content": "A study was made of the action of exogenous acetylcholine on the isolated pacemaker of the Rana temporaria heart. Bioelectrical activity of individual cells and sum total activity of the preparation were recorded. Exogenous acetylcholine was found not only to inhibit, but also to accelerate the rhythm of pacemaker cells' discharge. As a rule, positive chronotropic effects were observed when relatively low acetycholine concentrations were used. Parasympathetic acceleration was accompanied by an increase in the rate of slow diastolic depolarization; this is in favour of the active mechanism of this process. It is suggested that low and high concentrations of acetylcholine could change the transmembrane ionic currents in a different way.", "contents": "[Effect of acetylcholine on the firing rate and action potential shape of pacemaker cells]. A study was made of the action of exogenous acetylcholine on the isolated pacemaker of the Rana temporaria heart. Bioelectrical activity of individual cells and sum total activity of the preparation were recorded. Exogenous acetylcholine was found not only to inhibit, but also to accelerate the rhythm of pacemaker cells' discharge. As a rule, positive chronotropic effects were observed when relatively low acetycholine concentrations were used. Parasympathetic acceleration was accompanied by an increase in the rate of slow diastolic depolarization; this is in favour of the active mechanism of this process. It is suggested that low and high concentrations of acetylcholine could change the transmembrane ionic currents in a different way.", "PMID": 310324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2450", "title": "[Effect of thymectomy on induction of immunologic tolerance in adult mice and on the recovery of initial immunoreactivity].", "content": "The tolerance to sheep red blood cells induced with cyclophosphamide became more profound and prolonged in mice thymectomized before or after the tolerance induction. The greatest immunocompetence depression was achieved when the operation was preformed 24 hours before the tolerogenic treatment. The results obtained confirmed the assumption that this form of tolerance was due to deficiency of a definite T-helpers clones.", "contents": "[Effect of thymectomy on induction of immunologic tolerance in adult mice and on the recovery of initial immunoreactivity]. The tolerance to sheep red blood cells induced with cyclophosphamide became more profound and prolonged in mice thymectomized before or after the tolerance induction. The greatest immunocompetence depression was achieved when the operation was preformed 24 hours before the tolerogenic treatment. The results obtained confirmed the assumption that this form of tolerance was due to deficiency of a definite T-helpers clones.", "PMID": 310325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2451", "title": "B-cell lymphoma lacking Fc- and C3d-receptors.", "content": "Various cell surface markers were studied in a patient with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia. The B-cell derived feature of the neoplastic cells could be identified by demonstration of monoclonal surface immunoglobulin of IgM-kappa type of high density synthesized by the cells. Interestingly, there were no Fc- nor C3d-receptors demonstrable using various techniques. Only 22% of the leukemic cells expressed C3b receptors. The failure of rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes was an additional surface feature distinguishing from ordinary chronic lymphatic leukemia of the B cell type. The phenotype of the leukemia cells is discussed as corresponding to that of a less differentiated B lymphocyte.", "contents": "B-cell lymphoma lacking Fc- and C3d-receptors. Various cell surface markers were studied in a patient with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia. The B-cell derived feature of the neoplastic cells could be identified by demonstration of monoclonal surface immunoglobulin of IgM-kappa type of high density synthesized by the cells. Interestingly, there were no Fc- nor C3d-receptors demonstrable using various techniques. Only 22% of the leukemic cells expressed C3b receptors. The failure of rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes was an additional surface feature distinguishing from ordinary chronic lymphatic leukemia of the B cell type. The phenotype of the leukemia cells is discussed as corresponding to that of a less differentiated B lymphocyte.", "PMID": 310326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2452", "title": "DNA-synthesizing T and non-T cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "In 21 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and in 8 hematologically normal persons the number of DNA-synthesizing peripheral blood lymphocytes was investigated by autoradiographic techniques. The lymphocytes were differentiated by EN-rosette tests into T and non-T lymphoid cells. The results show a normal number of proliferating T lymphoid cells and an increased number of proliferating non-T lymphoid cells in clinical stages O-I. Stages III-IV demonstrate a significant increase of the proliferation rate of both T and non-T lymphoid cells. The possible pathogenetic factors and the prognostic value of these results are discussed.", "contents": "DNA-synthesizing T and non-T cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In 21 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and in 8 hematologically normal persons the number of DNA-synthesizing peripheral blood lymphocytes was investigated by autoradiographic techniques. The lymphocytes were differentiated by EN-rosette tests into T and non-T lymphoid cells. The results show a normal number of proliferating T lymphoid cells and an increased number of proliferating non-T lymphoid cells in clinical stages O-I. Stages III-IV demonstrate a significant increase of the proliferation rate of both T and non-T lymphoid cells. The possible pathogenetic factors and the prognostic value of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 310327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2453", "title": "[A variant of the von Willebrand-J\u00fcrgens-syndrome with abnormalities of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein (author's transl)].", "content": "A family is reported with a variant of von Willebrand's disease. The members of this family showed a qualitative defect of the factor VII/von Willebrand factor protein. The qualitative defect was characterized by an abnormal electrophoretical mobility of factor VIII-related antigen and an abnormal elution pattern as demonstrated by gelfiltration on Sepharose 4 B. Factor VIII-subunits in these patients were found to be normal by polyacrylamidgelelektrophoresis.", "contents": "[A variant of the von Willebrand-J\u00fcrgens-syndrome with abnormalities of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein (author's transl)]. A family is reported with a variant of von Willebrand's disease. The members of this family showed a qualitative defect of the factor VII/von Willebrand factor protein. The qualitative defect was characterized by an abnormal electrophoretical mobility of factor VIII-related antigen and an abnormal elution pattern as demonstrated by gelfiltration on Sepharose 4 B. Factor VIII-subunits in these patients were found to be normal by polyacrylamidgelelektrophoresis.", "PMID": 310328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2454", "title": "Inhibition of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-induced supersensitivity to 5-hydroxytryptophan in mice by treatment with cycloheximide.", "content": "Intracisternal injection  of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) following treatment with desmethylimipramine induced development of behavioral supersensitivity to the intraperitoneally administered serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the mouse. This behavioral syndrome, characterized by tremor and muscle twitches (myoclonus), showed a clear dose-response relationship with 5,7-DHT as well as with 5-HTP. Mice lesioned with a low dose of 5,7-DHT (20 micrograms) or a placebo were treated repeatedly with a protein synthesis inhibitor, sycloheximide (45 mg/kg, s.c., every 12 h for up to 10 days). This treatment resulted in a reversible decrease of cerebral protein synthesis varying between 70 and 20% with time between treatments. The myoclonic response to 5-HTP in animals pretreated with 5,7-DHT and by cycloheximide showed a decrease in intensity within 24 h when evaluated quantitatively by an electronic activity monitor, the results of which were confirmed by direct observation. Cycloheximide also exerted a similar, though smaller, effect following full development of sensitivity to 5-HTP over 10 days. These effects may de mediated by inhibition of rapidly turning over serotonin receptor proteins, although their interpretation is somewhat obscured by possible toxic effects of cycloheximide.", "contents": "Inhibition of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-induced supersensitivity to 5-hydroxytryptophan in mice by treatment with cycloheximide. Intracisternal injection  of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) following treatment with desmethylimipramine induced development of behavioral supersensitivity to the intraperitoneally administered serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the mouse. This behavioral syndrome, characterized by tremor and muscle twitches (myoclonus), showed a clear dose-response relationship with 5,7-DHT as well as with 5-HTP. Mice lesioned with a low dose of 5,7-DHT (20 micrograms) or a placebo were treated repeatedly with a protein synthesis inhibitor, sycloheximide (45 mg/kg, s.c., every 12 h for up to 10 days). This treatment resulted in a reversible decrease of cerebral protein synthesis varying between 70 and 20% with time between treatments. The myoclonic response to 5-HTP in animals pretreated with 5,7-DHT and by cycloheximide showed a decrease in intensity within 24 h when evaluated quantitatively by an electronic activity monitor, the results of which were confirmed by direct observation. Cycloheximide also exerted a similar, though smaller, effect following full development of sensitivity to 5-HTP over 10 days. These effects may de mediated by inhibition of rapidly turning over serotonin receptor proteins, although their interpretation is somewhat obscured by possible toxic effects of cycloheximide.", "PMID": 310331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2455", "title": "Anaesthetic management for coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "The principles and practice of aneasthesia for patients having coronary bypass grafts are discussed. The essential basic principle is to restrict myocardial oxygen requirement while maintaining oxygen supply. The pathophysiology of coronary artery disease and the pharmacological principles for successful management of the cardiac patient through operation and whole body perfusion for coronary bypass grafts are summarized.", "contents": "Anaesthetic management for coronary artery bypass surgery. The principles and practice of aneasthesia for patients having coronary bypass grafts are discussed. The essential basic principle is to restrict myocardial oxygen requirement while maintaining oxygen supply. The pathophysiology of coronary artery disease and the pharmacological principles for successful management of the cardiac patient through operation and whole body perfusion for coronary bypass grafts are summarized.", "PMID": 310333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2456", "title": "Immunological monitoring during chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A study of some immunologic in vitro and in vivo changes during the course of chemotherapy in 17 cases of advanced Hodgkin's disease was made. Skin testing with PPD, candida albicans and streptodornase antigens was studied together with studies of B and T cell numbers in the blood and responses to migration inhibition testing for PPD and PHA. An excellent correlation was found between recovery of normal immunologic responses and clinical remission despite the use of immunosuppressive chemotherapy.", "contents": "Immunological monitoring during chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease. A study of some immunologic in vitro and in vivo changes during the course of chemotherapy in 17 cases of advanced Hodgkin's disease was made. Skin testing with PPD, candida albicans and streptodornase antigens was studied together with studies of B and T cell numbers in the blood and responses to migration inhibition testing for PPD and PHA. An excellent correlation was found between recovery of normal immunologic responses and clinical remission despite the use of immunosuppressive chemotherapy.", "PMID": 310334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2457", "title": "A study of surface markers in acute lymphocytic leukemia by using anti-T and anti-B lymphocyte sera.", "content": "Cell surface markers of 21 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were studied with various surface markers, especially by using anti-human B lymphocyte serum (ABS), anti-human thymocyte serum (ATS-T) and anti-human peripheral T lymphocyte serum (ALS-T) which were rendered specific for human B lymphocytes, human thymocytes and human peripheral T lymphocytes. The proportion of cell types in ALL was null cell leukemia 38%, B cell leukemia 38% and T cell leukemia 24%, respectively. T-ALL cells were reactive to ATS-T but not to ALS-T, a fact which suggests their thymic origin. It should be noted that these anti-lymphocyte sera detected T or B marker antigens, even when other markers showed negative. Twelve patients with ALL were also investigated from their clinical pictures. Patients with B cell leukemia had severe signs of anemia and a higher grade of hepato-splenomegalies than other types in ALL. Patients with T cell leukemia were in older age levels and had a poorer prognosis.", "contents": "A study of surface markers in acute lymphocytic leukemia by using anti-T and anti-B lymphocyte sera. Cell surface markers of 21 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were studied with various surface markers, especially by using anti-human B lymphocyte serum (ABS), anti-human thymocyte serum (ATS-T) and anti-human peripheral T lymphocyte serum (ALS-T) which were rendered specific for human B lymphocytes, human thymocytes and human peripheral T lymphocytes. The proportion of cell types in ALL was null cell leukemia 38%, B cell leukemia 38% and T cell leukemia 24%, respectively. T-ALL cells were reactive to ATS-T but not to ALS-T, a fact which suggests their thymic origin. It should be noted that these anti-lymphocyte sera detected T or B marker antigens, even when other markers showed negative. Twelve patients with ALL were also investigated from their clinical pictures. Patients with B cell leukemia had severe signs of anemia and a higher grade of hepato-splenomegalies than other types in ALL. Patients with T cell leukemia were in older age levels and had a poorer prognosis.", "PMID": 310335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2458", "title": "Peripheral T lymphocytopenia under exogenous thermal stress.", "content": "A transient decrease in T lymphocytes in peripheral blood was observed in twelve healthy volunteers immersed in hot water baths which raised their mean rectal temperature by 1.35 C. T lymphocytes declined from 59 to 41 rel % (2p less than 0.001) or from a mean of 1990 to 1300 per mm3. T lymphocytopenia was accompanied by a relative increase in the fraction of B lymphocytes. Total lymphocyte count remained unchanged. In vitro heating alone to 39 C did not influence the total of SRBC-labelled lymphocytes. The findings are interpreted to be the result of a change in lymphocyte distribution with increased recirculation of mobile T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Peripheral T lymphocytopenia under exogenous thermal stress. A transient decrease in T lymphocytes in peripheral blood was observed in twelve healthy volunteers immersed in hot water baths which raised their mean rectal temperature by 1.35 C. T lymphocytes declined from 59 to 41 rel % (2p less than 0.001) or from a mean of 1990 to 1300 per mm3. T lymphocytopenia was accompanied by a relative increase in the fraction of B lymphocytes. Total lymphocyte count remained unchanged. In vitro heating alone to 39 C did not influence the total of SRBC-labelled lymphocytes. The findings are interpreted to be the result of a change in lymphocyte distribution with increased recirculation of mobile T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 310336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2459", "title": "Small lymphocyte T-cell leukemia in the adult.", "content": "A 49-year-old man is described with morphologic T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, whose clinical course, however, progressively deteriorated with central nervous system involvement, resistance to treatment and death within eight months. In addition to widespread organ invasion by leukemic cells there was depression of cellular immunity. The leukemic lymphocytes showed an aberrant response to mitogens, and despite undetectable Ia-like surface antigens were able to stimulate allogeneic cells in the mixed leucocyte reaction. From this and similar cases reviewed herein, it appears that the syndrome of small T-lymphocyte leukemia of the adult is a rapidly aggressive and resistant disease with characteristic clinical and laboratory findings.", "contents": "Small lymphocyte T-cell leukemia in the adult. A 49-year-old man is described with morphologic T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, whose clinical course, however, progressively deteriorated with central nervous system involvement, resistance to treatment and death within eight months. In addition to widespread organ invasion by leukemic cells there was depression of cellular immunity. The leukemic lymphocytes showed an aberrant response to mitogens, and despite undetectable Ia-like surface antigens were able to stimulate allogeneic cells in the mixed leucocyte reaction. From this and similar cases reviewed herein, it appears that the syndrome of small T-lymphocyte leukemia of the adult is a rapidly aggressive and resistant disease with characteristic clinical and laboratory findings.", "PMID": 310337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2460", "title": "Restorative effects of levamisole on cell-mediated immune responses following chemotherapy with aniline mustard in mice bearing ADJ-PC5 plasmacytoma.", "content": "Restorative effects of levamisole on general and tumor-associated cell-mediated immune responses were investigated following aniline mustard (AM) chemotherapy of BALB/c mice bearing ADJ-PC5 plasmacytoma. Total eradication of tumor following AM chemotherapy resulted in severe depression of lymphoproliferative (LP) responses which recovered after a prolonged period of 4-6 weeks. During this time, spleen cells from these treated mice were shown to be generally depressed to T- and B-cell mitogens. Levamisole, an anthelmintic drug capable of enhancing depressed immune responses in mice and in man, was employed following AM chemotherapy in an attempt to restore immunocompetency. Administration of levamisole following AM had a significant effect on the ability of mice to resist rechallenge with ADJ-PC5 tumor and in tumor cell neutralization. The enhanced resistance to tumor cell challenge appeared to be associated with a faster recovery of the general T-cell immunocompetence as demonstrated in the LP assays among the mice receiving chemotherapy followed by adjuvant therapy. Levamisole, when administered alone to tumor-bearing mice, did not appear to possess a direct antitumor effect. In addition, levamisole did not potentiate cellular immunity to higher than normal levels in nonimmunodepressed mice. These results demonstrate the efficacy of levamisole as a restorative agent of the general and tumor-associated immunocompetency in the immunodepressed host.", "contents": "Restorative effects of levamisole on cell-mediated immune responses following chemotherapy with aniline mustard in mice bearing ADJ-PC5 plasmacytoma. Restorative effects of levamisole on general and tumor-associated cell-mediated immune responses were investigated following aniline mustard (AM) chemotherapy of BALB/c mice bearing ADJ-PC5 plasmacytoma. Total eradication of tumor following AM chemotherapy resulted in severe depression of lymphoproliferative (LP) responses which recovered after a prolonged period of 4-6 weeks. During this time, spleen cells from these treated mice were shown to be generally depressed to T- and B-cell mitogens. Levamisole, an anthelmintic drug capable of enhancing depressed immune responses in mice and in man, was employed following AM chemotherapy in an attempt to restore immunocompetency. Administration of levamisole following AM had a significant effect on the ability of mice to resist rechallenge with ADJ-PC5 tumor and in tumor cell neutralization. The enhanced resistance to tumor cell challenge appeared to be associated with a faster recovery of the general T-cell immunocompetence as demonstrated in the LP assays among the mice receiving chemotherapy followed by adjuvant therapy. Levamisole, when administered alone to tumor-bearing mice, did not appear to possess a direct antitumor effect. In addition, levamisole did not potentiate cellular immunity to higher than normal levels in nonimmunodepressed mice. These results demonstrate the efficacy of levamisole as a restorative agent of the general and tumor-associated immunocompetency in the immunodepressed host.", "PMID": 310338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2461", "title": "Effects of combined immunotherapy with levamisole and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin on immunocompetence of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, head and neck, and lung undergoing radiation therapy.", "content": "Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, and lung carcinoma were treated with radiation therapy (RT) prior to being randomly assigned either to a group receiving no further treatment or to a group treated with combined adjuvant immunotherapy (bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin and levamisole). A battery of in vitro immunologic evaluations in addition to skin tests was used to evaluate these patients prior to RT, immediately following RT, and at regular intervals thereafter. Mean percentages and levels of circulating T lymphocytes were significantly lower in all three types of patients prior to RT than in normal healthy controls. B-lymphocyte percentages and levels, however, were not significantly different from controls except for lower B-cell levels in the lung group. Following completion of RT, circulating levels of both T and B lymphocytes were significantly lower than pretreatment values although the percentages were not significantly changed. Mitogenic responses of patient lymphocytes to both phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen were significantly lower prior to RT than were healthy control responses. A further depression of blastogenesis following RT was statistically significant. Preliminary data at intervals following RT indicate a gradual recovery of depressed immune parameters (T- and B-lymphocyte levels and mitogenic responses) both in patients treated with adjuvant immunotherapy and in those receiving no further treatment. Although not statistically significant in preliminary data, there is a suggestion that recovery of these immune parameters is slower in the group receiving immunotherapy. Plasma sialic acid levels were elevated in patients when compared to healthy controls and remained elevated throughout the study with little fluctuation. Lymphocyte cytotoxic activity against tumor target cells was variably affected by RT, but was generally increased at 8 weeks following RT when compared to previous values.", "contents": "Effects of combined immunotherapy with levamisole and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin on immunocompetence of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, head and neck, and lung undergoing radiation therapy. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, and lung carcinoma were treated with radiation therapy (RT) prior to being randomly assigned either to a group receiving no further treatment or to a group treated with combined adjuvant immunotherapy (bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin and levamisole). A battery of in vitro immunologic evaluations in addition to skin tests was used to evaluate these patients prior to RT, immediately following RT, and at regular intervals thereafter. Mean percentages and levels of circulating T lymphocytes were significantly lower in all three types of patients prior to RT than in normal healthy controls. B-lymphocyte percentages and levels, however, were not significantly different from controls except for lower B-cell levels in the lung group. Following completion of RT, circulating levels of both T and B lymphocytes were significantly lower than pretreatment values although the percentages were not significantly changed. Mitogenic responses of patient lymphocytes to both phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen were significantly lower prior to RT than were healthy control responses. A further depression of blastogenesis following RT was statistically significant. Preliminary data at intervals following RT indicate a gradual recovery of depressed immune parameters (T- and B-lymphocyte levels and mitogenic responses) both in patients treated with adjuvant immunotherapy and in those receiving no further treatment. Although not statistically significant in preliminary data, there is a suggestion that recovery of these immune parameters is slower in the group receiving immunotherapy. Plasma sialic acid levels were elevated in patients when compared to healthy controls and remained elevated throughout the study with little fluctuation. Lymphocyte cytotoxic activity against tumor target cells was variably affected by RT, but was generally increased at 8 weeks following RT when compared to previous values.", "PMID": 310339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2462", "title": "In vitro induction of Lyt surface markers on precursor cells incubated with thymosin polypeptides.", "content": "Induction of precursor T cells by thymosin fraction 5 was found to generate a population of cells bearing the Lyt 1+, 2+, and 3+ phenotype and functionally capable of providing T-cell helper activity in vitro. However, when the component polypeptides of thymosin fraction 5 were similarly analyzed, several displayed inductive activities quite different from those of the parent preparation. These results suggest that variations in the polypeptide composition determine, to a large part, the inductive properties of a thymosin preparation and that such variations in vivo may serve as a regulatory system for T-cell maturation.", "contents": "In vitro induction of Lyt surface markers on precursor cells incubated with thymosin polypeptides. Induction of precursor T cells by thymosin fraction 5 was found to generate a population of cells bearing the Lyt 1+, 2+, and 3+ phenotype and functionally capable of providing T-cell helper activity in vitro. However, when the component polypeptides of thymosin fraction 5 were similarly analyzed, several displayed inductive activities quite different from those of the parent preparation. These results suggest that variations in the polypeptide composition determine, to a large part, the inductive properties of a thymosin preparation and that such variations in vivo may serve as a regulatory system for T-cell maturation.", "PMID": 310340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2463", "title": "Control of differentiation of thymocyte precursors in the bone marrow by thymic hormones.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is uniquely associated with the major thymocyte population and a minor bone marrow population which is separable on bovine serum albumin gradients. The expression of TdT in the bone marrow subpopulation is under thymic regulation in that this population is significantly reduced in nude mice or is lost with time after thymectomy. The expression of TdT in athymic mice can be induced both in vivo and in vitro by thymosin fraction 5 or by beta3, a peptide purified from thymosin fraction 5. The optimal concentration of beta3 in the in vitro induction of TdT is approximately 10 ng/ml. These results demonstrate that thymic hormones control the early differentiation of prothymocytes in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Control of differentiation of thymocyte precursors in the bone marrow by thymic hormones. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is uniquely associated with the major thymocyte population and a minor bone marrow population which is separable on bovine serum albumin gradients. The expression of TdT in the bone marrow subpopulation is under thymic regulation in that this population is significantly reduced in nude mice or is lost with time after thymectomy. The expression of TdT in athymic mice can be induced both in vivo and in vitro by thymosin fraction 5 or by beta3, a peptide purified from thymosin fraction 5. The optimal concentration of beta3 in the in vitro induction of TdT is approximately 10 ng/ml. These results demonstrate that thymic hormones control the early differentiation of prothymocytes in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 310341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2464", "title": "Characterization of thymosin-responsive peripheral blood null cells.", "content": "Suspensions of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were enriched for E rosette-negative (E-) surface immunoglobulin-negative (SIg-) \"null\" cells expressing either human T or human B lymphocyte antigens. These enriched suspensions were then tested for responsiveness to activation of E rosette formation by thymosin. Thymosin activated some human T lymphocyte antigen-positive E-SIg- but not human B lymphocyte antigen-positive E-SIg- cells to form E rosettes. Therefore, thymosin-responsive peripheral blood null cells appear to be precommitted to the T- cell line of differentiation.", "contents": "Characterization of thymosin-responsive peripheral blood null cells. Suspensions of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were enriched for E rosette-negative (E-) surface immunoglobulin-negative (SIg-) \"null\" cells expressing either human T or human B lymphocyte antigens. These enriched suspensions were then tested for responsiveness to activation of E rosette formation by thymosin. Thymosin activated some human T lymphocyte antigen-positive E-SIg- but not human B lymphocyte antigen-positive E-SIg- cells to form E rosettes. Therefore, thymosin-responsive peripheral blood null cells appear to be precommitted to the T- cell line of differentiation.", "PMID": 310342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2465", "title": "Thymosin-inducible lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant melanoma.", "content": "E rosette-forming (T) lymphocytes and surface immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes were estimated in 85 patients with malignant melanoma. The melanoma patient group had lower mean levels of T lymphocytes and higher mean levels of immunoglobulin-bearing (? B) lymphocytes than did normal subjects. The absolute and percentage depressions of T-cell levels in the melanoma patients were stage-related, as was the depression of total lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte levels. The T lymphopenia in the melanoma patients could, in vitro, be partially abolished by fetal calf serum (as used in many E rosetting methods), and could be totally abolished by thymosin fraction 5 (Hoffmann-La Roche) at optimum concentration. In view of the ability of thymosin to restore T cells to normal levels in all of the T-lymphopenic patients, a clinical trial of this hormone in selected melanoma patients of all stages appears to be warranted.", "contents": "Thymosin-inducible lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant melanoma. E rosette-forming (T) lymphocytes and surface immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes were estimated in 85 patients with malignant melanoma. The melanoma patient group had lower mean levels of T lymphocytes and higher mean levels of immunoglobulin-bearing (? B) lymphocytes than did normal subjects. The absolute and percentage depressions of T-cell levels in the melanoma patients were stage-related, as was the depression of total lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte levels. The T lymphopenia in the melanoma patients could, in vitro, be partially abolished by fetal calf serum (as used in many E rosetting methods), and could be totally abolished by thymosin fraction 5 (Hoffmann-La Roche) at optimum concentration. In view of the ability of thymosin to restore T cells to normal levels in all of the T-lymphopenic patients, a clinical trial of this hormone in selected melanoma patients of all stages appears to be warranted.", "PMID": 310343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2466", "title": "Effect of maleic anhydride-vinyl ether on the lymphocyte subpopulations of tumor-bearing, irradiated mice.", "content": "The splenic T- and B-lymphocyte populations of BALB/c mice were determined in Madison lung carcinoma 109-bearing animals. Concurrently, some groups of tumored mice were exposed to 500 rads of whole-body irradiation and were treated with one dose of maleic anhydride-vinyl ether (MVE). By direct immunofluorescence, it was found that the percentage of splenic T lymphocytes was significantly depressed in the tumored-irradiated mice. Mitogenic studies revealed that the T lymphocytes were more depressed in the tumored-irradiated mice than in the corresponding nonirradiated tumored mice. MVE was relatively effective in reconstituting the T-cell compartment of these splenic T lymphocytes. The B-cell compartment of the splenic lymphocytes of the tumored-irradiated mice was found to be extremely radiosensitive. Utilizing a specific anti-B serum, no B lymphocytes were detected during the testing. Blastogenic studies using lipopolysaccharide as the mitogenic probe revealed that the incorporation of 3H-TdR of the tumored-irradiated mice was just slightly higher than background values. MVE proved to be relatively ineffective in reconstituting the splenic B cells of the tumored-irradiated mice.", "contents": "Effect of maleic anhydride-vinyl ether on the lymphocyte subpopulations of tumor-bearing, irradiated mice. The splenic T- and B-lymphocyte populations of BALB/c mice were determined in Madison lung carcinoma 109-bearing animals. Concurrently, some groups of tumored mice were exposed to 500 rads of whole-body irradiation and were treated with one dose of maleic anhydride-vinyl ether (MVE). By direct immunofluorescence, it was found that the percentage of splenic T lymphocytes was significantly depressed in the tumored-irradiated mice. Mitogenic studies revealed that the T lymphocytes were more depressed in the tumored-irradiated mice than in the corresponding nonirradiated tumored mice. MVE was relatively effective in reconstituting the T-cell compartment of these splenic T lymphocytes. The B-cell compartment of the splenic lymphocytes of the tumored-irradiated mice was found to be extremely radiosensitive. Utilizing a specific anti-B serum, no B lymphocytes were detected during the testing. Blastogenic studies using lipopolysaccharide as the mitogenic probe revealed that the incorporation of 3H-TdR of the tumored-irradiated mice was just slightly higher than background values. MVE proved to be relatively ineffective in reconstituting the splenic B cells of the tumored-irradiated mice.", "PMID": 310344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2467", "title": "Lymhocyte stimulatory effect of an ether-extracted preparation of Brucella abortus.", "content": "The effect of a Brucella abortus preparation (Bru Pel) on the T- and B-lymphocyte populations is described. Bru Pel treatment of tumor-bearing mice resulted in a slight reduction in tumor size, marked splenomegaly, and statistically significant reductions in the percentages of splenic T and B lymphocytes relative to untreated tumor controls. Bru Pel was also found to cause increases in the incorporation of 3H-thymidine of phytohemagglutinin-sensitive splenic T lymphocytes and lipopolysaccharide-sensitive splenic B lymphocytes over 3H-thymidine-incorporated values for untreated tumor controls.", "contents": "Lymhocyte stimulatory effect of an ether-extracted preparation of Brucella abortus. The effect of a Brucella abortus preparation (Bru Pel) on the T- and B-lymphocyte populations is described. Bru Pel treatment of tumor-bearing mice resulted in a slight reduction in tumor size, marked splenomegaly, and statistically significant reductions in the percentages of splenic T and B lymphocytes relative to untreated tumor controls. Bru Pel was also found to cause increases in the incorporation of 3H-thymidine of phytohemagglutinin-sensitive splenic T lymphocytes and lipopolysaccharide-sensitive splenic B lymphocytes over 3H-thymidine-incorporated values for untreated tumor controls.", "PMID": 310345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2468", "title": "Non-ependymal cilia in the habenulae and the interpeduncular nucleus of the frog tadpole.", "content": "Cilia of the 9 + 2  pattern are found electron microscopically in nonependymal cells of the habenulae and the interpeduncular nucleus of the tadpole of Rana esculenta at an early stage of development (8 mm length, head to tip of tail). A comparison is made between these and the ependymal and sensory cilia in the same specimens. The cilia project into the neuropil emerging from a perikaryon rich in free ribosomes and displaying a prominent Golgi apparatus. These perikarya contain dense core vesicles. Synapses with vesicles of the clear spherical type have been observed along the ciliary shaft. On a purely morphologic basis the authors hypothesize that these cilia, at least in this early ontogenetic stage, may extend considerably the conducting surface of the cell and represent a sensory structure which could be stimulated by terminal processes belonging to distantly located cells. In addition, they could also be involved in the trophic exchange of material with the adjacent structures.", "contents": "Non-ependymal cilia in the habenulae and the interpeduncular nucleus of the frog tadpole. Cilia of the 9 + 2  pattern are found electron microscopically in nonependymal cells of the habenulae and the interpeduncular nucleus of the tadpole of Rana esculenta at an early stage of development (8 mm length, head to tip of tail). A comparison is made between these and the ependymal and sensory cilia in the same specimens. The cilia project into the neuropil emerging from a perikaryon rich in free ribosomes and displaying a prominent Golgi apparatus. These perikarya contain dense core vesicles. Synapses with vesicles of the clear spherical type have been observed along the ciliary shaft. On a purely morphologic basis the authors hypothesize that these cilia, at least in this early ontogenetic stage, may extend considerably the conducting surface of the cell and represent a sensory structure which could be stimulated by terminal processes belonging to distantly located cells. In addition, they could also be involved in the trophic exchange of material with the adjacent structures.", "PMID": 310346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2469", "title": "Viruses in water.", "content": "Attention is drawn in this paper to the increasing problem of viral contamination of water and shellfish, particularly since growing demands for available water resources by a rising world population and expanding industry will make the recycling of wastewater almost inevitable in the future. The problem of eliminating viruses pathogenic for man from water is considered in the light of present water treatment procedures, which are often inadequate for that purpose. Man may be exposed to waterborne viruses through the consumption of contaminated water, shellfish, or crops, as a result of recreational activities involving water, or from aerosols following the spraying of crops with liquid wastes. Physical and chemical methods of eliminating viruses from water are discussed.", "contents": "Viruses in water. Attention is drawn in this paper to the increasing problem of viral contamination of water and shellfish, particularly since growing demands for available water resources by a rising world population and expanding industry will make the recycling of wastewater almost inevitable in the future. The problem of eliminating viruses pathogenic for man from water is considered in the light of present water treatment procedures, which are often inadequate for that purpose. Man may be exposed to waterborne viruses through the consumption of contaminated water, shellfish, or crops, as a result of recreational activities involving water, or from aerosols following the spraying of crops with liquid wastes. Physical and chemical methods of eliminating viruses from water are discussed.", "PMID": 310357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2470", "title": "The effects of psychotropic drugs in different populations.", "content": "Although psychotropic drugs are known to be effective in all populations, the known differences in terms of health and disease in different parts of the world have not been related to the effectiveness of such drugs. Nutritional/metabolic, genetic, cultural, and ecological/climatic factors that could be important in this respect are discussed. The benefits that could accrue from a knowledge of proper drug dosage, namely, fewer side effects and reduction in cost, particularly for developing countries, are highlighted.", "contents": "The effects of psychotropic drugs in different populations. Although psychotropic drugs are known to be effective in all populations, the known differences in terms of health and disease in different parts of the world have not been related to the effectiveness of such drugs. Nutritional/metabolic, genetic, cultural, and ecological/climatic factors that could be important in this respect are discussed. The benefits that could accrue from a knowledge of proper drug dosage, namely, fewer side effects and reduction in cost, particularly for developing countries, are highlighted.", "PMID": 310358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2471", "title": "Hypovitaminosis A and its control.", "content": "Hypovitaminosis A is considered to be the most common cause of blindness in the developing countries but it is not possible to estimate the prevalence of keratomalacia directly attributable to it. Subclinical hypovitaminosis A is not measurable at present in human subjects, but studies in animals indicate that the possibility of subclinical effects should not be ignored. The recommended procedure for identifying the \"at risk\" population involves a three-part survey to evaluate dietary intake, biochemical indices, and clinical signs. This article examines all three approaches in some detail, but in the present state of knowledge, none of them gives a satisfactory estimate of vitamin A status. For community assessment, the article discusses preliminary experience with a predictive model of the number of children in a population at risk of hypovitaminosis A that is based on associations noted repeatedly between protein-energy malnutrition and certain child-rearing practices, family economics, and morbidity. Criteria have been established for deciding on the need for a programme of prevention and the types of programme most appropriate in different situations are discussed. The methods of programme evaluation must take into account the stated objectives of the programme.", "contents": "Hypovitaminosis A and its control. Hypovitaminosis A is considered to be the most common cause of blindness in the developing countries but it is not possible to estimate the prevalence of keratomalacia directly attributable to it. Subclinical hypovitaminosis A is not measurable at present in human subjects, but studies in animals indicate that the possibility of subclinical effects should not be ignored. The recommended procedure for identifying the \"at risk\" population involves a three-part survey to evaluate dietary intake, biochemical indices, and clinical signs. This article examines all three approaches in some detail, but in the present state of knowledge, none of them gives a satisfactory estimate of vitamin A status. For community assessment, the article discusses preliminary experience with a predictive model of the number of children in a population at risk of hypovitaminosis A that is based on associations noted repeatedly between protein-energy malnutrition and certain child-rearing practices, family economics, and morbidity. Criteria have been established for deciding on the need for a programme of prevention and the types of programme most appropriate in different situations are discussed. The methods of programme evaluation must take into account the stated objectives of the programme.", "PMID": 310359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2472", "title": "Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in developing countries.", "content": "Studies on the prevalence and other epidemiological features of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease and pilot prophylactic programmes have been carried out in India for the past 12 years or more. The results of these, together with data from other developing countries, have been taken into account in discussing the problems of these diseases in the developing world. Suggestions for their control, to be modified according to local conditions, are made.", "contents": "Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in developing countries. Studies on the prevalence and other epidemiological features of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease and pilot prophylactic programmes have been carried out in India for the past 12 years or more. The results of these, together with data from other developing countries, have been taken into account in discussing the problems of these diseases in the developing world. Suggestions for their control, to be modified according to local conditions, are made.", "PMID": 310360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2473", "title": "Mixing of Schistosoma haematobium strains in Ghana.", "content": "In Ghana, Schistosoma haematobium exists as two strains, one transmitted by Bulinus rohlfsi and the other by B. globosus. In Anyaboni, a resettlement town, where the field station of the UNDP/WHO Schistosomiasis Research and Control Project is located, the residents contract the \"rohlfsi\" strain of the parasite from the Volta Lake and the \"globosus\" strain from a stream near the town. The present studies indicate that there is mixing of the two parasite strains on a community and an individual basis. In Anyaboni, the parasite developed well in both B. rohlfsi and B. globosus. In another village 25 km from Accra, where B. globosus was the only vector, the parasite developed well in B. globosus but was refractory in B. rohlfsi. In a village near the Volta Lake where B. rohlfsi was the sole vector, the parasite developed well in B. rohlfsi but was refractory in B. globosus. However, complete separation of the two strains is uncommon in Ghana because extensive mixing has already occurred owing to migration of people and snails.", "contents": "Mixing of Schistosoma haematobium strains in Ghana. In Ghana, Schistosoma haematobium exists as two strains, one transmitted by Bulinus rohlfsi and the other by B. globosus. In Anyaboni, a resettlement town, where the field station of the UNDP/WHO Schistosomiasis Research and Control Project is located, the residents contract the \"rohlfsi\" strain of the parasite from the Volta Lake and the \"globosus\" strain from a stream near the town. The present studies indicate that there is mixing of the two parasite strains on a community and an individual basis. In Anyaboni, the parasite developed well in both B. rohlfsi and B. globosus. In another village 25 km from Accra, where B. globosus was the only vector, the parasite developed well in B. globosus but was refractory in B. rohlfsi. In a village near the Volta Lake where B. rohlfsi was the sole vector, the parasite developed well in B. rohlfsi but was refractory in B. globosus. However, complete separation of the two strains is uncommon in Ghana because extensive mixing has already occurred owing to migration of people and snails.", "PMID": 310361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2474", "title": "Preparation and laboratory testing of plain and aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed cholera vaccines used in a field trial in Indonesia.", "content": "TWO TYPES OF CHOLERA VACCINE WERE PREPARED: a plain vaccine and an aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed vaccine, by using the Inaba NIH 35A3 and Ogawa NIH 41 serotypes of Vibrio cholerae. For cultivation, a solid medium was used and the cultures were inactivated with 0.02% thiomersal and by heating for 1 hour at 56 degrees C. The final vibrio concentration of the vaccines was adjusted to 16 x 10(9) vibrios/ml (equal proportions of the two serotypes). The antigenicity of the vaccines was assessed by the active mouse protection test and by the antibody production test, i.e. by determinating the vibriocidal antibodies in the sera of immunized mice. The results of the active mouse protection test showed that the antigenicity of the Inaba and Ogawa components of both vaccines met the WHO Requirements. The antigenicity of the Inaba component of both vaccines was about the same. The antigenicity of the Ogawa component of the plain vaccine appeared to be somewhat higher than that of the adsorbed vaccine. In the antibody production test, the adsorbed vaccine elicited a higher and longer-lasting immune response than the plain vaccine.", "contents": "Preparation and laboratory testing of plain and aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed cholera vaccines used in a field trial in Indonesia. TWO TYPES OF CHOLERA VACCINE WERE PREPARED: a plain vaccine and an aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed vaccine, by using the Inaba NIH 35A3 and Ogawa NIH 41 serotypes of Vibrio cholerae. For cultivation, a solid medium was used and the cultures were inactivated with 0.02% thiomersal and by heating for 1 hour at 56 degrees C. The final vibrio concentration of the vaccines was adjusted to 16 x 10(9) vibrios/ml (equal proportions of the two serotypes). The antigenicity of the vaccines was assessed by the active mouse protection test and by the antibody production test, i.e. by determinating the vibriocidal antibodies in the sera of immunized mice. The results of the active mouse protection test showed that the antigenicity of the Inaba and Ogawa components of both vaccines met the WHO Requirements. The antigenicity of the Inaba component of both vaccines was about the same. The antigenicity of the Ogawa component of the plain vaccine appeared to be somewhat higher than that of the adsorbed vaccine. In the antibody production test, the adsorbed vaccine elicited a higher and longer-lasting immune response than the plain vaccine.", "PMID": 310362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2475", "title": "The use of cycloheximide-treated cells for isolating trachoma agents under field conditions.", "content": "Standard procedures for the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis require pretreatment of the tissue culture cells. We evaluated the use of cycloheximide, an antimetabolite that can be added to the cells with the inoculum. Cycloheximide-treated cells provided a sensitive system for isolating trachoma agents. This system was applicable to field studies as requirements for equipment were minimal and the cells were 2 weeks old when inoculated.", "contents": "The use of cycloheximide-treated cells for isolating trachoma agents under field conditions. Standard procedures for the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis require pretreatment of the tissue culture cells. We evaluated the use of cycloheximide, an antimetabolite that can be added to the cells with the inoculum. Cycloheximide-treated cells provided a sensitive system for isolating trachoma agents. This system was applicable to field studies as requirements for equipment were minimal and the cells were 2 weeks old when inoculated.", "PMID": 310363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2476", "title": "Early detection of antigen and estimation of virus yield in specimens from patients with Marburg virus disease.", "content": "Autopsy specimens from patients with Marburg disease having at least 10(4.5) TCID(50) of virus per gram of tissue were found to contain sufficient fluorescent antigen-positive cells to make a specific diagnosis possible in less than 3 h. Liver, heart, spleen, and kidney tissues were found to contain significant amounts of virus. Tissue suspensions, as well as blood or serum samples, inoculated into Vero cell cultures produced virus-specific immunofluorescence within 2-5 days. At least one specimen of all virus-positive persons yielded Marburg virus-specific antigen on day 2 or 3 after inoculation. Furthermore, tissues with at least 10(5.5) TCID(50) of virus/g had Marburg antigen of sufficient titre to be used in complement fixation tests.", "contents": "Early detection of antigen and estimation of virus yield in specimens from patients with Marburg virus disease. Autopsy specimens from patients with Marburg disease having at least 10(4.5) TCID(50) of virus per gram of tissue were found to contain sufficient fluorescent antigen-positive cells to make a specific diagnosis possible in less than 3 h. Liver, heart, spleen, and kidney tissues were found to contain significant amounts of virus. Tissue suspensions, as well as blood or serum samples, inoculated into Vero cell cultures produced virus-specific immunofluorescence within 2-5 days. At least one specimen of all virus-positive persons yielded Marburg virus-specific antigen on day 2 or 3 after inoculation. Furthermore, tissues with at least 10(5.5) TCID(50) of virus/g had Marburg antigen of sufficient titre to be used in complement fixation tests.", "PMID": 310364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2477", "title": "Poliomyelitis: Epidemiology and prophylaxis. 6. Geographic synchronism in poliomyelitis epidemics in Kenya.", "content": "In the 1950s, van Loghem drew attention to what he called \"synchronism\" in the epidemics of poliomyelitis in western Europe. The 1952 epidemic in the Netherlands affected Belgium and neighbouring parts of the Federal Republic of Germany at the same time. A comparable phenomenon is described from Kenya. Notwithstanding the fact that in the three population concentrations of the country the three poliovirus types may well be endemic, epidemics of poliomyelitis repeatedly occurred synchronously in these areas. However, there seems to be no synchronism between poliomyelitis epidemics in Kenya and those in neighbouring East African countries. Tentative explanations are put forward for the similarities and differences between Europe and East Africa. The importance of the phenomenon as observed in Kenya for control by mass immunization campaigns is stressed.", "contents": "Poliomyelitis: Epidemiology and prophylaxis. 6. Geographic synchronism in poliomyelitis epidemics in Kenya. In the 1950s, van Loghem drew attention to what he called \"synchronism\" in the epidemics of poliomyelitis in western Europe. The 1952 epidemic in the Netherlands affected Belgium and neighbouring parts of the Federal Republic of Germany at the same time. A comparable phenomenon is described from Kenya. Notwithstanding the fact that in the three population concentrations of the country the three poliovirus types may well be endemic, epidemics of poliomyelitis repeatedly occurred synchronously in these areas. However, there seems to be no synchronism between poliomyelitis epidemics in Kenya and those in neighbouring East African countries. Tentative explanations are put forward for the similarities and differences between Europe and East Africa. The importance of the phenomenon as observed in Kenya for control by mass immunization campaigns is stressed.", "PMID": 310365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2478", "title": "Quality control in laboratory investigations on Schistosoma mansoni in St. Lucia, West Indies. Maintenance of artificial prevalence as a laboratory aid.", "content": "A method is described of maintaining an apparent S. mansoni prevalence rate of 10% in an area estimated to have a natural rate of below 5% following two chemotherapy campaigns. To sustain interest and therefore accuracy among microscopists engaged on screening, known S. mansoni-positive stools were seeded, without their knowledge, among those collected in the field. The problems of achieving a desired level of seeding, and of a possible further dimension of the scheme are discussed.", "contents": "Quality control in laboratory investigations on Schistosoma mansoni in St. Lucia, West Indies. Maintenance of artificial prevalence as a laboratory aid. A method is described of maintaining an apparent S. mansoni prevalence rate of 10% in an area estimated to have a natural rate of below 5% following two chemotherapy campaigns. To sustain interest and therefore accuracy among microscopists engaged on screening, known S. mansoni-positive stools were seeded, without their knowledge, among those collected in the field. The problems of achieving a desired level of seeding, and of a possible further dimension of the scheme are discussed.", "PMID": 310366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2479", "title": "A field test for detecting iodine-enriched salt.", "content": "One of the most effective and well-established methods for the prevention of endemic goitre is the enrichment of table salt with appropriate amounts of iodine. A simple field test has been developed by which anyone, without special chemical training, can verify whether a sample of table salt has been enriched with iodine as required by local health regulations. Since all the equipment needed can conveniently be assembled as a small portable kit, the proposed method, which is highly sensitive, is appropriate for health workers in areas prone to endemic goitre.", "contents": "A field test for detecting iodine-enriched salt. One of the most effective and well-established methods for the prevention of endemic goitre is the enrichment of table salt with appropriate amounts of iodine. A simple field test has been developed by which anyone, without special chemical training, can verify whether a sample of table salt has been enriched with iodine as required by local health regulations. Since all the equipment needed can conveniently be assembled as a small portable kit, the proposed method, which is highly sensitive, is appropriate for health workers in areas prone to endemic goitre.", "PMID": 310367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2480", "title": "Reutilization of 125I-labelled anti-IgE antibody and paper discs in PRIST and RAST IgE determination.", "content": "In the paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST) anti-human IgE coupled paper discs are used for the estimation of total IgE in blood serum: in the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) allergen-coupled paper discs are used for the estimation of specific IgE in blood serum. The bound IgE or specific IgE is quantified by a 125I-labelled anti-human IgE. The non-bound 125I-labelled anti-human IgE can be collected and used in new assay. By a 4-h incubation of the used paper discs with 1 M glycine-HCl buffer (pH 2.7) the IgE-labelled anti-IgE complex can largely be removed. The paper discs treated in this manner can be used in a new assay.", "contents": "Reutilization of 125I-labelled anti-IgE antibody and paper discs in PRIST and RAST IgE determination. In the paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST) anti-human IgE coupled paper discs are used for the estimation of total IgE in blood serum: in the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) allergen-coupled paper discs are used for the estimation of specific IgE in blood serum. The bound IgE or specific IgE is quantified by a 125I-labelled anti-human IgE. The non-bound 125I-labelled anti-human IgE can be collected and used in new assay. By a 4-h incubation of the used paper discs with 1 M glycine-HCl buffer (pH 2.7) the IgE-labelled anti-IgE complex can largely be removed. The paper discs treated in this manner can be used in a new assay.", "PMID": 310368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2481", "title": "The concentration of alpha-1-antitrypsin in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in a series of 40 intracranial tumors.", "content": "Forty patients with histologically proved intracranial tumors were submitted to preoperative lumbar and venous punctures. The concentration of alpha-1-antitrypsin in the serum and in cerebrospinal fluid was determined by radial immunodiffusion technique. In the series, both serum and cerebrospinal fluid alpha-1-antitrypsin concentrations are significantly higher than the mean normal values. No statistical differences are observed in serum alpha-1-antitrypsin levels between benign and malignant tumors, but cerebrospinal fluid alpha-1-antitrypsin is significantly increased in the group of malignant tumors if cases undergoing steroid treatment are excluded. The diagnostic value of alpha-1-antitrypsin determinations in groups of patients with intracranial tumors is suggested.", "contents": "The concentration of alpha-1-antitrypsin in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in a series of 40 intracranial tumors. Forty patients with histologically proved intracranial tumors were submitted to preoperative lumbar and venous punctures. The concentration of alpha-1-antitrypsin in the serum and in cerebrospinal fluid was determined by radial immunodiffusion technique. In the series, both serum and cerebrospinal fluid alpha-1-antitrypsin concentrations are significantly higher than the mean normal values. No statistical differences are observed in serum alpha-1-antitrypsin levels between benign and malignant tumors, but cerebrospinal fluid alpha-1-antitrypsin is significantly increased in the group of malignant tumors if cases undergoing steroid treatment are excluded. The diagnostic value of alpha-1-antitrypsin determinations in groups of patients with intracranial tumors is suggested.", "PMID": 310369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2482", "title": "alpha1-Antitrypsin deficiency in twins and parents-of-twins.", "content": "Serum-trypsin-inhibitory-capacity (STIC) and alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) genotypes were evaluated in 83 twins and 112 paired parents-of-twins. An increased prevalence (17.0--21.9%) of intermediate AAT deficiency (STIC less than 0.95 units/ml) was detected in both of these groups as compared to a prevalence of 4.1% in 1,841 healthy controls. PiS and PiZ molecular variants of AAT were also found more frequently in the twin and parent groups, but this was not statistically significant. Low levels of protease inhibition may enhance fertility and a tendency towards twinning, since proteolytic enzymes are involved in fertilization of ova by sperm and in gametogenesis. Increased fertility and twinning may be heterozygous advantages for AAT deficiency.", "contents": "alpha1-Antitrypsin deficiency in twins and parents-of-twins. Serum-trypsin-inhibitory-capacity (STIC) and alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) genotypes were evaluated in 83 twins and 112 paired parents-of-twins. An increased prevalence (17.0--21.9%) of intermediate AAT deficiency (STIC less than 0.95 units/ml) was detected in both of these groups as compared to a prevalence of 4.1% in 1,841 healthy controls. PiS and PiZ molecular variants of AAT were also found more frequently in the twin and parent groups, but this was not statistically significant. Low levels of protease inhibition may enhance fertility and a tendency towards twinning, since proteolytic enzymes are involved in fertilization of ova by sperm and in gametogenesis. Increased fertility and twinning may be heterozygous advantages for AAT deficiency.", "PMID": 310370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2483", "title": "Isolated congenital ectopia lentis with autosomal dominant inheritance.", "content": "Although autosomal dominant inheritance of isolated ectopia lentis has been described, the literature contains old and unclear reports concerning the evaluation of skeletal or metabolic abnormalities. We report a family in which congenital isolated ectopia lentis occurs in five members of two generations in a pattern consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance.", "contents": "Isolated congenital ectopia lentis with autosomal dominant inheritance. Although autosomal dominant inheritance of isolated ectopia lentis has been described, the literature contains old and unclear reports concerning the evaluation of skeletal or metabolic abnormalities. We report a family in which congenital isolated ectopia lentis occurs in five members of two generations in a pattern consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance.", "PMID": 310371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2484", "title": "Adult Haemophilus influenzae type B vertebral osteomyelitis: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Osteomyelitis in adults due to Haemophilus influenzae is exceedingly rare. We report a case of H. influenzae type b vertebral osteomyelitis in an adult. Review of the English literature reveals one other adult patient with H. influenzae osteomyelitis, and sporadic pediatric cases. Although a variety of predisposing host resistance factors have been postulated to account for this infection, the deficiency responsible for adult infection remains undelineated. Bone biopsy is mandatory for diagnosis when blood cultures are negative. The isolation and identification of H. influenzae may be delayed because of its fastidious growth requirements. Treatment with ampicillin or chloramphenicol appear to be most efficacious considering the antibiotic sensitivities of the organism.", "contents": "Adult Haemophilus influenzae type B vertebral osteomyelitis: a case report and review of the literature. Osteomyelitis in adults due to Haemophilus influenzae is exceedingly rare. We report a case of H. influenzae type b vertebral osteomyelitis in an adult. Review of the English literature reveals one other adult patient with H. influenzae osteomyelitis, and sporadic pediatric cases. Although a variety of predisposing host resistance factors have been postulated to account for this infection, the deficiency responsible for adult infection remains undelineated. Bone biopsy is mandatory for diagnosis when blood cultures are negative. The isolation and identification of H. influenzae may be delayed because of its fastidious growth requirements. Treatment with ampicillin or chloramphenicol appear to be most efficacious considering the antibiotic sensitivities of the organism.", "PMID": 310376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2485", "title": "Management of acute pain in trauma.", "content": "In acute pain, TENS, ice packs, and a calm, reassuring attitude and voice are useful in reducing pain. Narcotic requirements can be reduced, and chronic pain may be prevented. Complications such as paralytic ileus and atelactasis can also be reduced. These techniques can be used in the emergency ward, the recovery room, and the doctor's office.", "contents": "Management of acute pain in trauma. In acute pain, TENS, ice packs, and a calm, reassuring attitude and voice are useful in reducing pain. Narcotic requirements can be reduced, and chronic pain may be prevented. Complications such as paralytic ileus and atelactasis can also be reduced. These techniques can be used in the emergency ward, the recovery room, and the doctor's office.", "PMID": 310377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2486", "title": "Experience with a Fourier method for determining the extracellular potential fields of excitable cells with cylindrical geometry.", "content": "In this chapter, well-known solutions that utilize a Fourier transform method for determining the extracellular, volume-conductor potential distribution surrounding elongated excitable cells of cylindrical geometry are reformulated as a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) problem, which subsequently permits the volume-conductor problem to be viewed as an equivalent linear-filtering problem. This DFT formulation is fast and computationally efficient. In addition, it lends itself to the application of some rather well-known techniques in linear systems theory (e.g., the DFT for convolution and least mean-square (Wiener) filtering for optimal prediction of a signal in random noise). Two specific examples are employed to demonstrate the utility of this discrete Fourier method: (1) the single, isolated, active nerve fiber in an essentially infinite volume conductor and (2) the isolated, active nerve trunk in a similar type of extracellular medium. In each of these, our DFT method is employed to obtain both the classical \"forward\" and \"inverse\" potential solutions for each volume conductor problem. In the case where the single, active nerve fiber is the bioelectric source in the volume conductor, simulated action-potential data from an invertebrate giant axon is utilized, and potentials at various points in the extracellular medium are calculated. The calculated potential distributions in axial distance z, at various radial distances r, are consistent with well-known experimental fact. When the active nerve trunk acts as the bioelectric source, the DFT method provides calculated potential distributions that are fairly consistent with experimental data under a variety of experimental conditions. For example, in these experiments, a special, isolated frog spinal cord preparation is used that permits separate or combined stimulation of the motor and sensory nerve fiber components of the attached sciatic nerve trunk. By manipulating the stimulus intensity applied to the motor (ventral) or appropriate sensory (dorsal) roots of the spinal cord, a variety of multiphasic extracellular volume-conductor potentials can be recorded from the sciatic nerve. The excellent agreement of model-generated and experimental data, regardless of the complexity of surface potential waveform, tends to validate the modeling assumptions and offer encouragement that this computationally efficient DFT method may be usefully employed in volume-conductor problems where both the bioelectric source, and the surrounding volume conductor, are of a much more complicated nature.", "contents": "Experience with a Fourier method for determining the extracellular potential fields of excitable cells with cylindrical geometry. In this chapter, well-known solutions that utilize a Fourier transform method for determining the extracellular, volume-conductor potential distribution surrounding elongated excitable cells of cylindrical geometry are reformulated as a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) problem, which subsequently permits the volume-conductor problem to be viewed as an equivalent linear-filtering problem. This DFT formulation is fast and computationally efficient. In addition, it lends itself to the application of some rather well-known techniques in linear systems theory (e.g., the DFT for convolution and least mean-square (Wiener) filtering for optimal prediction of a signal in random noise). Two specific examples are employed to demonstrate the utility of this discrete Fourier method: (1) the single, isolated, active nerve fiber in an essentially infinite volume conductor and (2) the isolated, active nerve trunk in a similar type of extracellular medium. In each of these, our DFT method is employed to obtain both the classical \"forward\" and \"inverse\" potential solutions for each volume conductor problem. In the case where the single, active nerve fiber is the bioelectric source in the volume conductor, simulated action-potential data from an invertebrate giant axon is utilized, and potentials at various points in the extracellular medium are calculated. The calculated potential distributions in axial distance z, at various radial distances r, are consistent with well-known experimental fact. When the active nerve trunk acts as the bioelectric source, the DFT method provides calculated potential distributions that are fairly consistent with experimental data under a variety of experimental conditions. For example, in these experiments, a special, isolated frog spinal cord preparation is used that permits separate or combined stimulation of the motor and sensory nerve fiber components of the attached sciatic nerve trunk. By manipulating the stimulus intensity applied to the motor (ventral) or appropriate sensory (dorsal) roots of the spinal cord, a variety of multiphasic extracellular volume-conductor potentials can be recorded from the sciatic nerve. The excellent agreement of model-generated and experimental data, regardless of the complexity of surface potential waveform, tends to validate the modeling assumptions and offer encouragement that this computationally efficient DFT method may be usefully employed in volume-conductor problems where both the bioelectric source, and the surrounding volume conductor, are of a much more complicated nature.", "PMID": 310379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2487", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels and tissue antibodies in psoriasis.", "content": "Serum samples from psoriatic patients were subjected to quantitation of serum IgA, IgG and IgM levels and screening of tissue autoantibodies including ANA, GPA, MTA and SMA. Serum IgA was found to be significantly elevated and incidences of ANA and GPA were also increased. Their significance and possible mechanism were discussed.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels and tissue antibodies in psoriasis. Serum samples from psoriatic patients were subjected to quantitation of serum IgA, IgG and IgM levels and screening of tissue autoantibodies including ANA, GPA, MTA and SMA. Serum IgA was found to be significantly elevated and incidences of ANA and GPA were also increased. Their significance and possible mechanism were discussed.", "PMID": 310380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2488", "title": "The desaturated panel D-15.", "content": "The Desaturated Panel D-15 is analogous in design to the standard Panel D-15 but of lower purity (chroma 2 Munsell); the test is more sensitive to mild and moderate losses in chromatic discrimination ability. Combination of the results of both tests allows recognition of several degrees of chromatic discrimination loss.", "contents": "The desaturated panel D-15. The Desaturated Panel D-15 is analogous in design to the standard Panel D-15 but of lower purity (chroma 2 Munsell); the test is more sensitive to mild and moderate losses in chromatic discrimination ability. Combination of the results of both tests allows recognition of several degrees of chromatic discrimination loss.", "PMID": 310382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2489", "title": "The new color test.", "content": "The New Color Test allows estimation of the neutral zone (separation phase) and the characteristic color confusions (classification phase) using Munsell colors. The width of the neutral zone is estimated by the ranges of hues confused with grey. The severity of chromatic discrimination loss for a given axis is estimated by the range of chromas confused with grey.", "contents": "The new color test. The New Color Test allows estimation of the neutral zone (separation phase) and the characteristic color confusions (classification phase) using Munsell colors. The width of the neutral zone is estimated by the ranges of hues confused with grey. The severity of chromatic discrimination loss for a given axis is estimated by the range of chromas confused with grey.", "PMID": 310383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2490", "title": "[Prolymphocytic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Prolymphocytic leukaemia occurred in two women aged 75 and 57 years, respectively. In both instances the lymphatic cells fulfilled the morphological criteria of the disease picture. In one patient the disease was characterised by immunological and physical methods as being a B-cell lymphoma, in the other a T-cell lymphoma. Acid phosphatase was of special significance among cytochemical studies. While the patient with the T-cell lymphoma died after three months, the one with B-cell lymphoma is still alive 16 months later. Splenectomy resulted in marked improvement in the latter patient's condition and may turn out to be the treatment of choice in prolymphocytic leukaemia.", "contents": "[Prolymphocytic leukaemia (author's transl)]. Prolymphocytic leukaemia occurred in two women aged 75 and 57 years, respectively. In both instances the lymphatic cells fulfilled the morphological criteria of the disease picture. In one patient the disease was characterised by immunological and physical methods as being a B-cell lymphoma, in the other a T-cell lymphoma. Acid phosphatase was of special significance among cytochemical studies. While the patient with the T-cell lymphoma died after three months, the one with B-cell lymphoma is still alive 16 months later. Splenectomy resulted in marked improvement in the latter patient's condition and may turn out to be the treatment of choice in prolymphocytic leukaemia.", "PMID": 310385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2491", "title": "[Analgetic and anti-inflammatory action of glaucine].", "content": "The authors examined the analgetic and antiinflammatory action of glaucine. They used the following methods for evaluation the analgetic action: chemical irritation, heating plate, heat-ray irritation, mechanical irritation of the normal and inflammatory tissues, electrical irritation and analgetic test. The following methods were used for evaluation of antiinflammatory action: effect on the edema of the rat paw and granulation phases of the inflammation in rats. Codeine and acetysal were used as control drugs. The results from the experiments showed that glaucine successfully inhibited the granulation phase of inflammation and did not affect edema of the rat paw, induce by yeast beer. The analgetic action of glaucine was weak and without practical significance.", "contents": "[Analgetic and anti-inflammatory action of glaucine]. The authors examined the analgetic and antiinflammatory action of glaucine. They used the following methods for evaluation the analgetic action: chemical irritation, heating plate, heat-ray irritation, mechanical irritation of the normal and inflammatory tissues, electrical irritation and analgetic test. The following methods were used for evaluation of antiinflammatory action: effect on the edema of the rat paw and granulation phases of the inflammation in rats. Codeine and acetysal were used as control drugs. The results from the experiments showed that glaucine successfully inhibited the granulation phase of inflammation and did not affect edema of the rat paw, induce by yeast beer. The analgetic action of glaucine was weak and without practical significance.", "PMID": 310388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2492", "title": "Specific binding of poly(I)-poly(C) to the membrane of murine B lymphocyte subsets.", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that 13% of BALB/c and 33% of CBA spleen cells of B type carry specific binding sites at their surface for double-stranded poly(I).poly(C). Pretreatment of BALB/c spleen cells with anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum increased the number of B cells capable of binding poly(I).poly(C) indicating the existence of a second B lymphocyte subpopulation carrying masked poly(I).poly(C)-binding sites. Pretreatment of the cells with mitogenic doses of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or single-stranded polynucleotides, e.g. poly(I) or double-stranded poly(A).poly(U), failed to affect binding of poly(I).poly(C) to the cells. Poly(I).poly(C) converts small poly(I).poly(C)-binding lymphocytes into lymphoblasts carrying poly(I).poly(C)-binding sites. Lymphoblasts derived from LPS-stimulated cells do not carry poly(I).poly(C)-binding sites. Thymocytes or splenic T cells failed to bind poly(I).poly(C). As measured by thymidine uptake, CBA mice containing a higher percentage of poly(I).poly(C)-binding cells, are high responder mice to poly(I).poly(C), compared with low responder BALB/c mice.", "contents": "Specific binding of poly(I)-poly(C) to the membrane of murine B lymphocyte subsets. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that 13% of BALB/c and 33% of CBA spleen cells of B type carry specific binding sites at their surface for double-stranded poly(I).poly(C). Pretreatment of BALB/c spleen cells with anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum increased the number of B cells capable of binding poly(I).poly(C) indicating the existence of a second B lymphocyte subpopulation carrying masked poly(I).poly(C)-binding sites. Pretreatment of the cells with mitogenic doses of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or single-stranded polynucleotides, e.g. poly(I) or double-stranded poly(A).poly(U), failed to affect binding of poly(I).poly(C) to the cells. Poly(I).poly(C) converts small poly(I).poly(C)-binding lymphocytes into lymphoblasts carrying poly(I).poly(C)-binding sites. Lymphoblasts derived from LPS-stimulated cells do not carry poly(I).poly(C)-binding sites. Thymocytes or splenic T cells failed to bind poly(I).poly(C). As measured by thymidine uptake, CBA mice containing a higher percentage of poly(I).poly(C)-binding cells, are high responder mice to poly(I).poly(C), compared with low responder BALB/c mice.", "PMID": 310390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2493", "title": "Failure of medial forebrain bundle or raphe ablation to alter the daily temperature rhythm of the rat.", "content": "The data presented in the present study suggest that neither the ascending noradrenergic fibres confined to the MFB nor the serotonergic fibres originating in or passing through the mesencephalic raphe are essential for periodicity in body temperature. Both control and experimental groups, i.e., rats subjected to medial forebrain bundle or raphe ablation presented circadian periodicity in body temperature and neither the phase, amplitude or overall mean of experimentals differed significantly from controls.", "contents": "Failure of medial forebrain bundle or raphe ablation to alter the daily temperature rhythm of the rat. The data presented in the present study suggest that neither the ascending noradrenergic fibres confined to the MFB nor the serotonergic fibres originating in or passing through the mesencephalic raphe are essential for periodicity in body temperature. Both control and experimental groups, i.e., rats subjected to medial forebrain bundle or raphe ablation presented circadian periodicity in body temperature and neither the phase, amplitude or overall mean of experimentals differed significantly from controls.", "PMID": 310395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2494", "title": "The fine structure of growing and non-growing whole glia cell preparations.", "content": "Human glia cells become blocked in G1 if starved of serum. The characteristics of the GI blocked state are flattening on the substrate, and absence of cell translocation, ruffling and macropinocytosis. Re-entry into the cell cycle, as a result of growth factor stimulation, is accompained and even preceded by the return of this cellular locomotion. We have studied the fine structure of intact human glia cells and ultrathin sections of these cells when proliferating normally in vitro, when starved of serum and during their return to the cell cycle following stimulation with mEGF (mouse epidermal growth factor). Particular attention was paid to morphologically definable components of the cellular musculoskeletal system. Proliferating interphase glia generally had a leading lamella containing few organelles and oriented bundles of 7 nm microfilaments with structureless lamellipodia at their tips, which often formed ruffles. The perinuclear area was thick and contained many cell organelles, including mitochondria and secondary lysosomes. Glia starved of serum were thinly spread; their peripheral cytoplasm was filled with a diffuse mat of microfilaments, they had no structureless lamellipodia and their perinuclear areas, although thinner, contained cell organelles in equal amounts and of similar type of those found in proliferating cells. On EGF stimulation, after approximately 2 hours the perinuclear area of the cells thickened, and structureless lamellipodia subsequently appeared at the tips of the leading lamellae, forming ruffles. The cells finally began to translocate, the process being accompained by the reorientation and packing of the microfilaments into bundles. As the kinetics of EGF binding and break down by glia cells are similar to those described for fibroblasts, the findings do not support the concept of EGF receptor interactions inducing ultrastructurally demonstrable microfilament or other musculoskeletal structural changes in the cell. They do, however, define the differing cellular morphologies of motile and immobile structures.", "contents": "The fine structure of growing and non-growing whole glia cell preparations. Human glia cells become blocked in G1 if starved of serum. The characteristics of the GI blocked state are flattening on the substrate, and absence of cell translocation, ruffling and macropinocytosis. Re-entry into the cell cycle, as a result of growth factor stimulation, is accompained and even preceded by the return of this cellular locomotion. We have studied the fine structure of intact human glia cells and ultrathin sections of these cells when proliferating normally in vitro, when starved of serum and during their return to the cell cycle following stimulation with mEGF (mouse epidermal growth factor). Particular attention was paid to morphologically definable components of the cellular musculoskeletal system. Proliferating interphase glia generally had a leading lamella containing few organelles and oriented bundles of 7 nm microfilaments with structureless lamellipodia at their tips, which often formed ruffles. The perinuclear area was thick and contained many cell organelles, including mitochondria and secondary lysosomes. Glia starved of serum were thinly spread; their peripheral cytoplasm was filled with a diffuse mat of microfilaments, they had no structureless lamellipodia and their perinuclear areas, although thinner, contained cell organelles in equal amounts and of similar type of those found in proliferating cells. On EGF stimulation, after approximately 2 hours the perinuclear area of the cells thickened, and structureless lamellipodia subsequently appeared at the tips of the leading lamellae, forming ruffles. The cells finally began to translocate, the process being accompained by the reorientation and packing of the microfilaments into bundles. As the kinetics of EGF binding and break down by glia cells are similar to those described for fibroblasts, the findings do not support the concept of EGF receptor interactions inducing ultrastructurally demonstrable microfilament or other musculoskeletal structural changes in the cell. They do, however, define the differing cellular morphologies of motile and immobile structures.", "PMID": 310403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2495", "title": "alpha1-Antitrypsin in pancreatic diseases.", "content": "Lowered, normal or raised alpha1-antitrypsin levels were found in 81 patients with acute or chronic relapsing pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. 51 patients with chronic pancreatitis did not have alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Thus, in contrast to other reports, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and chronic pancreatitis do not seem to be in common association.", "contents": "alpha1-Antitrypsin in pancreatic diseases. Lowered, normal or raised alpha1-antitrypsin levels were found in 81 patients with acute or chronic relapsing pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. 51 patients with chronic pancreatitis did not have alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Thus, in contrast to other reports, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and chronic pancreatitis do not seem to be in common association.", "PMID": 310404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2496", "title": "Detection of H2-b and Thy-1.2 surface antigens on the differentiating murine otocyst using Nomarski optics.", "content": "The 12th postcoital day otocyst appears as a hollow cellular ball of pseudostratified columnar epithelium that has entered into its inital stages of differentiation and organogenesis. H-2b antigen was demonstrated on the ectodermally derived epithelial cells of the otocysts and on the mesodermally derived cells of the surrounding mesenchyme. Thy-1.2 antigen was detected in the mesenchymal cells, but not on the epithelial cells of the otocyst. The use of Nomarski optics as a new method for detecting cell surface staining that would otherwise be undetected by bright field optics was demonstrated.", "contents": "Detection of H2-b and Thy-1.2 surface antigens on the differentiating murine otocyst using Nomarski optics. The 12th postcoital day otocyst appears as a hollow cellular ball of pseudostratified columnar epithelium that has entered into its inital stages of differentiation and organogenesis. H-2b antigen was demonstrated on the ectodermally derived epithelial cells of the otocysts and on the mesodermally derived cells of the surrounding mesenchyme. Thy-1.2 antigen was detected in the mesenchymal cells, but not on the epithelial cells of the otocyst. The use of Nomarski optics as a new method for detecting cell surface staining that would otherwise be undetected by bright field optics was demonstrated.", "PMID": 310405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2497", "title": "[The effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on labor pain (author's transl)].", "content": "The analgesic effect of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TNS) during delivery has been studied. 57 (55.9%) of 102 women treated considered TNS had given them good or very good relief from pain; 24 (23.5%) reported that they had received some relief, while 21 patients (20.6%) were of the opinion that they were not helped by the technique. CTG monitoring ocurred in all cases. No side effects on the fetus or the mother have been noted. A positive aspect of TNS was the quick course of delivery and the absence of obstetrical complications in the cases treated with this method. Therefore the designation of TNS as a new, riskless, but effective technique for pain relief during childbirth seems justified.", "contents": "[The effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on labor pain (author's transl)]. The analgesic effect of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TNS) during delivery has been studied. 57 (55.9%) of 102 women treated considered TNS had given them good or very good relief from pain; 24 (23.5%) reported that they had received some relief, while 21 patients (20.6%) were of the opinion that they were not helped by the technique. CTG monitoring ocurred in all cases. No side effects on the fetus or the mother have been noted. A positive aspect of TNS was the quick course of delivery and the absence of obstetrical complications in the cases treated with this method. Therefore the designation of TNS as a new, riskless, but effective technique for pain relief during childbirth seems justified.", "PMID": 310408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2498", "title": "[Developments in the diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma. Comparison of various diagnostic groups].", "content": "Epidemiological observations on colorectal cancer and the consequences of modern diagnostic methods are reported on patients treated in the Medical and Surgical Hospital of the University of Erlangen during the past 9 years. In this period the distribution of the rectal carcinomas according to the Dukes-classification was constant. Using coloscopy consequently as routine method and by proving occult intestinal bleeding as screening method, we succeeded in diagnosing colorectal carcinomas in an earlier stage of Dukes' classification.", "contents": "[Developments in the diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma. Comparison of various diagnostic groups]. Epidemiological observations on colorectal cancer and the consequences of modern diagnostic methods are reported on patients treated in the Medical and Surgical Hospital of the University of Erlangen during the past 9 years. In this period the distribution of the rectal carcinomas according to the Dukes-classification was constant. Using coloscopy consequently as routine method and by proving occult intestinal bleeding as screening method, we succeeded in diagnosing colorectal carcinomas in an earlier stage of Dukes' classification.", "PMID": 310411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2499", "title": "[Improved gastric tolerance of antirheumstic agents by means of concomitant gastrozepin therapy].", "content": "A double blind trial is described in which the effect of the specific gastric secretion inhibitor, Gastrozepin, was tested on gastric disturbances during treatment with the antirheumatic drug indometacin. It was shown on further treatment with indometacin and concomitant Gastrozepin therapy that the symptoms could be improved or completely relieved.", "contents": "[Improved gastric tolerance of antirheumstic agents by means of concomitant gastrozepin therapy]. A double blind trial is described in which the effect of the specific gastric secretion inhibitor, Gastrozepin, was tested on gastric disturbances during treatment with the antirheumatic drug indometacin. It was shown on further treatment with indometacin and concomitant Gastrozepin therapy that the symptoms could be improved or completely relieved.", "PMID": 310412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2500", "title": "Cellular differentiation markers in lymphoproliferative diseases.", "content": "Immunologic progress has resulted in precise definition of different lymphocyte populations that participate in normal immune responses. It has also led to an understanding of the nature of lymphomas and leukemias as malignant expansions of the various cell types. By using characteristic cell markers, it is now possible to classify many malignancies on the basis of the cell types involved.", "contents": "Cellular differentiation markers in lymphoproliferative diseases. Immunologic progress has resulted in precise definition of different lymphocyte populations that participate in normal immune responses. It has also led to an understanding of the nature of lymphomas and leukemias as malignant expansions of the various cell types. By using characteristic cell markers, it is now possible to classify many malignancies on the basis of the cell types involved.", "PMID": 310413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2501", "title": "Changes in T-cell subsets and their clinical significance in cancer patients.", "content": "The proportion of T cells that have receptors for IgG-Fc (Fc R+ T cells), the functioning of T cell helpers in immunoglobulin production and the blastogenic response of lymphocytes to PHA and Con A were measured in cancer patients. Increases in the percentage of IgG-Fc R+ T cells were observed in most patients; these were greater in patients with advanced tumours and fell within the normal range after complete surgical removal of the tumour. The functioning of T cell helpers in immunoglobulin production and response of lymphocytes to PHA were poor in those patients in whom IgG-Fc R+ T cell percentages were increased. The lymphocytes of such patients responded well to Con A. These changes in T-cell subsets appear to be related to the presence and progress of tumours.", "contents": "Changes in T-cell subsets and their clinical significance in cancer patients. The proportion of T cells that have receptors for IgG-Fc (Fc R+ T cells), the functioning of T cell helpers in immunoglobulin production and the blastogenic response of lymphocytes to PHA and Con A were measured in cancer patients. Increases in the percentage of IgG-Fc R+ T cells were observed in most patients; these were greater in patients with advanced tumours and fell within the normal range after complete surgical removal of the tumour. The functioning of T cell helpers in immunoglobulin production and response of lymphocytes to PHA were poor in those patients in whom IgG-Fc R+ T cell percentages were increased. The lymphocytes of such patients responded well to Con A. These changes in T-cell subsets appear to be related to the presence and progress of tumours.", "PMID": 310416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2502", "title": "A histopathological study of lymphoid tissue reaction to metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma in nude mice.", "content": "In attempts to heterotransplant human NPc into nude mice, using seven cultured cell lines, we have succeeded in growing a carcinoma simplex, composed of Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen-positive and Epstein-Barr virus genome-positive cancer cells, at the injected site with two of the cell lines. These originated from a spindle-cell carcinoma (Chinese NPC-204) and from a combined-cell carcinoma (Chinese NPC-501), respectively. During the first few passages, wandering macrophages were prevalent and increased in number in response to the presence of the tumours. In conjunction with a gradual decrease in the number of wandering macrophages in the medullary sinuses, diffuse hyperplasia of lymphocytes occurred in regional lymph nodes. As a result of the release of lymphocytes and macrophages into the peripheral lymph nodes, the spleen underwent extensive change, as manifested by the collapse of the splenic cords and the formation of septa studded with granulomas. Under these conditions of immunosuppression, lymphatic metastases were observed during the periods between the 11th and 14th generations and the 24th and 30th generations with NPC-204 and between the 9th and 14th generations with NPC-501. The neighbouring lymph nodes, like the spleen, were often studded with epithelioid-cell granulomas, formed by the aggregation of macrophages around nuclear debris in the subcortical areas. We assume that the clumps of debris are the remnants of metastatic cancer cells which were probably killed by macrophages or by sensitized lymphocytes. If the lymph nodes contain a barrier of granulomas, they are not invaded by tumour cells from the cortical sinuses, except in the rare case of retrograde metastasis from the hilus. It would appear that macrophages can replace T lymphocytes, which are found in very small numbers in the nude mice used in this study, in killing tumour cells and, furthermore, in protecting the lymph nodes from the spread of metastases. Metastasis cannot occur in these nude mice when their lymphoreticular system, especially that of the spleen, is working in a stable balance.", "contents": "A histopathological study of lymphoid tissue reaction to metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma in nude mice. In attempts to heterotransplant human NPc into nude mice, using seven cultured cell lines, we have succeeded in growing a carcinoma simplex, composed of Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen-positive and Epstein-Barr virus genome-positive cancer cells, at the injected site with two of the cell lines. These originated from a spindle-cell carcinoma (Chinese NPC-204) and from a combined-cell carcinoma (Chinese NPC-501), respectively. During the first few passages, wandering macrophages were prevalent and increased in number in response to the presence of the tumours. In conjunction with a gradual decrease in the number of wandering macrophages in the medullary sinuses, diffuse hyperplasia of lymphocytes occurred in regional lymph nodes. As a result of the release of lymphocytes and macrophages into the peripheral lymph nodes, the spleen underwent extensive change, as manifested by the collapse of the splenic cords and the formation of septa studded with granulomas. Under these conditions of immunosuppression, lymphatic metastases were observed during the periods between the 11th and 14th generations and the 24th and 30th generations with NPC-204 and between the 9th and 14th generations with NPC-501. The neighbouring lymph nodes, like the spleen, were often studded with epithelioid-cell granulomas, formed by the aggregation of macrophages around nuclear debris in the subcortical areas. We assume that the clumps of debris are the remnants of metastatic cancer cells which were probably killed by macrophages or by sensitized lymphocytes. If the lymph nodes contain a barrier of granulomas, they are not invaded by tumour cells from the cortical sinuses, except in the rare case of retrograde metastasis from the hilus. It would appear that macrophages can replace T lymphocytes, which are found in very small numbers in the nude mice used in this study, in killing tumour cells and, furthermore, in protecting the lymph nodes from the spread of metastases. Metastasis cannot occur in these nude mice when their lymphoreticular system, especially that of the spleen, is working in a stable balance.", "PMID": 310417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2503", "title": "Effects of theophylline, epidermal chalone and x-irradiation on proliferation and differentiation of human keratinocytes in vitro.", "content": "Outgrowth cultures of normal human epidermis were used to study a possible relationship between growth inhibition and differentiated function. The effects of theophylline, epidermal chalone and x-irradiation on mitoses and the characteristic production of epidermal keratohyaline granules (KG) were examined at various intervals after the treatment. Theophylline (an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) or epidermal chalone inhibited mitoses and enhanced KG production. X-irradiation inhibited mitoses but had no effect on KG formation. These results indicate that inhibition of proliferation per se is not sufficient to enhance keratinization of human epidermal cells.", "contents": "Effects of theophylline, epidermal chalone and x-irradiation on proliferation and differentiation of human keratinocytes in vitro. Outgrowth cultures of normal human epidermis were used to study a possible relationship between growth inhibition and differentiated function. The effects of theophylline, epidermal chalone and x-irradiation on mitoses and the characteristic production of epidermal keratohyaline granules (KG) were examined at various intervals after the treatment. Theophylline (an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) or epidermal chalone inhibited mitoses and enhanced KG production. X-irradiation inhibited mitoses but had no effect on KG formation. These results indicate that inhibition of proliferation per se is not sufficient to enhance keratinization of human epidermal cells.", "PMID": 310418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2504", "title": "The effect of haemorrhage on gastric circulation and acid output in the dog.", "content": "Blood flow in the portal vein and the left gastric artery was measured electromagnetically and gastric mucosal perfusion was determined by pertechnetate clearance in anaesthetized dogs. Bleeding the animals to arterial pressures of 100 and 60 mmHg respectively reduced portal venous flow and markedly increased the mesenteric inflow resistance. Left gastric arterial and gastric mucosal blood flow were decreased without significant vascular resistance change only in proportion to perfusion pressure reduction. Gastric acid output decreased but did not stop even at the lower level of haemorrhagic hypotension. It is concluded that ischaemia and acid, probably in the presence of regurgitated bile, may play an important role in the development of stress ulcers.", "contents": "The effect of haemorrhage on gastric circulation and acid output in the dog. Blood flow in the portal vein and the left gastric artery was measured electromagnetically and gastric mucosal perfusion was determined by pertechnetate clearance in anaesthetized dogs. Bleeding the animals to arterial pressures of 100 and 60 mmHg respectively reduced portal venous flow and markedly increased the mesenteric inflow resistance. Left gastric arterial and gastric mucosal blood flow were decreased without significant vascular resistance change only in proportion to perfusion pressure reduction. Gastric acid output decreased but did not stop even at the lower level of haemorrhagic hypotension. It is concluded that ischaemia and acid, probably in the presence of regurgitated bile, may play an important role in the development of stress ulcers.", "PMID": 310421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2505", "title": "Nature and specificity of effector cells in cell-mediated cytolysis of mouse adenovirus-infected cells.", "content": "The type of effector cells in immune spleen cells (ISC) responsible for cell-mediated cytolysis of mouse adenovirus-infected cells was characterized. When ISC were pretreated with anti-mouse thymocyte or anti-Thy1.2 serum and complement, their cytolytic activity assayed by the (51)Cr release test was completely abolished, whereas it was not significantly reduced either when ISC were pretreated with anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum and complement or after ISC were kept standing at 37 degrees C for 2 h in a plastic dish to remove adherent cells. These data indicate that the effector cells in ISC are T cells. The release of nonspecific or specific soluble cytotoxic factor(s) from ISC upon contact with mouse adenovirus-infected cells was not demonstrated, but about 30 U of interferon activity per ml was detected. However, 10 times as many units of exogenous interferon or more showed no effect on (51)Cr release from target infected cells or on the inhibition of viral antigen synthesis in infected cells. Experiments with mouse cells of different major histocompatibility antigens indicated that the cytotoxicity of ISC is effective when sensitizer and target cells share all or part of the same H-2 gene complex but not effective when they are of a different H-2 gene complex.", "contents": "Nature and specificity of effector cells in cell-mediated cytolysis of mouse adenovirus-infected cells. The type of effector cells in immune spleen cells (ISC) responsible for cell-mediated cytolysis of mouse adenovirus-infected cells was characterized. When ISC were pretreated with anti-mouse thymocyte or anti-Thy1.2 serum and complement, their cytolytic activity assayed by the (51)Cr release test was completely abolished, whereas it was not significantly reduced either when ISC were pretreated with anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum and complement or after ISC were kept standing at 37 degrees C for 2 h in a plastic dish to remove adherent cells. These data indicate that the effector cells in ISC are T cells. The release of nonspecific or specific soluble cytotoxic factor(s) from ISC upon contact with mouse adenovirus-infected cells was not demonstrated, but about 30 U of interferon activity per ml was detected. However, 10 times as many units of exogenous interferon or more showed no effect on (51)Cr release from target infected cells or on the inhibition of viral antigen synthesis in infected cells. Experiments with mouse cells of different major histocompatibility antigens indicated that the cytotoxicity of ISC is effective when sensitizer and target cells share all or part of the same H-2 gene complex but not effective when they are of a different H-2 gene complex.", "PMID": 310422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2506", "title": "Transfer of immunity against Listeria monocytogenes by T cells purified by a positive selection technique.", "content": "Affinity columns prepared with rabbit antibody to the F(ab')(2) fragment of rat immunoglobulin were used to separate rat thoracic duct lymphocytes into sub-populations that differ with respect to the density of their surface membrane immunoglobulin. Using this technique, it was shown that lymphocytes in the DNA synthetic (S) phase of the mitotic cycle are added in increased number to the lymph of rats infected with Listeria monocytogenes. The great majority of these S-phase cells lacked a high density of surface immunoglobulin as indicated by their failure to bind to the immunoabsorbent. Cells which can protect recipient rats against a challenge infection with L. monocytogenes also segregated with nonadherent thoracic duct lymphocytes obtained from Listeria-immune donors. These protective cells realized their full immunological potential only in recipients that shared histocompatibility-gene-coded structures with the immune lymphocyte donors. The above findings accord with the view that immunity to L. monocytogenes is mediated in rats by activated T cells which are formed as part of the animal's cell-mediated response to infection. Although Listeria-protective lymphocytes concentrate in the nonadherent, T-cell-enriched fraction, it was consistently observed that the adherent, B-cell-enriched fractions of immune donor thoracic duct lymphocytes also could transfer a low level of antimicrobial resistance. This immunity was restricted in allogeneic recipients, a finding which implies that the protection afforded by the adherent population is related to its content of T cells. Nonadherent S-phase lymphoblasts moved in substantial numbers from the blood into peritoneal inflammatory exudates induced by L. monocytogenes. The above finding encourages the belief that recently activated T cells realize their protective function locally in centers of infection where they have secondary effects on macrophages.", "contents": "Transfer of immunity against Listeria monocytogenes by T cells purified by a positive selection technique. Affinity columns prepared with rabbit antibody to the F(ab')(2) fragment of rat immunoglobulin were used to separate rat thoracic duct lymphocytes into sub-populations that differ with respect to the density of their surface membrane immunoglobulin. Using this technique, it was shown that lymphocytes in the DNA synthetic (S) phase of the mitotic cycle are added in increased number to the lymph of rats infected with Listeria monocytogenes. The great majority of these S-phase cells lacked a high density of surface immunoglobulin as indicated by their failure to bind to the immunoabsorbent. Cells which can protect recipient rats against a challenge infection with L. monocytogenes also segregated with nonadherent thoracic duct lymphocytes obtained from Listeria-immune donors. These protective cells realized their full immunological potential only in recipients that shared histocompatibility-gene-coded structures with the immune lymphocyte donors. The above findings accord with the view that immunity to L. monocytogenes is mediated in rats by activated T cells which are formed as part of the animal's cell-mediated response to infection. Although Listeria-protective lymphocytes concentrate in the nonadherent, T-cell-enriched fraction, it was consistently observed that the adherent, B-cell-enriched fractions of immune donor thoracic duct lymphocytes also could transfer a low level of antimicrobial resistance. This immunity was restricted in allogeneic recipients, a finding which implies that the protection afforded by the adherent population is related to its content of T cells. Nonadherent S-phase lymphoblasts moved in substantial numbers from the blood into peritoneal inflammatory exudates induced by L. monocytogenes. The above finding encourages the belief that recently activated T cells realize their protective function locally in centers of infection where they have secondary effects on macrophages.", "PMID": 310423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2507", "title": "Cellular changes in lungs of mice infected with influenza virus: characterization of the cytotoxic responses.", "content": "Transpleural lavage of lungs from uninfected C3H mice yielded an average of 300,000 leukocytes per mouse. This number increased eightfold within 6 days after intranasal inoculation with virulent influenza A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus. Macrophages and lymphocytes in approximately equal numbers comprised 90% or more of the leukocytes both before and during infection. B, T, and null lymphocytes comprised, respectively, 9, 21, and 18% of the leukocytes before infection and 7, 26, and 5% by day 6. In absolute numbers, macrophages and T lymphocytes provided the major increments during infection. Cytotoxic activity of mononuclear cells from lung lavages was compared in a chromium release assay using syngeneic L929 target cells with the activity of mediastinal lymph nodes, spleens, and peripheral blood of uninfected and infected C3H mice. Nonspecific cytotoxicity for target cells infected with H3hkNeq1 or B/Lee influenza virus was found with mononuclear cells from uninfected mice. This activity tended to be highest with lavage leukocytes and was associated with adherent cells, presumably macrophages. Increased virus-specific cytotoxicity was detected with lavage cells by day 6 and persisted through day 9, the period of maximal pneumonia. Similar cytotoxic activity also appeared in cells from the nodes and spleen at this same time but was not detected in peripheral blood cells. The virus-specific cytotoxicity of lavage cells was due largely to a nonadherent cell possessing Fc receptors and theta antigen but lacking C3 receptors; these properties are compatible with actively cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The cytological characteristics of the infiltrating leukocytes and the cytotoxicity data suggest that the local T cell response to influenza virus infection in the lung is a major contributor to the pneumonia observed in this mouse model.", "contents": "Cellular changes in lungs of mice infected with influenza virus: characterization of the cytotoxic responses. Transpleural lavage of lungs from uninfected C3H mice yielded an average of 300,000 leukocytes per mouse. This number increased eightfold within 6 days after intranasal inoculation with virulent influenza A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus. Macrophages and lymphocytes in approximately equal numbers comprised 90% or more of the leukocytes both before and during infection. B, T, and null lymphocytes comprised, respectively, 9, 21, and 18% of the leukocytes before infection and 7, 26, and 5% by day 6. In absolute numbers, macrophages and T lymphocytes provided the major increments during infection. Cytotoxic activity of mononuclear cells from lung lavages was compared in a chromium release assay using syngeneic L929 target cells with the activity of mediastinal lymph nodes, spleens, and peripheral blood of uninfected and infected C3H mice. Nonspecific cytotoxicity for target cells infected with H3hkNeq1 or B/Lee influenza virus was found with mononuclear cells from uninfected mice. This activity tended to be highest with lavage leukocytes and was associated with adherent cells, presumably macrophages. Increased virus-specific cytotoxicity was detected with lavage cells by day 6 and persisted through day 9, the period of maximal pneumonia. Similar cytotoxic activity also appeared in cells from the nodes and spleen at this same time but was not detected in peripheral blood cells. The virus-specific cytotoxicity of lavage cells was due largely to a nonadherent cell possessing Fc receptors and theta antigen but lacking C3 receptors; these properties are compatible with actively cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The cytological characteristics of the infiltrating leukocytes and the cytotoxicity data suggest that the local T cell response to influenza virus infection in the lung is a major contributor to the pneumonia observed in this mouse model.", "PMID": 310424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2508", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection and quantitation of capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect the presence of the ribose-ribitol phosphate capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b in laboratory and clinical specimens. The assay is simple, sensitive, specific, and quantitative and should prove to be of value in the diagnosis and management of H. influenzae infections.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection and quantitation of capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect the presence of the ribose-ribitol phosphate capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b in laboratory and clinical specimens. The assay is simple, sensitive, specific, and quantitative and should prove to be of value in the diagnosis and management of H. influenzae infections.", "PMID": 310425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2509", "title": "Selective binding of blood group-reactive salivary mucins by Streptococcus mutans and other oral organisms.", "content": "Strains of Streptococcus mutans of four genetic groups and five serotypes, and strains of S. sanguis, S. mitis, S. salivarius, Actinomyces naeslundii, and A. viscosus, were found to bind blood group-reactive (BGR) mucin isolated from whole human saliva. The bacteria studied bound mucins with blood type A or B reactivity to a similar extent, suggesting that the carbohydrate moieties responsible for the A and B antigenic determinants were not involved. The organisms studied appeared to bind different fractions of BGR mucin molecules because preparations absorbed with cells of a given oral species no longer contained BGR molecules which bound to homologous organisms but still possessed BGR components which bound to varying degrees to other bacteria. Differences were even noted among S. mutans strains belonging to different genetic groups and serological types. Immunoglobulins could not be detected in the mucin preparations, and addition of anti-human immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, or IgM serum to reaction mixtures did not affect binding. Mucin pretreated with periodate or iodoacetate no longer bound to S. mutans H12 cells, suggesting that carbohydrate moieties and sulfhydryl groups played an essential role. Active cell metabolism was not required for BGR mucin binding; however, pretreatment of H12 cells with periodate or heat (100 degrees C for 15 min) reduced binding. Mucin labeled with [(14)C]phenyl isothiocyanate appeared to bind to S. mutans H12 cells comparably to untreated mucin; the binding also appeared to be specific because less than 15% of the labeled material became bound when incubated with an excess of streptococci. Binding of [(14)C]phenyl isothiocyanate-labeled mucin was not affected by neutral sugars tested or by preparations of c antigen, glycerol teichoic acid, dextran, or crude glucosyltransferase. However, binding was inhibited by several amines. BGR salivary mucins are present in the acquired pellicle covering teeth; the ability of bacteria to selectively bind such components suggest that they may serve as receptor molecules involved in the attachment of bacteria to teeth.", "contents": "Selective binding of blood group-reactive salivary mucins by Streptococcus mutans and other oral organisms. Strains of Streptococcus mutans of four genetic groups and five serotypes, and strains of S. sanguis, S. mitis, S. salivarius, Actinomyces naeslundii, and A. viscosus, were found to bind blood group-reactive (BGR) mucin isolated from whole human saliva. The bacteria studied bound mucins with blood type A or B reactivity to a similar extent, suggesting that the carbohydrate moieties responsible for the A and B antigenic determinants were not involved. The organisms studied appeared to bind different fractions of BGR mucin molecules because preparations absorbed with cells of a given oral species no longer contained BGR molecules which bound to homologous organisms but still possessed BGR components which bound to varying degrees to other bacteria. Differences were even noted among S. mutans strains belonging to different genetic groups and serological types. Immunoglobulins could not be detected in the mucin preparations, and addition of anti-human immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, or IgM serum to reaction mixtures did not affect binding. Mucin pretreated with periodate or iodoacetate no longer bound to S. mutans H12 cells, suggesting that carbohydrate moieties and sulfhydryl groups played an essential role. Active cell metabolism was not required for BGR mucin binding; however, pretreatment of H12 cells with periodate or heat (100 degrees C for 15 min) reduced binding. Mucin labeled with [(14)C]phenyl isothiocyanate appeared to bind to S. mutans H12 cells comparably to untreated mucin; the binding also appeared to be specific because less than 15% of the labeled material became bound when incubated with an excess of streptococci. Binding of [(14)C]phenyl isothiocyanate-labeled mucin was not affected by neutral sugars tested or by preparations of c antigen, glycerol teichoic acid, dextran, or crude glucosyltransferase. However, binding was inhibited by several amines. BGR salivary mucins are present in the acquired pellicle covering teeth; the ability of bacteria to selectively bind such components suggest that they may serve as receptor molecules involved in the attachment of bacteria to teeth.", "PMID": 310426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2510", "title": "Absence of inhibitory effect of leprosy sera upon normal E rosetting.", "content": "Inhibitory serum factors in certain infectious diseases (leprosy, tuberculosis, histoplasmosis) and malignant conditions (Hodgkin's disease, primary intracranial neoplasms) are said to be partially responsible for decreased cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and consequent anergy. The immunologic derangement in leprosy is not yet completely understood. In order to determine the effect of sera from patients with leprosy upon the rosetting capacity of normal T. lymphocytes, sera from untreated lepromatous (L) and tuberculoid (T) patients were studied. Control sera were obtained from normal volunteers and from patients with other dermatologic conditions (contact dermatitis and leg ulcer). The data indicated that test sera did not inhibit either spontaneous E rosette formation or active rosetting of normal lymphocytes.", "contents": "Absence of inhibitory effect of leprosy sera upon normal E rosetting. Inhibitory serum factors in certain infectious diseases (leprosy, tuberculosis, histoplasmosis) and malignant conditions (Hodgkin's disease, primary intracranial neoplasms) are said to be partially responsible for decreased cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and consequent anergy. The immunologic derangement in leprosy is not yet completely understood. In order to determine the effect of sera from patients with leprosy upon the rosetting capacity of normal T. lymphocytes, sera from untreated lepromatous (L) and tuberculoid (T) patients were studied. Control sera were obtained from normal volunteers and from patients with other dermatologic conditions (contact dermatitis and leg ulcer). The data indicated that test sera did not inhibit either spontaneous E rosette formation or active rosetting of normal lymphocytes.", "PMID": 310428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2511", "title": "T-lymphocytes and hepatitis B serology.", "content": "The incorporation of 14C-thymidine by peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the proportion and absolute number of E-rosettes were determined in 28 prostitutes and the results were correlated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) serology. Women were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody (anti-HBs) as well as for antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). It was found that women who were carriers of HBsAg had significantly lower incorporation of 14C-thymidine (median value 14451 counts per minute-cpm) compared to women positive for anti-HBc but negative for the other two markers (median value 28590 cpm) as well as to women negative for all the tested markers (median value 30600 cpm). No significant difference was found among the three groups studied with respect to either the absolute number or the percentage of E-rosettes. The results indicate that the presence of anti-HBc alone, is not related to the responsiveness of lymphocytes to PHA.", "contents": "T-lymphocytes and hepatitis B serology. The incorporation of 14C-thymidine by peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the proportion and absolute number of E-rosettes were determined in 28 prostitutes and the results were correlated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) serology. Women were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody (anti-HBs) as well as for antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). It was found that women who were carriers of HBsAg had significantly lower incorporation of 14C-thymidine (median value 14451 counts per minute-cpm) compared to women positive for anti-HBc but negative for the other two markers (median value 28590 cpm) as well as to women negative for all the tested markers (median value 30600 cpm). No significant difference was found among the three groups studied with respect to either the absolute number or the percentage of E-rosettes. The results indicate that the presence of anti-HBc alone, is not related to the responsiveness of lymphocytes to PHA.", "PMID": 310427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2512", "title": "Effects of fatigue and recovery on contractile properties of frog muscle.", "content": "The contractile properties of frog sartorius muscles were evaluated during development of fatigue and recovery. Muscles were stimulated under anaerobic conditions at a rate of 30 stimuli/min. Twitch tension (Pt) decreased 59% and tetanic tension (Po) decreased 52% during 15 min of stimulation. Contraction time and one-half relaxation time increased markedly during the first 6 min and then leveld off. The peak rate of twitch tension development (dP/dt) progressively declined to 33% of its initial value. Maximum shortening velocity did not change significantly. Large increases in Pt and twitch dP/dt occurred during the first 15 s of recovery while Po did not increase significantly in this time. Thereafter, Pt, Po, and, dP/dt all progressively returned towards normal over 30 min. These results show that the initial rapid recovery in Pt is not due to an increase in the capacity to generate force. Po is a better indicator of the force-generating capacity of a muscle because, unlike Pt, it is not affected by changes in the rate of tension development.", "contents": "Effects of fatigue and recovery on contractile properties of frog muscle. The contractile properties of frog sartorius muscles were evaluated during development of fatigue and recovery. Muscles were stimulated under anaerobic conditions at a rate of 30 stimuli/min. Twitch tension (Pt) decreased 59% and tetanic tension (Po) decreased 52% during 15 min of stimulation. Contraction time and one-half relaxation time increased markedly during the first 6 min and then leveld off. The peak rate of twitch tension development (dP/dt) progressively declined to 33% of its initial value. Maximum shortening velocity did not change significantly. Large increases in Pt and twitch dP/dt occurred during the first 15 s of recovery while Po did not increase significantly in this time. Thereafter, Pt, Po, and, dP/dt all progressively returned towards normal over 30 min. These results show that the initial rapid recovery in Pt is not due to an increase in the capacity to generate force. Po is a better indicator of the force-generating capacity of a muscle because, unlike Pt, it is not affected by changes in the rate of tension development.", "PMID": 310431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2513", "title": "Polyene macrolide antibiotic cytotoxicity and membrane permeability alterations. I. Comparative effects of four classes of polyene macrolides on mammalian cells.", "content": "The relationship between polyene macrolide-induced early membrane damage and cytotoxicity in B1 (hamster), B82 (mouse), and RAG (mouse) cells has been investigated. Filipin (FIL) induced the greatest immediate damage, as monitored by 51Cr release, followed by mediocidin (MED), amphotericin B-deoxycholate (Fungizone) (FZ) and pimaricin (PIM). For long term effect, PIM was the least toxic followed by MED, FZ, and FIL as indicated by 24-hour survival, 72-hour viability, and growth rate of cells. In evaluating polyene macrolide-induced permeability alterations and cytotoxicity two types of interactions with mammalian cells were found: (1) cell toxicity at polyene macrolide levels not eliciting immediate membrane permeability changes; and (2) immediate membrane damage without long range toxicity.", "contents": "Polyene macrolide antibiotic cytotoxicity and membrane permeability alterations. I. Comparative effects of four classes of polyene macrolides on mammalian cells. The relationship between polyene macrolide-induced early membrane damage and cytotoxicity in B1 (hamster), B82 (mouse), and RAG (mouse) cells has been investigated. Filipin (FIL) induced the greatest immediate damage, as monitored by 51Cr release, followed by mediocidin (MED), amphotericin B-deoxycholate (Fungizone) (FZ) and pimaricin (PIM). For long term effect, PIM was the least toxic followed by MED, FZ, and FIL as indicated by 24-hour survival, 72-hour viability, and growth rate of cells. In evaluating polyene macrolide-induced permeability alterations and cytotoxicity two types of interactions with mammalian cells were found: (1) cell toxicity at polyene macrolide levels not eliciting immediate membrane permeability changes; and (2) immediate membrane damage without long range toxicity.", "PMID": 310437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2514", "title": "Changes in the values of dental students and dentists over a ten-year period.", "content": "This paper investigates value changes in dental students and dentists over a ten-year period through a cross-sectional study of all dental students at the University of Minnesota in 1966 and 1976, and a ten-year longitudinal study of a class of dental students who entered in 1967. Findings in both studies showed significant differences in values over the ten-year period, but they could not be attributed to the dental school experience. Findings also showed that the values of the dentists in the longitudinal study changed significantly over the ten years from 1967 to 1977, to resemble those of dental school freshmen in 1976. Comparisons of the two studies indicated that changes in social values and the social pressures of professional role development could have accounted for the findings.", "contents": "Changes in the values of dental students and dentists over a ten-year period. This paper investigates value changes in dental students and dentists over a ten-year period through a cross-sectional study of all dental students at the University of Minnesota in 1966 and 1976, and a ten-year longitudinal study of a class of dental students who entered in 1967. Findings in both studies showed significant differences in values over the ten-year period, but they could not be attributed to the dental school experience. Findings also showed that the values of the dentists in the longitudinal study changed significantly over the ten years from 1967 to 1977, to resemble those of dental school freshmen in 1976. Comparisons of the two studies indicated that changes in social values and the social pressures of professional role development could have accounted for the findings.", "PMID": 310439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2515", "title": "The immune response during aging.", "content": "Complex studies were carried out on humoral and cell mediated immunity among persons over 60 years of age and persons aged 18-40. Humoral immune responses were not profoundly disturbed in the group of older persons. The level of isoagglutinins was lower in older subjects, but the level of immunoglobulins and antibodies to widespread bacterial and virus antigens (S. typhi O, Kunin's CA, Parainfluenza types I, II and III) was the same in both groups. Cell mediated immunity was more greatly changed. Response to PPD in skin tests, lymphocyte stimulation tests, and the migration inhibition test was reduced in older subjects. Also, in this group, PHA in lymphocyte stimulation tests and the number of E- rosette forming cells was lower than among younger adults. However, responses to other antigens in skin tests, lymphocyte stimulation tests, migration inhibition tests (Candida albicans, SK-SD, Trichophyton) and responses to other stimulants of the lymphocyte stimulation tests (Con A, PWM) were well preserved in older subjects.", "contents": "The immune response during aging. Complex studies were carried out on humoral and cell mediated immunity among persons over 60 years of age and persons aged 18-40. Humoral immune responses were not profoundly disturbed in the group of older persons. The level of isoagglutinins was lower in older subjects, but the level of immunoglobulins and antibodies to widespread bacterial and virus antigens (S. typhi O, Kunin's CA, Parainfluenza types I, II and III) was the same in both groups. Cell mediated immunity was more greatly changed. Response to PPD in skin tests, lymphocyte stimulation tests, and the migration inhibition test was reduced in older subjects. Also, in this group, PHA in lymphocyte stimulation tests and the number of E- rosette forming cells was lower than among younger adults. However, responses to other antigens in skin tests, lymphocyte stimulation tests, migration inhibition tests (Candida albicans, SK-SD, Trichophyton) and responses to other stimulants of the lymphocyte stimulation tests (Con A, PWM) were well preserved in older subjects.", "PMID": 310440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2516", "title": "Immunochemical investigations on water frog eggs: comparative studies on Rana ridibunda, Rana lessonae and their hybrid Rana esculenta.", "content": "Eggs of Rana ridibunda, Rana lessonae and their hybrid Rana esculenta were examined for their immunochemical properties. The reaction spectra obtained confirm the hybrid origin of Rana esculenta.", "contents": "Immunochemical investigations on water frog eggs: comparative studies on Rana ridibunda, Rana lessonae and their hybrid Rana esculenta. Eggs of Rana ridibunda, Rana lessonae and their hybrid Rana esculenta were examined for their immunochemical properties. The reaction spectra obtained confirm the hybrid origin of Rana esculenta.", "PMID": 310442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2517", "title": "Nile blue fluorescence signals from cut single muscle fibers under voltage or current clamp conditions.", "content": "A method is presented for recording extrinsic optical signals from segments of single skeletal muscle fibers under current or voltage clamp conditions. Such segments, which are cut from intact fibers, are maintained in a relaxed state, while exhbiting otherwise normal physiological properties, including healthy delayed rectifier currents. Extrinsic fluorescence changes are demonstrated, using the permeant potentiometric probe, Nile Blue A. These changes vary nonlinearly with the controlled surface membrane potential, in a manner which suggests that they arise from potential changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. According to this interpretation, a simple model based on the gating charge movement implicated in excitation-contraction coupling, provides a self-consistent description of the voltage dependence of the signal that requires no additional parameters.", "contents": "Nile blue fluorescence signals from cut single muscle fibers under voltage or current clamp conditions. A method is presented for recording extrinsic optical signals from segments of single skeletal muscle fibers under current or voltage clamp conditions. Such segments, which are cut from intact fibers, are maintained in a relaxed state, while exhbiting otherwise normal physiological properties, including healthy delayed rectifier currents. Extrinsic fluorescence changes are demonstrated, using the permeant potentiometric probe, Nile Blue A. These changes vary nonlinearly with the controlled surface membrane potential, in a manner which suggests that they arise from potential changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. According to this interpretation, a simple model based on the gating charge movement implicated in excitation-contraction coupling, provides a self-consistent description of the voltage dependence of the signal that requires no additional parameters.", "PMID": 310445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2518", "title": "Location of the gene for theta antigen in the mouse. II. Three-point crosses place Thy-1 in proximal region of chromosome 9.", "content": "Males of a partially inbred mouse stock homozygous for cw and d were crossed to AKR/ABom females. Progeny obtained by backcrossing heterozygous F1 females to cw d/cw d males were analyzed for the markers cw, Thy-1, d, and Mod-1. Three- and four-point recombination data are consistent with the map: cw--29--Thy-1--12--d--5--Mod-1, in which cw is nearest to the centromere. These recombination data are discussed in relation to previous multiple-point recombination studies of chromosome 9.", "contents": "Location of the gene for theta antigen in the mouse. II. Three-point crosses place Thy-1 in proximal region of chromosome 9. Males of a partially inbred mouse stock homozygous for cw and d were crossed to AKR/ABom females. Progeny obtained by backcrossing heterozygous F1 females to cw d/cw d males were analyzed for the markers cw, Thy-1, d, and Mod-1. Three- and four-point recombination data are consistent with the map: cw--29--Thy-1--12--d--5--Mod-1, in which cw is nearest to the centromere. These recombination data are discussed in relation to previous multiple-point recombination studies of chromosome 9.", "PMID": 310441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2519", "title": "Circadian rhythmicity in the methylation of 5-hydroxyindoles and norepinephrine in the pineal gland of 10 day old rats.", "content": "In pineals of 10 day old rats 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, N-acetylserotonin/5-hydroxytryptophol and norepinephrine are methylated following a circadian rhythm. During the night HIOMT and COMT activities were measured for the above mentioned substrates, while HIOMT activity for 5-hydroxytryptophan and N-acetylserotonin/5-hydroxytryptophol was also determined during daytime.", "contents": "Circadian rhythmicity in the methylation of 5-hydroxyindoles and norepinephrine in the pineal gland of 10 day old rats. In pineals of 10 day old rats 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, N-acetylserotonin/5-hydroxytryptophol and norepinephrine are methylated following a circadian rhythm. During the night HIOMT and COMT activities were measured for the above mentioned substrates, while HIOMT activity for 5-hydroxytryptophan and N-acetylserotonin/5-hydroxytryptophol was also determined during daytime.", "PMID": 310446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2520", "title": "The Babinski sign and the pyramidal syndrome.", "content": "The presence or absence of a Babinski sign can be puzzling, but in the light of existing pathological studies it is more fruitful to consider which pyramidal tract fibres release it than whether they release it. This was investigated clinically, by looking for correlations with other reflex changes and with motor deficits in the leg. A survey of 50 patients with a unilateral Babinski sign and six patients who lacked it in spite of other pyramidal tract signs was supplemented with follow-up of the patients who had acute lesions. Appearance of the Bibinski sign proved to depend on the interaction of two factors: (1) activity (not necessarily hyperactivity) in the segmental pathways of the flexion synergy; (2) a motor deficit of the foot, in some cases consisting only in an impairment of rapid foot movements, and probably representing a disturbance of direct pyramidal tract projections to distal motoneurones.", "contents": "The Babinski sign and the pyramidal syndrome. The presence or absence of a Babinski sign can be puzzling, but in the light of existing pathological studies it is more fruitful to consider which pyramidal tract fibres release it than whether they release it. This was investigated clinically, by looking for correlations with other reflex changes and with motor deficits in the leg. A survey of 50 patients with a unilateral Babinski sign and six patients who lacked it in spite of other pyramidal tract signs was supplemented with follow-up of the patients who had acute lesions. Appearance of the Bibinski sign proved to depend on the interaction of two factors: (1) activity (not necessarily hyperactivity) in the segmental pathways of the flexion synergy; (2) a motor deficit of the foot, in some cases consisting only in an impairment of rapid foot movements, and probably representing a disturbance of direct pyramidal tract projections to distal motoneurones.", "PMID": 310447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2521", "title": "Relation between myelin sheath thickness and axon size in spinal cord white matter of some vertebrate species.", "content": "The relation between number of myelin lamellae and axon size in the CNS was examined by electron microscopy of spinal cord white matter fibres in different vertebrate species (cat, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, mouse, frog and perch). The results show that the number of myelin lamellae increases with increasing axon size in a non-linear fashion. Below an axon size of 4--5 micron the relation follows a fairly straight line but above this size rectilinearity is lost. The mouse and the frog differ from the pattern shared by the other animals. In the mouse the lamellar number increases more slowly with axon size and the relation is close to linear. In the frog the number of lamellae increases very slowly with axon size and the relation is markedly curvilinear. Measurements of the myelin repeating period show that in the mammals and the frog the average period of thick sheaths is about 85% of that in thin sheaths, in accordance with previous findings in the cat. In the perch a clearcut difference in this respect between thick and thin sheaths is not found. Calculations of the g-ratio on the basis of the findings indicate that it increases with increasing fibre size. This is most pronounced in the perch and the frog in which the g-ratio for the largest fibres far exceeds the functionally optimal value defined in theoretical analyses on impulse propagation.", "contents": "Relation between myelin sheath thickness and axon size in spinal cord white matter of some vertebrate species. The relation between number of myelin lamellae and axon size in the CNS was examined by electron microscopy of spinal cord white matter fibres in different vertebrate species (cat, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, mouse, frog and perch). The results show that the number of myelin lamellae increases with increasing axon size in a non-linear fashion. Below an axon size of 4--5 micron the relation follows a fairly straight line but above this size rectilinearity is lost. The mouse and the frog differ from the pattern shared by the other animals. In the mouse the lamellar number increases more slowly with axon size and the relation is close to linear. In the frog the number of lamellae increases very slowly with axon size and the relation is markedly curvilinear. Measurements of the myelin repeating period show that in the mammals and the frog the average period of thick sheaths is about 85% of that in thin sheaths, in accordance with previous findings in the cat. In the perch a clearcut difference in this respect between thick and thin sheaths is not found. Calculations of the g-ratio on the basis of the findings indicate that it increases with increasing fibre size. This is most pronounced in the perch and the frog in which the g-ratio for the largest fibres far exceeds the functionally optimal value defined in theoretical analyses on impulse propagation.", "PMID": 310448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2522", "title": "Glial membrane specializations in extraparanodal regions.", "content": "Previous freeze-fracture studies of central myelinated nerve fibres have demonstrated a distinctive junction in the paranodal region formed between the terminal loops of the glial cell and the axolemma. This unique junction is characterized by the presence of diagonally oriented rows of particles in the P face and to a lesser extent in the E face of the glial cell and an equivalent pattern in the axolemma. In both, the rows are spaced at 250--300 A intervals. Although this junction was originally thought to be peculiar to the paranodal region, examples of the same pattern have now been seen in extraparanodal regions in the central nervous system where they appear as circumscribed patches of membrane exhibiting a pattern identical to that in the paranodal glial loops. All examples found were in the immediate vicinity of myelinated nerve fibres and in one case the membrane containing the specialized patch was identified as a lamella of a myelin sheath. These observations constitute evidence that this distinctive membrane specialization is not limited to the paranodal axoglial junction but can also be found in glial membrane specialization is not limited to the paranodal axoglial junction but can also be found in glial membranes not in immediate contact with the specialized membrane of the paranodal axolemma.", "contents": "Glial membrane specializations in extraparanodal regions. Previous freeze-fracture studies of central myelinated nerve fibres have demonstrated a distinctive junction in the paranodal region formed between the terminal loops of the glial cell and the axolemma. This unique junction is characterized by the presence of diagonally oriented rows of particles in the P face and to a lesser extent in the E face of the glial cell and an equivalent pattern in the axolemma. In both, the rows are spaced at 250--300 A intervals. Although this junction was originally thought to be peculiar to the paranodal region, examples of the same pattern have now been seen in extraparanodal regions in the central nervous system where they appear as circumscribed patches of membrane exhibiting a pattern identical to that in the paranodal glial loops. All examples found were in the immediate vicinity of myelinated nerve fibres and in one case the membrane containing the specialized patch was identified as a lamella of a myelin sheath. These observations constitute evidence that this distinctive membrane specialization is not limited to the paranodal axoglial junction but can also be found in glial membrane specialization is not limited to the paranodal axoglial junction but can also be found in glial membranes not in immediate contact with the specialized membrane of the paranodal axolemma.", "PMID": 310449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2523", "title": "Cellular accumulation of amines and amino acids in the central ganglia of a gastropod mollusc, Planorbis corneus: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "The distribution of radioactivity was examined autoradiographically in ganglia exposed to 10 different tritium-labelled compounds, some putative transmitters and the others transmitter precursors. The autoradiographic pattern was found to vary greatly for different substances, suggesting the presence of several different accumulating systems in the ganglia. Identified amine-containing neurons take up their own transmitter substance specifically. However, whereas uptake by dopamine-containing, and presumed histamine-containing neurons occurs over both perikarya and processes, in 5-HT-containing neurons it appears restricted to axon processes. The transmitter precursors L-DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan were taken up by the perikarya of both dopamine- and 5-HT-containing neurons, possibly by the same uptake system. In high concentrations, tyramine was selectively accumulated by cells containing dopamine and by non-dopamine (possibly octopamine- or tyramine-containing) neurons, but in low concentrations it labelled only the latter. GABA labelled a separate population of neurons and was particularly concentrated in their processes. Some, if not all, of the neurons specifically labelled after exposure to glutamic acid are neurosecretory cells. Tyrosine and glycine appeared to be accumulated in a non-specific manner and many of the substances were also accumulated by glial cells or by parts of the connective tissue capsule.", "contents": "Cellular accumulation of amines and amino acids in the central ganglia of a gastropod mollusc, Planorbis corneus: an autoradiographic study. The distribution of radioactivity was examined autoradiographically in ganglia exposed to 10 different tritium-labelled compounds, some putative transmitters and the others transmitter precursors. The autoradiographic pattern was found to vary greatly for different substances, suggesting the presence of several different accumulating systems in the ganglia. Identified amine-containing neurons take up their own transmitter substance specifically. However, whereas uptake by dopamine-containing, and presumed histamine-containing neurons occurs over both perikarya and processes, in 5-HT-containing neurons it appears restricted to axon processes. The transmitter precursors L-DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan were taken up by the perikarya of both dopamine- and 5-HT-containing neurons, possibly by the same uptake system. In high concentrations, tyramine was selectively accumulated by cells containing dopamine and by non-dopamine (possibly octopamine- or tyramine-containing) neurons, but in low concentrations it labelled only the latter. GABA labelled a separate population of neurons and was particularly concentrated in their processes. Some, if not all, of the neurons specifically labelled after exposure to glutamic acid are neurosecretory cells. Tyrosine and glycine appeared to be accumulated in a non-specific manner and many of the substances were also accumulated by glial cells or by parts of the connective tissue capsule.", "PMID": 310450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2524", "title": "Isolated fourth ventricle as a complication of ventricular shunting. Report of three cases.", "content": "Signs of cerebellar dysfunction combined with signs suggestive of shunt malfunction developed in three children with obstructive hydrocephalus. Shunt function was normal. In all cases, the cerebellar signs persisted and computerized tomography scans revealed enlargement of the fourth ventricle. Shunting of the fourth ventricle returned the patients to normal function.", "contents": "Isolated fourth ventricle as a complication of ventricular shunting. Report of three cases. Signs of cerebellar dysfunction combined with signs suggestive of shunt malfunction developed in three children with obstructive hydrocephalus. Shunt function was normal. In all cases, the cerebellar signs persisted and computerized tomography scans revealed enlargement of the fourth ventricle. Shunting of the fourth ventricle returned the patients to normal function.", "PMID": 310451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2525", "title": "Isolated histiocytosis X of the hypothalamus. Case report.", "content": "Failure to consider histiocytosis X in the differential diagnosis of hypothalamic masses may lead to inappropriate empirical radiotherapy. This report concerns a case of histiocytosis X of the hypothalamus, unassociated with systemic histiocytic lesions, in which early biopsy allowed specific therapy with subsequent total regression of the lesion.", "contents": "Isolated histiocytosis X of the hypothalamus. Case report. Failure to consider histiocytosis X in the differential diagnosis of hypothalamic masses may lead to inappropriate empirical radiotherapy. This report concerns a case of histiocytosis X of the hypothalamus, unassociated with systemic histiocytic lesions, in which early biopsy allowed specific therapy with subsequent total regression of the lesion.", "PMID": 310452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2526", "title": "Splenoportography in the pediatric age group.", "content": "Eleven splenoportograms were performed in 10 patients between the ages of 2.5 and 17 yr. A definitive diagnosis was made in every instance. There were no complications despite the fact that 6 patients had platelet counts less than 100,000/mm3. Fear of potential complications is unwarranted, and splenoportography should be an essential part of the workup of a child suspected of having portal hypertension. Splenoportography, when combined with measurement of splenic pulp pressure, provides precise information regarding the presence of and/or change in portal hypertension and its underlying cause. With this information, therapy for the pediatric patient with portal hypertension can be individualized and managed in a logical fashion.", "contents": "Splenoportography in the pediatric age group. Eleven splenoportograms were performed in 10 patients between the ages of 2.5 and 17 yr. A definitive diagnosis was made in every instance. There were no complications despite the fact that 6 patients had platelet counts less than 100,000/mm3. Fear of potential complications is unwarranted, and splenoportography should be an essential part of the workup of a child suspected of having portal hypertension. Splenoportography, when combined with measurement of splenic pulp pressure, provides precise information regarding the presence of and/or change in portal hypertension and its underlying cause. With this information, therapy for the pediatric patient with portal hypertension can be individualized and managed in a logical fashion.", "PMID": 310453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2527", "title": "Effects of specific inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake on thermoregulation in rats.", "content": "1. The effects of two inhibitors of uptake pump in serotonergic neurons, Lilly 110140 and chlorimipramine, on the thermoregulatory responses of unanaesthetized rats to different ambient temperatures (Ta) of 8, 22 and 30 degrees C were assessed. 2. Intraperitoneal administration of either Lilly 110140 or chlorimipramine produced dose-dependent hypothermia at 8 and 22 degrees C Ta. At 8 degrees C Ta the hypothermia was due to a decrease in metabolic heat production. At 22 degrees C Ta, the hypothermia was brought about by both a decrease in metabolic heat production and an increase in cutaneous temperature of the tail and the footsole. 3. However, at 30 degrees C Ta, there were no changes in rectal temperature in response to either Lilly 110140 or chlorimipramine application. 4. The data suggest that an increase in serotonergic receptor activity or in functional serotonin in brain decreases heat production and/or increases heat loss and leads to hypothermia in rats.", "contents": "Effects of specific inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake on thermoregulation in rats. 1. The effects of two inhibitors of uptake pump in serotonergic neurons, Lilly 110140 and chlorimipramine, on the thermoregulatory responses of unanaesthetized rats to different ambient temperatures (Ta) of 8, 22 and 30 degrees C were assessed. 2. Intraperitoneal administration of either Lilly 110140 or chlorimipramine produced dose-dependent hypothermia at 8 and 22 degrees C Ta. At 8 degrees C Ta the hypothermia was due to a decrease in metabolic heat production. At 22 degrees C Ta, the hypothermia was brought about by both a decrease in metabolic heat production and an increase in cutaneous temperature of the tail and the footsole. 3. However, at 30 degrees C Ta, there were no changes in rectal temperature in response to either Lilly 110140 or chlorimipramine application. 4. The data suggest that an increase in serotonergic receptor activity or in functional serotonin in brain decreases heat production and/or increases heat loss and leads to hypothermia in rats.", "PMID": 310457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2528", "title": "Mode of action of levamisole.", "content": "Levamisole is a heterocyclic compound that is an effective antihelminthic agent and is also immunoregulatory. Its likely immuno-regulatory mode of action is by mimicry of the thymic hormone thymopoietin. Chemically, levamisole may form a thymopoietin-mimetic tertiary structure, stimulate lymphocytes by its imidazole component, or be metabolized to O.M.P.I., a reducing compound which affects radical scavenging in multiplying lymphocytes. Physiologically, thymopoietin affects many components of the immune system including both neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes and its therapeutically important actions are probably targeted at stimulation of phagocytosis and stimulation of regulatory T cells to restore homeostasis in a perturbed immune system.", "contents": "Mode of action of levamisole. Levamisole is a heterocyclic compound that is an effective antihelminthic agent and is also immunoregulatory. Its likely immuno-regulatory mode of action is by mimicry of the thymic hormone thymopoietin. Chemically, levamisole may form a thymopoietin-mimetic tertiary structure, stimulate lymphocytes by its imidazole component, or be metabolized to O.M.P.I., a reducing compound which affects radical scavenging in multiplying lymphocytes. Physiologically, thymopoietin affects many components of the immune system including both neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes and its therapeutically important actions are probably targeted at stimulation of phagocytosis and stimulation of regulatory T cells to restore homeostasis in a perturbed immune system.", "PMID": 310464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2529", "title": "Power density spectra of frog skin potential, current and admittance functions during patch clamp.", "content": "Clamp current fluctuations in frog skin of areas down to 0.07 cm2 are dominated by low frequency components (less than 100 Hz). Patch clamp of 0.001 cm2 under high density fluorosilicone oil exhibits components up to 5000 Hz, often including a peak in the current power density spectrum. The admittance spectrum also exhibits a peak at the same frequency. In some skins no peak was observed, but the break in the curve was too sharp to be Lorentzian. In all instances the final limiting slope approached 1/f2. The resonance peak was observed in either Cl- or SO = 4 Ringer's but disappeared when Na+ was replaced with K+. Resonance frequency varied from 100 to 700 Hz.", "contents": "Power density spectra of frog skin potential, current and admittance functions during patch clamp. Clamp current fluctuations in frog skin of areas down to 0.07 cm2 are dominated by low frequency components (less than 100 Hz). Patch clamp of 0.001 cm2 under high density fluorosilicone oil exhibits components up to 5000 Hz, often including a peak in the current power density spectrum. The admittance spectrum also exhibits a peak at the same frequency. In some skins no peak was observed, but the break in the curve was too sharp to be Lorentzian. In all instances the final limiting slope approached 1/f2. The resonance peak was observed in either Cl- or SO = 4 Ringer's but disappeared when Na+ was replaced with K+. Resonance frequency varied from 100 to 700 Hz.", "PMID": 310466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2530", "title": "Effect of amiloride on catecholamine-induced changes in ion transport in short-circuited frog skin.", "content": "The effect of amiloride (10(-6) M), added either before or after the catecholamine, on the adrenaline- or isoprenaline-induced changes in short-circuit current and Na and Cl fluxes of isolated skin of Rana temporaria was investigated. At the catecholamine concentration used the increment in short-circuit was the same in the absence or presence of amiloride (ca. 7.1 neq.cm-2.min-1) and the amiloride inhibition was the same in the absence or presence of catecholamine (ca. 9.4 neq.cm-2.min-1). Amiloride inhibited the Na and Cl influxes of the control period (by --8.63 +/- 1.28 and --2.08 +/- 0.75 neq.cm-2.min-1, respectively) but did not prevent the increase of these fluxes on the addition of adrenaline. There was no evidence of amiloride inhibition of the Na and Cl effluxes. There was an association between the increase of Na efflux and net Cl efflux following adrenaline, which if secreted together by a neutral NaCl pump would not contribute to the increased short-circuit current. The increased short-circuit current was correlated with the increased Na influx throughout the experiment if allowance is made for the periods where there is a lag between the current and isotopic measurement (i.e., the period immediately after the addition of a drug). It is tentatively suggested that the catecholamine-induced increase in Na influx is not altered by the amiloride concentration used in this study. In addition the magnitude of the changes induced by catecholamine in the influx and efflux of both Na and Cl seem to be unaffected.", "contents": "Effect of amiloride on catecholamine-induced changes in ion transport in short-circuited frog skin. The effect of amiloride (10(-6) M), added either before or after the catecholamine, on the adrenaline- or isoprenaline-induced changes in short-circuit current and Na and Cl fluxes of isolated skin of Rana temporaria was investigated. At the catecholamine concentration used the increment in short-circuit was the same in the absence or presence of amiloride (ca. 7.1 neq.cm-2.min-1) and the amiloride inhibition was the same in the absence or presence of catecholamine (ca. 9.4 neq.cm-2.min-1). Amiloride inhibited the Na and Cl influxes of the control period (by --8.63 +/- 1.28 and --2.08 +/- 0.75 neq.cm-2.min-1, respectively) but did not prevent the increase of these fluxes on the addition of adrenaline. There was no evidence of amiloride inhibition of the Na and Cl effluxes. There was an association between the increase of Na efflux and net Cl efflux following adrenaline, which if secreted together by a neutral NaCl pump would not contribute to the increased short-circuit current. The increased short-circuit current was correlated with the increased Na influx throughout the experiment if allowance is made for the periods where there is a lag between the current and isotopic measurement (i.e., the period immediately after the addition of a drug). It is tentatively suggested that the catecholamine-induced increase in Na influx is not altered by the amiloride concentration used in this study. In addition the magnitude of the changes induced by catecholamine in the influx and efflux of both Na and Cl seem to be unaffected.", "PMID": 310467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2531", "title": "Interdependence of the two borders in a sodium transporting epithelium. Possible regulation by the transport pool.", "content": "Specific binding of 14C-amiloride to the mucosal surface of frog skin epithelium (Rana temporaria) has been used as a measure of the number of sodium entry sites. All binding measurements were made with the mucosal surface bathed in a solution containing 1.1 mM sodium. When manipulations were used which increased the intracellular concentration of sodium the amount of amiloride bound was reduced. The manipulations included flushing the mucosal surface with solutions containing 111 mM sodium after serosal efflux was inhibited with ouabain or potassium removal. Similar results were obtained when cells were loaded with lithium. These effects on amiloride binding did not appear to depend on changes in membrane potential or upon changes in affinity of amiloride for its binding site. It appears that inhibition of serosal sodium efflux from the epithelium causes a reduction of mucosal sodium influx by making entry sites unavailable. This latter may be a result, directly or indirectly, of the sodium concentration in the sodium transport pool.", "contents": "Interdependence of the two borders in a sodium transporting epithelium. Possible regulation by the transport pool. Specific binding of 14C-amiloride to the mucosal surface of frog skin epithelium (Rana temporaria) has been used as a measure of the number of sodium entry sites. All binding measurements were made with the mucosal surface bathed in a solution containing 1.1 mM sodium. When manipulations were used which increased the intracellular concentration of sodium the amount of amiloride bound was reduced. The manipulations included flushing the mucosal surface with solutions containing 111 mM sodium after serosal efflux was inhibited with ouabain or potassium removal. Similar results were obtained when cells were loaded with lithium. These effects on amiloride binding did not appear to depend on changes in membrane potential or upon changes in affinity of amiloride for its binding site. It appears that inhibition of serosal sodium efflux from the epithelium causes a reduction of mucosal sodium influx by making entry sites unavailable. This latter may be a result, directly or indirectly, of the sodium concentration in the sodium transport pool.", "PMID": 310468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2532", "title": "Nonhormonal mechanisms for the regulation of transepithelial sodium transport: the roles of surface potential and cell calcium.", "content": "An attempt to define the main categories of regulatory mechanisms of transepithelial sodium transport across tight epithelia is presented. In particular, evidence suggesting two types of mechanisms, changes in surface potential and the level of cell Ca, are described in greater detail. We have measured the effects of conditions that affect surface potential on the transepithelial sodium transport. Those conditions that increase the screening of negative charge and therefore depolarize the outer membrane are expected to have effects homologous to a depolarization caused by external current. Indeed, when the composition of the outside solution was modified by (i) increasing ionic strength, (ii) adding polyvalent cations (La+++, Co++, Ni++, Cd++), or (iii) lowering pH, an increase in active Na transport was detected. Moreover, the presence of small concentrations of polyvalent cations which screen surface charge, markedly dampens or even eliminates the effects of pH or ionic strength on Na transport. These findings provide additional support for the notion that a potential-sensitive component regulates Na movements across the apical membrane of the frog skin, and offer a framework to understand the effects of numerous cationic agents on transepithelial transport that hitherto remain unexplained. With respect to the role of intracellular Ca we have found that procedures that increase cell Ca, like removal of sodium in the basal solution or addition of ionophore A23187, reduce transepithelial Na transport. Moreover, conditions that block the increase in cell Ca prevent the inhibition of transport. These observations suggest that the level of intracellular Ca may determine the rate of transepithelial Na transport.", "contents": "Nonhormonal mechanisms for the regulation of transepithelial sodium transport: the roles of surface potential and cell calcium. An attempt to define the main categories of regulatory mechanisms of transepithelial sodium transport across tight epithelia is presented. In particular, evidence suggesting two types of mechanisms, changes in surface potential and the level of cell Ca, are described in greater detail. We have measured the effects of conditions that affect surface potential on the transepithelial sodium transport. Those conditions that increase the screening of negative charge and therefore depolarize the outer membrane are expected to have effects homologous to a depolarization caused by external current. Indeed, when the composition of the outside solution was modified by (i) increasing ionic strength, (ii) adding polyvalent cations (La+++, Co++, Ni++, Cd++), or (iii) lowering pH, an increase in active Na transport was detected. Moreover, the presence of small concentrations of polyvalent cations which screen surface charge, markedly dampens or even eliminates the effects of pH or ionic strength on Na transport. These findings provide additional support for the notion that a potential-sensitive component regulates Na movements across the apical membrane of the frog skin, and offer a framework to understand the effects of numerous cationic agents on transepithelial transport that hitherto remain unexplained. With respect to the role of intracellular Ca we have found that procedures that increase cell Ca, like removal of sodium in the basal solution or addition of ionophore A23187, reduce transepithelial Na transport. Moreover, conditions that block the increase in cell Ca prevent the inhibition of transport. These observations suggest that the level of intracellular Ca may determine the rate of transepithelial Na transport.", "PMID": 310469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2533", "title": "Morphological aspects of some sodium transporting epithelia suggesting a transcellular pathway via elements of endoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies of sodium transporting epithelia from frog skin, sheep choroid plexus, rabbit gallbladder and small intestine, and rat kidney revealed the presence of a complex intracellular system of tubulo-cisternal endoplasmic reticulum which appeared to connect apical (luminal) and baso-lateral cell surfaces. The system was present in the tight epithelium of frog skin but was most abundant in leaky epithelia with low transepithelial resistance and isotonic transport. The basic structural features of the system and its relationship with some associated components are described. Our result, coupled with preliminary physiological studies, indicate that developmental and seasonal (hormone-induced) changes in the configuration of the tubulo-cisternal endoplasmic reticulum may be closely correlated with specific changes in epithelial permeability. The findings are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that epithelia possess two sodium transporting systems: One based on pump sites in the plasma membrane producing a hypertonic transportate and another located in the membranes of the tubulo-cisternal endoplasmic reticulum which, due to its extensive surface, would be well suited for producing an isotonic transportate.", "contents": "Morphological aspects of some sodium transporting epithelia suggesting a transcellular pathway via elements of endoplasmic reticulum. Electron microscopic studies of sodium transporting epithelia from frog skin, sheep choroid plexus, rabbit gallbladder and small intestine, and rat kidney revealed the presence of a complex intracellular system of tubulo-cisternal endoplasmic reticulum which appeared to connect apical (luminal) and baso-lateral cell surfaces. The system was present in the tight epithelium of frog skin but was most abundant in leaky epithelia with low transepithelial resistance and isotonic transport. The basic structural features of the system and its relationship with some associated components are described. Our result, coupled with preliminary physiological studies, indicate that developmental and seasonal (hormone-induced) changes in the configuration of the tubulo-cisternal endoplasmic reticulum may be closely correlated with specific changes in epithelial permeability. The findings are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that epithelia possess two sodium transporting systems: One based on pump sites in the plasma membrane producing a hypertonic transportate and another located in the membranes of the tubulo-cisternal endoplasmic reticulum which, due to its extensive surface, would be well suited for producing an isotonic transportate.", "PMID": 310470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2534", "title": "Fine structure of the secretory and non-secretory ameloblasts in the frog. II. Fine structure of the non-secretory ameloblast.", "content": "The non-secretory ameloblasts present at the enamel-free surfaces of maxillary teeth in the frog Rana pipiens were examined by electron microscopy at different stages of tooth development. Their main fine structural features seem to reflect a transport function. During early tooth development, the non-secretory ameloblasts adjacent to odontoblasts and predentin exhibit extensive lateral surface specializations and numerous cytoplasmic vesicles. During late tooth development, the non-secretory ameloblasts adjacent to mineralizing dentin show numerous cellular junctions, well-developed intercellular channels with numerous interdigitating processes and labyrinthine configurations at their distal surfaces. An intact basal lamina is present between the non-secretory ameloblasts and the dentin surface until the dentin becomes fully mineralized. At this stage the adjacent cells no longer exhibit surface specializations. It is suggested that the non-secretory ameloblasts may participate in the mineralization of adjacent dentin at the enamel-free surfaces. This surface dentin becomes fully mineralized at a later stage of development than the underlying dentin.", "contents": "Fine structure of the secretory and non-secretory ameloblasts in the frog. II. Fine structure of the non-secretory ameloblast. The non-secretory ameloblasts present at the enamel-free surfaces of maxillary teeth in the frog Rana pipiens were examined by electron microscopy at different stages of tooth development. Their main fine structural features seem to reflect a transport function. During early tooth development, the non-secretory ameloblasts adjacent to odontoblasts and predentin exhibit extensive lateral surface specializations and numerous cytoplasmic vesicles. During late tooth development, the non-secretory ameloblasts adjacent to mineralizing dentin show numerous cellular junctions, well-developed intercellular channels with numerous interdigitating processes and labyrinthine configurations at their distal surfaces. An intact basal lamina is present between the non-secretory ameloblasts and the dentin surface until the dentin becomes fully mineralized. At this stage the adjacent cells no longer exhibit surface specializations. It is suggested that the non-secretory ameloblasts may participate in the mineralization of adjacent dentin at the enamel-free surfaces. This surface dentin becomes fully mineralized at a later stage of development than the underlying dentin.", "PMID": 310471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2535", "title": "Galvanic disruption of vestibulospinal postural control by cochlear implant devices.", "content": "All subjects with implanted cochlear stimulators demonstrated evidence of abnormal postural stability without their stimulators activated. Instability increased when they were tested with cochlear stimulation units turned on, and additional instability was demonstrated in four of these subjects when tested in noise. These findings suggest that the electrical stimulation delivered by the cochlear prosthesis is not limited to the auditory system. The precise characteristics of electrical stimulation devices designed for stimulations limited to the cochlea and their spurious effects upon motor performance should be investigated. The design of future intralabyrinthine auditory electrical prostheses must include hardware designs and stimulus paradigms that avoid undesirable vestibular system stimulation.", "contents": "Galvanic disruption of vestibulospinal postural control by cochlear implant devices. All subjects with implanted cochlear stimulators demonstrated evidence of abnormal postural stability without their stimulators activated. Instability increased when they were tested with cochlear stimulation units turned on, and additional instability was demonstrated in four of these subjects when tested in noise. These findings suggest that the electrical stimulation delivered by the cochlear prosthesis is not limited to the auditory system. The precise characteristics of electrical stimulation devices designed for stimulations limited to the cochlea and their spurious effects upon motor performance should be investigated. The design of future intralabyrinthine auditory electrical prostheses must include hardware designs and stimulus paradigms that avoid undesirable vestibular system stimulation.", "PMID": 310472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2536", "title": "Host range restriction of vaccinia virus in Chinese hamster ovary cells: relationship to shutoff of protein synthesis.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells were found to be nonpermissive for vaccinia virus. Although early virus-induced events occurred in these cells (RNA and polypeptide synthesis), subsequent events appeared to be prevented by a very rapid and nonselective shutoff of protein synthesis. Within less than 2 h after infection, both host and viral protein syntheses were arrested. At low multiplicities of infection, inhibition of RNA synthesis with cordycepin resulted in failure of the virus to block protein synthesis. Moreover, infection of the cells in the presence of cycloheximide prevented the immediate onset of shutoff after reversal of cycloheximide. Inactivation of virus particles by UV irradiation also impaired the capacity of the virus to inhibit protein synthesis. These results suggested that an early vaccinia virus-coded product was implicated in the shutoff of protein synthesis. Either the nonpermissive Chinese hamster ovary cells were more sensitive to this inhibition than permissive cells, or a regulatory control of the vaccinia shutoff function was defective.", "contents": "Host range restriction of vaccinia virus in Chinese hamster ovary cells: relationship to shutoff of protein synthesis. Chinese hamster ovary cells were found to be nonpermissive for vaccinia virus. Although early virus-induced events occurred in these cells (RNA and polypeptide synthesis), subsequent events appeared to be prevented by a very rapid and nonselective shutoff of protein synthesis. Within less than 2 h after infection, both host and viral protein syntheses were arrested. At low multiplicities of infection, inhibition of RNA synthesis with cordycepin resulted in failure of the virus to block protein synthesis. Moreover, infection of the cells in the presence of cycloheximide prevented the immediate onset of shutoff after reversal of cycloheximide. Inactivation of virus particles by UV irradiation also impaired the capacity of the virus to inhibit protein synthesis. These results suggested that an early vaccinia virus-coded product was implicated in the shutoff of protein synthesis. Either the nonpermissive Chinese hamster ovary cells were more sensitive to this inhibition than permissive cells, or a regulatory control of the vaccinia shutoff function was defective.", "PMID": 310474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2537", "title": "T lymphocytes inhibiting factors in renal cancer: evaluation of differences between arterial and renal venous blood levels of E rosette forming cells.", "content": "The cellular immune response has been reported to be impaired in patients with renal cancer and to be increased by removal of the tumor bulk. T lymphocyte levels in the vein of the neoplastic kidney were investigated in 4 patients to assess the presence of a T lymphocyte inhibiting factor produced by the tumor. T lymphocyte levels resulted in significantly decreased tumorous venous blood, whether compared to arterial, contralateral or peripheral blood. A similar result was not found in 10 control patients. Some hypotheses on the nature of this T lymphocyte inhibition are discussed.", "contents": "T lymphocytes inhibiting factors in renal cancer: evaluation of differences between arterial and renal venous blood levels of E rosette forming cells. The cellular immune response has been reported to be impaired in patients with renal cancer and to be increased by removal of the tumor bulk. T lymphocyte levels in the vein of the neoplastic kidney were investigated in 4 patients to assess the presence of a T lymphocyte inhibiting factor produced by the tumor. T lymphocyte levels resulted in significantly decreased tumorous venous blood, whether compared to arterial, contralateral or peripheral blood. A similar result was not found in 10 control patients. Some hypotheses on the nature of this T lymphocyte inhibition are discussed.", "PMID": 310475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2538", "title": "Electrical stimulation for incontinence in myelomeningocele.", "content": "Urinary incontinence is the most obvious urinary tract complication in children with myelomeningocele. Incontinence is owing to a hyperreflexic (spastic) bladder and/or pelvic floor weakness, which responds to functional electrical stimulation. Of 33 incontinent children the criteria for functional electrical stimulation were absent in 21 because of denervation of the pelvic floor muscles. Of 6 children who used functional electrical stimulation 5 had a successful result. However, incontinence recurred in 3 of the 5 patients between 6 and 18 months after functional electrical stimulation treatment was completed and they are awaiting repeat treatment.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation for incontinence in myelomeningocele. Urinary incontinence is the most obvious urinary tract complication in children with myelomeningocele. Incontinence is owing to a hyperreflexic (spastic) bladder and/or pelvic floor weakness, which responds to functional electrical stimulation. Of 33 incontinent children the criteria for functional electrical stimulation were absent in 21 because of denervation of the pelvic floor muscles. Of 6 children who used functional electrical stimulation 5 had a successful result. However, incontinence recurred in 3 of the 5 patients between 6 and 18 months after functional electrical stimulation treatment was completed and they are awaiting repeat treatment.", "PMID": 310476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2539", "title": "Electrical stimulation for voiding dysfunction after spinal cord injury.", "content": "Incontinence and frequency of voiding were present after spinal cord injuries in 18 patients. A hyperreflexic bladder and/or pelvic floor weakness was found in these patients. Functional electrical stimulation resulted in relief or improvement of symptoms in 9 of the 11 patients in whom this procedure was used. An increase in anal sphincter pressure with functional electrical stimulation was a more reliable criterion than an increase in maximum urethral pressure in the selection of patients for the procedure.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation for voiding dysfunction after spinal cord injury. Incontinence and frequency of voiding were present after spinal cord injuries in 18 patients. A hyperreflexic bladder and/or pelvic floor weakness was found in these patients. Functional electrical stimulation resulted in relief or improvement of symptoms in 9 of the 11 patients in whom this procedure was used. An increase in anal sphincter pressure with functional electrical stimulation was a more reliable criterion than an increase in maximum urethral pressure in the selection of patients for the procedure.", "PMID": 310477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2540", "title": "[State of the distal bed of the cardiac coronary arteries in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The condition of the distal bed of the cardiac coronary arteries was studied in 150 patients with ischemic heart disease. It proved to be affected with stenotic atherosclerosis in 20,6% of cases. The distal bed in patients with the chronic stage of ischemic heart disease hardly differed from that in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Total revascularization may be accomplished in 33% of cases with affection of three vessels of the cardiac coronary bed with stenotic atherosclerosis and in 96,5% of cases with affection of one vessel.", "contents": "[State of the distal bed of the cardiac coronary arteries in ischemic heart disease]. The condition of the distal bed of the cardiac coronary arteries was studied in 150 patients with ischemic heart disease. It proved to be affected with stenotic atherosclerosis in 20,6% of cases. The distal bed in patients with the chronic stage of ischemic heart disease hardly differed from that in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Total revascularization may be accomplished in 33% of cases with affection of three vessels of the cardiac coronary bed with stenotic atherosclerosis and in 96,5% of cases with affection of one vessel.", "PMID": 310486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2541", "title": "[Field of vision established by perimetry in achromatopsia (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of perimetry especially of profile perimetry is in cases of achromatopsia so typical and unmistakable that it can be referred to for the differentia.  l diagnosis of this disease. This follows from an examination of 33 cases with congenital achromatopsia. In all cases profile perimetry was flattened in the fixation area but not nearly as strong as it is usually the case if visual acuity is decreased to 0,1. 7 times there was found a small central scotoma at the margin of which it is fixated. The reason for the diverging of light difference sensitivity and visual acuity is discussed.", "contents": "[Field of vision established by perimetry in achromatopsia (author's transl)]. The results of perimetry especially of profile perimetry is in cases of achromatopsia so typical and unmistakable that it can be referred to for the differentia.  l diagnosis of this disease. This follows from an examination of 33 cases with congenital achromatopsia. In all cases profile perimetry was flattened in the fixation area but not nearly as strong as it is usually the case if visual acuity is decreased to 0,1. 7 times there was found a small central scotoma at the margin of which it is fixated. The reason for the diverging of light difference sensitivity and visual acuity is discussed.", "PMID": 310488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2542", "title": "[The significance of fluorescein angiogarphy in ocular toxocara granuloma (author's transl)].", "content": "Four serologically-proved cases of intraocular toxocara infections are demonstrated. Three different manifestations in the following way were found: 1. Solitary granuloma on the posterior pole (2 patients). 2. Anterior and posterior uveitis of both eyes with granuloma near the ora (1 patient). 3. Iridocyclitis of both eyes (1 patient). The fluorescein angiography examination in two cases with solitary granuloma have been repeated over a period of time and the relation of the satisfactory results to the further development of the disease is shown.", "contents": "[The significance of fluorescein angiogarphy in ocular toxocara granuloma (author's transl)]. Four serologically-proved cases of intraocular toxocara infections are demonstrated. Three different manifestations in the following way were found: 1. Solitary granuloma on the posterior pole (2 patients). 2. Anterior and posterior uveitis of both eyes with granuloma near the ora (1 patient). 3. Iridocyclitis of both eyes (1 patient). The fluorescein angiography examination in two cases with solitary granuloma have been repeated over a period of time and the relation of the satisfactory results to the further development of the disease is shown.", "PMID": 310490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2543", "title": "[Penetration of gentamycin into the aqueous humor of non-inflamed and inflamed human eyes (author's transl)].", "content": "The penetration of gentamycin into aqueous humor after parenteral application (i. m., i. v., s. c.) of non-inflamed and inflamed human eyes was investigated. The dose of gentamycin was 80 mg i.m. and i. v. respectively. A doses of 40 mg gentamycin was used by s. c. injection. With Agar-diffusions test it could be demonstrated that the level of gentamycin was higher in inflamed than in non-inflamed eyes.", "contents": "[Penetration of gentamycin into the aqueous humor of non-inflamed and inflamed human eyes (author's transl)]. The penetration of gentamycin into aqueous humor after parenteral application (i. m., i. v., s. c.) of non-inflamed and inflamed human eyes was investigated. The dose of gentamycin was 80 mg i.m. and i. v. respectively. A doses of 40 mg gentamycin was used by s. c. injection. With Agar-diffusions test it could be demonstrated that the level of gentamycin was higher in inflamed than in non-inflamed eyes.", "PMID": 310491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2544", "title": "[Concentration of minocycline in human aqueous humor after oral administration (author's transl)].", "content": "For antibacterial prophylaxis in intraocular surgery minocycline was administered in oral dosage in 22 cataract-patients. The concentration levels reached in the aqueous humor were determined. The detected levels ranged in some cases from 0.08 to 0.2 mcg/ml, the majority was below 0.06 mcg/ml.", "contents": "[Concentration of minocycline in human aqueous humor after oral administration (author's transl)]. For antibacterial prophylaxis in intraocular surgery minocycline was administered in oral dosage in 22 cataract-patients. The concentration levels reached in the aqueous humor were determined. The detected levels ranged in some cases from 0.08 to 0.2 mcg/ml, the majority was below 0.06 mcg/ml.", "PMID": 310492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2545", "title": "[Results of Nandrolone therapy (Keratyl) in lesions and diseases of the cornea (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on clinical experiences with the topical application of the synthetic hormone Nandrolon (Keratyl) in diseases of the cornea caused by exogenic, neurogenic, and combined exogenic-endogenic factors. In all cases a positive regenerative effect on epithelium and stroma of the cornea seemed to exist. The present results seem to allow the following range of indications: 1. injuries of the epithelial tissue; 2. ulcera of the cornea (combined with antibiotics); 3. dystrophic diseases of the cornea; 4. certain postoperative treatment after keratoplastic surgery.", "contents": "[Results of Nandrolone therapy (Keratyl) in lesions and diseases of the cornea (author's transl)]. The authors report on clinical experiences with the topical application of the synthetic hormone Nandrolon (Keratyl) in diseases of the cornea caused by exogenic, neurogenic, and combined exogenic-endogenic factors. In all cases a positive regenerative effect on epithelium and stroma of the cornea seemed to exist. The present results seem to allow the following range of indications: 1. injuries of the epithelial tissue; 2. ulcera of the cornea (combined with antibiotics); 3. dystrophic diseases of the cornea; 4. certain postoperative treatment after keratoplastic surgery.", "PMID": 310493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2546", "title": "[Loss of inhibitors of the blood coagulation system in protein-losing enteropathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigation of the haemostasis of a 11 6/12 years old boy with protein-losing enteropathy revealed signs of hypercoagulability of the coagulation system, due to a decreased plasma concentration of antithrombin III and alpha1-antitrypsin, that were lost with other proteins in great amounts into the intestinal tract. The loss of these two important inhibitors of the coagulation system can lead to thrombotic complications in patients with protein losing enteropathy.", "contents": "[Loss of inhibitors of the blood coagulation system in protein-losing enteropathy (author's transl)]. The investigation of the haemostasis of a 11 6/12 years old boy with protein-losing enteropathy revealed signs of hypercoagulability of the coagulation system, due to a decreased plasma concentration of antithrombin III and alpha1-antitrypsin, that were lost with other proteins in great amounts into the intestinal tract. The loss of these two important inhibitors of the coagulation system can lead to thrombotic complications in patients with protein losing enteropathy.", "PMID": 310494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2547", "title": "Antibasement membrane disease. II. Mechanism of glomerular injury in an accelerated model of Masugi nephritis.", "content": "Rabbits were given injections of preformed complexes of purified goat antirabbit glomerular basement membrane antibody and rabbit antigoat immunoglobulin. When the animals were killed 24 hours later, examination of their kidneys revealed diffuse glomerulonephritis with widespread areas of localized loop necrosis, associated with extensive accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. By electron microscopy, accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in various degrees of disintegration were associated with areas of the basement membrane that appeared to be losing their structural integrity, suggesting that the damage to the membrane was brought about by the action of lysosomal enzymes. Reduction of the number of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes by pretreatment of the animals with nitrogen mustard completely prevented the lesions. Reduction of circulating complement levels by pretreatment of the animals with cobra venom factor prevented the occurrence of localized necrosis but allowed the development of the diffuse lesion.", "contents": "Antibasement membrane disease. II. Mechanism of glomerular injury in an accelerated model of Masugi nephritis. Rabbits were given injections of preformed complexes of purified goat antirabbit glomerular basement membrane antibody and rabbit antigoat immunoglobulin. When the animals were killed 24 hours later, examination of their kidneys revealed diffuse glomerulonephritis with widespread areas of localized loop necrosis, associated with extensive accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. By electron microscopy, accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in various degrees of disintegration were associated with areas of the basement membrane that appeared to be losing their structural integrity, suggesting that the damage to the membrane was brought about by the action of lysosomal enzymes. Reduction of the number of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes by pretreatment of the animals with nitrogen mustard completely prevented the lesions. Reduction of circulating complement levels by pretreatment of the animals with cobra venom factor prevented the occurrence of localized necrosis but allowed the development of the diffuse lesion.", "PMID": 310495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2548", "title": "Mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor: relationship to number, affinity, and down-regulation of EGF receptors in three murine embryo cell lines.", "content": "Swiss 3T3 and C3H-M2 cells have a greater mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) than do C3H10T 1/2 cells. The latter cell line, however, has a number of EGF receptors per cell intermediate between the two cell lines that have a more vigorous response to EGF. Scatchard analysis of binding data indicate that all three cell lines have one class of EGF receptor, with indistinguishable affinity for the ligand. When exposed to 10-nM EGF all three cell lines \"down-regulate\" their EGF receptors with the same time course, and to the same percentage of initial receptors.", "contents": "Mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor: relationship to number, affinity, and down-regulation of EGF receptors in three murine embryo cell lines. Swiss 3T3 and C3H-M2 cells have a greater mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) than do C3H10T 1/2 cells. The latter cell line, however, has a number of EGF receptors per cell intermediate between the two cell lines that have a more vigorous response to EGF. Scatchard analysis of binding data indicate that all three cell lines have one class of EGF receptor, with indistinguishable affinity for the ligand. When exposed to 10-nM EGF all three cell lines \"down-regulate\" their EGF receptors with the same time course, and to the same percentage of initial receptors.", "PMID": 310496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2549", "title": "Iowa results of acoustic neuroma operations.", "content": "The records of 10 patients, who underwent removal of small vestibular schwannomas by the middle cranial fossa approach at the University of Iowa Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery between October 1974 and November 1977, are reviewed. The principal deviation from previously described operative techniques is that after identification of appropriate landmarks, the internal auditory canal is first unroofed in its medial portion near the porus rather than following the facial nerve to the fundus of the canal. There were no intraoperative complications, but one patient died after a postoperative brain stem vascular accident. Another patient developed a cerebrospinal fluid leak and, subsequently, meningitis. Auditory function was preserved postoperatively in 8 of 10 patients, but only 6 retained auditory function after discharge from the hospital. Facial nerve function was normal immediately after surgery in 6 of the 10 patients, but return was incomplete in 2 patients more than 1 year after surgery. Postoperative routine and special audiometric studies are discussed.", "contents": "Iowa results of acoustic neuroma operations. The records of 10 patients, who underwent removal of small vestibular schwannomas by the middle cranial fossa approach at the University of Iowa Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery between October 1974 and November 1977, are reviewed. The principal deviation from previously described operative techniques is that after identification of appropriate landmarks, the internal auditory canal is first unroofed in its medial portion near the porus rather than following the facial nerve to the fundus of the canal. There were no intraoperative complications, but one patient died after a postoperative brain stem vascular accident. Another patient developed a cerebrospinal fluid leak and, subsequently, meningitis. Auditory function was preserved postoperatively in 8 of 10 patients, but only 6 retained auditory function after discharge from the hospital. Facial nerve function was normal immediately after surgery in 6 of the 10 patients, but return was incomplete in 2 patients more than 1 year after surgery. Postoperative routine and special audiometric studies are discussed.", "PMID": 310498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2550", "title": "Stapedectomy--in depth analysis of 2405 cases.", "content": "An optical reader system used in conjunction with a CDC 6400 computer was utilized to obtain data summaries related to the stapedectomy procedure. Medical and audiological data of 2405 cases undergoing surgery for otosclerosis were analyzed. Results are reported in tabular, figurative and descriptive forms.", "contents": "Stapedectomy--in depth analysis of 2405 cases. An optical reader system used in conjunction with a CDC 6400 computer was utilized to obtain data summaries related to the stapedectomy procedure. Medical and audiological data of 2405 cases undergoing surgery for otosclerosis were analyzed. Results are reported in tabular, figurative and descriptive forms.", "PMID": 310499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2551", "title": "Increased von Willebrand factor in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Abnormal platelet function may play a role in the genesis of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus. We measured plasma levels of ristocetin-Willebrand factor and factor VIII antigen in 75 subjects and also measured aggregation-enhancing factor in subsets. We found increased levels of ristocetin-Willebrand factor in all groups of diabetics studied, even in mild diabetics free of vascular disease. Factor VIII antigen was increased only in diabetics with vascular disease. We could not find an aggregation-enhancing factor in any group.", "contents": "Increased von Willebrand factor in diabetes mellitus. Abnormal platelet function may play a role in the genesis of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus. We measured plasma levels of ristocetin-Willebrand factor and factor VIII antigen in 75 subjects and also measured aggregation-enhancing factor in subsets. We found increased levels of ristocetin-Willebrand factor in all groups of diabetics studied, even in mild diabetics free of vascular disease. Factor VIII antigen was increased only in diabetics with vascular disease. We could not find an aggregation-enhancing factor in any group.", "PMID": 310504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2552", "title": "Medical students, medical records and clinical skills.", "content": "140 Liverpool medical undergraduates from all three clinical years completed a two part questionnaire. The first part gave their opinion on the contents of medical case records and how they personally recorded and used them. The second part showed the usefulness to students of their teachers' assessments of their clinical skills. The results indicated that the present case record and assessment of clinical skills were unhelpful in the students' education. The type of record-keeping which students thought best was very similar to the problem-orientated medical record (POMR). The kind of assessment of clinical skills which they would like was very similar to the educational audit linked with POMR. In view of these findings, the introduction of POMR into the undergraduate curriculum is strongly advocated.", "contents": "Medical students, medical records and clinical skills. 140 Liverpool medical undergraduates from all three clinical years completed a two part questionnaire. The first part gave their opinion on the contents of medical case records and how they personally recorded and used them. The second part showed the usefulness to students of their teachers' assessments of their clinical skills. The results indicated that the present case record and assessment of clinical skills were unhelpful in the students' education. The type of record-keeping which students thought best was very similar to the problem-orientated medical record (POMR). The kind of assessment of clinical skills which they would like was very similar to the educational audit linked with POMR. In view of these findings, the introduction of POMR into the undergraduate curriculum is strongly advocated.", "PMID": 310505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2553", "title": "Treatment of demyelinating and degenerative diseases by electro stimulation of the spinal cord.", "content": "Electrical stimulation was applied to the spinal cord of 75 patients who had demyelinating and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, and 3 patients who had sustained spinal cord injuries. The electrical energy was delivered to the central nervous system by the percutaneous technique. The amount of electrical energy required to produce the perception of paresthesias was measured in 11 patients. The minimum power necessary was 76.89 muW, the maximum was 868 muW, and the average was 448.8 muW. The patients were evaluated by 4 examiners by means of routine neurologic examination, videotape movies, and measurement of urinary bladder function. Continued improvement in neurological status, which allowed the patient to live a better lifestyle, occurred in 30 of the 61 patients with multiple sclerosis, and 6 of the 10 patients with ataxia. The patient with transverse Myelitis, the patient with primary lateral sclerosis, and 1 patient with olivopontocerebellar atrophy; also noted similar enhancement of neurological function. The patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injuries had no changes of significance. Thirty-two out of 44 patients who were ambulatory had significant improvement, whereas 10 of the 19 patients who were not ambulatory had improvement. There was no evidence that electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, when applied via dorsally placed percutaneous electrodes and when carried only to the perception of a paresthesias, has any adverse effect on neurological function. It is hypothecated that the electrical current alters neurotransmitters to enhance the transmission along nervous and neurochemical pathways. The exact mechanisms are unknown at the present time.", "contents": "Treatment of demyelinating and degenerative diseases by electro stimulation of the spinal cord. Electrical stimulation was applied to the spinal cord of 75 patients who had demyelinating and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, and 3 patients who had sustained spinal cord injuries. The electrical energy was delivered to the central nervous system by the percutaneous technique. The amount of electrical energy required to produce the perception of paresthesias was measured in 11 patients. The minimum power necessary was 76.89 muW, the maximum was 868 muW, and the average was 448.8 muW. The patients were evaluated by 4 examiners by means of routine neurologic examination, videotape movies, and measurement of urinary bladder function. Continued improvement in neurological status, which allowed the patient to live a better lifestyle, occurred in 30 of the 61 patients with multiple sclerosis, and 6 of the 10 patients with ataxia. The patient with transverse Myelitis, the patient with primary lateral sclerosis, and 1 patient with olivopontocerebellar atrophy; also noted similar enhancement of neurological function. The patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injuries had no changes of significance. Thirty-two out of 44 patients who were ambulatory had significant improvement, whereas 10 of the 19 patients who were not ambulatory had improvement. There was no evidence that electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, when applied via dorsally placed percutaneous electrodes and when carried only to the perception of a paresthesias, has any adverse effect on neurological function. It is hypothecated that the electrical current alters neurotransmitters to enhance the transmission along nervous and neurochemical pathways. The exact mechanisms are unknown at the present time.", "PMID": 310508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2554", "title": "The role of pre-replication and post-replication processes in mutation induction in Haemophilus influenzae by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "Studies were carried out on the repair and fixation of premutational damage induced in Haemophilus influenzae by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The studies employed a temperature-sensitive DNA elongation mutant (dna9) and its combinations with mutants defective in pyrimidine dimer excision (uvr1, uvr2) and in recombination (rec1). The dna9 mutant is shown to be leaky, allowing about 1% of the normal rate of DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature. Repair of premutational lesions was detected by a decline in mutation frequency with increasing delay in DNA replication in dna9 at the restrictive temperature. This repair is unaffected by the pyrimidine dimer excision system. Mutation fixation was detected by the ability of DNA from treated and then lysed cells to transfer mutants to recipient cells by transformation. Some fixation occurred at the restrictive temperature but much less than at the non-restrictive temperature suggesting that an appreciable minority of the mutations resulted from lesions introduced near the replication fork but that the majority of mutations arise from lesions introduced at some distance from the fork, perhaps randomly. The DNA synthesized immediately after MNNG treatment is of lower molecular weight than normal and returns to normal with time. This return is blocked in the rec1 mutant, suggesting that recombination is involved. The possible role of this process in MNNG mutagenesis is discussed.", "contents": "The role of pre-replication and post-replication processes in mutation induction in Haemophilus influenzae by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Studies were carried out on the repair and fixation of premutational damage induced in Haemophilus influenzae by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The studies employed a temperature-sensitive DNA elongation mutant (dna9) and its combinations with mutants defective in pyrimidine dimer excision (uvr1, uvr2) and in recombination (rec1). The dna9 mutant is shown to be leaky, allowing about 1% of the normal rate of DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature. Repair of premutational lesions was detected by a decline in mutation frequency with increasing delay in DNA replication in dna9 at the restrictive temperature. This repair is unaffected by the pyrimidine dimer excision system. Mutation fixation was detected by the ability of DNA from treated and then lysed cells to transfer mutants to recipient cells by transformation. Some fixation occurred at the restrictive temperature but much less than at the non-restrictive temperature suggesting that an appreciable minority of the mutations resulted from lesions introduced near the replication fork but that the majority of mutations arise from lesions introduced at some distance from the fork, perhaps randomly. The DNA synthesized immediately after MNNG treatment is of lower molecular weight than normal and returns to normal with time. This return is blocked in the rec1 mutant, suggesting that recombination is involved. The possible role of this process in MNNG mutagenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 310510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2555", "title": "Coronary bypass for stable angina: a prospective randomized study.", "content": "To evaluate the effects of coronary-artery bypass, 100 patients with stable, disabling angina were randomized to medical (49) or surgical (51) therapy. There was no statistical difference in major cardiac events after three years (death in five medical vs. four surgical, infarction in eight vs. 10, and unstable angina requiring operation or reoperation in eight vs. three cases). Surgical patients with three-vessel disease had fewer major events (P less than 0.05) than the comparable medical group and less unstable angina requiring operation (P less than 0.02). All unstable angina was less frequent in the surgical group (15 vs. six, P less than 0.01). Functional classification improved more in surgical patients at six months (P less than 0.01) and at late followup examination (P less than 0.05). After six months, surgical patients achieved significantly higher exercise work loads (P less than 0.01), exercise heart rates (P less than 0.05), maximum paced heart rates (P less than 0.01) and myocardial lactate extraction (P less than 0.01). On the basis of this interim report of a relatively small group of patients, we conclude that bypass results in greater functional improvement and less unstable angina than medical therapy. The likelihood of death and myocardial infarction is unchanged by operation.", "contents": "Coronary bypass for stable angina: a prospective randomized study. To evaluate the effects of coronary-artery bypass, 100 patients with stable, disabling angina were randomized to medical (49) or surgical (51) therapy. There was no statistical difference in major cardiac events after three years (death in five medical vs. four surgical, infarction in eight vs. 10, and unstable angina requiring operation or reoperation in eight vs. three cases). Surgical patients with three-vessel disease had fewer major events (P less than 0.05) than the comparable medical group and less unstable angina requiring operation (P less than 0.02). All unstable angina was less frequent in the surgical group (15 vs. six, P less than 0.01). Functional classification improved more in surgical patients at six months (P less than 0.01) and at late followup examination (P less than 0.05). After six months, surgical patients achieved significantly higher exercise work loads (P less than 0.01), exercise heart rates (P less than 0.05), maximum paced heart rates (P less than 0.01) and myocardial lactate extraction (P less than 0.01). On the basis of this interim report of a relatively small group of patients, we conclude that bypass results in greater functional improvement and less unstable angina than medical therapy. The likelihood of death and myocardial infarction is unchanged by operation.", "PMID": 310511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2556", "title": "Evidence for defective immunoregulation in the syndrome of familial candidiasis endocrinopathy.", "content": "We studied three children with candidiasis endocrinopathy syndrome, together with their parents and five siblings, to explore the possibility that defective immunoregulation allows autoimmune phenomena to be involved in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Inheritance of the syndrome appeared to be autosomal recessive. Immunologic abnormalities in this family included hypergammaglobulinemia, selective IgA deficiency, anergy, autoimmune endocrinopathies and active chronic hepatitis. Defective suppressor T-cell function was noted in the two surviving children with clinically apparent disease and in a clinically normal sibling. Analysis of the immunologic abnormalities in the family suggests that defective immunoregulation rather than disordered effector mechanisms may explain the large number of immunologic defects noted. These defects, in turn, may result in the clinical manifestation of the syndrome.", "contents": "Evidence for defective immunoregulation in the syndrome of familial candidiasis endocrinopathy. We studied three children with candidiasis endocrinopathy syndrome, together with their parents and five siblings, to explore the possibility that defective immunoregulation allows autoimmune phenomena to be involved in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Inheritance of the syndrome appeared to be autosomal recessive. Immunologic abnormalities in this family included hypergammaglobulinemia, selective IgA deficiency, anergy, autoimmune endocrinopathies and active chronic hepatitis. Defective suppressor T-cell function was noted in the two surviving children with clinically apparent disease and in a clinically normal sibling. Analysis of the immunologic abnormalities in the family suggests that defective immunoregulation rather than disordered effector mechanisms may explain the large number of immunologic defects noted. These defects, in turn, may result in the clinical manifestation of the syndrome.", "PMID": 310512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2557", "title": "In vivo and in vitro effects of thymosin and adenosine deaminase on adenosine-deaminase-deficient lymphocytes.", "content": "Two siblings with adenosine deaminase deficiency were studied before and during \"enzyme replacement\" therapy (partial exchange transfusions with normal red cells containing the missing enzyme). The younger sib showed improvement of immunologic function during red-cell therapy alone, whereas in the older sib this improvement occurred only when the transfusions were supplemented by thymosin injections. Their clinical courses correlated with in vitro findings: lymphocytes from the younger sib differentiated to T-cell-rosette-forming cells upon addition of adenosine deaminase alone; lymphocytes from the older sibling required supplemental thymosin to form these cells. Thymic factors appear to influence the response to transfusion therapy in some patients deficient in adenosine deaminase, and supplementation of red-cell transfusion with thymic factors may be required.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro effects of thymosin and adenosine deaminase on adenosine-deaminase-deficient lymphocytes. Two siblings with adenosine deaminase deficiency were studied before and during \"enzyme replacement\" therapy (partial exchange transfusions with normal red cells containing the missing enzyme). The younger sib showed improvement of immunologic function during red-cell therapy alone, whereas in the older sib this improvement occurred only when the transfusions were supplemented by thymosin injections. Their clinical courses correlated with in vitro findings: lymphocytes from the younger sib differentiated to T-cell-rosette-forming cells upon addition of adenosine deaminase alone; lymphocytes from the older sibling required supplemental thymosin to form these cells. Thymic factors appear to influence the response to transfusion therapy in some patients deficient in adenosine deaminase, and supplementation of red-cell transfusion with thymic factors may be required.", "PMID": 310515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2558", "title": "The action of caffeine in promoting ultrastructural damage in frog skeletal muscle fibres. Evidence for the involvement of the calcium-induced release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "1. Caffeine at concentrations above 5 mM was shown to cause rapidly extensive ultrastructural damage to the myofibrils of frog skeletal muscle. 2. The effect was promoted at lower temperatures, whereas the myofibrils were protected by prior exposure to procaine. 3. It is argued that caffeine causes a Ca2+-induced release of Ca2+ (the CROC) from the S.R. and that the consequent rise in [Ca2+]i promotes the ultrastructural damage observed. 4. Myofibril digradation is also produced by treatment of the muscle with the divalent cation ionophore A23187; this effect is not protected by either procaine or Dantrolene sodium. 5. It is suggested that A23187 causes the release of Ca2+ from the S.R. by a mechanism that differs from both excitation and the CROC; the resultant rise in [Ca2+]i again causes myofibril degradation. 6. The ways in which a marked rise in [Ca2+]i could cause muscle damage and the possible relevance of these findings to the sequence of events in the development of myopathies of human skeletal muscle are discussed.", "contents": "The action of caffeine in promoting ultrastructural damage in frog skeletal muscle fibres. Evidence for the involvement of the calcium-induced release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 1. Caffeine at concentrations above 5 mM was shown to cause rapidly extensive ultrastructural damage to the myofibrils of frog skeletal muscle. 2. The effect was promoted at lower temperatures, whereas the myofibrils were protected by prior exposure to procaine. 3. It is argued that caffeine causes a Ca2+-induced release of Ca2+ (the CROC) from the S.R. and that the consequent rise in [Ca2+]i promotes the ultrastructural damage observed. 4. Myofibril digradation is also produced by treatment of the muscle with the divalent cation ionophore A23187; this effect is not protected by either procaine or Dantrolene sodium. 5. It is suggested that A23187 causes the release of Ca2+ from the S.R. by a mechanism that differs from both excitation and the CROC; the resultant rise in [Ca2+]i again causes myofibril degradation. 6. The ways in which a marked rise in [Ca2+]i could cause muscle damage and the possible relevance of these findings to the sequence of events in the development of myopathies of human skeletal muscle are discussed.", "PMID": 310523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2559", "title": "Thymic and peripheral blood T- and B-cell levels in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "We have compared the percentage of T and B lymphocytes in the thymus and peripheral blood populations of patients with myasthenia gravis. There were significantly fewer thymic T cells in myasthenic hyperplastic thymus (MG-H), but not in myasthenia gravis-thymoma (MG-T), compared with normal thymus biopsies obtained at cardiac surgery. Conversely, B cells were increased in MG-H versus MG-T and normals. Peripheral blood T and B cells were not different in any group of myasthenic patients compared to normal populations. In vitro autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions between thymus and peripheral blood lymphocytes occurred in MG-H, but did not correlate with the degree of thymic B-cell increases in these patients.", "contents": "Thymic and peripheral blood T- and B-cell levels in myasthenia gravis. We have compared the percentage of T and B lymphocytes in the thymus and peripheral blood populations of patients with myasthenia gravis. There were significantly fewer thymic T cells in myasthenic hyperplastic thymus (MG-H), but not in myasthenia gravis-thymoma (MG-T), compared with normal thymus biopsies obtained at cardiac surgery. Conversely, B cells were increased in MG-H versus MG-T and normals. Peripheral blood T and B cells were not different in any group of myasthenic patients compared to normal populations. In vitro autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions between thymus and peripheral blood lymphocytes occurred in MG-H, but did not correlate with the degree of thymic B-cell increases in these patients.", "PMID": 310526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2560", "title": "[Role of platelet serotonin in hyperperistalsis after digestive hemorrhages].", "content": "Intestinal transit accelerates during gastroduodenal haemorrhage. To test a personal theory that the reason is to be found in serotonin released by platelets and absorbed by the intestine, the behaviour of serotoninaemia has been studied. This proved to be 1.35-9.7 microgram/l (mean: 4.175 microgram/l; E.S. +/- 1.39) in patients with haematemesis and melena, compared to 0.49-0.9 microgram/l (mean: 0.728 microgram/l; E.S. +/- 0.07) in the controls (p less than 0.001). The increase in circulating serotonin to significant values is probably due to hormone release. This dose not occur in cases of melena alone, probably owing to the organism's high capacity for catabolism.", "contents": "[Role of platelet serotonin in hyperperistalsis after digestive hemorrhages]. Intestinal transit accelerates during gastroduodenal haemorrhage. To test a personal theory that the reason is to be found in serotonin released by platelets and absorbed by the intestine, the behaviour of serotoninaemia has been studied. This proved to be 1.35-9.7 microgram/l (mean: 4.175 microgram/l; E.S. +/- 1.39) in patients with haematemesis and melena, compared to 0.49-0.9 microgram/l (mean: 0.728 microgram/l; E.S. +/- 0.07) in the controls (p less than 0.001). The increase in circulating serotonin to significant values is probably due to hormone release. This dose not occur in cases of melena alone, probably owing to the organism's high capacity for catabolism.", "PMID": 310528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2561", "title": "[Activity of proteases, leucine arylamidase and alpha-amylase in pancreatic tissue during nickel deficiency].", "content": "In studies on the essentiality of nickel, important differences of enzyme activities and also of substrates were established. The results of the present paper show that these changes cannot be explained by a lowered reduction of dietary proteins, since the activity of the proteases rather increased during Ni deficiency. However, the digestion of the starch by alpha-amylase, being 57% lower, could have been partially responsible for the large differences in the activities of the hepatic enzymes and in the concentrations of the hepatic metabolites and also in the weight gains.", "contents": "[Activity of proteases, leucine arylamidase and alpha-amylase in pancreatic tissue during nickel deficiency]. In studies on the essentiality of nickel, important differences of enzyme activities and also of substrates were established. The results of the present paper show that these changes cannot be explained by a lowered reduction of dietary proteins, since the activity of the proteases rather increased during Ni deficiency. However, the digestion of the starch by alpha-amylase, being 57% lower, could have been partially responsible for the large differences in the activities of the hepatic enzymes and in the concentrations of the hepatic metabolites and also in the weight gains.", "PMID": 310529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2562", "title": "The influence of chronic cerebellar stimulation on respiratory muscle coordination in a patient with cerebral palsy.", "content": "The effect of chronic cerebellar stimulation on respiratory muscle coordination has been evaluated using a relatively simple and objective target breathing test on one patient. Seven normal subjects were used as controls. Magnetometer recordings were used to determine whether abdominal and rib cage expansion were in phase. Subjects were asked to match their breathing frequency to a metronome signal. Their ability to control respiratory timing voluntarily was assessed in terms of the coefficient of variation (CV) of inspiratory time (Ti) and of expiratory time (Te). The CV's of Ti and Te were much greater in the patient in the absence of cerebrellar stimulation than they were in normal subjects. Both at 3 weeks and 6 months after implantation of the stimulator, a significant improvement in the performance of the patient was demonstrable with the stimulator on, although normal values were never achieved. This demonstrable influence of chronic cerebellar stimulation on respiratory muscle coordination has important implications for both the avoidance of respiratory complications and the potential improvement of speech in patients with cerebral palsy.", "contents": "The influence of chronic cerebellar stimulation on respiratory muscle coordination in a patient with cerebral palsy. The effect of chronic cerebellar stimulation on respiratory muscle coordination has been evaluated using a relatively simple and objective target breathing test on one patient. Seven normal subjects were used as controls. Magnetometer recordings were used to determine whether abdominal and rib cage expansion were in phase. Subjects were asked to match their breathing frequency to a metronome signal. Their ability to control respiratory timing voluntarily was assessed in terms of the coefficient of variation (CV) of inspiratory time (Ti) and of expiratory time (Te). The CV's of Ti and Te were much greater in the patient in the absence of cerebrellar stimulation than they were in normal subjects. Both at 3 weeks and 6 months after implantation of the stimulator, a significant improvement in the performance of the patient was demonstrable with the stimulator on, although normal values were never achieved. This demonstrable influence of chronic cerebellar stimulation on respiratory muscle coordination has important implications for both the avoidance of respiratory complications and the potential improvement of speech in patients with cerebral palsy.", "PMID": 310525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2563", "title": "Active pharmacologic management of the third stage of labor. A comparison of oxytocin and ergometrine.", "content": "Postpartum hemorrhage is a common and serious complication of the third stage of labor resulting in anemia and increased morbidity in the puerperium. Administration of uterotonic drugs and suitable mechanical assistance in delivery of the placenta may significantly reduce this hazard. Ergometrine and oxytocin have been used for a long time in markedly different doses and by various routes of administration with varying success. In order to compare these two oxytocics with regard to their hemostatic effects as well as their possible interference with the physiologic placental separation mechanism, three groups (ergometrine, oxytocin, and control) of women have been studied during a 2-year period. Ergometrine (0.2 mg) and oxytocin (10 IU) administered in the stated doses and as single intravenous injections are comparable with regard to hemostatic efficiency, but oxytocin seems to promote placental separation and expulsion better and thereby reduces the risk of partial retention and trapping with bleeding reguiring further emergency measures as a frequent consequence.", "contents": "Active pharmacologic management of the third stage of labor. A comparison of oxytocin and ergometrine. Postpartum hemorrhage is a common and serious complication of the third stage of labor resulting in anemia and increased morbidity in the puerperium. Administration of uterotonic drugs and suitable mechanical assistance in delivery of the placenta may significantly reduce this hazard. Ergometrine and oxytocin have been used for a long time in markedly different doses and by various routes of administration with varying success. In order to compare these two oxytocics with regard to their hemostatic effects as well as their possible interference with the physiologic placental separation mechanism, three groups (ergometrine, oxytocin, and control) of women have been studied during a 2-year period. Ergometrine (0.2 mg) and oxytocin (10 IU) administered in the stated doses and as single intravenous injections are comparable with regard to hemostatic efficiency, but oxytocin seems to promote placental separation and expulsion better and thereby reduces the risk of partial retention and trapping with bleeding reguiring further emergency measures as a frequent consequence.", "PMID": 310530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2564", "title": "Allergies of the dental pulp.", "content": "A review of publications relating to the allergies of the dental pulp is presented. The pulp--especially when inflamed--contains antigens, lymphocytes, plasmocytes, IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE antibodies, mast cells, histamine, and possibly C3. However, no antibody-mediated allergy (hypersensitivity) of the pulp has yet been demonstrated. On the other hand, two types of cell-mediated allergy--the graft-rejection reaction and contact hypersensitivity--have been reported, as well as autoimmunity.", "contents": "Allergies of the dental pulp. A review of publications relating to the allergies of the dental pulp is presented. The pulp--especially when inflamed--contains antigens, lymphocytes, plasmocytes, IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE antibodies, mast cells, histamine, and possibly C3. However, no antibody-mediated allergy (hypersensitivity) of the pulp has yet been demonstrated. On the other hand, two types of cell-mediated allergy--the graft-rejection reaction and contact hypersensitivity--have been reported, as well as autoimmunity.", "PMID": 310531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2565", "title": "Electro-ejaculation of a complete paraplegic followed by pregnancy.", "content": "After having experimented with electro-stimulation on monkeys, the authors have put it into practice with the paraplegic. They report observations on pregnancy of a woman with a complete paraplegic below T4 who was injured 15 years ago. Nineteen electro-stimulations and seven artificial inseminations were necessary. The electro-stimulation is easy and can be repeated at will.", "contents": "Electro-ejaculation of a complete paraplegic followed by pregnancy. After having experimented with electro-stimulation on monkeys, the authors have put it into practice with the paraplegic. They report observations on pregnancy of a woman with a complete paraplegic below T4 who was injured 15 years ago. Nineteen electro-stimulations and seven artificial inseminations were necessary. The electro-stimulation is easy and can be repeated at will.", "PMID": 310536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2566", "title": "Clinical implications of preseptal (periorbital) cellulitis in childhood.", "content": "The available hospital records of all pediatric patients diagnosed as having periorbital, preseptal or orbital cellulitis over a five-year period were reviewed and compared to previously reported series. Only two of 39 patients had orbital cellulitis. The 37 patients with preseptal cellulitis had two characteristic clinical presentations. Twenty-two children had local trauma, abscesses, insect bites, or impetigo as the inciting event for their cellulitis. Infection was usually caused by staphylococci or streptococci. In contrast, 15 children, 12 of whom were under 36 months, had associated upper respiratory tract infections and otitis. Haemophilus influenzae was the most commonly implicated pathogen and the children were at risk of bacteremia and metastastic infection. Determination of the location of the infection in the orbit and consideration of the clinical presentation of the patient with infection in and about the orbit are of assistance in choosing appropriate therapy. Young children who have upper respiratory tract symptoms in association with preseptal cellulitis should receive antibiotic coverage for Haemophilus.", "contents": "Clinical implications of preseptal (periorbital) cellulitis in childhood. The available hospital records of all pediatric patients diagnosed as having periorbital, preseptal or orbital cellulitis over a five-year period were reviewed and compared to previously reported series. Only two of 39 patients had orbital cellulitis. The 37 patients with preseptal cellulitis had two characteristic clinical presentations. Twenty-two children had local trauma, abscesses, insect bites, or impetigo as the inciting event for their cellulitis. Infection was usually caused by staphylococci or streptococci. In contrast, 15 children, 12 of whom were under 36 months, had associated upper respiratory tract infections and otitis. Haemophilus influenzae was the most commonly implicated pathogen and the children were at risk of bacteremia and metastastic infection. Determination of the location of the infection in the orbit and consideration of the clinical presentation of the patient with infection in and about the orbit are of assistance in choosing appropriate therapy. Young children who have upper respiratory tract symptoms in association with preseptal cellulitis should receive antibiotic coverage for Haemophilus.", "PMID": 310537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2567", "title": "Meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae other than type b: case report and review.", "content": "A 4-month-old female infant with meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type f had a hospital course complicated by sterile subdural effusions and persistent neurologic abnormalities. One year later she was normal in all respects. The infant's mother had serum bactericidal antibodies to H. influenzae type b but not to type f. During recovery the patient had no bactericidal antibodies to type b, and the type f organism could not be maintained in her serum. Review of the literature identified 40 cases of meningitis reported as caused by H. influenzae other than type b. An evaluation of the ten cases described as due to encapsulated strains (a, e, and f) shows that the age distribution and clinical features are similar to those of meningitis caused by type b. Only five cases of meningitis caused by unencapsulated H. influenzae have been described. Four of the patients were older than the usual age range for type b meningitis and two had prior head trauma. A large clinical trial in Finland with a two-year observation period has demonstrated no untoward increase in non-b H. influenzae meningitis in recipients of a type b vaccine. Serious infections caused by other H. influenzae types will continue to occur sporadically and may increase in frequency when an effective vaccine against type b is widely used in infants.", "contents": "Meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae other than type b: case report and review. A 4-month-old female infant with meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type f had a hospital course complicated by sterile subdural effusions and persistent neurologic abnormalities. One year later she was normal in all respects. The infant's mother had serum bactericidal antibodies to H. influenzae type b but not to type f. During recovery the patient had no bactericidal antibodies to type b, and the type f organism could not be maintained in her serum. Review of the literature identified 40 cases of meningitis reported as caused by H. influenzae other than type b. An evaluation of the ten cases described as due to encapsulated strains (a, e, and f) shows that the age distribution and clinical features are similar to those of meningitis caused by type b. Only five cases of meningitis caused by unencapsulated H. influenzae have been described. Four of the patients were older than the usual age range for type b meningitis and two had prior head trauma. A large clinical trial in Finland with a two-year observation period has demonstrated no untoward increase in non-b H. influenzae meningitis in recipients of a type b vaccine. Serious infections caused by other H. influenzae types will continue to occur sporadically and may increase in frequency when an effective vaccine against type b is widely used in infants.", "PMID": 310538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2568", "title": "An outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at a pediatric hospital.", "content": "Eleven cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were diagnosed during a 3 1/2-year period at a pediatric hospital where this infection had never been identified previously despite appropriate studies. The incidence of infection was 3.0, 7.4, and 4.2 cases per 1,000 patient months in children being treated for acute leukemia, neuroblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma, respectively. The outbreak coincided with increased intensity of chemotherapy for these malignancies. Ten of the patients had received four or more chemotherapeutic agents within three months of the onset of infection. Because no exogenous source of the epidemic was found, latent endogenous infection activated by immunosuppression was presumed to be the ultimate cause of the outbreak. Increased intensity of chemotherapy may result in P carinii outbreaks and may be an indication for anti-Pneumocystis prophylaxis with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in patients at risk.", "contents": "An outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at a pediatric hospital. Eleven cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were diagnosed during a 3 1/2-year period at a pediatric hospital where this infection had never been identified previously despite appropriate studies. The incidence of infection was 3.0, 7.4, and 4.2 cases per 1,000 patient months in children being treated for acute leukemia, neuroblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma, respectively. The outbreak coincided with increased intensity of chemotherapy for these malignancies. Ten of the patients had received four or more chemotherapeutic agents within three months of the onset of infection. Because no exogenous source of the epidemic was found, latent endogenous infection activated by immunosuppression was presumed to be the ultimate cause of the outbreak. Increased intensity of chemotherapy may result in P carinii outbreaks and may be an indication for anti-Pneumocystis prophylaxis with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in patients at risk.", "PMID": 310539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2569", "title": "The current voltage relationship of the delayed outward current in the heart of the frog (Rana esculenta) and the tortoise (Testudo germani).", "content": "Steady state and non steady state I-V relationships of the resting membrane and delayed rectifying membrane were analysed by applying trapezoid voltage clamp pulses on atrial fibres isolated from the frog and the tortoise. The fibres were disposed in a perfusion chamber for double sucrose gap. In both types of preparation, a component of delayed rectification current was identified which was activated following a comparable time course. The amplitude of the delayed rectification current, when expressed either as normalized to the calculated membrane capacity or to the initial background current, is significantly larger in the frog than in the tortoise. Full activation of the delayed rectifying system can be demonstrated in the tortoise, while in the frog this process is presumably complicated by simultaneous accumulation of K ions in the extracellular region. The difference in magnitude of the delayed outward current has no influence on the duration of action potential which is recorded over the sucrose gap.", "contents": "The current voltage relationship of the delayed outward current in the heart of the frog (Rana esculenta) and the tortoise (Testudo germani). Steady state and non steady state I-V relationships of the resting membrane and delayed rectifying membrane were analysed by applying trapezoid voltage clamp pulses on atrial fibres isolated from the frog and the tortoise. The fibres were disposed in a perfusion chamber for double sucrose gap. In both types of preparation, a component of delayed rectification current was identified which was activated following a comparable time course. The amplitude of the delayed rectification current, when expressed either as normalized to the calculated membrane capacity or to the initial background current, is significantly larger in the frog than in the tortoise. Full activation of the delayed rectifying system can be demonstrated in the tortoise, while in the frog this process is presumably complicated by simultaneous accumulation of K ions in the extracellular region. The difference in magnitude of the delayed outward current has no influence on the duration of action potential which is recorded over the sucrose gap.", "PMID": 310540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2570", "title": "Elevating serotonin levels in brain with 5-hydroxytryptophan produces hypothermia in rats.", "content": "The effect of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) on the thermoregulatory responses of unanesthetized rats were assessed at three different ambient temperatures (Ta) of 8, 22 and 31 degrees C. Intraperitoneal administration of either 5-HTP alone or 5-HTP plus R04-4602 (the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor) produced dose-dependent hypothermia at both Ta's of 8 and 22 degrees C. The hypothermia was brought about solely by a decrease in metabolic heat production at 8 degrees C Ta. At 22 degrees C Ta, the hypothermia was due to both a decrease in metabolic heat production and an increase in tail and footsole skin temperature. However, at 31 degrees C Ta, there were no changes in rectal temperature in response to either 5-HTP or 5-HTP plus R04-4602 application. The data suggest that an increase in 5-HT levels in brain decreases heat production and/or increase heat loss and leads to hypothermia in rats.", "contents": "Elevating serotonin levels in brain with 5-hydroxytryptophan produces hypothermia in rats. The effect of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) on the thermoregulatory responses of unanesthetized rats were assessed at three different ambient temperatures (Ta) of 8, 22 and 31 degrees C. Intraperitoneal administration of either 5-HTP alone or 5-HTP plus R04-4602 (the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor) produced dose-dependent hypothermia at both Ta's of 8 and 22 degrees C. The hypothermia was brought about solely by a decrease in metabolic heat production at 8 degrees C Ta. At 22 degrees C Ta, the hypothermia was due to both a decrease in metabolic heat production and an increase in tail and footsole skin temperature. However, at 31 degrees C Ta, there were no changes in rectal temperature in response to either 5-HTP or 5-HTP plus R04-4602 application. The data suggest that an increase in 5-HT levels in brain decreases heat production and/or increase heat loss and leads to hypothermia in rats.", "PMID": 310541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2571", "title": "Inward rectification in skeletal muscle: a blocking particle model.", "content": "Inwardly rectifying potassium currents were measured in resting frog skeletal muscle in different [K]o. A modle is presneted for inward rectification which supposes that the potassium conductance depends on the K+ concentration within a channel and is reduced by a blocking particle which is driven into the channel by depolarization.", "contents": "Inward rectification in skeletal muscle: a blocking particle model. Inwardly rectifying potassium currents were measured in resting frog skeletal muscle in different [K]o. A modle is presneted for inward rectification which supposes that the potassium conductance depends on the K+ concentration within a channel and is reduced by a blocking particle which is driven into the channel by depolarization.", "PMID": 310542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2572", "title": "[Polar acid phosphatase as T lymphoma marker (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparative morphological and histochemical studies of human thymic lymphocytes and 2 T--cell lymphomas allow the authors to emphasize the diagnostic value of a polar cytoplasmic acid phosphatase activity. This simple cytochemical method can provide permanent documentation easily stored and counted. It provides additional arguments to identify the stem cell of some human lymphomas.", "contents": "[Polar acid phosphatase as T lymphoma marker (author's transl)]. The comparative morphological and histochemical studies of human thymic lymphocytes and 2 T--cell lymphomas allow the authors to emphasize the diagnostic value of a polar cytoplasmic acid phosphatase activity. This simple cytochemical method can provide permanent documentation easily stored and counted. It provides additional arguments to identify the stem cell of some human lymphomas.", "PMID": 310544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2573", "title": "Patient education. Developing a health care partnership.", "content": "Increasingly, patients are insisting on becoming partners in their own health care. Physicians who welcome such involvement should try to determine the medical IQ and knowledge base of the patient and then provide appropriate educational experiences. An atmosphere encouraging genuine dialogue is essential to a successful partnership.", "contents": "Patient education. Developing a health care partnership. Increasingly, patients are insisting on becoming partners in their own health care. Physicians who welcome such involvement should try to determine the medical IQ and knowledge base of the patient and then provide appropriate educational experiences. An atmosphere encouraging genuine dialogue is essential to a successful partnership.", "PMID": 310548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2574", "title": "Evidence for RNA synthesis-dependent and -independent pathways in stimulation of neurite outgrowth by nerve growth factor.", "content": "Studies on the mechanism of action of nerve growth factor (NGF) were carried out with PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. PC12 cells are uniquely useful for such studies because they respond to, but (unlike normal neurons) do not require, NGF and may undergo either generation or regeneration of neurites in response to NGF. Regeneration is defined here as NGF-dependent regrowth of neurites within 24 hr after subculture of NGF-treated PC12 cells. As in cultures of normal NGF-responsive neurons, neurite regeneration by PC12 cells occurs even in the presence of high concentrations of RNA synthesis inhibitors. Generation of neurites is defined as the de novo initiation of outgrowth when PC12 cells are exposed to NGF for the first time. In contrast to regeneration, neurite generation takes place with a lag of at least 24 hr and is blocked by low concentrations of RNA synthesis inhibitors. Such findings suggest that there are both RNA synthesis-dependent and -independent pathways in the mechanism whereby NGF stimulates neurite outgrowth. In addition, NGF-treated PC12 cells undergo a time-dependent loss of the capacity for neurite regeneration after pretreatment with RNA synthesis inhibitors or withdrawal of NGF. Such findings suggest that (i) initiation of neurite outgrowth requires NGF-stimulated, RNA synthesis-dependent accumulation of intracellular material(s), (ii) once such accumulation occurs, RNA synthesis-independent regeneration can occur (but only in the presence of NGF), and (iii) the turnover of such material(s) in the absence of their replacement leads to loss of the capacity for regeneration. A tentative sequence is presented for the events whereby NGF may stimulate neurite outgrowth.", "contents": "Evidence for RNA synthesis-dependent and -independent pathways in stimulation of neurite outgrowth by nerve growth factor. Studies on the mechanism of action of nerve growth factor (NGF) were carried out with PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. PC12 cells are uniquely useful for such studies because they respond to, but (unlike normal neurons) do not require, NGF and may undergo either generation or regeneration of neurites in response to NGF. Regeneration is defined here as NGF-dependent regrowth of neurites within 24 hr after subculture of NGF-treated PC12 cells. As in cultures of normal NGF-responsive neurons, neurite regeneration by PC12 cells occurs even in the presence of high concentrations of RNA synthesis inhibitors. Generation of neurites is defined as the de novo initiation of outgrowth when PC12 cells are exposed to NGF for the first time. In contrast to regeneration, neurite generation takes place with a lag of at least 24 hr and is blocked by low concentrations of RNA synthesis inhibitors. Such findings suggest that there are both RNA synthesis-dependent and -independent pathways in the mechanism whereby NGF stimulates neurite outgrowth. In addition, NGF-treated PC12 cells undergo a time-dependent loss of the capacity for neurite regeneration after pretreatment with RNA synthesis inhibitors or withdrawal of NGF. Such findings suggest that (i) initiation of neurite outgrowth requires NGF-stimulated, RNA synthesis-dependent accumulation of intracellular material(s), (ii) once such accumulation occurs, RNA synthesis-independent regeneration can occur (but only in the presence of NGF), and (iii) the turnover of such material(s) in the absence of their replacement leads to loss of the capacity for regeneration. A tentative sequence is presented for the events whereby NGF may stimulate neurite outgrowth.", "PMID": 310552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2575", "title": "H-2 complementation in anti-H-Y cytotoxic T-cell responses can occur in chimeric mice.", "content": "Cytotoxic T-cell responses against the H-Y antigen in mice are under the control of major histocompatibility complex genes. Not only must cytotoxic T cells recognize both H-Y antigens and \"self\" H-2K/D molecules to lyse male target cells, but also \"appropriate association\" between H-Y antigens and H-2K/D antigens is required to induce such cytotoxic responses. Furthermore, it is suggested that appropriate association with H-2-I antigens may also be required to generate H-Y specific helper cells for the cytotoxic response. BALB/c(KdIdDd) mice are nonresponders against syngeneic H-Y antigens, because they lack appropriate associative H-2K/D antigens. This results in the failure of generation of anti H-Y cytotoxic cells, although helper cells may be induced. F1 hybrid mice (BALB/c X C3H/He)F1 or H-2 recombinant mice C3H-OH(KdIdDk) are responders, because H-2Dk (and H-2Kk in the F1) molecules offer appropriate association to H-Y antigens. We here report that allophenic chimeras (H-2d reversible H-2k) and irradiation bone marrow chimeras [H-2d + H-2k leads to F1(H-2d X H-2k)] generate anti-H-Y cytotoxic responses but that cells of the BALB/c(H-2d) genotype comprise most if not all of the cytotoxic cells. A working model is proposed to account for major histocompatibility complex control over anti-H-Y cytotoxic T-cell responses.", "contents": "H-2 complementation in anti-H-Y cytotoxic T-cell responses can occur in chimeric mice. Cytotoxic T-cell responses against the H-Y antigen in mice are under the control of major histocompatibility complex genes. Not only must cytotoxic T cells recognize both H-Y antigens and \"self\" H-2K/D molecules to lyse male target cells, but also \"appropriate association\" between H-Y antigens and H-2K/D antigens is required to induce such cytotoxic responses. Furthermore, it is suggested that appropriate association with H-2-I antigens may also be required to generate H-Y specific helper cells for the cytotoxic response. BALB/c(KdIdDd) mice are nonresponders against syngeneic H-Y antigens, because they lack appropriate associative H-2K/D antigens. This results in the failure of generation of anti H-Y cytotoxic cells, although helper cells may be induced. F1 hybrid mice (BALB/c X C3H/He)F1 or H-2 recombinant mice C3H-OH(KdIdDk) are responders, because H-2Dk (and H-2Kk in the F1) molecules offer appropriate association to H-Y antigens. We here report that allophenic chimeras (H-2d reversible H-2k) and irradiation bone marrow chimeras [H-2d + H-2k leads to F1(H-2d X H-2k)] generate anti-H-Y cytotoxic responses but that cells of the BALB/c(H-2d) genotype comprise most if not all of the cytotoxic cells. A working model is proposed to account for major histocompatibility complex control over anti-H-Y cytotoxic T-cell responses.", "PMID": 310553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2576", "title": "Effects of various periods of food deprivation on serotonin synthesis in the lateral hypothalamus.", "content": "One hr following an infusion of 3H-L-tryptophan, the lateral hypothalamus was perfused with physiological bacteriostatic saline for 40 min. Samples of perfusate, which corresponded to 75--90 min post-infusion, were analyzed by thin layer chromatography for estimation of 3H-labelled L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine. The results indicate that tryptophan uptake and serotonin synthesis are enhanced as a function of hours of food deprivation.", "contents": "Effects of various periods of food deprivation on serotonin synthesis in the lateral hypothalamus. One hr following an infusion of 3H-L-tryptophan, the lateral hypothalamus was perfused with physiological bacteriostatic saline for 40 min. Samples of perfusate, which corresponded to 75--90 min post-infusion, were analyzed by thin layer chromatography for estimation of 3H-labelled L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine. The results indicate that tryptophan uptake and serotonin synthesis are enhanced as a function of hours of food deprivation.", "PMID": 310558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2577", "title": "Synergistic action of p-chloroamphetamine and fluoxetine on food and water consumption patterns in the rat.", "content": "The distribution of eating, drinking and body weight changes during the 24 hr day were examined following brain 5-HT depletion with p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). Following a baseline period, measurements of food and water intakes and body weights were recorded 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 20 and 24 hr following PCA, 5.0 mg/kg, or saline. Other animals were pretreated with fluoxetine, 10.0 mg/kg, prior to either PCA or saline in an attempt to block the PCA effects. The results indicate acute hypophagia, hypodipsia, and body weight losses. These decreases were not influenced by the time of day when PCA was administered. Pretreatment with fluoxetine enhanced rather than blocked these effects. No long term changes in ingestive behavior were seen. These results are discussed with respect to the possible role of 5-HT in the control of ingestive behavior.", "contents": "Synergistic action of p-chloroamphetamine and fluoxetine on food and water consumption patterns in the rat. The distribution of eating, drinking and body weight changes during the 24 hr day were examined following brain 5-HT depletion with p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). Following a baseline period, measurements of food and water intakes and body weights were recorded 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 20 and 24 hr following PCA, 5.0 mg/kg, or saline. Other animals were pretreated with fluoxetine, 10.0 mg/kg, prior to either PCA or saline in an attempt to block the PCA effects. The results indicate acute hypophagia, hypodipsia, and body weight losses. These decreases were not influenced by the time of day when PCA was administered. Pretreatment with fluoxetine enhanced rather than blocked these effects. No long term changes in ingestive behavior were seen. These results are discussed with respect to the possible role of 5-HT in the control of ingestive behavior.", "PMID": 310559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2578", "title": "Implementation of the problem-oriented progress note in a skilled nursing facility.", "content": "Problem-oriented style progress notes were implemented in a skilled nursing facility where problem-oriented medical records were not in use. The problem-oriented note consists of subjective information, objective information, analysis or assessment of the problems, and plan for treatment, and is called a SOAP note. Six physical and occupational therapists used the method of note writing for an eight-week trial period. The author audited the records for errors in using the SOAP note throughout the experimental period. Therapists responded to a questionnaire following the study to assess their attitudes on using the SOAP note. Implementation of the problem-oriented progress note was satisfactory, with the exception of defining the problem list. The therapists reacted positively toward using the problem-oriented method of recording patient progress or status and recommended that its use be taught to physical and occupational therapy students.", "contents": "Implementation of the problem-oriented progress note in a skilled nursing facility. Problem-oriented style progress notes were implemented in a skilled nursing facility where problem-oriented medical records were not in use. The problem-oriented note consists of subjective information, objective information, analysis or assessment of the problems, and plan for treatment, and is called a SOAP note. Six physical and occupational therapists used the method of note writing for an eight-week trial period. The author audited the records for errors in using the SOAP note throughout the experimental period. Therapists responded to a questionnaire following the study to assess their attitudes on using the SOAP note. Implementation of the problem-oriented progress note was satisfactory, with the exception of defining the problem list. The therapists reacted positively toward using the problem-oriented method of recording patient progress or status and recommended that its use be taught to physical and occupational therapy students.", "PMID": 310560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2579", "title": "A Concord chair for improved contrast ventriculography.", "content": "This paper describes the adaptation of the G.E.C. Concord X-ray couch for controlled contrast ventriculography. The addition of a chair fixture and head-fixing device coupled with a suitable radiographic procedure has made contrast ventriculography a fairly simple and sure technique.", "contents": "A Concord chair for improved contrast ventriculography. This paper describes the adaptation of the G.E.C. Concord X-ray couch for controlled contrast ventriculography. The addition of a chair fixture and head-fixing device coupled with a suitable radiographic procedure has made contrast ventriculography a fairly simple and sure technique.", "PMID": 310562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2580", "title": "Cerebellopontine angle tumor: diagnosis by oblique projection vertebral angiography.", "content": "Oblique projection vertebral angiography is the simplest and most accurate angiographic method of detecting small cerebellopontine angle tumors. The vascular blood supply to the tumor and brainstem is displayed as the surgeon will encounter it during lateral suboccipital craniotomy. The procedure is comfortable for the patient, technically easy to perform, and reproducible. Interpretation is relatively unaffected by variations in vascular anatomy or superimposed vessel or bone images. This method can be used to supplement routine views, or be performed alone with stereoscopic filming.", "contents": "Cerebellopontine angle tumor: diagnosis by oblique projection vertebral angiography. Oblique projection vertebral angiography is the simplest and most accurate angiographic method of detecting small cerebellopontine angle tumors. The vascular blood supply to the tumor and brainstem is displayed as the surgeon will encounter it during lateral suboccipital craniotomy. The procedure is comfortable for the patient, technically easy to perform, and reproducible. Interpretation is relatively unaffected by variations in vascular anatomy or superimposed vessel or bone images. This method can be used to supplement routine views, or be performed alone with stereoscopic filming.", "PMID": 310563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2581", "title": "Factors affecting the development of penicillamine side-effects.", "content": "Characteristics of patients on penicillamine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis were correlated with the occurrence of different side-effects. Patients developing proteinuria tended to have lower sheep-cell agglutination test titres prior to therapy, but no other correlations were found. It is postulated that rheumatoid factor reacts with immune complexes, causing their precipitation and reducing renal glomerular deposition and therefore the incidence of proteinuria. Penicillamine would surely be the first choice of anti-rheumatic therapy if it were not for its side-effects. It is capable of controlling the disease, but in many cases treatment must be interrupted because of some potentially serious side-effects, such as thrombocytopenia, rash or nephropathy. Understanding the mode of action of a drug may lead to the development of new and better compounds. Similarly, understanding the mechanism of the side-effects may lead to their elimination. This survey was designed to identify factors which influenced the development of particular side-effects in patients receiving penicillamine for rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Factors affecting the development of penicillamine side-effects. Characteristics of patients on penicillamine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis were correlated with the occurrence of different side-effects. Patients developing proteinuria tended to have lower sheep-cell agglutination test titres prior to therapy, but no other correlations were found. It is postulated that rheumatoid factor reacts with immune complexes, causing their precipitation and reducing renal glomerular deposition and therefore the incidence of proteinuria. Penicillamine would surely be the first choice of anti-rheumatic therapy if it were not for its side-effects. It is capable of controlling the disease, but in many cases treatment must be interrupted because of some potentially serious side-effects, such as thrombocytopenia, rash or nephropathy. Understanding the mode of action of a drug may lead to the development of new and better compounds. Similarly, understanding the mechanism of the side-effects may lead to their elimination. This survey was designed to identify factors which influenced the development of particular side-effects in patients receiving penicillamine for rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 310574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2582", "title": "Mixed connective tissue disease in children.", "content": "A diagnosis of Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) had been made in five juveniles in the past two years. All have antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) component of extractable fluorescence pattern. No child has had life-threatening complications, though three have required steroids to control their symptoms. Antibodies to ENA were looked for in the other sub-groups of Juvenile Chronic Arthritis (JCA); only two of 75 patients with chronic iridocyclitis and antinuclear antibodies had weakly positive tests.", "contents": "Mixed connective tissue disease in children. A diagnosis of Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) had been made in five juveniles in the past two years. All have antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) component of extractable fluorescence pattern. No child has had life-threatening complications, though three have required steroids to control their symptoms. Antibodies to ENA were looked for in the other sub-groups of Juvenile Chronic Arthritis (JCA); only two of 75 patients with chronic iridocyclitis and antinuclear antibodies had weakly positive tests.", "PMID": 310575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2583", "title": "Biochemical characteristics of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Glucocorticoid receptors, B and T lymphocyte surface markers, concanavalin A-induced agglutination and thymidine incorporation.", "content": "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has a variable clinical course and there is a great need of new prognostic laboratory parameters in this disease. 24 CLL patients were subjected to routine haematological and clinical investigation. The leukaemic cells were analyzed for surface immunoglobulins, complement and sheep red blood cell receptors, Concanavalin A-induced agglutination, cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor and for proliferative activity by measurement of tritiated thymidine incorporation. The surface markers studied indicated that all cases were of B-cell origin. Only 5 of 23 patients studied had normal serum immunoglobulin levels. These cases showed a nonprogressive disease. 8 patients had increased infection tendency, all of whom had subnormal IgG levels; 4 of them also had subnormal IgA and IgM and 2 had subnormal IgA levels. 5 out of 6 patients with progressive disease and 3 of 11 with nonprogressive disease had an increased proliferative index, indicating a correlation between this parameter and disease progression. ConA agglutinability was not correlated to disease activity. Cells from 17 of 22 patients showed measurable amounts of glucocorticoid receptor. The 5 patients lacking this receptor had inactive disease.", "contents": "Biochemical characteristics of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Glucocorticoid receptors, B and T lymphocyte surface markers, concanavalin A-induced agglutination and thymidine incorporation. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has a variable clinical course and there is a great need of new prognostic laboratory parameters in this disease. 24 CLL patients were subjected to routine haematological and clinical investigation. The leukaemic cells were analyzed for surface immunoglobulins, complement and sheep red blood cell receptors, Concanavalin A-induced agglutination, cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor and for proliferative activity by measurement of tritiated thymidine incorporation. The surface markers studied indicated that all cases were of B-cell origin. Only 5 of 23 patients studied had normal serum immunoglobulin levels. These cases showed a nonprogressive disease. 8 patients had increased infection tendency, all of whom had subnormal IgG levels; 4 of them also had subnormal IgA and IgM and 2 had subnormal IgA levels. 5 out of 6 patients with progressive disease and 3 of 11 with nonprogressive disease had an increased proliferative index, indicating a correlation between this parameter and disease progression. ConA agglutinability was not correlated to disease activity. Cells from 17 of 22 patients showed measurable amounts of glucocorticoid receptor. The 5 patients lacking this receptor had inactive disease.", "PMID": 310576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2584", "title": "[Severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: clinical observations of 21 patients].", "content": "The disease course is described in 21 patients with low serum concentrations of alpha1-antitrypsin of the phenotype Z (genotype pi ZZ). 13 of these patients have long-standing disease characterized by bronchitis or dyspnea beginning before the age of 40 and progressing to emphysema (11 patients) and to corpulmonale (7 patients). The remaining 8 patients are children with hepatopathy characterized by prolonged jaundice at birth, persistent hepatomegaly and persistently elevated liver enzymes. In 2 children, the evolution to cirrhosis was ascertained by biopsy.", "contents": "[Severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: clinical observations of 21 patients]. The disease course is described in 21 patients with low serum concentrations of alpha1-antitrypsin of the phenotype Z (genotype pi ZZ). 13 of these patients have long-standing disease characterized by bronchitis or dyspnea beginning before the age of 40 and progressing to emphysema (11 patients) and to corpulmonale (7 patients). The remaining 8 patients are children with hepatopathy characterized by prolonged jaundice at birth, persistent hepatomegaly and persistently elevated liver enzymes. In 2 children, the evolution to cirrhosis was ascertained by biopsy.", "PMID": 310577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2585", "title": "[A new functional interpretation of malignant lymphomas. The Lukes-Collins classification and its basis].", "content": "The revolutionary developments in immunology have profoundly altered our understanding of malignant lymphomas as tumors of the immune system. The current commonly used classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas do not take this new evidence into account and often contain cytologically heterogenous types. The new functional approach to lymphomas and the classification proposed by LUKES and COLLINS in 1974 separate the malignant lymphomas into better defined cytologic types and relate them to the presently known functional lymphocyte subtypes. It is therefore morphologically more accurate and biologically more meaningful than the present Rappaport nomenclature. This review discusses the morphologic and immunologic foundation of the Lukes-Collins concept and compares their classification with the other major currently used nomenclatures, mainly the one of RAPPAPORT. Special reference is made to the Kiel nomenclature which is very similar to the Lukes-Collins approach and is better known in Europe. Technical methods necessary to apply the Lukes-Collins concept are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[A new functional interpretation of malignant lymphomas. The Lukes-Collins classification and its basis]. The revolutionary developments in immunology have profoundly altered our understanding of malignant lymphomas as tumors of the immune system. The current commonly used classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas do not take this new evidence into account and often contain cytologically heterogenous types. The new functional approach to lymphomas and the classification proposed by LUKES and COLLINS in 1974 separate the malignant lymphomas into better defined cytologic types and relate them to the presently known functional lymphocyte subtypes. It is therefore morphologically more accurate and biologically more meaningful than the present Rappaport nomenclature. This review discusses the morphologic and immunologic foundation of the Lukes-Collins concept and compares their classification with the other major currently used nomenclatures, mainly the one of RAPPAPORT. Special reference is made to the Kiel nomenclature which is very similar to the Lukes-Collins approach and is better known in Europe. Technical methods necessary to apply the Lukes-Collins concept are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 310578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2586", "title": "An operational model to achieve accountability for social work in health care.", "content": "This paper describes a social work accountability structure developed and implemented at the Social Service Department of University of Minnesota Hospitals. The structure is founded in a framework derived from Management by Objectives and is composed of the following elements: (a) a transaction-based Management Information System; (b) service definitions developed by the Southern Regional Educational Board; (c) problem identification and record keeping with Problem-Oriented Medical Records; and (d) outcome evaluation through Goal Attainment Scaling. The purpose of the structure is to monitor and document departmental activities, providing feedback reports to staff, management reports to the director, and summary reports to hospital administration. The structure is not a response to a particular set of organizational problems, but an attempt to develop a coherent operational model to guide department development, remaining responsive to future as well as current needs.", "contents": "An operational model to achieve accountability for social work in health care. This paper describes a social work accountability structure developed and implemented at the Social Service Department of University of Minnesota Hospitals. The structure is founded in a framework derived from Management by Objectives and is composed of the following elements: (a) a transaction-based Management Information System; (b) service definitions developed by the Southern Regional Educational Board; (c) problem identification and record keeping with Problem-Oriented Medical Records; and (d) outcome evaluation through Goal Attainment Scaling. The purpose of the structure is to monitor and document departmental activities, providing feedback reports to staff, management reports to the director, and summary reports to hospital administration. The structure is not a response to a particular set of organizational problems, but an attempt to develop a coherent operational model to guide department development, remaining responsive to future as well as current needs.", "PMID": 310581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2587", "title": "The social work stake in problem-oriented recording.", "content": "Pressure for adoption of Problem-Oriented Recording (POR) is coming from various sources outside of the helping professions: from commercial third-party payers who have a legitmate need to scrutinize claims for payment; from all levels of government, out of concern for cost containment and for decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources; and from consumers and others who demand quality assurance and accountability mechanisms. POR is an ecological approach that promotes the concept of comprehensive health care. As social work is concerned with both the person and his environment, with the causes and the sequelae of illness and the interrelationship of problems, this problem-oriented approach is of immense interest to the profession. The social worker in an ecologically oriented health care system immediately becomes a more significant provider of health care.", "contents": "The social work stake in problem-oriented recording. Pressure for adoption of Problem-Oriented Recording (POR) is coming from various sources outside of the helping professions: from commercial third-party payers who have a legitmate need to scrutinize claims for payment; from all levels of government, out of concern for cost containment and for decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources; and from consumers and others who demand quality assurance and accountability mechanisms. POR is an ecological approach that promotes the concept of comprehensive health care. As social work is concerned with both the person and his environment, with the causes and the sequelae of illness and the interrelationship of problems, this problem-oriented approach is of immense interest to the profession. The social worker in an ecologically oriented health care system immediately becomes a more significant provider of health care.", "PMID": 310582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2588", "title": "Dissociation of factor VIII in the presence of proteolytic inhibitors.", "content": "When gel filtration of factor VIII is performed with buffers of high ionic strength (1.0 M NaCl or 0.25 M CaCl2), the procoagulant activity elutes with proteins of relatively low molecular weight. It has been suggested that in the presence of proteolytic inhibitors, the procoagulant activity would appear at the void volume. To test this hypothesis, chromatography with buffers of high ionic strength was performed in the presence of benzamidine hydrochloride, soy bean trypsin inhibitor, heparin, DFP, and aprotinin. Under all of these conditions, the procoagulant activity continued to elute with proteins of low molecular weight. Similar findings were obtained after chromatographing cryoprecipitate prepared from the plasma of a normal subject who had received heparin. Thus, at present there is no direct evidence to suggest that proteolysis is involved in the dissociation of factor VIII by buffers of high ionic strength.", "contents": "Dissociation of factor VIII in the presence of proteolytic inhibitors. When gel filtration of factor VIII is performed with buffers of high ionic strength (1.0 M NaCl or 0.25 M CaCl2), the procoagulant activity elutes with proteins of relatively low molecular weight. It has been suggested that in the presence of proteolytic inhibitors, the procoagulant activity would appear at the void volume. To test this hypothesis, chromatography with buffers of high ionic strength was performed in the presence of benzamidine hydrochloride, soy bean trypsin inhibitor, heparin, DFP, and aprotinin. Under all of these conditions, the procoagulant activity continued to elute with proteins of low molecular weight. Similar findings were obtained after chromatographing cryoprecipitate prepared from the plasma of a normal subject who had received heparin. Thus, at present there is no direct evidence to suggest that proteolysis is involved in the dissociation of factor VIII by buffers of high ionic strength.", "PMID": 310586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2589", "title": "Altered factor VIII complexes in patients with acute respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "Acute respiratory failure is an often-fatal syndrome of multiple etiologies in which altered factor VIII may be a marker of endothelial disease. 12 women with overwhelming viral pneumonia were studied with serial factor VIII antigen, procoagulant activity, and von Willebrand's factor assays. Antigen levels were elevated (range: 86--1644%) out of proportion to procoagulant activity (range: 35--521% by a one-stage assay), and factor VIII antigen to activity ratios were as high as 16:1. Von Willebrand's factor was normal but correlated best with procoagulant activity. All patients had abnormal antigen patterns on crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with increases in protein of both fast and slow mobility. These changes in factor VIII correlated with the patient's clinical courses.", "contents": "Altered factor VIII complexes in patients with acute respiratory insufficiency. Acute respiratory failure is an often-fatal syndrome of multiple etiologies in which altered factor VIII may be a marker of endothelial disease. 12 women with overwhelming viral pneumonia were studied with serial factor VIII antigen, procoagulant activity, and von Willebrand's factor assays. Antigen levels were elevated (range: 86--1644%) out of proportion to procoagulant activity (range: 35--521% by a one-stage assay), and factor VIII antigen to activity ratios were as high as 16:1. Von Willebrand's factor was normal but correlated best with procoagulant activity. All patients had abnormal antigen patterns on crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with increases in protein of both fast and slow mobility. These changes in factor VIII correlated with the patient's clinical courses.", "PMID": 310587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2590", "title": "Corneal dystrophies. II. Endothelial dystrophies.", "content": "In general, endothelial dystrophies present three types of clinical manifestations: 1) production of collagenous tissue posterior to Descemet's membrane which appears as cornea guttata, polymorphic excrescences or gray sheets; 2) a disrupted endothelial mosaic in specular reflection; and 3) corneal edema as a reflection of decreased endothelial barrier and pump functions. In this review, the authors discuss three endothelial dystrophies -- Fuchs', posterior polymorphous and congenital hereditary. They describe the clinical, histopathologic and biochemical features, and illustrate each dystrophy with a composite drawing. Dystrophies of the epithelium, Bowman's layer, and stroma were reviewed separately in the September-October 1978 issue of this journal.", "contents": "Corneal dystrophies. II. Endothelial dystrophies. In general, endothelial dystrophies present three types of clinical manifestations: 1) production of collagenous tissue posterior to Descemet's membrane which appears as cornea guttata, polymorphic excrescences or gray sheets; 2) a disrupted endothelial mosaic in specular reflection; and 3) corneal edema as a reflection of decreased endothelial barrier and pump functions. In this review, the authors discuss three endothelial dystrophies -- Fuchs', posterior polymorphous and congenital hereditary. They describe the clinical, histopathologic and biochemical features, and illustrate each dystrophy with a composite drawing. Dystrophies of the epithelium, Bowman's layer, and stroma were reviewed separately in the September-October 1978 issue of this journal.", "PMID": 310583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2591", "title": "[Internistic risk patients in dental treatment].", "content": "From the viewpoint of internal medicine, the author deals with risks encountered in the dental treatment of certain patients. Special attention is paid to local anaesthetics and certain risk factors such as chronic ischaemic disease, pacemaker, hypertension, and circulatory lability. Furthermore, haemorrhages are treated with special regard to haemophilia. The group of the diabetics requires consideration. The significance of endocrine diseases, allergies and vegetative disorders should not be underrated.", "contents": "[Internistic risk patients in dental treatment]. From the viewpoint of internal medicine, the author deals with risks encountered in the dental treatment of certain patients. Special attention is paid to local anaesthetics and certain risk factors such as chronic ischaemic disease, pacemaker, hypertension, and circulatory lability. Furthermore, haemorrhages are treated with special regard to haemophilia. The group of the diabetics requires consideration. The significance of endocrine diseases, allergies and vegetative disorders should not be underrated.", "PMID": 310590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2592", "title": "[Analysis of hemorrhagic diatheses treated in hospital].", "content": "An analysis of the patients hospitalized for haemorrhagic diatheses during the years 1970--1976 leads to the statement that their number had been increasing. It is concluded that the number of stationary treatments might by considerably reduced by regular stomatological check-ups of these patients. Therefore, the authors advocate the establishment of several facilities for regular stomatological check-ups of this group of patients in each district of the GDR.", "contents": "[Analysis of hemorrhagic diatheses treated in hospital]. An analysis of the patients hospitalized for haemorrhagic diatheses during the years 1970--1976 leads to the statement that their number had been increasing. It is concluded that the number of stationary treatments might by considerably reduced by regular stomatological check-ups of these patients. Therefore, the authors advocate the establishment of several facilities for regular stomatological check-ups of this group of patients in each district of the GDR.", "PMID": 310591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2593", "title": "[The orofacial manifestation of various hemoblastoses].", "content": "In everyday practice the stomatologist is sometimes confronted with symptoms that are indicative of malignant diseases. For malignant lymphoma, lymphogranulomatosis and myeloic leucosis, as examples, the authors present in tabular form orofacial symptoms such as bleedings, gingival hyperplasia, ulcerations and others, the occurrence of which requires diagnostic assessment.", "contents": "[The orofacial manifestation of various hemoblastoses]. In everyday practice the stomatologist is sometimes confronted with symptoms that are indicative of malignant diseases. For malignant lymphoma, lymphogranulomatosis and myeloic leucosis, as examples, the authors present in tabular form orofacial symptoms such as bleedings, gingival hyperplasia, ulcerations and others, the occurrence of which requires diagnostic assessment.", "PMID": 310592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2594", "title": "Antigens in human monocytes. III. Use of monocytes in typing for HLA-D related (DR) antigens.", "content": "Monocyte preparations were obtained from the peripheral blood by adherence to plastic dishes. The number of monocytes obtained was significantly greater than the number of B cells recovered from similar samples. Monocytes could be frozen and thawed with relatively little loss in cell numbers or viability. Cytotoxicity tests were performed most reliably at 20 degrees C. Under these conditions, autoantibodies were rare, and normal sera were consistently negative. Serologic reactions obtained with monocytes correlated well with the known specificities of the monocyte panel. Typing results in both normal and diseased populations were similar to results obtained with B lymphocytes. Moreover monocyte cytotoxicity tests were more convenient and easier to read than similar tests performed with B cells.", "contents": "Antigens in human monocytes. III. Use of monocytes in typing for HLA-D related (DR) antigens. Monocyte preparations were obtained from the peripheral blood by adherence to plastic dishes. The number of monocytes obtained was significantly greater than the number of B cells recovered from similar samples. Monocytes could be frozen and thawed with relatively little loss in cell numbers or viability. Cytotoxicity tests were performed most reliably at 20 degrees C. Under these conditions, autoantibodies were rare, and normal sera were consistently negative. Serologic reactions obtained with monocytes correlated well with the known specificities of the monocyte panel. Typing results in both normal and diseased populations were similar to results obtained with B lymphocytes. Moreover monocyte cytotoxicity tests were more convenient and easier to read than similar tests performed with B cells.", "PMID": 310596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2595", "title": "Structure analysis of small proteins by electron microscopy: valinomycin, bacitracin and low molecular weight cell growth stimulators.", "content": "Dark field electron microscopy was combined with optical filtering to study at high resolution the structure of the cyclopeptide antibiotics, bacitracin and valinomycin, and two proteins of unknown structure, LMW-CSA N and B, low molecular weight granulocyte colony stimulating activity isolated from medium conditioned with normal or leukemic leukocytes. For bacitracin and valinomycin the images faithfully represented the known structural features at a resolution of 0.5 nm or better, depicting a two-ring structure for bacitracin, as well as the position of the potassium ion in valinomycin. Both proteins of unknown structrue had at least one cyclic peptide portion. LMW-CSA N had a size of 2.0 nm, LMW-CSA B of 2.4 nm. A potential site of the calcium ionophoric activity in the latter protein was found to be in the larger of the two ring portions constituting the molecule.", "contents": "Structure analysis of small proteins by electron microscopy: valinomycin, bacitracin and low molecular weight cell growth stimulators. Dark field electron microscopy was combined with optical filtering to study at high resolution the structure of the cyclopeptide antibiotics, bacitracin and valinomycin, and two proteins of unknown structure, LMW-CSA N and B, low molecular weight granulocyte colony stimulating activity isolated from medium conditioned with normal or leukemic leukocytes. For bacitracin and valinomycin the images faithfully represented the known structural features at a resolution of 0.5 nm or better, depicting a two-ring structure for bacitracin, as well as the position of the potassium ion in valinomycin. Both proteins of unknown structrue had at least one cyclic peptide portion. LMW-CSA N had a size of 2.0 nm, LMW-CSA B of 2.4 nm. A potential site of the calcium ionophoric activity in the latter protein was found to be in the larger of the two ring portions constituting the molecule.", "PMID": 310598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2596", "title": "[Spontaneous rosette test in peptic ulcer of the stomach and stomach cancer].", "content": "The authors present the results from the study of the cellular immunoreactivity of immunocompetent lymphoid cells in 23 patients with gastric carcinoma and 30 patients with ulcer disease of the stomach, by applying the test for the confirmation of rosette-forming T-lymphocytes, according to the method of Bach and Lay. A significantly decreased number of T-lymphocytes was found both in case of ulcer disease of the stomach and gastric carcinoma. Best manifested is the depression of the cellular immunoreactivity in gastric carcinoma and it corresponds to the degree of the generalization of the process.", "contents": "[Spontaneous rosette test in peptic ulcer of the stomach and stomach cancer]. The authors present the results from the study of the cellular immunoreactivity of immunocompetent lymphoid cells in 23 patients with gastric carcinoma and 30 patients with ulcer disease of the stomach, by applying the test for the confirmation of rosette-forming T-lymphocytes, according to the method of Bach and Lay. A significantly decreased number of T-lymphocytes was found both in case of ulcer disease of the stomach and gastric carcinoma. Best manifested is the depression of the cellular immunoreactivity in gastric carcinoma and it corresponds to the degree of the generalization of the process.", "PMID": 310602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2597", "title": "[Coronary heart disease; surgical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Aspects of indication, of the surgical technique as well as long-term results are discussed on the basis of own experiences in 279 coronary artery operations. Patients suffering from unstable angina pectoris should be operated on as soon as possible. In cases with stable angina pectoris due to a triple vessel disease the long-term results are better with surgery than without.", "contents": "[Coronary heart disease; surgical aspects (author's transl)]. Aspects of indication, of the surgical technique as well as long-term results are discussed on the basis of own experiences in 279 coronary artery operations. Patients suffering from unstable angina pectoris should be operated on as soon as possible. In cases with stable angina pectoris due to a triple vessel disease the long-term results are better with surgery than without.", "PMID": 310607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2598", "title": "The effect of serum and allogeneic antiglobulin preparations on the mitogenic reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In vitro transofrmation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was found to be decreased in 17 RA patients. The addition of 50 microliter RA serum or serum from normal controls exhibited an inhibitory effect on the mitogenic reactivity to Con A but not to PHA of both normal and RA patient's PBL. Allogeneic antiglobulin preparations (a-Ig) stimulated the spontaneous in vitro DNA synthesis of PBL from normal control and, to a smaller degree, also from RA patients. The simultaneous addition of a-Ig's and mitogens to PBL of normal controls and RA patients did not exhibit a significant effect on the mitogenic reactivity.", "contents": "The effect of serum and allogeneic antiglobulin preparations on the mitogenic reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In vitro transofrmation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was found to be decreased in 17 RA patients. The addition of 50 microliter RA serum or serum from normal controls exhibited an inhibitory effect on the mitogenic reactivity to Con A but not to PHA of both normal and RA patient's PBL. Allogeneic antiglobulin preparations (a-Ig) stimulated the spontaneous in vitro DNA synthesis of PBL from normal control and, to a smaller degree, also from RA patients. The simultaneous addition of a-Ig's and mitogens to PBL of normal controls and RA patients did not exhibit a significant effect on the mitogenic reactivity.", "PMID": 310604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2599", "title": "HLA-B27-positive oligarthritis.", "content": "68 cases with polyarthritis were selected from 406 HLA B 27 positive patients with various rheumatic diseases excluding ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or Reiter's disease. 23 fulfilled at least 5 criteria of the ARA for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 5 suffered from polyarthritis and psoriasis. The remaining 40 patients expressed an asymmetric oligarthritis especially of the lower limbs (knee, ankle) affecting predominantly young adult men. Sacroiliitis was observed in 10 cases. Joint erosions, rheumatoid factors and visceral manifestations were uncommon. The arthritic pattern of B 27 positive oligarthritis differed clearly from rheumatoid arthritis (n = 34) and psoriatic arthritis (n = 15), but was similar to peripheral joint involvement in AS (n = 32) except for the higher incidence of coxitis in AS. HLA typing is helpful not only in the early diagnosis of AS but also in the differential diagnosis of unclassifiable polyarthritis.", "contents": "HLA-B27-positive oligarthritis. 68 cases with polyarthritis were selected from 406 HLA B 27 positive patients with various rheumatic diseases excluding ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or Reiter's disease. 23 fulfilled at least 5 criteria of the ARA for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 5 suffered from polyarthritis and psoriasis. The remaining 40 patients expressed an asymmetric oligarthritis especially of the lower limbs (knee, ankle) affecting predominantly young adult men. Sacroiliitis was observed in 10 cases. Joint erosions, rheumatoid factors and visceral manifestations were uncommon. The arthritic pattern of B 27 positive oligarthritis differed clearly from rheumatoid arthritis (n = 34) and psoriatic arthritis (n = 15), but was similar to peripheral joint involvement in AS (n = 32) except for the higher incidence of coxitis in AS. HLA typing is helpful not only in the early diagnosis of AS but also in the differential diagnosis of unclassifiable polyarthritis.", "PMID": 310605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2600", "title": "[Mechanical characteristics of isotonic work and high-energy phosphates in frog ventricle after 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene].", "content": "The blocking of the creatinphosphokinase by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) allows to investigate the relationship between ATP-supply, contractility and relaxability of the frog's myocardium. In isotonically working isolated ventricles of frogs the time of work, systolic and diastolic volume, velocity of contraction and relaxation as well as the levels of CP, ATP, ADP and AMP were measured at different intervals until termination of each experiment. CP shows a small variation, ATP decreases to 60% and ADP + AMP increase for the same amount under FDNB during the development of a slight inhibition of contractility and a continuously growing inhibition and retardation of relaxation until systolic arrest. ATP content and volume of relaxation correlated strictly. The contracture and the diminished contractility are caused by the decrease of ATP, producing a lack of substrate for Ca transport and actin-myosin-ATPase. This models the course of events during an insufficiency like in angina pectoris and in myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Mechanical characteristics of isotonic work and high-energy phosphates in frog ventricle after 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene]. The blocking of the creatinphosphokinase by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) allows to investigate the relationship between ATP-supply, contractility and relaxability of the frog's myocardium. In isotonically working isolated ventricles of frogs the time of work, systolic and diastolic volume, velocity of contraction and relaxation as well as the levels of CP, ATP, ADP and AMP were measured at different intervals until termination of each experiment. CP shows a small variation, ATP decreases to 60% and ADP + AMP increase for the same amount under FDNB during the development of a slight inhibition of contractility and a continuously growing inhibition and retardation of relaxation until systolic arrest. ATP content and volume of relaxation correlated strictly. The contracture and the diminished contractility are caused by the decrease of ATP, producing a lack of substrate for Ca transport and actin-myosin-ATPase. This models the course of events during an insufficiency like in angina pectoris and in myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 310611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2601", "title": "[6-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-mercaptopurine, a stronger immunosuppressive drug than 6-mercaptopurine to primary humoral T-cell dependent immune response in mice].", "content": "The suppressive effect of 6-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-mercatopurine (DNP-MP) and 6-mercaptopurine (MP) was investigated on the early primary immune response of mice against the T-cell dependent antigens DNP49-bovine gamma globuline (BGG), sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or FITC8-BCG and the T-cell independent DNP22-Ficoll. The number of IgM antibody forming cells (AbFC) to the hapten determinants and to the SRBCs per 10(6) spleen cells was determined. DNP-MP reduced the number of AbFCs after the immunisation with the T cell dependent antigens always stronger than the MP, independently of the antigen type by which the mice had been immunised. The Anti-DNP22-Ficoll immune response was suppressed equally by both immunosuppressive drugs. DNP-MP is not a specific immunosuppressive drug for the anti-DNP-B-lymphocytes. Helper T-cells and macrophages are discussed as target cells for the stronger unspecific action of DNP-MP.", "contents": "[6-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-mercaptopurine, a stronger immunosuppressive drug than 6-mercaptopurine to primary humoral T-cell dependent immune response in mice]. The suppressive effect of 6-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-mercatopurine (DNP-MP) and 6-mercaptopurine (MP) was investigated on the early primary immune response of mice against the T-cell dependent antigens DNP49-bovine gamma globuline (BGG), sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or FITC8-BCG and the T-cell independent DNP22-Ficoll. The number of IgM antibody forming cells (AbFC) to the hapten determinants and to the SRBCs per 10(6) spleen cells was determined. DNP-MP reduced the number of AbFCs after the immunisation with the T cell dependent antigens always stronger than the MP, independently of the antigen type by which the mice had been immunised. The Anti-DNP22-Ficoll immune response was suppressed equally by both immunosuppressive drugs. DNP-MP is not a specific immunosuppressive drug for the anti-DNP-B-lymphocytes. Helper T-cells and macrophages are discussed as target cells for the stronger unspecific action of DNP-MP.", "PMID": 310612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2602", "title": "[Concentration and composition of gangliosides in portions of the vertebrate brain].", "content": "Studies have been made on gangliosides from various parts of the brain in 5 species of cartilaginous fishes, 2 species of teleosts, 2 amphibian species, 2 avian species and 3 species of mammals. Almost in all the species investigated, the highest content of gangliosides per weight unit of the brain were found in the forebrain (determinations were carried out by sialic acid, sometimes by sphingosine). Ganglioside content of brain structure in warm-blooded animals is higher that in corresponding structures of fishes and amphibia. Comparative studies on ganglioside composition in the brain of fishes and mammals indicate that brain structures exhibit the same pattern of molecular organization, as the whole brain of the species studied (high polysialoganglioside content in teleosts, predominance of gangliosides with a short carbon chain in cartilaginous fishes, etc.). Besides this fact, peculiarities of composition typical of the brain structures were found as well (more polar composition of gangliosides of the cerebellum and some other ones).", "contents": "[Concentration and composition of gangliosides in portions of the vertebrate brain]. Studies have been made on gangliosides from various parts of the brain in 5 species of cartilaginous fishes, 2 species of teleosts, 2 amphibian species, 2 avian species and 3 species of mammals. Almost in all the species investigated, the highest content of gangliosides per weight unit of the brain were found in the forebrain (determinations were carried out by sialic acid, sometimes by sphingosine). Ganglioside content of brain structure in warm-blooded animals is higher that in corresponding structures of fishes and amphibia. Comparative studies on ganglioside composition in the brain of fishes and mammals indicate that brain structures exhibit the same pattern of molecular organization, as the whole brain of the species studied (high polysialoganglioside content in teleosts, predominance of gangliosides with a short carbon chain in cartilaginous fishes, etc.). Besides this fact, peculiarities of composition typical of the brain structures were found as well (more polar composition of gangliosides of the cerebellum and some other ones).", "PMID": 310608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2603", "title": "[Meningiomas of the 3d cerebral ventricle].", "content": "Meningiomas of the third ventricle, especially those located in its anterior part, are a rare occurrence. Two patients with meningiomas of the third ventricle are described. In one of them the tumor was removed successfully. Pneumoencephalography and positive ventriculography are of decisive importance in the diagnosis of these tumors. Analysis of the data in the literature and the authors' personal observations shows that timely removal of these tumors with the use of rational approaches and microsurgical techniques may yield satisfactory results.", "contents": "[Meningiomas of the 3d cerebral ventricle]. Meningiomas of the third ventricle, especially those located in its anterior part, are a rare occurrence. Two patients with meningiomas of the third ventricle are described. In one of them the tumor was removed successfully. Pneumoencephalography and positive ventriculography are of decisive importance in the diagnosis of these tumors. Analysis of the data in the literature and the authors' personal observations shows that timely removal of these tumors with the use of rational approaches and microsurgical techniques may yield satisfactory results.", "PMID": 310609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2604", "title": "[Ventriculography with dimer-X].", "content": "The data of ventriculography using a water-soluble contrast medium Dimer-X are discussed. The examination was conducted on 9 patients with tumors. Clear outlines of the ventricular system were demonstrated. The method is distinguished by high informativeness since in demonstrates all parts of the ventricular system simultaneously and makes it possible to study in dynamics the spreading of the contrast medium along the ventricular system with the use of the roentgenotelevision apparatus. The patients endure the examination well.", "contents": "[Ventriculography with dimer-X]. The data of ventriculography using a water-soluble contrast medium Dimer-X are discussed. The examination was conducted on 9 patients with tumors. Clear outlines of the ventricular system were demonstrated. The method is distinguished by high informativeness since in demonstrates all parts of the ventricular system simultaneously and makes it possible to study in dynamics the spreading of the contrast medium along the ventricular system with the use of the roentgenotelevision apparatus. The patients endure the examination well.", "PMID": 310610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2605", "title": "An electron microscopic investigation on the pathogenesis of human vaginal trichomoniasis.", "content": "The fine structure of Trichomonas vaginalis and its acid phosphatase activity in the vaginal medium was investigated with the aid of the electron microscope. The relationship among trichomonads, desquamated epithelial cells, macrophages and bacteria was examined with special attention directed towards their phagocytic behavior. Acid phosphatase activity was observed in the Golgi apparatus, phagolysosomes and in the chromatic granules of Trichomonas vaginalis. Macrophages and leukocytes also exhibited activity for acid phosphatase, particularly during phagocytosis. Phagocytosis and digestion of epithelial cells and bacteria by trichomonads was demonstrated. The study of trichomonads in the vaginal medium is considered to be an important approach towards the understanding of the pathogenesis of lesions induced by this parasite.", "contents": "An electron microscopic investigation on the pathogenesis of human vaginal trichomoniasis. The fine structure of Trichomonas vaginalis and its acid phosphatase activity in the vaginal medium was investigated with the aid of the electron microscope. The relationship among trichomonads, desquamated epithelial cells, macrophages and bacteria was examined with special attention directed towards their phagocytic behavior. Acid phosphatase activity was observed in the Golgi apparatus, phagolysosomes and in the chromatic granules of Trichomonas vaginalis. Macrophages and leukocytes also exhibited activity for acid phosphatase, particularly during phagocytosis. Phagocytosis and digestion of epithelial cells and bacteria by trichomonads was demonstrated. The study of trichomonads in the vaginal medium is considered to be an important approach towards the understanding of the pathogenesis of lesions induced by this parasite.", "PMID": 310614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2606", "title": "Circulating B and T lymphocytes in chronic active liver disease.", "content": "The number of circulating total lymphocytes and the number of B and T lymphocytes from the blood were estimated in 22 patients with biopsy-verified chronic active liver disease. The total number of lymphocytes and the number of rosette-forming cells (T lymphocytes) were decreased in patients with liver disease. The number of IgG,- IgA- and IgM-bearing lymhocytes (B cells) did not change significantly while the number of null cells increased in patients vs. a control group.", "contents": "Circulating B and T lymphocytes in chronic active liver disease. The number of circulating total lymphocytes and the number of B and T lymphocytes from the blood were estimated in 22 patients with biopsy-verified chronic active liver disease. The total number of lymphocytes and the number of rosette-forming cells (T lymphocytes) were decreased in patients with liver disease. The number of IgG,- IgA- and IgM-bearing lymhocytes (B cells) did not change significantly while the number of null cells increased in patients vs. a control group.", "PMID": 310622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2607", "title": "T lymphocytes in peripheral blood from patients with neurological diseases.", "content": "Absolute and relative numbers of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood were determined in 19 different groups of patients with neurological diseases, using the E-rosette test. A significantly decreased total number of T lymphocytes was found in the following groups: acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS), active multiple sclerosis (MS), and malignant cerebral tumor. A less pronounced and not significant reduction was observed in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In all other groups of patients normal total numbers of T lymphocytes were found, thus indicating that the decrease in T lymphocyte counts in GBS, MS and malignant cerebral tumors is not due to nonspecific injury of nerve tissue.", "contents": "T lymphocytes in peripheral blood from patients with neurological diseases. Absolute and relative numbers of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood were determined in 19 different groups of patients with neurological diseases, using the E-rosette test. A significantly decreased total number of T lymphocytes was found in the following groups: acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS), active multiple sclerosis (MS), and malignant cerebral tumor. A less pronounced and not significant reduction was observed in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In all other groups of patients normal total numbers of T lymphocytes were found, thus indicating that the decrease in T lymphocyte counts in GBS, MS and malignant cerebral tumors is not due to nonspecific injury of nerve tissue.", "PMID": 310624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2608", "title": "Spheroid degeneration of cornea and conjunctiva. Prevalence among Eskimos in Greenland and Caucasians in Copenhagen.", "content": "The incidence of spheroid degeneration has been studied in a series of 659 Eskimos from Arctic South-West Greenland and one of 810 Caucasians in Copenhagen with its temperate climate. The over-all prevalence was highest among the Eskimos (12.3% against 4.1% among the Copenhageners, P less than 0.001). The prevalence was found to be independent of sex, but to rise with increasing age (however, with a fall again after the age of 70 years in Copenhagen). The spheroid deposits were present on the conjunctiva in 74%, on the cornea in 18%, and at both sites in 8%. 71% of the subjects displayed autofluorescent globular deposits. These constituted 10% of the total number of globules. The number of globules per subject averaged 30. Spheroid degeneration was rarely found temporally in Eskimos. Spheroid degenerative processes are most frequently seen in pingueculae, but are not considered bear any relation to pterygium.", "contents": "Spheroid degeneration of cornea and conjunctiva. Prevalence among Eskimos in Greenland and Caucasians in Copenhagen. The incidence of spheroid degeneration has been studied in a series of 659 Eskimos from Arctic South-West Greenland and one of 810 Caucasians in Copenhagen with its temperate climate. The over-all prevalence was highest among the Eskimos (12.3% against 4.1% among the Copenhageners, P less than 0.001). The prevalence was found to be independent of sex, but to rise with increasing age (however, with a fall again after the age of 70 years in Copenhagen). The spheroid deposits were present on the conjunctiva in 74%, on the cornea in 18%, and at both sites in 8%. 71% of the subjects displayed autofluorescent globular deposits. These constituted 10% of the total number of globules. The number of globules per subject averaged 30. Spheroid degeneration was rarely found temporally in Eskimos. Spheroid degenerative processes are most frequently seen in pingueculae, but are not considered bear any relation to pterygium.", "PMID": 310625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2609", "title": "[Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and granulopoietic activity (GA) in various mouse organs].", "content": "The colony stimulating factor and granulopoietic activity were determined in the homogenates of mouse kidney, liver, spleen and bone marrow. The activity of CSF and GA were highest in the kidney. The homogenate of this organ was fractionated then by ultracentrifugation. The distribution of CSF and GA in subcellular fractions and homogenates may suggest that kidney cells are the source of a substance causing, both, colony stimulation and granulopoietic activity.", "contents": "[Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and granulopoietic activity (GA) in various mouse organs]. The colony stimulating factor and granulopoietic activity were determined in the homogenates of mouse kidney, liver, spleen and bone marrow. The activity of CSF and GA were highest in the kidney. The homogenate of this organ was fractionated then by ultracentrifugation. The distribution of CSF and GA in subcellular fractions and homogenates may suggest that kidney cells are the source of a substance causing, both, colony stimulation and granulopoietic activity.", "PMID": 310621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2610", "title": "Age-related changes of thymus--morphological and functional aspects.", "content": "The thymus involutes progressively throughout life, beginning at around the sexual maturation. In long-lived BC3F1 hybrid mice, the thymic capacity to induce T cell differentiation begins to decline earlier than the onset of thymic involution, although the magnitude of the decline is different by the subpopulation of T cells. Morphologically, the most active secretory structure seems to be limited exclusively to the neonatal thymus and certain structural changes, reflective of a decline in secretory function, can be detected early in life and they become more pronounced with age. Heterogeneity of thymic epithelial cells is suggested by the facts that age-related and radiation induced decline of immune activities are different in degree by subpopulation of T cells, and the concept is also supported from a morphological viewpoint. It is thus apparent that age-related thymic involution results in decrease of recruitment of fresh capable T cells and increase of old exhausted T cells, eventually bringing about T cell insufficiency in the aged individuals. Such an impaired immune function in the aged mice can be effectively restored by the combined grafting of young bone marrow and newborn thymus, and the thymus is apparently the most limiting factor in the aged. The biological signficance of age-related thymic involution is also discussed.", "contents": "Age-related changes of thymus--morphological and functional aspects. The thymus involutes progressively throughout life, beginning at around the sexual maturation. In long-lived BC3F1 hybrid mice, the thymic capacity to induce T cell differentiation begins to decline earlier than the onset of thymic involution, although the magnitude of the decline is different by the subpopulation of T cells. Morphologically, the most active secretory structure seems to be limited exclusively to the neonatal thymus and certain structural changes, reflective of a decline in secretory function, can be detected early in life and they become more pronounced with age. Heterogeneity of thymic epithelial cells is suggested by the facts that age-related and radiation induced decline of immune activities are different in degree by subpopulation of T cells, and the concept is also supported from a morphological viewpoint. It is thus apparent that age-related thymic involution results in decrease of recruitment of fresh capable T cells and increase of old exhausted T cells, eventually bringing about T cell insufficiency in the aged individuals. Such an impaired immune function in the aged mice can be effectively restored by the combined grafting of young bone marrow and newborn thymus, and the thymus is apparently the most limiting factor in the aged. The biological signficance of age-related thymic involution is also discussed.", "PMID": 310631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2611", "title": "Visual suppression of caloric nystagmus in cats.", "content": "A newly devised animal box with which caloric tests can be easily performed in the awake cat is presented. This device is also useful for position and optokinetic tests. Visual suppression of caloric nystagmus was investigated in such vertebrates as monkeys, cats and rabbits. There was a definite species difference in the rate of visual suppression of caloric nystagmus. It may be that the difference among species is due to a difference in fixation function among animal species.", "contents": "Visual suppression of caloric nystagmus in cats. A newly devised animal box with which caloric tests can be easily performed in the awake cat is presented. This device is also useful for position and optokinetic tests. Visual suppression of caloric nystagmus was investigated in such vertebrates as monkeys, cats and rabbits. There was a definite species difference in the rate of visual suppression of caloric nystagmus. It may be that the difference among species is due to a difference in fixation function among animal species.", "PMID": 310628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2612", "title": "Acquired von Willebrand's disease caused by a monoclonal antibody.", "content": "A 67-year-old man with malignant lymphoma and acquired von Willebrand's disease is described. His bleeding symptoms started late in life and at this time a monoclonal IgGK serum protein was found. He had a prolonged bleeding time, decreased platelet adhesiveness, low values for factor VIII clotting activity (VIII:C), factor VIII related antigen (VIIIR:Ag) and ristocetin co-factor activity (VIII:Rcof). Infusion of factor VIII concentrates (fraction I-0) did not correct the abnormalities. No inhibitory activity in vitro of the patient's plasma or IgG fraction could be demonstrated against VIII:C, VIIIR:Ag and VIII:Rcof. In order to demonstrate an antibody that binds factor VIII without inhibiting its biological activities in vitro, advantage was taken of the fact that staphylococcal protein A strongly binds the Fc part of IgG molecules. Addition of staphylococci to mixtures of patient IgG and a factor VIII preparation resulted in removal of all factor VIII activities (VIII:C, VIIIR:Ag, VIII:Rcof) from the supernatant at sedimentation of the bacteria. The active binding principle was the M-component, i.e. probably a monospecific antibody molecule. We hypothesize that the complex is formed in vivo and eliminated at an accelerated rate.", "contents": "Acquired von Willebrand's disease caused by a monoclonal antibody. A 67-year-old man with malignant lymphoma and acquired von Willebrand's disease is described. His bleeding symptoms started late in life and at this time a monoclonal IgGK serum protein was found. He had a prolonged bleeding time, decreased platelet adhesiveness, low values for factor VIII clotting activity (VIII:C), factor VIII related antigen (VIIIR:Ag) and ristocetin co-factor activity (VIII:Rcof). Infusion of factor VIII concentrates (fraction I-0) did not correct the abnormalities. No inhibitory activity in vitro of the patient's plasma or IgG fraction could be demonstrated against VIII:C, VIIIR:Ag and VIII:Rcof. In order to demonstrate an antibody that binds factor VIII without inhibiting its biological activities in vitro, advantage was taken of the fact that staphylococcal protein A strongly binds the Fc part of IgG molecules. Addition of staphylococci to mixtures of patient IgG and a factor VIII preparation resulted in removal of all factor VIII activities (VIII:C, VIIIR:Ag, VIII:Rcof) from the supernatant at sedimentation of the bacteria. The active binding principle was the M-component, i.e. probably a monospecific antibody molecule. We hypothesize that the complex is formed in vivo and eliminated at an accelerated rate.", "PMID": 310632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2613", "title": "Autoantibodies and serum immunoglobulins in chronic liver diseases.", "content": "In a prospective consecutive study, 68 patients with various liver diseases and 67 control persons were examined for the occurrence of smooth muscle antibodies (SMA), antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and mitochondrial antibodies (MTA) of IgG, IgA and IgM class. A determination of serum immunoglobulins (S-IgG, S-IgA and S-IgM) was also performed. IgG-SMA in titres of greater than 80 occurred in 8 of 12 patients (67%) with hepatitis B antigen (HBag)-negative chronic active liver disease (CALD) and not in other diseases. Apart from one patient with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), IgG-ANA in titres of greater than 40 were likewise detected only in HBag-negative CALD (33%). The titres of IgG-SMA and IgG-ANA varied analogously with the biochemical liver parametres. There was a mutual exclusion between HBag and IgG-SMA/-ANA in titres of greater than 20, while IgM-SMA occured in titres of 80 in two patients with HBag-positive CALD. The incidence and titres of IgM-SMA and -ANA were not higher than in the controls. IgA-SMA and -ANA were detected only sporadically. The MTA demonstrated were of IgG PCLASS AND TITRES OF GREATER THAN 40 WERE FOUND ONLY IN PATIENTS WITH PBC (4 of 5). Som of the patients in all groups had an increased conenctration of one or more of the serum immunoglobulins. S-IgG levels were found to be significantly higher in CALD than in the other groups", "contents": "Autoantibodies and serum immunoglobulins in chronic liver diseases. In a prospective consecutive study, 68 patients with various liver diseases and 67 control persons were examined for the occurrence of smooth muscle antibodies (SMA), antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and mitochondrial antibodies (MTA) of IgG, IgA and IgM class. A determination of serum immunoglobulins (S-IgG, S-IgA and S-IgM) was also performed. IgG-SMA in titres of greater than 80 occurred in 8 of 12 patients (67%) with hepatitis B antigen (HBag)-negative chronic active liver disease (CALD) and not in other diseases. Apart from one patient with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), IgG-ANA in titres of greater than 40 were likewise detected only in HBag-negative CALD (33%). The titres of IgG-SMA and IgG-ANA varied analogously with the biochemical liver parametres. There was a mutual exclusion between HBag and IgG-SMA/-ANA in titres of greater than 20, while IgM-SMA occured in titres of 80 in two patients with HBag-positive CALD. The incidence and titres of IgM-SMA and -ANA were not higher than in the controls. IgA-SMA and -ANA were detected only sporadically. The MTA demonstrated were of IgG PCLASS AND TITRES OF GREATER THAN 40 WERE FOUND ONLY IN PATIENTS WITH PBC (4 of 5). Som of the patients in all groups had an increased conenctration of one or more of the serum immunoglobulins. S-IgG levels were found to be significantly higher in CALD than in the other groups", "PMID": 310633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2614", "title": "Embryonic and postnatal development of afferent innervation in cat vestibular receptors.", "content": "The maturing process of afferent innervation of the vestibular sensory cells in the cat was studied during both the fetal and postnatal stages. Although the type II cells from the 36th day of gestation already have an innervation similar to that found in the adult, it is not the same for the type I receptor cells. Only 75% have a complete innervation from the 7th postnatal day onwards. Most often, the formation of a continuous nerve calyx is caused by the fusion of the neighbouring membranes of the different dendritic elements belonging to the same neuron. Following the polyneuronal innervation of certain type I cells, numerous competition phenomena can be seen between the fibre endings coming from different neurons. The hypothesis that, during ontogenesis, type I cell innervation passes through a stage which corresponds to type II cell innervation is presented in the Discussion.", "contents": "Embryonic and postnatal development of afferent innervation in cat vestibular receptors. The maturing process of afferent innervation of the vestibular sensory cells in the cat was studied during both the fetal and postnatal stages. Although the type II cells from the 36th day of gestation already have an innervation similar to that found in the adult, it is not the same for the type I receptor cells. Only 75% have a complete innervation from the 7th postnatal day onwards. Most often, the formation of a continuous nerve calyx is caused by the fusion of the neighbouring membranes of the different dendritic elements belonging to the same neuron. Following the polyneuronal innervation of certain type I cells, numerous competition phenomena can be seen between the fibre endings coming from different neurons. The hypothesis that, during ontogenesis, type I cell innervation passes through a stage which corresponds to type II cell innervation is presented in the Discussion.", "PMID": 310629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2615", "title": "Vitamin A status of children in Sri Lanka.", "content": "A representative country-wide rural nutrition status survey determined the extent and distribution of vitamin A deficiency in Sri Lanka in children 6 through 71 months of age. Trained paramedical personnel recorded the presence or absence of selected ophthalmological signs and symptoms associated with vitamin A deficiency in 13,450 children. The results of the country-wide clinical survey indicate that a vitamin A deficiency problem of public health importance may exist in two of 15 health areas. Serum vitamin A levels were determined on 346 survey children from two of 15 health areas and compared with clinical findings for these areas. The lowest mean serum vitamin A, 26.3 microgram/100 ml, occurred in children with clinical eye findings. A high prevalence of clinical eye findings, 34%, and the low mean serum vitamin A value, 28.2 microgram/100 ml, were found in the group of chronically undernourished children--children who are less than 90% of their expected height for age. The survey results enabled planned redirection of the distribution of vitamin A capsules to preschool children in Sri Lanka to areas shown to have the highest prevalences of ophthalmological signs and symptoms and/or the highest prevalence of chronic undernutrition.", "contents": "Vitamin A status of children in Sri Lanka. A representative country-wide rural nutrition status survey determined the extent and distribution of vitamin A deficiency in Sri Lanka in children 6 through 71 months of age. Trained paramedical personnel recorded the presence or absence of selected ophthalmological signs and symptoms associated with vitamin A deficiency in 13,450 children. The results of the country-wide clinical survey indicate that a vitamin A deficiency problem of public health importance may exist in two of 15 health areas. Serum vitamin A levels were determined on 346 survey children from two of 15 health areas and compared with clinical findings for these areas. The lowest mean serum vitamin A, 26.3 microgram/100 ml, occurred in children with clinical eye findings. A high prevalence of clinical eye findings, 34%, and the low mean serum vitamin A value, 28.2 microgram/100 ml, were found in the group of chronically undernourished children--children who are less than 90% of their expected height for age. The survey results enabled planned redirection of the distribution of vitamin A capsules to preschool children in Sri Lanka to areas shown to have the highest prevalences of ophthalmological signs and symptoms and/or the highest prevalence of chronic undernutrition.", "PMID": 310639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2616", "title": "Some observations on the in vivo effect of propranolol on platelet aggregation and release.", "content": "Platelet function was investigated in four normal volunteers, one patient with a mild form of von Willebrand disease, and one with a thrombocytopathy, all taking propranolol. No effect on platelet function attributable to this drug could be demonstrated in any of these subjects. It is suggested that propranolol administered in conventional doses does not impair platelet hemostatic function.", "contents": "Some observations on the in vivo effect of propranolol on platelet aggregation and release. Platelet function was investigated in four normal volunteers, one patient with a mild form of von Willebrand disease, and one with a thrombocytopathy, all taking propranolol. No effect on platelet function attributable to this drug could be demonstrated in any of these subjects. It is suggested that propranolol administered in conventional doses does not impair platelet hemostatic function.", "PMID": 310641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2617", "title": "The immunogenicity of dinitrophenylated polyacrylamide and the adjuvant effect of polyacrylamide.", "content": "Dinitrophenyl-substituted polyacrylamide (PAAm-DNP) is weakly immunogenic in guinea pigs and rats. Only 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive IgM antibodies are elicited, and no immunological memory in guinea pigs is appreciated. A 15000-fold carrier excess, given 6 days before an immunogenic dose of PAAm-DNP, does not impair the anti-DNP response. Different doses of PAAm failed to increase the level of natural anti-DNP or anti-sulfanilic acid antibodies, either in guinea pigs or rats. Nevertheless, when given together with sheep red blood cells. PAAm increases the anti-sheep red blood cell humoral immune response in rats. It is suggested from the above data that the PAAm-DNP immunogenicity is not accounted for by the 'two-signal' model of B-cell activation (via 'associative antibodies'), nor by a model that ascribes B-cell activation to the polyclonal B-cell activating properties of the carrier. However, the possibility that the adjuvant effect showed by PAAm plays a role in allowing the conjugate PAAm-DNP to be immunogenic, remains an open question, and must be further investigated.", "contents": "The immunogenicity of dinitrophenylated polyacrylamide and the adjuvant effect of polyacrylamide. Dinitrophenyl-substituted polyacrylamide (PAAm-DNP) is weakly immunogenic in guinea pigs and rats. Only 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive IgM antibodies are elicited, and no immunological memory in guinea pigs is appreciated. A 15000-fold carrier excess, given 6 days before an immunogenic dose of PAAm-DNP, does not impair the anti-DNP response. Different doses of PAAm failed to increase the level of natural anti-DNP or anti-sulfanilic acid antibodies, either in guinea pigs or rats. Nevertheless, when given together with sheep red blood cells. PAAm increases the anti-sheep red blood cell humoral immune response in rats. It is suggested from the above data that the PAAm-DNP immunogenicity is not accounted for by the 'two-signal' model of B-cell activation (via 'associative antibodies'), nor by a model that ascribes B-cell activation to the polyclonal B-cell activating properties of the carrier. However, the possibility that the adjuvant effect showed by PAAm plays a role in allowing the conjugate PAAm-DNP to be immunogenic, remains an open question, and must be further investigated.", "PMID": 310637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2618", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in colo-rectal cancer. Preoperative evaluation.", "content": "The percentage and absolute numbers of T, T active and B cells determined by rosette and immunofluorescence procedures, together with the lymphocyte response to PHA stimulation, were studied in 50 patients with colo-rectal adenocarcinoma before surgery. In addition, a group of these patients were tested for the presence of circulating CEA. Sixty percent of the patients studied presented a decrease in absolute numbers of T cells. The percentage and absolute number of Ea rosettes were significantly reduced (p less than 0.01), showing a selective loss of the active T cell subpopulations. In 62% of the cases there was a notable decrease in the lymphocyte response to PHA stimulation. There were no significant variations in the B lymphocyte populations. CEA values showed a close correlation with the clinical tumour staging according to the Dukes classification. Pre-operative immunological testing may have prognostic value in tumours of the large intestine and its results can subsequently be used to evaluate the results of surgery and to indicate avenues which may improve and complete the treatment.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in colo-rectal cancer. Preoperative evaluation. The percentage and absolute numbers of T, T active and B cells determined by rosette and immunofluorescence procedures, together with the lymphocyte response to PHA stimulation, were studied in 50 patients with colo-rectal adenocarcinoma before surgery. In addition, a group of these patients were tested for the presence of circulating CEA. Sixty percent of the patients studied presented a decrease in absolute numbers of T cells. The percentage and absolute number of Ea rosettes were significantly reduced (p less than 0.01), showing a selective loss of the active T cell subpopulations. In 62% of the cases there was a notable decrease in the lymphocyte response to PHA stimulation. There were no significant variations in the B lymphocyte populations. CEA values showed a close correlation with the clinical tumour staging according to the Dukes classification. Pre-operative immunological testing may have prognostic value in tumours of the large intestine and its results can subsequently be used to evaluate the results of surgery and to indicate avenues which may improve and complete the treatment.", "PMID": 310638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2619", "title": "The effects of some variable factors on the T and B lymphocyte rosettes.", "content": "In this study the number of E rosettes increases with an incubation period at 4 degrees C up to 20 to 24 hours. Both EAC and especially E rosettes are shown to be sensitive to mechanical forces; vigorous shaking causes decrease of their number.", "contents": "The effects of some variable factors on the T and B lymphocyte rosettes. In this study the number of E rosettes increases with an incubation period at 4 degrees C up to 20 to 24 hours. Both EAC and especially E rosettes are shown to be sensitive to mechanical forces; vigorous shaking causes decrease of their number.", "PMID": 310646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2620", "title": "Chromosomes and B and T cells in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Because mycosis fungoides (MF) and S\u00e9zary syndrome (SS) share several features, some investigators have considered them to be different stages of the same disease. Others view them as separate entities. Cytogenetic studies in four typical MF patients showed that the chromosomal abnormalities were different from those reported in SS patients, and the abnormalities were found with almost equal frequency in both B and T cells. In addition, we found the frequencies of the T cells in six of the eight peripheral blood determinations in three patients were within normal range. These observations support the possibility that MF and SS are two separate disease entities.", "contents": "Chromosomes and B and T cells in mycosis fungoides. Because mycosis fungoides (MF) and S\u00e9zary syndrome (SS) share several features, some investigators have considered them to be different stages of the same disease. Others view them as separate entities. Cytogenetic studies in four typical MF patients showed that the chromosomal abnormalities were different from those reported in SS patients, and the abnormalities were found with almost equal frequency in both B and T cells. In addition, we found the frequencies of the T cells in six of the eight peripheral blood determinations in three patients were within normal range. These observations support the possibility that MF and SS are two separate disease entities.", "PMID": 310642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2621", "title": "Tinnitus: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Few conditions are seen as commonly by the otologist and are more poorly understood than subjective tinnitus. Tinnitus has been reported in as high as 80% of patients seen in an otolaryngology practice. This symptom is especially marked in patients with a hearing problem and can be so severe that it becomes incapacitating. Careful diagnosis and classification of tinnitus is important for understanding of the problem. Identification of the frequency and intensity of masking, using a tinnitus analyzer, is useful in selecting the form of treatment. Analysis of the history, physical findings and the use of special electrocochleography and brain stem evoked response audiometry help to identify the site of lesion, which may be within the cochlea, cochlear nerve, cochlear nucleus, brain stem, midbrain or auditory cortex. Specific disease entities should be identified and treated. Lesions of the end-organ or cochlear nerve can be treated when necessary by translabyrinthine or middle cranial fossa section of the cochlear nerve. Tinnitus from cervical nerve lesions can be treated by rhizotomy. The use of a hearing aid or introduction of a sound with a tinnitus masker has been found to be 82% effective in suppressing tinnitus. Maskers can be combined with a hearing aid in some cases. The pathogenesis of tinnitus is discussed, but the method of action of tinnitus relief by auditory stimulation is still unclear. A thoughtful and complete examination with our new diagnostic tools and the judicious selection of therapy now makes it possible to give relief to the majority of patients suffering with disturbing tinnitus.", "contents": "Tinnitus: diagnosis and treatment. Few conditions are seen as commonly by the otologist and are more poorly understood than subjective tinnitus. Tinnitus has been reported in as high as 80% of patients seen in an otolaryngology practice. This symptom is especially marked in patients with a hearing problem and can be so severe that it becomes incapacitating. Careful diagnosis and classification of tinnitus is important for understanding of the problem. Identification of the frequency and intensity of masking, using a tinnitus analyzer, is useful in selecting the form of treatment. Analysis of the history, physical findings and the use of special electrocochleography and brain stem evoked response audiometry help to identify the site of lesion, which may be within the cochlea, cochlear nerve, cochlear nucleus, brain stem, midbrain or auditory cortex. Specific disease entities should be identified and treated. Lesions of the end-organ or cochlear nerve can be treated when necessary by translabyrinthine or middle cranial fossa section of the cochlear nerve. Tinnitus from cervical nerve lesions can be treated by rhizotomy. The use of a hearing aid or introduction of a sound with a tinnitus masker has been found to be 82% effective in suppressing tinnitus. Maskers can be combined with a hearing aid in some cases. The pathogenesis of tinnitus is discussed, but the method of action of tinnitus relief by auditory stimulation is still unclear. A thoughtful and complete examination with our new diagnostic tools and the judicious selection of therapy now makes it possible to give relief to the majority of patients suffering with disturbing tinnitus.", "PMID": 310651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2622", "title": "Vestibular responses to bithermal caloric and harmonic acceleration.", "content": "Vestibulo-oculomotor responses from 33 patients with either peripheral labyrinthine or central pathology were compared using the standardized Fitzgerald-Hallpike bithermal caloric and harmonic accelerations. In numerous cases (40%), patients with normal caloric responses reflected abnormalities in either their phase relationships or labyrinthine preponderance to sinusoidal acceleration. Results clearly indicate that harmonic acceleration provides additional information to the clinician in the evaluation of vestibulo-oculomotor pathology that is not reflected in the responses to standard caloric tests.", "contents": "Vestibular responses to bithermal caloric and harmonic acceleration. Vestibulo-oculomotor responses from 33 patients with either peripheral labyrinthine or central pathology were compared using the standardized Fitzgerald-Hallpike bithermal caloric and harmonic accelerations. In numerous cases (40%), patients with normal caloric responses reflected abnormalities in either their phase relationships or labyrinthine preponderance to sinusoidal acceleration. Results clearly indicate that harmonic acceleration provides additional information to the clinician in the evaluation of vestibulo-oculomotor pathology that is not reflected in the responses to standard caloric tests.", "PMID": 310652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2623", "title": "Performance of six sunscreen formulations on human skin: a comparison.", "content": "Indoor and outdoor tests were performed on human volunteers to determine the protection offered by six commercially available products containing single sunscreen ingredients and combinations of ingredients. Indoor solar simulator studies were performed to determine the inherent efficacy of each product, including use of a whirlpool treatment to evaluate the resistance of each product to wash off. The outdoor study included a ten-minute swimming period followed by sunlight exposure. In all tests, the combination of 7% octyl-dimethyl p-aminobenzoic acid ester and 3% oxybenzone was substantially more effective in protecting against sunburn than any other formula tested, including 5% p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA).", "contents": "Performance of six sunscreen formulations on human skin: a comparison. Indoor and outdoor tests were performed on human volunteers to determine the protection offered by six commercially available products containing single sunscreen ingredients and combinations of ingredients. Indoor solar simulator studies were performed to determine the inherent efficacy of each product, including use of a whirlpool treatment to evaluate the resistance of each product to wash off. The outdoor study included a ten-minute swimming period followed by sunlight exposure. In all tests, the combination of 7% octyl-dimethyl p-aminobenzoic acid ester and 3% oxybenzone was substantially more effective in protecting against sunburn than any other formula tested, including 5% p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA).", "PMID": 310657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2624", "title": "Asymmetry of the internal auditory canals without acoustic neuroma.", "content": "During the past five years, nine patients with \"significant\" unilateral enlargement of one internal auditory canal by polytomography were subsequently found to have freely filling canals on contrast posterior fossa myelography. The radiographic appearance of the enlarged canals varied greatly and included all the various configurations usually suggestive of acoustic neuroma. Likewise, the clinical presentation varied greatly from asymptomatic to highly suggesting of cerebellopontine angle tumor. This series underscores the essential nature of posterior fossa studies in the evaluation of potential acoustic neuromas and the variability of the normal architecture of the internal auditory meatus.", "contents": "Asymmetry of the internal auditory canals without acoustic neuroma. During the past five years, nine patients with \"significant\" unilateral enlargement of one internal auditory canal by polytomography were subsequently found to have freely filling canals on contrast posterior fossa myelography. The radiographic appearance of the enlarged canals varied greatly and included all the various configurations usually suggestive of acoustic neuroma. Likewise, the clinical presentation varied greatly from asymptomatic to highly suggesting of cerebellopontine angle tumor. This series underscores the essential nature of posterior fossa studies in the evaluation of potential acoustic neuromas and the variability of the normal architecture of the internal auditory meatus.", "PMID": 310650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2625", "title": "Depressed non-specific lymphocyte reactivity in psoriasis.", "content": "T-lymphocyte number and functions were studied in 24 patients with psoriasis guttata as compared to healthy controls. A decrease was found of the in vitro ability to synthetize DNA in response to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A, poke weed mitogen and PPD, which was statistically significant for PHA. The percentage and absolute numbers of both T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes were not altered.", "contents": "Depressed non-specific lymphocyte reactivity in psoriasis. T-lymphocyte number and functions were studied in 24 patients with psoriasis guttata as compared to healthy controls. A decrease was found of the in vitro ability to synthetize DNA in response to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A, poke weed mitogen and PPD, which was statistically significant for PHA. The percentage and absolute numbers of both T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes were not altered.", "PMID": 310658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2626", "title": "T and B lymphocyte subpopulations in black patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A modified method of assaying T and B lymphocytes was used to investigate the T and B cell subpopulations in black patients with diabetes mellitus. Thirty-eight black diabetic patients were compared to 55 non-diabetic patients (20 blacks and 35 whites). The diabetic patients had an increased T-lymphocyte population (73.4 percent +/- 7.9) as compared to the black controls (66.2 percent +/- 1.7, p less than 0.001) and the white controls (68.1 percent +/- 3.5, p less than 0.001). Black non-diabetic patients had a decreased T-cell population compared to the white non-diabetic patients. This suggests race was not an explanation for the increased T-cell percentages observed in the diabetic population. No difference was demonstrated in the percentage of B-lymphocyte subpopulations between any group.", "contents": "T and B lymphocyte subpopulations in black patients with diabetes mellitus. A modified method of assaying T and B lymphocytes was used to investigate the T and B cell subpopulations in black patients with diabetes mellitus. Thirty-eight black diabetic patients were compared to 55 non-diabetic patients (20 blacks and 35 whites). The diabetic patients had an increased T-lymphocyte population (73.4 percent +/- 7.9) as compared to the black controls (66.2 percent +/- 1.7, p less than 0.001) and the white controls (68.1 percent +/- 3.5, p less than 0.001). Black non-diabetic patients had a decreased T-cell population compared to the white non-diabetic patients. This suggests race was not an explanation for the increased T-cell percentages observed in the diabetic population. No difference was demonstrated in the percentage of B-lymphocyte subpopulations between any group.", "PMID": 310654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2627", "title": "Electron microscopic study of thymus and bone marrow derived mouse lymphocytes: morphological differences and evolution of surface markers before and after in vitro mitogenic stimulation.", "content": "T and B lymphocytes from spleen, lymph nodes, thymus and bone marrow of unstimulated CBA mice have distinct ultrastructural features: respectively the Th type (dense dark appearance, smooth margin, high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, rare cytoplasmic organelles) and the Bm type (low electronic density, villous margin, low nucleocytoplasmic ratio, numerous cytoplasmic organelles). Correlations between Th or Bm morphology and presence of specific T or B surface markers (theta antigen or surface Ig) have been established. The Th/T and Bm/B equivalence do not however hold in all circumstances: first, there are morphologically intermediate types termed In (less than 13%) that may be theta- or Ig-positive; second, some Bm lymphocytes are theta-positive in CBA thoracic duct and some Th lymphocytes are Ig-positive in Nude mice spleen. Purified T-or B lymphocyte populations stimulated by selective mitogens (ConA or LPS respectively) undergo ultrastructural modifications before their surface markers (theta or Ig respectively) disappear. A time, some theta-positive T lymphocytes show a Bm-like morphology. The results suggest that the basis for the usual T-B ultrastructural differences in unstimulated mice resides in the normally different functional state of metabolic activity of these two types of cells: the cell metabolism would be higher in Bm (the usual form of unstimulated B lymphocytes) than in Th (the usual form of unstimulated T lymphocytes). This view may explain the paradoxical results observed in thoracic duct and Nude mice spleen as well as conflicting data reported by several authors.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of thymus and bone marrow derived mouse lymphocytes: morphological differences and evolution of surface markers before and after in vitro mitogenic stimulation. T and B lymphocytes from spleen, lymph nodes, thymus and bone marrow of unstimulated CBA mice have distinct ultrastructural features: respectively the Th type (dense dark appearance, smooth margin, high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, rare cytoplasmic organelles) and the Bm type (low electronic density, villous margin, low nucleocytoplasmic ratio, numerous cytoplasmic organelles). Correlations between Th or Bm morphology and presence of specific T or B surface markers (theta antigen or surface Ig) have been established. The Th/T and Bm/B equivalence do not however hold in all circumstances: first, there are morphologically intermediate types termed In (less than 13%) that may be theta- or Ig-positive; second, some Bm lymphocytes are theta-positive in CBA thoracic duct and some Th lymphocytes are Ig-positive in Nude mice spleen. Purified T-or B lymphocyte populations stimulated by selective mitogens (ConA or LPS respectively) undergo ultrastructural modifications before their surface markers (theta or Ig respectively) disappear. A time, some theta-positive T lymphocytes show a Bm-like morphology. The results suggest that the basis for the usual T-B ultrastructural differences in unstimulated mice resides in the normally different functional state of metabolic activity of these two types of cells: the cell metabolism would be higher in Bm (the usual form of unstimulated B lymphocytes) than in Th (the usual form of unstimulated T lymphocytes). This view may explain the paradoxical results observed in thoracic duct and Nude mice spleen as well as conflicting data reported by several authors.", "PMID": 310655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2628", "title": "Ultrastructural detection of Haemophilus ducreyi in biopsies of chancroid.", "content": "During an endemic appearance of chancroids (26 cases) in Berlin (West) coccobacilli were disclosed in biopsies by electron microscopy. The bacteria were aggregated predominantly in groups in the extracellular space. Their cell wall is approximately 120 A thick and trilaminar as in Gram-negative bacteria. Concerning the cell wall structure and the cytoplasmic composition, the detected coccobacilli are identical to culturally grown Haemophilus ducreyi obtained from chancroids.", "contents": "Ultrastructural detection of Haemophilus ducreyi in biopsies of chancroid. During an endemic appearance of chancroids (26 cases) in Berlin (West) coccobacilli were disclosed in biopsies by electron microscopy. The bacteria were aggregated predominantly in groups in the extracellular space. Their cell wall is approximately 120 A thick and trilaminar as in Gram-negative bacteria. Concerning the cell wall structure and the cytoplasmic composition, the detected coccobacilli are identical to culturally grown Haemophilus ducreyi obtained from chancroids.", "PMID": 310659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2629", "title": "[Adherent cell and T lymphocyte cooperation for the \"in vitro\" production of Brucella-induced interferon by murine spleen cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Although Brucella is a good in vivo inducer of interferon, in vitro infection of murine spleen cells by Brucella suis has not, to the present time, led to in vitro synthesis. In the present work we show that normal spleen cells can however synthetize interferon in vitro when cultured together with adherent cells obtained from the spleens of syngeneic mice 45 min after in vivo inoculation. Induction and synthesis are thus shown to be distinct phenomena. Moreover soluble factors are shown to be involved in the induction phenomenon and T cells to be essential for synthesis. This in vitro brucella-induced interferon differs from in vivo brucella-induced interferon: its acid lability and its antigenic properties are characteristic of type II \"immune\" interferon.", "contents": "[Adherent cell and T lymphocyte cooperation for the \"in vitro\" production of Brucella-induced interferon by murine spleen cells (author's transl)]. Although Brucella is a good in vivo inducer of interferon, in vitro infection of murine spleen cells by Brucella suis has not, to the present time, led to in vitro synthesis. In the present work we show that normal spleen cells can however synthetize interferon in vitro when cultured together with adherent cells obtained from the spleens of syngeneic mice 45 min after in vivo inoculation. Induction and synthesis are thus shown to be distinct phenomena. Moreover soluble factors are shown to be involved in the induction phenomenon and T cells to be essential for synthesis. This in vitro brucella-induced interferon differs from in vivo brucella-induced interferon: its acid lability and its antigenic properties are characteristic of type II \"immune\" interferon.", "PMID": 310656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2630", "title": "Implications of heterophile antigens in immunological infertility in males.", "content": "Immunological study was conducted on serum and hydrocel fluids from males belonging to an equatorial African population heavily contaiminated by Filaria and Schistosoma. Anti-spermatozoa antibodies were detected by agglutination in 31 of 64 sera and 24 of 60 fluids, and by cytotoxicity in 19 of 64 sera and 8 of 60 fluids. Antinuclear antibodies were detected in 21 of 64 sera and 8 of 60 fluids. However, the titers of these antibodies were low, as were the frequency and titers of other tissues antibodies. The appearance of antispermatozoa antibodies is also correlated with extensive skin burns and infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or severe Candidiasis.", "contents": "Implications of heterophile antigens in immunological infertility in males. Immunological study was conducted on serum and hydrocel fluids from males belonging to an equatorial African population heavily contaiminated by Filaria and Schistosoma. Anti-spermatozoa antibodies were detected by agglutination in 31 of 64 sera and 24 of 60 fluids, and by cytotoxicity in 19 of 64 sera and 8 of 60 fluids. Antinuclear antibodies were detected in 21 of 64 sera and 8 of 60 fluids. However, the titers of these antibodies were low, as were the frequency and titers of other tissues antibodies. The appearance of antispermatozoa antibodies is also correlated with extensive skin burns and infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or severe Candidiasis.", "PMID": 310662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2631", "title": "Immunological consequences of vasectomy: I. Prospective study through one-year postvasecotomy.", "content": "Autoimmunity to sperm developed in two-thirds of men within 1 year after vasectomy as measured by sperm agglutinating and sperm immobilizing antibody tests. Sperm antibody responses to vasectomy were greater in younger than in older men. A direct relationship was apparent between increasing incidence of sperm immobilizing antibody and genetic predisposition to autoimmune disease. Some vasectomized men developed immune responses to autoantigens other than spermatozoa. Increased antithyroglobulin activity was evenly divided between patients who formed sperm antibody and those who did not. Antinuclear activity was more frequent in patients who were sperm antibody responders.", "contents": "Immunological consequences of vasectomy: I. Prospective study through one-year postvasecotomy. Autoimmunity to sperm developed in two-thirds of men within 1 year after vasectomy as measured by sperm agglutinating and sperm immobilizing antibody tests. Sperm antibody responses to vasectomy were greater in younger than in older men. A direct relationship was apparent between increasing incidence of sperm immobilizing antibody and genetic predisposition to autoimmune disease. Some vasectomized men developed immune responses to autoantigens other than spermatozoa. Increased antithyroglobulin activity was evenly divided between patients who formed sperm antibody and those who did not. Antinuclear activity was more frequent in patients who were sperm antibody responders.", "PMID": 310663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2632", "title": "Partial inhibition of the abstinence syndrome in morphine tolerant-dependent mice following pharmacological denervation.", "content": "Mice were chronically treated with either atropine, methysergide or pentobarbital in order to induce sensitivity changes resulting from adaptative adjustments in the central nervous system (CNS), and to examine the degree of tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine several days after the discontinuation of pretreatments. Subsequently to the chronic blockade of muscarinic or serotonergic receptors, the intensity of tolerance was unaffected, but some manifestations of the abstinence behavior induced by naloxone were reduced in part. This attenuation of the abstinence syndrome in the pretreated mice was reverted by an additional dose of either atropine or methysergide administered a few min before naloxone. Additional experiments with physostigmine or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in morphine-dependent mice yielded results compatible with the hypothesis that morphine physical dependence may be the manifestation of compensatory changes of sensitivity to serotonin and acetylcholine in the CNS. These results do not exclude the participation of other neurotransmitters or neurohormones in morphine dependence.", "contents": "Partial inhibition of the abstinence syndrome in morphine tolerant-dependent mice following pharmacological denervation. Mice were chronically treated with either atropine, methysergide or pentobarbital in order to induce sensitivity changes resulting from adaptative adjustments in the central nervous system (CNS), and to examine the degree of tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine several days after the discontinuation of pretreatments. Subsequently to the chronic blockade of muscarinic or serotonergic receptors, the intensity of tolerance was unaffected, but some manifestations of the abstinence behavior induced by naloxone were reduced in part. This attenuation of the abstinence syndrome in the pretreated mice was reverted by an additional dose of either atropine or methysergide administered a few min before naloxone. Additional experiments with physostigmine or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in morphine-dependent mice yielded results compatible with the hypothesis that morphine physical dependence may be the manifestation of compensatory changes of sensitivity to serotonin and acetylcholine in the CNS. These results do not exclude the participation of other neurotransmitters or neurohormones in morphine dependence.", "PMID": 310664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2633", "title": "The acute pharmacologic effects of serotonin on the release of insulin and glucagon in the intact rat.", "content": "Serotonin (5HT) (5 mg/kg-25 mg/kg; i.p.) induced a dose-related increase of plasma glucagon (IRG) (using 30K antibody) 3 to 60 min after administration to overnight fasted rats. Blood glucose (BS) also increased as early as 10 min post-injection whereas plasma insulin (IRI) increased in a non dose-related (30 min to onset) manner. Adreno-demedullation prevented the rise of BS and IRI, but not IRG. Pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg; i.p.; 24 hr earlier) did not prevent the actions of 5HT. Pretreatment with the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine (3 mg/kg-6 mg/kg; i.p.) reduced but did not prevent the subsequent rise of IRG, whereas beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (5 mg/kg-10 mg/kg; i.p.) was without effect. Phentolamine and the lower dose of propranolol (5 mg/kg) reduced the 5HT-induced hyperglycemia; whereas the higher dose (10 mg/kg) prevented the hyperglycemia. Phentolamine potentiated and propranolol prevented (5 mg/kg) or reversed (10 mg/kg) the 5HT-induced IRI rise. Pretreatment with the 5HT-antagonist, methysergide, prevented all the effects of 5HT. Precursor loading with 5HTP (5 mg/kg-50 mg/kg; i.p.) also resulted in a dose-related increase of IRG and a slight increase of IRI. Blockade of the conversion of 5HTP to 5HT with Ro-4-4602 (an L-aromatic acid decarboxylase inhibitor) blocked the subsequent rise of IRG. These results suggest that the 5HT-induced changes in BS and IRI may be secondary to a release of epinephrine and/or norepinephrine, but that the effects of 5HT on the release of IRG cannot be explained solely by this mechanism.", "contents": "The acute pharmacologic effects of serotonin on the release of insulin and glucagon in the intact rat. Serotonin (5HT) (5 mg/kg-25 mg/kg; i.p.) induced a dose-related increase of plasma glucagon (IRG) (using 30K antibody) 3 to 60 min after administration to overnight fasted rats. Blood glucose (BS) also increased as early as 10 min post-injection whereas plasma insulin (IRI) increased in a non dose-related (30 min to onset) manner. Adreno-demedullation prevented the rise of BS and IRI, but not IRG. Pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg; i.p.; 24 hr earlier) did not prevent the actions of 5HT. Pretreatment with the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine (3 mg/kg-6 mg/kg; i.p.) reduced but did not prevent the subsequent rise of IRG, whereas beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (5 mg/kg-10 mg/kg; i.p.) was without effect. Phentolamine and the lower dose of propranolol (5 mg/kg) reduced the 5HT-induced hyperglycemia; whereas the higher dose (10 mg/kg) prevented the hyperglycemia. Phentolamine potentiated and propranolol prevented (5 mg/kg) or reversed (10 mg/kg) the 5HT-induced IRI rise. Pretreatment with the 5HT-antagonist, methysergide, prevented all the effects of 5HT. Precursor loading with 5HTP (5 mg/kg-50 mg/kg; i.p.) also resulted in a dose-related increase of IRG and a slight increase of IRI. Blockade of the conversion of 5HTP to 5HT with Ro-4-4602 (an L-aromatic acid decarboxylase inhibitor) blocked the subsequent rise of IRG. These results suggest that the 5HT-induced changes in BS and IRI may be secondary to a release of epinephrine and/or norepinephrine, but that the effects of 5HT on the release of IRG cannot be explained solely by this mechanism.", "PMID": 310665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2634", "title": "Visceral vessel erosion associated with pancreatitis. Case reports and a review of the literature.", "content": "Visceral artery erosion is an uncommon but disasterous complication of pancreatitis. When gastrointestinal bleeding or severe intra-abdominal hemorrhage is associated with pancreatitis and the usual sources of bleeding are not detected by endoscopy or barium studies, erosion of a visceral vessel should be suspected. We present nine cases and an additional 44 cases from previous reports are reviewed. A palpable abdominal mass was present in 59% of the patients; however, a pseudocyst was present in 78%. Arteriography was performed in 15 patients and the source of bleeding was evident in 14. The splenic artery was the most common site of bleeding, although the other branches of the celiac axis and the middle colic artery have been involved. Successful treatment consisted of ligation of the bleeding vessel and, if present, drainage of the pseudocyst. Depending on the location of the vessel and the pseudocyst, major resections may be necessary. When bleeding and the pancreatic inflammatory process involved the colon, ligation of the bleeding site, drainage of the area, and colostomy was the most successful form of treatment.", "contents": "Visceral vessel erosion associated with pancreatitis. Case reports and a review of the literature. Visceral artery erosion is an uncommon but disasterous complication of pancreatitis. When gastrointestinal bleeding or severe intra-abdominal hemorrhage is associated with pancreatitis and the usual sources of bleeding are not detected by endoscopy or barium studies, erosion of a visceral vessel should be suspected. We present nine cases and an additional 44 cases from previous reports are reviewed. A palpable abdominal mass was present in 59% of the patients; however, a pseudocyst was present in 78%. Arteriography was performed in 15 patients and the source of bleeding was evident in 14. The splenic artery was the most common site of bleeding, although the other branches of the celiac axis and the middle colic artery have been involved. Successful treatment consisted of ligation of the bleeding vessel and, if present, drainage of the pseudocyst. Depending on the location of the vessel and the pseudocyst, major resections may be necessary. When bleeding and the pancreatic inflammatory process involved the colon, ligation of the bleeding site, drainage of the area, and colostomy was the most successful form of treatment.", "PMID": 310667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2635", "title": "'Downhill' esophageal varices. A rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "The submucosal venous network of the esophagus is part of the collateral system that develops following superior vena caval obstruction from any cause. The direction of flow in these thin-walled, valveless veins is \"downhill,\" towards the azygous vein or to the inferior vena cava. Bleeding from upper esophageal varices is extremely rare. This case report describes a patient with massive bleeding from upper esophageal varices secondary to superior vena caval obstruction by a malignant thyroid tumor. Total thyroidectomy relieved the obstruction, with cessation of hemorrhage and subsequent disappearance of the varices.", "contents": "'Downhill' esophageal varices. A rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The submucosal venous network of the esophagus is part of the collateral system that develops following superior vena caval obstruction from any cause. The direction of flow in these thin-walled, valveless veins is \"downhill,\" towards the azygous vein or to the inferior vena cava. Bleeding from upper esophageal varices is extremely rare. This case report describes a patient with massive bleeding from upper esophageal varices secondary to superior vena caval obstruction by a malignant thyroid tumor. Total thyroidectomy relieved the obstruction, with cessation of hemorrhage and subsequent disappearance of the varices.", "PMID": 310669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2636", "title": "Amebiasis causing massive gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Three patients had massive bleeding from proved amebic ulcers in the cecum. One had an accompanying amebic liver abscess. All were successfully treated by emergency right hemicolectomy.", "contents": "Amebiasis causing massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Three patients had massive bleeding from proved amebic ulcers in the cecum. One had an accompanying amebic liver abscess. All were successfully treated by emergency right hemicolectomy.", "PMID": 310670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2637", "title": "Sensitive neutralization test for virus antibody. 1. Mumps antibody.", "content": "A sensitive mumps virus plaque neutralization test has been developed based on the potentiation of virus-antibody complexes by heterologous anti-immunoglobulins (AIG). The enhanced neutralization test was approximately 100 times more sensitive than the conventional neutralization test or the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Using AIG against human immunoglobulin G (IgG) or human IgM permitted determination of the relative titers of the two classes of mumps antibody. The test does not require special equipment or expertise and can be readily introduced in virological laboratories.", "contents": "Sensitive neutralization test for virus antibody. 1. Mumps antibody. A sensitive mumps virus plaque neutralization test has been developed based on the potentiation of virus-antibody complexes by heterologous anti-immunoglobulins (AIG). The enhanced neutralization test was approximately 100 times more sensitive than the conventional neutralization test or the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Using AIG against human immunoglobulin G (IgG) or human IgM permitted determination of the relative titers of the two classes of mumps antibody. The test does not require special equipment or expertise and can be readily introduced in virological laboratories.", "PMID": 310671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2638", "title": "[Changes in the cellular elements of the thymus gland in experimental destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].", "content": "Lymphoid elements of the thymus were studied by scanning electron microscopy in rabbits susceptible to tuberculosis. The complete Freund adjuvant causes in the thymus a 3-fold decrease in the number of cells with the properties of T-lymphocytes, and an appearance of a new type of cell elements (polygonal shape, with cytoplasmic outgrowths). Formation of a focus of tuberculosis and the development of destructive changes in the lungs occur under conditions of a progressive decrease in the number of T- and B-lymphocytes in the thymus. Delimitation of the pathological process in the lung is characterized by an increase in the number of T- and B-lymphocytes and considerable predominance of polygonally shaped cells with cytoplasmic outgrowths of different lengths and their subsequent replacement by a cell form transitory between T- and B-lymphocytes. A relatively favourable course of the process in the lungs is observed when the cell elements in the thymus differentiate towards B-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Changes in the cellular elements of the thymus gland in experimental destructive pulmonary tuberculosis]. Lymphoid elements of the thymus were studied by scanning electron microscopy in rabbits susceptible to tuberculosis. The complete Freund adjuvant causes in the thymus a 3-fold decrease in the number of cells with the properties of T-lymphocytes, and an appearance of a new type of cell elements (polygonal shape, with cytoplasmic outgrowths). Formation of a focus of tuberculosis and the development of destructive changes in the lungs occur under conditions of a progressive decrease in the number of T- and B-lymphocytes in the thymus. Delimitation of the pathological process in the lung is characterized by an increase in the number of T- and B-lymphocytes and considerable predominance of polygonally shaped cells with cytoplasmic outgrowths of different lengths and their subsequent replacement by a cell form transitory between T- and B-lymphocytes. A relatively favourable course of the process in the lungs is observed when the cell elements in the thymus differentiate towards B-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 310672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2639", "title": "Tomography of the vestibular aqueduct in ear disease.", "content": "A controversy exists concerning whether or not roentgenographic narrowing or nonvisualization of the vestibular aqueduct is a specific sign for Meniere's disease. Of 190 ears that were evaluated, abnormal aqueducts were seen in 42.9% of ears with Meniere's disease, 45.4% of contralateral, noninvolved ears from patients with Meniere's disease, 41.3% of ears with diseases other than Meniere's disease, 30.4% of ears with no disease, and 51.6% of normal ears. Narrowing or nonvisualization of the vestibular aqueduct is a nonspecific roentgenographic sign that is seen in diseased, as well as in normal ears, and should not be used to make a diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Indications for polytomography in Meniere's disease include (1) preoperative evaluation of the aqueduct prior to endolymphatic shunt procedures and (2) exclusion of acoustic neurinomas or other organic causes of vertigo.", "contents": "Tomography of the vestibular aqueduct in ear disease. A controversy exists concerning whether or not roentgenographic narrowing or nonvisualization of the vestibular aqueduct is a specific sign for Meniere's disease. Of 190 ears that were evaluated, abnormal aqueducts were seen in 42.9% of ears with Meniere's disease, 45.4% of contralateral, noninvolved ears from patients with Meniere's disease, 41.3% of ears with diseases other than Meniere's disease, 30.4% of ears with no disease, and 51.6% of normal ears. Narrowing or nonvisualization of the vestibular aqueduct is a nonspecific roentgenographic sign that is seen in diseased, as well as in normal ears, and should not be used to make a diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Indications for polytomography in Meniere's disease include (1) preoperative evaluation of the aqueduct prior to endolymphatic shunt procedures and (2) exclusion of acoustic neurinomas or other organic causes of vertigo.", "PMID": 310673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2640", "title": "Repeated shunt surgery in a patient with portal hypertension.", "content": "A 45-year-old male with chronic active hepatitis and portal hypertension had a mesocaval interposition graft performed because of repeated uncontrolled bleeding from oesophageal varices. Acute hepatocellular failure, manifested by Grade IV encephalopathy and severe coagulopathy, developed early in the post-operative course despite the absence of hepatic necrosis or other precipitating factors. Both encephalopathy and coagulopathy resolved rapidly following ligation of the shunt. Variceal bleeding recurred and nine months later an emergency distal lienorenal shunt was performed. Post-operatively the shunt was shown to be patent and there has been no encephalopathy or recurrence of variceal bleeding. It is concluded that (1) the splanchnic haemodynamic effects of a mesocaval interposition graft can result in severe hepatocellular failure and this can be reverted by shunt ligation and (2) the distal lienorenal shunt, while effectively reducing the risk of haemorrhage from varices, may be less likely to result in post-operative encephalopathy than more conventional forms of portal decompressive surgery.", "contents": "Repeated shunt surgery in a patient with portal hypertension. A 45-year-old male with chronic active hepatitis and portal hypertension had a mesocaval interposition graft performed because of repeated uncontrolled bleeding from oesophageal varices. Acute hepatocellular failure, manifested by Grade IV encephalopathy and severe coagulopathy, developed early in the post-operative course despite the absence of hepatic necrosis or other precipitating factors. Both encephalopathy and coagulopathy resolved rapidly following ligation of the shunt. Variceal bleeding recurred and nine months later an emergency distal lienorenal shunt was performed. Post-operatively the shunt was shown to be patent and there has been no encephalopathy or recurrence of variceal bleeding. It is concluded that (1) the splanchnic haemodynamic effects of a mesocaval interposition graft can result in severe hepatocellular failure and this can be reverted by shunt ligation and (2) the distal lienorenal shunt, while effectively reducing the risk of haemorrhage from varices, may be less likely to result in post-operative encephalopathy than more conventional forms of portal decompressive surgery.", "PMID": 310674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2641", "title": "[Action of various mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, cocanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen) on a purified human B- and T-lymphocyte population mediating spontaneous rosette formation].", "content": "The activity of various most widely used \"polyclonal\" mitogens, such as PHA, Con A and PWM on human peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, after separation into the two main functional classes (B and T), was investigated. For separating the lymphocyte subclasses, the E-rosette formation technique has been followed, using the gradient centrifuged pellet and supernatant respectively. For the mitogens' activity evaluation, micro-culture system has been performed and 3H thymidine uptake has been assessed. The PHA has been shown to be much more active on the T lymphocyte subclass, though the mitogen cannot be kept very selective. Very much higher activity on the T subclass shows the Con A, which could be considered selective, if we hypothesize an at least partial receptor competition at lymphocyte membrane level between the mitogen and sheep erythrocytes. The PWM has been found very little active and not specific for either lymphocyte subclass.", "contents": "[Action of various mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, cocanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen) on a purified human B- and T-lymphocyte population mediating spontaneous rosette formation]. The activity of various most widely used \"polyclonal\" mitogens, such as PHA, Con A and PWM on human peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, after separation into the two main functional classes (B and T), was investigated. For separating the lymphocyte subclasses, the E-rosette formation technique has been followed, using the gradient centrifuged pellet and supernatant respectively. For the mitogens' activity evaluation, micro-culture system has been performed and 3H thymidine uptake has been assessed. The PHA has been shown to be much more active on the T lymphocyte subclass, though the mitogen cannot be kept very selective. Very much higher activity on the T subclass shows the Con A, which could be considered selective, if we hypothesize an at least partial receptor competition at lymphocyte membrane level between the mitogen and sheep erythrocytes. The PWM has been found very little active and not specific for either lymphocyte subclass.", "PMID": 310683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2642", "title": "A controlled study of ANA+ RF- arthritis.", "content": "Thirty (7.5%) of 401 adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were antinuclear antibody positive (ANA+) and rheumatoid factor negative (RF-), and 15 of 16 patients who were followed for a year or longer remained so. Clinical, other laboratory, and radiographic parameters were compared among this group and 90 matched RA controls divided into ANA+RF+, ANA-RF+, and ANA-RF- groups. All groups were identical, except the ANA-RF- group, which had significantly fewer nodules and less destructive disease than the other three.", "contents": "A controlled study of ANA+ RF- arthritis. Thirty (7.5%) of 401 adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were antinuclear antibody positive (ANA+) and rheumatoid factor negative (RF-), and 15 of 16 patients who were followed for a year or longer remained so. Clinical, other laboratory, and radiographic parameters were compared among this group and 90 matched RA controls divided into ANA+RF+, ANA-RF+, and ANA-RF- groups. All groups were identical, except the ANA-RF- group, which had significantly fewer nodules and less destructive disease than the other three.", "PMID": 310678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2643", "title": "[Effect of cytotoxic Hodgkin's serum on LIF activity of T- and B-lymphocytes].", "content": "The cytotoxic activity of Hodgkin serum on some isolated T and B lymphocyte populations of 10 normal subjects, 10 patients with Hodgkin disease in the acute phase and 10 patients with Hodgkin disease but in clinical and biohumoral remission was studied. The effect of citotoxic serum variously affects the two different lymphocyte populations, particularly inhibiting LIF activity of T lymphocytes, while stimulating LIF activity of B lymphocytes. The possible causes of this phenomenon are set forth as well as their clinical implications.", "contents": "[Effect of cytotoxic Hodgkin's serum on LIF activity of T- and B-lymphocytes]. The cytotoxic activity of Hodgkin serum on some isolated T and B lymphocyte populations of 10 normal subjects, 10 patients with Hodgkin disease in the acute phase and 10 patients with Hodgkin disease but in clinical and biohumoral remission was studied. The effect of citotoxic serum variously affects the two different lymphocyte populations, particularly inhibiting LIF activity of T lymphocytes, while stimulating LIF activity of B lymphocytes. The possible causes of this phenomenon are set forth as well as their clinical implications.", "PMID": 310684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2644", "title": "Mixed connective tissue disease in siblings.", "content": "Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) was diagnosed in a brother and sister, and 18 additional family members spanning three generations were studied to detect evidence of autoimmune disease. Symptoms or signs of MCTD without complete expression of the disease were found in 8 relatives of the original cases. Antibodies to ribonucleoprotein and high-titer antinuclear antibodies were found only in the affected siblings. Tests for rheumatoid factor were positive in 9 of 17 relatives of the patients; the titers ranged from 1:160 to 1:2560. The brother and sister with MCTD had an identical HLA genotype--11,12/2,12. The same genotype was inherited by 3 of their siblings, who had impressive rheumatic complaints. This report emphasizes the association between inflammatory connective tissue disease and a specific HLA type within a single kindred.", "contents": "Mixed connective tissue disease in siblings. Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) was diagnosed in a brother and sister, and 18 additional family members spanning three generations were studied to detect evidence of autoimmune disease. Symptoms or signs of MCTD without complete expression of the disease were found in 8 relatives of the original cases. Antibodies to ribonucleoprotein and high-titer antinuclear antibodies were found only in the affected siblings. Tests for rheumatoid factor were positive in 9 of 17 relatives of the patients; the titers ranged from 1:160 to 1:2560. The brother and sister with MCTD had an identical HLA genotype--11,12/2,12. The same genotype was inherited by 3 of their siblings, who had impressive rheumatic complaints. This report emphasizes the association between inflammatory connective tissue disease and a specific HLA type within a single kindred.", "PMID": 310679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2645", "title": "[Chronic persistent HBsAG positive hepatitis in children. I. Subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes].", "content": "T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied in five children affected by chronic persistent hepatitis HBsAg-positive. The percentage of E rosette forming cells was found decreased while thymidine uptake after Phytohaemagglutinin stimulation reached values higher than that of normal controls. Null cells were found increased. In all the patients the percentage of IgG bearing lymphocytes was markedly decreased. Such alterations of T cells compartement are similar to those found by other authors in the aggressive form. The hypothesis of a derangement of T cell subpopulation regulatory activity is put forward.", "contents": "[Chronic persistent HBsAG positive hepatitis in children. I. Subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes]. T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied in five children affected by chronic persistent hepatitis HBsAg-positive. The percentage of E rosette forming cells was found decreased while thymidine uptake after Phytohaemagglutinin stimulation reached values higher than that of normal controls. Null cells were found increased. In all the patients the percentage of IgG bearing lymphocytes was markedly decreased. Such alterations of T cells compartement are similar to those found by other authors in the aggressive form. The hypothesis of a derangement of T cell subpopulation regulatory activity is put forward.", "PMID": 310685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2646", "title": "Reevaluation of the ammonium sulfate assay for DNA antibody.", "content": "The ammonium sulfate assay has recently come under criticism for alleged inability to detect low avidity antibody to DNA. The results of this study verify that a small percentage of antibody binding is not detected when this assay is performed under the conditions generally used. However, when the values obtained by the ammonium sulfate assay were compared to those obtained by other assays on sera of known avidity for DNA, it was concluded that ammonium sulfate does not selectively dissociate low avidity antibody from DNA. Conditions of incubation buffer and duration, pH, concentration of reactants, and molecular weight of the antigen are described for optimal detection of DNA antibody by the ammonium sulfate assay.", "contents": "Reevaluation of the ammonium sulfate assay for DNA antibody. The ammonium sulfate assay has recently come under criticism for alleged inability to detect low avidity antibody to DNA. The results of this study verify that a small percentage of antibody binding is not detected when this assay is performed under the conditions generally used. However, when the values obtained by the ammonium sulfate assay were compared to those obtained by other assays on sera of known avidity for DNA, it was concluded that ammonium sulfate does not selectively dissociate low avidity antibody from DNA. Conditions of incubation buffer and duration, pH, concentration of reactants, and molecular weight of the antigen are described for optimal detection of DNA antibody by the ammonium sulfate assay.", "PMID": 310681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2647", "title": "Humoral immune stimulation and antiepithelial antibodies in Yersinia infection.", "content": "Results consistent with a general humoral immune stimulation were found when 127 sera from 89 patients with Yersinia enterocolitica infection were studied. Significantly increased gammaglobulin concentrations and elevated isohemagglutinin titers were seen in these sera as compared to sera from normal blood donors and patients with streptococcal infection. Antinuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies were demonstrated in both yersinia and streptococcal infection. The prevalence of non-organ specific antiepithelial antibodies reacting with gastrointestinal and thyroid epithelial cells was significantly increased in yersinia infection.", "contents": "Humoral immune stimulation and antiepithelial antibodies in Yersinia infection. Results consistent with a general humoral immune stimulation were found when 127 sera from 89 patients with Yersinia enterocolitica infection were studied. Significantly increased gammaglobulin concentrations and elevated isohemagglutinin titers were seen in these sera as compared to sera from normal blood donors and patients with streptococcal infection. Antinuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies were demonstrated in both yersinia and streptococcal infection. The prevalence of non-organ specific antiepithelial antibodies reacting with gastrointestinal and thyroid epithelial cells was significantly increased in yersinia infection.", "PMID": 310680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2648", "title": "[Chronic persistent HBsAg positive hepatitis in children. II. Effect of treatment with levamisole].", "content": "In five children affected by HBsAg positive chronic persistent hepatitis a treatment with Levamisole (LMS) modified several immunological parameters which had been found altered before treatment. In particular the percentage of E rosette forming cells increased while that of EAC decreased; B lymphocytes with SmIgG and the responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin, which were significantly decreased and increased respectively, got normal values. Since the persistence of HBsAg was unaffected by LMS treatment and a light increase of transaminase serum levels (GPT and GOT) was observed during treatment, doubts are expressed about the opportunity of using LMS in children affected by such a form of hepatitis.", "contents": "[Chronic persistent HBsAg positive hepatitis in children. II. Effect of treatment with levamisole]. In five children affected by HBsAg positive chronic persistent hepatitis a treatment with Levamisole (LMS) modified several immunological parameters which had been found altered before treatment. In particular the percentage of E rosette forming cells increased while that of EAC decreased; B lymphocytes with SmIgG and the responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin, which were significantly decreased and increased respectively, got normal values. Since the persistence of HBsAg was unaffected by LMS treatment and a light increase of transaminase serum levels (GPT and GOT) was observed during treatment, doubts are expressed about the opportunity of using LMS in children affected by such a form of hepatitis.", "PMID": 310686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2649", "title": "Cogan's microcystic dystrophy of the cornea: ultrastructure and photomicroscopy.", "content": "Corneal biopsy specimens from 3 patients with Cogan's microcystic corneal dystrophy were examined by light and electron microscopy. Specimens were taken from corneas showing microcysts, geographic or map-like areas, and refractile striae. In all samples there is a bilaminate subepithelial layer of fibrogranular material, the friability of which is probably the basis for recurrent erosions in this disorder. Histochemical and ultrastructural findings provide further evidence that Cogan's dystrophy, the finger print/bleb dystrophy, and Meesmann's dystrophy should be regarded as separate entities.", "contents": "Cogan's microcystic dystrophy of the cornea: ultrastructure and photomicroscopy. Corneal biopsy specimens from 3 patients with Cogan's microcystic corneal dystrophy were examined by light and electron microscopy. Specimens were taken from corneas showing microcysts, geographic or map-like areas, and refractile striae. In all samples there is a bilaminate subepithelial layer of fibrogranular material, the friability of which is probably the basis for recurrent erosions in this disorder. Histochemical and ultrastructural findings provide further evidence that Cogan's dystrophy, the finger print/bleb dystrophy, and Meesmann's dystrophy should be regarded as separate entities.", "PMID": 310689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2650", "title": "The incorporation of reaction centres into membranes from a bacteriochlorophyll-less mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Reaction centres purified from a blue-green mutant R-26 of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides can be incorporated into bacteriochlorophyll-less membranes purified from an aerobically-grown bacteriochlorophyll-less mutant 01 of R. sphaeroides. This can be accomplished by raising the temperature of the mixture or by addition of the detergent sodium cholate and its subsequent removal by dilution or dialysis. Optimum conditions for the reconstitution are at 4 degrees C in the presence of 1% cholate and soybean phospholipid (2 : 1, w/w, with membrane protein). Isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation of such preparations shows that reaction centres and light-harvesting pigment-protein complex bind to the membranes. Reconstituted membranes exhibit light-induced steady-state cytochrome absorbance changes resembling those observed in chromatophores prepared from the photosynthetically-grown mutant R-26. The effect on these absorbance changes of varying reaction centre content in the membrane has been studied, and the time course of the interaction between 01 membrane cytochrome c2 and added reaction centre examined. Cytochrome b photoreduction and cytochrome c2 photo-oxidation were observed in the reconstituted preparation; each increased following the addition of antimycin A, suggesting that a cyclic light-driven system had been reconstituted.", "contents": "The incorporation of reaction centres into membranes from a bacteriochlorophyll-less mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Reaction centres purified from a blue-green mutant R-26 of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides can be incorporated into bacteriochlorophyll-less membranes purified from an aerobically-grown bacteriochlorophyll-less mutant 01 of R. sphaeroides. This can be accomplished by raising the temperature of the mixture or by addition of the detergent sodium cholate and its subsequent removal by dilution or dialysis. Optimum conditions for the reconstitution are at 4 degrees C in the presence of 1% cholate and soybean phospholipid (2 : 1, w/w, with membrane protein). Isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation of such preparations shows that reaction centres and light-harvesting pigment-protein complex bind to the membranes. Reconstituted membranes exhibit light-induced steady-state cytochrome absorbance changes resembling those observed in chromatophores prepared from the photosynthetically-grown mutant R-26. The effect on these absorbance changes of varying reaction centre content in the membrane has been studied, and the time course of the interaction between 01 membrane cytochrome c2 and added reaction centre examined. Cytochrome b photoreduction and cytochrome c2 photo-oxidation were observed in the reconstituted preparation; each increased following the addition of antimycin A, suggesting that a cyclic light-driven system had been reconstituted.", "PMID": 310690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2651", "title": "A mathematical model of air and water caloric nystagmus.", "content": "A mathematical model is proposed to explain the induction of nystagmic eye movements in response to thermal stimulation of the ear by air and water. Laplace-transformed equations are set up to describe heat flow in the meatus lumen to the ear-drum and heat transmission into meatus wall. Heat transport to the lateral semicircular canal, resulting in convective endolymph flow, and the induction of reflectory eye movements are included in the mathematical description. Input of the model is the time-course of temperature at the irrigating tip, output is the time-course of eye position (in correspondence to experimental nystagmogramms). The predicted nystagmus is in good agreement with experimental results, thus supporting our assumptions on the thermal effects of air and water irrigations.", "contents": "A mathematical model of air and water caloric nystagmus. A mathematical model is proposed to explain the induction of nystagmic eye movements in response to thermal stimulation of the ear by air and water. Laplace-transformed equations are set up to describe heat flow in the meatus lumen to the ear-drum and heat transmission into meatus wall. Heat transport to the lateral semicircular canal, resulting in convective endolymph flow, and the induction of reflectory eye movements are included in the mathematical description. Input of the model is the time-course of temperature at the irrigating tip, output is the time-course of eye position (in correspondence to experimental nystagmogramms). The predicted nystagmus is in good agreement with experimental results, thus supporting our assumptions on the thermal effects of air and water irrigations.", "PMID": 310691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2652", "title": "[RNA-binding proteins of Rana temporaria frog oocytes. Isolation by methods of affinity chromatography and radioactive labelling in vitro].", "content": "A fraction of RNA-binding proteins from the maturating frog oocytes of Rana temporaria was isolated by the method of affinity chromatography on poly-U coupled to Sepharose. These proteins were labelled with high activity by the method of reductive methylation using 3H-sodium borohydride. It was shown that during the isolation and labelling there is no loss or inactivation of any RNA-binding protein fraction which is essential for informosome-like particles formation. The molecular masses of polypeptide chains in the isolated RNA-binding protein fraction were determined.", "contents": "[RNA-binding proteins of Rana temporaria frog oocytes. Isolation by methods of affinity chromatography and radioactive labelling in vitro]. A fraction of RNA-binding proteins from the maturating frog oocytes of Rana temporaria was isolated by the method of affinity chromatography on poly-U coupled to Sepharose. These proteins were labelled with high activity by the method of reductive methylation using 3H-sodium borohydride. It was shown that during the isolation and labelling there is no loss or inactivation of any RNA-binding protein fraction which is essential for informosome-like particles formation. The molecular masses of polypeptide chains in the isolated RNA-binding protein fraction were determined.", "PMID": 310692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2653", "title": "T and B lymphocytes during pregnancy.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 105 pregnant and 99 control women have been tested weekly for the nine months gestation period. Our results show no significant variations between age-matched controls and pregnant group lymphocytes in terms of their capacities to make spontaneous E-rosettes, active rosettes, EA-rosettes, to stain with anti-immunoglobulin antiserum, in cytotoxic anti-T serum assay and to dissociate into high (T) and low (B) electrophoretic mobility fractions. Concomitantly, the effect of pregnant serum on rosettes formation has been tested and found not to be different from the effect of pooled control sera.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes during pregnancy. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 105 pregnant and 99 control women have been tested weekly for the nine months gestation period. Our results show no significant variations between age-matched controls and pregnant group lymphocytes in terms of their capacities to make spontaneous E-rosettes, active rosettes, EA-rosettes, to stain with anti-immunoglobulin antiserum, in cytotoxic anti-T serum assay and to dissociate into high (T) and low (B) electrophoretic mobility fractions. Concomitantly, the effect of pregnant serum on rosettes formation has been tested and found not to be different from the effect of pooled control sera.", "PMID": 310693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2654", "title": "[Induction of immune tolerance to thymus-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) in the absence of T-cells].", "content": "The role of T cells in B cell tolerance induction to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was studied in intact adult mice, in lethally irradiated mice injected with singeneic embryonic liver cells and thymocytes (TB-mice) and in animals functionally deprived of T cells--thymectomized, letally irradiated mice reconstituted with embryonic liver cells only (B-mice). Tolerance was obtained by treatment of mice with SRBC and cyclophosphamide (Cy). Cy-induced tolerance to SRBC was shown to be the result of the absence of specific T cells and partially of immunocompetent B cells. Suppression of immunoreactivity was observed not only in TB-mice but also in B-mice subjected to tolerogenic treatment. Splenocytes of tolerant TB-mice did not suppress the immune response of intact spleen cells to SRBC. The results obtained suggest the conclusion that B cells tolerance could be formed in absence of T cells.", "contents": "[Induction of immune tolerance to thymus-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) in the absence of T-cells]. The role of T cells in B cell tolerance induction to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was studied in intact adult mice, in lethally irradiated mice injected with singeneic embryonic liver cells and thymocytes (TB-mice) and in animals functionally deprived of T cells--thymectomized, letally irradiated mice reconstituted with embryonic liver cells only (B-mice). Tolerance was obtained by treatment of mice with SRBC and cyclophosphamide (Cy). Cy-induced tolerance to SRBC was shown to be the result of the absence of specific T cells and partially of immunocompetent B cells. Suppression of immunoreactivity was observed not only in TB-mice but also in B-mice subjected to tolerogenic treatment. Splenocytes of tolerant TB-mice did not suppress the immune response of intact spleen cells to SRBC. The results obtained suggest the conclusion that B cells tolerance could be formed in absence of T cells.", "PMID": 310694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2655", "title": "[Immune response and tolerance to S. typhi Vi-antigen in T-lymphocyte depleted mice].", "content": "Comparison of immune response to Vi-antigen in thymetomized letally irradiated and reconstituted with fetal liver cells mice and in control animals revealed no difference between the two groups. The absence of enchancement of antibody formation in T cell depleted mice favours thymic-independent regulation of immune response to optimal dose of Vi-antigen. The induction of cyclophosphamide tolerance to Vi-antigen did not depend on the presence of T cells: tolerogenic treatment was equally effective in T cell depleted mice and in control animals. Therefore cyclophosphamide tolerance was not due to the activation of T suppressors but to direct elimination of immunocompetent clones of B cells.", "contents": "[Immune response and tolerance to S. typhi Vi-antigen in T-lymphocyte depleted mice]. Comparison of immune response to Vi-antigen in thymetomized letally irradiated and reconstituted with fetal liver cells mice and in control animals revealed no difference between the two groups. The absence of enchancement of antibody formation in T cell depleted mice favours thymic-independent regulation of immune response to optimal dose of Vi-antigen. The induction of cyclophosphamide tolerance to Vi-antigen did not depend on the presence of T cells: tolerogenic treatment was equally effective in T cell depleted mice and in control animals. Therefore cyclophosphamide tolerance was not due to the activation of T suppressors but to direct elimination of immunocompetent clones of B cells.", "PMID": 310695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2656", "title": "[Fluorescent probe-indicator of differences between T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood].", "content": "A new physico-chemical marker for the human peripheral blood lymphocytes was worked out. The lymphocytes were vitally stained with the fluorescent probe 3-methoxybenzanthrone and measured by microfluorometry. The blood lymphocytes population was found to be heterogeneous; this population consists of the two main groups of cells differing by the intensity of their fluorescence. By means of immunological lymphocyte fractionation it was shown that one of these cell groups was represented by T-lymphocytes, and the other one--by B-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Fluorescent probe-indicator of differences between T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood]. A new physico-chemical marker for the human peripheral blood lymphocytes was worked out. The lymphocytes were vitally stained with the fluorescent probe 3-methoxybenzanthrone and measured by microfluorometry. The blood lymphocytes population was found to be heterogeneous; this population consists of the two main groups of cells differing by the intensity of their fluorescence. By means of immunological lymphocyte fractionation it was shown that one of these cell groups was represented by T-lymphocytes, and the other one--by B-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 310696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2657", "title": "B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with a 14q+ chromosome abnormality.", "content": "An adult patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with a 14q+ marker chromosome is presented. The abnormality resulted from a translocation of material from the long arm of chromosome 11. The leukemic cells were found to be B cells on the basis of surface immunoglobulins, lack of receptors for sheep erythrocytes, and a characteristically low level of adenosine deaminase activity. In other patients with ALL studied by us or reported by others in whom chromosome banding was done, a 14q+ chromosome was present in only one instance, also a case of B cell ALL. These two cases are the only examples of B cell ALL studied with chromosome banding reported to date. The frequent occurrence of a 14q+ chromosome in other malignant lymphoproliferative diseases of B cell origin suggests that a general association may exist between the 14q+ abnormality and B cell neoplasms. Cytogenetic analysis may therefore be useful in defining subtypes of ALL and in relating specific chromosomal abnormalities to lymphoproliferative disorders.", "contents": "B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with a 14q+ chromosome abnormality. An adult patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with a 14q+ marker chromosome is presented. The abnormality resulted from a translocation of material from the long arm of chromosome 11. The leukemic cells were found to be B cells on the basis of surface immunoglobulins, lack of receptors for sheep erythrocytes, and a characteristically low level of adenosine deaminase activity. In other patients with ALL studied by us or reported by others in whom chromosome banding was done, a 14q+ chromosome was present in only one instance, also a case of B cell ALL. These two cases are the only examples of B cell ALL studied with chromosome banding reported to date. The frequent occurrence of a 14q+ chromosome in other malignant lymphoproliferative diseases of B cell origin suggests that a general association may exist between the 14q+ abnormality and B cell neoplasms. Cytogenetic analysis may therefore be useful in defining subtypes of ALL and in relating specific chromosomal abnormalities to lymphoproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 310697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2658", "title": "Size of cerebral ventricles in 66 psychiatric patients.", "content": "The routine air ventriculograms of 66 psychiatric patients, aged from 22 to 73 years, taken during the psychosurgical operation of stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy, were studied. Ventricular size was unrelated to progressive ageing, but a minority of patients over 60 years had abnormally large ventricles, not invariably associated with cognitive impairment on testing. Enlargement was associated with a clinical diagnosis of schizoaffective illness but not with past ECT.", "contents": "Size of cerebral ventricles in 66 psychiatric patients. The routine air ventriculograms of 66 psychiatric patients, aged from 22 to 73 years, taken during the psychosurgical operation of stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy, were studied. Ventricular size was unrelated to progressive ageing, but a minority of patients over 60 years had abnormally large ventricles, not invariably associated with cognitive impairment on testing. Enlargement was associated with a clinical diagnosis of schizoaffective illness but not with past ECT.", "PMID": 310699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2659", "title": "Return to work after coronary artery surgery for angina.", "content": "The working habits of 115 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery vein bypass grafting for angina were assessed. Only 25 patients worked up to the operation. Seven patients were housewives and seven retired. Sixty-eight patients had had to give up work because of their angina pectoris, and most of these had been off work for between six months and two years. After the operation 75 patients returned to full-time work, 59 within two to six months. These 75 patients included 23 of the 25 at work preoperatively and 47 of the 68 unable to work preoperatively. Most patients returned to their original occupation. We conclude that coronary artery surgery, as well as bringing symptomatic relief, increases the patient's ability to return to and maintain gainful employment.", "contents": "Return to work after coronary artery surgery for angina. The working habits of 115 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery vein bypass grafting for angina were assessed. Only 25 patients worked up to the operation. Seven patients were housewives and seven retired. Sixty-eight patients had had to give up work because of their angina pectoris, and most of these had been off work for between six months and two years. After the operation 75 patients returned to full-time work, 59 within two to six months. These 75 patients included 23 of the 25 at work preoperatively and 47 of the 68 unable to work preoperatively. Most patients returned to their original occupation. We conclude that coronary artery surgery, as well as bringing symptomatic relief, increases the patient's ability to return to and maintain gainful employment.", "PMID": 310701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2660", "title": "Colonoscopy for unexplained rectal bleeding.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-nine patients underwent colonoscopy for unexplained rectal bleeding. Local anorectal conditions were excluded by digital and proctosigmoidoscopic examinations and results of barium studies were negative for all patients. A cause for bleeding was found in 95 patients. Thirty-nine had adenomatous polyps, 24 had unrecognised inflammatory bowel disease, and most importantly 23 (10% of series) had carcinomas. Forty patients had diverticular disease, but nine of them were found to have an adenomatous polyp and four a carcinoma. Colonoscopy can contribute positively to the investigation and treatment of unexplained rectal bleeding and may prevent unnecessary laparotomy.", "contents": "Colonoscopy for unexplained rectal bleeding. Two hundred and thirty-nine patients underwent colonoscopy for unexplained rectal bleeding. Local anorectal conditions were excluded by digital and proctosigmoidoscopic examinations and results of barium studies were negative for all patients. A cause for bleeding was found in 95 patients. Thirty-nine had adenomatous polyps, 24 had unrecognised inflammatory bowel disease, and most importantly 23 (10% of series) had carcinomas. Forty patients had diverticular disease, but nine of them were found to have an adenomatous polyp and four a carcinoma. Colonoscopy can contribute positively to the investigation and treatment of unexplained rectal bleeding and may prevent unnecessary laparotomy.", "PMID": 310702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2661", "title": "Wavelength discrimination in the leopard frog: a reexamination.", "content": "A reexamination of wavelength discrimination using a 2-choice paradigm and both chromatic-chromatic and chromatic-achromatic stimulus pairs has reaffirmed the positive tendency of Rana pipiens to approach short wavelengths. In addition, a strong avoidance of long wavelengths was observed and an interaction of these two opposite response tendencies was demonstrated. Thus, the percent choice frequency for a short-wavelength stimulus depends upon the stimulus with which it is paired. A positive phototaxis appears to influence response to some short-wavelength stimuli when they differ in brightness from an achromatic stimulus, but not with wavelengths above 471 nm.", "contents": "Wavelength discrimination in the leopard frog: a reexamination. A reexamination of wavelength discrimination using a 2-choice paradigm and both chromatic-chromatic and chromatic-achromatic stimulus pairs has reaffirmed the positive tendency of Rana pipiens to approach short wavelengths. In addition, a strong avoidance of long wavelengths was observed and an interaction of these two opposite response tendencies was demonstrated. Thus, the percent choice frequency for a short-wavelength stimulus depends upon the stimulus with which it is paired. A positive phototaxis appears to influence response to some short-wavelength stimuli when they differ in brightness from an achromatic stimulus, but not with wavelengths above 471 nm.", "PMID": 310705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2662", "title": "Immunological basis of close-contact sensitization to osteosarcoma.", "content": "Normal persons with a history of close contact with cancer patients often given positive responses in tests for specific tumor immunity. The present study was designed to establish the immunological relevance of such reactivity. Leukocyte adherence inhibition analysis was used to test responses of osteosarcoma (OS)-positive donors to extracts of OS. The test system proved highly specific in that positive leukocyte adherence inhibition responses were detected in 35 of 39 OS patients while only 6 to 7% of the controls were positive. Thus, the test system appears useful in the detection of OS. Two persons reactive presumably because of exposure to OS tissue gave booster-like leukocyte adherence inhibition responses on each reexposure. Reactivity was abrogated by treatment of their leukocytes with a goat anti-T-cell immunoglobulin G. Thus, the reactivity of cells from normal donors exposed to OS probably has an immunological basis, since the test system was highly specific, reflected anamnestic reactivity, and depended on lymphocytes (probably thymus dependent). These findings suggest that an OS-associated antigen can be transmitted horizontally, but the relation of immunity to risk remains obscure.", "contents": "Immunological basis of close-contact sensitization to osteosarcoma. Normal persons with a history of close contact with cancer patients often given positive responses in tests for specific tumor immunity. The present study was designed to establish the immunological relevance of such reactivity. Leukocyte adherence inhibition analysis was used to test responses of osteosarcoma (OS)-positive donors to extracts of OS. The test system proved highly specific in that positive leukocyte adherence inhibition responses were detected in 35 of 39 OS patients while only 6 to 7% of the controls were positive. Thus, the test system appears useful in the detection of OS. Two persons reactive presumably because of exposure to OS tissue gave booster-like leukocyte adherence inhibition responses on each reexposure. Reactivity was abrogated by treatment of their leukocytes with a goat anti-T-cell immunoglobulin G. Thus, the reactivity of cells from normal donors exposed to OS probably has an immunological basis, since the test system was highly specific, reflected anamnestic reactivity, and depended on lymphocytes (probably thymus dependent). These findings suggest that an OS-associated antigen can be transmitted horizontally, but the relation of immunity to risk remains obscure.", "PMID": 310710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2663", "title": "Continuity between the ventricular and subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid in an amphibian, Rana pipiens.", "content": "Continuity between the ventricular and subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid has been investigated in Rana pipiens. The structure of the posterior tela, a deficient membrane situated at the extreme caudal end of the roof of the fourth ventricle, has been studied using whole membrane mounts and by light microscopy of resin embedded tissue. The ependymal component consists of columnar and rounded cells which form a regular 'syncytium' enclosing round and oval fenestrations. Small fenestrations are covered on the subarachnoid side by elongated pial cells and thus do not give total continuity between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space. Large fenestrations, on the other hand, are accompanied by equivalent pial fenestrations giving direct access between the fluid compartments. Towards the caudal end the fenestrations break up and the numbers of ependymal and pial cells decrease, the caudal end itself being characterised by a small remaining clump of ependyma and pia or of pia alone. Flow through the tela has been studied using fluorescein-labelled dextran placed in the intraventricular space. Infusion into the lateral ventricle and subsequent localisation by fluorescence microscopy shows the marker to be in the fourth ventricle, in the fenestrations of the posterior tela and in the subarachnoid space overlying the tela. Infusion of the marker followed by freezing and examination of the cut heads on a freezing microtome, shows fluorescence throughout the ventricular system, in the subarachnoid space adjacent to the posterior tela and also along the dorsal subarachnoid space of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Continuity between the ventricular and subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid in an amphibian, Rana pipiens. Continuity between the ventricular and subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid has been investigated in Rana pipiens. The structure of the posterior tela, a deficient membrane situated at the extreme caudal end of the roof of the fourth ventricle, has been studied using whole membrane mounts and by light microscopy of resin embedded tissue. The ependymal component consists of columnar and rounded cells which form a regular 'syncytium' enclosing round and oval fenestrations. Small fenestrations are covered on the subarachnoid side by elongated pial cells and thus do not give total continuity between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space. Large fenestrations, on the other hand, are accompanied by equivalent pial fenestrations giving direct access between the fluid compartments. Towards the caudal end the fenestrations break up and the numbers of ependymal and pial cells decrease, the caudal end itself being characterised by a small remaining clump of ependyma and pia or of pia alone. Flow through the tela has been studied using fluorescein-labelled dextran placed in the intraventricular space. Infusion into the lateral ventricle and subsequent localisation by fluorescence microscopy shows the marker to be in the fourth ventricle, in the fenestrations of the posterior tela and in the subarachnoid space overlying the tela. Infusion of the marker followed by freezing and examination of the cut heads on a freezing microtome, shows fluorescence throughout the ventricular system, in the subarachnoid space adjacent to the posterior tela and also along the dorsal subarachnoid space of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 310711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2664", "title": "Human granulocyte specific nuclear antigen(s). I: Production of antisera and determination of specificity.", "content": "Non-histone protein-DNA complexes isolated from human lung tissue were used to immunize New Zealand rabbits. Quantitative microcomplement fixation and immunocytochemistry revealed a specific chromatin antigen(s) in the human granulocyte nucleus. The study demonstrates the feasibility of employing antisera against chromosomal non-histone protein-DNA complexes for the immunochemical identification of cell types.", "contents": "Human granulocyte specific nuclear antigen(s). I: Production of antisera and determination of specificity. Non-histone protein-DNA complexes isolated from human lung tissue were used to immunize New Zealand rabbits. Quantitative microcomplement fixation and immunocytochemistry revealed a specific chromatin antigen(s) in the human granulocyte nucleus. The study demonstrates the feasibility of employing antisera against chromosomal non-histone protein-DNA complexes for the immunochemical identification of cell types.", "PMID": 310712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2665", "title": "Nutritional anaemia--a major controllable public health problem.", "content": "Nutritional anaemia, due chiefly to iron deficiency, is widely prevalent in many parts of the world. There is increasing evidence that even mild anaemia affects health and reduces productivity and that a high prevalence of anaemia has profound socioeconomic consequences. The pathogenesis of nutritional anaemia is now reasonably well understood. Measures avilable for combating it include: therapeutic supplementation for accessible population groups with a high prevalence of anaemia, such as pregnant women and schoolchildren; iron fortification of one or more widely consumed foodstuffs; management of those conditions, such as hookworm infestation, that increase requirements for haemopoietic nutrients; and education of the public, and of all categories of health personnel, regarding the importance of anaemia and the ways of controlling it. Experience has shown that there is no simple solution to the problem and in each area where iron deficiency anaemia is prevalent it will probably be necessary to develop and combine many or all of these measures. In each community it will be necessary to introduce these measures so that their effectiveness can first be studied in a pilot trial. When this has been successfully completed it should be followed by a field trial under realistic conditions, and only when this has proved successful should a regional or national programme be introduced. However, the problem is complex and it is only by sustained effort of all concerned that it will prove possible to develop adequate public health control of nutritional anaemia.", "contents": "Nutritional anaemia--a major controllable public health problem. Nutritional anaemia, due chiefly to iron deficiency, is widely prevalent in many parts of the world. There is increasing evidence that even mild anaemia affects health and reduces productivity and that a high prevalence of anaemia has profound socioeconomic consequences. The pathogenesis of nutritional anaemia is now reasonably well understood. Measures avilable for combating it include: therapeutic supplementation for accessible population groups with a high prevalence of anaemia, such as pregnant women and schoolchildren; iron fortification of one or more widely consumed foodstuffs; management of those conditions, such as hookworm infestation, that increase requirements for haemopoietic nutrients; and education of the public, and of all categories of health personnel, regarding the importance of anaemia and the ways of controlling it. Experience has shown that there is no simple solution to the problem and in each area where iron deficiency anaemia is prevalent it will probably be necessary to develop and combine many or all of these measures. In each community it will be necessary to introduce these measures so that their effectiveness can first be studied in a pilot trial. When this has been successfully completed it should be followed by a field trial under realistic conditions, and only when this has proved successful should a regional or national programme be introduced. However, the problem is complex and it is only by sustained effort of all concerned that it will prove possible to develop adequate public health control of nutritional anaemia.", "PMID": 310714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2666", "title": "Role of veterinarians in modern food hygiene.", "content": "Veterinary services and veterinary education and training must keep pace with the constantly changing patterns of agriculture and food processing. Changes in methods of animal production are associated with many problems of food processing and food quality. Veterinary supervision of the animal feed industry and of meat and distribution is essential. Quality testing of meat, milk, and eggs requires the introduction of suitable routine sampling systems, laboratory procedures, and complex evaluation procedures.Food hygiene problems have changed in recent years not only as a result of new methods of animal production, but also because of changes in food processing technology and in the presentation of food to the consumer, increased environmental pollution, increased international trade, and increased tourist travel.Food hygienists must adopt an active and progressive policy and change the scope of food control from a purely negative measure into a positive force working towards improved food quality and the avoidance of losses during production. A modern food hygiene programme should cover all stages of production, processing, and distribution of food and also other ingredients, additives and the water used for production and processing. Veterinarians should also be involved in the registration and licensing of enterprises and this should take into account the premises, the procedures to be used, new techniques in animal husbandry, machines and equipment, etc.In order to facilitate the microbiological analysis of foodstuffs, new mechanized or automated laboratory methods are required, and consideration must be given to adequate sampling techniques.", "contents": "Role of veterinarians in modern food hygiene. Veterinary services and veterinary education and training must keep pace with the constantly changing patterns of agriculture and food processing. Changes in methods of animal production are associated with many problems of food processing and food quality. Veterinary supervision of the animal feed industry and of meat and distribution is essential. Quality testing of meat, milk, and eggs requires the introduction of suitable routine sampling systems, laboratory procedures, and complex evaluation procedures.Food hygiene problems have changed in recent years not only as a result of new methods of animal production, but also because of changes in food processing technology and in the presentation of food to the consumer, increased environmental pollution, increased international trade, and increased tourist travel.Food hygienists must adopt an active and progressive policy and change the scope of food control from a purely negative measure into a positive force working towards improved food quality and the avoidance of losses during production. A modern food hygiene programme should cover all stages of production, processing, and distribution of food and also other ingredients, additives and the water used for production and processing. Veterinarians should also be involved in the registration and licensing of enterprises and this should take into account the premises, the procedures to be used, new techniques in animal husbandry, machines and equipment, etc.In order to facilitate the microbiological analysis of foodstuffs, new mechanized or automated laboratory methods are required, and consideration must be given to adequate sampling techniques.", "PMID": 310716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2667", "title": "Statistical principles of monitoring and surveillance in public health.", "content": "Monitoring and surveillance are seen as statistical procedures that will help health authorities to achieve better health services with the existing resources-monitoring being an integrated system of making observations on health and environmental factors and of scrutinizing, storing, and retrieving those data, and surveillance being a closely associated system for collating and interpreting the data.Monitoring should be an action oriented activity and may encompass a wide range of health activities, for example, communicable and noncommunicable diseases, environmental pollutants, and specific problems in health care delivery systems. Both monitoring and surveillance systems have to be related to control measures, and, since the available resources are usually limited, a scale of priorities has to be developed by the statistician in cooperation with the competent authorities.MONITORING MAY BE PERFORMED ON EITHER THE INDIVIDUAL OR AGGREGATE LEVEL AND SHOULD BE PLANNED TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE UNDER CONSIDERATION: it is concerned with monitoring stimuli and events. Collection of data, for example, on exposure to a pollutant, may be continuous and automatically recorded, or regular or irregular through population sampling or registries. The statistical requirements of monitoring and surveillance systems are discussed and a checklist of features to be considered is given in an annex.", "contents": "Statistical principles of monitoring and surveillance in public health. Monitoring and surveillance are seen as statistical procedures that will help health authorities to achieve better health services with the existing resources-monitoring being an integrated system of making observations on health and environmental factors and of scrutinizing, storing, and retrieving those data, and surveillance being a closely associated system for collating and interpreting the data.Monitoring should be an action oriented activity and may encompass a wide range of health activities, for example, communicable and noncommunicable diseases, environmental pollutants, and specific problems in health care delivery systems. Both monitoring and surveillance systems have to be related to control measures, and, since the available resources are usually limited, a scale of priorities has to be developed by the statistician in cooperation with the competent authorities.MONITORING MAY BE PERFORMED ON EITHER THE INDIVIDUAL OR AGGREGATE LEVEL AND SHOULD BE PLANNED TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE UNDER CONSIDERATION: it is concerned with monitoring stimuli and events. Collection of data, for example, on exposure to a pollutant, may be continuous and automatically recorded, or regular or irregular through population sampling or registries. The statistical requirements of monitoring and surveillance systems are discussed and a checklist of features to be considered is given in an annex.", "PMID": 310717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2668", "title": "The effect of undernutrition on immunological responses to BCG and TAB vaccines in mice maintained on a natural diet.", "content": "A study was made on the effect of undernutrition on the immunological responses of mice to TAB and BCG vaccines. The mice were fed a diet comprising chapati and germinated grams; one group was fed ad libitum while another was given half the quantity consumed by the first group. The undernourished mice showed a poor immune response to BCG: only 23% showed a positive reaction to foot pad challenge with purified protein derivative, compared with 76% of the well-fed mice. The mean increase in thickness of the foot pad was also significantly smaller in the undernourished mice. Antibody titres against the H and O antigens of TAB were essentially similar in both groups of mice. The results suggest that undernutrition depresses cell-mediated immune responses but not humoral responses.", "contents": "The effect of undernutrition on immunological responses to BCG and TAB vaccines in mice maintained on a natural diet. A study was made on the effect of undernutrition on the immunological responses of mice to TAB and BCG vaccines. The mice were fed a diet comprising chapati and germinated grams; one group was fed ad libitum while another was given half the quantity consumed by the first group. The undernourished mice showed a poor immune response to BCG: only 23% showed a positive reaction to foot pad challenge with purified protein derivative, compared with 76% of the well-fed mice. The mean increase in thickness of the foot pad was also significantly smaller in the undernourished mice. Antibody titres against the H and O antigens of TAB were essentially similar in both groups of mice. The results suggest that undernutrition depresses cell-mediated immune responses but not humoral responses.", "PMID": 310720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2669", "title": "Evaluation of a finger prick blood collection method for the seroepidemiology of hepatitis B.", "content": "A finger prick-swab method of blood specimen collection was qualitatively and quantitatively compared with the conventional venipuncture method for HBsAg and anti-HBs determinations by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The new method consisted of pricking the finger, collecting 0.1-0.2 ml of blood with a cotton-wool swab, and eluting the swab in 1 ml of 1% bovine albumin in saline containing 0.1% sodium azide. Using chimpanzees seropositive for HBsAg or anti-HBs, comparisons were made of RIA results of: (a) whole blood, haemolysed blood, serum, and plasma; (b) paired finger prick samples and serum; (c) dilutions of finger prick samples and serum; and (d) different volumes of blood on swabs. Field studies were carried out at two institutions where hepatitis B was hyperendemic to compare results from paired finger prick and serum specimens assayed by the RIA and haemagglutination techniques. The laboratory studies showed that swab RIA values for anti-HBs were significantly lower than serum values and that for HBsAg, swab values were significantly higher than serum values. In HBsAg tests, the field studies showed 100% agreement between the two methods; in anti-HBs tests, the finger prick method showed 85% agreement with positive sera. Because of the logistics of collecting and processing blood serum, the finger prick-swab technique may be a valuable aid in large-scale seroepidemiological surveys for hepatitis B.", "contents": "Evaluation of a finger prick blood collection method for the seroepidemiology of hepatitis B. A finger prick-swab method of blood specimen collection was qualitatively and quantitatively compared with the conventional venipuncture method for HBsAg and anti-HBs determinations by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The new method consisted of pricking the finger, collecting 0.1-0.2 ml of blood with a cotton-wool swab, and eluting the swab in 1 ml of 1% bovine albumin in saline containing 0.1% sodium azide. Using chimpanzees seropositive for HBsAg or anti-HBs, comparisons were made of RIA results of: (a) whole blood, haemolysed blood, serum, and plasma; (b) paired finger prick samples and serum; (c) dilutions of finger prick samples and serum; and (d) different volumes of blood on swabs. Field studies were carried out at two institutions where hepatitis B was hyperendemic to compare results from paired finger prick and serum specimens assayed by the RIA and haemagglutination techniques. The laboratory studies showed that swab RIA values for anti-HBs were significantly lower than serum values and that for HBsAg, swab values were significantly higher than serum values. In HBsAg tests, the field studies showed 100% agreement between the two methods; in anti-HBs tests, the finger prick method showed 85% agreement with positive sera. Because of the logistics of collecting and processing blood serum, the finger prick-swab technique may be a valuable aid in large-scale seroepidemiological surveys for hepatitis B.", "PMID": 310721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2670", "title": "A serological survey of Lassa fever in Liberia.", "content": "A serological survey was undertaken at four Liberian hospitals in 1974 in which serum samples were taken from 104 health workers and 61 patients. Six persons had Lassa fever antibodies: four midwives and two students of midwifery. Of those persons who had lived in Loffa County, 4 of 22 midwives were seropositive whereas none of the other 39 residents were positive (P = 0.014).", "contents": "A serological survey of Lassa fever in Liberia. A serological survey was undertaken at four Liberian hospitals in 1974 in which serum samples were taken from 104 health workers and 61 patients. Six persons had Lassa fever antibodies: four midwives and two students of midwifery. Of those persons who had lived in Loffa County, 4 of 22 midwives were seropositive whereas none of the other 39 residents were positive (P = 0.014).", "PMID": 310723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2671", "title": "Proposed rules for the designation of immunoglobulins of animal origin.", "content": "The present article sets forth proposed rules for the designation of immunoglobulins of animal origin and their chains. It also recommends symbols to be used for the designation of classes and types, subclasses and subtypes, (sub) subclasses and (sub) subtypes, and allotypes. Recommended rules for the designation of newly discovered polypeptide chains are also included.", "contents": "Proposed rules for the designation of immunoglobulins of animal origin. The present article sets forth proposed rules for the designation of immunoglobulins of animal origin and their chains. It also recommends symbols to be used for the designation of classes and types, subclasses and subtypes, (sub) subclasses and (sub) subtypes, and allotypes. Recommended rules for the designation of newly discovered polypeptide chains are also included.", "PMID": 310724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2672", "title": "Viral haemorrhagic fevers of man.", "content": "This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the viral haemorrhagic fevers that infect man, namely smallpox, chikungunya fever, dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, Crimean haemorrhagic fever, Kyasanur Forest disease, Omsk haemorrhagic fever, Argentinian haemorrhagic fever (Junin virus), Bolivian haemorrhagic fever (Machupo virus), Lassa fever, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and Marburg and Ebola virus diseases.", "contents": "Viral haemorrhagic fevers of man. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the viral haemorrhagic fevers that infect man, namely smallpox, chikungunya fever, dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, Crimean haemorrhagic fever, Kyasanur Forest disease, Omsk haemorrhagic fever, Argentinian haemorrhagic fever (Junin virus), Bolivian haemorrhagic fever (Machupo virus), Lassa fever, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and Marburg and Ebola virus diseases.", "PMID": 310725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2673", "title": "The need for closer collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions.", "content": "It is increasingly apparent that physicians and veterinarians share the same pool of scientific knowledge and that diseases of animals have many direct and indirect connexions with human health. Nowadays it is realized that, given the opportunity, the veterinarian can make substantial contributions to the medical services by (a) controlling zoonoses, (b) supervising the hygiene of food, especially food of animal origin, (c) assisting in the detection and prevention of environmental pollution, (d) facilitating exchange of research information on analagous problems in man and animals, and (e) ensuring a supply of healthy, standardized laboratory animals. Appropriate administrative machinery at government level is necessary to enable the veterinarian to develop and exercise his potential in this field and to ensure full and effective collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions. Conventional veterinary education provides an excellent background for public health work, but special training is also necessary, at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, for veterinarians who are to assume responsibilities in public health. A fuller partnership between these two health professions, which have so much in common, should be encouraged in various ways, for example by sharing some courses during university education, and by joint meetings to discuss problems of mutual concern.", "contents": "The need for closer collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions. It is increasingly apparent that physicians and veterinarians share the same pool of scientific knowledge and that diseases of animals have many direct and indirect connexions with human health. Nowadays it is realized that, given the opportunity, the veterinarian can make substantial contributions to the medical services by (a) controlling zoonoses, (b) supervising the hygiene of food, especially food of animal origin, (c) assisting in the detection and prevention of environmental pollution, (d) facilitating exchange of research information on analagous problems in man and animals, and (e) ensuring a supply of healthy, standardized laboratory animals. Appropriate administrative machinery at government level is necessary to enable the veterinarian to develop and exercise his potential in this field and to ensure full and effective collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions. Conventional veterinary education provides an excellent background for public health work, but special training is also necessary, at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, for veterinarians who are to assume responsibilities in public health. A fuller partnership between these two health professions, which have so much in common, should be encouraged in various ways, for example by sharing some courses during university education, and by joint meetings to discuss problems of mutual concern.", "PMID": 310728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2674", "title": "Guiding principles and recommendations on labelling of clinical laboratory materials: a WHO memorandum.", "content": "Comprehensive labelling forms a vital part of any steps to control the quality of commercially distributed diagnostic reagents. This Memorandum gives recommendations for such labelling. Specifications are given for the recommended minimum information to be given on the label attached to the immediate container of clinical laboratory materials, kits and kit components, reference materials including calibrators and control materials, and where applicable, of general laboratory materials. A package insert or brochure is generally required for clinical laboratory materials, kits, and reference materials, and specifications are also given for information to be given in such inserts or brochures. Definitions of terms used in this Memorandum are given in an Annex. It is hoped that WHO Member States will use these specifications through their adoption as national regulations.", "contents": "Guiding principles and recommendations on labelling of clinical laboratory materials: a WHO memorandum. Comprehensive labelling forms a vital part of any steps to control the quality of commercially distributed diagnostic reagents. This Memorandum gives recommendations for such labelling. Specifications are given for the recommended minimum information to be given on the label attached to the immediate container of clinical laboratory materials, kits and kit components, reference materials including calibrators and control materials, and where applicable, of general laboratory materials. A package insert or brochure is generally required for clinical laboratory materials, kits, and reference materials, and specifications are also given for information to be given in such inserts or brochures. Definitions of terms used in this Memorandum are given in an Annex. It is hoped that WHO Member States will use these specifications through their adoption as national regulations.", "PMID": 310730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2675", "title": "Recent advances in rheumatic fever control and future prospect: a WHO memorandum.", "content": "The public health importance of rheumatic fever is not directly related to its prevalence but is a complex function of many factors, such as incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, and cost to the community, all relative to the importance of other diseases. Although the prevalence is low and still decreasing in developed countries, rheumatic fever is the commonest form of heart disease in many developing countries. Advances in the bacterial and serological characterization of group A streptococci are reviewed in this Memorandum, with emphasis on the nature of the structural elements of the cell wall. Microbiological methods play an important role in the diagnosis and control of rheumatic fever and up-to-date information is given concerning methods of isolation and grouping and of typing. Methods of assessing streptococcal activity in the host, in particular the different antibody responses found in relation to different pathological conditions, are discussed, as are the improvements required in laboratory services to enable them to carry out these duties adequately. Current concepts concerning the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever are reviewed together with differences in the epidemiology related to the different sites of infection and the problems of carriership. The Memorandum is also concerned with the methods of prevention and treatment, including prevention of recurrences, control of the disease in communities, and strategies for nationwide control.", "contents": "Recent advances in rheumatic fever control and future prospect: a WHO memorandum. The public health importance of rheumatic fever is not directly related to its prevalence but is a complex function of many factors, such as incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, and cost to the community, all relative to the importance of other diseases. Although the prevalence is low and still decreasing in developed countries, rheumatic fever is the commonest form of heart disease in many developing countries. Advances in the bacterial and serological characterization of group A streptococci are reviewed in this Memorandum, with emphasis on the nature of the structural elements of the cell wall. Microbiological methods play an important role in the diagnosis and control of rheumatic fever and up-to-date information is given concerning methods of isolation and grouping and of typing. Methods of assessing streptococcal activity in the host, in particular the different antibody responses found in relation to different pathological conditions, are discussed, as are the improvements required in laboratory services to enable them to carry out these duties adequately. Current concepts concerning the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever are reviewed together with differences in the epidemiology related to the different sites of infection and the problems of carriership. The Memorandum is also concerned with the methods of prevention and treatment, including prevention of recurrences, control of the disease in communities, and strategies for nationwide control.", "PMID": 310731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2676", "title": "Influenza in China in 1977: recurrence of influenzavirus A subtype H1N1.", "content": "Preliminary results from epidemiological and laboratory studies on the new H1N1 influenza virus show that the 7-20 years age group suffered the highest morbidity; some adults over 20 years of age were also affected. The influenza epidemic caused by the H1N1 virus was characterized by slow spread, unevenness of attack rates, and the occurrence of many mild cases and inapparent infections. At least up to the end of 1977 there was concurrent persistence and spread of both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. The H and N antigens of the new H1N1 virus, as well as its behaviour toward nonspecific inhibitors, were found to be closely similar to the old H1N1 virus prevalent during the first half of the 1950s. Most of the new H1N1 isolates in eggs were found to be temperature sensitive.", "contents": "Influenza in China in 1977: recurrence of influenzavirus A subtype H1N1. Preliminary results from epidemiological and laboratory studies on the new H1N1 influenza virus show that the 7-20 years age group suffered the highest morbidity; some adults over 20 years of age were also affected. The influenza epidemic caused by the H1N1 virus was characterized by slow spread, unevenness of attack rates, and the occurrence of many mild cases and inapparent infections. At least up to the end of 1977 there was concurrent persistence and spread of both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. The H and N antigens of the new H1N1 virus, as well as its behaviour toward nonspecific inhibitors, were found to be closely similar to the old H1N1 virus prevalent during the first half of the 1950s. Most of the new H1N1 isolates in eggs were found to be temperature sensitive.", "PMID": 310732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2677", "title": "Influenza in the USSR in 1977: recurrence of influenzavirus A subtype H1N1.", "content": "Early in November 1977, several outbreaks of influenza were reported in the far eastern region of the USSR. The epidemic spread rapidly throughout the country affecting mainly people under the age of 20 years. Most of the strains of virus isolated were found to be influenza A subtype H1N1. The serological characterization of the strains is described in this paper.", "contents": "Influenza in the USSR in 1977: recurrence of influenzavirus A subtype H1N1. Early in November 1977, several outbreaks of influenza were reported in the far eastern region of the USSR. The epidemic spread rapidly throughout the country affecting mainly people under the age of 20 years. Most of the strains of virus isolated were found to be influenza A subtype H1N1. The serological characterization of the strains is described in this paper.", "PMID": 310733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2678", "title": "Comparison of influenza viruses isolated from man and from whales.", "content": "Four isolates of influenza virus strains from Moscow and Habarovsk that caused outbreaks of influenza in November and December 1977 in several cities of the USSR were studied and their haemagglutinins and neuraminidases were compared with those of other human and animal influenza viruses including A/whale/Pacific Ocean/76. In H1 tests these isolates, designated A/USSR/77, reacted with immune serum against A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) to the homologous titre, and with antiserum against A/whale/PO/19/76 virus to 1/8 of the homologous titre. In neuraminidase inhibition tests all A/USSR/77 isolates showed the presence of human N1 type neuraminidase, more closely related to A/sw/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) than to A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) virus. The haemagglutinin of A/whale/Pacific Ocean/19/76 virus occupies an intermediate position between H0 and H1, but its neuraminidase is close to Nav2. The virus from whales multiplies better at low (28 degrees C) and at high (40 degrees C) temperatures than do the viruses of human origin that were tested.", "contents": "Comparison of influenza viruses isolated from man and from whales. Four isolates of influenza virus strains from Moscow and Habarovsk that caused outbreaks of influenza in November and December 1977 in several cities of the USSR were studied and their haemagglutinins and neuraminidases were compared with those of other human and animal influenza viruses including A/whale/Pacific Ocean/76. In H1 tests these isolates, designated A/USSR/77, reacted with immune serum against A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) to the homologous titre, and with antiserum against A/whale/PO/19/76 virus to 1/8 of the homologous titre. In neuraminidase inhibition tests all A/USSR/77 isolates showed the presence of human N1 type neuraminidase, more closely related to A/sw/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) than to A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) virus. The haemagglutinin of A/whale/Pacific Ocean/19/76 virus occupies an intermediate position between H0 and H1, but its neuraminidase is close to Nav2. The virus from whales multiplies better at low (28 degrees C) and at high (40 degrees C) temperatures than do the viruses of human origin that were tested.", "PMID": 310734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2679", "title": "Epidemiology of influenza during 1957--75 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the German Democratic Republic.", "content": "Analysis of clinical data collected by the epidemiological services in both countries showed that each shift or drift in the antigenic structure of the influenza virus resulted in epidemics in both countries. Depending on the degree of antigenic change, both shifts and drifts influenced the speed of epidemic spread and the time of occurrence and the intensity of the epidemics. However, the analyses did not reveal a direct relation between degree of antigenic variation and the attack rate or the severity of the epidemic. The mean attack rate in both countries was about 13% depending on the pathogenicity of the circulating virus. The severity of the epidemics varied in the two countries but the fourth epidemic after each shift was severe in both countries. The reasons for this and other features of the epidemiology are discussed.", "contents": "Epidemiology of influenza during 1957--75 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the German Democratic Republic. Analysis of clinical data collected by the epidemiological services in both countries showed that each shift or drift in the antigenic structure of the influenza virus resulted in epidemics in both countries. Depending on the degree of antigenic change, both shifts and drifts influenced the speed of epidemic spread and the time of occurrence and the intensity of the epidemics. However, the analyses did not reveal a direct relation between degree of antigenic variation and the attack rate or the severity of the epidemic. The mean attack rate in both countries was about 13% depending on the pathogenicity of the circulating virus. The severity of the epidemics varied in the two countries but the fourth epidemic after each shift was severe in both countries. The reasons for this and other features of the epidemiology are discussed.", "PMID": 310735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2680", "title": "Combined vaccination with BCG and toxoid antigens.", "content": "Simultaneous vaccination with different antigens has been widely practised in recent years. A notable example is percutaneous smallpox vaccination together with the intradermal injection of BCG. In contrast, the potentially even more time-saving procedure of combined vaccination (i.e., with vaccines mixed prior to injection) has been tried on only a very limited, experimental scale. Combined vaccination with a mixture of BCG and toxoids has not been suggested before. Such a mixed vaccine, with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, was used in experiments in vitro and in vivo.No deleterious effect of toxoids on BCG was found in terms of reduction in oxygen uptake, germination rate, or counts of viable particles. The dose-response relationships (delayed hypersensitivity and skin reactivity) for BCG with and without added toxoids were compared in guinea pigs and no differences were found. The antibody response in guinea pigs to toxoids mixed with BCG or with aluminium hydroxide was measured following both primary and booster immunization. The primary response to toxoids was lower with BCG than with aluminium hydroxide. In booster immunization, the response was identical for the two mixtures.It appears that not only is a mixture of toxoids and BCG innocuous (given intradermally) but also BCG may have an adjuvant effect on the production of antibodies to the toxoids. Further experimentation is needed, first in the guinea pig model and later in pilot trials in man, to establish suitable dose levels. Furthermore, since BCG may act as an adjuvant both in producing antibodies and in the cell-mediated response to the toxoids, it would be desirable to clarify the possible interaction of these two immune responses in protection against disease.", "contents": "Combined vaccination with BCG and toxoid antigens. Simultaneous vaccination with different antigens has been widely practised in recent years. A notable example is percutaneous smallpox vaccination together with the intradermal injection of BCG. In contrast, the potentially even more time-saving procedure of combined vaccination (i.e., with vaccines mixed prior to injection) has been tried on only a very limited, experimental scale. Combined vaccination with a mixture of BCG and toxoids has not been suggested before. Such a mixed vaccine, with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, was used in experiments in vitro and in vivo.No deleterious effect of toxoids on BCG was found in terms of reduction in oxygen uptake, germination rate, or counts of viable particles. The dose-response relationships (delayed hypersensitivity and skin reactivity) for BCG with and without added toxoids were compared in guinea pigs and no differences were found. The antibody response in guinea pigs to toxoids mixed with BCG or with aluminium hydroxide was measured following both primary and booster immunization. The primary response to toxoids was lower with BCG than with aluminium hydroxide. In booster immunization, the response was identical for the two mixtures.It appears that not only is a mixture of toxoids and BCG innocuous (given intradermally) but also BCG may have an adjuvant effect on the production of antibodies to the toxoids. Further experimentation is needed, first in the guinea pig model and later in pilot trials in man, to establish suitable dose levels. Furthermore, since BCG may act as an adjuvant both in producing antibodies and in the cell-mediated response to the toxoids, it would be desirable to clarify the possible interaction of these two immune responses in protection against disease.", "PMID": 310736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2681", "title": "Further observations from St Lucia on control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission by provision of domestic water supplies.", "content": "Individual households in five settlements were provided with piped water in a pilot scheme to investigate the effect on transmission of S. mansoni in St Lucia. Nearby comparison settlements, in the same valley, were provided with water through a public standpipe system. The incidence of S. mansoni infection among children decreased in the experimental area, leading to lower prevalence rates and lower intensity of infection in all age groups. Over the study period, indices of infection increased in the comparison settlements, but by the end of the period development was making those settlements less suitable for comparison purposes and some reduction in transmission was occurring.The changes in human infection rates were reflected in the results of studies with sentinel snails. In the experimental area, infection rates gradually fell owing to reduced water contact and consequently less contamination of the river and its banks, and possibly to the gradual reduction in contamination potential of the community with reduced prevalence and intensity of infection. It is suggested that a piped water supply be considered as a method of schistosomiasis control, but that the cost should not be debited only to the control of this disease since a clean water supply has other medical and social benefits.", "contents": "Further observations from St Lucia on control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission by provision of domestic water supplies. Individual households in five settlements were provided with piped water in a pilot scheme to investigate the effect on transmission of S. mansoni in St Lucia. Nearby comparison settlements, in the same valley, were provided with water through a public standpipe system. The incidence of S. mansoni infection among children decreased in the experimental area, leading to lower prevalence rates and lower intensity of infection in all age groups. Over the study period, indices of infection increased in the comparison settlements, but by the end of the period development was making those settlements less suitable for comparison purposes and some reduction in transmission was occurring.The changes in human infection rates were reflected in the results of studies with sentinel snails. In the experimental area, infection rates gradually fell owing to reduced water contact and consequently less contamination of the river and its banks, and possibly to the gradual reduction in contamination potential of the community with reduced prevalence and intensity of infection. It is suggested that a piped water supply be considered as a method of schistosomiasis control, but that the cost should not be debited only to the control of this disease since a clean water supply has other medical and social benefits.", "PMID": 310737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2682", "title": "The use of a continuous cell line for the isolation of influenza viruses.", "content": "Cultures of MDCK cells exposed to trypsin were as efficient as cultures of rhesus monkey kidney cells for detecting influenza virus, both in dilutions of infected allantoic fluids and in nose and throat swabs. We suggest that the MDCK cell/trypsin system provides a satisfactory alternative to monkey kidney cultures for the isolation of influenza viruses from clinical specimens.", "contents": "The use of a continuous cell line for the isolation of influenza viruses. Cultures of MDCK cells exposed to trypsin were as efficient as cultures of rhesus monkey kidney cells for detecting influenza virus, both in dilutions of infected allantoic fluids and in nose and throat swabs. We suggest that the MDCK cell/trypsin system provides a satisfactory alternative to monkey kidney cultures for the isolation of influenza viruses from clinical specimens.", "PMID": 310738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2683", "title": "Relation of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB to postoperative electrocardiographic diagnosis in patients undergoing coronary-artery bypass surgery.", "content": "We compared (a) the frequency of detection of isoenzyme MB of creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) in serum of patients undergoing coronary-artery bypass surgery, (b) the interval during uhich its activity was supranormal in serum, and (c) an index of the amount of CK released into blood (\"CK-MB area\") with postoperative electrocardiographic changes in 80 patients. The frequency of detection of CK-MB is a function of frequency of sampling during the early postoperative period. Because the duration of appearance and the calculated CK-MB area increased as the electrocardiogram became more specific for infarction (p less than 0.01), a twice-daily sampling schedule proved clinically relevant. Only 5.4% of patients had electrocardiographic evidence of infarction when CK-MB was absent by the second postoperative morning. When CK-MB was still detected at that time, 69.6% of patients had persistent new Q waves, consistent with infarction. In three patients who died postoperatively, significant myocardial necrosis was demonstrated. All three had had persistently increased values for CK-MB, related to electrocardiographic changes of infarction in one patient and ischemic changes in two. Evidently CK-MB is a more sensitive indicator of myocardial necrosis than the electrocardiogram and CK-MB area should be a useful criterion in evaluating methods of intra-operative myocardial protection.", "contents": "Relation of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB to postoperative electrocardiographic diagnosis in patients undergoing coronary-artery bypass surgery. We compared (a) the frequency of detection of isoenzyme MB of creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) in serum of patients undergoing coronary-artery bypass surgery, (b) the interval during uhich its activity was supranormal in serum, and (c) an index of the amount of CK released into blood (\"CK-MB area\") with postoperative electrocardiographic changes in 80 patients. The frequency of detection of CK-MB is a function of frequency of sampling during the early postoperative period. Because the duration of appearance and the calculated CK-MB area increased as the electrocardiogram became more specific for infarction (p less than 0.01), a twice-daily sampling schedule proved clinically relevant. Only 5.4% of patients had electrocardiographic evidence of infarction when CK-MB was absent by the second postoperative morning. When CK-MB was still detected at that time, 69.6% of patients had persistent new Q waves, consistent with infarction. In three patients who died postoperatively, significant myocardial necrosis was demonstrated. All three had had persistently increased values for CK-MB, related to electrocardiographic changes of infarction in one patient and ischemic changes in two. Evidently CK-MB is a more sensitive indicator of myocardial necrosis than the electrocardiogram and CK-MB area should be a useful criterion in evaluating methods of intra-operative myocardial protection.", "PMID": 310739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2684", "title": "Experimental and clinical immunopathology of middle ear transplantation.", "content": "On the basis of experimental data the concept of immuno-tolerance in allograft-tympanoplasty is discussed. Immunological interference in human tympanic membrane grafts has been demonstrated by means of T-cell membrane fluorescence.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical immunopathology of middle ear transplantation. On the basis of experimental data the concept of immuno-tolerance in allograft-tympanoplasty is discussed. Immunological interference in human tympanic membrane grafts has been demonstrated by means of T-cell membrane fluorescence.", "PMID": 310740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2685", "title": "Studies of surface immunoglobulins on human B lymphocytes. III. Physiological variations of SIg+ cells in peripheral blood.", "content": "The levels of B lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulins in human peripheral blood were measured by immunofluorescence after pre-treatment of the cells with a low pH shock or washing at 37 degrees C. It was found that the percentages of SIg-bearing cells in an individual varied throughout the day and showed a circadian rhythm with a peak at 12 midnight and a depression at 12 noon. In addition, the levels of the B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were shown to vary annually, being lower in the winter than in the summer.", "contents": "Studies of surface immunoglobulins on human B lymphocytes. III. Physiological variations of SIg+ cells in peripheral blood. The levels of B lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulins in human peripheral blood were measured by immunofluorescence after pre-treatment of the cells with a low pH shock or washing at 37 degrees C. It was found that the percentages of SIg-bearing cells in an individual varied throughout the day and showed a circadian rhythm with a peak at 12 midnight and a depression at 12 noon. In addition, the levels of the B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were shown to vary annually, being lower in the winter than in the summer.", "PMID": 310741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2686", "title": "Control of cloning of normal human T lymphocytes by transferrin, albumin and different lectins.", "content": "Normal human T-lymphocytes can be induced to form colonies with a high cloning efficiency by seeding the cells directly in agar with normal human plasma and the lectins concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin, or pokeweed mitogen. The requirement for human plasma can be substituted, to different degrees with different lectins, by adding transferrin and albumin to foetal calf serum. This provides a useful system for identifying specific deficiencies in the requirements for normal T-lymphocyte colony formation.", "contents": "Control of cloning of normal human T lymphocytes by transferrin, albumin and different lectins. Normal human T-lymphocytes can be induced to form colonies with a high cloning efficiency by seeding the cells directly in agar with normal human plasma and the lectins concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin, or pokeweed mitogen. The requirement for human plasma can be substituted, to different degrees with different lectins, by adding transferrin and albumin to foetal calf serum. This provides a useful system for identifying specific deficiencies in the requirements for normal T-lymphocyte colony formation.", "PMID": 310742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2687", "title": "The effect of levamisole on E-rosette formation by trypsinized lymphocytes.", "content": "Normal lymphocytes treated with trypsin lost their ability to form normal numbers of rosettes with sheep red blood cells. The recovery in E-rosette forming capacity of trypsinized cells was considerably augmented when the cells were incubated in the presence of a wide range of concentrations of the immunostimulatory drug, levamisole. Substantial recovery of rosette-forming ability was seen 2 hr after incubation of trypsinized cells with levamisole.", "contents": "The effect of levamisole on E-rosette formation by trypsinized lymphocytes. Normal lymphocytes treated with trypsin lost their ability to form normal numbers of rosettes with sheep red blood cells. The recovery in E-rosette forming capacity of trypsinized cells was considerably augmented when the cells were incubated in the presence of a wide range of concentrations of the immunostimulatory drug, levamisole. Substantial recovery of rosette-forming ability was seen 2 hr after incubation of trypsinized cells with levamisole.", "PMID": 310743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2688", "title": "Theophylline modulation of E-rosette formation: an indicator of T-cell maturation.", "content": "The binding of unsensitized sheep erythrocytes is a characteristic of human thymus dependent T-lymphocytes. We have investigated the effect of theophylline on E-rosette formation using cells from normal individuals, and patients with immunodeficiency or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and have attempted to correlate the influence of the drug on distinct T-lymphocyte subpopulations. Three subpopulations of E-rosetting T-lymphocytes can be delineated: theophylline-sensitive T-cells which lose the capacity to form E-rosettes following treatment; theophylline-resistant T-cells which are unaffected by the drug; and theophylline-dependent cells which acquire the ability to form E-rosettes following incubation with theophylline. The action of theophylline was shown to be dose-dependent, temperature-dependent and reversible. Reversibility or re-expression of the receptor for sheep red cells could be blocked by the addition of puromycin. In peripheral blood, E-rosetting T-lymphocytes were roughly divided into two equal populations, one sensitive, the other resistant. Thymocytes were shown to be entirely theophylline-resistant, whereas a small population of cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow were induced to become E-rosetting in the presence of theophylline. Induction by theophylline may be effective at a distinct stage of precursor T-cell differentiation.", "contents": "Theophylline modulation of E-rosette formation: an indicator of T-cell maturation. The binding of unsensitized sheep erythrocytes is a characteristic of human thymus dependent T-lymphocytes. We have investigated the effect of theophylline on E-rosette formation using cells from normal individuals, and patients with immunodeficiency or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and have attempted to correlate the influence of the drug on distinct T-lymphocyte subpopulations. Three subpopulations of E-rosetting T-lymphocytes can be delineated: theophylline-sensitive T-cells which lose the capacity to form E-rosettes following treatment; theophylline-resistant T-cells which are unaffected by the drug; and theophylline-dependent cells which acquire the ability to form E-rosettes following incubation with theophylline. The action of theophylline was shown to be dose-dependent, temperature-dependent and reversible. Reversibility or re-expression of the receptor for sheep red cells could be blocked by the addition of puromycin. In peripheral blood, E-rosetting T-lymphocytes were roughly divided into two equal populations, one sensitive, the other resistant. Thymocytes were shown to be entirely theophylline-resistant, whereas a small population of cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow were induced to become E-rosetting in the presence of theophylline. Induction by theophylline may be effective at a distinct stage of precursor T-cell differentiation.", "PMID": 310744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2689", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in mice vaccinated against malaria.", "content": "Mice vaccinated with a formalin-fixed preparation of either Plasmodium berghei or P. yoelli exhibited delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the homologous antigen. This manifested itself in increased delayed thickening of antigen-challenged pinnae of the vaccinated mice as compared to the non-vaccinated controls. DTH was also evident in the vaccinated mice using the homing of radio-labelled bone marrow cells (BMC) to the delayed lesion as a criterion of reactivity. When P. yoelii vaccinated mice were given a live infection P. yoelii, a marked migration of BMC into the spleen occurred, with a peak at 48 hr, and it is suggested that this was a systemic response of DTH. The splenic T-cells of P. yoelii-vaccinated animals transformed in vitro with a soluble extract of the homologous parasite. The potential function of cell-mediated mechanisms in immunity to malarial infections is discussed.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in mice vaccinated against malaria. Mice vaccinated with a formalin-fixed preparation of either Plasmodium berghei or P. yoelli exhibited delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the homologous antigen. This manifested itself in increased delayed thickening of antigen-challenged pinnae of the vaccinated mice as compared to the non-vaccinated controls. DTH was also evident in the vaccinated mice using the homing of radio-labelled bone marrow cells (BMC) to the delayed lesion as a criterion of reactivity. When P. yoelii vaccinated mice were given a live infection P. yoelii, a marked migration of BMC into the spleen occurred, with a peak at 48 hr, and it is suggested that this was a systemic response of DTH. The splenic T-cells of P. yoelii-vaccinated animals transformed in vitro with a soluble extract of the homologous parasite. The potential function of cell-mediated mechanisms in immunity to malarial infections is discussed.", "PMID": 310745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2690", "title": "Long-term antiarrhythmic therapy with N-acetylprocainamide.", "content": "The effects of long-term NAPA therapy were evaluated in 6 patients with chronic PVCs known to respond to this drug during a previous placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Underlying cardiac status was evaluated every six months by switching each patient from NAPA to placebo. Placebo period PVC frequency after one year of NAPA therapy was reduced, compared to baseline placebo values. Mean PEP/LVET, measured while the patients received placebo, was elevated at the beginning of the study but was normal after one year of NAPA therapy. Comparison of NAPA and placebo period observations indicated a reduction in PEP/LVET when NAPA therapy was begun. This effect, however, could not be demonstrated one year later when mean placebo period PEP/LVET was normal. The apparent dependence of this effect on underlying status of left ventricular function suggests that the initial reduction in PEP/LVET represents an an indirect effect of NAPA rather than a direct inotropic action. NAPA therapy was well tolerated by the 6 patients and ANA titers became abnormal in only one, in marked contrast to reported experience with procainamide.", "contents": "Long-term antiarrhythmic therapy with N-acetylprocainamide. The effects of long-term NAPA therapy were evaluated in 6 patients with chronic PVCs known to respond to this drug during a previous placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Underlying cardiac status was evaluated every six months by switching each patient from NAPA to placebo. Placebo period PVC frequency after one year of NAPA therapy was reduced, compared to baseline placebo values. Mean PEP/LVET, measured while the patients received placebo, was elevated at the beginning of the study but was normal after one year of NAPA therapy. Comparison of NAPA and placebo period observations indicated a reduction in PEP/LVET when NAPA therapy was begun. This effect, however, could not be demonstrated one year later when mean placebo period PEP/LVET was normal. The apparent dependence of this effect on underlying status of left ventricular function suggests that the initial reduction in PEP/LVET represents an an indirect effect of NAPA rather than a direct inotropic action. NAPA therapy was well tolerated by the 6 patients and ANA titers became abnormal in only one, in marked contrast to reported experience with procainamide.", "PMID": 310748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2691", "title": "Chloroquine serum concentration and side effects: evidence for dose-dependent kinetics.", "content": "Serum concentrations of chloroquine were determined fluorometrically in 100 rheumatoid patients who had been treated with 0.25 gm daily for at least 2 mo. The total dose varied between 3.7 and 400 gm. No patient received more than 75 gm annually. In 15% of the patients side effects were noted. There was a relationship between serum concentrations and side effects but not with the total dose administered. Chloroquine displayed dose-dependent kinetics, which may indicate that close monitoring of serum concentrations is an aid to the safe and rational use of the drug.", "contents": "Chloroquine serum concentration and side effects: evidence for dose-dependent kinetics. Serum concentrations of chloroquine were determined fluorometrically in 100 rheumatoid patients who had been treated with 0.25 gm daily for at least 2 mo. The total dose varied between 3.7 and 400 gm. No patient received more than 75 gm annually. In 15% of the patients side effects were noted. There was a relationship between serum concentrations and side effects but not with the total dose administered. Chloroquine displayed dose-dependent kinetics, which may indicate that close monitoring of serum concentrations is an aid to the safe and rational use of the drug.", "PMID": 310749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2692", "title": "The double contrast barium meal in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "One hundred and seven patients admitted to a small general hospital with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding have been examined by the double contrast barium meal technique. The presumed bleeding site was identified in 75 cases (70%). Twenty-eight patients showed radiological evidence of recent or active bleeding. These were all examined within 24 h of the bleed and 18 (64%) continued to bleed or had a further bleed whereas of 79 patients who did not show radiological signs of recent or active bleeding only 10(13%) continued to bleed or had a further bleed. The radiological features of recent or active bleeding seen on the double contrast barium meal are: 1, Blood clot in an ulcer or adherent to a recently bleeding lesion. 2. An artery in the base of an ulcer. 3. Active bleeding during the course of the examination seen as a dynamic alteration or disturbance in the barium as it flows over the bleeding site.", "contents": "The double contrast barium meal in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. One hundred and seven patients admitted to a small general hospital with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding have been examined by the double contrast barium meal technique. The presumed bleeding site was identified in 75 cases (70%). Twenty-eight patients showed radiological evidence of recent or active bleeding. These were all examined within 24 h of the bleed and 18 (64%) continued to bleed or had a further bleed whereas of 79 patients who did not show radiological signs of recent or active bleeding only 10(13%) continued to bleed or had a further bleed. The radiological features of recent or active bleeding seen on the double contrast barium meal are: 1, Blood clot in an ulcer or adherent to a recently bleeding lesion. 2. An artery in the base of an ulcer. 3. Active bleeding during the course of the examination seen as a dynamic alteration or disturbance in the barium as it flows over the bleeding site.", "PMID": 310750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2693", "title": "Acute and subacute toxicology and safety evaluation of triphenyl tin hydroxide (Vancide KS).", "content": "The acute oral LD50 in Sprague-Dawley rats was determined to be 171 mg/kg (100-295) for males and 268 mg/kg (205-344) for females. 2. A 1 ppm dietary supplement of Vancide KS for 90 days did not induce any abnormalities in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. The parameters evaluated were serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), hematocrit, differential white blood cell count, food consumption, and weight gain, along with histologic studies of the myocardium, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine. A 500 ppm diet was lethal. Weanling and older rats subjected to 1000 and 10,000 ppm diets died within 5 days. 3. Vancide KS induced no acute dermal toxicity, nor did it exhibit percutaneous absorption in New Zealand strain albino rabbits. 4. Vancide KS induced no chronic dermal toxicity in New Zealand strain albino rabbits. 5. Vancide KS was not shown to be teratogenic. It exhibited an antifertility action, especially in Sprague-Dawley rats dosed on day 1 through day 7 of timed-pregnancy. 6. Vancide KS was shown to be an eye irritant which induces corneal opacity. 7. Acute oral toxicity studies in Sprague-Dawley rats indicate that Vancide KS should be classified as a toxic substance as defined in the regulations under the Federal Hazardous Labeling Act. 8. The intravenous administration of 25 mg/kg of Vancide KS to New Zealand strain albino rabbits induced death preceded by topic convulsions. 9. Vancide KS did not induce skin sensitization in male adult guinea pigs.", "contents": "Acute and subacute toxicology and safety evaluation of triphenyl tin hydroxide (Vancide KS). The acute oral LD50 in Sprague-Dawley rats was determined to be 171 mg/kg (100-295) for males and 268 mg/kg (205-344) for females. 2. A 1 ppm dietary supplement of Vancide KS for 90 days did not induce any abnormalities in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. The parameters evaluated were serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), hematocrit, differential white blood cell count, food consumption, and weight gain, along with histologic studies of the myocardium, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine. A 500 ppm diet was lethal. Weanling and older rats subjected to 1000 and 10,000 ppm diets died within 5 days. 3. Vancide KS induced no acute dermal toxicity, nor did it exhibit percutaneous absorption in New Zealand strain albino rabbits. 4. Vancide KS induced no chronic dermal toxicity in New Zealand strain albino rabbits. 5. Vancide KS was not shown to be teratogenic. It exhibited an antifertility action, especially in Sprague-Dawley rats dosed on day 1 through day 7 of timed-pregnancy. 6. Vancide KS was shown to be an eye irritant which induces corneal opacity. 7. Acute oral toxicity studies in Sprague-Dawley rats indicate that Vancide KS should be classified as a toxic substance as defined in the regulations under the Federal Hazardous Labeling Act. 8. The intravenous administration of 25 mg/kg of Vancide KS to New Zealand strain albino rabbits induced death preceded by topic convulsions. 9. Vancide KS did not induce skin sensitization in male adult guinea pigs.", "PMID": 310751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2694", "title": "Colonoscopy in the diagnosis of unexplained rectal bleeding.", "content": "Colonoscopy, done to elucidate the cause of obscure rectal bleeding not diagnosable on the basis of previous proctoscopic and barium-enema examinations, resulted in a 17 per cent diagnostic yield in this series. Eighteen of 105 patients were found to have lesions: three had carcinomas, six had polyps, eight had colitis, and one had proctitis. When bleeding had been demonstrated by the physician, there was a higher diagnostic yield (22.5 per cent) than when bleeding was reported only by the patient (5.9 per cent). Descriptions of the bleeding by the patients were found to be somewhat unreliable. Sixteen of the 18 lesions revealed by the colonoscope were in the left colon. It is suggested that the basic work-up for undiagnosed rectal bleeding should include history, physical examination, sigmoidoscopy, and barium-enema study. When no diagnosis is found, subsequent work-up must be individualized. When bleeding has been demonstrated to originate from the colon, colonoscopic examination should be performed.", "contents": "Colonoscopy in the diagnosis of unexplained rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy, done to elucidate the cause of obscure rectal bleeding not diagnosable on the basis of previous proctoscopic and barium-enema examinations, resulted in a 17 per cent diagnostic yield in this series. Eighteen of 105 patients were found to have lesions: three had carcinomas, six had polyps, eight had colitis, and one had proctitis. When bleeding had been demonstrated by the physician, there was a higher diagnostic yield (22.5 per cent) than when bleeding was reported only by the patient (5.9 per cent). Descriptions of the bleeding by the patients were found to be somewhat unreliable. Sixteen of the 18 lesions revealed by the colonoscope were in the left colon. It is suggested that the basic work-up for undiagnosed rectal bleeding should include history, physical examination, sigmoidoscopy, and barium-enema study. When no diagnosis is found, subsequent work-up must be individualized. When bleeding has been demonstrated to originate from the colon, colonoscopic examination should be performed.", "PMID": 310757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2695", "title": "Endoscopy of the cerebellopontine angle.", "content": "Endoscopy of the pontine angle (\"cisternoscopy\") is a decisive diagnostic procedure in clarifying pathological processes in this region. Using a retrolabyrinthal approach through the mastoid bone, the endoscopes are inserted in the pontine angle for direct inspection. In the present study the method and the diagnostic results are described.", "contents": "Endoscopy of the cerebellopontine angle. Endoscopy of the pontine angle (\"cisternoscopy\") is a decisive diagnostic procedure in clarifying pathological processes in this region. Using a retrolabyrinthal approach through the mastoid bone, the endoscopes are inserted in the pontine angle for direct inspection. In the present study the method and the diagnostic results are described.", "PMID": 310770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2696", "title": "Central and peripheral antialgesic action of aspirin-like drugs.", "content": "The peripheral and central effects of some non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, indomethacin, paracetamol and phenacetin were studied by comparing their intraplantar and intracerebroventricular effects on hyperalgesia induced by carrageenin injected into the rat paw. Hyperalgesia was measured by a modification of the Randall-Selitto test. The agents tested had antialgesic effects when given by any route. Their intraventricular administration enhanced the antialgesic effect of anti-inflammatory drugs administered into the paw. Previous treatment of one paw with carrageenin reduced the oedema caused by a second injection of carrageenin in the contralateral paw. In contrast, it had no effect on the intensity of hyperalgesia but shortened the time necessary for it to reach a plateau. Administration of a prostaglandin antagonist (SC-19220) in the cerebral ventricles, in the rat paw or in both sites, significantly inhibited the hyperalgesia evoked by carrageenin. The maximal hyperalgesic effect of intraplantar injections of prostaglandin E2 could be further enhanced by its cerebroventricular administration. It was suggested that carrageenin hyperalgesia has a peripheral and a central component and that the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors used may exert an antialgesic effect by preventing the hyperalgesia induced by a peripheral and/or central release of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Central and peripheral antialgesic action of aspirin-like drugs. The peripheral and central effects of some non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, indomethacin, paracetamol and phenacetin were studied by comparing their intraplantar and intracerebroventricular effects on hyperalgesia induced by carrageenin injected into the rat paw. Hyperalgesia was measured by a modification of the Randall-Selitto test. The agents tested had antialgesic effects when given by any route. Their intraventricular administration enhanced the antialgesic effect of anti-inflammatory drugs administered into the paw. Previous treatment of one paw with carrageenin reduced the oedema caused by a second injection of carrageenin in the contralateral paw. In contrast, it had no effect on the intensity of hyperalgesia but shortened the time necessary for it to reach a plateau. Administration of a prostaglandin antagonist (SC-19220) in the cerebral ventricles, in the rat paw or in both sites, significantly inhibited the hyperalgesia evoked by carrageenin. The maximal hyperalgesic effect of intraplantar injections of prostaglandin E2 could be further enhanced by its cerebroventricular administration. It was suggested that carrageenin hyperalgesia has a peripheral and a central component and that the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors used may exert an antialgesic effect by preventing the hyperalgesia induced by a peripheral and/or central release of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 310771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2697", "title": "Distribution of CSF (colony stimulating factor) in kidney of the mouse.", "content": "The activity of the colony stimulating factor (SCF) was measured in kidney subcellular fractions in mice. The highest activity was noted in microsomes. From other fractions, the cytosol had large amounts of CSF. On the basis of literature data, and the findings presented we suggest that the kidney is at least one of the organs of CSF biosynthesis.", "contents": "Distribution of CSF (colony stimulating factor) in kidney of the mouse. The activity of the colony stimulating factor (SCF) was measured in kidney subcellular fractions in mice. The highest activity was noted in microsomes. From other fractions, the cytosol had large amounts of CSF. On the basis of literature data, and the findings presented we suggest that the kidney is at least one of the organs of CSF biosynthesis.", "PMID": 310773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2698", "title": "Benign neoplasmia and pseudoneoplasia of the small bowel in children.", "content": "Fourteen cases of benign tumorous conditions in children are reported. Each new growth described represents a true neoplasm, one simulating a true neoplasm, or one simulating a true tumor, clinically and/or radiographically. The series contains 10 female and 4 male patients. Most patients were under 1 year of age when manifestations--most often, gastrointestinal hemorrhage or bowel obstruction-- of the condition became evident. Nine patients had roentgenographic findings which indicated the presence of an abnormality, but the specificity of the findings was low. Some patients had cutaneous or other somatic clinical stigmata found in known syndromes also containing gastrointestinal pathology. These stigmata and the awareness of the clinical and roentgenographic manifestations of small bowel tumors in children should lead to an early diagnosis and hopefully to the usually successful surgical therapy.", "contents": "Benign neoplasmia and pseudoneoplasia of the small bowel in children. Fourteen cases of benign tumorous conditions in children are reported. Each new growth described represents a true neoplasm, one simulating a true neoplasm, or one simulating a true tumor, clinically and/or radiographically. The series contains 10 female and 4 male patients. Most patients were under 1 year of age when manifestations--most often, gastrointestinal hemorrhage or bowel obstruction-- of the condition became evident. Nine patients had roentgenographic findings which indicated the presence of an abnormality, but the specificity of the findings was low. Some patients had cutaneous or other somatic clinical stigmata found in known syndromes also containing gastrointestinal pathology. These stigmata and the awareness of the clinical and roentgenographic manifestations of small bowel tumors in children should lead to an early diagnosis and hopefully to the usually successful surgical therapy.", "PMID": 310782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2699", "title": "Highland and lowland populations of Lesotho.", "content": "It has not been possible to demonstrate significant sero-genetic differences between lowland and highland Sotho populations; the differences which do exist may well be attributable to random genetic drift. The study shows that the Sotho have received an appreciable genetic contribution from the San they have absorbed but their sero-genetic profile remains eminently Negro. A low frequency of the PTC non-taster allele was found (t = 0.142 +/- 0.029) as was the overall frequency for colour blindness (cb = 0.013 +/- 0.009).", "contents": "Highland and lowland populations of Lesotho. It has not been possible to demonstrate significant sero-genetic differences between lowland and highland Sotho populations; the differences which do exist may well be attributable to random genetic drift. The study shows that the Sotho have received an appreciable genetic contribution from the San they have absorbed but their sero-genetic profile remains eminently Negro. A low frequency of the PTC non-taster allele was found (t = 0.142 +/- 0.029) as was the overall frequency for colour blindness (cb = 0.013 +/- 0.009).", "PMID": 310801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2700", "title": "Human lymphoid cell lines as targets for DRw.", "content": "Cultured human lymphoid cell lines (LCL) are useful as a source of target cells in several immunologic assays. More recently such cells have been used for the serological characterizations of the HLA-DR antigens. Typing of the same LCL in various laboratories during the VII Histocompatibility Workshop has given comparable results with a discordancy rate of less than 10%. This discordancy is likely to reflect the different sources of complement that can greatly alter the results of cytotoxic assays. The presence of naturally occurring antibody in rabbit complement to human cells can be avoided by: (a) absorbing with human cells at 0 degrees C; (b) dilution with human serum; (c) dilution with heat-inactivated rabbit serum; (d) repeated freeze-thawing of the complement; or (e) careful selection of complement by screening procedures. Comparison of the results of HLA-DR typing of LCL with peripheral B-cells of the same donor show good correlations. However, LCL will occasionally give extra reactions perhaps due to the expression of new antigens. LCL can be coated with F(ab')2 fragments from antihuman beta2-microglobulin antibodies that block reactions of HLA-A, -B and -C antibodies allowing for discrimination of anti-DRw activity.", "contents": "Human lymphoid cell lines as targets for DRw. Cultured human lymphoid cell lines (LCL) are useful as a source of target cells in several immunologic assays. More recently such cells have been used for the serological characterizations of the HLA-DR antigens. Typing of the same LCL in various laboratories during the VII Histocompatibility Workshop has given comparable results with a discordancy rate of less than 10%. This discordancy is likely to reflect the different sources of complement that can greatly alter the results of cytotoxic assays. The presence of naturally occurring antibody in rabbit complement to human cells can be avoided by: (a) absorbing with human cells at 0 degrees C; (b) dilution with human serum; (c) dilution with heat-inactivated rabbit serum; (d) repeated freeze-thawing of the complement; or (e) careful selection of complement by screening procedures. Comparison of the results of HLA-DR typing of LCL with peripheral B-cells of the same donor show good correlations. However, LCL will occasionally give extra reactions perhaps due to the expression of new antigens. LCL can be coated with F(ab')2 fragments from antihuman beta2-microglobulin antibodies that block reactions of HLA-A, -B and -C antibodies allowing for discrimination of anti-DRw activity.", "PMID": 310802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2701", "title": "Studies of hyperthymic mice. II. The influence of thymus grafts on cell flow through the peripheral T-cell pool.", "content": "In normal CBA/H mice implanted under the kidney capsule with eight CBA/H.T6T6 neonatal thymus lobes it was observed that the percentage of marked thymus-graft derived T cells in the periphery, after building up to a peak, showed a biphasic exponential decline. The initial decline was very rapid and appeared to be due to loss of the thymus-graft derived cells from the system. The later decline was slower and was the same as that of an introduced cohort of lymph-node lymphocytes. The second rate of decline was, however, considerably more rapid than that of lymph-node cohort in non thymus-grafted mice. We conclude that in multiply thymus-grafted mice the flow of cells through the T-cell pool is more rapid than in normal mice and that in this sense the thymus can be thought to drive the lymphoid system.", "contents": "Studies of hyperthymic mice. II. The influence of thymus grafts on cell flow through the peripheral T-cell pool. In normal CBA/H mice implanted under the kidney capsule with eight CBA/H.T6T6 neonatal thymus lobes it was observed that the percentage of marked thymus-graft derived T cells in the periphery, after building up to a peak, showed a biphasic exponential decline. The initial decline was very rapid and appeared to be due to loss of the thymus-graft derived cells from the system. The later decline was slower and was the same as that of an introduced cohort of lymph-node lymphocytes. The second rate of decline was, however, considerably more rapid than that of lymph-node cohort in non thymus-grafted mice. We conclude that in multiply thymus-grafted mice the flow of cells through the T-cell pool is more rapid than in normal mice and that in this sense the thymus can be thought to drive the lymphoid system.", "PMID": 310804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2702", "title": "Heterogeneity of the B cell subpopulation operationally defined by (a) differentiation antigen(s) common to MOPC 104E and mature IgM plasma cells.", "content": "An antiserum raised in rabbit against MOPC 104E myeloma cells was extensively absorbed by murine IgM, thymocytes and spleen cells. Using indirect immunofluorescence, the distribution of the corresponding mouse plasma cell antigen(s) (MPCA) was determined among immunized spleen cells. Only 1-3% of the cells were stained but this MPCA-bearing subpopulation included all IgM plasma cells, a sizable proportion of IgG plasma cells and about one third of the antigen binding cells identified following deliberate immunization. It is therefore proposed that MPCA is transiently expressed during the antigen-induced differentiation of virgin B lymphocytes into memory cells as it does during the maturation process into Ig-producing cells and thus reflects the ontogenic relationship of these two differentiation pathways.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of the B cell subpopulation operationally defined by (a) differentiation antigen(s) common to MOPC 104E and mature IgM plasma cells. An antiserum raised in rabbit against MOPC 104E myeloma cells was extensively absorbed by murine IgM, thymocytes and spleen cells. Using indirect immunofluorescence, the distribution of the corresponding mouse plasma cell antigen(s) (MPCA) was determined among immunized spleen cells. Only 1-3% of the cells were stained but this MPCA-bearing subpopulation included all IgM plasma cells, a sizable proportion of IgG plasma cells and about one third of the antigen binding cells identified following deliberate immunization. It is therefore proposed that MPCA is transiently expressed during the antigen-induced differentiation of virgin B lymphocytes into memory cells as it does during the maturation process into Ig-producing cells and thus reflects the ontogenic relationship of these two differentiation pathways.", "PMID": 310806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2703", "title": "The role of the thymus for maturation of transferred bursa cells into immunocompetent B cells in chickens treated with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Chickens injected with cyclophosphamide and X-ray irradiated in the newly hatched period were immunized with a mixture of sheep red blood cells, Brucella abortus and Salmonella pullorum at 4, 5 and 6 weeks of age, and were examined for serum antibody titres, serum immunoglobulin concentration and bursal and splenic structures at 7 weeks of age. The neonatal treatments suppressed completely or almost completely antibody responses, immunoglobulin production and formation of bursal follicles and splenic germinal centres. The transplantation of bursa cells into the chickens immunologically impaired by the treatments restored these functions and structures. In contrast, the transfer of bursa cells into chickens thymectomized, cyclophosphamide-treated and X-ray irradiated did not result in efficient restoration of the bursa-dependent immune system; 10-day-old bursa cells hardly restore the system, although 4-week-old bursa cells did so slightly. The chickens thymectomized, cyclophosphamide-treated, X-ray irradiated and repopulated with 10-day-old bursa cells were examined for the existence of functional B cells with the use of a syngeneic cell transfer system. The experiments verified that immunocompetent B cells had not developed in the chickens thus treated.", "contents": "The role of the thymus for maturation of transferred bursa cells into immunocompetent B cells in chickens treated with cyclophosphamide. Chickens injected with cyclophosphamide and X-ray irradiated in the newly hatched period were immunized with a mixture of sheep red blood cells, Brucella abortus and Salmonella pullorum at 4, 5 and 6 weeks of age, and were examined for serum antibody titres, serum immunoglobulin concentration and bursal and splenic structures at 7 weeks of age. The neonatal treatments suppressed completely or almost completely antibody responses, immunoglobulin production and formation of bursal follicles and splenic germinal centres. The transplantation of bursa cells into the chickens immunologically impaired by the treatments restored these functions and structures. In contrast, the transfer of bursa cells into chickens thymectomized, cyclophosphamide-treated and X-ray irradiated did not result in efficient restoration of the bursa-dependent immune system; 10-day-old bursa cells hardly restore the system, although 4-week-old bursa cells did so slightly. The chickens thymectomized, cyclophosphamide-treated, X-ray irradiated and repopulated with 10-day-old bursa cells were examined for the existence of functional B cells with the use of a syngeneic cell transfer system. The experiments verified that immunocompetent B cells had not developed in the chickens thus treated.", "PMID": 310807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2704", "title": "Why do protease inhibitors enhance leucocyte migration inhibition to the antigen PPD?", "content": "Epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA) and Aprotinin significantly increase the inhibition to PPD in the leucocyte migration test (Burden, Stacey, Wood & Bell, 1978). This is not due to increased leucocyte inhibition factor (LIF) generation. The proteolytic inhibitors prevent the loss of activity of LIF due to prolonged incubation in the presence of serum. Both have a significant effect on the target cells (Polymorphonuclear leucocytes) used in the assay to exaggerate the migration inhibition to LIF. These actions can be explained by decreased proteolytic breakdown of LIF.", "contents": "Why do protease inhibitors enhance leucocyte migration inhibition to the antigen PPD? Epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA) and Aprotinin significantly increase the inhibition to PPD in the leucocyte migration test (Burden, Stacey, Wood & Bell, 1978). This is not due to increased leucocyte inhibition factor (LIF) generation. The proteolytic inhibitors prevent the loss of activity of LIF due to prolonged incubation in the presence of serum. Both have a significant effect on the target cells (Polymorphonuclear leucocytes) used in the assay to exaggerate the migration inhibition to LIF. These actions can be explained by decreased proteolytic breakdown of LIF.", "PMID": 310809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2705", "title": "Titration and circulation of cells mediating delayed type hypersensitivity in normal and cyclophosphamide treated mice during response to sheep red blood cells.", "content": "The delayed-type-hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction observed in mice primed i.v. with low doses of sheep red blood cells is not detectable after priming with large doses. Estimation of the number of DTH mediating cells (DTH-C) was performed by titration (D50 determination) using local adoptive transfer of these cells mixed with antigen into footpads of unprimed mice. In opposition to the absence of peripheral DTH-C, splenic DTH-C were more numberous after large doses than after low doses of antigen. The ability of cyclophosphamide to restore DTH responsiveness in mice primed with large doses appeared to be related to an increased cirulation of DTH-C. These cell circulated only in mice without any detectable B-cell response or in which this response was depressed. Thus a B-cell dependent splenic retention process of DTH-C is discussed as the origin of DTH unresponsiveness observed after priming with large doses of antigen.", "contents": "Titration and circulation of cells mediating delayed type hypersensitivity in normal and cyclophosphamide treated mice during response to sheep red blood cells. The delayed-type-hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction observed in mice primed i.v. with low doses of sheep red blood cells is not detectable after priming with large doses. Estimation of the number of DTH mediating cells (DTH-C) was performed by titration (D50 determination) using local adoptive transfer of these cells mixed with antigen into footpads of unprimed mice. In opposition to the absence of peripheral DTH-C, splenic DTH-C were more numberous after large doses than after low doses of antigen. The ability of cyclophosphamide to restore DTH responsiveness in mice primed with large doses appeared to be related to an increased cirulation of DTH-C. These cell circulated only in mice without any detectable B-cell response or in which this response was depressed. Thus a B-cell dependent splenic retention process of DTH-C is discussed as the origin of DTH unresponsiveness observed after priming with large doses of antigen.", "PMID": 310810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2706", "title": "Bone marrow suppressor B cells in vitro.", "content": "Marrow cells from intact CBA and (CBA x C57B1)F1 mice added to a culture of syngeneic splenocytes at its initiation suppressed the generation of anti-SRBC antibody-forming cells. Removal of cells bearing surface immunoglobulins and/or MBLA led to a substantial reduction in the marrow suppressive activity. Marrow cells from mice pretreated with five doses of hydroxyurea did not suppress the immune response of syngeneic splenocytes to SRBC. While the total number of cells in the marrow of such animals declined 5-fold, the relative content of Ig-positive cells was somewhat increased. The proportion of blast cells dropped from 10.3 to 2.4%. No blast cells bearing surface immunoglobulins were observed. The proportion of cells incorporating [3H]-thymidine fell 40-fold. We conclude that suppression of the immune response to SRBC in vitro is mediated by immature precursors of the B lymphocyte series which are present in the bone marrow of intact mice.", "contents": "Bone marrow suppressor B cells in vitro. Marrow cells from intact CBA and (CBA x C57B1)F1 mice added to a culture of syngeneic splenocytes at its initiation suppressed the generation of anti-SRBC antibody-forming cells. Removal of cells bearing surface immunoglobulins and/or MBLA led to a substantial reduction in the marrow suppressive activity. Marrow cells from mice pretreated with five doses of hydroxyurea did not suppress the immune response of syngeneic splenocytes to SRBC. While the total number of cells in the marrow of such animals declined 5-fold, the relative content of Ig-positive cells was somewhat increased. The proportion of blast cells dropped from 10.3 to 2.4%. No blast cells bearing surface immunoglobulins were observed. The proportion of cells incorporating [3H]-thymidine fell 40-fold. We conclude that suppression of the immune response to SRBC in vitro is mediated by immature precursors of the B lymphocyte series which are present in the bone marrow of intact mice.", "PMID": 310811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2707", "title": "Effects of transfer factor in patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "Eighteen patients with advanced cancer were given subcutaneous injections of pooled dialyzable transfer factor (TFd) from normal donors for periods of from 9 days to 6.5 months. Minor tumor regression was observed in only two patients, an effect of no therapeutic significance. However, treatment with TFd was associated with at least a temporary increase in delayed hypersensitivity reactions in 12 of 17 patients tested, including four patients who became responsive to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. In general, in vitro tests of immune function were not changed after treatment with TFd except for levels of C1q, and/or C3, which were increased in 6 of 10 patients tested. We conclude that TFd may augment delayed hypersensitivity in patients with advanced cancer, and that its effects are, at least in part, immunologically nonsepcific.", "contents": "Effects of transfer factor in patients with advanced cancer. Eighteen patients with advanced cancer were given subcutaneous injections of pooled dialyzable transfer factor (TFd) from normal donors for periods of from 9 days to 6.5 months. Minor tumor regression was observed in only two patients, an effect of no therapeutic significance. However, treatment with TFd was associated with at least a temporary increase in delayed hypersensitivity reactions in 12 of 17 patients tested, including four patients who became responsive to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. In general, in vitro tests of immune function were not changed after treatment with TFd except for levels of C1q, and/or C3, which were increased in 6 of 10 patients tested. We conclude that TFd may augment delayed hypersensitivity in patients with advanced cancer, and that its effects are, at least in part, immunologically nonsepcific.", "PMID": 310813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2708", "title": "A sulfone beta-lactam compound which acts as a beta-lactamase inhibitor.", "content": "CP-45,899 [3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3,2,0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 4,4-dioxide [2S-(2alpha,5alpha)]] has low intrinsic activity against most Gram-positive cocci, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. It inhibits Neisseria at concentrations of 0.1 approximately 6.2 microgram/ml. The combination of CP-45,899 and ampicillin inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae resistant to ampicillin by virtue of beta-lactamase activity. Combination of CP-45,899 and cephalothin was synergistic less often, and CP-45,899 did not act synergistically with carbenicillin or ticarcillin against Pseudomonas resistant to these agents. CP-45,899 acted synergistically with ampicillin against Bacteroides. Synergy of CP-45,899 and ampicillin was demonstrated at varying concentrations suggesting that it may significantly enlarge the antibacterial activity of ampicillin against resistant bacteria.", "contents": "A sulfone beta-lactam compound which acts as a beta-lactamase inhibitor. CP-45,899 [3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3,2,0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 4,4-dioxide [2S-(2alpha,5alpha)]] has low intrinsic activity against most Gram-positive cocci, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. It inhibits Neisseria at concentrations of 0.1 approximately 6.2 microgram/ml. The combination of CP-45,899 and ampicillin inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae resistant to ampicillin by virtue of beta-lactamase activity. Combination of CP-45,899 and cephalothin was synergistic less often, and CP-45,899 did not act synergistically with carbenicillin or ticarcillin against Pseudomonas resistant to these agents. CP-45,899 acted synergistically with ampicillin against Bacteroides. Synergy of CP-45,899 and ampicillin was demonstrated at varying concentrations suggesting that it may significantly enlarge the antibacterial activity of ampicillin against resistant bacteria.", "PMID": 310815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2709", "title": "Cell-free synthesis of rat parotid preamylase.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing RNA from rat parotid gland directs the cell-free synthesis of several products in the reticulocyte lysate translation system including a very prominent 58,000-dalton polypeptide which is immunoreactive with anti-alpha-amylase. Purified alpha-amylase has a molecular weight estimated as 56,000 daltons. The 58,000-dalton, cell-free product and alpha-amylase share common peptides as determined by analysis of their limited proteolysis digests. The cross-reactivity and peptide homology suggest that the cell-free product may be a precursor of mature alpha-amylase. While the NH2 terminus of alpha-amylase is blocked, that of the 58,000-dalton product evidently is not, and automated sequence analysis has yielded its partial sequence as: Met-X-Phe-Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu-X-Leu-Ile-X-Leu-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-Phe-X-X-X-X-X-Ile-X-X-Leu-Phe. The highly hydrophobic nature of the NH2 terminus of the 58,000-dalton, cell-free product suggests that, like other secreted polypeptides, the extra piece may play a role in the transport and secretion of the mature alpha-amylase.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis of rat parotid preamylase. Poly(A)-containing RNA from rat parotid gland directs the cell-free synthesis of several products in the reticulocyte lysate translation system including a very prominent 58,000-dalton polypeptide which is immunoreactive with anti-alpha-amylase. Purified alpha-amylase has a molecular weight estimated as 56,000 daltons. The 58,000-dalton, cell-free product and alpha-amylase share common peptides as determined by analysis of their limited proteolysis digests. The cross-reactivity and peptide homology suggest that the cell-free product may be a precursor of mature alpha-amylase. While the NH2 terminus of alpha-amylase is blocked, that of the 58,000-dalton product evidently is not, and automated sequence analysis has yielded its partial sequence as: Met-X-Phe-Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu-X-Leu-Ile-X-Leu-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-Phe-X-X-X-X-X-Ile-X-X-Leu-Phe. The highly hydrophobic nature of the NH2 terminus of the 58,000-dalton, cell-free product suggests that, like other secreted polypeptides, the extra piece may play a role in the transport and secretion of the mature alpha-amylase.", "PMID": 310817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2710", "title": "Intermembrane phospholipid transfer mediated by cell-free extracts of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "The transfer of phospholipids between two membrane substrates catalyzed by a soluble protein fraction from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides has been demonstrated. The assay employs purified intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) vesicles derived from cells of R. sphaeroides grown on [3H]acetate as the phospholipid donor substrate and phosphatidylcholine (70%)/phosphatidylethanolamine (30%) unilamellar liposomes containing [14C]triolein, a nontransferable marker, as the acceptor substrate for transferred phospholipids. Incubation of these two membrane substrates with a 40 to 80% (NH4)2SO4 protein fraction from R. sphaeroides results in the transfer of tritium-labeled ICM phospholipids to the acceptor membrane substrate. Upon completion of the incubation period, the donor ICM vesicles are quantitatively separated from the acceptor liposomes by precipitation with antibody prepared against whole, purified ICM vesicles. Phospholipid transfer is linear with respect to time and protein concentration, is inhibited by trypsin and heat, and shows an absolute dependence upon the presence of acceptor liposomes and the 40 to 80% (NH4)2SO4 protein fraction. Control experiments indicate that no fusion of the donor and acceptor membrane occurs during the incubation period and that, following prolonged incubation there is no detectable degradation of the labeled lipid components. Preliminary data on the phospholipid specificity of the transfer reaction is also presented.", "contents": "Intermembrane phospholipid transfer mediated by cell-free extracts of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The transfer of phospholipids between two membrane substrates catalyzed by a soluble protein fraction from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides has been demonstrated. The assay employs purified intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) vesicles derived from cells of R. sphaeroides grown on [3H]acetate as the phospholipid donor substrate and phosphatidylcholine (70%)/phosphatidylethanolamine (30%) unilamellar liposomes containing [14C]triolein, a nontransferable marker, as the acceptor substrate for transferred phospholipids. Incubation of these two membrane substrates with a 40 to 80% (NH4)2SO4 protein fraction from R. sphaeroides results in the transfer of tritium-labeled ICM phospholipids to the acceptor membrane substrate. Upon completion of the incubation period, the donor ICM vesicles are quantitatively separated from the acceptor liposomes by precipitation with antibody prepared against whole, purified ICM vesicles. Phospholipid transfer is linear with respect to time and protein concentration, is inhibited by trypsin and heat, and shows an absolute dependence upon the presence of acceptor liposomes and the 40 to 80% (NH4)2SO4 protein fraction. Control experiments indicate that no fusion of the donor and acceptor membrane occurs during the incubation period and that, following prolonged incubation there is no detectable degradation of the labeled lipid components. Preliminary data on the phospholipid specificity of the transfer reaction is also presented.", "PMID": 310818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2711", "title": "Validity of an assumption underlying the confirmed bleeding day measurement in an experimental clinical trial.", "content": "In a clinical trial involving gingival bleeding, one measurement proved far better than the others. It was assumed that this measurement would help to eliminate certain sources of error. This paper examines data from the trial which give support to the assumption.", "contents": "Validity of an assumption underlying the confirmed bleeding day measurement in an experimental clinical trial. In a clinical trial involving gingival bleeding, one measurement proved far better than the others. It was assumed that this measurement would help to eliminate certain sources of error. This paper examines data from the trial which give support to the assumption.", "PMID": 310821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2712", "title": "Electro-oculography, dark adaptometry, and laser interferometry.", "content": "This paper discusses the basic concepts of electrooculography (E.O.G.), dark adaptometry, and laser interferometry. Included is the clinical relevance of each procedure.", "contents": "Electro-oculography, dark adaptometry, and laser interferometry. This paper discusses the basic concepts of electrooculography (E.O.G.), dark adaptometry, and laser interferometry. Included is the clinical relevance of each procedure.", "PMID": 310822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2713", "title": "Visual evoked potential (VEP): basic concepts and clinical applications.", "content": "The Visual Evoked Potential is the objective measurement of visual function monitored at the level of the occipital cortex with scalp electrodes. This article summarizes many of the recent clinical applications of the VEP. Included are basic concepts of the VEP and its clinical utilization for the objective assessment of refractive error, visual acuity, amblyopia, binocularity, demyelinating diseases, psychogenic disorders, pre-surgical prediction of post-surgical visual function, visual fields, color blindness and neurological development.", "contents": "Visual evoked potential (VEP): basic concepts and clinical applications. The Visual Evoked Potential is the objective measurement of visual function monitored at the level of the occipital cortex with scalp electrodes. This article summarizes many of the recent clinical applications of the VEP. Included are basic concepts of the VEP and its clinical utilization for the objective assessment of refractive error, visual acuity, amblyopia, binocularity, demyelinating diseases, psychogenic disorders, pre-surgical prediction of post-surgical visual function, visual fields, color blindness and neurological development.", "PMID": 310823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2714", "title": "Ophthalmic ultrasound as a diagnostic tool.", "content": "Ophthalmic ultrasound is a diagnostic technique which has a clinical utility in ocular distance measurements and in the evaluation of the structural integrity of eyes with translucent or opaque media. This article summarizes briefly the principles of ultrasonography, available instrumentation and clinical applications.", "contents": "Ophthalmic ultrasound as a diagnostic tool. Ophthalmic ultrasound is a diagnostic technique which has a clinical utility in ocular distance measurements and in the evaluation of the structural integrity of eyes with translucent or opaque media. This article summarizes briefly the principles of ultrasonography, available instrumentation and clinical applications.", "PMID": 310824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2715", "title": "Antigen-binding T cells: dose response and kinetic studies on the development of different subsets.", "content": "We have described a number of the parameters involved in the in vitro induction of specific SRBC-binding T cells (T rosette-forming cells, T-RFC). Although T-RFC precursors pass through nylon, most of the induced cells do not; nor do detectable numbers of Ly 1+2, 3- cells bind antigen with sufficient stability to form rosettes. The ratio of Ly 2,3:Ly 1,2,3 T-RFC varies with time after immunization and with the dose of antigen used for stimulation. Relatively high or low doses of antigen selectively induce Ly 1,2,3 T-RFC. Ly 2,3 T-RFC, when they appear, follow Ly 1,2,3 T-RFC. Pretreatment of T cells with anti-Ly sera before RFC induction prevents formation by Ly2+ T-RFC. Since anti-Ly 1 treatment blocks RFC formation and since Ly 1,2,3, T-RFC always precede the appearance of Ly 2,3, T-RFC, our results suggest that some Ly 1+ cells (Ly 123 at least, but perhaps also Ly 1) may act as inducers, precursors, and/or amplifiers for Ly 2,3 RFC as they appear to do for Ly 2,3 suppressor and killer cells. Thus, our results confirm and extend the observed similarities between T-RFC and other Ly 2+ cells such as killer and suppressor cells as well as their differences from Ly 1+ helper cells.", "contents": "Antigen-binding T cells: dose response and kinetic studies on the development of different subsets. We have described a number of the parameters involved in the in vitro induction of specific SRBC-binding T cells (T rosette-forming cells, T-RFC). Although T-RFC precursors pass through nylon, most of the induced cells do not; nor do detectable numbers of Ly 1+2, 3- cells bind antigen with sufficient stability to form rosettes. The ratio of Ly 2,3:Ly 1,2,3 T-RFC varies with time after immunization and with the dose of antigen used for stimulation. Relatively high or low doses of antigen selectively induce Ly 1,2,3 T-RFC. Ly 2,3 T-RFC, when they appear, follow Ly 1,2,3 T-RFC. Pretreatment of T cells with anti-Ly sera before RFC induction prevents formation by Ly2+ T-RFC. Since anti-Ly 1 treatment blocks RFC formation and since Ly 1,2,3, T-RFC always precede the appearance of Ly 2,3, T-RFC, our results suggest that some Ly 1+ cells (Ly 123 at least, but perhaps also Ly 1) may act as inducers, precursors, and/or amplifiers for Ly 2,3 RFC as they appear to do for Ly 2,3 suppressor and killer cells. Thus, our results confirm and extend the observed similarities between T-RFC and other Ly 2+ cells such as killer and suppressor cells as well as their differences from Ly 1+ helper cells.", "PMID": 310825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2716", "title": "Augmentation of mouse natural killer cell activity by interferon and interferon inducers.", "content": "Interferon (IF), in addition to its anti-viral capacity, is increasingly being found to be a regulator of cell division, cell surface antigens, and cell function. To determine whether IF also plays a role in the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell activity in mice, the in vivo and in vitro effects of IF and IF inducers on NK activity were studied. We observed that pyran, lipopolysaccharide, and polyinosinicopolycytidylic acid (poly I:C) as well as crude and purified IF preparations significantly elevated splenic NK levels in normal mice within 3 to 24 hr of i.p. administration. Normal spleen cells treated with poly I:C or IF in vitro also had augmented NK activity. Poly I:C and IF were themselves not cytotoxic and their presence was not required during the lytic process, indicating that IF acts on lymphocytes to activate NK function. The addition of anti-IF in the incubation medium completely blocked the boosting of NK activity by poly I:C or IF. The characteristics of the effector cells activated by IF were consistent with those of NK cells rather than macrophages, since the boosted effector cells were not retained by a rayon column or removed by carbonyl iron. Moreover, they were resistant to treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum plus complement, which eliminated mature T cells.", "contents": "Augmentation of mouse natural killer cell activity by interferon and interferon inducers. Interferon (IF), in addition to its anti-viral capacity, is increasingly being found to be a regulator of cell division, cell surface antigens, and cell function. To determine whether IF also plays a role in the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell activity in mice, the in vivo and in vitro effects of IF and IF inducers on NK activity were studied. We observed that pyran, lipopolysaccharide, and polyinosinicopolycytidylic acid (poly I:C) as well as crude and purified IF preparations significantly elevated splenic NK levels in normal mice within 3 to 24 hr of i.p. administration. Normal spleen cells treated with poly I:C or IF in vitro also had augmented NK activity. Poly I:C and IF were themselves not cytotoxic and their presence was not required during the lytic process, indicating that IF acts on lymphocytes to activate NK function. The addition of anti-IF in the incubation medium completely blocked the boosting of NK activity by poly I:C or IF. The characteristics of the effector cells activated by IF were consistent with those of NK cells rather than macrophages, since the boosted effector cells were not retained by a rayon column or removed by carbonyl iron. Moreover, they were resistant to treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum plus complement, which eliminated mature T cells.", "PMID": 310826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2717", "title": "The purification and quantitation of helper T cell-replacing factors secreted by murine spleen cells activated by concanavalin A.", "content": "A microculture assay with low numbers of athymic (nude) spleen cells has been used to quantitate the helper T cell-replacing activity secreted by concanavalin A-treated spleen cells. This quantitation allows an estimate of the recovery of biologic activity during concentration from culture supernatants by salt precipitation, and purification by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. The T cell-replacing activity is found in protein of 30 to 40,000 daltons size as estimated by gel filtration, but shows heterogeneity in electric charge. The activity is active at concentrations of less than 10(-9) M, and is strictly antigen dependent in its mode of action.", "contents": "The purification and quantitation of helper T cell-replacing factors secreted by murine spleen cells activated by concanavalin A. A microculture assay with low numbers of athymic (nude) spleen cells has been used to quantitate the helper T cell-replacing activity secreted by concanavalin A-treated spleen cells. This quantitation allows an estimate of the recovery of biologic activity during concentration from culture supernatants by salt precipitation, and purification by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. The T cell-replacing activity is found in protein of 30 to 40,000 daltons size as estimated by gel filtration, but shows heterogeneity in electric charge. The activity is active at concentrations of less than 10(-9) M, and is strictly antigen dependent in its mode of action.", "PMID": 310827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2718", "title": "The distribution of adenosine deaminase among lymphocyte populations in the rat.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was determined in young rat lymphocyte populations. The ADA-specific activity (per 10(8) cells and per milligram protein) was 3- to 10-fold higher in thymocytes than in lymphocytes from thoracic duct, lymph node, spleen, and bone marrow. The high ADA activity in thymocytes appeared to be preferentially associated with cortical thymocytes. Enrichment or depletion of cortical thymocytes by density gradient centrifugation, cortisone treatment, or  selective lysis with anti-Thy-1 plus complement resulted in parallel increases or decreases in ADA levles. These results also suggested that medullary thymocytes have ADA levels similar to those of peripheral lymphocytes. \"Immature\" cortical thymocytes and thymocyte progenitors appeared to have low ADA activity; low enzyme levels were found in fetal thymus at 16 days of embryonic life, in the early phases of thymus regeneration, and in a \"null\" cell population isolated from bone marrow. This study demonstrates that ADA activity varies markedly during T lymphocyte differentiation and suggests that fundamental differences in nucleotide metabolism may exist in T cells at different stages of development.", "contents": "The distribution of adenosine deaminase among lymphocyte populations in the rat. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was determined in young rat lymphocyte populations. The ADA-specific activity (per 10(8) cells and per milligram protein) was 3- to 10-fold higher in thymocytes than in lymphocytes from thoracic duct, lymph node, spleen, and bone marrow. The high ADA activity in thymocytes appeared to be preferentially associated with cortical thymocytes. Enrichment or depletion of cortical thymocytes by density gradient centrifugation, cortisone treatment, or  selective lysis with anti-Thy-1 plus complement resulted in parallel increases or decreases in ADA levles. These results also suggested that medullary thymocytes have ADA levels similar to those of peripheral lymphocytes. \"Immature\" cortical thymocytes and thymocyte progenitors appeared to have low ADA activity; low enzyme levels were found in fetal thymus at 16 days of embryonic life, in the early phases of thymus regeneration, and in a \"null\" cell population isolated from bone marrow. This study demonstrates that ADA activity varies markedly during T lymphocyte differentiation and suggests that fundamental differences in nucleotide metabolism may exist in T cells at different stages of development.", "PMID": 310828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2719", "title": "Serologically defined subpopulations of human T lymphocytes.", "content": "Several rabbit antisera to T cells obtained from various sources (thymus, peripheral blood, brain, T-derived leukemias) were studied with the aim to obtain reagents specific for a subset of T cells. Sera were first absorbed on human tissues and B cells; thereafter these T cell-specific sera were additionally absorbed with T cells of different origin and especially with leukemic T cells, which are likely to represent a clonal expnasion of a subset of T cells with potentially unique antigenic markers. Three antigenically distinct subpopulations of T cells were delineated. The relationship of these subsets with previously defined human T cell subpopulations (T subsets with a receptor for the Fc or IgG or IgM or with a receptor for a lectin from wheat germ agglutinin) was investigated.", "contents": "Serologically defined subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. Several rabbit antisera to T cells obtained from various sources (thymus, peripheral blood, brain, T-derived leukemias) were studied with the aim to obtain reagents specific for a subset of T cells. Sera were first absorbed on human tissues and B cells; thereafter these T cell-specific sera were additionally absorbed with T cells of different origin and especially with leukemic T cells, which are likely to represent a clonal expnasion of a subset of T cells with potentially unique antigenic markers. Three antigenically distinct subpopulations of T cells were delineated. The relationship of these subsets with previously defined human T cell subpopulations (T subsets with a receptor for the Fc or IgG or IgM or with a receptor for a lectin from wheat germ agglutinin) was investigated.", "PMID": 310829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2720", "title": "Ontogeny of cell-mediated cytotoxicity: induction of CTL in early postnatal thymocytes.", "content": "In this study we characterized the time when cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be induced in the thymus and spleen from their immediate CTL precursors (CTL-P). In contrast to fetal or newborn thymus, the thymus of 1 to 2-day-old C57BL/6 mice contained cells that, after cultivation in vitro with allogeneic DBA/2 stimulating cells, exhibited high levels (as great or greater than that induced in adult thymocytes) of CTL activity as measured by the ability to lyse P815 (DBA/2) tumor target cells. However, CTL activity induced in spleen cells remained how during the first 5 days of life, increased sharply between 6 to 9 days, and reached adult levels at 11 to 20 days. Furthermore, early postnatal spleen cells did not suppress the adult splenic CTL response. These results suggest 1) that the full potential to generate CTL in response to an allogeneic stimulus commences in the thymus on the first day after birth and 2) a different temporal appearance of immediate CTL precursors in the thymus and spleen.", "contents": "Ontogeny of cell-mediated cytotoxicity: induction of CTL in early postnatal thymocytes. In this study we characterized the time when cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be induced in the thymus and spleen from their immediate CTL precursors (CTL-P). In contrast to fetal or newborn thymus, the thymus of 1 to 2-day-old C57BL/6 mice contained cells that, after cultivation in vitro with allogeneic DBA/2 stimulating cells, exhibited high levels (as great or greater than that induced in adult thymocytes) of CTL activity as measured by the ability to lyse P815 (DBA/2) tumor target cells. However, CTL activity induced in spleen cells remained how during the first 5 days of life, increased sharply between 6 to 9 days, and reached adult levels at 11 to 20 days. Furthermore, early postnatal spleen cells did not suppress the adult splenic CTL response. These results suggest 1) that the full potential to generate CTL in response to an allogeneic stimulus commences in the thymus on the first day after birth and 2) a different temporal appearance of immediate CTL precursors in the thymus and spleen.", "PMID": 310832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2721", "title": "Immunochemical characterization of the Ly-8.2 murine lymphocyte alloantigen: possible relationship to actin.", "content": "An immunochemical analysis of the Ly-8.2 antigen was performed. Reactivity of B10-radiolabeled T and B cell lysates with a C3H anti-AKR serum immunoprecipitates a major 43,000 m.w. protein detectable by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The protein can be radioiodinated, however, it does not appear to blind to lentil lectin. Two-dimensional gel electro phoresis and peptide-mapping studies indicate that this protein is structurally very similar to lymphocyte actin. The possible molecular relationship between Ly-8.2, other lymphocyte membrane antigens, and actin is discussed.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization of the Ly-8.2 murine lymphocyte alloantigen: possible relationship to actin. An immunochemical analysis of the Ly-8.2 antigen was performed. Reactivity of B10-radiolabeled T and B cell lysates with a C3H anti-AKR serum immunoprecipitates a major 43,000 m.w. protein detectable by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The protein can be radioiodinated, however, it does not appear to blind to lentil lectin. Two-dimensional gel electro phoresis and peptide-mapping studies indicate that this protein is structurally very similar to lymphocyte actin. The possible molecular relationship between Ly-8.2, other lymphocyte membrane antigens, and actin is discussed.", "PMID": 310835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2722", "title": "A receptor for IgA on human T lymphocytes.", "content": "Receptors for IgA antibody-antigen complexes were demonstrated on 2 to 18% (mean 6.7%) of human peripheral blood T cells. The proportion of cells bearing detectable IgA receptors was low in freshly prepared T cells and increased in number after 18 to 24 hr of culture similar to the time course of appearance of the Tmu receptor. These T receptors were shown to be distinctly different from Fc-IgM and Fc-IgG receptors on T cells by blocking studies with purified IgA, IgG, and IgM.", "contents": "A receptor for IgA on human T lymphocytes. Receptors for IgA antibody-antigen complexes were demonstrated on 2 to 18% (mean 6.7%) of human peripheral blood T cells. The proportion of cells bearing detectable IgA receptors was low in freshly prepared T cells and increased in number after 18 to 24 hr of culture similar to the time course of appearance of the Tmu receptor. These T receptors were shown to be distinctly different from Fc-IgM and Fc-IgG receptors on T cells by blocking studies with purified IgA, IgG, and IgM.", "PMID": 310836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2723", "title": "Suppressor activity of splenocytes from mice treated with Ecteinascidia turbinata extract.", "content": "Extracts of a marine tunicate, Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ete) were previously shown to be capable of suppressing humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo and in vitro. In the present work we have examined the mechanisms of suppression in Ete-treated DBA/2 and BALB/c mice. Treatment with Ete resulted in a significant splenomegaly accompanied by a diminished response to mitogenic stimulation, reaching coincident maxima of effect at days 4 to 6. Spleen size and blastogenic reaction returned to normal at 12 to 21 days. Cells from enlarged spleens inhibited blastogenic responses of normal splenocytes to Con A. Marker studies indicated that the suppressor activity was exerted by cells possessing T lymphocyte characteristics.", "contents": "Suppressor activity of splenocytes from mice treated with Ecteinascidia turbinata extract. Extracts of a marine tunicate, Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ete) were previously shown to be capable of suppressing humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo and in vitro. In the present work we have examined the mechanisms of suppression in Ete-treated DBA/2 and BALB/c mice. Treatment with Ete resulted in a significant splenomegaly accompanied by a diminished response to mitogenic stimulation, reaching coincident maxima of effect at days 4 to 6. Spleen size and blastogenic reaction returned to normal at 12 to 21 days. Cells from enlarged spleens inhibited blastogenic responses of normal splenocytes to Con A. Marker studies indicated that the suppressor activity was exerted by cells possessing T lymphocyte characteristics.", "PMID": 310837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2724", "title": "Helper cells activated by allogeneic H-2K or H-2D differences have a Ly phenotype distinct from those responsive to I differences.", "content": "Helper activity for the primary in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes was induced by recognition of foreign major histocompatibility antigens. The Lyt phenotypes of helper activity induced by differences in the whole haplotype, K or D antigens, I region antigen, or by differences at the M1s locus were determined. All allohelper cells expressed Ly1. In a single spleen cell suspension helper activity generated in response to the whole haplotype, I region, or M1s antigens was derived from an Ly2-negative population, whereas helper activity generated to K or D alone was derived from a population of Ly2-positive cells. Mixtures of anti-Ly1 and anti-Ly2 treated populations were unable to generate helper activity in response to K or D differences. Such helper activity was therefore dependent on the presence of Ly12 cells. It was concluded that the Ly phenotype of the helper cells is not determined solely by the T cell function but is influenced by the region of the major histocompatibility complex that is recognized. Possible interpretations of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Helper cells activated by allogeneic H-2K or H-2D differences have a Ly phenotype distinct from those responsive to I differences. Helper activity for the primary in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes was induced by recognition of foreign major histocompatibility antigens. The Lyt phenotypes of helper activity induced by differences in the whole haplotype, K or D antigens, I region antigen, or by differences at the M1s locus were determined. All allohelper cells expressed Ly1. In a single spleen cell suspension helper activity generated in response to the whole haplotype, I region, or M1s antigens was derived from an Ly2-negative population, whereas helper activity generated to K or D alone was derived from a population of Ly2-positive cells. Mixtures of anti-Ly1 and anti-Ly2 treated populations were unable to generate helper activity in response to K or D differences. Such helper activity was therefore dependent on the presence of Ly12 cells. It was concluded that the Ly phenotype of the helper cells is not determined solely by the T cell function but is influenced by the region of the major histocompatibility complex that is recognized. Possible interpretations of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 310839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2725", "title": "Macrophage factor controlling differentiation of B cells.", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages of the mouse produce, in response to cell wall components of Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide and lipoproteins), a factor that causes antigen-stimulated B cells of differentiate into antibody-producing cells. Unlike lipopolysaccharide, this factor is not mitogenic for B cells. Production of the macrophage factor does not depend on participation of T cells or other accessory cells since it is readily produced by several cloned macrophage cell lines as well as by peritoneal macrophages of athymic nude mice. The factor is active only in conjunction with antigen. T cells, although apparently not necessary, amplify its effect. The factor induces phenotypic differentiation of B cell precursors as selectively as thymopoietin induces differentiation of prothymocytes.", "contents": "Macrophage factor controlling differentiation of B cells. Peritoneal macrophages of the mouse produce, in response to cell wall components of Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide and lipoproteins), a factor that causes antigen-stimulated B cells of differentiate into antibody-producing cells. Unlike lipopolysaccharide, this factor is not mitogenic for B cells. Production of the macrophage factor does not depend on participation of T cells or other accessory cells since it is readily produced by several cloned macrophage cell lines as well as by peritoneal macrophages of athymic nude mice. The factor is active only in conjunction with antigen. T cells, although apparently not necessary, amplify its effect. The factor induces phenotypic differentiation of B cell precursors as selectively as thymopoietin induces differentiation of prothymocytes.", "PMID": 310841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2726", "title": "Primary in vitro cytotoxic response of F1 T lymphocytes against parental antigens.", "content": "Spleen cells from adult female (AKR/J x BALB/(c)F1 mice can respond to mitomycin C-treated spleen from AKR/J mice and can generate effector CTL in a 5-day primary in vitro culture. The response is comparable in magnitude to the response to allogeneic H-2K or H-2D antigens. The response is T cell mediated and is directed to antigen(s) present only on the parental cells. The target cell must be homozygous at H-2Kk to be lysed and H-2Dk antigens do not serve as a target in this response. Spleen cells from (B10.BR x B10.D2) hybrids that have been stimulated with AKR/J lyse B10.Br as well as AKR/J target cells. Similar H-2k/d hybrid F1 anti-H-2k parent responses are seen in certain other strain combinations. A number of possible interpretations of these responses are discussed.", "contents": "Primary in vitro cytotoxic response of F1 T lymphocytes against parental antigens. Spleen cells from adult female (AKR/J x BALB/(c)F1 mice can respond to mitomycin C-treated spleen from AKR/J mice and can generate effector CTL in a 5-day primary in vitro culture. The response is comparable in magnitude to the response to allogeneic H-2K or H-2D antigens. The response is T cell mediated and is directed to antigen(s) present only on the parental cells. The target cell must be homozygous at H-2Kk to be lysed and H-2Dk antigens do not serve as a target in this response. Spleen cells from (B10.BR x B10.D2) hybrids that have been stimulated with AKR/J lyse B10.Br as well as AKR/J target cells. Similar H-2k/d hybrid F1 anti-H-2k parent responses are seen in certain other strain combinations. A number of possible interpretations of these responses are discussed.", "PMID": 310842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2727", "title": "Characterization of in vitro T-lymphocyte colonies from spleens of nude mice.", "content": "Cells residing in the spleens of nude mice that appear Thy-1 negative can give rise to Thy-1 positive colonies in an in vitro culture system. Cells from pooled colonies can provide an accessory cell required for the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes from their precursors in an in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction. As few as 50 such colony cells produce detectable activity.", "contents": "Characterization of in vitro T-lymphocyte colonies from spleens of nude mice. Cells residing in the spleens of nude mice that appear Thy-1 negative can give rise to Thy-1 positive colonies in an in vitro culture system. Cells from pooled colonies can provide an accessory cell required for the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes from their precursors in an in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction. As few as 50 such colony cells produce detectable activity.", "PMID": 310844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2728", "title": "Early stages of human marrow lymphocyte differentiation: induction in vitro by thymopoietin and ubiquitin.", "content": "To study early stages of human lymphocyte differentiation, bone marrow cells were physically separated according to their density and size by gradient centrifugation and then velocity sedimentation. The isolated cell fractions were incubated with putative inducing agents and then assayed for their expression of an array of surface differentiation markers. The inducing agents used were two polypeptides, thymopoietin (Tp) and ubiquitin (Ub), and the cyclic nucleotide, dibutyril cyclic 3'5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Tp, Ub, and cAMP each induced the ability to form sheep erythrocyte rosettes by small lymphocytes, which may thus represent T cell precursors. Ub and Tp induced rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes on lymphocytes of more heterogenous size, which may be \"early\" B cell precursors. Ub alone could induce surface IgM expression on small lymphocytes, which might be \"late\" B cell precursors. Both Tp and Ub induced Fc receptors on small lymphocytes. Complement receptors could not be induced on marrow lymphocytes by Tp, Ub, or cAMP. A number of lymphocyte precursors can thus be identified by their physical characteristics and their ability to respond to particular soluble factors with the expression of new differentiation markers.", "contents": "Early stages of human marrow lymphocyte differentiation: induction in vitro by thymopoietin and ubiquitin. To study early stages of human lymphocyte differentiation, bone marrow cells were physically separated according to their density and size by gradient centrifugation and then velocity sedimentation. The isolated cell fractions were incubated with putative inducing agents and then assayed for their expression of an array of surface differentiation markers. The inducing agents used were two polypeptides, thymopoietin (Tp) and ubiquitin (Ub), and the cyclic nucleotide, dibutyril cyclic 3'5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Tp, Ub, and cAMP each induced the ability to form sheep erythrocyte rosettes by small lymphocytes, which may thus represent T cell precursors. Ub and Tp induced rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes on lymphocytes of more heterogenous size, which may be \"early\" B cell precursors. Ub alone could induce surface IgM expression on small lymphocytes, which might be \"late\" B cell precursors. Both Tp and Ub induced Fc receptors on small lymphocytes. Complement receptors could not be induced on marrow lymphocytes by Tp, Ub, or cAMP. A number of lymphocyte precursors can thus be identified by their physical characteristics and their ability to respond to particular soluble factors with the expression of new differentiation markers.", "PMID": 310847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2729", "title": "Inhibition of human killer cells by autologous lymphocytes.", "content": "Human antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by K cells is shown in this study to be inhibited by autologous lymphocytes. Inhibitor activity resides in a population of lymphocytes lacking Fc receptors, i.e., depletion of Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes on immobolized enriches for inhibition. A T cell-enriched population does not inhibit. The effect is not steric inhibition since addition of large numbers of sheep or chicken erythrocytes does not decrease ADCC. Spontaneous cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells in the absence of added antibody is not inhibited by the FcR-depleted population, indicating that K and NK cells differ from each other in this respect.", "contents": "Inhibition of human killer cells by autologous lymphocytes. Human antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by K cells is shown in this study to be inhibited by autologous lymphocytes. Inhibitor activity resides in a population of lymphocytes lacking Fc receptors, i.e., depletion of Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes on immobolized enriches for inhibition. A T cell-enriched population does not inhibit. The effect is not steric inhibition since addition of large numbers of sheep or chicken erythrocytes does not decrease ADCC. Spontaneous cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells in the absence of added antibody is not inhibited by the FcR-depleted population, indicating that K and NK cells differ from each other in this respect.", "PMID": 310849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2730", "title": "Purification and biochemical characterization of human lymphocyte mitogenic factor (LMF).", "content": "Supernatants of human T lymphocytes stimulated by TT antigen release two factors that induce mitogenesis in autologous and allogeneic B lymphocytes. These factors are precipitated by 60% ammonium sulfate and 50% ethanol, and are both destroyed by heating to 70 degrees C for 5 min. By equilibrium ultracentrifugation there was a peak of mitogenic activity in the fraction with a specific gravity of 1.3147 corresponding to a partial specific volume of 0.761. After ultrafiltration through an Amicon XM50 membrane, the concentrate was chromatographed on a Sephadex G-200 column. Mitogenic activity was found only in the post-albumin fraction. When the post-albumin fraction was run on an isoelectrofocusing column, two distinct mitogenic factors were identified. The major peak of mitogenic activity (LMF) had a pI of 6.68 +/- 0.05 and the minor peak (MMF) had a pI OF 7.27 +/- 0.05. Amino acid analysis of LMF identified it as a protein and PAGE showed that LMF probably was a tetramer with a m.w. of 80,000.", "contents": "Purification and biochemical characterization of human lymphocyte mitogenic factor (LMF). Supernatants of human T lymphocytes stimulated by TT antigen release two factors that induce mitogenesis in autologous and allogeneic B lymphocytes. These factors are precipitated by 60% ammonium sulfate and 50% ethanol, and are both destroyed by heating to 70 degrees C for 5 min. By equilibrium ultracentrifugation there was a peak of mitogenic activity in the fraction with a specific gravity of 1.3147 corresponding to a partial specific volume of 0.761. After ultrafiltration through an Amicon XM50 membrane, the concentrate was chromatographed on a Sephadex G-200 column. Mitogenic activity was found only in the post-albumin fraction. When the post-albumin fraction was run on an isoelectrofocusing column, two distinct mitogenic factors were identified. The major peak of mitogenic activity (LMF) had a pI of 6.68 +/- 0.05 and the minor peak (MMF) had a pI OF 7.27 +/- 0.05. Amino acid analysis of LMF identified it as a protein and PAGE showed that LMF probably was a tetramer with a m.w. of 80,000.", "PMID": 310850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2731", "title": "Immunodeficiency with thymoma: failure to induce Ig production in immunodeficient lymphocytes cocultured with normal T cells.", "content": "Blood mononuclear cells of two individuals having immunodeficiency with thymoma (ID-THY) were cocultured with normal mononuclear cells or treated mononuclear cell fractions in an attempt to correct an imbalance of regulatory cells postulated to be responsible for the failure of pokeweed mitogen-induced Ig synthesis in vitro. Treatment included abrogation of suppressor cell activity by irradiation or incubation with prednisilone in vitro. T cell help was provided by cocultivating lymphocytes of related and unrelated persons, and in some cases autologous treated cells. Ig secretion failed to be induced by any experimental maneuver suggesting that the primary problem in the above ID-THY cells was related to defective or deficient B cells rather than an imbalance of T regulatory cells. Prednisilone treatment in vitro decreased suppressor cell activity in allogeneic cocultures of two ID-THY persons (S1 and S2) but not of an individual (S3) with variable immunodeficiency suggesting heterogeneity of suppressor cells.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency with thymoma: failure to induce Ig production in immunodeficient lymphocytes cocultured with normal T cells. Blood mononuclear cells of two individuals having immunodeficiency with thymoma (ID-THY) were cocultured with normal mononuclear cells or treated mononuclear cell fractions in an attempt to correct an imbalance of regulatory cells postulated to be responsible for the failure of pokeweed mitogen-induced Ig synthesis in vitro. Treatment included abrogation of suppressor cell activity by irradiation or incubation with prednisilone in vitro. T cell help was provided by cocultivating lymphocytes of related and unrelated persons, and in some cases autologous treated cells. Ig secretion failed to be induced by any experimental maneuver suggesting that the primary problem in the above ID-THY cells was related to defective or deficient B cells rather than an imbalance of T regulatory cells. Prednisilone treatment in vitro decreased suppressor cell activity in allogeneic cocultures of two ID-THY persons (S1 and S2) but not of an individual (S3) with variable immunodeficiency suggesting heterogeneity of suppressor cells.", "PMID": 310851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2732", "title": "The B lymphocyte-deprived mouse as a tool in immunobiology.", "content": "The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that mice subjected to continuous injections with anti-IgM antibodies, initiated within one day of birth, or in adulthood, lose all their B lymphocyte functions, but retain T lymphocyte reactivity. The B lymphocyte status of these mice was analyzed by histology, radioautography, serum immunoglobulin levels, the antibody response and reactivity to LPS in vitro. T lymphocyte functions were evaluated in vivo by tumor allograft rejection, contact sensitization, and in vitro by reactivity to mitogens and allogeneic cells. On the basis of the results described, it is suggested that the anti-IgM-treated mouse may be considered as a balid and useful experimental model of the \"T mouse\".", "contents": "The B lymphocyte-deprived mouse as a tool in immunobiology. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that mice subjected to continuous injections with anti-IgM antibodies, initiated within one day of birth, or in adulthood, lose all their B lymphocyte functions, but retain T lymphocyte reactivity. The B lymphocyte status of these mice was analyzed by histology, radioautography, serum immunoglobulin levels, the antibody response and reactivity to LPS in vitro. T lymphocyte functions were evaluated in vivo by tumor allograft rejection, contact sensitization, and in vitro by reactivity to mitogens and allogeneic cells. On the basis of the results described, it is suggested that the anti-IgM-treated mouse may be considered as a balid and useful experimental model of the \"T mouse\".", "PMID": 310853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2733", "title": "Non-selective lymphocyte isolation from human blood by nylon wool filtration and density centrifugation.", "content": "A new method was employed to isolate lymphocytes from human peripheral blood. Continuous flow filtration through a nylon wool filter, at a flow rate of 1.4 ml/min, produced a lymphocyte yield of 90.5% and a purity of 96% without any shift in the B-T cell ratio. Ficoll-Isopaque with a specific gravity of 1.085 g/ml instead of 1.077 g/ml could be used to remove the erythrocytes. An overall recovery, including defibrination, filtration, Ficoll-Isopaque centrifugation and washing step, of 74.5% was achieved.", "contents": "Non-selective lymphocyte isolation from human blood by nylon wool filtration and density centrifugation. A new method was employed to isolate lymphocytes from human peripheral blood. Continuous flow filtration through a nylon wool filter, at a flow rate of 1.4 ml/min, produced a lymphocyte yield of 90.5% and a purity of 96% without any shift in the B-T cell ratio. Ficoll-Isopaque with a specific gravity of 1.085 g/ml instead of 1.077 g/ml could be used to remove the erythrocytes. An overall recovery, including defibrination, filtration, Ficoll-Isopaque centrifugation and washing step, of 74.5% was achieved.", "PMID": 310854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2734", "title": "Characterization of lipopolysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide from strains of Haemophilus influenzae was extracted and isolated by the hot phenol-water procedure. The preparations were relatively insoluble in water but could be solubilized with surface-active agents. The preparations contained carbohydrate (30%), fatty acid (29%), and phosphate (4.7%); protein content was less than 1%. Thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and colorimetric assays detected glucose, galactose, glucosamine, heptose, and a 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate-like molecule (less than 1%). Neither methylpentose nor dideoxyhexose was detected. The lipid portion was composed of fatty acids common to lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella. The preparations provoked positive dermal Shwartzman reactions and biphasic febrile responses in rabbits, responses typical of endotoxic activity. The 50% lethal dose for mice was decreased from 16.5 microgram/g to 0.015 microgram/g by concomitant administration of actinomycin D. The preparations were shown to be polyclonal activators of bone marrow-derived (B) cells. Limulus lysate gelation was seen with 8.0 ng of lipopolysaccharide. Preliminary hemagglutination data suggested at least three different antigenic factors associated with the lipopolysaccharide of H. influenzae type b. The H. influenzae lipopolysaccharide appeared biologically similar to that of enterobacteria but chemically different.", "contents": "Characterization of lipopolysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae. Lipopolysaccharide from strains of Haemophilus influenzae was extracted and isolated by the hot phenol-water procedure. The preparations were relatively insoluble in water but could be solubilized with surface-active agents. The preparations contained carbohydrate (30%), fatty acid (29%), and phosphate (4.7%); protein content was less than 1%. Thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and colorimetric assays detected glucose, galactose, glucosamine, heptose, and a 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate-like molecule (less than 1%). Neither methylpentose nor dideoxyhexose was detected. The lipid portion was composed of fatty acids common to lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella. The preparations provoked positive dermal Shwartzman reactions and biphasic febrile responses in rabbits, responses typical of endotoxic activity. The 50% lethal dose for mice was decreased from 16.5 microgram/g to 0.015 microgram/g by concomitant administration of actinomycin D. The preparations were shown to be polyclonal activators of bone marrow-derived (B) cells. Limulus lysate gelation was seen with 8.0 ng of lipopolysaccharide. Preliminary hemagglutination data suggested at least three different antigenic factors associated with the lipopolysaccharide of H. influenzae type b. The H. influenzae lipopolysaccharide appeared biologically similar to that of enterobacteria but chemically different.", "PMID": 310855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2735", "title": "Palmerston North mice, a new animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "This report describes a previously unrecognized animal model of SLE, the PN mouse. Although outbred PN mice were studied originally as models of polyarteritis nodosa, their inbred descendants have autoimmune disease which closely resembles SLE. In the current study, positive indirect immunofluorescence tests for ANA appeared when the mice were 5 months old, and 80% of mice were ANA-positive at 10 months of age. Anti-DNA were detected in sera from newborn mice and from 53% of mice under 2 months of age. Seventy-six percent of PN mice developed anti-DNA at the age of 10 months. Glomerular deposits of IgG, IgM, IgA, and complement appeared at 2 to 4 weeks of age, and examination of renal tissue by electron microscopy showed basement membrane thickening and dense intramembranous deposits. Neoplasms arose in 14% of PN mice. Female mice died earlier than male mice, and the most common causes of death were glomerulonephritis and arteritis. It was concluded that the serologic and histologic characteristics of disease in PN mice resembled SLE.", "contents": "Palmerston North mice, a new animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus. This report describes a previously unrecognized animal model of SLE, the PN mouse. Although outbred PN mice were studied originally as models of polyarteritis nodosa, their inbred descendants have autoimmune disease which closely resembles SLE. In the current study, positive indirect immunofluorescence tests for ANA appeared when the mice were 5 months old, and 80% of mice were ANA-positive at 10 months of age. Anti-DNA were detected in sera from newborn mice and from 53% of mice under 2 months of age. Seventy-six percent of PN mice developed anti-DNA at the age of 10 months. Glomerular deposits of IgG, IgM, IgA, and complement appeared at 2 to 4 weeks of age, and examination of renal tissue by electron microscopy showed basement membrane thickening and dense intramembranous deposits. Neoplasms arose in 14% of PN mice. Female mice died earlier than male mice, and the most common causes of death were glomerulonephritis and arteritis. It was concluded that the serologic and histologic characteristics of disease in PN mice resembled SLE.", "PMID": 310856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2736", "title": "Vaccinia-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses in the context of H-2 antigens not encountered in thymus may reflect aberrant recognition of a virus-H-2 complex.", "content": "BALB/c (H-2Kd-Dd) spleen and lymph node populations were specifically depleted of alloreactive potential by filtration through H-2 different, irradiated recipients. These negatively selected T cells were then stimulated with vaccinia virus in mice expressing the foreign H-2 determinants encountered previously in the filter environment. Strong virus-immune cytotoxic T-cell responses were seen in the context of H-2Kk and H-2Ks, but not 2H-2Kb. The T cells generated were not cross-reactive for the H-2Kk and H-2Kd alleles, and responsiveness was independent of concurrent presence of effector populations operating at H-2D. These findings are consisent with the idea that recognition is mediated via a complex receptor, part of which is specific for virus and part for self H-2. The capacity to interact with allogeneic, virus-infected cells may then reflect aberrant recognition of a virus-H-2-antigen complex by this single, large binding site. For instance, the T cell which would normally recognize H-2Kd-virus x, or H-2Dd-minor histocompatibility antigen Z, may now show specificity for H-2Kk-vaccinia virus. Implications for both the selective role of the thymus and for mechanisms of tolerance are discussed.", "contents": "Vaccinia-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses in the context of H-2 antigens not encountered in thymus may reflect aberrant recognition of a virus-H-2 complex. BALB/c (H-2Kd-Dd) spleen and lymph node populations were specifically depleted of alloreactive potential by filtration through H-2 different, irradiated recipients. These negatively selected T cells were then stimulated with vaccinia virus in mice expressing the foreign H-2 determinants encountered previously in the filter environment. Strong virus-immune cytotoxic T-cell responses were seen in the context of H-2Kk and H-2Ks, but not 2H-2Kb. The T cells generated were not cross-reactive for the H-2Kk and H-2Kd alleles, and responsiveness was independent of concurrent presence of effector populations operating at H-2D. These findings are consisent with the idea that recognition is mediated via a complex receptor, part of which is specific for virus and part for self H-2. The capacity to interact with allogeneic, virus-infected cells may then reflect aberrant recognition of a virus-H-2-antigen complex by this single, large binding site. For instance, the T cell which would normally recognize H-2Kd-virus x, or H-2Dd-minor histocompatibility antigen Z, may now show specificity for H-2Kk-vaccinia virus. Implications for both the selective role of the thymus and for mechanisms of tolerance are discussed.", "PMID": 310857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2737", "title": "Regulatory functions of hapten-reactive helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. III. Amplification of a generation of tumor-specific killer T-lymphocyte activities by suppressor T-cell-depleted hapten-reactive T lymphocytes.", "content": "2,4.6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-reactive T-cell activities were raised in mice by immunization with TNP-isologous mouse gamma globulin. After establishing that TNP-reactive T lymphocytes can serve as amplifier cells for induction of killer T lymphocytes in allogeneic system, we explored the possibility of this hapten-reactive T-cell system to amplify tumor-specific killer T-lymphocyte activity in the syngeneic system. We utlized relatively weak immunogenic syngeneic plasmacytoma X5563 in C3H/He mice. Analysis of the TNP-reactive T-cell activities revealed that such T lymphocytes express the biological functions of both major subtypes of regulatory T cells, namely suppressors and helpers, and that TNP-reactive suppressor and helper T lymphocytes, respectively, differ in their relative susceptibility to specific inactivation by TNP conjugates of the nonimmunogenic D-amino acid copolymer, D-glutamic acid, and D-lysine (D-GL). By taking advantage of the relative susceptibility-difference to TNP-D-GL, selective inactivation of TNP-reactive suppressor T cells was induced by appropriate treatment with TNP-D-GL, and the generation of TNP-reactive helper T-cell activity was amplified. The supplement of augmented TNP-reactive helper T-cell activity to the system at the immunization with syngeneic X5563 with TNP-haptenation, resulted in a striking augmentation of induction of tumor-specific killer T-lymphocyte activity, and a considerable number of hosts survived after the challenge with lethal dose of viable tumor cells. Thus, appropriate manipulations designed to induce potent hapten-reactive helper T-lymphocytes provided the potential for a very effective mode of immunoprophylaxis against tumor.", "contents": "Regulatory functions of hapten-reactive helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. III. Amplification of a generation of tumor-specific killer T-lymphocyte activities by suppressor T-cell-depleted hapten-reactive T lymphocytes. 2,4.6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-reactive T-cell activities were raised in mice by immunization with TNP-isologous mouse gamma globulin. After establishing that TNP-reactive T lymphocytes can serve as amplifier cells for induction of killer T lymphocytes in allogeneic system, we explored the possibility of this hapten-reactive T-cell system to amplify tumor-specific killer T-lymphocyte activity in the syngeneic system. We utlized relatively weak immunogenic syngeneic plasmacytoma X5563 in C3H/He mice. Analysis of the TNP-reactive T-cell activities revealed that such T lymphocytes express the biological functions of both major subtypes of regulatory T cells, namely suppressors and helpers, and that TNP-reactive suppressor and helper T lymphocytes, respectively, differ in their relative susceptibility to specific inactivation by TNP conjugates of the nonimmunogenic D-amino acid copolymer, D-glutamic acid, and D-lysine (D-GL). By taking advantage of the relative susceptibility-difference to TNP-D-GL, selective inactivation of TNP-reactive suppressor T cells was induced by appropriate treatment with TNP-D-GL, and the generation of TNP-reactive helper T-cell activity was amplified. The supplement of augmented TNP-reactive helper T-cell activity to the system at the immunization with syngeneic X5563 with TNP-haptenation, resulted in a striking augmentation of induction of tumor-specific killer T-lymphocyte activity, and a considerable number of hosts survived after the challenge with lethal dose of viable tumor cells. Thus, appropriate manipulations designed to induce potent hapten-reactive helper T-lymphocytes provided the potential for a very effective mode of immunoprophylaxis against tumor.", "PMID": 310858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2738", "title": "Disproportion in T-cell subpopulations in immunodeficient mutant hr/hr mice.", "content": "Mice of the HRS strain, which carry the mutant gene hr, were examined for abnormalities in representation of the three T-cell sets Ly1, Ly23, and Ly123 in the spleen. The salient feature of hr/hr mice, which are immunologically deficient, in comparison with +/hr segregants, was a gross disproportion in numbers of cells belonging to the Ly1 and Ly123 sets, at the age of 3--3.5 mo. At this age, Ly123 cells of hr/hr spleen outnumbered Ly1 cells by 2:1, whereas in +/hr spleens Ly123 cells were outnumbered by approximately 1:2. Cells from pooled lymph nodes of hr/hr mice did not show a correspondingly gross disporprotion of Ly1 and Ly123 cells. Total counts of splenic T cells, and of B cells, were not significantly different in hr/hr and +/hr mice.", "contents": "Disproportion in T-cell subpopulations in immunodeficient mutant hr/hr mice. Mice of the HRS strain, which carry the mutant gene hr, were examined for abnormalities in representation of the three T-cell sets Ly1, Ly23, and Ly123 in the spleen. The salient feature of hr/hr mice, which are immunologically deficient, in comparison with +/hr segregants, was a gross disproportion in numbers of cells belonging to the Ly1 and Ly123 sets, at the age of 3--3.5 mo. At this age, Ly123 cells of hr/hr spleen outnumbered Ly1 cells by 2:1, whereas in +/hr spleens Ly123 cells were outnumbered by approximately 1:2. Cells from pooled lymph nodes of hr/hr mice did not show a correspondingly gross disporprotion of Ly1 and Ly123 cells. Total counts of splenic T cells, and of B cells, were not significantly different in hr/hr and +/hr mice.", "PMID": 310859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2739", "title": "Phosphorylcholine-specific helper T cells in mice with an X-linked defect of antibody production to the same hapten.", "content": "F1 male mice with the CBA/N X-linked defect that are unable to produce plaque-forming cell responses to phosphorylcholine (PC) provide normal PC-specific helper T-cell activity when compared to F1 female littermates. Inhibition of helper activity with anti-idiotypic antiserum indicates that PC-specific T cells from both NBF1 female and male mice possess predominantly BALB/c myeloma protein HOPC-8 idiotypic determinants. Therefore, the CBA/N defect cannot be explained as a deletion of genes coding for V-region anti-PC specificities. The demonstration of helper activity in NBF1 male mice, which occurs in the absence of anti-PC antibody synthesis, also demonstrates the endogenous origin of the T-cell receptor.", "contents": "Phosphorylcholine-specific helper T cells in mice with an X-linked defect of antibody production to the same hapten. F1 male mice with the CBA/N X-linked defect that are unable to produce plaque-forming cell responses to phosphorylcholine (PC) provide normal PC-specific helper T-cell activity when compared to F1 female littermates. Inhibition of helper activity with anti-idiotypic antiserum indicates that PC-specific T cells from both NBF1 female and male mice possess predominantly BALB/c myeloma protein HOPC-8 idiotypic determinants. Therefore, the CBA/N defect cannot be explained as a deletion of genes coding for V-region anti-PC specificities. The demonstration of helper activity in NBF1 male mice, which occurs in the absence of anti-PC antibody synthesis, also demonstrates the endogenous origin of the T-cell receptor.", "PMID": 310860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2740", "title": "Monoclonal cytolytic T-cell lines.", "content": "Monospecific cloned cytolytic T-lymphocyte lines have been created utilizing T-cell growth factor. The clones were found to retain their cytolytic specificity after prolonged culture and monospecific function was demonstrated by subcloning procedures. Thus, detailed studies of the phenotypic and functional characteristics of monospecific, homogeneous, cytolytic T lymphocytes will now be possible.", "contents": "Monoclonal cytolytic T-cell lines. Monospecific cloned cytolytic T-lymphocyte lines have been created utilizing T-cell growth factor. The clones were found to retain their cytolytic specificity after prolonged culture and monospecific function was demonstrated by subcloning procedures. Thus, detailed studies of the phenotypic and functional characteristics of monospecific, homogeneous, cytolytic T lymphocytes will now be possible.", "PMID": 310861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2741", "title": "T-helper function of parent leads to F1 chimeras. Presence of a separate T-cell subgroup able to stimulate allogeneic B cells but not syngeneic B cells.", "content": "Parent leads to F1 chimeras were prepared by reconstituting sublethally irradiated H-2 heterozygous mice with marrow cells from one parental strain. Purified parental strain T cells prepared from unprimed chimeras were exposed to sheep erythrocytes in heavily irradiated mice of each of the two parental strains and recovered from thoracic duct lymph of the recipients at either day 1 or day 5 posttransfer. The lymphoborne cells were then tested for their capacity to collaborate in vivo with B cells of the two parental strains. From this approach it was concluded that parent leads to F1 chimera T cells contain two discrete subgroups of T-helper cells, one specific for self H-2 determinants and the other restricted to H-2 determinants of the opposite parental strain. The restrictions mapped to the K-end of the H-2 complex.", "contents": "T-helper function of parent leads to F1 chimeras. Presence of a separate T-cell subgroup able to stimulate allogeneic B cells but not syngeneic B cells. Parent leads to F1 chimeras were prepared by reconstituting sublethally irradiated H-2 heterozygous mice with marrow cells from one parental strain. Purified parental strain T cells prepared from unprimed chimeras were exposed to sheep erythrocytes in heavily irradiated mice of each of the two parental strains and recovered from thoracic duct lymph of the recipients at either day 1 or day 5 posttransfer. The lymphoborne cells were then tested for their capacity to collaborate in vivo with B cells of the two parental strains. From this approach it was concluded that parent leads to F1 chimera T cells contain two discrete subgroups of T-helper cells, one specific for self H-2 determinants and the other restricted to H-2 determinants of the opposite parental strain. The restrictions mapped to the K-end of the H-2 complex.", "PMID": 310862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2742", "title": "Transplantation of cultured thymic fragments. II. Results in nude mice.", "content": "Nine nude mice were transplanted with cultured thymic fragments derived from syngeneic (three recipients) or allogeneic (six recipients) sources. All transplanted mice survived for periods of up to 8-10 mo thereafter, at which time they were sacrificed. Weight gain had been progressive and the animals were in excellent health. Four nontransplanted littermates housed in the same cages died at the age of 4 mo. In the nontransplanted mice, the usual deficits of T and B cells were observed. In transplanted mice, normalization of IgG1 and IgA levels as well as IgG antibodies to sheep erythrocytes and precipitating antibodies to rabbit serum occurred. Lymphocyte counts and Thy-1 bearing cells increased to approximately 50% of normal values. Proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, mixed leukocyte reactivity, and cell-mediated lympholysis were variably restored from approximately 10-100% of normal. Attained responses were the same in recipients of syngeneic or allogeneic tissues and these, in turn, were equal or superior to responses measured in animals transplanted with whole noncultured thymuses. Skin grafts from third party donors were vigorously rejected, whereas those derived from second party (allogeneic thymus donor strain) may have been accepted or slowly rejected. Cultured thymic fragments, consisting primarily of epithelial elements, can effectively repair the thymic deficiency of nude mice. Experiments to date do not indicate that syngeneic tissues enjoy an advantage over allogeneic grafts in this restoration procedure.", "contents": "Transplantation of cultured thymic fragments. II. Results in nude mice. Nine nude mice were transplanted with cultured thymic fragments derived from syngeneic (three recipients) or allogeneic (six recipients) sources. All transplanted mice survived for periods of up to 8-10 mo thereafter, at which time they were sacrificed. Weight gain had been progressive and the animals were in excellent health. Four nontransplanted littermates housed in the same cages died at the age of 4 mo. In the nontransplanted mice, the usual deficits of T and B cells were observed. In transplanted mice, normalization of IgG1 and IgA levels as well as IgG antibodies to sheep erythrocytes and precipitating antibodies to rabbit serum occurred. Lymphocyte counts and Thy-1 bearing cells increased to approximately 50% of normal values. Proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, mixed leukocyte reactivity, and cell-mediated lympholysis were variably restored from approximately 10-100% of normal. Attained responses were the same in recipients of syngeneic or allogeneic tissues and these, in turn, were equal or superior to responses measured in animals transplanted with whole noncultured thymuses. Skin grafts from third party donors were vigorously rejected, whereas those derived from second party (allogeneic thymus donor strain) may have been accepted or slowly rejected. Cultured thymic fragments, consisting primarily of epithelial elements, can effectively repair the thymic deficiency of nude mice. Experiments to date do not indicate that syngeneic tissues enjoy an advantage over allogeneic grafts in this restoration procedure.", "PMID": 310863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2743", "title": "Density of surface immunoglobulin and capping on rat B lymphocytes. I. Changes with aging.", "content": "The rate of capping and shedding of cross-linked surface immunoglobulins (SIg) was slower in old Lewis rats (greater than 24 mo) than in young Lewis rats (3-4 mo). Analysis of spleen cell populations with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter indicated that with aging there was a loss of cells with a high density of SIg. Cells with the highest density of SIg capped and shed cross-linked SIg faster than cells with a low density of SIg. The alteration in density of SIg may account for the difference in capping kinetics. Colchicine treatment increased the rate of capping of lymphocytes from young animals, but had no effect on the capping kinetics of lymphocytes from old animals.", "contents": "Density of surface immunoglobulin and capping on rat B lymphocytes. I. Changes with aging. The rate of capping and shedding of cross-linked surface immunoglobulins (SIg) was slower in old Lewis rats (greater than 24 mo) than in young Lewis rats (3-4 mo). Analysis of spleen cell populations with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter indicated that with aging there was a loss of cells with a high density of SIg. Cells with the highest density of SIg capped and shed cross-linked SIg faster than cells with a low density of SIg. The alteration in density of SIg may account for the difference in capping kinetics. Colchicine treatment increased the rate of capping of lymphocytes from young animals, but had no effect on the capping kinetics of lymphocytes from old animals.", "PMID": 310864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2744", "title": "Selective affinity fractionation of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Unique lectin specific binding of the CTL associated surface glycoprotein, T 145.", "content": "We have analyzed the lectin binding characteristics of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-derived surface labeled glycoproteins by affinity chromatography of the labeled glycoproteins on a panel of immobilized lectin adsorbents. Evidence is presented for the specific interaction of the CTL-associated glycoprotein T 145 with a lectin derived from Vicia villosa seeds. Conditions are described for the preparation and use of lectin affinity adsorbents for the rapid isolation of T 145 bearing cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Direct proof is given to show that T 145-positive cells arising from a variety of T-cell activations constitute the only subpopulation of cells with ability to perform cell-mediated T-cell cytotoxicity. Specific depletion of the CTLs by adherence to V. villosa adsorbents is shown by their depletion in the nonbound cell fraction and correspondingly enriched recovery in the sugar eluted cell fraction. Specific affinity fractionation of CTLs has occurred in every strain combination tested and irrespective of the actual antigen specificity of the effector cell population.", "contents": "Selective affinity fractionation of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Unique lectin specific binding of the CTL associated surface glycoprotein, T 145. We have analyzed the lectin binding characteristics of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-derived surface labeled glycoproteins by affinity chromatography of the labeled glycoproteins on a panel of immobilized lectin adsorbents. Evidence is presented for the specific interaction of the CTL-associated glycoprotein T 145 with a lectin derived from Vicia villosa seeds. Conditions are described for the preparation and use of lectin affinity adsorbents for the rapid isolation of T 145 bearing cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Direct proof is given to show that T 145-positive cells arising from a variety of T-cell activations constitute the only subpopulation of cells with ability to perform cell-mediated T-cell cytotoxicity. Specific depletion of the CTLs by adherence to V. villosa adsorbents is shown by their depletion in the nonbound cell fraction and correspondingly enriched recovery in the sugar eluted cell fraction. Specific affinity fractionation of CTLs has occurred in every strain combination tested and irrespective of the actual antigen specificity of the effector cell population.", "PMID": 310865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2745", "title": "Anti-self HLA may be clonally expressed.", "content": "A monolayer absorption technique was used to test the hypothesis that killer cells directed to self HLA-associated minor histocompatibility antigens (H-Y) were divisible into subsets. The results showed that sensitized killer cells, which recognized two combined antigens HLA-A2; H-Y and HLA-B7; H-Y could indeed be divided into two populations. One was directed to HLA-A2; H-Y and the other to HLA-B7; H-Y. These results can be interpreted in the context of the altered self hypothesis. However, when interpreted in the context of the dual recognition hypothesis, they strongly suggest that independant clones of killer T cells exist which are committed to the recognition of self HLA.", "contents": "Anti-self HLA may be clonally expressed. A monolayer absorption technique was used to test the hypothesis that killer cells directed to self HLA-associated minor histocompatibility antigens (H-Y) were divisible into subsets. The results showed that sensitized killer cells, which recognized two combined antigens HLA-A2; H-Y and HLA-B7; H-Y could indeed be divided into two populations. One was directed to HLA-A2; H-Y and the other to HLA-B7; H-Y. These results can be interpreted in the context of the altered self hypothesis. However, when interpreted in the context of the dual recognition hypothesis, they strongly suggest that independant clones of killer T cells exist which are committed to the recognition of self HLA.", "PMID": 310866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2746", "title": "Metabolic correlates of fatigue and of recovery from fatigue in single frog muscle fibers.", "content": "Fatigue and recovery from fatigue were related to metabolism in single fibers of the frog semitendinosus muscle. The fibers were held at a sarcomere length of 2.3 microm in oxygenated Ringer solution at 15 degrees C and were stimulated for up to 150 s by a schedule of 10-s, 20-Hz tetanic trains that were interrupted by 1-s rest periods, after which they were rapidly frozen for biochemical analysis. Two kinds of fatigue were produced in relation to stimulus duration. A rapidly reversed fatigue occurred with stimulation for under 40 s and was evidenced by a decline in tetanic tension that could be overcome by 1 s of rest. A prolonged fatigue was caused by stimulation for 100-150 s. It was evidenced during stimulation by a fall in tetanic tension that could not be overcome by 1 s of rest, and after stimulation by a reduction, lasting for up to 82 min, in the peak tension of a 200-ms test tetanus. Fiber phosphocreatine (PCr) fell logarithmically in relation to stimulus duration, from a mean of 121 +/- 8 nmol/mg protein (SEM, n = 12) to 10% of this value after 150 s of stimulation. PCr returned to normal levels after 90-120 min of rest. Stimulation for 150 s did not significantly affect fiber glycogen and reduced fiber ATP by at most 15%. It is suggested that the prolonged fatigue caused by 100-150 s of tetanic stimulation was caused by long-lasting failure of excitation-contraction coupling, as it was not accompanied by depletion of energy stores in the form of ATP. One possibility is that H+ accumulated in fatigued fibers so as to interfere with the action of Ca2+ in the coupling process.", "contents": "Metabolic correlates of fatigue and of recovery from fatigue in single frog muscle fibers. Fatigue and recovery from fatigue were related to metabolism in single fibers of the frog semitendinosus muscle. The fibers were held at a sarcomere length of 2.3 microm in oxygenated Ringer solution at 15 degrees C and were stimulated for up to 150 s by a schedule of 10-s, 20-Hz tetanic trains that were interrupted by 1-s rest periods, after which they were rapidly frozen for biochemical analysis. Two kinds of fatigue were produced in relation to stimulus duration. A rapidly reversed fatigue occurred with stimulation for under 40 s and was evidenced by a decline in tetanic tension that could be overcome by 1 s of rest. A prolonged fatigue was caused by stimulation for 100-150 s. It was evidenced during stimulation by a fall in tetanic tension that could not be overcome by 1 s of rest, and after stimulation by a reduction, lasting for up to 82 min, in the peak tension of a 200-ms test tetanus. Fiber phosphocreatine (PCr) fell logarithmically in relation to stimulus duration, from a mean of 121 +/- 8 nmol/mg protein (SEM, n = 12) to 10% of this value after 150 s of stimulation. PCr returned to normal levels after 90-120 min of rest. Stimulation for 150 s did not significantly affect fiber glycogen and reduced fiber ATP by at most 15%. It is suggested that the prolonged fatigue caused by 100-150 s of tetanic stimulation was caused by long-lasting failure of excitation-contraction coupling, as it was not accompanied by depletion of energy stores in the form of ATP. One possibility is that H+ accumulated in fatigued fibers so as to interfere with the action of Ca2+ in the coupling process.", "PMID": 310867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2747", "title": "Contraction transients of skinned muscle fibers: effects of calcium and ionic strength.", "content": "Calcium and ionic strength are both known to modify the force developed by skinned frog muscle fibers. To determine how these parameters affect the cross-bridge contraction mechanism, the isotonic velocity transients following step changes in load were studied in solutions in which calcium concentration and ionic strength were varied. Analysis of the motion showed that calcium has no effect on either the null time or the amplitude of the transients. In contrast, the transient amplitude was increased in high ionic strength and was suppressed in low ionic strength. These results are consistent with the idea that calcium affects force in skeletal muscle by modulating the number of force generators in a simple switchlike \"on-off\" manner and that the steady force at a given calcium level is proportional to cross-bridge number. On the other hand, the effect of ionic strength on force is associated with changes in the kinetic properties of the cross-bridge mechanism.", "contents": "Contraction transients of skinned muscle fibers: effects of calcium and ionic strength. Calcium and ionic strength are both known to modify the force developed by skinned frog muscle fibers. To determine how these parameters affect the cross-bridge contraction mechanism, the isotonic velocity transients following step changes in load were studied in solutions in which calcium concentration and ionic strength were varied. Analysis of the motion showed that calcium has no effect on either the null time or the amplitude of the transients. In contrast, the transient amplitude was increased in high ionic strength and was suppressed in low ionic strength. These results are consistent with the idea that calcium affects force in skeletal muscle by modulating the number of force generators in a simple switchlike \"on-off\" manner and that the steady force at a given calcium level is proportional to cross-bridge number. On the other hand, the effect of ionic strength on force is associated with changes in the kinetic properties of the cross-bridge mechanism.", "PMID": 310868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2748", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in thymus and blood from patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Cell suspensions were prepared from hyperplastic thymic tissue and lymphoepithelioma from patients with myasthenia gravis and from presumed normal thymic tissue obtained at cardiac surgery. The mononuclear cells were examined for surface markers. The mean percentages of both T lymphocytes and Fc receptor-carrying lymphocytes were similar in the three groups, whereas there was an increase in C receptor-carrying lymphocytes in the samples from myasthenic patients. Sections from the thymus gland were examined for T and B markers. In the hyperplastic thymus and in lymphoepithelioma, the T lymphocytes were distributed diffusely throughout the cortex and the medulla; in the normal thymus they were predominant in the cortex. The mean percentage of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood from patients with myasthenia gravis was normal. Thymectomy involved a transitory decrease in T lymphocytes with a corresponding increase in B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in thymus and blood from patients with myasthenia gravis. Cell suspensions were prepared from hyperplastic thymic tissue and lymphoepithelioma from patients with myasthenia gravis and from presumed normal thymic tissue obtained at cardiac surgery. The mononuclear cells were examined for surface markers. The mean percentages of both T lymphocytes and Fc receptor-carrying lymphocytes were similar in the three groups, whereas there was an increase in C receptor-carrying lymphocytes in the samples from myasthenic patients. Sections from the thymus gland were examined for T and B markers. In the hyperplastic thymus and in lymphoepithelioma, the T lymphocytes were distributed diffusely throughout the cortex and the medulla; in the normal thymus they were predominant in the cortex. The mean percentage of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood from patients with myasthenia gravis was normal. Thymectomy involved a transitory decrease in T lymphocytes with a corresponding increase in B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 310870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2749", "title": "Evaluating ambulatory care: three approaches.", "content": "The article describes three approaches to establishing an ambulatory audit program for nursing. These approaches are variations of a single methodology--that of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals--used by the University of Minnesota Hospitals and Clinics. The authors discuss three audit topics from ambulatory care; postkidney transplant; desensitization; and well child.", "contents": "Evaluating ambulatory care: three approaches. The article describes three approaches to establishing an ambulatory audit program for nursing. These approaches are variations of a single methodology--that of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals--used by the University of Minnesota Hospitals and Clinics. The authors discuss three audit topics from ambulatory care; postkidney transplant; desensitization; and well child.", "PMID": 310871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2750", "title": "Incorporating research in a service setting.", "content": "There are similarities between the research process and problem-solving-evaluation mechanisms already in use in nursing service. The author describes the utility of each process and the rationale for implementing research in the nursing service setting. The nursing auit is recommended as the intstitutional mechanism for implementing and sustaining research activities.", "contents": "Incorporating research in a service setting. There are similarities between the research process and problem-solving-evaluation mechanisms already in use in nursing service. The author describes the utility of each process and the rationale for implementing research in the nursing service setting. The nursing auit is recommended as the intstitutional mechanism for implementing and sustaining research activities.", "PMID": 310872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2751", "title": "The relationship of alpha1-antitrypsin to inflammatory periodontal disease.", "content": "Alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) is a serum protease inhibitor with a well established role in bodily defense against destructive inflammatory diseases. alpha1-AT exhibits inheritable genetic polymorphism (Pi types). Certain Pi types have been shown to predispose to emphysema and, in this study, also appear to be related to increased chronic periodontitis susceptibility.", "contents": "The relationship of alpha1-antitrypsin to inflammatory periodontal disease. Alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) is a serum protease inhibitor with a well established role in bodily defense against destructive inflammatory diseases. alpha1-AT exhibits inheritable genetic polymorphism (Pi types). Certain Pi types have been shown to predispose to emphysema and, in this study, also appear to be related to increased chronic periodontitis susceptibility.", "PMID": 310876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2752", "title": "Non linear volume flow dependence on osmotic pressure difference in frog skin.", "content": "The volume flow dependence upon the osmotic pressure difference of both impermeant (sucrose) and permeable (NaCl) species has been investigated in leg skin bags of Rana esculenta. It is concluded: 1. The hydration-dehydration error in the flow measurement with leg skin bags is negligible. 2. The flow-force relationship is non-linear. 3. Unstirred layers and solute permeation have little, if any, influence on non linearity. 4. Structural modifications of the skin induced with hypertonic solutions have been observed and may contribute to non linearity, as well as the multiple-barrier effect.", "contents": "Non linear volume flow dependence on osmotic pressure difference in frog skin. The volume flow dependence upon the osmotic pressure difference of both impermeant (sucrose) and permeable (NaCl) species has been investigated in leg skin bags of Rana esculenta. It is concluded: 1. The hydration-dehydration error in the flow measurement with leg skin bags is negligible. 2. The flow-force relationship is non-linear. 3. Unstirred layers and solute permeation have little, if any, influence on non linearity. 4. Structural modifications of the skin induced with hypertonic solutions have been observed and may contribute to non linearity, as well as the multiple-barrier effect.", "PMID": 310878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2753", "title": "Peripheral Peters' anomaly: a histopathologic case report.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic findings of a case of congenital bilateral, peripheral corneal leukoma associated with iris coloboma and anterior subluxation of the lens are reported. The changes in the region of keratolenticular apposition include partial absence of Bowman's membrane, stromal vascularization and thinning with large-diameter collagen fibrils, and absence of Descemet's membrane and endothelium. The authors postulate that dysembryogenesis of the tertiary vitreous, with iris coloboma, resulted in apposition of the lens to cornea during the second and third month of gestation and that this apposition resulted in the observed peripheral corneal abnormalities.", "contents": "Peripheral Peters' anomaly: a histopathologic case report. The clinical and pathologic findings of a case of congenital bilateral, peripheral corneal leukoma associated with iris coloboma and anterior subluxation of the lens are reported. The changes in the region of keratolenticular apposition include partial absence of Bowman's membrane, stromal vascularization and thinning with large-diameter collagen fibrils, and absence of Descemet's membrane and endothelium. The authors postulate that dysembryogenesis of the tertiary vitreous, with iris coloboma, resulted in apposition of the lens to cornea during the second and third month of gestation and that this apposition resulted in the observed peripheral corneal abnormalities.", "PMID": 310874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2754", "title": "Staphyloma: a complication of surgery for hyphema.", "content": "Anterior staphylomas developed in two young patients as a postoperative complication of hyphema extractions through corneoscleral sections. The patients, aged five and nine years, underwent evacuation of the hyphemas after rebleeding caused medically unmanageable intraocular pressure elevations. Postoperatively, both patients received corticosteroids and had elevation of intraocular pressure. To repair the staphyloma, a scleral overlay patch graft was performed in one patient, but the intraocular pressure remained elevated and the staphyloma gradually recurred. Enucleation of the eye was eventually required. Resection of the staphylomatous area with lensectomy and complete vitrectomy was performed in the second patient. After four years of follow-up this patient continues to do well.", "contents": "Staphyloma: a complication of surgery for hyphema. Anterior staphylomas developed in two young patients as a postoperative complication of hyphema extractions through corneoscleral sections. The patients, aged five and nine years, underwent evacuation of the hyphemas after rebleeding caused medically unmanageable intraocular pressure elevations. Postoperatively, both patients received corticosteroids and had elevation of intraocular pressure. To repair the staphyloma, a scleral overlay patch graft was performed in one patient, but the intraocular pressure remained elevated and the staphyloma gradually recurred. Enucleation of the eye was eventually required. Resection of the staphylomatous area with lensectomy and complete vitrectomy was performed in the second patient. After four years of follow-up this patient continues to do well.", "PMID": 310875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2755", "title": "Analysis of primary care prescribing--a \"constructive\" coding system for drugs.", "content": "The introduction of a computerized medical information system as part of a project assessing quality in primary care required the coding of drugs prescribed. The development of a simple four-digit system is described, coding drug, therapeutic class, and route of administration. The system allows easy measurement of the use of combined preparations.The drugs used for insomnia and acute bronchitis have been analysed. The results show marked variation with the age of the patient.The potential for medical audit is discussed as it is now possible to link prescribing figures in routine primary care with relevant clinical information.", "contents": "Analysis of primary care prescribing--a \"constructive\" coding system for drugs. The introduction of a computerized medical information system as part of a project assessing quality in primary care required the coding of drugs prescribed. The development of a simple four-digit system is described, coding drug, therapeutic class, and route of administration. The system allows easy measurement of the use of combined preparations.The drugs used for insomnia and acute bronchitis have been analysed. The results show marked variation with the age of the patient.The potential for medical audit is discussed as it is now possible to link prescribing figures in routine primary care with relevant clinical information.", "PMID": 310881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2756", "title": "Free serum ribonucleoprotein in mixed connective tissue disease and other connective tissue diseases.", "content": "Free ribonucleoprotein (RNP) was found by means of a hemagglutination inhibition assay in 21 sera from 11 of 25 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) who had 299 sera studied. Free RNP tended to appear when anti-RNP antibody titers fell or when prednisone was initiated or increased. Five of 72 SLE patients (211 sera) had free RNP in at least one serum. Three of them had anti-RNP antibodies in other sera. Free serum RNP was found in one of 20 patients with scleroderma and in two of seven patients with connective tissue disease \"overlap\" syndromes without anti-RNP.", "contents": "Free serum ribonucleoprotein in mixed connective tissue disease and other connective tissue diseases. Free ribonucleoprotein (RNP) was found by means of a hemagglutination inhibition assay in 21 sera from 11 of 25 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) who had 299 sera studied. Free RNP tended to appear when anti-RNP antibody titers fell or when prednisone was initiated or increased. Five of 72 SLE patients (211 sera) had free RNP in at least one serum. Three of them had anti-RNP antibodies in other sera. Free serum RNP was found in one of 20 patients with scleroderma and in two of seven patients with connective tissue disease \"overlap\" syndromes without anti-RNP.", "PMID": 310882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2757", "title": "Antibody to extractable nuclear antigen in the rheumatic diseases.", "content": "Two hundred and eighty-four patients with various rheumatic diseases were studied for the prevalence of antibodies to extractable nuclear antigen (anti-ENA) using an improved haemagglutination technique. Anti-ENA rarely occurred in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Seventeen per cent (13/72) of patients fulfilling at least four preliminary ARA criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) demonstrated anti-ENA. The predominant antibody was directed at ribo-nuclease-resistant ENA (anti-Sm). Antibodies to ribo-nuclease-sensitive ENA (anti-RNP) occurred in the minority of patients with SLE (2/72) and the mixed connective tissue disease syndrome (MCTD). A trend toward an increased incidence of renal disease in SLE patients with anti-Sm was present. Sequential analysis of anti-Sm in patients with SLE showed a fall in titre paralleling the normalization of anti-DNA antibody titres and serum complement values. No case of unrecognized MCTD was uncovered in our rheumatic disease population.", "contents": "Antibody to extractable nuclear antigen in the rheumatic diseases. Two hundred and eighty-four patients with various rheumatic diseases were studied for the prevalence of antibodies to extractable nuclear antigen (anti-ENA) using an improved haemagglutination technique. Anti-ENA rarely occurred in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Seventeen per cent (13/72) of patients fulfilling at least four preliminary ARA criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) demonstrated anti-ENA. The predominant antibody was directed at ribo-nuclease-resistant ENA (anti-Sm). Antibodies to ribo-nuclease-sensitive ENA (anti-RNP) occurred in the minority of patients with SLE (2/72) and the mixed connective tissue disease syndrome (MCTD). A trend toward an increased incidence of renal disease in SLE patients with anti-Sm was present. Sequential analysis of anti-Sm in patients with SLE showed a fall in titre paralleling the normalization of anti-DNA antibody titres and serum complement values. No case of unrecognized MCTD was uncovered in our rheumatic disease population.", "PMID": 310883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2758", "title": "Patterns of clinical disease associated with antibodies to nuclear ribonucleoprotein.", "content": "Forty-three patients were studied whose sera were monospecific for nuclear ribonucleoprotein by double immunodiffusion. Thirty-four patients had features typical of systemic lupus erythematosus of which 30 fulfilled the American Rheumatism Association criteria. Clinical features such as rashes, serositis and hematological abnormalities occurred with a frequency expected in SLE. Raynaud's phenomenon occurred in 60%, but other features of mixed connective tissue disease were uncommon. Clinical evidence of renal disease occurred in only four patients. In our experience a good prognosis is related more to the presence of anti-nRNP alone in the serum than to any specific set of clinical findings.", "contents": "Patterns of clinical disease associated with antibodies to nuclear ribonucleoprotein. Forty-three patients were studied whose sera were monospecific for nuclear ribonucleoprotein by double immunodiffusion. Thirty-four patients had features typical of systemic lupus erythematosus of which 30 fulfilled the American Rheumatism Association criteria. Clinical features such as rashes, serositis and hematological abnormalities occurred with a frequency expected in SLE. Raynaud's phenomenon occurred in 60%, but other features of mixed connective tissue disease were uncommon. Clinical evidence of renal disease occurred in only four patients. In our experience a good prognosis is related more to the presence of anti-nRNP alone in the serum than to any specific set of clinical findings.", "PMID": 310884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2759", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Association with other immunologic abnormalities but not with changes in renal function.", "content": "In a study of the usefulness of two widely performed tests for immune complexes (IC) in the assessment of disease activity of lupus nephritis the Raji cell assay detected IC in sera of 14 of 32 patients and the monoclonal rheumatoid factor (MRF) test in only five. There was a close correlation of levels of IC with number of organ systems showing disease activity and with serum complement levels and a somewhat less significant correlation with serum levels of anti-DNA. Although in a few patients levels of IC closely paralleled improvement in renal function with treatment, there was no overall correlation of changes of levels of IC with changes in creatinine clearance. Measurement of circulating IC in lupus nephritis cannot at present be justified as a worthwhile clinical measurement in the management of such patients.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Association with other immunologic abnormalities but not with changes in renal function. In a study of the usefulness of two widely performed tests for immune complexes (IC) in the assessment of disease activity of lupus nephritis the Raji cell assay detected IC in sera of 14 of 32 patients and the monoclonal rheumatoid factor (MRF) test in only five. There was a close correlation of levels of IC with number of organ systems showing disease activity and with serum complement levels and a somewhat less significant correlation with serum levels of anti-DNA. Although in a few patients levels of IC closely paralleled improvement in renal function with treatment, there was no overall correlation of changes of levels of IC with changes in creatinine clearance. Measurement of circulating IC in lupus nephritis cannot at present be justified as a worthwhile clinical measurement in the management of such patients.", "PMID": 310885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2760", "title": "Familial aspects of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). I. Occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus in another member in two families and aggregation of MCTD in another family.", "content": "Three families are reported in which one member had MCTD and another member had either MCTD or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In one family both mother and daughter probably had MCTD. The daughter, however, had prominent SLE features and kidney involvement. In another family, the mother had MCTD and the daughter had SLE; while in a third family one sister had MCTD and the other had SLE with prominent arthritis but negative anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) antibodies.", "contents": "Familial aspects of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). I. Occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus in another member in two families and aggregation of MCTD in another family. Three families are reported in which one member had MCTD and another member had either MCTD or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In one family both mother and daughter probably had MCTD. The daughter, however, had prominent SLE features and kidney involvement. In another family, the mother had MCTD and the daughter had SLE; while in a third family one sister had MCTD and the other had SLE with prominent arthritis but negative anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) antibodies.", "PMID": 310886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2761", "title": "Oral contraceptive therapy and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The relationship between oral contraceptive therapy and systemic lupus erythematosus is not well defined. It has been reported that oral contraceptives may induce lupus: they may also exacerbate pre-existing disease. This report concerns a young woman in whom systemic lupus erythematosus developed three weeks after the commencement of oral contraceptive therapy, but who was shown to have had a chronic biological false positive serological test for syphilis for eight months prior to this. The significance of false positive serological tests for syphilis and the effect of female sex hormones on disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus is discussed.", "contents": "Oral contraceptive therapy and systemic lupus erythematosus. The relationship between oral contraceptive therapy and systemic lupus erythematosus is not well defined. It has been reported that oral contraceptives may induce lupus: they may also exacerbate pre-existing disease. This report concerns a young woman in whom systemic lupus erythematosus developed three weeks after the commencement of oral contraceptive therapy, but who was shown to have had a chronic biological false positive serological test for syphilis for eight months prior to this. The significance of false positive serological tests for syphilis and the effect of female sex hormones on disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus is discussed.", "PMID": 310887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2762", "title": "Functional stimulation of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The authors describe the effect of electrical stimulation of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis. After considering the nature of multiple sclerosis, the authors describe the background, character, mode and method of delivering electrical fields to the spinal cord. The results of this form of treatment and the implications of these observations in terms of physiologic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Functional stimulation of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis. The authors describe the effect of electrical stimulation of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis. After considering the nature of multiple sclerosis, the authors describe the background, character, mode and method of delivering electrical fields to the spinal cord. The results of this form of treatment and the implications of these observations in terms of physiologic mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 310888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2763", "title": "Afferent and efferent components of the facial nerve in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).", "content": "The afferent and efferent components of the facial nerve were traced within the brain stem of Rana catesbeiana, using three different neuroanatomical techniques. Primary afferent fibers could be traced to the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve and to fasciculus solitarius as far caudally as the first or second spinal segment, using silver degeneration methods. Cobalt filling of of the entire nerve showed the same distribution of afferent fibers, as well as the filling of the cells within the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal, indicating the origin of a proprioceptive component of the facial nerve. Cobalt iontophoresis and horseradish perioxidase experiments showed that the motor nucleus of the facial nerve was located just ventral to the fourth ventricle, and caudal to the motor nucleus of trigeminal. The distribution of afferent fibers to fasciculus solitarius and the spinal tract of trigeminal is similar in some respects to the distribution of afferent fibers from the trigeminal and vagal nerves in the bullfrog. The afferent fibers from the three cranial nerves are found as far caudally in the brain stem as the second spinal segment.", "contents": "Afferent and efferent components of the facial nerve in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). The afferent and efferent components of the facial nerve were traced within the brain stem of Rana catesbeiana, using three different neuroanatomical techniques. Primary afferent fibers could be traced to the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve and to fasciculus solitarius as far caudally as the first or second spinal segment, using silver degeneration methods. Cobalt filling of of the entire nerve showed the same distribution of afferent fibers, as well as the filling of the cells within the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal, indicating the origin of a proprioceptive component of the facial nerve. Cobalt iontophoresis and horseradish perioxidase experiments showed that the motor nucleus of the facial nerve was located just ventral to the fourth ventricle, and caudal to the motor nucleus of trigeminal. The distribution of afferent fibers to fasciculus solitarius and the spinal tract of trigeminal is similar in some respects to the distribution of afferent fibers from the trigeminal and vagal nerves in the bullfrog. The afferent fibers from the three cranial nerves are found as far caudally in the brain stem as the second spinal segment.", "PMID": 310889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2764", "title": "Mononuclear cell analysis of peripheral blood from burn patients.", "content": "Mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells isolated by Ficoll-hypaque density-gradient sedimentation from peripheral blood of 25 burn patients at 3-to 4-day intervals during hospitalization were subjected to morphologic analysis. The aim was to identify all cells isolated and to examine the cell population characterized as B-lymphocytes. Patterns of response comprised of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and precursor cells in varying stages of maturity were delineated. Shortly after thermal trauma, isolated cell pools from all patients contained high proportions of immature cells. In surviving patients during convalescence, the cell pools had increasing proportions of mature cells and corresponding declines in immature cell types. Patients who died did not produce large populations of mature cells at any time during their hospitalization. Cells identified morphologically as lymphocytes were accounted for by E-rosette assay (T-lymphocytes). Cells previously identified as B-lymphocytes appeared morphologically to be monocytes, were positive for Fc and complement receptor activity, and were phagocytically active.", "contents": "Mononuclear cell analysis of peripheral blood from burn patients. Mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells isolated by Ficoll-hypaque density-gradient sedimentation from peripheral blood of 25 burn patients at 3-to 4-day intervals during hospitalization were subjected to morphologic analysis. The aim was to identify all cells isolated and to examine the cell population characterized as B-lymphocytes. Patterns of response comprised of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and precursor cells in varying stages of maturity were delineated. Shortly after thermal trauma, isolated cell pools from all patients contained high proportions of immature cells. In surviving patients during convalescence, the cell pools had increasing proportions of mature cells and corresponding declines in immature cell types. Patients who died did not produce large populations of mature cells at any time during their hospitalization. Cells identified morphologically as lymphocytes were accounted for by E-rosette assay (T-lymphocytes). Cells previously identified as B-lymphocytes appeared morphologically to be monocytes, were positive for Fc and complement receptor activity, and were phagocytically active.", "PMID": 310890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2765", "title": "Acoustic neuroma: when should one operate?", "content": "Reviewing the investigation of 90 tumors of the cerebellopontine angle during the last 13 years reveals a gradual change in the philosophy of management. Newer investigate techniques and an increased awareness of these tumors have led to earlier diagnosis and treatment than formerly. Facial nerve function preservation is the aim in every case, and where possible residual hearing should be preserved. Treatment should be undertaken by the otolaryngologist, preferably in collaboration with the neurosurgeon. Four cases are presented.", "contents": "Acoustic neuroma: when should one operate? Reviewing the investigation of 90 tumors of the cerebellopontine angle during the last 13 years reveals a gradual change in the philosophy of management. Newer investigate techniques and an increased awareness of these tumors have led to earlier diagnosis and treatment than formerly. Facial nerve function preservation is the aim in every case, and where possible residual hearing should be preserved. Treatment should be undertaken by the otolaryngologist, preferably in collaboration with the neurosurgeon. Four cases are presented.", "PMID": 310891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2766", "title": "Gastric aspiration in localization of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "content": "We compared the findings from gastric aspiration for blood with the site of gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage ultimately identified by endoscopy or angiography in 1,190 patients whose cases were analyzed retrospectively and prospectively during a six-year period. Gastric aspirates were positive for blood in 837 patients. An upper GI site proximal to Treitz' ligament was identified in 93%, and none had a lower GI site. A negative aspirate was found in 353 patients; a lower GI site was identified in 60%, and 1% (three patients) had an upper GI site. In these three patients, hemorrhage occurred in clinical settings suggesting ulcer disease, and bleeding duodenal ulcers were found in all three. All of the other 180 patients with a bleeding duodenal ulcer had a positive gastric aspirate.", "contents": "Gastric aspiration in localization of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. We compared the findings from gastric aspiration for blood with the site of gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage ultimately identified by endoscopy or angiography in 1,190 patients whose cases were analyzed retrospectively and prospectively during a six-year period. Gastric aspirates were positive for blood in 837 patients. An upper GI site proximal to Treitz' ligament was identified in 93%, and none had a lower GI site. A negative aspirate was found in 353 patients; a lower GI site was identified in 60%, and 1% (three patients) had an upper GI site. In these three patients, hemorrhage occurred in clinical settings suggesting ulcer disease, and bleeding duodenal ulcers were found in all three. All of the other 180 patients with a bleeding duodenal ulcer had a positive gastric aspirate.", "PMID": 310892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2767", "title": "Control of intractable abdominal bleeding by external counterpressure.", "content": "Pressure of 20 to 25 mm Hg circumferentially applied to the abdomen and legs for periods up to 48 hours is a safe, effective, and practical adjunct to standard medical and surgical techniques for controlling intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Pressure is distributed uniformly through the abdominal cavity and aids hemostasis by decreasing transmural pressure and blood flow in arteries and veins. Compression of the venous capacitance reservoir causes shunting of blood to vital organs above the diaphragm. The mechanism of action, optimal pressures, physiological effects, indications, contraindications, and possible harmful effects of circumferential pneumatic compression are discussed.", "contents": "Control of intractable abdominal bleeding by external counterpressure. Pressure of 20 to 25 mm Hg circumferentially applied to the abdomen and legs for periods up to 48 hours is a safe, effective, and practical adjunct to standard medical and surgical techniques for controlling intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Pressure is distributed uniformly through the abdominal cavity and aids hemostasis by decreasing transmural pressure and blood flow in arteries and veins. Compression of the venous capacitance reservoir causes shunting of blood to vital organs above the diaphragm. The mechanism of action, optimal pressures, physiological effects, indications, contraindications, and possible harmful effects of circumferential pneumatic compression are discussed.", "PMID": 310894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2768", "title": "Stabilizing effects of adenosine on the membrane currents and tension components of the bullfrog atrium.", "content": "The effects of exogenously applied adenosine on the membrane potentials, currents and tension components of the bullfrog double sucrose-gap method. Adenosine above 10(-3)M produced a prolongation of action potential accompanied by a slight augmentation of contraction which was followed by a sustained depression. The recovery was slow. Under voltage clamp conditions, adenosine merely produced a negative inotropic effect depressing Ica-dependent and -independent tensions. In the membrane currents, Inaf, Is(Ica), Ix and background current (Ib) were all depressed. In the presence of adrenaline, the increased Is, Ix and contraction were inhibited by adenosine in a lower dose (10(-5) -10 (-3) M), and the inhibition of Is and Ica-dependent tension were more prominent in the presence of than in the absence of adrenaline. Under the effect of ATP, which has a catecholamine-like action, similar selective inhibitions were observed. It was concluded that adenosine has a sustained stabilizing action on the myocardium to survive, especially in the presence of adrenaline, by depressing the augmented Ica and contraction.", "contents": "Stabilizing effects of adenosine on the membrane currents and tension components of the bullfrog atrium. The effects of exogenously applied adenosine on the membrane potentials, currents and tension components of the bullfrog double sucrose-gap method. Adenosine above 10(-3)M produced a prolongation of action potential accompanied by a slight augmentation of contraction which was followed by a sustained depression. The recovery was slow. Under voltage clamp conditions, adenosine merely produced a negative inotropic effect depressing Ica-dependent and -independent tensions. In the membrane currents, Inaf, Is(Ica), Ix and background current (Ib) were all depressed. In the presence of adrenaline, the increased Is, Ix and contraction were inhibited by adenosine in a lower dose (10(-5) -10 (-3) M), and the inhibition of Is and Ica-dependent tension were more prominent in the presence of than in the absence of adrenaline. Under the effect of ATP, which has a catecholamine-like action, similar selective inhibitions were observed. It was concluded that adenosine has a sustained stabilizing action on the myocardium to survive, especially in the presence of adrenaline, by depressing the augmented Ica and contraction.", "PMID": 310904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2769", "title": "Inhibitory action of hypertonic urea solution on the potassium contracture of the heart ventricular muscle.", "content": "Effects of hypertonic urea solution on potassium contracture were investigated in a bullfrot ventricular strip. In a medium of three times hypertonic urea, the contracture induced by 100 mM potassium solution was markedly inhibited whereas the twitch contraction was augmented in the hypertonic urea solution. The extent, as well as the time course, of the membrane depolarization produced by high potassium solution was essentially identical in both isotonic and hypertonic conditions. Endogeneous catecholamine does not seem to participate in this inhibition since the treatment with propranolol did not modify the results. Thus, the possibility of the well-known catecholamine-induced inhibition of potassium contracture can be excluded. The myocardial contractility was never suppressed, or even augmented, at this stage of urea perfusion although a prolonged hypertonic urea perfusion gradually suppressed the contractility. It was suggested that hypertonic urea exerts its negative inotropic action on the potassium contracture independently of its positive inotropism on the twitch contraction by accelerating the uptake of the activator calcium ion to some undefined intracellular sites.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of hypertonic urea solution on the potassium contracture of the heart ventricular muscle. Effects of hypertonic urea solution on potassium contracture were investigated in a bullfrot ventricular strip. In a medium of three times hypertonic urea, the contracture induced by 100 mM potassium solution was markedly inhibited whereas the twitch contraction was augmented in the hypertonic urea solution. The extent, as well as the time course, of the membrane depolarization produced by high potassium solution was essentially identical in both isotonic and hypertonic conditions. Endogeneous catecholamine does not seem to participate in this inhibition since the treatment with propranolol did not modify the results. Thus, the possibility of the well-known catecholamine-induced inhibition of potassium contracture can be excluded. The myocardial contractility was never suppressed, or even augmented, at this stage of urea perfusion although a prolonged hypertonic urea perfusion gradually suppressed the contractility. It was suggested that hypertonic urea exerts its negative inotropic action on the potassium contracture independently of its positive inotropism on the twitch contraction by accelerating the uptake of the activator calcium ion to some undefined intracellular sites.", "PMID": 310905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2770", "title": "Cytotoxicity of adriamycin and daunorubicin for normal and leukemia progenitor cells of man.", "content": "A colony assay available for a subpopulation of acute myeloblastic leukemia blasts with proliferative potential was used to measure adriamycin (adria) and daunorubicin (dauno) dose-response curves following brief exposure to either drug and washing. The dose-response curves were simple negative exponentials that might be characterized by D10 (dose required to reduce survival to 10%) values. The D10 values ranged from 0.47 to 20.8 microgram/ml for adria (8 patients) and from 0.06 to 0.34 microgram/ml for dauno (3 patients). Controls consisted of committed granulopoietic and T-lymphocyte progenitors. Four measurements of granulopoietic progenitors yielded D10 values from 2.5 to 11.5 mug/ml for adria and from 0.44 to 1.2 microgram/ml for dauno. T-lymphocyte precursors from 4 normal individuals were resistant. However, following incubation of normal leukocytes with phytohemagglutinin, DNA synthesis commenced in T-lymphocyte precursors for 3 additional normal controls, which was associated with an increased data sensitivity with D10 values ranging from 4.4 to 6.2 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of adriamycin and daunorubicin for normal and leukemia progenitor cells of man. A colony assay available for a subpopulation of acute myeloblastic leukemia blasts with proliferative potential was used to measure adriamycin (adria) and daunorubicin (dauno) dose-response curves following brief exposure to either drug and washing. The dose-response curves were simple negative exponentials that might be characterized by D10 (dose required to reduce survival to 10%) values. The D10 values ranged from 0.47 to 20.8 microgram/ml for adria (8 patients) and from 0.06 to 0.34 microgram/ml for dauno (3 patients). Controls consisted of committed granulopoietic and T-lymphocyte progenitors. Four measurements of granulopoietic progenitors yielded D10 values from 2.5 to 11.5 mug/ml for adria and from 0.44 to 1.2 microgram/ml for dauno. T-lymphocyte precursors from 4 normal individuals were resistant. However, following incubation of normal leukocytes with phytohemagglutinin, DNA synthesis commenced in T-lymphocyte precursors for 3 additional normal controls, which was associated with an increased data sensitivity with D10 values ranging from 4.4 to 6.2 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 310906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2771", "title": "Surface charge characteristics of cells from malignant cell lines and normal cell lines of the human hematopoietic system.", "content": "Cells from malignant and normal lines of human hematopoietic origin were studied for their surface charge characteristics with the use of the following criteria: 1) the electron microscopic appearance of cell membranes after labeling with cationized ferritin (CF) either before or after glutaraldehyde fixation, 2) electrophoretic mobility, 3) total sialic acid content, and 4) agglutinability with poly-L-lysine (PLL). CF induced a time-dependent redistribution of surface receptors in unfixed malignant cells but not in unfixed normal cells. After 10 seconds of labeling with CF, both normal and malignant unfixed cells showed a uniform and even labeling pattern. After 5 minutes of labeling, malignant cells exhibited a highly pronounced pattern of clusters and patches, as distinct from a random and even pattern exhibited by normal cells. Both normal and malignant cells after fixation exhibited an equivalent random and even labeling pattern with CF, independent of the duration of labeling. The malignant cells studied possessed less sialic acid, had a lower electric mobility, and were agglutinated more readily with PLL than were the normal cells.", "contents": "Surface charge characteristics of cells from malignant cell lines and normal cell lines of the human hematopoietic system. Cells from malignant and normal lines of human hematopoietic origin were studied for their surface charge characteristics with the use of the following criteria: 1) the electron microscopic appearance of cell membranes after labeling with cationized ferritin (CF) either before or after glutaraldehyde fixation, 2) electrophoretic mobility, 3) total sialic acid content, and 4) agglutinability with poly-L-lysine (PLL). CF induced a time-dependent redistribution of surface receptors in unfixed malignant cells but not in unfixed normal cells. After 10 seconds of labeling with CF, both normal and malignant unfixed cells showed a uniform and even labeling pattern. After 5 minutes of labeling, malignant cells exhibited a highly pronounced pattern of clusters and patches, as distinct from a random and even pattern exhibited by normal cells. Both normal and malignant cells after fixation exhibited an equivalent random and even labeling pattern with CF, independent of the duration of labeling. The malignant cells studied possessed less sialic acid, had a lower electric mobility, and were agglutinated more readily with PLL than were the normal cells.", "PMID": 310907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2772", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen.", "content": "A competitive radioimmunoprecipitation method was developed for the quantitation of human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen (HThy-L) isolated from human thymus tissue. Antisera to the antigen were raised by immunization of rabbits with purified fractions of HThy-L. The antigen was labeled with 125l by means of a modification of the lactoperoxidase technique and subjected to Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Analysis of fractions eluted from this column by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two labeled components with apparent molecular weights of 45,000 and 25,000 daltons, respectively. Immunoprecipitation with anti-HThy-L antiserum demonstrated directly that the 45,000-dalton component carried HThy-L antigenicity. This fraction served as the source of labeled antigen in a competitive radioimmunoassay that permitted the detection of approximately 1 ng HThy-L. With the use of this assay, we confirmed quantitatively that the highest amounts of HThy-L were found in extracts of thymocytes, normal thymus tissues, and lymphoblasts for T-cell lines.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen. A competitive radioimmunoprecipitation method was developed for the quantitation of human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen (HThy-L) isolated from human thymus tissue. Antisera to the antigen were raised by immunization of rabbits with purified fractions of HThy-L. The antigen was labeled with 125l by means of a modification of the lactoperoxidase technique and subjected to Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Analysis of fractions eluted from this column by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two labeled components with apparent molecular weights of 45,000 and 25,000 daltons, respectively. Immunoprecipitation with anti-HThy-L antiserum demonstrated directly that the 45,000-dalton component carried HThy-L antigenicity. This fraction served as the source of labeled antigen in a competitive radioimmunoassay that permitted the detection of approximately 1 ng HThy-L. With the use of this assay, we confirmed quantitatively that the highest amounts of HThy-L were found in extracts of thymocytes, normal thymus tissues, and lymphoblasts for T-cell lines.", "PMID": 310909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2773", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae as a cause of Brodie's abscess in an infant.", "content": "Brodie's abscess is a form of subacute osteomyelitis which is defined by a particular constellation of clinical, radiological and pathological features. Its occurrence in infants is extremely rare. This case documents just such an occurrence. To our knowledge, the pathogen Haemophilus influenzae has not been previously recognized as a cause of Brodie's abscess in particular or subacute osteomyelitis in general. The clinical presentation and diagnostic pitfalls which may be encountered in this age group are discussed.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae as a cause of Brodie's abscess in an infant. Brodie's abscess is a form of subacute osteomyelitis which is defined by a particular constellation of clinical, radiological and pathological features. Its occurrence in infants is extremely rare. This case documents just such an occurrence. To our knowledge, the pathogen Haemophilus influenzae has not been previously recognized as a cause of Brodie's abscess in particular or subacute osteomyelitis in general. The clinical presentation and diagnostic pitfalls which may be encountered in this age group are discussed.", "PMID": 310910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2774", "title": "Cell surface changes in capping studied by correlated fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A simple method has been devised for correlating fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, whereby the identical cell observed by the former can be observed by the latter. With this methodology, we have studied the sequence of cell surface changes which occur when mouse B lymphocytes, bearing immunoglobulin (Ig) on their surfaces, interact with fluoresceinated anti-Ig antibodies. Initially, the pattern of staining is diffuse; then, rapidly, patching occurs, followed by the sweeping of the patches into a cap. Accompanying these events are: the disappearance of microvilli, the formation of ruffles and lamellipodia at the pole of the cell opposite the capped pole, the presence of a constriction ring beneath the cap, ameboid shapes, and the translocation of the cell in a direction opposite the cap. Whereas the cell body is smooth, the capped pole frequently shows the presence of numerous microvilli. However, not all capping cells show the changes, and cells capped in the presence of cytochalasin B usually show none of them, except that their surfaces are smooth. Furthermore, T-cells undergoing translocation show the same cell surface changes as do B-cells. Whereas the contractile apparatus of the cell is considered to underlie all these phenomena, it is concluded that the cell surface changes do not result from patching and capping per se, but rather are an expression of the cell translocation also induced by the anti-Ig antibody.", "contents": "Cell surface changes in capping studied by correlated fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. A simple method has been devised for correlating fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, whereby the identical cell observed by the former can be observed by the latter. With this methodology, we have studied the sequence of cell surface changes which occur when mouse B lymphocytes, bearing immunoglobulin (Ig) on their surfaces, interact with fluoresceinated anti-Ig antibodies. Initially, the pattern of staining is diffuse; then, rapidly, patching occurs, followed by the sweeping of the patches into a cap. Accompanying these events are: the disappearance of microvilli, the formation of ruffles and lamellipodia at the pole of the cell opposite the capped pole, the presence of a constriction ring beneath the cap, ameboid shapes, and the translocation of the cell in a direction opposite the cap. Whereas the cell body is smooth, the capped pole frequently shows the presence of numerous microvilli. However, not all capping cells show the changes, and cells capped in the presence of cytochalasin B usually show none of them, except that their surfaces are smooth. Furthermore, T-cells undergoing translocation show the same cell surface changes as do B-cells. Whereas the contractile apparatus of the cell is considered to underlie all these phenomena, it is concluded that the cell surface changes do not result from patching and capping per se, but rather are an expression of the cell translocation also induced by the anti-Ig antibody.", "PMID": 310914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2775", "title": "Predicting the need for prolonged ventilatory support in adult cardiac patients.", "content": "Forty-nine cardiac surgical patients had ventilatory function tests and measurements of maximum inspiratory (MIP) and maximum expiratory (MEP) pressures preoperatively. The differences between the values of various function tests were compared for patients requiring less than 24 hours of ventilator support and those requiring more than 24 hours. There was a significant difference in the mean values for the two groups in vital capacity (VC) first-second forced expired volume (FEV) midexpiratory flow between 50 and 75 (MMEF 50--75) and 75--85 percent of expired volume (MMEF 75--85), and MEP. The standard deviations of each of the variables were so large that the clinical usefulness was limited. However, when discriminant analysis was used for more than one variable, the combination of MMEF 75--85 and MEP predicted success or failure to wean in 24 hours correctly in 90 percent of instances. On the basis of these simple tests, patients predicted to succeed should be weaned from ventilator support on recovery from anesthesia. Those predicted to fail should be placed on intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) and should be weaned following a planned, logical process.", "contents": "Predicting the need for prolonged ventilatory support in adult cardiac patients. Forty-nine cardiac surgical patients had ventilatory function tests and measurements of maximum inspiratory (MIP) and maximum expiratory (MEP) pressures preoperatively. The differences between the values of various function tests were compared for patients requiring less than 24 hours of ventilator support and those requiring more than 24 hours. There was a significant difference in the mean values for the two groups in vital capacity (VC) first-second forced expired volume (FEV) midexpiratory flow between 50 and 75 (MMEF 50--75) and 75--85 percent of expired volume (MMEF 75--85), and MEP. The standard deviations of each of the variables were so large that the clinical usefulness was limited. However, when discriminant analysis was used for more than one variable, the combination of MMEF 75--85 and MEP predicted success or failure to wean in 24 hours correctly in 90 percent of instances. On the basis of these simple tests, patients predicted to succeed should be weaned from ventilator support on recovery from anesthesia. Those predicted to fail should be placed on intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) and should be weaned following a planned, logical process.", "PMID": 310915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2776", "title": "Unusual complication of the Hancock porcine heterograft: strut compression in the aortic root.", "content": "A 65-year-old man underwent aortic valve replacement and triple coronary artery bypass grafting which were followed by gradual late postoperative thrombosis of his 25 mm. Hancock porcine aortic heterograft. At reoperation, the valve struts were noted to be angled centrally into the aortic lumen and dense thrombus completely filled all three sinuses. After valve removal and extensive debridement of the aortic anulus, including relaxing incisions, a diameter of only 23 mm. was obtained. A 23 mm. Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic prosthesis was inserted and the patient's recovery was uneventful. This previously unreported complication resulted from the insertion of a too-large Hancock porcine heterograft into a relatively small aortic root, resulting in circumferential strut compression, impedance of central flow, and subsequent valve thrombosis.", "contents": "Unusual complication of the Hancock porcine heterograft: strut compression in the aortic root. A 65-year-old man underwent aortic valve replacement and triple coronary artery bypass grafting which were followed by gradual late postoperative thrombosis of his 25 mm. Hancock porcine aortic heterograft. At reoperation, the valve struts were noted to be angled centrally into the aortic lumen and dense thrombus completely filled all three sinuses. After valve removal and extensive debridement of the aortic anulus, including relaxing incisions, a diameter of only 23 mm. was obtained. A 23 mm. Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic prosthesis was inserted and the patient's recovery was uneventful. This previously unreported complication resulted from the insertion of a too-large Hancock porcine heterograft into a relatively small aortic root, resulting in circumferential strut compression, impedance of central flow, and subsequent valve thrombosis.", "PMID": 310916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2777", "title": "Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after myocardial revascularization: a randomized trial of prophylactic digitalization.", "content": "The success of prophylactic digitalization in reducing the incidence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT) was studied in 140 randomly grouped, consecutive patients undergoing myocardial revascularization operations. The test group received either 1 or 1.5 mg. of digoxin the day before operation and were maintained postoperatively on 0.25 mg. of digoxin daily. There was a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in the incidence of SVT in the treated patients (17 of 61 or 27.8 percent) vs. the untreated patients (nine of 79 or 11.4 percent). There was no significant difference in SVT with the two digitalization dosage levels (31.6 percent with 1 mg. vs. 21.7 percent with 1.5 mg.). Prophylactic digitalization demonstrates no benefit in the prevention of SVT following myocardial revascularization and may, in fact, predispose the patient to these arrhythmias.", "contents": "Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after myocardial revascularization: a randomized trial of prophylactic digitalization. The success of prophylactic digitalization in reducing the incidence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT) was studied in 140 randomly grouped, consecutive patients undergoing myocardial revascularization operations. The test group received either 1 or 1.5 mg. of digoxin the day before operation and were maintained postoperatively on 0.25 mg. of digoxin daily. There was a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in the incidence of SVT in the treated patients (17 of 61 or 27.8 percent) vs. the untreated patients (nine of 79 or 11.4 percent). There was no significant difference in SVT with the two digitalization dosage levels (31.6 percent with 1 mg. vs. 21.7 percent with 1.5 mg.). Prophylactic digitalization demonstrates no benefit in the prevention of SVT following myocardial revascularization and may, in fact, predispose the patient to these arrhythmias.", "PMID": 310917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2778", "title": "Cold blood cardioplegia.", "content": "The technique of myocardial protection by means of a cardioplegic solution consisting of cold blood (10 degrees C) with potassium (30 mEq. per liter) is described. A disposable cooling coil is used and a separate pump head for coronary perfusion is avoided. The aortic perfusion cannula can be used for venting of the left ventricle and subsequently for venting of air. This method was used in 125 consecutive patients undergoing coronary revascularization and in 73 consecutive pediatric cardiac surgical procedures with excellent results.", "contents": "Cold blood cardioplegia. The technique of myocardial protection by means of a cardioplegic solution consisting of cold blood (10 degrees C) with potassium (30 mEq. per liter) is described. A disposable cooling coil is used and a separate pump head for coronary perfusion is avoided. The aortic perfusion cannula can be used for venting of the left ventricle and subsequently for venting of air. This method was used in 125 consecutive patients undergoing coronary revascularization and in 73 consecutive pediatric cardiac surgical procedures with excellent results.", "PMID": 310918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2779", "title": "Cost containment via expense rationalization in open-heart surgery.", "content": "Hospital costs and the fees of the surgeon, assistant, anesthesiologist, and cardiologist were reviewed in a community hospital doing 425 cardiac operations in the year 1977. Each item of the bill was analyzed and discussed with each department of the hospital. Changes made in the routine saved approximately $1000 per patient--16% for patients having mitral valves replacement (MVR), 15% for those having aortic valve replacement (AVR), 21% for those having saphenous vein bypass grafts (SVBG), and 23% for pediatric cases. The areas most likely to yield economic reductions without alteration of the quality of care are operating room, patient room, respiratory therapy, and pharmacy. Making the nurses, scrub technicians, surgical assistants, residents, and staff surgeons aware of the cost of each item and periodically discussing the alternatives could yield surprisingly large savings.", "contents": "Cost containment via expense rationalization in open-heart surgery. Hospital costs and the fees of the surgeon, assistant, anesthesiologist, and cardiologist were reviewed in a community hospital doing 425 cardiac operations in the year 1977. Each item of the bill was analyzed and discussed with each department of the hospital. Changes made in the routine saved approximately $1000 per patient--16% for patients having mitral valves replacement (MVR), 15% for those having aortic valve replacement (AVR), 21% for those having saphenous vein bypass grafts (SVBG), and 23% for pediatric cases. The areas most likely to yield economic reductions without alteration of the quality of care are operating room, patient room, respiratory therapy, and pharmacy. Making the nurses, scrub technicians, surgical assistants, residents, and staff surgeons aware of the cost of each item and periodically discussing the alternatives could yield surprisingly large savings.", "PMID": 310919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2780", "title": "A preliminary note on the composition of lymphocytes in human peripheral lymph.", "content": "Pilot experiments on the composition of lymphocytes in human peripheral lymph, mainly from healthy human volunteers, are presented. The experiments undertaken so far show a reduced proportion of B cells and an increased proportion of \"Ia\" positive lymphocytes in peripheral lymph as compared to peripheral blood. If confirmed, these data would suggest that lymphocyte circulation through extravascular subcutaneous tissues is a highly selective process.", "contents": "A preliminary note on the composition of lymphocytes in human peripheral lymph. Pilot experiments on the composition of lymphocytes in human peripheral lymph, mainly from healthy human volunteers, are presented. The experiments undertaken so far show a reduced proportion of B cells and an increased proportion of \"Ia\" positive lymphocytes in peripheral lymph as compared to peripheral blood. If confirmed, these data would suggest that lymphocyte circulation through extravascular subcutaneous tissues is a highly selective process.", "PMID": 310920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2781", "title": "[Lymphocyte sub-populations and immunoglobulin concentrations in palatine and fancial tonsils (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of B- and T-lymphocytes as well as the cytological composition and concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA are compared in children's palatine and fancial tonsils. The B-lymphocytes prevail in both organs. IgG is the main immunoglobulin and IgM and IgA follow in their concentrations. No significant differences between palatine and fancial tonsils were detectable at all investigated parameters. Evidence as to the biological equivalence of the organs is disclosed.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte sub-populations and immunoglobulin concentrations in palatine and fancial tonsils (author's transl)]. The number of B- and T-lymphocytes as well as the cytological composition and concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA are compared in children's palatine and fancial tonsils. The B-lymphocytes prevail in both organs. IgG is the main immunoglobulin and IgM and IgA follow in their concentrations. No significant differences between palatine and fancial tonsils were detectable at all investigated parameters. Evidence as to the biological equivalence of the organs is disclosed.", "PMID": 310938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2782", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae infections in adults: report of nine cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Haemophilus influenzae is an aerobic pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacillus that requires both X and V factors for growth. It grows poorly, if at all, on ordinary blood agar unless streaked with Staph. aureus. It grows well on chocolate agar. Because this medium is often not used in culturing specimens from adults and because the organism may be overgrown by other bacteria, the frequency of H. influenzae infections has undoubtedly been seriously underestimated. This is aggravated by the failure of many physicians to obtain blood cultures in suspected bacterial infections and the failure of many laboratories to subculture them routinely onto chocolate agar. H. influenzae, along with Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a major factor in acute sinusitis. It is probably the most frequent etiologic agent of acute epiglottitis. It is probably a common, but commonly unrecognized, cause of bacterial pneumonia, where it has a distinctive appearance on Gram stain. It is unusual in adult meningitis, but should particularly be considered in alcoholics; in those with recent or remote head trauma, especially with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea; in patients with splenectomies and those with primary or secondary hypogammaglobulinemia. It may rarely cause a wide variety of other infections in adults, including purulent pericarditis, endocarditis, septic arthritis, obstetrical and gynecologic infections, urinary and biliary tract infections, and cellulitis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is somewhat capricious in part from the marked effect of inoculum size in some circumstances. In vitro and in vivo results support the use of ampicillin, unless the organism produces beta-lactamase. Alternatives in minor infections include tetracycline, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. For serious infections chloramphenicol is the best choice if the organism is ampicillin-resistant or the patient is penicillin-allergic.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae infections in adults: report of nine cases and a review of the literature. Haemophilus influenzae is an aerobic pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacillus that requires both X and V factors for growth. It grows poorly, if at all, on ordinary blood agar unless streaked with Staph. aureus. It grows well on chocolate agar. Because this medium is often not used in culturing specimens from adults and because the organism may be overgrown by other bacteria, the frequency of H. influenzae infections has undoubtedly been seriously underestimated. This is aggravated by the failure of many physicians to obtain blood cultures in suspected bacterial infections and the failure of many laboratories to subculture them routinely onto chocolate agar. H. influenzae, along with Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a major factor in acute sinusitis. It is probably the most frequent etiologic agent of acute epiglottitis. It is probably a common, but commonly unrecognized, cause of bacterial pneumonia, where it has a distinctive appearance on Gram stain. It is unusual in adult meningitis, but should particularly be considered in alcoholics; in those with recent or remote head trauma, especially with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea; in patients with splenectomies and those with primary or secondary hypogammaglobulinemia. It may rarely cause a wide variety of other infections in adults, including purulent pericarditis, endocarditis, septic arthritis, obstetrical and gynecologic infections, urinary and biliary tract infections, and cellulitis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is somewhat capricious in part from the marked effect of inoculum size in some circumstances. In vitro and in vivo results support the use of ampicillin, unless the organism produces beta-lactamase. Alternatives in minor infections include tetracycline, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. For serious infections chloramphenicol is the best choice if the organism is ampicillin-resistant or the patient is penicillin-allergic.", "PMID": 310943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2783", "title": "Separation of RRBC-RFC and non-rosette forming cells (non-RFC) of guinea pig T-cell populations and their functional difference. 1. Response of RRBC-RFC and non-RFC to either Con-A or LPS.", "content": "Guinea pig lymph node cells suspension (LNC-O) was filtered through a glass wool column and the effluent (LNC-G) was further filtered through a nylon column. In this effluent (LNC-NE) about 30 per cent of the lymphocytes was identified as non-rosette forming cells (non-RFC). The non-RFC fraction was separated from LNC-NE fraction by Ficol-Conray specific gravity centrifugation or effluent cells reacted previously to rabbit red blood cells (RRBC). The upper layer after centrifugation, designated non-RFC fraction, was separated. In this fraction 96% of the cells were lymphocytes and about 95% of them were non-RFC, which lacked receptors for rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) or EAC and detectable surface immunoglobulin by conventional techniques. Though the response of the lymphocytes in the non-RFC fraction to mitogenic (Con-A, LPS) or antigenic stimulation was lower in comparison with that in RFC-rich fraction, the response of non-RFC to ConA exceeded the response to LPS. These facts suggest that at least a portion of the non-RFC may be cells from the T-cell line.", "contents": "Separation of RRBC-RFC and non-rosette forming cells (non-RFC) of guinea pig T-cell populations and their functional difference. 1. Response of RRBC-RFC and non-RFC to either Con-A or LPS. Guinea pig lymph node cells suspension (LNC-O) was filtered through a glass wool column and the effluent (LNC-G) was further filtered through a nylon column. In this effluent (LNC-NE) about 30 per cent of the lymphocytes was identified as non-rosette forming cells (non-RFC). The non-RFC fraction was separated from LNC-NE fraction by Ficol-Conray specific gravity centrifugation or effluent cells reacted previously to rabbit red blood cells (RRBC). The upper layer after centrifugation, designated non-RFC fraction, was separated. In this fraction 96% of the cells were lymphocytes and about 95% of them were non-RFC, which lacked receptors for rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) or EAC and detectable surface immunoglobulin by conventional techniques. Though the response of the lymphocytes in the non-RFC fraction to mitogenic (Con-A, LPS) or antigenic stimulation was lower in comparison with that in RFC-rich fraction, the response of non-RFC to ConA exceeded the response to LPS. These facts suggest that at least a portion of the non-RFC may be cells from the T-cell line.", "PMID": 310944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2784", "title": "Helper and suppressor t-lymphocyte leukemia in ataxia telangiectasia.", "content": "We investigated the nature of the lymphoid leukemia that developed in one of two siblings with ataxia telangiectasia. The leukemic cells were shown to be T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the neoplastic cells carried a characteristic 14q+ chromosome tandem translocation. This chromosome abnormality had been identified 11 years earlier among the patient's \"normal\" lymphocytes. The patient's neoplastic T lymphocytes in vitro provided helper and suppressor T-lymphocyte activity equivalent to that of normal T lymphocytes. Some neoplastic T lymphocytes bore a receptor for the Fc portion of IgM (45 per cent Tmu) whereas other carried receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (10 per cent Tgamma). All the Tmu and Tgamma lymphocytes possessed the chromosome 14 abnormality. These data suggest that neoplastic transformation occurred in an uncommitted T lymphocyte that was capable of further differentiation into the distinct pathways for help and suppression, in a lymphoid analogy of chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "Helper and suppressor t-lymphocyte leukemia in ataxia telangiectasia. We investigated the nature of the lymphoid leukemia that developed in one of two siblings with ataxia telangiectasia. The leukemic cells were shown to be T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the neoplastic cells carried a characteristic 14q+ chromosome tandem translocation. This chromosome abnormality had been identified 11 years earlier among the patient's \"normal\" lymphocytes. The patient's neoplastic T lymphocytes in vitro provided helper and suppressor T-lymphocyte activity equivalent to that of normal T lymphocytes. Some neoplastic T lymphocytes bore a receptor for the Fc portion of IgM (45 per cent Tmu) whereas other carried receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (10 per cent Tgamma). All the Tmu and Tgamma lymphocytes possessed the chromosome 14 abnormality. These data suggest that neoplastic transformation occurred in an uncommitted T lymphocyte that was capable of further differentiation into the distinct pathways for help and suppression, in a lymphoid analogy of chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "PMID": 310962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2785", "title": "Evidence of cell-mediated antitumor immunity in rats bearing syngeneic tumors by the leukocyte adherence inhibition test.", "content": "A modified form of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test has been used to follow cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in rats of the Lewis inbred strain (LW), F1 hybrids inbred strains LW x AVN with transplanted syngeneic tumors B77, MC-1, and the random-bred Sprague Dawley strain with spontaneous REF tumor. Peripheral blood leukocytes of animals incubated witha specific tumor extract showed an adherence capacity by 30--40% lower than the same cell population cultured without this specific extract, or with a foreign nonspecific extract. The results are commented in connection with a possible application of this modified form of LAI test in studies of the immunological state of patients with a malignant disorder.", "contents": "Evidence of cell-mediated antitumor immunity in rats bearing syngeneic tumors by the leukocyte adherence inhibition test. A modified form of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test has been used to follow cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in rats of the Lewis inbred strain (LW), F1 hybrids inbred strains LW x AVN with transplanted syngeneic tumors B77, MC-1, and the random-bred Sprague Dawley strain with spontaneous REF tumor. Peripheral blood leukocytes of animals incubated witha specific tumor extract showed an adherence capacity by 30--40% lower than the same cell population cultured without this specific extract, or with a foreign nonspecific extract. The results are commented in connection with a possible application of this modified form of LAI test in studies of the immunological state of patients with a malignant disorder.", "PMID": 310970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2786", "title": "Partial volume summation: a simple approach to ventricular volume determination from CT.", "content": "The accurate determination of ventricular volume from computed tomography (CT) is not a trivial problem. The direct approach of measuring the area within a visually determined boundary or contour level and multiplying by the nominal slice thickness may be subject to large errors because such boundaries are not, in general, well defined. When the ventricles are filled with a high-contrast material such as metrizamide, we may use the technique of 'partial volume summation,' a simple but accurate, clinically applicable method which may be performed on a standard DeltaScan-50 or similar system.", "contents": "Partial volume summation: a simple approach to ventricular volume determination from CT. The accurate determination of ventricular volume from computed tomography (CT) is not a trivial problem. The direct approach of measuring the area within a visually determined boundary or contour level and multiplying by the nominal slice thickness may be subject to large errors because such boundaries are not, in general, well defined. When the ventricles are filled with a high-contrast material such as metrizamide, we may use the technique of 'partial volume summation,' a simple but accurate, clinically applicable method which may be performed on a standard DeltaScan-50 or similar system.", "PMID": 310975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2787", "title": "Determination of ventricular volume following metrizamide CT ventriculography.", "content": "Volume averaging, relatively slight differences in the mean attenuation coefficients of CSF and white/grey matter, and the irregular contours of the human ventricular system have so far seriously limited the accuracy of CT estimation of ventricular volume. Taking advantage of the high attenuation of metrizamide-containing CSF, we have developed three methods for computing ventricular volume after metrizamide CT ventriculography; these methods depend upon computer analysis of X-ray absorption data obtained from contiguous CT brain slices. All three methods were validated by CT scanning a formalin-fixed cadaver brain containing an apoxy-resin cast of the ventricular system. Calculated ventricular volumes were compared with the actual measured volume of the ventricular cast.", "contents": "Determination of ventricular volume following metrizamide CT ventriculography. Volume averaging, relatively slight differences in the mean attenuation coefficients of CSF and white/grey matter, and the irregular contours of the human ventricular system have so far seriously limited the accuracy of CT estimation of ventricular volume. Taking advantage of the high attenuation of metrizamide-containing CSF, we have developed three methods for computing ventricular volume after metrizamide CT ventriculography; these methods depend upon computer analysis of X-ray absorption data obtained from contiguous CT brain slices. All three methods were validated by CT scanning a formalin-fixed cadaver brain containing an apoxy-resin cast of the ventricular system. Calculated ventricular volumes were compared with the actual measured volume of the ventricular cast.", "PMID": 310976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2788", "title": "Volume of brain ventricles in man determined by computer tomography.", "content": "In order to measure the absolute ventricular volumes in ml we developed a method using the numerical prints of CT (EMI, CT 1000) on which--by comparing with corresponding Polaroid photos--the margin between brain tissue and ventricles was drawn. For further evaluation, a curve digitizer and a digital computer were used. In 51 patients without any abnormal findings in CT, we studied the volume of single ventricles. The mean value of the whole ventricular system was 30.9 +/- 5.7 ml. Reproducibility by this method is within a range of 5%.", "contents": "Volume of brain ventricles in man determined by computer tomography. In order to measure the absolute ventricular volumes in ml we developed a method using the numerical prints of CT (EMI, CT 1000) on which--by comparing with corresponding Polaroid photos--the margin between brain tissue and ventricles was drawn. For further evaluation, a curve digitizer and a digital computer were used. In 51 patients without any abnormal findings in CT, we studied the volume of single ventricles. The mean value of the whole ventricular system was 30.9 +/- 5.7 ml. Reproducibility by this method is within a range of 5%.", "PMID": 310977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2789", "title": "Chronic headache in the shunt-dependent adolescent with nearly normal ventricular volume: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "The shunt-dependent adolescent will occasionally manifest shunt malfunction by intermittent or chronic headache without any obvious signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). A small percentage of these patients will have nearly normal ventricular volume, making the diagnosis and treatment difficult. The authors present a comprehensive approach to this problem that uses computerized axial tomography (CT), ICP monitoring, positive contrast or isotope shunt scan, shunt revision, subtemporal craniectomy, or medical management as the individual situation dictates. The CT scan identifies patients with nearly normal ventricular volume. ICP monitoring then determines whether there is shunt malfunction. The shunt scan aids in localization of the malfunction. For distal obstruction, a simple revision is performed. When proximal shunt malfunction occurs, either subtemporal craniectomy or revision is carried out. It has been documented that occasionally ICP is episodically increased in the absence of shunt malfunction. This is secondary to abnormal brain compliance, and subtemporal craniectomy alone or in conjunction with corticosteroids is curative. This comprehensive approach is designed to provide a method for recognizing and treating intermittently increased ICP in the shunt-dependent child.", "contents": "Chronic headache in the shunt-dependent adolescent with nearly normal ventricular volume: diagnosis and treatment. The shunt-dependent adolescent will occasionally manifest shunt malfunction by intermittent or chronic headache without any obvious signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). A small percentage of these patients will have nearly normal ventricular volume, making the diagnosis and treatment difficult. The authors present a comprehensive approach to this problem that uses computerized axial tomography (CT), ICP monitoring, positive contrast or isotope shunt scan, shunt revision, subtemporal craniectomy, or medical management as the individual situation dictates. The CT scan identifies patients with nearly normal ventricular volume. ICP monitoring then determines whether there is shunt malfunction. The shunt scan aids in localization of the malfunction. For distal obstruction, a simple revision is performed. When proximal shunt malfunction occurs, either subtemporal craniectomy or revision is carried out. It has been documented that occasionally ICP is episodically increased in the absence of shunt malfunction. This is secondary to abnormal brain compliance, and subtemporal craniectomy alone or in conjunction with corticosteroids is curative. This comprehensive approach is designed to provide a method for recognizing and treating intermittently increased ICP in the shunt-dependent child.", "PMID": 310973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2790", "title": "The calculation of CSF spaces in CT.", "content": "Objective digital determination of CSF spaces is discussed, with ventricular and subarachnoid spaces handled separately. This method avoids the difficulty of visual definition of ventricular borders in planimetric measurements. The principle is to count automatically all pixels corresponding to CSF in a given region with a Hounsfield unit and to multiply this number by the pixel size. This will give the total surface area of CSF spaces in square millimeters. The calculation of pixel values for CSF spaces and brain tissue is experimentally formulated taking the intersection of the Gaussian curves for ventricular content and brain tissue. In practice, the determination of CSF spaces is done by first calculating a histogram of the total brain in a given slice defining all CSF spaces. Next a histogram of a region including ventricles with adjoining tissue is calculated and the ventricular size is calculated. By subtraction of the ventricle value from the total CSF space value, the subarachnoid space size is obtained. The advantages of this method will be discussed.", "contents": "The calculation of CSF spaces in CT. Objective digital determination of CSF spaces is discussed, with ventricular and subarachnoid spaces handled separately. This method avoids the difficulty of visual definition of ventricular borders in planimetric measurements. The principle is to count automatically all pixels corresponding to CSF in a given region with a Hounsfield unit and to multiply this number by the pixel size. This will give the total surface area of CSF spaces in square millimeters. The calculation of pixel values for CSF spaces and brain tissue is experimentally formulated taking the intersection of the Gaussian curves for ventricular content and brain tissue. In practice, the determination of CSF spaces is done by first calculating a histogram of the total brain in a given slice defining all CSF spaces. Next a histogram of a region including ventricles with adjoining tissue is calculated and the ventricular size is calculated. By subtraction of the ventricle value from the total CSF space value, the subarachnoid space size is obtained. The advantages of this method will be discussed.", "PMID": 310978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2791", "title": "Technical considerations for facilitation of selective percutaneous radiofrequency neurolysis of the trigeminal nerve.", "content": "Fine points of the technique of selective percutaneous radiofrequency trigeminal neurolysis relative to patient preparation accurate and rapid foramen ovale puncture, electrode positioning, and neurolytic lesions are discussed. These measures. which have evolved from our experience in treating trigeminal neuralgia by this method over the last 4 years, have made the procedure safer and less painful but also significantly more expedient.", "contents": "Technical considerations for facilitation of selective percutaneous radiofrequency neurolysis of the trigeminal nerve. Fine points of the technique of selective percutaneous radiofrequency trigeminal neurolysis relative to patient preparation accurate and rapid foramen ovale puncture, electrode positioning, and neurolytic lesions are discussed. These measures. which have evolved from our experience in treating trigeminal neuralgia by this method over the last 4 years, have made the procedure safer and less painful but also significantly more expedient.", "PMID": 310974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2792", "title": "Metrizamide washout as a measure of CSF bulk flow.", "content": "Metrizamide was injected into the ventricular system of three adults and five children with indwelling ventricular catheters and subcutaneous CSF reservoirs. A first-order rate constant, k, for metrizamide washout from one lateral ventricle was determined with reference to ventricular metrizamide concentration on serial (up to six) postinjection CT scans. Lateral ventricular volume, Vv, was estimated after metrizamide injection by a planimetric method and by partial volume analysis, an interactive computerized technique. The rate of lateral ventricular CSF formation, If, was calculated as k X Vv and ranged from 0.0622 to 0.103 ml/min. Precise measurements of lateral ventricular CSF bulk flow depend upon adequate mixing of the injected contrast material with ventricular CSF and accurate measurements of lateral ventricular volume.", "contents": "Metrizamide washout as a measure of CSF bulk flow. Metrizamide was injected into the ventricular system of three adults and five children with indwelling ventricular catheters and subcutaneous CSF reservoirs. A first-order rate constant, k, for metrizamide washout from one lateral ventricle was determined with reference to ventricular metrizamide concentration on serial (up to six) postinjection CT scans. Lateral ventricular volume, Vv, was estimated after metrizamide injection by a planimetric method and by partial volume analysis, an interactive computerized technique. The rate of lateral ventricular CSF formation, If, was calculated as k X Vv and ranged from 0.0622 to 0.103 ml/min. Precise measurements of lateral ventricular CSF bulk flow depend upon adequate mixing of the injected contrast material with ventricular CSF and accurate measurements of lateral ventricular volume.", "PMID": 310979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2793", "title": "Computer analysis of periventricular lucency on the CT scan.", "content": "Of 53 patients with periventricular lucency, 70% revealed obstructive hydrocephalus, mainly due to infratentorial tumors, and the remainder were cases of communicating hydrocephalus, usually secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Of the patients with PVL, 95% had hypertensive hydrocephalus and 60% showed slightly dilated ventricles. Computer analysis was helpful in displaying PVL objectively and clarifying its nature. In experimentally induced obstructive hydrocephalus, PVL was observed at the acute hypertensive stage. We concluded that the pathogenesis of PVL might be the passive diffusion or acute extravasation of CSF into white matter through the disrupted ventricular wall, rather than transependymal absorption of CSF.", "contents": "Computer analysis of periventricular lucency on the CT scan. Of 53 patients with periventricular lucency, 70% revealed obstructive hydrocephalus, mainly due to infratentorial tumors, and the remainder were cases of communicating hydrocephalus, usually secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Of the patients with PVL, 95% had hypertensive hydrocephalus and 60% showed slightly dilated ventricles. Computer analysis was helpful in displaying PVL objectively and clarifying its nature. In experimentally induced obstructive hydrocephalus, PVL was observed at the acute hypertensive stage. We concluded that the pathogenesis of PVL might be the passive diffusion or acute extravasation of CSF into white matter through the disrupted ventricular wall, rather than transependymal absorption of CSF.", "PMID": 310980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2794", "title": "Diagnostic value of CT cisternography with intrathecal metrizamide enhancement, comparison with isotope cisternography.", "content": "Metrizamide CT cisternography (CTC) was performed for the evaluation of CSF dynamics and the diagnosis of skull-base tumors. Results of CTC in 52 cases examined for the study of CSF dynamics correlated well with those of isotope cisternography. However, the degree and duration of ventricular stasis of metrizamide and its transition into a periventricular low-density area in hydrocephalus were recognized more accurately in CTC. Twenty out of 23 cases with suspected skull-base tumor were diagnosed as positive and confirmed by operation. CTC was especially useful in parasellar, CP angle, and other posterior fossa tumors.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of CT cisternography with intrathecal metrizamide enhancement, comparison with isotope cisternography. Metrizamide CT cisternography (CTC) was performed for the evaluation of CSF dynamics and the diagnosis of skull-base tumors. Results of CTC in 52 cases examined for the study of CSF dynamics correlated well with those of isotope cisternography. However, the degree and duration of ventricular stasis of metrizamide and its transition into a periventricular low-density area in hydrocephalus were recognized more accurately in CTC. Twenty out of 23 cases with suspected skull-base tumor were diagnosed as positive and confirmed by operation. CTC was especially useful in parasellar, CP angle, and other posterior fossa tumors.", "PMID": 310981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2795", "title": "Postmeningitic hydrocephalus in infancy. Ventriculography with special reference to ventricular septa.", "content": "Postmeningitic hydrocephalus in infancy accounts for at least 30% (maybe even 40%) of all new paediatric hydrocephalics seen in the Cape Province. The causes of the marked racial preponderance are considered. Meningitis is more prone to cause a CSF pathway block at any site in infancy than later in life. On ventriculography ventricular septa in 23%, foramen of Monro obstruction in 13%, multiple CSF pathway block occasionally and intraventricular detritus causing filling defects and irregularities of the ventricular walls are the salient features. Birth trauma with intraventricular bleeding may on occasion cause similar changes.", "contents": "Postmeningitic hydrocephalus in infancy. Ventriculography with special reference to ventricular septa. Postmeningitic hydrocephalus in infancy accounts for at least 30% (maybe even 40%) of all new paediatric hydrocephalics seen in the Cape Province. The causes of the marked racial preponderance are considered. Meningitis is more prone to cause a CSF pathway block at any site in infancy than later in life. On ventriculography ventricular septa in 23%, foramen of Monro obstruction in 13%, multiple CSF pathway block occasionally and intraventricular detritus causing filling defects and irregularities of the ventricular walls are the salient features. Birth trauma with intraventricular bleeding may on occasion cause similar changes.", "PMID": 310982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2796", "title": "Prenatal neuroradiology: comparative radiological investigations of the embryonal and fetal brain.", "content": "In 400 embryos and fetuses of domestic animals and men, prenatal development of the cerebral vessels and ventricles was examined by postmortem arteriography, phlebography, microradiography, and ventriculography. In the ventricular system, qualitative and quantitative changes could be demonstrated and developmental diagrams of the growing ventricular spaces and angles were elaborated. The differentiation of the aortic arches into the major cranial arteries and the complex transformations of the cerebral venous system were documented by angiography within a period of gestation of 4 weeks up to term. Intrauterine angiography was also carried out in living fetuses of cats as preliminary studies of the development of cerebrovascular malformations.", "contents": "Prenatal neuroradiology: comparative radiological investigations of the embryonal and fetal brain. In 400 embryos and fetuses of domestic animals and men, prenatal development of the cerebral vessels and ventricles was examined by postmortem arteriography, phlebography, microradiography, and ventriculography. In the ventricular system, qualitative and quantitative changes could be demonstrated and developmental diagrams of the growing ventricular spaces and angles were elaborated. The differentiation of the aortic arches into the major cranial arteries and the complex transformations of the cerebral venous system were documented by angiography within a period of gestation of 4 weeks up to term. Intrauterine angiography was also carried out in living fetuses of cats as preliminary studies of the development of cerebrovascular malformations.", "PMID": 310983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2797", "title": "Metrizamide ventriculography and computed tomography in infants and children.", "content": "Forty-three infants and children underwent conventional or CT ventriculography after instillation of metrizamide into the ventricular system. The procedure had few complications. Anatomic detail of intraventricular obstruction was good. With CT additional physiologic information can be obtained.", "contents": "Metrizamide ventriculography and computed tomography in infants and children. Forty-three infants and children underwent conventional or CT ventriculography after instillation of metrizamide into the ventricular system. The procedure had few complications. Anatomic detail of intraventricular obstruction was good. With CT additional physiologic information can be obtained.", "PMID": 310984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2798", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in pregnant women.", "content": "The peripheral blood of 27 women in their third trimester of pregnancy and of 16 control subjects was studied for total WBC counts and total numbers and percentages of T and B lymphocytes, including quantitation of the major immunoglobulin subtypes of the B lymphocytes. Although significant differences were found for percentages of total lymphocytes, T Lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, the absolute numbers varied only slightly between the 2 study groups. A higher percentage and a higher absolute number of IgG-bearing B lymphocytes were found among pregnant women than among controls. It is concluded that significant quantitative alterations in circulating T and B lymphocytes do not occur in the third trimester of pregnancy; therefore, the concept of impaired cellular immunity, which has often been suggested to occur in this setting, is not supported. A review of the literature on T and B lymphocytes in human pregnancy is presented.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in pregnant women. The peripheral blood of 27 women in their third trimester of pregnancy and of 16 control subjects was studied for total WBC counts and total numbers and percentages of T and B lymphocytes, including quantitation of the major immunoglobulin subtypes of the B lymphocytes. Although significant differences were found for percentages of total lymphocytes, T Lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, the absolute numbers varied only slightly between the 2 study groups. A higher percentage and a higher absolute number of IgG-bearing B lymphocytes were found among pregnant women than among controls. It is concluded that significant quantitative alterations in circulating T and B lymphocytes do not occur in the third trimester of pregnancy; therefore, the concept of impaired cellular immunity, which has often been suggested to occur in this setting, is not supported. A review of the literature on T and B lymphocytes in human pregnancy is presented.", "PMID": 310989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2799", "title": "Diagnosis of rheumatic disease. 1. Radiographs.", "content": "Radiographs are a clinician's most valuable tool in differential diagnosis of rheumatic disease and in assessment of its severity. The patterns of joint involvement and the specific bony changes characteristic of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis, gout, and systemic lupus erythematosus are discussed here.", "contents": "Diagnosis of rheumatic disease. 1. Radiographs. Radiographs are a clinician's most valuable tool in differential diagnosis of rheumatic disease and in assessment of its severity. The patterns of joint involvement and the specific bony changes characteristic of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis, gout, and systemic lupus erythematosus are discussed here.", "PMID": 310998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2800", "title": "[Haemodynamics and shock prevention in acute haemorrhage from the upper intestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute haemorrhages in the upper intestinal tract derive mainly from smaller low-pressure vessels. Bleeding is generally protracted and is often clinically occult. The clinical signs are a more reliable indicator of the severity of the haemorrhage than are measurements of the central venous pressure, shock index and cardiac output. The considerable tolerance of man to blood loss is probably attributable to the erect standing position. It has the advantage that it provides a large measure of counter-regulatory possibilities; but has the disadvantage that there is only a very narrow margin of safety as regards the development of irreversible shock. Close and consistent co-ordination of diagnosis and therapy is essential in all cases of gastro-intestinal haemorrhage.", "contents": "[Haemodynamics and shock prevention in acute haemorrhage from the upper intestinal tract (author's transl)]. Acute haemorrhages in the upper intestinal tract derive mainly from smaller low-pressure vessels. Bleeding is generally protracted and is often clinically occult. The clinical signs are a more reliable indicator of the severity of the haemorrhage than are measurements of the central venous pressure, shock index and cardiac output. The considerable tolerance of man to blood loss is probably attributable to the erect standing position. It has the advantage that it provides a large measure of counter-regulatory possibilities; but has the disadvantage that there is only a very narrow margin of safety as regards the development of irreversible shock. Close and consistent co-ordination of diagnosis and therapy is essential in all cases of gastro-intestinal haemorrhage.", "PMID": 311000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2801", "title": "Coronary artery surgery: indications and recent experience.", "content": "The comprehensive experience of coronary artery surgery in a Cardiothoracic Unit over a 31-month period is reviewed. Hospital mortality for elective bypass grafting was 3.9% overall and 2.5% in those with good pre-operative left ventricular function. Major influences on hospital mortality were pre-operative left ventricular function, extent of coronary artery disease and extent of the surgical procedure undertaken in terms of number of aortocoronary grafts inserted, coronary endarterectomy and particularly concomitant valve surgery or aneurysm resection. Follow-up experience shows 74% of grafted patients to be symptom-free and 85% symptomatically improved one year after surgery with 70% symptom-free and 80% improved at two years. Early post-operative deaths appear related to early graft closure and recurrence of symptoms postoperatively to late graft closure or progression of coronary disease in the native circulation. The study provides a guide to the relative risks of coronary artery surgery for symptomatic coronary artery disease and expected symptomatic results in the early follow-up period.", "contents": "Coronary artery surgery: indications and recent experience. The comprehensive experience of coronary artery surgery in a Cardiothoracic Unit over a 31-month period is reviewed. Hospital mortality for elective bypass grafting was 3.9% overall and 2.5% in those with good pre-operative left ventricular function. Major influences on hospital mortality were pre-operative left ventricular function, extent of coronary artery disease and extent of the surgical procedure undertaken in terms of number of aortocoronary grafts inserted, coronary endarterectomy and particularly concomitant valve surgery or aneurysm resection. Follow-up experience shows 74% of grafted patients to be symptom-free and 85% symptomatically improved one year after surgery with 70% symptom-free and 80% improved at two years. Early post-operative deaths appear related to early graft closure and recurrence of symptoms postoperatively to late graft closure or progression of coronary disease in the native circulation. The study provides a guide to the relative risks of coronary artery surgery for symptomatic coronary artery disease and expected symptomatic results in the early follow-up period.", "PMID": 310999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2802", "title": "The effect of electric stimulation of caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens septi on serotonergic neurons in the rat brain.", "content": "Nucleus caudatus--putamen (CP) or nucleus accumbens septi (A) were stimulated electrically for 30 min in free moving rats. Immediately or 30 min after the stimulation we studied the level of 5-HTP and DOPA accumulated in the mesencephalon+pons+medulla oblongata, after inhibition of activity of aromatic amino acids decarboxylase by NSD 1015, and intensity of histofluorescence of serotonin in the midbrain raphe nuclei. The electrical stimulation of either structure did not significantly change the content of 5-HTP and DOPA, but stimulation of nucleus accumbens depressed the level of serotonin in the neurocytes of dorsal and ventral raphe nuclei.", "contents": "The effect of electric stimulation of caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens septi on serotonergic neurons in the rat brain. Nucleus caudatus--putamen (CP) or nucleus accumbens septi (A) were stimulated electrically for 30 min in free moving rats. Immediately or 30 min after the stimulation we studied the level of 5-HTP and DOPA accumulated in the mesencephalon+pons+medulla oblongata, after inhibition of activity of aromatic amino acids decarboxylase by NSD 1015, and intensity of histofluorescence of serotonin in the midbrain raphe nuclei. The electrical stimulation of either structure did not significantly change the content of 5-HTP and DOPA, but stimulation of nucleus accumbens depressed the level of serotonin in the neurocytes of dorsal and ventral raphe nuclei.", "PMID": 310997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2803", "title": "Cessation of bone loss in chronic renal failure by 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3: a controlled trial.", "content": "The study was undertaken in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF patients) in order to evaluate 1) the degree and course of skeletal demineralisation and 2) the effect on the bone mineral content (BMC) of long-term treatment with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha(OH)D3). BMC was measured on the radius by 241 Am-photonabsorptiometry and the results were corrected for age, sex and bone width. In a cross-sectional study BMC was measured in 191 normal subjects and in 88 renal patients. In a controlled longitudinal trial 22 CRF patients were treated for 25.6 months with 1alpha(OH)D3, while 22 CRF patients did not receive vitamin D supplements. In CRF patients an accelerated bone loss (approximately 3%/year) and a significantly reduced BMC (mean 87.2% of normal) was found. In the 1alpha(OH)D3 treated patients BMC increased on an average 0.9%/year. This was significantly different from the continued bone loss recorded in the non-treated control patients. The data indicate that 1) CRF patients develop reduced bone mass because of accelerated bone loss; 2) cessation of this bone loss may be achieved by long-term treatment with 1alpha(OH)D3.", "contents": "Cessation of bone loss in chronic renal failure by 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3: a controlled trial. The study was undertaken in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF patients) in order to evaluate 1) the degree and course of skeletal demineralisation and 2) the effect on the bone mineral content (BMC) of long-term treatment with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha(OH)D3). BMC was measured on the radius by 241 Am-photonabsorptiometry and the results were corrected for age, sex and bone width. In a cross-sectional study BMC was measured in 191 normal subjects and in 88 renal patients. In a controlled longitudinal trial 22 CRF patients were treated for 25.6 months with 1alpha(OH)D3, while 22 CRF patients did not receive vitamin D supplements. In CRF patients an accelerated bone loss (approximately 3%/year) and a significantly reduced BMC (mean 87.2% of normal) was found. In the 1alpha(OH)D3 treated patients BMC increased on an average 0.9%/year. This was significantly different from the continued bone loss recorded in the non-treated control patients. The data indicate that 1) CRF patients develop reduced bone mass because of accelerated bone loss; 2) cessation of this bone loss may be achieved by long-term treatment with 1alpha(OH)D3.", "PMID": 311003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2804", "title": "Purinogenic immunodeficiency diseases: selective toxicity of deoxyribonucleosides for T cells.", "content": "Deoxyadenosine at low concentrations and in the presence of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) is markedly toxic to lymphoblast cell lines of T cell origin but does not impair growth of B cell lines. Deoxyguanosine is also more toxic for T lymphoblasts. In the presence of deoxyadenosine or deoxyguanosine, elevation of the corresponding deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dATP or dGTP) occurs in T cell, but not in B cell, lines. The addition of deoxycytidine or dipyridamole results in lower dATP and dGTP levels and prevents deoxyribonucleoside toxicity. These findings provide a molecular basis for the immunodeficiency observed in individuals with several inborn errors of purine metabolism.", "contents": "Purinogenic immunodeficiency diseases: selective toxicity of deoxyribonucleosides for T cells. Deoxyadenosine at low concentrations and in the presence of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) is markedly toxic to lymphoblast cell lines of T cell origin but does not impair growth of B cell lines. Deoxyguanosine is also more toxic for T lymphoblasts. In the presence of deoxyadenosine or deoxyguanosine, elevation of the corresponding deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dATP or dGTP) occurs in T cell, but not in B cell, lines. The addition of deoxycytidine or dipyridamole results in lower dATP and dGTP levels and prevents deoxyribonucleoside toxicity. These findings provide a molecular basis for the immunodeficiency observed in individuals with several inborn errors of purine metabolism.", "PMID": 311004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2805", "title": "Epidermal growth factor: morphological demonstration of binding, internalization, and lysosomal association in human fibroblasts.", "content": "Using a quantitative electron microscopic autoradiographic technique, we have localized the initial binding step of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor (125I-EGF) to the plasma membrane of the human fibroblast. After initial binding, labeled EGF is internalized progressively by the cell in a time- and temperature-dependent fashion; when cell-associated radioactivity comes to steady state, approximately 1/3 of the autoradiographic grains are related to the plasma membrane and approximately 2/3 have been internalized. Under these conditions the internalized grains are almost exclusively related to lysosomal structures. When 125I-EGF associates with the cells for 2 hr at 4 degrees or 2 min at 37 degrees, 34% of grains localize to coated regions of the membrane. These coated regions make up less than 2% of the membrane surface. These data directly confirm kinetic studies and suggest that saturable binding of EGF is followed by adsorptive pinocytosis and cellular degradation of the ligand and possibly its cell surface receptor.", "contents": "Epidermal growth factor: morphological demonstration of binding, internalization, and lysosomal association in human fibroblasts. Using a quantitative electron microscopic autoradiographic technique, we have localized the initial binding step of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor (125I-EGF) to the plasma membrane of the human fibroblast. After initial binding, labeled EGF is internalized progressively by the cell in a time- and temperature-dependent fashion; when cell-associated radioactivity comes to steady state, approximately 1/3 of the autoradiographic grains are related to the plasma membrane and approximately 2/3 have been internalized. Under these conditions the internalized grains are almost exclusively related to lysosomal structures. When 125I-EGF associates with the cells for 2 hr at 4 degrees or 2 min at 37 degrees, 34% of grains localize to coated regions of the membrane. These coated regions make up less than 2% of the membrane surface. These data directly confirm kinetic studies and suggest that saturable binding of EGF is followed by adsorptive pinocytosis and cellular degradation of the ligand and possibly its cell surface receptor.", "PMID": 311005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2806", "title": "Spontaneous and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by human T cell subpopulations.", "content": "Human peripheral blood non-T cells, T cells and their subpopulations (Tmu, Tgamma, Tphi, Tgamma-depleted cells, and Tmu-depleted cells) were assayed for their capacity to mediated spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (SLMC) or natural killer activity against K562 tumor cell line and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against chicken erythrocytes coated with antibody. Non-T cells, unseparated T cells, Tgamma cells, and Tmu-depleted (Tgamma-enriched) cells were found to have both SLMC (NK activity) and ADCC. Tmu, Tphi, and Tgamma-depleted cells had minimal or no SLMC and ADCC activity. This study demonstrates that SLMC and ADCC activity in T cells is mediated by Tgamma cell subpopulations. These two cytotoxic reactions were either mediated by two distinct subsets of Tgamma cells or by a single effector cell using two different mechanisms.", "contents": "Spontaneous and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by human T cell subpopulations. Human peripheral blood non-T cells, T cells and their subpopulations (Tmu, Tgamma, Tphi, Tgamma-depleted cells, and Tmu-depleted cells) were assayed for their capacity to mediated spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (SLMC) or natural killer activity against K562 tumor cell line and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against chicken erythrocytes coated with antibody. Non-T cells, unseparated T cells, Tgamma cells, and Tmu-depleted (Tgamma-enriched) cells were found to have both SLMC (NK activity) and ADCC. Tmu, Tphi, and Tgamma-depleted cells had minimal or no SLMC and ADCC activity. This study demonstrates that SLMC and ADCC activity in T cells is mediated by Tgamma cell subpopulations. These two cytotoxic reactions were either mediated by two distinct subsets of Tgamma cells or by a single effector cell using two different mechanisms.", "PMID": 311006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2807", "title": "Direct evidence for loss of human suppressor cells during active autoimmune disease.", "content": "These studies indicate that a regulatory subset of lymphocytes is missing in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis but these patients have antibodies in their serum that react with normal T cells. This regulatory subset of T cells is, however, present in patients whose serum shows little or no reactivity with normal T cells. In addition, patients who are deficient in this regulatory subset of lymphocytes significantly higher numbers of cells secreting Ig as measured by a hemolytic plaque assay. The significance of these observations is twofold: first, they represent a positive relationship among the loss of regulation overproduction of immunoglobulin, and the presence of anti-T cell antibodies and second and perhaps of equal importance, is the indication that serum from patients with autoimmune diseases may give us a readily available reagent with which to dissect further functionally distinct subsets of normal T cells in man.", "contents": "Direct evidence for loss of human suppressor cells during active autoimmune disease. These studies indicate that a regulatory subset of lymphocytes is missing in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis but these patients have antibodies in their serum that react with normal T cells. This regulatory subset of T cells is, however, present in patients whose serum shows little or no reactivity with normal T cells. In addition, patients who are deficient in this regulatory subset of lymphocytes significantly higher numbers of cells secreting Ig as measured by a hemolytic plaque assay. The significance of these observations is twofold: first, they represent a positive relationship among the loss of regulation overproduction of immunoglobulin, and the presence of anti-T cell antibodies and second and perhaps of equal importance, is the indication that serum from patients with autoimmune diseases may give us a readily available reagent with which to dissect further functionally distinct subsets of normal T cells in man.", "PMID": 311007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2808", "title": "Involvement of the serotonergic system in depression of the caudate spindle.", "content": "The involvement of the serotonergic system on the caudate spindle recorded from the posterior sigmoid gyrus was examined in cats. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan injected intravenously inhibited the caudate spindle significantly. On the other hand, the caudate spindle was inhibited by high frequency stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus where many serotonergic fibers originate: this inhibitory effect was antagonized by cyproheptadine but not by atropine. These results suggest an involvement of serotonergic mechanisms in depression of the caudate spindle.", "contents": "Involvement of the serotonergic system in depression of the caudate spindle. The involvement of the serotonergic system on the caudate spindle recorded from the posterior sigmoid gyrus was examined in cats. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan injected intravenously inhibited the caudate spindle significantly. On the other hand, the caudate spindle was inhibited by high frequency stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus where many serotonergic fibers originate: this inhibitory effect was antagonized by cyproheptadine but not by atropine. These results suggest an involvement of serotonergic mechanisms in depression of the caudate spindle.", "PMID": 311009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2809", "title": "Electrode placements for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.", "content": "Even though transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is gaining increasing acceptance as a noninvasive method of pain modulation, many professionals have not been adequately instructed in the many techniques involved in electrode placement. Alternative methods are presented that can be used when more commonly used methods fail to obtain satisfactory results. Anatomical and physiological considerations for determining appropriate electrode placement sites are stressed.", "contents": "Electrode placements for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Even though transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is gaining increasing acceptance as a noninvasive method of pain modulation, many professionals have not been adequately instructed in the many techniques involved in electrode placement. Alternative methods are presented that can be used when more commonly used methods fail to obtain satisfactory results. Anatomical and physiological considerations for determining appropriate electrode placement sites are stressed.", "PMID": 311010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2810", "title": "Postoperative pain and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. A model to critique literature and develop documentation schema.", "content": "Since transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation has become an established noninvasive modality in pain management, one successful clinical application has been in treating acute postoperative pain. Current clinical literature in this area is critiqued. In addition, considerations for documenting a comprehensive, systematic method of implementing and evaluating transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for any painful condition are suggested.", "contents": "Postoperative pain and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. A model to critique literature and develop documentation schema. Since transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation has become an established noninvasive modality in pain management, one successful clinical application has been in treating acute postoperative pain. Current clinical literature in this area is critiqued. In addition, considerations for documenting a comprehensive, systematic method of implementing and evaluating transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for any painful condition are suggested.", "PMID": 311011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2811", "title": "Clinical report on the use of specific TENS units.", "content": "This report provides information demonstrating that TENS can be effective in reducing pain after only a few applications and after short treatment periods. We have found our protocol on selection of TENS units and our treatment regimen to be effective for most of our patients.", "contents": "Clinical report on the use of specific TENS units. This report provides information demonstrating that TENS can be effective in reducing pain after only a few applications and after short treatment periods. We have found our protocol on selection of TENS units and our treatment regimen to be effective for most of our patients.", "PMID": 311012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2812", "title": "Cooperative cross-linking between two sets of membrane receptors: a model for B and T lymphocyte collaboration in immune response.", "content": "A molecular mechanism for B and T lymphocyte collaboration is proposed. Two sets of polivalent receptors, each one on a cell type, would interact with different epitopes of the antigen, resulting in a cross-linking of the receptors as the initial step in B lymphocyte activation. The mechanism can explain many known featrues of humoral immune response and accords with experimental findings on the blast transformation of B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cooperative cross-linking between two sets of membrane receptors: a model for B and T lymphocyte collaboration in immune response. A molecular mechanism for B and T lymphocyte collaboration is proposed. Two sets of polivalent receptors, each one on a cell type, would interact with different epitopes of the antigen, resulting in a cross-linking of the receptors as the initial step in B lymphocyte activation. The mechanism can explain many known featrues of humoral immune response and accords with experimental findings on the blast transformation of B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 311013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2813", "title": "How does reduced external K+ concentration affect the rate of Na+ efflux? Evidence against the K-Na coupled pump but in support of the association-induction hypothesis.", "content": "Recent frog-muscle studies produced the following findings: 1. Contrary to the theory of K+--Na+ coupled pump, reduction of external K+ concentration to near zero did not significantly reduce the rate of efflus of the fraction of cell Na+ conventionally regarded as rate-limited by membrane permeability. 2. Reduction of external K+ concentration profoundly reduced the rate of the efflux of this fraction only if the muscles were exposed to the low K+ while being loaded with radioactive Na+. 3. The data indicate that the fraction of Na+ efflux which in normal cells at room temperature has a half-time exchange (t1/2) of 20-40 min is not rate-limited by membrane permeability but by desorption from cellular adsorption sites. Surface-limited Na+ exchange between free Na+ in the cell and the external environment is represented by a faster fraction with a t1/2 of 2 to 4 min. 4. The data further indicate that the slow-down of the rate of efflux of the (slow) fraction arises from a cooperative shift of those beta- and gamma-carboxyl groups from adsorbing K+ to adsorbing Na+ when external K+ concentration is reduced below a critical level. The enhanced adsorption energy of the newly adsorbed Na+ raises the activation energy, hence a slower rate of exchange is seen as a slow-down in the \"efflux curves.\" It is therefore only when free labeled Na+ is present in the cell water and thus available to the newly emerging Na+ adsorption sites that the effect of low external K+ can be visualized in a labeled-Na+ efflux study. Application of low K+ Ringer's solution after free labeled Na+ in and out of the cells has been washed away only causes enhanced adsorption of non-labeled Na+, which is not detected in isotope efflux study.", "contents": "How does reduced external K+ concentration affect the rate of Na+ efflux? Evidence against the K-Na coupled pump but in support of the association-induction hypothesis. Recent frog-muscle studies produced the following findings: 1. Contrary to the theory of K+--Na+ coupled pump, reduction of external K+ concentration to near zero did not significantly reduce the rate of efflus of the fraction of cell Na+ conventionally regarded as rate-limited by membrane permeability. 2. Reduction of external K+ concentration profoundly reduced the rate of the efflux of this fraction only if the muscles were exposed to the low K+ while being loaded with radioactive Na+. 3. The data indicate that the fraction of Na+ efflux which in normal cells at room temperature has a half-time exchange (t1/2) of 20-40 min is not rate-limited by membrane permeability but by desorption from cellular adsorption sites. Surface-limited Na+ exchange between free Na+ in the cell and the external environment is represented by a faster fraction with a t1/2 of 2 to 4 min. 4. The data further indicate that the slow-down of the rate of efflux of the (slow) fraction arises from a cooperative shift of those beta- and gamma-carboxyl groups from adsorbing K+ to adsorbing Na+ when external K+ concentration is reduced below a critical level. The enhanced adsorption energy of the newly adsorbed Na+ raises the activation energy, hence a slower rate of exchange is seen as a slow-down in the \"efflux curves.\" It is therefore only when free labeled Na+ is present in the cell water and thus available to the newly emerging Na+ adsorption sites that the effect of low external K+ can be visualized in a labeled-Na+ efflux study. Application of low K+ Ringer's solution after free labeled Na+ in and out of the cells has been washed away only causes enhanced adsorption of non-labeled Na+, which is not detected in isotope efflux study.", "PMID": 311014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2814", "title": "The effects of changes of the tonicity of the bathing fluid upon the tension generated by atrial trabeculae isolated from the heart of the frog, Rana pipiens.", "content": "Raising the tonicity of the fluid bathing frog atrial trabeculae has three effects: an initial sustained relaxation, which depends on muscle length and probably originates from structures other than the contractile apparatus; an increase in contractility, which takes the form of a transient contracture if the muscle has previously undergone a high-potassium or a low-sodium contracture, and a further rise in contractility on return to isotonic fluid (off response). The hypertonic contractures, in high-potassium or sodium-free fluids, are antagonized by local anaesthetics and in Na-free media they are unaffected by removal of extracellular coat, whereas the 'off responses' are insensitive to both experimental manoeuvres. Hypotonic fluids applied in Na-free solutions evoke a phasic and a tonic contracture, neither of which are sensitive to local anaesthetics. The tonic response is reduced by lowering the [Ca]o, and occurs at tonicities where the permeability of the cell membrane is likely to have increased. The phasic part of the hypotonic contracture resembles the 'off response' which follows exposure to hypertonic solution. The effects of hypertonic fluids and of caffeine on frog heart are alike, and are also similar to the responses induced by the same experimental manoeuvres in skeletal muscle. The results can be interpreted by assuming that the intracellular relaxing system in frog heart is sensitive to changes in tonicity, and could be functionally divided.", "contents": "The effects of changes of the tonicity of the bathing fluid upon the tension generated by atrial trabeculae isolated from the heart of the frog, Rana pipiens. Raising the tonicity of the fluid bathing frog atrial trabeculae has three effects: an initial sustained relaxation, which depends on muscle length and probably originates from structures other than the contractile apparatus; an increase in contractility, which takes the form of a transient contracture if the muscle has previously undergone a high-potassium or a low-sodium contracture, and a further rise in contractility on return to isotonic fluid (off response). The hypertonic contractures, in high-potassium or sodium-free fluids, are antagonized by local anaesthetics and in Na-free media they are unaffected by removal of extracellular coat, whereas the 'off responses' are insensitive to both experimental manoeuvres. Hypotonic fluids applied in Na-free solutions evoke a phasic and a tonic contracture, neither of which are sensitive to local anaesthetics. The tonic response is reduced by lowering the [Ca]o, and occurs at tonicities where the permeability of the cell membrane is likely to have increased. The phasic part of the hypotonic contracture resembles the 'off response' which follows exposure to hypertonic solution. The effects of hypertonic fluids and of caffeine on frog heart are alike, and are also similar to the responses induced by the same experimental manoeuvres in skeletal muscle. The results can be interpreted by assuming that the intracellular relaxing system in frog heart is sensitive to changes in tonicity, and could be functionally divided.", "PMID": 311017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2815", "title": "An O2-Hb \"paradox' in frog blood? (n-values exceeding 4.0).", "content": "O2-Hb dissociation curves have been determined for the anurans, Rana temporaria and Rana catesbeiana, and compared with human blood for the specific purpose of defining the n-value (hill's cooperativity coefficient) at high O2 saturations. The P50 values at normal conditions (see fig. 1) for each species were 24.6 mm Hg for human blood, 37.0 mm Hg for Rana temporaria blood and 53.5 mm Hg for Rana catesbeiana. For human blood the n-value was 2.7 at saturations from 36% to 98% levelling off at the highest saturations. For Rana temporaria Hill plots between saturations from 20% to 98% showed 3 segments. The average n-value increased from 1.6 to 2.4 at about 50% saturation, increasing again at about 80% saturation to 7.3. The pattern in Rana catesbeiana blood was similar with the n-value changing from 1.6 to 3.1 at about 50% saturation, averaging 3.5 between 53% and 89% saturation. Additionally the Bohr effect in Rana temporaria blood more than doubled when compared at 50% and 90% saturation. The data show that for R. temporaria blood the free energy of interaction associated with the binding of 02 to Hb is displaced to the upper segment of the dissociation curve.", "contents": "An O2-Hb \"paradox' in frog blood? (n-values exceeding 4.0). O2-Hb dissociation curves have been determined for the anurans, Rana temporaria and Rana catesbeiana, and compared with human blood for the specific purpose of defining the n-value (hill's cooperativity coefficient) at high O2 saturations. The P50 values at normal conditions (see fig. 1) for each species were 24.6 mm Hg for human blood, 37.0 mm Hg for Rana temporaria blood and 53.5 mm Hg for Rana catesbeiana. For human blood the n-value was 2.7 at saturations from 36% to 98% levelling off at the highest saturations. For Rana temporaria Hill plots between saturations from 20% to 98% showed 3 segments. The average n-value increased from 1.6 to 2.4 at about 50% saturation, increasing again at about 80% saturation to 7.3. The pattern in Rana catesbeiana blood was similar with the n-value changing from 1.6 to 3.1 at about 50% saturation, averaging 3.5 between 53% and 89% saturation. Additionally the Bohr effect in Rana temporaria blood more than doubled when compared at 50% and 90% saturation. The data show that for R. temporaria blood the free energy of interaction associated with the binding of 02 to Hb is displaced to the upper segment of the dissociation curve.", "PMID": 311071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2816", "title": "Restimulation of PPD-stimulated lymphocytes: decreased responsiveness of prestimulated cells to a second challenge with PPD and PHA.", "content": "Lymphocytes stimulated with purified protein derivative (PPD) were inhibited in their response to a second stimulation with PPD or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The degree of inhibition was related to the PPD concentration during prestimulation, the dose-response curve for inhibition resembling very much that of stimulation. The decreased reactivity was neither due to a toxic effect of PPD nor to altered proliferation kinetics of the prestimulated cells. Lymphocytes preincubated for 6 h or 16 days with PPD were equally refractory, and the non-reactivity persisted even if the cells were incubated without stimulant for 1 week or more. The prestimulated cells were able to suppress the PHA stimulation of fresh lymphocytes. These results indicate that the decreased reactivity of the prestimulated lymphocytes is due to the action of suppressor lymphocytes, generated during the primary stimulation.", "contents": "Restimulation of PPD-stimulated lymphocytes: decreased responsiveness of prestimulated cells to a second challenge with PPD and PHA. Lymphocytes stimulated with purified protein derivative (PPD) were inhibited in their response to a second stimulation with PPD or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The degree of inhibition was related to the PPD concentration during prestimulation, the dose-response curve for inhibition resembling very much that of stimulation. The decreased reactivity was neither due to a toxic effect of PPD nor to altered proliferation kinetics of the prestimulated cells. Lymphocytes preincubated for 6 h or 16 days with PPD were equally refractory, and the non-reactivity persisted even if the cells were incubated without stimulant for 1 week or more. The prestimulated cells were able to suppress the PHA stimulation of fresh lymphocytes. These results indicate that the decreased reactivity of the prestimulated lymphocytes is due to the action of suppressor lymphocytes, generated during the primary stimulation.", "PMID": 311074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2817", "title": "Morphological study of autologous rosettes (A-RFC).", "content": "The morphology of autologous rosette forming cells (A-RFC) has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Autorosette forming cells were obtained from the spleen of adult thymectomized (ATx) or nude mice, and from neonatal thymus grafts during the regeneration phase. Among the autorosettes seen by light microscopy, 76% of them were formed by lymphoid cells which included a high proportion of large lymphocytes (48%). Electron microscopy study performed after isolation of A-RFC by micromanipulation demonstrated that 74% were formed by large lymphoid cells with an immature nucleus. The finding of such large-sized lymphoid cells with immature nuclei is in agreement with our previous results indicating that A-RFC might belong to an immature T cell class.", "contents": "Morphological study of autologous rosettes (A-RFC). The morphology of autologous rosette forming cells (A-RFC) has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Autorosette forming cells were obtained from the spleen of adult thymectomized (ATx) or nude mice, and from neonatal thymus grafts during the regeneration phase. Among the autorosettes seen by light microscopy, 76% of them were formed by lymphoid cells which included a high proportion of large lymphocytes (48%). Electron microscopy study performed after isolation of A-RFC by micromanipulation demonstrated that 74% were formed by large lymphoid cells with an immature nucleus. The finding of such large-sized lymphoid cells with immature nuclei is in agreement with our previous results indicating that A-RFC might belong to an immature T cell class.", "PMID": 311075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2818", "title": "Functional relationship of macrophages and basophils to the thymus gland.", "content": "Human thymus epithelium, depleted of thymocytes and macrophages by means of organ culture, was used in chemotaxis experiments with peripheral blood cells. Such cultured thymus epithelium can attract specifically macrophages and basophils. T-lymphocytes were attracted only by short-term (8 day) cultured thymus tissue which still retains some of the original macrophage population. Thymic macrophages formed rosette structures with thymocytes. In other experiments 'activated' rabbit macrophages had the capability to destroy thymocytes, whether autochthonous or allogeneic. The possible role of macrophages and basophils in thymus function is discussed.", "contents": "Functional relationship of macrophages and basophils to the thymus gland. Human thymus epithelium, depleted of thymocytes and macrophages by means of organ culture, was used in chemotaxis experiments with peripheral blood cells. Such cultured thymus epithelium can attract specifically macrophages and basophils. T-lymphocytes were attracted only by short-term (8 day) cultured thymus tissue which still retains some of the original macrophage population. Thymic macrophages formed rosette structures with thymocytes. In other experiments 'activated' rabbit macrophages had the capability to destroy thymocytes, whether autochthonous or allogeneic. The possible role of macrophages and basophils in thymus function is discussed.", "PMID": 311076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2819", "title": "Interposition grafting with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene for portal hypertension.", "content": "If an interposition graft for the decompression of esophageal varices is necessary, Gore-Tex may be the graft material of choice. It is intert, nonthrombogenic and, possibly, thrombo-resistant. These characteristics of Gore-Tex explain the ease with which a graft thrombectomy was performed in one patient when necessary. Final appraisal of a synthetic venous prosthesis requires many months, if not years, of in vivo evaluation. Nevertheless, when an interposition graft is necessary for the decompression of esophageal varices, it appears that a clinical trial of Gore-Tex is reasonable in view of its characteristics.", "contents": "Interposition grafting with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene for portal hypertension. If an interposition graft for the decompression of esophageal varices is necessary, Gore-Tex may be the graft material of choice. It is intert, nonthrombogenic and, possibly, thrombo-resistant. These characteristics of Gore-Tex explain the ease with which a graft thrombectomy was performed in one patient when necessary. Final appraisal of a synthetic venous prosthesis requires many months, if not years, of in vivo evaluation. Nevertheless, when an interposition graft is necessary for the decompression of esophageal varices, it appears that a clinical trial of Gore-Tex is reasonable in view of its characteristics.", "PMID": 311080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2820", "title": "A screening program for anti-DR typing reagents.", "content": "A total of 694 sera have been tested in a screening program aimed at identifying monospecific reagents for HLA--DR typing. All sera were first tested on a panel of enriched B and T cells without absorption on platelets. Only sera reacting more frequently on B than on T lymphocytes were absorbed on platelets and retested on the panel. This procedure saved a considerable amount of platelets and proved to be reasonably efficient. One-hundred-and-fifty sera were found to contain an anti-B cell antibody. Significantly less frequent B cell reactivity was found when HLA--A, --B, --C antibodies could not be detected. Twenty-five sera were demonstrated to be specific for well-defined DR antigens.", "contents": "A screening program for anti-DR typing reagents. A total of 694 sera have been tested in a screening program aimed at identifying monospecific reagents for HLA--DR typing. All sera were first tested on a panel of enriched B and T cells without absorption on platelets. Only sera reacting more frequently on B than on T lymphocytes were absorbed on platelets and retested on the panel. This procedure saved a considerable amount of platelets and proved to be reasonably efficient. One-hundred-and-fifty sera were found to contain an anti-B cell antibody. Significantly less frequent B cell reactivity was found when HLA--A, --B, --C antibodies could not be detected. Twenty-five sera were demonstrated to be specific for well-defined DR antigens.", "PMID": 311089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2821", "title": "Advances in nonimplantable electrical stimualtors for correction of urinary incontinence.", "content": "The nonimplantable electrical stimulators are widely used as rehabilitation aids for correction of urinary incontinence. The advances in the field of the design of nonimplantable electrical stimulators such as automatic vaginal electrical stimulator VAGICON-X and anal pressure controlled electrical stimulator are described. The evaluation of VAGICON-X in patients suffering from stress and urge incontinence as well as preliminary results of acute application of anal pressure electrical stimulation in patients with stress incontinence as presented.", "contents": "Advances in nonimplantable electrical stimualtors for correction of urinary incontinence. The nonimplantable electrical stimulators are widely used as rehabilitation aids for correction of urinary incontinence. The advances in the field of the design of nonimplantable electrical stimulators such as automatic vaginal electrical stimulator VAGICON-X and anal pressure controlled electrical stimulator are described. The evaluation of VAGICON-X in patients suffering from stress and urge incontinence as well as preliminary results of acute application of anal pressure electrical stimulation in patients with stress incontinence as presented.", "PMID": 311090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2822", "title": "Present state and prospects in the design of multichannel FES stimulators for gait correction in paretic patients.", "content": "Use of multichannel electrical stimulators (MES) for the rehabilitation of patients with plegic or paretic extremity muscles in one of the most promising trends in rehabilitation. Two clinically oriented therapeutic stimulators are described. The aim and the realization of walking rate dependent functioning, gradually modulated stimulation sequences, mini-computer and hardware closed-loop control of stimulation amplitude are described. The difficulties arising from the poor interface between the technical and biological part of the system prevent the described stimulators from being used as orthotic devices. Experiments with three types of electrodes are given, and the problem of an excessive mounting time for most clinical environments is also stressed.", "contents": "Present state and prospects in the design of multichannel FES stimulators for gait correction in paretic patients. Use of multichannel electrical stimulators (MES) for the rehabilitation of patients with plegic or paretic extremity muscles in one of the most promising trends in rehabilitation. Two clinically oriented therapeutic stimulators are described. The aim and the realization of walking rate dependent functioning, gradually modulated stimulation sequences, mini-computer and hardware closed-loop control of stimulation amplitude are described. The difficulties arising from the poor interface between the technical and biological part of the system prevent the described stimulators from being used as orthotic devices. Experiments with three types of electrodes are given, and the problem of an excessive mounting time for most clinical environments is also stressed.", "PMID": 311091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2823", "title": "[Diagnostic criteria of periodontal diseases].", "content": "The designation of a periodontal disease and its classification do not permit to draw conclusions as to its targeted therapy. Since the parameters needed for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases are very numerous, they should be reduced by a problem-oriented diagnosis which corresponds to the aims and objectives (treatment plan, course of the disease, assessment of the therapeutical success). The parameters to be determined should be of sufficient validity. Only such parameters should be included in a problem-oriented diagnostic chart. The parameters for indices should be selected according to this principle. The selection of the indices requires co-ordination, at which the respective objective of the examination must be considered.", "contents": "[Diagnostic criteria of periodontal diseases]. The designation of a periodontal disease and its classification do not permit to draw conclusions as to its targeted therapy. Since the parameters needed for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases are very numerous, they should be reduced by a problem-oriented diagnosis which corresponds to the aims and objectives (treatment plan, course of the disease, assessment of the therapeutical success). The parameters to be determined should be of sufficient validity. Only such parameters should be included in a problem-oriented diagnostic chart. The parameters for indices should be selected according to this principle. The selection of the indices requires co-ordination, at which the respective objective of the examination must be considered.", "PMID": 311094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2824", "title": "[Gingival bleeding].", "content": "Gingival bleeding is not of decisive importance in diagnosticating periodontal diseases, since various endogenous causative factors and exogenous conditions may enhance its occurrence. In the absence of periodontal disease, gingival bleeding might be a symptom of a systemic disease. Because gingival bleeding is in most cases the first sign of an affection of the tooth-supporting structures that the patient observes, it should be, for all the difficulties its substantivation, be considered in history taking and for self-control.", "contents": "[Gingival bleeding]. Gingival bleeding is not of decisive importance in diagnosticating periodontal diseases, since various endogenous causative factors and exogenous conditions may enhance its occurrence. In the absence of periodontal disease, gingival bleeding might be a symptom of a systemic disease. Because gingival bleeding is in most cases the first sign of an affection of the tooth-supporting structures that the patient observes, it should be, for all the difficulties its substantivation, be considered in history taking and for self-control.", "PMID": 311095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2825", "title": "[Reproducibility and evaluation of gingival indices].", "content": "The inflammatory condition of the gingivae may be judged by the anamnestic indication to \"gingival bleeding\" and by assessing the inflammatory changes by means of the P.M.A. index and the Sulcus Bleeding Index. The patients' indications to gingival bleeding are subjective by nature, but they have proved to be highly reliable when they are obtained by three independent examinators. The testing of the P.M.A. index showed that this method is sufficiently reliable. The Sulcus Bleeding Index was not tested.", "contents": "[Reproducibility and evaluation of gingival indices]. The inflammatory condition of the gingivae may be judged by the anamnestic indication to \"gingival bleeding\" and by assessing the inflammatory changes by means of the P.M.A. index and the Sulcus Bleeding Index. The patients' indications to gingival bleeding are subjective by nature, but they have proved to be highly reliable when they are obtained by three independent examinators. The testing of the P.M.A. index showed that this method is sufficiently reliable. The Sulcus Bleeding Index was not tested.", "PMID": 311096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2826", "title": "Ileal conduit hemorrhage secondary to portal hypertension.", "content": "The clinical features and management of 3 patients who presented with the triad of massive hemorrhage from the ileal conduit, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and portosystemic varices related to the conduits are described. One patient, a class C cirrhotic, was treated conservatively and died of blood loss and hepatic coma. Two patients were managed with splenorenal shunts initially, followed by creation of colon conduits, and are currently doing well. Surgical approximation of areas draining in the portal and systemic circulation with subsequent development or adhesion-related varices probably explains the predilection for involvement of the ileal conduit and may explain the presence of varices in mild to moderate portal hypertension before other signs of hepatic decompensation are evident. Superior mesenteric angiography with special attention directed at the venous phase is necessary to document this entity.", "contents": "Ileal conduit hemorrhage secondary to portal hypertension. The clinical features and management of 3 patients who presented with the triad of massive hemorrhage from the ileal conduit, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and portosystemic varices related to the conduits are described. One patient, a class C cirrhotic, was treated conservatively and died of blood loss and hepatic coma. Two patients were managed with splenorenal shunts initially, followed by creation of colon conduits, and are currently doing well. Surgical approximation of areas draining in the portal and systemic circulation with subsequent development or adhesion-related varices probably explains the predilection for involvement of the ileal conduit and may explain the presence of varices in mild to moderate portal hypertension before other signs of hepatic decompensation are evident. Superior mesenteric angiography with special attention directed at the venous phase is necessary to document this entity.", "PMID": 311099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2827", "title": "Exsanguinating hemorrhage from urinary ileal conduit in patient with portal hypertension.", "content": "A patient with an ileal conduit diversion after cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder is seen with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Massive bleeding from the peristomal varices developed. Our experiences with conservative treatment is outlined.", "contents": "Exsanguinating hemorrhage from urinary ileal conduit in patient with portal hypertension. A patient with an ileal conduit diversion after cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder is seen with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Massive bleeding from the peristomal varices developed. Our experiences with conservative treatment is outlined.", "PMID": 311100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2828", "title": "[Thrombohemorrhagic complications of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "On the grounds of a great clinical material (4,800 cases) and autopsy findings (857 autopsies) it is emphasized that there is a pathogenetic relationship between thrombotic complications and hemorrhages common in acute pancreatitis and the main disease; the thrombohemorrhagic complications playing a tremendous part in the development of its most severe forms and fatal outcome. The authors divide these complications inherent in all the phases of pancreatitis into 2 groups: early and late ones, which differ from one another by peculiarities of pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment. The diversity of the complications is stressed, and recommendations on their diagnosis, prevention and treatment are set forth.", "contents": "[Thrombohemorrhagic complications of acute pancreatitis]. On the grounds of a great clinical material (4,800 cases) and autopsy findings (857 autopsies) it is emphasized that there is a pathogenetic relationship between thrombotic complications and hemorrhages common in acute pancreatitis and the main disease; the thrombohemorrhagic complications playing a tremendous part in the development of its most severe forms and fatal outcome. The authors divide these complications inherent in all the phases of pancreatitis into 2 groups: early and late ones, which differ from one another by peculiarities of pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment. The diversity of the complications is stressed, and recommendations on their diagnosis, prevention and treatment are set forth.", "PMID": 311101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2829", "title": "T and B cell populations in platelet donors.", "content": "T and B lymphocyte populations were monitored in the peripheral blood of two long-term plateletpheresis donors. The studies showed minimal fluctuation of both populations compared to the normal controls. The evidence so far accumulated seems to indicate that long-term manual plateletpheresis has no appreciable effect on the level of the T and B cell population of the peripheral blood. Further studies are needed to evaluate larger donor pools.", "contents": "T and B cell populations in platelet donors. T and B lymphocyte populations were monitored in the peripheral blood of two long-term plateletpheresis donors. The studies showed minimal fluctuation of both populations compared to the normal controls. The evidence so far accumulated seems to indicate that long-term manual plateletpheresis has no appreciable effect on the level of the T and B cell population of the peripheral blood. Further studies are needed to evaluate larger donor pools.", "PMID": 311097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2830", "title": "Splenic vein obstruction with bleeding gastric varices: a diagnostic approach.", "content": "It is important to separate splenic vein obstruction from other causes of variceal bleeding. The authors provide a diagnostic sequence for avoiding errors of management, citing a case to illustrate.", "contents": "Splenic vein obstruction with bleeding gastric varices: a diagnostic approach. It is important to separate splenic vein obstruction from other causes of variceal bleeding. The authors provide a diagnostic sequence for avoiding errors of management, citing a case to illustrate.", "PMID": 311111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2831", "title": "[Lymphotoxin production by human lymphocytes. I. Study of the supernatants of phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocyte cultures].", "content": "Lymphotoxin was found to be present in supernatants from 22 human lymphocytes cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinin in a dose of 5 and 10 microgram/ml. The lymphocytes were obtained from the peripheral blood of 6 apparently healthy persons. Lymphotoxin activity was determined by simple and objective method, i.e. by staining the target cells (mouse L-cells) monolayer with crystal violet, with the following determination of optic densities of the L-cells lysates at 570 nm in the spectrophotometer. As revealed, 1 : 5 dilutions of the supernatants from the lymphocyte cultures incubated for 48 hours inhibited the L-cells growth by from 40 to 60%. With further incubation of the cultures (up to 72 and 96 hours) the cytotoxicity of their supernatants for the target cells showed no increase, whereas the blasttransformation index reaches the maximal value by 72nd incubation hour. Supernatants from unstimulated lymphocyte cultures failed to produce any cytotoxic effect on L-cells.", "contents": "[Lymphotoxin production by human lymphocytes. I. Study of the supernatants of phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocyte cultures]. Lymphotoxin was found to be present in supernatants from 22 human lymphocytes cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinin in a dose of 5 and 10 microgram/ml. The lymphocytes were obtained from the peripheral blood of 6 apparently healthy persons. Lymphotoxin activity was determined by simple and objective method, i.e. by staining the target cells (mouse L-cells) monolayer with crystal violet, with the following determination of optic densities of the L-cells lysates at 570 nm in the spectrophotometer. As revealed, 1 : 5 dilutions of the supernatants from the lymphocyte cultures incubated for 48 hours inhibited the L-cells growth by from 40 to 60%. With further incubation of the cultures (up to 72 and 96 hours) the cytotoxicity of their supernatants for the target cells showed no increase, whereas the blasttransformation index reaches the maximal value by 72nd incubation hour. Supernatants from unstimulated lymphocyte cultures failed to produce any cytotoxic effect on L-cells.", "PMID": 311127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2832", "title": "[Structural organization of the antigen-binding receptors of immunocompetent cells].", "content": "It was demonstrated in this work that rabbit antimouse serum against the aggregated immunoglobulins (RAAS) and mouse serum against the aggregated mouse immunoglobulins (MAAS) inhibited the rosette-forming B-cells (RFC) on the 5th day after the immunization of mice CBA with SRBC in a dose of 5 X 10(-8) cells in vitro in 1:20--1:80, and 1:10--1:40 dilutions in 83--55 and 72--39%, respectively. In difference from RAAS, MAAS in a dilution of 1:20 induced a statistically significant suppression of the antigen-binding receptors of RFC of-B type in the intact animals, and on the 8th--9th day after their immunization with SRBC. In vivo MAAS induced inactivation of the antigen-binding receptors of B-lymphocytes only. Results of the work carried out served as a confirmation of the fact that immunoglobulins in the form of an antigen-antibody complex (functioning in the capacity of the antigen-binding receptors) were sorbed on B-lymphocytes of the spleen.", "contents": "[Structural organization of the antigen-binding receptors of immunocompetent cells]. It was demonstrated in this work that rabbit antimouse serum against the aggregated immunoglobulins (RAAS) and mouse serum against the aggregated mouse immunoglobulins (MAAS) inhibited the rosette-forming B-cells (RFC) on the 5th day after the immunization of mice CBA with SRBC in a dose of 5 X 10(-8) cells in vitro in 1:20--1:80, and 1:10--1:40 dilutions in 83--55 and 72--39%, respectively. In difference from RAAS, MAAS in a dilution of 1:20 induced a statistically significant suppression of the antigen-binding receptors of RFC of-B type in the intact animals, and on the 8th--9th day after their immunization with SRBC. In vivo MAAS induced inactivation of the antigen-binding receptors of B-lymphocytes only. Results of the work carried out served as a confirmation of the fact that immunoglobulins in the form of an antigen-antibody complex (functioning in the capacity of the antigen-binding receptors) were sorbed on B-lymphocytes of the spleen.", "PMID": 311128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2833", "title": "Proliferation of peripheral lymphoid cells from euthyroid and hyperthyroid individuals cultured with human thyroglobulin.", "content": "Peripheral lymphoid cells from euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects were tested for proliferative responses to human thyroglobulin in vitro using [3H] thymidine incorporation as assay. Non-fractionated lymphoid cells from both groups displayed weak stimulation. Using a rosette technique for separating sub-populations of lymphoid cells it was concluded that T-cells constituted the responding cells. The results indicate that both hyperthyroid and euthyroid subjects possess clones of T-cells which are reactive against human thyroglobulin.", "contents": "Proliferation of peripheral lymphoid cells from euthyroid and hyperthyroid individuals cultured with human thyroglobulin. Peripheral lymphoid cells from euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects were tested for proliferative responses to human thyroglobulin in vitro using [3H] thymidine incorporation as assay. Non-fractionated lymphoid cells from both groups displayed weak stimulation. Using a rosette technique for separating sub-populations of lymphoid cells it was concluded that T-cells constituted the responding cells. The results indicate that both hyperthyroid and euthyroid subjects possess clones of T-cells which are reactive against human thyroglobulin.", "PMID": 311130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2834", "title": "Cell surface markers in chronic lymphotic leukaemia.", "content": "Surface markers were applied for the study of the peripheral lymphocyte population in chronic lymphotic leukaemia. The proportion of B-lymphocytes recognized by EAC-rosetting and by surface-bound Ig was found higher in chronic lymphotic leukaemia than in normal controls. On the other hand, the E-rosette test revealed a very low proportion of T-cells. No relationships were demonstrable between the surface markers and the clinical features.", "contents": "Cell surface markers in chronic lymphotic leukaemia. Surface markers were applied for the study of the peripheral lymphocyte population in chronic lymphotic leukaemia. The proportion of B-lymphocytes recognized by EAC-rosetting and by surface-bound Ig was found higher in chronic lymphotic leukaemia than in normal controls. On the other hand, the E-rosette test revealed a very low proportion of T-cells. No relationships were demonstrable between the surface markers and the clinical features.", "PMID": 311131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2835", "title": "Abnormalities in humoral and cellular immune activity in pancreatitis. I. Study of the humoral immune system.", "content": "The abnormalities of the humoral immune phenomena in pancreatitis may be summarized on the grounds of published evidence and of the present results as follows: 1. Circulating anti-pancreas antibodies are present in acute pancreatitis as also after its cure, and in chronic pancreatitis. 2. The appearance of soluble immune complexes in pathological amounts was demonstrated in the sera of the patients by radiobioassay in acute pancreatitis of identified aetiology 3 to 4 weeks after onset. On the evidence of follow-up studies over 1 to 8 months the immune complexes were found to persist at increased levels after complete cure of acute pancreatitis. Soluble immune complexes were demonstrable in pathological amounts in the cases of chronic pancreatitis as well. 3. In acute pancreatitis the total serum complement titres decline fast and after a few weeks persistent hypocomplementaemia develops in a number of cases. 4. The possible role of circulating soluble immune complexes and of the complement system in pancreatitis is discussed, and it is suggested on the grounds of the present data that acute pancreatitis is associated with a specific and nonspecific immune sensitization, still demonstrable in a number of cases after a few months.", "contents": "Abnormalities in humoral and cellular immune activity in pancreatitis. I. Study of the humoral immune system. The abnormalities of the humoral immune phenomena in pancreatitis may be summarized on the grounds of published evidence and of the present results as follows: 1. Circulating anti-pancreas antibodies are present in acute pancreatitis as also after its cure, and in chronic pancreatitis. 2. The appearance of soluble immune complexes in pathological amounts was demonstrated in the sera of the patients by radiobioassay in acute pancreatitis of identified aetiology 3 to 4 weeks after onset. On the evidence of follow-up studies over 1 to 8 months the immune complexes were found to persist at increased levels after complete cure of acute pancreatitis. Soluble immune complexes were demonstrable in pathological amounts in the cases of chronic pancreatitis as well. 3. In acute pancreatitis the total serum complement titres decline fast and after a few weeks persistent hypocomplementaemia develops in a number of cases. 4. The possible role of circulating soluble immune complexes and of the complement system in pancreatitis is discussed, and it is suggested on the grounds of the present data that acute pancreatitis is associated with a specific and nonspecific immune sensitization, still demonstrable in a number of cases after a few months.", "PMID": 311132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2836", "title": "Agammaglobulinaemia associated with the occurrence of a monoclonal immunoglobulin.", "content": "A patient is described with a monoclonal immunoglobulin of the IgG class in the serum and no detectable IgM and IgA. Extensive immunological investigations showed the absence of B-lymphocytes in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Moreover, plasma cells were not present in the bone marrow. The monoclonal IgG was synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract. The cellular immune-status of the patient was synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract. The cellular immune-status of the patient was normal. Clinically the patient suffered from gastrointestinal and severe respiratory tract infections. It was concluded that the findings are consistent with the diagnosis congenital agammaglobulinaemia with concurrence of monoclonal IgG. It was postulated that the cell clone in the gastrointestinal tract resulted from an escape of a pre-B cell clone from the recongized arrest of pre-B cells in congenital agammaglobulinaemia.", "contents": "Agammaglobulinaemia associated with the occurrence of a monoclonal immunoglobulin. A patient is described with a monoclonal immunoglobulin of the IgG class in the serum and no detectable IgM and IgA. Extensive immunological investigations showed the absence of B-lymphocytes in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Moreover, plasma cells were not present in the bone marrow. The monoclonal IgG was synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract. The cellular immune-status of the patient was synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract. The cellular immune-status of the patient was normal. Clinically the patient suffered from gastrointestinal and severe respiratory tract infections. It was concluded that the findings are consistent with the diagnosis congenital agammaglobulinaemia with concurrence of monoclonal IgG. It was postulated that the cell clone in the gastrointestinal tract resulted from an escape of a pre-B cell clone from the recongized arrest of pre-B cells in congenital agammaglobulinaemia.", "PMID": 311134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2837", "title": "Potassium permeability of the mesothelium of the frog mesentery.", "content": "The mesothelium of the mesentery is a single cell layer described to offer no or every little hindrance to diffusion of small water soluble solutes. We have measured the potassium permeability of the mesothelium of the frog mesentery both in vivo and in vitro. The permeability measured in vivo--using K+--sensitive microelectrodes is 2.4 X 10(-5) cm s-1. In vitro measurements using conventional tracer flux technique on isolated mesentery yields a K+-permeability of 5.7 X 10(-5) cm s-1. These values are 15--30 times smaller than values previously reported from in vitro experiments on rat and rabbit mesentery. Also, the permeability is 12--15 times lower than the K+-permeability of the capillary wall determined on single capillaries in the frog mesentery. In the frog mesentery the mesothelium thus represents an important diffusion barrier compared to the capillary wall. This may be critical in experiments where filtration and reflexion coefficients of the capillaries are determined from measurements of fluid exchange across the capillary wall in response to application of hypertonic solutions on the surface of the mesentery.", "contents": "Potassium permeability of the mesothelium of the frog mesentery. The mesothelium of the mesentery is a single cell layer described to offer no or every little hindrance to diffusion of small water soluble solutes. We have measured the potassium permeability of the mesothelium of the frog mesentery both in vivo and in vitro. The permeability measured in vivo--using K+--sensitive microelectrodes is 2.4 X 10(-5) cm s-1. In vitro measurements using conventional tracer flux technique on isolated mesentery yields a K+-permeability of 5.7 X 10(-5) cm s-1. These values are 15--30 times smaller than values previously reported from in vitro experiments on rat and rabbit mesentery. Also, the permeability is 12--15 times lower than the K+-permeability of the capillary wall determined on single capillaries in the frog mesentery. In the frog mesentery the mesothelium thus represents an important diffusion barrier compared to the capillary wall. This may be critical in experiments where filtration and reflexion coefficients of the capillaries are determined from measurements of fluid exchange across the capillary wall in response to application of hypertonic solutions on the surface of the mesentery.", "PMID": 311135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2838", "title": "The anti-inflammatory profile of dapsone in animal models of inflammation.", "content": "Dapsone has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of animal models. It possesses oral anti-oedema activity especially pronounced in novel models of acute inflammation, viz. anti-IgG and reversed passive Arthus oedemas. However, it is not very active in the guinea pig u.v. erythema model. It is effective in chronic models such as adjuvant arthritis and the cotton pellet granuloma although multiple administration may also produce cyanosis. Antipyretic and analgesic effects for dapsone have been demonstrated and are similar to those produced by phenylbutazone. It inhibits zymosan-induced beta-glucuronidase release from cultured macrophages and also the activity of this enzyme. Dapsone does not appear to be ulcerogenic in the rat.", "contents": "The anti-inflammatory profile of dapsone in animal models of inflammation. Dapsone has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of animal models. It possesses oral anti-oedema activity especially pronounced in novel models of acute inflammation, viz. anti-IgG and reversed passive Arthus oedemas. However, it is not very active in the guinea pig u.v. erythema model. It is effective in chronic models such as adjuvant arthritis and the cotton pellet granuloma although multiple administration may also produce cyanosis. Antipyretic and analgesic effects for dapsone have been demonstrated and are similar to those produced by phenylbutazone. It inhibits zymosan-induced beta-glucuronidase release from cultured macrophages and also the activity of this enzyme. Dapsone does not appear to be ulcerogenic in the rat.", "PMID": 311146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2839", "title": "Assessment of coronary venous bypass graft function using krypton-81m.", "content": "Fifteen patients with intractable angina pectoris underwent coronary angiography and coronary arterial bypass graft surgery. After the operation, a continuous infusion of krypton-81m was delivered into each graft. A gamma camera and multichannel analyzer were used to record the regional myocardial distribution of perfusion provided by each graft. The disappearance of myocardial activity at the end of each infusion was used to calculate the flow per unit volume in the myocardial distribution provided by each vessel. Myocardial perfusion provided by the grafts to all the major coronary arteries were recorded individually as high spatial resolution images. Myocardial flow rates in the distribution of each graft were measured using the washout of krypton-81m. The rates were 0.5 to 2.0 ml/g per min in the 13 patients with no evidence of previous myocardial infarction. Krypton-81m was infused into grafts to the left anterior descending coronary artery in two patients with a history and electrocardiographic evidence of previous anterior myocardial infarction. The grafts provided poor perfusion to the anterior and apical portions of the ventricles. An experimental model of myocardial perfusion was used to demonstrate that the washout of krypton-81m can be used to measure flow per unit volume within or above the physiologic range.", "contents": "Assessment of coronary venous bypass graft function using krypton-81m. Fifteen patients with intractable angina pectoris underwent coronary angiography and coronary arterial bypass graft surgery. After the operation, a continuous infusion of krypton-81m was delivered into each graft. A gamma camera and multichannel analyzer were used to record the regional myocardial distribution of perfusion provided by each graft. The disappearance of myocardial activity at the end of each infusion was used to calculate the flow per unit volume in the myocardial distribution provided by each vessel. Myocardial perfusion provided by the grafts to all the major coronary arteries were recorded individually as high spatial resolution images. Myocardial flow rates in the distribution of each graft were measured using the washout of krypton-81m. The rates were 0.5 to 2.0 ml/g per min in the 13 patients with no evidence of previous myocardial infarction. Krypton-81m was infused into grafts to the left anterior descending coronary artery in two patients with a history and electrocardiographic evidence of previous anterior myocardial infarction. The grafts provided poor perfusion to the anterior and apical portions of the ventricles. An experimental model of myocardial perfusion was used to demonstrate that the washout of krypton-81m can be used to measure flow per unit volume within or above the physiologic range.", "PMID": 311151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2840", "title": "Acupuncture anesthesia for open heart surgery: a report of 800 cases.", "content": "This article reports the utilization of acupuncture in combination with chemical anesthesia and neuromuscular relaxant for patients with cardiac surgery, including valvular disease and by-pass. In 800 patients studied using this type of combination of anesthetic techniques, it was found that this procedure can be successful for cardiac surgery and that it allows light planes of anesthesia with less interference to circulatory regulation. There is a certain advantage of using acupuncture anesthesia when compared with chemical anesthesia, as the pharmacological agents are not used and hence post no metabolic load for the patients. From the 800 patients studied, it seems justifiable to recommend this anesthetic procedure for cardiac surgery.", "contents": "Acupuncture anesthesia for open heart surgery: a report of 800 cases. This article reports the utilization of acupuncture in combination with chemical anesthesia and neuromuscular relaxant for patients with cardiac surgery, including valvular disease and by-pass. In 800 patients studied using this type of combination of anesthetic techniques, it was found that this procedure can be successful for cardiac surgery and that it allows light planes of anesthesia with less interference to circulatory regulation. There is a certain advantage of using acupuncture anesthesia when compared with chemical anesthesia, as the pharmacological agents are not used and hence post no metabolic load for the patients. From the 800 patients studied, it seems justifiable to recommend this anesthetic procedure for cardiac surgery.", "PMID": 311153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2841", "title": "Re-evaluation of plasmas from patients previously diagnosed as having von Willebrand's disease with the factor VIII-related antigen and ristocetin cofactor assay.", "content": "Diagnosis of deficiencies of coagulation factor VIII can be difficult to establish in some cases. The use of the factor VIII-related antigen and the use of the ristocetin cofactor assays have increased the reliability of diagnosis of factor VIII deficiency in patients with hemophilia A or von Willebrand's disease, and in carriers of hemophilia A. The authors re-evaluated samples, from frozen storage, of blood from patients previously diagnosed as having von Willebrand's disease. This diagnosis was based on clinical history, family history, bleeding time, factor VIII procoagulant activity, and response to ristocetin in platelet-aggregation studies. Eleven cases were studied by the review of previously obtained data and the addition of the factor VIII-related antigen and ristocetin-cofactor assays. In two of eleven cases, the diagnosis was changed to possible hemophilia A carrier state.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of plasmas from patients previously diagnosed as having von Willebrand's disease with the factor VIII-related antigen and ristocetin cofactor assay. Diagnosis of deficiencies of coagulation factor VIII can be difficult to establish in some cases. The use of the factor VIII-related antigen and the use of the ristocetin cofactor assays have increased the reliability of diagnosis of factor VIII deficiency in patients with hemophilia A or von Willebrand's disease, and in carriers of hemophilia A. The authors re-evaluated samples, from frozen storage, of blood from patients previously diagnosed as having von Willebrand's disease. This diagnosis was based on clinical history, family history, bleeding time, factor VIII procoagulant activity, and response to ristocetin in platelet-aggregation studies. Eleven cases were studied by the review of previously obtained data and the addition of the factor VIII-related antigen and ristocetin-cofactor assays. In two of eleven cases, the diagnosis was changed to possible hemophilia A carrier state.", "PMID": 311154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2842", "title": "Pelvic lipomatosis: diagnosis by computerized tomography scan.", "content": "Pelvic lipomatosis is a rare, relatively self-limiting disease characterized by the overgrowth of unencapsulated lipomatous tissue within the pelvis. The diagnosis is suggested, but not substantiated, by the striking roentgenographic changes noted on barium enema and intravenous pyelogram. Previously, pelvic laparotomy with tissue diagnosis was essential for documenting the disease. We report three cases in which computerized tomography was utilized as a safe, noninvasive and accurate method of diagnosis. The role played by partial venous obstruction is discussed in addition to rectal bleeding as a mode of presentation.", "contents": "Pelvic lipomatosis: diagnosis by computerized tomography scan. Pelvic lipomatosis is a rare, relatively self-limiting disease characterized by the overgrowth of unencapsulated lipomatous tissue within the pelvis. The diagnosis is suggested, but not substantiated, by the striking roentgenographic changes noted on barium enema and intravenous pyelogram. Previously, pelvic laparotomy with tissue diagnosis was essential for documenting the disease. We report three cases in which computerized tomography was utilized as a safe, noninvasive and accurate method of diagnosis. The role played by partial venous obstruction is discussed in addition to rectal bleeding as a mode of presentation.", "PMID": 311155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2843", "title": "Salicylate-induced enzymuria: comparison with other anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "N-acetyl-beta glucosaminidase (NAG) enzymuria was used as a marker of renal injury in patients with rheumatic disease. An elevated NAG level was particularly common in patients receiving gold or aspirin therapy. The multiplicity of drugs received and the unknown role of underlying disease in these patients led to a study in healthy volunteers. Customary therapeutic doses of aspirin, choline salicylate, ibuprofen, indomethacin and acetaminophen did not produce enzymuria. Large single doses of salicylates equivalent to 6 tablets of aspirin consistently did produce enzymuria. The size of the individual dose in relation to body weight was more important than the total daily dose. NAG enzymuria appears to be a sensitive tool for identifying potentially nephrotoxic drugs.", "contents": "Salicylate-induced enzymuria: comparison with other anti-inflammatory agents. N-acetyl-beta glucosaminidase (NAG) enzymuria was used as a marker of renal injury in patients with rheumatic disease. An elevated NAG level was particularly common in patients receiving gold or aspirin therapy. The multiplicity of drugs received and the unknown role of underlying disease in these patients led to a study in healthy volunteers. Customary therapeutic doses of aspirin, choline salicylate, ibuprofen, indomethacin and acetaminophen did not produce enzymuria. Large single doses of salicylates equivalent to 6 tablets of aspirin consistently did produce enzymuria. The size of the individual dose in relation to body weight was more important than the total daily dose. NAG enzymuria appears to be a sensitive tool for identifying potentially nephrotoxic drugs.", "PMID": 311157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2844", "title": "Effects of ouabain on potassium transport in the perfused bullfrog kidney.", "content": "We studied the effect of ouabain on transepithelial and cellular potassium transport in the isolated perfused bullfrog kidney. We used recently developed techniques for estimating the unidirectional reabsorptive and secretory K fluxes (Jr and Js) and measuring the kinetics of cellular K transport. Two hours of perfusion with 1 X 10(-6) M ouabain did not affect GFR, reduced fractional Na reabsorption 57%, increased K excretion 41%, and inhibited Jr 34%. Js rose 68% at 60 min and then returned to the control level. Ninety minutes of perfusion with 5 X 10(-6) M ouabain reduced GFR 28% and fractional Na reabsorption 76%. K excretion rapidly increased 71% within 30 min and then fell to 60% of the control level, while Jr fell 64%. Js rose 42% in 30 min and then fell to 23% of the control level. Both doses reduced K uptake into cellular pools from the circulation and increased the rate coefficients for efflux into tubular fluid. The data indicate that ouabain inhibited reabsorption and transiently accelerated the rate of loss of K from the cells into the tubular fluid. This initially masked the ultimate inhibition of K secretion from the circulation into the tubular fluid.", "contents": "Effects of ouabain on potassium transport in the perfused bullfrog kidney. We studied the effect of ouabain on transepithelial and cellular potassium transport in the isolated perfused bullfrog kidney. We used recently developed techniques for estimating the unidirectional reabsorptive and secretory K fluxes (Jr and Js) and measuring the kinetics of cellular K transport. Two hours of perfusion with 1 X 10(-6) M ouabain did not affect GFR, reduced fractional Na reabsorption 57%, increased K excretion 41%, and inhibited Jr 34%. Js rose 68% at 60 min and then returned to the control level. Ninety minutes of perfusion with 5 X 10(-6) M ouabain reduced GFR 28% and fractional Na reabsorption 76%. K excretion rapidly increased 71% within 30 min and then fell to 60% of the control level, while Jr fell 64%. Js rose 42% in 30 min and then fell to 23% of the control level. Both doses reduced K uptake into cellular pools from the circulation and increased the rate coefficients for efflux into tubular fluid. The data indicate that ouabain inhibited reabsorption and transiently accelerated the rate of loss of K from the cells into the tubular fluid. This initially masked the ultimate inhibition of K secretion from the circulation into the tubular fluid.", "PMID": 311159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2845", "title": "Effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade by [Sar1-Ala8]angiotensin II in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "An angiotensin II receptor antagonist, [Sar1-Ala8]angiotensin II (saralasin), was infused at 60 (microgram/kg)/h into cats to examine its effect in hemorrhagic shock. Aprotinin (1,000 (KIU/kg)/h) was also administered to cats to determine how kinin inhibition effects angiotensin receptor blockade in shock. Saralasin was infused into shocked and sham-shocked cats. Aprotinin was administered to additional cats receiving either saralasin or its vehicle. Hemorrhaged cats treated with saralasin revealed a postoligemic preservation of mean arterial bloood pressure and superior mesenteric artery blood flow (SMAF). Final pressures were 48 +/- 12 mmHg and 81 +/- 9 mmHg with vehicle and saralasin treatment, respectively, and final SMAF were 2.5 +/- 0.5 (ml/kg)/min in cats receiving vehicle and 5.5 +/- 0.6 (ml/kg)/min in those receiving saralasin. Total plasma proteolysis was diminished by both saralasin and aprotinin, exhibiting elevations of free amino-nitrogen groups of 2.5-fold and 2-fold over initial as compared to a 3.5-fold elevation in vehicle-treated shocked cats. Myocardial depressant factor (MDF) activities were also suppressed by saralasin compared to shocked cats receiving vehicle (24 +/- 4 units vs. 59 +/- 3 units). These results indicate that blockade of angiotensin II actions in hemorrhagic shock is beneficial.", "contents": "Effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade by [Sar1-Ala8]angiotensin II in hemorrhagic shock. An angiotensin II receptor antagonist, [Sar1-Ala8]angiotensin II (saralasin), was infused at 60 (microgram/kg)/h into cats to examine its effect in hemorrhagic shock. Aprotinin (1,000 (KIU/kg)/h) was also administered to cats to determine how kinin inhibition effects angiotensin receptor blockade in shock. Saralasin was infused into shocked and sham-shocked cats. Aprotinin was administered to additional cats receiving either saralasin or its vehicle. Hemorrhaged cats treated with saralasin revealed a postoligemic preservation of mean arterial bloood pressure and superior mesenteric artery blood flow (SMAF). Final pressures were 48 +/- 12 mmHg and 81 +/- 9 mmHg with vehicle and saralasin treatment, respectively, and final SMAF were 2.5 +/- 0.5 (ml/kg)/min in cats receiving vehicle and 5.5 +/- 0.6 (ml/kg)/min in those receiving saralasin. Total plasma proteolysis was diminished by both saralasin and aprotinin, exhibiting elevations of free amino-nitrogen groups of 2.5-fold and 2-fold over initial as compared to a 3.5-fold elevation in vehicle-treated shocked cats. Myocardial depressant factor (MDF) activities were also suppressed by saralasin compared to shocked cats receiving vehicle (24 +/- 4 units vs. 59 +/- 3 units). These results indicate that blockade of angiotensin II actions in hemorrhagic shock is beneficial.", "PMID": 311160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2846", "title": "Some observations in the fine structure of age changes of the mouse retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "Age changes of the fine structure in the CF-1 mouse retinal pigment epithelium were studied from 1--24 months old. The change most characteristic of the senescence of the retinal pigment epithelium was found to be the appearance of wavy undulating 12nm wide filaments having a periodicity of about 80nm after the 12th month. In addition, the retinal pigment epithelial cells of the aging eye were found to have a marked accumulation of lysosomal dense bodies measuring about 0.3 to 1.2 micrometer in diameter especially in the apical portion of the cytoplasm. Extended and enlarged basal cytoplasmic infoldings of the retinal pigment epithelial cells were another prominent age change in the old mouse. In these basal infoldings densely fixed amorphous materials by tannic acid and very fine filaments are recognized. Age-related changes of the retinal pigment epithelial cell of the CF-1 mouse may take place as the degeneration of cytoplasmic materials, the appearance of bundles consisting of parallel undulating filaments, and the extending process of basal infolding from the choroid side.", "contents": "Some observations in the fine structure of age changes of the mouse retinal pigment epithelium. Age changes of the fine structure in the CF-1 mouse retinal pigment epithelium were studied from 1--24 months old. The change most characteristic of the senescence of the retinal pigment epithelium was found to be the appearance of wavy undulating 12nm wide filaments having a periodicity of about 80nm after the 12th month. In addition, the retinal pigment epithelial cells of the aging eye were found to have a marked accumulation of lysosomal dense bodies measuring about 0.3 to 1.2 micrometer in diameter especially in the apical portion of the cytoplasm. Extended and enlarged basal cytoplasmic infoldings of the retinal pigment epithelial cells were another prominent age change in the old mouse. In these basal infoldings densely fixed amorphous materials by tannic acid and very fine filaments are recognized. Age-related changes of the retinal pigment epithelial cell of the CF-1 mouse may take place as the degeneration of cytoplasmic materials, the appearance of bundles consisting of parallel undulating filaments, and the extending process of basal infolding from the choroid side.", "PMID": 311161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2847", "title": "Experimental rubeosis of the iris in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were subjected to vascular injuries in an attempt to cause ocular ischemia and rubeosis. Occlusion of the ipsilateral common carotid artery showed fluorescein angiographic evidence of iris ischemia, but no rubeosis. Occlusion of two or more vortex veins caused iris ischemia, vasodilation, and angiographically visible neovascular capillaries on the iris. Histology confirmed the presence of thin-walled, superficial neovascular channels. The stimultaneous occlusion of the carotid artery and of two or more ipsilateral vortex veins also produced angiographic and histologic evidence of iris ischemia and neovascularization. These results confirm that venous flow impairment is a more efficient stimulus to neovascularization than ischemia due to arterial insufficiency. Nevertheless, in none of the animals could a neovascular response comparable to human rubeosis be elicited, and it is concluded that vascular lesions to the anterior segment are not an adequate model to study rubeosis.", "contents": "Experimental rubeosis of the iris in rabbits. Rabbits were subjected to vascular injuries in an attempt to cause ocular ischemia and rubeosis. Occlusion of the ipsilateral common carotid artery showed fluorescein angiographic evidence of iris ischemia, but no rubeosis. Occlusion of two or more vortex veins caused iris ischemia, vasodilation, and angiographically visible neovascular capillaries on the iris. Histology confirmed the presence of thin-walled, superficial neovascular channels. The stimultaneous occlusion of the carotid artery and of two or more ipsilateral vortex veins also produced angiographic and histologic evidence of iris ischemia and neovascularization. These results confirm that venous flow impairment is a more efficient stimulus to neovascularization than ischemia due to arterial insufficiency. Nevertheless, in none of the animals could a neovascular response comparable to human rubeosis be elicited, and it is concluded that vascular lesions to the anterior segment are not an adequate model to study rubeosis.", "PMID": 311162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2848", "title": "Differential diagnosis of typical and atypical congenital achromatopsia. Analysis of a progressive foveal dystrophy and a nonprogressive oligo-cone trichromasy (general cone dysfunction without achromatopsia), both of which at first had been diagnosed as achromatopsia.", "content": "Report on two patients whose symptoms suggested the presence of congenital achromatopsia. In one case there was indeed total colour blindness, but a normal photopic ERG. Here, achromatopsia is the present stage in a process of slow functional decay of the central retina. Most probably the underlying disorder is progressive foveal dystrophy, a central form of cone dystrophy. In the other case there was a nonrecordable photopic ERG, but trichromatic colour vision. This appears to be another patient with oligo-cone trichromasy (general cone dysfunction without achromatopsia), as described by Van Lith.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of typical and atypical congenital achromatopsia. Analysis of a progressive foveal dystrophy and a nonprogressive oligo-cone trichromasy (general cone dysfunction without achromatopsia), both of which at first had been diagnosed as achromatopsia. Report on two patients whose symptoms suggested the presence of congenital achromatopsia. In one case there was indeed total colour blindness, but a normal photopic ERG. Here, achromatopsia is the present stage in a process of slow functional decay of the central retina. Most probably the underlying disorder is progressive foveal dystrophy, a central form of cone dystrophy. In the other case there was a nonrecordable photopic ERG, but trichromatic colour vision. This appears to be another patient with oligo-cone trichromasy (general cone dysfunction without achromatopsia), as described by Van Lith.", "PMID": 311163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2849", "title": "Electron microscopy of the early embryonic development of the human corneal epithelium.", "content": "The eyes of a human embryo in the 6th week, 11 mm crown-rump (C.R.) length, and of a human embryo in the 7th week, 19 mm C.R. length, were examined. In the embryo of 11 mm C.R. length, the lens vesicle had just detached from the surface ectoderm, the presumptive corneal epithelium. The acellular primary corneal stroma appeared between the lens vesicle and the overlying ectoderm. The fine structure of the ectodermal cells, of their basal lamina, and of the primary stroma is described. In the embryo of 19 mm C.R. length, mesenchymal cells had moved from the periphery into the space between the ectoderm and the lens. There were remarkable changes in the structure of the corneal epithelial cells, in their basal lamina, and in the underlying substances of the primary stroma.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the early embryonic development of the human corneal epithelium. The eyes of a human embryo in the 6th week, 11 mm crown-rump (C.R.) length, and of a human embryo in the 7th week, 19 mm C.R. length, were examined. In the embryo of 11 mm C.R. length, the lens vesicle had just detached from the surface ectoderm, the presumptive corneal epithelium. The acellular primary corneal stroma appeared between the lens vesicle and the overlying ectoderm. The fine structure of the ectodermal cells, of their basal lamina, and of the primary stroma is described. In the embryo of 19 mm C.R. length, mesenchymal cells had moved from the periphery into the space between the ectoderm and the lens. There were remarkable changes in the structure of the corneal epithelial cells, in their basal lamina, and in the underlying substances of the primary stroma.", "PMID": 311164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2850", "title": "[The influence of cryoprotective solutions on the ultrastructure of rabbit corneal endothelium (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of rabbit corneae was preserved at -196 degrees C in liquid nitrogen using five different cryoprotective solutions: (1) 5% dextran T 40, (2) 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone, (3) 5% dextran T 40 + 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone + dimethyl sulfoxide, (4) 25% rabbit albumin + 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone, (5) 25% rabbit albumin + dimethyl sulfoxide. After thawing the corneae, the influence of the different cryoprotective solutions on the ultrastructure of corneal endothelium was evaluated and compared with fresh corneae. The results were as follows: (1) Using 5% dextran T 40 or 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone or 25% rabbit albumin as cryoprotective solutions marked intracellular damage. (2) Adding dimethyl sulfoxide to the solutions cryopreservation appeared to be more successful at the cellular basis, despite the freezing and thawing procedure mediated moderate intracellular changes. Cryopreservation including dimethyl sulfoxide renders better conditions for successful corneal grafting in the light of ultrastructural aspects.", "contents": "[The influence of cryoprotective solutions on the ultrastructure of rabbit corneal endothelium (author's transl)]. A series of rabbit corneae was preserved at -196 degrees C in liquid nitrogen using five different cryoprotective solutions: (1) 5% dextran T 40, (2) 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone, (3) 5% dextran T 40 + 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone + dimethyl sulfoxide, (4) 25% rabbit albumin + 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone, (5) 25% rabbit albumin + dimethyl sulfoxide. After thawing the corneae, the influence of the different cryoprotective solutions on the ultrastructure of corneal endothelium was evaluated and compared with fresh corneae. The results were as follows: (1) Using 5% dextran T 40 or 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone or 25% rabbit albumin as cryoprotective solutions marked intracellular damage. (2) Adding dimethyl sulfoxide to the solutions cryopreservation appeared to be more successful at the cellular basis, despite the freezing and thawing procedure mediated moderate intracellular changes. Cryopreservation including dimethyl sulfoxide renders better conditions for successful corneal grafting in the light of ultrastructural aspects.", "PMID": 311165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2851", "title": "beta-Ray treatment of malignant epibulbar melanoma.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients suffering from conjunctival melanoma were treated by beta-irradiation. The dose given ranged between 15,000 and 20,000 rd at the tumor surface. In 75% the therapy was successful. In 67,4% the melanoma could be cured by beta-irradiation alone with a follow-up period between three and ten years. The lethality rate from proven metastases was only 6.2%. The regression time after beta-therapy, as a rule, exceeded several months. Beta-rays can be used either primarily or after tumor excision. Care should be taken that the applicator covers all the tissue containing tumor cells.", "contents": "beta-Ray treatment of malignant epibulbar melanoma. Sixty-eight patients suffering from conjunctival melanoma were treated by beta-irradiation. The dose given ranged between 15,000 and 20,000 rd at the tumor surface. In 75% the therapy was successful. In 67,4% the melanoma could be cured by beta-irradiation alone with a follow-up period between three and ten years. The lethality rate from proven metastases was only 6.2%. The regression time after beta-therapy, as a rule, exceeded several months. Beta-rays can be used either primarily or after tumor excision. Care should be taken that the applicator covers all the tissue containing tumor cells.", "PMID": 311166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2852", "title": "Anterior segment reactions after experimental trauma to rabbit eyes.", "content": "The effect of experimentally induced uniocular trauma was investigated in the adult albino rabbit by means of iris fluorescein angiography. Paracentesis, blunt trauma, occlusion of all four vortex veins or of the two long posterior ciliary arteries, or local instillation of nitrogen mustard, were performed in a number of animals, some of which received systemic aspirin preoperatively. Iris angiograms of the injured and the contralateral eye were performed immediately after the traumatic insult. The injured eye always showed an increased permeability to fluorescein. Except for paracentesis, the ipsilateral response often included ischemia of the iris. The contralateral eye always showed an increase in fluorescein permeability into the aqueous. In some cases, sector ischemia of the contralateral iris was seen. Aspirin inhibited some ipsilateral responses but had no effect on the consensual reactions. It is concluded that ipsilateral trauma almost invariably causes a contralateral reaction in the rabbit eye, which is more severe if the injury creates ischemia of the iris. Since these reactions are inefficiently blocked by aspirin, they are not prostaglandin-mediated. The interocular pathway involved may be neural or vascular in nature.", "contents": "Anterior segment reactions after experimental trauma to rabbit eyes. The effect of experimentally induced uniocular trauma was investigated in the adult albino rabbit by means of iris fluorescein angiography. Paracentesis, blunt trauma, occlusion of all four vortex veins or of the two long posterior ciliary arteries, or local instillation of nitrogen mustard, were performed in a number of animals, some of which received systemic aspirin preoperatively. Iris angiograms of the injured and the contralateral eye were performed immediately after the traumatic insult. The injured eye always showed an increased permeability to fluorescein. Except for paracentesis, the ipsilateral response often included ischemia of the iris. The contralateral eye always showed an increase in fluorescein permeability into the aqueous. In some cases, sector ischemia of the contralateral iris was seen. Aspirin inhibited some ipsilateral responses but had no effect on the consensual reactions. It is concluded that ipsilateral trauma almost invariably causes a contralateral reaction in the rabbit eye, which is more severe if the injury creates ischemia of the iris. Since these reactions are inefficiently blocked by aspirin, they are not prostaglandin-mediated. The interocular pathway involved may be neural or vascular in nature.", "PMID": 311167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2853", "title": "Biochemical and histochemical response to a complete epithelial denudation of the rabbit cornea. Alkaline and acid phosphatase.", "content": "Activities of alkaline and acid phosphates were investigated in rabbit corneas after a complete epithelial denudation in vivo (limbus to limbus). Dynamics of enzymatic changes during corneal healing were followed quantitatively in homogenates of regenerated epithelium and stroma (denuded cornea) and in cryostate frozen sections on days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 28. Biochemical and histochemical findings at these times showed a different response in each enzyme. Acid phosphatase displayed a gradual increase of activity in epithelium as well as in stroma; on day 28 after injury its content was normal. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase showed delayed activity during the repair process, and even a month after de-epithelization was still subnormal, particularly in superficial layers of epithelium.", "contents": "Biochemical and histochemical response to a complete epithelial denudation of the rabbit cornea. Alkaline and acid phosphatase. Activities of alkaline and acid phosphates were investigated in rabbit corneas after a complete epithelial denudation in vivo (limbus to limbus). Dynamics of enzymatic changes during corneal healing were followed quantitatively in homogenates of regenerated epithelium and stroma (denuded cornea) and in cryostate frozen sections on days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 28. Biochemical and histochemical findings at these times showed a different response in each enzyme. Acid phosphatase displayed a gradual increase of activity in epithelium as well as in stroma; on day 28 after injury its content was normal. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase showed delayed activity during the repair process, and even a month after de-epithelization was still subnormal, particularly in superficial layers of epithelium.", "PMID": 311168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2854", "title": "Experimental corticosteroid ocular hypertension in the rabbit.", "content": "Weekly subconjunctival injections of 4mg repository betamethasone, repeated over three weeks, produced a sustained increase of intraocular pressure (IOP) in 96% of the treated rabbits. Treatment was generally well tolerated and important systemic toxic effects were present only in a few animals. The ocular hypertension so obtained was constant, well reproducible and sensitive to antiglaucoma drugs. The authors believe they have developed an animal model which is very suitable for testing the pressure-lowering effect of drugs and for other studies on ocular hypertension and glaucoma.", "contents": "Experimental corticosteroid ocular hypertension in the rabbit. Weekly subconjunctival injections of 4mg repository betamethasone, repeated over three weeks, produced a sustained increase of intraocular pressure (IOP) in 96% of the treated rabbits. Treatment was generally well tolerated and important systemic toxic effects were present only in a few animals. The ocular hypertension so obtained was constant, well reproducible and sensitive to antiglaucoma drugs. The authors believe they have developed an animal model which is very suitable for testing the pressure-lowering effect of drugs and for other studies on ocular hypertension and glaucoma.", "PMID": 311169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2855", "title": "Prevention of cystoid macular edema after lens extraction by topical indomethacin (III) radioimmunoassay measurement of prostaglandins in the aqueous during and after lens extraction procedures.", "content": "The amounts of Prostaglandin (PG) E and F2alpha in the aqueous humor were measured by radioimmunoassay techniques before and immediately after intracapsular and extracapsular cataract extractions. We found that: 1. The levels of PG E and PG F2alpha are elevated by cataract extraction. 2. The elevated levels of PGs can all be prevented by preoperative applications of topical indomethacin. 3. No differences in the amounts of PGs biosynthesized during intracapsular and extracapsular lens extraction were found. 4. In some cases, the levels of PG E were still elevated one week after surgery. These findings were used as the basis for our attempts to define the causes of cystoid macular edema (CME) following lens extractions.", "contents": "Prevention of cystoid macular edema after lens extraction by topical indomethacin (III) radioimmunoassay measurement of prostaglandins in the aqueous during and after lens extraction procedures. The amounts of Prostaglandin (PG) E and F2alpha in the aqueous humor were measured by radioimmunoassay techniques before and immediately after intracapsular and extracapsular cataract extractions. We found that: 1. The levels of PG E and PG F2alpha are elevated by cataract extraction. 2. The elevated levels of PGs can all be prevented by preoperative applications of topical indomethacin. 3. No differences in the amounts of PGs biosynthesized during intracapsular and extracapsular lens extraction were found. 4. In some cases, the levels of PG E were still elevated one week after surgery. These findings were used as the basis for our attempts to define the causes of cystoid macular edema (CME) following lens extractions.", "PMID": 311170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2856", "title": "Leiomyoma of the ciliary body.", "content": "Clinical, histological, and electron-microscopic study of a leiomyoma of the ciliary body, which was removed by cyclectomy from the right eye of a 55-year-old female patient. This is the second case in the literature in which an excision has been performed and the diagnosis been confirmed by electron microscopy. The differential diagnosis between amelanotic malignant melanoma, schwannoma, and neurofibroma is discussed, and the electron-microscopic characteristics of a leiomyoma are demonstrated.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of the ciliary body. Clinical, histological, and electron-microscopic study of a leiomyoma of the ciliary body, which was removed by cyclectomy from the right eye of a 55-year-old female patient. This is the second case in the literature in which an excision has been performed and the diagnosis been confirmed by electron microscopy. The differential diagnosis between amelanotic malignant melanoma, schwannoma, and neurofibroma is discussed, and the electron-microscopic characteristics of a leiomyoma are demonstrated.", "PMID": 311171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2857", "title": "N-hexane maculopathy in industrial workers.", "content": "A neuro-ophthalmologic examination, including fluorescein angiography and colour discrimination tests, was made of 15 workers (age range 30--65 years, mean 45.8 years) exposed to n-hexane (range of exposure 5--21 years) during vegetable oil extracting and adhesive bandage manufacturing. Visual acuity, visual fields, intraocular pressure, and biomicroscopical findings were normal. Ophthalmocopy revealed delicate macular changes in 11 or the 15 subjects. One subject had a history of central serous retinopathy in one eye. The macular changes consisted of an orange-like ophthalmoscopic appearance and a decreased macular lustre. Subtle defects of the pigment layer were present in the fluorescein angiography. Defective colour discrimination was found in 12 of the 15 subjects, one of whom had congenital deuteranopia. Colour defects were of the acquired type, mainly in the blue-yellow spectrum. Damage to the receptor lipids is suggested as the pathomechanism of the maculopathy found in this study.", "contents": "N-hexane maculopathy in industrial workers. A neuro-ophthalmologic examination, including fluorescein angiography and colour discrimination tests, was made of 15 workers (age range 30--65 years, mean 45.8 years) exposed to n-hexane (range of exposure 5--21 years) during vegetable oil extracting and adhesive bandage manufacturing. Visual acuity, visual fields, intraocular pressure, and biomicroscopical findings were normal. Ophthalmocopy revealed delicate macular changes in 11 or the 15 subjects. One subject had a history of central serous retinopathy in one eye. The macular changes consisted of an orange-like ophthalmoscopic appearance and a decreased macular lustre. Subtle defects of the pigment layer were present in the fluorescein angiography. Defective colour discrimination was found in 12 of the 15 subjects, one of whom had congenital deuteranopia. Colour defects were of the acquired type, mainly in the blue-yellow spectrum. Damage to the receptor lipids is suggested as the pathomechanism of the maculopathy found in this study.", "PMID": 311172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2858", "title": "The distribution in the eye and the effect on intraocular pressure of clonidine.", "content": "The distribution of [14C]-clonidine in the eye after intravenous administration and injection into the external carotid arteries was studied in a comparative manner in anesthetized cats. The amount of clonidine accumulated in the eye after intraarterial administration by far exceeded that after intravenous application. In addition the pharmacological effects of clonidine obtained by these two routes of administration were investigated and analyzed. The decrease in intraocular pressure after intravenous administration appears to be much stronger than after intraarterial injection. Obviously, there exists no direct correlation between the clonidine concentration in the eye and the ocular hypotensive effect of this drug.", "contents": "The distribution in the eye and the effect on intraocular pressure of clonidine. The distribution of [14C]-clonidine in the eye after intravenous administration and injection into the external carotid arteries was studied in a comparative manner in anesthetized cats. The amount of clonidine accumulated in the eye after intraarterial administration by far exceeded that after intravenous application. In addition the pharmacological effects of clonidine obtained by these two routes of administration were investigated and analyzed. The decrease in intraocular pressure after intravenous administration appears to be much stronger than after intraarterial injection. Obviously, there exists no direct correlation between the clonidine concentration in the eye and the ocular hypotensive effect of this drug.", "PMID": 311173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2859", "title": "[Disturbances of the pupil reflex associated with lesions of the upper visual pathway (author's transl)].", "content": "In six patients with ischemic lesions of the visual pathways above the lateral geniculate body, the pupil light reflex was investigated under perimetric conditions. The size of the lesions--in four cases caused by lateralized cerebral infarction, in two cases by complicated migraine attacks--was certified by neurological examination and by angiography or computerized tomography respectively. The recordings were done with a portable pupillograph measuring the infrared light reflected from the iris. A T\u00fcbinger perimeter served as stimulator. All patients except one, whose visual fields recovered quickly and completely, showed parallel tracings concerning the sensory and the pupillographic profiles, in the older lesions as well as in the recent ones.", "contents": "[Disturbances of the pupil reflex associated with lesions of the upper visual pathway (author's transl)]. In six patients with ischemic lesions of the visual pathways above the lateral geniculate body, the pupil light reflex was investigated under perimetric conditions. The size of the lesions--in four cases caused by lateralized cerebral infarction, in two cases by complicated migraine attacks--was certified by neurological examination and by angiography or computerized tomography respectively. The recordings were done with a portable pupillograph measuring the infrared light reflected from the iris. A T\u00fcbinger perimeter served as stimulator. All patients except one, whose visual fields recovered quickly and completely, showed parallel tracings concerning the sensory and the pupillographic profiles, in the older lesions as well as in the recent ones.", "PMID": 311174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2860", "title": "Primary position vertical nystagmus: 'directional preponderance' of the pusuit system?", "content": "The essential disturbance in five patients with vertical nystagmus was an inability to generate smooth pursuit eye movements in the direction of the quick phase of their nystagmus. As the cause of this behavior, the authors suggest an asymmetric impairment of the visual input to the pursuit system. This defect causes a 'directional preponderance' of the pursuit system detectable as a continuous drift off target. The drift is interrupted by refoveating saccades, thus resulting in a vertical nystagmus.", "contents": "Primary position vertical nystagmus: 'directional preponderance' of the pusuit system? The essential disturbance in five patients with vertical nystagmus was an inability to generate smooth pursuit eye movements in the direction of the quick phase of their nystagmus. As the cause of this behavior, the authors suggest an asymmetric impairment of the visual input to the pursuit system. This defect causes a 'directional preponderance' of the pursuit system detectable as a continuous drift off target. The drift is interrupted by refoveating saccades, thus resulting in a vertical nystagmus.", "PMID": 311175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2861", "title": "The significance of the arginine and arginase of tears in experimentally-induced herpes simplex corneae.", "content": "Experimental corneal herpes is always accompanied by the accumulation of arginine, the substrate of arginase, in tears, ensuring the multiplication of the herpes hominis virus. The main source of the large amount of arginine is the desquamating corneal epithelium, since after the epithelium of the cornea is abraded the arginine content of the tears again equals that of healthy tears. The low arginase content of rabbit tears can be supplemented by arginase applied as eyedrops, and this results in the cure of the herpetic process.", "contents": "The significance of the arginine and arginase of tears in experimentally-induced herpes simplex corneae. Experimental corneal herpes is always accompanied by the accumulation of arginine, the substrate of arginase, in tears, ensuring the multiplication of the herpes hominis virus. The main source of the large amount of arginine is the desquamating corneal epithelium, since after the epithelium of the cornea is abraded the arginine content of the tears again equals that of healthy tears. The low arginase content of rabbit tears can be supplemented by arginase applied as eyedrops, and this results in the cure of the herpetic process.", "PMID": 311176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2862", "title": "[Caustic burns of the oesophagus in the adult. Histopathological study of 12 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A histopathological study of 12 cases of major caustic burns of the oesophagus serves as a basis for a description of the lesions and to demonstrate the inexorable progression to fibrosis. The lesions are most frequantly diffuse, regardless of the substance responsible. Four morphological stages may be distinguished, superimposed on the clinical picture.", "contents": "[Caustic burns of the oesophagus in the adult. Histopathological study of 12 cases (author's transl)]. A histopathological study of 12 cases of major caustic burns of the oesophagus serves as a basis for a description of the lesions and to demonstrate the inexorable progression to fibrosis. The lesions are most frequantly diffuse, regardless of the substance responsible. Four morphological stages may be distinguished, superimposed on the clinical picture.", "PMID": 311182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2863", "title": "Chloramphenicol and phenobarbitone--a drug interaction.", "content": "Two infants with meningitis who were treated with phenobarbitone and high-dose chloramphenicol showed progressive falls in the peak blood levels of chloramphenicol. A standard chloramphenicol dose of 50 mg/kg daily would have produced subtherapeutic blood levels after only a few days. The importance of measuring serial blood chloramphenicol concentrations is stressed.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol and phenobarbitone--a drug interaction. Two infants with meningitis who were treated with phenobarbitone and high-dose chloramphenicol showed progressive falls in the peak blood levels of chloramphenicol. A standard chloramphenicol dose of 50 mg/kg daily would have produced subtherapeutic blood levels after only a few days. The importance of measuring serial blood chloramphenicol concentrations is stressed.", "PMID": 311186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2864", "title": "Effects of hypertonic perfusion on the ultrastructure of frog cardiac muscle.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes induced by hypertonic perfusion were investigated using the ventricular muscle of the bullfrog. It was demonstrated that the fixative tonicity critically affects the ultrastructure. Effects of sucrose-, NaCl- and urea-hypertonicities were investigated and compared. In both sucrose- and NaCl-hypertonic media, although the cardiac muscle strongly shrank and the extracellular spaces markedly increased according to increasing tonicity the width of the intercalated disc cleft remained unchanged and the cleft was never separated even in 3 times hypertonicity. The sucrose-hypertonicity made the feature of the fine structure extremely obscure and the electron densities in both the Z-line and the intercalated disc region markedly decreased. When both the perfusate and fixative were made hypertonic by urea, which is known to easily penetrate the cell membrane, a shrinkage of the myocardial cells was observed but to a lesser extent as compared with sucrose or NaCl. The striation pattern was disordered in this condition though the intercalated discs were never affected.", "contents": "Effects of hypertonic perfusion on the ultrastructure of frog cardiac muscle. The ultrastructural changes induced by hypertonic perfusion were investigated using the ventricular muscle of the bullfrog. It was demonstrated that the fixative tonicity critically affects the ultrastructure. Effects of sucrose-, NaCl- and urea-hypertonicities were investigated and compared. In both sucrose- and NaCl-hypertonic media, although the cardiac muscle strongly shrank and the extracellular spaces markedly increased according to increasing tonicity the width of the intercalated disc cleft remained unchanged and the cleft was never separated even in 3 times hypertonicity. The sucrose-hypertonicity made the feature of the fine structure extremely obscure and the electron densities in both the Z-line and the intercalated disc region markedly decreased. When both the perfusate and fixative were made hypertonic by urea, which is known to easily penetrate the cell membrane, a shrinkage of the myocardial cells was observed but to a lesser extent as compared with sucrose or NaCl. The striation pattern was disordered in this condition though the intercalated discs were never affected.", "PMID": 311187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2865", "title": "Corynebacterium endophthalmitis. Laboratory studies and report of a case treated by vitrectomy.", "content": "A Corynebacterium sp was isolated from the vitreous humor under aseptic conditions on two separate occasions from a patient with endophthalmitis resulting from a penetrating injury by a metallic foreign body. The metallic foreign body was removed during a pars plana lensectomy and anterior vitrectomy procedure; intravitreously injected methicillin sodium, gentamicin sulfate, and dexamethasone sodium phosphate gave a functional visual result. Intravitreous inoculation of rabbits with the Corynebacterium isolate produced an endophthalmitis similar to that produced in the patient, and subsequent cultures from the vitreous of the inoculated rabbits grew the same Corynebacterium sp. To our knowledge, this is the  first reported case of endophthalmitis in which a Corynebacterium sp was documented by intraocular culture.", "contents": "Corynebacterium endophthalmitis. Laboratory studies and report of a case treated by vitrectomy. A Corynebacterium sp was isolated from the vitreous humor under aseptic conditions on two separate occasions from a patient with endophthalmitis resulting from a penetrating injury by a metallic foreign body. The metallic foreign body was removed during a pars plana lensectomy and anterior vitrectomy procedure; intravitreously injected methicillin sodium, gentamicin sulfate, and dexamethasone sodium phosphate gave a functional visual result. Intravitreous inoculation of rabbits with the Corynebacterium isolate produced an endophthalmitis similar to that produced in the patient, and subsequent cultures from the vitreous of the inoculated rabbits grew the same Corynebacterium sp. To our knowledge, this is the  first reported case of endophthalmitis in which a Corynebacterium sp was documented by intraocular culture.", "PMID": 311191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2866", "title": "Modification of constant optokinetic nystagmus by vestibular stimuation.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of a vestibular stimulation of known magnitude on a constant optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). Ten normal human subjects were tested with varying magnitudes of vestibular stimuli that were superimposed on a constant 30 degrees optokinetic stimulus. The gain of the vestibular system in the dark was 0.42 +/- 0.11, and the gain in the light during superimposition testing was 0.12 +/- 0.02. From these results, predictions were made that the degree of vestibular imbalance necessary to produce an asymmetric OKN would generate a spontaneous nystagmus in the dark, which would be equivalent to 20 to 30 degrees. Data from a large group of patients were used for corroboration of the results.", "contents": "Modification of constant optokinetic nystagmus by vestibular stimuation. Experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of a vestibular stimulation of known magnitude on a constant optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). Ten normal human subjects were tested with varying magnitudes of vestibular stimuli that were superimposed on a constant 30 degrees optokinetic stimulus. The gain of the vestibular system in the dark was 0.42 +/- 0.11, and the gain in the light during superimposition testing was 0.12 +/- 0.02. From these results, predictions were made that the degree of vestibular imbalance necessary to produce an asymmetric OKN would generate a spontaneous nystagmus in the dark, which would be equivalent to 20 to 30 degrees. Data from a large group of patients were used for corroboration of the results.", "PMID": 311192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2867", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of the major sialoglycoprotein of human T-lymphoblastoid cells of a MOLT-4B cell line.", "content": "A sialoglycoprotein with an approx. mol.wt. of 95000 was isolated from human lymphoblastoid cells of a MOLT-4B cell line, which was of human T-lymphocyte origin, by ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography on a column of wheat-germ agglutinin-Sepharose and preparative slab-gel electrophoresis. The localization of this glycoprotein on the cell surface was indicated by surface labelling by the periodate/NaB3H4 and lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination methods. Carbohydrate analyses of this glycoprotein revealed that its total carbohydrate content is 28% (w/w), and it contains fucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and sialic acid in molar proportions 1.0:4.0:3.7:3.5:1.2:2.5, suggesting that it has two types of sugar chain, i.e. sugar chains like those of serum glycoproteins and sugar chains of the type found in mucins. Actually, alkaline borohydride treatment of this glycoprotein yielded tri- and tetra-saccharide, the latter containing 1 molecule of fucose in addition to each molecule of galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and sialic acid. This glycoprotein bound to Ricinus communis agglutinin and concanavalin A as well as to wheat-germ agglutinin.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of the major sialoglycoprotein of human T-lymphoblastoid cells of a MOLT-4B cell line. A sialoglycoprotein with an approx. mol.wt. of 95000 was isolated from human lymphoblastoid cells of a MOLT-4B cell line, which was of human T-lymphocyte origin, by ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography on a column of wheat-germ agglutinin-Sepharose and preparative slab-gel electrophoresis. The localization of this glycoprotein on the cell surface was indicated by surface labelling by the periodate/NaB3H4 and lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination methods. Carbohydrate analyses of this glycoprotein revealed that its total carbohydrate content is 28% (w/w), and it contains fucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and sialic acid in molar proportions 1.0:4.0:3.7:3.5:1.2:2.5, suggesting that it has two types of sugar chain, i.e. sugar chains like those of serum glycoproteins and sugar chains of the type found in mucins. Actually, alkaline borohydride treatment of this glycoprotein yielded tri- and tetra-saccharide, the latter containing 1 molecule of fucose in addition to each molecule of galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and sialic acid. This glycoprotein bound to Ricinus communis agglutinin and concanavalin A as well as to wheat-germ agglutinin.", "PMID": 311197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2868", "title": "Proteinase-sensitive release of enzymes from pancreatic microsomal fraction.", "content": "Suspensions of rat pancreatic microsomal fraction release alpha-amylase and ribonuclease on incubation at 37 degrees C, but not at 2 degrees C. The release is abolished by proteolytic enzymes. Ribonuclease associated with the microsomal fraction is protected from subtilisin BPN' attack, but is sensitive after release.", "contents": "Proteinase-sensitive release of enzymes from pancreatic microsomal fraction. Suspensions of rat pancreatic microsomal fraction release alpha-amylase and ribonuclease on incubation at 37 degrees C, but not at 2 degrees C. The release is abolished by proteolytic enzymes. Ribonuclease associated with the microsomal fraction is protected from subtilisin BPN' attack, but is sensitive after release.", "PMID": 311198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2869", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes were determined in 37 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 40 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. No significant increase in non-MM phenotypes was found. It appears that alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes neither predispose to the development nor enhance the severity of the two rheumatic diseases.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes were determined in 37 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 40 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. No significant increase in non-MM phenotypes was found. It appears that alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes neither predispose to the development nor enhance the severity of the two rheumatic diseases.", "PMID": 311199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2870", "title": "Detection of low avidity anti-DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The binding of sonicated, radiolabeled DNA by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera was measured by a high sensitivity polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation assay. This method is considerably more sensitive than currently used techniques. The results suggest that a significant concentration of low avidity antibodies is present in SLE sera; however, these antibodies are not detected by conventional techniques.", "contents": "Detection of low avidity anti-DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. The binding of sonicated, radiolabeled DNA by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera was measured by a high sensitivity polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation assay. This method is considerably more sensitive than currently used techniques. The results suggest that a significant concentration of low avidity antibodies is present in SLE sera; however, these antibodies are not detected by conventional techniques.", "PMID": 311203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2871", "title": "Anti-dsDNA and complement profiles as prognostic guides in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Antibodies to dsDNA, tested with circular DNA in the Farr assay, are specific for systemic lupus erythematosus. A longitudinal study showed a clear relation between the clinical state, the anti-dsDNA titer (expressed in units), and the C1q and C3 levels: when anti-dsDNA levels remained high, no exacerbations were observed. A sharp drop in anti-dsDNA, usually preceded by a rise, was related to a serious exacerbation. Only during the exacerbation when both C1q and C3 were very low was renal involvement seen.", "contents": "Anti-dsDNA and complement profiles as prognostic guides in systemic lupus erythematosus. Antibodies to dsDNA, tested with circular DNA in the Farr assay, are specific for systemic lupus erythematosus. A longitudinal study showed a clear relation between the clinical state, the anti-dsDNA titer (expressed in units), and the C1q and C3 levels: when anti-dsDNA levels remained high, no exacerbations were observed. A sharp drop in anti-dsDNA, usually preceded by a rise, was related to a serious exacerbation. Only during the exacerbation when both C1q and C3 were very low was renal involvement seen.", "PMID": 311204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2872", "title": "Rheumatology. What should students know?", "content": "The majority of patients with rheumatologic problems are seen and followed by nonrheumatologists. Of concern is the perception that a significant number of United States medical schools do not have adequate teaching programs in the rheumatic diseases. Two thousand two hundred and seventy practicing physicians, trainees, and medical students were surveyed in the Intermountain West to determine what they think undergraduate medical students should learn about rheumatology. Most respondents felt that common diseases and problems should be emphasized and that basic skills in history taking and physical examination are more important than disease related information.", "contents": "Rheumatology. What should students know? The majority of patients with rheumatologic problems are seen and followed by nonrheumatologists. Of concern is the perception that a significant number of United States medical schools do not have adequate teaching programs in the rheumatic diseases. Two thousand two hundred and seventy practicing physicians, trainees, and medical students were surveyed in the Intermountain West to determine what they think undergraduate medical students should learn about rheumatology. Most respondents felt that common diseases and problems should be emphasized and that basic skills in history taking and physical examination are more important than disease related information.", "PMID": 311205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2873", "title": "[Behavior of the blood calcium in operations during extracorporeal circulation].", "content": "The Authors analyse the variation of the calcium plasmatic concentration during extra corporeal circulation (E.C.C.). The Authors remind the importance of the calcium plasmatic concentration preserving a good cardiac output. They say that amount of calcium given assures a good plasmatic concentration and aid the cardiac output after E.C.C. The possible hypercalcemia after A.C.D. blood transfusion doesn't compromit the cardiovascular function.", "contents": "[Behavior of the blood calcium in operations during extracorporeal circulation]. The Authors analyse the variation of the calcium plasmatic concentration during extra corporeal circulation (E.C.C.). The Authors remind the importance of the calcium plasmatic concentration preserving a good cardiac output. They say that amount of calcium given assures a good plasmatic concentration and aid the cardiac output after E.C.C. The possible hypercalcemia after A.C.D. blood transfusion doesn't compromit the cardiovascular function.", "PMID": 311207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2874", "title": "Preliminary studies on the uptake of labeled mammalian gonadotropins by ovary and oviduct of the green frog, Rana esculenta, in vivo.", "content": "In hypophysectomized females, Rana esculenta, a significant uptake of labeled ovine FSH and LH was evident in both the ovary and oviduct. This binding was specific only for the ovary. Ovariectomy did not modify the affinity of the oviduct for these gonadotropins. The possibility of the presence of discrete receptor molecules for FSH and LH in the ovary of Rana esculenta is discussed.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on the uptake of labeled mammalian gonadotropins by ovary and oviduct of the green frog, Rana esculenta, in vivo. In hypophysectomized females, Rana esculenta, a significant uptake of labeled ovine FSH and LH was evident in both the ovary and oviduct. This binding was specific only for the ovary. Ovariectomy did not modify the affinity of the oviduct for these gonadotropins. The possibility of the presence of discrete receptor molecules for FSH and LH in the ovary of Rana esculenta is discussed.", "PMID": 311221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2875", "title": "Diamond-Blackfan syndrome: evidence for T-cell mediated suppression of erythroid development and a serum blocking factor associated with remission.", "content": "Diamond-Blackfan syndrome may be a disorder of cellular immunity. Lymphocytes from some patients are capable of suppressing erythropoiesis in cultures of normal bone marrow. We studied two adults with this disorder, both in complete unmaintained remission, using a technique for cloning peripheral blood erythroid precursors (BFU-E) in culture. The BFU-E may be early, erythropoietin sensitive, erythroid committed stem cell. Under culture conditions, which employ fetal calf serum, neither patients cells formed normal numbers of erythroid colonies. Controls yielded 15.3 +/- 5.2 BFU-E/2.5 X 10(5) mononuclear cells. Culture of patients cells using autologous serum, promoted more normal growth of BFU-E (21.4 +/- 6.9 and 7.3 +/- 2.3 BFU-E/2.5 X 10(5) cells). Patient mononuclear cells, cocultured normal cells, generally suppressed BFU-E generation. Cocultures of normals were not inhibitory. Removal of T-lymphocytes from patient mononuclear cells permitted normal growth of BFU-E in coculture with controls. T-cells depleted Diamond-Blackfan mononuclear cells showed BFU-E formation in fetal calf and autologous serum. Diamond-Blackfan T-cells inhibited BFU-E formation by normal mononuclear cells. The cellular defect in Diamond-Blackfan syndrome persists during complete remission and may be mediated by lymphocytes. The development of a serum factor which blocks the suppressive effects on erythroid precursors of a subpopulation of autologous T-cells may be responsible for the development of remission in our patients.", "contents": "Diamond-Blackfan syndrome: evidence for T-cell mediated suppression of erythroid development and a serum blocking factor associated with remission. Diamond-Blackfan syndrome may be a disorder of cellular immunity. Lymphocytes from some patients are capable of suppressing erythropoiesis in cultures of normal bone marrow. We studied two adults with this disorder, both in complete unmaintained remission, using a technique for cloning peripheral blood erythroid precursors (BFU-E) in culture. The BFU-E may be early, erythropoietin sensitive, erythroid committed stem cell. Under culture conditions, which employ fetal calf serum, neither patients cells formed normal numbers of erythroid colonies. Controls yielded 15.3 +/- 5.2 BFU-E/2.5 X 10(5) mononuclear cells. Culture of patients cells using autologous serum, promoted more normal growth of BFU-E (21.4 +/- 6.9 and 7.3 +/- 2.3 BFU-E/2.5 X 10(5) cells). Patient mononuclear cells, cocultured normal cells, generally suppressed BFU-E generation. Cocultures of normals were not inhibitory. Removal of T-lymphocytes from patient mononuclear cells permitted normal growth of BFU-E in coculture with controls. T-cells depleted Diamond-Blackfan mononuclear cells showed BFU-E formation in fetal calf and autologous serum. Diamond-Blackfan T-cells inhibited BFU-E formation by normal mononuclear cells. The cellular defect in Diamond-Blackfan syndrome persists during complete remission and may be mediated by lymphocytes. The development of a serum factor which blocks the suppressive effects on erythroid precursors of a subpopulation of autologous T-cells may be responsible for the development of remission in our patients.", "PMID": 311222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2876", "title": "Water movement across split frog skin.", "content": "A net inward fluid reabsorption (salt-linked flow) has been observed in isolated skin epithelium (split skin) with the same magnitude as in whole skin when identical NaCl Ringer solutions were used to bathe both sides. Split skins also respond to a hyperosmotic sucrose solution bathing the outer (epithelial) surface by generating an outward osmotic flow. A non-linear relationship between osmotic flow and the osmotic gradient has been found in split skin similar to that found in whole skin.", "contents": "Water movement across split frog skin. A net inward fluid reabsorption (salt-linked flow) has been observed in isolated skin epithelium (split skin) with the same magnitude as in whole skin when identical NaCl Ringer solutions were used to bathe both sides. Split skins also respond to a hyperosmotic sucrose solution bathing the outer (epithelial) surface by generating an outward osmotic flow. A non-linear relationship between osmotic flow and the osmotic gradient has been found in split skin similar to that found in whole skin.", "PMID": 311223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2877", "title": "[Increase in the activity of an epileptogenic focus in frog hippocampus as a result of kynurenines and its reduction by serotonin].", "content": "In frogs with epileptogenic focus induced by injection of penicillin (1000 U in 0.4 microliter) into the primordial hippocampus it was shown that pretreatment with two kynurenines (quinolinic acid -- 0.1 microgram, and d,l-kynurenine -- 1 microgram) into the focus region and their injection into the functioning epileptogenic focus led to a sharp increase of the interparoxysmal epileptiform discharges and electrographic correlates of the fit on the EEG. Anthranilic acid (5 microgram) did not influence the activity of epileptogenic foci, and serotonin (1 microgram) and 5-methoxytryptamine (1 microgram) decreased it significantly. It is suggested that the effect of kynurenines on neurones in the epileptogenic foci may play a certain role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.", "contents": "[Increase in the activity of an epileptogenic focus in frog hippocampus as a result of kynurenines and its reduction by serotonin]. In frogs with epileptogenic focus induced by injection of penicillin (1000 U in 0.4 microliter) into the primordial hippocampus it was shown that pretreatment with two kynurenines (quinolinic acid -- 0.1 microgram, and d,l-kynurenine -- 1 microgram) into the focus region and their injection into the functioning epileptogenic focus led to a sharp increase of the interparoxysmal epileptiform discharges and electrographic correlates of the fit on the EEG. Anthranilic acid (5 microgram) did not influence the activity of epileptogenic foci, and serotonin (1 microgram) and 5-methoxytryptamine (1 microgram) decreased it significantly. It is suggested that the effect of kynurenines on neurones in the epileptogenic foci may play a certain role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.", "PMID": 311225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2878", "title": "[Cross reactions in the H-2 system of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes concentrated by the adsorption-elution method on target cell monolayers].", "content": "Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) obtained by in vivo immunization were enriched by the absorption-elution technique, using the relevant allogeneic target cell (TC) monolayers. After the separation of C57BL anti-A (anti-KkDd) lymphocytes into anti-Kk and anti-Dd subpopulations they displayed cross killing cytotoxic effect on H-2d and H-2kTC, respectively. B10D2 anti-B10 (anti-KbDd) lymphocytes cross reacted to H-2a and H-2q TC. The results are discussed in the light of heterogeneity of CTL clones or their receptors.", "contents": "[Cross reactions in the H-2 system of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes concentrated by the adsorption-elution method on target cell monolayers]. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) obtained by in vivo immunization were enriched by the absorption-elution technique, using the relevant allogeneic target cell (TC) monolayers. After the separation of C57BL anti-A (anti-KkDd) lymphocytes into anti-Kk and anti-Dd subpopulations they displayed cross killing cytotoxic effect on H-2d and H-2kTC, respectively. B10D2 anti-B10 (anti-KbDd) lymphocytes cross reacted to H-2a and H-2q TC. The results are discussed in the light of heterogeneity of CTL clones or their receptors.", "PMID": 311226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2879", "title": "[Replacement of the helper function of T cells by an RNA-containing antigen-specific lysis factor].", "content": "The lymph node viable cells suspension of immunized mice was centrifugated. The supernatant was chromatographed in Sephadex G-200, and fractions were deproteinized. The deproteinized third fraction (Mol wt 30000) stimulated specifically the plaque-forming cells of intact mice immunized by SRBC. It restored the capacity to antibody production in the lethally irradiated intact mice protected by the syngeneic bone marrow. The activity of this fraction disappeared following treatment with RNA-ase, but not with DNA-ase or trypsin. The first and the second deproteinized fractions of the supernatant inhibited non-specifically the viable lymph node cells of the immunized animals in the intact mice immunized with SRBC.", "contents": "[Replacement of the helper function of T cells by an RNA-containing antigen-specific lysis factor]. The lymph node viable cells suspension of immunized mice was centrifugated. The supernatant was chromatographed in Sephadex G-200, and fractions were deproteinized. The deproteinized third fraction (Mol wt 30000) stimulated specifically the plaque-forming cells of intact mice immunized by SRBC. It restored the capacity to antibody production in the lethally irradiated intact mice protected by the syngeneic bone marrow. The activity of this fraction disappeared following treatment with RNA-ase, but not with DNA-ase or trypsin. The first and the second deproteinized fractions of the supernatant inhibited non-specifically the viable lymph node cells of the immunized animals in the intact mice immunized with SRBC.", "PMID": 311227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2880", "title": "[T- and B-lymphocytes of guinea pigs sensitized to ragweed pollen].", "content": "Functional activity of T and B lymphocytes in guinea pigs sensitized with common ragweed pollen was investigated. The content of T and B rosette-forming cells (T RFC and B RFC) was studied in guinea pigs following sensitization with common ragweed pollen. It was shown that the amount of B RFC in the regional lymph nodes at the early period of sensitization was over 4 times greater than that of the B RFC in normal animals. Functional capacity of T cells during the sensitization determined in the rosette-formation test altered less than the analogous capacity of B cells.", "contents": "[T- and B-lymphocytes of guinea pigs sensitized to ragweed pollen]. Functional activity of T and B lymphocytes in guinea pigs sensitized with common ragweed pollen was investigated. The content of T and B rosette-forming cells (T RFC and B RFC) was studied in guinea pigs following sensitization with common ragweed pollen. It was shown that the amount of B RFC in the regional lymph nodes at the early period of sensitization was over 4 times greater than that of the B RFC in normal animals. Functional capacity of T cells during the sensitization determined in the rosette-formation test altered less than the analogous capacity of B cells.", "PMID": 311228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2881", "title": "Experimental study of some features of the etiology and pathogenesis of motion sickness.", "content": "A study was made of vestibular stability in man as affected by acceleration in various directions and of acceleration affecting receptors of the vestibular apparatus with varying frequency. It was established that tolerance for vestibular stimulation in certain individuals may be affected by direction of acceleration and frequency of the action. Individual susceptibility to motion sickness is widely expressed under conditions of specific vestibular stimulation. The results obtained indicate that development of motion sickness does not depend on the activity of the vestibular analyzer and motion sickness is not its specific vestibular reaction. Motion sickness is a reaction of the whole organism and its manifestation under long stimulation of receptors of the vestibular apparatus in individuals predisposed to motion sickness depends on specific features of the activity of the limbico-reticular complex.", "contents": "Experimental study of some features of the etiology and pathogenesis of motion sickness. A study was made of vestibular stability in man as affected by acceleration in various directions and of acceleration affecting receptors of the vestibular apparatus with varying frequency. It was established that tolerance for vestibular stimulation in certain individuals may be affected by direction of acceleration and frequency of the action. Individual susceptibility to motion sickness is widely expressed under conditions of specific vestibular stimulation. The results obtained indicate that development of motion sickness does not depend on the activity of the vestibular analyzer and motion sickness is not its specific vestibular reaction. Motion sickness is a reaction of the whole organism and its manifestation under long stimulation of receptors of the vestibular apparatus in individuals predisposed to motion sickness depends on specific features of the activity of the limbico-reticular complex.", "PMID": 311224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2882", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of antineoplastic agents (author's transl)].", "content": "The general basis of pharmacokinetics are summarized with the clinical aims of a better utilisation of drugs by the application pharmacokinetic data. The subject is illustrated by some antineoplastic agents especially on high dose methotrexate regimens and clinical use of 5 FU. A pharmacokinetic model may be described with the first agent but for 5 FU no specific model has yet been demonstrated. Some examples of studies on adriamycin and cytosine arabinoside are then given.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of antineoplastic agents (author's transl)]. The general basis of pharmacokinetics are summarized with the clinical aims of a better utilisation of drugs by the application pharmacokinetic data. The subject is illustrated by some antineoplastic agents especially on high dose methotrexate regimens and clinical use of 5 FU. A pharmacokinetic model may be described with the first agent but for 5 FU no specific model has yet been demonstrated. Some examples of studies on adriamycin and cytosine arabinoside are then given.", "PMID": 311229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2883", "title": "Diet, sunlight, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D in healthy children and adults.", "content": "In 110 white West Midlands children serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations showed a pronounced seasonal variation, the values being highest in August and lowest in February. The concentrations correlated significantly both with recorded sunlight and with seasonal ultraviolet energy of the sunlight. Children who had had a seaside holiday the previous summer had a higher mean 25-OHD concentration than those who had not had a summer holiday away from home. Correlation between vitamin D intake and serum 25-OHD concentration was not significant.", "contents": "Diet, sunlight, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D in healthy children and adults. In 110 white West Midlands children serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations showed a pronounced seasonal variation, the values being highest in August and lowest in February. The concentrations correlated significantly both with recorded sunlight and with seasonal ultraviolet energy of the sunlight. Children who had had a seaside holiday the previous summer had a higher mean 25-OHD concentration than those who had not had a summer holiday away from home. Correlation between vitamin D intake and serum 25-OHD concentration was not significant.", "PMID": 311234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2884", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase containing projections from the basal forebrain to the amygdaloid complex of the rat.", "content": "The origin of the cholinergic innervation to the amygdaloid complex was investigated with the use of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) assay of microdissected nuclei. Visualization of AChE-positive neurones in the ventral forebrain was facilitated by pretreatment of rats with 1.5 mg/kg di-isopropyl phosphofluoridate (DFP). The AChE-positive neurones in the ventral forebrain are distributed in a continuous system from the septum through the lateral preoptic area to the entopeduncular nucleus caudally. Knife cuts or kainic acid injections (1.5 microgram/l microliter) placed in the lateral preoptic area resulted in substantial depletion of the AChE and ChAT content of the amygdala nuclei. Kainic acid injections (1.5 microgram/l microliter) in the diagonal band area or cuts through the stria terminalis dorsally did not significantly modify the AChE staining or ChAT content of the amygdala (although diagonal band injections partially depleted the hippocampus of ChAT). Knife cuts severing both the so-called ventral pathway and the stria terminalis did not produce significantly greater ChAT depletion in the amygdala than those produced by the knife cuts or kainic acid injections in the lateral preoptic area. Parasagittal knife cuts undercutting the lateral pyriform cortex also failed to modify the AChE or ChAT content of the amygdala, but they depleted the undercut cortex of both ChAT and AChE; AChE-positive material accumulated ventrally and medially to the knife cut. It is suggested that the major source of the cholinergic innervation of the amygdala is the magnocellular AChE-positive neurones in the lateral preoptic area and adjacent regions of the ventral forebrain.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase containing projections from the basal forebrain to the amygdaloid complex of the rat. The origin of the cholinergic innervation to the amygdaloid complex was investigated with the use of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) assay of microdissected nuclei. Visualization of AChE-positive neurones in the ventral forebrain was facilitated by pretreatment of rats with 1.5 mg/kg di-isopropyl phosphofluoridate (DFP). The AChE-positive neurones in the ventral forebrain are distributed in a continuous system from the septum through the lateral preoptic area to the entopeduncular nucleus caudally. Knife cuts or kainic acid injections (1.5 microgram/l microliter) placed in the lateral preoptic area resulted in substantial depletion of the AChE and ChAT content of the amygdala nuclei. Kainic acid injections (1.5 microgram/l microliter) in the diagonal band area or cuts through the stria terminalis dorsally did not significantly modify the AChE staining or ChAT content of the amygdala (although diagonal band injections partially depleted the hippocampus of ChAT). Knife cuts severing both the so-called ventral pathway and the stria terminalis did not produce significantly greater ChAT depletion in the amygdala than those produced by the knife cuts or kainic acid injections in the lateral preoptic area. Parasagittal knife cuts undercutting the lateral pyriform cortex also failed to modify the AChE or ChAT content of the amygdala, but they depleted the undercut cortex of both ChAT and AChE; AChE-positive material accumulated ventrally and medially to the knife cut. It is suggested that the major source of the cholinergic innervation of the amygdala is the magnocellular AChE-positive neurones in the lateral preoptic area and adjacent regions of the ventral forebrain.", "PMID": 311237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2885", "title": "Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy. A clinical-pathologic analysis.", "content": "Of 226 patients who had an intraocular lens implanted over a three year period, 6.2% developed bullous keratopathy compared with 2.2% of 90 patients who had a standard cataract extraction performed by the same surgeon. An additional 4.0% of the lens implant patients developed peripheral or intermittent corneal edema. The factors related to the higher incidence of this complication in lens implant patients included corneal touch during implantation, prolonged postoperative iritis and, in cases of mild or peripheral corneal edema without bullous keratopathy, recurrent lens dislocation. The most consistent pathologic findings in 10 corneas that required keratoplasty were epithelial edema and loss of corneal endothelium. Means to prevent this complication are discussed.", "contents": "Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy. A clinical-pathologic analysis. Of 226 patients who had an intraocular lens implanted over a three year period, 6.2% developed bullous keratopathy compared with 2.2% of 90 patients who had a standard cataract extraction performed by the same surgeon. An additional 4.0% of the lens implant patients developed peripheral or intermittent corneal edema. The factors related to the higher incidence of this complication in lens implant patients included corneal touch during implantation, prolonged postoperative iritis and, in cases of mild or peripheral corneal edema without bullous keratopathy, recurrent lens dislocation. The most consistent pathologic findings in 10 corneas that required keratoplasty were epithelial edema and loss of corneal endothelium. Means to prevent this complication are discussed.", "PMID": 311238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2886", "title": "A comparative study of b- and d-waves of the electroretinogram, in frogs (Rana catesbeiana).", "content": "The aim of this study was to compare the b- and d-waves of the ERG, evoked respectively by ON and OFF  stimuli. The experiments were carried out on frogs. The d-wave is facilitated by light adaptation and relatively high stimulus intensity. The depth profiles of b- and d-waves are different. Aspartic acid abolished only the b-wave whereas nembutal affected the d-wave. These results suggested that b- and d-waves were produced by separate neuronal mechanisms, even though both appeared as positive deflection in the corneal ERG and were sensitive to K+ ion.", "contents": "A comparative study of b- and d-waves of the electroretinogram, in frogs (Rana catesbeiana). The aim of this study was to compare the b- and d-waves of the ERG, evoked respectively by ON and OFF  stimuli. The experiments were carried out on frogs. The d-wave is facilitated by light adaptation and relatively high stimulus intensity. The depth profiles of b- and d-waves are different. Aspartic acid abolished only the b-wave whereas nembutal affected the d-wave. These results suggested that b- and d-waves were produced by separate neuronal mechanisms, even though both appeared as positive deflection in the corneal ERG and were sensitive to K+ ion.", "PMID": 311239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2887", "title": "Granulocytosis and colony-stimulating activity (CSA) produced by a human squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "A patient with a squamous cell carcinoma accompanied by a marked granulocytosis (100,000/mm3) of unknown origin was examined for Colony-Stimulating Activity (CSA). The pleural fluid and the tumor extract revealed high CSA. The floating cells in the pleural fluid were successfully transplanted into nude mice as a localized tumor with cyst formation. The tumor invariably caused a marked granulocytosis (100,000--300,000/mm3) with induction of a conspicuous splenic granulopoiesis in the transplanted mice. High CSA were demonstrated in their cystic fluid as well. Media conditioned by the primary cultures of these tumor cells revealed the same CSA, demonstrating the direct production of CSA by the tumor itself. These results indicate the presence of human CSA producing tumor and that such a tumor may in part account for a marked granulocytosis of unknown origin observed in some patients with cancer.", "contents": "Granulocytosis and colony-stimulating activity (CSA) produced by a human squamous cell carcinoma. A patient with a squamous cell carcinoma accompanied by a marked granulocytosis (100,000/mm3) of unknown origin was examined for Colony-Stimulating Activity (CSA). The pleural fluid and the tumor extract revealed high CSA. The floating cells in the pleural fluid were successfully transplanted into nude mice as a localized tumor with cyst formation. The tumor invariably caused a marked granulocytosis (100,000--300,000/mm3) with induction of a conspicuous splenic granulopoiesis in the transplanted mice. High CSA were demonstrated in their cystic fluid as well. Media conditioned by the primary cultures of these tumor cells revealed the same CSA, demonstrating the direct production of CSA by the tumor itself. These results indicate the presence of human CSA producing tumor and that such a tumor may in part account for a marked granulocytosis of unknown origin observed in some patients with cancer.", "PMID": 311241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2888", "title": "T-cell leukemia with thymic involution.", "content": "The prognosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is affected adversely by T-cell markers on the malignant lymphoblasts. Direct involvement of the thymus has been assumed because of frequent mediastinal enlargement in these patients and the important role of the thymus in certain mouse leukemias. We report here an adult with T-cell leukemia and mediastinal enlargement who had physiologic involution of the thymus. The possible role of diphenylhydantoin in the pathogenesis of this disease is reviewed. The possible usefulness of Nu/Nu mouse xenografting for the study of this lethal disorder is discussed.", "contents": "T-cell leukemia with thymic involution. The prognosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is affected adversely by T-cell markers on the malignant lymphoblasts. Direct involvement of the thymus has been assumed because of frequent mediastinal enlargement in these patients and the important role of the thymus in certain mouse leukemias. We report here an adult with T-cell leukemia and mediastinal enlargement who had physiologic involution of the thymus. The possible role of diphenylhydantoin in the pathogenesis of this disease is reviewed. The possible usefulness of Nu/Nu mouse xenografting for the study of this lethal disorder is discussed.", "PMID": 311242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2889", "title": "Cytokinetic comparison of thymidine and leucovorin rescue of marrow in humans after exposure to high-dose methotrexate.", "content": "The cytokinetics of marrow recovery were compared in patients receiving a standard exposure to high-dose methotrexate followed by either thymidine rescue, leucovorin rescue at the doses used in most clinical protocols (10 mg/sq m every 6 hr), or leucovorin rescue at a 5-fold higher dose rate (50 mg/sq m every 6 hr). Thymidine rescue initiated a prompt recovery of DNA synthesis, as detected by [3H]deoxycytidine incorporation, and progression of cells through the cell cycle monitored by flow cytometry, even in the presence of methotrexate levels that prevented initiation of rescue by the lower doses of leucovorin. Dose dependency for leucovorin in vivo in humans was suggested by the observation that the higher leucovorin dose rate was successful in initiating recue within the first 24 hr, whereas the lower dose was not. Recovery of DNA synthesis is more rapid and/or complete with thymidine rescue than with either dose of leucovorin. Thymidine rescue was accomplished without requirement for purines over and above those present in plasma. These results suggest that the kinetics of marrow recovery is quite different for thymidine and leucovorin rescue.", "contents": "Cytokinetic comparison of thymidine and leucovorin rescue of marrow in humans after exposure to high-dose methotrexate. The cytokinetics of marrow recovery were compared in patients receiving a standard exposure to high-dose methotrexate followed by either thymidine rescue, leucovorin rescue at the doses used in most clinical protocols (10 mg/sq m every 6 hr), or leucovorin rescue at a 5-fold higher dose rate (50 mg/sq m every 6 hr). Thymidine rescue initiated a prompt recovery of DNA synthesis, as detected by [3H]deoxycytidine incorporation, and progression of cells through the cell cycle monitored by flow cytometry, even in the presence of methotrexate levels that prevented initiation of rescue by the lower doses of leucovorin. Dose dependency for leucovorin in vivo in humans was suggested by the observation that the higher leucovorin dose rate was successful in initiating recue within the first 24 hr, whereas the lower dose was not. Recovery of DNA synthesis is more rapid and/or complete with thymidine rescue than with either dose of leucovorin. Thymidine rescue was accomplished without requirement for purines over and above those present in plasma. These results suggest that the kinetics of marrow recovery is quite different for thymidine and leucovorin rescue.", "PMID": 311245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2890", "title": "Vincristine effect on methotrexate cerebrospinal fluid concentration.", "content": "A 67-year-old man with malignant lymphoma, nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic type, developed meningeal lymphomatosis. Repeated high-dose methotrexate-citrovorum factor treatment (1 g/m2 in 24 hours) rendered the patient free of disease. The administration of vincristine at 23 hours consistently increased the concentration of methotrexate in the cerebrospinal fluid 2.5-fold above baseline values.", "contents": "Vincristine effect on methotrexate cerebrospinal fluid concentration. A 67-year-old man with malignant lymphoma, nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic type, developed meningeal lymphomatosis. Repeated high-dose methotrexate-citrovorum factor treatment (1 g/m2 in 24 hours) rendered the patient free of disease. The administration of vincristine at 23 hours consistently increased the concentration of methotrexate in the cerebrospinal fluid 2.5-fold above baseline values.", "PMID": 311246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2891", "title": "Differential diagnosis of early opacification of the portal vein and its tributaries during arteriography.", "content": "Twenty-two cases with communication of an artery and the portal vein or one of its tributaries are discussed. Four conditions in which relatively significant arterio-portal shunts may exist can be differentiated: (1) angiodysplasias or arteriovenous malformations, (2) cirrhosis of the liver and inflammatory lesions, (3) traumatic and postoperative lesions, and (4) benign and malignant tumors. The significance of the portal vein's early opacification during arteriographic examinations of the abdominal organs is discussed, and the findings are compared to those reported in the literature.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of early opacification of the portal vein and its tributaries during arteriography. Twenty-two cases with communication of an artery and the portal vein or one of its tributaries are discussed. Four conditions in which relatively significant arterio-portal shunts may exist can be differentiated: (1) angiodysplasias or arteriovenous malformations, (2) cirrhosis of the liver and inflammatory lesions, (3) traumatic and postoperative lesions, and (4) benign and malignant tumors. The significance of the portal vein's early opacification during arteriographic examinations of the abdominal organs is discussed, and the findings are compared to those reported in the literature.", "PMID": 311248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2892", "title": "Catheter dislodgement: a cause of failure of intraarterial vasopressin infusions to control gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Catheter dislodgement is a major cause of technical failures in intraarterial vasopressin therapy for gastrointestinal bleeding. Ten such cases were observed in the past five years. In seven patients catheter dislodgement led to recurrent bleeding during vasopressin infusion. In one patient aortic infusion of vasopressin caused recurrent bleeding and reversible acrocyanosis of the feet, and in two patients vasopressin infusion into the left renal artery resulted in chest pain and hematuria. Catheter dislodgement should be suspected if bleeding that was initially controlled recurs during vasopressin infusion.", "contents": "Catheter dislodgement: a cause of failure of intraarterial vasopressin infusions to control gastrointestinal bleeding. Catheter dislodgement is a major cause of technical failures in intraarterial vasopressin therapy for gastrointestinal bleeding. Ten such cases were observed in the past five years. In seven patients catheter dislodgement led to recurrent bleeding during vasopressin infusion. In one patient aortic infusion of vasopressin caused recurrent bleeding and reversible acrocyanosis of the feet, and in two patients vasopressin infusion into the left renal artery resulted in chest pain and hematuria. Catheter dislodgement should be suspected if bleeding that was initially controlled recurs during vasopressin infusion.", "PMID": 311249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2893", "title": "The early radiologic findings in the adult chest after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.", "content": "Postoperative chest radiographs of 70 adults who had undergone cardiopulmonary bypass surgery were evaluated. The distribution of pulmonary collapse/consolidation and pleural effusions, and the pattern of radiopacities related to drainage tubes were considered. Radiologic manifestations related to sternotomy were noted. Cases with a recorded postoperative blood loss of more than 280 ml/hour and/or an increase in mediastinal width of more than 70% had massive mediastinal hemorrhage that required reoperation. Changes in mediastinal contour were inconsistent, although total loss of mediastinal definition suggested hemorrhage or drainage tube blockage. A left apical extrapleural cap indicated massive mediastinal hemorrhage.", "contents": "The early radiologic findings in the adult chest after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Postoperative chest radiographs of 70 adults who had undergone cardiopulmonary bypass surgery were evaluated. The distribution of pulmonary collapse/consolidation and pleural effusions, and the pattern of radiopacities related to drainage tubes were considered. Radiologic manifestations related to sternotomy were noted. Cases with a recorded postoperative blood loss of more than 280 ml/hour and/or an increase in mediastinal width of more than 70% had massive mediastinal hemorrhage that required reoperation. Changes in mediastinal contour were inconsistent, although total loss of mediastinal definition suggested hemorrhage or drainage tube blockage. A left apical extrapleural cap indicated massive mediastinal hemorrhage.", "PMID": 311250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2894", "title": "The behavior of collateral circulation after coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "The changes in coronary collateral circulation after bypass surgery were analyzed in 50 patients with coronary disease. The demonstration of collateral circulation was found to be dependent upon the severity of the coronary heart disease and the patency of the bypass. When the graft was patent, it was usually not possible to visualize the collateral circulation demonstrated preoperatively. When the bypass was occluded, the same collateral circulation as before surgery was frequently found.", "contents": "The behavior of collateral circulation after coronary artery bypass surgery. The changes in coronary collateral circulation after bypass surgery were analyzed in 50 patients with coronary disease. The demonstration of collateral circulation was found to be dependent upon the severity of the coronary heart disease and the patency of the bypass. When the graft was patent, it was usually not possible to visualize the collateral circulation demonstrated preoperatively. When the bypass was occluded, the same collateral circulation as before surgery was frequently found.", "PMID": 311251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2895", "title": "Efferent connections from the brain to the frontal organ in Rana temporaria demonstrated by labeling with horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "After injection of horseradish peroxidase into the frontal organ of Rana temporaria, labeled perikarya were found in the medial part of the amygdala, the preoptic area, the nucleus rotundus, the pretectal area, and the lateral parts of the midbrain central griseum.", "contents": "Efferent connections from the brain to the frontal organ in Rana temporaria demonstrated by labeling with horseradish peroxidase. After injection of horseradish peroxidase into the frontal organ of Rana temporaria, labeled perikarya were found in the medial part of the amygdala, the preoptic area, the nucleus rotundus, the pretectal area, and the lateral parts of the midbrain central griseum.", "PMID": 311252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2896", "title": "Angiodysplasia of the colon: a cause of rectal bleeding.", "content": "Colonic angiodysplasia is a vascular lesion of the colon that may become the source of low grade chronic or intermittently massive rectal bleeding. It is a lesion of the elderly, almost always found in the cecum and the ascending colon. Etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. The diagnosis can be made with angiography based on the demonstration of a vascular tuft and early opacification of draining veins. Right hemicolectomy is the mode of therapy. The lesions are minute, and in resected specimens they can be found only with special vessel injection techniques. Histologically, the lesions represent clusters of dilated vessels, mostly veins, in the mucosa and submucosa of the cecum and ascending colon.", "contents": "Angiodysplasia of the colon: a cause of rectal bleeding. Colonic angiodysplasia is a vascular lesion of the colon that may become the source of low grade chronic or intermittently massive rectal bleeding. It is a lesion of the elderly, almost always found in the cecum and the ascending colon. Etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. The diagnosis can be made with angiography based on the demonstration of a vascular tuft and early opacification of draining veins. Right hemicolectomy is the mode of therapy. The lesions are minute, and in resected specimens they can be found only with special vessel injection techniques. Histologically, the lesions represent clusters of dilated vessels, mostly veins, in the mucosa and submucosa of the cecum and ascending colon.", "PMID": 311247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2897", "title": "Comparison of vaccination of mice and rats with Haemophilus influenzae and Bordetella pertussis as models of atopy.", "content": "1. Rats and mice were vaccinated with Haemophilus influenzae in different vaccination schedules whereafter blood eosinophils were counted. In rats a single vaccination resulted in a dose-dependent effect on the blood eosinophil count in a pattern comparable with that after Bordetella pertussis vaccination. In a long-term vaccination schedule (five times a week for 5 weeks) rats developed a constant eosinophilia. In mice a single vaccination resulted in an eosinopenia of a consistent pattern which differed from the response after Bordetella pertussis vaccination; in a long-term vaccination schedule, eosinophilia was evoked for a period of about 13 days. 2. Thirty minutes after an adrenaline injection in vaccinated rats and mice with Haemophilus influenzae, hyperglycaemic and eosinophilic responses were measured. The eosinophilic response after adrenaline was inhibited in both species; the hyperglycaemic response in rats was unaltered, in mice the response was slightly but significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased. 3. The sensitivity to several drugs was tested in mice, 5 days after vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae or Bordetella pertussis. Haemophilus influenzae vaccination reduced the isoprenaline sensitivity and increased the noradrenaline sensitivity. Bordetella pertussis vaccination reduced the isoprenaline sensitivity while the sensitivity to histamine and adrenaline was raised. 4. The Haemophilus influenzae vaccinated experimental animal provides a model that is possibly more related to human atopy than the Bordetella pertussis vaccinated animal.", "contents": "Comparison of vaccination of mice and rats with Haemophilus influenzae and Bordetella pertussis as models of atopy. 1. Rats and mice were vaccinated with Haemophilus influenzae in different vaccination schedules whereafter blood eosinophils were counted. In rats a single vaccination resulted in a dose-dependent effect on the blood eosinophil count in a pattern comparable with that after Bordetella pertussis vaccination. In a long-term vaccination schedule (five times a week for 5 weeks) rats developed a constant eosinophilia. In mice a single vaccination resulted in an eosinopenia of a consistent pattern which differed from the response after Bordetella pertussis vaccination; in a long-term vaccination schedule, eosinophilia was evoked for a period of about 13 days. 2. Thirty minutes after an adrenaline injection in vaccinated rats and mice with Haemophilus influenzae, hyperglycaemic and eosinophilic responses were measured. The eosinophilic response after adrenaline was inhibited in both species; the hyperglycaemic response in rats was unaltered, in mice the response was slightly but significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased. 3. The sensitivity to several drugs was tested in mice, 5 days after vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae or Bordetella pertussis. Haemophilus influenzae vaccination reduced the isoprenaline sensitivity and increased the noradrenaline sensitivity. Bordetella pertussis vaccination reduced the isoprenaline sensitivity while the sensitivity to histamine and adrenaline was raised. 4. The Haemophilus influenzae vaccinated experimental animal provides a model that is possibly more related to human atopy than the Bordetella pertussis vaccinated animal.", "PMID": 311260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2898", "title": "Value of computerized tomography scanning in syndromes associated with mental retardation: preliminary report.", "content": "The application of CT scanning in the evaluation of mental retardation syndromes is reviewed. In a representative sample of 35 institutionalized patients, the CT scan showed gross anatomic abnormality in most. However, these findings were diagnostic in only a small minority. Implications of this are discussed. In addition, the potential role of CT in the diagnosis of intercurrent diseases in the mentally retarded is considered.", "contents": "Value of computerized tomography scanning in syndromes associated with mental retardation: preliminary report. The application of CT scanning in the evaluation of mental retardation syndromes is reviewed. In a representative sample of 35 institutionalized patients, the CT scan showed gross anatomic abnormality in most. However, these findings were diagnostic in only a small minority. Implications of this are discussed. In addition, the potential role of CT in the diagnosis of intercurrent diseases in the mentally retarded is considered.", "PMID": 311268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2899", "title": "Recent trends in the immunology of contact sensitivity. I.", "content": "The article reviews the recent experimental data that influenced the present concept of contact sensitivity. Particular emphasis is on the mechanism of stimulation of antigen-inexperienced specific lymphocytes, the eliciting phase, and the role of suppressor cells in sensitization and tolerance.", "contents": "Recent trends in the immunology of contact sensitivity. I. The article reviews the recent experimental data that influenced the present concept of contact sensitivity. Particular emphasis is on the mechanism of stimulation of antigen-inexperienced specific lymphocytes, the eliciting phase, and the role of suppressor cells in sensitization and tolerance.", "PMID": 311269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2900", "title": "The development of the upper end of the femur in multiple hereditary exostosis.", "content": "A roentgenographic study of 50 hips suggests that an increased anteversion-valgus configuration of the upper end of the femur is an intrinsic component and common in multiple hereditary exostosis. In one 8-year-old girl, the increased anteversion-valgus may have accelerated dislocation of a septic arthritic hip.", "contents": "The development of the upper end of the femur in multiple hereditary exostosis. A roentgenographic study of 50 hips suggests that an increased anteversion-valgus configuration of the upper end of the femur is an intrinsic component and common in multiple hereditary exostosis. In one 8-year-old girl, the increased anteversion-valgus may have accelerated dislocation of a septic arthritic hip.", "PMID": 311266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2901", "title": "Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis. A case with heart failure and thrombocytopenia.", "content": "An examination of the skin in a nine day old infant revealed multiple cherry-red superficial hemangiomas, which progressively increased in size and number. At the age of three weeks these skin lesions involved the scalp, trunk, extremities, palms, soles, and buccal mucous membranes. In addition, similar lesions of the liver and gastrointestinal tract were found. Steroids and irradiation were tried with limited success. Finally, hepatic artery ligation was successful in eliminating the heart failure.", "contents": "Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis. A case with heart failure and thrombocytopenia. An examination of the skin in a nine day old infant revealed multiple cherry-red superficial hemangiomas, which progressively increased in size and number. At the age of three weeks these skin lesions involved the scalp, trunk, extremities, palms, soles, and buccal mucous membranes. In addition, similar lesions of the liver and gastrointestinal tract were found. Steroids and irradiation were tried with limited success. Finally, hepatic artery ligation was successful in eliminating the heart failure.", "PMID": 311271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2902", "title": "Infected saphenous vein coronary artery bypass graft with mycotic aneurysm. Fatal dehiscence of the proximal anastomosis.", "content": "A 33-year-old man underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery for relief of angina pectoris. His postoperative course was complicated by hemorrhage and mediastinitis. Death, which occurred after severe hemorrhage from the operative site, was shown at autopsy to be caused by dehiscence of the proximal anastomosis of the right coronary artery graft. The same graft also had a mycotic aneurysm in its midportion. Graft disruption thus appears to be a potential complication of mediastinal infection in patients with saphenous vein bypass grafts.", "contents": "Infected saphenous vein coronary artery bypass graft with mycotic aneurysm. Fatal dehiscence of the proximal anastomosis. A 33-year-old man underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery for relief of angina pectoris. His postoperative course was complicated by hemorrhage and mediastinitis. Death, which occurred after severe hemorrhage from the operative site, was shown at autopsy to be caused by dehiscence of the proximal anastomosis of the right coronary artery graft. The same graft also had a mycotic aneurysm in its midportion. Graft disruption thus appears to be a potential complication of mediastinal infection in patients with saphenous vein bypass grafts.", "PMID": 311272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2903", "title": "A severe, stable obstructive defect in the airways in primary pulmonary histiocytosis X.", "content": "An adult with biopsy-proven primary pulmonary histiocytosis X was followed-up over a period of 8 1/2 years. A severe obstructive defect was manifested by severely reduced rates of flow, a fall in the forced vital capacity from 2.6 L to 1.4 L, and a total lung capacity greater than 100 percent of the predicted normal value on three occasions. The patient has survived two episodes of respiratory failure. Her severe interstitial process may explain the development of obstruction of the airways.", "contents": "A severe, stable obstructive defect in the airways in primary pulmonary histiocytosis X. An adult with biopsy-proven primary pulmonary histiocytosis X was followed-up over a period of 8 1/2 years. A severe obstructive defect was manifested by severely reduced rates of flow, a fall in the forced vital capacity from 2.6 L to 1.4 L, and a total lung capacity greater than 100 percent of the predicted normal value on three occasions. The patient has survived two episodes of respiratory failure. Her severe interstitial process may explain the development of obstruction of the airways.", "PMID": 311273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2904", "title": "The detection of perioperative myocardial infarction in aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "The incidence of myocardial infarction associated with aortocoronary bypass is difficult to determine because of widespread disagreement in evaluating the criteria for its detection. A prospective study consisting of 100 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for aortocoronary bypass was initiated. All patients were evaluated before and after surgery with electrocardiograms, heart scans of the infarct, and determinations of the level of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase. A figure determined to be the upper limit of the expected rise in the level of the isoenzyme resulting from cardiac manipulation was selected, and 20 percent of the patients had more than the expected rise in the enzymatic level. Approximately one-half of these patients had abnormal ECGs or scans (or both) as well. The determination of the level of isoenzyme is very sensitive, and a normal level would exclude infarction. Elevations of concentrations of the enzyme due to minor myocardial cellular alterations are frequent. For this reason, in addition to an elevation of the concentration of the enzyme above the expected rise, the presence of an abnormal scan or ECG (or both) is necessary to make the diagnosis of perioperative infarction.", "contents": "The detection of perioperative myocardial infarction in aortocoronary bypass surgery. The incidence of myocardial infarction associated with aortocoronary bypass is difficult to determine because of widespread disagreement in evaluating the criteria for its detection. A prospective study consisting of 100 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for aortocoronary bypass was initiated. All patients were evaluated before and after surgery with electrocardiograms, heart scans of the infarct, and determinations of the level of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase. A figure determined to be the upper limit of the expected rise in the level of the isoenzyme resulting from cardiac manipulation was selected, and 20 percent of the patients had more than the expected rise in the enzymatic level. Approximately one-half of these patients had abnormal ECGs or scans (or both) as well. The determination of the level of isoenzyme is very sensitive, and a normal level would exclude infarction. Elevations of concentrations of the enzyme due to minor myocardial cellular alterations are frequent. For this reason, in addition to an elevation of the concentration of the enzyme above the expected rise, the presence of an abnormal scan or ECG (or both) is necessary to make the diagnosis of perioperative infarction.", "PMID": 311275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2905", "title": "Function of lymphocytes and monocytes in silicosis.", "content": "The function of lymphocytes and monocytes was compared in a group of 18 ex-sandblasters with silicosis and 19 control subjects. Previously noted depressed lymphocytic proliferation in response to low concentrations of concanavalin A (ConA) in subjects with silicosis was not due to factors in the serum nor correctable by supplementation with allogeneic lymphocytes. Monocytes from the peripheral blood of the subjects with silicosis responded less to a chemotactic stimulus (zymosan-activated serum) than did monocytes from normal laboratory personnel; however, there was no difference in monocytic chemotaxis when groups of similar age were compared. There was a significant correlation between age and the monocytic response to chemotactic stimuli in the studied population (laboratory personnel, silicotic subjects, and age-matched control subjects). Overall, our data suggest subtle effects of silica on selected T-lymphocytic populations involved with responsiveness to the mitogen, concanavalin A, but no effects on monocytic function. Monocytic chemotaxis is unaffected by exposure to silica but is inversely related to age.", "contents": "Function of lymphocytes and monocytes in silicosis. The function of lymphocytes and monocytes was compared in a group of 18 ex-sandblasters with silicosis and 19 control subjects. Previously noted depressed lymphocytic proliferation in response to low concentrations of concanavalin A (ConA) in subjects with silicosis was not due to factors in the serum nor correctable by supplementation with allogeneic lymphocytes. Monocytes from the peripheral blood of the subjects with silicosis responded less to a chemotactic stimulus (zymosan-activated serum) than did monocytes from normal laboratory personnel; however, there was no difference in monocytic chemotaxis when groups of similar age were compared. There was a significant correlation between age and the monocytic response to chemotactic stimuli in the studied population (laboratory personnel, silicotic subjects, and age-matched control subjects). Overall, our data suggest subtle effects of silica on selected T-lymphocytic populations involved with responsiveness to the mitogen, concanavalin A, but no effects on monocytic function. Monocytic chemotaxis is unaffected by exposure to silica but is inversely related to age.", "PMID": 311276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2906", "title": "Effects of indoleamines and their newly identified metabolites on prolactin release in rats.", "content": "Plasma immunoreactive PRL responses to indoleamines and their metabolites were studied in urethane-anesthetized rats. All drugs were injected into the lateral ventricle and blood samples were serially collected from a jugular vein. Serotonin and melatonin caused a significant increase in plasma PRL with peak values at 10-20 min after the injection. Significant increase in plasma PRL were also observed after the administration of 5-hydroxykynurenamine (5-HK), a newly identified serotonin metabolite. The potency of 5-HK was less than that of serotonin but much greater than that of melatonin. In contrast, plasma PRL did not change significantly in response to N-acetyl-5-methoxykynurenamine, another newly identified metabolite of melatonin, or a vehicle solution. Simultaneous administration of melatonin significantly blunted the plasma PRL response to serotonin, whereas the rise in plasma PRL induced by 5-HK was not blunted by melatonin. These results suggest that indoleamines as well as their metabolites play a role in regulating PRL secretion in rats.", "contents": "Effects of indoleamines and their newly identified metabolites on prolactin release in rats. Plasma immunoreactive PRL responses to indoleamines and their metabolites were studied in urethane-anesthetized rats. All drugs were injected into the lateral ventricle and blood samples were serially collected from a jugular vein. Serotonin and melatonin caused a significant increase in plasma PRL with peak values at 10-20 min after the injection. Significant increase in plasma PRL were also observed after the administration of 5-hydroxykynurenamine (5-HK), a newly identified serotonin metabolite. The potency of 5-HK was less than that of serotonin but much greater than that of melatonin. In contrast, plasma PRL did not change significantly in response to N-acetyl-5-methoxykynurenamine, another newly identified metabolite of melatonin, or a vehicle solution. Simultaneous administration of melatonin significantly blunted the plasma PRL response to serotonin, whereas the rise in plasma PRL induced by 5-HK was not blunted by melatonin. These results suggest that indoleamines as well as their metabolites play a role in regulating PRL secretion in rats.", "PMID": 311280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2907", "title": "The effects of the epidermal and fibroblast growth factors on the replicative lifespan of cultured bovine granulosa cells.", "content": "The effects of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the lifespan of cultured bovine granulosa cell cultures have been investigated. Granulosa cell cultures from small follicles (4-7 mm) had a lifespan of 11-12 generations, whereas the lifespan of cultures originating from large follicles did not exceed seven generations. The addition of either EGF or FGF to the medium of cultures originating from small follicles greatly increased the lifetime of the cultures, which can then exceed 60 generations. A similar, although less pronounced, effect was observed with cultures originating from large follicles. The lifespan of granulosa cell cultures depends upon the presence of FGF or EGF in the medium, as the deletion of the mitogens resulted in rapid terminal differentiation and a shortened replicative lifespan. As either FGF or EGF can prolong the replicative lifespan of granulosa cell cultures, it is suggested that limited replicative lifespan when maintained in the absence of mitogens is not so much determined by a fixed rate of mutation as it is by the culture conditions in which the cells are maintained.", "contents": "The effects of the epidermal and fibroblast growth factors on the replicative lifespan of cultured bovine granulosa cells. The effects of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the lifespan of cultured bovine granulosa cell cultures have been investigated. Granulosa cell cultures from small follicles (4-7 mm) had a lifespan of 11-12 generations, whereas the lifespan of cultures originating from large follicles did not exceed seven generations. The addition of either EGF or FGF to the medium of cultures originating from small follicles greatly increased the lifetime of the cultures, which can then exceed 60 generations. A similar, although less pronounced, effect was observed with cultures originating from large follicles. The lifespan of granulosa cell cultures depends upon the presence of FGF or EGF in the medium, as the deletion of the mitogens resulted in rapid terminal differentiation and a shortened replicative lifespan. As either FGF or EGF can prolong the replicative lifespan of granulosa cell cultures, it is suggested that limited replicative lifespan when maintained in the absence of mitogens is not so much determined by a fixed rate of mutation as it is by the culture conditions in which the cells are maintained.", "PMID": 311281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2908", "title": "Elevation of serum prolactin levels after the inhibition of serotonin uptake.", "content": "Although earlier investigators showed that serotonin produced an elevation in serum PRL, recent studies indicate that serotonergic mechanisms are not of importance, at least in older adult animals, in the tonic regulation of serum PRL levels. As the activity of neuronal pathways may vary in activity at different chronological ages, the present study was undertaken to further evaluate the role of serotonergic pathways in the regulation of serum PRL levels. During the course of the study, animals in two different weight ranges were studied. In the initial studies, young male rats in the 120- to 170-g range were studied, while in later studies male rats in the 250-340-g weight range were utilized. In rats weighing 120-170 g, the administration of fluoxetine (Lilly 110140), an inhibitor of serotonin uptake, produced a significant elevation of serum PRL which persisted for at least 8 h. At the same time, diencephalon 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were decreased, providing evidence of the effectiveness of the drug treatment. Methysergide completely blocked the effect of fluoxetine and markedly suppressed serum PRL concentration. In agreement with the results of others, fluoxetine did not produce an increase in serum PRL in older male rats (250-340 g). However, fluoxetine seemed to suppress the circadian elevation of serum PRL in these older rats. These data provide evidence that serotonergic pathways may be of more importance in the tonic regulation of serum PRL in young male Sprague-Dawley rats. The specific pathways involved cannot be determined from these studies.", "contents": "Elevation of serum prolactin levels after the inhibition of serotonin uptake. Although earlier investigators showed that serotonin produced an elevation in serum PRL, recent studies indicate that serotonergic mechanisms are not of importance, at least in older adult animals, in the tonic regulation of serum PRL levels. As the activity of neuronal pathways may vary in activity at different chronological ages, the present study was undertaken to further evaluate the role of serotonergic pathways in the regulation of serum PRL levels. During the course of the study, animals in two different weight ranges were studied. In the initial studies, young male rats in the 120- to 170-g range were studied, while in later studies male rats in the 250-340-g weight range were utilized. In rats weighing 120-170 g, the administration of fluoxetine (Lilly 110140), an inhibitor of serotonin uptake, produced a significant elevation of serum PRL which persisted for at least 8 h. At the same time, diencephalon 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were decreased, providing evidence of the effectiveness of the drug treatment. Methysergide completely blocked the effect of fluoxetine and markedly suppressed serum PRL concentration. In agreement with the results of others, fluoxetine did not produce an increase in serum PRL in older male rats (250-340 g). However, fluoxetine seemed to suppress the circadian elevation of serum PRL in these older rats. These data provide evidence that serotonergic pathways may be of more importance in the tonic regulation of serum PRL in young male Sprague-Dawley rats. The specific pathways involved cannot be determined from these studies.", "PMID": 311282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2909", "title": "Modification of DNA in chromatin with methyltransferase from Haemophilus influenzae Rd.", "content": "The accessibility of DNA in nucleosome dimers (as a model of the chromosomal chain of nucleosomes) was determined by means of modification methylases from Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Using these enzymes, the rate of modification of nucleosome dimers is about one fifth the rate observed with protein-free DNA from chromatin subunit dimers. Methylated DNA sites in nucleosome dimers are readily accessible to micrococcal nuclease. The analysis of the fragment pattern of nucleosomes after methylation and mild nuclease treatment reveals that the methylated sites are predominantly located in the internucleosomal linker DNA. Polylysine binding experiments further support this interpretation. This compound preferentially interacts with the nucleosomal core DNA and protects it against internal cleavage. It neither affects the degradation of methylated sites drastically nor does it inhibit the methylation of nucleosome dimers. Thus, a combination of protection, cleavage and modification is proposed as a useful tool for the analysis of the structure of chromatin.", "contents": "Modification of DNA in chromatin with methyltransferase from Haemophilus influenzae Rd. The accessibility of DNA in nucleosome dimers (as a model of the chromosomal chain of nucleosomes) was determined by means of modification methylases from Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Using these enzymes, the rate of modification of nucleosome dimers is about one fifth the rate observed with protein-free DNA from chromatin subunit dimers. Methylated DNA sites in nucleosome dimers are readily accessible to micrococcal nuclease. The analysis of the fragment pattern of nucleosomes after methylation and mild nuclease treatment reveals that the methylated sites are predominantly located in the internucleosomal linker DNA. Polylysine binding experiments further support this interpretation. This compound preferentially interacts with the nucleosomal core DNA and protects it against internal cleavage. It neither affects the degradation of methylated sites drastically nor does it inhibit the methylation of nucleosome dimers. Thus, a combination of protection, cleavage and modification is proposed as a useful tool for the analysis of the structure of chromatin.", "PMID": 311284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2910", "title": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis and bactericidal power in a child with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E.", "content": "An 11-year-old boy with a life-long history of atopic-like dermatitis and recurrent staphylococcal abscesses was found to have defective neutrophil chemotaxis, impaired-T-lymphocyte functions, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and delayed neutrophil bactericidal power. This latter defect has never been found in such patients. The patient's mother revealed a panhypogammaglobulinemia, while his sister and maternal grandmother who had repeated infections were immunologically normal.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis and bactericidal power in a child with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. An 11-year-old boy with a life-long history of atopic-like dermatitis and recurrent staphylococcal abscesses was found to have defective neutrophil chemotaxis, impaired-T-lymphocyte functions, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and delayed neutrophil bactericidal power. This latter defect has never been found in such patients. The patient's mother revealed a panhypogammaglobulinemia, while his sister and maternal grandmother who had repeated infections were immunologically normal.", "PMID": 311285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2911", "title": "Immune evaluation with skin tests in prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "By intradermal injection of 3 recall antigens, nonspecific secondary cell immunity was studied in 61 patients with prostatic carcinomas. Immune competence is lower in patients with metastatic disease. Skin tests have a short-term prognostical value.", "contents": "Immune evaluation with skin tests in prostatic carcinoma. By intradermal injection of 3 recall antigens, nonspecific secondary cell immunity was studied in 61 patients with prostatic carcinomas. Immune competence is lower in patients with metastatic disease. Skin tests have a short-term prognostical value.", "PMID": 311286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2912", "title": "Exercise ECG in evaluation of aortocoronary bypass surgery; report on 66 patients.", "content": "To evaluate the relationship of functional results after aortocoronary saphenous bypass surgery, 66 patients of age 33--65 yr (mean 52) underwent a standarized bicycle exercise test before and an average of 14 mth after operation. Capacity of exercise was correlated with symptomatic response and graft patency. Group exercise tolerance was significantly improved after operation, and was about 60% of that of a population-based series of 52-yr-old men [6]. After operation 74% of the patients could exercise to fatigue without apparent limiting cardiac symptoms, while 26% still were incapacitated because of angina. Improvement in tolerance for exercise correlated with symptomatic improvement as well as patency of the grafts; patients with no grafts remaining patent showed no improvement in exercise performance.", "contents": "Exercise ECG in evaluation of aortocoronary bypass surgery; report on 66 patients. To evaluate the relationship of functional results after aortocoronary saphenous bypass surgery, 66 patients of age 33--65 yr (mean 52) underwent a standarized bicycle exercise test before and an average of 14 mth after operation. Capacity of exercise was correlated with symptomatic response and graft patency. Group exercise tolerance was significantly improved after operation, and was about 60% of that of a population-based series of 52-yr-old men [6]. After operation 74% of the patients could exercise to fatigue without apparent limiting cardiac symptoms, while 26% still were incapacitated because of angina. Improvement in tolerance for exercise correlated with symptomatic improvement as well as patency of the grafts; patients with no grafts remaining patent showed no improvement in exercise performance.", "PMID": 311289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2913", "title": "Transient left anterior hemiblock during angina pectoris: coronarographic aspects and clinical significance.", "content": "The data of 6 patients in whom a left anterior hemiblock appeared in the course of angina pectoris attacks were reviewed. All 6 patients were found to fulfill the criteria for unstable angina. 1 patient who presented the features of Prinzmetal variant angina was included in this group. Coronary arteriography showed significant coronary artery disease in all 6 patients involving 3 vessels in 2 patients, 2 vessels in 1 and 1 vessel in 3. A severe lesion (70--100%) of the left anterior descending artery in the vicinity of the first perforator was demonstrated in every case. The 2 patients with 3-vessel disease were not operable and died 4 and 5 days after the hemodynamic study. These deaths were caused by myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock in one case and intractable ventricular arrhythmias in the other case. 4 patients were operable and underwent aortocoronary saphenous bypass surgery. There were 2 operative deaths. The 2 survivors are asymptomatic 7 and 16 mth after surgery. This study suggest that transient left anterior hemiblock during an attack of angina pectoris may be a feature of impending myocardial infarction and may be indicative of a severe obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery.", "contents": "Transient left anterior hemiblock during angina pectoris: coronarographic aspects and clinical significance. The data of 6 patients in whom a left anterior hemiblock appeared in the course of angina pectoris attacks were reviewed. All 6 patients were found to fulfill the criteria for unstable angina. 1 patient who presented the features of Prinzmetal variant angina was included in this group. Coronary arteriography showed significant coronary artery disease in all 6 patients involving 3 vessels in 2 patients, 2 vessels in 1 and 1 vessel in 3. A severe lesion (70--100%) of the left anterior descending artery in the vicinity of the first perforator was demonstrated in every case. The 2 patients with 3-vessel disease were not operable and died 4 and 5 days after the hemodynamic study. These deaths were caused by myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock in one case and intractable ventricular arrhythmias in the other case. 4 patients were operable and underwent aortocoronary saphenous bypass surgery. There were 2 operative deaths. The 2 survivors are asymptomatic 7 and 16 mth after surgery. This study suggest that transient left anterior hemiblock during an attack of angina pectoris may be a feature of impending myocardial infarction and may be indicative of a severe obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery.", "PMID": 311290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2914", "title": "Granulopoietic increase by BCG in mice.", "content": "Repeated doses of the non-specific immunostimulant BCG were injected intraperitoneally, followed by serial measurement of serum colony stimulating factor (CSF), and CFU-C number and percent synthesizing DNA. Following primary challenge with BCG, CSF remained at low levels until day 7, rose to a peak by day 10, and remained elevated through 14 days. Secondary challenge resulted in a bi-phasic CSF response with a small peak on day 1 and a larger one by day 7. Following secondary challenge, the percent of CFU-C in 'S' phase doubled in 24 hours; CFU-C significantly increased in number by 48 hours. The studies suggest that the marrow toxicity of cycle active cytotoxic drugs might be altered by non-specific immunostimulants such as BCG.", "contents": "Granulopoietic increase by BCG in mice. Repeated doses of the non-specific immunostimulant BCG were injected intraperitoneally, followed by serial measurement of serum colony stimulating factor (CSF), and CFU-C number and percent synthesizing DNA. Following primary challenge with BCG, CSF remained at low levels until day 7, rose to a peak by day 10, and remained elevated through 14 days. Secondary challenge resulted in a bi-phasic CSF response with a small peak on day 1 and a larger one by day 7. Following secondary challenge, the percent of CFU-C in 'S' phase doubled in 24 hours; CFU-C significantly increased in number by 48 hours. The studies suggest that the marrow toxicity of cycle active cytotoxic drugs might be altered by non-specific immunostimulants such as BCG.", "PMID": 311291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2915", "title": "Distribution of retinal axons within the lateral hypothalamic area.", "content": "Intraocular injections of tritiated leucine were performed in normal and in unilaterally enucleated adult albino rats. Light microscopical evaluation of the autoradiograms revealed evidence for retinal afferents to distribute within a rather circumscribed area of the lateral hypothalamus. The silver grains were consistently, however, observed only in the group of enucleated animals, indicating differential transport under basic and experimental conditions.", "contents": "Distribution of retinal axons within the lateral hypothalamic area. Intraocular injections of tritiated leucine were performed in normal and in unilaterally enucleated adult albino rats. Light microscopical evaluation of the autoradiograms revealed evidence for retinal afferents to distribute within a rather circumscribed area of the lateral hypothalamus. The silver grains were consistently, however, observed only in the group of enucleated animals, indicating differential transport under basic and experimental conditions.", "PMID": 311292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2916", "title": "Diencephalic binocular wide field neurons in the frog.", "content": "Single binocular neurons were recorded in the frog diencephalon (area dorsalis posterior and area ventralis thalami). These neurons respond to any moving stimulus from 1 degree 30 to 32 degrees in diameter, without directional selectivity and to an ON-OFF light stimulation. They are not activated by stationary objects. Habituation is also commonly observed. The most important feature of these neurons is their wide receptive field which covers the whole visual field of the frog. Evidence that these neurons receive inputs from each tectum is discussed.", "contents": "Diencephalic binocular wide field neurons in the frog. Single binocular neurons were recorded in the frog diencephalon (area dorsalis posterior and area ventralis thalami). These neurons respond to any moving stimulus from 1 degree 30 to 32 degrees in diameter, without directional selectivity and to an ON-OFF light stimulation. They are not activated by stationary objects. Habituation is also commonly observed. The most important feature of these neurons is their wide receptive field which covers the whole visual field of the frog. Evidence that these neurons receive inputs from each tectum is discussed.", "PMID": 311293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2917", "title": "Satellite cells in denervated muscles.", "content": "It is known that, in a denervated striated muscle, the satellite cells multiply by mitotic division. A liaison between these satellite cells and the Schwann cell in front of the post-synaptic membrane in denervated frog muscle has been observed. It is probable that such cell connections help in the subsistence of the Schwann cell in a denervated muscle.", "contents": "Satellite cells in denervated muscles. It is known that, in a denervated striated muscle, the satellite cells multiply by mitotic division. A liaison between these satellite cells and the Schwann cell in front of the post-synaptic membrane in denervated frog muscle has been observed. It is probable that such cell connections help in the subsistence of the Schwann cell in a denervated muscle.", "PMID": 311295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2918", "title": "Laser Doppler microscope in an oblique-backward mode and pulsatile blood flow velocity in pulmonary arteriole.", "content": "Blood flow velocity, pulsatile in correspondence to cardiac events, in pulmonary arterioles of anesthetized bullfrogs could be measured on lung surfaces covered with a water-containing plastic disc by means of a laser Droppler microscope arranged in an oblique-backward mode.", "contents": "Laser Doppler microscope in an oblique-backward mode and pulsatile blood flow velocity in pulmonary arteriole. Blood flow velocity, pulsatile in correspondence to cardiac events, in pulmonary arterioles of anesthetized bullfrogs could be measured on lung surfaces covered with a water-containing plastic disc by means of a laser Droppler microscope arranged in an oblique-backward mode.", "PMID": 311296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2919", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase in human lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "The levels of membrane alkaline phosphatase have been measured on different lymphocyte fractions from human peripheral blood separated on bovine serum albumin discontinuous gradients. The peak in enzyme activity was observed in a non-T-, non-B-cell fraction, rich in \"null\" lymphocytes; the lowest values were found in the fraction with the highest proportion of T-cells.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase in human lymphocyte subpopulations. The levels of membrane alkaline phosphatase have been measured on different lymphocyte fractions from human peripheral blood separated on bovine serum albumin discontinuous gradients. The peak in enzyme activity was observed in a non-T-, non-B-cell fraction, rich in \"null\" lymphocytes; the lowest values were found in the fraction with the highest proportion of T-cells.", "PMID": 311297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2920", "title": "[Chemical and pharmaceutical research on pyran derivatives. X. Synthesis of 1-oxo-2-alkyl-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1b]pyrans].", "content": "When reaction of N,N-dialkyl-alpha-ethoxycarbonyl-alpha-alkylacetamides with beta-naphthol in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride was carried out in chlorobenzene at reflux, formation of 1-oxo-2-alkyl-3-dialkyl-amino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans was achieved together with some other products whose structure was defined. Moreover, substitution of the 2 position of 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H\"naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans with chlorine or cyano group as well as the preparation of 1-thio-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans was obtained by suitable chemical methods. Pharmacological screening of these compounds showed the lack of psychotropic activity of the corresponding 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans.", "contents": "[Chemical and pharmaceutical research on pyran derivatives. X. Synthesis of 1-oxo-2-alkyl-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1b]pyrans]. When reaction of N,N-dialkyl-alpha-ethoxycarbonyl-alpha-alkylacetamides with beta-naphthol in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride was carried out in chlorobenzene at reflux, formation of 1-oxo-2-alkyl-3-dialkyl-amino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans was achieved together with some other products whose structure was defined. Moreover, substitution of the 2 position of 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H\"naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans with chlorine or cyano group as well as the preparation of 1-thio-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans was obtained by suitable chemical methods. Pharmacological screening of these compounds showed the lack of psychotropic activity of the corresponding 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans.", "PMID": 311298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2921", "title": "[Synthesis and pharmacologic activity of benzothiopyranopyrazole and benzothiopyranoisoxazole carboxamides].", "content": "A series of carboxamides of benzotiopyranopyrazoles and benzothiiopyranoisoxazoles was synthesized starting from benzothiopyran-4-one-3-methylglyoxylates through two synthetic methods and tested for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and cardiovascular activity. Some of these compounds display pronounced antiarrhythmic activity.", "contents": "[Synthesis and pharmacologic activity of benzothiopyranopyrazole and benzothiopyranoisoxazole carboxamides]. A series of carboxamides of benzotiopyranopyrazoles and benzothiiopyranoisoxazoles was synthesized starting from benzothiopyran-4-one-3-methylglyoxylates through two synthetic methods and tested for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and cardiovascular activity. Some of these compounds display pronounced antiarrhythmic activity.", "PMID": 311299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2922", "title": "[Synthesis of 2,6-substituted derivatives of 5H-1.3.4-thiadiazolo[3,2a]-s-triazine-5,7-dione].", "content": "The synthesis of derivatives of 5H-1,3,4-thiadiazolo[3,2-a]-s-triazine-5,7-dione substituted in position 2 and 6 is described. The compounds were subjected to pharmacological screening, and some were found to possess antiinflammatory and antipyretic properties.", "contents": "[Synthesis of 2,6-substituted derivatives of 5H-1.3.4-thiadiazolo[3,2a]-s-triazine-5,7-dione]. The synthesis of derivatives of 5H-1,3,4-thiadiazolo[3,2-a]-s-triazine-5,7-dione substituted in position 2 and 6 is described. The compounds were subjected to pharmacological screening, and some were found to possess antiinflammatory and antipyretic properties.", "PMID": 311300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2923", "title": "Diflunisal, a new-acting analgesic and prostaglandin inhibitor: effect of concomitant acetylsalicylic acid therapy on ototoxicity and on disposition of both drugs.", "content": "Intermittent and concomitant acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) therapy was superimposed onto a 21-day regimen with diflunisal 250 mg b.i.d. Low doses of ASA (600 mg single dose or 300 mg q.i.d.) did not influence signficantly diflunisal blood levels whereas a 600 mg q.i.d. dosing caused a small significant drop, especially at trough level. This drop is not expected to be clinically significant. No ototoxicity could be demonstrated with any treatment of diflunisal though four of fourteen subjects reported mild tinnitus during concomitant therapy at the higher doses of ASA. Diflunisal at 375 mg b.i.d. failed to alter the metabolism of a single dose of labelled ASA (600 mg) as judged by plasma levels, urinary excretion and plasma binding. Daily urinary excretion of prostaglandins E1 and E2 major metabolite was decreased by about 70% by diflunisal.", "contents": "Diflunisal, a new-acting analgesic and prostaglandin inhibitor: effect of concomitant acetylsalicylic acid therapy on ototoxicity and on disposition of both drugs. Intermittent and concomitant acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) therapy was superimposed onto a 21-day regimen with diflunisal 250 mg b.i.d. Low doses of ASA (600 mg single dose or 300 mg q.i.d.) did not influence signficantly diflunisal blood levels whereas a 600 mg q.i.d. dosing caused a small significant drop, especially at trough level. This drop is not expected to be clinically significant. No ototoxicity could be demonstrated with any treatment of diflunisal though four of fourteen subjects reported mild tinnitus during concomitant therapy at the higher doses of ASA. Diflunisal at 375 mg b.i.d. failed to alter the metabolism of a single dose of labelled ASA (600 mg) as judged by plasma levels, urinary excretion and plasma binding. Daily urinary excretion of prostaglandins E1 and E2 major metabolite was decreased by about 70% by diflunisal.", "PMID": 311303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2924", "title": "[Pregnancy after portocaval shunt operation. A case of report and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute variceal haemorrhage due to portal hypertension in chronic liver disease is the most fatal maternal complication when pregnancy occurs. These risks can be avoided when a shuntoperation is performed before or during pregnancy. 26 cases of uncomplicated pregnancies after shuntoperations have been reported in the literature. Another one is added.", "contents": "[Pregnancy after portocaval shunt operation. A case of report and review of the literature (author's transl)]. Acute variceal haemorrhage due to portal hypertension in chronic liver disease is the most fatal maternal complication when pregnancy occurs. These risks can be avoided when a shuntoperation is performed before or during pregnancy. 26 cases of uncomplicated pregnancies after shuntoperations have been reported in the literature. Another one is added.", "PMID": 311306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2925", "title": "Mitogenicity of fetal calf serum.", "content": "The mitogenic effect of fetal calf serum (FCS) has been studied. Human lymphocytes, especially cord blood cells, undergo blastogenesis in media supplemented with FCS. The mitogenic effect is exerted on non-T (B and null) lymphocytes, but not on T cells. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) successfully substitutes for FCS in mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis. Unlike FCS, it has no mitogenic properties.", "contents": "Mitogenicity of fetal calf serum. The mitogenic effect of fetal calf serum (FCS) has been studied. Human lymphocytes, especially cord blood cells, undergo blastogenesis in media supplemented with FCS. The mitogenic effect is exerted on non-T (B and null) lymphocytes, but not on T cells. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) successfully substitutes for FCS in mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis. Unlike FCS, it has no mitogenic properties.", "PMID": 311308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2926", "title": "[Correlations between lymphocyte subpopulation and stage of disease in chronic lymphatic leukemia of Rai].", "content": "T- and B-lymphocytes have been studied in 36 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL). Each 12 cases remained untreated or were treated with chlorambucil or extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECIB). The patients were classified according to the staging system proposed by Rai et al. In all groups we found significantly elevated B- and T-cells. There was no correlation between the stage of the disease and the proportion of lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes were reduced significantly by ECIB, whereas T-lymphocytes have not been influenced.", "contents": "[Correlations between lymphocyte subpopulation and stage of disease in chronic lymphatic leukemia of Rai]. T- and B-lymphocytes have been studied in 36 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL). Each 12 cases remained untreated or were treated with chlorambucil or extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECIB). The patients were classified according to the staging system proposed by Rai et al. In all groups we found significantly elevated B- and T-cells. There was no correlation between the stage of the disease and the proportion of lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes were reduced significantly by ECIB, whereas T-lymphocytes have not been influenced.", "PMID": 311309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2927", "title": "II. Mechanism of increased colony formation of CFU-S and CFU-C after in vivo PHA administration in mice.", "content": "In vivo administration of 3 mg PHA-M results in an increase in spleen colonies due to an augmented seeding of CFU-S into the spleen. An increase in the number of CFU-S in the developing nine-day spleen colonies also occurred together with a slight increase in the number of CFU-S in DNA-S phase 24 hours after PHA-M administration. The increased colony formation was due to an increased number of CFU-C from the early culture period onwards but could not be explained by an increase in the number of CFU-C in DNA/S phase. The release of colony-stimulating substances was proved but this only partially accounted for the observed rise in bone marrow CFU-C.", "contents": "II. Mechanism of increased colony formation of CFU-S and CFU-C after in vivo PHA administration in mice. In vivo administration of 3 mg PHA-M results in an increase in spleen colonies due to an augmented seeding of CFU-S into the spleen. An increase in the number of CFU-S in the developing nine-day spleen colonies also occurred together with a slight increase in the number of CFU-S in DNA-S phase 24 hours after PHA-M administration. The increased colony formation was due to an increased number of CFU-C from the early culture period onwards but could not be explained by an increase in the number of CFU-C in DNA/S phase. The release of colony-stimulating substances was proved but this only partially accounted for the observed rise in bone marrow CFU-C.", "PMID": 311310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2928", "title": "[Coronary collaterals and function of the left ventricle. Practical applications of a collateral score].", "content": "The most important collateral pathways in the coronary artery system goes through the apex, the ventricular septum, left and right atrial branches and the ventricular wall of the left ventricle. In a collective of 52 patients who underwent aortocoronary-bypass surgery we controlled the collateral circulation and left ventricle function. Patients with multiple-vessel-disease had in 71% good collateral circulation and the collateral score was more than twice as high as in patients with one-vessel-disease. In addition we compared the LVEDP in these 52 operated patients and in 52, whose condition did not permit coronary surgery. The enddiastolic pressure is lower in patients with good collaterals and was also better in patients who underwent surgery.", "contents": "[Coronary collaterals and function of the left ventricle. Practical applications of a collateral score]. The most important collateral pathways in the coronary artery system goes through the apex, the ventricular septum, left and right atrial branches and the ventricular wall of the left ventricle. In a collective of 52 patients who underwent aortocoronary-bypass surgery we controlled the collateral circulation and left ventricle function. Patients with multiple-vessel-disease had in 71% good collateral circulation and the collateral score was more than twice as high as in patients with one-vessel-disease. In addition we compared the LVEDP in these 52 operated patients and in 52, whose condition did not permit coronary surgery. The enddiastolic pressure is lower in patients with good collaterals and was also better in patients who underwent surgery.", "PMID": 311312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2929", "title": "[Ecogenetics].", "content": "Some examples of ecogenetics--including pharmacogenetics--demonstrate the tremendous variability in genetic constitution within a population as well as between different populations. They are the reason for different atypical responses to xenobiotics, synthetics like drugs, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, industrial irritation, smog, cigarettes, alcohol, as well as naturally occurring substances like aflatoxines. It is unknown to what extent individuals differ in their susceptibilities and which genetic consequences of exposure of the human population to toxic environmental agents will occur. It is referred to genetic traits causing a predisposition for atypical reactions against chemicals of different structure as well as to the mutagenic and inductive action of such compounds. In this connection, population genetic aspects will be considered. All examples have to be seen in the context of ecogenetics, the genetically determined individual differences in adverse responses to environmental pollutants, and they are of special interest for preventive and industrial medicine.", "contents": "[Ecogenetics]. Some examples of ecogenetics--including pharmacogenetics--demonstrate the tremendous variability in genetic constitution within a population as well as between different populations. They are the reason for different atypical responses to xenobiotics, synthetics like drugs, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, industrial irritation, smog, cigarettes, alcohol, as well as naturally occurring substances like aflatoxines. It is unknown to what extent individuals differ in their susceptibilities and which genetic consequences of exposure of the human population to toxic environmental agents will occur. It is referred to genetic traits causing a predisposition for atypical reactions against chemicals of different structure as well as to the mutagenic and inductive action of such compounds. In this connection, population genetic aspects will be considered. All examples have to be seen in the context of ecogenetics, the genetically determined individual differences in adverse responses to environmental pollutants, and they are of special interest for preventive and industrial medicine.", "PMID": 311313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2930", "title": "[Multiple sclerosis in computer tomography of the brain (author's transl)].", "content": "Tissue changes were examined in detail via computerised tomography (matrix 160 X 160) in 28 patients with neurologically established encephalomyelitis disseminata. In the majority of cases, demyelinisation was not characteristic of the predominant pathologico-anatomical substrate, ventricular extension with diffuse atrophy but without demyelinisation being the leading sign. However, if the disseminated disease became manifest with foci of demyelinisation, these presented a preferably periventricular pattern.", "contents": "[Multiple sclerosis in computer tomography of the brain (author's transl)]. Tissue changes were examined in detail via computerised tomography (matrix 160 X 160) in 28 patients with neurologically established encephalomyelitis disseminata. In the majority of cases, demyelinisation was not characteristic of the predominant pathologico-anatomical substrate, ventricular extension with diffuse atrophy but without demyelinisation being the leading sign. However, if the disseminated disease became manifest with foci of demyelinisation, these presented a preferably periventricular pattern.", "PMID": 311314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2931", "title": "Computer analysis of defined populations of lymphocytes irradiated in vitro. III. Evaluation of human T and B cells of peripheral blood origin.", "content": "The radiosensitivities of lymphocytes of peripheral blood origin obtained from two healthy 45 year old male donors were studied simultaneously at yearly intervals over a three year period. Hypaque-Ficoll purified cells were exposed in vitro to 0, 5, 50, and 500 rads and then evaluated serially for viability of T and B cells, responsiveness to PHA and Con A, and morphologic evidence of injury as documented by standard light microscopy and computer assisted morphometric analysis. The results showed that T cells in both subjects were less radiosensitive than B cells. Differences between the two subjects also existed in the radiosensitivity of these two subpopulations of lymphocytes, differences that remained constant over the three years period of observation. The differences correlated with similar discrepancies in mitogenic responsiveness and are thought to relate to variations in the relative proportions of subpopulations of T and B cells. In the mouse, T and B cell subpopulations differ in radiosensitivity. The data reported herein are consistent with a similar situation in man.", "contents": "Computer analysis of defined populations of lymphocytes irradiated in vitro. III. Evaluation of human T and B cells of peripheral blood origin. The radiosensitivities of lymphocytes of peripheral blood origin obtained from two healthy 45 year old male donors were studied simultaneously at yearly intervals over a three year period. Hypaque-Ficoll purified cells were exposed in vitro to 0, 5, 50, and 500 rads and then evaluated serially for viability of T and B cells, responsiveness to PHA and Con A, and morphologic evidence of injury as documented by standard light microscopy and computer assisted morphometric analysis. The results showed that T cells in both subjects were less radiosensitive than B cells. Differences between the two subjects also existed in the radiosensitivity of these two subpopulations of lymphocytes, differences that remained constant over the three years period of observation. The differences correlated with similar discrepancies in mitogenic responsiveness and are thought to relate to variations in the relative proportions of subpopulations of T and B cells. In the mouse, T and B cell subpopulations differ in radiosensitivity. The data reported herein are consistent with a similar situation in man.", "PMID": 311330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2932", "title": "An improved micro-method for enumeration of human B-cell rosettes with mouse red blood cells.", "content": "A micro-method for enumerating B-lymphocytes in human peripheral blood is described, using formation of rosettes with mouse red blood cells as a B-cell marker. The optimal conditions for the enumeration of mouse red cell rosette forming cells have been defined. By this method, it was possible to utilize less than 1ml of peripheral blood (venous or capillary) for simultaneous enumeration of both T-cell and B-cell rosettes. Our study of human lymphoid cell lines, thymic cells, lymphocytes from agammaglobulinemia, and severe combined immunodeficiency has provided additional evidence that lymphocyte rosetting with mouse red blood cells represent B-lymphocytes.", "contents": "An improved micro-method for enumeration of human B-cell rosettes with mouse red blood cells. A micro-method for enumerating B-lymphocytes in human peripheral blood is described, using formation of rosettes with mouse red blood cells as a B-cell marker. The optimal conditions for the enumeration of mouse red cell rosette forming cells have been defined. By this method, it was possible to utilize less than 1ml of peripheral blood (venous or capillary) for simultaneous enumeration of both T-cell and B-cell rosettes. Our study of human lymphoid cell lines, thymic cells, lymphocytes from agammaglobulinemia, and severe combined immunodeficiency has provided additional evidence that lymphocyte rosetting with mouse red blood cells represent B-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 311332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2933", "title": "Isolation of human T lymphocytes by a negative selection procedure.", "content": "A single step method to isolate human T lymphocytes was achieved using a rosette technique to deplete non-T lymphocytes. Erythrocytes coated simultaneously with IgG and complement were used to form rosettes with cells bearing such receptors during a short incubation period and the rosetting cells removed by gradient centrifugation. T lymphocytes were isolated (greater than 96% T cells) without exposing to much experimental manipulations and in good recovery (mean 60%, range 40-75%).", "contents": "Isolation of human T lymphocytes by a negative selection procedure. A single step method to isolate human T lymphocytes was achieved using a rosette technique to deplete non-T lymphocytes. Erythrocytes coated simultaneously with IgG and complement were used to form rosettes with cells bearing such receptors during a short incubation period and the rosetting cells removed by gradient centrifugation. T lymphocytes were isolated (greater than 96% T cells) without exposing to much experimental manipulations and in good recovery (mean 60%, range 40-75%).", "PMID": 311333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2934", "title": "Enhancement by muramyl dipeptide of in vitro nude mice responses to a T-dependent antigen.", "content": "N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (referred to as MDP for muramyl dipeptide) has been shown to enhance in vivo and in vitro immune responses to various antigens. It has previously been reported that in the case of T-dependent antigens, the adjuvant activity of MDP was mediated by a helper T-cell. Our present findings demonstrate that in vitro responses of nude mice spleen cells to T-independent, TNP-PAA or T-dependent SRBC can also be markedly increased by this synthetic adjuvant. Moreover, under the same conditions, MDP produced polyclonal activation.", "contents": "Enhancement by muramyl dipeptide of in vitro nude mice responses to a T-dependent antigen. N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (referred to as MDP for muramyl dipeptide) has been shown to enhance in vivo and in vitro immune responses to various antigens. It has previously been reported that in the case of T-dependent antigens, the adjuvant activity of MDP was mediated by a helper T-cell. Our present findings demonstrate that in vitro responses of nude mice spleen cells to T-independent, TNP-PAA or T-dependent SRBC can also be markedly increased by this synthetic adjuvant. Moreover, under the same conditions, MDP produced polyclonal activation.", "PMID": 311334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2935", "title": "Sera from volunteers immunized by planned blood transfusions as source of DR cytotoxic typing reagents.", "content": "Sera from volunteers immunized with planned blood transfusions were tested for anti DR cytotoxic antibodies with a panel of HLA typed cultured human lymphoid cells using a variety of serological techniques. The majority of sera contained DR cytotoxic antibodies. The specificity of DR antibodies in seven sera was determined by testing them with a panel of B peripheral lymphocytes typed with DR alloantisera submitted to the 7th International Histocompatibility Workshop. The temporal evolution of DR and HLA-A and B cytotoxic antibodies was determined in two subjects by testing serial bleedings with B lymphoid cells, coated with Fab2 fragments from anti beta 2 mu and anti DR xenoantisera. Results indicated a parallel evolution of DR and HLA-A and B cytotoxic antibodies.", "contents": "Sera from volunteers immunized by planned blood transfusions as source of DR cytotoxic typing reagents. Sera from volunteers immunized with planned blood transfusions were tested for anti DR cytotoxic antibodies with a panel of HLA typed cultured human lymphoid cells using a variety of serological techniques. The majority of sera contained DR cytotoxic antibodies. The specificity of DR antibodies in seven sera was determined by testing them with a panel of B peripheral lymphocytes typed with DR alloantisera submitted to the 7th International Histocompatibility Workshop. The temporal evolution of DR and HLA-A and B cytotoxic antibodies was determined in two subjects by testing serial bleedings with B lymphoid cells, coated with Fab2 fragments from anti beta 2 mu and anti DR xenoantisera. Results indicated a parallel evolution of DR and HLA-A and B cytotoxic antibodies.", "PMID": 311335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2936", "title": "The mechanism of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity. VI. T-cell projections and their role in target cell killing.", "content": "Electron micrographs of material fixed during the first 10 min of a T-cell cytotoxic system showed T-cell projections and T-cell burrowing into target cells. These observations were made possible by using a system with a very high rate of killing. The projections vary in shape and size, and can push deeply into the target cell, distorting organelles in their path, including the nucleus. The projections contain fine fibrillar material, to the exclusion of organelles. They push the target cell membrane in front of them to form pockets approximating to the shape of the projection. Areas of close contact occur between the projections and the target cell membrane, particularly at the leading edges. The likelihood that these projections develop as a result of contact with specific antigen, and are involved in the cytotoxic mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "The mechanism of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity. VI. T-cell projections and their role in target cell killing. Electron micrographs of material fixed during the first 10 min of a T-cell cytotoxic system showed T-cell projections and T-cell burrowing into target cells. These observations were made possible by using a system with a very high rate of killing. The projections vary in shape and size, and can push deeply into the target cell, distorting organelles in their path, including the nucleus. The projections contain fine fibrillar material, to the exclusion of organelles. They push the target cell membrane in front of them to form pockets approximating to the shape of the projection. Areas of close contact occur between the projections and the target cell membrane, particularly at the leading edges. The likelihood that these projections develop as a result of contact with specific antigen, and are involved in the cytotoxic mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 311336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2937", "title": "The influence of antigen dose on IgE production in different rat strains.", "content": "Strain differences in total serum IgE levels and IgE antibody responses to various amounts of antigen were studied in rats. Five inbred strains (BN, Wistar R/A, DA, LEW, PVG), (Wistar R/A x BN)F1 and (LEW x BN) F1 hybrids were immunized twice at an interval of 28 days by intraperitoneal injection of 10 ng, 100 ng, 1 microgram, 10 microgram, 100 microgram or 1 mg ovalbumin and 1 mg A1(OH)3 in a volume of 0.5 ml. Total serum IgE and IgE antibody levels were followed. Both parameters were measured with a solid phase radioimmunoassay. A significant difference was observed in total IgE levels between the different strains. The IgE antibody response depended both on the strain and on the amount of antigen used for immunization. There was an optimal antigen dose for IgE antibody formation, differing from strain to strain. F1 hybrids had total IgE levels and IgE responses intermediary between those of the two parent strains. A good correlation existed between the total serum IgE level before immunization and the magnitude of the optimum IgE antibody responses in the different strains. These results suggest that there may be a genetic influence on both parameters, the total IgE level and the specific IgE antibody response. The IgE antibody response is also dependent on the dose of antigen.", "contents": "The influence of antigen dose on IgE production in different rat strains. Strain differences in total serum IgE levels and IgE antibody responses to various amounts of antigen were studied in rats. Five inbred strains (BN, Wistar R/A, DA, LEW, PVG), (Wistar R/A x BN)F1 and (LEW x BN) F1 hybrids were immunized twice at an interval of 28 days by intraperitoneal injection of 10 ng, 100 ng, 1 microgram, 10 microgram, 100 microgram or 1 mg ovalbumin and 1 mg A1(OH)3 in a volume of 0.5 ml. Total serum IgE and IgE antibody levels were followed. Both parameters were measured with a solid phase radioimmunoassay. A significant difference was observed in total IgE levels between the different strains. The IgE antibody response depended both on the strain and on the amount of antigen used for immunization. There was an optimal antigen dose for IgE antibody formation, differing from strain to strain. F1 hybrids had total IgE levels and IgE responses intermediary between those of the two parent strains. A good correlation existed between the total serum IgE level before immunization and the magnitude of the optimum IgE antibody responses in the different strains. These results suggest that there may be a genetic influence on both parameters, the total IgE level and the specific IgE antibody response. The IgE antibody response is also dependent on the dose of antigen.", "PMID": 311337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2938", "title": "Guinea-pig lymphotoxin resistant L-cell sublines.", "content": "Guinea-pig lymphotoxin (GLT)-resistant L-cell sublines were isolated, and the altered properties were characterized. Two of them (No. 1 and No. 2 cells) showed the lowest capacity to absorb GLT and substantially reduced ability to bind labelled Ricinus communis agglutinin (RcA). Both the cell-surface proteins and glycoproteins of No. 2 cells were found to be quite different from those of parental L cells. The glycoprotein of molecular weight 140,000, which specifically bound to RcA-Sepharose, was missing in the No. 2 cells extract. These results indicate that the glycoprotein of molecular weight 140,000 is the most probable candidate for the receptor molecule for GLT, and that No. 2 cells and probably No. 1 cells are GLT receptor-deficient cells.", "contents": "Guinea-pig lymphotoxin resistant L-cell sublines. Guinea-pig lymphotoxin (GLT)-resistant L-cell sublines were isolated, and the altered properties were characterized. Two of them (No. 1 and No. 2 cells) showed the lowest capacity to absorb GLT and substantially reduced ability to bind labelled Ricinus communis agglutinin (RcA). Both the cell-surface proteins and glycoproteins of No. 2 cells were found to be quite different from those of parental L cells. The glycoprotein of molecular weight 140,000, which specifically bound to RcA-Sepharose, was missing in the No. 2 cells extract. These results indicate that the glycoprotein of molecular weight 140,000 is the most probable candidate for the receptor molecule for GLT, and that No. 2 cells and probably No. 1 cells are GLT receptor-deficient cells.", "PMID": 311338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2939", "title": "Cellular immunity against Semliki Forest virus in mice.", "content": "Intracutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice with purified inactivated Semliki Forest virus resulted in cellular immunity without detectable antibodies. The animals were protected against subcutaneous challenge, from which the challenge virus spreads slowly. After intraperitoneal challenge, which permits a rapid virus spread, the protection was marginal. Stimulation of the intraperitoneal cell population with thioglycolate before challenge resulted in complete protection. The protection could be transferred to normal mice with peripheral lymph node cells, but not with spleen cells. The course of the infection in immunized and normal mice was also studied. Semliki Forest virus does not multiply in peritoneal cells in vivo. In immunized mice part of the challenge virus in the peritoneal cavity was rapidly eliminated and viremia was reduced. After challenge, immunized mice produced less antibody than normal mice.", "contents": "Cellular immunity against Semliki Forest virus in mice. Intracutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice with purified inactivated Semliki Forest virus resulted in cellular immunity without detectable antibodies. The animals were protected against subcutaneous challenge, from which the challenge virus spreads slowly. After intraperitoneal challenge, which permits a rapid virus spread, the protection was marginal. Stimulation of the intraperitoneal cell population with thioglycolate before challenge resulted in complete protection. The protection could be transferred to normal mice with peripheral lymph node cells, but not with spleen cells. The course of the infection in immunized and normal mice was also studied. Semliki Forest virus does not multiply in peritoneal cells in vivo. In immunized mice part of the challenge virus in the peritoneal cavity was rapidly eliminated and viremia was reduced. After challenge, immunized mice produced less antibody than normal mice.", "PMID": 311341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2940", "title": "Splenomegaly in murine trypanosomiasis: T cell-dependent phenomenon.", "content": "Splenomegaly resulting from Trypanosoma musculi infection was found to be dependent upon a functioning T-lymphocyte system. When both humoral and cell-mediated immune systems were suppressed by treatment with cyclophosphamide 2 days after infection, splenomegaly was inhibited for about 6 days. However, when only humoral immunity was suppressed by treatment with cyclophosphamide 3 days before infection, splenomegaly still occurred. In addition, splenomegaly was absent in congenitally athymic nude mice. Nude mice and immunologically intact heterozygote mice were also sacrificed at varying times after infection, and spleens were examined histologically. A lymphocytic hyperplasia was observed in immunologically intact mice but not in nude mice. These data indicate that splenomegaly of T. musculi infections is T cell dependent and that splenomegaly is the result of a proliferation of B and/or T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Splenomegaly in murine trypanosomiasis: T cell-dependent phenomenon. Splenomegaly resulting from Trypanosoma musculi infection was found to be dependent upon a functioning T-lymphocyte system. When both humoral and cell-mediated immune systems were suppressed by treatment with cyclophosphamide 2 days after infection, splenomegaly was inhibited for about 6 days. However, when only humoral immunity was suppressed by treatment with cyclophosphamide 3 days before infection, splenomegaly still occurred. In addition, splenomegaly was absent in congenitally athymic nude mice. Nude mice and immunologically intact heterozygote mice were also sacrificed at varying times after infection, and spleens were examined histologically. A lymphocytic hyperplasia was observed in immunologically intact mice but not in nude mice. These data indicate that splenomegaly of T. musculi infections is T cell dependent and that splenomegaly is the result of a proliferation of B and/or T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 311342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2941", "title": "Stimulation of T-independent antibody responses by hapten-lipopolysaccharides without repeating polymeric structure.", "content": "The murine immune response to a haptenated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) lacking repeating oligosaccharide determinants was studied. The LPS was extracted from a rough strain of bacteria (Salmonella minnesota R595) and chemically haptenated with either trinitrophenol or fluorescein isothiocyanate. These preparations of hapten-R595 LPS were shown to be immunogenic. Furthermore, the immune response to the hapten was demonstrated to occur independent of T cells and was not merely the result of enhanced polyclonal B-cell activation. The capacity of such hapten-LPS conjugates without repeating polymeric structures to stimulate T-independent antibody responses provides information on the molecular requirements for the activation of murine B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Stimulation of T-independent antibody responses by hapten-lipopolysaccharides without repeating polymeric structure. The murine immune response to a haptenated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) lacking repeating oligosaccharide determinants was studied. The LPS was extracted from a rough strain of bacteria (Salmonella minnesota R595) and chemically haptenated with either trinitrophenol or fluorescein isothiocyanate. These preparations of hapten-R595 LPS were shown to be immunogenic. Furthermore, the immune response to the hapten was demonstrated to occur independent of T cells and was not merely the result of enhanced polyclonal B-cell activation. The capacity of such hapten-LPS conjugates without repeating polymeric structures to stimulate T-independent antibody responses provides information on the molecular requirements for the activation of murine B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 311343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2942", "title": "Interactions between immune cells and antibody in protection from fatal Sindbis virus encephalitis.", "content": "Transfer of anti-Sindbis virus serum, obtained from peripherally inoculated donors, protected mice from an otherwise fatal intracerebral infection with neuroadapted Sindbis virus (NSV). F(ab)'2 preparations of serum were not protective, indicating that the Fc piece of immunoglobulin G was important. Complement-depleted animals were protected with anti-NSV serum, ruling out as essential the complement-fixing function of the Fc piece. The presence of protective antibody correlated with the ability of serum to inhibit T-cell cytotoxicity. However, experiments using athymic nude mice showed that T cells played no role in killing the mice since the 50% lethal dose was the same as that in normal BALB/c mice, and that T cells were not required for protection since athymic nude mice were protected with antibody alone. Cyclophosphamide treatment of NSV-infected mice ablated the protective capacity of anti-NSV serum. Therefore, a non-T cell, cyclophosphamide-sensitive cell was required for antibody-mediated protection.", "contents": "Interactions between immune cells and antibody in protection from fatal Sindbis virus encephalitis. Transfer of anti-Sindbis virus serum, obtained from peripherally inoculated donors, protected mice from an otherwise fatal intracerebral infection with neuroadapted Sindbis virus (NSV). F(ab)'2 preparations of serum were not protective, indicating that the Fc piece of immunoglobulin G was important. Complement-depleted animals were protected with anti-NSV serum, ruling out as essential the complement-fixing function of the Fc piece. The presence of protective antibody correlated with the ability of serum to inhibit T-cell cytotoxicity. However, experiments using athymic nude mice showed that T cells played no role in killing the mice since the 50% lethal dose was the same as that in normal BALB/c mice, and that T cells were not required for protection since athymic nude mice were protected with antibody alone. Cyclophosphamide treatment of NSV-infected mice ablated the protective capacity of anti-NSV serum. Therefore, a non-T cell, cyclophosphamide-sensitive cell was required for antibody-mediated protection.", "PMID": 311344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2943", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response to bacterial products in human tonsils and peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphoproliferative responses of tonsillar tissue lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin and specific bacterial product antigens were studied in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Tonsillar tissue lymphocytes responded to optimal concentrations of phytohemagglutinin. Varidase, and streptolysin-O in a manner similar to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Higher base-line mitogenic activity in tonsillar lymphocytes was frequently associated with the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the tonsils. Tonsillar tissue lymphocytes from 23% of the subjects with the highest base-line mitogenic activity manifested a decreased response to in vitro stimulation with mitogens or antigens. In subjects with such preactivated tonsillar lymphocytes, the proliferative responsiveness of blood lymphocytes to mitogen and antigens was markedly increased after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. These observations suggest the existence of in vitro correlates of cellular immunity to bacterial products in the mucosal surfaces. In addition, it is proposed that tonsils may possess immunosuppressive activity for peripheral blood lymphocytes, which may be related to local tonsillar infections.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response to bacterial products in human tonsils and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphoproliferative responses of tonsillar tissue lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin and specific bacterial product antigens were studied in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Tonsillar tissue lymphocytes responded to optimal concentrations of phytohemagglutinin. Varidase, and streptolysin-O in a manner similar to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Higher base-line mitogenic activity in tonsillar lymphocytes was frequently associated with the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the tonsils. Tonsillar tissue lymphocytes from 23% of the subjects with the highest base-line mitogenic activity manifested a decreased response to in vitro stimulation with mitogens or antigens. In subjects with such preactivated tonsillar lymphocytes, the proliferative responsiveness of blood lymphocytes to mitogen and antigens was markedly increased after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. These observations suggest the existence of in vitro correlates of cellular immunity to bacterial products in the mucosal surfaces. In addition, it is proposed that tonsils may possess immunosuppressive activity for peripheral blood lymphocytes, which may be related to local tonsillar infections.", "PMID": 311345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2944", "title": "Thymic dependence of immunity to Eimeria falciformis var. pragensis in mice.", "content": "Athymic (nude) mice, their normal littermates, and Swiss white mice were infected with 750 oocysts of Eimeria falciformis var. pragensis and reinfected twice with 20,000 oocysts, 20 and 40 days after the primary infection. The prepatent and patent periods of the primary infection were similar in each group of mice; however, the athymic mice discharged more oocysts. The normal littermates and Swiss white mice developed immunity to the parasite after the first or second infection, whereas the athymic mice never developed immunity. Infection with E. falciformis var. pragensis induced the production of antibodies in the normal littermates and Swiss white mice, whereas antibody production was impaired in athymic mice. Passive administration of immune serum did not protect athymic mice from reinfection by the parasite. Immunity to the parasite was thymus dependent, and \"effector\" T-lymphocytes seemed to be required for protection.", "contents": "Thymic dependence of immunity to Eimeria falciformis var. pragensis in mice. Athymic (nude) mice, their normal littermates, and Swiss white mice were infected with 750 oocysts of Eimeria falciformis var. pragensis and reinfected twice with 20,000 oocysts, 20 and 40 days after the primary infection. The prepatent and patent periods of the primary infection were similar in each group of mice; however, the athymic mice discharged more oocysts. The normal littermates and Swiss white mice developed immunity to the parasite after the first or second infection, whereas the athymic mice never developed immunity. Infection with E. falciformis var. pragensis induced the production of antibodies in the normal littermates and Swiss white mice, whereas antibody production was impaired in athymic mice. Passive administration of immune serum did not protect athymic mice from reinfection by the parasite. Immunity to the parasite was thymus dependent, and \"effector\" T-lymphocytes seemed to be required for protection.", "PMID": 311346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2945", "title": "Cooperative effects in mitogen- and antigen-induced responses of human peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into T cell-enriched and T cell-depleted fractions by E rosette sedimentation. These two fractions, as well as the unseparated lymphocyte suspension, were tested for their responsiveness to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and to the antigens PPD (purified protein derivative of tuberculin) and tetanus toxoid. The response to PHA, ConA and the antigens was found to be confined to the purified T cell fraction; PWM could stimulate both purified T and non-T cells. However, the T cell response to ConA, PPD and tetanus toxoid was always decreased by 50-70%, when compared to the unseparated lymphocytes. Addition of monocytes could restore the T cell response. In the response to PHA and tetanus toxoid, the (primarily unresponsive) non-T cell fraction could be recruited into proliferation by gamma-irradiated T cells. Moreover, in the response to tetanus toxoid, lymphocytes (T as well as non-T) from a nonimmune individual could be recruited into proliferation by gamma-irradiated immune T cells.", "contents": "Cooperative effects in mitogen- and antigen-induced responses of human peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into T cell-enriched and T cell-depleted fractions by E rosette sedimentation. These two fractions, as well as the unseparated lymphocyte suspension, were tested for their responsiveness to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and to the antigens PPD (purified protein derivative of tuberculin) and tetanus toxoid. The response to PHA, ConA and the antigens was found to be confined to the purified T cell fraction; PWM could stimulate both purified T and non-T cells. However, the T cell response to ConA, PPD and tetanus toxoid was always decreased by 50-70%, when compared to the unseparated lymphocytes. Addition of monocytes could restore the T cell response. In the response to PHA and tetanus toxoid, the (primarily unresponsive) non-T cell fraction could be recruited into proliferation by gamma-irradiated T cells. Moreover, in the response to tetanus toxoid, lymphocytes (T as well as non-T) from a nonimmune individual could be recruited into proliferation by gamma-irradiated immune T cells.", "PMID": 311347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2946", "title": "Lymphocyte stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate in atopic and non-atopic individuals.", "content": "Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was found to be a potent stimulator of DNA synthesis in human whole blood cell cultures. Stimulation with pokeweed mitogen was strongly enhanced by addition of PMA-activated cells. PMA responsiveness varied with age, being low or absent in newborns and very pronounced in adults. In atopic children, PMA responsiveness was normal or increased. The ratio of phytohemagglutinin to PMA responsiveness was significantly reduced in cultures from such children. This finding would be compatible with the hypothesis of a relative suppressor cell deficiency in atopic disease. The results of tests designed to detect suppressor and helper cell activity, added further support to this hypothesis.", "contents": "Lymphocyte stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate in atopic and non-atopic individuals. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was found to be a potent stimulator of DNA synthesis in human whole blood cell cultures. Stimulation with pokeweed mitogen was strongly enhanced by addition of PMA-activated cells. PMA responsiveness varied with age, being low or absent in newborns and very pronounced in adults. In atopic children, PMA responsiveness was normal or increased. The ratio of phytohemagglutinin to PMA responsiveness was significantly reduced in cultures from such children. This finding would be compatible with the hypothesis of a relative suppressor cell deficiency in atopic disease. The results of tests designed to detect suppressor and helper cell activity, added further support to this hypothesis.", "PMID": 311348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2947", "title": "Immunological studies in patients with alopecia areata.", "content": "Cellular and humoral immune parameters were studied in 10 patients with alopecia areata totalis and universalis. Trends to low normal immunoglobulins levels and in vitro lymphocyte transformation to concanavalin A were observed. Serum CH-50 levels and skin test responses to mumps, candida, trichophytin and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) not found in vitro. 1 patient with alopecia universalis of 33 years duration developed hair at the site of DNCB skin testing. The findings point to rather subtle immune defects in patients with this disease.", "contents": "Immunological studies in patients with alopecia areata. Cellular and humoral immune parameters were studied in 10 patients with alopecia areata totalis and universalis. Trends to low normal immunoglobulins levels and in vitro lymphocyte transformation to concanavalin A were observed. Serum CH-50 levels and skin test responses to mumps, candida, trichophytin and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) not found in vitro. 1 patient with alopecia universalis of 33 years duration developed hair at the site of DNCB skin testing. The findings point to rather subtle immune defects in patients with this disease.", "PMID": 311349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2948", "title": "Alterations in granulation tissue growth induced in vivo by lymphocytes from adjuvant-diseased rats.", "content": "Lymph node cells from Lewis and Wistar rats, treated 9 or 11 days previously with Freund's complete (FCA) or incomplete adjuvant (FIA), were transferred into polyether sponges implanted subcutaneously into syngeneic, recipient rats. FCA-treated lymphocytes enhanced or reduced granuloma formation (measured after 8 days), when compared with FIA-treated controls, depending on the strain of mycobacterium present in the FCA. The stimulatory effects of lymphocytes from FCA-treated, Lewis rats were abolished by pre-incubation with mitomycin C (25 microgram/ml). Whole serum and isolated serum immunoglobulin from adjuvant-diseased rats had no effect on the sponge granulomas. These data confirm that cell-mediated immunity is involved in the articular granuloma formation of adjuvant arthritis.", "contents": "Alterations in granulation tissue growth induced in vivo by lymphocytes from adjuvant-diseased rats. Lymph node cells from Lewis and Wistar rats, treated 9 or 11 days previously with Freund's complete (FCA) or incomplete adjuvant (FIA), were transferred into polyether sponges implanted subcutaneously into syngeneic, recipient rats. FCA-treated lymphocytes enhanced or reduced granuloma formation (measured after 8 days), when compared with FIA-treated controls, depending on the strain of mycobacterium present in the FCA. The stimulatory effects of lymphocytes from FCA-treated, Lewis rats were abolished by pre-incubation with mitomycin C (25 microgram/ml). Whole serum and isolated serum immunoglobulin from adjuvant-diseased rats had no effect on the sponge granulomas. These data confirm that cell-mediated immunity is involved in the articular granuloma formation of adjuvant arthritis.", "PMID": 311350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2949", "title": "Sensitization of guinea pigs to levamisole.", "content": "Levamisole, an anti-helminthic drug used also as an immunostimulating agent, has been found to be a potent skin sensitizer in experimental animal models. Sensitization is associated with marked T-lymphocyte proliferation in the draining lymph node. It is suggested that immunostimulation through increase in the T-lymphocyte population could be a function of the strong sensitization induced by this compound.", "contents": "Sensitization of guinea pigs to levamisole. Levamisole, an anti-helminthic drug used also as an immunostimulating agent, has been found to be a potent skin sensitizer in experimental animal models. Sensitization is associated with marked T-lymphocyte proliferation in the draining lymph node. It is suggested that immunostimulation through increase in the T-lymphocyte population could be a function of the strong sensitization induced by this compound.", "PMID": 311351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2950", "title": "Delayed type hypersensitivity to allogeneic cells in mice. II. Cell transfer studies.", "content": "Sensitivity to allogeneic cell surface antigens was transferred to naive mice by lymphoid cells from sensitized mice. Sensitivity was detected 24-48 h after antigen challenge and was associated with a mononuclear cell infiltration. The cells responsible for transfer were T lymphocytes as demonstrated by successful transfer with cell suspensions enriched for T lymphocytes, and by abrogation of transfer following treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement. Both Lyl+ and Ly2+3+ bearing T cells were involved. Removal of Ia+ cells had no effect on the ability of sensitized lymphoid cells to transfer the reaction to naive mice.", "contents": "Delayed type hypersensitivity to allogeneic cells in mice. II. Cell transfer studies. Sensitivity to allogeneic cell surface antigens was transferred to naive mice by lymphoid cells from sensitized mice. Sensitivity was detected 24-48 h after antigen challenge and was associated with a mononuclear cell infiltration. The cells responsible for transfer were T lymphocytes as demonstrated by successful transfer with cell suspensions enriched for T lymphocytes, and by abrogation of transfer following treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement. Both Lyl+ and Ly2+3+ bearing T cells were involved. Removal of Ia+ cells had no effect on the ability of sensitized lymphoid cells to transfer the reaction to naive mice.", "PMID": 311353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2951", "title": "Spectral studies on two genetic forms of the human serum proteinase inhibitor, alpha-1-antitrypsin.", "content": "alpha-1-antitrypsin, the major inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes in human serum, was isolated from normal individuals (protease inhibitor type MM) and from those with an inherited deficiency (protease inhibitor type ZZ) of circulatory protein. The two proteins were compared by circular dichroism spectroscopy, and by fluorescence quenching experiments using anionic (I-), and neutral (acrylamide) probes. Both proteins share a similar secondary structure, i.e. approximately 45--50% alpha-helix and 15--20% beta-structure. Evidence was accumulated to show that the microenvironment in the vicinity of the three tryptophanyl residues is altered in Z form as compared to the M form as shown by (a) the absence of the positive dichroic band in the region 290--300 nm of the circular dichroism spectra, (b) a greater than 50% increase in quantum yield in the tryptophanyl fluorescence emission spectra, (c) an increased accessibility of tryptophan to quenching by iodide, and (d) acrylamide quenching experiments which indicate that all tryptophanyl residues in the Z protein are quenched equally or that quenching is dominated by a single residue, while in the M protein, heterogeneous quenching occurs. The potential significance of these findings in terms of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency state are discussed.", "contents": "Spectral studies on two genetic forms of the human serum proteinase inhibitor, alpha-1-antitrypsin. alpha-1-antitrypsin, the major inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes in human serum, was isolated from normal individuals (protease inhibitor type MM) and from those with an inherited deficiency (protease inhibitor type ZZ) of circulatory protein. The two proteins were compared by circular dichroism spectroscopy, and by fluorescence quenching experiments using anionic (I-), and neutral (acrylamide) probes. Both proteins share a similar secondary structure, i.e. approximately 45--50% alpha-helix and 15--20% beta-structure. Evidence was accumulated to show that the microenvironment in the vicinity of the three tryptophanyl residues is altered in Z form as compared to the M form as shown by (a) the absence of the positive dichroic band in the region 290--300 nm of the circular dichroism spectra, (b) a greater than 50% increase in quantum yield in the tryptophanyl fluorescence emission spectra, (c) an increased accessibility of tryptophan to quenching by iodide, and (d) acrylamide quenching experiments which indicate that all tryptophanyl residues in the Z protein are quenched equally or that quenching is dominated by a single residue, while in the M protein, heterogeneous quenching occurs. The potential significance of these findings in terms of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency state are discussed.", "PMID": 311355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2952", "title": "Intraocular levels of cefamandole compared with cefazolin after subconjunctival injection in rabbits.", "content": "We compared the intraocular pharmacokinetics of cefazolin with those of cefamandole, a recently marketed cephalosporin with enhanced activity against gram-negative bacilli. Following subconjunctival injection of 12.5 mg into infected eyes (S. aureus endophthalmitis) of pigmented rabbits, both drugs reached peak concentrations greater than 100 microgram/gm in cornea, sclera, and choroid-retina. The half-life was markedly shorter in sclera and choroid-retina than in cornea. Levels in the aqueous humor rose and fell more slowly than those in ocular tissues, reaching a maximum of only 5 to 10 microgram/ml. The pharmacokinetics of the two drugs were virtually identical in most intraocular sites. When cefazolin, which was less irritating than cefamandole by the subconjunctival route, was given in a dosage of 100 mg, levels in ocular tissues were increased by twofold to fourfold and in aqueous humor by 15-fold, compared to the concentrations produced by the 12.5 mg dosage. Levels in the vitreous humor were exceedingly low with both drugs; mean peak concentrations were 0.24 microgram/ml after the 12.5 mg dosage of cefamandole and less than 1.6 microgram/ml after the 100 mg dose of cefazolin.", "contents": "Intraocular levels of cefamandole compared with cefazolin after subconjunctival injection in rabbits. We compared the intraocular pharmacokinetics of cefazolin with those of cefamandole, a recently marketed cephalosporin with enhanced activity against gram-negative bacilli. Following subconjunctival injection of 12.5 mg into infected eyes (S. aureus endophthalmitis) of pigmented rabbits, both drugs reached peak concentrations greater than 100 microgram/gm in cornea, sclera, and choroid-retina. The half-life was markedly shorter in sclera and choroid-retina than in cornea. Levels in the aqueous humor rose and fell more slowly than those in ocular tissues, reaching a maximum of only 5 to 10 microgram/ml. The pharmacokinetics of the two drugs were virtually identical in most intraocular sites. When cefazolin, which was less irritating than cefamandole by the subconjunctival route, was given in a dosage of 100 mg, levels in ocular tissues were increased by twofold to fourfold and in aqueous humor by 15-fold, compared to the concentrations produced by the 12.5 mg dosage. Levels in the vitreous humor were exceedingly low with both drugs; mean peak concentrations were 0.24 microgram/ml after the 12.5 mg dosage of cefamandole and less than 1.6 microgram/ml after the 100 mg dose of cefazolin.", "PMID": 311356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2953", "title": "Immune competence assessment in hyperbilirubinemic newborns before and after phototherapy.", "content": "Tests for immune competence in normal and hyperbilirubinemic newborns--before and after phototherapy--were assessed. The lymphoproliferative response to PHA-M in hyperbilirubinemic infants was inhibited in the presence of autologous plasma in comparison with normal infants and normal adults. The phototherapy does not seem to inhibit the lymphoproliferative response. After phototherapy, an increased level of IgM and a slight decrease in IgG concentration were found. These data support the possibility that phototherapy is not contraindicated during septic hyperbilirubinemia.", "contents": "Immune competence assessment in hyperbilirubinemic newborns before and after phototherapy. Tests for immune competence in normal and hyperbilirubinemic newborns--before and after phototherapy--were assessed. The lymphoproliferative response to PHA-M in hyperbilirubinemic infants was inhibited in the presence of autologous plasma in comparison with normal infants and normal adults. The phototherapy does not seem to inhibit the lymphoproliferative response. After phototherapy, an increased level of IgM and a slight decrease in IgG concentration were found. These data support the possibility that phototherapy is not contraindicated during septic hyperbilirubinemia.", "PMID": 311357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2954", "title": "Modified chromogenic alpha-amylase assay for sprouted wheat.", "content": "Sensitivity of a test in which a commercially available substrate was used for the assay of alpha-amylase in sprouted wheat has been increased by the use of optimally buffered (pH 6.20) Cibacron-Blue dyed amylose at 60 degrees C. With the modified test, measurable alpha-amylase levels were in the range of 3--30 millidextrinizing units (mDU) as compared to the 10--90 mDU range in a test previously reported for bread wheats. The modification extends the use of the test to evaluation of sprout damage in wheats used in the manufacture of Japanese noodles and sponge cakes.", "contents": "Modified chromogenic alpha-amylase assay for sprouted wheat. Sensitivity of a test in which a commercially available substrate was used for the assay of alpha-amylase in sprouted wheat has been increased by the use of optimally buffered (pH 6.20) Cibacron-Blue dyed amylose at 60 degrees C. With the modified test, measurable alpha-amylase levels were in the range of 3--30 millidextrinizing units (mDU) as compared to the 10--90 mDU range in a test previously reported for bread wheats. The modification extends the use of the test to evaluation of sprout damage in wheats used in the manufacture of Japanese noodles and sponge cakes.", "PMID": 311358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2955", "title": "Control of aldehyde synthesis in the luminous bacterium Beneckea harveyi.", "content": "Some of the Beneckea harveyi dim aldehyde mutants, all of which emit light upon addition of exogenous long-chain aldehyde, also emit light when myristic acid is added. Analysis of these myristic acid-responsive mutants indicates that they are blocked before fatty acid formation, whereas another class of mutants, which respond only to aldehyde, appear to be defective in the enzyme(s) involved in the conversion of acid to aldehyde. Evidence is presented that this activity, designated myristic acid reductase, is coinduced with luciferase and is involved in the recycling of acid produced in the luciferase reaction, with specificity for the C14 compounds.", "contents": "Control of aldehyde synthesis in the luminous bacterium Beneckea harveyi. Some of the Beneckea harveyi dim aldehyde mutants, all of which emit light upon addition of exogenous long-chain aldehyde, also emit light when myristic acid is added. Analysis of these myristic acid-responsive mutants indicates that they are blocked before fatty acid formation, whereas another class of mutants, which respond only to aldehyde, appear to be defective in the enzyme(s) involved in the conversion of acid to aldehyde. Evidence is presented that this activity, designated myristic acid reductase, is coinduced with luciferase and is involved in the recycling of acid produced in the luciferase reaction, with specificity for the C14 compounds.", "PMID": 311359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2956", "title": "Approaches to reliability in a clinical simulation study.", "content": "Discusses the reliability of measurements made by 48 raters who used the Problem Dysfunction Rating Scale (PDRS) under simulated routine clinical record-keeping conditions. Ten- to 15-minute videotape interviews of two simulated patients with predefined problems were shown to a multidisciplinary psychiatric hospital staff of varying educational background and clinical experience. These raters were given only brief instructions and no training in the use of the PDRS. Statistical analysis included application of the usual, traditional test and retest variation studies and used variance components and comparison to random rating models. A random contrast of rater agreement was found to index most realistically reliability in instances such as this, in which a large number of raters rate a small number of items. There was greater intrarater consistency than interrater agreement, and it was concluded that when reasonably adequate information was available the degree of dysfunction due to patients' problems could be rated on the PDRS with a useful degree of consistency by untrained raters.", "contents": "Approaches to reliability in a clinical simulation study. Discusses the reliability of measurements made by 48 raters who used the Problem Dysfunction Rating Scale (PDRS) under simulated routine clinical record-keeping conditions. Ten- to 15-minute videotape interviews of two simulated patients with predefined problems were shown to a multidisciplinary psychiatric hospital staff of varying educational background and clinical experience. These raters were given only brief instructions and no training in the use of the PDRS. Statistical analysis included application of the usual, traditional test and retest variation studies and used variance components and comparison to random rating models. A random contrast of rater agreement was found to index most realistically reliability in instances such as this, in which a large number of raters rate a small number of items. There was greater intrarater consistency than interrater agreement, and it was concluded that when reasonably adequate information was available the degree of dysfunction due to patients' problems could be rated on the PDRS with a useful degree of consistency by untrained raters.", "PMID": 311364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2957", "title": "Functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex by computed tomography.", "content": "The authors describe the morphological characteristics that allow recognition of the individual computed tomography slice and determine its sequence in the series. In addition, each slices is \"assembled\" by defining the different cortical gyri, sulci, and cortical functional areas (based on Brodmann's maps). This work lays the foundation for correlative studies of location of lesions and the clinical picture.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex by computed tomography. The authors describe the morphological characteristics that allow recognition of the individual computed tomography slice and determine its sequence in the series. In addition, each slices is \"assembled\" by defining the different cortical gyri, sulci, and cortical functional areas (based on Brodmann's maps). This work lays the foundation for correlative studies of location of lesions and the clinical picture.", "PMID": 311365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2958", "title": "Evaluation of a combination of self-administered fluoride procedures for the control of dental caries in a nonfluoride area: findings after four years.", "content": "Nearly all children who attend elementary school (grades K through 6) in a rural community have participated since 1972 in a school-based caries preventive program consisting of daily ingestion of a 1-mg fluoride tablet and weekly rinsing with a 0.2% sodium fluoride solution. 3they also regularly receive toothbrushes and a fluoride dentifrice for use at home. Examinations conducted after four years showed that the prevalence of dental caries among continuous participants, 7 through 12 years of age, was reduced by 35% compared with baseline findings; mean DMFS scores in 1972 and 1976 were 5.39 and 3.49, respectively. The preventive program inhibited decay in all three types of surfaces: approximal surfaces received about twice the relative protection against decay (70%) as buccolingual surfaces (34%) and more than three times as much as occlusal surfaces (22%). A comparison of estimates of four-year increments of decay taken from cross-sectional data at the baseline and actual increments from the 1972 and 1976 examinations showed that, for children ages 6 through 15, the incremental DMFS score was 41% lower during the period of the program than before its initiation. Findings in older children (ages 13 through 15) in 1976 who had stopped participation when they left elementary school at about age 12 showed evidence of strong posttreatment effects--as great as 31% fewer DMFS for 14-year-old children.", "contents": "Evaluation of a combination of self-administered fluoride procedures for the control of dental caries in a nonfluoride area: findings after four years. Nearly all children who attend elementary school (grades K through 6) in a rural community have participated since 1972 in a school-based caries preventive program consisting of daily ingestion of a 1-mg fluoride tablet and weekly rinsing with a 0.2% sodium fluoride solution. 3they also regularly receive toothbrushes and a fluoride dentifrice for use at home. Examinations conducted after four years showed that the prevalence of dental caries among continuous participants, 7 through 12 years of age, was reduced by 35% compared with baseline findings; mean DMFS scores in 1972 and 1976 were 5.39 and 3.49, respectively. The preventive program inhibited decay in all three types of surfaces: approximal surfaces received about twice the relative protection against decay (70%) as buccolingual surfaces (34%) and more than three times as much as occlusal surfaces (22%). A comparison of estimates of four-year increments of decay taken from cross-sectional data at the baseline and actual increments from the 1972 and 1976 examinations showed that, for children ages 6 through 15, the incremental DMFS score was 41% lower during the period of the program than before its initiation. Findings in older children (ages 13 through 15) in 1976 who had stopped participation when they left elementary school at about age 12 showed evidence of strong posttreatment effects--as great as 31% fewer DMFS for 14-year-old children.", "PMID": 311366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2959", "title": "Purification and testing of class-specific anti-chicken immunoglobulin antibodies.", "content": "The purification and testing of chicken immunoglobulins and of class-specific antichicken immunoglobulin antibodies are described. This work suggests the existence of as yet uncharacterized classes of chicken immunoglobulins. Their eventual determination in a species that has a B lymphopoietic organ may promote further progress in the understanding of B cell differentiation and function.", "contents": "Purification and testing of class-specific anti-chicken immunoglobulin antibodies. The purification and testing of chicken immunoglobulins and of class-specific antichicken immunoglobulin antibodies are described. This work suggests the existence of as yet uncharacterized classes of chicken immunoglobulins. Their eventual determination in a species that has a B lymphopoietic organ may promote further progress in the understanding of B cell differentiation and function.", "PMID": 311367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2960", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibition factor in atopic dermatitis: induction by concanavalin A in vitro.", "content": "Assays for the production of leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LMIF) activity by cultured lymphocytes in the presence of the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (ConA) have been shown to be highly sensitive for detecting decreases in cell-mediated immunity in patients with malignant diseases and primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases. We have applied the leukocyte migration inhibition test in agarose using supernatants from ConA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures (indirect leukocyte migration inhibition test in agarose for studying patients with atopic dermatitis. Only 5 of 14 lymphocyte cultures from atopic dermatitis patients produced LMIF when stimulated with ConA, as compared with 34 of 34 controls. This difference is highly significant.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibition factor in atopic dermatitis: induction by concanavalin A in vitro. Assays for the production of leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LMIF) activity by cultured lymphocytes in the presence of the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (ConA) have been shown to be highly sensitive for detecting decreases in cell-mediated immunity in patients with malignant diseases and primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases. We have applied the leukocyte migration inhibition test in agarose using supernatants from ConA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures (indirect leukocyte migration inhibition test in agarose for studying patients with atopic dermatitis. Only 5 of 14 lymphocyte cultures from atopic dermatitis patients produced LMIF when stimulated with ConA, as compared with 34 of 34 controls. This difference is highly significant.", "PMID": 311368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2961", "title": "Werner's syndrome: a model of premature aging?", "content": "A 34 year-old woman with Werner's syndrome has been studied in the light of the current concept that this disorder is a model of premature aging. Endocrine function assays revealed an abnormal glucose tolerance and in vivo insulin insensitivity after prednisolone, and ovarian failure. Immune function assays revealed hypo-responsiveness in skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity, a poorly sustained IgG anti-body response after immunization with flagellin, and a low count of colony-forming T lymphocytes in blood. Cultured fibroblasts had a very limited capacity to replicate in vitro, in comparison with donors of similar age and, moreover, 85% of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the patient's cultured fibroblasts was heat-stable at 60 degrees C compared with 100% for a healthy control. Cell receptors (for insulin) were examined by insulin binding to isolated fat-cells, with the finding that fat-cells were abnormally large for the patient's size, and their receptor density was low. The findings from the study point to a genetic defect in Werner's syndrome which, in its effect on particular tissues, may simulate features of aging, but the disease is not a true model of premature aging.", "contents": "Werner's syndrome: a model of premature aging? A 34 year-old woman with Werner's syndrome has been studied in the light of the current concept that this disorder is a model of premature aging. Endocrine function assays revealed an abnormal glucose tolerance and in vivo insulin insensitivity after prednisolone, and ovarian failure. Immune function assays revealed hypo-responsiveness in skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity, a poorly sustained IgG anti-body response after immunization with flagellin, and a low count of colony-forming T lymphocytes in blood. Cultured fibroblasts had a very limited capacity to replicate in vitro, in comparison with donors of similar age and, moreover, 85% of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the patient's cultured fibroblasts was heat-stable at 60 degrees C compared with 100% for a healthy control. Cell receptors (for insulin) were examined by insulin binding to isolated fat-cells, with the finding that fat-cells were abnormally large for the patient's size, and their receptor density was low. The findings from the study point to a genetic defect in Werner's syndrome which, in its effect on particular tissues, may simulate features of aging, but the disease is not a true model of premature aging.", "PMID": 311372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2962", "title": "Stimulation of the short-circuit current (sodium transport) across the skin of the frog (Rana pipiens) by corticosteroids: structure-activity relationships.", "content": "Aldosterone, at a concentration of 10(-8)mol/1, increases the short-circuit current (scc, a measure of active sodium transport) across the skin of the frog (Rana pipiens). The other natural amphibian corticosteroid hormone, corticosterone, is about 100 times less potent. The structure-activity relationships of a number of corticosteroids were studied with respect to this response. An 11 beta-hydroxyl group was essential, whereas unsaturation at the C-1 to C-2 positions abolished activity. A 17-hydroxyl group did not enhance the response. Fluorination at the 9 alpha-position increased the affinity of the steroid for the receptor. Synthetic corticosteroids which have a high ratio of glucocorticoid : mineralocorticoid action can increase the scc and one of these, dexamethasone, was even more potent than aldosterone. A methyl group at C-16 appeared to be an important constituent for this response but it had to be in the alpha-position. The effects of both aldosterone and dexamethasone were inhibited by spironolactone. The results are discussed in relation to the nature of the response and to corticosteroid receptors in the skin of amphibians.", "contents": "Stimulation of the short-circuit current (sodium transport) across the skin of the frog (Rana pipiens) by corticosteroids: structure-activity relationships. Aldosterone, at a concentration of 10(-8)mol/1, increases the short-circuit current (scc, a measure of active sodium transport) across the skin of the frog (Rana pipiens). The other natural amphibian corticosteroid hormone, corticosterone, is about 100 times less potent. The structure-activity relationships of a number of corticosteroids were studied with respect to this response. An 11 beta-hydroxyl group was essential, whereas unsaturation at the C-1 to C-2 positions abolished activity. A 17-hydroxyl group did not enhance the response. Fluorination at the 9 alpha-position increased the affinity of the steroid for the receptor. Synthetic corticosteroids which have a high ratio of glucocorticoid : mineralocorticoid action can increase the scc and one of these, dexamethasone, was even more potent than aldosterone. A methyl group at C-16 appeared to be an important constituent for this response but it had to be in the alpha-position. The effects of both aldosterone and dexamethasone were inhibited by spironolactone. The results are discussed in relation to the nature of the response and to corticosteroid receptors in the skin of amphibians.", "PMID": 311373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2963", "title": "Lens regeneration from cornea of larval Xenopus laevis in the presence of the lens.", "content": "In Xenopus laevis tadpoles, wounding of the outer cornea failed to initiate lens regeneration. If both the outer and inner corneas were wounded or if the lens was dislocated, lens regeneration was initiated but failed to continue beyond stage III. However, lensectomy followed by re-implantation of the lens resulted in the regeneration of a fully differentiated lens in several cases, despite the presence of the re-implanted lens. Although some of the regenerates in these eyes were also arrested at stage III, those which attained full lens differentiation, i.e. stage V, developed normally and synthesized crystalline from the onset of stage IV as indicated by a positive immunofluorescence reaction. Histological examination of the dislocated and re-implanted lenses showed the majority of them to be normal in appearance. Cornea transplanted to the posterior chamber of the eye also regenerated a lens in the presence of the re-implanted lens. All these regenerates underwent lens fibre differentiation to give stage-V regenerates. These findings show that lens regeneration from the cornea can occur in the presence of lens. Results are discussed on the basis that contrary to earlier suggestions, an inhibitory lens factor does not exist in vivo, but rather that a factor for the initiation and maintenance of regeneration emanates from the eye cup and upon wounding of the inner cornea is able to reach the inner cell layer of the outer cornea and initiate lens regeneration.", "contents": "Lens regeneration from cornea of larval Xenopus laevis in the presence of the lens. In Xenopus laevis tadpoles, wounding of the outer cornea failed to initiate lens regeneration. If both the outer and inner corneas were wounded or if the lens was dislocated, lens regeneration was initiated but failed to continue beyond stage III. However, lensectomy followed by re-implantation of the lens resulted in the regeneration of a fully differentiated lens in several cases, despite the presence of the re-implanted lens. Although some of the regenerates in these eyes were also arrested at stage III, those which attained full lens differentiation, i.e. stage V, developed normally and synthesized crystalline from the onset of stage IV as indicated by a positive immunofluorescence reaction. Histological examination of the dislocated and re-implanted lenses showed the majority of them to be normal in appearance. Cornea transplanted to the posterior chamber of the eye also regenerated a lens in the presence of the re-implanted lens. All these regenerates underwent lens fibre differentiation to give stage-V regenerates. These findings show that lens regeneration from the cornea can occur in the presence of lens. Results are discussed on the basis that contrary to earlier suggestions, an inhibitory lens factor does not exist in vivo, but rather that a factor for the initiation and maintenance of regeneration emanates from the eye cup and upon wounding of the inner cornea is able to reach the inner cell layer of the outer cornea and initiate lens regeneration.", "PMID": 311375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2964", "title": "Analysis of vestibulocollic reflexes by sinusoidal polarization of vestibular afferent fibers.", "content": "1. Canal vestibular-neck (vestibulocollic) reflexes have been studied in decerebrate cats by applying modulated polarizing current to individual ampullary nerves, usually the horizontal nerve. 2. Computer-generated stimuli sometimes consisted of sine or square waves at frequencies of 0.01--5 Hz. More often we used a compound wave form of nine superimposed sinusoids within an available frequency range of 0.009--6.11 Hz. The frequencies used were odd, relatively prime multiples of a base frequency selected to minimize distortion or interaction of responses. The response to each of the nine stimulating frequencies could be obtained in subsequent data analysis. 3. Responses to these stimuli were studied by recording the EMG of contralateral neck muscles and extracellular activity of second-order neurons. These neurons were identified by their monosynaptic responses to single-shock stimulation of ampullary nerves. 4. EMG was modulated sinusoidally. Below 0.1 Hz the response was variable, most likely due to differences in the preparations. In the frequency range of 0.1--0.4 Hz there was usually a phase lag, which decreased with incresing frequency and often reversed to a lead at 3 and 6 Hz. Gain decreased from the lowest frequencies, occasionally with an upturn at 3 or 6 Hz. 5. Second-order neuron firing was approximately in phase with the stimulus at the lowest frequencies. Phase advanced with increasing frequency to a lead of 30--50 degrees at 6 Hz. Gain generally increased with frequency. 6. By recording simultaneously from muscle and from second-order neurons, or by comparing the mean behavior of the two, it was possible to determine the central phase lag and gain of the vestibulocollic reflex. The lag was variable at low frequencies, had an average of 50 degrees at 0.18 Hz, and decreased to 20 degrees at 6 Hz. These results are comparable to those obtained by others using natural stimulation at frequencies of 1.0 Hz and below, and provide new information about the behavior of the central processer at higher frequencies. 7. The medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST), which contains the axons of crossed second-order vestibular neurons, was transected in six experiments. In agreement with previous workers there was no effect on phase at frequencies up to 0.4 Hz. There was also no selective effect of phase or gain at the higher frequencies. This shows that the disynaptic pathways in the MVST do not play any role that cannot be taken over by parallel pathways.", "contents": "Analysis of vestibulocollic reflexes by sinusoidal polarization of vestibular afferent fibers. 1. Canal vestibular-neck (vestibulocollic) reflexes have been studied in decerebrate cats by applying modulated polarizing current to individual ampullary nerves, usually the horizontal nerve. 2. Computer-generated stimuli sometimes consisted of sine or square waves at frequencies of 0.01--5 Hz. More often we used a compound wave form of nine superimposed sinusoids within an available frequency range of 0.009--6.11 Hz. The frequencies used were odd, relatively prime multiples of a base frequency selected to minimize distortion or interaction of responses. The response to each of the nine stimulating frequencies could be obtained in subsequent data analysis. 3. Responses to these stimuli were studied by recording the EMG of contralateral neck muscles and extracellular activity of second-order neurons. These neurons were identified by their monosynaptic responses to single-shock stimulation of ampullary nerves. 4. EMG was modulated sinusoidally. Below 0.1 Hz the response was variable, most likely due to differences in the preparations. In the frequency range of 0.1--0.4 Hz there was usually a phase lag, which decreased with incresing frequency and often reversed to a lead at 3 and 6 Hz. Gain decreased from the lowest frequencies, occasionally with an upturn at 3 or 6 Hz. 5. Second-order neuron firing was approximately in phase with the stimulus at the lowest frequencies. Phase advanced with increasing frequency to a lead of 30--50 degrees at 6 Hz. Gain generally increased with frequency. 6. By recording simultaneously from muscle and from second-order neurons, or by comparing the mean behavior of the two, it was possible to determine the central phase lag and gain of the vestibulocollic reflex. The lag was variable at low frequencies, had an average of 50 degrees at 0.18 Hz, and decreased to 20 degrees at 6 Hz. These results are comparable to those obtained by others using natural stimulation at frequencies of 1.0 Hz and below, and provide new information about the behavior of the central processer at higher frequencies. 7. The medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST), which contains the axons of crossed second-order vestibular neurons, was transected in six experiments. In agreement with previous workers there was no effect on phase at frequencies up to 0.4 Hz. There was also no selective effect of phase or gain at the higher frequencies. This shows that the disynaptic pathways in the MVST do not play any role that cannot be taken over by parallel pathways.", "PMID": 311377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2965", "title": "Long-term neuropsychological outcome of closed head injury.", "content": "Long-term recovery from severe closed head injury was investigated in predominantly young adults whose Glasgow Coma score was 8 or less at the time of admission. Of the 27 patients studied (median follow-up interval of 1 year), 10 attained a good recovery, 12 were moderately disabled, and five were severely disabled. In contrast to previous studies suggesting that intellectual ability after severe closed head injury eventually recovers to a normal level, our findings showed that residual intellectual level, memory storage and retrieval, linguistic deficit, and personal social adjustment corresponded to overall outcome. All severely disabled patients and several moderately disabled patients exhibited unequivocal cognitive and emotional sequelae after long follow-up intervals. Analysis of persistent neuropsychological deficit in relation to neurological indices of acute injury severity demonstrated the prognostic significance of oculovestibular deficit.", "contents": "Long-term neuropsychological outcome of closed head injury. Long-term recovery from severe closed head injury was investigated in predominantly young adults whose Glasgow Coma score was 8 or less at the time of admission. Of the 27 patients studied (median follow-up interval of 1 year), 10 attained a good recovery, 12 were moderately disabled, and five were severely disabled. In contrast to previous studies suggesting that intellectual ability after severe closed head injury eventually recovers to a normal level, our findings showed that residual intellectual level, memory storage and retrieval, linguistic deficit, and personal social adjustment corresponded to overall outcome. All severely disabled patients and several moderately disabled patients exhibited unequivocal cognitive and emotional sequelae after long follow-up intervals. Analysis of persistent neuropsychological deficit in relation to neurological indices of acute injury severity demonstrated the prognostic significance of oculovestibular deficit.", "PMID": 311378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2966", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of folic acid: a collaborative study.", "content": "A collaborative study of the USP high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for folic acid was performed. Two samples were analyzed in duplicate by 14 participating laboratories. Relative standard deviations for a single determination (RSDS) ranged from +/-0.40 to +/-2.39%. Based on an analysis of variance, it was concluded that the method of peak measurement was a major determinant of reproducibility and that graphical measurement was associated with a high standard deviation. Adequate resolution was obtained using a variety of columns and operating conditions. The interlaboratory RSDS was +/-1.8%.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of folic acid: a collaborative study. A collaborative study of the USP high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for folic acid was performed. Two samples were analyzed in duplicate by 14 participating laboratories. Relative standard deviations for a single determination (RSDS) ranged from +/-0.40 to +/-2.39%. Based on an analysis of variance, it was concluded that the method of peak measurement was a major determinant of reproducibility and that graphical measurement was associated with a high standard deviation. Adequate resolution was obtained using a variety of columns and operating conditions. The interlaboratory RSDS was +/-1.8%.", "PMID": 311381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2967", "title": "Force-velocity relation in normal and nitrate-treated frog single muscle fibres during rise of tension in an isometric tetanus.", "content": "1. The force-velocity (P-V) relation for normal or NO-3 treated single fibres isolated from the semitendinosus muscle of the frog was determined at given times during the rise of tension and the plateau of isometric tetani. Experiments were made at about 2.25 micron sarcomere length and at constant temperatures, from 3 to 4.5 degrees C and from 19 to 21 degrees C. The controlled-velocity release method was used. 2. During the rise of tension, at any initial tension higher than about 0.2 P0, the lowest release velocity required to drop the tension to zero was the same as at the tetanic plateau, independent of the temperature and the presence of NO-3 ions in the bathing solution. 3. The degree of activation (measured by the steady force exerted at a given velocity of shortening lower than V0) increased with time, but attained its steady-state level before isometric tension. 4. At about 20 degrees C, frog muscle fibres at about 2.2 micron sarcomere length were only partially activated after a single stimulus. 5. NO-3 ions did not affect the steady-state P-V relation. At about 20 degrees C, NO-3 ions increased the rate of development of activation. Potentiation of the twitch contraction was due at least in part to this mechanism. 6. The 'relative' P-V relation appears to be independent of both the time after start of stimulation and the presence of NO-3 ions in the bathing solution. 7. The results are discussed in terms of the sliding filament model of Huxley (1957), assuming that either the number of actin sites available for cross-bridge formation, or the value of the rate constant for making of cross-bridges, is time dependent.", "contents": "Force-velocity relation in normal and nitrate-treated frog single muscle fibres during rise of tension in an isometric tetanus. 1. The force-velocity (P-V) relation for normal or NO-3 treated single fibres isolated from the semitendinosus muscle of the frog was determined at given times during the rise of tension and the plateau of isometric tetani. Experiments were made at about 2.25 micron sarcomere length and at constant temperatures, from 3 to 4.5 degrees C and from 19 to 21 degrees C. The controlled-velocity release method was used. 2. During the rise of tension, at any initial tension higher than about 0.2 P0, the lowest release velocity required to drop the tension to zero was the same as at the tetanic plateau, independent of the temperature and the presence of NO-3 ions in the bathing solution. 3. The degree of activation (measured by the steady force exerted at a given velocity of shortening lower than V0) increased with time, but attained its steady-state level before isometric tension. 4. At about 20 degrees C, frog muscle fibres at about 2.2 micron sarcomere length were only partially activated after a single stimulus. 5. NO-3 ions did not affect the steady-state P-V relation. At about 20 degrees C, NO-3 ions increased the rate of development of activation. Potentiation of the twitch contraction was due at least in part to this mechanism. 6. The 'relative' P-V relation appears to be independent of both the time after start of stimulation and the presence of NO-3 ions in the bathing solution. 7. The results are discussed in terms of the sliding filament model of Huxley (1957), assuming that either the number of actin sites available for cross-bridge formation, or the value of the rate constant for making of cross-bridges, is time dependent.", "PMID": 311382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2968", "title": "[The transjugular approach to the hepatic region for the differential diagnosis of jaundice and exploration of the portal system (author's transl)].", "content": "The results obtained in a series of 200 patients, using the transjugular approach to the common bile duct for the differential diagnosis of cholestasis, are presented and discussed. 1. The advantages of the method are: --the simplicity of the technique and the rapidity with which it can be mastered, the negligeable investment required; --the safety in use if the only contra-indication is respected: recent acute infection of the biliary tract; --the possibility of obtaining a cholangiography and a liver needle-biopsy at the same time, even in cases with disorders of the blood. 2. The limitation of the method is the failure to visualize the CBD, which is seen in 30% of cases when the latter is not dilated by an obstruction. 3. The respective indications for either transjugular cholangiography or retrograde catheterization of the papilla can be defined. 4. A preliminary series of 37 explorations of the portal system by the transjugular approach with embolization of bleeding oesophageal varices is reported.", "contents": "[The transjugular approach to the hepatic region for the differential diagnosis of jaundice and exploration of the portal system (author's transl)]. The results obtained in a series of 200 patients, using the transjugular approach to the common bile duct for the differential diagnosis of cholestasis, are presented and discussed. 1. The advantages of the method are: --the simplicity of the technique and the rapidity with which it can be mastered, the negligeable investment required; --the safety in use if the only contra-indication is respected: recent acute infection of the biliary tract; --the possibility of obtaining a cholangiography and a liver needle-biopsy at the same time, even in cases with disorders of the blood. 2. The limitation of the method is the failure to visualize the CBD, which is seen in 30% of cases when the latter is not dilated by an obstruction. 3. The respective indications for either transjugular cholangiography or retrograde catheterization of the papilla can be defined. 4. A preliminary series of 37 explorations of the portal system by the transjugular approach with embolization of bleeding oesophageal varices is reported.", "PMID": 311383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2969", "title": "Preparation of the enantiomeric forms of 9-(5-deoxy-alpha-threo-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine and 9-(3,5-dideoxy-beta-D-glycero-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine and in vitro antileukemic screening.", "content": "The preparation and use of 5-deoxy-5-iodo-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-xylofuranose and 5-deoxy-5-iodo-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-arabinofuranose in the synthesis of the L and D forms of 9-(5-deoxy-alpha-threo-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine, respectively, are described. The preparation of 9-(3,5-dideoxy-beta-D-glycero-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine (19) was accomplished from either 3,5-dideoxy-5-iodo-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-erythro-pentofuranose or 3,5-dideoxy-5-iodo-1,2-O-isopropylidene-beta-L-threo-pentofuranose. In each case, acetolysis was performed to obtain the acetates which were condensed with 6-(benzamidochloromercuri)purine by the titanium tetrachloride method. Treatment with 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-5-ene and removal of the blocking groups produced the desired nucleosides. Only 19 showed inhibitory activity toward leukemia L1210 in vitro.", "contents": "Preparation of the enantiomeric forms of 9-(5-deoxy-alpha-threo-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine and 9-(3,5-dideoxy-beta-D-glycero-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine and in vitro antileukemic screening. The preparation and use of 5-deoxy-5-iodo-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-xylofuranose and 5-deoxy-5-iodo-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-arabinofuranose in the synthesis of the L and D forms of 9-(5-deoxy-alpha-threo-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine, respectively, are described. The preparation of 9-(3,5-dideoxy-beta-D-glycero-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine (19) was accomplished from either 3,5-dideoxy-5-iodo-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-erythro-pentofuranose or 3,5-dideoxy-5-iodo-1,2-O-isopropylidene-beta-L-threo-pentofuranose. In each case, acetolysis was performed to obtain the acetates which were condensed with 6-(benzamidochloromercuri)purine by the titanium tetrachloride method. Treatment with 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-5-ene and removal of the blocking groups produced the desired nucleosides. Only 19 showed inhibitory activity toward leukemia L1210 in vitro.", "PMID": 311384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2970", "title": "A new nonsteroidal analgesic-antiinflammatory agent. Synthesis and activity of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone and related compounds.", "content": "In order to examine analgesic and antinflammatory activities, various 2-alkyl- or 2-alkenyl-4-alkoxy-5-(substituted amino)-3(2H)-pyridazinones were prepared. Among the compounds prepared, 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (8) was evaluated to be the most attractive compound as an analgesic-antiinflammatory agent. Compound 8 was shown to be more potent in analgesic and antiinflammatory activities and less potent in toxicity than aminopyrine and phenylbutazone. Some pyridazinone derivatives in which possible active sites of 8 are eliminated and altered were prepared, and their activities were evaluated by means of analogous assays. On the basis of available data, the structure-activity relationship in a series of 4-alkoxy-2-substituted-5-(substituted amino)-3(2H)-pyridazinones was also discussed.", "contents": "A new nonsteroidal analgesic-antiinflammatory agent. Synthesis and activity of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone and related compounds. In order to examine analgesic and antinflammatory activities, various 2-alkyl- or 2-alkenyl-4-alkoxy-5-(substituted amino)-3(2H)-pyridazinones were prepared. Among the compounds prepared, 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (8) was evaluated to be the most attractive compound as an analgesic-antiinflammatory agent. Compound 8 was shown to be more potent in analgesic and antiinflammatory activities and less potent in toxicity than aminopyrine and phenylbutazone. Some pyridazinone derivatives in which possible active sites of 8 are eliminated and altered were prepared, and their activities were evaluated by means of analogous assays. On the basis of available data, the structure-activity relationship in a series of 4-alkoxy-2-substituted-5-(substituted amino)-3(2H)-pyridazinones was also discussed.", "PMID": 311385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2971", "title": "Constant-pressure aortic root perfusion versus cardioplegia and hypothermia. Comparison of methods of myocardial protection.", "content": "Both coronary perfusion and hypothermic cardioplegia are widely used methods of myocardial protection during aortic valve replacement. A theoretical objection to coronary perfusion is that it is not synchronized with cardiac contractions. Accordingly, a special pump was designed to provide perfusion at a constant range of pressure. Twenty dogs were studied during 4 hours of bypass. In six dogs no manipulations were carried out and hearts were allowed to beat in a nonworking state. Seven dogs underwent 2 hours of aortic cross-clamping and constant-pressure aortic root perfusion. Seven dogs underwent 2 hours of uninterrupted aortic occlusion with myocardial protection being maintained by cold potassium-induced arrest, Contractility did not change significantly in any of the three groups. All animals demonstrated significant hyperemia after bypass but normal endocardial/epicardial flow ratios. Although compliance deteriorated in all groups, the most striking changes were seen following 4 hours of bypass alone or constant-pressure aortic root perfusion. Hypothermic potassium arrest, in contrast, provided a slightly greater degree of myocardial protection, perhaps both by limiting the degree of ischemic injury directly and by excluding the heart from the circulating blood and the pump oxygenator system.", "contents": "Constant-pressure aortic root perfusion versus cardioplegia and hypothermia. Comparison of methods of myocardial protection. Both coronary perfusion and hypothermic cardioplegia are widely used methods of myocardial protection during aortic valve replacement. A theoretical objection to coronary perfusion is that it is not synchronized with cardiac contractions. Accordingly, a special pump was designed to provide perfusion at a constant range of pressure. Twenty dogs were studied during 4 hours of bypass. In six dogs no manipulations were carried out and hearts were allowed to beat in a nonworking state. Seven dogs underwent 2 hours of aortic cross-clamping and constant-pressure aortic root perfusion. Seven dogs underwent 2 hours of uninterrupted aortic occlusion with myocardial protection being maintained by cold potassium-induced arrest, Contractility did not change significantly in any of the three groups. All animals demonstrated significant hyperemia after bypass but normal endocardial/epicardial flow ratios. Although compliance deteriorated in all groups, the most striking changes were seen following 4 hours of bypass alone or constant-pressure aortic root perfusion. Hypothermic potassium arrest, in contrast, provided a slightly greater degree of myocardial protection, perhaps both by limiting the degree of ischemic injury directly and by excluding the heart from the circulating blood and the pump oxygenator system.", "PMID": 311394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2972", "title": "Coronary bypass in a patient with hemophilia B, or Christmas disease. Case report.", "content": "A 40-year-old patient with moderate factor IX deficiency (Christmas disease) underwent quadruple saphenous vein coronary bypass grafts for angina and severe coronary atherosclerosis involving the left and right main, left anterior descending, and circumflex coronary arteries. Excessive bleeding was prevented by infusion of factor IX concentrates during and after the operation. The surgical procedure and total body perfusion were carried out in the same manner as in patients without a hemorrhagic disorder. The patient was discharged after 13 days of hospitalization. He is doing well at the time of this publication and has returned to work.", "contents": "Coronary bypass in a patient with hemophilia B, or Christmas disease. Case report. A 40-year-old patient with moderate factor IX deficiency (Christmas disease) underwent quadruple saphenous vein coronary bypass grafts for angina and severe coronary atherosclerosis involving the left and right main, left anterior descending, and circumflex coronary arteries. Excessive bleeding was prevented by infusion of factor IX concentrates during and after the operation. The surgical procedure and total body perfusion were carried out in the same manner as in patients without a hemorrhagic disorder. The patient was discharged after 13 days of hospitalization. He is doing well at the time of this publication and has returned to work.", "PMID": 311396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2973", "title": "[Audiogram-analogue representation of the vestibular reaction to caloric stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "A new diagram with audiogram-like presentation of the vestibular reaction to caloric stimulation is proposed, which facilitates the identification of typical vestibular disorders. Spontaneous nystagmus with the relevant parameters is entered in the chart. The diagram can be used for any parameter of the reaction, such as frequency, slow phase velocity or total amplitude in a defined period of time, e.g. 30 sec of maximal reaction.", "contents": "[Audiogram-analogue representation of the vestibular reaction to caloric stimulation (author's transl)]. A new diagram with audiogram-like presentation of the vestibular reaction to caloric stimulation is proposed, which facilitates the identification of typical vestibular disorders. Spontaneous nystagmus with the relevant parameters is entered in the chart. The diagram can be used for any parameter of the reaction, such as frequency, slow phase velocity or total amplitude in a defined period of time, e.g. 30 sec of maximal reaction.", "PMID": 311399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2974", "title": "Combination chemotherapy in histiocytosis X.", "content": "Twenty-five children with generalized histiocytosis X were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, and prednisone: 8 patients experienced complete response, 8 partial response, 2 imporvement, and 7 no response. Response rates for children over 1 year of age were higher than those reported for single agents. Twelve children are now off therapy with no evidence of disease for 10--50 months. Very poor response rates and high toxicity were seen in children less than 1 year of age. The two infants who eventually achieved CR did so by other therapies. Further trials in combination chemotherapy must weight possible long-term effects of such therapy against the prospect of more rapid disease control.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy in histiocytosis X. Twenty-five children with generalized histiocytosis X were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, and prednisone: 8 patients experienced complete response, 8 partial response, 2 imporvement, and 7 no response. Response rates for children over 1 year of age were higher than those reported for single agents. Twelve children are now off therapy with no evidence of disease for 10--50 months. Very poor response rates and high toxicity were seen in children less than 1 year of age. The two infants who eventually achieved CR did so by other therapies. Further trials in combination chemotherapy must weight possible long-term effects of such therapy against the prospect of more rapid disease control.", "PMID": 311409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2975", "title": "Oral anticandidal prophylaxis in patients undergoing chemotherapy for acut- leukemia.", "content": "Fifty-six untreated patients with acute leukemia (38 acute myelogenous leukemia, 16 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 2 blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukemia) were randomized on admission to one of three groups--one to receive oral anticandidal prophylaxis through the period of remission induction chemotherapy with nystatin, another to receive natamycin, and the third to receive no anticandidal prophylaxis. Neither of the first two groups show any advantage over the last and it is concluded that provided gut sterilization regimes are not employed, prophylactic oral anticandidal treatment is of no value in these patients and should be reserved until there is clinical evidence of infection.", "contents": "Oral anticandidal prophylaxis in patients undergoing chemotherapy for acut- leukemia. Fifty-six untreated patients with acute leukemia (38 acute myelogenous leukemia, 16 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 2 blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukemia) were randomized on admission to one of three groups--one to receive oral anticandidal prophylaxis through the period of remission induction chemotherapy with nystatin, another to receive natamycin, and the third to receive no anticandidal prophylaxis. Neither of the first two groups show any advantage over the last and it is concluded that provided gut sterilization regimes are not employed, prophylactic oral anticandidal treatment is of no value in these patients and should be reserved until there is clinical evidence of infection.", "PMID": 311410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2976", "title": "Lymphocyte function in the blood of patients with untreated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: influence of stage and pathology.", "content": "Lymphocytotoxicity of T, non-T and K cells was found to be diminished in a proportion of 30 patients with untreated non-Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell number as enumerated by E sheep cell rosettes was also reduced. The reduction was greatest in patients with disease of unfavorable pathology; the effect of stage on these tests was not marked. Decreased skin reactivity was found in the same group of patients with unfavorable pathology. The reduction of direct and antibody dependent lymphocytotoxicity was not related to an obvious reduction in non-T cell numbers, as assessed by rosetting tests. There was, however, a decrease in phytohemagglutinin cytotoxicity in those groups with reduced T cell number. The influence of unfavorable pathology on lymphocyte effector function is emphasized by this study.", "contents": "Lymphocyte function in the blood of patients with untreated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: influence of stage and pathology. Lymphocytotoxicity of T, non-T and K cells was found to be diminished in a proportion of 30 patients with untreated non-Hodgkin lymphoma; T cell number as enumerated by E sheep cell rosettes was also reduced. The reduction was greatest in patients with disease of unfavorable pathology; the effect of stage on these tests was not marked. Decreased skin reactivity was found in the same group of patients with unfavorable pathology. The reduction of direct and antibody dependent lymphocytotoxicity was not related to an obvious reduction in non-T cell numbers, as assessed by rosetting tests. There was, however, a decrease in phytohemagglutinin cytotoxicity in those groups with reduced T cell number. The influence of unfavorable pathology on lymphocyte effector function is emphasized by this study.", "PMID": 311411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2977", "title": "Cytokinetic studies in children with untreated acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL): relationship to \"T\" cell markers.", "content": "\"The labelling index (LI), mitotic index (MI) of marrow lymphoblasts and the percent of peripheral blood lymphocytes and lymphoblasts that form rosettes with sheep red cells at 4 degrees C (\"T4\"), were measured at presentation in 33 children with ALL. There was a significant correlation between LI and MI, but no significant correlations between them and the total white cell count at diagnosis or the \"T4\" percent. Three patients had greater than 55% \"T4\" rosettes and showed increased LI and MI, and 2 have relapsed; 12 had less than 20% \"T4\" rosettes, showed an increased LI (LI greater than 8% in 8 of 12) but not MI, and 5 have relapsed; 18 had 20--55% \"T4\" rosettes and generally had the lowest LI (LI less than 8% in 11 of 18), and only 3 have relapsed. Our findings suggest that patients with high and low percentage of \"T4\" rosettes in the peripheral blood have an increased fraction of leukaemic cells in DNA synthesis and have a diminished chance of prolonged remission.", "contents": "Cytokinetic studies in children with untreated acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL): relationship to \"T\" cell markers. \"The labelling index (LI), mitotic index (MI) of marrow lymphoblasts and the percent of peripheral blood lymphocytes and lymphoblasts that form rosettes with sheep red cells at 4 degrees C (\"T4\"), were measured at presentation in 33 children with ALL. There was a significant correlation between LI and MI, but no significant correlations between them and the total white cell count at diagnosis or the \"T4\" percent. Three patients had greater than 55% \"T4\" rosettes and showed increased LI and MI, and 2 have relapsed; 12 had less than 20% \"T4\" rosettes, showed an increased LI (LI greater than 8% in 8 of 12) but not MI, and 5 have relapsed; 18 had 20--55% \"T4\" rosettes and generally had the lowest LI (LI less than 8% in 11 of 18), and only 3 have relapsed. Our findings suggest that patients with high and low percentage of \"T4\" rosettes in the peripheral blood have an increased fraction of leukaemic cells in DNA synthesis and have a diminished chance of prolonged remission.", "PMID": 311412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2978", "title": "The power to reduce the cost of technology.", "content": "Technology has been made the scapegoat for the increasing cost of health care. Government action in the form of congressional legislation, administrative regulations, funded research, health care payments, etc., has been an important contributing factor in this increasing cost. Microcomputer/microprocessor-based systems such as MUMPS, PROMIS, COSTAR, GeMSAEC, and ASPECT have underutilized potential for producing economies of scale. Quantitative comparative cost data should be developed by every government-sponsored study or project to forcefully prove that more technology results in lowered costs.", "contents": "The power to reduce the cost of technology. Technology has been made the scapegoat for the increasing cost of health care. Government action in the form of congressional legislation, administrative regulations, funded research, health care payments, etc., has been an important contributing factor in this increasing cost. Microcomputer/microprocessor-based systems such as MUMPS, PROMIS, COSTAR, GeMSAEC, and ASPECT have underutilized potential for producing economies of scale. Quantitative comparative cost data should be developed by every government-sponsored study or project to forcefully prove that more technology results in lowered costs.", "PMID": 311408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2979", "title": "[Bessel Hagen's deformity, Madelung's deformity: cosmopolitan diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "These two deformities are rare and the 8 reported cases give evidence of the cosmopolitan feature of these malformations (Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Central African Empire, Djibouti).", "contents": "[Bessel Hagen's deformity, Madelung's deformity: cosmopolitan diseases (author's transl)]. These two deformities are rare and the 8 reported cases give evidence of the cosmopolitan feature of these malformations (Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Central African Empire, Djibouti).", "PMID": 311407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2980", "title": "Use of L-asparaginase and cytosine arabinoside for refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia with particular reference to T-cell leukemia.", "content": "Ten patients with late-stage acute lymphocytic leukemia were treated with L-asparaginase and cytosine arabinoside. Complete remission was achieved in 8 patients including 5 of 5 patients with T-cell leukemia. Major toxicity included anaphylactic reactions in 3 of the 10 patients.", "contents": "Use of L-asparaginase and cytosine arabinoside for refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia with particular reference to T-cell leukemia. Ten patients with late-stage acute lymphocytic leukemia were treated with L-asparaginase and cytosine arabinoside. Complete remission was achieved in 8 patients including 5 of 5 patients with T-cell leukemia. Major toxicity included anaphylactic reactions in 3 of the 10 patients.", "PMID": 311413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2981", "title": "The effects of antidepressants on serotonin turnover in discrete regions of rat brain.", "content": "Serotonin (5-HT) turnover was measured in hypothalamus, hippocampus, cortex, septum and nucleus caudatus of rats after acute or chronic treatment with antidepressants. Acute chlorimipramine (1.8 -- 16.2 mg/kg i.p.) decreased 5-HT turnover in all the areas tested as measured by the rate of accumulation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid after probenecid, or the rate of accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan after decarboxylase inhibition. However, chlorimipramine failed to reduce the rate of 5-HT accumulation after monoamine oxidase inhibition. Chronic chlorimipramine treatment (3 times daily for 2 weeks) did not change the 5-HT turnover. Fluoxetine, which like chlorimipramine specifically blocks 5-HT uptake also decreased 5-HT synthesis. In contrast, no change in 5-HT turnover was observed after desmethylimipramine, amitriptyline, iprindole or amphetamine which affect the catecholaminergic, but not serotoninergic systems.", "contents": "The effects of antidepressants on serotonin turnover in discrete regions of rat brain. Serotonin (5-HT) turnover was measured in hypothalamus, hippocampus, cortex, septum and nucleus caudatus of rats after acute or chronic treatment with antidepressants. Acute chlorimipramine (1.8 -- 16.2 mg/kg i.p.) decreased 5-HT turnover in all the areas tested as measured by the rate of accumulation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid after probenecid, or the rate of accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan after decarboxylase inhibition. However, chlorimipramine failed to reduce the rate of 5-HT accumulation after monoamine oxidase inhibition. Chronic chlorimipramine treatment (3 times daily for 2 weeks) did not change the 5-HT turnover. Fluoxetine, which like chlorimipramine specifically blocks 5-HT uptake also decreased 5-HT synthesis. In contrast, no change in 5-HT turnover was observed after desmethylimipramine, amitriptyline, iprindole or amphetamine which affect the catecholaminergic, but not serotoninergic systems.", "PMID": 311440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2982", "title": "Site of action of a uremic serum fraction inhibiting sodium transport in frog skin.", "content": "The rate coefficients and fluxes of sodium across the outside and inside barriers of an in vitro, short-circuited frog skin preparation were determined in the presence of a uremic serum fraction to localize the site of action of an inhibitor of sodium transport. In unpaired studies, the mean depression of short-circuit current (SCC) resulting from the addition of the uremic serum fraction (21.9+/-2.2%) was significantly greater than the decrease in SCC resulting from either frog Ringer's wash or normal serum fractions. Paired studies comparing active and inactive uremic serum fractions indicated that the reduction in net sodium transport, whether calculated from changes in SCC(-0.55+/-0.12muEq/h) or changes in unidirectional Na fluxes (-0.56+/-0.15 muEq/h) was significantly greater in hemi-skins treated with the active fraction. The depression in sodium transport was associated with a significant decrease of sodium movement from the skin to the inside compartment, phi22 (-0.62+/-0.2 muEq/h). The results of these studies suggest that the inhibition of sodium transport ascribed to the uremic serum fraction is due to an inhibition of the active transport mechanism located at the serosal barrier.", "contents": "Site of action of a uremic serum fraction inhibiting sodium transport in frog skin. The rate coefficients and fluxes of sodium across the outside and inside barriers of an in vitro, short-circuited frog skin preparation were determined in the presence of a uremic serum fraction to localize the site of action of an inhibitor of sodium transport. In unpaired studies, the mean depression of short-circuit current (SCC) resulting from the addition of the uremic serum fraction (21.9+/-2.2%) was significantly greater than the decrease in SCC resulting from either frog Ringer's wash or normal serum fractions. Paired studies comparing active and inactive uremic serum fractions indicated that the reduction in net sodium transport, whether calculated from changes in SCC(-0.55+/-0.12muEq/h) or changes in unidirectional Na fluxes (-0.56+/-0.15 muEq/h) was significantly greater in hemi-skins treated with the active fraction. The depression in sodium transport was associated with a significant decrease of sodium movement from the skin to the inside compartment, phi22 (-0.62+/-0.2 muEq/h). The results of these studies suggest that the inhibition of sodium transport ascribed to the uremic serum fraction is due to an inhibition of the active transport mechanism located at the serosal barrier.", "PMID": 311442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2983", "title": "Comparison of CT and conventional neuroradiological procedures in lesions in the proximity of the tentorial hiatus.", "content": "Seventeen cases with (obstructive) lesions in the region of the tentorial hiatus were examined with an EMI CT 1010 brain scanner, of which 8 had additional intrathecal metrizamide. Findings were compared with information received from angiographic studies and conventional contrast examinations of the intracranial CSF spaces and with CT scans of patients presenting with herniation at the tentorial hiatus. CT, including enhancement and intrathecal metrizamide, did not yield optimal information about exact localisation or infiltrative growth of lesions. A combination with conventional procedures was needed in order to obtain essential information.", "contents": "Comparison of CT and conventional neuroradiological procedures in lesions in the proximity of the tentorial hiatus. Seventeen cases with (obstructive) lesions in the region of the tentorial hiatus were examined with an EMI CT 1010 brain scanner, of which 8 had additional intrathecal metrizamide. Findings were compared with information received from angiographic studies and conventional contrast examinations of the intracranial CSF spaces and with CT scans of patients presenting with herniation at the tentorial hiatus. CT, including enhancement and intrathecal metrizamide, did not yield optimal information about exact localisation or infiltrative growth of lesions. A combination with conventional procedures was needed in order to obtain essential information.", "PMID": 311443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2984", "title": "Comparative study of computed tomography and ventriculography with water-soluble contrast media.", "content": "From material of over 10,000 CTs a comparative study of computed tomography and ventriculography with contrast media was carried out. We examined 18 patients with suspected expansive lesions localized in the 3rd ventricle, aqueduct of Sylvius, and 4th ventricle. We have found that CT is the method of choice in these cases and that ventriculography should be reserved for those cases which have clear clinical indications.", "contents": "Comparative study of computed tomography and ventriculography with water-soluble contrast media. From material of over 10,000 CTs a comparative study of computed tomography and ventriculography with contrast media was carried out. We examined 18 patients with suspected expansive lesions localized in the 3rd ventricle, aqueduct of Sylvius, and 4th ventricle. We have found that CT is the method of choice in these cases and that ventriculography should be reserved for those cases which have clear clinical indications.", "PMID": 311444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2985", "title": "p,p'-DDT-induced neurotoxic syndrome: experimental myoclonus.", "content": "p,p'-DDT (100 to 600 mg per kilogram orally) produced spontaneous and stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in mice and rats. Drugs that enhance brain serotonergic activity reduced p,p'-DDT-induced myoclonus, and serotonin antagonists invariably aggravated this syndrome. p,p'-DDT-treated rats had increased concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in seven regional areas, but serotonin was increased only in the midbrain and cerebellum. We postulate that p,p'-DDT-induced myoclonus may be causally related to blockage of serotonin receptors or inhibition of serotonin release into the synapse, resulting in functional deficiency of this neurotransmiter at the receptor site.", "contents": "p,p'-DDT-induced neurotoxic syndrome: experimental myoclonus. p,p'-DDT (100 to 600 mg per kilogram orally) produced spontaneous and stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in mice and rats. Drugs that enhance brain serotonergic activity reduced p,p'-DDT-induced myoclonus, and serotonin antagonists invariably aggravated this syndrome. p,p'-DDT-treated rats had increased concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in seven regional areas, but serotonin was increased only in the midbrain and cerebellum. We postulate that p,p'-DDT-induced myoclonus may be causally related to blockage of serotonin receptors or inhibition of serotonin release into the synapse, resulting in functional deficiency of this neurotransmiter at the receptor site.", "PMID": 311446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2986", "title": "Mitogen responsiveness and suppressor cell function in multiple sclerosis. Influence of age and disease activity.", "content": "Mitogen responsiveness and suppressor cell function were determined in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mitogen response to concanavalin A, expressed as stimulation index, decreased with age in both patients and controls. Although responses in the overall group of young patients did not differ from controls, the stimulation index was reduced in clinically inactive patients. Patients with recent flare-ups showed responses comparable to controls. Suppressor cell activity increased with age in both disease and control groups. Among young patients, suppressor activity was borderline low in inactive patients but increased significantly in those with recent exacerbations.", "contents": "Mitogen responsiveness and suppressor cell function in multiple sclerosis. Influence of age and disease activity. Mitogen responsiveness and suppressor cell function were determined in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mitogen response to concanavalin A, expressed as stimulation index, decreased with age in both patients and controls. Although responses in the overall group of young patients did not differ from controls, the stimulation index was reduced in clinically inactive patients. Patients with recent flare-ups showed responses comparable to controls. Suppressor cell activity increased with age in both disease and control groups. Among young patients, suppressor activity was borderline low in inactive patients but increased significantly in those with recent exacerbations.", "PMID": 311447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2987", "title": "Myasthenia gravis treated with purified antithymocyte antiserum.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of goat anti-human thymocyte antiserum globulin (ATG) was assessed in 10 patients with myasthenia gravis. All subjects had far-advanced, debilitating disease poorly responsive to anticholinesterase therapy. Prolonged, low-dose ATG therapy was used, with 1.0 to 2.6 gm ATG protein administered intramuscularly over a 28- to 73-day period. Therapeutic responses of varying degrees were noted in 8 of 10 patients. Completion of a course of ATG treatment and discontinuation of the drug did not lead to acute relapse. Follow-up examinations for over 5 years have been maintained. A mean remission period of approximately 2 years was observed. This therapy deserves further evaluation; subjects with progressive myasthenia gravis despite prior thymectomy may represent ideal candidates.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis treated with purified antithymocyte antiserum. The therapeutic effect of goat anti-human thymocyte antiserum globulin (ATG) was assessed in 10 patients with myasthenia gravis. All subjects had far-advanced, debilitating disease poorly responsive to anticholinesterase therapy. Prolonged, low-dose ATG therapy was used, with 1.0 to 2.6 gm ATG protein administered intramuscularly over a 28- to 73-day period. Therapeutic responses of varying degrees were noted in 8 of 10 patients. Completion of a course of ATG treatment and discontinuation of the drug did not lead to acute relapse. Follow-up examinations for over 5 years have been maintained. A mean remission period of approximately 2 years was observed. This therapy deserves further evaluation; subjects with progressive myasthenia gravis despite prior thymectomy may represent ideal candidates.", "PMID": 311448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2988", "title": "Visual-vestibular interaction and cerebellar atrophy.", "content": "The vestibular and optokinetic ocular control systems were studied in 10 patients with cerebellar atrophy and in 10 normal subjects using (1) constant velocity optokinetic stimulation, (2) sinusoidal rotation in the dark, and (3) sinusoidal rotation in the light with a surrounding fixed optokinetic drum. The gain (maximum slow component velocity/maximum head or drum velocity) of induced nystagmus was calculated from electro-oculographic recordings. Optokinetic nystagmus was abnormal in seven patients and the average optokinetic gain in the patients was significantly (p less than 0.01) less than that of the normal group. Three patients with \"clinically pure\" cerebellar atrophy had increased vestibular responses, and one patient with clinical signs of peripheral neuropathy had decreased responses, probably due to associated vestibular nerve disease. The average vestibulo-ocular reflex gain in patients did not differ significantly from controls (p greater than 0.05). Three patients had normal vestibular and optokinetic responses when tested independently, but had abnormal visual-vestibular interaction. These patients probably had selective disorders of the midline cerebellar pathways that mediate visual-vestibular interaction. By studying each system, both independently and during interaction, all patients were identified as abnormal, and a more precise anatomic localization of the atrophy was obtained.", "contents": "Visual-vestibular interaction and cerebellar atrophy. The vestibular and optokinetic ocular control systems were studied in 10 patients with cerebellar atrophy and in 10 normal subjects using (1) constant velocity optokinetic stimulation, (2) sinusoidal rotation in the dark, and (3) sinusoidal rotation in the light with a surrounding fixed optokinetic drum. The gain (maximum slow component velocity/maximum head or drum velocity) of induced nystagmus was calculated from electro-oculographic recordings. Optokinetic nystagmus was abnormal in seven patients and the average optokinetic gain in the patients was significantly (p less than 0.01) less than that of the normal group. Three patients with \"clinically pure\" cerebellar atrophy had increased vestibular responses, and one patient with clinical signs of peripheral neuropathy had decreased responses, probably due to associated vestibular nerve disease. The average vestibulo-ocular reflex gain in patients did not differ significantly from controls (p greater than 0.05). Three patients had normal vestibular and optokinetic responses when tested independently, but had abnormal visual-vestibular interaction. These patients probably had selective disorders of the midline cerebellar pathways that mediate visual-vestibular interaction. By studying each system, both independently and during interaction, all patients were identified as abnormal, and a more precise anatomic localization of the atrophy was obtained.", "PMID": 311449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2989", "title": "The development of the parachute reaction: a visuo-vestibular response.", "content": "The development of the parachute reaction as a postural response has been tested under various optic stimuli in normal and statomotorically retarded infants. Complete reaction consists in symmetric extension of the arms with extension and spreading of the fingers on quick approach to visual surface. Using a glass plate with three different sized stimulus patterns the parachute response is scored as complete or incomplete. The complete reaction to large visual surface develops significantly earlier than to small visual surface. The response also requires simultaneously a visual and a vestibular sensory input. The developmental course of the parachute reaction is statistically significant linear correlated in double logarithmic transformation to the stimulus pattern and to the age indicating a complex biological maturating process. When the whole retinal area was stimulated by moving visual scenes similar to normal environmental conditions the reaction starts with about 4 months of age and is fully developed from 9 months onwards. The time of quickest development is around 6.3 months of age, a period where locomotor abilities shift from horizontal postiion to active verticalisation of the body. In statomotorically retarded infants the response develops significantly later according to their active motor behaviour. Brain integration and computing centers of sensory afferent input could be multilevel from reticular formation to cerebral cortex, wherein the latter, probable the parietal lobe should play the major role. It is concluded that the parachute reaction results from a combined visuovestibular mechanism of interaction in connection with sufficient kinesthetic experience in visuo-motor behaviour.", "contents": "The development of the parachute reaction: a visuo-vestibular response. The development of the parachute reaction as a postural response has been tested under various optic stimuli in normal and statomotorically retarded infants. Complete reaction consists in symmetric extension of the arms with extension and spreading of the fingers on quick approach to visual surface. Using a glass plate with three different sized stimulus patterns the parachute response is scored as complete or incomplete. The complete reaction to large visual surface develops significantly earlier than to small visual surface. The response also requires simultaneously a visual and a vestibular sensory input. The developmental course of the parachute reaction is statistically significant linear correlated in double logarithmic transformation to the stimulus pattern and to the age indicating a complex biological maturating process. When the whole retinal area was stimulated by moving visual scenes similar to normal environmental conditions the reaction starts with about 4 months of age and is fully developed from 9 months onwards. The time of quickest development is around 6.3 months of age, a period where locomotor abilities shift from horizontal postiion to active verticalisation of the body. In statomotorically retarded infants the response develops significantly later according to their active motor behaviour. Brain integration and computing centers of sensory afferent input could be multilevel from reticular formation to cerebral cortex, wherein the latter, probable the parietal lobe should play the major role. It is concluded that the parachute reaction results from a combined visuovestibular mechanism of interaction in connection with sufficient kinesthetic experience in visuo-motor behaviour.", "PMID": 311450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2990", "title": "Intellectual development and brain size in 13 shunted hydrocephalic children.", "content": "A group of 13 successfully treated hydrocephalic children living a normal social life according to their ages has been examined to evaluate the possible correlation between their brain size, intellectual development and physical disability. The brain size was assesed by ventriculography prior to initial surgery and by computer tomography (CT-scanning) at the time of investigation 6--11 years after operation. The intellectural development was evaluated by psychological investigation of the children and by evaluation of their social adaptation. The physical disability was investigated by neurological examination. Significant improvement in ventricular size was demonstrated from pneumoencephalographic examinations prior to surgery and to the CT investigations. No prediction of the intellectual development could be based on the ventriculographies prior to initial surgery. In spite of positive trends, correlation trends, correlation between the ventricular size as determined by CT-scans and the IQ was not significant, possibly due to the small number of cases available for study.", "contents": "Intellectual development and brain size in 13 shunted hydrocephalic children. A group of 13 successfully treated hydrocephalic children living a normal social life according to their ages has been examined to evaluate the possible correlation between their brain size, intellectual development and physical disability. The brain size was assesed by ventriculography prior to initial surgery and by computer tomography (CT-scanning) at the time of investigation 6--11 years after operation. The intellectural development was evaluated by psychological investigation of the children and by evaluation of their social adaptation. The physical disability was investigated by neurological examination. Significant improvement in ventricular size was demonstrated from pneumoencephalographic examinations prior to surgery and to the CT investigations. No prediction of the intellectual development could be based on the ventriculographies prior to initial surgery. In spite of positive trends, correlation trends, correlation between the ventricular size as determined by CT-scans and the IQ was not significant, possibly due to the small number of cases available for study.", "PMID": 311451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2991", "title": "Ear disease in rural New Zealand school children.", "content": "Surveys of children aged 5--17 in a predominantly rural area showed a high prevalence of inflamed ears and perforated drums in younger subjects and of perforated and scarred drums in older subjects. Abnormal drums were associated wtih lower socioeconomic status, ethnicity and low altitude and low rainfall. Maori children had both higher incidence and lower recovery rates than non-Maori children. The wider use of trained nurses for case detection and follow up is advocated, at an estimated cost of 53 cents per child examination. Further parent education and co-ordination of nurse/audiometrist surveys are necessary.", "contents": "Ear disease in rural New Zealand school children. Surveys of children aged 5--17 in a predominantly rural area showed a high prevalence of inflamed ears and perforated drums in younger subjects and of perforated and scarred drums in older subjects. Abnormal drums were associated wtih lower socioeconomic status, ethnicity and low altitude and low rainfall. Maori children had both higher incidence and lower recovery rates than non-Maori children. The wider use of trained nurses for case detection and follow up is advocated, at an estimated cost of 53 cents per child examination. Further parent education and co-ordination of nurse/audiometrist surveys are necessary.", "PMID": 311453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2992", "title": "The management of patients with intraocular lenses. Guidelines for those who do not perform this operation.", "content": "The management of patients with intraocular lenses can be done quite well by any knowledgeable ophthalmologist. Every examination must include the measurement of intraocular pressure and a thorough slit-lamp examination, specifically noting: Corneal edema, local or diffuse; Increasing corneal guttata; Touch of lens or iris suture to the cornea; Aqueous ray or cells, KP, LP (lens precipitates); Lens displacement; Iris suture problems; Pupil margin erosion; Secondary cataract; Vitreous face: loss or thickening; Retrolenticular membrane formation; Vitreous cells. Ophthalmoscopy should include examination of the peripheral retina for detachment, but visual fields should be done whenever detachment is suspected. Contact lens--slit-lamp examination of the macula for cystoid edema should be supplemented by Flourescein angioscopy when needed. Lens removal should be done only after careful consideration. The damage induced by such surgery must be weighed against the problems of leaving the lens in place. Consultation is mandatory. When in doubt, refer.", "contents": "The management of patients with intraocular lenses. Guidelines for those who do not perform this operation. The management of patients with intraocular lenses can be done quite well by any knowledgeable ophthalmologist. Every examination must include the measurement of intraocular pressure and a thorough slit-lamp examination, specifically noting: Corneal edema, local or diffuse; Increasing corneal guttata; Touch of lens or iris suture to the cornea; Aqueous ray or cells, KP, LP (lens precipitates); Lens displacement; Iris suture problems; Pupil margin erosion; Secondary cataract; Vitreous face: loss or thickening; Retrolenticular membrane formation; Vitreous cells. Ophthalmoscopy should include examination of the peripheral retina for detachment, but visual fields should be done whenever detachment is suspected. Contact lens--slit-lamp examination of the macula for cystoid edema should be supplemented by Flourescein angioscopy when needed. Lens removal should be done only after careful consideration. The damage induced by such surgery must be weighed against the problems of leaving the lens in place. Consultation is mandatory. When in doubt, refer.", "PMID": 311455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2993", "title": "Intravitreal antimycotic therapy and the cure of mycotic endophthalmitis caused by a Paecilomyces lilacinus contaminated pseudophakos.", "content": "A salvaged eye in a case of mycotic endophthalmitis is reported. The case was one of eleven in the United States resulting from Luminex lens implants contaminated with amphotericin B resistant Paecilomyces lilacinus, and one of two eyes salvaged in this series of cases. The fungus, recognized 28 days after the lens was inserted, was in the anterior chamber, on the psuedophakos, and in the vitreous. The therapeutic procedures included removal of the pseudophakos, radical vitrectomy and iridectomy, and the intraocular and combined topical and systemic use of antimycotic compounds, including miconazole and thiabendazole.", "contents": "Intravitreal antimycotic therapy and the cure of mycotic endophthalmitis caused by a Paecilomyces lilacinus contaminated pseudophakos. A salvaged eye in a case of mycotic endophthalmitis is reported. The case was one of eleven in the United States resulting from Luminex lens implants contaminated with amphotericin B resistant Paecilomyces lilacinus, and one of two eyes salvaged in this series of cases. The fungus, recognized 28 days after the lens was inserted, was in the anterior chamber, on the psuedophakos, and in the vitreous. The therapeutic procedures included removal of the pseudophakos, radical vitrectomy and iridectomy, and the intraocular and combined topical and systemic use of antimycotic compounds, including miconazole and thiabendazole.", "PMID": 311456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2994", "title": "Changes in gastric EMG resulting from differences in direction of linear acceleration in rabbits.", "content": "The role of direction of linear acceleration in stimulation of the otolith organ, which leads to alteration of autonomic activities in the form of inhibition of gastric motility, has not been fully studied. With a view to elucidating this problem, we placed healthy adult rabbits unanesthetized and unrestrained in individual cages, and subjected them to the three different linear acclerations to study changes in gastric EMG. As a result, the forward-and-backward movement was found to inhibit the EMG activity most potently, and was followed in decreasing order by side-to-side movement and up-and-down movement. These findings, when viewed from the standpoint of the accepted concept that optimum stimulation to the otolith organ constitutes the shearing force, account well for the supposition that forward-and-backward movement stimulates both the sacculi and utriculi, while up-and-down movement stimulates the sacculi alone.", "contents": "Changes in gastric EMG resulting from differences in direction of linear acceleration in rabbits. The role of direction of linear acceleration in stimulation of the otolith organ, which leads to alteration of autonomic activities in the form of inhibition of gastric motility, has not been fully studied. With a view to elucidating this problem, we placed healthy adult rabbits unanesthetized and unrestrained in individual cages, and subjected them to the three different linear acclerations to study changes in gastric EMG. As a result, the forward-and-backward movement was found to inhibit the EMG activity most potently, and was followed in decreasing order by side-to-side movement and up-and-down movement. These findings, when viewed from the standpoint of the accepted concept that optimum stimulation to the otolith organ constitutes the shearing force, account well for the supposition that forward-and-backward movement stimulates both the sacculi and utriculi, while up-and-down movement stimulates the sacculi alone.", "PMID": 311457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2995", "title": "Flunarizine and cinnarizine as vestibular depressants. A statistical study.", "content": "The authors analysed the vestibular depressant activity of flunarizine and cinnarizine, as compared to a placebo, in 58 patients with peripheral labyrinthine disorders. The activity of the medications was judged by the reduction of the average velocity of the slow phase of the post-caloric nystagmus, before and after treatment. In spite of being administered in a smaller dosis, flunarizine appeared to have a more intense vestibular supressant activity, as judged by different statistical tests.", "contents": "Flunarizine and cinnarizine as vestibular depressants. A statistical study. The authors analysed the vestibular depressant activity of flunarizine and cinnarizine, as compared to a placebo, in 58 patients with peripheral labyrinthine disorders. The activity of the medications was judged by the reduction of the average velocity of the slow phase of the post-caloric nystagmus, before and after treatment. In spite of being administered in a smaller dosis, flunarizine appeared to have a more intense vestibular supressant activity, as judged by different statistical tests.", "PMID": 311458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2996", "title": "Quantification of vestibular nystagmus by an interactive computer program.", "content": "An interactive program for the analysis of nystagmus is presented, and some results obtained by processing postrotational responses are reported. The program is provided with a special subroutine which gives a quantification of the rhythm and regularity of the response through the histograms of the ratios between the duration of successive intersaccadic intervals and between the amplitudes of successive fast components. The consideration of these histograms has been proved to be highly significant in discriminating between normal and pathological responses.", "contents": "Quantification of vestibular nystagmus by an interactive computer program. An interactive program for the analysis of nystagmus is presented, and some results obtained by processing postrotational responses are reported. The program is provided with a special subroutine which gives a quantification of the rhythm and regularity of the response through the histograms of the ratios between the duration of successive intersaccadic intervals and between the amplitudes of successive fast components. The consideration of these histograms has been proved to be highly significant in discriminating between normal and pathological responses.", "PMID": 311459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2997", "title": "Description of age-depending cellular changes in the human tonsil.", "content": "The growth and ageing of tonsils is described by means of the behaviour of the cell count, T cell count, DNA, and organ weight. Proliferation of cells and the influx of recirculating T lymphocytes cause hyperplasia up to the age of 17 approximately, later on the cell count and organ weight decrease again. The number of T cells in cell suspensions from the tonsil is lower than that of blood. Due to the proliferation decrease of B cells and the accumulation of recirculating T lymphocytes, the T cell count in the tonsil increases with advancing years. The tonsil function decrease as a result of this population shift. No influence of the differentiation of T cells by the tonsil can be detected.", "contents": "Description of age-depending cellular changes in the human tonsil. The growth and ageing of tonsils is described by means of the behaviour of the cell count, T cell count, DNA, and organ weight. Proliferation of cells and the influx of recirculating T lymphocytes cause hyperplasia up to the age of 17 approximately, later on the cell count and organ weight decrease again. The number of T cells in cell suspensions from the tonsil is lower than that of blood. Due to the proliferation decrease of B cells and the accumulation of recirculating T lymphocytes, the T cell count in the tonsil increases with advancing years. The tonsil function decrease as a result of this population shift. No influence of the differentiation of T cells by the tonsil can be detected.", "PMID": 311460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2998", "title": "Pain-induced alterations in the individual non-esterified fatty acids in serum.", "content": "Changes of individual non-esterified fatty acids in serum were studied in 7 metabolically healthy patients, suffering from idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia, who underwent electrocoagulation of gasserian ganglion under neurolepthypalgesia. The mean concentration of fatty acids increased by about 40% during the strong surgical pain stimulus. The increased lipolysis affected all individual fatty acids in proportion to the ratio of their presence in adipose tissue. The mechanism of pain-induced activation of lipase and possible consequences of alterations in individual non-esterified fatty acids are discussed.", "contents": "Pain-induced alterations in the individual non-esterified fatty acids in serum. Changes of individual non-esterified fatty acids in serum were studied in 7 metabolically healthy patients, suffering from idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia, who underwent electrocoagulation of gasserian ganglion under neurolepthypalgesia. The mean concentration of fatty acids increased by about 40% during the strong surgical pain stimulus. The increased lipolysis affected all individual fatty acids in proportion to the ratio of their presence in adipose tissue. The mechanism of pain-induced activation of lipase and possible consequences of alterations in individual non-esterified fatty acids are discussed.", "PMID": 311463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_2999", "title": "[Re-operation for myocardial revascularisation. 15 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 1110 patients undergoing aorto-coronary bypass procedures, 15 required late re-operation (average interval 28 months) for myocardial revascularisation. This was performed following the recurrence of anginal symptoms, on average 15 months after the first operation. Six resections of localised stenosis of the vein graft and eleven \"new\" aorto-coronary bypass were performed. One patient died early, 12 hours after surgery, while 2 died 3 and 26 months later. Nine of the 12 survivors had no symptoms 4 to 63 months after the re-operation. Thus in the presence of angina recurring after aorto-coronary bypass, a new follow-up coronary arteriogram should be performed in order to seek lesions which might benefit from further attempted surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Re-operation for myocardial revascularisation. 15 cases (author's transl)]. Among 1110 patients undergoing aorto-coronary bypass procedures, 15 required late re-operation (average interval 28 months) for myocardial revascularisation. This was performed following the recurrence of anginal symptoms, on average 15 months after the first operation. Six resections of localised stenosis of the vein graft and eleven \"new\" aorto-coronary bypass were performed. One patient died early, 12 hours after surgery, while 2 died 3 and 26 months later. Nine of the 12 survivors had no symptoms 4 to 63 months after the re-operation. Thus in the presence of angina recurring after aorto-coronary bypass, a new follow-up coronary arteriogram should be performed in order to seek lesions which might benefit from further attempted surgical treatment.", "PMID": 311465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3000", "title": "[Lung biopsy by thoracotomy. 23 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "This series of surgical lung biopsies performed for diffuse lung disease indicates the excellent tolerance of the procedure and the high diagnostic rate. It is indicated above all in the presence of bilateral reticulo-nodular radiological appearances, suggestive of focal lesions not identified by the usual means. The surgical procedure was felt to be justified on the one hand because of the time gained in reaching a precise diagnosis whilst the results of usual laboratory investigations, even the most sophisticated, remain uncertain, and secondly in view of the discovery by the method of malignant lesions which are still curable and which it would have been impossible to identify otherwise, except by awaiting the development of more accessible lesions. Whilst percutaneous needle biopsy found favour amongst many, it would now seem to have been virtually abandoned, particular in France, in view of its risks and it's poor diagnostic rate. By contrast, open surgical biopsy provides in all cases not only lung but also pleural and mediastinal tissue. Its risks are confined to those of any surgical procedure under general anaesthesia, but appear to be sufficiently slight (mortality of 0,5 to 2%) that the technique may be used successfully in intensive care units to obtain a diagnosis in cases of certain types of respiratory distress.", "contents": "[Lung biopsy by thoracotomy. 23 cases (author's transl)]. This series of surgical lung biopsies performed for diffuse lung disease indicates the excellent tolerance of the procedure and the high diagnostic rate. It is indicated above all in the presence of bilateral reticulo-nodular radiological appearances, suggestive of focal lesions not identified by the usual means. The surgical procedure was felt to be justified on the one hand because of the time gained in reaching a precise diagnosis whilst the results of usual laboratory investigations, even the most sophisticated, remain uncertain, and secondly in view of the discovery by the method of malignant lesions which are still curable and which it would have been impossible to identify otherwise, except by awaiting the development of more accessible lesions. Whilst percutaneous needle biopsy found favour amongst many, it would now seem to have been virtually abandoned, particular in France, in view of its risks and it's poor diagnostic rate. By contrast, open surgical biopsy provides in all cases not only lung but also pleural and mediastinal tissue. Its risks are confined to those of any surgical procedure under general anaesthesia, but appear to be sufficiently slight (mortality of 0,5 to 2%) that the technique may be used successfully in intensive care units to obtain a diagnosis in cases of certain types of respiratory distress.", "PMID": 311466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3001", "title": "Evidence for tetradecanal as the natural aldehyde in bacterial bioluminescence.", "content": "Dim aldehyde mutants of the luminous bacterium Beneckea harveyi emit light with exogenously added long-chain aliphatic aldehyde. In one class of these mutants, luminescence is also stimulated by myristic (tetradecanoic) acid. In such mutants the amount of light obtained by the addition of a small (limiting) amount of either tetradecanal or myristic acid may be increased 60-fold by cyanide and other agents that block respiration. This indicates that the fatty acid product of the luminescent reaction is recycled. The effect, like the stimulation by exogenous fatty acid, exhibits specificity for the 14-carbon compound, suggesting that tetradecanal is the natural aldehyde. In those aldehyde mutants that are not stimulated to emit light by fatty acids, and thus presumably lack the recycling system, the chain-length-specific stimulation by cyanide does not occur.", "contents": "Evidence for tetradecanal as the natural aldehyde in bacterial bioluminescence. Dim aldehyde mutants of the luminous bacterium Beneckea harveyi emit light with exogenously added long-chain aliphatic aldehyde. In one class of these mutants, luminescence is also stimulated by myristic (tetradecanoic) acid. In such mutants the amount of light obtained by the addition of a small (limiting) amount of either tetradecanal or myristic acid may be increased 60-fold by cyanide and other agents that block respiration. This indicates that the fatty acid product of the luminescent reaction is recycled. The effect, like the stimulation by exogenous fatty acid, exhibits specificity for the 14-carbon compound, suggesting that tetradecanal is the natural aldehyde. In those aldehyde mutants that are not stimulated to emit light by fatty acids, and thus presumably lack the recycling system, the chain-length-specific stimulation by cyanide does not occur.", "PMID": 311472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3002", "title": "Interaction of peanut agglutinin with normal human lymphocytes and with leukemic cells.", "content": "The interaction of peanut agglutinin (PNA) with human thymocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and peripheral blood cells of various types of leukemia was investigated by using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated PNA. The majority of human thymocytes (60-80%) bind the lectin. The major subpopulation of thymocytes that is PNA-positive was separated from the PNA-negative cells by differential agglutination with the lectin. The two thymocyte subpopulations were tested in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and with the phytohemagglutinin of Phaseolus vulgaris. The poor response of the PNA-positive thymocytes to these stimuli indicates that these thymocytes are functionally immature. The fluorescein isothiocyanate-PNA-binding test with peripheral blood lymphocytes of leukemic patients revealed that in most acute leukemias the PNA receptor is exposed on the blastic cells, whereas in most cases of chronic leukemia the peripheral blood lymphocytes are PNA-negative. The validity of PNA as a marker of immature blood cells and its potential clinical application are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of peanut agglutinin with normal human lymphocytes and with leukemic cells. The interaction of peanut agglutinin (PNA) with human thymocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and peripheral blood cells of various types of leukemia was investigated by using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated PNA. The majority of human thymocytes (60-80%) bind the lectin. The major subpopulation of thymocytes that is PNA-positive was separated from the PNA-negative cells by differential agglutination with the lectin. The two thymocyte subpopulations were tested in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and with the phytohemagglutinin of Phaseolus vulgaris. The poor response of the PNA-positive thymocytes to these stimuli indicates that these thymocytes are functionally immature. The fluorescein isothiocyanate-PNA-binding test with peripheral blood lymphocytes of leukemic patients revealed that in most acute leukemias the PNA receptor is exposed on the blastic cells, whereas in most cases of chronic leukemia the peripheral blood lymphocytes are PNA-negative. The validity of PNA as a marker of immature blood cells and its potential clinical application are discussed.", "PMID": 311473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3003", "title": "Impairment of cell-mediated immunity functions by dietary zinc deficiency in mice.", "content": "Several immunologic features were analyzed in mice on a zinc-deficient diet [Zn(-)], in mice pair-fed a diet containing zinc [Zn(+)], in mice fed a Zn(+) diet ad lib, and in mice fed laboratory chow ad lib. When placed on a Zn(-) diet, 6- to 8-week-old A/Jax, C57BL/Ks, and CBA/H mice showed loss of body weight, low lymphoid tissue weight, and profound involution of the thymus within 4-8 weeks after initiation of the regimen. Approximately 50% of the mice on the Zn(-) diet developed severe acrodermatitis enteropathica (lesions on tail and paws) and diarrhea. Pair-fed mice on the Zn(+) diet did not show any of these symptoms. Mice on the Zn(-) diet showed the following immune deficiencies: (i) depressed plaque-forming cells against sheep erythrocytes after in vivo immunization; (ii) depressed T killer cell activity against EL-4 tumor cells after in vivo immunization; and (iii) low natural killer cell activity. However, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes was normal in the mice on the Zn(-) diet. Deficiency of T killer cell activity was not observed when immunization with EL-4 allogeneic lymphoma cells was carried out in vitro. Progressive loss of relative and absolute number of Thy 1.2+ cells and a proportionate relative increase in cells bearing Fc receptors was seen in spleen and lymph nodes of Zn(-) animals. It appears that zinc is an essential element for maintenance of normal T cell and other immune functions in vivo.", "contents": "Impairment of cell-mediated immunity functions by dietary zinc deficiency in mice. Several immunologic features were analyzed in mice on a zinc-deficient diet [Zn(-)], in mice pair-fed a diet containing zinc [Zn(+)], in mice fed a Zn(+) diet ad lib, and in mice fed laboratory chow ad lib. When placed on a Zn(-) diet, 6- to 8-week-old A/Jax, C57BL/Ks, and CBA/H mice showed loss of body weight, low lymphoid tissue weight, and profound involution of the thymus within 4-8 weeks after initiation of the regimen. Approximately 50% of the mice on the Zn(-) diet developed severe acrodermatitis enteropathica (lesions on tail and paws) and diarrhea. Pair-fed mice on the Zn(+) diet did not show any of these symptoms. Mice on the Zn(-) diet showed the following immune deficiencies: (i) depressed plaque-forming cells against sheep erythrocytes after in vivo immunization; (ii) depressed T killer cell activity against EL-4 tumor cells after in vivo immunization; and (iii) low natural killer cell activity. However, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes was normal in the mice on the Zn(-) diet. Deficiency of T killer cell activity was not observed when immunization with EL-4 allogeneic lymphoma cells was carried out in vitro. Progressive loss of relative and absolute number of Thy 1.2+ cells and a proportionate relative increase in cells bearing Fc receptors was seen in spleen and lymph nodes of Zn(-) animals. It appears that zinc is an essential element for maintenance of normal T cell and other immune functions in vivo.", "PMID": 311474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3004", "title": "Absence of virus-induced lymphocyte suppression and interferon production in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Lymphocytes from normal adult donors exposed in vitro to inactivated measles virus were found to exert significant suppression (33.9%) of the concanavalin A responses of cryopreserved, autochthonous responder cells. In marked contrast, lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients exhibited significantly reduced suppression (1.5%), and in 80% of cases failed to suppress at all. The degree of suppression increased slightly with age of the patient but did not vary with the clinical stage of disease. There was no apparent genetic restriction of suppressor activity. Although specificity of this phenomenon for measles virus has not been established, no differences in the responses of lymphocytes from normal or multiple sclerosis patient donors were found with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Sendai, canine distemper, mumps, or influenza viruses. Supernates of measles-treated lymphocytes from normal donors possessed both suppressive and antiviral activities. Both activities were resistant to pH 2 treatment and were neutralized by an anti-human leukocyte interferon antiserum, strongly suggesting that interferon (probably type I) was the mediator of suppression. Consistent with their inability to suppress concanavalin A responses, lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients failed to produce significant amounts of interferon in response to measles challenge in vitro. These results extend previous observations that multiple sclerosis patients are unable to respond appropriately to measles virus antigen in vitro.", "contents": "Absence of virus-induced lymphocyte suppression and interferon production in multiple sclerosis. Lymphocytes from normal adult donors exposed in vitro to inactivated measles virus were found to exert significant suppression (33.9%) of the concanavalin A responses of cryopreserved, autochthonous responder cells. In marked contrast, lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients exhibited significantly reduced suppression (1.5%), and in 80% of cases failed to suppress at all. The degree of suppression increased slightly with age of the patient but did not vary with the clinical stage of disease. There was no apparent genetic restriction of suppressor activity. Although specificity of this phenomenon for measles virus has not been established, no differences in the responses of lymphocytes from normal or multiple sclerosis patient donors were found with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Sendai, canine distemper, mumps, or influenza viruses. Supernates of measles-treated lymphocytes from normal donors possessed both suppressive and antiviral activities. Both activities were resistant to pH 2 treatment and were neutralized by an anti-human leukocyte interferon antiserum, strongly suggesting that interferon (probably type I) was the mediator of suppression. Consistent with their inability to suppress concanavalin A responses, lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients failed to produce significant amounts of interferon in response to measles challenge in vitro. These results extend previous observations that multiple sclerosis patients are unable to respond appropriately to measles virus antigen in vitro.", "PMID": 311475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3005", "title": "Induction of amplified synthesis and secretion of IgM by fusion of murine 'b lymphoma with myeloma cells.", "content": "Murine B lymphoma cultured cell lines bearing membrane IgM and lacking the ability to secrete measurable amounts of IgM were fused with drug-resistant cell lines derived from the IgG2b-producing MPC-11 myeloma. Many of the hybrid clones synthesized and secreted large amounts of IgM, as judged by radial and double immunodiffusion in agar of culture supernatants and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of biosynthetically labeled IgM. When fused with an IgG2b-producing myeloma, many of the hybrids also produced IgG2b, indicating that there was no suppression of the parental IgG synthesis in the hybrids. The amount of IgM or IgG2b secreted by the hybrids was higher than that secreted by myeloma cell lines. The synthesis of the gamma2b heavy chain of the MPC-11 myeloma was not reexpressed by fusion of a gamma2b nonproducer myeloma cell variant with B lymphoma. No other classes of Ig heavy chains, besides the gamma2b and the mu chains, were found to be secreted by any of more than 100 B lymphoma--myeloma hybrids examined. The results of the present work suggest that myeloma cells may fuse not only with normal plasma cells but also with less-mature normal B lymphocytes and that this fusion \"induces\" the maturation of B lymphocytes into IgM-secreting cells.", "contents": "Induction of amplified synthesis and secretion of IgM by fusion of murine 'b lymphoma with myeloma cells. Murine B lymphoma cultured cell lines bearing membrane IgM and lacking the ability to secrete measurable amounts of IgM were fused with drug-resistant cell lines derived from the IgG2b-producing MPC-11 myeloma. Many of the hybrid clones synthesized and secreted large amounts of IgM, as judged by radial and double immunodiffusion in agar of culture supernatants and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of biosynthetically labeled IgM. When fused with an IgG2b-producing myeloma, many of the hybrids also produced IgG2b, indicating that there was no suppression of the parental IgG synthesis in the hybrids. The amount of IgM or IgG2b secreted by the hybrids was higher than that secreted by myeloma cell lines. The synthesis of the gamma2b heavy chain of the MPC-11 myeloma was not reexpressed by fusion of a gamma2b nonproducer myeloma cell variant with B lymphoma. No other classes of Ig heavy chains, besides the gamma2b and the mu chains, were found to be secreted by any of more than 100 B lymphoma--myeloma hybrids examined. The results of the present work suggest that myeloma cells may fuse not only with normal plasma cells but also with less-mature normal B lymphocytes and that this fusion \"induces\" the maturation of B lymphocytes into IgM-secreting cells.", "PMID": 311476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3006", "title": "Purine excretion by mouse peritoneal macrophages lacking adenosine deaminase activity.", "content": "Deoxyadenosine, a cytotoxic purine nucleoside, is excreted in large amounts by patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease associated with deficiency of adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4). To identify the source of the purine nucleoside, purine excretion by macrophages was studied by using mouse peritoneal macrophages as an experimental model system. Normally, macrophages excrete a large quantity of uric acid into the culture medium. However, in the presence of deoxycoformycin, a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, these macrophages also excreted deoxyadenosine. Furthermore, phagocytosis of nucleated erythrocytes augmented the excretion of deoxyadenosine. Macrophages are involved in the phagocytosis of nuclei that are extruded from normoblasts during erythropoiesis and also of senescent cells in lymphoid organs. A hypothesis is proposed that macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system are a source of deoxyadenosine, which is one of the two cytotoxic purine nucleosides (the other is adenosine) apparently responsible for the suppression of immune functions in patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "contents": "Purine excretion by mouse peritoneal macrophages lacking adenosine deaminase activity. Deoxyadenosine, a cytotoxic purine nucleoside, is excreted in large amounts by patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease associated with deficiency of adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4). To identify the source of the purine nucleoside, purine excretion by macrophages was studied by using mouse peritoneal macrophages as an experimental model system. Normally, macrophages excrete a large quantity of uric acid into the culture medium. However, in the presence of deoxycoformycin, a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, these macrophages also excreted deoxyadenosine. Furthermore, phagocytosis of nucleated erythrocytes augmented the excretion of deoxyadenosine. Macrophages are involved in the phagocytosis of nuclei that are extruded from normoblasts during erythropoiesis and also of senescent cells in lymphoid organs. A hypothesis is proposed that macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system are a source of deoxyadenosine, which is one of the two cytotoxic purine nucleosides (the other is adenosine) apparently responsible for the suppression of immune functions in patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "PMID": 311477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3007", "title": "Sequence-specific DNA uptake in Haemophilus transformation.", "content": "Haemophilus cells efficiently take up Haemophilus DNA from the medium during transformation but do not take up other DNAs. To study the mechanism of this specificity we have cloned an 8.1-kilobase (kb) fragment of H. parainfluenzae DNA in the escherichia coli--pBR322 host--vector system and reisolated the DNA fragment for use as a defined probe. The 5'32P end-labeled 8.1-kb DNA is efficiently absorbed by competent Haemophilus cells whereas vector DNA present in the mixture is not, implying that the 8.1-kb DNA contains sequence-specific recognition sites that are needed for DNA uptake. Absorbed DNA can be recovered from cells as a 32P-labeled duplex of unaltered size for several minutes after uptake. We have determined the number and location of uptake sites in the 8.1-kb DNA by constructing a restriction endonuclease cleavage map and assaying fragments for uptake. Only two small fragments retain the ability to be absorbed. These fragments, 120 and 140 base pairs long, are 3.8 kb apart on the 8.1-kb fragment. We assume that each of these fragments contains a short common sequence, perhaps 8--12 base pairs long, that is the actual recognition site. We have shown by DNA competition assays, with the 8.1-kb DNA as a standard, that about 600 copies of the uptake sites are present in the Haemophilus genome.", "contents": "Sequence-specific DNA uptake in Haemophilus transformation. Haemophilus cells efficiently take up Haemophilus DNA from the medium during transformation but do not take up other DNAs. To study the mechanism of this specificity we have cloned an 8.1-kilobase (kb) fragment of H. parainfluenzae DNA in the escherichia coli--pBR322 host--vector system and reisolated the DNA fragment for use as a defined probe. The 5'32P end-labeled 8.1-kb DNA is efficiently absorbed by competent Haemophilus cells whereas vector DNA present in the mixture is not, implying that the 8.1-kb DNA contains sequence-specific recognition sites that are needed for DNA uptake. Absorbed DNA can be recovered from cells as a 32P-labeled duplex of unaltered size for several minutes after uptake. We have determined the number and location of uptake sites in the 8.1-kb DNA by constructing a restriction endonuclease cleavage map and assaying fragments for uptake. Only two small fragments retain the ability to be absorbed. These fragments, 120 and 140 base pairs long, are 3.8 kb apart on the 8.1-kb fragment. We assume that each of these fragments contains a short common sequence, perhaps 8--12 base pairs long, that is the actual recognition site. We have shown by DNA competition assays, with the 8.1-kb DNA as a standard, that about 600 copies of the uptake sites are present in the Haemophilus genome.", "PMID": 311478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3008", "title": "Action of black widow spider venom on quantized release of acetylcholine at the frog neuromuscular junction: dependence upon external Mg2+.", "content": "Black widow spider (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus) venom (BWSV) increases several hundredfold the frequency of occurrance of minature end-plate potentials (Fmepp) at frog neuromuscular junctions bathed in Ringer's solutions containing either Ca2+ of Mg2+, but it has little effect on Fmepp at junctions bathed in modified Ringer's solution containing 1--2 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) but no Ca2+ or Mg2+. When Mg2+ is added to preparations that have been treated with BWSV in the modified solution, Fmepp increases exponentially with time. Fmepp falls again to low values when the Mg2+ is removed. The rate constant of the exponential rise is proportional to [Mg2+]o in the range 1--4 mM, and the threshold [Mg2+]o is 0.1--0.5 mM. Increasing the K+ concentration of the bathing solution decreases the ability of Mg2+ to increase Fmepp. Addition of Ca2+, Co2+, Mn2+, or Zn2+ also leads to a large increase in Fmepp. These results are consistent with the possibility that BWSV increases the permeability of the nerve terminal to divalent cations. BWSV can, however, increase Fmepp in hypertonic solutions in the absence of external divalent cations. This result suggests that the effects of BWSV on the nerve terminal may not be confined to increasing the permeability of the plasma-lemma.", "contents": "Action of black widow spider venom on quantized release of acetylcholine at the frog neuromuscular junction: dependence upon external Mg2+. Black widow spider (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus) venom (BWSV) increases several hundredfold the frequency of occurrance of minature end-plate potentials (Fmepp) at frog neuromuscular junctions bathed in Ringer's solutions containing either Ca2+ of Mg2+, but it has little effect on Fmepp at junctions bathed in modified Ringer's solution containing 1--2 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) but no Ca2+ or Mg2+. When Mg2+ is added to preparations that have been treated with BWSV in the modified solution, Fmepp increases exponentially with time. Fmepp falls again to low values when the Mg2+ is removed. The rate constant of the exponential rise is proportional to [Mg2+]o in the range 1--4 mM, and the threshold [Mg2+]o is 0.1--0.5 mM. Increasing the K+ concentration of the bathing solution decreases the ability of Mg2+ to increase Fmepp. Addition of Ca2+, Co2+, Mn2+, or Zn2+ also leads to a large increase in Fmepp. These results are consistent with the possibility that BWSV increases the permeability of the nerve terminal to divalent cations. BWSV can, however, increase Fmepp in hypertonic solutions in the absence of external divalent cations. This result suggests that the effects of BWSV on the nerve terminal may not be confined to increasing the permeability of the plasma-lemma.", "PMID": 311479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3009", "title": "Computed tomography profiles of periventricular hypodensity in hydrocephalus and leukoencephalopathy.", "content": "Profiles of hypodense periventricular white matter, drawn from the interior of the frontal horns through the surrounding white matter to the peripheral gray matter, were analyzed in 65 patients. Abnormal curves were grouped into four patterns: linear, double-slope, plateau, and bimodal. The first two, found primarily in hydrocephalic patients, appear to be due to transependymal passage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The linear pattern was found more frequently in acute cases and indicates breakdown of the ventricular wall as a barrier. The double-slope pattern probably indicates a persistent or restored barrier effect at the wall, with residual CSF infiltration of the parenchyma. Most of the other patients' curves showed either a plateau pattern or (especially in primary leukoencephalopathy) a bimodal (\"bumpy\") pattern which is believed to correspond to the nonuniform nature of the pathological process.", "contents": "Computed tomography profiles of periventricular hypodensity in hydrocephalus and leukoencephalopathy. Profiles of hypodense periventricular white matter, drawn from the interior of the frontal horns through the surrounding white matter to the peripheral gray matter, were analyzed in 65 patients. Abnormal curves were grouped into four patterns: linear, double-slope, plateau, and bimodal. The first two, found primarily in hydrocephalic patients, appear to be due to transependymal passage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The linear pattern was found more frequently in acute cases and indicates breakdown of the ventricular wall as a barrier. The double-slope pattern probably indicates a persistent or restored barrier effect at the wall, with residual CSF infiltration of the parenchyma. Most of the other patients' curves showed either a plateau pattern or (especially in primary leukoencephalopathy) a bimodal (\"bumpy\") pattern which is believed to correspond to the nonuniform nature of the pathological process.", "PMID": 311484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3010", "title": "[The effect of proteinase inhibitor aprotinin on RNA-synthesis rate after partial hepatectomy in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of Aprotinin has been investigated on RNA-synthesis rate--measured by the incorporation of 3H-uridine--after partial hepatectomy in rats. In the control group two maxima of the incorporation of 3H-uridine into the regenerating liver were obtained after hepatectomy. On the other hand no increase of the 3H-uridine incorporation was detectable after Aprotinin pretreatment. The results indicate that Aprotinin inhibits the early events of liver regeneration by inhibition of proteinase enzymes.", "contents": "[The effect of proteinase inhibitor aprotinin on RNA-synthesis rate after partial hepatectomy in rats (author's transl)]. The effect of Aprotinin has been investigated on RNA-synthesis rate--measured by the incorporation of 3H-uridine--after partial hepatectomy in rats. In the control group two maxima of the incorporation of 3H-uridine into the regenerating liver were obtained after hepatectomy. On the other hand no increase of the 3H-uridine incorporation was detectable after Aprotinin pretreatment. The results indicate that Aprotinin inhibits the early events of liver regeneration by inhibition of proteinase enzymes.", "PMID": 311503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3011", "title": "Facial nerve palsy in acute leukaemia.", "content": "During a three year period, of 62 children and adults seen with lymphoblastic leukaemia 6 developed unilateral facial paralysis during the course of their disease, compared to none of 54 adults and children with acute non-lymphatic leukaemia seen during the same period. In all cases the problem arose in patients with refractory disease and was associated with the development of resistant bone marrow infiltration. The neuropathy showed no obvious response to intrathecal therapy and whilst meningeal infiltration was present at some stage in all but one of the 6, this waxed and waned independently of the facial palsy. Four of the 6 cases described had stigmata of the T-cell variety of lymphoblastic leukaemia, which is a significantly higher proportion than would be expected by chance. This apparent association with T-cell disease has not been previously recognised.", "contents": "Facial nerve palsy in acute leukaemia. During a three year period, of 62 children and adults seen with lymphoblastic leukaemia 6 developed unilateral facial paralysis during the course of their disease, compared to none of 54 adults and children with acute non-lymphatic leukaemia seen during the same period. In all cases the problem arose in patients with refractory disease and was associated with the development of resistant bone marrow infiltration. The neuropathy showed no obvious response to intrathecal therapy and whilst meningeal infiltration was present at some stage in all but one of the 6, this waxed and waned independently of the facial palsy. Four of the 6 cases described had stigmata of the T-cell variety of lymphoblastic leukaemia, which is a significantly higher proportion than would be expected by chance. This apparent association with T-cell disease has not been previously recognised.", "PMID": 311509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3012", "title": "Macrophage requirement for the in vitro response to an insolubilized T-independent antigen.", "content": "The role of macrophages in the in vitro response of mouse spleen cells to the insolubilized, T-independent antigen trinitrophenylated polyacrylamide (TNP-PAA) is demonstrated by the following points. The response is abolished by filtration on Sephadex G-10 and can be restored by the addition of splenic adherent cells, deficient in either B or T cells, or by 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME). It is suppressed upon elimination of phagocytic cells by silica, and restored by 2-ME. 2-ME can restore a normal response from zero, in cultures depleted of both adherent and phagocytic cells, and is efficient in the absence of mature T cells. Experiments in microcultures show that large numbers of macrophages can stimulate a supra-optimal response from B cells. This response is only obtained in the presence of the antigen, and is specific for TNP. These results show that microphages, probably by their polyclonal B-cell activator (PBA) property, play a role in the specific response to TNP-PAA. This prompts us to discuss the respective roles in the B-cell response of this PBA activity and of the interaction of the antigen with the specific B-cell receptors.", "contents": "Macrophage requirement for the in vitro response to an insolubilized T-independent antigen. The role of macrophages in the in vitro response of mouse spleen cells to the insolubilized, T-independent antigen trinitrophenylated polyacrylamide (TNP-PAA) is demonstrated by the following points. The response is abolished by filtration on Sephadex G-10 and can be restored by the addition of splenic adherent cells, deficient in either B or T cells, or by 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME). It is suppressed upon elimination of phagocytic cells by silica, and restored by 2-ME. 2-ME can restore a normal response from zero, in cultures depleted of both adherent and phagocytic cells, and is efficient in the absence of mature T cells. Experiments in microcultures show that large numbers of macrophages can stimulate a supra-optimal response from B cells. This response is only obtained in the presence of the antigen, and is specific for TNP. These results show that microphages, probably by their polyclonal B-cell activator (PBA) property, play a role in the specific response to TNP-PAA. This prompts us to discuss the respective roles in the B-cell response of this PBA activity and of the interaction of the antigen with the specific B-cell receptors.", "PMID": 311510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3013", "title": "Severe suppression of the B-cell system has no impact on the maturation of natural killer cells in mice.", "content": "Mice were treated with a heterologous anti-IgM serum to obtain B-cell-deprived mice. Spleen cells from normal and B-cell-deprived mice were tested in three different cytolytic systems: natural killer cells (NK); antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC) against an NK-sensitive tumour, P815; and ADCC against chicken erythrocytes. The impact of administration of an interferon-inducing NK enhancing agent, Tilorone, was also investigated. Whereas the cell population from B-cell-deprived mice was significantly suppressed in antibody-producing cells, the capacity to function in NK or ADCC was largely unimpaired both before and after administration of Tilorone. Our results would imply that mature B cells play no significant role in either the maturation of the NK cells or the expression of their cytolytic ability. Furthermore, effector cells for both NK and ADCC against antibody-coated tumour target cells were found to be distinct from those functioning in ADCC against chicken erythrocytes.", "contents": "Severe suppression of the B-cell system has no impact on the maturation of natural killer cells in mice. Mice were treated with a heterologous anti-IgM serum to obtain B-cell-deprived mice. Spleen cells from normal and B-cell-deprived mice were tested in three different cytolytic systems: natural killer cells (NK); antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC) against an NK-sensitive tumour, P815; and ADCC against chicken erythrocytes. The impact of administration of an interferon-inducing NK enhancing agent, Tilorone, was also investigated. Whereas the cell population from B-cell-deprived mice was significantly suppressed in antibody-producing cells, the capacity to function in NK or ADCC was largely unimpaired both before and after administration of Tilorone. Our results would imply that mature B cells play no significant role in either the maturation of the NK cells or the expression of their cytolytic ability. Furthermore, effector cells for both NK and ADCC against antibody-coated tumour target cells were found to be distinct from those functioning in ADCC against chicken erythrocytes.", "PMID": 311511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3014", "title": "Alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity in human lymphocytes: distribution in lymphocyte subpopulations and in mitogen-activated cells.", "content": "The cytochemical demonstration of nonspecific alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was studied. Different staining patterns were found, allowing differentiation of mononuclear cells into macrophages (strong granular cytoplasmic activity), B lymphocytes (negative reaction), Tgamma lymphocytes, i.e. bearing IgG Fc receptors (granular scattered reaction), and T non-gamma lymphocytes, i.e. devoid of IgG Fc receptors (single cytoplasmic ANAE spot). During the early phases of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)- and concanavalin A (Con A)-induced activation, the reactivity of most lymphocytes became granular and scattered, similar to that found in Tgamma cells. Blast cells generating in successive phases appeared devoid of detectable enzymatic activity. The hypothesis is put forth that T cells showing granular, scattered reactivity represent a population of activated cells and that the redistribution of enzymatic activity could represent a preliminary step leading to secretion (lymphokine-like?) of enzyme from cytoplasm in the course of cell activation.", "contents": "Alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity in human lymphocytes: distribution in lymphocyte subpopulations and in mitogen-activated cells. The cytochemical demonstration of nonspecific alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was studied. Different staining patterns were found, allowing differentiation of mononuclear cells into macrophages (strong granular cytoplasmic activity), B lymphocytes (negative reaction), Tgamma lymphocytes, i.e. bearing IgG Fc receptors (granular scattered reaction), and T non-gamma lymphocytes, i.e. devoid of IgG Fc receptors (single cytoplasmic ANAE spot). During the early phases of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)- and concanavalin A (Con A)-induced activation, the reactivity of most lymphocytes became granular and scattered, similar to that found in Tgamma cells. Blast cells generating in successive phases appeared devoid of detectable enzymatic activity. The hypothesis is put forth that T cells showing granular, scattered reactivity represent a population of activated cells and that the redistribution of enzymatic activity could represent a preliminary step leading to secretion (lymphokine-like?) of enzyme from cytoplasm in the course of cell activation.", "PMID": 311512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3015", "title": "The prognosis of schizophrenia: rationale for a multidimensional concept.", "content": "Three main ways of viewing schizophrenia exist that have different prognostic, practical, and conceptual implications. The mixed cross-sectional/longitudinal view of Kraepelin and others states essentially that there is a disease, schizophrenia, that can be identified by considering both characteristic symptoms and course. Prognosis in the disorder so defined is guarded, but because of the composite diagnostic criteria used, the characteristics most important for relating to outcome remain unknown. The second view defines schizophrenia primarily in terms of the cross-sectional symptom picture alone. It has been shown empirically that defining a disorder in this way has relatively limited prognostic implications. The third approach identifies schizophrenia in terms of several \"axes,\" such as type of schizophrenic symptoms, their duration, the person's social relations, and his work function. These axes are viewed as relatively independent processes with somewhat different determinants, implying the need for different specific treatments. The authors believe this last view is the one most supported by currently available data.", "contents": "The prognosis of schizophrenia: rationale for a multidimensional concept. Three main ways of viewing schizophrenia exist that have different prognostic, practical, and conceptual implications. The mixed cross-sectional/longitudinal view of Kraepelin and others states essentially that there is a disease, schizophrenia, that can be identified by considering both characteristic symptoms and course. Prognosis in the disorder so defined is guarded, but because of the composite diagnostic criteria used, the characteristics most important for relating to outcome remain unknown. The second view defines schizophrenia primarily in terms of the cross-sectional symptom picture alone. It has been shown empirically that defining a disorder in this way has relatively limited prognostic implications. The third approach identifies schizophrenia in terms of several \"axes,\" such as type of schizophrenic symptoms, their duration, the person's social relations, and his work function. These axes are viewed as relatively independent processes with somewhat different determinants, implying the need for different specific treatments. The authors believe this last view is the one most supported by currently available data.", "PMID": 311513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3016", "title": "[Immune profile in patients with Hodgkin's disease in long-term remission after cytostatic chemotherapy].", "content": "13 patients in complete and prolonged remission after treatment with cytostatic chemotherapy for disseminated Hodgkin's disease have been investigated for immune competence by a total of 27 immunological parameters. 11 patients had abnormal values for lymphocyte populations, lymphocyte function and skin tests. The immune profile described is suitable for long-term evaluation of patients under immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "[Immune profile in patients with Hodgkin's disease in long-term remission after cytostatic chemotherapy]. 13 patients in complete and prolonged remission after treatment with cytostatic chemotherapy for disseminated Hodgkin's disease have been investigated for immune competence by a total of 27 immunological parameters. 11 patients had abnormal values for lymphocyte populations, lymphocyte function and skin tests. The immune profile described is suitable for long-term evaluation of patients under immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 311514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3017", "title": "[The effect of coronary surgery on the prognosis of angina pectoris].", "content": "The literature on the influence of aortocoronary bypass surgery is reviewed with respect to life expectancy and symptoms. Preliminary results of the European prospective randomized coronary study are also presented. There was no significant difference in clinical or angiographic criteria as between the medically and surgically treated patient groups. For the total cohorts, survival did not significantly differ, though in patients with 3-vessel disease, mortality was significantly higher in the medically treated group. This observation requires confirmation before it is allowed to influence our decisions. In the same prospective trial, surgery improved symptoms in 4/5 of the patients and eliminated angina in half. With medical treatment, fewer than half of the patients experienced further improvement during the same time period and only 15% became symptom-free.", "contents": "[The effect of coronary surgery on the prognosis of angina pectoris]. The literature on the influence of aortocoronary bypass surgery is reviewed with respect to life expectancy and symptoms. Preliminary results of the European prospective randomized coronary study are also presented. There was no significant difference in clinical or angiographic criteria as between the medically and surgically treated patient groups. For the total cohorts, survival did not significantly differ, though in patients with 3-vessel disease, mortality was significantly higher in the medically treated group. This observation requires confirmation before it is allowed to influence our decisions. In the same prospective trial, surgery improved symptoms in 4/5 of the patients and eliminated angina in half. With medical treatment, fewer than half of the patients experienced further improvement during the same time period and only 15% became symptom-free.", "PMID": 311515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3018", "title": "[Thallium 201 myocardial scintigraphy. Clinical use and value].", "content": "Thallium-201 exercise myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, a new, non-invasive screening method, serves to visualize stress-induced ischemic regions and scarred tissue. As compared to the exercise electrocardiogram, the method shows higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting coronary artery disease. Moreover, it makes it possible to localize the predominant defects. Even though myocardial scintigraphy cannot replace coronary arteriography in establishing the precise morphologic situation of the coronary arteries, it is of help in deciding whether an arteriogram should be carried out or not. Thus, important indications for myocardial stress scintigraphy are atypical chest pain and an abnormal electrocardiogram without pain. Furthermore, the method is useful for evaluating patients with uninterpretable electrocardiograms during exercise, and in assessing the outcome of coronary artery bypass surgery.", "contents": "[Thallium 201 myocardial scintigraphy. Clinical use and value]. Thallium-201 exercise myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, a new, non-invasive screening method, serves to visualize stress-induced ischemic regions and scarred tissue. As compared to the exercise electrocardiogram, the method shows higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting coronary artery disease. Moreover, it makes it possible to localize the predominant defects. Even though myocardial scintigraphy cannot replace coronary arteriography in establishing the precise morphologic situation of the coronary arteries, it is of help in deciding whether an arteriogram should be carried out or not. Thus, important indications for myocardial stress scintigraphy are atypical chest pain and an abnormal electrocardiogram without pain. Furthermore, the method is useful for evaluating patients with uninterpretable electrocardiograms during exercise, and in assessing the outcome of coronary artery bypass surgery.", "PMID": 311516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3019", "title": "The effect of oral isoniazid on human lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "After oral administration of isoniazid (INH) to volunteers, a significant reduction in circulating T lymphocytes and a significant increase in B lymphocytes was found. These findings suggest that INH may be useful as an immunosuppressive agent.", "contents": "The effect of oral isoniazid on human lymphocyte subpopulations. After oral administration of isoniazid (INH) to volunteers, a significant reduction in circulating T lymphocytes and a significant increase in B lymphocytes was found. These findings suggest that INH may be useful as an immunosuppressive agent.", "PMID": 311522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3020", "title": "A prospective evaluation of injection sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute bleeding from esophageal varices.", "content": "In a 25 month study of massive upper-gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 64 patients were shown to have esophageal varices on emergency endoscopy. Twenty-four patients were actively bleeding from varices and were treated with a Sengstaken tube, and in 22 this was followed by emergency injection sclerotherapy using a rigid esophagoscope and general anesthesia. These 22 patients were followed prospectively and had 51 episodes of endoscopically proven active bleeding from esophageal varices which required Sengstaken tube control of hemorrhage during 36 separate admissions. This group included our total experience of injection sclerotherapy in acute variceal bleeding. The majority (14 of 22 patients) had alcoholic cirrhosis. Definitive control of variceal bleeding during the period of hospitalization was achieved in 33 hospital admissions (92%), usually with a single injection (27 hospital admissions: 75%). The results were satisfactory in 26 hospital admissions (72%). There were nine deaths (41% overall patient mortality rate), but no patient died primarily of variceal bleeding, and exsanguinating variceal bleeding was no longer a problem. The mortality rate per injection was 18%, and the mortality rate per hospital admission was 25%. Injection sclerotherapy is proposed as the emergency treatment of choice for patients with proven bleeding esophageal varices who do not stop bleeding on initial conservative treatment.", "contents": "A prospective evaluation of injection sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute bleeding from esophageal varices. In a 25 month study of massive upper-gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 64 patients were shown to have esophageal varices on emergency endoscopy. Twenty-four patients were actively bleeding from varices and were treated with a Sengstaken tube, and in 22 this was followed by emergency injection sclerotherapy using a rigid esophagoscope and general anesthesia. These 22 patients were followed prospectively and had 51 episodes of endoscopically proven active bleeding from esophageal varices which required Sengstaken tube control of hemorrhage during 36 separate admissions. This group included our total experience of injection sclerotherapy in acute variceal bleeding. The majority (14 of 22 patients) had alcoholic cirrhosis. Definitive control of variceal bleeding during the period of hospitalization was achieved in 33 hospital admissions (92%), usually with a single injection (27 hospital admissions: 75%). The results were satisfactory in 26 hospital admissions (72%). There were nine deaths (41% overall patient mortality rate), but no patient died primarily of variceal bleeding, and exsanguinating variceal bleeding was no longer a problem. The mortality rate per injection was 18%, and the mortality rate per hospital admission was 25%. Injection sclerotherapy is proposed as the emergency treatment of choice for patients with proven bleeding esophageal varices who do not stop bleeding on initial conservative treatment.", "PMID": 311524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3021", "title": "Mesocaval shunts for the control of bleeding esophageal varices.", "content": "Results in 44 patients with esophageal bleeding who underwent a mesocaval shunt utilizing a prosthetic graft are presented. Portal hypertension was secondary to alcoholic cirrhosis in 30 patients, to chronic active hepatitis in eight, to primary biliary cirrhosis in four, to cirrhosis secondary to inflammatory bowel disease in one, and to portal vein thrombosis following splenectomy in one. Thirty-six shunts were performed during the emergent or semiemergent time period, and only eight were performed electively. Sixteen of the patients were Child's class A, 16 were class B, and 12 were class C. There were no hospital deaths in the emergency shunt group (of eight patients); there was a 12% mortality rate for patients undergoing semiemergency shunts (two of 17 patients) and a 42% mortality rate for patients who had emergency shunts (eight of 19 patients). Death was related more closely to hepatic reserve, however, than to timing of the shunt. Among the 32 class A and B patients, there were only three deaths in hospital (9%), as compared with seven deaths among the 12 class C patients (58%). Portal-systemic encephalopathy was high in the period immediately after operation (13 of 34 patients, 38%), but it was a chronic problem following discharge from the hospital in only three of 34 patients (9%). The mesocaval shunt is a safe, effective procedure for the control of variceal bleeding in class A and class B patients in any time period, but it carries a high operative mortality risk in the class C patient when it is performed as an emergency operation.", "contents": "Mesocaval shunts for the control of bleeding esophageal varices. Results in 44 patients with esophageal bleeding who underwent a mesocaval shunt utilizing a prosthetic graft are presented. Portal hypertension was secondary to alcoholic cirrhosis in 30 patients, to chronic active hepatitis in eight, to primary biliary cirrhosis in four, to cirrhosis secondary to inflammatory bowel disease in one, and to portal vein thrombosis following splenectomy in one. Thirty-six shunts were performed during the emergent or semiemergent time period, and only eight were performed electively. Sixteen of the patients were Child's class A, 16 were class B, and 12 were class C. There were no hospital deaths in the emergency shunt group (of eight patients); there was a 12% mortality rate for patients undergoing semiemergency shunts (two of 17 patients) and a 42% mortality rate for patients who had emergency shunts (eight of 19 patients). Death was related more closely to hepatic reserve, however, than to timing of the shunt. Among the 32 class A and B patients, there were only three deaths in hospital (9%), as compared with seven deaths among the 12 class C patients (58%). Portal-systemic encephalopathy was high in the period immediately after operation (13 of 34 patients, 38%), but it was a chronic problem following discharge from the hospital in only three of 34 patients (9%). The mesocaval shunt is a safe, effective procedure for the control of variceal bleeding in class A and class B patients in any time period, but it carries a high operative mortality risk in the class C patient when it is performed as an emergency operation.", "PMID": 311525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3022", "title": "Satellite and invasive cells in frog sartorius muscle.", "content": "The occurrence and distribution of two cell types associated with normal and denervated frog skeletal muscle fibers are described. The first is the satellite cell. The general appearance and the number of satellite cells are not affected by long-term denervation. The second type of cell is the invasive cell. Invasive cells penetrate across the basal lamina and up to the core of the muscle fiber, without fusing with it. It is suggested that the origin of invasive cells is extramuscular, probably circulatory. Although invasive cells are more numerous in some denervated muscle, it is established that this is not a direct effect of denervation.", "contents": "Satellite and invasive cells in frog sartorius muscle. The occurrence and distribution of two cell types associated with normal and denervated frog skeletal muscle fibers are described. The first is the satellite cell. The general appearance and the number of satellite cells are not affected by long-term denervation. The second type of cell is the invasive cell. Invasive cells penetrate across the basal lamina and up to the core of the muscle fiber, without fusing with it. It is suggested that the origin of invasive cells is extramuscular, probably circulatory. Although invasive cells are more numerous in some denervated muscle, it is established that this is not a direct effect of denervation.", "PMID": 311532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3023", "title": "Effects of electrical intravaginal stimulation on bladder volume: an experimental and clinical study.", "content": "Clinical observations have indicated that not only stress incontinence due to defective urethral closure but also urge incontinence due to bladder hyperactivity can be successfully treated by electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor. Clinical investigations revealed that intravaginal electrical stimulation caused bladder inhibition registered as a volume increase. This inhibition was most marked at a low stimulation frequency (10 Hz). Animal experiments indicated that the bladder inhibition was achieved by autonomic spinal reflex mechanisms activated by stimulation of pudendal afferents.", "contents": "Effects of electrical intravaginal stimulation on bladder volume: an experimental and clinical study. Clinical observations have indicated that not only stress incontinence due to defective urethral closure but also urge incontinence due to bladder hyperactivity can be successfully treated by electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor. Clinical investigations revealed that intravaginal electrical stimulation caused bladder inhibition registered as a volume increase. This inhibition was most marked at a low stimulation frequency (10 Hz). Animal experiments indicated that the bladder inhibition was achieved by autonomic spinal reflex mechanisms activated by stimulation of pudendal afferents.", "PMID": 311533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3024", "title": "[Effect of aflatoxin on the serum profile and antibody formation in chickens].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to follow up the effect of aflatoxin on the production of hemagglutinating antibodies in birds vaccinated against Newcastle disease and the changes in the serum profile. Birds that had been given a feed mixture with 560 and 640 mcg per kg for 20 days showed a lower titer of hemagglutinating antibodies and a drop of the alpha1, alpha2, beta1, gamma2-globulin fractions as well as a rise of the albumin and gamma1-globulin fractions. The liver and kidneys of the treated birds showed dystrophic changes.", "contents": "[Effect of aflatoxin on the serum profile and antibody formation in chickens]. Experiments were carried out to follow up the effect of aflatoxin on the production of hemagglutinating antibodies in birds vaccinated against Newcastle disease and the changes in the serum profile. Birds that had been given a feed mixture with 560 and 640 mcg per kg for 20 days showed a lower titer of hemagglutinating antibodies and a drop of the alpha1, alpha2, beta1, gamma2-globulin fractions as well as a rise of the albumin and gamma1-globulin fractions. The liver and kidneys of the treated birds showed dystrophic changes.", "PMID": 311538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3025", "title": "[Changes in the amount of sialic acids during B-lymphocyte blast transformation].", "content": "Albino mice were immunized with a suspension of sheep erythrocytes. On the fifth day the animals were killed and B-lymphocytes were isolated from the spleen tissue. Aminoff's method was employed to determine the amount of sialic acids. Normal lymphocytes, obtained from unimmunized animals, were used as controls. It was found that stimulation raised the level of sialic acids by about 26 per cent as against their amount in normal limphocytes. The biologic character of the phenomenon observed is briefly discused, stating that it corroborates the concept that the binding of immunogenic agents with the cell occurs in a \"stimulated\" status.", "contents": "[Changes in the amount of sialic acids during B-lymphocyte blast transformation]. Albino mice were immunized with a suspension of sheep erythrocytes. On the fifth day the animals were killed and B-lymphocytes were isolated from the spleen tissue. Aminoff's method was employed to determine the amount of sialic acids. Normal lymphocytes, obtained from unimmunized animals, were used as controls. It was found that stimulation raised the level of sialic acids by about 26 per cent as against their amount in normal limphocytes. The biologic character of the phenomenon observed is briefly discused, stating that it corroborates the concept that the binding of immunogenic agents with the cell occurs in a \"stimulated\" status.", "PMID": 311539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3026", "title": "[Control of the immunological reactivity in cervical cancer in the process of radiation therapy].", "content": "The author reports the results of studying 311 reactions of lymphocyte blasttransformation, 74 reactions of spontaneous rosette-formation and 186 reactions of plaque-formation in 184 patients with different stages of cervical cancer. It was found that in the tumor progression cell immunity indices are lowered and the degree of the lowering is dependent on the form of tumor growth. Radiotherapy results in the enhancement of autoantibody-formation processes and suppresses the response of lymphocytes to PHA found to be mostly pronounced in patients with advanced cancer. The blasttransformation reaction correlates well with the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes, and during radiotherapy the former slows down before the routinely revealed lymphopenia, that allows using this reaction to prognosticate lymphopenia. The most large amounts of plaque-forming blood cells were detected in patients with radiation injuries of the adjacent to the uterus organs of the small pelvis. Use of lymphocyte blasttrasformation reaction and quantitation of plaque-forming blood cells may provide the grounds for the individual application of radiotherapy for cervical cancer to increase its effectiveness.", "contents": "[Control of the immunological reactivity in cervical cancer in the process of radiation therapy]. The author reports the results of studying 311 reactions of lymphocyte blasttransformation, 74 reactions of spontaneous rosette-formation and 186 reactions of plaque-formation in 184 patients with different stages of cervical cancer. It was found that in the tumor progression cell immunity indices are lowered and the degree of the lowering is dependent on the form of tumor growth. Radiotherapy results in the enhancement of autoantibody-formation processes and suppresses the response of lymphocytes to PHA found to be mostly pronounced in patients with advanced cancer. The blasttransformation reaction correlates well with the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes, and during radiotherapy the former slows down before the routinely revealed lymphopenia, that allows using this reaction to prognosticate lymphopenia. The most large amounts of plaque-forming blood cells were detected in patients with radiation injuries of the adjacent to the uterus organs of the small pelvis. Use of lymphocyte blasttrasformation reaction and quantitation of plaque-forming blood cells may provide the grounds for the individual application of radiotherapy for cervical cancer to increase its effectiveness.", "PMID": 311545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3027", "title": "[The influence of TNS (transcutaneous nerve stimulation) on placental flow (author's transl)].", "content": "A report about 12. gravid patients with a diminished uteroplacental flow is given. To increase their placental perfusion a transcutaneus lumbo-sacral electric nerve stimulation was performed. In all 12 cases a distinet increase war measured by the method of radioisotope placenta-perfusion. The mean values showed a high significant difference (p less than 0,001). The reasons for this results and the possibilities of this findings for the therapy of funcitonal placental insufficiency are discussed.", "contents": "[The influence of TNS (transcutaneous nerve stimulation) on placental flow (author's transl)]. A report about 12. gravid patients with a diminished uteroplacental flow is given. To increase their placental perfusion a transcutaneus lumbo-sacral electric nerve stimulation was performed. In all 12 cases a distinet increase war measured by the method of radioisotope placenta-perfusion. The mean values showed a high significant difference (p less than 0,001). The reasons for this results and the possibilities of this findings for the therapy of funcitonal placental insufficiency are discussed.", "PMID": 311553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3028", "title": "[Chronic, nonpathogen-related orchitis].", "content": "Chronic non-infectious orchitis was found in 8.1% of fertility-patients, who underwent testicular biopsy because of severe disturbances in spermatogenesis. The histopathological findings were characterized by a membraneous and interstitial orchitis. In these cases, the cause of the disease was unknown; but immunological abnormalities were found suggesting an imbalance of cell-mediated immune responses: all cases of chronic non-infectious orchitis showed a significant T-cell-deficiency.", "contents": "[Chronic, nonpathogen-related orchitis]. Chronic non-infectious orchitis was found in 8.1% of fertility-patients, who underwent testicular biopsy because of severe disturbances in spermatogenesis. The histopathological findings were characterized by a membraneous and interstitial orchitis. In these cases, the cause of the disease was unknown; but immunological abnormalities were found suggesting an imbalance of cell-mediated immune responses: all cases of chronic non-infectious orchitis showed a significant T-cell-deficiency.", "PMID": 311554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3029", "title": "The comparison of different rosette assay systems for the determination of T-lymphocytes in patients with solid malignant tumors.", "content": "The number of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 51 patients with different type of solid malignancies, 33 normal controls and 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was determined using different variations of the sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosetting-technique (test temperature of 4 or 29 degrees C, medium substituted with or without fetal calf serum [FCS], SRBC treated or untreated with neuraminidase). No significant differences between cancer patients and normal controls were observed in the percentages of T-lymphocytes with the 4 degrees C incubation under any of the conditions tested. In absolute counts, however, a significantly decreased number of T-cells was observed in cancer patients, most likely due to the observed significant lymphopenia in this group. When the test temperature was raised to 29 degrees C, a significantly lower rosette formation was obtained in both percentages and absolute counts of peripheral T-cells in the group of cancer patients as compared to normal individuals only when both neuraminidase treated SRBC and FCS substituted medium were used. The question of whether the observed differences in the percentages and absolute counts of peripheral T-lymphocytes between cancer patients and normal controls using this rosette assay are due to a loss of a T-cell subpopulation or to an alteration in the metabolic state of T-cells in cancer patients remains open.", "contents": "The comparison of different rosette assay systems for the determination of T-lymphocytes in patients with solid malignant tumors. The number of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 51 patients with different type of solid malignancies, 33 normal controls and 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was determined using different variations of the sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosetting-technique (test temperature of 4 or 29 degrees C, medium substituted with or without fetal calf serum [FCS], SRBC treated or untreated with neuraminidase). No significant differences between cancer patients and normal controls were observed in the percentages of T-lymphocytes with the 4 degrees C incubation under any of the conditions tested. In absolute counts, however, a significantly decreased number of T-cells was observed in cancer patients, most likely due to the observed significant lymphopenia in this group. When the test temperature was raised to 29 degrees C, a significantly lower rosette formation was obtained in both percentages and absolute counts of peripheral T-cells in the group of cancer patients as compared to normal individuals only when both neuraminidase treated SRBC and FCS substituted medium were used. The question of whether the observed differences in the percentages and absolute counts of peripheral T-lymphocytes between cancer patients and normal controls using this rosette assay are due to a loss of a T-cell subpopulation or to an alteration in the metabolic state of T-cells in cancer patients remains open.", "PMID": 311555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3030", "title": "Bronchial carcinoma and its regional lymph nodes in relation to immunological functions.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty lymph nodes from 100 patients with lung carcinoma and the same number of regional nodes from 119 patients with gastric ulcer were histologically evaluated by the standardized reporting system of COTTIER et al. Special attention was focused on the immunological reactions in these lymph nodes. Histologic features suggesting actively functioning humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions were encountered more frequently in the nodes of the control series. The significance of the histologic findings is discussed and it is concluded that there is some degree of derangement of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in the lymph nodes draining lung carcinoma. The applicability of the reporting system used is emphasized.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoma and its regional lymph nodes in relation to immunological functions. Two hundred and fifty lymph nodes from 100 patients with lung carcinoma and the same number of regional nodes from 119 patients with gastric ulcer were histologically evaluated by the standardized reporting system of COTTIER et al. Special attention was focused on the immunological reactions in these lymph nodes. Histologic features suggesting actively functioning humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions were encountered more frequently in the nodes of the control series. The significance of the histologic findings is discussed and it is concluded that there is some degree of derangement of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in the lymph nodes draining lung carcinoma. The applicability of the reporting system used is emphasized.", "PMID": 311556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3031", "title": "Antibodies against purified pigeon IgA in pigeon breeders' disease.", "content": "It is demonstrated that previously described PDF1-A antigens from pigeon dropping extract contain pigeon IgA. The sera of patients with pigeon breeders' disease contain precipitating antibodies against pigeon IgA, in contrast to the sera of pigeon breeders suffering from unrelated forms of pulmonary dysfunction. The degree of complement consumption by PDF1A antigens, pigeon serum, and pigeon IgA turned out to be correlated. No correlation was found between precipitating anti-pigeon IgA antibodies and complement consumption by pigeon IgA in patients' sera.", "contents": "Antibodies against purified pigeon IgA in pigeon breeders' disease. It is demonstrated that previously described PDF1-A antigens from pigeon dropping extract contain pigeon IgA. The sera of patients with pigeon breeders' disease contain precipitating antibodies against pigeon IgA, in contrast to the sera of pigeon breeders suffering from unrelated forms of pulmonary dysfunction. The degree of complement consumption by PDF1A antigens, pigeon serum, and pigeon IgA turned out to be correlated. No correlation was found between precipitating anti-pigeon IgA antibodies and complement consumption by pigeon IgA in patients' sera.", "PMID": 311557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3032", "title": "[Physiology and pathology of the epiphyseal cartilage (author's transl)].", "content": "Knowledge of the physiology of the epiphyseal cartilage, respectively epiphyseal plate, is essential for an understanding of defective growth and abnormal modeling of the long bones. The epiphyseal cartilage develops from the embryonal, cartilaginous long bone structure. The histology of the epiphyseal cartilage is characterised by definable zones representing the individual differentiation steps from the reformation of cartilage to chondrolysis. Modeling of the ends of the long bones is also influenced by a transversal and longitudinal direction of growth in the epiphyseal cartilage. The intercellular substance mainly contains collagin, proteoglycanes and non-collagenic proteins. These macromolecules are compounded by means of physicochemical bonds and are responsible for the special mechanical qualities of the hyaline cartilage. The process of mineralisation at the base of the epiphyseal cartilage is an essential differentiating step for the ossification processes which take place in the metaphysis. Two pathogenetic principles at the epiphyseal cartilage appear to be important for the defective growth of the long bones. On the one hand, the flowing equilibrium between the differentiation steps of cartilage reformation, transformation of the hyaline cartilage into a mineralised cartilaginous tissue and chondrolysis is changed, whereas on the other hand the turnover of these differentiation steps is retarded or accelerated.", "contents": "[Physiology and pathology of the epiphyseal cartilage (author's transl)]. Knowledge of the physiology of the epiphyseal cartilage, respectively epiphyseal plate, is essential for an understanding of defective growth and abnormal modeling of the long bones. The epiphyseal cartilage develops from the embryonal, cartilaginous long bone structure. The histology of the epiphyseal cartilage is characterised by definable zones representing the individual differentiation steps from the reformation of cartilage to chondrolysis. Modeling of the ends of the long bones is also influenced by a transversal and longitudinal direction of growth in the epiphyseal cartilage. The intercellular substance mainly contains collagin, proteoglycanes and non-collagenic proteins. These macromolecules are compounded by means of physicochemical bonds and are responsible for the special mechanical qualities of the hyaline cartilage. The process of mineralisation at the base of the epiphyseal cartilage is an essential differentiating step for the ossification processes which take place in the metaphysis. Two pathogenetic principles at the epiphyseal cartilage appear to be important for the defective growth of the long bones. On the one hand, the flowing equilibrium between the differentiation steps of cartilage reformation, transformation of the hyaline cartilage into a mineralised cartilaginous tissue and chondrolysis is changed, whereas on the other hand the turnover of these differentiation steps is retarded or accelerated.", "PMID": 311559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3033", "title": "[Activity of a number of enzymes in the splenic T- and B-lymphocytes of CBA strain mice].", "content": "The activity of some enzymes in T- and B-lymphocytes from the spleen of CBA mice was investigated. T-cell suspension was obtained by using a modified Kedar et al. method based on immunosorption. EAC-rosette forming cells were studied in the capacity of B-cells. The activity of all the enzymes examined proved to be higher in T-lymphocytes than in B lymphocytes; the greatest difference was noted in the activity of NADP.H2-diaphorase, and the least--in the activity of NAD.H2-diaphorase.", "contents": "[Activity of a number of enzymes in the splenic T- and B-lymphocytes of CBA strain mice]. The activity of some enzymes in T- and B-lymphocytes from the spleen of CBA mice was investigated. T-cell suspension was obtained by using a modified Kedar et al. method based on immunosorption. EAC-rosette forming cells were studied in the capacity of B-cells. The activity of all the enzymes examined proved to be higher in T-lymphocytes than in B lymphocytes; the greatest difference was noted in the activity of NADP.H2-diaphorase, and the least--in the activity of NAD.H2-diaphorase.", "PMID": 311570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3034", "title": "[Detection of penicillinase and bacteriocinogenicity plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus strain No. 580].", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus No. 580 strain contains simultaneously two plasmids: bacteriocinogenicity plasmid and penicillinase plasmid. Both plasmids are lost spontaneously with a high frequency, and also under the effect of acridine orange at temperatures of 37 degrees C and 44 degrees C, and in cultivation at a temperature of 44 degrees C for 5 days. Loss of one of the plasmids failed to lead to stabilization of another plasmid, and it was eliminated spontaneously with the same frequency as in the population of the initial strain. Plasmid loss did not lead to the changes in biochemical and pathogenic properties and also of the phagovar and bacteriogenovar. At the same time in elimination of one or both plasmids lag-phase diminished from 220 to 120 min.", "contents": "[Detection of penicillinase and bacteriocinogenicity plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus strain No. 580]. Staphylococcus aureus No. 580 strain contains simultaneously two plasmids: bacteriocinogenicity plasmid and penicillinase plasmid. Both plasmids are lost spontaneously with a high frequency, and also under the effect of acridine orange at temperatures of 37 degrees C and 44 degrees C, and in cultivation at a temperature of 44 degrees C for 5 days. Loss of one of the plasmids failed to lead to stabilization of another plasmid, and it was eliminated spontaneously with the same frequency as in the population of the initial strain. Plasmid loss did not lead to the changes in biochemical and pathogenic properties and also of the phagovar and bacteriogenovar. At the same time in elimination of one or both plasmids lag-phase diminished from 220 to 120 min.", "PMID": 311572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3035", "title": "[Characteristics of individual lymphocyte populations in the blood of virtually healthy persons].", "content": "The number of individual lymphocyte populations in the blood of apparently healthy persons was determined by spontaneous rosette-formation with SRBC (T cells) and mouse red blood cells (B cells). In the majority of persons examined the percentage of T-lymphocytes constituted 47.3 +/- 1,6, of B--16.8 +/- 1, and of \"zero\" cells--33.5 +/- 3.4.  There was less T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood of elderly persons (over 50 years of age) than in the young ones. It was also shown that the T-lymphocyte population forming \"active\" rosettes could be assessed by the number of SRBC sorbed on their surface.", "contents": "[Characteristics of individual lymphocyte populations in the blood of virtually healthy persons]. The number of individual lymphocyte populations in the blood of apparently healthy persons was determined by spontaneous rosette-formation with SRBC (T cells) and mouse red blood cells (B cells). In the majority of persons examined the percentage of T-lymphocytes constituted 47.3 +/- 1,6, of B--16.8 +/- 1, and of \"zero\" cells--33.5 +/- 3.4.  There was less T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood of elderly persons (over 50 years of age) than in the young ones. It was also shown that the T-lymphocyte population forming \"active\" rosettes could be assessed by the number of SRBC sorbed on their surface.", "PMID": 311573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3036", "title": "Demonstration of nuclear antigen binding lymphocytes by the resette method in SLE-patients.", "content": "A rosette method suitable for the demonstration of deoxyribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleoprotein-binding peripheral lymphocytes is described. The results confirmed the existance of a human peripheral lymphocyte subpopulation capable of binding nuclear antigen specifically. The subpopulation was demonstrated in 63 out of 75 SLE-patients; 57 out of 59 SLE-patients being in the active period of the disease revealed nuclear antigenbinding lymphocytes, as against 6 our of 16 patients being in remission.", "contents": "Demonstration of nuclear antigen binding lymphocytes by the resette method in SLE-patients. A rosette method suitable for the demonstration of deoxyribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleoprotein-binding peripheral lymphocytes is described. The results confirmed the existance of a human peripheral lymphocyte subpopulation capable of binding nuclear antigen specifically. The subpopulation was demonstrated in 63 out of 75 SLE-patients; 57 out of 59 SLE-patients being in the active period of the disease revealed nuclear antigenbinding lymphocytes, as against 6 our of 16 patients being in remission.", "PMID": 311576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3037", "title": "Cholinesterase activity in rat liver and serum during experimentally induced inflammation.", "content": "Cholinesterase activity of albino rats with acute local oedematous inflammation induced by turpentine, croton oil or Freund's adjuvant was elevated in the liver homogenate but decreased in the serum. Aprotinin administration prevented the decrease of serum activity. In the oedema fluid of rats treated with croton oil an enzyme with cholinester splitting activity was detected and it was shown to be identical with serum cholinesterase (EC 3. 1. 1. 8.).", "contents": "Cholinesterase activity in rat liver and serum during experimentally induced inflammation. Cholinesterase activity of albino rats with acute local oedematous inflammation induced by turpentine, croton oil or Freund's adjuvant was elevated in the liver homogenate but decreased in the serum. Aprotinin administration prevented the decrease of serum activity. In the oedema fluid of rats treated with croton oil an enzyme with cholinester splitting activity was detected and it was shown to be identical with serum cholinesterase (EC 3. 1. 1. 8.).", "PMID": 311577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3038", "title": "Trans-reservoiral ventriculography (TRV).", "content": "We report here the usefulness of ventriculography by means of percutaneous injection of a recently developed water-soluble contrast medium of great safety through a shunt flushing reservoir; the method is called trans-reservoiral ventriculography (TRV), and is presented here in twelve clinical cases. The TRV is especially useful in observing the course of brain tumour after either surgical or non-surgical treatment.", "contents": "Trans-reservoiral ventriculography (TRV). We report here the usefulness of ventriculography by means of percutaneous injection of a recently developed water-soluble contrast medium of great safety through a shunt flushing reservoir; the method is called trans-reservoiral ventriculography (TRV), and is presented here in twelve clinical cases. The TRV is especially useful in observing the course of brain tumour after either surgical or non-surgical treatment.", "PMID": 311578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3039", "title": "Increase of IgA-bearing lymphocytes in peripheral blood from patients with IgA nephropathy.", "content": "Aberration of IgA-bearing B lymphocytes in patients with IgA nephropathy has been investigated. Twelve patients with IgA nephropathy demonstrated a marked increase of IgA-bearing lymphocytes in peripheral blood, while ten patients with chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis without mesangial deposition of IgA showed normal amounts of IgA-bearing lymphocytes. The increase of IgA-bearing lymphocytes reflected that of IgA-producing lymphocytes, since lymphocytes obtained from patients with IgA nephropathy restored a high percentage of IgA-bearing cells in vitro after treatment with trypsin. Quantitation of IgA-bearing lymphocytes in peripheral blood is a useful method for screening of patients with IgA nephropathy.", "contents": "Increase of IgA-bearing lymphocytes in peripheral blood from patients with IgA nephropathy. Aberration of IgA-bearing B lymphocytes in patients with IgA nephropathy has been investigated. Twelve patients with IgA nephropathy demonstrated a marked increase of IgA-bearing lymphocytes in peripheral blood, while ten patients with chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis without mesangial deposition of IgA showed normal amounts of IgA-bearing lymphocytes. The increase of IgA-bearing lymphocytes reflected that of IgA-producing lymphocytes, since lymphocytes obtained from patients with IgA nephropathy restored a high percentage of IgA-bearing cells in vitro after treatment with trypsin. Quantitation of IgA-bearing lymphocytes in peripheral blood is a useful method for screening of patients with IgA nephropathy.", "PMID": 311581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3040", "title": "Aplastic anemia associated with bone marrow suppressor T-cell hyperactivity: successful treatment with antithymocyte globulin.", "content": "In five patients with idiopathic aplastic anemia, the colony-forming unit (CFU-c) assay was used to quantitate stem cells and test the possible presence of suppressor cells inhibiting bone marrow differentiation. All five marrows failed to form CFU-c. In one out of the five cases tested, coculture of the patient's marrow with normal marrow suppressed the latter to form CFU-c. Removal of T-cells from the patient's bone marrow freed the aplastic marrow to produce more colonies and, in the coculture study, abrogated its inhibitory activity on the normal bone marrow. Treatment of the patient with horse antihuman thymocyte globulin (ATG), improved the peripheral blood count and myelopoiesis. Furthermore, the aplastic marrow increased its colony forming capacity from less than 1% pre-ATG to 46% post-ATG of the normal control, and its inhibitory activity on the normal marrow was ablated. In selected cases of aplastic anemia, with evidence of T-suppressor cell hyperactivity, treatment with ATG may offer an alternative approach to bone-marrow transplantation.", "contents": "Aplastic anemia associated with bone marrow suppressor T-cell hyperactivity: successful treatment with antithymocyte globulin. In five patients with idiopathic aplastic anemia, the colony-forming unit (CFU-c) assay was used to quantitate stem cells and test the possible presence of suppressor cells inhibiting bone marrow differentiation. All five marrows failed to form CFU-c. In one out of the five cases tested, coculture of the patient's marrow with normal marrow suppressed the latter to form CFU-c. Removal of T-cells from the patient's bone marrow freed the aplastic marrow to produce more colonies and, in the coculture study, abrogated its inhibitory activity on the normal bone marrow. Treatment of the patient with horse antihuman thymocyte globulin (ATG), improved the peripheral blood count and myelopoiesis. Furthermore, the aplastic marrow increased its colony forming capacity from less than 1% pre-ATG to 46% post-ATG of the normal control, and its inhibitory activity on the normal marrow was ablated. In selected cases of aplastic anemia, with evidence of T-suppressor cell hyperactivity, treatment with ATG may offer an alternative approach to bone-marrow transplantation.", "PMID": 311583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3041", "title": "A new allele of human alpha1-antitrypsin: PiNhampton.", "content": "A new allele of alpha1AT is described. By isoelectric focusing, the microheterogeneous pattern of the variant was similar to but more cathodal than that of Pi N. This allele has therefore been tentatively designated PiNhampton(Nham). Further examination revealed that the minor bands of Nham are indistinguishable from the major bands of Z by isoelectric focusing, and a careful family study was necessary to clearly define the proband's phenotype. Pi Nham was found in association with M1, S, and Z, but to date its possession is not apparently related to clinical disorders or reduced serum levels of alpha1AT.", "contents": "A new allele of human alpha1-antitrypsin: PiNhampton. A new allele of alpha1AT is described. By isoelectric focusing, the microheterogeneous pattern of the variant was similar to but more cathodal than that of Pi N. This allele has therefore been tentatively designated PiNhampton(Nham). Further examination revealed that the minor bands of Nham are indistinguishable from the major bands of Z by isoelectric focusing, and a careful family study was necessary to clearly define the proband's phenotype. Pi Nham was found in association with M1, S, and Z, but to date its possession is not apparently related to clinical disorders or reduced serum levels of alpha1AT.", "PMID": 311584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3042", "title": "Increased factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen and von Willebrand factor activity in renal failure.", "content": "Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen and von Willebrand factor activity (ristocetin assay) were studied in 12 patients in renal failure. A dramatic increase in both activities was observed (antigen 315 +/- 30 per cent in patients verus 104 +/- 9 per cent in control subjects; activity 402 +/- 48 per cent in patients versus 111 +/- 5 per cent in control subjects; p less than 0.001 for both). Since von Willebrand factor is thought to play at least a facilitative role in the development of arteriosclerosis, these increased activities may contribute to the premature arteriosclerosis reported in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis.", "contents": "Increased factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen and von Willebrand factor activity in renal failure. Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen and von Willebrand factor activity (ristocetin assay) were studied in 12 patients in renal failure. A dramatic increase in both activities was observed (antigen 315 +/- 30 per cent in patients verus 104 +/- 9 per cent in control subjects; activity 402 +/- 48 per cent in patients versus 111 +/- 5 per cent in control subjects; p less than 0.001 for both). Since von Willebrand factor is thought to play at least a facilitative role in the development of arteriosclerosis, these increased activities may contribute to the premature arteriosclerosis reported in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis.", "PMID": 311586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3043", "title": "Analysis of complement receptors on B-lymphocytes in human milk.", "content": "Experiments were performed on human B-lymphocytes in paired samples of milk and blood from the same patient to determine the numbers and percentages of lymphocytes with complement receptors, utilizing the erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette assay. Studies on nine paired samples show the numbers, as well as the percentages, of complement-reactive cells (CRCs) in milk are significantly lower than in blood. Milk lymphocytes were cultured in media containing serum for a 24 hour period to determine if the observed lower numbers of CRCs in milk were due to saturation of the lymphocyte receptors with free complement, as well as to determine if the culture of the cells in nutrient media might result in the reformation of shed complement receptors. Similarly, peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated in milk supernatant to determine if free complement or other factors in milk might interfere with the EAC assay. These studies support previous findings from this laboratory that B-lymphocytes in milk represent a subpopulation of cells different from those in peripheral blood. The paucity of B-lymphocytes bearing complement receptors in milk may be due to the following: (1) B-lymphocytes in milk may be plasmablasts and/or antibody-producing plasma cells--both known to lack complement receptors; (2) selective processes operating at the mammary alveolar epithelium allowing transit of certain subclasses of maternal immunoglobulins may also allow transepithelial passage of B-lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins, but no complement receptors. These possibilities are currently being studied.", "contents": "Analysis of complement receptors on B-lymphocytes in human milk. Experiments were performed on human B-lymphocytes in paired samples of milk and blood from the same patient to determine the numbers and percentages of lymphocytes with complement receptors, utilizing the erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette assay. Studies on nine paired samples show the numbers, as well as the percentages, of complement-reactive cells (CRCs) in milk are significantly lower than in blood. Milk lymphocytes were cultured in media containing serum for a 24 hour period to determine if the observed lower numbers of CRCs in milk were due to saturation of the lymphocyte receptors with free complement, as well as to determine if the culture of the cells in nutrient media might result in the reformation of shed complement receptors. Similarly, peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated in milk supernatant to determine if free complement or other factors in milk might interfere with the EAC assay. These studies support previous findings from this laboratory that B-lymphocytes in milk represent a subpopulation of cells different from those in peripheral blood. The paucity of B-lymphocytes bearing complement receptors in milk may be due to the following: (1) B-lymphocytes in milk may be plasmablasts and/or antibody-producing plasma cells--both known to lack complement receptors; (2) selective processes operating at the mammary alveolar epithelium allowing transit of certain subclasses of maternal immunoglobulins may also allow transepithelial passage of B-lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins, but no complement receptors. These possibilities are currently being studied.", "PMID": 311588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3044", "title": "Lymphotoxin-induced loss of plasma-membrane protein.", "content": "Lymphotoxin-sensitive L cells were prelabeled with isotopically marked leucine and exposed either to human alpha-lymphotoxin (alpha-LT) or control buffer. Plasma membranes were then isolated from these cells, and TCA-precipitable leucine was determined as a measure of membrane protein. Human alpha-LT caused a marked reduction of plasmalemmal protein in LT-sensitive target cells. This loss of protein was general, not restricted to specific fractions, as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Since purified alpha-LT had no detectable proteolytic activity, the effect of the lymphokine is not readily explained by direct enzymatic action on plasma-membrane protein. In contrast, there was no plasma--membrane protein loss in LT-resistant target cells on exposure to alpha-lymphotoxin.", "contents": "Lymphotoxin-induced loss of plasma-membrane protein. Lymphotoxin-sensitive L cells were prelabeled with isotopically marked leucine and exposed either to human alpha-lymphotoxin (alpha-LT) or control buffer. Plasma membranes were then isolated from these cells, and TCA-precipitable leucine was determined as a measure of membrane protein. Human alpha-LT caused a marked reduction of plasmalemmal protein in LT-sensitive target cells. This loss of protein was general, not restricted to specific fractions, as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Since purified alpha-LT had no detectable proteolytic activity, the effect of the lymphokine is not readily explained by direct enzymatic action on plasma-membrane protein. In contrast, there was no plasma--membrane protein loss in LT-resistant target cells on exposure to alpha-lymphotoxin.", "PMID": 311590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3045", "title": "Characterization of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas using multiple cell markers. Immunologic, morphologic, and cytochemical studies of 72 cases.", "content": "Tissues from 72 cases (87 specimens) of various non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were analyzed for cell markers using multiple techniques. Cell suspensions were evaluated for E, EAC, and IgGEA rosette forming cells; Fc receptor cells; and surface immunoglobulin bearing cells. Cryostat section studies topographically defined EAC binding cells. Cytochemical determinations and immunoperoxidase methods for detection of intracellular immunoglobulin and lysozyme complemented other techniques in evaluating infiltrates containing large neoplastic cells. B-cell malignancies comprised 58 cases (80%) of this series and included well and moderately well differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas (10/10); nodular (23/23) and diffuse (10/18) poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas; and lymphomas of mixed lymphocytic-\"histiocytic\" (3/3), \"undifferentiated\" (3/3), and \"histiocytic\" (9/13) types. Nodular lymphomas were characterized as B-cell neoplasms but also revealed a prominent population of T lymphocytes (39 +/- 12%). Alkaline phosphatase activity, a cytochemical marker for lymphoid cells of follicular cuffs, was most consistently observed in B-cell lymphomas of moderately well differentiated lymphocytic type (4/6 cases). In some diffuse lymphomas, cryostat section studies (EAC rosettes) suggested a pre-existing nodular proliferation. One unusual B-cell lymphoma of large cell type exhibited IgGEA rosette formation and a strong receptor for the Fc portion of IgG. Ten lymphomas (14%) were of T-cell type and were represented by cases of diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (5/18, including 3 lymphoblastic lymphomas), S\u00e9zary syndrome (1), mycosis fungoides (1), and a cytologically distinctive large cell (\"histiocytic\") lymphoma (3/13). Acid phosphatase activity was a consistent marker for the T-cell malignancies, some of which also revealed alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase activity. No true histiocytic lymphomas were detected. Three cases of diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma and one \"histiocytic\" lymphoma were null.", "contents": "Characterization of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas using multiple cell markers. Immunologic, morphologic, and cytochemical studies of 72 cases. Tissues from 72 cases (87 specimens) of various non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were analyzed for cell markers using multiple techniques. Cell suspensions were evaluated for E, EAC, and IgGEA rosette forming cells; Fc receptor cells; and surface immunoglobulin bearing cells. Cryostat section studies topographically defined EAC binding cells. Cytochemical determinations and immunoperoxidase methods for detection of intracellular immunoglobulin and lysozyme complemented other techniques in evaluating infiltrates containing large neoplastic cells. B-cell malignancies comprised 58 cases (80%) of this series and included well and moderately well differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas (10/10); nodular (23/23) and diffuse (10/18) poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas; and lymphomas of mixed lymphocytic-\"histiocytic\" (3/3), \"undifferentiated\" (3/3), and \"histiocytic\" (9/13) types. Nodular lymphomas were characterized as B-cell neoplasms but also revealed a prominent population of T lymphocytes (39 +/- 12%). Alkaline phosphatase activity, a cytochemical marker for lymphoid cells of follicular cuffs, was most consistently observed in B-cell lymphomas of moderately well differentiated lymphocytic type (4/6 cases). In some diffuse lymphomas, cryostat section studies (EAC rosettes) suggested a pre-existing nodular proliferation. One unusual B-cell lymphoma of large cell type exhibited IgGEA rosette formation and a strong receptor for the Fc portion of IgG. Ten lymphomas (14%) were of T-cell type and were represented by cases of diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (5/18, including 3 lymphoblastic lymphomas), S\u00e9zary syndrome (1), mycosis fungoides (1), and a cytologically distinctive large cell (\"histiocytic\") lymphoma (3/13). Acid phosphatase activity was a consistent marker for the T-cell malignancies, some of which also revealed alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase activity. No true histiocytic lymphomas were detected. Three cases of diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma and one \"histiocytic\" lymphoma were null.", "PMID": 311589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3046", "title": "Computerized Transaxial Tomographic and Neuropsychological Evaluations in Chronic Alcoholics and Heroin Abusers", "content": "Computerized transaxial tomographic (CTT) scans and the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery were administered to 42 paid male volunteers (15 chronic alcoholics, 15 heroin abusers, and 12 matched control subjects). CTT scans revealed that only 1 of the chronic alcoholics had a ventricle/brain (V/B) index larger than normal. One unexpected finding was that the heroin abusers had significantly smaller sulci and V/B indices. Neuropsychological assessments of the alcoholics and heroin abusers revealed functional impairment in a majority of cases; the alcoholics were twice as likely as opiate abusers to show impairment.", "contents": "Computerized Transaxial Tomographic and Neuropsychological Evaluations in Chronic Alcoholics and Heroin Abusers. Computerized transaxial tomographic (CTT) scans and the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery were administered to 42 paid male volunteers (15 chronic alcoholics, 15 heroin abusers, and 12 matched control subjects). CTT scans revealed that only 1 of the chronic alcoholics had a ventricle/brain (V/B) index larger than normal. One unexpected finding was that the heroin abusers had significantly smaller sulci and V/B indices. Neuropsychological assessments of the alcoholics and heroin abusers revealed functional impairment in a majority of cases; the alcoholics were twice as likely as opiate abusers to show impairment.", "PMID": 311592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3047", "title": "[Studies on fibrous and fibro-glial surface wrinkling retinopathy by scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The scanning electron microscope was used to examine 16 cases of epiretinal membrane formation and retinal puckers which occurred in a variety of primary retinal disorders. In this first section the authors describe three types of epiretinal membranes: (1) Fibrous acellular membranes with and without vitreous adhesions. Retinal puckering was caused by vitreous traction with collagen strands binding the residual folds. (2) Fibrous membranes containing isolated glial cells. (3) Fibrous membranes partly covered by sheets of glial cells. In all three forms the acellular fibrous component is believed to represent vitreous cortex remnants. The invariable presence of these fibrous membranes at sites of retinal pucker and their relationship to wrinkled internal limiting membrane suggests that contraction of these membranes is responsible for retinal puckering. Morphological evidence of glial membrane contraction and collagen production by glial cells was not found.", "contents": "[Studies on fibrous and fibro-glial surface wrinkling retinopathy by scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)]. The scanning electron microscope was used to examine 16 cases of epiretinal membrane formation and retinal puckers which occurred in a variety of primary retinal disorders. In this first section the authors describe three types of epiretinal membranes: (1) Fibrous acellular membranes with and without vitreous adhesions. Retinal puckering was caused by vitreous traction with collagen strands binding the residual folds. (2) Fibrous membranes containing isolated glial cells. (3) Fibrous membranes partly covered by sheets of glial cells. In all three forms the acellular fibrous component is believed to represent vitreous cortex remnants. The invariable presence of these fibrous membranes at sites of retinal pucker and their relationship to wrinkled internal limiting membrane suggests that contraction of these membranes is responsible for retinal puckering. Morphological evidence of glial membrane contraction and collagen production by glial cells was not found.", "PMID": 311593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3048", "title": "[The electroretinogram and the visual evoked potential in normal and glaucomatous eyes (author's transl)].", "content": "The functional changes of the intraocular nerve structures caused by glaucoma were examined electro-ophthalmologically. The OPs, the photopic and scotopic ERG to examine the receptor and bipolar layers, as well as the EPs, elicited by luminance and pattern-reversal stimuli, for evaluation of the signal conduction in the optic nerve, were recorded. The problem was approached by way of three investigations: first was the question of which nerve structures are affected by glaucoma and exactly how the loss of visual field due to glaucoma can be determined. For this reason, 55 glaucomatous eyes with regulated intraocular pressure and different visual field losses were examined. The results show a functional diminution of all intraocular nerve structures in which the prelaminary part of the optic nerve is most affected. Differences in the visual field loss of both eyes can be well determined by the EPs. Second, the electro-ophthalmologic behavior in seven normal and eight pressure-regulated glaucomatous eyes was studied by gradually elevated intraocular pressure in order to obtain better insight into the functional pathology of glaucoma. The elevation of intraocular pressure was performed with a M\u00fcller spring dynamometer in five steps, depending on the ophthalmic blood pressure. The pressure behavior of the ERG components and the EPs is different. The amplitudes of the ERG components show a gradual decrease in normal as well as in glaucomatous eyes when intraocular pressure is increased, and are maintained when intraocular pressure reaches ophthalmic blood pressure. On the other hand, the EPs show a strong decrease in amplitude when intraocular pressure exceeds the mean ophthalmic blood pressure, particularly in the case of glaucomatous eyes. This behavior can be explained by a high pressure sensitivity of the preliminary part of the optic nerve, even greater in glaucomatous eyes. Third, the influence of pressure decrease on the electrical response was examined in glaucomatous eyes with chronic and acute pressure increase before and after pressure regulation. A mean pressure decrease of 37-13.6 mm Hg in ten eyes with chronic pressure increase led to no change in electrical responses other than a phase shift on the pattern-reversal EPs. In five cases with acute pressure increase, an amplitude increase on the luminance EPs was noticed after pressure regulation, with unchanged systemic blood pressure and almost unchanged ERG components. However, in one case an amplitude decrease on luminance EPs and ERG components was found with simultaneous blood pressure decrease. The increase of the amplitudes of the luminance EPs and the phase shifts of the pattern-reversal EPs can be explained as the functional improvement of the prelaminary part of the optic nerve caused by pressure decrease due to improved blood circulation in the prelaminary part of the optic nerve...", "contents": "[The electroretinogram and the visual evoked potential in normal and glaucomatous eyes (author's transl)]. The functional changes of the intraocular nerve structures caused by glaucoma were examined electro-ophthalmologically. The OPs, the photopic and scotopic ERG to examine the receptor and bipolar layers, as well as the EPs, elicited by luminance and pattern-reversal stimuli, for evaluation of the signal conduction in the optic nerve, were recorded. The problem was approached by way of three investigations: first was the question of which nerve structures are affected by glaucoma and exactly how the loss of visual field due to glaucoma can be determined. For this reason, 55 glaucomatous eyes with regulated intraocular pressure and different visual field losses were examined. The results show a functional diminution of all intraocular nerve structures in which the prelaminary part of the optic nerve is most affected. Differences in the visual field loss of both eyes can be well determined by the EPs. Second, the electro-ophthalmologic behavior in seven normal and eight pressure-regulated glaucomatous eyes was studied by gradually elevated intraocular pressure in order to obtain better insight into the functional pathology of glaucoma. The elevation of intraocular pressure was performed with a M\u00fcller spring dynamometer in five steps, depending on the ophthalmic blood pressure. The pressure behavior of the ERG components and the EPs is different. The amplitudes of the ERG components show a gradual decrease in normal as well as in glaucomatous eyes when intraocular pressure is increased, and are maintained when intraocular pressure reaches ophthalmic blood pressure. On the other hand, the EPs show a strong decrease in amplitude when intraocular pressure exceeds the mean ophthalmic blood pressure, particularly in the case of glaucomatous eyes. This behavior can be explained by a high pressure sensitivity of the preliminary part of the optic nerve, even greater in glaucomatous eyes. Third, the influence of pressure decrease on the electrical response was examined in glaucomatous eyes with chronic and acute pressure increase before and after pressure regulation. A mean pressure decrease of 37-13.6 mm Hg in ten eyes with chronic pressure increase led to no change in electrical responses other than a phase shift on the pattern-reversal EPs. In five cases with acute pressure increase, an amplitude increase on the luminance EPs was noticed after pressure regulation, with unchanged systemic blood pressure and almost unchanged ERG components. However, in one case an amplitude decrease on luminance EPs and ERG components was found with simultaneous blood pressure decrease. The increase of the amplitudes of the luminance EPs and the phase shifts of the pattern-reversal EPs can be explained as the functional improvement of the prelaminary part of the optic nerve caused by pressure decrease due to improved blood circulation in the prelaminary part of the optic nerve...", "PMID": 311594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3049", "title": "Destructive ophthalmic procedures, a comparison between a developed and a developing country.", "content": "The causes for enucleation, evisceration, and exenteration were compared between Malawi and Israel. Differences in etiology, age, and sex were found due to the medical facilities, standard of living, and cultural background of each country.", "contents": "Destructive ophthalmic procedures, a comparison between a developed and a developing country. The causes for enucleation, evisceration, and exenteration were compared between Malawi and Israel. Differences in etiology, age, and sex were found due to the medical facilities, standard of living, and cultural background of each country.", "PMID": 311595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3050", "title": "Ultrasonic findings in the vitreous body at various ages.", "content": "A total of 444 healthy eyes in 290 subjects of varying age were examined ultrasonically with a frequency of 6 MHz. In subjects under 20 years the structure of the vitreous body was acoustically homogeneous, and in those between 21 and 40 there was slight degeneration in 5% of the eyes. In the age group 41-50 the incidence of degeneration was 19%, in the group 51-60 63% and in that over 60 more than 80%. There was a clear increase in acoustically observable degeneration after the 40th year; nevertheless, in about 10% of those over 60 years an acoustically homogeneous vitreous body was observed. Ultrasonic observation can be used to supplement optical observations, and in the case of elderly patients is often the only way of obtaining information on the structure of the vitreous body.", "contents": "Ultrasonic findings in the vitreous body at various ages. A total of 444 healthy eyes in 290 subjects of varying age were examined ultrasonically with a frequency of 6 MHz. In subjects under 20 years the structure of the vitreous body was acoustically homogeneous, and in those between 21 and 40 there was slight degeneration in 5% of the eyes. In the age group 41-50 the incidence of degeneration was 19%, in the group 51-60 63% and in that over 60 more than 80%. There was a clear increase in acoustically observable degeneration after the 40th year; nevertheless, in about 10% of those over 60 years an acoustically homogeneous vitreous body was observed. Ultrasonic observation can be used to supplement optical observations, and in the case of elderly patients is often the only way of obtaining information on the structure of the vitreous body.", "PMID": 311596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3051", "title": "Immunoglobulin E in human aqueous humor and corresponding serum. A physiopathological and clinical study.", "content": "The analysis of IgE in aqueous humor yielded an average concentration of 3.4 +/- 0.97 U/ml for 22 cataract patients and 5.5 +/- 3.42 U/ml for five uveitis patients. The IgE level in aqueous humor (IgEa.h.) of the cases examined is most probably, beside hematoocular diffusion of serum IgEs, the result of intra-ocular IgE production. In comparison with (mostly normal) IgEs levels, the IgEa.h. concentration appears relatively elevated, not only with uveitis patients, but also with cataract patients, above all when lenticular opacity is accompanied by other ophthalmic diseases (glaucoma, high myopia, diabetes). This \"increase\" of IgEa.h. concentration in very probably due to the radioimmunosorbent (RIST) technique employed, the most sensitive method available at the time of the present study. Thus, the calculated IgEa.h. value in the cataractous eyes should be regarded simply as approximate to the normal IgEa.h. concentration. These values are of clinical significance however, since a reference IgEa.h. mean-value is indispensable to the interpretation of pathologically high IgEa.h. levels and ethics do not permit of IgEa.h. determination in healthy eyes. The mean IgEa.h. levels of the delayed-type uveitis and cataract patients examined reveal no significant differences. IgEa.h. determination could make a contribution to the etiological clarification of, for example, immediate-type uveitis cases and intra-ocular parasitosis and serve as an appropriate model to study intra-ocular immunomechanisms.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E in human aqueous humor and corresponding serum. A physiopathological and clinical study. The analysis of IgE in aqueous humor yielded an average concentration of 3.4 +/- 0.97 U/ml for 22 cataract patients and 5.5 +/- 3.42 U/ml for five uveitis patients. The IgE level in aqueous humor (IgEa.h.) of the cases examined is most probably, beside hematoocular diffusion of serum IgEs, the result of intra-ocular IgE production. In comparison with (mostly normal) IgEs levels, the IgEa.h. concentration appears relatively elevated, not only with uveitis patients, but also with cataract patients, above all when lenticular opacity is accompanied by other ophthalmic diseases (glaucoma, high myopia, diabetes). This \"increase\" of IgEa.h. concentration in very probably due to the radioimmunosorbent (RIST) technique employed, the most sensitive method available at the time of the present study. Thus, the calculated IgEa.h. value in the cataractous eyes should be regarded simply as approximate to the normal IgEa.h. concentration. These values are of clinical significance however, since a reference IgEa.h. mean-value is indispensable to the interpretation of pathologically high IgEa.h. levels and ethics do not permit of IgEa.h. determination in healthy eyes. The mean IgEa.h. levels of the delayed-type uveitis and cataract patients examined reveal no significant differences. IgEa.h. determination could make a contribution to the etiological clarification of, for example, immediate-type uveitis cases and intra-ocular parasitosis and serve as an appropriate model to study intra-ocular immunomechanisms.", "PMID": 311597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3052", "title": "HLA antigens-risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma?", "content": "The comparison of the HLA A, B, and C phenotypes of 70 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with the phenotypes of 450 healthy control individuals and the rather discordant data published by other investigators show that there is no genetical influence of HLA A, HLA B, or HLA C genes on POAG and on the clinical complications associated with this disease.", "contents": "HLA antigens-risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma? The comparison of the HLA A, B, and C phenotypes of 70 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with the phenotypes of 450 healthy control individuals and the rather discordant data published by other investigators show that there is no genetical influence of HLA A, HLA B, or HLA C genes on POAG and on the clinical complications associated with this disease.", "PMID": 311598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3053", "title": "Pattern reversal visually evoked potentials in general anesthesia.", "content": "Various authors have tried to determine visual acuity both electrophysiologically (Sokol, 1976 and 1978; Marg et al., 1976; Maffei and Fiorentini, 1977) and with psychophysical methods (Teller et al., 1974; Banks and Salapatek, 1976; Atkinson et al., 1976) in awake children. Our experiments try to verify the possibility of assessing visual acuity in children under Ethrane anesthesia. We conclude that under Ethrane anesthesia VEPs produced by phase-alternating square-wave gratings do not allow a fine assessment of visual acuity. Gross indications of visual acuity can however be obtained.", "contents": "Pattern reversal visually evoked potentials in general anesthesia. Various authors have tried to determine visual acuity both electrophysiologically (Sokol, 1976 and 1978; Marg et al., 1976; Maffei and Fiorentini, 1977) and with psychophysical methods (Teller et al., 1974; Banks and Salapatek, 1976; Atkinson et al., 1976) in awake children. Our experiments try to verify the possibility of assessing visual acuity in children under Ethrane anesthesia. We conclude that under Ethrane anesthesia VEPs produced by phase-alternating square-wave gratings do not allow a fine assessment of visual acuity. Gross indications of visual acuity can however be obtained.", "PMID": 311599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3054", "title": "Histopathology and histochemistry of the superficial corneal epithelium in experimental herpes simplex keratitis.", "content": "Three days after herpes simplex virus inoculation, an increased amount of DNA and RNA was observed in the superficial epithelium cells of rabbit cornea. Histochemical staining demonstrated the development of acid mucopolysaccharides and the destruction of reticulin. In the early stages, on rare occasions, giant polykaryocytes with multiple micronuclei were seen. From 1 week after infection, more and more cells became rounded and shrunken. Cytoplasm of these cells might contain DNA diffusely interspersed with RNA. This DNA is probably viral in nature. The nuclei of these cells varied in shape, size, and staining intensity. Nuclear fragments were often observed in the cytoplasm. Stainings for acid mucopolysaccharides were strongly positive in the rounded cells. These cells fused to form syncytia Variable-sized pseudopodialike processes containing DNA and RNA extend from some of the rounded and liquefied cells toward other cells. In the later stages, development of ghost cells was seen. Histochemical methods demonstrated the deposition of acid mucopolysaccharides on their cell membranes. Necrosis was more often present in the late stages. Nuclear debris and deformed cells were encountered in such areas. On the healing of the keratitis, 3 months after inoculation, the cell cytology and staining reactions reverted to normal.", "contents": "Histopathology and histochemistry of the superficial corneal epithelium in experimental herpes simplex keratitis. Three days after herpes simplex virus inoculation, an increased amount of DNA and RNA was observed in the superficial epithelium cells of rabbit cornea. Histochemical staining demonstrated the development of acid mucopolysaccharides and the destruction of reticulin. In the early stages, on rare occasions, giant polykaryocytes with multiple micronuclei were seen. From 1 week after infection, more and more cells became rounded and shrunken. Cytoplasm of these cells might contain DNA diffusely interspersed with RNA. This DNA is probably viral in nature. The nuclei of these cells varied in shape, size, and staining intensity. Nuclear fragments were often observed in the cytoplasm. Stainings for acid mucopolysaccharides were strongly positive in the rounded cells. These cells fused to form syncytia Variable-sized pseudopodialike processes containing DNA and RNA extend from some of the rounded and liquefied cells toward other cells. In the later stages, development of ghost cells was seen. Histochemical methods demonstrated the deposition of acid mucopolysaccharides on their cell membranes. Necrosis was more often present in the late stages. Nuclear debris and deformed cells were encountered in such areas. On the healing of the keratitis, 3 months after inoculation, the cell cytology and staining reactions reverted to normal.", "PMID": 311600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3055", "title": "[In vivo-measurements of the latitude of Schlemm's canal in buphthalmos (author's transl].", "content": "In 9 cases of buphthalmos 'in vivo-measurements of the latitude of Schlemm's canal gave us a mean value of 678 micron. The extreme values ranged between 600 micron and 800 micron. Therefore these values differ significantly from those measured 'in vivo' in chronic simple glaucoma (x:542 micron, extreme values 425 micron and 625 micron). The latitude of Schlemm's canal correlates with the diameter of cornea and the rise of intra-oculare pressure. In cases of buphtha-mos the success of trabeculotomy seems to be better, if the latitude of Schlemm's canal is less than l50 micron. Trabeculotomy should therefore be performed as soon as possible.", "contents": "[In vivo-measurements of the latitude of Schlemm's canal in buphthalmos (author's transl]. In 9 cases of buphthalmos 'in vivo-measurements of the latitude of Schlemm's canal gave us a mean value of 678 micron. The extreme values ranged between 600 micron and 800 micron. Therefore these values differ significantly from those measured 'in vivo' in chronic simple glaucoma (x:542 micron, extreme values 425 micron and 625 micron). The latitude of Schlemm's canal correlates with the diameter of cornea and the rise of intra-oculare pressure. In cases of buphtha-mos the success of trabeculotomy seems to be better, if the latitude of Schlemm's canal is less than l50 micron. Trabeculotomy should therefore be performed as soon as possible.", "PMID": 311601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3056", "title": "Ultrasonic vitrectomy - an alternative technique to presently used mechanical procedures. Experimental results.", "content": "The liquification of the corpus vitreum by ultrasound is a promising new alternative to presently used mechanical methods of vitrectomy. With regard to the duration time of insonation, as well as to the ultrasonic intensity, there exist thresholds, the exceeding of which causes a discontinuous breakdown of the vitreous frame in a spherical zone around the transducer tip which can be verified by ultrasonic pulse echo methods. Viscosity measurements showed that the vitreous isonified in this area has almost the same viscosity as water whereas its optical transparency remains unchanged. The dependence of the diameter of the liquified zone on insonation time was measured.", "contents": "Ultrasonic vitrectomy - an alternative technique to presently used mechanical procedures. Experimental results. The liquification of the corpus vitreum by ultrasound is a promising new alternative to presently used mechanical methods of vitrectomy. With regard to the duration time of insonation, as well as to the ultrasonic intensity, there exist thresholds, the exceeding of which causes a discontinuous breakdown of the vitreous frame in a spherical zone around the transducer tip which can be verified by ultrasonic pulse echo methods. Viscosity measurements showed that the vitreous isonified in this area has almost the same viscosity as water whereas its optical transparency remains unchanged. The dependence of the diameter of the liquified zone on insonation time was measured.", "PMID": 311602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3057", "title": "Clinical and statistical aspects on standardization of tonometers.", "content": "Using the applanation tonometry of Goldmann (mechanical-optical applanation principle with constant diameter of the applanation circle) as a reference system, a test plan inclusive of the necessary conditions for the clinical control measurements of new tonometer types and guiding values for judging the usefulness of these new developments are described. For calculation of the statistical values a computer program in BASIC system is specified.", "contents": "Clinical and statistical aspects on standardization of tonometers. Using the applanation tonometry of Goldmann (mechanical-optical applanation principle with constant diameter of the applanation circle) as a reference system, a test plan inclusive of the necessary conditions for the clinical control measurements of new tonometer types and guiding values for judging the usefulness of these new developments are described. For calculation of the statistical values a computer program in BASIC system is specified.", "PMID": 311603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3058", "title": "In vitro IgE biosynthesis in asthmatic children.", "content": "Forty-seven asthmatic children and eight non-allergic adults were studied by the co-culture technique of Wadman et al to test the postulated deficiency of IgE suppressor T-cell function in allergic patients. The results showed that (1) lymphocytes from asthmatic children synthesize more IgE than those from normal adults, (2) there was no correlation between serum IgE and in vitro IgE biosynthesis, (3) co-culture of lymphocytes from normal adults and patients often resulted in deviation, both enhancing and inhibiting, from expected values; therefore, no consistent suppressor T-cell defect could be demonstrated in patients; and (4) after hyposensitization, while there was a tendency for the serum IgE to decline, the capability of IgE biosynthesis tended to increase.", "contents": "In vitro IgE biosynthesis in asthmatic children. Forty-seven asthmatic children and eight non-allergic adults were studied by the co-culture technique of Wadman et al to test the postulated deficiency of IgE suppressor T-cell function in allergic patients. The results showed that (1) lymphocytes from asthmatic children synthesize more IgE than those from normal adults, (2) there was no correlation between serum IgE and in vitro IgE biosynthesis, (3) co-culture of lymphocytes from normal adults and patients often resulted in deviation, both enhancing and inhibiting, from expected values; therefore, no consistent suppressor T-cell defect could be demonstrated in patients; and (4) after hyposensitization, while there was a tendency for the serum IgE to decline, the capability of IgE biosynthesis tended to increase.", "PMID": 311604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3059", "title": "Colitis cystica profunda: an unusual surgical problem.", "content": "Colitis cystica profunda is a rare, benign, non-neoplastic condition which usually presents as a mass in the rectum associated with bloody, mucoid diarrhea. This clinical presentation associated with the microscopic finding of mucus cysts in the submucosa has led to the mistaken diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the rectum and unnecessarily radical operative procedures. Attention to the completely normal cellular architecture provides the key to the correct diagnosis. Local excision is curative, and there is no propensity to develop malignancy in these patients. Experience with one case is reported, and the medical literature on the subject is reviewed.", "contents": "Colitis cystica profunda: an unusual surgical problem. Colitis cystica profunda is a rare, benign, non-neoplastic condition which usually presents as a mass in the rectum associated with bloody, mucoid diarrhea. This clinical presentation associated with the microscopic finding of mucus cysts in the submucosa has led to the mistaken diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the rectum and unnecessarily radical operative procedures. Attention to the completely normal cellular architecture provides the key to the correct diagnosis. Local excision is curative, and there is no propensity to develop malignancy in these patients. Experience with one case is reported, and the medical literature on the subject is reviewed.", "PMID": 311605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3060", "title": "Novel beta-lactamase from Branhamella catarrhalis.", "content": "A strain of Branhamella catarrhalis isolated from sputum was shown to be resistant to penicillin and ampicillin. This strain produced a beta-lactamase which has been judged to be a novel enzyme, on the basis of substrat profil, isoelectric point and location of genetic determinant.", "contents": "Novel beta-lactamase from Branhamella catarrhalis. A strain of Branhamella catarrhalis isolated from sputum was shown to be resistant to penicillin and ampicillin. This strain produced a beta-lactamase which has been judged to be a novel enzyme, on the basis of substrat profil, isoelectric point and location of genetic determinant.", "PMID": 311606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3061", "title": "[Study on the nature of tonic ocular movement produced during pendular vestibular stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "During vestibular function tests using the pendulum chair, electronystagmography has repeatedly shown that a tonic ocular deviation precedes the change in nystagmus. This tonic movement may be anticipated in respect to the change in the sinusoidal movement of the chair. Greiner, Conraux, Collard and more recently J.B. Causse, have proposed a hypothesis based on the own periodicity of the vestibular system. J. Max explained this phenomenon in terms of a difference in phase with the electronic system. Our investigation suggests another explanation of this phenomenon. Each half-period consists of a acceleration phase and a decelaration phase. Thus within half-period alone there are two successive forms of nystagmus induced. The succession of half-periods gives the usual systagmus response. We consider that the tonic response of the eyes is not an anticipated one in respect to the change in sinusoidal movement of the chair, but rather a delayed one in respect to the reversal in the direction of acceleration.", "contents": "[Study on the nature of tonic ocular movement produced during pendular vestibular stimulation (author's transl)]. During vestibular function tests using the pendulum chair, electronystagmography has repeatedly shown that a tonic ocular deviation precedes the change in nystagmus. This tonic movement may be anticipated in respect to the change in the sinusoidal movement of the chair. Greiner, Conraux, Collard and more recently J.B. Causse, have proposed a hypothesis based on the own periodicity of the vestibular system. J. Max explained this phenomenon in terms of a difference in phase with the electronic system. Our investigation suggests another explanation of this phenomenon. Each half-period consists of a acceleration phase and a decelaration phase. Thus within half-period alone there are two successive forms of nystagmus induced. The succession of half-periods gives the usual systagmus response. We consider that the tonic response of the eyes is not an anticipated one in respect to the change in sinusoidal movement of the chair, but rather a delayed one in respect to the reversal in the direction of acceleration.", "PMID": 311607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3062", "title": "Optokinetic suppression of aberrant vestibular reactions: an observation.", "content": "It has long been known that optokinetic nystagmus may be modified by vestibular inputs. We have suppressed an aberrant vestibular response and associated gastrointestinal sensations by use of an optokinetic stimulus simultaneous to the positional stimulus in a patient with paroxysmal positional vertigo. This single subject study utilized several optokinetic conditions, and patterned its stimulus presentations to control for visual fixation and vestibular habituation. Objective recordings of eye movements (ENG) were made simultaneously with subjective evaluation of \"dizziness\" on a simple magnitude estimation scale.", "contents": "Optokinetic suppression of aberrant vestibular reactions: an observation. It has long been known that optokinetic nystagmus may be modified by vestibular inputs. We have suppressed an aberrant vestibular response and associated gastrointestinal sensations by use of an optokinetic stimulus simultaneous to the positional stimulus in a patient with paroxysmal positional vertigo. This single subject study utilized several optokinetic conditions, and patterned its stimulus presentations to control for visual fixation and vestibular habituation. Objective recordings of eye movements (ENG) were made simultaneously with subjective evaluation of \"dizziness\" on a simple magnitude estimation scale.", "PMID": 311608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3063", "title": "Computerized tomography in the diagnostic evaluation of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Sixty-six patients with a tentative or certain diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) were examined with cranial computerized tomography (CT). Abnormalities found in 19 (29%) included discrete areas of decreased white matter density, enlarged ventricles, cortical atrophy, and focal areas of contrast enhancement. The presence of white matter lucencies and ventricular dilatation correlated with an increased incidence of diffuse hyperreflexia and mental impairment. Since half the patients with contrast-enhancing lesions were clinically stable, their lesions may represent acute asymptomatic plaques. Abnormalities on CT scan were observed more often in older patients whose disease had lasted longer and was clinically more definite. Since findings were sparse in early, less definite disease, the use of CT as a purely diagnostic tool is limited.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in the diagnostic evaluation of multiple sclerosis. Sixty-six patients with a tentative or certain diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) were examined with cranial computerized tomography (CT). Abnormalities found in 19 (29%) included discrete areas of decreased white matter density, enlarged ventricles, cortical atrophy, and focal areas of contrast enhancement. The presence of white matter lucencies and ventricular dilatation correlated with an increased incidence of diffuse hyperreflexia and mental impairment. Since half the patients with contrast-enhancing lesions were clinically stable, their lesions may represent acute asymptomatic plaques. Abnormalities on CT scan were observed more often in older patients whose disease had lasted longer and was clinically more definite. Since findings were sparse in early, less definite disease, the use of CT as a purely diagnostic tool is limited.", "PMID": 311613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3064", "title": "Gentamicin vestibulotoxicity. Long term disability.", "content": "Vestibular toxicity is known to occur from gentamicin. Over a five-year period seven patients with severe and prolonged ataxia from gentamicin vestibular toxicity were seen. Two of these patients were not in renal failure. Case reports of five of these are presented. The possible explanations for prolonged disability are discussed.", "contents": "Gentamicin vestibulotoxicity. Long term disability. Vestibular toxicity is known to occur from gentamicin. Over a five-year period seven patients with severe and prolonged ataxia from gentamicin vestibular toxicity were seen. Two of these patients were not in renal failure. Case reports of five of these are presented. The possible explanations for prolonged disability are discussed.", "PMID": 311609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3065", "title": "Production of beta-lactamase by non-streptomyces Actinomycetales.", "content": "Supernatants and whole cells from fermentation broths of Micromonospora, Nocardia, Oerskovia, and other genera of the Actinomycetales were examined for the presence of beta-lactamase activity by using the chromogenic cephalosporin 87/312. Nearly 60% of the 250 isolates examined produced detectable levels of beta-lactamase. All enzyme preparations were active over a range of pH values from 6.5 to 8.2, with maximum activity occurring between 7.0 and 7.8. The preparations varied in their stability at 60 degrees C. An examination of selected enzyme preparations revealed a similarity between substrate specificities of the non-Streptomyces Actinomycetales and gram-negative-bacterial beta-lactamases.", "contents": "Production of beta-lactamase by non-streptomyces Actinomycetales. Supernatants and whole cells from fermentation broths of Micromonospora, Nocardia, Oerskovia, and other genera of the Actinomycetales were examined for the presence of beta-lactamase activity by using the chromogenic cephalosporin 87/312. Nearly 60% of the 250 isolates examined produced detectable levels of beta-lactamase. All enzyme preparations were active over a range of pH values from 6.5 to 8.2, with maximum activity occurring between 7.0 and 7.8. The preparations varied in their stability at 60 degrees C. An examination of selected enzyme preparations revealed a similarity between substrate specificities of the non-Streptomyces Actinomycetales and gram-negative-bacterial beta-lactamases.", "PMID": 311614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3066", "title": "[Heterophile haemagglutinogens on pig, canine and human thymocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunization of sheep or horse with pig, canin or horse thymocytes produces heteroagglutinating antibodies, which allow to define two heterophile antigens:--the first one, HC, immunogen for sheep, is localized on pig, human and canin thymocytes, as well as on red blood cells of the two latter species;--the other, HCP, immunogen for horses, is situated on the red blood cells and thymocytes of the same three species. HC is distributed on various cells and in similar fashion in pig and human, except for the pig red blood cells.", "contents": "[Heterophile haemagglutinogens on pig, canine and human thymocytes (author's transl)]. Immunization of sheep or horse with pig, canin or horse thymocytes produces heteroagglutinating antibodies, which allow to define two heterophile antigens:--the first one, HC, immunogen for sheep, is localized on pig, human and canin thymocytes, as well as on red blood cells of the two latter species;--the other, HCP, immunogen for horses, is situated on the red blood cells and thymocytes of the same three species. HC is distributed on various cells and in similar fashion in pig and human, except for the pig red blood cells.", "PMID": 311611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3067", "title": "Lack of correlation between beta-lactamase production and susceptibility to cefamandole or cefoxitin among spontaneous mutants of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "A large number of cultures of gram-negative bacteria were examined for their susceptibility to various concentrations of cefamandole, cefoxitin, carbenicillin, and nalidixic acid. Heterogeneity of susceptibility was demonstrated in individual cultures to all of these antibiotics. Resistant clones isolated from cefamandole or cefoxitin plates were examined for beta-lactamase production. Approximately 13% of 262 resistant clones acquired the ability to produce a beta-lactamase. Examination of the substrate profile of the beta-lactamases from some of these clones revealed no change in the specific activity of these enzymes for cefamandole, cephaloridine, or compound 87/312 as compared with their parental enzymes. This study clearly shows that some resistant clones do not produce beta-lactamases, whereas some susceptible strains produced significant amounts of these enzymes. We conclude from these findings that little correlation exists between beta-lactamase production and decreased susceptibility to cefamandole or cefoxitin. The results suggest the possibility that characteristics other than beta-lactamase production may be responsible for resistance in Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between beta-lactamase production and susceptibility to cefamandole or cefoxitin among spontaneous mutants of Enterobacteriaceae. A large number of cultures of gram-negative bacteria were examined for their susceptibility to various concentrations of cefamandole, cefoxitin, carbenicillin, and nalidixic acid. Heterogeneity of susceptibility was demonstrated in individual cultures to all of these antibiotics. Resistant clones isolated from cefamandole or cefoxitin plates were examined for beta-lactamase production. Approximately 13% of 262 resistant clones acquired the ability to produce a beta-lactamase. Examination of the substrate profile of the beta-lactamases from some of these clones revealed no change in the specific activity of these enzymes for cefamandole, cephaloridine, or compound 87/312 as compared with their parental enzymes. This study clearly shows that some resistant clones do not produce beta-lactamases, whereas some susceptible strains produced significant amounts of these enzymes. We conclude from these findings that little correlation exists between beta-lactamase production and decreased susceptibility to cefamandole or cefoxitin. The results suggest the possibility that characteristics other than beta-lactamase production may be responsible for resistance in Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 311615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3068", "title": "Reversal of B-cell immunization or tolerization by specific enzymatic degradation of antigen.", "content": "The mechanism of B-cell immunity or tolerance reversal by enzymatic treatment, was studied on cells stimulated in vitro by T-independent antigens, either sensitive or insensitive to enzymatic hydrolysis. B-cell stimulation induced by spleen cell incubation with DNP coupled to polymer was reversed when antigen-pulsed cells were treated with enzymes specifically hydrolytic for the carrier. Cell treatment with proteases abolished the response induced by DNP-POL (polymerized flagellin). Immunity or tolerance remained unchanged when induced by DNP conjugated to D-GL (D-glutamic and D-lysine copolymer) or to dextran B512 or B1299. While DNP-POL is a substrate for proteases, the latter three components are insensitive to the hydrolytic action of protease. B cells, preincubated with DNP-B512, were rescued from tolerance by dextranase treatment. Immunity and tolerance remained unchanged when induced by DNP-POL, DNP-B512 and DNP-B1299. While DNP-B512 was totally hydrolysed by dextranase, the latter three conjugates were not. These results show that (a) the initial stage for the induction of either immunity or tolerance is reversible, (b) the target of the enzymatic effect is the antigen itself, and (c) the interaction between polymeric antigen and B-cell Ig receptors is not sufficient to drive the cell to an irreversible stage of differentiation.", "contents": "Reversal of B-cell immunization or tolerization by specific enzymatic degradation of antigen. The mechanism of B-cell immunity or tolerance reversal by enzymatic treatment, was studied on cells stimulated in vitro by T-independent antigens, either sensitive or insensitive to enzymatic hydrolysis. B-cell stimulation induced by spleen cell incubation with DNP coupled to polymer was reversed when antigen-pulsed cells were treated with enzymes specifically hydrolytic for the carrier. Cell treatment with proteases abolished the response induced by DNP-POL (polymerized flagellin). Immunity or tolerance remained unchanged when induced by DNP conjugated to D-GL (D-glutamic and D-lysine copolymer) or to dextran B512 or B1299. While DNP-POL is a substrate for proteases, the latter three components are insensitive to the hydrolytic action of protease. B cells, preincubated with DNP-B512, were rescued from tolerance by dextranase treatment. Immunity and tolerance remained unchanged when induced by DNP-POL, DNP-B512 and DNP-B1299. While DNP-B512 was totally hydrolysed by dextranase, the latter three conjugates were not. These results show that (a) the initial stage for the induction of either immunity or tolerance is reversible, (b) the target of the enzymatic effect is the antigen itself, and (c) the interaction between polymeric antigen and B-cell Ig receptors is not sufficient to drive the cell to an irreversible stage of differentiation.", "PMID": 311612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3069", "title": "Comparative inhibition beta-lactamases by novel beta-lactam compounds.", "content": "The beta-lactamase-inhibiting activity of CP-45,899, 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicylo(3,2,0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 4,4-dioxide [2S-(2alpha,5alpha)], was investigated and compared with the beta-lactamase-inhibiting activity of clavulanic acid and dicloxacillin. CP-45,899 was an effective inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus beta-lactamase and of those beta-lactamases of gram-negative bacteria which are primarily active against penicillins or equally active against penicillins and cephalosporins. The reaction of CP-45,899 with beta-lactamases was a concentration- and time-dependent event. CP-45,899 acted as a competitive inhibitor of plasmid-mediated S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and Shigella sonnei beta-lactamases and inducible Klebsiella beta-lactamase. CP-45,899 was a poor inhibitor of inducible or constitutive chromosomally mediated beta-lactamases of indole-positive Proteus, Citrobacter, and Enterobacter. CP-45,899 had lower kinetic constants for inhibition of hydrolysis than did clavulanic acid against many of the beta-lactamases which both inhibited.", "contents": "Comparative inhibition beta-lactamases by novel beta-lactam compounds. The beta-lactamase-inhibiting activity of CP-45,899, 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicylo(3,2,0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 4,4-dioxide [2S-(2alpha,5alpha)], was investigated and compared with the beta-lactamase-inhibiting activity of clavulanic acid and dicloxacillin. CP-45,899 was an effective inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus beta-lactamase and of those beta-lactamases of gram-negative bacteria which are primarily active against penicillins or equally active against penicillins and cephalosporins. The reaction of CP-45,899 with beta-lactamases was a concentration- and time-dependent event. CP-45,899 acted as a competitive inhibitor of plasmid-mediated S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and Shigella sonnei beta-lactamases and inducible Klebsiella beta-lactamase. CP-45,899 was a poor inhibitor of inducible or constitutive chromosomally mediated beta-lactamases of indole-positive Proteus, Citrobacter, and Enterobacter. CP-45,899 had lower kinetic constants for inhibition of hydrolysis than did clavulanic acid against many of the beta-lactamases which both inhibited.", "PMID": 311616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3070", "title": "Strain of Trichomonas vaginalis resistant to metronidazole and other 5-nitroimidazoles.", "content": "A strain of Trichomonas vaginalis (IR-78), recently isolated from a patient afflicted with recurrent symptomatic trichomoniasis, showed resistance to metronidazole, tinidazole, and nimorazole in vitro as well as in vivo. In a serial dilution test using cysteine monohydrochloride-peptone-liver infusion-maltose medium, T. vaginalis IR-78 was only resistant under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions it was as susceptible as the normal reference strain. The minimal lethal concentrations of metronidazole, tinidazole, and nimorazole for IR-78 were 100, 50, and 50 mug/ml aerobically and 0.4, 0.4, and 0.2 mug/ml ana\u00e9robically, respectively. The efficacy of metronidazole, tinidazole, and nimorazole was assessed in vivo by oral administration to mice simultaneously infected with IR-78 both subcutaneously and intraperitoneally. The CD(50) (dose needed to cure 50% of infections) of each compound was significantly higher for the subcutaneous than for the intraperitoneal infection. In contrast, there was little difference in CD(50) for these infections in mice inoculated with a susceptible trichomonas strain. The CD(50)'s for all three compounds against intraperitoneal and subcutaneous infections with IR-78 were 2 to >70 times higher than for susceptible strain E. Both forms of infection with IR-78 could always be cured with therapeutically acceptable doses of tinidazole and nimorazole; subcutaneous infections could not be cured with tolerated doses of metronidazole.", "contents": "Strain of Trichomonas vaginalis resistant to metronidazole and other 5-nitroimidazoles. A strain of Trichomonas vaginalis (IR-78), recently isolated from a patient afflicted with recurrent symptomatic trichomoniasis, showed resistance to metronidazole, tinidazole, and nimorazole in vitro as well as in vivo. In a serial dilution test using cysteine monohydrochloride-peptone-liver infusion-maltose medium, T. vaginalis IR-78 was only resistant under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions it was as susceptible as the normal reference strain. The minimal lethal concentrations of metronidazole, tinidazole, and nimorazole for IR-78 were 100, 50, and 50 mug/ml aerobically and 0.4, 0.4, and 0.2 mug/ml ana\u00e9robically, respectively. The efficacy of metronidazole, tinidazole, and nimorazole was assessed in vivo by oral administration to mice simultaneously infected with IR-78 both subcutaneously and intraperitoneally. The CD(50) (dose needed to cure 50% of infections) of each compound was significantly higher for the subcutaneous than for the intraperitoneal infection. In contrast, there was little difference in CD(50) for these infections in mice inoculated with a susceptible trichomonas strain. The CD(50)'s for all three compounds against intraperitoneal and subcutaneous infections with IR-78 were 2 to >70 times higher than for susceptible strain E. Both forms of infection with IR-78 could always be cured with therapeutically acceptable doses of tinidazole and nimorazole; subcutaneous infections could not be cured with tolerated doses of metronidazole.", "PMID": 311617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3071", "title": "Plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus ducreyi.", "content": "Three of 19 strains of Haemophilus ducreyi, isolated during a recent outbreak of chancroid, were found to produce beta-lactamase and to harbor a 6.0 x 10(6)-dalton plasmid. Escherichia coli transformed with this plasmid acquired beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to ampicillin. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the plasmid was found to be 41 mol%. Restriction endonuclease digestion studies suggest that a relatively large portion of the Tn1 translocon is carried by this plasmid. Whereas this plasmid could not be transferred to H. influenzae by mating on membrane filters, a strain of H. ducreyi was able to receive and donate a 30 x 10(6)-dalton ampicillin resistance plasmid from H. influenzae. The ability of H. ducreyi to receive and donate conjugative plasmids may result in the appearance of multiply resistant strains.", "contents": "Plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus ducreyi. Three of 19 strains of Haemophilus ducreyi, isolated during a recent outbreak of chancroid, were found to produce beta-lactamase and to harbor a 6.0 x 10(6)-dalton plasmid. Escherichia coli transformed with this plasmid acquired beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to ampicillin. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the plasmid was found to be 41 mol%. Restriction endonuclease digestion studies suggest that a relatively large portion of the Tn1 translocon is carried by this plasmid. Whereas this plasmid could not be transferred to H. influenzae by mating on membrane filters, a strain of H. ducreyi was able to receive and donate a 30 x 10(6)-dalton ampicillin resistance plasmid from H. influenzae. The ability of H. ducreyi to receive and donate conjugative plasmids may result in the appearance of multiply resistant strains.", "PMID": 311618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3072", "title": "Effect of clavulanic acid on the minimum inhibitory concentration of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, or cephalothin against clinical isolates resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "The effect of clavulanic acid on the minimum inhibitory concentration of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, or cephalothin against 353 clinical isolates of penicillin- and/or cephalothin-resistant strains was estimated.", "contents": "Effect of clavulanic acid on the minimum inhibitory concentration of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, or cephalothin against clinical isolates resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. The effect of clavulanic acid on the minimum inhibitory concentration of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, or cephalothin against 353 clinical isolates of penicillin- and/or cephalothin-resistant strains was estimated.", "PMID": 311619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3073", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in vitro in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "The function of T cells in atopic dermatitis was studied by leukocyte migration agarose and lymphocyte transformation tests. We found that phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-  and PPD-induced release of leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) from lymphocytes is significantly decreased (P less than .001) in patients with atopic dermatitis as compared with healthy controls. Blastogenic response of lymphocytes induced by PPD was also decreased in atopic patients as compared with controls (P less than .01). No differences were found in spontaneous blastogenesis or in blastogenic response of lymphocytes in vitro to PHA, concanavalin A (ConA), or streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) between patients with atopic dermatitis and controls.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in vitro in atopic dermatitis. The function of T cells in atopic dermatitis was studied by leukocyte migration agarose and lymphocyte transformation tests. We found that phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-  and PPD-induced release of leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) from lymphocytes is significantly decreased (P less than .001) in patients with atopic dermatitis as compared with healthy controls. Blastogenic response of lymphocytes induced by PPD was also decreased in atopic patients as compared with controls (P less than .01). No differences were found in spontaneous blastogenesis or in blastogenic response of lymphocytes in vitro to PHA, concanavalin A (ConA), or streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) between patients with atopic dermatitis and controls.", "PMID": 311620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3074", "title": "Thoracoscopy in children.", "content": "Dissatisfied with standard techniques for pulmonary diagnosis in children, we have evaluated the usefulness of thoracoscopy for diagnosis of intrathoracic pathology. Between July 1, 1975, and May 1, 1978, 65 thoracoscopy procedures have been performed in 57 children at the University of Florida. Thirty-four procedures were performed in immunosuppressed patients to rule out Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Twenty of these patients were proven to have Pneumocystis pneumonia, a diagnostic accuracy of 100%. Twelve nonimmunosuppressed patients underwent thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of persistent pulmonary infiltrates with a 100% diagnostic accuracy. Fifteen procedures were performed for the diagnosis of intrathoracic tumors. In two patients, previously unsuspected areas of involvement were encountered while in two patients false-negative biopsies were obtained. Four patients underwent therapeutic thoracoscopy. In three small infants, unsuccessful attempts were made to unroof pulmonary cysts through the thoracoscope and one patient underwent a talc poudrage. Thoracoscopy has proven to be a safe and rapid procedure which may be performed under local anesthesia without need for endotracheal intubation. In patients with pulmonary infiltrates, the accuracy has been 100%. The capability of viewing the entire hemithorax has proven valuable in evaluating children with intrathoracic tumors. Complications have included pneumothorax in six patients and bleeding in two.", "contents": "Thoracoscopy in children. Dissatisfied with standard techniques for pulmonary diagnosis in children, we have evaluated the usefulness of thoracoscopy for diagnosis of intrathoracic pathology. Between July 1, 1975, and May 1, 1978, 65 thoracoscopy procedures have been performed in 57 children at the University of Florida. Thirty-four procedures were performed in immunosuppressed patients to rule out Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Twenty of these patients were proven to have Pneumocystis pneumonia, a diagnostic accuracy of 100%. Twelve nonimmunosuppressed patients underwent thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of persistent pulmonary infiltrates with a 100% diagnostic accuracy. Fifteen procedures were performed for the diagnosis of intrathoracic tumors. In two patients, previously unsuspected areas of involvement were encountered while in two patients false-negative biopsies were obtained. Four patients underwent therapeutic thoracoscopy. In three small infants, unsuccessful attempts were made to unroof pulmonary cysts through the thoracoscope and one patient underwent a talc poudrage. Thoracoscopy has proven to be a safe and rapid procedure which may be performed under local anesthesia without need for endotracheal intubation. In patients with pulmonary infiltrates, the accuracy has been 100%. The capability of viewing the entire hemithorax has proven valuable in evaluating children with intrathoracic tumors. Complications have included pneumothorax in six patients and bleeding in two.", "PMID": 311621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3075", "title": "Selective intra-arterial vasopressin: clinical efficacy and complications.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of results obtained over a three year period in 66 patients receiving selective intra-arterial vasopressin (SIAV) for control of 69 episodes of massive gastrointestinal bleeding was presented. SIAV was used when there was a failure of conventional medical therapy and the patient's pathology and/or complicating medical conditions necessitated an attempt at controlling an emergent condition by nonoperative means. Hemmorrhage was completely controlled in 43% of variceal bleeds, 67% of hemorrhage gastritis, 45% of bleeding ulcers, and in 62% of colonic sources. The incidence of rebleeding following initial control was 16%. The surgical mortality for patients who were initial failures of SIAV was 50%. Patients undergoing elective surgery after complete control by SIAV had an 8% mortality. There were five catheter related complications. Minor complications occurred in 41% of patients, but required no treatment. Major complications occurred in 40% of cirrhotic and 21% of noncirrhotic bleeding episodes; and were a contributing factor in five cirrhotic deaths and three noncirrhotic deaths. In critically ill patients in the setting of an Intensive Care Unit, selective intra-arterial vasopressin appears: 1) to be  an effective means of controlling certain types of gastrointestinal hemorrhage; 2) to provide an opportunity for an increase in survival rate.", "contents": "Selective intra-arterial vasopressin: clinical efficacy and complications. A retrospective analysis of results obtained over a three year period in 66 patients receiving selective intra-arterial vasopressin (SIAV) for control of 69 episodes of massive gastrointestinal bleeding was presented. SIAV was used when there was a failure of conventional medical therapy and the patient's pathology and/or complicating medical conditions necessitated an attempt at controlling an emergent condition by nonoperative means. Hemmorrhage was completely controlled in 43% of variceal bleeds, 67% of hemorrhage gastritis, 45% of bleeding ulcers, and in 62% of colonic sources. The incidence of rebleeding following initial control was 16%. The surgical mortality for patients who were initial failures of SIAV was 50%. Patients undergoing elective surgery after complete control by SIAV had an 8% mortality. There were five catheter related complications. Minor complications occurred in 41% of patients, but required no treatment. Major complications occurred in 40% of cirrhotic and 21% of noncirrhotic bleeding episodes; and were a contributing factor in five cirrhotic deaths and three noncirrhotic deaths. In critically ill patients in the setting of an Intensive Care Unit, selective intra-arterial vasopressin appears: 1) to be  an effective means of controlling certain types of gastrointestinal hemorrhage; 2) to provide an opportunity for an increase in survival rate.", "PMID": 311622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3076", "title": "Acute systemic anaphylaxis in adult domestic fowl--possible role of vasoactive lipids and peptides.", "content": "Bovine albumin (BA: 2 mg/kg-1, i.v.) produced a fall in systemic arterial blood pressure accompanied by central venous hypertension and bradycardia in pentobarbital-anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing, bovine albumin-sensitized adult domestic fowl. Trasylol (a potent inhibitor of kallikreins) suppressed acute systemic anaphylaxis. Polyphloretin phosphate (an effective antagonist of PGF2alpha) also inhibited the cardiovascular responses to antigen and PGF2alpha. Sodium meclofenamate and phenylbutazone showed varying degree of blockade of cardiovascular responses to exogenously administered chemical mediators (bradykinik, PGF2alpha, SRS-A and to a lesser extent of histamine, 5-HT and acetylcholine) and antigen. Indomethacin (virtually devoid of receptor blocking activities toward exogenously injected chemical mediators) inhibited anaphylaxis. The results of this investigation strongly suggested an important role of vasoactive lipids and polypeptides in avian anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Acute systemic anaphylaxis in adult domestic fowl--possible role of vasoactive lipids and peptides. Bovine albumin (BA: 2 mg/kg-1, i.v.) produced a fall in systemic arterial blood pressure accompanied by central venous hypertension and bradycardia in pentobarbital-anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing, bovine albumin-sensitized adult domestic fowl. Trasylol (a potent inhibitor of kallikreins) suppressed acute systemic anaphylaxis. Polyphloretin phosphate (an effective antagonist of PGF2alpha) also inhibited the cardiovascular responses to antigen and PGF2alpha. Sodium meclofenamate and phenylbutazone showed varying degree of blockade of cardiovascular responses to exogenously administered chemical mediators (bradykinik, PGF2alpha, SRS-A and to a lesser extent of histamine, 5-HT and acetylcholine) and antigen. Indomethacin (virtually devoid of receptor blocking activities toward exogenously injected chemical mediators) inhibited anaphylaxis. The results of this investigation strongly suggested an important role of vasoactive lipids and polypeptides in avian anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 311623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3077", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis in an adult.", "content": "Cellulitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type B in adults has only recently been reported. We report a case in which the patient's antibody levels documented an immunologic response to the organism. The efficacy of a new cephalosporin antibiotic, cefoxitin sodium, in treating this infection also was established. Cefoxitin has activity against ampicillin-resistant H influenzae and would be an alternative in treating H influenzae cellulitis.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis in an adult. Cellulitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type B in adults has only recently been reported. We report a case in which the patient's antibody levels documented an immunologic response to the organism. The efficacy of a new cephalosporin antibiotic, cefoxitin sodium, in treating this infection also was established. Cefoxitin has activity against ampicillin-resistant H influenzae and would be an alternative in treating H influenzae cellulitis.", "PMID": 311624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3078", "title": "Human mammary carcinoma cells. The enzyme pacemaker profibrinolysin.", "content": "When cultured in-vitro, originating from different breast cancer patients, tumor cells, identified histologically as carcinoma cells, varied in their proliferation patterns and cell morphology. If exposed for brief periods to vibrio cholera neuraminidaes (VCN), the amount of sialic acid released from the cells varied from one culture to another and increased with higher enzyme concentrations. If exposed to trypsin, the amount of released proteins varied also from one culture to another. Significant difference was observed between the effect of VCN or collagenase on normal and neoplastic cell cultures. Whether human or murine cell cultures, the cell-free media harvested from cultures of neoplastic cells containing high concentrations of collagenolytic-caseinolytic-fibrinolytic and esterolytic activities. Two effects of concanavalin A (Con A) have been distinguished on thymidine incorporation, the first is a decrease in the maximal thymidine uptake, whereas the second is a shift to the maximum thymidine uptake to higher Con A concentrations. At low concentrations, alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) had no effect, but at high concentrations it inhibited 3H-thymidine uptake. At low concentrations human profibrinolysin inhibited and at higher concentration sit enhanced uptake of the labeled precursor. Therefore, the collagen olytic caseinolytic-fibrinolytic enzyme is a pacemaker for proliferation of human mammary carcinoma cells.", "contents": "Human mammary carcinoma cells. The enzyme pacemaker profibrinolysin. When cultured in-vitro, originating from different breast cancer patients, tumor cells, identified histologically as carcinoma cells, varied in their proliferation patterns and cell morphology. If exposed for brief periods to vibrio cholera neuraminidaes (VCN), the amount of sialic acid released from the cells varied from one culture to another and increased with higher enzyme concentrations. If exposed to trypsin, the amount of released proteins varied also from one culture to another. Significant difference was observed between the effect of VCN or collagenase on normal and neoplastic cell cultures. Whether human or murine cell cultures, the cell-free media harvested from cultures of neoplastic cells containing high concentrations of collagenolytic-caseinolytic-fibrinolytic and esterolytic activities. Two effects of concanavalin A (Con A) have been distinguished on thymidine incorporation, the first is a decrease in the maximal thymidine uptake, whereas the second is a shift to the maximum thymidine uptake to higher Con A concentrations. At low concentrations, alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) had no effect, but at high concentrations it inhibited 3H-thymidine uptake. At low concentrations human profibrinolysin inhibited and at higher concentration sit enhanced uptake of the labeled precursor. Therefore, the collagen olytic caseinolytic-fibrinolytic enzyme is a pacemaker for proliferation of human mammary carcinoma cells.", "PMID": 311626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3079", "title": "Lymphocyte sequestration by the liver in alcoholic hepatitis.", "content": "The possibility that lymphocytes are sequestered by the liver in patients with alcoholic hepatitis was investigated. Sixteen patients who had liver biopsy specimens taken were studied as follows: The T- and B-lymphocyte populations of the peripheral blood and liver biopsy digest were quantitated. The liver biopsy specimens were studied by light and electron microscopy for lymphocyte-hepatocyte interaction. The data were analyzed by comparing the results of patients with and without the presence of Mallory bodies (MBs) in the liver. When MBs were present, the percentage of T cells was significantly increased in the liver compared with peripheral blood. By electron microscopy, two livers with MBs showed lymphocyte-hepatocyte interaction. The results support the concept that lymphocytes participate in a cell-mediated immune process when MBs are present in the liver.", "contents": "Lymphocyte sequestration by the liver in alcoholic hepatitis. The possibility that lymphocytes are sequestered by the liver in patients with alcoholic hepatitis was investigated. Sixteen patients who had liver biopsy specimens taken were studied as follows: The T- and B-lymphocyte populations of the peripheral blood and liver biopsy digest were quantitated. The liver biopsy specimens were studied by light and electron microscopy for lymphocyte-hepatocyte interaction. The data were analyzed by comparing the results of patients with and without the presence of Mallory bodies (MBs) in the liver. When MBs were present, the percentage of T cells was significantly increased in the liver compared with peripheral blood. By electron microscopy, two livers with MBs showed lymphocyte-hepatocyte interaction. The results support the concept that lymphocytes participate in a cell-mediated immune process when MBs are present in the liver.", "PMID": 311627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3080", "title": "Gastroduodenal disease in chronic spinal cord injuries. An endoscopic study.", "content": "Endoscopic study of the upper gastrointestinal tract was performed in 40 patients in the chronic stage of spinal cord injury. Of these, 37 patients were analyzed for endoscopic abnormalities, symptoms, and physical findings. Nineteen patients (51.4%) had abnormalities by endoscopy. There were 11 gastric erosions, two gastric ulcers, and six cases of congestion or submucosal hemorrhage. In addition, five patients had duodenal mucosal lesions. An attempt to find clear diagnostic clues in terms of symptoms or physical signs was unsuccessful. Anorexia and nausea were early symptoms to which we should pay attention. The results do not permit an assessment of the relation of various possible causative factors and these gastroduodenal lesions. The study does call attention to the high incidence of gastroduodenal lesions in these patients.", "contents": "Gastroduodenal disease in chronic spinal cord injuries. An endoscopic study. Endoscopic study of the upper gastrointestinal tract was performed in 40 patients in the chronic stage of spinal cord injury. Of these, 37 patients were analyzed for endoscopic abnormalities, symptoms, and physical findings. Nineteen patients (51.4%) had abnormalities by endoscopy. There were 11 gastric erosions, two gastric ulcers, and six cases of congestion or submucosal hemorrhage. In addition, five patients had duodenal mucosal lesions. An attempt to find clear diagnostic clues in terms of symptoms or physical signs was unsuccessful. Anorexia and nausea were early symptoms to which we should pay attention. The results do not permit an assessment of the relation of various possible causative factors and these gastroduodenal lesions. The study does call attention to the high incidence of gastroduodenal lesions in these patients.", "PMID": 311628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3081", "title": "Symposium on membrane markers and antigens of human lymphocytes and leukemic cells.", "content": "B lymphocytes, mediators of humoral immunity, carry easily detectable SIg, form rosettes with RBC coated with IgM and complement (EAC rosetting) and bind aggregated Ig (Fc receptor activity). Human T lymphocytes, mediators of cellular immunity, lack a specific antigen found on mice T lymphocytes (theta antigens). They form spontaneous (non-immune) rosettes with SRCB (E rosetting) and they are identified by labelling or cytotoxicity tests wtih heterologous antisera. Apart from B and T lymphocytes, a third population of lymphoid cells carrying no detectable surface markers have been identified by various methods (Null cells).", "contents": "Symposium on membrane markers and antigens of human lymphocytes and leukemic cells. B lymphocytes, mediators of humoral immunity, carry easily detectable SIg, form rosettes with RBC coated with IgM and complement (EAC rosetting) and bind aggregated Ig (Fc receptor activity). Human T lymphocytes, mediators of cellular immunity, lack a specific antigen found on mice T lymphocytes (theta antigens). They form spontaneous (non-immune) rosettes with SRCB (E rosetting) and they are identified by labelling or cytotoxicity tests wtih heterologous antisera. Apart from B and T lymphocytes, a third population of lymphoid cells carrying no detectable surface markers have been identified by various methods (Null cells).", "PMID": 311633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3082", "title": "Human serum thymic factor in detecting acute T cell leukemia.", "content": "In acute leukemia, the frequency of the E+ cells among the blood mononuclears before and after their incubation with human serum thymic factor was investigated by means of the E rosette assay. In 4 of 24 patients tested, the thymic factor incubation of their peripheral blood cells increased the number of the E+ cells among the mononuclears. Prospective importance of the test either in investigating whether a T0 leukemia might really exist, or in monitoring possible variations of the immature T cell counts in relationship to the patient's treatment and his disease course, are discussed.", "contents": "Human serum thymic factor in detecting acute T cell leukemia. In acute leukemia, the frequency of the E+ cells among the blood mononuclears before and after their incubation with human serum thymic factor was investigated by means of the E rosette assay. In 4 of 24 patients tested, the thymic factor incubation of their peripheral blood cells increased the number of the E+ cells among the mononuclears. Prospective importance of the test either in investigating whether a T0 leukemia might really exist, or in monitoring possible variations of the immature T cell counts in relationship to the patient's treatment and his disease course, are discussed.", "PMID": 311636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3083", "title": "A chemical-modification approach to the olfactory code. Studies with a thiol-specific reagent.", "content": "The effects of thiol-specific reagents on the amplitude of the electro-olfactogram (E.O.G.) responses elicited from frog olfactory mucosa by pulses of odorant vapours was studied. The impermeant thiol-specific reagent mersalyl [(3-{[2-(carboxymethoxy)-benzoyl]amino}-2-methoxypropyl)hydroxymercury monosodium salt] brings about a rapid decrease in the E.O.G. signal obtained with the odorant pentyl acetate. The extent of the decrease is proportional to the concentration of the mersalyl applied and the effect of the reagent is partially but incompletely reversed by treatment of the labelled mucosa with dithiothreitol. The sites labelled by mersalyl can be protected by pretreating the mucosa with a dilute solution of the odorant pentyl acetate and leaving the solution in contact with the tissue after the addition of mersalyl. When the protecting odorant is washed out of the tissue, the original E.O.G. amplitude is regained. Pentyl acetate applied to the mucosa protected the E.O.G. response to vapour pulses of the following odorants from the effects of mersalyl: n-butyric acid, n-butyl acetate, phenylacetaldehyde and cineole (1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane). The pentyl acetate applied to the mucosa failed to protect the E.O.G. response to vapour pulses of the following odorants from the effects of mersalyl: butan-1-ol, benzyl acetate, nitrobenzene, beta-ionone and linalyl acetate. The significance of the differential protection effects for the odour-quality-coding mechanism in the olfactory primary neurons is discussed. It is suggested that the olfactory code at this level of the olfactory system may be elucidated by chemical-modification methods.", "contents": "A chemical-modification approach to the olfactory code. Studies with a thiol-specific reagent. The effects of thiol-specific reagents on the amplitude of the electro-olfactogram (E.O.G.) responses elicited from frog olfactory mucosa by pulses of odorant vapours was studied. The impermeant thiol-specific reagent mersalyl [(3-{[2-(carboxymethoxy)-benzoyl]amino}-2-methoxypropyl)hydroxymercury monosodium salt] brings about a rapid decrease in the E.O.G. signal obtained with the odorant pentyl acetate. The extent of the decrease is proportional to the concentration of the mersalyl applied and the effect of the reagent is partially but incompletely reversed by treatment of the labelled mucosa with dithiothreitol. The sites labelled by mersalyl can be protected by pretreating the mucosa with a dilute solution of the odorant pentyl acetate and leaving the solution in contact with the tissue after the addition of mersalyl. When the protecting odorant is washed out of the tissue, the original E.O.G. amplitude is regained. Pentyl acetate applied to the mucosa protected the E.O.G. response to vapour pulses of the following odorants from the effects of mersalyl: n-butyric acid, n-butyl acetate, phenylacetaldehyde and cineole (1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane). The pentyl acetate applied to the mucosa failed to protect the E.O.G. response to vapour pulses of the following odorants from the effects of mersalyl: butan-1-ol, benzyl acetate, nitrobenzene, beta-ionone and linalyl acetate. The significance of the differential protection effects for the odour-quality-coding mechanism in the olfactory primary neurons is discussed. It is suggested that the olfactory code at this level of the olfactory system may be elucidated by chemical-modification methods.", "PMID": 311638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3084", "title": "Idiopathic edema as a cause of nonarticular rheumatism.", "content": "Six women, aged 24 to 53, presented with symptoms of diffuse aching, morning stiffness, and fatigue, but demonstrated no objective abnormalities on joint examination or in laboratory studies. Each was found to have idiopathic edema, a disorder of fluid retention probably related to an abnormality of capillary permeability in which transudation of fluid into the subcutaneous tissues of dependent parts may result in swelling and discomfort. The rheumatic symptoms improved when therapeutic measures were directed against the accumulation of edema fluid. This syndrome may account for a minority of cases of nonarticular rheumatism in women.", "contents": "Idiopathic edema as a cause of nonarticular rheumatism. Six women, aged 24 to 53, presented with symptoms of diffuse aching, morning stiffness, and fatigue, but demonstrated no objective abnormalities on joint examination or in laboratory studies. Each was found to have idiopathic edema, a disorder of fluid retention probably related to an abnormality of capillary permeability in which transudation of fluid into the subcutaneous tissues of dependent parts may result in swelling and discomfort. The rheumatic symptoms improved when therapeutic measures were directed against the accumulation of edema fluid. This syndrome may account for a minority of cases of nonarticular rheumatism in women.", "PMID": 311641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3085", "title": "Inheritance of porcine von Willbrand's disease: study of a kindred of over 700 pigs.", "content": "A study of over 700 pigs affected with von Willebrand's disease suggests that the classic disease is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. Less clear is the genetic basis of inheritance of variant types of this disease produced by selective mating.", "contents": "Inheritance of porcine von Willbrand's disease: study of a kindred of over 700 pigs. A study of over 700 pigs affected with von Willebrand's disease suggests that the classic disease is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. Less clear is the genetic basis of inheritance of variant types of this disease produced by selective mating.", "PMID": 311643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3086", "title": "Failure of indomethacin to close persistent ductus arteriosus in infants weighing under 1000 grams.", "content": "Six preterm infants with a persistent ductus arteriosus, who failed to improve with conventional medical management, received indomethacin in an attempt to close the duct pharmacologically. All infants weighed less than 1000 g when the drug was administered. All showed a transient response to indomethacin; however, no infant demonstrated a permanent response, even though 5 of the 6 received multiple doses. One of the patients developed a severe episode of anuria, uraemia, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Of the 6 infants, 3 underwent subsequent successful surgical ligation of the ductus. It is suggested that the extremely preterm infant may be a 'poor responder' to indomethacin. Since the side effects of indomethacin may be life-threatening, it may be wise to consider surgical ligation in lieu of indomethacin administration in these infants.", "contents": "Failure of indomethacin to close persistent ductus arteriosus in infants weighing under 1000 grams. Six preterm infants with a persistent ductus arteriosus, who failed to improve with conventional medical management, received indomethacin in an attempt to close the duct pharmacologically. All infants weighed less than 1000 g when the drug was administered. All showed a transient response to indomethacin; however, no infant demonstrated a permanent response, even though 5 of the 6 received multiple doses. One of the patients developed a severe episode of anuria, uraemia, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Of the 6 infants, 3 underwent subsequent successful surgical ligation of the ductus. It is suggested that the extremely preterm infant may be a 'poor responder' to indomethacin. Since the side effects of indomethacin may be life-threatening, it may be wise to consider surgical ligation in lieu of indomethacin administration in these infants.", "PMID": 311647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3087", "title": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus in pediatrics].", "content": "Herein we present our experience with 16 children in whom the diagnosis of SLE was established between May 1974 and April 1978. In eleven of them renal biopsy was performed. Five had family history of immunologic disease. Only one patient had history of anticonvulsant drug intake. The clinical picture resembles adult SLE, where the most frequent symptoms were arthritis, fever and dermatosis. Three patients showed focal proliferative glomerulonephritis; another 3, increased mesangial cellularity; 3 more presented diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and another one had membranous glomerulonephritis. LE cells, antinuclear antibodies, anti-DNA were present in various combinations in all patients. Treatment with an average dose of 22.8 mg/day of prednisone, plus immunosuppressive therapy in 9 patients, has allowed a 36 months survival in 13 patients. Progressive renal involvement and tuberculosis were the cause of death in 3 cases. Our results are compared with those in the literature.", "contents": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus in pediatrics]. Herein we present our experience with 16 children in whom the diagnosis of SLE was established between May 1974 and April 1978. In eleven of them renal biopsy was performed. Five had family history of immunologic disease. Only one patient had history of anticonvulsant drug intake. The clinical picture resembles adult SLE, where the most frequent symptoms were arthritis, fever and dermatosis. Three patients showed focal proliferative glomerulonephritis; another 3, increased mesangial cellularity; 3 more presented diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and another one had membranous glomerulonephritis. LE cells, antinuclear antibodies, anti-DNA were present in various combinations in all patients. Treatment with an average dose of 22.8 mg/day of prednisone, plus immunosuppressive therapy in 9 patients, has allowed a 36 months survival in 13 patients. Progressive renal involvement and tuberculosis were the cause of death in 3 cases. Our results are compared with those in the literature.", "PMID": 311644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3088", "title": "Arterial counterpulsation in severe refractory heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The role of arterial counterpulsation was sought in 100 patients with severe refractory cardiac failure complicating myocardial infarction. Seventy-four were in shock and 26 were not. Average duration of counterpulsation was 7.0 days. Hospital survival was 34 per cent (25/74) in shock (predicted less than 10%) and 65 per cent in patients who were not in shock (predicted less than 50%). Survival at 4 years was 10 +/- 4 per cent in shock and 37 +/- 11 per cent in patients not in shock; functional status was class 1 or 2 in 5 of 9 patients in shock and in 8 of 12 survivors not in shock. Results were best when counterpulsation was started early after onset of symptoms, when ischaemic pain was still present, or when a mechanical defect was corrected surgically. Early coronary artery bypass surgery performed alone in 9 patients did not influence survival or functional status. Complications of counterpulsation occurred in 17 patients in shock and in 2 patients not in shock, all but 6 on the first day; none directly caused death. Counterpulsation is an effective and safe adjunct to medical treatment of complicated infarction provided the intervention is prompt.", "contents": "Arterial counterpulsation in severe refractory heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction. The role of arterial counterpulsation was sought in 100 patients with severe refractory cardiac failure complicating myocardial infarction. Seventy-four were in shock and 26 were not. Average duration of counterpulsation was 7.0 days. Hospital survival was 34 per cent (25/74) in shock (predicted less than 10%) and 65 per cent in patients who were not in shock (predicted less than 50%). Survival at 4 years was 10 +/- 4 per cent in shock and 37 +/- 11 per cent in patients not in shock; functional status was class 1 or 2 in 5 of 9 patients in shock and in 8 of 12 survivors not in shock. Results were best when counterpulsation was started early after onset of symptoms, when ischaemic pain was still present, or when a mechanical defect was corrected surgically. Early coronary artery bypass surgery performed alone in 9 patients did not influence survival or functional status. Complications of counterpulsation occurred in 17 patients in shock and in 2 patients not in shock, all but 6 on the first day; none directly caused death. Counterpulsation is an effective and safe adjunct to medical treatment of complicated infarction provided the intervention is prompt.", "PMID": 311648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3089", "title": "[Miliary tuberculosis in 27 children].", "content": "In the course of 3 1/2 years, 27 children with miliary tuberculosis were seen at the Hospital Infantil Lorencita Villegas de Santos in Bogot\u00e1, Columbia. Twenty-six percent of cases were infants under 12 months of age. Typical clinical cases were malnourished patients with impairment of their general condition, light respiratory stress or neurologic meningoencephalic involvement and febrile syndrome having a high contact index with tuberculous relatives. Some of them were undergoing measles or whooping cough convalescence. The chest X-ray showed micronodular infiltration and some cases, with hiliar adenomegaly, effusion or caverns. The liver percutaneous biopsy was of great help. The isolation of the bacillus from exudates was difficult to achieve. Tuberculin test was positive only in 30%. Cause of death: infiltration of central nervous system.", "contents": "[Miliary tuberculosis in 27 children]. In the course of 3 1/2 years, 27 children with miliary tuberculosis were seen at the Hospital Infantil Lorencita Villegas de Santos in Bogot\u00e1, Columbia. Twenty-six percent of cases were infants under 12 months of age. Typical clinical cases were malnourished patients with impairment of their general condition, light respiratory stress or neurologic meningoencephalic involvement and febrile syndrome having a high contact index with tuberculous relatives. Some of them were undergoing measles or whooping cough convalescence. The chest X-ray showed micronodular infiltration and some cases, with hiliar adenomegaly, effusion or caverns. The liver percutaneous biopsy was of great help. The isolation of the bacillus from exudates was difficult to achieve. Tuberculin test was positive only in 30%. Cause of death: infiltration of central nervous system.", "PMID": 311645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3090", "title": "Uptake of catecholamines by human cardiac muscle in vitro.", "content": "Noradrenaline uptake was studied using heart muscle from 102 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Slices of right atrium were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 1.3 x 10(-7) M 3H-noradrenaline. Uptake was lower in failing heart muscle and was inhibited not only by increasing the noradrenaline concentration in the incubating medium but also by adding the drugs desmethylimipramine, amitryptyline, and ouabain.", "contents": "Uptake of catecholamines by human cardiac muscle in vitro. Noradrenaline uptake was studied using heart muscle from 102 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Slices of right atrium were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 1.3 x 10(-7) M 3H-noradrenaline. Uptake was lower in failing heart muscle and was inhibited not only by increasing the noradrenaline concentration in the incubating medium but also by adding the drugs desmethylimipramine, amitryptyline, and ouabain.", "PMID": 311649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3091", "title": "Dermatitis herpetiformis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "Two patients are described with dermatitis herpetiformis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. The increased incidence of autoantibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis would suggest that this association is significant. Antinuclear antibodies commonly occur in dermatitis herpetiformis (Seah et al,, 1971) yet are rarely associated with autoimmune disease in these patients (Moncada, 1974). This report records two patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "contents": "Dermatitis herpetiformis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Two patients are described with dermatitis herpetiformis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. The increased incidence of autoantibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis would suggest that this association is significant. Antinuclear antibodies commonly occur in dermatitis herpetiformis (Seah et al,, 1971) yet are rarely associated with autoimmune disease in these patients (Moncada, 1974). This report records two patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "PMID": 311650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3092", "title": "Two populations of factor VIII-related antigen in a family with von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "The factor VIII-related antigen in a patient with von Willebrand's disease showed increased anodal mobility on two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. However, the antigen present in several of this patient's relatives showed two distinct peaks, one in the normal position and one similar to that of the patient. Very little of the patient's antigen could be recovered from ethanol precipitates or cryoprecipitates of whole plasma. Only the slower component could be recovered from the precipitates prepared from plasma of these family members showing two populations of antigen, the faster moving antigen remaining in the supernatant. This antigen of increased mobility corresponds very closely to that remaining in the supernatant of normal plasma, following similar fractionation procedures. It is suggested that the factor VIII-related antigen in some variant forms of von Willebrand's disease is a normal component of plasma, present in increased amounts.", "contents": "Two populations of factor VIII-related antigen in a family with von Willebrand's disease. The factor VIII-related antigen in a patient with von Willebrand's disease showed increased anodal mobility on two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. However, the antigen present in several of this patient's relatives showed two distinct peaks, one in the normal position and one similar to that of the patient. Very little of the patient's antigen could be recovered from ethanol precipitates or cryoprecipitates of whole plasma. Only the slower component could be recovered from the precipitates prepared from plasma of these family members showing two populations of antigen, the faster moving antigen remaining in the supernatant. This antigen of increased mobility corresponds very closely to that remaining in the supernatant of normal plasma, following similar fractionation procedures. It is suggested that the factor VIII-related antigen in some variant forms of von Willebrand's disease is a normal component of plasma, present in increased amounts.", "PMID": 311651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3093", "title": "A study of birth weight, placental weight and mortality of twins as compared to singletons.", "content": "A study was made of 1655 sets of twins born between 1931 and 1975 in two clinical centres. Compared to singletons, twins were born three weeks earlier, weighed less at birth from 33 weeks to term and had smaller placentae from 21 to 22 weeks to term. The influence on birth weight fo sex was smaller in twins, the influence of parity greater. Because, compared to singletons, lower placental indices were found in twins up to 37 to 38 weeks, the conclusion is drawn that the retardation of growth in twins is to some extent due to the placenta itself. When singletons and twins of the same gestational age were compared, the mortality was found to be similar, somewhat lower in twins up to 37 to 38 weeks and higher afterwards. Monochorial twins were found to be born earlier, weigh less at birth and have a higher mortality than dichorial twins. Placental weights were not different and the conclusion is drawn that the retardation of growth in monochorial twins is to some extent due to the higher incidence of marginal and velamentous insertions of the umbilical cord associated with lower birth weights.", "contents": "A study of birth weight, placental weight and mortality of twins as compared to singletons. A study was made of 1655 sets of twins born between 1931 and 1975 in two clinical centres. Compared to singletons, twins were born three weeks earlier, weighed less at birth from 33 weeks to term and had smaller placentae from 21 to 22 weeks to term. The influence on birth weight fo sex was smaller in twins, the influence of parity greater. Because, compared to singletons, lower placental indices were found in twins up to 37 to 38 weeks, the conclusion is drawn that the retardation of growth in twins is to some extent due to the placenta itself. When singletons and twins of the same gestational age were compared, the mortality was found to be similar, somewhat lower in twins up to 37 to 38 weeks and higher afterwards. Monochorial twins were found to be born earlier, weigh less at birth and have a higher mortality than dichorial twins. Placental weights were not different and the conclusion is drawn that the retardation of growth in monochorial twins is to some extent due to the higher incidence of marginal and velamentous insertions of the umbilical cord associated with lower birth weights.", "PMID": 311652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3094", "title": "Effect of normal pregnancy upon the glycosylated haemoglobins.", "content": "In this cross-sectional study total glycosylated haemoglobin (Hb AIa+b+c) has been measured in 20 healthy non-pregnant women and in five groups of 20 healthy women at various times during pregnancy. A statistically significant decrease occurs in these minor haemoglobin fractions by about 20 weeks gestation and this reduced level is maintained throughout the rest of pregnancy. If diabetic patients are to have their control assessed during pregnancy by determination of these fractions this fact might be relevant.", "contents": "Effect of normal pregnancy upon the glycosylated haemoglobins. In this cross-sectional study total glycosylated haemoglobin (Hb AIa+b+c) has been measured in 20 healthy non-pregnant women and in five groups of 20 healthy women at various times during pregnancy. A statistically significant decrease occurs in these minor haemoglobin fractions by about 20 weeks gestation and this reduced level is maintained throughout the rest of pregnancy. If diabetic patients are to have their control assessed during pregnancy by determination of these fractions this fact might be relevant.", "PMID": 311653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3095", "title": "Bilateral symmetry of vision disorders in typical retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Bilateral symmetry of disorders of vision is examined in 60 typical patients with retinitis pigmentosa.  We observed a very high degree of interocular congruence in the patterns of both kinetic visual field defects and threshold profiles and in abnormalities of foveal colour discrimination and visual acuity.  Abnormalities of foveal colour vision are highly correlated with the extent of visual field loss.", "contents": "Bilateral symmetry of vision disorders in typical retinitis pigmentosa. Bilateral symmetry of disorders of vision is examined in 60 typical patients with retinitis pigmentosa.  We observed a very high degree of interocular congruence in the patterns of both kinetic visual field defects and threshold profiles and in abnormalities of foveal colour discrimination and visual acuity.  Abnormalities of foveal colour vision are highly correlated with the extent of visual field loss.", "PMID": 311654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3096", "title": "The involvement of iron and ubiquinone in electron transfer reactions mediated by reaction centers from photosynthetic bacteria.", "content": "Reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain R-26 were prepared with varying Fe and ubiquinone (Q) contents. The photooxidation of P-870 to P-870+ was found to occur with the same quantum yield in Fe-depleted reaction centers as in control samples. The kinetics of electron transfer from the initial electron acceptor (I) to Q also were unchanged upon Fe removal. We conclude that Fe has no measurable role in the primary photochemical reaction. The extent of secondary reaction from the first quinone acceptor (QA) to the second quinone acceptor (QB) was monitored by the decay kinetics of P-870+ after excitation of reaction centers with single flashes in the absence of electron donors, and by the amount of P-870 photooxidation that occurred on the second flash in the presence of electron donors. In reaction centers with nearly one iron and between 1 and 2 ubiquinones per reaction center, the amount of secondary electron transfer is proportional to the ubiquinone content above one per reaction center. In reaction centers treated with LiClO4 and o-phenanthroline to remove Fe, the amount of secondary reaction is decreased and is proportional to Fe content. Fe seems to be required for the secondary reaction. In reaction centers depleted of Fe by treatment with SDS and EDTA, the correlation between Fe content and secondary activity is not as good as that found using LiClO4. This is probably due in part to a loss of primary photochemical activity in samples treated with SDS; but the correlation is still not perfect after correction for this effect. The nature of the back reaction between P-870+ and Q-B was investigated using stopped flow techniques. Reaction centers in the P-870+ Q-B state decay with a 1-s half-time in both the presence and absence of o-phenanthroline, an inhibitor of electron transfer between Q-B and QB. This indicates that the back reaction between P-870+ and Q-A is direct, rather than proceeding via thermal repopulation of Q-A. The P-870+ Q-B state is calculated to lie at least 100 mV in free energy below the P-870+ Q-A state.", "contents": "The involvement of iron and ubiquinone in electron transfer reactions mediated by reaction centers from photosynthetic bacteria. Reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain R-26 were prepared with varying Fe and ubiquinone (Q) contents. The photooxidation of P-870 to P-870+ was found to occur with the same quantum yield in Fe-depleted reaction centers as in control samples. The kinetics of electron transfer from the initial electron acceptor (I) to Q also were unchanged upon Fe removal. We conclude that Fe has no measurable role in the primary photochemical reaction. The extent of secondary reaction from the first quinone acceptor (QA) to the second quinone acceptor (QB) was monitored by the decay kinetics of P-870+ after excitation of reaction centers with single flashes in the absence of electron donors, and by the amount of P-870 photooxidation that occurred on the second flash in the presence of electron donors. In reaction centers with nearly one iron and between 1 and 2 ubiquinones per reaction center, the amount of secondary electron transfer is proportional to the ubiquinone content above one per reaction center. In reaction centers treated with LiClO4 and o-phenanthroline to remove Fe, the amount of secondary reaction is decreased and is proportional to Fe content. Fe seems to be required for the secondary reaction. In reaction centers depleted of Fe by treatment with SDS and EDTA, the correlation between Fe content and secondary activity is not as good as that found using LiClO4. This is probably due in part to a loss of primary photochemical activity in samples treated with SDS; but the correlation is still not perfect after correction for this effect. The nature of the back reaction between P-870+ and Q-B was investigated using stopped flow techniques. Reaction centers in the P-870+ Q-B state decay with a 1-s half-time in both the presence and absence of o-phenanthroline, an inhibitor of electron transfer between Q-B and QB. This indicates that the back reaction between P-870+ and Q-A is direct, rather than proceeding via thermal repopulation of Q-A. The P-870+ Q-B state is calculated to lie at least 100 mV in free energy below the P-870+ Q-A state.", "PMID": 311656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3097", "title": "Energetics of coupled Na+ and Cl- entry into epithelial cells of bullfrog small intestine.", "content": "Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations (cij) and activities (aij), and mucosal membrane potentials (Em) were measured in epithelial cells of isolated bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) small intestine. Segments of intestine were stripped of their external muscle layers, and bathed (at 25 degrees C and pH 7.2) in oxygenated Ringer solutions containing 105 mM Na+ and Cl- and 5.4 mM K+. Na+ and K+ concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and Cl- concentrations by conductometric titration following extraction of the dried tissue with 0.1 M HNO3. 14C-labelled inulin was used to determine extracellular volume. Em was measured with conventional open tip microelectrodes, aiCl with solid-state Cl-selective silver microelectrodes and aiNa and aiK with Na+ and K+-selective liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes. The average Em recorded was -34mV. ciNa, ciK and ciCl were 51, 105 and 52 mM. The corresponding values for aiNa, aiK and aiCl were 18, 80 and 33 mM. These results suggest that a large fraction of the cytoplasmic Na+ is 'bound' or sequestered in an osmotically inactive form, that all, or virtually all the cytoplasmic K+ behaves as if in free solution, and that there is probably some binding of cytoplasmic Cl-. aiCl significantly exceeds the level corresponding to electrochemical equilibrium across the mucosal and baso-lateral cell membranes. Earlier studies showed that coupled mucosal entry of Na+ and Cl- is implicated in intracellular Cl- accumulation in this tissue. This study permitted estimation of the steady-state transapical Na+ and Cl- electrochemical potential differences (deltamuNa and deltamuCl). deltamuNa (-7000 J . mol-1; cell minus mucosal medium) was energetically more than sufficient to account for deltamuCl (1000--2000 J . mol-1).", "contents": "Energetics of coupled Na+ and Cl- entry into epithelial cells of bullfrog small intestine. Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations (cij) and activities (aij), and mucosal membrane potentials (Em) were measured in epithelial cells of isolated bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) small intestine. Segments of intestine were stripped of their external muscle layers, and bathed (at 25 degrees C and pH 7.2) in oxygenated Ringer solutions containing 105 mM Na+ and Cl- and 5.4 mM K+. Na+ and K+ concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and Cl- concentrations by conductometric titration following extraction of the dried tissue with 0.1 M HNO3. 14C-labelled inulin was used to determine extracellular volume. Em was measured with conventional open tip microelectrodes, aiCl with solid-state Cl-selective silver microelectrodes and aiNa and aiK with Na+ and K+-selective liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes. The average Em recorded was -34mV. ciNa, ciK and ciCl were 51, 105 and 52 mM. The corresponding values for aiNa, aiK and aiCl were 18, 80 and 33 mM. These results suggest that a large fraction of the cytoplasmic Na+ is 'bound' or sequestered in an osmotically inactive form, that all, or virtually all the cytoplasmic K+ behaves as if in free solution, and that there is probably some binding of cytoplasmic Cl-. aiCl significantly exceeds the level corresponding to electrochemical equilibrium across the mucosal and baso-lateral cell membranes. Earlier studies showed that coupled mucosal entry of Na+ and Cl- is implicated in intracellular Cl- accumulation in this tissue. This study permitted estimation of the steady-state transapical Na+ and Cl- electrochemical potential differences (deltamuNa and deltamuCl). deltamuNa (-7000 J . mol-1; cell minus mucosal medium) was energetically more than sufficient to account for deltamuCl (1000--2000 J . mol-1).", "PMID": 311657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3098", "title": "A sensitive bioassay for lipase using bacterial bioluminescence.", "content": "A new bioassay for lipase utilizes a dim mutant of luminous bacteria which emit light upon the addition of long chain fatty acids, especially myristic acid. The luminescence response is proportional to the amount of added myristic acid over a 100-fold range, down to 10 nM. Trimyristin was used as a substrate for lipase and the hydrolyzed myristic acid was determined by the response of the luminous bacteria either on a continuous basis in the same reaction mixture or alternatively, when the hydrolytic stage is done separately followed by the independent detecting system. Using these procedures it is possible to assay lipase activity at rate corresponding to a release of as low as 10 pmol myristic acid per min.", "contents": "A sensitive bioassay for lipase using bacterial bioluminescence. A new bioassay for lipase utilizes a dim mutant of luminous bacteria which emit light upon the addition of long chain fatty acids, especially myristic acid. The luminescence response is proportional to the amount of added myristic acid over a 100-fold range, down to 10 nM. Trimyristin was used as a substrate for lipase and the hydrolyzed myristic acid was determined by the response of the luminous bacteria either on a continuous basis in the same reaction mixture or alternatively, when the hydrolytic stage is done separately followed by the independent detecting system. Using these procedures it is possible to assay lipase activity at rate corresponding to a release of as low as 10 pmol myristic acid per min.", "PMID": 311658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3099", "title": "omega-Oxidation of fatty acids and the acetylation p-aminobenzoic acid.", "content": "p-Aminobenzoic acid was fed to normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats injected with [omega-14C]labeled and [2-14C]labeled fatty acids. The p-acetamidobenzoic acid that was excreted was hydrolyzed to yield acetate which was degraded. The distribution of 14C in the acetates formed when an [omega-14C]labeled fatty acid was injected was similar to that when a [2-14C]labeled fatty acid was injected. This contrasts with the finding that in acetates from 2-acetamido-4-phenylbutyric acid excreted when 2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid was fed, there was a difference in the distributions of 14C, a difference attributable to omega-oxidation of the fatty acid. Acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid is then concluded to occur in a different cellular environment than that of 2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid, one in which omega-oxidation is not functional. When 2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid was fed and [6-14C]palmitic acid injected, rather than [16-14C]palmitic acid, the distribution of 14C in acetate was the same as when [2-14C]palmitic acid was injected. This indicates that the dicarboxylic acid formed on omega-oxidation of palmitic acid does not undergo beta-oxidation to form succinyl-CoA. Thus, glucose is not formed via omega-oxidation of long-chain fatty acid.", "contents": "omega-Oxidation of fatty acids and the acetylation p-aminobenzoic acid. p-Aminobenzoic acid was fed to normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats injected with [omega-14C]labeled and [2-14C]labeled fatty acids. The p-acetamidobenzoic acid that was excreted was hydrolyzed to yield acetate which was degraded. The distribution of 14C in the acetates formed when an [omega-14C]labeled fatty acid was injected was similar to that when a [2-14C]labeled fatty acid was injected. This contrasts with the finding that in acetates from 2-acetamido-4-phenylbutyric acid excreted when 2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid was fed, there was a difference in the distributions of 14C, a difference attributable to omega-oxidation of the fatty acid. Acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid is then concluded to occur in a different cellular environment than that of 2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid, one in which omega-oxidation is not functional. When 2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid was fed and [6-14C]palmitic acid injected, rather than [16-14C]palmitic acid, the distribution of 14C in acetate was the same as when [2-14C]palmitic acid was injected. This indicates that the dicarboxylic acid formed on omega-oxidation of palmitic acid does not undergo beta-oxidation to form succinyl-CoA. Thus, glucose is not formed via omega-oxidation of long-chain fatty acid.", "PMID": 311659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3100", "title": "Individual assignments of amide proton resonances in the proton NMR spectrum of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "Studies of proton-proton nuclear Overhauser effects were used to obtain individual assignments of 17 amide proton resonances in the 360 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. First, optimizing the conditions for obtaining selective nuclear Overhauser effects in the presence of spin diffusion in macromolecules is discussed. Truncated driven nuclear Overhauser experiments were used to assing the amide proton resonances of the beta-sheet in the inhibitor. It is suggested that these techniques could serve quite generally to obtain individual resonance assignments in beta-sheet secondary structures of proteins. Combination of nuclear Overhauser studies with spin decoupling further resulted in individual assignments of the gamma-methyl resonances of the two isoleucines and numerous Calpha and Cbeta protons.", "contents": "Individual assignments of amide proton resonances in the proton NMR spectrum of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Studies of proton-proton nuclear Overhauser effects were used to obtain individual assignments of 17 amide proton resonances in the 360 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. First, optimizing the conditions for obtaining selective nuclear Overhauser effects in the presence of spin diffusion in macromolecules is discussed. Truncated driven nuclear Overhauser experiments were used to assing the amide proton resonances of the beta-sheet in the inhibitor. It is suggested that these techniques could serve quite generally to obtain individual resonance assignments in beta-sheet secondary structures of proteins. Combination of nuclear Overhauser studies with spin decoupling further resulted in individual assignments of the gamma-methyl resonances of the two isoleucines and numerous Calpha and Cbeta protons.", "PMID": 311660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3101", "title": "[Evaluation of the protective action of diphosphonic compounds against a T-lymphocyte lesion by antilymphocyte serum].", "content": "Rabbit antilymphocyte serum (ALS) and complement were used in doses killing 50% of lymphocytes (staining with a 1% solution of trypan blue). In rosette-forming and blast-cell transformation reactions the counts of rosette forming and transformed cells were 60 and 24% respectively, as compared to those in controls. After adding 0.1 ml of 10 mM solution of potassium hydroxyethylene-diphosphonate belonging to a group of synthetic diphosphonates, the protective effect was observed shown by that the counts of rosette-forming and transformed lymphocytes did not differ from the control ones, wherein the reactions were produced with intact cells.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the protective action of diphosphonic compounds against a T-lymphocyte lesion by antilymphocyte serum]. Rabbit antilymphocyte serum (ALS) and complement were used in doses killing 50% of lymphocytes (staining with a 1% solution of trypan blue). In rosette-forming and blast-cell transformation reactions the counts of rosette forming and transformed cells were 60 and 24% respectively, as compared to those in controls. After adding 0.1 ml of 10 mM solution of potassium hydroxyethylene-diphosphonate belonging to a group of synthetic diphosphonates, the protective effect was observed shown by that the counts of rosette-forming and transformed lymphocytes did not differ from the control ones, wherein the reactions were produced with intact cells.", "PMID": 311661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3102", "title": "Cell-factor interaction and factor-dependant long-term growth of human T-progenitor cells.", "content": "Specific cell-factor interactions provide a basic mechanism for differentiation of myeloid and lymphoid cells. Evidence at the present time indicates that factor-producing cells, factor and factor-responding cells are integrated into an interacting network to produce various specific differentiatied functions. To elucidate the mechanisms of such interactions in the differentiation of T lymphocyte, a systematic study was carried out to characterize a liquid suspension culture system for T progenitor cells from human peripheral blood or bone marrow. T progenitor cells were assayed either by their membrane properties or by their ability to form colonies in semisolid media. T lymphocyte growth stimulators (TL-GS) were isolated from phytohemagglutin (PHA)-stimulated human T lymphocyte conditioned medium. TL-GS were capable of selectively supporting growth for four months or longer of T progenitor cells. This system should facilitate the study of cell-factor interactions mediating the proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cell-factor interaction and factor-dependant long-term growth of human T-progenitor cells. Specific cell-factor interactions provide a basic mechanism for differentiation of myeloid and lymphoid cells. Evidence at the present time indicates that factor-producing cells, factor and factor-responding cells are integrated into an interacting network to produce various specific differentiatied functions. To elucidate the mechanisms of such interactions in the differentiation of T lymphocyte, a systematic study was carried out to characterize a liquid suspension culture system for T progenitor cells from human peripheral blood or bone marrow. T progenitor cells were assayed either by their membrane properties or by their ability to form colonies in semisolid media. T lymphocyte growth stimulators (TL-GS) were isolated from phytohemagglutin (PHA)-stimulated human T lymphocyte conditioned medium. TL-GS were capable of selectively supporting growth for four months or longer of T progenitor cells. This system should facilitate the study of cell-factor interactions mediating the proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 311664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3103", "title": "Potentiation of responses to monoamines by antidepressants after destruction of monoamine afferents.", "content": "1 Stereotaxic lesioning and microiontophoretic techniques were used to study the effects of lesions of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) on the potentiation by antidepressant drugs of responses to monoamines of cortical neurones.2 Active uptake of noradrenaline (NA) and 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by synaptosomes from the motor and somatosensory cortex was reduced to approximately 20%, 10 to 14 days following lesion of the MFB in rats.3 Unilateral lesions of the MFB caused changes in responsiveness of neurones to NA and 5-HT, applied by iontophoresis, in the cortex ipsilateral to the lesion. Excitatory responses to both amines were observed less frequently and depression was the predominant response. Excitatory responses on the lesioned side were significantly smaller than on the unlesioned side, but the size of depressant responses was unaltered.4 Viloxazine strongly potentiated responses of cortical neurones to NA and 5-HT on both sides of the brain of MFB-lesioned rats. There were no significant differences in the potentiation of responses to monoamines on the lesioned or unlesioned sides of the brain.5 Desipramine potentiated responses to NA of neurones in the cortex ipsilateral to MFB lesions.6 Chlorimipramine potentiated responses to 5-HT of neurones in the cortex ipsilateral to MFB lesions.7 It is concluded that antidepressants can potentiate responses to monoamines despite a profound reduction in presynaptic terminals. The potentiation is unlikely to be the result of blockade of monoamine uptake into presynaptic terminals, and is probably a postsynaptic effect of the antidepressant drugs.", "contents": "Potentiation of responses to monoamines by antidepressants after destruction of monoamine afferents. 1 Stereotaxic lesioning and microiontophoretic techniques were used to study the effects of lesions of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) on the potentiation by antidepressant drugs of responses to monoamines of cortical neurones.2 Active uptake of noradrenaline (NA) and 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by synaptosomes from the motor and somatosensory cortex was reduced to approximately 20%, 10 to 14 days following lesion of the MFB in rats.3 Unilateral lesions of the MFB caused changes in responsiveness of neurones to NA and 5-HT, applied by iontophoresis, in the cortex ipsilateral to the lesion. Excitatory responses to both amines were observed less frequently and depression was the predominant response. Excitatory responses on the lesioned side were significantly smaller than on the unlesioned side, but the size of depressant responses was unaltered.4 Viloxazine strongly potentiated responses of cortical neurones to NA and 5-HT on both sides of the brain of MFB-lesioned rats. There were no significant differences in the potentiation of responses to monoamines on the lesioned or unlesioned sides of the brain.5 Desipramine potentiated responses to NA of neurones in the cortex ipsilateral to MFB lesions.6 Chlorimipramine potentiated responses to 5-HT of neurones in the cortex ipsilateral to MFB lesions.7 It is concluded that antidepressants can potentiate responses to monoamines despite a profound reduction in presynaptic terminals. The potentiation is unlikely to be the result of blockade of monoamine uptake into presynaptic terminals, and is probably a postsynaptic effect of the antidepressant drugs.", "PMID": 311665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3104", "title": "Bovine lymphocytes: erythrocyte rosettes in normal, lymphomatous and corticosteroid-treated cattle.", "content": "Spontaneous erythrocyte rosettes, antibody-complement rosettes and nonrosetting cells were enumerated for peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal adult, lymphomatous adult and immature cattle as well as for peripheral blood lymphocytes of adult cows both before and after injection of corticosteroids. Calf thymic lymphocytes were also examined for rosette formation. Results indicate significant reduction in peripheral blood lymphocyte-erythrocyte rosettes and nonrosetting cells in tumour-bearing cows with a simultaneous elevation in percent antibody-complement rosettes. Calf thymus had a significantly greater percent erythrocyte rosettes than did peripheral blood lymphocytes from the same individuals. Corticosteroid injection reduced peripheral blood lymphocytes without altering proportion of cells as erythrocyte rosettes, antibody-complement rosettes or nonrosetting cells.", "contents": "Bovine lymphocytes: erythrocyte rosettes in normal, lymphomatous and corticosteroid-treated cattle. Spontaneous erythrocyte rosettes, antibody-complement rosettes and nonrosetting cells were enumerated for peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal adult, lymphomatous adult and immature cattle as well as for peripheral blood lymphocytes of adult cows both before and after injection of corticosteroids. Calf thymic lymphocytes were also examined for rosette formation. Results indicate significant reduction in peripheral blood lymphocyte-erythrocyte rosettes and nonrosetting cells in tumour-bearing cows with a simultaneous elevation in percent antibody-complement rosettes. Calf thymus had a significantly greater percent erythrocyte rosettes than did peripheral blood lymphocytes from the same individuals. Corticosteroid injection reduced peripheral blood lymphocytes without altering proportion of cells as erythrocyte rosettes, antibody-complement rosettes or nonrosetting cells.", "PMID": 311676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3105", "title": "Sensitivity of hypothalamic sites to salicylate and prostaglandin.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the dose of salicylate necessary to produce substantial antipyresis, and to determine the relationship between the response to salicylate and prostaglandin infused into the same region of the preoptic area of the rabbit. The effect of preoptic infusions of three doses of sodium salicylate, or a control solution, on the fever produced by an intravenous injection of endogenous pyrogen was measured. The pyrogenic response to prostaglandin E1 injected into the same preoptic sites in the same rabbits was also monitored. The results showed that the 50 microgram/microL per hour dose of salicylate did not produce significant antipyresis but that the 100 and 200 microgram/microL per hour doses did. The results also showed a significant correlation between the magnitude of fever produced by prostaglandin E1 and the magnitude of antipyresis produced by sodium salicylate at a particular site. Those sites at which infusion of salicylate produced the most effective antipyresis were also the ones at which prostaglandin E1 produced the largest fevers.", "contents": "Sensitivity of hypothalamic sites to salicylate and prostaglandin. This study was designed to determine the dose of salicylate necessary to produce substantial antipyresis, and to determine the relationship between the response to salicylate and prostaglandin infused into the same region of the preoptic area of the rabbit. The effect of preoptic infusions of three doses of sodium salicylate, or a control solution, on the fever produced by an intravenous injection of endogenous pyrogen was measured. The pyrogenic response to prostaglandin E1 injected into the same preoptic sites in the same rabbits was also monitored. The results showed that the 50 microgram/microL per hour dose of salicylate did not produce significant antipyresis but that the 100 and 200 microgram/microL per hour doses did. The results also showed a significant correlation between the magnitude of fever produced by prostaglandin E1 and the magnitude of antipyresis produced by sodium salicylate at a particular site. Those sites at which infusion of salicylate produced the most effective antipyresis were also the ones at which prostaglandin E1 produced the largest fevers.", "PMID": 311677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3106", "title": "High dose methotrexate with and without BCG therapy in advanced head and neck malignancy.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with advanced recurrent head and neck carcinoma were randomized to receive either high dose methotrexate with calcium leucovorin rescue (HDMTX) or HDMTX in combination with bacilli Calmette Guerin (HDMTX/BCG). An additional eight patients were treated with escalating doses of HDMTX ranging from 1 to 7 g of methotrexate. Of 12 patients receiving HDMTX, one complete response and two partial responses were noted. Of 11 patients in the HDMTX/BCG group, one complete response and two partial responses were observed. Only one partial response was noted in eight patients receiving escalating doses of the drug. Responses were brief and no significant difference in response duration was seen in any particular group. Toxicities in all groups were tolerable. BCG did not improve response rate, median duration of response, or median survival in these patients. Reported experiences with high dose methotrexate have been reviewed and again, responses to \"high dose methotrexate\" were found to be of brief duration. Despite acceptable toxicity, the brief duration of response and cost of such therapy raises serious question on the usefulness of chemoimmunotherapy utilizing high dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue and BCG in the management of advanced recurrent carcinomas of the head and neck region.", "contents": "High dose methotrexate with and without BCG therapy in advanced head and neck malignancy. Twenty-three patients with advanced recurrent head and neck carcinoma were randomized to receive either high dose methotrexate with calcium leucovorin rescue (HDMTX) or HDMTX in combination with bacilli Calmette Guerin (HDMTX/BCG). An additional eight patients were treated with escalating doses of HDMTX ranging from 1 to 7 g of methotrexate. Of 12 patients receiving HDMTX, one complete response and two partial responses were noted. Of 11 patients in the HDMTX/BCG group, one complete response and two partial responses were observed. Only one partial response was noted in eight patients receiving escalating doses of the drug. Responses were brief and no significant difference in response duration was seen in any particular group. Toxicities in all groups were tolerable. BCG did not improve response rate, median duration of response, or median survival in these patients. Reported experiences with high dose methotrexate have been reviewed and again, responses to \"high dose methotrexate\" were found to be of brief duration. Despite acceptable toxicity, the brief duration of response and cost of such therapy raises serious question on the usefulness of chemoimmunotherapy utilizing high dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue and BCG in the management of advanced recurrent carcinomas of the head and neck region.", "PMID": 311679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3107", "title": "Stimulation of resistance to tumor growth of athymic nude mice pretreated by combined local hyperthermia and X-irradiation.", "content": "Host resistance to tumor growth was studied in athymic nude mice of C57BL background. Animals were pretreated in the left hind leg by local hyperthermia, local X-irradiation, or combined local hyperthermia and X-irradiation. Twenty-four hr posttreatment, the animals were inoculated with the metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma tumor. Half of the animals in each group were inoculated in the pretreated leg and animals of the other half of the group were inoculated in the contralateral untreated leg. An increase of 30 to 45% in life span was achieved in normal and nude mice pretreated by combined local hyperthermia and irradiation. The increase in life span was similar in animals inoculated in the pretreated leg or in the untreated contralateral leg. These results indicate that T-lymphocytes are not involved in the protection against tumor growth.", "contents": "Stimulation of resistance to tumor growth of athymic nude mice pretreated by combined local hyperthermia and X-irradiation. Host resistance to tumor growth was studied in athymic nude mice of C57BL background. Animals were pretreated in the left hind leg by local hyperthermia, local X-irradiation, or combined local hyperthermia and X-irradiation. Twenty-four hr posttreatment, the animals were inoculated with the metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma tumor. Half of the animals in each group were inoculated in the pretreated leg and animals of the other half of the group were inoculated in the contralateral untreated leg. An increase of 30 to 45% in life span was achieved in normal and nude mice pretreated by combined local hyperthermia and irradiation. The increase in life span was similar in animals inoculated in the pretreated leg or in the untreated contralateral leg. These results indicate that T-lymphocytes are not involved in the protection against tumor growth.", "PMID": 311680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3108", "title": "Inhibition of the lectin-induced mitogenic response of thymocytes by glycolipids.", "content": "Exogenous gangliosides at concentrations found in serum inhibit the concanavalin A- (Con A) induced mitogenic response of mouse thymocytes. Of four gangliosides tested, the trisialoganglioside, GT1, was the most potent inhibitor. Ceramides, cerebrosides, and sialic acid were not inhibitory at any concentration tested. The inhibition by gangliosides was not due to interference with Con A binding as shown by direct binding studies with [3H]acetyl-Con A nor was it due to a nonspecific killing effect. Thymocytes exposed to a ganglioside concentration 5 times that required to inhibit mitogenesis were still capable of excluding trypan blue up to 44 hr after ganglioside addition. Furthermore, ganglioside inhibition could be reversed by washing the cells 4 hr after addition of the glycolipid. A productive interaction with Con A occurs in the presence of ganglioside as shown by a Con A-induced increase in carbohydrate metabolism. However, uridine and thymidine incorporation are inhibited by the presence of ganglioside. Complete inhibition could be achieved if the glycolipid were added as late as 24 to 28 hr after the Con A in a 48-hr mitogenic assay. The results are discussed in light of recent findings that elevated levels of gangliosides are found in in the sera of tumor-bearing animals, and it is suggested that gangliosides shed by tumor cells could be involved in the generalized immunosuppression observed in such animals.", "contents": "Inhibition of the lectin-induced mitogenic response of thymocytes by glycolipids. Exogenous gangliosides at concentrations found in serum inhibit the concanavalin A- (Con A) induced mitogenic response of mouse thymocytes. Of four gangliosides tested, the trisialoganglioside, GT1, was the most potent inhibitor. Ceramides, cerebrosides, and sialic acid were not inhibitory at any concentration tested. The inhibition by gangliosides was not due to interference with Con A binding as shown by direct binding studies with [3H]acetyl-Con A nor was it due to a nonspecific killing effect. Thymocytes exposed to a ganglioside concentration 5 times that required to inhibit mitogenesis were still capable of excluding trypan blue up to 44 hr after ganglioside addition. Furthermore, ganglioside inhibition could be reversed by washing the cells 4 hr after addition of the glycolipid. A productive interaction with Con A occurs in the presence of ganglioside as shown by a Con A-induced increase in carbohydrate metabolism. However, uridine and thymidine incorporation are inhibited by the presence of ganglioside. Complete inhibition could be achieved if the glycolipid were added as late as 24 to 28 hr after the Con A in a 48-hr mitogenic assay. The results are discussed in light of recent findings that elevated levels of gangliosides are found in in the sera of tumor-bearing animals, and it is suggested that gangliosides shed by tumor cells could be involved in the generalized immunosuppression observed in such animals.", "PMID": 311682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3109", "title": "Dose-dependent adjuvant effects of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin on tumor immunity in Lewis rats.", "content": "The study was undertaken of the ability of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), used in combination with a live tumor cell vaccine, to potentiate systemic antitumor immunity in rats. BCG was administered in two injections, with the first one given i.v. and the second one given intradermally mixed with the tumor cell vaccine 12 days later at the time of implant of an s.c. tumor, which served to monitor antitumor immunity. Both these BCG injections were necessary to obtain maximal protection measured in terms of increased survival rates of the rats and of decreased tumor growth rates. The dose of BCG in both the first and second injections was critical for optimal protection, since low doses (125 to 250 micrograms) afforded protection, while higher doses (over 1500 micrograms) decreased or abolished the protective effect. These results strongly suggest that BCG, only if administered under the appropriate conditions, is able to potentiate systemic tumor immunity and to provide a significant level of protection for a tumor-bearing animal.", "contents": "Dose-dependent adjuvant effects of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin on tumor immunity in Lewis rats. The study was undertaken of the ability of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), used in combination with a live tumor cell vaccine, to potentiate systemic antitumor immunity in rats. BCG was administered in two injections, with the first one given i.v. and the second one given intradermally mixed with the tumor cell vaccine 12 days later at the time of implant of an s.c. tumor, which served to monitor antitumor immunity. Both these BCG injections were necessary to obtain maximal protection measured in terms of increased survival rates of the rats and of decreased tumor growth rates. The dose of BCG in both the first and second injections was critical for optimal protection, since low doses (125 to 250 micrograms) afforded protection, while higher doses (over 1500 micrograms) decreased or abolished the protective effect. These results strongly suggest that BCG, only if administered under the appropriate conditions, is able to potentiate systemic tumor immunity and to provide a significant level of protection for a tumor-bearing animal.", "PMID": 311684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3110", "title": "Erythroid leukemia induced by Friend lymphatic leukemia virus in T-cell-depleted mice.", "content": "BALB/c mice depleted of T-cells by thymectomy at 3 to 5 days of age and by treatment with antithymocyte serum were inoculated with the lymphatic leukemia virus derived from Friend virus. After a long latent period, these animals developed erythroid leukemia. In contrast, intact control mice inoculated with Friend virus-associated lymphatic leukemia virus developed typical thymic (T-cell) lymphomas. Cell-free virus prepared from leukemic T-cell-depleted animals induced lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid leukemias in intact mice. The erythroid leukemia-inducing virus differed from the spleen focus-forming component of Friend virus in its long latent period (88 to 225 days) and in its inability to induce spleen foci. End-point dilution experiments suggested that a hitherto undescribed component of the Friend virus complex might be responsible for these late-appearing erythroid leukemias.", "contents": "Erythroid leukemia induced by Friend lymphatic leukemia virus in T-cell-depleted mice. BALB/c mice depleted of T-cells by thymectomy at 3 to 5 days of age and by treatment with antithymocyte serum were inoculated with the lymphatic leukemia virus derived from Friend virus. After a long latent period, these animals developed erythroid leukemia. In contrast, intact control mice inoculated with Friend virus-associated lymphatic leukemia virus developed typical thymic (T-cell) lymphomas. Cell-free virus prepared from leukemic T-cell-depleted animals induced lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid leukemias in intact mice. The erythroid leukemia-inducing virus differed from the spleen focus-forming component of Friend virus in its long latent period (88 to 225 days) and in its inability to induce spleen foci. End-point dilution experiments suggested that a hitherto undescribed component of the Friend virus complex might be responsible for these late-appearing erythroid leukemias.", "PMID": 311686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3111", "title": "Serum inhibitor activity of granulocyte-macrophage colony formation in patients with cancer.", "content": "The serum inhibitor activities of granulocyte-macrophage colony formation were evaluated by the in vitro culture technique in 60 patients with cancer and control subjects including 24 normal adults and 27 patients with a variety of nonneoplastic disorders. The inhibitor activity in cancer patients (mean, 59%) was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than was that in normal adults (mean, 31%) and patients with nonneoplastic diseases (mean 36%). There was no difference in the inhibitor activity between the latter two groups of subjects. There was no correlation between the serum inhibitor activity in cancer patients and the histological type or primary site of tumor, the estimated duration of extent of disease, and serum albumin levels. Preliminary observations indicated that the inhibitor activity may be associated with serum lipoproteins. There was no significant difference in serum colony-stimulating activity among cancer patients, normal subjects, and patients with nonneoplastic diseases.", "contents": "Serum inhibitor activity of granulocyte-macrophage colony formation in patients with cancer. The serum inhibitor activities of granulocyte-macrophage colony formation were evaluated by the in vitro culture technique in 60 patients with cancer and control subjects including 24 normal adults and 27 patients with a variety of nonneoplastic disorders. The inhibitor activity in cancer patients (mean, 59%) was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than was that in normal adults (mean, 31%) and patients with nonneoplastic diseases (mean 36%). There was no difference in the inhibitor activity between the latter two groups of subjects. There was no correlation between the serum inhibitor activity in cancer patients and the histological type or primary site of tumor, the estimated duration of extent of disease, and serum albumin levels. Preliminary observations indicated that the inhibitor activity may be associated with serum lipoproteins. There was no significant difference in serum colony-stimulating activity among cancer patients, normal subjects, and patients with nonneoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 311687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3112", "title": "Relationship between the chemical structure and anti-tumour activity of glucans prepared from Grifora umbellata.", "content": "Glucans from Grifora umbellata and their enzyme-treated fractions have been tested for antitumour activity against subcutaneously implanted Sarcoma 180 (solid type). The results indicate that the basic common unit of the glucans is of primary importance for the antitumour activity, which is also influenced by the type of sugar linkage, length of branch, branching frequency, molecular size, and molecular conformation.", "contents": "Relationship between the chemical structure and anti-tumour activity of glucans prepared from Grifora umbellata. Glucans from Grifora umbellata and their enzyme-treated fractions have been tested for antitumour activity against subcutaneously implanted Sarcoma 180 (solid type). The results indicate that the basic common unit of the glucans is of primary importance for the antitumour activity, which is also influenced by the type of sugar linkage, length of branch, branching frequency, molecular size, and molecular conformation.", "PMID": 311688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3113", "title": "Recovery of viruses from field samples of raw, digested, and lagoon-dried sludges.", "content": "In a 22-month study, viruses were detected in 84% (62/74) of raw, 53% (19/36) of anaerobically digested, and 39% (11/28) of lagoon-dried sludge samples. Lagoon sludge contained detectable viruses (reovirus and enterovirus groups) even after 8 months of retention. Because of such prolonged virus survival in sludge, care must be taken in its disposal or utilization.", "contents": "Recovery of viruses from field samples of raw, digested, and lagoon-dried sludges. In a 22-month study, viruses were detected in 84% (62/74) of raw, 53% (19/36) of anaerobically digested, and 39% (11/28) of lagoon-dried sludge samples. Lagoon sludge contained detectable viruses (reovirus and enterovirus groups) even after 8 months of retention. Because of such prolonged virus survival in sludge, care must be taken in its disposal or utilization.", "PMID": 311705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3114", "title": "Disasters and public health.", "content": "Studies on the health effects of disasters have shown that epidemiological indices can be of value in planning preventive and relief measures and in evaluating their effectiveness. Mortality rates naturally vary considerably, but in earthquakes, for example, the number of deaths per 100 houses destroyed can give an indication of the adequacy of building techniques. Age-specific mortality rates can help to identify particularly vulnerable groups and perhaps indicate what form of education would be valuable. Except in earthquakes, the number of casualties after a disaster is usually low in relation to the number of deaths, and study of the distribution and types of lesions would help in planning the amounts and types of relief supplies and personnel required. Disasters also affect the general level of morbidity in a district because of either interruption of normal health care services or of spraying or other disease control measures. Mental health and nutrition following disasters are particular problems that require further investigation. Study of all these features of disasters has been handicapped by a lack of data, particularly concerning the health situation immediately after the impact. The provision of surveillance teams in disaster-prone areas would appear to be a field in which international cooperation could yield immense benefits.", "contents": "Disasters and public health. Studies on the health effects of disasters have shown that epidemiological indices can be of value in planning preventive and relief measures and in evaluating their effectiveness. Mortality rates naturally vary considerably, but in earthquakes, for example, the number of deaths per 100 houses destroyed can give an indication of the adequacy of building techniques. Age-specific mortality rates can help to identify particularly vulnerable groups and perhaps indicate what form of education would be valuable. Except in earthquakes, the number of casualties after a disaster is usually low in relation to the number of deaths, and study of the distribution and types of lesions would help in planning the amounts and types of relief supplies and personnel required. Disasters also affect the general level of morbidity in a district because of either interruption of normal health care services or of spraying or other disease control measures. Mental health and nutrition following disasters are particular problems that require further investigation. Study of all these features of disasters has been handicapped by a lack of data, particularly concerning the health situation immediately after the impact. The provision of surveillance teams in disaster-prone areas would appear to be a field in which international cooperation could yield immense benefits.", "PMID": 311707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3115", "title": "Complement (C3), nutrition, and infection.", "content": "Complement (C(3)) was determined and related to various parameters of nutritional status and past infectious disease experience in a group of 53 rural preschool children in North India. Mean complement level was 25% lower than in an age-matched European reference population. Low complement (C(3)) levels were associated mainly with children who were both stunted and wasted, as well as with those who had experienced frequent purulent skin infections in the past.", "contents": "Complement (C3), nutrition, and infection. Complement (C(3)) was determined and related to various parameters of nutritional status and past infectious disease experience in a group of 53 rural preschool children in North India. Mean complement level was 25% lower than in an age-matched European reference population. Low complement (C(3)) levels were associated mainly with children who were both stunted and wasted, as well as with those who had experienced frequent purulent skin infections in the past.", "PMID": 311708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3116", "title": "Adherence of wild-type and mutant strains of Vibrio cholerae to normal and immune intestinal tissue.", "content": "Adherence of some wild-type and mutant strains of Vibrio cholerae was studied and the relation between adherence, motility, multiplication, and virulence was examined. Vibrios adhered readily to freshly isolated tissue segments of rabbit intestine at 37 degrees C. The number of vibrios adhering was dependent on the concentration of bacteria to which the tissue was exposed. Adherence was markedly reduced by pretreatment with chloramphenicol and also when intestinal tissue was taken from parenterally or orally immunized rabbits. Non-motile or feebly motile strains were unable to adhere. One motile strain was also found to adhere poorly. The adherence of non-motile or poorly adhering strains was not affected by chloramphenicol. Non-motile, poorly adhering, or slow-growing strains behaved as attenuated strains, suggesting the role of motility, adherence, and multiplication in the virulence of V. cholerae.", "contents": "Adherence of wild-type and mutant strains of Vibrio cholerae to normal and immune intestinal tissue. Adherence of some wild-type and mutant strains of Vibrio cholerae was studied and the relation between adherence, motility, multiplication, and virulence was examined. Vibrios adhered readily to freshly isolated tissue segments of rabbit intestine at 37 degrees C. The number of vibrios adhering was dependent on the concentration of bacteria to which the tissue was exposed. Adherence was markedly reduced by pretreatment with chloramphenicol and also when intestinal tissue was taken from parenterally or orally immunized rabbits. Non-motile or feebly motile strains were unable to adhere. One motile strain was also found to adhere poorly. The adherence of non-motile or poorly adhering strains was not affected by chloramphenicol. Non-motile, poorly adhering, or slow-growing strains behaved as attenuated strains, suggesting the role of motility, adherence, and multiplication in the virulence of V. cholerae.", "PMID": 311709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3117", "title": "Adverse reactions to rifampicin.", "content": "This summary of adverse reactions to rifampicin has been prepared with the intention that it will be made available to all those involved in the administration of rifampicin in tuberculosis and leprosy control programmes. The reactions covered comprise those to both daily and intermittent administration, namely cutaneous and gastrointestinal reactions, hepatitis, and thrombocytopenic purpura, and those to intermittent administration only, namely \"flu\" syndrome, shock, shortness of breath, haemolytic anaemia, and renal failure.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to rifampicin. This summary of adverse reactions to rifampicin has been prepared with the intention that it will be made available to all those involved in the administration of rifampicin in tuberculosis and leprosy control programmes. The reactions covered comprise those to both daily and intermittent administration, namely cutaneous and gastrointestinal reactions, hepatitis, and thrombocytopenic purpura, and those to intermittent administration only, namely \"flu\" syndrome, shock, shortness of breath, haemolytic anaemia, and renal failure.", "PMID": 311712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3118", "title": "Protein and energy requirements: a joint FAO/WHO memorandum.", "content": "Since the publication in 1973 of the report of a Joint FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Expert Committee on protein and energy requirements, some investigations have indicated that the safe levels of protein intake recommended in that report may be too low. This Memorandum reviews the current situation and makes further recommendations where necessary.", "contents": "Protein and energy requirements: a joint FAO/WHO memorandum. Since the publication in 1973 of the report of a Joint FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Expert Committee on protein and energy requirements, some investigations have indicated that the safe levels of protein intake recommended in that report may be too low. This Memorandum reviews the current situation and makes further recommendations where necessary.", "PMID": 311713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3119", "title": "The Mamprobi Survey--a screening survey for cardiovascular disease and risk factors in Africa: methodology and validity.", "content": "The Mamprobi Survey is a cardiovascular disease prevalence sample survey in an African community in Ghana. This preliminary paper describes its methodology and validity. Response rate corrected for migration from the area was 73%. Subsequent sampling of non-respondents revealed only trivial reasons for non-attendance and only minor differences in health status, suggesting that estimates of disease prevalence by the survey were likely to be accurate.", "contents": "The Mamprobi Survey--a screening survey for cardiovascular disease and risk factors in Africa: methodology and validity. The Mamprobi Survey is a cardiovascular disease prevalence sample survey in an African community in Ghana. This preliminary paper describes its methodology and validity. Response rate corrected for migration from the area was 73%. Subsequent sampling of non-respondents revealed only trivial reasons for non-attendance and only minor differences in health status, suggesting that estimates of disease prevalence by the survey were likely to be accurate.", "PMID": 311714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3120", "title": "Blood pressure and heart murmurs in a rural population in the United Republic of Tanzania.", "content": "Hypertension, congestive heart failure, and valvular heart disease are frequently seen among hospital inpatients in the United Republic of Tanzania. A population survey was therefore carried out to determine the prevalence of hypertension and cardiac murmurs in a random sample of people aged 25-64 years living in an undeveloped rural area. Standard cardiovascular survey methods as recommended by WHO were used. Only mean systolic blood pressure in women increased with age; even so, the difference in mean levels between those aged 25-34 and 55-64 years was only about 1.6 kPa (12 mmHg). Hypertension was found to be uncommon, only 2% of subjects having blood pressures >/= 21.3/ 12.7 kPa (>/= 160/95 mmHg). By means of multiple regression analysis, less than 10% of the variance in blood pressure levels could be explained by age and anthropometric measurements. Murmurs of grade 2 or more were detected in 17% of the men and 22% of the women, being most commonly heard at the apex (54%) and the left lower border of the sternum (31%). Mitral valve diastolic murmurs were heard in 4 of 275 women and these were asymptomatic. The cause of the high prevalence of systolic murmurs is unknown.", "contents": "Blood pressure and heart murmurs in a rural population in the United Republic of Tanzania. Hypertension, congestive heart failure, and valvular heart disease are frequently seen among hospital inpatients in the United Republic of Tanzania. A population survey was therefore carried out to determine the prevalence of hypertension and cardiac murmurs in a random sample of people aged 25-64 years living in an undeveloped rural area. Standard cardiovascular survey methods as recommended by WHO were used. Only mean systolic blood pressure in women increased with age; even so, the difference in mean levels between those aged 25-34 and 55-64 years was only about 1.6 kPa (12 mmHg). Hypertension was found to be uncommon, only 2% of subjects having blood pressures >/= 21.3/ 12.7 kPa (>/= 160/95 mmHg). By means of multiple regression analysis, less than 10% of the variance in blood pressure levels could be explained by age and anthropometric measurements. Murmurs of grade 2 or more were detected in 17% of the men and 22% of the women, being most commonly heard at the apex (54%) and the left lower border of the sternum (31%). Mitral valve diastolic murmurs were heard in 4 of 275 women and these were asymptomatic. The cause of the high prevalence of systolic murmurs is unknown.", "PMID": 311715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3121", "title": "The effect of cyproheptadine on the release of corticotrophin releasing factor.", "content": "The effect of cyproheptadine was tested on the neurotransmitter-induced release of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) from the rat hypothalamus in vitro. It was found that cyproheptadine inhibited both acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced release of CRF. Cyproheptadine did not interfere with the ACTH releasing ability of CRF. These results suggest that cyproheptadine reduces the high circulating levels of ACTH in some patients suffering from Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome by inhibiting CRF secretion.", "contents": "The effect of cyproheptadine on the release of corticotrophin releasing factor. The effect of cyproheptadine was tested on the neurotransmitter-induced release of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) from the rat hypothalamus in vitro. It was found that cyproheptadine inhibited both acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced release of CRF. Cyproheptadine did not interfere with the ACTH releasing ability of CRF. These results suggest that cyproheptadine reduces the high circulating levels of ACTH in some patients suffering from Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome by inhibiting CRF secretion.", "PMID": 311717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3122", "title": "Regulatory T cells in the humoral response of protein deficient mice.", "content": "Cell suspensions from the spleen or thymus of mice fed normally or mice that were protein deficient were injected into mice from each dietary group and also syngeneic nudes. Antigen, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), was injected at the stage of cell transfer and the antibody titres of the recipient animals were compared with those of control animals given only antigen. The regime was repeated using cell suspensions from donor animals which had been primed with antigen. These experiments showed that spleen cells were suppressive only when transferred from deficient to normal mice. Thymocytes generally lacked suppressive effects, except when given to irradiated mice also injected with \"normal\" spleen cells. However, thymocytes from deficient mice were marginally enhancing in nude mice, deficient mice and older \"normals\". To explain these results, it is suggested that responses to PVP are determined by distinct \"suppressor-inducing\" and \"suppressor\" T cells which act via helper T cells. The latter probably affect B cells directly and largely influence IgG production. It also appears likely that the ratio of helper to suppressor (inducer and effector) T cells is increased by protein deficiency.", "contents": "Regulatory T cells in the humoral response of protein deficient mice. Cell suspensions from the spleen or thymus of mice fed normally or mice that were protein deficient were injected into mice from each dietary group and also syngeneic nudes. Antigen, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), was injected at the stage of cell transfer and the antibody titres of the recipient animals were compared with those of control animals given only antigen. The regime was repeated using cell suspensions from donor animals which had been primed with antigen. These experiments showed that spleen cells were suppressive only when transferred from deficient to normal mice. Thymocytes generally lacked suppressive effects, except when given to irradiated mice also injected with \"normal\" spleen cells. However, thymocytes from deficient mice were marginally enhancing in nude mice, deficient mice and older \"normals\". To explain these results, it is suggested that responses to PVP are determined by distinct \"suppressor-inducing\" and \"suppressor\" T cells which act via helper T cells. The latter probably affect B cells directly and largely influence IgG production. It also appears likely that the ratio of helper to suppressor (inducer and effector) T cells is increased by protein deficiency.", "PMID": 311719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3123", "title": "Immunosuppressive therapy in collagen vascular diseases.", "content": "Over the past ten to fifteen years cytotoxic drugs have gradually been added to the therapeutic armamentarium of physicians other than oncologists, particularly dermatologists. They are being used to treat nonmalignant cutaneous diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and psoriasis. The rationale for their use in these diseases is conjectural, yet those dermatologists who use them feel strongly not only that cytotoxic drugs are effective, but that when used properly, they are relatively safe. The immunosuppressive activity of cytotoxic drugs has been accepted and widely acclaimed in immunology, renology, and transplant medicine. However, their usefulness in two autoimmune diseases frequently managed by dermatologists is widely disputed. In this short discussion the rationale for the use of cytotoxic agents and evidence for their effectiveness when used appropriately in progressive systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus is presented.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive therapy in collagen vascular diseases. Over the past ten to fifteen years cytotoxic drugs have gradually been added to the therapeutic armamentarium of physicians other than oncologists, particularly dermatologists. They are being used to treat nonmalignant cutaneous diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and psoriasis. The rationale for their use in these diseases is conjectural, yet those dermatologists who use them feel strongly not only that cytotoxic drugs are effective, but that when used properly, they are relatively safe. The immunosuppressive activity of cytotoxic drugs has been accepted and widely acclaimed in immunology, renology, and transplant medicine. However, their usefulness in two autoimmune diseases frequently managed by dermatologists is widely disputed. In this short discussion the rationale for the use of cytotoxic agents and evidence for their effectiveness when used appropriately in progressive systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus is presented.", "PMID": 311722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3124", "title": "Abnormal blood vessels in the gastric antrum: a cause of upper-gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Three patients who bled from curious vascular lesions of the gastric antrum are described. Each presented with an iron-deficiency anemia. Histological examination in two of the patients demonstrated numerous ectatic submucosal vessels in the antrum, the appearances being somewhat similar to angiodysplasia of the colon. The gastric lesions were not shown by barium meal examination or angiography but gave characteristic appearances on endoscopy. We believe that Billroth I partial gastrectomy is the treatment of choice for this condition.", "contents": "Abnormal blood vessels in the gastric antrum: a cause of upper-gastrointestinal bleeding. Three patients who bled from curious vascular lesions of the gastric antrum are described. Each presented with an iron-deficiency anemia. Histological examination in two of the patients demonstrated numerous ectatic submucosal vessels in the antrum, the appearances being somewhat similar to angiodysplasia of the colon. The gastric lesions were not shown by barium meal examination or angiography but gave characteristic appearances on endoscopy. We believe that Billroth I partial gastrectomy is the treatment of choice for this condition.", "PMID": 311727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3125", "title": "Continuous peritoneal dialysis as treatment of acute experimental pancreatitis in the rat. I. Effect on length and rate of survival.", "content": "Continuous peritoneal dialysis significantly prolonged mean length of survival and reduced lethality rate of taurocholate-induced pancreatitis in the rat. The effect was improved by compensating protein loss due to pancreatitis and dialysis treatment. The beneficial effect of intravenous albumin treatment was enhanced when combined with dialysis treatment. Using hypothermic dialysate or adding aprotinin intraperitoneally had no additional effect.", "contents": "Continuous peritoneal dialysis as treatment of acute experimental pancreatitis in the rat. I. Effect on length and rate of survival. Continuous peritoneal dialysis significantly prolonged mean length of survival and reduced lethality rate of taurocholate-induced pancreatitis in the rat. The effect was improved by compensating protein loss due to pancreatitis and dialysis treatment. The beneficial effect of intravenous albumin treatment was enhanced when combined with dialysis treatment. Using hypothermic dialysate or adding aprotinin intraperitoneally had no additional effect.", "PMID": 311726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3126", "title": "Thyroid activity in early weaned and suckling infants and their lactating mothers.", "content": "The activity of thyroid gland was estimated in a group of lactating mothers and their suckling infants as well as in a group of early weaned infants. In both groups of infants the same level of thyroxine and triiodothyronine was found, but it was higher than that in mothers. The binding properties of specific plasma proteins and free thyroxine index were the same in both groups of infants. The level of TSH in serum of suckling infants (4.7 +/- 0.5 microunits ml-1) was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than that in weaned infants (3.0 +/- 0.3 microunits ml-1). The level in mothers (4.0 +/- 0.3 microunits ml-1) did not differ significantly from that in both groups of infants. A positive correlation was found between the level of TSH in lactating mothers and their suckling infants (r = +0.494, P less than 0.05). The data suggest that the regulation of thyroid activity in infants may be affected by suckling.", "contents": "Thyroid activity in early weaned and suckling infants and their lactating mothers. The activity of thyroid gland was estimated in a group of lactating mothers and their suckling infants as well as in a group of early weaned infants. In both groups of infants the same level of thyroxine and triiodothyronine was found, but it was higher than that in mothers. The binding properties of specific plasma proteins and free thyroxine index were the same in both groups of infants. The level of TSH in serum of suckling infants (4.7 +/- 0.5 microunits ml-1) was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than that in weaned infants (3.0 +/- 0.3 microunits ml-1). The level in mothers (4.0 +/- 0.3 microunits ml-1) did not differ significantly from that in both groups of infants. A positive correlation was found between the level of TSH in lactating mothers and their suckling infants (r = +0.494, P less than 0.05). The data suggest that the regulation of thyroid activity in infants may be affected by suckling.", "PMID": 311729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3127", "title": "Serum prolactin and estrogen pattern in human gestation.", "content": "In a group of 17 normal women serum levels of fetoplacental hormones (estradiol, progesterone and human placental lactogen) and of prolactin were measured serially from the 6th week to the end of pregnancy. The levels of these hormones increased gradually until the term. On the basis of these observations it may be concluded that no statistical evidence may be found on any direct effect of estradiol on prolactin release. These results seem to confirm some earlier data that estrogens may be less marked stimulators of prolactin secretion in man than in animals.", "contents": "Serum prolactin and estrogen pattern in human gestation. In a group of 17 normal women serum levels of fetoplacental hormones (estradiol, progesterone and human placental lactogen) and of prolactin were measured serially from the 6th week to the end of pregnancy. The levels of these hormones increased gradually until the term. On the basis of these observations it may be concluded that no statistical evidence may be found on any direct effect of estradiol on prolactin release. These results seem to confirm some earlier data that estrogens may be less marked stimulators of prolactin secretion in man than in animals.", "PMID": 311730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3128", "title": "Regional net uptake of 14C-glucose by rat brain under the influence of corticosterone.", "content": "Fifteen seconds after intracarotid injection of either 14C-glucose or tritiated water in adrenalectomized rats, the net uptake of the respective tracer by 18 brain regions and by the anterior pituitary was measured. Corticosterone added to the injection solution (1 or 100 micrograms ml-1; 0.2 ml per animal) caused a dose-dependent decrease of net uptake of 14C-glucose in twelve regions. Compared to the net uptake of tritiated water which was used as a measure of relative blood flow, it suggests that this effect, at least partially, is due to a decreased blood-brain barrier permeability to 14C-glucose. Furthermore, the regional net uptake of 14C-glucose was estimated in rats with different endogenous corticosterone levels but injected with an identical solution in each case. Statistically significant differences could be observed between adrenalectomized and restrained animals in three brain regions.", "contents": "Regional net uptake of 14C-glucose by rat brain under the influence of corticosterone. Fifteen seconds after intracarotid injection of either 14C-glucose or tritiated water in adrenalectomized rats, the net uptake of the respective tracer by 18 brain regions and by the anterior pituitary was measured. Corticosterone added to the injection solution (1 or 100 micrograms ml-1; 0.2 ml per animal) caused a dose-dependent decrease of net uptake of 14C-glucose in twelve regions. Compared to the net uptake of tritiated water which was used as a measure of relative blood flow, it suggests that this effect, at least partially, is due to a decreased blood-brain barrier permeability to 14C-glucose. Furthermore, the regional net uptake of 14C-glucose was estimated in rats with different endogenous corticosterone levels but injected with an identical solution in each case. Statistically significant differences could be observed between adrenalectomized and restrained animals in three brain regions.", "PMID": 311731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3129", "title": "Changes of LH, TSH, GH, FSH and PRL in pituitaries and sera of rats after thyroidectomy and thyroxine treatment as studied by radioimmunoassay and disc electrophoresis.", "content": "Rat pituitary hormones (LH, TSH, GH, FSH and PRL) were located in polyacrylamide gels after the separation of rat pituitary homogenate with the aid of electrophoresis. Furthermore, the incorporation of 3H-glucosamine and 14C-leucine into various protein fractions of incubation media and pituitaries incubated for 6 h in vitro, homogenized and then subjected to disc electrophoresis was measured in six groups of rats: 1. control; 2. two weeks after thyroidectomy (Tx); 3.--6. two weeks after thyroidectomy and injected 20 micrograms L-thyroxine (T4) i.p. per animal at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h before sacrifice, respectively. A decrease of 14C-leucine incorporation into GH and PRL after thyroidectomy was found which was improved by T4 treatment. Moreover, an increase of 3H-glucosamine and 14C-leucine incorporation into TSH zone and origin zone was observed, the former presumably representing the extracted TSH and the latter consisting of unextracted portion of TSH, other hormones and unidentified proteins. Such increase was significantly less after T4 treatment. Finally, changes of radioimmunoassayable LH, TSH, GH, FSH and PRL in pituitaries and sera of analogous groups of rats, but consisting of another animals were measured. The content of TSH in the pituitary slightly increased after Tx, but increased further after T4 treatment. In contrast, the content of all other hormones in the pituitary decreased after Tx, while T4 treatment resulted in a stepwise increase. In plasma, a significant decrease of GH and PRL after Tx was found with no remarkable changes after T4 treatment. The level of LH and FSH was unchanged, while that of TSH increased significantly after Tx and sharply decreased to the original level as early as at 6 h after the injection of T4.", "contents": "Changes of LH, TSH, GH, FSH and PRL in pituitaries and sera of rats after thyroidectomy and thyroxine treatment as studied by radioimmunoassay and disc electrophoresis. Rat pituitary hormones (LH, TSH, GH, FSH and PRL) were located in polyacrylamide gels after the separation of rat pituitary homogenate with the aid of electrophoresis. Furthermore, the incorporation of 3H-glucosamine and 14C-leucine into various protein fractions of incubation media and pituitaries incubated for 6 h in vitro, homogenized and then subjected to disc electrophoresis was measured in six groups of rats: 1. control; 2. two weeks after thyroidectomy (Tx); 3.--6. two weeks after thyroidectomy and injected 20 micrograms L-thyroxine (T4) i.p. per animal at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h before sacrifice, respectively. A decrease of 14C-leucine incorporation into GH and PRL after thyroidectomy was found which was improved by T4 treatment. Moreover, an increase of 3H-glucosamine and 14C-leucine incorporation into TSH zone and origin zone was observed, the former presumably representing the extracted TSH and the latter consisting of unextracted portion of TSH, other hormones and unidentified proteins. Such increase was significantly less after T4 treatment. Finally, changes of radioimmunoassayable LH, TSH, GH, FSH and PRL in pituitaries and sera of analogous groups of rats, but consisting of another animals were measured. The content of TSH in the pituitary slightly increased after Tx, but increased further after T4 treatment. In contrast, the content of all other hormones in the pituitary decreased after Tx, while T4 treatment resulted in a stepwise increase. In plasma, a significant decrease of GH and PRL after Tx was found with no remarkable changes after T4 treatment. The level of LH and FSH was unchanged, while that of TSH increased significantly after Tx and sharply decreased to the original level as early as at 6 h after the injection of T4.", "PMID": 311732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3130", "title": "Maturation of 17 beta-estradiol binding protein in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary of male rats.", "content": "Levels of estrogen binding proteins in the cytosol of hypothalamic and pituitary tissue of male rats at different ages were estimated. Two classes of estrogen binding sites were detected in 13 and 20 days old animals. The number of high affinity estrogen binding sites (K = ca. 2 x 10(-10) mol) of the hypothalamus was slightly larger in 13 days old animals, then decreased to constant levels at the age of 20 days and no changes were observed thereafter. Levels of low affinity binding sites of the hypothalamus (K = ca. 5 x 10(-9) mol) decreased with age and were no longer detectable in 30 days old animals. Similarly, a decrease of low affinity estrogen binding sites with age was recorded for pituitary cytosol samples and this class of receptor sites was no longer observable in 30 days old male rat. At 13 days high levels of high affinity 17 beta-estradiol binding protein was registered and minimal numbers of binding sites were found at 20, 30 and 40 days. Thereafter, the levels remained constant until 100 days and were similar to values observed in the 13 days old male animals. Apparent affinity constants of two classes of binding sites in hypothalamus and pituitary were similar...", "contents": "Maturation of 17 beta-estradiol binding protein in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary of male rats. Levels of estrogen binding proteins in the cytosol of hypothalamic and pituitary tissue of male rats at different ages were estimated. Two classes of estrogen binding sites were detected in 13 and 20 days old animals. The number of high affinity estrogen binding sites (K = ca. 2 x 10(-10) mol) of the hypothalamus was slightly larger in 13 days old animals, then decreased to constant levels at the age of 20 days and no changes were observed thereafter. Levels of low affinity binding sites of the hypothalamus (K = ca. 5 x 10(-9) mol) decreased with age and were no longer detectable in 30 days old animals. Similarly, a decrease of low affinity estrogen binding sites with age was recorded for pituitary cytosol samples and this class of receptor sites was no longer observable in 30 days old male rat. At 13 days high levels of high affinity 17 beta-estradiol binding protein was registered and minimal numbers of binding sites were found at 20, 30 and 40 days. Thereafter, the levels remained constant until 100 days and were similar to values observed in the 13 days old male animals. Apparent affinity constants of two classes of binding sites in hypothalamus and pituitary were similar...", "PMID": 311733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3131", "title": "Treatment of ringworm in horses with natamycin.", "content": "A suspension based on the antibiotic, natamycin, was applied by sponging to 83 horses of various breeds and ages with signs of clinical ringworm. A number of different causative agents were involved of which Trichophyton equinum was the most common. Treatment successfully eliminated the disease within 4 weeks. After treatment the recovered animals did not show any evidence of re-infection for up to 6 months. The mycological clearance rate was 97 per cent and apart from the efficacy against ringworm, the preparation had the advantage of being non-irritant and odourless. It was also useful for treating the surroundings of the animals.", "contents": "Treatment of ringworm in horses with natamycin. A suspension based on the antibiotic, natamycin, was applied by sponging to 83 horses of various breeds and ages with signs of clinical ringworm. A number of different causative agents were involved of which Trichophyton equinum was the most common. Treatment successfully eliminated the disease within 4 weeks. After treatment the recovered animals did not show any evidence of re-infection for up to 6 months. The mycological clearance rate was 97 per cent and apart from the efficacy against ringworm, the preparation had the advantage of being non-irritant and odourless. It was also useful for treating the surroundings of the animals.", "PMID": 311734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3132", "title": "The proliferative states of density subpopulations of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells.", "content": "Possible variation in proliferative state among subpopulations of myelopoietic progenitor cells of mouse bone marrow (CFU-c), which form in vitro colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages, was investigated by estimation of the percentage in S phase of the cell cycle. Subpopulations of CFU-c, obtained by separation of femoral marrow cells on continuous albumin density gradients, were detected by culture in agar with different types of colony stimulating factor (CSF). The percentage of CFU-c in S phase, detected with mouse lung conditioned medium (CSFMLCM), averaged 17%. This was significantly lower than the 41% which was found when an extract of human urine (CSFHU) was used. This result was obtained with unfractionated marrow cells both by in vitro suicide with tritiated thymidine and by in vivo administration of hydroxyurea. There were different CFU-c responses to CSF, on the basis of their density distributions. Those responding to CSFMLCM had a low density disposition whereas the CSFHU responders had a high density disposition. The administration of hydroxyurea resulted in an alteration in the density distribution which indicated that a larger proportion of high density CFU-c were in S phase. The results indicate that CFU-c responding to different types of CSF differ in buoyant density and proliferative state.", "contents": "The proliferative states of density subpopulations of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. Possible variation in proliferative state among subpopulations of myelopoietic progenitor cells of mouse bone marrow (CFU-c), which form in vitro colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages, was investigated by estimation of the percentage in S phase of the cell cycle. Subpopulations of CFU-c, obtained by separation of femoral marrow cells on continuous albumin density gradients, were detected by culture in agar with different types of colony stimulating factor (CSF). The percentage of CFU-c in S phase, detected with mouse lung conditioned medium (CSFMLCM), averaged 17%. This was significantly lower than the 41% which was found when an extract of human urine (CSFHU) was used. This result was obtained with unfractionated marrow cells both by in vitro suicide with tritiated thymidine and by in vivo administration of hydroxyurea. There were different CFU-c responses to CSF, on the basis of their density distributions. Those responding to CSFMLCM had a low density disposition whereas the CSFHU responders had a high density disposition. The administration of hydroxyurea resulted in an alteration in the density distribution which indicated that a larger proportion of high density CFU-c were in S phase. The results indicate that CFU-c responding to different types of CSF differ in buoyant density and proliferative state.", "PMID": 311738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3133", "title": "Stimulation of alkaline secretion in amphibian-isolated gastric mucosa by 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. A proposed explanation for some of the cytoprotective actions of prostaglandins.", "content": "The mechanism of the gastric cytoprotective action of prostaglandins is unknown but seems to be unrelated to inhibition of acid secretion. In the present study, effects of the prostaglandins, 16,16-dimethyl E2 and F2 alpha on H+ and HCO-3 secretion and electrical properties in amphibian-isolated gastric mucosa were studied. Spontaneous net secretion in fundic mucosa from Rana temporaria and Necturus was acid, whereas Necturus antrum secreted only HCO-3. The histamine H2-receptor antagonist, metiamide (10(-3) M), was used to inhibit acid secretion for studies on fundic alkalinization. Nutrient side administration of 16,16-dimethyl E2 (10(-6) M) for 60 min inhibited H+ secretion and stimulated HCO-3 secretion in Rana temporaria fundus. The drug (10(-5) M) also stimulated antral alkalinization. There was a dose-related increase in HCO-3 secretion in Necturus fundus after administration of F2 alpha (10(-5)-10(-4) M), but this drug had no significant effect on H+ secretion. Inhibition of acid secretion by 16,16-dimethyl E2 was associated with an increase in potential difference (PD), but there was no change in electrical resistance. Neither of the prostaglandins affected PD or resistance in alkaline-secreting tissues. Previous work has suggested that gastric HCO-3 secretion has a physiologic role in protecting the mucosal surface. The ability of prostaglandins to stimulate alkaline secretion may contribute to the cytoprotective action of these drugs in the stomach.", "contents": "Stimulation of alkaline secretion in amphibian-isolated gastric mucosa by 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. A proposed explanation for some of the cytoprotective actions of prostaglandins. The mechanism of the gastric cytoprotective action of prostaglandins is unknown but seems to be unrelated to inhibition of acid secretion. In the present study, effects of the prostaglandins, 16,16-dimethyl E2 and F2 alpha on H+ and HCO-3 secretion and electrical properties in amphibian-isolated gastric mucosa were studied. Spontaneous net secretion in fundic mucosa from Rana temporaria and Necturus was acid, whereas Necturus antrum secreted only HCO-3. The histamine H2-receptor antagonist, metiamide (10(-3) M), was used to inhibit acid secretion for studies on fundic alkalinization. Nutrient side administration of 16,16-dimethyl E2 (10(-6) M) for 60 min inhibited H+ secretion and stimulated HCO-3 secretion in Rana temporaria fundus. The drug (10(-5) M) also stimulated antral alkalinization. There was a dose-related increase in HCO-3 secretion in Necturus fundus after administration of F2 alpha (10(-5)-10(-4) M), but this drug had no significant effect on H+ secretion. Inhibition of acid secretion by 16,16-dimethyl E2 was associated with an increase in potential difference (PD), but there was no change in electrical resistance. Neither of the prostaglandins affected PD or resistance in alkaline-secreting tissues. Previous work has suggested that gastric HCO-3 secretion has a physiologic role in protecting the mucosal surface. The ability of prostaglandins to stimulate alkaline secretion may contribute to the cytoprotective action of these drugs in the stomach.", "PMID": 311742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3134", "title": "Hemobilia secondary to metastatic liver disease.", "content": "Hemobilia has previously been reported only in association with primary hepatic tumors. A patient with metastatic liver disease is described who presented with melena, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Bleeding from the ampullary papilla was observed at endoscopy. Jaundice resulted from biliary obstruction by blood clots containing foci of tumor cells identical to those of the hemorrhagic hepatic tumor nodules. Hemobilia from metastatic liver disease may occur more commonly than reported.", "contents": "Hemobilia secondary to metastatic liver disease. Hemobilia has previously been reported only in association with primary hepatic tumors. A patient with metastatic liver disease is described who presented with melena, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Bleeding from the ampullary papilla was observed at endoscopy. Jaundice resulted from biliary obstruction by blood clots containing foci of tumor cells identical to those of the hemorrhagic hepatic tumor nodules. Hemobilia from metastatic liver disease may occur more commonly than reported.", "PMID": 311743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3135", "title": "Prevalence and causes of anemia in elderly hospitalized patients.", "content": "The prevalence and causes of anemia have been studied in 104 patients over 60 years of age admitted to a general medical ward in Jerusalem. In males and females, mean hemoglobin levels were about 1 g less than in the corresponding groups of healthy younger controls. A primary nutritional anemia could not be implicated in any of the 15 patients with hemoglobins below 11 g/dl. The most important causes of anemia were chronic renal failure, metastatic carcinoma, gastrointestinal bleeding, and infection. Conversely, in diseases with no adverse effect on erythropoiesis such as chronic ischemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes, hemoglobin levels were equal to those of the younger controls. These findings indicate that although diminished serum iron and RBC folate levels may occasionally be found in elderly subjects, nutritional deficiency is seldom responsible for anemia in this age group in Israel- and anemia when present is often the manifestation of a chronic underlying disease.", "contents": "Prevalence and causes of anemia in elderly hospitalized patients. The prevalence and causes of anemia have been studied in 104 patients over 60 years of age admitted to a general medical ward in Jerusalem. In males and females, mean hemoglobin levels were about 1 g less than in the corresponding groups of healthy younger controls. A primary nutritional anemia could not be implicated in any of the 15 patients with hemoglobins below 11 g/dl. The most important causes of anemia were chronic renal failure, metastatic carcinoma, gastrointestinal bleeding, and infection. Conversely, in diseases with no adverse effect on erythropoiesis such as chronic ischemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes, hemoglobin levels were equal to those of the younger controls. These findings indicate that although diminished serum iron and RBC folate levels may occasionally be found in elderly subjects, nutritional deficiency is seldom responsible for anemia in this age group in Israel- and anemia when present is often the manifestation of a chronic underlying disease.", "PMID": 311745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3136", "title": "Treatment of osteomalacia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis with parenteral vitamin D2 or oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "The histological and biochemical response of osteomalacia has been studied in four patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, who were treated with oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 50 microgram daily, or intramuscular vitamin D2, 150,000 units once weekly, for five to 12 months. All patients showed complete histological healing of osteomalacia, despite rapidly deteriorating liver function in three. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were low in all patients before treatment, but became normal during either vitamin therapy. Serum calcium and phosphate levels, and urinary calcium excretion were not always reliable in predicting the histological response to treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in all patients during vitamin D therapy. We conclude that both high-dose parenteral vitamin D2 and oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 may be effective in healing osteomalacia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Measurement of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during vitamin D therapy provides useful information about 25-hydroxylation of the parent vitamin and intestinal absorption of orally administered 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "contents": "Treatment of osteomalacia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis with parenteral vitamin D2 or oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The histological and biochemical response of osteomalacia has been studied in four patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, who were treated with oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 50 microgram daily, or intramuscular vitamin D2, 150,000 units once weekly, for five to 12 months. All patients showed complete histological healing of osteomalacia, despite rapidly deteriorating liver function in three. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were low in all patients before treatment, but became normal during either vitamin therapy. Serum calcium and phosphate levels, and urinary calcium excretion were not always reliable in predicting the histological response to treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in all patients during vitamin D therapy. We conclude that both high-dose parenteral vitamin D2 and oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 may be effective in healing osteomalacia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Measurement of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during vitamin D therapy provides useful information about 25-hydroxylation of the parent vitamin and intestinal absorption of orally administered 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "PMID": 311747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3137", "title": "Experimental results of the use of flavofosfolipol in dairy cattle.", "content": "In a field trial carried out on a farm with about 100 dairy cows, half of the animals were treated orally with 45 mg flavofosfolipol per animal daily for 370 days, while the other half were untreated controls. The administration of the flavofosfolipol did not produce any residues in the milk. Body functions and fertility were not affected. Milk production was increased, although not with statistical significance. The qualitative characteristics of the milk and its cheese-making properties were normal. The casein content was increased by 6.58% over that of the controls, and thus was statistically significant. There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean cell content of the milk. The high negative correlation between the casein level and the cell content of the milk suggests that an improvement in the function of the mammary parenchyma could be responsible for the higher casein content. This improvement in function could also be due to a favourable effect of the antibiotic, still to be clarified, on the ruminal microflora. In economic terms the use of flavofosfolipol in dairy cattle seems to be of considerable interest.", "contents": "Experimental results of the use of flavofosfolipol in dairy cattle. In a field trial carried out on a farm with about 100 dairy cows, half of the animals were treated orally with 45 mg flavofosfolipol per animal daily for 370 days, while the other half were untreated controls. The administration of the flavofosfolipol did not produce any residues in the milk. Body functions and fertility were not affected. Milk production was increased, although not with statistical significance. The qualitative characteristics of the milk and its cheese-making properties were normal. The casein content was increased by 6.58% over that of the controls, and thus was statistically significant. There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean cell content of the milk. The high negative correlation between the casein level and the cell content of the milk suggests that an improvement in the function of the mammary parenchyma could be responsible for the higher casein content. This improvement in function could also be due to a favourable effect of the antibiotic, still to be clarified, on the ruminal microflora. In economic terms the use of flavofosfolipol in dairy cattle seems to be of considerable interest.", "PMID": 311748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3138", "title": "The prevalence of chronic diseases in children in out-hospital care in Finland.", "content": "The records of public health nurses have been used for an estimate of the prevalence of children in domestic care and suffering from various kinds of chronic diseases. This estimate provided a basis for computation of the number of chronically ill children in out-hospital care in Finland. The research was carried out as a sample research and this inquiry resulted in the information of the anamnesis of 12,721 chronic children under 16 years of age taken care of at home. We have counted as chronics those children whose disease is lingering either due to its mechanism of origin or to its nature or known to be such from experience. The total prevalence was 53% of the child population in Finland which corresponds to 59,000 chronically sick children. The geographical distributions of the groups of the diseases were not quite alike in the different parts in our land. The greater prevalences were found on the other hand in Northern Finland and in the wide archipelago of Southwestern Finland. The most common types of the chronic diseases of children were found to be those of sense organs (the total prevalence was 18%). The prevalence of allergic diseases varies between 6--12% and the disease group of endocrinic glands 1.0--3.4%. The prevalence of the neurological diseases was 2.3% and the biggest group consists of the convulsive. The prevalence of the other groups of diseases were: the psychiatric diseases 2.2%, the urological diseases 1.4% and the hematological diseases 0.8%.", "contents": "The prevalence of chronic diseases in children in out-hospital care in Finland. The records of public health nurses have been used for an estimate of the prevalence of children in domestic care and suffering from various kinds of chronic diseases. This estimate provided a basis for computation of the number of chronically ill children in out-hospital care in Finland. The research was carried out as a sample research and this inquiry resulted in the information of the anamnesis of 12,721 chronic children under 16 years of age taken care of at home. We have counted as chronics those children whose disease is lingering either due to its mechanism of origin or to its nature or known to be such from experience. The total prevalence was 53% of the child population in Finland which corresponds to 59,000 chronically sick children. The geographical distributions of the groups of the diseases were not quite alike in the different parts in our land. The greater prevalences were found on the other hand in Northern Finland and in the wide archipelago of Southwestern Finland. The most common types of the chronic diseases of children were found to be those of sense organs (the total prevalence was 18%). The prevalence of allergic diseases varies between 6--12% and the disease group of endocrinic glands 1.0--3.4%. The prevalence of the neurological diseases was 2.3% and the biggest group consists of the convulsive. The prevalence of the other groups of diseases were: the psychiatric diseases 2.2%, the urological diseases 1.4% and the hematological diseases 0.8%.", "PMID": 311756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3139", "title": "Heat-induced thermal resistance and its relationship to lysosomal response.", "content": "Two separate effects of hyperthermia on mouse splenic lysosomes have been reported, dependent on the severity of the treatment. Heating to temperatures below 42.5 degrees C causes a transient increase in lysosomal acid phosphatase activity which can be correlated with the ability of moderate hyperthermia to potentiate X-ray damage. Heating to temperatures above 42.5 degrees C results in an immediate increase in lysosomal membrane permeability which may be involved in tissue necrosis. By giving a priming heat treatment at 41.8 degrees C, induced thermal resistance was demonstrated for the lysosomal membrane effect, but not for the enzyme activation. The degree of induced thermal resistance observed is similar to that reported for the cell-killing effect of heat on tissues in vivo and cells in vitro and occurs over a similar time course. The relevance of these results to the understanding of fractionated hyperthermia in cancer therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Heat-induced thermal resistance and its relationship to lysosomal response. Two separate effects of hyperthermia on mouse splenic lysosomes have been reported, dependent on the severity of the treatment. Heating to temperatures below 42.5 degrees C causes a transient increase in lysosomal acid phosphatase activity which can be correlated with the ability of moderate hyperthermia to potentiate X-ray damage. Heating to temperatures above 42.5 degrees C results in an immediate increase in lysosomal membrane permeability which may be involved in tissue necrosis. By giving a priming heat treatment at 41.8 degrees C, induced thermal resistance was demonstrated for the lysosomal membrane effect, but not for the enzyme activation. The degree of induced thermal resistance observed is similar to that reported for the cell-killing effect of heat on tissues in vivo and cells in vitro and occurs over a similar time course. The relevance of these results to the understanding of fractionated hyperthermia in cancer therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 311759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3140", "title": "'Repair' of fast-neutron and x-ray-induced damage to the permeabilities of red blood cells to sodium and potassium ions and its promotion by ghosts.", "content": "Damage to the permeability of red blood cells to Na+ and K+ caused by irradiation with fast neutrons or X-rays was investigated at different post-irradiation incubation temperatures. The extent of Na+ uptake and K+ loss by the cells after either radiation was higher at 4 degrees C than at 37 degrees C, but the extent of 'repair' of the damage caused by fast neutrons was lower than that caused by X-rays. The latter 'repair' was promoted by the addition of ghosts, but the former was not. On the other hand neither 'repair' process was influenced by haemolysates from which ghosts had been removed.", "contents": "'Repair' of fast-neutron and x-ray-induced damage to the permeabilities of red blood cells to sodium and potassium ions and its promotion by ghosts. Damage to the permeability of red blood cells to Na+ and K+ caused by irradiation with fast neutrons or X-rays was investigated at different post-irradiation incubation temperatures. The extent of Na+ uptake and K+ loss by the cells after either radiation was higher at 4 degrees C than at 37 degrees C, but the extent of 'repair' of the damage caused by fast neutrons was lower than that caused by X-rays. The latter 'repair' was promoted by the addition of ghosts, but the former was not. On the other hand neither 'repair' process was influenced by haemolysates from which ghosts had been removed.", "PMID": 311760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3141", "title": "The ultrastructure of mouse testicular interstitial tissue containing plutonium-239 and its significance in explaining the observed distribution of plutonium in the testis.", "content": "The technique of autoradiography with Araldite-embedded sections was used to study the distribution of 239Pu in mouse testis at various times post-injection. Adjacent sections were examined with both the light microscope and electron microscope. The autoradiographs showed that from 1 week to 3 months postinjection, most 239Pu in located in interstitial tissue. The major change in distribution observed was that the early diffuse deposit in interstitial tissue is concentrated in macrophages with increasing time post-injection. This is a real change of distribution as the amount of 239Pu in mouse testis remains constant from 1 week to 3 months post-injection. Study of the ultrastructure of interstitial tissue indicated that the accumulation of 239Pu in macrophages may be brought about in two ways. First, there may be phagocytosis of dead cells containing 239Pu. Second, 239Pu may follow the transfer of waste products of hormone synthesis from Leydig cells into macrophages. The significance of these observations is discussed with regard to the deposition of 239Pu in human testis.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of mouse testicular interstitial tissue containing plutonium-239 and its significance in explaining the observed distribution of plutonium in the testis. The technique of autoradiography with Araldite-embedded sections was used to study the distribution of 239Pu in mouse testis at various times post-injection. Adjacent sections were examined with both the light microscope and electron microscope. The autoradiographs showed that from 1 week to 3 months postinjection, most 239Pu in located in interstitial tissue. The major change in distribution observed was that the early diffuse deposit in interstitial tissue is concentrated in macrophages with increasing time post-injection. This is a real change of distribution as the amount of 239Pu in mouse testis remains constant from 1 week to 3 months post-injection. Study of the ultrastructure of interstitial tissue indicated that the accumulation of 239Pu in macrophages may be brought about in two ways. First, there may be phagocytosis of dead cells containing 239Pu. Second, 239Pu may follow the transfer of waste products of hormone synthesis from Leydig cells into macrophages. The significance of these observations is discussed with regard to the deposition of 239Pu in human testis.", "PMID": 311761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3142", "title": "A gold foil electrode: extending the horizons for clinical electroretinography.", "content": "A gold foil ERG electrode is described. The device is inexpensive and simple to fabricate. Since it is hooked over the lower lid and makes minimal touch contact with the inferior limbal area, it can be used in circumstances which require prolonged testing of retinal function or in eyes with corneal pathology. Because the optics of the eye are not compromised, it is possible, with the use of appropriate stimuli and response-averaging techniques, to record local EFGs from relatively small retinal areas.", "contents": "A gold foil electrode: extending the horizons for clinical electroretinography. A gold foil ERG electrode is described. The device is inexpensive and simple to fabricate. Since it is hooked over the lower lid and makes minimal touch contact with the inferior limbal area, it can be used in circumstances which require prolonged testing of retinal function or in eyes with corneal pathology. Because the optics of the eye are not compromised, it is possible, with the use of appropriate stimuli and response-averaging techniques, to record local EFGs from relatively small retinal areas.", "PMID": 311765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3143", "title": "Vision threshold profiles in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Absolute thresholds for blue-green and red stimuli were measured along the horizontal and vertical meridans in two patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. From these data, we deduced that cones mediate detection of both stimuli in the central 10 degrees, there is a ring scotoma in the mid-periphery, and in the far periphery rods mediate detection of both stimuli. Conclusions drawn from the psychophysical measures about rod and cone function across the retina are in point-by-point agreement with the data of a recent electron microscopic study by Szamier et al. on the retina of a 24-year-old X-linked retinitis pigmentosa patient.", "contents": "Vision threshold profiles in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Absolute thresholds for blue-green and red stimuli were measured along the horizontal and vertical meridans in two patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. From these data, we deduced that cones mediate detection of both stimuli in the central 10 degrees, there is a ring scotoma in the mid-periphery, and in the far periphery rods mediate detection of both stimuli. Conclusions drawn from the psychophysical measures about rod and cone function across the retina are in point-by-point agreement with the data of a recent electron microscopic study by Szamier et al. on the retina of a 24-year-old X-linked retinitis pigmentosa patient.", "PMID": 311766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3144", "title": "Natural killer activity in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "The natural killer activity of isolated mononuclear cell populations of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) patients in remission and relapse was compared with that of mononuclear cells obtained from normal subjects. The target cells consisted of 51Cr-labeled blast cells of the K-562 cell line, which was originally obtained from a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis. The natural killer activity of lymphocytes from AML patients in remission was similar to or higher than that of normal subjects. A marked depression in this function was associated with relapse, as well as with heavy combined chemotherapy. It is concluded that natural killer activity assessed in vitro is an accurate indicator of the clinical stage of AML patients.", "contents": "Natural killer activity in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia. The natural killer activity of isolated mononuclear cell populations of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) patients in remission and relapse was compared with that of mononuclear cells obtained from normal subjects. The target cells consisted of 51Cr-labeled blast cells of the K-562 cell line, which was originally obtained from a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis. The natural killer activity of lymphocytes from AML patients in remission was similar to or higher than that of normal subjects. A marked depression in this function was associated with relapse, as well as with heavy combined chemotherapy. It is concluded that natural killer activity assessed in vitro is an accurate indicator of the clinical stage of AML patients.", "PMID": 311767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3145", "title": "[The importance of selective angiography in colonic diverticulosis surgery].", "content": "The diverticular disease of the colon is one of the most frequent causes of massive bleeding of the large bowel. The results of emergency operations without localisation of the bleeding are disappointing. The bleeding point can be localised by selective angiography, and this renders possible the most favourable surgical procedure as shown by the case report of a high risk patient.", "contents": "[The importance of selective angiography in colonic diverticulosis surgery]. The diverticular disease of the colon is one of the most frequent causes of massive bleeding of the large bowel. The results of emergency operations without localisation of the bleeding are disappointing. The bleeding point can be localised by selective angiography, and this renders possible the most favourable surgical procedure as shown by the case report of a high risk patient.", "PMID": 311770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3146", "title": "Thiamphenicol in treatment of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.", "content": "17 infants and children with pyogenic meningitis (14 Haemophilus influenzae, 2 Diplococcus pneumoniae, 1 Neisseria meningitidis) were treated with thiamphenicol, 100 mg/kg body weight/day in 4 doses i.v., as single drug. In the H. influenzae group 10 patients were cured, 4 had relapses of meningitis, 3 with documented subdural effusions. This group is compared with 14 children matched for age, initial leucocyte and CSF cell count treated with ampicillin: all of these were cured, 1 had a subdural effusion. Thiamphenicol concentrations were determined in the serum and CSF 2 h after administration. The mean serum levels were between 10-12 mcg/ml, the mean CSF levels varied from 5.4 mcg/ml at the beginning to 1-1.9 mcg/ml at the end of meningitis. The MIC of H. influenzae was 0.6-12 mcg/ml. A significant, acute, and dose related bone marrow toxicity of thiamphenicol could be documented, but was always rapidly fully reversible. We conclude that thiamphenicol cannot replace chloramphenicol in the treatment of pyogenic meningitis as single systemic antibiotic. Special indications for thiamphenicol in this disease are discussed.", "contents": "Thiamphenicol in treatment of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. 17 infants and children with pyogenic meningitis (14 Haemophilus influenzae, 2 Diplococcus pneumoniae, 1 Neisseria meningitidis) were treated with thiamphenicol, 100 mg/kg body weight/day in 4 doses i.v., as single drug. In the H. influenzae group 10 patients were cured, 4 had relapses of meningitis, 3 with documented subdural effusions. This group is compared with 14 children matched for age, initial leucocyte and CSF cell count treated with ampicillin: all of these were cured, 1 had a subdural effusion. Thiamphenicol concentrations were determined in the serum and CSF 2 h after administration. The mean serum levels were between 10-12 mcg/ml, the mean CSF levels varied from 5.4 mcg/ml at the beginning to 1-1.9 mcg/ml at the end of meningitis. The MIC of H. influenzae was 0.6-12 mcg/ml. A significant, acute, and dose related bone marrow toxicity of thiamphenicol could be documented, but was always rapidly fully reversible. We conclude that thiamphenicol cannot replace chloramphenicol in the treatment of pyogenic meningitis as single systemic antibiotic. Special indications for thiamphenicol in this disease are discussed.", "PMID": 311771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3147", "title": "Computer analysis of Feulgen hydrolysis kinetics.", "content": "A least squares fit of Feulgen hydrolysis time curves to the Bateman function is performed using an especially adapted parameter transformation together with a standard conjugate gradients iteration procedure. The method has been applied to a large number of measured data, and the use and limits of the computer evaluation are discussed.", "contents": "Computer analysis of Feulgen hydrolysis kinetics. A least squares fit of Feulgen hydrolysis time curves to the Bateman function is performed using an especially adapted parameter transformation together with a standard conjugate gradients iteration procedure. The method has been applied to a large number of measured data, and the use and limits of the computer evaluation are discussed.", "PMID": 311772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3148", "title": "Antithyroglobulin (ATG) production by peripheral blood leukocytes in vitro.", "content": "Antithyroglobulin is produced in vitro by pokeweed mitogen stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients whose serum contains the autoantibody. Antithyroglobulin synthesis requires T lymphocyte help but is suppressed by larger numbers of T lymphocytes. T cells from both patients and normals perform both of these functions.", "contents": "Antithyroglobulin (ATG) production by peripheral blood leukocytes in vitro. Antithyroglobulin is produced in vitro by pokeweed mitogen stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients whose serum contains the autoantibody. Antithyroglobulin synthesis requires T lymphocyte help but is suppressed by larger numbers of T lymphocytes. T cells from both patients and normals perform both of these functions.", "PMID": 311775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3149", "title": "Studies on suppressor cell function in thyroid diseases.", "content": "Suppressor cell function of peripheral mononuclear cells has been examined in patients with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer, as well as in healthy subjects. Suppressor cell function was assessed through two methods: 1) measurement of enhanced blastogenesis after 24-h preculture and 2) concanavalin A-inducible suppressor activity. The results from the two tests were coincident and indicate that suppressor cell function was significantly decreased in the Graves' disease population but not changed in either the Hashimoto's thyroiditis or the thyroid cancer groups compared to healthy controls. The impairment of suppressor cell function in the Graves' disease population was still observed when patients became euthyroid by treatment with antithyroid drugs, although the treated patients had improved suppressor cell function compared to untreated patients (P = NS). Low activity of suppressor cell function in the Graves' disease population might be a constitutional character based on an inherited abnormality specific for the disease population.", "contents": "Studies on suppressor cell function in thyroid diseases. Suppressor cell function of peripheral mononuclear cells has been examined in patients with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer, as well as in healthy subjects. Suppressor cell function was assessed through two methods: 1) measurement of enhanced blastogenesis after 24-h preculture and 2) concanavalin A-inducible suppressor activity. The results from the two tests were coincident and indicate that suppressor cell function was significantly decreased in the Graves' disease population but not changed in either the Hashimoto's thyroiditis or the thyroid cancer groups compared to healthy controls. The impairment of suppressor cell function in the Graves' disease population was still observed when patients became euthyroid by treatment with antithyroid drugs, although the treated patients had improved suppressor cell function compared to untreated patients (P = NS). Low activity of suppressor cell function in the Graves' disease population might be a constitutional character based on an inherited abnormality specific for the disease population.", "PMID": 311776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3150", "title": "Pseudocoagulase activity of staphylococci.", "content": "A total of 245 strains of staphylococci isolated from various pathological specimens derived from cases of human infections was tested for staphylocoagulase activity. Test systems employing normal citrated rabbit plasma and the same substrate supplemented with inhibitors of thrombin and proteolytic enzymes (but not influencing the staphylocoagulase activity) were used for testing suspensions of bacteria and cell-free culture supernatants. A total of 237 strains clotted normal rabbit plasma; however, addition of Trasylol and heparin resulted in positive results in 222 strains, whereas plasma supplemented with Trasylol and hirudin was coagulated definitely by only 173 strains. It is postulated that proteolytic enzymes of staphylococci interfere with staphylocoagulase-induced clotting and may simulate coagulase-positive activity of staphylococci. To avoid such false results, a test system for detection of staphylocoagulase should include proteolytic enzyme inhibitors. Possible mechanisms of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Pseudocoagulase activity of staphylococci. A total of 245 strains of staphylococci isolated from various pathological specimens derived from cases of human infections was tested for staphylocoagulase activity. Test systems employing normal citrated rabbit plasma and the same substrate supplemented with inhibitors of thrombin and proteolytic enzymes (but not influencing the staphylocoagulase activity) were used for testing suspensions of bacteria and cell-free culture supernatants. A total of 237 strains clotted normal rabbit plasma; however, addition of Trasylol and heparin resulted in positive results in 222 strains, whereas plasma supplemented with Trasylol and hirudin was coagulated definitely by only 173 strains. It is postulated that proteolytic enzymes of staphylococci interfere with staphylocoagulase-induced clotting and may simulate coagulase-positive activity of staphylococci. To avoid such false results, a test system for detection of staphylocoagulase should include proteolytic enzyme inhibitors. Possible mechanisms of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 311777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3151", "title": "Recovery of Haemophilus influenzae from twenty-three blood culture media.", "content": "Haemophilus influenzae is an important agent of bacteremia and has fastidious growth requirements. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the ability of commercial blood culture media to support the growth of this fastidious microorganism. Twenty-three types of blood culture media were inoculated with individual suspensions of eight strains of H. influenzae in the presence or absence of an erythrocyte-serum mixture. The rates of recovery of the H. influenzae strains from the various types of blood culture media were compared. The results demonstrated that the type of medium, the manufacturer, the erythrocyte-serum mixture, and the strain of H. influenzae influenced the recovery rates of H. influenzae. Optimal recovery of the strains of H. influenzae was obtained from brain heart infustion blood culture medium (GIBCO). Trypic soy broth (GIBCO) and supplemental peptone of Becton, Dickinson and Co. also were found to be superior to the remaining types of media tested for the recovery of H. influenzae.", "contents": "Recovery of Haemophilus influenzae from twenty-three blood culture media. Haemophilus influenzae is an important agent of bacteremia and has fastidious growth requirements. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the ability of commercial blood culture media to support the growth of this fastidious microorganism. Twenty-three types of blood culture media were inoculated with individual suspensions of eight strains of H. influenzae in the presence or absence of an erythrocyte-serum mixture. The rates of recovery of the H. influenzae strains from the various types of blood culture media were compared. The results demonstrated that the type of medium, the manufacturer, the erythrocyte-serum mixture, and the strain of H. influenzae influenced the recovery rates of H. influenzae. Optimal recovery of the strains of H. influenzae was obtained from brain heart infustion blood culture medium (GIBCO). Trypic soy broth (GIBCO) and supplemental peptone of Becton, Dickinson and Co. also were found to be superior to the remaining types of media tested for the recovery of H. influenzae.", "PMID": 311778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3152", "title": "Salient features of Haemophilus vaginalis.", "content": "A total of 78 strains of Haemophilus vaginalis were examined for 104 features. All strains fermented dextrin, maltose, and starch. Additionally, more than 90% of the strains fermented galactose, glucose, and ribose. Arbutin, cellobiose, melibiose, rhamnose, and salicin were not fermented by any of these strains. None of the strains acidified any of 14 alcohols or alkalinized any of 25 organic salts and amides. More than 90% of the strains hemolyzed human blood agar and hydrolyzed hippurate. No strain hemolyzed sheep blood agar. A recommendation is included for those minimal features that best differentiate H. vaginalis from other oxidase- and catalase-negative, gram-negative organisms.", "contents": "Salient features of Haemophilus vaginalis. A total of 78 strains of Haemophilus vaginalis were examined for 104 features. All strains fermented dextrin, maltose, and starch. Additionally, more than 90% of the strains fermented galactose, glucose, and ribose. Arbutin, cellobiose, melibiose, rhamnose, and salicin were not fermented by any of these strains. None of the strains acidified any of 14 alcohols or alkalinized any of 25 organic salts and amides. More than 90% of the strains hemolyzed human blood agar and hydrolyzed hippurate. No strain hemolyzed sheep blood agar. A recommendation is included for those minimal features that best differentiate H. vaginalis from other oxidase- and catalase-negative, gram-negative organisms.", "PMID": 311779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3153", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae Type D meningitis.", "content": "This report describes an unusual pathogen associated with post-traumatic meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae type D was isolated from both cerebrospinal fluid and blood of this patient with meningitis.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae Type D meningitis. This report describes an unusual pathogen associated with post-traumatic meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae type D was isolated from both cerebrospinal fluid and blood of this patient with meningitis.", "PMID": 311780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3154", "title": "Immunoregulation in humans: control of antitetanus toxoid antibody production after booster immunization.", "content": "Booster immunization of normal individuals with soluble tetanus toxoid resulted in the ability of the individuals' peripheral blood lymphocytes to synthesize immunoglobulin (Ig)G antitetanus toxoid antibody in vitro when stimulated by pokeweed mitogen. The capacity for this in vitro antitetanus toxoid antibody response developed within 14 days after booster immunization, reached a peak between days 36--50, and disappeared by day 60. The inability of pokeweed mitogen to stimulate antitetanus toxoid antibody synthesis in vitro before booster immunization was not due to excess suppression by thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes but reflected insufficient numbers of functionally specific helper T lymphocytes and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes. Antigen-specific T-lymphocyte suppression and decreased B-lymphocyte function were associated with the observed reduction of in vitro synthesis of antitetanus toxoid antibody from 20--60 days post-immunization. The in vitro kinetics of antitetanus toxoid antibody synthesis paralleled the synthesis of total IgG in that stimulation by pokeweed mitogen was required and that antibody secretion into the medium initiated by day 4 and increased through day 9.", "contents": "Immunoregulation in humans: control of antitetanus toxoid antibody production after booster immunization. Booster immunization of normal individuals with soluble tetanus toxoid resulted in the ability of the individuals' peripheral blood lymphocytes to synthesize immunoglobulin (Ig)G antitetanus toxoid antibody in vitro when stimulated by pokeweed mitogen. The capacity for this in vitro antitetanus toxoid antibody response developed within 14 days after booster immunization, reached a peak between days 36--50, and disappeared by day 60. The inability of pokeweed mitogen to stimulate antitetanus toxoid antibody synthesis in vitro before booster immunization was not due to excess suppression by thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes but reflected insufficient numbers of functionally specific helper T lymphocytes and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes. Antigen-specific T-lymphocyte suppression and decreased B-lymphocyte function were associated with the observed reduction of in vitro synthesis of antitetanus toxoid antibody from 20--60 days post-immunization. The in vitro kinetics of antitetanus toxoid antibody synthesis paralleled the synthesis of total IgG in that stimulation by pokeweed mitogen was required and that antibody secretion into the medium initiated by day 4 and increased through day 9.", "PMID": 311781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3155", "title": "Serum amyloid A: evidence for its origin in polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "In this study the presence of an amyloid A, antigenically related material was determined in four subpopulations of human leukocytes. Monocytes, granulocytes, thymus-derived lymphocytes, and bone marrow-derived and null lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of five apparently normal subjects, two patients with secondary amyloidosis, three patients with acute infections, and seven patients with metastatic cancer. Mononuclear leukocytes, isolated from the interface of a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, were separated into monocytes, thymus-derived lymphocytes, and bone marrow-derived plus null lymphocytes by glass adherence and depletion of sheep erythrocyte rosette-forming lymphocytes. Granulocytes were isolated by sedimentation in 2% methyl cellulose from the erythrocyte-rich pellet formed at the bottom of the Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. The four isolated leukocyte subpopulations were cultured and, at varying intervals, the amyloid A content of the culture medium and of sonicated, 2 x 10(6) cells was determined by radioimmunoassay. Our results indicated a 2-14 times greater amount of amyloid A-related material in the sonicated granulocytes compared with the individuals' serum amyloid A levels. The mononuclear subpopulations showed a low or negligible amyloid A content. The amount of amyloid A antigenic material was further found to increase in cultured granulocytes, reaching a peak value between the 16th and 30th h of culture. The granulocytes of only two out of eight individuals tested released amyloid A antigenically related material into the culture medium. This release was found to be blocked by the presence of colchicine, vincristine, puromycin, or cycloheximide in the culture medium. In contrast, only the presence of puromycin or cycloheximide was shown to significantly inhibit the intracellular increase of amyloid A in the cultured granulocytes. Thus, it appears that among the circulating blood cells, the granulocytes produce amyloid A antigenically related material and could release it under conditions that remain to be further defined.", "contents": "Serum amyloid A: evidence for its origin in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In this study the presence of an amyloid A, antigenically related material was determined in four subpopulations of human leukocytes. Monocytes, granulocytes, thymus-derived lymphocytes, and bone marrow-derived and null lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of five apparently normal subjects, two patients with secondary amyloidosis, three patients with acute infections, and seven patients with metastatic cancer. Mononuclear leukocytes, isolated from the interface of a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, were separated into monocytes, thymus-derived lymphocytes, and bone marrow-derived plus null lymphocytes by glass adherence and depletion of sheep erythrocyte rosette-forming lymphocytes. Granulocytes were isolated by sedimentation in 2% methyl cellulose from the erythrocyte-rich pellet formed at the bottom of the Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. The four isolated leukocyte subpopulations were cultured and, at varying intervals, the amyloid A content of the culture medium and of sonicated, 2 x 10(6) cells was determined by radioimmunoassay. Our results indicated a 2-14 times greater amount of amyloid A-related material in the sonicated granulocytes compared with the individuals' serum amyloid A levels. The mononuclear subpopulations showed a low or negligible amyloid A content. The amount of amyloid A antigenic material was further found to increase in cultured granulocytes, reaching a peak value between the 16th and 30th h of culture. The granulocytes of only two out of eight individuals tested released amyloid A antigenically related material into the culture medium. This release was found to be blocked by the presence of colchicine, vincristine, puromycin, or cycloheximide in the culture medium. In contrast, only the presence of puromycin or cycloheximide was shown to significantly inhibit the intracellular increase of amyloid A in the cultured granulocytes. Thus, it appears that among the circulating blood cells, the granulocytes produce amyloid A antigenically related material and could release it under conditions that remain to be further defined.", "PMID": 311782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3156", "title": "Active release of human platelet factor VIII-related antigen by adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and thrombin.", "content": "Platelet Factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIR:Ag) represents a significant proportion of the total circulating VIIIR:Ag pool. However, its participation in the events of primary hemostasis has not been shown. We now report that platelet-contained VIIIR:Ag is released from platelets by collagen, ADP and thrombin. The concentrations of these agonists, required for VIIIR:Ag release, are the same or lower than those required for release of serotonin, lysosomal enzymes, or fibrinogen. This release has the features of an energy-dependent secretory response because it is blocked by the metabolic inhibitors, antimycin A and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The electrophoretic characteristics of the VIIIR:Ag released by collagen and ADP are similar to those of plasma VIIIR:Ag. However, thrombin-released platelet VIIIR:Ag differs from that of plasma in that the less anodal forms are relatively depleted. These differences do not appear to be the result of proteolytic degradation of platelet-derived VIIIR:Ag, but may reflect interactions between specific molecular forms of VIIIR:Ag and the platelet membrane. These studies suggest mechanisms by which platelet-contained VIIIR:Ag may contribute to the primary events of hemostasis.", "contents": "Active release of human platelet factor VIII-related antigen by adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and thrombin. Platelet Factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIR:Ag) represents a significant proportion of the total circulating VIIIR:Ag pool. However, its participation in the events of primary hemostasis has not been shown. We now report that platelet-contained VIIIR:Ag is released from platelets by collagen, ADP and thrombin. The concentrations of these agonists, required for VIIIR:Ag release, are the same or lower than those required for release of serotonin, lysosomal enzymes, or fibrinogen. This release has the features of an energy-dependent secretory response because it is blocked by the metabolic inhibitors, antimycin A and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The electrophoretic characteristics of the VIIIR:Ag released by collagen and ADP are similar to those of plasma VIIIR:Ag. However, thrombin-released platelet VIIIR:Ag differs from that of plasma in that the less anodal forms are relatively depleted. These differences do not appear to be the result of proteolytic degradation of platelet-derived VIIIR:Ag, but may reflect interactions between specific molecular forms of VIIIR:Ag and the platelet membrane. These studies suggest mechanisms by which platelet-contained VIIIR:Ag may contribute to the primary events of hemostasis.", "PMID": 311783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3157", "title": "Mechanism of inhibition of porcine elastase by human alpha-1-antitrypsin.", "content": "The interaction of the human plasma protein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, with porcine pancreatic elastase was studied by isolating and characterizing their reaction products. Native alpha-1-antitrypsin has a mass ratio (Mr) of 54,000, an amino-terminal glx, and a carboxy-terminal lys residue. The elastase used has an Mr of 26,400 and an amino-terminal val residue. When the two proteins are combined at inhibitor excess, two major products result. One of the products is a complex of the enzyme and inhibitor with amino-terminal ser and val residues, which indicates that a peptide has been removed from the amino-terminal end of the inhibitor. The second product is a modified form of alpha-1-antitrypsin with an Mr of 51,300, an aminoterminal glx residue and a carboxy-terminal thr-leu dipeptide. It has no inhibitory activity against elastase. The components of the isolated complex can be split at high pH in the presence of diisopropyl fluorophosphate, which results in a catalytically inactive enzyme with the same Mr and amino-terminal residue as the native enzyme, and a large fragment of alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-1-antitrypsin(*)). This fragment has an Mr of 50,100, an amino-terminal ser residue and a carboxy-terminal thr-leu dipeptide. Based on these data, the following hypothesis is proposed. Elastase can attack alpha-1-antitrypsin at either of two major sites. If it attacks first at the carboxy side of the thr-leu dipeptide, located in the carboxy-terminal portion of the inhibitor, the alpha-1-antitrypsin is cleaved into two fragments with loss of inhibitory activity and absence of complex formation. If, however, the elastase first attacks an x-ser bond near the amino-terminal end of the inhibitor, the elastase then reacts with alpha-1-antitrypsin at the same leu moiety to form a stable complex with complete inhibition of the enzyme.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhibition of porcine elastase by human alpha-1-antitrypsin. The interaction of the human plasma protein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, with porcine pancreatic elastase was studied by isolating and characterizing their reaction products. Native alpha-1-antitrypsin has a mass ratio (Mr) of 54,000, an amino-terminal glx, and a carboxy-terminal lys residue. The elastase used has an Mr of 26,400 and an amino-terminal val residue. When the two proteins are combined at inhibitor excess, two major products result. One of the products is a complex of the enzyme and inhibitor with amino-terminal ser and val residues, which indicates that a peptide has been removed from the amino-terminal end of the inhibitor. The second product is a modified form of alpha-1-antitrypsin with an Mr of 51,300, an aminoterminal glx residue and a carboxy-terminal thr-leu dipeptide. It has no inhibitory activity against elastase. The components of the isolated complex can be split at high pH in the presence of diisopropyl fluorophosphate, which results in a catalytically inactive enzyme with the same Mr and amino-terminal residue as the native enzyme, and a large fragment of alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-1-antitrypsin(*)). This fragment has an Mr of 50,100, an amino-terminal ser residue and a carboxy-terminal thr-leu dipeptide. Based on these data, the following hypothesis is proposed. Elastase can attack alpha-1-antitrypsin at either of two major sites. If it attacks first at the carboxy side of the thr-leu dipeptide, located in the carboxy-terminal portion of the inhibitor, the alpha-1-antitrypsin is cleaved into two fragments with loss of inhibitory activity and absence of complex formation. If, however, the elastase first attacks an x-ser bond near the amino-terminal end of the inhibitor, the elastase then reacts with alpha-1-antitrypsin at the same leu moiety to form a stable complex with complete inhibition of the enzyme.", "PMID": 311784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3158", "title": "Decreased circulating thymus-derived cells with receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Thymus-derived cells with receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (Fcgamma+ T cells) have recently been found to have a suppressor function, a function that is decreased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Fcgamma+ T cells were found significantly diminished in 21 untreated SLE patients, particularly in the 7 patients who had active disease. Most Fcgamma+ T cells were separated with a subpopulation of T cells with low affinity for sheep erythrocytes. Decrease of this subpopulation was dependent on the decrease in Fcgamma+ T cells. Non-T cells with Fcgamma receptors were also diminished in SLE patients, but their decrease did not correlate with disease activity. The decrease in suppressor-cell function in SLE may be a result of loss, rather than of dysfunction, of the suppressor Fcgamma+ T cells.", "contents": "Decreased circulating thymus-derived cells with receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G in systemic lupus erythematosus. Thymus-derived cells with receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (Fcgamma+ T cells) have recently been found to have a suppressor function, a function that is decreased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Fcgamma+ T cells were found significantly diminished in 21 untreated SLE patients, particularly in the 7 patients who had active disease. Most Fcgamma+ T cells were separated with a subpopulation of T cells with low affinity for sheep erythrocytes. Decrease of this subpopulation was dependent on the decrease in Fcgamma+ T cells. Non-T cells with Fcgamma receptors were also diminished in SLE patients, but their decrease did not correlate with disease activity. The decrease in suppressor-cell function in SLE may be a result of loss, rather than of dysfunction, of the suppressor Fcgamma+ T cells.", "PMID": 311785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3159", "title": "Assessment of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency heterozygosity as a risk factor in the etiology of emphysema. Physiological comparison of adult normal and heterozygous protease inhibitor phenotype subjects from a random population.", "content": "For plethysmographic studies of lung mechanics and measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity, 62 subjects were drawn from a randomly selected population sample. Data obtained from the 24 subjects of heterozygous phenotype for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiMZ) were compared by age group with data from 38 normal (PiM) subjects matched for sex, age, and smoking history. Comparison of mean values by age group for lung volumes, diffusing capacity, lung elastic recoil, maximum expiratory flow, and the occurrence of frequency dependence of dynamic compliance revealed no differences between phenotype groups. There was no evidence of an accelerated effect of aging among PiMZ subjects when compared with normal counterparts nor was there evidence of an increased effect of smoking. From these data it appears that the PiMZ phenotype per se is not a risk factor in the development of emphysema.", "contents": "Assessment of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency heterozygosity as a risk factor in the etiology of emphysema. Physiological comparison of adult normal and heterozygous protease inhibitor phenotype subjects from a random population. For plethysmographic studies of lung mechanics and measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity, 62 subjects were drawn from a randomly selected population sample. Data obtained from the 24 subjects of heterozygous phenotype for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiMZ) were compared by age group with data from 38 normal (PiM) subjects matched for sex, age, and smoking history. Comparison of mean values by age group for lung volumes, diffusing capacity, lung elastic recoil, maximum expiratory flow, and the occurrence of frequency dependence of dynamic compliance revealed no differences between phenotype groups. There was no evidence of an accelerated effect of aging among PiMZ subjects when compared with normal counterparts nor was there evidence of an increased effect of smoking. From these data it appears that the PiMZ phenotype per se is not a risk factor in the development of emphysema.", "PMID": 311786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3160", "title": "Suppressor-cell antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus. Possible mechanism for suppressor-cell dysfunction.", "content": "Circulating antibodies that could be responsible for the suppressor thymus-derived (T)-cell dysfunction in active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were investigated. Sera from 14 active and inactive SLE patients were compared with a pool of 22 normal sera. All sera were adsorbed with a pool of normal platelets to exclude antihistocompatibility leukocyte antigen antibodies; with AB erythrocytes to exclude isohemagglutinins; and with a pool of normal bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils to deplete anti-B-cell antibodies, Fc-receptor antibodies, and antibodies directed against neutrophils or monocytes. Sera from active SLE patients were capable of inhibiting the activation of normal, blood lymphocytes by concanavalin A to become suppressor cells. The latter were assayed by coculturing the concanavalin A-activated cells with autologous lymphocytes, which were then activated with either phytohemagglutinin for proliferative response or with pokeweed mitogen for B-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis and secretion. Specific incorporation of cultures with phytohemagglutinin showed a value of 67+/-13 (mean+/-SD) for suppressor cells treated with adsorbed, active SLE sera. This value was significantly different (P < 0.001) from that of cells treated with the inactive SLE sera or with the pool of normal sera. Similar findings were seen with respect to the B-cell target parameters. Cytoplasmic Ig and IgG in supernates of cultures with pokeweed mitogen showed values of 17+/-5% and 717+/-134 ng/culture, respectively, for suppressor cells treated with the adsorbed, active SLE sera. This was significantly different from those treated with the inactive SLE sera or with the pool of normal sera. The antisuppressor-cell factor was shown to be IgG, complement independent, not cytotoxic, active at 37 degrees C and at room temperature, but not at 4 degrees C, and adsorbable with T cells. Suppressor T-cell antibody in sera of active SLE patients could be responsible for the observed suppressor T-cell dysfunction seen in active SLE. The mechanisms responsible for the induction of the antisuppressor-cell antibody are unknown.", "contents": "Suppressor-cell antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus. Possible mechanism for suppressor-cell dysfunction. Circulating antibodies that could be responsible for the suppressor thymus-derived (T)-cell dysfunction in active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were investigated. Sera from 14 active and inactive SLE patients were compared with a pool of 22 normal sera. All sera were adsorbed with a pool of normal platelets to exclude antihistocompatibility leukocyte antigen antibodies; with AB erythrocytes to exclude isohemagglutinins; and with a pool of normal bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils to deplete anti-B-cell antibodies, Fc-receptor antibodies, and antibodies directed against neutrophils or monocytes. Sera from active SLE patients were capable of inhibiting the activation of normal, blood lymphocytes by concanavalin A to become suppressor cells. The latter were assayed by coculturing the concanavalin A-activated cells with autologous lymphocytes, which were then activated with either phytohemagglutinin for proliferative response or with pokeweed mitogen for B-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis and secretion. Specific incorporation of cultures with phytohemagglutinin showed a value of 67+/-13 (mean+/-SD) for suppressor cells treated with adsorbed, active SLE sera. This value was significantly different (P < 0.001) from that of cells treated with the inactive SLE sera or with the pool of normal sera. Similar findings were seen with respect to the B-cell target parameters. Cytoplasmic Ig and IgG in supernates of cultures with pokeweed mitogen showed values of 17+/-5% and 717+/-134 ng/culture, respectively, for suppressor cells treated with the adsorbed, active SLE sera. This was significantly different from those treated with the inactive SLE sera or with the pool of normal sera. The antisuppressor-cell factor was shown to be IgG, complement independent, not cytotoxic, active at 37 degrees C and at room temperature, but not at 4 degrees C, and adsorbable with T cells. Suppressor T-cell antibody in sera of active SLE patients could be responsible for the observed suppressor T-cell dysfunction seen in active SLE. The mechanisms responsible for the induction of the antisuppressor-cell antibody are unknown.", "PMID": 311787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3161", "title": "Some telencephalic connections in the frog, Rana pipiens.", "content": "Some afferent, efferent and intrinsic connections of the telencephalon of Rana pipiens were studied using a horseradish peroxidase method. Afferents to the telencephalon from thalamic and brain stem cell groups were demonstrated. These findings, taken together with the results of previous studies, indicate that separate thalamic cell groups project visual, auditory and somatosensory information onto the striatum. A separate thalamic cell group projects to the medial telencephalic wall and probably conveys visual and somatosensory information. These telencephalic afferent systems do not appear to be directly comparable to those of birds and reptiles. Additionally, some telencephalic afferents demonstrated in previous studies using anterograde degeneration techniques were confirmed, and some intratelencephalic connections were identified.", "contents": "Some telencephalic connections in the frog, Rana pipiens. Some afferent, efferent and intrinsic connections of the telencephalon of Rana pipiens were studied using a horseradish peroxidase method. Afferents to the telencephalon from thalamic and brain stem cell groups were demonstrated. These findings, taken together with the results of previous studies, indicate that separate thalamic cell groups project visual, auditory and somatosensory information onto the striatum. A separate thalamic cell group projects to the medial telencephalic wall and probably conveys visual and somatosensory information. These telencephalic afferent systems do not appear to be directly comparable to those of birds and reptiles. Additionally, some telencephalic afferents demonstrated in previous studies using anterograde degeneration techniques were confirmed, and some intratelencephalic connections were identified.", "PMID": 311788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3162", "title": "Golgi studies on Purkinje cell development in the frog during spontaneous metamorphosis. II. Details of dendritic development.", "content": "The development of Purkinje cell dendrites was studied in the bullfrog from premetamorphic tadpoles to 10-week-old postmetamorphic frog-lets by the Golgi-Kopsch method. In this species two distinct patterns of arbor formation may be seen, which appear to be related to differences in the timing of initial dendritic development. In Purkinje cells that begin development in early tadpole stages, the dendritic tree is elaborated by continuous and concomitant growth and branching, a process by which the developing arbor expands in both height and width. Arbor formation in Purkinje cells that begin development in metamorphosing tadpoles proceeds in two separate steps. Initially, dendrites of such cells elongate, but form only a few poorly developed branches; only when the arbor reaches near-adult height does branching become extensive. Additional differences present in Purkinje cells are reflected in the paucity of growth cones and filopodia in the tadpole, and numerous filopodia and growth cones in the metamorphic period. An interesting feature of dendritic development in this species is a tendency to alter the arboreal domain by the formation of extra-arboreal dendrites, and possibly by the occasional resorbtion of other partially formed dendrites. The pattern of dendritic development in the frog is different than in mammals and is difficult to interpret. Such unusual development may be due to disturbances in the timing of the formation of Purkinje cell dendrites and of the establishment of the external granular layer (EGL).", "contents": "Golgi studies on Purkinje cell development in the frog during spontaneous metamorphosis. II. Details of dendritic development. The development of Purkinje cell dendrites was studied in the bullfrog from premetamorphic tadpoles to 10-week-old postmetamorphic frog-lets by the Golgi-Kopsch method. In this species two distinct patterns of arbor formation may be seen, which appear to be related to differences in the timing of initial dendritic development. In Purkinje cells that begin development in early tadpole stages, the dendritic tree is elaborated by continuous and concomitant growth and branching, a process by which the developing arbor expands in both height and width. Arbor formation in Purkinje cells that begin development in metamorphosing tadpoles proceeds in two separate steps. Initially, dendrites of such cells elongate, but form only a few poorly developed branches; only when the arbor reaches near-adult height does branching become extensive. Additional differences present in Purkinje cells are reflected in the paucity of growth cones and filopodia in the tadpole, and numerous filopodia and growth cones in the metamorphic period. An interesting feature of dendritic development in this species is a tendency to alter the arboreal domain by the formation of extra-arboreal dendrites, and possibly by the occasional resorbtion of other partially formed dendrites. The pattern of dendritic development in the frog is different than in mammals and is difficult to interpret. Such unusual development may be due to disturbances in the timing of the formation of Purkinje cell dendrites and of the establishment of the external granular layer (EGL).", "PMID": 311789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3163", "title": "Rapid high dose (RHD) contrast cranial computed tomography: a concise review of normal anatomy.", "content": "This study illustrates detailed cerebral anatomy that can be consistently visualized on computed  tomography scans after a rapid high dose of contrast substance has been infused. A thorough knowledge of anatomy is required not only to detect and precisely localize lesions but to avoid ascribing pathological significance to normal, contrast  enhanced structures.", "contents": "Rapid high dose (RHD) contrast cranial computed tomography: a concise review of normal anatomy. This study illustrates detailed cerebral anatomy that can be consistently visualized on computed  tomography scans after a rapid high dose of contrast substance has been infused. A thorough knowledge of anatomy is required not only to detect and precisely localize lesions but to avoid ascribing pathological significance to normal, contrast  enhanced structures.", "PMID": 311790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3164", "title": "Modification of periventricular hypodensity in hydrocephalus with ventricular reflux in metrizamide CT cisternography.", "content": "An analysis of metrizamide computed tomography (CT) cisternographic findings in cases of communicating hydrocephalus has been carried out. Serial observations of the density in the periventricular area in 19 cases with metrizamide ventricular reflux have revealed the following different patterns: (a)  precontrast periventricular hypodensity diminishing after CT cisternography and possibly indicating transependymal metrizamide migration (two cases); (b) periventricular hypodensity unchanged (two cases); (c) minimal periventricular hypodensity with slight rise in its attenuation values after ventricular metrizamide reflux (four cases); and (d) no periventricular hypodensity and no change after reflux (six cases). Our preliminary experience indicates that the presence of periventricular hypodensity with an increase in its attenuation values following ventricular reflux of metrizamide is possibly a criterion that may be used in favor of a cerebrospinal fluid shunting operation.", "contents": "Modification of periventricular hypodensity in hydrocephalus with ventricular reflux in metrizamide CT cisternography. An analysis of metrizamide computed tomography (CT) cisternographic findings in cases of communicating hydrocephalus has been carried out. Serial observations of the density in the periventricular area in 19 cases with metrizamide ventricular reflux have revealed the following different patterns: (a)  precontrast periventricular hypodensity diminishing after CT cisternography and possibly indicating transependymal metrizamide migration (two cases); (b) periventricular hypodensity unchanged (two cases); (c) minimal periventricular hypodensity with slight rise in its attenuation values after ventricular metrizamide reflux (four cases); and (d) no periventricular hypodensity and no change after reflux (six cases). Our preliminary experience indicates that the presence of periventricular hypodensity with an increase in its attenuation values following ventricular reflux of metrizamide is possibly a criterion that may be used in favor of a cerebrospinal fluid shunting operation.", "PMID": 311791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3165", "title": "Dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid circulation evaluated by metrizamide CT cisternography.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation has been analyzed by metrizamide computed tomography (CT) cisternography in 46 patients. Included were 7 patients without any clinical evidence of impaired CSF circulation, and 39 with hydrocephalus due to various causes. CT cisternography delineated the anatomical structures of the CSF pathways clearly and accurately and enabled us to analyze ventricular filling in a quantitative manner. As a result, a new, more precise CT cisternographic classification of the CSF flow patterns has been established. On the basis of the presence of ventricular reflux and stasis, extent of ventricular filling, and convexity flow of metrizamide, seven groups of flow patterns have been defined.", "contents": "Dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid circulation evaluated by metrizamide CT cisternography. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation has been analyzed by metrizamide computed tomography (CT) cisternography in 46 patients. Included were 7 patients without any clinical evidence of impaired CSF circulation, and 39 with hydrocephalus due to various causes. CT cisternography delineated the anatomical structures of the CSF pathways clearly and accurately and enabled us to analyze ventricular filling in a quantitative manner. As a result, a new, more precise CT cisternographic classification of the CSF flow patterns has been established. On the basis of the presence of ventricular reflux and stasis, extent of ventricular filling, and convexity flow of metrizamide, seven groups of flow patterns have been defined.", "PMID": 311792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3166", "title": "Reye syndrome: computed tomographic documentation of disordered intracerebral structure.", "content": "Four patients with well documented Reye syndrome were examined with noncontrast computed tomography. Acute findings are those of diffuse cerebral edema with low density in deep white matter, increased gray-white matter differentiation, and evidence of secondary ventricular compression. The diffuse nature of the changes is unlike the more focal pattern often seen in true viral encephalitis. Residual changes after severe diseases are those of nonspecific cerebral degeneration and are most pronounced in the frontal lobes. Atrophic ventricular dilatation was observed in two cases. Computed tomography findings correlate with all known pathologic studies and with the subsequent clinical courses in the patients examined.", "contents": "Reye syndrome: computed tomographic documentation of disordered intracerebral structure. Four patients with well documented Reye syndrome were examined with noncontrast computed tomography. Acute findings are those of diffuse cerebral edema with low density in deep white matter, increased gray-white matter differentiation, and evidence of secondary ventricular compression. The diffuse nature of the changes is unlike the more focal pattern often seen in true viral encephalitis. Residual changes after severe diseases are those of nonspecific cerebral degeneration and are most pronounced in the frontal lobes. Atrophic ventricular dilatation was observed in two cases. Computed tomography findings correlate with all known pathologic studies and with the subsequent clinical courses in the patients examined.", "PMID": 311793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3167", "title": "A method of correcting for linear drift in computed tomography brain scans.", "content": "Linear drift of X-ray attenuation coefficients must be corrected if quantitative comparisons are to be made between computed tomography (CT) brain scans of the same individual performed at different times. Such a correction is accomplished by comparing the low (cerebrospinal fluid) end of the attenuation coefficient frequency histograms using a percentile--percentile plot. A \"drift correction\" permits serial quantitative assessments of the progression or regression of white matter hypodensity, such as occurs in drug induced leukoencephalopathy.", "contents": "A method of correcting for linear drift in computed tomography brain scans. Linear drift of X-ray attenuation coefficients must be corrected if quantitative comparisons are to be made between computed tomography (CT) brain scans of the same individual performed at different times. Such a correction is accomplished by comparing the low (cerebrospinal fluid) end of the attenuation coefficient frequency histograms using a percentile--percentile plot. A \"drift correction\" permits serial quantitative assessments of the progression or regression of white matter hypodensity, such as occurs in drug induced leukoencephalopathy.", "PMID": 311794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3168", "title": "Active rosette-forming T cells in the elderly.", "content": "The numbers and percentages of active rosette-forming T cells were measured in two age groups, to assess the effects of aging. The study included 21 healthy persons in the 20--40 age group and 25 persons without major disease in the 60--85 age group. In the younger subjects the number of rosette-forming cells (RFC) averaged 1430 +/- 463/cu mm (mean and S.D.), a count not significantly different from that in the older subjects (1443 +/- 398/cu mm). Likewise, the active RFC count in the 20--40 age group (526 +/- 185/cu mm) and that in the 60--85 age group (558 +/- 197/cu mm) were not significantly different. There was no difference for the percentage total RFC (young 78 +/- 4%, elderly 78 +/- 6%) or the percentage active RFC (young 29 +/- 7%, elderly 30 +/- 6%). For the total lymphocyte count or the B lymphocyte count, there was no difference between the two groups of subjects. It is concluded that T lymphocytes, measured as total and active rosette-forming cells, are not decreased in healthy older persons.", "contents": "Active rosette-forming T cells in the elderly. The numbers and percentages of active rosette-forming T cells were measured in two age groups, to assess the effects of aging. The study included 21 healthy persons in the 20--40 age group and 25 persons without major disease in the 60--85 age group. In the younger subjects the number of rosette-forming cells (RFC) averaged 1430 +/- 463/cu mm (mean and S.D.), a count not significantly different from that in the older subjects (1443 +/- 398/cu mm). Likewise, the active RFC count in the 20--40 age group (526 +/- 185/cu mm) and that in the 60--85 age group (558 +/- 197/cu mm) were not significantly different. There was no difference for the percentage total RFC (young 78 +/- 4%, elderly 78 +/- 6%) or the percentage active RFC (young 29 +/- 7%, elderly 30 +/- 6%). For the total lymphocyte count or the B lymphocyte count, there was no difference between the two groups of subjects. It is concluded that T lymphocytes, measured as total and active rosette-forming cells, are not decreased in healthy older persons.", "PMID": 311796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3169", "title": "[Demonstration of the oncogenic activity of cell cultures using antithymocytic serum].", "content": "The authors examined 10 cell strains of different origin as to their effect on mice by means of antithymocytic (ATC) serum. In dependence on the strain used the tumors developed in different number and with different growth tendency. In control animals not treated by the ATC serum, small ganglions developed in some cases which, however, disappeared in 2--3 days. Both strains of diploide cells WI 38 and LEP and primary cultures of chicken fibroblast from embryos of SPF chickens did not develop any tumors. The antithymocytic serums from calfs were found to be less toxic for mice than the rabbit sera.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the oncogenic activity of cell cultures using antithymocytic serum]. The authors examined 10 cell strains of different origin as to their effect on mice by means of antithymocytic (ATC) serum. In dependence on the strain used the tumors developed in different number and with different growth tendency. In control animals not treated by the ATC serum, small ganglions developed in some cases which, however, disappeared in 2--3 days. Both strains of diploide cells WI 38 and LEP and primary cultures of chicken fibroblast from embryos of SPF chickens did not develop any tumors. The antithymocytic serums from calfs were found to be less toxic for mice than the rabbit sera.", "PMID": 311797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3170", "title": "Demonstration of a thymus derived, splenic suppressor cell responsible for the age-dependent decrease in contact hypersensitivity in the adult mouse.", "content": "A suppression of contact hypersensitivity to picryl chloride has been demonstrated in adult thymectomized, 4 and 5 1/2 mo-old CBA mice after i.v. injection of spleen cells from intact CBA mice of the same age. The cells signifcantly suppressed the elicitation of the allergic contact sensitivity reaction and this effect could be inhibited by pretreating the cells with anti-Thy 1 serum and complements. The induction phase was found to be unaffected. However, spleen cells from donors which had received an i.v. injection of picryl sulfonic acid suppressed the induction as well as the elicitation phase of the contact dermatitis. On the basis of these results it appears reasonable to conclude that the decline in the ability to develop contact hypersensitivity in aging mice may be due to the development of a splenic suppressor T cell, mainly affecting the elicitation of the contact hypersensitivity reaction.", "contents": "Demonstration of a thymus derived, splenic suppressor cell responsible for the age-dependent decrease in contact hypersensitivity in the adult mouse. A suppression of contact hypersensitivity to picryl chloride has been demonstrated in adult thymectomized, 4 and 5 1/2 mo-old CBA mice after i.v. injection of spleen cells from intact CBA mice of the same age. The cells signifcantly suppressed the elicitation of the allergic contact sensitivity reaction and this effect could be inhibited by pretreating the cells with anti-Thy 1 serum and complements. The induction phase was found to be unaffected. However, spleen cells from donors which had received an i.v. injection of picryl sulfonic acid suppressed the induction as well as the elicitation phase of the contact dermatitis. On the basis of these results it appears reasonable to conclude that the decline in the ability to develop contact hypersensitivity in aging mice may be due to the development of a splenic suppressor T cell, mainly affecting the elicitation of the contact hypersensitivity reaction.", "PMID": 311798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3171", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination: binding of ristocetin to platelets.", "content": "Ristocetin was trace-labeled with [3H] by the reductive methylation method. It was shown to agglutinate human platelets in the presence of VIIIR:WF in a manner indistinguishable from unlabeled ristocetin. The binding of the labeled ristocetin to normal and enzyme-modified human platelets was studied both in the presence and absence of VIIIR:WF and at nonagglutinating and agglutinating concentrations of ristocetin. Virtually no difference in [3H]ristocetin binding was seen whether VIIIR:WF was present or not. Platelets treated with chymotrypsin, which destroys their ability to agglutinate to VIIIR:WF and ristocetin, did not bind less ristocetin than did control platelets. A pronounced, direct relationship was found between [3H]ristocetin bound by normal platelets and total ristocetin concentration. This implies that at the higher (agglutinating) concentrations of ristocetin either more binding sites are exposed or, more probably, aggregation of ristocetin occurs.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination: binding of ristocetin to platelets. Ristocetin was trace-labeled with [3H] by the reductive methylation method. It was shown to agglutinate human platelets in the presence of VIIIR:WF in a manner indistinguishable from unlabeled ristocetin. The binding of the labeled ristocetin to normal and enzyme-modified human platelets was studied both in the presence and absence of VIIIR:WF and at nonagglutinating and agglutinating concentrations of ristocetin. Virtually no difference in [3H]ristocetin binding was seen whether VIIIR:WF was present or not. Platelets treated with chymotrypsin, which destroys their ability to agglutinate to VIIIR:WF and ristocetin, did not bind less ristocetin than did control platelets. A pronounced, direct relationship was found between [3H]ristocetin bound by normal platelets and total ristocetin concentration. This implies that at the higher (agglutinating) concentrations of ristocetin either more binding sites are exposed or, more probably, aggregation of ristocetin occurs.", "PMID": 311800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3172", "title": "A simple radiometric assay for methotrexate and other folate antagonists.", "content": "A rapid radiometric assay for the folate antagonist MTX, based on the inhibition of chicken liver dihydrofolate reductase activity, has been developed. In the system the inhibition by MTX of the reduction of tritiated FH2 is standardized and used to quantitate this antagonist in plasma of subjects receiving high-dose MTX therapy. The assay permits the detection of plasma MTX levels to 5 X 10(-9)M with a coefficient of variation of 15%. The predominating circulating folate, 5 methyltetrahydrofolate, or the rescue agent leucovorin (5 formyltetrahydrofolate) do not significantly interfere with the assay at concentrations attainable with current rescue programs. Analyses of multiple plasma samples with the present assay show close agreement with the competitive protein-binding assay.", "contents": "A simple radiometric assay for methotrexate and other folate antagonists. A rapid radiometric assay for the folate antagonist MTX, based on the inhibition of chicken liver dihydrofolate reductase activity, has been developed. In the system the inhibition by MTX of the reduction of tritiated FH2 is standardized and used to quantitate this antagonist in plasma of subjects receiving high-dose MTX therapy. The assay permits the detection of plasma MTX levels to 5 X 10(-9)M with a coefficient of variation of 15%. The predominating circulating folate, 5 methyltetrahydrofolate, or the rescue agent leucovorin (5 formyltetrahydrofolate) do not significantly interfere with the assay at concentrations attainable with current rescue programs. Analyses of multiple plasma samples with the present assay show close agreement with the competitive protein-binding assay.", "PMID": 311801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3173", "title": "Platelet membrane glycoproteins in normal dogs and dogs with hemostatic defects.", "content": "Glycoproteins solubilized from membrane-enriched fractions of platelets from dogs with TT or VWD and from  normal controls were compared by SDS-PAGE. The results were similar to those for the analogous human disorders. Both normal and VWD canine platelet MPs contained three major glycoproteins as well as four smaller-molecular-weight proteins that stained for carbohydrate with the PAS  reagent. In contrast, MPs from dogs with TT had a higher concentration of GP I, a varied expression of GP II, and a lower concentration of GP III. The findings re-emphasize the value of comparative studies of these models of human hemostatic defects.", "contents": "Platelet membrane glycoproteins in normal dogs and dogs with hemostatic defects. Glycoproteins solubilized from membrane-enriched fractions of platelets from dogs with TT or VWD and from  normal controls were compared by SDS-PAGE. The results were similar to those for the analogous human disorders. Both normal and VWD canine platelet MPs contained three major glycoproteins as well as four smaller-molecular-weight proteins that stained for carbohydrate with the PAS  reagent. In contrast, MPs from dogs with TT had a higher concentration of GP I, a varied expression of GP II, and a lower concentration of GP III. The findings re-emphasize the value of comparative studies of these models of human hemostatic defects.", "PMID": 311802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3174", "title": "Neutrophil migration-inhibition activity produced by a unique T lymphoblast cell line.", "content": "Fifteen lymphoblast cell lines, including B cell, T cell, Null cell, and myeloblast cells, were examined for the production of human neutrophil migration-inhibition activity. Only one T lymphoblast cell line established from a patient with hairy cell leukemia produced a neutrophil migration-inhibition factor spontaneously and after stimulation with Con A and PHA.", "contents": "Neutrophil migration-inhibition activity produced by a unique T lymphoblast cell line. Fifteen lymphoblast cell lines, including B cell, T cell, Null cell, and myeloblast cells, were examined for the production of human neutrophil migration-inhibition activity. Only one T lymphoblast cell line established from a patient with hairy cell leukemia produced a neutrophil migration-inhibition factor spontaneously and after stimulation with Con A and PHA.", "PMID": 311803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3175", "title": "Histiocytosis X of the nose.", "content": "A case of histiocytosis X of the nose in a 5-year-old Nigerian child has been described. This localization of the lesion with secondary involvement of the submandibular cervical nodes is quite unusual and no similar case has been so far reported in the literature. The difficulties encountered in the diagnosis, the aetiological factors and treatment are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X of the nose. A case of histiocytosis X of the nose in a 5-year-old Nigerian child has been described. This localization of the lesion with secondary involvement of the submandibular cervical nodes is quite unusual and no similar case has been so far reported in the literature. The difficulties encountered in the diagnosis, the aetiological factors and treatment are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 311805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3176", "title": "Circannual and circadian rhythms in the concentration of corticosterone in the plasma of the edible frog (Rana esculenta L.).", "content": "For a period of 21 months between May 1974 and September 1976, circadian variations in the plasma concentration of corticosterone were studied by competitive protein-binding techniques in mature male and female edible frogs living in their natural environment. Blood samples were taken from 8 to 12 frogs six times daily and conventional and cosinor methods were used for statistical analysis. Circadian rhythms were not detected during February and March (time of hibernation). Circannual rhythms were detected in three parameters of the circadian rhythm. The mean concentration of corticosterone over a 24 h period (24 h mean) reached a peak on 1 May (between 15 April and 15 May; 95% limits of confidence); the annual mean value of the 24 h means was 1.97 +/- 0.25 (S.E.M.) microgram/100 ml, with an amplitude of 0.66 microgram/100 ml (0.53--0.79 microgram/100 ml; 95% limits of confidence). Circadian variations in the concentration of corticosterone were largest in May (peak of reproductive activity). The times at which the peak concentration of corticosterone occurred showed circannual variations: peak values were detected around 24.00 h in May, 19.00 h in July and 08.00 h in November. Both circadian and circannual variations have therefore been demonstrated in an endocrine function of an amphibian in its natural habitat.", "contents": "Circannual and circadian rhythms in the concentration of corticosterone in the plasma of the edible frog (Rana esculenta L.). For a period of 21 months between May 1974 and September 1976, circadian variations in the plasma concentration of corticosterone were studied by competitive protein-binding techniques in mature male and female edible frogs living in their natural environment. Blood samples were taken from 8 to 12 frogs six times daily and conventional and cosinor methods were used for statistical analysis. Circadian rhythms were not detected during February and March (time of hibernation). Circannual rhythms were detected in three parameters of the circadian rhythm. The mean concentration of corticosterone over a 24 h period (24 h mean) reached a peak on 1 May (between 15 April and 15 May; 95% limits of confidence); the annual mean value of the 24 h means was 1.97 +/- 0.25 (S.E.M.) microgram/100 ml, with an amplitude of 0.66 microgram/100 ml (0.53--0.79 microgram/100 ml; 95% limits of confidence). Circadian variations in the concentration of corticosterone were largest in May (peak of reproductive activity). The times at which the peak concentration of corticosterone occurred showed circannual variations: peak values were detected around 24.00 h in May, 19.00 h in July and 08.00 h in November. Both circadian and circannual variations have therefore been demonstrated in an endocrine function of an amphibian in its natural habitat.", "PMID": 311807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3177", "title": "Mitogen-activated B-cell blasts reactive to more than one mitogen.", "content": "One of three splenic B cells of 2- to 3-mo-old C57BL/6J or C3H/Tif mice are activated either by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by lipoprotein (LP) to grow and to mature to IgM-secreting cells. When mitogen-activated blast cells, after a 2-d activation period, are separated from nonactivated, small cells by velocity sedimentation, and no mitogen is readded, the blasts do not continue to grow but do continue to secrete IgM for several days. When the homologous mitogen is added for restimulation, the blast cells continue for several days to divide every 18 h and to develop IgM-secreting, plaque-forming cells. Frequency analyses at limiting dilutions of reactive B-blasts show that one cell in approximately equal to 1.2--1.5 blasts continue to grow and mature in the presence of the homologous mitogen, either LPS or LP. When the B-cell blasts obtained in a first activation period with either LPS or LP are restimulated with a heterologous mitogen, LPS, LP, Nocardia mitogen or mitogens contained in fetal calf serum a high proportion of the blasts continue to grow and mature to IgM-secreting cells. Frequency analyses show for LPS- or LP-blasts, restimulated in a heterologous fashion with either LP or LPS, that one cell in 1.35--1.5 blasts continue to divide and to mature to IgM-secreting cells. C3H/HeJ-splenic B-cells, which are LPS nonresponders, can only be activated to blast cells by LP. These LP-activated blasts can be restimulated by the homologous LP and by Nocardia mitogen and mitogens of fetal calf serum, but not by LPS. The results indicate that the majority of splenic B cells of 2- to 3-mo-old C57BL/6J or C3H/Tif mice are reactive to more than one B-cell mitogen. B cells, therefore, can possess in their surface membrane multireactive mitogen-receptor complexes which regulate growth and maturation.", "contents": "Mitogen-activated B-cell blasts reactive to more than one mitogen. One of three splenic B cells of 2- to 3-mo-old C57BL/6J or C3H/Tif mice are activated either by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by lipoprotein (LP) to grow and to mature to IgM-secreting cells. When mitogen-activated blast cells, after a 2-d activation period, are separated from nonactivated, small cells by velocity sedimentation, and no mitogen is readded, the blasts do not continue to grow but do continue to secrete IgM for several days. When the homologous mitogen is added for restimulation, the blast cells continue for several days to divide every 18 h and to develop IgM-secreting, plaque-forming cells. Frequency analyses at limiting dilutions of reactive B-blasts show that one cell in approximately equal to 1.2--1.5 blasts continue to grow and mature in the presence of the homologous mitogen, either LPS or LP. When the B-cell blasts obtained in a first activation period with either LPS or LP are restimulated with a heterologous mitogen, LPS, LP, Nocardia mitogen or mitogens contained in fetal calf serum a high proportion of the blasts continue to grow and mature to IgM-secreting cells. Frequency analyses show for LPS- or LP-blasts, restimulated in a heterologous fashion with either LP or LPS, that one cell in 1.35--1.5 blasts continue to divide and to mature to IgM-secreting cells. C3H/HeJ-splenic B-cells, which are LPS nonresponders, can only be activated to blast cells by LP. These LP-activated blasts can be restimulated by the homologous LP and by Nocardia mitogen and mitogens of fetal calf serum, but not by LPS. The results indicate that the majority of splenic B cells of 2- to 3-mo-old C57BL/6J or C3H/Tif mice are reactive to more than one B-cell mitogen. B cells, therefore, can possess in their surface membrane multireactive mitogen-receptor complexes which regulate growth and maturation.", "PMID": 311808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3178", "title": "HLA-linked genetic control of the specicity of human cytotoxic T-cell responses to influenza virus.", "content": "We have investigated elements of the genetic control of human in vitro cytotoxic T-cell responses to influenza virus-infected autologous cells by studies of a large family. The pattern of virus-immune cytotoxicity among siblings demonstrated T-cell recognition of influenza virus predominantly (greater than 90%) in association with determinants which are coded by genes linked to HLA (P less than 0.0002). Many family members consistently generated cytotoxic activity against influenza predominantly in association with antigens coded by genes of only one of their HLA haplotypes. Such haplotype preferences were consistent among HLA-identical siblings, indicating that the specificity of the T-cell response to influenza virus in association with HLA-A and -B antigens is controlled by genes linked to HLA.", "contents": "HLA-linked genetic control of the specicity of human cytotoxic T-cell responses to influenza virus. We have investigated elements of the genetic control of human in vitro cytotoxic T-cell responses to influenza virus-infected autologous cells by studies of a large family. The pattern of virus-immune cytotoxicity among siblings demonstrated T-cell recognition of influenza virus predominantly (greater than 90%) in association with determinants which are coded by genes linked to HLA (P less than 0.0002). Many family members consistently generated cytotoxic activity against influenza predominantly in association with antigens coded by genes of only one of their HLA haplotypes. Such haplotype preferences were consistent among HLA-identical siblings, indicating that the specificity of the T-cell response to influenza virus in association with HLA-A and -B antigens is controlled by genes linked to HLA.", "PMID": 311809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3179", "title": "Identification and unusual tissue distribution of the canine and human homologues of Thy-1 (theta).", "content": "The tissue distribution of the canine and human homologues of Thy-1 were studied using quantitative absorption analyses of liver absorbed anti-brain xenosera assayed on thymus cells. Cross-reactivity studies with pure rat Thy-1 established that the assays were detecting the homologues of rat Thy-1. The results showed that the tissue distribution of Thy-1 varies remarkably between species. Canine Thy-1 was found in large amounts only on adult brain. It was present in much smaller amounts on thymus (8% compared with brain), and was also found on lymph node, spleen and bone marrow (3, 1 and 0.5%, respectively, compared with brain). Surprisingly, it was found on kidney in amounts equal to that on thymus. Studies with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter established that canine Thy-1 was present on all thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes. Neonatal thymus and kidney had adult levels of Thy-1, but only small amounts of Thy-1 were present on neonatal brain. In man, brain was again the only tissue to contain large amounts of Thy-1. Surprisingly, it was absent from human thymus, and present on human kidney in amounts roughly equivalent to that seen in the dog. It was absent from spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, liver, heart, erythrocytes, platelets, and serum. Cross-reactivity studies showed that dog and human Thy-1 showed extensive serological cross-reaction, and that the dog-rat and human-rat cross-reactive components were identical.", "contents": "Identification and unusual tissue distribution of the canine and human homologues of Thy-1 (theta). The tissue distribution of the canine and human homologues of Thy-1 were studied using quantitative absorption analyses of liver absorbed anti-brain xenosera assayed on thymus cells. Cross-reactivity studies with pure rat Thy-1 established that the assays were detecting the homologues of rat Thy-1. The results showed that the tissue distribution of Thy-1 varies remarkably between species. Canine Thy-1 was found in large amounts only on adult brain. It was present in much smaller amounts on thymus (8% compared with brain), and was also found on lymph node, spleen and bone marrow (3, 1 and 0.5%, respectively, compared with brain). Surprisingly, it was found on kidney in amounts equal to that on thymus. Studies with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter established that canine Thy-1 was present on all thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes. Neonatal thymus and kidney had adult levels of Thy-1, but only small amounts of Thy-1 were present on neonatal brain. In man, brain was again the only tissue to contain large amounts of Thy-1. Surprisingly, it was absent from human thymus, and present on human kidney in amounts roughly equivalent to that seen in the dog. It was absent from spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, liver, heart, erythrocytes, platelets, and serum. Cross-reactivity studies showed that dog and human Thy-1 showed extensive serological cross-reaction, and that the dog-rat and human-rat cross-reactive components were identical.", "PMID": 311810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3180", "title": "T-cell regulation of murine IgA synthesis.", "content": "In studies reported here, the polyclonal activator lipopolysaccharide was used to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of IgM, IgA, and IgG in cultures of mouse lymphoid cells. The total immunoglobulin of each class which resulted was measured by specific double-antibody radioimmunoassays. The effect of Con A-activated T cells from various tissues on such immunoglobulin synthesis was then assessed. Variations in regulatory T-cell activity among the various lymphoid tissues for IgA but not for IgM or IgG was observed. In particular, Peyer's patches T cells were found to contain a high level of IgA T-cell helper activity compared to that of spleen or peripheral lymph node. The independent variation of T-cell regulatory activity for IgA as compared to that for IgM and IgG among the different tissues is most consistent with there being a separate subset of T cells specifically regulating IgA. The significance of these findings for the understanding of the secretory immune system is discussed.", "contents": "T-cell regulation of murine IgA synthesis. In studies reported here, the polyclonal activator lipopolysaccharide was used to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of IgM, IgA, and IgG in cultures of mouse lymphoid cells. The total immunoglobulin of each class which resulted was measured by specific double-antibody radioimmunoassays. The effect of Con A-activated T cells from various tissues on such immunoglobulin synthesis was then assessed. Variations in regulatory T-cell activity among the various lymphoid tissues for IgA but not for IgM or IgG was observed. In particular, Peyer's patches T cells were found to contain a high level of IgA T-cell helper activity compared to that of spleen or peripheral lymph node. The independent variation of T-cell regulatory activity for IgA as compared to that for IgM and IgG among the different tissues is most consistent with there being a separate subset of T cells specifically regulating IgA. The significance of these findings for the understanding of the secretory immune system is discussed.", "PMID": 311811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3181", "title": "Nonspecific activation of murine lymphocytes. VI. Mediation of synergistic interaction between T and B lymphocytes by a cell-associated, reciprocally acting lymphocyte proliferation helper.", "content": "The mechanism by which B and T lymphocytes interact synergistically in the proliferative response to 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) as a mitogen was investigated in cultures of C3H/St spleen cells. The interaction between these cells required physical contact between the collaborating cell types, and was not mediated by the release of a soluble factor into the culture supernate. Sonicates of spleen cells which had been activated with optimal concentrations of 2-ME for 24 h and then washed extensively, stimulated the uptake of tritiated thymidine and morphological blast transformation of fresh, unstimulated cells. This activity was found to reside within the soluble fraction of the activated cells, and to activate cells optimally at a ratio of 1 naive cell: 1 activated cell-equivalent. This reciprocally-acting lymphocyte proliferation helper (RALPH) activity was produced by B cells as well as by T cells, with a kinetic peak at 48 h of culture. RALPH activity was produced by viable but not by nonviable cells incubated with 2-ME, and was nondialyzable. It could not be induced by the B-cell mitogens lipopolysaccharide, polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid, or purified protein derivative of tuberculin, or by the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A. RALPH isolated from T cells activated B cells exclusively, while that from B cells acted predominantly upon T cells, possibly with a nonspecific effect on B cells. A model for the cellular interactions involved in the amplification of the proliferative response to 2-ME is described.", "contents": "Nonspecific activation of murine lymphocytes. VI. Mediation of synergistic interaction between T and B lymphocytes by a cell-associated, reciprocally acting lymphocyte proliferation helper. The mechanism by which B and T lymphocytes interact synergistically in the proliferative response to 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) as a mitogen was investigated in cultures of C3H/St spleen cells. The interaction between these cells required physical contact between the collaborating cell types, and was not mediated by the release of a soluble factor into the culture supernate. Sonicates of spleen cells which had been activated with optimal concentrations of 2-ME for 24 h and then washed extensively, stimulated the uptake of tritiated thymidine and morphological blast transformation of fresh, unstimulated cells. This activity was found to reside within the soluble fraction of the activated cells, and to activate cells optimally at a ratio of 1 naive cell: 1 activated cell-equivalent. This reciprocally-acting lymphocyte proliferation helper (RALPH) activity was produced by B cells as well as by T cells, with a kinetic peak at 48 h of culture. RALPH activity was produced by viable but not by nonviable cells incubated with 2-ME, and was nondialyzable. It could not be induced by the B-cell mitogens lipopolysaccharide, polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid, or purified protein derivative of tuberculin, or by the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A. RALPH isolated from T cells activated B cells exclusively, while that from B cells acted predominantly upon T cells, possibly with a nonspecific effect on B cells. A model for the cellular interactions involved in the amplification of the proliferative response to 2-ME is described.", "PMID": 311812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3182", "title": "Nature of T-cell macrophage interaction in helper-cell induction in vitro. II. Two stages of T-helper-cell differentiation analyzed in irradiation and allophenic chimeras.", "content": "The genetic restriction in the T-cell-macrophage-like cell interaction in helper cell induction was investigated with allophenic and irradiation chimeras of various types. Using T cells from P leads to F1 chimeras, there was a restriction of cooperation with the parental haplotype accessory cells, unless the chimeric mice were repopulated with macrophages of the opposite haplotype before priming. T cells from primed or unprimed F1 leads to P chimeras only cooperated with recipient type accessory cells. These observations led to the hypothesis that there are two stages in the genesis of immunocompetence of T helper cells, one dependent on the thymus, and the other on peripheral macrophage-like cells. Purified T cells from P1 + P2 leads to F1 irradiation chimeras behaved in an unexpected manner in the unprimed state, preferring to cooperate with their own haplotype macrophages. This self preference was lost after antigen priming in vivo and was not noted in allophenic chimeras. This loss of self preference was restricted to the haplotypes represented in the chimeras, and did not extend to third party haplotypes. While these in vitro induced helper cells from chimeric mice show clear genetic restrictions at the T-cell macrophage-like cell interaction, there was no evidence for a matching T-B genetic restriction.", "contents": "Nature of T-cell macrophage interaction in helper-cell induction in vitro. II. Two stages of T-helper-cell differentiation analyzed in irradiation and allophenic chimeras. The genetic restriction in the T-cell-macrophage-like cell interaction in helper cell induction was investigated with allophenic and irradiation chimeras of various types. Using T cells from P leads to F1 chimeras, there was a restriction of cooperation with the parental haplotype accessory cells, unless the chimeric mice were repopulated with macrophages of the opposite haplotype before priming. T cells from primed or unprimed F1 leads to P chimeras only cooperated with recipient type accessory cells. These observations led to the hypothesis that there are two stages in the genesis of immunocompetence of T helper cells, one dependent on the thymus, and the other on peripheral macrophage-like cells. Purified T cells from P1 + P2 leads to F1 irradiation chimeras behaved in an unexpected manner in the unprimed state, preferring to cooperate with their own haplotype macrophages. This self preference was lost after antigen priming in vivo and was not noted in allophenic chimeras. This loss of self preference was restricted to the haplotypes represented in the chimeras, and did not extend to third party haplotypes. While these in vitro induced helper cells from chimeric mice show clear genetic restrictions at the T-cell macrophage-like cell interaction, there was no evidence for a matching T-B genetic restriction.", "PMID": 311813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3183", "title": "Endotoxin protein is a mitogen and polyclonal activator of human B lymphocytes.", "content": "Endotoxin protein (EP) has been shown to be a mitogen and polyclonal activator of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. EP stimulates proliferation of B lymphoyctes in the absence of T cells, and this activation is nonspecific by a number of parameters. Additionally, EP mitogenesis, but not polyclonal activation, is inhibited in the presence of human serum, suggesting that these events are dissociable. In these studies, EP appears to be equivalent to or better than pokeweed mitogen in stimulating nonspecific antibody production in vitro.", "contents": "Endotoxin protein is a mitogen and polyclonal activator of human B lymphocytes. Endotoxin protein (EP) has been shown to be a mitogen and polyclonal activator of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. EP stimulates proliferation of B lymphoyctes in the absence of T cells, and this activation is nonspecific by a number of parameters. Additionally, EP mitogenesis, but not polyclonal activation, is inhibited in the presence of human serum, suggesting that these events are dissociable. In these studies, EP appears to be equivalent to or better than pokeweed mitogen in stimulating nonspecific antibody production in vitro.", "PMID": 311814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3184", "title": "The tumor dormant state. Quantitation of L5178Y cells and host immune responses during the establishment and course of dormancy in syngeneic DBA/2 mice.", "content": "Subcutaneous implantation of DBA/2-derived L5178Y cells into DBA/2 mice followed 10 d later by nodule excision protected 100% of mice from the rapid outgrowth of an intraperitoneal challenge of L5178Y cells given 7 d postexcision. Challenged mice remained clinically normal for 48--250 d before onset of an ultimately fatal tumor outgrowth. The numbers of L5178Y cells in the peritoneal cavity increased logarithmically for  4 d after challenge and then declined to low but detectable levels which persisted throughout the clinically normal period. Cells active in 18-h in vitro cytolytic assays against 51Cr-labeled L5178Y target cells were found in the peritoneal cavity. The effector cells were determined to be Thy1.2 positive. Their activity was tumor specific and reached peak levels 4 d after tumor challenge and then gradually  declined to undectable levels during the following 70 d. Tumor emergence occurred most frequently during the period when CMC activity was no longer demonstrable in the remaining clinically normal mice. A transient peak of low level cytophilic antitumor antibody was detected about 30 d after tumor cell challenge. The temporal associations between the numbers of tumor cells and the levels of cell-mediated lysis against L5178Y cells indicate the importance of the cell-mediated cytolysis response in limiting initial tumor outgrowth and suggest its role as one of the factors responsible for long-term tumor suppression during tumor dormancy.", "contents": "The tumor dormant state. Quantitation of L5178Y cells and host immune responses during the establishment and course of dormancy in syngeneic DBA/2 mice. Subcutaneous implantation of DBA/2-derived L5178Y cells into DBA/2 mice followed 10 d later by nodule excision protected 100% of mice from the rapid outgrowth of an intraperitoneal challenge of L5178Y cells given 7 d postexcision. Challenged mice remained clinically normal for 48--250 d before onset of an ultimately fatal tumor outgrowth. The numbers of L5178Y cells in the peritoneal cavity increased logarithmically for  4 d after challenge and then declined to low but detectable levels which persisted throughout the clinically normal period. Cells active in 18-h in vitro cytolytic assays against 51Cr-labeled L5178Y target cells were found in the peritoneal cavity. The effector cells were determined to be Thy1.2 positive. Their activity was tumor specific and reached peak levels 4 d after tumor challenge and then gradually  declined to undectable levels during the following 70 d. Tumor emergence occurred most frequently during the period when CMC activity was no longer demonstrable in the remaining clinically normal mice. A transient peak of low level cytophilic antitumor antibody was detected about 30 d after tumor cell challenge. The temporal associations between the numbers of tumor cells and the levels of cell-mediated lysis against L5178Y cells indicate the importance of the cell-mediated cytolysis response in limiting initial tumor outgrowth and suggest its role as one of the factors responsible for long-term tumor suppression during tumor dormancy.", "PMID": 311815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3185", "title": "Continuously proliferating allospecific T cells. I. Specificity of cooperation with allogeneic B cells in the humoral antibody response to sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Allospecific mouse T cells, positively selected in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture were maintained for 3 yr in tissue culture by sequential restimulation. Such proliferating T cells were tested for their ability to induce a positive allogeneic effect: activating B cells in an in vitro primary humoral response to sheep erythrocytes. It was found that such T lymphocytes could function as helper cells. Helper activity was shown to be specific in that the B cells activated had to share major histocompatibility complex (H-2) antigens with the strain used for selection of the cell line. Intra H-2 mapping showed that antigens coded in the IAk subregion played an important role in the induction of the positive allogeneic effect. Supernatant factors could substitute for the allogeneic T cells in activation of the in vitro humoral response. However, such supernates exhibited no strain specificity. Therefore, the specificity seen in the positive allogeneic effect is presumably a consequence of the alloantigenic recognition receptors intrinsic to the T cells, and not to any biologically restricting properties of the allogeneic effect factor itself.", "contents": "Continuously proliferating allospecific T cells. I. Specificity of cooperation with allogeneic B cells in the humoral antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. Allospecific mouse T cells, positively selected in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture were maintained for 3 yr in tissue culture by sequential restimulation. Such proliferating T cells were tested for their ability to induce a positive allogeneic effect: activating B cells in an in vitro primary humoral response to sheep erythrocytes. It was found that such T lymphocytes could function as helper cells. Helper activity was shown to be specific in that the B cells activated had to share major histocompatibility complex (H-2) antigens with the strain used for selection of the cell line. Intra H-2 mapping showed that antigens coded in the IAk subregion played an important role in the induction of the positive allogeneic effect. Supernatant factors could substitute for the allogeneic T cells in activation of the in vitro humoral response. However, such supernates exhibited no strain specificity. Therefore, the specificity seen in the positive allogeneic effect is presumably a consequence of the alloantigenic recognition receptors intrinsic to the T cells, and not to any biologically restricting properties of the allogeneic effect factor itself.", "PMID": 311816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3186", "title": "Specificity of cytotoxicity T cells directed to influenza virus hemagglutinin.", "content": "Purified type A influenza viral hemagglutinin stimulates an in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxic cell response that exhibits a high degree of specificity for the immunizing hemagglutinin. The response magnitude is proportional to the hemagglutinin dose used for stimulation. The lytic activity of the effector cells is H-2 restricted. Analysis of the specificity of the response indicated that these cytotoxic T cells readily distinguish target cells expressing serologically unrelated hemagglutinin from target cells bearing hemagglutinins serologically related to the stimulating hemagglutinin. Further analysis of the fine specificity of cytotoxic T-cell recognition with serologically cross-reactive type A influenza hemagglutinins revealed a hierarchy of cross-reactivity among these hemagglutinins that was the converse of the serologic hierarchy. These results are discussed in terms of possible differences and similarities in the specificity repertoire of cytotoxic T cells and antibodies. Possible implications of these findings from the standpoint of cytotoxic T-cell induction are also discussed.", "contents": "Specificity of cytotoxicity T cells directed to influenza virus hemagglutinin. Purified type A influenza viral hemagglutinin stimulates an in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxic cell response that exhibits a high degree of specificity for the immunizing hemagglutinin. The response magnitude is proportional to the hemagglutinin dose used for stimulation. The lytic activity of the effector cells is H-2 restricted. Analysis of the specificity of the response indicated that these cytotoxic T cells readily distinguish target cells expressing serologically unrelated hemagglutinin from target cells bearing hemagglutinins serologically related to the stimulating hemagglutinin. Further analysis of the fine specificity of cytotoxic T-cell recognition with serologically cross-reactive type A influenza hemagglutinins revealed a hierarchy of cross-reactivity among these hemagglutinins that was the converse of the serologic hierarchy. These results are discussed in terms of possible differences and similarities in the specificity repertoire of cytotoxic T cells and antibodies. Possible implications of these findings from the standpoint of cytotoxic T-cell induction are also discussed.", "PMID": 311817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3187", "title": "A dichotomy between the expression of IgD on B cells and its requirement for triggering such cells with two T-independent antigens.", "content": "The majority of adult B lymphocytes in the mouse bear two immunoglobulin isotypes, IgM and IgD (mu(+)delta(+) cells) (1). A small population of IgM-bearing cells lacks, or expresses very low levels of IgD (mu- predominant [mup] cells) (1). These cells are believed to constitute a less mature subset of B cells analogous to neonatal B cells (2). Based on the time during ontogeny when responses to T-independent (TI) and T-dependent (TD) antigens appear (3, 4) and the ability to block in vitro responses with anti- mu or anti-delta (5, 6, D. Mosier, personal communication), it has been suggested that the precursors of two TI-1 responses, trinitrophenyl (TNP)- Brucella (TNP-BA) and TNP-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) are mup cells (5, 6), whereas the precursor for a TD response, TNP-sheep erythrocytes (TNP-SRBC), bears both IgM and IgD (6). However, the possibility cannot be excluded that IgD is present on some or all of the TI precursors, but that it is not obligatory for triggering. In the present experiments we have examined the phenotypes of TI and TD precursors by treating cells with C' and either anti-mu or anti-delta before stimulation with antigen. Our results suggest that the majority of B cells that respond to TNP-BA, TNP-LPS, and TNP-SRBC bear IgD, even though in the case of the two TI antigens, IgD is not required for triggering.", "contents": "A dichotomy between the expression of IgD on B cells and its requirement for triggering such cells with two T-independent antigens. The majority of adult B lymphocytes in the mouse bear two immunoglobulin isotypes, IgM and IgD (mu(+)delta(+) cells) (1). A small population of IgM-bearing cells lacks, or expresses very low levels of IgD (mu- predominant [mup] cells) (1). These cells are believed to constitute a less mature subset of B cells analogous to neonatal B cells (2). Based on the time during ontogeny when responses to T-independent (TI) and T-dependent (TD) antigens appear (3, 4) and the ability to block in vitro responses with anti- mu or anti-delta (5, 6, D. Mosier, personal communication), it has been suggested that the precursors of two TI-1 responses, trinitrophenyl (TNP)- Brucella (TNP-BA) and TNP-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) are mup cells (5, 6), whereas the precursor for a TD response, TNP-sheep erythrocytes (TNP-SRBC), bears both IgM and IgD (6). However, the possibility cannot be excluded that IgD is present on some or all of the TI precursors, but that it is not obligatory for triggering. In the present experiments we have examined the phenotypes of TI and TD precursors by treating cells with C' and either anti-mu or anti-delta before stimulation with antigen. Our results suggest that the majority of B cells that respond to TNP-BA, TNP-LPS, and TNP-SRBC bear IgD, even though in the case of the two TI antigens, IgD is not required for triggering.", "PMID": 311818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3188", "title": "Immunoglobulin subclass-specific immunodeficiency in mice with an X-linked B-lymphocyte defect.", "content": "CBA/N mice express an X-linked deficiency in their antibody response to many bacterial carbohydrates; we have shown recently that these antigens normally elicit antibody responses predominantly of the IgM and IgG3 isotypes. Here we demonstrate that mice, with the CBA/N phenotype have perferential deficiencies of IgM and IgG3 immunoglobulin expression, both when measured in serum and in cells secreting these isotypes, and that this deficiency is only partially corrected by polyclonal activation of B cells. This suggests that CBA/N mice may lack a subpopulation of B cells that contain most of the IgG3 precursors.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin subclass-specific immunodeficiency in mice with an X-linked B-lymphocyte defect. CBA/N mice express an X-linked deficiency in their antibody response to many bacterial carbohydrates; we have shown recently that these antigens normally elicit antibody responses predominantly of the IgM and IgG3 isotypes. Here we demonstrate that mice, with the CBA/N phenotype have perferential deficiencies of IgM and IgG3 immunoglobulin expression, both when measured in serum and in cells secreting these isotypes, and that this deficiency is only partially corrected by polyclonal activation of B cells. This suggests that CBA/N mice may lack a subpopulation of B cells that contain most of the IgG3 precursors.", "PMID": 311819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3189", "title": "The role of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in primary care.", "content": "Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy has become a very useful procedure in detecting pathology and aiding the physician in the evaluation of a patient's problem. A review of one year's sample of 176 examinations performed by a family physician in a small rural hospital shows that there was an 83 percent correlation between pathologic diagnoses of directed biopsies and endoscopic diagnoses. However, there was only a 40 percent correlation between routine radiologic findings and endoscopic findings. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy has also proven to be a safe procedure that can be used to detect cancer more accurately, locate bleeding sites, and remove foreign bodies. This service can easily be made available to most patients by interested physicians.", "contents": "The role of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in primary care. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy has become a very useful procedure in detecting pathology and aiding the physician in the evaluation of a patient's problem. A review of one year's sample of 176 examinations performed by a family physician in a small rural hospital shows that there was an 83 percent correlation between pathologic diagnoses of directed biopsies and endoscopic diagnoses. However, there was only a 40 percent correlation between routine radiologic findings and endoscopic findings. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy has also proven to be a safe procedure that can be used to detect cancer more accurately, locate bleeding sites, and remove foreign bodies. This service can easily be made available to most patients by interested physicians.", "PMID": 311820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3190", "title": "Infectious lymphocytes in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus carrier mice.", "content": "The infectivity of blood and lymphoid organs of mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was found to be predominantly associated with lymphocytes and both T and B cells were infectious. A hypothesis is presented in which it is assumed that lymphocytes in carrier mice are infected via their LCM virus-specific antigen receptors, thereby leading to their antigen-triggered clonal expansion followed by infection and functional inactivation.", "contents": "Infectious lymphocytes in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus carrier mice. The infectivity of blood and lymphoid organs of mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was found to be predominantly associated with lymphocytes and both T and B cells were infectious. A hypothesis is presented in which it is assumed that lymphocytes in carrier mice are infected via their LCM virus-specific antigen receptors, thereby leading to their antigen-triggered clonal expansion followed by infection and functional inactivation.", "PMID": 311821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3191", "title": "The responses of nude-athymic mice to nominally avirulent togavirus infections.", "content": "Following intraperitoneal infection by an avirulent strain of Semliki Forest virus, athymic nude mice showed almost normal clearance of viraemia and a transitory peak of antibody activity at 5 to 9 days which fell to less than about 0.1% of the normal antibody activity from the 14th day. When nude mice received a transfer of normal spleen cells from sex-matched litter mates at 1 day before infection, a pattern of high and continous antibody synthesis was established for at least the following 7 weeks. This clear T-cell dependence of the regulation of serum antibody synthesis was unrelated to the development of regulatory (pre-challenge) or protective (post-challenge) immunity since, particularly for female nude mice, up to 60% were benignly and protectively infected in the absence of detectable antibody activity. The brains of such nude mice showed persistence of infectivity for at least 7 weeks at 10 to 10(4) p.f.u./brain after avirulent infection and at about 10(3) to 10(4) p.f.u./brain after virulent challenge. The prior transfer of normal spleen cells to nude mice enabled them to clear brain infectivity as efficiently as normal mice. These results are discussed in terms of the evident interplay of both T-lymphocyte dependent and T-lymphocyte independent functions in the control of brain infectivity, in the expression of virulence and in the stimulation of regulatory and protective immunity.", "contents": "The responses of nude-athymic mice to nominally avirulent togavirus infections. Following intraperitoneal infection by an avirulent strain of Semliki Forest virus, athymic nude mice showed almost normal clearance of viraemia and a transitory peak of antibody activity at 5 to 9 days which fell to less than about 0.1% of the normal antibody activity from the 14th day. When nude mice received a transfer of normal spleen cells from sex-matched litter mates at 1 day before infection, a pattern of high and continous antibody synthesis was established for at least the following 7 weeks. This clear T-cell dependence of the regulation of serum antibody synthesis was unrelated to the development of regulatory (pre-challenge) or protective (post-challenge) immunity since, particularly for female nude mice, up to 60% were benignly and protectively infected in the absence of detectable antibody activity. The brains of such nude mice showed persistence of infectivity for at least 7 weeks at 10 to 10(4) p.f.u./brain after avirulent infection and at about 10(3) to 10(4) p.f.u./brain after virulent challenge. The prior transfer of normal spleen cells to nude mice enabled them to clear brain infectivity as efficiently as normal mice. These results are discussed in terms of the evident interplay of both T-lymphocyte dependent and T-lymphocyte independent functions in the control of brain infectivity, in the expression of virulence and in the stimulation of regulatory and protective immunity.", "PMID": 311822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3192", "title": "Encephalopathy and fatty metamorphosis of the liver associated with cold-agglutinin autoimmune hemolytic anemia.", "content": "Three patients with encephalopathy clinically indistinguishable from Reye syndrome but associated with elevated cold-agglutinin titers and antiglobulin-I autoimmune hemolytic anemia are reported. The patients were treated with exchange transfusions, dexamethasone, controlled hyperventilation, and intracranial pressure monitoring. Liver biopsy specimens in two of the three patients showed fatty infiltration of the hepatocytes, but the light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of the liver was not typical for Reye syndrome. These patients are reported to alert physicians to a metabolic encephalopathy in children which mimics Reye syndrome, but is distinctly different in clinical course and complicated by cold agglutinins and an autoimmune hemolytic anemia.", "contents": "Encephalopathy and fatty metamorphosis of the liver associated with cold-agglutinin autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Three patients with encephalopathy clinically indistinguishable from Reye syndrome but associated with elevated cold-agglutinin titers and antiglobulin-I autoimmune hemolytic anemia are reported. The patients were treated with exchange transfusions, dexamethasone, controlled hyperventilation, and intracranial pressure monitoring. Liver biopsy specimens in two of the three patients showed fatty infiltration of the hepatocytes, but the light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of the liver was not typical for Reye syndrome. These patients are reported to alert physicians to a metabolic encephalopathy in children which mimics Reye syndrome, but is distinctly different in clinical course and complicated by cold agglutinins and an autoimmune hemolytic anemia.", "PMID": 311825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3193", "title": "Dark-adaptation in frog rods: changes in the stimulus-response function.", "content": "1. Aspartate-isolated photoresponses of the frog's rods to weak and strong flashes have been recorded during dark-adaptation after bleaching a fraction of rhodopsin (generally 4--30%). Stimulus--response functions were measured before the bleach and in the steady state after dark-adaptation. 2. The movements of the operating curve, i.e. the stimulus--response function plotted in a log-log diagram, are interpreted in terms of a model of outer segment adaptation, where the adaptation processes are associated with the transmitter release (Q-adaptation), the number of active sodium channels and leakage channels in the plasma membrane of the outer segment (M-adaptation), and the transmitter background (c1-adaptation). 3. A small bleach in a fully dark-adapted, non-bleached retina brings about a displacement of the operating curve predominantly to the right. The shift back to the left is approximately exponential, typical time constants being 6--12 min. 4. A strong exposure (bleaching 15--30% of rhodopsin) in a previously partially bleached retina brings about a nearly vertical displacement of the operating curve: after the bleach the maximum photoresponse is strongly reduced, and during intermediate adaptation the operating curve returns mainly upwards. 5. Cumulatively increasing permanent displacements of the operating curve are observed in the steady states after successive dark-adaptation transients. The permanent displacements are predominantly to the right and they increase with increasing temperature. 6. The experimental results, as interpreted according to the model, indicate that the Q-adaptation process is dominant in physiological conditions (small or moderate bleaches), whereas the M-adaptation becomes important only after rather large bleaches and especially after several successive bleaches in an isolated retina.", "contents": "Dark-adaptation in frog rods: changes in the stimulus-response function. 1. Aspartate-isolated photoresponses of the frog's rods to weak and strong flashes have been recorded during dark-adaptation after bleaching a fraction of rhodopsin (generally 4--30%). Stimulus--response functions were measured before the bleach and in the steady state after dark-adaptation. 2. The movements of the operating curve, i.e. the stimulus--response function plotted in a log-log diagram, are interpreted in terms of a model of outer segment adaptation, where the adaptation processes are associated with the transmitter release (Q-adaptation), the number of active sodium channels and leakage channels in the plasma membrane of the outer segment (M-adaptation), and the transmitter background (c1-adaptation). 3. A small bleach in a fully dark-adapted, non-bleached retina brings about a displacement of the operating curve predominantly to the right. The shift back to the left is approximately exponential, typical time constants being 6--12 min. 4. A strong exposure (bleaching 15--30% of rhodopsin) in a previously partially bleached retina brings about a nearly vertical displacement of the operating curve: after the bleach the maximum photoresponse is strongly reduced, and during intermediate adaptation the operating curve returns mainly upwards. 5. Cumulatively increasing permanent displacements of the operating curve are observed in the steady states after successive dark-adaptation transients. The permanent displacements are predominantly to the right and they increase with increasing temperature. 6. The experimental results, as interpreted according to the model, indicate that the Q-adaptation process is dominant in physiological conditions (small or moderate bleaches), whereas the M-adaptation becomes important only after rather large bleaches and especially after several successive bleaches in an isolated retina.", "PMID": 311826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3194", "title": "Vestibulo-ocular function during co-ordinated head and eye movements to acquire visual targets.", "content": "1. Experiments have been conducted on human subjects in an attempt to establish the role of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the co-ordination of head and eye movements during visual target acquisition. 2. When the subject moved head and eyes to acquire visual targets in the horizontal plane, the eye movement consisted of an initial saccade in the direction of head movement followed by a slower return towards orbital centre which compensated for remaining head movement. 3. When the head was moved either voluntarily or passively in the dark the pattern of eye movement was very similar to that seen during target acquisition. 4. The mean latency between the start of head acceleration and the onset of the saccadic eye movement was greater in the dark (108 msec, S.D. 85 msec) than for the visually induced responses (14 msec, S.D. 59 msec), in which eye movement often preceded head movement when moving to small ( less than 45 degrees) target offset angles. 5. In all experimental conditions gaze displacement at the end of the initial saccade was normally related in a predictive manner to final head position, but when fixating visual targets offset by more than 60 degrees from the central position there were often large errors, 22% of responses undershooting the target by more than 15 degrees. 6. A highly significant (P less than 0.001) linear relationship was found between gaze displacement and head velocity under all experimental conditions. During target acquisition head velocity was normally positively correlated with amplitude of target offset. The large errors in gaze displacement in response to the larger target offsets occurred at levels of head velocity lower than normally associated with such target offsets. 7. The results have led to the suggestion of a dual mode of control for head-eye co-ordination. In one mode, normally associated with small target offsets (less than 45 degrees), control is mediated by retinal error information. In the other mode, associated with larger target offsets, gaze displacement is generated as an automatic response to head turning. 8. The observation of similar relationships between head and eye movement during passive head turning implicates the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the secondary mode of control, and provides support for the hypothesis that the role of the vestibular saccade is to induce a rapid offset of the eyes in the direction of head movement, thus facilitating rapid search and target location.", "contents": "Vestibulo-ocular function during co-ordinated head and eye movements to acquire visual targets. 1. Experiments have been conducted on human subjects in an attempt to establish the role of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the co-ordination of head and eye movements during visual target acquisition. 2. When the subject moved head and eyes to acquire visual targets in the horizontal plane, the eye movement consisted of an initial saccade in the direction of head movement followed by a slower return towards orbital centre which compensated for remaining head movement. 3. When the head was moved either voluntarily or passively in the dark the pattern of eye movement was very similar to that seen during target acquisition. 4. The mean latency between the start of head acceleration and the onset of the saccadic eye movement was greater in the dark (108 msec, S.D. 85 msec) than for the visually induced responses (14 msec, S.D. 59 msec), in which eye movement often preceded head movement when moving to small ( less than 45 degrees) target offset angles. 5. In all experimental conditions gaze displacement at the end of the initial saccade was normally related in a predictive manner to final head position, but when fixating visual targets offset by more than 60 degrees from the central position there were often large errors, 22% of responses undershooting the target by more than 15 degrees. 6. A highly significant (P less than 0.001) linear relationship was found between gaze displacement and head velocity under all experimental conditions. During target acquisition head velocity was normally positively correlated with amplitude of target offset. The large errors in gaze displacement in response to the larger target offsets occurred at levels of head velocity lower than normally associated with such target offsets. 7. The results have led to the suggestion of a dual mode of control for head-eye co-ordination. In one mode, normally associated with small target offsets (less than 45 degrees), control is mediated by retinal error information. In the other mode, associated with larger target offsets, gaze displacement is generated as an automatic response to head turning. 8. The observation of similar relationships between head and eye movement during passive head turning implicates the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the secondary mode of control, and provides support for the hypothesis that the role of the vestibular saccade is to induce a rapid offset of the eyes in the direction of head movement, thus facilitating rapid search and target location.", "PMID": 311828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3195", "title": "Dark-adaptation of the aspartate-isolated rod receptor potential of the frog retina: threshold measurements.", "content": "1. The dark-adaptation of the aspartate-isolated rod receptor potential of the isolated and perfused frog retina has been measured after bleaching about 5-10% of the rhodopsin. The fraction bleached (DeltaR) and the decay of rhodopsin photoproducts were determined using alternating measurements with a photometric technique (Donner & Hemil\u00e4, 1975).2. The dark-adaptation time course of the log threshold elevation is exponential, log I(t)/I(0) = W exp (-t/tau)+P, where W is the extrapolated value for log I(t)/I(0)-P at t = 0 and P is log I(t)/I(0) for t = infinity. When DeltaR increases from 2 to 10% W increases from ca. 2.6 to ca. 5. The time constant tau is about 13 min at 9 degrees C and 7 min at 14 degrees C (DeltaR = 5-10%).3. When the bleaching period is extended, keeping the amount bleached (Ixt) constant, dark-adaptation is completed earlier.4. The time course of dark-adaptation and the decay of the photoproduct ;retinal' are similar, as is also their dependence on temperature (Q(10) approximately 3).5. The permanent log threshold rise P is approximately proportional to DeltaR after small bleaches; when more than about 10% is bleached the slope of the curve P(DeltaR) decreases. P is considerably larger (about 2.5-fold) for the same fraction bleached in experiments at 14 degrees C as compared to experiments at 9 degrees C.6. A comparison with previously obtained corresponding values for dark-adaptation after small bleaches at the ganglion cell level shows a close agreement between the time constants for the dark-adaptation curve, its range and the dependence of threshold on the fraction of rhodopsin bleached.", "contents": "Dark-adaptation of the aspartate-isolated rod receptor potential of the frog retina: threshold measurements. 1. The dark-adaptation of the aspartate-isolated rod receptor potential of the isolated and perfused frog retina has been measured after bleaching about 5-10% of the rhodopsin. The fraction bleached (DeltaR) and the decay of rhodopsin photoproducts were determined using alternating measurements with a photometric technique (Donner & Hemil\u00e4, 1975).2. The dark-adaptation time course of the log threshold elevation is exponential, log I(t)/I(0) = W exp (-t/tau)+P, where W is the extrapolated value for log I(t)/I(0)-P at t = 0 and P is log I(t)/I(0) for t = infinity. When DeltaR increases from 2 to 10% W increases from ca. 2.6 to ca. 5. The time constant tau is about 13 min at 9 degrees C and 7 min at 14 degrees C (DeltaR = 5-10%).3. When the bleaching period is extended, keeping the amount bleached (Ixt) constant, dark-adaptation is completed earlier.4. The time course of dark-adaptation and the decay of the photoproduct ;retinal' are similar, as is also their dependence on temperature (Q(10) approximately 3).5. The permanent log threshold rise P is approximately proportional to DeltaR after small bleaches; when more than about 10% is bleached the slope of the curve P(DeltaR) decreases. P is considerably larger (about 2.5-fold) for the same fraction bleached in experiments at 14 degrees C as compared to experiments at 9 degrees C.6. A comparison with previously obtained corresponding values for dark-adaptation after small bleaches at the ganglion cell level shows a close agreement between the time constants for the dark-adaptation curve, its range and the dependence of threshold on the fraction of rhodopsin bleached.", "PMID": 311829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3196", "title": "The occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus in two kindreds in association with selective IGA deficiency.", "content": "The families of two patients with SLE and IgA deficiency were examined. A study of the first patient's family revealed that IgA deficiency was determined by an incompletely penetrant autosomal dominant gene not linked to the HLA locus. Antinuclear antibodies, found in consanguineous and nonconsanguineous relatives were not related to the presence of IgA deficiency or any HLA haplotype. The second patient and his father with antinuclear, anti RBC, and antithyroid auto-antibodies shared an HLA haplotype not present in other sibs. IgA deficiency was not inherited in this family but may have influenced the expression of disease in the propositus or could have resulted from the disease itself.", "contents": "The occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus in two kindreds in association with selective IGA deficiency. The families of two patients with SLE and IgA deficiency were examined. A study of the first patient's family revealed that IgA deficiency was determined by an incompletely penetrant autosomal dominant gene not linked to the HLA locus. Antinuclear antibodies, found in consanguineous and nonconsanguineous relatives were not related to the presence of IgA deficiency or any HLA haplotype. The second patient and his father with antinuclear, anti RBC, and antithyroid auto-antibodies shared an HLA haplotype not present in other sibs. IgA deficiency was not inherited in this family but may have influenced the expression of disease in the propositus or could have resulted from the disease itself.", "PMID": 311830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3197", "title": "Anti-inflammatory activity of sesquiterpene lactones and related compounds.", "content": "Some sesquiterpene lactones and related compounds were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in rodents. In the edema-induced carrageenan inflammation screen, the alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety  of the sesquiterpene lactones was required for inhibitory activity. The 6-hydroxy group of helenalin also was required for potency. In the tenulin series, the 2,3-epoxy derivatives were marginally active. The same structure was required for inhibition of the writhing reflex. In the chronic adjuvant arthritic screen, compounds containing the alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety, the beta-unsubstituted cyclopentenone ring, and the alpha-epoxy cyclopentenone system afforded significant inhibition at 2.5 mg/kg/day. The sesquiterpene lactones were marginally effective against induced pleurisy. The delayed hypersensitivity was suppressed by these agents whereas immunoglobulin synthesis was slightly stimulated. No delerious side effects were observed with these agents from the limited tests performed.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory activity of sesquiterpene lactones and related compounds. Some sesquiterpene lactones and related compounds were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in rodents. In the edema-induced carrageenan inflammation screen, the alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety  of the sesquiterpene lactones was required for inhibitory activity. The 6-hydroxy group of helenalin also was required for potency. In the tenulin series, the 2,3-epoxy derivatives were marginally active. The same structure was required for inhibition of the writhing reflex. In the chronic adjuvant arthritic screen, compounds containing the alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety, the beta-unsubstituted cyclopentenone ring, and the alpha-epoxy cyclopentenone system afforded significant inhibition at 2.5 mg/kg/day. The sesquiterpene lactones were marginally effective against induced pleurisy. The delayed hypersensitivity was suppressed by these agents whereas immunoglobulin synthesis was slightly stimulated. No delerious side effects were observed with these agents from the limited tests performed.", "PMID": 311831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3198", "title": "The infant rat as a model for assessment of the attenuation of human influenza viruses.", "content": "The intranasal infection of infant rats with Haemophilus influenzae type b can be considerably enhanced by prior infection of the rats with influenza virus. When influenza virus A/England/939/69 was used to infect the animals a minimum of 10(4-0) EID50 was required to enhance H. influenzae infection; infection with 4 x 10(6) H. influenzae bacteria was needed to reveal this enhancement and infant rats two days old at the time of virus inoculation had to be used. By this method, nine strains of influenza virus were assessed for their ability to enhance H. influenzae infection, and the results were compared with their known virulence for man. The results showed a close correlation in this respect for all of the viruses, except strain A/PR/8/34. The replication of these viruses in infant-rat turbinates and lungs was also studied; virus concentrations in turbinate tissues 48 h after infection showed a close correlation with virulence for man. Thus, three influenza virus strains known to be virulent for man reached concentrations in infant-rat turbinates ranging from 10(4-8) to 10(5-7) EBID50/0-05 ml at 48 h; the concentrations of six viruses known to be attenuated or non-infectious for man grew less well in infant rat turbinates, and reached concentrations at 48 h of 10(1-0) to 10(3-5) EBID50/0-05 ml. The results are discussed in relation to the use of the infant-rat model for assessment of the attenuation of candidate live influenza virus vaccine strains.", "contents": "The infant rat as a model for assessment of the attenuation of human influenza viruses. The intranasal infection of infant rats with Haemophilus influenzae type b can be considerably enhanced by prior infection of the rats with influenza virus. When influenza virus A/England/939/69 was used to infect the animals a minimum of 10(4-0) EID50 was required to enhance H. influenzae infection; infection with 4 x 10(6) H. influenzae bacteria was needed to reveal this enhancement and infant rats two days old at the time of virus inoculation had to be used. By this method, nine strains of influenza virus were assessed for their ability to enhance H. influenzae infection, and the results were compared with their known virulence for man. The results showed a close correlation in this respect for all of the viruses, except strain A/PR/8/34. The replication of these viruses in infant-rat turbinates and lungs was also studied; virus concentrations in turbinate tissues 48 h after infection showed a close correlation with virulence for man. Thus, three influenza virus strains known to be virulent for man reached concentrations in infant-rat turbinates ranging from 10(4-8) to 10(5-7) EBID50/0-05 ml at 48 h; the concentrations of six viruses known to be attenuated or non-infectious for man grew less well in infant rat turbinates, and reached concentrations at 48 h of 10(1-0) to 10(3-5) EBID50/0-05 ml. The results are discussed in relation to the use of the infant-rat model for assessment of the attenuation of candidate live influenza virus vaccine strains.", "PMID": 311833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3199", "title": "[Teratological study of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl 5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101) in mice and rats (author's transl)].", "content": "M73101 was given orally to pregnant mice (0, 100, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day) and rats (0, 100, 300 and 600mg/kg/day) during the major organogenesis to assess the influences of prenatal and postnatal development of progeny. There were no apparent effects of M73101 on litter size, fetal mortality or sex ratio in both species, although slight decrease in body weight occurred in fetuses of mice and rats exposed to the largest dose. No external, internal or skeletal malformations attributable to M73101 were observed in mouse and rat fetuses. No apparent influences of M73101 on postnatal development of mouse or rat offspring were seen.", "contents": "[Teratological study of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl 5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101) in mice and rats (author's transl)]. M73101 was given orally to pregnant mice (0, 100, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day) and rats (0, 100, 300 and 600mg/kg/day) during the major organogenesis to assess the influences of prenatal and postnatal development of progeny. There were no apparent effects of M73101 on litter size, fetal mortality or sex ratio in both species, although slight decrease in body weight occurred in fetuses of mice and rats exposed to the largest dose. No external, internal or skeletal malformations attributable to M73101 were observed in mouse and rat fetuses. No apparent influences of M73101 on postnatal development of mouse or rat offspring were seen.", "PMID": 311855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3200", "title": "Antigenic modulation in vitro. III. Failure to modulate H-2 antigens on several mouse tumors.", "content": "The capacity of various malignant and normal mouse cells to acquire resistance to lysis by guinea pig complement during exposure to H-2 antisera in vitro at 37 degrees C (antigenic modulation) was examined. All tumors tested, including cell lines of the TL+ leukemias RADA1, ASL1, and RLmale1, the TL- leukemia EL 4, myelomas MOPC-70A and S194, and the sarcoma Meth A, failed to modulate when incubated with multispecific or monospecific H-2 antisera up to 24 hours, even though under comparable conditions thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens and surface IgG molecules modulated within several hours. Indirect sensitization of RADA1 leukemia cells with H-2 antisera followed by antiserum against mouse IgG also failed to induce H-2 antigen modulation. Normal peritoneal cells from certain mouse strains were partially modulated with H-2D-specific or H-2K-specific and monospecific antisera within several hours, but normal thymus and lymph node cells did not modulate. Modulation of peritoneal cells occurred without a complete loss of sensitizing H-2 antibody from the cell surface and required a cobra venom factor-sensitive activity that could be restored by human complement component C3. Modulation of TL antigens in vitro had previously been shown to have similar characteristics.", "contents": "Antigenic modulation in vitro. III. Failure to modulate H-2 antigens on several mouse tumors. The capacity of various malignant and normal mouse cells to acquire resistance to lysis by guinea pig complement during exposure to H-2 antisera in vitro at 37 degrees C (antigenic modulation) was examined. All tumors tested, including cell lines of the TL+ leukemias RADA1, ASL1, and RLmale1, the TL- leukemia EL 4, myelomas MOPC-70A and S194, and the sarcoma Meth A, failed to modulate when incubated with multispecific or monospecific H-2 antisera up to 24 hours, even though under comparable conditions thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens and surface IgG molecules modulated within several hours. Indirect sensitization of RADA1 leukemia cells with H-2 antisera followed by antiserum against mouse IgG also failed to induce H-2 antigen modulation. Normal peritoneal cells from certain mouse strains were partially modulated with H-2D-specific or H-2K-specific and monospecific antisera within several hours, but normal thymus and lymph node cells did not modulate. Modulation of peritoneal cells occurred without a complete loss of sensitizing H-2 antibody from the cell surface and required a cobra venom factor-sensitive activity that could be restored by human complement component C3. Modulation of TL antigens in vitro had previously been shown to have similar characteristics.", "PMID": 311870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3201", "title": "Immunity to a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in the C57BL/6 mouse: in vivo analysis by the adoptive tumor neutralization test.", "content": "Analyses of the adoptive tumor neutralization test (modified Winn test) in C57BL/6 mice made immune to a 3-methylcholantheene-induced fibrosarcoma showed that the reaction was mediated by a thymus-derived lymphocyte, it was tumor-specific, and the resistance of the immunized donor mouse to the challenge was strongly correlated with the protection of the recipient mouse. Proliferation of immune cells and close contact between tumor cells and immune T-cells were required. The hypothesis of a participation of the recipient in the reaction was considered because of the lack of adoptive protection of pangenic nude mice.", "contents": "Immunity to a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in the C57BL/6 mouse: in vivo analysis by the adoptive tumor neutralization test. Analyses of the adoptive tumor neutralization test (modified Winn test) in C57BL/6 mice made immune to a 3-methylcholantheene-induced fibrosarcoma showed that the reaction was mediated by a thymus-derived lymphocyte, it was tumor-specific, and the resistance of the immunized donor mouse to the challenge was strongly correlated with the protection of the recipient mouse. Proliferation of immune cells and close contact between tumor cells and immune T-cells were required. The hypothesis of a participation of the recipient in the reaction was considered because of the lack of adoptive protection of pangenic nude mice.", "PMID": 311871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3202", "title": "[Atrioventricular conductive disorders as a consequence of activation of the intracardiac reflex apparatus].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on isolated and vagotomized frog hearts (Rana temporaria). It is suggested that certain forms of disturbances of the atrioventricular node, the Wolff--Parkinson--White syndrome and parasystole, result from activation of the atrioventricular reflex mechanisms.", "contents": "[Atrioventricular conductive disorders as a consequence of activation of the intracardiac reflex apparatus]. Experiments were conducted on isolated and vagotomized frog hearts (Rana temporaria). It is suggested that certain forms of disturbances of the atrioventricular node, the Wolff--Parkinson--White syndrome and parasystole, result from activation of the atrioventricular reflex mechanisms.", "PMID": 311872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3203", "title": "[The meaning of antinuclear antibodies and of the ASL O titer in rheumatic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Iritis, Iridocyclitis, Uveitis and Scleritis are sometimes caused by rheumatic diseases. Antinuclear antibodies of 64 patients with high ASL O titer and Antinuclear antibodies of 24 patients with negativ ASL O titer were investigated. The results demonstrate the existance of autoantibodies in many cases. These may be caused by autoimmuno-diseases or could be related directly to ophthalmic disorder.", "contents": "[The meaning of antinuclear antibodies and of the ASL O titer in rheumatic diseases (author's transl)]. Iritis, Iridocyclitis, Uveitis and Scleritis are sometimes caused by rheumatic diseases. Antinuclear antibodies of 64 patients with high ASL O titer and Antinuclear antibodies of 24 patients with negativ ASL O titer were investigated. The results demonstrate the existance of autoantibodies in many cases. These may be caused by autoimmuno-diseases or could be related directly to ophthalmic disorder.", "PMID": 311873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3204", "title": "Iatrogenic coronary artery stenosis following aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Until recnetly, coronary arterial perfusion was one of the best methods to protect myocardium during aortic valve replacement. However, the insertion of perfusion cannulas may produce immediate traumatic lesions and late stenosis of the coronary arteries, with grave consequences. Two patients with normal coronary arteries prior to operation developed obstruction of the maximal left main coronary artery following aortic replacement. One of these patients represents the first case of iatrogenic coronary arterial stenosis in which the aortic valve was replaced with a porcine bioprosthesis. Accelerating angina pectoris and ventricular arrhythmias were the presenting clinical manifestations. Aorta-coronary bypass grafting to the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries was successfully performed in one patient, while the other patient died before investigative procedures could be undertaken. Any patient whose aortic valve has been replaced and who develops angina pectoris a few months after operation should be suspected of having developed stenosis of the proximal coronary artery. Coronary angiography should be perfomed promptly. Once the lesion is recognized, the operaiton should be performed posthaste because these lesions are life threatening owing to their proximal location and rapid evolution.", "contents": "Iatrogenic coronary artery stenosis following aortic valve replacement. Until recnetly, coronary arterial perfusion was one of the best methods to protect myocardium during aortic valve replacement. However, the insertion of perfusion cannulas may produce immediate traumatic lesions and late stenosis of the coronary arteries, with grave consequences. Two patients with normal coronary arteries prior to operation developed obstruction of the maximal left main coronary artery following aortic replacement. One of these patients represents the first case of iatrogenic coronary arterial stenosis in which the aortic valve was replaced with a porcine bioprosthesis. Accelerating angina pectoris and ventricular arrhythmias were the presenting clinical manifestations. Aorta-coronary bypass grafting to the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries was successfully performed in one patient, while the other patient died before investigative procedures could be undertaken. Any patient whose aortic valve has been replaced and who develops angina pectoris a few months after operation should be suspected of having developed stenosis of the proximal coronary artery. Coronary angiography should be perfomed promptly. Once the lesion is recognized, the operaiton should be performed posthaste because these lesions are life threatening owing to their proximal location and rapid evolution.", "PMID": 311874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3205", "title": "[Chronic T-cell lymphocytic leukemia. Report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia of T-cell immunological origin are studied. One case was of the prolymphocytic variety, and the other corresponded to the \"classical\" type of chronic T-cell lymphocytic leukemia. From a morphological point of view what stood out was the hyperchromatic aspect of the cytoplasm of the lymphocytic proliferation. The high increase of acid hydrolases localized preferentially in the centrosomic area was the main cytochemical characteristic. Isoenzymatic study of leukocytic acid phosphatase showed a noticeable increase of band 3 and the absence of supernumerary band 3b. Immunological analysis revealed a significant decrease of the surface immunoglobulins and a rise in absolute terms in the number of lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes. In the case of the prolymphocytic variety what was particularly noticeable was the great number of lymphocytes bearing complement receptors. The combination of cytomorphologic, isoenzymatic and immunological data make it possible to differentiate between lymphoproliferative diseases of T and B-cell origin at the present time.", "contents": "[Chronic T-cell lymphocytic leukemia. Report of two cases (author's transl)]. Two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia of T-cell immunological origin are studied. One case was of the prolymphocytic variety, and the other corresponded to the \"classical\" type of chronic T-cell lymphocytic leukemia. From a morphological point of view what stood out was the hyperchromatic aspect of the cytoplasm of the lymphocytic proliferation. The high increase of acid hydrolases localized preferentially in the centrosomic area was the main cytochemical characteristic. Isoenzymatic study of leukocytic acid phosphatase showed a noticeable increase of band 3 and the absence of supernumerary band 3b. Immunological analysis revealed a significant decrease of the surface immunoglobulins and a rise in absolute terms in the number of lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes. In the case of the prolymphocytic variety what was particularly noticeable was the great number of lymphocytes bearing complement receptors. The combination of cytomorphologic, isoenzymatic and immunological data make it possible to differentiate between lymphoproliferative diseases of T and B-cell origin at the present time.", "PMID": 311876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3206", "title": "[Otological possibilities of conservation and reconstruction of facial function in operations within the internal auditory canal and the cerebellopontine angle (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of the possibilities of operations within the internal auditory canal and the cerebellopontine angle, especially of the removal of acoustic neuromas by transtemporal and translabyrinthine approach. Besides at the total removal of the tumor the operative technique aims at the conservation of the facial nerve and its function. The transtemporal approach is recommended only for the removal of small tumors limited to the internal auditory canal. If the tumor originates from the vestibular nerve, the facial and cochlear nerve can be preserved by this procedure. The translabyrinthine approach implicate the complete unilateral deafness but is available even for the removal of bigger tumors leaving the internal auditory canal in the direction of the cerebello-pontine angle. Sketches and operation slides illustrate details of the operative preparation. Special difficulties occuring in the cerebellopontine angle are demonstrated. Clinical and diagnostic problems in relation to the operation planning are discribed. The cooperation between otosurgeon and neurosurgeon is indispensable", "contents": "[Otological possibilities of conservation and reconstruction of facial function in operations within the internal auditory canal and the cerebellopontine angle (author's transl)]. Description of the possibilities of operations within the internal auditory canal and the cerebellopontine angle, especially of the removal of acoustic neuromas by transtemporal and translabyrinthine approach. Besides at the total removal of the tumor the operative technique aims at the conservation of the facial nerve and its function. The transtemporal approach is recommended only for the removal of small tumors limited to the internal auditory canal. If the tumor originates from the vestibular nerve, the facial and cochlear nerve can be preserved by this procedure. The translabyrinthine approach implicate the complete unilateral deafness but is available even for the removal of bigger tumors leaving the internal auditory canal in the direction of the cerebello-pontine angle. Sketches and operation slides illustrate details of the operative preparation. Special difficulties occuring in the cerebellopontine angle are demonstrated. Clinical and diagnostic problems in relation to the operation planning are discribed. The cooperation between otosurgeon and neurosurgeon is indispensable", "PMID": 311878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3207", "title": "[Audiological findings in cases of acoustic neuromas, cerebellopontine angle and brain tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The study contributes to improve, audiological diagnostics of central auditory path lesions and attempts, through the comparison of audiological and neurosurgical findings of 15 patients, to refer certain auditory lesions caused by cerebral tumors to topodiagnostically characteristic audiological symptoms. The audiological findings obtained through 7 generally accepted test methods from 6 patients with an acusticus neurinoma indicate a labyrinthine but not a central symptomatic picture while 4 patients with a pontine-angle tumor present a chiefly central hearing defect which, as regards the constellation of findings, clearly differs from the central hearing defect of 3 patients with a pontine tumor. Two patients with tumors in the lateral ventricle area merely show, from the audiological point of view, a lack of contralateral dichotic discrimination.", "contents": "[Audiological findings in cases of acoustic neuromas, cerebellopontine angle and brain tumors (author's transl)]. The study contributes to improve, audiological diagnostics of central auditory path lesions and attempts, through the comparison of audiological and neurosurgical findings of 15 patients, to refer certain auditory lesions caused by cerebral tumors to topodiagnostically characteristic audiological symptoms. The audiological findings obtained through 7 generally accepted test methods from 6 patients with an acusticus neurinoma indicate a labyrinthine but not a central symptomatic picture while 4 patients with a pontine-angle tumor present a chiefly central hearing defect which, as regards the constellation of findings, clearly differs from the central hearing defect of 3 patients with a pontine tumor. Two patients with tumors in the lateral ventricle area merely show, from the audiological point of view, a lack of contralateral dichotic discrimination.", "PMID": 311879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3208", "title": "[Radiodiagnosis of cerebellopontine-angle tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important radiodiagnostic signs of cerebellopontine-angle tumors are demonstrated. The value of plain films and special projections is discussed. The use of recent diagnostic procedures like scintography, CT and cisternography with oily contrast medium is critically analyzed. The advantage and disadvantages of these procedures are discussed according to their usefullness in evaluating size, route of spread and localisation of cerebellopontine-angle tumors.", "contents": "[Radiodiagnosis of cerebellopontine-angle tumors (author's transl)]. The most important radiodiagnostic signs of cerebellopontine-angle tumors are demonstrated. The value of plain films and special projections is discussed. The use of recent diagnostic procedures like scintography, CT and cisternography with oily contrast medium is critically analyzed. The advantage and disadvantages of these procedures are discussed according to their usefullness in evaluating size, route of spread and localisation of cerebellopontine-angle tumors.", "PMID": 311880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3209", "title": "Cellular immunity in patients with epidermoid cancer of the head and neck.", "content": "Forty-three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were evaluated immunologically at various times before and after treatment. Impaired DNCB skin reactivity was found in patients with more advanced disease (Stages II-IV). In the 24 patients evaluated prior to therapy, only the mean percentages of two subpopulation T-cell tests, T-RFC29 and \"active\" T-RFC and mean absolute T-RFC29 per mm3 and PHA responses were significantly depressed. These depressed values could not, however, be correlated with the stage of the disease. In patients with poorly to moderatley differentiated tumors there was a significant decrease in mean percentage of active T-RFC and PHA stimulation. A marked difference in mean percentages of T-RFC29 between pretreated patients without nodal involvement (40.5 +/- 2.1) and those with this complicity (58.1 +/- 4.9) suggests that this assay may be used to detect occult nodal involvement. A comparison of the effects of surgery, irradiation and the combination of the two no patients indicated that only radiation affected any of their immune parameters. Irradiated patients demonstrated a marked decline in the mean absolute level of lymphocytes, total T-RFC and mean PHA responsiveness within one month of the termination of therapy: however, these values returned to the pretreatment level within seven months. None of the treatments was effective in \"curing\" the immune deficits observed in pretreatment patients.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in patients with epidermoid cancer of the head and neck. Forty-three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were evaluated immunologically at various times before and after treatment. Impaired DNCB skin reactivity was found in patients with more advanced disease (Stages II-IV). In the 24 patients evaluated prior to therapy, only the mean percentages of two subpopulation T-cell tests, T-RFC29 and \"active\" T-RFC and mean absolute T-RFC29 per mm3 and PHA responses were significantly depressed. These depressed values could not, however, be correlated with the stage of the disease. In patients with poorly to moderatley differentiated tumors there was a significant decrease in mean percentage of active T-RFC and PHA stimulation. A marked difference in mean percentages of T-RFC29 between pretreated patients without nodal involvement (40.5 +/- 2.1) and those with this complicity (58.1 +/- 4.9) suggests that this assay may be used to detect occult nodal involvement. A comparison of the effects of surgery, irradiation and the combination of the two no patients indicated that only radiation affected any of their immune parameters. Irradiated patients demonstrated a marked decline in the mean absolute level of lymphocytes, total T-RFC and mean PHA responsiveness within one month of the termination of therapy: however, these values returned to the pretreatment level within seven months. None of the treatments was effective in \"curing\" the immune deficits observed in pretreatment patients.", "PMID": 311881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3210", "title": "Predefinitive and postdefinitive chemotherapy for locally advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck remains refractory to the best combinations of surgery and radiotherapy. Weekly methotrexate in high doses with leucovorin \"rescue\" is able to produce significant remissions in a majority of patients treated palliatively for recurrent disease yet is associated with little or no toxicity. We have attempted to improve the cure of patients with advanced disease by the use of high dose methotrexate (3-7.5 g/M2) and leucovorin prior to and following definitive surgery and/or radiotherapy. In a series of 24 patients we have achieved a response rate of 52%, with minimal toxicity during chemotherapy, and no apparent potentiation of toxicity with radiotherapy. Survival free of disease appears to be prolonged in patients with response to this chemotherapy. Multimodality approaches to locally advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck may soon yield improved cure rates.", "contents": "Predefinitive and postdefinitive chemotherapy for locally advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck. Advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck remains refractory to the best combinations of surgery and radiotherapy. Weekly methotrexate in high doses with leucovorin \"rescue\" is able to produce significant remissions in a majority of patients treated palliatively for recurrent disease yet is associated with little or no toxicity. We have attempted to improve the cure of patients with advanced disease by the use of high dose methotrexate (3-7.5 g/M2) and leucovorin prior to and following definitive surgery and/or radiotherapy. In a series of 24 patients we have achieved a response rate of 52%, with minimal toxicity during chemotherapy, and no apparent potentiation of toxicity with radiotherapy. Survival free of disease appears to be prolonged in patients with response to this chemotherapy. Multimodality approaches to locally advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck may soon yield improved cure rates.", "PMID": 311882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3211", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of blood cells.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an invaluable tool for studying the surface morphology of isolated blood cells. We have used a simple preparative technique for SEM to study the erythrocytes from a case of Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anaemia type II and the leucocytes from healthy individuals or patients with leukaemia or lymphoma. This rapid and inexpensive technique for fixation and dehydration of blood cells was found to be equally reliable for obtaining micrographs of healthy or diseased leucocytes or erythrocytes.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of blood cells. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an invaluable tool for studying the surface morphology of isolated blood cells. We have used a simple preparative technique for SEM to study the erythrocytes from a case of Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anaemia type II and the leucocytes from healthy individuals or patients with leukaemia or lymphoma. This rapid and inexpensive technique for fixation and dehydration of blood cells was found to be equally reliable for obtaining micrographs of healthy or diseased leucocytes or erythrocytes.", "PMID": 311884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3212", "title": "Differentiation of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "Murine lymphocytes were enzymatically radioiodinated and the class of immunoglobulin (isotype) on the cell surface was studied as a function of differentiation and ontogeny. The results indicate that IgM is the first isotype to appear and that IgD is subsequently acquired. A proportion of IgM-bearing cells also bear IgD. The acquisition of IgD does not appear to be under the influence of the thymus or of exposure to antigen. The observations suggest a sequence of differentiation steps in which B-cells first express IgM then acquire IgD (to become \"double bearers\"), and eventually lose IgM. The relationship of the IgD-bearing cells to the IgG-bearing memory cells has not yet been established. The implications of these findings with regard to function and genetic organization are discussed.", "contents": "Differentiation of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes. Murine lymphocytes were enzymatically radioiodinated and the class of immunoglobulin (isotype) on the cell surface was studied as a function of differentiation and ontogeny. The results indicate that IgM is the first isotype to appear and that IgD is subsequently acquired. A proportion of IgM-bearing cells also bear IgD. The acquisition of IgD does not appear to be under the influence of the thymus or of exposure to antigen. The observations suggest a sequence of differentiation steps in which B-cells first express IgM then acquire IgD (to become \"double bearers\"), and eventually lose IgM. The relationship of the IgD-bearing cells to the IgG-bearing memory cells has not yet been established. The implications of these findings with regard to function and genetic organization are discussed.", "PMID": 311890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3213", "title": "Host immunocompetence in genitourinary cancer: relation to tumor stage and prognosis.", "content": "We used delayed hypersensitivity skin testing, in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis, and lymphocyte surface markers to examine the relationships among host immunologic competence, tumor type, tumor stage, prognosis, and the effects of cancer treatments in patients with genitourinary cancer. We found correlations between host immune competence and both tumor stage and prognosis among patients with bladder cancer, renal cell cancer, and those with advanced prostate cancer not receiving endocrine therapy, but not among patients with prostate cancer receiving endocrine therapy. Radiation and chemotherapy suppressed T-lymphocyte levels, but a chemotherapy-induced tumor remission resulted in a rebound of T-cell counts to above normal levels. In tissue sections of bladder cancers, regions of mononuclear infiltration were virtually devoid of cells with complement receptors or receptors for cytophilic antibody, which suggested that lymphocytes infiltrating bladder cancers are predominantly T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Host immunocompetence in genitourinary cancer: relation to tumor stage and prognosis. We used delayed hypersensitivity skin testing, in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis, and lymphocyte surface markers to examine the relationships among host immunologic competence, tumor type, tumor stage, prognosis, and the effects of cancer treatments in patients with genitourinary cancer. We found correlations between host immune competence and both tumor stage and prognosis among patients with bladder cancer, renal cell cancer, and those with advanced prostate cancer not receiving endocrine therapy, but not among patients with prostate cancer receiving endocrine therapy. Radiation and chemotherapy suppressed T-lymphocyte levels, but a chemotherapy-induced tumor remission resulted in a rebound of T-cell counts to above normal levels. In tissue sections of bladder cancers, regions of mononuclear infiltration were virtually devoid of cells with complement receptors or receptors for cytophilic antibody, which suggested that lymphocytes infiltrating bladder cancers are predominantly T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 311891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3214", "title": "Effect of sera of patients with genitourinary tract cancers on transformation of lymphocytes stimulated with anti-thymocyte globulin.", "content": "Serum from patients with genitourinary cancer was tested for ability to support transformation of autologous or normal lymphocytes stimulated with ATG. Selected for specificity for T-lymphocytes, ATG at times gave a more sensitive indication of a serum defect than did PHA. Although poor transformability in the presence of patient serum suggests an inhibitor, this test cannot rule out the possibility of a limitation of an essential nutrient usually supplied by serum. Presence of inhibitor(s) was more strongly indicated by contrasting transformation of normal lymphocytes with patient serum against a panel of normal sera. The presence of circulating inhibitor(s) was confirmed by demonstrating depression of transformation of normal lymphocytes in complete medium by chromatographic fractions from patient serum that did not support transformation. In several instances, patient serum was more inhibitory of autologous than normal lymphocytes, which suggested an additional way of examining host immune competence.", "contents": "Effect of sera of patients with genitourinary tract cancers on transformation of lymphocytes stimulated with anti-thymocyte globulin. Serum from patients with genitourinary cancer was tested for ability to support transformation of autologous or normal lymphocytes stimulated with ATG. Selected for specificity for T-lymphocytes, ATG at times gave a more sensitive indication of a serum defect than did PHA. Although poor transformability in the presence of patient serum suggests an inhibitor, this test cannot rule out the possibility of a limitation of an essential nutrient usually supplied by serum. Presence of inhibitor(s) was more strongly indicated by contrasting transformation of normal lymphocytes with patient serum against a panel of normal sera. The presence of circulating inhibitor(s) was confirmed by demonstrating depression of transformation of normal lymphocytes in complete medium by chromatographic fractions from patient serum that did not support transformation. In several instances, patient serum was more inhibitory of autologous than normal lymphocytes, which suggested an additional way of examining host immune competence.", "PMID": 311892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3215", "title": "Immune function determination in patients with bladder cancer.", "content": "Patients with bladder cancer were evaluated clinically for immune responsiveness and stage of disease. A battery of tests is described that attempts to correlate stage of disease with immune responsiveness.", "contents": "Immune function determination in patients with bladder cancer. Patients with bladder cancer were evaluated clinically for immune responsiveness and stage of disease. A battery of tests is described that attempts to correlate stage of disease with immune responsiveness.", "PMID": 311893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3216", "title": "Prostate carcinoma: intratumor BCG immunotherapy.", "content": "Two groups of patients with advanced cancer of the prostate received adjuvant immunotherapy by direct intra-tumor injection of BCG. The first group had advanced metastatic disease that was failing to respond to conventional hormone therapy. The second group were new cases of stages III and IV tumor who were previously untreated and who had had a transurethral resection of the prostate and orchiectomy followed by BCG immunotherapy. The clinical and pathologic findings for both groups of patients are described.", "contents": "Prostate carcinoma: intratumor BCG immunotherapy. Two groups of patients with advanced cancer of the prostate received adjuvant immunotherapy by direct intra-tumor injection of BCG. The first group had advanced metastatic disease that was failing to respond to conventional hormone therapy. The second group were new cases of stages III and IV tumor who were previously untreated and who had had a transurethral resection of the prostate and orchiectomy followed by BCG immunotherapy. The clinical and pathologic findings for both groups of patients are described.", "PMID": 311894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3217", "title": "Transitional cell carcinoma: lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "A method of removing Fc+ lymphocytes from human peripheral blood was presented. Results upon testing the remaining cell populations for cytotoxicity against autochthonous and allogeneic target cell systems was presented.", "contents": "Transitional cell carcinoma: lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. A method of removing Fc+ lymphocytes from human peripheral blood was presented. Results upon testing the remaining cell populations for cytotoxicity against autochthonous and allogeneic target cell systems was presented.", "PMID": 311895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3218", "title": "Suppressor cells prevent host resistance to tumor growth.", "content": "The role of immunosuppressor cells in preventing host immune rejection of tumor cells is described. The growth of Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) in syngeneic C57BL mice is accompanied by a weak and transient anti-tumor cytotoxic response that is later on replaced by tumor-enhancing activity. This enhancing activity is correlated with the generation of suppressor cells in 3LL-bearing mice. Such suppressors were demonstrated in two ways: (a) Elimination of the hydrocortisone(HC)-sensitive lymphoid population from tumor-bearing mice (TBM) resulted in a significant increase in the anti-tumor cytotoxic response and in a marked delay in tumor development. It is assumed that HC inactivates precursors of suppressor lymphocytes whereas the mature suppressor cells themselves are HC-resistant. (b) The increased resistance against the tumor could be partially re-suppressed by restoring the HC-treated TBM with spleen or thymus cells from normal C57BL. Suppression, however, was more pronounced if the resistant mice were restored with spleen or thymus cells from TBM. HC-resistant spleen cells from TBM that appear to be enriched for mature suppressor cells were capable of suppressing in vitro the secondary sensitization of spleen cells from TBM against tumor cells.", "contents": "Suppressor cells prevent host resistance to tumor growth. The role of immunosuppressor cells in preventing host immune rejection of tumor cells is described. The growth of Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) in syngeneic C57BL mice is accompanied by a weak and transient anti-tumor cytotoxic response that is later on replaced by tumor-enhancing activity. This enhancing activity is correlated with the generation of suppressor cells in 3LL-bearing mice. Such suppressors were demonstrated in two ways: (a) Elimination of the hydrocortisone(HC)-sensitive lymphoid population from tumor-bearing mice (TBM) resulted in a significant increase in the anti-tumor cytotoxic response and in a marked delay in tumor development. It is assumed that HC inactivates precursors of suppressor lymphocytes whereas the mature suppressor cells themselves are HC-resistant. (b) The increased resistance against the tumor could be partially re-suppressed by restoring the HC-treated TBM with spleen or thymus cells from normal C57BL. Suppression, however, was more pronounced if the resistant mice were restored with spleen or thymus cells from TBM. HC-resistant spleen cells from TBM that appear to be enriched for mature suppressor cells were capable of suppressing in vitro the secondary sensitization of spleen cells from TBM against tumor cells.", "PMID": 311899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3219", "title": "Paracortical activity in the lymph nodes draining female breast carcinoma.", "content": "Three hundred and two female breast carcinomas were assessed histologically with special attention focused on the nuclear grade of the tumor, the stromal lymphocyte reaction and the morphology of the paracortical areas of the regional lymph nodes. These morphologic parameters were correlated with the 5-year survival data of the patients. Nuclear grade of the primary tumor was directly positively related to the 5-year survival as was the paracortical activity of the regional lymph nodes. The paracortical activity was inversely related to the frequency of nodal metastases which were a sign of poor prognosis. The value of the morphology of the regional lymph node paracortex in evaluating the criteria of host resistance in association with breast carcinoma is emphasized.", "contents": "Paracortical activity in the lymph nodes draining female breast carcinoma. Three hundred and two female breast carcinomas were assessed histologically with special attention focused on the nuclear grade of the tumor, the stromal lymphocyte reaction and the morphology of the paracortical areas of the regional lymph nodes. These morphologic parameters were correlated with the 5-year survival data of the patients. Nuclear grade of the primary tumor was directly positively related to the 5-year survival as was the paracortical activity of the regional lymph nodes. The paracortical activity was inversely related to the frequency of nodal metastases which were a sign of poor prognosis. The value of the morphology of the regional lymph node paracortex in evaluating the criteria of host resistance in association with breast carcinoma is emphasized.", "PMID": 311901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3220", "title": "[Fiberoptic endoscopic examination in the diagnosis and therapy of digestive hemorrhages of the supra-mesocolic tract. Retrospective analysis of 46 cases].", "content": "Forty-six cases of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage examined during three years have been revised. The patients were 39 men and 7 women, from 22 to 73 years old: twenty-six of them were first examined by endoscopic technique, while in the other twenty-ones the first examination was a bariummeal X-ray. All the twenty-six patients of the first group were examined within 48 hours from admission to hospital while the twenty patients of the second group could be examined not before the third day from admission. The evaluation of our results has confirmed an overt superiority of endoscopic versus radiologic technique, mainly in detecting non-ulcerative mucosal alterations responsible of bleeding.", "contents": "[Fiberoptic endoscopic examination in the diagnosis and therapy of digestive hemorrhages of the supra-mesocolic tract. Retrospective analysis of 46 cases]. Forty-six cases of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage examined during three years have been revised. The patients were 39 men and 7 women, from 22 to 73 years old: twenty-six of them were first examined by endoscopic technique, while in the other twenty-ones the first examination was a bariummeal X-ray. All the twenty-six patients of the first group were examined within 48 hours from admission to hospital while the twenty patients of the second group could be examined not before the third day from admission. The evaluation of our results has confirmed an overt superiority of endoscopic versus radiologic technique, mainly in detecting non-ulcerative mucosal alterations responsible of bleeding.", "PMID": 311903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3221", "title": "Tissue antibodies in a healthy New Zealand population.", "content": "The occurrence of antinuclear, smooth muscle, parietal cell, reticulum, thyroid microsomal and mitochondrial autoantibodies in the sera of 1641 healthy males and 959 healthy females was investigated. Females were also treated for antibodies to adrenal cortex and salivary gland. A rising frequency of autoantibodies with increasing age was observed in both sexes with the average frequency being 19.3 percent for females and 15.9 percent for males. The most commonly detected autoantibodies were those directed against reticulin and thyroid microsomes. Mitochondrial, adrenal and salivary gland autoantibodies, and antinuclear antibody titres greater than 1:32 occurred so rarely in the healthy population that their appearance in patients should be regarded as a possible indication of clinical disease.", "contents": "Tissue antibodies in a healthy New Zealand population. The occurrence of antinuclear, smooth muscle, parietal cell, reticulum, thyroid microsomal and mitochondrial autoantibodies in the sera of 1641 healthy males and 959 healthy females was investigated. Females were also treated for antibodies to adrenal cortex and salivary gland. A rising frequency of autoantibodies with increasing age was observed in both sexes with the average frequency being 19.3 percent for females and 15.9 percent for males. The most commonly detected autoantibodies were those directed against reticulin and thyroid microsomes. Mitochondrial, adrenal and salivary gland autoantibodies, and antinuclear antibody titres greater than 1:32 occurred so rarely in the healthy population that their appearance in patients should be regarded as a possible indication of clinical disease.", "PMID": 311908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3222", "title": "Electrical splinting of the knee in paraplegia.", "content": "Two men with T7 and T12 complete traumatic lesions have received implants to stimulate the femoral nerves and (in the T7 case) the inferior and superior gluteal nerves. By using these continuously at 13 pulses/sec they can stand and walk, as other paraplegics do with calipers. Regular stimulation at 11 or 13 pulses/sec greatly increases the force exerted by the quadriceps femoris muscles and their resistance to fatigue, and this improvement is not lost during 2 months without stimulation.", "contents": "Electrical splinting of the knee in paraplegia. Two men with T7 and T12 complete traumatic lesions have received implants to stimulate the femoral nerves and (in the T7 case) the inferior and superior gluteal nerves. By using these continuously at 13 pulses/sec they can stand and walk, as other paraplegics do with calipers. Regular stimulation at 11 or 13 pulses/sec greatly increases the force exerted by the quadriceps femoris muscles and their resistance to fatigue, and this improvement is not lost during 2 months without stimulation.", "PMID": 311910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3223", "title": "Effect of epidermal growth factor on lung maturation in fetal rabbits.", "content": "Injection of epidermal growth factor (EGF) into 24-day rabbit fetuses (5 microgram, im or ip) induced accelerated maturation of the lung. On sacrifice at day 27, there was greater distensibility and stability on deflation associated with the appearance of a complement of type II cells approaching that of the rabbit at term. EGF treatment had no demonstrable effect on body weight or lung weight in this group of animals. Saline-injected control fetuses were not affected significantly.", "contents": "Effect of epidermal growth factor on lung maturation in fetal rabbits. Injection of epidermal growth factor (EGF) into 24-day rabbit fetuses (5 microgram, im or ip) induced accelerated maturation of the lung. On sacrifice at day 27, there was greater distensibility and stability on deflation associated with the appearance of a complement of type II cells approaching that of the rabbit at term. EGF treatment had no demonstrable effect on body weight or lung weight in this group of animals. Saline-injected control fetuses were not affected significantly.", "PMID": 311914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3224", "title": "Rectal bleeding in the first month of life.", "content": "Sixty-nine infants were examined who presented with rectal bleeding in the first month of life. In 64% of these children no cause was found. Infantile diarrhoea, haemorrhagic disease of the newborn and anal fissure were the most common diagnoses made. The mortality in the entire group was less than 3%. It is concluded that rectal bleeding in this age group is a relatively benign condition and in certain cases hospital admission may not be required.", "contents": "Rectal bleeding in the first month of life. Sixty-nine infants were examined who presented with rectal bleeding in the first month of life. In 64% of these children no cause was found. Infantile diarrhoea, haemorrhagic disease of the newborn and anal fissure were the most common diagnoses made. The mortality in the entire group was less than 3%. It is concluded that rectal bleeding in this age group is a relatively benign condition and in certain cases hospital admission may not be required.", "PMID": 311920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3225", "title": "Vestibular stimulation to improve ambulation after a cerebral vascular accident.", "content": "A pilot study was undertaken to determine if vestibular stimulation could be a valuable therapeutic measure in rehabilitating the patient who has had a cerebral vascular accident. Twenty patients with cerebral vascular accidents were tested. Changes in functional ambulation abilities of 10 patients receiving a passive vestibular exercise were compared with those of 10 patients not receiving this exercise. The vestibular stimulation was provided through a rotary stimulus that emphasized angular acceleration and deceleration. Patients who received the vestibular stimulation demonstrated greater improvement in functional ambulation than did patients who did not receive the stimulation.", "contents": "Vestibular stimulation to improve ambulation after a cerebral vascular accident. A pilot study was undertaken to determine if vestibular stimulation could be a valuable therapeutic measure in rehabilitating the patient who has had a cerebral vascular accident. Twenty patients with cerebral vascular accidents were tested. Changes in functional ambulation abilities of 10 patients receiving a passive vestibular exercise were compared with those of 10 patients not receiving this exercise. The vestibular stimulation was provided through a rotary stimulus that emphasized angular acceleration and deceleration. Patients who received the vestibular stimulation demonstrated greater improvement in functional ambulation than did patients who did not receive the stimulation.", "PMID": 311925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3226", "title": "[Evolution of coronary occlusion in a patient with past myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a man suffering from an anterior myocardial infarction with complete occlusion of the left descendent coronary angiographically proved is reported: an angiographic control four months after aorto-coronary by-pass on right coronary, showed the recanalization of left anterior descendent coronary and occlusion of the by-pass.", "contents": "[Evolution of coronary occlusion in a patient with past myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. The case of a man suffering from an anterior myocardial infarction with complete occlusion of the left descendent coronary angiographically proved is reported: an angiographic control four months after aorto-coronary by-pass on right coronary, showed the recanalization of left anterior descendent coronary and occlusion of the by-pass.", "PMID": 311926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3227", "title": "[Study of a health indicator to assess effectiveness of a hospital outpatient department (author's transl)].", "content": "Evaluation of medical cares effectiveness needs health indices allowing the description of the severity of the disease and of the capacity of change. Disability seems a concept adapted to both challenges. It represents a disfunctional state continuum of which the levels are measurable, whatever the etiology or the diagnosis are. It also measures the variation of daily activities reduction, consequence of health disorders. From this concept, the authors have built, and applied to rheumatic patients seen at an outpatient department of gerontology, a seven levels scale. 480 consultations affecting 270 patients were carried out. The mean restriction of disability, at the time of the first referral was 2,9. The indice seems to be valid because it allows to classify the patients in 3 groups according to the severity of the involving disorder. The observed changes for 4 typical disorder groups agreed with what was expected. 122 patients were seen twice or more. The average of the difference between the grading of disability at the time of the first and the last consultation was--0,43, showing a significant improvement. After discussion of some shortcomings of their indice, the authors concluded that the scale used seems adapted to assess effectiveness of outpatient medical cares.", "contents": "[Study of a health indicator to assess effectiveness of a hospital outpatient department (author's transl)]. Evaluation of medical cares effectiveness needs health indices allowing the description of the severity of the disease and of the capacity of change. Disability seems a concept adapted to both challenges. It represents a disfunctional state continuum of which the levels are measurable, whatever the etiology or the diagnosis are. It also measures the variation of daily activities reduction, consequence of health disorders. From this concept, the authors have built, and applied to rheumatic patients seen at an outpatient department of gerontology, a seven levels scale. 480 consultations affecting 270 patients were carried out. The mean restriction of disability, at the time of the first referral was 2,9. The indice seems to be valid because it allows to classify the patients in 3 groups according to the severity of the involving disorder. The observed changes for 4 typical disorder groups agreed with what was expected. 122 patients were seen twice or more. The average of the difference between the grading of disability at the time of the first and the last consultation was--0,43, showing a significant improvement. After discussion of some shortcomings of their indice, the authors concluded that the scale used seems adapted to assess effectiveness of outpatient medical cares.", "PMID": 311927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3228", "title": "[Computerized cisternography with metrizamide].", "content": "Metrizamide, a new water-soluble contrast medium with low toxicity, was used for cranial computed tomography (computerized cisternography) in 26 patients. When injected by lumbar puncture, the pericerebral cisterns (posterior fossa and sella turcica especially), can be visualized with much greater precision than with classical computed tomography. It also allows the normal and pathological circulation of the CSF to be studied. The authors report on 6 cases of tumours of the posterior fossa, 10 cases of pituitary tumours, 2 cases of \"empty\" sella, 2 cases of CSF rhinorrhoea, 2 cases of normal pressure hydrocephalus, and 2 cases of syringomyelia, studied by this method. The examination was normal in 3 cases. The authors stress the rapidity, reliability, and good tolerance of this new method.", "contents": "[Computerized cisternography with metrizamide]. Metrizamide, a new water-soluble contrast medium with low toxicity, was used for cranial computed tomography (computerized cisternography) in 26 patients. When injected by lumbar puncture, the pericerebral cisterns (posterior fossa and sella turcica especially), can be visualized with much greater precision than with classical computed tomography. It also allows the normal and pathological circulation of the CSF to be studied. The authors report on 6 cases of tumours of the posterior fossa, 10 cases of pituitary tumours, 2 cases of \"empty\" sella, 2 cases of CSF rhinorrhoea, 2 cases of normal pressure hydrocephalus, and 2 cases of syringomyelia, studied by this method. The examination was normal in 3 cases. The authors stress the rapidity, reliability, and good tolerance of this new method.", "PMID": 311929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3229", "title": "[Diagnosis of a Meckel's diverticulum (author's transl)].", "content": "In diagnosing a Meckel's diverticulum besides the conventional plain films of the abdomen with and without contrast and the angiographic special attention is called to the scanning with technetium. This examination can be very helpful in cases of children with gastrointestinal bleeding episodes in the diagnosis of a Meckel's diverticulum, if it contains ectopic gastric mucosa.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of a Meckel's diverticulum (author's transl)]. In diagnosing a Meckel's diverticulum besides the conventional plain films of the abdomen with and without contrast and the angiographic special attention is called to the scanning with technetium. This examination can be very helpful in cases of children with gastrointestinal bleeding episodes in the diagnosis of a Meckel's diverticulum, if it contains ectopic gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 311933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3230", "title": "The diagnostic value of the oral pancreatic function test.", "content": "An oral pancreatic function test (PFT) using the synthetic peptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid can assess pancreatic exocrine function, since urinary recovery of the ingested dose is an indirect index of chymotryptic activity. We have studied 34 subjects using this oral PFT, which correctly distinguished the control group (8 subjects) from the pancreatitis group (10 patients), results correlating well with Lundh test findings. However, the test was falsely abnormal on 9 out of 16 occasions in patients with bowel or liver disease. We therefore conclude that the present test cannot distinguish small-bowel disease from pancreatic disease, which is often the diagnostic problem, and is also frequently falsely abnormal in the presence of chronic liver disease.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of the oral pancreatic function test. An oral pancreatic function test (PFT) using the synthetic peptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid can assess pancreatic exocrine function, since urinary recovery of the ingested dose is an indirect index of chymotryptic activity. We have studied 34 subjects using this oral PFT, which correctly distinguished the control group (8 subjects) from the pancreatitis group (10 patients), results correlating well with Lundh test findings. However, the test was falsely abnormal on 9 out of 16 occasions in patients with bowel or liver disease. We therefore conclude that the present test cannot distinguish small-bowel disease from pancreatic disease, which is often the diagnostic problem, and is also frequently falsely abnormal in the presence of chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 311936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3231", "title": "Adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: study of 32 patients and analysis of prognostic factors.", "content": "The clinical and haematological characters and the response to therapy of 32 consecutive patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, aged more than 12 years, were reviewed. All patients were given vincristine (V) and (6-methyl) prednisolone (P) for 6 weeks; daunomycin (D) was added in 9 cases, and cyclophosphamide (C) + D in another 10 cases. 3 patients died during induction. 4 patients failed to achieve remission. 25 patients (78%) achieved complete remission (CR). All of them but one received 'prophylactic' central nervous system (CNS) therapy with cranial irradiation and i.t. methotrexate (MTX) and arabinosyl cytosine. CR was maintained with daily 6-mercaptopurine and weekly MTX. Median duration of CR was of 22 months. 2 patients are currently disease-free and off-therapy, 78 and 53 months after diagnosis, respectively. Blast cell membrane markers were studied in 21 consecutive cases: 3 patients had T-cell leukaemia and 2 patients B-cell leukaemia. Prognostic factors were evaluated basing on the present series of 32 patients, and on further 106 cases reported by others. Age (under and above 40) influenced significantly both the CR rate and the length of survival. In patients aged under 40, a circulating blast cell count higher than 25,000/microliter, or a platelet count lower than 50,000/microliter, negatively affected the survival.", "contents": "Adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: study of 32 patients and analysis of prognostic factors. The clinical and haematological characters and the response to therapy of 32 consecutive patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, aged more than 12 years, were reviewed. All patients were given vincristine (V) and (6-methyl) prednisolone (P) for 6 weeks; daunomycin (D) was added in 9 cases, and cyclophosphamide (C) + D in another 10 cases. 3 patients died during induction. 4 patients failed to achieve remission. 25 patients (78%) achieved complete remission (CR). All of them but one received 'prophylactic' central nervous system (CNS) therapy with cranial irradiation and i.t. methotrexate (MTX) and arabinosyl cytosine. CR was maintained with daily 6-mercaptopurine and weekly MTX. Median duration of CR was of 22 months. 2 patients are currently disease-free and off-therapy, 78 and 53 months after diagnosis, respectively. Blast cell membrane markers were studied in 21 consecutive cases: 3 patients had T-cell leukaemia and 2 patients B-cell leukaemia. Prognostic factors were evaluated basing on the present series of 32 patients, and on further 106 cases reported by others. Age (under and above 40) influenced significantly both the CR rate and the length of survival. In patients aged under 40, a circulating blast cell count higher than 25,000/microliter, or a platelet count lower than 50,000/microliter, negatively affected the survival.", "PMID": 311937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3232", "title": "Some immunological and haematological aspects of human cyclic neutropenia.", "content": "In addition to standard peripheral blood cell counts, sequential studies have been made of changes in the T-lymphocyte population and in the serum titres of the presumptive humoral regulators of haematopoiesis, Colony Stimulating Activity (CSA) and Erythroid Stimulating Activity (ESA), in a young woman with cyclic neutropenia (CN). In addition, serum immunoglobulins, C3 and total complement levels and serum protein concentrations were determined on several occasions during the study. Similar tests were done concomitantly on a haematologically normal, age and sex-matched control. Cell counts on peripheral blood from the subject with CN demonstrated a clearly defined periodicity in neutrophil and monocyte concentrations and equivocal fluctuations in reticulocyte numbers. There was no evidence of periodicity in the lymphocyte concentrations and the T-lymphocyte population appeared functionally normal. Spontaneous incorporation of tritiated thymidine into peripheral blood cells showed a highly significant correlation with the monocyte count, suggesting that these cells were responsible for the radioisotope uptake. CSA titres were elevated on all occasions tested and showed no evidence of periodicity. ESA showed some evidence of cycling with elevated levels being observed during the periods of neutropenia. Serum complement levels were within the normal range but all classes of immunoglobulins were elevated and albumin levels were depressed.", "contents": "Some immunological and haematological aspects of human cyclic neutropenia. In addition to standard peripheral blood cell counts, sequential studies have been made of changes in the T-lymphocyte population and in the serum titres of the presumptive humoral regulators of haematopoiesis, Colony Stimulating Activity (CSA) and Erythroid Stimulating Activity (ESA), in a young woman with cyclic neutropenia (CN). In addition, serum immunoglobulins, C3 and total complement levels and serum protein concentrations were determined on several occasions during the study. Similar tests were done concomitantly on a haematologically normal, age and sex-matched control. Cell counts on peripheral blood from the subject with CN demonstrated a clearly defined periodicity in neutrophil and monocyte concentrations and equivocal fluctuations in reticulocyte numbers. There was no evidence of periodicity in the lymphocyte concentrations and the T-lymphocyte population appeared functionally normal. Spontaneous incorporation of tritiated thymidine into peripheral blood cells showed a highly significant correlation with the monocyte count, suggesting that these cells were responsible for the radioisotope uptake. CSA titres were elevated on all occasions tested and showed no evidence of periodicity. ESA showed some evidence of cycling with elevated levels being observed during the periods of neutropenia. Serum complement levels were within the normal range but all classes of immunoglobulins were elevated and albumin levels were depressed.", "PMID": 311938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3233", "title": "Natural cytotoxicity of human Fc gamma-receptor-positive T lymphocytes after surface modulation with immune complexes.", "content": "In humans T cells with surface receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG (Fc gamma receptors) (TG cells) are effector cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and in natural cytotoxicity. While Fc gamma receptors are required to mediate ADCC, their role in natural cytotoxicity is unknown. To investigate this question, Fc gamma receptors on effector cells were modulated by interaction with IgG immune complexes. As a consequence of this modulation, TG cells lost most of their ADCC activity but retained a significant part of their natural killer activity. Thus, these experiments demonstrate that the cytotoxic mechanisms exerted by the same cell population can be dissociated experimentally. Furthermore, they suggest that the net natural cytotoxicity of normal human lymphocytes in certain effector cell-target cell combinations is the result of distinct types of reaction.", "contents": "Natural cytotoxicity of human Fc gamma-receptor-positive T lymphocytes after surface modulation with immune complexes. In humans T cells with surface receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG (Fc gamma receptors) (TG cells) are effector cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and in natural cytotoxicity. While Fc gamma receptors are required to mediate ADCC, their role in natural cytotoxicity is unknown. To investigate this question, Fc gamma receptors on effector cells were modulated by interaction with IgG immune complexes. As a consequence of this modulation, TG cells lost most of their ADCC activity but retained a significant part of their natural killer activity. Thus, these experiments demonstrate that the cytotoxic mechanisms exerted by the same cell population can be dissociated experimentally. Furthermore, they suggest that the net natural cytotoxicity of normal human lymphocytes in certain effector cell-target cell combinations is the result of distinct types of reaction.", "PMID": 311939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3234", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in respiratory pollen allergies (bronchial pollen asthma and allergic rhinitis).", "content": "The T and B lymphocytes were identified by means of the rosette tests in the peripheral blood of 79 patients with respiratory allergies of whom 41 with allergic rhinitis and 38 with bronchial pollen asthma, as well as in 16 control subjects. The results have shown a clear lessening of the T cells (both in per cent and absolute values) and a less significant decrease of the B cells (only in absolute values) in the patients as compared with the controls. These data suggest an immune deficiency which did not differ between the two groups of patients and was not influenced by the specific hyposensitizing treatment.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in respiratory pollen allergies (bronchial pollen asthma and allergic rhinitis). The T and B lymphocytes were identified by means of the rosette tests in the peripheral blood of 79 patients with respiratory allergies of whom 41 with allergic rhinitis and 38 with bronchial pollen asthma, as well as in 16 control subjects. The results have shown a clear lessening of the T cells (both in per cent and absolute values) and a less significant decrease of the B cells (only in absolute values) in the patients as compared with the controls. These data suggest an immune deficiency which did not differ between the two groups of patients and was not influenced by the specific hyposensitizing treatment.", "PMID": 311935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3235", "title": "The effect of daily administration of naproxen on the prothrombin complex activity in patients under long-term therapy with phenprocoumon.", "content": "Out of a total of 150 patients attending an out-patient clinic for anticoagulant therapy, 12 had disorders which normally would indicate a prolonged use of an antirheumatic drug. To 6 of these patients, naproxen (1/4 g twice daily) was given while anticoagulant treatment with phenprocoumon was continued in an unchanged dosage schedule (average dose 2.1 mg/day). On the average, the prothrombin complex activity (PP%) was reduced to a stable level 10--20% below that obtained during a 2-month period before the naproxen treatment was started. No bleeding episodes or other effects were observed. Thus the simultaneous administration of naproxen caused no problems for the maintenance of a stable anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "The effect of daily administration of naproxen on the prothrombin complex activity in patients under long-term therapy with phenprocoumon. Out of a total of 150 patients attending an out-patient clinic for anticoagulant therapy, 12 had disorders which normally would indicate a prolonged use of an antirheumatic drug. To 6 of these patients, naproxen (1/4 g twice daily) was given while anticoagulant treatment with phenprocoumon was continued in an unchanged dosage schedule (average dose 2.1 mg/day). On the average, the prothrombin complex activity (PP%) was reduced to a stable level 10--20% below that obtained during a 2-month period before the naproxen treatment was started. No bleeding episodes or other effects were observed. Thus the simultaneous administration of naproxen caused no problems for the maintenance of a stable anticoagulant therapy.", "PMID": 311940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3236", "title": "Asbestos exposure as a cause of immunological stimulation.", "content": "Twenty immunological parameters were determined for 37 asbestos-exposed workers with no radiographic pulmonary fibrosis and 132 asbestosis patients, 37 of whom formed a matched referent group for the non-diseased workers. No clear differences between the matched groups were found for the autoantibodies tested, but the prevalence of autoantibodies was increased in both groups in comparison with the prevalence among Finnish blood donor candidates. This phenomenon may reflect a general immunological activity caused by asbestos dust, and this immunological activity may act as an adjuvant in immunisation. The patients revealed a high level of IgA, C3, C4 and alpha-1-antitrypsin. This result indicates that these factors may be related to the development of asbestosis, and could therefore be utilized in the evaluation of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis among workers with asbestos exposure.", "contents": "Asbestos exposure as a cause of immunological stimulation. Twenty immunological parameters were determined for 37 asbestos-exposed workers with no radiographic pulmonary fibrosis and 132 asbestosis patients, 37 of whom formed a matched referent group for the non-diseased workers. No clear differences between the matched groups were found for the autoantibodies tested, but the prevalence of autoantibodies was increased in both groups in comparison with the prevalence among Finnish blood donor candidates. This phenomenon may reflect a general immunological activity caused by asbestos dust, and this immunological activity may act as an adjuvant in immunisation. The patients revealed a high level of IgA, C3, C4 and alpha-1-antitrypsin. This result indicates that these factors may be related to the development of asbestosis, and could therefore be utilized in the evaluation of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis among workers with asbestos exposure.", "PMID": 311941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3237", "title": "Congenital atresia of the left main coronary artery ostium.", "content": "Three patients with the rare anomaly of congenital absence of the ostium of the left main coronary artery are presented. In two of the patients, aged 50 and 52 respectively, the diagnosis was established during selective coronary cineangiography for a severe anginal syndrome. The third patient, a 16-year-old-girl, underwent cardiac catheterization for investigation of a congenital heart malformation, when a single right coronary artery was demonstrated with absence of the main coronary artery ostium. Two patients underwent successful aortocoronary bypass grafting. In view of the occurrence of sudden death and massive myocardial infarction in adult patients shown to have severe or complete obstruction of the left main coronary artery, it is suggested that adult patients with this condition, who require open-heart surgery for any other cardiac disorder, should undergo aortocoronary bypass grafting concurrently even prior to the development of anginal symptoms. Children shown to have this anomaly should be subjected to long-term follow-up and have an aortocoronary bypass graft performed when symptoms of coronary insufficiency develop.", "contents": "Congenital atresia of the left main coronary artery ostium. Three patients with the rare anomaly of congenital absence of the ostium of the left main coronary artery are presented. In two of the patients, aged 50 and 52 respectively, the diagnosis was established during selective coronary cineangiography for a severe anginal syndrome. The third patient, a 16-year-old-girl, underwent cardiac catheterization for investigation of a congenital heart malformation, when a single right coronary artery was demonstrated with absence of the main coronary artery ostium. Two patients underwent successful aortocoronary bypass grafting. In view of the occurrence of sudden death and massive myocardial infarction in adult patients shown to have severe or complete obstruction of the left main coronary artery, it is suggested that adult patients with this condition, who require open-heart surgery for any other cardiac disorder, should undergo aortocoronary bypass grafting concurrently even prior to the development of anginal symptoms. Children shown to have this anomaly should be subjected to long-term follow-up and have an aortocoronary bypass graft performed when symptoms of coronary insufficiency develop.", "PMID": 311942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3238", "title": "Serum enzymes with special reference to CK-MB following coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 25 coronary bypass operations, the postoperative serum activity levels of total creatine kinase (CK) and its more heart-specific isoenzyme CK-MB were examined and related to the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and thermostable lactate dehydrogenase (LD-T), to electrocardiographic (ECG) findings and to surgical characteristics. Detectable CK-MB activity was found in all patients, usually appearing while the operation was still in progress. Peak CK-MB occurred earlier than peak total CK. There was no ECG evidence of myocardial infarction in any patient. The degree of postoperative CK-MB elevation, however, correlated to the duration of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and aortic cross-clamping (AC). After 120 min of ECC and 70 min of AC, release of CK-MB, as well as of the other enzymes studied, increased considerably. There was a significant correlation between high CK-MB activity and high early postoperative activities of total CK, ASAT and LD-T. When CK-MB determinations are not available, ASAT is preferable to total CK or LD-T in the early evaluation of operative myocardial injury. From the fourth postoperative day, only LD-T is informative in this respect; a second rise of ASAT and ALAT is probably of hepatic origin.", "contents": "Serum enzymes with special reference to CK-MB following coronary bypass surgery. In a consecutive series of 25 coronary bypass operations, the postoperative serum activity levels of total creatine kinase (CK) and its more heart-specific isoenzyme CK-MB were examined and related to the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and thermostable lactate dehydrogenase (LD-T), to electrocardiographic (ECG) findings and to surgical characteristics. Detectable CK-MB activity was found in all patients, usually appearing while the operation was still in progress. Peak CK-MB occurred earlier than peak total CK. There was no ECG evidence of myocardial infarction in any patient. The degree of postoperative CK-MB elevation, however, correlated to the duration of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and aortic cross-clamping (AC). After 120 min of ECC and 70 min of AC, release of CK-MB, as well as of the other enzymes studied, increased considerably. There was a significant correlation between high CK-MB activity and high early postoperative activities of total CK, ASAT and LD-T. When CK-MB determinations are not available, ASAT is preferable to total CK or LD-T in the early evaluation of operative myocardial injury. From the fourth postoperative day, only LD-T is informative in this respect; a second rise of ASAT and ALAT is probably of hepatic origin.", "PMID": 311943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3239", "title": "Serum CK-MB kinetics in acute myocardial infarction and after coronary bypass operations.", "content": "Serum creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme MB and total CK activity concentrations in 11 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were compared with the corresponding enzyme activities in 25 patients after coronary bypass surgery, not complicated clinically by AMI. Peak CK-MB occurred 2 +/- 0 (mean +/- SEM) hours after the end of surgery (mean duration of operation 6 hours), but 17 +/- 1 hours from the onset of symptoms in AMI. The plasma half\"life for CK-MB was 11 +/- 1 hours under both conditions. Peak total CK was found after about 20 hours in both series of patients. Total CK half-life was 17 +/- 2 hours in AMI, but 30 +/- 3 hours following surgery. CK kinetics were thus different in these two situations, indicating different mechanisms for the elevations of serum CK-MB activity. In conclusion, the time course for the transient CK-MB elevation following bypass surgery should be considered in the diagnosis of peri operative infarction.", "contents": "Serum CK-MB kinetics in acute myocardial infarction and after coronary bypass operations. Serum creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme MB and total CK activity concentrations in 11 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were compared with the corresponding enzyme activities in 25 patients after coronary bypass surgery, not complicated clinically by AMI. Peak CK-MB occurred 2 +/- 0 (mean +/- SEM) hours after the end of surgery (mean duration of operation 6 hours), but 17 +/- 1 hours from the onset of symptoms in AMI. The plasma half\"life for CK-MB was 11 +/- 1 hours under both conditions. Peak total CK was found after about 20 hours in both series of patients. Total CK half-life was 17 +/- 2 hours in AMI, but 30 +/- 3 hours following surgery. CK kinetics were thus different in these two situations, indicating different mechanisms for the elevations of serum CK-MB activity. In conclusion, the time course for the transient CK-MB elevation following bypass surgery should be considered in the diagnosis of peri operative infarction.", "PMID": 311944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3240", "title": "[Acute gastrointestinal bleeding: results of endoscopic sclerosing of esophageal varices].", "content": "The indications for, technic and results of endoscopic sclerosing of the esophageal mucosa above esophageal varices are discussed and the effect of sclerosis documented histologically. Given strict criteria for the indications, the short and long-term results are encouraging.", "contents": "[Acute gastrointestinal bleeding: results of endoscopic sclerosing of esophageal varices]. The indications for, technic and results of endoscopic sclerosing of the esophageal mucosa above esophageal varices are discussed and the effect of sclerosis documented histologically. Given strict criteria for the indications, the short and long-term results are encouraging.", "PMID": 311945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3241", "title": "[PABA test versus chymotrypsin and fat determinations in the stool in pancreatic functional diagnosis].", "content": "32 patients with proven chronic pancreatitis and 56 controls without evidence of pancreatic disease were studied by the PABA test, the fecal chymotrypsin method and the fecal fat method. The sensitivity of the fecal chymotrypsin method for detection of pancreatic disease was significantly higher (p less than 0.005). The sensitivity of the PABA test and the fecal fat method were comparable. The specificity of the PABA test and the fecal chymotrypsin method was of the same order.", "contents": "[PABA test versus chymotrypsin and fat determinations in the stool in pancreatic functional diagnosis]. 32 patients with proven chronic pancreatitis and 56 controls without evidence of pancreatic disease were studied by the PABA test, the fecal chymotrypsin method and the fecal fat method. The sensitivity of the fecal chymotrypsin method for detection of pancreatic disease was significantly higher (p less than 0.005). The sensitivity of the PABA test and the fecal fat method were comparable. The specificity of the PABA test and the fecal chymotrypsin method was of the same order.", "PMID": 311946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3242", "title": "[Large colonic polyp: endoscopic or surgical removal?].", "content": "93 neoplastic polyps measuring more than 2 cm in diameter have been removed from the colon by endoscopy. 15% of the polyps showed severe atypia (focal carcinoma), and in 15% an invasive carcinoma was found. Polypectomy was complicated in 14 cases by bleeding, in 12 cases it was cured  by endoscopy. In 1 case in which the colon was injured by coagulation the lesion healed spontaneously. The surgery rate due to complications of the endoscopic removal procedure or due to invasive carcinoma was 7% for the polyps with a diameter of 2-3 cm, 15% for those of 3-5 cm and 50% for polyps with a diameter of more than 5 cm. It is therefore suggested that neoplastic polyps of more than 5 cm in diameter should be removed by endoscopy in high risk patients only.", "contents": "[Large colonic polyp: endoscopic or surgical removal?]. 93 neoplastic polyps measuring more than 2 cm in diameter have been removed from the colon by endoscopy. 15% of the polyps showed severe atypia (focal carcinoma), and in 15% an invasive carcinoma was found. Polypectomy was complicated in 14 cases by bleeding, in 12 cases it was cured  by endoscopy. In 1 case in which the colon was injured by coagulation the lesion healed spontaneously. The surgery rate due to complications of the endoscopic removal procedure or due to invasive carcinoma was 7% for the polyps with a diameter of 2-3 cm, 15% for those of 3-5 cm and 50% for polyps with a diameter of more than 5 cm. It is therefore suggested that neoplastic polyps of more than 5 cm in diameter should be removed by endoscopy in high risk patients only.", "PMID": 311947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3243", "title": "X-ray absorption edge fine structure of potassium ions in various environments: application to frog blood cells.", "content": "The edge spectrum is a sensitive probe of local chemistry. Edge spectra of potassium in various chemical environments were measured, and each environment gives a unique edge spectrum. Hydrated potassium has a unique spectrum that is insensitive to counterions. Comparison of the spectra shows that the chemical state of potassium in cells differs appreciably from that in aqueous solutions.", "contents": "X-ray absorption edge fine structure of potassium ions in various environments: application to frog blood cells. The edge spectrum is a sensitive probe of local chemistry. Edge spectra of potassium in various chemical environments were measured, and each environment gives a unique edge spectrum. Hydrated potassium has a unique spectrum that is insensitive to counterions. Comparison of the spectra shows that the chemical state of potassium in cells differs appreciably from that in aqueous solutions.", "PMID": 311948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3244", "title": "Late results of myocardial revascularization.", "content": "Data are presented on 1,400 consecutive patients who had myocardial revascularization at our institution. The patients ranged in age from 33 to 80 years. Coronary bypass was done with an associated noncardiac procedure in 70 patients and with an associated cardiac procedure in 73 patients. The hospital mortality was 2.0%. Left ventricular function was a primary determinant of hospital mortality. With a 98% follow-up, survival was 93.1% at a mean of three years (range, six months to seven years). Ventricular function was the prime determinant of the overall long-term survival. These data indicate that myocardial revascularization, either alone or with an associated cardiac or noncardiac procedure, can be done with a low operative mortality. Because of the excellent five-year survival in our group of patients followed up for this length of time, we believe these data support the hypothesis that myocardial revascularization extends the life expectancy of patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Late results of myocardial revascularization. Data are presented on 1,400 consecutive patients who had myocardial revascularization at our institution. The patients ranged in age from 33 to 80 years. Coronary bypass was done with an associated noncardiac procedure in 70 patients and with an associated cardiac procedure in 73 patients. The hospital mortality was 2.0%. Left ventricular function was a primary determinant of hospital mortality. With a 98% follow-up, survival was 93.1% at a mean of three years (range, six months to seven years). Ventricular function was the prime determinant of the overall long-term survival. These data indicate that myocardial revascularization, either alone or with an associated cardiac or noncardiac procedure, can be done with a low operative mortality. Because of the excellent five-year survival in our group of patients followed up for this length of time, we believe these data support the hypothesis that myocardial revascularization extends the life expectancy of patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 311949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3245", "title": "Rubella antibody among Thai women of childbearing age.", "content": "Result of rubella haemagglutination inhibition antibody test on 300 Thai women of childbearing age in upper socioeconomic group showed that 25% were susceptible to rubella. The high frequency of susceptibility in this group of women would be of considerable public health problem, should rubella become epidemic again. The introduction of immunization against rubella in this group of women was also discussed.", "contents": "Rubella antibody among Thai women of childbearing age. Result of rubella haemagglutination inhibition antibody test on 300 Thai women of childbearing age in upper socioeconomic group showed that 25% were susceptible to rubella. The high frequency of susceptibility in this group of women would be of considerable public health problem, should rubella become epidemic again. The introduction of immunization against rubella in this group of women was also discussed.", "PMID": 311950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3246", "title": "Management of upper gastro-intestinal tract bleeding.", "content": "Approximately half the patients who die from peptic ulceration do so because of the complication of bleeding. Mortality can be reduced by earlier diagnosis and treatment. All patients with upper gastro-intestinal tract bleeding should be transferred as soon as possible to centres where the necessary diagnostic and operative facilities are available. Cimetidine plays a role in the management of certain types of gastro-intestinal tract bleeding and endoscopy has been a major breakthrough in terms of accurate and early diagnosis.", "contents": "Management of upper gastro-intestinal tract bleeding. Approximately half the patients who die from peptic ulceration do so because of the complication of bleeding. Mortality can be reduced by earlier diagnosis and treatment. All patients with upper gastro-intestinal tract bleeding should be transferred as soon as possible to centres where the necessary diagnostic and operative facilities are available. Cimetidine plays a role in the management of certain types of gastro-intestinal tract bleeding and endoscopy has been a major breakthrough in terms of accurate and early diagnosis.", "PMID": 311954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3247", "title": "Vascular ectasias of the colon.", "content": "Vascular ectasias are an acquired type of arteriovenous malformation distinct from neoplastic and congenital lesions. They can be the source of occult, recurrent or massive colonic bleeding usually in elderly patients but, occasionally, in younger adults. The vascular lesions are usually small but can be quite diffuse. The majority occurs in the right colon, but in our group of patients, a substantial number occurred distal to the hepatic flexure. The diagnosis can be made preoperatively, with colonoscopy but, more consistently, with arteriography. Therefore, arteriography should be performed in any patient with bleeding of the colon before surgical intervention. We recommend resection of the involved segment of the intestine as the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Vascular ectasias of the colon. Vascular ectasias are an acquired type of arteriovenous malformation distinct from neoplastic and congenital lesions. They can be the source of occult, recurrent or massive colonic bleeding usually in elderly patients but, occasionally, in younger adults. The vascular lesions are usually small but can be quite diffuse. The majority occurs in the right colon, but in our group of patients, a substantial number occurred distal to the hepatic flexure. The diagnosis can be made preoperatively, with colonoscopy but, more consistently, with arteriography. Therefore, arteriography should be performed in any patient with bleeding of the colon before surgical intervention. We recommend resection of the involved segment of the intestine as the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 311955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3248", "title": "Localization of bleeding small intestinal lesions using scanning techniques.", "content": "Gastrointestinal bleeding remains a major diagnostic problem, and the commonly employed techniques of contrast radiography, endoscopy, and arteriography may not successfully localize the site and/or define the cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Technetium-99m pertechnetate scanning has been useful in identifying Meckel's diverticula, and modifications of this technique may successfully identify highly vascular lesions responsible for gastrointestinal bleeding. A patient with recurrent hemorrhage from a leiomyosarcoma of the ileum is described. The lesion was identified with flow studies and immediate static imaging after injection of technetium-99m pertechnetate. In addition, the lesion was demonstrated by scanning using in vivo technetium-99m pertechnetate labelled autologous erythrocytes. The potential value of these scanning techniques as noninvasive tools for the localization and identification of lesions responsible for gastrointestinal bleeding is discussed.", "contents": "Localization of bleeding small intestinal lesions using scanning techniques. Gastrointestinal bleeding remains a major diagnostic problem, and the commonly employed techniques of contrast radiography, endoscopy, and arteriography may not successfully localize the site and/or define the cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Technetium-99m pertechnetate scanning has been useful in identifying Meckel's diverticula, and modifications of this technique may successfully identify highly vascular lesions responsible for gastrointestinal bleeding. A patient with recurrent hemorrhage from a leiomyosarcoma of the ileum is described. The lesion was identified with flow studies and immediate static imaging after injection of technetium-99m pertechnetate. In addition, the lesion was demonstrated by scanning using in vivo technetium-99m pertechnetate labelled autologous erythrocytes. The potential value of these scanning techniques as noninvasive tools for the localization and identification of lesions responsible for gastrointestinal bleeding is discussed.", "PMID": 311956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3249", "title": "Intraoperative Doppler localization of intestinal arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "Arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract have been identified as the cause of significant bleeding when other causes are obscure. A method of precise intraoperative localization using Doppler ultrasound technique is presented. The value of this method is shown in the management of an illustrative case of a rare arteriovenous malformation of the duodenum.", "contents": "Intraoperative Doppler localization of intestinal arteriovenous malformation. Arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract have been identified as the cause of significant bleeding when other causes are obscure. A method of precise intraoperative localization using Doppler ultrasound technique is presented. The value of this method is shown in the management of an illustrative case of a rare arteriovenous malformation of the duodenum.", "PMID": 311957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3250", "title": "Transabdominal neurostimulation in acute spinal cord injuries.", "content": "Transabdominal neurostimulation (TANS) is a new term and concept used in the prevention and treatment of adynamic or paralytic ileus. Though it may occur for other reasons, ileus is a frequent and common complication of acute spinal cord injuries. The calculated incidence of ileus in this study of 43 control acute spinal-injured patients at Northwestern University was 15%. Of 44 patients on whom the TANS procedure was used, none developed paralytic ileus. The primary advantages observed from the use of TANS were the following: the ease of application, the lack of major complications, and the prevention of ileus.", "contents": "Transabdominal neurostimulation in acute spinal cord injuries. Transabdominal neurostimulation (TANS) is a new term and concept used in the prevention and treatment of adynamic or paralytic ileus. Though it may occur for other reasons, ileus is a frequent and common complication of acute spinal cord injuries. The calculated incidence of ileus in this study of 43 control acute spinal-injured patients at Northwestern University was 15%. Of 44 patients on whom the TANS procedure was used, none developed paralytic ileus. The primary advantages observed from the use of TANS were the following: the ease of application, the lack of major complications, and the prevention of ileus.", "PMID": 311953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3251", "title": "Immunological investigations in chronic simple glaucoma.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulins and antinuclear antibodies were estimated in 225 patients, including cases of chronic simple glaucoma, \"low tension glaucoma\", and ocular hypertension. The results showed that, while the mean levels of immunoglobulins Ig A and Ig M were not significantly higher in patients with glaucoma than a control series of normal adults, the mean level of Ig G was higher in those with chronic simple glaucoma. There was no clear relationship between Ig G levels and the severity of the disease as judged by the visual fields and optic disc changes. Antinuclear antibodies were found in a larger proportion of patients with chronic simple glaucoma and ocular hypertension as compared to the normal population, but there was no correlation with the severity of the disease. The incidence of other non-organ-specific and organ-specific autoantibodies was not significantly different from that of the control group. Although these results suggest an association of raised levels of Ig G and a higher incidence of antinuclear antibodies in patients with glaucoma, the evidence is insufficient to suggest that disorders of the immune system have an aetiological significance in chronic simple glaucoma.", "contents": "Immunological investigations in chronic simple glaucoma. Serum immunoglobulins and antinuclear antibodies were estimated in 225 patients, including cases of chronic simple glaucoma, \"low tension glaucoma\", and ocular hypertension. The results showed that, while the mean levels of immunoglobulins Ig A and Ig M were not significantly higher in patients with glaucoma than a control series of normal adults, the mean level of Ig G was higher in those with chronic simple glaucoma. There was no clear relationship between Ig G levels and the severity of the disease as judged by the visual fields and optic disc changes. Antinuclear antibodies were found in a larger proportion of patients with chronic simple glaucoma and ocular hypertension as compared to the normal population, but there was no correlation with the severity of the disease. The incidence of other non-organ-specific and organ-specific autoantibodies was not significantly different from that of the control group. Although these results suggest an association of raised levels of Ig G and a higher incidence of antinuclear antibodies in patients with glaucoma, the evidence is insufficient to suggest that disorders of the immune system have an aetiological significance in chronic simple glaucoma.", "PMID": 311961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3252", "title": "Closed intraocular microsurgery in ocular trauma.", "content": "A series of 53 eyes that had suffered severe trauma was treated by closed intraocular microsurgery with vitreous cutters. The cases were divided into three categories: (a) anterior segment reconstruction for traumatic cataracts and post-traumatic pupillary membranes, (b) vitreous haemorrhage with and without retinal detachment, and (c) traumatically dislocated lenses.", "contents": "Closed intraocular microsurgery in ocular trauma. A series of 53 eyes that had suffered severe trauma was treated by closed intraocular microsurgery with vitreous cutters. The cases were divided into three categories: (a) anterior segment reconstruction for traumatic cataracts and post-traumatic pupillary membranes, (b) vitreous haemorrhage with and without retinal detachment, and (c) traumatically dislocated lenses.", "PMID": 311962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3253", "title": "[Immunological analysis of human lymphocytes bearing different surface receptors].", "content": "Cell surface receptors on human lymphocytes being studied, essential differences were revealed in a relative content of E-, EA- and EAC-rosette-forming cells in peripheral blood and tonsils. In tonsils, part of lymphocytes carrying receptors for sheep erythrocytes have been shown to possess C'3-receptors for sheep erythrocytes. Apparently, C'-receptor,--being B-lymphocyte surface marker,--may also appear at definite stages of T-cell differentiation.", "contents": "[Immunological analysis of human lymphocytes bearing different surface receptors]. Cell surface receptors on human lymphocytes being studied, essential differences were revealed in a relative content of E-, EA- and EAC-rosette-forming cells in peripheral blood and tonsils. In tonsils, part of lymphocytes carrying receptors for sheep erythrocytes have been shown to possess C'3-receptors for sheep erythrocytes. Apparently, C'-receptor,--being B-lymphocyte surface marker,--may also appear at definite stages of T-cell differentiation.", "PMID": 311965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3254", "title": "[Failures and complications of direct mesenteric portography].", "content": "The direct mesentericoportography was carried out upon 179 patients with portal hypertension. Complications were observed in 28.5% of patients. Technical difficulties arose in 11 cases. Recommendations aimed at the stabilization of the results and decrease of the complication rate are given.", "contents": "[Failures and complications of direct mesenteric portography]. The direct mesentericoportography was carried out upon 179 patients with portal hypertension. Complications were observed in 28.5% of patients. Technical difficulties arose in 11 cases. Recommendations aimed at the stabilization of the results and decrease of the complication rate are given.", "PMID": 311967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3255", "title": "[Retention of the Newcastle disease virus in immunized poultry].", "content": "The period of virus harbouring was followed up in a total of 50 experimentally infected (Newcastle disease) birds. Two methodes were used to isolate the challenging virus: the ordinary virologic procedures and the method of tissue cultures. Studied was also the effect of the humoral immunity on the persistence of the virus. Investigations by the tissue culture method revealed a persisting latent infection in the course of 70 day, which in certain cases could assume an acute course and become apparent. The Newcastle disease virus was isolated from birds having either low or very high levels of serum agglutinins. The currently employed virologic methods failed to demonstrate the virus after the 16th day of infection.", "contents": "[Retention of the Newcastle disease virus in immunized poultry]. The period of virus harbouring was followed up in a total of 50 experimentally infected (Newcastle disease) birds. Two methodes were used to isolate the challenging virus: the ordinary virologic procedures and the method of tissue cultures. Studied was also the effect of the humoral immunity on the persistence of the virus. Investigations by the tissue culture method revealed a persisting latent infection in the course of 70 day, which in certain cases could assume an acute course and become apparent. The Newcastle disease virus was isolated from birds having either low or very high levels of serum agglutinins. The currently employed virologic methods failed to demonstrate the virus after the 16th day of infection.", "PMID": 311970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3256", "title": "[Exocrine pancreatic function test by N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "Urinary excretion of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) within 6 h after oral administration of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-P-aminobenzoic acid (Peptide-PABA) was measured. In healthy subjects PABA-excretion rate was not different after 150 mg and 1 g Peptide-PABA. PABA-recovery was significantly lower in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Seperation between healthy persons and patients with chronic pancreatic insufficiency was better with 1 g Peptide-PABA.", "contents": "[Exocrine pancreatic function test by N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (author's transl)]. Urinary excretion of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) within 6 h after oral administration of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-P-aminobenzoic acid (Peptide-PABA) was measured. In healthy subjects PABA-excretion rate was not different after 150 mg and 1 g Peptide-PABA. PABA-recovery was significantly lower in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Seperation between healthy persons and patients with chronic pancreatic insufficiency was better with 1 g Peptide-PABA.", "PMID": 311979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3257", "title": "Ultrastructure of the joint receptors in the frog (Rana temporaria).", "content": "The ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings was examined in joint capsules of large limb joints in three adult frogs (Rana temporaria). The joint receptors are represented by the only one kind of sensory nerve endings--by free nerve endings. The unmyelinized preterminal desintegrates into single terminals. This branching is bound on the most peripheral cell of the Schwann cell by means of mesaxons, they pass from the pericaryum of the Schwann cell peripherally. The branches of the nerve terminal are surrounded by a cover of 1...3 cytoplasmatic processes of the Schwann cell. The surface lamella is covered by a distinct basal membrane. Bundles of collagenous fibrils pass along the branches of the nerve terminal. Quite naked nerve endings were not observed. The axoplasma of the nerve terminal contains strikingly few cell organels. Besides axially passing neurofilaments and neurotubules only sporadic mitochondria and clear vesicles were observed. The accumulation of mitochondria, characteristic for the axoplasma of nerve terminals, was observed in no case. Free nerve endings which were found in the joint capsules of the frog belong among so called \"free penicillate nerve endings\".", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the joint receptors in the frog (Rana temporaria). The ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings was examined in joint capsules of large limb joints in three adult frogs (Rana temporaria). The joint receptors are represented by the only one kind of sensory nerve endings--by free nerve endings. The unmyelinized preterminal desintegrates into single terminals. This branching is bound on the most peripheral cell of the Schwann cell by means of mesaxons, they pass from the pericaryum of the Schwann cell peripherally. The branches of the nerve terminal are surrounded by a cover of 1...3 cytoplasmatic processes of the Schwann cell. The surface lamella is covered by a distinct basal membrane. Bundles of collagenous fibrils pass along the branches of the nerve terminal. Quite naked nerve endings were not observed. The axoplasma of the nerve terminal contains strikingly few cell organels. Besides axially passing neurofilaments and neurotubules only sporadic mitochondria and clear vesicles were observed. The accumulation of mitochondria, characteristic for the axoplasma of nerve terminals, was observed in no case. Free nerve endings which were found in the joint capsules of the frog belong among so called \"free penicillate nerve endings\".", "PMID": 311980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3258", "title": "[Splenic transposition for portal hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Operative techniques for splenic transposition are reviewed and operative indications discussed. Thoracic transposition of the spleen for treatment of oesophageal bleeding is indicated in children and in patients with portal thrombosis and, in addition, in cases of intractable ascites complicating posthepatic obstruction. Late results of 28 cirrhotics operated on after variceal bleedings are presented. Fatal bleeding recurrences were avoided in 83 per cent of the cases surviving six months and the mean survival is 7.5 years so far. In elective surgery of cirrhotics with well maintained portal flow the most rational operative procedures are distal spleno-renal shunt and thoracic transposition of the spleen.", "contents": "[Splenic transposition for portal hypertension (author's transl)]. Operative techniques for splenic transposition are reviewed and operative indications discussed. Thoracic transposition of the spleen for treatment of oesophageal bleeding is indicated in children and in patients with portal thrombosis and, in addition, in cases of intractable ascites complicating posthepatic obstruction. Late results of 28 cirrhotics operated on after variceal bleedings are presented. Fatal bleeding recurrences were avoided in 83 per cent of the cases surviving six months and the mean survival is 7.5 years so far. In elective surgery of cirrhotics with well maintained portal flow the most rational operative procedures are distal spleno-renal shunt and thoracic transposition of the spleen.", "PMID": 311983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3259", "title": "[Immune structure of the population of Moscow to the strains of the influenza viruses A(H3N2), A(H1N1) and B circulating in 1977].", "content": "Examinations for the presence of antihemagglutinins to influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1) and B virus strains in the sera from people of different ages collected in April-May and October-November, 1977, showed that influenza A(H1N1) virus began to circulate in the human population of Moscow before the onset of an overt epidemic, in the period between June and October, 1977. This conclusion has been drawn on the basis of the absence of antihemagglutinins to A(H1N1) virus in the sera from subjects of 16-20 years late in April and their detection in 25.9% of those examined on November 23, 1977. The lack of antibody both to the old A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) and a new A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) strains of influenza A (H1N1) virus in this age group in April indirectly attests to the fact that influenza A virus of this subtype has not circulated among the population in the last 20 years. At the same time the observed significant (by 1.5-2.0 log2) rise in the geometric mean titers of antibody to A(H3N2) virus in May-October indicates its continued active circulation among the population in this period. Thermostable inhibitors of influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) virus in human sera may be most effectively removed by treatment of the sera with potassium periodate or RDE.", "contents": "[Immune structure of the population of Moscow to the strains of the influenza viruses A(H3N2), A(H1N1) and B circulating in 1977]. Examinations for the presence of antihemagglutinins to influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1) and B virus strains in the sera from people of different ages collected in April-May and October-November, 1977, showed that influenza A(H1N1) virus began to circulate in the human population of Moscow before the onset of an overt epidemic, in the period between June and October, 1977. This conclusion has been drawn on the basis of the absence of antihemagglutinins to A(H1N1) virus in the sera from subjects of 16-20 years late in April and their detection in 25.9% of those examined on November 23, 1977. The lack of antibody both to the old A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) and a new A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) strains of influenza A (H1N1) virus in this age group in April indirectly attests to the fact that influenza A virus of this subtype has not circulated among the population in the last 20 years. At the same time the observed significant (by 1.5-2.0 log2) rise in the geometric mean titers of antibody to A(H3N2) virus in May-October indicates its continued active circulation among the population in this period. Thermostable inhibitors of influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) virus in human sera may be most effectively removed by treatment of the sera with potassium periodate or RDE.", "PMID": 311977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3260", "title": "[Rosette formation test for evaluating the immunological state of serum hepatitis patients].", "content": "The number of T-lymphocytes was determined by the method of spontaneous rosette formation according to Bach et al., and of B-lymphocytes by the method of complementary rosette formation of Mendes et al. in 57 patients with serum hepatitis whose diagnosis had been confirmed by laboratory studies (HBsAg+) in the course of the disease. A decrease in the absolute and relative amount of T-lymphocytes was observed at the peak of the disease and was particularly marked in patients with severe disease. The values of B-lymphocytes did not change significantly in most patients throughout the disease but lower values of both relative and absolute numbers were observed in severe and fulminant forms. The amount of O-lymphocytes increased at the peak of the disease, particularly in severely ill patients. These results may be used as an additional test in the evaluation of the severity of a patient's condition.", "contents": "[Rosette formation test for evaluating the immunological state of serum hepatitis patients]. The number of T-lymphocytes was determined by the method of spontaneous rosette formation according to Bach et al., and of B-lymphocytes by the method of complementary rosette formation of Mendes et al. in 57 patients with serum hepatitis whose diagnosis had been confirmed by laboratory studies (HBsAg+) in the course of the disease. A decrease in the absolute and relative amount of T-lymphocytes was observed at the peak of the disease and was particularly marked in patients with severe disease. The values of B-lymphocytes did not change significantly in most patients throughout the disease but lower values of both relative and absolute numbers were observed in severe and fulminant forms. The amount of O-lymphocytes increased at the peak of the disease, particularly in severely ill patients. These results may be used as an additional test in the evaluation of the severity of a patient's condition.", "PMID": 311976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3261", "title": "R plasmids in vibrionaceae - beta-lactamases in Vibrio cholerae (NAG-Heiberg II) and A. hydrophyla.", "content": "290 natural isolates of Aeromonas, Plesiomonas and Vibrio strains isolated from surface waters have been tested for antibiotic resistance, and 123 have been found resistant to various drugs, mostly beta-lactam antibiotics. 14 of them, with high-level of resistances, transfered antibiotic resistance using three recipient strains of Enterobacteriaceae. One strain of Vibrio NAG (Heiberg II) transfered the resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephaloridin to both E. coli K12 3110 and S. typhimurium LT2 recipient, and further, in the second cycle of transfer, to E. coli K12 185 Nx strain. One additional strain of Aeromonas hydrophyla transfered a high-level ampicillin- and a low-level gentamicin resistance to E. coli K12 3110 only. Here, the resistances could not be transfered in the second cycle, and, they did not occur in the same exconjugant colony. This confirms previous reports that antibiotic resistance is widely distributed among strains found in wild nature.", "contents": "R plasmids in vibrionaceae - beta-lactamases in Vibrio cholerae (NAG-Heiberg II) and A. hydrophyla. 290 natural isolates of Aeromonas, Plesiomonas and Vibrio strains isolated from surface waters have been tested for antibiotic resistance, and 123 have been found resistant to various drugs, mostly beta-lactam antibiotics. 14 of them, with high-level of resistances, transfered antibiotic resistance using three recipient strains of Enterobacteriaceae. One strain of Vibrio NAG (Heiberg II) transfered the resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephaloridin to both E. coli K12 3110 and S. typhimurium LT2 recipient, and further, in the second cycle of transfer, to E. coli K12 185 Nx strain. One additional strain of Aeromonas hydrophyla transfered a high-level ampicillin- and a low-level gentamicin resistance to E. coli K12 3110 only. Here, the resistances could not be transfered in the second cycle, and, they did not occur in the same exconjugant colony. This confirms previous reports that antibiotic resistance is widely distributed among strains found in wild nature.", "PMID": 311984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3262", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered L-5-hydroxytryptophan in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of 5-hydroxytryptophan were investigated in relation to intravenous administration of single doses of the amino acids (0.2 mg/kg b.wt.) to five patients pretreated for one week with carbidopa, an L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor. The plasma concentration/time lapse of 5-hydroxytryptophan exhibited bi-exponential disposition characteristics and the data obtained could be closely fitted to an open two compartment pharmacokinetic model with elimination taking place from the central compartment. The apparent composite 1. order rate constants alpha and beta were 1.433 hr-1 +/- 0.177 S.D. and 0.113 hr-1 +/- 0.012 hr-1 S.D., respectively. The biological half-life of 5-hydroxytryptophan under the experimental conditions was thus about 6 hours. The apparent volume of the central compartment, Vc, was found to be 0.336 1 kg-1 +/- 0.059 S.D. and the plasma clearance 0.105 1 hr-1 kg-1 +/- 0.015 S.D. The derived pharmacokinetic constants were used for doses regimen calculations and predetermination of the plasma concentration/time lapse, during continuous intravenous infusion therapy. Measured plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan during infusion deviated by less than 10 per cent from the predicted values. However, the infusions had to be stopped in four of the experiments because the patients became nauseated and vomited after total doses of only 36--128 mg.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered L-5-hydroxytryptophan in man. The pharmacokinetics of 5-hydroxytryptophan were investigated in relation to intravenous administration of single doses of the amino acids (0.2 mg/kg b.wt.) to five patients pretreated for one week with carbidopa, an L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor. The plasma concentration/time lapse of 5-hydroxytryptophan exhibited bi-exponential disposition characteristics and the data obtained could be closely fitted to an open two compartment pharmacokinetic model with elimination taking place from the central compartment. The apparent composite 1. order rate constants alpha and beta were 1.433 hr-1 +/- 0.177 S.D. and 0.113 hr-1 +/- 0.012 hr-1 S.D., respectively. The biological half-life of 5-hydroxytryptophan under the experimental conditions was thus about 6 hours. The apparent volume of the central compartment, Vc, was found to be 0.336 1 kg-1 +/- 0.059 S.D. and the plasma clearance 0.105 1 hr-1 kg-1 +/- 0.015 S.D. The derived pharmacokinetic constants were used for doses regimen calculations and predetermination of the plasma concentration/time lapse, during continuous intravenous infusion therapy. Measured plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptophan during infusion deviated by less than 10 per cent from the predicted values. However, the infusions had to be stopped in four of the experiments because the patients became nauseated and vomited after total doses of only 36--128 mg.", "PMID": 311987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3263", "title": "A comparison of duration of nystagmus as measured by the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test and electronystagmography.", "content": "The Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT) and electronystagmography are methods used to evaluate one aspect of vestibular function. The SCPNT is based on the examiner's observation of eye movements and is used in combination with other information as part of a diagnostic battery for children with learning disorders. Electronystagmography is the permanent recording of eye movements through the use of surface electrodes. In this study. The SCPNT and an electronystagmograph were used to record postrotary nystagmus in 20 normal females aged 25 to 30. A significant correlation was found between the two tests for both duration and excursion. In addition, scores of both tests were compared for four normal and for four learning-disabled girls aged 7 to 8. The only significant correlation found was in terms of duration in the normal girls. Results were discussed in terms of factors affecting observation of eye movement, and differences between the nystagmus response of adults and children.", "contents": "A comparison of duration of nystagmus as measured by the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test and electronystagmography. The Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT) and electronystagmography are methods used to evaluate one aspect of vestibular function. The SCPNT is based on the examiner's observation of eye movements and is used in combination with other information as part of a diagnostic battery for children with learning disorders. Electronystagmography is the permanent recording of eye movements through the use of surface electrodes. In this study. The SCPNT and an electronystagmograph were used to record postrotary nystagmus in 20 normal females aged 25 to 30. A significant correlation was found between the two tests for both duration and excursion. In addition, scores of both tests were compared for four normal and for four learning-disabled girls aged 7 to 8. The only significant correlation found was in terms of duration in the normal girls. Results were discussed in terms of factors affecting observation of eye movement, and differences between the nystagmus response of adults and children.", "PMID": 312002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3264", "title": "Medically refractory unstable angina pectoris. I. Long-term follow-up of patients undergoing intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and operation.", "content": "Of 82 patients with medically refractory unstable angina pectoris seen between October 1972 and January 1978, 60 patients underwent a combination of intraaortic balloon pump counterpulsation, cardiac catheterization and coronary revascularization. Most patients had atherosclerotic involvement of the vessels of the anterior left ventricular wall, 48 patients (80 percent) had abnormalities of left ventricular wall contraction and 22 patients (36 percent) had evidence of acute myocardial injury. One operative and one late death occurred. The perioperative infarction rate was 5 percent. Survivors, followed up for 3 to 63 months (mean 31 months), have done remarkably well; 77 percent are considered employable,and more than 90 percent are in functional class I or II.", "contents": "Medically refractory unstable angina pectoris. I. Long-term follow-up of patients undergoing intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and operation. Of 82 patients with medically refractory unstable angina pectoris seen between October 1972 and January 1978, 60 patients underwent a combination of intraaortic balloon pump counterpulsation, cardiac catheterization and coronary revascularization. Most patients had atherosclerotic involvement of the vessels of the anterior left ventricular wall, 48 patients (80 percent) had abnormalities of left ventricular wall contraction and 22 patients (36 percent) had evidence of acute myocardial injury. One operative and one late death occurred. The perioperative infarction rate was 5 percent. Survivors, followed up for 3 to 63 months (mean 31 months), have done remarkably well; 77 percent are considered employable,and more than 90 percent are in functional class I or II.", "PMID": 312004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3265", "title": "Gastrointestinal bleeding in aortic stenosis.", "content": "Gastrointestinal bleeding in aortic stenosis is an uncommon condition but when present it is often undiagnosed. The usual radiological proceedures fail to demonstrate the source of bleeding. Mesenteric angiography, however, will identify the lesion. The lesion is usually a vascular malformation located in the right colon. The angiodysplasia may also occur in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. We have encountered five patients with aortic stenosis who had multiple massive hemorrhages of the lower gastrointestinal tract who defied diagnosis by the conventional methods. Mesenteric angiography, however, disclosed the orgin of the bleeding. In four patients vascular malformations were found in the right colon and one in the jejunum. Right hemicolectomy and partial jejunectomy resulted in a cure in all.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal bleeding in aortic stenosis. Gastrointestinal bleeding in aortic stenosis is an uncommon condition but when present it is often undiagnosed. The usual radiological proceedures fail to demonstrate the source of bleeding. Mesenteric angiography, however, will identify the lesion. The lesion is usually a vascular malformation located in the right colon. The angiodysplasia may also occur in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. We have encountered five patients with aortic stenosis who had multiple massive hemorrhages of the lower gastrointestinal tract who defied diagnosis by the conventional methods. Mesenteric angiography, however, disclosed the orgin of the bleeding. In four patients vascular malformations were found in the right colon and one in the jejunum. Right hemicolectomy and partial jejunectomy resulted in a cure in all.", "PMID": 312009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3266", "title": "Exocrine pancreatic function test by a synthetic peptide.", "content": "A new synthetic substance, N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid, is specially cleaved by pancreatic chymotrypsin after oral administration and the released p-aminobenzoic acid (P.A.B.A.) is absorbed and excreted in the urine. The P.A.B.A. recovery in the urine was examined to evaluate its diagnostic value as an exocrine pancreatic function test. The data permit the following conclusions: 1. There is a significant correlation between this test and maximal bicarbonate concentration, amylase output and volume of P.Z./C.C.K. secretin test. 2. More than one-half to two-thirds proximal or one-third distal of the pancreas must be removed before one can expect an abnormal result in this test. 3. This is a simple and useful test to detect exocrine pancreatic insufficiency of more than moderate degree but normal results may be obtained in minimal to mild exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Only six of 11 cases (54.5%) with one abnormal factor of P-S test showed decreased P.A.B.A. recpvery, whereas 22 of 23 cases (95.7%) with two or three abnormal factors of P-S test showed decreased or borderline P.A.B.A. recovery.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreatic function test by a synthetic peptide. A new synthetic substance, N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid, is specially cleaved by pancreatic chymotrypsin after oral administration and the released p-aminobenzoic acid (P.A.B.A.) is absorbed and excreted in the urine. The P.A.B.A. recovery in the urine was examined to evaluate its diagnostic value as an exocrine pancreatic function test. The data permit the following conclusions: 1. There is a significant correlation between this test and maximal bicarbonate concentration, amylase output and volume of P.Z./C.C.K. secretin test. 2. More than one-half to two-thirds proximal or one-third distal of the pancreas must be removed before one can expect an abnormal result in this test. 3. This is a simple and useful test to detect exocrine pancreatic insufficiency of more than moderate degree but normal results may be obtained in minimal to mild exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Only six of 11 cases (54.5%) with one abnormal factor of P-S test showed decreased P.A.B.A. recpvery, whereas 22 of 23 cases (95.7%) with two or three abnormal factors of P-S test showed decreased or borderline P.A.B.A. recovery.", "PMID": 312010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3267", "title": "Massive rectal bleeding due to intestinal tuberculosis.", "content": "Two cases of massive rectal bleeding due to tuberculosis of the intestine are described and 24 reported cases of massive rectal bleeding in intestinal tuberculosis are reviewed. Tuberculosis of the intestine, though uncommon should be considered as a cause for rectal bleeding.", "contents": "Massive rectal bleeding due to intestinal tuberculosis. Two cases of massive rectal bleeding due to tuberculosis of the intestine are described and 24 reported cases of massive rectal bleeding in intestinal tuberculosis are reviewed. Tuberculosis of the intestine, though uncommon should be considered as a cause for rectal bleeding.", "PMID": 312011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3268", "title": "Obesity in nineteen-year-old men: family size and birth order associations.", "content": "The authors analyzed the prevalence of obesity by family size and birth order for a total population of over 280,000 19-year-old Dutch males, who were born between 1944 and 1947 and who were from one- to five-child families. Obesity was defined by a relative weight index, 120% or more of the standard of weight for height. Overall obesity prevalence was 1.83%; sons of manual workers were more prone to obesity than sons of non-manual workers. Individuals from one-child families (only children) were uniquely at risk for obesity, particularly in the non-manual social class. This result was similar to reported findings for childhood obesity.", "contents": "Obesity in nineteen-year-old men: family size and birth order associations. The authors analyzed the prevalence of obesity by family size and birth order for a total population of over 280,000 19-year-old Dutch males, who were born between 1944 and 1947 and who were from one- to five-child families. Obesity was defined by a relative weight index, 120% or more of the standard of weight for height. Overall obesity prevalence was 1.83%; sons of manual workers were more prone to obesity than sons of non-manual workers. Individuals from one-child families (only children) were uniquely at risk for obesity, particularly in the non-manual social class. This result was similar to reported findings for childhood obesity.", "PMID": 312012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3269", "title": "Mapping of the structural gene for the second component of complement with respect to the human major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "Families have been HLA typed, and allotypes of the second component of complement and properdin factor B determined. The lod score for the C2 structural gene and HLA-B from the study of 11 families and 55 informative meioses was 14.39 at maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination fraction of .02. This is related to other estimates of the distance between these two genes. The relative kinetic activities of the C2 allotypes were studied and no differences were demonstrated. No crossovers between Bf and C2 were observed.", "contents": "Mapping of the structural gene for the second component of complement with respect to the human major histocompatibility complex. Families have been HLA typed, and allotypes of the second component of complement and properdin factor B determined. The lod score for the C2 structural gene and HLA-B from the study of 11 families and 55 informative meioses was 14.39 at maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination fraction of .02. This is related to other estimates of the distance between these two genes. The relative kinetic activities of the C2 allotypes were studied and no differences were demonstrated. No crossovers between Bf and C2 were observed.", "PMID": 312013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3270", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia.", "content": "Three assays were used to study myelopoiesis in 14 patients with aplastic anemia: (1) the soft agar colony assay for granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (CFU-c); (2) coculture of marrow from patients with normal marrows in the CFU-c assay; and (3) culture of marrow pretreated with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in the CFU-c assay. Marrow from five patients gave low colony counts when cultured alone and suppressed colony formation by normal marrow cells in coculture. Suppressor cells may have caused the aplasia in these patients. Eight patients had low colony formation and no suppression in coculture. These patients may have absent or defective stem cells. Marrow from one patient produced normal colony formation, did not contain suppressor cells and may have a defective hematopoietic environment. Aplastic anemia thus may result from at least three different defects involving (1) the stem cells, (2) the hematopoietic environment or (3) suppressor cells.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia. Three assays were used to study myelopoiesis in 14 patients with aplastic anemia: (1) the soft agar colony assay for granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (CFU-c); (2) coculture of marrow from patients with normal marrows in the CFU-c assay; and (3) culture of marrow pretreated with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in the CFU-c assay. Marrow from five patients gave low colony counts when cultured alone and suppressed colony formation by normal marrow cells in coculture. Suppressor cells may have caused the aplasia in these patients. Eight patients had low colony formation and no suppression in coculture. These patients may have absent or defective stem cells. Marrow from one patient produced normal colony formation, did not contain suppressor cells and may have a defective hematopoietic environment. Aplastic anemia thus may result from at least three different defects involving (1) the stem cells, (2) the hematopoietic environment or (3) suppressor cells.", "PMID": 312014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3271", "title": "Ovarian cancer: a solid tumor with evidence of normal cellular immune function but abnormal B cell function.", "content": "Immunologic assays of B and T lymphocyte function were performed on 21 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer prior to either chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The results were compared to similar studies on 12 age-matched normal women. The total peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, proportion of E rosette positive cells, stimulation of T cells by phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, recall skin tests, and the ability to have a primary delayed hypersensitivity response to keyhold limpet hemocyanin did not differ between patients and controls. However, patients with ovarian cancer had statistically significant reduction in surface immunoglobulin positive cells, proliferative response to pokeweed mitogen and primary antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. In contrast to results in patients with other solid tumors, these data indicate that untreated patients with ovarian cancer have evidence of normal cellular immune function but abnormal B cell function.", "contents": "Ovarian cancer: a solid tumor with evidence of normal cellular immune function but abnormal B cell function. Immunologic assays of B and T lymphocyte function were performed on 21 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer prior to either chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The results were compared to similar studies on 12 age-matched normal women. The total peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, proportion of E rosette positive cells, stimulation of T cells by phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, recall skin tests, and the ability to have a primary delayed hypersensitivity response to keyhold limpet hemocyanin did not differ between patients and controls. However, patients with ovarian cancer had statistically significant reduction in surface immunoglobulin positive cells, proliferative response to pokeweed mitogen and primary antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. In contrast to results in patients with other solid tumors, these data indicate that untreated patients with ovarian cancer have evidence of normal cellular immune function but abnormal B cell function.", "PMID": 312015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3272", "title": "Felty's syndrome without splenomegaly.", "content": "A woman with chronic rheumatoid arthritis and severe granulocytopenia but without splenic enlargement by physical examination or radionuclide scanning was studied for granulocyte-bound immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum antigranulocyte antibodies. Prior to splenectomy 73 to 110 X 10(-14) g/cell of IgG were detected on the patient's granulocytes, a value in the range (20 to 220 X 10(-14) g) found in 16 patients with classic Felty's syndrome. Granulocyte-bound IgG in 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis without Felty's syndrome was less than 20 X 10(-14) g. Following splenectomy, the patient had a partial correction of her peripheral granulocyte count, and granulocyte bound IgG was repeated less than 20 X 10(-14) g/cell. When paraformaldehyde-fixed granulocytes, obtained either from normal donors or from the patient after splenectomy, were incubated in the patient's serum obtained before splenectomy, more IgG was bound than with control serums from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Similar results were obtained when serums from patients with classic Felty's syndrome were incubated with paraformaldehyde-fixed granulocytes. Thus, patients with rheumatoid arthritis without overt splenic enlargement may have pathophysiologic Felty's syndrome, and in vitro studies such as these may be used to define this process.", "contents": "Felty's syndrome without splenomegaly. A woman with chronic rheumatoid arthritis and severe granulocytopenia but without splenic enlargement by physical examination or radionuclide scanning was studied for granulocyte-bound immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum antigranulocyte antibodies. Prior to splenectomy 73 to 110 X 10(-14) g/cell of IgG were detected on the patient's granulocytes, a value in the range (20 to 220 X 10(-14) g) found in 16 patients with classic Felty's syndrome. Granulocyte-bound IgG in 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis without Felty's syndrome was less than 20 X 10(-14) g. Following splenectomy, the patient had a partial correction of her peripheral granulocyte count, and granulocyte bound IgG was repeated less than 20 X 10(-14) g/cell. When paraformaldehyde-fixed granulocytes, obtained either from normal donors or from the patient after splenectomy, were incubated in the patient's serum obtained before splenectomy, more IgG was bound than with control serums from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Similar results were obtained when serums from patients with classic Felty's syndrome were incubated with paraformaldehyde-fixed granulocytes. Thus, patients with rheumatoid arthritis without overt splenic enlargement may have pathophysiologic Felty's syndrome, and in vitro studies such as these may be used to define this process.", "PMID": 312016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3273", "title": "Obstetric cholestasis. A 14 year review.", "content": "A 14 year review of obstetric cholestasis in the Women's Centre, Winnipeg, revealed 42 cases (incidence one in 1,293 deliveries). The perinatal outcome in these 42 patients was compared to that in a group of control subjects and showed a significantly higher incidence of premature labor, low-birth-weight babies, and postpartum hemorrhage. There was no particular association of intrapartum fetal distress or intrauterine growth retardation with the cases of obstetric cholestasis.", "contents": "Obstetric cholestasis. A 14 year review. A 14 year review of obstetric cholestasis in the Women's Centre, Winnipeg, revealed 42 cases (incidence one in 1,293 deliveries). The perinatal outcome in these 42 patients was compared to that in a group of control subjects and showed a significantly higher incidence of premature labor, low-birth-weight babies, and postpartum hemorrhage. There was no particular association of intrapartum fetal distress or intrauterine growth retardation with the cases of obstetric cholestasis.", "PMID": 312017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3274", "title": "Bacterionema matruchotii ocular infections.", "content": "One case of endophthalmitis and two cases of corneal ulceration, each occurring in a structurally altered eye, were associated with Bacterionema matruchotii, a gram-positive filamentous bacillus.", "contents": "Bacterionema matruchotii ocular infections. One case of endophthalmitis and two cases of corneal ulceration, each occurring in a structurally altered eye, were associated with Bacterionema matruchotii, a gram-positive filamentous bacillus.", "PMID": 312018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3275", "title": "Immune responsiveness in patients with choroidal malignant melanoma.", "content": "We studied selective in vivo and in vitro immunologic factors of 25 patients with choroidal malignant melanoma. Immune profile factors did not show consistent differences between patients with melanoma and an age-matched control population. The studies were also non-contributory in delineating variations in immunocompetence with respect to melanoma cell types. Serial immune profiles failed to identify a change when clinical evidence of metastasis developed. When tested as a group, patients with melanoma in whom metastatic disease developed during the study showed significant depression of initial mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis. This depression was noted in advance of clinically recognized metastatic disease. This group had a wide range of responses that overlapped those of control patients, thus making the usefulness of these testing factors questionable for individual prognosis or for clinical monitoring.", "contents": "Immune responsiveness in patients with choroidal malignant melanoma. We studied selective in vivo and in vitro immunologic factors of 25 patients with choroidal malignant melanoma. Immune profile factors did not show consistent differences between patients with melanoma and an age-matched control population. The studies were also non-contributory in delineating variations in immunocompetence with respect to melanoma cell types. Serial immune profiles failed to identify a change when clinical evidence of metastasis developed. When tested as a group, patients with melanoma in whom metastatic disease developed during the study showed significant depression of initial mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis. This depression was noted in advance of clinically recognized metastatic disease. This group had a wide range of responses that overlapped those of control patients, thus making the usefulness of these testing factors questionable for individual prognosis or for clinical monitoring.", "PMID": 312019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3276", "title": "Autosomal recessive incomplete achromatopsia with deutan luminosity.", "content": "Four patients in three different families had a form of autosomal recessive incomplete achromatopsia not previously described. The visual acuity was 6/18 to 6/60 (20/60 to 20/200) with minimal ophthalmoscopic abnormality and normal fluorescein angiogram. The photopic electroretinographic responses were present in all four patients; the fusion rate of 60 Hz was only slightly subnormal. The high-intensity scotopic response was subnormal. The patients failed color screening plates and accumulated over 400 errors with scotopic axis on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. The Rayleigh match was abnormal, displaced toward the red primary, but with normal luminance. The photopic luminous efficiency function was similar to that of the deuteranope. Color matching revealed a trichromatic form of color vision mediated by long wavelength and short wavelength cones, and a rhodopsin receptor.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive incomplete achromatopsia with deutan luminosity. Four patients in three different families had a form of autosomal recessive incomplete achromatopsia not previously described. The visual acuity was 6/18 to 6/60 (20/60 to 20/200) with minimal ophthalmoscopic abnormality and normal fluorescein angiogram. The photopic electroretinographic responses were present in all four patients; the fusion rate of 60 Hz was only slightly subnormal. The high-intensity scotopic response was subnormal. The patients failed color screening plates and accumulated over 400 errors with scotopic axis on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. The Rayleigh match was abnormal, displaced toward the red primary, but with normal luminance. The photopic luminous efficiency function was similar to that of the deuteranope. Color matching revealed a trichromatic form of color vision mediated by long wavelength and short wavelength cones, and a rhodopsin receptor.", "PMID": 312021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3277", "title": "T-cell immunity to malaria in the B-cell deficient mouse.", "content": "Some B-cell deficient mice drug-rescued with clindamycin HCl from otherwise lethal infections with Plasmodium yoelii resisted subsequent challenge with the same parasite despite the fact that they lacked detectable antibody to plasmodia. Parasitemias remained patent but at low levels (less than or equal to 5%) in these mice for prolonged periods of time, suggesting that some T-cell function independent of antibody formation can in part mediate immunity to malaria.", "contents": "T-cell immunity to malaria in the B-cell deficient mouse. Some B-cell deficient mice drug-rescued with clindamycin HCl from otherwise lethal infections with Plasmodium yoelii resisted subsequent challenge with the same parasite despite the fact that they lacked detectable antibody to plasmodia. Parasitemias remained patent but at low levels (less than or equal to 5%) in these mice for prolonged periods of time, suggesting that some T-cell function independent of antibody formation can in part mediate immunity to malaria.", "PMID": 312025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3278", "title": "alpha 1-Acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and ceruloplasmin in human intestinal helminthiases.", "content": "alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and ceruloplasmin levels were followed in 150 children from the rural tropics after arrival in the temperate zone. It is postulated that multiple intestinal helminthiases, especially ancylostomiasis, cause an acute phase type of reaction which is enhanced by immunization with T.A.B.-cholera vaccine.", "contents": "alpha 1-Acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and ceruloplasmin in human intestinal helminthiases. alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and ceruloplasmin levels were followed in 150 children from the rural tropics after arrival in the temperate zone. It is postulated that multiple intestinal helminthiases, especially ancylostomiasis, cause an acute phase type of reaction which is enhanced by immunization with T.A.B.-cholera vaccine.", "PMID": 312026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3279", "title": "Electron microscopic demonstration of centrifugal nerve fibers in the human optic nerve.", "content": "Electron microscopic views of centrifugal nerve fibers in the optic nerve stump of a 56-year-old man are presented. These nerve fibers had survived for 16 days after removal of the corresponding eyeball and exhibited terminal swellings pointing in a distal direction and indicating axoplasmic flow towards the removed eye. The centrifugal nerves in this adult lack any evidence of attempted regeneration that has earlier been observed under similar conditions in the optic nerve stump of a child.", "contents": "Electron microscopic demonstration of centrifugal nerve fibers in the human optic nerve. Electron microscopic views of centrifugal nerve fibers in the optic nerve stump of a 56-year-old man are presented. These nerve fibers had survived for 16 days after removal of the corresponding eyeball and exhibited terminal swellings pointing in a distal direction and indicating axoplasmic flow towards the removed eye. The centrifugal nerves in this adult lack any evidence of attempted regeneration that has earlier been observed under similar conditions in the optic nerve stump of a child.", "PMID": 312028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3280", "title": "Ketamine-induced ultrastructural changes in the retina.", "content": "The author studied the retinal changes induced by ketamine in animal experiments. Ultrastructural changes were observed in the inner segment of the photoreceptors, in the three nuclear layers, and in the nerve fiber layer following ketamine monoanesthesia of 60 min duration. A pronounced destruction of the M\u00fcller's cells nourishing the nervous elements was seen. Three days after the anesthesia, remarkable regression of the neuronal changes and extreme accumulation of glycogen in the M\u00fcller's cells occurred. These phenomena, as well as some other ophthalmological side effects, were explained with the development of relative retinal hypoxia due to the increased oxygen metabolism which was caused by the ketamine anesthesia.", "contents": "Ketamine-induced ultrastructural changes in the retina. The author studied the retinal changes induced by ketamine in animal experiments. Ultrastructural changes were observed in the inner segment of the photoreceptors, in the three nuclear layers, and in the nerve fiber layer following ketamine monoanesthesia of 60 min duration. A pronounced destruction of the M\u00fcller's cells nourishing the nervous elements was seen. Three days after the anesthesia, remarkable regression of the neuronal changes and extreme accumulation of glycogen in the M\u00fcller's cells occurred. These phenomena, as well as some other ophthalmological side effects, were explained with the development of relative retinal hypoxia due to the increased oxygen metabolism which was caused by the ketamine anesthesia.", "PMID": 312029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3281", "title": "[X-linked night-blindness: clinical and electrophysiological investigations including de-ERG in two families (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients from two families with X-linked recessive nyctalopia and myopia were investigated. The functional tests included clinical examinations (visual acuity, color sense, visual fields, dark adaptation) and electrophysiological examinations (ac coupled ERG, dc-coupled ERG, EOG). The dc-coupled ERG registrations were done without general anesthesia. In one case, a comparison with results obtained in 1967 was possible. There was no evidence of increase in functional impairment. On the basis of the electrophysiological results, the nature and localization of the defect causing nyctalopia are discussed. The postreceptoral retinal structures appear not to be involved exclusively.", "contents": "[X-linked night-blindness: clinical and electrophysiological investigations including de-ERG in two families (author's transl)]. Patients from two families with X-linked recessive nyctalopia and myopia were investigated. The functional tests included clinical examinations (visual acuity, color sense, visual fields, dark adaptation) and electrophysiological examinations (ac coupled ERG, dc-coupled ERG, EOG). The dc-coupled ERG registrations were done without general anesthesia. In one case, a comparison with results obtained in 1967 was possible. There was no evidence of increase in functional impairment. On the basis of the electrophysiological results, the nature and localization of the defect causing nyctalopia are discussed. The postreceptoral retinal structures appear not to be involved exclusively.", "PMID": 312030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3282", "title": "Cyclovergence: the motor response to cyclodisparity.", "content": "Static photographic evidence of the occurrence of cyclovergence is presented that supports and extends the result of Crone and Everhard-Halm (1975). Wide-angle complex targets were a necessary condition; simple horizontal line targets were insufficient. Our asymmetrical disparity targets supported in part the conformance of cyclovergence to Hering's Law but raised questions relating to the computational process that also acts to remove cyclodisparity and permits cyclofusion. Saturation and hysteresis nonlinearities were observed.", "contents": "Cyclovergence: the motor response to cyclodisparity. Static photographic evidence of the occurrence of cyclovergence is presented that supports and extends the result of Crone and Everhard-Halm (1975). Wide-angle complex targets were a necessary condition; simple horizontal line targets were insufficient. Our asymmetrical disparity targets supported in part the conformance of cyclovergence to Hering's Law but raised questions relating to the computational process that also acts to remove cyclodisparity and permits cyclofusion. Saturation and hysteresis nonlinearities were observed.", "PMID": 312031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3283", "title": "[Behavior of fluorescein dye in the vascularized cornea of the animal eye after local application of certain drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "In pigmented rabbits we investigated the much-used drugs pilocarpine, atropine, and tropicamide (Mydriaticum, Roche) with regard to their possible influence on the permeability of newly formed corneal vessels. Sodium fluorescein was chosen as test substance. Corneal vessels were produced by introcorneal injection of 0.1 N NaOH. Their development required 2--3 weeks and their growth about 4--6 weeks. A 2-week period of stability followed and was used for the local application of the above drugs. An evident influence on the diffusion of fluorescein could not be ascertained. Tropicamide induced a narrowing of the dye column in the corneal vessels. This phenomenon may be due to a narrowing of supplying vessels. In all cases, dye diffusion took place especially at the peripheral loops of the corneal vessels.", "contents": "[Behavior of fluorescein dye in the vascularized cornea of the animal eye after local application of certain drugs (author's transl)]. In pigmented rabbits we investigated the much-used drugs pilocarpine, atropine, and tropicamide (Mydriaticum, Roche) with regard to their possible influence on the permeability of newly formed corneal vessels. Sodium fluorescein was chosen as test substance. Corneal vessels were produced by introcorneal injection of 0.1 N NaOH. Their development required 2--3 weeks and their growth about 4--6 weeks. A 2-week period of stability followed and was used for the local application of the above drugs. An evident influence on the diffusion of fluorescein could not be ascertained. Tropicamide induced a narrowing of the dye column in the corneal vessels. This phenomenon may be due to a narrowing of supplying vessels. In all cases, dye diffusion took place especially at the peripheral loops of the corneal vessels.", "PMID": 312032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3284", "title": "Cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin in the aqueous humor of patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "Cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin activities were studied biochemically in human aqueous humor. The enzyme activities were found to be significantly high in the aqueous humor of the patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease, but not detectable in those with senile cataract, retinoblastoma, and maxillar carcinoma. These data suggest that cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin have a certain role in the inflammatory collagenolytic process of Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "contents": "Cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin in the aqueous humor of patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease. Cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin activities were studied biochemically in human aqueous humor. The enzyme activities were found to be significantly high in the aqueous humor of the patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease, but not detectable in those with senile cataract, retinoblastoma, and maxillar carcinoma. These data suggest that cathepsin B and collagenolytic cathepsin have a certain role in the inflammatory collagenolytic process of Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "PMID": 312033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3285", "title": "[Studies on pigmented surface wrinkling retinopathy by scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The light- and scanning electron microscopic appearance of 3 areas of pigmented epiretinal fibroplasia (pucker) are described in an eye removed following detachment surgery. The centre of each area of pucker consists of a fibroglial sheet covered by retinal pigment epithelium. The surface morphology of these cells resembles typical or slightly degenerated epithelium. Extensive areas of these pigment epithelial sheets were pigmentfree. There was no evidence that the pigment epithelial sheets exerted either direct or indirect traction on the inner surface of the retina. The origin of these cells and their role in the formation of retinal wrinkling is discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on pigmented surface wrinkling retinopathy by scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)]. The light- and scanning electron microscopic appearance of 3 areas of pigmented epiretinal fibroplasia (pucker) are described in an eye removed following detachment surgery. The centre of each area of pucker consists of a fibroglial sheet covered by retinal pigment epithelium. The surface morphology of these cells resembles typical or slightly degenerated epithelium. Extensive areas of these pigment epithelial sheets were pigmentfree. There was no evidence that the pigment epithelial sheets exerted either direct or indirect traction on the inner surface of the retina. The origin of these cells and their role in the formation of retinal wrinkling is discussed.", "PMID": 312034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3286", "title": "[Colour vision in squint amblyopia (author's transl)].", "content": "Colour vision in squint amblyopia depends on the fixation modus. In eyes with foveolar or unsteady foveolar from fixation the 3 primary colour vision mechanisms (CVMs) gave normal foveolar CVM patterns. The absolute spectral retinal sensitivity was somewhat, but not significantly lowered. The spectral sensitivity for hue discrimination was either normal, or slightly reduced in the short wavelength side, or slightly reduced over the whole visible spectrum. The spectral sensitivity for saturation discrimination showed normal curves. -- In amblyopic eyes with parafoveal to perifoveal fixation mode the absolute spectral retinal sensitivity is lowered for about 0.45--0.60 log units in comparison to an approximately corresponding excentric retinal area in a normal eye. In eyes with parafoveolar to perifoveal fixation mode measurements of CVMs and of hue discrimination gave better results than could be expected with regard to the position of the fixating area as determined by visuscope. The values correspond to those obtained in retinal areas at least as close to the foveola as the amblyopic fixation point, but usually of an even more central position. The sensitivity for saturation discrimination showed no significant disturbance.", "contents": "[Colour vision in squint amblyopia (author's transl)]. Colour vision in squint amblyopia depends on the fixation modus. In eyes with foveolar or unsteady foveolar from fixation the 3 primary colour vision mechanisms (CVMs) gave normal foveolar CVM patterns. The absolute spectral retinal sensitivity was somewhat, but not significantly lowered. The spectral sensitivity for hue discrimination was either normal, or slightly reduced in the short wavelength side, or slightly reduced over the whole visible spectrum. The spectral sensitivity for saturation discrimination showed normal curves. -- In amblyopic eyes with parafoveal to perifoveal fixation mode the absolute spectral retinal sensitivity is lowered for about 0.45--0.60 log units in comparison to an approximately corresponding excentric retinal area in a normal eye. In eyes with parafoveolar to perifoveal fixation mode measurements of CVMs and of hue discrimination gave better results than could be expected with regard to the position of the fixating area as determined by visuscope. The values correspond to those obtained in retinal areas at least as close to the foveola as the amblyopic fixation point, but usually of an even more central position. The sensitivity for saturation discrimination showed no significant disturbance.", "PMID": 312035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3287", "title": "[The influence of vigilance on DC response in human visual evoked potential (author's transl)].", "content": "Visual evoked cortical potentials elicited by long-lasting stimuli of red light were examined in eight subjects under different conditions of vigilance. The DC components of the evoked potentials were compared with the delta and theta activity (0-7.5 Hz) of the EEG by means of frequency power spectra. The results are: 1) A proportional relationship exists between the amplitude of the negative DC component of the evoked potential and the theta and delta activity in the EEG. 2) Under conditions of low vigilance the negative DC potential does not return immediately to the baseline after the off-effect. Instead it may reach a second peak. 3) Under conditions of high vigilance, the DC potential may reverse its polarity. Its return to the baseline following the off-effect is immediate. 4) No dependence of the cortical DC potential on the intensity of the light stimulus could be demonstrated. 5) Since the negative potential outlasts the visual stimulus and could be recorded at the occiput and the vertex, it may be regarded as a nonspecific arousal reaction. Furthermore, since the positive DC potential can only be recorded at the occiput, it is regarded as a specific stimulus-correlated response.", "contents": "[The influence of vigilance on DC response in human visual evoked potential (author's transl)]. Visual evoked cortical potentials elicited by long-lasting stimuli of red light were examined in eight subjects under different conditions of vigilance. The DC components of the evoked potentials were compared with the delta and theta activity (0-7.5 Hz) of the EEG by means of frequency power spectra. The results are: 1) A proportional relationship exists between the amplitude of the negative DC component of the evoked potential and the theta and delta activity in the EEG. 2) Under conditions of low vigilance the negative DC potential does not return immediately to the baseline after the off-effect. Instead it may reach a second peak. 3) Under conditions of high vigilance, the DC potential may reverse its polarity. Its return to the baseline following the off-effect is immediate. 4) No dependence of the cortical DC potential on the intensity of the light stimulus could be demonstrated. 5) Since the negative potential outlasts the visual stimulus and could be recorded at the occiput and the vertex, it may be regarded as a nonspecific arousal reaction. Furthermore, since the positive DC potential can only be recorded at the occiput, it is regarded as a specific stimulus-correlated response.", "PMID": 312036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3288", "title": "[Visual field response to hypotension following oculopression (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the visual fields in 100 healthy persons of different ages before and 10 min after oculopression. They found a depression of the I/2 isopter mostly in the nasal lower quarter of the visual field in persons over 60 years old, due to a disturbed or diminished vascular compensation of bulbus compression. They consider that oculopression might have clinical importance as an indirect provocation test of the cellular blood circulatory system.", "contents": "[Visual field response to hypotension following oculopression (author's transl)]. The authors studied the visual fields in 100 healthy persons of different ages before and 10 min after oculopression. They found a depression of the I/2 isopter mostly in the nasal lower quarter of the visual field in persons over 60 years old, due to a disturbed or diminished vascular compensation of bulbus compression. They consider that oculopression might have clinical importance as an indirect provocation test of the cellular blood circulatory system.", "PMID": 312037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3289", "title": "Micropsia and visual acuity in macular edema. A study of the neuro-retinal basis of visual acuity.", "content": "Relative micropsia was measured by a matching technique in patients with unilateral, benign, macular edema. Quantitative assessment of foveolar micropsia to be a sensitive indicator of receptor displacement in this disorder, and may be a useful tool both for diagnosing and for monitoring macular edema. Parallel measurements of grating acuity showed a close proportionality between acuity and micropsia parameters. This result validates a new quantitative theory for the neuro-retinal basis of visual acuity. The theory allows prediction of the proportion of working visual neurons in patients with impaired acuity due to diseases that produce a diffuse loss, or disconnection, of macular cones. Our results indicate that so-called normal visual acuity (1.0 or 20/20) requires no more than 44% of the normal quantity of fovelar, neuro-retinal channels.", "contents": "Micropsia and visual acuity in macular edema. A study of the neuro-retinal basis of visual acuity. Relative micropsia was measured by a matching technique in patients with unilateral, benign, macular edema. Quantitative assessment of foveolar micropsia to be a sensitive indicator of receptor displacement in this disorder, and may be a useful tool both for diagnosing and for monitoring macular edema. Parallel measurements of grating acuity showed a close proportionality between acuity and micropsia parameters. This result validates a new quantitative theory for the neuro-retinal basis of visual acuity. The theory allows prediction of the proportion of working visual neurons in patients with impaired acuity due to diseases that produce a diffuse loss, or disconnection, of macular cones. Our results indicate that so-called normal visual acuity (1.0 or 20/20) requires no more than 44% of the normal quantity of fovelar, neuro-retinal channels.", "PMID": 312038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3290", "title": "Comparison of visual function studies in two cases of senile macular degeneration.", "content": "In this paper two relatively early cases of senile macular degeneration are compared by making use of a number of tests of visual function, some relatively new, coupled with observation of the fundus and analysis by fluorescein angiography. The functional tests include visual acuity, the sustainedlike and transientlike functions which are believed to test inner retinal receptive field properties and to have origin in the inner and outer plexiform layers, the Stiles-Crawford function which reflects the directional sensitivity and orientation of photoreceptors, and increment threshold curves. In one case there was evidence of inner retinal involvement at the time the tests were conducted, but, because the Stiles-Crawford function remained essentially normal, it is assumed that the receptors were not disturbed relative to their orientation. In this case (as in many others), the zone or area exhibiting functional change does not necessarily match the area exhibiting anatomical change as observed by examination of the fundus, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography. In the second patient there is evidence of both anomalous inner retinal function and disturbance in receptor alignment. The later suggests disorientation of the receptor bed. These findings correlated with the fundus observation and fluorescein angiographic evidence of a leak, resulting in the presence of serous fluid beneath the neurosensory retina. With resolution of this fluid there was a return of the functional tests toward normal. At this time, it is not possible to determine whether, in two cases, the functional changes are proceeding on a parallel course, but are at different stages, or whether they are the expression of somewhat different anomalies.", "contents": "Comparison of visual function studies in two cases of senile macular degeneration. In this paper two relatively early cases of senile macular degeneration are compared by making use of a number of tests of visual function, some relatively new, coupled with observation of the fundus and analysis by fluorescein angiography. The functional tests include visual acuity, the sustainedlike and transientlike functions which are believed to test inner retinal receptive field properties and to have origin in the inner and outer plexiform layers, the Stiles-Crawford function which reflects the directional sensitivity and orientation of photoreceptors, and increment threshold curves. In one case there was evidence of inner retinal involvement at the time the tests were conducted, but, because the Stiles-Crawford function remained essentially normal, it is assumed that the receptors were not disturbed relative to their orientation. In this case (as in many others), the zone or area exhibiting functional change does not necessarily match the area exhibiting anatomical change as observed by examination of the fundus, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography. In the second patient there is evidence of both anomalous inner retinal function and disturbance in receptor alignment. The later suggests disorientation of the receptor bed. These findings correlated with the fundus observation and fluorescein angiographic evidence of a leak, resulting in the presence of serous fluid beneath the neurosensory retina. With resolution of this fluid there was a return of the functional tests toward normal. At this time, it is not possible to determine whether, in two cases, the functional changes are proceeding on a parallel course, but are at different stages, or whether they are the expression of somewhat different anomalies.", "PMID": 312039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3291", "title": "The central ocular hypotensive effect of clonidine.", "content": "Clonidine was administered into the left vertebral artery of anesthetized cats. A dose-response curve of the lowering effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) has been made and compared with the dose-response cure obtained after intravenous administration. A more pronounced decrease in IOP after the first route of administration became evident. The effect is not secondary to a stronger reduction of blood pressure by centrally injected clonidine. Distribution experiments with 14C-clonidine revealed no direct connection between the vertebral arteries and the blood supply of the eye. For 2 h the concentrations in the eye are somewhat lower than after intravenous administration. Therefore, the IOP-lowering effect is not due to a direct influence of clonidine on the eye. It is submitted that the clonidine-induced reduction in IOP is at least in part due to a central mechanism, in which the stimulation of central alpha-adrenoceptors and adrenergic neurons may be involved. The relevance of this hypothesis with regard to a possible central regulation of IOP is discussed.", "contents": "The central ocular hypotensive effect of clonidine. Clonidine was administered into the left vertebral artery of anesthetized cats. A dose-response curve of the lowering effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) has been made and compared with the dose-response cure obtained after intravenous administration. A more pronounced decrease in IOP after the first route of administration became evident. The effect is not secondary to a stronger reduction of blood pressure by centrally injected clonidine. Distribution experiments with 14C-clonidine revealed no direct connection between the vertebral arteries and the blood supply of the eye. For 2 h the concentrations in the eye are somewhat lower than after intravenous administration. Therefore, the IOP-lowering effect is not due to a direct influence of clonidine on the eye. It is submitted that the clonidine-induced reduction in IOP is at least in part due to a central mechanism, in which the stimulation of central alpha-adrenoceptors and adrenergic neurons may be involved. The relevance of this hypothesis with regard to a possible central regulation of IOP is discussed.", "PMID": 312040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3292", "title": "[Haemodynamic effects of combined dopamine and nitroprusside therapy early after open heart operations (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 patients with moderate low-output-syndrome following aortocoronary bypass grafting, the pump function of the left ventricle was improved by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and dopamine. The cardiac index (CI) on termination of cardio-pulmonary bypass was 2.2 +/- 0.2 1/min.m2 and the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) 20 +/- 3 mm Hg. Folowing infusion of SNP the Cl reached 2.4 +/- 0.2 l/min.m2 (p less than 0.05) and the PCWP was reduced to 13 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). After transfusion of blood the PCWP increased to 18 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than 0.01), and the CI increased to 2.8 +/- 0.2 l/min.m2 (p less than 0.05). After administration of dopamine the CI was further improved to 3.3 l/min.m2, the PCWP remained constant. The combined therapy with dopamine and SNP is a rational concept to improve the function of the heart in failure following open heart surgery.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic effects of combined dopamine and nitroprusside therapy early after open heart operations (author's transl)]. In 12 patients with moderate low-output-syndrome following aortocoronary bypass grafting, the pump function of the left ventricle was improved by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and dopamine. The cardiac index (CI) on termination of cardio-pulmonary bypass was 2.2 +/- 0.2 1/min.m2 and the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) 20 +/- 3 mm Hg. Folowing infusion of SNP the Cl reached 2.4 +/- 0.2 l/min.m2 (p less than 0.05) and the PCWP was reduced to 13 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). After transfusion of blood the PCWP increased to 18 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than 0.01), and the CI increased to 2.8 +/- 0.2 l/min.m2 (p less than 0.05). After administration of dopamine the CI was further improved to 3.3 l/min.m2, the PCWP remained constant. The combined therapy with dopamine and SNP is a rational concept to improve the function of the heart in failure following open heart surgery.", "PMID": 312041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3293", "title": "[Extrarenal effects of potassium-canrenoate. Haemodynamic investigations during neuroleptanalgesia in cardiosurgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Direct cardiac and vascular effects of the antikaliuretic diuretic potassium-canrenoate were measured in cardio-surgical patients during extracorporal circulation and immediatly after operations, each time in neuroleptanalgesia. During \"steady state\" extracorporeal circulation (aorta cross-clamped, constant flow rate of heart-lung-machine, constant hypothermia), in 13 patients no significant influence on peripheral circulation was found after i.v.-injection of 800 mg potassium-canrenoate. Neither arterial perfusion pressure (representing an arterial vascular reaction) nor changes in oxygenator-volume (indicating venous vasodilation or contraction) demonstrated significant differences in comparison to a control group. After cardiac surgery haemodynamic measurements were performed for a period of 60 minutes in 10 patients given 800 mg potassium-canrenoate. In comparison with a control group (n = 6), no significant differences in arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index and pulmonary arterial pressure were found. Left ventricular measurements, using a catheter tip manometer, revealed no direct positive inotropic effect of a single i.v.-injection of potassium-canrenoate. In acute myocardial failure during anaesthesia or in \"low cardiac ouptut\" following open heart surgery no improvement in myocardial contractility is obtained by i.v.-application of potassium-canrenoate; at the present there seems no alternative to other positive inotropic agents such as calcium, glucagon, dopamine, orciprenaline and epinephrine.", "contents": "[Extrarenal effects of potassium-canrenoate. Haemodynamic investigations during neuroleptanalgesia in cardiosurgical patients (author's transl)]. Direct cardiac and vascular effects of the antikaliuretic diuretic potassium-canrenoate were measured in cardio-surgical patients during extracorporal circulation and immediatly after operations, each time in neuroleptanalgesia. During \"steady state\" extracorporeal circulation (aorta cross-clamped, constant flow rate of heart-lung-machine, constant hypothermia), in 13 patients no significant influence on peripheral circulation was found after i.v.-injection of 800 mg potassium-canrenoate. Neither arterial perfusion pressure (representing an arterial vascular reaction) nor changes in oxygenator-volume (indicating venous vasodilation or contraction) demonstrated significant differences in comparison to a control group. After cardiac surgery haemodynamic measurements were performed for a period of 60 minutes in 10 patients given 800 mg potassium-canrenoate. In comparison with a control group (n = 6), no significant differences in arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index and pulmonary arterial pressure were found. Left ventricular measurements, using a catheter tip manometer, revealed no direct positive inotropic effect of a single i.v.-injection of potassium-canrenoate. In acute myocardial failure during anaesthesia or in \"low cardiac ouptut\" following open heart surgery no improvement in myocardial contractility is obtained by i.v.-application of potassium-canrenoate; at the present there seems no alternative to other positive inotropic agents such as calcium, glucagon, dopamine, orciprenaline and epinephrine.", "PMID": 312042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3294", "title": "Evaluation of B-lymphocyte levels and functions in gnotobiotic dogs.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative aspects of B-lymphocyte functions in gnotobiotic dogs and conventional dogs were determined. Using 3 different methods to identify B-cells by surface markers and 3 different methods to measure immunoglobulins (eg, serum electorphoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, and radial immunodiffusion), it was determined that gnotobiotic dogs were B-cell deficient. Related studies, however, indicate that the capacity to develop humoral immune responses was unimpaired. It is presumed that lack of immunogenic stimulation within the gnotobiotic isolation units accounts for this observation.", "contents": "Evaluation of B-lymphocyte levels and functions in gnotobiotic dogs. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of B-lymphocyte functions in gnotobiotic dogs and conventional dogs were determined. Using 3 different methods to identify B-cells by surface markers and 3 different methods to measure immunoglobulins (eg, serum electorphoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, and radial immunodiffusion), it was determined that gnotobiotic dogs were B-cell deficient. Related studies, however, indicate that the capacity to develop humoral immune responses was unimpaired. It is presumed that lack of immunogenic stimulation within the gnotobiotic isolation units accounts for this observation.", "PMID": 312043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3295", "title": "High-dose methotrexate and leucovorin rescue in dogs with osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Five dogs with ostoegenic sarcoma were treated by surgical removal of the primary tumor and by adjuvant chemotherapy. Methotrexate at dosages of 3 to 6 g/m2 was used with leucovorin rescue. All dogs tolerated E g of methotrexate/m2 of body surface, but granulocytopenia precluded escalation beyond this dosage in 4 dogs. The rate and time of appearance of pulmonary metastases were not altered by treatment, with all dogs developing metastases at a median time of 4 months after amputation.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate and leucovorin rescue in dogs with osteogenic sarcoma. Five dogs with ostoegenic sarcoma were treated by surgical removal of the primary tumor and by adjuvant chemotherapy. Methotrexate at dosages of 3 to 6 g/m2 was used with leucovorin rescue. All dogs tolerated E g of methotrexate/m2 of body surface, but granulocytopenia precluded escalation beyond this dosage in 4 dogs. The rate and time of appearance of pulmonary metastases were not altered by treatment, with all dogs developing metastases at a median time of 4 months after amputation.", "PMID": 312044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3296", "title": "Rheumatoid meningitis: a localized immune process.", "content": "Rheumatoid pachymeningitis is a rare complication of rheumatoid arthritis. This disease was confined to the dura and pia-arachnoid of the lumbar cord in our patient. Her neurologic deficits responded to surgical decompression and corticosteroid therapy. Radiologic evidence and the differences in cell count, protein, and glucose content between lumbar and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid indicate that rheumatoid pachymeningitis can be localized to a discrete region of the central nervous system. Elevated immunoglobulins, IgM and IgG rheumatoid factors, low molecular weight IgM, and immune complexes were found in the cerebrospinal fluid and implicate an immune reaction in the pathogenesis of this disease, which is probably similar to inflammatory processes involving other organs in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Rheumatoid meningitis: a localized immune process. Rheumatoid pachymeningitis is a rare complication of rheumatoid arthritis. This disease was confined to the dura and pia-arachnoid of the lumbar cord in our patient. Her neurologic deficits responded to surgical decompression and corticosteroid therapy. Radiologic evidence and the differences in cell count, protein, and glucose content between lumbar and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid indicate that rheumatoid pachymeningitis can be localized to a discrete region of the central nervous system. Elevated immunoglobulins, IgM and IgG rheumatoid factors, low molecular weight IgM, and immune complexes were found in the cerebrospinal fluid and implicate an immune reaction in the pathogenesis of this disease, which is probably similar to inflammatory processes involving other organs in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 312046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3297", "title": "[Coronary by-pass operations in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with angina. Results of 102 coronary arteriographies (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of coronary arteriography were compared in 102 patients (55 non-diabetics and 47 diabetics) with angina. The lesions noted an arteriography were more severe in the diabetic patients: more frequent stenosis in the common trunk and three branches, and present in greater numbers (more than 4 in more than a half of the patients), with only a moderate proximal bed in 65% of the cases. By-pass operations can only be performed, therefore, in 32% of these patients as against 54% for the non-diabetic anginal patients. The operative risk also appears to be increased (1 death and 6 complications in 10 by-pass operations). It was also demonstrated that with similar lesions of the common trunk, the diabetics have radiological signs of a greater incidence of cardiomegaly and generalized hypokinesia of the left ventricle than non-diabetics. By-pass operations are impossible in about 85% of patients because of ischemic signs or evidence of necrosis in the ECG recordings of diabetic patients with angina.", "contents": "[Coronary by-pass operations in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with angina. Results of 102 coronary arteriographies (author's transl)]. The results of coronary arteriography were compared in 102 patients (55 non-diabetics and 47 diabetics) with angina. The lesions noted an arteriography were more severe in the diabetic patients: more frequent stenosis in the common trunk and three branches, and present in greater numbers (more than 4 in more than a half of the patients), with only a moderate proximal bed in 65% of the cases. By-pass operations can only be performed, therefore, in 32% of these patients as against 54% for the non-diabetic anginal patients. The operative risk also appears to be increased (1 death and 6 complications in 10 by-pass operations). It was also demonstrated that with similar lesions of the common trunk, the diabetics have radiological signs of a greater incidence of cardiomegaly and generalized hypokinesia of the left ventricle than non-diabetics. By-pass operations are impossible in about 85% of patients because of ischemic signs or evidence of necrosis in the ECG recordings of diabetic patients with angina.", "PMID": 312048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3298", "title": "Intravenous effects of pimaricin on mycotic endophthalmitis.", "content": "Rabbits weighing 2 to 3 kg with induced Candida endophthalmitis in the left eye were given 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg pimaricin intravenously. In the course of investigation, no significant level of pimaricin was found in the vitreous of those animals receiving 5 to 10 mg/kg pimaricin intravenously, and only 3 microgram/ml aqueous was found after chronic therapy for 1 to 3 weeks. No ocular or retinotoxicity was noted, although toxicity was inherent in the liver, kidney, and endocrine glands. From these studies, it is concluded that intravenous therapy alone is not sufficient for treatment of fungal endophthalmitis due to high toxicity and inadequate ocular drug levels.", "contents": "Intravenous effects of pimaricin on mycotic endophthalmitis. Rabbits weighing 2 to 3 kg with induced Candida endophthalmitis in the left eye were given 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg pimaricin intravenously. In the course of investigation, no significant level of pimaricin was found in the vitreous of those animals receiving 5 to 10 mg/kg pimaricin intravenously, and only 3 microgram/ml aqueous was found after chronic therapy for 1 to 3 weeks. No ocular or retinotoxicity was noted, although toxicity was inherent in the liver, kidney, and endocrine glands. From these studies, it is concluded that intravenous therapy alone is not sufficient for treatment of fungal endophthalmitis due to high toxicity and inadequate ocular drug levels.", "PMID": 312049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3299", "title": "[Vestibular toxicity of gentamycin: value of the galvanic test (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 6 cases of bilateral vestibular areflexia due to Gentamycin are reported. Vestibular destruction was associated with deafness in only 3 of the patients. Two patients had no signs of renal insufficiency. Galvanic vestibular exploration showed complete and bilateral lack of excitability in 3 out of 4 cases, which could be due to the co-existence of nerve or nuclei lesions. In one case, galvanic excitability was within normal limits, and severe equilibrium problems presisted. The presence of an asymmetry on galvanic examination could be an unfavourable prognostic sign in vestibular toxicity due to Gentamycin.", "contents": "[Vestibular toxicity of gentamycin: value of the galvanic test (author's transl)]. A total of 6 cases of bilateral vestibular areflexia due to Gentamycin are reported. Vestibular destruction was associated with deafness in only 3 of the patients. Two patients had no signs of renal insufficiency. Galvanic vestibular exploration showed complete and bilateral lack of excitability in 3 out of 4 cases, which could be due to the co-existence of nerve or nuclei lesions. In one case, galvanic excitability was within normal limits, and severe equilibrium problems presisted. The presence of an asymmetry on galvanic examination could be an unfavourable prognostic sign in vestibular toxicity due to Gentamycin.", "PMID": 312050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3300", "title": "[Bilateral deafness due to the local use of framycetin (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is reported of total bilateral cochleo-vestibular destruction following instillation of Framycetin into the middle ear, under pressure, through a transtympanic drain. Toxicity of Framycetin after local use is exceptional and only one case, reported by Ransome, was found in the published literature. The interest of this observation is that, by using puncture of the foot of the stapes, it was possible to find Framycetin in the perilymphatic liquid three weeks after the injection of the product.", "contents": "[Bilateral deafness due to the local use of framycetin (author's transl)]. A case is reported of total bilateral cochleo-vestibular destruction following instillation of Framycetin into the middle ear, under pressure, through a transtympanic drain. Toxicity of Framycetin after local use is exceptional and only one case, reported by Ransome, was found in the published literature. The interest of this observation is that, by using puncture of the foot of the stapes, it was possible to find Framycetin in the perilymphatic liquid three weeks after the injection of the product.", "PMID": 312051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3301", "title": "Screening for cystic fibrosis in the newborn by meconium analysis.", "content": "During a 4-year routine screening programme for cystic fibrosis (CF) 15 464 specimens were examined for raised meconium albumin levels by a test strip method and by electroimmunoassay. The incidence of false-positive results was about 5 per 1000 specimens in either test. This could be reduced by 90% by determining the ratio of albumin : alpha-1-trypsin inhibitor (a ratio below 2.0 being considered as a negative result), and it could be reduced to zero by determining the ratio in subsequent faecal specimens. Three of 12 meconium specimens from infants with proved CF gave false-negative results in all 3 tests. The other 9 specimens had greater than 100 mg albumin/g dry weight and albumin: alpha-1-trypsin inhibitor ratios of greater than 3.0; in subsequent faecal specimens the ratios were over 4.0. 176 meconium specimens from elsewhere in the UK were examined and these included 23 from infants who were subsequently proved to have CF. Six of these 23 CF specimens gave false-negative results, the other 17 being strongly positive. The origins of meconium serum protein suggest that infants with CF in whom meconium gives false-negative results have normal pancreatic functions at birth. The specificity of current meconium tests therefore cannot be improved as they depend on pancreatic dysfunction.", "contents": "Screening for cystic fibrosis in the newborn by meconium analysis. During a 4-year routine screening programme for cystic fibrosis (CF) 15 464 specimens were examined for raised meconium albumin levels by a test strip method and by electroimmunoassay. The incidence of false-positive results was about 5 per 1000 specimens in either test. This could be reduced by 90% by determining the ratio of albumin : alpha-1-trypsin inhibitor (a ratio below 2.0 being considered as a negative result), and it could be reduced to zero by determining the ratio in subsequent faecal specimens. Three of 12 meconium specimens from infants with proved CF gave false-negative results in all 3 tests. The other 9 specimens had greater than 100 mg albumin/g dry weight and albumin: alpha-1-trypsin inhibitor ratios of greater than 3.0; in subsequent faecal specimens the ratios were over 4.0. 176 meconium specimens from elsewhere in the UK were examined and these included 23 from infants who were subsequently proved to have CF. Six of these 23 CF specimens gave false-negative results, the other 17 being strongly positive. The origins of meconium serum protein suggest that infants with CF in whom meconium gives false-negative results have normal pancreatic functions at birth. The specificity of current meconium tests therefore cannot be improved as they depend on pancreatic dysfunction.", "PMID": 312055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3302", "title": "Middle ear function in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Using an otoadmittance meter the function of the middle ear was compared in 38 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 30 matched controls with non-articular rheumatism. Patients with pre-existing ear disease were excluded from the study. No subjects in either group showed hearing loss on pure tone audiometry, but otoadmittance abnormalities were recorded in 16 of the RA (42%) and in 2 of the control groups (7%). The pattern of abnormality was similar in each case and indicated an increased laxity of the conducting system. The reason for this unexpected finding is unknown. There were no significant differences between the RA patients with normal or abnormal recordings as regards clinical or laboratory features or treatment.", "contents": "Middle ear function in rheumatoid arthritis. Using an otoadmittance meter the function of the middle ear was compared in 38 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 30 matched controls with non-articular rheumatism. Patients with pre-existing ear disease were excluded from the study. No subjects in either group showed hearing loss on pure tone audiometry, but otoadmittance abnormalities were recorded in 16 of the RA (42%) and in 2 of the control groups (7%). The pattern of abnormality was similar in each case and indicated an increased laxity of the conducting system. The reason for this unexpected finding is unknown. There were no significant differences between the RA patients with normal or abnormal recordings as regards clinical or laboratory features or treatment.", "PMID": 312056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3303", "title": "Intra-articular and circulating immune complexes and antiglobulins (IgG and IgM) in rheumatoid arthritis; correlation with clinical features.", "content": "Solid phase radioimmunometric methods have been used to assay immune complexes and IgG and IgM antiglobulins in paired samples of synovial fluid and serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthrosis. Over 60% of RA patients had some increase in complexes in their sera, while nearly 90% had synovial fluid complexes. Moreover, the levels of complexes within the joint were much higher than in the serum. Both IgG and IgM antiglobulins were raised in most RA patients. The levels of IgG antiglobulins--and to a less extent IgM antiglobulins--were nearly always higher in synovial fluid than in the corresponding serum sample.A strong correlation was found between the levels of immune complex and IgG antiglobulin. A marked association was seen between the presence of subcutaneous nodules and increased IgG antiglobulins.", "contents": "Intra-articular and circulating immune complexes and antiglobulins (IgG and IgM) in rheumatoid arthritis; correlation with clinical features. Solid phase radioimmunometric methods have been used to assay immune complexes and IgG and IgM antiglobulins in paired samples of synovial fluid and serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthrosis. Over 60% of RA patients had some increase in complexes in their sera, while nearly 90% had synovial fluid complexes. Moreover, the levels of complexes within the joint were much higher than in the serum. Both IgG and IgM antiglobulins were raised in most RA patients. The levels of IgG antiglobulins--and to a less extent IgM antiglobulins--were nearly always higher in synovial fluid than in the corresponding serum sample.A strong correlation was found between the levels of immune complex and IgG antiglobulin. A marked association was seen between the presence of subcutaneous nodules and increased IgG antiglobulins.", "PMID": 312057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3304", "title": "Clinical significance of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein.", "content": "Antibodies to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) were detected by an immunofluorescence technique based on the sensitivity of speckled antinuclear antibodies to ribonuclease. These antibodies were found to identify a group of patients with a consistent set of clinical features, especially arthritis, swollen hands, Raynaud's phenomenon, and myositis. The presence of anti-RNP antibodies in sera from patients with polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis was also associated with these clinical features. Other studies of the clinical significance of these antibodies support the concept that they appear to identify a group of patients with a distinct clinical condition.", "contents": "Clinical significance of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein. Antibodies to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) were detected by an immunofluorescence technique based on the sensitivity of speckled antinuclear antibodies to ribonuclease. These antibodies were found to identify a group of patients with a consistent set of clinical features, especially arthritis, swollen hands, Raynaud's phenomenon, and myositis. The presence of anti-RNP antibodies in sera from patients with polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis was also associated with these clinical features. Other studies of the clinical significance of these antibodies support the concept that they appear to identify a group of patients with a distinct clinical condition.", "PMID": 312058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3305", "title": "Studies on cell surface antigens of mouse leukemic and normal lymphocytes. IV. Functional studies on mouse T lymphocyte subpopulations. B. Lyt phenotype of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their precursors in B6-Lyt-1.1 mice.", "content": "Lyt phenotype of in vitro generated alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and their precursors in B6-Lyt-1.1 (Thy-1.2, Lyt-1.1, Lyt-2.2) congenic strain of mice was studied. The generation of CTL in vitro was completely abrogated by pretreatment of responder cells with antisera to Thy-1.2, Lyt-1.1 and Lyt-2.2 antigens and complement. Mixing of anti-Lyt-1.1-pretreated cells with anti-Lyt-2.2-pretreated cells did not restore CTL generation indicating that both Lyt antigens are expressed on the same precursor cell population. The effect of anti-Lyt sera was specific because the generation of CTL was prevented only when cells from strains possessing appropriate Lyt alleles were pretreated. CTL were eliminated by lysis with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and strongly reduced by anti-Lyt-1.1 and anti-Lyt. 2.2 sera. Nevertheless, a small but significant proportion of CTL was insensitive to lysis with anti-Lyt sera. These data indicate that a phenotype of precursor cells and of majority of CTL is Thy-1.2+ Lyt-1.1+ Lyt-2.2+.", "contents": "Studies on cell surface antigens of mouse leukemic and normal lymphocytes. IV. Functional studies on mouse T lymphocyte subpopulations. B. Lyt phenotype of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their precursors in B6-Lyt-1.1 mice. Lyt phenotype of in vitro generated alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and their precursors in B6-Lyt-1.1 (Thy-1.2, Lyt-1.1, Lyt-2.2) congenic strain of mice was studied. The generation of CTL in vitro was completely abrogated by pretreatment of responder cells with antisera to Thy-1.2, Lyt-1.1 and Lyt-2.2 antigens and complement. Mixing of anti-Lyt-1.1-pretreated cells with anti-Lyt-2.2-pretreated cells did not restore CTL generation indicating that both Lyt antigens are expressed on the same precursor cell population. The effect of anti-Lyt sera was specific because the generation of CTL was prevented only when cells from strains possessing appropriate Lyt alleles were pretreated. CTL were eliminated by lysis with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and strongly reduced by anti-Lyt-1.1 and anti-Lyt. 2.2 sera. Nevertheless, a small but significant proportion of CTL was insensitive to lysis with anti-Lyt sera. These data indicate that a phenotype of precursor cells and of majority of CTL is Thy-1.2+ Lyt-1.1+ Lyt-2.2+.", "PMID": 312061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3306", "title": "Preliminary testing of DRw antigens in a Polish population.", "content": "B lymphocyte subpopulations taken from 89 individuals were investigated with 180 sera from the seventh Histocompatibility Workshop. The results obtained served in determining the frequency of 8 DRw antigens in a tested population sample. Their incidence was comparable to the frequencies determined during the Workshop for the reference group of European Caucasoids.", "contents": "Preliminary testing of DRw antigens in a Polish population. B lymphocyte subpopulations taken from 89 individuals were investigated with 180 sera from the seventh Histocompatibility Workshop. The results obtained served in determining the frequency of 8 DRw antigens in a tested population sample. Their incidence was comparable to the frequencies determined during the Workshop for the reference group of European Caucasoids.", "PMID": 312062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3307", "title": "HLA and antinuclear antibody incidence in asbestos workers.", "content": "The incidence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in asbestos textile workers was compared with the results of HLA typing. HLA B8 antigen was more frequent in the ANA-positive group as compared to the ANA-negative group. The relative risk of this associati-n is 2.77 (p less than 0.02) without correction for the number antigens tested. A decrease in frequency of HLA A10 in workers with ANA was also found. The results suggest that the development of ANA under asbestos hazard may depend on inherited predisposition of which HLA B8 is a marker.", "contents": "HLA and antinuclear antibody incidence in asbestos workers. The incidence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in asbestos textile workers was compared with the results of HLA typing. HLA B8 antigen was more frequent in the ANA-positive group as compared to the ANA-negative group. The relative risk of this associati-n is 2.77 (p less than 0.02) without correction for the number antigens tested. A decrease in frequency of HLA A10 in workers with ANA was also found. The results suggest that the development of ANA under asbestos hazard may depend on inherited predisposition of which HLA B8 is a marker.", "PMID": 312063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3308", "title": "Bursa-independent origin of Fc IgG receptor-bearing lymphocytes in chickens.", "content": "On the basis of performed studies the following observations indicate that there is a bursa-independent origin of lymphocytes with Fc IgG receptors: (a) the first appearance of Fc positive cells is in fetal liver and bone marrow, (b) a relative low percentage of Fc receptor cells, as compared to B cells, occurs in the bursa during the embryonic and post-hatching period, (c) a far lower percentage of Fc positive cells than B cells is found in the spleen, (d) a normal level of Fc positive cells occurs in bursectomized birds, (e) a majority of these cells do not possess thymic or bursa antigen or surface immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Bursa-independent origin of Fc IgG receptor-bearing lymphocytes in chickens. On the basis of performed studies the following observations indicate that there is a bursa-independent origin of lymphocytes with Fc IgG receptors: (a) the first appearance of Fc positive cells is in fetal liver and bone marrow, (b) a relative low percentage of Fc receptor cells, as compared to B cells, occurs in the bursa during the embryonic and post-hatching period, (c) a far lower percentage of Fc positive cells than B cells is found in the spleen, (d) a normal level of Fc positive cells occurs in bursectomized birds, (e) a majority of these cells do not possess thymic or bursa antigen or surface immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 312064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3309", "title": "Subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood and lymphocytes reactivity to non-specific mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM) in in vitro cultures in patients suffering from in vitro cultures in patients suffering from glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Studies were performed on 79 subjects, out of which 32 belonged to the control group and 47 suffered from glomerulonephritis. The number of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood was determined using the technique of E, EA and EAC-rosette tests. Also, the lymphocyte blast response to non-specific mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM) was established in vitro. Patients suffering from acute proliferative glomerulonephritis, as compared to the control group, displayed a statistically significant increase of lymphocytes with the receptor for complement (EAC-rosettes). Their reactivity to all three mitogens did not differ from the values obtained in the control group. In patients suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis (proliferative, membranous-proliferative, membranous), shiftings in the contents of the peripheral blood lymphocytes pools were of opposite directions, i.e., statistically significant in comparison with the control group. Also an increase in the absolute number of T lymphocytes (E-rosettes) was observed. Generally speaking, the values of blast transformations after mitogen stimulations were smaller in patients suffering from chronic than in those suffering from acute glomerulonephritis. In 1/3 of them, the decrease of blast response to one of the three mitogens was detected. The decrease exceeded the lower limit of values of healthy subjects, and most often, it was connected with Con A stimulation.", "contents": "Subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood and lymphocytes reactivity to non-specific mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM) in in vitro cultures in patients suffering from in vitro cultures in patients suffering from glomerulonephritis. Studies were performed on 79 subjects, out of which 32 belonged to the control group and 47 suffered from glomerulonephritis. The number of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood was determined using the technique of E, EA and EAC-rosette tests. Also, the lymphocyte blast response to non-specific mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM) was established in vitro. Patients suffering from acute proliferative glomerulonephritis, as compared to the control group, displayed a statistically significant increase of lymphocytes with the receptor for complement (EAC-rosettes). Their reactivity to all three mitogens did not differ from the values obtained in the control group. In patients suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis (proliferative, membranous-proliferative, membranous), shiftings in the contents of the peripheral blood lymphocytes pools were of opposite directions, i.e., statistically significant in comparison with the control group. Also an increase in the absolute number of T lymphocytes (E-rosettes) was observed. Generally speaking, the values of blast transformations after mitogen stimulations were smaller in patients suffering from chronic than in those suffering from acute glomerulonephritis. In 1/3 of them, the decrease of blast response to one of the three mitogens was detected. The decrease exceeded the lower limit of values of healthy subjects, and most often, it was connected with Con A stimulation.", "PMID": 312065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3310", "title": "Attempts to evaluate the role of the third complement component (C3) and complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL\"+\") in the induction of the humoral immune response.", "content": "It has been shown that spleen and bone marrow complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL\"+\") are responsible for T-dependent anti-SRBC response. This has been shown by comparison of the T-dependent anti-SRBC and T-independent anti-SIII response in irradiated mice repopulated with normal or CRL depleted spleen cell populations. Unseparated spleen cells obtained from animals immunized 48 h before with SRBC, and CRL depleted cell population from animals receiving T-independent antigens (levan, SIII) were shown to be predominantly stimulated when uptake of isotope labelled leucine or tymidine was studied. It was also shown that triggering of enhanced antibody production by T cell derived signal generated during GvH reaction is C3 dependent.", "contents": "Attempts to evaluate the role of the third complement component (C3) and complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL\"+\") in the induction of the humoral immune response. It has been shown that spleen and bone marrow complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL\"+\") are responsible for T-dependent anti-SRBC response. This has been shown by comparison of the T-dependent anti-SRBC and T-independent anti-SIII response in irradiated mice repopulated with normal or CRL depleted spleen cell populations. Unseparated spleen cells obtained from animals immunized 48 h before with SRBC, and CRL depleted cell population from animals receiving T-independent antigens (levan, SIII) were shown to be predominantly stimulated when uptake of isotope labelled leucine or tymidine was studied. It was also shown that triggering of enhanced antibody production by T cell derived signal generated during GvH reaction is C3 dependent.", "PMID": 312066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3311", "title": "Lymphocyte B population in calves under different breeding conditions.", "content": "Using the EAC rosette test 176 lowland black white (lbw) and lowland red white (lrw), 0-130 day-old calves were examined to determine the number of lymphocytes B. The calves came from 2 farms with different industrial breeding technology. Farm A was characterized by a considerable mortality of the animals due to diseases typical for the neonatal period, whereas in farm B no deaths were noted. As the result of examinations it has been found that calves from farm A showed an appreciably higher incidence of lymphopenia with concomitant higher maximal numbers of EAC-rosettes-forming-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lymphocyte B population in calves under different breeding conditions. Using the EAC rosette test 176 lowland black white (lbw) and lowland red white (lrw), 0-130 day-old calves were examined to determine the number of lymphocytes B. The calves came from 2 farms with different industrial breeding technology. Farm A was characterized by a considerable mortality of the animals due to diseases typical for the neonatal period, whereas in farm B no deaths were noted. As the result of examinations it has been found that calves from farm A showed an appreciably higher incidence of lymphopenia with concomitant higher maximal numbers of EAC-rosettes-forming-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 312067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3312", "title": "In vitro cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes and their extracts in inflammatory bowel diseases. I.", "content": "From the sera of 20 patients with ulcerative colitis (U.C.) 10 patients with Crohn's Disease (C.D.) and 10 volunteers, lymphocytes were isolated and extracts of whole lymphocytes (T+B+K) and pure T lymphocytes were prepared. Whole lymphocyte extracts were further fractionated into fraction A containing mainly antibody and fraction B containing mainly membrane-bound receptors. The ability of various lymphocytes and their extracts to lyse allogeneic colonic epithelial cells in vitro was tested with and without the addition of 50 microgram of Common antigen (C.A.) used as a blocking agent. The percentage of cells lysed by whole lymphocytes correlated well with the severity of symptoms of the patients with U.C. Pure T lymphocytes were cytotoxic only in C.D. but not in U.C. Isolated extracts fractions A and B were not cytotoxic in active U.C. except when tested in combination. The addition of the Kunin antigen blocked the effect of lymphocytes from patients with active U.C. The results indicate differences in the mechanism of immunological activity of lymphocytes in U.C. and C.D. and show a direct relation of B lymphocytes and K cells to the cytotoxicity of U.C.", "contents": "In vitro cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes and their extracts in inflammatory bowel diseases. I. From the sera of 20 patients with ulcerative colitis (U.C.) 10 patients with Crohn's Disease (C.D.) and 10 volunteers, lymphocytes were isolated and extracts of whole lymphocytes (T+B+K) and pure T lymphocytes were prepared. Whole lymphocyte extracts were further fractionated into fraction A containing mainly antibody and fraction B containing mainly membrane-bound receptors. The ability of various lymphocytes and their extracts to lyse allogeneic colonic epithelial cells in vitro was tested with and without the addition of 50 microgram of Common antigen (C.A.) used as a blocking agent. The percentage of cells lysed by whole lymphocytes correlated well with the severity of symptoms of the patients with U.C. Pure T lymphocytes were cytotoxic only in C.D. but not in U.C. Isolated extracts fractions A and B were not cytotoxic in active U.C. except when tested in combination. The addition of the Kunin antigen blocked the effect of lymphocytes from patients with active U.C. The results indicate differences in the mechanism of immunological activity of lymphocytes in U.C. and C.D. and show a direct relation of B lymphocytes and K cells to the cytotoxicity of U.C.", "PMID": 312068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3313", "title": "Properties of antisera against lymphocytes of nude mice.", "content": "This paper reports results of a study on the activity of rabbit antisera against nu/nu Balb/c lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro. It was found that ALS against nu/nu lymph node cells suppressed the alloantigen reaction and the sRFC or PFC formation for T-dependent (SRBC) and T-independent (LPS) antigens. ALS against nu/nu spleen cells affected only the sRFC and PFC for T-independent antigen. The former serum exhibited a high cytotoxicity for the suspensions enriched or depleted in B cells while the latter one was more cytotoxic for the suspension enriched in B cells. It indicates that ALS anti nu/nu spleen cells is specific for B lymphocytes and ALS anti nu/nu lymph node cells is directed not only to B cells but also to a subpopulation of T lymphocytes. It suggests the existence of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes in nu/nu lymph node cells.", "contents": "Properties of antisera against lymphocytes of nude mice. This paper reports results of a study on the activity of rabbit antisera against nu/nu Balb/c lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro. It was found that ALS against nu/nu lymph node cells suppressed the alloantigen reaction and the sRFC or PFC formation for T-dependent (SRBC) and T-independent (LPS) antigens. ALS against nu/nu spleen cells affected only the sRFC and PFC for T-independent antigen. The former serum exhibited a high cytotoxicity for the suspensions enriched or depleted in B cells while the latter one was more cytotoxic for the suspension enriched in B cells. It indicates that ALS anti nu/nu spleen cells is specific for B lymphocytes and ALS anti nu/nu lymph node cells is directed not only to B cells but also to a subpopulation of T lymphocytes. It suggests the existence of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes in nu/nu lymph node cells.", "PMID": 312069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3314", "title": "The effect of horse-anti-rabbit thymocyte antiserum (ATS) on draining lymph node cells in rabbit. I. Number of cells coated with anti-lymphocytic antibodies.", "content": "The percentage of popliteal lymph node lymphocytes coated with anti-lymphocytic antibodies was defined by the immunofluorescent test. It was shown, that 4 hrs after ATS injection, 18-40% of lymphocytes in draining lymph node were coated with antibodies and gave positive fluorescence with rabbit anti-horse IgG FITC. There was no cells with antibodies in contralateral lymph node.", "contents": "The effect of horse-anti-rabbit thymocyte antiserum (ATS) on draining lymph node cells in rabbit. I. Number of cells coated with anti-lymphocytic antibodies. The percentage of popliteal lymph node lymphocytes coated with anti-lymphocytic antibodies was defined by the immunofluorescent test. It was shown, that 4 hrs after ATS injection, 18-40% of lymphocytes in draining lymph node were coated with antibodies and gave positive fluorescence with rabbit anti-horse IgG FITC. There was no cells with antibodies in contralateral lymph node.", "PMID": 312070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3315", "title": "The effect of varying SRBC/lymphocyte ratio on T cell rosette formation.", "content": "To determine the effect of varying the SRBC/lymphocyte ratio on rosette formation, rosettes were formed at SRBC/lymphocyte ratios ranging from 10 to 200. To assess the significance of the time of incubation, duplicate samples were mixed at various SRBC to lymphocyte ratios and the percentage of rosette-forming lymphocytes was determined immediately or after an 1-hour incubation at 4 degrees C. The results of five experiments revealed the highly statistically significant difference between the percentage of rosette-forming cells in tests performed with (higher number of RFC) and without (lower number of RFC) incubation, in all SRBC/lymphocyte ratios. On the other hand, ratio of SRBC to lymphocytes influenced significantly the results obtained in both types of tests, this effect was more pronounced in test performed with 1-hour incubation. Optimal SRBC/lymphocyte ratios for both tests were 100:1 (31% RFC without incubation and 53.4% of RFC after 1-hour incubation.", "contents": "The effect of varying SRBC/lymphocyte ratio on T cell rosette formation. To determine the effect of varying the SRBC/lymphocyte ratio on rosette formation, rosettes were formed at SRBC/lymphocyte ratios ranging from 10 to 200. To assess the significance of the time of incubation, duplicate samples were mixed at various SRBC to lymphocyte ratios and the percentage of rosette-forming lymphocytes was determined immediately or after an 1-hour incubation at 4 degrees C. The results of five experiments revealed the highly statistically significant difference between the percentage of rosette-forming cells in tests performed with (higher number of RFC) and without (lower number of RFC) incubation, in all SRBC/lymphocyte ratios. On the other hand, ratio of SRBC to lymphocytes influenced significantly the results obtained in both types of tests, this effect was more pronounced in test performed with 1-hour incubation. Optimal SRBC/lymphocyte ratios for both tests were 100:1 (31% RFC without incubation and 53.4% of RFC after 1-hour incubation.", "PMID": 312071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3316", "title": "Studies on the influence of thiols on lymphocytes (T-type lymphocytes) function.", "content": "Changes of the oxidation/reduction potential of the coupled -SH/SS low molecular sulfhydryl system in rat lymphocytes were determined after incubation of cells with D-penicillamine, cysteine and cysteine hydrazide, in concentration of thiols which did not disturb the response of the cells to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Considerable increase of the -SH content in lymphocytes was observed after treatment of the cells with cysteine and cysteine hydrazide. Our findings suggest that the biological effect of thiols used in optimal concentrations and conditions might be coupled with the disturbance of the -SH/SS oxidation/reduction system in cells.", "contents": "Studies on the influence of thiols on lymphocytes (T-type lymphocytes) function. Changes of the oxidation/reduction potential of the coupled -SH/SS low molecular sulfhydryl system in rat lymphocytes were determined after incubation of cells with D-penicillamine, cysteine and cysteine hydrazide, in concentration of thiols which did not disturb the response of the cells to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Considerable increase of the -SH content in lymphocytes was observed after treatment of the cells with cysteine and cysteine hydrazide. Our findings suggest that the biological effect of thiols used in optimal concentrations and conditions might be coupled with the disturbance of the -SH/SS oxidation/reduction system in cells.", "PMID": 312072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3317", "title": "Studies on the influence of thiols on lymphocytes (T-type lymphocytes) functions.", "content": "We described changes in nonprotein sulfhydryl content and in intracellular concentration of cysteine (unbound form) in lymphocytes incubated with cysteine, cysteine hydrazide and D-penicillamine (dimethy lcysteine) in concentrations which do not alter the viability of the cells. Essential differences between the action of cysteine and cysteine hydrazide on one hand, and D-penicillamine on the other, can be observed. The formers cause the argumentation in nonprotein thiols content in lymphocytes, whereas D-penicillamine in a similar concentration does hardly alters the intracellular redox -SH/SS potential of nonprotein thiols within the lymphocytes.", "contents": "Studies on the influence of thiols on lymphocytes (T-type lymphocytes) functions. We described changes in nonprotein sulfhydryl content and in intracellular concentration of cysteine (unbound form) in lymphocytes incubated with cysteine, cysteine hydrazide and D-penicillamine (dimethy lcysteine) in concentrations which do not alter the viability of the cells. Essential differences between the action of cysteine and cysteine hydrazide on one hand, and D-penicillamine on the other, can be observed. The formers cause the argumentation in nonprotein thiols content in lymphocytes, whereas D-penicillamine in a similar concentration does hardly alters the intracellular redox -SH/SS potential of nonprotein thiols within the lymphocytes.", "PMID": 312073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3318", "title": "Fractionation of human T lymphocytes on the basis of their high, medium and low SRBC-rosette-forming affinity: efficiency of the method.", "content": "Under optimal saturating conditions at SRBC/lymphocyte ratio 100:1 26 +/- 1.2% of human peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from defibrinated blood form rosettes without incubation, 48 +/- 1.8% after 1-hour, 68 +/- 1.7% after 2 hours incubation at 4 degrees C. According to this, human peripheral T lymphocytes may be subdivided into at least three fractions on the basis of their affinity to SRBC. We called these fractions AFRC (no incubation), C1 RFC (1-hour incubation in cold after removing ARFC fraction) and C2RFC (2-hour incubation in cold after removing ARFC and C1RFC fractions). All the three fractions may be separated by repeated rosetting followed by Ficoll-Uropoculine gradient centrifugation. The purity and viability of T lymphocytes yielded from particular fractions was high. Effective yield of lymphocytes varied between the particular fractions ranging between 100% (for AFRC) and 30% (for C2RFC).", "contents": "Fractionation of human T lymphocytes on the basis of their high, medium and low SRBC-rosette-forming affinity: efficiency of the method. Under optimal saturating conditions at SRBC/lymphocyte ratio 100:1 26 +/- 1.2% of human peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from defibrinated blood form rosettes without incubation, 48 +/- 1.8% after 1-hour, 68 +/- 1.7% after 2 hours incubation at 4 degrees C. According to this, human peripheral T lymphocytes may be subdivided into at least three fractions on the basis of their affinity to SRBC. We called these fractions AFRC (no incubation), C1 RFC (1-hour incubation in cold after removing ARFC fraction) and C2RFC (2-hour incubation in cold after removing ARFC and C1RFC fractions). All the three fractions may be separated by repeated rosetting followed by Ficoll-Uropoculine gradient centrifugation. The purity and viability of T lymphocytes yielded from particular fractions was high. Effective yield of lymphocytes varied between the particular fractions ranging between 100% (for AFRC) and 30% (for C2RFC).", "PMID": 312075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3319", "title": "Suppression of anti-hapten (TNP) antibody response by suppressor T cells and their product. The role of macrophages.", "content": "The effect of the lymphocytes from picryl sulfonic acid treatment animals on primary and secondary humoral immune response to TNP hapten was investigated. These cells known to inhibit contract sensitivity reactions were also able to depress primary IgM response. When peritoneal exudate cells from normal mice incubated in suppressor supernatant were transferred into primed mice the suppression of IgM but no IgM secondary response was observed. In contrast peritoneal exudate cells incubated in control supernatant augmented IgM but didn't affect IgG response. It is postulated that normal peritoneal exudate cells (presumably macrophages) can stimulate IgM response. This enhancing activity could be partially blocked by soluble suppressor factor.", "contents": "Suppression of anti-hapten (TNP) antibody response by suppressor T cells and their product. The role of macrophages. The effect of the lymphocytes from picryl sulfonic acid treatment animals on primary and secondary humoral immune response to TNP hapten was investigated. These cells known to inhibit contract sensitivity reactions were also able to depress primary IgM response. When peritoneal exudate cells from normal mice incubated in suppressor supernatant were transferred into primed mice the suppression of IgM but no IgM secondary response was observed. In contrast peritoneal exudate cells incubated in control supernatant augmented IgM but didn't affect IgG response. It is postulated that normal peritoneal exudate cells (presumably macrophages) can stimulate IgM response. This enhancing activity could be partially blocked by soluble suppressor factor.", "PMID": 312076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3320", "title": "Monocyte changes in cancer patients and their role in mitogen induced lymphocyte responses.", "content": "Monocyte Fc receptor expression and monocyte-mediated antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) was studied in a group of patients with stomach and colorectal carcinoma. Is was found that FC receptor expression and ADCC was increased in patients as compared to control subjects. These differences were more evident after trypsin pretreatment of monocytes. There was an inverse correlation between these changes and lymphocyte response to PHA. The role of monocyte functional changes in determining the magnitude of patients' lymphocyte response is discussed.", "contents": "Monocyte changes in cancer patients and their role in mitogen induced lymphocyte responses. Monocyte Fc receptor expression and monocyte-mediated antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) was studied in a group of patients with stomach and colorectal carcinoma. Is was found that FC receptor expression and ADCC was increased in patients as compared to control subjects. These differences were more evident after trypsin pretreatment of monocytes. There was an inverse correlation between these changes and lymphocyte response to PHA. The role of monocyte functional changes in determining the magnitude of patients' lymphocyte response is discussed.", "PMID": 312077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3321", "title": "Investigations on immunological and pharmacological activities of thymus factor X/TFX.", "content": "Immunological activity of TFX was investigated on mice employing the imuran (rosette) and hydrocortisone (cytotoxic) tests. Pharmacological activity in the acute and chronic experiments was also evaluated.", "contents": "Investigations on immunological and pharmacological activities of thymus factor X/TFX. Immunological activity of TFX was investigated on mice employing the imuran (rosette) and hydrocortisone (cytotoxic) tests. Pharmacological activity in the acute and chronic experiments was also evaluated.", "PMID": 312078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3322", "title": "Colony stimulating factor (CSF) activity in human and murine sera.", "content": "Substances with CSF activity were studied in human and murine sera. Gel filtration of the sera on Sephadex G-200 showed that fractions with molecular weight of 14,000 and 6000 D were active in the CSF test. When mice were stimulated with endotoxin, CSF activity of both fractions was twice as high as in control animals, and CSF activity was found also in a protein peak with the molecular weight of 300,000 D. The fractions with CSF activity were sensitive to pepsin.", "contents": "Colony stimulating factor (CSF) activity in human and murine sera. Substances with CSF activity were studied in human and murine sera. Gel filtration of the sera on Sephadex G-200 showed that fractions with molecular weight of 14,000 and 6000 D were active in the CSF test. When mice were stimulated with endotoxin, CSF activity of both fractions was twice as high as in control animals, and CSF activity was found also in a protein peak with the molecular weight of 300,000 D. The fractions with CSF activity were sensitive to pepsin.", "PMID": 312079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3323", "title": "Effect of thiosulfate on the immune response in mice, in vitro.", "content": "It was found that intravenous application of thiosulfate increased non-specifically immunoglobulin concentration in mice sera. Thiosulfate stimulated the immune response to T-dependent antigens.", "contents": "Effect of thiosulfate on the immune response in mice, in vitro. It was found that intravenous application of thiosulfate increased non-specifically immunoglobulin concentration in mice sera. Thiosulfate stimulated the immune response to T-dependent antigens.", "PMID": 312080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3324", "title": "Serum antitrypsin activity and alpha1 antitrypsin level in atopic bronchial asthma.", "content": "The aim of our investigations was to evaluate the behavior of the important proteolitic inhibitor--serum alpha1 antitrypsin in patients with atopic and non-atopic bronchial asthma. The inhibitor concentration was determined by means of the immunodiffusion method, and antitrypsin activity was evaluated using the synthetic substrate BAPNA. The investigations were carried out on 53 patients with bronchial asthma and on 13 healthy persons. It was found that in some patients with atopic asthma alpha1 antitrypsin level and antitrypsin activity were very low but this did not lower significantly the mean value of the whole group. The results presented suggest that a relative alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency, at least in some patients, can be considered as being one of the pathogenetic factors in atopic asthma. In addition, determination of serum antitrypsin activity may be of practical significance in differential diagnosis of bronchial spastic reactions of bacterial and allergic origins.", "contents": "Serum antitrypsin activity and alpha1 antitrypsin level in atopic bronchial asthma. The aim of our investigations was to evaluate the behavior of the important proteolitic inhibitor--serum alpha1 antitrypsin in patients with atopic and non-atopic bronchial asthma. The inhibitor concentration was determined by means of the immunodiffusion method, and antitrypsin activity was evaluated using the synthetic substrate BAPNA. The investigations were carried out on 53 patients with bronchial asthma and on 13 healthy persons. It was found that in some patients with atopic asthma alpha1 antitrypsin level and antitrypsin activity were very low but this did not lower significantly the mean value of the whole group. The results presented suggest that a relative alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency, at least in some patients, can be considered as being one of the pathogenetic factors in atopic asthma. In addition, determination of serum antitrypsin activity may be of practical significance in differential diagnosis of bronchial spastic reactions of bacterial and allergic origins.", "PMID": 312081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3325", "title": "Activity of serum inhibitory proteases in bronchial secretions from children with various chronic non-specific respiratory diseases.", "content": "In a group of 223 children with various chronic, non-specific respiratory diseases, the levels of serum inhibitory proteolytic enzymes in bronchial secretions was measured. Activity of inhibitory proteolytic enzymes was analyzed according to the nature of bronchial lesions observed at bronchoscopy and character and cellular composition of bronchial secretion. Statistically significant increase of the mean inhibitory value in comparison to values in the control group, was found in children with recurrent bronchitis (a-1-AT), cystic fibrosis (a-1-AT and a-1-X), chronic bronchitis (a-1-X), bronchiectases (a-1-X) and in children with obstructive bronchitis (a-2-M).", "contents": "Activity of serum inhibitory proteases in bronchial secretions from children with various chronic non-specific respiratory diseases. In a group of 223 children with various chronic, non-specific respiratory diseases, the levels of serum inhibitory proteolytic enzymes in bronchial secretions was measured. Activity of inhibitory proteolytic enzymes was analyzed according to the nature of bronchial lesions observed at bronchoscopy and character and cellular composition of bronchial secretion. Statistically significant increase of the mean inhibitory value in comparison to values in the control group, was found in children with recurrent bronchitis (a-1-AT), cystic fibrosis (a-1-AT and a-1-X), chronic bronchitis (a-1-X), bronchiectases (a-1-X) and in children with obstructive bronchitis (a-2-M).", "PMID": 312082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3326", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in chickens.", "content": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in chickens of the inbred lines IC, CB, WB and (CBxIC)F1 hybrids was investigated. The IC line and (CBxIC)F1 hybrids gave the best reactions. In bursectomized chickens only slight changes in brain were observed. The intensity of EAE in thymectomized chickens was highly suppressed. Using the anti-T and anti-B sera it was shown that, the percentage of EAE of B lymphocytes was increased. Among the used several immunosuppressive drugs which generally decreased inflammatory reactions in brain the best results were observed with azathioprine and actinomycin D. Moreover, cyclophosphamide gave the worse results which was shown in the same experiments. The aim of our experiments was to define the role of thymus and bursa of Fabricius and peripheral B and T lymphocytes in the course of EAE. Moreover, the effect of immunosuppressive drugs on EAE was studied.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in chickens. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in chickens of the inbred lines IC, CB, WB and (CBxIC)F1 hybrids was investigated. The IC line and (CBxIC)F1 hybrids gave the best reactions. In bursectomized chickens only slight changes in brain were observed. The intensity of EAE in thymectomized chickens was highly suppressed. Using the anti-T and anti-B sera it was shown that, the percentage of EAE of B lymphocytes was increased. Among the used several immunosuppressive drugs which generally decreased inflammatory reactions in brain the best results were observed with azathioprine and actinomycin D. Moreover, cyclophosphamide gave the worse results which was shown in the same experiments. The aim of our experiments was to define the role of thymus and bursa of Fabricius and peripheral B and T lymphocytes in the course of EAE. Moreover, the effect of immunosuppressive drugs on EAE was studied.", "PMID": 312083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3327", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in psoriasis.", "content": "Patients with psoriasis were found to have less intensive experimental DNCB sensitization and decreased lymphocyte response to nonspecific mitogens, PHA, Con A, and PWM. E rosette formation was defective only in active psoriasis, in contrast to normal T and B cell counts. A reduction in DNCB hypersensitivity development and the percentage of E rosette forming lymphocytes were related to disease activity, but not to extention of skin lesions. The defect of E rosette function appeared to be transitional and completely disappeared in the remission. Abnormalities in CMI in psoriasis were found to be related at least partially to the existence in patients sera of a factor inhibiting normal T lymphocyte function. The study provides no evidence for the presence of primary CMI defect in psoriasis.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in psoriasis. Patients with psoriasis were found to have less intensive experimental DNCB sensitization and decreased lymphocyte response to nonspecific mitogens, PHA, Con A, and PWM. E rosette formation was defective only in active psoriasis, in contrast to normal T and B cell counts. A reduction in DNCB hypersensitivity development and the percentage of E rosette forming lymphocytes were related to disease activity, but not to extention of skin lesions. The defect of E rosette function appeared to be transitional and completely disappeared in the remission. Abnormalities in CMI in psoriasis were found to be related at least partially to the existence in patients sera of a factor inhibiting normal T lymphocyte function. The study provides no evidence for the presence of primary CMI defect in psoriasis.", "PMID": 312084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3328", "title": "Antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) in systemic scleroderma.", "content": "Antibodies against nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) were found in 5 of 63 cases of systemic scleroderma, whereas they were present in all but one case of mixed connective tissue disease and in 15 of 67 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. In all RNP positive cases of systemic scleroderma there were some features of other collagen diseases, and their course was relatively more benign. Studies of RNP antibodies in systemic scleroderma may be of importance for treatment and prognosis.", "contents": "Antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) in systemic scleroderma. Antibodies against nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) were found in 5 of 63 cases of systemic scleroderma, whereas they were present in all but one case of mixed connective tissue disease and in 15 of 67 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. In all RNP positive cases of systemic scleroderma there were some features of other collagen diseases, and their course was relatively more benign. Studies of RNP antibodies in systemic scleroderma may be of importance for treatment and prognosis.", "PMID": 312085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3329", "title": "Synthetic antigens. Antigen-binding cells to interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) and sheep red blood cells in mice and rats immunized with PSM.", "content": "To study the mechanism of the immune response, a new type of synthetic antigen: interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) was introduced in our laboratory. In our previous papers it was proved that PSM is immunogenic and antigenic in various animals PSM had also adjuvant properties.", "contents": "Synthetic antigens. Antigen-binding cells to interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) and sheep red blood cells in mice and rats immunized with PSM. To study the mechanism of the immune response, a new type of synthetic antigen: interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) was introduced in our laboratory. In our previous papers it was proved that PSM is immunogenic and antigenic in various animals PSM had also adjuvant properties.", "PMID": 312086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3330", "title": "Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)--its immunological characteristics.", "content": "The concept of the MCDT is controversial; it is still not settled whether it is nosological entity, or a variety of SLE, or a special variety of scleroderma. From the practical point of view the authors consider it important to perform tests for RNA antibodies whenever the characteristics of different collagenoses coexist. Detection of the antibodies is relevant both to the prognosis and the choice of treatment.", "contents": "Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)--its immunological characteristics. The concept of the MCDT is controversial; it is still not settled whether it is nosological entity, or a variety of SLE, or a special variety of scleroderma. From the practical point of view the authors consider it important to perform tests for RNA antibodies whenever the characteristics of different collagenoses coexist. Detection of the antibodies is relevant both to the prognosis and the choice of treatment.", "PMID": 312087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3331", "title": "Immunological characteristics of lymphocytes in synovial fluid and peripheral blood in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The investigation has been carried out on 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rosettes (E, EA, EAC) technique and immunofluorescence test were used to detect the surface markers of lymphocytes. Cytotoxic activity of T and K cells in vitro was established. It has been proved that cells occurred to a larger extend in synovial fluid than in the peripheral blood. B cells and lymphocytes with Fc receptors were only a few in synovial fluid. The percentage ofFc receptors bearing cells was higher in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis than that in peripheral blood of the control group. Cytotoxic activity of K-cell was low in synovial fluid. PHA-cell mediated cytotoxicity was low in peripheral blood as well as in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Immunological characteristics of lymphocytes in synovial fluid and peripheral blood in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The investigation has been carried out on 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rosettes (E, EA, EAC) technique and immunofluorescence test were used to detect the surface markers of lymphocytes. Cytotoxic activity of T and K cells in vitro was established. It has been proved that cells occurred to a larger extend in synovial fluid than in the peripheral blood. B cells and lymphocytes with Fc receptors were only a few in synovial fluid. The percentage ofFc receptors bearing cells was higher in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis than that in peripheral blood of the control group. Cytotoxic activity of K-cell was low in synovial fluid. PHA-cell mediated cytotoxicity was low in peripheral blood as well as in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 312088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3332", "title": "The monitoring of lymphocyte subpopulations in non Hodgkin lymphoma patients during chemotherapy.", "content": "Numerous examinations of the changes in B, T, null subpopulations were systematically carried out in 20 non Hodgkin lymphoma patients 8, 24, 48 hours after the therapy onset and subsequently at intervals of a few days during and after each chemotherapy cycle (COP, Knospe). T cells were evaluated by examining the receptor for neuraminidase pretreated sheep erythrocytes (nE), B lymphocytes by detecting surface immunoglobulins (SmIg) with normal and Fc deprived anti Fab2 globulin, moreover receptors for mouse erythrocytes (Em) and for C3 (EAC) were examined. A characteristic rise of the dominating subpopulation was observed during the first phase of the drug application which, most probably, was due to an expulsion of the pathological cells from involved lymphatic organs to the blood. On the basis of our clinical observations a conclusion has been drown, that this type of monitoring possibly renders a maximal effective treatment, enables the control of the accompanying immunosuppression and offers an additional criterion of the remission.", "contents": "The monitoring of lymphocyte subpopulations in non Hodgkin lymphoma patients during chemotherapy. Numerous examinations of the changes in B, T, null subpopulations were systematically carried out in 20 non Hodgkin lymphoma patients 8, 24, 48 hours after the therapy onset and subsequently at intervals of a few days during and after each chemotherapy cycle (COP, Knospe). T cells were evaluated by examining the receptor for neuraminidase pretreated sheep erythrocytes (nE), B lymphocytes by detecting surface immunoglobulins (SmIg) with normal and Fc deprived anti Fab2 globulin, moreover receptors for mouse erythrocytes (Em) and for C3 (EAC) were examined. A characteristic rise of the dominating subpopulation was observed during the first phase of the drug application which, most probably, was due to an expulsion of the pathological cells from involved lymphatic organs to the blood. On the basis of our clinical observations a conclusion has been drown, that this type of monitoring possibly renders a maximal effective treatment, enables the control of the accompanying immunosuppression and offers an additional criterion of the remission.", "PMID": 312089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3333", "title": "The study of T-lymphocytes, granulocyte's phagocytic activity, and adherent cells in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during levamisol therapy.", "content": "12 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia remaining in remission for 1-3 years, were studied during levamisol therapy. T-lymphocytes count, phagocytic activity of granulocytes the adherent cell number were investigated. The clinical state of patients before, during and after levamisol treatment was evaluated. The increased resistance to infections after levamisol therapy was noted. The rise of T-lymphocyte and phagocyting granulocytes number was observed in 70% of patients after 6 weeks of therapy. At the same time the decrease of phagocytic index was found. No essential variations in adherent cells count were noted. The patients who did not respond to the levamisol treatment relapsed in 2-3 months.", "contents": "The study of T-lymphocytes, granulocyte's phagocytic activity, and adherent cells in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during levamisol therapy. 12 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia remaining in remission for 1-3 years, were studied during levamisol therapy. T-lymphocytes count, phagocytic activity of granulocytes the adherent cell number were investigated. The clinical state of patients before, during and after levamisol treatment was evaluated. The increased resistance to infections after levamisol therapy was noted. The rise of T-lymphocyte and phagocyting granulocytes number was observed in 70% of patients after 6 weeks of therapy. At the same time the decrease of phagocytic index was found. No essential variations in adherent cells count were noted. The patients who did not respond to the levamisol treatment relapsed in 2-3 months.", "PMID": 312090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3334", "title": "The study of T-, B-, O- lymphocytes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "The T-, B-, and O-lymphocyte count changes were studied during the long-term intensive therapy of 43 ALL children. The control group consisted of 17 healthy children. The T-lymphocytes were identified by spontaneous formation of rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, the B-lymphocytes by EAC-rosette test. Patients were treated according to different program of multiple drug therapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation. During the study the applied therapeutic protocol produced the marked reduction of T- and B- lymphocytes. The decrease of B- lymphocytes was especially pronounced. The preliminary analysis suggests correlation between the reduction of T- and B- lymphocytes and prognosis.", "contents": "The study of T-, B-, O- lymphocytes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The T-, B-, and O-lymphocyte count changes were studied during the long-term intensive therapy of 43 ALL children. The control group consisted of 17 healthy children. The T-lymphocytes were identified by spontaneous formation of rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, the B-lymphocytes by EAC-rosette test. Patients were treated according to different program of multiple drug therapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation. During the study the applied therapeutic protocol produced the marked reduction of T- and B- lymphocytes. The decrease of B- lymphocytes was especially pronounced. The preliminary analysis suggests correlation between the reduction of T- and B- lymphocytes and prognosis.", "PMID": 312091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3335", "title": "Diagnostic specificity of autoantibodies. II. Clustering of autoantibodies--role in diagnosis and in comparison to E--and EAC-RFC peripheral blood profiles and immunoglobulin levels.", "content": "Clustering of ANA and SMA was evaluated in patients with various internal diseases as a pattern of autoantibody formation. SMA was found in ANA positive patients with chronic hepatitis, undefined collagenoses and autoallergic thyroid diseases significantly more frequently, than in patients without any autoallergic disorders. The incidence of SMA in ANA positive cases with SLE and RA did not exceed their predictable by chance incidence. It was not found that clustering of autoantibodies is correlated with the E and C lymphocyte receptor abnormality as compared to the control group. The lowest count of E-RFC was found in SLE cases which differed significantly in this respect from the control group and also from chronic vasculitis cases. The clustering of autoantibodies is not correlated with hyperimmunoglobulinemia.", "contents": "Diagnostic specificity of autoantibodies. II. Clustering of autoantibodies--role in diagnosis and in comparison to E--and EAC-RFC peripheral blood profiles and immunoglobulin levels. Clustering of ANA and SMA was evaluated in patients with various internal diseases as a pattern of autoantibody formation. SMA was found in ANA positive patients with chronic hepatitis, undefined collagenoses and autoallergic thyroid diseases significantly more frequently, than in patients without any autoallergic disorders. The incidence of SMA in ANA positive cases with SLE and RA did not exceed their predictable by chance incidence. It was not found that clustering of autoantibodies is correlated with the E and C lymphocyte receptor abnormality as compared to the control group. The lowest count of E-RFC was found in SLE cases which differed significantly in this respect from the control group and also from chronic vasculitis cases. The clustering of autoantibodies is not correlated with hyperimmunoglobulinemia.", "PMID": 312092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3336", "title": "Studies on cell surface antigens of mouse leukemic and normal lymphocytes. III. Preparation and characteristics of alloantisera to differentiation antigens of mouse T lymphocytes.", "content": "Preparation of antisera to alloantigens Thy-1, TL, Lyt-1 and Lyt-2 is described and the importance of adequate specificity controls indicated. The specificity and activity of antisera were characterized by trypan blue exclusion cytotoxicity assay, indirect membrane immunofluorescence and absorption using cell populations from different tissues of Thy-1, TL and Lyt congenic strains of mice. In the course of these studies new serologically detectable Lyt-1 linked alloantigen was discovered which shows wide tissue distribution.", "contents": "Studies on cell surface antigens of mouse leukemic and normal lymphocytes. III. Preparation and characteristics of alloantisera to differentiation antigens of mouse T lymphocytes. Preparation of antisera to alloantigens Thy-1, TL, Lyt-1 and Lyt-2 is described and the importance of adequate specificity controls indicated. The specificity and activity of antisera were characterized by trypan blue exclusion cytotoxicity assay, indirect membrane immunofluorescence and absorption using cell populations from different tissues of Thy-1, TL and Lyt congenic strains of mice. In the course of these studies new serologically detectable Lyt-1 linked alloantigen was discovered which shows wide tissue distribution.", "PMID": 312094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3337", "title": "[Unilateral deafness (author's transl)].", "content": "Unilateral conductive deafness has a readily determined aetiology in most cases. In contrast, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss requires more refined and extensive investigation. The most frequent causes of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in our patients were sudden deafness, Meni\u00e8re's disease, cranio-vertebral dysplasia and cerebellopontine angle tumors. Early diagnosis of acoustic neuroma or other lesions of the internal auditory meatus or cerebellopontine angle requires special attention. The definitive diagnosis of these tumors often demands intensive clinical investigation but a high degree of suspicion may be entertained following modern routine audiometry, vestibular function testing and radiological examination. The importance of early diagnosis of these lesions is stressed with regard to the mortality rate for larger tumors and to the preservation of facial nerve function. The reliability of different diagnostic investigations is documented.", "contents": "[Unilateral deafness (author's transl)]. Unilateral conductive deafness has a readily determined aetiology in most cases. In contrast, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss requires more refined and extensive investigation. The most frequent causes of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in our patients were sudden deafness, Meni\u00e8re's disease, cranio-vertebral dysplasia and cerebellopontine angle tumors. Early diagnosis of acoustic neuroma or other lesions of the internal auditory meatus or cerebellopontine angle requires special attention. The definitive diagnosis of these tumors often demands intensive clinical investigation but a high degree of suspicion may be entertained following modern routine audiometry, vestibular function testing and radiological examination. The importance of early diagnosis of these lesions is stressed with regard to the mortality rate for larger tumors and to the preservation of facial nerve function. The reliability of different diagnostic investigations is documented.", "PMID": 312097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3338", "title": "Ruptured choledochal cyst: recognition and management.", "content": "A case is described of the rupture of a choledochal cyst in a 21-year-old man involved in a motor vehicle accident. At laparotomy, a haemoperitoneum was traced to a large haematoma in the lesser omentum which extended into the mesocolon and was found to be tinged with bile. Eventually it became apparent that the primary pathological condition was a large choledochal cyst into which opened the gallbladder. This cyst had split longitudinally down its anterior surface from the porta hepatis to the duodenum. Bile leakage was controlled by inserting a Foley catheter into the common hepatic duct, and inflating the balloon. Postoperative cholangiography showed massive cystic dilation of the intrahepatic ducts. Five days after the initial operation, a Roux-en Y cystjejunostomy was performed, and the patient has been well since. Crucial points in the emergency management of this condition appear to be in its recognition, and the provision of an adequate method of primary biliary drainage, if the condition of the patient demands staged management. End-to-end cystjejunostomy provides a satisfactory method of final drainage.", "contents": "Ruptured choledochal cyst: recognition and management. A case is described of the rupture of a choledochal cyst in a 21-year-old man involved in a motor vehicle accident. At laparotomy, a haemoperitoneum was traced to a large haematoma in the lesser omentum which extended into the mesocolon and was found to be tinged with bile. Eventually it became apparent that the primary pathological condition was a large choledochal cyst into which opened the gallbladder. This cyst had split longitudinally down its anterior surface from the porta hepatis to the duodenum. Bile leakage was controlled by inserting a Foley catheter into the common hepatic duct, and inflating the balloon. Postoperative cholangiography showed massive cystic dilation of the intrahepatic ducts. Five days after the initial operation, a Roux-en Y cystjejunostomy was performed, and the patient has been well since. Crucial points in the emergency management of this condition appear to be in its recognition, and the provision of an adequate method of primary biliary drainage, if the condition of the patient demands staged management. End-to-end cystjejunostomy provides a satisfactory method of final drainage.", "PMID": 312099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3339", "title": "Duodenal \"diverticulization\" for massive haemorrhage from pancreatic pseudocyst.", "content": "A case of massive haemorrhage into the gastrointestinal tract from a pancreatic pseudocyst is presented. The pseudocyst was a complication of acute pancreatitis, and control of the haemorrhage by operation was difficult because of the friability of the cyst wall. The surgical procedure called duodenal diverticulization is described and was found to be a useful adjunct to suture ligation for bleeding which was almost uncontrollable and when death of the patient seemed inevitable.", "contents": "Duodenal \"diverticulization\" for massive haemorrhage from pancreatic pseudocyst. A case of massive haemorrhage into the gastrointestinal tract from a pancreatic pseudocyst is presented. The pseudocyst was a complication of acute pancreatitis, and control of the haemorrhage by operation was difficult because of the friability of the cyst wall. The surgical procedure called duodenal diverticulization is described and was found to be a useful adjunct to suture ligation for bleeding which was almost uncontrollable and when death of the patient seemed inevitable.", "PMID": 312100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3340", "title": "Control of 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase activity in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Purification and properties of the high-activity form of the enzyme.", "content": "1. The high-activity form of aminolaevulinate synthetase has been prepared from extracts of semi-anaerobically grown cells of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, which were allowed to become activated in air. Specific activity was 130 000--170 000 nmol of aminolaevulinate/h per mg of protein at 37 degree C. 2. Enzyme fraction Ia prepared on DEAE-Sephadex was a mixture of four active enzymes, pI5.55, 5.45, 5.35 and 5.2, when prepared in either Tris or phosphate buffers and when extracts were activated by air or by cystine trisulphide. 3. The enzyme was further purified by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in imidazole/veronal buffer, pH 7.6, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and concentration with DEAE-Sephadex. 4. The most active enzyme, pI 5.55, ran as a single protein band, mol.wt. 49 000, in sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2-mercaptoethanol. The apparent molecular weight under non-denaturing conditions was 62 000--68 000 on Sephadex G-100 or G-200, pH 7.5, and on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, pH 8.5, at enzyme concentrations below 10 000 units/ml, i.e. less than 60 microgram of protein/ml, and the enzyme was mainly monomeric. 5. The enzyme was homogeneous by gel disc electrophoresis at pH 8.9 and 7.6, but a slightly more diffuse band of protein was obtained during electrophoresis in glycine buffer, pH 7.4. 6. Enzyme samples possessed an intrinsic yellow fluorescence when viewed under u.v. light and this fluorescence coincided exactly with enzymic activity on gel electrophoresis. Fluorescence maxima were 420 nm (excitation) and 495 nm (emission). 7. Radioactive 35S-labelled enzyme had 14 atoms of sulphur/mol of protein (or/40 leucine residues) of which 5--6 residues were cyst(e)ine and 8--9 residues were methionine. 8. Mo carbohydrate was detected apart from glucose, which prevented accurate determination of tryptophan with methanesulphonic acid and tryptamine.", "contents": "Control of 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase activity in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Purification and properties of the high-activity form of the enzyme. 1. The high-activity form of aminolaevulinate synthetase has been prepared from extracts of semi-anaerobically grown cells of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, which were allowed to become activated in air. Specific activity was 130 000--170 000 nmol of aminolaevulinate/h per mg of protein at 37 degree C. 2. Enzyme fraction Ia prepared on DEAE-Sephadex was a mixture of four active enzymes, pI5.55, 5.45, 5.35 and 5.2, when prepared in either Tris or phosphate buffers and when extracts were activated by air or by cystine trisulphide. 3. The enzyme was further purified by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in imidazole/veronal buffer, pH 7.6, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and concentration with DEAE-Sephadex. 4. The most active enzyme, pI 5.55, ran as a single protein band, mol.wt. 49 000, in sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2-mercaptoethanol. The apparent molecular weight under non-denaturing conditions was 62 000--68 000 on Sephadex G-100 or G-200, pH 7.5, and on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, pH 8.5, at enzyme concentrations below 10 000 units/ml, i.e. less than 60 microgram of protein/ml, and the enzyme was mainly monomeric. 5. The enzyme was homogeneous by gel disc electrophoresis at pH 8.9 and 7.6, but a slightly more diffuse band of protein was obtained during electrophoresis in glycine buffer, pH 7.4. 6. Enzyme samples possessed an intrinsic yellow fluorescence when viewed under u.v. light and this fluorescence coincided exactly with enzymic activity on gel electrophoresis. Fluorescence maxima were 420 nm (excitation) and 495 nm (emission). 7. Radioactive 35S-labelled enzyme had 14 atoms of sulphur/mol of protein (or/40 leucine residues) of which 5--6 residues were cyst(e)ine and 8--9 residues were methionine. 8. Mo carbohydrate was detected apart from glucose, which prevented accurate determination of tryptophan with methanesulphonic acid and tryptamine.", "PMID": 312101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3341", "title": "Control of 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase activity in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Binding of pyridoxal phosphate to 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase.", "content": "1. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is a cofactor essential for the enzymic activity of aminolaevulinate synthetase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. It also aids activation of the low-activity enzyme by trisulphides such as cystine trisulphide, whereas inactivation of enzyme is facilitated by its absence. 2. The fluorescence spectrum of purified high-activity enzyme is that expected for a pyridoxal phosphate--Schiff base, but the firmly bound cofactor does not appear to be at the active centre. In dilute solutions of enzyme this grouping is inaccessible to nucleophiles such as glycine, hydroxylamine, borohydride and cyanide, at pH 7.4. 3. An active-centre Schiff base is formed between enzyne and added pyridoxal phosphate, which is accessible to nucleophiles. Concentrated solutions of this enzyme--Schiff base on treatment with glycine yield apo- and semi-apoenzyme, which can re-bind pyridoxal phosphate. 4. Two types of binding of pyridoxal phosphate are distinguishable in dilute solution of enzyme, but these become indistinguishable when concentrated solutions are treated with cofactor. A change occurs in the susceptibility towards borohydride of the fluorescence of the \"structural\" pyridoxal phosphate. 5. One or two molecules of cofactor are bound per subunit of mol. wt. 50 000 in semiapo- or holo-enzyme. The fluorescence of pyridoxamine phosphate covalently bound to enzyme also indicates one to two nmol of reducible Schiff base per 7000 units of activity in purified and partially purified samples of enzyme. 6. Cyanide does not convert high-activity into low-activity enzyme, but with the enzyme-pyridoxal phosphate complex it forms a yellow fluorescent derivative that is enzymically active.", "contents": "Control of 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase activity in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Binding of pyridoxal phosphate to 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase. 1. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is a cofactor essential for the enzymic activity of aminolaevulinate synthetase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. It also aids activation of the low-activity enzyme by trisulphides such as cystine trisulphide, whereas inactivation of enzyme is facilitated by its absence. 2. The fluorescence spectrum of purified high-activity enzyme is that expected for a pyridoxal phosphate--Schiff base, but the firmly bound cofactor does not appear to be at the active centre. In dilute solutions of enzyme this grouping is inaccessible to nucleophiles such as glycine, hydroxylamine, borohydride and cyanide, at pH 7.4. 3. An active-centre Schiff base is formed between enzyne and added pyridoxal phosphate, which is accessible to nucleophiles. Concentrated solutions of this enzyme--Schiff base on treatment with glycine yield apo- and semi-apoenzyme, which can re-bind pyridoxal phosphate. 4. Two types of binding of pyridoxal phosphate are distinguishable in dilute solution of enzyme, but these become indistinguishable when concentrated solutions are treated with cofactor. A change occurs in the susceptibility towards borohydride of the fluorescence of the \"structural\" pyridoxal phosphate. 5. One or two molecules of cofactor are bound per subunit of mol. wt. 50 000 in semiapo- or holo-enzyme. The fluorescence of pyridoxamine phosphate covalently bound to enzyme also indicates one to two nmol of reducible Schiff base per 7000 units of activity in purified and partially purified samples of enzyme. 6. Cyanide does not convert high-activity into low-activity enzyme, but with the enzyme-pyridoxal phosphate complex it forms a yellow fluorescent derivative that is enzymically active.", "PMID": 312102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3342", "title": "The pharmacology of 1841 CERM, a new analgesic.", "content": "A new non-narcotic analgesic, 2(3-trifluormethyl)-phenyl-tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (1841 CERM) was compared with morphine, codeine and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in various pharmacological tests for analgesic activity. Studies for possible tolerance and physical dependence liability were also carried out. In these tests, 1841 CERM was a more powerful analgesic than morphine, and particularly codeine when given orally. It did not lead to tolerance or physical dependence.", "contents": "The pharmacology of 1841 CERM, a new analgesic. A new non-narcotic analgesic, 2(3-trifluormethyl)-phenyl-tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (1841 CERM) was compared with morphine, codeine and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in various pharmacological tests for analgesic activity. Studies for possible tolerance and physical dependence liability were also carried out. In these tests, 1841 CERM was a more powerful analgesic than morphine, and particularly codeine when given orally. It did not lead to tolerance or physical dependence.", "PMID": 312104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3343", "title": "Hyperalgesia after treatment of mice with prostaglandins and arachidonic acid and its antagonism by anti-inflammatory-analgesic compounds.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and arachidonic acid have been demonstrated to potentiate the peritoneal writhing response in the mouse induced by benzoquinone. The resultant dose-response relationships were bell shaped with a maximum activity of 10 ng/kg i.p. of potentiating agent. Floctafenine, indometacin and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) blocked the potentiation induced by arachidonic acid but not that induced by PGE2. This suggests that it is prostaglandin that causes the potentiation and that the mechanism of action of ASA-like drugs against hyperalgesia associated with inflammation is blockade of prostaglandin synthesis. Morphine reduced the potentiation by PGE2 and arachidonic acid but the bell shaped hyperalgesia was still evident using both agonists. These results indicate that morphine does not inhibit prostaglandin synthetase but may modify the effect of prostaglandin. This method may be useful to distinguish between ASA-like and morphine-like analgesic compounds using a pain response in vivo.", "contents": "Hyperalgesia after treatment of mice with prostaglandins and arachidonic acid and its antagonism by anti-inflammatory-analgesic compounds. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and arachidonic acid have been demonstrated to potentiate the peritoneal writhing response in the mouse induced by benzoquinone. The resultant dose-response relationships were bell shaped with a maximum activity of 10 ng/kg i.p. of potentiating agent. Floctafenine, indometacin and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) blocked the potentiation induced by arachidonic acid but not that induced by PGE2. This suggests that it is prostaglandin that causes the potentiation and that the mechanism of action of ASA-like drugs against hyperalgesia associated with inflammation is blockade of prostaglandin synthesis. Morphine reduced the potentiation by PGE2 and arachidonic acid but the bell shaped hyperalgesia was still evident using both agonists. These results indicate that morphine does not inhibit prostaglandin synthetase but may modify the effect of prostaglandin. This method may be useful to distinguish between ASA-like and morphine-like analgesic compounds using a pain response in vivo.", "PMID": 312105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3344", "title": "Correlations of DNA, RNA and protein levels in duodenal mucosa with antiinflammatory potency and disposition to gut damage of non-steroidal agents. Comparative behaviour of glucametacine, indometacin, phenylbutazone and ibuprofen.", "content": "As far as molar ratio is concerned, glucametacine was half as potent as indometacin, twice as active as phenylbutazone and four times more effective than ibuprofen in preventing cotton granuloma. Both indometacin and phenylbutazone induced dose related gastrointestinal ulcerations and increase of 51Cr tagged erythrocytes in feces. The former drug displayed gut toxicity at anti-inflammatory doses, the latter at doses approximately four times larger. Glucametacine was still devoid of damaging effects at a dose ten times larger than the minimal one capable of inhibiting granuloma growth. Ibuprofen, too, failed to induce ulcers at all doses examined; however, it displayed a trend toward gut bleeding when doses that increased blood corticosterone were attained. Studies on duodenal mucosa showed that in rats on cotton granuloma, DNA, proteins and DNA:RNA ratio increase as compared to unimplanted rats. Glucametacine and phenylbutazone reversed the increase of DNA and proteins, respectively. Indometacin decreased all forementioned constituents of duodenal mucosa while inducing haemorrhages and ulcers on gut. Furthermore, in naive rats, unlike glucametacine and phenylbutazone, indometacin induced a decrease in protein content of duodenal mucosa. Differences in disposition of gut toxicity among glucametacine and other anti-inflammatory drugs are discussed.", "contents": "Correlations of DNA, RNA and protein levels in duodenal mucosa with antiinflammatory potency and disposition to gut damage of non-steroidal agents. Comparative behaviour of glucametacine, indometacin, phenylbutazone and ibuprofen. As far as molar ratio is concerned, glucametacine was half as potent as indometacin, twice as active as phenylbutazone and four times more effective than ibuprofen in preventing cotton granuloma. Both indometacin and phenylbutazone induced dose related gastrointestinal ulcerations and increase of 51Cr tagged erythrocytes in feces. The former drug displayed gut toxicity at anti-inflammatory doses, the latter at doses approximately four times larger. Glucametacine was still devoid of damaging effects at a dose ten times larger than the minimal one capable of inhibiting granuloma growth. Ibuprofen, too, failed to induce ulcers at all doses examined; however, it displayed a trend toward gut bleeding when doses that increased blood corticosterone were attained. Studies on duodenal mucosa showed that in rats on cotton granuloma, DNA, proteins and DNA:RNA ratio increase as compared to unimplanted rats. Glucametacine and phenylbutazone reversed the increase of DNA and proteins, respectively. Indometacin decreased all forementioned constituents of duodenal mucosa while inducing haemorrhages and ulcers on gut. Furthermore, in naive rats, unlike glucametacine and phenylbutazone, indometacin induced a decrease in protein content of duodenal mucosa. Differences in disposition of gut toxicity among glucametacine and other anti-inflammatory drugs are discussed.", "PMID": 312106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3345", "title": "Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole inhibition of haematopoiesis in vitro.", "content": "The effect of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole on haematopoiesis was studied in vitro using cloning techniques for human and murine erythroid and granulocytic precursor cells. Trimethoprim was found to inhibit granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion with approximately 50% inhibition of human erythroid and granulocytic colonies at a therapeutically achievable concentration of 7 micrograms/ml. Sulphamethoxazole was also shown to impair haematopoiesis in vitro. The inhibition caused by both these constituents of co-trimoxazole was completely reversed by folinic acid. The data suggest that co-trimoxazole can impair human haematopoiesis by inhibition of tetrahydrofolate synthesis. These observations suggest that the clinical haematopoietic toxicity of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole can be abrogated by simultaneous administration of folinic acid.", "contents": "Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole inhibition of haematopoiesis in vitro. The effect of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole on haematopoiesis was studied in vitro using cloning techniques for human and murine erythroid and granulocytic precursor cells. Trimethoprim was found to inhibit granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion with approximately 50% inhibition of human erythroid and granulocytic colonies at a therapeutically achievable concentration of 7 micrograms/ml. Sulphamethoxazole was also shown to impair haematopoiesis in vitro. The inhibition caused by both these constituents of co-trimoxazole was completely reversed by folinic acid. The data suggest that co-trimoxazole can impair human haematopoiesis by inhibition of tetrahydrofolate synthesis. These observations suggest that the clinical haematopoietic toxicity of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole can be abrogated by simultaneous administration of folinic acid.", "PMID": 312108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3346", "title": "Stimulation of human haemopoietic cells by colony stimulating factors: sensitivity of leukaemia cells.", "content": "The sensitivity of populations of human granulocyte precursors to factors with colony stimulating activity (CSA) was assessed in agar culture in vitro. The mean threshold of stimulation was estimated by analysis of dose-response curves of clone growth against concentration of CSA. This method of assessment has the advantage that CSA production by cells contaminating the population under test does not affect results. Marrow cells from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia were less sensitive to CSA than marrow cells from normal individuals. Sensitivities of cells from chronic granulocytic leukaemia and from chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia were within the normal range, but this group also tended to require more CSA than controls. In addition, sensitivities of granulocyte precursors from patients with acute myeloid leukemia were closely related to the culture pattern, and thus to the remission probability. The significance of this relationship is discussed.", "contents": "Stimulation of human haemopoietic cells by colony stimulating factors: sensitivity of leukaemia cells. The sensitivity of populations of human granulocyte precursors to factors with colony stimulating activity (CSA) was assessed in agar culture in vitro. The mean threshold of stimulation was estimated by analysis of dose-response curves of clone growth against concentration of CSA. This method of assessment has the advantage that CSA production by cells contaminating the population under test does not affect results. Marrow cells from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia were less sensitive to CSA than marrow cells from normal individuals. Sensitivities of cells from chronic granulocytic leukaemia and from chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia were within the normal range, but this group also tended to require more CSA than controls. In addition, sensitivities of granulocyte precursors from patients with acute myeloid leukemia were closely related to the culture pattern, and thus to the remission probability. The significance of this relationship is discussed.", "PMID": 312110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3347", "title": "An animal model of Fusarium solani endophthalmitis.", "content": "Infection with Fusarium solani was established by injecting spores into the anterior chambers of outbred Wistar rats. The disease produced was remarkably similar to that reported in man and progressed to a fulminating endophthalmitis. Attenuation of the disease could be accomplished by repeated animal passage of the isolate.", "contents": "An animal model of Fusarium solani endophthalmitis. Infection with Fusarium solani was established by injecting spores into the anterior chambers of outbred Wistar rats. The disease produced was remarkably similar to that reported in man and progressed to a fulminating endophthalmitis. Attenuation of the disease could be accomplished by repeated animal passage of the isolate.", "PMID": 312111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3348", "title": "Histiocytosis X: current concepts and a report of two cases.", "content": "The current concepts of histiocytosis X are discussed, and the literature concering this rare disease of obscure aetiology reviewed. Two case reports of histiocytosis X presenting in similar sites in young children of similar ages, but with markedly different courses, are presented. The importance of early recognition of the disease, particularly by the dental surgeon who may see the first oral signs, is stressed. Attention is drawn to the danger of misdiagnosing the oral signs of histiocytosis X, particularly as periodontal disease. The possible aetiologies are examined and current treatment regimes discussed.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X: current concepts and a report of two cases. The current concepts of histiocytosis X are discussed, and the literature concering this rare disease of obscure aetiology reviewed. Two case reports of histiocytosis X presenting in similar sites in young children of similar ages, but with markedly different courses, are presented. The importance of early recognition of the disease, particularly by the dental surgeon who may see the first oral signs, is stressed. Attention is drawn to the danger of misdiagnosing the oral signs of histiocytosis X, particularly as periodontal disease. The possible aetiologies are examined and current treatment regimes discussed.", "PMID": 312112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3349", "title": "Metabolism of polyadenylated mRNA in growing human lymphocytes.", "content": "The kinetics of degradation of newly synthesized, cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA have been examined in normal human lymphocytes stimulated to grow with phytohemagglutinin. A single class of poly(A)-bearing RNA was identified with a half-life of approximately 50 h. In the presence of actinomycin D, the half-life was 5 to 6 h, and virtually no decay of pulse-labeled material was detectable after 6 h of chase incubation with cordycepin. These findings contrast sharply with data obtained from other growing human cells used as controls: polyadenylated mRNA in MOLT-4 cells, a cultured line of T lymphocytes, had a half-life of 2 h in the presence of actinomycin D. The stability of poly(A)-containing RNA in stimulated lymphocytes from normal donors is therefore not simply a manifestation of cell proliferation. In normal resting lymphocytes, Berger and Copper [(1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 72, 3873--3877] reported the existence of 2 classes of polyadenylated mRNA with half-lives of under an hour and greater than 20 h, respectively. Since short-lived poly(A)-bearing mRNA is absent from mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, the data suggest that stabilization of previously labile poly(A)-bearing RNA is one of many carefully regulated processes accompanying growth induction in normal lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Metabolism of polyadenylated mRNA in growing human lymphocytes. The kinetics of degradation of newly synthesized, cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA have been examined in normal human lymphocytes stimulated to grow with phytohemagglutinin. A single class of poly(A)-bearing RNA was identified with a half-life of approximately 50 h. In the presence of actinomycin D, the half-life was 5 to 6 h, and virtually no decay of pulse-labeled material was detectable after 6 h of chase incubation with cordycepin. These findings contrast sharply with data obtained from other growing human cells used as controls: polyadenylated mRNA in MOLT-4 cells, a cultured line of T lymphocytes, had a half-life of 2 h in the presence of actinomycin D. The stability of poly(A)-containing RNA in stimulated lymphocytes from normal donors is therefore not simply a manifestation of cell proliferation. In normal resting lymphocytes, Berger and Copper [(1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 72, 3873--3877] reported the existence of 2 classes of polyadenylated mRNA with half-lives of under an hour and greater than 20 h, respectively. Since short-lived poly(A)-bearing mRNA is absent from mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, the data suggest that stabilization of previously labile poly(A)-bearing RNA is one of many carefully regulated processes accompanying growth induction in normal lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 312113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3350", "title": "Reaction of blood with artificial surfaces of hemodialyzers. Studies of human blood with platelet defects or coagulation factor deficiencies.", "content": "Heparinized human blood was exposed to the dialysis membranes of commercially available pediatric size hemodialyzers in an in vitro flow circuit. Bloods from normal subjects and from patients with various blood coagulation and platelet function deficiencies were tested in this model system. In most cases, there was a heavy linear deposit of leukocytes on the dialysis membrane overlying support structures. In other areas, the cellular deposit was less uniform and consisted of single platelets, platelet aggregates, leukocytes, and occasional fibrocellular microthrombi. The number of adherent platelets was smaller in tests with blood from patients with congenital afibrinogenemia, factor XII deficiency, severe von Willebrand's disease, and thrombasthenia then in tests with blood from normal subjects or hemophilic patients. Hence, fibrinogen, factor XII, the von Willebrand factor, and a normal platelet plasma membrane appear necessary for adhesion of platelets to dialysis membranes.", "contents": "Reaction of blood with artificial surfaces of hemodialyzers. Studies of human blood with platelet defects or coagulation factor deficiencies. Heparinized human blood was exposed to the dialysis membranes of commercially available pediatric size hemodialyzers in an in vitro flow circuit. Bloods from normal subjects and from patients with various blood coagulation and platelet function deficiencies were tested in this model system. In most cases, there was a heavy linear deposit of leukocytes on the dialysis membrane overlying support structures. In other areas, the cellular deposit was less uniform and consisted of single platelets, platelet aggregates, leukocytes, and occasional fibrocellular microthrombi. The number of adherent platelets was smaller in tests with blood from patients with congenital afibrinogenemia, factor XII deficiency, severe von Willebrand's disease, and thrombasthenia then in tests with blood from normal subjects or hemophilic patients. Hence, fibrinogen, factor XII, the von Willebrand factor, and a normal platelet plasma membrane appear necessary for adhesion of platelets to dialysis membranes.", "PMID": 312115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3351", "title": "Influence of thymosin on E-rosette formation of lymphoid cells in leukemic and nonleukemic children.", "content": "The influence of two thymosin and two spleen control preparations on the E-rosette formation of peripheral blood lymphocytes and leukemic cells from non-leukemic children with depressed T cell values and leukemic children was investigated. Both thymosin preparations but also one of the control preparations induced a significant increase in the mean percentage of E-rosette forming PBL in the non-leukemic children with depressed T cell values. Thymosin and spleen preparations, however, did not convert the non-erythrocyte binding blasts to erythrocyte binding cells in either common or pre-T-ALL.", "contents": "Influence of thymosin on E-rosette formation of lymphoid cells in leukemic and nonleukemic children. The influence of two thymosin and two spleen control preparations on the E-rosette formation of peripheral blood lymphocytes and leukemic cells from non-leukemic children with depressed T cell values and leukemic children was investigated. Both thymosin preparations but also one of the control preparations induced a significant increase in the mean percentage of E-rosette forming PBL in the non-leukemic children with depressed T cell values. Thymosin and spleen preparations, however, did not convert the non-erythrocyte binding blasts to erythrocyte binding cells in either common or pre-T-ALL.", "PMID": 312117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3352", "title": "Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in frog skin epithelium.", "content": "1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) stimulates active sodium transport and decreases the passive mucosal to serosal chloride permeability across frog skin. The relative importance of the different regions of the 5-HT molecule in the mediation of these responses has been studied using a range of structurally related compounds. 2. Substitution in the ethyl amine side chain of 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptophan) results in decreased receptor affinity and intrinsic activity; removal of the side chain (5-hydroxyindole) abolishes activity. Methoxy substitution of the 5-OH moiety of 5-HT has no effect on intrinsic activity but reduces affinity; displacement of the hydroxyl group to position 6 diminishes intrinsic activity and affinity. 3. It is concluded that both of the 5-HT-induced physiological effects are mediated via a single receptor which is distinct from alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors.", "contents": "Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in frog skin epithelium. 1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) stimulates active sodium transport and decreases the passive mucosal to serosal chloride permeability across frog skin. The relative importance of the different regions of the 5-HT molecule in the mediation of these responses has been studied using a range of structurally related compounds. 2. Substitution in the ethyl amine side chain of 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptophan) results in decreased receptor affinity and intrinsic activity; removal of the side chain (5-hydroxyindole) abolishes activity. Methoxy substitution of the 5-OH moiety of 5-HT has no effect on intrinsic activity but reduces affinity; displacement of the hydroxyl group to position 6 diminishes intrinsic activity and affinity. 3. It is concluded that both of the 5-HT-induced physiological effects are mediated via a single receptor which is distinct from alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors.", "PMID": 312120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3353", "title": "Clinical and angiographic determinants of early mortality related to aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Clinical and angiographic features were identified that influences early mortality in 807 patients who underwent aortocoronary bypass grafting alone among the first 1000 consecutive patients subjected to aortocoronary bypass operations at the Montreal Heart Institute. The early mortality was 4.7% and was related to the patient's age, the duration of the illness from its first clinical manifestation, certain types of clinical presentation, electrocardiographic findings, the number of obstructed arteries and the ejection fraction. The influence of the number of obstructed arteries appeared to be independent of other factors, including the number of grafts and the degree of correction. Early mortality was not influenced by risk factors such as lipid abnormalities, hypertension or diabetes, by the history of previous myocardial infarction or the number of grafts.", "contents": "Clinical and angiographic determinants of early mortality related to aortocoronary bypass surgery. Clinical and angiographic features were identified that influences early mortality in 807 patients who underwent aortocoronary bypass grafting alone among the first 1000 consecutive patients subjected to aortocoronary bypass operations at the Montreal Heart Institute. The early mortality was 4.7% and was related to the patient's age, the duration of the illness from its first clinical manifestation, certain types of clinical presentation, electrocardiographic findings, the number of obstructed arteries and the ejection fraction. The influence of the number of obstructed arteries appeared to be independent of other factors, including the number of grafts and the degree of correction. Early mortality was not influenced by risk factors such as lipid abnormalities, hypertension or diabetes, by the history of previous myocardial infarction or the number of grafts.", "PMID": 312129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3354", "title": "Spontaneous aortoduodenal fistula: successful treatment by extra-anatomic vascular bypass.", "content": "A 77-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure etiology and a palpable abdominal aortic aneurysm. A spontaneous aortoduodenal fistula, discovered at operation, was treated successfully by resection of the aneurysm, aortic closure, lateral duodenal repair and axillobilateral femoral grafting. The three clues to the correct diagnosis were: a palpable, pulsatile abdominal mass, recurrent abrupt cardiovascular collapse and significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding with no obvious source. The conventional method of treatment--aortic resection, duodenal repair, and intra-abdominal aortic grafting--is followed by secondary infection and aortic anastomotic bleeding, and by death in nearly 50% of the patients. The method of treatment used by the authors in this patient may be safer and deserves further consideration.", "contents": "Spontaneous aortoduodenal fistula: successful treatment by extra-anatomic vascular bypass. A 77-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure etiology and a palpable abdominal aortic aneurysm. A spontaneous aortoduodenal fistula, discovered at operation, was treated successfully by resection of the aneurysm, aortic closure, lateral duodenal repair and axillobilateral femoral grafting. The three clues to the correct diagnosis were: a palpable, pulsatile abdominal mass, recurrent abrupt cardiovascular collapse and significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding with no obvious source. The conventional method of treatment--aortic resection, duodenal repair, and intra-abdominal aortic grafting--is followed by secondary infection and aortic anastomotic bleeding, and by death in nearly 50% of the patients. The method of treatment used by the authors in this patient may be safer and deserves further consideration.", "PMID": 312130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3355", "title": "Ischemic colitis associated with hypertension.", "content": "A 48-year-old man with accelerated hypertension developed right-sided ischemic colitis. There was no evidence of another cause of vascular inadequacy. Microscopically, the bowel showed ischemic alterations of different stages. The arterial alterations of different stages. The arterial vessels showed minimal changes. In older lesions, fibrosis was prominent and the mucosa was atrophic. In more recent lesions, some vessels of the submucosa were plugged with fibrin and the overlying mucosa was infiltrated by nonorganized hemorrhage and cellular elements.", "contents": "Ischemic colitis associated with hypertension. A 48-year-old man with accelerated hypertension developed right-sided ischemic colitis. There was no evidence of another cause of vascular inadequacy. Microscopically, the bowel showed ischemic alterations of different stages. The arterial alterations of different stages. The arterial vessels showed minimal changes. In older lesions, fibrosis was prominent and the mucosa was atrophic. In more recent lesions, some vessels of the submucosa were plugged with fibrin and the overlying mucosa was infiltrated by nonorganized hemorrhage and cellular elements.", "PMID": 312131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3356", "title": "Intraoperative blood-flow responses in coronary artery bypass grafts.", "content": "Intraoperative graft flow responses in 15 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were studied systematically. The mean blood flow for 13 left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery grafts was 64 +/- 20 ml/min and for 12 right coronary artery (RCA) grafts was 53 +/- 13 ml/min. Of these, systolic flow was dominant in one LAD and three RCA grafts, suggesting the perfusion of the right ventricle or the noncontractile left ventricle segment, or both. Five LAD and two RCA grafts had a negligible reactive hyperemic response, and the underlying cause for this can be futher examined by observing their phasic flow patterns. Temporary occlusion of the coronary artery proximal to the site of anastomosis produced increased flow in 8 grafts, indicating the presence of competitive flow; decreased flow was observed in 15 grafts, indicating the presence of proximal retrograde flow which may play a role in the proximal occlusion of the bypassed artery later. Thus intraoperative flow studies supplement the preoperative angiographic findings in elucidating the pathophysiology involved and are useful in evaluating CABG operations.", "contents": "Intraoperative blood-flow responses in coronary artery bypass grafts. Intraoperative graft flow responses in 15 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were studied systematically. The mean blood flow for 13 left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery grafts was 64 +/- 20 ml/min and for 12 right coronary artery (RCA) grafts was 53 +/- 13 ml/min. Of these, systolic flow was dominant in one LAD and three RCA grafts, suggesting the perfusion of the right ventricle or the noncontractile left ventricle segment, or both. Five LAD and two RCA grafts had a negligible reactive hyperemic response, and the underlying cause for this can be futher examined by observing their phasic flow patterns. Temporary occlusion of the coronary artery proximal to the site of anastomosis produced increased flow in 8 grafts, indicating the presence of competitive flow; decreased flow was observed in 15 grafts, indicating the presence of proximal retrograde flow which may play a role in the proximal occlusion of the bypassed artery later. Thus intraoperative flow studies supplement the preoperative angiographic findings in elucidating the pathophysiology involved and are useful in evaluating CABG operations.", "PMID": 312132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3357", "title": "[Posterior rectotomy indications for villous tumors].", "content": "The posterior (Kraske) approach to the surgical management of villous tumours of the rectum was used in 12 patients. One patient died in the postoperative period and in six others there were complications (wound infection in three, wound infection and rectal hemorrhage in one, wound dehiscence in one and cellulitis in one), but there was not a single fistula. This approach represents an easy and well-tolerated operation especially in older patients who are otherwise poor operative risks. The posterior approach is also excellent for excising lesions of the mid-rectum that may be too bulky for endoscopic removal and too proximal for their excision through the dilated anus. The procedure is not appropriate for malignant tumours and the benign nature of these tumours is best appreciated preoperatively by digital palpation; however, confirmation of their exact nature requires microscopic examination of the whole lesion.", "contents": "[Posterior rectotomy indications for villous tumors]. The posterior (Kraske) approach to the surgical management of villous tumours of the rectum was used in 12 patients. One patient died in the postoperative period and in six others there were complications (wound infection in three, wound infection and rectal hemorrhage in one, wound dehiscence in one and cellulitis in one), but there was not a single fistula. This approach represents an easy and well-tolerated operation especially in older patients who are otherwise poor operative risks. The posterior approach is also excellent for excising lesions of the mid-rectum that may be too bulky for endoscopic removal and too proximal for their excision through the dilated anus. The procedure is not appropriate for malignant tumours and the benign nature of these tumours is best appreciated preoperatively by digital palpation; however, confirmation of their exact nature requires microscopic examination of the whole lesion.", "PMID": 312133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3358", "title": "Selective superior mesenteric embolization for small intestinal hemorrhage.", "content": "A 25-year-old white woman who had previously undergone two operations for peptic ulcer disease, and was addicted to drugs and alcohol, had massive hemorrhage from the small intestine. Angiography pinpointed the jejunum as the source of bleeding. Because the patient had a coagulopathy she was considered a poor risk for surgery. Bleeding was controlled by embolization with sterile, commercially available Gelfoam (Upjohn) which was injected into the offending branch of the superior mesenteric artery. This is believed to be only the third documented case of embolization of small intestinal vessels. A review of the available literature is presented and the value of Gelfoam embolization as an adjunct in the control of hemorrhage in selected patients is stressed.", "contents": "Selective superior mesenteric embolization for small intestinal hemorrhage. A 25-year-old white woman who had previously undergone two operations for peptic ulcer disease, and was addicted to drugs and alcohol, had massive hemorrhage from the small intestine. Angiography pinpointed the jejunum as the source of bleeding. Because the patient had a coagulopathy she was considered a poor risk for surgery. Bleeding was controlled by embolization with sterile, commercially available Gelfoam (Upjohn) which was injected into the offending branch of the superior mesenteric artery. This is believed to be only the third documented case of embolization of small intestinal vessels. A review of the available literature is presented and the value of Gelfoam embolization as an adjunct in the control of hemorrhage in selected patients is stressed.", "PMID": 312134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3359", "title": "Action of inhibitor released from neutrophils and leukemic blast cells.", "content": "The concept that polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or neutrophils, play a role in feedback control of granulopoiesis has been supported by the finding in bone marrow culture studies that mature neutrophils inhibited formation of granulocytic colonies. The study described in this paper was done to investigate the mechanisms involved. With the use of a modified assay it was found that mature neutrophils released factors that reduced the proliferation of colony-forming cells in cultures stimulated by cell-free colony-stimulating factor. In myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic disorders the amount of inhibitor released by the neutrophils varied greatly. Leukemic blast cells also released inhibitor, and in some cases the amount released per cell was greater than the amount released from normal mature neutrophils. The inhibitory factors released from the neutrophils differed from those previously described in the literature in terms of mode of action and apparent molecular size.", "contents": "Action of inhibitor released from neutrophils and leukemic blast cells. The concept that polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or neutrophils, play a role in feedback control of granulopoiesis has been supported by the finding in bone marrow culture studies that mature neutrophils inhibited formation of granulocytic colonies. The study described in this paper was done to investigate the mechanisms involved. With the use of a modified assay it was found that mature neutrophils released factors that reduced the proliferation of colony-forming cells in cultures stimulated by cell-free colony-stimulating factor. In myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic disorders the amount of inhibitor released by the neutrophils varied greatly. Leukemic blast cells also released inhibitor, and in some cases the amount released per cell was greater than the amount released from normal mature neutrophils. The inhibitory factors released from the neutrophils differed from those previously described in the literature in terms of mode of action and apparent molecular size.", "PMID": 312135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3360", "title": "Evidence that xylosyladenine affects methylation by inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthesis.", "content": "The adenosine analogs, 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine (XA) and 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) were tested for their ability to interfer with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) formation in L1210 cells in vitro. XA inhibited the incorporation of [3H]methionine into SAM in a mixed-competitive manner, while cordycepin was not inhibitory. The adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2-deoxy-coformycin produced a marked potentiation of the inhibitory effect of XA on Sam synthesis, but did not affect the inactivity of cordycepin. These results indicate that the inhibitory action of XA, but not cordycepin, on the methylation of nuclear RNA may be attributed to interference with the synthesis of SAM.", "contents": "Evidence that xylosyladenine affects methylation by inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthesis. The adenosine analogs, 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine (XA) and 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) were tested for their ability to interfer with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) formation in L1210 cells in vitro. XA inhibited the incorporation of [3H]methionine into SAM in a mixed-competitive manner, while cordycepin was not inhibitory. The adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2-deoxy-coformycin produced a marked potentiation of the inhibitory effect of XA on Sam synthesis, but did not affect the inactivity of cordycepin. These results indicate that the inhibitory action of XA, but not cordycepin, on the methylation of nuclear RNA may be attributed to interference with the synthesis of SAM.", "PMID": 312136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3361", "title": "Emergency transhepatic obliteration of bleeding varices.", "content": "Transhepatic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices was performed in 18 actively bleeding patients. The success of the procedure was related to the complete obliteration of the varices, as demonstrated by their disappearance at angiography. In 13 of the 14 patients in whom obliteration was complete, bleeding did not recur. Three of the 13 died of hepatic insufficiency within 18 days of embolization, and three refused surgery and were lost to follow-up. The remaining seven patients had portacaval or mesocaval shunts, and are doing well at a follow-up of 12 months. Transhepatic obliteration has, therefore, proved to be an effective emergency procedure in patients who will be acceptable surgical candidates at a later date.", "contents": "Emergency transhepatic obliteration of bleeding varices. Transhepatic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices was performed in 18 actively bleeding patients. The success of the procedure was related to the complete obliteration of the varices, as demonstrated by their disappearance at angiography. In 13 of the 14 patients in whom obliteration was complete, bleeding did not recur. Three of the 13 died of hepatic insufficiency within 18 days of embolization, and three refused surgery and were lost to follow-up. The remaining seven patients had portacaval or mesocaval shunts, and are doing well at a follow-up of 12 months. Transhepatic obliteration has, therefore, proved to be an effective emergency procedure in patients who will be acceptable surgical candidates at a later date.", "PMID": 312137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3362", "title": "Maturation of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. II. Neurophysin, vasopressin and oxytocin in the median eminence of the developing rat brain.", "content": "Transverse sections of the median eminence from fetal and neonatal rats were examined by the immunoperoxidase technique to detect the presence of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin. Neurophysin was observed in the 18-day fetus. Vasopressin and oxytocin were not detected until after birth, on the 4th and 8th days respectively. There was an accumulation of material crossreactive with neurophysin and vasopressin antibodies in the palisade layer of the median eminence between the 4th and 9th days after birth. This distribution of immunoreactive material in the palisade layer was suggestive of neurosecretory substances localized in two fibre tracts on either side of the median eminence. The data are consistent with the accumulation of corticotropin releasing factor and an associated neurophysin in this area. It is suggested that the accumulation of material occurs because of the relative immaturity of the capillary loops that constitute the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal system.", "contents": "Maturation of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. II. Neurophysin, vasopressin and oxytocin in the median eminence of the developing rat brain. Transverse sections of the median eminence from fetal and neonatal rats were examined by the immunoperoxidase technique to detect the presence of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin. Neurophysin was observed in the 18-day fetus. Vasopressin and oxytocin were not detected until after birth, on the 4th and 8th days respectively. There was an accumulation of material crossreactive with neurophysin and vasopressin antibodies in the palisade layer of the median eminence between the 4th and 9th days after birth. This distribution of immunoreactive material in the palisade layer was suggestive of neurosecretory substances localized in two fibre tracts on either side of the median eminence. The data are consistent with the accumulation of corticotropin releasing factor and an associated neurophysin in this area. It is suggested that the accumulation of material occurs because of the relative immaturity of the capillary loops that constitute the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal system.", "PMID": 312138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3363", "title": "Reconsideration of influenza A virus nomenclature: a WHO memorandum.", "content": "The system of nomenclature for influenza A viruses recommended by WHO in 1971 provided a basis for the designation of these viruses into types based on their nucleoprotein antigens. Influenza A viruses were further divided into subtypes based on the antigenic character of their haemagglutinin and neuraminidase components. To review the relevance to influenza virus nomenclature of new information on the antigenic and molecular characterization of influenza A viruses a meeting was held in Atlanta, GA, USA, in November 1978 under the auspices of WHO. Although the 1971 system of nomenclature has worked well, new information on relationships between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes indicates that the number of subtypes could be reduced. However, for the present, the participants in the meeting recommend that the 1971 system should still be used, without modification, at least until a further meeting is held in 1980. In the meantime, WHO wishes to encourage studies that will further define these relationships and solicits comments relevant to the proposals outlined in this Memorandum.", "contents": "Reconsideration of influenza A virus nomenclature: a WHO memorandum. The system of nomenclature for influenza A viruses recommended by WHO in 1971 provided a basis for the designation of these viruses into types based on their nucleoprotein antigens. Influenza A viruses were further divided into subtypes based on the antigenic character of their haemagglutinin and neuraminidase components. To review the relevance to influenza virus nomenclature of new information on the antigenic and molecular characterization of influenza A viruses a meeting was held in Atlanta, GA, USA, in November 1978 under the auspices of WHO. Although the 1971 system of nomenclature has worked well, new information on relationships between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes indicates that the number of subtypes could be reduced. However, for the present, the participants in the meeting recommend that the 1971 system should still be used, without modification, at least until a further meeting is held in 1980. In the meantime, WHO wishes to encourage studies that will further define these relationships and solicits comments relevant to the proposals outlined in this Memorandum.", "PMID": 312157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3364", "title": "Assessment of insecticidal impact on the malaria mosquito's vectorial capacity, from data on the man-biting rate and age-composition.", "content": "The reduction in average age of a vector population after application of a residual insecticide is commonly interpreted under the implicit assumption that the vector population is uniformly exposed to the insecticide. This assumption maximizes the calculated impact of the insecticide on the vectorial capacity. An alternative assumption, namely that the vector population is composed of two subpopulations, one endophilic and exposed, the other exophilic and not exposed, leads to a much smaller calculated impact of insecticide on the vectorial capacity. This is illustrated with data collected before and after application of propoxur in the Garki District, Kano State, Nigeria. These data were also used to estimate, on the one hand, before spraying, the proportion of blood meals taken by Anopheles gambiae s.l. on man that are followed by rest indoors, and on the other hand, after spraying, the proportion exposed after the first blood meal, according to the model of non-uniform exposure; the two estimates agree fairly well. The discussion compares the models of uniform and non-uniform exposure in terms of plausibility and concludes that the latter is more realistic. It is therefore prudent to take it into account when evaluating the impact of insecticides on the transmission of malaria.", "contents": "Assessment of insecticidal impact on the malaria mosquito's vectorial capacity, from data on the man-biting rate and age-composition. The reduction in average age of a vector population after application of a residual insecticide is commonly interpreted under the implicit assumption that the vector population is uniformly exposed to the insecticide. This assumption maximizes the calculated impact of the insecticide on the vectorial capacity. An alternative assumption, namely that the vector population is composed of two subpopulations, one endophilic and exposed, the other exophilic and not exposed, leads to a much smaller calculated impact of insecticide on the vectorial capacity. This is illustrated with data collected before and after application of propoxur in the Garki District, Kano State, Nigeria. These data were also used to estimate, on the one hand, before spraying, the proportion of blood meals taken by Anopheles gambiae s.l. on man that are followed by rest indoors, and on the other hand, after spraying, the proportion exposed after the first blood meal, according to the model of non-uniform exposure; the two estimates agree fairly well. The discussion compares the models of uniform and non-uniform exposure in terms of plausibility and concludes that the latter is more realistic. It is therefore prudent to take it into account when evaluating the impact of insecticides on the transmission of malaria.", "PMID": 312159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3365", "title": "A comparison of cardiovascular measurements in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "content": "Epidemiological studies of the cardiovascular characteristics of three typically rural communities in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania were carried out by means of standardized methodology. This paper reports comparisons of arterial blood pressure distribution and electrocardiographic findings in relation to age, sex, and body build. Marked differences in blood pressure were found, with higher values in Jamaicans than in Tanzanians, who in turn had higher values than Gambians. These differences are not explicable in terms of body build. Heart rates and ECG amplitudes were also strikingly different, with higher values in Jamaicans than in Tanzanians and Gambians. The differences in ECG amplitudes cannot be explained by differences in body build, heart rate, or blood pressure. The findings agree with the hypothesis that some factor or factors associated with development contributes to the risk of cardiovascular disease in peoples of African origin.", "contents": "A comparison of cardiovascular measurements in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania. Epidemiological studies of the cardiovascular characteristics of three typically rural communities in the Gambia, Jamaica, and the United Republic of Tanzania were carried out by means of standardized methodology. This paper reports comparisons of arterial blood pressure distribution and electrocardiographic findings in relation to age, sex, and body build. Marked differences in blood pressure were found, with higher values in Jamaicans than in Tanzanians, who in turn had higher values than Gambians. These differences are not explicable in terms of body build. Heart rates and ECG amplitudes were also strikingly different, with higher values in Jamaicans than in Tanzanians and Gambians. The differences in ECG amplitudes cannot be explained by differences in body build, heart rate, or blood pressure. The findings agree with the hypothesis that some factor or factors associated with development contributes to the risk of cardiovascular disease in peoples of African origin.", "PMID": 312160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3366", "title": "Myocardial infarction and water hardness in the WHO myocardial infarction registry network.", "content": "The negative association between water hardness and cardiovascular disease found by several authors in different countries has also been found in the present investigation. All cases of myocardial infarction were registered in a standardized way at 15 WHO Collaborating Centres in Europe; information on the hardness of drinking water used by the population studied was also collected. Higher rates of myocardial infarction were usually found in towns served by softer water.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction and water hardness in the WHO myocardial infarction registry network. The negative association between water hardness and cardiovascular disease found by several authors in different countries has also been found in the present investigation. All cases of myocardial infarction were registered in a standardized way at 15 WHO Collaborating Centres in Europe; information on the hardness of drinking water used by the population studied was also collected. Higher rates of myocardial infarction were usually found in towns served by softer water.", "PMID": 312161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3367", "title": "Comparison of methods for estimating the frequency of paralytic poliomyelitis in developing countries.", "content": "Standard reporting systems have proved to be unreliable in estimating the frequency of paralytic poliomyelitis in many developing countries. The effectiveness of three survey methods for estimating the prevalence of lameness attributable to poliomyelitis were compared in the Danfa Health Project district of rural Ghana. Lameness was studied because it is easily identified by inexpensive survey techniques. A postal survey of school headteachers was the least costly and most accurate method, giving a prevalence of lameness attributable to poliomyelitis of 7.2 per 1000 schoolchildren. This method is recommended for countries with an extensive network of primary schools. Medical examinations in a village health survey yielded a prevalence of 4.6 per 1000 children aged 6-15 years. This method was relatively expensive but could be justified if the survey was multipurpose. A question added to the annual district census showed a prevalence of 2.2 per 1000 children, a rate still many times higher than estimates from national statistics. The inclusion of such a question in a census or other national survey entails little additional cost and with more careful questioning results should improve. Repeated surveys can be used to assess the success of poliomyelitis vaccination programmes.", "contents": "Comparison of methods for estimating the frequency of paralytic poliomyelitis in developing countries. Standard reporting systems have proved to be unreliable in estimating the frequency of paralytic poliomyelitis in many developing countries. The effectiveness of three survey methods for estimating the prevalence of lameness attributable to poliomyelitis were compared in the Danfa Health Project district of rural Ghana. Lameness was studied because it is easily identified by inexpensive survey techniques. A postal survey of school headteachers was the least costly and most accurate method, giving a prevalence of lameness attributable to poliomyelitis of 7.2 per 1000 schoolchildren. This method is recommended for countries with an extensive network of primary schools. Medical examinations in a village health survey yielded a prevalence of 4.6 per 1000 children aged 6-15 years. This method was relatively expensive but could be justified if the survey was multipurpose. A question added to the annual district census showed a prevalence of 2.2 per 1000 children, a rate still many times higher than estimates from national statistics. The inclusion of such a question in a census or other national survey entails little additional cost and with more careful questioning results should improve. Repeated surveys can be used to assess the success of poliomyelitis vaccination programmes.", "PMID": 312162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3368", "title": "Measuring the efficacy of vaccination in affording protection against plague.", "content": "The relationship of F1 antibody titre to protection against plague was investigated by subjecting seropositive laboratory rats to virulent challenge and observing for survival. The passive haemagglutination (PHA) test in microtitre was employed for serology. Rats vaccinated with live vaccine EV76 (51f), killed U.S.P. vaccine, or F1 antigen and challenged by subcutaneous inoculation of 1 x 10(3) to 5 x 10(5)Yersinia pestis survived at similar rates that, overall, equalled 6% at titres less than 1:16, 46% at titres of 1:32-1:64, 90% at titres of 1:128-1:256, and 96% at titres of 1:512-1:1024. Rats vaccinated with F1 antigen and rats that had been infected previously were challenged intranasally with 8.9 x 10(4)Y. pestis and subsequently demonstrated similar rates of survival that was zero at titres less than 1:128, 86% at titres of 1:128-1:256, and 100% at titres of 1:512-1:1024. The significance of titre of F1 antibody as a measure of seroimmunity against acute bubonic or pneumonic plague is discussed for rats, monkeys, and man.", "contents": "Measuring the efficacy of vaccination in affording protection against plague. The relationship of F1 antibody titre to protection against plague was investigated by subjecting seropositive laboratory rats to virulent challenge and observing for survival. The passive haemagglutination (PHA) test in microtitre was employed for serology. Rats vaccinated with live vaccine EV76 (51f), killed U.S.P. vaccine, or F1 antigen and challenged by subcutaneous inoculation of 1 x 10(3) to 5 x 10(5)Yersinia pestis survived at similar rates that, overall, equalled 6% at titres less than 1:16, 46% at titres of 1:32-1:64, 90% at titres of 1:128-1:256, and 96% at titres of 1:512-1:1024. Rats vaccinated with F1 antigen and rats that had been infected previously were challenged intranasally with 8.9 x 10(4)Y. pestis and subsequently demonstrated similar rates of survival that was zero at titres less than 1:128, 86% at titres of 1:128-1:256, and 100% at titres of 1:512-1:1024. The significance of titre of F1 antibody as a measure of seroimmunity against acute bubonic or pneumonic plague is discussed for rats, monkeys, and man.", "PMID": 312163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3369", "title": "The effect of diethylcarbamazine in a murine model of Brugia malayi microfilaraemia.", "content": "The effect of diethylcarbamazine was tested in a murine model of Brugia malayi microfilaraemia. A course of therapy similar to that used to treat human infection led to more than a 90% decrease in circulating parasites. Experiments in which different amounts of diethylcarbamazine were given as a single dose indicated that its microfilaricidal activity is dose-dependent. The animal model of B. malayi microfilaraemia may be useful for studies of the mechanism of action and pharmacology of diethylcarbamazine and may be applied to the screening of new microfilaricidal drugs.", "contents": "The effect of diethylcarbamazine in a murine model of Brugia malayi microfilaraemia. The effect of diethylcarbamazine was tested in a murine model of Brugia malayi microfilaraemia. A course of therapy similar to that used to treat human infection led to more than a 90% decrease in circulating parasites. Experiments in which different amounts of diethylcarbamazine were given as a single dose indicated that its microfilaricidal activity is dose-dependent. The animal model of B. malayi microfilaraemia may be useful for studies of the mechanism of action and pharmacology of diethylcarbamazine and may be applied to the screening of new microfilaricidal drugs.", "PMID": 312165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3370", "title": "Assessment of host defence against infection during chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of leucocyte numbers and function have been made during combination chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease. There was a marked fall in the numbers of circulating mononuclear cells during the chemotherapy cycle in many patients. The migratory, phagocytic, candidacidal, and bactericidal activities of polymorphs and monocytes were frequently depressed. Patients often showed isolated abnormalities while clinically free from infection. In contrast, simultaneous depression of several parameters appeared to be associated with infection.", "contents": "Assessment of host defence against infection during chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease. Simultaneous measurements of leucocyte numbers and function have been made during combination chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease. There was a marked fall in the numbers of circulating mononuclear cells during the chemotherapy cycle in many patients. The migratory, phagocytic, candidacidal, and bactericidal activities of polymorphs and monocytes were frequently depressed. Patients often showed isolated abnormalities while clinically free from infection. In contrast, simultaneous depression of several parameters appeared to be associated with infection.", "PMID": 312166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3371", "title": "'Double marker' lymphocytes in patients receiving tetracycline.", "content": "When T and B cell counts, using sheep cell rosettes and surface immunoglobulin as markers, are done on the lymphocytes of individuals who are receiving tetracycline, unusually high numbers of 'double marker' cells are regularly found.", "contents": "'Double marker' lymphocytes in patients receiving tetracycline. When T and B cell counts, using sheep cell rosettes and surface immunoglobulin as markers, are done on the lymphocytes of individuals who are receiving tetracycline, unusually high numbers of 'double marker' cells are regularly found.", "PMID": 312167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3372", "title": "Cloning of T-lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Colony-forming T-lymphocytes were studied in the blood of twenty-two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by the technique of plating phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes in soft agar. The mean count of T-lymphocyte colonies in SLE of 70+/-64 (1 s.d.)/mm3 of blood was considerably less than the count of 218+/-102/mm3 for healthy young adults and of 139+/-99/mm3 for aged persons. In SLE, counts of T-lymphocyte colonies correlated with low counts of T-lymphocytes in blood and with other indices of T-lymphocyte impairment. The data point to derangement of factors which influence the capacity of T-lymphocytes to proliferate, but it cannot be stated to what degree this is a cause and/or result of the autoimmune disease process associated with SLE. Cloning of peripheral blood T-cells could help determine whether the essential defect in SLE is in the T-lymphocyte or one of its sub-sets, or in factors produced by adherent cells which are essential for growth in vitro of T-lymphocyte colonies.", "contents": "Cloning of T-lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Colony-forming T-lymphocytes were studied in the blood of twenty-two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by the technique of plating phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes in soft agar. The mean count of T-lymphocyte colonies in SLE of 70+/-64 (1 s.d.)/mm3 of blood was considerably less than the count of 218+/-102/mm3 for healthy young adults and of 139+/-99/mm3 for aged persons. In SLE, counts of T-lymphocyte colonies correlated with low counts of T-lymphocytes in blood and with other indices of T-lymphocyte impairment. The data point to derangement of factors which influence the capacity of T-lymphocytes to proliferate, but it cannot be stated to what degree this is a cause and/or result of the autoimmune disease process associated with SLE. Cloning of peripheral blood T-cells could help determine whether the essential defect in SLE is in the T-lymphocyte or one of its sub-sets, or in factors produced by adherent cells which are essential for growth in vitro of T-lymphocyte colonies.", "PMID": 312168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3373", "title": "Effects of Corynebacterium parvum and BCG therapy on immune parameters in patients with disseminated melanoma. A sequential study over 28 days. II. Changes in non-specific (NK, K and T cell) lymphocytoxicity and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions.", "content": "C. parvum and BCG produced significant changes in NK, K and T cell lymphocytotoxicity using a Chang liver target cell. A consistent temporal pattern over 28 days of early depression, recovery, overshoot and then decline was described. This was particularly marked for C. parvum and 'K' cell activity. Skin test reactivity to recall antigens at 28 days was not appreciably different from the pre-immunization reactivity. The importance of using lymphocyte concentration-cytotoxicity titration curves and the linearization of such curves is discussed. An immunotherapy schedule with 3 weekly immunization intervals is proposed as the optimum schedule in patients receiving C. parvum at a dose of 2.0 mg/m2 i.v.", "contents": "Effects of Corynebacterium parvum and BCG therapy on immune parameters in patients with disseminated melanoma. A sequential study over 28 days. II. Changes in non-specific (NK, K and T cell) lymphocytoxicity and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions. C. parvum and BCG produced significant changes in NK, K and T cell lymphocytotoxicity using a Chang liver target cell. A consistent temporal pattern over 28 days of early depression, recovery, overshoot and then decline was described. This was particularly marked for C. parvum and 'K' cell activity. Skin test reactivity to recall antigens at 28 days was not appreciably different from the pre-immunization reactivity. The importance of using lymphocyte concentration-cytotoxicity titration curves and the linearization of such curves is discussed. An immunotherapy schedule with 3 weekly immunization intervals is proposed as the optimum schedule in patients receiving C. parvum at a dose of 2.0 mg/m2 i.v.", "PMID": 312169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3374", "title": "Immunological dysfunctions in multiple sclerosis. I. Diminution of 'active' thymus-derived lymphocytes and presence of immunomodulating serum factors.", "content": "The peripheral blood of twenty-eight patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was examined for 'active' thymus (TA) derived lymphocytes (PBL) and the presence of serum factors which impair the lymphocyte blastogenic response and the migration of leucocytes from capillary tubes. MS patients exhibited a significant reduction in the level of circulating TA lymphocytes (15.2+/-2.7 vs 22.9+/-2.9, P less than 0.001). Additionally, MS serum markedly impaired the mobility and the mitogen induced blastogenic response of autologous and allogenic (control) PBL. Impairment in the blastogenic response was observed only when serum was added at culture initiation or after 4 hr. The results support the concept of a generalized deficiency in the immune competence of MS patients. The pathophysiological role of a serum suppressive factor is discussed.", "contents": "Immunological dysfunctions in multiple sclerosis. I. Diminution of 'active' thymus-derived lymphocytes and presence of immunomodulating serum factors. The peripheral blood of twenty-eight patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was examined for 'active' thymus (TA) derived lymphocytes (PBL) and the presence of serum factors which impair the lymphocyte blastogenic response and the migration of leucocytes from capillary tubes. MS patients exhibited a significant reduction in the level of circulating TA lymphocytes (15.2+/-2.7 vs 22.9+/-2.9, P less than 0.001). Additionally, MS serum markedly impaired the mobility and the mitogen induced blastogenic response of autologous and allogenic (control) PBL. Impairment in the blastogenic response was observed only when serum was added at culture initiation or after 4 hr. The results support the concept of a generalized deficiency in the immune competence of MS patients. The pathophysiological role of a serum suppressive factor is discussed.", "PMID": 312171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3375", "title": "Human monocyte-lymphocyte interaction and its enhancement by levamisole.", "content": "We investigated the role of monocyte-lymphocyte interaction in the transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). Human monocytes were separated from lymphocytes and were transiently exposed to Con A. The Con A-pretreated monocytes were able to subsequently bind autologus lymphocytes by a process that was selective for T cells. This interaction required the initial presence of Con A at the monocyte surface, and became independent of surface bound ligand after 72 hr. Levamisole, an agent thought to facilitate the participation of monocytes in the cellular immune response, enhanced the binding of lymphocytes to monocytes at low concentration of Con A (5--10 micrograms/ml). Levamisole did not lead to mitogen independent lymphocyte binding. The association between lymphocytes and Con A-pretreated monocytes resulted in the mitogenic transformation of lymphocytes in the absence of soluble Con A in the medium. These results suggest that, in addition to any possible soluble mediators, direct lymphocyte-monocyte contact is required for optimal mitogenic transformation. This T-cell-monocyte interaction over time becomes independent of cell-surface mitogen. The ability of levamisole to enhance this interaction may explain levamisole's capacity to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation.", "contents": "Human monocyte-lymphocyte interaction and its enhancement by levamisole. We investigated the role of monocyte-lymphocyte interaction in the transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). Human monocytes were separated from lymphocytes and were transiently exposed to Con A. The Con A-pretreated monocytes were able to subsequently bind autologus lymphocytes by a process that was selective for T cells. This interaction required the initial presence of Con A at the monocyte surface, and became independent of surface bound ligand after 72 hr. Levamisole, an agent thought to facilitate the participation of monocytes in the cellular immune response, enhanced the binding of lymphocytes to monocytes at low concentration of Con A (5--10 micrograms/ml). Levamisole did not lead to mitogen independent lymphocyte binding. The association between lymphocytes and Con A-pretreated monocytes resulted in the mitogenic transformation of lymphocytes in the absence of soluble Con A in the medium. These results suggest that, in addition to any possible soluble mediators, direct lymphocyte-monocyte contact is required for optimal mitogenic transformation. This T-cell-monocyte interaction over time becomes independent of cell-surface mitogen. The ability of levamisole to enhance this interaction may explain levamisole's capacity to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation.", "PMID": 312172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3376", "title": "Evidence for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by T cells bearing receptors for IgG.", "content": "Human lymphocyte populations comprising T cells, T depleted lymphocytes, and T cells enriched for, or depleted of, IgG Fc receptor-bearing (TG) cells, were separated using rosette techniques. All lymphocytes were assessed for the ability to lyse antibody-coated chicken erythrocytes and SL2 mouse lymphoma cells. Their activity was compared with that of monocytes and neutrophil-enriched preparations. IgG Fc receptor positive cells within the T population were highly active in both cytotoxicity assays; the activity could not be ascribed to contamination by monocytes or neutrophils. The TG cells forming junctions with the target cells possessed a characteristic ultrastructure.", "contents": "Evidence for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by T cells bearing receptors for IgG. Human lymphocyte populations comprising T cells, T depleted lymphocytes, and T cells enriched for, or depleted of, IgG Fc receptor-bearing (TG) cells, were separated using rosette techniques. All lymphocytes were assessed for the ability to lyse antibody-coated chicken erythrocytes and SL2 mouse lymphoma cells. Their activity was compared with that of monocytes and neutrophil-enriched preparations. IgG Fc receptor positive cells within the T population were highly active in both cytotoxicity assays; the activity could not be ascribed to contamination by monocytes or neutrophils. The TG cells forming junctions with the target cells possessed a characteristic ultrastructure.", "PMID": 312173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3377", "title": "Enumeration of T cells, B cells and monocytes in the peripheral blood of normal and lymphocytotic cattle.", "content": "The rosette-forming capacity of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was determined with dextran and 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET)-treated sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Both dextran and AET-enhanced rosette formation; however, AET-treated SRBC detected a larger percentage of rosette-forming cells and thus was used in this study. The specificity of rosette formation by bovine thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes was shown by (1) demonstration of rosettes and surface-membrane immunoglobulins sIg) on different cells in PBL and nylon-wool fractionated lymphocyte populations and (2) rosette formation by a large percentage (83--90%) of thymocytes from three bovine foetuses and two 14-month-old heifers. A procedure was also developed to identify bovine monocytes by latex phagocytosis and 10--30% latex-ingesting cells were detected in PBL preparations isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque flotation. The frequency of sIg-bearing latex-ingesting, and sIg-bearing latex non-ingesting cells in bovine peripheral blood was also determined. These procedures were utilized to determine the distribution of T and bone-marrow derived (B) lymphocytes in peripheral blood of normal and lymphocytotic cattle. PBL from twenty normal cattle contained approximately 63% T and 11% B (sIg+ latex non-ingesting) lymphocytes. In peripheral blood of three cattle with persistent lymphocytosis, a prodromal stage of bovine leukaemia, the percentage of B cells was elevated approximately to 59% whereas T lymphocytes decreased to 35%, thus providing additional evidence that persistent lymphocytosis is a B-cell disease.", "contents": "Enumeration of T cells, B cells and monocytes in the peripheral blood of normal and lymphocytotic cattle. The rosette-forming capacity of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was determined with dextran and 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET)-treated sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Both dextran and AET-enhanced rosette formation; however, AET-treated SRBC detected a larger percentage of rosette-forming cells and thus was used in this study. The specificity of rosette formation by bovine thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes was shown by (1) demonstration of rosettes and surface-membrane immunoglobulins sIg) on different cells in PBL and nylon-wool fractionated lymphocyte populations and (2) rosette formation by a large percentage (83--90%) of thymocytes from three bovine foetuses and two 14-month-old heifers. A procedure was also developed to identify bovine monocytes by latex phagocytosis and 10--30% latex-ingesting cells were detected in PBL preparations isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque flotation. The frequency of sIg-bearing latex-ingesting, and sIg-bearing latex non-ingesting cells in bovine peripheral blood was also determined. These procedures were utilized to determine the distribution of T and bone-marrow derived (B) lymphocytes in peripheral blood of normal and lymphocytotic cattle. PBL from twenty normal cattle contained approximately 63% T and 11% B (sIg+ latex non-ingesting) lymphocytes. In peripheral blood of three cattle with persistent lymphocytosis, a prodromal stage of bovine leukaemia, the percentage of B cells was elevated approximately to 59% whereas T lymphocytes decreased to 35%, thus providing additional evidence that persistent lymphocytosis is a B-cell disease.", "PMID": 312176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3378", "title": "Identification of lymphocyte subpopulations in E-RFC-enriched and E-RFC-depleted cell fractions of fresh and cryopreserved lymphocytes.", "content": "Fresh lymphocytes and frozen-stored lymphocytes were separated into E-RFC-enriched and E-RFC-depleted cell fractions by density gradient centrifugation of sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosette-forming cells (E-RFC), since the ability to form rosettes is primarily a T cell characteristic. Subpopulations of lymphocytes were identified, demonstrating the presence of cell surface markers: T cell specific antigens (T+), receptors for SRBC on T cells (E-RFC), Fc-receptors (FcR) for IgG type antibodies, and surface Ig (sIg). Our results indicate that, although the E-RFC-depleted fraction contains virtually no cells capable of binding SRBC, there is still a considerable proportion of T cells present in that fraction, as detected with the anti-T cell antiserum. Moreover, data are presented to indicate that the E-RFC-enriched fraction does not consist exclusively of T lymphocytes. Since this separation procedure is used frequently for the identification of the nature of effector cells in cell-mediated (CMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays, the identification of T cells in purified lymphocyte fractions by means of SRBC rosette formation may lead to a false conclusion as to the nature of the effector cells.", "contents": "Identification of lymphocyte subpopulations in E-RFC-enriched and E-RFC-depleted cell fractions of fresh and cryopreserved lymphocytes. Fresh lymphocytes and frozen-stored lymphocytes were separated into E-RFC-enriched and E-RFC-depleted cell fractions by density gradient centrifugation of sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosette-forming cells (E-RFC), since the ability to form rosettes is primarily a T cell characteristic. Subpopulations of lymphocytes were identified, demonstrating the presence of cell surface markers: T cell specific antigens (T+), receptors for SRBC on T cells (E-RFC), Fc-receptors (FcR) for IgG type antibodies, and surface Ig (sIg). Our results indicate that, although the E-RFC-depleted fraction contains virtually no cells capable of binding SRBC, there is still a considerable proportion of T cells present in that fraction, as detected with the anti-T cell antiserum. Moreover, data are presented to indicate that the E-RFC-enriched fraction does not consist exclusively of T lymphocytes. Since this separation procedure is used frequently for the identification of the nature of effector cells in cell-mediated (CMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays, the identification of T cells in purified lymphocyte fractions by means of SRBC rosette formation may lead to a false conclusion as to the nature of the effector cells.", "PMID": 312177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3379", "title": "Folinic acid rescue for vincristine toxicity.", "content": "Inadvertent vincristine sulfate overdosage was treated with folinic acid. The sequence of development of the signs and symptoms associated with known vincristine toxicity was accentuated; however, the duration of these toxicities was markedly compressed in time when compared with previous reports. The known pharmacologic and biologic activities of vincristine sulfate and presumed mechanism of counteractivity of folinic acid is presented.", "contents": "Folinic acid rescue for vincristine toxicity. Inadvertent vincristine sulfate overdosage was treated with folinic acid. The sequence of development of the signs and symptoms associated with known vincristine toxicity was accentuated; however, the duration of these toxicities was markedly compressed in time when compared with previous reports. The known pharmacologic and biologic activities of vincristine sulfate and presumed mechanism of counteractivity of folinic acid is presented.", "PMID": 312178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3380", "title": "Acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome treated by acupuncture and electrical stimulation (AES).", "content": "Twelve cases of acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome were treated by acupuncture and electrical stimulation. The paraesthesia, as well as movements of the hand and upper extremities, were greatly improved immediately after each treatment.", "contents": "Acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome treated by acupuncture and electrical stimulation (AES). Twelve cases of acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome were treated by acupuncture and electrical stimulation. The paraesthesia, as well as movements of the hand and upper extremities, were greatly improved immediately after each treatment.", "PMID": 312179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3381", "title": "Analysis of cohort effects from cross-sectional data.", "content": "A statistical model and computer program are described to analyze data fro the existence of cohort effects. The analysis leads to the separate assessments of cohort, time and age influences on a series of age-specific rates that are available in cross-sectional form. The assessment of these three factors can possibly yield insights into specific disease etiologies.", "contents": "Analysis of cohort effects from cross-sectional data. A statistical model and computer program are described to analyze data fro the existence of cohort effects. The analysis leads to the separate assessments of cohort, time and age influences on a series of age-specific rates that are available in cross-sectional form. The assessment of these three factors can possibly yield insights into specific disease etiologies.", "PMID": 312180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3382", "title": "Histiocytosis 'X' of the central nervous system. Clinical and pathological report of a case with predominant cerebellar involvement.", "content": "The case is presented of a child with early manifestations of Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease limited to exophthalmos, and rapid final progression towards a clinical picture dominated by intracranial hypertension and cerebellar involvement, caused by massive histiocytic infiltration of the cerebellum, combined with discrete subdural deposits of xanthomatous tissue and minor deposits in other parts of the central nervous system and other organs.", "contents": "Histiocytosis 'X' of the central nervous system. Clinical and pathological report of a case with predominant cerebellar involvement. The case is presented of a child with early manifestations of Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease limited to exophthalmos, and rapid final progression towards a clinical picture dominated by intracranial hypertension and cerebellar involvement, caused by massive histiocytic infiltration of the cerebellum, combined with discrete subdural deposits of xanthomatous tissue and minor deposits in other parts of the central nervous system and other organs.", "PMID": 312187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3383", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the nervous system for pain control.", "content": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation appears to be a valid technique for the treatment of many pain states. Its use in chronic pain is limited and it appears to be much more likely to be effective in the relief of acute painful states. Nevertheless, since it provides a simple way to treat a significant number of patients whose pain would otherwise by intractable, it has been a valuable addition to the armamentarium of the physician dealing with chronic pain. Peripheral nerve stimulation is an excellent way to relieve pain of peripheral nerve injury origin and certain painful, poorly understood, vasopastic or reflex sympathetic states. Spinal cord stimulation has been revived by the advent of percutaneous stimulators. The technique is currently the best available for the treatment of the patient suffering from the chronic low back syndrome with severe arachnoiditis, for whom no definitive therapy is available. Brain stimulation has been relegated to therapy for pain of central nervous system origin. It is a most promising technique though its application appears to be limited at this point to a few specific problems. The seriousness of potential complications has kept it from being widely applicable to date. There is little information concerning the mechanism whereby these various techniques are effective. Transcutaneous and peripheral nerve stimulation might have their effect through peripheral mechanisms or through a gating mechanism in the posterior horn (Melzack and Wall 1965; Campbell and Taub 1973). Spinal cord stimulation could act through a retrograde effect upon a dorsal horn gate or have more central actions. Brain stimulation in the opiate receptor system may be effective through activation of this system. The mechanisms of action of stimulation in the sensory system centrally are certainly not well understood (Bloedel 1974).", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the nervous system for pain control. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation appears to be a valid technique for the treatment of many pain states. Its use in chronic pain is limited and it appears to be much more likely to be effective in the relief of acute painful states. Nevertheless, since it provides a simple way to treat a significant number of patients whose pain would otherwise by intractable, it has been a valuable addition to the armamentarium of the physician dealing with chronic pain. Peripheral nerve stimulation is an excellent way to relieve pain of peripheral nerve injury origin and certain painful, poorly understood, vasopastic or reflex sympathetic states. Spinal cord stimulation has been revived by the advent of percutaneous stimulators. The technique is currently the best available for the treatment of the patient suffering from the chronic low back syndrome with severe arachnoiditis, for whom no definitive therapy is available. Brain stimulation has been relegated to therapy for pain of central nervous system origin. It is a most promising technique though its application appears to be limited at this point to a few specific problems. The seriousness of potential complications has kept it from being widely applicable to date. There is little information concerning the mechanism whereby these various techniques are effective. Transcutaneous and peripheral nerve stimulation might have their effect through peripheral mechanisms or through a gating mechanism in the posterior horn (Melzack and Wall 1965; Campbell and Taub 1973). Spinal cord stimulation could act through a retrograde effect upon a dorsal horn gate or have more central actions. Brain stimulation in the opiate receptor system may be effective through activation of this system. The mechanisms of action of stimulation in the sensory system centrally are certainly not well understood (Bloedel 1974).", "PMID": 312190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3384", "title": "Effects of cerebellar stimulation on epilepsy, the EEG and cerebral palsy in man.", "content": "Eighteen of the first 29 patients with intractable epilepsy treated by chronic cerebellar stimulation (CCS) demonstrated a marked suppression of seizures. Sixty-eight of 100 patients with cerebral palsy showed clinical improvement after CCS. Electroencephalographic studies in three epileptic patients revealed a significant (P less than 0.001) reduction in number and duration of paroxysmal EEG discharges during epochs when the stimulator was on; prolonged effects were seen at stimulation rates of 200 c/sec and 10 c/sec (monophasic capacitively coupled stimuli). \"Rebound\" increases in numbers and durations of paroxysmal discharges occurred after cessation of CCS: immediate \"rebounds\" occurred within the next 5 min; such rebound effects were also seen in the frequency of clinical seizures. CCS at voltages well above threshold for the production of changes in H reflexes, late motor responses (V1 and V2), and evoked potentials resulted in increased \"rebound\" effects after cessation of stimulation and such effects were seen clinically and neurophysiologically in epileptic and cerebral palsy patients. Variability in the effects of CCS on seizures and the EEG may have been due to technical factors such as positions and impedances of electrodes, output of the stimulator, effects of anticonvulsant medication and patient differences; there was no clinical or physiological evidence of any undesirable neurological effect of CCS. In one patient, onset of CCS was frequently associated with cessation of polyspike and wave discharges; such results raise the possibility of triggering CCS from paroxysmal discharges in the EEG (contingency feedback) but rebound effects may complicate such therapy.", "contents": "Effects of cerebellar stimulation on epilepsy, the EEG and cerebral palsy in man. Eighteen of the first 29 patients with intractable epilepsy treated by chronic cerebellar stimulation (CCS) demonstrated a marked suppression of seizures. Sixty-eight of 100 patients with cerebral palsy showed clinical improvement after CCS. Electroencephalographic studies in three epileptic patients revealed a significant (P less than 0.001) reduction in number and duration of paroxysmal EEG discharges during epochs when the stimulator was on; prolonged effects were seen at stimulation rates of 200 c/sec and 10 c/sec (monophasic capacitively coupled stimuli). \"Rebound\" increases in numbers and durations of paroxysmal discharges occurred after cessation of CCS: immediate \"rebounds\" occurred within the next 5 min; such rebound effects were also seen in the frequency of clinical seizures. CCS at voltages well above threshold for the production of changes in H reflexes, late motor responses (V1 and V2), and evoked potentials resulted in increased \"rebound\" effects after cessation of stimulation and such effects were seen clinically and neurophysiologically in epileptic and cerebral palsy patients. Variability in the effects of CCS on seizures and the EEG may have been due to technical factors such as positions and impedances of electrodes, output of the stimulator, effects of anticonvulsant medication and patient differences; there was no clinical or physiological evidence of any undesirable neurological effect of CCS. In one patient, onset of CCS was frequently associated with cessation of polyspike and wave discharges; such results raise the possibility of triggering CCS from paroxysmal discharges in the EEG (contingency feedback) but rebound effects may complicate such therapy.", "PMID": 312191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3385", "title": "Changes in insulin and prolactin responsiveness of goat mammary tissue during ontogenesis and pregnancy.", "content": "Mammary tissue of goats in different stages of ontogenesis and pregnancy were organ cultured and their insulin and prolactin responsiveness was studied. Based on the synthesis of DNA in the presence of insulin and tissue secretory responses to prolactin, the responsive tissues were found in young goats up to 3 month of age (prolactin responsive only up to 24 days of age), in mature virgin goats at the end of breeding season, mature virgin goats with precocious lactation and in nulliparous goats from the 8th week of pregnancy. Unresponsive tissues were found in goats from 4.5 month of age to the maturity. The high number of antral follicles in goat ovaries was found to be coincident with high mammary insulin and prolactin responsiveness during ontogenesis. It appears that ovarian and placental steroids and placental lactogen render the goat mammary tissue responsive to insulin and prolactin in organ culture.", "contents": "Changes in insulin and prolactin responsiveness of goat mammary tissue during ontogenesis and pregnancy. Mammary tissue of goats in different stages of ontogenesis and pregnancy were organ cultured and their insulin and prolactin responsiveness was studied. Based on the synthesis of DNA in the presence of insulin and tissue secretory responses to prolactin, the responsive tissues were found in young goats up to 3 month of age (prolactin responsive only up to 24 days of age), in mature virgin goats at the end of breeding season, mature virgin goats with precocious lactation and in nulliparous goats from the 8th week of pregnancy. Unresponsive tissues were found in goats from 4.5 month of age to the maturity. The high number of antral follicles in goat ovaries was found to be coincident with high mammary insulin and prolactin responsiveness during ontogenesis. It appears that ovarian and placental steroids and placental lactogen render the goat mammary tissue responsive to insulin and prolactin in organ culture.", "PMID": 312193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3386", "title": "Effect of insulin on RNA and protein biosynthesis in liver mitochondria from normal and alloxan diabetic rats.", "content": "In liver mitochondria from alloxan diabetic rats the biosynthesis of RNA (as measured by 14C-orotic acid incorporation and RNA polymerase activity) and protein (as measured by 14C-leucine incorporation) were decreased. In contrast, insulin (20 U kg-1) injected to intact or diabetic rats increased both these measures. However, no change of mitochondrial DNA biosynthesis (as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine) was found. It was concluded that in liver cells insulin plays an important role in regulation of biosynthesis not only of nuclear (cytoplasmic) but also of mitochondrial RNA and proteins.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on RNA and protein biosynthesis in liver mitochondria from normal and alloxan diabetic rats. In liver mitochondria from alloxan diabetic rats the biosynthesis of RNA (as measured by 14C-orotic acid incorporation and RNA polymerase activity) and protein (as measured by 14C-leucine incorporation) were decreased. In contrast, insulin (20 U kg-1) injected to intact or diabetic rats increased both these measures. However, no change of mitochondrial DNA biosynthesis (as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine) was found. It was concluded that in liver cells insulin plays an important role in regulation of biosynthesis not only of nuclear (cytoplasmic) but also of mitochondrial RNA and proteins.", "PMID": 312194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3387", "title": "Fibroblast and epidermal growth factors are mitogenic agents for cultured granulosa cells of rodent, porcine, and human origin.", "content": "The mitogenic effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on cultured granulosa cells of different species have been analyzed. EGF and FGF are potent mitogenic agents for rabbit, porcine, and human granulosa cell cultures. While guinea pig granulosa cell cultures respond to FGF, they were hardly effected by EGF. Rat granulosa cell cultures did not respond markedly to either EGF or FGF. Our results, therefore, demonstrate that the mitogenic effects of EGF and FGF are not restricted to granulosa cells of bovine origin and, with the exception of rat granulosa cells, cultured granulosa cells responded either to FGF alone or to both EGF and FGF with a marked increase in their rates of proliferation.", "contents": "Fibroblast and epidermal growth factors are mitogenic agents for cultured granulosa cells of rodent, porcine, and human origin. The mitogenic effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on cultured granulosa cells of different species have been analyzed. EGF and FGF are potent mitogenic agents for rabbit, porcine, and human granulosa cell cultures. While guinea pig granulosa cell cultures respond to FGF, they were hardly effected by EGF. Rat granulosa cell cultures did not respond markedly to either EGF or FGF. Our results, therefore, demonstrate that the mitogenic effects of EGF and FGF are not restricted to granulosa cells of bovine origin and, with the exception of rat granulosa cells, cultured granulosa cells responded either to FGF alone or to both EGF and FGF with a marked increase in their rates of proliferation.", "PMID": 312195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3388", "title": "The leucocyte migration inhibition test and subpopulations of peripheral lymphocytes in insulin-dependent diabetics.", "content": "The leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMT) was performed by the agarose plate method with thyroid and pancreatic antigens in patients with insulin-dependent or independent diabetes mellitus. The mean migration indices with thyroglobulin, thyroid mitochondria and beef insulin were not significantly different in insulin-dependent diabetics from those in insulin-independent diabetics or normal controls. However, significant inhibition of leucocyte migration was observed in insulin-dependent diabetics when thyroid microsome or pancreatic extract was used as antigen. Although no significant difference was found in the percentages of T and B lymphocytes between insulin-dependent diabetics and insulin-independent diabetics or normal controls, the results of LMT strongly suggest the presence of cellular immunity against the thyroid and pancreas in insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes.", "contents": "The leucocyte migration inhibition test and subpopulations of peripheral lymphocytes in insulin-dependent diabetics. The leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMT) was performed by the agarose plate method with thyroid and pancreatic antigens in patients with insulin-dependent or independent diabetes mellitus. The mean migration indices with thyroglobulin, thyroid mitochondria and beef insulin were not significantly different in insulin-dependent diabetics from those in insulin-independent diabetics or normal controls. However, significant inhibition of leucocyte migration was observed in insulin-dependent diabetics when thyroid microsome or pancreatic extract was used as antigen. Although no significant difference was found in the percentages of T and B lymphocytes between insulin-dependent diabetics and insulin-independent diabetics or normal controls, the results of LMT strongly suggest the presence of cellular immunity against the thyroid and pancreas in insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes.", "PMID": 312198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3389", "title": "Thymic regeneration after dexamethasone treatment as a model for subpopulation development.", "content": "Three mouse thymocyte subpopulations with differing sensitivity to dexamethasone were characterized by size and density. Distribution patterns were determined for thymocytes during normal development and during regeneration after treatment with dexamethasone. From these, the subpopulation proportions were calculated and cell population kinetics were evaluated. Medium-sized low density cells (type III) were least sensitive to dexamethasone and showed a relatively slow regeneration rate. The small cells of intermediate density, \"early cortical\" cells (type II), exhibited the most rapid regeneration rate, while the growth rate of the small cells of high density (type I) was intermediate. Cells of intermediate and high density were relatively sensitive to dexamethasone. The ratio of the phytohemagglutinin to concanavalin A (Con A) response increased after dexamethasone treatment with the increase in the proportion of type III cells. Con A responses were attributed to type II and type III cells. A tentative multipathway model for intra-thymic T cell development is presented. Large cells, not confined to a certain trajectory in the density gradient, may represent a pool of proliferating cells of the other three types.", "contents": "Thymic regeneration after dexamethasone treatment as a model for subpopulation development. Three mouse thymocyte subpopulations with differing sensitivity to dexamethasone were characterized by size and density. Distribution patterns were determined for thymocytes during normal development and during regeneration after treatment with dexamethasone. From these, the subpopulation proportions were calculated and cell population kinetics were evaluated. Medium-sized low density cells (type III) were least sensitive to dexamethasone and showed a relatively slow regeneration rate. The small cells of intermediate density, \"early cortical\" cells (type II), exhibited the most rapid regeneration rate, while the growth rate of the small cells of high density (type I) was intermediate. Cells of intermediate and high density were relatively sensitive to dexamethasone. The ratio of the phytohemagglutinin to concanavalin A (Con A) response increased after dexamethasone treatment with the increase in the proportion of type III cells. Con A responses were attributed to type II and type III cells. A tentative multipathway model for intra-thymic T cell development is presented. Large cells, not confined to a certain trajectory in the density gradient, may represent a pool of proliferating cells of the other three types.", "PMID": 312199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3390", "title": "Antibody-independent activation of complement by human peripheral B lymphocytes.", "content": "Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were shown to activate complement in normal human serum (NHS). This activation led to C3 fixation on the cell membrane, which in turn was visualized by fluorescence. The reaction occurred in the absence of detectable amounts of antibodies, since an agammaglobulinemic patient's serum also supported complement activation, and the results were unaltered by absorption of normal human serum. Trypsin treatment of lymphocytes to remove possible complement activators bound to the cell membrane, did not have any effect on the complement activation by lymphocytes. Complement membrane fluorescence was abolished in the presence of EDTA or ethyleneglycolbis(aminoethylether) tetraacetate (EGTA) supplemented by Mg++ions indicating that the classical pathway of complement activation was involved in the reaction. Experiments performed with T and B-purified populations showed that the phenomenon was confined to the B cell fraction. Complement deposition did not diminish the number of EAC rosettes, and viability remained unchanged after exposure of lymphocytes to normal human serum.", "contents": "Antibody-independent activation of complement by human peripheral B lymphocytes. Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were shown to activate complement in normal human serum (NHS). This activation led to C3 fixation on the cell membrane, which in turn was visualized by fluorescence. The reaction occurred in the absence of detectable amounts of antibodies, since an agammaglobulinemic patient's serum also supported complement activation, and the results were unaltered by absorption of normal human serum. Trypsin treatment of lymphocytes to remove possible complement activators bound to the cell membrane, did not have any effect on the complement activation by lymphocytes. Complement membrane fluorescence was abolished in the presence of EDTA or ethyleneglycolbis(aminoethylether) tetraacetate (EGTA) supplemented by Mg++ions indicating that the classical pathway of complement activation was involved in the reaction. Experiments performed with T and B-purified populations showed that the phenomenon was confined to the B cell fraction. Complement deposition did not diminish the number of EAC rosettes, and viability remained unchanged after exposure of lymphocytes to normal human serum.", "PMID": 312200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3391", "title": "Ontogeny of susceptibility of mouse splenic B cells to tolerance induction in vitro by TNP-D-GL.", "content": "The susceptibility of mouse spleen cells to hapten-specific tolerance induction of a primary in vitro thymus-independent antibody response was examined. Both the induction of tolerance by 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-D-glutamic acid-D-lysine (TNP96D-GL) and of antibody formation (elicited by TNP-Brucella abortus) in neonatal spleen cell cultures were unaffected by anti-Thy-1.2 plus complement treatment. Spleen cells from neonatal mice were only slightly more sensitive to TNP96D-GL tolerance induction than were cells from adult mice. The difference in susceptibility to tolerance induction was not nearly as great as that predicted by \"clonal abortion\"-type theories of B cell tolerogenesis.", "contents": "Ontogeny of susceptibility of mouse splenic B cells to tolerance induction in vitro by TNP-D-GL. The susceptibility of mouse spleen cells to hapten-specific tolerance induction of a primary in vitro thymus-independent antibody response was examined. Both the induction of tolerance by 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-D-glutamic acid-D-lysine (TNP96D-GL) and of antibody formation (elicited by TNP-Brucella abortus) in neonatal spleen cell cultures were unaffected by anti-Thy-1.2 plus complement treatment. Spleen cells from neonatal mice were only slightly more sensitive to TNP96D-GL tolerance induction than were cells from adult mice. The difference in susceptibility to tolerance induction was not nearly as great as that predicted by \"clonal abortion\"-type theories of B cell tolerogenesis.", "PMID": 312201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3392", "title": "Regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity IV. Antigen-specific suppressor cells for delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by lipopolysaccharide and sheep erythrocytes in mice.", "content": "Mice injected subcutaneously with 1 x 10(8) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) developed high levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to SRBC 4-8 days after injection. Such DTH was suppressed when 100 microgram lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected intravenously 1-2 days before or at the time of SRBC injection. This suppression of DTH was transferable by spleen, lymph node, thymus and bone marrow cells to sensitized or normal syngeneic recipients, but could not be transferred by serum. Suppressor cells were not induced by LPS alone or SRBC alone, and they were antigen-specific since DTH to chicken red blood cells was not affected. The suppressor cells appeared in the spleen in optimum number 3-4 days after induction. They were theta-negative and Ig-positive as judged by antiserum plus complement treatment and by Ig rosette separation. Attempts to obtain soluble suppressor factor from the suppressor cells by sonication or in vitro incubation were unsuccessful. Mitomycin C treatment of the suppressor cells completely abolished the suppressor activity. Thus, LPS, in conjunction with antigen, appears to induce a population of specific suppressor B cells which are capable of regulating T cell function.", "contents": "Regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity IV. Antigen-specific suppressor cells for delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by lipopolysaccharide and sheep erythrocytes in mice. Mice injected subcutaneously with 1 x 10(8) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) developed high levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to SRBC 4-8 days after injection. Such DTH was suppressed when 100 microgram lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected intravenously 1-2 days before or at the time of SRBC injection. This suppression of DTH was transferable by spleen, lymph node, thymus and bone marrow cells to sensitized or normal syngeneic recipients, but could not be transferred by serum. Suppressor cells were not induced by LPS alone or SRBC alone, and they were antigen-specific since DTH to chicken red blood cells was not affected. The suppressor cells appeared in the spleen in optimum number 3-4 days after induction. They were theta-negative and Ig-positive as judged by antiserum plus complement treatment and by Ig rosette separation. Attempts to obtain soluble suppressor factor from the suppressor cells by sonication or in vitro incubation were unsuccessful. Mitomycin C treatment of the suppressor cells completely abolished the suppressor activity. Thus, LPS, in conjunction with antigen, appears to induce a population of specific suppressor B cells which are capable of regulating T cell function.", "PMID": 312202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3393", "title": "Influenza virus-specific T cell-mediated cytotoxicity: integration of the virus antigen into the target cell membrane is essential for target cell formation.", "content": "This study deals with the requirements for target cell recognition by influenza A virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). H-2-identical cells were incubated with infectious or UV light-inactivated influenza A virus expressing either cleaved or uncleaved hemagglutinin (HA). Thereafter, the treated cells were tested in a 4-h 51Cr assay for susceptibility to CTL-mediated cytolysis. Regardless whether the influenza virus was infectious, virions expressing cleaved HA were efficient in target cell formation. In contrast, cells incubated with either active or UV-inactivated virions expressing uncleaved HA were not lysed by virus-specific CTL. Yet, after mere trypsin-mediated cleavage of the HA of cell-absorbed viroins, strong cytolysis could be observed. On the other hand, solubilization of the envelope lipid bilayer by ethylether abolished the capacity of the remaining HA to induce target cell formation. The results clearly suggest that mere absorption of virions to the membrane of cells, which is performed by virus with uncleaved HA, is insufficient for target cell formation. For this, both cleaved HA and an intact envelope appear to be crucial. We conclude that fusion of the virion into the cell membrane is essential for target cell formation.", "contents": "Influenza virus-specific T cell-mediated cytotoxicity: integration of the virus antigen into the target cell membrane is essential for target cell formation. This study deals with the requirements for target cell recognition by influenza A virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). H-2-identical cells were incubated with infectious or UV light-inactivated influenza A virus expressing either cleaved or uncleaved hemagglutinin (HA). Thereafter, the treated cells were tested in a 4-h 51Cr assay for susceptibility to CTL-mediated cytolysis. Regardless whether the influenza virus was infectious, virions expressing cleaved HA were efficient in target cell formation. In contrast, cells incubated with either active or UV-inactivated virions expressing uncleaved HA were not lysed by virus-specific CTL. Yet, after mere trypsin-mediated cleavage of the HA of cell-absorbed viroins, strong cytolysis could be observed. On the other hand, solubilization of the envelope lipid bilayer by ethylether abolished the capacity of the remaining HA to induce target cell formation. The results clearly suggest that mere absorption of virions to the membrane of cells, which is performed by virus with uncleaved HA, is insufficient for target cell formation. For this, both cleaved HA and an intact envelope appear to be crucial. We conclude that fusion of the virion into the cell membrane is essential for target cell formation.", "PMID": 312203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3394", "title": "Specific binding of T lymphocytes to macrophages IV. Dependence on cations, temperature and cytochalasin B-sensitive mechanisms.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) from immune guinea pigs adhere to macrophages carrying the relevant antigen and are thereby stimulated to proliferate in culture. The resultant PEL represent a population highly enriched with regard to their capacity to specifically rebind to antigen-pulsed macrophages. We have studied the mechanisms underlying specific binding of lymphocytes to macrophages by examining the effects of physical and chemical modifications of the two cell types. Specific binding was inhibited by fixation of cells, metabolic inhibitors, low temperatures, cytochalasin B and divalent cation depletion. After specific binding has taken place, cation depletion, but not cytochalasin B or low temperatures, disrupts binding. These observations indicate that specific binding occurs by a series of discrete events that can be operationally distinguished.", "contents": "Specific binding of T lymphocytes to macrophages IV. Dependence on cations, temperature and cytochalasin B-sensitive mechanisms. Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) from immune guinea pigs adhere to macrophages carrying the relevant antigen and are thereby stimulated to proliferate in culture. The resultant PEL represent a population highly enriched with regard to their capacity to specifically rebind to antigen-pulsed macrophages. We have studied the mechanisms underlying specific binding of lymphocytes to macrophages by examining the effects of physical and chemical modifications of the two cell types. Specific binding was inhibited by fixation of cells, metabolic inhibitors, low temperatures, cytochalasin B and divalent cation depletion. After specific binding has taken place, cation depletion, but not cytochalasin B or low temperatures, disrupts binding. These observations indicate that specific binding occurs by a series of discrete events that can be operationally distinguished.", "PMID": 312205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3395", "title": "Detection and partial characterization of a new murine T-lineage antigen: evidence for its enzymatic modulation.", "content": "A molecule with an apparent molecular weight of 21,000 daltons was found to be a predominating differentiation antigen of peripheral rat T lymphocytes. This antigen is also expressed on the cell surface of thymus lymphocytes though partially in masked form. The observation that these determinants could be unmasked by neuraminidase treatment in vitro suggests that enzymatic processes may play an important role in antigenic transformation along the differentiation pathway of T axis lymphocytes. Since this structure was found to be displayed also by peritoneal exudate macrophages, it is referred to as T lymphocyte-macrophage antigen. The finding that an identical antigen could be identified in the mouse suggests its more common biological significance.", "contents": "Detection and partial characterization of a new murine T-lineage antigen: evidence for its enzymatic modulation. A molecule with an apparent molecular weight of 21,000 daltons was found to be a predominating differentiation antigen of peripheral rat T lymphocytes. This antigen is also expressed on the cell surface of thymus lymphocytes though partially in masked form. The observation that these determinants could be unmasked by neuraminidase treatment in vitro suggests that enzymatic processes may play an important role in antigenic transformation along the differentiation pathway of T axis lymphocytes. Since this structure was found to be displayed also by peritoneal exudate macrophages, it is referred to as T lymphocyte-macrophage antigen. The finding that an identical antigen could be identified in the mouse suggests its more common biological significance.", "PMID": 312206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3396", "title": "Peanut agglutinin. II. Characterization of the Thy-1, Tla and Ig phenotype of peanut agglutinin-positive cells in adult, embryonic and nude mice using double immunofluorescence.", "content": "The Thy-1, Tla and Ig phenotype of peanut agglutinin (PNA)-binding cells was characterized in various strains of mice. In the thymus, PNA was found to bind principally but not exclusively to the Thy-1+ Tla + Ig-- steroid-sensitive cortical thymocytes. Thy1 + Tla -- Ig -- steroid-resistant cells are not labeled with PNA. In other lymphoid organs, PNA bound to a minority of T or null cells but generally not to B cells. During ontogeny, PNA + and PNA -- T lineage cells appear simultaneously in the liver at day 10 of gestation, in the thymus at day 11 and in the spleen at day 18. No evidence was found for a maturation from PNA + to PNA -- cells. Prethymocytes present in nude mice were also divided into a PNA + and PNA -- population.", "contents": "Peanut agglutinin. II. Characterization of the Thy-1, Tla and Ig phenotype of peanut agglutinin-positive cells in adult, embryonic and nude mice using double immunofluorescence. The Thy-1, Tla and Ig phenotype of peanut agglutinin (PNA)-binding cells was characterized in various strains of mice. In the thymus, PNA was found to bind principally but not exclusively to the Thy-1+ Tla + Ig-- steroid-sensitive cortical thymocytes. Thy1 + Tla -- Ig -- steroid-resistant cells are not labeled with PNA. In other lymphoid organs, PNA bound to a minority of T or null cells but generally not to B cells. During ontogeny, PNA + and PNA -- T lineage cells appear simultaneously in the liver at day 10 of gestation, in the thymus at day 11 and in the spleen at day 18. No evidence was found for a maturation from PNA + to PNA -- cells. Prethymocytes present in nude mice were also divided into a PNA + and PNA -- population.", "PMID": 312207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3397", "title": "Possible role for glycosphingolipids in the control of immune responses.", "content": "Preparations of gangliosides from bovine brain contain material which acts as a strong mitogen on murine spleen cells. This material is highly lipophilic and co-purifies with the ganglioside fraction. It contains saccharides of a similar composition to those found in monosialogangliosides, as well as a spinogsine base and an appreciable amount of peptide. The common brain gangliosides GM1, GD1a and GD1b, on the other hand, are not mitogenic and act as suppressors of the mitogenic activity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on murine spleen cells. Both the mitogenically active and suppressive fractions of bovine brain glycosphingolipid were found to act exclusively on B lymphocytes. Since gangliosides and related compounds are components of plasma membranes and of amphipathic nature, they may passively migrate between the lymphocyte subpopulations and thus act as physiological modulators of immune responses.", "contents": "Possible role for glycosphingolipids in the control of immune responses. Preparations of gangliosides from bovine brain contain material which acts as a strong mitogen on murine spleen cells. This material is highly lipophilic and co-purifies with the ganglioside fraction. It contains saccharides of a similar composition to those found in monosialogangliosides, as well as a spinogsine base and an appreciable amount of peptide. The common brain gangliosides GM1, GD1a and GD1b, on the other hand, are not mitogenic and act as suppressors of the mitogenic activity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on murine spleen cells. Both the mitogenically active and suppressive fractions of bovine brain glycosphingolipid were found to act exclusively on B lymphocytes. Since gangliosides and related compounds are components of plasma membranes and of amphipathic nature, they may passively migrate between the lymphocyte subpopulations and thus act as physiological modulators of immune responses.", "PMID": 312208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3398", "title": "Birefringence signals and tension development in single frog muscle fibres at short stimulus intervals.", "content": "The early large birefringence signal and mechanical activity were studied together in isolated single fibres of frog skeletal muscle with double stimulation at short stimulus intervals (2-60 msec) at room temperature and at 4--6 degrees C. In all fibres tested, extra tension and additional birefringence signal in response to the second stimulus appeared simultaneously and suddenly upon increasing the stimulus interval. The shape of the stimulus-interval versus tension-development curve makes it highly improbable that subthreshold calcium release occurs at shorter stimulus intervals; therefore, tension development reliably reflects Ca-release in these experiments. In contrast to the report by Suarez-Kurtz and Partker, birefringence signal and calcium release are shown not to be dissociated by double stimulation. This result supports the hypothesis that the early large birefringence signal is an intrinsic indicator of calcium release from the sr during EC-coupling in skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Birefringence signals and tension development in single frog muscle fibres at short stimulus intervals. The early large birefringence signal and mechanical activity were studied together in isolated single fibres of frog skeletal muscle with double stimulation at short stimulus intervals (2-60 msec) at room temperature and at 4--6 degrees C. In all fibres tested, extra tension and additional birefringence signal in response to the second stimulus appeared simultaneously and suddenly upon increasing the stimulus interval. The shape of the stimulus-interval versus tension-development curve makes it highly improbable that subthreshold calcium release occurs at shorter stimulus intervals; therefore, tension development reliably reflects Ca-release in these experiments. In contrast to the report by Suarez-Kurtz and Partker, birefringence signal and calcium release are shown not to be dissociated by double stimulation. This result supports the hypothesis that the early large birefringence signal is an intrinsic indicator of calcium release from the sr during EC-coupling in skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 312211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3399", "title": "Inhibition or augmentation of PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation by factors of calculated lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "Stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was found to be suppressed or augmented by the addition of supernatants or cell dialysates of cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "contents": "Inhibition or augmentation of PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation by factors of calculated lymphoblastoid cell lines. Stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was found to be suppressed or augmented by the addition of supernatants or cell dialysates of cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "PMID": 312212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3400", "title": "Lymphocyte responsiveness to urinary glycosaminoglycan in systemic scleroderma.", "content": "From the urine of patients with systemic scleroderma, we previously isolated a glycosaminoglycan, which could induce a scleroderma-like change in the skin of mouse. In the present work, the cell-mediated response to urinary glycosaminoglycans was examined by lymphocyte transformation test. The specific response was observed in lymphocytes of patients with scleroderma, when the above scleroderma-inducing glycosaminoglycan was added. By contrast, lymphocytes of patients with SLE or dermatomyositis and of normal persons hardly showed a response to this glycosaminoglycan. On the other hand, the glycosaminoglycans from normal urine could not stimulate lymphocytes of patients with scleroderma or healthy persons.", "contents": "Lymphocyte responsiveness to urinary glycosaminoglycan in systemic scleroderma. From the urine of patients with systemic scleroderma, we previously isolated a glycosaminoglycan, which could induce a scleroderma-like change in the skin of mouse. In the present work, the cell-mediated response to urinary glycosaminoglycans was examined by lymphocyte transformation test. The specific response was observed in lymphocytes of patients with scleroderma, when the above scleroderma-inducing glycosaminoglycan was added. By contrast, lymphocytes of patients with SLE or dermatomyositis and of normal persons hardly showed a response to this glycosaminoglycan. On the other hand, the glycosaminoglycans from normal urine could not stimulate lymphocytes of patients with scleroderma or healthy persons.", "PMID": 312217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3401", "title": "T cell activation of primed rabbit blood lymphocytes by antigen.", "content": "Activation of primed rabbit PBL by homologous antigen in the early proliferative phase (on days 3--5) mainly involves lymphocytes which neither secrete specific antibody nor contain immunoglobulin in their cell membrane. This stimulation is antigen-specific, and evidence is given that the major proportion of these cells are T lymphocytes. The B cells forming Av-CHO-specific PFC were studied by autoradiography on days 6 and 12 of culture. Since incorporation of radioactive thymidine was found in the majority of PFC, these cells are also in proliferation.", "contents": "T cell activation of primed rabbit blood lymphocytes by antigen. Activation of primed rabbit PBL by homologous antigen in the early proliferative phase (on days 3--5) mainly involves lymphocytes which neither secrete specific antibody nor contain immunoglobulin in their cell membrane. This stimulation is antigen-specific, and evidence is given that the major proportion of these cells are T lymphocytes. The B cells forming Av-CHO-specific PFC were studied by autoradiography on days 6 and 12 of culture. Since incorporation of radioactive thymidine was found in the majority of PFC, these cells are also in proliferation.", "PMID": 312219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3402", "title": "The effects of four arthropod diets on the body and organ weights of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, during vitellogenesis.", "content": "Wild-caught adult Rana pipiens females were captured in midsummer and fed diets of crickets, flies sowbugs or wax moth larvae during a three-month period of active vitellogenesis. The cricket diet supported the most extensive body weight gain during this time and promoted a prolonged period of weight increase in an additional long-term study. Synchronous growth of the oocytes occurred in all four groups, but the ovaries and oviducts of cricket-fed animals were significantly larger than those of frogs on the other three diets. The significantly higher liver weights of frogs fed wax moth larvae may have reflected an augmentation of hepatic energy stores. Fat body weights were also highest in this group of animals. Frogs fed crickets and wax moth larvae possessed larger fat bodies than did the midsummer control animals killed immediately after their arrival in the laboratory. In contrast, frogs fed flies and sowbugs had smaller fat bodies than did the initial controls, suggesting that animals on these diets had utilized fat body lipid during vitellogenesis. Gastrocnemius and final body weights were lowest in frogs fed wax moth larvae. These findings may have reflected the nutritional content of the diet or the reduction in appetite frequently noted in these animals during observations of feeding behavior.", "contents": "The effects of four arthropod diets on the body and organ weights of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, during vitellogenesis. Wild-caught adult Rana pipiens females were captured in midsummer and fed diets of crickets, flies sowbugs or wax moth larvae during a three-month period of active vitellogenesis. The cricket diet supported the most extensive body weight gain during this time and promoted a prolonged period of weight increase in an additional long-term study. Synchronous growth of the oocytes occurred in all four groups, but the ovaries and oviducts of cricket-fed animals were significantly larger than those of frogs on the other three diets. The significantly higher liver weights of frogs fed wax moth larvae may have reflected an augmentation of hepatic energy stores. Fat body weights were also highest in this group of animals. Frogs fed crickets and wax moth larvae possessed larger fat bodies than did the midsummer control animals killed immediately after their arrival in the laboratory. In contrast, frogs fed flies and sowbugs had smaller fat bodies than did the initial controls, suggesting that animals on these diets had utilized fat body lipid during vitellogenesis. Gastrocnemius and final body weights were lowest in frogs fed wax moth larvae. These findings may have reflected the nutritional content of the diet or the reduction in appetite frequently noted in these animals during observations of feeding behavior.", "PMID": 312231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3403", "title": "Chemoarchitectonics in a reptilian cerebral hemisphere--acid phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase.", "content": "Variations on the distribution of acid phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase were observed among the cerebral nuclei of the Uromastix hardwickii. Most of the nuclei revealed more intensely positive reaction for 5'-nucleotidase than the acid phosphatase. However, an identical enzymatic pattern, demonstrating intense activity for the two enzymes, was observed in the cortical centers excepting the primordial hippocampus. The possible causes of the intensity and the functions of the enzymes were established in relation to the nuclei and fiber bundles.", "contents": "Chemoarchitectonics in a reptilian cerebral hemisphere--acid phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase. Variations on the distribution of acid phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase were observed among the cerebral nuclei of the Uromastix hardwickii. Most of the nuclei revealed more intensely positive reaction for 5'-nucleotidase than the acid phosphatase. However, an identical enzymatic pattern, demonstrating intense activity for the two enzymes, was observed in the cortical centers excepting the primordial hippocampus. The possible causes of the intensity and the functions of the enzymes were established in relation to the nuclei and fiber bundles.", "PMID": 312235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3404", "title": "[Antipyretic activity of SL-573 (II) (author's transl)].", "content": "Antipyretic activity of SL-573 was not influenced by age and sex difference in rats. The combined effect of other drugs on antipyretic activity of SL-573 was examined, using several drugs which might be clinically applicable. Cefazolin sodium, ampicillin sodium, codeine phosphate, hydrochlorothiazide and haloperidol did not show any significant effect on antipyretic activity of SL-573. Diazepam itself showed antipyretic activity, and its combined use with SL-573 resulted in an additive effect. SL-573 also showed antipyretic activity in mice with fever induced by yeast, as was seen in rats. SL-573 diminished the hyperthermic response to bacterial endotoxin and leucocytic pyrogen in rats, but not to 2, 4-dinitrophenol. Additionally, SL-573 did not inhibit the bacterial endotoxin-induced production of leucocytic pyrogen and its release in saline medium. SL-573, therefore, is considered to be a centrally acting antipyretic. Intraventricular injection of prostaglandin E2 and arachidonic acid induced a hyperthermia in mice. SL-573 clearly inhibited arachidonic acid-induced hyperthermia, but not prostaglandin E2-induced hyperthermia. Since SL-573 is known to inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis from arachidonic acid, the prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibition may be one of the main mechanisms of antipyretic action of SL-573.", "contents": "[Antipyretic activity of SL-573 (II) (author's transl)]. Antipyretic activity of SL-573 was not influenced by age and sex difference in rats. The combined effect of other drugs on antipyretic activity of SL-573 was examined, using several drugs which might be clinically applicable. Cefazolin sodium, ampicillin sodium, codeine phosphate, hydrochlorothiazide and haloperidol did not show any significant effect on antipyretic activity of SL-573. Diazepam itself showed antipyretic activity, and its combined use with SL-573 resulted in an additive effect. SL-573 also showed antipyretic activity in mice with fever induced by yeast, as was seen in rats. SL-573 diminished the hyperthermic response to bacterial endotoxin and leucocytic pyrogen in rats, but not to 2, 4-dinitrophenol. Additionally, SL-573 did not inhibit the bacterial endotoxin-induced production of leucocytic pyrogen and its release in saline medium. SL-573, therefore, is considered to be a centrally acting antipyretic. Intraventricular injection of prostaglandin E2 and arachidonic acid induced a hyperthermia in mice. SL-573 clearly inhibited arachidonic acid-induced hyperthermia, but not prostaglandin E2-induced hyperthermia. Since SL-573 is known to inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis from arachidonic acid, the prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibition may be one of the main mechanisms of antipyretic action of SL-573.", "PMID": 312236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3405", "title": "The acute effects of 5HTP, fluoxetine and quipazine on insulin and glucagon release in the intact rat.", "content": "5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), the immediate precursor of serotonin, induces a release of insulin and glucagon in the intact rat. These effects of 5HTP, which have previously been shown to be blocked by L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibition, were also prevented by methysergide (a serotonin receptor antagonist). Quipazine (a serotonin receptor agonist) did not alter pancreatic hormone release. Fluoxetine, a serotonin neuronal reuptake blocker did not effect insulin secretion and had a slight glucagon stimulatory effect, however the effects of 5HTP on insulin and glucagon release were not potentiated by fluoxetine pretreatment. Alpha and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade did not alter the pancreatic effects of 5HTP.", "contents": "The acute effects of 5HTP, fluoxetine and quipazine on insulin and glucagon release in the intact rat. 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), the immediate precursor of serotonin, induces a release of insulin and glucagon in the intact rat. These effects of 5HTP, which have previously been shown to be blocked by L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibition, were also prevented by methysergide (a serotonin receptor antagonist). Quipazine (a serotonin receptor agonist) did not alter pancreatic hormone release. Fluoxetine, a serotonin neuronal reuptake blocker did not effect insulin secretion and had a slight glucagon stimulatory effect, however the effects of 5HTP on insulin and glucagon release were not potentiated by fluoxetine pretreatment. Alpha and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade did not alter the pancreatic effects of 5HTP.", "PMID": 312241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3406", "title": "Binding of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to histocompatibility-2-complex proteins of mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "The membrane binding sites for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were isolated by affinity chromatography of the solubilized membranes prepared from 125I-labeled mouse B-cells and T-cells on an affinity adsorbent prepared by coupling Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS to activated Sepharose 4B. The membrane proteins bound to the affinity adsorbent and eluted with 1.0% Triton X-100 were analyzed according to their mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate. These membrane proteins were further identified by immunoprecipitation with specific antisera. Immunoglobulins, possibly immunoglobulins M and D, were identified in the eluate from the B-cell membranes. The histocompatibility-2-complex proteins (H-2D, H-2K and Ia antigens) were also found to be binding sites for LPS on both B-cells and T-cells.", "contents": "Binding of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to histocompatibility-2-complex proteins of mouse lymphocytes. The membrane binding sites for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were isolated by affinity chromatography of the solubilized membranes prepared from 125I-labeled mouse B-cells and T-cells on an affinity adsorbent prepared by coupling Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS to activated Sepharose 4B. The membrane proteins bound to the affinity adsorbent and eluted with 1.0% Triton X-100 were analyzed according to their mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate. These membrane proteins were further identified by immunoprecipitation with specific antisera. Immunoglobulins, possibly immunoglobulins M and D, were identified in the eluate from the B-cell membranes. The histocompatibility-2-complex proteins (H-2D, H-2K and Ia antigens) were also found to be binding sites for LPS on both B-cells and T-cells.", "PMID": 312242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3407", "title": "Deae-dextran and T-cell rosette formation.", "content": "Use of DEAE-dextran (a polycation) increases and stabilizes the rosettes formed between sheep red cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Under its influence, reproducible stable rosettes are formed after one hour of incubation in an ice bath instead of the usually required 18 to 24 hours. We have shown that rosettes are specific for T-cells and not due to \"co-rosetting\" of nonrosette forming cells into the T-cell rosette clusters. Only the cells from normal controls consistently show an increase in rosette formation hence routine use of this 'stabilizer' in clinical immunology is not recommended.", "contents": "Deae-dextran and T-cell rosette formation. Use of DEAE-dextran (a polycation) increases and stabilizes the rosettes formed between sheep red cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Under its influence, reproducible stable rosettes are formed after one hour of incubation in an ice bath instead of the usually required 18 to 24 hours. We have shown that rosettes are specific for T-cells and not due to \"co-rosetting\" of nonrosette forming cells into the T-cell rosette clusters. Only the cells from normal controls consistently show an increase in rosette formation hence routine use of this 'stabilizer' in clinical immunology is not recommended.", "PMID": 312247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3408", "title": "A suppressor cell in the response of rabbit T cells to Con A.", "content": "The response to Concanavalin A is regulated by a helper cell, described elsewhere (4), and by a suppressor cell, described in this paper. This suppressor cell is an adherent T cell with Fc receptors. Evidence for properties of the suppressor cell was obtained by two types of experiments: 1) regulatory cells gave more help if Fc-bearing subpopulations were removed from them, i.e. the suppressor cell could not be removed with Degalan beads, coated with anti-allotype antibody, but not with beads, coated with F(ab')2 fragments of the antibody; 2) help for T cells, in their response to Con A, was augmented when T cells were eliminated from the regulating adherent cell preparation. Thus, the response of spleen T cells to Con A is regulated by two adherent cells, a B helper cell and a T suppressor cell. We have previously shown that the response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is regulated by an adherent helper cell (4). We have found no evidence, in the present study for an adherent suppressor cell which participates in the T cell response to PHA.", "contents": "A suppressor cell in the response of rabbit T cells to Con A. The response to Concanavalin A is regulated by a helper cell, described elsewhere (4), and by a suppressor cell, described in this paper. This suppressor cell is an adherent T cell with Fc receptors. Evidence for properties of the suppressor cell was obtained by two types of experiments: 1) regulatory cells gave more help if Fc-bearing subpopulations were removed from them, i.e. the suppressor cell could not be removed with Degalan beads, coated with anti-allotype antibody, but not with beads, coated with F(ab')2 fragments of the antibody; 2) help for T cells, in their response to Con A, was augmented when T cells were eliminated from the regulating adherent cell preparation. Thus, the response of spleen T cells to Con A is regulated by two adherent cells, a B helper cell and a T suppressor cell. We have previously shown that the response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is regulated by an adherent helper cell (4). We have found no evidence, in the present study for an adherent suppressor cell which participates in the T cell response to PHA.", "PMID": 312248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3409", "title": "A method for preservation of lymphocyte rosettes in agarose.", "content": "A simple, reproducible method for preservation of lymphocyte rosettes in agarose-gel as supporting medium had been developed. The method allows many test samples to be stored and examined under similar conditions, and rosette-forming cells to be identified by the morphologic features.", "contents": "A method for preservation of lymphocyte rosettes in agarose. A simple, reproducible method for preservation of lymphocyte rosettes in agarose-gel as supporting medium had been developed. The method allows many test samples to be stored and examined under similar conditions, and rosette-forming cells to be identified by the morphologic features.", "PMID": 312249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3410", "title": "Two T lymphocyte populations as effector cells fro IgG dependent cytotoxicity.", "content": "The characteristics and proportions of human lymphocyte populations capable of lysing IgG coated target cells were studied. Monolayer of target erythrocytes coated with rabbit IgG were employed to detect and isolate the lytic effector lymphocytes. Normal peripheral blood effector lymphocytes were shown to express IgG receptors, and a total of four cell types possesing different surface markers were identified. An average of 68% (range 51-80%) of the effector lymphocytes had T lymphocytes antigen and were capable of SRBC rosette formation, and 32% of the lymphocytes lacked T lymphocyte markers. Two populations of these T lymphocytes were identified: one possesses SRBC and IgG receptors, and the other possesses SRBC, IgG and complement receptors. The proportion of the former was estimated as 53.2% and the latter as 14.8% of the total effector cell population. Two other cell types were distinguished among the non-T lymphocytes. One type of lymphocytes bear IgG receptors (21.6%) and the other has both IgG and complement receptors (10.4%). The cytolytic capacity of the two T lymphocyte subpopulations is suggested to be an important reaction of the immune reactive T lymphocytes during the immune response.", "contents": "Two T lymphocyte populations as effector cells fro IgG dependent cytotoxicity. The characteristics and proportions of human lymphocyte populations capable of lysing IgG coated target cells were studied. Monolayer of target erythrocytes coated with rabbit IgG were employed to detect and isolate the lytic effector lymphocytes. Normal peripheral blood effector lymphocytes were shown to express IgG receptors, and a total of four cell types possesing different surface markers were identified. An average of 68% (range 51-80%) of the effector lymphocytes had T lymphocytes antigen and were capable of SRBC rosette formation, and 32% of the lymphocytes lacked T lymphocyte markers. Two populations of these T lymphocytes were identified: one possesses SRBC and IgG receptors, and the other possesses SRBC, IgG and complement receptors. The proportion of the former was estimated as 53.2% and the latter as 14.8% of the total effector cell population. Two other cell types were distinguished among the non-T lymphocytes. One type of lymphocytes bear IgG receptors (21.6%) and the other has both IgG and complement receptors (10.4%). The cytolytic capacity of the two T lymphocyte subpopulations is suggested to be an important reaction of the immune reactive T lymphocytes during the immune response.", "PMID": 312250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3411", "title": "Cellular parameters of the immunological memory induced by lysozyme-LPS mixtures and complexes.", "content": "The primary antibody response to the protein antigen lysozyme can be enhanced many fold by complexing the antigen with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This complex, as well as lysozyme/LPS admixtures, is also capable of inducing a state of lysozyme specific immunological memory. Investigation of this memory state has revealed that administration of lysozyme either admixed or complexed with LPS results in priming of both B and T lymphocytes. Adoptive transfer of secondary responsiveness from animals primed in either fashion was further found to be T cell dependent. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Cellular parameters of the immunological memory induced by lysozyme-LPS mixtures and complexes. The primary antibody response to the protein antigen lysozyme can be enhanced many fold by complexing the antigen with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This complex, as well as lysozyme/LPS admixtures, is also capable of inducing a state of lysozyme specific immunological memory. Investigation of this memory state has revealed that administration of lysozyme either admixed or complexed with LPS results in priming of both B and T lymphocytes. Adoptive transfer of secondary responsiveness from animals primed in either fashion was further found to be T cell dependent. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 312251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3412", "title": "Inhibition of the E-rosette formation of T-lymphocytes by aggregated human IgG and restoration by levamisole.", "content": "Aggregated human IgG significantly inhibited the E-rosette formation of T lymphocytes of healthy subjects and cancer patients. The aggregated IgG induced inhibition of rosette forming cells depended on the time of preincubation at 37 degrees. Levamisole, an anti-anergic chemotherapeutic agent, could partly but significantly prevent the aggregated IgG induced inhibition of the E-rosette formation.", "contents": "Inhibition of the E-rosette formation of T-lymphocytes by aggregated human IgG and restoration by levamisole. Aggregated human IgG significantly inhibited the E-rosette formation of T lymphocytes of healthy subjects and cancer patients. The aggregated IgG induced inhibition of rosette forming cells depended on the time of preincubation at 37 degrees. Levamisole, an anti-anergic chemotherapeutic agent, could partly but significantly prevent the aggregated IgG induced inhibition of the E-rosette formation.", "PMID": 312252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3413", "title": "The accumulation of immunoblasts in extravascular tissues including mammary gland, peritoneal cavity, gut and skin.", "content": "The migration of [125I]UdR labelled mesenteric (MLN) and peripheral T immunoblasts (PLN) has been followed in mice with multiple sites attractive to immunoblasts. The sites studied were the inflamed gut (produced by Trichinella spiralis infection), inflamed skin, the peritoneal cavity and the mammary glands of lactating mice. PLN were capable of assembling in all of the four sites and in the presence of both inflamed gut and inflamed skin, PLN accumulated preferentially in the skin. MLN, in contrast migrated only to the gut and mammary glands and not to the skin or peritoneal cavity, and could not be diverted from one site to another. Time course experiments revealed that whereas PLN migrate rapidly through the inflamed gut, they are retained in the skin for at least 3 days.", "contents": "The accumulation of immunoblasts in extravascular tissues including mammary gland, peritoneal cavity, gut and skin. The migration of [125I]UdR labelled mesenteric (MLN) and peripheral T immunoblasts (PLN) has been followed in mice with multiple sites attractive to immunoblasts. The sites studied were the inflamed gut (produced by Trichinella spiralis infection), inflamed skin, the peritoneal cavity and the mammary glands of lactating mice. PLN were capable of assembling in all of the four sites and in the presence of both inflamed gut and inflamed skin, PLN accumulated preferentially in the skin. MLN, in contrast migrated only to the gut and mammary glands and not to the skin or peritoneal cavity, and could not be diverted from one site to another. Time course experiments revealed that whereas PLN migrate rapidly through the inflamed gut, they are retained in the skin for at least 3 days.", "PMID": 312255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3414", "title": "Microcinematographic and electron microscopic analysis of target cell lysis induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "A study was carried out to determine the sequence of events of T-cell mediated target cell lysis in microcinematography and electron microscopy. Highly efficient cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated in vivo and in vitro using preimmunized spleen cells and purification procedures. Such CTL were highly specific. This specificity correlated well with the number of adhesions formed between CTL and targets and this criterion was used to study killer-target cell interaction. Microcinematography showed that target cell lysis at the single cell level, despite time variations, could be clearly separated into three phases: (a) a recognition phase, visible by random crawling of CTL over the target cell surface until firm contact was established; (b) a post-recognition phase, during which firm contact between CTL and target was maintained without gross modification of either cell; (c) a phase of target cell disintegration, mainly characterized by vigorous blebbing of the cell membrane resulting in a motionless carcass of the target cell but not in its total dissolution. Only later this carcass decayed and formed a necrotic ghost. Electron microscopic observations were put into sequence according to microcinematography. Post-recognition phase was characterized by a tight apposition of the membranes of CTL and target cell. No gap junctions could be observed. During target cell disintegration, profound cytoplasmic and nuclear changes occurred simultaneous with surface blebbing. Most noticeable were extensive internal vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling, nuclear pycnosis and dissolution of the nucleolus. These observations suggested that target cell lysis does not start with a surface phenomenon similar to complement lysis, but a process involving practically the whole cell simultaneously. It is conceivable, therefore, that the signal from the CTL is transmitted across the target cell, and that the switch to sudden cell death is manipulated deep inside the cell.", "contents": "Microcinematographic and electron microscopic analysis of target cell lysis induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. A study was carried out to determine the sequence of events of T-cell mediated target cell lysis in microcinematography and electron microscopy. Highly efficient cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated in vivo and in vitro using preimmunized spleen cells and purification procedures. Such CTL were highly specific. This specificity correlated well with the number of adhesions formed between CTL and targets and this criterion was used to study killer-target cell interaction. Microcinematography showed that target cell lysis at the single cell level, despite time variations, could be clearly separated into three phases: (a) a recognition phase, visible by random crawling of CTL over the target cell surface until firm contact was established; (b) a post-recognition phase, during which firm contact between CTL and target was maintained without gross modification of either cell; (c) a phase of target cell disintegration, mainly characterized by vigorous blebbing of the cell membrane resulting in a motionless carcass of the target cell but not in its total dissolution. Only later this carcass decayed and formed a necrotic ghost. Electron microscopic observations were put into sequence according to microcinematography. Post-recognition phase was characterized by a tight apposition of the membranes of CTL and target cell. No gap junctions could be observed. During target cell disintegration, profound cytoplasmic and nuclear changes occurred simultaneous with surface blebbing. Most noticeable were extensive internal vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling, nuclear pycnosis and dissolution of the nucleolus. These observations suggested that target cell lysis does not start with a surface phenomenon similar to complement lysis, but a process involving practically the whole cell simultaneously. It is conceivable, therefore, that the signal from the CTL is transmitted across the target cell, and that the switch to sudden cell death is manipulated deep inside the cell.", "PMID": 312256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3415", "title": "Suppression of IgE-antibody production by non-polypeptide dialysable thymic factor.", "content": "The effect of dialysable thymic extract on the IgE-antibody production in rats was studied. A marked suppression of IgE-antibody production determined by mast cell degranulation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests was found in the immunized rats injected with dialysable thymic extract. The treatment of this preparation with immobilized pronase affects neither its suppressive activity, nor does such treatment affect the activity of purified factor, isolated from the crude extract. The prolonged administration of purified preparation to rats leads to an increase in thymus weight. When syngeneic thymocytes incubated with purified non-polypeptide thymic factor were administered to immunized rats a significant suppression of IgE-antibody production was observed compared to that occurring in untreated ones. On this basis, it was concluded that a decrease of IgE-antibody production may be due to a direct stimulation of T-suppressor cells.", "contents": "Suppression of IgE-antibody production by non-polypeptide dialysable thymic factor. The effect of dialysable thymic extract on the IgE-antibody production in rats was studied. A marked suppression of IgE-antibody production determined by mast cell degranulation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests was found in the immunized rats injected with dialysable thymic extract. The treatment of this preparation with immobilized pronase affects neither its suppressive activity, nor does such treatment affect the activity of purified factor, isolated from the crude extract. The prolonged administration of purified preparation to rats leads to an increase in thymus weight. When syngeneic thymocytes incubated with purified non-polypeptide thymic factor were administered to immunized rats a significant suppression of IgE-antibody production was observed compared to that occurring in untreated ones. On this basis, it was concluded that a decrease of IgE-antibody production may be due to a direct stimulation of T-suppressor cells.", "PMID": 312257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3416", "title": "Lymphocyte emperipolesis revisited. II. Further characterization of the lymphocyte subpopulation involved.", "content": "We have previously shown that lymphocyte emperipolesis, the phenomenon whereby lymphocytes wander freely within the cytoplasm of larger host cells, is almost totally dependent on host cell pre-sensitization with IgG type antibody. In addition, the particular lymphocyte subpopulation involved was partially characterized as an Fc receptor bearing, non-T cell. In this study we have attempted to further define the emperipoletic lymphocyte subpopulation using cell fractionation procedures and correlation analysis. Significant correlation was found between emperipolesis and both Fc receptor bearing, surface immunoglobulin negative (Fc + SIg-) cells and antibody dependent lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity; observations which suggest that the so-called K cells are the emperipoletic effector cells. The significance of these findings in relation to antibody dependent cytolysis is discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte emperipolesis revisited. II. Further characterization of the lymphocyte subpopulation involved. We have previously shown that lymphocyte emperipolesis, the phenomenon whereby lymphocytes wander freely within the cytoplasm of larger host cells, is almost totally dependent on host cell pre-sensitization with IgG type antibody. In addition, the particular lymphocyte subpopulation involved was partially characterized as an Fc receptor bearing, non-T cell. In this study we have attempted to further define the emperipoletic lymphocyte subpopulation using cell fractionation procedures and correlation analysis. Significant correlation was found between emperipolesis and both Fc receptor bearing, surface immunoglobulin negative (Fc + SIg-) cells and antibody dependent lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity; observations which suggest that the so-called K cells are the emperipoletic effector cells. The significance of these findings in relation to antibody dependent cytolysis is discussed.", "PMID": 312258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3417", "title": "The production of a soluble human T-lymphocyte derived factor which substitutes for helper T lymphocytes in the in vitro production of immunoglobulin.", "content": "A soluble factor(s), human T-lymphocyte derived help factor (HHF), generated following pokeweed mitogen (PWM) activation of irradiated human peripheral blood T lymphocytes was shown to substitute partially for T-lymphocyte helper activity in the T-lymphocyte dependent PWM-stimulated synthesis of immunoglobulin by B cells. The degree of help provided was proportional to the number of cultured irradiated T-lymphocytes producing factor as well as the amount of factor added to the B-cell culture. The helper effect was equally provided by HHF syngeneic and allogeneic to the B lymphocyte. Although there was little stimulation of total protein synthesis, the synthesis and secretion of IgG, IgM and IgA were all stimulated three- to ten-fold by this factor. The B cells required a minimum of 40--55 h exposure to the factor from the initiation of the culture for an increase in Ig synthesis on day 5 to be observed. Addition of HHF to B cells pre-incubated with PWM for different time intervals showed that a maximum helper effect was exerted when the factor was added on day 0. Addition on day 1 provided less than 20% of maximum help. The factor did not promote significant increases in either B-cell or T-cell cell division.", "contents": "The production of a soluble human T-lymphocyte derived factor which substitutes for helper T lymphocytes in the in vitro production of immunoglobulin. A soluble factor(s), human T-lymphocyte derived help factor (HHF), generated following pokeweed mitogen (PWM) activation of irradiated human peripheral blood T lymphocytes was shown to substitute partially for T-lymphocyte helper activity in the T-lymphocyte dependent PWM-stimulated synthesis of immunoglobulin by B cells. The degree of help provided was proportional to the number of cultured irradiated T-lymphocytes producing factor as well as the amount of factor added to the B-cell culture. The helper effect was equally provided by HHF syngeneic and allogeneic to the B lymphocyte. Although there was little stimulation of total protein synthesis, the synthesis and secretion of IgG, IgM and IgA were all stimulated three- to ten-fold by this factor. The B cells required a minimum of 40--55 h exposure to the factor from the initiation of the culture for an increase in Ig synthesis on day 5 to be observed. Addition of HHF to B cells pre-incubated with PWM for different time intervals showed that a maximum helper effect was exerted when the factor was added on day 0. Addition on day 1 provided less than 20% of maximum help. The factor did not promote significant increases in either B-cell or T-cell cell division.", "PMID": 312259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3418", "title": "Contact sensitivity and the DNA response in mice to high and low doses of oxazolone: low dose unresponsiveness following painting and feeding and its prevention by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide was used to assess the role of suppressor cells in the contact sensitivity reaction. A single painting with 300 microgram and 30 microgram oxazolone produced poor contact sensitivity reactions (ear swelling). Cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) 2 days before painting increased the response to the lower doses but had less effect on the response to 3 mg oxazolone. A single feed with 10 mg oxazolone caused strong contact sensitivity while lower doses (10-1000 microgram) caused poor responses. Cyclophosphamide increased the response to the lower doses but not to the highest dose of oxazolone. These results suggested that the poor response to painting and feeding lower doses of oxazolone was due to a suppressor system which was sensitive to cyclophosphamide. A different result was obtained when contact sensitivity was measured by arrival of radioactively labelled cells. Cyclophosphamide had the greatest effect on cell arrival when high doses were fed. This indicates that ear swelling and cell arrival measure separate aspects of the contact sensitivity response. The lower doses of oxazolone, which caused little contact sensitivity, reduced the response to a standard immunizing dose. This low dose unresponsiveness occurred after either painting or feeding (Chase-Sulzberger phenomenon). It did not occur in mice treated with cyclophosphamide before the first exposure to oxazolone. This suggested that the low dose unresponsiveness was due to suppressor cells. The response to oxazolone was also assessed by DNA synthesis in the regional lymph nodes. A small dose of oxazolone (30 microgram) caused a peak of DNA synthesis on day four while a high dose (3 mg) caused a peak on day three. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide depressed the response to 30 microgram although it increased contact sensitivity. The secondary response was smaller than the primary on days 3, 4 and 5 after immunization but larger on day two. The depression but not the increase was prevented by cyclophosphamide and was probably due to a suppressor system.", "contents": "Contact sensitivity and the DNA response in mice to high and low doses of oxazolone: low dose unresponsiveness following painting and feeding and its prevention by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide was used to assess the role of suppressor cells in the contact sensitivity reaction. A single painting with 300 microgram and 30 microgram oxazolone produced poor contact sensitivity reactions (ear swelling). Cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) 2 days before painting increased the response to the lower doses but had less effect on the response to 3 mg oxazolone. A single feed with 10 mg oxazolone caused strong contact sensitivity while lower doses (10-1000 microgram) caused poor responses. Cyclophosphamide increased the response to the lower doses but not to the highest dose of oxazolone. These results suggested that the poor response to painting and feeding lower doses of oxazolone was due to a suppressor system which was sensitive to cyclophosphamide. A different result was obtained when contact sensitivity was measured by arrival of radioactively labelled cells. Cyclophosphamide had the greatest effect on cell arrival when high doses were fed. This indicates that ear swelling and cell arrival measure separate aspects of the contact sensitivity response. The lower doses of oxazolone, which caused little contact sensitivity, reduced the response to a standard immunizing dose. This low dose unresponsiveness occurred after either painting or feeding (Chase-Sulzberger phenomenon). It did not occur in mice treated with cyclophosphamide before the first exposure to oxazolone. This suggested that the low dose unresponsiveness was due to suppressor cells. The response to oxazolone was also assessed by DNA synthesis in the regional lymph nodes. A small dose of oxazolone (30 microgram) caused a peak of DNA synthesis on day four while a high dose (3 mg) caused a peak on day three. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide depressed the response to 30 microgram although it increased contact sensitivity. The secondary response was smaller than the primary on days 3, 4 and 5 after immunization but larger on day two. The depression but not the increase was prevented by cyclophosphamide and was probably due to a suppressor system.", "PMID": 312260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3419", "title": "Failure to block lymphocyte Fc receptor with anti-B lymphocyte sera (anti-DRW) in man.", "content": "Sera harvested from multiparous women or from allograft recipients who had rejected their kidneys and containing various anti-DRW specificities, were studied on peripheral blood or lymph-node lymphocytes bearing or lacking the relevant B-cell alloantigen, for their EA or EAC-rosette-inhibition activity. Inhibition of C3 or Fc-receptor occurred independently of their anti-B lymphocyte cytotoxicity pattern. The same conclusion was reached when lymphocytes were either macrophage depleted or B-lymphocyte enriched. These results do not suggest a relationship in man between B-lymphocyte (DRW) alloantigen and Fc or C3 receptor structure.", "contents": "Failure to block lymphocyte Fc receptor with anti-B lymphocyte sera (anti-DRW) in man. Sera harvested from multiparous women or from allograft recipients who had rejected their kidneys and containing various anti-DRW specificities, were studied on peripheral blood or lymph-node lymphocytes bearing or lacking the relevant B-cell alloantigen, for their EA or EAC-rosette-inhibition activity. Inhibition of C3 or Fc-receptor occurred independently of their anti-B lymphocyte cytotoxicity pattern. The same conclusion was reached when lymphocytes were either macrophage depleted or B-lymphocyte enriched. These results do not suggest a relationship in man between B-lymphocyte (DRW) alloantigen and Fc or C3 receptor structure.", "PMID": 312261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3420", "title": "Functional maturation of neonatal spleen cells.", "content": "Maturation of neonatal spleen cells was studied in vitro with a cell population restricted with respect to functional properties. It is shown that the onset of the immune response to SRBc in post-natal mice was delayed because B and T cells were incompetent. It appears, however, that the development of these two cell populations does not occur in parallel. Since the addition of adult macrophages failed to overcome the incompetence of neonatal B cells in the presence of a T cell replacing factor, it is suggested that the late appearance of immune competence is due to the inability of B cells to process a T-cell signal.", "contents": "Functional maturation of neonatal spleen cells. Maturation of neonatal spleen cells was studied in vitro with a cell population restricted with respect to functional properties. It is shown that the onset of the immune response to SRBc in post-natal mice was delayed because B and T cells were incompetent. It appears, however, that the development of these two cell populations does not occur in parallel. Since the addition of adult macrophages failed to overcome the incompetence of neonatal B cells in the presence of a T cell replacing factor, it is suggested that the late appearance of immune competence is due to the inability of B cells to process a T-cell signal.", "PMID": 312262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3421", "title": "Characterization of the receptor for IgM present on human B lymphocytes.", "content": "The presence of a receptor for the Fc of IgM (muFcR) was demonstrated on the pathological B cells of all of sixteen patients with hairy-cell leukaemia and most, but not all, of twenty-four cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, by a rosette method employing ox erythrocytes sensitized with purified IgM (EAm). This muFcR was also demonstrated on a small population of normal human mononuclear cells from peripheral blood. Pathological B cells with this receptor (Bm) simultaneously expressed a different and distinct receptor for the Fc of IgG, and were detectable without preincubation in medium containing foetal calf serum (FCS). The muFcR on B cells was blocked by Fc5mu and IgM, but not by F(ab')2mu fragments, or by IgG, whether monomeric or aggregated. Monomeric IgM and IgM bound to its antigen blocked much more effectively than pentameric IgM. B cells also possessed surface immunoglobulin and the Ia-like P29, 34 antigen, and an antiserum to this antigen blocked the muFcR. The muFcR on B cells differs in a number of ways from the  muFcR reported on T cells, and these differential characteristics are discussed in some detail. The muFcR was rapidly shed and resynthesized when washed Bm cells were maintained in medium not containing FCS and the general importance of this phenomenon in any study of muFcR is considered. It is suggested that Bm cells are memory cells and that the muFcR plays a part in the immune response.", "contents": "Characterization of the receptor for IgM present on human B lymphocytes. The presence of a receptor for the Fc of IgM (muFcR) was demonstrated on the pathological B cells of all of sixteen patients with hairy-cell leukaemia and most, but not all, of twenty-four cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, by a rosette method employing ox erythrocytes sensitized with purified IgM (EAm). This muFcR was also demonstrated on a small population of normal human mononuclear cells from peripheral blood. Pathological B cells with this receptor (Bm) simultaneously expressed a different and distinct receptor for the Fc of IgG, and were detectable without preincubation in medium containing foetal calf serum (FCS). The muFcR on B cells was blocked by Fc5mu and IgM, but not by F(ab')2mu fragments, or by IgG, whether monomeric or aggregated. Monomeric IgM and IgM bound to its antigen blocked much more effectively than pentameric IgM. B cells also possessed surface immunoglobulin and the Ia-like P29, 34 antigen, and an antiserum to this antigen blocked the muFcR. The muFcR on B cells differs in a number of ways from the  muFcR reported on T cells, and these differential characteristics are discussed in some detail. The muFcR was rapidly shed and resynthesized when washed Bm cells were maintained in medium not containing FCS and the general importance of this phenomenon in any study of muFcR is considered. It is suggested that Bm cells are memory cells and that the muFcR plays a part in the immune response.", "PMID": 312263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3422", "title": "Characterization of rat spleen-cell populations. I. Cell interactions in the regulation of in vitro response to concanavalin A.", "content": "Spleen cells from BN rats were separated in a discontinuous density gradient. Cells from different fractions were shown to be functionally diverse, light cells enhancing DNA synthesis and cell division of the dense cell fractions, while dense cells suppressed DNA synthesis and cell division of light cells. Both these effects were also present in the absence of cell stimulation, were proportional to the number of modulating cells added to the cultures, and totally independent of the magnitude of response of controls. In Con A-stimulated cultures, mitogen dose also influenced the intensity of help and suppression. Both these effects are blocked by cell treatment with cycloheximide and can be mediated by cell supernatants. A T cell seems to be responsible for both helper and suppressor effects.", "contents": "Characterization of rat spleen-cell populations. I. Cell interactions in the regulation of in vitro response to concanavalin A. Spleen cells from BN rats were separated in a discontinuous density gradient. Cells from different fractions were shown to be functionally diverse, light cells enhancing DNA synthesis and cell division of the dense cell fractions, while dense cells suppressed DNA synthesis and cell division of light cells. Both these effects were also present in the absence of cell stimulation, were proportional to the number of modulating cells added to the cultures, and totally independent of the magnitude of response of controls. In Con A-stimulated cultures, mitogen dose also influenced the intensity of help and suppression. Both these effects are blocked by cell treatment with cycloheximide and can be mediated by cell supernatants. A T cell seems to be responsible for both helper and suppressor effects.", "PMID": 312264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3423", "title": "Thymus independent anti-horse erythrocyte antibody response and suppressor T cells in the Mexican axolotl (Amphibia, Urodela, ambystoma mexicanum).", "content": "Anti-horse erythrocyte (anti-HRBC) antibody synthesis was studied in normal, early thymectomized and adult thymectomized axolotls. The kinetics of the responses were similar to those described in the same species for antibody synthesis against bacterial or viral antigens. Booster injections did not induce any characteristic anamnestic responses. Early and adult thymectomized axoltls gave in three experimental groups higher anti-HRBC responses than controls. It is concluded that HRBC acts in the axolotl as a thymus-independent antigen. The enhanced response in early as well as in adult thymectomized animals can be interpreted by the presence of a suppressor T-cell activity on anti-HRBC synthesis. These results do not exclude possible thymus-dependent responses for antibody synthesis in the axolotl, although such responses were not demonstrated in urodele. The questionable lacking of some functional T-cell subsets in urodele is discussed as a working hypothesis.", "contents": "Thymus independent anti-horse erythrocyte antibody response and suppressor T cells in the Mexican axolotl (Amphibia, Urodela, ambystoma mexicanum). Anti-horse erythrocyte (anti-HRBC) antibody synthesis was studied in normal, early thymectomized and adult thymectomized axolotls. The kinetics of the responses were similar to those described in the same species for antibody synthesis against bacterial or viral antigens. Booster injections did not induce any characteristic anamnestic responses. Early and adult thymectomized axoltls gave in three experimental groups higher anti-HRBC responses than controls. It is concluded that HRBC acts in the axolotl as a thymus-independent antigen. The enhanced response in early as well as in adult thymectomized animals can be interpreted by the presence of a suppressor T-cell activity on anti-HRBC synthesis. These results do not exclude possible thymus-dependent responses for antibody synthesis in the axolotl, although such responses were not demonstrated in urodele. The questionable lacking of some functional T-cell subsets in urodele is discussed as a working hypothesis.", "PMID": 312266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3424", "title": "The effect of neonatal thymectomy on the level of salivary and serum immunoglobulins in rats.", "content": "The effect of neonatal thymectomy on the level of salivary and serum immunoglobulins was studied in conventional rats. Salivary SIgA levels were significantly decreased from weaning (day 20) through the termination of the experiment, while salivary IgG levels were generally unaffected by neonatal thymectomy. Serum IgA was detected at a later interval after birth in samples from thymectomized rats than from normal and sham-thymectomized rats and the levels of serum IgA in the thymectomized rats remained 4-5 times lower throughout the 115 day experimental period. Serum IgG was decreased by approximately 40% from days 28 through 115 after birth in the thymectomized animals, while serum IgM was apparently unaffected by the neonatal thymectomy. These findings indicate that the synthesis of salivary SIgA is markedly influenced by the presence of thymus-derived cells and it is suggested that these cells may control and/or modify immune responses in oral secretions.", "contents": "The effect of neonatal thymectomy on the level of salivary and serum immunoglobulins in rats. The effect of neonatal thymectomy on the level of salivary and serum immunoglobulins was studied in conventional rats. Salivary SIgA levels were significantly decreased from weaning (day 20) through the termination of the experiment, while salivary IgG levels were generally unaffected by neonatal thymectomy. Serum IgA was detected at a later interval after birth in samples from thymectomized rats than from normal and sham-thymectomized rats and the levels of serum IgA in the thymectomized rats remained 4-5 times lower throughout the 115 day experimental period. Serum IgG was decreased by approximately 40% from days 28 through 115 after birth in the thymectomized animals, while serum IgM was apparently unaffected by the neonatal thymectomy. These findings indicate that the synthesis of salivary SIgA is markedly influenced by the presence of thymus-derived cells and it is suggested that these cells may control and/or modify immune responses in oral secretions.", "PMID": 312267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3425", "title": "Relationships among differentiated T-cell subpopulations. IV. Preferential induction of delayed footpad reaction to xenografts and its radioresistant nature.", "content": "Immune response in mice to xenogeneic cells was characterized by positive delayed footpad reaction and negative macrophage migration inhibition. Mice immunized with allogeneic cells exhibited negative delayed footpad reaction and positive macrophage migration inhibition. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected only in mice immunized with allogeneic tumour cells. Delayed footpad reaction against xenogeneic cells was radioresistant and the immune lymphocytes responsible for such a reaction were presumed to have some relation to xenograft rejection.", "contents": "Relationships among differentiated T-cell subpopulations. IV. Preferential induction of delayed footpad reaction to xenografts and its radioresistant nature. Immune response in mice to xenogeneic cells was characterized by positive delayed footpad reaction and negative macrophage migration inhibition. Mice immunized with allogeneic cells exhibited negative delayed footpad reaction and positive macrophage migration inhibition. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected only in mice immunized with allogeneic tumour cells. Delayed footpad reaction against xenogeneic cells was radioresistant and the immune lymphocytes responsible for such a reaction were presumed to have some relation to xenograft rejection.", "PMID": 312268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3426", "title": "Induction of suppression and help during in vitro immunization of mouse spleen cells.", "content": "Both specific and non-specific suppressor cells are induced during the in vitro culture of mouse spleen cells in Mishell-Dutton-type cultures. The induction of T cells capable of providing helper activity does not require the presence of antigen during the culture period. In a mixture of helper and suppressor cells, as generated during the culture of spleen cells in the presence or absence of antigen, suppression is dominant if tested on normal spleen cells. This same cell mixture can reveal potent T-cell help if added in low numbers to T-cell depleted B cells in the presence of antigen. Partitioning of this cell mixture in a microculture system reveals potent T-cell help. Up to 1/600 recovered viable cultured mouse spleen cells can provide T-cell help for an anti-SRBC response. Evidence points to a coupled induction of non-specific help and suppression.", "contents": "Induction of suppression and help during in vitro immunization of mouse spleen cells. Both specific and non-specific suppressor cells are induced during the in vitro culture of mouse spleen cells in Mishell-Dutton-type cultures. The induction of T cells capable of providing helper activity does not require the presence of antigen during the culture period. In a mixture of helper and suppressor cells, as generated during the culture of spleen cells in the presence or absence of antigen, suppression is dominant if tested on normal spleen cells. This same cell mixture can reveal potent T-cell help if added in low numbers to T-cell depleted B cells in the presence of antigen. Partitioning of this cell mixture in a microculture system reveals potent T-cell help. Up to 1/600 recovered viable cultured mouse spleen cells can provide T-cell help for an anti-SRBC response. Evidence points to a coupled induction of non-specific help and suppression.", "PMID": 312269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3427", "title": "Cyclosporin A: in vivo and in vitro suppression of rat T-lymphocyte function.", "content": "The immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporin A (CS-A) was investigated in RIC-Sprague-Dawley rats. In vivo, CS-A totally abolished the formation of antibodies to the hapten dinitrophenyl (DNP) in rats immunized with DNP-keyhole limpet haemocyanin. In vitro, the effect of CS-A was investigated in spleen cell cultures stimulated by concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide. The suppression due to CS-A was more pronounced in cultures set up with cells from rats fed the drug than in spleen cell cultures from control animals supplemented with serum containing CS-A. Purified by filtration through Degalan-rat Ig-anti IgG columns, T lymphocytes from CS-A treated rats were no longer suppressed by CS-A serum in contrast to purified T cells obtained from control rats. Thus, CS-A seems to interfere with the mitogenic triggering of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes resulting in a functional clonal deletion.", "contents": "Cyclosporin A: in vivo and in vitro suppression of rat T-lymphocyte function. The immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporin A (CS-A) was investigated in RIC-Sprague-Dawley rats. In vivo, CS-A totally abolished the formation of antibodies to the hapten dinitrophenyl (DNP) in rats immunized with DNP-keyhole limpet haemocyanin. In vitro, the effect of CS-A was investigated in spleen cell cultures stimulated by concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide. The suppression due to CS-A was more pronounced in cultures set up with cells from rats fed the drug than in spleen cell cultures from control animals supplemented with serum containing CS-A. Purified by filtration through Degalan-rat Ig-anti IgG columns, T lymphocytes from CS-A treated rats were no longer suppressed by CS-A serum in contrast to purified T cells obtained from control rats. Thus, CS-A seems to interfere with the mitogenic triggering of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes resulting in a functional clonal deletion.", "PMID": 312270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3428", "title": "Suppression of antibody responses by cells from mice painted with picryl chloride.", "content": "T cells from mice painted with picryl chloride inhibit secondary IgG anti-TNP antibody responses of normal mice to the sensitizer. Like other suppressor T cells produced after painting which inhibit DNA synthesis and the generation of cytotoxic T cells, these cells could be produced in adult thymectomized mice but not by mice treated with high doses of cyclophosphamide (250 mg/kg). The cells had to be injected within 48 h of a primary painting to inhibit the response to challenge 2-3 weeks later. This associated with their ability to inhibit DNA synthesis in draining lymph nodes after a primary painting. Double transfer experiments using spleen and lymph node cells failed to show any further activation or induction of suppressor function after challenge with antigen. As judged by the ability of anti-theta treated cells from suppressed mice to function as anti TNP primed B cells in adoptive responses to TNP-KLH no defect in B-cell memory was found. When, however, the ability of painting with picryl chloride to prime for challenge with TNP-KLH was used as a measure of B-cell function in situ it was found that the cells could inhibit responses. Responses to primary and secondary injections of TNP-KLH were not inhibited.", "contents": "Suppression of antibody responses by cells from mice painted with picryl chloride. T cells from mice painted with picryl chloride inhibit secondary IgG anti-TNP antibody responses of normal mice to the sensitizer. Like other suppressor T cells produced after painting which inhibit DNA synthesis and the generation of cytotoxic T cells, these cells could be produced in adult thymectomized mice but not by mice treated with high doses of cyclophosphamide (250 mg/kg). The cells had to be injected within 48 h of a primary painting to inhibit the response to challenge 2-3 weeks later. This associated with their ability to inhibit DNA synthesis in draining lymph nodes after a primary painting. Double transfer experiments using spleen and lymph node cells failed to show any further activation or induction of suppressor function after challenge with antigen. As judged by the ability of anti-theta treated cells from suppressed mice to function as anti TNP primed B cells in adoptive responses to TNP-KLH no defect in B-cell memory was found. When, however, the ability of painting with picryl chloride to prime for challenge with TNP-KLH was used as a measure of B-cell function in situ it was found that the cells could inhibit responses. Responses to primary and secondary injections of TNP-KLH were not inhibited.", "PMID": 312271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3429", "title": "Open field behavior after chronic self stimulation.", "content": "Long term exposure of adult male Sprague Dawley rats to rewarding brain stimulation produced alterations in open field behavior in comparison to nonstimulated controls. Initial activity was increased while movement latency was decreased for the experimental animals. Grooming and defecation were essentially unchanged by stimulation. These findings suggest a selective and tonic influence of brain stimulation upon exploration.", "contents": "Open field behavior after chronic self stimulation. Long term exposure of adult male Sprague Dawley rats to rewarding brain stimulation produced alterations in open field behavior in comparison to nonstimulated controls. Initial activity was increased while movement latency was decreased for the experimental animals. Grooming and defecation were essentially unchanged by stimulation. These findings suggest a selective and tonic influence of brain stimulation upon exploration.", "PMID": 312277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3430", "title": "Effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan on monoamine and amino acids turnover in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "In a patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome we found decreased spinal fluid 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), the major metabolite of serotonin, and decreased homovanillic acid (HVA), the major metabolite of dopamine, indicating a decrease in monoamine metabolism. Administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa produced an increase in spinal fluid 5-HIAA, indicating that it might be possible to correct the serotonin deficiency in this syndrome, but there were no changes in the marked mental retardation and neurological deficits. Self-mutilation appeared to be suppressed by therapy but the effectiveness of the drugs decreased with time. There were also changes in the spinal fluid concentration of amino acids that might affect brain protein synthesis. These changes were corrected during administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa.", "contents": "Effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan on monoamine and amino acids turnover in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In a patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome we found decreased spinal fluid 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), the major metabolite of serotonin, and decreased homovanillic acid (HVA), the major metabolite of dopamine, indicating a decrease in monoamine metabolism. Administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa produced an increase in spinal fluid 5-HIAA, indicating that it might be possible to correct the serotonin deficiency in this syndrome, but there were no changes in the marked mental retardation and neurological deficits. Self-mutilation appeared to be suppressed by therapy but the effectiveness of the drugs decreased with time. There were also changes in the spinal fluid concentration of amino acids that might affect brain protein synthesis. These changes were corrected during administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa.", "PMID": 312282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3431", "title": "Features of the damage produced by proflavine on transforming deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "Proflavine formed a complex with transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Haemophilus influenzae, with optimal formation at a ratio of proflavine to DNA of 0.06. The rate of dissociation of the complex by dialysis increased in the order: native, denatured, renatured DNA. The transforming activity of the DNA was reduced by its interaction with proflavine. This inactivation was dependent on the physical state of the DNA, the proflavine concentration, and the temperature. DNA that had been denatured and renatured was most sensitive; native DNA was much less sensitive. The inactivation remained after dialysis and was stable to prolonged storage. It is concluded that the inactivation of transforming DNA by proflavine takes place by a mechanism different from that of DNA-proflavine complex formation.", "contents": "Features of the damage produced by proflavine on transforming deoxyribonucleic acid. Proflavine formed a complex with transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Haemophilus influenzae, with optimal formation at a ratio of proflavine to DNA of 0.06. The rate of dissociation of the complex by dialysis increased in the order: native, denatured, renatured DNA. The transforming activity of the DNA was reduced by its interaction with proflavine. This inactivation was dependent on the physical state of the DNA, the proflavine concentration, and the temperature. DNA that had been denatured and renatured was most sensitive; native DNA was much less sensitive. The inactivation remained after dialysis and was stable to prolonged storage. It is concluded that the inactivation of transforming DNA by proflavine takes place by a mechanism different from that of DNA-proflavine complex formation.", "PMID": 312284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3432", "title": "The surgical management of massive gastro-intestinal hemorrhage due to stress ulcer following surgery.", "content": "In this paper, thirty-six cases complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding after various operations were reviewed. The mortality rate was 47.2%. In 20 surgical cases, the mortality rate was 35.0%. Especially in the cases of post-intracranial surgery, a remarkably better result was obtained by surgical than by conservative treatment. With reference to the better results of surgical treatment, we suggested that the surgical indication depended on a stressor due to the original postoperative phase, which induced a stress ulcer. In post-CNS surgery, operative treatment should not be performed in a comatose patients. As regards jaundiced patients, those with low improved bilirubin levels should be preferred to those with infected bile ducts. In cases of abdominal surgery, sepsis and functional failure of the liver and kidney must be taken into consideration. From our clinical experience, subtotal gastrectomy combined with truncal vagotomy appears to be a more satisfactory treatment for stress ulcers than gastrectomy or vagotomy alone.", "contents": "The surgical management of massive gastro-intestinal hemorrhage due to stress ulcer following surgery. In this paper, thirty-six cases complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding after various operations were reviewed. The mortality rate was 47.2%. In 20 surgical cases, the mortality rate was 35.0%. Especially in the cases of post-intracranial surgery, a remarkably better result was obtained by surgical than by conservative treatment. With reference to the better results of surgical treatment, we suggested that the surgical indication depended on a stressor due to the original postoperative phase, which induced a stress ulcer. In post-CNS surgery, operative treatment should not be performed in a comatose patients. As regards jaundiced patients, those with low improved bilirubin levels should be preferred to those with infected bile ducts. In cases of abdominal surgery, sepsis and functional failure of the liver and kidney must be taken into consideration. From our clinical experience, subtotal gastrectomy combined with truncal vagotomy appears to be a more satisfactory treatment for stress ulcers than gastrectomy or vagotomy alone.", "PMID": 312278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3433", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopic localization of penicillinase in Bacillus licheniformis.", "content": "Penicillinase was localized in log-phase cells of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C by labeling with ferritin-anti-penicillinase immunoglobulin G conjugate. Mildly fixed homogenized cells, isolated subcellular fractions, and frozen thin sections were labeled. The label was distributed in discrete patches in the cell envelope. The patches extended from the inside part of the membrane to the outside part of the wall. The inside part of the membrane was labeled more extensively than the outside part. The cytoplasm also bound some ferritin-immunoglobulin G conjugate. Immunoelectrophoresis and biochemical assay of cytosol material suggest that the cytoplasmic antigenic sites are a protease-sensitive form of penicillinase.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopic localization of penicillinase in Bacillus licheniformis. Penicillinase was localized in log-phase cells of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C by labeling with ferritin-anti-penicillinase immunoglobulin G conjugate. Mildly fixed homogenized cells, isolated subcellular fractions, and frozen thin sections were labeled. The label was distributed in discrete patches in the cell envelope. The patches extended from the inside part of the membrane to the outside part of the wall. The inside part of the membrane was labeled more extensively than the outside part. The cytoplasm also bound some ferritin-immunoglobulin G conjugate. Immunoelectrophoresis and biochemical assay of cytosol material suggest that the cytoplasmic antigenic sites are a protease-sensitive form of penicillinase.", "PMID": 312285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3434", "title": "Hydrogen formation in nearly stoichiometric amounts from glucose by a Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides mutant.", "content": "Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides produces molecular H2 and CO2 from reduced organic compounds which serve as electron sources and from light which provides energy in the form of adenosine 5'-triphosphate. This process is mediated by a nitrogenase enzyme. A mutant has been found that, unlike the wild type, will quantitatively convert glucose to H2 and CO2. Techniques for isolating other strains capable of utilizing other unusual electron sources are presented. Metabolism of glucose by the wild-type strain leads to an accumulation of gluconate. The isolated mutant strain does not appear to accumulate gluconate.", "contents": "Hydrogen formation in nearly stoichiometric amounts from glucose by a Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides mutant. Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides produces molecular H2 and CO2 from reduced organic compounds which serve as electron sources and from light which provides energy in the form of adenosine 5'-triphosphate. This process is mediated by a nitrogenase enzyme. A mutant has been found that, unlike the wild type, will quantitatively convert glucose to H2 and CO2. Techniques for isolating other strains capable of utilizing other unusual electron sources are presented. Metabolism of glucose by the wild-type strain leads to an accumulation of gluconate. The isolated mutant strain does not appear to accumulate gluconate.", "PMID": 312286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3435", "title": "Characterization of a site-specific restriction endonuclease from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "A type II restriction endonuclease, RshI, has been partially purified from photoheterotrophically grown Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain 2.4.1. The enzyme preparation, after a single DE-52 column fractionation, is free of 5' exonuclease and phosphatase activities but contains a trace of 3' exonuclease activity. Based upon deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing data in the vicinity of the enzyme-promoted cleavage of pBR322 DNA, we have concluded that RshI probably recognizes the palinodromic hexanucleotide sequence 5'-CGATCG-3' and cleaves between the T and C. lambda cI857 DNA contains three RshI sites, two of which lie in the replaceable region. The plasmid pBR322, which carries resistances to ampicillin and tetracycline, contains a single RshI site in the ampicillin resistance determinant. Insertion of DNA into the RshI site of pBR322 results in loss of ampicillin resistance but retention of tetracycline resistance, thereby providing a convenient screening procedure for recombinant plasmids.", "contents": "Characterization of a site-specific restriction endonuclease from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. A type II restriction endonuclease, RshI, has been partially purified from photoheterotrophically grown Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain 2.4.1. The enzyme preparation, after a single DE-52 column fractionation, is free of 5' exonuclease and phosphatase activities but contains a trace of 3' exonuclease activity. Based upon deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing data in the vicinity of the enzyme-promoted cleavage of pBR322 DNA, we have concluded that RshI probably recognizes the palinodromic hexanucleotide sequence 5'-CGATCG-3' and cleaves between the T and C. lambda cI857 DNA contains three RshI sites, two of which lie in the replaceable region. The plasmid pBR322, which carries resistances to ampicillin and tetracycline, contains a single RshI site in the ampicillin resistance determinant. Insertion of DNA into the RshI site of pBR322 results in loss of ampicillin resistance but retention of tetracycline resistance, thereby providing a convenient screening procedure for recombinant plasmids.", "PMID": 312287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3436", "title": "The activation of microsomal steroid 21-hydroxylase by cytosol from the cortex of bovine adrenals.", "content": "At low microsome concentrations, the addition of cytosol from bovine adrenal cortex markedly accelerates the rate of hydroxylation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone at C-21. The detection of this effect was made possible by the development of a new, rapid, and sensitive procedure for the measurement of the initial rate kinetics of steroid 21-hydroxylase. This procedure is based on the fact that the reactant, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, possesses solvent partition properties which are different from those of the product, cortexolone. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by the isolation of only one product which was identified as cortexolone by radiochemical techniques. This assay procedure has great sensitivity and makes possible the accurate determination of the Michaelis constant at low enzyme concentrations. The Km for 17-hydroxyprogesterone with saturating amounts of TPNH was found to be 0.3 micronM. At the low microsome concentrations permitted by this assay, the addition of cytosol has a profound effect upon the rate of hydroxylation. The rate is markedly accelerated although the Km for the substrate is not altered. Neither the substrate nor the carbon monoxide-induced difference spectra are changed by the addition of cytosol, suggesting that activation by cytosol dose not affect the catalytic unit of the 21-hydroxylase complex.", "contents": "The activation of microsomal steroid 21-hydroxylase by cytosol from the cortex of bovine adrenals. At low microsome concentrations, the addition of cytosol from bovine adrenal cortex markedly accelerates the rate of hydroxylation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone at C-21. The detection of this effect was made possible by the development of a new, rapid, and sensitive procedure for the measurement of the initial rate kinetics of steroid 21-hydroxylase. This procedure is based on the fact that the reactant, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, possesses solvent partition properties which are different from those of the product, cortexolone. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by the isolation of only one product which was identified as cortexolone by radiochemical techniques. This assay procedure has great sensitivity and makes possible the accurate determination of the Michaelis constant at low enzyme concentrations. The Km for 17-hydroxyprogesterone with saturating amounts of TPNH was found to be 0.3 micronM. At the low microsome concentrations permitted by this assay, the addition of cytosol has a profound effect upon the rate of hydroxylation. The rate is markedly accelerated although the Km for the substrate is not altered. Neither the substrate nor the carbon monoxide-induced difference spectra are changed by the addition of cytosol, suggesting that activation by cytosol dose not affect the catalytic unit of the 21-hydroxylase complex.", "PMID": 312288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3437", "title": "Rapid enhancement of protein phosphorylation in A-431 cell membrane preparations by epidermal growth factor.", "content": "Membranes prepared from A-431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells retained the ability to bind 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF) in a specific manner. In the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP and Mn2+ or Mg2+, this membrane preparation was capable of phosphorylating endogenous membrane components, including membrane-associated proteins; the major phosphorylated amino acid residue detected in partial acid hydrolysates was phosphothreonine. The binding of EGF to these membranes in vitro resulted in a severalfold stimulation of the phosphorylation reaction; again, the major phosphorylated amino acid residue detected in partial acid hydrolysates was phosphothreonine. Membrane-associated dephosphorylation reactions did not appear to be affected by EGF. The phosphorylation reaction was not stimulated by cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP in the absence or presence of EGF. The phosphorylation system of the membrane was able to utilize [gamma-32P]GTP in both the basal and EGF-stimulated reactions. The enhanced membrane phosphorylation was specific for EGF and its derivatives; a wide variety of other peptide hormones were ineffective. The A-431 membrane preparation also was capable of phosphorylating exogenous proteins, such as histone, phosvitin, and ribonuclease, by a process which was stimulated by EGF. These findings suggest that one of the biochemical consequences of the binding of EGF to membranes is a rapid activation of a cyclic AMP-independent phosphorylating system.", "contents": "Rapid enhancement of protein phosphorylation in A-431 cell membrane preparations by epidermal growth factor. Membranes prepared from A-431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells retained the ability to bind 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF) in a specific manner. In the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP and Mn2+ or Mg2+, this membrane preparation was capable of phosphorylating endogenous membrane components, including membrane-associated proteins; the major phosphorylated amino acid residue detected in partial acid hydrolysates was phosphothreonine. The binding of EGF to these membranes in vitro resulted in a severalfold stimulation of the phosphorylation reaction; again, the major phosphorylated amino acid residue detected in partial acid hydrolysates was phosphothreonine. Membrane-associated dephosphorylation reactions did not appear to be affected by EGF. The phosphorylation reaction was not stimulated by cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP in the absence or presence of EGF. The phosphorylation system of the membrane was able to utilize [gamma-32P]GTP in both the basal and EGF-stimulated reactions. The enhanced membrane phosphorylation was specific for EGF and its derivatives; a wide variety of other peptide hormones were ineffective. The A-431 membrane preparation also was capable of phosphorylating exogenous proteins, such as histone, phosvitin, and ribonuclease, by a process which was stimulated by EGF. These findings suggest that one of the biochemical consequences of the binding of EGF to membranes is a rapid activation of a cyclic AMP-independent phosphorylating system.", "PMID": 312292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3438", "title": "Combined 17 alpha- and 18-hydroxylase deficiency associated with complete male pseudohermaphroditism and hypoaldosteronism.", "content": "A 15-year-old phenotypic female with XY genotype presented with male pseudohermaphroditism, gynecomastia, hypokalemic alkalosis, and hypertension. Being raised as a girl, the patient failed to menstruate and developed no sexual hair. At laparatomy no M\u00fcllerian structures were found but testes were removed which showed histologically atrophy of seminiferous tubules and abundant Leydig cells. Deoxycorticosterone (2.0 mg/24 h) and corticosterone (117 mg/24 h) secretion rates were extremely elevated, whereas those of aldosterone (17 micrograms/24 h), deoxycortisol (22 micrograms/24 h), and cortisol (23 micrograms/24 h) were almost unmeasurable. The excretion rates of 18-OH-deoxycorticosterone (less than 0.25 microgram/24 h) and 18-OH-corticosterone (3.0 microgram/24 h) were subnormal in spite of high plasma ACTH levels (200 pg/ml), and deoxycorticosterone (32.2 micrograms/24 h) and corticosterone (269 micrograms/24 h) excess. Gonadotropins were elevated. Deficient 17 alpha-hydroxylation was suspected because of: 1) low levels of 17 alpha-OH-progesterone; 2) diminished excretion rates of both 17 alpha-OH-progesterone and pregnanetriol; and 3) reduced concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and testosterone in testicular tissue. We conclude that this male pseudohermaphrodite with complete female phenotype had 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. The enzymatic defect was linked with an associated 18-hydroxylase deficiency.", "contents": "Combined 17 alpha- and 18-hydroxylase deficiency associated with complete male pseudohermaphroditism and hypoaldosteronism. A 15-year-old phenotypic female with XY genotype presented with male pseudohermaphroditism, gynecomastia, hypokalemic alkalosis, and hypertension. Being raised as a girl, the patient failed to menstruate and developed no sexual hair. At laparatomy no M\u00fcllerian structures were found but testes were removed which showed histologically atrophy of seminiferous tubules and abundant Leydig cells. Deoxycorticosterone (2.0 mg/24 h) and corticosterone (117 mg/24 h) secretion rates were extremely elevated, whereas those of aldosterone (17 micrograms/24 h), deoxycortisol (22 micrograms/24 h), and cortisol (23 micrograms/24 h) were almost unmeasurable. The excretion rates of 18-OH-deoxycorticosterone (less than 0.25 microgram/24 h) and 18-OH-corticosterone (3.0 microgram/24 h) were subnormal in spite of high plasma ACTH levels (200 pg/ml), and deoxycorticosterone (32.2 micrograms/24 h) and corticosterone (269 micrograms/24 h) excess. Gonadotropins were elevated. Deficient 17 alpha-hydroxylation was suspected because of: 1) low levels of 17 alpha-OH-progesterone; 2) diminished excretion rates of both 17 alpha-OH-progesterone and pregnanetriol; and 3) reduced concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and testosterone in testicular tissue. We conclude that this male pseudohermaphrodite with complete female phenotype had 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. The enzymatic defect was linked with an associated 18-hydroxylase deficiency.", "PMID": 312294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3439", "title": "Role of tachycardia as an inotropic stimulus in man.", "content": "We examined the inotropic effect of tachycardia in nine postsurgical aortocoronary bypass graft patients (with intact cardiac innervation) and nine cardiac allograft recipients (with denervated hearts). The changes in stroke volume (SV) and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) which accompany sudden increases and decreases in atrial pacing frequency were determined by computer-aided fluoroscopic analysis of the motion of surgically implanted midwall myocardial markers. Because the first beat after a change in rate retains the frequency characteristics of the preceding rate, we compared the first posttachycardia beat with control beats and late tachycardia beats with the first tachycardia beat; afterload and preload for each pair of beats were similar. For an increase in heart rate of 50 beats/min, SV and VCF rose 79 and 64% from the first tachycardia beat to late tachycardia beats, and SV and VCF rose 8 and 35% from control beats to the first posttachycardia beat in the innervated group. Responses in the denervated group were not significantly different from those in the innervated group. The degree of the inotropic response was positively correlated with the magnitude of the increase in heart rate (r = 0.91). The decay in augmented contractility after decreasing the rate back to control levels fits an exponential relationship with a mean t((1/2)) of 1.7 s. Thus, in conscious man, increases in heart rate represent a positive inotropic stimulus, independent of other factors influencing ventricular performance and unaffected by neural innervation, and should be considered when changes in cardiac function are interpreted during serial studies or after drug administration.", "contents": "Role of tachycardia as an inotropic stimulus in man. We examined the inotropic effect of tachycardia in nine postsurgical aortocoronary bypass graft patients (with intact cardiac innervation) and nine cardiac allograft recipients (with denervated hearts). The changes in stroke volume (SV) and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) which accompany sudden increases and decreases in atrial pacing frequency were determined by computer-aided fluoroscopic analysis of the motion of surgically implanted midwall myocardial markers. Because the first beat after a change in rate retains the frequency characteristics of the preceding rate, we compared the first posttachycardia beat with control beats and late tachycardia beats with the first tachycardia beat; afterload and preload for each pair of beats were similar. For an increase in heart rate of 50 beats/min, SV and VCF rose 79 and 64% from the first tachycardia beat to late tachycardia beats, and SV and VCF rose 8 and 35% from control beats to the first posttachycardia beat in the innervated group. Responses in the denervated group were not significantly different from those in the innervated group. The degree of the inotropic response was positively correlated with the magnitude of the increase in heart rate (r = 0.91). The decay in augmented contractility after decreasing the rate back to control levels fits an exponential relationship with a mean t((1/2)) of 1.7 s. Thus, in conscious man, increases in heart rate represent a positive inotropic stimulus, independent of other factors influencing ventricular performance and unaffected by neural innervation, and should be considered when changes in cardiac function are interpreted during serial studies or after drug administration.", "PMID": 312295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3440", "title": "In vivo inactivation of erythrocyte S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by 2'-deoxyadenosine in adenosine deaminase-deficient patients.", "content": "The cytotoxic nucleoside 2'-deoxyadenosine is excreted in excessive amounts by individuals with genetic deficiency of adenosine deaminase, and may be in part responsible for the severe combined immune dysfunction from which they suffer. Earlier studies from this laboratory showed that 2'-deoxyadenosine causes the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by an active site-directed, \"suicide-like\" process. In this communication we have demonstrated similar inactivation of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in hemolysate and in intact erythrocytes, as well as a striking deficiency of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity in the erythrocytes of three adenosine deaminase-deficient patients. In vivo suicide-like inactivation of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by 2'-deoxyadenosine may contribute to the cytotoxicity of 2'-deoxyadenosine and to the immune dysfunction in adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "contents": "In vivo inactivation of erythrocyte S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by 2'-deoxyadenosine in adenosine deaminase-deficient patients. The cytotoxic nucleoside 2'-deoxyadenosine is excreted in excessive amounts by individuals with genetic deficiency of adenosine deaminase, and may be in part responsible for the severe combined immune dysfunction from which they suffer. Earlier studies from this laboratory showed that 2'-deoxyadenosine causes the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by an active site-directed, \"suicide-like\" process. In this communication we have demonstrated similar inactivation of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in hemolysate and in intact erythrocytes, as well as a striking deficiency of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity in the erythrocytes of three adenosine deaminase-deficient patients. In vivo suicide-like inactivation of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by 2'-deoxyadenosine may contribute to the cytotoxicity of 2'-deoxyadenosine and to the immune dysfunction in adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "PMID": 312296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3441", "title": "Fecal blood loss and plasma salicylate study of salicylsalicylic acid and aspirin.", "content": "Using a placebo-controlled methodology, 20 healthy volunteers housed in a clinical research facility for 23 days were studied for fecal blood loss and plasma salicylate levels after taking salsalate (salicylsalicylic acid) or aspirin. Daily dosages were 3000 mg salsalate or 3900 mg aspirin. Aspirin produced statistically significant gastrointestinal blood loss over control levels and over that produced by salsalate (P less than 0.01). Blood loss with salsalate was not different than that with placebo. Despite the intentional disparity of dosages between the two drugs, plasma salicylate levels were not statistically different. Side effects occurred at about equal frequency with either drug. Most prominent were headache and nausea. However, concomitant upper respiratory infection in 12 subjects rendered interpretation difficult.", "contents": "Fecal blood loss and plasma salicylate study of salicylsalicylic acid and aspirin. Using a placebo-controlled methodology, 20 healthy volunteers housed in a clinical research facility for 23 days were studied for fecal blood loss and plasma salicylate levels after taking salsalate (salicylsalicylic acid) or aspirin. Daily dosages were 3000 mg salsalate or 3900 mg aspirin. Aspirin produced statistically significant gastrointestinal blood loss over control levels and over that produced by salsalate (P less than 0.01). Blood loss with salsalate was not different than that with placebo. Despite the intentional disparity of dosages between the two drugs, plasma salicylate levels were not statistically different. Side effects occurred at about equal frequency with either drug. Most prominent were headache and nausea. However, concomitant upper respiratory infection in 12 subjects rendered interpretation difficult.", "PMID": 312297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3442", "title": "Computed tomography in diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Thirteen patients aged 1 to 59 years hospitalized for diabetes insipidus (DI) were investigated by computed tomography (CT). Apart from one craniopharyngioma, CT revealed in 8 out of 12 cases several modifications in the hypothalamic-pituitary region. In this group, CT demonstrated a small, round, isodense mass in the chiasmatic cistern that enhanced after contrast medium injection. Coronal and sagittal reconstructions helped pinpoint the lesion in the infundibulum and pituitary stalk, and, in one case, in the supraoptic nuclei. These findings, and the noninvasiveness of CT, make this technique one of the most accurate means of radiological investigation of DI and also of determining the efficacy of therapy.", "contents": "Computed tomography in diabetes insipidus. Thirteen patients aged 1 to 59 years hospitalized for diabetes insipidus (DI) were investigated by computed tomography (CT). Apart from one craniopharyngioma, CT revealed in 8 out of 12 cases several modifications in the hypothalamic-pituitary region. In this group, CT demonstrated a small, round, isodense mass in the chiasmatic cistern that enhanced after contrast medium injection. Coronal and sagittal reconstructions helped pinpoint the lesion in the infundibulum and pituitary stalk, and, in one case, in the supraoptic nuclei. These findings, and the noninvasiveness of CT, make this technique one of the most accurate means of radiological investigation of DI and also of determining the efficacy of therapy.", "PMID": 312298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3443", "title": "Brain edema defined by cranial computed tomography.", "content": "Cranial computed tomography permitted an in vivo classification of brain edema. The distinction of the four basic types of edema (vasogenic, ischemic, cytotoxic, and periventricular) was important in establishing the chronicity, extent, and pathologic basis of cerebral abnormalities. Vasogenic edema (neoplasm, abscess) was readily distinguished from cytotoxic edema by the predominant involvement of the white matter and associated abnormal enhancement following intravenous contrast medium injection. The diminished density of ischemic edema was visualized in both gray and white matter and occurred in a vascular distribution. An absence of enhancement in the cerebral capillary bed and attenuation or nonvisualization of the circle of Willis following the rapid bolus injection of iodinated contrast medium defined an arrest of cerebral circulation as might be seen in brain death. Periventricular interstitial edema was most often a marker of acute or subacute obstructive hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Brain edema defined by cranial computed tomography. Cranial computed tomography permitted an in vivo classification of brain edema. The distinction of the four basic types of edema (vasogenic, ischemic, cytotoxic, and periventricular) was important in establishing the chronicity, extent, and pathologic basis of cerebral abnormalities. Vasogenic edema (neoplasm, abscess) was readily distinguished from cytotoxic edema by the predominant involvement of the white matter and associated abnormal enhancement following intravenous contrast medium injection. The diminished density of ischemic edema was visualized in both gray and white matter and occurred in a vascular distribution. An absence of enhancement in the cerebral capillary bed and attenuation or nonvisualization of the circle of Willis following the rapid bolus injection of iodinated contrast medium defined an arrest of cerebral circulation as might be seen in brain death. Periventricular interstitial edema was most often a marker of acute or subacute obstructive hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 312299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3444", "title": "Intracranial neurosarcoidosis.", "content": "Neuroradiological findings in two cases of histologically confirmed intracranial sarcoidosis are presented, one with periaqueductal granulomata causing aqueduct obstruction. The granulomatous aggregation was of slightly greater attenuation than normal brain parenchyma and did enhance homogeneously following contrast medium administration. No direct signs of basal arachnoiditis could be found on computed tomography (CT) in the other case in which hydrocephalus was produced by a granulomatous infiltration of the fourth ventricle and cisterna magna. The neuropathological and pertinent clinical and laboratory manifestations of neurosarcoidosis are reviewed as a means of predicting recognizable CT patterns of the entity.", "contents": "Intracranial neurosarcoidosis. Neuroradiological findings in two cases of histologically confirmed intracranial sarcoidosis are presented, one with periaqueductal granulomata causing aqueduct obstruction. The granulomatous aggregation was of slightly greater attenuation than normal brain parenchyma and did enhance homogeneously following contrast medium administration. No direct signs of basal arachnoiditis could be found on computed tomography (CT) in the other case in which hydrocephalus was produced by a granulomatous infiltration of the fourth ventricle and cisterna magna. The neuropathological and pertinent clinical and laboratory manifestations of neurosarcoidosis are reviewed as a means of predicting recognizable CT patterns of the entity.", "PMID": 312300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3445", "title": "Subdural hematomas: an unusual appearance on computed tomography.", "content": "It may at times be difficult to separate supra- from infratentorial and intra- from extraaxial pathology on the basis of axial transverse computed tomography (CT) scans. Coronal CT scans may be quite useful in more accurate localization of compartments. Three head injured patients with subdural hematomas were studied with axial transverse CT scans. In addition to the typical appearance of subdural hematomas, unusually shaped areas of increased attenuation were noted in the region of the tentorium cerebelli separate from the mass of the subdural collection. Coronal scans confirmed the supratentorial, extraaxial collection as an extension of the subdural hematoma into the supratentorial subdural space.", "contents": "Subdural hematomas: an unusual appearance on computed tomography. It may at times be difficult to separate supra- from infratentorial and intra- from extraaxial pathology on the basis of axial transverse computed tomography (CT) scans. Coronal CT scans may be quite useful in more accurate localization of compartments. Three head injured patients with subdural hematomas were studied with axial transverse CT scans. In addition to the typical appearance of subdural hematomas, unusually shaped areas of increased attenuation were noted in the region of the tentorium cerebelli separate from the mass of the subdural collection. Coronal scans confirmed the supratentorial, extraaxial collection as an extension of the subdural hematoma into the supratentorial subdural space.", "PMID": 312301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3446", "title": "Low avidity as a cause of prozone phenomena.", "content": "The incidence of prozones was studied, under various conditions, in a model indirect haemagglutination system and in a radioimmunoassay--both assays depending on the use of anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). It was found that prozones were correlated with the presence of low avidity antibodies, and that these could compete with high avidity antibodies for the limited amount of anti-Ig available. It is proposed that the relatively rapid dissociation of low avidity antibodies allows them to form immune aggregates with the anti-Ig. With increasing size these aggregates would become more susceptible to being washed off. In this way low avidity antibodies could occupy the anti-Ig, and yet be relatively ineffective, either for haemagglutination or for the binding of radioactively labelled (or fluorescein-labelled) anti-Ig to the antigen.", "contents": "Low avidity as a cause of prozone phenomena. The incidence of prozones was studied, under various conditions, in a model indirect haemagglutination system and in a radioimmunoassay--both assays depending on the use of anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). It was found that prozones were correlated with the presence of low avidity antibodies, and that these could compete with high avidity antibodies for the limited amount of anti-Ig available. It is proposed that the relatively rapid dissociation of low avidity antibodies allows them to form immune aggregates with the anti-Ig. With increasing size these aggregates would become more susceptible to being washed off. In this way low avidity antibodies could occupy the anti-Ig, and yet be relatively ineffective, either for haemagglutination or for the binding of radioactively labelled (or fluorescein-labelled) anti-Ig to the antigen.", "PMID": 312303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3447", "title": "Purification of rabbit B spleen cells by removal of adherent and of T cells.", "content": "B lymphocytes from the rabbit spleen were freed of T cells by removal of cells which formed rosettes with papain-treated rabbit erythrocytes. Additional purification could be achieved if fractionation by rosette removal was preceded by removal with a magnet of cells which adhered to or ingested poly L-lysine coated iron core particles. Cell yield and purification were assessed by complement mediated cytotoxic kill of B and T cells with antibody directed against RABELA and RTLA, respectively. Other criteria depended on determination of the number of Fc receptor bearing cells and of thymidine uptake by cells which were stimulated with concanavalin A, PHA or with antibody directed against the allotypic specificity of receptor Ig light chains. Purified preparations of B cells were obtained in a yield of about 20% of the B cells in the original spleen and contained less than 10% of cells which were not B cells. This method allows purification which does not interfere with the membrane of the isolated cells.", "contents": "Purification of rabbit B spleen cells by removal of adherent and of T cells. B lymphocytes from the rabbit spleen were freed of T cells by removal of cells which formed rosettes with papain-treated rabbit erythrocytes. Additional purification could be achieved if fractionation by rosette removal was preceded by removal with a magnet of cells which adhered to or ingested poly L-lysine coated iron core particles. Cell yield and purification were assessed by complement mediated cytotoxic kill of B and T cells with antibody directed against RABELA and RTLA, respectively. Other criteria depended on determination of the number of Fc receptor bearing cells and of thymidine uptake by cells which were stimulated with concanavalin A, PHA or with antibody directed against the allotypic specificity of receptor Ig light chains. Purified preparations of B cells were obtained in a yield of about 20% of the B cells in the original spleen and contained less than 10% of cells which were not B cells. This method allows purification which does not interfere with the membrane of the isolated cells.", "PMID": 312302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3448", "title": "Identification and quantitation of B and T cells by cytofluorographic analysis.", "content": "With cytofluorographic analysis (CFGA) of cells stained with the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO), the major peripheral white cell populations--lymphocytes, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells--display different characteristics and appear as distinct populations which can be quantitated. In this study we present a method for determining percentages of human T and B cells lymphocyte subpopulations by CFGA and display of the data on a computer-generated 3-dimensional grid. Lymphocytes were depleted of either B, T, or both B and T cells by rosetting with erythrocytes and separated by centrifugation. The B cell and T cell depleted and non-rosetting cell subpopulations localized on constant, distinct areas of the display grid. The percentages of T and B cells in peripheral blood samples from 6 normals analyzed by CFGA did not differ from the results obtained by light microscope counting (LMC).", "contents": "Identification and quantitation of B and T cells by cytofluorographic analysis. With cytofluorographic analysis (CFGA) of cells stained with the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO), the major peripheral white cell populations--lymphocytes, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells--display different characteristics and appear as distinct populations which can be quantitated. In this study we present a method for determining percentages of human T and B cells lymphocyte subpopulations by CFGA and display of the data on a computer-generated 3-dimensional grid. Lymphocytes were depleted of either B, T, or both B and T cells by rosetting with erythrocytes and separated by centrifugation. The B cell and T cell depleted and non-rosetting cell subpopulations localized on constant, distinct areas of the display grid. The percentages of T and B cells in peripheral blood samples from 6 normals analyzed by CFGA did not differ from the results obtained by light microscope counting (LMC).", "PMID": 312304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3449", "title": "Ascites production in 9 rat strains.", "content": "A simple inexpensive, and rapid method for inducing large volumes of ascitic fluid in rats is described. The procedure involves intraperitoneal injections of Freund's adjuvant emulsion on alternate days. Antibody activity of the ascitic fluid approximates that found in the serum. Female rats consistently respond better than males. Members of all 9 strains of rats tested produced ascites using this procedure.", "contents": "Ascites production in 9 rat strains. A simple inexpensive, and rapid method for inducing large volumes of ascitic fluid in rats is described. The procedure involves intraperitoneal injections of Freund's adjuvant emulsion on alternate days. Antibody activity of the ascitic fluid approximates that found in the serum. Female rats consistently respond better than males. Members of all 9 strains of rats tested produced ascites using this procedure.", "PMID": 312305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3450", "title": "Fluid-phase immunoradiometric assay for the detection of qualitative abnormalities of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor in variants of von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "Antigenic reactivity of F.VIII/WF in variants of von Willebrand's disease (vWd) was studied with both fluid-phase and solid-phase immunoradiometric assays. Two different (rabbit and goat) 125I-labeled specific antibodies against purified F.VIII/WF were used in both their divalent (IgG) and their monovalent (Fab fragment) forms. Dose-response curves obtained by reacting a constant amount of antibody with serial dilutions of plasmas from normal or homozygous vWd demonstrated the specificity of the test. The accuracy was significantly higher with 125I-Fab fragments of goat anti-F.VIII/WF antiserum that intact goat IgG or rabbit IgG or Fab fragments. The significant decrease of the slope of the dose-response curves obtained with plasma from variants of vWd has been interpreted as due to the presence of abnormal F.VIII/WF molecules with decreased antigenic reactivity. A similar anomaly was found in cryosupernatant prepared from normal plasma, paralleling similarities demonstrated between variants of vWd and cryosupernatant. Results of experiments performed by reacting constant plasma dilutions from control or variants of confirmed the decreased antigenic reactivity of variant F.VIII/WF.", "contents": "Fluid-phase immunoradiometric assay for the detection of qualitative abnormalities of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor in variants of von Willebrand's disease. Antigenic reactivity of F.VIII/WF in variants of von Willebrand's disease (vWd) was studied with both fluid-phase and solid-phase immunoradiometric assays. Two different (rabbit and goat) 125I-labeled specific antibodies against purified F.VIII/WF were used in both their divalent (IgG) and their monovalent (Fab fragment) forms. Dose-response curves obtained by reacting a constant amount of antibody with serial dilutions of plasmas from normal or homozygous vWd demonstrated the specificity of the test. The accuracy was significantly higher with 125I-Fab fragments of goat anti-F.VIII/WF antiserum that intact goat IgG or rabbit IgG or Fab fragments. The significant decrease of the slope of the dose-response curves obtained with plasma from variants of vWd has been interpreted as due to the presence of abnormal F.VIII/WF molecules with decreased antigenic reactivity. A similar anomaly was found in cryosupernatant prepared from normal plasma, paralleling similarities demonstrated between variants of vWd and cryosupernatant. Results of experiments performed by reacting constant plasma dilutions from control or variants of confirmed the decreased antigenic reactivity of variant F.VIII/WF.", "PMID": 312307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3451", "title": "The relationship between initial creatine phosphate breakdown and recovery oxygen consumption for a single isometric tetanus of the frog sartorius muscle at 20 degrees C.", "content": "A previous paper (Mahler, M. 1978 J. Gen. Physiol. 71:559--580) describes the time-course of the suprabasal rate of oxygen consumption (delta QO2) in the sartorius muscle of R. pipiens after isometric tetani of 0.1--1.0 s at 20 degrees C. To test whether these were the responses to impulse changes in the rate of ATP hydrolysis, we compared the total suprabasal oxygen consumption during recovery (delta[O2]) with the amount of ATP hydrolyzed during a contraction, measured indirectly as the decrease in creatine phosphate (delta[CP]O). If suprabasal ATP hydrolysis during recovery is negligible in comparison with that during contraction, delta[CP]0/delta[O2] should approximate the P:O2 ratio for oxidative metabolism, which has an expected value of 6.1--6.5. We found: formula; see text. We conclude that in this muscle at 20 degrees C: (a) after a tetanus of 0.2--1.0 s, delta QO2(t) can be considered the response to an impulse increase in the rate of ATP hydrolysis; (b) the reversal during recovery of unidentified exothermic reactions occurring during the contraction (Woledge, R. C. 1971. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 22:39--74) can be coupled to an ATP hydrolysis that is at most a small fraction of delta[CP]0; (c) the pooled mean for delta[CP]0/delta[O2], 6.58 +/- 0.55, sets an experimental lower bound for the P:O2 ratio in vivo.", "contents": "The relationship between initial creatine phosphate breakdown and recovery oxygen consumption for a single isometric tetanus of the frog sartorius muscle at 20 degrees C. A previous paper (Mahler, M. 1978 J. Gen. Physiol. 71:559--580) describes the time-course of the suprabasal rate of oxygen consumption (delta QO2) in the sartorius muscle of R. pipiens after isometric tetani of 0.1--1.0 s at 20 degrees C. To test whether these were the responses to impulse changes in the rate of ATP hydrolysis, we compared the total suprabasal oxygen consumption during recovery (delta[O2]) with the amount of ATP hydrolyzed during a contraction, measured indirectly as the decrease in creatine phosphate (delta[CP]O). If suprabasal ATP hydrolysis during recovery is negligible in comparison with that during contraction, delta[CP]0/delta[O2] should approximate the P:O2 ratio for oxidative metabolism, which has an expected value of 6.1--6.5. We found: formula; see text. We conclude that in this muscle at 20 degrees C: (a) after a tetanus of 0.2--1.0 s, delta QO2(t) can be considered the response to an impulse increase in the rate of ATP hydrolysis; (b) the reversal during recovery of unidentified exothermic reactions occurring during the contraction (Woledge, R. C. 1971. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 22:39--74) can be coupled to an ATP hydrolysis that is at most a small fraction of delta[CP]0; (c) the pooled mean for delta[CP]0/delta[O2], 6.58 +/- 0.55, sets an experimental lower bound for the P:O2 ratio in vivo.", "PMID": 312312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3452", "title": "Reversibility and mode of action of Black Widow spider venom on the vertebrate neuromuscular junction.", "content": "Black widow spider venom (BWSV) stimulates transmitter release and depletes synaptic vesicles from muscles bathed in a sodium free medium containing 1 mM EGTA. However, frog neuromuscular junctions treated with BWSV in glucosamine Ringer's and post-treated with antivenin recover normal function. This suggests that probably the permanent block of neuromuscular transmission is due to changes in permeability of the nerve ending plasma membrane to cations such as Na+. When BWSV is applied in a medium lacking divalent cations and containing 1 mM EGTA, in most of the cases no effect is observed. We found that this inhibition can be overcome in three ways: (a) by adding divalent cations to the medium; (b) by increasing the tonicity of the medium with sucrose; (c) by raising the temperature of the medium. These results suggest that the lack of divalent cations influences the membrane fluidity. Moreover, in view of the report by Yahara and Kakimoto-Sameshima (1977. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:4511--4515) that hypertonic media induce capping of surface receptors in lymphocytes and thymocytes, we think that these data further support the hypothesis that BWSV stimulates release by a dual mode of action; namely, it increases the nerve ending permeability to cations and also stimulates release directly via a process of redistribution of membrane components, a process which may also inhibit vesicle recycling.", "contents": "Reversibility and mode of action of Black Widow spider venom on the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Black widow spider venom (BWSV) stimulates transmitter release and depletes synaptic vesicles from muscles bathed in a sodium free medium containing 1 mM EGTA. However, frog neuromuscular junctions treated with BWSV in glucosamine Ringer's and post-treated with antivenin recover normal function. This suggests that probably the permanent block of neuromuscular transmission is due to changes in permeability of the nerve ending plasma membrane to cations such as Na+. When BWSV is applied in a medium lacking divalent cations and containing 1 mM EGTA, in most of the cases no effect is observed. We found that this inhibition can be overcome in three ways: (a) by adding divalent cations to the medium; (b) by increasing the tonicity of the medium with sucrose; (c) by raising the temperature of the medium. These results suggest that the lack of divalent cations influences the membrane fluidity. Moreover, in view of the report by Yahara and Kakimoto-Sameshima (1977. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:4511--4515) that hypertonic media induce capping of surface receptors in lymphocytes and thymocytes, we think that these data further support the hypothesis that BWSV stimulates release by a dual mode of action; namely, it increases the nerve ending permeability to cations and also stimulates release directly via a process of redistribution of membrane components, a process which may also inhibit vesicle recycling.", "PMID": 312313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3453", "title": "Maternal T-lymphocyte response and gingivitis in pregnancy.", "content": "The exacerbation of a chronic gingivitis during pregnancy was confirmed in a group of 24 pregnant patients who were observed at the 14th and 30th weeks of pregnancy and postpartum. This exacerbation occurred despite a fall in the amount of plaque accumulation and confirmed that during pregnancy some factor in addition to plaque is involved in the increased inflammation. Using in vitro methods, it was shown that during pregnancy there is a depression of maternal T-cell responsiveness and it is suggested that this depression of the cell-mediated immune response could be a factor in the altered responsiveness of the gingival tissues to plaque. However lymphocytes responses to Veillonella alkalescens ultrasonicate (a plaque antigen) were generally poor and it was not possible to demonstrate any significant difference between the altered responsiveness of maternal lymphocytes to Veillonella and those of nonpregnant controls.", "contents": "Maternal T-lymphocyte response and gingivitis in pregnancy. The exacerbation of a chronic gingivitis during pregnancy was confirmed in a group of 24 pregnant patients who were observed at the 14th and 30th weeks of pregnancy and postpartum. This exacerbation occurred despite a fall in the amount of plaque accumulation and confirmed that during pregnancy some factor in addition to plaque is involved in the increased inflammation. Using in vitro methods, it was shown that during pregnancy there is a depression of maternal T-cell responsiveness and it is suggested that this depression of the cell-mediated immune response could be a factor in the altered responsiveness of the gingival tissues to plaque. However lymphocytes responses to Veillonella alkalescens ultrasonicate (a plaque antigen) were generally poor and it was not possible to demonstrate any significant difference between the altered responsiveness of maternal lymphocytes to Veillonella and those of nonpregnant controls.", "PMID": 312316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3454", "title": "Isolated pupillary paralysis in a case of herpes zoster.", "content": "The clinical findings in a 16-year-old boy with unilateral isolated pupillary paralysis in a case of herpes zoster ophthalmicus is described because of the extreme rarity of the condition. The condition appeared to be due to a partial third nerve lesion affecting only the fibers subserving the light and near reflexes.", "contents": "Isolated pupillary paralysis in a case of herpes zoster. The clinical findings in a 16-year-old boy with unilateral isolated pupillary paralysis in a case of herpes zoster ophthalmicus is described because of the extreme rarity of the condition. The condition appeared to be due to a partial third nerve lesion affecting only the fibers subserving the light and near reflexes.", "PMID": 312315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3455", "title": "Potassium currents in frog ventricular muscle: evidence from voltage clamp currents and extracellular K accumulation.", "content": "1. The single sucrose voltage clamp technique was used to control the membrane potential of strips of frog ventricular muscle and to measure the membrane current. The extracellular K accumulation was estimated from the after-potential observed after the release of the voltage clamp. 2. Comparing the time course of the membrane current to the time course of the development of the after-potential at different membrane potentials, it was found that all slow current changes are related to changes in the K current across the membrane. 3. Based on measurements of membrane current and the after-potential, the total membrane current was separated into two fractions: (a) the K current which gives rise to K accumulation and (b) the residual membrane current which is unrelated to K accumulation. The current-voltage relation for the residual membrane current is linear or slightly inwardly-rectifying. Residual current is zero at the resting potential and increases to about 1 microamperemeter/cm2 at -20 mV. 4. The measured membrane currents and after-potentials indicate qualitative differences between the K currents which dominate below and above -20 mV. More negative to -20 mV the after-potential develops rapidly while at potentials positive to -20 mV the after-potential develops with some delay. 5. The current dominating below -20 mV is inwardly-rectifying. The current-voltage relation has a maximum (about 2 microamperemeter/cm2) and a region with marked negative slope conductance. The outward current in the region of negative slope conductance is increased with increasing [K]o. 6. A model for the inwardly rectifying K current is described. The model accurately reproduces the shape of the measured current-voltage relations and their modification by alterations in the extracellular K concentration. The model is also compatible with the observation that all slow current changes below -20 mV are directly related to K accumulation. 7. The K current which dominates at potentials positive to -20 mV is activated by a potential and time dependent process which is unrelated to extracellular K accumulation. 8. Q10 for the magnitude of the inwardly rectifying K current is about 1.35 while the Q10 for the rate of increase of the time dependent K current is about 3--4. 9. Cs blocks the inwardly recitfying K current but has little effect on the time dependent K current. 10. The changes in the action potential duration caused by increasing the extracellular K concentration or addition of Cs to the perfusate can be explained by the effect of K and Cs on the inwardly rectifying K current.", "contents": "Potassium currents in frog ventricular muscle: evidence from voltage clamp currents and extracellular K accumulation. 1. The single sucrose voltage clamp technique was used to control the membrane potential of strips of frog ventricular muscle and to measure the membrane current. The extracellular K accumulation was estimated from the after-potential observed after the release of the voltage clamp. 2. Comparing the time course of the membrane current to the time course of the development of the after-potential at different membrane potentials, it was found that all slow current changes are related to changes in the K current across the membrane. 3. Based on measurements of membrane current and the after-potential, the total membrane current was separated into two fractions: (a) the K current which gives rise to K accumulation and (b) the residual membrane current which is unrelated to K accumulation. The current-voltage relation for the residual membrane current is linear or slightly inwardly-rectifying. Residual current is zero at the resting potential and increases to about 1 microamperemeter/cm2 at -20 mV. 4. The measured membrane currents and after-potentials indicate qualitative differences between the K currents which dominate below and above -20 mV. More negative to -20 mV the after-potential develops rapidly while at potentials positive to -20 mV the after-potential develops with some delay. 5. The current dominating below -20 mV is inwardly-rectifying. The current-voltage relation has a maximum (about 2 microamperemeter/cm2) and a region with marked negative slope conductance. The outward current in the region of negative slope conductance is increased with increasing [K]o. 6. A model for the inwardly rectifying K current is described. The model accurately reproduces the shape of the measured current-voltage relations and their modification by alterations in the extracellular K concentration. The model is also compatible with the observation that all slow current changes below -20 mV are directly related to K accumulation. 7. The K current which dominates at potentials positive to -20 mV is activated by a potential and time dependent process which is unrelated to extracellular K accumulation. 8. Q10 for the magnitude of the inwardly rectifying K current is about 1.35 while the Q10 for the rate of increase of the time dependent K current is about 3--4. 9. Cs blocks the inwardly recitfying K current but has little effect on the time dependent K current. 10. The changes in the action potential duration caused by increasing the extracellular K concentration or addition of Cs to the perfusate can be explained by the effect of K and Cs on the inwardly rectifying K current.", "PMID": 312318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3456", "title": "Ion-concentration dependence of the reversal potential and the single channel conductance of ion channels at the frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "1. The acetylcholine-sensitive ionic channels at the neuromuscular junction were studied in voltage-clamped single muscle fibres from a monolayer preparation of the cutaneous pectoris muscle from Rana pipiens. The experimental observations were of three types: (a) reversal potential as a function of external Na and Ca concentrations, (b) the single channel conductance (gamma) from noise analysis as a function of these same concentrations, and (c) gamma as a function of membrane potential. 2. The reversal potential in normal Na Ringer was -3.8 +/- 0.5 mV (+/- S.E. of mean, n = 22) and decreased approximately linearly as the logarithm of the outside Na activity as this activity decreased to 10% of normal. 3. The single channel conductance in normal Na Ringer was 27.5 +/- 0.7 pS (n = 28) and reached a limiting value close to 10 pS as Na was replaced with sucrose. 4. Increasing [Ca]o from 2 to 10 mM made the reversal potential more positive and decreased the single channel conductance. Mg caused similar effects. 5. Various theories that have been used to describe the mechanism of ion permeation through e.p.c. channels were tested. Constant field theory (eqns. (3), (4) and (5)), a modified Takeuchi approach (eqn. (6)), and a single barrier theory (eqns. (8), (9) and (10)) could not account for all of the experimental observations. 6. In particular, constant field theory, with no surface charge density, could account for the following: (a) the reversal potential measurements for solutions containing 2 mM-Ca (with PK/PNa = 1.2 and PCa/PNa = 1.02), (b) the single channel conductance values for solutions containing 2 mM-Ca and Na concentrations down to 20% of normal, (c) that gamma has little voltage dependence. 7. However, constant field theory, with no assumed surface charge density, could not account for the following: (a) the reversal potential observed for Ringer containing 80 mM-Ca, (b) the gamma values observed for very low Na concentrations, (c) the observation that increasing Ca from 2 to 10 mM in a solution containing 75% normal Na results in a decrease in gamma. 8. From the failure of the Takeuchi approach (eqn. (6)), it is argued that ion interactions must occur at e.p.c. channels because ion flux independence is the only asumption in the derivation of eqn. (6) without experimental verification. 9. The ion interactions at e.p.c. channels probably include both surface charge effects and competition for a binding site.", "contents": "Ion-concentration dependence of the reversal potential and the single channel conductance of ion channels at the frog neuromuscular junction. 1. The acetylcholine-sensitive ionic channels at the neuromuscular junction were studied in voltage-clamped single muscle fibres from a monolayer preparation of the cutaneous pectoris muscle from Rana pipiens. The experimental observations were of three types: (a) reversal potential as a function of external Na and Ca concentrations, (b) the single channel conductance (gamma) from noise analysis as a function of these same concentrations, and (c) gamma as a function of membrane potential. 2. The reversal potential in normal Na Ringer was -3.8 +/- 0.5 mV (+/- S.E. of mean, n = 22) and decreased approximately linearly as the logarithm of the outside Na activity as this activity decreased to 10% of normal. 3. The single channel conductance in normal Na Ringer was 27.5 +/- 0.7 pS (n = 28) and reached a limiting value close to 10 pS as Na was replaced with sucrose. 4. Increasing [Ca]o from 2 to 10 mM made the reversal potential more positive and decreased the single channel conductance. Mg caused similar effects. 5. Various theories that have been used to describe the mechanism of ion permeation through e.p.c. channels were tested. Constant field theory (eqns. (3), (4) and (5)), a modified Takeuchi approach (eqn. (6)), and a single barrier theory (eqns. (8), (9) and (10)) could not account for all of the experimental observations. 6. In particular, constant field theory, with no surface charge density, could account for the following: (a) the reversal potential measurements for solutions containing 2 mM-Ca (with PK/PNa = 1.2 and PCa/PNa = 1.02), (b) the single channel conductance values for solutions containing 2 mM-Ca and Na concentrations down to 20% of normal, (c) that gamma has little voltage dependence. 7. However, constant field theory, with no assumed surface charge density, could not account for the following: (a) the reversal potential observed for Ringer containing 80 mM-Ca, (b) the gamma values observed for very low Na concentrations, (c) the observation that increasing Ca from 2 to 10 mM in a solution containing 75% normal Na results in a decrease in gamma. 8. From the failure of the Takeuchi approach (eqn. (6)), it is argued that ion interactions must occur at e.p.c. channels because ion flux independence is the only asumption in the derivation of eqn. (6) without experimental verification. 9. The ion interactions at e.p.c. channels probably include both surface charge effects and competition for a binding site.", "PMID": 312319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3457", "title": "A dual effect of formaldehyde on the inwardly rectifying potassium conductance in skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. The inwardly rectifying potassium conductance of the membrane of frog sartorius muscle fibres is greatly reduced by treatment of muscles for 30 min with a solution containing formaldehyde (10 mM). 2. A transient increase in the conductance of the inward rectifier is observed early during formaldehyde action. 3. Analysis of the biphasic time course of the conductance changes, as determined under controlled voltage conditions, suggests that treatment with formaldehyde alters simultaneously, but in opposite ways, two factors that determine the conductance of the inward rectifier. 4. The linear component of the current-voltage relation, which dominates the relation at strongly positive potentials, is not affected while the above changes occur. But on prolonged exposure to formaldehyde the leak conductance increases. 5. The effects of formaldehyde on the inward rectifier are reversible on prolonged superfusion with normal Ringer solution. 6. The slight inward rectification remaining after most of the extracellular K is replaced by Rb, is similarly reduced by treatment with formaldehyde. 7. The results are interpreted in terms of the chemical properties of formaldehyde and present views of the mechanisms of inward rectification.", "contents": "A dual effect of formaldehyde on the inwardly rectifying potassium conductance in skeletal muscle. 1. The inwardly rectifying potassium conductance of the membrane of frog sartorius muscle fibres is greatly reduced by treatment of muscles for 30 min with a solution containing formaldehyde (10 mM). 2. A transient increase in the conductance of the inward rectifier is observed early during formaldehyde action. 3. Analysis of the biphasic time course of the conductance changes, as determined under controlled voltage conditions, suggests that treatment with formaldehyde alters simultaneously, but in opposite ways, two factors that determine the conductance of the inward rectifier. 4. The linear component of the current-voltage relation, which dominates the relation at strongly positive potentials, is not affected while the above changes occur. But on prolonged exposure to formaldehyde the leak conductance increases. 5. The effects of formaldehyde on the inward rectifier are reversible on prolonged superfusion with normal Ringer solution. 6. The slight inward rectification remaining after most of the extracellular K is replaced by Rb, is similarly reduced by treatment with formaldehyde. 7. The results are interpreted in terms of the chemical properties of formaldehyde and present views of the mechanisms of inward rectification.", "PMID": 312320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3458", "title": "The measurement and dynamic implications of thin filament lengths in heart muscle.", "content": "1. The lengths of the thin filaments in amphibian and mammalian cardiac muscle have been determined from electron micrographs of serial transverse sections. Thin filament lengths in frog atrial trabeculae range from 0.8 to greater than 1.3 micrometers, with a maximum possible error of 0.14--0.15 micrometer. In rat atrial tissue the span is from 0.6 to more than 1.1 micrometer, whereas in rat papillary muscle the breadth of the distribution is much narrower, from 0.9 to greater than 1.1 micrometer. Double overlap of thin filaments should, therefore, exist over a wide range of sarcomere lenghts. Thin filaments from opposite halves of a sarcomere accommodate each other by flexing up to an angle of about 2 degrees and moving from the trigonal position among the thick filaments to the centre of the region between two thick filaments. Such rearrangement probably contributes to the internal resistance to shortening in the muscle. 2. Except for the variation in thin filament lengths, the over-all morphology of the cardiac sarcomere is generally similar to that found in skeletal muscle. Thick filaments in heart muscle are uniform in length, and their profiles change along their lengths. They are generally round in the M band, triangular adjacent to the M band, round again in the overlap region, and either round or triangular near the tapered tips. The M bridges in rat cardiac tissue link neighbouring thick filaments to form a symmetric hexagonal array, whereas in the frog atrium, the M bridge connexions are incomplete and often form isolated triangular clusters. 3. Computed sarcomere length-developed tension curves were calculated using the thin filament length distributions and the assumptions basic to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. The curves for atrial tissue have plateau regions approximately as wide as the one-half micron variation in thin filament length. 4. Work done against the internal loads during systole may be stored as potential energy and released during diastole to produce sarcomeric re-extension.", "contents": "The measurement and dynamic implications of thin filament lengths in heart muscle. 1. The lengths of the thin filaments in amphibian and mammalian cardiac muscle have been determined from electron micrographs of serial transverse sections. Thin filament lengths in frog atrial trabeculae range from 0.8 to greater than 1.3 micrometers, with a maximum possible error of 0.14--0.15 micrometer. In rat atrial tissue the span is from 0.6 to more than 1.1 micrometer, whereas in rat papillary muscle the breadth of the distribution is much narrower, from 0.9 to greater than 1.1 micrometer. Double overlap of thin filaments should, therefore, exist over a wide range of sarcomere lenghts. Thin filaments from opposite halves of a sarcomere accommodate each other by flexing up to an angle of about 2 degrees and moving from the trigonal position among the thick filaments to the centre of the region between two thick filaments. Such rearrangement probably contributes to the internal resistance to shortening in the muscle. 2. Except for the variation in thin filament lengths, the over-all morphology of the cardiac sarcomere is generally similar to that found in skeletal muscle. Thick filaments in heart muscle are uniform in length, and their profiles change along their lengths. They are generally round in the M band, triangular adjacent to the M band, round again in the overlap region, and either round or triangular near the tapered tips. The M bridges in rat cardiac tissue link neighbouring thick filaments to form a symmetric hexagonal array, whereas in the frog atrium, the M bridge connexions are incomplete and often form isolated triangular clusters. 3. Computed sarcomere length-developed tension curves were calculated using the thin filament length distributions and the assumptions basic to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. The curves for atrial tissue have plateau regions approximately as wide as the one-half micron variation in thin filament length. 4. Work done against the internal loads during systole may be stored as potential energy and released during diastole to produce sarcomeric re-extension.", "PMID": 312321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3459", "title": "Extracellular potassium accumulation in voltage-clamped frog ventricular muscle.", "content": "1. Application of voltage clamp pulses (1--10 sec) to frog ventricular strips causes temporary changes in the extracellular K concentration. 2. The changes in the extracellular K concentration can be estimated from (a) slowly decaying post-clamp after-potentials, (b) changes in the action potential duration, and (c) measurements with a K-selective micro-electrode. 3. The depolarization of the resting potential and the shortening of the action potential are present in approximately the same proportions during voltage-clamp induced extracellular K accumulation and during perfusion with a K-ricn Ringer solution but small consistent differences are noticed. 4. The measurements of the after-potential, the action potential shortening, and the K-electrode response were analysed as indicators of extracellular K+ activity and it was concluded that the after-potential provides the most convenient and reliable estimate of the absolute magnitude of the voltage-clamp induced extracellular K accumulation. 5. The depolarizing after-potentials decay more slowly than the hyperpolarizing after-potentials but it is found that this reflects the selectivity of the membrane to K+ concentrations as predicted by the Nernst or the Goldman equations. 6. Analysis of the redistribution of accumulated K+ from the decay of the after-potential suggests that the major part of the redistribution process can be described by a single time constant (2--4 sec). A much longer time constant is required for a smaller component of the 'tail' in order to bring [K]o to the normal resting state. 7. N-shaped relations similar to the 'steady state' current-voltage relation are obtained when the post-clamp after-potential, the action potential shortening, and the K-electrode response are plotted versus the clamped membrane potential. The maxima of these curves are located around -40 mV and the minima around -20 mV. 8. In spite of a significant outward membrane current (1--1.5 microamperemeter) in the minimum region (-20 mV), the post-clamp after-potential is often hyperpolarizing in nature suggesting extracellular K depletion. 9. These findings indicate that the K efflux is lower at -20 mV than at both higher and lower potentials and suggest that the N-shape 'steady state' current-voltage relation mainly reflects the voltage dependency of the K current. 10. A theory for K accumulation in a single compartment is presented which predicts that a simple linear RC-circuit may describe the electrical response of the preparation in a limited potential range around the resting potential. The extracellular accumulation space was estimated to be 13--16% of the total volume of the preparation. It is tentatively suggested that the accumulation space is equivalent to the subendothelial fraction of the extracellular space.", "contents": "Extracellular potassium accumulation in voltage-clamped frog ventricular muscle. 1. Application of voltage clamp pulses (1--10 sec) to frog ventricular strips causes temporary changes in the extracellular K concentration. 2. The changes in the extracellular K concentration can be estimated from (a) slowly decaying post-clamp after-potentials, (b) changes in the action potential duration, and (c) measurements with a K-selective micro-electrode. 3. The depolarization of the resting potential and the shortening of the action potential are present in approximately the same proportions during voltage-clamp induced extracellular K accumulation and during perfusion with a K-ricn Ringer solution but small consistent differences are noticed. 4. The measurements of the after-potential, the action potential shortening, and the K-electrode response were analysed as indicators of extracellular K+ activity and it was concluded that the after-potential provides the most convenient and reliable estimate of the absolute magnitude of the voltage-clamp induced extracellular K accumulation. 5. The depolarizing after-potentials decay more slowly than the hyperpolarizing after-potentials but it is found that this reflects the selectivity of the membrane to K+ concentrations as predicted by the Nernst or the Goldman equations. 6. Analysis of the redistribution of accumulated K+ from the decay of the after-potential suggests that the major part of the redistribution process can be described by a single time constant (2--4 sec). A much longer time constant is required for a smaller component of the 'tail' in order to bring [K]o to the normal resting state. 7. N-shaped relations similar to the 'steady state' current-voltage relation are obtained when the post-clamp after-potential, the action potential shortening, and the K-electrode response are plotted versus the clamped membrane potential. The maxima of these curves are located around -40 mV and the minima around -20 mV. 8. In spite of a significant outward membrane current (1--1.5 microamperemeter) in the minimum region (-20 mV), the post-clamp after-potential is often hyperpolarizing in nature suggesting extracellular K depletion. 9. These findings indicate that the K efflux is lower at -20 mV than at both higher and lower potentials and suggest that the N-shape 'steady state' current-voltage relation mainly reflects the voltage dependency of the K current. 10. A theory for K accumulation in a single compartment is presented which predicts that a simple linear RC-circuit may describe the electrical response of the preparation in a limited potential range around the resting potential. The extracellular accumulation space was estimated to be 13--16% of the total volume of the preparation. It is tentatively suggested that the accumulation space is equivalent to the subendothelial fraction of the extracellular space.", "PMID": 312322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3460", "title": "The effect of aprotinin on luteolytic and uterine contractile mechanisms in the pregnant rat at term.", "content": "The effect of the kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin on luteal function, uterine activity and parturition was studied in primigravid pregnant rats. Luteal function was monitored by the determination of serum progesterone levels. Aprotinin given daily from Day 19 to Day 22 of gestation had no effect on progesterone concentrations compared to saline-treated controls, but indomethacin delayed the decline in progesterone levels over the same time period. Aprotinin treatment had no effect on fetal and placental weights from Days 19 to 22 of gestation. Aprotinin infusion in Day-22 pregnant rats resulted in a reduction in uterine motility (studied by continuous recording in conscious rats by means of an intrauterine microballoon) in 10/12 rats. Continuous infusion of aprotinin into rats which had been allowed to deliver one young resulted in a significantly prolonged duration of parturition compared to that in saline-infused controls. In one rat the delivery process was completely arrested and recommended only when the infusion was stopped. Aprotonin had no effect on either the spontaneous or oxytocin-induced uterine contractions of the isolated Day-22 pregnant rat uterus. It is concluded that the kallikrein-kinin system in the late pregnant rat does not appear to be involved in the luteolytic process but may play a functional role in the control of uterine and/or cervical function before and during parturition.", "contents": "The effect of aprotinin on luteolytic and uterine contractile mechanisms in the pregnant rat at term. The effect of the kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin on luteal function, uterine activity and parturition was studied in primigravid pregnant rats. Luteal function was monitored by the determination of serum progesterone levels. Aprotinin given daily from Day 19 to Day 22 of gestation had no effect on progesterone concentrations compared to saline-treated controls, but indomethacin delayed the decline in progesterone levels over the same time period. Aprotinin treatment had no effect on fetal and placental weights from Days 19 to 22 of gestation. Aprotinin infusion in Day-22 pregnant rats resulted in a reduction in uterine motility (studied by continuous recording in conscious rats by means of an intrauterine microballoon) in 10/12 rats. Continuous infusion of aprotinin into rats which had been allowed to deliver one young resulted in a significantly prolonged duration of parturition compared to that in saline-infused controls. In one rat the delivery process was completely arrested and recommended only when the infusion was stopped. Aprotonin had no effect on either the spontaneous or oxytocin-induced uterine contractions of the isolated Day-22 pregnant rat uterus. It is concluded that the kallikrein-kinin system in the late pregnant rat does not appear to be involved in the luteolytic process but may play a functional role in the control of uterine and/or cervical function before and during parturition.", "PMID": 312324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3461", "title": "Hemophilus influenza septicemia and midtrimester abortion.", "content": "A case of midtrimester septic abortion due to Hemophilus influenza is discussed on the basis that the pathogeneses of the septic abortion was due to the hematogenous spread of the organism orginating from upper respiratory infection. The absence of ruptured membranes and the elevated antibody titer at the onset of the pelvic infection were in keeping with this hypothesis. Additional data on the bacteriology of this organism and the probability of the occurrence of a type b organism with original ampicillin resistance are presented.", "contents": "Hemophilus influenza septicemia and midtrimester abortion. A case of midtrimester septic abortion due to Hemophilus influenza is discussed on the basis that the pathogeneses of the septic abortion was due to the hematogenous spread of the organism orginating from upper respiratory infection. The absence of ruptured membranes and the elevated antibody titer at the onset of the pelvic infection were in keeping with this hypothesis. Additional data on the bacteriology of this organism and the probability of the occurrence of a type b organism with original ampicillin resistance are presented.", "PMID": 312325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3462", "title": "Sepsis and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to duodenal-caval fistula: complications of delayed treatment of a penetrating abdominal injury (case report).", "content": "Sepsis and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to duodenal-caval fistula complicated delayed treatment of an abdominal gunshot wound. Gastric and duodenal decompression, external drainage of the duodenal repair, and caval ligation are preferred for delayed treatment of combined duodenal and infrarenal vena caval injuries.", "contents": "Sepsis and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to duodenal-caval fistula: complications of delayed treatment of a penetrating abdominal injury (case report). Sepsis and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to duodenal-caval fistula complicated delayed treatment of an abdominal gunshot wound. Gastric and duodenal decompression, external drainage of the duodenal repair, and caval ligation are preferred for delayed treatment of combined duodenal and infrarenal vena caval injuries.", "PMID": 312331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3463", "title": "Effects of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on the vesicourethral function in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "There were 17 spinal cord injury men with drug-resistant pain who were treated with transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Bladder and sphincter dysfunctions were evaluated by gas cystosphincterometry and rectal sphinctero-electromyography with the patient in 2 different positions. With the use of transcutaneous nerve stimulation for pain we noted no demonstrable urodynamic changes in acute and chronic paraplegics and chronic quadriplegics. However, there was an increase in the urethral pressures and in the rectal electromyogram spike potentials in acute and recent (less than 2 years post-injury) quadriplegics with postural detrusor-striated sphincter dyssynergia. Therefore, caution is necessary when transcutaneous nerve stimulation is used in this particular group of patients since it might be detrimental to the genitourinary tract.", "contents": "Effects of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on the vesicourethral function in spinal cord injury patients. There were 17 spinal cord injury men with drug-resistant pain who were treated with transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Bladder and sphincter dysfunctions were evaluated by gas cystosphincterometry and rectal sphinctero-electromyography with the patient in 2 different positions. With the use of transcutaneous nerve stimulation for pain we noted no demonstrable urodynamic changes in acute and chronic paraplegics and chronic quadriplegics. However, there was an increase in the urethral pressures and in the rectal electromyogram spike potentials in acute and recent (less than 2 years post-injury) quadriplegics with postural detrusor-striated sphincter dyssynergia. Therefore, caution is necessary when transcutaneous nerve stimulation is used in this particular group of patients since it might be detrimental to the genitourinary tract.", "PMID": 312332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3464", "title": "New pathways in portal hypertension surgery.", "content": "An individualized treatment of portal hypertension is advocated. The treatment is suggested to be based upon the presence of complications to the disease: bleeding oesophageal varices, insufficient cardia function, regurgitation and oesophagitis, hyperacidity, stomach and duodenal ulcer, ascites and hypersplenism. The choice of method of treatment of the patient depends on the presence of the symptoms. There are several methods available. These can be divided in methods directed against one symptom - unisymptomatic treatment - and methods directed against several symptoms - polysymptomatic treatments. The author advocates a more frequent use of decongestion operations and pexi operations. For acute control of bleeding varices it seems that sclerotherapy is the preferred choice at present.", "contents": "New pathways in portal hypertension surgery. An individualized treatment of portal hypertension is advocated. The treatment is suggested to be based upon the presence of complications to the disease: bleeding oesophageal varices, insufficient cardia function, regurgitation and oesophagitis, hyperacidity, stomach and duodenal ulcer, ascites and hypersplenism. The choice of method of treatment of the patient depends on the presence of the symptoms. There are several methods available. These can be divided in methods directed against one symptom - unisymptomatic treatment - and methods directed against several symptoms - polysymptomatic treatments. The author advocates a more frequent use of decongestion operations and pexi operations. For acute control of bleeding varices it seems that sclerotherapy is the preferred choice at present.", "PMID": 312347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3465", "title": "Selective coronary-caval shunt using internal jugular autograft, in the treatment of portal hypertension.", "content": "The selective coronary-caval shunt is considered to be one of the better procedures in the surgical treatment of portal hypertension. We have altered the previously described technique by using an internal jugular vein grafting which possesses some advantages. We have performed this shunt utilizing an internal jugular vein autograft in eight patients, who had at least one major hemorrhage from esophageal varices three to twelve months before operation. There were no postoperative deaths. All four patients are still alive three months to six years after shunting without bleeding episodes. In the X-ray and endoscopic studies the esophagogastric varices were noted to be markedly smaller in size than they were before shunting.", "contents": "Selective coronary-caval shunt using internal jugular autograft, in the treatment of portal hypertension. The selective coronary-caval shunt is considered to be one of the better procedures in the surgical treatment of portal hypertension. We have altered the previously described technique by using an internal jugular vein grafting which possesses some advantages. We have performed this shunt utilizing an internal jugular vein autograft in eight patients, who had at least one major hemorrhage from esophageal varices three to twelve months before operation. There were no postoperative deaths. All four patients are still alive three months to six years after shunting without bleeding episodes. In the X-ray and endoscopic studies the esophagogastric varices were noted to be markedly smaller in size than they were before shunting.", "PMID": 312348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3466", "title": "Inhibition of in vitro Friend murine leukemia virus infection of lipopolysaccharide-activated B-cells with concanavalin A.", "content": "Stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of splenic B-lymphocytes infected in vitro with Friend virus complex increased the number of cells with replicating murine leukemia virus (MuLV) [i.e., infectious centers (IC)] up to 100-fold. Concanavalin A (Con A) did not have such an effect. However, the addition of Con A to the LPS-stimulated cultures decreased the number of IC. The inhibitory concentration of Con A (2.5 microgram/ml) was eightfold less than that capable of neutralizing the in vitro infectivity of MuLV (20 microgram/ml). The effect of Con A was not mediated by T-cells; the inhibition of infection was comparable with use of whole spleen cell suspensions from normal BALB/c mice, with T-cell-depleted cell suspensions, or with spleen cells with congenitally athymic nude mice. However, specific removal of Con A from the surface of B-cells with alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside prior to the infection reversed the inhibitory effect entirely. It is suggested that the lectin interferes with MuLV on the membrane of B-cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of in vitro Friend murine leukemia virus infection of lipopolysaccharide-activated B-cells with concanavalin A. Stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of splenic B-lymphocytes infected in vitro with Friend virus complex increased the number of cells with replicating murine leukemia virus (MuLV) [i.e., infectious centers (IC)] up to 100-fold. Concanavalin A (Con A) did not have such an effect. However, the addition of Con A to the LPS-stimulated cultures decreased the number of IC. The inhibitory concentration of Con A (2.5 microgram/ml) was eightfold less than that capable of neutralizing the in vitro infectivity of MuLV (20 microgram/ml). The effect of Con A was not mediated by T-cells; the inhibition of infection was comparable with use of whole spleen cell suspensions from normal BALB/c mice, with T-cell-depleted cell suspensions, or with spleen cells with congenitally athymic nude mice. However, specific removal of Con A from the surface of B-cells with alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside prior to the infection reversed the inhibitory effect entirely. It is suggested that the lectin interferes with MuLV on the membrane of B-cells.", "PMID": 312351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3467", "title": "Serum requirements for in vivo modulation of thymus-leukemia antigens on mouse leukemia cells and thymocytes.", "content": "Mouse leukemia cells and normal thymocytes bearing thymus-leukemia (TL) cell surface antigens were previously shown to acquire resistance to lysis by guinea pig complement (C) during incubation with TL alloantiserum in vitro at 37 degrees C due to heat-labile serum activity resulting in deposition of mouse C3 onto the cell surface. The role of heat-labile serum activity and C3 in modulation of TL+ cells in vivo in mice actively or passively immunized against TL antigens was investigated. Mice of the TL-/TL+ C57BL/6J (B6) strain and the B6 congenic strain B6-Tiaa possessed poorly modulating sera, and the radiation-induced A-strain leukemia RADA1 transplanted into B6 mice passively immunized with heated (56 degrees C) TL antiserum failed to modulate; thymocytes of B6-Tiaa mice immunized similarly also did not modulate. A specific requirement for mouse C3 deposition onto RADA1 cells to achieve a modulated state was demonstrated in actively immunized TL- (B6 X A-Tiab)F1 mice in which circulating C3 and modulating activity were depleted by administration of cobra venom factor. In immunized (B6 X A-Tiab)F1 mice bearing RADA1 transplants and repeatedly given injections of B6 serum, tumor cells escaped immune destruction despite a lack of modulation. Thus modulation of TL antigenicity on tumor cells in vivo, but not tumor escape, required cell-bound C3.", "contents": "Serum requirements for in vivo modulation of thymus-leukemia antigens on mouse leukemia cells and thymocytes. Mouse leukemia cells and normal thymocytes bearing thymus-leukemia (TL) cell surface antigens were previously shown to acquire resistance to lysis by guinea pig complement (C) during incubation with TL alloantiserum in vitro at 37 degrees C due to heat-labile serum activity resulting in deposition of mouse C3 onto the cell surface. The role of heat-labile serum activity and C3 in modulation of TL+ cells in vivo in mice actively or passively immunized against TL antigens was investigated. Mice of the TL-/TL+ C57BL/6J (B6) strain and the B6 congenic strain B6-Tiaa possessed poorly modulating sera, and the radiation-induced A-strain leukemia RADA1 transplanted into B6 mice passively immunized with heated (56 degrees C) TL antiserum failed to modulate; thymocytes of B6-Tiaa mice immunized similarly also did not modulate. A specific requirement for mouse C3 deposition onto RADA1 cells to achieve a modulated state was demonstrated in actively immunized TL- (B6 X A-Tiab)F1 mice in which circulating C3 and modulating activity were depleted by administration of cobra venom factor. In immunized (B6 X A-Tiab)F1 mice bearing RADA1 transplants and repeatedly given injections of B6 serum, tumor cells escaped immune destruction despite a lack of modulation. Thus modulation of TL antigenicity on tumor cells in vivo, but not tumor escape, required cell-bound C3.", "PMID": 312352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3468", "title": "Nonspecific T-cell reactivity in mice bearing autochthonous tumors or early-generation transplanted spontaneous mammary tumors.", "content": "The mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) by spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice bearing either autochthonous tumors or early-generation transplanted spontaneous mammary tumors was depressed in some, but not all, tumor-bearing animals. T-cell hyporesponsiveness in both groups was associated with the larger (more rapidly growing) tumor burdens. The growth patterns of the transplanted tumors and the associated PHA-induced responses were not affected by the initial tumor cell dose or by the number of in vivo passages of the tumor cell lines. Suppressor cell activity was detected in the hyporesponsive spleens of mice bearing transplanted tumors. Depletion of phagocytic macrophages, rayon wool-adherent cells, or theta-positive lymphocytes did not remove the suppressor cell activity. The mitogenic response of some but not all hyporesponsive spleens from autochthonous tumor bearers was restored after removal of phagocytic macrophages. The results demonstrated the heterogeneity of the factor(s) influencing non-specific T-cell reactivity in animals bearing spontaneous mammary tumors. Furthermore, our data suggest that nonspecific immunosuppression does not precede spontaneous tumor appearance but is probably a late result of rapid, extensive tumor growth.", "contents": "Nonspecific T-cell reactivity in mice bearing autochthonous tumors or early-generation transplanted spontaneous mammary tumors. The mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) by spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice bearing either autochthonous tumors or early-generation transplanted spontaneous mammary tumors was depressed in some, but not all, tumor-bearing animals. T-cell hyporesponsiveness in both groups was associated with the larger (more rapidly growing) tumor burdens. The growth patterns of the transplanted tumors and the associated PHA-induced responses were not affected by the initial tumor cell dose or by the number of in vivo passages of the tumor cell lines. Suppressor cell activity was detected in the hyporesponsive spleens of mice bearing transplanted tumors. Depletion of phagocytic macrophages, rayon wool-adherent cells, or theta-positive lymphocytes did not remove the suppressor cell activity. The mitogenic response of some but not all hyporesponsive spleens from autochthonous tumor bearers was restored after removal of phagocytic macrophages. The results demonstrated the heterogeneity of the factor(s) influencing non-specific T-cell reactivity in animals bearing spontaneous mammary tumors. Furthermore, our data suggest that nonspecific immunosuppression does not precede spontaneous tumor appearance but is probably a late result of rapid, extensive tumor growth.", "PMID": 312353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3469", "title": "[Differential use of glucagon in acute period of myocardial infarct].", "content": "The work demonstrates the efficacy of glucagon in acute myocardial infarction and its complications, particularly in bradycardia, hypotension, disorders of cardiac rhythm and conduction, cardiogenic shock, cardiac insufficiency in complete atrioventricular heart block and recurrent forms of ventricular fibrillation. A differential approach and dynamic control over the effect of the drug on the values of hemodynamics, respiration, and metabolism are necessary under the conditions of units of intensive therapy and cardioresuscitation.", "contents": "[Differential use of glucagon in acute period of myocardial infarct]. The work demonstrates the efficacy of glucagon in acute myocardial infarction and its complications, particularly in bradycardia, hypotension, disorders of cardiac rhythm and conduction, cardiogenic shock, cardiac insufficiency in complete atrioventricular heart block and recurrent forms of ventricular fibrillation. A differential approach and dynamic control over the effect of the drug on the values of hemodynamics, respiration, and metabolism are necessary under the conditions of units of intensive therapy and cardioresuscitation.", "PMID": 312354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3470", "title": "[Possibilities of emergency coronary surgery in acute myocardial ischemia (clinico-experimental study)].", "content": "The work is based on the analysis of data on 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction who underwent emergency operations for aorticocoronary shunting and on the findings of 50 dog experiments. Comparison of experimental and clinical data showed that the extrapolation of experimental parameters to a sick person should be undertaken with caution and with a greater probability for groups of patients suffering from myocarial infarction for the first time and with no chronic ischemic heart disease. A time period of six hours from the moment symptoms of myocardial infarction develop is the optimum term for emergency aorticocoronary shunting. A successful operation, however, is also possible at later periods, 15 to 18 hours form the time myocardial infarction develops.", "contents": "[Possibilities of emergency coronary surgery in acute myocardial ischemia (clinico-experimental study)]. The work is based on the analysis of data on 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction who underwent emergency operations for aorticocoronary shunting and on the findings of 50 dog experiments. Comparison of experimental and clinical data showed that the extrapolation of experimental parameters to a sick person should be undertaken with caution and with a greater probability for groups of patients suffering from myocarial infarction for the first time and with no chronic ischemic heart disease. A time period of six hours from the moment symptoms of myocardial infarction develop is the optimum term for emergency aorticocoronary shunting. A successful operation, however, is also possible at later periods, 15 to 18 hours form the time myocardial infarction develops.", "PMID": 312355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3471", "title": "[Indications for a multiple aortocoronary bypass].", "content": "Coronarograms recorded from 101 patients with ischemic heart disease are appraised. Four hundred coronary arteries were examined, a marked stenosing process was found in 259, i. e. 2.5 affected arteries on the average per each heart. In diffuse coronary sclerosis, the most complete myocardial revascularization is only possible when the blood flow is restored in several coronary arteries. A shunt should be created on no more than 4 arteries. The anterior interventricular and right coronary arteries and the diagonal and lateral branches of the left coronary artery are used most frequently for establishing aorticocoronary shunts. The volume of the operation in multiple shunting is determined by the number of affected arteries and their anatomical distribution and physiological importance in the myocardial blood supply. It is necessary to create 2.3 shunts on the average.", "contents": "[Indications for a multiple aortocoronary bypass]. Coronarograms recorded from 101 patients with ischemic heart disease are appraised. Four hundred coronary arteries were examined, a marked stenosing process was found in 259, i. e. 2.5 affected arteries on the average per each heart. In diffuse coronary sclerosis, the most complete myocardial revascularization is only possible when the blood flow is restored in several coronary arteries. A shunt should be created on no more than 4 arteries. The anterior interventricular and right coronary arteries and the diagonal and lateral branches of the left coronary artery are used most frequently for establishing aorticocoronary shunts. The volume of the operation in multiple shunting is determined by the number of affected arteries and their anatomical distribution and physiological importance in the myocardial blood supply. It is necessary to create 2.3 shunts on the average.", "PMID": 312356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3472", "title": "[Characteristics of the hemodynamics after an aortocoronary bypass and resection of a heart aneurysm].", "content": "Autovenous aortocoronary shunt was performed in 136 patients and resection of aneurysm of the heart in 38 patients. The immediate postoperative period was studied scrupulously in 48 patients. A significant reduction of cardiac output is observed in the first 24 hours after operation for aortocoronary shunt, which is linked with the patients' severe condition before operation, the operative trauma, completeness of revascularization, and the size of the blood flow in the shunt. Study of correlations between the most important indices of hemodynamics showed that the mean pressure in the left atrium and the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery may reflect the functional condition of the left ventricle in the immediate postoperative period with high significance.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the hemodynamics after an aortocoronary bypass and resection of a heart aneurysm]. Autovenous aortocoronary shunt was performed in 136 patients and resection of aneurysm of the heart in 38 patients. The immediate postoperative period was studied scrupulously in 48 patients. A significant reduction of cardiac output is observed in the first 24 hours after operation for aortocoronary shunt, which is linked with the patients' severe condition before operation, the operative trauma, completeness of revascularization, and the size of the blood flow in the shunt. Study of correlations between the most important indices of hemodynamics showed that the mean pressure in the left atrium and the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery may reflect the functional condition of the left ventricle in the immediate postoperative period with high significance.", "PMID": 312357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3473", "title": "[Primary hereditary cristalline corneal dystrophy of Schnyder. Histopathology and ultrastructure (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study consists of light- and electron-microscopic examination of excised cornea in a case of lipid keratopathy (Schnyder) in which a perforating keratoplasty was performed. It demonstrates the deposition of cristalline and non-cristalline substances in the corneal epithelium as well as the anterior half of the corneal stroma. Histiocytic elements infiltrate the subepithelial connective tissue. Bowman's membrane is conspicuously almost totally missing. The paper concludes with a discussion of the above findings.", "contents": "[Primary hereditary cristalline corneal dystrophy of Schnyder. Histopathology and ultrastructure (author's transl)]. The present study consists of light- and electron-microscopic examination of excised cornea in a case of lipid keratopathy (Schnyder) in which a perforating keratoplasty was performed. It demonstrates the deposition of cristalline and non-cristalline substances in the corneal epithelium as well as the anterior half of the corneal stroma. Histiocytic elements infiltrate the subepithelial connective tissue. Bowman's membrane is conspicuously almost totally missing. The paper concludes with a discussion of the above findings.", "PMID": 312360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3474", "title": "Increased prevalence of mature females bearing pigmented oocytes from populations of Minnesota Rana pipiens.", "content": "Mature female leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, collected from several sites in Minnesota from 1967 through 1977, were examined for the presence of pigmented oocytes. An increase in the percent of mature females with pigmented oocytes was observed in the frogs captured in 1977 compared to those captured earlier. Coincident with the increase in prevalence of females with pigmented oocytes, there was a decline in abundance of the frogs.", "contents": "Increased prevalence of mature females bearing pigmented oocytes from populations of Minnesota Rana pipiens. Mature female leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, collected from several sites in Minnesota from 1967 through 1977, were examined for the presence of pigmented oocytes. An increase in the percent of mature females with pigmented oocytes was observed in the frogs captured in 1977 compared to those captured earlier. Coincident with the increase in prevalence of females with pigmented oocytes, there was a decline in abundance of the frogs.", "PMID": 312362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3475", "title": "Angina following myocardial revascularization. Does time of recurrence predict etiology and influence results of operation?", "content": "To assess the operative mortality and long-term results in patients undergoing repeat revascularization for recurrent angina, we analyzed 48 consecutive patients operated upon at New York University Medical Center between 1970 and 1978. Between January, 1970, and July, 1973, 15 patients underwent repeat revascularization with five operative deaths (33 percent). Thirty-three patients underwent similar operations from July, 1973, to July, 1978, with only one operative death (3 percent). Technical factors and improved methods of myocardial protection during the operation directly influence this decrease in operative mortality rate. The indication for reoperation was incapacitating angina developing within 2 months of the inital operation in 18 patients (early failures) and after more than 2 months in 30 patients (late failures). The early failures were most commonly attributed to technical factors (33 percent) and graft occlusion by exuberant pericardial scarring (33 percent). The late failures were commonly related to the development of new native coronary lesions (47 percent) and selection of an incorrect site for distal anastomoses (23 percent). The prognostic and therapeutic implications of these findings will be discussed in detail. Angina was abolished or significantly decreased in 90 percent of the survivors, and there were only two late deaths occuring 18 and 20 months postoperatively. These data indicate that patients undergoing repeat myocardial revascularization can be operated upon with low operative mortality rates and symptomatic improvement comparable to that of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass for the first time.", "contents": "Angina following myocardial revascularization. Does time of recurrence predict etiology and influence results of operation? To assess the operative mortality and long-term results in patients undergoing repeat revascularization for recurrent angina, we analyzed 48 consecutive patients operated upon at New York University Medical Center between 1970 and 1978. Between January, 1970, and July, 1973, 15 patients underwent repeat revascularization with five operative deaths (33 percent). Thirty-three patients underwent similar operations from July, 1973, to July, 1978, with only one operative death (3 percent). Technical factors and improved methods of myocardial protection during the operation directly influence this decrease in operative mortality rate. The indication for reoperation was incapacitating angina developing within 2 months of the inital operation in 18 patients (early failures) and after more than 2 months in 30 patients (late failures). The early failures were most commonly attributed to technical factors (33 percent) and graft occlusion by exuberant pericardial scarring (33 percent). The late failures were commonly related to the development of new native coronary lesions (47 percent) and selection of an incorrect site for distal anastomoses (23 percent). The prognostic and therapeutic implications of these findings will be discussed in detail. Angina was abolished or significantly decreased in 90 percent of the survivors, and there were only two late deaths occuring 18 and 20 months postoperatively. These data indicate that patients undergoing repeat myocardial revascularization can be operated upon with low operative mortality rates and symptomatic improvement comparable to that of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass for the first time.", "PMID": 312365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3476", "title": "Effects of methylprednisolone in cardioplegic solution during coronary bypass grafting.", "content": "The effects of adding 500 mg. of methylprednisolone to each liter of cardioplegic solution were studied in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafts. Patients were randomly assigned to control (12 patients) or steroid-treated groups (10 patients). The cardioplegic solution was identical in the two groups except for the added methylprednisolone. Contractile element velocity (VCE and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were recorded immediately before and after perfusion in the operating room. There were no differences between the two groups with respect to these two variables or the postoperative courses. Thus this study fails to demonstrate a beneficial effect of methylprednisolone when added to cardioplegic solutions.", "contents": "Effects of methylprednisolone in cardioplegic solution during coronary bypass grafting. The effects of adding 500 mg. of methylprednisolone to each liter of cardioplegic solution were studied in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafts. Patients were randomly assigned to control (12 patients) or steroid-treated groups (10 patients). The cardioplegic solution was identical in the two groups except for the added methylprednisolone. Contractile element velocity (VCE and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were recorded immediately before and after perfusion in the operating room. There were no differences between the two groups with respect to these two variables or the postoperative courses. Thus this study fails to demonstrate a beneficial effect of methylprednisolone when added to cardioplegic solutions.", "PMID": 312366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3477", "title": "Diagnosis and management of fibrositis syndrome and psychogenic rheumatism.", "content": "Diffuse aching and stiffness may be caused by a fibrositis syndrome or by psychogenic rheumatism. If fibrositis is present, a careful search for underlying disease is made, and appropriate therapy started depending upon the results of all diagnostic studies.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of fibrositis syndrome and psychogenic rheumatism. Diffuse aching and stiffness may be caused by a fibrositis syndrome or by psychogenic rheumatism. If fibrositis is present, a careful search for underlying disease is made, and appropriate therapy started depending upon the results of all diagnostic studies.", "PMID": 312411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3478", "title": "[Neurootological findings in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "After clinical examination of 104 patients with multiple sclerosis sensory-motor dysfunctions of the extremities turned out to be the predominant symptoms. Hypacusis, tinnitus and dizziness were mentioned by less than 15% of the patients. The investigation of the vestibular system showed often an enhanced caloric reaction and dysfunctions of the optokinetic mystagmus as well as the eye tracking test. Moreover the threshold for temperature and gustatory sensations was often enhanced. Hypacusis was found only in a few patients, in less than 30% the SISI and the tone decay test indicated neuronal dysfunctions.", "contents": "[Neurootological findings in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. After clinical examination of 104 patients with multiple sclerosis sensory-motor dysfunctions of the extremities turned out to be the predominant symptoms. Hypacusis, tinnitus and dizziness were mentioned by less than 15% of the patients. The investigation of the vestibular system showed often an enhanced caloric reaction and dysfunctions of the optokinetic mystagmus as well as the eye tracking test. Moreover the threshold for temperature and gustatory sensations was often enhanced. Hypacusis was found only in a few patients, in less than 30% the SISI and the tone decay test indicated neuronal dysfunctions.", "PMID": 312413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3479", "title": "[How useful is the intersaccadic interval analysis of vestibular nystagmus for clinical diagnostic (author's transl)].", "content": "The intersaccadic interval analysis of vestibular nystagmus was proposed by Cheng et al. in 1974. This method gives a statistical and sequential description of intersaccadic intervals. Until now there were no reports concerning the clinical diagnostic relevance of this method in vestibular disturbancies. Therefore, we checked 8 normal probands and 7 patients (3 peripheral, 3 central vestibular lesions, one congenital nystagmus). Compared to common nystagmus parameters like maximum speed of slow phase or minimum frequency normal probands showed a relatively high variability, as well as the patients - excluding congenital nystagmus. The maximum of intersaccadic intervals of the latter was very marked between 0,9 and 1,0 seconds. In the other cases the normally monomodal distributed maxima were between 0,2 and 0,6 sec. A multimodal distribution, as described by Cheng et al. in 1974, were to be found very seldomly. The comparison of intersaccadic interval analysis with the common nystagmus parameters showed, that in clinical diagnostic this method should not be too necessary. However, regarding scientific research - including mathematical models of vestibular nystagmus - the intersaccadic interval analysis could be useful.", "contents": "[How useful is the intersaccadic interval analysis of vestibular nystagmus for clinical diagnostic (author's transl)]. The intersaccadic interval analysis of vestibular nystagmus was proposed by Cheng et al. in 1974. This method gives a statistical and sequential description of intersaccadic intervals. Until now there were no reports concerning the clinical diagnostic relevance of this method in vestibular disturbancies. Therefore, we checked 8 normal probands and 7 patients (3 peripheral, 3 central vestibular lesions, one congenital nystagmus). Compared to common nystagmus parameters like maximum speed of slow phase or minimum frequency normal probands showed a relatively high variability, as well as the patients - excluding congenital nystagmus. The maximum of intersaccadic intervals of the latter was very marked between 0,9 and 1,0 seconds. In the other cases the normally monomodal distributed maxima were between 0,2 and 0,6 sec. A multimodal distribution, as described by Cheng et al. in 1974, were to be found very seldomly. The comparison of intersaccadic interval analysis with the common nystagmus parameters showed, that in clinical diagnostic this method should not be too necessary. However, regarding scientific research - including mathematical models of vestibular nystagmus - the intersaccadic interval analysis could be useful.", "PMID": 312414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3480", "title": "[Adverse reactions in metrizamide-meatocisternography (author's transl)].", "content": "To avoid disantvantages and possible late reactions of oily contrast medium we performed 18 Meatocisternographies using the watersoluble contrast medium Metrizamide (Amipaque). Anti-convulsive premedication and clinical observance over a period of 24 h are necessary due to adverse reactions.", "contents": "[Adverse reactions in metrizamide-meatocisternography (author's transl)]. To avoid disantvantages and possible late reactions of oily contrast medium we performed 18 Meatocisternographies using the watersoluble contrast medium Metrizamide (Amipaque). Anti-convulsive premedication and clinical observance over a period of 24 h are necessary due to adverse reactions.", "PMID": 312415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3481", "title": "The visible vessel as an indicator of uncontrolled or recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "content": "Although endoscopic examination in patients with bleeding of the upper gastrointestinal tract has improved diagnostic accuracy, it has not been useful in predicting clinical outcome and has not been shown to improve the patients' prognoses. This article describes a subgroup of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding whose clinical outcome can be predicted at the time of endoscopy. In 28 of 317 patients who underwent endoscopy, a \"visible vessel\" was seen in an ulcer presumed to be the bleeding site. All 28 were later recommended for operation because of recurrent (86 per cent) or uncontrolled (14 per cent) hemorrhage. In contrast, 75 per cent of the remaining 289 patients in whom vessels were not seen, whether or not bleeding from ulcers, had single bleeding episodes managed medically. Since patients with a \"visible vessel\" can be expected to have uncontrolled or recurrent hemorrhage, surgical treatment should be considered at the time of endoscopy if such a vessel is seen.", "contents": "The visible vessel as an indicator of uncontrolled or recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Although endoscopic examination in patients with bleeding of the upper gastrointestinal tract has improved diagnostic accuracy, it has not been useful in predicting clinical outcome and has not been shown to improve the patients' prognoses. This article describes a subgroup of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding whose clinical outcome can be predicted at the time of endoscopy. In 28 of 317 patients who underwent endoscopy, a \"visible vessel\" was seen in an ulcer presumed to be the bleeding site. All 28 were later recommended for operation because of recurrent (86 per cent) or uncontrolled (14 per cent) hemorrhage. In contrast, 75 per cent of the remaining 289 patients in whom vessels were not seen, whether or not bleeding from ulcers, had single bleeding episodes managed medically. Since patients with a \"visible vessel\" can be expected to have uncontrolled or recurrent hemorrhage, surgical treatment should be considered at the time of endoscopy if such a vessel is seen.", "PMID": 312463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3482", "title": "[Laminar analysis of the synaptic organization of the frog optic tectum].", "content": "Distribution of axo-axonic and axo-dendritic synapses, nervous terminals and neuron somata in the depth of the optic tectum was studied in frog Rana temporaria L. in norm and 6-9, 60 and 134 days after contralateral eye enucleation. In outer plexiform layer 9 density of synapses was found to be maximal near the surface of the tectum; it decreased in deeper levels. In the outer zone of layer 9 (about 0.30 micrometer from the surface) many axo-axonic synapses were found. Terminals of myelinated optic fibres of large diameter (\"dark\" terminal degeneration) were widely distributed in layer 9. Density of axo-dendritic synapses in deep plexiform layer 5 was similar to that in layer 9. Numerous nervous terminals containing not only light synaptic vesicles, but also granular vesicles were seen in layer 5 and in adjacent zones.", "contents": "[Laminar analysis of the synaptic organization of the frog optic tectum]. Distribution of axo-axonic and axo-dendritic synapses, nervous terminals and neuron somata in the depth of the optic tectum was studied in frog Rana temporaria L. in norm and 6-9, 60 and 134 days after contralateral eye enucleation. In outer plexiform layer 9 density of synapses was found to be maximal near the surface of the tectum; it decreased in deeper levels. In the outer zone of layer 9 (about 0.30 micrometer from the surface) many axo-axonic synapses were found. Terminals of myelinated optic fibres of large diameter (\"dark\" terminal degeneration) were widely distributed in layer 9. Density of axo-dendritic synapses in deep plexiform layer 5 was similar to that in layer 9. Numerous nervous terminals containing not only light synaptic vesicles, but also granular vesicles were seen in layer 5 and in adjacent zones.", "PMID": 312467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3483", "title": "[Hypothalamic hyperosmolarity in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypothalamic lesions occasionally lead to excessive hypernatraemia and hyperosmolarity which cannot be explained by defective ADH secretion alone. As osmoregulation is a complex system the clinical features differ widely from one patient to another. In general central dysregulation of osmolarity is due to diffuse hypothalamic lesions, e.g. inflammatory inflammatory infiltration by histiocytosis X or by large suprasellar tumours. We report on a ten-year-old girl suffering from a suprasellar spongioblastoma and a twelve-year-old-girl, who had been operated for a large craniopharyngioma. Polyuria and polydipsia were not present. Whereas one patient presented hypernatraemic crises and showed normal osmolarity at the intervals, the other patient suffered from sustained hypernatraemia and hyperosmolarity. In the first patient water loading led promptly to clinical and laboratory normalisation. In the other case water loading failed to decrease hyperosmolarity but led to oedema. In the first patient hypernatraemic crises were combined with decreased serum potassium levels and elevated urinary aldosterone excretion. Therefore acute and long-term trials of spironolactone treatment were successful. Exogenous ADH-derivatives failed to normalize hyperosmolarity. In the other patient, however, DDAVP decreased the serum sodium level seen with small doses.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic hyperosmolarity in childhood (author's transl)]. Hypothalamic lesions occasionally lead to excessive hypernatraemia and hyperosmolarity which cannot be explained by defective ADH secretion alone. As osmoregulation is a complex system the clinical features differ widely from one patient to another. In general central dysregulation of osmolarity is due to diffuse hypothalamic lesions, e.g. inflammatory inflammatory infiltration by histiocytosis X or by large suprasellar tumours. We report on a ten-year-old girl suffering from a suprasellar spongioblastoma and a twelve-year-old-girl, who had been operated for a large craniopharyngioma. Polyuria and polydipsia were not present. Whereas one patient presented hypernatraemic crises and showed normal osmolarity at the intervals, the other patient suffered from sustained hypernatraemia and hyperosmolarity. In the first patient water loading led promptly to clinical and laboratory normalisation. In the other case water loading failed to decrease hyperosmolarity but led to oedema. In the first patient hypernatraemic crises were combined with decreased serum potassium levels and elevated urinary aldosterone excretion. Therefore acute and long-term trials of spironolactone treatment were successful. Exogenous ADH-derivatives failed to normalize hyperosmolarity. In the other patient, however, DDAVP decreased the serum sodium level seen with small doses.", "PMID": 312468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3484", "title": "Synaptosomal uptake of hypothalamic monoamines and recovery of pituitary-adrenal activity following medial forebrain bundle lesions in rats.", "content": "The normal diurnal variation in plasma corticosterone (COR) was abolished and the response to ether stress was enhanced at 3 days following the production of medial forebrain bundle (MFB) lesions in male rats. However, by 7 days following surgery, basal plasma COR levels and the response to ether stress appeared normal. These alterations and subsequent recovery of pituitary-adrenal activity were accompanied by decreasing hypothalamic synaptosomal uptake of serotonin (5HT) and increasing synaptosomal uptake of dopamine (DA), evident at 3 and continuing at 7 days following the lesion. Uptake of norepinephrine (NE) was not affected at 3 days but showed a reduction at 7 days following surgery. The results suggest that disruption of ascending 5HT and NE fibers to the hypothalamus can alter pituitary-adrenal activity but that normal activity recovers by 7 days following the lesion. The correlation between recovery of pituitary-adrenal activity and increases in the normal uptake of hypothalamic DA suggest that DA may interact with 5HT and NE systems in the normal control of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) release.", "contents": "Synaptosomal uptake of hypothalamic monoamines and recovery of pituitary-adrenal activity following medial forebrain bundle lesions in rats. The normal diurnal variation in plasma corticosterone (COR) was abolished and the response to ether stress was enhanced at 3 days following the production of medial forebrain bundle (MFB) lesions in male rats. However, by 7 days following surgery, basal plasma COR levels and the response to ether stress appeared normal. These alterations and subsequent recovery of pituitary-adrenal activity were accompanied by decreasing hypothalamic synaptosomal uptake of serotonin (5HT) and increasing synaptosomal uptake of dopamine (DA), evident at 3 and continuing at 7 days following the lesion. Uptake of norepinephrine (NE) was not affected at 3 days but showed a reduction at 7 days following surgery. The results suggest that disruption of ascending 5HT and NE fibers to the hypothalamus can alter pituitary-adrenal activity but that normal activity recovers by 7 days following the lesion. The correlation between recovery of pituitary-adrenal activity and increases in the normal uptake of hypothalamic DA suggest that DA may interact with 5HT and NE systems in the normal control of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) release.", "PMID": 312469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3485", "title": "L-5HTP treatment and serum 5-HT level after L-5-HTP loading on depressed patients.", "content": "Based on 5-HT hypothesis, L-5-HTP (150 or 300 mg/day) was given orally to 18 depressed patients. The global estimates were 2 very much improved; 8 much improved; 3 minimally improved, and 5 unchanged. The action of L-5-HTP was usually rapid. The elevation of the serum 5-HT level 1 week after L-5-HTP administration was relatively lower in the 5-HTP nonresponder group, compared with the responders. The chronological change of the serum 5-HT level in depressed patients after an oral loading dose of 3 mg/kg of L-5-HTP showed a gradual and slight elevation, compared with manic and normal groups. It seemed that the therapeutic effect of L-5-HTP on responders was related to lower 5-HT level in the brain for their pathogenesis, and that there was a metabolic disturbance of L-5-HTP into 5-HT in some depressed patients.", "contents": "L-5HTP treatment and serum 5-HT level after L-5-HTP loading on depressed patients. Based on 5-HT hypothesis, L-5-HTP (150 or 300 mg/day) was given orally to 18 depressed patients. The global estimates were 2 very much improved; 8 much improved; 3 minimally improved, and 5 unchanged. The action of L-5-HTP was usually rapid. The elevation of the serum 5-HT level 1 week after L-5-HTP administration was relatively lower in the 5-HTP nonresponder group, compared with the responders. The chronological change of the serum 5-HT level in depressed patients after an oral loading dose of 3 mg/kg of L-5-HTP showed a gradual and slight elevation, compared with manic and normal groups. It seemed that the therapeutic effect of L-5-HTP on responders was related to lower 5-HT level in the brain for their pathogenesis, and that there was a metabolic disturbance of L-5-HTP into 5-HT in some depressed patients.", "PMID": 312470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3486", "title": "Humoral immunity before and after thymectomy in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Humoral immunity was studied in 10 patients with myasthenia gravis before thymectomy, in 15 different patients over 10 years after thymectomy, and in normal controls. Antibody titers to acetylcholine receptor were significantly (p less than 0.01) lower in the post-thymectomy group. However, other antibody titers to common viruses, and to Escherichia coli, and isohemagglutinins showed no significant change. Levels of IgM and IgE (with atopic subjects excluded) decreased following thymectomy (p less than 0.05). Autoantibodies persisted, apart from those directed against the acetylcholine receptor. The absence of any significant changes in humoral immunity after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis suggests that there is no generalized loss of helper T-cell function.", "contents": "Humoral immunity before and after thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. Humoral immunity was studied in 10 patients with myasthenia gravis before thymectomy, in 15 different patients over 10 years after thymectomy, and in normal controls. Antibody titers to acetylcholine receptor were significantly (p less than 0.01) lower in the post-thymectomy group. However, other antibody titers to common viruses, and to Escherichia coli, and isohemagglutinins showed no significant change. Levels of IgM and IgE (with atopic subjects excluded) decreased following thymectomy (p less than 0.05). Autoantibodies persisted, apart from those directed against the acetylcholine receptor. The absence of any significant changes in humoral immunity after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis suggests that there is no generalized loss of helper T-cell function.", "PMID": 312471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3487", "title": "Optic neuropathy and ophthalmoplegia in herpes zoster oticus.", "content": "A 55-year-old man with herpes zoster oticus and minimal cutaneous involvement developed reversible optic neuropathy, and ocular motor and cerebellar abnormalities. Serologic changes confirmed infection with herpes zoster. A demyelinating process seems likely to have been responsible for these lesions. It is suggested that herpes zoster antibody titers should be measured whenever the syndrome of polyneuritis cranialis of acute onset is being investigated.", "contents": "Optic neuropathy and ophthalmoplegia in herpes zoster oticus. A 55-year-old man with herpes zoster oticus and minimal cutaneous involvement developed reversible optic neuropathy, and ocular motor and cerebellar abnormalities. Serologic changes confirmed infection with herpes zoster. A demyelinating process seems likely to have been responsible for these lesions. It is suggested that herpes zoster antibody titers should be measured whenever the syndrome of polyneuritis cranialis of acute onset is being investigated.", "PMID": 312472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3488", "title": "Lanthony's new color test. II. Clinical evaluation.", "content": "The desaturated 15 Hue test is estimated to give about 7% false-positive single protanopic confusions. Confusions between tetartanopic and protanopic directions are not infrequent. The New Color Test findings, in general, reflect the AOH-R-R pathology but, among other things, because of the difference in their size, the classifications of both tests should not be compared. The New Color Test proves to be valuable, and can be easily employed in a routine clinical procedure. An examination scheme is proposed.", "contents": "Lanthony's new color test. II. Clinical evaluation. The desaturated 15 Hue test is estimated to give about 7% false-positive single protanopic confusions. Confusions between tetartanopic and protanopic directions are not infrequent. The New Color Test findings, in general, reflect the AOH-R-R pathology but, among other things, because of the difference in their size, the classifications of both tests should not be compared. The New Color Test proves to be valuable, and can be easily employed in a routine clinical procedure. An examination scheme is proposed.", "PMID": 312478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3489", "title": "Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency associated with severe neurologic disease and mild hyperphenylalaninemia.", "content": "A deficiency of hepatic dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) activity was found in a neurologically impaired infant with mild hyperphenylalaninemia and normal levels of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase. DHPR is required for the regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential cofactor in aromatic amino acid hydroxylation, a necessary step in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin. Evidence for decreased synthesis of these transmitters in this patient was provided by the finding of reduced levels of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, metabolites of dopamine and serotonin, respectively, in the cerebrospinal fluid and urine. Treatment with dopamine and serotonin precursors, L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan, respectively, was associated with improvement in temperament and motor tone and less frequent seizures. However, there was no improvement in gross motor function or language development.", "contents": "Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency associated with severe neurologic disease and mild hyperphenylalaninemia. A deficiency of hepatic dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) activity was found in a neurologically impaired infant with mild hyperphenylalaninemia and normal levels of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase. DHPR is required for the regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential cofactor in aromatic amino acid hydroxylation, a necessary step in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin. Evidence for decreased synthesis of these transmitters in this patient was provided by the finding of reduced levels of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, metabolites of dopamine and serotonin, respectively, in the cerebrospinal fluid and urine. Treatment with dopamine and serotonin precursors, L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan, respectively, was associated with improvement in temperament and motor tone and less frequent seizures. However, there was no improvement in gross motor function or language development.", "PMID": 312482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3490", "title": "Treatment of Haemophilus influenzae type B epiglottitis.", "content": "During 1969-1977, 48 children with blood cultures proved positive for Haemophilus influenzae type B epiglottitis were evaluated and treated. The fatality rate was 2%; one child died and another developed irreversible hypoxic brain damage. Ninety-five percent of the children were intubated and none required tracheostomy. The endotracheal tubes remained in place for 3.3 +/- 1.5 days. Short-term parenteral antimicrobial therapy, 4.0 +/- 1.4 days, was sufficient to eradicate bacteremia and prevent metastatic infectious foci. This report demonstrates the excellent results achieved in the treatment of epiglottitis with brief intubation and parenteral antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of Haemophilus influenzae type B epiglottitis. During 1969-1977, 48 children with blood cultures proved positive for Haemophilus influenzae type B epiglottitis were evaluated and treated. The fatality rate was 2%; one child died and another developed irreversible hypoxic brain damage. Ninety-five percent of the children were intubated and none required tracheostomy. The endotracheal tubes remained in place for 3.3 +/- 1.5 days. Short-term parenteral antimicrobial therapy, 4.0 +/- 1.4 days, was sufficient to eradicate bacteremia and prevent metastatic infectious foci. This report demonstrates the excellent results achieved in the treatment of epiglottitis with brief intubation and parenteral antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 312484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3491", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children and adolescents.", "content": "This is a retrospective study of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in 68 children and adolescents who were less than 19 years old. In descending order of frequency, the five most common causes were duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, esophagitis, gastritis, and esophageal varices. There was male predominance in all diagnoses except gastric ulcers and gastritis. Signs and symptoms correlated poorly with the source of bleeding. Endoscopy was the most reliable method of identifying the bleeding site. Mortality correlated with the following: (1) initial hematocrit or hemoglobin level of less than 20% or less than 7 gm/100 ml, respectively, (2) transfusion requirements of greater than 85 ml/kg of blood without surgical intervention, (3) failure to identify the source of bleeding, (4) presence of a coagulation disorder, and (5) coexistence of another life-threatening disease.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children and adolescents. This is a retrospective study of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in 68 children and adolescents who were less than 19 years old. In descending order of frequency, the five most common causes were duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, esophagitis, gastritis, and esophageal varices. There was male predominance in all diagnoses except gastric ulcers and gastritis. Signs and symptoms correlated poorly with the source of bleeding. Endoscopy was the most reliable method of identifying the bleeding site. Mortality correlated with the following: (1) initial hematocrit or hemoglobin level of less than 20% or less than 7 gm/100 ml, respectively, (2) transfusion requirements of greater than 85 ml/kg of blood without surgical intervention, (3) failure to identify the source of bleeding, (4) presence of a coagulation disorder, and (5) coexistence of another life-threatening disease.", "PMID": 312485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3492", "title": "Ototoxicity in neonates treated with gentamicin and kanamycin: results of a four-year controlled follow-up study.", "content": "This article reports the results of a four-year follow-up study initiated in 1970 on the long-term effects of gentamicin and kanamycin use in newborn infants. Audiometric, vestibular, and psychometric evaluations were performed on gentamicin-treated, kanamycin-treated, and untreated, matched control infants and children. No substantial sensorineural hearing loss or vestibular dysfunction was identified in these patients that could be attributed to aminoglycoside therapy. Performances on the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Beery Test of Visual Motor Integration, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and on fine and gross motor examinations were comparable for the three study groups.", "contents": "Ototoxicity in neonates treated with gentamicin and kanamycin: results of a four-year controlled follow-up study. This article reports the results of a four-year follow-up study initiated in 1970 on the long-term effects of gentamicin and kanamycin use in newborn infants. Audiometric, vestibular, and psychometric evaluations were performed on gentamicin-treated, kanamycin-treated, and untreated, matched control infants and children. No substantial sensorineural hearing loss or vestibular dysfunction was identified in these patients that could be attributed to aminoglycoside therapy. Performances on the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Beery Test of Visual Motor Integration, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and on fine and gross motor examinations were comparable for the three study groups.", "PMID": 312486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3493", "title": "Physical growth in phenylketonuria: I. A retrospective study.", "content": "A retrospective cross-sectional survey of phenylketonuria (PKU) was conducted in 1967. Questionnaires on 693 patients, clinically thought to have PKU, were reanalyzed to obtain information on growth in height and head circumference in patients with untreated and previously treated PKU. To provide a comparison to the growth findings of the Collaborative PKU Study, a definition of PKU was adopted to correspond to the one used in that study. Stature in 232 outpatients with untreated PKU was normal but, in 31 institutionalized individuals, the mean height was -1.4 standard deviations below the mean of a normal population. Head circumference in patients with untreated PKU was normal at birth, but showed an increasingly negative deviance with age and was -1.4 SD in untreated adults. Height measurements of 135 children with PKU in whom treatment was started before 121 days of age (age chosen to coincide with criteria for the Collaborative Study) had a significant reduction in height growth, -.8 SD. Head circumference measurements of 115 children treated for PKU were -.7 SD of normal. The depression in head circumference was less in treated subjects with PKU than in untreated ones of the same age. These findings are corroborated by a review of the literature, which contains no convincing report of normal growth during treatment of PKU.", "contents": "Physical growth in phenylketonuria: I. A retrospective study. A retrospective cross-sectional survey of phenylketonuria (PKU) was conducted in 1967. Questionnaires on 693 patients, clinically thought to have PKU, were reanalyzed to obtain information on growth in height and head circumference in patients with untreated and previously treated PKU. To provide a comparison to the growth findings of the Collaborative PKU Study, a definition of PKU was adopted to correspond to the one used in that study. Stature in 232 outpatients with untreated PKU was normal but, in 31 institutionalized individuals, the mean height was -1.4 standard deviations below the mean of a normal population. Head circumference in patients with untreated PKU was normal at birth, but showed an increasingly negative deviance with age and was -1.4 SD in untreated adults. Height measurements of 135 children with PKU in whom treatment was started before 121 days of age (age chosen to coincide with criteria for the Collaborative Study) had a significant reduction in height growth, -.8 SD. Head circumference measurements of 115 children treated for PKU were -.7 SD of normal. The depression in head circumference was less in treated subjects with PKU than in untreated ones of the same age. These findings are corroborated by a review of the literature, which contains no convincing report of normal growth during treatment of PKU.", "PMID": 312489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3494", "title": "Physical growth in phenylketonuria: II. Growth of treated children in the PKU collaborative study from birth to 4 years of age.", "content": "Height, weight, and head circumference data up to age 4 years are reported for 124 children with phenylketonuria (PKU) who had been started on diet management before 4 months (121 days) of age and who were participating in the Collaborative Study of Children Treated for Phenylketonuria. Growth measurements of both the children and their parents corresponded with national and international standards. The growth of children with PKU was compared also with that of a group of normal children in the United States in whom corresponding longitudinal growth data had been obtained at the Fels Research Institute (FRI). Statistically significant differences betweeen the groups were not noted at any age. However, when these groups were compared on coefficients using curve fitting, a trend toward a greater increase in weight as they became older, noted in both sexes in the PKU study group, was significantly higher (P less than .005) in the PKU study girls compared with the FRI sample. Height growth was identical in both groups, and comparison with family data showed that the children with PKU grew as expected for their genetic endowment.", "contents": "Physical growth in phenylketonuria: II. Growth of treated children in the PKU collaborative study from birth to 4 years of age. Height, weight, and head circumference data up to age 4 years are reported for 124 children with phenylketonuria (PKU) who had been started on diet management before 4 months (121 days) of age and who were participating in the Collaborative Study of Children Treated for Phenylketonuria. Growth measurements of both the children and their parents corresponded with national and international standards. The growth of children with PKU was compared also with that of a group of normal children in the United States in whom corresponding longitudinal growth data had been obtained at the Fels Research Institute (FRI). Statistically significant differences betweeen the groups were not noted at any age. However, when these groups were compared on coefficients using curve fitting, a trend toward a greater increase in weight as they became older, noted in both sexes in the PKU study group, was significantly higher (P less than .005) in the PKU study girls compared with the FRI sample. Height growth was identical in both groups, and comparison with family data showed that the children with PKU grew as expected for their genetic endowment.", "PMID": 312490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3495", "title": "NBD-5-acylcholine: fluorescent analog of acetylcholine and agonist at the neuromuscular junction.", "content": "We have studied the properties of N-7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)-omega-aminohexanoic acid beta-(N-trimethylammonium)ethyl ester, a fluorescent analog of acetylcholine at the cellular level by using pharmacological and electrophysiological techniques and at the molecular level by measuring the kinetics of interaction with solubilized acetylcholine receptor and with acetylcholine esterase (EC 3.1.1.7). The fluorescent drug is a powerful agonist of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and also strongly desensitizes muscle fibers. Interaction with acetylcholine receptor is accompanied by large changes in the drug's fluorescence. From the kinetics of interaction studied by means of a stopped-flow fluorimeter with laser light source, we obtained a second-order forward rate constant in excess of 1 X 10(8) M-1 sec-1 and an initial dissociation rate constant (k1) of 0.5 sec-1 for receptor from Electrophorous electricus. Interaction of this analog with acetylcholine esterase from E. electricus is accompanied by a transient decrease in fluorescence followed by an increase leading to a stable plateau value at a level near the original one. The initial decrease in fluorescence followed second-order kinetics with k2 of the order of 10(9) M-1 sec-1. The slower consecutive reaction which could be blocked by phosphorylation of the esteratic site, was of first order with k1 = 0.05 sec-1.", "contents": "NBD-5-acylcholine: fluorescent analog of acetylcholine and agonist at the neuromuscular junction. We have studied the properties of N-7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)-omega-aminohexanoic acid beta-(N-trimethylammonium)ethyl ester, a fluorescent analog of acetylcholine at the cellular level by using pharmacological and electrophysiological techniques and at the molecular level by measuring the kinetics of interaction with solubilized acetylcholine receptor and with acetylcholine esterase (EC 3.1.1.7). The fluorescent drug is a powerful agonist of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and also strongly desensitizes muscle fibers. Interaction with acetylcholine receptor is accompanied by large changes in the drug's fluorescence. From the kinetics of interaction studied by means of a stopped-flow fluorimeter with laser light source, we obtained a second-order forward rate constant in excess of 1 X 10(8) M-1 sec-1 and an initial dissociation rate constant (k1) of 0.5 sec-1 for receptor from Electrophorous electricus. Interaction of this analog with acetylcholine esterase from E. electricus is accompanied by a transient decrease in fluorescence followed by an increase leading to a stable plateau value at a level near the original one. The initial decrease in fluorescence followed second-order kinetics with k2 of the order of 10(9) M-1 sec-1. The slower consecutive reaction which could be blocked by phosphorylation of the esteratic site, was of first order with k1 = 0.05 sec-1.", "PMID": 312497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3496", "title": "Human platelet membrane receptor for bovine von Willebrand factor (platelet aggregating factor): an integral membrane glycoprotein.", "content": "The platelet membrane receptor for bovine von Willebrand factor, platelet aggregating factor, has been reported to be a property of a soluble glycoprotein, glycocalicin, that is loosely attached to the platelet surface and represents one of the major glycoproteins of the platelet glycocalyx. The studies reported here, however, demonstrate that fractions from human platelets containing glycocalicin have no bovine von Willebrand factor receptor activity. Instead, only fractions containing platelet membranes have receptor activity. By using a nonionic detergent, Brij 99, active receptor can be solubilized from the membrane. Some quantitation of the intact or solubilized receptor activity is possible because the aggregation curves produced by mixtures of various dilutions of membranes and a constant concentration of standard normal bovine plasma are linear when plotted against the logarithm of the concentration of receptor. The dose-response curve obtained with Brij 99-solubilized membranes is not parallel to that obtained with intact membranes. Lectin-specificity studies of the bovine von Willebrand factor receptor, soluble in Brij 99, demonstrate binding to a wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose 4B affinity gel but little or no binding to similar affinity gels of concanavalin A or Lens culinaris lectin. By using wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose 4B as a lectin affinity column, partial purification of the receptor is possible. Stability studies of the receptor in intact membranes show essentially no loss of activity for at least 6 days when membranes are stored at 4 degrees C in buffers containing 1 mM EDTA. One freezing and thawing cycle results in minimal loss of initial activity but the receptor activity of the thawed material is less stable over time than is fresh material. Repeated freezing and thawing destroys the activity and, once lost, it can not be recovered, even with detergents.", "contents": "Human platelet membrane receptor for bovine von Willebrand factor (platelet aggregating factor): an integral membrane glycoprotein. The platelet membrane receptor for bovine von Willebrand factor, platelet aggregating factor, has been reported to be a property of a soluble glycoprotein, glycocalicin, that is loosely attached to the platelet surface and represents one of the major glycoproteins of the platelet glycocalyx. The studies reported here, however, demonstrate that fractions from human platelets containing glycocalicin have no bovine von Willebrand factor receptor activity. Instead, only fractions containing platelet membranes have receptor activity. By using a nonionic detergent, Brij 99, active receptor can be solubilized from the membrane. Some quantitation of the intact or solubilized receptor activity is possible because the aggregation curves produced by mixtures of various dilutions of membranes and a constant concentration of standard normal bovine plasma are linear when plotted against the logarithm of the concentration of receptor. The dose-response curve obtained with Brij 99-solubilized membranes is not parallel to that obtained with intact membranes. Lectin-specificity studies of the bovine von Willebrand factor receptor, soluble in Brij 99, demonstrate binding to a wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose 4B affinity gel but little or no binding to similar affinity gels of concanavalin A or Lens culinaris lectin. By using wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose 4B as a lectin affinity column, partial purification of the receptor is possible. Stability studies of the receptor in intact membranes show essentially no loss of activity for at least 6 days when membranes are stored at 4 degrees C in buffers containing 1 mM EDTA. One freezing and thawing cycle results in minimal loss of initial activity but the receptor activity of the thawed material is less stable over time than is fresh material. Repeated freezing and thawing destroys the activity and, once lost, it can not be recovered, even with detergents.", "PMID": 312498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3497", "title": "Formation of 5-hydroxykynurenine and 5-hydroxykynurenamine from 5-hydroxytryptophan in rabbit small intestine.", "content": "In order to clarify the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase [indole:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing), EC 1.13.11.17] in the metabolism of serotonin, DL-5-hydroxy[methylene-(14)C]tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin, was incubated with slices of rabbit ileum. Resulting metabolites were separated by DEAE-cellulose column and polyamide column chromatography and identified by various chromatographic techniques and enzymatic analysis. Metabolites obtained in significant amounts were serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophol, 5-hydroxykynurenine, 5-hydroxykynurenamine, and 4,6-dihydroxyquinoline, representing 13.2, 15.8, 7.0, 21.9, 1.3, and 2.6% of the total metabolites, respectively. The first three compounds were previously reported to be major metabolites produced from 5-hydroxytryptophan by the action of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase, whereas the last three are formed by the cleavage of the indole ring by the action of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. In the presence of pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, the major metabolites obtained were serotonin, 5-hydroxykynurenine, and 5-hydroxykynurenamine, representing 29.6, 26.6, and 5.4% of the total metabolites, respectively. In the presence of RO4-4602, an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, 5-hydroxykynurenine was the sole major product. These results strongly suggest that the newly discovered metabolic pathway involving the cleavage of the indole ring of 5-hydroxytryptophan operates in vivo to a significant extent and that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase plays an important role in the regulation of serotonin levels in the small intestine of the rabbit.", "contents": "Formation of 5-hydroxykynurenine and 5-hydroxykynurenamine from 5-hydroxytryptophan in rabbit small intestine. In order to clarify the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase [indole:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing), EC 1.13.11.17] in the metabolism of serotonin, DL-5-hydroxy[methylene-(14)C]tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin, was incubated with slices of rabbit ileum. Resulting metabolites were separated by DEAE-cellulose column and polyamide column chromatography and identified by various chromatographic techniques and enzymatic analysis. Metabolites obtained in significant amounts were serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophol, 5-hydroxykynurenine, 5-hydroxykynurenamine, and 4,6-dihydroxyquinoline, representing 13.2, 15.8, 7.0, 21.9, 1.3, and 2.6% of the total metabolites, respectively. The first three compounds were previously reported to be major metabolites produced from 5-hydroxytryptophan by the action of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase, whereas the last three are formed by the cleavage of the indole ring by the action of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. In the presence of pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, the major metabolites obtained were serotonin, 5-hydroxykynurenine, and 5-hydroxykynurenamine, representing 29.6, 26.6, and 5.4% of the total metabolites, respectively. In the presence of RO4-4602, an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, 5-hydroxykynurenine was the sole major product. These results strongly suggest that the newly discovered metabolic pathway involving the cleavage of the indole ring of 5-hydroxytryptophan operates in vivo to a significant extent and that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase plays an important role in the regulation of serotonin levels in the small intestine of the rabbit.", "PMID": 312499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3498", "title": "Dual control of cell growth by somatomedins and platelet-derived growth factor.", "content": "Quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells exposed briefly to a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) become \"competent\" to replicate their DNA but do not \"progress\" into S phase unless incubated with growth factors contained in platelet-poor plasma. Plasma from hypophysectomized rats is deficient in progression activity; it does not stimulate PDGF-treated competent cells to synthesize DNA, demonstrating that somatomedin C is required for progression. Various growth factors were tested for progression activity and competence activity by using BALB/c 3T3 tissue culture assays. Multiplication stimulating activity and other members of the somatomedin family of growth factors are (like somatomedin C) potent mediators of progression. Other mitogenic agents, such as fibroblast growth factor, are (like PDGF) potent inducers of competence. Growth factors with potent progression activity have little or no competence activity and vice versa. In contrast, simian virus 40 provides both competence and progression activity. Coordinate control of BALB/c 3T3 cell growth in vitro by competence factors and somatomedins may be a specific example of a common pattern of growth regulation in animal tissues.", "contents": "Dual control of cell growth by somatomedins and platelet-derived growth factor. Quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells exposed briefly to a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) become \"competent\" to replicate their DNA but do not \"progress\" into S phase unless incubated with growth factors contained in platelet-poor plasma. Plasma from hypophysectomized rats is deficient in progression activity; it does not stimulate PDGF-treated competent cells to synthesize DNA, demonstrating that somatomedin C is required for progression. Various growth factors were tested for progression activity and competence activity by using BALB/c 3T3 tissue culture assays. Multiplication stimulating activity and other members of the somatomedin family of growth factors are (like somatomedin C) potent mediators of progression. Other mitogenic agents, such as fibroblast growth factor, are (like PDGF) potent inducers of competence. Growth factors with potent progression activity have little or no competence activity and vice versa. In contrast, simian virus 40 provides both competence and progression activity. Coordinate control of BALB/c 3T3 cell growth in vitro by competence factors and somatomedins may be a specific example of a common pattern of growth regulation in animal tissues.", "PMID": 312500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3499", "title": "Vasopressin stimulation of mouse 3T3 cell growth.", "content": "Vasopressin is shown to be a potent mitogen for Swiss 3T3 cells. The hormone (1--10 ng/ml) causes a striking shift of the dose--response curve for the effect of serum on thymidine incorporation by cultures of 3T3 cells arrested in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. In the absence of added serum, the effect of vasopressin on DNA synthesis is greatly potentiated by insulin, epidermal growth factor, and a factor isolated from medium conditioned by simian virus 40-infected baby hamster kidney cells. The mitogenic effect of vasopressin is dependent on time and hormone concentration. In the presence of insulin, the half-maximal effect elicited by the peptide is obtained at 0.6 ng/ml. [Arg]Vasopressin and [Lys]vasopressin are equally potent. The vasopressins are 10(3)-fold more potent than oxytocin. In the presence of a low (2.5%) concentration of serum, vasopressins stimulate cell proliferation.", "contents": "Vasopressin stimulation of mouse 3T3 cell growth. Vasopressin is shown to be a potent mitogen for Swiss 3T3 cells. The hormone (1--10 ng/ml) causes a striking shift of the dose--response curve for the effect of serum on thymidine incorporation by cultures of 3T3 cells arrested in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. In the absence of added serum, the effect of vasopressin on DNA synthesis is greatly potentiated by insulin, epidermal growth factor, and a factor isolated from medium conditioned by simian virus 40-infected baby hamster kidney cells. The mitogenic effect of vasopressin is dependent on time and hormone concentration. In the presence of insulin, the half-maximal effect elicited by the peptide is obtained at 0.6 ng/ml. [Arg]Vasopressin and [Lys]vasopressin are equally potent. The vasopressins are 10(3)-fold more potent than oxytocin. In the presence of a low (2.5%) concentration of serum, vasopressins stimulate cell proliferation.", "PMID": 312501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3500", "title": "Stereocilia mediate transduction in vertebrate hair cells (auditory system/cilium/vestibular system).", "content": "The vertebrate hair cell is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical stimulation of its hair bundle, which usually consists of numerous large microvilli (stereocilia) and a single true cilium (the kinocilium). We have examined the roles of these two components of the hair bundle by recording intracellularly from bullfrog saccular hair cells. Detachment of the kinocilium from the hair bundle and deflection of this cilium produces no receptor potentials. Mechanical stimulation of stereocilia, however, elicits responses of normal amplitude and sensitivity. Scanning electron microscopy confirms the assessments of ciliary position made during physiological recording. Stereocilia mediate the transduction process of the vertebrate hair cell, while the kinocilium may serve primarily as a linkage conveying mechanical displacements to the stereocilia.", "contents": "Stereocilia mediate transduction in vertebrate hair cells (auditory system/cilium/vestibular system). The vertebrate hair cell is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical stimulation of its hair bundle, which usually consists of numerous large microvilli (stereocilia) and a single true cilium (the kinocilium). We have examined the roles of these two components of the hair bundle by recording intracellularly from bullfrog saccular hair cells. Detachment of the kinocilium from the hair bundle and deflection of this cilium produces no receptor potentials. Mechanical stimulation of stereocilia, however, elicits responses of normal amplitude and sensitivity. Scanning electron microscopy confirms the assessments of ciliary position made during physiological recording. Stereocilia mediate the transduction process of the vertebrate hair cell, while the kinocilium may serve primarily as a linkage conveying mechanical displacements to the stereocilia.", "PMID": 312502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3501", "title": "Serotonin-norepinephrine interactions in the tremorolytic actions of phenoxybenzamine and trazodone.", "content": "Phenoxybenzamine (5 mg/kg IP) and trazodone (5 mg/kg IP) reduced tremors produced in mice by administration of oxotremorine (10 mg/kg), harmaline (80 mg/kg), catechol (60 mg/kg), kepone (200 mg/kg) and clonidine (100 mg/kg). Azapetine (10 mg/kg IP) in combination with L-5-hydroxytryptophan (50 mg/kg IP) reduced the tremor induced by oxotremorine, catechol, kepone and clonidine. In mice with lower thoracic spinal cord transection, phenoxybenzamine and trazodone reduced catechol-induced tremor above and below the site of transection. These findings suggest that an alpha noradrenergic-serotonergic neuronal balance in the spinal cord may modulate tremors of different etiologies.", "contents": "Serotonin-norepinephrine interactions in the tremorolytic actions of phenoxybenzamine and trazodone. Phenoxybenzamine (5 mg/kg IP) and trazodone (5 mg/kg IP) reduced tremors produced in mice by administration of oxotremorine (10 mg/kg), harmaline (80 mg/kg), catechol (60 mg/kg), kepone (200 mg/kg) and clonidine (100 mg/kg). Azapetine (10 mg/kg IP) in combination with L-5-hydroxytryptophan (50 mg/kg IP) reduced the tremor induced by oxotremorine, catechol, kepone and clonidine. In mice with lower thoracic spinal cord transection, phenoxybenzamine and trazodone reduced catechol-induced tremor above and below the site of transection. These findings suggest that an alpha noradrenergic-serotonergic neuronal balance in the spinal cord may modulate tremors of different etiologies.", "PMID": 312503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3502", "title": "Evaluation of the non-specific effects of catecholamine and serotonin neurotoxins by injection into the medial forebrain bundle of the rat.", "content": "Low doses of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) that have previously been shown to produce behavioral change following intracerebral infusion were injected into the medial forebrain bundle of the rat. This site contains serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) fibers whose anatomical locations have been described. Damage to these fiber systems was quantified by measuring depletion of telencephalic 5-HT, NE and DA. The effects of infusions of 6-OHDA, 5,6-DHT and 5,7-DHT were compared to the effects of unequivocally non-specific electrolytic lesions and copper sulfate infusions. Survival time was varied to evaluate the amount of regeneration that could be expected over periods from 8 to 60 days. Amine levels were found to be stable over the time period examined. With the doses used, evidence was found to support the position that non-specific damage caused by general cytotoxic effects of 6-OHDA and 5,7-DHT is minimized sufficiently to permit the acquisition of useful data on the function of central catecholamine and indoleamine systems.", "contents": "Evaluation of the non-specific effects of catecholamine and serotonin neurotoxins by injection into the medial forebrain bundle of the rat. Low doses of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) that have previously been shown to produce behavioral change following intracerebral infusion were injected into the medial forebrain bundle of the rat. This site contains serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) fibers whose anatomical locations have been described. Damage to these fiber systems was quantified by measuring depletion of telencephalic 5-HT, NE and DA. The effects of infusions of 6-OHDA, 5,6-DHT and 5,7-DHT were compared to the effects of unequivocally non-specific electrolytic lesions and copper sulfate infusions. Survival time was varied to evaluate the amount of regeneration that could be expected over periods from 8 to 60 days. Amine levels were found to be stable over the time period examined. With the doses used, evidence was found to support the position that non-specific damage caused by general cytotoxic effects of 6-OHDA and 5,7-DHT is minimized sufficiently to permit the acquisition of useful data on the function of central catecholamine and indoleamine systems.", "PMID": 312504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3503", "title": "\"Tennis elbow\"; evaluation, treatment, and prevention.", "content": "This paper will assist the physical therapist in selecting and applying proper treatment for the disorder commonly referred to as \"tennis elbow.\" The information 1) offers guidelines for determining the cause of pain; 2) assists in choosing a differential treatment plan; 3) outlines a complete, effective, and detailed rehabilitation program; and 4) includes an informative preventive program for the therapist and for the patient. The purpose of this paper is to present the information that the physical therapist needs to know in order to help the patient with \"tennis elbow\" return to the level of fitness necessary for participating in the athletic activity of his choice.", "contents": "\"Tennis elbow\"; evaluation, treatment, and prevention. This paper will assist the physical therapist in selecting and applying proper treatment for the disorder commonly referred to as \"tennis elbow.\" The information 1) offers guidelines for determining the cause of pain; 2) assists in choosing a differential treatment plan; 3) outlines a complete, effective, and detailed rehabilitation program; and 4) includes an informative preventive program for the therapist and for the patient. The purpose of this paper is to present the information that the physical therapist needs to know in order to help the patient with \"tennis elbow\" return to the level of fitness necessary for participating in the athletic activity of his choice.", "PMID": 312505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3504", "title": "Detection of dilated cerebral ventricles in infants: a correlative study between ultrasound and computed tomography.", "content": "Cross-sectional ultrasonic (US) and computed tomographic (CT) scans were obtained to compare their relative accuracies in determining cerebral ventricular size in 20 infants less than one year of age. The goal was to determine whether ultrasound imaging techniques could replace CT in the serial evaluation of the lateral ventricles, particularly in patients with ventricular shunts. The US images were obtained with a servo-controlled real-time sector and trapezoid scanner of the authors' own design. In 85% of the infants, biventricular width by US and CT differed by less than 0.5 cm, and in 95% by less than 1 cm.", "contents": "Detection of dilated cerebral ventricles in infants: a correlative study between ultrasound and computed tomography. Cross-sectional ultrasonic (US) and computed tomographic (CT) scans were obtained to compare their relative accuracies in determining cerebral ventricular size in 20 infants less than one year of age. The goal was to determine whether ultrasound imaging techniques could replace CT in the serial evaluation of the lateral ventricles, particularly in patients with ventricular shunts. The US images were obtained with a servo-controlled real-time sector and trapezoid scanner of the authors' own design. In 85% of the infants, biventricular width by US and CT differed by less than 0.5 cm, and in 95% by less than 1 cm.", "PMID": 312507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3505", "title": "[Contribution of EMG to the diagnosis of facial nerve and muscle involvement in neurinoma of the VIIIth nerve].", "content": "An examination of 5 cases of acoustic nerve neurinoma, and 3 cases where the diagnosis was suspected, showed that EMG signs of a possible facial nerve compression in the ponto-cerebellar angle were represented by abnormal activity at rest, sub-clinical signs of progressive neurogenic atrophy in the hemi-facial muscles, and a significant increase in the latency of the oligosynaptic R1 reflex response.", "contents": "[Contribution of EMG to the diagnosis of facial nerve and muscle involvement in neurinoma of the VIIIth nerve]. An examination of 5 cases of acoustic nerve neurinoma, and 3 cases where the diagnosis was suspected, showed that EMG signs of a possible facial nerve compression in the ponto-cerebellar angle were represented by abnormal activity at rest, sub-clinical signs of progressive neurogenic atrophy in the hemi-facial muscles, and a significant increase in the latency of the oligosynaptic R1 reflex response.", "PMID": 312511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3506", "title": "[Pulmonary function and clinical pattern in homozygous (PiZ) alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of 6 males with severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, underwent clinical and pulmonary function evaluation. Findings were compared to those in a group of males with different degrees of airflow obstruction, comparable ages and tobacco consumption, but with normal serum levels of alpha1-antitrypsin. The deficient group was characterized by: (1) a relatively early appearance of symptoms; (2) disturbed lung scans, mostly in the basal zones; (3) radiological evidence, in most cases, of pulmonary emphysema with, in particular, bullae in the lower lung zones; (4) hypoxemia without hypercapnia and a decreased TCO/VA, and (5) a more or less severe reduction of maximal expiratory flows largely, but not exclusively due to a decrease in lung elastic recoil. Clinical and functional parameters did not permit a clear distinction between the deficient and non-deficient groups.", "contents": "[Pulmonary function and clinical pattern in homozygous (PiZ) alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (author's transl)]. A group of 6 males with severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, underwent clinical and pulmonary function evaluation. Findings were compared to those in a group of males with different degrees of airflow obstruction, comparable ages and tobacco consumption, but with normal serum levels of alpha1-antitrypsin. The deficient group was characterized by: (1) a relatively early appearance of symptoms; (2) disturbed lung scans, mostly in the basal zones; (3) radiological evidence, in most cases, of pulmonary emphysema with, in particular, bullae in the lower lung zones; (4) hypoxemia without hypercapnia and a decreased TCO/VA, and (5) a more or less severe reduction of maximal expiratory flows largely, but not exclusively due to a decrease in lung elastic recoil. Clinical and functional parameters did not permit a clear distinction between the deficient and non-deficient groups.", "PMID": 312518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3507", "title": "Respiratory gas transport by the incompletely separated double circulation in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.", "content": "To investigate respiratory gas transport in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (mean body weight 249 g. ambient temperature 25 degrees C), O2 uptake and CO2 output were determined, and blood gas parameters (PO2, PCO2, pH, O2 content, O2 capacity and hematocrit) were measured in blood samples taken from various heart cavities and blood vessels. Analysis of the data on the basis of a simplified circulatory gas transport model allowed to estimate the cardiac output and its distribution, and to describe the O2 and CO2 exchange in lungs, skin and tissues. The total cardiac output (average 20.5 ml/min) was estimated to be distributed about equally to the pulmocutaneous (56%) and systemic arterial vessels (44%), whereas the systemic venous return (62%) was larger than the pulmonary venous return (38%). The marked difference in oxygenation between aortic and pulmocutaneous arterial blood (average O2 saturation 85% and 47%, respectively) showed a highly effective separation of systemic venous and pulmonary venous blood in the ventricle and conus arteriosus. After enlargement of the ventricle produced by incision of the pericardium, the separation of arterialized and venous blood was markedly reduced, but not abolished.", "contents": "Respiratory gas transport by the incompletely separated double circulation in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. To investigate respiratory gas transport in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (mean body weight 249 g. ambient temperature 25 degrees C), O2 uptake and CO2 output were determined, and blood gas parameters (PO2, PCO2, pH, O2 content, O2 capacity and hematocrit) were measured in blood samples taken from various heart cavities and blood vessels. Analysis of the data on the basis of a simplified circulatory gas transport model allowed to estimate the cardiac output and its distribution, and to describe the O2 and CO2 exchange in lungs, skin and tissues. The total cardiac output (average 20.5 ml/min) was estimated to be distributed about equally to the pulmocutaneous (56%) and systemic arterial vessels (44%), whereas the systemic venous return (62%) was larger than the pulmonary venous return (38%). The marked difference in oxygenation between aortic and pulmocutaneous arterial blood (average O2 saturation 85% and 47%, respectively) showed a highly effective separation of systemic venous and pulmonary venous blood in the ventricle and conus arteriosus. After enlargement of the ventricle produced by incision of the pericardium, the separation of arterialized and venous blood was markedly reduced, but not abolished.", "PMID": 312519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3508", "title": "Regulatory influences on the response of rabbit T cells to concanavalin A and phytohaemagglutinin.", "content": "The proliferative response, induced in rabbit spleen cells by concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), is abolished when T cells are killed with antibody against rabbit thymus lymphocyte antigen (RTLA) in the presence of complement. The response was examined with purified spleen T cells, to which various helper cell fractions were added; it could be shown that B cells help the responding T cells. The helper effect in the response to PHA is abolished and the response to Con A is reduced by any manoeuvre which destroys or removes B cells. Help by B cells is given when helper cells have lost proliferative capacity as a consequence of mitomycin-C treatment. Spleen cells adhering to the walls of culture tubes help suspended T spleen cells in their response to Con A. This help could be abolished by complement mediated cell kill with antibody to rabbit bursal equivalent lymphocyte antigen (RABELA). On the other hand, the helper effect in Con A response was increased when T cells were removed. Thus the response of T cells to Con A is regulated by helper B cells and suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Regulatory influences on the response of rabbit T cells to concanavalin A and phytohaemagglutinin. The proliferative response, induced in rabbit spleen cells by concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), is abolished when T cells are killed with antibody against rabbit thymus lymphocyte antigen (RTLA) in the presence of complement. The response was examined with purified spleen T cells, to which various helper cell fractions were added; it could be shown that B cells help the responding T cells. The helper effect in the response to PHA is abolished and the response to Con A is reduced by any manoeuvre which destroys or removes B cells. Help by B cells is given when helper cells have lost proliferative capacity as a consequence of mitomycin-C treatment. Spleen cells adhering to the walls of culture tubes help suspended T spleen cells in their response to Con A. This help could be abolished by complement mediated cell kill with antibody to rabbit bursal equivalent lymphocyte antigen (RABELA). On the other hand, the helper effect in Con A response was increased when T cells were removed. Thus the response of T cells to Con A is regulated by helper B cells and suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 312526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3509", "title": "Macrophage requirements of PPD-induced blastogenic factor production by T and B lymphocytes in the guinea-pig.", "content": "An attempt has been made to characterize the cell type which releases blastogenic factor(s) (BF) on purified protein derivative (PPD) stimulation in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-sensitized guinea-pig system and, further, to examine whether macrophages (Mphi) are required for antigen activation of T or B lymphocytes to produce this lymphokine. Both T and B lymphocyte populations from guinea-pigs 2-3 weeks after CFA sensitization (early-stage T and B cells) failed to produce significant amounts of BF in response to PPD, whereas both the populations from 10 to 14 weeks after sensitization (late-stage T and B cells) acquired the ability to produce BF by themselves. It is noteworthy that readded autologous Mphi not only functioned well to augment BF production by the late-stage T and B cells but also completely made up for the inability of the early-stage T and B cells to produce BF. From these data it is reasonable to conclude that in the guinea-pig sensitized T and B cells can both release BF on exposure to PPD and that Mphi either reconstitute or augment the BF synthetic response of T and B cells.", "contents": "Macrophage requirements of PPD-induced blastogenic factor production by T and B lymphocytes in the guinea-pig. An attempt has been made to characterize the cell type which releases blastogenic factor(s) (BF) on purified protein derivative (PPD) stimulation in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-sensitized guinea-pig system and, further, to examine whether macrophages (Mphi) are required for antigen activation of T or B lymphocytes to produce this lymphokine. Both T and B lymphocyte populations from guinea-pigs 2-3 weeks after CFA sensitization (early-stage T and B cells) failed to produce significant amounts of BF in response to PPD, whereas both the populations from 10 to 14 weeks after sensitization (late-stage T and B cells) acquired the ability to produce BF by themselves. It is noteworthy that readded autologous Mphi not only functioned well to augment BF production by the late-stage T and B cells but also completely made up for the inability of the early-stage T and B cells to produce BF. From these data it is reasonable to conclude that in the guinea-pig sensitized T and B cells can both release BF on exposure to PPD and that Mphi either reconstitute or augment the BF synthetic response of T and B cells.", "PMID": 312527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3510", "title": "[Principal symptoms in hemostasis disorders].", "content": "In a retrospective study the results of laboratory investigations were correlated with actual or previous bleeding symptoms of 40 patients. In 22 patients, a defect of hemostasis was documented in the laboratory, whereas the bleeding disorder, suggested by severe hemorrhage, could not be classified in 3 additional patients. In the remaining 15 individuals, no abnormality could be detected by the available laboratory methods. In the group with a documented bleeding disorder, 13 of 22 patients had prolonged bleeding following dental extraction or other surgery of the oral cavity. Other bleeding symptoms were equally distributed among patients with and without a documented defect. 3 patients had a positive family history, i.e. relatives with a hemorrhagic tendency. In 6 patients, a correlation between bleeding and the ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid could be established, while in 4 it was probable. Hemorrhagic complications following oral surgery, particularly in combination with drugs known to interfere with platelet function and a positive family history, strongly suggest an abnormality of hemostasis. Among the 22 patients with a documented defect of hemostasis, only 6 were found who did not present at least one of these leading symptoms.", "contents": "[Principal symptoms in hemostasis disorders]. In a retrospective study the results of laboratory investigations were correlated with actual or previous bleeding symptoms of 40 patients. In 22 patients, a defect of hemostasis was documented in the laboratory, whereas the bleeding disorder, suggested by severe hemorrhage, could not be classified in 3 additional patients. In the remaining 15 individuals, no abnormality could be detected by the available laboratory methods. In the group with a documented bleeding disorder, 13 of 22 patients had prolonged bleeding following dental extraction or other surgery of the oral cavity. Other bleeding symptoms were equally distributed among patients with and without a documented defect. 3 patients had a positive family history, i.e. relatives with a hemorrhagic tendency. In 6 patients, a correlation between bleeding and the ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid could be established, while in 4 it was probable. Hemorrhagic complications following oral surgery, particularly in combination with drugs known to interfere with platelet function and a positive family history, strongly suggest an abnormality of hemostasis. Among the 22 patients with a documented defect of hemostasis, only 6 were found who did not present at least one of these leading symptoms.", "PMID": 312528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3511", "title": "The role of central 5-hydroxytryptamine in acupuncture analgesia.", "content": "The role played by central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in acupuncture analgesia (AA) has been studied in rats with the tail-flick response as the antinociceptive test. The analgesic effect of acupuncture can be enhanced or lowered by the increment or the decrement of the 5-HT level in the CNS. Furthermore, the turnover rate of 5-HT in the CNS has been found to be greatly facilitated during the period of acupuncture. The results imply that 5-HT in the CNS may be one of the most important neurochemical agents mediating AA.", "contents": "The role of central 5-hydroxytryptamine in acupuncture analgesia. The role played by central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in acupuncture analgesia (AA) has been studied in rats with the tail-flick response as the antinociceptive test. The analgesic effect of acupuncture can be enhanced or lowered by the increment or the decrement of the 5-HT level in the CNS. Furthermore, the turnover rate of 5-HT in the CNS has been found to be greatly facilitated during the period of acupuncture. The results imply that 5-HT in the CNS may be one of the most important neurochemical agents mediating AA.", "PMID": 312529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3512", "title": "Voltage dependence of junctional conductance in early amphibian embryos.", "content": "Isolated pairs of blastomeres from early amphibian embryos (Ambystoma, Rana, Xenopus) are electrontonically coupled. Junctional conductance and permeability to the dye Lucifer Yellow are markeldy and reversibly decreased by moderate transjunctional polarization in either direction. The relationship between junctional conductance and transjunctional voltage is sufficiently steep that a physiological role in regulation of intercellular communication is plausible.", "contents": "Voltage dependence of junctional conductance in early amphibian embryos. Isolated pairs of blastomeres from early amphibian embryos (Ambystoma, Rana, Xenopus) are electrontonically coupled. Junctional conductance and permeability to the dye Lucifer Yellow are markeldy and reversibly decreased by moderate transjunctional polarization in either direction. The relationship between junctional conductance and transjunctional voltage is sufficiently steep that a physiological role in regulation of intercellular communication is plausible.", "PMID": 312530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3513", "title": "Left main coronary artery disease.", "content": "Eighteen patients with significant stenosis of the left main coronary artery are reported and compared with 1,040 patients described in the ten largest published series. In comparison to previous reports, our patients have a higher incidence of congestive heart failure, previous myocardial infarction (especially inferior wall), poorer left ventricular function, and more advanced coronary artery disease. Despite this, there was no increased risk during catheterization and bypass surgery. This small group of patients reflects the modern experience that, with increasing awareness of this lesion, there need not necessarily be a higher risk during diagnostic studies and therapeutic intervention.", "contents": "Left main coronary artery disease. Eighteen patients with significant stenosis of the left main coronary artery are reported and compared with 1,040 patients described in the ten largest published series. In comparison to previous reports, our patients have a higher incidence of congestive heart failure, previous myocardial infarction (especially inferior wall), poorer left ventricular function, and more advanced coronary artery disease. Despite this, there was no increased risk during catheterization and bypass surgery. This small group of patients reflects the modern experience that, with increasing awareness of this lesion, there need not necessarily be a higher risk during diagnostic studies and therapeutic intervention.", "PMID": 312531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3514", "title": "Reflux oesophagitis resembling varices.", "content": "Three cases of established reflux oesophagitis resembling varices are presented. Although the condition is rare, the importance of distinguishing oesophagitis from varices is pointed out in order to avoid unnecessary arteriography and surgery.", "contents": "Reflux oesophagitis resembling varices. Three cases of established reflux oesophagitis resembling varices are presented. Although the condition is rare, the importance of distinguishing oesophagitis from varices is pointed out in order to avoid unnecessary arteriography and surgery.", "PMID": 312537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3515", "title": "Determinants of restricted aorta-coronary bypass graft flow.", "content": "Several causes of restricted graft flow in a series of 99 patients could be identified by intraoperative measurements of aorta-coronary graft flow and poststenotic pressure. Mechanical stenosis as well as functional restriction of graft flow caused by competition between vein and native artery flow were noted in cases with a mildly stenotic artery or in cases with multiple coronary stenoses grafted to the same vessel. Also, analysis of regional wall motion showed that graft flow may be restricted when supplying areas with reduced wall motion. Knowledge of preoperative coronary anatomy and left ventricular function and careful intraoperative measurement of graft haemodynamics may aid in distinguishing between technical, functional, and myocardial factors of low graft flow.", "contents": "Determinants of restricted aorta-coronary bypass graft flow. Several causes of restricted graft flow in a series of 99 patients could be identified by intraoperative measurements of aorta-coronary graft flow and poststenotic pressure. Mechanical stenosis as well as functional restriction of graft flow caused by competition between vein and native artery flow were noted in cases with a mildly stenotic artery or in cases with multiple coronary stenoses grafted to the same vessel. Also, analysis of regional wall motion showed that graft flow may be restricted when supplying areas with reduced wall motion. Knowledge of preoperative coronary anatomy and left ventricular function and careful intraoperative measurement of graft haemodynamics may aid in distinguishing between technical, functional, and myocardial factors of low graft flow.", "PMID": 312545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3516", "title": "Thermocardiography--a method for continuous assessment of myocardial perfusion dynamics in the exposed animal and human heart.", "content": "In the exposed animal and human heart, coronary flow reduction results in a significant decrease of regional myocardial temperature. Epicardial temperature can be recorded instantaneously by the use of thermography. In contrast to other techniques, this method allows continuous assessment of rapid coronary flow changes and shows exactly the extent of myocardium involved. Value and limits of thermocardiography in animal experiments and during coronary bypass surgery are discussed and typical examples of myocardial thermograms obtained at various interventions are shown.", "contents": "Thermocardiography--a method for continuous assessment of myocardial perfusion dynamics in the exposed animal and human heart. In the exposed animal and human heart, coronary flow reduction results in a significant decrease of regional myocardial temperature. Epicardial temperature can be recorded instantaneously by the use of thermography. In contrast to other techniques, this method allows continuous assessment of rapid coronary flow changes and shows exactly the extent of myocardium involved. Value and limits of thermocardiography in animal experiments and during coronary bypass surgery are discussed and typical examples of myocardial thermograms obtained at various interventions are shown.", "PMID": 312546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3517", "title": "Clinical and pathologic studies of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in acute leukemia.", "content": "One hundred and sixty cases of acute leukemia observed at our Department between 1953 and 1977 were reviewed as to the presence and nature of the accompanying gastrointestinal hemorrhage. A massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage requiring blood transfusions occurred in 29 cases (18%). The most common lesion was hemorrhagic necrosis of the small intestines. There were three forms of hemorrhage: Type I: thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic diathesis, diffuse hemorrhage of mucosa and submucosa, but no erosion nor ulceration. Type II: no specific pathologic findings. Diffuse hemorrhage, superficial erosions, bacterial and fungal invasions were observed. Type III: single and/or multiple ulcerations, necrosis and perforation of the small intestines and colon. Thrombocytosis was almost always present at the prebleeding phase in these cases. Intravascular microthrombi at the basis of ulceration were seen. Usually, more than one process were seen in each case. An appropriate approach to the severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage with a combination of anti-leukemic chemotherapy, anti-coagulant therapy, platelet transfusion, etc. would further add to the number of long-term survivors in acute leukemia.", "contents": "Clinical and pathologic studies of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in acute leukemia. One hundred and sixty cases of acute leukemia observed at our Department between 1953 and 1977 were reviewed as to the presence and nature of the accompanying gastrointestinal hemorrhage. A massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage requiring blood transfusions occurred in 29 cases (18%). The most common lesion was hemorrhagic necrosis of the small intestines. There were three forms of hemorrhage: Type I: thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic diathesis, diffuse hemorrhage of mucosa and submucosa, but no erosion nor ulceration. Type II: no specific pathologic findings. Diffuse hemorrhage, superficial erosions, bacterial and fungal invasions were observed. Type III: single and/or multiple ulcerations, necrosis and perforation of the small intestines and colon. Thrombocytosis was almost always present at the prebleeding phase in these cases. Intravascular microthrombi at the basis of ulceration were seen. Usually, more than one process were seen in each case. An appropriate approach to the severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage with a combination of anti-leukemic chemotherapy, anti-coagulant therapy, platelet transfusion, etc. would further add to the number of long-term survivors in acute leukemia.", "PMID": 312548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3518", "title": "[Examinations carried out in order to determine the effects of a radiotherapy on the immunity situation of tumor patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to evaluate the immunity situation, the percentage of B- and T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of tumor patients was determined before, during, and after radiotherapy. Corresponding to the tumor types, the patients were submitted to adequate irradiations with different localizations, field sizes, and doses. Most of the patients had a reduced percentage of T-cells which partly was accompanied by a so-called reverse effect, i.e. a relative increase of the percentage of B-cells. It was not possible to demonstrate any connexion between the decrease of the number of B- or T-cells and the field size, localization, and dose height.", "contents": "[Examinations carried out in order to determine the effects of a radiotherapy on the immunity situation of tumor patients (author's transl)]. In order to evaluate the immunity situation, the percentage of B- and T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of tumor patients was determined before, during, and after radiotherapy. Corresponding to the tumor types, the patients were submitted to adequate irradiations with different localizations, field sizes, and doses. Most of the patients had a reduced percentage of T-cells which partly was accompanied by a so-called reverse effect, i.e. a relative increase of the percentage of B-cells. It was not possible to demonstrate any connexion between the decrease of the number of B- or T-cells and the field size, localization, and dose height.", "PMID": 312550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3519", "title": "Vein allografts for arterial replacement in rats: an immunological and histological study.", "content": "Vein allografts were studied in the rat using the major histocompatibility complex-incompatible DA and Lewis inbred strains. Allografts were performed in the Lewis to DA and DA to Lewis combinations, with Lewis to Lewis isografts serving as controls. Vein grafts were performed by interposing a 1 cm length of fresh iliolumbar vein into a defect of the iliac artery, using microsurgical techniques. The grafts were under observation for 18 weeks for (1) patency, (2) gross structural changes, (3) histological changes, and (4) antibody responses. No immunosuppression was used. All grafts remained patient throughout the period of observation, although aneurysm formation was noted in some allografts toward the end of the observation period. Histologically, allografts and isografts were indistinguishable. In the first 2 weeks, they showed patchy areas of necrosis in the vein walls, with subsequent intimal hyperplasia and medial fibrosis. In both strain combinations a lymphocytotoxin response was induced in most animals, the response being particularly strong in the DA to Lewis combination. All cytotoxic activity could be absorbed out using red blood cells, suggesting that the specificity of the antibody was mainly or entirely directed against SD antigens.", "contents": "Vein allografts for arterial replacement in rats: an immunological and histological study. Vein allografts were studied in the rat using the major histocompatibility complex-incompatible DA and Lewis inbred strains. Allografts were performed in the Lewis to DA and DA to Lewis combinations, with Lewis to Lewis isografts serving as controls. Vein grafts were performed by interposing a 1 cm length of fresh iliolumbar vein into a defect of the iliac artery, using microsurgical techniques. The grafts were under observation for 18 weeks for (1) patency, (2) gross structural changes, (3) histological changes, and (4) antibody responses. No immunosuppression was used. All grafts remained patient throughout the period of observation, although aneurysm formation was noted in some allografts toward the end of the observation period. Histologically, allografts and isografts were indistinguishable. In the first 2 weeks, they showed patchy areas of necrosis in the vein walls, with subsequent intimal hyperplasia and medial fibrosis. In both strain combinations a lymphocytotoxin response was induced in most animals, the response being particularly strong in the DA to Lewis combination. All cytotoxic activity could be absorbed out using red blood cells, suggesting that the specificity of the antibody was mainly or entirely directed against SD antigens.", "PMID": 312554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3520", "title": "Decreased hybrid susceptibility to murine myeloma grafts.", "content": "The behavior of BALB/c myeloma transplants in (C57BL/10 X BALB/c)F1 hybrids was investigated. The F1 hybrids were less susceptible to the grafts than were the parental BALB/c hosts. Host susceptibility was X-ray and cyclophosphamide sensitive, but an immune hypothesis was not favored since no memory was demonstrable. Males were less susceptible than females, and rabbit antithymus serum had no effect on susceptibility.", "contents": "Decreased hybrid susceptibility to murine myeloma grafts. The behavior of BALB/c myeloma transplants in (C57BL/10 X BALB/c)F1 hybrids was investigated. The F1 hybrids were less susceptible to the grafts than were the parental BALB/c hosts. Host susceptibility was X-ray and cyclophosphamide sensitive, but an immune hypothesis was not favored since no memory was demonstrable. Males were less susceptible than females, and rabbit antithymus serum had no effect on susceptibility.", "PMID": 312555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3521", "title": "Improved results of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic coronary disease: an analysis of 1,546 consecutive carotid operations.", "content": "The significant risk of fatal myocardial infarction after carotid endarterectomy in patients with coronary disease long has been recognized. In 1,546 consecutive carotid endarterectomies performed in 1,238 patients over the last 10 years, angina pectoris was present in 17% (212/1,238) of patients; a further 32% (396/1,238) of patients were asymptomatic, but had a history of myocardial infarction. The perioperative mortality (30 day) in the 1,306 consecutive endarterectomies in 1,026 patients without symptomatic coronary artery disease was 1.5% (15/1,026 patients). Of the 212 patients with symptoms, 85 carotid endarterectomies were performed in 77 patients without prior coronary bypass operation with an operative mortality of 18.2% (14/77 patients). The remaining 135 patients had 155 carotid endarterectomies but were treated by either prior coronary artery bypass (84 patients) or simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass (51 patients) with an operative mortality of 3% (4/135 patients). The greatly improved survival in those patients with symptomatic coronary disease who had a coronary artery bypass prior to or at the same time as carotid endarterectomy, and the absence of permanent neurological deficit in the 51 of these 135 patients who had simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass suggests that significantly improved survival can be achieved after carotid endarterectomy in these high risk patients by the use of simultaneous coronary artery bypass surgery.", "contents": "Improved results of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic coronary disease: an analysis of 1,546 consecutive carotid operations. The significant risk of fatal myocardial infarction after carotid endarterectomy in patients with coronary disease long has been recognized. In 1,546 consecutive carotid endarterectomies performed in 1,238 patients over the last 10 years, angina pectoris was present in 17% (212/1,238) of patients; a further 32% (396/1,238) of patients were asymptomatic, but had a history of myocardial infarction. The perioperative mortality (30 day) in the 1,306 consecutive endarterectomies in 1,026 patients without symptomatic coronary artery disease was 1.5% (15/1,026 patients). Of the 212 patients with symptoms, 85 carotid endarterectomies were performed in 77 patients without prior coronary bypass operation with an operative mortality of 18.2% (14/77 patients). The remaining 135 patients had 155 carotid endarterectomies but were treated by either prior coronary artery bypass (84 patients) or simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass (51 patients) with an operative mortality of 3% (4/135 patients). The greatly improved survival in those patients with symptomatic coronary disease who had a coronary artery bypass prior to or at the same time as carotid endarterectomy, and the absence of permanent neurological deficit in the 51 of these 135 patients who had simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass suggests that significantly improved survival can be achieved after carotid endarterectomy in these high risk patients by the use of simultaneous coronary artery bypass surgery.", "PMID": 312551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3522", "title": "[Clinico-endoscopic classification of Mallory-Weiss syndrome].", "content": "Mallory--Weiss syndrome was diagnosed in 153 of 1373 patients subjected to endoscopy for acute gastroduodenal and esophageal bleeding. Besides, this syndrome was first diagnosed at operation in 10 cases, at roentgenoscopy in 8 cases and at autopsy--in 8 cases. A classification of Mallory--Weiss syndrome with regard to the localization of fissures of the organ mucous membrane, the depth of the injury to the organ wall, the degree of the acute blood loss, and to the forms of manifestations of the syndrome has been devised. The classification has a practical importance for it helps the surgeon to choose the method of the treatment of the patients with Mallory--Weiss syndrome.", "contents": "[Clinico-endoscopic classification of Mallory-Weiss syndrome]. Mallory--Weiss syndrome was diagnosed in 153 of 1373 patients subjected to endoscopy for acute gastroduodenal and esophageal bleeding. Besides, this syndrome was first diagnosed at operation in 10 cases, at roentgenoscopy in 8 cases and at autopsy--in 8 cases. A classification of Mallory--Weiss syndrome with regard to the localization of fissures of the organ mucous membrane, the depth of the injury to the organ wall, the degree of the acute blood loss, and to the forms of manifestations of the syndrome has been devised. The classification has a practical importance for it helps the surgeon to choose the method of the treatment of the patients with Mallory--Weiss syndrome.", "PMID": 312556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3523", "title": "Gastrointestinal complication of high-dose corticosteroid therapy in acute cerebrovascular patients.", "content": "Corticosteroids are commonly used in the treatment of stroke, although their clinical effectiveness has not been established. Side effects, especially gastrointestinal complications, occur in patients with cerebral disease. A necroscopy study of 124 patients investigated the occurrence of gastrointestinal lesions in patients with acute stroke treated with high-dose of corticosteroids compared to untreated patients with stroke and to patients dying from non-vascular neurological diseases. A significant relationship between the use of steroids and gastrointestinal lesion in strokes is demonstrated.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal complication of high-dose corticosteroid therapy in acute cerebrovascular patients. Corticosteroids are commonly used in the treatment of stroke, although their clinical effectiveness has not been established. Side effects, especially gastrointestinal complications, occur in patients with cerebral disease. A necroscopy study of 124 patients investigated the occurrence of gastrointestinal lesions in patients with acute stroke treated with high-dose of corticosteroids compared to untreated patients with stroke and to patients dying from non-vascular neurological diseases. A significant relationship between the use of steroids and gastrointestinal lesion in strokes is demonstrated.", "PMID": 312552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3524", "title": "The Warren shunt in treating bleeding esophageal varices.", "content": "In patients who have impaired hepatic reserve, the Warren shunt has been proposed as an effective operation because it decompresses the esophageal varices without disturbing portal perfusion of the liver. However, early reports of high operative mortality and technical difficulties have impeded acceptance of the procedure. The operation was done in a series of 17 patients. All patients in whom elective variceal decompression with a patent splenic vein was required and without clinical ascites were candidates for this operation. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 48 months. Six patients had alcoholic cirrhosis, two had primary biliary cirrhosis and seven had postnecrotic cirrhosis; in two the cause of the liver disease was unknown. Five patients were categorized as Child's class A, nine as class B and three as class C. No intraoperative or early postoperative deaths owing to hemorrhage occurred. However, there was one death two weeks postoperatively from pulmonary sepsis and one death five weeks postoperatively due to antigen-positive hepatitis. Two patients died from hepatic failure six weeks and five months after operation, respectively; in the first of these, chronic active hepatitis was diagnosed at the time of operation. In one patient hemorrhage recurred and transfusion was required. Although ascites, which eventually resolved, developed in eight patients after operation, the results in 76 percent of patients have been good without new episodes of hemorrhage or encephalopathy. We conclude that the Warren shunt is a safe and effective elective operation for the treatment of patients in whom hemorrhage from esophageal varices has occurred.", "contents": "The Warren shunt in treating bleeding esophageal varices. In patients who have impaired hepatic reserve, the Warren shunt has been proposed as an effective operation because it decompresses the esophageal varices without disturbing portal perfusion of the liver. However, early reports of high operative mortality and technical difficulties have impeded acceptance of the procedure. The operation was done in a series of 17 patients. All patients in whom elective variceal decompression with a patent splenic vein was required and without clinical ascites were candidates for this operation. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 48 months. Six patients had alcoholic cirrhosis, two had primary biliary cirrhosis and seven had postnecrotic cirrhosis; in two the cause of the liver disease was unknown. Five patients were categorized as Child's class A, nine as class B and three as class C. No intraoperative or early postoperative deaths owing to hemorrhage occurred. However, there was one death two weeks postoperatively from pulmonary sepsis and one death five weeks postoperatively due to antigen-positive hepatitis. Two patients died from hepatic failure six weeks and five months after operation, respectively; in the first of these, chronic active hepatitis was diagnosed at the time of operation. In one patient hemorrhage recurred and transfusion was required. Although ascites, which eventually resolved, developed in eight patients after operation, the results in 76 percent of patients have been good without new episodes of hemorrhage or encephalopathy. We conclude that the Warren shunt is a safe and effective elective operation for the treatment of patients in whom hemorrhage from esophageal varices has occurred.", "PMID": 312564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3525", "title": "[Anodically moving thermolabile antigen (ATA) of Gram-negative bacteria. Its antibody-forming capacity in rabbits and mice].", "content": "Injection of purified ATA as well as of ATA-containing crude sonic extracts of gram-negative bacteria into rabbits or mice causes rapid occurrence of anti-ATA antibodies. Thus, the retarded occurrence of anti-ATA antibodies after immunization with living bacteria can be explained by the rather deep localization of ATA in the cell wall.", "contents": "[Anodically moving thermolabile antigen (ATA) of Gram-negative bacteria. Its antibody-forming capacity in rabbits and mice]. Injection of purified ATA as well as of ATA-containing crude sonic extracts of gram-negative bacteria into rabbits or mice causes rapid occurrence of anti-ATA antibodies. Thus, the retarded occurrence of anti-ATA antibodies after immunization with living bacteria can be explained by the rather deep localization of ATA in the cell wall.", "PMID": 312565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3526", "title": "Value of apexcardiography for the timing of left ventricular events in man.", "content": "The time relationship between left apexcardiogram and left ventricular pressure was studied in 56 patients with heart disease. The apexcardiogram was recorded by means of a pressure transducer in 20 patients (group I). In 36 patients a displacement transducer was used (group II). The beginnings of the systolic upstroke of left ventricular pressure and left apexcardiogram were nearly simultaneous in both groups. The protodiastolic nadir of the apex tracing, however, preceeded the corresponding point on the pressure tracings by 23.8 msec in group I and 7.8 msec in group II (mean values). The peak of the first derivative of the apexcardiogram in group II preceeded the peak of the first derivative of the intraventricular pressure by a mean of 13.4 msec. In group I the time difference was small and statistically insignificant. It is concluded that apexcardiography allows an accurate determination of the onset and time course of ventricular contraction but is less precise for the determination of the protodiastolic nadir.", "contents": "Value of apexcardiography for the timing of left ventricular events in man. The time relationship between left apexcardiogram and left ventricular pressure was studied in 56 patients with heart disease. The apexcardiogram was recorded by means of a pressure transducer in 20 patients (group I). In 36 patients a displacement transducer was used (group II). The beginnings of the systolic upstroke of left ventricular pressure and left apexcardiogram were nearly simultaneous in both groups. The protodiastolic nadir of the apex tracing, however, preceeded the corresponding point on the pressure tracings by 23.8 msec in group I and 7.8 msec in group II (mean values). The peak of the first derivative of the apexcardiogram in group II preceeded the peak of the first derivative of the intraventricular pressure by a mean of 13.4 msec. In group I the time difference was small and statistically insignificant. It is concluded that apexcardiography allows an accurate determination of the onset and time course of ventricular contraction but is less precise for the determination of the protodiastolic nadir.", "PMID": 312571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3527", "title": "In vitro studies on lymphocytotoxicity to synovial cells and Chang cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls.", "content": "Lymphocytotoxicity to autologous or allogeneic synovial cells and Chang cells was studied in 27 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in 5 patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee and in 17 healthy controls. Ficoll gradient-separated lymphocytes from the peripheral blood, T cells and non-T cells were used as effector cells. T lymphocytes were isolated as E-rosette forming cells 10 percent of which carried Fc- receptors. The differential counts for T and B cells in the peripheral blood of the RA and osteoarthrosis patients were approximately the same as in the blood of the healthy controls. The counts of Fc-receptor-bearing cells in the RA patients were, however, significantly higher. Cytotoxic reactivity of lymphocytes from RA patients, osteoarthrosis patients or healthy controls to synovial cells of autologous or allogeneic origin could not be demonstrated in our study, in which 125I-iododeoxyuridine labelled target cells were used in the microcytotoxicity test of Cohen et al. However, lymphocytes of the peripheral blood showed an increased cytotoxicity to Chang cells, an effect for which Fc-receptor bearing cells were responsible. Serum did not affect the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes. The results are interpreted as demonstrating an enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity in RA patients; they do not indicate a specific cell mediated immune reaction to synovial cells.", "contents": "In vitro studies on lymphocytotoxicity to synovial cells and Chang cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls. Lymphocytotoxicity to autologous or allogeneic synovial cells and Chang cells was studied in 27 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in 5 patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee and in 17 healthy controls. Ficoll gradient-separated lymphocytes from the peripheral blood, T cells and non-T cells were used as effector cells. T lymphocytes were isolated as E-rosette forming cells 10 percent of which carried Fc- receptors. The differential counts for T and B cells in the peripheral blood of the RA and osteoarthrosis patients were approximately the same as in the blood of the healthy controls. The counts of Fc-receptor-bearing cells in the RA patients were, however, significantly higher. Cytotoxic reactivity of lymphocytes from RA patients, osteoarthrosis patients or healthy controls to synovial cells of autologous or allogeneic origin could not be demonstrated in our study, in which 125I-iododeoxyuridine labelled target cells were used in the microcytotoxicity test of Cohen et al. However, lymphocytes of the peripheral blood showed an increased cytotoxicity to Chang cells, an effect for which Fc-receptor bearing cells were responsible. Serum did not affect the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes. The results are interpreted as demonstrating an enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity in RA patients; they do not indicate a specific cell mediated immune reaction to synovial cells.", "PMID": 312567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3528", "title": "Influence of resting ECG abnormalities on the ECG response to maximal exercise in women suspected of coronary heart disease.", "content": "Coronary arteriographic data have been compared with the ECG response to a maximal exercise test in 53 women with typical or atypical complaints of angina pectoris (AP). All patients with factors known as influencing the repolarization at rest were eliminated and the cases were subdivided according to the presence of a normal (n=26) or abnormal (n=27) resting ECG. The sensitivity (88%) and specificity (81%) of the exertional ECG was not affected by the clinical history nor by the resting ECG data. False positive responses were frequent (32%), particularly among women with atypical AP (50%), but their prevalence was not influenced by the resting ECG data. We conclude that, even in the absence of drug therapy, non-specific resting ECG abnormalities do not influence the ECG response to exercise in women and that they cannot be considered as a factor contributing to the false positive responses: the latter appear to be related to the low prevalence of coronary artery disease in women.", "contents": "Influence of resting ECG abnormalities on the ECG response to maximal exercise in women suspected of coronary heart disease. Coronary arteriographic data have been compared with the ECG response to a maximal exercise test in 53 women with typical or atypical complaints of angina pectoris (AP). All patients with factors known as influencing the repolarization at rest were eliminated and the cases were subdivided according to the presence of a normal (n=26) or abnormal (n=27) resting ECG. The sensitivity (88%) and specificity (81%) of the exertional ECG was not affected by the clinical history nor by the resting ECG data. False positive responses were frequent (32%), particularly among women with atypical AP (50%), but their prevalence was not influenced by the resting ECG data. We conclude that, even in the absence of drug therapy, non-specific resting ECG abnormalities do not influence the ECG response to exercise in women and that they cannot be considered as a factor contributing to the false positive responses: the latter appear to be related to the low prevalence of coronary artery disease in women.", "PMID": 312572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3529", "title": "[Scintigraphy in the diagnosis of tumors of the 8th cranial nerve].", "content": "The indications for and the diagnostic value and the method of radioisotope gammaencephalography (GEG) in tumors of the 8th nerve and similar diseases (47 cases) were studied. The optimum time for conducting scintigraphy for the detection of tumors of the 8th nerve is 2 1/2-3 hours after injection of the isotope. Small tumors up to 2 cm in size are not revealed by GEG, stage II and stage III tumors are clearly demonstrated. GEG makes it possible to differentiate tumors of the 8th nerve from arachnoiditis of the cerebellopontine angle and stem encephalitis.", "contents": "[Scintigraphy in the diagnosis of tumors of the 8th cranial nerve]. The indications for and the diagnostic value and the method of radioisotope gammaencephalography (GEG) in tumors of the 8th nerve and similar diseases (47 cases) were studied. The optimum time for conducting scintigraphy for the detection of tumors of the 8th nerve is 2 1/2-3 hours after injection of the isotope. Small tumors up to 2 cm in size are not revealed by GEG, stage II and stage III tumors are clearly demonstrated. GEG makes it possible to differentiate tumors of the 8th nerve from arachnoiditis of the cerebellopontine angle and stem encephalitis.", "PMID": 312569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3530", "title": "[Reversible sinus dysfunction during treatment with lithium carbonate].", "content": "The case reported concerns a symptomatic transitory sinus node abnormality in a 75 years old woman treated with Lithium Carbonate (750 mg/d) for a manic-depressive psychosis. This patient, admitted to the hospital for bradycardia and repeated episodes of syncope was shown to present sinus pauses greater than 3 seconds. Lithium therapy was discontinued. 72 hours later electrophysiologic studies, performed to evaluate sinus node function, were normal. It is therefore the author's opinion that in patients receiving Lithium therapy who present syncope, dizziness, or bradycardia a sinus node abnormality of iatrogenic origin must be considered. The importance of this diagnosis is in the rapid reversibility of the sinus node dysfunction with discontinuation of therapy.", "contents": "[Reversible sinus dysfunction during treatment with lithium carbonate]. The case reported concerns a symptomatic transitory sinus node abnormality in a 75 years old woman treated with Lithium Carbonate (750 mg/d) for a manic-depressive psychosis. This patient, admitted to the hospital for bradycardia and repeated episodes of syncope was shown to present sinus pauses greater than 3 seconds. Lithium therapy was discontinued. 72 hours later electrophysiologic studies, performed to evaluate sinus node function, were normal. It is therefore the author's opinion that in patients receiving Lithium therapy who present syncope, dizziness, or bradycardia a sinus node abnormality of iatrogenic origin must be considered. The importance of this diagnosis is in the rapid reversibility of the sinus node dysfunction with discontinuation of therapy.", "PMID": 312573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3531", "title": "[Conduction abnormalities in Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Observation of 2 clinical cases].", "content": "The authors describe 2 cases of Kearns-Sayre Syndrome associated with conduction defects. In one case permanent pacing was performed. The progressive development of severe conduction defects warrants close follow-up.", "contents": "[Conduction abnormalities in Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Observation of 2 clinical cases]. The authors describe 2 cases of Kearns-Sayre Syndrome associated with conduction defects. In one case permanent pacing was performed. The progressive development of severe conduction defects warrants close follow-up.", "PMID": 312574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3532", "title": "Transient abnormal Q waves during acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A 65 years old woman with an acute myocardial infarction, as it was judged by serial enzyme changes, developed transitory Q waves in V2-V4 and II, III and AVF during the attack of chest pain. These Q waves were not present 12 hours later. It is suggested that these changes represent a focal block in the septal fibers of the left bundle system. This defect could explain the transient right precordial Q waves seen in myocardial infarction or ischemia, as well as the fixed Q waves of many patients without septal infarction at autopsy.", "contents": "Transient abnormal Q waves during acute myocardial infarction. A 65 years old woman with an acute myocardial infarction, as it was judged by serial enzyme changes, developed transitory Q waves in V2-V4 and II, III and AVF during the attack of chest pain. These Q waves were not present 12 hours later. It is suggested that these changes represent a focal block in the septal fibers of the left bundle system. This defect could explain the transient right precordial Q waves seen in myocardial infarction or ischemia, as well as the fixed Q waves of many patients without septal infarction at autopsy.", "PMID": 312575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3533", "title": "The contribution of nuclear medicine and ultrasounds in cardiac surgery.", "content": "The constant progress in surgical techniques during the last few years have prepared the way for important developments in the field of noninvasive cardiac exploration. Their non-traumatic character, appreciable in diagnostic and preoperative examinations, become indipensable whenever there is a need to repeat the examination in order to evaluate the effects of a treatment or to monitor progress both in the short and long term. In order that such methods be adopted in cardiac surgery it is important that not only must they be without risk but also that the results obtained be clearly presented, if possible in the form of images, and allow a quantitative interpretation. It is necessary also that the results can be justified both by clinical experience and also by comparison with other examinations. No procedure, not even radiologic, can at the same time explore the myocardium and its perfusion, the central circulation and the cardiac haemodynamics. By reason of their respective principles, radioisotopic methods and ultrasounds tackle cardiac problems in different ways and facilitate, by appropriate choice of methods, the selection of one diagnostic response from among several. This paper contains first of all, a resume of the principal nuclear and ultrasonic techniques used together with their basic principles. Next we try to show how these non-invasive techniques, most with dynamic imaging, can assist cardiac surgery. For this, we successively look at the different pathologies, working from the exterior (pericardium) towards the interior (intracardiac structures and central circulation) and covering the different aspects of the myocardial pathology. In each case the mutual contributions of physical techniques is specified as well as the preference for either isotopic or ultrasonic methods.", "contents": "The contribution of nuclear medicine and ultrasounds in cardiac surgery. The constant progress in surgical techniques during the last few years have prepared the way for important developments in the field of noninvasive cardiac exploration. Their non-traumatic character, appreciable in diagnostic and preoperative examinations, become indipensable whenever there is a need to repeat the examination in order to evaluate the effects of a treatment or to monitor progress both in the short and long term. In order that such methods be adopted in cardiac surgery it is important that not only must they be without risk but also that the results obtained be clearly presented, if possible in the form of images, and allow a quantitative interpretation. It is necessary also that the results can be justified both by clinical experience and also by comparison with other examinations. No procedure, not even radiologic, can at the same time explore the myocardium and its perfusion, the central circulation and the cardiac haemodynamics. By reason of their respective principles, radioisotopic methods and ultrasounds tackle cardiac problems in different ways and facilitate, by appropriate choice of methods, the selection of one diagnostic response from among several. This paper contains first of all, a resume of the principal nuclear and ultrasonic techniques used together with their basic principles. Next we try to show how these non-invasive techniques, most with dynamic imaging, can assist cardiac surgery. For this, we successively look at the different pathologies, working from the exterior (pericardium) towards the interior (intracardiac structures and central circulation) and covering the different aspects of the myocardial pathology. In each case the mutual contributions of physical techniques is specified as well as the preference for either isotopic or ultrasonic methods.", "PMID": 312576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3534", "title": "[Left ventricular ejection time in aortic valve diseases. 1. Multidimensional relationship with biometric and physiologic findings].", "content": "The purpose of this work is to settle biometrical and physiological factors linked to changes in ejection time in aortic valvular disease. The relationship between the various considered variables is submitted to multivariate statistical analysis, and expressed by a prediction formula. Data are provided by a series of 160 aortic patients whose examination notably includes measurement of cardiac output and of pressures in left ventricle and aorta, a cineangiography in the ascending aorta, and a search for aortic valvular calcifications with an image intensifier. Moreover, the already published results of a reference series of 200 subjects without aortic disease, are also used. Multivariate relationship of ejection time appears to be, on the whole, similar in the reference series and in the aortic series, with besides, in the latter, a significant effect of aortic \"gradient\" and incompetence. Consequently these two marks of aortic disease may be indirectly predicted from the residuals of the reference formula applied to aortic patients.", "contents": "[Left ventricular ejection time in aortic valve diseases. 1. Multidimensional relationship with biometric and physiologic findings]. The purpose of this work is to settle biometrical and physiological factors linked to changes in ejection time in aortic valvular disease. The relationship between the various considered variables is submitted to multivariate statistical analysis, and expressed by a prediction formula. Data are provided by a series of 160 aortic patients whose examination notably includes measurement of cardiac output and of pressures in left ventricle and aorta, a cineangiography in the ascending aorta, and a search for aortic valvular calcifications with an image intensifier. Moreover, the already published results of a reference series of 200 subjects without aortic disease, are also used. Multivariate relationship of ejection time appears to be, on the whole, similar in the reference series and in the aortic series, with besides, in the latter, a significant effect of aortic \"gradient\" and incompetence. Consequently these two marks of aortic disease may be indirectly predicted from the residuals of the reference formula applied to aortic patients.", "PMID": 312578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3535", "title": "Left ventricular ejection time in aortic stenosis and insufficiency: 2. Indirect assessment of the severity of the lesion.", "content": "The purpose of this work is to reconsider practical value of three prediction formulae of left ventricular ejection time (LVET): the Wood's coefficient, the Weissler's residual and the multivariate residual. Two series of patients are presented: (1) an aortic series of 160 patients, with pure or nearly pure stenosis in 46 cases, pure insufficiency in 57 cases, and stenosis plus insufficiency in 57 cases, and (2) a reference series of 200 patients without aortic disease. All the patients were catheterized, with measurement of cardiac output by Fick's method. In all the aortic patients, the aortic \"gradient\" was measured, the amount of aortic regurgitation assessed by cineangiography, and the presence of absence of aortic valve calcification checked with an image intensifier. LVET tends to increase according to the importance of the \"gradient\" and of the insufficiency. However, the isolated use of this increase as a predictor of severity of aortic lesions is not more rewarding than just looking for aortic valve calcification except in pure aortic insufficiency. Sensitivity or specificity of the prediction can be increased by various combinations of both observations--LVET and calcification--; their respective interest will depend upon the target. Probability of false positive or negative predictions can be estimated in both series of patients and in various subgroups of aortic lesions. False negative predictions have been analysed in patients with pure or nearly pure stenosis and a \"gradient\" of 50 mm Hg or higher . Based on any of the three LVET predictions formulae, they are chiefly observed in the absence of calcification--i.e. in younger patients--probably because stenosis here is less severe. Based on the Wood's or Weissler's coefficient, false negative predictions are also relatively frequent in patients with a decreased stroke volume; this doesn't occur if the LVET prediction formula takes stroke volume into account, as in the multivariate residual. Three types of patients with pure or nearly pure stenosis and a \"gradient\" of 50 mm Hg or higher can be described: (a) without calcification and with a normal stroke volume: the patient is young, his stenosis is moderately severe, and LVET tends to increase but most often remains within normal limits; (b) with calcification and a normal stroke volume: the patient is notably older, his stenosis is severe, and LVET is most often increased; (c) with calcification and a decreased stroke volume at rest, which suggests a decreased myocardial performance; here, age and stenosis are similar to the preceding subgroup observations, but LVET is often normal if stroke volume is not taken into account.", "contents": "Left ventricular ejection time in aortic stenosis and insufficiency: 2. Indirect assessment of the severity of the lesion. The purpose of this work is to reconsider practical value of three prediction formulae of left ventricular ejection time (LVET): the Wood's coefficient, the Weissler's residual and the multivariate residual. Two series of patients are presented: (1) an aortic series of 160 patients, with pure or nearly pure stenosis in 46 cases, pure insufficiency in 57 cases, and stenosis plus insufficiency in 57 cases, and (2) a reference series of 200 patients without aortic disease. All the patients were catheterized, with measurement of cardiac output by Fick's method. In all the aortic patients, the aortic \"gradient\" was measured, the amount of aortic regurgitation assessed by cineangiography, and the presence of absence of aortic valve calcification checked with an image intensifier. LVET tends to increase according to the importance of the \"gradient\" and of the insufficiency. However, the isolated use of this increase as a predictor of severity of aortic lesions is not more rewarding than just looking for aortic valve calcification except in pure aortic insufficiency. Sensitivity or specificity of the prediction can be increased by various combinations of both observations--LVET and calcification--; their respective interest will depend upon the target. Probability of false positive or negative predictions can be estimated in both series of patients and in various subgroups of aortic lesions. False negative predictions have been analysed in patients with pure or nearly pure stenosis and a \"gradient\" of 50 mm Hg or higher . Based on any of the three LVET predictions formulae, they are chiefly observed in the absence of calcification--i.e. in younger patients--probably because stenosis here is less severe. Based on the Wood's or Weissler's coefficient, false negative predictions are also relatively frequent in patients with a decreased stroke volume; this doesn't occur if the LVET prediction formula takes stroke volume into account, as in the multivariate residual. Three types of patients with pure or nearly pure stenosis and a \"gradient\" of 50 mm Hg or higher can be described: (a) without calcification and with a normal stroke volume: the patient is young, his stenosis is moderately severe, and LVET tends to increase but most often remains within normal limits; (b) with calcification and a normal stroke volume: the patient is notably older, his stenosis is severe, and LVET is most often increased; (c) with calcification and a decreased stroke volume at rest, which suggests a decreased myocardial performance; here, age and stenosis are similar to the preceding subgroup observations, but LVET is often normal if stroke volume is not taken into account.", "PMID": 312579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3536", "title": "Rheumatic tricuspid stenosis. A clinical overview.", "content": "The clinical, hemodynamic findings and surgical results of forty patients with rheumatic tricuspid stenosis are presented. It is concluded that tricuspid stenosis is a frequent lesion. Its signs should be sought carefully and documented by simultaneous measurements of the right ventricular diastolic and right atrial pressures. Tricuspid stenosis is usually associated with other valvular lesions, whose clinical and hemodynamic findings might be altered. Surgical procedures on these patients involved tricuspid valve repair, commissurotomy or prosthetic valve replacement, in addition to the procedures necessary to correct other associated valvular lesions. Results of surgery were gratifying with significant improvement in 87 percent of patients and a mortality of 3 per cent.", "contents": "Rheumatic tricuspid stenosis. A clinical overview. The clinical, hemodynamic findings and surgical results of forty patients with rheumatic tricuspid stenosis are presented. It is concluded that tricuspid stenosis is a frequent lesion. Its signs should be sought carefully and documented by simultaneous measurements of the right ventricular diastolic and right atrial pressures. Tricuspid stenosis is usually associated with other valvular lesions, whose clinical and hemodynamic findings might be altered. Surgical procedures on these patients involved tricuspid valve repair, commissurotomy or prosthetic valve replacement, in addition to the procedures necessary to correct other associated valvular lesions. Results of surgery were gratifying with significant improvement in 87 percent of patients and a mortality of 3 per cent.", "PMID": 312580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3537", "title": "[Quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of anti-arrhythmia agents in chronic ventricular arrhythmia].", "content": "The authors describe a computer system for the analysis of ventricular arrhythmias and its use in the evaluation of anti-arrhythmic drugs. Provided the arrhythmia is stable, this method allows an estimation of the onset and duration of action of the drug and gives guidelines for the choice of an appropriate drug regimen. Using this system, a comparison can be made between different drugs based on quantification of their efficacy.", "contents": "[Quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of anti-arrhythmia agents in chronic ventricular arrhythmia]. The authors describe a computer system for the analysis of ventricular arrhythmias and its use in the evaluation of anti-arrhythmic drugs. Provided the arrhythmia is stable, this method allows an estimation of the onset and duration of action of the drug and gives guidelines for the choice of an appropriate drug regimen. Using this system, a comparison can be made between different drugs based on quantification of their efficacy.", "PMID": 312581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3538", "title": "Aortic root motion for the assessment of left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In a group of patients with various cardiac disorders positive correlation between aortic root motion amplitude and stroke volume was observed: (y=3.41 + 0.061 chi, r=0.719n=27), where y is the aortic wall motion amplitude in mm and chi is the stroke volume in ml. During the serial investigation of 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction aortic root systolic motion amplitude was significantly different between patients groups, selected by the categories of Killip (1967). Biggest amplitudes were found in patients with complicated course, smallest amplitudes in cardiogenic shock. Aortic root systolic motion increased in a parallel direction with the clinical improvement of the patients. Aortic root echos are easily detectable, independent from segmental dysfunction, therefore useful in monitoring of left ventricular function of patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Aortic root motion for the assessment of left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction. In a group of patients with various cardiac disorders positive correlation between aortic root motion amplitude and stroke volume was observed: (y=3.41 + 0.061 chi, r=0.719n=27), where y is the aortic wall motion amplitude in mm and chi is the stroke volume in ml. During the serial investigation of 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction aortic root systolic motion amplitude was significantly different between patients groups, selected by the categories of Killip (1967). Biggest amplitudes were found in patients with complicated course, smallest amplitudes in cardiogenic shock. Aortic root systolic motion increased in a parallel direction with the clinical improvement of the patients. Aortic root echos are easily detectable, independent from segmental dysfunction, therefore useful in monitoring of left ventricular function of patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 312583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3539", "title": "Temporary tinnitus suppression in man through electrical stimulation of the cochlea.", "content": "While investigating the possibilities of electrically induced hearing in cases of profound deafness, we observed that very often an appropriate stimulation of the cochlea could result in tinnitus cancellation. We present here a progress report on that phenomenon, including 15 subjects. Such a cancellation was restricted to tinnitus subjectively localized in the ear under test, we observed no effect on noises localized in the other ear, or centrally. This suppression occurred so long as the cochlea was stimulated and stopped when the stimulation ceased. This phenomenon was very reproducible and did not seem to affect simultaneous normal acoustic hearing. It is hypothesized that this phenomenon acts through an inhibition of abnormal activity of sensorineural elements of the electrically stimulated cochlea.", "contents": "Temporary tinnitus suppression in man through electrical stimulation of the cochlea. While investigating the possibilities of electrically induced hearing in cases of profound deafness, we observed that very often an appropriate stimulation of the cochlea could result in tinnitus cancellation. We present here a progress report on that phenomenon, including 15 subjects. Such a cancellation was restricted to tinnitus subjectively localized in the ear under test, we observed no effect on noises localized in the other ear, or centrally. This suppression occurred so long as the cochlea was stimulated and stopped when the stimulation ceased. This phenomenon was very reproducible and did not seem to affect simultaneous normal acoustic hearing. It is hypothesized that this phenomenon acts through an inhibition of abnormal activity of sensorineural elements of the electrically stimulated cochlea.", "PMID": 312586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3540", "title": "Conflicting electrophysiological and anatomical data from drug-impaired guinea pig cochleas.", "content": "In guinea pigs that had been treated with very large doses of the aminoglycoside amikacin (14 x 450 mg/kg/day, i.m.) clear, short-latency responses to various click stimuli could be recorded at the round window. When the same cochleas were examined histologically, no outer or inner hair cells could be found along the entire length of the basilar membrane, save for a very few outer hair cells remaining at the apex. The response patterns resembled that of the compound action potential, and various characteristics suggest that they were of neural origin. Vestibular function, investigated by electronystagmography during rotation, appeared normal, as did most of the saccular and utricular hair cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a significant number of cochlear nerve fibres still innervating the remnants of Corti's organ. In other cochleas with similarly extensive destruction induced by another aminoglycoside (sisomycin, 14 x 125 mg/kg/day, 15 days as well as 3 months post-Rx), no responses could be recorded from the round window. Cochleas that were less affected, with the upper turns preserved, gave only small, long-latency responses. These preliminary observations are confirmed by further experiments now in progress. They suggest that unless a considerable number of inner hair cells remained undetected in the lower basal turn, a possibility that appears highly unlikely, there was either a direct mechanical excitation of cochlear nerve fibres, or an acoustical stimulation of vestibular sense organs.", "contents": "Conflicting electrophysiological and anatomical data from drug-impaired guinea pig cochleas. In guinea pigs that had been treated with very large doses of the aminoglycoside amikacin (14 x 450 mg/kg/day, i.m.) clear, short-latency responses to various click stimuli could be recorded at the round window. When the same cochleas were examined histologically, no outer or inner hair cells could be found along the entire length of the basilar membrane, save for a very few outer hair cells remaining at the apex. The response patterns resembled that of the compound action potential, and various characteristics suggest that they were of neural origin. Vestibular function, investigated by electronystagmography during rotation, appeared normal, as did most of the saccular and utricular hair cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a significant number of cochlear nerve fibres still innervating the remnants of Corti's organ. In other cochleas with similarly extensive destruction induced by another aminoglycoside (sisomycin, 14 x 125 mg/kg/day, 15 days as well as 3 months post-Rx), no responses could be recorded from the round window. Cochleas that were less affected, with the upper turns preserved, gave only small, long-latency responses. These preliminary observations are confirmed by further experiments now in progress. They suggest that unless a considerable number of inner hair cells remained undetected in the lower basal turn, a possibility that appears highly unlikely, there was either a direct mechanical excitation of cochlear nerve fibres, or an acoustical stimulation of vestibular sense organs.", "PMID": 312587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3541", "title": "Prospects and limitations of systematic monitoring in patients with laryngeal cancer.", "content": "The authors report the first results concerning the systematic use of \"immunological monitoring\" in patients suffering from well-developed laryngeal cancer. The authors have also studied, in 50 cases in different stages of development, the activity of T-cells using the cutaneous tests (BCG, PPD, PHA and SK-SD), the E-rosette test and the PHA-induced lymphocytic blastization test (it is well known that the T-cells are responsible for a cytotoxic effect against neoplastic cells). The authors have also studied the activity of B-lymphocytes by means of the EA and EAC rosette test and of IgG, IgA, IgM and complement serum titles. They have observed a progressive depression of the T-cell activity after surgical intervention, whereas the B-cell activity in several cases tends to increase. The authors discuss these immunological results and the possibility that these findings may represent the basis for a complementary immunotherapy following the surgical treatment and/or radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Finally, the authors discuss the possibilities and the limitations of these immunological methods from the point of view of clinical application.", "contents": "Prospects and limitations of systematic monitoring in patients with laryngeal cancer. The authors report the first results concerning the systematic use of \"immunological monitoring\" in patients suffering from well-developed laryngeal cancer. The authors have also studied, in 50 cases in different stages of development, the activity of T-cells using the cutaneous tests (BCG, PPD, PHA and SK-SD), the E-rosette test and the PHA-induced lymphocytic blastization test (it is well known that the T-cells are responsible for a cytotoxic effect against neoplastic cells). The authors have also studied the activity of B-lymphocytes by means of the EA and EAC rosette test and of IgG, IgA, IgM and complement serum titles. They have observed a progressive depression of the T-cell activity after surgical intervention, whereas the B-cell activity in several cases tends to increase. The authors discuss these immunological results and the possibility that these findings may represent the basis for a complementary immunotherapy following the surgical treatment and/or radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Finally, the authors discuss the possibilities and the limitations of these immunological methods from the point of view of clinical application.", "PMID": 312588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3542", "title": "New concepts in otitis media.", "content": "Pneumatic otoscopy increases the physician's diagnostic acumen. Movement of the tympanic membrane is observed and measured more precisely by tympanometry and acoustic impedance. Ampicillin-resistant strains of Hemophilus influenzae are appearing. It is possible to detect these with deep nasopharyngeal cultures. New reports show the value of antimicrobial prophylaxis in recurrent otitis media. High-risk populations that deserve special attention are children with cleft palate and Down's syndrome.", "contents": "New concepts in otitis media. Pneumatic otoscopy increases the physician's diagnostic acumen. Movement of the tympanic membrane is observed and measured more precisely by tympanometry and acoustic impedance. Ampicillin-resistant strains of Hemophilus influenzae are appearing. It is possible to detect these with deep nasopharyngeal cultures. New reports show the value of antimicrobial prophylaxis in recurrent otitis media. High-risk populations that deserve special attention are children with cleft palate and Down's syndrome.", "PMID": 312593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3543", "title": "Occlusive disease confined to the right coronary artery: clinical features, surgical treatment and long-term follow-up in 124 patients.", "content": "The clinical presentation and surgical results in 124 consecutive patients who underwent aorta to right coronary arterial bypass surgery from January 1970 through June 1977 were reviewed. Preoperatively, 75 percent of the patients were in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, 9 percent presented with unstable angina and 5 percent had life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. All patients had high grade occlusive disease confined to the right coronary artery; 34 percent of the patients had associated nonsignificant disease (less than 50 percent intraluminal narrowing) of the left anterior descending or circumflex artery. Left ventricular function was normal in 63 percent and minimally impaired in 37 percent. The operative mortality rate was 1.6 percent. The course of the 122 survivors was followed up for 3.7 years. There were four late deaths, and the 5 year mortality rate was 4.0 percent. Eight patients were reoperated on because of recurrence of symptoms and occlusion of the graft or progression of occlusive disease of the other major coronary arteries, or both. Of the remaining 110 patients, 98 are either in functional class I or II, 60 are taking no cardiovascular medications, 52 are working full time without angina nad 73 are asymptomatic. In summary, bypass surgery for isolated right coronary artery disease has a low mortality rate and results in excellent long-term symptomatic improvement.", "contents": "Occlusive disease confined to the right coronary artery: clinical features, surgical treatment and long-term follow-up in 124 patients. The clinical presentation and surgical results in 124 consecutive patients who underwent aorta to right coronary arterial bypass surgery from January 1970 through June 1977 were reviewed. Preoperatively, 75 percent of the patients were in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, 9 percent presented with unstable angina and 5 percent had life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. All patients had high grade occlusive disease confined to the right coronary artery; 34 percent of the patients had associated nonsignificant disease (less than 50 percent intraluminal narrowing) of the left anterior descending or circumflex artery. Left ventricular function was normal in 63 percent and minimally impaired in 37 percent. The operative mortality rate was 1.6 percent. The course of the 122 survivors was followed up for 3.7 years. There were four late deaths, and the 5 year mortality rate was 4.0 percent. Eight patients were reoperated on because of recurrence of symptoms and occlusion of the graft or progression of occlusive disease of the other major coronary arteries, or both. Of the remaining 110 patients, 98 are either in functional class I or II, 60 are taking no cardiovascular medications, 52 are working full time without angina nad 73 are asymptomatic. In summary, bypass surgery for isolated right coronary artery disease has a low mortality rate and results in excellent long-term symptomatic improvement.", "PMID": 312594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3544", "title": "Revascularization of the right coronary artery.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate revascularization of the right coronary artery with regard to factors that enter into the decision to graft less significant lesions, such as graft flow, graft patency and progression of proximal disease. The results of grafting the right coronary artery were studied in 23 patients with lesions reducing luminal diameter by less than 50 percent (Group 1), 35 patients with luminal narrowing of 50 to 70 percent (Group 2) and 112 patients with greater than 70 percent luminal narrowing (Group 3). At operation there was no significant difference in saphenous vein graft flows among the three groups. Postoperatively the mean follow-up period was 20, 27 and 26 months, respectively. Graft patency was not significantly different among the three groups. Progression of the proximal lesion was studied and compared with that in 71 ungrafted right coronary arteries, 60 with less than 50 percent stenosis and 11 with more than 50 percent stenosis. Among vessels with less than 50 percent narrowing, the proximal lesion showed progression in 26 percent of the ungrafted vessels and in 83 percent of the grafted vessels (P less than 0.005); progression to total occlusion occurred in 3 percent of the former and in 28 percent of the latter (P less than 0.005). Progression to total occlusion was more frequently associated with a patent than with an occluded graft (P less than 0.05). The occurrence of significant progression in ungrafted vessels and the lack of effect on graft patency of the severity of the proximal disease suggest that revascularization of less significant lesions may be of value. However, the resultant increase in progression of proximal disease makes the patient dependent on the long-term patency of the vein graft.", "contents": "Revascularization of the right coronary artery. This study was undertaken to evaluate revascularization of the right coronary artery with regard to factors that enter into the decision to graft less significant lesions, such as graft flow, graft patency and progression of proximal disease. The results of grafting the right coronary artery were studied in 23 patients with lesions reducing luminal diameter by less than 50 percent (Group 1), 35 patients with luminal narrowing of 50 to 70 percent (Group 2) and 112 patients with greater than 70 percent luminal narrowing (Group 3). At operation there was no significant difference in saphenous vein graft flows among the three groups. Postoperatively the mean follow-up period was 20, 27 and 26 months, respectively. Graft patency was not significantly different among the three groups. Progression of the proximal lesion was studied and compared with that in 71 ungrafted right coronary arteries, 60 with less than 50 percent stenosis and 11 with more than 50 percent stenosis. Among vessels with less than 50 percent narrowing, the proximal lesion showed progression in 26 percent of the ungrafted vessels and in 83 percent of the grafted vessels (P less than 0.005); progression to total occlusion occurred in 3 percent of the former and in 28 percent of the latter (P less than 0.005). Progression to total occlusion was more frequently associated with a patent than with an occluded graft (P less than 0.05). The occurrence of significant progression in ungrafted vessels and the lack of effect on graft patency of the severity of the proximal disease suggest that revascularization of less significant lesions may be of value. However, the resultant increase in progression of proximal disease makes the patient dependent on the long-term patency of the vein graft.", "PMID": 312595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3545", "title": "Reduction of intimal thickening in canine coronary bypass vein grafts with dipyridamole and aspirin.", "content": "The potential benefit of platelet inhibitor drugs on coronary arterial bypass vein grafts was assessed in dogs with magnification-corrected angiographic luminal measurements and quantitative histologic evaluation of the vein grafts. There were 11 control animals and 11 animals treated with dipyridamole, 55 mg/day, plus aspirin, 325 mg/day. Eighteen animals with patent grafts were studied when electively killed 2, 4 or 6 months after grafting. At 14 days, there was greater angiographic narrowing in the most distal 1 cm of vein grafts in control than in treated dogs (P less than 0.01). This same angiographic narrowing persisted in control dogs until they were killed (P less than 0.03). Computer-assisted measurements of the entire area of intimal thickening were done on vein graft cross sections taken 1 cm from the distal anastomosis. The circumference of the vein grafts at the intimal-media junction was measured from the same section and the potential maximal luminal area calculated. The calculated luminal narrowing due to intimal thickening was greater in control than in treated dogs (P less than 0.03). These data correlate well with the demonstrated angiographic narrowing. The findings indicate that the degree of early intimal thickening that persists 2 to 6 months postoperatively in canine coronary bypass vein grafts may be reduced by the platelet inhibitor combination of dipyridamole plus aspirin.", "contents": "Reduction of intimal thickening in canine coronary bypass vein grafts with dipyridamole and aspirin. The potential benefit of platelet inhibitor drugs on coronary arterial bypass vein grafts was assessed in dogs with magnification-corrected angiographic luminal measurements and quantitative histologic evaluation of the vein grafts. There were 11 control animals and 11 animals treated with dipyridamole, 55 mg/day, plus aspirin, 325 mg/day. Eighteen animals with patent grafts were studied when electively killed 2, 4 or 6 months after grafting. At 14 days, there was greater angiographic narrowing in the most distal 1 cm of vein grafts in control than in treated dogs (P less than 0.01). This same angiographic narrowing persisted in control dogs until they were killed (P less than 0.03). Computer-assisted measurements of the entire area of intimal thickening were done on vein graft cross sections taken 1 cm from the distal anastomosis. The circumference of the vein grafts at the intimal-media junction was measured from the same section and the potential maximal luminal area calculated. The calculated luminal narrowing due to intimal thickening was greater in control than in treated dogs (P less than 0.03). These data correlate well with the demonstrated angiographic narrowing. The findings indicate that the degree of early intimal thickening that persists 2 to 6 months postoperatively in canine coronary bypass vein grafts may be reduced by the platelet inhibitor combination of dipyridamole plus aspirin.", "PMID": 312596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3546", "title": "Relationships among crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, in vitro dietary fiber, and in vivo (rats) dietary fiber in wheat foods.", "content": "The in vivo dietary fiber contents of wheat milling fractions and wheat foods, determined in rat feeding experiments, were compared with dietary fiber values determined in vitro with pronase alpha-amylase digestion. Both types of dietary fiber values were compared with crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber values in the same materials. Regression analyses indicated close correlation amongst all values determined. It appears that laboratory analysis for crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, or in vitro dietary fiber accurately predicts in vivo dietary fiber (rats) for wheat milling fractions when the laboratory result is adjusted by means of an appropriate regression equation.", "contents": "Relationships among crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, in vitro dietary fiber, and in vivo (rats) dietary fiber in wheat foods. The in vivo dietary fiber contents of wheat milling fractions and wheat foods, determined in rat feeding experiments, were compared with dietary fiber values determined in vitro with pronase alpha-amylase digestion. Both types of dietary fiber values were compared with crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber values in the same materials. Regression analyses indicated close correlation amongst all values determined. It appears that laboratory analysis for crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, or in vitro dietary fiber accurately predicts in vivo dietary fiber (rats) for wheat milling fractions when the laboratory result is adjusted by means of an appropriate regression equation.", "PMID": 312597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3547", "title": "Effect of postnatal malnutrition on pancreatic zymogen enzymes in the rat.", "content": "In order to characterize the response of the pancreas to undernutrition during the critical neonatal growth phase, acquired postnatal malnutrition was induced in the rat, using the expanded litter. An experimental nursing litter of 16 rats and control litters of 7 to 8 rats were formed. At 19 days of age, the pups were killed. Mean pancreatic wet weight was decreased in the malnourished rat to a greater extent than the decrease in total body weight (49 versus 60%). Decreased organ weight was predominantly the result of a decrease in DNA content and cell number. Enzyme activities expressed per total organ were all diminished; lipase to the greatest extent; trypsin and amylase to an intermediate extent; followed by chymotrypsin and the carboxypeptidases. The specific activities of lipase and trypsin were decreased with lipase, the most severely effected. The low trypsin levels can be attributed to trypsin inhibitor. It is possible therefore, that only the specific activity of lipase is significantly decreased. The decrease in enzyme activities, expressed both as specific activities and as total organ activities were decreased in a nonparallel fashion.", "contents": "Effect of postnatal malnutrition on pancreatic zymogen enzymes in the rat. In order to characterize the response of the pancreas to undernutrition during the critical neonatal growth phase, acquired postnatal malnutrition was induced in the rat, using the expanded litter. An experimental nursing litter of 16 rats and control litters of 7 to 8 rats were formed. At 19 days of age, the pups were killed. Mean pancreatic wet weight was decreased in the malnourished rat to a greater extent than the decrease in total body weight (49 versus 60%). Decreased organ weight was predominantly the result of a decrease in DNA content and cell number. Enzyme activities expressed per total organ were all diminished; lipase to the greatest extent; trypsin and amylase to an intermediate extent; followed by chymotrypsin and the carboxypeptidases. The specific activities of lipase and trypsin were decreased with lipase, the most severely effected. The low trypsin levels can be attributed to trypsin inhibitor. It is possible therefore, that only the specific activity of lipase is significantly decreased. The decrease in enzyme activities, expressed both as specific activities and as total organ activities were decreased in a nonparallel fashion.", "PMID": 312598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3548", "title": "I. Depressed immunological function in zinc-deprived rats as measured by mitogen response of spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood.", "content": "The in vitro responses of splenic, thymic, and peripheral blood lymphocytes to two T-cell mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A) and one B-cell mitogen (pokeweed mitogen) were investigated in zinc-deprived and pair-fed control rats. The responses to phytohemagglutinin of splenic, thymic, and peripheral blood lymphocytes from zinc-deprived animals were depressed by at least 50% in comparison with those of controls, and the difference between the two groups was significant for each tissue (P = 0.05). The responses to concanavalin A of splenic and peripheral blood lymphocytes were suppressed in zinc-deprived animals, and splenic and thymic responses to pokeweed mitogen were depressed by about 50% in comparison with those of controls; these results were significant at the P = 0.05 level. This study is the first to evaluate the effects of diet-induced zinc deprivation on lymphocyte transformation and immune function in rats.", "contents": "I. Depressed immunological function in zinc-deprived rats as measured by mitogen response of spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood. The in vitro responses of splenic, thymic, and peripheral blood lymphocytes to two T-cell mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A) and one B-cell mitogen (pokeweed mitogen) were investigated in zinc-deprived and pair-fed control rats. The responses to phytohemagglutinin of splenic, thymic, and peripheral blood lymphocytes from zinc-deprived animals were depressed by at least 50% in comparison with those of controls, and the difference between the two groups was significant for each tissue (P = 0.05). The responses to concanavalin A of splenic and peripheral blood lymphocytes were suppressed in zinc-deprived animals, and splenic and thymic responses to pokeweed mitogen were depressed by about 50% in comparison with those of controls; these results were significant at the P = 0.05 level. This study is the first to evaluate the effects of diet-induced zinc deprivation on lymphocyte transformation and immune function in rats.", "PMID": 312599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3549", "title": "Endophthalmitis associated with Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis.", "content": "The unusual occurrence of endophthalmitis associated with Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis was confirmed in three young children during a five-year period. In contrast to bacterial endophthalmitis attributed to other microorganisms, these three infections resolved completely within a few days with conventional antimicrobial therapy. Endophthalmitis is but one of the apparently increasing number of unsuual complications that may be observed as a result of H influenzae type b bacteremia.", "contents": "Endophthalmitis associated with Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis. The unusual occurrence of endophthalmitis associated with Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis was confirmed in three young children during a five-year period. In contrast to bacterial endophthalmitis attributed to other microorganisms, these three infections resolved completely within a few days with conventional antimicrobial therapy. Endophthalmitis is but one of the apparently increasing number of unsuual complications that may be observed as a result of H influenzae type b bacteremia.", "PMID": 312601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3550", "title": "Vitreous wick syndrome.", "content": "A 67-year-old man had vitreous wick syndrome after an uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extraction with a sector iridectomy in the left eye. The intraocular infection cleared with antibiotic therapy including intravitreal antibiotic injection, but a residual anterior cyclitic membrane and shallow anterior chamber persisted. An anterior vitrectomy was performed later in the course of treatment after the intraocular infection subsided, to relieve the shallow anterior chamber, prolonged hypotony, and ciliary body detachment. Final visual acuity was 6/15+(20/50+) in the left eye.", "contents": "Vitreous wick syndrome. A 67-year-old man had vitreous wick syndrome after an uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extraction with a sector iridectomy in the left eye. The intraocular infection cleared with antibiotic therapy including intravitreal antibiotic injection, but a residual anterior cyclitic membrane and shallow anterior chamber persisted. An anterior vitrectomy was performed later in the course of treatment after the intraocular infection subsided, to relieve the shallow anterior chamber, prolonged hypotony, and ciliary body detachment. Final visual acuity was 6/15+(20/50+) in the left eye.", "PMID": 312604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3551", "title": "Mechanism of insulin action on resting membrane potential of frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "At a concentration that stimulates the Na pump, insulin hyperpolarizes the plasma membrane of frog sartorius in the presence of substrate-free Ringer. The hyperpolarization ranged from 3.5 to 7.3 mV and averaged 4.7 mV. Ouabain, 10(-4) M, completely blocked the effect of insulin on the membrane potential. Moreover, ouabain completely reversed the insulin-induced hyperpolarization within 20 min. The hyperpolarization produced by insulin was not associated with a detectable increase in the ratio of K+ permeability to Na+ permeability nor with a detectable increase in the concentration of intracellular K+, although a depletion of K+ near the external surface of the membrane cannot be excluded. The results clearly indicate that the hyperpolarization is secondary to stimulation of the Na pump by insulin.", "contents": "Mechanism of insulin action on resting membrane potential of frog skeletal muscle. At a concentration that stimulates the Na pump, insulin hyperpolarizes the plasma membrane of frog sartorius in the presence of substrate-free Ringer. The hyperpolarization ranged from 3.5 to 7.3 mV and averaged 4.7 mV. Ouabain, 10(-4) M, completely blocked the effect of insulin on the membrane potential. Moreover, ouabain completely reversed the insulin-induced hyperpolarization within 20 min. The hyperpolarization produced by insulin was not associated with a detectable increase in the ratio of K+ permeability to Na+ permeability nor with a detectable increase in the concentration of intracellular K+, although a depletion of K+ near the external surface of the membrane cannot be excluded. The results clearly indicate that the hyperpolarization is secondary to stimulation of the Na pump by insulin.", "PMID": 312605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3552", "title": "Metabolic requirements for anaerobic active Cl and Na transport in the bullfrog cornea.", "content": "In the bullfrog cornea, the relationships between the rates of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis and active Cl and Na transport were studied. In NaCl Ringer (glucose-free), the short-circuit current (SCC) declined much more slowly under aerobic than under anaerobic conditions. The aerobic lactate effluxes in glucose-free and glucose-rich NaCl Ringer were 0.08 and 0.23 micromol/h.cm2, respectively. The transition to anoxia caused these values to increase significantly and was accompanied by depletion of endogenous glycogen in glucose-free Ringer. In Na2SO4 Ringer, amphotericin B (10(-5) M) stimulation of the aerobic SCC was not dependent on the presence of glucose but under anoxia, SCC stimulation required glucose. In Na2SO4 (glucose-rich) Ringer, amphotericin B stimulated the aerobic lactate efflux from 0.26 to 0.36 mumol/h.cm2 and anoxia increased it to 0.55 micromol/h.cm2. In NaCl Ringer, the addition of either 0.5 mM adenosine or 1 mM ATP with 26 mM glucose restored the anaerobic-inhibited SCC and lactate efflux of glucose-depleted corneas. The results show that the reactions of glycolysis are a sufficient energy source for supporting active Na and Cl transport.", "contents": "Metabolic requirements for anaerobic active Cl and Na transport in the bullfrog cornea. In the bullfrog cornea, the relationships between the rates of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis and active Cl and Na transport were studied. In NaCl Ringer (glucose-free), the short-circuit current (SCC) declined much more slowly under aerobic than under anaerobic conditions. The aerobic lactate effluxes in glucose-free and glucose-rich NaCl Ringer were 0.08 and 0.23 micromol/h.cm2, respectively. The transition to anoxia caused these values to increase significantly and was accompanied by depletion of endogenous glycogen in glucose-free Ringer. In Na2SO4 Ringer, amphotericin B (10(-5) M) stimulation of the aerobic SCC was not dependent on the presence of glucose but under anoxia, SCC stimulation required glucose. In Na2SO4 (glucose-rich) Ringer, amphotericin B stimulated the aerobic lactate efflux from 0.26 to 0.36 mumol/h.cm2 and anoxia increased it to 0.55 micromol/h.cm2. In NaCl Ringer, the addition of either 0.5 mM adenosine or 1 mM ATP with 26 mM glucose restored the anaerobic-inhibited SCC and lactate efflux of glucose-depleted corneas. The results show that the reactions of glycolysis are a sufficient energy source for supporting active Na and Cl transport.", "PMID": 312606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3553", "title": "Effects of colchicine and vinblastine on in vitro gastric secretion.", "content": "The effects of colchicine and vinblastine on in vitro bullfrog gastric mucosal preparations were studied with respect to H+ and pepsinogen secretion. In the concentration range of 1--50 mM, an initial but transient colchicine-mediated stimulation of H+ secretion is followed by a dose-dependent inhibition. The transient stimulation of H+ secretion can be confirmed in resting preparations in the absence of added secretagogues. In the same concentration range, colchicine inhibits pepsinogen secretion to a greater degree than H+ secretion. Vinblastine (10(-5)--5 X 10(-4) M) was more effective than colchicine in inhibiting both H+ and pepsinogen secretion. The kinetics of inhibition of secretion by both colchicine and vinblastine were slow. Cytochalasin B had no effect on either secretion.", "contents": "Effects of colchicine and vinblastine on in vitro gastric secretion. The effects of colchicine and vinblastine on in vitro bullfrog gastric mucosal preparations were studied with respect to H+ and pepsinogen secretion. In the concentration range of 1--50 mM, an initial but transient colchicine-mediated stimulation of H+ secretion is followed by a dose-dependent inhibition. The transient stimulation of H+ secretion can be confirmed in resting preparations in the absence of added secretagogues. In the same concentration range, colchicine inhibits pepsinogen secretion to a greater degree than H+ secretion. Vinblastine (10(-5)--5 X 10(-4) M) was more effective than colchicine in inhibiting both H+ and pepsinogen secretion. The kinetics of inhibition of secretion by both colchicine and vinblastine were slow. Cytochalasin B had no effect on either secretion.", "PMID": 312607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3554", "title": "Suppressor cell function in sarcoidosis.", "content": "We investigated the role of suppressor cells in the depressed cellular immunity of patients with sarcoidosis. The mean response in 16 patients with active sarcoidosis to three concentrations of phytohemagglutinin was significantly (P less than 0.01) less than control values. Passage of the cells over glass wool resulted in a 116% increase in response to phytohemagglutinin in patients and a 39% decrease in control subjects. Addition of indomethacin to phytohemagglutinin cultures increased the response of cells in patients with sarcoidosis by 192% +/- 32% versus a 112% +/- 18%-increase for control subjects (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.05). Patients had an increased percentage of monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations, and the percent monocytes correlated with the percent increase in phytohemagglutinin response after glass wool passage (r = 0.62, P less than 0.05). Thus, several factors contribute to the depressed phytohemagglutinin response in sarcoidosis patients: an increased suppression by the prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell, an increased percentage of monocytes, and an as yet undefined factor.", "contents": "Suppressor cell function in sarcoidosis. We investigated the role of suppressor cells in the depressed cellular immunity of patients with sarcoidosis. The mean response in 16 patients with active sarcoidosis to three concentrations of phytohemagglutinin was significantly (P less than 0.01) less than control values. Passage of the cells over glass wool resulted in a 116% increase in response to phytohemagglutinin in patients and a 39% decrease in control subjects. Addition of indomethacin to phytohemagglutinin cultures increased the response of cells in patients with sarcoidosis by 192% +/- 32% versus a 112% +/- 18%-increase for control subjects (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.05). Patients had an increased percentage of monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations, and the percent monocytes correlated with the percent increase in phytohemagglutinin response after glass wool passage (r = 0.62, P less than 0.05). Thus, several factors contribute to the depressed phytohemagglutinin response in sarcoidosis patients: an increased suppression by the prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell, an increased percentage of monocytes, and an as yet undefined factor.", "PMID": 312613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3555", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia-associated familial lymphoproliferative disorder: immunologic abnormalities in unaffected family members.", "content": "Three generations of a family were affected by hematologic malignancies: the proband had hairy cell leukemia, his brother chronic lymphocytic leukemia, his nephew cutaneous and central nervous system lymphoma, and his father chronic granulocytic leukemia. There was no clinical evidence for immune deficiency in 17 unaffected family members. Most family members had normal serum immunoglobulins and peripheral B-cells, but some had decreased T cells. Lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were markedly reduced, while pokeweed mitogen responses were essentially normal. Delayed hypersensitivity responses determined by response to a 23-antigen skin test panel were markedly diminished, as were viral antibody titers. The decreased immune function in these family members suggests a role for the immune system in the emergence of hairy cell leukemia and other lymphoid malignancies, though further follow-up will be needed to see if other family members develop malignancies.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia-associated familial lymphoproliferative disorder: immunologic abnormalities in unaffected family members. Three generations of a family were affected by hematologic malignancies: the proband had hairy cell leukemia, his brother chronic lymphocytic leukemia, his nephew cutaneous and central nervous system lymphoma, and his father chronic granulocytic leukemia. There was no clinical evidence for immune deficiency in 17 unaffected family members. Most family members had normal serum immunoglobulins and peripheral B-cells, but some had decreased T cells. Lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were markedly reduced, while pokeweed mitogen responses were essentially normal. Delayed hypersensitivity responses determined by response to a 23-antigen skin test panel were markedly diminished, as were viral antibody titers. The decreased immune function in these family members suggests a role for the immune system in the emergence of hairy cell leukemia and other lymphoid malignancies, though further follow-up will be needed to see if other family members develop malignancies.", "PMID": 312614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3556", "title": "Chronic Lyme arthritis. Clinical and immunogenetic differentiation from rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Ten patients with Lyme arthritis have developed chronic involvement of one or both knees. Lyme arthritis was diagnosed by onset with erythema chronicum migrans (six patients); residence in Lyme, Connecticut (eight); seasonal onset in summer and early fall (nine); early periods of short recurrent attacks (nine); absence of rheumatoid factor (nine); and absence of symmetrical polyarthritis, morning stiffness, subcutaneous nodules, or antinuclear antibodies (in all). Five patients had synovectomies; pannus formation and underlying cartilage erosion were present in all. Seven of the 10 patients had the same B-cell alloantigen, DRw2 (frequency in normal control subjects, 22% [P less than 0.005]), but did not have an increased frequency of the alloantigens associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Chronic Lyme arthritis, the result of an apparent tick-transmitted infection, resembles rheumatoid arthritis pathologically but generally differs from it in both prearticular and immunogenetic characteristics.", "contents": "Chronic Lyme arthritis. Clinical and immunogenetic differentiation from rheumatoid arthritis. Ten patients with Lyme arthritis have developed chronic involvement of one or both knees. Lyme arthritis was diagnosed by onset with erythema chronicum migrans (six patients); residence in Lyme, Connecticut (eight); seasonal onset in summer and early fall (nine); early periods of short recurrent attacks (nine); absence of rheumatoid factor (nine); and absence of symmetrical polyarthritis, morning stiffness, subcutaneous nodules, or antinuclear antibodies (in all). Five patients had synovectomies; pannus formation and underlying cartilage erosion were present in all. Seven of the 10 patients had the same B-cell alloantigen, DRw2 (frequency in normal control subjects, 22% [P less than 0.005]), but did not have an increased frequency of the alloantigens associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Chronic Lyme arthritis, the result of an apparent tick-transmitted infection, resembles rheumatoid arthritis pathologically but generally differs from it in both prearticular and immunogenetic characteristics.", "PMID": 312615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3557", "title": "Cerebral color blindness: an acquired defect in hue discrimination.", "content": "In contrast to the traditional view that striate visual cortex (area 17) is surrounded by two homogeneous cortical areas (areas 18 and 19), recent studies have shown that mammalian extrastriate visual cortex contains several anatomically and functionally distinct subregions. One such region, the V-4 complex of the rhesus monkey, is highly specialized for the analysis of color information, suggesting that a lesion in a homologous region might produce a defect in color vision while sparing other visual functions. We have studied a patient whose clinical syndrome supports this suggestion: a 44-year-old man with normal color vision suffered two cerebral infarctions that produced first a right and then a left superior homonymous quadrantanopia and also caused prosopagnosia, topographical disorientation, and severely impaired color vision. Computed tomography demonstrated extensive lesions in both inferior occipital lobes in the territories of the lateral branches of the posterior cerebral arteries, involving the lingual and medial occipitotemporal gyri bilaterally; these gyri contain the inferior portion of striate cortex and segments of extrastriate visual cortex. The patient had no difficulty in giving the correct color names associated with common objects presented either verbally or in outline drawings. Standardized testing with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test, the Nagel anomaloscope, and a method that tests for just-noticeable differences between monochromatic stimuli all showed that the patient's ability to distinguish one color from another was markedly imparied but not totally absent. In contrast, visual acuity, reading, visually guided eye movements, and stereopsis were normal. Cells in the V-4 complex of monkey extrastriate cortex are highly specialized for distinguishing one color from another; the hue discrimination deficit that was demonstrated in this patient with cerebral color blindness indicates that a region or regions with similar function has been damaged.", "contents": "Cerebral color blindness: an acquired defect in hue discrimination. In contrast to the traditional view that striate visual cortex (area 17) is surrounded by two homogeneous cortical areas (areas 18 and 19), recent studies have shown that mammalian extrastriate visual cortex contains several anatomically and functionally distinct subregions. One such region, the V-4 complex of the rhesus monkey, is highly specialized for the analysis of color information, suggesting that a lesion in a homologous region might produce a defect in color vision while sparing other visual functions. We have studied a patient whose clinical syndrome supports this suggestion: a 44-year-old man with normal color vision suffered two cerebral infarctions that produced first a right and then a left superior homonymous quadrantanopia and also caused prosopagnosia, topographical disorientation, and severely impaired color vision. Computed tomography demonstrated extensive lesions in both inferior occipital lobes in the territories of the lateral branches of the posterior cerebral arteries, involving the lingual and medial occipitotemporal gyri bilaterally; these gyri contain the inferior portion of striate cortex and segments of extrastriate visual cortex. The patient had no difficulty in giving the correct color names associated with common objects presented either verbally or in outline drawings. Standardized testing with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test, the Nagel anomaloscope, and a method that tests for just-noticeable differences between monochromatic stimuli all showed that the patient's ability to distinguish one color from another was markedly imparied but not totally absent. In contrast, visual acuity, reading, visually guided eye movements, and stereopsis were normal. Cells in the V-4 complex of monkey extrastriate cortex are highly specialized for distinguishing one color from another; the hue discrimination deficit that was demonstrated in this patient with cerebral color blindness indicates that a region or regions with similar function has been damaged.", "PMID": 312619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3558", "title": "Suppressor cell function in multiple sclerosis: correlation with clinical disease activity.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A)-activated suppressor cell activity was determined in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who had been assigned to one of three subgroups, those with active disease, those recovering from a flare-up, and those with stable disease. The level of suppression induced by the Con A-activated suppressor cells on the mitogenic response of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes was reduced in patients with active disease (3 +/- 8%) compared with stable patients (30 +/- 8%), patients recovering from a flare-up (62 +/- 5%), and controls (40 +/- 5%). As a measure of the actual amounts of suppressor factors released, the effect of supernatants from the Con A-activated cells on the proliferative activity of a dividing cell line (L cells) was determined concurrently. The inhibitory effect of supernatants from activated cells was reduced in active and stable MS patients (7 +/- 3%) compared to controls (21 +/- 4%). Three of 4 with active MS showed mildly elevated immune complex levels as measured by the Raji cell technique; each of these patients had low suppressor activity. Levamisole (1 microgram per milliliter) failed to alter suppressor cell activity in our in vitro system.", "contents": "Suppressor cell function in multiple sclerosis: correlation with clinical disease activity. Concanavalin A (Con A)-activated suppressor cell activity was determined in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who had been assigned to one of three subgroups, those with active disease, those recovering from a flare-up, and those with stable disease. The level of suppression induced by the Con A-activated suppressor cells on the mitogenic response of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes was reduced in patients with active disease (3 +/- 8%) compared with stable patients (30 +/- 8%), patients recovering from a flare-up (62 +/- 5%), and controls (40 +/- 5%). As a measure of the actual amounts of suppressor factors released, the effect of supernatants from the Con A-activated cells on the proliferative activity of a dividing cell line (L cells) was determined concurrently. The inhibitory effect of supernatants from activated cells was reduced in active and stable MS patients (7 +/- 3%) compared to controls (21 +/- 4%). Three of 4 with active MS showed mildly elevated immune complex levels as measured by the Raji cell technique; each of these patients had low suppressor activity. Levamisole (1 microgram per milliliter) failed to alter suppressor cell activity in our in vitro system.", "PMID": 312620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3559", "title": "Colour vision deficiency among two populations of Chamars, a scheduled caste population of Uttar Pradesh (India).", "content": "On n = 320 nonrelated Kureel Chamars (160 males, 160 females) from Lucknow and neighbouring villages and n = 314 nonrelated Jaiswar Chamars (160 males, 154 females) from Jaunpur the frequency of colourvision deficiency was examined. In the Kureel Chamars the frequency of deuteranopia comes to a total of 1.25% (males: 25%, females: 0.0%), in the Jaiswar Chamars to a total of 1.91% (males: 3.13%, females: 0.65%). Protanopes were only found in the Kureel Chamars (0.63%; males: 1.25%, females: 0.0%). These observations are discussed and compared with those obtained on other Indian populations.", "contents": "Colour vision deficiency among two populations of Chamars, a scheduled caste population of Uttar Pradesh (India). On n = 320 nonrelated Kureel Chamars (160 males, 160 females) from Lucknow and neighbouring villages and n = 314 nonrelated Jaiswar Chamars (160 males, 154 females) from Jaunpur the frequency of colourvision deficiency was examined. In the Kureel Chamars the frequency of deuteranopia comes to a total of 1.25% (males: 25%, females: 0.0%), in the Jaiswar Chamars to a total of 1.91% (males: 3.13%, females: 0.65%). Protanopes were only found in the Kureel Chamars (0.63%; males: 1.25%, females: 0.0%). These observations are discussed and compared with those obtained on other Indian populations.", "PMID": 312621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3560", "title": "Adenoids and otitis media with effusion.", "content": "At adenoidectomy specimens for bacteriological, virological, and histological investigation were obtained from the adenoids of 144 children, 53 of whom suffered from otitis media with effusion, or frequently recurring otitis media. Comparison of findings in children with ear diseases with those obtained in the rest of the material showed that Hemophilus influenza was cultured from 50% of the specimens from the children with ear diseases, while only 14% of the cultures from the other children yielded H. influenza. Virus isolates were made from 17 adenoids. In children with ear diseases a virus was isolated from 28% of the specimens, whereas positive isolates were obtained in only 3% of the rest of the speciemens. Both findings are statistically significant and support the view that the adenoid tissue may play an important role in the etiology of otitis media with effusion. The infected adenoid may be the direct source of the primary infections, or continuous microbial irritation in the nasopharynx may indirectly be the cause of otitis media with effusion, as persistent infection and edema maintain chronic dysfunction of the eustachian tube. Thus adenoidectomy may be beneficial in the treatment of frequently recurring otitis media, preventing otitis media with effusion from developing.", "contents": "Adenoids and otitis media with effusion. At adenoidectomy specimens for bacteriological, virological, and histological investigation were obtained from the adenoids of 144 children, 53 of whom suffered from otitis media with effusion, or frequently recurring otitis media. Comparison of findings in children with ear diseases with those obtained in the rest of the material showed that Hemophilus influenza was cultured from 50% of the specimens from the children with ear diseases, while only 14% of the cultures from the other children yielded H. influenza. Virus isolates were made from 17 adenoids. In children with ear diseases a virus was isolated from 28% of the specimens, whereas positive isolates were obtained in only 3% of the rest of the speciemens. Both findings are statistically significant and support the view that the adenoid tissue may play an important role in the etiology of otitis media with effusion. The infected adenoid may be the direct source of the primary infections, or continuous microbial irritation in the nasopharynx may indirectly be the cause of otitis media with effusion, as persistent infection and edema maintain chronic dysfunction of the eustachian tube. Thus adenoidectomy may be beneficial in the treatment of frequently recurring otitis media, preventing otitis media with effusion from developing.", "PMID": 312617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3561", "title": "An immunosuppressive serum factor in widespread cutaneous dermatophytosis.", "content": "A patient had a widespread dermatophytosis and a serum factor that specifically suppressed his T-cell rosette formation and the phytohemagglutinin responsiveness of his lymphocytes. The patient was also unable to mount a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a standard anergy panel, although he did exhibit an immediate type hypersensitivity reaction to the trichophytin skin test antigen. Although many immunosuppressed patients succumb to severe bacterial and fungal infections, it is our contention that in certain cases the infectious process itself may generate a serum factor that is capable of inducing immunosuppression, thereby rendering the patient susceptible to further spread of the infection.", "contents": "An immunosuppressive serum factor in widespread cutaneous dermatophytosis. A patient had a widespread dermatophytosis and a serum factor that specifically suppressed his T-cell rosette formation and the phytohemagglutinin responsiveness of his lymphocytes. The patient was also unable to mount a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a standard anergy panel, although he did exhibit an immediate type hypersensitivity reaction to the trichophytin skin test antigen. Although many immunosuppressed patients succumb to severe bacterial and fungal infections, it is our contention that in certain cases the infectious process itself may generate a serum factor that is capable of inducing immunosuppression, thereby rendering the patient susceptible to further spread of the infection.", "PMID": 312623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3562", "title": "Influences on the coiling of the cochlea.", "content": "The growth and shape of the cochlea appears to be controlled by the formation of the cartilaginous capsule. Coiling of the cochlear duct is apparently the result of the physical barrier and support provided by the cartilage cells differentiating from mesenchyme surrounding the ventral portion of the otocyst. In addition, tissue interactions between this mesenchyme and the developing cochlear duct will influence the formation of the cartilaginous capsule and they may also be the origin of one of the controlling agents for the coiling mechanism.", "contents": "Influences on the coiling of the cochlea. The growth and shape of the cochlea appears to be controlled by the formation of the cartilaginous capsule. Coiling of the cochlear duct is apparently the result of the physical barrier and support provided by the cartilage cells differentiating from mesenchyme surrounding the ventral portion of the otocyst. In addition, tissue interactions between this mesenchyme and the developing cochlear duct will influence the formation of the cartilaginous capsule and they may also be the origin of one of the controlling agents for the coiling mechanism.", "PMID": 312618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3563", "title": "Prevalence and incidence of the diagnosis of gout in Great Britain.", "content": "A study in gout of the incidence of diagnosis from 1971 to 1975 and of the prevalence at 31 December 1975 was carried out in a representative general practice sample comprising 64 practices and a population numbering 1 in 145 of the total population of Great Britain. The results show an annual incidence in Great Britain from 1971 to 1975 varying from 0.25 to 0.35 per 1000 and an overall prevalence at 31 December 1975 of 2.6 per 1000. The prevalence in England was found to be significantly greater than in the rest of Great Britain and that in Wales to be significantly greater than in Scotland. In 10% of the cases the gout was believed to be secondary, with induction by diuretics being the most frequent cause. The prevalence of primary gout was estimated to be 2.3 per 1000.", "contents": "Prevalence and incidence of the diagnosis of gout in Great Britain. A study in gout of the incidence of diagnosis from 1971 to 1975 and of the prevalence at 31 December 1975 was carried out in a representative general practice sample comprising 64 practices and a population numbering 1 in 145 of the total population of Great Britain. The results show an annual incidence in Great Britain from 1971 to 1975 varying from 0.25 to 0.35 per 1000 and an overall prevalence at 31 December 1975 of 2.6 per 1000. The prevalence in England was found to be significantly greater than in the rest of Great Britain and that in Wales to be significantly greater than in Scotland. In 10% of the cases the gout was believed to be secondary, with induction by diuretics being the most frequent cause. The prevalence of primary gout was estimated to be 2.3 per 1000.", "PMID": 312625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3564", "title": "Cimetidine-induced neutropenia: a possible dose-related phenomenon.", "content": "Neutropenia associated with high-dose cimetidine therapy developed in a patient in whom earlier therapy, as well as rechallenge with low-dose cimetidine, did not result in neutropenia. As other factors cannot be implicated, a dose-related toxicity of cimetidine appears likely. Although the mechanism of cimetidine-induced neutropenia is unknown, it may involve the previously demonstrated ability of histamine H2 receptor antagonists to block the histamine-induced initiation of DNA synthesis in bone marrow stem cells.", "contents": "Cimetidine-induced neutropenia: a possible dose-related phenomenon. Neutropenia associated with high-dose cimetidine therapy developed in a patient in whom earlier therapy, as well as rechallenge with low-dose cimetidine, did not result in neutropenia. As other factors cannot be implicated, a dose-related toxicity of cimetidine appears likely. Although the mechanism of cimetidine-induced neutropenia is unknown, it may involve the previously demonstrated ability of histamine H2 receptor antagonists to block the histamine-induced initiation of DNA synthesis in bone marrow stem cells.", "PMID": 312628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3565", "title": "Extrahepatic portal hypertension: a retrospective analysis.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 19 patients with esophagogastric or intestinal varices secondary to extrahepatic portal hypertension was conducted. Nine patients had onset of bleeding during childhood. In six of eight pediatric patients in whom a shunt was performed no major bleeding occurred during the follow-up period. In seven adults with pure extrahepatic portal hypertension the four shunting procedures effected permanent control of bleeding. In two of three adults in whom portal vein thrombosis was associated with liver disease, shunting was successful. An emergency procedure was infrequently required. Multiple recurrences of bleeding episodes prior to decompression was the rule. Postshunt encephalopathy was never seen. In those patients in whom a shunt thrombosed or could not be performed, recurrent bleeding occurred uncommonly, and was readily managed to bedrest and transfusion.", "contents": "Extrahepatic portal hypertension: a retrospective analysis. A retrospective analysis of 19 patients with esophagogastric or intestinal varices secondary to extrahepatic portal hypertension was conducted. Nine patients had onset of bleeding during childhood. In six of eight pediatric patients in whom a shunt was performed no major bleeding occurred during the follow-up period. In seven adults with pure extrahepatic portal hypertension the four shunting procedures effected permanent control of bleeding. In two of three adults in whom portal vein thrombosis was associated with liver disease, shunting was successful. An emergency procedure was infrequently required. Multiple recurrences of bleeding episodes prior to decompression was the rule. Postshunt encephalopathy was never seen. In those patients in whom a shunt thrombosed or could not be performed, recurrent bleeding occurred uncommonly, and was readily managed to bedrest and transfusion.", "PMID": 312627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3566", "title": "Acute bilateral suppurative parotitis due to Haemophilus influenzae. Report of two cases.", "content": "Acute bilateral suppurative parotitis developed in two patients with documented cirrhosis of the liver while they were in the hospital. Gram's stain and culture of purulent material obtained from the orifice of Stensen's duct disclosed Haemophilus influenzae as the sole isolate. Both patients were treated successfully with local care and antibiotics. To our knowledge, with one possible exception, infection of the parotid gland due to this organism has not been described previously.", "contents": "Acute bilateral suppurative parotitis due to Haemophilus influenzae. Report of two cases. Acute bilateral suppurative parotitis developed in two patients with documented cirrhosis of the liver while they were in the hospital. Gram's stain and culture of purulent material obtained from the orifice of Stensen's duct disclosed Haemophilus influenzae as the sole isolate. Both patients were treated successfully with local care and antibiotics. To our knowledge, with one possible exception, infection of the parotid gland due to this organism has not been described previously.", "PMID": 312630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3567", "title": "Cell-mediated and humoral types of immunologic immunity in idiopathic pancytopenia.", "content": "In a majority of 34 patients (including 30 treated with androgens and glucocorticosteroids), the absolute lymphocyte count, percentage of the T population and its reactivity in vitro to PHA, PWM and sheep erythrocytes were normal. In one fourth of cases, serum levels of IgG and/or IgM classes of immunoglobulins were decreased. The deviations in levels of serum immunoglobulins, and in some patients in the lymphocyte count and in the T population and its reactivity to antigens were attributed to complex causes, including immunosuppressive treatment with adrenal glucocorticosteroids. It is suggested that indications for treatment with these hormones in cases of bone marrow aplasia with suppression of the lymphoid system should be restricted.", "contents": "Cell-mediated and humoral types of immunologic immunity in idiopathic pancytopenia. In a majority of 34 patients (including 30 treated with androgens and glucocorticosteroids), the absolute lymphocyte count, percentage of the T population and its reactivity in vitro to PHA, PWM and sheep erythrocytes were normal. In one fourth of cases, serum levels of IgG and/or IgM classes of immunoglobulins were decreased. The deviations in levels of serum immunoglobulins, and in some patients in the lymphocyte count and in the T population and its reactivity to antigens were attributed to complex causes, including immunosuppressive treatment with adrenal glucocorticosteroids. It is suggested that indications for treatment with these hormones in cases of bone marrow aplasia with suppression of the lymphoid system should be restricted.", "PMID": 312631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3568", "title": "Cell-mediated hypersensitvity in glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Proportions and total numbers of peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes as well as their activity measured in the leukocyte migration inhibition test were estimated in 47 patients with acute or chronic glomerulonephritis and in 30 individuals serving as a control group. The obtained results indicated that glomerulonephritis was associated with altered proportions of peripheral blood lymphocytes. In acute glomerulonephritis high B lymphocyte levels were found while chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis was characterized by high proportions and high absolute levels of T lymphocytes. Few months observation of T: B lymphocyte proportions during the disease indicated that exacerbation of the disease was associated with lowered proportions of T lymphocytes. Moreover, it was shown that cell mediated hypersensitivity to GBM antigens was detectable in 80% patients with glomerulonephritis and was absent from patients with pyelonephritis. The latter results indicate participation of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in pathomechanisms of glomerulonephritis in most of the patients.", "contents": "Cell-mediated hypersensitvity in glomerulonephritis. Proportions and total numbers of peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes as well as their activity measured in the leukocyte migration inhibition test were estimated in 47 patients with acute or chronic glomerulonephritis and in 30 individuals serving as a control group. The obtained results indicated that glomerulonephritis was associated with altered proportions of peripheral blood lymphocytes. In acute glomerulonephritis high B lymphocyte levels were found while chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis was characterized by high proportions and high absolute levels of T lymphocytes. Few months observation of T: B lymphocyte proportions during the disease indicated that exacerbation of the disease was associated with lowered proportions of T lymphocytes. Moreover, it was shown that cell mediated hypersensitivity to GBM antigens was detectable in 80% patients with glomerulonephritis and was absent from patients with pyelonephritis. The latter results indicate participation of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in pathomechanisms of glomerulonephritis in most of the patients.", "PMID": 312632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3569", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in the ontogenetic development of man.", "content": "Cord blood lymphocytes of premature and mature fetuses and peripheral blood of infants and adults were studied by rosette techniques and membrane immunofluorescence. Percentage of lymphocytes carrying surface immunoglobulins, receptors for complement and receptors for uncoated sheep erythrocytes or receptors for Fc IgG was determined. T lymphocyte receptors were found to appear later in ontogeny than the receptors typical of B lymphocytes. Receptors for Fc IgG were the earliest to appear: already in premature fetuses the percentage of lymphocytes resembled the one seen in healthy adults. However, the absolute number of T cells increased during development of fetuses and infants and slightly decreased in adults. On the other hand, the absolute number of B lymphocytes were highest in mature fetuses and decreased in subsequent age groups. In the course of human ontogeny a progressive increase was found in lymphocytes carrying full sets of T or B lymphocyte receptors, paralleled by a corresponding decrease in mean values of \"null\" lymphocytes free of detectable receptors.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in the ontogenetic development of man. Cord blood lymphocytes of premature and mature fetuses and peripheral blood of infants and adults were studied by rosette techniques and membrane immunofluorescence. Percentage of lymphocytes carrying surface immunoglobulins, receptors for complement and receptors for uncoated sheep erythrocytes or receptors for Fc IgG was determined. T lymphocyte receptors were found to appear later in ontogeny than the receptors typical of B lymphocytes. Receptors for Fc IgG were the earliest to appear: already in premature fetuses the percentage of lymphocytes resembled the one seen in healthy adults. However, the absolute number of T cells increased during development of fetuses and infants and slightly decreased in adults. On the other hand, the absolute number of B lymphocytes were highest in mature fetuses and decreased in subsequent age groups. In the course of human ontogeny a progressive increase was found in lymphocytes carrying full sets of T or B lymphocyte receptors, paralleled by a corresponding decrease in mean values of \"null\" lymphocytes free of detectable receptors.", "PMID": 312633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3570", "title": "Correlation between the rosette test with neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells and acid phosphatase activity in lymphocytes from patients with lymphoproliferative disease.", "content": "In 14 adult patients suffering from lymphoproliferative diseases, the relation between numbers of lymphocytes determined by the rosette test (nSE) with neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells and numbers of lymphocytes giving a positive reaction for acid phosphatase was determined. Statistical analysis of multiple test results in the patients (n = 38) showed highly positive correlation between the two markers. A similar positive correlation in the course of cytostatic treatment was observed in selected patients with type T and B cell lymphoma. The results indicate that determination of acid phosphatase activity can serve as an additional marker of T lymphocytes in groups of patients with lymphoproliferative disease.", "contents": "Correlation between the rosette test with neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells and acid phosphatase activity in lymphocytes from patients with lymphoproliferative disease. In 14 adult patients suffering from lymphoproliferative diseases, the relation between numbers of lymphocytes determined by the rosette test (nSE) with neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells and numbers of lymphocytes giving a positive reaction for acid phosphatase was determined. Statistical analysis of multiple test results in the patients (n = 38) showed highly positive correlation between the two markers. A similar positive correlation in the course of cytostatic treatment was observed in selected patients with type T and B cell lymphoma. The results indicate that determination of acid phosphatase activity can serve as an additional marker of T lymphocytes in groups of patients with lymphoproliferative disease.", "PMID": 312634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3571", "title": "Effect of in vitro x-irradiation on human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of in vitro irradiation with increasing in logarythmic progress X-ray doses on lymphocyte viability and on T and B lymphocyte populations was studied in normal adults, patients with myasthenia gravis and in patients undergoing long-term steroid therapy. Decrease in numbers of lymphocytes carrying T or B lymphocyte surface markers was higher than viable cell loss. The decrease showed no linear correlation with X-ray doses applied, which might reflect the existence of radioresistant T and B lymphocytes. A higher so called early radiosensitivity of B lymphocytes was demonstrated. In patients with myasthenia gravis early radioresistance of T lymphocytes was detected. In patients undergoing long-term steroid therapy, an increase in numbers of cells lacking markers of any of lymphocyte populations was found in parallel with a decrease in T lymphocyte number which, in these patients, showed a higher radiosensitivity.", "contents": "Effect of in vitro x-irradiation on human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes. The effect of in vitro irradiation with increasing in logarythmic progress X-ray doses on lymphocyte viability and on T and B lymphocyte populations was studied in normal adults, patients with myasthenia gravis and in patients undergoing long-term steroid therapy. Decrease in numbers of lymphocytes carrying T or B lymphocyte surface markers was higher than viable cell loss. The decrease showed no linear correlation with X-ray doses applied, which might reflect the existence of radioresistant T and B lymphocytes. A higher so called early radiosensitivity of B lymphocytes was demonstrated. In patients with myasthenia gravis early radioresistance of T lymphocytes was detected. In patients undergoing long-term steroid therapy, an increase in numbers of cells lacking markers of any of lymphocyte populations was found in parallel with a decrease in T lymphocyte number which, in these patients, showed a higher radiosensitivity.", "PMID": 312635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3572", "title": "Coronary bypass surgery for unstable angina: a five-year follow-up.", "content": "A total of 125 consecutive patients who were hospitalized for unstable angina underwent early coronary arteriography. One hundred of them were suitable for operation and were operated on promptly. There were no early deaths. The patients who had surgery have been followed up to 87 months (means, 57 months). Eighty-eight percent of the patients who had surgery returned to work. The actuarial five-year survival rate of those patients was 92%. At an average of five years, conditions of 62% of those who survived surgery were classified as functional class I, and 23% were class II. These data indicate that patients with unstable angina can safely undergo early arteriography and operation with late results that appear to be superior to the results of medical management of similar patients.", "contents": "Coronary bypass surgery for unstable angina: a five-year follow-up. A total of 125 consecutive patients who were hospitalized for unstable angina underwent early coronary arteriography. One hundred of them were suitable for operation and were operated on promptly. There were no early deaths. The patients who had surgery have been followed up to 87 months (means, 57 months). Eighty-eight percent of the patients who had surgery returned to work. The actuarial five-year survival rate of those patients was 92%. At an average of five years, conditions of 62% of those who survived surgery were classified as functional class I, and 23% were class II. These data indicate that patients with unstable angina can safely undergo early arteriography and operation with late results that appear to be superior to the results of medical management of similar patients.", "PMID": 312636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3573", "title": "[Familial congenital dystrophy of the corneal stroma: Turpin's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1939, R. Turpin and al. described cases of hereditary and congenital corneal opacities in three generations of one family. The members of this family have since been followed-up regularly by the author, examination of the corneas of the grandmother and the grand'daughter made by electron microscopy, the morphology compared, and an attempt made to establish the progression of the lesion. It so happened that at the same time, witschel and al. published (June, 1978) the results of their examination of the American members of the same family. Their conclusions were the same, in that this familial congenital dystrophy of the cornea is mainly stromal and differs therefore from familial congenital endothelial dystrophies. The author's analysis is complementary to theirs.", "contents": "[Familial congenital dystrophy of the corneal stroma: Turpin's syndrome (author's transl)]. In 1939, R. Turpin and al. described cases of hereditary and congenital corneal opacities in three generations of one family. The members of this family have since been followed-up regularly by the author, examination of the corneas of the grandmother and the grand'daughter made by electron microscopy, the morphology compared, and an attempt made to establish the progression of the lesion. It so happened that at the same time, witschel and al. published (June, 1978) the results of their examination of the American members of the same family. Their conclusions were the same, in that this familial congenital dystrophy of the cornea is mainly stromal and differs therefore from familial congenital endothelial dystrophies. The author's analysis is complementary to theirs.", "PMID": 312637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3574", "title": "The ocular manifestations and functional effects of occupational argyrosis.", "content": "Thirty employees of an industrial plant involved in the manufacture of silver nitrate and silver oxide underwent ophthalmologic evaluation in an effort to evaluate the frequency and extent of ocular argyrosis. The most frequently noted ocular abnormality was pigmentation of the conjunctiva, present in 20 workers; corneal pigmentation occurred in 15 workers. A direct relationship existed between the levels of pigmentation and duration of employment. Ocular pigmentation was seen more frequently than cutaneous pigmentation. Ten workers noted decreased night vision, but electrophysiologic and psychophysiologic studies of seven of these ten workers demonstrated no functional deficits.", "contents": "The ocular manifestations and functional effects of occupational argyrosis. Thirty employees of an industrial plant involved in the manufacture of silver nitrate and silver oxide underwent ophthalmologic evaluation in an effort to evaluate the frequency and extent of ocular argyrosis. The most frequently noted ocular abnormality was pigmentation of the conjunctiva, present in 20 workers; corneal pigmentation occurred in 15 workers. A direct relationship existed between the levels of pigmentation and duration of employment. Ocular pigmentation was seen more frequently than cutaneous pigmentation. Ten workers noted decreased night vision, but electrophysiologic and psychophysiologic studies of seven of these ten workers demonstrated no functional deficits.", "PMID": 312638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3575", "title": "Pars plana surgical approach for various anterior segment problems.", "content": "Various anterior segment problems can be approached through the pars plana and treated with instrumentation that has been developed for vitreous surgery. Two cases of aphakic bullous keratopathy due to vitreous touch and three cases of subluxated lenses were successfully treated. Of two cases of advanced, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, one showed a successful result.", "contents": "Pars plana surgical approach for various anterior segment problems. Various anterior segment problems can be approached through the pars plana and treated with instrumentation that has been developed for vitreous surgery. Two cases of aphakic bullous keratopathy due to vitreous touch and three cases of subluxated lenses were successfully treated. Of two cases of advanced, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, one showed a successful result.", "PMID": 312639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3576", "title": "Clinical immunological study of T lymphocytes and EA rosette forming cells in tonsils.", "content": "Tonsillar E and EA rosette forming lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 120 tonsillectomized patients. T cell ratios was usually lower in the tonsils than in the blood. EA binding cells were studied with indicator systems of human or rabbit antibody sensitized red cells, respectively. Poorly sensitized human RBCs (EArabbit) bind much better to tonsillar cells than to blood lymphocytes and so this system proved to be specially suitable to study tonsillar EA binding cells. Increase in E and EA rabbit rosette forming cell frequencies were found with the age of patients. Decrease in percentage of T cells and EA rabbit rosette binding cells were found with high frequency of acut tonsillitis and with clinical sysmptoms of chronic local inflammation. The variation of these lymphocyte subpopulations with the local tonsillar inflammatory processes suggest a considerable clinical immunological role of local T cells and of this portion of Fc receptor postive lymphocytes.", "contents": "Clinical immunological study of T lymphocytes and EA rosette forming cells in tonsils. Tonsillar E and EA rosette forming lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 120 tonsillectomized patients. T cell ratios was usually lower in the tonsils than in the blood. EA binding cells were studied with indicator systems of human or rabbit antibody sensitized red cells, respectively. Poorly sensitized human RBCs (EArabbit) bind much better to tonsillar cells than to blood lymphocytes and so this system proved to be specially suitable to study tonsillar EA binding cells. Increase in E and EA rabbit rosette forming cell frequencies were found with the age of patients. Decrease in percentage of T cells and EA rabbit rosette binding cells were found with high frequency of acut tonsillitis and with clinical sysmptoms of chronic local inflammation. The variation of these lymphocyte subpopulations with the local tonsillar inflammatory processes suggest a considerable clinical immunological role of local T cells and of this portion of Fc receptor postive lymphocytes.", "PMID": 312640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3577", "title": "[Electrically evoked, computer-averaged vestibular brain stem potentials in the cat (author's transl)].", "content": "In cats electric stimuli were applied to the wall of the outer auditory canal. Five hundred stimuli were averaged by computer technique. Thus two potentials with different latencies could be obtained. As these potentials disappeared after selectively resecting the vestibular nerve, it is assumed that these potentials were real vestibular brain stem potentials.", "contents": "[Electrically evoked, computer-averaged vestibular brain stem potentials in the cat (author's transl)]. In cats electric stimuli were applied to the wall of the outer auditory canal. Five hundred stimuli were averaged by computer technique. Thus two potentials with different latencies could be obtained. As these potentials disappeared after selectively resecting the vestibular nerve, it is assumed that these potentials were real vestibular brain stem potentials.", "PMID": 312641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3578", "title": "Nematospiroides dubius: susceptibility to infection and the development of resistance in hypothymic (nude) BALB/c mice.", "content": "BALB/c-nu/nu mice and their intact nu/+ littermates are equally susceptible to infection with third-stage larvae of Nematospiroides dubius. Unlike their heterozygous littermates, however, the nu/nu mice are unable to form ganulomata in the intestinal wall and become only partially resistant to rechallenge. Following two or more infections, nu/nu mice maintain a high burden of adult intestinal worms, whereas worms are lost from immune nu/+ mice. Studies in T cell-injected nu/nu mice suggest that a full complement of T cells is needed to develop maximum resistance against the infective third-stage larvae and to expel adult worms. Measurement of serum immunoglobulin levels indicate that infected nu/+ mice have very high levels of IgG1 whereas the levels of IgG2a are reduced. In infected T cell-injected nu/nu mice, IgG1 levels increase with the number of T cells injected, whereas IgG2a levels are variable but always higher than in infected nu/+ mice.", "contents": "Nematospiroides dubius: susceptibility to infection and the development of resistance in hypothymic (nude) BALB/c mice. BALB/c-nu/nu mice and their intact nu/+ littermates are equally susceptible to infection with third-stage larvae of Nematospiroides dubius. Unlike their heterozygous littermates, however, the nu/nu mice are unable to form ganulomata in the intestinal wall and become only partially resistant to rechallenge. Following two or more infections, nu/nu mice maintain a high burden of adult intestinal worms, whereas worms are lost from immune nu/+ mice. Studies in T cell-injected nu/nu mice suggest that a full complement of T cells is needed to develop maximum resistance against the infective third-stage larvae and to expel adult worms. Measurement of serum immunoglobulin levels indicate that infected nu/+ mice have very high levels of IgG1 whereas the levels of IgG2a are reduced. In infected T cell-injected nu/nu mice, IgG1 levels increase with the number of T cells injected, whereas IgG2a levels are variable but always higher than in infected nu/+ mice.", "PMID": 312642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3579", "title": "The purification and characterization of bovine C4, the fourth component of complement.", "content": "The fourth component of complement, C4, was isolated from bovine plasma in high yield, by using simple purification techniques. The protein, like human component C4, is a beta-globulin with a mol.wt. of about 200 000 and consists of three polypeptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma, with apparent mol. wts. of 98 000, 82 000 and 32 000 respectively. The chains of C4 have been separated by methods previously used for human C4. Their amino acid compositions are very similar to those of the human component, but differences in carbohydrate distribution have been observed. The haemolytic activity of bovine C4 is totally destroyed by incubation with bovine C1s, the activated subcomponent of the first component of complement. Component C4, treated in this way, was shown to be cleaved in the alpha chain, which was decreased in mol.wt. by about 9000, corresponding to the removal of subcomponent C4a.", "contents": "The purification and characterization of bovine C4, the fourth component of complement. The fourth component of complement, C4, was isolated from bovine plasma in high yield, by using simple purification techniques. The protein, like human component C4, is a beta-globulin with a mol.wt. of about 200 000 and consists of three polypeptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma, with apparent mol. wts. of 98 000, 82 000 and 32 000 respectively. The chains of C4 have been separated by methods previously used for human C4. Their amino acid compositions are very similar to those of the human component, but differences in carbohydrate distribution have been observed. The haemolytic activity of bovine C4 is totally destroyed by incubation with bovine C1s, the activated subcomponent of the first component of complement. Component C4, treated in this way, was shown to be cleaved in the alpha chain, which was decreased in mol.wt. by about 9000, corresponding to the removal of subcomponent C4a.", "PMID": 312644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3580", "title": "The immunologic and clinical associations of the split products of C3 in plasma in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A qualitative counterimmunoelectrophoretic assay for the complement activation products C3c and C3d was used to study plasma from children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and other rheumatic diseases. Positive tests for C3c,d were found in all patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 7 of 10 patients with active systemic JRA, 16 of 29 with active polyarticular JRA, 7 of 20 with active pauciarticular JRA, and in only 2 of 20 with inactive joint disease. The incidence of positive assays for C3c,d in JRA was increased in the presence of positive latex fixation tests, antinuclear antibody tests, or elevated values for antiglobulins as determined by affinity chromatography, but these associations were not statistically significant. Three joint fluids from children with pauciarticular JRA were negative for C3c,d. These studies show that the subgroups of JRA defined by clinical criteria are heterogeneous by current laboratory parameters and that evidence implicating antigen-antibody complexes in the pathogenesis of JRA is lacking in many patients.", "contents": "The immunologic and clinical associations of the split products of C3 in plasma in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A qualitative counterimmunoelectrophoretic assay for the complement activation products C3c and C3d was used to study plasma from children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and other rheumatic diseases. Positive tests for C3c,d were found in all patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 7 of 10 patients with active systemic JRA, 16 of 29 with active polyarticular JRA, 7 of 20 with active pauciarticular JRA, and in only 2 of 20 with inactive joint disease. The incidence of positive assays for C3c,d in JRA was increased in the presence of positive latex fixation tests, antinuclear antibody tests, or elevated values for antiglobulins as determined by affinity chromatography, but these associations were not statistically significant. Three joint fluids from children with pauciarticular JRA were negative for C3c,d. These studies show that the subgroups of JRA defined by clinical criteria are heterogeneous by current laboratory parameters and that evidence implicating antigen-antibody complexes in the pathogenesis of JRA is lacking in many patients.", "PMID": 312646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3581", "title": "Electronystagmographic study in rabbits on the vestibular effect of vincamine.", "content": "Vincamine (Vincapront), the alcaloid isolated from Vinca minor L, was tested in rabbits at three dosages (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg i.m.) in an electronystagmographic study. The parameters evaluated were: duration, rate and frequency of the post-rotatory nystagmus and the frequency of the per-rotatory nystagmus. While the post-rotatory nystagmus was found to show a reduction in duration and rate, the frequencies did not respond to vincamine. The 1 mg/kg dose had the strongest effect while that of the 10 mg/kg dose was weakest. As these findings may not be explained by sedative or habituation effects we consider the reduction of the post-rotatory nystagmus as an analogue in animal experiments of the vestibular effect seen in man. The electronystagmographic pattern of action corresponds to that of some other antivertiginous drugs.", "contents": "Electronystagmographic study in rabbits on the vestibular effect of vincamine. Vincamine (Vincapront), the alcaloid isolated from Vinca minor L, was tested in rabbits at three dosages (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg i.m.) in an electronystagmographic study. The parameters evaluated were: duration, rate and frequency of the post-rotatory nystagmus and the frequency of the per-rotatory nystagmus. While the post-rotatory nystagmus was found to show a reduction in duration and rate, the frequencies did not respond to vincamine. The 1 mg/kg dose had the strongest effect while that of the 10 mg/kg dose was weakest. As these findings may not be explained by sedative or habituation effects we consider the reduction of the post-rotatory nystagmus as an analogue in animal experiments of the vestibular effect seen in man. The electronystagmographic pattern of action corresponds to that of some other antivertiginous drugs.", "PMID": 312648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3582", "title": "Immune status in atopic eczema: a survey.", "content": "We have searched the literature for data on the in vitro assessment of immune status in atopic eczema patients, and have found much confusion. The major findings are tabulated. It is concluded that atopic eczema is a form of immune deficiency, although it is unclear whether this is a primary or secondary defect. Most authors find a T-lymphocyte deficit while eosinophils, B lymphocytes and serum IgE are increased. Serum IgE levels appear to correlated with severity of eczema symptoms. We have previously suggested that T-lymphocyte levels are overestimated in eczema when fetal calf serum is used in the E-rosette assay. Analysis of the literature for the effect of this serum in the assay confirms that there is a T-lymphocyte deficit in atopic eczema, but that the serum masks it. Thus, much of the confusion surrounding this issue can be resolved.", "contents": "Immune status in atopic eczema: a survey. We have searched the literature for data on the in vitro assessment of immune status in atopic eczema patients, and have found much confusion. The major findings are tabulated. It is concluded that atopic eczema is a form of immune deficiency, although it is unclear whether this is a primary or secondary defect. Most authors find a T-lymphocyte deficit while eosinophils, B lymphocytes and serum IgE are increased. Serum IgE levels appear to correlated with severity of eczema symptoms. We have previously suggested that T-lymphocyte levels are overestimated in eczema when fetal calf serum is used in the E-rosette assay. Analysis of the literature for the effect of this serum in the assay confirms that there is a T-lymphocyte deficit in atopic eczema, but that the serum masks it. Thus, much of the confusion surrounding this issue can be resolved.", "PMID": 312651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3583", "title": "Thymosin-inducible 'null' cells in atopic eczema.", "content": "Thirty children with atopic eczema were compared with an equal number of age-matched healthy children. The mean peripheral blood T-lymphocyte level was lower in the eczema group (mean 1,197/mm2 as against 1,702/mm3; P = 0 . 003). This difference was abolished in vitro by thymosin, a thymic hormone extract. Positive correlations were found between eczema severity and: eosinophilia; hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E; but not T lymphopaenia. Thymosin-inducible T-cell (Ti) counts correlated with plasma IgE levels, suggesting that these Ti cells may be immature suppressor T cells. If this T-cell deficiency represents inadequate suppression of IgE responses, then a trial of treatment with thymosin appears to be warranted.", "contents": "Thymosin-inducible 'null' cells in atopic eczema. Thirty children with atopic eczema were compared with an equal number of age-matched healthy children. The mean peripheral blood T-lymphocyte level was lower in the eczema group (mean 1,197/mm2 as against 1,702/mm3; P = 0 . 003). This difference was abolished in vitro by thymosin, a thymic hormone extract. Positive correlations were found between eczema severity and: eosinophilia; hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E; but not T lymphopaenia. Thymosin-inducible T-cell (Ti) counts correlated with plasma IgE levels, suggesting that these Ti cells may be immature suppressor T cells. If this T-cell deficiency represents inadequate suppression of IgE responses, then a trial of treatment with thymosin appears to be warranted.", "PMID": 312652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3584", "title": "Transport of local anaesthetics across chromatophore membranes.", "content": "1. Both simple amines and tertiary amino local anaesthetics give rise to an accelerated decay of the absorption change of added pH indicator dyes and a decelerated decay of the endogenous carotenoid absorption band shift, following short flash excitation of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides chromatophores. 2. With increasing medium pH, lower concentrations of amine or local anaesthetics are effective. 3. The order of potency of the local anaesthetics concurs with their reported membrane/buffer partition coefficients and concentrations required for action potential blockade in nerve fibres. 4. The data are taken as evidence for rapid transport of the free base across the chromatophore membrane and relatively slow penetration of the protonated local anaesthetic. Protolytic reactions complete the effective dissipation of the trans-membrane pH gradient. 5. Benzocaine, with its unusually low pKa and the quaternary derivative, chloropromazine methiodide do not display this type of behaviour. 6. In the presence of membrane potential-collapsing agents, such as valinomycin/K+ or thiocyanate ions, local anaesthetics decelerate the decay of the cresol red change but have no effect on the carotenoid shift decay. It appears that transport of the unprotonated local anaesthetic although electrically neutral, requires the presence of a membrane potential. 7. In contrast, the non-anaesthetic amines act independently of the membrane potential. 8. Ca2+ interferes with the mechanism of local anaesthetic deceleration of the cresol red change decay in the presence of valinomycin/K+ or thiocyanate but not with other anaesthetic or amine reactions.", "contents": "Transport of local anaesthetics across chromatophore membranes. 1. Both simple amines and tertiary amino local anaesthetics give rise to an accelerated decay of the absorption change of added pH indicator dyes and a decelerated decay of the endogenous carotenoid absorption band shift, following short flash excitation of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides chromatophores. 2. With increasing medium pH, lower concentrations of amine or local anaesthetics are effective. 3. The order of potency of the local anaesthetics concurs with their reported membrane/buffer partition coefficients and concentrations required for action potential blockade in nerve fibres. 4. The data are taken as evidence for rapid transport of the free base across the chromatophore membrane and relatively slow penetration of the protonated local anaesthetic. Protolytic reactions complete the effective dissipation of the trans-membrane pH gradient. 5. Benzocaine, with its unusually low pKa and the quaternary derivative, chloropromazine methiodide do not display this type of behaviour. 6. In the presence of membrane potential-collapsing agents, such as valinomycin/K+ or thiocyanate ions, local anaesthetics decelerate the decay of the cresol red change but have no effect on the carotenoid shift decay. It appears that transport of the unprotonated local anaesthetic although electrically neutral, requires the presence of a membrane potential. 7. In contrast, the non-anaesthetic amines act independently of the membrane potential. 8. Ca2+ interferes with the mechanism of local anaesthetic deceleration of the cresol red change decay in the presence of valinomycin/K+ or thiocyanate but not with other anaesthetic or amine reactions.", "PMID": 312654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3585", "title": "Orientation and linear dichroism of the reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26.", "content": "Linear dicroism of chromatophores and isolated reaction centers from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain R-26 was studied using a novel technique of orientation. The results are discussed in view of the reaction center structure and its position in the membrane. The advantages of the new orientation technique are also outlined.", "contents": "Orientation and linear dichroism of the reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26. Linear dicroism of chromatophores and isolated reaction centers from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain R-26 was studied using a novel technique of orientation. The results are discussed in view of the reaction center structure and its position in the membrane. The advantages of the new orientation technique are also outlined.", "PMID": 312655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3586", "title": "Linear dichroism of light harvesting bacteriochlorophyll proteins from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in stretched polyvinyl alcohol films.", "content": "Light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll-protein complexes from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides 2.4.1 and R-26 mutant are solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate and imbedded in polyvinyl alcohol. Stretching induces orientation, and the linear dichroism of visible and near infrared absorption is analyzed. Based on a simple model, angles between the particle axis and the transition dipole moments are found. In the near infrared absorption band of the R-26 light-harvesting protein the dichroic ratio varies from 1.30 to 1.57. Using the absorption curves the band is resolved into two exciton components. In the visible absorption band the dichroic ratio has a constant value of 0.43 for the R-26 protein but varies with wavelength for the wild type light-harvesting protein. This variation is attributed to an additional bacteriochlorophyll not present in the R-26 protein.", "contents": "Linear dichroism of light harvesting bacteriochlorophyll proteins from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in stretched polyvinyl alcohol films. Light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll-protein complexes from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides 2.4.1 and R-26 mutant are solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate and imbedded in polyvinyl alcohol. Stretching induces orientation, and the linear dichroism of visible and near infrared absorption is analyzed. Based on a simple model, angles between the particle axis and the transition dipole moments are found. In the near infrared absorption band of the R-26 light-harvesting protein the dichroic ratio varies from 1.30 to 1.57. Using the absorption curves the band is resolved into two exciton components. In the visible absorption band the dichroic ratio has a constant value of 0.43 for the R-26 protein but varies with wavelength for the wild type light-harvesting protein. This variation is attributed to an additional bacteriochlorophyll not present in the R-26 protein.", "PMID": 312656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3587", "title": "The orientations of reaction center transition moments in the chromatophore membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphareroides, bases on new linear dichroism and photoselection measurements.", "content": "Chromatophore membranes from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were oriented by drying suspensions on the surfaces of glass slides, Polarized spectra of light-induced absorption changes were obtained between 500 and 1000 nm. As observed earlier, these spectra showed negative bands, reflecting photooxidation of the bacteriochlorophyll 'special pair' in the reaction centers, centered near 870, 810, 630 and 600 nm. These bands have been designated BY1, BY2, BX1 and BX2, respectively, corresponding to two QY transitions and two QX transitions of the dimeric special pair. We found the BY1 and BX1 transition moments to be parallel (within 20 degrees) to the plane of the membrane, whereas the BX2 moment makes an angle of 55--63 degrees with the plane. Using the photoselection technique we found that the angle between the BY1 and BX1 transition moments is 30 degrees, while that between BY1 and BX2 is 75 degrees. The BX1 and BX2 moments were found to be orthogonal, consistent with the prediction of molecular exciton theory for a dimer. By combining these data, we have calculated the orientations of the transition moments of the bacteriochlorophyll dimer in spherical polar coordinates, with the pole of the coordinate system normal to the plane of the membrane. The orientations of the QY and QX transition moments of the two bacteriopheophytin molecules in the reaction center were also computed in this coordinate system by transforming the data reported by Clayton, C.N., Rafferty, R.K. and Vermeglio, A. ((1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 545, 58--68). We have derived the transformation equations for two polar coordinate systems: in one, the pole is an axis of symmetry as defined by the orientations of purified reaction centers in stretched gelatin films (Rafferty, C.N. and Clayton, R.K. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 545, 106--121). In the other, the pole is normal to the plane of the chromatophore membrane. These two polar axes are approximately orthogonal.", "contents": "The orientations of reaction center transition moments in the chromatophore membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphareroides, bases on new linear dichroism and photoselection measurements. Chromatophore membranes from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were oriented by drying suspensions on the surfaces of glass slides, Polarized spectra of light-induced absorption changes were obtained between 500 and 1000 nm. As observed earlier, these spectra showed negative bands, reflecting photooxidation of the bacteriochlorophyll 'special pair' in the reaction centers, centered near 870, 810, 630 and 600 nm. These bands have been designated BY1, BY2, BX1 and BX2, respectively, corresponding to two QY transitions and two QX transitions of the dimeric special pair. We found the BY1 and BX1 transition moments to be parallel (within 20 degrees) to the plane of the membrane, whereas the BX2 moment makes an angle of 55--63 degrees with the plane. Using the photoselection technique we found that the angle between the BY1 and BX1 transition moments is 30 degrees, while that between BY1 and BX2 is 75 degrees. The BX1 and BX2 moments were found to be orthogonal, consistent with the prediction of molecular exciton theory for a dimer. By combining these data, we have calculated the orientations of the transition moments of the bacteriochlorophyll dimer in spherical polar coordinates, with the pole of the coordinate system normal to the plane of the membrane. The orientations of the QY and QX transition moments of the two bacteriopheophytin molecules in the reaction center were also computed in this coordinate system by transforming the data reported by Clayton, C.N., Rafferty, R.K. and Vermeglio, A. ((1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 545, 58--68). We have derived the transformation equations for two polar coordinate systems: in one, the pole is an axis of symmetry as defined by the orientations of purified reaction centers in stretched gelatin films (Rafferty, C.N. and Clayton, R.K. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 545, 106--121). In the other, the pole is normal to the plane of the chromatophore membrane. These two polar axes are approximately orthogonal.", "PMID": 312657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3588", "title": "Magnetic field-induced increase of the yield of (bacterio)chlorophyll emission of some photosynthetic bacteria and of Chlorella vulgaris.", "content": "In photosynthetic bacteria, in which the iron-ubiquinone complex X is prereduced, a magnetic field induces an increase of the emmission yield, which is correlated with the decrease in reaction center triplet yield reported previously (Hoff, A.J., Rademaker, H., van Grondelle, R. and Duysens, L.N.M. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 460, 547--554). Our results support the hypothesis that under these conditions charge recombination of the oxidized primary donor and the reduced primary acceptor predominantly generates the excited singlet state of the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll. In Chlorella vulgaris and spinach chloroplasts, at 120 K, the magnetic field has an effect similar to that found in bacteria, which suggests that an intermediary electron acceptor between P-680 and Q is present in Photosystem II also.", "contents": "Magnetic field-induced increase of the yield of (bacterio)chlorophyll emission of some photosynthetic bacteria and of Chlorella vulgaris. In photosynthetic bacteria, in which the iron-ubiquinone complex X is prereduced, a magnetic field induces an increase of the emmission yield, which is correlated with the decrease in reaction center triplet yield reported previously (Hoff, A.J., Rademaker, H., van Grondelle, R. and Duysens, L.N.M. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 460, 547--554). Our results support the hypothesis that under these conditions charge recombination of the oxidized primary donor and the reduced primary acceptor predominantly generates the excited singlet state of the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll. In Chlorella vulgaris and spinach chloroplasts, at 120 K, the magnetic field has an effect similar to that found in bacteria, which suggests that an intermediary electron acceptor between P-680 and Q is present in Photosystem II also.", "PMID": 312658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3589", "title": "Bacteriocholorophyll a cation radical in solution and in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Resonance Raman scattering.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra of the pi-cation of bacterio-chlorophyll a in solution at 30 K are reported and discussed. Outer (formula: see text) bonds of the pyrroles and the methine bridges are weakened by the ionization, while (formula: see text) and Mg-N bonds remain essentially unaffected. Resonance Raman spectra of reaction centers suggest that the positive charge on P-870+ should be localized on a single bacteriochlorophyll molecule by the lifetime of the scattering process (approximately 10(-13)s).", "contents": "Bacteriocholorophyll a cation radical in solution and in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Resonance Raman scattering. Resonance Raman spectra of the pi-cation of bacterio-chlorophyll a in solution at 30 K are reported and discussed. Outer (formula: see text) bonds of the pyrroles and the methine bridges are weakened by the ionization, while (formula: see text) and Mg-N bonds remain essentially unaffected. Resonance Raman spectra of reaction centers suggest that the positive charge on P-870+ should be localized on a single bacteriochlorophyll molecule by the lifetime of the scattering process (approximately 10(-13)s).", "PMID": 312659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3590", "title": "Inhibition of potassium conductance by barium in frog skin epithelium.", "content": "The effect of Ba2+ (0.5 mM, corial side) upon the transport characteristics of the frog skin epithelium was investigated. It was observed that Ba2+ decreased the conductance of the preferably K+-permeable basolateral border to less than 30% of its control value. Furthermore, Ba2+ abolished the K+ electrode-like behaviour, existing at the basolateral membrane under conditions of zero transcellular current flow, for [K+] below 10--15 mM. Effects upon other parameters of transepithelial transport (electromotive forces and resistance of outer or basolateral border and shunt pathway, respectively) were small and might represent secondary events. It is concluded that Ba2+ inhibits passive fluxes of K+ across basolateral membranes of tight, Na+ transporting epithelia, similar to its influence upon membranes of nonpolar cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of potassium conductance by barium in frog skin epithelium. The effect of Ba2+ (0.5 mM, corial side) upon the transport characteristics of the frog skin epithelium was investigated. It was observed that Ba2+ decreased the conductance of the preferably K+-permeable basolateral border to less than 30% of its control value. Furthermore, Ba2+ abolished the K+ electrode-like behaviour, existing at the basolateral membrane under conditions of zero transcellular current flow, for [K+] below 10--15 mM. Effects upon other parameters of transepithelial transport (electromotive forces and resistance of outer or basolateral border and shunt pathway, respectively) were small and might represent secondary events. It is concluded that Ba2+ inhibits passive fluxes of K+ across basolateral membranes of tight, Na+ transporting epithelia, similar to its influence upon membranes of nonpolar cells.", "PMID": 312660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3591", "title": "A dynamic x-ray diffraction study of anesthesia  action. Thickening of the myelin membrane by n-pentane.", "content": "The structural changes induced in the myelin sheath by n-pentane nerve impulse blockage were studied by small-angle X-ray diffraction using a linear position-sensitive detector. The results show that the thickness of the myelin period lattice increases from 170 to 180 A during n-pentane treatment.", "contents": "A dynamic x-ray diffraction study of anesthesia  action. Thickening of the myelin membrane by n-pentane. The structural changes induced in the myelin sheath by n-pentane nerve impulse blockage were studied by small-angle X-ray diffraction using a linear position-sensitive detector. The results show that the thickness of the myelin period lattice increases from 170 to 180 A during n-pentane treatment.", "PMID": 312661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3592", "title": "Ultraviolet-induced DNA excision repair in human B and T lymphocytes. II. Effect of inhibitors and DNA precursors.", "content": "Despite their great sensitivity to ultraviolet light purified human B and T lymphocytes are capable of complete repair provided that the ultraviolet dose does not exceed 0.5 Jm-2. Their capacity to repair, as measured by the restoration of DNA supercoiling in preparations of nucleoids, and their survival are significantly increased in the presence of deoxyribonucleosides. Certain agents which inhibit semi-conservative DNA synthesis (hydroxyurea, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (arafCyt) either stop or delay the repair process in lymphocytes. The effect of hydroxyurea is eventually overcome spontaneously, but changes in the sedimentation behaviour of ultraviolet-irradiated nucleoids caused by arafCyt can only be neutralized by addition of deoxycytidine. The effective inhibition of repair by arafCyt permits the detection of extremely small amounts of ultraviolet damage and also the estimation of when repair is complete.", "contents": "Ultraviolet-induced DNA excision repair in human B and T lymphocytes. II. Effect of inhibitors and DNA precursors. Despite their great sensitivity to ultraviolet light purified human B and T lymphocytes are capable of complete repair provided that the ultraviolet dose does not exceed 0.5 Jm-2. Their capacity to repair, as measured by the restoration of DNA supercoiling in preparations of nucleoids, and their survival are significantly increased in the presence of deoxyribonucleosides. Certain agents which inhibit semi-conservative DNA synthesis (hydroxyurea, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (arafCyt) either stop or delay the repair process in lymphocytes. The effect of hydroxyurea is eventually overcome spontaneously, but changes in the sedimentation behaviour of ultraviolet-irradiated nucleoids caused by arafCyt can only be neutralized by addition of deoxycytidine. The effective inhibition of repair by arafCyt permits the detection of extremely small amounts of ultraviolet damage and also the estimation of when repair is complete.", "PMID": 312662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3593", "title": "Nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes of amphibian liver. I. Characterization of the complex and its small molecular weight RNA moiety.", "content": "Nuclear RNA-protein complexes containing small molecular weight RNAs were isolated from hepatic nuclei of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and frogs according to a procedure normally used for the isolation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes from other eukaryotic tissues. Preliminary characterization of the tadpole nuclear RNP indicated a particle size of 50--70 S in sucrose density gradients and a buoyant density of 1.40 gm/ml in CsCl gradients. When analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, this complex was observed to contain at least 40 polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 15,000 to 200,000. Nuclear RNA-protein complexes were also isolated from adult frog hepatic nuclei by the same protocol and the RNA moiety which had been purified from the frog complex was compared with the nuclear RNA isolated from the tadpole particles. Electrophoretic analysis of the nuclear RNA-protein-associated RNA revealed minor qualitative and quantitive differences in the more than 25 discrete bands (4--9 S) associated with each particle. Base analysis of tadpole and frog nuclear RNA revealed a nucleotide composition of approximately 50% adenosine plus uridine nucleotides, with an unusually high content of cytosine residues (approximately 30%). Comparison of the two RNA samples demonstrated a large increase in the adenosine content of frog unclear RNA, and the presence of a minor base in frog nuclear RNA which was absent in the tadpole sample. These results indicated that changes in the RNA content of the amphibian nuclear RNP complex had occurred during bullfrog development.", "contents": "Nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes of amphibian liver. I. Characterization of the complex and its small molecular weight RNA moiety. Nuclear RNA-protein complexes containing small molecular weight RNAs were isolated from hepatic nuclei of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and frogs according to a procedure normally used for the isolation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes from other eukaryotic tissues. Preliminary characterization of the tadpole nuclear RNP indicated a particle size of 50--70 S in sucrose density gradients and a buoyant density of 1.40 gm/ml in CsCl gradients. When analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, this complex was observed to contain at least 40 polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 15,000 to 200,000. Nuclear RNA-protein complexes were also isolated from adult frog hepatic nuclei by the same protocol and the RNA moiety which had been purified from the frog complex was compared with the nuclear RNA isolated from the tadpole particles. Electrophoretic analysis of the nuclear RNA-protein-associated RNA revealed minor qualitative and quantitive differences in the more than 25 discrete bands (4--9 S) associated with each particle. Base analysis of tadpole and frog nuclear RNA revealed a nucleotide composition of approximately 50% adenosine plus uridine nucleotides, with an unusually high content of cytosine residues (approximately 30%). Comparison of the two RNA samples demonstrated a large increase in the adenosine content of frog unclear RNA, and the presence of a minor base in frog nuclear RNA which was absent in the tadpole sample. These results indicated that changes in the RNA content of the amphibian nuclear RNP complex had occurred during bullfrog development.", "PMID": 312663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3594", "title": "Nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes of amphibian liver. II. Changes in the protein moiety during development.", "content": "Ribonucleoprotein complexes composed of small molecular weight nuclear RNA (4--9 S) and proteins were isolated from hepatic nuclei of Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) and the protein moiety of this nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex compared during different stages of development. SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis of premetamorphic tadpoles and adult frog nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes revealed that while the protein profiles of these two particles were very similar polypeptides of 47,000, 70,000, and 11,000 molecular weight were present in significantly higher concentrations in the frog ribonucleoprotein complexes. Comparison of the chromatin proteins isolated from these two developmental stages demonstrated that these three polypeptides of frog ribonucleoprotein were not contaminants from chromatin. Since these three polypeptides could not be preferentially extracted from the frog ribonucleoprotein complex by 0.5 M KCl or 1 M urea, it was unlikely that these polypeptides were bound nonspecifically to the ribonucleoprotein particle. Polypeptide analysis of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes isolated from tadpoles immersed in the thyroid hormone L-thyroxine revealed an increase in two polypeptides of 37,000 and 45,000 molecular weight during metamorphosis. The absence of reduced amount of these two polypeptides in either the premetamorphic tadpole or adult frog demonstrated that their presence in Rana catesbeiana nuclear ribonucleoprotein was transient during development and specifically associated with tadpole metamorphosis. We conclude from these experiments that the nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex is a dynamic structure during Rana catesbeiana development and that specific changes in its protein composition are associated with discrete stages of amphibian development.", "contents": "Nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes of amphibian liver. II. Changes in the protein moiety during development. Ribonucleoprotein complexes composed of small molecular weight nuclear RNA (4--9 S) and proteins were isolated from hepatic nuclei of Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) and the protein moiety of this nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex compared during different stages of development. SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis of premetamorphic tadpoles and adult frog nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes revealed that while the protein profiles of these two particles were very similar polypeptides of 47,000, 70,000, and 11,000 molecular weight were present in significantly higher concentrations in the frog ribonucleoprotein complexes. Comparison of the chromatin proteins isolated from these two developmental stages demonstrated that these three polypeptides of frog ribonucleoprotein were not contaminants from chromatin. Since these three polypeptides could not be preferentially extracted from the frog ribonucleoprotein complex by 0.5 M KCl or 1 M urea, it was unlikely that these polypeptides were bound nonspecifically to the ribonucleoprotein particle. Polypeptide analysis of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes isolated from tadpoles immersed in the thyroid hormone L-thyroxine revealed an increase in two polypeptides of 37,000 and 45,000 molecular weight during metamorphosis. The absence of reduced amount of these two polypeptides in either the premetamorphic tadpole or adult frog demonstrated that their presence in Rana catesbeiana nuclear ribonucleoprotein was transient during development and specifically associated with tadpole metamorphosis. We conclude from these experiments that the nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex is a dynamic structure during Rana catesbeiana development and that specific changes in its protein composition are associated with discrete stages of amphibian development.", "PMID": 312664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3595", "title": "Genetics of classic von Willebrand's disease. II. Optimal assignment of the heterozygous genotype (diagnosis) by discriminant analysis.", "content": "In classic von Willebrand's disease (vWd), assignment of the heterozygous genotype for genetic studies and diagnosis for clinical purposes (which are not exactly the same) are formidable problems. We have pointed out in the first report in this series that almost 50% of the members of two large kindred who transmitted this disease, and were therefore heterozygous, were scored as normal by the usual tests of hemostasis. This report describes how this large proportion can be significantly reduced by application of discriminant analysis. Using linear discriminants in three variables--coagulation factor VIII (VIII:C), factor-VII-related antigen (VIIIR:Ag), and the ristocetin cofactor related to factor VIII (VIIIR:WF)--we were able to classify as heterozygous more than 80% of the transmitters in the two large kindred. It was of particular interest that the four parents of two related vWd homozygotes could be scored as heterozygous by discriminant analysis even though all their laboratory tests were within the normal ranges.", "contents": "Genetics of classic von Willebrand's disease. II. Optimal assignment of the heterozygous genotype (diagnosis) by discriminant analysis. In classic von Willebrand's disease (vWd), assignment of the heterozygous genotype for genetic studies and diagnosis for clinical purposes (which are not exactly the same) are formidable problems. We have pointed out in the first report in this series that almost 50% of the members of two large kindred who transmitted this disease, and were therefore heterozygous, were scored as normal by the usual tests of hemostasis. This report describes how this large proportion can be significantly reduced by application of discriminant analysis. Using linear discriminants in three variables--coagulation factor VIII (VIII:C), factor-VII-related antigen (VIIIR:Ag), and the ristocetin cofactor related to factor VIII (VIIIR:WF)--we were able to classify as heterozygous more than 80% of the transmitters in the two large kindred. It was of particular interest that the four parents of two related vWd homozygotes could be scored as heterozygous by discriminant analysis even though all their laboratory tests were within the normal ranges.", "PMID": 312669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3596", "title": "Separation of blast cell and T-lymphocyte progenitors in the blood of patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "content": "The peripheral blood of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) patients often contains large numbers of two distinct cell populations, both capable of forming colonies in culture under similar conditions. The first population consists of the precursors of blast cells and has specificity for AML; the second population consists of T-lymphocyte precursors, also found in normal blood. The two progenitor populations can be separated by exploiting the capacity of T-lymphocyte (but not blasts) progenitors to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes). After E-rosette formation, T-lymphocyte precursors can be removed by centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypaque. Such separation has a number of consequences: (1) Blast progenitors can be detected where unseparated mononuclear preparations have yielded either no colonies or only T-lymphocyte colonies (20 of 21 patients). (2) The stimulator requirements of the blast progenitors change, indicating that cell-cell interactions may take place between blast and T-lymphocyte progenitors. (3) It is feasible to characterize blast and T-lymphocyte precursors independently, even though they may coexist in peripheral blood. This may be important if progenitor properties are attributes contributing to the variance in outcome in AML.", "contents": "Separation of blast cell and T-lymphocyte progenitors in the blood of patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. The peripheral blood of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) patients often contains large numbers of two distinct cell populations, both capable of forming colonies in culture under similar conditions. The first population consists of the precursors of blast cells and has specificity for AML; the second population consists of T-lymphocyte precursors, also found in normal blood. The two progenitor populations can be separated by exploiting the capacity of T-lymphocyte (but not blasts) progenitors to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes). After E-rosette formation, T-lymphocyte precursors can be removed by centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypaque. Such separation has a number of consequences: (1) Blast progenitors can be detected where unseparated mononuclear preparations have yielded either no colonies or only T-lymphocyte colonies (20 of 21 patients). (2) The stimulator requirements of the blast progenitors change, indicating that cell-cell interactions may take place between blast and T-lymphocyte progenitors. (3) It is feasible to characterize blast and T-lymphocyte precursors independently, even though they may coexist in peripheral blood. This may be important if progenitor properties are attributes contributing to the variance in outcome in AML.", "PMID": 312670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3597", "title": "Three types of bone-marrow eosinophils of the frog Rana temporaria (an electron-cytochemical study).", "content": "An electron-cytochemical study of the peroxidase activity in bone-marrow eosinophils of the frog Rana temporaria revealed, in addition to peroxidase-positive granules and larger peroxidase-negative granules, many small peroxidase-negative granules.", "contents": "Three types of bone-marrow eosinophils of the frog Rana temporaria (an electron-cytochemical study). An electron-cytochemical study of the peroxidase activity in bone-marrow eosinophils of the frog Rana temporaria revealed, in addition to peroxidase-positive granules and larger peroxidase-negative granules, many small peroxidase-negative granules.", "PMID": 312666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3598", "title": "Capping and freeze-fracture analysis of S\u00e9zary cells.", "content": "The functional integrity of blood and skin S\u00e9zary cells was examined in regard to motility, capping proficiency, and intramembranous particle (IMP) mobility. In contrast with chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes, which are relatively inert in these respects, variable proportions of S\u00e9zary cells are motile and are able to cap and cluster their IMP's. Since these functions may reflect a cell's propensity for diapedesis, these observations may help to explain the inverse relationship between the size of the skin infiltrate and the number of circulating S\u00e9zary cells often observed in this condition.", "contents": "Capping and freeze-fracture analysis of S\u00e9zary cells. The functional integrity of blood and skin S\u00e9zary cells was examined in regard to motility, capping proficiency, and intramembranous particle (IMP) mobility. In contrast with chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes, which are relatively inert in these respects, variable proportions of S\u00e9zary cells are motile and are able to cap and cluster their IMP's. Since these functions may reflect a cell's propensity for diapedesis, these observations may help to explain the inverse relationship between the size of the skin infiltrate and the number of circulating S\u00e9zary cells often observed in this condition.", "PMID": 312671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3599", "title": "Characterization of lymphoblast Fc receptor expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Lymphoblasts from 18 patients with untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia were investigated for the presence of conventional cell surface markers (spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosette formation, complement receptors, and surface immunoglobulin). The expression of Fc receptors for both IgG and IgM was investigated using indicator bovine erythrocytes coated with rabbit anti-BRBC (IgG and LgM fractions). The leukemic cells of all patients in this tudy expressed Fc receptors for both IgC and LgM. In contrast with previous reports, null (non-T non-B) lymphoblasts as well as T lymphoblasts demonstrated Fc-IgG and Fc-IgM receptors. However, these two immunologic subclasses of leukemic cells demonstrated significantly different patterns of Fc receptor distribution. These data suggest that expression of Fc receptors is an early event in cellular differentiation in this lymphoid malignancy.", "contents": "Characterization of lymphoblast Fc receptor expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lymphoblasts from 18 patients with untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia were investigated for the presence of conventional cell surface markers (spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosette formation, complement receptors, and surface immunoglobulin). The expression of Fc receptors for both IgG and IgM was investigated using indicator bovine erythrocytes coated with rabbit anti-BRBC (IgG and LgM fractions). The leukemic cells of all patients in this tudy expressed Fc receptors for both IgC and LgM. In contrast with previous reports, null (non-T non-B) lymphoblasts as well as T lymphoblasts demonstrated Fc-IgG and Fc-IgM receptors. However, these two immunologic subclasses of leukemic cells demonstrated significantly different patterns of Fc receptor distribution. These data suggest that expression of Fc receptors is an early event in cellular differentiation in this lymphoid malignancy.", "PMID": 312672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3600", "title": "Angiodysplasia as a cause of colonic bleeding in the elderly.", "content": "Angiodysplasia is being recognized as a major causal factor of colonic haemorrhage in the elderly. Superior mesenteric arteriography in an 86-year-old lady with recurrent haemorrhage revealed the lesion. Confirmation of the diagnosis was made possible by the injection of contrast material into the blood vessels of the removed intestine and subsequent histological examination.", "contents": "Angiodysplasia as a cause of colonic bleeding in the elderly. Angiodysplasia is being recognized as a major causal factor of colonic haemorrhage in the elderly. Superior mesenteric arteriography in an 86-year-old lady with recurrent haemorrhage revealed the lesion. Confirmation of the diagnosis was made possible by the injection of contrast material into the blood vessels of the removed intestine and subsequent histological examination.", "PMID": 312673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3601", "title": "Asthma in the elderly: an epidemiological survey.", "content": "A random sample of one in eight people aged 70 and over living at home in a south Wales town was surveyed to establish the prevalence of asthma. Subjects attended a screening clinic, where spirometry before and after an inhalation of salbutamol, skin prick testing, blood count, and sputum examination were carried out and a questionnaire answered. Those in whom asthma seemed at all likely were subsequently examined in detail in a chest clinic. Out of 485 subjects eligible, 418 (86.2%) were screened. Twelve (2.9%) had current asthma, of whom three had not previously been diagnosed as asthmatic and four were being treated but were unaware of the diagnosis. A further 15 (3.6%) had mild asthma or a history of the disease, giving a total prevalence of any history of asthma of 6.5%. Only one of the subjects who did not attend the screening clinic was known to have asthma, suggesting that the overall prevalence did not differ greatly from this figure. It was found that the disease might start or remit at any age. Thus in the elderly current asthma is more prevalent in men than women (5.1% compared to 1.8%) and in terms of spirometry is more severe. Two underlying disease processes may perhaps exist that fulfil criteria for asthma in the elderly, one causing sputum eosinophilia and the other a form of chronic bronchitis with reversible airways obstruction.", "contents": "Asthma in the elderly: an epidemiological survey. A random sample of one in eight people aged 70 and over living at home in a south Wales town was surveyed to establish the prevalence of asthma. Subjects attended a screening clinic, where spirometry before and after an inhalation of salbutamol, skin prick testing, blood count, and sputum examination were carried out and a questionnaire answered. Those in whom asthma seemed at all likely were subsequently examined in detail in a chest clinic. Out of 485 subjects eligible, 418 (86.2%) were screened. Twelve (2.9%) had current asthma, of whom three had not previously been diagnosed as asthmatic and four were being treated but were unaware of the diagnosis. A further 15 (3.6%) had mild asthma or a history of the disease, giving a total prevalence of any history of asthma of 6.5%. Only one of the subjects who did not attend the screening clinic was known to have asthma, suggesting that the overall prevalence did not differ greatly from this figure. It was found that the disease might start or remit at any age. Thus in the elderly current asthma is more prevalent in men than women (5.1% compared to 1.8%) and in terms of spirometry is more severe. Two underlying disease processes may perhaps exist that fulfil criteria for asthma in the elderly, one causing sputum eosinophilia and the other a form of chronic bronchitis with reversible airways obstruction.", "PMID": 312675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3602", "title": "Simultaneous rate-independent and rate-dependent assessment of intracranial self-stimulation: evidence for the direct involvement of dopamine in brain reinforcement mechanisms.", "content": "A two-level intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigm was developed in which both rate-independent and dependent measures of ICSS could be obtained simultaneously. Responses at the first lever resulted in stimulation which decreased in magnitude after every fifth response, while responses at the second lever reset the current available. The current at which the reset responses occurred was defined as the 'reward threshold'. In addition, the rate of responding was determined at each current for which the animals responded during this stimulate-reset sequence. Decreased reward following treatment with the neuroleptic pimozide, a specific blocker of dopamine receptors, was demonstrated by an elevated 'reward threshold'. The same effect could be obtained in control animals by making each stimulation less rewarding, i.e., by decreasing the amount of charge per stimulation. Pimozide increased 'reward threshold' without a generalized disruption of response rates. While rates were decreased at low currents they were unchanged at high currents. 'Reward threshold' was decreased following D-amphetamine treatment, and was accompanied by a dose-related decrease in response rates at high to medium current intensities. These data suggest that neuroleptic attenuation of ICSS is due to diminished reward and not to motor deficits. Further, due to the specificity of pimozide, they suggest a direct role for dopamine in the mediation of reward.", "contents": "Simultaneous rate-independent and rate-dependent assessment of intracranial self-stimulation: evidence for the direct involvement of dopamine in brain reinforcement mechanisms. A two-level intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigm was developed in which both rate-independent and dependent measures of ICSS could be obtained simultaneously. Responses at the first lever resulted in stimulation which decreased in magnitude after every fifth response, while responses at the second lever reset the current available. The current at which the reset responses occurred was defined as the 'reward threshold'. In addition, the rate of responding was determined at each current for which the animals responded during this stimulate-reset sequence. Decreased reward following treatment with the neuroleptic pimozide, a specific blocker of dopamine receptors, was demonstrated by an elevated 'reward threshold'. The same effect could be obtained in control animals by making each stimulation less rewarding, i.e., by decreasing the amount of charge per stimulation. Pimozide increased 'reward threshold' without a generalized disruption of response rates. While rates were decreased at low currents they were unchanged at high currents. 'Reward threshold' was decreased following D-amphetamine treatment, and was accompanied by a dose-related decrease in response rates at high to medium current intensities. These data suggest that neuroleptic attenuation of ICSS is due to diminished reward and not to motor deficits. Further, due to the specificity of pimozide, they suggest a direct role for dopamine in the mediation of reward.", "PMID": 312681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3603", "title": "Changes in platelet function and gastrointestinal bleeding following repeated administration of acetylsalicylic acid in the rat and the dog.", "content": "Two dogs were prepared with Pavlov pouches of the fundic area of the stomach using standard techniques. During treatment periods of 14 days, 200 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was introduced into the pouch twice daily by insufflation. One hour after each drug administration the pouch was washed with saline and the fluid assayed for blood. Bleeding from the pouch increased to a maximum on the 3rd or 4th day of the treatment period and subsequently declined such that by the 8th day blood loss was minimal and approximated that found during control periods. Platelet aggregation (in vitro) responses to adenosine diphosphate were significantly (p less than 0.01) inhibited on day 3 when aggregation curve heights were reduced by 66.2 +/- 13.11% (mean +/- SEM) from control values. On day 7 and during the ensuing 7-day period when ASA was given twice daily, the heights of aggregation responses were reduced by only 20-30% from controls. These responses were significantly (p less than 0.001) greater than those found on day 3. Similar changes in platelet reactivity were found in plasma from rats given ASA twice daily for 7 days. Aggregation responses to collagen were depressed by 95.5 +/- 4.49% on day 1 following two doses of ASA. As the treatment period continued, the aggregation responses increased in magnitude until the 7th day they were similar in height to those from control animals. The mechanism involved in this adaptation to ASA treatment seen with these platelets is not known.", "contents": "Changes in platelet function and gastrointestinal bleeding following repeated administration of acetylsalicylic acid in the rat and the dog. Two dogs were prepared with Pavlov pouches of the fundic area of the stomach using standard techniques. During treatment periods of 14 days, 200 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was introduced into the pouch twice daily by insufflation. One hour after each drug administration the pouch was washed with saline and the fluid assayed for blood. Bleeding from the pouch increased to a maximum on the 3rd or 4th day of the treatment period and subsequently declined such that by the 8th day blood loss was minimal and approximated that found during control periods. Platelet aggregation (in vitro) responses to adenosine diphosphate were significantly (p less than 0.01) inhibited on day 3 when aggregation curve heights were reduced by 66.2 +/- 13.11% (mean +/- SEM) from control values. On day 7 and during the ensuing 7-day period when ASA was given twice daily, the heights of aggregation responses were reduced by only 20-30% from controls. These responses were significantly (p less than 0.001) greater than those found on day 3. Similar changes in platelet reactivity were found in plasma from rats given ASA twice daily for 7 days. Aggregation responses to collagen were depressed by 95.5 +/- 4.49% on day 1 following two doses of ASA. As the treatment period continued, the aggregation responses increased in magnitude until the 7th day they were similar in height to those from control animals. The mechanism involved in this adaptation to ASA treatment seen with these platelets is not known.", "PMID": 312683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3604", "title": "Is left ventricular decompression necessary during coronary arter surgery?", "content": "The use of the \"no-vent technique\" was studied prospectively in 91 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Analysis of the results indicates that left ventricular distension will not occur if cardioplegic arrest is effected, if the venous line is positioned in the right atrium and if left-sided pressures are monitored. The no-vent technique has shortened the operating time, simplified the pump layout and eliminated the hazards associated with venting.", "contents": "Is left ventricular decompression necessary during coronary arter surgery? The use of the \"no-vent technique\" was studied prospectively in 91 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Analysis of the results indicates that left ventricular distension will not occur if cardioplegic arrest is effected, if the venous line is positioned in the right atrium and if left-sided pressures are monitored. The no-vent technique has shortened the operating time, simplified the pump layout and eliminated the hazards associated with venting.", "PMID": 312684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3605", "title": "Fate of the graft and native vessel following endarterectomy of the left anterior descending coronary artery.", "content": "In 16 patients who underwent endarterectomy of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery combined with saphenous vein bypass grafting between Aug. 1, 1976 and July 31, 1978, the results of preoperative and postoperative angiography were comparable. Most patients had obstruction or severe stenosis of the proximal LAD coronary artery together with a poor runoff as demonstrated angiographically. Eighteen vein grafts were placed in the LAD artery and 15 (83%) were satisfactorily patent. Six of 18 grafted arterial segments became occluded distal to the site of graft insertion, but in most cases there was sufficient proximal runoff to maintain graft patency. In this study intraoperative measurements of graft flow were predictive of graft or distal vessel patency, or both. Careful postoperative assessment of the results of this technique seems warranted.", "contents": "Fate of the graft and native vessel following endarterectomy of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In 16 patients who underwent endarterectomy of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery combined with saphenous vein bypass grafting between Aug. 1, 1976 and July 31, 1978, the results of preoperative and postoperative angiography were comparable. Most patients had obstruction or severe stenosis of the proximal LAD coronary artery together with a poor runoff as demonstrated angiographically. Eighteen vein grafts were placed in the LAD artery and 15 (83%) were satisfactorily patent. Six of 18 grafted arterial segments became occluded distal to the site of graft insertion, but in most cases there was sufficient proximal runoff to maintain graft patency. In this study intraoperative measurements of graft flow were predictive of graft or distal vessel patency, or both. Careful postoperative assessment of the results of this technique seems warranted.", "PMID": 312688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3606", "title": "Aortocoronary bypass for critical stenosis of the left main coronary artery.", "content": "Over a 2-year period 33 patients with symptomatic stenosis (greater than 75%) of the left main coronary artery underwent aortocoronary bypass. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation was used preoperatively in only two patients as a therapeutic measure for medically unstable angina. There were no operative deaths. Follow-up study 3 to 27 months (mean 13.3 months) after operation revealed one death. Twenty-two patients were free of pain. The authors conclude that aortocoronary bypass surgery for severe stenosis of the left main coronary artery can be safely accomplished, without prophylactic use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in the majority of cases, with an acceptable operative mortality and morbidity.", "contents": "Aortocoronary bypass for critical stenosis of the left main coronary artery. Over a 2-year period 33 patients with symptomatic stenosis (greater than 75%) of the left main coronary artery underwent aortocoronary bypass. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation was used preoperatively in only two patients as a therapeutic measure for medically unstable angina. There were no operative deaths. Follow-up study 3 to 27 months (mean 13.3 months) after operation revealed one death. Twenty-two patients were free of pain. The authors conclude that aortocoronary bypass surgery for severe stenosis of the left main coronary artery can be safely accomplished, without prophylactic use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in the majority of cases, with an acceptable operative mortality and morbidity.", "PMID": 312689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3607", "title": "High dose methotrexate followed by citrovorum factor reversal in patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "High dose methotrexate followed by citrovorum factor reversal has been utilized in twenty-six patients with advanced cancer. Four of 10 patients with head and neck cancer had an objective response. One of 7 patients with metastatic osteosarcoma to the lungs had stabilization with twenty treatments over 23 months. One patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed marrow aplasia but did not attain remission. The regimen was well tolerated when meticulous attention was paid to hydration, urine alkalinization, renal function and third space fluid accumulation. Life-threatening or lethal toxicity was encountered when these phenomena were not scrupulously observed.", "contents": "High dose methotrexate followed by citrovorum factor reversal in patients with advanced cancer. High dose methotrexate followed by citrovorum factor reversal has been utilized in twenty-six patients with advanced cancer. Four of 10 patients with head and neck cancer had an objective response. One of 7 patients with metastatic osteosarcoma to the lungs had stabilization with twenty treatments over 23 months. One patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed marrow aplasia but did not attain remission. The regimen was well tolerated when meticulous attention was paid to hydration, urine alkalinization, renal function and third space fluid accumulation. Life-threatening or lethal toxicity was encountered when these phenomena were not scrupulously observed.", "PMID": 312690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3608", "title": "Immunological activity of regional lymph nodes in tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Regional (popliteal) lymph node cells (RLNC) from A/Jax mice, inoculated in each hind foot with isogeneic Sarcoma 1 tumor cells, demonstrated cytotoxicity in vitro at Day 14 of tumor growth but lost this ability by Day 21. These noncytotoxic RLNC were capable of suppressing activity of other cytotoxic lymphoid cells, but after incubation for 24 hr in vitro their cytotoxicity was restored and their suppressive activity was abrogated. RLNC responsible for cytotoxicity were removed by treatment with anti-theta serum plus complement. The suppressive effect of RLNC was found to be mediated by a soluble \"blocking\" factor which was released into the culture medium after 24 hr incubation. The factor was not detected in culture media from RLNC pretreated with anti-theta serum plus complement prior to incubation. Absorption of RLNC culture supernatants with tumor-bearer spleen cells, but not with normal spleen cells, completely removed the blocking factor, while absorption by Sarcoma 1 cells significantly reduced blocking activity. The factor was trypsin sensitive, was retained on an Amicon XM100 filter, and did not demonstrate the presence of antibody to Sarcoma 1 in a radioimmunoassay. Although the exact nature of the factor has not been established, it appears to be a receptor antigen complex from T-cells of tumor-bearing animals.", "contents": "Immunological activity of regional lymph nodes in tumor-bearing mice. Regional (popliteal) lymph node cells (RLNC) from A/Jax mice, inoculated in each hind foot with isogeneic Sarcoma 1 tumor cells, demonstrated cytotoxicity in vitro at Day 14 of tumor growth but lost this ability by Day 21. These noncytotoxic RLNC were capable of suppressing activity of other cytotoxic lymphoid cells, but after incubation for 24 hr in vitro their cytotoxicity was restored and their suppressive activity was abrogated. RLNC responsible for cytotoxicity were removed by treatment with anti-theta serum plus complement. The suppressive effect of RLNC was found to be mediated by a soluble \"blocking\" factor which was released into the culture medium after 24 hr incubation. The factor was not detected in culture media from RLNC pretreated with anti-theta serum plus complement prior to incubation. Absorption of RLNC culture supernatants with tumor-bearer spleen cells, but not with normal spleen cells, completely removed the blocking factor, while absorption by Sarcoma 1 cells significantly reduced blocking activity. The factor was trypsin sensitive, was retained on an Amicon XM100 filter, and did not demonstrate the presence of antibody to Sarcoma 1 in a radioimmunoassay. Although the exact nature of the factor has not been established, it appears to be a receptor antigen complex from T-cells of tumor-bearing animals.", "PMID": 312691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3609", "title": "High-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue in ovarian cancer: a phase II study.", "content": "Methotrexate (MTX) (1--7.6 g/m2) with leucovorin rescue was given to 19 women with stage III-IV ovarian carcinoma after induction of remission with surgical treatment and chemotherapy or after relapse. Adequate hydration with alkalinization prevented nephrotoxicity and no cumulative myelosuppression was observed. Serum MTX levels in nontoxic patients averaged 1 X 10(-6) M 24 hours following a 30-minute iv infusion of MTX at 3 g/m2. Among nontoxic women there was a 50-fold difference in the MTX level which correlated with the mean serum creatinine level. Response was assessed after 6--12 weeks of treatment by laparoscopy in patients with nonpalpable intra-abdominal tumor implants or by physical examination in patients with palpable masses. Despite the high levels of MTX achieved with the weekly schedule, only one partial response occurred among eight patients with visible or palpable metastatic lesions. Progressive disease was observed after 6--12 weeks of treatment in four of eleven women who began to receive MTX without evidence of disease or with lesions of less than 1.5 cm in diameter. MTX at the dose and schedule used in the present study appears to be of no benefit in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue in ovarian cancer: a phase II study. Methotrexate (MTX) (1--7.6 g/m2) with leucovorin rescue was given to 19 women with stage III-IV ovarian carcinoma after induction of remission with surgical treatment and chemotherapy or after relapse. Adequate hydration with alkalinization prevented nephrotoxicity and no cumulative myelosuppression was observed. Serum MTX levels in nontoxic patients averaged 1 X 10(-6) M 24 hours following a 30-minute iv infusion of MTX at 3 g/m2. Among nontoxic women there was a 50-fold difference in the MTX level which correlated with the mean serum creatinine level. Response was assessed after 6--12 weeks of treatment by laparoscopy in patients with nonpalpable intra-abdominal tumor implants or by physical examination in patients with palpable masses. Despite the high levels of MTX achieved with the weekly schedule, only one partial response occurred among eight patients with visible or palpable metastatic lesions. Progressive disease was observed after 6--12 weeks of treatment in four of eleven women who began to receive MTX without evidence of disease or with lesions of less than 1.5 cm in diameter. MTX at the dose and schedule used in the present study appears to be of no benefit in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer.", "PMID": 312692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3610", "title": "Blood and lymph node T lymphocytes in cutaneous T cell lymphoma: evaluation by light microscopy.", "content": "Cytology of peripheral blood and lymph node lymphocytes from a group of unselected patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) was studied by light microscopy. Twenty of 45 patients had circulating lymphocytes with convoluted nuclei recognized in routine Wright-Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears. Cytocentrifuge preparations of E-rosetted lymphocytes showed that greater than 10% of the T cells had convoluted nuclei in each of 16 patients with positive blood smears and in six of 17 whose blood smears were negative or inconclusive. Peripheral blood involvement with greater than 10% convoluted T cells was most frequent in patients with erythroderma (100%) including those with normal of decreased lymphocyte counts, and was not uncommon in patients with mycosis fungoides in the plaque or tumor phase (42%). The light-microscopic morphology of the abnormal cells found in the patients with the plaque or tumor phase of mycosis fungoides was not distinguishable from that of the erythrodermic patients. Increased percentages (less than 15%) of T cells having convoluted nuclei were also found in the lymph node cell suspensions from CTCL patients with adenopathy (18 of 25 patients). These results suggest that a high frequency of extracutaneous involvement occurs in patient with CTCL, the clinical significance of which remains to be determined.", "contents": "Blood and lymph node T lymphocytes in cutaneous T cell lymphoma: evaluation by light microscopy. Cytology of peripheral blood and lymph node lymphocytes from a group of unselected patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) was studied by light microscopy. Twenty of 45 patients had circulating lymphocytes with convoluted nuclei recognized in routine Wright-Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears. Cytocentrifuge preparations of E-rosetted lymphocytes showed that greater than 10% of the T cells had convoluted nuclei in each of 16 patients with positive blood smears and in six of 17 whose blood smears were negative or inconclusive. Peripheral blood involvement with greater than 10% convoluted T cells was most frequent in patients with erythroderma (100%) including those with normal of decreased lymphocyte counts, and was not uncommon in patients with mycosis fungoides in the plaque or tumor phase (42%). The light-microscopic morphology of the abnormal cells found in the patients with the plaque or tumor phase of mycosis fungoides was not distinguishable from that of the erythrodermic patients. Increased percentages (less than 15%) of T cells having convoluted nuclei were also found in the lymph node cell suspensions from CTCL patients with adenopathy (18 of 25 patients). These results suggest that a high frequency of extracutaneous involvement occurs in patient with CTCL, the clinical significance of which remains to be determined.", "PMID": 312694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3611", "title": "Cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies were conducted in 36 patients with histologically confirmed cutaneous T-cell lymphomas at the National Cancer Institute-Veterans' Administration Medical Oncology Branch. Aneuploidy was observed in 17 (85%) of the 20 lymph nodes, 23 of the 36 peripheral bloods, and five of the 31 bone marros. Aneuploidy was frequently present even when tumor cells were not noted histologically. These findings indicate that cytogenetic studies can be very useful for the early detection of malignant cells even when only a few such neoplastic cells are encountered. In this study, the cytogenetic abnormalities found to be characteristic of the disease included extensive aneuploidy, with both numerical and structural aberrations, a wide range of heteroploidy, and a lack of clone formation until the terminal phase of the disease. The numerical changes most frequently involved chromosomes 8, 15, 11, 17, 21, and 10, and the chromosome most involved in structural aberrations was chromosome 1, followed by chromosomes 7, 14, 16, 6, and 9. Cytogenetic studies demonstrate that neoplasia in the cutaneous T-cell lymphomas commonly involves areas beyond the skin.", "contents": "Cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Cytogenetic studies were conducted in 36 patients with histologically confirmed cutaneous T-cell lymphomas at the National Cancer Institute-Veterans' Administration Medical Oncology Branch. Aneuploidy was observed in 17 (85%) of the 20 lymph nodes, 23 of the 36 peripheral bloods, and five of the 31 bone marros. Aneuploidy was frequently present even when tumor cells were not noted histologically. These findings indicate that cytogenetic studies can be very useful for the early detection of malignant cells even when only a few such neoplastic cells are encountered. In this study, the cytogenetic abnormalities found to be characteristic of the disease included extensive aneuploidy, with both numerical and structural aberrations, a wide range of heteroploidy, and a lack of clone formation until the terminal phase of the disease. The numerical changes most frequently involved chromosomes 8, 15, 11, 17, 21, and 10, and the chromosome most involved in structural aberrations was chromosome 1, followed by chromosomes 7, 14, 16, 6, and 9. Cytogenetic studies demonstrate that neoplasia in the cutaneous T-cell lymphomas commonly involves areas beyond the skin.", "PMID": 312695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3612", "title": "Current concepts in immunoregulatory T-cell neoplasms.", "content": "Normal T cells play a crucial role in the regulation of humoral immune responses by acting as potentiators (helper cells) or inhibitors (suppressor cells) of the B-cell transition into immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. Certain patients with leukemias or lymphomas of T-cell origin may provide a resource for obtaining homogeneous populations of cells which act as either helper cells (eg, some but not all patients with S\u00e9zary's syndrome) or suppressor cells (eg, some patients with acute of subacute T-cell leukemia). The clinical and theoretic implications of such immunoregulatory cell neoplasms are discussed.", "contents": "Current concepts in immunoregulatory T-cell neoplasms. Normal T cells play a crucial role in the regulation of humoral immune responses by acting as potentiators (helper cells) or inhibitors (suppressor cells) of the B-cell transition into immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. Certain patients with leukemias or lymphomas of T-cell origin may provide a resource for obtaining homogeneous populations of cells which act as either helper cells (eg, some but not all patients with S\u00e9zary's syndrome) or suppressor cells (eg, some patients with acute of subacute T-cell leukemia). The clinical and theoretic implications of such immunoregulatory cell neoplasms are discussed.", "PMID": 312696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3613", "title": "Murine T-cell heterogeneity.", "content": "Immunoregulatory lymphoid cells that mature under the influence of the thymus gland (T cells) have been implicated to a major extent in the induction or at least the perpetuation of malignant neoplasms in man. Those T cells are thought to inactivate, suppress, or neutralize the normally occurring tumoricidal effector cells and thereby facilitate the unchecked growth of the neoplasm; the term \"suppressor T cells\" is therefore used to denote their individual activity. This concept implies that there is a balance between the effector cells and the suppressor cells in healthy subjects and that perhaps enrichment and activation of those cells involved in the defense against neoplastic growth, and specific depletion and elimination of those cells involved in suppression or inactivation of the former in patients with malignant diseases, may provide new modalities in cancer immunotherapy. Most of the studies that form the basis of this concept have been derived in animal models, particularly the mouse. The existence of cell-surface markers which have been used as phenotypic tools has provided the knowledge that distinct subpopulations of lymphoid cells do exist. The phenotypic characterization of lymphoid cells involved in functionally dinstinct immunologic events has been the object of intensive investigation. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to briefly document our current knowledge of the functional heterogeneity that exists in murine T cells based on the differential expression of these cell-surface markers.", "contents": "Murine T-cell heterogeneity. Immunoregulatory lymphoid cells that mature under the influence of the thymus gland (T cells) have been implicated to a major extent in the induction or at least the perpetuation of malignant neoplasms in man. Those T cells are thought to inactivate, suppress, or neutralize the normally occurring tumoricidal effector cells and thereby facilitate the unchecked growth of the neoplasm; the term \"suppressor T cells\" is therefore used to denote their individual activity. This concept implies that there is a balance between the effector cells and the suppressor cells in healthy subjects and that perhaps enrichment and activation of those cells involved in the defense against neoplastic growth, and specific depletion and elimination of those cells involved in suppression or inactivation of the former in patients with malignant diseases, may provide new modalities in cancer immunotherapy. Most of the studies that form the basis of this concept have been derived in animal models, particularly the mouse. The existence of cell-surface markers which have been used as phenotypic tools has provided the knowledge that distinct subpopulations of lymphoid cells do exist. The phenotypic characterization of lymphoid cells involved in functionally dinstinct immunologic events has been the object of intensive investigation. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to briefly document our current knowledge of the functional heterogeneity that exists in murine T cells based on the differential expression of these cell-surface markers.", "PMID": 312697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3614", "title": "Antithymocyte globulin in the management of cutaneous T cell lymphoma.", "content": "Four patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma were treated with iv administered horse antithymocyte globulin. Evidence of a beneficial response was obtained in three of the four patients. Limited sensitivity of neoplastic T cells to complement-mediated lysis in the presence of the antithymocyte globulin was identified, suggesting that other mechanisms may be responsible for the observed clinical responses.", "contents": "Antithymocyte globulin in the management of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Four patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma were treated with iv administered horse antithymocyte globulin. Evidence of a beneficial response was obtained in three of the four patients. Limited sensitivity of neoplastic T cells to complement-mediated lysis in the presence of the antithymocyte globulin was identified, suggesting that other mechanisms may be responsible for the observed clinical responses.", "PMID": 312698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3615", "title": "Long-term serial angiographic studies after coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "Twenty-six patients underwent repeat coronary angiography 5--8 years after saphenous vein coronary artery bypass surgery (SVCABG). These patients were selected from the first cohort of 117 patient who had SVCABG because they had obtained essentially complete relief of angina, and because all grafts were patent at initial angiography 11.2 months (mean) after surgery. Of the 39 grafts (1.5 grafts per patient) patent at 1 year, 34 (87.2%) were patent at reexamination 76 months (mean) (range 65--103 months) after SVCABG. Graft occlusion could not be predicted by the early angiographic appearance of the graft itself or its proximal or distal anastomosis. In some cases, narrowing or irregularity consistent with intimal hyperplasia appeared to progress, while in others it developed at late follow-up. Progressive narrowing occurred in 96% (22 of 23 grafted vessels) of the native coronary arteries proximal to the graft anastomosis. Progresssion to a stenosis greater than 75% or total occlusion was seen distal to the graft anastomosis in eight of 39 grafts (20%). Of 103 non-bypassed major vessels, 56% showed some progression of disease and half of these progressed to significant stenoses (greater than 75% luminal narrowing). There were no apparent predictors to indicate whether progression in nongrafted coronary arteries would occur preferentially in a previously stenotic or nonstenotic vessel, although 80% of vessels with initial stenoses greater than 75% progressed to total occlusion.", "contents": "Long-term serial angiographic studies after coronary artery bypass surgery. Twenty-six patients underwent repeat coronary angiography 5--8 years after saphenous vein coronary artery bypass surgery (SVCABG). These patients were selected from the first cohort of 117 patient who had SVCABG because they had obtained essentially complete relief of angina, and because all grafts were patent at initial angiography 11.2 months (mean) after surgery. Of the 39 grafts (1.5 grafts per patient) patent at 1 year, 34 (87.2%) were patent at reexamination 76 months (mean) (range 65--103 months) after SVCABG. Graft occlusion could not be predicted by the early angiographic appearance of the graft itself or its proximal or distal anastomosis. In some cases, narrowing or irregularity consistent with intimal hyperplasia appeared to progress, while in others it developed at late follow-up. Progressive narrowing occurred in 96% (22 of 23 grafted vessels) of the native coronary arteries proximal to the graft anastomosis. Progresssion to a stenosis greater than 75% or total occlusion was seen distal to the graft anastomosis in eight of 39 grafts (20%). Of 103 non-bypassed major vessels, 56% showed some progression of disease and half of these progressed to significant stenoses (greater than 75% luminal narrowing). There were no apparent predictors to indicate whether progression in nongrafted coronary arteries would occur preferentially in a previously stenotic or nonstenotic vessel, although 80% of vessels with initial stenoses greater than 75% progressed to total occlusion.", "PMID": 312703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3616", "title": "Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American populations: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee.", "content": "Cross-sectional age- and sex-specific plasma lipid distributions (means, medians and selected percentiles) are given for 48,431 white participants in visit 1 of the Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Prevalence Study. This study consisted of two visits in which 10 LRCs screened participants selected from well-defined North American target populations that included a broad range of sociodemographic subgroups. These data confirm findings from earlier studies in developed countries, showing age-related differences in plasma lipid levels. However, for overall distributions, the LRC data showed slightly lower cholesterol and markedly higher triglyceride values than those previously reported for North America. Some variation in plasma lipid values was evident among the clinic populations. The large number of participants within most subgroups permitted a variety of analytic and comparative studies. For example, data from the large pediatric population revealed a drop in plasma cholesterol levels in adolescent males and females. Males aged 20--50 years had higher cholesterol levels than females in the same age group, and higher triglyceride levels between ages 20--70 years. Numbers were also sufficient for meaningful comparisons between lipid distributions of females who were taking sex hormones and those who were not: In females taking sex hormones, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher for subjects younger than 45 years, but slightly lower after age 45, than lipid levels in females not taking hormones.", "contents": "Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American populations: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee. Cross-sectional age- and sex-specific plasma lipid distributions (means, medians and selected percentiles) are given for 48,431 white participants in visit 1 of the Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Prevalence Study. This study consisted of two visits in which 10 LRCs screened participants selected from well-defined North American target populations that included a broad range of sociodemographic subgroups. These data confirm findings from earlier studies in developed countries, showing age-related differences in plasma lipid levels. However, for overall distributions, the LRC data showed slightly lower cholesterol and markedly higher triglyceride values than those previously reported for North America. Some variation in plasma lipid values was evident among the clinic populations. The large number of participants within most subgroups permitted a variety of analytic and comparative studies. For example, data from the large pediatric population revealed a drop in plasma cholesterol levels in adolescent males and females. Males aged 20--50 years had higher cholesterol levels than females in the same age group, and higher triglyceride levels between ages 20--70 years. Numbers were also sufficient for meaningful comparisons between lipid distributions of females who were taking sex hormones and those who were not: In females taking sex hormones, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher for subjects younger than 45 years, but slightly lower after age 45, than lipid levels in females not taking hormones.", "PMID": 312704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3617", "title": "Loss of the improvement of angina between 1 and 7 years after aortocoronary bypass surgery: correlations with changes in vein grafts and in coronary arteries.", "content": "Improvement of effort angina following pure aortocoronary bypass graft surgery was related to postoperative control angiographic studies of grafts and coronary arteries in 75 unselected patients. Clinical and angiographic evaluations were carried out at approximately 1 year and at 5 to 7 years after surgery. At 1 year, 61 (81.3%) were improved (52 without angina and 9 with partial improvement by at least two functional classes), whereas 14 were unimproved (18.7%). At approximately 6 years, loss of improvement (reappearance of angina or aggravation by at least two functional classes) was observed in 22 of the 61 improved patients, representing an attrition of 36.1% over a 5-year period. Graft occlusion or a narrowing of over 50% was observed in two of the 39 patients in whom improvement had continued (5.1%), whereas it was found in six of the 22 patients (27.3%) whose results deteriorated (p less than 0.05). Similarly, progression to occlusion of a preexisting stenosis of over 50% or appearance of a new stenosis of over 50% in a major coronary artery (distal to a graft or in an unbypassed artery) was observed in five of the 39 patients with continued improvement (12.8%) and in 11 of the 22 patients whose condition deteriorated (p less than 0.01). Changes in a graft or in a coronary artery were noted in 63.6% (14/22) of the patients with loss of improvement as compared to only 18% (7/39) of the patients whose improvement did not deteriorate. Improvement of angina was also evaluated in all survivors among our first 500 cases who had preoperative effort angina and pure bypass surgery with or without angiographic studies. Of these 260 patients, 70.4% were angina-free or improved by two to three functional classes at 1 year, and only 41.9% at 7 years after surgery. It is concluded that the effect of aortocoronary bypass graft surgery is transient in a high proportion of patients and that deterioration of results is related to late graft modifications and progression of atherosclerosis, particularly in ungrafted coronary arteries.", "contents": "Loss of the improvement of angina between 1 and 7 years after aortocoronary bypass surgery: correlations with changes in vein grafts and in coronary arteries. Improvement of effort angina following pure aortocoronary bypass graft surgery was related to postoperative control angiographic studies of grafts and coronary arteries in 75 unselected patients. Clinical and angiographic evaluations were carried out at approximately 1 year and at 5 to 7 years after surgery. At 1 year, 61 (81.3%) were improved (52 without angina and 9 with partial improvement by at least two functional classes), whereas 14 were unimproved (18.7%). At approximately 6 years, loss of improvement (reappearance of angina or aggravation by at least two functional classes) was observed in 22 of the 61 improved patients, representing an attrition of 36.1% over a 5-year period. Graft occlusion or a narrowing of over 50% was observed in two of the 39 patients in whom improvement had continued (5.1%), whereas it was found in six of the 22 patients (27.3%) whose results deteriorated (p less than 0.05). Similarly, progression to occlusion of a preexisting stenosis of over 50% or appearance of a new stenosis of over 50% in a major coronary artery (distal to a graft or in an unbypassed artery) was observed in five of the 39 patients with continued improvement (12.8%) and in 11 of the 22 patients whose condition deteriorated (p less than 0.01). Changes in a graft or in a coronary artery were noted in 63.6% (14/22) of the patients with loss of improvement as compared to only 18% (7/39) of the patients whose improvement did not deteriorate. Improvement of angina was also evaluated in all survivors among our first 500 cases who had preoperative effort angina and pure bypass surgery with or without angiographic studies. Of these 260 patients, 70.4% were angina-free or improved by two to three functional classes at 1 year, and only 41.9% at 7 years after surgery. It is concluded that the effect of aortocoronary bypass graft surgery is transient in a high proportion of patients and that deterioration of results is related to late graft modifications and progression of atherosclerosis, particularly in ungrafted coronary arteries.", "PMID": 312705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3618", "title": "Temporary left ventricular bypass: factors affecting patient survival.", "content": "Circulatory support (range, 2 hours-8 days) was undertaken in eight cardiac surgical patients (with two survivors) exhibiting intractable cardiogenic shock. A paracorporeal, pneumatic, xenograft-valve pump was interposed between the left ventricular apex and ascending aorta. Pumping lowered left atrial and ventricular pressure while maintaining cardiac output (1.8--2.6 l/min/m2). Following implantation, plasma hemoglobin and erythrocyte mechanical fragility values were elevated but decreased to normal when renal function was not impaired. Mild thrombocytopenia was noted in three patients and was severe in five others with persistent hemorrhage. Anticoagulation agents were used during tapering of pump flow (three patients) after 100, 105 and 120 hours of bypass. Otherwise, for the major portion of the interval of mechanical circulatory support, anticoagulants were not administered. Despite this fact, no systemic embolization was detected in any of the patients. It appears that assist pump support can be life-saving in acute left ventricular failure in patients following cardiac surgery.", "contents": "Temporary left ventricular bypass: factors affecting patient survival. Circulatory support (range, 2 hours-8 days) was undertaken in eight cardiac surgical patients (with two survivors) exhibiting intractable cardiogenic shock. A paracorporeal, pneumatic, xenograft-valve pump was interposed between the left ventricular apex and ascending aorta. Pumping lowered left atrial and ventricular pressure while maintaining cardiac output (1.8--2.6 l/min/m2). Following implantation, plasma hemoglobin and erythrocyte mechanical fragility values were elevated but decreased to normal when renal function was not impaired. Mild thrombocytopenia was noted in three patients and was severe in five others with persistent hemorrhage. Anticoagulation agents were used during tapering of pump flow (three patients) after 100, 105 and 120 hours of bypass. Otherwise, for the major portion of the interval of mechanical circulatory support, anticoagulants were not administered. Despite this fact, no systemic embolization was detected in any of the patients. It appears that assist pump support can be life-saving in acute left ventricular failure in patients following cardiac surgery.", "PMID": 312706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3619", "title": "Mild ventricular dysfunction following cold potassium cardioplegia.", "content": "The long-term effects of cold potassium cardioplegic arrest was examined in 40 patients who underwent myocardial revascularization. Comparisons between resting ejection fraction (EF), end diastolic volume (EDV), and segmental wall motion were made between the preoperative and postoperative catheterization (mean postoperative recatheterization, 6 months). A 2.93 graft per patient ratio was found in this group of patients, with 108/117 grafts visualized at the time of recatheterization. The EF was 60% +/- 3% before surgery and 62% +/- 3% after surgery. A correlation coefficient of 0.91 was determined for the entire series. The EDV was 151 +/- 16 cc before coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and was unchanged post CABG at an end diastolic volume of 137 +/- 15 cc. Analysis of preoperative wall motion of 33 patients demonstrated 111 depressed segments, 68 normal, and 52 hypercontractile; at recathetrization, there were 100 depressed, 66 normal, and 65 hypercontractile segments. Although there was essentially no deterioration of myocardial function for 37 out of 40 patients, three demonstrated a reduction in EF, the largest reduction being 15%. These three patients had a cardioplegic arrest time greater than 70 minutes. An inverse relationship between percent change in EF and the length of cardioplegic arrest was observed, with an r value o - 0.57 (p less than 0.01). These data suggest that prolonged cardioplegic arrest times may be associated with mild dysfunction. Cold potassium cardioplegic arrest up to 70 minutes was associated with no change in EF, EDV, or wall motion in this series of patients.", "contents": "Mild ventricular dysfunction following cold potassium cardioplegia. The long-term effects of cold potassium cardioplegic arrest was examined in 40 patients who underwent myocardial revascularization. Comparisons between resting ejection fraction (EF), end diastolic volume (EDV), and segmental wall motion were made between the preoperative and postoperative catheterization (mean postoperative recatheterization, 6 months). A 2.93 graft per patient ratio was found in this group of patients, with 108/117 grafts visualized at the time of recatheterization. The EF was 60% +/- 3% before surgery and 62% +/- 3% after surgery. A correlation coefficient of 0.91 was determined for the entire series. The EDV was 151 +/- 16 cc before coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and was unchanged post CABG at an end diastolic volume of 137 +/- 15 cc. Analysis of preoperative wall motion of 33 patients demonstrated 111 depressed segments, 68 normal, and 52 hypercontractile; at recathetrization, there were 100 depressed, 66 normal, and 65 hypercontractile segments. Although there was essentially no deterioration of myocardial function for 37 out of 40 patients, three demonstrated a reduction in EF, the largest reduction being 15%. These three patients had a cardioplegic arrest time greater than 70 minutes. An inverse relationship between percent change in EF and the length of cardioplegic arrest was observed, with an r value o - 0.57 (p less than 0.01). These data suggest that prolonged cardioplegic arrest times may be associated with mild dysfunction. Cold potassium cardioplegic arrest up to 70 minutes was associated with no change in EF, EDV, or wall motion in this series of patients.", "PMID": 312707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3620", "title": "Rate-pressure product and myocardial oxygen consumption during surgery for coronary artery bypass.", "content": "Rate-pressure product (RPP) is a sensitive index of myocardial oxygen consumption (mVO2) in awake people. We wished to determine whether this relationship persisted under anesthesia and in the face of concurrent large changes in myocardial contractility and left ventricular filling pressures. In 16 patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass surgery, we inserted coronary sinus and Swan-Ganz catheters, and a central aortic catheter via the brachial artery, before induction of anesthesia with either morphine (2 mg/kg) or halothane, chosen in random order. We measured aortic, pulmonary, and venous pressures, cardiac output, systolic time intervals, and thermodilution coronary sinus flow. We calculated mVO2 as coronary sinus flow times myocardial arteriovenous oxygen content difference. We found significant correlations between mVO2 and heart rate (r = 0.57), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.52), the index delta /delta T (r = 0.53, and RPP (r = 0.78). Multiple regression of RPP and delta P/delta T against mVO2 increased their correlation (r = 0.86), while multiple regression of RPP and pulmonary wedge pressure against mVo2 did not significantly improve the correlation of RPP alone (r = 0.75). We conclude that hemodynamic changes anesthesia and surgery do not decrease the sensitivity of RPP as an index of mVO2.", "contents": "Rate-pressure product and myocardial oxygen consumption during surgery for coronary artery bypass. Rate-pressure product (RPP) is a sensitive index of myocardial oxygen consumption (mVO2) in awake people. We wished to determine whether this relationship persisted under anesthesia and in the face of concurrent large changes in myocardial contractility and left ventricular filling pressures. In 16 patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass surgery, we inserted coronary sinus and Swan-Ganz catheters, and a central aortic catheter via the brachial artery, before induction of anesthesia with either morphine (2 mg/kg) or halothane, chosen in random order. We measured aortic, pulmonary, and venous pressures, cardiac output, systolic time intervals, and thermodilution coronary sinus flow. We calculated mVO2 as coronary sinus flow times myocardial arteriovenous oxygen content difference. We found significant correlations between mVO2 and heart rate (r = 0.57), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.52), the index delta /delta T (r = 0.53, and RPP (r = 0.78). Multiple regression of RPP and delta P/delta T against mVO2 increased their correlation (r = 0.86), while multiple regression of RPP and pulmonary wedge pressure against mVo2 did not significantly improve the correlation of RPP alone (r = 0.75). We conclude that hemodynamic changes anesthesia and surgery do not decrease the sensitivity of RPP as an index of mVO2.", "PMID": 312708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3621", "title": "Improved survival after surgical therapy for chronic angina pectoris: one hospital's experience in a randomized trial.", "content": "Between 1972 and 1974, 121 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris and operative coronary artery disease, excluding significant left main coronary obstruction, were randomized to either medical therapy (60 patients) or surgical therapy (61 patients) as part of a larger Veterans Administration Cooperative Study of Surgery for Coronary Arterial Occlusive Disease. At the time of randomization, medical and surgical groups were similar with regard to clinical and hemodynamic features as well as degree of left ventricular impairment and extent of coronary disease. Follow-up to June 1, 1978, reveals significantly improved survival in surgical patients from 3 through 6 years after randomization. Sixteen cross-over patients (13 medical to surgery, and 3 surgical without surgery) do not appear to influence results. Results of this randomized study from a single hospital differ from the preliminary results of the larger cooperative study, primarily because of a higher mortality in the medical group. The medical mortality in our group is in keeping with other reports of the natural history of patients with angina pectoris, and we propose that the population of patients we randomized closely simulates the usual type of patient with chronic angina being considered for surgical treatment. Our good surgical results thus contrast significantly with the survival of medically treated patients, and this separates our study from the body of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study.", "contents": "Improved survival after surgical therapy for chronic angina pectoris: one hospital's experience in a randomized trial. Between 1972 and 1974, 121 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris and operative coronary artery disease, excluding significant left main coronary obstruction, were randomized to either medical therapy (60 patients) or surgical therapy (61 patients) as part of a larger Veterans Administration Cooperative Study of Surgery for Coronary Arterial Occlusive Disease. At the time of randomization, medical and surgical groups were similar with regard to clinical and hemodynamic features as well as degree of left ventricular impairment and extent of coronary disease. Follow-up to June 1, 1978, reveals significantly improved survival in surgical patients from 3 through 6 years after randomization. Sixteen cross-over patients (13 medical to surgery, and 3 surgical without surgery) do not appear to influence results. Results of this randomized study from a single hospital differ from the preliminary results of the larger cooperative study, primarily because of a higher mortality in the medical group. The medical mortality in our group is in keeping with other reports of the natural history of patients with angina pectoris, and we propose that the population of patients we randomized closely simulates the usual type of patient with chronic angina being considered for surgical treatment. Our good surgical results thus contrast significantly with the survival of medically treated patients, and this separates our study from the body of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study.", "PMID": 312709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3622", "title": "Blood flow in sequential vein grafts.", "content": "In 69 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting for complete coronary revascularization, blood flow was measured in 140 grafts with 243 distal anastomoses (3.52 bypasses/patient). Total blood flow in single grafts and double and triple sequential grafts did not differ significantly, although mean distal flow decreased successively with single (85 cc/min), double (51 cc/min), and triple (32 cc/min) sequential grafts. Total myocardial flow did not vary significantly regardless of the number of grafts placed. Flow measurements in patients with double sequential grafts showed greater than 20% overlay in flow between the two distal anastomoses. The data suggest significant but incomplete collateral supply between adjacent coronary beds consistent with the concept of any individual area of myocardium being a capacitance bed supplied in part by a number of adjacent coronary branches.", "contents": "Blood flow in sequential vein grafts. In 69 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting for complete coronary revascularization, blood flow was measured in 140 grafts with 243 distal anastomoses (3.52 bypasses/patient). Total blood flow in single grafts and double and triple sequential grafts did not differ significantly, although mean distal flow decreased successively with single (85 cc/min), double (51 cc/min), and triple (32 cc/min) sequential grafts. Total myocardial flow did not vary significantly regardless of the number of grafts placed. Flow measurements in patients with double sequential grafts showed greater than 20% overlay in flow between the two distal anastomoses. The data suggest significant but incomplete collateral supply between adjacent coronary beds consistent with the concept of any individual area of myocardium being a capacitance bed supplied in part by a number of adjacent coronary branches.", "PMID": 312710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3623", "title": "Survival following mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation due to coronary artery disease.", "content": "Forty-six patients who underwent mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation due to coronary artery disease during 1970-1975 were identified. Forty patients underwent aortocoronary bypass procedures at the same operation. The survival rate at the fourth postoperative year was 73% in the 22 patients in whom the preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction exceeded 0.35, 38% in the 16 patients in whom the preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction was 35% or less, and 25% in the eight patients in whom aneurysmectomy was performed at the time of mitral valve replacement (p less than 0.05 for the former group compared to the latter two groups). Heart failure, present preoperatively in 41 patients, was improved in most of the long-term survivors. Neither the angiographic extent of coronary artery disease nor whether mitral valve replacement was performed in the acute (within 2 months in 13 patients) or chronic phase of myocardial infarction were distinctly correlated with survival.", "contents": "Survival following mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation due to coronary artery disease. Forty-six patients who underwent mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation due to coronary artery disease during 1970-1975 were identified. Forty patients underwent aortocoronary bypass procedures at the same operation. The survival rate at the fourth postoperative year was 73% in the 22 patients in whom the preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction exceeded 0.35, 38% in the 16 patients in whom the preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction was 35% or less, and 25% in the eight patients in whom aneurysmectomy was performed at the time of mitral valve replacement (p less than 0.05 for the former group compared to the latter two groups). Heart failure, present preoperatively in 41 patients, was improved in most of the long-term survivors. Neither the angiographic extent of coronary artery disease nor whether mitral valve replacement was performed in the acute (within 2 months in 13 patients) or chronic phase of myocardial infarction were distinctly correlated with survival.", "PMID": 312711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3624", "title": "Safe early revascularization for continuing ischemia after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Early revascularization following myocardial infarction (MI) is reported to have a high risk of extension of and hemorrhage into infarction with resulting high mortality and morbidity. To evaluate this issue, 80 post-MI patients (aged 32-74 years) with unstable angina pectoris resistant to maximal medical therapy were reviewed. All patients underwent early uncomplicated angiography and subsequent revascularization; 55 (69%) were less than 10 days post-MI, and 25 (31%) were 10-30 days post-MI. Intraaortic balloon pumping was required in 72% for relief of intractable angina or hemodynamic instability. Of the 80 patients, 19% had single vessel disease (VD), 31% double VD, and 50% triple VD. The mortality rate from coronary bypass surgery was 7/80 (8.8%), with four cardiac and three noncardiac deaths. Two patients suffered a perioperative MI (2.5%). At a mean follow-up period of 33 months, there had been only one late death and one recurrent nonfatal MI; 96% of the patients had no significant angina. In patients with continuing ischemia immediately after MI, myocardial revascularization can be safely performed without further injury to the myocardium, and with excellent long-term results.", "contents": "Safe early revascularization for continuing ischemia after acute myocardial infarction. Early revascularization following myocardial infarction (MI) is reported to have a high risk of extension of and hemorrhage into infarction with resulting high mortality and morbidity. To evaluate this issue, 80 post-MI patients (aged 32-74 years) with unstable angina pectoris resistant to maximal medical therapy were reviewed. All patients underwent early uncomplicated angiography and subsequent revascularization; 55 (69%) were less than 10 days post-MI, and 25 (31%) were 10-30 days post-MI. Intraaortic balloon pumping was required in 72% for relief of intractable angina or hemodynamic instability. Of the 80 patients, 19% had single vessel disease (VD), 31% double VD, and 50% triple VD. The mortality rate from coronary bypass surgery was 7/80 (8.8%), with four cardiac and three noncardiac deaths. Two patients suffered a perioperative MI (2.5%). At a mean follow-up period of 33 months, there had been only one late death and one recurrent nonfatal MI; 96% of the patients had no significant angina. In patients with continuing ischemia immediately after MI, myocardial revascularization can be safely performed without further injury to the myocardium, and with excellent long-term results.", "PMID": 312712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3625", "title": "Aortocoronary bypass surgery: a 7-year follow-up.", "content": "Follow-up of 748 consecutive patients who underwent aortocoronary artery bypass grafts was obtained for 5 to 94 months (average, 59 months). Operative mortality of 2.5% did not vary with number of vessels bypassed. There was a linear 3.5% annual recurrence rate of angina, and average annual late infarction rate of 1.4%. The cumulative survival rates did not differ for the number of grafts performed or for men and women, but did differ for left main coronary stenosis and impaired ejection fractions. The late cumulative survival rates for the entire group approached those of the general U.S. population.", "contents": "Aortocoronary bypass surgery: a 7-year follow-up. Follow-up of 748 consecutive patients who underwent aortocoronary artery bypass grafts was obtained for 5 to 94 months (average, 59 months). Operative mortality of 2.5% did not vary with number of vessels bypassed. There was a linear 3.5% annual recurrence rate of angina, and average annual late infarction rate of 1.4%. The cumulative survival rates did not differ for the number of grafts performed or for men and women, but did differ for left main coronary stenosis and impaired ejection fractions. The late cumulative survival rates for the entire group approached those of the general U.S. population.", "PMID": 312713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3626", "title": "Immunological parameters and alpha 1-antitrypsinin chronic urticaria.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulins, complement and alpha 1-antitrypsin were assayed in forty-eight patients with chronic urticaria. Thirteen cases had chronic cold urticaria and thirty-two had chronic idiopathic urticaria. Elevated mean serum IgM was found in chronic cold urticaria. Seven patients had partial immunoglobulin deficiencies. IgE was elevated in sixteen cases of chronic idiopathic and in two with chronic cold urticaria. Eight patients had depressed serum total haemolytic complement activity. Low C3 and normal C4 serum protein concentrations in four cases suggested alternative complement pathway activation. Twenty of forty-six patients were atopic, although specific allergies responsible for the urticaria were not identified in any of them. alpha 1-antitrypsin levels were normal in all patients. The data suggest that the aetiology and pathogenesis of chronic urticarias in this study are heterogeneous. No evidence of abnormality of the protease inhibitor system in either chronic idiopathic or chronic cold urticaria was found.", "contents": "Immunological parameters and alpha 1-antitrypsinin chronic urticaria. Serum immunoglobulins, complement and alpha 1-antitrypsin were assayed in forty-eight patients with chronic urticaria. Thirteen cases had chronic cold urticaria and thirty-two had chronic idiopathic urticaria. Elevated mean serum IgM was found in chronic cold urticaria. Seven patients had partial immunoglobulin deficiencies. IgE was elevated in sixteen cases of chronic idiopathic and in two with chronic cold urticaria. Eight patients had depressed serum total haemolytic complement activity. Low C3 and normal C4 serum protein concentrations in four cases suggested alternative complement pathway activation. Twenty of forty-six patients were atopic, although specific allergies responsible for the urticaria were not identified in any of them. alpha 1-antitrypsin levels were normal in all patients. The data suggest that the aetiology and pathogenesis of chronic urticarias in this study are heterogeneous. No evidence of abnormality of the protease inhibitor system in either chronic idiopathic or chronic cold urticaria was found.", "PMID": 312714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3627", "title": "Automated measurement of the elastase-inhibitory capacity of plasma with a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "We describe an automated method for measuring the elastase-inhibitory capacity of plasma. We use a GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer and succinyltrialanine-p-nitroanilide as an elastase substrate. The method is fast (80--100 samples/h) and accurate (CV = 3.6%). The detection limits are from 20 to 300% of the normal value. The elastase-inhibitory capacity is well correlated with the trypsin-inhibitory capacity and with the immunochemically determined concentration of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-antitrypsin). Because elastase is not inhibited by other plasma inhibitors, this method can be used as an enzymatic technique for measuring the concentration of plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. In an apparently normal population, this concentration was 40 +/- 11 mumol/L.", "contents": "Automated measurement of the elastase-inhibitory capacity of plasma with a centrifugal analyzer. We describe an automated method for measuring the elastase-inhibitory capacity of plasma. We use a GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer and succinyltrialanine-p-nitroanilide as an elastase substrate. The method is fast (80--100 samples/h) and accurate (CV = 3.6%). The detection limits are from 20 to 300% of the normal value. The elastase-inhibitory capacity is well correlated with the trypsin-inhibitory capacity and with the immunochemically determined concentration of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-antitrypsin). Because elastase is not inhibited by other plasma inhibitors, this method can be used as an enzymatic technique for measuring the concentration of plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. In an apparently normal population, this concentration was 40 +/- 11 mumol/L.", "PMID": 312715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3628", "title": "Pi phenotypes of alpha1-antitrypsin in Southern England: identification of M subtypes and implications for genetic studies.", "content": "Phenotypes of alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT) were determined by isoelectric focusing in blood samples from 926 healthy Caucasians living in South-West England. Three subtypes of the most common allele product (M), designated M1, M2, and M3, were identified. Routine determination of these subtypes should considerably amplify the usefulness of the A1AT polymorphism in population genetics and, in view of the possible association of clinical disorders with heterozygous deficient M phenotypes, may enhance the value of Pi determinations in clinical genetics.", "contents": "Pi phenotypes of alpha1-antitrypsin in Southern England: identification of M subtypes and implications for genetic studies. Phenotypes of alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT) were determined by isoelectric focusing in blood samples from 926 healthy Caucasians living in South-West England. Three subtypes of the most common allele product (M), designated M1, M2, and M3, were identified. Routine determination of these subtypes should considerably amplify the usefulness of the A1AT polymorphism in population genetics and, in view of the possible association of clinical disorders with heterozygous deficient M phenotypes, may enhance the value of Pi determinations in clinical genetics.", "PMID": 312716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3629", "title": "[The effect of so-called electrodynamic potentials on experimental reaction-poor pseudarthrosis].", "content": "The effect of the magnetic field and the alternating current according to the Kraus-Lechner model was investigated on experimental pseudarthroses in beagle dogs. The evaluation of 16 pseudarthroses showed no effect of the method Kraus-Lechner on healing.", "contents": "[The effect of so-called electrodynamic potentials on experimental reaction-poor pseudarthrosis]. The effect of the magnetic field and the alternating current according to the Kraus-Lechner model was investigated on experimental pseudarthroses in beagle dogs. The evaluation of 16 pseudarthroses showed no effect of the method Kraus-Lechner on healing.", "PMID": 312722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3630", "title": "[Electromagnetic stimulation of infected experimental pseudarthrosis in a left-right study of beagles].", "content": "Electromagnetic AC-stimulation according to the method of KRAUS was applied in 9 infected ununited ulnar fractures in the beagle. New cortical bone formation, bridging of the bone defect and the number of blood vessels in bone and soft tissue was assessed. Electromagnetic stimulation had no significant influence on bone healing or on the number of vessels.", "contents": "[Electromagnetic stimulation of infected experimental pseudarthrosis in a left-right study of beagles]. Electromagnetic AC-stimulation according to the method of KRAUS was applied in 9 infected ununited ulnar fractures in the beagle. New cortical bone formation, bridging of the bone defect and the number of blood vessels in bone and soft tissue was assessed. Electromagnetic stimulation had no significant influence on bone healing or on the number of vessels.", "PMID": 312723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3631", "title": "[Myocardial blood flow distribution immediately following experimental aortocoronary bypass and 1 year postoperatively].", "content": "A 75--90% stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery (CCA) was induced over a period of 40 days in 11 mongrel dogs. Coronary blood flow and the distribution of myocardial blood flow (MBF, tracer-microspheres) was measured at rest and after maximal coronary dilatation in 8 dogs before and within 1 hour after coronary bypass. In 3 dogs these measurements are performed 1 year after bypass op. During coronary stenosis distribution of myocardial blood flow in the area supplied by the CCA was unhomogeneous, the subendocardium receiving less. Within 1 hour after opening the graft, MBF to the subendocardium was improved but the unequal distribution not completely abolished. One year after bypass op, however, the quantity and distribution of MBF appear to be normal although revascularized myocardium was perfused in part via coronary collaterals.", "contents": "[Myocardial blood flow distribution immediately following experimental aortocoronary bypass and 1 year postoperatively]. A 75--90% stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery (CCA) was induced over a period of 40 days in 11 mongrel dogs. Coronary blood flow and the distribution of myocardial blood flow (MBF, tracer-microspheres) was measured at rest and after maximal coronary dilatation in 8 dogs before and within 1 hour after coronary bypass. In 3 dogs these measurements are performed 1 year after bypass op. During coronary stenosis distribution of myocardial blood flow in the area supplied by the CCA was unhomogeneous, the subendocardium receiving less. Within 1 hour after opening the graft, MBF to the subendocardium was improved but the unequal distribution not completely abolished. One year after bypass op, however, the quantity and distribution of MBF appear to be normal although revascularized myocardium was perfused in part via coronary collaterals.", "PMID": 312724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3632", "title": "CO2-hysteroscopy today.", "content": "A survey of intra-uterine endoscopy over the last years is given showing the increased demand for hysteroscopy for diagnosis and therapy of intra-uterine diseases. Its indications include the search for unknown causes of uterine bleeding or sterility. It is also applied for various therapeutic reasons such as for example the search and removal of lost or embedded intra-uterine devices. The different methods of hysteroscopy--particularly the CO2 hysteroscopy, which we developed, are described. The new examination procedures such as for example the extensive penetration test applied in cases of sterility and others, which through the advances made in technology are now possible, are also discussed.", "contents": "CO2-hysteroscopy today. A survey of intra-uterine endoscopy over the last years is given showing the increased demand for hysteroscopy for diagnosis and therapy of intra-uterine diseases. Its indications include the search for unknown causes of uterine bleeding or sterility. It is also applied for various therapeutic reasons such as for example the search and removal of lost or embedded intra-uterine devices. The different methods of hysteroscopy--particularly the CO2 hysteroscopy, which we developed, are described. The new examination procedures such as for example the extensive penetration test applied in cases of sterility and others, which through the advances made in technology are now possible, are also discussed.", "PMID": 312730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3633", "title": "Chronic cerebellar stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy.", "content": "Six cases of intractable epilepsy who were subjected to chronic cerebellar stimulation are reported. They had all been treated with a wide range of anticonvulsant drugs without success. The ages varied between 17 and 55 years. Three were genetic-inherent, 2 were of unknown etiology, and 1 was symptomatic (infection? trauma?). Four had generalized major convulsions and 2 had a mixture of major and minor attacks, 1 with a strong temporal lobe component. Stimulation was commenced in all cases as soon as the patients had a postoperative seizure. Headache occurred in all cases and necessitated reduction in the strength of the stimulation to between 2 and 4 V in all cases except 1. Occipital nerve block temporarily relieved 1 patient, but posterior root section of C2-C3 and part of C4 did not prevent headaches in another case. Two patients were greatly improved and managed to hold employment whereas formerly they had been unemployed. One patient felt 50% improved but there was no reduction in his seizure frequency; another had a 50% reduction in seizures but felt no better. One patient was noted to be improved intellectually although her seizures were more frequent. The remaining patient was unchanged. One patient committed suicide and another drowned. One prosthesis became infected and had to be removed.", "contents": "Chronic cerebellar stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy. Six cases of intractable epilepsy who were subjected to chronic cerebellar stimulation are reported. They had all been treated with a wide range of anticonvulsant drugs without success. The ages varied between 17 and 55 years. Three were genetic-inherent, 2 were of unknown etiology, and 1 was symptomatic (infection? trauma?). Four had generalized major convulsions and 2 had a mixture of major and minor attacks, 1 with a strong temporal lobe component. Stimulation was commenced in all cases as soon as the patients had a postoperative seizure. Headache occurred in all cases and necessitated reduction in the strength of the stimulation to between 2 and 4 V in all cases except 1. Occipital nerve block temporarily relieved 1 patient, but posterior root section of C2-C3 and part of C4 did not prevent headaches in another case. Two patients were greatly improved and managed to hold employment whereas formerly they had been unemployed. One patient felt 50% improved but there was no reduction in his seizure frequency; another had a 50% reduction in seizures but felt no better. One patient was noted to be improved intellectually although her seizures were more frequent. The remaining patient was unchanged. One patient committed suicide and another drowned. One prosthesis became infected and had to be removed.", "PMID": 312731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3634", "title": "Mycoplasma neurolyticum: a potent mitogen for rat B lymphocytes.", "content": "A mitogen prepared from Mycoplasma neurolyticum has been demonstrated to induce extensive transformation of in vitro cultured rat B lymphocytes. The data summarized in this report show that rat thymus cells as well as hydrocortisone-resistant thymocytes were not activated by this mitogenic agent. On the other hand, spleen cells obtained from thymectomized, lethally irradiated and bone marrow-reconstituted rats were extensively activated by M. neurolyticum. Furthermore, M. neurolyticum was shown to induce the development of antibody-producing cells, as attested by the appearance of direct plaque-forming cells against sheep red blood cells and trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells in spleen cell cultures exposed to this mitogen. It was also demonstrated that stimulation of rat lymphocytes by this mitogen was inhibited by anti-rat immunoglobulin antibodies. In view of these data, it was suggested that M. neurolyticum, which activates mouse B lymphocytes, is a potent mitogen for rat B lymphocytes as well. This mitogen is a significantly more powerful mitogen for rat B lymphocytes then any other known mitogens. The availability of such mitogenic material in the rat system will enable studies on control mechanisms of action and differentiation of rat B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Mycoplasma neurolyticum: a potent mitogen for rat B lymphocytes. A mitogen prepared from Mycoplasma neurolyticum has been demonstrated to induce extensive transformation of in vitro cultured rat B lymphocytes. The data summarized in this report show that rat thymus cells as well as hydrocortisone-resistant thymocytes were not activated by this mitogenic agent. On the other hand, spleen cells obtained from thymectomized, lethally irradiated and bone marrow-reconstituted rats were extensively activated by M. neurolyticum. Furthermore, M. neurolyticum was shown to induce the development of antibody-producing cells, as attested by the appearance of direct plaque-forming cells against sheep red blood cells and trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells in spleen cell cultures exposed to this mitogen. It was also demonstrated that stimulation of rat lymphocytes by this mitogen was inhibited by anti-rat immunoglobulin antibodies. In view of these data, it was suggested that M. neurolyticum, which activates mouse B lymphocytes, is a potent mitogen for rat B lymphocytes as well. This mitogen is a significantly more powerful mitogen for rat B lymphocytes then any other known mitogens. The availability of such mitogenic material in the rat system will enable studies on control mechanisms of action and differentiation of rat B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 312732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3635", "title": "The migration of lymphocytes in the fetal lamb.", "content": "The migration of 51Cr-labeled autologous lymphocytes from intestinal or prescapular lymph was compared in fetal lambs and adult sheep. A subpopulation of lymphocytes present in intestinal lymph of adults which migrated to the small intestine was not found in fetal intestinal lymph. There were marked differences in the migration of fetal and adult lymphocytes to the lungs and liver. In spite of the absence of circulating antibodies or immunoglobulins and of extrinsic antigen in the immunologically virgin sheep fetus, the circulation of lymphocytes through the spleen and lymph nodes of fetal lambs was more intense than in the adult.", "contents": "The migration of lymphocytes in the fetal lamb. The migration of 51Cr-labeled autologous lymphocytes from intestinal or prescapular lymph was compared in fetal lambs and adult sheep. A subpopulation of lymphocytes present in intestinal lymph of adults which migrated to the small intestine was not found in fetal intestinal lymph. There were marked differences in the migration of fetal and adult lymphocytes to the lungs and liver. In spite of the absence of circulating antibodies or immunoglobulins and of extrinsic antigen in the immunologically virgin sheep fetus, the circulation of lymphocytes through the spleen and lymph nodes of fetal lambs was more intense than in the adult.", "PMID": 312733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3636", "title": "A duration-dependent negative potential in the cichlid electroretinogram.", "content": "A negative potential can be evoked in the local electroretinogram of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma octofasciatum by light stimuli of duration longer than 70 msec. This response superficially resembles the proximal negative response, but differs in some waveform components and dependence upon stimulus configuration and duration.", "contents": "A duration-dependent negative potential in the cichlid electroretinogram. A negative potential can be evoked in the local electroretinogram of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma octofasciatum by light stimuli of duration longer than 70 msec. This response superficially resembles the proximal negative response, but differs in some waveform components and dependence upon stimulus configuration and duration.", "PMID": 312739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3637", "title": "Differences in in vitro incorporation of tritiated deoxycytidine and tritiated thymidine into human lymphocytes.", "content": "Human lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by PHA or PWM incorporate 3H-CdR into DNA, but less well than 3H-TdR. More 3H-CdR is incorporated in populations enriched for T cells. No 3H-CdR is used by cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides under circumstances in which 3H-TdR is incorporated. We conclude that human T cells and B cells differ in their ability to use 3H-CdR.", "contents": "Differences in in vitro incorporation of tritiated deoxycytidine and tritiated thymidine into human lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by PHA or PWM incorporate 3H-CdR into DNA, but less well than 3H-TdR. More 3H-CdR is incorporated in populations enriched for T cells. No 3H-CdR is used by cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides under circumstances in which 3H-TdR is incorporated. We conclude that human T cells and B cells differ in their ability to use 3H-CdR.", "PMID": 312740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3638", "title": "Helper T cell interactions.", "content": "Studies of the relationship between carrier-primed helper T cell dose and the antibody response to a hapten on that carrier reveal evidence for two synergistic T helper cells. One of these two T cells is absent in agammaglobulinemic mice. This finding is not due to suppression; instead, T helper cells from these mice interact synergistically with T helper cells from normal mice, as would be predicted if two populations of cells are present in normal mice, while only one is present in the agammaglobulinemic mice. These findings, taken together with studies in similar systems, suggest that one of the two T helper cells recognizes immunoglobulin on B cells, while the other is specific for carrier. It remains to be determined whether both cells show the phenomenon of major histocompatibility complex restriction, or whether this a property of one of the cells only. It is also not clear whether the Ig-recognizing T cell is also carrier specific, or whether its apparent carrier specificity in this system reflects an ability of the carrier to bring together Ig and an I region gene product into a unique configuration on the B cell surface.", "contents": "Helper T cell interactions. Studies of the relationship between carrier-primed helper T cell dose and the antibody response to a hapten on that carrier reveal evidence for two synergistic T helper cells. One of these two T cells is absent in agammaglobulinemic mice. This finding is not due to suppression; instead, T helper cells from these mice interact synergistically with T helper cells from normal mice, as would be predicted if two populations of cells are present in normal mice, while only one is present in the agammaglobulinemic mice. These findings, taken together with studies in similar systems, suggest that one of the two T helper cells recognizes immunoglobulin on B cells, while the other is specific for carrier. It remains to be determined whether both cells show the phenomenon of major histocompatibility complex restriction, or whether this a property of one of the cells only. It is also not clear whether the Ig-recognizing T cell is also carrier specific, or whether its apparent carrier specificity in this system reflects an ability of the carrier to bring together Ig and an I region gene product into a unique configuration on the B cell surface.", "PMID": 312741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3639", "title": "Influence of vitamin E and selenium on immune response mechanisms.", "content": "Vitamin E and selenium have both been shown to have immunostimulatory effects in a variety of species when administered in quantities in excess of established deitary requirements. Responses to each nutrient appeared to be independent of the nutrition of the other. Deficiencies of vitamin E and selenium conversely caused suppression of the immune response system, particularly, cell mediated mechanisms. Suppression was shown to be associated with serum factors coating lymphocytes from dogs deficient in vitamin E and selenium. Oral supplementation with vitamin E transformed or removed the suppressive factors, dietary selenium had no effect. In vitro peripheral lymphocyte blast transformation tests corroborated observations of in vivo studies. Reducing agents and synthetic anti-oxidants eliminated suppressive effects in vitro. Suppression was most marked in dogs fed diets highest in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, providing conditions most conductive to lipid peroxidation in vivo. The essential fatty acids linoleic and arachidonic have been shown to similarly influence immunoregulatory mechanisms in vivo. The effect may be a direct one since plasma membrane fluidity of lymphoid cells increases the probability of modification of cell--antigen interactions by PUFA. However, their effect may also be an indirect one. PUFA are known precursor substances of E anf F type prostaglandins which have been shown to affect immediate and delayed hypersensitivity by stimulating synthesis of cyclic AMP. More definitive studies are needed to resolve this question.", "contents": "Influence of vitamin E and selenium on immune response mechanisms. Vitamin E and selenium have both been shown to have immunostimulatory effects in a variety of species when administered in quantities in excess of established deitary requirements. Responses to each nutrient appeared to be independent of the nutrition of the other. Deficiencies of vitamin E and selenium conversely caused suppression of the immune response system, particularly, cell mediated mechanisms. Suppression was shown to be associated with serum factors coating lymphocytes from dogs deficient in vitamin E and selenium. Oral supplementation with vitamin E transformed or removed the suppressive factors, dietary selenium had no effect. In vitro peripheral lymphocyte blast transformation tests corroborated observations of in vivo studies. Reducing agents and synthetic anti-oxidants eliminated suppressive effects in vitro. Suppression was most marked in dogs fed diets highest in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, providing conditions most conductive to lipid peroxidation in vivo. The essential fatty acids linoleic and arachidonic have been shown to similarly influence immunoregulatory mechanisms in vivo. The effect may be a direct one since plasma membrane fluidity of lymphoid cells increases the probability of modification of cell--antigen interactions by PUFA. However, their effect may also be an indirect one. PUFA are known precursor substances of E anf F type prostaglandins which have been shown to affect immediate and delayed hypersensitivity by stimulating synthesis of cyclic AMP. More definitive studies are needed to resolve this question.", "PMID": 312742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3640", "title": "Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia associated with aortic valve disease: part of a spectrum of angiodysplasia of the gut.", "content": "Twelve patients with angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract were seen at The Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital are presented. Six share the features of gastric or duodenal angiodysplasia, advanced age, and aortic valve disease. Of these 6 patients, 4 who bled repeatedly were treated with endoscopic coagulation of areas of gastric and duodenal angiodysplasia. Six patients with other types of gastrointestinal angiodysplasia are presented for comparison. Two had gastric angiodysplasia and no aortic valve disease, 2 had hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 1 had received irradiation, and 1 could not be classified. We suggest that angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract can be regarded as a spectrum with a clearly inherited etiology on one extreme and an acquired etiology on the other. A subset of these patients may be associated with aortic valve disease. Angiodysplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract may account for a significant fraction of previously unexplained bleeding. It is hoped that this paper will aid in their more frequent recognition.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia associated with aortic valve disease: part of a spectrum of angiodysplasia of the gut. Twelve patients with angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract were seen at The Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital are presented. Six share the features of gastric or duodenal angiodysplasia, advanced age, and aortic valve disease. Of these 6 patients, 4 who bled repeatedly were treated with endoscopic coagulation of areas of gastric and duodenal angiodysplasia. Six patients with other types of gastrointestinal angiodysplasia are presented for comparison. Two had gastric angiodysplasia and no aortic valve disease, 2 had hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 1 had received irradiation, and 1 could not be classified. We suggest that angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract can be regarded as a spectrum with a clearly inherited etiology on one extreme and an acquired etiology on the other. A subset of these patients may be associated with aortic valve disease. Angiodysplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract may account for a significant fraction of previously unexplained bleeding. It is hoped that this paper will aid in their more frequent recognition.", "PMID": 312746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3641", "title": "The identification of urogastrone in serum, saliva, and gastric juice.", "content": "Urogastrone, a peptide isolated from human urine, is known to cause inhibition of gastric acid secretion and proliferation of fibroblasts in culture; furthermore immunofluorescent localization techniques show it to be present in submandibular and Brunner's glands. Serum, saliva, and gastric juice samples have now been fractionated upon Sephadex G-200 and G-50 and the immunoreactive urogastrone located using a specific radioimmunoassay. Biologic activity was shown by mitogenic studies with 3T6 fibroblasts. In serum, the major immunoreactive component was ca. 1-2 X 10(5) daltons, but trypsin treatment then gave a smaller biologically active species in the same position as pure urogastrone on Sephadex G-50. Both saliva and gastric juice showed major components at the position defined by urogastrone, and these also stimulated the uptake of [H]thymidine into the fibroblasts. It is concluded that a urogastrone-like molecule can be released enzymically from a high molecular weight serum precursor and that the small biologically active peptide is also a normal component of saliva and gastric juice.", "contents": "The identification of urogastrone in serum, saliva, and gastric juice. Urogastrone, a peptide isolated from human urine, is known to cause inhibition of gastric acid secretion and proliferation of fibroblasts in culture; furthermore immunofluorescent localization techniques show it to be present in submandibular and Brunner's glands. Serum, saliva, and gastric juice samples have now been fractionated upon Sephadex G-200 and G-50 and the immunoreactive urogastrone located using a specific radioimmunoassay. Biologic activity was shown by mitogenic studies with 3T6 fibroblasts. In serum, the major immunoreactive component was ca. 1-2 X 10(5) daltons, but trypsin treatment then gave a smaller biologically active species in the same position as pure urogastrone on Sephadex G-50. Both saliva and gastric juice showed major components at the position defined by urogastrone, and these also stimulated the uptake of [H]thymidine into the fibroblasts. It is concluded that a urogastrone-like molecule can be released enzymically from a high molecular weight serum precursor and that the small biologically active peptide is also a normal component of saliva and gastric juice.", "PMID": 312747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3642", "title": "Hemorrhage from esophageal varices after placement of the LeVeen shunt.", "content": "Transient bleeding from esophageal varices was noted in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis and a patent end-to-side portacaval shunt after placement of a LeVeen shunt for unmanageable ascites. Pressure measurements of the portal systemic gradient, obtained at the time of bleeding and 12 days later, suggest that the variceal hemorrhage was induced by the rapid infusion of ascitic fluid into the systemic circulation. Principles of management for variceal hemorrhage after LeVeen shunt placement are discussed.", "contents": "Hemorrhage from esophageal varices after placement of the LeVeen shunt. Transient bleeding from esophageal varices was noted in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis and a patent end-to-side portacaval shunt after placement of a LeVeen shunt for unmanageable ascites. Pressure measurements of the portal systemic gradient, obtained at the time of bleeding and 12 days later, suggest that the variceal hemorrhage was induced by the rapid infusion of ascitic fluid into the systemic circulation. Principles of management for variceal hemorrhage after LeVeen shunt placement are discussed.", "PMID": 312748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3643", "title": "Immune status in Crohn's disease. 3. Peripheral blood B lymphocytes, enumerated by means of F(ab)2-antibody fragments, Null and T lymphocytes.", "content": "In the peripheral blood of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) the numerical distribution of the three major B lymphocyte subsets was determined by the identification of surface immunoglobulins using F(ab)(2)-antibody fragments. T cell counts were also obtained and the number of null cells was calculated. Twenty-eight patients with Crohn's disease including 14 patients with previously untreated and very short-standing disease (group CD 1) and 14 patients with long-standing and/or previous drug treated disease (group CD 2) were compared with 28 sex and age-matched normals as well as with 13 patients with acute inflammatory bowel disease (group D). Patients in group D and inactive patients of group CD 1 showed a significant absolute lymphocytosis due to an increase in both the three B cell subsets and the T cells, without changes in the null cells. While the proportion of T cells was normal, there was a significant relative B lymphocytosis and a relative null cytopenia in these patients. Active CD 1 patients, however, showed significantly lower absolute lymphocyte and T cell numbers. In group CD 2, there was a significant absolute lymphopenia caused by an equal decrease in B and T cells. Highly active CD 2 patients showed higher absolute null cell counts than inactive patients. With increasing disease duration there was a significant decrease of the relative and absolute B cell concentrations. The data obtained suggest that T and B cell populations in the peripheral blood are reduced in certain patients with Crohn's disease and that this occurs secondarily to activity of disease, chronicity of disease, and the effects of therapy.", "contents": "Immune status in Crohn's disease. 3. Peripheral blood B lymphocytes, enumerated by means of F(ab)2-antibody fragments, Null and T lymphocytes. In the peripheral blood of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) the numerical distribution of the three major B lymphocyte subsets was determined by the identification of surface immunoglobulins using F(ab)(2)-antibody fragments. T cell counts were also obtained and the number of null cells was calculated. Twenty-eight patients with Crohn's disease including 14 patients with previously untreated and very short-standing disease (group CD 1) and 14 patients with long-standing and/or previous drug treated disease (group CD 2) were compared with 28 sex and age-matched normals as well as with 13 patients with acute inflammatory bowel disease (group D). Patients in group D and inactive patients of group CD 1 showed a significant absolute lymphocytosis due to an increase in both the three B cell subsets and the T cells, without changes in the null cells. While the proportion of T cells was normal, there was a significant relative B lymphocytosis and a relative null cytopenia in these patients. Active CD 1 patients, however, showed significantly lower absolute lymphocyte and T cell numbers. In group CD 2, there was a significant absolute lymphopenia caused by an equal decrease in B and T cells. Highly active CD 2 patients showed higher absolute null cell counts than inactive patients. With increasing disease duration there was a significant decrease of the relative and absolute B cell concentrations. The data obtained suggest that T and B cell populations in the peripheral blood are reduced in certain patients with Crohn's disease and that this occurs secondarily to activity of disease, chronicity of disease, and the effects of therapy.", "PMID": 312753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3644", "title": "Major transplantation antigens in host responses to infection.", "content": "There is increasing support for the concept that in all of their varied immunologic functions, T lymphocytes act through a dual specificity. In the case of intracellular viral infections, the recognition required for cytolysis involves both a \"self\" component, coded for by the genes that specify the major transplantation antigens, and an \"X\" component, provided by viral antigens expressed on the target-cell surface.", "contents": "Major transplantation antigens in host responses to infection. There is increasing support for the concept that in all of their varied immunologic functions, T lymphocytes act through a dual specificity. In the case of intracellular viral infections, the recognition required for cytolysis involves both a \"self\" component, coded for by the genes that specify the major transplantation antigens, and an \"X\" component, provided by viral antigens expressed on the target-cell surface.", "PMID": 312757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3645", "title": "Density-gradient separation of spleen-cell subpopulations from Marek's disease virus-infected chickens.", "content": "Ficoll gradient separation of spleen-cell suspensions has shown that depressed T-cell mitogen reactivity in cultures of JM-VS and MD cells results from selective depletion of mitogen-responsive T-cells.", "contents": "Density-gradient separation of spleen-cell subpopulations from Marek's disease virus-infected chickens. Ficoll gradient separation of spleen-cell suspensions has shown that depressed T-cell mitogen reactivity in cultures of JM-VS and MD cells results from selective depletion of mitogen-responsive T-cells.", "PMID": 312761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3646", "title": "Rejection of tumor cells in vitro: morphological studies on killer T cells and damaged tumor cells.", "content": "The in vitro destruction of a methylcholanthrene-induced guinea pig sarcoma (MC-D) by killer T lymphocytes was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Various degrees of cell damage ranging from slight to extensive were observed. In cells with slight injury, dilatation, vesiculation, fragmentation and degeneration of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were the most characteristic findings. In cells with extensive injury, widespread nuclear and cytoplasmic alterations were evident and many of these cells were fragmented into smaller portions and finally transformed into granular membranous and amorphous debris. Cytoplasmic vacuoles filled with electron-lucent material were frequent in extensively damaged cells. Killer lymphocytes resembled closely antibody-forming plasma cells when examined with light microscopy but lacked the extensive network of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and did not produce immunoglobulin. It is suggested that these extensively differentiated T-derived killer cells are end cells similar to those of B lymphocyte-derived plasma cells. Viral particles resembling closely C-type viruses were observed in mixed killer cell MC-D cultures.", "contents": "Rejection of tumor cells in vitro: morphological studies on killer T cells and damaged tumor cells. The in vitro destruction of a methylcholanthrene-induced guinea pig sarcoma (MC-D) by killer T lymphocytes was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Various degrees of cell damage ranging from slight to extensive were observed. In cells with slight injury, dilatation, vesiculation, fragmentation and degeneration of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were the most characteristic findings. In cells with extensive injury, widespread nuclear and cytoplasmic alterations were evident and many of these cells were fragmented into smaller portions and finally transformed into granular membranous and amorphous debris. Cytoplasmic vacuoles filled with electron-lucent material were frequent in extensively damaged cells. Killer lymphocytes resembled closely antibody-forming plasma cells when examined with light microscopy but lacked the extensive network of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and did not produce immunoglobulin. It is suggested that these extensively differentiated T-derived killer cells are end cells similar to those of B lymphocyte-derived plasma cells. Viral particles resembling closely C-type viruses were observed in mixed killer cell MC-D cultures.", "PMID": 312766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3647", "title": "A serological study of somatic antigens from Haemophilus influenzae and two related species.", "content": "Somatic antigenic preparations from Haemophilus influenzae strains, types a-f, and from non-capsulated H. influenzae strains obtained from the oral cavity of healthy individuals were analysed with the double-diffusion technique by means of antisera against the capsulated strains. The somatic precipitinogenic pattern of each of these strains, consisting of 12--20 lines, was very similar. In addition, the somatic antigenic pattern of one H. parainfluenzae strain and one strain tentatively designated H. haemoglobinophilus were studied. Precipitinogens common to H. influenzae as wel as strain-specific precipitinogens were demonstrated in these strains. It is concluded that immunodiffusion analyses might be of value for taxonomic studies of the genus Haemophilus.", "contents": "A serological study of somatic antigens from Haemophilus influenzae and two related species. Somatic antigenic preparations from Haemophilus influenzae strains, types a-f, and from non-capsulated H. influenzae strains obtained from the oral cavity of healthy individuals were analysed with the double-diffusion technique by means of antisera against the capsulated strains. The somatic precipitinogenic pattern of each of these strains, consisting of 12--20 lines, was very similar. In addition, the somatic antigenic pattern of one H. parainfluenzae strain and one strain tentatively designated H. haemoglobinophilus were studied. Precipitinogens common to H. influenzae as wel as strain-specific precipitinogens were demonstrated in these strains. It is concluded that immunodiffusion analyses might be of value for taxonomic studies of the genus Haemophilus.", "PMID": 312767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3648", "title": "Characterization of lymphocytes which inhibit proliferation of human T cells exposed to lymphocyte-derived mitogenic factors.", "content": "Culture supernatants of PHA-activated human lymphocytes (active SUPs) contain factors which are strongly mitogenic for fractionated peripheral T cells. This stimulation is suppressed by certain non-T lymphocytes. It is shown that these suppressor cells can inhibit an ongoing response of T cells to active SUP and that this inhibition is reversible. Using various rosette sedimentation techniques for fractionating subpopulations of lymphocytes it is concluded that the suppressor cells lack membrane-associated receptors for C3 but possess receptors for the Fc part of IgG. This subset of lymphocytes may be an important regulator of lymphocyte proliferation during immune responses.", "contents": "Characterization of lymphocytes which inhibit proliferation of human T cells exposed to lymphocyte-derived mitogenic factors. Culture supernatants of PHA-activated human lymphocytes (active SUPs) contain factors which are strongly mitogenic for fractionated peripheral T cells. This stimulation is suppressed by certain non-T lymphocytes. It is shown that these suppressor cells can inhibit an ongoing response of T cells to active SUP and that this inhibition is reversible. Using various rosette sedimentation techniques for fractionating subpopulations of lymphocytes it is concluded that the suppressor cells lack membrane-associated receptors for C3 but possess receptors for the Fc part of IgG. This subset of lymphocytes may be an important regulator of lymphocyte proliferation during immune responses.", "PMID": 312769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3649", "title": "Intestinal goblet cell differentiation in Nippostrongylus-infected rats after transfer of fractionated thoracic duct lymphocytes.", "content": "Adoptive immunization of Nippostrongylus-infected rats augmented goblet cell differentiation in the intestinal epithelium. After fractionation of immune thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL), cells lacking surface immunoglobulin (sIg-) were the most potent stimulators of goblet cell differentiation. Moreover, TDL drained from rats harbouring a primary infection were more effective than TDL from hyperimmune rats.", "contents": "Intestinal goblet cell differentiation in Nippostrongylus-infected rats after transfer of fractionated thoracic duct lymphocytes. Adoptive immunization of Nippostrongylus-infected rats augmented goblet cell differentiation in the intestinal epithelium. After fractionation of immune thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL), cells lacking surface immunoglobulin (sIg-) were the most potent stimulators of goblet cell differentiation. Moreover, TDL drained from rats harbouring a primary infection were more effective than TDL from hyperimmune rats.", "PMID": 312770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3650", "title": "Immunosuppression in experimental African trypanosomiasis. Polyclonal B-cell activation and mitogenicity of trypanosome-derived saturated fatty acids.", "content": "Changes in antibody responses in adult mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense and subsequently challenged with unrelated antigens (sheep red blood cells and pneumococcal polysaccharide) were studied. Immune responses were significantly depressed within 1 week of infection, and complete suppression of both IgM and IgG responses to both types of antigen was established 15 days after immunization. Coincidentally with the development of high parasitaemias, background IgM plaque-forming cell responses to sheep red cell antigen significantly increased in non-immunized T. congolense-infected animals. Autolysates of T. congolense and chloroform-soluble extracts of the autolyzed trypanosome were found to be mitogenic in vitro for the spleen cells of normal mice. Fractionation of these extracts by thin-layer chromatography indicated that the mitogenic activity migrated with the free fatty acids. Substitution of the relevant saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids in the autolyzed trypanosome extracts with commercial pure fatty acids in the mouse spleen cultures indicated that the mitogenicity was due to palmitic and stearic acids. It is suggested that the general immunosuppressing effect of trypanosomes may be attributed, at least in part, to the polyclonal activation, and subsequent depletion and/or clonal exhaustion of B-cells as a result of blastogenic stimulus from the parasites. This may operate, at least in part, through the generation of B-cell mitogenic saturated fatty acids.", "contents": "Immunosuppression in experimental African trypanosomiasis. Polyclonal B-cell activation and mitogenicity of trypanosome-derived saturated fatty acids. Changes in antibody responses in adult mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense and subsequently challenged with unrelated antigens (sheep red blood cells and pneumococcal polysaccharide) were studied. Immune responses were significantly depressed within 1 week of infection, and complete suppression of both IgM and IgG responses to both types of antigen was established 15 days after immunization. Coincidentally with the development of high parasitaemias, background IgM plaque-forming cell responses to sheep red cell antigen significantly increased in non-immunized T. congolense-infected animals. Autolysates of T. congolense and chloroform-soluble extracts of the autolyzed trypanosome were found to be mitogenic in vitro for the spleen cells of normal mice. Fractionation of these extracts by thin-layer chromatography indicated that the mitogenic activity migrated with the free fatty acids. Substitution of the relevant saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids in the autolyzed trypanosome extracts with commercial pure fatty acids in the mouse spleen cultures indicated that the mitogenicity was due to palmitic and stearic acids. It is suggested that the general immunosuppressing effect of trypanosomes may be attributed, at least in part, to the polyclonal activation, and subsequent depletion and/or clonal exhaustion of B-cells as a result of blastogenic stimulus from the parasites. This may operate, at least in part, through the generation of B-cell mitogenic saturated fatty acids.", "PMID": 312771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3651", "title": "T cell defect in essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from untreated patients with essential cryoglobulinaemia were studied for their surface markers and for their in vitro mitogenic reactivity. No differences in lymphocyte subpopulations were observed between cryoglobulinaemic patients and normal controls. Cultures of separated lymphocytes were stimulated with different concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin, Con-A and pokeweed mitogen. Incorporation of [3H]-thymidine in patients' cultures was compared with that of normal controls. Significantly decreased reactivity to phytohaemagglutinin and Con-A, but not to pokeweed mitogen, was found in all patients studied. The depressed mitogenic reactivity to phytohaemagglutinin and Con-A might be referred to a qualitative T cell defect.", "contents": "T cell defect in essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from untreated patients with essential cryoglobulinaemia were studied for their surface markers and for their in vitro mitogenic reactivity. No differences in lymphocyte subpopulations were observed between cryoglobulinaemic patients and normal controls. Cultures of separated lymphocytes were stimulated with different concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin, Con-A and pokeweed mitogen. Incorporation of [3H]-thymidine in patients' cultures was compared with that of normal controls. Significantly decreased reactivity to phytohaemagglutinin and Con-A, but not to pokeweed mitogen, was found in all patients studied. The depressed mitogenic reactivity to phytohaemagglutinin and Con-A might be referred to a qualitative T cell defect.", "PMID": 312772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3652", "title": "Peritoneal cell population of mice infected with Mesocestoides corti as a source of eosinophils.", "content": "A prominent feature of the inflammatory cellular response in the peritoneal cavity of Mesocestoides corti-infected mice is a marked and sustained increase in the number of eosinophils. In intact mice, the total number of nucleated cells in the peritoneal cavity rises from less than 5 X 10(6) to more than 50 X 10(6) and, at certain time points, in excess of 50% of these cells are eosinophils. Peritoneal eosinophils are absent in infected hypothymic nude (nu/nu) mice of three genotypes, and eosinophils counts can be elevated in infected nude mice by injection of peripheral lymphoid cells or thymocytes. The peritoneal cells of M. corti-infected mice are a convenient starting cell population for eosinophil purification.", "contents": "Peritoneal cell population of mice infected with Mesocestoides corti as a source of eosinophils. A prominent feature of the inflammatory cellular response in the peritoneal cavity of Mesocestoides corti-infected mice is a marked and sustained increase in the number of eosinophils. In intact mice, the total number of nucleated cells in the peritoneal cavity rises from less than 5 X 10(6) to more than 50 X 10(6) and, at certain time points, in excess of 50% of these cells are eosinophils. Peritoneal eosinophils are absent in infected hypothymic nude (nu/nu) mice of three genotypes, and eosinophils counts can be elevated in infected nude mice by injection of peripheral lymphoid cells or thymocytes. The peritoneal cells of M. corti-infected mice are a convenient starting cell population for eosinophil purification.", "PMID": 312773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3653", "title": "Cellular cooperation in lymphocyte activation. III. B-cell helper effect in the enhancement of T-cell response.", "content": "T and B cells were purified from human tonsil and peripheral blood by the removal of phagocytic cells, followed by filtration through a nylon fiber column (NC) and E-rosette formation. Purified T and B cells contained less than 1% of other cell types. The responses of T cells to concanavalin A (Con A) and soluble protein A were greatly enhanced in the presence of autologous B cells. Participation of B cells in T-cell enhancement was confirmed by the following observations: (a) purified B copulation, which was separated further from adherent B cells, retained its enhancing activity. (b) Another adherent cell-free B-cell preparation, which was purified from the NC-passed fraction, and (c) no T lymphoid but some B lymphoid cell lines, elicited strong T-cell enhancement. It was also found that the enhancing capacity of B cells required no metabolic activity, but rather an intact cell form and direct cell-to-cell contact with responding cells. The stimulatory determinants on B cells were resistant to trypsin and neuraminidase treatment. In this paper a hypothesis will be presented that at least two signals are prerequisite for the effective activation of T cells.", "contents": "Cellular cooperation in lymphocyte activation. III. B-cell helper effect in the enhancement of T-cell response. T and B cells were purified from human tonsil and peripheral blood by the removal of phagocytic cells, followed by filtration through a nylon fiber column (NC) and E-rosette formation. Purified T and B cells contained less than 1% of other cell types. The responses of T cells to concanavalin A (Con A) and soluble protein A were greatly enhanced in the presence of autologous B cells. Participation of B cells in T-cell enhancement was confirmed by the following observations: (a) purified B copulation, which was separated further from adherent B cells, retained its enhancing activity. (b) Another adherent cell-free B-cell preparation, which was purified from the NC-passed fraction, and (c) no T lymphoid but some B lymphoid cell lines, elicited strong T-cell enhancement. It was also found that the enhancing capacity of B cells required no metabolic activity, but rather an intact cell form and direct cell-to-cell contact with responding cells. The stimulatory determinants on B cells were resistant to trypsin and neuraminidase treatment. In this paper a hypothesis will be presented that at least two signals are prerequisite for the effective activation of T cells.", "PMID": 312774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3654", "title": "Double strand-breaks and DNA-to-protein cross-links induced by fast neutrons in bacteriophage DNA.", "content": "Coliphage T7 was suspended in tryptone broth and exposed to a mixture of fast neutrons and gamma radiation. Plaque survival, double strand-breaks and DNA-to-protein cross-linkage were examined and the results compared with those found in phage exposed to gamma radiation alone. Neutral sucrose density sedimentation patterns indicate that neutron-induced double strand-breaks sometimes occur in clusters of more than 100 in the same phage and that the effeciency with which double strand-breaks form is about 50 times that of gamma-induced double strand-breaks. Neutron-induced protein-to-DNA cross-links probably also occur in clusters with enhanced efficiency relative to low LET radiation.", "contents": "Double strand-breaks and DNA-to-protein cross-links induced by fast neutrons in bacteriophage DNA. Coliphage T7 was suspended in tryptone broth and exposed to a mixture of fast neutrons and gamma radiation. Plaque survival, double strand-breaks and DNA-to-protein cross-linkage were examined and the results compared with those found in phage exposed to gamma radiation alone. Neutral sucrose density sedimentation patterns indicate that neutron-induced double strand-breaks sometimes occur in clusters of more than 100 in the same phage and that the effeciency with which double strand-breaks form is about 50 times that of gamma-induced double strand-breaks. Neutron-induced protein-to-DNA cross-links probably also occur in clusters with enhanced efficiency relative to low LET radiation.", "PMID": 312775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3655", "title": "Alterations in the survival of X-irradiated cells by 2,4-dinitrophenol depending on ATP deprivation.", "content": "The dose-survival curve of cultured melanoma cells was changed by post-irradiation treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). The parameters of the curves were Do = 147 R and n = 5 . 6 for untreated cells and Do = 143 R, n = 7 . 9 and Do = 142 R, n = 2 . 0 for the cells treated with 10(-5) M DNP and 5 x 10(-5) M DNP in phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. The content of ATP in the cell decreased to 5% of the control level after treatment with either concentration of DNP. The recovery of ATP content was rapid and complete after 2 hours' incubation in culture medium after the removal of 10(-5) M DNP, but was retarded and incomplete after 4 hours with 5 x 10(-5) M DNP. Thus prolonged ATP deprivation with a high concentration of DNP results in an inhibition of recovery and a reduction in the n-value.", "contents": "Alterations in the survival of X-irradiated cells by 2,4-dinitrophenol depending on ATP deprivation. The dose-survival curve of cultured melanoma cells was changed by post-irradiation treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). The parameters of the curves were Do = 147 R and n = 5 . 6 for untreated cells and Do = 143 R, n = 7 . 9 and Do = 142 R, n = 2 . 0 for the cells treated with 10(-5) M DNP and 5 x 10(-5) M DNP in phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. The content of ATP in the cell decreased to 5% of the control level after treatment with either concentration of DNP. The recovery of ATP content was rapid and complete after 2 hours' incubation in culture medium after the removal of 10(-5) M DNP, but was retarded and incomplete after 4 hours with 5 x 10(-5) M DNP. Thus prolonged ATP deprivation with a high concentration of DNP results in an inhibition of recovery and a reduction in the n-value.", "PMID": 312776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3656", "title": "Cell survival following multiple-track alpha particle irradiation.", "content": "In experiments in which mammalian cells were irradiated with 5 . 6 MeV alpha particles from a Tandem Van de Graaff machine, we have confirmed the finding of others that the mean lethal dose (Do) is about 60 rad. However, on measuring the area of the nuclei of the flattened cells as they were irradiated, we found that this mean lethal dose corresponds to the passage of not one or two alpha particles per cell nucleus as expected but to between 10 and 20 particles. This allows for the possibility that the direct action of alpha particles on the nucleus may be the important event in carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Cell survival following multiple-track alpha particle irradiation. In experiments in which mammalian cells were irradiated with 5 . 6 MeV alpha particles from a Tandem Van de Graaff machine, we have confirmed the finding of others that the mean lethal dose (Do) is about 60 rad. However, on measuring the area of the nuclei of the flattened cells as they were irradiated, we found that this mean lethal dose corresponds to the passage of not one or two alpha particles per cell nucleus as expected but to between 10 and 20 particles. This allows for the possibility that the direct action of alpha particles on the nucleus may be the important event in carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 312777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3657", "title": "Effects of high-LET neon (20Ne) particle radiation on the brain, eyes and other head structures of the pocket mouse: a histological study.", "content": "A study was made of tissues from 130 pocket mice after a single head-only exposure to high-LET 20Ne particle radiation at 1000, 100 or 10 rad (nominal surface dose) with the view of obtaining base\"line data regarding the effectiveness of HZE (cosmic-ray) particles during spaceflight. First seen at 2-3 weeks after exposure, necrotic neurons in the cerebrum reached peak incidence (0 . 04 per cent at 1000 rad, 0 . 003 per cent at 100 rad and less than 0 . 0005 per cent at 10 rad) after 4-5 weeks and decreased to low levels thereafter. Incidence in the cerebellum was lower. Neuroglia, cells of the subependymal matrix and dentate gyrus precursor cells suffered acute damage at 1000 and at 100 rad. At 1000 rad, enlarged hyperchromatic neuroglia, first noted at 3 weeks, increased in number up to 7 months, then declined. Alterations in the retina and olfactory epithelium were seen at 1000 rad, and reaction in the scalp at 100 rad. Damage was incurred by dentinoblasts at 10 rad. Changes similar to those observed in pocket mice were found in the brains of gerbils and C57B1 mice.", "contents": "Effects of high-LET neon (20Ne) particle radiation on the brain, eyes and other head structures of the pocket mouse: a histological study. A study was made of tissues from 130 pocket mice after a single head-only exposure to high-LET 20Ne particle radiation at 1000, 100 or 10 rad (nominal surface dose) with the view of obtaining base\"line data regarding the effectiveness of HZE (cosmic-ray) particles during spaceflight. First seen at 2-3 weeks after exposure, necrotic neurons in the cerebrum reached peak incidence (0 . 04 per cent at 1000 rad, 0 . 003 per cent at 100 rad and less than 0 . 0005 per cent at 10 rad) after 4-5 weeks and decreased to low levels thereafter. Incidence in the cerebellum was lower. Neuroglia, cells of the subependymal matrix and dentate gyrus precursor cells suffered acute damage at 1000 and at 100 rad. At 1000 rad, enlarged hyperchromatic neuroglia, first noted at 3 weeks, increased in number up to 7 months, then declined. Alterations in the retina and olfactory epithelium were seen at 1000 rad, and reaction in the scalp at 100 rad. Damage was incurred by dentinoblasts at 10 rad. Changes similar to those observed in pocket mice were found in the brains of gerbils and C57B1 mice.", "PMID": 312778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3658", "title": "Response of mouse intestine to 14 MeV neutrons.", "content": "At the Hamburg-Eppendorf Hospital neutron facilities the relative biological effectiveness (r.b.e.) of d,T-neutrons was determined with respect to survival of mouse intestinal crypts. (CBA/Rij x C57BL/Rij)F1 mice were irradiated to the whole body at different depths inside a tissue-equivalent phantom. Irradiations were carried out with a collimated neutron beam at about 6 rad/min given in single doses ranging from 450 to 1000 rad. For reference, gamma-rays from a 60Co therapy unit were used. The number of surviving intestinal crypts per circumference of the jejunum was determined 3 1/2 days after irradiation according to the method of Withers and Elkind. The number of surviving stem cells was calculated on the basis of Poisson statistics. The doses necessary to reduce survival to ten crypt stem cells per circumference amounted to 689 +/- 19 rad for neutrons and 1449 +/- 29 rad for 60Co gamma-rays. From these figures an r.b.e. of 2 . 1 +/- 0 . 1 is obtained. Measurements at different depths in the phantom did not show any variation of r.b.e. with depth along the axis of the neutron beam.", "contents": "Response of mouse intestine to 14 MeV neutrons. At the Hamburg-Eppendorf Hospital neutron facilities the relative biological effectiveness (r.b.e.) of d,T-neutrons was determined with respect to survival of mouse intestinal crypts. (CBA/Rij x C57BL/Rij)F1 mice were irradiated to the whole body at different depths inside a tissue-equivalent phantom. Irradiations were carried out with a collimated neutron beam at about 6 rad/min given in single doses ranging from 450 to 1000 rad. For reference, gamma-rays from a 60Co therapy unit were used. The number of surviving intestinal crypts per circumference of the jejunum was determined 3 1/2 days after irradiation according to the method of Withers and Elkind. The number of surviving stem cells was calculated on the basis of Poisson statistics. The doses necessary to reduce survival to ten crypt stem cells per circumference amounted to 689 +/- 19 rad for neutrons and 1449 +/- 29 rad for 60Co gamma-rays. From these figures an r.b.e. of 2 . 1 +/- 0 . 1 is obtained. Measurements at different depths in the phantom did not show any variation of r.b.e. with depth along the axis of the neutron beam.", "PMID": 312779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3659", "title": "Response of plateau-phase mouse embryo fibroblasts to ultra-violet light.", "content": "Clonogenic survival was measured in plateau-phase cultures of the 10T1/2 mouse cell line exposed to 254 nm ultra-violet light. The survival curve was found to be biphasic, Do for the two components being 37 and 1191 erg/mm2 respectively. This extreme resistance at higher doses can only be partly accounted for by the increased cytoplasmic absorption of U.V.L. due to an increased thickness of plateau-phase cells. When the cultures were held for 24 hours in plateau phase in conditioned medium after irradiation, recovery yielding a 1.4-fold enhancement of survival was found at higher doses. This recovery process was inhibited by neither caffeine nor cycloheximide. When caffeine was given for 48 hours after sub-culture, the effect on survival was also negligible. We propose that this plateau-phase recovery process is associated with excision repair of DNA adducts induced by U.V.L. Delayed sub-culturing favours the excision mode of repair and renders the post-replication mode less necessary.", "contents": "Response of plateau-phase mouse embryo fibroblasts to ultra-violet light. Clonogenic survival was measured in plateau-phase cultures of the 10T1/2 mouse cell line exposed to 254 nm ultra-violet light. The survival curve was found to be biphasic, Do for the two components being 37 and 1191 erg/mm2 respectively. This extreme resistance at higher doses can only be partly accounted for by the increased cytoplasmic absorption of U.V.L. due to an increased thickness of plateau-phase cells. When the cultures were held for 24 hours in plateau phase in conditioned medium after irradiation, recovery yielding a 1.4-fold enhancement of survival was found at higher doses. This recovery process was inhibited by neither caffeine nor cycloheximide. When caffeine was given for 48 hours after sub-culture, the effect on survival was also negligible. We propose that this plateau-phase recovery process is associated with excision repair of DNA adducts induced by U.V.L. Delayed sub-culturing favours the excision mode of repair and renders the post-replication mode less necessary.", "PMID": 312781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3660", "title": "Changes in repair of potentially lethal damage with culture age in EMT6 cells.", "content": "We have investigated the changes in the amplitude of repair of potentially lethal damage (PLD) in EMT6 cells with increasing culture age and determined the delay necessary to achieve this repair. This experimental system presents all intermediaries between the exponential growth type and a plateau with a cell turnover nearly nil. The radiosensitivity was studied by the colony method. When the percentage of surviving cells was tested immediately after irradiation it was observed that their radiosensitivity increased with culture age. This percentage fell only slightly when the cells were tested for viability 6 hours after irradiation. Therefore, the amplitude of repair increases with culture age. Repair was found to terminate 1, 1.75, 3 and 6 hours after irradiation of cultures aged respectively 2, 4, 6 and 9 days. The delay and the amplitude of repair did not vary significantly for cultures of 9, 11 and 13 days.", "contents": "Changes in repair of potentially lethal damage with culture age in EMT6 cells. We have investigated the changes in the amplitude of repair of potentially lethal damage (PLD) in EMT6 cells with increasing culture age and determined the delay necessary to achieve this repair. This experimental system presents all intermediaries between the exponential growth type and a plateau with a cell turnover nearly nil. The radiosensitivity was studied by the colony method. When the percentage of surviving cells was tested immediately after irradiation it was observed that their radiosensitivity increased with culture age. This percentage fell only slightly when the cells were tested for viability 6 hours after irradiation. Therefore, the amplitude of repair increases with culture age. Repair was found to terminate 1, 1.75, 3 and 6 hours after irradiation of cultures aged respectively 2, 4, 6 and 9 days. The delay and the amplitude of repair did not vary significantly for cultures of 9, 11 and 13 days.", "PMID": 312782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3661", "title": "Structure-activity relationships in the development of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. I. Sensitization efficiency.", "content": "The efficiency of 35 nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic compounds in radiosensitizing hypoxic Chinese Hamster cells in vitro was determined. The concentration C of the compound required to achieve an enhancement ratio of 1.6 was measured, and the redox and partition properties were quantified as the one-electron reduction potential at pH 7, E, and the octanol: water partition coefficient, P, respectively. Most of the compounds studied were 2-nitroimidazoles, but some 4- and 5-nitromidazoles, 5-nitrofurans and nitrobenzenes were investigated for comparison. Together with data for nine nitroimidazoles previously reported, the results were fitted to a structure-activity relationship of the form -log C = b0 + b1E + b2 log P + b3 (log P)2 using multiple linear regression analysis. Statistical tests showed that the coefficients b2 and b3 were not significantly different from zero and the simpler equation, obtained by omitting the terms in log P, explained 85 per cent of the variance in log C. Earlier reports that the radiosensitization efficiency of nitro compounds in vitro largely depends on the reduction potential were confirmed. The conclusive demonstration that P is unimportant in vitro is valuable in interpreting the results of experiments in vivo, where P is expected to have a much greater influence on biological response.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships in the development of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. I. Sensitization efficiency. The efficiency of 35 nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic compounds in radiosensitizing hypoxic Chinese Hamster cells in vitro was determined. The concentration C of the compound required to achieve an enhancement ratio of 1.6 was measured, and the redox and partition properties were quantified as the one-electron reduction potential at pH 7, E, and the octanol: water partition coefficient, P, respectively. Most of the compounds studied were 2-nitroimidazoles, but some 4- and 5-nitromidazoles, 5-nitrofurans and nitrobenzenes were investigated for comparison. Together with data for nine nitroimidazoles previously reported, the results were fitted to a structure-activity relationship of the form -log C = b0 + b1E + b2 log P + b3 (log P)2 using multiple linear regression analysis. Statistical tests showed that the coefficients b2 and b3 were not significantly different from zero and the simpler equation, obtained by omitting the terms in log P, explained 85 per cent of the variance in log C. Earlier reports that the radiosensitization efficiency of nitro compounds in vitro largely depends on the reduction potential were confirmed. The conclusive demonstration that P is unimportant in vitro is valuable in interpreting the results of experiments in vivo, where P is expected to have a much greater influence on biological response.", "PMID": 312783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3662", "title": "Structure-activity relationships in the development of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. II. Cytotoxicity and therapeutic ratio.", "content": "This paper describes measurements of the aerobic cytotoxicity of 42 nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic compounds towards Chinese Hamster cells in vitro. The results of acute and chronic exposure were quantified, and the concentration C required to achieve a standard response estimated. Fitting the data to an equation of the form - log C = b0 + b1E, where E is the one-electron reduction potential, explained 47 and 71 per cent of the variance in the acute and chronic aerobic cytotoxicity respectively. The addition of further terms to the equation, quantifying partition properties, was not statistically significant. The coefficient b1 was similar for both acute and chronic exposure; the dependence of both cytotoxicity and radiosensitization efficiency on reduction potential was also similar. A therapeutic ratio derived from these in vitro measurements showed no dependence on redox or partition properties. The insensitivity of cytotoxicity and radiosensitization properties to variations in molecular structure, other than those which influence redox behaviour, offers exceptional flexibility in developing compounds of improved therapeutic ratio.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships in the development of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. II. Cytotoxicity and therapeutic ratio. This paper describes measurements of the aerobic cytotoxicity of 42 nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic compounds towards Chinese Hamster cells in vitro. The results of acute and chronic exposure were quantified, and the concentration C required to achieve a standard response estimated. Fitting the data to an equation of the form - log C = b0 + b1E, where E is the one-electron reduction potential, explained 47 and 71 per cent of the variance in the acute and chronic aerobic cytotoxicity respectively. The addition of further terms to the equation, quantifying partition properties, was not statistically significant. The coefficient b1 was similar for both acute and chronic exposure; the dependence of both cytotoxicity and radiosensitization efficiency on reduction potential was also similar. A therapeutic ratio derived from these in vitro measurements showed no dependence on redox or partition properties. The insensitivity of cytotoxicity and radiosensitization properties to variations in molecular structure, other than those which influence redox behaviour, offers exceptional flexibility in developing compounds of improved therapeutic ratio.", "PMID": 312784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3663", "title": "Radiation effects on erythrocyte membrane structure studied by the intrinsic fluorescence.", "content": "The changes in the intrinsic fluorescence, primarily from tryptophan residues, of sheep erythrocyte membranes following X-irradiation (0--4000 R) were investigated. The experiments showed that there was (1) a decrease in the intensity of fluorescence with increasing dose of X-rays, (2) a small shift of fluorescence emission to longer wavelengths, (3) a decrease in the fluorescence polarization, and that (4) treatment of membranes with a perturbing solvent, 2-chloroethanol, can eliminate the effects of X-rays. The amount of tryptophan in the membranes was not altered after X-irradiation. It was also shown that sulphydryl reagents, N-ethylmaleimide and 2,2'-dithiodipyridine, induced similar fluorescence changes. From these results it was concluded that the fluorescence changes could result from a change in the environment surrounding tryptophan residues, from being relatively non-polar to being more polar, implying that conformational changes of membrane proteins are brought about by low doses of X-rays.", "contents": "Radiation effects on erythrocyte membrane structure studied by the intrinsic fluorescence. The changes in the intrinsic fluorescence, primarily from tryptophan residues, of sheep erythrocyte membranes following X-irradiation (0--4000 R) were investigated. The experiments showed that there was (1) a decrease in the intensity of fluorescence with increasing dose of X-rays, (2) a small shift of fluorescence emission to longer wavelengths, (3) a decrease in the fluorescence polarization, and that (4) treatment of membranes with a perturbing solvent, 2-chloroethanol, can eliminate the effects of X-rays. The amount of tryptophan in the membranes was not altered after X-irradiation. It was also shown that sulphydryl reagents, N-ethylmaleimide and 2,2'-dithiodipyridine, induced similar fluorescence changes. From these results it was concluded that the fluorescence changes could result from a change in the environment surrounding tryptophan residues, from being relatively non-polar to being more polar, implying that conformational changes of membrane proteins are brought about by low doses of X-rays.", "PMID": 312785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3664", "title": "1.5 MHz ultrasound irradiation of human lymphocytes.", "content": "Human lymphocyte cultures are exposed to 1.5 MHz continuous wave ultrasound, and it is demonstrated that cell death, as monitored by pyknosis, follows immediately on sonication at intensities within the usual therapeutic range (less than 1.7 W/cm2,spatial average). The number of cells affected is determined by the ultrasound intensity only, but the rate at which they proceed through their pyknosis cycle is modified by both the intensity and the duration of exposure. There is a clear indication of an intensity threshold for the effect approximately 1.1 W/cm2. Pulsed 1.5 MHz ultrasound (70 mus, 1 :1 pulses, 1.7 W/cm2 space-time average) results in a 15-20 hour delay in the measurable response to sonication. It is shown that the intracellular presence of a lysosomal-enzyme inhibitor strongly modifies the course of the ultrasound action. Evidence is presented to suggest that the basic interaction mechanism is via a cavitation process, but there are some difficulties with this interpretation, which are also discussed.", "contents": "1.5 MHz ultrasound irradiation of human lymphocytes. Human lymphocyte cultures are exposed to 1.5 MHz continuous wave ultrasound, and it is demonstrated that cell death, as monitored by pyknosis, follows immediately on sonication at intensities within the usual therapeutic range (less than 1.7 W/cm2,spatial average). The number of cells affected is determined by the ultrasound intensity only, but the rate at which they proceed through their pyknosis cycle is modified by both the intensity and the duration of exposure. There is a clear indication of an intensity threshold for the effect approximately 1.1 W/cm2. Pulsed 1.5 MHz ultrasound (70 mus, 1 :1 pulses, 1.7 W/cm2 space-time average) results in a 15-20 hour delay in the measurable response to sonication. It is shown that the intracellular presence of a lysosomal-enzyme inhibitor strongly modifies the course of the ultrasound action. Evidence is presented to suggest that the basic interaction mechanism is via a cavitation process, but there are some difficulties with this interpretation, which are also discussed.", "PMID": 312789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3665", "title": "The effect of ionizing radiation on the fatty acid composition of natural fats and on lipid peroxide formation.", "content": "The effects of irradiation doses of 200-1000 krad on the fatty acid compositions of saturated and unsaturated natural food fats have been studied. Lard, coconut oil, corn oil, methyl linoleate and herring oil have been analysed before and after irradiation for lipid peroxide content and fatty acid composition. The effects of storage under varied conditions after irradiation have also been investigated. Irradiation doses of 200-1000 krad had little effect on the fatty acid compositions of saturated fats (lard and coconut oil) or of fats with a high antioxidant content (corn oil) but caused destruction of 98 per cent of the highly unsaturated acids (18: 4,20 :5,22 : 6) and 46 per cent of the diene acids (18:2) in herring oil. The destruction of the polyunsaturated fatty acids increased with increasing storage temperature and storage time. The destruction of polyunsaturated fatty acids is accompanied by an increase in lipid peroxide formation. It is considered that changes in fatty acid composition in natural foods after irradiation are important in consideration of the use of irradiation for food preservation.", "contents": "The effect of ionizing radiation on the fatty acid composition of natural fats and on lipid peroxide formation. The effects of irradiation doses of 200-1000 krad on the fatty acid compositions of saturated and unsaturated natural food fats have been studied. Lard, coconut oil, corn oil, methyl linoleate and herring oil have been analysed before and after irradiation for lipid peroxide content and fatty acid composition. The effects of storage under varied conditions after irradiation have also been investigated. Irradiation doses of 200-1000 krad had little effect on the fatty acid compositions of saturated fats (lard and coconut oil) or of fats with a high antioxidant content (corn oil) but caused destruction of 98 per cent of the highly unsaturated acids (18: 4,20 :5,22 : 6) and 46 per cent of the diene acids (18:2) in herring oil. The destruction of the polyunsaturated fatty acids increased with increasing storage temperature and storage time. The destruction of polyunsaturated fatty acids is accompanied by an increase in lipid peroxide formation. It is considered that changes in fatty acid composition in natural foods after irradiation are important in consideration of the use of irradiation for food preservation.", "PMID": 312790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3666", "title": "Protection of liposomal lipids against radiation induced oxidative damage.", "content": "Liposomes were prepared from phospholipids extracted from biological membranes. A comparison was made between the peroxidation rate in handshake liposomes and in sonicated liposomes. The smaller sonicated liposomes were more vulnerable to peroxidation, probably because of the smaller radius of curvature, which results in a less dense packing of lipid molecules in the bilayer and a facilitated action of water radicals produced by the X-irradiation. High oxygen enhancement ratios were obtained, especially at low dose rates, suggesting the operation of slowly progressing chain reactions initiated by ionizing radiation. Three compounds were tested for their ability to protect the liposomal membranes against lipid peroxidation. The naturally occurring compounds reduced glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E(alpha-T) and the powerful radiation protector cysteamine (MEA). All three molecules could protect the liposomes against peroxidation. The membrane-soluble compound vitamin E was by far the most powerful. About 50 per cent protection was achieved by using 5 X 10(-6) M alpha-T, 10(-4) M GSH and 5 X 10(-4) M MEA. The fatty acid composition of the lipids altered drastically as a result of the irradiation. Arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid were the most vulnerable of the fatty acids. Very efficient protection of these polyunsaturated fatty acids could be obtained with relatively low concentrations of vitamin E built into the membranes.", "contents": "Protection of liposomal lipids against radiation induced oxidative damage. Liposomes were prepared from phospholipids extracted from biological membranes. A comparison was made between the peroxidation rate in handshake liposomes and in sonicated liposomes. The smaller sonicated liposomes were more vulnerable to peroxidation, probably because of the smaller radius of curvature, which results in a less dense packing of lipid molecules in the bilayer and a facilitated action of water radicals produced by the X-irradiation. High oxygen enhancement ratios were obtained, especially at low dose rates, suggesting the operation of slowly progressing chain reactions initiated by ionizing radiation. Three compounds were tested for their ability to protect the liposomal membranes against lipid peroxidation. The naturally occurring compounds reduced glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E(alpha-T) and the powerful radiation protector cysteamine (MEA). All three molecules could protect the liposomes against peroxidation. The membrane-soluble compound vitamin E was by far the most powerful. About 50 per cent protection was achieved by using 5 X 10(-6) M alpha-T, 10(-4) M GSH and 5 X 10(-4) M MEA. The fatty acid composition of the lipids altered drastically as a result of the irradiation. Arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid were the most vulnerable of the fatty acids. Very efficient protection of these polyunsaturated fatty acids could be obtained with relatively low concentrations of vitamin E built into the membranes.", "PMID": 312791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3667", "title": "Characterization of feline whole-blood cultures and determination of the frequency of radiation-induced dicentrics in human and feline lymphocytes.", "content": "The Ham's F-10 and PHA culture system was applied to whole feline blood and cell-cycle characteristics such as DNA synthesis and mitotic indices were studied. The results are comparable to those obtained from human whole-blood cultures. The yields of dicentrics were also determined in lymphocytes from X-irradiated human and feline blood. The ratio between the experimental yields of dicentrics in human as compared to feline lymphocytes was 1:0.27.", "contents": "Characterization of feline whole-blood cultures and determination of the frequency of radiation-induced dicentrics in human and feline lymphocytes. The Ham's F-10 and PHA culture system was applied to whole feline blood and cell-cycle characteristics such as DNA synthesis and mitotic indices were studied. The results are comparable to those obtained from human whole-blood cultures. The yields of dicentrics were also determined in lymphocytes from X-irradiated human and feline blood. The ratio between the experimental yields of dicentrics in human as compared to feline lymphocytes was 1:0.27.", "PMID": 312792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3668", "title": "Modification by timolol of catecholamine stimulation of chloride transport in isolated corneas.", "content": "In the isolated frog cornea, 10(-5)M timolol completely blocked the stimulation of chloride transport by 10(-6)M isoproterenol. In this preraration, timolol inconsistently modified the response to epinephrine. In some experiments, epinephrine added to the bathing medium after timolol caused a smaller than normal increase in chloride transport, but in other instances, epinephrine caused a decrease in chloride transport. In the isolated rabbit cornea, 10(-5)M timolol totally blocked the stimulation of chloride transport by 10(-6)M epinephrine. In vivo, topical treatment of rabbit eyes with 0.5% timolol resulted in corneas from these eyes having an inhibited response to epinephrine when incubated in vitro. This inability to stimulate chloride transport persisted for several days following termination of topical treatment with timolol.", "contents": "Modification by timolol of catecholamine stimulation of chloride transport in isolated corneas. In the isolated frog cornea, 10(-5)M timolol completely blocked the stimulation of chloride transport by 10(-6)M isoproterenol. In this preraration, timolol inconsistently modified the response to epinephrine. In some experiments, epinephrine added to the bathing medium after timolol caused a smaller than normal increase in chloride transport, but in other instances, epinephrine caused a decrease in chloride transport. In the isolated rabbit cornea, 10(-5)M timolol totally blocked the stimulation of chloride transport by 10(-6)M epinephrine. In vivo, topical treatment of rabbit eyes with 0.5% timolol resulted in corneas from these eyes having an inhibited response to epinephrine when incubated in vitro. This inability to stimulate chloride transport persisted for several days following termination of topical treatment with timolol.", "PMID": 312796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3669", "title": "Similar molecular properties of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors produced by different mouse organs in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was partially purified from post-endotoxin serum and conditioned media produced by organs from both normal and endotoxin-injected C57BL mice. The organs used to condition medium were heart, thigh muscle, salivary gland, thymus, spleen, kidney, brain, and femur shaft. The charge properties, molecular weights, and concanavalin A binding profiles of these GM-CSFs were analyzed and compared to purified mouse lung GM-CSF. All the GM-CSFs examined were shown to be gycoproteins since a proportion of the activity (80 to 100%) bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose. The organ-conditioned medium GM-CSFs were purified (3- to 13-fold) by absorption to calcium phosphate gel and chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose (further 2- to 10-fold). Analysis of the DEAE-Sepharose elution profiles indicated that there were two major charge species of GM-CSF eluting at conductivities of 10 and 14 mmho. These partially purified GM-CSFs showed considerable differences in their apparent molecular weights on Sephacryl S-200 (37,000 to 200,000). However, these differences could be eliminated by treating the GM-CSFs with neuraminidase and performing molecular sizing experiments under dissociating conditions (Sepharose CL-6B, 6 M guanidine hydrochloride). Although some of the GM-CSFs showed anomalously high molecular weights (40,000) on gel filtration columns, even under dissociating conditions, this appeared to be due to properties of the sialic acid residues. After neuraminidase treatment all of the conditioned medium GM-CSFs eluted from DEAE-Sepharose as a single peak of biological activity at a conductivity of 10 mmho and from gel filtration columns in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride as a single molecular weight species of approximately 23,000. GM-CSF from post-endotoxin serum (produced in vivo) eluted from the gel filtration column with an apparent molecular weight of 39,000, but analysis using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that this GM-CSF also had an apparent molecular weight of 23,000.", "contents": "Similar molecular properties of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors produced by different mouse organs in vitro and in vivo. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was partially purified from post-endotoxin serum and conditioned media produced by organs from both normal and endotoxin-injected C57BL mice. The organs used to condition medium were heart, thigh muscle, salivary gland, thymus, spleen, kidney, brain, and femur shaft. The charge properties, molecular weights, and concanavalin A binding profiles of these GM-CSFs were analyzed and compared to purified mouse lung GM-CSF. All the GM-CSFs examined were shown to be gycoproteins since a proportion of the activity (80 to 100%) bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose. The organ-conditioned medium GM-CSFs were purified (3- to 13-fold) by absorption to calcium phosphate gel and chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose (further 2- to 10-fold). Analysis of the DEAE-Sepharose elution profiles indicated that there were two major charge species of GM-CSF eluting at conductivities of 10 and 14 mmho. These partially purified GM-CSFs showed considerable differences in their apparent molecular weights on Sephacryl S-200 (37,000 to 200,000). However, these differences could be eliminated by treating the GM-CSFs with neuraminidase and performing molecular sizing experiments under dissociating conditions (Sepharose CL-6B, 6 M guanidine hydrochloride). Although some of the GM-CSFs showed anomalously high molecular weights (40,000) on gel filtration columns, even under dissociating conditions, this appeared to be due to properties of the sialic acid residues. After neuraminidase treatment all of the conditioned medium GM-CSFs eluted from DEAE-Sepharose as a single peak of biological activity at a conductivity of 10 mmho and from gel filtration columns in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride as a single molecular weight species of approximately 23,000. GM-CSF from post-endotoxin serum (produced in vivo) eluted from the gel filtration column with an apparent molecular weight of 39,000, but analysis using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that this GM-CSF also had an apparent molecular weight of 23,000.", "PMID": 312799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3670", "title": "Purification of a colony-stimulating factor from cultured pancreatic carcinoma cells.", "content": "Serum-free conditioned medium prepared from an established line of human pancreatic carcinoma (MIA PaCa-2) provides a rich source of colony-stimulating factor (CSF). Two activities distinctly separable by isoelectrofocusing have been identified: a high molecular weight CSF exhibiting greater activity in mouse bone marrow and a low molecular weight CSF more active in human bone marrow. The high molecular weight CSF has been purified 1000-fold to apparent homogeneity by a two-step procedure including isoelectrofocusing and gel filtration chromatography. The purified CSF has a molecular weight of 50,000 and an isoelectric point of 3.7 to 4.6. It is a glycoprotein as shown by periodic acid-Schiff stain and exhibits greater activity in mouse marrow than in human marrow.", "contents": "Purification of a colony-stimulating factor from cultured pancreatic carcinoma cells. Serum-free conditioned medium prepared from an established line of human pancreatic carcinoma (MIA PaCa-2) provides a rich source of colony-stimulating factor (CSF). Two activities distinctly separable by isoelectrofocusing have been identified: a high molecular weight CSF exhibiting greater activity in mouse bone marrow and a low molecular weight CSF more active in human bone marrow. The high molecular weight CSF has been purified 1000-fold to apparent homogeneity by a two-step procedure including isoelectrofocusing and gel filtration chromatography. The purified CSF has a molecular weight of 50,000 and an isoelectric point of 3.7 to 4.6. It is a glycoprotein as shown by periodic acid-Schiff stain and exhibits greater activity in mouse marrow than in human marrow.", "PMID": 312800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3671", "title": "Epidermal growth factor stimulates secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin by cultured human choriocarcinoma cells.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to JEG-3 cells, a tissue culture line of human choriocarcinoma. EGF also stimulates secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and to a lesser extent the secretion of free hCG-alpha.", "contents": "Epidermal growth factor stimulates secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin by cultured human choriocarcinoma cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to JEG-3 cells, a tissue culture line of human choriocarcinoma. EGF also stimulates secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and to a lesser extent the secretion of free hCG-alpha.", "PMID": 312807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3672", "title": "Metabolism of radiolabeled corticosterone in an adult with the 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome.", "content": "[4-14C]Corticosterone was administered to a woman with the 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome and urine was collected for 72 h. Sixty-three percent of the radioactivity was eliminated on the first day, 10.3% on the second, and 3.8% on the third, making a total recovery of 77%. On the first day, 85% of the recovered radioactivity was in the glucuronide conjugates of corticosterone, 10.6% was in the sulfate form of this steroid, and 3.9% was in the free forms of the steroid. On the following 2 days, the proportion of labeled glucuronides and free steroids decreased and that of labeled sulfates increased. On the first day of collection, the major radiolabeled metabolites were 21-hydroxylated steroids (e.g. allo-tetrahydrocorticosterone and 5 alpha- and beta-pregnane-3 alpha,11 beta,20 alpha,21-tetrol), but by the third day, at least 75% of the excreted activity was associated with 21-deoxysteroids, such as 3 alpha,20 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha (and beta)-pregnan-11-one and 5 alpha- and beta-pregnane-3 alpha,11 beta,20 alpha-triol. Bacterial metabolism in the intestinal tract is responsible for the dehydroxylation. 6 alpha-Hydroxytetrahydrocorticosterone was tentatively identified among several new metabolites of corticosterone.", "contents": "Metabolism of radiolabeled corticosterone in an adult with the 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome. [4-14C]Corticosterone was administered to a woman with the 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome and urine was collected for 72 h. Sixty-three percent of the radioactivity was eliminated on the first day, 10.3% on the second, and 3.8% on the third, making a total recovery of 77%. On the first day, 85% of the recovered radioactivity was in the glucuronide conjugates of corticosterone, 10.6% was in the sulfate form of this steroid, and 3.9% was in the free forms of the steroid. On the following 2 days, the proportion of labeled glucuronides and free steroids decreased and that of labeled sulfates increased. On the first day of collection, the major radiolabeled metabolites were 21-hydroxylated steroids (e.g. allo-tetrahydrocorticosterone and 5 alpha- and beta-pregnane-3 alpha,11 beta,20 alpha,21-tetrol), but by the third day, at least 75% of the excreted activity was associated with 21-deoxysteroids, such as 3 alpha,20 alpha-dihydroxy-5 alpha (and beta)-pregnan-11-one and 5 alpha- and beta-pregnane-3 alpha,11 beta,20 alpha-triol. Bacterial metabolism in the intestinal tract is responsible for the dehydroxylation. 6 alpha-Hydroxytetrahydrocorticosterone was tentatively identified among several new metabolites of corticosterone.", "PMID": 312808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3673", "title": "Immune function in systemic lupus erythematosus. Impairment of in vitro T-cell proliferation and in vivo antibody response to exogenous antigen.", "content": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 46 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients showed reduced ability to proliferate in vitro in response to the soluble antigen, tetanus toxoid, as compared with 96 normal controls. Special studies of 27 untreated SLE patients also revealed significantly decreased blastogenic responses to tetanus toxoid. In both the total and untreated SLE populations, decreased mean tetanus antibody titers also were found as compared with the control population. However, the reduction in antibody titer and blastogenic response was not strictly parallel. A limited immunization program was initiated in low-responding volunteers from the SLE and normal populations. Three out of four SLE patients did not develop a significant blastogenic response despite increases in anti-tetanus titers after immunization, whereas all normals showed significant increases in both blastogenic and antibody responses. The accumulated evidence indicated that the unresponsiveness was the result of a defect in T-cell function. Monocyte reactivity was demonstrated to be normal, and no evidence was found for the presence of suppressor cells, inhibition by immune complexes, or increased prostaglandins to explain the defect.", "contents": "Immune function in systemic lupus erythematosus. Impairment of in vitro T-cell proliferation and in vivo antibody response to exogenous antigen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 46 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients showed reduced ability to proliferate in vitro in response to the soluble antigen, tetanus toxoid, as compared with 96 normal controls. Special studies of 27 untreated SLE patients also revealed significantly decreased blastogenic responses to tetanus toxoid. In both the total and untreated SLE populations, decreased mean tetanus antibody titers also were found as compared with the control population. However, the reduction in antibody titer and blastogenic response was not strictly parallel. A limited immunization program was initiated in low-responding volunteers from the SLE and normal populations. Three out of four SLE patients did not develop a significant blastogenic response despite increases in anti-tetanus titers after immunization, whereas all normals showed significant increases in both blastogenic and antibody responses. The accumulated evidence indicated that the unresponsiveness was the result of a defect in T-cell function. Monocyte reactivity was demonstrated to be normal, and no evidence was found for the presence of suppressor cells, inhibition by immune complexes, or increased prostaglandins to explain the defect.", "PMID": 312809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3674", "title": "Studies of immune functions of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Complement-dependent immunoglobulin M anti-thymus-derived cell antibodies preferentially inactivate suppressor cells.", "content": "Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) produce excessive amounts of autoantibodies. It has also been demonstrated in several systems that such patients have a relative loss of suppressor thymus-derived (T) cells that inhibit the immune response. This loss of suppressor cells has been suggested as one of the causes of the excessive production of antibodies in patients with SLE. In the present report we have tested the hypothesis that anti-T-cell antibodies found in the plasma of some patients with SLE preferentially kill suppressor cells. T cells from normal individuals can be activated by concanavalin A to develop suppressor cell activity. We therefore cultured normal T cells together with concanavalin A in the presence of plasma or plasma fractions from patients with SLE. We found that plasma from patients with active SLE, in which anti-T-cell antibodies were present, inhibited the development of suppressor activity in such cultures. In contrast, plasma from other active patients and patients with inactive SLE, in which no anti-T-cell antibodies could be detected, failed to block the development of such suppressor activity. Absorption of the plasma that contained anti-T-cell antibodies with T cell, but not non-T cells, could eliminate the suppressor-inhibiting activity of the SLE plasma that contained anti-T-cell antibodies. The immunoglobulin (Ig)M, but not the IgG, fraction of the plasma was shown to possess the inhibiting property and complement was found to be necessary for the effect of such anti-T-cell antibodies. We also demonstrated that exposure of normal T cells to such anti-T-cell antibodies and complement did not affect another population of T cells that could proliferate in response to mitogens.Thus, certain patients with SLE have in their plasma an antibody of the IgM class that can selectively eliminate a population of T cells capable of developing suppressor function. The loss of suppressor T cells in patients with SLE may be the result of the effects of such antibody activity in vivo.", "contents": "Studies of immune functions of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Complement-dependent immunoglobulin M anti-thymus-derived cell antibodies preferentially inactivate suppressor cells. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) produce excessive amounts of autoantibodies. It has also been demonstrated in several systems that such patients have a relative loss of suppressor thymus-derived (T) cells that inhibit the immune response. This loss of suppressor cells has been suggested as one of the causes of the excessive production of antibodies in patients with SLE. In the present report we have tested the hypothesis that anti-T-cell antibodies found in the plasma of some patients with SLE preferentially kill suppressor cells. T cells from normal individuals can be activated by concanavalin A to develop suppressor cell activity. We therefore cultured normal T cells together with concanavalin A in the presence of plasma or plasma fractions from patients with SLE. We found that plasma from patients with active SLE, in which anti-T-cell antibodies were present, inhibited the development of suppressor activity in such cultures. In contrast, plasma from other active patients and patients with inactive SLE, in which no anti-T-cell antibodies could be detected, failed to block the development of such suppressor activity. Absorption of the plasma that contained anti-T-cell antibodies with T cell, but not non-T cells, could eliminate the suppressor-inhibiting activity of the SLE plasma that contained anti-T-cell antibodies. The immunoglobulin (Ig)M, but not the IgG, fraction of the plasma was shown to possess the inhibiting property and complement was found to be necessary for the effect of such anti-T-cell antibodies. We also demonstrated that exposure of normal T cells to such anti-T-cell antibodies and complement did not affect another population of T cells that could proliferate in response to mitogens.Thus, certain patients with SLE have in their plasma an antibody of the IgM class that can selectively eliminate a population of T cells capable of developing suppressor function. The loss of suppressor T cells in patients with SLE may be the result of the effects of such antibody activity in vivo.", "PMID": 312810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3675", "title": "Evidence that increased circulating 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D is the probable cause for abnormal calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Mean plasma 1(alpha),25-dihydroxyvitamin D[1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D] was significantly increased and serum parathyroid hormone was suppressed in three patients with sarcoidosis and hypercalcemia. Prednisone lowered the mean plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D to normal range and corrected the hypercalcemia. To elucidate the mechanism for the increased sensitivity to vitamin D in this disorder, the effects of orally-administered vitamin D(2) were determined in seven normal subjects, four patients with sarcoidosis and normal calcium metabolism and three patients with sarcoidosis and a history of hypercalcemia who were normocalcemic when studied. Serum and urinary calcium, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D and, in some studies, calcium balance were measured. Vitamin D(2), 250 mug a day for 12 d, produced little, if any, change in mean plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D and in urinary calcium in the normals and in the patients with normal calcium metabolism. In contrast, vitamin D(2) produced increases in plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D from concentrations which were within the normal range (20-55 pg/ml) to abnormal values and increased urinary calcium in two patients with abnormal calcium metabolism. In an abbreviated study in the third patient, vitamin D(2), 250 mug a day for 4 d, also increased plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D abnormally from a normal value. There was a highly significant correlation between plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D and urinary calcium. Serum 25-OHD and serum calcium remained within the normal range in all subjects and patients. These findings provide evidence that the defect in calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis probably results from impaired regulation of the production and(or) degradation of 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D. Prednisone may act to correct the abnormal calcium metabolism by reducing circulating 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D.", "contents": "Evidence that increased circulating 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D is the probable cause for abnormal calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis. Mean plasma 1(alpha),25-dihydroxyvitamin D[1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D] was significantly increased and serum parathyroid hormone was suppressed in three patients with sarcoidosis and hypercalcemia. Prednisone lowered the mean plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D to normal range and corrected the hypercalcemia. To elucidate the mechanism for the increased sensitivity to vitamin D in this disorder, the effects of orally-administered vitamin D(2) were determined in seven normal subjects, four patients with sarcoidosis and normal calcium metabolism and three patients with sarcoidosis and a history of hypercalcemia who were normocalcemic when studied. Serum and urinary calcium, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D and, in some studies, calcium balance were measured. Vitamin D(2), 250 mug a day for 12 d, produced little, if any, change in mean plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D and in urinary calcium in the normals and in the patients with normal calcium metabolism. In contrast, vitamin D(2) produced increases in plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D from concentrations which were within the normal range (20-55 pg/ml) to abnormal values and increased urinary calcium in two patients with abnormal calcium metabolism. In an abbreviated study in the third patient, vitamin D(2), 250 mug a day for 4 d, also increased plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D abnormally from a normal value. There was a highly significant correlation between plasma 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D and urinary calcium. Serum 25-OHD and serum calcium remained within the normal range in all subjects and patients. These findings provide evidence that the defect in calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis probably results from impaired regulation of the production and(or) degradation of 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D. Prednisone may act to correct the abnormal calcium metabolism by reducing circulating 1(alpha),25(OH)(2)D.", "PMID": 312811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3676", "title": "T lymphocytes and blood eosinophils in early infancy in relation to heredity for allergy and type of feeding.", "content": "T lymphocytes in 50 one-month-old infants were determined and correlated to heredity for allergy, blood eosinophil counts, and type of feeding. It was found that infants with heredity for atopy had significantly lower relative numbers of T lymphocytes than infants without heredity (p less than 0.05). This difference was particularly obvious in heredity for asthma on the paternal side (p equals 0.001). There was an inverse correlation between T lymphocyte counts and blood eosinophil counts in infants who were cow's milk-fed; i.e., low T lymphocyte counts were associated with high blood eosinophil counts (r = -0.59, p less than 0.01). T lymphocyte counts were not correlated to the type of feeding, whereas blood eosinophils were significantly higher in the cow's milk-fed than in the breast-fed group (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that atopic allergy may be associated with a genetically determined lymphocyte defect.", "contents": "T lymphocytes and blood eosinophils in early infancy in relation to heredity for allergy and type of feeding. T lymphocytes in 50 one-month-old infants were determined and correlated to heredity for allergy, blood eosinophil counts, and type of feeding. It was found that infants with heredity for atopy had significantly lower relative numbers of T lymphocytes than infants without heredity (p less than 0.05). This difference was particularly obvious in heredity for asthma on the paternal side (p equals 0.001). There was an inverse correlation between T lymphocyte counts and blood eosinophil counts in infants who were cow's milk-fed; i.e., low T lymphocyte counts were associated with high blood eosinophil counts (r = -0.59, p less than 0.01). T lymphocyte counts were not correlated to the type of feeding, whereas blood eosinophils were significantly higher in the cow's milk-fed than in the breast-fed group (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that atopic allergy may be associated with a genetically determined lymphocyte defect.", "PMID": 312813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3677", "title": "Neutropenia in three patients with rheumatic disorders. Suppression of granulopoiesis by control-sensitive thymus-dependent lymphocytes.", "content": "A man with polymyalgia rheumatica (patient 1) and two patients (2 and 3) with Felty's syndrome had neutropenia at the time of diagnosis. Bone marrow samples in each patient were cellular but showed an \"arrest\" of granulocyte maturation at the myelocyte stage. Agar colony growth of marrow cells from each patient was subnormal but increased after removal of sheep erythrocytes rosette-forming cells (thymus-dependent [T] cells) from marrow cell suspensions before culture. Preincubation of marrow cells with cortisol also enhanced colony growth. Maximum enhancement with cortisol occurred at 1 mM (patient 1), 1 microM (patient 2), and 10 nM (patient 3). Cortisol failed to enhance colony growth after removal of T cells from marrow cell suspensions. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and PBL-conditioned medium from all three patients inhibited colony growth of normal human marrow cells. Cortisol treatment of PBL or T depletion from PBL abrogated the inhibition in coculture and with conditioned medium. Prednisone therapy resulted in the disappearance of suppressor T-cell function concomitant with hematologic improvement in patients 2 and 3, but suppressor T cells persisted in patient 1, who did not respond to prednisone. We conclude that cortisol-sensitive T lymphocytes inhibited granulopoiesis in vitro probably by elaboration of a soluble factor or factors. Our results suggest (a) that neutropenia in these patients resulted, at least in part, from T-cell suppression of granulopoiesis, (b) that the effectiveness of prednisone therapy was a result of its inhibition of suppressor T cells, and (c) that responses to glucocorticoid therapy may be predicted in such patients with the agar culture technique and cortisol dose response in vitro.", "contents": "Neutropenia in three patients with rheumatic disorders. Suppression of granulopoiesis by control-sensitive thymus-dependent lymphocytes. A man with polymyalgia rheumatica (patient 1) and two patients (2 and 3) with Felty's syndrome had neutropenia at the time of diagnosis. Bone marrow samples in each patient were cellular but showed an \"arrest\" of granulocyte maturation at the myelocyte stage. Agar colony growth of marrow cells from each patient was subnormal but increased after removal of sheep erythrocytes rosette-forming cells (thymus-dependent [T] cells) from marrow cell suspensions before culture. Preincubation of marrow cells with cortisol also enhanced colony growth. Maximum enhancement with cortisol occurred at 1 mM (patient 1), 1 microM (patient 2), and 10 nM (patient 3). Cortisol failed to enhance colony growth after removal of T cells from marrow cell suspensions. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and PBL-conditioned medium from all three patients inhibited colony growth of normal human marrow cells. Cortisol treatment of PBL or T depletion from PBL abrogated the inhibition in coculture and with conditioned medium. Prednisone therapy resulted in the disappearance of suppressor T-cell function concomitant with hematologic improvement in patients 2 and 3, but suppressor T cells persisted in patient 1, who did not respond to prednisone. We conclude that cortisol-sensitive T lymphocytes inhibited granulopoiesis in vitro probably by elaboration of a soluble factor or factors. Our results suggest (a) that neutropenia in these patients resulted, at least in part, from T-cell suppression of granulopoiesis, (b) that the effectiveness of prednisone therapy was a result of its inhibition of suppressor T cells, and (c) that responses to glucocorticoid therapy may be predicted in such patients with the agar culture technique and cortisol dose response in vitro.", "PMID": 312812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3678", "title": "Selective cell surface expression of thymus leukemia antigen during S phase of the cell cycle.", "content": "The expression of the thymus leukemia antigen (TL) was studied on a murine leukemia cell line (ASL-1W) grown in vitro and separated into cell cycle phases by velocity sedimentation or growing synchronously in culture. The expression of TL was determined qualitatively by direct cytotoxicity and quantitatively by a modified inhibition of cytotoxicity assay. TL expression was found to vary with DNA synthesis. The hypothesis that expression is coordinately regulated with DNA synthesis, and the relationship of this to the restricted expression of TL on rapidly dividing cells is disucssed.", "contents": "Selective cell surface expression of thymus leukemia antigen during S phase of the cell cycle. The expression of the thymus leukemia antigen (TL) was studied on a murine leukemia cell line (ASL-1W) grown in vitro and separated into cell cycle phases by velocity sedimentation or growing synchronously in culture. The expression of TL was determined qualitatively by direct cytotoxicity and quantitatively by a modified inhibition of cytotoxicity assay. TL expression was found to vary with DNA synthesis. The hypothesis that expression is coordinately regulated with DNA synthesis, and the relationship of this to the restricted expression of TL on rapidly dividing cells is disucssed.", "PMID": 312816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3679", "title": "Inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis by C3c and C3d.", "content": "The C3 cleavage products C3c and C3d were tested for their ability to alter the immunoproliferative response of human peripheral mononuclear cells to the antigens SLO and SK-SD, and to the mitogens PHA and PWM. It was found that both C3c (30 to 120 micrograms/ml) and C3d (10 to 40 micrograms/ml) inhibited lymphocyte blastogenesis in the presence on antigens but not mitogens, when cells were cultured in either autologous plasma or FCS. Similarly, the response to antigens of cell populations enriched for T lymphocytes was inhibited, whereas the response to optimal or suboptimal doses of mitogens was unaffected. When nonadherent (NA) cells were reconstituted with increasing numbers of adherent (AD) cells to potentiate the proliferative response of NA cells to the antigen SLO, the addition of either C3c or C3d abolished the potentiation of the response at low levels of reconstitution. However, at given dose of C3c or C3d, addition of excess AD cells could restore the proliferative response. These results suggest that both C3c and C3d can inhibit T cell proliferation in response to antigen and that they may act at the level of the monocyte-T lymphocyte interaction to modulate cellular immune responses.", "contents": "Inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis by C3c and C3d. The C3 cleavage products C3c and C3d were tested for their ability to alter the immunoproliferative response of human peripheral mononuclear cells to the antigens SLO and SK-SD, and to the mitogens PHA and PWM. It was found that both C3c (30 to 120 micrograms/ml) and C3d (10 to 40 micrograms/ml) inhibited lymphocyte blastogenesis in the presence on antigens but not mitogens, when cells were cultured in either autologous plasma or FCS. Similarly, the response to antigens of cell populations enriched for T lymphocytes was inhibited, whereas the response to optimal or suboptimal doses of mitogens was unaffected. When nonadherent (NA) cells were reconstituted with increasing numbers of adherent (AD) cells to potentiate the proliferative response of NA cells to the antigen SLO, the addition of either C3c or C3d abolished the potentiation of the response at low levels of reconstitution. However, at given dose of C3c or C3d, addition of excess AD cells could restore the proliferative response. These results suggest that both C3c and C3d can inhibit T cell proliferation in response to antigen and that they may act at the level of the monocyte-T lymphocyte interaction to modulate cellular immune responses.", "PMID": 312817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3680", "title": "Stimulation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor of Leishmania tropica killing by macrophages.", "content": "The intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania tropica was found to survive unharmed and to multiply for several days in normal mouse peritoneal macrophages. In contrast, when infected monolayers were treated with GM-CSF, there was a continuous decrease in the percentage of infected cells, reaching less than 10% on day 4 in culture, compared to about 30% in normal controls. Microscopic observations showed an increased number of dead parasites in GM-CSF treated infected cells. Within 5 hr of incubation with GM-CSF, almost 40% of intracellular parasites showed morphologic damage, compared to less than 10% in untreated cells. Pretreatment of macrophage monolayers with pure GM-CSF before infection led to an increased level of phagocytosis of L. tropica parasites as reflected by the percentage of infected cells and the increased number of parasites in each infected cell. GM-CSF treated cultures showed 73% infected cells containing a mean of five parasites per cell, as compared to controls in which only about 50% of macrophages were infected with only two parasites per cell. The number of dead parasites per cell was 5-fold higher in the GM-CSF treated cultures at 2 hr. After 24 hr the percentage of infected GM-CSF treated cells was less than one-third that in the control cultures.", "contents": "Stimulation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor of Leishmania tropica killing by macrophages. The intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania tropica was found to survive unharmed and to multiply for several days in normal mouse peritoneal macrophages. In contrast, when infected monolayers were treated with GM-CSF, there was a continuous decrease in the percentage of infected cells, reaching less than 10% on day 4 in culture, compared to about 30% in normal controls. Microscopic observations showed an increased number of dead parasites in GM-CSF treated infected cells. Within 5 hr of incubation with GM-CSF, almost 40% of intracellular parasites showed morphologic damage, compared to less than 10% in untreated cells. Pretreatment of macrophage monolayers with pure GM-CSF before infection led to an increased level of phagocytosis of L. tropica parasites as reflected by the percentage of infected cells and the increased number of parasites in each infected cell. GM-CSF treated cultures showed 73% infected cells containing a mean of five parasites per cell, as compared to controls in which only about 50% of macrophages were infected with only two parasites per cell. The number of dead parasites per cell was 5-fold higher in the GM-CSF treated cultures at 2 hr. After 24 hr the percentage of infected GM-CSF treated cells was less than one-third that in the control cultures.", "PMID": 312818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3681", "title": "Synergistic cytotoxicity. II. In vitro arming of monocytes and T cells by a heat labile fraction of human plasma.", "content": "In a previous paper we demonstrated that freshly obtained human plasma contain a heat labile nonantibody factor that induced human mononuclear cells to become nonspecifically cytotoxic toward xenogeneic but not allogeneic RBC targets. We now present evidence that this factor has a loose affinity for human monocytes and human T cells and can arm then to kill xenogeneic RBC targets. Furthermore, proteolytic enzymes markedly enhance this arming effect. This ability to be armed by a heat labile component found in fresh human plasma and the fact that proteolytic enzymes markedly enhance cytotoxicity clearly dissociate this model of nonspecific cytotoxicity for previously reported NK models.", "contents": "Synergistic cytotoxicity. II. In vitro arming of monocytes and T cells by a heat labile fraction of human plasma. In a previous paper we demonstrated that freshly obtained human plasma contain a heat labile nonantibody factor that induced human mononuclear cells to become nonspecifically cytotoxic toward xenogeneic but not allogeneic RBC targets. We now present evidence that this factor has a loose affinity for human monocytes and human T cells and can arm then to kill xenogeneic RBC targets. Furthermore, proteolytic enzymes markedly enhance this arming effect. This ability to be armed by a heat labile component found in fresh human plasma and the fact that proteolytic enzymes markedly enhance cytotoxicity clearly dissociate this model of nonspecific cytotoxicity for previously reported NK models.", "PMID": 312819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3682", "title": "Suppression of cytotoxic response to histoincompatible cells. I. Evidence for two types of T lymphocyte-derived suppressors acting at different stages in the induction of a cytotoxic response.", "content": "Spleen and thymus cell populations from normal or allograft tolerant mice have been cultured for 5 days with specific alloantigens and examined for their reactivity in three assay systems. No consistent correlation was observed between the production of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) in these cultures and the ability of such cultured cells to inhibit specifically a CML response from fresh normal spleen cells directed to the priming alloantigens. Furthermore, suppressor cells measured in this latter assay were apparently distinct from those able to inhibit the production of cytotoxic lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) from bone marrow stem cells in lethally irradiated bone marrow protected mice. Velocity sedimentation experiments confirmed that both the precursor and effector cells for the two suppressor systems were physically separable, and were distinct from CTLp or CTL, respectively. Precursor cells for the two suppressor systems investigated belong to the short-lived cortical thymus cell population.", "contents": "Suppression of cytotoxic response to histoincompatible cells. I. Evidence for two types of T lymphocyte-derived suppressors acting at different stages in the induction of a cytotoxic response. Spleen and thymus cell populations from normal or allograft tolerant mice have been cultured for 5 days with specific alloantigens and examined for their reactivity in three assay systems. No consistent correlation was observed between the production of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) in these cultures and the ability of such cultured cells to inhibit specifically a CML response from fresh normal spleen cells directed to the priming alloantigens. Furthermore, suppressor cells measured in this latter assay were apparently distinct from those able to inhibit the production of cytotoxic lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) from bone marrow stem cells in lethally irradiated bone marrow protected mice. Velocity sedimentation experiments confirmed that both the precursor and effector cells for the two suppressor systems were physically separable, and were distinct from CTLp or CTL, respectively. Precursor cells for the two suppressor systems investigated belong to the short-lived cortical thymus cell population.", "PMID": 312822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3683", "title": "Suppression of cytotoxic response to histoincompatible cells. II. Analysis of the role of two independent T suppressor pools in maintenance of neonatally induced allograft tolerance in mice.", "content": "The kinetics of appearance of the precursors of SuppA cells (capable of inhibiting CTLp leads to CTL) or SuppB cells (capable of inhibiting (stem cells leads to CTLp) in neonatal mice, as well as the appearance of SuppA/SuppB cells in mice given neonatal innoculations of semiallogeneic spleen cells has been investigated. The data obtained are consistent with the idea that SuppA cells have a natural role to play in the induction of neonatal tolerance, whereas SuppB cells may be more important for the maintenance of the tolerant state. Unlike the level of SuppB cells, the level of SuppA cells in tolerant mice seems to be modulated by the presence of the tolerizing determinants. Data are provided to show that SuppB cells, once induced in tolerant mice, can adoptively transfer specific allograft unresponsiveness to newborn syngeneic mice in the absence of added tolerizing antigen, whereas SuppA cells are not able to do so. These data fit the notion that SuppB cells may be responsible for the phenotype of clonal deletion.", "contents": "Suppression of cytotoxic response to histoincompatible cells. II. Analysis of the role of two independent T suppressor pools in maintenance of neonatally induced allograft tolerance in mice. The kinetics of appearance of the precursors of SuppA cells (capable of inhibiting CTLp leads to CTL) or SuppB cells (capable of inhibiting (stem cells leads to CTLp) in neonatal mice, as well as the appearance of SuppA/SuppB cells in mice given neonatal innoculations of semiallogeneic spleen cells has been investigated. The data obtained are consistent with the idea that SuppA cells have a natural role to play in the induction of neonatal tolerance, whereas SuppB cells may be more important for the maintenance of the tolerant state. Unlike the level of SuppB cells, the level of SuppA cells in tolerant mice seems to be modulated by the presence of the tolerizing determinants. Data are provided to show that SuppB cells, once induced in tolerant mice, can adoptively transfer specific allograft unresponsiveness to newborn syngeneic mice in the absence of added tolerizing antigen, whereas SuppA cells are not able to do so. These data fit the notion that SuppB cells may be responsible for the phenotype of clonal deletion.", "PMID": 312823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3684", "title": "Activation of membrane phospholipase A by guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT).", "content": "The effect of GLT on target cells (L.P3 cells) labeled with radioactive fatty acids was examined. After incubation for 1 or 2 hr, no change in the survival ratio was observed, but radioactive fatty acid was released from phospholipids of the cells. When incubation was continued for 4 or 5 hr, the survival ratio was decreased with a concomitant increase of the radioactivity of triglyceride of the target cells and enhancement of calcium uptake into the target cells. These results could be explained by activation of membrane-bound phospholipase A after the binding of GLT to cell surface receptors.", "contents": "Activation of membrane phospholipase A by guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT). The effect of GLT on target cells (L.P3 cells) labeled with radioactive fatty acids was examined. After incubation for 1 or 2 hr, no change in the survival ratio was observed, but radioactive fatty acid was released from phospholipids of the cells. When incubation was continued for 4 or 5 hr, the survival ratio was decreased with a concomitant increase of the radioactivity of triglyceride of the target cells and enhancement of calcium uptake into the target cells. These results could be explained by activation of membrane-bound phospholipase A after the binding of GLT to cell surface receptors.", "PMID": 312824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3685", "title": "Susceptibility of Friend virus antigen-modulated erythroleukemic cells to lysis by T lymphocytes from mice with dormant Friend virus infections.", "content": "Spleen cells from DBA/2 mice with dormant Friend leukemia virus (FLV) infections or from mice immunized with x-irradiated FLC-745 erythroleukemic cells are not cytolytic for FLC-745 cells when tested directly, but acquire cytolytic activity in vitro by cultivation with x-irradiated FLC-745 cells. Spleen cells cultured from normal mice do not acquire such cytolytic activity. Cytolytic activity resides in the T lymphocyte population. Alloantiserum, but not antisera against FLV-virion polypeptides, inhibited the lysis of FLC-745 cells by cytolytic T lymphocytes. To understand further the role of cellular and humoral immune anti-FLV responses in mice with dormant FLV-infections, in vitro experiments were conducted that mimicked the in vivo FLV-specific immune environment of these mice. We found that FLV-immune serum from mice with dormant FLV-infections modulated FLV-antigen expression on the surfaces of FLC-745 cells without affecting their susceptibility to lysis by cytolytic T lymphocytes. These results suggest that cytolytic T lymphocyte restrain the outgrowth of FLV-antigen-modulated erythroleukemic cells in mice with dormant FLV infections and that the targets for cell-mediated lysis may be H-2d-associated antigens.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Friend virus antigen-modulated erythroleukemic cells to lysis by T lymphocytes from mice with dormant Friend virus infections. Spleen cells from DBA/2 mice with dormant Friend leukemia virus (FLV) infections or from mice immunized with x-irradiated FLC-745 erythroleukemic cells are not cytolytic for FLC-745 cells when tested directly, but acquire cytolytic activity in vitro by cultivation with x-irradiated FLC-745 cells. Spleen cells cultured from normal mice do not acquire such cytolytic activity. Cytolytic activity resides in the T lymphocyte population. Alloantiserum, but not antisera against FLV-virion polypeptides, inhibited the lysis of FLC-745 cells by cytolytic T lymphocytes. To understand further the role of cellular and humoral immune anti-FLV responses in mice with dormant FLV-infections, in vitro experiments were conducted that mimicked the in vivo FLV-specific immune environment of these mice. We found that FLV-immune serum from mice with dormant FLV-infections modulated FLV-antigen expression on the surfaces of FLC-745 cells without affecting their susceptibility to lysis by cytolytic T lymphocytes. These results suggest that cytolytic T lymphocyte restrain the outgrowth of FLV-antigen-modulated erythroleukemic cells in mice with dormant FLV infections and that the targets for cell-mediated lysis may be H-2d-associated antigens.", "PMID": 312825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3686", "title": "Activated T cells in the synovial fluid of arthritic patients: characterization and comparison with in vitro activated human and murine T cells in cooperation with monocytes in cytotoxicity.", "content": "Lymphocytes were separated from the synovial fluid of 34 arthritic patients. The majority of lymphocytes rosetted with SRBC and were thus of T origin. A proportion of these cells were activated as indicated by their high 3H-thymidine incorporation in vitro, the formation of \"stable\" E rosettes, and their ability to attach to autologous monocytes and to human cells. Such attached activated T cells enhanced the cytotoxic activity of monocytes. Human and murine-activated T cells generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures also attached to cell lines of the same species, and after their attachment they enhanced the cytotoxic activity of monocytes and natural killer cells. It is suggested that one of the possible roles of activated T cells in immunologically damaged tissues is the attraction of circulating nonspecific killer cells to the site of the response.", "contents": "Activated T cells in the synovial fluid of arthritic patients: characterization and comparison with in vitro activated human and murine T cells in cooperation with monocytes in cytotoxicity. Lymphocytes were separated from the synovial fluid of 34 arthritic patients. The majority of lymphocytes rosetted with SRBC and were thus of T origin. A proportion of these cells were activated as indicated by their high 3H-thymidine incorporation in vitro, the formation of \"stable\" E rosettes, and their ability to attach to autologous monocytes and to human cells. Such attached activated T cells enhanced the cytotoxic activity of monocytes. Human and murine-activated T cells generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures also attached to cell lines of the same species, and after their attachment they enhanced the cytotoxic activity of monocytes and natural killer cells. It is suggested that one of the possible roles of activated T cells in immunologically damaged tissues is the attraction of circulating nonspecific killer cells to the site of the response.", "PMID": 312826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3687", "title": "Failure of NZB spleen to respond to prethymic bone marrow suppressor cells.", "content": "Mouse bone marrow contains theta-negative lymphocytes that can suppress an in vitro plaque response by spleen cells primed in vivo with burro red blood cells (BRBC). These bone marrow cells are radiosensitive and can be induced with thymosin fraction 5 or alpha 1 thymic peptides to express the theta antigen. Enrichment for these suppressor pre-T lymphocytes can be achieved by a one-step density centrifugation, macrophage depletion, or a combination of both procedures. NZB mice, which spontaneously develop an autoimmune disorder, have a suppressor abnormality revealed by this assay system. Upon analysis, they have normal BM pre-T suppressor cells but their spleen cells are refractory to the BM suppressor signal. NZB BM suppressor cells inhibit the response by DBA/2 spleen cells, but DBA/2 BM suppressor cells do not inhibit NZB spleen. This resistance to suppression is a property of the B cell fraction recovered from NZB spleen.", "contents": "Failure of NZB spleen to respond to prethymic bone marrow suppressor cells. Mouse bone marrow contains theta-negative lymphocytes that can suppress an in vitro plaque response by spleen cells primed in vivo with burro red blood cells (BRBC). These bone marrow cells are radiosensitive and can be induced with thymosin fraction 5 or alpha 1 thymic peptides to express the theta antigen. Enrichment for these suppressor pre-T lymphocytes can be achieved by a one-step density centrifugation, macrophage depletion, or a combination of both procedures. NZB mice, which spontaneously develop an autoimmune disorder, have a suppressor abnormality revealed by this assay system. Upon analysis, they have normal BM pre-T suppressor cells but their spleen cells are refractory to the BM suppressor signal. NZB BM suppressor cells inhibit the response by DBA/2 spleen cells, but DBA/2 BM suppressor cells do not inhibit NZB spleen. This resistance to suppression is a property of the B cell fraction recovered from NZB spleen.", "PMID": 312827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3688", "title": "Cyclical changes in susceptibility of a myeloma tumor (LPC-1) to immune destruction. I. Changes in reactivity with cytotoxic T lymphocytes and anti-H-2d sera.", "content": "One of six transplantable ascites tumors of BALB/c mice was found to become periodically resistant to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). About 12 days after LPC-1, a myeloma tumor, was transplanted it became resistant to lysis by allogenic CTL (anti-H-2d) and by CTL directed to trinitrophenyl groups or minor histocompatibility antigens. Susceptibility to lysis by all of these CTL was regained within 2 to 4 days after transfer of resistant cells to a fresh BALB/c host. These changes were recurrent: in each transplantation cycle the early LPC-1 cells were susceptible and the late cells were resistant to CTL. Analyses with antisera (B10 anti-B10.D2) showed that the serologically recognized products of the H-2d haplotype were reduced about 10-fold on the LPC-1 cells that were resistant to CTL.", "contents": "Cyclical changes in susceptibility of a myeloma tumor (LPC-1) to immune destruction. I. Changes in reactivity with cytotoxic T lymphocytes and anti-H-2d sera. One of six transplantable ascites tumors of BALB/c mice was found to become periodically resistant to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). About 12 days after LPC-1, a myeloma tumor, was transplanted it became resistant to lysis by allogenic CTL (anti-H-2d) and by CTL directed to trinitrophenyl groups or minor histocompatibility antigens. Susceptibility to lysis by all of these CTL was regained within 2 to 4 days after transfer of resistant cells to a fresh BALB/c host. These changes were recurrent: in each transplantation cycle the early LPC-1 cells were susceptible and the late cells were resistant to CTL. Analyses with antisera (B10 anti-B10.D2) showed that the serologically recognized products of the H-2d haplotype were reduced about 10-fold on the LPC-1 cells that were resistant to CTL.", "PMID": 312828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3689", "title": "Three suppressor systems in human blood that modulate lymphoproliferation.", "content": "Three suppressor system of T lymphocyte proliferation found in normal blood were characterized. The adherent cell suppressor system (ACSS) is effected by a steroid and radioresistant monocyte that survives well in culture. The prostaglandin-related suppressor system (PgSS) is effected by a similar cell but is distinct from the ACSS in terms of magnitude of suppression, effective monocyte concentration, and carrageenan or indomethacin sensitivity. The induced suppressor system (ISS) is effected by a T lymphocyte that is partially radiosensitive and loses activity after 24 hr in culture. Although the ISS is unaffected by age, ACSS and PgSS activity is, overall, higher among elderly than among young adult subjects. Activation of these three suppressor systems does not require cell replication. They are not restricted by histocompatibility barriers.", "contents": "Three suppressor systems in human blood that modulate lymphoproliferation. Three suppressor system of T lymphocyte proliferation found in normal blood were characterized. The adherent cell suppressor system (ACSS) is effected by a steroid and radioresistant monocyte that survives well in culture. The prostaglandin-related suppressor system (PgSS) is effected by a similar cell but is distinct from the ACSS in terms of magnitude of suppression, effective monocyte concentration, and carrageenan or indomethacin sensitivity. The induced suppressor system (ISS) is effected by a T lymphocyte that is partially radiosensitive and loses activity after 24 hr in culture. Although the ISS is unaffected by age, ACSS and PgSS activity is, overall, higher among elderly than among young adult subjects. Activation of these three suppressor systems does not require cell replication. They are not restricted by histocompatibility barriers.", "PMID": 312832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3690", "title": "Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. X. Alterations in T, B, third population cells, and T cells with receptors for immunoglobulin M (Tmu) or G (Tgamma) in aging humans.", "content": "Peripheral blood from 120 healthy subjects, of whom 59 were young (35.5 +/- 9.6 years) and 61 aging (69.2 +/- 4.2 years), was examined for the proportions and numbers of lymphocyte populations, with a battery of surface markers. Absolute lymphocyte count and T,B and third population cells were comparable in both groups. Tgamma cell proportions were significantly (p less than 0.001) increased in aging subjects when compared with the young subjects. However, this difference was more significant (p less than 0.001) when aged females were compared with the young females as compared to aged males vs young males (p less than 0.05). When data were anlayzed for absolute numbers of Tmu and Tgamma cells, a similar significant decrease in Tmu, and increase in Tgamma cells were observed. Interestingly, when these data were anlayzed according to gender, significant differences in Tmu and Tgamma cell number were observed between young and old females but not between young and old men. Implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. X. Alterations in T, B, third population cells, and T cells with receptors for immunoglobulin M (Tmu) or G (Tgamma) in aging humans. Peripheral blood from 120 healthy subjects, of whom 59 were young (35.5 +/- 9.6 years) and 61 aging (69.2 +/- 4.2 years), was examined for the proportions and numbers of lymphocyte populations, with a battery of surface markers. Absolute lymphocyte count and T,B and third population cells were comparable in both groups. Tgamma cell proportions were significantly (p less than 0.001) increased in aging subjects when compared with the young subjects. However, this difference was more significant (p less than 0.001) when aged females were compared with the young females as compared to aged males vs young males (p less than 0.05). When data were anlayzed for absolute numbers of Tmu and Tgamma cells, a similar significant decrease in Tmu, and increase in Tgamma cells were observed. Interestingly, when these data were anlayzed according to gender, significant differences in Tmu and Tgamma cell number were observed between young and old females but not between young and old men. Implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 312834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3691", "title": "In vitro differentiation of B lymphocytes from pre-B cells.", "content": "Adult bone marrow contains both B lymphocytes and their immediate precursors, pre-B cells. These two cells differ in size and can be separated by velocity sedimentation; B cells are enriched in the subpopulation of cells sedimenting at between 2.0 and 3.5 mm/hr and pre-B cells in the subpopulation between 5.0 and 7.0 mm/hr. Incubation of pre-B cells in vitro for 4 or 5 days leads to their differentiation into functional B lymphocytes. The transition form pre-B to B appears to occur in two steps. The first step gives mitogen responsive B cells with an intermediate sedimentation velocity and the second step produces typical small, slowly sedimenting B cells. Pre-B cells can be quantified by using a limiting dilution assay and occur at a frequency of 1/60 in the subpopulation of rapidly sedimenting bone marrow cells.", "contents": "In vitro differentiation of B lymphocytes from pre-B cells. Adult bone marrow contains both B lymphocytes and their immediate precursors, pre-B cells. These two cells differ in size and can be separated by velocity sedimentation; B cells are enriched in the subpopulation of cells sedimenting at between 2.0 and 3.5 mm/hr and pre-B cells in the subpopulation between 5.0 and 7.0 mm/hr. Incubation of pre-B cells in vitro for 4 or 5 days leads to their differentiation into functional B lymphocytes. The transition form pre-B to B appears to occur in two steps. The first step gives mitogen responsive B cells with an intermediate sedimentation velocity and the second step produces typical small, slowly sedimenting B cells. Pre-B cells can be quantified by using a limiting dilution assay and occur at a frequency of 1/60 in the subpopulation of rapidly sedimenting bone marrow cells.", "PMID": 312835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3692", "title": "The induction of TNP-altered, self-reactive human cytotoxic T cells by soluble factors: the role of Ia antigens.", "content": "This report demonstrates that human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, triggered by allogeneic cells or soluble antigens, elaborate helper factor(s) that promotes the in vitro differentiation of TNP altered-self reactive human CTL. Helper factor(s) alone is not sufficient for the generation of these killer cells, but requires the presence of TNP-derivatized autologous stimulators during sensitization. Additional experiments were performed with antisera to a human Ia-like antigen, p23, 30. These studies indicate that human Ia-like antigens play an important role in both the induction of helper factor(s) and in the functional activity of preformed helper factor(s) molecules.", "contents": "The induction of TNP-altered, self-reactive human cytotoxic T cells by soluble factors: the role of Ia antigens. This report demonstrates that human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, triggered by allogeneic cells or soluble antigens, elaborate helper factor(s) that promotes the in vitro differentiation of TNP altered-self reactive human CTL. Helper factor(s) alone is not sufficient for the generation of these killer cells, but requires the presence of TNP-derivatized autologous stimulators during sensitization. Additional experiments were performed with antisera to a human Ia-like antigen, p23, 30. These studies indicate that human Ia-like antigens play an important role in both the induction of helper factor(s) and in the functional activity of preformed helper factor(s) molecules.", "PMID": 312836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3693", "title": "Helper T cell-replacing factors secreted by thymus-derived cells and macrophages: cellular requirements for B cell activation and synergistic properties.", "content": "The biologic activities of helper T cell-replacing factors derived from concanavalin A-stimulated murine T cells (TRF-T) and from lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages (TFR-M) have been compared. TRF-T stimulates immune responses to heterologous erythrocyte antigens (SRBC and BRBC) in T cell-depleted spleen cultures but not in macrophage-depleted spleen cultures. TRF-M stimulates immune responses in both T cell-depleted and macrophage-depleted spleen cultures. Under conditions where LPS stimulates the release of TRF-M from cultures of activated macrophages, TRF-t has no effect on TFR-M production. Thus. TRF-T does not appear to function by stimulating the release of TRF-M from macrophages. In macrophage-depleted spleen cultures, saturating concentrations of TRF-T and TRF-M when mixed together exhibit striking synergistic effects on the induction of immune responses to erythrocyte antigens. The kinetics of the synergistic effects of TRF-M and TRF-T are consistent with an effect of TRF-M on the production of TRF-T sensitive B cells.", "contents": "Helper T cell-replacing factors secreted by thymus-derived cells and macrophages: cellular requirements for B cell activation and synergistic properties. The biologic activities of helper T cell-replacing factors derived from concanavalin A-stimulated murine T cells (TRF-T) and from lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages (TFR-M) have been compared. TRF-T stimulates immune responses to heterologous erythrocyte antigens (SRBC and BRBC) in T cell-depleted spleen cultures but not in macrophage-depleted spleen cultures. TRF-M stimulates immune responses in both T cell-depleted and macrophage-depleted spleen cultures. Under conditions where LPS stimulates the release of TRF-M from cultures of activated macrophages, TRF-t has no effect on TFR-M production. Thus. TRF-T does not appear to function by stimulating the release of TRF-M from macrophages. In macrophage-depleted spleen cultures, saturating concentrations of TRF-T and TRF-M when mixed together exhibit striking synergistic effects on the induction of immune responses to erythrocyte antigens. The kinetics of the synergistic effects of TRF-M and TRF-T are consistent with an effect of TRF-M on the production of TRF-T sensitive B cells.", "PMID": 312838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3694", "title": "Immune responses to weakly immunogenic virally induced tumors. III. Genetically unrestricted cytolysis of allogeneic tumor target cells.", "content": "Splenocytes from A mice injected with YAC-1 or RBL5 could generate, after in vitro culture with or without stimulation, a genetically nonrestricted cytotoxic response against the allogenic tumor RBL5. YAC-1 tumor is an in vitro carried tumor induced in A mice (H-2a) by Moloney virus. RBL5 tumor is a Rauscher virus-induced tumor of C57BL/6 mice (H-2b). These tumors cross-react serologically. The effector cells that were generated after the in vitro cultivation recognized tumor-associated antigens on the target cells. H-2 alloantigens were not recognized by the effector cells. The effector cells that killed RBL5 tumor in a genetically nonrestricted manner were identified as T cells. The in vivo carried tumor YAC, in contrast to the in vitro carried tumor YAC-1, could not induce anti-RBL5 reactive cells in A mice. Instead, YAC tumor induced suppressor cells in A mice, which could abrogate the anti-RBL5 cytotoxic response of RBL5-primed splenocytes, but not that of YAC-1 primed splenocytes.", "contents": "Immune responses to weakly immunogenic virally induced tumors. III. Genetically unrestricted cytolysis of allogeneic tumor target cells. Splenocytes from A mice injected with YAC-1 or RBL5 could generate, after in vitro culture with or without stimulation, a genetically nonrestricted cytotoxic response against the allogenic tumor RBL5. YAC-1 tumor is an in vitro carried tumor induced in A mice (H-2a) by Moloney virus. RBL5 tumor is a Rauscher virus-induced tumor of C57BL/6 mice (H-2b). These tumors cross-react serologically. The effector cells that were generated after the in vitro cultivation recognized tumor-associated antigens on the target cells. H-2 alloantigens were not recognized by the effector cells. The effector cells that killed RBL5 tumor in a genetically nonrestricted manner were identified as T cells. The in vivo carried tumor YAC, in contrast to the in vitro carried tumor YAC-1, could not induce anti-RBL5 reactive cells in A mice. Instead, YAC tumor induced suppressor cells in A mice, which could abrogate the anti-RBL5 cytotoxic response of RBL5-primed splenocytes, but not that of YAC-1 primed splenocytes.", "PMID": 312839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3695", "title": "T100: a new murine cell surface glycoprotein detected by anti-Lyt-2.1 serum.", "content": "A cell surface glycoprotein (designated T100) of apparent m.w. 100,000 by SDS-PAGE under reducing and nonreducing conditions was precipitated from NP-40 extracts of surface radiolabeled thymocytes from a variety of inbred strains of mice by the standard noncongenic Lyt-2.1-typing serum. The inbred stain distribution, trypsin sensitivity on intact cells, and apparent m.w. of T100 suggest that it is different from Lyt-2.1. Inheritance and expression of T100 suggest that it is determined by an allele at a single locus, and testing of CXB recombinant inbred strains and B6.C minor histocompatibility congenic strains suggest that this locus is linked to H-25. Antiserum absorption experiments, two-stage cytotoxicity assays, and results of immunoprecipitations performed after prebinding antibody to radiolabeled thymocytes suggest that some T100 is accessible to antibody on the intact cell surface. However, for unknown reasons the number of cells required to absorb anti-T100 precipitating activity from antiserum was much higher than for removal of anti-Lyt-2.1 activity. A molecule with properties of T100 was also detected on lymph node cells and on the AKTB-1 lymphoma.", "contents": "T100: a new murine cell surface glycoprotein detected by anti-Lyt-2.1 serum. A cell surface glycoprotein (designated T100) of apparent m.w. 100,000 by SDS-PAGE under reducing and nonreducing conditions was precipitated from NP-40 extracts of surface radiolabeled thymocytes from a variety of inbred strains of mice by the standard noncongenic Lyt-2.1-typing serum. The inbred stain distribution, trypsin sensitivity on intact cells, and apparent m.w. of T100 suggest that it is different from Lyt-2.1. Inheritance and expression of T100 suggest that it is determined by an allele at a single locus, and testing of CXB recombinant inbred strains and B6.C minor histocompatibility congenic strains suggest that this locus is linked to H-25. Antiserum absorption experiments, two-stage cytotoxicity assays, and results of immunoprecipitations performed after prebinding antibody to radiolabeled thymocytes suggest that some T100 is accessible to antibody on the intact cell surface. However, for unknown reasons the number of cells required to absorb anti-T100 precipitating activity from antiserum was much higher than for removal of anti-Lyt-2.1 activity. A molecule with properties of T100 was also detected on lymph node cells and on the AKTB-1 lymphoma.", "PMID": 312840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3696", "title": "Characterization of the immunosuppressive state during Schistosoma mansoni infection.", "content": "Analysis of a murine model of schistosomiasis revealed that both the thymus (T)- and bursa (B)-derived compartments of the immune system are modified during acute infection. The functional capacity of T and B lymphocytes to respond to mitogenic stimuli and the humoral response to thymus-dependent (SRBC) and thymus-independent (DNP-Ficoll) antigens are severely depressed. In addition, it was found that suppressor cells capable of inhibiting the response of normal lymphocytes to SRBC arise during acute infection. Although the splenic frequency of T (theta) and B (Ig+) cells remained constant during chronic infection, quantitative changes were detected in each population. In the T cell pool there was a decrease in the percentage of Ly-1+ cells and a concomitant increase in Ly-1+, 2+, 3+, cells, whereas the B cell pool showed a progressive loss of complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes, which apparently was the result of inactivation of surface complement receptor by a serum factor specifically found in infected mice. Characterization of the serum factor strongly suggests it is an immune complex. Thus, it appears that both suppressor cells and immune complexes contribute to changes noted in the immune system during acute schistosomiasis. Additional studies carried out in mice after unisexual infection revealed that egg production is not a necessary prerequisite for several of the immunologic phenomena associated with acute schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Characterization of the immunosuppressive state during Schistosoma mansoni infection. Analysis of a murine model of schistosomiasis revealed that both the thymus (T)- and bursa (B)-derived compartments of the immune system are modified during acute infection. The functional capacity of T and B lymphocytes to respond to mitogenic stimuli and the humoral response to thymus-dependent (SRBC) and thymus-independent (DNP-Ficoll) antigens are severely depressed. In addition, it was found that suppressor cells capable of inhibiting the response of normal lymphocytes to SRBC arise during acute infection. Although the splenic frequency of T (theta) and B (Ig+) cells remained constant during chronic infection, quantitative changes were detected in each population. In the T cell pool there was a decrease in the percentage of Ly-1+ cells and a concomitant increase in Ly-1+, 2+, 3+, cells, whereas the B cell pool showed a progressive loss of complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes, which apparently was the result of inactivation of surface complement receptor by a serum factor specifically found in infected mice. Characterization of the serum factor strongly suggests it is an immune complex. Thus, it appears that both suppressor cells and immune complexes contribute to changes noted in the immune system during acute schistosomiasis. Additional studies carried out in mice after unisexual infection revealed that egg production is not a necessary prerequisite for several of the immunologic phenomena associated with acute schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 312841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3697", "title": "Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. VI. In vitro nonspecific suppression of phytohemagglutinin responsiveness induced by exposure to certain schistosomal preparations.", "content": "Simultaneous in vitro exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) and either soluble schistosomal egg antigenic preparation (SEA) or soluble cercarial antigenic preparation (CAP) obtained from Schistosoma mansoni resulted in decreased responsiveness as compared to exposure to PHA alone. The addition of a soluble adult worm antigenic preparation (SWAP) did not predictably alter PHA responses in this system. The suppression due to in vitro exposure to either SEA or CAP was expressed whether the lymphocyte donors were S. mansoni patients (early infection, chronic, or treated), or uninfected subjects. The degree of suppression was related to the concentration of SEA used, and the timing of exposure. Preexposure to SEA for 3 days before the addition of PHA resulted in more potent suppression. However, a delay in the time of the addition of SEA of 6 and 24 hr after PHA exposure decreased and eliminated, respectively, its suppressive capacity. SEA and CAP were not directly toxic to responding cells, and appeared to exert their nonspecific suppressive influences through T lymphocyte-related mechanisms. It was observed that although these suppressive events could be induced and observed in vitro, the responsiveness of S. mansoni patient lymphocytes to PHA was equal with that of uninfected controls.", "contents": "Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. VI. In vitro nonspecific suppression of phytohemagglutinin responsiveness induced by exposure to certain schistosomal preparations. Simultaneous in vitro exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) and either soluble schistosomal egg antigenic preparation (SEA) or soluble cercarial antigenic preparation (CAP) obtained from Schistosoma mansoni resulted in decreased responsiveness as compared to exposure to PHA alone. The addition of a soluble adult worm antigenic preparation (SWAP) did not predictably alter PHA responses in this system. The suppression due to in vitro exposure to either SEA or CAP was expressed whether the lymphocyte donors were S. mansoni patients (early infection, chronic, or treated), or uninfected subjects. The degree of suppression was related to the concentration of SEA used, and the timing of exposure. Preexposure to SEA for 3 days before the addition of PHA resulted in more potent suppression. However, a delay in the time of the addition of SEA of 6 and 24 hr after PHA exposure decreased and eliminated, respectively, its suppressive capacity. SEA and CAP were not directly toxic to responding cells, and appeared to exert their nonspecific suppressive influences through T lymphocyte-related mechanisms. It was observed that although these suppressive events could be induced and observed in vitro, the responsiveness of S. mansoni patient lymphocytes to PHA was equal with that of uninfected controls.", "PMID": 312843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3698", "title": "A cell population in nu/nu spleen can prevent generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes by normal spleen cells against self antigens of the nu/nu spleen.", "content": "Spleen cells from athymic nu/nu mice contain two kinds of physically separable active cells that can have very different effects on the generation of CL (cytotoxic lymphocytes) by normal LN cells in an in vitro response against allogeneic stimulator cells. They can provide an accessory cell required for the activation of CLP (cytotoxic lymphocyte precursor cells) which need not be H-2 identical to the CLP and will function normally even when H-2 identical to the stimulator cells. They can also provide a suppressor cell that prevents the activation of CLP that can recognize the H-2 of the nu/nu mouse. Thus, with A, B, and C to represent three H-2 differnt mouse strains, a culture containing CLP from strain A and nu/nu spleen cells from strain B or strain (A x B)F1 will produce CL against strain C or (A x C)F1 stimulator cells but not against strain B or strain (A x B)F1 stimulator cells unless the suppressor cell is first removed. It is proposed that the in vivo role of the suppressor cell in a normal mouse is to prevent the activation of CLP reactive against self.", "contents": "A cell population in nu/nu spleen can prevent generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes by normal spleen cells against self antigens of the nu/nu spleen. Spleen cells from athymic nu/nu mice contain two kinds of physically separable active cells that can have very different effects on the generation of CL (cytotoxic lymphocytes) by normal LN cells in an in vitro response against allogeneic stimulator cells. They can provide an accessory cell required for the activation of CLP (cytotoxic lymphocyte precursor cells) which need not be H-2 identical to the CLP and will function normally even when H-2 identical to the stimulator cells. They can also provide a suppressor cell that prevents the activation of CLP that can recognize the H-2 of the nu/nu mouse. Thus, with A, B, and C to represent three H-2 differnt mouse strains, a culture containing CLP from strain A and nu/nu spleen cells from strain B or strain (A x B)F1 will produce CL against strain C or (A x C)F1 stimulator cells but not against strain B or strain (A x B)F1 stimulator cells unless the suppressor cell is first removed. It is proposed that the in vivo role of the suppressor cell in a normal mouse is to prevent the activation of CLP reactive against self.", "PMID": 312845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3699", "title": "In vivo generation of hapten-specific killer T cells without elimination of suppressor cells.", "content": "We have provided evidence to demonstrate that hapten-specific killer cells can be generated in vivo toward hapten-conjugated syngeneic splenic cells. The critical aspect is to provide an auxillary cellular antigenic stimulus in addition to the hapten-conjugated syngeneic cells. In our experiments this stimulus was CBA/J splenic cells that possess MIs disparate but H-2 compatible antigens with C3H/HeN hosts.  The Mls antigen has been shown by others to activate helper T cells in vitro to synthesize KAF, a signal that prekiller cells require besides target antigen. Killer cells (shown to be T cells) as well as helper T cells were found to be derived from the C3H host. Induction in the host animal of partial tolerance to the auxiliary cells possessing Mls antigen abrogated the response. This system, besides providing a better understanding of the control mechanisms involved in the development of T killer cells in vivo, points to a way in which the latter may be generated-ng suppressor cells.  The latter principle may prove highly useful in certain clinical situations.", "contents": "In vivo generation of hapten-specific killer T cells without elimination of suppressor cells. We have provided evidence to demonstrate that hapten-specific killer cells can be generated in vivo toward hapten-conjugated syngeneic splenic cells. The critical aspect is to provide an auxillary cellular antigenic stimulus in addition to the hapten-conjugated syngeneic cells. In our experiments this stimulus was CBA/J splenic cells that possess MIs disparate but H-2 compatible antigens with C3H/HeN hosts.  The Mls antigen has been shown by others to activate helper T cells in vitro to synthesize KAF, a signal that prekiller cells require besides target antigen. Killer cells (shown to be T cells) as well as helper T cells were found to be derived from the C3H host. Induction in the host animal of partial tolerance to the auxiliary cells possessing Mls antigen abrogated the response. This system, besides providing a better understanding of the control mechanisms involved in the development of T killer cells in vivo, points to a way in which the latter may be generated-ng suppressor cells.  The latter principle may prove highly useful in certain clinical situations.", "PMID": 312846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3700", "title": "Study on the turnover of the receptor for the third component of complement on human lymphoid cells.", "content": "The in vitro turnover of the receptor for the third component of complement (C3) was studied in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and in lymphoblastoid cells from established cell cultures of both \"normal\" and \"malignant\" origin. The turnover was evaluated by studying i) the disappearance rate of the C3-receptor in cells in which the protein synthesis was blocked by cycloheximide and puromycin, ii) the reexpression rate of the C3-receptor after treatment of the cells with either rabbit antiserum against B lymphocytes or mouse C activated through the alternative pathway by inulin. The results show that the C3-receptor of all the lymphoid cells has roughly a half-life of about 3 to 4 hr. However, the cultured lymphoblastoid cells were less sensitive than normal PBL to inhibition by cycloheximide and showed a faster reexpression rate of the C3-receptor. A spontaneous release of the receptor was found to occur, since a receptor-like activity was detected in the spent culture medium of long-term cultured lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Study on the turnover of the receptor for the third component of complement on human lymphoid cells. The in vitro turnover of the receptor for the third component of complement (C3) was studied in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and in lymphoblastoid cells from established cell cultures of both \"normal\" and \"malignant\" origin. The turnover was evaluated by studying i) the disappearance rate of the C3-receptor in cells in which the protein synthesis was blocked by cycloheximide and puromycin, ii) the reexpression rate of the C3-receptor after treatment of the cells with either rabbit antiserum against B lymphocytes or mouse C activated through the alternative pathway by inulin. The results show that the C3-receptor of all the lymphoid cells has roughly a half-life of about 3 to 4 hr. However, the cultured lymphoblastoid cells were less sensitive than normal PBL to inhibition by cycloheximide and showed a faster reexpression rate of the C3-receptor. A spontaneous release of the receptor was found to occur, since a receptor-like activity was detected in the spent culture medium of long-term cultured lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 312848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3701", "title": "A physicochemical and immunologic comparison of the cell growth inhibitory activity of human lymphotoxins and interferons in vitro.", "content": "The physicochemical, immunologic, and biologic relationships between humam lymphotoxins (LT) and interferons (IF) present in supernatant fluids from lectin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and a continuous B-lymphoblastoid cell line (PGLC-33h) were analyzed. LT activity obtained from lectin-activated PBL could not be resolved from IF activity by gel filtration chromatography. LT activity eluted in multiple peaks of activity at 70 to 90,000, and 40 to 50,000 m.w., characteristic of alpha and beta LT, respectively. IF activity in these supernatant fluids eluted as a broad band between 35 and 80,000 m.w., also suggestive of molecular heterogeneity. In contrast, this m.w. heterogeneity was not observed in LT and IF activities obtained from the PGLC-33h cell line. LT and IF eluted as separate peaks of activity at 90,000 and 25,000 m.w., respectively. In addition, acid and heat lability of PGLC-33h IF suggested similarity to type II IF. Immunologic studies, with a rabbit anti-alpha class serum that neutralized LT activity from both PBL and PGLC-33h, did not affect IF activity from either of these sources. Supernatant fluids from PGLC-33h cultures were also capable of inhibiting the proliferation of HeLa cells in vitro. The growth inhibitory activity was attributed to LT- and IF-like molecules. This evidence suggests that although cytotoxic and anti-viral activities were due to separate molecules, LT and IF have overlapping biologic activities in their ability to inhibit the proliferation of cells in vitro.", "contents": "A physicochemical and immunologic comparison of the cell growth inhibitory activity of human lymphotoxins and interferons in vitro. The physicochemical, immunologic, and biologic relationships between humam lymphotoxins (LT) and interferons (IF) present in supernatant fluids from lectin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and a continuous B-lymphoblastoid cell line (PGLC-33h) were analyzed. LT activity obtained from lectin-activated PBL could not be resolved from IF activity by gel filtration chromatography. LT activity eluted in multiple peaks of activity at 70 to 90,000, and 40 to 50,000 m.w., characteristic of alpha and beta LT, respectively. IF activity in these supernatant fluids eluted as a broad band between 35 and 80,000 m.w., also suggestive of molecular heterogeneity. In contrast, this m.w. heterogeneity was not observed in LT and IF activities obtained from the PGLC-33h cell line. LT and IF eluted as separate peaks of activity at 90,000 and 25,000 m.w., respectively. In addition, acid and heat lability of PGLC-33h IF suggested similarity to type II IF. Immunologic studies, with a rabbit anti-alpha class serum that neutralized LT activity from both PBL and PGLC-33h, did not affect IF activity from either of these sources. Supernatant fluids from PGLC-33h cultures were also capable of inhibiting the proliferation of HeLa cells in vitro. The growth inhibitory activity was attributed to LT- and IF-like molecules. This evidence suggests that although cytotoxic and anti-viral activities were due to separate molecules, LT and IF have overlapping biologic activities in their ability to inhibit the proliferation of cells in vitro.", "PMID": 312850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3702", "title": "Macrophage cell lines produce a cytotoxin.", "content": "Cytotoxic activity, measured by release of tritium from 3H-(methyl)-thymidine-labeled 7943 cells, was found in culture fluids from four of five macrophage cell lines. In the P388D1 cell line, cytotoxic activity was highest after 7 days of culture, 2 days after the cells reached confluence. The activity was not lost upon dialysis or lyophilization. When culture fluids were chromatographed on Sephadex G-200, two activity peaks were obtained: one in the void volume and the other corresponding to a m.w. of 40,000 to 50,000.", "contents": "Macrophage cell lines produce a cytotoxin. Cytotoxic activity, measured by release of tritium from 3H-(methyl)-thymidine-labeled 7943 cells, was found in culture fluids from four of five macrophage cell lines. In the P388D1 cell line, cytotoxic activity was highest after 7 days of culture, 2 days after the cells reached confluence. The activity was not lost upon dialysis or lyophilization. When culture fluids were chromatographed on Sephadex G-200, two activity peaks were obtained: one in the void volume and the other corresponding to a m.w. of 40,000 to 50,000.", "PMID": 312851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3703", "title": "Human B cell differentiation. II. Suppression by T cells of T-dependent and T-independent plasma cell maturation.", "content": "In vitro human plasma cell generation induced by both T-dependent (PWM) and T-independent (NWSM) mitogens was found to be suppressed by peripheral blood lymphocytes preincubated with human aggregated IgG. T cells, but not B lymphocytes, were able to mediate the suppressive activity; since aggregated (Fab)'2 fragments were found unable to generate suppressor cells, it was concluded that the suppressor cell was a T lymphocyte bearing Fcgamma receptors. These cells appeared to be largely radiosensitive. In most cases the proliferative responses remained unchanged. Since NWSM-induced activation is not dependent on the presence of T cells, these results show that, at least in this case, T cells exert their suppressor function directly on B lymphocytes. Whether PWM-induced B cell differentiation is suppressed by the same mechanism or/and by inactivation of T helper lymphocytes remains under investigation.", "contents": "Human B cell differentiation. II. Suppression by T cells of T-dependent and T-independent plasma cell maturation. In vitro human plasma cell generation induced by both T-dependent (PWM) and T-independent (NWSM) mitogens was found to be suppressed by peripheral blood lymphocytes preincubated with human aggregated IgG. T cells, but not B lymphocytes, were able to mediate the suppressive activity; since aggregated (Fab)'2 fragments were found unable to generate suppressor cells, it was concluded that the suppressor cell was a T lymphocyte bearing Fcgamma receptors. These cells appeared to be largely radiosensitive. In most cases the proliferative responses remained unchanged. Since NWSM-induced activation is not dependent on the presence of T cells, these results show that, at least in this case, T cells exert their suppressor function directly on B lymphocytes. Whether PWM-induced B cell differentiation is suppressed by the same mechanism or/and by inactivation of T helper lymphocytes remains under investigation.", "PMID": 312853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3704", "title": "Carboxymethyl cellulose, a nonimmunogenic hapten carrier with tolerogenic properties.", "content": "This communication reports on the tolerogenic properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a nonimmunogenic carrier for 2.4 dinitrophenyl (DNP) and the benzylpenicilloyl determinant (BPO). Either normal or primed mice, given an optimal dose of 250 micrograms per animal of DNP CMC, when challenged with an immunogenic form of the hapten as early as 30 min or as late as 21 days thereafter were completely and specifically unresponsive to it. Experimental evidence suggests that this unresponsiveness is not due to suppressor cells. Furthermore, DNP CMC induces tolerance in vivo but fails to do so in vitro under conditions at which other tolerogenic carbohydrate hapten conjugates such as DNP-dextran do. This together with comparative studies of tolerance induction kinetics by DNP CMC and DNP-dextran in vivo led us to conclude that molecular properties other than the epitope density must be attributed to CMC's tolerogenic potential. CMC may also be used as a tolerogenic carrier for BPO with respect to IgE antibody production. Thus, normal or primed mice injected with the BPO CMC conjugate were found specifically unresponsive to a challenge with an immunogenic form of penicillin.", "contents": "Carboxymethyl cellulose, a nonimmunogenic hapten carrier with tolerogenic properties. This communication reports on the tolerogenic properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a nonimmunogenic carrier for 2.4 dinitrophenyl (DNP) and the benzylpenicilloyl determinant (BPO). Either normal or primed mice, given an optimal dose of 250 micrograms per animal of DNP CMC, when challenged with an immunogenic form of the hapten as early as 30 min or as late as 21 days thereafter were completely and specifically unresponsive to it. Experimental evidence suggests that this unresponsiveness is not due to suppressor cells. Furthermore, DNP CMC induces tolerance in vivo but fails to do so in vitro under conditions at which other tolerogenic carbohydrate hapten conjugates such as DNP-dextran do. This together with comparative studies of tolerance induction kinetics by DNP CMC and DNP-dextran in vivo led us to conclude that molecular properties other than the epitope density must be attributed to CMC's tolerogenic potential. CMC may also be used as a tolerogenic carrier for BPO with respect to IgE antibody production. Thus, normal or primed mice injected with the BPO CMC conjugate were found specifically unresponsive to a challenge with an immunogenic form of penicillin.", "PMID": 312854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3705", "title": "Studies of congenitally immunologic mutant New Zealand mice. II. Absence of T cell progenitor populations and B cell defects of congenitally athymic (nude) New Zealand Black (NZB) mice.", "content": "Congenitally athymic (nude) mice on an NZB, NZW, and BALB/c background were produced by repetitive selective backcrossing. F'12 generation nude mice of these three strains were compared to their littermate nu/+ controls with respect to survival, histology, blood counts, splenic surface markers, response to mitogens, spontaneous plaque-forming cells, and appearance of naturally occurring thymocytotoxic antibodies (NTA). Under specific pathogen-free conditions, NZB nude mice survive less than 3 weeks, dying of a runting-like disease with infection by local normally noninvasive organisms. A contributing factor to his premature death is the relative absence of T cell progenitor populations in the NZB nude vs NZW nude or BALB/c nude groups. Furthermore, NZB nude mice have a significantly earlier appearance of NTA than nu/+ littermates and likewise appear to have heightened spontaneous polyclonal B cell responses against the haptens dansyl, nitroiodophenyl, trinitrophenyl,2,4 dinitrophenyl, and sulfonate. It is suggested that NZB mice have several critical immunologic defects, including abnormalities of thymic epithelial cells, T cell differentiation pathways, and chronically polyclonal activated B cell populations. These defects interact to produce the clinical expression of autoimmunity.", "contents": "Studies of congenitally immunologic mutant New Zealand mice. II. Absence of T cell progenitor populations and B cell defects of congenitally athymic (nude) New Zealand Black (NZB) mice. Congenitally athymic (nude) mice on an NZB, NZW, and BALB/c background were produced by repetitive selective backcrossing. F'12 generation nude mice of these three strains were compared to their littermate nu/+ controls with respect to survival, histology, blood counts, splenic surface markers, response to mitogens, spontaneous plaque-forming cells, and appearance of naturally occurring thymocytotoxic antibodies (NTA). Under specific pathogen-free conditions, NZB nude mice survive less than 3 weeks, dying of a runting-like disease with infection by local normally noninvasive organisms. A contributing factor to his premature death is the relative absence of T cell progenitor populations in the NZB nude vs NZW nude or BALB/c nude groups. Furthermore, NZB nude mice have a significantly earlier appearance of NTA than nu/+ littermates and likewise appear to have heightened spontaneous polyclonal B cell responses against the haptens dansyl, nitroiodophenyl, trinitrophenyl,2,4 dinitrophenyl, and sulfonate. It is suggested that NZB mice have several critical immunologic defects, including abnormalities of thymic epithelial cells, T cell differentiation pathways, and chronically polyclonal activated B cell populations. These defects interact to produce the clinical expression of autoimmunity.", "PMID": 312856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3706", "title": "Genetic and cellular requirements for primary antibody immune response to Thy-1 antigens in mice.", "content": "An effective anti-Thy-1 response requires at least three conditions to be simultaneously fulfilled--1) The responder has to share an H-2 haplotype, or at least K and D alleles, with the donor of the Thy-1 disparate thymocytes, 2) The responder has to differ from the donor by some non-H-2 cell-surface antigens, and 3) The responder has to possess functionally capable T cells. All these requirements are consistent with the hypothesis that Thy-1 antigens and the non-H-2 antigen(s), the latter serving as carrier, form a complex that is viewed as a variant of self and then recognized in the context of the H-2 molecules by the responder's T cells. An attractive feature of the proposed hypothesis is that it could be applicable to a variety of cell-surface and also exogenous antigens.", "contents": "Genetic and cellular requirements for primary antibody immune response to Thy-1 antigens in mice. An effective anti-Thy-1 response requires at least three conditions to be simultaneously fulfilled--1) The responder has to share an H-2 haplotype, or at least K and D alleles, with the donor of the Thy-1 disparate thymocytes, 2) The responder has to differ from the donor by some non-H-2 cell-surface antigens, and 3) The responder has to possess functionally capable T cells. All these requirements are consistent with the hypothesis that Thy-1 antigens and the non-H-2 antigen(s), the latter serving as carrier, form a complex that is viewed as a variant of self and then recognized in the context of the H-2 molecules by the responder's T cells. An attractive feature of the proposed hypothesis is that it could be applicable to a variety of cell-surface and also exogenous antigens.", "PMID": 312857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3707", "title": "PPD-induced immunoglobulin production in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. I. Necessary conditions for inducing the response.", "content": "The ability of PPD to induce Ig production in human PBL was investigated. PPD proved to be a good B cell activator for inducing polyclonal Ig production in PBL from healthy Japanese. Comparative studies of this response with PWM-induced Ig production showed that the cellular mechanisms involved in the two responses were different. First, PBL from an atypical individual with a deficient IgM production to PWM responded normally to PPD with IgM production as well as IgG production. Secondly, in IgG production, the effects of the two mitogens (PPDand PWM) were additive. An analysis of the cellular requirements in PPD-induced Ig production clearly demonstrated that T cells played a role in this response as well as in the PWM-induced response. However, the head-to-head comparative study on the titration curves of helper T cells in the two responses showed that PWM-induced helper activity was 2 to 5 times more effective than PPD-induced helper activity. Moreover, PPD-induced helper activity was shown to be more sensitive to ionizing radiation than was PWM-induced helper activity. Thus, this system of PPD-induced Ig production may provide a useful tool for understanding the human antibody production system as well as the PWM-induced response.", "contents": "PPD-induced immunoglobulin production in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. I. Necessary conditions for inducing the response. The ability of PPD to induce Ig production in human PBL was investigated. PPD proved to be a good B cell activator for inducing polyclonal Ig production in PBL from healthy Japanese. Comparative studies of this response with PWM-induced Ig production showed that the cellular mechanisms involved in the two responses were different. First, PBL from an atypical individual with a deficient IgM production to PWM responded normally to PPD with IgM production as well as IgG production. Secondly, in IgG production, the effects of the two mitogens (PPDand PWM) were additive. An analysis of the cellular requirements in PPD-induced Ig production clearly demonstrated that T cells played a role in this response as well as in the PWM-induced response. However, the head-to-head comparative study on the titration curves of helper T cells in the two responses showed that PWM-induced helper activity was 2 to 5 times more effective than PPD-induced helper activity. Moreover, PPD-induced helper activity was shown to be more sensitive to ionizing radiation than was PWM-induced helper activity. Thus, this system of PPD-induced Ig production may provide a useful tool for understanding the human antibody production system as well as the PWM-induced response.", "PMID": 312859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3708", "title": "Physicochemical characterization of lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF).", "content": "The LAF produced by the mouse macrophage cell line, P388D1, is a single polypeptide chain of m.w. 12,000 to 16,000 daltons. Native LAF was destroyed by Streptomyces griseus protease, but not by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain, although in the presence of 8 M urea, papain completely destroyed LAF activity. LAF did not bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose, suggesting that LAF does not contain significant amounts of mannosyl or glycosyl residues. Since LAF activity was not inactivated by a treatment of reduction and alkylation the active conformation of LAF does not appear to be dependent on disulfide linkages. LAF was not irreversibly denatured by 8 M urea or 0.1 to 0.5% SDS. On SDS-polyacrylamide gels, the m.w. of LAF was 12,000 daltons, as compared to a value of 16,000 daltons, as determined by gel filtration. The isoelectric point of LAF was 5.0 to 5.4 as determined on 7.5% acrylamide gels (pH 3 to 10). On the basis of these results it appears that the P388D1 cell line-derived LAF is a relatively stable molecule that shares several physicochemical properties with normal human and mouse macrophage-derived LAF.", "contents": "Physicochemical characterization of lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF). The LAF produced by the mouse macrophage cell line, P388D1, is a single polypeptide chain of m.w. 12,000 to 16,000 daltons. Native LAF was destroyed by Streptomyces griseus protease, but not by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain, although in the presence of 8 M urea, papain completely destroyed LAF activity. LAF did not bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose, suggesting that LAF does not contain significant amounts of mannosyl or glycosyl residues. Since LAF activity was not inactivated by a treatment of reduction and alkylation the active conformation of LAF does not appear to be dependent on disulfide linkages. LAF was not irreversibly denatured by 8 M urea or 0.1 to 0.5% SDS. On SDS-polyacrylamide gels, the m.w. of LAF was 12,000 daltons, as compared to a value of 16,000 daltons, as determined by gel filtration. The isoelectric point of LAF was 5.0 to 5.4 as determined on 7.5% acrylamide gels (pH 3 to 10). On the basis of these results it appears that the P388D1 cell line-derived LAF is a relatively stable molecule that shares several physicochemical properties with normal human and mouse macrophage-derived LAF.", "PMID": 312860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3709", "title": "Natural thymocytotoxic autoantibodies in autoimmune and normal mice.", "content": "Natural thymocytotoxic autoantibodies (NTA) were found in all mouse strains. Among those strains that show autoimmune syndromes resembling human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the NZB and NZBxNZW had high levels of NTA, the BXSB had moderate levels, and the MRL/1 and MRL/n had very low levels. In addition, some normal strains had high levels, sometimes even higher than the autoimmune strains. The NTA were mostly IgM and were present, but not concentrated, in the cryoprecipitates of teh autoimmune mouse strains. In most strains, they were directed toward an antigen shared by thymocytes and brain. The failure to find high levels of NTA in all autoimmune mouse strains, as well as the finding of very high levels in some normal strains, make it unlikely that such auto-antibodies are a fundametnal etiologic factor in all murine SLE.", "contents": "Natural thymocytotoxic autoantibodies in autoimmune and normal mice. Natural thymocytotoxic autoantibodies (NTA) were found in all mouse strains. Among those strains that show autoimmune syndromes resembling human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the NZB and NZBxNZW had high levels of NTA, the BXSB had moderate levels, and the MRL/1 and MRL/n had very low levels. In addition, some normal strains had high levels, sometimes even higher than the autoimmune strains. The NTA were mostly IgM and were present, but not concentrated, in the cryoprecipitates of teh autoimmune mouse strains. In most strains, they were directed toward an antigen shared by thymocytes and brain. The failure to find high levels of NTA in all autoimmune mouse strains, as well as the finding of very high levels in some normal strains, make it unlikely that such auto-antibodies are a fundametnal etiologic factor in all murine SLE.", "PMID": 312863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3710", "title": "Lyb-7, a new B cell alloantigen controlled by genes linked to the IgCH locus.", "content": "Anti-Lyb-5.1 serum contains antibodies against two different B cell surface antigenic determinants, Lyb-5.1 and Lyb-7.1, which are defined in cytotoxicity and functional tests, respectively. The antibody against Lyb-7.1 is identified by its ability to specifically inhibit in vitro primary antibody responses to TNP-Ficoll. Anti-Lyb-5.1 serum can be made monospecific for anti-Lyb-7.1 activity by absorption with spleen cells from AL/N mice which have been typed as Lyb-5.1+, Lyb-7.1-. Lyb-5.1 and Lyb-7.1 are each under control of one or one set of closely linked genes. The loci specifying Lyb-5.1 and Lby-7.1 are not linked to each other nor to M1s and H-2 loci. However, the gene controlling the expression of Lyb-7.1 is linked to the genes coding for the constant region of immunoglobulin heavy chains.", "contents": "Lyb-7, a new B cell alloantigen controlled by genes linked to the IgCH locus. Anti-Lyb-5.1 serum contains antibodies against two different B cell surface antigenic determinants, Lyb-5.1 and Lyb-7.1, which are defined in cytotoxicity and functional tests, respectively. The antibody against Lyb-7.1 is identified by its ability to specifically inhibit in vitro primary antibody responses to TNP-Ficoll. Anti-Lyb-5.1 serum can be made monospecific for anti-Lyb-7.1 activity by absorption with spleen cells from AL/N mice which have been typed as Lyb-5.1+, Lyb-7.1-. Lyb-5.1 and Lyb-7.1 are each under control of one or one set of closely linked genes. The loci specifying Lyb-5.1 and Lby-7.1 are not linked to each other nor to M1s and H-2 loci. However, the gene controlling the expression of Lyb-7.1 is linked to the genes coding for the constant region of immunoglobulin heavy chains.", "PMID": 312864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3711", "title": "Genetic and biochemical evidence for the involvement of a bacterial component in the mitogenic properties of polyribonucleotides on murine B lymphocytes.", "content": "The mitogenic response of C3H/HeJ mice to the B cell mitogens, poly C and poly I, is approximately one-half the response measured in various LPS-responder strains. C3H/HeJ mice respond normally to poly I:C, the heteroduplex polymer. The low responder phenotype of C3H/HeJ mice to poly C and poly I is shown by an analysis of (C3H/HeJ x C57BL/6J-By-Ps)F1 X C3H/HeJ backcross progeny to result from a gene locus that is closely linked or identical to the defective LPS response locus expressed by the C3H/HeJ strain. The entire mitogenic activity in poly C preparations and most of the mitogenic activity in poly I preparations is insensitive to ribonuclease degradation. Hot aqueous phenol extraction of the polynucleotides separates the majority of the mitogenic activity that is soluble in the combined interface and phenol phase fraction from the aqueous soluble polynucleotides. The ribonuclease-insensitive, phenolsoluble contaminant elicits a reduced response in C3H/HeJ mice as compared to an LPS responder  strain. We conclude that 1) poly C has no inherent mitogenic activity; 2) poly I preparations contain both ribonucleasesensitive and insensitive mitogenic activities; 3) the ribonuclease-resistant mitogenic activity in polynucleotide preparations has properties unlike those of LPS or lipid A; and 4) the product of LPS response gene has an effect upon the mitogenic stimulation of spleen cells by the contaminant.", "contents": "Genetic and biochemical evidence for the involvement of a bacterial component in the mitogenic properties of polyribonucleotides on murine B lymphocytes. The mitogenic response of C3H/HeJ mice to the B cell mitogens, poly C and poly I, is approximately one-half the response measured in various LPS-responder strains. C3H/HeJ mice respond normally to poly I:C, the heteroduplex polymer. The low responder phenotype of C3H/HeJ mice to poly C and poly I is shown by an analysis of (C3H/HeJ x C57BL/6J-By-Ps)F1 X C3H/HeJ backcross progeny to result from a gene locus that is closely linked or identical to the defective LPS response locus expressed by the C3H/HeJ strain. The entire mitogenic activity in poly C preparations and most of the mitogenic activity in poly I preparations is insensitive to ribonuclease degradation. Hot aqueous phenol extraction of the polynucleotides separates the majority of the mitogenic activity that is soluble in the combined interface and phenol phase fraction from the aqueous soluble polynucleotides. The ribonuclease-insensitive, phenolsoluble contaminant elicits a reduced response in C3H/HeJ mice as compared to an LPS responder  strain. We conclude that 1) poly C has no inherent mitogenic activity; 2) poly I preparations contain both ribonucleasesensitive and insensitive mitogenic activities; 3) the ribonuclease-resistant mitogenic activity in polynucleotide preparations has properties unlike those of LPS or lipid A; and 4) the product of LPS response gene has an effect upon the mitogenic stimulation of spleen cells by the contaminant.", "PMID": 312865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3712", "title": "Characteristics of in vitro production of antibodies to DNA in normal and autoimmune mice.", "content": "The in vitro production of antibodies to dsDNA was studied with spleen cells from normal and autoimmune mice. After culture for 4 days, the binding of dsDNA in the culture supernatant was measured by a radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The production of antibodies to dsDNA by spleen cells appeared at 15 hr after culture and reached a plateau at 24 hr. No antibodies were produced by thymus cells or splenic T cells. The specificity for dsDNA was shown by competitive inhibition with nonradioactive nucleic acids. Autoimmune strains of mice (NZB/NZW, BXSB, MRL/1) produced more antibodies to dsDNA than did several control strains. Young B/W mice and control strain mice produced mainly IgM antibodies, whereas older B/W mice produced predominantly IgG antibodies to dsDNA. The in vitro production of antibodies to dsDNA by aged B/W spleen cells was macrophage and T cell dependent.", "contents": "Characteristics of in vitro production of antibodies to DNA in normal and autoimmune mice. The in vitro production of antibodies to dsDNA was studied with spleen cells from normal and autoimmune mice. After culture for 4 days, the binding of dsDNA in the culture supernatant was measured by a radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The production of antibodies to dsDNA by spleen cells appeared at 15 hr after culture and reached a plateau at 24 hr. No antibodies were produced by thymus cells or splenic T cells. The specificity for dsDNA was shown by competitive inhibition with nonradioactive nucleic acids. Autoimmune strains of mice (NZB/NZW, BXSB, MRL/1) produced more antibodies to dsDNA than did several control strains. Young B/W mice and control strain mice produced mainly IgM antibodies, whereas older B/W mice produced predominantly IgG antibodies to dsDNA. The in vitro production of antibodies to dsDNA by aged B/W spleen cells was macrophage and T cell dependent.", "PMID": 312866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3713", "title": "In vitro studies on lymphocyte differentiation. II. Generation of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive cells in long-term cultures of mouse bone marrow.", "content": "The enzyme TdT is the earliest known marker of lymphocytic differentiation in rodents. Cells containing this enzyme were demonstrated in suspension cultures of mouse bone marrow cells that had been maintained in vitro for periods of 7 to 45 days. The cells were detected by immunofluorescence using purified antibodies to homogeneous TdT. Between 0.04 and 2.0% of cultured bone marrow cells from a variety of mouse strains were positive. More than 40% of the TdT-positive cells incorporated 3H-thymidine during a 20-min pulse. Surface Ig and Thy-1 antigens were not detected on the TdT-positive cells. The prevalence of TdT-positive cells was decreased 10-fold in cultures that had been treated with 10(-6) M hydrocortisone 24 hr before  harvesting. The results indicate that lymphoid progenitor cells can be generated in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro studies on lymphocyte differentiation. II. Generation of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive cells in long-term cultures of mouse bone marrow. The enzyme TdT is the earliest known marker of lymphocytic differentiation in rodents. Cells containing this enzyme were demonstrated in suspension cultures of mouse bone marrow cells that had been maintained in vitro for periods of 7 to 45 days. The cells were detected by immunofluorescence using purified antibodies to homogeneous TdT. Between 0.04 and 2.0% of cultured bone marrow cells from a variety of mouse strains were positive. More than 40% of the TdT-positive cells incorporated 3H-thymidine during a 20-min pulse. Surface Ig and Thy-1 antigens were not detected on the TdT-positive cells. The prevalence of TdT-positive cells was decreased 10-fold in cultures that had been treated with 10(-6) M hydrocortisone 24 hr before  harvesting. The results indicate that lymphoid progenitor cells can be generated in vitro.", "PMID": 312867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3714", "title": "Induction of secretion of IgM from cells of the B cell line 38c-13 by somatic cell hybridization.", "content": "Cells of the murine B cell line 38C-13 possess immunoglobulins of the IgM class on their surface but do not secrete them. Upon hybridization of 38C-13 cells with murine myeloma cells, hybridoma clones were obtained that secreted both pentameric IgM of 38C-13 origin and the myeloma protein. All hybridoma clones synthesized and secreted large amounts of homogeneous IgM with a half disappearance time of about 2 hr, typical of mature plasma cells. Concomitantly with the induction of IgM secretion, the hybridoma cells lost their surface IgM. The possibility of separate pathways for the synthesis of membrane and secreted IgM is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of secretion of IgM from cells of the B cell line 38c-13 by somatic cell hybridization. Cells of the murine B cell line 38C-13 possess immunoglobulins of the IgM class on their surface but do not secrete them. Upon hybridization of 38C-13 cells with murine myeloma cells, hybridoma clones were obtained that secreted both pentameric IgM of 38C-13 origin and the myeloma protein. All hybridoma clones synthesized and secreted large amounts of homogeneous IgM with a half disappearance time of about 2 hr, typical of mature plasma cells. Concomitantly with the induction of IgM secretion, the hybridoma cells lost their surface IgM. The possibility of separate pathways for the synthesis of membrane and secreted IgM is discussed.", "PMID": 312868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3715", "title": "Genetic control of immune response to sperm whale myoglobin in mice. II. T lymphocyte proliferative response to the synthetic antigenic sites.", "content": "The genetic control of T lymphocyte proliferative response to the five synthetic antigenic sites of myoglobin, two synthetic nonantigenic control peptides, and one \"nonsense\" peptide was determined in independent and recombinant strains of mice. In all the strains examined, the nonantigenic control peptides and the \"nonsense\" peptide did not invoke a response in myoglobin-primed mice. Further, when mice were not primed with whole myoglobin, no response was obtained with any of the antigenic sites. Haplotypes H-2d, H-2f, and H-2s are higher responders to sites 1 and 2, whereas haplotypes H-2d and H-2s are high responders to site 5. Response to site 3 may be controlled by a non-H-2-linked gene. Site 4 can stimulate H-2b and H-2k haplotypes that are nonresponders to the whole myoglobin. Studies with the recombinant strains suggested that Ir genes to sites 1 and 2 map in the I-A subregion and I-C subregion and were designated Ir-Mb-1,2(A) and Ir-Mb-1,2(C). Ir genes to sites 4 and 5 mapped only in the I-A subregion and were designated Ir-Mb-4(A) and Ir-Mb-5(A). These studies suggest that individual antigenic sites in a molecule are controlled by unique Ir genes.", "contents": "Genetic control of immune response to sperm whale myoglobin in mice. II. T lymphocyte proliferative response to the synthetic antigenic sites. The genetic control of T lymphocyte proliferative response to the five synthetic antigenic sites of myoglobin, two synthetic nonantigenic control peptides, and one \"nonsense\" peptide was determined in independent and recombinant strains of mice. In all the strains examined, the nonantigenic control peptides and the \"nonsense\" peptide did not invoke a response in myoglobin-primed mice. Further, when mice were not primed with whole myoglobin, no response was obtained with any of the antigenic sites. Haplotypes H-2d, H-2f, and H-2s are higher responders to sites 1 and 2, whereas haplotypes H-2d and H-2s are high responders to site 5. Response to site 3 may be controlled by a non-H-2-linked gene. Site 4 can stimulate H-2b and H-2k haplotypes that are nonresponders to the whole myoglobin. Studies with the recombinant strains suggested that Ir genes to sites 1 and 2 map in the I-A subregion and I-C subregion and were designated Ir-Mb-1,2(A) and Ir-Mb-1,2(C). Ir genes to sites 4 and 5 mapped only in the I-A subregion and were designated Ir-Mb-4(A) and Ir-Mb-5(A). These studies suggest that individual antigenic sites in a molecule are controlled by unique Ir genes.", "PMID": 312873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3716", "title": "The effect of nucleosides and deoxycoformycin on adenosine and deoxyadenosine inhibition of human lymphocyte activation.", "content": "Micromolar deoxyadenosine inhibits leucine uptake during the 1st day of proliferation in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes if adenosine deaminase is inhibited. This inhibition occurs before DNA synthesis begins, suggesting that deoxyadenosine can affect mitogenesis by mechanisms that do not involve ribonucleotide reductase inhibition. If deoxyadenosine addition to mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes is delayed to the 2nd or 3rd day post-stimulation, inhibition of proliferation is markedly reduced. Although the time dependence of deoxyadenosine toxicity resembles that of adenosine, these compounds appear to inhibit early protein synthesis by different mechanisms: 1) deoxycoformycin markedly potentiates deoxyadenosine but not adenosine; 2) deoxycytidine and thymidine reverse deoxyadenosine toxicity but do not alter adenosine toxicity.", "contents": "The effect of nucleosides and deoxycoformycin on adenosine and deoxyadenosine inhibition of human lymphocyte activation. Micromolar deoxyadenosine inhibits leucine uptake during the 1st day of proliferation in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes if adenosine deaminase is inhibited. This inhibition occurs before DNA synthesis begins, suggesting that deoxyadenosine can affect mitogenesis by mechanisms that do not involve ribonucleotide reductase inhibition. If deoxyadenosine addition to mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes is delayed to the 2nd or 3rd day post-stimulation, inhibition of proliferation is markedly reduced. Although the time dependence of deoxyadenosine toxicity resembles that of adenosine, these compounds appear to inhibit early protein synthesis by different mechanisms: 1) deoxycoformycin markedly potentiates deoxyadenosine but not adenosine; 2) deoxycytidine and thymidine reverse deoxyadenosine toxicity but do not alter adenosine toxicity.", "PMID": 312874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3717", "title": "Release of immature cells from the thymus during solid tumor growth: identification by assay of TdT activity.", "content": "In vivo anti-tumor activity of spleen cells from C3H/eb mice bearing a syngeneic fibrosarcoma was shown previously to decline to an undetectable level and be replaced by tumor-enhancing activity as tumor growth proceeds. In the light of our findings that thymocytes in the early stages of thymic processing can bring about tumor enhancement, we postulated that premature release of thymocytes and their accumulation in the spleen might account for the loss of the anti-tumor response. In the present experiments an injection of thymocytes did in fact cancel the anti-tumor response of reactive splenocytes from tumor-bearing mice. In order to determine whether premature thymocyte release occurs naturally in the tumor-bearing animals, we assayed activity of the enzyme TdT (as a marker for thymus cells) in the spleens of these mice during progressive tumor growth. Cells with TdT activity were clearly evident in the spleens of the tumor-bearing animals, were derived from the thymus, and accumulated in parallel to the loss of anti-tumour reactivity.", "contents": "Release of immature cells from the thymus during solid tumor growth: identification by assay of TdT activity. In vivo anti-tumor activity of spleen cells from C3H/eb mice bearing a syngeneic fibrosarcoma was shown previously to decline to an undetectable level and be replaced by tumor-enhancing activity as tumor growth proceeds. In the light of our findings that thymocytes in the early stages of thymic processing can bring about tumor enhancement, we postulated that premature release of thymocytes and their accumulation in the spleen might account for the loss of the anti-tumor response. In the present experiments an injection of thymocytes did in fact cancel the anti-tumor response of reactive splenocytes from tumor-bearing mice. In order to determine whether premature thymocyte release occurs naturally in the tumor-bearing animals, we assayed activity of the enzyme TdT (as a marker for thymus cells) in the spleens of these mice during progressive tumor growth. Cells with TdT activity were clearly evident in the spleens of the tumor-bearing animals, were derived from the thymus, and accumulated in parallel to the loss of anti-tumour reactivity.", "PMID": 312875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3718", "title": "Lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors for IgE. II. Induction of Fcepsilon-receptor bearing rat lymphocytes by IgE.", "content": "The proportion of lymphocytes bearing receptors for IgE (FcepsilonR) markedly increased after infection of rats with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb). The FcepsilonR-bearing lymphocytes from the infected animals bound more IgE-coated erythrocytes in rosette assay than FcepsilonR-bearing cells from normal rats, suggesting that the number of FcepsilonR per cell may also increase following the infection. In contrast, the number of IgE-receptors on peritoneal mast cells did not change after Nb infection. The increase in the proportion of FcepsilonR-bearing lymphocytes in Nb-infected rats is probably due to an increased concentration of IgE in the environment. The proportion of FcepsilonR-bearing cells in normal rat lymphocyte suspensions increased by culture of the cells with rat IgE of 1 microgram/ml or higher concentration. Other immunoglobulins such as rat IgG, human IgE, or rabbit IgG failed to induce either FcepsilonR-bearing cells or FcgammaR-bearing cells. It was also found that induction of Fc receptors by rat IgE is confined to FcepsilonR. Kinetic studies on the induction of FcepsilonR-bearing lymphocytes in vitro showed that the proportion of these cells in lymphocyte suspensions increased within 8 hr incubation with rat IgE but not within 4 hr. Evidence was obtained that both RNA synthesis and protein synthesis, but no DNA synthesis, are required for the induction of FcepsilonR-bearing cells or the expression of the receptors on the cell surface.", "contents": "Lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors for IgE. II. Induction of Fcepsilon-receptor bearing rat lymphocytes by IgE. The proportion of lymphocytes bearing receptors for IgE (FcepsilonR) markedly increased after infection of rats with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb). The FcepsilonR-bearing lymphocytes from the infected animals bound more IgE-coated erythrocytes in rosette assay than FcepsilonR-bearing cells from normal rats, suggesting that the number of FcepsilonR per cell may also increase following the infection. In contrast, the number of IgE-receptors on peritoneal mast cells did not change after Nb infection. The increase in the proportion of FcepsilonR-bearing lymphocytes in Nb-infected rats is probably due to an increased concentration of IgE in the environment. The proportion of FcepsilonR-bearing cells in normal rat lymphocyte suspensions increased by culture of the cells with rat IgE of 1 microgram/ml or higher concentration. Other immunoglobulins such as rat IgG, human IgE, or rabbit IgG failed to induce either FcepsilonR-bearing cells or FcgammaR-bearing cells. It was also found that induction of Fc receptors by rat IgE is confined to FcepsilonR. Kinetic studies on the induction of FcepsilonR-bearing lymphocytes in vitro showed that the proportion of these cells in lymphocyte suspensions increased within 8 hr incubation with rat IgE but not within 4 hr. Evidence was obtained that both RNA synthesis and protein synthesis, but no DNA synthesis, are required for the induction of FcepsilonR-bearing cells or the expression of the receptors on the cell surface.", "PMID": 312882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3719", "title": "The induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes with syngeneic trinitrophenyl-coupled membranes.", "content": "Evidence is presented that trinitrophenyl-coupled tumor membranes are able to induce cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) when co-cultured with syngeneic spleen cells. These haptenated membranes stimulate spleen cells from naive and immune mice. The specificity of these CTL is determined by the H-2 antigens of the membranes used for stimulation.", "contents": "The induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes with syngeneic trinitrophenyl-coupled membranes. Evidence is presented that trinitrophenyl-coupled tumor membranes are able to induce cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) when co-cultured with syngeneic spleen cells. These haptenated membranes stimulate spleen cells from naive and immune mice. The specificity of these CTL is determined by the H-2 antigens of the membranes used for stimulation.", "PMID": 312884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3720", "title": "Aging increases expression of LPS-induced autoantibody-secreting B cells.", "content": "Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a polyclonal B cell activator, has been employed to achieve in vitro stimulation of autoantibody-secreting B cells in young adult and aged mice of long-lived strains as assayed in a hemolytic plaque technique to syngeneic mouse erythrocytes. Aged 21- to 24-month-old C57BL/6J and (C57BL/10Sn x C3H/HeDiSn)F1 mice were found to express 3 to 4 times as many LPS-induced plaque-forming cells (PFC) to autologous erythrocytes than did younger 6-month-old animals. With the use of cyclophosphamide (CY), a significant enhancement of auto-PFC production in young mice occurred, approaching levels found in non-CY-treated old mice. Thus, autoreactive clones of lymphocytes exist in the spleens of young adult mice, but under normal circumstances produce little autoantibody. The situation in aged members of these strains, therefore, does not seem to involve an actual increase in numbers of autoreactive B cells, but may possibly involve some form of deregulation, permitting increased age-related expression of autoreactive lymphocyte clones.", "contents": "Aging increases expression of LPS-induced autoantibody-secreting B cells. Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a polyclonal B cell activator, has been employed to achieve in vitro stimulation of autoantibody-secreting B cells in young adult and aged mice of long-lived strains as assayed in a hemolytic plaque technique to syngeneic mouse erythrocytes. Aged 21- to 24-month-old C57BL/6J and (C57BL/10Sn x C3H/HeDiSn)F1 mice were found to express 3 to 4 times as many LPS-induced plaque-forming cells (PFC) to autologous erythrocytes than did younger 6-month-old animals. With the use of cyclophosphamide (CY), a significant enhancement of auto-PFC production in young mice occurred, approaching levels found in non-CY-treated old mice. Thus, autoreactive clones of lymphocytes exist in the spleens of young adult mice, but under normal circumstances produce little autoantibody. The situation in aged members of these strains, therefore, does not seem to involve an actual increase in numbers of autoreactive B cells, but may possibly involve some form of deregulation, permitting increased age-related expression of autoreactive lymphocyte clones.", "PMID": 312885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3721", "title": "Radioimmune double PEG precipitation technique for detecting complexed IgE.", "content": "The presence of IgE in immune complex-enriched fractions prepared by 3% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation was studied. The dissolved PEG-insoluble fraction was incubated with [125I]anti-IgE antibodies an then precipitated again with 3% PEG. Radioactivity in the washed pellets was taken as indicating IgE present in immune complex form. A calibration curve was constructed using artificially prepared IgE-anti-IgE complexes. The method developed may be useful to detect other components present in immune complex fractions.", "contents": "Radioimmune double PEG precipitation technique for detecting complexed IgE. The presence of IgE in immune complex-enriched fractions prepared by 3% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation was studied. The dissolved PEG-insoluble fraction was incubated with [125I]anti-IgE antibodies an then precipitated again with 3% PEG. Radioactivity in the washed pellets was taken as indicating IgE present in immune complex form. A calibration curve was constructed using artificially prepared IgE-anti-IgE complexes. The method developed may be useful to detect other components present in immune complex fractions.", "PMID": 312886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3722", "title": "Separation of rat T and B lymphocytes by density gradient electrophoresis.", "content": "Density gradient electrophoresis has been employed for the preparative separation of T and B lymphocytes from rat spleen and peripheral blood. The high mobility cells were found to be predominantly T lymphocytes, as determined by their response to phytohemagglutinin and the relative absence of immunoglobulin-positive cells. The low mobility cells were predominantly B cells, as determined by the high percentage of immunoglobulin-positive cells and the total lack of response to PHA, an exclusive T cell mitogen. A better separation of peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes was achieved than with spleen T and B cells.", "contents": "Separation of rat T and B lymphocytes by density gradient electrophoresis. Density gradient electrophoresis has been employed for the preparative separation of T and B lymphocytes from rat spleen and peripheral blood. The high mobility cells were found to be predominantly T lymphocytes, as determined by their response to phytohemagglutinin and the relative absence of immunoglobulin-positive cells. The low mobility cells were predominantly B cells, as determined by the high percentage of immunoglobulin-positive cells and the total lack of response to PHA, an exclusive T cell mitogen. A better separation of peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes was achieved than with spleen T and B cells.", "PMID": 312887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3723", "title": "Normal T-lymphocyte function in psoriatic patients undergoing methoxsalen photochemotherapy.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from psoriatic patients undergoing photochemotherapy using oral 8-methoxypsoralen and high-intensity long-wave ultraviolet radiation, were isolated and their ability to respond to phytohemagglutinin and to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells was measured in vitro. Seventeen patients were investigated who had received 200 to 3700 Joules/cm2 of ultraviolet radiation over a 6- to 33-month period. No significant defects in lymphocyte blastogenesis or E-rosette formation were detected in these patients.", "contents": "Normal T-lymphocyte function in psoriatic patients undergoing methoxsalen photochemotherapy. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from psoriatic patients undergoing photochemotherapy using oral 8-methoxypsoralen and high-intensity long-wave ultraviolet radiation, were isolated and their ability to respond to phytohemagglutinin and to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells was measured in vitro. Seventeen patients were investigated who had received 200 to 3700 Joules/cm2 of ultraviolet radiation over a 6- to 33-month period. No significant defects in lymphocyte blastogenesis or E-rosette formation were detected in these patients.", "PMID": 312888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3724", "title": "The thymus: clock for immunologic aging?", "content": "A brief overview of the effects of age on T cell function is presented. Normal immune functions can begin to decline shortly after an individual reaches sexual maturity. Foremost among the cellular changes are those in the stem cells as reflected in their growth properties and the availability of precursor T cells, and in the T cells, in which a shift in subpopulations may be occurring. Present evidence indicates that thymic involution precedes, and therefore may be responsible for, the age-dependent decline in the ability of the immune system to generate functional T cells. It now appears that the primary effect of thymic involution is on a T cell differentiation pathway; the more mature T cells are affected first, the less mature T cells only later. Thus, the thymus may be the aging clock for the immune system. Current studies are centered on processes regulating growth and atrophy of the thymus, and methods for restoring the impaired immune function of elderly individuals.", "contents": "The thymus: clock for immunologic aging? A brief overview of the effects of age on T cell function is presented. Normal immune functions can begin to decline shortly after an individual reaches sexual maturity. Foremost among the cellular changes are those in the stem cells as reflected in their growth properties and the availability of precursor T cells, and in the T cells, in which a shift in subpopulations may be occurring. Present evidence indicates that thymic involution precedes, and therefore may be responsible for, the age-dependent decline in the ability of the immune system to generate functional T cells. It now appears that the primary effect of thymic involution is on a T cell differentiation pathway; the more mature T cells are affected first, the less mature T cells only later. Thus, the thymus may be the aging clock for the immune system. Current studies are centered on processes regulating growth and atrophy of the thymus, and methods for restoring the impaired immune function of elderly individuals.", "PMID": 312889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3725", "title": "Penetration of cephapirin and cephalothin into the right atrial appendage and pericardial fluid of patients undergoing open-heart surgery.", "content": "To prevent infection in 27 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass or cardiac valve replacement surgery, each patient received a single 2-g dose of either cephalothin or cephapirin intravenously before the operation (prior to opening of the chest cavity). Samples of the right atrial appendage, pericardial fluid, and serum were obtained at various intervals after injection of the antibiotic and were assayed for cephalosporin concentrations. Cephapirin consistently reached higher levels than cephalothin in the right atrial appendage and pericardial fluid; both cephalosporins, however, reach concentrations in these sites well above their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for penicillin-resistant staphylococci. Of particular interest was the brevity of the period (about 100 min) during which levels of both antibiotics were maintained above the MIC in the right atrial appendage. This finding emphasizes the need for administration of these antibiotics shortly before surgery.", "contents": "Penetration of cephapirin and cephalothin into the right atrial appendage and pericardial fluid of patients undergoing open-heart surgery. To prevent infection in 27 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass or cardiac valve replacement surgery, each patient received a single 2-g dose of either cephalothin or cephapirin intravenously before the operation (prior to opening of the chest cavity). Samples of the right atrial appendage, pericardial fluid, and serum were obtained at various intervals after injection of the antibiotic and were assayed for cephalosporin concentrations. Cephapirin consistently reached higher levels than cephalothin in the right atrial appendage and pericardial fluid; both cephalosporins, however, reach concentrations in these sites well above their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for penicillin-resistant staphylococci. Of particular interest was the brevity of the period (about 100 min) during which levels of both antibiotics were maintained above the MIC in the right atrial appendage. This finding emphasizes the need for administration of these antibiotics shortly before surgery.", "PMID": 312890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3726", "title": "Cyclophosphamide eliminates suppressor T cells in age-associated central regulation of delayed hypersensitivity in mice.", "content": "Effect of treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide (CY) on the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response was investigated in C57BL/6 mice. DH to methylated human serum albumin (MHSA) could be enhanced with CY in young mice but not in aged ones. DH enhancement with CY appeared to be due to elimination of suppressor T cells involved in DH. Effector T cells were also sensitive to CY, the damaging effect of CY on these latter cells was, however, transient suggesting the rapid recovery of effector T cells. The overshooting recovery of the effector T cells required the presence of the thymus. It is more probably that there are at least two distinct subpopulations of T cells in DH, effector T cells, and suppressor T cells. The distinction is already apparent in the thymus stage. The suppressor T cells, categorized as a central regulator, seem to be antigen nonspecific and regulate the more effectively the DH in young mice, thus physiological role of these cells in age-associated immune alterations is implicated.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide eliminates suppressor T cells in age-associated central regulation of delayed hypersensitivity in mice. Effect of treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide (CY) on the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response was investigated in C57BL/6 mice. DH to methylated human serum albumin (MHSA) could be enhanced with CY in young mice but not in aged ones. DH enhancement with CY appeared to be due to elimination of suppressor T cells involved in DH. Effector T cells were also sensitive to CY, the damaging effect of CY on these latter cells was, however, transient suggesting the rapid recovery of effector T cells. The overshooting recovery of the effector T cells required the presence of the thymus. It is more probably that there are at least two distinct subpopulations of T cells in DH, effector T cells, and suppressor T cells. The distinction is already apparent in the thymus stage. The suppressor T cells, categorized as a central regulator, seem to be antigen nonspecific and regulate the more effectively the DH in young mice, thus physiological role of these cells in age-associated immune alterations is implicated.", "PMID": 312893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3727", "title": "Mechanisms of regulation of cell-mediated immunity. III. The characterization of azobenzenearsonate-specific suppressor T-cell-derived-suppressor factors.", "content": "Delayed type hypersensitivity to the hapten azobenzenearsonate (ABA) can be induced and suppressed by the administration of hapten-coupled syngeneic spleen cells by the appropriate route. Suppressor T cells stimulated by the intravenous administration of ABA-coupled spleen cells have been shown to produce a discrete subcellular factor(s) which is capable of suppressing delayed type hypersensitivity to azobenzenearsonate in the mouse. Such suppressor factors may be produced by the mechanical disruption of suppressor cells or by placing such suppressor cells in culture for 24 h. The suppressor factor(s) (SF) derived from ABA-specific suppressor cells exhibit biological specificity for the suppression of ABA delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), but not trinitro-phenyl DTH, as well as the capacity to bind to ABA immunoadsorbents. Passage of suppressor factor(s) over reverse immunoadsorbents utilizing a rabbit anti-mouse F(ab')2 antiserum demonstrated that the antigen-specific T-cell derived SF does not bear conventional immunoglobulin markers. The suppressor factor(s) are not immunoglobulin molecules was further demonstrated by the inability of anti-ABA antibodies to suppress ABA DTH. Gel filtration of ABA suppressor factor(s) showed that the majority of the suppressive activity was present in a fraction with molecular weight ranging between 6.8 x 10(4) and 3.3 x 10(4) daltons. We also analyzed for the presence of determinants encoded by the H-2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and found that immunoadsorbents prepared utilizing antisera capable of interacting with gene products of the whole or selected gene regions of H-2 MHC, i.e., B10.D2 anti-B10.A and B10 anti-B10.A immunoadsorbents, retained the suppressive activity of ABA-SF. Elution of such columns with glycine HCl buffers (pH 2.8) permitted recovery of specific suppressive activity. Taken collectively such data supports the notion that suppressor T-cell-derived ABA suppressor factors have antigen-binding specificity as well as determinants controlled by the K end of the H-2 MHC. The distribution of strains capable of making SF has also been analyzed. The relationship of the antigen-binding specificity to VH gene products is discussed in this and the companion paper.", "contents": "Mechanisms of regulation of cell-mediated immunity. III. The characterization of azobenzenearsonate-specific suppressor T-cell-derived-suppressor factors. Delayed type hypersensitivity to the hapten azobenzenearsonate (ABA) can be induced and suppressed by the administration of hapten-coupled syngeneic spleen cells by the appropriate route. Suppressor T cells stimulated by the intravenous administration of ABA-coupled spleen cells have been shown to produce a discrete subcellular factor(s) which is capable of suppressing delayed type hypersensitivity to azobenzenearsonate in the mouse. Such suppressor factors may be produced by the mechanical disruption of suppressor cells or by placing such suppressor cells in culture for 24 h. The suppressor factor(s) (SF) derived from ABA-specific suppressor cells exhibit biological specificity for the suppression of ABA delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), but not trinitro-phenyl DTH, as well as the capacity to bind to ABA immunoadsorbents. Passage of suppressor factor(s) over reverse immunoadsorbents utilizing a rabbit anti-mouse F(ab')2 antiserum demonstrated that the antigen-specific T-cell derived SF does not bear conventional immunoglobulin markers. The suppressor factor(s) are not immunoglobulin molecules was further demonstrated by the inability of anti-ABA antibodies to suppress ABA DTH. Gel filtration of ABA suppressor factor(s) showed that the majority of the suppressive activity was present in a fraction with molecular weight ranging between 6.8 x 10(4) and 3.3 x 10(4) daltons. We also analyzed for the presence of determinants encoded by the H-2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and found that immunoadsorbents prepared utilizing antisera capable of interacting with gene products of the whole or selected gene regions of H-2 MHC, i.e., B10.D2 anti-B10.A and B10 anti-B10.A immunoadsorbents, retained the suppressive activity of ABA-SF. Elution of such columns with glycine HCl buffers (pH 2.8) permitted recovery of specific suppressive activity. Taken collectively such data supports the notion that suppressor T-cell-derived ABA suppressor factors have antigen-binding specificity as well as determinants controlled by the K end of the H-2 MHC. The distribution of strains capable of making SF has also been analyzed. The relationship of the antigen-binding specificity to VH gene products is discussed in this and the companion paper.", "PMID": 312894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3728", "title": "Localization of H-2 antigens on mouse trophoblast cells.", "content": "The presence of H-2 antigens of the paternal and maternal haplotypes on mouse trophoblast cells was examined at several stages of pregnancy by using a sensitive immunolabeling technique followed by quantitative radioautography. Results revealed the presence of H-2 antigens (determined by the K or D loci) of both parental haplotypes on the F1 trophoblast cells. At 14-16 d of gestation, the antigen density was equivalent to that on adult thymocytes and there was a further 50% increase on day 18. H-2 antigens of both parental haplotypes are also found to be expressed on 11-13 d trophoblast cells.", "contents": "Localization of H-2 antigens on mouse trophoblast cells. The presence of H-2 antigens of the paternal and maternal haplotypes on mouse trophoblast cells was examined at several stages of pregnancy by using a sensitive immunolabeling technique followed by quantitative radioautography. Results revealed the presence of H-2 antigens (determined by the K or D loci) of both parental haplotypes on the F1 trophoblast cells. At 14-16 d of gestation, the antigen density was equivalent to that on adult thymocytes and there was a further 50% increase on day 18. H-2 antigens of both parental haplotypes are also found to be expressed on 11-13 d trophoblast cells.", "PMID": 312895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3729", "title": "Endothelial injury in scleroderma.", "content": "Functional and structural vascular lesions have been observed in the organs involved in scleroderma. The etiology of these vascular changes is poorly understood. The ability to isolate, characterize, and maintain endothelial cells in vitro provides a target cell population to study endothelial damage in scleroderma. The present report describes the effect of scleroderma serum on endothelial, smooth muscle, and fibroblast cell types. Sera from patients with scleroderma (31/52) and Raynaud's syndrome (11/19) contain cytotoxic activity, specific for endothelial cells, which is nondialyzable, heat-stable, and elutes with albumin on gel-filtration chromatography.", "contents": "Endothelial injury in scleroderma. Functional and structural vascular lesions have been observed in the organs involved in scleroderma. The etiology of these vascular changes is poorly understood. The ability to isolate, characterize, and maintain endothelial cells in vitro provides a target cell population to study endothelial damage in scleroderma. The present report describes the effect of scleroderma serum on endothelial, smooth muscle, and fibroblast cell types. Sera from patients with scleroderma (31/52) and Raynaud's syndrome (11/19) contain cytotoxic activity, specific for endothelial cells, which is nondialyzable, heat-stable, and elutes with albumin on gel-filtration chromatography.", "PMID": 312896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3730", "title": "Rosette formation between murine lymphocytes and erythrocytes. A new locus in the H-2 region.", "content": "More than 5% of murine splenic lymphocytes form rosettes with syngeneic erythrocytes. This property was maximally expressed when the lymphocytes were cultured for 24 h before rosetting. About 70% of the rosetting lymphocytes were B cells and 30% were T cells on the basis of surface immunoglobulin and the Thy-1-antigen. Capping surface immunoglobulin had no effect on the capacity of lymphocytes to form rosettes, indicating that the receptor in question was not immunoglobulin. The capacity of lymphocytes to form rosettes with erythrocytes from other strains of mice was H-2 restricted. Extensive pairings of congenic and recombinant strains as donors of lymphocytes and erythrocytes showed that none of the known loci within the H-2 region-controlled rosetting. The involvement of regions on chromosome 17, telomeric or centromeric to H-2, was also excluded. The data were only compatible with the conclusion that this form of self-recognition is associated with a new locus (or loci) mapping between H-2G and H-2D.", "contents": "Rosette formation between murine lymphocytes and erythrocytes. A new locus in the H-2 region. More than 5% of murine splenic lymphocytes form rosettes with syngeneic erythrocytes. This property was maximally expressed when the lymphocytes were cultured for 24 h before rosetting. About 70% of the rosetting lymphocytes were B cells and 30% were T cells on the basis of surface immunoglobulin and the Thy-1-antigen. Capping surface immunoglobulin had no effect on the capacity of lymphocytes to form rosettes, indicating that the receptor in question was not immunoglobulin. The capacity of lymphocytes to form rosettes with erythrocytes from other strains of mice was H-2 restricted. Extensive pairings of congenic and recombinant strains as donors of lymphocytes and erythrocytes showed that none of the known loci within the H-2 region-controlled rosetting. The involvement of regions on chromosome 17, telomeric or centromeric to H-2, was also excluded. The data were only compatible with the conclusion that this form of self-recognition is associated with a new locus (or loci) mapping between H-2G and H-2D.", "PMID": 312897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3731", "title": "Adaptive differentiation of murine lymphocytes. II. The thymic microenvironment does not restrict the cooperative partner cell preference of helper T cells differentiating in F1 leads to F1 thymic chimeras.", "content": "The cooperating preference of helper T cells originating from F1 bone marrow, but differentiating in adult thymectomized, lethally irradiated F1 recipients reconstituted with either f1 or homozygous parental thymus grafts was investigated. Cooperating preference was assayed by determining the levels of helper activity provided by antigen-primed T cells derived from such thymic chimeras for hapten-primed B lymphocytes obtained from conventional F1 or parental donors in adoptive secondary antibody responses in vivo. The results of these analyses revealed a tendency of helper T cells derived from parental thymic chimeras to provide better help for B cells of the same parental type corresponding to the origin of the thymus graft than for the opposite parent. Such preference was, however, only marginal and rarely were differences in levels of helper activity provided to the respective parental types statistically significant. Moreover, this marginal preference, when observed, pertained only to responses of the IgG class; no concordant preference in providing helper activity for IgE antibody responses was observed even with the same populations of thymic chimera helper T cells. Finally, in no instance was there any evidence of restriction in the classical sense of presence versus absence of help as we have routinely observed in all of our previous studies concerning genetic restrictions of T-B-cell cooperative interactions. Although the basis for differences in the studies reported here when compared to observations made in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte systems is unclear, and could reflect genuine mechanistic requirements concerning what directs H-2 restrictions in helper T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively, it is also possible that we are placing too much faith in our interpretations of data obtained in bone marrow chimera systems than is perhaps justified by the potentially great fragility of such systems.", "contents": "Adaptive differentiation of murine lymphocytes. II. The thymic microenvironment does not restrict the cooperative partner cell preference of helper T cells differentiating in F1 leads to F1 thymic chimeras. The cooperating preference of helper T cells originating from F1 bone marrow, but differentiating in adult thymectomized, lethally irradiated F1 recipients reconstituted with either f1 or homozygous parental thymus grafts was investigated. Cooperating preference was assayed by determining the levels of helper activity provided by antigen-primed T cells derived from such thymic chimeras for hapten-primed B lymphocytes obtained from conventional F1 or parental donors in adoptive secondary antibody responses in vivo. The results of these analyses revealed a tendency of helper T cells derived from parental thymic chimeras to provide better help for B cells of the same parental type corresponding to the origin of the thymus graft than for the opposite parent. Such preference was, however, only marginal and rarely were differences in levels of helper activity provided to the respective parental types statistically significant. Moreover, this marginal preference, when observed, pertained only to responses of the IgG class; no concordant preference in providing helper activity for IgE antibody responses was observed even with the same populations of thymic chimera helper T cells. Finally, in no instance was there any evidence of restriction in the classical sense of presence versus absence of help as we have routinely observed in all of our previous studies concerning genetic restrictions of T-B-cell cooperative interactions. Although the basis for differences in the studies reported here when compared to observations made in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte systems is unclear, and could reflect genuine mechanistic requirements concerning what directs H-2 restrictions in helper T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively, it is also possible that we are placing too much faith in our interpretations of data obtained in bone marrow chimera systems than is perhaps justified by the potentially great fragility of such systems.", "PMID": 312898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3732", "title": "Isolation and immunological characterization of a major surface glycoprotein (gp54) preferentially expressed on certain human B cells.", "content": "A major membrane glycoprotein with mol wt of approximately 54,000 has been isolated from membrane preparations of B-type lymphoid cell lines. Antiserum prepared against the isolated material specifically precipitated this glycoprotein from membranes labeled by surface radioiodination or by metabolic labeling. This antiserum was shown by complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay, membrane immunofluorescent staining, and by quantitative absorption analysis to react preferentially with certain B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, with a minor population of peripheral blood B lymphocytes, and a major population of tonsillar B lymphocytes. Certain B-cell leukemias also expressed the antigen, whereas others did not. Considerable variability was observed among positive B cells in the intensity of fluorescent staining even among the leukemic cells from a single individual. Although T cells, including T cells, were negative by direct immunofluorescent and cytotoxicity assay, evidence for low levels of the antigen on the cells of T cell lines was obtained. The whole specific antiserum and its F(ab')2 fragments stimulated B lymphocytes to proliferate. This proliferation did not produce differentiation to plasma cells and was T-cell independent. The monovalent Fab fragments had no effect. None of these preparations timulated T cells. The possibility that this antigen, termed gp54, may play some role in B-cell activation is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and immunological characterization of a major surface glycoprotein (gp54) preferentially expressed on certain human B cells. A major membrane glycoprotein with mol wt of approximately 54,000 has been isolated from membrane preparations of B-type lymphoid cell lines. Antiserum prepared against the isolated material specifically precipitated this glycoprotein from membranes labeled by surface radioiodination or by metabolic labeling. This antiserum was shown by complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay, membrane immunofluorescent staining, and by quantitative absorption analysis to react preferentially with certain B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, with a minor population of peripheral blood B lymphocytes, and a major population of tonsillar B lymphocytes. Certain B-cell leukemias also expressed the antigen, whereas others did not. Considerable variability was observed among positive B cells in the intensity of fluorescent staining even among the leukemic cells from a single individual. Although T cells, including T cells, were negative by direct immunofluorescent and cytotoxicity assay, evidence for low levels of the antigen on the cells of T cell lines was obtained. The whole specific antiserum and its F(ab')2 fragments stimulated B lymphocytes to proliferate. This proliferation did not produce differentiation to plasma cells and was T-cell independent. The monovalent Fab fragments had no effect. None of these preparations timulated T cells. The possibility that this antigen, termed gp54, may play some role in B-cell activation is discussed.", "PMID": 312899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3733", "title": "Age-dependent production of IgA and IgM autoantibodies against IgG2a in a colony of 129/Sv mice.", "content": "Although much of the basic immunological work has been done with mice, little is known about anti-IgG autoantibodies in this species. Dresser (1, 2) has reported the occurrence, in CBA mice, of anti-IgG antibody (Ab)(1) detected by a hemolytic-plaque assay after stimulation with endotoxin or immunization against sheep erythrocytes. IgM rheumatoid factor has also been described in various strains of mice with a systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease (3). Recently, we have tried to induce anti-IgG in mice of the 129/Sv strain by inoculating autologous IgG. To our surprise, we found that the sera of all the animals had, before any inoculation, anti-IgG detectable by agglutination of particles coated with autologous IgG. The possibilities to investigate the mechanism of production and the biological role of this kind of Ab prompted us to undertake a study of the nature and specificity of the mouse anti-IgG.", "contents": "Age-dependent production of IgA and IgM autoantibodies against IgG2a in a colony of 129/Sv mice. Although much of the basic immunological work has been done with mice, little is known about anti-IgG autoantibodies in this species. Dresser (1, 2) has reported the occurrence, in CBA mice, of anti-IgG antibody (Ab)(1) detected by a hemolytic-plaque assay after stimulation with endotoxin or immunization against sheep erythrocytes. IgM rheumatoid factor has also been described in various strains of mice with a systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease (3). Recently, we have tried to induce anti-IgG in mice of the 129/Sv strain by inoculating autologous IgG. To our surprise, we found that the sera of all the animals had, before any inoculation, anti-IgG detectable by agglutination of particles coated with autologous IgG. The possibilities to investigate the mechanism of production and the biological role of this kind of Ab prompted us to undertake a study of the nature and specificity of the mouse anti-IgG.", "PMID": 312900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3734", "title": "Specificity and function of a human autologous reactive T cell.", "content": "Normal human peripheral blood contains a population of T cells (autologous reactive cells [ARC]) capable of proliferating in response to signals from autologous B cells and monocytes. Selective suicide of proliferating ARC with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and light demonstrated that this ARC was responsive to signals coded for by genes more closely linked to the HLA-DR, than to the HLA-A, or HLA-B, loci. Density-gradient fractionation of T cells indicated that populations enriched in ARC reactivity were also enriched for helper influences required for Ig synthesis by autologous B cells. In contrast, populations negatively selected for proliferating ARC were deficient in helper activity. These studies indicate that the ARC is responsive, at least in part, to products of genes closely linked to the HLA-DR locus and can function as a helper cell.", "contents": "Specificity and function of a human autologous reactive T cell. Normal human peripheral blood contains a population of T cells (autologous reactive cells [ARC]) capable of proliferating in response to signals from autologous B cells and monocytes. Selective suicide of proliferating ARC with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and light demonstrated that this ARC was responsive to signals coded for by genes more closely linked to the HLA-DR, than to the HLA-A, or HLA-B, loci. Density-gradient fractionation of T cells indicated that populations enriched in ARC reactivity were also enriched for helper influences required for Ig synthesis by autologous B cells. In contrast, populations negatively selected for proliferating ARC were deficient in helper activity. These studies indicate that the ARC is responsive, at least in part, to products of genes closely linked to the HLA-DR locus and can function as a helper cell.", "PMID": 312901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3735", "title": "Qat-4 and Qat-5, new murine T-cell antigens governed by the Tla region and identified by monoclonal antibodies.", "content": "Two new lymphocyte antigens, provisionally designated Qat-4 and Qat-5 have been identified with two different hybridoma-derived, monoclonal AKR antiC57BL/6 antibodies. These antigens are governed by genes located to the right (distal) end of the H-2 complex, within the Qa-2,3 region. Qat-4 and Qat-5 antigens which do not seem to be identical with Qa-2,3 or TL antigens are absent from Ig/ lymphocytes and thymocytes. They are only present on a fraction of peripheral T cells. Thus, Qat-4 is expressed on 70%, and Qat-5 on 30% of splenic and lymph node T cells, Qat-4 is also found on the majority of Ig- cells from athymic nude mice. These findings illustrate the complexity of the chromosome segment between the H-2D and Tla loci and they emphasize the role of major histocompatibility complex-associated genes for the differentiation of T cells into different subpopulations with possibly distinct immunologic functions.", "contents": "Qat-4 and Qat-5, new murine T-cell antigens governed by the Tla region and identified by monoclonal antibodies. Two new lymphocyte antigens, provisionally designated Qat-4 and Qat-5 have been identified with two different hybridoma-derived, monoclonal AKR antiC57BL/6 antibodies. These antigens are governed by genes located to the right (distal) end of the H-2 complex, within the Qa-2,3 region. Qat-4 and Qat-5 antigens which do not seem to be identical with Qa-2,3 or TL antigens are absent from Ig/ lymphocytes and thymocytes. They are only present on a fraction of peripheral T cells. Thus, Qat-4 is expressed on 70%, and Qat-5 on 30% of splenic and lymph node T cells, Qat-4 is also found on the majority of Ig- cells from athymic nude mice. These findings illustrate the complexity of the chromosome segment between the H-2D and Tla loci and they emphasize the role of major histocompatibility complex-associated genes for the differentiation of T cells into different subpopulations with possibly distinct immunologic functions.", "PMID": 312902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3736", "title": "Production of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody during the normal immune response to TNP-ficoll. I. Occurrence in AKR/J and BALB/c mice of hapten-augmentable, anti-TNP plaque-forming cells and their accelerated appearance in recipients of immune spleen cells.", "content": "Attempts were made to elucidate the cause of the downward regulation of the splenic plaque-forming cell (PFC) response in AKR/J and BALB/c mice between days 4 and 7 after a single intravenous injection of 2,4,6,trinitrophenyl- lys-Ficoll(TNP-F). AKR/J spleen cells, taken 7 d after injection of TNP-F, were transferred, together with TNP-F, into normal AKR/J mice. The day-3 or - 4 PFC response of the recipients was much lower than that of recipients of normal cells. However, the suppression was only apparent because the presence of 10(-8)-10(-7) M 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid (TNP- EACA) (or 10(-7)-10(-6) M 2,4,-dinitrophenyl-epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid) in the PFC assay caused a dramatic increase in observed PFC, averaging 298 percent on day 3 and 122 percent on day 4. Recipients of normal cells showed no such hapten-augmentable PFC. T-depleted immune spleen cells did not cause any apparent suppression of the response to TNP-F, but hapten-augmentable PFC in recipient spleens were again prevalent. Suppression of the PFC response, as well as hapten-augmentable PFC, were seen after transfer of immune serum. It was postulated that hapten augmentation of PFC was caused by displacement of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody from the surface of blocked antibody- synthesizing cells. Further studies showed that such hapten-augmentable PFC occurred in the spleens of a large percentage of both AKR/J and BALB/c mice examined after day 4 of the primary response to TNP-F. Thus, it was hypothesized that the downward regulation of the magnitude and, possibly, also of the heterogeneity of the splenic-PFC response was due to an auto-antibody response to one or more major idiotypes of the anti-TNP response.", "contents": "Production of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody during the normal immune response to TNP-ficoll. I. Occurrence in AKR/J and BALB/c mice of hapten-augmentable, anti-TNP plaque-forming cells and their accelerated appearance in recipients of immune spleen cells. Attempts were made to elucidate the cause of the downward regulation of the splenic plaque-forming cell (PFC) response in AKR/J and BALB/c mice between days 4 and 7 after a single intravenous injection of 2,4,6,trinitrophenyl- lys-Ficoll(TNP-F). AKR/J spleen cells, taken 7 d after injection of TNP-F, were transferred, together with TNP-F, into normal AKR/J mice. The day-3 or - 4 PFC response of the recipients was much lower than that of recipients of normal cells. However, the suppression was only apparent because the presence of 10(-8)-10(-7) M 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid (TNP- EACA) (or 10(-7)-10(-6) M 2,4,-dinitrophenyl-epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid) in the PFC assay caused a dramatic increase in observed PFC, averaging 298 percent on day 3 and 122 percent on day 4. Recipients of normal cells showed no such hapten-augmentable PFC. T-depleted immune spleen cells did not cause any apparent suppression of the response to TNP-F, but hapten-augmentable PFC in recipient spleens were again prevalent. Suppression of the PFC response, as well as hapten-augmentable PFC, were seen after transfer of immune serum. It was postulated that hapten augmentation of PFC was caused by displacement of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody from the surface of blocked antibody- synthesizing cells. Further studies showed that such hapten-augmentable PFC occurred in the spleens of a large percentage of both AKR/J and BALB/c mice examined after day 4 of the primary response to TNP-F. Thus, it was hypothesized that the downward regulation of the magnitude and, possibly, also of the heterogeneity of the splenic-PFC response was due to an auto-antibody response to one or more major idiotypes of the anti-TNP response.", "PMID": 312903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3737", "title": "Production of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody during the normal immune response to TNP-Ficoll. II. Hapten-reversible inhibition of anti-TNP plaque-forming cells by immune serum as an assay for auto-anti-idiotypic antibody.", "content": "Sera taken from AKR/J mice 7 d after the intravenous injection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-lys-Ficoll (TNP-F) caused a specific inhibition of anti- trinitrophenol (TNP) plaque-forming cells (PFC) in vitro. This inhibition was reversed by the incorporation of 10(-8)-10(-7) M 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl- epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid (TNP-EACA) into the agar during the PFC assay. The factor responsible for the hapten-reversible PFC inhibition was removed from serum by passage through an anti-immunoglobulin column or through a 2,4,-dinitrophenyl-human-serum-albumin-bromoacetylcellulose plus anti-TNP- antibody column, but not by DNP-HSA-BAC alone. It was concluded that this immunoglobulin-like substance, lacking anti-TNP activity but reacting with anti-TNP antibody of AKR/J origin, was most likely an auto-anti-idiotypie antibody that had been produced during the normal course of the response of AKR/J mice to TNP-F. Pools of anti-idiotypic-antibody-containing antisera inhibited anti-TNP plaque formation to varying degrees when tested on d-4 PFC from different mice of the same inbred strain, suggesting a variability in idiotype expression. 4 d after transfer of immune (7 d after 10 mug TNP-F, administered intravenously) AKR/J spleen cells plus 10 mug TNP-F into syngeneic mice, the number of PFC detectable in the recipients' spleens could be markedly augmented by the inclusion of TNP-EACA in the agar during the PFC assay. Incubation of spleen cells containing such hapten-augmentable PFC with TNP- EACA yielded a factor in the supernate that caused a specific, in vitro, hapten-reversible inhibition of anti-TNP PFC. Studies with immunoadsorbents indicated that this PFC-inhibiting factor was antigenically immunoglobulin- like, lacked anti-TNP-antibody activity, but reacted with anti-TNP antibody of AKR/J origin. The results are consistent with the view that this PFC inhibitor is auto-anti-idiotypic antibody that is involved in the normal regulation of the immune response. It is proposed that hapten-reversible inhibition of plaque formation can be employed as an assay for anti-idiotypic antibody and the conditions for such an assay are described. It is further proposed that the detection of hapten-augmentable PFC suggests the presence of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody.", "contents": "Production of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody during the normal immune response to TNP-Ficoll. II. Hapten-reversible inhibition of anti-TNP plaque-forming cells by immune serum as an assay for auto-anti-idiotypic antibody. Sera taken from AKR/J mice 7 d after the intravenous injection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-lys-Ficoll (TNP-F) caused a specific inhibition of anti- trinitrophenol (TNP) plaque-forming cells (PFC) in vitro. This inhibition was reversed by the incorporation of 10(-8)-10(-7) M 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl- epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid (TNP-EACA) into the agar during the PFC assay. The factor responsible for the hapten-reversible PFC inhibition was removed from serum by passage through an anti-immunoglobulin column or through a 2,4,-dinitrophenyl-human-serum-albumin-bromoacetylcellulose plus anti-TNP- antibody column, but not by DNP-HSA-BAC alone. It was concluded that this immunoglobulin-like substance, lacking anti-TNP activity but reacting with anti-TNP antibody of AKR/J origin, was most likely an auto-anti-idiotypie antibody that had been produced during the normal course of the response of AKR/J mice to TNP-F. Pools of anti-idiotypic-antibody-containing antisera inhibited anti-TNP plaque formation to varying degrees when tested on d-4 PFC from different mice of the same inbred strain, suggesting a variability in idiotype expression. 4 d after transfer of immune (7 d after 10 mug TNP-F, administered intravenously) AKR/J spleen cells plus 10 mug TNP-F into syngeneic mice, the number of PFC detectable in the recipients' spleens could be markedly augmented by the inclusion of TNP-EACA in the agar during the PFC assay. Incubation of spleen cells containing such hapten-augmentable PFC with TNP- EACA yielded a factor in the supernate that caused a specific, in vitro, hapten-reversible inhibition of anti-TNP PFC. Studies with immunoadsorbents indicated that this PFC-inhibiting factor was antigenically immunoglobulin- like, lacked anti-TNP-antibody activity, but reacted with anti-TNP antibody of AKR/J origin. The results are consistent with the view that this PFC inhibitor is auto-anti-idiotypic antibody that is involved in the normal regulation of the immune response. It is proposed that hapten-reversible inhibition of plaque formation can be employed as an assay for anti-idiotypic antibody and the conditions for such an assay are described. It is further proposed that the detection of hapten-augmentable PFC suggests the presence of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody.", "PMID": 312904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3738", "title": "B-cell influences on the induction of allotype suppressor T cells.", "content": "Allotype suppressor T-cell (Ts) populations that persist for the life of the animal arise in (BALB/c x SJL)F(1) hybrids exposed perinatally to antibody to the paternal (Ig-1b) allotype on IgG(2a)-isotype immunoglobulin H chains. These Ts suppress Ig-lb production by depleting the supply of allotype- specific helper T cells (Th) required, in addition to carrier-specific Th, for the latter stages of Ig-1b memory B-cell differentiation. In this publication, we show that specific Ig-1 allotype Ts are induced by perinatal exposure to antisera which interfere with normal B-cell maturation, i.e., by antibodies reactive with surface IgM on immature precursors of IgG(2a), memory cells. Antibodies to IgM (Ig-6) allotypes carried on precursors induce specific suppression for the IgG2, allotype produced by progeny of the target precursor. Anti-Ig-6a and anti-Ig-6b induce Ts that specifically suppress Ig-1a and Ig-1b, respectively. Heterologous (goat) anti-IgM induces suppression for both IgG(2a) immunoglobulins (Ig-1a and Ig-1b). Ts activity in these antiprecursor-Ig-suppressed mice is expressed in adoptive transfer assays and, as with anti-Ig-1b-induced Ts, is rendered ineffective by cotransfer of adequate numbers of T cells but not B cells from nonsuppressed mice. The Ts induction, in contrast with Ts expression, is reversed by the introduction of appropriate adult B-cell populations from nonsuppressed donors. Taken together, these data suggest that the development of mature B cells plays a central role in the early establishment of the balance between helper cells and suppressor cells that determines whether Ts or Th will dominate in regulating Ig-1b production in adult animals.", "contents": "B-cell influences on the induction of allotype suppressor T cells. Allotype suppressor T-cell (Ts) populations that persist for the life of the animal arise in (BALB/c x SJL)F(1) hybrids exposed perinatally to antibody to the paternal (Ig-1b) allotype on IgG(2a)-isotype immunoglobulin H chains. These Ts suppress Ig-lb production by depleting the supply of allotype- specific helper T cells (Th) required, in addition to carrier-specific Th, for the latter stages of Ig-1b memory B-cell differentiation. In this publication, we show that specific Ig-1 allotype Ts are induced by perinatal exposure to antisera which interfere with normal B-cell maturation, i.e., by antibodies reactive with surface IgM on immature precursors of IgG(2a), memory cells. Antibodies to IgM (Ig-6) allotypes carried on precursors induce specific suppression for the IgG2, allotype produced by progeny of the target precursor. Anti-Ig-6a and anti-Ig-6b induce Ts that specifically suppress Ig-1a and Ig-1b, respectively. Heterologous (goat) anti-IgM induces suppression for both IgG(2a) immunoglobulins (Ig-1a and Ig-1b). Ts activity in these antiprecursor-Ig-suppressed mice is expressed in adoptive transfer assays and, as with anti-Ig-1b-induced Ts, is rendered ineffective by cotransfer of adequate numbers of T cells but not B cells from nonsuppressed mice. The Ts induction, in contrast with Ts expression, is reversed by the introduction of appropriate adult B-cell populations from nonsuppressed donors. Taken together, these data suggest that the development of mature B cells plays a central role in the early establishment of the balance between helper cells and suppressor cells that determines whether Ts or Th will dominate in regulating Ig-1b production in adult animals.", "PMID": 312905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3739", "title": "Idiotypic regulation of the immune system. Common idiotypic specificities between idiotypes and antibodies raised against anti-idiotypic antibodies in rabbits.", "content": "Anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) were raised in allotype-matched rabbits against anti-carbohydrate or anti-tobacco mosaic virus antibodies (Ab1). Several Ab2 were purified and injected into a third series of rabbits III which synthesized antiantiidiotypic antibodies (Ab3). Antigen was then given for the first time in those rabbits who had synthesized Ab3. The specific antibody synthesized in rabbits III was called Ab1'. Anti-idiotypic antibodies were raised against purified Ab3 antibodies (Ab4). In most cases, Ab1' antibodies are sharing idiotypic specificities with Ab1. Ab3 did not react with antigen but shared idiotopes with Ab1 and Ab1' because Ab4 antibodies, which are anti-idiotypes to Ab3 do recognize specifically Ab1 and Ab1' antibodies belonging to the same chain of immunization. It seems therefore that Ab3 looks idiotypically like Ab1 and Ab4 displays the same behaviour as Ab2. A general view of the functioning of the immune system is presented.", "contents": "Idiotypic regulation of the immune system. Common idiotypic specificities between idiotypes and antibodies raised against anti-idiotypic antibodies in rabbits. Anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) were raised in allotype-matched rabbits against anti-carbohydrate or anti-tobacco mosaic virus antibodies (Ab1). Several Ab2 were purified and injected into a third series of rabbits III which synthesized antiantiidiotypic antibodies (Ab3). Antigen was then given for the first time in those rabbits who had synthesized Ab3. The specific antibody synthesized in rabbits III was called Ab1'. Anti-idiotypic antibodies were raised against purified Ab3 antibodies (Ab4). In most cases, Ab1' antibodies are sharing idiotypic specificities with Ab1. Ab3 did not react with antigen but shared idiotopes with Ab1 and Ab1' because Ab4 antibodies, which are anti-idiotypes to Ab3 do recognize specifically Ab1 and Ab1' antibodies belonging to the same chain of immunization. It seems therefore that Ab3 looks idiotypically like Ab1 and Ab4 displays the same behaviour as Ab2. A general view of the functioning of the immune system is presented.", "PMID": 312906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3740", "title": "Primary generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes in the absence of DNA synthesis.", "content": "The requirement for DNA synthesis during the primary differentiation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) had been investigated. CTL were induced polyclonally in vitro by stimulation of normal C57BL/6 spleen cells with concanavalin A (Con A)and their cytolytic activity was tested against 51Cr-labeled target cells in the presence of Bacto Phytohemagglutinin M. With this system, CTL activity could first be detected 48 h after exposure of spleen cells to Con A. Addition of cytosine arabinoside at concentrations sufficient to reduce DNA synthesis by 95-98% in Con A-stimulated cultures did not significantly inhibit the generation of cytolytic activity on a cell-to-cell basis. These results demonstrate that derepression of the genetic information required for the expression of CTL function can occur in the absence of detectable DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Primary generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes in the absence of DNA synthesis. The requirement for DNA synthesis during the primary differentiation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) had been investigated. CTL were induced polyclonally in vitro by stimulation of normal C57BL/6 spleen cells with concanavalin A (Con A)and their cytolytic activity was tested against 51Cr-labeled target cells in the presence of Bacto Phytohemagglutinin M. With this system, CTL activity could first be detected 48 h after exposure of spleen cells to Con A. Addition of cytosine arabinoside at concentrations sufficient to reduce DNA synthesis by 95-98% in Con A-stimulated cultures did not significantly inhibit the generation of cytolytic activity on a cell-to-cell basis. These results demonstrate that derepression of the genetic information required for the expression of CTL function can occur in the absence of detectable DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 312907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3741", "title": "CBA/N X-linked B-cell defect prevents NZB B-cell hyperactivity in F1 mice.", "content": "NZB mice and their F1 hybrids produce excessive polyclonal IgM and autoantibodies of both IgM and IgG classes. CBA/N mice and CBA/N-mothered F1 males fail to make antibody to many T-independent antigens and have low levels of serum IgM; further, these mice lack a population of splenic B cells characterized by a low-to-intermediate density of surface IgM. We have studied male CBA/N, NZB, CBA/N X NZB, NZB X CBA/N, and CBA/J mice; female CBA/N X NZB mice; and males of several control crosses of NZB and CBA/N mice. We have found that the CBA/N X-linked defect of T-independent immune response is completely expressed in CBA/N X NZB mice. In marked contrast to NZB mice and to NZB mice and to NZB F1 hybrids bearing at least one normal X chromosome, the CBA/N X NZB males failed to respond to two T-independent antigens, had small numbers of splenic IgM-producing cells, barely detectable splenic IgM production, and splenic B-cell surface-Ig patterns resembling those of CBA/N mice. These data suggest that the NZB B-cell abnormality resulting in excessive IgM production occurs almost exclusively in that population of B cells affected by the CBA/N X chromome-linked defect. Preliminary studies suggest that CBA/N X chromosome retards the spontaneous development of anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies in CBA/N X NZB males. Castration, known to accelerate autoimmune disease in certain NZB F1 males, appears to have no influence on the immune functions examined in this study.", "contents": "CBA/N X-linked B-cell defect prevents NZB B-cell hyperactivity in F1 mice. NZB mice and their F1 hybrids produce excessive polyclonal IgM and autoantibodies of both IgM and IgG classes. CBA/N mice and CBA/N-mothered F1 males fail to make antibody to many T-independent antigens and have low levels of serum IgM; further, these mice lack a population of splenic B cells characterized by a low-to-intermediate density of surface IgM. We have studied male CBA/N, NZB, CBA/N X NZB, NZB X CBA/N, and CBA/J mice; female CBA/N X NZB mice; and males of several control crosses of NZB and CBA/N mice. We have found that the CBA/N X-linked defect of T-independent immune response is completely expressed in CBA/N X NZB mice. In marked contrast to NZB mice and to NZB mice and to NZB F1 hybrids bearing at least one normal X chromosome, the CBA/N X NZB males failed to respond to two T-independent antigens, had small numbers of splenic IgM-producing cells, barely detectable splenic IgM production, and splenic B-cell surface-Ig patterns resembling those of CBA/N mice. These data suggest that the NZB B-cell abnormality resulting in excessive IgM production occurs almost exclusively in that population of B cells affected by the CBA/N X chromome-linked defect. Preliminary studies suggest that CBA/N X chromosome retards the spontaneous development of anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies in CBA/N X NZB males. Castration, known to accelerate autoimmune disease in certain NZB F1 males, appears to have no influence on the immune functions examined in this study.", "PMID": 312908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3742", "title": "Autoregulation of an antibody response via network-induced auto-anti-idiotype.", "content": "The antibody response of a single outbred rabbit was studied throughout three rounds of injections with Micrococcus lysodeikticus vaccine over a 31-mo period. The first-round response was characterized by a vigorous anti- micrococcus response and a strong anti-IgG rheumatoid factor response. The second-round response consisted of a triad of interacting molecules: anti- micrococcal antibodies, autoanti-idiotypic antibodies specific for distinct clonotypes of the first-round anti-micrococcal antibodies, and Fc-specific anti-IgG rheumatoid factor. The interacting triple complex was detected because of the formation of an immune complex that became insoluble upon dilution of the serum. Complex formation was inhibited in the presence of saccharide compounds known to be major immunodominant determinants of the micrococcal cell-wall carbohydrate polymer. The same saccharides did not affect the reaction of rheumatoid factor with IgG. Direct-binding radioimmunoassays ruled out mediation of the dilution-precipitation reaction by soluble micrococcal antigens. Specific absorption of rheumatoid factor inhibited the dilution-precipitation reaction. Auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies were specifically purified from second-round sera, directly confirming the presence of these antibodies. Suppressive effects of auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies on distinct antibody clonotypes were shown by gel isoelectric focusing of first-, second-, and third-round sera. Clonotypes expressed in the first round of immunizations were reduced in quantity or absent when auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies were detectable. Greatly enhanced levels or initial synthesis of new clonotypes of anti-micrococcal antibodies were detected during the period of auto-anti-idiotype synthesis. The third-round sera, devoid of detectable auto-anti-idiotype, contained clonotypes characteristic of both first- and second-round antisera. Thus, auto-anti- idiotypic-mediated suppression appeared to be reversible. The data are interpreted as lending strong support for concepts of autoregulation of immune processes in normal outbred animals via an idiotypic network.", "contents": "Autoregulation of an antibody response via network-induced auto-anti-idiotype. The antibody response of a single outbred rabbit was studied throughout three rounds of injections with Micrococcus lysodeikticus vaccine over a 31-mo period. The first-round response was characterized by a vigorous anti- micrococcus response and a strong anti-IgG rheumatoid factor response. The second-round response consisted of a triad of interacting molecules: anti- micrococcal antibodies, autoanti-idiotypic antibodies specific for distinct clonotypes of the first-round anti-micrococcal antibodies, and Fc-specific anti-IgG rheumatoid factor. The interacting triple complex was detected because of the formation of an immune complex that became insoluble upon dilution of the serum. Complex formation was inhibited in the presence of saccharide compounds known to be major immunodominant determinants of the micrococcal cell-wall carbohydrate polymer. The same saccharides did not affect the reaction of rheumatoid factor with IgG. Direct-binding radioimmunoassays ruled out mediation of the dilution-precipitation reaction by soluble micrococcal antigens. Specific absorption of rheumatoid factor inhibited the dilution-precipitation reaction. Auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies were specifically purified from second-round sera, directly confirming the presence of these antibodies. Suppressive effects of auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies on distinct antibody clonotypes were shown by gel isoelectric focusing of first-, second-, and third-round sera. Clonotypes expressed in the first round of immunizations were reduced in quantity or absent when auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies were detectable. Greatly enhanced levels or initial synthesis of new clonotypes of anti-micrococcal antibodies were detected during the period of auto-anti-idiotype synthesis. The third-round sera, devoid of detectable auto-anti-idiotype, contained clonotypes characteristic of both first- and second-round antisera. Thus, auto-anti- idiotypic-mediated suppression appeared to be reversible. The data are interpreted as lending strong support for concepts of autoregulation of immune processes in normal outbred animals via an idiotypic network.", "PMID": 312909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3743", "title": "An integrated family-oriented problem-oriented medical record.", "content": "A charting system has been developed that integrates in one place the master problems of individual members of the family whether they be physical, psychological, or socioeconomic. In addition to the Family Problem List, there is a geneology as well as a family profile. The use of the INFO-POMR helps the clinician approach the family as a unit of providing family information at the provider-patient interface.", "contents": "An integrated family-oriented problem-oriented medical record. A charting system has been developed that integrates in one place the master problems of individual members of the family whether they be physical, psychological, or socioeconomic. In addition to the Family Problem List, there is a geneology as well as a family profile. The use of the INFO-POMR helps the clinician approach the family as a unit of providing family information at the provider-patient interface.", "PMID": 312910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3744", "title": "The deficit of the isometric tetanic tension redeveloped after a release of frog muscle at a constant velocity.", "content": "Frog sartorius muscles tetanized isometrically were released at a constant velocity from lengths lL to lS (delta l = lL -lS; Ls greater than lO). The tension PS redeveloped after the release was lower than the isometric tension PS at LS, and higher than the isometric tension PL at lL. The tension deficit D is defined as the difference PS-PS. The timing of the release during the tetanus did not influence D. D/PO was proportional to delta l/lO. The proportionality constant k was equal to 1.35 +/- 0.19 (n = 8) when the velocity of release was 2.5 mm/s. When the muscles were released the same delta l, D was found to be an exponential decreasing function of the velocity. The tension deficit was also found in experiments performed in the region lS less than lO. The proportionality constant k was smaller, but the influence of the velocity of the release on D was not modified. When the velocity of the release was changed during the release, D changed accordingly, showing that the effects of delta l and V are multiplicative. These facts suggest a working hypothesis based on the concept that the actin filaments which enter the overlap region during a release are strained by the tetanic stress and therefore unable to make normal cross-bridges.", "contents": "The deficit of the isometric tetanic tension redeveloped after a release of frog muscle at a constant velocity. Frog sartorius muscles tetanized isometrically were released at a constant velocity from lengths lL to lS (delta l = lL -lS; Ls greater than lO). The tension PS redeveloped after the release was lower than the isometric tension PS at LS, and higher than the isometric tension PL at lL. The tension deficit D is defined as the difference PS-PS. The timing of the release during the tetanus did not influence D. D/PO was proportional to delta l/lO. The proportionality constant k was equal to 1.35 +/- 0.19 (n = 8) when the velocity of release was 2.5 mm/s. When the muscles were released the same delta l, D was found to be an exponential decreasing function of the velocity. The tension deficit was also found in experiments performed in the region lS less than lO. The proportionality constant k was smaller, but the influence of the velocity of the release on D was not modified. When the velocity of the release was changed during the release, D changed accordingly, showing that the effects of delta l and V are multiplicative. These facts suggest a working hypothesis based on the concept that the actin filaments which enter the overlap region during a release are strained by the tetanic stress and therefore unable to make normal cross-bridges.", "PMID": 312915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3745", "title": "Sodium-calcium exchange in regulation of cardiac contractility. Evidence for an electrogenic, voltage-dependent mechanism.", "content": "The origin and regulatory mechanisms of tonic tension (Ca current-independent component of contractility) were investigated in frog atrial muscle under voltage-clamp conditions. Tonic tension was elicited by depolarizing pulses of 160 mV (Em = +90 mV, i.e., close to E ca) and 400--600 ms long. An application of Na-free (LiCl) or Ca-free Ringer's solutions resulted in a fast (less than 120 s), almost complete abolition of tonic tension. When [Na]o was reduced (with LiCl or sucrose as the substitutes), the peak tonic tension increased transiently and then decreased below the control level. The transient changes in tonic tension were prevented by using low-Na, low-Ca solutions where the ratios [Ca]0/[Na]40 to [Ca]o/[Na]4o were kept constant (1.1 X 10(-8) mM-3 to 8.7 X 10(-13) mM-5). Na-free (LiCl) solution elicited contractures accompanied by a membrane hyperpolarization or by an outward current even when the Na-K pump was inhibited. 15 mM MnCl2 (or 3 mM LaCl3) inhibited the development of the Na-free contracture and the related part of hyperpolarization or the outward current. In conclusion, our results indicate that tonic tension is regulated by a Na-Ca exchange mechanism. Furthermore, they suggest that this exchange could be electrogenic (exchanging three or more Na ions for one Ca ion) and thus voltage dependent. The possible contribution of an electrogenic Na-Ca exchange in the maintenance of cardiac membrane potential is discussed.", "contents": "Sodium-calcium exchange in regulation of cardiac contractility. Evidence for an electrogenic, voltage-dependent mechanism. The origin and regulatory mechanisms of tonic tension (Ca current-independent component of contractility) were investigated in frog atrial muscle under voltage-clamp conditions. Tonic tension was elicited by depolarizing pulses of 160 mV (Em = +90 mV, i.e., close to E ca) and 400--600 ms long. An application of Na-free (LiCl) or Ca-free Ringer's solutions resulted in a fast (less than 120 s), almost complete abolition of tonic tension. When [Na]o was reduced (with LiCl or sucrose as the substitutes), the peak tonic tension increased transiently and then decreased below the control level. The transient changes in tonic tension were prevented by using low-Na, low-Ca solutions where the ratios [Ca]0/[Na]40 to [Ca]o/[Na]4o were kept constant (1.1 X 10(-8) mM-3 to 8.7 X 10(-13) mM-5). Na-free (LiCl) solution elicited contractures accompanied by a membrane hyperpolarization or by an outward current even when the Na-K pump was inhibited. 15 mM MnCl2 (or 3 mM LaCl3) inhibited the development of the Na-free contracture and the related part of hyperpolarization or the outward current. In conclusion, our results indicate that tonic tension is regulated by a Na-Ca exchange mechanism. Furthermore, they suggest that this exchange could be electrogenic (exchanging three or more Na ions for one Ca ion) and thus voltage dependent. The possible contribution of an electrogenic Na-Ca exchange in the maintenance of cardiac membrane potential is discussed.", "PMID": 312914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3746", "title": "Blink reflexes in posterior fossa lesions.", "content": "Blink reflexes obtained by electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve and electromyographic recording of the orbicularis oculi muscle proved useful as a preliminary method in diagnosis of lesions of the brainstem and the fifth and seventh cranial nerves, and in differentiating intrinsic lesions of the brainstem from extrinsic ones. It was noted that R1 and R2 reflexes were different in the two types of lesions.", "contents": "Blink reflexes in posterior fossa lesions. Blink reflexes obtained by electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve and electromyographic recording of the orbicularis oculi muscle proved useful as a preliminary method in diagnosis of lesions of the brainstem and the fifth and seventh cranial nerves, and in differentiating intrinsic lesions of the brainstem from extrinsic ones. It was noted that R1 and R2 reflexes were different in the two types of lesions.", "PMID": 312919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3747", "title": "Experimental allergic neuritis in the Lewis rat.", "content": "Purified myelin from the peripheral nervous system of guinea pig, frog (Rana catesbeiana), rat, rabbit, beef, and human in Freund's adjuvant were injected into the Lewis rat. Groups of rats receiving injections of myelin from different species were examined for signs of dysfunction and lesions in the PNS and CNS. Injection of frog PNS myelin into the Lewis rat did not produce any clinical signs or lesions typical of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) or experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Injection of myelin from the PNS of rat, rabbit, beef, and human elicited clinical signs and lesions characteristic of EAN, while guinea pig myelin injection caused superimposed conditions of EAE and EAN. The myelin proteins from the various species were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the gels were scanned and the individual proteins measured. There did not appear to be a correlation between the amount of P2 protein contained in the different myelin species and the severity of the EAN symptoms and lesions produced. Although the Lewis rat is far more susceptible to EAE caused by guinea pig CNS myelin than by any other species, EAN can be easily induced in this animal by injection of PNS myelin from a number of species.", "contents": "Experimental allergic neuritis in the Lewis rat. Purified myelin from the peripheral nervous system of guinea pig, frog (Rana catesbeiana), rat, rabbit, beef, and human in Freund's adjuvant were injected into the Lewis rat. Groups of rats receiving injections of myelin from different species were examined for signs of dysfunction and lesions in the PNS and CNS. Injection of frog PNS myelin into the Lewis rat did not produce any clinical signs or lesions typical of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) or experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Injection of myelin from the PNS of rat, rabbit, beef, and human elicited clinical signs and lesions characteristic of EAN, while guinea pig myelin injection caused superimposed conditions of EAE and EAN. The myelin proteins from the various species were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the gels were scanned and the individual proteins measured. There did not appear to be a correlation between the amount of P2 protein contained in the different myelin species and the severity of the EAN symptoms and lesions produced. Although the Lewis rat is far more susceptible to EAE caused by guinea pig CNS myelin than by any other species, EAN can be easily induced in this animal by injection of PNS myelin from a number of species.", "PMID": 312920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3748", "title": "Double-contrast ventriculography with oxygen and water-soluble positive contrast medium, metrizamide (Amipaque).", "content": "A technique for ventriculography using both gas and a positive contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) is presented. This ventriculographic method proved superior to computerized tomography (CT) scanning in revealing the cause of obstructive hydrocephalus. Small central tumors and intraventricular cysts, often missed with CT, were also well demonstrated. This technique has been used since 1975, and is simple and safe.", "contents": "Double-contrast ventriculography with oxygen and water-soluble positive contrast medium, metrizamide (Amipaque). A technique for ventriculography using both gas and a positive contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) is presented. This ventriculographic method proved superior to computerized tomography (CT) scanning in revealing the cause of obstructive hydrocephalus. Small central tumors and intraventricular cysts, often missed with CT, were also well demonstrated. This technique has been used since 1975, and is simple and safe.", "PMID": 312921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3749", "title": "Posttraumatic meningitis due to ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae. Case report.", "content": "Two men who sustained skull fractures secondary to blunt head trauma developed meningitis due to Hemophilus influenzae type b. The isolates in both cases were resistant to ampicillin but susceptible to chloramphenicol. Based of this experience, and recent epidemiological trends, it is suggested that chloramphenicol, rather than penicillin G, might be the initial therapy of choice for posttraumatic meningitis when no micro-organisms are recognized on Gram-stained smears of the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Posttraumatic meningitis due to ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae. Case report. Two men who sustained skull fractures secondary to blunt head trauma developed meningitis due to Hemophilus influenzae type b. The isolates in both cases were resistant to ampicillin but susceptible to chloramphenicol. Based of this experience, and recent epidemiological trends, it is suggested that chloramphenicol, rather than penicillin G, might be the initial therapy of choice for posttraumatic meningitis when no micro-organisms are recognized on Gram-stained smears of the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 312922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3750", "title": "Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency, and various levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, on humoral immunity in mice.", "content": "Six experiments were conducted to determine the influence of an essential fatty acid deficient diet (EFAD), and various levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, on humoral immunity in mice. The results indicated that: 1) Consumption of diets deficient in essential fatty acids (0% corn oil) significantly reduced the humoral response. This reduction was demonstrated after feeding the essential fatty acid deficient diet for only 28 days; and preceded the effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on growth or appearance. 2) Reduced antibody response was demonstrated against T-cell dependent and T-cell independent antigens, and in both primary and secondary responses of mice fed the essential fatty acid deficient diet. 3) After 56 days of feeding the EFAD diet (0% corn oil), mice switched to the control diet (13% corn oil) for 7 days demonstrated full recovery of the humoral response. 4) Diets containing various levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (from 2 to 70% of energy from corn oil) did not adversely affect the humoral response. The results support the hypothesis that essential fatty acids play a crucial role in maintaining the functional integrity of humoral immunity.", "contents": "Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency, and various levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, on humoral immunity in mice. Six experiments were conducted to determine the influence of an essential fatty acid deficient diet (EFAD), and various levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, on humoral immunity in mice. The results indicated that: 1) Consumption of diets deficient in essential fatty acids (0% corn oil) significantly reduced the humoral response. This reduction was demonstrated after feeding the essential fatty acid deficient diet for only 28 days; and preceded the effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on growth or appearance. 2) Reduced antibody response was demonstrated against T-cell dependent and T-cell independent antigens, and in both primary and secondary responses of mice fed the essential fatty acid deficient diet. 3) After 56 days of feeding the EFAD diet (0% corn oil), mice switched to the control diet (13% corn oil) for 7 days demonstrated full recovery of the humoral response. 4) Diets containing various levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (from 2 to 70% of energy from corn oil) did not adversely affect the humoral response. The results support the hypothesis that essential fatty acids play a crucial role in maintaining the functional integrity of humoral immunity.", "PMID": 312923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3751", "title": "Fatality from central hemangioma of the mandible.", "content": "Fatalities from central hemangiomas, including a new case, are reviewed. The importance of a thorough examination of young patients with suspicious gingival bleeding and mobile teeth before extraction is emphasized. The nature of the lesion and the methods of treatment are discussed. In the case reported, there were arteriovenous malformations in the soft tissues surrounding the mandible and a seemingly separate central mandibular lesion. The latter showed rapid growth throughout the mandible, ending fatally after spontaneous bleeding and extraction of the mandibular third molar. During the preceding three years, bilateral external carotid ligation had been performed and numerous conservative measures had been taken, including corticosteroid therapy, injections of Sotradecol, and telecobalt irradiation, all with little benefit.", "contents": "Fatality from central hemangioma of the mandible. Fatalities from central hemangiomas, including a new case, are reviewed. The importance of a thorough examination of young patients with suspicious gingival bleeding and mobile teeth before extraction is emphasized. The nature of the lesion and the methods of treatment are discussed. In the case reported, there were arteriovenous malformations in the soft tissues surrounding the mandible and a seemingly separate central mandibular lesion. The latter showed rapid growth throughout the mandible, ending fatally after spontaneous bleeding and extraction of the mandibular third molar. During the preceding three years, bilateral external carotid ligation had been performed and numerous conservative measures had been taken, including corticosteroid therapy, injections of Sotradecol, and telecobalt irradiation, all with little benefit.", "PMID": 312925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3752", "title": "Treatment of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in soft tissue infections with high doses of ampicillin.", "content": "Six soft tissue infections (three epiglottitis, one cellulitis, one pneumonia, and one arthritis) with ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae were treated initially with high doses of ampicillin (200 to 400 mg/kg/day intravenously) alone and had good clinical responses. All had documented bacteremia with H. influenzae. One child was treated only with ampicillin; treatment in the remainder was changed to oral therapy with other antibiotics to facilitate discharge. There was no recurrence of disease. Disc diffusion studies done on clinical isolates of both resistant and sensitive organisms indicate a break point at which the resistant organism shows progressive sensitivity to increasingly higher concentrations of ampicillin.", "contents": "Treatment of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in soft tissue infections with high doses of ampicillin. Six soft tissue infections (three epiglottitis, one cellulitis, one pneumonia, and one arthritis) with ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae were treated initially with high doses of ampicillin (200 to 400 mg/kg/day intravenously) alone and had good clinical responses. All had documented bacteremia with H. influenzae. One child was treated only with ampicillin; treatment in the remainder was changed to oral therapy with other antibiotics to facilitate discharge. There was no recurrence of disease. Disc diffusion studies done on clinical isolates of both resistant and sensitive organisms indicate a break point at which the resistant organism shows progressive sensitivity to increasingly higher concentrations of ampicillin.", "PMID": 312930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3753", "title": "Observations on spermatogenesis and inseminative behavior of Megalodiscus temperatus adults in frogs.", "content": "Upon in vitro exposure to 3H-adenosine, spermatogonial cells in adult Megalodiscus temperatus were readily labeled on autoradiograms. At least 20 days were required for these cells to produce labeled sperm, the longest time reported so far for digenetic trematodes. Labelled worms transplanted to hosts for 24--31 days showed both self- and cross-insemination in multiple infections. When alone, half of the transplanted adults self-inseminated.", "contents": "Observations on spermatogenesis and inseminative behavior of Megalodiscus temperatus adults in frogs. Upon in vitro exposure to 3H-adenosine, spermatogonial cells in adult Megalodiscus temperatus were readily labeled on autoradiograms. At least 20 days were required for these cells to produce labeled sperm, the longest time reported so far for digenetic trematodes. Labelled worms transplanted to hosts for 24--31 days showed both self- and cross-insemination in multiple infections. When alone, half of the transplanted adults self-inseminated.", "PMID": 312931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3754", "title": "Fusion of photoreceptor membrane vesicles.", "content": "The n-alkyl bromides with 6 to 10 carbons induce formation of vesicles of 5 to 100 micrometer diameter from the small vesicles (0.1 micrometer average diameter) produced by disruption of the discs from frog rod photoreceptors. The n-alkanes, n-alkyl iodides and n-alkyl chlorides are relatively ineffective. The formation of large vesicles is independent of calcium concentration and is distinguished from fusion processes previously reported by the large number of vesicles involved. The results reported here together with others suggest the occurrence of multiple fusion (and/or rupture-resealing) events between vesicles, induced by the n-alkyl bromides.", "contents": "Fusion of photoreceptor membrane vesicles. The n-alkyl bromides with 6 to 10 carbons induce formation of vesicles of 5 to 100 micrometer diameter from the small vesicles (0.1 micrometer average diameter) produced by disruption of the discs from frog rod photoreceptors. The n-alkanes, n-alkyl iodides and n-alkyl chlorides are relatively ineffective. The formation of large vesicles is independent of calcium concentration and is distinguished from fusion processes previously reported by the large number of vesicles involved. The results reported here together with others suggest the occurrence of multiple fusion (and/or rupture-resealing) events between vesicles, induced by the n-alkyl bromides.", "PMID": 312932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3755", "title": "Surgery for variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a review of our experience and present concepts.", "content": "The major cause of portal hypertension in Western countries is nutritional cirrhosis (parenchymal block) related to alcoholism. A third of those patients die of variceal bleeding when increased pressure within the varices precipitates bleeding. Construction of portal systemic shunts is aimed at reducing the pressure within the varices and thereby decreasing the risk of bleeding. However, it increases the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy and hence should be used only in patients who have bled. The remaining function appears to be the main factor that determines survival and the incidence of encephalopathy in obese individuals. Portacaval shunts almost completely eliminate the risk of bleeding. There is a greater incidence of hepatic encephalopathy with this procedure than with other shunts. The splenorenal shunt and the distal splenorenal shunt appear to work well in selected patients. Technically, it is a more difficult procedure. The interposition mesocaval shunt is technically easier and is also helpful in patients with ascites. Its post-shunt encephalopathy rate, however, is higher than the splenorenal shunt or the distal splenorenal shunt, though less than the portacaval shunts. Experience with the newer arterialized portacaval and coronary caval shunts is limited. A non-shunt procedure, such as the one described by Sugiura, with impressive results and follow-up may become more acceptable as experience grows.", "contents": "Surgery for variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a review of our experience and present concepts. The major cause of portal hypertension in Western countries is nutritional cirrhosis (parenchymal block) related to alcoholism. A third of those patients die of variceal bleeding when increased pressure within the varices precipitates bleeding. Construction of portal systemic shunts is aimed at reducing the pressure within the varices and thereby decreasing the risk of bleeding. However, it increases the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy and hence should be used only in patients who have bled. The remaining function appears to be the main factor that determines survival and the incidence of encephalopathy in obese individuals. Portacaval shunts almost completely eliminate the risk of bleeding. There is a greater incidence of hepatic encephalopathy with this procedure than with other shunts. The splenorenal shunt and the distal splenorenal shunt appear to work well in selected patients. Technically, it is a more difficult procedure. The interposition mesocaval shunt is technically easier and is also helpful in patients with ascites. Its post-shunt encephalopathy rate, however, is higher than the splenorenal shunt or the distal splenorenal shunt, though less than the portacaval shunts. Experience with the newer arterialized portacaval and coronary caval shunts is limited. A non-shunt procedure, such as the one described by Sugiura, with impressive results and follow-up may become more acceptable as experience grows.", "PMID": 312948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3756", "title": "Influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatic diseases. Safety and efficacy.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination were studied in 32 healthy volunteers and in 62 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint disease, and other rheumatic diseases. These individuals, none of whom was acutely ill, were examined at the time of immunization and one week, three weeks, and four months later. Flare-ups of rheumatic disease following immunization were infrequent and usually minor. Seroconversion to A/New Jersey/76 developed in 62% to 87% of all individuals and to A/Victoria/75 in 62% to 69%. Antibody responses to A/New Jersey/76 were significantly lower in young patients taking glucocorticoids compared to those not taking glucocorticoids. The antibody responses to A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75 in patients with SLE were not different from normal responses. Administration of these vaccines was safe in these patients with stable disease and induced antibody responses in most individuals.", "contents": "Influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatic diseases. Safety and efficacy. The safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination were studied in 32 healthy volunteers and in 62 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint disease, and other rheumatic diseases. These individuals, none of whom was acutely ill, were examined at the time of immunization and one week, three weeks, and four months later. Flare-ups of rheumatic disease following immunization were infrequent and usually minor. Seroconversion to A/New Jersey/76 developed in 62% to 87% of all individuals and to A/Victoria/75 in 62% to 69%. Antibody responses to A/New Jersey/76 were significantly lower in young patients taking glucocorticoids compared to those not taking glucocorticoids. The antibody responses to A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75 in patients with SLE were not different from normal responses. Administration of these vaccines was safe in these patients with stable disease and induced antibody responses in most individuals.", "PMID": 312949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3757", "title": "Localization of CO2 sensor related to the inhibition of the bullfrog respiration.", "content": "CO2 sensitivity in the airways and the general skin surface of the bullfrog under urethane anesthesia or without anesthesia was investigated. Pressure in the buccal cavity as well as blood pressure in the sciatic artery were measured with a differential or a straingauge transducer. Air containing 2--14% CO2 was introduced into the regions as given below. (1) The nose and the body surface, both regions were separated from each other and independently exposed to CO2. (2) The larynx-lungs, the buccal cavity-lungs, the naso-buccal cavity separated from the airways at the glottis, and the internal or external nares, respectively. By analyzing the CO2 sensitivity of the respective regions mentioned above, both the nasal mucosa and the skin surface were found to be responsible for the respiratory inhibition by CO2. Sectioning both the olfactory and the trigeminal nerves abolished the CO2-induced inhibition mediated by the nasal mucosa and electrical stimulation of the proximal cut end of these nerves inhibited respiration. These findings suggested the existence of afferent reflex pathways from the nasal mucosa by these cranial nerves. Significance of this CO2-induced reflex was discussed.", "contents": "Localization of CO2 sensor related to the inhibition of the bullfrog respiration. CO2 sensitivity in the airways and the general skin surface of the bullfrog under urethane anesthesia or without anesthesia was investigated. Pressure in the buccal cavity as well as blood pressure in the sciatic artery were measured with a differential or a straingauge transducer. Air containing 2--14% CO2 was introduced into the regions as given below. (1) The nose and the body surface, both regions were separated from each other and independently exposed to CO2. (2) The larynx-lungs, the buccal cavity-lungs, the naso-buccal cavity separated from the airways at the glottis, and the internal or external nares, respectively. By analyzing the CO2 sensitivity of the respective regions mentioned above, both the nasal mucosa and the skin surface were found to be responsible for the respiratory inhibition by CO2. Sectioning both the olfactory and the trigeminal nerves abolished the CO2-induced inhibition mediated by the nasal mucosa and electrical stimulation of the proximal cut end of these nerves inhibited respiration. These findings suggested the existence of afferent reflex pathways from the nasal mucosa by these cranial nerves. Significance of this CO2-induced reflex was discussed.", "PMID": 312964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3758", "title": "The action of N-ethylmaleimide on the membrane currents and contractile tension in the bullfrog atrium.", "content": "The effects of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a sulfhydryl blocking reagent, on the membrane currents, action potentials and contractile tension in bullfrog atrial muscle were studied by using the double sucrose gap technique. In concentrations of 10(-3) to 10(-4) M, NEM led to a transient enhancement of twitch contraction followed by a late inhibition, while 10(-2) M NEM merely produced an inhibitory effect. The positive inotropism was accompanied by a prolongation of action potential and the negative inotropism, by a depression of action potential. Under voltage clamp conditions, 10(-3) M NEM reduced the fast inward current and increased the steady state outward and background currents. The slow inward current and the inward Ca current in Na-free conditions were transiently increased by 10(-3) M NEM with an enhancement of contractile tension. In voltage-tension relationships, NEM-induced augmentation of tension appeared in depolarizing pulses of 60--70 mV. The results indicate that NEM increases transiently the Ca conductance of the cell membrane. Preincubation with L-cysteine blocked the production of positive inotropic effect by NEM, suggesting that the effects of NEM are due to the blockade of protein sulfhydryl group in the atrial muscle.", "contents": "The action of N-ethylmaleimide on the membrane currents and contractile tension in the bullfrog atrium. The effects of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a sulfhydryl blocking reagent, on the membrane currents, action potentials and contractile tension in bullfrog atrial muscle were studied by using the double sucrose gap technique. In concentrations of 10(-3) to 10(-4) M, NEM led to a transient enhancement of twitch contraction followed by a late inhibition, while 10(-2) M NEM merely produced an inhibitory effect. The positive inotropism was accompanied by a prolongation of action potential and the negative inotropism, by a depression of action potential. Under voltage clamp conditions, 10(-3) M NEM reduced the fast inward current and increased the steady state outward and background currents. The slow inward current and the inward Ca current in Na-free conditions were transiently increased by 10(-3) M NEM with an enhancement of contractile tension. In voltage-tension relationships, NEM-induced augmentation of tension appeared in depolarizing pulses of 60--70 mV. The results indicate that NEM increases transiently the Ca conductance of the cell membrane. Preincubation with L-cysteine blocked the production of positive inotropic effect by NEM, suggesting that the effects of NEM are due to the blockade of protein sulfhydryl group in the atrial muscle.", "PMID": 312965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3759", "title": "Recurrent synaptic activation of the bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells by direct intracellular stimulation.", "content": "In a certain group (type 2 cells) of bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells, an action potential exhibiting a triphasic after-potential was produced when the cells were activated by direct intracellular stimulation. This triphasic after-potential consisted of two different potential components, namely, a depolarizing response (DR) and an after-hyperpolarization. The amplitude of DR was increased by increasing the interval between stimuli. Large DRs exceeded the threshold of the cell membrane and produced repetitive firings of spike potentials. The DR was selectively depressed and eventually eliminated in a low-Ca solution. Eserine (10(-5) M) reversibly increased both the amplitude and duration of the DR, and d-tubocurarine reversibly depressed it. These results indicate that the DR of type 2 cells is the EPSP mediated by the nicotinic action of acetylcholine released from preganglionic nerve terminals. Preganglionic nerve fibers innervating type 2 cells are activated through some kind of recurrent pathway formed between them. Recurrent activation of type 2 cells seems to be thus induced when the cells are activated by direct intracellular stimulation.", "contents": "Recurrent synaptic activation of the bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells by direct intracellular stimulation. In a certain group (type 2 cells) of bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells, an action potential exhibiting a triphasic after-potential was produced when the cells were activated by direct intracellular stimulation. This triphasic after-potential consisted of two different potential components, namely, a depolarizing response (DR) and an after-hyperpolarization. The amplitude of DR was increased by increasing the interval between stimuli. Large DRs exceeded the threshold of the cell membrane and produced repetitive firings of spike potentials. The DR was selectively depressed and eventually eliminated in a low-Ca solution. Eserine (10(-5) M) reversibly increased both the amplitude and duration of the DR, and d-tubocurarine reversibly depressed it. These results indicate that the DR of type 2 cells is the EPSP mediated by the nicotinic action of acetylcholine released from preganglionic nerve terminals. Preganglionic nerve fibers innervating type 2 cells are activated through some kind of recurrent pathway formed between them. Recurrent activation of type 2 cells seems to be thus induced when the cells are activated by direct intracellular stimulation.", "PMID": 312966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3760", "title": "The slow P III response of the isolated frog retina.", "content": "The slow PIII response of the electroretinogram (ERG) was studied in the isolated, aspartate-treated bullfrog retina. The slow PIII response reflected mainly rod activity in its time course and spectral response curve, and the ratio of the peak amplitude of the fast PIII response to the slow one remained almost constant within a scotopic range when rhodopsin was kept at a constant concentration. Reducing Na+ or K+ concentration in the extracellular fluid or decreasing the rhodopsin content in the retina, however, caused different influences on the fast and slow PIII responses, and, in particular, the reduction in amplitude of the slow PIII response was more marked than that of the fast PIII response. Under these circumstances, the log of the amplitude of the slow PIII response was in linear proportion to the amplitude of the fast PIII response. In addition, the amplitude reduction of the fast PIII response was not accompanied by a decrease in peak latency but that of the slow PIII response was. An explanation on the production of the slow PIII response was attempted with reference to other results related to the slow PIII response, ionic mechanism of the electrical activity of photoreceptor cells and their Na-K pump activity.", "contents": "The slow P III response of the isolated frog retina. The slow PIII response of the electroretinogram (ERG) was studied in the isolated, aspartate-treated bullfrog retina. The slow PIII response reflected mainly rod activity in its time course and spectral response curve, and the ratio of the peak amplitude of the fast PIII response to the slow one remained almost constant within a scotopic range when rhodopsin was kept at a constant concentration. Reducing Na+ or K+ concentration in the extracellular fluid or decreasing the rhodopsin content in the retina, however, caused different influences on the fast and slow PIII responses, and, in particular, the reduction in amplitude of the slow PIII response was more marked than that of the fast PIII response. Under these circumstances, the log of the amplitude of the slow PIII response was in linear proportion to the amplitude of the fast PIII response. In addition, the amplitude reduction of the fast PIII response was not accompanied by a decrease in peak latency but that of the slow PIII response was. An explanation on the production of the slow PIII response was attempted with reference to other results related to the slow PIII response, ionic mechanism of the electrical activity of photoreceptor cells and their Na-K pump activity.", "PMID": 312967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3761", "title": "Demonstration of effective antitumor immunity in an autochthonous host bearing primary colon tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride.", "content": "The role of host defense mechanisms in preventing the development of subclinical tumors into invasive tumors in an autochithonous host was studied in a model of rat colon carcinoma induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH). Multiple gastrointestinal (GI) tumors were induced in inbred WF female rats exposed to DMH. In vitro and in vivo data suggested that the excision of the \"first\" GI tumor induced specific antitumor immune responses. After a complete excision of the first GI tumor, only 2 additional GI tumors were observed in 10 rats, whereas 13 and 12 additional GI tumors in 10 and 9 rats, respectively, were observed if the first GI tumor was left in situ or permitted to grow in an isolated segment of the colon. Furthermore, immunosuppression with antithymocyte globulin decreased the effectiveness of antitumor immunity induced by the immunizing first GI tumor. These experiments supported the view that an effective antitumor immunity is induced against successive tumors of an organ after a complete excision of a tumor originating in the same organ. The results of these experiments are discussed in relation to the observations of multiple primary neoplasms in humans.", "contents": "Demonstration of effective antitumor immunity in an autochthonous host bearing primary colon tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride. The role of host defense mechanisms in preventing the development of subclinical tumors into invasive tumors in an autochithonous host was studied in a model of rat colon carcinoma induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH). Multiple gastrointestinal (GI) tumors were induced in inbred WF female rats exposed to DMH. In vitro and in vivo data suggested that the excision of the \"first\" GI tumor induced specific antitumor immune responses. After a complete excision of the first GI tumor, only 2 additional GI tumors were observed in 10 rats, whereas 13 and 12 additional GI tumors in 10 and 9 rats, respectively, were observed if the first GI tumor was left in situ or permitted to grow in an isolated segment of the colon. Furthermore, immunosuppression with antithymocyte globulin decreased the effectiveness of antitumor immunity induced by the immunizing first GI tumor. These experiments supported the view that an effective antitumor immunity is induced against successive tumors of an organ after a complete excision of a tumor originating in the same organ. The results of these experiments are discussed in relation to the observations of multiple primary neoplasms in humans.", "PMID": 312968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3762", "title": "An unusual type of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in a child.", "content": "An unusual variant of serum alpha1-antitrypsin is described in a 15 5/6-year-old white male with a history of chronic pulmonary disease. The patient had a very low level of this protease inhibitor as demonstrated by tryptic inhibitory capacity and electroimmunoassay. Even though the patient's serum alpha1-antitrypsin was partially purified and concentrated, no phenotypic pattern was seen using conventional Pityping procedures (acid starch gel with crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing). Crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis using agarose in both steps, immunoelectrophoresis, and agarose electrophoresis followed by immunofixation all revealed a slow-moving alpha1-antitrypsin, cathodal to the Pi Z region. Studies on sera from the patient's mother and two half-sibs showed that all three had clear Pi M phenotypic pattersn. Quantitative date on these sera suggested that the unusual variant may be inherited in a codominant fashion.", "contents": "An unusual type of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in a child. An unusual variant of serum alpha1-antitrypsin is described in a 15 5/6-year-old white male with a history of chronic pulmonary disease. The patient had a very low level of this protease inhibitor as demonstrated by tryptic inhibitory capacity and electroimmunoassay. Even though the patient's serum alpha1-antitrypsin was partially purified and concentrated, no phenotypic pattern was seen using conventional Pityping procedures (acid starch gel with crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing). Crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis using agarose in both steps, immunoelectrophoresis, and agarose electrophoresis followed by immunofixation all revealed a slow-moving alpha1-antitrypsin, cathodal to the Pi Z region. Studies on sera from the patient's mother and two half-sibs showed that all three had clear Pi M phenotypic pattersn. Quantitative date on these sera suggested that the unusual variant may be inherited in a codominant fashion.", "PMID": 312969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3763", "title": "[A case of spontaneous remission of congenital histiocytosis X (author's transl)].", "content": "A Case of spontaneous remission of congenital histiocytosis X with solely skin involvement is described and the need for individualized therapeutic approach outlined.", "contents": "[A case of spontaneous remission of congenital histiocytosis X (author's transl)]. A Case of spontaneous remission of congenital histiocytosis X with solely skin involvement is described and the need for individualized therapeutic approach outlined.", "PMID": 312972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3764", "title": "The morphologic changes of the rat type II pneumocytes induced by oxytetracycline.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in pulmonary alveoli of adult Sprague-Dawley rats administered oxytetracycline (1 mg. per ml.) in their drinking water were compared with those of control rats whose drinking water contained no antibiotics. Groups of rats were sacrificed after 4 and 8 weeks of oxytetracycline treatment. Type II pneumocytes of oxytetracycline-treated rats showed an increase in size and number of lamellar bodies, as well as in their cell volume, when compared with controls. Electron microscopic morphometry confirmed these findings; the lamellar inclusion bodies increased 6 and 10 per cent and the cell volume increased 3 and 5 per cent at 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. The type I pneumocyte and alveolar macrophage showed engulfed myelin figures, and the Clara cells appeared quiescent. These findings suggest that the type II pneumocyte hypertrophy can be induced independently from the diffuse alveolar damage. The oxytetracycline treatment may provide a model system in which the pathologic morphology and function of the type II pneumocyte can be studied independently.", "contents": "The morphologic changes of the rat type II pneumocytes induced by oxytetracycline. Ultrastructural changes in pulmonary alveoli of adult Sprague-Dawley rats administered oxytetracycline (1 mg. per ml.) in their drinking water were compared with those of control rats whose drinking water contained no antibiotics. Groups of rats were sacrificed after 4 and 8 weeks of oxytetracycline treatment. Type II pneumocytes of oxytetracycline-treated rats showed an increase in size and number of lamellar bodies, as well as in their cell volume, when compared with controls. Electron microscopic morphometry confirmed these findings; the lamellar inclusion bodies increased 6 and 10 per cent and the cell volume increased 3 and 5 per cent at 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. The type I pneumocyte and alveolar macrophage showed engulfed myelin figures, and the Clara cells appeared quiescent. These findings suggest that the type II pneumocyte hypertrophy can be induced independently from the diffuse alveolar damage. The oxytetracycline treatment may provide a model system in which the pathologic morphology and function of the type II pneumocyte can be studied independently.", "PMID": 312974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3765", "title": "Effects of oral and parenteral corticosteroids on intestinal villous morphology and brush border enzymes in the rat.", "content": "The effects of corticosteroid have been studied in rats submitted to oral administration of prednisone (5 mg. per kg. per day) during 8, 15, 30, and 90 days. The results were compared to those obtained after parenteral administration of hydrocortisone acetate (50 mg. per kg. per day intramuscularly). The morphometric changes of the villus-crypt axis and the brush border enzymic content of the mucosa (sucrase, enterokinase, alkaline phosphatase, and aminopeptidase) were the parameters investigated at the duodenal, jejunal, and ileal levels. Oral administration of prednisone resulted in a significant increase of the duodenal villous height at the 15th (+ 13 per cent, p less than 0.01), 30th (+ 33 per cent, p less than 0.001), and 90th day (+ 56 per cent, p less than 0.001), whereas in the jejunum a constant decrease of the villous height was noted. Parenteral hydrocortisone administration did not affect intestinal morphology. Effects of oral corticosteroids on the microvillous enzymic activities were related to both intestinal level and duration of corticoids administration: (1) in the duodenum increase of sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, and aminopeptidase during 30 days followed by normalization at the 90th day, (2) an initial increase of sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, and aminopeptidase limited to the first 8 days in the jejunum, and (3) a significant rise of alkaline phosphatase (greater than 100 per cent, p less than 0.001) and enterokinase (greater than 100 per cent, p less than 0.001) in the ileum at the 15th day of treatment. Parenteral corticosteroid administration was associated with a significant increase of both sucrase and enterokinase activities. The present study suggests that: (1) Corticosteroids exert a direct effect on the intestinal morphology varying with the intestinal level and duration of treatment. (2) No correlation could be established between anatomic and functional changes. (3) Oral corticosteroids exert an enhancing effect of the brush border enzymic activities, even in the adult mucosa and particularly at the ileal level where they stimulate significantly the enterokinase mucosal activity. (4) Parenteral corticosteroids exert a more specific effect limited to sucrase and enterokinase enhancement.", "contents": "Effects of oral and parenteral corticosteroids on intestinal villous morphology and brush border enzymes in the rat. The effects of corticosteroid have been studied in rats submitted to oral administration of prednisone (5 mg. per kg. per day) during 8, 15, 30, and 90 days. The results were compared to those obtained after parenteral administration of hydrocortisone acetate (50 mg. per kg. per day intramuscularly). The morphometric changes of the villus-crypt axis and the brush border enzymic content of the mucosa (sucrase, enterokinase, alkaline phosphatase, and aminopeptidase) were the parameters investigated at the duodenal, jejunal, and ileal levels. Oral administration of prednisone resulted in a significant increase of the duodenal villous height at the 15th (+ 13 per cent, p less than 0.01), 30th (+ 33 per cent, p less than 0.001), and 90th day (+ 56 per cent, p less than 0.001), whereas in the jejunum a constant decrease of the villous height was noted. Parenteral hydrocortisone administration did not affect intestinal morphology. Effects of oral corticosteroids on the microvillous enzymic activities were related to both intestinal level and duration of corticoids administration: (1) in the duodenum increase of sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, and aminopeptidase during 30 days followed by normalization at the 90th day, (2) an initial increase of sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, and aminopeptidase limited to the first 8 days in the jejunum, and (3) a significant rise of alkaline phosphatase (greater than 100 per cent, p less than 0.001) and enterokinase (greater than 100 per cent, p less than 0.001) in the ileum at the 15th day of treatment. Parenteral corticosteroid administration was associated with a significant increase of both sucrase and enterokinase activities. The present study suggests that: (1) Corticosteroids exert a direct effect on the intestinal morphology varying with the intestinal level and duration of treatment. (2) No correlation could be established between anatomic and functional changes. (3) Oral corticosteroids exert an enhancing effect of the brush border enzymic activities, even in the adult mucosa and particularly at the ileal level where they stimulate significantly the enterokinase mucosal activity. (4) Parenteral corticosteroids exert a more specific effect limited to sucrase and enterokinase enhancement.", "PMID": 312975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3766", "title": "Prospective analysis of valvular replacement without venting the left ventricle.", "content": "The present study is a prospective analysis of a series of consecutive valve replacement and combined (valvular plus coronary artery) operations performed without left ventricular decompression. Results indicate that left ventricular venting (direct or indirect) is unnecessary provided that cardioplegic arrest is used, that the venous line is positioned in the right atrium, and that left-sided pressures are monitored. Left ventricular distention, as measured by left ventricular pressure recording, did not occur; air embolism, as determined clinically and by electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, was not encountered. The routine use of a left ventricular vent has been abandoned in most intracardiac operations at our center.", "contents": "Prospective analysis of valvular replacement without venting the left ventricle. The present study is a prospective analysis of a series of consecutive valve replacement and combined (valvular plus coronary artery) operations performed without left ventricular decompression. Results indicate that left ventricular venting (direct or indirect) is unnecessary provided that cardioplegic arrest is used, that the venous line is positioned in the right atrium, and that left-sided pressures are monitored. Left ventricular distention, as measured by left ventricular pressure recording, did not occur; air embolism, as determined clinically and by electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, was not encountered. The routine use of a left ventricular vent has been abandoned in most intracardiac operations at our center.", "PMID": 312978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3767", "title": "Influence of alternate sources of bllod flow on the reactive hyperemia response in aorta-coronary saphenous vein bypass grafts in man.", "content": "Reactive hyperemia responses (RHR) of various magnitudes were obtained after release of a brief occlusion in six of 10 coronary bypass grafts. All of the vein grafts responded to an injection of sodium nitroprusside (50 microgram) directly into the open graft with an increase in blood flow that was always greater than the flow recorded after release of the occlusion. This response indicates that there were no flow-limiting stenoses and that the distal vascular beds were responsive to vasodilator stimuli. RHR's, expressed as percent repayment of calculated flow debt, were correlated significantly (r = 0.96, p less than 0.01) with the magnitude of the decrease in vein graft pressure measured during occlusion of the graft. It is suggested that the decrease in pressure is related to the amount of blood flow from alternate sources to the vascular bed during occlusion of the graft, and that this collateral flow is an important determinant of the magnitude of RHR in bypass grafts.", "contents": "Influence of alternate sources of bllod flow on the reactive hyperemia response in aorta-coronary saphenous vein bypass grafts in man. Reactive hyperemia responses (RHR) of various magnitudes were obtained after release of a brief occlusion in six of 10 coronary bypass grafts. All of the vein grafts responded to an injection of sodium nitroprusside (50 microgram) directly into the open graft with an increase in blood flow that was always greater than the flow recorded after release of the occlusion. This response indicates that there were no flow-limiting stenoses and that the distal vascular beds were responsive to vasodilator stimuli. RHR's, expressed as percent repayment of calculated flow debt, were correlated significantly (r = 0.96, p less than 0.01) with the magnitude of the decrease in vein graft pressure measured during occlusion of the graft. It is suggested that the decrease in pressure is related to the amount of blood flow from alternate sources to the vascular bed during occlusion of the graft, and that this collateral flow is an important determinant of the magnitude of RHR in bypass grafts.", "PMID": 312979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3768", "title": "Lymphocytopoietic factor in lymph.", "content": "The evidences which suggest the presence of a lymphocytopietic factor in rat thoracic duct lymph are summarized briefly. The intravenous injections of the extracted materials from lymph plamsa into syngeneic recipient rats resulted in the massive proliferation of lymphoid cells predominantly in the thymus dependent areas and thymic cortex, suggesting that the target cells for the factor are not marrow-derived (B) cells, but thymus derived (T) cells. The existence of a thymus is not necessarily required for the production or secretion of the factor. The augmenting effect of the factor on T cell functions, eg. local graft-versus-host rection and helper activity of plaque forming response to sheep erythrocytes, is mentioned. The physicochemical characteristics of the factor are nondialysable and heat-stable glyco-protein molecules. The roles of lymph humoral factor in T cell-differentiation or proliferation are discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocytopoietic factor in lymph. The evidences which suggest the presence of a lymphocytopietic factor in rat thoracic duct lymph are summarized briefly. The intravenous injections of the extracted materials from lymph plamsa into syngeneic recipient rats resulted in the massive proliferation of lymphoid cells predominantly in the thymus dependent areas and thymic cortex, suggesting that the target cells for the factor are not marrow-derived (B) cells, but thymus derived (T) cells. The existence of a thymus is not necessarily required for the production or secretion of the factor. The augmenting effect of the factor on T cell functions, eg. local graft-versus-host rection and helper activity of plaque forming response to sheep erythrocytes, is mentioned. The physicochemical characteristics of the factor are nondialysable and heat-stable glyco-protein molecules. The roles of lymph humoral factor in T cell-differentiation or proliferation are discussed.", "PMID": 312981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3769", "title": "Hypofibrinogenemia-dysfibrinogenemia and von Willebrand's disease in the same family.", "content": "Two Puerto Rican families were studied. One family included a number of members with dysfibrinogenemia occasionally associated with hypofibrinogenemia. The second family had members with von Willebrand's disease. The two diseases merged in the proband's immediate family; the affected members of this family exhibited a mild bleeding disorder. Others in the two families had no obvious bleeding tendency.", "contents": "Hypofibrinogenemia-dysfibrinogenemia and von Willebrand's disease in the same family. Two Puerto Rican families were studied. One family included a number of members with dysfibrinogenemia occasionally associated with hypofibrinogenemia. The second family had members with von Willebrand's disease. The two diseases merged in the proband's immediate family; the affected members of this family exhibited a mild bleeding disorder. Others in the two families had no obvious bleeding tendency.", "PMID": 312982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3770", "title": "Medical treatment of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Standard medical management of acute pancreatitis includes measures to relieve pain and maintain intravascular volume, nasogastric aspiration of gastric contents, and prompt recognition and treatment of complications. Despite many years of investigation, no specific drug or nonoperative procedure is of proven benefit in this common disease.", "contents": "Medical treatment of acute pancreatitis. Standard medical management of acute pancreatitis includes measures to relieve pain and maintain intravascular volume, nasogastric aspiration of gastric contents, and prompt recognition and treatment of complications. Despite many years of investigation, no specific drug or nonoperative procedure is of proven benefit in this common disease.", "PMID": 312983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3771", "title": "The value and cost analysis of the ENG as of 1978.", "content": "The use of ENG in office practice and its use as a helpful, time-saving procedure is discussed. The following practical clinical questions are answered: 1. Is the vestibular mechanism normal or abnormal? 2. Is the vestibular pathology peripheral or central? 3. Is the peripheral disease right or left sided? Cost analysis of ENG in office practice is presented.", "contents": "The value and cost analysis of the ENG as of 1978. The use of ENG in office practice and its use as a helpful, time-saving procedure is discussed. The following practical clinical questions are answered: 1. Is the vestibular mechanism normal or abnormal? 2. Is the vestibular pathology peripheral or central? 3. Is the peripheral disease right or left sided? Cost analysis of ENG in office practice is presented.", "PMID": 312986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3772", "title": "Total facial nerve exploration: transmastoid, extralabyrinthine, and subtemporal indications and results.", "content": "Increasingly, surgeons are using a middle fossa approach though craniotomy to reach the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve and geniculate ganglion in patients with intact hearing. This paper describes a transmastoid operation that provide exposure of the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve without performance of a craniotomy. In this procedure the geniculate ganglion and labyrinthine segments of the facial nerve were exposed, while cochleovestibular function was spared; recovery of the facial nerve in patients with Bell's palsy or herpes zoster oticus (even the patients with a dry eye) was favourably influenced.", "contents": "Total facial nerve exploration: transmastoid, extralabyrinthine, and subtemporal indications and results. Increasingly, surgeons are using a middle fossa approach though craniotomy to reach the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve and geniculate ganglion in patients with intact hearing. This paper describes a transmastoid operation that provide exposure of the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve without performance of a craniotomy. In this procedure the geniculate ganglion and labyrinthine segments of the facial nerve were exposed, while cochleovestibular function was spared; recovery of the facial nerve in patients with Bell's palsy or herpes zoster oticus (even the patients with a dry eye) was favourably influenced.", "PMID": 312987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3773", "title": "Abnormal factor VIII in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII-C), related antigen (VIII-AG), and von Willebrand factor (VIII-vWf) were measured in 38 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), in 19 patients with normal renal function from a general medical ward, and in 17 normal subjects. Wide variation in the levels of factor VIII (FVIII) functions were found in the group of CRF patients. There was no correlation between the levels of the three individual activities of FVIII in renal disease. The levels of the three functions were elevated in the patient controls and no significant differences were found between the two groups of patients, although both groups were significantly different from the normal subjects. Increased electrophoretic mobility (EM) was detected in 22 of the 38 patients with CRF (58%) compared to seven of the 19 patients controls (37%). These studies suggest caution in interpretation of changes in FVIII status in patients with other clinical disorders, such as liver disease.", "contents": "Abnormal factor VIII in chronic renal failure. Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII-C), related antigen (VIII-AG), and von Willebrand factor (VIII-vWf) were measured in 38 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), in 19 patients with normal renal function from a general medical ward, and in 17 normal subjects. Wide variation in the levels of factor VIII (FVIII) functions were found in the group of CRF patients. There was no correlation between the levels of the three individual activities of FVIII in renal disease. The levels of the three functions were elevated in the patient controls and no significant differences were found between the two groups of patients, although both groups were significantly different from the normal subjects. Increased electrophoretic mobility (EM) was detected in 22 of the 38 patients with CRF (58%) compared to seven of the 19 patients controls (37%). These studies suggest caution in interpretation of changes in FVIII status in patients with other clinical disorders, such as liver disease.", "PMID": 312998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3774", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. A national study of secondary spread in household contacts.", "content": "To determine the risk of severe Haemophilus influenzae illness among household contacts of patients with H. influenzae meningitis, we studied prospective data obtained in 19 states from January 1, 1977, to June 30, 1978. H. influenzae meningitis was reported in 1403 patients, and 1147 (82 per cent) of the exposed families were investigated for the occurrence of H. influenzae disease within 30 days after its onset in the index patient. During this interval, nine of 1687 household contacts (0.5 per cent) under the age of six years had systemic disease confirmed to be caused by H. influenzae Type b. The risk in children less than one year of age was 6 per cent, and the risk in those less than four years of age was 2.1 per cent. None of 2624 contacts above the age of five was affected. In the 30 days after onset of meningitis, the risk of this infection alone, aside from other types of serious H. influenzae disease, is 585 times greater in household contacts than the age-adjusted risk in the general population. The risk of H. influenzae disease in household contacts under six years of age is similar to the risk of secondary meningococcal disease in all household contacts--indicating a need for effective antimicrobial prophylaxis.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. A national study of secondary spread in household contacts. To determine the risk of severe Haemophilus influenzae illness among household contacts of patients with H. influenzae meningitis, we studied prospective data obtained in 19 states from January 1, 1977, to June 30, 1978. H. influenzae meningitis was reported in 1403 patients, and 1147 (82 per cent) of the exposed families were investigated for the occurrence of H. influenzae disease within 30 days after its onset in the index patient. During this interval, nine of 1687 household contacts (0.5 per cent) under the age of six years had systemic disease confirmed to be caused by H. influenzae Type b. The risk in children less than one year of age was 6 per cent, and the risk in those less than four years of age was 2.1 per cent. None of 2624 contacts above the age of five was affected. In the 30 days after onset of meningitis, the risk of this infection alone, aside from other types of serious H. influenzae disease, is 585 times greater in household contacts than the age-adjusted risk in the general population. The risk of H. influenzae disease in household contacts under six years of age is similar to the risk of secondary meningococcal disease in all household contacts--indicating a need for effective antimicrobial prophylaxis.", "PMID": 313003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3775", "title": "Studies on T and B lymphocytes in rats bearing methylcholanthrene-induced tumor.", "content": "The authors have studied the influence of primary, methylcholanthrene-induced tumor on T and B lymphocytes of spleen, thymus, draining lymph nodes and peripheral blood of rats. Differences in weight of tumors were found to correlate with changes in proportionality of T and B lymphocytes of followed organs. Small tumors induced but insignificant changes. There was increased trapping of T lymphocytes in spleen and lymph nodes with simultaneous decrease in peripheral blood. The authors noted a high percentage of blasts. B lymphocytes showed a tendency to compensate for the loss of T cells. Large, progressively growing tumors caused evident exhaustion in the number of both cell types in lymph nodes and peripheral blood. In the spleen there was slower exhaustion. Reduction in the number of B lymphocytes correlated with the size of tumor. Blasts disappeared. Proportionality of T and B lymphocytes in thymus did not appear to be influenced by the size of tumor.", "contents": "Studies on T and B lymphocytes in rats bearing methylcholanthrene-induced tumor. The authors have studied the influence of primary, methylcholanthrene-induced tumor on T and B lymphocytes of spleen, thymus, draining lymph nodes and peripheral blood of rats. Differences in weight of tumors were found to correlate with changes in proportionality of T and B lymphocytes of followed organs. Small tumors induced but insignificant changes. There was increased trapping of T lymphocytes in spleen and lymph nodes with simultaneous decrease in peripheral blood. The authors noted a high percentage of blasts. B lymphocytes showed a tendency to compensate for the loss of T cells. Large, progressively growing tumors caused evident exhaustion in the number of both cell types in lymph nodes and peripheral blood. In the spleen there was slower exhaustion. Reduction in the number of B lymphocytes correlated with the size of tumor. Blasts disappeared. Proportionality of T and B lymphocytes in thymus did not appear to be influenced by the size of tumor.", "PMID": 313020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3776", "title": "The differential diagnosis of pontine angle meningioma and acoustic neuroma with computed tomography.", "content": "Seven pontine angle meningiomas were examined with computed tomography (CT). The result was compared with that of a study of 61 acoustic neuromas. These two tumor types differ in manner of growth, volume, shape, attenuation, attachment to bone, cisternal deformation, frequency of calcification, peripheral edema, and bone changes.", "contents": "The differential diagnosis of pontine angle meningioma and acoustic neuroma with computed tomography. Seven pontine angle meningiomas were examined with computed tomography (CT). The result was compared with that of a study of 61 acoustic neuromas. These two tumor types differ in manner of growth, volume, shape, attenuation, attachment to bone, cisternal deformation, frequency of calcification, peripheral edema, and bone changes.", "PMID": 313021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3777", "title": "Comparison of the measurements of the cerebral ventricles obtained by CT scanning and pneumoencephalography.", "content": "This study was undertaken to compare the accuracy of measurements of the venticular system obtained by the CT scanner and pneumoencephalography (PEG). In it the ventricular system was evaluated in each case by measuring the span of the frontal horns, cellae mediae and third ventricle in relation to the diameter of the inner and outer tables of the skull from the PEG films. The indices of Evans, Schiersmann, and Schaltenbrand and N\u00fcrnberger were applied to these measurements. The same indices were obtained using the appropriate CT printouts. A very good measure of agreement was obtained with the indices arrived at from both the CT scan printouts and the pneumoencephalograms.", "contents": "Comparison of the measurements of the cerebral ventricles obtained by CT scanning and pneumoencephalography. This study was undertaken to compare the accuracy of measurements of the venticular system obtained by the CT scanner and pneumoencephalography (PEG). In it the ventricular system was evaluated in each case by measuring the span of the frontal horns, cellae mediae and third ventricle in relation to the diameter of the inner and outer tables of the skull from the PEG films. The indices of Evans, Schiersmann, and Schaltenbrand and N\u00fcrnberger were applied to these measurements. The same indices were obtained using the appropriate CT printouts. A very good measure of agreement was obtained with the indices arrived at from both the CT scan printouts and the pneumoencephalograms.", "PMID": 313022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3778", "title": "Neuroradiological aspects of suprasella germinoma.", "content": "The plain skull roentgenography, angiography, air encephalography or positive contrast medium ventriculography and computed tomography (CT) of twelve cases of suprasella germinoma were reviewed. In over half of the cases, plain skull roentgenography and angiography showed some abnormalities suggesting a suprasella mass. CT was found to be the most appropriate for routine examination. And air encephalography or positive contrast medium ventriculography offered decisive information.", "contents": "Neuroradiological aspects of suprasella germinoma. The plain skull roentgenography, angiography, air encephalography or positive contrast medium ventriculography and computed tomography (CT) of twelve cases of suprasella germinoma were reviewed. In over half of the cases, plain skull roentgenography and angiography showed some abnormalities suggesting a suprasella mass. CT was found to be the most appropriate for routine examination. And air encephalography or positive contrast medium ventriculography offered decisive information.", "PMID": 313023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3779", "title": "Congenital atresia of the foramen of Monro.", "content": "Two cases of congenital atresia of the foramen of Monro are described, one 8 days old and the other 2 months old. Both are associated with a parieto-occipital paraventricular diverticulum and spontaneous ventriculostomy with the passing of the cerebrospinal fluid to the posterior fossa and the formation of a cyst in the supracerebella region which compressed and displaced the structures of the posterior fossa.", "contents": "Congenital atresia of the foramen of Monro. Two cases of congenital atresia of the foramen of Monro are described, one 8 days old and the other 2 months old. Both are associated with a parieto-occipital paraventricular diverticulum and spontaneous ventriculostomy with the passing of the cerebrospinal fluid to the posterior fossa and the formation of a cyst in the supracerebella region which compressed and displaced the structures of the posterior fossa.", "PMID": 313024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3780", "title": "Ventricular differences between hydrostatic hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus ex vacuo by computed tomography.", "content": "Transaxial CT scans of 100 patients with hydrostatic hydrocephalus and 50 patients with hydrocephalus ex vacuo have been reviewed with respect to measurements of: frontal horn ratio, width of the temporal horns, width of the third ventricle, width of cerebral fissures and sulci. The diagnosis of hydrostatic hydrocephalus is probable when (a) both temporal tips are visualized and measure 2 mm or greater in width and the sylvian and interhemispheric fissures and cerebral sulci are not visible, or (b) there is visualization of temporal horn tips measuring 2 mm or greater in width and the lateral ventricles are symmetrically enlarged with the frontal horn ratio 0.50 or more.", "contents": "Ventricular differences between hydrostatic hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus ex vacuo by computed tomography. Transaxial CT scans of 100 patients with hydrostatic hydrocephalus and 50 patients with hydrocephalus ex vacuo have been reviewed with respect to measurements of: frontal horn ratio, width of the temporal horns, width of the third ventricle, width of cerebral fissures and sulci. The diagnosis of hydrostatic hydrocephalus is probable when (a) both temporal tips are visualized and measure 2 mm or greater in width and the sylvian and interhemispheric fissures and cerebral sulci are not visible, or (b) there is visualization of temporal horn tips measuring 2 mm or greater in width and the lateral ventricles are symmetrically enlarged with the frontal horn ratio 0.50 or more.", "PMID": 313025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3781", "title": "Reduced number of active T cells in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Using a modification of the active rosette test of Wybran and Fudenberg, we found that the percentages of active T cells were significantly lower in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients than in blood obtained simultaneously from these patients, or in the CSF or blood from patients with other neurologic diseases. These results suggest that in MS there may be a depression or deficiency of a functional subpopulation of T lymphocytes confined to the central nervous system.", "contents": "Reduced number of active T cells in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Using a modification of the active rosette test of Wybran and Fudenberg, we found that the percentages of active T cells were significantly lower in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients than in blood obtained simultaneously from these patients, or in the CSF or blood from patients with other neurologic diseases. These results suggest that in MS there may be a depression or deficiency of a functional subpopulation of T lymphocytes confined to the central nervous system.", "PMID": 313027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3782", "title": "[Scintiscanning with technetium-99m pertechnetate in the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum].", "content": "Personal experience with technetium99m pertecnetate scanning in the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum is reported. The data reported indicate that the scan can be considered positive when the lower right quadrant of the abdomen shows a definite accumulation of radioactivity. Of 12 children examined, 4 responses were positive. These 4 patients were submitted to surgery and this confirmed the presence of Meckel's diverticulum containing gastric mucosa, and of an ulcer in the adjacent ileal mucosa. After discussing the clinical value of the investigation and having examined the problem of false positives and false negatives, in relation to reported data, it is concluded that scanning with technetium has a vital role to play in the diagnosis of haemorrhage due to Meckel's diverticulum.", "contents": "[Scintiscanning with technetium-99m pertechnetate in the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum]. Personal experience with technetium99m pertecnetate scanning in the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum is reported. The data reported indicate that the scan can be considered positive when the lower right quadrant of the abdomen shows a definite accumulation of radioactivity. Of 12 children examined, 4 responses were positive. These 4 patients were submitted to surgery and this confirmed the presence of Meckel's diverticulum containing gastric mucosa, and of an ulcer in the adjacent ileal mucosa. After discussing the clinical value of the investigation and having examined the problem of false positives and false negatives, in relation to reported data, it is concluded that scanning with technetium has a vital role to play in the diagnosis of haemorrhage due to Meckel's diverticulum.", "PMID": 313029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3783", "title": "Menstrual dysfunction in distance runners.", "content": "The problem of menstrual dysfunction in women who engage in endurance training for participation in distance running events has been studied. Through survey, selected aspects of the personal, training, menstrual, and contraceptive histories of 168 women who were defined as runners, joggers, or controls were evaluated. In addition, defined subsets of the study subjects were evaluated for serum levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones and determination of percentage body fat. The data show significant differences among the 3 groups. It is concluded that menstrual dysfunction in distance runners is a real phenomenon. Presumably this is related to decreased percentage of body fat and/or minimal ovarian function secondary to diminished hypothalamic or pituitary hormone secretion.", "contents": "Menstrual dysfunction in distance runners. The problem of menstrual dysfunction in women who engage in endurance training for participation in distance running events has been studied. Through survey, selected aspects of the personal, training, menstrual, and contraceptive histories of 168 women who were defined as runners, joggers, or controls were evaluated. In addition, defined subsets of the study subjects were evaluated for serum levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones and determination of percentage body fat. The data show significant differences among the 3 groups. It is concluded that menstrual dysfunction in distance runners is a real phenomenon. Presumably this is related to decreased percentage of body fat and/or minimal ovarian function secondary to diminished hypothalamic or pituitary hormone secretion.", "PMID": 313033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3784", "title": "Possible nonspecific immunopotentiation by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene sensitization in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Various immunological parameters were evaluated in untreated Hodgkin's patients before and after sensitization with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The ratio (r) of these parameters after/before DNCB sensitization for patients and second/first samples in the controls were calculated. There were significantly more patients in the r greater than 1.1 group for PHA and Con A responses and for peripheral blood T cell percentages. These data suggest that DNCB sensitization may have a nonspecific immunopotentiation effect.", "contents": "Possible nonspecific immunopotentiation by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene sensitization in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Various immunological parameters were evaluated in untreated Hodgkin's patients before and after sensitization with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The ratio (r) of these parameters after/before DNCB sensitization for patients and second/first samples in the controls were calculated. There were significantly more patients in the r greater than 1.1 group for PHA and Con A responses and for peripheral blood T cell percentages. These data suggest that DNCB sensitization may have a nonspecific immunopotentiation effect.", "PMID": 313034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3785", "title": "Timing of bilateral cerebellar output evoked by unilateral vestibular stimulation in the frog.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of one VIIIth nerve evoked simple spike activity in Purkinje cells located on either side of the cerebellum. This cellebullar output was delayed by ca. 10 ms with respect to its mossy fiber-parallel fiber input. The onset of the cerebellar output occurs on the average simultaneously on either side of the corpus cerebelli. The delay is explained by slowly rising EPSPs in PC induced by primary afferent and by second and higher order vestibular fibers. The latter inputs are stronger and terminate ipsi- and contralaterally in the granular layer.", "contents": "Timing of bilateral cerebellar output evoked by unilateral vestibular stimulation in the frog. Electrical stimulation of one VIIIth nerve evoked simple spike activity in Purkinje cells located on either side of the cerebellum. This cellebullar output was delayed by ca. 10 ms with respect to its mossy fiber-parallel fiber input. The onset of the cerebellar output occurs on the average simultaneously on either side of the corpus cerebelli. The delay is explained by slowly rising EPSPs in PC induced by primary afferent and by second and higher order vestibular fibers. The latter inputs are stronger and terminate ipsi- and contralaterally in the granular layer.", "PMID": 313042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3786", "title": "[Double contrast barium enema-colonoscopy. Comparative diagnostic value in 73 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Double contrast barium enema and colonoscopy are great value in the diagnosis of lesions of the colon, especially polyps. This study involved 73 patients. The results were in agreement in 71,2% of cases and disagreed in 23,3%. In 5,5%, colonoscopy was technically inadequate. Classical barium enema remains indicated for the detection of carcinoma or in elderly or bedridden individuals. By contrast, barium enema should be replaced by double contrast study in the aetiological evaluation of rectal bleeding. In our own series, the diagnosis was positive in 92% of cases as long as both the radiological and endoscopic techniques were used.", "contents": "[Double contrast barium enema-colonoscopy. Comparative diagnostic value in 73 patients (author's transl)]. Double contrast barium enema and colonoscopy are great value in the diagnosis of lesions of the colon, especially polyps. This study involved 73 patients. The results were in agreement in 71,2% of cases and disagreed in 23,3%. In 5,5%, colonoscopy was technically inadequate. Classical barium enema remains indicated for the detection of carcinoma or in elderly or bedridden individuals. By contrast, barium enema should be replaced by double contrast study in the aetiological evaluation of rectal bleeding. In our own series, the diagnosis was positive in 92% of cases as long as both the radiological and endoscopic techniques were used.", "PMID": 313043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3787", "title": "[X-ray examination for the detection of complications after abdominal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of complications in a consecutive series of 515 abdominal surgical operations was studied. Abdominal complications of varying degree of severity were observed in 62 cases (16%). They were of four types: haemorrhage, ileus, peritonitis and complications on the part of the biliary tract and pancreas. The use of radiological methods for detecting these complications is reviewed. Direct roentgenography is the method of choice in cases of suspected ileus, perforation or foreign body. Administration of contrast media should be reserved almost entirely to cases of stress ulcer and to distinguish between incomplete and complete ileus. If perforation of penetration is suspected only water-soluble contrast media should be used. Detection of a leaking anastomosis or an abscess is by injection of the fistula. The value of angiography for  revealing a haemorrhage or embolism and for assessing the response to vasoactive agents is discussed.", "contents": "[X-ray examination for the detection of complications after abdominal surgery (author's transl)]. The incidence of complications in a consecutive series of 515 abdominal surgical operations was studied. Abdominal complications of varying degree of severity were observed in 62 cases (16%). They were of four types: haemorrhage, ileus, peritonitis and complications on the part of the biliary tract and pancreas. The use of radiological methods for detecting these complications is reviewed. Direct roentgenography is the method of choice in cases of suspected ileus, perforation or foreign body. Administration of contrast media should be reserved almost entirely to cases of stress ulcer and to distinguish between incomplete and complete ileus. If perforation of penetration is suspected only water-soluble contrast media should be used. Detection of a leaking anastomosis or an abscess is by injection of the fistula. The value of angiography for  revealing a haemorrhage or embolism and for assessing the response to vasoactive agents is discussed.", "PMID": 313049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3788", "title": "Separation of human T lymphocyte subpopulations (Tmu, Tgamma) by density gradient electrophoresis.", "content": "Purified human peripheral blood T lymphocytes were fractionated by density gradient electrophoresis on the basis of their surface charge. The high mobility cell fractions were found to be enriched in T cells having receptors for IgM (Tmu cells) with only minor proportions of T cells having receptors for IgG (Tgamma cells). In contrast, the low mobility cell fractions were enriched in Tgamma cells with very low numbers of contaminating Tmu cells. Both populations were of higher mobility than human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. High-affinity sheep erythrocyte resette-forming cells (E-RFC) were relatively enriched in the high and intermediate mobility fractions and appear to include the Tmu cells and the T cells without receptors for IgG or IgM (Tvarphi). The low affinity E-RFC were found only in the lower mobility fractions that included the Tgamma cell population. A direct correlation was observed between the number of Tgamma lymphocytes and the low affinity E-RFC in all the fractions. The separated cell fractions were treated in vitro with different concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) and examined for the numbers of Tmu and Tgamma cells. Low concentrations of Con A (2.5 mug/ml) significantly increased the number of Tmu cells, whereas high concentrations of Con A (20 mug/ml and 40 mug/ml) markedly reduced the number of Tmu cells and increased the number of Tgamma cells. Furthermore, all fractions (both Tmu and Tgamma cell enriched) responded by proliferation to Con A, whereas only the high and intermediate mobility fractions (enriched in Tmu cells) responded to phytohemagglutinin. Fractions enriched in Tgamma cells responded very poorly to phytohemagglutinin. This method provides another technique for separating human Tmu- and Tgamma-enriched lymphocyte subpopulations and does not modulate the Fc receptors of the cells, in contrast to the rosetting techniques currently in use for the separation of these lymphocytes.", "contents": "Separation of human T lymphocyte subpopulations (Tmu, Tgamma) by density gradient electrophoresis. Purified human peripheral blood T lymphocytes were fractionated by density gradient electrophoresis on the basis of their surface charge. The high mobility cell fractions were found to be enriched in T cells having receptors for IgM (Tmu cells) with only minor proportions of T cells having receptors for IgG (Tgamma cells). In contrast, the low mobility cell fractions were enriched in Tgamma cells with very low numbers of contaminating Tmu cells. Both populations were of higher mobility than human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. High-affinity sheep erythrocyte resette-forming cells (E-RFC) were relatively enriched in the high and intermediate mobility fractions and appear to include the Tmu cells and the T cells without receptors for IgG or IgM (Tvarphi). The low affinity E-RFC were found only in the lower mobility fractions that included the Tgamma cell population. A direct correlation was observed between the number of Tgamma lymphocytes and the low affinity E-RFC in all the fractions. The separated cell fractions were treated in vitro with different concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) and examined for the numbers of Tmu and Tgamma cells. Low concentrations of Con A (2.5 mug/ml) significantly increased the number of Tmu cells, whereas high concentrations of Con A (20 mug/ml and 40 mug/ml) markedly reduced the number of Tmu cells and increased the number of Tgamma cells. Furthermore, all fractions (both Tmu and Tgamma cell enriched) responded by proliferation to Con A, whereas only the high and intermediate mobility fractions (enriched in Tmu cells) responded to phytohemagglutinin. Fractions enriched in Tgamma cells responded very poorly to phytohemagglutinin. This method provides another technique for separating human Tmu- and Tgamma-enriched lymphocyte subpopulations and does not modulate the Fc receptors of the cells, in contrast to the rosetting techniques currently in use for the separation of these lymphocytes.", "PMID": 313051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3789", "title": "Enhancement of the primary cytotoxic response to membrane by a lymphokine costimulator.", "content": "The primary and secondary cytotoxic T cell responses of C57Bl/6 (H-2b) mouse spleen cells to P-815 membrane fragments (H-2d) were examined. The primary response required the addition of a supernatant from mitogen-stimulated spleen cells, or costimulator, to the culture medium. Costimulator had little effect on the secondary response unless the spleen cells were first passed through a nylon wool column. Our data suggested that secondary cultures produced their own costimulator and that adherent cells were required for its production. The possibility that adherent cells are needed to activate helper cells is discussed.", "contents": "Enhancement of the primary cytotoxic response to membrane by a lymphokine costimulator. The primary and secondary cytotoxic T cell responses of C57Bl/6 (H-2b) mouse spleen cells to P-815 membrane fragments (H-2d) were examined. The primary response required the addition of a supernatant from mitogen-stimulated spleen cells, or costimulator, to the culture medium. Costimulator had little effect on the secondary response unless the spleen cells were first passed through a nylon wool column. Our data suggested that secondary cultures produced their own costimulator and that adherent cells were required for its production. The possibility that adherent cells are needed to activate helper cells is discussed.", "PMID": 313052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3790", "title": "Selective toxicity of purine deoxynucleosides for human lymphocyte growth and function.", "content": "A role for the enzymes adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) and purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyl-transferase, EC 2.4.2.1) in the functional maturation of lymphoid cells has been revealed by the association of inherited deficiencies of these enzymes and profound immune deficiency. Previous studies have suggested that the selective toxicity for lymphocytes may be mediated by the accumulation of toxic deoxynucleoside metabolites, likely through the action of specific kinases enriched in lymphoid cells. In order to study possible mechanisms whereby lymphocyte function may be impaired in these disorders, we have studied the effect of nucleosides and their deoxy analogues on both T and B lymphocyte growth and function. In the presence of deoxyguanosine, there was marked inhibition of T lymphoblast growth, phytohem-agglutinin-induced cell proliferation, and T suppressor cell activity. T helper cell activity and the differentiation of B cells to an antibody-secreting stage were unaffected. Deoxyadenosine was much less inhibitory, but in the presence of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, its effects on lymphocyte growth and function were markedly potentiated. The addition of deoxycytidine prevented deoxyadenosine toxicity in all assays, whereas it only interfered with deoxyguanosine effects on T lymphoblast growth. These studies provide some initial understanding for the selective loss of specific lymphocyte functions in individuals with inborn errors of purine metabolism.", "contents": "Selective toxicity of purine deoxynucleosides for human lymphocyte growth and function. A role for the enzymes adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) and purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyl-transferase, EC 2.4.2.1) in the functional maturation of lymphoid cells has been revealed by the association of inherited deficiencies of these enzymes and profound immune deficiency. Previous studies have suggested that the selective toxicity for lymphocytes may be mediated by the accumulation of toxic deoxynucleoside metabolites, likely through the action of specific kinases enriched in lymphoid cells. In order to study possible mechanisms whereby lymphocyte function may be impaired in these disorders, we have studied the effect of nucleosides and their deoxy analogues on both T and B lymphocyte growth and function. In the presence of deoxyguanosine, there was marked inhibition of T lymphoblast growth, phytohem-agglutinin-induced cell proliferation, and T suppressor cell activity. T helper cell activity and the differentiation of B cells to an antibody-secreting stage were unaffected. Deoxyadenosine was much less inhibitory, but in the presence of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, its effects on lymphocyte growth and function were markedly potentiated. The addition of deoxycytidine prevented deoxyadenosine toxicity in all assays, whereas it only interfered with deoxyguanosine effects on T lymphoblast growth. These studies provide some initial understanding for the selective loss of specific lymphocyte functions in individuals with inborn errors of purine metabolism.", "PMID": 313053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3791", "title": "Induction of prostaglandin E synthesis in normal and neoplastic macrophages: role for colony-stimulating factor(s) distinct from effects on myeloid progenitor cell proliferation.", "content": "The biosynthesis of prostaglandin E (PGE) by normal and neoplastic macrophages is intrinsically linked to their synthesis of, and exposure to, myeloid colony-stimulating factors (CS-factors). The defect in responsiveness to endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice extends equally to the synthesis of CS-factor and PGE. However, C3H/HeJ macrophages can be stimulated to synthesize PGE by treatment with agents other than LPS [zymosan, tuberculin purified protein derivative, concanavalin A, poly(I).poly(C)], which also stimulate CS-factor production, or by the addition of various preparations of soluble CS-factor. In peritoneal wash preparations, constitutive PGE synthesis occurred in rapidly sedimenting macrophage cells, whereas constitutive CS-factor production and inducible PGE synthesis occurred in slower sedimenting adherent cells. A similar functional heterogeneity in CS-factor and PGE production was found in neoplastic macrophagae cell lines. The association of elevated CS-factor levels and PGE synthesis by macrophages suggests a role for CS-factor in many of the physiological responses heretofore associated with elevated tissue levels of the E type prostaglandins.", "contents": "Induction of prostaglandin E synthesis in normal and neoplastic macrophages: role for colony-stimulating factor(s) distinct from effects on myeloid progenitor cell proliferation. The biosynthesis of prostaglandin E (PGE) by normal and neoplastic macrophages is intrinsically linked to their synthesis of, and exposure to, myeloid colony-stimulating factors (CS-factors). The defect in responsiveness to endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice extends equally to the synthesis of CS-factor and PGE. However, C3H/HeJ macrophages can be stimulated to synthesize PGE by treatment with agents other than LPS [zymosan, tuberculin purified protein derivative, concanavalin A, poly(I).poly(C)], which also stimulate CS-factor production, or by the addition of various preparations of soluble CS-factor. In peritoneal wash preparations, constitutive PGE synthesis occurred in rapidly sedimenting macrophage cells, whereas constitutive CS-factor production and inducible PGE synthesis occurred in slower sedimenting adherent cells. A similar functional heterogeneity in CS-factor and PGE production was found in neoplastic macrophagae cell lines. The association of elevated CS-factor levels and PGE synthesis by macrophages suggests a role for CS-factor in many of the physiological responses heretofore associated with elevated tissue levels of the E type prostaglandins.", "PMID": 313054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3792", "title": "Immunosuppression by Friend leukemia virus is H-2 restricted by alloreactive T lymphocytes.", "content": "Friend leukemia virus suppresses mitogen-responsive cells in vitro by activating thymus-dependent suppressor cells. The interaction between T suppressor and mitogen-responsive cells is H-2D restricted by a third cell type, called an interfering cell. The interfering cells could be characterized as alloreactive T cells that functionally mature in the spleen at 2 weeks of age and that can be functionally inhibited by mitomycin C, irradiation, and cortisol. Interfering cells are stimulated by H-2D (and not H-2L) alloantigens of the mitogen-responsive cells. H-2D differences between interfering and T suppressor cells are unimportant. Induction of \"tolerance\" to H-2 alloantigens in semi-allogeneic radiation marrow chimeras resulted in the specific loss of interfering cell function. It is possible that interfering or similar cells participate in other forms of H-2 restriction.", "contents": "Immunosuppression by Friend leukemia virus is H-2 restricted by alloreactive T lymphocytes. Friend leukemia virus suppresses mitogen-responsive cells in vitro by activating thymus-dependent suppressor cells. The interaction between T suppressor and mitogen-responsive cells is H-2D restricted by a third cell type, called an interfering cell. The interfering cells could be characterized as alloreactive T cells that functionally mature in the spleen at 2 weeks of age and that can be functionally inhibited by mitomycin C, irradiation, and cortisol. Interfering cells are stimulated by H-2D (and not H-2L) alloantigens of the mitogen-responsive cells. H-2D differences between interfering and T suppressor cells are unimportant. Induction of \"tolerance\" to H-2 alloantigens in semi-allogeneic radiation marrow chimeras resulted in the specific loss of interfering cell function. It is possible that interfering or similar cells participate in other forms of H-2 restriction.", "PMID": 313055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3793", "title": "Biochemical basis for the enhanced toxicity of deoxyribonucleosides toward malignant human T cell lines.", "content": "Human malignant T cell lines have high levels of deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylating activity and low levels of deoxyribonucleotide dephosphorylating activity. When incubated with deoxyadenosine or thymidine, the malignant T cell lines rapidly accumulate toxic concentrations of dATP and dTTP, respectively. This unusual pattern of deoxyribonucleotide metabolism renders the malignant T cells especially vulnerable to the toxic effects of deoxyribonucleosides and related analogues.", "contents": "Biochemical basis for the enhanced toxicity of deoxyribonucleosides toward malignant human T cell lines. Human malignant T cell lines have high levels of deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylating activity and low levels of deoxyribonucleotide dephosphorylating activity. When incubated with deoxyadenosine or thymidine, the malignant T cell lines rapidly accumulate toxic concentrations of dATP and dTTP, respectively. This unusual pattern of deoxyribonucleotide metabolism renders the malignant T cells especially vulnerable to the toxic effects of deoxyribonucleosides and related analogues.", "PMID": 313056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3794", "title": "Blood flow velocity in pulmonary microvessels of bullfrog.", "content": "Flow velocity in the pulmonary microvessels of the exposed lung of bullfrogs was measured by means of a laser Doppler microscope of an oblique backward mode, together with a signal-analyzing system having a time sharing circuit triggered by the R-wave of the ECG. By these means, measurements of the changes of flow velocity contour in the cardiac cycle were made. Flow velocity was clearly pulsatile in response to cardiac cycles in all microvessels including capillaries. Flow velocities in the arteriole and venule consistently decreased for a short period after the R-wave (84 +/- 33 msec (mean +/- SD) in the arteriole and 130 +/- 31 msec in the venule, respectively) and rapidly increased up to a maximicronm value. The mean flow velocities in arterioles (diameter 50 +/- 17 micron) and venules (39 +/- 9 micronm) were 2.29 +/- 0.32 and 2.30 +/- 0.27 mm/sec. The amplitudes of pulsatile flow in these vessels were 0.83 +/- 0.31 and 0.63 +/- 0.16 mm/sec, respectively. In the capillary the times from the R-wave to the minimicronm and maximum values were variable. In some cases the velocity gradually increased without first decreasing and the increase sharply accelerated a certain time after the R-wave. The mean velocity in the pulmonary capillary and the amplitude of the pulsatile flow ere 1.78 +/- 0.31 and 0.37 +/- 0.12 mm/sec, resepctively. The ratios of the pulsatile amplitude to the mean velocity in the pulmonary capillary, venule and arteriole averaged 0.21, and 0.36, respectively.", "contents": "Blood flow velocity in pulmonary microvessels of bullfrog. Flow velocity in the pulmonary microvessels of the exposed lung of bullfrogs was measured by means of a laser Doppler microscope of an oblique backward mode, together with a signal-analyzing system having a time sharing circuit triggered by the R-wave of the ECG. By these means, measurements of the changes of flow velocity contour in the cardiac cycle were made. Flow velocity was clearly pulsatile in response to cardiac cycles in all microvessels including capillaries. Flow velocities in the arteriole and venule consistently decreased for a short period after the R-wave (84 +/- 33 msec (mean +/- SD) in the arteriole and 130 +/- 31 msec in the venule, respectively) and rapidly increased up to a maximicronm value. The mean flow velocities in arterioles (diameter 50 +/- 17 micron) and venules (39 +/- 9 micronm) were 2.29 +/- 0.32 and 2.30 +/- 0.27 mm/sec. The amplitudes of pulsatile flow in these vessels were 0.83 +/- 0.31 and 0.63 +/- 0.16 mm/sec, respectively. In the capillary the times from the R-wave to the minimicronm and maximum values were variable. In some cases the velocity gradually increased without first decreasing and the increase sharply accelerated a certain time after the R-wave. The mean velocity in the pulmonary capillary and the amplitude of the pulsatile flow ere 1.78 +/- 0.31 and 0.37 +/- 0.12 mm/sec, resepctively. The ratios of the pulsatile amplitude to the mean velocity in the pulmonary capillary, venule and arteriole averaged 0.21, and 0.36, respectively.", "PMID": 313064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3795", "title": "B-cell acute lymphatic leukaemia: immunoglobulin synthesis, morphology and clinical features.", "content": "A detailed case study of a B cell acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) is described. Ultrastructurally the neoplastic cells resembled other cases of ALL studied. The majority of the neoplastic cells had detectable surface IgGlambda and receptors for Fcgamma while a majority of the cells had receptors for the C3 component of complement. Neoplastic cell preparations were able to synthesize IgGlambda with a surplus of free lambda chains. This case did not respond to treatment, and death ensued within 36 h of presentation. The clinical and laboratory findings are discussed with respect to other cases of ALL.", "contents": "B-cell acute lymphatic leukaemia: immunoglobulin synthesis, morphology and clinical features. A detailed case study of a B cell acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) is described. Ultrastructurally the neoplastic cells resembled other cases of ALL studied. The majority of the neoplastic cells had detectable surface IgGlambda and receptors for Fcgamma while a majority of the cells had receptors for the C3 component of complement. Neoplastic cell preparations were able to synthesize IgGlambda with a surplus of free lambda chains. This case did not respond to treatment, and death ensued within 36 h of presentation. The clinical and laboratory findings are discussed with respect to other cases of ALL.", "PMID": 313072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3796", "title": "Endotoxin-induced colony stimulating activity in normal and myeloid leukaemic subjects.", "content": "Low doses of endotoxin were administered to normal and acute anc chronic myeloid leukaemic subjects. Temperature, leucocyte count, blood colony stimulating activity and the number of circulating colony forming units were monitored. All subjects acquired fever while the leucocyte count remained unaltered. Blood CSA rose sharply in 6 normal individuals, but failed to increase in 4 acute leukaemic patients and in 2 patients with CML in blast crisis. 2 patients with CML in the chronic stage increased their blood CSA comparable to normal individuals. The number of circulating colony forming units rose following endotoxin with a peak at 30 min and declined subsequently. 4 patients with acute leukaemia showed no increase of circulating colony formers.", "contents": "Endotoxin-induced colony stimulating activity in normal and myeloid leukaemic subjects. Low doses of endotoxin were administered to normal and acute anc chronic myeloid leukaemic subjects. Temperature, leucocyte count, blood colony stimulating activity and the number of circulating colony forming units were monitored. All subjects acquired fever while the leucocyte count remained unaltered. Blood CSA rose sharply in 6 normal individuals, but failed to increase in 4 acute leukaemic patients and in 2 patients with CML in blast crisis. 2 patients with CML in the chronic stage increased their blood CSA comparable to normal individuals. The number of circulating colony forming units rose following endotoxin with a peak at 30 min and declined subsequently. 4 patients with acute leukaemia showed no increase of circulating colony formers.", "PMID": 313073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3797", "title": "D-penicillamine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis monitored by plasma alfa-1-antitrypsin-IgA complexes and plasma and urinary sulphur containing aminoacids.", "content": "D-Penicillamine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis resulted in a fall in plasma alfa-1-antitrypsin-IgA complexes which was significantly more pronounced among responders than among non-responders. Plasma free cystine levels also fell during D-penicillamine treatment, the fall being dose dependent up to a daily dose of 500 mg. Higher doses did not result in further lowering, and no difference was detected between responders and non responders. The dominating sulphur containing aminoacid excreted in the urine was penicillamine-cysteine disulphide, the concentration of which did not correlate to either toxicity or clinical effectiveness, but showed much individual variation. The slow kinetics of change in the complex concentration taken together with in vitro experiments, suggest that the effect of D-penicillamine is more likely to be on the de novo formation of the complexes, rather than on their reduction.", "contents": "D-penicillamine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis monitored by plasma alfa-1-antitrypsin-IgA complexes and plasma and urinary sulphur containing aminoacids. D-Penicillamine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis resulted in a fall in plasma alfa-1-antitrypsin-IgA complexes which was significantly more pronounced among responders than among non-responders. Plasma free cystine levels also fell during D-penicillamine treatment, the fall being dose dependent up to a daily dose of 500 mg. Higher doses did not result in further lowering, and no difference was detected between responders and non responders. The dominating sulphur containing aminoacid excreted in the urine was penicillamine-cysteine disulphide, the concentration of which did not correlate to either toxicity or clinical effectiveness, but showed much individual variation. The slow kinetics of change in the complex concentration taken together with in vitro experiments, suggest that the effect of D-penicillamine is more likely to be on the de novo formation of the complexes, rather than on their reduction.", "PMID": 313074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3798", "title": "[Acupuncture-analgesia/anesthesia: placebo for physician and patient?].", "content": "Various non-pharmacological analgesic procedures are attracting interest as a means of treating chronic pain (acupuncture, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, dorsal column stimulation, subcortical stimulation). The gate-control theory and activation of endorphin mechanisms are discussed as explanatory hypotheses for the analgesic effect. The proof of analgesic action in addition to the ever-present placebo effect is difficult. However, in unconscious, superficially anesthetized patients undergoing hysterectomy an analgesic effect of electrostimulation has been demonstrated which resulted in a significant reduction in the need for additional anesthetics. Speculation regarding the future of this method is premature in view of many unanswered questions.", "contents": "[Acupuncture-analgesia/anesthesia: placebo for physician and patient?]. Various non-pharmacological analgesic procedures are attracting interest as a means of treating chronic pain (acupuncture, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, dorsal column stimulation, subcortical stimulation). The gate-control theory and activation of endorphin mechanisms are discussed as explanatory hypotheses for the analgesic effect. The proof of analgesic action in addition to the ever-present placebo effect is difficult. However, in unconscious, superficially anesthetized patients undergoing hysterectomy an analgesic effect of electrostimulation has been demonstrated which resulted in a significant reduction in the need for additional anesthetics. Speculation regarding the future of this method is premature in view of many unanswered questions.", "PMID": 313075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3799", "title": "Eye movements initiate visual-motor development in the cat.", "content": "Visually na\u00efve kittens turn their eyes toward visual targets but lack other visual-motor coordinations. Light-reared animals were able to mediate guided behaviors with an immobilized eye, but animals with the eye immobilized before initial exposure to a lighted environment were not. Eye movement is implied to play an essential role in visual-motor development.", "contents": "Eye movements initiate visual-motor development in the cat. Visually na\u00efve kittens turn their eyes toward visual targets but lack other visual-motor coordinations. Light-reared animals were able to mediate guided behaviors with an immobilized eye, but animals with the eye immobilized before initial exposure to a lighted environment were not. Eye movement is implied to play an essential role in visual-motor development.", "PMID": 313076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3800", "title": "Preferential transmission of the Z deficient allele of alpha 1-antitrypsin.", "content": "The transmission of the Z deficient allele of alpha 1-antitrypsin was studied in 23 families, each with a single parent heterozygous for this allele. When the mother carried the Z allele, the distribution of phenotypes in the children did not differ significantly from the expected frequency. In contrast, when the father was the carrier, a significant increase of heterozygous phenotypes was observed in the children. This observation suggests that a selective advantage is associated with the expression of the Z allele in male gametes.", "contents": "Preferential transmission of the Z deficient allele of alpha 1-antitrypsin. The transmission of the Z deficient allele of alpha 1-antitrypsin was studied in 23 families, each with a single parent heterozygous for this allele. When the mother carried the Z allele, the distribution of phenotypes in the children did not differ significantly from the expected frequency. In contrast, when the father was the carrier, a significant increase of heterozygous phenotypes was observed in the children. This observation suggests that a selective advantage is associated with the expression of the Z allele in male gametes.", "PMID": 313077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3801", "title": "Hemophilus influenzae septicemia and polyarthritis in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Hemophilus influenzae sepsis, rare in adults, is reported for the first time in association with multiple myeloma. The patient developed fulminant septicemia involving multiple organs and disabling pyarthrosis due to nonencapsulated H influenzae, usually considered to be nonpathogenic. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy cured the infection and prevented permanent joint disease. Also illustrated is the problem of establishing a diagnosis of myclomatosis in patients with septicemia. The English language literature on H influenzae sepsis and polyarthritis in association with myeloma has been reviewed.", "contents": "Hemophilus influenzae septicemia and polyarthritis in multiple myeloma. Hemophilus influenzae sepsis, rare in adults, is reported for the first time in association with multiple myeloma. The patient developed fulminant septicemia involving multiple organs and disabling pyarthrosis due to nonencapsulated H influenzae, usually considered to be nonpathogenic. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy cured the infection and prevented permanent joint disease. Also illustrated is the problem of establishing a diagnosis of myclomatosis in patients with septicemia. The English language literature on H influenzae sepsis and polyarthritis in association with myeloma has been reviewed.", "PMID": 313078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3802", "title": "Mucocele of the appendix associated with hematochezia.", "content": "A case is reported in which a mucocele of the appendix produced massive gastrointestinal bleeding. This has not previously been reported.", "contents": "Mucocele of the appendix associated with hematochezia. A case is reported in which a mucocele of the appendix produced massive gastrointestinal bleeding. This has not previously been reported.", "PMID": 313079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3803", "title": "Exsanguination from esophageal rupture of an atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm in a patient with treated tuberculosis.", "content": "An elderly man with previous tuberculosis exsanguinated from esophageal rupture of an atherosclerotic thoracic aneurysm. Because the patient refused angiography, the source of bleeding was discovered only at autopsy. Selected clinical and pathologic aspects of the case are discussed in relation to the different causes of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Because these lesions have a grave prognosis, the need for timely diagnostic evaluation and aggressive surgical management is emphasized.", "contents": "Exsanguination from esophageal rupture of an atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm in a patient with treated tuberculosis. An elderly man with previous tuberculosis exsanguinated from esophageal rupture of an atherosclerotic thoracic aneurysm. Because the patient refused angiography, the source of bleeding was discovered only at autopsy. Selected clinical and pathologic aspects of the case are discussed in relation to the different causes of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Because these lesions have a grave prognosis, the need for timely diagnostic evaluation and aggressive surgical management is emphasized.", "PMID": 313080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3804", "title": "Antidiuretic hormone effect of vasopressin therapy for gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "content": "Use of vasopressin injection (Pitressin) as an adjunct in the treatment of various types of gastrointestinal hemorrhage also produces an antidiuretic hormone effect of free water retention. This produces difficulties in fluid and electrolyte management and in the interpretation of changes in mental and hemodynamic status. This effect and its management are directly related to the total dose of the drug administered.", "contents": "Antidiuretic hormone effect of vasopressin therapy for gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Use of vasopressin injection (Pitressin) as an adjunct in the treatment of various types of gastrointestinal hemorrhage also produces an antidiuretic hormone effect of free water retention. This produces difficulties in fluid and electrolyte management and in the interpretation of changes in mental and hemodynamic status. This effect and its management are directly related to the total dose of the drug administered.", "PMID": 313081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3805", "title": "Management of concomitant, symptomatic surgical lesions of the coronary and carotid arteries.", "content": "The surgical management of a patient with symptomatic lesions of the carotid and coronary arteries is presented. The association of these lesions is discussed along with the rationale of a combined surgical approach.", "contents": "Management of concomitant, symptomatic surgical lesions of the coronary and carotid arteries. The surgical management of a patient with symptomatic lesions of the carotid and coronary arteries is presented. The association of these lesions is discussed along with the rationale of a combined surgical approach.", "PMID": 313082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3806", "title": "[Influence of x-rays on the B- and T-cells in the spleen of mice and their reaction on mitogenetic substances (author's transl)].", "content": "Total irradiation of mice with 100 R, 350 R and 600 R leads to a significant decrease of T- and B-cells which depends directly on the irradiation dose. This decrease can already be demonstrated on the first day after the irradiation, it reaches its culminating point on the tenth day after the irradiation. After an irradiation with 100 R, the cells of the spleen or irradiated mice show no reduced capacity of being stimulated by phytohemagglutinine, Pokeweed mitogen, and concanavalin A, in case of an irradiation with 350 R this capacity is significantly reduced only until the third day after the irradiation. The animals irradiated with 600 R show a decrease on the first day, then they have a phase of recovery on the third day which is followed by a second decrease (biphasic depression). Independently of the irradiation energy, the reduced number of B- and T-cells in the irradiated mice returns to normal values until the 48th day of observation. The functional activities, however, show a disturbance the  extension and duration of which are depending on the irradiation dose.", "contents": "[Influence of x-rays on the B- and T-cells in the spleen of mice and their reaction on mitogenetic substances (author's transl)]. Total irradiation of mice with 100 R, 350 R and 600 R leads to a significant decrease of T- and B-cells which depends directly on the irradiation dose. This decrease can already be demonstrated on the first day after the irradiation, it reaches its culminating point on the tenth day after the irradiation. After an irradiation with 100 R, the cells of the spleen or irradiated mice show no reduced capacity of being stimulated by phytohemagglutinine, Pokeweed mitogen, and concanavalin A, in case of an irradiation with 350 R this capacity is significantly reduced only until the third day after the irradiation. The animals irradiated with 600 R show a decrease on the first day, then they have a phase of recovery on the third day which is followed by a second decrease (biphasic depression). Independently of the irradiation energy, the reduced number of B- and T-cells in the irradiated mice returns to normal values until the 48th day of observation. The functional activities, however, show a disturbance the  extension and duration of which are depending on the irradiation dose.", "PMID": 313089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3807", "title": "[Problem of oral surgical interventions during pregnancy, menstruation and under the intake of hormonal contraceptives].", "content": "Pregnancy, menstruation and hormonal contraceptives are no contraindications for necessary oral surgical procedures. If the pregnancy takes a normal course, surgical interventions with absolute indication are possible at any time. Surgical interventions with relative indication should be performed during the second trimester of pregnancy. The dental treatment of pregnant women should be terminated, as far as possible, by the 7th or 8th month of pregnancy. Metabolic imbalances, static loading and gingival changes deserve special attention.", "contents": "[Problem of oral surgical interventions during pregnancy, menstruation and under the intake of hormonal contraceptives]. Pregnancy, menstruation and hormonal contraceptives are no contraindications for necessary oral surgical procedures. If the pregnancy takes a normal course, surgical interventions with absolute indication are possible at any time. Surgical interventions with relative indication should be performed during the second trimester of pregnancy. The dental treatment of pregnant women should be terminated, as far as possible, by the 7th or 8th month of pregnancy. Metabolic imbalances, static loading and gingival changes deserve special attention.", "PMID": 313090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3808", "title": "Antitumor effect of whole-body X-irradiation: possible role of an X-ray-sensitive T suppressor cell population.", "content": "Findings have been presented which support the concept that SBF and suppressor cells can modify immune responses to tumor antigens in vivo, and they indicate that some types of SBF act through a radiosensitive suppressor cell system. We believe that further understanding of the mechanisms involved will provide methods of manipulating the immune response to certain immunogenic tumors and may thereby help in the development of tumor immunotherapy.", "contents": "Antitumor effect of whole-body X-irradiation: possible role of an X-ray-sensitive T suppressor cell population. Findings have been presented which support the concept that SBF and suppressor cells can modify immune responses to tumor antigens in vivo, and they indicate that some types of SBF act through a radiosensitive suppressor cell system. We believe that further understanding of the mechanisms involved will provide methods of manipulating the immune response to certain immunogenic tumors and may thereby help in the development of tumor immunotherapy.", "PMID": 313092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3809", "title": "Role of histocompatibility in graft rejection.", "content": "Several modes of graft rejection are possible; to these can be added hyperacute rejection of kidney and skin grafts by cell-mediated mechanisms, which has been demonstrated in several different models. The complexity of the MHC in the mouse has been emphasized, with the description of possibly 12 H loci within this complex, including the new H gene, H-21J. The use of H-2 mutants in studying the H genes within the MHC has been emphasized, and by the use of such mutants five or six new gene loci have been defined, including a new region, H-2L; also, new complexities in the structure of the H-2K and H-2D genes have been recognized. The importance of the MHC is further emphasized in the finding that serum Ia measurements in the mouse may reflect the state of T cell activation, since the Ia levels rise prior to graft rejection and are suppressed in tumor-bearing mice.", "contents": "Role of histocompatibility in graft rejection. Several modes of graft rejection are possible; to these can be added hyperacute rejection of kidney and skin grafts by cell-mediated mechanisms, which has been demonstrated in several different models. The complexity of the MHC in the mouse has been emphasized, with the description of possibly 12 H loci within this complex, including the new H gene, H-21J. The use of H-2 mutants in studying the H genes within the MHC has been emphasized, and by the use of such mutants five or six new gene loci have been defined, including a new region, H-2L; also, new complexities in the structure of the H-2K and H-2D genes have been recognized. The importance of the MHC is further emphasized in the finding that serum Ia measurements in the mouse may reflect the state of T cell activation, since the Ia levels rise prior to graft rejection and are suppressed in tumor-bearing mice.", "PMID": 313098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3810", "title": "Cyclophosphamide-sensitive and cyclophosphamide-resistant suppressor cells in the immune response to alloantigens.", "content": "We have demonstrated that within a given system Cy may alter the immune response in different ways. It may augment the response by inactivating CSS cells or induce immunosuppression by activating CRS. Furthermore, our studies provide a means of analyzing the mechanism of suppression, that is, delineating the target cell for suppression, the properties and life span of the suppressed cells, and the nature of the cell interactions involved. Furthermore, with the available information on the immunosuppressive activity of Cy, clinical studies may be best monitored in transplantation immunology and tumor chemotherapy. It is possible that the induction of CRS cells, which are antigen-nonspecific and non-H-2-restricted, may be useful for inducing specific immunosuppression to alleviate GVH reactions. These studies are currently in progress.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide-sensitive and cyclophosphamide-resistant suppressor cells in the immune response to alloantigens. We have demonstrated that within a given system Cy may alter the immune response in different ways. It may augment the response by inactivating CSS cells or induce immunosuppression by activating CRS. Furthermore, our studies provide a means of analyzing the mechanism of suppression, that is, delineating the target cell for suppression, the properties and life span of the suppressed cells, and the nature of the cell interactions involved. Furthermore, with the available information on the immunosuppressive activity of Cy, clinical studies may be best monitored in transplantation immunology and tumor chemotherapy. It is possible that the induction of CRS cells, which are antigen-nonspecific and non-H-2-restricted, may be useful for inducing specific immunosuppression to alleviate GVH reactions. These studies are currently in progress.", "PMID": 313108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3811", "title": "Retrospective tests of B-cold lymphocytotoxins and transplant survival at a single center.", "content": "Sera from 203 recipients prior to transplantation were examined against a panel of 30 T and B lymphocytes at 5 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Those patients classified as having B-cold cytotoxins only had higher 1-year transplant survival rates from cadaver donors (82%) than patients with no antibodies (58%) or patients with antibodies reactive to T and B lymphocytes in the warm (37%). These results based on transplants from a single center confirm earlier studies derived from patients in 27 centers.", "contents": "Retrospective tests of B-cold lymphocytotoxins and transplant survival at a single center. Sera from 203 recipients prior to transplantation were examined against a panel of 30 T and B lymphocytes at 5 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Those patients classified as having B-cold cytotoxins only had higher 1-year transplant survival rates from cadaver donors (82%) than patients with no antibodies (58%) or patients with antibodies reactive to T and B lymphocytes in the warm (37%). These results based on transplants from a single center confirm earlier studies derived from patients in 27 centers.", "PMID": 313112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3812", "title": "Simple innocuous treatment of massive cyclophosphamide hemorrhagic cystitis.", "content": "A rare complication of cyclophosphamide therapy is severe, protracted, and often life-threatening hemorrhagic cystitis. Many reports on the management of this problem have advocated invasive and in themselves dangerous methods. It is proposed that this condition can be managed by suprapubic cystotomy with the fulguration of obvious bleeding points and the placement of two suprapubic tubes. High-flow continuous bladder irrigation can then be instituted using cooled saline. In addition, the patient should be sedated and constipation avoided.", "contents": "Simple innocuous treatment of massive cyclophosphamide hemorrhagic cystitis. A rare complication of cyclophosphamide therapy is severe, protracted, and often life-threatening hemorrhagic cystitis. Many reports on the management of this problem have advocated invasive and in themselves dangerous methods. It is proposed that this condition can be managed by suprapubic cystotomy with the fulguration of obvious bleeding points and the placement of two suprapubic tubes. High-flow continuous bladder irrigation can then be instituted using cooled saline. In addition, the patient should be sedated and constipation avoided.", "PMID": 313117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3813", "title": "Inhibition of lymphocyte cytotoxicity by serum from patients with alcoholic liver disease: partial characterization of serum inhibitors.", "content": "Studies were performed to explore the effect on normal lymphocyte function of serum derived from patients with alcohol-induced liver injury and healthy controls. We examined the effect of such serum on the generation of both spontaneous and Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced lymphocyte cytotoxicity for Chang target cells. Normal lymphocytes, when incubated in the presence of 5% serum from patients with alcoholic liver disease, showed a marked (20.75 \u00b1 5.1% mean \u00b1 SEM) reduction in the capacity to generate spontaneously cytotoxic cells compared to 5% control serum (3.2 \u00b1 1.9%) (p < 0.001). Similar results were found in studies of Con A-stimulated cytotoxicity (36 \u00b1 7.2% vs. 5 \u00b1 2.3%; p < 0.001). Fractionation of serum by gel chromatography demonstrated the presence of inhibitory activity of various molecular weights, although a major peak of inhibitory activity (approximately 270,000 daltons) was identified in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Thus, this study demonstrates the presence of serum inhibitors in alcoholic liver disease which influence normal lymphocyte function.", "contents": "Inhibition of lymphocyte cytotoxicity by serum from patients with alcoholic liver disease: partial characterization of serum inhibitors. Studies were performed to explore the effect on normal lymphocyte function of serum derived from patients with alcohol-induced liver injury and healthy controls. We examined the effect of such serum on the generation of both spontaneous and Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced lymphocyte cytotoxicity for Chang target cells. Normal lymphocytes, when incubated in the presence of 5% serum from patients with alcoholic liver disease, showed a marked (20.75 \u00b1 5.1% mean \u00b1 SEM) reduction in the capacity to generate spontaneously cytotoxic cells compared to 5% control serum (3.2 \u00b1 1.9%) (p < 0.001). Similar results were found in studies of Con A-stimulated cytotoxicity (36 \u00b1 7.2% vs. 5 \u00b1 2.3%; p < 0.001). Fractionation of serum by gel chromatography demonstrated the presence of inhibitory activity of various molecular weights, although a major peak of inhibitory activity (approximately 270,000 daltons) was identified in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Thus, this study demonstrates the presence of serum inhibitors in alcoholic liver disease which influence normal lymphocyte function.", "PMID": 313125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3814", "title": "[Participation of suppressor cells in the depressing action of serotonin on immunogenesis].", "content": "The transfer of 20 x 10(6) T and B cells of lymphoid organs from the donors immunized with sheep erythrocytes and having elevated serotonin level to the recipients immunized with SRBC decreased the intensity of immune response (rosette formation and direct plaque formation). The elevation of serotonin level in the donors induced the appearance of T and B suppressors in the thymus and the bone marrow respectively and increased the population of T and B suppressors in the spleen and, to a lesser extent, in lymph nodes.", "contents": "[Participation of suppressor cells in the depressing action of serotonin on immunogenesis]. The transfer of 20 x 10(6) T and B cells of lymphoid organs from the donors immunized with sheep erythrocytes and having elevated serotonin level to the recipients immunized with SRBC decreased the intensity of immune response (rosette formation and direct plaque formation). The elevation of serotonin level in the donors induced the appearance of T and B suppressors in the thymus and the bone marrow respectively and increased the population of T and B suppressors in the spleen and, to a lesser extent, in lymph nodes.", "PMID": 313131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3815", "title": "Polyadenylation of pea seed RNA at the early stages of germination.", "content": "1. The RNA polyadenylating activity was found in embryo axes of dry, as well as imbibed and germinated pea seeds, both in nucleus and cytoplasm. 2. The total enzymatic activity remains unchanged during germination, but the intracellular distribution is altered; the activity in nuclei is increased about four-fold at the expense of the postmitochondrial fraction. 3. Specificity towards RNA primers of the polyadenylating system from pea embryo axes is low. 4. Cordycepin inhibits RNA polyadenylation only when [14C]ATP is used as a nucleotide donor, and has no visible influence on the activity of the system utilizing [14C]oligo(A)-nucleotides. 5. It seems that RNA in the pea embryo axes is polyadenylated by a two-step mechanism: synthesis of oligo(A)-nucleotides, and their addition to RNA.", "contents": "Polyadenylation of pea seed RNA at the early stages of germination. 1. The RNA polyadenylating activity was found in embryo axes of dry, as well as imbibed and germinated pea seeds, both in nucleus and cytoplasm. 2. The total enzymatic activity remains unchanged during germination, but the intracellular distribution is altered; the activity in nuclei is increased about four-fold at the expense of the postmitochondrial fraction. 3. Specificity towards RNA primers of the polyadenylating system from pea embryo axes is low. 4. Cordycepin inhibits RNA polyadenylation only when [14C]ATP is used as a nucleotide donor, and has no visible influence on the activity of the system utilizing [14C]oligo(A)-nucleotides. 5. It seems that RNA in the pea embryo axes is polyadenylated by a two-step mechanism: synthesis of oligo(A)-nucleotides, and their addition to RNA.", "PMID": 313132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3816", "title": "Treatment of vulval epithelial lesions by pulsed high-frequency therapy.", "content": "The effect of pulsed high-frequency therapy has been investigated in 25 patients, who had various chronic vulval lesions resulting in continuous, annoying pruritus, smarting or pain, resistant to conventional therapy. The beneficial effect of pulsed high-frequency therapy was either definite or good in 80% of all the cases.", "contents": "Treatment of vulval epithelial lesions by pulsed high-frequency therapy. The effect of pulsed high-frequency therapy has been investigated in 25 patients, who had various chronic vulval lesions resulting in continuous, annoying pruritus, smarting or pain, resistant to conventional therapy. The beneficial effect of pulsed high-frequency therapy was either definite or good in 80% of all the cases.", "PMID": 313134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3817", "title": "[Psychic and medical reactions in patients undergoing open heart surgery in relation to preoperative psychological condition].", "content": "This study reports some results on the postoperative psychological and medical condition of 72 open-heart surgery patients. Special emphasis is placed on the relationship between the postoperative reactions and the preoperative psychological condition of the patients as assessed by an interview. Patients whose postoperative reactions was of a psychotic paranoid type conceived the operation as a mainly technical event and had optimistic expectations for the future. Patients who reacted in a hostile aggressive manner after the operation were preoperatively emotionally withdrawn and depressive inhibited. As far as the postoperative physical condition is concerned it was found that patients with the best recovery in this respect were preoperatively characterized by alexithymia. The results are discussed under psychonalytical aspects. Special emphasis is placed on the preoperative condition of alexithymia.", "contents": "[Psychic and medical reactions in patients undergoing open heart surgery in relation to preoperative psychological condition]. This study reports some results on the postoperative psychological and medical condition of 72 open-heart surgery patients. Special emphasis is placed on the relationship between the postoperative reactions and the preoperative psychological condition of the patients as assessed by an interview. Patients whose postoperative reactions was of a psychotic paranoid type conceived the operation as a mainly technical event and had optimistic expectations for the future. Patients who reacted in a hostile aggressive manner after the operation were preoperatively emotionally withdrawn and depressive inhibited. As far as the postoperative physical condition is concerned it was found that patients with the best recovery in this respect were preoperatively characterized by alexithymia. The results are discussed under psychonalytical aspects. Special emphasis is placed on the preoperative condition of alexithymia.", "PMID": 313130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3818", "title": "[Role of the median forebrain bundle in organizing the electrical activity of the neocortex].", "content": "Bilateral coagulation of the forebrain medial bundle in the lateral hypothalamus enhances the formation of spontaneous spindles and facilitates the recruiting response in the neocortex. This combines with a defect of desynchronizing influences of the posterior hypothalamus and the concurrent dominance of synchronizing effects of the preoptic area (PA). PA stimulation enhances the slow wave and spindle activity in the ECoG of the intact brain. After disruption of PA connections with the bulbar synchronizing apparatus the stimulation effect is manifested only in enhanced spindle activity. It is assumed that in addition to hypnogenic influences which PA shares with the parasolitary apparatus, it maintains a definite level of cortical reactivity after the onset of sleep. Elimination of the orbito-frontal cortex, as well as PA coagulation, does not prevent the appearance of spindles in the ECoG of the preparation with an intersected medial bundle, only limiting them to some extent.", "contents": "[Role of the median forebrain bundle in organizing the electrical activity of the neocortex]. Bilateral coagulation of the forebrain medial bundle in the lateral hypothalamus enhances the formation of spontaneous spindles and facilitates the recruiting response in the neocortex. This combines with a defect of desynchronizing influences of the posterior hypothalamus and the concurrent dominance of synchronizing effects of the preoptic area (PA). PA stimulation enhances the slow wave and spindle activity in the ECoG of the intact brain. After disruption of PA connections with the bulbar synchronizing apparatus the stimulation effect is manifested only in enhanced spindle activity. It is assumed that in addition to hypnogenic influences which PA shares with the parasolitary apparatus, it maintains a definite level of cortical reactivity after the onset of sleep. Elimination of the orbito-frontal cortex, as well as PA coagulation, does not prevent the appearance of spindles in the ECoG of the preparation with an intersected medial bundle, only limiting them to some extent.", "PMID": 313129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3819", "title": "Typical and atypical monochromacy studied by specific quantitative perimetry.", "content": "Two blue cone monochromats and four rod monochromats have been studied by increment threshold measurements applying the Stiles' principle. Some rudimentary colour discrimination was reported by the blue cone monochromats. One patient showed good discrimination between short- and middle-wavelength lights in matching experiments using the Nagel II apparatus. His neutral band in the spectrum was at lambda = 485--495 nm. Dichromatic vision could not be proved in the other patient. The blue cone monochromats also had good responding blue mechanism in the periphery. Indication of cone activity other than blue cones is found in both kinds of monochromats; these cones being probably of the rhodopsin-cone type (pi0 cones). The conclusions are drawn that the inhibitory effect of the pi0 cones upon the rod mechanism may account for the differences shown by our two blue cone monochromats as to visual acuity, nystagmus and photophobia. Likewise, their differences regarding dichromatic vision may be explained by an unequal number of pi0 cones in their retinas rather than by differences in their blue mechanisms.", "contents": "Typical and atypical monochromacy studied by specific quantitative perimetry. Two blue cone monochromats and four rod monochromats have been studied by increment threshold measurements applying the Stiles' principle. Some rudimentary colour discrimination was reported by the blue cone monochromats. One patient showed good discrimination between short- and middle-wavelength lights in matching experiments using the Nagel II apparatus. His neutral band in the spectrum was at lambda = 485--495 nm. Dichromatic vision could not be proved in the other patient. The blue cone monochromats also had good responding blue mechanism in the periphery. Indication of cone activity other than blue cones is found in both kinds of monochromats; these cones being probably of the rhodopsin-cone type (pi0 cones). The conclusions are drawn that the inhibitory effect of the pi0 cones upon the rod mechanism may account for the differences shown by our two blue cone monochromats as to visual acuity, nystagmus and photophobia. Likewise, their differences regarding dichromatic vision may be explained by an unequal number of pi0 cones in their retinas rather than by differences in their blue mechanisms.", "PMID": 313135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3820", "title": "Vestibular symptoms in mumps deafness.", "content": "Deafness appears in as many as 4% of adult cases of epidemic parotitis. It is often severe, though reversible and is usually unilateral. Vertigo has been reported in mumps, as have occasional cases with impaired caloric reaction. Twenty cases of unilateral hearing impairment in mumps have been investigaed with audiometry and electronystagmography in order to determine the degree of permanent lesions. Nine of the patients had noted vertigo when falling ill with protitis. Five of these had normal calorics, 3 were impaired and one was without response in the deaf ear. No certain correlation between vertigo and permanent caloric impairment was found. An interesting finding was that 5 cases without vertigo showed an impaired or absent caloric responsiveness, which might confuse future diagnostics. Presumably, most patients with hearing impairment in mumps suffer vesticular damage, but the acute vertigo in early childhood is easily overlooked. No certain correlation between age at the onset of mumps and any permanent caloric disturbance was found. One mumps case is described, in which a severe hearing loss and caloric impairment returned to normal.", "contents": "Vestibular symptoms in mumps deafness. Deafness appears in as many as 4% of adult cases of epidemic parotitis. It is often severe, though reversible and is usually unilateral. Vertigo has been reported in mumps, as have occasional cases with impaired caloric reaction. Twenty cases of unilateral hearing impairment in mumps have been investigaed with audiometry and electronystagmography in order to determine the degree of permanent lesions. Nine of the patients had noted vertigo when falling ill with protitis. Five of these had normal calorics, 3 were impaired and one was without response in the deaf ear. No certain correlation between vertigo and permanent caloric impairment was found. An interesting finding was that 5 cases without vertigo showed an impaired or absent caloric responsiveness, which might confuse future diagnostics. Presumably, most patients with hearing impairment in mumps suffer vesticular damage, but the acute vertigo in early childhood is easily overlooked. No certain correlation between age at the onset of mumps and any permanent caloric disturbance was found. One mumps case is described, in which a severe hearing loss and caloric impairment returned to normal.", "PMID": 313136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3821", "title": "T cells as marked with acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining in secretory otitis media.", "content": "Non-specific acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity of the lymphocytes was investigated in smears made of middle ear secretions and peripheral blood from 61 children with secretory otitis media. On the average, 20.1% (right ear) and 2.1% (left ear) of the lymphocytes in the ear samples showed distinctive ANAE-positive spots in their cytoplasms, by the method used. The mean percentage of ANAE-positive cells in the blood was 47.8 and it was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than the respective percentages of the ear samples. In normal childrne, 54.9% of the lymphocytes, on the average, were ANAE-positive. This difference in blood between patients and control group was significant (P less than 0.001). Consequently, the present study suggests that the relationship of T- and non-T-lymphocytes, as a marked with ANAE, are disturbed in children suffering from secretory otitis media. The importance of this finding and the validity of the method are discussed.", "contents": "T cells as marked with acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining in secretory otitis media. Non-specific acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity of the lymphocytes was investigated in smears made of middle ear secretions and peripheral blood from 61 children with secretory otitis media. On the average, 20.1% (right ear) and 2.1% (left ear) of the lymphocytes in the ear samples showed distinctive ANAE-positive spots in their cytoplasms, by the method used. The mean percentage of ANAE-positive cells in the blood was 47.8 and it was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than the respective percentages of the ear samples. In normal childrne, 54.9% of the lymphocytes, on the average, were ANAE-positive. This difference in blood between patients and control group was significant (P less than 0.001). Consequently, the present study suggests that the relationship of T- and non-T-lymphocytes, as a marked with ANAE, are disturbed in children suffering from secretory otitis media. The importance of this finding and the validity of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 313137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3822", "title": "Effects of 4-aminopyridine on the excitation-contraction coupling in frog and rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) were studied on isolated single muscle fibres of the frog and toe muscles of the rat. In both muscle preparations, 4-AP potentiated the twitch amplitude without significantly affecting the tetanus response. There was an increase of the time to peak tension and, in frog muscle, an increased time to half relaxation. 4-AP produced no change of the resting membrane potential. The rate of decay and, hence, the total duration of the action potential were markedly prolonged. 4-AP did not induce contractures by itself nor did it affect the contracture induced by caffeine. The mechanical threshold was determined by measuring the contracture response to various degrees of depolarization by potassium. This threshold was not affected by 4-AP. Twitch potentiation by 4-AP was independent of the extracellular calcium concentration. It is concluded that 4-AP potentiates the twitch response by increasing the release of activator calcium into the myofibrillar space by prolongation of the action potential. In addition, there may be a more direct inhibitory action of 4-AP on the calcium re-uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in frog muscle.", "contents": "Effects of 4-aminopyridine on the excitation-contraction coupling in frog and rat skeletal muscle. The effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) were studied on isolated single muscle fibres of the frog and toe muscles of the rat. In both muscle preparations, 4-AP potentiated the twitch amplitude without significantly affecting the tetanus response. There was an increase of the time to peak tension and, in frog muscle, an increased time to half relaxation. 4-AP produced no change of the resting membrane potential. The rate of decay and, hence, the total duration of the action potential were markedly prolonged. 4-AP did not induce contractures by itself nor did it affect the contracture induced by caffeine. The mechanical threshold was determined by measuring the contracture response to various degrees of depolarization by potassium. This threshold was not affected by 4-AP. Twitch potentiation by 4-AP was independent of the extracellular calcium concentration. It is concluded that 4-AP potentiates the twitch response by increasing the release of activator calcium into the myofibrillar space by prolongation of the action potential. In addition, there may be a more direct inhibitory action of 4-AP on the calcium re-uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in frog muscle.", "PMID": 313138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3823", "title": "Hyperglycemia following p-hydroxymercuribenzoate administration to mice.", "content": "p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate (PMB) administration to fed mice induced transient hyperglycemia of a few hours' duration, and an increase in mitochondrial volume and pyroantimonate precipitation in the cytoplasmic ground substance of the pancreatic islet B-cells, whereas the secretory granules were unaffected. No significant blood glucose elevation or any obvious structural alterations were observed in starved mice treated with PMB. The serum inorganic phosphate concentration was unaffected in fed mice but decreased in starved mice 10 min after PMB injection, and increased in both fed and starved mice 2 h following PMB treatment, whereas the hydrogen ion concentration was increased in both fed and straved mice 10 min after PMB administration. Mitochondrial and ionic alterations, and possible inhibited insulin release may play a role in the development of hyperglycemia in PMB-treated mice.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia following p-hydroxymercuribenzoate administration to mice. p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate (PMB) administration to fed mice induced transient hyperglycemia of a few hours' duration, and an increase in mitochondrial volume and pyroantimonate precipitation in the cytoplasmic ground substance of the pancreatic islet B-cells, whereas the secretory granules were unaffected. No significant blood glucose elevation or any obvious structural alterations were observed in starved mice treated with PMB. The serum inorganic phosphate concentration was unaffected in fed mice but decreased in starved mice 10 min after PMB injection, and increased in both fed and starved mice 2 h following PMB treatment, whereas the hydrogen ion concentration was increased in both fed and straved mice 10 min after PMB administration. Mitochondrial and ionic alterations, and possible inhibited insulin release may play a role in the development of hyperglycemia in PMB-treated mice.", "PMID": 313133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3824", "title": "Acquired hydrocephalus. I. A clinical analysis of 160 patients studied for hydrocephalus.", "content": "A total of 160 patients suspected of having acquired hydrocephalus were studied either by quantitative isotope ventriculography (QIV) or by lumbar isotope cisternography (LIC). Of these patients, 56 had hydrocephalus. Mental deterioration, gait disturbances, ataxia, spasticity, and incontinence were most frequently present in the hydrocephalic patients, but none of the signs or combinations thereof are pathognomonic of acquired hydrocephalus. These signs are independent of the intracranial pressure (ICP) and the type of hydrocephalus. Surgical shunt procedures were in most cases followed by the disappearance of mental deterioration, gait disturbances, ataxia, and spasticity.", "contents": "Acquired hydrocephalus. I. A clinical analysis of 160 patients studied for hydrocephalus. A total of 160 patients suspected of having acquired hydrocephalus were studied either by quantitative isotope ventriculography (QIV) or by lumbar isotope cisternography (LIC). Of these patients, 56 had hydrocephalus. Mental deterioration, gait disturbances, ataxia, spasticity, and incontinence were most frequently present in the hydrocephalic patients, but none of the signs or combinations thereof are pathognomonic of acquired hydrocephalus. These signs are independent of the intracranial pressure (ICP) and the type of hydrocephalus. Surgical shunt procedures were in most cases followed by the disappearance of mental deterioration, gait disturbances, ataxia, and spasticity.", "PMID": 313140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3825", "title": "Persistent ST segment elevation in left ventricular aneurysm before and after surgery.", "content": "Post-myocardial infarction aneurysms are often accompanied by persistent ST segment elevations. To determine whether or not these ST segments regress following successful surgery for left ventricular aneurysms, serial electrocardiograms were studied in 74 patients and compared to changes of heart size and NYHA Functional Class. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 18.2 months (range 3 to 52 months). The mean precordial sigma ST elevation preoperatively was 5.27 mm. and 4.71 mm. after surgery (P less than 0.025). For the highest ST segment of an individual lead, the mean values were 1.9 mm. before surgery and 1.88 mm. postoperatively (P less than 0.1). Although clinical improvement occurred in 66 (89.2 per cent) by NYHA class and x-ray evidence of improvement was seen in 46 (62.2 per cent), a degree of ST elevation remained in all cases and was less elevated in only 19 (25.7 per cent). After surgery for left ventricular aneurysm, ST segments tend to remain elevated with little apparent relation to reduction of heart size or clinical improvement.", "contents": "Persistent ST segment elevation in left ventricular aneurysm before and after surgery. Post-myocardial infarction aneurysms are often accompanied by persistent ST segment elevations. To determine whether or not these ST segments regress following successful surgery for left ventricular aneurysms, serial electrocardiograms were studied in 74 patients and compared to changes of heart size and NYHA Functional Class. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 18.2 months (range 3 to 52 months). The mean precordial sigma ST elevation preoperatively was 5.27 mm. and 4.71 mm. after surgery (P less than 0.025). For the highest ST segment of an individual lead, the mean values were 1.9 mm. before surgery and 1.88 mm. postoperatively (P less than 0.1). Although clinical improvement occurred in 66 (89.2 per cent) by NYHA class and x-ray evidence of improvement was seen in 46 (62.2 per cent), a degree of ST elevation remained in all cases and was less elevated in only 19 (25.7 per cent). After surgery for left ventricular aneurysm, ST segments tend to remain elevated with little apparent relation to reduction of heart size or clinical improvement.", "PMID": 313142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3826", "title": "Evaluation of aortocoronary venous bypass grafting for prevention of cardiac arrhythmias.", "content": "The influence of ACB on cardiac arrhythmias was examined in 27 patients. Eight-hour Holter monitoring was performed 8 days preoperatively and 100 days postoperatively. Arrhythmias were divided into 3 groups (Class I: NSR +/- occasional APBs; Class II: less than five unifocal VPBs per minute; Class II: more than five VPBs per minute, multifocal VPBs, VPBs in a row or VT). Preoperative classification disclosed that 13 patients (48.1 per cent) were in Class I, six patients (22.2 per cent) were in Class II, and eight patients (29.6 per cent) were in Class III. The corresponding values after surgery were 10 patients (37.0 per cent), 13 patients (48.1 per cent), and four patients (14.8 per cent). These differences were not statistically significant (p less than 0.1). In view of the tendency of arrhythmias of Class III to improve after ACB, we feel that further investigations in this area are needed. At the present time ventricular arrhythmias alone constitute no indication for bypass surgery.", "contents": "Evaluation of aortocoronary venous bypass grafting for prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. The influence of ACB on cardiac arrhythmias was examined in 27 patients. Eight-hour Holter monitoring was performed 8 days preoperatively and 100 days postoperatively. Arrhythmias were divided into 3 groups (Class I: NSR +/- occasional APBs; Class II: less than five unifocal VPBs per minute; Class II: more than five VPBs per minute, multifocal VPBs, VPBs in a row or VT). Preoperative classification disclosed that 13 patients (48.1 per cent) were in Class I, six patients (22.2 per cent) were in Class II, and eight patients (29.6 per cent) were in Class III. The corresponding values after surgery were 10 patients (37.0 per cent), 13 patients (48.1 per cent), and four patients (14.8 per cent). These differences were not statistically significant (p less than 0.1). In view of the tendency of arrhythmias of Class III to improve after ACB, we feel that further investigations in this area are needed. At the present time ventricular arrhythmias alone constitute no indication for bypass surgery.", "PMID": 313145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3827", "title": "Effect of surgical versus medical therapy on return to work in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "The proportion of medically and surgically treated patients with coronary artery disease working full time 1 year after cardiac catheterization or surgery, respectively, was assessed by questionnaire in a registry of patients who had had coronary angiography. The proportion of medically and surgically treated patients working 3 months before catheterization or surgery was 74 percent (148 of 201) and 75 percent (899 of 1,198), respectively, whereas 62 percent (125 of 201) and 62 percent (747 of 1,198), respectively, were working full time 1 year after catheterization or surgery. Multivariate analysis identified five variables predictive of return to work. In order of significance these were: working status 3 months before surgery or catheterization, years of education, age, functional class before surgery or catheterization and period of not working before surgery or catheterization. Work status 3 months before surgery or catheterization was clearly the best predictor of continued employment 15 months later. Surgical therapy was not more effective than medical therapy in maintaining full-time employment in this registry of patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Effect of surgical versus medical therapy on return to work in patients with coronary artery disease. The proportion of medically and surgically treated patients with coronary artery disease working full time 1 year after cardiac catheterization or surgery, respectively, was assessed by questionnaire in a registry of patients who had had coronary angiography. The proportion of medically and surgically treated patients working 3 months before catheterization or surgery was 74 percent (148 of 201) and 75 percent (899 of 1,198), respectively, whereas 62 percent (125 of 201) and 62 percent (747 of 1,198), respectively, were working full time 1 year after catheterization or surgery. Multivariate analysis identified five variables predictive of return to work. In order of significance these were: working status 3 months before surgery or catheterization, years of education, age, functional class before surgery or catheterization and period of not working before surgery or catheterization. Work status 3 months before surgery or catheterization was clearly the best predictor of continued employment 15 months later. Surgical therapy was not more effective than medical therapy in maintaining full-time employment in this registry of patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 313147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3828", "title": "Unstable angina pectoris: a comparison of the costs of medical and surgical treatment.", "content": "This study compares the inpatient costs of therapy of patients with unstable angina pectoris randomized to surgical or medical therapy at the University of Alabama in Birmingham as part of the National Cooperative Study Group. For 74 patients followed up for 2 years, the mean inpatient charges were $4,728 for 22 medically treated patients, $9,528 for 34 surgically treated patients and $20,215 for 18 patients who crossed over from medical to surgical therapy. Differences among the three groups were statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis of total inpatient charges with medical and procedural factors as explanatory variables showed that a history of congestive heart failure, the number of infarctions during the period of the study, the duration of the longest anginal attack, the type of unstable angina and the type of treatment were significant predictors of total inpatient cost, with an R2 value of 0.829 (P less than 0.001). These variables explain the cost of treatment. One should not infer that they will also predict the appropriate type of treatment for patients with unstable angina. Although the cost of surgical therapy was double the cost of therapy for patients treated only medically, those medically treated patients whose therapy failed and who subsequently required surgery incurred mean costs twice those of the surgically treated patients and four times of patients who received only medical therapy. Reassessment of previous criticism of the high cost of surgical therapy is indicated.", "contents": "Unstable angina pectoris: a comparison of the costs of medical and surgical treatment. This study compares the inpatient costs of therapy of patients with unstable angina pectoris randomized to surgical or medical therapy at the University of Alabama in Birmingham as part of the National Cooperative Study Group. For 74 patients followed up for 2 years, the mean inpatient charges were $4,728 for 22 medically treated patients, $9,528 for 34 surgically treated patients and $20,215 for 18 patients who crossed over from medical to surgical therapy. Differences among the three groups were statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis of total inpatient charges with medical and procedural factors as explanatory variables showed that a history of congestive heart failure, the number of infarctions during the period of the study, the duration of the longest anginal attack, the type of unstable angina and the type of treatment were significant predictors of total inpatient cost, with an R2 value of 0.829 (P less than 0.001). These variables explain the cost of treatment. One should not infer that they will also predict the appropriate type of treatment for patients with unstable angina. Although the cost of surgical therapy was double the cost of therapy for patients treated only medically, those medically treated patients whose therapy failed and who subsequently required surgery incurred mean costs twice those of the surgically treated patients and four times of patients who received only medical therapy. Reassessment of previous criticism of the high cost of surgical therapy is indicated.", "PMID": 313148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3829", "title": "Constrictive pericarditis after myocardial revascularization: report of three cases.", "content": "Although postoperative constrictive pericarditis is rare, the diagnosis should be considered when unexplained right-sided heart failure develops after cardiac surgery. Within a 6 week interval, evidence of constrictive pericarditis developed in three patients who had recently undergone myocardial revascularization. One patient presented with biventricular failure, pericardial effusion and suspected tamponade. Severe constrictive pericarditis was demonstrated at subsequent operation. An apparent postpericardiotomy syndrome preceded evidence of right heart failure in the other two patients. Etiologic considerations include the possibility that pericardial irrigation with povidone-iodine (Betadine) solution may have contributed to subsequent fibrosis.", "contents": "Constrictive pericarditis after myocardial revascularization: report of three cases. Although postoperative constrictive pericarditis is rare, the diagnosis should be considered when unexplained right-sided heart failure develops after cardiac surgery. Within a 6 week interval, evidence of constrictive pericarditis developed in three patients who had recently undergone myocardial revascularization. One patient presented with biventricular failure, pericardial effusion and suspected tamponade. Severe constrictive pericarditis was demonstrated at subsequent operation. An apparent postpericardiotomy syndrome preceded evidence of right heart failure in the other two patients. Etiologic considerations include the possibility that pericardial irrigation with povidone-iodine (Betadine) solution may have contributed to subsequent fibrosis.", "PMID": 313149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3830", "title": "Hemorrhage due to retrograde prolapse of stomach. An endoscopic diagnosis.", "content": "A case of recurrent hemorrhage due to localized gastric mucosal congestion from retrograde prolapse during severe retching is described. Historically, this condition may mimic the \"Mallory-Weiss syndrome\" and endoscopically, this lesion may be mistaken for \"gastritis\". This rarely recognized condition may be an explanation for some cases of cryptic hematemesis.", "contents": "Hemorrhage due to retrograde prolapse of stomach. An endoscopic diagnosis. A case of recurrent hemorrhage due to localized gastric mucosal congestion from retrograde prolapse during severe retching is described. Historically, this condition may mimic the \"Mallory-Weiss syndrome\" and endoscopically, this lesion may be mistaken for \"gastritis\". This rarely recognized condition may be an explanation for some cases of cryptic hematemesis.", "PMID": 313151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3831", "title": "Peritoneal dialysis clearance of cimetidine.", "content": "Peritoneal dialysis clearance of cimetidine was determined in two patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis treatment. The peritoneal dialysis clearance of cimetidine was approximately 10 ml./min. under optimal dialyzing conditions. The average cimetidine to creatinine extraction ratio was 0.45, which represents significant peritoneal dialyzability. The amount of cimetidine removed, however, constituted only a small fraction of the total administered dose. Therefore, only minor dose adjustments may be necessary during peritoneal dialysis treatment.", "contents": "Peritoneal dialysis clearance of cimetidine. Peritoneal dialysis clearance of cimetidine was determined in two patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis treatment. The peritoneal dialysis clearance of cimetidine was approximately 10 ml./min. under optimal dialyzing conditions. The average cimetidine to creatinine extraction ratio was 0.45, which represents significant peritoneal dialyzability. The amount of cimetidine removed, however, constituted only a small fraction of the total administered dose. Therefore, only minor dose adjustments may be necessary during peritoneal dialysis treatment.", "PMID": 313152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3832", "title": "Implementation of the problem-oriented system in an optometric teaching clinic.", "content": "Problem-oriented records, performance audit, and a clinical index were implemented in the eye-care service of the Dorchester House Multi-Service Center, a neighborhood health center and teaching affiliate of the New England College of Optometry. We found that problem-oriented records facilitate communication and encourage logical thinking, that audit helps assure the quality of care and teaching, and that a clinical index provides a perspective on the overall performance of the eye-care service.", "contents": "Implementation of the problem-oriented system in an optometric teaching clinic. Problem-oriented records, performance audit, and a clinical index were implemented in the eye-care service of the Dorchester House Multi-Service Center, a neighborhood health center and teaching affiliate of the New England College of Optometry. We found that problem-oriented records facilitate communication and encourage logical thinking, that audit helps assure the quality of care and teaching, and that a clinical index provides a perspective on the overall performance of the eye-care service.", "PMID": 313158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3833", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni infections in T-cell deprived mice, and the ameliorating effect of administering homologous chronic infection serum. II. Pathology.", "content": "Liver changes occurring in mice deprived of their T-cells by a combination of thymectomy and anti-mouse thymocyte serum, and in immunologically intact control mice, were followed during the early stages of heavy Schistosoma mansoni infections. Lesions in both groups began developing by day 38 and were maximal by day 48. Hepatic changes in control mice culminated in large hypersensitivity granulomas, tissue eosinophilia, portal periphlebitis, fibrosis, vascular obstruction, and infarction leading to arterialization and preferential sinusoidal channeling. Deprived mice showed greatly reduced egg reactions composed principally of macrophages, monocytes, and occasional neutrophils, and only minimal alteration of liver architecture; however, focal and disseminated hepatocellular lesions became prominent as the infections progressed, and by day 48 virtually every hepatocyte was affected. Typically, hepatocytes showed microvesicular cytoplasmic damage (steatosis) or ballooning degeneration with accompanying nuclear pyknosis or karyorrhexis. This cellular pathology may be attributed to the direct or indirect effect of eggs or egg products on liver cells. The administration of chronic infection serum obtained from immunocompetent mice to T-cell deprived mice dramatically eliminated the hepatocellular lesions. It also increased eosinophil participation and fibrosis in the egg reactions but did not restore the size and other cellular features typical of egg hypersensitivity granulomas. Serum from uninfected normal mice was found to lack these effects.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni infections in T-cell deprived mice, and the ameliorating effect of administering homologous chronic infection serum. II. Pathology. Liver changes occurring in mice deprived of their T-cells by a combination of thymectomy and anti-mouse thymocyte serum, and in immunologically intact control mice, were followed during the early stages of heavy Schistosoma mansoni infections. Lesions in both groups began developing by day 38 and were maximal by day 48. Hepatic changes in control mice culminated in large hypersensitivity granulomas, tissue eosinophilia, portal periphlebitis, fibrosis, vascular obstruction, and infarction leading to arterialization and preferential sinusoidal channeling. Deprived mice showed greatly reduced egg reactions composed principally of macrophages, monocytes, and occasional neutrophils, and only minimal alteration of liver architecture; however, focal and disseminated hepatocellular lesions became prominent as the infections progressed, and by day 48 virtually every hepatocyte was affected. Typically, hepatocytes showed microvesicular cytoplasmic damage (steatosis) or ballooning degeneration with accompanying nuclear pyknosis or karyorrhexis. This cellular pathology may be attributed to the direct or indirect effect of eggs or egg products on liver cells. The administration of chronic infection serum obtained from immunocompetent mice to T-cell deprived mice dramatically eliminated the hepatocellular lesions. It also increased eosinophil participation and fibrosis in the egg reactions but did not restore the size and other cellular features typical of egg hypersensitivity granulomas. Serum from uninfected normal mice was found to lack these effects.", "PMID": 313162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3834", "title": "Population dynamics of T and B lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs, circulation, and granulomas of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The T and B lymphocyte composition of the lymphoid organs, peripheral blood, and hepatic granulomas was determined in mice lightly infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Apart from an increase of circulating B cells, no change was seen in the distribution of lymphocytes prior to oviposition. Thereafter (8-20 weeks), a pronounced trend toward increased B and increased T cell percentages occurred throughout the organs. This effect was largely due to marked increases in the B cell population which outweighed increases of T cells occurring at 8 and 16 weeks. By the late chronic period (32 weeks), an overall normalization of percentages was observed due to declining B and/or increasing T cell numbers. Hepatic granulomas also showed notable compositional changes. At the time of maximum granulomatous response (8 weeks), the lymphocyte population of these lesions consisted primarily of T cells. Subsequently, during the time of modulated granuloma formation (12-32 weeks), B-cells became a significant component, comprising 10% of the granuloma cell population. The appearance of B cells within granulomas may indicate that they play a role in modulating granulomatous hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Population dynamics of T and B lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs, circulation, and granulomas of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The T and B lymphocyte composition of the lymphoid organs, peripheral blood, and hepatic granulomas was determined in mice lightly infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Apart from an increase of circulating B cells, no change was seen in the distribution of lymphocytes prior to oviposition. Thereafter (8-20 weeks), a pronounced trend toward increased B and increased T cell percentages occurred throughout the organs. This effect was largely due to marked increases in the B cell population which outweighed increases of T cells occurring at 8 and 16 weeks. By the late chronic period (32 weeks), an overall normalization of percentages was observed due to declining B and/or increasing T cell numbers. Hepatic granulomas also showed notable compositional changes. At the time of maximum granulomatous response (8 weeks), the lymphocyte population of these lesions consisted primarily of T cells. Subsequently, during the time of modulated granuloma formation (12-32 weeks), B-cells became a significant component, comprising 10% of the granuloma cell population. The appearance of B cells within granulomas may indicate that they play a role in modulating granulomatous hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 313163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3835", "title": "Particularity of local immunity in the nasopharynx. Parallel study of surface receptors and cell-mediated immune responses in cells derived from palatine or pharyngeal tonsils and blood.", "content": "Immunological functions of the pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsils and blood leucocytes of children undergoing tonsillectomy were evaluated by determining T or B lymphocytes, the response to mitogens, and the cell-mediated immunological responses to tuberculin. In all the test systems used similar results were obtained with cells derived from either the palatine or pharyngeal tonsils. The mean percentage of T lymphocytes was significantly higher in the peripheral blood than in tonsils, but the reverse was true of B lymphocytes. The reaction to PHA was lower in tonsillar cell culture than in blood cell culture, but tonsillar cells reacted better to Con A than blood cells. In lymphocyte transformation tests tonsillar cells reacted to specific antigen (tuberculin) and this reaction was significantly higher than that of the parallelly tested blood lymphocytes. Further, in about 50% of the children tested, tuberculin caused migration inhibition of the mixture containing tonsillar cells and guinea pig peritoneal cells. Surprisingly, nearly identical results were obtained if migration inhibition test was performed with tonsillar cells alone. Consequently, poorly migrating tonsillar cells are nevertheless usable for direct migration inhibition testing.", "contents": "Particularity of local immunity in the nasopharynx. Parallel study of surface receptors and cell-mediated immune responses in cells derived from palatine or pharyngeal tonsils and blood. Immunological functions of the pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsils and blood leucocytes of children undergoing tonsillectomy were evaluated by determining T or B lymphocytes, the response to mitogens, and the cell-mediated immunological responses to tuberculin. In all the test systems used similar results were obtained with cells derived from either the palatine or pharyngeal tonsils. The mean percentage of T lymphocytes was significantly higher in the peripheral blood than in tonsils, but the reverse was true of B lymphocytes. The reaction to PHA was lower in tonsillar cell culture than in blood cell culture, but tonsillar cells reacted better to Con A than blood cells. In lymphocyte transformation tests tonsillar cells reacted to specific antigen (tuberculin) and this reaction was significantly higher than that of the parallelly tested blood lymphocytes. Further, in about 50% of the children tested, tuberculin caused migration inhibition of the mixture containing tonsillar cells and guinea pig peritoneal cells. Surprisingly, nearly identical results were obtained if migration inhibition test was performed with tonsillar cells alone. Consequently, poorly migrating tonsillar cells are nevertheless usable for direct migration inhibition testing.", "PMID": 313165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3836", "title": "Transcutaneous nerve stimulation for pain relief in labour.", "content": "Transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) was asessed for use on thirty-five patients in labour. It was of great benefit to 20% of patients and some benefit to a total of 82%. It was especially appreciated by those patients who complained of backache and further studies should be undertaken with the original idea of TNS in mind--stimulating those areas which feel most painful for the patient. If the method could be made more universally available and could be used by patients and midwives alone with the minimum of supervision and explanation, it would be a safe and useful addition to the present methods of pain relief in labour.", "contents": "Transcutaneous nerve stimulation for pain relief in labour. Transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) was asessed for use on thirty-five patients in labour. It was of great benefit to 20% of patients and some benefit to a total of 82%. It was especially appreciated by those patients who complained of backache and further studies should be undertaken with the original idea of TNS in mind--stimulating those areas which feel most painful for the patient. If the method could be made more universally available and could be used by patients and midwives alone with the minimum of supervision and explanation, it would be a safe and useful addition to the present methods of pain relief in labour.", "PMID": 313166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3837", "title": "Transcutaneous nerve stimulation as a method of analgesia in labour.", "content": "Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation, which has been shown to be of value in certain painful conditions, has been used as a method of pain relief in labour. Of the 67 patients studied, 16 (23.5%) received considerable pain relief, 38 (55.9%) thought it was of some help, and five (7.4%) did not require any other form of analgesia. It is suggested that Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation has a place in obstetric analgesia.", "contents": "Transcutaneous nerve stimulation as a method of analgesia in labour. Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation, which has been shown to be of value in certain painful conditions, has been used as a method of pain relief in labour. Of the 67 patients studied, 16 (23.5%) received considerable pain relief, 38 (55.9%) thought it was of some help, and five (7.4%) did not require any other form of analgesia. It is suggested that Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation has a place in obstetric analgesia.", "PMID": 313167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3838", "title": "Protease inhibitor variants in children and young adults with chronic asthma.", "content": "The results of systematic medical histories and pulmonary function tests on 26 children and young adults, 10 with Pi variant alpha1-antitrypsin phenotypes and 16 Pi normals, are reported. These subjects were selected from 57 consecutive patients who had chronic asthma. The incidence of Pi variants was 20.4% among 46 Caucasian subjects (ages seven to 21 years). The Pi variant patients required more bronchodilators and long-term corticosteroid therapy. Among the parents and siblings, 50% of those with abnormal Pi type had chronic obstructive lung disease. Grandparents of the Pi abnormal probands had greater incidence of chronic obstructive lung disease (P less than 0.05). Baseline specific airways conductance and maximal midexpiratory flow rates did not discriminat between the two groups. However, bronchodilator inhalation showed the Pi variant group to be significantly less responsive than the Pi normal group. Pi heterozygous state, particularly Pi MZ, should be considered when a young person with chronic asthma is unresponsive to adequate doses of bronchodilators and needs prolonged use of corticosteroids.", "contents": "Protease inhibitor variants in children and young adults with chronic asthma. The results of systematic medical histories and pulmonary function tests on 26 children and young adults, 10 with Pi variant alpha1-antitrypsin phenotypes and 16 Pi normals, are reported. These subjects were selected from 57 consecutive patients who had chronic asthma. The incidence of Pi variants was 20.4% among 46 Caucasian subjects (ages seven to 21 years). The Pi variant patients required more bronchodilators and long-term corticosteroid therapy. Among the parents and siblings, 50% of those with abnormal Pi type had chronic obstructive lung disease. Grandparents of the Pi abnormal probands had greater incidence of chronic obstructive lung disease (P less than 0.05). Baseline specific airways conductance and maximal midexpiratory flow rates did not discriminat between the two groups. However, bronchodilator inhalation showed the Pi variant group to be significantly less responsive than the Pi normal group. Pi heterozygous state, particularly Pi MZ, should be considered when a young person with chronic asthma is unresponsive to adequate doses of bronchodilators and needs prolonged use of corticosteroids.", "PMID": 313173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3839", "title": "Assessment of immunologic alterations caused by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.", "content": "The rational for employing a particular approach and some of the difficulties that can be encountered when adapting immune surveillance to toxicology studies in experimental animals are discussed. Detailed description of methodology will not be reviewed. In general, assays are selected for their reliability, i.e. fairly standard within a normal population; that are capable of detecting subtle differences in immune status; and are specific for particular aspects of the immune system. Since normal immune responses are directly dependent upon at least three distinct subpopulations of lymphocytes, macrophages and their cooperative interactions as well as a number of indirect factors, it is essential to study multiple parameters to properly evaluate the effects of environmental chemicals on the immune system. Immunologic assessment is further complicated by the fact that the immune effects will vary dependent upon the chemical and dosage level as well as the species and age of the experimental animals.", "contents": "Assessment of immunologic alterations caused by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. The rational for employing a particular approach and some of the difficulties that can be encountered when adapting immune surveillance to toxicology studies in experimental animals are discussed. Detailed description of methodology will not be reviewed. In general, assays are selected for their reliability, i.e. fairly standard within a normal population; that are capable of detecting subtle differences in immune status; and are specific for particular aspects of the immune system. Since normal immune responses are directly dependent upon at least three distinct subpopulations of lymphocytes, macrophages and their cooperative interactions as well as a number of indirect factors, it is essential to study multiple parameters to properly evaluate the effects of environmental chemicals on the immune system. Immunologic assessment is further complicated by the fact that the immune effects will vary dependent upon the chemical and dosage level as well as the species and age of the experimental animals.", "PMID": 313178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3840", "title": "Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology of acute conjunctivitis.", "content": "Aerobic and anaerobic cultures and clinical data were obtained from 131 patients presenting with acute conjunctivitis. Similar cultures were obtained from 60 noninflamed individuals. Anaerobes were isolated from 66 patients, 51 times in mixed culture with aerobes and 15 times (11.5%) as the only isolates. Aerobes only were recovered in 54 patients. The organisms found to be statistically significantly more commonly recovered from eyes with conjunctivitis were Staphylococcus aureus, Hemophilus influenzae, Peptostreptococcus, and Propionibacterium acnes. No statistical difference was present between the bacterial flora of the eyes with unilateral conjunctivitis when compared to their uninvolved mates in 20 cases in which only one eye was involved.", "contents": "Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology of acute conjunctivitis. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures and clinical data were obtained from 131 patients presenting with acute conjunctivitis. Similar cultures were obtained from 60 noninflamed individuals. Anaerobes were isolated from 66 patients, 51 times in mixed culture with aerobes and 15 times (11.5%) as the only isolates. Aerobes only were recovered in 54 patients. The organisms found to be statistically significantly more commonly recovered from eyes with conjunctivitis were Staphylococcus aureus, Hemophilus influenzae, Peptostreptococcus, and Propionibacterium acnes. No statistical difference was present between the bacterial flora of the eyes with unilateral conjunctivitis when compared to their uninvolved mates in 20 cases in which only one eye was involved.", "PMID": 313179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3841", "title": "Types and sensitivity patterns of ocular pathogens.", "content": "The total number of specimens received for microbiologic examination and culture in a teaching hospital department of ophthalmology for the years 1974 and 1975 has been reviewed. The results have been analyzed, and information is presented on (a) the relative frequency of different types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses as causal agents of ocular inflammatory diseases and (b) the current pattern of antibiotic sensitivities.", "contents": "Types and sensitivity patterns of ocular pathogens. The total number of specimens received for microbiologic examination and culture in a teaching hospital department of ophthalmology for the years 1974 and 1975 has been reviewed. The results have been analyzed, and information is presented on (a) the relative frequency of different types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses as causal agents of ocular inflammatory diseases and (b) the current pattern of antibiotic sensitivities.", "PMID": 313180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3842", "title": "Opto-chiasmatic arachnoiditis in brothers.", "content": "Six patients (3 couples of brothers) with adhesive arachnoiditis of the opto-chiasmatic cistern, surgically verified, are presented. Only one couple of brothers offered a possible family history of a similar condition in one maternal uncle. The visual damage had almost constantly a sudden onset and was predominantly of the axial type. No gross pathology, other than the arachnoiditic involvement of the chiasmal cistern and alterations of the anterior optic pathways, was found at surgery. Pneumocisternoencephalographic findings did not prove constantly reliable for a preoperative diagnosis of the condition when compared with surgical pathology. The overall results of the neurosurgical operations (exploration of the chiasm and removal of the adhesions) can be considered as favorable and this type of treatment is once again recommended as the therapy of choice without undue delay when general or local medical treatment proves of no avail after a reasonable length of time.", "contents": "Opto-chiasmatic arachnoiditis in brothers. Six patients (3 couples of brothers) with adhesive arachnoiditis of the opto-chiasmatic cistern, surgically verified, are presented. Only one couple of brothers offered a possible family history of a similar condition in one maternal uncle. The visual damage had almost constantly a sudden onset and was predominantly of the axial type. No gross pathology, other than the arachnoiditic involvement of the chiasmal cistern and alterations of the anterior optic pathways, was found at surgery. Pneumocisternoencephalographic findings did not prove constantly reliable for a preoperative diagnosis of the condition when compared with surgical pathology. The overall results of the neurosurgical operations (exploration of the chiasm and removal of the adhesions) can be considered as favorable and this type of treatment is once again recommended as the therapy of choice without undue delay when general or local medical treatment proves of no avail after a reasonable length of time.", "PMID": 313181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3843", "title": "On the nature of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "193 Haemophilus cultures, including 71 nontypable H. influenzae isolates, were examined with respect to phage HP1 sensitivity, lysogeny for this and for other phages and for excretion of bacteriocins. Fifty of the 71 nontypable cultures were sensitive to phage HP1 but only three produced plaques. The other 47 isolates were thus probably not non-encapsulated derivatives of H. influenzae serotypes a, b, d, and e, which have discrete and characteristic phage HP1 restriction and modification systems, or serotype c which appears to be restriction negative. They could be derivatives of serotype f which does not give plaques with phage HP1. The nontypable three cultures that plated phage HP1 efficiently could be non-encapsulated serotype c derivatives. Fourteen of the phage HP1 insentitive non-typable cultures were found to be defectively lysogenic for this phage. Five of these were genetically transformed to wild type lysogens. Their phage produced plaques efficiently only on Rc strains and on a restriction-negative mutant of serotype d. These lysogenic nontypable isolates are thus modification (and restriction) negative and they are thus probably not nonencapsulated derivatives of serotypes a, b, d, e, or f. Fifty three of 56 serotype b cultures were found to excrete a bacteriocin, to which all other nonproducing Haemophilus cultures were more or less sensitive. The three restriction-negative nontypable H. influenzae cultures also excreted this bacteriocin but the other cultures listed did not do this. The tentative conclusion from this study is that nontypable H. influenzae isolates are probably not derivatives of the six known encapsulated strains.", "contents": "On the nature of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae. 193 Haemophilus cultures, including 71 nontypable H. influenzae isolates, were examined with respect to phage HP1 sensitivity, lysogeny for this and for other phages and for excretion of bacteriocins. Fifty of the 71 nontypable cultures were sensitive to phage HP1 but only three produced plaques. The other 47 isolates were thus probably not non-encapsulated derivatives of H. influenzae serotypes a, b, d, and e, which have discrete and characteristic phage HP1 restriction and modification systems, or serotype c which appears to be restriction negative. They could be derivatives of serotype f which does not give plaques with phage HP1. The nontypable three cultures that plated phage HP1 efficiently could be non-encapsulated serotype c derivatives. Fourteen of the phage HP1 insentitive non-typable cultures were found to be defectively lysogenic for this phage. Five of these were genetically transformed to wild type lysogens. Their phage produced plaques efficiently only on Rc strains and on a restriction-negative mutant of serotype d. These lysogenic nontypable isolates are thus modification (and restriction) negative and they are thus probably not nonencapsulated derivatives of serotypes a, b, d, e, or f. Fifty three of 56 serotype b cultures were found to excrete a bacteriocin, to which all other nonproducing Haemophilus cultures were more or less sensitive. The three restriction-negative nontypable H. influenzae cultures also excreted this bacteriocin but the other cultures listed did not do this. The tentative conclusion from this study is that nontypable H. influenzae isolates are probably not derivatives of the six known encapsulated strains.", "PMID": 313183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3844", "title": "Effect of dorsal column stimulation on pain-induced intracerebral impulse patterns.", "content": "Evoked electrical potentials were recorded via intracerebral electrodes in a patient with stump and phantom limb pain who had a previously implanted dorsal column stimulator. When pain was elicited by peripheral stimulation it was found that positive deflections appeared in the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus at time latencies corresponding to the propagation velocities of A delta- and C-fibres. Dorsal column stimulation completely eliminated the C-fibres. Dorsal column stimulation completely eliminated the C-fibre deflection and partially eliminated the A delta-fibre deflection.", "contents": "Effect of dorsal column stimulation on pain-induced intracerebral impulse patterns. Evoked electrical potentials were recorded via intracerebral electrodes in a patient with stump and phantom limb pain who had a previously implanted dorsal column stimulator. When pain was elicited by peripheral stimulation it was found that positive deflections appeared in the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus at time latencies corresponding to the propagation velocities of A delta- and C-fibres. Dorsal column stimulation completely eliminated the C-fibres. Dorsal column stimulation completely eliminated the C-fibre deflection and partially eliminated the A delta-fibre deflection.", "PMID": 313185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3845", "title": "Comparison of platelet glass bead retention techniques in patients with clinical bleeding disorders.", "content": "Platelet glass bead retention by the Salzman and infusion pump techniques were compared in 36 control individuals, 10 patients with von Willebrand's syndrome and four patients with thrombocytopathies. No significant differences between the results of the two assays were observed. Eleven percent or less of the control individuals had diminished platelet glass bead retention. The mean percentage platelet retention of the von Willebrand's group and the thrombocytopathy group was less than the mean platelet retention of the control group. However, at least 50 percent of the patients with von Willebrand's syndrome had normal platelet retention by both methods. In the thrombocytopathy group, glass bead retention was more consistently diminished. Although an inverse correlation existed between the duration of bleeding time and the platelet retention assays, consistently diminished platelet retention results were observed only when the bleeding time was 18 minutes or longer. It has been concluded by us that while the glass bead retention assays may be helpful in characterizing certain types of platelet disorders, they are not useful screening assays in the diagnosis of von Willebrand's syndrome.", "contents": "Comparison of platelet glass bead retention techniques in patients with clinical bleeding disorders. Platelet glass bead retention by the Salzman and infusion pump techniques were compared in 36 control individuals, 10 patients with von Willebrand's syndrome and four patients with thrombocytopathies. No significant differences between the results of the two assays were observed. Eleven percent or less of the control individuals had diminished platelet glass bead retention. The mean percentage platelet retention of the von Willebrand's group and the thrombocytopathy group was less than the mean platelet retention of the control group. However, at least 50 percent of the patients with von Willebrand's syndrome had normal platelet retention by both methods. In the thrombocytopathy group, glass bead retention was more consistently diminished. Although an inverse correlation existed between the duration of bleeding time and the platelet retention assays, consistently diminished platelet retention results were observed only when the bleeding time was 18 minutes or longer. It has been concluded by us that while the glass bead retention assays may be helpful in characterizing certain types of platelet disorders, they are not useful screening assays in the diagnosis of von Willebrand's syndrome.", "PMID": 313182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3846", "title": "Operative risk in patients with previous coronary artery bypass.", "content": "Noncoronary operations were performed in 358 patients who had undergone a previous coronary artery bypass grafting, with a mortality of 1.1%. In 70 patients (20%), the staged operation was planned and subsequent operation performed 6 to 12 weeks after bypass with no cardiac complications and 1 death. In the others, operation was performed 10 days to 89 months after bypass for either urgent reasons or new lesions. Three deaths and significant numbers of medical cardiac complications occurred in those patients subjected to operation within 30 days. The subsequent operation was vascular in 232 patients, with 3 deaths (1.3%); thoracic in 43, with no deaths; and general surgical in 113, with 1 death (0.9%). Follow-up study showed 307 patients (87%) still alive after 30 days to seven years. Late death was due to myocardial infarction in only 12 patients (3%). This study suggests that the risk of operation is as good in patients who have had successful coronary artery bypass as in those without coronary artery disease, and that the risk of subsequent myocardial infarction is small.", "contents": "Operative risk in patients with previous coronary artery bypass. Noncoronary operations were performed in 358 patients who had undergone a previous coronary artery bypass grafting, with a mortality of 1.1%. In 70 patients (20%), the staged operation was planned and subsequent operation performed 6 to 12 weeks after bypass with no cardiac complications and 1 death. In the others, operation was performed 10 days to 89 months after bypass for either urgent reasons or new lesions. Three deaths and significant numbers of medical cardiac complications occurred in those patients subjected to operation within 30 days. The subsequent operation was vascular in 232 patients, with 3 deaths (1.3%); thoracic in 43, with no deaths; and general surgical in 113, with 1 death (0.9%). Follow-up study showed 307 patients (87%) still alive after 30 days to seven years. Late death was due to myocardial infarction in only 12 patients (3%). This study suggests that the risk of operation is as good in patients who have had successful coronary artery bypass as in those without coronary artery disease, and that the risk of subsequent myocardial infarction is small.", "PMID": 313187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3847", "title": "Safety and rationale for continuation of propranolol therapy during coronary bypass operation.", "content": "Thirty consecutive patients undergoing coronary bypass were studied. Oral propranolol therapy was maintained up to 4 to 10 hours before operation. Nineteen of the patients had a history of myocardial infarction (MI), 14 had hypoakinetic areas, and 8 had decreased ejection fraction indicating advanced coronary artery disease. Twenty-four-hour urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine obtained the day before operation were markedly increased at 136 +/- 12 microgram per 24 hours (normal, 39 +/- 4 microgram, rho less than 0.01). There were 4 perioperative MIs (13%) and no deaths. Plasma propranolol 1 hour before operation was 43.3 +/- 8 ng per milliliter, indicating good beta blockade. Propranolol was started within 24 hours postoperatively. There were no preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative complications related to propranolol therapy. We conclude that because of markedly increased adrenergic tone the day before operation and transient hypersensitivity to adrenergic stimulation after withdrawal of propranolol, this agent should be continued through coronary bypass operation.", "contents": "Safety and rationale for continuation of propranolol therapy during coronary bypass operation. Thirty consecutive patients undergoing coronary bypass were studied. Oral propranolol therapy was maintained up to 4 to 10 hours before operation. Nineteen of the patients had a history of myocardial infarction (MI), 14 had hypoakinetic areas, and 8 had decreased ejection fraction indicating advanced coronary artery disease. Twenty-four-hour urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine obtained the day before operation were markedly increased at 136 +/- 12 microgram per 24 hours (normal, 39 +/- 4 microgram, rho less than 0.01). There were 4 perioperative MIs (13%) and no deaths. Plasma propranolol 1 hour before operation was 43.3 +/- 8 ng per milliliter, indicating good beta blockade. Propranolol was started within 24 hours postoperatively. There were no preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative complications related to propranolol therapy. We conclude that because of markedly increased adrenergic tone the day before operation and transient hypersensitivity to adrenergic stimulation after withdrawal of propranolol, this agent should be continued through coronary bypass operation.", "PMID": 313188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3848", "title": "Perioperative myocardial infarction associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery: improved sensitivity in the diagnosis within 6 hours after operation with 99mTc-glucoheptonate myocardial imaging and myocardial-specific isoenzymes.", "content": "The present study was performed to evaluate scintigraphic imaging with technetium 99m-labeled glucoheptonate and serum enzyme levels of creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (MB-CPK) in the early diagnosis of perioperative acute myocardial infarction associated with saphenous vein bypass graft operations. Myocardial imaging was done in 27 patients (50% of whom were considered high-risk) before operation and again 5 hours after operation. Four of these patients (15%) had both electrocardiographic and serum MB-CPK evidence of acute myocardial infarction, and all 4 had developed positive postoperative scintigrams. Four other patients had only elevated serum MB-CPK, and scintigrams became positive after operation in 3 of them. In addition, serum MB-CPK 6 hours after operation was 83 +/- 21 mIU/ml (mean +/- standard error of the mean) in patients with positive postoperative scans compared with 24 +/- 5 mIU/ml in those patients with negative postoperative scintigrams (p less than 0.001). Myocardial imaging with 99mTc-glucoheptonate in the perioperative period is rapid, safe, and atraumatic. Furthermore, our results suggest that it is a sensitive method for the early diagnosis of perioperative acute myocardial infarction, and, when imaging is combined with serum MB-CPK isoenzyme analysis, the reliability of the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction is enhanced even further. Only 1 of the patients who showed perioperative myocardial damage had acute hemodynamic compromise or obvious impairment of recovery in the immediate postoperative period, and the 30-day mortality of the total group was 4% (1 of 27).", "contents": "Perioperative myocardial infarction associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery: improved sensitivity in the diagnosis within 6 hours after operation with 99mTc-glucoheptonate myocardial imaging and myocardial-specific isoenzymes. The present study was performed to evaluate scintigraphic imaging with technetium 99m-labeled glucoheptonate and serum enzyme levels of creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (MB-CPK) in the early diagnosis of perioperative acute myocardial infarction associated with saphenous vein bypass graft operations. Myocardial imaging was done in 27 patients (50% of whom were considered high-risk) before operation and again 5 hours after operation. Four of these patients (15%) had both electrocardiographic and serum MB-CPK evidence of acute myocardial infarction, and all 4 had developed positive postoperative scintigrams. Four other patients had only elevated serum MB-CPK, and scintigrams became positive after operation in 3 of them. In addition, serum MB-CPK 6 hours after operation was 83 +/- 21 mIU/ml (mean +/- standard error of the mean) in patients with positive postoperative scans compared with 24 +/- 5 mIU/ml in those patients with negative postoperative scintigrams (p less than 0.001). Myocardial imaging with 99mTc-glucoheptonate in the perioperative period is rapid, safe, and atraumatic. Furthermore, our results suggest that it is a sensitive method for the early diagnosis of perioperative acute myocardial infarction, and, when imaging is combined with serum MB-CPK isoenzyme analysis, the reliability of the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction is enhanced even further. Only 1 of the patients who showed perioperative myocardial damage had acute hemodynamic compromise or obvious impairment of recovery in the immediate postoperative period, and the 30-day mortality of the total group was 4% (1 of 27).", "PMID": 313189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3849", "title": "Ultrastructural integrity of human ventricular myocardium following cardioplegic arrest.", "content": "The appearance of the ventricular myocardium in 6 patients electing coronary bypass operation was evaluated by electron microscope before and after aortic cross-clamping. Bypassing protocol included the induction of hypothermic cardioplegia by intermittent aortic root perfusion, with potassium chloride added to cold blood serving as the cardioplegic agent. Cross-clamp intervals ranged from 66 to 125 minutes. Ultrastructural alterations following bypass manipulations, and distinct from those observed before cross-clamping, were limited to the presence of extensive myocardiocytic pooling of glycogen. Scrutiny of the intramyocardial capillary bed following perfusion with the cardioplegic solution revealed no abnormalities attributable to, or intensified by, the bypass maneuver. These findings indicate that hypothermic potassium cardioplegia, as specified, is not injurious to human myocardial ultrastructure.", "contents": "Ultrastructural integrity of human ventricular myocardium following cardioplegic arrest. The appearance of the ventricular myocardium in 6 patients electing coronary bypass operation was evaluated by electron microscope before and after aortic cross-clamping. Bypassing protocol included the induction of hypothermic cardioplegia by intermittent aortic root perfusion, with potassium chloride added to cold blood serving as the cardioplegic agent. Cross-clamp intervals ranged from 66 to 125 minutes. Ultrastructural alterations following bypass manipulations, and distinct from those observed before cross-clamping, were limited to the presence of extensive myocardiocytic pooling of glycogen. Scrutiny of the intramyocardial capillary bed following perfusion with the cardioplegic solution revealed no abnormalities attributable to, or intensified by, the bypass maneuver. These findings indicate that hypothermic potassium cardioplegia, as specified, is not injurious to human myocardial ultrastructure.", "PMID": 313190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3850", "title": "Five-year follow-up of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass.", "content": "Two hundred eighty-two patients who underwent coronary artery bypass operation between January, 1971, and July, 1972, were followed until the time of death or for 5 years after operation. The angina-free status progressively decreased during the period of follow-up but at 5 years 57% of the survivors were free from angina. The total (early and late) incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction was 3.3 per 100 patient years of follow-up. Nine (3.2%) of the patients had a repeat coronary artery bypass operation within the first 5 postoperative years. The overall 5-year survival was 86.9%. The expected 5-year survival of the general population, matched by sex and age, is 90.7%. Five-year survival was 97% for single-vessel disease, 87% for double-vessel disease, and 85% for triple-vessel disease.", "contents": "Five-year follow-up of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass. Two hundred eighty-two patients who underwent coronary artery bypass operation between January, 1971, and July, 1972, were followed until the time of death or for 5 years after operation. The angina-free status progressively decreased during the period of follow-up but at 5 years 57% of the survivors were free from angina. The total (early and late) incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction was 3.3 per 100 patient years of follow-up. Nine (3.2%) of the patients had a repeat coronary artery bypass operation within the first 5 postoperative years. The overall 5-year survival was 86.9%. The expected 5-year survival of the general population, matched by sex and age, is 90.7%. Five-year survival was 97% for single-vessel disease, 87% for double-vessel disease, and 85% for triple-vessel disease.", "PMID": 313191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3851", "title": "Anesthetic considerations for aortocoronary bypass graft surgery.", "content": "Between 1964 and 1978, aortocoronary bypass graft procedures were performed in more than 300,000 patients, and the number seems to increase every year. Nevertheless, the procedure itself can result in perioperative myocardial infarction leading to death. Greater understanding of and constant attention to the myocardial oxygen (O2) supply and demand may reduce the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction. Some of the factors influencing supply and demand can be controlled pharmacologically. Drugs such as nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and propranolol can reduce the myocardial O2 demand. Unfortunately, there are few data to elucidate the relationship between myocardial O2 demand and supply as influenced by anesthetic drugs, especially in patients with myocardial ischemia. However, enthusiasm for aortocoronary bypass graft operations has given enormous impetus to laboratory and clinical studies of this subject. Recent developments in anesthetic management afford better means for protection of the ischemic myocardium during and after operation.", "contents": "Anesthetic considerations for aortocoronary bypass graft surgery. Between 1964 and 1978, aortocoronary bypass graft procedures were performed in more than 300,000 patients, and the number seems to increase every year. Nevertheless, the procedure itself can result in perioperative myocardial infarction leading to death. Greater understanding of and constant attention to the myocardial oxygen (O2) supply and demand may reduce the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction. Some of the factors influencing supply and demand can be controlled pharmacologically. Drugs such as nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and propranolol can reduce the myocardial O2 demand. Unfortunately, there are few data to elucidate the relationship between myocardial O2 demand and supply as influenced by anesthetic drugs, especially in patients with myocardial ischemia. However, enthusiasm for aortocoronary bypass graft operations has given enormous impetus to laboratory and clinical studies of this subject. Recent developments in anesthetic management afford better means for protection of the ischemic myocardium during and after operation.", "PMID": 313194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3852", "title": "Y-grafts and sequential grafts in coronary bypass surgery: a critical evaluation of patency rates.", "content": "In a series of 584 patients undergoing coronary bypass, 425 patients received Y-grafts, sequential grafts, or a combination of the two. The saphenous veins from the legs frequently had Y- or double Y-branches suitable for bypasses. As many as 5 grafts have been served satisfactorily by a single proximal anastomosis. Simultaneous procedures included 45 left ventricular aneurysmectomies, 18 valve replacements, 7 carotid endarterectomies, repairs of a ventricular septal defect, an acute dissection, and coronary arteriovenous fistulas, with a total surgical mortality of 6 (1.4%). Restudy to determine graft patency was undertaken only in the 59 patients with unsatisfactory surgical results. These patients represent the worst 10% of the series in terms of surgical results. The patency rate for proximal anastomoses was 93%; Y-branchings, 93%; distal end-to-side anastomoses, 89%; and distal side-to-side anastomoses, 89%. Fifty-eight patients (98%) had at least 1 patient graft, and in 47 patients (80%) all anastomoses were patent up to six years after operation. Six patients underwent reoperation without any deaths.", "contents": "Y-grafts and sequential grafts in coronary bypass surgery: a critical evaluation of patency rates. In a series of 584 patients undergoing coronary bypass, 425 patients received Y-grafts, sequential grafts, or a combination of the two. The saphenous veins from the legs frequently had Y- or double Y-branches suitable for bypasses. As many as 5 grafts have been served satisfactorily by a single proximal anastomosis. Simultaneous procedures included 45 left ventricular aneurysmectomies, 18 valve replacements, 7 carotid endarterectomies, repairs of a ventricular septal defect, an acute dissection, and coronary arteriovenous fistulas, with a total surgical mortality of 6 (1.4%). Restudy to determine graft patency was undertaken only in the 59 patients with unsatisfactory surgical results. These patients represent the worst 10% of the series in terms of surgical results. The patency rate for proximal anastomoses was 93%; Y-branchings, 93%; distal end-to-side anastomoses, 89%; and distal side-to-side anastomoses, 89%. Fifty-eight patients (98%) had at least 1 patient graft, and in 47 patients (80%) all anastomoses were patent up to six years after operation. Six patients underwent reoperation without any deaths.", "PMID": 313196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3853", "title": "Routine use of autotransfusion following cardiac surgery: experience in 700 patients.", "content": "An autotransfusion technique has been developed for collection and reinfusion of shed mediastinal blood. This system has been routinely applied in the postoperative management of 592 consecutive adult and 108 pediatric cardiac surgical patients. Two hundred seventy-one adult patients (46%) and thirty-six pediatric patients (33%) actually received autologous blood. Autotransfusion volume ranged from 50 to 21,350 ml per patient. In 1976 at our institution, homologous transfusion requirements averaged 8.4 +/- 0.7 units per adult patient. During 1978, with the routine use of postoperative autotransfusion, bank blood transfusions were lowered to 4.2 +/- 0.3 units per patient (p less than 0.001). In contrast to perioperative autotransfusion techniques, collection and reinfusion of shed mediastinal blood is particularly useful for intravascular volume replacement in patients with serious postoperative bleeding.", "contents": "Routine use of autotransfusion following cardiac surgery: experience in 700 patients. An autotransfusion technique has been developed for collection and reinfusion of shed mediastinal blood. This system has been routinely applied in the postoperative management of 592 consecutive adult and 108 pediatric cardiac surgical patients. Two hundred seventy-one adult patients (46%) and thirty-six pediatric patients (33%) actually received autologous blood. Autotransfusion volume ranged from 50 to 21,350 ml per patient. In 1976 at our institution, homologous transfusion requirements averaged 8.4 +/- 0.7 units per adult patient. During 1978, with the routine use of postoperative autotransfusion, bank blood transfusions were lowered to 4.2 +/- 0.3 units per patient (p less than 0.001). In contrast to perioperative autotransfusion techniques, collection and reinfusion of shed mediastinal blood is particularly useful for intravascular volume replacement in patients with serious postoperative bleeding.", "PMID": 313198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3854", "title": "Ventricular function and the native coronary circulation five years after myocardial revascularization.", "content": "Of 531 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting during 1970 to 1973, 181 were restudied by ventriculography and by graft and coronary angiography at least 5 years following operation. Five patterns of postoperative ventricular function were identified: improved ventricular function resulting in normal left ventricular (LV) function; normal ventricular function that was unchanged; abnormal ventricular function that improved but did not reach normal; abnormal ventricular function that remained unchanged; and deterioration of LV function. Patients who regained (40) and those who retained normal ventricular function (49) comprise 49% of the series and patients with deterioration of ventricular function, only 20%. Graft patency and angina relief were significantly better in those with normal LV function than in those with LV deterioration. Progression of disease in grafted coronary arteries was similar in all groups, but was significantly higher in ungrafted coronary arteries (61.3%) in the patients showing deterioration than in either the improved patients or those with an unchanged normal LV (33.3% each) (p less than 0.05). The high incidence of progression of disease in ungrafted coronary arteries in the group with deterioration suggests that low graft patency and deterioration of ventricular function in this group might both be related to intrinsic acceleration of coronary atherosclerosis unrelated to operative intervention.", "contents": "Ventricular function and the native coronary circulation five years after myocardial revascularization. Of 531 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting during 1970 to 1973, 181 were restudied by ventriculography and by graft and coronary angiography at least 5 years following operation. Five patterns of postoperative ventricular function were identified: improved ventricular function resulting in normal left ventricular (LV) function; normal ventricular function that was unchanged; abnormal ventricular function that improved but did not reach normal; abnormal ventricular function that remained unchanged; and deterioration of LV function. Patients who regained (40) and those who retained normal ventricular function (49) comprise 49% of the series and patients with deterioration of ventricular function, only 20%. Graft patency and angina relief were significantly better in those with normal LV function than in those with LV deterioration. Progression of disease in grafted coronary arteries was similar in all groups, but was significantly higher in ungrafted coronary arteries (61.3%) in the patients showing deterioration than in either the improved patients or those with an unchanged normal LV (33.3% each) (p less than 0.05). The high incidence of progression of disease in ungrafted coronary arteries in the group with deterioration suggests that low graft patency and deterioration of ventricular function in this group might both be related to intrinsic acceleration of coronary atherosclerosis unrelated to operative intervention.", "PMID": 313199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3855", "title": "Pediatric appendicitis. A 20-year study of 1,640 children at Cook County (Illinois) Hospital.", "content": "Of 1,640 children with acute appendicitis treated at Cook County (Illinois) Hospital between Jan 1, 1957, and Dec 31, 1976, 35% had appendiceal perforation. Overall morbidity was 12.8% and mortality was 0.24%. Antibiotics, transperitoneal drainage, and delayed wound closure were used routinely in children with appendiceal perforation. Antibiotics and transperitoneal drains did not appreciably alter the incidence of intraabdominal abscess formation. Delayed wound closure in patients with appendiceal perforation reduced the incidence of wound infection by 75%.", "contents": "Pediatric appendicitis. A 20-year study of 1,640 children at Cook County (Illinois) Hospital. Of 1,640 children with acute appendicitis treated at Cook County (Illinois) Hospital between Jan 1, 1957, and Dec 31, 1976, 35% had appendiceal perforation. Overall morbidity was 12.8% and mortality was 0.24%. Antibiotics, transperitoneal drainage, and delayed wound closure were used routinely in children with appendiceal perforation. Antibiotics and transperitoneal drains did not appreciably alter the incidence of intraabdominal abscess formation. Delayed wound closure in patients with appendiceal perforation reduced the incidence of wound infection by 75%.", "PMID": 313200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3856", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma. Immunology, irradiation, and lymphocytic infiltration.", "content": "Patients undergoing thyroidectomies at Evanston (III) Hospital, during a six-month period had immunological studies performed preoperatively. No differential could be found between those with carcinoma or benign pathologic findings. T- and B-cell distribution and lymphocytic response to mitogens varied widely. Quantitative immunoglobulins showed slightly increased levels of IgG in patients with carcinoma and thyroiditis in comparison with those patients with adenomas. Antithyroglobulin antibodies were negative in all patients. Pathology slides from 107 patients with thyroid carcinoma between 1972 and 1978 at Evanston Hospital were reviewed for the presence of thyroiditis, either focal or diffuse. It was found that 50% of all carcinomas had either diffuse or focal thyroiditis. Diffuse thyroiditis was more common in patients with no history of irradiation and papillary carcinoma, and in younger age groups.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma. Immunology, irradiation, and lymphocytic infiltration. Patients undergoing thyroidectomies at Evanston (III) Hospital, during a six-month period had immunological studies performed preoperatively. No differential could be found between those with carcinoma or benign pathologic findings. T- and B-cell distribution and lymphocytic response to mitogens varied widely. Quantitative immunoglobulins showed slightly increased levels of IgG in patients with carcinoma and thyroiditis in comparison with those patients with adenomas. Antithyroglobulin antibodies were negative in all patients. Pathology slides from 107 patients with thyroid carcinoma between 1972 and 1978 at Evanston Hospital were reviewed for the presence of thyroiditis, either focal or diffuse. It was found that 50% of all carcinomas had either diffuse or focal thyroiditis. Diffuse thyroiditis was more common in patients with no history of irradiation and papillary carcinoma, and in younger age groups.", "PMID": 313201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3857", "title": "[Morphometric and histochemical characteristics of the frog sartorius muscle in ontogeny].", "content": "Morphometric and histochemical investigation of musculus sartorius was performed in ontogenesis in Rana ridibunda and Rana temporaria. Muscular composition was characterized according to the type of muscular fibres. Spectrum of lactatdehydrogenase isoenzymes was studied at different developmental stages. As the studies demonstrated, musculus sartorius underwent some essential changes in ontogenesis which manifested themselves in increasing number of muscular fibres and their areas, in changing LDG isoenzymic spectrum. Differentiation of the muscular fibres three types takes place at the 30th stage after P. V. Terentiev and depends on the nerve system maturation.", "contents": "[Morphometric and histochemical characteristics of the frog sartorius muscle in ontogeny]. Morphometric and histochemical investigation of musculus sartorius was performed in ontogenesis in Rana ridibunda and Rana temporaria. Muscular composition was characterized according to the type of muscular fibres. Spectrum of lactatdehydrogenase isoenzymes was studied at different developmental stages. As the studies demonstrated, musculus sartorius underwent some essential changes in ontogenesis which manifested themselves in increasing number of muscular fibres and their areas, in changing LDG isoenzymic spectrum. Differentiation of the muscular fibres three types takes place at the 30th stage after P. V. Terentiev and depends on the nerve system maturation.", "PMID": 313202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3858", "title": "Computerized tomography in intracranial hemorrhage.", "content": "Three hundred patients with intracranial hemorrhage were studied by computerized tomography (CT). Thalamic-ganglionic hematoma was found in 232; the mortality increased from 25% to 70% if ventricular extension occurred in this group. Lobar hematoma occurred in 45 of these patients, with a mortality of 20%, which was not influenced by ventricular extension. Seven had intraventricular bleeding only; of these, two died. In 12 patients with CT evidence of cisternal blood, angiography demonstrated aneurysms; the location of the blood predicted the location of the aneurysm in six. Multiple spontaneous intracerebral hematomas (ICHs) were visualized by CT in five patients. In 29 of 146 cases of ICH, postcontrast study showed enhancement; in 15, this was consistent with neoplasm, angioma, or aneurysm. In 14 with spontaneous ICH, ring enhancement occurred ten days to six weeks following hemorrhage.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in intracranial hemorrhage. Three hundred patients with intracranial hemorrhage were studied by computerized tomography (CT). Thalamic-ganglionic hematoma was found in 232; the mortality increased from 25% to 70% if ventricular extension occurred in this group. Lobar hematoma occurred in 45 of these patients, with a mortality of 20%, which was not influenced by ventricular extension. Seven had intraventricular bleeding only; of these, two died. In 12 patients with CT evidence of cisternal blood, angiography demonstrated aneurysms; the location of the blood predicted the location of the aneurysm in six. Multiple spontaneous intracerebral hematomas (ICHs) were visualized by CT in five patients. In 29 of 146 cases of ICH, postcontrast study showed enhancement; in 15, this was consistent with neoplasm, angioma, or aneurysm. In 14 with spontaneous ICH, ring enhancement occurred ten days to six weeks following hemorrhage.", "PMID": 313203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3859", "title": "Ocular inflammation and hemorrhage as initial manifestations of uveal malignant melanoma. Incidence and prognosis.", "content": "A consecutive series of 450 eyes enucleated because of a malignant melanoma of the choroid or ciliary body was reviewed in an effort to establish the incidence of ocular inflammation or intraocular hemorrhage as the initial clinical manifestation. Thirty-five patients had these clinical signs initially. Twenty-two (4.9%) initially had ocular inflammations. Eight of these had an episcleritis, and the remaining 14 had some form of uveitis, endophthalmitis, or panophthalmitis. Five of those with episcleritis had tumors in the ciliary body, and all six patients who developed panophthalmitis had necrotic choroidal melanomas. Thirteen patients (2.9%) were initially observed with some form of intraocular hemorrhage. Follow-up information was available for 26 of the 35 patients selected for detailed study. Fourteen patients died of metastatic disease. We believe the relatively poor prognosis of these tumors depends on three factors: cell type, maximal diameter of the tumor, and extraocular extension.", "contents": "Ocular inflammation and hemorrhage as initial manifestations of uveal malignant melanoma. Incidence and prognosis. A consecutive series of 450 eyes enucleated because of a malignant melanoma of the choroid or ciliary body was reviewed in an effort to establish the incidence of ocular inflammation or intraocular hemorrhage as the initial clinical manifestation. Thirty-five patients had these clinical signs initially. Twenty-two (4.9%) initially had ocular inflammations. Eight of these had an episcleritis, and the remaining 14 had some form of uveitis, endophthalmitis, or panophthalmitis. Five of those with episcleritis had tumors in the ciliary body, and all six patients who developed panophthalmitis had necrotic choroidal melanomas. Thirteen patients (2.9%) were initially observed with some form of intraocular hemorrhage. Follow-up information was available for 26 of the 35 patients selected for detailed study. Fourteen patients died of metastatic disease. We believe the relatively poor prognosis of these tumors depends on three factors: cell type, maximal diameter of the tumor, and extraocular extension.", "PMID": 313204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3860", "title": "Experimental endophthalmitis treated with an implantable osmotic minipump.", "content": "A rabbit model of endophthalmitis was used to test the efficacy of an osmotic minipump delivery system as compared to standard intravitreal injection of the antibiotic, Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated into the vitreous cavity, and elimination of microorganisms was compared with use of intravitreal administration of 100 micrograms of gentamicin sulfate by either single pars plana injection or the continuous four-day administration of drugs to the vitreous via pars plana tubing connected to the minipump implanted subcutaneously near the rabbit's ear.", "contents": "Experimental endophthalmitis treated with an implantable osmotic minipump. A rabbit model of endophthalmitis was used to test the efficacy of an osmotic minipump delivery system as compared to standard intravitreal injection of the antibiotic, Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated into the vitreous cavity, and elimination of microorganisms was compared with use of intravitreal administration of 100 micrograms of gentamicin sulfate by either single pars plana injection or the continuous four-day administration of drugs to the vitreous via pars plana tubing connected to the minipump implanted subcutaneously near the rabbit's ear.", "PMID": 313205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3861", "title": "Bacteria in chronic maxillary sinusitis.", "content": "Sixty-one chronically inflamed maxillary sinuses produced 131 bacterial strains from mucosal pieces that were taken during a Caldwell-Luc operation and cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Sinus secretions showed only 62 and nasal secretions 106 bacterial strains. Fourteen mucosal strains, including 11 Haemophilus influenzae, grew heavily. None of 24 mucosal anaerobes showed heavy growth. Of 52 antral mucosae with culturable bacteria, 37 disclosed mixed and 15 pure growth. The bacteriological characteristics of the diseased sinus and the nose did not correlate. The duration or extent of the disease, the macroscopic appearance of the diseased sinus, or the presence or absence of allergy were unrelated to bacteriological findings, except that H influenzae was concentrated in purulent sinuses. Intraoperative culture of antral mucosa seems to give the most reliable picture of the bacteriological condition in chronic maxillary sinusitis.", "contents": "Bacteria in chronic maxillary sinusitis. Sixty-one chronically inflamed maxillary sinuses produced 131 bacterial strains from mucosal pieces that were taken during a Caldwell-Luc operation and cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Sinus secretions showed only 62 and nasal secretions 106 bacterial strains. Fourteen mucosal strains, including 11 Haemophilus influenzae, grew heavily. None of 24 mucosal anaerobes showed heavy growth. Of 52 antral mucosae with culturable bacteria, 37 disclosed mixed and 15 pure growth. The bacteriological characteristics of the diseased sinus and the nose did not correlate. The duration or extent of the disease, the macroscopic appearance of the diseased sinus, or the presence or absence of allergy were unrelated to bacteriological findings, except that H influenzae was concentrated in purulent sinuses. Intraoperative culture of antral mucosa seems to give the most reliable picture of the bacteriological condition in chronic maxillary sinusitis.", "PMID": 313206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3862", "title": "Prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis.", "content": "About 11% of post-menopausal women with wrist fractures have spinal osteoporosis with compressed vertebrae, and about 25% of postmenopausal osteoporosis patients have had a wrist fracture. The estimated prevalence of post-menopausal spinal osteoporosis is 4% of the female population at age 60 and about 8% at age 80. Osteoporotic patients have lower plasma oestrone and androstenedione levels, lower calcium absorption and higher urinary hydroxyproline than matched controls. Of six treatments tested in three different ways, the least successful were vitamin D2 and 1 alpha-OHD3 and the most successful were hormones with or without 1 alpha-(OH)2D3 and calcium supplements. Calcium and vitamin D given in combination occupied an intermediate position.", "contents": "Prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis. About 11% of post-menopausal women with wrist fractures have spinal osteoporosis with compressed vertebrae, and about 25% of postmenopausal osteoporosis patients have had a wrist fracture. The estimated prevalence of post-menopausal spinal osteoporosis is 4% of the female population at age 60 and about 8% at age 80. Osteoporotic patients have lower plasma oestrone and androstenedione levels, lower calcium absorption and higher urinary hydroxyproline than matched controls. Of six treatments tested in three different ways, the least successful were vitamin D2 and 1 alpha-OHD3 and the most successful were hormones with or without 1 alpha-(OH)2D3 and calcium supplements. Calcium and vitamin D given in combination occupied an intermediate position.", "PMID": 313208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3863", "title": "Aeromedical implications of the X-Chrom lens for improving color vision deficiencies.", "content": "A red contact lens (X-Chrom lens) worn on the nondominant eye by 12 color-defective subjects caused significant improvements on the Dvorine, Ishihara, and Hardy-Rand-Rittler pseudo-isochromatic color plate tests. Color vision scores on the Farnsworth Lantern, Color Threshold Tester, and Aviation Signal Light Gun were not improved. Minimal changes were found on the Farnsworth D-15 test, aeronautical chart color identification task, visual acuity, phoria, and stereoscopic depth perception. Control and color-defective subjects perceived a change in the path of a pendulum (Pulfrich test) when viewing through the X-Chrom lens or a monocular red filter. The X-Chrom lens may require extended wearing before its optimum effect becomes apparent.", "contents": "Aeromedical implications of the X-Chrom lens for improving color vision deficiencies. A red contact lens (X-Chrom lens) worn on the nondominant eye by 12 color-defective subjects caused significant improvements on the Dvorine, Ishihara, and Hardy-Rand-Rittler pseudo-isochromatic color plate tests. Color vision scores on the Farnsworth Lantern, Color Threshold Tester, and Aviation Signal Light Gun were not improved. Minimal changes were found on the Farnsworth D-15 test, aeronautical chart color identification task, visual acuity, phoria, and stereoscopic depth perception. Control and color-defective subjects perceived a change in the path of a pendulum (Pulfrich test) when viewing through the X-Chrom lens or a monocular red filter. The X-Chrom lens may require extended wearing before its optimum effect becomes apparent.", "PMID": 313209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3864", "title": "Arthritis associated with jejunoileal bypass: clinical and immunologic evaluation.", "content": "Arthritis is a common complication of small bowel bypass, occurring in 5-20% of the postsurgical patients. Thirteen patients with arthritis related to jejunoileal bypass were studied. These patients had a symmetrical polyarthritis, and 8 also had extraarticular connective tissue disease manifestations. Immunologic evaluations were done on these patients and on a control group of 12 age- and sex-matched postintestinal bypass patients without arthritis. The incidence of positive ANA, rheumatoid factors, immune complexes, and antibodies to intestinal flora was the same in both groups. Patients in both groups showed similar changes in numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes. More patients in the group with arthritis than in the control group had elevated IgA levels (38% versus 8%), but the difference was not significant (P less than 0.05). This study demonstrates that immunologic abnormalities occur after jejeunoileal bypass irrespective of the onset of arthritis or related symptoms. No specific immunologic abnormalities could be associated with the arthritis occurring after small bowel bypass.", "contents": "Arthritis associated with jejunoileal bypass: clinical and immunologic evaluation. Arthritis is a common complication of small bowel bypass, occurring in 5-20% of the postsurgical patients. Thirteen patients with arthritis related to jejunoileal bypass were studied. These patients had a symmetrical polyarthritis, and 8 also had extraarticular connective tissue disease manifestations. Immunologic evaluations were done on these patients and on a control group of 12 age- and sex-matched postintestinal bypass patients without arthritis. The incidence of positive ANA, rheumatoid factors, immune complexes, and antibodies to intestinal flora was the same in both groups. Patients in both groups showed similar changes in numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes. More patients in the group with arthritis than in the control group had elevated IgA levels (38% versus 8%), but the difference was not significant (P less than 0.05). This study demonstrates that immunologic abnormalities occur after jejeunoileal bypass irrespective of the onset of arthritis or related symptoms. No specific immunologic abnormalities could be associated with the arthritis occurring after small bowel bypass.", "PMID": 313212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3865", "title": "Haemopoietic progenitor-cell responses in mice with the transplanted lymphoid leukaemia ABE-8.", "content": "BALB/c mice bearing the transplanted lymphoid tumour ABE-8 developed increased levels of neutrophil, macrophage and eosinophil progenitor cells in the marrow and spleen. Neutrophil-macrophage progenitors, assayed as granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells in agar, increased in number only if invasion of the marrow or spleen by ABE-8 cells was demonstrable. Rises in B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells occurred whether or not there was invasion of the host spleen or marrow. No increase in progenitor cells was found in mice bearing diffusion chambers containing ABE-8 cells. The magnitude of leukaemic infiltration was determined by assaying numbers of leukaemic stem cells in the spleen and marrow using a selective cloning system. This transplanted lymphoid leukaemia appears to be a useful model for analysing the effects of haemopoietic tumours on host haemopoietic tissues.", "contents": "Haemopoietic progenitor-cell responses in mice with the transplanted lymphoid leukaemia ABE-8. BALB/c mice bearing the transplanted lymphoid tumour ABE-8 developed increased levels of neutrophil, macrophage and eosinophil progenitor cells in the marrow and spleen. Neutrophil-macrophage progenitors, assayed as granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells in agar, increased in number only if invasion of the marrow or spleen by ABE-8 cells was demonstrable. Rises in B-lymphocyte colony-forming cells occurred whether or not there was invasion of the host spleen or marrow. No increase in progenitor cells was found in mice bearing diffusion chambers containing ABE-8 cells. The magnitude of leukaemic infiltration was determined by assaying numbers of leukaemic stem cells in the spleen and marrow using a selective cloning system. This transplanted lymphoid leukaemia appears to be a useful model for analysing the effects of haemopoietic tumours on host haemopoietic tissues.", "PMID": 313215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3866", "title": "Histiocytosis X in two infants--treated with topical nitrogen mustard.", "content": "Two infants suffering from histiocytosis X were treated successfully with a topically applied nitrogen mustard. All cutaneous symptoms disappeared completely within 2 weeks in one case while the skin improved significantly in the other. No irritation or dermatitis was experienced from the treatment. The only side-effect noted was hyperpigmentation.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X in two infants--treated with topical nitrogen mustard. Two infants suffering from histiocytosis X were treated successfully with a topically applied nitrogen mustard. All cutaneous symptoms disappeared completely within 2 weeks in one case while the skin improved significantly in the other. No irritation or dermatitis was experienced from the treatment. The only side-effect noted was hyperpigmentation.", "PMID": 313216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3867", "title": "Liver ribonucleases from the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Purification, properties and changes in activity during metamorphosis.", "content": "A major and three minor RNAases exhibiting activity at neutral pH were found in bullfrog liver homogenates. These RNAases were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Total purification was 1100 to 1600-fold, and the average recovery was 35%. The molecular weight estimated by gel filtration and SDS-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 12,000 for all the components. An antibody against the major RNAase (component B) reacted with the major RNAase to form a single precipitin line on double immunodiffusion and inhibited the activity of the major RNAase but did not cross-react with the other three components and bovine pancreatic RNAase A. Amino acid analyses revealed that the major RNAase differed markedly from the other three RNAase components in the contents of ten amino acid residues, whereas the minor RNAases were similar to each other. The major RNAase was contained in both frog and tadpole liver and its activity in the liver markedly increased at the metamorphic climax.", "contents": "Liver ribonucleases from the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Purification, properties and changes in activity during metamorphosis. A major and three minor RNAases exhibiting activity at neutral pH were found in bullfrog liver homogenates. These RNAases were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Total purification was 1100 to 1600-fold, and the average recovery was 35%. The molecular weight estimated by gel filtration and SDS-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 12,000 for all the components. An antibody against the major RNAase (component B) reacted with the major RNAase to form a single precipitin line on double immunodiffusion and inhibited the activity of the major RNAase but did not cross-react with the other three components and bovine pancreatic RNAase A. Amino acid analyses revealed that the major RNAase differed markedly from the other three RNAase components in the contents of ten amino acid residues, whereas the minor RNAases were similar to each other. The major RNAase was contained in both frog and tadpole liver and its activity in the liver markedly increased at the metamorphic climax.", "PMID": 313217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3868", "title": "Studies on factor VIII-related protein. I. Ultrastructural and electrophoretic heterogeneity of human factor VIII-related protein.", "content": "Human factor VIII-related protein precipitates with specific heterologous anti-bodies directed against purified factor VIII and supports ristocetin-induced aggregation of washed platelets. We purified human factor VIII from cryoprecipitate by subsequent gel filtration on crosslinked large-pore agarose. Factor VIII-related protein appeared as a large aggregate following electrophoresis on 3% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The same material was separated into multiple bands (molecular weight in excess of several millions) following electrophoresis on SDS-1% agarose gels. After complete disulfide reduction of factor VIII-related protein and electrophoresis on SDS-5% polyacrylamide gels a single subunit chain (Mr approximately equal to 200 000) was revealed. Analysis of this protein, in its non-reduced state, by negative contrast electron microscopy showed filaments of markedly variable size. The calculated molecular weight of such filaments ranged from about 0.6.10(6) to 20.10(6). We conclude that size heterogeneity is an essential feature of human factor VIII-related protein.", "contents": "Studies on factor VIII-related protein. I. Ultrastructural and electrophoretic heterogeneity of human factor VIII-related protein. Human factor VIII-related protein precipitates with specific heterologous anti-bodies directed against purified factor VIII and supports ristocetin-induced aggregation of washed platelets. We purified human factor VIII from cryoprecipitate by subsequent gel filtration on crosslinked large-pore agarose. Factor VIII-related protein appeared as a large aggregate following electrophoresis on 3% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The same material was separated into multiple bands (molecular weight in excess of several millions) following electrophoresis on SDS-1% agarose gels. After complete disulfide reduction of factor VIII-related protein and electrophoresis on SDS-5% polyacrylamide gels a single subunit chain (Mr approximately equal to 200 000) was revealed. Analysis of this protein, in its non-reduced state, by negative contrast electron microscopy showed filaments of markedly variable size. The calculated molecular weight of such filaments ranged from about 0.6.10(6) to 20.10(6). We conclude that size heterogeneity is an essential feature of human factor VIII-related protein.", "PMID": 313218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3869", "title": "[Comparative study of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from frog and pike skeletal muscles].", "content": "The purified preparations of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isolated from frog and pike skeletal muscles were found homogenous under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their amino acid composition is similar to that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from other animal species. The interaction kinetics for frog and pike glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase SH-groups with 5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB) were studied. A negative correlation between the thermal stability of the enzyme preparations from pig, pike, lamprey and frog muscles and the reactivity of their SH-groups with respect to DTNB was observed. NAD at saturating concentrations was found to protect the enzyme from lower vertebrates muscles against thermal inactivation in a lesser degree than does the pig muscle enzyme. The weaker protective effect of NAD was observed for lamprey and frog enzyme preparations, which are characterized by a low SH-group reaction ability. Frog and pike apoenzymes are considerably more resistant to trypsin proteolysis than the pig apoenzyme.", "contents": "[Comparative study of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from frog and pike skeletal muscles]. The purified preparations of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isolated from frog and pike skeletal muscles were found homogenous under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their amino acid composition is similar to that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from other animal species. The interaction kinetics for frog and pike glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase SH-groups with 5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB) were studied. A negative correlation between the thermal stability of the enzyme preparations from pig, pike, lamprey and frog muscles and the reactivity of their SH-groups with respect to DTNB was observed. NAD at saturating concentrations was found to protect the enzyme from lower vertebrates muscles against thermal inactivation in a lesser degree than does the pig muscle enzyme. The weaker protective effect of NAD was observed for lamprey and frog enzyme preparations, which are characterized by a low SH-group reaction ability. Frog and pike apoenzymes are considerably more resistant to trypsin proteolysis than the pig apoenzyme.", "PMID": 313219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3870", "title": "[Development of delayed hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes after separate and combined administration of the antigen and cyclophosphamide].", "content": "The ability to the development of delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) to the appropriate antigen was studied in mice treated with large doses of SRBC and cyclophosphamide at varying time prior to the experiment. Suppression of DHS development induced by administering either the cytostatic alone or a large dose of the antigen was examined at the same periods of time. The combined treatment was shown to induce tolerance according to diverse tests for DHS (skin and macrophage migration inhibition tests). At the basis of this tolerance lies genuine deficiency of the appropriate clone of T cells. Administration of cyclophosphamide alone leads to a slight suppression of DHS, while a large dose of the antigen induces a different form of areactivity due to the suppressor cells whose nature is not yet clear.", "contents": "[Development of delayed hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes after separate and combined administration of the antigen and cyclophosphamide]. The ability to the development of delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) to the appropriate antigen was studied in mice treated with large doses of SRBC and cyclophosphamide at varying time prior to the experiment. Suppression of DHS development induced by administering either the cytostatic alone or a large dose of the antigen was examined at the same periods of time. The combined treatment was shown to induce tolerance according to diverse tests for DHS (skin and macrophage migration inhibition tests). At the basis of this tolerance lies genuine deficiency of the appropriate clone of T cells. Administration of cyclophosphamide alone leads to a slight suppression of DHS, while a large dose of the antigen induces a different form of areactivity due to the suppressor cells whose nature is not yet clear.", "PMID": 313220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3871", "title": "Prednisone-responsive aplastic anemia: a mechanism of glucocorticoid action.", "content": "We performed serial agar cultures (CFU-C) using marrow cells from a patient with prednisone-responsive aplastic anemia and from five patients with prednisone-resistant aplasia. Colony growth was decreased in all patients. Cortisol (10(-7)-10(-4)M) significantly enhanced colony growth in the prednisone-responsive patient but fauled to enhance colony growth in the remaining five patients. Further studies in the responsive patient indicated that (1) colony growth was enhanced by depleting T lymphocytes from the marrow cells, (2) colon growth T-depleted marrow cells was inhibited by autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), (3) cortisol failed to enhance colony growth of T-depleted marrow cells, (4) PBL and PBL-conditioned medium inhibited colony growth of both autologous and allogeneic marrow cells, but neither cortisol-treated PBL nor T-depleted PBL were inhibitory. Serial cultures in the responsive patient showed that colony growth normalized during remission when \"suppressor\" cells were absent and that colony growth was subnormal during a later relapse when cortisol-resistant \"suppressor\" cells were present. Therefore, in this prednisone-responsive patient, cortisol-sensitive T lymphocytes suppressed granulopoiesis in vitro. Our observations suggest that aplastic anemia in this patient is immunologically mediated and that prednisone therapy enhanced hemopoiesis in vivo by inhibiting the \"suppressor\" T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Prednisone-responsive aplastic anemia: a mechanism of glucocorticoid action. We performed serial agar cultures (CFU-C) using marrow cells from a patient with prednisone-responsive aplastic anemia and from five patients with prednisone-resistant aplasia. Colony growth was decreased in all patients. Cortisol (10(-7)-10(-4)M) significantly enhanced colony growth in the prednisone-responsive patient but fauled to enhance colony growth in the remaining five patients. Further studies in the responsive patient indicated that (1) colony growth was enhanced by depleting T lymphocytes from the marrow cells, (2) colon growth T-depleted marrow cells was inhibited by autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), (3) cortisol failed to enhance colony growth of T-depleted marrow cells, (4) PBL and PBL-conditioned medium inhibited colony growth of both autologous and allogeneic marrow cells, but neither cortisol-treated PBL nor T-depleted PBL were inhibitory. Serial cultures in the responsive patient showed that colony growth normalized during remission when \"suppressor\" cells were absent and that colony growth was subnormal during a later relapse when cortisol-resistant \"suppressor\" cells were present. Therefore, in this prednisone-responsive patient, cortisol-sensitive T lymphocytes suppressed granulopoiesis in vitro. Our observations suggest that aplastic anemia in this patient is immunologically mediated and that prednisone therapy enhanced hemopoiesis in vivo by inhibiting the \"suppressor\" T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 313221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3872", "title": "Distinct subtype within the spectrum of hairy cell leukemia.", "content": "Most cases of hairy cell leukemia represent malignancies of B cells. However, recent findings suggest that there is a spectrum of functional capacities within the entity hairy cell leukemia. Two patients with hairy cell leukemia, whose malignant cells in the peripheral blood showed both T- and B-cell features, are reported. The malignant cells of the spleens showed only B-cell characteristics. The hairy cells of both patients did not adhere to glass and lacked the la antigen. Both patients showed pronounced polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and developed frank leukemic blood pictures after splenectomy. Within the spectrum of hairy cell leukemia, these two cases probably represent a distinct subtype.", "contents": "Distinct subtype within the spectrum of hairy cell leukemia. Most cases of hairy cell leukemia represent malignancies of B cells. However, recent findings suggest that there is a spectrum of functional capacities within the entity hairy cell leukemia. Two patients with hairy cell leukemia, whose malignant cells in the peripheral blood showed both T- and B-cell features, are reported. The malignant cells of the spleens showed only B-cell characteristics. The hairy cells of both patients did not adhere to glass and lacked the la antigen. Both patients showed pronounced polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and developed frank leukemic blood pictures after splenectomy. Within the spectrum of hairy cell leukemia, these two cases probably represent a distinct subtype.", "PMID": 313222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3873", "title": "T-cell subpopulations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: abnormalities in distribtuion and in in vitro receptor maturation.", "content": "Purified human thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were analyzed by detection of Fc receptors for either IgG or IgM in healthy controls and in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). There was a significant and persistent increase in the numbers of T cells bearing receptors for IgG (Fc gamma) in CLL patients in comparison to the controls. After an in vitro culture period, there was a significantly decreased appearance of cells with IgM receptors (Fcmu) in CLL patients in comparison to the control group. These results indicate an imbalance in circulating T-cell subpopulations for CLL patients. In addition, an in vitro defect in CLL T-cell membrane receptor appearance is present.", "contents": "T-cell subpopulations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: abnormalities in distribtuion and in in vitro receptor maturation. Purified human thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were analyzed by detection of Fc receptors for either IgG or IgM in healthy controls and in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). There was a significant and persistent increase in the numbers of T cells bearing receptors for IgG (Fc gamma) in CLL patients in comparison to the controls. After an in vitro culture period, there was a significantly decreased appearance of cells with IgM receptors (Fcmu) in CLL patients in comparison to the control group. These results indicate an imbalance in circulating T-cell subpopulations for CLL patients. In addition, an in vitro defect in CLL T-cell membrane receptor appearance is present.", "PMID": 313223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3874", "title": "Evidence that protease inhibitors reduce the degradation of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin injected subcutaneously.", "content": "1 Agents known to delay absorption from a subcutaneous site were tested in chicks for their ability to prolong the hypercalcaemic response to parathyroid hormone (PTH). 2 Polyvinylpyrrolidone was found to enhance the response but gelatine greatly reduced the 2 h hypercalcaemia. 3 The reduction by gelatine was reversed when the protease inhibitor aprotinin was added to the injection vehicle, and hypercalcaemia then persisted for more than 8 h. 4 Of other protease inhibitors studied, epsilon-aminocaproic acid was also found to enhance the hypercalcaemic response to subcutaneous PTH and its fragments but, unlike aprotinin, it was ineffective in the presence of gelatine. 5 By radioimmunoassay and bioassay respectively, it was confirmed that aprotinin raised circulating levels of PTH and also of another peptide hormone, calcitonin, injected subcutaneously. 6 Addition of calcium to the solutions injected subcutaneously abolished the hypercalcaemic response to PTH while injection of calcium and PTH simultaneously but at separate sites left the response unaltered. 7 The two protease inhibitors, epsilon-aminocaproic acid and aprotinin, each restored the response to subcutaneous PTH despite the presence of calcium at the injection site. 8 It was concluded that protease inhibitors injected subcutaneously with PTH and calcitonin in the chick reduced the rate of degradation of these hormones and that the proteases responsible for hormone degradation at the subcutaneous injection site may be released or activated by calcium ions.", "contents": "Evidence that protease inhibitors reduce the degradation of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin injected subcutaneously. 1 Agents known to delay absorption from a subcutaneous site were tested in chicks for their ability to prolong the hypercalcaemic response to parathyroid hormone (PTH). 2 Polyvinylpyrrolidone was found to enhance the response but gelatine greatly reduced the 2 h hypercalcaemia. 3 The reduction by gelatine was reversed when the protease inhibitor aprotinin was added to the injection vehicle, and hypercalcaemia then persisted for more than 8 h. 4 Of other protease inhibitors studied, epsilon-aminocaproic acid was also found to enhance the hypercalcaemic response to subcutaneous PTH and its fragments but, unlike aprotinin, it was ineffective in the presence of gelatine. 5 By radioimmunoassay and bioassay respectively, it was confirmed that aprotinin raised circulating levels of PTH and also of another peptide hormone, calcitonin, injected subcutaneously. 6 Addition of calcium to the solutions injected subcutaneously abolished the hypercalcaemic response to PTH while injection of calcium and PTH simultaneously but at separate sites left the response unaltered. 7 The two protease inhibitors, epsilon-aminocaproic acid and aprotinin, each restored the response to subcutaneous PTH despite the presence of calcium at the injection site. 8 It was concluded that protease inhibitors injected subcutaneously with PTH and calcitonin in the chick reduced the rate of degradation of these hormones and that the proteases responsible for hormone degradation at the subcutaneous injection site may be released or activated by calcium ions.", "PMID": 313228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3875", "title": "Uptake and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by enteric 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurones: effects of fluoxetine (Lilly 110140) and chlorimipramine.", "content": "The effect of fluoxetine on uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by enteric 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurones has been analyzed in order to compare further these neurones with 5-HT neurones of the CNS. In addition, the effects of fluoxetine and chlorimipramine on efflux of [3H]-5-HT from the myenteric plexus were also evaluated. Fluoxetine was found to be a competitive inhibitor of 5-HT uptake by the myenteric plexus and was a more potent inhibitor of 5-HT uptake than was chlorimipramine. However, chlorimipramine enhanced the efflux of [3H]-5-HT more than could be explained by inhibition of 5-HT uptake and, therefore, appears to have the additional action of releasing the amine. These observations, similar to those of others studying central neurones, support the view that enteric 5-HT neurones resemble those of the CNS and are a useful model for the evaluation of drugs.", "contents": "Uptake and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by enteric 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurones: effects of fluoxetine (Lilly 110140) and chlorimipramine. The effect of fluoxetine on uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by enteric 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurones has been analyzed in order to compare further these neurones with 5-HT neurones of the CNS. In addition, the effects of fluoxetine and chlorimipramine on efflux of [3H]-5-HT from the myenteric plexus were also evaluated. Fluoxetine was found to be a competitive inhibitor of 5-HT uptake by the myenteric plexus and was a more potent inhibitor of 5-HT uptake than was chlorimipramine. However, chlorimipramine enhanced the efflux of [3H]-5-HT more than could be explained by inhibition of 5-HT uptake and, therefore, appears to have the additional action of releasing the amine. These observations, similar to those of others studying central neurones, support the view that enteric 5-HT neurones resemble those of the CNS and are a useful model for the evaluation of drugs.", "PMID": 313230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3876", "title": "Mortality in patients with haematemesis and melaena: a prospective study.", "content": "In a prospective study of death in 817 patients with haematemesis and melaena admitted on 894 occasions, the protocol included admission of all patients to a defined unit, early endoscopy and resuscitation, and planned management. Over the three consecutive two-year periods of the study mortality significantly decreased from 9% to 2.4%. Although the operative rate remained the same, the operative mortality fell from 16% to 1.6%. The fall in mortality was greatest in patients with bleeding gastric ulcers. These results suggest that prospective studies with a defined policy can influence the mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "contents": "Mortality in patients with haematemesis and melaena: a prospective study. In a prospective study of death in 817 patients with haematemesis and melaena admitted on 894 occasions, the protocol included admission of all patients to a defined unit, early endoscopy and resuscitation, and planned management. Over the three consecutive two-year periods of the study mortality significantly decreased from 9% to 2.4%. Although the operative rate remained the same, the operative mortality fell from 16% to 1.6%. The fall in mortality was greatest in patients with bleeding gastric ulcers. These results suggest that prospective studies with a defined policy can influence the mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "PMID": 313232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3877", "title": "Peptide containing vesicles within neuro-neuronal synapses.", "content": "In the descending part of the classical neurosecretory system, the axon terminals are not differentiated or they take the form of presynaptic elements which then form synaptoids or synapses with pituicytes or adenohypophyseal glandular cells respectively. In contrast, the axon terminals of the ascending part fulfil the criteria of true presynaptic elements which form synapses with other neurones. The presence of neurophysin vesicles in the presynaptic element is a particular morphologic feature of these neuro-neuronal synapses.", "contents": "Peptide containing vesicles within neuro-neuronal synapses. In the descending part of the classical neurosecretory system, the axon terminals are not differentiated or they take the form of presynaptic elements which then form synaptoids or synapses with pituicytes or adenohypophyseal glandular cells respectively. In contrast, the axon terminals of the ascending part fulfil the criteria of true presynaptic elements which form synapses with other neurones. The presence of neurophysin vesicles in the presynaptic element is a particular morphologic feature of these neuro-neuronal synapses.", "PMID": 313233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3878", "title": "[Ophthalmic herpes: treatment of herpetic neuralgia by repeated stellate block].", "content": "Eight cases of herpes zoster with severe neuralgic pain were treated by repeated stellate blocks, 5 during the acute stage and the 3 others later on. Of the 5 patients treated during the acute stage 3 were cured, the pain disappearing completely. Four other patients were substantially improved. Only one case was a failure. It is important to begin the injections soon after the beginning of the illness, preferably in the first couple of weeks after the rash appears.", "contents": "[Ophthalmic herpes: treatment of herpetic neuralgia by repeated stellate block]. Eight cases of herpes zoster with severe neuralgic pain were treated by repeated stellate blocks, 5 during the acute stage and the 3 others later on. Of the 5 patients treated during the acute stage 3 were cured, the pain disappearing completely. Four other patients were substantially improved. Only one case was a failure. It is important to begin the injections soon after the beginning of the illness, preferably in the first couple of weeks after the rash appears.", "PMID": 313235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3879", "title": "Septic arthritis in childhood.", "content": "In the first 4 years (1974 to 1978) of operation of the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, in Ottawa, 50 children were treated for septic arthritis. The neonatal group (birth to 6 months) of three patients had the most severe involvement and the worst prognosis. The early childhood group (6 months to 4 years) of 15 patients was characterized by sepsis due to Hemophilus influenzae. The 32 older children (4 to 16 years), more susceptible to staphylococcal infections, commonly presented with atypical and unusual symptoms. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was the most reliable laboratory investigation. Positive joint cultures were obtained in 66% of patients. Arthrotomy with drainage was the most reliable form of treatment, particularly in cases of hip joint sepsis. Six patients have substantial residual joint damage with some degree of permanent disability. Early diagnosis of the condition and rapid removal of pus are mandatory for the survival of the joint.", "contents": "Septic arthritis in childhood. In the first 4 years (1974 to 1978) of operation of the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, in Ottawa, 50 children were treated for septic arthritis. The neonatal group (birth to 6 months) of three patients had the most severe involvement and the worst prognosis. The early childhood group (6 months to 4 years) of 15 patients was characterized by sepsis due to Hemophilus influenzae. The 32 older children (4 to 16 years), more susceptible to staphylococcal infections, commonly presented with atypical and unusual symptoms. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was the most reliable laboratory investigation. Positive joint cultures were obtained in 66% of patients. Arthrotomy with drainage was the most reliable form of treatment, particularly in cases of hip joint sepsis. Six patients have substantial residual joint damage with some degree of permanent disability. Early diagnosis of the condition and rapid removal of pus are mandatory for the survival of the joint.", "PMID": 313236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3880", "title": "Lung function in diaphragm pacing.", "content": "Electric stimulation of the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve to induce ventilation has recently been used for the long-term management of chronic ventilatory insufficiency. Since 1973 three patients with inadequate alveolar ventilation have been treated with diaphragm pacing at the Toronto Western Hospital. Two, who had quadriplegia due to lesions of the spinal cord in the upper cervical region and a severe restrictive ventilatory defect, were treated with continuous diaphragm pacing. The third patient required assisted nocturnal ventilation because of primary alveolar hypoventilation. All three patients tolerated the diaphragm pacing well, and pulmonary function tests showed satisfactory gas exchange with the patients breathing room air. This form of therapy seems to be a practical clinical method of managing chronic ventilatory failure in patients with lesions of the upper cervical cord or primary alveolar hypoventilation.", "contents": "Lung function in diaphragm pacing. Electric stimulation of the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve to induce ventilation has recently been used for the long-term management of chronic ventilatory insufficiency. Since 1973 three patients with inadequate alveolar ventilation have been treated with diaphragm pacing at the Toronto Western Hospital. Two, who had quadriplegia due to lesions of the spinal cord in the upper cervical region and a severe restrictive ventilatory defect, were treated with continuous diaphragm pacing. The third patient required assisted nocturnal ventilation because of primary alveolar hypoventilation. All three patients tolerated the diaphragm pacing well, and pulmonary function tests showed satisfactory gas exchange with the patients breathing room air. This form of therapy seems to be a practical clinical method of managing chronic ventilatory failure in patients with lesions of the upper cervical cord or primary alveolar hypoventilation.", "PMID": 313237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3881", "title": "Treatment of hepatic metastases by percutaneous hepatic arterial infusion.", "content": "Better palliation for patients with hepatic metastases requires improved quality and duration of survival with a low complication rate and acceptable expense. Eligible patients between 1967 and 1977 were treated with a program of systemic chemotherapy until progression of hepatic metastases, then hepatic arterial infusion and subsequent maintenance on systemic chemotherapy. The angiography department was able to place the infusion catheter into the common hepatic artery percutaneously in 85% of all patients. The reasons for failure appeared related to anatomic variations and not to the physical characteristics of the liver cancer. A group of 24 patients with colorectal cancer and another group of 28 patients with 13 different primaries were treated. The colorectal cancer patients attained a median treatment time of 8 months before hepatic arterial infusion, and 9 more thereafter. The median survival of 17 months is much better than that reported for systemic chemotherapy alone. In a group of 28 patients with various primaries treated in the same way, the median survival time was 10 months. The nature of complications and the 6% incidence were the same in both groups. In summary, this is a modality yielding improved quality of life and longer survival with a low complication rate and acceptable costs.", "contents": "Treatment of hepatic metastases by percutaneous hepatic arterial infusion. Better palliation for patients with hepatic metastases requires improved quality and duration of survival with a low complication rate and acceptable expense. Eligible patients between 1967 and 1977 were treated with a program of systemic chemotherapy until progression of hepatic metastases, then hepatic arterial infusion and subsequent maintenance on systemic chemotherapy. The angiography department was able to place the infusion catheter into the common hepatic artery percutaneously in 85% of all patients. The reasons for failure appeared related to anatomic variations and not to the physical characteristics of the liver cancer. A group of 24 patients with colorectal cancer and another group of 28 patients with 13 different primaries were treated. The colorectal cancer patients attained a median treatment time of 8 months before hepatic arterial infusion, and 9 more thereafter. The median survival of 17 months is much better than that reported for systemic chemotherapy alone. In a group of 28 patients with various primaries treated in the same way, the median survival time was 10 months. The nature of complications and the 6% incidence were the same in both groups. In summary, this is a modality yielding improved quality of life and longer survival with a low complication rate and acceptable costs.", "PMID": 313238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3882", "title": "T and B-RFC inhibiting factor in plasma from patients with active Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "We report the presence of a rosette inhibiting factor (RIF) in the plasma of patients with active Hodgkin's disease. This factor suppresses the rosette forming ability of autologous Active T, Total T, and B lymphocytes with sheep red blood cells, and tends to disappear when clinical remission is achieved. To a lesser extent, the RIF also lowers the Active T, Total T and B-RFC percentages of lymphocytes obtained from normal donors. Although carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients, as a group, did not exhibit rosette inhibitive properties, certain individuals with these diagnoses did show isolated RIF activity. The RIF could be adsorbed out of plasma using peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal controls and appears to be a large heat stable molecule which does not affect PBL viability.", "contents": "T and B-RFC inhibiting factor in plasma from patients with active Hodgkin's disease. We report the presence of a rosette inhibiting factor (RIF) in the plasma of patients with active Hodgkin's disease. This factor suppresses the rosette forming ability of autologous Active T, Total T, and B lymphocytes with sheep red blood cells, and tends to disappear when clinical remission is achieved. To a lesser extent, the RIF also lowers the Active T, Total T and B-RFC percentages of lymphocytes obtained from normal donors. Although carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients, as a group, did not exhibit rosette inhibitive properties, certain individuals with these diagnoses did show isolated RIF activity. The RIF could be adsorbed out of plasma using peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal controls and appears to be a large heat stable molecule which does not affect PBL viability.", "PMID": 313239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3883", "title": "Immunologic evaluation of patients with advanced head and neck cancer receiving weekly chemoimmunotherapy.", "content": "Patients with advanced head and neck cancer have significant reduction in their circulating lymphocyte mass which is reflected in decreased numbers of T cells, Fc receptor cells, and in derangements of T lymphocyte functions, i.e., decreased responsiveness to several dilutions of phytohemagglutinin and lack of development of delayed hypersensitivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (70% of patients were DNCB (-)). A population of phagocytic cells capable of decreasing lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens were demonstrated. Removal of these cells resulted in an increment in lymphocyte responsiveness. Immunological impairment seemed to correlate with patients' ability to become sensitized to DNCB. Those patients who were DNCB (+) had less derangement in their immunological parameters. Weekly administration of Corynebacterium parvum in conjunction with chemotherapy did not have a discernible effect on patient's immune reactivity.", "contents": "Immunologic evaluation of patients with advanced head and neck cancer receiving weekly chemoimmunotherapy. Patients with advanced head and neck cancer have significant reduction in their circulating lymphocyte mass which is reflected in decreased numbers of T cells, Fc receptor cells, and in derangements of T lymphocyte functions, i.e., decreased responsiveness to several dilutions of phytohemagglutinin and lack of development of delayed hypersensitivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (70% of patients were DNCB (-)). A population of phagocytic cells capable of decreasing lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens were demonstrated. Removal of these cells resulted in an increment in lymphocyte responsiveness. Immunological impairment seemed to correlate with patients' ability to become sensitized to DNCB. Those patients who were DNCB (+) had less derangement in their immunological parameters. Weekly administration of Corynebacterium parvum in conjunction with chemotherapy did not have a discernible effect on patient's immune reactivity.", "PMID": 313240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3884", "title": "Defective monocyte chemotaxis in mycosis fungoides: lack of essential helper lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of lymphocytes on monocytes chemotaxis in vitro was studied using lymphocyte fractions prepared by glass bead column separation and mononuclear cell fractions prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque separation. The diminished monocyte chemotaxis in ten patients with mycosis fungoides was corrected in vitro by the addition of normal lymphocytes. This helper effect was not mediated by soluble factors. Lymphocytes from mycosis fungoides patients did not inhibit chemotaxis by monocytes from mycosis fungoides patients did not inhibit chemotaxis by monocytes from normal donors. No cell directed chemotactic inhibitor, differences in LDCF production in vitro or differences in circulating chemattractants were found. These data support the conclusion that the abnormal monocyte chemotaxis seen in mycosis fungoides is due to lack of essential helper lymphocyte function and represents an abnormal mononuclear cell interaction which may be important in the establishment of the mononuclear cell infiltrate in mycosis fungoides.", "contents": "Defective monocyte chemotaxis in mycosis fungoides: lack of essential helper lymphocytes. The effect of lymphocytes on monocytes chemotaxis in vitro was studied using lymphocyte fractions prepared by glass bead column separation and mononuclear cell fractions prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque separation. The diminished monocyte chemotaxis in ten patients with mycosis fungoides was corrected in vitro by the addition of normal lymphocytes. This helper effect was not mediated by soluble factors. Lymphocytes from mycosis fungoides patients did not inhibit chemotaxis by monocytes from mycosis fungoides patients did not inhibit chemotaxis by monocytes from normal donors. No cell directed chemotactic inhibitor, differences in LDCF production in vitro or differences in circulating chemattractants were found. These data support the conclusion that the abnormal monocyte chemotaxis seen in mycosis fungoides is due to lack of essential helper lymphocyte function and represents an abnormal mononuclear cell interaction which may be important in the establishment of the mononuclear cell infiltrate in mycosis fungoides.", "PMID": 313241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3885", "title": "Effect of operation and radiotherapy on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.", "content": "A subpopulation of human lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fe portion of IgG causes lysis of nucleated target cells in the presence of antibody. The reaction is known as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the effector cells have been called killer (K) cells. We have measured K cell activity quantitatively in the peripheral blood of cancer patients using 51Cr labeled murine mastocytoma target cells and hyperimmune rabbit antimastocytoma antibody. ADCC was the same in males and females, was not affected by eating, smoking or the presence of infections, but was decreased in those over 65 years, during pregnancy, and in those with cachexia, or severe sepsis associated with nonmalignant diseases. It was normal in those with cancers being treated for cure and in those with benign diseases, but was decreased in those with advanced cancers. Operation did not produce a significant change in those who were not immunodepressed; in those who were immunodepressed before operation it caused a significant decrease maximal by the fifth day with recovery by the 15th day. Radiotherapy caused a decrease in K cell activity, maximal at 4 weeks, that persisted for 12 weeks with recovery after that time in those who did not have residual tumor. The values did not return to normal in those who had persistent tumor or distant metastases.", "contents": "Effect of operation and radiotherapy on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. A subpopulation of human lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fe portion of IgG causes lysis of nucleated target cells in the presence of antibody. The reaction is known as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the effector cells have been called killer (K) cells. We have measured K cell activity quantitatively in the peripheral blood of cancer patients using 51Cr labeled murine mastocytoma target cells and hyperimmune rabbit antimastocytoma antibody. ADCC was the same in males and females, was not affected by eating, smoking or the presence of infections, but was decreased in those over 65 years, during pregnancy, and in those with cachexia, or severe sepsis associated with nonmalignant diseases. It was normal in those with cancers being treated for cure and in those with benign diseases, but was decreased in those with advanced cancers. Operation did not produce a significant change in those who were not immunodepressed; in those who were immunodepressed before operation it caused a significant decrease maximal by the fifth day with recovery by the 15th day. Radiotherapy caused a decrease in K cell activity, maximal at 4 weeks, that persisted for 12 weeks with recovery after that time in those who did not have residual tumor. The values did not return to normal in those who had persistent tumor or distant metastases.", "PMID": 313242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3886", "title": "Presence of suppressor cells in spleens of mice bearing a weakly immunogenic syngeneic tumor.", "content": "Spleen cells of C57BL/6J mice bearing a poorly immunogenic syngeneic tumor T241 have been shown to suppress the mitogen-induced proliferative responses of normal spleen cells. However, no suppressive effect of these cells was observed on the generation of cytotoxic cells following immunization in vitro against H-2 histocompatibility antigens. The suppressor activity disappeared rapidly after the removal of the primary tumor. Spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice also suppressed the mitogen-induced stimulation of normal spleen cells of mice of different H-2 loci. Removal of phagocytic cells with carbonyl iron treatment had very little effect on the suppressor activity. Suppressor activity was enhanced following fractionation of cells through nylon wool columns. The suppressor population was found to resist anti-immunoglobulin serum and complement treatment, but treatment with anti-thymocyte serum and complement drastically reduced the suppressor activity. These results indicate that cells with suppressor activity have characteristics of T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Presence of suppressor cells in spleens of mice bearing a weakly immunogenic syngeneic tumor. Spleen cells of C57BL/6J mice bearing a poorly immunogenic syngeneic tumor T241 have been shown to suppress the mitogen-induced proliferative responses of normal spleen cells. However, no suppressive effect of these cells was observed on the generation of cytotoxic cells following immunization in vitro against H-2 histocompatibility antigens. The suppressor activity disappeared rapidly after the removal of the primary tumor. Spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice also suppressed the mitogen-induced stimulation of normal spleen cells of mice of different H-2 loci. Removal of phagocytic cells with carbonyl iron treatment had very little effect on the suppressor activity. Suppressor activity was enhanced following fractionation of cells through nylon wool columns. The suppressor population was found to resist anti-immunoglobulin serum and complement treatment, but treatment with anti-thymocyte serum and complement drastically reduced the suppressor activity. These results indicate that cells with suppressor activity have characteristics of T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 313243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3887", "title": "Possible mechanisms of action of lithium on augmentation of in vitro spontaneous myeloid colony formation.", "content": "To understand the possible mechanisms of lithium carbonate-induced neutrophilia, the in vitro effect on human myeloid progenitor cells was examined. A significant increase in spontaneous colony formation (15 of 24 experiments) was observed with the addition of lithium. Increased colony formation seldom occurred when human placental conditioned media as a source of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) was simultaneously added to the cultures. Further data suggest that lithium requires an adherent marrow cell population for this action and that increases in CSA-containing cultures may be due to suboptimal CSA concentrations. Lithium was shown to release CSA from marrow cells and adherent cell population prepared from human bone marrow. Lithium possibly increases spontaneous human myeloid colony development indirectly through CSA release by adherent cells.", "contents": "Possible mechanisms of action of lithium on augmentation of in vitro spontaneous myeloid colony formation. To understand the possible mechanisms of lithium carbonate-induced neutrophilia, the in vitro effect on human myeloid progenitor cells was examined. A significant increase in spontaneous colony formation (15 of 24 experiments) was observed with the addition of lithium. Increased colony formation seldom occurred when human placental conditioned media as a source of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) was simultaneously added to the cultures. Further data suggest that lithium requires an adherent marrow cell population for this action and that increases in CSA-containing cultures may be due to suboptimal CSA concentrations. Lithium was shown to release CSA from marrow cells and adherent cell population prepared from human bone marrow. Lithium possibly increases spontaneous human myeloid colony development indirectly through CSA release by adherent cells.", "PMID": 313244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3888", "title": "Treatment of osteogenic sarcoma. I. Effect of adjuvant high-dose methotrexate after amputation.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with extremity osteogenic sarcoma and no discernible metastases were treated with amputation and postoperative adjuvant high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue. One half of the patients were also randomized to receive bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin by a multiple-puncture technique. Results have been analyzed with a minimum followup of 10 months and a median followup of 27 months. Actuarial analysis estimates that 38% of current protocol patients remain continuously free of disease for 24 months compared to only 17.4% of historical control patients (P = 0.029; one-sided generalized Kruskal-Wallis test). Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin administered by a multiple-puncture technique had no effect on disease-free interval. Minor differences between current protocol and historical control patients with regard to race, age, histologic type, and site and size of primary tumors do not affect the difference in disease-free interval between these two patient groups. However, current patients had somewhat lower grade lesions and consideration of the patients with grade III and IV lesions only, lessens the difference between current and historical control patients (P = 0.11; one-sided generalized Kruskal-Wallis test). High-dose methotrexate was administered with virtually no morbidity and no deaths. The small differences observed in this study between protocol patients treated with surgery plus high-dose methotrexate and historical control patients treated with surgery alone point to the need for a prospective randomized study to establish the role of high-dose methotrexate in the adjuvant treatment of patients with osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "Treatment of osteogenic sarcoma. I. Effect of adjuvant high-dose methotrexate after amputation. Thirty-nine patients with extremity osteogenic sarcoma and no discernible metastases were treated with amputation and postoperative adjuvant high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue. One half of the patients were also randomized to receive bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin by a multiple-puncture technique. Results have been analyzed with a minimum followup of 10 months and a median followup of 27 months. Actuarial analysis estimates that 38% of current protocol patients remain continuously free of disease for 24 months compared to only 17.4% of historical control patients (P = 0.029; one-sided generalized Kruskal-Wallis test). Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin administered by a multiple-puncture technique had no effect on disease-free interval. Minor differences between current protocol and historical control patients with regard to race, age, histologic type, and site and size of primary tumors do not affect the difference in disease-free interval between these two patient groups. However, current patients had somewhat lower grade lesions and consideration of the patients with grade III and IV lesions only, lessens the difference between current and historical control patients (P = 0.11; one-sided generalized Kruskal-Wallis test). High-dose methotrexate was administered with virtually no morbidity and no deaths. The small differences observed in this study between protocol patients treated with surgery plus high-dose methotrexate and historical control patients treated with surgery alone point to the need for a prospective randomized study to establish the role of high-dose methotrexate in the adjuvant treatment of patients with osteogenic sarcoma.", "PMID": 313245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3889", "title": "High-dose methotrexate for advanced breast cancer.", "content": "High-dose infusions of methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue were evaluated in 27 patients with advanced recurrent breast cancer who had previously been treated with various Adriamycin-containing regimens. Eight of 27 patients (29%) achieved objective tumor regression with a median duration of response of 26 weeks. Nineteen patients had previously received standard doses of methotrexate (less than 50 mg/m2/dose), while eight patients had had no prior exposure to methotrexate. The response rates observed in these two groups of patients were similar. Except for two drug-related deaths, toxic effects were acceptable. Myelosuppression was mild, transient, and noncumulative. Gastrointestinal toxic effects did not appear to be dose-related and were mild in most instances. Central nervous system dysfunction with lethargy, fatigability, confusion, and disorientation was the most significant toxic effect of this high-dose methotrexate therapy and was observed in six (22%) of the patients. In two patients treatment with this program was discontinued because of the development of renal dysfunction. High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue appears to be an effective regimen in patients with advanced refractory breast cancer. However, in view of the enormous cost necessitated by this treatment approach, we do not feel further studies would be worthwhile.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate for advanced breast cancer. High-dose infusions of methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue were evaluated in 27 patients with advanced recurrent breast cancer who had previously been treated with various Adriamycin-containing regimens. Eight of 27 patients (29%) achieved objective tumor regression with a median duration of response of 26 weeks. Nineteen patients had previously received standard doses of methotrexate (less than 50 mg/m2/dose), while eight patients had had no prior exposure to methotrexate. The response rates observed in these two groups of patients were similar. Except for two drug-related deaths, toxic effects were acceptable. Myelosuppression was mild, transient, and noncumulative. Gastrointestinal toxic effects did not appear to be dose-related and were mild in most instances. Central nervous system dysfunction with lethargy, fatigability, confusion, and disorientation was the most significant toxic effect of this high-dose methotrexate therapy and was observed in six (22%) of the patients. In two patients treatment with this program was discontinued because of the development of renal dysfunction. High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue appears to be an effective regimen in patients with advanced refractory breast cancer. However, in view of the enormous cost necessitated by this treatment approach, we do not feel further studies would be worthwhile.", "PMID": 313246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3890", "title": "The predominantly nonhydrolytic action of alpha amylases on alpha-maltosyl fluoride.", "content": "Crystalline alpha amylases from a number of sources utilized alpha-maltosyl fluoride as a glycosyl donor and acceptor at high rates (approximately 10 to approximately 1550 mumol/min/mg of protein, for 30 mM substrate). All enzymes catalyzed conversion of this compound into maltooligosaccharides in preference to causing its hydrolysis. Maltotetraosyl flouride and maltooligosaccharides of d.p. 3 to 6+ accounted for 75--93% (by weight) of early reaction-products. At a late stage, the yield of maltooligosaccharides was 2--5 times that of maltose, with chains as long as 12 D-glucosyl residues formed by one amylase (from Asp. oryzae), which utilized alpha-maltosyl fluoride as a donor and as an acceptor at extremely high rates. These results indicate that alpha amylases have a substantial capacity for binding two molecules of this small substrate in a distinctive way, with the C--F glycosylic bond of one and the free C-4 hydroxyl group of the other located in the region of the enzyme's catalytic groups, therby favoring glycosylation of the suitably positioned acceptor over solvent water. Hydrolysis is assumed to prevail when only a single substrate molecule or segment binds to alpha amylase with a (1 linked to 4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkage of glycosylic C--F bond positioned at the catalytic center. The present demonstration that glycosyl-transfer reactions can be dominantly expressed by alpha amylases, given an appropriate substrate, illustrates the inadequacy of the usual characterization of these enzymes as hydrolases that produce overwhelming hydrolysis of all substrates.", "contents": "The predominantly nonhydrolytic action of alpha amylases on alpha-maltosyl fluoride. Crystalline alpha amylases from a number of sources utilized alpha-maltosyl fluoride as a glycosyl donor and acceptor at high rates (approximately 10 to approximately 1550 mumol/min/mg of protein, for 30 mM substrate). All enzymes catalyzed conversion of this compound into maltooligosaccharides in preference to causing its hydrolysis. Maltotetraosyl flouride and maltooligosaccharides of d.p. 3 to 6+ accounted for 75--93% (by weight) of early reaction-products. At a late stage, the yield of maltooligosaccharides was 2--5 times that of maltose, with chains as long as 12 D-glucosyl residues formed by one amylase (from Asp. oryzae), which utilized alpha-maltosyl fluoride as a donor and as an acceptor at extremely high rates. These results indicate that alpha amylases have a substantial capacity for binding two molecules of this small substrate in a distinctive way, with the C--F glycosylic bond of one and the free C-4 hydroxyl group of the other located in the region of the enzyme's catalytic groups, therby favoring glycosylation of the suitably positioned acceptor over solvent water. Hydrolysis is assumed to prevail when only a single substrate molecule or segment binds to alpha amylase with a (1 linked to 4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkage of glycosylic C--F bond positioned at the catalytic center. The present demonstration that glycosyl-transfer reactions can be dominantly expressed by alpha amylases, given an appropriate substrate, illustrates the inadequacy of the usual characterization of these enzymes as hydrolases that produce overwhelming hydrolysis of all substrates.", "PMID": 313247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3891", "title": "Effect of serotonin on prolactin- and MSH-secreting cells in the eel. Comparison with the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan.", "content": "As parachlorophenylalanine appears to reduce release of prolactin (PRL) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) in the eel, a stimulating serotoninergic control of these adenohypophysial secretions was suspected. Eels were therefore injected with serotonin (5-HT) (7.5--20 mg/kg) and compared with eels injected with the precursor of serotonin, 5-hydroxytroptophan (5-HTP) (20 mg/kg). In both cases, a darkening of the skin was observed, more rapid and intense with 5-HTP than with 5-HT. Similarly, MSH cell degranulation is more completely in 5-HTP-treated eels, which show simultaneously an unexplained dilatation of the swim-bladder not elicited by 5-HT treatment. In both cases, PRL cells are stimulated, and the nuclear area of PRL and MSH cells increases significantly. These results suggest that a serotoninergic pathway stimulates PRL and MSH release in the eel. An antagonism between the serotoninergic system and the dopaminergic system previously demonstrated in the same species seems apparent, but the interaction of other organs or factors, such as the pineal, are considered.", "contents": "Effect of serotonin on prolactin- and MSH-secreting cells in the eel. Comparison with the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan. As parachlorophenylalanine appears to reduce release of prolactin (PRL) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) in the eel, a stimulating serotoninergic control of these adenohypophysial secretions was suspected. Eels were therefore injected with serotonin (5-HT) (7.5--20 mg/kg) and compared with eels injected with the precursor of serotonin, 5-hydroxytroptophan (5-HTP) (20 mg/kg). In both cases, a darkening of the skin was observed, more rapid and intense with 5-HTP than with 5-HT. Similarly, MSH cell degranulation is more completely in 5-HTP-treated eels, which show simultaneously an unexplained dilatation of the swim-bladder not elicited by 5-HT treatment. In both cases, PRL cells are stimulated, and the nuclear area of PRL and MSH cells increases significantly. These results suggest that a serotoninergic pathway stimulates PRL and MSH release in the eel. An antagonism between the serotoninergic system and the dopaminergic system previously demonstrated in the same species seems apparent, but the interaction of other organs or factors, such as the pineal, are considered.", "PMID": 313251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3892", "title": "Moulting in Rana esculenta: development of mitochondria-rich cells, morphological changes of the epithelium and sodium transport.", "content": "The present study concerns moulting of the skin in Rana esculenta in vivo and in vitro. The evolution of mitochondria-rich cells (MRC) and changes in the epithelium during moulting were followed. The greater part of the MRC are lost during moulting, either because they remain attached to the old stratum corneum or because they are left in contact with the external medium and degenerate. The cells thus lost leave deep impressions in the new stratum corneum which disappear progressively. Before an MRC is shed, a cell of the stratum intermedium contacting it differentiates to form a new MRC to replace the old. Isolation of the skin triggers moulting in the excised pieces. This moulting does not cause changes in the short-circuit current or in the transepithelial resistance. Aldosterone (10(-6) M) added in vitro to the serous side appeared to facilitate the detachment of the slough, however, no clear-cut moult-inducing effect of the hormone was seen.", "contents": "Moulting in Rana esculenta: development of mitochondria-rich cells, morphological changes of the epithelium and sodium transport. The present study concerns moulting of the skin in Rana esculenta in vivo and in vitro. The evolution of mitochondria-rich cells (MRC) and changes in the epithelium during moulting were followed. The greater part of the MRC are lost during moulting, either because they remain attached to the old stratum corneum or because they are left in contact with the external medium and degenerate. The cells thus lost leave deep impressions in the new stratum corneum which disappear progressively. Before an MRC is shed, a cell of the stratum intermedium contacting it differentiates to form a new MRC to replace the old. Isolation of the skin triggers moulting in the excised pieces. This moulting does not cause changes in the short-circuit current or in the transepithelial resistance. Aldosterone (10(-6) M) added in vitro to the serous side appeared to facilitate the detachment of the slough, however, no clear-cut moult-inducing effect of the hormone was seen.", "PMID": 313252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3893", "title": "Atrial pacing induced left ventricular dysfunction: reversibility after aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Three patients with angina pectoris were studied before and after aortocoronary bypass surgery. Angiographic studies were performed with and without atrial pacing. Preoperative atrial pacing in all three patients resulted in angina and/or ST segment changes accompanied by regional left ventricular contractile abnormalities, decreased ejection fraction, as well as decreased left ventricular end-diastolic and stroke volumes. After surgery with all grafts patent, atrial pacing at similar heart rates did not produce an ischemic response. Left ventricular contractile pattern remained normal, and there was no change in ejection fraction though end-diastolic and stroke volumes decreased. These studies demonstrate that aortocoronary bypass surgery can abolish both the ischemic response and left ventricular dysfunction that accompany atrial pacing.", "contents": "Atrial pacing induced left ventricular dysfunction: reversibility after aortocoronary bypass surgery. Three patients with angina pectoris were studied before and after aortocoronary bypass surgery. Angiographic studies were performed with and without atrial pacing. Preoperative atrial pacing in all three patients resulted in angina and/or ST segment changes accompanied by regional left ventricular contractile abnormalities, decreased ejection fraction, as well as decreased left ventricular end-diastolic and stroke volumes. After surgery with all grafts patent, atrial pacing at similar heart rates did not produce an ischemic response. Left ventricular contractile pattern remained normal, and there was no change in ejection fraction though end-diastolic and stroke volumes decreased. These studies demonstrate that aortocoronary bypass surgery can abolish both the ischemic response and left ventricular dysfunction that accompany atrial pacing.", "PMID": 313253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3894", "title": "Methotrexate-induced oral mucositis and salivary methotrexate concentrations.", "content": "We examined the plasma and saliva levels of methotrexate (MTX) achieved during the treatment and rescue periods of ten patients receiving 42-h MTX infusions followed by citrovorum rescue. Saliva MTX levels were generally 1%--2% of the simultaneous plasma levels. Four patients developed severe oral mucositis; three patients developed mild to moderate oral toxicity, and three others had no evidence of mucositis. MTX levels in the patients with severe mucositis were not higher and did not persist longer than the levels achieved in patients with mild or absent toxicity. Attempts at reducing the severity of oral mucositis with topical citrovorum mouthwashes or with atropine to suppress salivation were unsuccessful. MTX-induced oral mucositis is not related to salivary MTX concentrations, and the use of topical citrovorum therapy or the suppression of salivation does not appear to ameliorate this toxicity.", "contents": "Methotrexate-induced oral mucositis and salivary methotrexate concentrations. We examined the plasma and saliva levels of methotrexate (MTX) achieved during the treatment and rescue periods of ten patients receiving 42-h MTX infusions followed by citrovorum rescue. Saliva MTX levels were generally 1%--2% of the simultaneous plasma levels. Four patients developed severe oral mucositis; three patients developed mild to moderate oral toxicity, and three others had no evidence of mucositis. MTX levels in the patients with severe mucositis were not higher and did not persist longer than the levels achieved in patients with mild or absent toxicity. Attempts at reducing the severity of oral mucositis with topical citrovorum mouthwashes or with atropine to suppress salivation were unsuccessful. MTX-induced oral mucositis is not related to salivary MTX concentrations, and the use of topical citrovorum therapy or the suppression of salivation does not appear to ameliorate this toxicity.", "PMID": 313282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3895", "title": "Blood pressure in unanesthetized bacterially infected rabbits: effects of antipyretic drug therapy.", "content": "It has previously been determined that an intraperitoneal infusion of a combination of antipyretic-anti-inflammatory drugs, sodium salicylate and acetaminophen, increases the survival rate of rabbits injected with Pasteurella multocida, a gram-negative bacterium. To determine whether the increased survival rate was attributable to antihypotensive effects of the drug therapy, aortic arch blood pressure was measured continuously in unanesthetized rabbits before and after an injection of bacteria. The results of this investigation revealed that the injection of bacteria produced a fall in mean arterial pressure of 13 mm Hg in both drug- and saline-infused rabbits. These results exclude the possibility that the increased survival rate of rabbits injected with P. multocida, when infused with sodium salicylate and acetaminophen is attributable to the prevention in the fall in mean arterial pressure.", "contents": "Blood pressure in unanesthetized bacterially infected rabbits: effects of antipyretic drug therapy. It has previously been determined that an intraperitoneal infusion of a combination of antipyretic-anti-inflammatory drugs, sodium salicylate and acetaminophen, increases the survival rate of rabbits injected with Pasteurella multocida, a gram-negative bacterium. To determine whether the increased survival rate was attributable to antihypotensive effects of the drug therapy, aortic arch blood pressure was measured continuously in unanesthetized rabbits before and after an injection of bacteria. The results of this investigation revealed that the injection of bacteria produced a fall in mean arterial pressure of 13 mm Hg in both drug- and saline-infused rabbits. These results exclude the possibility that the increased survival rate of rabbits injected with P. multocida, when infused with sodium salicylate and acetaminophen is attributable to the prevention in the fall in mean arterial pressure.", "PMID": 313283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3896", "title": "The relevance of 25-hydroxycalciferol measurements in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "In twenty-one patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism a close correlation was observed between the prescribed dose of ergocalciferol and mean serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels. In the 75 serum specimens examined, a significant correlation was found between 25-hydroxycalciferol levels and calcium concentrations. The measurement of serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels is of potential clinical value in the prediction of hyper- or hypocalcaemic episodes and in monitoring patient compliance.", "contents": "The relevance of 25-hydroxycalciferol measurements in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. In twenty-one patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism a close correlation was observed between the prescribed dose of ergocalciferol and mean serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels. In the 75 serum specimens examined, a significant correlation was found between 25-hydroxycalciferol levels and calcium concentrations. The measurement of serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels is of potential clinical value in the prediction of hyper- or hypocalcaemic episodes and in monitoring patient compliance.", "PMID": 313285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3897", "title": "Lymphocytes forming stable E-rosettes in acute and chronic hepatitis.", "content": "Lymphocytes forming E-rosettes with sheep erythrocytes which do not disintegrate at 37 degrees C have been demonstrated in increased numbers in peripheral blood of patients with acute type B hepatitis (6--20% of lymphocytes) and with HBsAg negative active chronic hepatitis (9--28% of lymphocytes). They were not increased in patients with HBsAg positive active chronic hepatitis. Such lymphocytes were adherent to nylon wool and a large proportion of them had FcIgG receptors (21--69%). These are properties of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes having suppressor function.", "contents": "Lymphocytes forming stable E-rosettes in acute and chronic hepatitis. Lymphocytes forming E-rosettes with sheep erythrocytes which do not disintegrate at 37 degrees C have been demonstrated in increased numbers in peripheral blood of patients with acute type B hepatitis (6--20% of lymphocytes) and with HBsAg negative active chronic hepatitis (9--28% of lymphocytes). They were not increased in patients with HBsAg positive active chronic hepatitis. Such lymphocytes were adherent to nylon wool and a large proportion of them had FcIgG receptors (21--69%). These are properties of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes having suppressor function.", "PMID": 313286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3898", "title": "Coronary arterial bypass operations without antibiotic coverage.", "content": "In this study, six of 693 consecutive patients in 29 months who underwent only myocardial revascularization, without prophylactic systemic therapy with antibiotics, experienced infection of a clean wound. This incidence of infection (0.86 percent) in such patients is the lowest reported in the literature. Prevention of infection of clean mediastinal wounds in patients undergoing only myocardial revascularization is related to preoperative preparation of the skin and local antibiotic irrigation of the wound, rather than to prophylactic systemic therapy with antibiotics.", "contents": "Coronary arterial bypass operations without antibiotic coverage. In this study, six of 693 consecutive patients in 29 months who underwent only myocardial revascularization, without prophylactic systemic therapy with antibiotics, experienced infection of a clean wound. This incidence of infection (0.86 percent) in such patients is the lowest reported in the literature. Prevention of infection of clean mediastinal wounds in patients undergoing only myocardial revascularization is related to preoperative preparation of the skin and local antibiotic irrigation of the wound, rather than to prophylactic systemic therapy with antibiotics.", "PMID": 313315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3899", "title": "A comparison of computed tomography and air ventriculography in diagnosis of progressive hydrocephalus of infancy.", "content": "We have compared the efficacy of computed tomography (CT) and air ventriculography (VGM) in the diagnostic evaluation of progressive nontumoral infant hydrocephalus where both examinations have been done without significant interventing time or treatment in infants under 12 months of age. CT alone was judged to be adequate for diagnosis and treatment 21 of 30 cases reviewed, provided that cerebrospinal fluid studies were available to complete diagnosis where necessary, and provided that the question of ventriculocisternal communication was not a factor in treatment selection. The ability to visualize cerebran aqueduct and 4th ventricle on CT was not always a reliable indicator of ventriculocisternal communication. CT was most adequate as the sole radiographic study in cases of myelodysplasia with Arnold-Chiari malformation, and in premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage.", "contents": "A comparison of computed tomography and air ventriculography in diagnosis of progressive hydrocephalus of infancy. We have compared the efficacy of computed tomography (CT) and air ventriculography (VGM) in the diagnostic evaluation of progressive nontumoral infant hydrocephalus where both examinations have been done without significant interventing time or treatment in infants under 12 months of age. CT alone was judged to be adequate for diagnosis and treatment 21 of 30 cases reviewed, provided that cerebrospinal fluid studies were available to complete diagnosis where necessary, and provided that the question of ventriculocisternal communication was not a factor in treatment selection. The ability to visualize cerebran aqueduct and 4th ventricle on CT was not always a reliable indicator of ventriculocisternal communication. CT was most adequate as the sole radiographic study in cases of myelodysplasia with Arnold-Chiari malformation, and in premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage.", "PMID": 313316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3900", "title": "Congenital midline porencephaly: a new brain malformation associated with scalp anomaly.", "content": "5 cases of dysgenetic hydrocephaly associated with scalp anomalies are described. This brain-scalp anomaly complex is characterized by congenital hydrocephalus, alopecia or cephalocele in the parietal midline and symmetrical defect of the bilateral posterior cerebral mantle along the midline. Midline septal structures of the cranial cavity and tentorium cerebelli were also defective and replaced by a huge dorsal CSF cavity. Histological features of the covering membrane of the dorsal cyst indicate that this new brain anomaly is the consequence of a porencephalic process and we postulate the 'midline porencephaly'. Cerebral angiography is the most valuable method for the diagnosis of this anomaly and its venous phase reveals dysgenesis of the galenic drainage as well as of the dural sinuses.", "contents": "Congenital midline porencephaly: a new brain malformation associated with scalp anomaly. 5 cases of dysgenetic hydrocephaly associated with scalp anomalies are described. This brain-scalp anomaly complex is characterized by congenital hydrocephalus, alopecia or cephalocele in the parietal midline and symmetrical defect of the bilateral posterior cerebral mantle along the midline. Midline septal structures of the cranial cavity and tentorium cerebelli were also defective and replaced by a huge dorsal CSF cavity. Histological features of the covering membrane of the dorsal cyst indicate that this new brain anomaly is the consequence of a porencephalic process and we postulate the 'midline porencephaly'. Cerebral angiography is the most valuable method for the diagnosis of this anomaly and its venous phase reveals dysgenesis of the galenic drainage as well as of the dural sinuses.", "PMID": 313317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3901", "title": "[Continuous tissue fibrinolytic activity of the large bowel and its effect on wound healing].", "content": "1. Fibrinolytic activity of colonic tissue samples rapidly decreased after wounding, independent of the plasminogen content of the plates. 2. Resorption of aprotinin into the colonic wall after IP application was found to be minimal. Bursting pressures and wall tensions were not altered by the drug.", "contents": "[Continuous tissue fibrinolytic activity of the large bowel and its effect on wound healing]. 1. Fibrinolytic activity of colonic tissue samples rapidly decreased after wounding, independent of the plasminogen content of the plates. 2. Resorption of aprotinin into the colonic wall after IP application was found to be minimal. Bursting pressures and wall tensions were not altered by the drug.", "PMID": 313318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3902", "title": "[The effect of the spleen on tumor growth in mouse lines with various spleen sizes].", "content": "Selectively raised laboratory mice differ according to spleen size in their immunologic behavior against various tumors. A small spleen and splenectomy reduce tumor growth, whereas a large spleen or additional transfer of tumor antigen-specific spleen cells (\"suppressor cells\") stimulate tumor incidence.", "contents": "[The effect of the spleen on tumor growth in mouse lines with various spleen sizes]. Selectively raised laboratory mice differ according to spleen size in their immunologic behavior against various tumors. A small spleen and splenectomy reduce tumor growth, whereas a large spleen or additional transfer of tumor antigen-specific spleen cells (\"suppressor cells\") stimulate tumor incidence.", "PMID": 313319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3903", "title": "[Therapy of low-output syndrome in patients following cardiopulmonary bypass with sodium nitroprusside and dopamine].", "content": "In 12 patients with low output after open-heart surgery the therapeutic effect of vasodilatation with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and dopamine was studied. All patients underwent aortocoronary bypass operations. After cardiopulmonary bypass, the cardiac index (CI) was 2.2 liters/min.m2. The pulmonary wedge pressure (PCWP) was about 20 mm Hg. Application of SNP lowered mean arterial pressure to 82 and PCWP to 13 mm Hg. Then PCWP was elevated to the control level by tranfusion of blood. This therapy increased CI by about 30% without positive inotropic intervention. Additional application of 5 micrograms dopamine/kg.min improved the CI to 3.8 liters/min.m2.", "contents": "[Therapy of low-output syndrome in patients following cardiopulmonary bypass with sodium nitroprusside and dopamine]. In 12 patients with low output after open-heart surgery the therapeutic effect of vasodilatation with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and dopamine was studied. All patients underwent aortocoronary bypass operations. After cardiopulmonary bypass, the cardiac index (CI) was 2.2 liters/min.m2. The pulmonary wedge pressure (PCWP) was about 20 mm Hg. Application of SNP lowered mean arterial pressure to 82 and PCWP to 13 mm Hg. Then PCWP was elevated to the control level by tranfusion of blood. This therapy increased CI by about 30% without positive inotropic intervention. Additional application of 5 micrograms dopamine/kg.min improved the CI to 3.8 liters/min.m2.", "PMID": 313320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3904", "title": "[Quantitative and functional response of a lymphatic subpopulation during adjuvant intermittent chemo-immunotherapy in breast cancer].", "content": "In this study, an attempt was made to describe and evaluate in vitro immune parameters in patients with breast cancer undergoing modified radical mastectomy and adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy. T and B lymphocytes and their in vitro functions were markedly reduced by intermittent combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. Laevamisole was not found to influence immune parameters, neither when given between chemotherapy treatments nor when given after chemotherapy. Lymphocytes expressing Fc receptors and mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity were less affected and were even found to be elevated in some patients prior to initiation of therapy. Whether or not antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity plays a role in patient defense against tumors remains to be investigated.", "contents": "[Quantitative and functional response of a lymphatic subpopulation during adjuvant intermittent chemo-immunotherapy in breast cancer]. In this study, an attempt was made to describe and evaluate in vitro immune parameters in patients with breast cancer undergoing modified radical mastectomy and adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy. T and B lymphocytes and their in vitro functions were markedly reduced by intermittent combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. Laevamisole was not found to influence immune parameters, neither when given between chemotherapy treatments nor when given after chemotherapy. Lymphocytes expressing Fc receptors and mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity were less affected and were even found to be elevated in some patients prior to initiation of therapy. Whether or not antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity plays a role in patient defense against tumors remains to be investigated.", "PMID": 313321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3905", "title": "Immunologic changes in regional lymph nodes of melanoma patients.", "content": "In tumor-draining lymph nodes, humoral immunity is diverted from individually specific, cytotoxic anti-membrane AB to less specific anti-cytoplasmic AB with progression of the disease. Auto-anti-anti-bodies and suppressor cells seem to be involved in  the failure of control of metastasis.", "contents": "Immunologic changes in regional lymph nodes of melanoma patients. In tumor-draining lymph nodes, humoral immunity is diverted from individually specific, cytotoxic anti-membrane AB to less specific anti-cytoplasmic AB with progression of the disease. Auto-anti-anti-bodies and suppressor cells seem to be involved in  the failure of control of metastasis.", "PMID": 313322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3906", "title": "[Current aspects in the endothelialization of artificial prostheses (experimental studies in rats)].", "content": "The interaction between the blood and the inner prosthetic wall after grafting with the autoalloplastic SPARKS prostheses was examined by light and electron microscopy as well as by autoradiography. The results indicate that intercellular bridges are missing, and therefore that those cells that line the inner surface of the prosthesis are no real endothelial cells, as observed with the electron microscope. The authoradiographic findings demonstrate that blood monocytes definitely contribute to the construction of the new inner surface. We showed that although there is a possibility of transformation, the results is not a real endothelial cell, as shown by electron microscope. Nevertheless this cell apparently can fulfil its function.", "contents": "[Current aspects in the endothelialization of artificial prostheses (experimental studies in rats)]. The interaction between the blood and the inner prosthetic wall after grafting with the autoalloplastic SPARKS prostheses was examined by light and electron microscopy as well as by autoradiography. The results indicate that intercellular bridges are missing, and therefore that those cells that line the inner surface of the prosthesis are no real endothelial cells, as observed with the electron microscope. The authoradiographic findings demonstrate that blood monocytes definitely contribute to the construction of the new inner surface. We showed that although there is a possibility of transformation, the results is not a real endothelial cell, as shown by electron microscope. Nevertheless this cell apparently can fulfil its function.", "PMID": 313323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3907", "title": "[A new therapeutic concept for the selection of liver cirrhotics with recurrent bleeding esophageal varices for selective shunt].", "content": "Analysis was made of almost 600 patients who received shunt operations between January 1, 1952 and January 1, 1975 because of liver cirrhosis and repeated bleeding from gastroesophageal varices. The emergency portosystemic shunt was abandoned owing to its 50% lethality; the portocaval shunt was also discontinued, because of an encephalopathy rate of 25%. The splenorenal shunt (Linton) and coronary-caval shunt (G\u00fctgemann) gave comparatively satisfactory results. A more recent introduction was the mesocaval interposition shunt (Drapanas). We also developed new criteria of indication for a shunt operation: elective shunt, liver volume 1000--2500 ml, portal vein perfusion 15%--40%, avoidance of celiac trunk and hepatic artery stenosis. Using only the types of shunt operation and criteria of indication here recommended, lethality among 65 patients operated on between January 1, 1975 and July 1, 1978 was only 6%, delayed lethality only 3%. The rate of encephalopathy was reduced to 5%. The 5-year life expectancy should increase to more than 70%. Thus, support is provided for the proposed therapy concept and criteria for shunt indication.", "contents": "[A new therapeutic concept for the selection of liver cirrhotics with recurrent bleeding esophageal varices for selective shunt]. Analysis was made of almost 600 patients who received shunt operations between January 1, 1952 and January 1, 1975 because of liver cirrhosis and repeated bleeding from gastroesophageal varices. The emergency portosystemic shunt was abandoned owing to its 50% lethality; the portocaval shunt was also discontinued, because of an encephalopathy rate of 25%. The splenorenal shunt (Linton) and coronary-caval shunt (G\u00fctgemann) gave comparatively satisfactory results. A more recent introduction was the mesocaval interposition shunt (Drapanas). We also developed new criteria of indication for a shunt operation: elective shunt, liver volume 1000--2500 ml, portal vein perfusion 15%--40%, avoidance of celiac trunk and hepatic artery stenosis. Using only the types of shunt operation and criteria of indication here recommended, lethality among 65 patients operated on between January 1, 1975 and July 1, 1978 was only 6%, delayed lethality only 3%. The rate of encephalopathy was reduced to 5%. The 5-year life expectancy should increase to more than 70%. Thus, support is provided for the proposed therapy concept and criteria for shunt indication.", "PMID": 313324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3908", "title": "Improved sensitivity of the BTPABA pancreatic function test in animals with meals of raw egg white.", "content": "An indirect exocrine pancreatic function test (PFT) which measures the ability of a test to hydrolyze a chymotrypsin-labile peptide (N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-PABA), was carried out in rats and swine with simulated partial exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. When spray-dried egg white (SDEW), which contains an inhibitor of chymotrypsin, was administered as a test meal with the PFT, the degree of pancreatic insufficiency was more pronounced. The results suggest that SDEW or raw egg while may be useful as a test meal to be given in conjunction with the PFT in humans in order to accentuate moderate degrees of pancreatic insufficiency and improve the sensitivity of this indirect test of pancreatic function.", "contents": "Improved sensitivity of the BTPABA pancreatic function test in animals with meals of raw egg white. An indirect exocrine pancreatic function test (PFT) which measures the ability of a test to hydrolyze a chymotrypsin-labile peptide (N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-PABA), was carried out in rats and swine with simulated partial exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. When spray-dried egg white (SDEW), which contains an inhibitor of chymotrypsin, was administered as a test meal with the PFT, the degree of pancreatic insufficiency was more pronounced. The results suggest that SDEW or raw egg while may be useful as a test meal to be given in conjunction with the PFT in humans in order to accentuate moderate degrees of pancreatic insufficiency and improve the sensitivity of this indirect test of pancreatic function.", "PMID": 313325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3909", "title": "Gastrointestinal bleeding due to chronic portal vein thrombosis in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The authors report the case of a patient suffering from ulcerative colitis, who had several episodes of digestive hemorrhage due to portal hypertension. Portal hypertension was secondary to chronic portal vein thrombosis. This diagnosis was made on the venous phase of celiac and mesenteric angiography. The authors review the published cases of ulcerative colitis with portal vein thrombosis and discuss the possible etiologic factors: hypercoagulability, thrombocytosis, and intraabdominal sepsis.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal bleeding due to chronic portal vein thrombosis in ulcerative colitis. The authors report the case of a patient suffering from ulcerative colitis, who had several episodes of digestive hemorrhage due to portal hypertension. Portal hypertension was secondary to chronic portal vein thrombosis. This diagnosis was made on the venous phase of celiac and mesenteric angiography. The authors review the published cases of ulcerative colitis with portal vein thrombosis and discuss the possible etiologic factors: hypercoagulability, thrombocytosis, and intraabdominal sepsis.", "PMID": 313326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3910", "title": "Gastric infarction: a complication of selective vasopressin infusion.", "content": "This report describes a case of massive gastric hemorrhage, initially controlled by selective arterial vasopressin infusion. Infusion was followed by extensive necrosis of the gastric wall which necessitated subtotal gastrectomy. Gastric necrosis following arterial infusion is rare and in this case appears to be due to migration of the infusion catheter into a peripheral branch of the left gastric artery in a patient whose gastric circulation had been compromised by prior surgery. The complications related to the use of arterial infusion for the control of gastric hemorrhage are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Gastric infarction: a complication of selective vasopressin infusion. This report describes a case of massive gastric hemorrhage, initially controlled by selective arterial vasopressin infusion. Infusion was followed by extensive necrosis of the gastric wall which necessitated subtotal gastrectomy. Gastric necrosis following arterial infusion is rare and in this case appears to be due to migration of the infusion catheter into a peripheral branch of the left gastric artery in a patient whose gastric circulation had been compromised by prior surgery. The complications related to the use of arterial infusion for the control of gastric hemorrhage are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 313328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3911", "title": "Hepatic infarction and gallbladder necrosis complicating arterial embolization for bleeding duodenal ulcer.", "content": "A case of severe duodenal hemorrhage in a septic renal allograft recipient is presented in which successful occlusion of the gastroduodenal artery by Gelfoam emboli also resulted in severe hepatic infarction and gallbladder necrosis. These complications were caused by reflux of emboli from the gastroduodenal artery into the distal branches of the hepatic artery.", "contents": "Hepatic infarction and gallbladder necrosis complicating arterial embolization for bleeding duodenal ulcer. A case of severe duodenal hemorrhage in a septic renal allograft recipient is presented in which successful occlusion of the gastroduodenal artery by Gelfoam emboli also resulted in severe hepatic infarction and gallbladder necrosis. These complications were caused by reflux of emboli from the gastroduodenal artery into the distal branches of the hepatic artery.", "PMID": 313329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3912", "title": "A procedure for measuring gastric bleeding caused by drugs.", "content": "Seven subjects were given one day's treatment with full doses of either aspirin, ibuprofen, or placebo, and then their stomachs were washed out three times at intervals of 10 min, for five successive days. The blood in the recoveries was estimated chemically. After compensating for gastric emptying, the rate of bleeding was expressed as ml blood per day. Relative to placebo, one day's treatment with aspirin increased the rate of blood loss significantly at day 1, median 2.7 ml/day, and not thereafter. A corresponding dose of ibuprofen did not produce any significant bleeding. The procedure gives specific information about gastric bleeding. It can measure rates of bleeding down to 0.01 ml/day.", "contents": "A procedure for measuring gastric bleeding caused by drugs. Seven subjects were given one day's treatment with full doses of either aspirin, ibuprofen, or placebo, and then their stomachs were washed out three times at intervals of 10 min, for five successive days. The blood in the recoveries was estimated chemically. After compensating for gastric emptying, the rate of bleeding was expressed as ml blood per day. Relative to placebo, one day's treatment with aspirin increased the rate of blood loss significantly at day 1, median 2.7 ml/day, and not thereafter. A corresponding dose of ibuprofen did not produce any significant bleeding. The procedure gives specific information about gastric bleeding. It can measure rates of bleeding down to 0.01 ml/day.", "PMID": 313330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3913", "title": "Herpes simplex esophagitis: a cause of upper-gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Two patients with hemorrhagic esophagitis secondary to esophageal invasion with herpes simplex virus, type 1, are reported. Microscopic examination of the esophageal mucosa revealed multinucleated cells and intranuclear inclusions which are typical of herpes simplex infection. Herpes virus was cultured from each patient. Thus, hemorrhagic esophagitis due to esophageal invasion by herpes simplex virus may be a more frequent cause of upper-gastrointestinal bleeding than previously recognized.", "contents": "Herpes simplex esophagitis: a cause of upper-gastrointestinal bleeding. Two patients with hemorrhagic esophagitis secondary to esophageal invasion with herpes simplex virus, type 1, are reported. Microscopic examination of the esophageal mucosa revealed multinucleated cells and intranuclear inclusions which are typical of herpes simplex infection. Herpes virus was cultured from each patient. Thus, hemorrhagic esophagitis due to esophageal invasion by herpes simplex virus may be a more frequent cause of upper-gastrointestinal bleeding than previously recognized.", "PMID": 313331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3914", "title": "Factitial bleeding: successful management with psychotherapy.", "content": "A young female nurse presented with unusual upper and lower-gastrointestinal bleeding, shown to be factitial. Following detection, she was successfully confronted and treated with psychotherapy. A plan for successful management of the Munchausen syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Factitial bleeding: successful management with psychotherapy. A young female nurse presented with unusual upper and lower-gastrointestinal bleeding, shown to be factitial. Following detection, she was successfully confronted and treated with psychotherapy. A plan for successful management of the Munchausen syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 313332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3915", "title": "[Severe megaloblastic anaemia by triamterene in a patient with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Mucosal ulceration and severe bone-marrow insufficiency with marked megaloblastic transformation occurred during treatment with triamterene in a patient with decompensated alcoholic liver cirrhosis and malnutrition. When the triamterene-containing preparation was stopped and folinic acid administered the haematological picture improved, but the patient died, with signs of hepatocellular insufficiency, of gastro-intestinal bleeding. The serum folic-acid level was markedly reduced due to the chronic malnutrition, while the vitamin B12 level was within normal limits. This observation indicates that when the pool of folic-acid coenzymes is reduced, triamterene can cause megaloblastic anaemia due to its folic-acid antagonism. Triamterene should, therefore, be given to patients with borderline folic-acid reservoirs, chronic alcoholism or during pregnancy, only under careful serial control of the blood picture.", "contents": "[Severe megaloblastic anaemia by triamterene in a patient with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (author's transl)]. Mucosal ulceration and severe bone-marrow insufficiency with marked megaloblastic transformation occurred during treatment with triamterene in a patient with decompensated alcoholic liver cirrhosis and malnutrition. When the triamterene-containing preparation was stopped and folinic acid administered the haematological picture improved, but the patient died, with signs of hepatocellular insufficiency, of gastro-intestinal bleeding. The serum folic-acid level was markedly reduced due to the chronic malnutrition, while the vitamin B12 level was within normal limits. This observation indicates that when the pool of folic-acid coenzymes is reduced, triamterene can cause megaloblastic anaemia due to its folic-acid antagonism. Triamterene should, therefore, be given to patients with borderline folic-acid reservoirs, chronic alcoholism or during pregnancy, only under careful serial control of the blood picture.", "PMID": 313333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3916", "title": "[Necrotizing fascitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare and little known infectious disease of the skin with a mortality, despite modern antibiotic treatment, of 25--50%. A case of the disease in a 63-year-old woman is described. Treatment consisted of wide incision and drainage of the subcutaneous abscess, with regression of the clinical signs and symptoms. There has been no recurrence. Determination of the anti-DN-ase-B titre was of diagnostic value in this instance.", "contents": "[Necrotizing fascitis (author's transl)]. Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare and little known infectious disease of the skin with a mortality, despite modern antibiotic treatment, of 25--50%. A case of the disease in a 63-year-old woman is described. Treatment consisted of wide incision and drainage of the subcutaneous abscess, with regression of the clinical signs and symptoms. There has been no recurrence. Determination of the anti-DN-ase-B titre was of diagnostic value in this instance.", "PMID": 313336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3917", "title": "Effect of lidoflazine on membrane currents and contraction in voltage-clamped frog atrial fibers.", "content": "The effect of lidoflazine on action potential, membrane currents and contraction of frog atrial fibers was tested using the double sucrose voltage clamp technique. Lidoflazine was found to decrease the sodium conductivity of the heart cell membrane, probably by blocking the sodium channels. The availability of the sodium system at resting potential was slightly enlarged by lidoflazine and the recovery from inactivation was prolonged in most of the preparations tested. A small decrease of the slow inward current and a reduction of phasic and tonic tension was observed. The outward current at higher depolarizations was increased by lidoflazine resulting in a shortened action potential duration. The data suggest that lidoflazine's antifibrillatory properties are less pronounced than those of classical antiarrhythmic agents; but the slight antifibrillatory and negative inotropic effect might be helpful in the treatment of angina pectoris.", "contents": "Effect of lidoflazine on membrane currents and contraction in voltage-clamped frog atrial fibers. The effect of lidoflazine on action potential, membrane currents and contraction of frog atrial fibers was tested using the double sucrose voltage clamp technique. Lidoflazine was found to decrease the sodium conductivity of the heart cell membrane, probably by blocking the sodium channels. The availability of the sodium system at resting potential was slightly enlarged by lidoflazine and the recovery from inactivation was prolonged in most of the preparations tested. A small decrease of the slow inward current and a reduction of phasic and tonic tension was observed. The outward current at higher depolarizations was increased by lidoflazine resulting in a shortened action potential duration. The data suggest that lidoflazine's antifibrillatory properties are less pronounced than those of classical antiarrhythmic agents; but the slight antifibrillatory and negative inotropic effect might be helpful in the treatment of angina pectoris.", "PMID": 313339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3918", "title": "Effect of diazepam on cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis.", "content": "In the brains of normal and reserpinized rats both diazepam and amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) decreased the 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) accumulation induced by the decarboxylase inhibitor 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD 1015). In reserpinized animals, the action of diazepam was antagonized by picrotoxin and bicuculline in doses which did not themselves influence the NSD 1015-induced rise in 5HTP. In conclusion, diazepam probably depresses 5HT synthesis via GABAergic mechanisms and this effect is not dependent on a functionally intact monoaminergic synaptic transmission.", "contents": "Effect of diazepam on cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis. In the brains of normal and reserpinized rats both diazepam and amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) decreased the 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) accumulation induced by the decarboxylase inhibitor 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD 1015). In reserpinized animals, the action of diazepam was antagonized by picrotoxin and bicuculline in doses which did not themselves influence the NSD 1015-induced rise in 5HTP. In conclusion, diazepam probably depresses 5HT synthesis via GABAergic mechanisms and this effect is not dependent on a functionally intact monoaminergic synaptic transmission.", "PMID": 313340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3919", "title": "Vestibular function of saccule in cats as indicated by the response of Deiters' nucleus to static tilts.", "content": "In ketamine anesthetized cats, the contralateral labyrinth, the ipsilateral utricle, the ipsilateral horizontal and anterior semicircular canal nerves were completely destroyed, leaving the ipsilateral saccule intact. Neurons in the Deiters' nucleus, driven by electrical stimulation of the superior saccule, were responsive to static tilts in the antero-posterior direction. Results suggest that the saccule is capable of conveying information on head positional changes in the antero-posterior direction and that such information is retained at the level of the Deiters' nucleus.", "contents": "Vestibular function of saccule in cats as indicated by the response of Deiters' nucleus to static tilts. In ketamine anesthetized cats, the contralateral labyrinth, the ipsilateral utricle, the ipsilateral horizontal and anterior semicircular canal nerves were completely destroyed, leaving the ipsilateral saccule intact. Neurons in the Deiters' nucleus, driven by electrical stimulation of the superior saccule, were responsive to static tilts in the antero-posterior direction. Results suggest that the saccule is capable of conveying information on head positional changes in the antero-posterior direction and that such information is retained at the level of the Deiters' nucleus.", "PMID": 313341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3920", "title": "[Effect of the orbital-frontal cortex on several autonomic functions].", "content": "It is not only the cortex of orbito-insular complex (\"vagal\" zone) but also the proreal cortex (frontal zone) which take part in regulation of respiration, blood pressure, rhythmical heart activity. Cortico-fugal impulses spread along two tracts from the proreal gyrus: to the trunk vegetative centers directly and indirectly -- through the orbital gyrus. The experiments with combined destruction of main efferent tracts of the orbito--frontal cortex showed the forebrain medial bundle to be the principal morphological tract of the orbito-frontal cortex projecting to the trunk vegetative centers.", "contents": "[Effect of the orbital-frontal cortex on several autonomic functions]. It is not only the cortex of orbito-insular complex (\"vagal\" zone) but also the proreal cortex (frontal zone) which take part in regulation of respiration, blood pressure, rhythmical heart activity. Cortico-fugal impulses spread along two tracts from the proreal gyrus: to the trunk vegetative centers directly and indirectly -- through the orbital gyrus. The experiments with combined destruction of main efferent tracts of the orbito--frontal cortex showed the forebrain medial bundle to be the principal morphological tract of the orbito-frontal cortex projecting to the trunk vegetative centers.", "PMID": 313344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3921", "title": "[Study of the \"stimulus--excitation\" function in the peripheral portion of the frog taste analyzer].", "content": "The intensity of glossopharyngeal nerve afferent discharges in the frog was studied during stimulation of gustatory receptors by caffeine, acetic acid, saccharose and sodium chloride ranging widely in the concentration changes. It was shown, that the function \"stimulus-exitation\" for the summary discharges in response on the coffeine and acetic acid was being logaryphmic. The character of off-effects dependence on the concentration of bitter and sour stimuli. Was proved to be the same. The curve \"stimulus-exitation\" for the saccharose was \"S\" shaped, but for the sodium chloride it might be described by the power function with the exponent equal 0,8.", "contents": "[Study of the \"stimulus--excitation\" function in the peripheral portion of the frog taste analyzer]. The intensity of glossopharyngeal nerve afferent discharges in the frog was studied during stimulation of gustatory receptors by caffeine, acetic acid, saccharose and sodium chloride ranging widely in the concentration changes. It was shown, that the function \"stimulus-exitation\" for the summary discharges in response on the coffeine and acetic acid was being logaryphmic. The character of off-effects dependence on the concentration of bitter and sour stimuli. Was proved to be the same. The curve \"stimulus-exitation\" for the saccharose was \"S\" shaped, but for the sodium chloride it might be described by the power function with the exponent equal 0,8.", "PMID": 313346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3922", "title": "[Effect of the rest interval on the contractile activity of the myocardium].", "content": "Isolated strips of the heart auricles and ventricles of frogs at high stimulation frequencies revealed rest potentiation which depended both on the stimulation rhythm and on the duration of rest interval. Amphibians as well as warm-blooded animals and fish seem to display a possibility of Ca++ entering a cell during the period of rest via non-electrogenic calcium canals, but in amphibians this mechanism of the myocardium activation is compansatory, rather.", "contents": "[Effect of the rest interval on the contractile activity of the myocardium]. Isolated strips of the heart auricles and ventricles of frogs at high stimulation frequencies revealed rest potentiation which depended both on the stimulation rhythm and on the duration of rest interval. Amphibians as well as warm-blooded animals and fish seem to display a possibility of Ca++ entering a cell during the period of rest via non-electrogenic calcium canals, but in amphibians this mechanism of the myocardium activation is compansatory, rather.", "PMID": 313347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3923", "title": "[Radioimmunological detection of soluble immune complexes in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "Immune complexes could be measured in sera with the use of plastfixed Clq and 125J-labeled anti-Ig-antibody. The sensitivity of the system is 0.1 microgram aggregated human IgG, the working range is between 0.1 and 10 micrograms per 0.5 ml. In 58% of the sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was found an increase in the immune complex content.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological detection of soluble immune complexes in serum (author's transl)]. Immune complexes could be measured in sera with the use of plastfixed Clq and 125J-labeled anti-Ig-antibody. The sensitivity of the system is 0.1 microgram aggregated human IgG, the working range is between 0.1 and 10 micrograms per 0.5 ml. In 58% of the sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was found an increase in the immune complex content.", "PMID": 313349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3924", "title": "Effects of antiinflammatory agents and prostaglandins on acid and bicarbonate secretions in the amphibian-isolated gastric mucosa.", "content": "Effects of antiinflammatory agents and prostaglandins on H+ and HCO-3 secretions and electrical properties were investigated in the amphibian-isolated gastric mucosa. Gastric HCO-3 transport was studied in Rana temporaria fundus, in which H+ secretion had been inhibited with the histamine H2-receptor antagonists metiamide or cimetidine (10(-3) M), and in Necturus antrum, which secreted HCO-3 spontaneously. Hydrocortisone (100-500 microgram/ml) had no effect on H+ or HCO-3 secretion in the fundus. Indomethacin (10(-4) M) was a considerably more potent inhibitor of HCO-3 secretion than of H+ secretion in the fundus and also inhibited HCO-3 transport in the antrum. Fenclofenac (3 x 10(-3) M) almost abolished fundic HCO-3 transport and also depressed H+ secretion. There was a marked fall in transmucosal potential difference and a decrease in electrical resistance in fenclofenac-treated mucosae whereas indomethacin had less effect on electrical properties at the concentrations used here. The prostaglandins, E2, 16,16-dimethyl E2 and I2 all inhibited H+ secretion but only 16,16-dimethyl E2 stimulated HCO-3 secretion. The inhibitory action of indomethacin on HCO-3 secretion was prevented by co-administration of 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (10(-6) M). It is proposed that the inhibitory action of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the stimulatory action of some prostaglandins on HCO-3 secretion contributes to their ulcerogenic and anti-ulcer actions on the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Effects of antiinflammatory agents and prostaglandins on acid and bicarbonate secretions in the amphibian-isolated gastric mucosa. Effects of antiinflammatory agents and prostaglandins on H+ and HCO-3 secretions and electrical properties were investigated in the amphibian-isolated gastric mucosa. Gastric HCO-3 transport was studied in Rana temporaria fundus, in which H+ secretion had been inhibited with the histamine H2-receptor antagonists metiamide or cimetidine (10(-3) M), and in Necturus antrum, which secreted HCO-3 spontaneously. Hydrocortisone (100-500 microgram/ml) had no effect on H+ or HCO-3 secretion in the fundus. Indomethacin (10(-4) M) was a considerably more potent inhibitor of HCO-3 secretion than of H+ secretion in the fundus and also inhibited HCO-3 transport in the antrum. Fenclofenac (3 x 10(-3) M) almost abolished fundic HCO-3 transport and also depressed H+ secretion. There was a marked fall in transmucosal potential difference and a decrease in electrical resistance in fenclofenac-treated mucosae whereas indomethacin had less effect on electrical properties at the concentrations used here. The prostaglandins, E2, 16,16-dimethyl E2 and I2 all inhibited H+ secretion but only 16,16-dimethyl E2 stimulated HCO-3 secretion. The inhibitory action of indomethacin on HCO-3 secretion was prevented by co-administration of 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (10(-6) M). It is proposed that the inhibitory action of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the stimulatory action of some prostaglandins on HCO-3 secretion contributes to their ulcerogenic and anti-ulcer actions on the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 313351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3925", "title": "Characteristics of isolated intestinal mucosal lymphoid cells in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Immunologic characteristics of intestinal mucosal lymphoid cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and controls have been compared. Mononuclear cells isolated by enzymatic means from intestinal tissues involved with inflammatory bowel disease were present in greater numbers, with increased proportions of macrophages and B-lymphocytes, particularly cells bearing intrinsic membrane immunoglobulin G. Synthesis of immunoglobulin G, measured by radioimmunoassay, was increased tenfold in inflammatory bowel disease, while immunoglobulin A synthesis per 10(6) cells was unchanged. \"Null\" or K-lymphocytes were absent from all populations, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (a K-cell-mediated function) was not demonstrable. Taken together, the results fail to support a role for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or a defect in secretory immunoglobulin A, but rather focus attention upon possible forms of immunoglobulin G-mediated tissue damage in the pathogenesis or perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Characteristics of isolated intestinal mucosal lymphoid cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Immunologic characteristics of intestinal mucosal lymphoid cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and controls have been compared. Mononuclear cells isolated by enzymatic means from intestinal tissues involved with inflammatory bowel disease were present in greater numbers, with increased proportions of macrophages and B-lymphocytes, particularly cells bearing intrinsic membrane immunoglobulin G. Synthesis of immunoglobulin G, measured by radioimmunoassay, was increased tenfold in inflammatory bowel disease, while immunoglobulin A synthesis per 10(6) cells was unchanged. \"Null\" or K-lymphocytes were absent from all populations, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (a K-cell-mediated function) was not demonstrable. Taken together, the results fail to support a role for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or a defect in secretory immunoglobulin A, but rather focus attention upon possible forms of immunoglobulin G-mediated tissue damage in the pathogenesis or perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 313352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3926", "title": "A controlled comparison of continuous intraarterial and intravenous infusions of vasopressin in hemorrhage from esophageal varices.", "content": "Infusions of intraarterial vasopressin (IAV) into the superior mesenteric artery have been shown to be effective in controlling hemorrhage from esophagogastric varices. Intravenous infusions of vasopressin (IVV), which can be initiated rapidly and require less sophisticated equipment and personnel, have also been reported to control variceal hemorrhage. We undertook a controlled clinical trial to compare these two routes of administration. Twenty-two cirrhotic patients with massive hemorrhage from varices were randomized to receive either IVV or IAV. Intraarterial vasopressin was begun at 0.1 U/min and increased progressively as needed to 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 U/min. Intravenous vasopressin was begun at 0.3 U/min and increased progressively as needed to 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 U/min. Hemorrhage was controlled in 5 of 10 episodes (50%) with IVV and in 6 of 12 episodes (50%) with IAV. Seven of the ten episodes treated with IVV (70%) ended fatally compared with 9 of 12 treated with IAV (75%). Side-effects and complications occurred with similar frequency in the two groups. The two routes of administration are equal in effects, side-effects, and complications. We recommend that IVV, which can be administered more easily, be given a brief therapeutic trial early in the management of hemorrhage from varices.", "contents": "A controlled comparison of continuous intraarterial and intravenous infusions of vasopressin in hemorrhage from esophageal varices. Infusions of intraarterial vasopressin (IAV) into the superior mesenteric artery have been shown to be effective in controlling hemorrhage from esophagogastric varices. Intravenous infusions of vasopressin (IVV), which can be initiated rapidly and require less sophisticated equipment and personnel, have also been reported to control variceal hemorrhage. We undertook a controlled clinical trial to compare these two routes of administration. Twenty-two cirrhotic patients with massive hemorrhage from varices were randomized to receive either IVV or IAV. Intraarterial vasopressin was begun at 0.1 U/min and increased progressively as needed to 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 U/min. Intravenous vasopressin was begun at 0.3 U/min and increased progressively as needed to 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 U/min. Hemorrhage was controlled in 5 of 10 episodes (50%) with IVV and in 6 of 12 episodes (50%) with IAV. Seven of the ten episodes treated with IVV (70%) ended fatally compared with 9 of 12 treated with IAV (75%). Side-effects and complications occurred with similar frequency in the two groups. The two routes of administration are equal in effects, side-effects, and complications. We recommend that IVV, which can be administered more easily, be given a brief therapeutic trial early in the management of hemorrhage from varices.", "PMID": 313353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3927", "title": "Mesenteric vascular occlusion and varices complicating midgut malrotation.", "content": "Long-standing complete obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery and vein and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding from varices within the bowel were encountered in a child as a complication of midgut malrotation and volvulus. This condition is unusual, but should be considered in cases of gastrointestinal bleeding, or when small bowel biopsy is contemplated for the evaluation of diarrhea or malabsorption in cases of malrotation.", "contents": "Mesenteric vascular occlusion and varices complicating midgut malrotation. Long-standing complete obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery and vein and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding from varices within the bowel were encountered in a child as a complication of midgut malrotation and volvulus. This condition is unusual, but should be considered in cases of gastrointestinal bleeding, or when small bowel biopsy is contemplated for the evaluation of diarrhea or malabsorption in cases of malrotation.", "PMID": 313354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3928", "title": "Active and suppressor T cells: diminution in a patient with dyskeratosis congenita and in first-degree relatives.", "content": "Active, total and nonspecific suppressor T cells were studied in a 15-year-old black male with dyskeratosis congenita syndrome, a precancerous mucosal disease, and in 7 siblings and several other relatives in three generations. The propositus and 1 elder sister, products of a second-cousin marriage, died with dyskeratosis congenita. The mother had dermatomyositis, and the maternal grandmother and her sister reportedly had rheumatoid arthritis. Studies of available siblings, father, and grandparents revealed a high incidence of deficiency in number of active and/or suppressor T cells, sometimes severe enough to result in a decrease in total T cells. The patient had many stigmata of precocious aging, as did the sibling who died with the same syndrome. The laboratory data suggest that a defect in cell-mediated immunity, involving mainly or exclusively suppressor T cells, is associated with, and is presumably the cause of, precocious aging; perhaps an abiotrophy in this cell subpopulation results in physiologic aging.", "contents": "Active and suppressor T cells: diminution in a patient with dyskeratosis congenita and in first-degree relatives. Active, total and nonspecific suppressor T cells were studied in a 15-year-old black male with dyskeratosis congenita syndrome, a precancerous mucosal disease, and in 7 siblings and several other relatives in three generations. The propositus and 1 elder sister, products of a second-cousin marriage, died with dyskeratosis congenita. The mother had dermatomyositis, and the maternal grandmother and her sister reportedly had rheumatoid arthritis. Studies of available siblings, father, and grandparents revealed a high incidence of deficiency in number of active and/or suppressor T cells, sometimes severe enough to result in a decrease in total T cells. The patient had many stigmata of precocious aging, as did the sibling who died with the same syndrome. The laboratory data suggest that a defect in cell-mediated immunity, involving mainly or exclusively suppressor T cells, is associated with, and is presumably the cause of, precocious aging; perhaps an abiotrophy in this cell subpopulation results in physiologic aging.", "PMID": 313356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3929", "title": "Effects of fusion in pairs on the development of anurans Rana dalmatina and Rana esculenta.", "content": "Of 252 heterospecific, parabiotic pairs of Rana dalmatina and R. esculenta, fused during embryonic life, 87 died because the larva of R. dalmatina died at the beginning of its circulation. Later 89 pairs died when the R. esculenta larva died suddenly at the beginning of its independent feeding. Seventy-one pairs survived at the end of the metamorphic climax. Death in the first case is considered to result from some toxic effect, in the second from an immunological reaction. In the surviving pairs the duration of larval development in the rapidly developing species, i.e., R. dalmatina, was extended from two months to about four months, and in the more slowly developing species, i.e., R. esculenta, was reduced from about five months to about four. These changes in developmental rates are discussed in terms of changes in the concentration of the hormones controlling the rate of development due, in turn, to the parabiosis of embryos with different genetic constitution.", "contents": "Effects of fusion in pairs on the development of anurans Rana dalmatina and Rana esculenta. Of 252 heterospecific, parabiotic pairs of Rana dalmatina and R. esculenta, fused during embryonic life, 87 died because the larva of R. dalmatina died at the beginning of its circulation. Later 89 pairs died when the R. esculenta larva died suddenly at the beginning of its independent feeding. Seventy-one pairs survived at the end of the metamorphic climax. Death in the first case is considered to result from some toxic effect, in the second from an immunological reaction. In the surviving pairs the duration of larval development in the rapidly developing species, i.e., R. dalmatina, was extended from two months to about four months, and in the more slowly developing species, i.e., R. esculenta, was reduced from about five months to about four. These changes in developmental rates are discussed in terms of changes in the concentration of the hormones controlling the rate of development due, in turn, to the parabiosis of embryos with different genetic constitution.", "PMID": 313357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3930", "title": "[Combined surgical treatment for coronary heart disease as well as heart valve diseases and carotid artery stenosis].", "content": "This is an account on combined procedures in 124 patients suffering from arteriosclerotic vessel disease. In order to judge the proceedings and the results the patients were divided up into two groups. in 15 patients (group I) a carotid endarterectomy combined with an aorto-coronary bypass operation was performed; once a subclavian artery stenosis was resected at the same time. One patient of that group died after 31 days (7%). In group II 108 heart valve operations were performed together with a coronary artery revascularisation. Early and late mortality divided up as follows: aortic stenosis 6/44 (14%) respectively 2/44 (5%); aortic insufficiency 1/14 (7%) resp. 0; combined aortic disease 1/8 )13%) resp. 0; mitral stenosis 1/11 (9%) resp. 0; mitral insufficiency 6/26 (23%) resp. 2/26 (8%); combined mitral valve disease 1/2 (50%) resp. 0; three times both valves (aorta, mitral) were replaced without mortality. In our opinion combined procedures, resection of supraaortic artery stenosis respectively cardiac valve operations and aorto-coronary bypass are indicated especially since the functional long-term results are excellent. Though one should consider the high operative risk in patients with mitral insufficiency and combined mitral valve disease.", "contents": "[Combined surgical treatment for coronary heart disease as well as heart valve diseases and carotid artery stenosis]. This is an account on combined procedures in 124 patients suffering from arteriosclerotic vessel disease. In order to judge the proceedings and the results the patients were divided up into two groups. in 15 patients (group I) a carotid endarterectomy combined with an aorto-coronary bypass operation was performed; once a subclavian artery stenosis was resected at the same time. One patient of that group died after 31 days (7%). In group II 108 heart valve operations were performed together with a coronary artery revascularisation. Early and late mortality divided up as follows: aortic stenosis 6/44 (14%) respectively 2/44 (5%); aortic insufficiency 1/14 (7%) resp. 0; combined aortic disease 1/8 )13%) resp. 0; mitral stenosis 1/11 (9%) resp. 0; mitral insufficiency 6/26 (23%) resp. 2/26 (8%); combined mitral valve disease 1/2 (50%) resp. 0; three times both valves (aorta, mitral) were replaced without mortality. In our opinion combined procedures, resection of supraaortic artery stenosis respectively cardiac valve operations and aorto-coronary bypass are indicated especially since the functional long-term results are excellent. Though one should consider the high operative risk in patients with mitral insufficiency and combined mitral valve disease.", "PMID": 313359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3931", "title": "[The pathophysiology of tourniquet shock].", "content": "In rabbits a tourniquet shock was produced by 4-hour unilateral ischemia of one hind leg. By measuring the tissue oxygen tension on the surface of the ischemically damaged muscle, the liver and kidney the regional rate of perfusion of these organs in the state of shock was investigated. Additionally morphological examinations of muscle, liver, kidney and heart were carried out. In therapeutic trials with a proteinase inhibitor (Trasylol), prednisolone and streptokinase, Trasylol proved to prolong the time of survival significantly.", "contents": "[The pathophysiology of tourniquet shock]. In rabbits a tourniquet shock was produced by 4-hour unilateral ischemia of one hind leg. By measuring the tissue oxygen tension on the surface of the ischemically damaged muscle, the liver and kidney the regional rate of perfusion of these organs in the state of shock was investigated. Additionally morphological examinations of muscle, liver, kidney and heart were carried out. In therapeutic trials with a proteinase inhibitor (Trasylol), prednisolone and streptokinase, Trasylol proved to prolong the time of survival significantly.", "PMID": 313360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3932", "title": "An integrated system for computerized patient records.", "content": "A community mental health--mental retardation center developed a computerized problem-oriented record system specifically for use in a full-service community mental health center. It is based on an integrated set of clinical forms that covers all levels of a client's involvement with the center, beginning with his contact as a prospective client and including intake, treatment planning, treatment, and discharge. Most of the forms are computer-generated. Special features of the system include its capability to prompt the clinician about scheduled treatment sessions, follow-ups, and other activities and a scale that rates the client's level of functioning and is keyed to a specially developed master problem list. The authors describe each of the clinical forms used in the system.", "contents": "An integrated system for computerized patient records. A community mental health--mental retardation center developed a computerized problem-oriented record system specifically for use in a full-service community mental health center. It is based on an integrated set of clinical forms that covers all levels of a client's involvement with the center, beginning with his contact as a prospective client and including intake, treatment planning, treatment, and discharge. Most of the forms are computer-generated. Special features of the system include its capability to prompt the clinician about scheduled treatment sessions, follow-ups, and other activities and a scale that rates the client's level of functioning and is keyed to a specially developed master problem list. The authors describe each of the clinical forms used in the system.", "PMID": 313361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3933", "title": "Stimulation of murine bone-marrow colony formation by conditioned medium from human fetal liver cells.", "content": "A substance that stimulates growth of colonies of mononuclear granulocytic cells derived from the bone marrow of mice was produced by incubating fetal liver cells (conditioned medium). This substance appears to have the same properties described elsewhere as colony-stimulating factor (CSF). The enhanced stimulatory ability of the conditioned medium from human fetal liver cells compared to medium not conditioned suggests that fetal liver is a potent source of colony-stimulating factor.", "contents": "Stimulation of murine bone-marrow colony formation by conditioned medium from human fetal liver cells. A substance that stimulates growth of colonies of mononuclear granulocytic cells derived from the bone marrow of mice was produced by incubating fetal liver cells (conditioned medium). This substance appears to have the same properties described elsewhere as colony-stimulating factor (CSF). The enhanced stimulatory ability of the conditioned medium from human fetal liver cells compared to medium not conditioned suggests that fetal liver is a potent source of colony-stimulating factor.", "PMID": 313362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3934", "title": "Role of complement in the expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in rats: studies with cobra venom factor.", "content": "The hypothesis was tested that delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the complement-activating bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is initiated by complement-derived mediators that attract sensitized lymphocytes to reaction sites. To this end DTH and acquired resistance to L. monocytogenes were measured in rats injected with cobra venom factor, a potent inactivator of C3. Treatment with cobra venom factor reduced the hemolytic power of serum to less than 0.5% of the control value. Such decomplemented animals expressed both DTH and antimicrobial resistance, although expression of DTH was reduced (ca. 50%) when compared with complement-sufficient controls. The observed depression of DTH in cobra venom factor-treated rats was associated with a reduction in the number of recently activated lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) and macrophages that accumulated in DTH reaction sites. The above findings are explained, in part, by inhibition of inflammation during the early postinduction period. Supporting evidence came from measurements of labeled lymphoblast sequestration in saline injection sites and the slower accumulation of macrophages in nitrocellulose filters that were implanted subcutaneously in complement-depleted rats. The ability of cobra venom factor-treated rats to express DTH and protect themselves against a Listeria challenge seems to exclude C3-dependent factors as essential mediators in the attraction of antigen-reactive lymphocytes to reaction sites.", "contents": "Role of complement in the expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in rats: studies with cobra venom factor. The hypothesis was tested that delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the complement-activating bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is initiated by complement-derived mediators that attract sensitized lymphocytes to reaction sites. To this end DTH and acquired resistance to L. monocytogenes were measured in rats injected with cobra venom factor, a potent inactivator of C3. Treatment with cobra venom factor reduced the hemolytic power of serum to less than 0.5% of the control value. Such decomplemented animals expressed both DTH and antimicrobial resistance, although expression of DTH was reduced (ca. 50%) when compared with complement-sufficient controls. The observed depression of DTH in cobra venom factor-treated rats was associated with a reduction in the number of recently activated lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) and macrophages that accumulated in DTH reaction sites. The above findings are explained, in part, by inhibition of inflammation during the early postinduction period. Supporting evidence came from measurements of labeled lymphoblast sequestration in saline injection sites and the slower accumulation of macrophages in nitrocellulose filters that were implanted subcutaneously in complement-depleted rats. The ability of cobra venom factor-treated rats to express DTH and protect themselves against a Listeria challenge seems to exclude C3-dependent factors as essential mediators in the attraction of antigen-reactive lymphocytes to reaction sites.", "PMID": 313366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3935", "title": "Response of congenitally athymic (nude) and phenotypically normal mice to Cryptococcus neoformans infection.", "content": "A Cryptococcus neoformans infection in congenitally athymic (nude) mice and phenotypically normal heterozygote BALB/c mice was used to determine how T lymphocyte-deficient mice compared with normal mice in restricting proliferation of C. neoformans and to determine whether a correlation exists between delayed-type hypersensitivity and resistance to C. neoformans. Although nude mice displayed the ability to maintain cryptococcal population levels lower than did the phenotypically normal animals during the first 14 days of infection, the resistance was not sufficient to control the infection during the remainder of the 35-day experimental period. Heterozygote mice began to demonstrate positive delayed-type hypersensitivity responses by day 14 postinfection; however, nude mice were unable to mount delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. The appearance of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response in the heterozygote mice was concomitant with the reduced rate of proliferation of C. neoformans observed in those animals from days 14 to 35. Because anticryptococcal antibody titers and cryptococcal antigen levels were equivalent in both groups of mice, T-lymphocyte function was considered to be responsible for the resistance observed in the heterozygote mice. The mechanism by which cryptococcal populations were reduced was not addressed; however, the mouse model system used in these studies would be an ideal tool for studying those mechanisms. Nude mice were able to produce antibodies against cryptococcal cells, indicating that at least one component of C. neoformans is a T-independent antigen. The antibody response was predominantly immunoglobulin M in nude and heterozygote mice. Cryptococcal antigen levels were extremely high in both groups of animals and appeared to increase as C. neoformans cell numbers increased.", "contents": "Response of congenitally athymic (nude) and phenotypically normal mice to Cryptococcus neoformans infection. A Cryptococcus neoformans infection in congenitally athymic (nude) mice and phenotypically normal heterozygote BALB/c mice was used to determine how T lymphocyte-deficient mice compared with normal mice in restricting proliferation of C. neoformans and to determine whether a correlation exists between delayed-type hypersensitivity and resistance to C. neoformans. Although nude mice displayed the ability to maintain cryptococcal population levels lower than did the phenotypically normal animals during the first 14 days of infection, the resistance was not sufficient to control the infection during the remainder of the 35-day experimental period. Heterozygote mice began to demonstrate positive delayed-type hypersensitivity responses by day 14 postinfection; however, nude mice were unable to mount delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. The appearance of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response in the heterozygote mice was concomitant with the reduced rate of proliferation of C. neoformans observed in those animals from days 14 to 35. Because anticryptococcal antibody titers and cryptococcal antigen levels were equivalent in both groups of mice, T-lymphocyte function was considered to be responsible for the resistance observed in the heterozygote mice. The mechanism by which cryptococcal populations were reduced was not addressed; however, the mouse model system used in these studies would be an ideal tool for studying those mechanisms. Nude mice were able to produce antibodies against cryptococcal cells, indicating that at least one component of C. neoformans is a T-independent antigen. The antibody response was predominantly immunoglobulin M in nude and heterozygote mice. Cryptococcal antigen levels were extremely high in both groups of animals and appeared to increase as C. neoformans cell numbers increased.", "PMID": 313367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3936", "title": "Effects of cannabinoids on host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes and herpes simplex virus.", "content": "Previous investigations from our laboratories have demonstrated that cannabinoids possess immunosuppressive properties. The present studies were designed to determine whether these agents decrease host resistance to infections with Listeria monocytogenes and herpes simplex virus type 2. Host resistance was measured by changes in the 50% lethal dose of the pathogen in cannabinoid-treated and control mice. The effect of cannabinoids on resistance to L. monocytogens was dose dependent. Delta-9-tetrhydrocannabinol at doses of 38, 75, and 150 mg/kg suppressed resistance to infection by 10-, 17-, and 657-fold, respectively. Marijuana extract was less active but significantly reduced resistance to L. moncytogenes at all tested doses. Resistance to systemic herpes simplex virus type 2 infection was decreased 96-fold by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, although marijuana extract was inactive. The doses and regimen of treatment with cannabinoids that produced significant decreases in host resistance were similar to those which caused suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes. The possible mechanisms and public health aspects of the decreased host resistance produced by marijuana extract and its cannabinoids are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of cannabinoids on host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes and herpes simplex virus. Previous investigations from our laboratories have demonstrated that cannabinoids possess immunosuppressive properties. The present studies were designed to determine whether these agents decrease host resistance to infections with Listeria monocytogenes and herpes simplex virus type 2. Host resistance was measured by changes in the 50% lethal dose of the pathogen in cannabinoid-treated and control mice. The effect of cannabinoids on resistance to L. monocytogens was dose dependent. Delta-9-tetrhydrocannabinol at doses of 38, 75, and 150 mg/kg suppressed resistance to infection by 10-, 17-, and 657-fold, respectively. Marijuana extract was less active but significantly reduced resistance to L. moncytogenes at all tested doses. Resistance to systemic herpes simplex virus type 2 infection was decreased 96-fold by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, although marijuana extract was inactive. The doses and regimen of treatment with cannabinoids that produced significant decreases in host resistance were similar to those which caused suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes. The possible mechanisms and public health aspects of the decreased host resistance produced by marijuana extract and its cannabinoids are discussed.", "PMID": 313368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3937", "title": "Mechanisms of resistance to infection with Coccidioides immitis in mice.", "content": "Serum from vaccinated mice was ineffective in neutralizing the infectivity of arthrospores of Coccidioides immitis for recipient mice. However, a T-cell-enriched lymphocyte population was effective in preventing a lethal infection. Spleen cells from immune mice were passaged through nylon wool columns resulting in a T-cell enriched, B-cell-depleted population as shown by the susceptibility of the cell population to anti-theta serum and the inability of the cells to transfer adoptively an immune response to ovalbumin. Whereas transfer of 5 x 10(7) unfractionated immune spleen cells was required to protect 100% of the recipients against a lethal infection with C. immitis, 7 x 10(6) T-cell-enriched immune spleen cells were sufficient for the same level of protection. Thus, transfer of resistance to infection was achieved with fewer cells after the removal of B cells from the transferred spleen cells. The results confirm that T cells are crucial in transferring resistance against infection with C. immitis in mice.", "contents": "Mechanisms of resistance to infection with Coccidioides immitis in mice. Serum from vaccinated mice was ineffective in neutralizing the infectivity of arthrospores of Coccidioides immitis for recipient mice. However, a T-cell-enriched lymphocyte population was effective in preventing a lethal infection. Spleen cells from immune mice were passaged through nylon wool columns resulting in a T-cell enriched, B-cell-depleted population as shown by the susceptibility of the cell population to anti-theta serum and the inability of the cells to transfer adoptively an immune response to ovalbumin. Whereas transfer of 5 x 10(7) unfractionated immune spleen cells was required to protect 100% of the recipients against a lethal infection with C. immitis, 7 x 10(6) T-cell-enriched immune spleen cells were sufficient for the same level of protection. Thus, transfer of resistance to infection was achieved with fewer cells after the removal of B cells from the transferred spleen cells. The results confirm that T cells are crucial in transferring resistance against infection with C. immitis in mice.", "PMID": 313369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3938", "title": "Mitogenic activity of staphylococcal peptidoglycan.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan displayed a marked dose-dependent mitogenic activity for mouse splenocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro, as measured by increased [3H]thymidine incorporation. Similarly it was mitogenic for athymic nude mouse spleen cells, whereas no blastogenic effect was observed in T cell-enriched and B cell-depleted mouse lymphocyte cultures. These data demonstrate that peptidoglycan-responding cells in mouse spleen cell cultures are B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Mitogenic activity of staphylococcal peptidoglycan. Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan displayed a marked dose-dependent mitogenic activity for mouse splenocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro, as measured by increased [3H]thymidine incorporation. Similarly it was mitogenic for athymic nude mouse spleen cells, whereas no blastogenic effect was observed in T cell-enriched and B cell-depleted mouse lymphocyte cultures. These data demonstrate that peptidoglycan-responding cells in mouse spleen cell cultures are B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 313370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3939", "title": "Immunoregulatory responses in experimental disseminated histoplasmosis: depression of T-cell-dependent and T-effectory responses by activation of splenic suppressor cells.", "content": "The cellular immune responses of mice with disseminated histoplasmosis are markedly diminished in association with the generation of potent immunosuppressor activity by spleen cells. The zenith of suppressor activity was observed during most active infection, from 1 to 3 weeks after inoculation. During this time there was: (i) depression of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes and histoplasmin, (ii) impairment of concanavalin A- and histoplasmin-induced blastogenic transformations by splenocytes in vitro, (iii) depressed cytotoxic activity of spleen cells from infected mice, and (iv) marked suppression by splenocytes from infected mice of the primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes by normal spleen cell cultures. With resolution of the infection by week 8, there was a shift of immunoregulatory function from dominant suppressor activity to expression of helper activity. At this time, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to the above antigens were vigorous; furthermore, the cytotoxic activity and plaque-forming cell response of splenocytes from 8-week-infected mice were equal to or greater than normal control values. The shift in the immunoregulatory response from a suppressor to a helper mode indicated that the net amount of help or suppression measured at any given time during infection represented the algebraic sum of both helper and suppressor activities mediated by different populations or subpopulations of cells within the splenic microenvironment of infected mice.", "contents": "Immunoregulatory responses in experimental disseminated histoplasmosis: depression of T-cell-dependent and T-effectory responses by activation of splenic suppressor cells. The cellular immune responses of mice with disseminated histoplasmosis are markedly diminished in association with the generation of potent immunosuppressor activity by spleen cells. The zenith of suppressor activity was observed during most active infection, from 1 to 3 weeks after inoculation. During this time there was: (i) depression of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes and histoplasmin, (ii) impairment of concanavalin A- and histoplasmin-induced blastogenic transformations by splenocytes in vitro, (iii) depressed cytotoxic activity of spleen cells from infected mice, and (iv) marked suppression by splenocytes from infected mice of the primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes by normal spleen cell cultures. With resolution of the infection by week 8, there was a shift of immunoregulatory function from dominant suppressor activity to expression of helper activity. At this time, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to the above antigens were vigorous; furthermore, the cytotoxic activity and plaque-forming cell response of splenocytes from 8-week-infected mice were equal to or greater than normal control values. The shift in the immunoregulatory response from a suppressor to a helper mode indicated that the net amount of help or suppression measured at any given time during infection represented the algebraic sum of both helper and suppressor activities mediated by different populations or subpopulations of cells within the splenic microenvironment of infected mice.", "PMID": 313371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3940", "title": "Adjuvant activity of 6-O-mycoloyl derivatives of N-acetylmuramyl-L-seryl-D-isoglutamine and related compounds in mice and guinea pigs.", "content": "Adjuvant and antitumor activities of synthetic-6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-seryl-D-isoglutamine and 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-glycyl-D-isoglutamine were examined in comparison with those of 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine. Synthetic 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-seryl-D-isoglutamine was active as an adjuvant for the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to m-[4-(4'-arsono-phenylazo)-phenyl]-N-acetyl-L-tyrosine in guinea pigs and for cell-mediated cytotoxicity in allogeneic mice. 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-glycyl-D-isoglutamine was inactive as an adjuvant for the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs; however, it was active for cell-mediated cytotoxicity in allogeneic mice. 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-seryl-D-isoglutamine and 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-glycyl-D-isoglutamine were not pyrogenic in rabbits. The antitumor activity of these 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyldipeptides was examined preliminarily by using transplantable syngeneic mouse tumors.", "contents": "Adjuvant activity of 6-O-mycoloyl derivatives of N-acetylmuramyl-L-seryl-D-isoglutamine and related compounds in mice and guinea pigs. Adjuvant and antitumor activities of synthetic-6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-seryl-D-isoglutamine and 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-glycyl-D-isoglutamine were examined in comparison with those of 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine. Synthetic 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-seryl-D-isoglutamine was active as an adjuvant for the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to m-[4-(4'-arsono-phenylazo)-phenyl]-N-acetyl-L-tyrosine in guinea pigs and for cell-mediated cytotoxicity in allogeneic mice. 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-glycyl-D-isoglutamine was inactive as an adjuvant for the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs; however, it was active for cell-mediated cytotoxicity in allogeneic mice. 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-seryl-D-isoglutamine and 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyl-glycyl-D-isoglutamine were not pyrogenic in rabbits. The antitumor activity of these 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramyldipeptides was examined preliminarily by using transplantable syngeneic mouse tumors.", "PMID": 313372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3941", "title": "Infectious agents in immunodeficient murine models: pathogenicity of Actinomyces israelii serotype I in congenitally athymic (nude) mice.", "content": "Nude (Nu/Nu) and heterozygous (NU/+) mice were infected with Actinomyces israelii serotype I by either intranasal instillation or intravenous injection. Lung clearance data and 50% lethal dose values indicated that T-lymphocytes were not necessary for pulmonary clearance or prevention of systemic actinomycosis. However, T-lymphocyte deficiency may play a role in the localized cervicofacial form of actinomycosis.", "contents": "Infectious agents in immunodeficient murine models: pathogenicity of Actinomyces israelii serotype I in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Nude (Nu/Nu) and heterozygous (NU/+) mice were infected with Actinomyces israelii serotype I by either intranasal instillation or intravenous injection. Lung clearance data and 50% lethal dose values indicated that T-lymphocytes were not necessary for pulmonary clearance or prevention of systemic actinomycosis. However, T-lymphocyte deficiency may play a role in the localized cervicofacial form of actinomycosis.", "PMID": 313373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3942", "title": "Protein synthesis and secretion by activated human lymphocytes.", "content": "Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed increased synthesis and secretion of protein in response to stimulation by mitogens. Protein secretion in response to concanavalin A (Con A) correlated with cellular proliferation and originated from the proliferating cells. Selective depletion of either B lymphocytes or monocytes did not lead to a reduction in the total protein secreted, suggesting that the T lymphocyte was the cell contributing most of the synthetic activity. It is concluded that the measurement of newly synthesized and secreted protein by Con A activated mononuclear cells is a measurement of the T-lymphocyte response.", "contents": "Protein synthesis and secretion by activated human lymphocytes. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed increased synthesis and secretion of protein in response to stimulation by mitogens. Protein secretion in response to concanavalin A (Con A) correlated with cellular proliferation and originated from the proliferating cells. Selective depletion of either B lymphocytes or monocytes did not lead to a reduction in the total protein secreted, suggesting that the T lymphocyte was the cell contributing most of the synthetic activity. It is concluded that the measurement of newly synthesized and secreted protein by Con A activated mononuclear cells is a measurement of the T-lymphocyte response.", "PMID": 313374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3943", "title": "Predicted secondary structures of four penicillin beta-lactamases and a comparison with two lysozymes.", "content": "We have predicted the secondary structures of four beta-lactamases (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli R-TEM) by the statistical method of Chou & Fasman as well as by the information theory method of Garnier et al. The secondary structures of all four beta-lactamases are of the alpha/beta type (Levitt & Chothia's nomenclature), with helices at N- and C-termini. There are about eight short regions each of alpha-helical (30--50%) and beta-strand (10--20%) structure separated by about 20 reverse turns. The conformation of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative beta-lactamases are generally similar although a few differences are predicted between the S.aureus and E.coli structures. Surprisingly, the two bacilli structures differ significantly in three short regions. In all four enzymes the region near the catalytically-implicated tyrosine has similar secondary structure. The secondary structure of hen egg white lysozyme, a penicillin-binding enzyme, as well as T4 phage lysozyme, has similarities to the N-terminal half of the penicillin-destroying beta-lactamases.", "contents": "Predicted secondary structures of four penicillin beta-lactamases and a comparison with two lysozymes. We have predicted the secondary structures of four beta-lactamases (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli R-TEM) by the statistical method of Chou & Fasman as well as by the information theory method of Garnier et al. The secondary structures of all four beta-lactamases are of the alpha/beta type (Levitt & Chothia's nomenclature), with helices at N- and C-termini. There are about eight short regions each of alpha-helical (30--50%) and beta-strand (10--20%) structure separated by about 20 reverse turns. The conformation of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative beta-lactamases are generally similar although a few differences are predicted between the S.aureus and E.coli structures. Surprisingly, the two bacilli structures differ significantly in three short regions. In all four enzymes the region near the catalytically-implicated tyrosine has similar secondary structure. The secondary structure of hen egg white lysozyme, a penicillin-binding enzyme, as well as T4 phage lysozyme, has similarities to the N-terminal half of the penicillin-destroying beta-lactamases.", "PMID": 313376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3944", "title": "Calculation of the dose-rate dependence of the decentric yield after Co gamma-irradiation of human lymphocytes.", "content": "The dose relation for dicentrics after in vitro Co gamma-irradiation of human lymphocytes with dose rates of 50 and 1.7 rad/min fit the linear-quadratic function y=alpha D + beta D2. Compared with 50 rad/min, after 1.7 rad/min alpha D was unchanged, whereas beta D2 was decreased by 36 percent. By applying the mean interaction time t approximate to 110 min for primary breaks, determined in an earlier experiment, and Lea's G-function, a theoretical dose relation for 1.7 rad/min can be calculated from the corresponding experimental curve. Thus, from calibration curves with conventional dose rates dose-effect curves for low dose rates can be derived without the need for time-consuming chromosome analyses.", "contents": "Calculation of the dose-rate dependence of the decentric yield after Co gamma-irradiation of human lymphocytes. The dose relation for dicentrics after in vitro Co gamma-irradiation of human lymphocytes with dose rates of 50 and 1.7 rad/min fit the linear-quadratic function y=alpha D + beta D2. Compared with 50 rad/min, after 1.7 rad/min alpha D was unchanged, whereas beta D2 was decreased by 36 percent. By applying the mean interaction time t approximate to 110 min for primary breaks, determined in an earlier experiment, and Lea's G-function, a theoretical dose relation for 1.7 rad/min can be calculated from the corresponding experimental curve. Thus, from calibration curves with conventional dose rates dose-effect curves for low dose rates can be derived without the need for time-consuming chromosome analyses.", "PMID": 313377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3945", "title": "The role of cortisone acetate in liver RNA synthesis of gamma-irradiated rats.", "content": "The possible role of induced endogenous glucocorticoid levels stimulated by ionizing radiation and their subsequent effect on rat-liver RNA was investigated in adrenalectomized rats using an intraperitoneal injection of cortisone acetate immediately prior to exposure to gamma-radiation (1800 rad). Adrenalectomized rats were divided into four groups: (1) control rats, (2) irradiated rats, (3) nonirradiated rats treated with cortisone acetate (10 mg/rat), and (4) irradiated rats which received cortisone acetate immediately before irradiation. Newly synthesized RNA was measured by an intraperitoneal injection of 8 muCi (6-14C) orotic acid either immediately after irradiation or 40 min prior to killing. All the rats were killed 6 hours post-irradiation. The results of these investigations indicate that (1) newly synthesized (40 min labelling) RNA increased in irradiated adrenal-intact rats, but not in adrenalectomized animals; (2) cortisone acetate by itself stimulated RNA synthesis whether the radioactive precursor was administered 6 hours of 40 min prior to killing; and (3) irradiation of adrenalectomized rats pre-treated with cortisone acetate induced more RNA synthesis than did cortisone alone. The results of this study support the suggestion that ionizing radiation may induce rat-liver RNA synthesis, at least in part, via stimulated adrenal secretion of glucocorticoids.", "contents": "The role of cortisone acetate in liver RNA synthesis of gamma-irradiated rats. The possible role of induced endogenous glucocorticoid levels stimulated by ionizing radiation and their subsequent effect on rat-liver RNA was investigated in adrenalectomized rats using an intraperitoneal injection of cortisone acetate immediately prior to exposure to gamma-radiation (1800 rad). Adrenalectomized rats were divided into four groups: (1) control rats, (2) irradiated rats, (3) nonirradiated rats treated with cortisone acetate (10 mg/rat), and (4) irradiated rats which received cortisone acetate immediately before irradiation. Newly synthesized RNA was measured by an intraperitoneal injection of 8 muCi (6-14C) orotic acid either immediately after irradiation or 40 min prior to killing. All the rats were killed 6 hours post-irradiation. The results of these investigations indicate that (1) newly synthesized (40 min labelling) RNA increased in irradiated adrenal-intact rats, but not in adrenalectomized animals; (2) cortisone acetate by itself stimulated RNA synthesis whether the radioactive precursor was administered 6 hours of 40 min prior to killing; and (3) irradiation of adrenalectomized rats pre-treated with cortisone acetate induced more RNA synthesis than did cortisone alone. The results of this study support the suggestion that ionizing radiation may induce rat-liver RNA synthesis, at least in part, via stimulated adrenal secretion of glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 313378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3946", "title": "Effects of ionizing radiation and partial hepatectomy on messenger RNA synthesis.", "content": "Newly synthesized messenger RNA, as measured by a 40 min uptake of the radioactive precursor (6-14C) orotic acid, was studied in the regenerating livers of non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated (1800 rad) adrenal-intact and adrenalectomized rats 24 aand 48 hours after partial hepatectomy. Two groups of rats, one with and one without adrenal glands, were each divided into four subgroups: (1) control rats, (2) irradiated rats, (3) partially hepatectomized rats and (4) irradiated, partially hepatectomized rats. The radioactive profile of polyribosome formation and distribution was determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (10--40 per cent). The result of this study indicates that ionizing radiation decreases the synthesis of newly formed messenger RNA in re generating livers of adrenal-intact rats. However, adrenalectomy largely abolished that inhibition. These data suggest that the decrease in messenger RNA synthesis may be explained by the disturbance of adrenal hormones induced by partial hepatectomy and ionizing radiation.", "contents": "Effects of ionizing radiation and partial hepatectomy on messenger RNA synthesis. Newly synthesized messenger RNA, as measured by a 40 min uptake of the radioactive precursor (6-14C) orotic acid, was studied in the regenerating livers of non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated (1800 rad) adrenal-intact and adrenalectomized rats 24 aand 48 hours after partial hepatectomy. Two groups of rats, one with and one without adrenal glands, were each divided into four subgroups: (1) control rats, (2) irradiated rats, (3) partially hepatectomized rats and (4) irradiated, partially hepatectomized rats. The radioactive profile of polyribosome formation and distribution was determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (10--40 per cent). The result of this study indicates that ionizing radiation decreases the synthesis of newly formed messenger RNA in re generating livers of adrenal-intact rats. However, adrenalectomy largely abolished that inhibition. These data suggest that the decrease in messenger RNA synthesis may be explained by the disturbance of adrenal hormones induced by partial hepatectomy and ionizing radiation.", "PMID": 313379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3947", "title": "Excision repair of gamma-ray-induced alkali-stable DNA lesions with the help of gamma-endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "gamma-Endonuclease Y, an enzyme that hydrolyses phosphodiester bonds at alkalistable lesions in gamma-irradiated (N2, tris buffer) DNA, has been partially purified from Micrococcus luteus. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 19 000, induces single-strand breaks with 3'OH-5'PO4 termini and contains endonuclease activity towards DNA treated with 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene. gamma-Endonuclease Y induces breaks in OsO4-treated poly(dA-dT) and apparently is specific towards gamma-ray-induced base lesions of the t' type. The complete excision repair of gamma-endonuclease Y substrate sites has been performed in vitro by gamma-endonuclease Y, DNA polymerase and ligase.", "contents": "Excision repair of gamma-ray-induced alkali-stable DNA lesions with the help of gamma-endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus. gamma-Endonuclease Y, an enzyme that hydrolyses phosphodiester bonds at alkalistable lesions in gamma-irradiated (N2, tris buffer) DNA, has been partially purified from Micrococcus luteus. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 19 000, induces single-strand breaks with 3'OH-5'PO4 termini and contains endonuclease activity towards DNA treated with 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene. gamma-Endonuclease Y induces breaks in OsO4-treated poly(dA-dT) and apparently is specific towards gamma-ray-induced base lesions of the t' type. The complete excision repair of gamma-endonuclease Y substrate sites has been performed in vitro by gamma-endonuclease Y, DNA polymerase and ligase.", "PMID": 313380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3948", "title": "The triplet-state charge-transfer reaction between p-nitroacetophenone and guanosine monophosphate: a possible mechanism for electron-affinic radiosensitization.", "content": "Using flash photolysis it has been observed that the triplet state of p-nitroacetophenone reacts rapidly with guanosine monophosphate to give the p-nitroacetophenone radical anion, and presumably the guanine radical cation is also formed in this reaction. From this observation, it is predicted by theory that a similar reaction will occur between p-nitroacetophenone and the triplet state of guanosine monophosphate. Because guanine is excited to its triplet state when DNA is irradiated with X-rays, it is suggested that the charge transfer reaction between p-nitroacetophenone and the triplet state of guanine contributes to the radiosensitizing action of p-nitroacetophenone.", "contents": "The triplet-state charge-transfer reaction between p-nitroacetophenone and guanosine monophosphate: a possible mechanism for electron-affinic radiosensitization. Using flash photolysis it has been observed that the triplet state of p-nitroacetophenone reacts rapidly with guanosine monophosphate to give the p-nitroacetophenone radical anion, and presumably the guanine radical cation is also formed in this reaction. From this observation, it is predicted by theory that a similar reaction will occur between p-nitroacetophenone and the triplet state of guanosine monophosphate. Because guanine is excited to its triplet state when DNA is irradiated with X-rays, it is suggested that the charge transfer reaction between p-nitroacetophenone and the triplet state of guanine contributes to the radiosensitizing action of p-nitroacetophenone.", "PMID": 313381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3949", "title": "Barium delays the onset of rapid dark adaptation in bullfrog cones.", "content": "The late receptor potential of the excised, perfused bullfrog retina was isolated with sodium aspartate. By employing a three-flash technique, cone responses were monitored without interference from rods. In cones barium ions were found to delay the onset of rapid dark adaptation, but the rate of recovery, once begun, was unaffected. We propose that barium ions act directly upon the enzyme system postulated to govern the onset of rapid dark adaptation of cones. In addition, barium was found to affect the amplitude of the rod receptor potential differently from that of cones, increasing the former but decreasing the latter. The effect of barium upon photoreceptor potential amplitude is discussed in terms of a reduction in the potassium conductance of the photoreceptors and the mechanisms postulated for photoreceptor excitation and rapid dark adaptation.", "contents": "Barium delays the onset of rapid dark adaptation in bullfrog cones. The late receptor potential of the excised, perfused bullfrog retina was isolated with sodium aspartate. By employing a three-flash technique, cone responses were monitored without interference from rods. In cones barium ions were found to delay the onset of rapid dark adaptation, but the rate of recovery, once begun, was unaffected. We propose that barium ions act directly upon the enzyme system postulated to govern the onset of rapid dark adaptation of cones. In addition, barium was found to affect the amplitude of the rod receptor potential differently from that of cones, increasing the former but decreasing the latter. The effect of barium upon photoreceptor potential amplitude is discussed in terms of a reduction in the potassium conductance of the photoreceptors and the mechanisms postulated for photoreceptor excitation and rapid dark adaptation.", "PMID": 313388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3950", "title": "Significance of antibodies to double-stranded DNA in 30 systemic lupus erythematosus patients.", "content": "Attention has been directed lately to antibodies reactive with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, as these antibodies are of considerable diagnostic value and are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the present study, the clinical and laboratory evaluations of 30 SLE patients in various stages of disease activity were correlated with the levels of anti-DNA antibodies, as detected by the methods of Farr and of Aarden et al. Sera of 65 patients in relapse or remission were examined with both techniques, and a discrepancy was found in only nine sera. In addition, in six patients, a differential analysis of the immunoglobulin classes of anti-dsDNA was performed according to the method of Aarden et al. The data obtained with this assay correlate well with SLE activity and thus may add an important step to the evaluation of SLE patients.", "contents": "Significance of antibodies to double-stranded DNA in 30 systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Attention has been directed lately to antibodies reactive with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, as these antibodies are of considerable diagnostic value and are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the present study, the clinical and laboratory evaluations of 30 SLE patients in various stages of disease activity were correlated with the levels of anti-DNA antibodies, as detected by the methods of Farr and of Aarden et al. Sera of 65 patients in relapse or remission were examined with both techniques, and a discrepancy was found in only nine sera. In addition, in six patients, a differential analysis of the immunoglobulin classes of anti-dsDNA was performed according to the method of Aarden et al. The data obtained with this assay correlate well with SLE activity and thus may add an important step to the evaluation of SLE patients.", "PMID": 313389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3951", "title": "Histiocytosis X in 9 children: clinical aspects and laboratory evaluations including an analysis of monocytopoiesis.", "content": "Nine children with histiocytosis X were observed. The course of the disease largely depended upon the degree of dissemination at the time of diagnosis. Bone and skin involvement healed completely with a relatively simple therapy using prednisone in combination either with vincristine or vinblastine. Complete or long lasting partial remissions could be achieved up to involvement of 4 organs. Three patients demonstrating histiocyte infiltrations in 5 organs died. They all were less than 2 years of age. Hyperproliferation of monocytopoiesis was present in all patients manifesting itself by a rise in the fraction of mononuclear phagocytes in bone marrow. This variation was paralleled by monocytosis in the peripheral blood in 5 of 7 cases. Serum muramidase levels were increased in 5 of 6 patients. However, there was no clearcut correlation to the degree of disease dissemination.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X in 9 children: clinical aspects and laboratory evaluations including an analysis of monocytopoiesis. Nine children with histiocytosis X were observed. The course of the disease largely depended upon the degree of dissemination at the time of diagnosis. Bone and skin involvement healed completely with a relatively simple therapy using prednisone in combination either with vincristine or vinblastine. Complete or long lasting partial remissions could be achieved up to involvement of 4 organs. Three patients demonstrating histiocyte infiltrations in 5 organs died. They all were less than 2 years of age. Hyperproliferation of monocytopoiesis was present in all patients manifesting itself by a rise in the fraction of mononuclear phagocytes in bone marrow. This variation was paralleled by monocytosis in the peripheral blood in 5 of 7 cases. Serum muramidase levels were increased in 5 of 6 patients. However, there was no clearcut correlation to the degree of disease dissemination.", "PMID": 313390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3952", "title": "Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: effect of cerulenin on assembly of chromatophore membrane.", "content": "The effects of cerulenin were investigated in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides to elucidate further the mechanisms controlling the assembly of the chromatophore membrane. When this potent inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis was added to photosynthetically grown cultures, there was an immediate cessation of phospholipid, bacteriochlorophyll a, carotenoid, and ubiquinone formation. Concurrently, there was also a marked decrease in the rate of incorporation of protein into the chromatophore membrane. In contrast, only a small decrease in the rate of soluble and cell envelope protein synthesis was observed and, in chemotrophically grown cells, protein continued to be incorporated into both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes. The removal of delta-aminolaevulinate from mutant H-5 of R. sphaeroides, which requires this porphyrin precursor, was reexamined to determine whether cerulenin-induced cessation of chromatophore protein incorporation was due solely to blocked bacteriochlorophyll a synthesis. In the deprived H-5 cells, inhibition of [35S]methionine incorporation into chromatophores was confined mainly to apoproteins of bacteriochlorophyll a complexes. Other minor chromatophore proteins continued to be inserted to a greater extent than in cerulenin-treated wild type where phospholipid synthesis has also ceased. These results indicated that the assembly of the chromatophore membrane is under strict regulatory control involving concomitant phospholipid, pigment, and protein syntheses.", "contents": "Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: effect of cerulenin on assembly of chromatophore membrane. The effects of cerulenin were investigated in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides to elucidate further the mechanisms controlling the assembly of the chromatophore membrane. When this potent inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis was added to photosynthetically grown cultures, there was an immediate cessation of phospholipid, bacteriochlorophyll a, carotenoid, and ubiquinone formation. Concurrently, there was also a marked decrease in the rate of incorporation of protein into the chromatophore membrane. In contrast, only a small decrease in the rate of soluble and cell envelope protein synthesis was observed and, in chemotrophically grown cells, protein continued to be incorporated into both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes. The removal of delta-aminolaevulinate from mutant H-5 of R. sphaeroides, which requires this porphyrin precursor, was reexamined to determine whether cerulenin-induced cessation of chromatophore protein incorporation was due solely to blocked bacteriochlorophyll a synthesis. In the deprived H-5 cells, inhibition of [35S]methionine incorporation into chromatophores was confined mainly to apoproteins of bacteriochlorophyll a complexes. Other minor chromatophore proteins continued to be inserted to a greater extent than in cerulenin-treated wild type where phospholipid synthesis has also ceased. These results indicated that the assembly of the chromatophore membrane is under strict regulatory control involving concomitant phospholipid, pigment, and protein syntheses.", "PMID": 313392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3953", "title": "Plasmid transfer in Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Twenty-nine strains of Haemophilus influenzae highly resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline were examined for the presence of plasmids. Agarose gel electrophoresis of ethanol-precipitated cell extracts revealed large plasmids in 11 strains, of which 7 were conjugative. Plasmid transfer by conjugation between isogenic strains was quite efficient, but transfer between different serotypes was nearly always much more inefficient. Type I or II restriction enzymes do not appear to be barriers to this transfer. Encapsulated cells can be both efficient donors and recipients. Small plasmids were seen in three strains, but only two of the three are resistance factors (RSF0885, pUB703). Thus, in 17 isolates antibiotic resistance genes are believed to be located in the bacterial chromosome. Most of these resistances could be transferred by genetic transformation into the widely used Rd strain. In some cases transfer of chromosomal resistance into conjugative plasmids was observed in both rec+ and rec host cells. Since transfer by conjugation seems to be the more efficient process, it is puzzling that in the majority of the 29 isolates studied resistance genes appeared to be in the chromosome.", "contents": "Plasmid transfer in Haemophilus influenzae. Twenty-nine strains of Haemophilus influenzae highly resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline were examined for the presence of plasmids. Agarose gel electrophoresis of ethanol-precipitated cell extracts revealed large plasmids in 11 strains, of which 7 were conjugative. Plasmid transfer by conjugation between isogenic strains was quite efficient, but transfer between different serotypes was nearly always much more inefficient. Type I or II restriction enzymes do not appear to be barriers to this transfer. Encapsulated cells can be both efficient donors and recipients. Small plasmids were seen in three strains, but only two of the three are resistance factors (RSF0885, pUB703). Thus, in 17 isolates antibiotic resistance genes are believed to be located in the bacterial chromosome. Most of these resistances could be transferred by genetic transformation into the widely used Rd strain. In some cases transfer of chromosomal resistance into conjugative plasmids was observed in both rec+ and rec host cells. Since transfer by conjugation seems to be the more efficient process, it is puzzling that in the majority of the 29 isolates studied resistance genes appeared to be in the chromosome.", "PMID": 313393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3954", "title": "Analyses of oligosaccharides by tagging the reducing end with a fluorescent compound. I. Application to glycoproteins.", "content": "The reducing end sugar of an oligosaccharide and 2-aminopyridine were linked by means of reductive amination with sodium cyanoborohydride. The fluorescent derivative of the oligosaccharide thus obtained, which had a positive charge, was subjected to two-dimensional paper electrophoresis. In the first direction, the sugar derivative moved according to its degree of polymerization, and in the second direction, it moved according to the structure of the borate complex. In this way fluorescent derivatives of saccharides were mapped on a sheet of paper. The method was applied to some known mono- and oligosaccharides and to the saccharides obtained by nitrous deamination of the oligosaccharide portions of glycoproteins (fetuin, Take-amylase A, and ovalbumin). The fingerprints thus obtained were characteristic of the chemical structures of the original oligosaccharides.", "contents": "Analyses of oligosaccharides by tagging the reducing end with a fluorescent compound. I. Application to glycoproteins. The reducing end sugar of an oligosaccharide and 2-aminopyridine were linked by means of reductive amination with sodium cyanoborohydride. The fluorescent derivative of the oligosaccharide thus obtained, which had a positive charge, was subjected to two-dimensional paper electrophoresis. In the first direction, the sugar derivative moved according to its degree of polymerization, and in the second direction, it moved according to the structure of the borate complex. In this way fluorescent derivatives of saccharides were mapped on a sheet of paper. The method was applied to some known mono- and oligosaccharides and to the saccharides obtained by nitrous deamination of the oligosaccharide portions of glycoproteins (fetuin, Take-amylase A, and ovalbumin). The fingerprints thus obtained were characteristic of the chemical structures of the original oligosaccharides.", "PMID": 313394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3955", "title": "Grafting of proteins onto polymer surfaces with the use of oxidized starch.", "content": "A study has been carried out on the coupling of proteins onto crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel membranes and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer(EVA) films previously grafted with oxidized starches having many pendant aldehyde groups. The coupling reaction of proteins is based on the Schiff's base formation between the amino groups of proteins and the aldehyde groups of the oxidized starches which have been grafted onto the substrate membrane or film through acetalization of the aldehyde of starch with hydroxyl groups of the substrate polymers. The grafting of oxidized starches onto the EVA films seems to be restricted to the film surface, since no detectable change is observed in the weight and the attenuated total reflection infrared spectrum of the grafted films. The amount of grafted protein, determined by the ninhydrin method, reveals that, at least, plasma proteins such as serum albumin and fibrinogen are grafted to the film surface in a monomolecular layer without undergoing a marked denaturation. The alpha-amylase grafted onto the EVA film showed a distinct enzymatic activity in hydrolysis of amylose and starch, but the activity was very low compared with that of the ungrafted, soluble alpha-amylase.", "contents": "Grafting of proteins onto polymer surfaces with the use of oxidized starch. A study has been carried out on the coupling of proteins onto crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel membranes and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer(EVA) films previously grafted with oxidized starches having many pendant aldehyde groups. The coupling reaction of proteins is based on the Schiff's base formation between the amino groups of proteins and the aldehyde groups of the oxidized starches which have been grafted onto the substrate membrane or film through acetalization of the aldehyde of starch with hydroxyl groups of the substrate polymers. The grafting of oxidized starches onto the EVA films seems to be restricted to the film surface, since no detectable change is observed in the weight and the attenuated total reflection infrared spectrum of the grafted films. The amount of grafted protein, determined by the ninhydrin method, reveals that, at least, plasma proteins such as serum albumin and fibrinogen are grafted to the film surface in a monomolecular layer without undergoing a marked denaturation. The alpha-amylase grafted onto the EVA film showed a distinct enzymatic activity in hydrolysis of amylose and starch, but the activity was very low compared with that of the ungrafted, soluble alpha-amylase.", "PMID": 313396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3956", "title": "A morphometrical study of the exocrine pancreatic cell in fasted and fed frogs.", "content": "The influence of feeding on the ultrastruct of the frog exocrine pancreatic cell was studied by morphometrical procedures. Volume and surface of various cell structures were measured and expressed per unit cell volume. The average cellular size was not influenced by feeding. Though protein synthesis changes 5-to 10-fold (van Venrooij, W. J., and C. Poort. 1971. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 247:468-470), no significant differences were observed in the amount of membrane that constitutes the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and that represented  the major part of total cellular membranes. The appearance of the RER changed. When fasted, most of its membrane was arranged in stacks of tightly packed, narrow cisternae. Within 4 h after feeding, these cisternae were separated and irregularly dilated, and ribosomes became ordered in typical rosettes on their surface. The total volume of the Golgi system increased twofold after feeding. The vesicular and tubular elements at the Golgi periphery did not change, but the volumes of the Golgi cisternae and the condensing vacuoles increased 2.5- and 6-fold, respectively. The increased in the amount of membrane present in these structures was only 1.6- and 3.5-fold, which reflects the more distended appearance of the cisternae and the rounded shape of the condensing vacuoles after feeding. Feeding halved the number of secretory granules per cell, and signs of exocytosis were more common than in fasted animals. These findings suggest that, in the frog pancreatic cell, fluctuations in the production of secretory proteins are not accompanied by an important breakdown and renewal of cellular membranes. This may favor a rapid and strong response of the cell to feeding.", "contents": "A morphometrical study of the exocrine pancreatic cell in fasted and fed frogs. The influence of feeding on the ultrastruct of the frog exocrine pancreatic cell was studied by morphometrical procedures. Volume and surface of various cell structures were measured and expressed per unit cell volume. The average cellular size was not influenced by feeding. Though protein synthesis changes 5-to 10-fold (van Venrooij, W. J., and C. Poort. 1971. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 247:468-470), no significant differences were observed in the amount of membrane that constitutes the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and that represented  the major part of total cellular membranes. The appearance of the RER changed. When fasted, most of its membrane was arranged in stacks of tightly packed, narrow cisternae. Within 4 h after feeding, these cisternae were separated and irregularly dilated, and ribosomes became ordered in typical rosettes on their surface. The total volume of the Golgi system increased twofold after feeding. The vesicular and tubular elements at the Golgi periphery did not change, but the volumes of the Golgi cisternae and the condensing vacuoles increased 2.5- and 6-fold, respectively. The increased in the amount of membrane present in these structures was only 1.6- and 3.5-fold, which reflects the more distended appearance of the cisternae and the rounded shape of the condensing vacuoles after feeding. Feeding halved the number of secretory granules per cell, and signs of exocytosis were more common than in fasted animals. These findings suggest that, in the frog pancreatic cell, fluctuations in the production of secretory proteins are not accompanied by an important breakdown and renewal of cellular membranes. This may favor a rapid and strong response of the cell to feeding.", "PMID": 313397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3957", "title": "Effect of fasting and feeding on synthesis and intracellular transport of proteins in the frog exocrine pancreas.", "content": "Frog exocrine pancreatic tissue was studied in vitro under conditions which maintain the differences between tissues from fasted and fed animals. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis after labeling with [14C]amino acids showed that feeding stimulated the synthesis of secretory proteins to the same relative degree as the overall protein synthesis. The intracellular transport of secretory proteins was studied by electronmicroscopy autoradiography after pulse-labeling with [3H]leucine. It was found that the transport route is similar under both feeding conditions. After their synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), the proteins move through the peripheral elements and cisternae of the Golgi system into the condensing vacuoles. The velocity of the transport increases considerably after feeding. When frogs are fasted, the release of labeled proteins from the RER takes greater than 90 min, whereas after feeding, this happens within 30 min. Comparable differences were observed for transport through the Golgi system. The apparent differences between the frog and mammalian pancreas in the regulation of synthesis, intracellular transport, and secretion of proteins are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of fasting and feeding on synthesis and intracellular transport of proteins in the frog exocrine pancreas. Frog exocrine pancreatic tissue was studied in vitro under conditions which maintain the differences between tissues from fasted and fed animals. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis after labeling with [14C]amino acids showed that feeding stimulated the synthesis of secretory proteins to the same relative degree as the overall protein synthesis. The intracellular transport of secretory proteins was studied by electronmicroscopy autoradiography after pulse-labeling with [3H]leucine. It was found that the transport route is similar under both feeding conditions. After their synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), the proteins move through the peripheral elements and cisternae of the Golgi system into the condensing vacuoles. The velocity of the transport increases considerably after feeding. When frogs are fasted, the release of labeled proteins from the RER takes greater than 90 min, whereas after feeding, this happens within 30 min. Comparable differences were observed for transport through the Golgi system. The apparent differences between the frog and mammalian pancreas in the regulation of synthesis, intracellular transport, and secretion of proteins are discussed.", "PMID": 313398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3958", "title": "Bridging structures spanning the junctioning gap at the triad of skeletal muscle.", "content": "The membrane systems of skeletal muscle were examined after tannic acid fixation. A new structure consisting of bridges spanning the junctional gap is described, and a model is proposed in which the cytoplasmic but not the luminal membrane leaflets of the transverse tubule and of the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are continuous. The globular particles (presumably the Ca-binding proteins) within the terminal cisternae were arranged in longitudinal rows and appeared adherent to the junctional membrane. The junctional gap was present in negatively stained, frozen thin sections of fixed muscles. Negatively staining material occured within the junctional gap. The cytoplasmic leaflets of the longitudinal, intermediate, and terminal cisterna regions of the SR exhibited a thick coat of densely staining material compatible with the presence of the Ca-ATPase. Similar bridges were also observed at the surface membrane-SR close coupling sites of vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Bridging structures spanning the junctioning gap at the triad of skeletal muscle. The membrane systems of skeletal muscle were examined after tannic acid fixation. A new structure consisting of bridges spanning the junctional gap is described, and a model is proposed in which the cytoplasmic but not the luminal membrane leaflets of the transverse tubule and of the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are continuous. The globular particles (presumably the Ca-binding proteins) within the terminal cisternae were arranged in longitudinal rows and appeared adherent to the junctional membrane. The junctional gap was present in negatively stained, frozen thin sections of fixed muscles. Negatively staining material occured within the junctional gap. The cytoplasmic leaflets of the longitudinal, intermediate, and terminal cisterna regions of the SR exhibited a thick coat of densely staining material compatible with the presence of the Ca-ATPase. Similar bridges were also observed at the surface membrane-SR close coupling sites of vascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 313399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3959", "title": "Rapid separation of mouse T and B lymphocytes using wheat germ agglutinin.", "content": "A separation procedure has been developed for mouse splenic T and B lymphocytes which is based on their differential agglutination by wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). In the presence of 50-100 micrograms/ml of WGA, multicellular aggregates are formed which are enriched in B cells. These aggregates can be separated from monodisperse T cells by gravity sedimentation and subsequently dissociated into single cells by treatment with N-acetylglucosamine (NAG). Immunocytochemical analyses and mitogenic assays indicate approximately 10-15% cross contamination of the resultant B and T cell fractions. The separation procedure is not only convenient and rapid but also allows the simultaneous recovery of viable T and B cells from the same spleen preparation.", "contents": "Rapid separation of mouse T and B lymphocytes using wheat germ agglutinin. A separation procedure has been developed for mouse splenic T and B lymphocytes which is based on their differential agglutination by wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). In the presence of 50-100 micrograms/ml of WGA, multicellular aggregates are formed which are enriched in B cells. These aggregates can be separated from monodisperse T cells by gravity sedimentation and subsequently dissociated into single cells by treatment with N-acetylglucosamine (NAG). Immunocytochemical analyses and mitogenic assays indicate approximately 10-15% cross contamination of the resultant B and T cell fractions. The separation procedure is not only convenient and rapid but also allows the simultaneous recovery of viable T and B cells from the same spleen preparation.", "PMID": 313400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3960", "title": "Interactions between purified GM-CSF, purified erythropoietin and spleen conditioned medium on hemopoietic colony formation in vitro.", "content": "Preincubation of C57BL adult marrow cells or CBA fetal liver cells with a 250-fold excess concentration of purified GM-CSF failed to reduce the frequency of cells forming eosinophil, megakaryocyte or erythroid colonies in subsequent agar cultures. When excess concentrations of purified GM-CSF were added to agar cultures stimulated by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen conditioned medium (SCM), no reduction was observed in the frequency of eosinophil, megakaryocyte or erythroid colonies. Addition of 4 units of purified erythropoietin (EPO) to cultures of fetal liver or adult marrow cells stimulated by SCM increased the number of erythroid colonies but did not reduce the number of non-erythroid colonies or the non-erythroid content of mixed erythroid colonies. Although neither GM-CSF nor EPO alone was able to stimulate erythroid colony formation in agar cultures of fetal liver cells, small numbers of large erythroid colonies were stimulated to develop in cultures containing both purified regulators. Purified GM-CSF was also able to support the survival in vitro of a small proportion of erythroid colony-forming cells in fetal liver populations cultured initially in the absence of SCM and the survival of some eosinophil and megakaryocyte colony-forming cells in similar cultures of adult marrow cells. The results do not support the hypothesis that GM-CSF and EPO compete for a common pool of uncommitted progenitor cells. On the contrary, the data indicate that GM-CSF und EPO are able to collaborate in stimulating the proliferation of some erythropoietic cells. Furthermore, purified GM-CSF appears to be able to support temporarily the survival and/or initial proliferation of at least some cells forming erythroid, eosinophil and megakaryocyte colonies, even though GM-CSF is unable to stimulate the formation of colonies of these types.", "contents": "Interactions between purified GM-CSF, purified erythropoietin and spleen conditioned medium on hemopoietic colony formation in vitro. Preincubation of C57BL adult marrow cells or CBA fetal liver cells with a 250-fold excess concentration of purified GM-CSF failed to reduce the frequency of cells forming eosinophil, megakaryocyte or erythroid colonies in subsequent agar cultures. When excess concentrations of purified GM-CSF were added to agar cultures stimulated by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen conditioned medium (SCM), no reduction was observed in the frequency of eosinophil, megakaryocyte or erythroid colonies. Addition of 4 units of purified erythropoietin (EPO) to cultures of fetal liver or adult marrow cells stimulated by SCM increased the number of erythroid colonies but did not reduce the number of non-erythroid colonies or the non-erythroid content of mixed erythroid colonies. Although neither GM-CSF nor EPO alone was able to stimulate erythroid colony formation in agar cultures of fetal liver cells, small numbers of large erythroid colonies were stimulated to develop in cultures containing both purified regulators. Purified GM-CSF was also able to support the survival in vitro of a small proportion of erythroid colony-forming cells in fetal liver populations cultured initially in the absence of SCM and the survival of some eosinophil and megakaryocyte colony-forming cells in similar cultures of adult marrow cells. The results do not support the hypothesis that GM-CSF and EPO compete for a common pool of uncommitted progenitor cells. On the contrary, the data indicate that GM-CSF und EPO are able to collaborate in stimulating the proliferation of some erythropoietic cells. Furthermore, purified GM-CSF appears to be able to support temporarily the survival and/or initial proliferation of at least some cells forming erythroid, eosinophil and megakaryocyte colonies, even though GM-CSF is unable to stimulate the formation of colonies of these types.", "PMID": 313401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3961", "title": "An unique form of osteomalacia associated with end organ refractoriness to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and apparent defective synthesis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D.", "content": "A 28-yr-old woman presented with hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, secondary hyperparthyroidism, and biopsy-proven osteomalacia despite treatment with vitamin D2, (17.5 mg/day). Three weeks after vitamin D2 treatment was stopped, she was found to have a low normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and high serum 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] of 18.6 ng/ml and 21.2 ng/dl, respectively. The fractional intestinal calcium absorption was low at 0.26. Treatment with 25OHD3 (20--50 micrograms/day) corrected the hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism, raised intestinal calcium absorption, and reversed the skeletal lesions of osteomalacia. Serum 25OHD concentration rose to 51 ng/ml, while 1,25(OH)2D remained elevated. This case illustrates the probable operation of dual abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism. An impaired end organ responsiveness to 1,25(OH)2D was suggested by a low intestinal calcium absorption in the face of high serum 1,25(OH)2D. Moreover, there may have been a defective vitamin D-25-hydroxylase, since there was a relative refractoriness to treatment with large doses of vitamin D2, an inappropriately low serum 250HD after vitamin D2 therapy, and a responsiveness to treatment with 25OHD3.", "contents": "An unique form of osteomalacia associated with end organ refractoriness to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and apparent defective synthesis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. A 28-yr-old woman presented with hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, secondary hyperparthyroidism, and biopsy-proven osteomalacia despite treatment with vitamin D2, (17.5 mg/day). Three weeks after vitamin D2 treatment was stopped, she was found to have a low normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and high serum 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] of 18.6 ng/ml and 21.2 ng/dl, respectively. The fractional intestinal calcium absorption was low at 0.26. Treatment with 25OHD3 (20--50 micrograms/day) corrected the hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism, raised intestinal calcium absorption, and reversed the skeletal lesions of osteomalacia. Serum 25OHD concentration rose to 51 ng/ml, while 1,25(OH)2D remained elevated. This case illustrates the probable operation of dual abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism. An impaired end organ responsiveness to 1,25(OH)2D was suggested by a low intestinal calcium absorption in the face of high serum 1,25(OH)2D. Moreover, there may have been a defective vitamin D-25-hydroxylase, since there was a relative refractoriness to treatment with large doses of vitamin D2, an inappropriately low serum 250HD after vitamin D2 therapy, and a responsiveness to treatment with 25OHD3.", "PMID": 313402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3962", "title": "Biochemical characteristics of 130 recent isolates from Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.", "content": "A total of 130 Haemophilus strains, comprising virtually all isolates from Danish and Norwegian cases of Haemophilus meningitis occurring in the period from October 1975 through September 1976, were examined by biochemical and serological means. All isolates were identified as H. influenzae and, except for one noncapsulated strain, possessed a capsule of serotype b. The vast majority of strains (93%) belonged to biotype I, which, in contrast to biotypes II and III, is rarely encountered as a commensal of the upper respiratory tract. This finding is a strong incentive for studies of possible additional virulence factors associated with biotype I organisms. The results are discussed in the light of North American reports, which have suggested changes in the etiology of Haemophilus meningitis.", "contents": "Biochemical characteristics of 130 recent isolates from Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. A total of 130 Haemophilus strains, comprising virtually all isolates from Danish and Norwegian cases of Haemophilus meningitis occurring in the period from October 1975 through September 1976, were examined by biochemical and serological means. All isolates were identified as H. influenzae and, except for one noncapsulated strain, possessed a capsule of serotype b. The vast majority of strains (93%) belonged to biotype I, which, in contrast to biotypes II and III, is rarely encountered as a commensal of the upper respiratory tract. This finding is a strong incentive for studies of possible additional virulence factors associated with biotype I organisms. The results are discussed in the light of North American reports, which have suggested changes in the etiology of Haemophilus meningitis.", "PMID": 313403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3963", "title": "Hyper immunoglobulin M immunodeficiency. (Dysgammaglobulinemia). Presence of immunoglobulin M-secreting plasmacytoid cells in peripheral blood and failure of immunoglobulin M-immunoglobulin G switch in B-cell differentiation.", "content": "The peripheral blood lymphocytes of nine patients with hyper immunoglobulin (Ig)M immunodeficiency were studied in an attempt to define the cellular basis of this disorder. B cells were normal in number but qualitatively abnormal in all patients. Approximately one-half of the B cell consisted of small lymphocytes (7-9 mum in diameter) bearing surface IgM and IgD, as well as C3 receptors. These cells were driven to secrete IgM but not IgG after in vitro stimulation by pokeweed mitogen. In the blood there were also large lymphocytes (10-14 mum in diameter) that possessed surface as well as intracytoplasmic IgM but lacked C3 receptors. These cells spontaneously secreted large amounts of IgM in vitro and on electron microscopy were found to be rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Such a subpopulation of lymphoid cells was not detected in normal peripheral blood and was unique for all patients with hyper IgM immunodeficiency studied.T cells from all patients were normal in number and in function both in vivo and in vitro and were able to generate adequate T-cell help to support IgG synthesis by normal B cells. No evidence was obtained for T cells capable of suppressing normal IgG synthesis in any of the patients after coculture with normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. The defect in hyper IgM immunodeficiency is intrinsic to B cells, which fail to switch from IgM to IgG synthesis.", "contents": "Hyper immunoglobulin M immunodeficiency. (Dysgammaglobulinemia). Presence of immunoglobulin M-secreting plasmacytoid cells in peripheral blood and failure of immunoglobulin M-immunoglobulin G switch in B-cell differentiation. The peripheral blood lymphocytes of nine patients with hyper immunoglobulin (Ig)M immunodeficiency were studied in an attempt to define the cellular basis of this disorder. B cells were normal in number but qualitatively abnormal in all patients. Approximately one-half of the B cell consisted of small lymphocytes (7-9 mum in diameter) bearing surface IgM and IgD, as well as C3 receptors. These cells were driven to secrete IgM but not IgG after in vitro stimulation by pokeweed mitogen. In the blood there were also large lymphocytes (10-14 mum in diameter) that possessed surface as well as intracytoplasmic IgM but lacked C3 receptors. These cells spontaneously secreted large amounts of IgM in vitro and on electron microscopy were found to be rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Such a subpopulation of lymphoid cells was not detected in normal peripheral blood and was unique for all patients with hyper IgM immunodeficiency studied.T cells from all patients were normal in number and in function both in vivo and in vitro and were able to generate adequate T-cell help to support IgG synthesis by normal B cells. No evidence was obtained for T cells capable of suppressing normal IgG synthesis in any of the patients after coculture with normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. The defect in hyper IgM immunodeficiency is intrinsic to B cells, which fail to switch from IgM to IgG synthesis.", "PMID": 313404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3964", "title": "Subset derivation of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in man.", "content": "Normal human peripheral blood T cells can be characterized as belonging to either the TH+2 or TH-2 T-cell subset. Approximately 20% of T cells are TH+2, whereas 80% are TH-2 utilizing specific heteroantisera. To determine shether human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells belong to one or another T-cell subset, cell surface phenotyping was performed on tumor populations from 25 patients with T-ALL. Tmuor cells from these 25 individuals were either TH+1 or TH-2, but not both. 5 of 25 patients had TH+2 T-ALL cells. These TH+2 tumor populations were found exclusively in children and often without an accompanying thymic mass. TH-2 T-ALL, in contrast, occurred in both children and adults and was almost always associated with thymic enlargement. Although children with TH+2 T-ALL had as high or higher peripheral blast counts on presentation than their TH-2 T-ALL counterparts, overall survival was greater for the TH+2 group (greater than 36 mo) than the TH-2 group (less than 12 mo). These studies demonstrate that T-cell leukemias in man arise from distinct T-cell subsets and that cell surface characterization of T-cell malignancies may provide useful clinical data related to prognosis.", "contents": "Subset derivation of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in man. Normal human peripheral blood T cells can be characterized as belonging to either the TH+2 or TH-2 T-cell subset. Approximately 20% of T cells are TH+2, whereas 80% are TH-2 utilizing specific heteroantisera. To determine shether human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells belong to one or another T-cell subset, cell surface phenotyping was performed on tumor populations from 25 patients with T-ALL. Tmuor cells from these 25 individuals were either TH+1 or TH-2, but not both. 5 of 25 patients had TH+2 T-ALL cells. These TH+2 tumor populations were found exclusively in children and often without an accompanying thymic mass. TH-2 T-ALL, in contrast, occurred in both children and adults and was almost always associated with thymic enlargement. Although children with TH+2 T-ALL had as high or higher peripheral blast counts on presentation than their TH-2 T-ALL counterparts, overall survival was greater for the TH+2 group (greater than 36 mo) than the TH-2 group (less than 12 mo). These studies demonstrate that T-cell leukemias in man arise from distinct T-cell subsets and that cell surface characterization of T-cell malignancies may provide useful clinical data related to prognosis.", "PMID": 313405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3965", "title": "Computed tomography findings in ruptured arteriovenous malformations of the corpus callosum.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) is of proven value in the evaluation and localization of intracranial hemorrhage. The recognition of various patterns of subarachnoid, intracerebral, and intraventricular hemorrhage is necessary in order to provide accurate localization and to predict probable etiology of the bleed. We present three cases with angiographically proven ruptured arteriovenous malformations involving the midline of the corpus callosum. The clinical presentation and CT findings are discussed. We believe this represents a distinctive pattern of hemorrhage specific for this entity.", "contents": "Computed tomography findings in ruptured arteriovenous malformations of the corpus callosum. Computed tomography (CT) is of proven value in the evaluation and localization of intracranial hemorrhage. The recognition of various patterns of subarachnoid, intracerebral, and intraventricular hemorrhage is necessary in order to provide accurate localization and to predict probable etiology of the bleed. We present three cases with angiographically proven ruptured arteriovenous malformations involving the midline of the corpus callosum. The clinical presentation and CT findings are discussed. We believe this represents a distinctive pattern of hemorrhage specific for this entity.", "PMID": 313408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3966", "title": "Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage: a serial computed tomography study.", "content": "Thirty infants weighing less than 1,500 g at birth and requiring assisted ventilation were studied by computed tomography (CT) as soon as possible after birth and at intervals thereafter. Hemorrhage were frequently detected within the first 48 hr of birth. Two infants had normal scans initially but developed intraventricular hemorrhage later. One infant had subependymal hemorrhage that later ruptured into the ventricles. Six deaths were due directly to intracranial hemorrhages. Hydrocephalus developed in seven and atrophy in two survivors. There was poor correlation between CT scan and clinical evidence of intracranial hemorrhage.", "contents": "Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage: a serial computed tomography study. Thirty infants weighing less than 1,500 g at birth and requiring assisted ventilation were studied by computed tomography (CT) as soon as possible after birth and at intervals thereafter. Hemorrhage were frequently detected within the first 48 hr of birth. Two infants had normal scans initially but developed intraventricular hemorrhage later. One infant had subependymal hemorrhage that later ruptured into the ventricles. Six deaths were due directly to intracranial hemorrhages. Hydrocephalus developed in seven and atrophy in two survivors. There was poor correlation between CT scan and clinical evidence of intracranial hemorrhage.", "PMID": 313409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3967", "title": "The target sign: a CT finding in tumors of the corpus callosum.", "content": "An unusual computed tomography finding, the \"target sign,\" is demonstrated in a patient with a corpus callosum tumor mass extending to the right lateral ventricle. The central low attenuation of the \"target\" is produced by the isolated part of the dilated lateral ventricle surrounded by tumor tissue, the dense area of the \"target.\" The diagnosis of the tumor of the corpus callosum and the explanation of the \"target sign\" was made by polytome pneumoencephalography.", "contents": "The target sign: a CT finding in tumors of the corpus callosum. An unusual computed tomography finding, the \"target sign,\" is demonstrated in a patient with a corpus callosum tumor mass extending to the right lateral ventricle. The central low attenuation of the \"target\" is produced by the isolated part of the dilated lateral ventricle surrounded by tumor tissue, the dense area of the \"target.\" The diagnosis of the tumor of the corpus callosum and the explanation of the \"target sign\" was made by polytome pneumoencephalography.", "PMID": 313410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3968", "title": "Immunologic reactivity in the hypereosinophilic syndrome.", "content": "Because previous studies have suggested an important link between eosinophilia and immunologic reactivity, we investigated various components of the immune system in a large number of patients with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) to elucidate a possible role for immunologic phenomena in the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease. Immunoglobulin G, A, or M levels were only rarely abnormal. However, in 8 of 21 (38%) patients with HES, IgE levels were markedly elevated suggesting an association of an IgE-mediated mechanism with eosinophilia in this subgroup. Severe dermatographism was present in three fourths of patients, and 2 patients with intermittently elevated histamine levels manifested an unusual form of immediate-pressure urticaria. Serum complement determinations showed elevated C4 and C3 levels in 27% and 77% of patients, respectively. Antigen-antibody complexlike material measured by C1q binding was elevated in the serum of 7 of 22 (32%) patients; this finding may relate to the known ability of eosinophils to avidly phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes. When compared with normals, lymphocytes from patients with HES showed a variety of abnormalities of lymphocyte surface receptors and lymphocyte function. Thus, patients with HES demonstrate a variety of immunologic abnormalities which may be related primarily or secondarily to the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "contents": "Immunologic reactivity in the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Because previous studies have suggested an important link between eosinophilia and immunologic reactivity, we investigated various components of the immune system in a large number of patients with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) to elucidate a possible role for immunologic phenomena in the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease. Immunoglobulin G, A, or M levels were only rarely abnormal. However, in 8 of 21 (38%) patients with HES, IgE levels were markedly elevated suggesting an association of an IgE-mediated mechanism with eosinophilia in this subgroup. Severe dermatographism was present in three fourths of patients, and 2 patients with intermittently elevated histamine levels manifested an unusual form of immediate-pressure urticaria. Serum complement determinations showed elevated C4 and C3 levels in 27% and 77% of patients, respectively. Antigen-antibody complexlike material measured by C1q binding was elevated in the serum of 7 of 22 (32%) patients; this finding may relate to the known ability of eosinophils to avidly phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes. When compared with normals, lymphocytes from patients with HES showed a variety of abnormalities of lymphocyte surface receptors and lymphocyte function. Thus, patients with HES demonstrate a variety of immunologic abnormalities which may be related primarily or secondarily to the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "PMID": 313411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3969", "title": "Suppressor cell function in atopic dermatitis associated with elevated immunoglobulin E.", "content": "Suppressor cell function was evaluated in 11 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and elevated IgE levels (mean, 4,554 IU/ml +/- 1,825 SEM) and compared to 11 matched nonatopic controls (135 IU/ml +/- 52 SEM). Two assays were employed to evaluate suppressor cell function. In the first assay, concanavalin A--activated suppressor cell activity of AD and control subjects were compared. In the second assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) from the same AD and control subjects were stimulated with varying doses of mitogen at day 0 and after 24 hr of preculture. In this system, increased proliferative response of precultured cells as compared to 0-hr cells has previously been shown in normals to represent loss of suppressor cell function in vitro. The lack of such an increase implies aberrant suppressor cell function. The data from both assays showed no significant difference in the degree of suppressor cell function of the patient population vs the control population. Thus, suppressor cell function as tested in these proliferative assays appears normal in AD patients with increased IgE.", "contents": "Suppressor cell function in atopic dermatitis associated with elevated immunoglobulin E. Suppressor cell function was evaluated in 11 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and elevated IgE levels (mean, 4,554 IU/ml +/- 1,825 SEM) and compared to 11 matched nonatopic controls (135 IU/ml +/- 52 SEM). Two assays were employed to evaluate suppressor cell function. In the first assay, concanavalin A--activated suppressor cell activity of AD and control subjects were compared. In the second assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) from the same AD and control subjects were stimulated with varying doses of mitogen at day 0 and after 24 hr of preculture. In this system, increased proliferative response of precultured cells as compared to 0-hr cells has previously been shown in normals to represent loss of suppressor cell function in vitro. The lack of such an increase implies aberrant suppressor cell function. The data from both assays showed no significant difference in the degree of suppressor cell function of the patient population vs the control population. Thus, suppressor cell function as tested in these proliferative assays appears normal in AD patients with increased IgE.", "PMID": 313412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3970", "title": "Mechanisms of hypersensitivity: cellular interactions. Basophil arrival and function in tissue hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "Bone marrow-derived blood basophils are recruited into the tissues by immuno mechanisms in a variety of delayed time-course hypersensitivity responses. In the skin these are called cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reactions. In guinea pigs, it is now established that the elicitation of CBH is dependent on T cell- and/or (antibody)-triggered mechanisms. Both are subject to modulation. T cell-mediated CBH seems to be suppressed in basophil-poor tuberculin-type reactions. B cells mediate CBH via antibody of IgG1 isotype through mechanisms that involve Fc receptors, which can be competitively blocked. After basophils arrive at a CBH reaction they can be triggered by antigen to immediately release mediators such as histamine. Thus, one consequence of the arrival and accumulation of basophils at delayed hypersensitivity reactions is to augment the anaphylactic potential of a given tissue site. In reactions to parasites, release of mediators by tissue basophils seems to aid in the expulsion of these multicellular organisms, In addition, histamine released by recruited basophils, or by locally resident mast cells, may modulate some delayed reactions through stimulation of histamine-2 receptors on cells such as T lymphocytes. In mice, mast cell release of serotonin and subsequent stimulation of the local vasculature seems to be required to allow diapedesis and tissue accumulation of various bone marrow-derived accessory leukocytes in delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Thus, basophils and mast cells, and their release of mediators such as vasoactive amines, are involved in the onset, development, and function of various tissue hypersensitivity responses.", "contents": "Mechanisms of hypersensitivity: cellular interactions. Basophil arrival and function in tissue hypersensitivity reactions. Bone marrow-derived blood basophils are recruited into the tissues by immuno mechanisms in a variety of delayed time-course hypersensitivity responses. In the skin these are called cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reactions. In guinea pigs, it is now established that the elicitation of CBH is dependent on T cell- and/or (antibody)-triggered mechanisms. Both are subject to modulation. T cell-mediated CBH seems to be suppressed in basophil-poor tuberculin-type reactions. B cells mediate CBH via antibody of IgG1 isotype through mechanisms that involve Fc receptors, which can be competitively blocked. After basophils arrive at a CBH reaction they can be triggered by antigen to immediately release mediators such as histamine. Thus, one consequence of the arrival and accumulation of basophils at delayed hypersensitivity reactions is to augment the anaphylactic potential of a given tissue site. In reactions to parasites, release of mediators by tissue basophils seems to aid in the expulsion of these multicellular organisms, In addition, histamine released by recruited basophils, or by locally resident mast cells, may modulate some delayed reactions through stimulation of histamine-2 receptors on cells such as T lymphocytes. In mice, mast cell release of serotonin and subsequent stimulation of the local vasculature seems to be required to allow diapedesis and tissue accumulation of various bone marrow-derived accessory leukocytes in delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Thus, basophils and mast cells, and their release of mediators such as vasoactive amines, are involved in the onset, development, and function of various tissue hypersensitivity responses.", "PMID": 313413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3971", "title": "Dendriform keratitis.", "content": "Since the cornea responds to various toxic stimuli by swelling and ulcerating, these changes may assume a dendriform pattern. A case of herpes simplex dendritic keratitis is presented along with its treatment. In addition, several other etiologic sources of an arborescent keratitis are discussed as to their differentiation and management implication.", "contents": "Dendriform keratitis. Since the cornea responds to various toxic stimuli by swelling and ulcerating, these changes may assume a dendriform pattern. A case of herpes simplex dendritic keratitis is presented along with its treatment. In addition, several other etiologic sources of an arborescent keratitis are discussed as to their differentiation and management implication.", "PMID": 313414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3972", "title": "Complement-mediated solubilization of immune precipitates prepared with antibodies of different avidity.", "content": "Complement-mediated solubilization of immune precipitates prepared with HSA and rat IgG anti-HSA has been quantitatively analyzed. Early and late IgG anti-HSA antibodies were obtained 27 and 49 days after immunization, respectively. Immune precipitates prepared with early IgG anti-HSA were solubilized by rat serum to a larger extent than complexes prepared with late IgG anti-HSA. The affinities for HSA of the early and late antibodies were not significantly different. The quantitative differences in solubilization were neither due to differences in the Ab/Ag ratios of the immune precipitates, nor appeared to be brought about by changes in the distribution of the antibodies over the IgG sub-classes. The avidity of the late IgG anti-HSA antibodies was higher than the avidity of the early IgG antibodies. Presumably, the avidity of the antibodies greatly affected the complement-mediated solubilization of the immune precipitates. In addition, the solubilization was found to be dependent on the conditions employed to prepare the immune precipitates.", "contents": "Complement-mediated solubilization of immune precipitates prepared with antibodies of different avidity. Complement-mediated solubilization of immune precipitates prepared with HSA and rat IgG anti-HSA has been quantitatively analyzed. Early and late IgG anti-HSA antibodies were obtained 27 and 49 days after immunization, respectively. Immune precipitates prepared with early IgG anti-HSA were solubilized by rat serum to a larger extent than complexes prepared with late IgG anti-HSA. The affinities for HSA of the early and late antibodies were not significantly different. The quantitative differences in solubilization were neither due to differences in the Ab/Ag ratios of the immune precipitates, nor appeared to be brought about by changes in the distribution of the antibodies over the IgG sub-classes. The avidity of the late IgG anti-HSA antibodies was higher than the avidity of the early IgG antibodies. Presumably, the avidity of the antibodies greatly affected the complement-mediated solubilization of the immune precipitates. In addition, the solubilization was found to be dependent on the conditions employed to prepare the immune precipitates.", "PMID": 313415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3973", "title": "The chicken's femoral-lymph nodules: T and B cells and the immune response.", "content": "Femoral lymph nodules (FLN), which are barely perceptible in normal birds, after a footpad injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) may either significantly enlarge (responder) or remain reduced in size (nonresponder). There were approximately 38% T cells and 53% B cells in the FLN of responder chickens. Significantly more plaque-forming cells (PFC) developed in the FLN than in the spleen after a footpad injection of SRBC. Total antibody, mercaptoethanol- (ME) resistant, and ME-sensitive fractions were significantly higher in birds given i.v. than in those given footpad injections. There were no differences in PFC and agglutinin titers between FLN-responders and nonresponders. The number of PFC in FLN exceeded the number of splenic PFC previously reported. The high PFC response of the FLN may reflect the large percentage of B cells in this lymphomyeloid tissue or the presence of antigen-experienced B cells in the FLN. Although FLN may influence a systemic immune response its major role appears to be restricted to a local response.", "contents": "The chicken's femoral-lymph nodules: T and B cells and the immune response. Femoral lymph nodules (FLN), which are barely perceptible in normal birds, after a footpad injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) may either significantly enlarge (responder) or remain reduced in size (nonresponder). There were approximately 38% T cells and 53% B cells in the FLN of responder chickens. Significantly more plaque-forming cells (PFC) developed in the FLN than in the spleen after a footpad injection of SRBC. Total antibody, mercaptoethanol- (ME) resistant, and ME-sensitive fractions were significantly higher in birds given i.v. than in those given footpad injections. There were no differences in PFC and agglutinin titers between FLN-responders and nonresponders. The number of PFC in FLN exceeded the number of splenic PFC previously reported. The high PFC response of the FLN may reflect the large percentage of B cells in this lymphomyeloid tissue or the presence of antigen-experienced B cells in the FLN. Although FLN may influence a systemic immune response its major role appears to be restricted to a local response.", "PMID": 313417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3974", "title": "Fc receptors for IgA on human B, and human non-B, non-T lymphocytes.", "content": "Recently, receptors for IgA were demonstrated on subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. In this report, TNP-modified ox erythrocytes coated with the IgA myeloma MOPC-315 were used to detect IgA receptor-bearing lymphocytes within the human non T cell lymphocyte population. A mean of 5.3% (range 2.9 to 12.4%) of E-rosette negative human lymphocytes bound IgA-coated indicator cells. Blocking studies with soluble IgA, IgG, and IgM demonstrated that the IgA receptors on the non-T cell populations were separate and distinct from the Fc-receptors for IgG and IgM. Fractionation of the non-T lymphocytes on anti-human (Fab)2 columns into sIg+ and sIg- populations or by rosetting with EAC to provide CRL+ and CRL- populations demonstrated that Fc-IgA receptors were present on a subpopulation of sIg+, CRL+ lymphocytes, and also on sIg- (non-T, non-B) lymphocytes.", "contents": "Fc receptors for IgA on human B, and human non-B, non-T lymphocytes. Recently, receptors for IgA were demonstrated on subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. In this report, TNP-modified ox erythrocytes coated with the IgA myeloma MOPC-315 were used to detect IgA receptor-bearing lymphocytes within the human non T cell lymphocyte population. A mean of 5.3% (range 2.9 to 12.4%) of E-rosette negative human lymphocytes bound IgA-coated indicator cells. Blocking studies with soluble IgA, IgG, and IgM demonstrated that the IgA receptors on the non-T cell populations were separate and distinct from the Fc-receptors for IgG and IgM. Fractionation of the non-T lymphocytes on anti-human (Fab)2 columns into sIg+ and sIg- populations or by rosetting with EAC to provide CRL+ and CRL- populations demonstrated that Fc-IgA receptors were present on a subpopulation of sIg+, CRL+ lymphocytes, and also on sIg- (non-T, non-B) lymphocytes.", "PMID": 313418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3975", "title": "Effects of concanavalin A-induced cells on the proliferative response of T cells. Concanavalin A-induced suppressor and amplifier cells to the proliferative response of human T cells to trinitrophenyl-modified autologous lymphocytes.", "content": "Effects of Con A-induced human mononuclear cells on the proliferative response of peripheral T cells were examined by using TNP-modified autologous lymphocytes as stimulator cells. Cells induced by incubation with Con A contained both suppressor cells and amplifier cells. The former were induced from nylon wool-nonadherent T cells and these precursor cells were sensitive to mitomycin treatment. On the other hand, amplifier precursor cells were nylon wool-nonadherent T cells and were resistant to mitomycin treatment. Cell proliferation was required for the induction of suppressor cells but not for the induction of amplifier cells. Con A-induced suppressor effector cells were both nylon wool-adherent and nonadherent cells, on the contrary, Con A-induced amplifier effector cells were nonadherent cells. A small number of macrophages enhanced the suppressive activity of nonadherent T cells when added at the induction phase of suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Effects of concanavalin A-induced cells on the proliferative response of T cells. Concanavalin A-induced suppressor and amplifier cells to the proliferative response of human T cells to trinitrophenyl-modified autologous lymphocytes. Effects of Con A-induced human mononuclear cells on the proliferative response of peripheral T cells were examined by using TNP-modified autologous lymphocytes as stimulator cells. Cells induced by incubation with Con A contained both suppressor cells and amplifier cells. The former were induced from nylon wool-nonadherent T cells and these precursor cells were sensitive to mitomycin treatment. On the other hand, amplifier precursor cells were nylon wool-nonadherent T cells and were resistant to mitomycin treatment. Cell proliferation was required for the induction of suppressor cells but not for the induction of amplifier cells. Con A-induced suppressor effector cells were both nylon wool-adherent and nonadherent cells, on the contrary, Con A-induced amplifier effector cells were nonadherent cells. A small number of macrophages enhanced the suppressive activity of nonadherent T cells when added at the induction phase of suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 313421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3976", "title": "A methodological study of E-rosette formation using AET-treated sheep red blood cells.", "content": "The influence of some of the well knwon technical variables on the E-rosette technique was examined using sheep red blood cells (SRBC) treated with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET). With AET treatment, E-rosette formation becomes less dependent on time and temperature and on the presence of serum. The mechanical stability of the rosettes is enhanced, and the number of SRBC attached to each rosette-forming lymphocyte (RFC) is markedly increased, leading to a sharper distinction between RFC and non-RFC. Ultimately, significantly more E-receptor carrying lymphocytes become detectable. Evidence is provided that the specificity of the E-rosette technique is unchanged after AET treatment of SRBC, in spite of the enhanced binding. A simple and reliable method for E-RFC identification is documented.", "contents": "A methodological study of E-rosette formation using AET-treated sheep red blood cells. The influence of some of the well knwon technical variables on the E-rosette technique was examined using sheep red blood cells (SRBC) treated with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET). With AET treatment, E-rosette formation becomes less dependent on time and temperature and on the presence of serum. The mechanical stability of the rosettes is enhanced, and the number of SRBC attached to each rosette-forming lymphocyte (RFC) is markedly increased, leading to a sharper distinction between RFC and non-RFC. Ultimately, significantly more E-receptor carrying lymphocytes become detectable. Evidence is provided that the specificity of the E-rosette technique is unchanged after AET treatment of SRBC, in spite of the enhanced binding. A simple and reliable method for E-RFC identification is documented.", "PMID": 313425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3977", "title": "Secretion of plasminogen activator by bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes and its enhancement by colony-stimulating factor.", "content": "We have studied the production of plasminogen activator (PA) by mononuclear phagocytes derived from mouse bone marrow precursor cells (CFU-C) in culture. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) obtained after 6-8-d cultivation in a liquid medium containing L-cell-conditioned medium (LCM), a source of colony stimulating factor (CSF), showed a high level of fibrinolytic activity comparable to that of thioglycollate medium-induced peritoneal macrophages (TPM) and at least 20-fold higher than that of resident peritoneal macrophages (RPM). Fibrinolysis was a result of active secretion of PA into the culture medium and plaques of caseinolysis could be detected by an overlay assay over all macrophage colonies formed after cloning of bone marrow cells in culture. When the fibrinolytic activity of BMDM harvested at different times was investigated, it was found that the level of PA activity of a given BMDM population correlated well with the incidence of cells (5-15 percent) able to proliferate and form colonies in agar after 7-14 d, somewhat more slowly than CFU-C. This correlation between the level of PA secretion and the incidence of agar colony-forming cells was also found with other mononuclear phagocyte populations. Active fibrinolysis and slow growing colony-forming cells were observed at the same time as adherent macrophages appeared, 2-3 d after the start of bone marrow culture, they persisted for 10 d before declining. Some of the factors which influenced PA production by BMDM were examined. Fibrinolysis could be enhanced two- to fourfold by exposing the cells for 4 h to concanavalin A (Con A), to medium conditioned by Con A-stimulated spleen cells and to LCM, but not by phagocytosis of latex particles. The substance in LCM that stimulated PA production appeared to be identical to CSF. Mononuclear phagocyte targets differed in their response to LCM, which stimulated fibrinolysis readily in BMDM, to a lesser extent in TPM and not at all in RPM. We conclude that CSF stimulates both proliferation and fibrinolytic activity in BMDM and that the level of macrophage activation, as defined by PA production, can be further enhanced by lymphokines. Induction of PA in BMDM provides a rapid and sensitive assay for measuring the activity of CSF and defining its role in macrophage activation.", "contents": "Secretion of plasminogen activator by bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes and its enhancement by colony-stimulating factor. We have studied the production of plasminogen activator (PA) by mononuclear phagocytes derived from mouse bone marrow precursor cells (CFU-C) in culture. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) obtained after 6-8-d cultivation in a liquid medium containing L-cell-conditioned medium (LCM), a source of colony stimulating factor (CSF), showed a high level of fibrinolytic activity comparable to that of thioglycollate medium-induced peritoneal macrophages (TPM) and at least 20-fold higher than that of resident peritoneal macrophages (RPM). Fibrinolysis was a result of active secretion of PA into the culture medium and plaques of caseinolysis could be detected by an overlay assay over all macrophage colonies formed after cloning of bone marrow cells in culture. When the fibrinolytic activity of BMDM harvested at different times was investigated, it was found that the level of PA activity of a given BMDM population correlated well with the incidence of cells (5-15 percent) able to proliferate and form colonies in agar after 7-14 d, somewhat more slowly than CFU-C. This correlation between the level of PA secretion and the incidence of agar colony-forming cells was also found with other mononuclear phagocyte populations. Active fibrinolysis and slow growing colony-forming cells were observed at the same time as adherent macrophages appeared, 2-3 d after the start of bone marrow culture, they persisted for 10 d before declining. Some of the factors which influenced PA production by BMDM were examined. Fibrinolysis could be enhanced two- to fourfold by exposing the cells for 4 h to concanavalin A (Con A), to medium conditioned by Con A-stimulated spleen cells and to LCM, but not by phagocytosis of latex particles. The substance in LCM that stimulated PA production appeared to be identical to CSF. Mononuclear phagocyte targets differed in their response to LCM, which stimulated fibrinolysis readily in BMDM, to a lesser extent in TPM and not at all in RPM. We conclude that CSF stimulates both proliferation and fibrinolytic activity in BMDM and that the level of macrophage activation, as defined by PA production, can be further enhanced by lymphokines. Induction of PA in BMDM provides a rapid and sensitive assay for measuring the activity of CSF and defining its role in macrophage activation.", "PMID": 313429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3978", "title": "Regulation of macrophage and granulocyte proliferation. Specificities of prostaglandin E and lactoferrin.", "content": "Hemopoietic colony-forming cells committed to macrophage differentiation (M-CFC) are selectively and differentially inhibited by prostaglandin E (PGE). A hierarchy of sensitivity was observed among murine CFC stimulated by colony-stimulating factors (CSF) which differ in their ability to initiate proliferation of morphologically distinct colony types, or stimulated by CSF provided by macrophage feeder layers. Inhibition of macrophage colony formation to 50 percent levels occurred with PGE concentrations between 10(-8) and 10(-9) M, and was still evident at 10(-10) -10(-11) M PGE concentrations. The growth of mixed colonies containing both macrophages and neutrophils was less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of PGE, however, the monocytoid component of these colonies was reduced in the presence of PGE. Neutrophil progenitor cell proliferation was not influenced by PGE concentrations below 10(-6) M, regardless of time of addition of PGE, whereas clonal macrophage expansion, as well as clone size, was sensitive to inhibition by PGE when added as late as 3 d after culture initiation. Prostaglandin F(2alpha), was not inhibitory to colony formation. Experimental evidence for a selective role of macrophage PGE in the regulation of macrophage colony formation was directly provided by utilizing resident peritoneal macrophages as a source of CSF for bone marrow target cell overlays. Simultaneous morphological analysis of colonies proliferating in bilayer culture in response to increasing concentrations of macrophages, and direct measurements of PGE synthesized by an identical number of macrophages maintained in liquid culture demonstrate that a specific decline in macrophage colony formation occurs coincident with a linear increase in macrophage PGE synthesis. Inhibition of macrophage PGE synthesis by indomethacin results in the specific enhancement of macrophage colony formation. Furthermore, macrophage PGE synthesis is induced by CSF preparations with the selective capacity to differentially stimulate macrophage proliferation, but not by those which preferentially stimulate granulocyte colony formation. In comparison to the effects of PGE on M-CFC, polymorphonuclear granulocyte-derived lactoferrin (LF) reduces macrophage production of colony-stimulating activities for macrophage, mixed macrophage- neutrophil and neutrophil colony formation. The ability of LF to reduce macrophage PGE synthesis, presumably by decreasing CSF production, suggests that LF and PGE can interact in the control of macrophage and granulocyte proliferation.", "contents": "Regulation of macrophage and granulocyte proliferation. Specificities of prostaglandin E and lactoferrin. Hemopoietic colony-forming cells committed to macrophage differentiation (M-CFC) are selectively and differentially inhibited by prostaglandin E (PGE). A hierarchy of sensitivity was observed among murine CFC stimulated by colony-stimulating factors (CSF) which differ in their ability to initiate proliferation of morphologically distinct colony types, or stimulated by CSF provided by macrophage feeder layers. Inhibition of macrophage colony formation to 50 percent levels occurred with PGE concentrations between 10(-8) and 10(-9) M, and was still evident at 10(-10) -10(-11) M PGE concentrations. The growth of mixed colonies containing both macrophages and neutrophils was less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of PGE, however, the monocytoid component of these colonies was reduced in the presence of PGE. Neutrophil progenitor cell proliferation was not influenced by PGE concentrations below 10(-6) M, regardless of time of addition of PGE, whereas clonal macrophage expansion, as well as clone size, was sensitive to inhibition by PGE when added as late as 3 d after culture initiation. Prostaglandin F(2alpha), was not inhibitory to colony formation. Experimental evidence for a selective role of macrophage PGE in the regulation of macrophage colony formation was directly provided by utilizing resident peritoneal macrophages as a source of CSF for bone marrow target cell overlays. Simultaneous morphological analysis of colonies proliferating in bilayer culture in response to increasing concentrations of macrophages, and direct measurements of PGE synthesized by an identical number of macrophages maintained in liquid culture demonstrate that a specific decline in macrophage colony formation occurs coincident with a linear increase in macrophage PGE synthesis. Inhibition of macrophage PGE synthesis by indomethacin results in the specific enhancement of macrophage colony formation. Furthermore, macrophage PGE synthesis is induced by CSF preparations with the selective capacity to differentially stimulate macrophage proliferation, but not by those which preferentially stimulate granulocyte colony formation. In comparison to the effects of PGE on M-CFC, polymorphonuclear granulocyte-derived lactoferrin (LF) reduces macrophage production of colony-stimulating activities for macrophage, mixed macrophage- neutrophil and neutrophil colony formation. The ability of LF to reduce macrophage PGE synthesis, presumably by decreasing CSF production, suggests that LF and PGE can interact in the control of macrophage and granulocyte proliferation.", "PMID": 313430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3979", "title": "Reversal of nzb/nzw disease with total lymphoid irradiation.", "content": "NZB/NZW mice spontaneously exhibit autoimmune disease similar to that seen in human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We demonstrated that total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) reversed well expressed disease in 6-mo-old NZB/NZW females with a prolongation in survival, decrease in proteinuria, and decrease in anti-DNA antibodies as compared to control animals. Few side effects were observed in the treated group. TLI also prolonged survival in animals with advanced renal disease. These findings suggest that TLI may have application to the treatment of human SLE.", "contents": "Reversal of nzb/nzw disease with total lymphoid irradiation. NZB/NZW mice spontaneously exhibit autoimmune disease similar to that seen in human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We demonstrated that total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) reversed well expressed disease in 6-mo-old NZB/NZW females with a prolongation in survival, decrease in proteinuria, and decrease in anti-DNA antibodies as compared to control animals. Few side effects were observed in the treated group. TLI also prolonged survival in animals with advanced renal disease. These findings suggest that TLI may have application to the treatment of human SLE.", "PMID": 313431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3980", "title": "The time-course of energy balance in an isometric tetanus.", "content": "Unpoisoned sartorius muscles of Rana temporaria were stimulated tetanically in isometric contractions lasting up to 20 s at 0 degrees C. The observed enthalpy (heat + work) production and the chemical changes in these contractions were measured, and a comparison was made between the observed enthalpy and the enthalpy that could be explained by the chemical changes. Like earlier workers, we found that the only net known reaction of energetic significance that occurred was dephosphorylation of n-phosphoryl creatine (PC), and we found a significant evolution of unexplained enthalpy (UE), a portion of the observed enthalpy which could not be explained by the extent of PC dephosphorylation. We measured the total quantity and the rate of production of the UE, and we found that its rate of evolution, which was most rapid during the first 750 ms of contraction, fell progressively to zero by the 8th s of contraction: i.e., after 8 s of contraction, all the observed enthalpy is adequately explained by PC dephosphorylation. The time-course of evolution of the UE was slower than that of the labile enthalpy (a component of the enthalpy evolved in isometric contraction whose rate of production declines exponentially at approximately 1 s-1). We conclude that, although the magnitudes of these enthalpy quantities may be similar, they are not derived from the same chemical reaction in muscle.", "contents": "The time-course of energy balance in an isometric tetanus. Unpoisoned sartorius muscles of Rana temporaria were stimulated tetanically in isometric contractions lasting up to 20 s at 0 degrees C. The observed enthalpy (heat + work) production and the chemical changes in these contractions were measured, and a comparison was made between the observed enthalpy and the enthalpy that could be explained by the chemical changes. Like earlier workers, we found that the only net known reaction of energetic significance that occurred was dephosphorylation of n-phosphoryl creatine (PC), and we found a significant evolution of unexplained enthalpy (UE), a portion of the observed enthalpy which could not be explained by the extent of PC dephosphorylation. We measured the total quantity and the rate of production of the UE, and we found that its rate of evolution, which was most rapid during the first 750 ms of contraction, fell progressively to zero by the 8th s of contraction: i.e., after 8 s of contraction, all the observed enthalpy is adequately explained by PC dephosphorylation. The time-course of evolution of the UE was slower than that of the labile enthalpy (a component of the enthalpy evolved in isometric contraction whose rate of production declines exponentially at approximately 1 s-1). We conclude that, although the magnitudes of these enthalpy quantities may be similar, they are not derived from the same chemical reaction in muscle.", "PMID": 313432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3981", "title": "Accuracy of ventricular volume estimation.", "content": "Sources of error in the estimation of ventricular volume from CAT scans are discussed and the accuracy of the measurement assessed. Two methods of calculating ventricular volume from an intraventricular injection of radioisotope are described and compared. Finally, the CAT scan and isotope methods are compared and contrasted. The error associated with a single measurement of volume by any of these techniques is between 20% and 30%. In patients with no ventricular catheter there is no choice other than to use CAT scanning, but if intraventricular injection is possible this method offers a potentially more accurate volume determination because of his higher signal-to-noise ratio.", "contents": "Accuracy of ventricular volume estimation. Sources of error in the estimation of ventricular volume from CAT scans are discussed and the accuracy of the measurement assessed. Two methods of calculating ventricular volume from an intraventricular injection of radioisotope are described and compared. Finally, the CAT scan and isotope methods are compared and contrasted. The error associated with a single measurement of volume by any of these techniques is between 20% and 30%. In patients with no ventricular catheter there is no choice other than to use CAT scanning, but if intraventricular injection is possible this method offers a potentially more accurate volume determination because of his higher signal-to-noise ratio.", "PMID": 313434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3982", "title": "The ability of color defectives to judge signal lights at sea.", "content": "Measures were made of the ability of color-defective men to judge correctly the colors of navigation lights (red, green, or white) presented to them at night under realistic sea conditions. Eighty-one color-defective men were employed; they were categorized as to type and degree of defect using a battery of five color-vision tests. While the average performance of the color-defective men was considerably poorer than that of 24 color normals, there were large individual differences within each category of defect. Attempts to account for these differences in performance by variations in acuity, intelligence, and motivation failed. The extent to which the data can be accounted for by modern color-vision theory is discussed.", "contents": "The ability of color defectives to judge signal lights at sea. Measures were made of the ability of color-defective men to judge correctly the colors of navigation lights (red, green, or white) presented to them at night under realistic sea conditions. Eighty-one color-defective men were employed; they were categorized as to type and degree of defect using a battery of five color-vision tests. While the average performance of the color-defective men was considerably poorer than that of 24 color normals, there were large individual differences within each category of defect. Attempts to account for these differences in performance by variations in acuity, intelligence, and motivation failed. The extent to which the data can be accounted for by modern color-vision theory is discussed.", "PMID": 313435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3983", "title": "Dissolution rate of p-aminobenzoates from solid xylitol dispersions.", "content": "Xylitol was studied as a carrier in solid dispersions because of its low melting point and stability up to 180 degrees. It is more stable than sucrose and does not enter into Maillard reactions. Solid dispersions were prepared from esters of p-aminobenzoic acid and xylitol by the melting method and were compressed into tablets. The p-aminobenzoate dissolution rates were determined by a modified beaker method. The increase in the dissolution rates was greatest at the lowest drug levels. When the dispersion drug content exceeded 20-30%, the dissolution rate per unit area remained nearly constant. In the latter case, the increase in the dissolution rate was primarily due to an increase in area. When the carbon chain length was increased in the homologous series, the dissolution rate from the xylitol dispersions showed a nearly linear decrease.", "contents": "Dissolution rate of p-aminobenzoates from solid xylitol dispersions. Xylitol was studied as a carrier in solid dispersions because of its low melting point and stability up to 180 degrees. It is more stable than sucrose and does not enter into Maillard reactions. Solid dispersions were prepared from esters of p-aminobenzoic acid and xylitol by the melting method and were compressed into tablets. The p-aminobenzoate dissolution rates were determined by a modified beaker method. The increase in the dissolution rates was greatest at the lowest drug levels. When the dispersion drug content exceeded 20-30%, the dissolution rate per unit area remained nearly constant. In the latter case, the increase in the dissolution rate was primarily due to an increase in area. When the carbon chain length was increased in the homologous series, the dissolution rate from the xylitol dispersions showed a nearly linear decrease.", "PMID": 313436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3984", "title": "Membrane potential, contractile activation and relaxation rates in voltage clamped short muscle fibres of the frog.", "content": "1. Voltage clamped short (approximately 1.5 mm) muscle fibres of the frog can develop maximum tension of 4.3 kg/cm2. 2. The time course of contractile responses to prolonged depolarization is markedly dependent on the fibre membrane potential. With sufficiently long pulses the responses present a plateau and a spontaneous relaxation phase. 3. At room temperature (20--22 degrees C), and at membrane potentials of -10 mV the plateau duration is about 2 sec and the spontaneous relaxation rate is 0.50 sec-1. At membrane potentials of -35 mV the plateau duration is 4.6 sec and the spontaneous relaxation rate is 0.28 sec-1. 4. When the fibres are depolarized at room temperature with relatively short pulses (less than 2 sec), the contractile responses are cut short at the end of the pulse, and the fibres relax at a rate (11 sec-1) which is independent on the pulse amplitude and duration. 5. The relaxation rate after a short pulse can be affected by membrane potential only in the region near the contractile threshold where further release of contractile activator is expected to occur. 6. The time course of contractile responses to prolonged depolarization may be shortened by conditioning depolarization. 7. The system responsible for the release of contractile activator may be tentatively described by three states, resting, activated, and inactivated, in analogy with the model proposed by Chandler, Rakowski & Schneider (1976) to describe the possible configurations of the potential dependent charge movement in muscle.", "contents": "Membrane potential, contractile activation and relaxation rates in voltage clamped short muscle fibres of the frog. 1. Voltage clamped short (approximately 1.5 mm) muscle fibres of the frog can develop maximum tension of 4.3 kg/cm2. 2. The time course of contractile responses to prolonged depolarization is markedly dependent on the fibre membrane potential. With sufficiently long pulses the responses present a plateau and a spontaneous relaxation phase. 3. At room temperature (20--22 degrees C), and at membrane potentials of -10 mV the plateau duration is about 2 sec and the spontaneous relaxation rate is 0.50 sec-1. At membrane potentials of -35 mV the plateau duration is 4.6 sec and the spontaneous relaxation rate is 0.28 sec-1. 4. When the fibres are depolarized at room temperature with relatively short pulses (less than 2 sec), the contractile responses are cut short at the end of the pulse, and the fibres relax at a rate (11 sec-1) which is independent on the pulse amplitude and duration. 5. The relaxation rate after a short pulse can be affected by membrane potential only in the region near the contractile threshold where further release of contractile activator is expected to occur. 6. The time course of contractile responses to prolonged depolarization may be shortened by conditioning depolarization. 7. The system responsible for the release of contractile activator may be tentatively described by three states, resting, activated, and inactivated, in analogy with the model proposed by Chandler, Rakowski & Schneider (1976) to describe the possible configurations of the potential dependent charge movement in muscle.", "PMID": 313438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3985", "title": "Loss of extrasynaptic acetylcholine sensitivity upon reinnervation of parasympathetic ganglion cells.", "content": "1. The extrasynaptic acetylcholine sensitivity of frog cardiac ganglion cells was measured both after denervation and during the early stages of reinnervation by preganglionic axons. Sensitivity was measured by ionophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) to randomly chosen sites on ganglion cell bodies. 2. Extrasynaptic sensitivity rose gradually following denervation and after 3 weeks reached a mean value of approximately 1000 mV/nC. 3. Reinnervation of the cardiac ganglion began about 3 weeks after nerve crush. The ACh sensitivity of ganglion cells fell markedly during the 23--31 day period, to a mean of 184 mV/nC. None of forty-three neurones studied during that period received synaptic inputs sufficient to generate action potentials. 4. Twenty-nine of the forty-three neurones examined 23--31 days after nerve crush had not yet received detectable synaptic inputs, yet even these cells had markedly reduced ACh sensitivity. 5. When reinnervation of cardiac ganglia was delayed by resecting the preganglionic nerves, ACh sensitivity was reduced slightly (43%) between 14--21 and 23--31 days after surgery. Thus, most of the sixfold reduction in sensitivity that occurs during this time after nerve crush is a specific effect of reinnervation. 6. We conclude that loss of extrasynaptic receptors coincides with, or may even precede, the earliest physiological signs of synapse formation. Restoration of action potential activity in the ganglion cells is not essential to initiate this loss.", "contents": "Loss of extrasynaptic acetylcholine sensitivity upon reinnervation of parasympathetic ganglion cells. 1. The extrasynaptic acetylcholine sensitivity of frog cardiac ganglion cells was measured both after denervation and during the early stages of reinnervation by preganglionic axons. Sensitivity was measured by ionophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) to randomly chosen sites on ganglion cell bodies. 2. Extrasynaptic sensitivity rose gradually following denervation and after 3 weeks reached a mean value of approximately 1000 mV/nC. 3. Reinnervation of the cardiac ganglion began about 3 weeks after nerve crush. The ACh sensitivity of ganglion cells fell markedly during the 23--31 day period, to a mean of 184 mV/nC. None of forty-three neurones studied during that period received synaptic inputs sufficient to generate action potentials. 4. Twenty-nine of the forty-three neurones examined 23--31 days after nerve crush had not yet received detectable synaptic inputs, yet even these cells had markedly reduced ACh sensitivity. 5. When reinnervation of cardiac ganglia was delayed by resecting the preganglionic nerves, ACh sensitivity was reduced slightly (43%) between 14--21 and 23--31 days after surgery. Thus, most of the sixfold reduction in sensitivity that occurs during this time after nerve crush is a specific effect of reinnervation. 6. We conclude that loss of extrasynaptic receptors coincides with, or may even precede, the earliest physiological signs of synapse formation. Restoration of action potential activity in the ganglion cells is not essential to initiate this loss.", "PMID": 313439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3986", "title": "Effect of age and removable partial dentures on gingivitis and periodontal disease.", "content": "The periodontal disease variables manifested in the individuals with partial dentures were more severe, which suggests that the contribution of denture status is significant. Age, while related to increased bone loss, did not appear to be of significance. Common sense suggests that poor oral hygiene in persons wearing removable partial dentures also is a contributing factor.", "contents": "Effect of age and removable partial dentures on gingivitis and periodontal disease. The periodontal disease variables manifested in the individuals with partial dentures were more severe, which suggests that the contribution of denture status is significant. Age, while related to increased bone loss, did not appear to be of significance. Common sense suggests that poor oral hygiene in persons wearing removable partial dentures also is a contributing factor.", "PMID": 313443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3987", "title": "Glycerides as prodrugs. 1. Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 1,3-bis(alkanoyl)-2-(O-acetylsalicyloyl)glycerides (aspirin triglycerides).", "content": "A series of 1,3-bis(alkanoyl)-2-(O-acetylsalicyloyl)glycerides (aspirin triglycerides) having aspirin at the 2 position of glycerol and fatty acids at the 1 and 3 positions was prepared. The compounds were administered orally and tested for efficacy in the rat paw edema test, and the stomachs were examined for the presence of lesions. The results showed that the members of this series in which the fatty acids are of intermediate chain length (C4-C12) do not cause gastric lesions and have essentially all the systemic activity associated with aspirin.", "contents": "Glycerides as prodrugs. 1. Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 1,3-bis(alkanoyl)-2-(O-acetylsalicyloyl)glycerides (aspirin triglycerides). A series of 1,3-bis(alkanoyl)-2-(O-acetylsalicyloyl)glycerides (aspirin triglycerides) having aspirin at the 2 position of glycerol and fatty acids at the 1 and 3 positions was prepared. The compounds were administered orally and tested for efficacy in the rat paw edema test, and the stomachs were examined for the presence of lesions. The results showed that the members of this series in which the fatty acids are of intermediate chain length (C4-C12) do not cause gastric lesions and have essentially all the systemic activity associated with aspirin.", "PMID": 313449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3988", "title": "The electrogenic sodium pump of the frog retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "It was previously shown that ouabain decreases the potential difference across an in vitro preparation of bullfrog retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) when applied to the apical, but not the basal, membrane and that the net basal-to-apical Na+ transport is also inhibited by apical ouabain. The suggested the presence of a Na+ - K+ pump on the apical membrane of the RPE. In the present experiments, intracellular recordings from RPE cells show that this pump is electrogenic and contributes approximately - 10 mV to the apical membrane potential (VAP). Apical ouabain depolarized VAP in two phases. The initial, fast phase was due to the removal of the direct, electrogenic component. In the first one minute of th response to ouabain, VAP depolarized at an average rate of 4.4 +/- 0.42 mV/min (n = 10, mean +/- SEM) and VAP depolarized an average of 9.6 +/- 0.5 mV during the entire fast phase. A slow phase of membrane depolarization, due to ionic gradients running down across both membranes, continued for hours at a much slower rate, 0.4 mV/min. Using a simple diffusion model and K+-specific microelectrodes, it was possible to infer that the onset of the ouabain-induced depolarization coincided with the arrival of ouabain molecules at the apical membrane. This result must occur if ouabain affects an electrogenic pump. Other metabolic inhibitors, such as DNP and cold, also produced a fast depolarization of the apical membrane. For a decrease in temperature of congruent to 10 degrees C, the average depolarization of the apical membrane was 7.1 +/- 3.4 mV (n = 5) and the average decrease in transepithelial potential was 3.9 +/- 0.3 mV (n = 10). These changes in potential were much larger than could be explained by the effect of temperature on an RT/F electrodiffusion factor. Cooling the tissue inhibited the same mechanism as ouabain, since prior exposure to ouabain greatly reduced the magnitude of the cold effect. Bathing the tissue in 0 mM [K+] solution for 2 hr inhibited the electrogenic pump, and subsequent re-introduction of 2 mM [K+] solution produced a rapid membrane hyperpolarization. We conclude that the electrogenic nature of this pump is important to retinal function, since its contribution to the apical membrane potential is likely to affect the transport of ions, metabolites, and fluid across the RPE.", "contents": "The electrogenic sodium pump of the frog retinal pigment epithelium. It was previously shown that ouabain decreases the potential difference across an in vitro preparation of bullfrog retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) when applied to the apical, but not the basal, membrane and that the net basal-to-apical Na+ transport is also inhibited by apical ouabain. The suggested the presence of a Na+ - K+ pump on the apical membrane of the RPE. In the present experiments, intracellular recordings from RPE cells show that this pump is electrogenic and contributes approximately - 10 mV to the apical membrane potential (VAP). Apical ouabain depolarized VAP in two phases. The initial, fast phase was due to the removal of the direct, electrogenic component. In the first one minute of th response to ouabain, VAP depolarized at an average rate of 4.4 +/- 0.42 mV/min (n = 10, mean +/- SEM) and VAP depolarized an average of 9.6 +/- 0.5 mV during the entire fast phase. A slow phase of membrane depolarization, due to ionic gradients running down across both membranes, continued for hours at a much slower rate, 0.4 mV/min. Using a simple diffusion model and K+-specific microelectrodes, it was possible to infer that the onset of the ouabain-induced depolarization coincided with the arrival of ouabain molecules at the apical membrane. This result must occur if ouabain affects an electrogenic pump. Other metabolic inhibitors, such as DNP and cold, also produced a fast depolarization of the apical membrane. For a decrease in temperature of congruent to 10 degrees C, the average depolarization of the apical membrane was 7.1 +/- 3.4 mV (n = 5) and the average decrease in transepithelial potential was 3.9 +/- 0.3 mV (n = 10). These changes in potential were much larger than could be explained by the effect of temperature on an RT/F electrodiffusion factor. Cooling the tissue inhibited the same mechanism as ouabain, since prior exposure to ouabain greatly reduced the magnitude of the cold effect. Bathing the tissue in 0 mM [K+] solution for 2 hr inhibited the electrogenic pump, and subsequent re-introduction of 2 mM [K+] solution produced a rapid membrane hyperpolarization. We conclude that the electrogenic nature of this pump is important to retinal function, since its contribution to the apical membrane potential is likely to affect the transport of ions, metabolites, and fluid across the RPE.", "PMID": 313450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3989", "title": "Infectious parotitis in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Infectious parotitis as a complication of the sicca syndrome has rarely been reported. A patient with bilateral parotitis due to H. influenza in reported and the literature regarding this rare complication of the sicca syndrome is reviewed. The host defense mechanisms which ordinarily protect normal individuals or patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome against purulent parotitis are discussed.", "contents": "Infectious parotitis in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Infectious parotitis as a complication of the sicca syndrome has rarely been reported. A patient with bilateral parotitis due to H. influenza in reported and the literature regarding this rare complication of the sicca syndrome is reviewed. The host defense mechanisms which ordinarily protect normal individuals or patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome against purulent parotitis are discussed.", "PMID": 313447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3990", "title": "Effect of intracellular potassium upon the electrogenic pump of frog retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "We have studied the hyperpolarizing, electrogenic pump located on the apical membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in an vitro preparation of bullfrog RPE-choroid. Changes in RPE [K+]i alter the current produced by this pump. Increasing [K+]o in the solution perfusing the basal membrane increases RPE [K+]i (measured with a K+-specific microelectrode), and also depolarizes the apical membrane. The depolarization is due to a decrease in electrogenic pump current flowing across the apical membrane resistance, since it is abolished when the pump is inhibited by apical ouabain, by cooling the tissue, or by 0 mM [K+]o outside the apical membrane. Removal of Cl- from the solution perfusing the basal membrane abolishes the K+-evoked apical depolarization by preventing the entry of K+ (as KCl) into the cell. We conclude that the increase in [K+]i causes the decrease in pump current. This result is consistent with the finding that [K+]i is a competitive inhibitor of the Na+ - K+ pump in red blood cells. It is possible that the light-evoked changes in [K+]o in the distal retina could alter RPE [K+]i, and thus could affect the pump from both sides of the apical membrane. Any change in pump current is likely to influence retinal function, since this pump helps to determine the composition of the photoreceptor extracellular space.", "contents": "Effect of intracellular potassium upon the electrogenic pump of frog retinal pigment epithelium. We have studied the hyperpolarizing, electrogenic pump located on the apical membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in an vitro preparation of bullfrog RPE-choroid. Changes in RPE [K+]i alter the current produced by this pump. Increasing [K+]o in the solution perfusing the basal membrane increases RPE [K+]i (measured with a K+-specific microelectrode), and also depolarizes the apical membrane. The depolarization is due to a decrease in electrogenic pump current flowing across the apical membrane resistance, since it is abolished when the pump is inhibited by apical ouabain, by cooling the tissue, or by 0 mM [K+]o outside the apical membrane. Removal of Cl- from the solution perfusing the basal membrane abolishes the K+-evoked apical depolarization by preventing the entry of K+ (as KCl) into the cell. We conclude that the increase in [K+]i causes the decrease in pump current. This result is consistent with the finding that [K+]i is a competitive inhibitor of the Na+ - K+ pump in red blood cells. It is possible that the light-evoked changes in [K+]o in the distal retina could alter RPE [K+]i, and thus could affect the pump from both sides of the apical membrane. Any change in pump current is likely to influence retinal function, since this pump helps to determine the composition of the photoreceptor extracellular space.", "PMID": 313451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3991", "title": "Salicylate-induced gastrointestinal bleeding: comparison between soluble buffered, enteric-coated, and intravenous administration.", "content": "Serum salicylate levels and blood loss in stools were compared in 94 patients after intake of various forms of acetylsalicylate. Four different oral soluble forms, an enteric-coated variety and an intravenous form were evaluated. Analysis of the results of blood loss measurement in stools showed that salicylate users could be divided into \"bleeders\" and \"non-bleeders\". Administration of enteric-coated and intravenous forms of salicylates showed less blood less than ingestion of soluble forms. Only after administration of enteric-coated or intravenous forms of salicylates was a relationship between serum salicylate level and blood loss in stools observed in \"bleeders\". This suggests a similar mode of action of both these preparations on gastric mucosa. We conclude that enteric-coated forms of salicylates cause gastrointestinal bleeding by a systemic action on gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Salicylate-induced gastrointestinal bleeding: comparison between soluble buffered, enteric-coated, and intravenous administration. Serum salicylate levels and blood loss in stools were compared in 94 patients after intake of various forms of acetylsalicylate. Four different oral soluble forms, an enteric-coated variety and an intravenous form were evaluated. Analysis of the results of blood loss measurement in stools showed that salicylate users could be divided into \"bleeders\" and \"non-bleeders\". Administration of enteric-coated and intravenous forms of salicylates showed less blood less than ingestion of soluble forms. Only after administration of enteric-coated or intravenous forms of salicylates was a relationship between serum salicylate level and blood loss in stools observed in \"bleeders\". This suggests a similar mode of action of both these preparations on gastric mucosa. We conclude that enteric-coated forms of salicylates cause gastrointestinal bleeding by a systemic action on gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 313448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3992", "title": "Saturable K+ pathway across the outer border of frog skin (rana temporaria): kinetics and inhibition by Cs+ and other cations.", "content": "The reaction of abdominal skins of the frog species Rana temporaria on mucosal K+-containing solutions was studied in an Ussing-type chamber by recording transepithelial potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (SCC) and conductance (G). With Na-Ringer's as serosal medium, a linear correlation between PD and the logarithm of the mucosal K+-concentration ([K]o) was obtained. The K+-dependent SCC saturated with increasing [K]o, and could quickly and reversibly be depressed by addition of Rb+, Cs+, and H+. Li+, Na+, and NH4+ did not influence K+ current. A large scatter was obtained for kinetic parameters like the slope of the PD-log[K]o-line (18--36.5 mV/decade), the apparent Michaelis constant (13--200 mM), and the maximal current of the saturable SCC (6--50 microa . cm-2), as well as for the degree of inhibition by Cs+ ions. This seemed to be caused by a time-dependent change during long time exposure to high [K]o (more than 30 sec), thereby inducing a selectivity loss of K+-transporting structures, together with an increase in SCC and G and a decrease in PD. Short time exposure to K+-containing solutions showed a competitive inhibition of K+ current by Cs+ ions, and a Michaelis constant of 6.6 mM for the inhibitory action of Cs+. Proton titration resulted in a decrease of K+ current at pH less than 3. An acidic membrane component (apparent dissociation constant 2.5 x 10(-3) M) is virtually controlling K+ transfer. Reducing the transepithelial K+-concentration gradient by raising the serosal potassium concentration was accompanied by the disappearance of SCC and PD.", "contents": "Saturable K+ pathway across the outer border of frog skin (rana temporaria): kinetics and inhibition by Cs+ and other cations. The reaction of abdominal skins of the frog species Rana temporaria on mucosal K+-containing solutions was studied in an Ussing-type chamber by recording transepithelial potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (SCC) and conductance (G). With Na-Ringer's as serosal medium, a linear correlation between PD and the logarithm of the mucosal K+-concentration ([K]o) was obtained. The K+-dependent SCC saturated with increasing [K]o, and could quickly and reversibly be depressed by addition of Rb+, Cs+, and H+. Li+, Na+, and NH4+ did not influence K+ current. A large scatter was obtained for kinetic parameters like the slope of the PD-log[K]o-line (18--36.5 mV/decade), the apparent Michaelis constant (13--200 mM), and the maximal current of the saturable SCC (6--50 microa . cm-2), as well as for the degree of inhibition by Cs+ ions. This seemed to be caused by a time-dependent change during long time exposure to high [K]o (more than 30 sec), thereby inducing a selectivity loss of K+-transporting structures, together with an increase in SCC and G and a decrease in PD. Short time exposure to K+-containing solutions showed a competitive inhibition of K+ current by Cs+ ions, and a Michaelis constant of 6.6 mM for the inhibitory action of Cs+. Proton titration resulted in a decrease of K+ current at pH less than 3. An acidic membrane component (apparent dissociation constant 2.5 x 10(-3) M) is virtually controlling K+ transfer. Reducing the transepithelial K+-concentration gradient by raising the serosal potassium concentration was accompanied by the disappearance of SCC and PD.", "PMID": 313452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3993", "title": "A morphometric study of the cochlea of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus).", "content": "A detailed morphometric study of the basilar membrane was made from serial sections and graphic reconstructions of the cochlea of three little brown bats. Four distinct morphometric changes were observed within the basilar membrane. First, between 0-1.4 mm from the basal end of the cochlea, there is a rapid increase in width and cross-sectional area of the basilar membrane. Secondly, between 1.4-2.5 mm, there is little change in width of the basilar membrane (its cross-sectional area is at its greatest in this region). Thirdly, between 2.7-3.1 mm, there is a sudden decrease in cross-sectional area concomitant with an increase in the width of the basilar membrane. Finally, between 3.1 mm and the apex, there is a gradual decrease in cross-sectional area concomitant with an increase in the width of the basilar membrane. The magnitudes of the cross-sectional areas of the scalae media and vestibuli decrease from base to apex, but this is not true for the scala tympani. The cross-sectional area of the scala tympani appears to decrease from the base to 0.7 mm, then it increases up to 1.4 mm, and then it decreases to the apex. These morphometric changes in the basilar membrane of the little brown bat are compared to those in other echolocating and non-echolocating mammals. The significance of these changes is discussed in relation to the range of hearing in the little brown bat.", "contents": "A morphometric study of the cochlea of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus). A detailed morphometric study of the basilar membrane was made from serial sections and graphic reconstructions of the cochlea of three little brown bats. Four distinct morphometric changes were observed within the basilar membrane. First, between 0-1.4 mm from the basal end of the cochlea, there is a rapid increase in width and cross-sectional area of the basilar membrane. Secondly, between 1.4-2.5 mm, there is little change in width of the basilar membrane (its cross-sectional area is at its greatest in this region). Thirdly, between 2.7-3.1 mm, there is a sudden decrease in cross-sectional area concomitant with an increase in the width of the basilar membrane. Finally, between 3.1 mm and the apex, there is a gradual decrease in cross-sectional area concomitant with an increase in the width of the basilar membrane. The magnitudes of the cross-sectional areas of the scalae media and vestibuli decrease from base to apex, but this is not true for the scala tympani. The cross-sectional area of the scala tympani appears to decrease from the base to 0.7 mm, then it increases up to 1.4 mm, and then it decreases to the apex. These morphometric changes in the basilar membrane of the little brown bat are compared to those in other echolocating and non-echolocating mammals. The significance of these changes is discussed in relation to the range of hearing in the little brown bat.", "PMID": 313453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3994", "title": "Arnold-Chiari malformation--some otoneurological features.", "content": "Arnold-Chiari malformation was diagnosed in five patients with vertigo. Four were of anatomical type I. A case report is given of one patient who presented features of a unilateral cerebellopontine angle lesion. Downward beating vertical nystagmus was an important finding in three of the five patients. Other clinical and radiological features of the condition are discussed.", "contents": "Arnold-Chiari malformation--some otoneurological features. Arnold-Chiari malformation was diagnosed in five patients with vertigo. Four were of anatomical type I. A case report is given of one patient who presented features of a unilateral cerebellopontine angle lesion. Downward beating vertical nystagmus was an important finding in three of the five patients. Other clinical and radiological features of the condition are discussed.", "PMID": 313454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3995", "title": "[Effect of hyperventilation on the vestibular system].", "content": "Nineteen normal subjects with no past history of hearing or balance impairment have undergone an electronystagmogram (E.N.G.), according to the usual technique in our laboratory. About one month or more after this first test, they underwent a second E.N.G. but this time with periods of hyperventilation distributed at certain precise moments of the test. Our analyses have not demonstrated that hyperventilation causes nystagmus or enhances in preexisting nystagmus in normal subjects, although the changes in the positional test were close to being significant.", "contents": "[Effect of hyperventilation on the vestibular system]. Nineteen normal subjects with no past history of hearing or balance impairment have undergone an electronystagmogram (E.N.G.), according to the usual technique in our laboratory. About one month or more after this first test, they underwent a second E.N.G. but this time with periods of hyperventilation distributed at certain precise moments of the test. Our analyses have not demonstrated that hyperventilation causes nystagmus or enhances in preexisting nystagmus in normal subjects, although the changes in the positional test were close to being significant.", "PMID": 313455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3996", "title": "Acute epiglottitis: 26 years' experience at the Montreal Children's Hospital.", "content": "Two hundred and four cases of acute epiglottitis treated at the Montreal Children's Hospital between 1951 and 1978 are reviewed. The comparison of tracheostomy vs. nasotracheal intubation is discussed. Nasotracheal intubation has been found to be the treatment of choice as long as the necessary services are available in the hospital.", "contents": "Acute epiglottitis: 26 years' experience at the Montreal Children's Hospital. Two hundred and four cases of acute epiglottitis treated at the Montreal Children's Hospital between 1951 and 1978 are reviewed. The comparison of tracheostomy vs. nasotracheal intubation is discussed. Nasotracheal intubation has been found to be the treatment of choice as long as the necessary services are available in the hospital.", "PMID": 313456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3997", "title": "Gross hematuria associated with sickle cell trait and von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "A case of recurrent gross hematuria, sickle cell trait and von Willebrand's disease is reported. The gross hematuria abated promptly after the institution of cryoprecipitate therapy. The importance of considering von Willebrand's disease in the differential diagnosis in patients with sickle cell trait and hematuria is discussed.", "contents": "Gross hematuria associated with sickle cell trait and von Willebrand's disease. A case of recurrent gross hematuria, sickle cell trait and von Willebrand's disease is reported. The gross hematuria abated promptly after the institution of cryoprecipitate therapy. The importance of considering von Willebrand's disease in the differential diagnosis in patients with sickle cell trait and hematuria is discussed.", "PMID": 313457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3998", "title": "Metastatic carcinoma of the penis: complete remission after high dose methotrexate chemotherapy.", "content": "A case of extensive metastatic epidermoid carcinoma of the penis is reported. Disseminated disease developed after penectomy and lymphadenectomy and it continued to progress while the patient received radiation therapy. Chemotherapy with high dose methotrexate followed by citrovorum factor rescue was instituted. After completion of 10 weekly cycles of treatment there was biopsy-proved complete regression of all lesions, which lasted 9 months when the patient suddenly died of pneumonia completely unrelated to the tumor or chemotherapy treatment. This chemotherapeutic approach deserves additional trial in patients with advanced stages of penile carcinoma.", "contents": "Metastatic carcinoma of the penis: complete remission after high dose methotrexate chemotherapy. A case of extensive metastatic epidermoid carcinoma of the penis is reported. Disseminated disease developed after penectomy and lymphadenectomy and it continued to progress while the patient received radiation therapy. Chemotherapy with high dose methotrexate followed by citrovorum factor rescue was instituted. After completion of 10 weekly cycles of treatment there was biopsy-proved complete regression of all lesions, which lasted 9 months when the patient suddenly died of pneumonia completely unrelated to the tumor or chemotherapy treatment. This chemotherapeutic approach deserves additional trial in patients with advanced stages of penile carcinoma.", "PMID": 313458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_3999", "title": "Primary angiosarcoma of the heart.", "content": "An unusual case of primary angiosarcoma of the left atrium in a heart with chronic rheumatic valvulitis is described. The tumor which was detected at autopsy 2 years after the second valvotomy operation was restricted to the endocardium only and metastasized to the brain.", "contents": "Primary angiosarcoma of the heart. An unusual case of primary angiosarcoma of the left atrium in a heart with chronic rheumatic valvulitis is described. The tumor which was detected at autopsy 2 years after the second valvotomy operation was restricted to the endocardium only and metastasized to the brain.", "PMID": 313460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4000", "title": "Expression of KB cell alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes during growth in immunosuppressed LEW rats.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme expression of human tumor xenografts was studied by the growing of KB cells in immunosuppressed neonatal LEW rats. In culture these cells produced the oncoamniotic (FL) isoenzyme as the major form and the Regan isoenzyme as a minor fraction as well as a \"hybrid\" that shared properties of both of the other isoenzymes. Despite a reduction in specific activity, this isoenzyme pattern was essentially unchanged during in vivo growth. KB cells \"pretreated\" in culture with the glucocorticoid prednisolone in hyperosmolal medium exhibited a decrease in the levels of the oncoamniotic (FL) isoenzyme and an increase in the Regan isoenzyme. During growth of pretreated cells in vivo, a time-dependent resumption in the expression of the oncoamniotic (FL) isoenzyme was associated with the disappearance of the Regan isoenzyme. This shows that the expression of the oncoamniotic (FL) isoenzyme is not restricted to human tumor cells monophenotypic with respect to alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Expression of KB cell alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes during growth in immunosuppressed LEW rats. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme expression of human tumor xenografts was studied by the growing of KB cells in immunosuppressed neonatal LEW rats. In culture these cells produced the oncoamniotic (FL) isoenzyme as the major form and the Regan isoenzyme as a minor fraction as well as a \"hybrid\" that shared properties of both of the other isoenzymes. Despite a reduction in specific activity, this isoenzyme pattern was essentially unchanged during in vivo growth. KB cells \"pretreated\" in culture with the glucocorticoid prednisolone in hyperosmolal medium exhibited a decrease in the levels of the oncoamniotic (FL) isoenzyme and an increase in the Regan isoenzyme. During growth of pretreated cells in vivo, a time-dependent resumption in the expression of the oncoamniotic (FL) isoenzyme was associated with the disappearance of the Regan isoenzyme. This shows that the expression of the oncoamniotic (FL) isoenzyme is not restricted to human tumor cells monophenotypic with respect to alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 313470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4001", "title": "Distribution of Lyb-4.1 and other membrane antigens on murine lymphoid tumors.", "content": "The distribution of membrane antigens on 6 DBA/2-derived tumors (L1210, L5178Y, P815, ABLS 11, ABLS 12, and ABLS 13) was studied by direct cytotoxicity and quantitative absorption assays. Lyb-4.1 antigen was found solely on the L1210 tumor. Iad antigens were absent from all tumors, and H-2Kd and H-2Dd antigens were present on all tumors. Immunoglobulin was adsorbed to the ascites tumors and lost after 3 days or more in tissue culture. These studies were performed to characterize the distribution of DBA/2 membrane antigens on DBA/2-derived tumors as a base line for functional and chemical studies with these tumors and with their solubilized proteins.", "contents": "Distribution of Lyb-4.1 and other membrane antigens on murine lymphoid tumors. The distribution of membrane antigens on 6 DBA/2-derived tumors (L1210, L5178Y, P815, ABLS 11, ABLS 12, and ABLS 13) was studied by direct cytotoxicity and quantitative absorption assays. Lyb-4.1 antigen was found solely on the L1210 tumor. Iad antigens were absent from all tumors, and H-2Kd and H-2Dd antigens were present on all tumors. Immunoglobulin was adsorbed to the ascites tumors and lost after 3 days or more in tissue culture. These studies were performed to characterize the distribution of DBA/2 membrane antigens on DBA/2-derived tumors as a base line for functional and chemical studies with these tumors and with their solubilized proteins.", "PMID": 313471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4002", "title": "[Ocular pathology related to intraocular lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "This study describes the ultramicroscopic alterations in several types of intraocular lenses removed from eyes with persistent ocular inflammation or elevated intraocular pressure. In some instances the alterations found in the lens material could have caused ocular disease. The corneal edema present in eyes with intraocular lenses sometimes is related to trauma at the trauma at the time of intraocular lens implantation. In most cases the alterations are similar to those found in Fuchs' dystrophy. The presence of warts in Descemet's membrane indicate previous corneal pathology, an obvious contraindication to the use of these devices.", "contents": "[Ocular pathology related to intraocular lenses (author's transl)]. This study describes the ultramicroscopic alterations in several types of intraocular lenses removed from eyes with persistent ocular inflammation or elevated intraocular pressure. In some instances the alterations found in the lens material could have caused ocular disease. The corneal edema present in eyes with intraocular lenses sometimes is related to trauma at the trauma at the time of intraocular lens implantation. In most cases the alterations are similar to those found in Fuchs' dystrophy. The presence of warts in Descemet's membrane indicate previous corneal pathology, an obvious contraindication to the use of these devices.", "PMID": 313473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4003", "title": "[Congenital stromal cyst of the iris. A clinico-histopathological case report (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical symptoms and the histopathology of a typical congenital stromal cyst of the iris are described. The difficulties of a correct diagnosis, especially in relation to a spontaneous luxation of the lens into the anterior chamber are pointed out. As to the origin of the cyst the development from transformed corneal endothelium should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Congenital stromal cyst of the iris. A clinico-histopathological case report (author's transl)]. The clinical symptoms and the histopathology of a typical congenital stromal cyst of the iris are described. The difficulties of a correct diagnosis, especially in relation to a spontaneous luxation of the lens into the anterior chamber are pointed out. As to the origin of the cyst the development from transformed corneal endothelium should be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 313474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4004", "title": "[Herpes zoster-exophthalmus without ophthalmoplegia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of exophthalmic myositis was identified by a secondary herpes zoster exacerbation. The herpes zoster exophthalmus in this case remained - in contrast to all other cases so far published - free of signs of ophthalmoplegia and retrobulbar neuritis with visual acuity loss.", "contents": "[Herpes zoster-exophthalmus without ophthalmoplegia (author's transl)]. A case of exophthalmic myositis was identified by a secondary herpes zoster exacerbation. The herpes zoster exophthalmus in this case remained - in contrast to all other cases so far published - free of signs of ophthalmoplegia and retrobulbar neuritis with visual acuity loss.", "PMID": 313475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4005", "title": "Pathophysiological aspects of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Hodgkin's disease is characterized by unique features setting it apart from other malignancies. Clinically, systemic symptoms are often prominent and spontaneous remissions may be seen. As major immunological aberrations, a reactive humoral response with hypergammaglobulinemia and a depression of cell-mediated immunity are observed. Pathologically, the diagnosis is based on the presence of pleomorphic morphology; this consists of an infiltrate of reactive inflammatory cells sometimes forming granulomatous lesions with or without varying numbers of the cells presumed to be malignant. The nature of these malignant cells remains undefined, with data supporting mainly B-cell, but also macrophage origin. Clear-cut evidence for monoclonality is available only in prognostically unfavourable histological forms.", "contents": "Pathophysiological aspects of Hodgkin's disease. Hodgkin's disease is characterized by unique features setting it apart from other malignancies. Clinically, systemic symptoms are often prominent and spontaneous remissions may be seen. As major immunological aberrations, a reactive humoral response with hypergammaglobulinemia and a depression of cell-mediated immunity are observed. Pathologically, the diagnosis is based on the presence of pleomorphic morphology; this consists of an infiltrate of reactive inflammatory cells sometimes forming granulomatous lesions with or without varying numbers of the cells presumed to be malignant. The nature of these malignant cells remains undefined, with data supporting mainly B-cell, but also macrophage origin. Clear-cut evidence for monoclonality is available only in prognostically unfavourable histological forms.", "PMID": 313476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4006", "title": "[Clinical-functional emphysema diagnostics and immunological correlations (author's transl)].", "content": "By application of the correlation flow resistance/intrathoracic gas volume the lung emphysema is differentiated in quality within the scope of chronic obstructive lung diseases. For these groups immunoglobulins, the alpha1-trypsin activity in serum and the activity of further protease inhibitors were determined. There are no substantial variables in the different groups with regard to immunoglobulins. In the emphysema group alpha1-antitrypsin was a little reduced. This group included 2 patients with an alpha1-antitrypsin deficit. The two-dimensional separation of the inter-alpha-trypsin big inhibitor shows 3 areas which decrease significantly in case of severe emphysemata. The irritation of the inter-alpha-trypsin big inhibitor, i.e. in its turnover, parallel to the increasing degree of emphysema formation, is discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical-functional emphysema diagnostics and immunological correlations (author's transl)]. By application of the correlation flow resistance/intrathoracic gas volume the lung emphysema is differentiated in quality within the scope of chronic obstructive lung diseases. For these groups immunoglobulins, the alpha1-trypsin activity in serum and the activity of further protease inhibitors were determined. There are no substantial variables in the different groups with regard to immunoglobulins. In the emphysema group alpha1-antitrypsin was a little reduced. This group included 2 patients with an alpha1-antitrypsin deficit. The two-dimensional separation of the inter-alpha-trypsin big inhibitor shows 3 areas which decrease significantly in case of severe emphysemata. The irritation of the inter-alpha-trypsin big inhibitor, i.e. in its turnover, parallel to the increasing degree of emphysema formation, is discussed.", "PMID": 313477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4007", "title": "[High-dose methotrexate therapy in osteogenic sarcoma: plasma pharmakokinetics to predict toxicity (author's transl)].", "content": "In 22 patients with osteogenic sarcoma, treated with 103 high-dose methotrexate infusions (6-8.5 g/m2 in 4-6 h) plasma methotrexate levels were measured with a specific and rapid radioimmunoassay. Nontoxic infusions were associated with methotrexate concentrations below 8.0 X 10(-6) mol/l at 24 h, 8.0 X 10(-7) mol/l at 48 h and 4.25 X 10(-7)/mol/1 at 72 h. All patients with 48 h methotrexate levels above 1 X 10-6 mol/l manifested severe toxicity with myelosuppression and stomatitis due to delayed methotrexate excretion. Rise of serum creatinine was not reliable to predict oxicity. Determination of 48- and 72-h methotrexate concentrations proved to be a valuable method for identifying patients at high risk for toxic side effects. Additional citrovorum factor may thus be given in time.", "contents": "[High-dose methotrexate therapy in osteogenic sarcoma: plasma pharmakokinetics to predict toxicity (author's transl)]. In 22 patients with osteogenic sarcoma, treated with 103 high-dose methotrexate infusions (6-8.5 g/m2 in 4-6 h) plasma methotrexate levels were measured with a specific and rapid radioimmunoassay. Nontoxic infusions were associated with methotrexate concentrations below 8.0 X 10(-6) mol/l at 24 h, 8.0 X 10(-7) mol/l at 48 h and 4.25 X 10(-7)/mol/1 at 72 h. All patients with 48 h methotrexate levels above 1 X 10-6 mol/l manifested severe toxicity with myelosuppression and stomatitis due to delayed methotrexate excretion. Rise of serum creatinine was not reliable to predict oxicity. Determination of 48- and 72-h methotrexate concentrations proved to be a valuable method for identifying patients at high risk for toxic side effects. Additional citrovorum factor may thus be given in time.", "PMID": 313478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4008", "title": "Internalization and processing of the EGF receptor in the induction of DNA synthesis in cultured fibroblasts: the endocytic activation hypothesis.", "content": "The addition of EGF to cultured murine 3T3 cells produces a decrease in EGF binding activity with concomitant internalization and degradation of the initially bound EGF. When the EGF receptor on cultured 3T3 cells is affinity labeled with high specific activity 125I-EGF, and the fate of the affinity labeled EGF-receptor complex determined, the loss in binding activity was accounted for by receptor internalization and subsequent proteolytic processing of the EGF receptor molecules in the lysosomes. Studies of the effects of EGF concentration on EGF binding by cells, EGF-induced receptor internalization and EGF-induced stimulation of 3H-thymidine uptake into cellular DNA show that there is a direct correlation between EGF-induced receptor internalization and EGF-induced stimulation of DNA synthesis, but not between EGF binding and EGF-induced stimulation of DNA synthesis. This correlation is lost at high EGF concentrations, where stimulation of DNA synthesis is suboptimal. Optimal stimulation of DNA synthesis requires a minimum of 6 h of incubation of EGF with cells, and the suboptimal stimulation of DNA synthesis at high EGF concentration is intensified when the period of incubation of EGF with cells is less than 6 h. These data are consistent with a model of hormone signal transmission by Endocytic Activation, wherein the activation of EGF-induced processes requires constant EGF-induced internalization of receptor for a requisite 6-8 h period as an obligatory step in production of \"second messenger\" in the action of this hormone.", "contents": "Internalization and processing of the EGF receptor in the induction of DNA synthesis in cultured fibroblasts: the endocytic activation hypothesis. The addition of EGF to cultured murine 3T3 cells produces a decrease in EGF binding activity with concomitant internalization and degradation of the initially bound EGF. When the EGF receptor on cultured 3T3 cells is affinity labeled with high specific activity 125I-EGF, and the fate of the affinity labeled EGF-receptor complex determined, the loss in binding activity was accounted for by receptor internalization and subsequent proteolytic processing of the EGF receptor molecules in the lysosomes. Studies of the effects of EGF concentration on EGF binding by cells, EGF-induced receptor internalization and EGF-induced stimulation of 3H-thymidine uptake into cellular DNA show that there is a direct correlation between EGF-induced receptor internalization and EGF-induced stimulation of DNA synthesis, but not between EGF binding and EGF-induced stimulation of DNA synthesis. This correlation is lost at high EGF concentrations, where stimulation of DNA synthesis is suboptimal. Optimal stimulation of DNA synthesis requires a minimum of 6 h of incubation of EGF with cells, and the suboptimal stimulation of DNA synthesis at high EGF concentration is intensified when the period of incubation of EGF with cells is less than 6 h. These data are consistent with a model of hormone signal transmission by Endocytic Activation, wherein the activation of EGF-induced processes requires constant EGF-induced internalization of receptor for a requisite 6-8 h period as an obligatory step in production of \"second messenger\" in the action of this hormone.", "PMID": 313483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4009", "title": "[Effect of limited mobility on vestibular function].", "content": "The hypokinetic effect on the nystagmic reaction and illusory sensations upon caloric and galvanic stimulations of the labyrinths was studied on six test subjects (professional gymnasts). Under normal conditions the sportsmen predominantly showed the nystagmic response to the caloric irritation of the left labyrinth. A 10-day hypokinetic exposure produced a noticeable decrease of the above asymmetric nystagmic reaction to the caloric irritation of both labyrinths. Simultaneously an enhancement of illusory sensations and a decrease of their thresholds in response to the firect current labyrinthine stimulation were noted. The above changes can be  attributed to the hypokinesia-induced decline of mechanisms of vestibular adaptation of sportsmen.", "contents": "[Effect of limited mobility on vestibular function]. The hypokinetic effect on the nystagmic reaction and illusory sensations upon caloric and galvanic stimulations of the labyrinths was studied on six test subjects (professional gymnasts). Under normal conditions the sportsmen predominantly showed the nystagmic response to the caloric irritation of the left labyrinth. A 10-day hypokinetic exposure produced a noticeable decrease of the above asymmetric nystagmic reaction to the caloric irritation of both labyrinths. Simultaneously an enhancement of illusory sensations and a decrease of their thresholds in response to the firect current labyrinthine stimulation were noted. The above changes can be  attributed to the hypokinesia-induced decline of mechanisms of vestibular adaptation of sportsmen.", "PMID": 313480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4010", "title": "The effect of anticancer therapy on peripheral blood T and B lymphocyte counts and function.", "content": "Patients categorized according to tumor type were compared to a control non-tumor population. Comparison of relative T cell values among the groups showed no significant differences; however, when absolute numbers of T cells/mm3 were compared, all cancer patients, whether from treated or untreated groups, had significantly depressed T cell values. No significant differences were observed in the relative or absolute numbers of B cells. Comparison of the total lymphocyte response to PHA showed no significant differences among the various cancer groups; however, response in all cancer groups whether from treated or untreated patients, was depressed by comparison to the control group. Patients categorized according to the type of treatment received showed significant depression in the white blood count, lymphocyte count, relative and absolute T cell counts and the absolute B cell count in the postsurgery, postadjunctive therapy group. The pretherapy group also showed significant depression in the absolute number of T cells/mm3 when compared to the controls. Response to PHA correlated with the absolute T cells values.", "contents": "The effect of anticancer therapy on peripheral blood T and B lymphocyte counts and function. Patients categorized according to tumor type were compared to a control non-tumor population. Comparison of relative T cell values among the groups showed no significant differences; however, when absolute numbers of T cells/mm3 were compared, all cancer patients, whether from treated or untreated groups, had significantly depressed T cell values. No significant differences were observed in the relative or absolute numbers of B cells. Comparison of the total lymphocyte response to PHA showed no significant differences among the various cancer groups; however, response in all cancer groups whether from treated or untreated patients, was depressed by comparison to the control group. Patients categorized according to the type of treatment received showed significant depression in the white blood count, lymphocyte count, relative and absolute T cell counts and the absolute B cell count in the postsurgery, postadjunctive therapy group. The pretherapy group also showed significant depression in the absolute number of T cells/mm3 when compared to the controls. Response to PHA correlated with the absolute T cells values.", "PMID": 313484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4011", "title": "Ventricular pump performance during hypocalcemia: clinical and experimental studies.", "content": "We have compared indices of ventricular function during rapid transfusion of citrated (1.5 ml/kg/min) or heparinized (1.5 ml/kg/min) autologous blood in six patients following discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass. Infusion of citrated blood was associated with a lowering of plasma ionized calcium concentration ([Ca++], from 0.90 +/- 0.04 to 0.71 +/- 0.4 mM, p less than 0.001) and an increase in pulmonary artery balloon-occluded pressure (PA0, from 9.4 +/- 2.6 to 15.5 +/- 1.7 mm Hg, p less than 0.u1), without a change in left ventricular stroke work index, stroke index, or cardiac index. Transfusion of heparinized blood caused no change in plasma [Ca++]. A rise in PA0, which was similar in magnitude to that observed during citrated blood transfusion, was associated with increased left ventricular stroke work index, stroke index, cardiac index, and mean arterial pressure. Although data obtained during citrated blood transfusion suggest the presence of transient left ventricular dysfunction, its magnitude is not readily expressed in terms of ventricular function curves when accompanied by a simultaneous change in [Cized closed-chest dog by volume loading during hypocalcemia, when mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and [Ca++] were in a steady state, both prior to and following beta blockade with propranolol. Function curves obtained during severe hypocalcemia ([Ca++] = 0.43 +/- 0.02 mM) were shifted significantly to the right and downward, when compared to those obtained during normocalcemia ([Ca++] = 1.06 +/- 0.03 mM). Hypocalcemia combined with beta blockade resulted in severe left ventricular failure, as demonstrated by a flat ventricular function curve.", "contents": "Ventricular pump performance during hypocalcemia: clinical and experimental studies. We have compared indices of ventricular function during rapid transfusion of citrated (1.5 ml/kg/min) or heparinized (1.5 ml/kg/min) autologous blood in six patients following discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass. Infusion of citrated blood was associated with a lowering of plasma ionized calcium concentration ([Ca++], from 0.90 +/- 0.04 to 0.71 +/- 0.4 mM, p less than 0.001) and an increase in pulmonary artery balloon-occluded pressure (PA0, from 9.4 +/- 2.6 to 15.5 +/- 1.7 mm Hg, p less than 0.u1), without a change in left ventricular stroke work index, stroke index, or cardiac index. Transfusion of heparinized blood caused no change in plasma [Ca++]. A rise in PA0, which was similar in magnitude to that observed during citrated blood transfusion, was associated with increased left ventricular stroke work index, stroke index, cardiac index, and mean arterial pressure. Although data obtained during citrated blood transfusion suggest the presence of transient left ventricular dysfunction, its magnitude is not readily expressed in terms of ventricular function curves when accompanied by a simultaneous change in [Cized closed-chest dog by volume loading during hypocalcemia, when mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and [Ca++] were in a steady state, both prior to and following beta blockade with propranolol. Function curves obtained during severe hypocalcemia ([Ca++] = 0.43 +/- 0.02 mM) were shifted significantly to the right and downward, when compared to those obtained during normocalcemia ([Ca++] = 1.06 +/- 0.03 mM). Hypocalcemia combined with beta blockade resulted in severe left ventricular failure, as demonstrated by a flat ventricular function curve.", "PMID": 313487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4012", "title": "Detection, prediction, and significance of perioperative myocardial infarction following aorta-coronary bypass.", "content": "One hundred consecutive patients undergoing aorta-coronary bypass grafting (ACBG) alone, without ventricular venting, were prospectively studied to determine the incidence and consequence of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) and the clinical variables that were predictive of PMI. Incidence was determined by serial electrocardiography (ECG) 100 patients; serum CK, GOT, and LDH (100 patients). CK isoenzymes (qualitative 100 patients, quantitated 50 patients); vectorcardiography (VCG) (78 patients); and 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate scintigraphy (TcPyp) (52 patients). The incidence of PMI by ECG was 9%; an additional 8% of cases was diagnosed by enzymes alone. The incidence of diagnostic change by VCG was 19% and by scintigraphy, 25%. Using at least one changed variable of the remaining three as the reference standard, the relative sensitivity and relative specificity of given variables in the diagnosis of PMI were as follows: ECG 67% and 100%, respectively; VCG 85% and 94%; scintigraphy 92% and 97%; and serum enzymes 86% and 96%. By univariate analysis, unstable angina was the only significant predictor of PMI. The operative mortality rate was 2% and the mortality rate at 12 months was 5%. There was a significantly greater mortality rate in patients with PMI diagnosed by ECG (p less than 0.01), in patients with unstable angina pectoris before operation (p less than 0.05), and in women (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "Detection, prediction, and significance of perioperative myocardial infarction following aorta-coronary bypass. One hundred consecutive patients undergoing aorta-coronary bypass grafting (ACBG) alone, without ventricular venting, were prospectively studied to determine the incidence and consequence of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) and the clinical variables that were predictive of PMI. Incidence was determined by serial electrocardiography (ECG) 100 patients; serum CK, GOT, and LDH (100 patients). CK isoenzymes (qualitative 100 patients, quantitated 50 patients); vectorcardiography (VCG) (78 patients); and 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate scintigraphy (TcPyp) (52 patients). The incidence of PMI by ECG was 9%; an additional 8% of cases was diagnosed by enzymes alone. The incidence of diagnostic change by VCG was 19% and by scintigraphy, 25%. Using at least one changed variable of the remaining three as the reference standard, the relative sensitivity and relative specificity of given variables in the diagnosis of PMI were as follows: ECG 67% and 100%, respectively; VCG 85% and 94%; scintigraphy 92% and 97%; and serum enzymes 86% and 96%. By univariate analysis, unstable angina was the only significant predictor of PMI. The operative mortality rate was 2% and the mortality rate at 12 months was 5%. There was a significantly greater mortality rate in patients with PMI diagnosed by ECG (p less than 0.01), in patients with unstable angina pectoris before operation (p less than 0.05), and in women (p less than 0.05).", "PMID": 313488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4013", "title": "Concordance between medical records and observations regarding information on coordination of care.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the extent to which the medical record contained evidence of coordination of care. Coordination of care was defined as the recognition of information (problems, therapies, intervening visits and tests) about patients from one visit to a follow-up visit. Overall, there was concordance between the medical record and independent observation of the physician-patient interaction in 70-85 per cent of instances. When there was clear indication that the practitioner recognized the information, the chart contained evidence of this recognition 68-85 per cent of the time, depending on the type of information. However, if the information was highly salient, the record contained evidence of recognition in a much greater percentage of intances: 95 per cent for distinctly identified problems, 83 per cent for problems which were contained within the text of progress notes, 96 per cent for major drugs, and 94 per cent for abnormal tests. The data from this study support the less direct evidence of others that the medical record adequately reflects extent of recognition of important information about patients by practitioners.", "contents": "Concordance between medical records and observations regarding information on coordination of care. This study was designed to determine the extent to which the medical record contained evidence of coordination of care. Coordination of care was defined as the recognition of information (problems, therapies, intervening visits and tests) about patients from one visit to a follow-up visit. Overall, there was concordance between the medical record and independent observation of the physician-patient interaction in 70-85 per cent of instances. When there was clear indication that the practitioner recognized the information, the chart contained evidence of this recognition 68-85 per cent of the time, depending on the type of information. However, if the information was highly salient, the record contained evidence of recognition in a much greater percentage of intances: 95 per cent for distinctly identified problems, 83 per cent for problems which were contained within the text of progress notes, 96 per cent for major drugs, and 94 per cent for abnormal tests. The data from this study support the less direct evidence of others that the medical record adequately reflects extent of recognition of important information about patients by practitioners.", "PMID": 313490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4014", "title": "[Tracheal transplantation in inbred strains of rats.--III. The morphologic substratum of host-versus-graft reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "After isogeneic, allogeneic and allogeneic second-set tracheal transplantations gradually different morphological signs of a chronic host-versus-graft reaction in the wall of the transplants are observed. In no case there was a complete necrosis by rejection evident.", "contents": "[Tracheal transplantation in inbred strains of rats.--III. The morphologic substratum of host-versus-graft reaction (author's transl)]. After isogeneic, allogeneic and allogeneic second-set tracheal transplantations gradually different morphological signs of a chronic host-versus-graft reaction in the wall of the transplants are observed. In no case there was a complete necrosis by rejection evident.", "PMID": 313492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4015", "title": "[Tracheal transplantation in inbred strains of rats.--IV. Histologic and histoautoradiographic findings in the epithelium (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first ten days after transplantation isogeneic and allogeneic tracheal transplants keep their epithelium, showing metaplasia as a sign of distinct regenerative activity in this time. In various degrees dependent on the constellation of experiments there are only signs of a weak chronic rejection. After more than 280 days again a stratified epithelium can be seen. In exeptional cases mucosa of second-set-transplants only show an obvious rejection reaction.", "contents": "[Tracheal transplantation in inbred strains of rats.--IV. Histologic and histoautoradiographic findings in the epithelium (author's transl)]. In the first ten days after transplantation isogeneic and allogeneic tracheal transplants keep their epithelium, showing metaplasia as a sign of distinct regenerative activity in this time. In various degrees dependent on the constellation of experiments there are only signs of a weak chronic rejection. After more than 280 days again a stratified epithelium can be seen. In exeptional cases mucosa of second-set-transplants only show an obvious rejection reaction.", "PMID": 313493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4016", "title": "[Medico-legal assessment of vestibular disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "In the medico-legal assessment of vestibular disturbances the degree of handicap in daily and occupational situations is to be considered. Therefore a five degree classification of everyday performances (physiological stimuli of daily life) involving the vestibular system and a grading of vestibular disorders based on subjective and objective symptoms have been compiled. A diagram relating intensity of vestibular disturbance with performance gives the percentage of reduction in working capacity (MdE).", "contents": "[Medico-legal assessment of vestibular disturbances (author's transl)]. In the medico-legal assessment of vestibular disturbances the degree of handicap in daily and occupational situations is to be considered. Therefore a five degree classification of everyday performances (physiological stimuli of daily life) involving the vestibular system and a grading of vestibular disorders based on subjective and objective symptoms have been compiled. A diagram relating intensity of vestibular disturbance with performance gives the percentage of reduction in working capacity (MdE).", "PMID": 313494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4017", "title": "[Significance of variations in the size of Trichomonas vaginalis in patients with dysplasia, intrapithelial and invasive planocellular carcinoma of the uterine cervix].", "content": "The study of the size of Trichomonas vaginalis in 100 patients with dysplasia and intraepithelial or invasive planocellular carcinoma of the uterine cervix and in 100 controls with trichomoniasis alone has shown that the parasites are of a significantly smaller diameter in carcinoma in situ (9.57 +/- 0.35 mu) and invasive carcinoma (10.44 +/- 0.66 mu) than in dysplasia (13.71 +/- 0.35 mu). The analysis of the variance has shown that this difference is statistically significant. In the control group with trichomoniasis alone, the diameter of Trichomonas vaginalis was twice as large (21.46 +/- 0.66 mu) as that in carcinoma and still larger than that in dysplasia. This indicates that small forms of Trichomonas vaginalis are more pathogenic than large ones and might be one of the causative agents of the atypical transformation of the squamous epithelium of the uterine cervix.", "contents": "[Significance of variations in the size of Trichomonas vaginalis in patients with dysplasia, intrapithelial and invasive planocellular carcinoma of the uterine cervix]. The study of the size of Trichomonas vaginalis in 100 patients with dysplasia and intraepithelial or invasive planocellular carcinoma of the uterine cervix and in 100 controls with trichomoniasis alone has shown that the parasites are of a significantly smaller diameter in carcinoma in situ (9.57 +/- 0.35 mu) and invasive carcinoma (10.44 +/- 0.66 mu) than in dysplasia (13.71 +/- 0.35 mu). The analysis of the variance has shown that this difference is statistically significant. In the control group with trichomoniasis alone, the diameter of Trichomonas vaginalis was twice as large (21.46 +/- 0.66 mu) as that in carcinoma and still larger than that in dysplasia. This indicates that small forms of Trichomonas vaginalis are more pathogenic than large ones and might be one of the causative agents of the atypical transformation of the squamous epithelium of the uterine cervix.", "PMID": 313489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4018", "title": "[Vestibulo-ocular reactions by infants and young children (author's transl)].", "content": "Neurootological research demonstrated significantly different vestibulo-ocular reactions by infants and young children as compared to adults. Neurohistological research has demonstrated that the vestibular apparatus is developed by birth and therefore should be fully functional. Fifty full-term and healthy infants and children between 9 days and 24 months of age were placed on an electrically controlled rotating chair in order to determine the functional development of the vestibular system. The rotational test program consisted of a supraliminal acceleration stimulus of 3 degrees/s2, a constant rotation at 90 degrees/s for 3 minutes, and a final abrupt deceleration stimulus. The frequency and amplitude of the per- and post-rotatory nystagmus reaction were analysed from the electronystagmogram. The nystagmus frequencies demonstrate a low level in the first month. The per- and post-rotatory deviate clearly from each other in the following months. The amplitude values also start out low in the first month then climb thru the 7th month and finally stabilize or drop slightly in both the per- and post-rotatory phases. The accumulated results will be discussed and typical examples will be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Vestibulo-ocular reactions by infants and young children (author's transl)]. Neurootological research demonstrated significantly different vestibulo-ocular reactions by infants and young children as compared to adults. Neurohistological research has demonstrated that the vestibular apparatus is developed by birth and therefore should be fully functional. Fifty full-term and healthy infants and children between 9 days and 24 months of age were placed on an electrically controlled rotating chair in order to determine the functional development of the vestibular system. The rotational test program consisted of a supraliminal acceleration stimulus of 3 degrees/s2, a constant rotation at 90 degrees/s for 3 minutes, and a final abrupt deceleration stimulus. The frequency and amplitude of the per- and post-rotatory nystagmus reaction were analysed from the electronystagmogram. The nystagmus frequencies demonstrate a low level in the first month. The per- and post-rotatory deviate clearly from each other in the following months. The amplitude values also start out low in the first month then climb thru the 7th month and finally stabilize or drop slightly in both the per- and post-rotatory phases. The accumulated results will be discussed and typical examples will be demonstrated.", "PMID": 313495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4019", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: the rational basis for treatment with colchicine and evening primrose oil.", "content": "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease with no known treatment. In view of this and of its distressing nature patients are attracted by any new concepts. As a reaction to this neurologists are sometimes excessively sceptical and fail to consider new approaches seriously. Recent attempts have been made to treat multiple sclerosis with polyunsaturated fatty acids and with colchicine. This approach is not arbitrary and is firmly grounded in fundamental basic scientific concepts. In patients with multiple sclerosis there is evidence of both an abnormality in essential fatty acid metabolism and an abnormality in lymphocyte function. It is now apparent that the fatty acid abnormality may cause the lymphocyte abnormality and that both may be improved by dietary manipulation. There is also evidence that the demyelination may be associated with recurrent inflammatory episodes and with entry of calcium into the cytoplasm. In vitro colchicine has been shown to have actions compatible with regulation of cytoplasmic calcium and in two diseases characterised by intermittent inflammatory episodes (Beh\u00e7ets syndrome and familial Mediterranean fever) it has been found to prevent or to reduce the severity of such episodes. Preliminary results suggest that combined therapy with evening primrose oil and colchicine may be of considerable value.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: the rational basis for treatment with colchicine and evening primrose oil. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease with no known treatment. In view of this and of its distressing nature patients are attracted by any new concepts. As a reaction to this neurologists are sometimes excessively sceptical and fail to consider new approaches seriously. Recent attempts have been made to treat multiple sclerosis with polyunsaturated fatty acids and with colchicine. This approach is not arbitrary and is firmly grounded in fundamental basic scientific concepts. In patients with multiple sclerosis there is evidence of both an abnormality in essential fatty acid metabolism and an abnormality in lymphocyte function. It is now apparent that the fatty acid abnormality may cause the lymphocyte abnormality and that both may be improved by dietary manipulation. There is also evidence that the demyelination may be associated with recurrent inflammatory episodes and with entry of calcium into the cytoplasm. In vitro colchicine has been shown to have actions compatible with regulation of cytoplasmic calcium and in two diseases characterised by intermittent inflammatory episodes (Beh\u00e7ets syndrome and familial Mediterranean fever) it has been found to prevent or to reduce the severity of such episodes. Preliminary results suggest that combined therapy with evening primrose oil and colchicine may be of considerable value.", "PMID": 313499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4020", "title": "[Localization by paper blotting technique of electrophoretic fractions on starch gel. Application to alpha 1 - antitrypsin (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a paper blotting technique to reveal starch electrophoresis. After 3 minutes of contact between the paper band and the starch gel the former can be either dried during 5' at 90 degrees C then stained with nigrosine or sliced and revealed by an immunserum. This quick technique has been successfully applied to alpha-1-antitrypsin; on the one side phenotypes can be identified 24 hours earlier than with staining method using amido black 10 B and on the other side quality control of the fractionning can be done before the second stage of the Laurell type two-dimension separation.", "contents": "[Localization by paper blotting technique of electrophoretic fractions on starch gel. Application to alpha 1 - antitrypsin (author's transl)]. The authors describe a paper blotting technique to reveal starch electrophoresis. After 3 minutes of contact between the paper band and the starch gel the former can be either dried during 5' at 90 degrees C then stained with nigrosine or sliced and revealed by an immunserum. This quick technique has been successfully applied to alpha-1-antitrypsin; on the one side phenotypes can be identified 24 hours earlier than with staining method using amido black 10 B and on the other side quality control of the fractionning can be done before the second stage of the Laurell type two-dimension separation.", "PMID": 313496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4021", "title": "The pineal and regulation of fibrosis: pinealectomy as a model of primary biliary cirrhosis: roles of melatonin and prostaglandins in fibrosis and regulation of T lymphocytes.", "content": "Pinealectomy leads to increased formation of fibrous tissue in the abdominal cavity, increased skin pigmentation and elevated cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels. It also leads to reduced formation and/or action of prostaglandin (PG) E1 and thromboxane (TX) A2. PGE1 plays an important role in enhancing function of T suppressor lymphocytes which control overactive antibody-producing B lymphocytes. In primary biliary cirrhosis there are increased skin pigmentation, hepatic fibrosis, elevated cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels, defective T lymphocytes and hyperactive B lymphocytes. Primary biliary cirrhosis may be a pineal deficiency disease. Serotonin is important in the pineal and the serotonin antagonist methysergide may cause retroperitoneal fibrosis by interfering with pineal function. There is a good deal of other evidence which suggests that melatonin PGE1 and TXA2 are important in the regulation of fibrosis in other situations such as \"collagen\" diseases, lithium-induced fibrosis and cardiomyopathies. This suggests that enhancement of formation of PGE1 and TXA2 may be of value in diseases associated with excess fibrosis and defective T suppressor cell function. PGE1 levels may be raised by zinc, penicillin, penicillamine and essential fatty acids. TXA2 levels may be raised by low dose colchicine. These new approaches to treatment may prove safer and more effective than existing ones. They may be of value in disorders such as cardiomyopathy, Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, atopy and other diseases in which defective T cell function is suspected.", "contents": "The pineal and regulation of fibrosis: pinealectomy as a model of primary biliary cirrhosis: roles of melatonin and prostaglandins in fibrosis and regulation of T lymphocytes. Pinealectomy leads to increased formation of fibrous tissue in the abdominal cavity, increased skin pigmentation and elevated cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels. It also leads to reduced formation and/or action of prostaglandin (PG) E1 and thromboxane (TX) A2. PGE1 plays an important role in enhancing function of T suppressor lymphocytes which control overactive antibody-producing B lymphocytes. In primary biliary cirrhosis there are increased skin pigmentation, hepatic fibrosis, elevated cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels, defective T lymphocytes and hyperactive B lymphocytes. Primary biliary cirrhosis may be a pineal deficiency disease. Serotonin is important in the pineal and the serotonin antagonist methysergide may cause retroperitoneal fibrosis by interfering with pineal function. There is a good deal of other evidence which suggests that melatonin PGE1 and TXA2 are important in the regulation of fibrosis in other situations such as \"collagen\" diseases, lithium-induced fibrosis and cardiomyopathies. This suggests that enhancement of formation of PGE1 and TXA2 may be of value in diseases associated with excess fibrosis and defective T suppressor cell function. PGE1 levels may be raised by zinc, penicillin, penicillamine and essential fatty acids. TXA2 levels may be raised by low dose colchicine. These new approaches to treatment may prove safer and more effective than existing ones. They may be of value in disorders such as cardiomyopathy, Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, atopy and other diseases in which defective T cell function is suspected.", "PMID": 313500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4022", "title": "Coronary bypass grafting in early stages of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Acute coronary bypass surgery was performed in four patients with early anterior myocardial infarction due to severe proximal stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. Improvemnet of left ventricular anteroapical wall contraction was detected at the completion of the operation, in the early postoperative phase, and six to 18 months after surgery. It is concluded that critically ischaemic myocardium was salvaged by revascularization.", "contents": "Coronary bypass grafting in early stages of acute myocardial infarction. Acute coronary bypass surgery was performed in four patients with early anterior myocardial infarction due to severe proximal stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. Improvemnet of left ventricular anteroapical wall contraction was detected at the completion of the operation, in the early postoperative phase, and six to 18 months after surgery. It is concluded that critically ischaemic myocardium was salvaged by revascularization.", "PMID": 313501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4023", "title": "Ectopic production of human chorionic gonadotropin: a case report.", "content": "The ectopic production of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is described in a patient with an anaplastic carcinoma. After chemotherapy the marker decreased in a logarithmic fashion to undetectable levels but the neoplasm progressed and the patient died. The specificity of the beta-subunit of hCG is discussed. Discordance of the marker and clinical disease is pointed out, and several possible explanations are outlined. The lack of specificity of the beta-subunit of hCG and the discordance that it may exhibit means that its use in diagnosing and following disease progression may be limited.", "contents": "Ectopic production of human chorionic gonadotropin: a case report. The ectopic production of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is described in a patient with an anaplastic carcinoma. After chemotherapy the marker decreased in a logarithmic fashion to undetectable levels but the neoplasm progressed and the patient died. The specificity of the beta-subunit of hCG is discussed. Discordance of the marker and clinical disease is pointed out, and several possible explanations are outlined. The lack of specificity of the beta-subunit of hCG and the discordance that it may exhibit means that its use in diagnosing and following disease progression may be limited.", "PMID": 313502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4024", "title": "Analysis of photoenzymatic repair of UV lesions in DNA by single light flashes. XII. Evidence for enhanced photolysis enzyme-substrate complexes by a 2-photon reaction.", "content": "Yeast photoreactivating enzyme (PRE), preilluminated with wavelengths ranging from the near-UV to the red spectral region, forms with 254 nm-irradiated transforming DNA of Haemophilus influenzae enzyme-substrate complexes that are more efficiently photorepaired than complexes formed from non-preilluminated PRE. The action spectrum for this \"preillumination effect\", previously shown to have a maximum in the near-UV region, has another maximum near 577 nm. In complexes formed from non-preilluminated PRE the repair probability per incident photon is only about 25% of that in complexes formed from preilluminated PRE, if low-intensity photoreactivating light is applied continuously or as a sequence of flashes. However, photoreactivating light in the form of a single, high-intensity flash of 1 msec duration raises the repair probability to greater than 50%. Two light flashes, discharged with a delay of slightly more than a millisecond, may already achieve less photorepair than the same energy given as a single flash. These results are explained by the assumption that the great majority of PRE molecules in a non-preilluminated preparation have reduced activity (of the order of 1/4 of maximal activity). These less reactive molecules form enzyme-substrate complexes (\"non-activated complexes\") in which the repair probability per incident photon is considerably increased if 2 or more photons are absorbed within a time period of the order of milliseconds. This phenomenon, tentatively termed \"2-photon photolysis\" does not occur in \"activated complexes\" (i.e. those formed form preilluminated enzyme). The data are compatible with suggestion that the first absorption leads to a metastable excited state of the complex, during which the repair probability is increased by absorption of another photon. The generally observed heterogeneity of the photolytic response of enzyme-substrate complexes can be partly explained by heterogeneity of PRE molecules regarding their activity. In particular, uncontrolled exposure of enzyme to almost any kind of room light before its experimental use can enhance the heterogeneity.", "contents": "Analysis of photoenzymatic repair of UV lesions in DNA by single light flashes. XII. Evidence for enhanced photolysis enzyme-substrate complexes by a 2-photon reaction. Yeast photoreactivating enzyme (PRE), preilluminated with wavelengths ranging from the near-UV to the red spectral region, forms with 254 nm-irradiated transforming DNA of Haemophilus influenzae enzyme-substrate complexes that are more efficiently photorepaired than complexes formed from non-preilluminated PRE. The action spectrum for this \"preillumination effect\", previously shown to have a maximum in the near-UV region, has another maximum near 577 nm. In complexes formed from non-preilluminated PRE the repair probability per incident photon is only about 25% of that in complexes formed from preilluminated PRE, if low-intensity photoreactivating light is applied continuously or as a sequence of flashes. However, photoreactivating light in the form of a single, high-intensity flash of 1 msec duration raises the repair probability to greater than 50%. Two light flashes, discharged with a delay of slightly more than a millisecond, may already achieve less photorepair than the same energy given as a single flash. These results are explained by the assumption that the great majority of PRE molecules in a non-preilluminated preparation have reduced activity (of the order of 1/4 of maximal activity). These less reactive molecules form enzyme-substrate complexes (\"non-activated complexes\") in which the repair probability per incident photon is considerably increased if 2 or more photons are absorbed within a time period of the order of milliseconds. This phenomenon, tentatively termed \"2-photon photolysis\" does not occur in \"activated complexes\" (i.e. those formed form preilluminated enzyme). The data are compatible with suggestion that the first absorption leads to a metastable excited state of the complex, during which the repair probability is increased by absorption of another photon. The generally observed heterogeneity of the photolytic response of enzyme-substrate complexes can be partly explained by heterogeneity of PRE molecules regarding their activity. In particular, uncontrolled exposure of enzyme to almost any kind of room light before its experimental use can enhance the heterogeneity.", "PMID": 313509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4025", "title": "Clinical utility of lymphocyte surface markers combined with the Lukes-Collins histologic classification in adult lymphoma.", "content": "To determine whether analysis of lymphocyte surface markers adds clinically useful information to the Lukes-Collins classification of lymphomas, tumors from 107 adults were histologically classified and studied for surface markers. Ninety-six cases were histologically classified as Lukes-Collins B-cell lymphomas; 87 showed B and one showed T surface markers, whereas eight had neither marker. Eleven lymphomas were histologically T-cell tumors; four of the 11 showed T surface markers, and seven had neither marker. Both the Lukes-Collins classification and surface markers identified patient groups with different clinical characteristics, chemotherapeutic responsiveness and survival. However, by combining surface markers and histologic features, additional important therapeutic and prognostic information was obtained. In each histologic class, patients whose lymphomas failed to express immunologically the histologically predicted marker had fewer responses to chemotherapy and shorter survivals than patients whose lymphomas expressed the predicted marker. Our data suggest that the analysis of surface markers in combination with the Lukes-Collins classification identifies many patients who respond poorly to current therapy and who thus require new therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "Clinical utility of lymphocyte surface markers combined with the Lukes-Collins histologic classification in adult lymphoma. To determine whether analysis of lymphocyte surface markers adds clinically useful information to the Lukes-Collins classification of lymphomas, tumors from 107 adults were histologically classified and studied for surface markers. Ninety-six cases were histologically classified as Lukes-Collins B-cell lymphomas; 87 showed B and one showed T surface markers, whereas eight had neither marker. Eleven lymphomas were histologically T-cell tumors; four of the 11 showed T surface markers, and seven had neither marker. Both the Lukes-Collins classification and surface markers identified patient groups with different clinical characteristics, chemotherapeutic responsiveness and survival. However, by combining surface markers and histologic features, additional important therapeutic and prognostic information was obtained. In each histologic class, patients whose lymphomas failed to express immunologically the histologically predicted marker had fewer responses to chemotherapy and shorter survivals than patients whose lymphomas expressed the predicted marker. Our data suggest that the analysis of surface markers in combination with the Lukes-Collins classification identifies many patients who respond poorly to current therapy and who thus require new therapeutic approaches.", "PMID": 313510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4026", "title": "Persistence of inhibitory activity against normal bone-marrow cells during remission of acute leukemia.", "content": "Bone-marrow cells from patients with acute leukemia in remission were tested for their capacity to produce a substance (leukemia-associated inhibitory activity, LIA) that inhibits the formation of granulocyte and macrophage colonies in cultures of normal, but not of leukemic, bone marrow. LIA was detected in extracts of whole marrow in only eight of 83 patients in remission. However, extracts of slowly sedimenting cells, separated by velocity sedimentation from the marrows of eight patients in remission whose whole marrow had produced no LIA, produced inhibitory material in all cases. Extracts of the more rapidly sedimenting cells from these marrows contained an inactivator of LIA. Three of six patients in remission whose unfractionated marrow was unresponsive to LIA had a subpopulation of colony-forming cells that was sensitive to the inhibitor. These observations suggest that certain cellular functions dot not completely return to normal during remission of acute leukemia.", "contents": "Persistence of inhibitory activity against normal bone-marrow cells during remission of acute leukemia. Bone-marrow cells from patients with acute leukemia in remission were tested for their capacity to produce a substance (leukemia-associated inhibitory activity, LIA) that inhibits the formation of granulocyte and macrophage colonies in cultures of normal, but not of leukemic, bone marrow. LIA was detected in extracts of whole marrow in only eight of 83 patients in remission. However, extracts of slowly sedimenting cells, separated by velocity sedimentation from the marrows of eight patients in remission whose whole marrow had produced no LIA, produced inhibitory material in all cases. Extracts of the more rapidly sedimenting cells from these marrows contained an inactivator of LIA. Three of six patients in remission whose unfractionated marrow was unresponsive to LIA had a subpopulation of colony-forming cells that was sensitive to the inhibitor. These observations suggest that certain cellular functions dot not completely return to normal during remission of acute leukemia.", "PMID": 313511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4027", "title": "[Arterio-veinous malformations located within the occipito-cerebello-mesencephalic dihedral (author's transl)].", "content": "About 4 cases of arterio-veinous malformations located within the occipito-cerebello-mesencephalic dihedral (which is this region of the brain including the cistern of Galen and the surrounding formations : the quadrigeminal bodies forwards, the splenium of the corpus callosum upwards, the upper face of the cerebellum and the pedonculus cerebellaris superior below) the authors related their own experience. These 4 cases are detailed from a clinical point of view. Them, a synthetic study is undertaken in which a comparison is done between the literature and the clinical features encountered : headache, sub-archnoid hemorrhage, impairment of consciousness, clinical features such as cranial nerve impairment, nystagmus motor impairment, cerebellar deficit, hydrocephaly. The value of angiography, ventriculography and CAT is discussed. All these patients have been operated upon as far as the authors think that a better chance can thus be offered to them. The choice of the technique is discussed. For one patient, the sub-temporal route was performed ; but it seems worth using the posterior inter-occipital route : this allows a better view on the lesion and an easier treatment of the malformation. These 4 patients suffered post operatively of a visual defect. The control angiography revealed no more arterio-venious malformation in two patients, a mild one in two others.", "contents": "[Arterio-veinous malformations located within the occipito-cerebello-mesencephalic dihedral (author's transl)]. About 4 cases of arterio-veinous malformations located within the occipito-cerebello-mesencephalic dihedral (which is this region of the brain including the cistern of Galen and the surrounding formations : the quadrigeminal bodies forwards, the splenium of the corpus callosum upwards, the upper face of the cerebellum and the pedonculus cerebellaris superior below) the authors related their own experience. These 4 cases are detailed from a clinical point of view. Them, a synthetic study is undertaken in which a comparison is done between the literature and the clinical features encountered : headache, sub-archnoid hemorrhage, impairment of consciousness, clinical features such as cranial nerve impairment, nystagmus motor impairment, cerebellar deficit, hydrocephaly. The value of angiography, ventriculography and CAT is discussed. All these patients have been operated upon as far as the authors think that a better chance can thus be offered to them. The choice of the technique is discussed. For one patient, the sub-temporal route was performed ; but it seems worth using the posterior inter-occipital route : this allows a better view on the lesion and an easier treatment of the malformation. These 4 patients suffered post operatively of a visual defect. The control angiography revealed no more arterio-venious malformation in two patients, a mild one in two others.", "PMID": 313528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4028", "title": "[Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter for pain : electrical activity and evoked potentials (author's transl)].", "content": "There is some evidence that stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter produced analgesia is accomplished by the activation of neuronal systems where endorphins are thought to be transmittors. However, the neurophysiological mechanism of this stimulation is not elucided. In this preliminary paper, the spontaneous and the evoked electrical activity has been studied in 3 patients operated on with implantation of an electrode in the periaqueductal gray matter for chronic pain. Particularly interesting are the pronounced decrease of the evoked potentials in the sensory nucleus of the thalamus after stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter.", "contents": "[Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter for pain : electrical activity and evoked potentials (author's transl)]. There is some evidence that stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter produced analgesia is accomplished by the activation of neuronal systems where endorphins are thought to be transmittors. However, the neurophysiological mechanism of this stimulation is not elucided. In this preliminary paper, the spontaneous and the evoked electrical activity has been studied in 3 patients operated on with implantation of an electrode in the periaqueductal gray matter for chronic pain. Particularly interesting are the pronounced decrease of the evoked potentials in the sensory nucleus of the thalamus after stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter.", "PMID": 313529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4029", "title": "[Transcutaneous electroanalgesia and naloxone. Clinical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Recently, Mayer (1977) and Adams (1976) proved that both acupuncture and direct electrostimulation of deep encephalic structures produce an analgesic effect releasing a neurotransmitter similar to morphine (endorphine). We have verified this hypothesis, using the transcutaneous electrotherapy in five patients with chronic pain at the back (postherpetic neuralgia in 3, pain cancer in 2). All patients related a certain analgesic effect during electrotherapy, with a reduction in pain of more than 50 per cent. During electroanalgesia we administered Naloxone (an antagonist of morphine). In 3 cases we observed a clear, although short, return of algic symptomatology. At the contrary, in other two patients Naloxone caused briefly a further and clear reduction in the pain.", "contents": "[Transcutaneous electroanalgesia and naloxone. Clinical aspects (author's transl)]. Recently, Mayer (1977) and Adams (1976) proved that both acupuncture and direct electrostimulation of deep encephalic structures produce an analgesic effect releasing a neurotransmitter similar to morphine (endorphine). We have verified this hypothesis, using the transcutaneous electrotherapy in five patients with chronic pain at the back (postherpetic neuralgia in 3, pain cancer in 2). All patients related a certain analgesic effect during electrotherapy, with a reduction in pain of more than 50 per cent. During electroanalgesia we administered Naloxone (an antagonist of morphine). In 3 cases we observed a clear, although short, return of algic symptomatology. At the contrary, in other two patients Naloxone caused briefly a further and clear reduction in the pain.", "PMID": 313530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4030", "title": "Effect of administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan and an inhibitor of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase on glucose metabolism in rat brain.", "content": "The effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)--the precursor of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)--and of an inhibitor, N-(DL-seryl)-N'-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)hydrazine (Ro4-4602), of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase on the metabolism of glucose to amino acids in brain tissue was investigated. Labeled glucose (20 muCi, 0.24 mg in 0.2 ml 0.9% saline) was injected intravenously into fed rats pretreated with Ro4-4602 (50 mg/kg intraperitoneally) either alone or in combination with 5-HTP (30 mg/kg intravenously) or with the appropriate vehicle. After the injection of Ro4-4602 plus 5-HTP, the concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HTP in brain were increased, but the increase of 5-HTP was more pronounced and prolonged than the increase in 5-HT. This suggested that Ro4-4602 slightly inhibits the reaction of decarboxylation in the brain, although at the dose used the drug is usually considered to act only peripherally. After administration of Ro4-4602 alone or combined with 5-HTP, the concentration of glucose in plasma was not significantly increased. However, the concentration of glucose in brain was markedly increased with such treatments. The administration of Ro4-4602 alone or combined with 5-HTP reduced the flux of 14C from labeled glucose to amino acids in brain. The concentrations of amino acids in brain were little changed by these treatments.", "contents": "Effect of administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan and an inhibitor of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase on glucose metabolism in rat brain. The effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)--the precursor of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)--and of an inhibitor, N-(DL-seryl)-N'-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)hydrazine (Ro4-4602), of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase on the metabolism of glucose to amino acids in brain tissue was investigated. Labeled glucose (20 muCi, 0.24 mg in 0.2 ml 0.9% saline) was injected intravenously into fed rats pretreated with Ro4-4602 (50 mg/kg intraperitoneally) either alone or in combination with 5-HTP (30 mg/kg intravenously) or with the appropriate vehicle. After the injection of Ro4-4602 plus 5-HTP, the concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HTP in brain were increased, but the increase of 5-HTP was more pronounced and prolonged than the increase in 5-HT. This suggested that Ro4-4602 slightly inhibits the reaction of decarboxylation in the brain, although at the dose used the drug is usually considered to act only peripherally. After administration of Ro4-4602 alone or combined with 5-HTP, the concentration of glucose in plasma was not significantly increased. However, the concentration of glucose in brain was markedly increased with such treatments. The administration of Ro4-4602 alone or combined with 5-HTP reduced the flux of 14C from labeled glucose to amino acids in brain. The concentrations of amino acids in brain were little changed by these treatments.", "PMID": 313531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4031", "title": "Subcellular distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor in the medio-basal hypothalamus of the rat.", "content": "Subcellular fractionation of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and frontal cerebral cortex was performed by differential and discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) activity of the different fractions was evaluated by bioassay. Significant CRF activity was found in acidic extracts of the MBH but not of the cerebral cortex. About 80% of the MBH effect on adrenocorticotropic hormone release was recovered in the crude mitochondrial pellet (P2) which contains synaptosomes. After further fractionation, distribution of CRF activity paralleled that of lactate dehydrogenase activity, a marker of the soluble cytoplasm. It is concluded that most CRF in the MBH is located in nerve endings as already shown for several other neurohormones.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor in the medio-basal hypothalamus of the rat. Subcellular fractionation of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and frontal cerebral cortex was performed by differential and discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) activity of the different fractions was evaluated by bioassay. Significant CRF activity was found in acidic extracts of the MBH but not of the cerebral cortex. About 80% of the MBH effect on adrenocorticotropic hormone release was recovered in the crude mitochondrial pellet (P2) which contains synaptosomes. After further fractionation, distribution of CRF activity paralleled that of lactate dehydrogenase activity, a marker of the soluble cytoplasm. It is concluded that most CRF in the MBH is located in nerve endings as already shown for several other neurohormones.", "PMID": 313532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4032", "title": "Cortical atrophy, ventricular enlargement and intellectual impairment in the aged.", "content": "Fifty-nine subjects over age 60 had a computerized tomography (CT) scan and completed four neuropsychological tests. Measurements of ventricular size and sulcal enlargement were compared to test performance. Performance of the elderly subjects was also compared to that of subjects aged 16 to 40 years. Subjects over 60 years of age had significantly more brain atrophy and more impaired test performance than younger subjects. Subjects aged 80 to 99 had more atrophy and impaired performance than those 60 to 79 years. Our results suggest that, with aging, the brain atrophies and loses its abilities as measured by neuropsychological testing. However, CT evidence of atrophy only weakly predicts impaired mental function independently of age.", "contents": "Cortical atrophy, ventricular enlargement and intellectual impairment in the aged. Fifty-nine subjects over age 60 had a computerized tomography (CT) scan and completed four neuropsychological tests. Measurements of ventricular size and sulcal enlargement were compared to test performance. Performance of the elderly subjects was also compared to that of subjects aged 16 to 40 years. Subjects over 60 years of age had significantly more brain atrophy and more impaired test performance than younger subjects. Subjects aged 80 to 99 had more atrophy and impaired performance than those 60 to 79 years. Our results suggest that, with aging, the brain atrophies and loses its abilities as measured by neuropsychological testing. However, CT evidence of atrophy only weakly predicts impaired mental function independently of age.", "PMID": 313534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4033", "title": "[Correlations between splenoportographic findings and risk of digestive hemorrhage in portal hypertension].", "content": "In 102 cases examined by splenoportography (93 cirrhosis with patent splenoportal axis and 9 splenoportal thrombosis without appreciable liver changes), the occurrence of episodes of digestive haemorrhage was statistically correlated with age, sex, type of portal impediment, type of collateral circulation, and the presence or otherwise of ascites, and with portal pressure values measured by splenomanometry. The only statistically significant correlation was that concerning the type of hepatofugal collateral circulation, as digestive haemorrhage proved gradually less frequent in patients with gastro-oesophageal collateral circulation, in those with so-called infraportal collateral circulation and, finally, in those where angiography was unable to demonstrate the presence of any collateral circulation at all.", "contents": "[Correlations between splenoportographic findings and risk of digestive hemorrhage in portal hypertension]. In 102 cases examined by splenoportography (93 cirrhosis with patent splenoportal axis and 9 splenoportal thrombosis without appreciable liver changes), the occurrence of episodes of digestive haemorrhage was statistically correlated with age, sex, type of portal impediment, type of collateral circulation, and the presence or otherwise of ascites, and with portal pressure values measured by splenomanometry. The only statistically significant correlation was that concerning the type of hepatofugal collateral circulation, as digestive haemorrhage proved gradually less frequent in patients with gastro-oesophageal collateral circulation, in those with so-called infraportal collateral circulation and, finally, in those where angiography was unable to demonstrate the presence of any collateral circulation at all.", "PMID": 313535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4034", "title": "[Aneurysms of the coronary arteries. Apropos of a case of bilateral aneurysm successfully treated by surgery].", "content": "Successful surgical management of multiple aneurysms of the coronary arteries by means of an aorto-coronary by-pass was later followed by equal success in the treatment of a double aneurysm of the carotid siphon. The literature appears not to contain any previous report of such an association. The pathogenesis, complications and therapeutic management of this uncommon branch of coronary pathology are discussed.", "contents": "[Aneurysms of the coronary arteries. Apropos of a case of bilateral aneurysm successfully treated by surgery]. Successful surgical management of multiple aneurysms of the coronary arteries by means of an aorto-coronary by-pass was later followed by equal success in the treatment of a double aneurysm of the carotid siphon. The literature appears not to contain any previous report of such an association. The pathogenesis, complications and therapeutic management of this uncommon branch of coronary pathology are discussed.", "PMID": 313536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4035", "title": "[Problems in emergency surgery: segmental portal hypertension].", "content": "Three typical cases of segmental portal hypertension due to occlusion of the splenic vein are reported. This syndrome may be asymptomatic for a very long time and then present suddenly in the form of a serious picture of high digestive haemorrhage due to rupture of the varices of the fundus of the stomach as a result of hypertrophized submucous collateral drainage circulation. Useful for diagnosis are oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, which points to stomach varices, and splenoportography or superselective arteriography of the splenic artery with venous phase, which highlight pathognomonic dilatation and tortuosity of the gastroepiploic veins. Surgical exploration typically shows: presence of large epipolic vessels, splenomegaly, absence of changes in the liver and in the portal and mesenteric circulation. Resolutive treatment of choice is splenectomy.", "contents": "[Problems in emergency surgery: segmental portal hypertension]. Three typical cases of segmental portal hypertension due to occlusion of the splenic vein are reported. This syndrome may be asymptomatic for a very long time and then present suddenly in the form of a serious picture of high digestive haemorrhage due to rupture of the varices of the fundus of the stomach as a result of hypertrophized submucous collateral drainage circulation. Useful for diagnosis are oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, which points to stomach varices, and splenoportography or superselective arteriography of the splenic artery with venous phase, which highlight pathognomonic dilatation and tortuosity of the gastroepiploic veins. Surgical exploration typically shows: presence of large epipolic vessels, splenomegaly, absence of changes in the liver and in the portal and mesenteric circulation. Resolutive treatment of choice is splenectomy.", "PMID": 313537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4036", "title": "Tissue culture of adult human neurons.", "content": "Dissociated neurons from adult human trigeminal and superior cervical ganglia were cultured in vitro for more than 2 months. Immediately after dissociation by incubation in 0.06% collagenase for 15--18 h, the cultures consisted of single neurons or clumps of neurons and degenerating fragments of myelinated or non-myelinated axons. After 7--10 days, bipolar Schwann cells, large neurons and fine nerve fibers were observed. Electron microscopic examination of these neurons revealed all the ultrastructural features of healthy adult neurons including those of lipofuscin pigments. By electrophysiological technique, extracellular recording to action potentials generated by these neurons were obtained indicating the neurons were alive and healthy. The availability of adult human neurons in culture should provide a model system for investigation related to the pathomechanism of lipofuscin formation and aging in general.", "contents": "Tissue culture of adult human neurons. Dissociated neurons from adult human trigeminal and superior cervical ganglia were cultured in vitro for more than 2 months. Immediately after dissociation by incubation in 0.06% collagenase for 15--18 h, the cultures consisted of single neurons or clumps of neurons and degenerating fragments of myelinated or non-myelinated axons. After 7--10 days, bipolar Schwann cells, large neurons and fine nerve fibers were observed. Electron microscopic examination of these neurons revealed all the ultrastructural features of healthy adult neurons including those of lipofuscin pigments. By electrophysiological technique, extracellular recording to action potentials generated by these neurons were obtained indicating the neurons were alive and healthy. The availability of adult human neurons in culture should provide a model system for investigation related to the pathomechanism of lipofuscin formation and aging in general.", "PMID": 313541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4037", "title": "Direct septo-hypothalamic projections in the rat.", "content": "Axonal projections from neurons located in the medial and lateral septal nuclei (MSN and LSN) were traced autoradiographically. The MSN projected bilaterally via a midline route to the diagonal band of Broca (DBB), the preoptic area (POA), the suprachiasmatic (SCN), paraventricular (PVN), ventromedial (VHM) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei including the median eminence (fiberous zone). Lateral coursing fibers traveled with the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) to the supraoptic (SON) and pre- and supra-mammillary nuclei. The majority of LSN axons projected to, and terminated in, the MSN. Fibers projected ipsilaterally through the POA, SON, SCN, ARC, ME and MMN with axonal projections observed throughout the MFB. In summary, the neurons of the MSN project to the medial hypothalamic nuclei via a midline route while LSN axons projected strongly to the MSN with the remaining fibers coursing along the ipsilateral MFB to terminate in several hypothalamic nuclei. These data indicate that a direct septo-hypothalamic pathway exists in the rat.", "contents": "Direct septo-hypothalamic projections in the rat. Axonal projections from neurons located in the medial and lateral septal nuclei (MSN and LSN) were traced autoradiographically. The MSN projected bilaterally via a midline route to the diagonal band of Broca (DBB), the preoptic area (POA), the suprachiasmatic (SCN), paraventricular (PVN), ventromedial (VHM) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei including the median eminence (fiberous zone). Lateral coursing fibers traveled with the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) to the supraoptic (SON) and pre- and supra-mammillary nuclei. The majority of LSN axons projected to, and terminated in, the MSN. Fibers projected ipsilaterally through the POA, SON, SCN, ARC, ME and MMN with axonal projections observed throughout the MFB. In summary, the neurons of the MSN project to the medial hypothalamic nuclei via a midline route while LSN axons projected strongly to the MSN with the remaining fibers coursing along the ipsilateral MFB to terminate in several hypothalamic nuclei. These data indicate that a direct septo-hypothalamic pathway exists in the rat.", "PMID": 313542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4038", "title": "Visual prognosis in bacterial endophthalmitis treated with intravitreal antibiotics.", "content": "Eleven of 16 cases of human culture-proved endophthalmitis have been successfully treated with the intravitreal administration of 400 micrograms of gentamicin sulfate and 360 micrograms of dexamethasone with concomitant use of systemic antibiotics and prednisone. Seven of the 16 eyes (44%) had final visual acuity of 20/400 or better. Four additional eyes had residual useful vision after treatment. The visual prognosis in these cases is directly related to the exotoxin and proteolytic enzyme activity of the organisms. Delay of more than 36 hours between onset of symptoms and intravitreal treatment adversely affects the visual outcome. If a highly virulent organism has been isolated or if treatment has been delayed, vitrectomy to treat acute endophthalmitis is indicated. The comparatively high rate of recovery in this series is probably related to the high dose of intravitreal gentamicin utilized and the concomitant intraocular use of dexamethasone.", "contents": "Visual prognosis in bacterial endophthalmitis treated with intravitreal antibiotics. Eleven of 16 cases of human culture-proved endophthalmitis have been successfully treated with the intravitreal administration of 400 micrograms of gentamicin sulfate and 360 micrograms of dexamethasone with concomitant use of systemic antibiotics and prednisone. Seven of the 16 eyes (44%) had final visual acuity of 20/400 or better. Four additional eyes had residual useful vision after treatment. The visual prognosis in these cases is directly related to the exotoxin and proteolytic enzyme activity of the organisms. Delay of more than 36 hours between onset of symptoms and intravitreal treatment adversely affects the visual outcome. If a highly virulent organism has been isolated or if treatment has been delayed, vitrectomy to treat acute endophthalmitis is indicated. The comparatively high rate of recovery in this series is probably related to the high dose of intravitreal gentamicin utilized and the concomitant intraocular use of dexamethasone.", "PMID": 313546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4039", "title": "Relationship of oral complications to peripheral blood leukocyte and platelet counts in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy often suffer from oral complications as a result of their disease and its treatment. The effects of the chemotherapy on the bone marrow and oral mucosa, coupled with the patient's immunosuppressed state and altered oral microbial flora, predispose these patients to oral mucositis, infection, and hemorrhage. The oral mucosa appears to mirror the effects of the chemotherapy on the bone marrow, as there appears to be a direct relationship between the changing peripheral blood counts and the status of the oral mucosa.", "contents": "Relationship of oral complications to peripheral blood leukocyte and platelet counts in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy often suffer from oral complications as a result of their disease and its treatment. The effects of the chemotherapy on the bone marrow and oral mucosa, coupled with the patient's immunosuppressed state and altered oral microbial flora, predispose these patients to oral mucositis, infection, and hemorrhage. The oral mucosa appears to mirror the effects of the chemotherapy on the bone marrow, as there appears to be a direct relationship between the changing peripheral blood counts and the status of the oral mucosa.", "PMID": 313547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4040", "title": "Acute intracranial vascular accidents.", "content": "Cerebellar hemorrhage, cerebellar infarction, pontine hemorrhage, and pontine infarction are four clinical conditions representative of intracranial posterior fossa accidents, which can mimic acute vestibular disturbances. It is exceedingly important to recognize these clinical entities early and to differentiate them from peripheral vestibulopathies so that appropriate diagnostic tests and therapeutic measures can be instituted early to prevent the high mortality rate seen without appropriate treatment. It is appreciated that without computed axial tomography, rapid diagnosis of these clinical syndromes is more difficult, but it is still possible on the basis of the clinical clues mentioned if their potential significance is recognized.", "contents": "Acute intracranial vascular accidents. Cerebellar hemorrhage, cerebellar infarction, pontine hemorrhage, and pontine infarction are four clinical conditions representative of intracranial posterior fossa accidents, which can mimic acute vestibular disturbances. It is exceedingly important to recognize these clinical entities early and to differentiate them from peripheral vestibulopathies so that appropriate diagnostic tests and therapeutic measures can be instituted early to prevent the high mortality rate seen without appropriate treatment. It is appreciated that without computed axial tomography, rapid diagnosis of these clinical syndromes is more difficult, but it is still possible on the basis of the clinical clues mentioned if their potential significance is recognized.", "PMID": 313549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4041", "title": "The analgesic effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TNS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A comparative study of different pulse patterns.", "content": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TNS) was used on 20 patients with severe wrist pain due to rheumatoid arthritis. Three different stimulation frequencies were used: high 70 Hz stimulation (70 TNS), low frequency 3 Hz stimulation (3 TNS) and brief trains of stimuli with an internal frequency of 70 Hz and with a repetition rate of 3 Hz (3-70 TNS). The analgesic effect was evaluated on the patient's own estimate of pain relief and by means of a loading test in which the length of time the patient could hold a weight before and after TNS was used. The loading test and the patients' own estimate of pain relief corresponded well. After 70 TNS, 18 patients could double their loading time. The corresponding figure for 3-70 TNS was 16 patients and for 3 TNS 5 patients. The average duration of pain relief after cessation of stimulation was 18 h for 70 TNS and 15 h for 3-70 TNS, while those who responded to 3 TNS experienced pain relief for only 4 h on average.", "contents": "The analgesic effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TNS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A comparative study of different pulse patterns. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TNS) was used on 20 patients with severe wrist pain due to rheumatoid arthritis. Three different stimulation frequencies were used: high 70 Hz stimulation (70 TNS), low frequency 3 Hz stimulation (3 TNS) and brief trains of stimuli with an internal frequency of 70 Hz and with a repetition rate of 3 Hz (3-70 TNS). The analgesic effect was evaluated on the patient's own estimate of pain relief and by means of a loading test in which the length of time the patient could hold a weight before and after TNS was used. The loading test and the patients' own estimate of pain relief corresponded well. After 70 TNS, 18 patients could double their loading time. The corresponding figure for 3-70 TNS was 16 patients and for 3 TNS 5 patients. The average duration of pain relief after cessation of stimulation was 18 h for 70 TNS and 15 h for 3-70 TNS, while those who responded to 3 TNS experienced pain relief for only 4 h on average.", "PMID": 313550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4042", "title": "Long term results of peripheral conditioning stimulation as an analgesic measure in chronic pain.", "content": "In the present study 123 patients with chronic pain, consecutively referred for symptomatic pain treatment, were given peripheral conditioning stimulation as an analgesic measure and were followed for 2 years or till they terminated the treatment. The stimulation was either conventional transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) [35] of mainly cutaneous afferents with high frequency (10-100 Hz) or acupuncture-like TNS [11] where muscle nerves are activated at a low repetition rate (1-4 Hz) with small trains of stimuli. The follow-up showed that 55, 41 and 31% of the patients continued the treatment after 3, 12 and 24 months, respectively. About 30% of the patients had to use acupuncture-like TNS to get useful analgesia, defined as a desire of the patient to continue stimulation treatment. Three-quarters of the successfully relieved patients reported more than 50% pain relief as measured from visual analogue scales and half of these reported an increased social activity and a decrease of analgesic drug intake by more than 50%. Psychogenic and visceral pains were less suitable for TNS treatment. It is concluded that peripheral conditioning stimulation is a valuable therapy in cases of chronic pain and that both conventional and acupuncture-like TNS should be tried before considering implantable devices or destructive surgery.", "contents": "Long term results of peripheral conditioning stimulation as an analgesic measure in chronic pain. In the present study 123 patients with chronic pain, consecutively referred for symptomatic pain treatment, were given peripheral conditioning stimulation as an analgesic measure and were followed for 2 years or till they terminated the treatment. The stimulation was either conventional transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) [35] of mainly cutaneous afferents with high frequency (10-100 Hz) or acupuncture-like TNS [11] where muscle nerves are activated at a low repetition rate (1-4 Hz) with small trains of stimuli. The follow-up showed that 55, 41 and 31% of the patients continued the treatment after 3, 12 and 24 months, respectively. About 30% of the patients had to use acupuncture-like TNS to get useful analgesia, defined as a desire of the patient to continue stimulation treatment. Three-quarters of the successfully relieved patients reported more than 50% pain relief as measured from visual analogue scales and half of these reported an increased social activity and a decrease of analgesic drug intake by more than 50%. Psychogenic and visceral pains were less suitable for TNS treatment. It is concluded that peripheral conditioning stimulation is a valuable therapy in cases of chronic pain and that both conventional and acupuncture-like TNS should be tried before considering implantable devices or destructive surgery.", "PMID": 313551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4043", "title": "[Serum and articular immune complexes detection by the antibody-dependent cytotoxicity inhibition reaction in inflammatory rheumatological conditions and connective tissue disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "Detection of circulating and intra-articular soluble immune complexes, has been done in 28 rheumatoid arthritis, 8 mixed connective tissue diseases and 8 other connective tissue diseases. The method used, is based on a competition reaction in the antibody dependent lymphocytotoxicity reaction (ADC). In rheumatoid arthritis serum immune complexes were detected in 75% of the seropositive cases and 66% of the seronegative ones. The mean level of complexes is higher in the former form of the disease. In a given patient, the concentration of immune complexes in joint fluid, is higher than in serum. Immune complexes were present in the serum of 75% of patients with mixed connective tissue disease, but, here, at a concentration lower than in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. It is proposed that measurement of serum immune complexes, can also be an interesting parameter in the follow-up of the patients.", "contents": "[Serum and articular immune complexes detection by the antibody-dependent cytotoxicity inhibition reaction in inflammatory rheumatological conditions and connective tissue disorders (author's transl)]. Detection of circulating and intra-articular soluble immune complexes, has been done in 28 rheumatoid arthritis, 8 mixed connective tissue diseases and 8 other connective tissue diseases. The method used, is based on a competition reaction in the antibody dependent lymphocytotoxicity reaction (ADC). In rheumatoid arthritis serum immune complexes were detected in 75% of the seropositive cases and 66% of the seronegative ones. The mean level of complexes is higher in the former form of the disease. In a given patient, the concentration of immune complexes in joint fluid, is higher than in serum. Immune complexes were present in the serum of 75% of patients with mixed connective tissue disease, but, here, at a concentration lower than in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. It is proposed that measurement of serum immune complexes, can also be an interesting parameter in the follow-up of the patients.", "PMID": 313556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4044", "title": "[Acute cerebellitis in infectious mononucleosis. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "A nineteen year old man present an original clinical case of acute cerebellitis in infectious mononucleosis. Eighteen months after the acute phase of the illness, there persisted a large deficit in the circulating B lymphocytes. A short review of pertinent litterature is presented and current physiopathological hypothesis are discussed. Briefly, delayed immunity and personal predisposition appear to play important etiological roles.", "contents": "[Acute cerebellitis in infectious mononucleosis. One case (author's transl)]. A nineteen year old man present an original clinical case of acute cerebellitis in infectious mononucleosis. Eighteen months after the acute phase of the illness, there persisted a large deficit in the circulating B lymphocytes. A short review of pertinent litterature is presented and current physiopathological hypothesis are discussed. Briefly, delayed immunity and personal predisposition appear to play important etiological roles.", "PMID": 313560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4045", "title": "[Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the patients aged over 65 years. The contribution of endoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred and eighty four patients aged over 65 years and hospitalised for gastrointestinal haemorrhage of high origin underwent emergency oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy. It was thereby possible to make an aetiological diagnosis in 94.5% of cases. The study demonstrated certain special features: the preponderance of acute gastro-duodenal lesions, possibly explained by the high consumption of gastrotoxic drugs in the elderly subject; the relative frequency of oesophagitis (11%), one out of two cases being responsible for the bleeding; the discovery of a hiatal hernia in 59 patients (1/3 of cases), 25% of them bleeding from a lesion directly related to the latter. Bleeding was in large quantity in 57% of cases. Mortality, which was quite high (17%) appeared to be more related to the underlying general condition than to the haemorrhage itself. Endoscopy gave rise to complications in 8 patients, including 3 who died.", "contents": "[Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the patients aged over 65 years. The contribution of endoscopy (author's transl)]. One hundred and eighty four patients aged over 65 years and hospitalised for gastrointestinal haemorrhage of high origin underwent emergency oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy. It was thereby possible to make an aetiological diagnosis in 94.5% of cases. The study demonstrated certain special features: the preponderance of acute gastro-duodenal lesions, possibly explained by the high consumption of gastrotoxic drugs in the elderly subject; the relative frequency of oesophagitis (11%), one out of two cases being responsible for the bleeding; the discovery of a hiatal hernia in 59 patients (1/3 of cases), 25% of them bleeding from a lesion directly related to the latter. Bleeding was in large quantity in 57% of cases. Mortality, which was quite high (17%) appeared to be more related to the underlying general condition than to the haemorrhage itself. Endoscopy gave rise to complications in 8 patients, including 3 who died.", "PMID": 313561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4046", "title": "Quantification of BCG-induced reactions of T and B areas in peripheral lymphoid organs of young adult BALB/c mice. A histomorphometrical and autoradiographical study.", "content": "Significant structural alterations of the axillary lymph nodes and spleens were revealed by histomorphometry following intraperitoneal injection of BCG into young adult BALB/c mice. The relative proportions of the germinal center areas were increased in lymph nodes as well as in spleens. The overall proportion of the B cell areas, however, showed a significant increase only in the spleens, compared to a significant reduction in the lymph nodes. By contrast, T cell areas appeared significantly reduced in the spleens, while their size was almost doubled in the lymph nodes. The labeling index in the lymph node paracortical areas was also doubled autoradiographically. The structural changes in the lymph nodes and spleens differed not only in quality, but also in their time course. In lymph nodes, the altered proportions of the T and B cell areas persisted from the second through the sixth week after BCG treatment. By contrast, structural changes in the spleen began to subside 2 weeks after treatment, and after 6 weeks the proportions of the T and B cell areas in the spleen had returned to normal. These quantitative morphologic findings suggest a difference in the functional roles of lymph nodes and spleen in the systemic immune response to BCG.", "contents": "Quantification of BCG-induced reactions of T and B areas in peripheral lymphoid organs of young adult BALB/c mice. A histomorphometrical and autoradiographical study. Significant structural alterations of the axillary lymph nodes and spleens were revealed by histomorphometry following intraperitoneal injection of BCG into young adult BALB/c mice. The relative proportions of the germinal center areas were increased in lymph nodes as well as in spleens. The overall proportion of the B cell areas, however, showed a significant increase only in the spleens, compared to a significant reduction in the lymph nodes. By contrast, T cell areas appeared significantly reduced in the spleens, while their size was almost doubled in the lymph nodes. The labeling index in the lymph node paracortical areas was also doubled autoradiographically. The structural changes in the lymph nodes and spleens differed not only in quality, but also in their time course. In lymph nodes, the altered proportions of the T and B cell areas persisted from the second through the sixth week after BCG treatment. By contrast, structural changes in the spleen began to subside 2 weeks after treatment, and after 6 weeks the proportions of the T and B cell areas in the spleen had returned to normal. These quantitative morphologic findings suggest a difference in the functional roles of lymph nodes and spleen in the systemic immune response to BCG.", "PMID": 313564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4047", "title": "[New aspects in the treatment of allergic asthma (author's transl)].", "content": "Preventive measures in atopic persons comprise genetic advice, identification of, and prevention of contact with, the more common antigens in infancy and, later on, avoidance of exposure to antigens during the flowering season. In view of the complexity of the asthmatic attack the diagnosis must include all relevant parameters as otherwise consistent treatment is impossible. The only causal therapy is avoidance of exposure to antigens and also to unspecific (physicochemical) noxae which are nearly always superimposed. The value of specific immunotherapy varies according to the antigen or combination of antigens. The final verdict has to await the results of controlled studies in carefully classified and analysed groups, including investigations of immune parameters and uninterrupted registration of exposure to antigens. Until the efficiency, indications and mode of application of immunotherapy have been clearly established desensitization is preferable, provided the allergen has been identified and proved to be active, and exposure to the antigen cannot be avoided. The relatively high success rate obtained with placebos is presumably attributable to concurrent symptomatic treatment and avoidance of contact with the antigen. The already broad spectrum of adjuvent therapy is being constantly and successfully enlarged. Attempts to stimulate the production of antigen-specific suppressor T-cells by denatured antigens, and thereby prevent IgE production, are promising. Until a causal anti-allergy therapy has been developed a carefully and individually planned somatic and psychic polytherapy must remain the rule.", "contents": "[New aspects in the treatment of allergic asthma (author's transl)]. Preventive measures in atopic persons comprise genetic advice, identification of, and prevention of contact with, the more common antigens in infancy and, later on, avoidance of exposure to antigens during the flowering season. In view of the complexity of the asthmatic attack the diagnosis must include all relevant parameters as otherwise consistent treatment is impossible. The only causal therapy is avoidance of exposure to antigens and also to unspecific (physicochemical) noxae which are nearly always superimposed. The value of specific immunotherapy varies according to the antigen or combination of antigens. The final verdict has to await the results of controlled studies in carefully classified and analysed groups, including investigations of immune parameters and uninterrupted registration of exposure to antigens. Until the efficiency, indications and mode of application of immunotherapy have been clearly established desensitization is preferable, provided the allergen has been identified and proved to be active, and exposure to the antigen cannot be avoided. The relatively high success rate obtained with placebos is presumably attributable to concurrent symptomatic treatment and avoidance of contact with the antigen. The already broad spectrum of adjuvent therapy is being constantly and successfully enlarged. Attempts to stimulate the production of antigen-specific suppressor T-cells by denatured antigens, and thereby prevent IgE production, are promising. Until a causal anti-allergy therapy has been developed a carefully and individually planned somatic and psychic polytherapy must remain the rule.", "PMID": 313565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4048", "title": "[Liebow's desquamative pneumonia--a separate disease entity or a form of chronic interstitial pneumonia? (author's transl)].", "content": "When in 1965 Liebow first described desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) and differentiated it from other types of interstitial pneumonia he believed it to be a separate disease entity. The fact that the observed cases were of a relatively benign nature seemed to confirm this view. However, during the past years there have been reports of cases which took a less benign course; it was also observed that disorders with features similar to DIP could be produced by various exogenous noxae. The question, therefore, arises, whether DIP is, in fact, a separate disease entity or a specific pulmonary reaction to a variety of similarly acting noxae.", "contents": "[Liebow's desquamative pneumonia--a separate disease entity or a form of chronic interstitial pneumonia? (author's transl)]. When in 1965 Liebow first described desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) and differentiated it from other types of interstitial pneumonia he believed it to be a separate disease entity. The fact that the observed cases were of a relatively benign nature seemed to confirm this view. However, during the past years there have been reports of cases which took a less benign course; it was also observed that disorders with features similar to DIP could be produced by various exogenous noxae. The question, therefore, arises, whether DIP is, in fact, a separate disease entity or a specific pulmonary reaction to a variety of similarly acting noxae.", "PMID": 313566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4049", "title": "Insulin-stimulated protein phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.", "content": "A protein of molecular weight 31,000 became labeled with 32P within 5 min after addition of insulin to differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes previously incubated for 55 min with 32Pi. The effect was mimicked by antisera directed against the insulin receptor and was eliminated by anti-insulin antiserum. Incorporation of 32P into this protein was more than 20-fold greater in insulin-treated cells than in cells not exposed to the hormone. At concentrations greater than required with insulin, epidermal growth factor and serum (1-5%) also stimulated phosphorylation whereas 1-isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist that increases intracellular accumulation of cyclic AMP, was without effect. The 31,000-dalton protein has been tentatively identified as ribosomal protein S6 by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Incorporation of 32P into S6 could be detected within the same time period (5 min) and at the same insulin concentrations (0.1-1.0 nM) as are required to stimulate hexose uptake in both 3T3-L1 cells and mature mammalian adipocytes. The mechanism by which this phosphorylation either mediates or reflects the intracellular actions of insulin remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Insulin-stimulated protein phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. A protein of molecular weight 31,000 became labeled with 32P within 5 min after addition of insulin to differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes previously incubated for 55 min with 32Pi. The effect was mimicked by antisera directed against the insulin receptor and was eliminated by anti-insulin antiserum. Incorporation of 32P into this protein was more than 20-fold greater in insulin-treated cells than in cells not exposed to the hormone. At concentrations greater than required with insulin, epidermal growth factor and serum (1-5%) also stimulated phosphorylation whereas 1-isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist that increases intracellular accumulation of cyclic AMP, was without effect. The 31,000-dalton protein has been tentatively identified as ribosomal protein S6 by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Incorporation of 32P into S6 could be detected within the same time period (5 min) and at the same insulin concentrations (0.1-1.0 nM) as are required to stimulate hexose uptake in both 3T3-L1 cells and mature mammalian adipocytes. The mechanism by which this phosphorylation either mediates or reflects the intracellular actions of insulin remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 313567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4050", "title": "AU cell-surface antigen of human malignant melanoma: solubilization and partial characterization.", "content": "AU antigen is defined by reactions of sera from patient AU with cell-surface antigens of cultured autologous melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28). Past studies established that no available cell type other than AU melanoma expressed AU antigen. By use of antibody inhibition tests for antigen detection, limited papain digestion of AU melanoma cells was found to result in the solubilization of AU antigen along with beta2-microglobulin (beta 2m) and HLA allogeneic and xenogeneic specificities. Comparable papain treatment of other melanoma and non-melanoma cell lines solubilized beta 2m and HLA, but did not result in the release of antigen with AU reactivity. Maximum yield of AU antigen from AU melanoma cells was obtained after very short (5-15 min) digestion times in contrast to the more prolonged proteolysis required for maximum HLA and beta 2m release. AU antigen was not immunoprecipitated by rabbit antiserum against beta 2m or HLA under conditions leading to partial or complete removal of beta 2m and HLA. At least a proportion of the molecules with AU determinants appear to be glycoproteins, as indicated by specific affinity for Lens culinaris hemagglutinin (LcH). After affinity chromatography on LcH-agarose, the specific activity of AU antigen was increased 50-fold. As determined by gel filtration chromatography, AU antigen has a molecular weight in the range of 20,000-50,000.", "contents": "AU cell-surface antigen of human malignant melanoma: solubilization and partial characterization. AU antigen is defined by reactions of sera from patient AU with cell-surface antigens of cultured autologous melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28). Past studies established that no available cell type other than AU melanoma expressed AU antigen. By use of antibody inhibition tests for antigen detection, limited papain digestion of AU melanoma cells was found to result in the solubilization of AU antigen along with beta2-microglobulin (beta 2m) and HLA allogeneic and xenogeneic specificities. Comparable papain treatment of other melanoma and non-melanoma cell lines solubilized beta 2m and HLA, but did not result in the release of antigen with AU reactivity. Maximum yield of AU antigen from AU melanoma cells was obtained after very short (5-15 min) digestion times in contrast to the more prolonged proteolysis required for maximum HLA and beta 2m release. AU antigen was not immunoprecipitated by rabbit antiserum against beta 2m or HLA under conditions leading to partial or complete removal of beta 2m and HLA. At least a proportion of the molecules with AU determinants appear to be glycoproteins, as indicated by specific affinity for Lens culinaris hemagglutinin (LcH). After affinity chromatography on LcH-agarose, the specific activity of AU antigen was increased 50-fold. As determined by gel filtration chromatography, AU antigen has a molecular weight in the range of 20,000-50,000.", "PMID": 313568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4051", "title": "Crawling movements of lymphocytes on and beneath fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "Some lymphocytes become highly motile upon immunological stimulation in vivo or in vitro. When introduced into a culture of 3T3 or L cells and followed by live-cell microscopy, some of these lymphocytes were observed to crawl on top of, along the edges of, and preferentially beneath the attached fibroblasts. The crawling could be as rapid as 20 mum/min, easily detectable without a time-lapse device. The striking ability of crawling lymphocytes to penetrate beneath attached 3T3 cells provided a quantitative means to compare the crawling activity of different lymphocyte populations under various conditions. Crawling was diminished by inhibitors of energy metabolism, by agents that disrupt the cytoskeleton, and by absence of Mg(2+) and Ca(2+), but not of Ca(2+) alone. Crawling lymphocytes were virtually absent in normal thymus and spleen cells. They increased greatly in 5-day mixed lymphocyte cultures and in peritoneal exudate lymphocytes taken after mice had been immunized with allogeneic tumor cells. T cells accounted for most of the crawlers. Of two T-cell leukemias tested, R1(+) cells were crawlers whereas EL-4 cells were not. The H-2 haplotype of the 3T3 fibroblasts (i.e., whether syngeneic or allogeneic) had no apparent effect on lymphocyte crawling activity. The crawling may relate to the exploration of cell surface antigens by lymphocytes (immune surveillance), to the mode of action of cytotoxic T cells, to the migration of lymphocytes across blood vessel walls, or to the penetration of lymphocytes into \"solid\" masses of normal tissue or tumor cells.", "contents": "Crawling movements of lymphocytes on and beneath fibroblasts in culture. Some lymphocytes become highly motile upon immunological stimulation in vivo or in vitro. When introduced into a culture of 3T3 or L cells and followed by live-cell microscopy, some of these lymphocytes were observed to crawl on top of, along the edges of, and preferentially beneath the attached fibroblasts. The crawling could be as rapid as 20 mum/min, easily detectable without a time-lapse device. The striking ability of crawling lymphocytes to penetrate beneath attached 3T3 cells provided a quantitative means to compare the crawling activity of different lymphocyte populations under various conditions. Crawling was diminished by inhibitors of energy metabolism, by agents that disrupt the cytoskeleton, and by absence of Mg(2+) and Ca(2+), but not of Ca(2+) alone. Crawling lymphocytes were virtually absent in normal thymus and spleen cells. They increased greatly in 5-day mixed lymphocyte cultures and in peritoneal exudate lymphocytes taken after mice had been immunized with allogeneic tumor cells. T cells accounted for most of the crawlers. Of two T-cell leukemias tested, R1(+) cells were crawlers whereas EL-4 cells were not. The H-2 haplotype of the 3T3 fibroblasts (i.e., whether syngeneic or allogeneic) had no apparent effect on lymphocyte crawling activity. The crawling may relate to the exploration of cell surface antigens by lymphocytes (immune surveillance), to the mode of action of cytotoxic T cells, to the migration of lymphocytes across blood vessel walls, or to the penetration of lymphocytes into \"solid\" masses of normal tissue or tumor cells.", "PMID": 313569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4052", "title": "Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) radioimmunoassay: detection of a CSF subclass stimulating macrophage production.", "content": "Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) stimulate the differentiation of immature precursor cells to mature granulocytes and macrophages. Purified 125I-labeled murine L cell CSF has been used to develop a radioimmunoassay (RIA) that detects a subclass of CSFs that stimulates macrophage production. Murine CSF preparations that contain this subclass of CSF complete for all of the CSF binding sites on anti-L cell CSF antibody. With the exception of mouse serum, which can contain inhibitors of the bioassay, there is complete correspondence between activities determined by RIA and those determined by bioassay. The RIA is slightly more sensitive than the bioassay, detecting approximately 0.3 fmol of purified L cell CSF. It also detect this subclass of CSF in chickens, rats, and humans. In the mouse, the subclass is distinguished from other CSFs by a murine cell bioassay dose-response curve in which 90% of the response occurs over a 10-fold (rather than a 100-fold) increase in concentration, by stimulating the formation of colonies containing a high proportion of mononuclear (rather than granulocytic) cells, and by certain physical characteristics.", "contents": "Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) radioimmunoassay: detection of a CSF subclass stimulating macrophage production. Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) stimulate the differentiation of immature precursor cells to mature granulocytes and macrophages. Purified 125I-labeled murine L cell CSF has been used to develop a radioimmunoassay (RIA) that detects a subclass of CSFs that stimulates macrophage production. Murine CSF preparations that contain this subclass of CSF complete for all of the CSF binding sites on anti-L cell CSF antibody. With the exception of mouse serum, which can contain inhibitors of the bioassay, there is complete correspondence between activities determined by RIA and those determined by bioassay. The RIA is slightly more sensitive than the bioassay, detecting approximately 0.3 fmol of purified L cell CSF. It also detect this subclass of CSF in chickens, rats, and humans. In the mouse, the subclass is distinguished from other CSFs by a murine cell bioassay dose-response curve in which 90% of the response occurs over a 10-fold (rather than a 100-fold) increase in concentration, by stimulating the formation of colonies containing a high proportion of mononuclear (rather than granulocytic) cells, and by certain physical characteristics.", "PMID": 313570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4053", "title": "Effects of increasing serotonergic receptor activity in brain on prostagladin E1-induced fever in rabbits.", "content": "In rabbits, increasing serotonergic receptor activity or funtional serotonin in brain with either the inhibitors of serotonin reuptake (e.g. fluoxetine and chlorimipramine) or the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan in combination with the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide, greatly reduced the fever induced by intraventricular prostaglandin E1. The data indicate the brain serotonin plays a role in the elaboration or modulation of the prostaglandin E1-induced fever.", "contents": "Effects of increasing serotonergic receptor activity in brain on prostagladin E1-induced fever in rabbits. In rabbits, increasing serotonergic receptor activity or funtional serotonin in brain with either the inhibitors of serotonin reuptake (e.g. fluoxetine and chlorimipramine) or the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan in combination with the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide, greatly reduced the fever induced by intraventricular prostaglandin E1. The data indicate the brain serotonin plays a role in the elaboration or modulation of the prostaglandin E1-induced fever.", "PMID": 313571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4054", "title": "Angiodysplasia of the colon.", "content": "Angiodysplasia of the colon was diagnosed by arteriography in 33 patients. Approximately one fourth of the lesions were located in the left side of the colon. Three patients with sigmoid lesions had a second lesion elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. The lesions on the left involved a more extensive segment of bowel than those on the right. Almost one third of the patients were younger than 60, and 2 were in their thirties. The angiodysplasia is the source of the bleeding in most patients, and its resection results in cure.", "contents": "Angiodysplasia of the colon. Angiodysplasia of the colon was diagnosed by arteriography in 33 patients. Approximately one fourth of the lesions were located in the left side of the colon. Three patients with sigmoid lesions had a second lesion elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. The lesions on the left involved a more extensive segment of bowel than those on the right. Almost one third of the patients were younger than 60, and 2 were in their thirties. The angiodysplasia is the source of the bleeding in most patients, and its resection results in cure.", "PMID": 313579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4055", "title": "\"Blind pouch\" syndrome: a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "A case of blind pouch formation presenting as gastrointestinal bleeding 23 years following side-to-side small bowel anastomosis to relieve obstruction is reported. Although rare, blind pouches may occasionally be encountered. Familiarity with the clinical and radiographic features can aid in a prompt and precise preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "\"Blind pouch\" syndrome: a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. A case of blind pouch formation presenting as gastrointestinal bleeding 23 years following side-to-side small bowel anastomosis to relieve obstruction is reported. Although rare, blind pouches may occasionally be encountered. Familiarity with the clinical and radiographic features can aid in a prompt and precise preoperative diagnosis.", "PMID": 313580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4056", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid shunt function and hydrocephalus in the pediatric age group: a radiographic/clinical correlation.", "content": "Eighty-four pediatric patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically on 112 separate admissions for suspected increased intracranial pressure and possible shunt malfunction. The shunt system was tested clinically in each patient and correlated with the ventricular size as determined by CT. Of the patients with enlarged ventricles, 87% had an improperly functioning shunt and 13% had a normally functioning shunt. Of the patients with normal or small ventricles, 93% had a normally functioning shunt. Thus the \"false negative\" rate was 4% (small ventricles with a nonfunctioning shunt) and the \"false positive\" rate was 13% (large ventricles with a functioning shunt).", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid shunt function and hydrocephalus in the pediatric age group: a radiographic/clinical correlation. Eighty-four pediatric patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically on 112 separate admissions for suspected increased intracranial pressure and possible shunt malfunction. The shunt system was tested clinically in each patient and correlated with the ventricular size as determined by CT. Of the patients with enlarged ventricles, 87% had an improperly functioning shunt and 13% had a normally functioning shunt. Of the patients with normal or small ventricles, 93% had a normally functioning shunt. Thus the \"false negative\" rate was 4% (small ventricles with a nonfunctioning shunt) and the \"false positive\" rate was 13% (large ventricles with a functioning shunt).", "PMID": 313581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4057", "title": "[Transhepatic emergency obliteration of bleeding gastro-esophageal varices (author's transl)].", "content": "The hemorrage following gastro-esophageal varices cause a high degree of mortality. Personal experience is presented consisting in 15 patients suffering from cirrosis with inoperable hemorrages. These patients underwent transhepatic emergency obliteration of the varices. The hemorrage stopped in 10 patients, 6 of whom later on underwent surgical treatment with porto-systemical anastomosis. In 5 patients the hemorrage reappeared at various intervals from the procedure. Owing to the possible recanalization of the obliterated varices the procedure should be considered essentially as a preoperative management.", "contents": "[Transhepatic emergency obliteration of bleeding gastro-esophageal varices (author's transl)]. The hemorrage following gastro-esophageal varices cause a high degree of mortality. Personal experience is presented consisting in 15 patients suffering from cirrosis with inoperable hemorrages. These patients underwent transhepatic emergency obliteration of the varices. The hemorrage stopped in 10 patients, 6 of whom later on underwent surgical treatment with porto-systemical anastomosis. In 5 patients the hemorrage reappeared at various intervals from the procedure. Owing to the possible recanalization of the obliterated varices the procedure should be considered essentially as a preoperative management.", "PMID": 313582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4058", "title": "Para-aminobenzoate inhibition of precipitation of urine salts.", "content": "Lehmann's observation that potassium para-aminobenzoate has a \"salt precipitating preventive effect\" in urine was confirmed in rats. This effect persisted during the 3-week period of drug administration. There was associated no significant change in urine volume, osmolality, or per cent solids. Since there is a large clinical experience in the chronic use of even larger doses, it would appear quite feasible to determine the clinical usefulness of this property of para-aminobenzoate in the prevention of recurrent renal calculi.", "contents": "Para-aminobenzoate inhibition of precipitation of urine salts. Lehmann's observation that potassium para-aminobenzoate has a \"salt precipitating preventive effect\" in urine was confirmed in rats. This effect persisted during the 3-week period of drug administration. There was associated no significant change in urine volume, osmolality, or per cent solids. Since there is a large clinical experience in the chronic use of even larger doses, it would appear quite feasible to determine the clinical usefulness of this property of para-aminobenzoate in the prevention of recurrent renal calculi.", "PMID": 313589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4059", "title": "Binding of benzo(a)pyrene into lung and thymocyte nuclear fractions.", "content": "Binding of (3H)benzo(a)pyrene into lung and thymocyte nuclear fractions is studied in short term cultures. DNA, RNA and protein in the subnuclear fractions is separated and tightly bound radioactivity is measured. Among the fractions, proteins of the matrix sediment fraction display the highest specific radioactivity. DNA has a low specific radioactivity as compared to that of RNA and protein in all fractions. In thymocyte matrix extract and chromatin fractions the specific radioactivity of RNA exceeds that of protein. Lung nonhistones display a 30 times higher specific radioactivity as compared to histones. The corresponding ratio of the thymocyte fractions is about 10.", "contents": "Binding of benzo(a)pyrene into lung and thymocyte nuclear fractions. Binding of (3H)benzo(a)pyrene into lung and thymocyte nuclear fractions is studied in short term cultures. DNA, RNA and protein in the subnuclear fractions is separated and tightly bound radioactivity is measured. Among the fractions, proteins of the matrix sediment fraction display the highest specific radioactivity. DNA has a low specific radioactivity as compared to that of RNA and protein in all fractions. In thymocyte matrix extract and chromatin fractions the specific radioactivity of RNA exceeds that of protein. Lung nonhistones display a 30 times higher specific radioactivity as compared to histones. The corresponding ratio of the thymocyte fractions is about 10.", "PMID": 313590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4060", "title": "[Clinical and radiological aspects of maxillo-nasal dysostosis: \"naso-maxillo-vertebral syndrome\". A study of 34 new cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Maxillo-nasal dysostosis is not uncommon as we have noted 34 new cases in eight years. The most characteristic anomalies, well described by Binder, are nasal hypoplasia both of bone and cartilage with agenesis of the nasal spine, as well as a characteristic rearrangement of the naso-labial muscles. On first seeing the patient the disease is generally recognized by the very typical aspect of the nose. There very often exists however other dental, mandibular and cervical spine anomolies. It is indispensable to look for these anomalies in the work up of patients with this malformation syndrome \"the naso-maxillo-vertebral syndrome\", in order to better understand the disease and better treat the patients.", "contents": "[Clinical and radiological aspects of maxillo-nasal dysostosis: \"naso-maxillo-vertebral syndrome\". A study of 34 new cases (author's transl)]. Maxillo-nasal dysostosis is not uncommon as we have noted 34 new cases in eight years. The most characteristic anomalies, well described by Binder, are nasal hypoplasia both of bone and cartilage with agenesis of the nasal spine, as well as a characteristic rearrangement of the naso-labial muscles. On first seeing the patient the disease is generally recognized by the very typical aspect of the nose. There very often exists however other dental, mandibular and cervical spine anomolies. It is indispensable to look for these anomalies in the work up of patients with this malformation syndrome \"the naso-maxillo-vertebral syndrome\", in order to better understand the disease and better treat the patients.", "PMID": 313602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4061", "title": "[Partial resection of the tongue (author's transl)].", "content": "An improved simplified technique is described for reducing the volume of the tongue by operation. A plastic support has been designed on which the tongue can be spread out symmetrically and fixed in position. Gallbladder forceps are applied to the base of the tongue to avoid hemorrhage. An initial incision is made through the whole thickness of the tongue down to the support, and a partial resectomy performed, followed by apposition of the wound edges. The results obtained with this procedure are far superior to those previously reported using other techniques: the operation takes less time and there is almost no loss of blood.", "contents": "[Partial resection of the tongue (author's transl)]. An improved simplified technique is described for reducing the volume of the tongue by operation. A plastic support has been designed on which the tongue can be spread out symmetrically and fixed in position. Gallbladder forceps are applied to the base of the tongue to avoid hemorrhage. An initial incision is made through the whole thickness of the tongue down to the support, and a partial resectomy performed, followed by apposition of the wound edges. The results obtained with this procedure are far superior to those previously reported using other techniques: the operation takes less time and there is almost no loss of blood.", "PMID": 313603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4062", "title": "Macrophage/T-lymphocyte interaction in the immune response to PPD in humans.", "content": "The proliferative response of sensitized human T cells to low concentrations of purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) in vitro has previously been shown to depend on the presence of autologous or HLA-D-compatible macrophages (M phi). In this paper we present evidence that the M phi/T cell interaction requires viable M phi and does not involve a soluble factor. T cells from neonates do not respond to PPD in our system, while M phi from neonates are able to present PPD to T cells from HLA-D matched sensitized adults. It is also demonstrated that the previously reported HLA-D restriction of T cell/M phi cooperation is not due to T cell mediated killing of allogeneic macrophages in vitro.", "contents": "Macrophage/T-lymphocyte interaction in the immune response to PPD in humans. The proliferative response of sensitized human T cells to low concentrations of purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) in vitro has previously been shown to depend on the presence of autologous or HLA-D-compatible macrophages (M phi). In this paper we present evidence that the M phi/T cell interaction requires viable M phi and does not involve a soluble factor. T cells from neonates do not respond to PPD in our system, while M phi from neonates are able to present PPD to T cells from HLA-D matched sensitized adults. It is also demonstrated that the previously reported HLA-D restriction of T cell/M phi cooperation is not due to T cell mediated killing of allogeneic macrophages in vitro.", "PMID": 313604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4063", "title": "A chemical approach to the mechanism of B-lymphocyte activation. III. The B-cell-activating structure of T-independent antigens resides ultimately in the carrier.", "content": "Non-immunogenic dinitrophenyl-polymethylmethacrylate and dinitrophenyl-cellulose were rendered immunogenic by introducing, or by exposing, hydroxyl groups; i.e. hydrogen bonds. Conversely, acetylation of Ficoll yielded a polymer no longer functioning as a good carrier, and a similar result was obtained when dipole and hydrogen bond-supplying groups of polyacrylamide were replaced by more hydrophobic chains. All these findings point towards the existence of a carrier-associated lymphocyte-triggering structure. Despite the latter conclusion, the carrier need not be a polyclonal antibody inductor. The possibility of a signal not resulting in polyclonal antibody induction was tested with the system Ficoll/dinitrophenyl-Ficoll: whereas a pulse of Ficoll specifically impaired the immunogenicity of dinitrophenyl-Ficoll, it did not elicit a significant antibody level increase over background. Nevertheless, repetitive Ficoll inoculations into mice gradually increased the basal anti-trinitrophenyl antibody level, and concomitantly the anti-dinitrophenyl response to dinitrophenyl-Ficoll was specifically impaired since the anti-trinitrophenyl response to trinitrophenyl-LPS was unaffected. The two main conclusions are that (1) the ultimate lymphocyte-triggering structure resides in the carrier, and (2) the mere presence of that carrier-associated structure does not mean polyclonal antibody induction, at least under conventional test conditions (i.e. one pulse, 2 days in culture).", "contents": "A chemical approach to the mechanism of B-lymphocyte activation. III. The B-cell-activating structure of T-independent antigens resides ultimately in the carrier. Non-immunogenic dinitrophenyl-polymethylmethacrylate and dinitrophenyl-cellulose were rendered immunogenic by introducing, or by exposing, hydroxyl groups; i.e. hydrogen bonds. Conversely, acetylation of Ficoll yielded a polymer no longer functioning as a good carrier, and a similar result was obtained when dipole and hydrogen bond-supplying groups of polyacrylamide were replaced by more hydrophobic chains. All these findings point towards the existence of a carrier-associated lymphocyte-triggering structure. Despite the latter conclusion, the carrier need not be a polyclonal antibody inductor. The possibility of a signal not resulting in polyclonal antibody induction was tested with the system Ficoll/dinitrophenyl-Ficoll: whereas a pulse of Ficoll specifically impaired the immunogenicity of dinitrophenyl-Ficoll, it did not elicit a significant antibody level increase over background. Nevertheless, repetitive Ficoll inoculations into mice gradually increased the basal anti-trinitrophenyl antibody level, and concomitantly the anti-dinitrophenyl response to dinitrophenyl-Ficoll was specifically impaired since the anti-trinitrophenyl response to trinitrophenyl-LPS was unaffected. The two main conclusions are that (1) the ultimate lymphocyte-triggering structure resides in the carrier, and (2) the mere presence of that carrier-associated structure does not mean polyclonal antibody induction, at least under conventional test conditions (i.e. one pulse, 2 days in culture).", "PMID": 313605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4064", "title": "Colonoscopy in lower gastro-intestinal haemorrhage.", "content": "The value of colonoscopy in the diagnosis and management of lower gastro-intestinal haemorrhage was assessed in 107 patients who were examined during a 2-year period. The main indications were to define uncertain radiological findings, to further investigate the cause of bleeding in patients with normal barium studies and to carry out polypectomy. Radiological lesions were confirmed in 27, defined in 12, and refuted in 14 patients. Twenty-eight lesions were demonstrated on colonoscopy which were not diagnosed by barium enema or sigmoidoscopy. A diagnosis was made by colonoscopy in more than two-thirds of the patients with frank blood loss and normal radiographs. In cases of occult bleeding it was farless helpful. Colonoscopy significantly improved diagnosis and management of gastro-intestinal bleeding when the cause was in doubt after standard investigations. In addition, 37 polyps were removed through the colonoscope from 30 patients.", "contents": "Colonoscopy in lower gastro-intestinal haemorrhage. The value of colonoscopy in the diagnosis and management of lower gastro-intestinal haemorrhage was assessed in 107 patients who were examined during a 2-year period. The main indications were to define uncertain radiological findings, to further investigate the cause of bleeding in patients with normal barium studies and to carry out polypectomy. Radiological lesions were confirmed in 27, defined in 12, and refuted in 14 patients. Twenty-eight lesions were demonstrated on colonoscopy which were not diagnosed by barium enema or sigmoidoscopy. A diagnosis was made by colonoscopy in more than two-thirds of the patients with frank blood loss and normal radiographs. In cases of occult bleeding it was farless helpful. Colonoscopy significantly improved diagnosis and management of gastro-intestinal bleeding when the cause was in doubt after standard investigations. In addition, 37 polyps were removed through the colonoscope from 30 patients.", "PMID": 313606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4065", "title": "Tests and management affecting survival after portacaval and spenorenal shunts.", "content": "New data were derived from records of 115 patients undergoing portacaval or spenorenal shunts from 1966 to 1973. The last serum bilirubin level determined before a shunt was the best predictor of operative mortality. The strongest predictor of long term survival was the first serum albumin level measured after admission. Operative mortality was strongly correlated with intraoperative clotting disorders; however, the prothrombin time and the partial thromboplastin time predicated long term survival. Clinical assessment added unique information to conclusion derived from laboratory tests. Results of operation were independent of the skill and experience of the surgeon, except that the best risk patients perhaps may have done better when operated upon by the most experienced surgeons. Once a patient has stabilized after a bleeding episode, he might as well be operated upon at the same admission rather than be discharged to be operated upon at a later arbitrary time.", "contents": "Tests and management affecting survival after portacaval and spenorenal shunts. New data were derived from records of 115 patients undergoing portacaval or spenorenal shunts from 1966 to 1973. The last serum bilirubin level determined before a shunt was the best predictor of operative mortality. The strongest predictor of long term survival was the first serum albumin level measured after admission. Operative mortality was strongly correlated with intraoperative clotting disorders; however, the prothrombin time and the partial thromboplastin time predicated long term survival. Clinical assessment added unique information to conclusion derived from laboratory tests. Results of operation were independent of the skill and experience of the surgeon, except that the best risk patients perhaps may have done better when operated upon by the most experienced surgeons. Once a patient has stabilized after a bleeding episode, he might as well be operated upon at the same admission rather than be discharged to be operated upon at a later arbitrary time.", "PMID": 313608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4066", "title": "Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of coronary artery stenosis.", "content": "Percutaneous transluminal dilatation (PTD) of coronary stenosis is performed by means of a balloon-tipped catheter introduced from a peripheral artery. PTD was attempted in 56 patients; stenosis was successfully dilated in 38 patients (68%). The method failed in 18 patients: in 6 (11%) of them an abrupt closure of the stenosed artery or a beginning infarction necessitated an emergency revascularization. There were no serious complications or deaths; one patient developed a transmural infarction in spite of the immediate bypass grafting. PTD was also successful in 6 out of 9 patients with recurrent angina following previous coronary bypass grafting. Intraoperative dilatation by coronary arteriotomy was attempted in 6 patients, but the results were inconclusive. PTD is a new method of treatment of coronary artery disease; it represents an addition rather than an alternative to coronary bypass grafting. The decision for PTD should be made jointly by cardiologist and surgeon; the ideal patient has a short history of angina with narrow, proximal stenosis without any calcifications. Cardiosurgical standby is mandatory during PTD; the results are best and the risk lowest in patients with single vessel disease.", "contents": "Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of coronary artery stenosis. Percutaneous transluminal dilatation (PTD) of coronary stenosis is performed by means of a balloon-tipped catheter introduced from a peripheral artery. PTD was attempted in 56 patients; stenosis was successfully dilated in 38 patients (68%). The method failed in 18 patients: in 6 (11%) of them an abrupt closure of the stenosed artery or a beginning infarction necessitated an emergency revascularization. There were no serious complications or deaths; one patient developed a transmural infarction in spite of the immediate bypass grafting. PTD was also successful in 6 out of 9 patients with recurrent angina following previous coronary bypass grafting. Intraoperative dilatation by coronary arteriotomy was attempted in 6 patients, but the results were inconclusive. PTD is a new method of treatment of coronary artery disease; it represents an addition rather than an alternative to coronary bypass grafting. The decision for PTD should be made jointly by cardiologist and surgeon; the ideal patient has a short history of angina with narrow, proximal stenosis without any calcifications. Cardiosurgical standby is mandatory during PTD; the results are best and the risk lowest in patients with single vessel disease.", "PMID": 313612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4067", "title": "In vitro metabolism of testosterone by cultured Sertoli cells and the effect of FSH.", "content": "Cultures of Sertoli cells isolated from testes of 18-and 36-day-old Long Evans rats were used to investigate their capacity to metabolize testosterone and the effect of FSH on such metabolism. Three different approaches were used: 1) investigation of the metabolism of radiolabeled testosterone under saturating substrate conditions; 2) study of the metabolism of radiolabeled testosterone utilizing trace amounts of high specific activity substrates; 3) the utilization of radioimmunoassay for measurement of estradiol-17 beta. The following steroids were isolated and identified by recrystallization to constant specific acitvity from the control and FSH-treated cultures; testosterone (unconverted substrate), androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol. Radioimmunoassay data suggests that the Sertoli cells produce an estradiol-17 beta-like compound from unlabeled testosterone and that this production is stimulated by FSH. However, the radioactive metabolite from all our studies that behaved chromatographically like estradiol--17 beta failed to crystallize to constant specific activity, while in each experiment, authentic radiolabeled estradiol-17 beta added as recovery tracer did. The data demonstrate that : 1) cultures of Sertoli cells from immature rats have 5 alpha-reductase, 3 alpha- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities; 2) these enzymes may be affected by FSH; 3) based on radiolabeled metabolic techniques, Sertoli cells were unable to biotransform testosterone to estradiol-17 beta even in the presence of FSH.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of testosterone by cultured Sertoli cells and the effect of FSH. Cultures of Sertoli cells isolated from testes of 18-and 36-day-old Long Evans rats were used to investigate their capacity to metabolize testosterone and the effect of FSH on such metabolism. Three different approaches were used: 1) investigation of the metabolism of radiolabeled testosterone under saturating substrate conditions; 2) study of the metabolism of radiolabeled testosterone utilizing trace amounts of high specific activity substrates; 3) the utilization of radioimmunoassay for measurement of estradiol-17 beta. The following steroids were isolated and identified by recrystallization to constant specific acitvity from the control and FSH-treated cultures; testosterone (unconverted substrate), androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol. Radioimmunoassay data suggests that the Sertoli cells produce an estradiol-17 beta-like compound from unlabeled testosterone and that this production is stimulated by FSH. However, the radioactive metabolite from all our studies that behaved chromatographically like estradiol--17 beta failed to crystallize to constant specific activity, while in each experiment, authentic radiolabeled estradiol-17 beta added as recovery tracer did. The data demonstrate that : 1) cultures of Sertoli cells from immature rats have 5 alpha-reductase, 3 alpha- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities; 2) these enzymes may be affected by FSH; 3) based on radiolabeled metabolic techniques, Sertoli cells were unable to biotransform testosterone to estradiol-17 beta even in the presence of FSH.", "PMID": 313614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4068", "title": "Removal of myelotoxicity from antilymphocytic sera.", "content": "Antilymphocyte sera (ALS) were prepared by different methods and examined for their myelotoxicity by bone marrow colony-forming assay, both before and after absorption with B cell antigens. The results show that myelotoxicity can readily be removed from some, but not all, ALS. The source of antigen and the immunisation protocol used determine the degree of myelotoxicity and hence the number of absorptions required. Non-myelotoxic ALS may be suitable for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by in vitro treatment of bone marrow before transplantation.", "contents": "Removal of myelotoxicity from antilymphocytic sera. Antilymphocyte sera (ALS) were prepared by different methods and examined for their myelotoxicity by bone marrow colony-forming assay, both before and after absorption with B cell antigens. The results show that myelotoxicity can readily be removed from some, but not all, ALS. The source of antigen and the immunisation protocol used determine the degree of myelotoxicity and hence the number of absorptions required. Non-myelotoxic ALS may be suitable for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by in vitro treatment of bone marrow before transplantation.", "PMID": 313615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4069", "title": "A mixed antiglobulin test for the detection of immunoglobulin G antibody to lymphocytes.", "content": "A mixed antiglobulin test with lymphocytes as test antigens has been developed for the detection of IgG antibodies. Free lymphocytes were counted before and after the addition of anti-D-coated indicator erythrocytes to quantitate the test. The optimal ratio of lymphocytes to indicator erythrocytes was 1: 30. Both anti-T and anti-B lymphocyte antibodies were detected by the test. Nonspecific agglutination of B lymphocytes and detector erythrocytes was avoided by the use of an appropriate dilution of the goat anti-human gamma chain reagent. Unlike cytotoxicity tests it could be used with dead lymphocytes that were frozen and stored intact as well as with live lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were better test antigens than were kidney cells from the same donors in the test. The mixed antiglobulin test with lymphocytes was also more sensitive in the detection of antibodies in hemodialysis patients than was the microlymphocytotoxicity test.", "contents": "A mixed antiglobulin test for the detection of immunoglobulin G antibody to lymphocytes. A mixed antiglobulin test with lymphocytes as test antigens has been developed for the detection of IgG antibodies. Free lymphocytes were counted before and after the addition of anti-D-coated indicator erythrocytes to quantitate the test. The optimal ratio of lymphocytes to indicator erythrocytes was 1: 30. Both anti-T and anti-B lymphocyte antibodies were detected by the test. Nonspecific agglutination of B lymphocytes and detector erythrocytes was avoided by the use of an appropriate dilution of the goat anti-human gamma chain reagent. Unlike cytotoxicity tests it could be used with dead lymphocytes that were frozen and stored intact as well as with live lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were better test antigens than were kidney cells from the same donors in the test. The mixed antiglobulin test with lymphocytes was also more sensitive in the detection of antibodies in hemodialysis patients than was the microlymphocytotoxicity test.", "PMID": 313617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4070", "title": "Pathology of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy in pigs.", "content": "Examination of the small intestine of pigs with proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy showed changes consistent with defects in vascular permeability. Early in the disease there were many eosinophils and distension of lacteals and intercellular spaces with proteinaceous material. Later the predominant features were red blood cells and exudate in tissue spaces. This was most severe and extensive at the tips of villi which were covered by a cast of cells and fibrinous exudate. Adenomatous intestinal mucosal cells contained organisms that were free within the apical cytoplasm and were morphologically identical with those seen in the related disease, porcine intestinal adenomatosis. Also these bacteria were seen free in the subepithelial mucosal area, in blood vessels and within membrane-bound vesicles in phagocytic cells in the mucosa and its blood vessels. Mast cells were prominent in some areas as were thrombosed vessels.", "contents": "Pathology of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy in pigs. Examination of the small intestine of pigs with proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy showed changes consistent with defects in vascular permeability. Early in the disease there were many eosinophils and distension of lacteals and intercellular spaces with proteinaceous material. Later the predominant features were red blood cells and exudate in tissue spaces. This was most severe and extensive at the tips of villi which were covered by a cast of cells and fibrinous exudate. Adenomatous intestinal mucosal cells contained organisms that were free within the apical cytoplasm and were morphologically identical with those seen in the related disease, porcine intestinal adenomatosis. Also these bacteria were seen free in the subepithelial mucosal area, in blood vessels and within membrane-bound vesicles in phagocytic cells in the mucosa and its blood vessels. Mast cells were prominent in some areas as were thrombosed vessels.", "PMID": 313620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4071", "title": "[Nature of the blocking action of the sera of oncological patients on T-lymphocytes].", "content": "Some sera of tumor patients render a blocking effect on the activity of autologous and allogenic T lymphocytes in blasttransformation test to PHA and spontaneous rosette-formation. The activity that block spontaneous rosette-forming reaction is directed against the population of postthymic peripheral lymphocytes but not that of thymocytes. No correlation was found between the serum activity, which block RSP and RBT, and antibodies to PHA, lymphocytotoxins, C-reactive protein and the rheumatoid factor.", "contents": "[Nature of the blocking action of the sera of oncological patients on T-lymphocytes]. Some sera of tumor patients render a blocking effect on the activity of autologous and allogenic T lymphocytes in blasttransformation test to PHA and spontaneous rosette-formation. The activity that block spontaneous rosette-forming reaction is directed against the population of postthymic peripheral lymphocytes but not that of thymocytes. No correlation was found between the serum activity, which block RSP and RBT, and antibodies to PHA, lymphocytotoxins, C-reactive protein and the rheumatoid factor.", "PMID": 313622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4072", "title": "[Possibility of using fish and amphibians for detecting the carcinogenic action of nitrosomorpholine and its chemical precursors].", "content": "When dissolved in water nitrosomorpholine induced in frogs Rana temporaria and aquarium fish adenomas and cancer, hemocytoblastosis, adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinomas of the intestine, mesenchymomas. A combined action of sodium nitrite and morpholine would induce the tumors concerned, but taken separately NN and M produced only a toxic effect. The morpholine nitration appears to proceed both endogenously and directly in water. It seems rational to use animals of the aqueous medium as an indicator of nitrosoamines and their precursors contamination of hydrosphere.", "contents": "[Possibility of using fish and amphibians for detecting the carcinogenic action of nitrosomorpholine and its chemical precursors]. When dissolved in water nitrosomorpholine induced in frogs Rana temporaria and aquarium fish adenomas and cancer, hemocytoblastosis, adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinomas of the intestine, mesenchymomas. A combined action of sodium nitrite and morpholine would induce the tumors concerned, but taken separately NN and M produced only a toxic effect. The morpholine nitration appears to proceed both endogenously and directly in water. It seems rational to use animals of the aqueous medium as an indicator of nitrosoamines and their precursors contamination of hydrosphere.", "PMID": 313623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4073", "title": "Enhanced yield of antihemophilic factor and von Willebrand factor by cryoprecipitation with polyethylene glycol.", "content": "A procedure involving cryoprecipitation of human plasma in the presence of polyethylene glycol results in consistently higher yields of antihemophilic factor and von Willebrand factor than were heretofore achieved by cryoprecipitation alone. The resulting AHF and vWF are at least as pure as ordinary cryoprecipitate and can easily be further purified by additional processing. The method is expected to be especially useful in the preparation of AHF and vWF concentrates for the treatment of patients with hemophilia or von Willebrand's disease.", "contents": "Enhanced yield of antihemophilic factor and von Willebrand factor by cryoprecipitation with polyethylene glycol. A procedure involving cryoprecipitation of human plasma in the presence of polyethylene glycol results in consistently higher yields of antihemophilic factor and von Willebrand factor than were heretofore achieved by cryoprecipitation alone. The resulting AHF and vWF are at least as pure as ordinary cryoprecipitate and can easily be further purified by additional processing. The method is expected to be especially useful in the preparation of AHF and vWF concentrates for the treatment of patients with hemophilia or von Willebrand's disease.", "PMID": 313629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4074", "title": "[Demonstration of cytoplasmatic immunoglobulins in pleural fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunopathological investigations for demonstration of intracytoplasmatic immunoglobulins (zIg) were carried out in 100 pleural fluids of different aetiology. In 1/3 of all fluids gamma-globulin and IgG were found in plasma cells and lymphoblasts (immunocytes). Most often zIg were seen in postpneumonic and tumorous effusions, very sparse in tuberculosis. Among different organ tumors bronchial carcinomas exhibit a high percentage of positive findings.", "contents": "[Demonstration of cytoplasmatic immunoglobulins in pleural fluids (author's transl)]. Immunopathological investigations for demonstration of intracytoplasmatic immunoglobulins (zIg) were carried out in 100 pleural fluids of different aetiology. In 1/3 of all fluids gamma-globulin and IgG were found in plasma cells and lymphoblasts (immunocytes). Most often zIg were seen in postpneumonic and tumorous effusions, very sparse in tuberculosis. Among different organ tumors bronchial carcinomas exhibit a high percentage of positive findings.", "PMID": 313631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4075", "title": "[The specificity of peptide-PABA-test (author's transl)].", "content": "Exocrine pancreatic function was determined by oral administration of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (peptic-PABA-test) in 120 controls, 74 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 35 patients with acute pancreatitis 2--6 weeks after recovery, 201 patients with a variety of gastro-intestinal diseases and in 10 patients with anorexia nervosa. In the control group, 70% +/- 18% of the oral administered dose of PABA was found within 6 hours in the urine. In contrast the group of chronic pancreatic patients excreted only 40% +/- 13% over the same period. \"False negative\" PABA excretion was found in 11 (9%) of the 120 persons with no pancreas disease. \"False positive\" PABA excretion was found in 13 (17,5%) of the 74 patients with chronic pancreatitis. The test was not influenced by age or sex. After stomach resection or cholecystectomy and in patients with ulcus duodeni, chronic hepatitis, functional diarrhea, Crohn's disease, colitis ulcerosa and acute pancreatitis 2--6 weeks after recovery the peptide-PABA-test was not distored. Diminished PABA excretion was encountered in some patients with toxic liver disease, inflammatory disease of the small intensine like M. Whipple, celiac disease and unspecific enteritis and in a few patients with cholelithiasis. Low PABA excretion was found in early all patients with partial small intestinal resection, terminal liver cirrhosis or liver metastasis with ascites and in all patients with anorexia nervosa.", "contents": "[The specificity of peptide-PABA-test (author's transl)]. Exocrine pancreatic function was determined by oral administration of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (peptic-PABA-test) in 120 controls, 74 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 35 patients with acute pancreatitis 2--6 weeks after recovery, 201 patients with a variety of gastro-intestinal diseases and in 10 patients with anorexia nervosa. In the control group, 70% +/- 18% of the oral administered dose of PABA was found within 6 hours in the urine. In contrast the group of chronic pancreatic patients excreted only 40% +/- 13% over the same period. \"False negative\" PABA excretion was found in 11 (9%) of the 120 persons with no pancreas disease. \"False positive\" PABA excretion was found in 13 (17,5%) of the 74 patients with chronic pancreatitis. The test was not influenced by age or sex. After stomach resection or cholecystectomy and in patients with ulcus duodeni, chronic hepatitis, functional diarrhea, Crohn's disease, colitis ulcerosa and acute pancreatitis 2--6 weeks after recovery the peptide-PABA-test was not distored. Diminished PABA excretion was encountered in some patients with toxic liver disease, inflammatory disease of the small intensine like M. Whipple, celiac disease and unspecific enteritis and in a few patients with cholelithiasis. Low PABA excretion was found in early all patients with partial small intestinal resection, terminal liver cirrhosis or liver metastasis with ascites and in all patients with anorexia nervosa.", "PMID": 313633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4076", "title": "Assay of immunoglobulins in supernatants of lymphoid cell lines by conventional laser nephelometry.", "content": "An adaptation of the nephelometric assay for serum immunoglobulins has been developed for detection and quantitation of extracellular immunoglobulins in cultures of lymphoblastoid cell lines. This assay employs the standard equipment for laser nephelometry and commercial reagents for immunoglobulin quantitation. By adjusting dilutions of controls and sample volumes of culture supernatants, amounts of IgG and IgM below 1 microgram/ml can be detected in culture supernatants. At concentrations between 1 and 4 microgram/ml, day-to-day and within-run variations for IgM assays were 16 and 11% respectively. The possibility of measuring immunoglobulins secreted by cell lines by conventional laser nephelometry opens several areas of application in the study of the functional activity of B cells and of cell-cell interactions.", "contents": "Assay of immunoglobulins in supernatants of lymphoid cell lines by conventional laser nephelometry. An adaptation of the nephelometric assay for serum immunoglobulins has been developed for detection and quantitation of extracellular immunoglobulins in cultures of lymphoblastoid cell lines. This assay employs the standard equipment for laser nephelometry and commercial reagents for immunoglobulin quantitation. By adjusting dilutions of controls and sample volumes of culture supernatants, amounts of IgG and IgM below 1 microgram/ml can be detected in culture supernatants. At concentrations between 1 and 4 microgram/ml, day-to-day and within-run variations for IgM assays were 16 and 11% respectively. The possibility of measuring immunoglobulins secreted by cell lines by conventional laser nephelometry opens several areas of application in the study of the functional activity of B cells and of cell-cell interactions.", "PMID": 313634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4077", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in the liver and peripheral blood of subjects with acute and chronic hepatitis.", "content": "E and EAC rosette-forming cells in the peripheral blood and in the liver of subjects with acute and chronic hepatitis were studied. We found a highly significant reduction (P less than 0.01) of E rosette percentage in the lymphocytes isolated from the liver patients with chronic persistent, and chronic active, hepatitis. EAC rosette-forming cells were significantly increased in the liver of patients with chronic active hepatis (P less than 0.01). In this condition lymphocytes with Fc receptor were also found.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in the liver and peripheral blood of subjects with acute and chronic hepatitis. E and EAC rosette-forming cells in the peripheral blood and in the liver of subjects with acute and chronic hepatitis were studied. We found a highly significant reduction (P less than 0.01) of E rosette percentage in the lymphocytes isolated from the liver patients with chronic persistent, and chronic active, hepatitis. EAC rosette-forming cells were significantly increased in the liver of patients with chronic active hepatis (P less than 0.01). In this condition lymphocytes with Fc receptor were also found.", "PMID": 313635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4078", "title": "[Diameter of coronary arteries before and after bypass grafting (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients with patent coronary bypass grafts showed the followings: 1. a decrease in prestenotic coronary diameter due to a reduction in flow. 2. An increase of the poststenotic segment of the bypassed vessel due to an increase in flow via the venous graft. 3. An increase of the bypassed stenosis, mainly due to a general decrease of vessel diameter proximal to the stenosis. 4. No change in diameter in non bypassed arteries. The postoperative changes in diameter were not dependent on the time elapsed since surgery and were independent from the severity of coronary sclerosis and the number of risk factors. A correlation was found between the amount of the diameter changes and the amount of reduction in exercise induced ST-segment depression. The decrease in coronary diameter proximal to the stenosis is not due to progression of coronary sclerosis but to a functional change. A narrow poststenotic vessel does not constitute a contraindication for bypass grafting because its true diameter is flow dependent and cannot be judged with certainty from the preoperative angiogram.", "contents": "[Diameter of coronary arteries before and after bypass grafting (author's transl)]. Patients with patent coronary bypass grafts showed the followings: 1. a decrease in prestenotic coronary diameter due to a reduction in flow. 2. An increase of the poststenotic segment of the bypassed vessel due to an increase in flow via the venous graft. 3. An increase of the bypassed stenosis, mainly due to a general decrease of vessel diameter proximal to the stenosis. 4. No change in diameter in non bypassed arteries. The postoperative changes in diameter were not dependent on the time elapsed since surgery and were independent from the severity of coronary sclerosis and the number of risk factors. A correlation was found between the amount of the diameter changes and the amount of reduction in exercise induced ST-segment depression. The decrease in coronary diameter proximal to the stenosis is not due to progression of coronary sclerosis but to a functional change. A narrow poststenotic vessel does not constitute a contraindication for bypass grafting because its true diameter is flow dependent and cannot be judged with certainty from the preoperative angiogram.", "PMID": 313636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4079", "title": "[Disturbed growth in height in multiple cartilaginous exostoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Basing on the hypothesis that reduced body height in patients with multiple cartilaginous exostoses would be mainly accounted for by shorter extremities, not by a shorter trunk, the authors clinically examined 19 exostosis patients in respect of thigh, lower leg, upper and lower arm, as well as height of the seated patient. The dimensions were compared by the method of matched pairs, with 19 volunteers without diseased skeleton, who corresponded with one of the exostosis patients in respect of age, sex and height of seated patient. Results were evaluated according to Wilcoxon's test. This showed a statistically significant reduction in length of the extremities in adults with multiple cartilaginous exostoses.", "contents": "[Disturbed growth in height in multiple cartilaginous exostoses (author's transl)]. Basing on the hypothesis that reduced body height in patients with multiple cartilaginous exostoses would be mainly accounted for by shorter extremities, not by a shorter trunk, the authors clinically examined 19 exostosis patients in respect of thigh, lower leg, upper and lower arm, as well as height of the seated patient. The dimensions were compared by the method of matched pairs, with 19 volunteers without diseased skeleton, who corresponded with one of the exostosis patients in respect of age, sex and height of seated patient. Results were evaluated according to Wilcoxon's test. This showed a statistically significant reduction in length of the extremities in adults with multiple cartilaginous exostoses.", "PMID": 313637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4080", "title": "Studies on the prevalence of renal disease and hypertension in relation to schistosomiasis. IV. Systemic blood pressure hypertension and related features.", "content": "Two comparable rural communities but with varying endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis in environs of Ibadan, Nigeria, have been studied by a total cross-sectional population survey. It has been found that:- (i) schistosomiasis does not predispose to raised blood pressure (ii) both diastolic and systolic blood pressure increase with age. (iii) prevalence of systemic hypertension is higher in females than males (iv) body weight and height are related to hypertension in both males and females (v) parity would seem to be related to hypertension in the females (vi) except in the younger female group (1--19 years) where polyuria, frontal headache, palpitations appear related to systolic hypertension, raised blood pressure would appear to have no symptoms. In particular headache in any part of the head bears no clear relationship. (vii) The majority of hypertensives would appear to belong to the primary variety but proteinuria among females has been found to be significantly related to hypertension.", "contents": "Studies on the prevalence of renal disease and hypertension in relation to schistosomiasis. IV. Systemic blood pressure hypertension and related features. Two comparable rural communities but with varying endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis in environs of Ibadan, Nigeria, have been studied by a total cross-sectional population survey. It has been found that:- (i) schistosomiasis does not predispose to raised blood pressure (ii) both diastolic and systolic blood pressure increase with age. (iii) prevalence of systemic hypertension is higher in females than males (iv) body weight and height are related to hypertension in both males and females (v) parity would seem to be related to hypertension in the females (vi) except in the younger female group (1--19 years) where polyuria, frontal headache, palpitations appear related to systolic hypertension, raised blood pressure would appear to have no symptoms. In particular headache in any part of the head bears no clear relationship. (vii) The majority of hypertensives would appear to belong to the primary variety but proteinuria among females has been found to be significantly related to hypertension.", "PMID": 313638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4081", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin levels and phenotypes in some healthy Nigerians--. A preliminary report.", "content": "Levels of serum Alpha-1-Antitrypsin were determined in 59 healthy adults and in-cord samples of 42 newborn Nigerians using the immunochemical method of Mancini. The protease inhibitor phenotypes were also determined in these samples by Iso-electric focusing in an LKB multiphor electrophoresis system. The mean adult serum level was 106% of internationally accepted levels. The mean cord level was 75% of the adult mean. The finding of a rare genetic variant 'S' in two of the 96 sera is higher than figures hitherto quoted in the literature. We thus believe that it will be very interesting to study a larger sample of Nigerians in the future.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin levels and phenotypes in some healthy Nigerians--. A preliminary report. Levels of serum Alpha-1-Antitrypsin were determined in 59 healthy adults and in-cord samples of 42 newborn Nigerians using the immunochemical method of Mancini. The protease inhibitor phenotypes were also determined in these samples by Iso-electric focusing in an LKB multiphor electrophoresis system. The mean adult serum level was 106% of internationally accepted levels. The mean cord level was 75% of the adult mean. The finding of a rare genetic variant 'S' in two of the 96 sera is higher than figures hitherto quoted in the literature. We thus believe that it will be very interesting to study a larger sample of Nigerians in the future.", "PMID": 313639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4082", "title": "The economic potential and the role of aspirin and alcohol ingestion in relation to haematemesis and meleana.", "content": "The economic potential and the role of aspirin and alcohol ingestion have been explored in relation to acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage complicating duodenal ulcer disease or portal hypertension. Of special interest in the study was the clear indication of the relevance of socioeconomic impact in the haemorrhage patients, the majority of whom were found to belong to the class of unskilled wage earners. Though a history of regular ingestion of salicylate compounds and alcohol was commonly obtained on specific questioning, only in six of the thirty-one patients could the onset of the overt haemorrhage be attributed to adverse synergism between these two groups of drugs.", "contents": "The economic potential and the role of aspirin and alcohol ingestion in relation to haematemesis and meleana. The economic potential and the role of aspirin and alcohol ingestion have been explored in relation to acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage complicating duodenal ulcer disease or portal hypertension. Of special interest in the study was the clear indication of the relevance of socioeconomic impact in the haemorrhage patients, the majority of whom were found to belong to the class of unskilled wage earners. Though a history of regular ingestion of salicylate compounds and alcohol was commonly obtained on specific questioning, only in six of the thirty-one patients could the onset of the overt haemorrhage be attributed to adverse synergism between these two groups of drugs.", "PMID": 313640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4083", "title": "[T- and B-lymphocyte count in the spleen and lymph nodes of guinea pigs administered oxytetracycline intramuscularly].", "content": "The E and EAC rosette formation tests, carried out in order to determine the count of T and B lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes of guinea pigs after several intramuscular of oxytetracycline, showed a decrease in the ability of B lymphocytes in the reaction of EAC rosette formation with the simultaneous rise of the level of \"zero\" cells without surface receptors characteristic of T and B lymphocytes. The data obtained in this study indicated the possibility for tetracyclines to effect the differntiation and ripening of the medullary precursors of B lymphocytes.", "contents": "[T- and B-lymphocyte count in the spleen and lymph nodes of guinea pigs administered oxytetracycline intramuscularly]. The E and EAC rosette formation tests, carried out in order to determine the count of T and B lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes of guinea pigs after several intramuscular of oxytetracycline, showed a decrease in the ability of B lymphocytes in the reaction of EAC rosette formation with the simultaneous rise of the level of \"zero\" cells without surface receptors characteristic of T and B lymphocytes. The data obtained in this study indicated the possibility for tetracyclines to effect the differntiation and ripening of the medullary precursors of B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 313642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4084", "title": "Arterio-appendiceal fistula after arterial reconstruction with synthetic graft.", "content": "A patient who 5 years previously had an aortoiliac reconstruction with a dacron graft developed intestinal bleeding. At laparotomy this was found to be due to a fistula between a pseudoaneurysm at the right iliac artery anastomosis and the appendix. Resection of the aneurysm and adjacent parts of artery and graft with additional appendectomy prevented further intestinal bleeding. A search of the literature produced only one previously reported case similar to this.", "contents": "Arterio-appendiceal fistula after arterial reconstruction with synthetic graft. A patient who 5 years previously had an aortoiliac reconstruction with a dacron graft developed intestinal bleeding. At laparotomy this was found to be due to a fistula between a pseudoaneurysm at the right iliac artery anastomosis and the appendix. Resection of the aneurysm and adjacent parts of artery and graft with additional appendectomy prevented further intestinal bleeding. A search of the literature produced only one previously reported case similar to this.", "PMID": 313643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4085", "title": "Hemobilia in haemochromatosis--localized by 99mTechnetium-albumin scintiphotography.", "content": "Hemobilia in a patient with haemochromatosis is reported. Preoperatively the bleeding was localized with abdominal scintiphotography after I.V. injection of 99mTechnetium-labelled albumin. The bleeding was ascribed to rupture of a varicose vein into the gallbladder.", "contents": "Hemobilia in haemochromatosis--localized by 99mTechnetium-albumin scintiphotography. Hemobilia in a patient with haemochromatosis is reported. Preoperatively the bleeding was localized with abdominal scintiphotography after I.V. injection of 99mTechnetium-labelled albumin. The bleeding was ascribed to rupture of a varicose vein into the gallbladder.", "PMID": 313644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4086", "title": "The effect of single and double trauma on the mitotic activity of bone marrow and thymus.", "content": "Different types of trauma and antigenic challenge bring about significant increases in the mitotic rates of bone marrow and thymus. This cell response probably occurs in order to produce leucocytes and macrophages, which are needed for the defence of the organism on injury. The present investigation shows that when two traumatic injuries take place only two days after each other, the cell response to the second trauma becomes completely abolished. With an interval of 10 days, however, the cellular proliferation has returned although delayed.", "contents": "The effect of single and double trauma on the mitotic activity of bone marrow and thymus. Different types of trauma and antigenic challenge bring about significant increases in the mitotic rates of bone marrow and thymus. This cell response probably occurs in order to produce leucocytes and macrophages, which are needed for the defence of the organism on injury. The present investigation shows that when two traumatic injuries take place only two days after each other, the cell response to the second trauma becomes completely abolished. With an interval of 10 days, however, the cellular proliferation has returned although delayed.", "PMID": 313645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4087", "title": "Atherosclerosis of the left main coronary artery: 5 years results of surgical treatment.", "content": "Three hundred consecutive patients received coronary arterial bypass grafts as treatment for stenosis of the left main coronary artery. Ostial stenosis was more prevalent among women (P less than 0.001). Operative (hospital) mortality was 4 percent (12 of 300). Among 148 survivors who underwent recatheterization after a mean interval of 16.5 months, the graft patency rate was 88 percent. After a minimal follow-up period of 49 months and a mean interval of 69 months, 75 percent of the survivors were asymptomatic and 94 percent were employed or fully active. The actuarial 5 year survival rate was 88.2 percent. The presence of right coronary artery disease, abnormal preoperative ventricular function and incomplete revascularization adversely affected survival, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Comparison of this long-term follow-up study with controlled and noncontrolled studies of nonsurgical treatment of obstructions of the left main coronary artery indicates that myocardial revascularization alleviates cardiac symptoms and increases life expectancy in patients with severe atherosclerosis of this artery.", "contents": "Atherosclerosis of the left main coronary artery: 5 years results of surgical treatment. Three hundred consecutive patients received coronary arterial bypass grafts as treatment for stenosis of the left main coronary artery. Ostial stenosis was more prevalent among women (P less than 0.001). Operative (hospital) mortality was 4 percent (12 of 300). Among 148 survivors who underwent recatheterization after a mean interval of 16.5 months, the graft patency rate was 88 percent. After a minimal follow-up period of 49 months and a mean interval of 69 months, 75 percent of the survivors were asymptomatic and 94 percent were employed or fully active. The actuarial 5 year survival rate was 88.2 percent. The presence of right coronary artery disease, abnormal preoperative ventricular function and incomplete revascularization adversely affected survival, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Comparison of this long-term follow-up study with controlled and noncontrolled studies of nonsurgical treatment of obstructions of the left main coronary artery indicates that myocardial revascularization alleviates cardiac symptoms and increases life expectancy in patients with severe atherosclerosis of this artery.", "PMID": 313646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4088", "title": "Mechanism of relief of angina after coronary bypass surgery: an angiographic study.", "content": "Coronary angiography was performed before and after coronary revascularization in 67 patients. The interval between studies ranged from 1 to 38 months (average 9.9). The patients were separated into four clinical groups on the basis of their symptoms at the time of restudy; Group I, 13 asymptomatic patients; Group II, 19 patients with nonanginal chest pain (18 cases) or dyspnea (1 case); Group III, 12 patients whose angina was relieved but not eliminated; and Group IV, 23 patients whose angina was not alleviated. The graft patency rate was 72 percent in Group I, 78 percent in Group II, 61 percent in Group IIII and 34 percent in Group IV. The sum of diseased, but not bypassed and unsuccessfully bypassed arteries per patient was 1.6 in Groups I and II. 2.9 in Group III and 4.0 in Group IV. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction, defined using enzymatic and electrocardiographic criteria, was 8 percent for Group I, 26 percent for Group II, 25 percent for Group III and 52 percent for Group IV. Anginal relief after coronary bypass surgery is achieved by successful and complete revascularization rather than by perioperative myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Mechanism of relief of angina after coronary bypass surgery: an angiographic study. Coronary angiography was performed before and after coronary revascularization in 67 patients. The interval between studies ranged from 1 to 38 months (average 9.9). The patients were separated into four clinical groups on the basis of their symptoms at the time of restudy; Group I, 13 asymptomatic patients; Group II, 19 patients with nonanginal chest pain (18 cases) or dyspnea (1 case); Group III, 12 patients whose angina was relieved but not eliminated; and Group IV, 23 patients whose angina was not alleviated. The graft patency rate was 72 percent in Group I, 78 percent in Group II, 61 percent in Group IIII and 34 percent in Group IV. The sum of diseased, but not bypassed and unsuccessfully bypassed arteries per patient was 1.6 in Groups I and II. 2.9 in Group III and 4.0 in Group IV. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction, defined using enzymatic and electrocardiographic criteria, was 8 percent for Group I, 26 percent for Group II, 25 percent for Group III and 52 percent for Group IV. Anginal relief after coronary bypass surgery is achieved by successful and complete revascularization rather than by perioperative myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 313647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4089", "title": "[Mural thromboses of the right heart. Clinico-pathological study].", "content": "39 instances of mural thrombosis of the right side of the heart were observed among 2000 cases of post-mortem examinations. The right atrium was the most frequent site of thrombosis; the right ventricle was involved in 8 cases. The relationships between right sided thrombosis and rhythm disturbances, myocardial or valvular disease, myocardial infarction, pulmonary disease, neoplasm, sepsis and disturbance of coagulation are discussed. The high incidence of pulmonary embolism and their relationship with thrombosis of the right side of the heart are emphasized.", "contents": "[Mural thromboses of the right heart. Clinico-pathological study]. 39 instances of mural thrombosis of the right side of the heart were observed among 2000 cases of post-mortem examinations. The right atrium was the most frequent site of thrombosis; the right ventricle was involved in 8 cases. The relationships between right sided thrombosis and rhythm disturbances, myocardial or valvular disease, myocardial infarction, pulmonary disease, neoplasm, sepsis and disturbance of coagulation are discussed. The high incidence of pulmonary embolism and their relationship with thrombosis of the right side of the heart are emphasized.", "PMID": 313649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4090", "title": "[Combined treatment of carotid and coronary artery insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The association of a coronary insufficiency and a significant stenosis of the carotid trunks brings up a difficult problem of operative strategy. In a series of 142 patients operated by an aortocoronary vein graft 5 presented a bilateral carotid stenosis, of which two had a history of transient ischemic accidents. These were operated either in sequence: carotid then coronary, or by a simultaneous procedure. In conclusion it appears the planning of surgical procedures in cases of such combined vascular insufficiencies depends on the relative severity of both lesions, and in a case of unstable angina a simultaneous carotid-coronary operation is warranted.", "contents": "[Combined treatment of carotid and coronary artery insufficiency (author's transl)]. The association of a coronary insufficiency and a significant stenosis of the carotid trunks brings up a difficult problem of operative strategy. In a series of 142 patients operated by an aortocoronary vein graft 5 presented a bilateral carotid stenosis, of which two had a history of transient ischemic accidents. These were operated either in sequence: carotid then coronary, or by a simultaneous procedure. In conclusion it appears the planning of surgical procedures in cases of such combined vascular insufficiencies depends on the relative severity of both lesions, and in a case of unstable angina a simultaneous carotid-coronary operation is warranted.", "PMID": 313652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4091", "title": "Ionic composition of the endolymph and sensory transduction in labyrinthine organs.", "content": "The role of various ions in stimuli conversion has been investigated in isolated frog semicircular canals, by replacing the endolymph with solutions deprived in turn of Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca++. Mechanical and electrical stimuli were employed and slow ampullar and nerve potentials were recorded, together with the afferent discharge of impulses in the eighth nerve. The results support evidence that K+ is the carrier of the receptor current, as postulated in Davis' hypothesis, while Ca++ is essential in the processes which allow the current to be modulated during cupula deflections and therefore endon hair cells with mechanical sensitivity.", "contents": "Ionic composition of the endolymph and sensory transduction in labyrinthine organs. The role of various ions in stimuli conversion has been investigated in isolated frog semicircular canals, by replacing the endolymph with solutions deprived in turn of Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca++. Mechanical and electrical stimuli were employed and slow ampullar and nerve potentials were recorded, together with the afferent discharge of impulses in the eighth nerve. The results support evidence that K+ is the carrier of the receptor current, as postulated in Davis' hypothesis, while Ca++ is essential in the processes which allow the current to be modulated during cupula deflections and therefore endon hair cells with mechanical sensitivity.", "PMID": 313653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4092", "title": "Efferent controlled integrating fuctions of primary vestibular afferents.", "content": "The vestibular type II receptor cells of mammalians are multiply innervated. Their afferents are integrating neurons consisting of many inputs but only one output. They transform the irregular spontaneous input activity into a regular output. Under the influence of efferent activity following the stimulation of the contralateral labyrinth, this regular output activity becomes irregular. This efferent influence upon afferent spontaneous activity is analysed by means of an existing computer model of an integrating cell. The analysis confirms a high functional interdependence of both labyrinths.", "contents": "Efferent controlled integrating fuctions of primary vestibular afferents. The vestibular type II receptor cells of mammalians are multiply innervated. Their afferents are integrating neurons consisting of many inputs but only one output. They transform the irregular spontaneous input activity into a regular output. Under the influence of efferent activity following the stimulation of the contralateral labyrinth, this regular output activity becomes irregular. This efferent influence upon afferent spontaneous activity is analysed by means of an existing computer model of an integrating cell. The analysis confirms a high functional interdependence of both labyrinths.", "PMID": 313654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4093", "title": "The vestibulo-ocular reflex in newborn rats.", "content": "To study the development of vestibular functioning, the vestibulo-ocular reflex was tested in rats of increasing age. High frequency electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve elicited characteristic conjugate eye movements in newborn rats well before the eyes were open (about day 15 after birth) and before the semi-circular canals had reached full adult size (about day 22 after birth). The threshold currents decreased during growth.", "contents": "The vestibulo-ocular reflex in newborn rats. To study the development of vestibular functioning, the vestibulo-ocular reflex was tested in rats of increasing age. High frequency electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve elicited characteristic conjugate eye movements in newborn rats well before the eyes were open (about day 15 after birth) and before the semi-circular canals had reached full adult size (about day 22 after birth). The threshold currents decreased during growth.", "PMID": 313655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4094", "title": "Effects of diethyl-stilboestrol on single fibres of frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effects of diethyl-stilboestrol (DES), one of the most potent estrogens, were studied on single muscle fibres of the frog. In relatively low concentrations (5 muM), DES greatly potentiates the twitch response of the fibre without significantly affecting the amplitude of the tetanus response. The twitch potentiation is accompanied by an increase in time to peak tension and marked prolongation of the relaxation phase. In tetanic response the half decay time after the last stimulus is also prolonged by DES. DES causes no changes in the resting or action potential of the muscle fibre. The S-shaped curve relating peak contracture tension and caffeine concentration is shifted towards lower caffeine concentrations by DES. Dantrolene greatly suppresses the DES potentiated twitch. It is concluded that DES potentiates the twitch response and prolongs the relaxation time by inhibition of the calcium re-uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Effects of diethyl-stilboestrol on single fibres of frog skeletal muscle. The effects of diethyl-stilboestrol (DES), one of the most potent estrogens, were studied on single muscle fibres of the frog. In relatively low concentrations (5 muM), DES greatly potentiates the twitch response of the fibre without significantly affecting the amplitude of the tetanus response. The twitch potentiation is accompanied by an increase in time to peak tension and marked prolongation of the relaxation phase. In tetanic response the half decay time after the last stimulus is also prolonged by DES. DES causes no changes in the resting or action potential of the muscle fibre. The S-shaped curve relating peak contracture tension and caffeine concentration is shifted towards lower caffeine concentrations by DES. Dantrolene greatly suppresses the DES potentiated twitch. It is concluded that DES potentiates the twitch response and prolongs the relaxation time by inhibition of the calcium re-uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 313661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4095", "title": "Binocular counterrolling in humans during dynamic rotation.", "content": "Seven subjects 18 to 66 years old underwent 360 degrees rotation at a constant velocity of 3 degrees/sec, in 27 trials beginning randomly right ear down or left ear down. A camera on the rotating chair photographed both eyes every 10 degrees. Dual projectors measured counterrolling, the image from one projector being aligned and rotated until it was superimposed on the image from the other. Right and left eyes were measured independently. The group reached maximum counterrolling at about 70 degrees and 270 degrees in rotations to the right, with values of about -6 degrees and 4 degrees respectively. Rotations to the left reached maximum at 50 degrees and 270 degrees with about 4.5 degrees and -5.25 degrees respectively. Individual subjects showed ranges of counterrolling varying from 4.03 degrees to 17.44 degrees, mean 11.30 degrees. More counterrolling was observed when subjects were tilted to right than to left. The downward eye counterrolled more than the upward. Amount of counterrolling was inversely correlated with age.", "contents": "Binocular counterrolling in humans during dynamic rotation. Seven subjects 18 to 66 years old underwent 360 degrees rotation at a constant velocity of 3 degrees/sec, in 27 trials beginning randomly right ear down or left ear down. A camera on the rotating chair photographed both eyes every 10 degrees. Dual projectors measured counterrolling, the image from one projector being aligned and rotated until it was superimposed on the image from the other. Right and left eyes were measured independently. The group reached maximum counterrolling at about 70 degrees and 270 degrees in rotations to the right, with values of about -6 degrees and 4 degrees respectively. Rotations to the left reached maximum at 50 degrees and 270 degrees with about 4.5 degrees and -5.25 degrees respectively. Individual subjects showed ranges of counterrolling varying from 4.03 degrees to 17.44 degrees, mean 11.30 degrees. More counterrolling was observed when subjects were tilted to right than to left. The downward eye counterrolled more than the upward. Amount of counterrolling was inversely correlated with age.", "PMID": 313656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4096", "title": "Multiple Ig classes on rabbit B lymphocytes.", "content": "Rabbit PBL were studied regarding the presence of different classes of s-Ig, under experimental conditions, ensuring the endogeneous origin of these proteins. About 40% of the lymphocytes are B cells (Fab positive and a1 positive in a1 homozygous rabbits). IgG positive lymphocytes could be found, but only using and anti dll conjugate (allotype located on the Fd gamma region of IgG). Anti Fc gamma conjugates were negative. Most of the B cells are IgM positive, most of these IgM cells however were also positive for either IgG or IgA. Np lymphocytes were found bearing both IgG and IgA. Careful analysis of the percentages of various isotypes found on B cells suggests that some \"IgD\" positive lymphocytes could be present. Results are discussed in relation to B cell differentiation.", "contents": "Multiple Ig classes on rabbit B lymphocytes. Rabbit PBL were studied regarding the presence of different classes of s-Ig, under experimental conditions, ensuring the endogeneous origin of these proteins. About 40% of the lymphocytes are B cells (Fab positive and a1 positive in a1 homozygous rabbits). IgG positive lymphocytes could be found, but only using and anti dll conjugate (allotype located on the Fd gamma region of IgG). Anti Fc gamma conjugates were negative. Most of the B cells are IgM positive, most of these IgM cells however were also positive for either IgG or IgA. Np lymphocytes were found bearing both IgG and IgA. Careful analysis of the percentages of various isotypes found on B cells suggests that some \"IgD\" positive lymphocytes could be present. Results are discussed in relation to B cell differentiation.", "PMID": 313666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4097", "title": "Vestibular effects of antibiotics introduced in the inner ear. Behavioral and electrophysiological studies in the frog.", "content": "The aim of this study was to find a rapid and suitable method for testing the toxicity of drugs upon the vestibular end organs. The experiments were performed in the frog and the action of two antibiotics, streptomycin sulphate and penicillin G, was studied by carefully observing the equilibrium behaviour of the animals and recording the spontaneous activity of the nerve of the horizontal semicircular canal. The results obtained show that: 1) injection of streptomycin sulphate (20 microgram) directly into the labyrinthic cavity elicited disorders of the equilibrium and reduced the spontaneous activity of the horizontal canal nerve; 2) these disorders were reversible or not depending on the animal; 3) there is a good correlation between behavioral observations and electrophysiological data (i.e. the activity of the ampullary nerve was low in frogs whose behaviour was impaired at the time of sacrifice; the activity did not differ from controls when the normal behaviour was completely restored); 4) injection of penicillin G or 0.7% NaCl into the labyrinthic cavity had no effect on the equilibrium of the frogs or on the activity of the ampullary nerve; 5) intramuscular or intralymphatic injections of streptomycin sulphate produced a neuromuscular block but did not alter the activity of the ampullary nerve. In conclusion, the question of ototoxicity is discussed.", "contents": "Vestibular effects of antibiotics introduced in the inner ear. Behavioral and electrophysiological studies in the frog. The aim of this study was to find a rapid and suitable method for testing the toxicity of drugs upon the vestibular end organs. The experiments were performed in the frog and the action of two antibiotics, streptomycin sulphate and penicillin G, was studied by carefully observing the equilibrium behaviour of the animals and recording the spontaneous activity of the nerve of the horizontal semicircular canal. The results obtained show that: 1) injection of streptomycin sulphate (20 microgram) directly into the labyrinthic cavity elicited disorders of the equilibrium and reduced the spontaneous activity of the horizontal canal nerve; 2) these disorders were reversible or not depending on the animal; 3) there is a good correlation between behavioral observations and electrophysiological data (i.e. the activity of the ampullary nerve was low in frogs whose behaviour was impaired at the time of sacrifice; the activity did not differ from controls when the normal behaviour was completely restored); 4) injection of penicillin G or 0.7% NaCl into the labyrinthic cavity had no effect on the equilibrium of the frogs or on the activity of the ampullary nerve; 5) intramuscular or intralymphatic injections of streptomycin sulphate produced a neuromuscular block but did not alter the activity of the ampullary nerve. In conclusion, the question of ototoxicity is discussed.", "PMID": 313657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4098", "title": "Relationship between stimulation of sodium transport across frog skin and Ledakrin concentration.", "content": "Relationship between stimulation of sodium transport across frog skin and Ledakrin concentration. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1979, 30 (2): 261--265. Using the method of measurements of the short circuit current, introduced by Ussing, the relationship was investigated between stimulation of sodium ion transport across frog skin and the concentration of Ledakrin. It was found that the optimum concentration of the drug for investigating changes in ion transport is 10(-5) g per 1 ml of medium.", "contents": "Relationship between stimulation of sodium transport across frog skin and Ledakrin concentration. Relationship between stimulation of sodium transport across frog skin and Ledakrin concentration. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1979, 30 (2): 261--265. Using the method of measurements of the short circuit current, introduced by Ussing, the relationship was investigated between stimulation of sodium ion transport across frog skin and the concentration of Ledakrin. It was found that the optimum concentration of the drug for investigating changes in ion transport is 10(-5) g per 1 ml of medium.", "PMID": 313659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4099", "title": "Studies of allospecific suppressor cells in culture.", "content": "Allospecific suppressor T cells can be generated by allostimulating thymus, spleen and lymph node cells in culture. Bone marrow cells do not yield suppressor lymphocytes. While the efficiency of thymocytes for suppressor cell generation decreases with the age of thymus donors, the efficiency of spleen increases with age. Generation of suppressor lymphocytes depends on cell replication and protein synthesis. The suppressor function as such does not require cell replication. Induction of suppressor T cells in culture requires cell to cell interaction of cortical type and medullar type T cells.", "contents": "Studies of allospecific suppressor cells in culture. Allospecific suppressor T cells can be generated by allostimulating thymus, spleen and lymph node cells in culture. Bone marrow cells do not yield suppressor lymphocytes. While the efficiency of thymocytes for suppressor cell generation decreases with the age of thymus donors, the efficiency of spleen increases with age. Generation of suppressor lymphocytes depends on cell replication and protein synthesis. The suppressor function as such does not require cell replication. Induction of suppressor T cells in culture requires cell to cell interaction of cortical type and medullar type T cells.", "PMID": 313670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4100", "title": "Suppressor cells in Trypanosoma congolense-infected mice.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice infected with T. congolense strongly suppressed lymphocyte stimulation induced in normal spleen cells by incubation with mitogens or allogeneic cells. Cell dilution studies showed that suppressor activity was extremely strong. Suppressor cell activity was markedly reduced by treatment of spleen cell populations with mitomycin-C and was unaffected by treatment with anti-Thy.1 sera and complement. Removal of cells which bound carbonyl iron or which bound to nylon columns, decreased but did not abolish suppressor activity.", "contents": "Suppressor cells in Trypanosoma congolense-infected mice. Spleen cells from mice infected with T. congolense strongly suppressed lymphocyte stimulation induced in normal spleen cells by incubation with mitogens or allogeneic cells. Cell dilution studies showed that suppressor activity was extremely strong. Suppressor cell activity was markedly reduced by treatment of spleen cell populations with mitomycin-C and was unaffected by treatment with anti-Thy.1 sera and complement. Removal of cells which bound carbonyl iron or which bound to nylon columns, decreased but did not abolish suppressor activity.", "PMID": 313686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4101", "title": "Basic mechanisms of lymphocyte recirculation in Lewis rats.", "content": "Lymphocyte locomotion in vivo depends upon an intact network of subplasmalemmal contractile microfilaments which are linked through the membrane to surface receptors, and the distribution and stabilization of recognition receptors may be controlled by microtubules and/or 10-nm filaments in the cytoplasm. The differential effects of cytochalasin-A and colchicine on lymphocyte homing and locomotion have proven useful in dissecting the subcellular events underlying the process of lymphocyte recirculation.", "contents": "Basic mechanisms of lymphocyte recirculation in Lewis rats. Lymphocyte locomotion in vivo depends upon an intact network of subplasmalemmal contractile microfilaments which are linked through the membrane to surface receptors, and the distribution and stabilization of recognition receptors may be controlled by microtubules and/or 10-nm filaments in the cytoplasm. The differential effects of cytochalasin-A and colchicine on lymphocyte homing and locomotion have proven useful in dissecting the subcellular events underlying the process of lymphocyte recirculation.", "PMID": 313688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4102", "title": "Comparative pharmacology of a 1:10 combination of indomethacin-sodium salicylate.", "content": "It has been found that gastrointestinal side-effects of indomethacin could be abolished when administered in combination indomethacin:sodium salicylate (ratio 1:10). In this paper comparative pharmacological data of this combination and its basal compounds are presented. Acute toxicity of the combined preparation was 72 times less in rats than that of indomethacin alone. All therapeutic indexes were markedly increased in the combination of indomethacin-sodium salicylate compared with the separate drug treatments.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacology of a 1:10 combination of indomethacin-sodium salicylate. It has been found that gastrointestinal side-effects of indomethacin could be abolished when administered in combination indomethacin:sodium salicylate (ratio 1:10). In this paper comparative pharmacological data of this combination and its basal compounds are presented. Acute toxicity of the combined preparation was 72 times less in rats than that of indomethacin alone. All therapeutic indexes were markedly increased in the combination of indomethacin-sodium salicylate compared with the separate drug treatments.", "PMID": 313694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4103", "title": "Effects of the vestibular system on human development, Part I. Overview of functions and effects of stimulation.", "content": "Studies concerned with the effects of vestibular stimulation on human development and function are reviewed and some implications for therapy are suggested in this paper. Studies are included that relate to changes in the vestibulo-ocular reflex with age, effects of vestibular stimulation on smiling, crying, general activity, and visual attentiveness of infants; and studies that show that typical sequelae to vestibular stimulation are reduced following long-term stimulation. The importance of reviews of the literature and transference of research results to therapeutic use are stressed, with the implication that vestibular-based therapy will improve as occupational therapists become more aware of related research.", "contents": "Effects of the vestibular system on human development, Part I. Overview of functions and effects of stimulation. Studies concerned with the effects of vestibular stimulation on human development and function are reviewed and some implications for therapy are suggested in this paper. Studies are included that relate to changes in the vestibulo-ocular reflex with age, effects of vestibular stimulation on smiling, crying, general activity, and visual attentiveness of infants; and studies that show that typical sequelae to vestibular stimulation are reduced following long-term stimulation. The importance of reviews of the literature and transference of research results to therapeutic use are stressed, with the implication that vestibular-based therapy will improve as occupational therapists become more aware of related research.", "PMID": 313697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4104", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity and humoral immune response in ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs were divided into three dietary groups: ascorbic-acid deficient, pair-fed, and ad libitum control. Two weeks later guinea pigs were immunized intradermally with 5 x 10(8) chicken erythrocytes in Freund's complete adjuvant. Hemagglutinating antibody titers to chicken erythrocytes 2 weeks after immunization were comparable in all three dietary groups. In vitro 51Cr release from labeled chicken erythrocyte target cells incubated with lymphoid cells from spleens of ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs was significantly less than with spleen cells from pair-fed and ad libitum control guinea pigs. The percentage of splenic lymphoid cells that formed rosettes with rabbit erythrocytes, a T cell marker, was the same in all three dietary groups. The defect of ascorbic acid deficiency may reflect an impairment of T lymphocytes function in cell-mediated cytotoxicity or a change in number or function of another cell type.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity and humoral immune response in ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were divided into three dietary groups: ascorbic-acid deficient, pair-fed, and ad libitum control. Two weeks later guinea pigs were immunized intradermally with 5 x 10(8) chicken erythrocytes in Freund's complete adjuvant. Hemagglutinating antibody titers to chicken erythrocytes 2 weeks after immunization were comparable in all three dietary groups. In vitro 51Cr release from labeled chicken erythrocyte target cells incubated with lymphoid cells from spleens of ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs was significantly less than with spleen cells from pair-fed and ad libitum control guinea pigs. The percentage of splenic lymphoid cells that formed rosettes with rabbit erythrocytes, a T cell marker, was the same in all three dietary groups. The defect of ascorbic acid deficiency may reflect an impairment of T lymphocytes function in cell-mediated cytotoxicity or a change in number or function of another cell type.", "PMID": 313699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4105", "title": "[Hereditary angioedema by defict of C1 esterase. Our experience in 8 cases].", "content": "Eight cases of hereditary angioedema, all of them with low values of C1-sterase inhibitor are analyzed. In 7 cases the C3 and C4 components of the complement were assessed; the results showed marked descent of C4. The 8 patients came from 4 different families; only 2 of them were males. Six patients presented digestive disorders, reporting colic pain, nausea and vomiting. In 1 of them the abdominal picture was the only evidence of the disease. In 5 patients the angioedema episodes occurred following traumatisms and in 3 because of emotional states. The duration of the attacks varied from several hours to six days. There was a familial history in all cases. Three of the patients had repeated episodes of pharyngolaryngeal angioedema, two of them requiring emergency tracheotomy because of suffocating crisis. Six patients were treated with Epsilon aminocaproic acid (16 to 20 gr daily) or with tranexamic acid (1 to 3 gr. daily). In 4 cases the results were excellent with either of these antifibrinolytic drugs. No side effects were observed in the tranexamic acid therapy whilst they were frequent in the treatment with Epsilon aminocaproic acid.", "contents": "[Hereditary angioedema by defict of C1 esterase. Our experience in 8 cases]. Eight cases of hereditary angioedema, all of them with low values of C1-sterase inhibitor are analyzed. In 7 cases the C3 and C4 components of the complement were assessed; the results showed marked descent of C4. The 8 patients came from 4 different families; only 2 of them were males. Six patients presented digestive disorders, reporting colic pain, nausea and vomiting. In 1 of them the abdominal picture was the only evidence of the disease. In 5 patients the angioedema episodes occurred following traumatisms and in 3 because of emotional states. The duration of the attacks varied from several hours to six days. There was a familial history in all cases. Three of the patients had repeated episodes of pharyngolaryngeal angioedema, two of them requiring emergency tracheotomy because of suffocating crisis. Six patients were treated with Epsilon aminocaproic acid (16 to 20 gr daily) or with tranexamic acid (1 to 3 gr. daily). In 4 cases the results were excellent with either of these antifibrinolytic drugs. No side effects were observed in the tranexamic acid therapy whilst they were frequent in the treatment with Epsilon aminocaproic acid.", "PMID": 313695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4106", "title": "Antibody against hepatitis A in seven European countries. II. Statistical analysis of cross-sectional surveys.", "content": "The age-specific prevalence of hepatitis A antibodies has been analyzed using a catalytic epidemic model for populations in seven European countries: West Germany, Norway, Greece, Switzerland, Holland, France and Sweden. The results indicate a significant decline in the force of infection in recent decades. However, there are substantial differences between the countries, especially between the Scandinavian countries and Greece. The incidence of hepatitis A in Norway and Sweden has declined since 1930, while a downward trend in incidence in Greece may have started only recently.", "contents": "Antibody against hepatitis A in seven European countries. II. Statistical analysis of cross-sectional surveys. The age-specific prevalence of hepatitis A antibodies has been analyzed using a catalytic epidemic model for populations in seven European countries: West Germany, Norway, Greece, Switzerland, Holland, France and Sweden. The results indicate a significant decline in the force of infection in recent decades. However, there are substantial differences between the countries, especially between the Scandinavian countries and Greece. The incidence of hepatitis A in Norway and Sweden has declined since 1930, while a downward trend in incidence in Greece may have started only recently.", "PMID": 313700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4107", "title": "Cell mediated immune regulation in autoimmunity.", "content": "Autoimmunity is the term for the immune conditions characterized by a specific humoral or cell mediated response to the body's own tissues. The termination of the natural state of self tolerance may lead to immunopathological manifestations with clinical consequences, i.e. autoimmune diseases. In a very general sense, one may classify autoimmune diseases into two groups with respect to the underlying mechanism: 1. There are autoimmune diseases which develop in the presence of a normal intact regulation mechanism. 2. Another group whose development must be understood on the basis of a cellular dysfunction. In the first case, dequestered or semi-sequestered autoantigens are liberated as a consequence of exogenic influences inducing the sensitization of immunocompetent cells. The immune system then reacts with these autoantigens in the same way as with foreign substances. This kind of autoimmune disease will, however, not be dealt with here. In the second case, autoantigens are normally, i.e. in healthy individuals, accessible to the immunocompetent cells. To understand the reason for the development of an autoimmune reaction one must first clarify the mechanism of self tolerance. Then one must examine the way in which a break of this physiological state takes place. One of the major unanswered questions is the relative importance of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune mechanisms in the onset and further development of autoimmune diseases. Recently it has been suggested that a dysfunction at the cellular level might represent the basic cause which induces the termination of selftolerance. Most of the conceptions about the mechanism by which autoimmune diseases are triggered were gained through experiments with animals. It is, however, difficult to use these experimental results to explain human diseases; in humans many questions are still open. Undoubtedly, the mechanisms of induction and maintenance of self tolerance and also the ways in which autoimmune diseases may be induced, are not uniform. In all these cases, cells and cellular interactions as well as the corresponding cellular products are decisive. The majority of autoimmune diseases are mediated by antibodies as can be demonstrated in transfer experiments, for instance. Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis (EAT), rather than by sensitized cells. An example of the latter would be Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis (EAE). In principle the following can be said of all these kinds of autoimmune diseases as well as of selftolerance: 1. Induction of autoantibodies is in principle possible. 2. Self antigens important in autoimmune diseases are T-dependent. 3. Self-reacting lymphocytes (T- and/or B-cells) are present in \"normal\" individuals.", "contents": "Cell mediated immune regulation in autoimmunity. Autoimmunity is the term for the immune conditions characterized by a specific humoral or cell mediated response to the body's own tissues. The termination of the natural state of self tolerance may lead to immunopathological manifestations with clinical consequences, i.e. autoimmune diseases. In a very general sense, one may classify autoimmune diseases into two groups with respect to the underlying mechanism: 1. There are autoimmune diseases which develop in the presence of a normal intact regulation mechanism. 2. Another group whose development must be understood on the basis of a cellular dysfunction. In the first case, dequestered or semi-sequestered autoantigens are liberated as a consequence of exogenic influences inducing the sensitization of immunocompetent cells. The immune system then reacts with these autoantigens in the same way as with foreign substances. This kind of autoimmune disease will, however, not be dealt with here. In the second case, autoantigens are normally, i.e. in healthy individuals, accessible to the immunocompetent cells. To understand the reason for the development of an autoimmune reaction one must first clarify the mechanism of self tolerance. Then one must examine the way in which a break of this physiological state takes place. One of the major unanswered questions is the relative importance of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune mechanisms in the onset and further development of autoimmune diseases. Recently it has been suggested that a dysfunction at the cellular level might represent the basic cause which induces the termination of selftolerance. Most of the conceptions about the mechanism by which autoimmune diseases are triggered were gained through experiments with animals. It is, however, difficult to use these experimental results to explain human diseases; in humans many questions are still open. Undoubtedly, the mechanisms of induction and maintenance of self tolerance and also the ways in which autoimmune diseases may be induced, are not uniform. In all these cases, cells and cellular interactions as well as the corresponding cellular products are decisive. The majority of autoimmune diseases are mediated by antibodies as can be demonstrated in transfer experiments, for instance. Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis (EAT), rather than by sensitized cells. An example of the latter would be Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis (EAE). In principle the following can be said of all these kinds of autoimmune diseases as well as of selftolerance: 1. Induction of autoantibodies is in principle possible. 2. Self antigens important in autoimmune diseases are T-dependent. 3. Self-reacting lymphocytes (T- and/or B-cells) are present in \"normal\" individuals.", "PMID": 313696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4108", "title": "Diet and serum cholesterol: do zero correlations negate the relationship?", "content": "The confounding that results from the uncontrolled conditions under which most epidemiologic observations are made is sufficient to undermine their validity with respect to investigation of the relationship between diet and serum cholesterol. In this paper, the authors show, using both a mathematical model and referring to empirical data, that if certain variances are sufficiently great, even when there is cause and effect, correlation coefficients close to zero would be expected from the actual data of a cross-sectional study. Cross-sectional designs are therefore not suitable for studying this relationship.", "contents": "Diet and serum cholesterol: do zero correlations negate the relationship? The confounding that results from the uncontrolled conditions under which most epidemiologic observations are made is sufficient to undermine their validity with respect to investigation of the relationship between diet and serum cholesterol. In this paper, the authors show, using both a mathematical model and referring to empirical data, that if certain variances are sufficiently great, even when there is cause and effect, correlation coefficients close to zero would be expected from the actual data of a cross-sectional study. Cross-sectional designs are therefore not suitable for studying this relationship.", "PMID": 313701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4109", "title": "An acquired cell-directed inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis and hypogammaglobulinemia.", "content": "An unusual combination of host defense abnormalities was demonstrated in an adult male with recurrent pulmonary infections due to a variety of microorganisms. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil chemotaxis was defective. Other neutrophil and T-lymphocyte function tests were normal. The patient's serum also showed a severe deficiency of IgG, no detectable IgA, IgM, or IgD, and increased IgE. The chemotactic defect was shown to be due to a cell-directed inhibitor in the patient's serum. The effect of the inhibitor on chemotaxis could be antagonized by factors in normal serum. The chemotaxis defect persisted for several months, but eventually returned to normal.", "contents": "An acquired cell-directed inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis and hypogammaglobulinemia. An unusual combination of host defense abnormalities was demonstrated in an adult male with recurrent pulmonary infections due to a variety of microorganisms. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil chemotaxis was defective. Other neutrophil and T-lymphocyte function tests were normal. The patient's serum also showed a severe deficiency of IgG, no detectable IgA, IgM, or IgD, and increased IgE. The chemotactic defect was shown to be due to a cell-directed inhibitor in the patient's serum. The effect of the inhibitor on chemotaxis could be antagonized by factors in normal serum. The chemotaxis defect persisted for several months, but eventually returned to normal.", "PMID": 313703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4110", "title": "Fibroblast interferon treatment of a patient with chronic active hepatitis. Increased number of circulating T lymphocytes and elimination of rosette-inhibitory factor.", "content": "A 23 year old woman with chronic active hepatitis documented by liver biopsy demonstrated persistent hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B virus specific DNA polymerase hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), for approximately one year. The number of circulating T lymphocytes that rosetted with sheep erythrocytes was decreased, and a rosette-inhibitory factor was present in her peripheral blood. Interferon treatment (1 X 10(6) U/day intramuscularly for 82 days) resulted in a decrease of HBsAg and disappearance of HBcAg, (HBeAg) and specific DNA polymerase. In addition, the number of T lymphocytes increased to normal, and the rosette-inhibitory factor disappeared from the circulation. These findings suggest that the effect of interferon in chronic active hepatitis is mediated in part through its action on the immune system.", "contents": "Fibroblast interferon treatment of a patient with chronic active hepatitis. Increased number of circulating T lymphocytes and elimination of rosette-inhibitory factor. A 23 year old woman with chronic active hepatitis documented by liver biopsy demonstrated persistent hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B virus specific DNA polymerase hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), for approximately one year. The number of circulating T lymphocytes that rosetted with sheep erythrocytes was decreased, and a rosette-inhibitory factor was present in her peripheral blood. Interferon treatment (1 X 10(6) U/day intramuscularly for 82 days) resulted in a decrease of HBsAg and disappearance of HBcAg, (HBeAg) and specific DNA polymerase. In addition, the number of T lymphocytes increased to normal, and the rosette-inhibitory factor disappeared from the circulation. These findings suggest that the effect of interferon in chronic active hepatitis is mediated in part through its action on the immune system.", "PMID": 313705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4111", "title": "Variables associated with changes in spirometry in patients with obstructive lung diseases.", "content": "One hundred fifty subjects were enrolled in a long-term study of obstructive lung diseases; 84 of these were subjected to five or more spirometric studies over a period of two or more years. Stepdown regression analysis was performed to determine the association between many different variables and the annual rates of change in the forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). The following associations were noted to be significant (p less than 0.03); more favorable rates of change of the FVC and FEV1 were associated with a higher alpha1-antitrypsin level and older age. Less favorable changes were associated with more years of cigarette smoking, more airway reactivity and more frequent lower respiratory tract illnesses.", "contents": "Variables associated with changes in spirometry in patients with obstructive lung diseases. One hundred fifty subjects were enrolled in a long-term study of obstructive lung diseases; 84 of these were subjected to five or more spirometric studies over a period of two or more years. Stepdown regression analysis was performed to determine the association between many different variables and the annual rates of change in the forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). The following associations were noted to be significant (p less than 0.03); more favorable rates of change of the FVC and FEV1 were associated with a higher alpha1-antitrypsin level and older age. Less favorable changes were associated with more years of cigarette smoking, more airway reactivity and more frequent lower respiratory tract illnesses.", "PMID": 313706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4112", "title": "Avascular necrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Silent symmetric osteonecroses.", "content": "The symptomatic joint disease secondary to avascular necrosis of bone (ANB) in 31 of 375 (8 per cent) patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was characterized by polyarticular (90 per cent) and symmetric (83 per cent) involvement. Progressive deterioration requiring orthopedic intervention occurred in 11 (35 per cent) patients. No distinguishing clinical or treatment differences were found comparing patients with symptomatic ANB and selected cortico-steroid-treated, asymptomatic, control subjects with SLE. Complete roentgenographic surveys revealed symmetric, polyarticular abnormalities of subchondral and cortical bone consistent with ANB in eight of 31 (26 per cent) of the control subjects. A positive correlation was found between roentgenographic ANB and disease treatment with high doses of corticosteroids. The study suggests that ANB may be present in excess of 30 per cent of the patients with SLE and is most often subclinical, asymptomatic and nonprogressive.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Silent symmetric osteonecroses. The symptomatic joint disease secondary to avascular necrosis of bone (ANB) in 31 of 375 (8 per cent) patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was characterized by polyarticular (90 per cent) and symmetric (83 per cent) involvement. Progressive deterioration requiring orthopedic intervention occurred in 11 (35 per cent) patients. No distinguishing clinical or treatment differences were found comparing patients with symptomatic ANB and selected cortico-steroid-treated, asymptomatic, control subjects with SLE. Complete roentgenographic surveys revealed symmetric, polyarticular abnormalities of subchondral and cortical bone consistent with ANB in eight of 31 (26 per cent) of the control subjects. A positive correlation was found between roentgenographic ANB and disease treatment with high doses of corticosteroids. The study suggests that ANB may be present in excess of 30 per cent of the patients with SLE and is most often subclinical, asymptomatic and nonprogressive.", "PMID": 313707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4113", "title": "Asbestos-associated neoplasms of B cell lineage.", "content": "Three different neoplasms of B cell lineage, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, immunoglobulin A (IgA) myeloma and immunoglobulin G (IgG) myeloma were detected in three patients who had heavy occupational exposure to asbestos dust. Two of the patients had coexistent pulmonary asbestosis, whereas the third patient had a pleural mesothelioma subsequent to his initial presentation with myeloma. Defective cell-mediated immunity and hyperactivity of B cell function have previously been noted in patients with asbestosis. We suggest the possibility that these asbestos-related immunologic derangements may predispose to the development of immunoproliferative and lymphoproliferative neoplasms, since such tumors have been observed in a variety of other settings, characterized by protracted hyperactivity of the immune system.", "contents": "Asbestos-associated neoplasms of B cell lineage. Three different neoplasms of B cell lineage, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, immunoglobulin A (IgA) myeloma and immunoglobulin G (IgG) myeloma were detected in three patients who had heavy occupational exposure to asbestos dust. Two of the patients had coexistent pulmonary asbestosis, whereas the third patient had a pleural mesothelioma subsequent to his initial presentation with myeloma. Defective cell-mediated immunity and hyperactivity of B cell function have previously been noted in patients with asbestosis. We suggest the possibility that these asbestos-related immunologic derangements may predispose to the development of immunoproliferative and lymphoproliferative neoplasms, since such tumors have been observed in a variety of other settings, characterized by protracted hyperactivity of the immune system.", "PMID": 313709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4114", "title": "Proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with defects of platelet function.", "content": "A 71-year-old woman had von Willebrand's disease, an inheritable abnormality of platelet activity, and developed diabetic retinal neovascularization. A 59-year-old man had a myeoloproliferative disorder with thrombocythemia but may have had retinal changes before the development of his platelet dysfunction. The occurrence of diabetic proliferative retinopathy in patients with reduced platelet activity suggests that platelet induced microcirculatory abnormalities may not be required for neovascularization.", "contents": "Proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with defects of platelet function. A 71-year-old woman had von Willebrand's disease, an inheritable abnormality of platelet activity, and developed diabetic retinal neovascularization. A 59-year-old man had a myeoloproliferative disorder with thrombocythemia but may have had retinal changes before the development of his platelet dysfunction. The occurrence of diabetic proliferative retinopathy in patients with reduced platelet activity suggests that platelet induced microcirculatory abnormalities may not be required for neovascularization.", "PMID": 313710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4115", "title": "Cone-rod dystrophy: a case report.", "content": "Cone-rod dystrophy is considered one of the rarer hereditary retinal degenerations. This disease can be easily mistaken for a number of other conditions because of its unusual characteristics. This paper discusses these characteristics and presents a case report to illustrate how the optometrist can effectively manage patients with this disease.", "contents": "Cone-rod dystrophy: a case report. Cone-rod dystrophy is considered one of the rarer hereditary retinal degenerations. This disease can be easily mistaken for a number of other conditions because of its unusual characteristics. This paper discusses these characteristics and presents a case report to illustrate how the optometrist can effectively manage patients with this disease.", "PMID": 313711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4116", "title": "Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity in human neoplastic lymphoid cells. Usefulness as a T-cell marker.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that a distinctive pattern of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity (focal reaction product) characterizes normal human peripheral blood and tissue T lymphocytes but is absent from thymocytes and certain mitogen-stimulated T-cell blasts. In the present study mononuclear cell suspensions prepared from the peripheral blood and tissue specimens of 35 patients with lymphoid malignancies were simultaneously analyzed for surface immunoglobulin, sheep erythrocyte rosette formation, Ia antigens, and ANAE activity. The neoplastic cells from 16 patients with Ia+ SIg+ E- (B cell) malignancies, 4 patients with Ia+ SIg- E- (non-B, non-T) acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 3 patients with Ia- SIg- E- (null cell) malignancies failed to exhibit ANAE activity. The neoplastic cells from 5 patients with Ia- SIg- E+ (T cell-derived) malignancies, including three cutaneous lymphomas, displayed characteristic T-pattern positivity, and in each case the percentage of E+ and ANAE+ cells was comparable. The neoplastic cells from 4 patients with Ia- SIg- E+ (T cell-derived) acute lymphoblastic leukemia were ANAE-. The expression of ANAE activity in T cell-derived malignancies may parallel its expression in the stages of normal T-cell differentiation and may prove to be a useful marker with which to sort out T-cell phenotypes.", "contents": "Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity in human neoplastic lymphoid cells. Usefulness as a T-cell marker. Previous studies have shown that a distinctive pattern of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity (focal reaction product) characterizes normal human peripheral blood and tissue T lymphocytes but is absent from thymocytes and certain mitogen-stimulated T-cell blasts. In the present study mononuclear cell suspensions prepared from the peripheral blood and tissue specimens of 35 patients with lymphoid malignancies were simultaneously analyzed for surface immunoglobulin, sheep erythrocyte rosette formation, Ia antigens, and ANAE activity. The neoplastic cells from 16 patients with Ia+ SIg+ E- (B cell) malignancies, 4 patients with Ia+ SIg- E- (non-B, non-T) acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 3 patients with Ia- SIg- E- (null cell) malignancies failed to exhibit ANAE activity. The neoplastic cells from 5 patients with Ia- SIg- E+ (T cell-derived) malignancies, including three cutaneous lymphomas, displayed characteristic T-pattern positivity, and in each case the percentage of E+ and ANAE+ cells was comparable. The neoplastic cells from 4 patients with Ia- SIg- E+ (T cell-derived) acute lymphoblastic leukemia were ANAE-. The expression of ANAE activity in T cell-derived malignancies may parallel its expression in the stages of normal T-cell differentiation and may prove to be a useful marker with which to sort out T-cell phenotypes.", "PMID": 313712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4117", "title": "Intracellular localization of markers within injected or cut frog muscle fibers.", "content": "Many experimental procedures require drastic alterations of muscle fibers, such as cutting the fiber or injecting molecular probes through microelectrodes. We report the ultrastructure of similarly altered muscle fibers and the intracellular distribution of injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Cut fibers appear structurally normal at distances greater than 500 microM from the cut end, however, the structure deteriorates nearer to the cut. HRP diffuses longitudinally about 2,000 micrometer from the cut end and the concentration is uniform over the fiber's cross section. If HRP is introduced intracellularly either by pressure injection or through a nick in the sarcolemma, it distributes in a C-shaped annulus extending approximately 2,000 micrometer longitudinally and 1-20 micrometer radially. The ultrastructure of injected or nicked fibers appears normal. The HRP freely entered the junctional gap between T-system and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) but was excluded from either structure. Occasionally, a light pillar could be seen between T-system and SR; the space of these pillars suggest they are the central area of the \"feet\" appearing light against the dark marker.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of markers within injected or cut frog muscle fibers. Many experimental procedures require drastic alterations of muscle fibers, such as cutting the fiber or injecting molecular probes through microelectrodes. We report the ultrastructure of similarly altered muscle fibers and the intracellular distribution of injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Cut fibers appear structurally normal at distances greater than 500 microM from the cut end, however, the structure deteriorates nearer to the cut. HRP diffuses longitudinally about 2,000 micrometer from the cut end and the concentration is uniform over the fiber's cross section. If HRP is introduced intracellularly either by pressure injection or through a nick in the sarcolemma, it distributes in a C-shaped annulus extending approximately 2,000 micrometer longitudinally and 1-20 micrometer radially. The ultrastructure of injected or nicked fibers appears normal. The HRP freely entered the junctional gap between T-system and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) but was excluded from either structure. Occasionally, a light pillar could be seen between T-system and SR; the space of these pillars suggest they are the central area of the \"feet\" appearing light against the dark marker.", "PMID": 313713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4118", "title": "Electrical and transport characteristics of skin of larval Rana catesbeiana.", "content": "Carefully dissected, mounted, and bathed with Ringer solution, the larval bullfrog skin has a resistance of about 9,000 omega.cm2 and a stable transepithelial electrical potential of about 20 mV (inside +). A short-circuit current of about 2 microA.cm-2 is generated that is comparable in magnitude to the net inward flux of Na+. At open circuit the flux ratio equation for Na+ is not satisfied. Larval skin is less sensitive to ouabain, amiloride, and ADH than adult skin. The current-voltage (C-V) relationship across the preparation is not linear; there are distinct breaks in both the hyperpolarizing and hypopolarizing regions. The former break, at about +130 mV, corresponds with a break observed in adult skin that corresponds with ENa. The shunt resistance (RS) and active pathway resistance (RA) were estimated by C-V curve analysis and by ion substitution. The two methods yielded comparable values with RS about 11 k omega.cm2 and RA about 62 k omega.cm2. It is suggested that transport is limited by the number of entry sites for sodium at the apical border of transport cells.", "contents": "Electrical and transport characteristics of skin of larval Rana catesbeiana. Carefully dissected, mounted, and bathed with Ringer solution, the larval bullfrog skin has a resistance of about 9,000 omega.cm2 and a stable transepithelial electrical potential of about 20 mV (inside +). A short-circuit current of about 2 microA.cm-2 is generated that is comparable in magnitude to the net inward flux of Na+. At open circuit the flux ratio equation for Na+ is not satisfied. Larval skin is less sensitive to ouabain, amiloride, and ADH than adult skin. The current-voltage (C-V) relationship across the preparation is not linear; there are distinct breaks in both the hyperpolarizing and hypopolarizing regions. The former break, at about +130 mV, corresponds with a break observed in adult skin that corresponds with ENa. The shunt resistance (RS) and active pathway resistance (RA) were estimated by C-V curve analysis and by ion substitution. The two methods yielded comparable values with RS about 11 k omega.cm2 and RA about 62 k omega.cm2. It is suggested that transport is limited by the number of entry sites for sodium at the apical border of transport cells.", "PMID": 313715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4119", "title": "Action of adenosine on chloride active transport of isolated frog cornea.", "content": "Addition of adenosine (10-7 to 10-4 M) to the tear side of isolated corneas (Rana catesbeiana) produced a rapid, sustained increase in short-circuit current, potential difference, and radioisotopic chloride net flux. The increased net chloride flux accounted for the increased short-circuit current. Adenosine, a known activator of adenyl cyclase in other tissues, exerted its effects on chloride transport through a receptor different from the one described for epinephrine and prostaglandins in the corneal epithelium. Propranolol inhibited the epinephrine response but not the adenosine effect. Dipolyphloretin phosphate inhibited prostaglandin responses but did not affect the adenosine stimulation of chloride transport. Adenine and/or ribose, parts of the adenosine molecule, had no stimulatory effect, but 5'-AMP had a partial effect. The activation of the chloride pump with DBcAMP blocked the response to adenosine. Adenosine interacted with the effects of theophylline. Adenosine, a naturally occurring molecule, stimulated chloride transport by activation of adenyl cyclase through a separate membrane receptor in the corneal eqithelium.", "contents": "Action of adenosine on chloride active transport of isolated frog cornea. Addition of adenosine (10-7 to 10-4 M) to the tear side of isolated corneas (Rana catesbeiana) produced a rapid, sustained increase in short-circuit current, potential difference, and radioisotopic chloride net flux. The increased net chloride flux accounted for the increased short-circuit current. Adenosine, a known activator of adenyl cyclase in other tissues, exerted its effects on chloride transport through a receptor different from the one described for epinephrine and prostaglandins in the corneal epithelium. Propranolol inhibited the epinephrine response but not the adenosine effect. Dipolyphloretin phosphate inhibited prostaglandin responses but did not affect the adenosine stimulation of chloride transport. Adenine and/or ribose, parts of the adenosine molecule, had no stimulatory effect, but 5'-AMP had a partial effect. The activation of the chloride pump with DBcAMP blocked the response to adenosine. Adenosine interacted with the effects of theophylline. Adenosine, a naturally occurring molecule, stimulated chloride transport by activation of adenyl cyclase through a separate membrane receptor in the corneal eqithelium.", "PMID": 313716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4120", "title": "Matched control study of distal splenorenal and portacaval shunts in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.", "content": "A matched control study was conducted to compare the effects of portacaval shunting with those of distal splenorenal shunting in patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis and bleeding gastroesophageal varices. Patients in whom distal splenorenal shunts were performed had significantly less postoperative encephalopathy and hepatic failure and a significantly longer survival than did patients who underwent portacaval shunts.", "contents": "Matched control study of distal splenorenal and portacaval shunts in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. A matched control study was conducted to compare the effects of portacaval shunting with those of distal splenorenal shunting in patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis and bleeding gastroesophageal varices. Patients in whom distal splenorenal shunts were performed had significantly less postoperative encephalopathy and hepatic failure and a significantly longer survival than did patients who underwent portacaval shunts.", "PMID": 313718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4121", "title": "[Changes in the outer plexiform layer of the rabbit retina after long-term application of vincristine].", "content": "Rabbits which had been intravenously injected with Vincristine for six weeks showed changes in the outer plexiform layer of the retina after one year, which suggests the destruction of receptor cells, bipolar ganglion cells, and horizontal cells. Compensated cell damage accompanied by loss of microtubuli in the cytoplasma, autolytic vacuoles, granular material deposits, and membrane changes of the ribbon complex were frequently observed. A comparison between axons and dendrites showed a predominance of damaged dendritis over axons. Because short-term studies have not produced the same results, different regeneration capacities, which might have their origin in the endoplasmatic reticulum, are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the outer plexiform layer of the rabbit retina after long-term application of vincristine]. Rabbits which had been intravenously injected with Vincristine for six weeks showed changes in the outer plexiform layer of the retina after one year, which suggests the destruction of receptor cells, bipolar ganglion cells, and horizontal cells. Compensated cell damage accompanied by loss of microtubuli in the cytoplasma, autolytic vacuoles, granular material deposits, and membrane changes of the ribbon complex were frequently observed. A comparison between axons and dendrites showed a predominance of damaged dendritis over axons. Because short-term studies have not produced the same results, different regeneration capacities, which might have their origin in the endoplasmatic reticulum, are discussed.", "PMID": 313719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4122", "title": "Measurement of vessel width on fundus photographs.", "content": "Many factors play a role in determining the width of retinal vessels, based on fundus photographs. We have tried to estimate their influence by comparing experimentally six different measuring methods, taking into account film and developer, intra- and interindividual reproducibility of results under short- and long-term conditions, and training in measuring technique. Our method of choice was tenfold projection of the negatives on a fine-grained wax layer screen and use of a very narrow marker line to be aligned with the vessel borders. Width determinations on pictures of good definition, yet low contrast, repeated by a trained observer on consecutive days, lay with a 95% probability within an interval of about 9 micron on the retina. The width so determined is, of course, relative and only a rough approximation to the absolute width, because of photographic bias, interobserver difference, and uncertainly of the refractive power of the eye. The method appears to be especially suitable for the study of intraindividual variations; however, because of photographic bias, conclusions should be drawn only when based on several pictures.", "contents": "Measurement of vessel width on fundus photographs. Many factors play a role in determining the width of retinal vessels, based on fundus photographs. We have tried to estimate their influence by comparing experimentally six different measuring methods, taking into account film and developer, intra- and interindividual reproducibility of results under short- and long-term conditions, and training in measuring technique. Our method of choice was tenfold projection of the negatives on a fine-grained wax layer screen and use of a very narrow marker line to be aligned with the vessel borders. Width determinations on pictures of good definition, yet low contrast, repeated by a trained observer on consecutive days, lay with a 95% probability within an interval of about 9 micron on the retina. The width so determined is, of course, relative and only a rough approximation to the absolute width, because of photographic bias, interobserver difference, and uncertainly of the refractive power of the eye. The method appears to be especially suitable for the study of intraindividual variations; however, because of photographic bias, conclusions should be drawn only when based on several pictures.", "PMID": 313720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4123", "title": "Comparison of isometric muscle training and electrical stimulation supplementing isometric muscle training in the recovery after major knee ligament surgery. A preliminary report.", "content": "Eight patients undergoing reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament were randomly allocated into two groups. The control group received a standard plaster cast and isometric muscle training. The stimulated group received a standard plaster cast, isometric training, and percutaneous electrical stimulation during the recovery period. The patients were examined clinically and with repeated muscle biopsies before surgery, 1 week after surgery, and 5 weeks after surgery at the time of removal of the cast. The electrically stimulated group had better muscle function from a clinical point of view and their succinate dehydrogenase activities were significantly higher than those in the control group. Electrical stimulation thus could prevent the fall in oxidative enzyme activity which was noted in the control group. The results suggest that percutaneous electrical stimulation may be a way of preventing muscle atrophy after major knee ligament surgery in athletes.", "contents": "Comparison of isometric muscle training and electrical stimulation supplementing isometric muscle training in the recovery after major knee ligament surgery. A preliminary report. Eight patients undergoing reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament were randomly allocated into two groups. The control group received a standard plaster cast and isometric muscle training. The stimulated group received a standard plaster cast, isometric training, and percutaneous electrical stimulation during the recovery period. The patients were examined clinically and with repeated muscle biopsies before surgery, 1 week after surgery, and 5 weeks after surgery at the time of removal of the cast. The electrically stimulated group had better muscle function from a clinical point of view and their succinate dehydrogenase activities were significantly higher than those in the control group. Electrical stimulation thus could prevent the fall in oxidative enzyme activity which was noted in the control group. The results suggest that percutaneous electrical stimulation may be a way of preventing muscle atrophy after major knee ligament surgery in athletes.", "PMID": 313717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4124", "title": "Measurement of vessel tortuosity on fundus photographs.", "content": "Quantitative measurement of vessel tortuosity and its variation on fundus photographs is a sensitive means of obtaining information about the course of an asphyctic event in newborns, virtually independent of bias produced by the photographic process. We subdivide a tortuous vessel into single arcs and measure the chord length and the arrow height (Pfeilh\u00f6he) of every arc on a projected image of the film. From these figures, a fairly accurate value for the relative length increase of the arc, as compared with the chord, can be derived by a simple approximation formula [Eq. (5)]. It is shown that neglect of the third dimension, not visible on an ordinary photograph, entails only a small error. Trained observers achieve results reproducible to about 1% in relative length variation.", "contents": "Measurement of vessel tortuosity on fundus photographs. Quantitative measurement of vessel tortuosity and its variation on fundus photographs is a sensitive means of obtaining information about the course of an asphyctic event in newborns, virtually independent of bias produced by the photographic process. We subdivide a tortuous vessel into single arcs and measure the chord length and the arrow height (Pfeilh\u00f6he) of every arc on a projected image of the film. From these figures, a fairly accurate value for the relative length increase of the arc, as compared with the chord, can be derived by a simple approximation formula [Eq. (5)]. It is shown that neglect of the third dimension, not visible on an ordinary photograph, entails only a small error. Trained observers achieve results reproducible to about 1% in relative length variation.", "PMID": 313721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4125", "title": "[Proof of glycosaminoglycans in the corneal endothelium].", "content": "The corneal endothelium of three species (man, dog, and guinea pig) was examined for glycosaminoglycans by using TEM, REM, and EDAX (energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays). Since no clear results can be determined by using ruthenium red (RR) alone, a testicular hyaluronidase was used to digest the glycocalyx. After incubation with hyaluronidase, the dark RR borderline of the outer leaflet of the cell membrane became more fluffy when examined by using TEM and REM. When EDAX was applied, the Ru peak became smaller compared with the S peak. These impressive results had not been found when the material was fixed in glutaraldehyde for 24 h before incubation. Considering the individual results, it can be concluded that RR, even wouthout OsO4, marks the acid groups of glycosaminoglycans that might be in the cell membrane, as well as other acid groups. There was no difference in the results among the three species used in this experiment. Some pictures showed that RR/OsO4 penetrates through the intercellular space into the Descemet's membrane.", "contents": "[Proof of glycosaminoglycans in the corneal endothelium]. The corneal endothelium of three species (man, dog, and guinea pig) was examined for glycosaminoglycans by using TEM, REM, and EDAX (energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays). Since no clear results can be determined by using ruthenium red (RR) alone, a testicular hyaluronidase was used to digest the glycocalyx. After incubation with hyaluronidase, the dark RR borderline of the outer leaflet of the cell membrane became more fluffy when examined by using TEM and REM. When EDAX was applied, the Ru peak became smaller compared with the S peak. These impressive results had not been found when the material was fixed in glutaraldehyde for 24 h before incubation. Considering the individual results, it can be concluded that RR, even wouthout OsO4, marks the acid groups of glycosaminoglycans that might be in the cell membrane, as well as other acid groups. There was no difference in the results among the three species used in this experiment. Some pictures showed that RR/OsO4 penetrates through the intercellular space into the Descemet's membrane.", "PMID": 313722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4126", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor in primary and recurrent ocular infections by herpes simplex-virus.", "content": "Using a direct assay of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF), cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigen was measured in patients who had primary and recurrent ocular HSV infections. Those with primary and recurrent epithelial disease had a significantly lower production of LMIF than a control population than had had no herpetic infection for at least a year or longer (P less than 0.001). On the contrary, patients with deep stromal involvement and anterior uveitis showed significant migration inhibition with HSV antigen, similar to the one found in the healthy control group. The clinical and possible therapeutic implications of thes findings are discussed.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor in primary and recurrent ocular infections by herpes simplex-virus. Using a direct assay of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF), cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigen was measured in patients who had primary and recurrent ocular HSV infections. Those with primary and recurrent epithelial disease had a significantly lower production of LMIF than a control population than had had no herpetic infection for at least a year or longer (P less than 0.001). On the contrary, patients with deep stromal involvement and anterior uveitis showed significant migration inhibition with HSV antigen, similar to the one found in the healthy control group. The clinical and possible therapeutic implications of thes findings are discussed.", "PMID": 313723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4127", "title": "Immunologic studies of patients with histoplasmosis.", "content": "Immunologic responses of patients with active histoplasmosis (Group I) were compared to the responses of healthy persons with positive histoplasmin skin-test reactions (Group II), and to those of healthy persons with negative histoplasmin skin-test reactions (Group III). Cellular immune responses were significantly depressed in patients. Seven (54 per cent) of 13 patients failed to respond to histoplasmin skin testing, and two (15 per cent) failed to respond to skin-test antigens unrelated to Histoplasma capsulatum. Lymphocyte transformation (LT) responses of patients were severely depressed in vitro (p less than 0.001) to Histoplasma antigens when compared to the responses of healthy, histoplasmin-reactive donors. Transformation responses to Candida antigen were not impaired in the patient population. Culturing lymphocytes of patients in serum obtained from healthy donors as opposed to autologous serum resulted in a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in LT responses to H. capsulatum. Responses to Candida antigen and to mitogens were not affected by the serum source. Serum-mediated suppression of LT responses correlated (p less than 0.01) with complement-fixing antibody titers to Histoplasma yeast-phase antigen and suggests that antibody, either alone or complexed with antigen, may suppress T-cell response in vitro in this disease.", "contents": "Immunologic studies of patients with histoplasmosis. Immunologic responses of patients with active histoplasmosis (Group I) were compared to the responses of healthy persons with positive histoplasmin skin-test reactions (Group II), and to those of healthy persons with negative histoplasmin skin-test reactions (Group III). Cellular immune responses were significantly depressed in patients. Seven (54 per cent) of 13 patients failed to respond to histoplasmin skin testing, and two (15 per cent) failed to respond to skin-test antigens unrelated to Histoplasma capsulatum. Lymphocyte transformation (LT) responses of patients were severely depressed in vitro (p less than 0.001) to Histoplasma antigens when compared to the responses of healthy, histoplasmin-reactive donors. Transformation responses to Candida antigen were not impaired in the patient population. Culturing lymphocytes of patients in serum obtained from healthy donors as opposed to autologous serum resulted in a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in LT responses to H. capsulatum. Responses to Candida antigen and to mitogens were not affected by the serum source. Serum-mediated suppression of LT responses correlated (p less than 0.01) with complement-fixing antibody titers to Histoplasma yeast-phase antigen and suggests that antibody, either alone or complexed with antigen, may suppress T-cell response in vitro in this disease.", "PMID": 313727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4128", "title": "Interrelationships between neutrophil elastase, serum alpha, -antitrypsin, lung function and chest radiography in patients with chronic airflow obstruction.", "content": "We assayed protease and elastase activity of lysosomal granules of purified neutrophil suspensions in 58 patients with chronic irreversible airflow obstruction and compared them to 26 healthy control subjects. Denatured hemoglobin and tritiated elastin were used as substrates for protease and elastase assays. Forty-two patients had M antitrypsin phemotype, five had MS, and 11 had Z variant (five were homozygotes and six were heterozygotes). We did not find significant differences in mean lysosomal elastase or protease activity between patients with normal antitrypsin and control subjects; however, a few patients had concentrations of neutrophil elastase that exceeded the range among control subjects. There was no significant correlation between neutrophil protease or elastase activity and age, smoking, degree of airway obstruction, diffusing capacity, lung elastic recoil, or radiologic presence of emphysema in patients with M and MS antitrypsin. In patients with Z variant antitrypsin, protease and elastase concentrations per unit of lysosomal protein were not significantly different from those in control subjects or M patients; however, both elastase and protease content per 108 neurtophils was significantly higher in homozygous and heterozygous Z patients as compared to normalsubjects and M patients, which suggest an increase in the neutrophil content of protease and elastase in patients with Z antitrypsin deficiency. These results suggest that hte concentrations of protease and elastase in neutrophils do not appear to interact as additive risk factors in the pulmonary impairment of most patients with chronic airflow obstruction, but may be of importance as risk factors in patients with Z or MZ phenotype and in a few patients with M phenotype.", "contents": "Interrelationships between neutrophil elastase, serum alpha, -antitrypsin, lung function and chest radiography in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. We assayed protease and elastase activity of lysosomal granules of purified neutrophil suspensions in 58 patients with chronic irreversible airflow obstruction and compared them to 26 healthy control subjects. Denatured hemoglobin and tritiated elastin were used as substrates for protease and elastase assays. Forty-two patients had M antitrypsin phemotype, five had MS, and 11 had Z variant (five were homozygotes and six were heterozygotes). We did not find significant differences in mean lysosomal elastase or protease activity between patients with normal antitrypsin and control subjects; however, a few patients had concentrations of neutrophil elastase that exceeded the range among control subjects. There was no significant correlation between neutrophil protease or elastase activity and age, smoking, degree of airway obstruction, diffusing capacity, lung elastic recoil, or radiologic presence of emphysema in patients with M and MS antitrypsin. In patients with Z variant antitrypsin, protease and elastase concentrations per unit of lysosomal protein were not significantly different from those in control subjects or M patients; however, both elastase and protease content per 108 neurtophils was significantly higher in homozygous and heterozygous Z patients as compared to normalsubjects and M patients, which suggest an increase in the neutrophil content of protease and elastase in patients with Z antitrypsin deficiency. These results suggest that hte concentrations of protease and elastase in neutrophils do not appear to interact as additive risk factors in the pulmonary impairment of most patients with chronic airflow obstruction, but may be of importance as risk factors in patients with Z or MZ phenotype and in a few patients with M phenotype.", "PMID": 313728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4129", "title": "Localization of the immune response in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Pulmonary sarcoidosis is an interstitial disease characterized by granulomas within the lung parenchyma, anergy to a variety of skin tests, and decreased numbers of circulating T-lymphocytes. To evaluate the effector cell populations present at sites of disease in patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis, inflammatory and immune effector cells were isolated from lung via bronchoalveolar lavage and compared to comparable cell populations from the peripheral blood of the same patients and similar cell populations of normal subjects and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Patients with sarcoidosis had a marked increase in the percentage of T-lymphocytes in the lung despite a significant peripheral blood T-lymphocytopenia. In addition, many of these T-lymphocytes demonstrated surface marker characteristics associated with lymphocyte activation, and they spontaneously secreted leukocyte inhibitory factor. In contrast to patients with sarcoidosis, normal subjects and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis had similar percentages of T-lymphocytes in lung and blood, and there was no evidence for T-lymphocyte activation. Analysis of lymphocytes in uninvolved marrow from 7 of 8 patients with sarcoidosis revealed proportions of T-lymphocytes similar to those in the marrows of normal subjects and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In comparison, one patient with sarcoidosis had large numbers of T-lymphocytes in bone marrow, but only in areas where there were granulomas in the marrow. These studies suggest that: (1) the alveolitis of pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by large numbers of activated T-lymphocytes, and (2) there is an anatomic localization of the immune response in sarcoidosis in that analysis of uninvolved tissues such as peripheral blood may not reflect local immune responses at sites of granuloma formation.", "contents": "Localization of the immune response in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is an interstitial disease characterized by granulomas within the lung parenchyma, anergy to a variety of skin tests, and decreased numbers of circulating T-lymphocytes. To evaluate the effector cell populations present at sites of disease in patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis, inflammatory and immune effector cells were isolated from lung via bronchoalveolar lavage and compared to comparable cell populations from the peripheral blood of the same patients and similar cell populations of normal subjects and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Patients with sarcoidosis had a marked increase in the percentage of T-lymphocytes in the lung despite a significant peripheral blood T-lymphocytopenia. In addition, many of these T-lymphocytes demonstrated surface marker characteristics associated with lymphocyte activation, and they spontaneously secreted leukocyte inhibitory factor. In contrast to patients with sarcoidosis, normal subjects and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis had similar percentages of T-lymphocytes in lung and blood, and there was no evidence for T-lymphocyte activation. Analysis of lymphocytes in uninvolved marrow from 7 of 8 patients with sarcoidosis revealed proportions of T-lymphocytes similar to those in the marrows of normal subjects and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In comparison, one patient with sarcoidosis had large numbers of T-lymphocytes in bone marrow, but only in areas where there were granulomas in the marrow. These studies suggest that: (1) the alveolitis of pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by large numbers of activated T-lymphocytes, and (2) there is an anatomic localization of the immune response in sarcoidosis in that analysis of uninvolved tissues such as peripheral blood may not reflect local immune responses at sites of granuloma formation.", "PMID": 313729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4130", "title": "[Kartagener's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a nine year and eight months old child with Kartagener's syndrome (triad) is described: chronic maxillary sinusitis, bronchiectasis and \"situs inversus totalis\". Literature is reviewed. It is important to understand genetical and etiology aspects of bronchiectasis. Diagnosis was considered on the basis of physical and radiographic examination.", "contents": "[Kartagener's syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of a nine year and eight months old child with Kartagener's syndrome (triad) is described: chronic maxillary sinusitis, bronchiectasis and \"situs inversus totalis\". Literature is reviewed. It is important to understand genetical and etiology aspects of bronchiectasis. Diagnosis was considered on the basis of physical and radiographic examination.", "PMID": 313731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4131", "title": "Immunologic and coagulation disorders in chlorpromazine-treated patients.", "content": "The prevalence of immunologic and coagulation disorders in 75 schizophrenic patients treated with chlorpromazine or other antipsychotic drugs was evaluated. Four groups were studied: Group A, chlorpromazine treatment for more than 2 1/2 years; Group B, chlorpromazine and other antipsychotic drug treatment for more than 2 1/2 years; Group C, chlorpromazine treatment for less than 2 1/2 years; Group D, no chlorpromazine, but other antipsychotic drug treatment. Significant elevation of serum IgM and prolongation of partial thromboplastin time were noted in patients who had long-term chlorpromazine treatment. The latter was caused by a circulating inhibitor resembling that seen with systemic lupus erythematosus. There was a significant correlation between the IgM level versus chlorpromazine dose or duration of treatment and the partial thromboplastin time versus chlorpromazine dose or duration of treatment. In Groups A and B, 63% had a positive antinuclear antibody test (greater than or equal to 1:80), 40% had antibodies to native DNA, and 58% had antibodies to nucleoprotein. These antibodies were negative in the other groups. The percentages of T lymphocytes were below normal in 13 of 41 patients treated with chlopromazine. Twenty of 42 patients in Groups A and B, and none of 28 in Groups C and D had splenomegaly. This study indicates that most patients on long-term chlorpromazine treatment develop one or more immunologic abnormalities.", "contents": "Immunologic and coagulation disorders in chlorpromazine-treated patients. The prevalence of immunologic and coagulation disorders in 75 schizophrenic patients treated with chlorpromazine or other antipsychotic drugs was evaluated. Four groups were studied: Group A, chlorpromazine treatment for more than 2 1/2 years; Group B, chlorpromazine and other antipsychotic drug treatment for more than 2 1/2 years; Group C, chlorpromazine treatment for less than 2 1/2 years; Group D, no chlorpromazine, but other antipsychotic drug treatment. Significant elevation of serum IgM and prolongation of partial thromboplastin time were noted in patients who had long-term chlorpromazine treatment. The latter was caused by a circulating inhibitor resembling that seen with systemic lupus erythematosus. There was a significant correlation between the IgM level versus chlorpromazine dose or duration of treatment and the partial thromboplastin time versus chlorpromazine dose or duration of treatment. In Groups A and B, 63% had a positive antinuclear antibody test (greater than or equal to 1:80), 40% had antibodies to native DNA, and 58% had antibodies to nucleoprotein. These antibodies were negative in the other groups. The percentages of T lymphocytes were below normal in 13 of 41 patients treated with chlopromazine. Twenty of 42 patients in Groups A and B, and none of 28 in Groups C and D had splenomegaly. This study indicates that most patients on long-term chlorpromazine treatment develop one or more immunologic abnormalities.", "PMID": 313732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4132", "title": "Hereditary C2 deficiency associated with common variable immunodeficiency.", "content": "Homozygous C2 deficiency in a 19-year-old boy was associated with variable immunodeficiency manifested by marked hypoimmunoglobulinemia and impaired antibody responses, normal circulating B lymphocytes, and subnormal T-cell functions. Neither antilymphocytic autoantibodies nor chromosomal abnormalities were found. Serum immunoglobulin levels were within normal limits in his parents and brother who were heterozygous for C2 deficiency. The patient's lymphocytes were homozygous at the HLA-D locus but expressed an antigen different from DW2.", "contents": "Hereditary C2 deficiency associated with common variable immunodeficiency. Homozygous C2 deficiency in a 19-year-old boy was associated with variable immunodeficiency manifested by marked hypoimmunoglobulinemia and impaired antibody responses, normal circulating B lymphocytes, and subnormal T-cell functions. Neither antilymphocytic autoantibodies nor chromosomal abnormalities were found. Serum immunoglobulin levels were within normal limits in his parents and brother who were heterozygous for C2 deficiency. The patient's lymphocytes were homozygous at the HLA-D locus but expressed an antigen different from DW2.", "PMID": 313733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4133", "title": "[Digestive manifestations of Rendu-Osler's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Rendu-Osler disease, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a genetic disorder, autosomal dominent. Telangiectasia of the skin, face, trunk, upper and lower extremities are associated with angiomas of the oral and nasopharyngal membranes, lips, tongue and internal organs (intestine tract, liver, spleen, blood, lung, brain). They are source of melena, hematemesis, hematuria, hemoptysis with severe anemia. dilated blood vessels forming cavernous spaces, flattened endothelial cells, no perivascular infiltration, degeneration of the perivascular connective tissue, elastic and muscular fibers missing around the vessels. Therefore hemorrhages are not able to stop spontaneously. Ultrastructural changes : formation of gaps along the thinned-out endothelial lining of dilated vessels, gaps plugged with thrombi. Anormal perivascular collagenous tissue, perivascular smooth muscles elongated and irregular in shape, did not surround the vessels. Liver cirrhosis and blood loss (gastrointestinal hemorrhages sometimes massive) are the only digestive manifestation of the severity. Systematic replacement of iron and blood transfusions are the most helpful forms of treatment.", "contents": "[Digestive manifestations of Rendu-Osler's disease (author's transl)]. Rendu-Osler disease, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a genetic disorder, autosomal dominent. Telangiectasia of the skin, face, trunk, upper and lower extremities are associated with angiomas of the oral and nasopharyngal membranes, lips, tongue and internal organs (intestine tract, liver, spleen, blood, lung, brain). They are source of melena, hematemesis, hematuria, hemoptysis with severe anemia. dilated blood vessels forming cavernous spaces, flattened endothelial cells, no perivascular infiltration, degeneration of the perivascular connective tissue, elastic and muscular fibers missing around the vessels. Therefore hemorrhages are not able to stop spontaneously. Ultrastructural changes : formation of gaps along the thinned-out endothelial lining of dilated vessels, gaps plugged with thrombi. Anormal perivascular collagenous tissue, perivascular smooth muscles elongated and irregular in shape, did not surround the vessels. Liver cirrhosis and blood loss (gastrointestinal hemorrhages sometimes massive) are the only digestive manifestation of the severity. Systematic replacement of iron and blood transfusions are the most helpful forms of treatment.", "PMID": 313737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4134", "title": "Acute vestibular paralysis in herpes zoster oticus.", "content": "A case of herpes zoster oticus is presented in which the lateral and superior semicircular canals of the labyrinth were affected unilaterally. The results of several electronystagmographic examinations are described and correlated with the patient's description of symptoms. This case study indicates that disease affecting the lateral semicircular canal is reliably detected by the conventional caloric test. However, the fact that the posterior semicircular canal remained intact could not be inferred from the results of the caloric test in this case. Also the appearance of nystagmus upon eye closure appears to have been a more sensitive index of the state of the disease process than was the caloric test.", "contents": "Acute vestibular paralysis in herpes zoster oticus. A case of herpes zoster oticus is presented in which the lateral and superior semicircular canals of the labyrinth were affected unilaterally. The results of several electronystagmographic examinations are described and correlated with the patient's description of symptoms. This case study indicates that disease affecting the lateral semicircular canal is reliably detected by the conventional caloric test. However, the fact that the posterior semicircular canal remained intact could not be inferred from the results of the caloric test in this case. Also the appearance of nystagmus upon eye closure appears to have been a more sensitive index of the state of the disease process than was the caloric test.", "PMID": 313735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4135", "title": "Structure and development of vestibular hair cells in the larval bullfrog.", "content": "Structure and development of hair cells in vestibular sensory organs of the larval bullfrog were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The larval vestibular sensory epithelia resembled those of the adult frog. Based on morphology of the ciliary tufts, seven hair cell types were identified. One of them, the type A hair cell, appears to be the morphogenetic precursor of other hair cell types. The size of the stereocilia of type A hair cells is comparable to the surrounding microvilli. The distribution of immature type A hair cells suggests that the periphery of the sensory epithelia is the principal growth zone and the site of formation of new hair cells. However, a far greater number of type A hair cells were found in high frequency sensitive sensory organs (sacculus, amphibian and basilar papillae) than low frequency sensitive vestibular sensory structures (canal cristae, utriculus and lagena). This phenomenon may suggest that the time period required for the maturation of type A hair cells to their ultimate hair cell types in the low frequency sensitive vestibular organs is shorter than in the high frequency sensory structures. It is also possible that the low frequency sensitive vestibular organs may have completed their morphogenetic development in the early larval stages, while morphogenesis of hair cells in the high frequency sensory structures continues throughout the lifetime of a bullfrog.", "contents": "Structure and development of vestibular hair cells in the larval bullfrog. Structure and development of hair cells in vestibular sensory organs of the larval bullfrog were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The larval vestibular sensory epithelia resembled those of the adult frog. Based on morphology of the ciliary tufts, seven hair cell types were identified. One of them, the type A hair cell, appears to be the morphogenetic precursor of other hair cell types. The size of the stereocilia of type A hair cells is comparable to the surrounding microvilli. The distribution of immature type A hair cells suggests that the periphery of the sensory epithelia is the principal growth zone and the site of formation of new hair cells. However, a far greater number of type A hair cells were found in high frequency sensitive sensory organs (sacculus, amphibian and basilar papillae) than low frequency sensitive vestibular sensory structures (canal cristae, utriculus and lagena). This phenomenon may suggest that the time period required for the maturation of type A hair cells to their ultimate hair cell types in the low frequency sensitive vestibular organs is shorter than in the high frequency sensory structures. It is also possible that the low frequency sensitive vestibular organs may have completed their morphogenetic development in the early larval stages, while morphogenesis of hair cells in the high frequency sensory structures continues throughout the lifetime of a bullfrog.", "PMID": 313736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4136", "title": "Latent allotypes: a window to a genetic enigma.", "content": "Recent data concerning the expression of latent allotypes (allotypes present in low concentration and not anticipated from breeding data) are presented. Using various sensitive assays, latent allotypes of groups a, b and d have been observed in sera, IgG samples, isolated antibody fractions and on lymphoid cell surfaces. Recently, molecules bearing latent group a allotypes have been isolated from IgG samples and from specific antibody fractions by immunoadsorbent chromatography and subsequently typed for VH and CH allotypes. In several preparations latent group d allotypes were observed. IgG clearance rates were measured by intravenous injection of rabbits with differentially radiolabelled (125I and 131I) allotype matched and non-matched IgG samples. In no instance was allotype matched IgG cleared faster than non-matched, although the converse was true in several rabbits, suggesting in vivo recognition of allotypes as a possible regulatory mechanism. Genetic models that can account for latent allotypes require the presence of information in the genome that is not expressed under normal conditions, and, furthermore, these models must include inherited regulation mechanisms to govern synthesis from this information. Available data do not require that all Ig genes are present in all members of a species, but may suggest the presence of genes for limited groups of allotypes.", "contents": "Latent allotypes: a window to a genetic enigma. Recent data concerning the expression of latent allotypes (allotypes present in low concentration and not anticipated from breeding data) are presented. Using various sensitive assays, latent allotypes of groups a, b and d have been observed in sera, IgG samples, isolated antibody fractions and on lymphoid cell surfaces. Recently, molecules bearing latent group a allotypes have been isolated from IgG samples and from specific antibody fractions by immunoadsorbent chromatography and subsequently typed for VH and CH allotypes. In several preparations latent group d allotypes were observed. IgG clearance rates were measured by intravenous injection of rabbits with differentially radiolabelled (125I and 131I) allotype matched and non-matched IgG samples. In no instance was allotype matched IgG cleared faster than non-matched, although the converse was true in several rabbits, suggesting in vivo recognition of allotypes as a possible regulatory mechanism. Genetic models that can account for latent allotypes require the presence of information in the genome that is not expressed under normal conditions, and, furthermore, these models must include inherited regulation mechanisms to govern synthesis from this information. Available data do not require that all Ig genes are present in all members of a species, but may suggest the presence of genes for limited groups of allotypes.", "PMID": 313739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4137", "title": "A and b allotypy in Oryctolagus and Lepus species.", "content": "It had been previously shown by the description in wild rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus of unknown allotypic specificities belonging to the a series and the b series, that the genetic polymorphism found in domestic rabbits was only a part of the genetic polymorphism of the species O. cuniculus. To the known a1, a2 and a3 allotypic specificities have been added in the last years a100 and a101 which are under the control of allelic genes at the a locus. Studies of cross-reactivities in the a system is a way to detect variants of a given allotypic specificity. The phylogenetic studies in the hare Lepus capensis demonstrate that a2 and a3 determinants are allotypic, apparently without polymorphism in this species; indeed, all the tested hares have either a2 or a3 determinants or both. Four presumably \"new\" allotypic specificities of the b series, A93, A94, A95 and A96 have been found in a population of wild rabbits O. cuniculus from an Island in Tunisia. A95 allotypic specificities against which specific antisera have been prepared, shows cross-reactivities with b4, b5 and b6 allotypes of domestic rabbit. Genetic data demonstrate that A95 is indeed under the control of an allele at the b locus. If schematic mechanisms involving duplication and mutations of genes are suitable to understand the presence of variants and their cross-reactivities, one has to understand how so many genes are involved in allotypy and how it remains stable during evolution.", "contents": "A and b allotypy in Oryctolagus and Lepus species. It had been previously shown by the description in wild rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus of unknown allotypic specificities belonging to the a series and the b series, that the genetic polymorphism found in domestic rabbits was only a part of the genetic polymorphism of the species O. cuniculus. To the known a1, a2 and a3 allotypic specificities have been added in the last years a100 and a101 which are under the control of allelic genes at the a locus. Studies of cross-reactivities in the a system is a way to detect variants of a given allotypic specificity. The phylogenetic studies in the hare Lepus capensis demonstrate that a2 and a3 determinants are allotypic, apparently without polymorphism in this species; indeed, all the tested hares have either a2 or a3 determinants or both. Four presumably \"new\" allotypic specificities of the b series, A93, A94, A95 and A96 have been found in a population of wild rabbits O. cuniculus from an Island in Tunisia. A95 allotypic specificities against which specific antisera have been prepared, shows cross-reactivities with b4, b5 and b6 allotypes of domestic rabbit. Genetic data demonstrate that A95 is indeed under the control of an allele at the b locus. If schematic mechanisms involving duplication and mutations of genes are suitable to understand the presence of variants and their cross-reactivities, one has to understand how so many genes are involved in allotypy and how it remains stable during evolution.", "PMID": 313740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4138", "title": "In nature of idiotypes associated with anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies in A/J mice.", "content": "Antiphenylarsonate (anti-Ar) hybridomas were prepared according to Milstein and K\u00f6hler with the cell line 45.6TG1.7 and A/J spleen. About 20% of initial wells with anti-Ar activity expressed the major A/J cross-reactive idiotype. Many wells contained anti-Ar antibodies whose binding to Ar-coated plates was strongly inhibited by antiidiotypic (anti-id) antibody but which did not compete effectively with labelled serum antibody for anti-id. Three such hybridoma products (HP) were cloned twice in agar; a 4th was cloned once. All were IgG1K. Each of the four HP, when specifically purified from a BGG-Ar-Sepharose and then radiolabelled, was strongly bound by anti-id. Pooled purified anti-Ar antibodies and anti-Ar antiserum from 9 of 10 mice competed with each HP for anti-id. The serum of the mouse which was non-inhibitory contained normal amounts of the major cross-reactive idiotype. These results demonstrate the presence of cross-reactive anti-Ar idiotypes other than the major idiotype in the A/J strain. Such idiotypes represent a small proportion of the anti-Ar population. Serological analysis of the four HP, which may reflect the serum antibody population, suggest that these \"minor\" idiotypes may be quite heterogeneous. An HP which did compete with the major cross-reactive idiotype for anti-id failed to compete with three of the four HP described above. This provides support for the concept that the \"minor\" idiotypes are serologically distinct from the major cross-reactive idiotype.", "contents": "In nature of idiotypes associated with anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies in A/J mice. Antiphenylarsonate (anti-Ar) hybridomas were prepared according to Milstein and K\u00f6hler with the cell line 45.6TG1.7 and A/J spleen. About 20% of initial wells with anti-Ar activity expressed the major A/J cross-reactive idiotype. Many wells contained anti-Ar antibodies whose binding to Ar-coated plates was strongly inhibited by antiidiotypic (anti-id) antibody but which did not compete effectively with labelled serum antibody for anti-id. Three such hybridoma products (HP) were cloned twice in agar; a 4th was cloned once. All were IgG1K. Each of the four HP, when specifically purified from a BGG-Ar-Sepharose and then radiolabelled, was strongly bound by anti-id. Pooled purified anti-Ar antibodies and anti-Ar antiserum from 9 of 10 mice competed with each HP for anti-id. The serum of the mouse which was non-inhibitory contained normal amounts of the major cross-reactive idiotype. These results demonstrate the presence of cross-reactive anti-Ar idiotypes other than the major idiotype in the A/J strain. Such idiotypes represent a small proportion of the anti-Ar population. Serological analysis of the four HP, which may reflect the serum antibody population, suggest that these \"minor\" idiotypes may be quite heterogeneous. An HP which did compete with the major cross-reactive idiotype for anti-id failed to compete with three of the four HP described above. This provides support for the concept that the \"minor\" idiotypes are serologically distinct from the major cross-reactive idiotype.", "PMID": 313742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4139", "title": "Some studies on idiotypes and anti-idiotypic reactions and receptors in anti-allo-MHC T-cell immunity.", "content": "The fine specificity of immunocompetent T lymphocytes is reflected on their outer surface by their display of idiotype-positive receptor molecules. Interference with these structures using antiidiotypic reagents may trigger or eliminate the cell depending on the external conditions. When analyzing the distribution pattern of idiotypes on murine allo-MHC activated T blasts it was found that proliferating \"helper\" T and killer T cells display non-overlapping sets of idiotypes. Furthermore, it was found that antiidiotypic antibodies in vitro may mimic the allo-MHC antigens in the T-cell triggering capacity and may indeed in some systems be superior to allogeneic stimulator cells in this regard. This capacity of antiidiotypic antibodies to functionally mimic and replace allo-MHC structures in T-cell triggering ability is discussed in relation to self-MHC reactivity and biochemical and functional similarities between Ig molecules and MHC structures.", "contents": "Some studies on idiotypes and anti-idiotypic reactions and receptors in anti-allo-MHC T-cell immunity. The fine specificity of immunocompetent T lymphocytes is reflected on their outer surface by their display of idiotype-positive receptor molecules. Interference with these structures using antiidiotypic reagents may trigger or eliminate the cell depending on the external conditions. When analyzing the distribution pattern of idiotypes on murine allo-MHC activated T blasts it was found that proliferating \"helper\" T and killer T cells display non-overlapping sets of idiotypes. Furthermore, it was found that antiidiotypic antibodies in vitro may mimic the allo-MHC antigens in the T-cell triggering capacity and may indeed in some systems be superior to allogeneic stimulator cells in this regard. This capacity of antiidiotypic antibodies to functionally mimic and replace allo-MHC structures in T-cell triggering ability is discussed in relation to self-MHC reactivity and biochemical and functional similarities between Ig molecules and MHC structures.", "PMID": 313745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4140", "title": "Growth curves, microscopic morphology, and subcultures of beta-lactamase-positive and -negative Haemophilus influenzae under the influence of ampicillin and cefamandole.", "content": "In contrast to the results obtained with ampicillin, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefamandole against Haemophilus influenzae were within the same range (0.5 to 1.5 mug/ml) whether or not the strains were beta-lactamase producers. The minimum bactericidal concentrations were somewhat higher for beta-lactamase-positive strains (6.4 mug/ml) than for negative strains (1.2 mug/ml). In a culture with high initial microbial density, monitored by recording optical densities, the addition of 10 mug of cefamandole per ml brought about rapid lysis of a beta-lactamase-negative strain. Observation of a beta-lactamase-positive strain revealed, in the early part of the growth curve, absence of lysis and an increase of biomass similar to that observed in a drug-free control curve. In contrast to the results obtained with ampicillin, the culture consisted uniformly of spherical forms, probably in the process of division, which were capable of generating colonies. When the microbial density exposed to cefamandole was increased still further, persistent bacillary forms were observed, and after 24 h hydrolysis had eliminated every trace of microbiologically active cefamandole.", "contents": "Growth curves, microscopic morphology, and subcultures of beta-lactamase-positive and -negative Haemophilus influenzae under the influence of ampicillin and cefamandole. In contrast to the results obtained with ampicillin, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefamandole against Haemophilus influenzae were within the same range (0.5 to 1.5 mug/ml) whether or not the strains were beta-lactamase producers. The minimum bactericidal concentrations were somewhat higher for beta-lactamase-positive strains (6.4 mug/ml) than for negative strains (1.2 mug/ml). In a culture with high initial microbial density, monitored by recording optical densities, the addition of 10 mug of cefamandole per ml brought about rapid lysis of a beta-lactamase-negative strain. Observation of a beta-lactamase-positive strain revealed, in the early part of the growth curve, absence of lysis and an increase of biomass similar to that observed in a drug-free control curve. In contrast to the results obtained with ampicillin, the culture consisted uniformly of spherical forms, probably in the process of division, which were capable of generating colonies. When the microbial density exposed to cefamandole was increased still further, persistent bacillary forms were observed, and after 24 h hydrolysis had eliminated every trace of microbiologically active cefamandole.", "PMID": 313751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4141", "title": "Effect of ampicillin and chloramphenicol alone and in combination on ampicillin-susceptible and -resistant Haemophilus influenzae type B.", "content": "To evaluate ampicillin (Amp) and chloramphenicol (Cm) alone and in combination against Haemophilus influenzae type b, we examined the viability of 5 log(10) colony-forming units (CFU) of early-log-phase organisms per ml after 4 and 8 h of incubation with the drug(s). Nine Amp-susceptible (Amp(s)) and five Amp-resistant (Amp(r)) systemic isolates were examined. Antibiotic concentrations included: the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Amp, 50% of the MIC of Amp, 25% of the MIC of Amp, the MIC of Cm, 50% of the MIC of Cm, 25% of the MIC of Cm, and nine combinations of these concentrations. Both Amp and Cm at their MIC significantly reduced bacterial titers of Amp(s)H. influenzae type b after 8 h of incubation (1.36 and 1.47 log(10) CFU/ml, respectively; both p < 0.01); only Cm at its MIC significantly reduced the number of viable organisms after 4 h (0.91 log(10) CFU/ml; P < 0.001). With Amp(r) organisms, significant reductions in mean bacterial titers occurred after 4 and 8 h of incubation in the presence of Amp at its MIC (1.66 and 2.06 log(10) CFU/ml, respectively; both P < 0.02); smaller but significant reductions were noted after 4 and 8 with Cm at its MIC (0.56 and 0.87 log(20) CFU/ml, respectively; both P < 0.025). Antagonism with Amp(s) or Amp(r) strains was not seen. We conclude that combinations of Amp and Cm have indifferent effects on Amp(s) and Amp(r)H. influenzae type b.", "contents": "Effect of ampicillin and chloramphenicol alone and in combination on ampicillin-susceptible and -resistant Haemophilus influenzae type B. To evaluate ampicillin (Amp) and chloramphenicol (Cm) alone and in combination against Haemophilus influenzae type b, we examined the viability of 5 log(10) colony-forming units (CFU) of early-log-phase organisms per ml after 4 and 8 h of incubation with the drug(s). Nine Amp-susceptible (Amp(s)) and five Amp-resistant (Amp(r)) systemic isolates were examined. Antibiotic concentrations included: the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Amp, 50% of the MIC of Amp, 25% of the MIC of Amp, the MIC of Cm, 50% of the MIC of Cm, 25% of the MIC of Cm, and nine combinations of these concentrations. Both Amp and Cm at their MIC significantly reduced bacterial titers of Amp(s)H. influenzae type b after 8 h of incubation (1.36 and 1.47 log(10) CFU/ml, respectively; both p < 0.01); only Cm at its MIC significantly reduced the number of viable organisms after 4 h (0.91 log(10) CFU/ml; P < 0.001). With Amp(r) organisms, significant reductions in mean bacterial titers occurred after 4 and 8 h of incubation in the presence of Amp at its MIC (1.66 and 2.06 log(10) CFU/ml, respectively; both P < 0.02); smaller but significant reductions were noted after 4 and 8 with Cm at its MIC (0.56 and 0.87 log(20) CFU/ml, respectively; both P < 0.025). Antagonism with Amp(s) or Amp(r) strains was not seen. We conclude that combinations of Amp and Cm have indifferent effects on Amp(s) and Amp(r)H. influenzae type b.", "PMID": 313752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4142", "title": "In vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefazaflur compared with those of beta-lactamase-stable cephalosporins.", "content": "The in vitro activity of cefazaflur, a parenteral cephalosporin, was determined against 590 clinical isolates. Cefazaflur inhibited the majority of gram-positive cocci at concentrations below 1 mug/ml except for enterococci. The agent was as active as cefamandole or cefoxitin against most Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Although it inhibited a number of strains of Enterobacter, indole-positive Proteus, and Serratia resistant to cephalothin, it was much less active against these organisms than were cefamandole or cefoxitin.", "contents": "In vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefazaflur compared with those of beta-lactamase-stable cephalosporins. The in vitro activity of cefazaflur, a parenteral cephalosporin, was determined against 590 clinical isolates. Cefazaflur inhibited the majority of gram-positive cocci at concentrations below 1 mug/ml except for enterococci. The agent was as active as cefamandole or cefoxitin against most Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Although it inhibited a number of strains of Enterobacter, indole-positive Proteus, and Serratia resistant to cephalothin, it was much less active against these organisms than were cefamandole or cefoxitin.", "PMID": 313753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4143", "title": "Homobodies: do they exist?", "content": "Within an immunological network consisting of interacting paratopes and idiotopes, three families of molecules can be postulated which bear a peculiarly close connection to any given epitope; the antibody, which carries paratopes which fit the epitope; the anti-idiotype, which carries paratopes fitting the idiotopes of the antibody; and the \"homobody\", which carries idiotopes to which the paratopes of the antibody fit. The homobody, called by Jerne the \"internal image set\", is a molecule which resembles the epitope, not like a mould resembles its cast, but like one cast resembles another cast made in the same mould. A distinction between homobody and anti-idiotype poses certain problems which are discussed in the light of a hypothetical experiment using avidin as the antigen.", "contents": "Homobodies: do they exist? Within an immunological network consisting of interacting paratopes and idiotopes, three families of molecules can be postulated which bear a peculiarly close connection to any given epitope; the antibody, which carries paratopes which fit the epitope; the anti-idiotype, which carries paratopes fitting the idiotopes of the antibody; and the \"homobody\", which carries idiotopes to which the paratopes of the antibody fit. The homobody, called by Jerne the \"internal image set\", is a molecule which resembles the epitope, not like a mould resembles its cast, but like one cast resembles another cast made in the same mould. A distinction between homobody and anti-idiotype poses certain problems which are discussed in the light of a hypothetical experiment using avidin as the antigen.", "PMID": 313749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4144", "title": "TNS-evoked long loop effects.", "content": "Local analgesia can be produced by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves. This is used in the treatment of chronic pain states. Its clinical effectiveness depends on two points; namely (1) the stimulation has to be perceptible, and (2) paresthesias elicited by TNS must be localized in the area of pain. To verify this in healthy subjects we produced an experimental pain by radiant heating of the skin and tested the analgesic effect of TNS. TNS stimuli parameters (duration, amplitude and frequency) were determined so that double blind conditions were given. Stimulation with small rectangular pulses showed the best analgesic effect especially at a stimulation rate of 100 Hz. The stimulation of various nerves showed that most of the analgesic effects depend on spinal level mechanisms but probably long loop effects are involved.", "contents": "TNS-evoked long loop effects. Local analgesia can be produced by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves. This is used in the treatment of chronic pain states. Its clinical effectiveness depends on two points; namely (1) the stimulation has to be perceptible, and (2) paresthesias elicited by TNS must be localized in the area of pain. To verify this in healthy subjects we produced an experimental pain by radiant heating of the skin and tested the analgesic effect of TNS. TNS stimuli parameters (duration, amplitude and frequency) were determined so that double blind conditions were given. Stimulation with small rectangular pulses showed the best analgesic effect especially at a stimulation rate of 100 Hz. The stimulation of various nerves showed that most of the analgesic effects depend on spinal level mechanisms but probably long loop effects are involved.", "PMID": 313754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4145", "title": "Studies of calcitonin cells and parathyroid glands of the Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti in response to experimental hypercalcaemia.", "content": "Long term hypercalcaemia was induced in F. pennanti by alternate day intramuscular injections of 50,000 IU of vitamin D2 and by giving them 1% CaCl2 solution prepared in tap water to drink. The controls were not injected with vitamin D2 and were given tap water. The serum calcium levels at various stages of the experiment (1-29 days) show increased values as compared with those of control animals. The calcitonin cells in the treated animals generally exhibit an increase in their number up to the 15th day. Mitotic figures are also encountered between the 7th and the 15th day of treatment. This exhibits the increase in the number of C cells. Constant calcium challenge results in increased quantities of secretory granules among these cells up to the 15th day and in degranulation from the 17th day onwards. It also causes degenerative changes in a certain number of C cells. The parathyroids exhibit atrophic changes (25 days onwards) due to chronic hypercalcaemia. For short term hypercalcaemia, animals were injected intravenously with 1 ml of 10% solution of calcium gluconate. The calcitonin cells do not exhibit any change during the first half hour but thereafter they exhibit progressive degranulation, resulting in marked degranulation after 5 hours of the injection. The parathyroids remain unaffected throughout the experiment and show no histological change.", "contents": "Studies of calcitonin cells and parathyroid glands of the Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti in response to experimental hypercalcaemia. Long term hypercalcaemia was induced in F. pennanti by alternate day intramuscular injections of 50,000 IU of vitamin D2 and by giving them 1% CaCl2 solution prepared in tap water to drink. The controls were not injected with vitamin D2 and were given tap water. The serum calcium levels at various stages of the experiment (1-29 days) show increased values as compared with those of control animals. The calcitonin cells in the treated animals generally exhibit an increase in their number up to the 15th day. Mitotic figures are also encountered between the 7th and the 15th day of treatment. This exhibits the increase in the number of C cells. Constant calcium challenge results in increased quantities of secretory granules among these cells up to the 15th day and in degranulation from the 17th day onwards. It also causes degenerative changes in a certain number of C cells. The parathyroids exhibit atrophic changes (25 days onwards) due to chronic hypercalcaemia. For short term hypercalcaemia, animals were injected intravenously with 1 ml of 10% solution of calcium gluconate. The calcitonin cells do not exhibit any change during the first half hour but thereafter they exhibit progressive degranulation, resulting in marked degranulation after 5 hours of the injection. The parathyroids remain unaffected throughout the experiment and show no histological change.", "PMID": 313755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4146", "title": "Anastomotic ulceration following subtotal and total pancreatectomy.", "content": "Ulcerogenic potential exists after subtotal gastrectomy, pancreatic resection and separation of the pancreatic and bile ducts from the gastric outlet. Collectively, as with radical pancreatoduodenectomy or total pancreatectomy, a substantial risk of an anastomotic ulcer developing can be expected. To elucidate this, we reviewed the records of 297 patients who had undergone either radical pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) or total pancreatectomy. We found that 18 patients (6%) had developed an anastomotic ulcer and that total pancreatectomy was statistically more ulcerogenic than a Whipple procedure. An anastomotic ulcer a virulent complication; two-thirds of the patients had bleeding, and it was a contributing cause of death in 22% of patients in whom ulcer developed. In patients who have a favorable prognosis, the addition of vagectomy to either procedure should be considered.", "contents": "Anastomotic ulceration following subtotal and total pancreatectomy. Ulcerogenic potential exists after subtotal gastrectomy, pancreatic resection and separation of the pancreatic and bile ducts from the gastric outlet. Collectively, as with radical pancreatoduodenectomy or total pancreatectomy, a substantial risk of an anastomotic ulcer developing can be expected. To elucidate this, we reviewed the records of 297 patients who had undergone either radical pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) or total pancreatectomy. We found that 18 patients (6%) had developed an anastomotic ulcer and that total pancreatectomy was statistically more ulcerogenic than a Whipple procedure. An anastomotic ulcer a virulent complication; two-thirds of the patients had bleeding, and it was a contributing cause of death in 22% of patients in whom ulcer developed. In patients who have a favorable prognosis, the addition of vagectomy to either procedure should be considered.", "PMID": 313757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4147", "title": "Protease inhibitors and experimental acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.", "content": "Proteolytic enzyme inhibitors have been reported to decrease morbidity and mortality from certain types of experimental pancreatitis, although recent randomized trials have been unable to demonstrate that they are of benefit in the treatment of clinical acute pancreatitis. We have evaluated the effect of two proteolytic enzyme inhibitors (trasylol and chlorophyll-a, on experimental acute pancreatitis induced in mice by the feeding of a choline-deficient ethionine-enriched diet. The mortality rate and the biochemical and morphological severity of pancreatitis were not altered by either trasylol or chlorophyll-a administration. Thus, in this respect, diet-induced pancreatitis appears to resemble clinical acute pancreatitis. The reasons for the lack of effectiveness of proteolytic enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of both forms of pancreatitis are discussed.", "contents": "Protease inhibitors and experimental acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Proteolytic enzyme inhibitors have been reported to decrease morbidity and mortality from certain types of experimental pancreatitis, although recent randomized trials have been unable to demonstrate that they are of benefit in the treatment of clinical acute pancreatitis. We have evaluated the effect of two proteolytic enzyme inhibitors (trasylol and chlorophyll-a, on experimental acute pancreatitis induced in mice by the feeding of a choline-deficient ethionine-enriched diet. The mortality rate and the biochemical and morphological severity of pancreatitis were not altered by either trasylol or chlorophyll-a administration. Thus, in this respect, diet-induced pancreatitis appears to resemble clinical acute pancreatitis. The reasons for the lack of effectiveness of proteolytic enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of both forms of pancreatitis are discussed.", "PMID": 313758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4148", "title": "Use of Doppler ultrasound in intraoperative localization of intestinal arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "Precise localization of an intestinal arteriovenous malformation is essential for the complete resection of the lesion. Identification at operation can be difficult, and intraoperative angiography is not without complications. Blood flow within the small vessels of the bowel wall can be easily detected by Doppler ultrasonography, and arterial flow can be distinguished from venous flow. Intraoperative use of the Doppler ultrasound technique localized an AVM in the small intestine. Distinctive flow signals were present over the intestinal AVM which allowed it to be easily differentiated from adjacent normal intestine. Confirmation was secured by measuring the PO2 of blood aspirated from the vein draining the involved segment and comparing it to the PO2 from a vein draining an adjacent segment.", "contents": "Use of Doppler ultrasound in intraoperative localization of intestinal arteriovenous malformation. Precise localization of an intestinal arteriovenous malformation is essential for the complete resection of the lesion. Identification at operation can be difficult, and intraoperative angiography is not without complications. Blood flow within the small vessels of the bowel wall can be easily detected by Doppler ultrasonography, and arterial flow can be distinguished from venous flow. Intraoperative use of the Doppler ultrasound technique localized an AVM in the small intestine. Distinctive flow signals were present over the intestinal AVM which allowed it to be easily differentiated from adjacent normal intestine. Confirmation was secured by measuring the PO2 of blood aspirated from the vein draining the involved segment and comparing it to the PO2 from a vein draining an adjacent segment.", "PMID": 313759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4149", "title": "Role of arteriography in rectal hemorrhage due to arteriovenous malformations and diverticulosis.", "content": "Nine patients with arteriographic right colon arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) are reviewed. Even though five of the eight surviving patients had diverticulosis in remaining colon, right colectomy with removal of the AVM effectively controlled bleeding in seven of the eight patients in follow-up intervals of 14-66 months. Such results suggest that right colon AVM, rather than diverticulosis, may be the more common cause of chronic recurrent lower intestinal hemorrhage in the elderly. Rebleeding occurred in one patient and has heretofore been reported in seven cases. However, since AVM bleeding is rarely life-threatening, right colectomy for chronic recurrent rectal bleeding is justifiable as the initial operative procedure for an AVM, even in the presence of left colon or sigmoid diverticulosis. In the same five year period, 1973-1977, four additional patients with massive hemorrhage, characteristic of diverticulosis, had emergency arteriography with demonstration of a localized site of diverticular bleeding that was controllable by partial colon resection. Consequently, segmental resection of the colon, utilizing selective arteriography, has thus far eliminated bleeding in eight of nine patients with diverticulosis. The judicious use of arteriography in patients with diverticulosis and rectal bleeding substantially reduces the requirement for subtotal colectomy and ileoproctostomy.", "contents": "Role of arteriography in rectal hemorrhage due to arteriovenous malformations and diverticulosis. Nine patients with arteriographic right colon arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) are reviewed. Even though five of the eight surviving patients had diverticulosis in remaining colon, right colectomy with removal of the AVM effectively controlled bleeding in seven of the eight patients in follow-up intervals of 14-66 months. Such results suggest that right colon AVM, rather than diverticulosis, may be the more common cause of chronic recurrent lower intestinal hemorrhage in the elderly. Rebleeding occurred in one patient and has heretofore been reported in seven cases. However, since AVM bleeding is rarely life-threatening, right colectomy for chronic recurrent rectal bleeding is justifiable as the initial operative procedure for an AVM, even in the presence of left colon or sigmoid diverticulosis. In the same five year period, 1973-1977, four additional patients with massive hemorrhage, characteristic of diverticulosis, had emergency arteriography with demonstration of a localized site of diverticular bleeding that was controllable by partial colon resection. Consequently, segmental resection of the colon, utilizing selective arteriography, has thus far eliminated bleeding in eight of nine patients with diverticulosis. The judicious use of arteriography in patients with diverticulosis and rectal bleeding substantially reduces the requirement for subtotal colectomy and ileoproctostomy.", "PMID": 313760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4150", "title": "The role of cardiovascular hemodynamics and liver histology in evaluating bleeding cirrhotic patients.", "content": "Preoperative cardiovascular hemodynamics and percutaneous liver biopsies were used to evaluate the pathophysiologic factors determining the operative prognosis of patients with cirrhotic liver disease and bleeding esophageal varices. These studies confirm the observations of Siegel that the greater the magnitude of the peripheral abnormalities in vascular tone and oxygen consumption the better must be the capability of the ventricular function, if the cirrhotic is to survive emergency or urgent portal decompressive surgery. These studies also show that the cardiovascular hemodynamics are directly correllated with the nature and degree of the abnormalities in the liver biopsy, and that pathologic and physiologic features of this disease which impact on surgical prognosis can be expressed through the easily obtained Survival Index. Bleeding cirrhotic patients with poor quality hemodynamics and poor histologic characteristics should be treated non operatively, since the operative mortality appears greater than that produced by a strategy of medical supportive therapy and delayed surgery if stabilization occurs.", "contents": "The role of cardiovascular hemodynamics and liver histology in evaluating bleeding cirrhotic patients. Preoperative cardiovascular hemodynamics and percutaneous liver biopsies were used to evaluate the pathophysiologic factors determining the operative prognosis of patients with cirrhotic liver disease and bleeding esophageal varices. These studies confirm the observations of Siegel that the greater the magnitude of the peripheral abnormalities in vascular tone and oxygen consumption the better must be the capability of the ventricular function, if the cirrhotic is to survive emergency or urgent portal decompressive surgery. These studies also show that the cardiovascular hemodynamics are directly correllated with the nature and degree of the abnormalities in the liver biopsy, and that pathologic and physiologic features of this disease which impact on surgical prognosis can be expressed through the easily obtained Survival Index. Bleeding cirrhotic patients with poor quality hemodynamics and poor histologic characteristics should be treated non operatively, since the operative mortality appears greater than that produced by a strategy of medical supportive therapy and delayed surgery if stabilization occurs.", "PMID": 313761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4151", "title": "Saphenous vein bypass from the aorta to the anterior interventricular vein.", "content": "A patient is described who had myocardial revascularization with saphenous vein grafts. One of the grafts was inadvertently anastomosed to the anterior interventricular vein instead of the anterior descending coronary artery. He also underwent saphenous vein bypass to the right coronary artery and resection of a left ventricular aneurysm. The patient remained free of angina up to 3 1/2 years after operation, at which time he was seen with tachyarrhythmia and a continuous murmur. Coronary arteriography revealed patent bypass grafts to both the distal right coronary artery and the anterior interventricular vein. Whether the patient benefited from the graft to the anterior interventricular vein remains indeterminable because of the successful bypass to the right coronary artery and the left ventricular aneurysmectomy. He did experience clinical improvement for 3 1/2 years, and the symptom when he was seen at our institution was tachyarrhythmia, not chest pain. Additionally, his exercise tolerance had improved markedly. We believe the potential advantages of bypass from the aorta to the coronary veins is still unexplored.", "contents": "Saphenous vein bypass from the aorta to the anterior interventricular vein. A patient is described who had myocardial revascularization with saphenous vein grafts. One of the grafts was inadvertently anastomosed to the anterior interventricular vein instead of the anterior descending coronary artery. He also underwent saphenous vein bypass to the right coronary artery and resection of a left ventricular aneurysm. The patient remained free of angina up to 3 1/2 years after operation, at which time he was seen with tachyarrhythmia and a continuous murmur. Coronary arteriography revealed patent bypass grafts to both the distal right coronary artery and the anterior interventricular vein. Whether the patient benefited from the graft to the anterior interventricular vein remains indeterminable because of the successful bypass to the right coronary artery and the left ventricular aneurysmectomy. He did experience clinical improvement for 3 1/2 years, and the symptom when he was seen at our institution was tachyarrhythmia, not chest pain. Additionally, his exercise tolerance had improved markedly. We believe the potential advantages of bypass from the aorta to the coronary veins is still unexplored.", "PMID": 313762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4152", "title": "Effects of cardioplegic solution on human contractile element velocity.", "content": "A technique for measuring the maximum contractile element velocity (Vpm) of the myocardium was developed, verified, and employed in patients to allow accurate intraoperative assessment of the adequacy of myocardial protection. Four groups of patients were studied. Ten patients had coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) with cardioplegia; 13 had CABG with coronary perfusion, ventricular fibrillation at 28 degrees C, and aortic clamping for distal anastamoses; 6 had aortic valve replacement (AVR) with cardioplegia; and 7 had AVR with coronary perfusion to the beating heart. For cardioplegia, a solution of 5% dextrose in 0.2% saline at 4 degrees C with 25 mEq of potassium chloride and 12.5 gm of mannitol was infused initially, followed by 500 ml every 30 minutes. Clinically all patients did well, and there were no deaths. Patients having CABG with intermittent coronary perfusion during ventricular fibrillation had significant (p less than 0.01) depression of Vpm from 38.3 to 30.8 sec-1 while Vpm in patients having CABG with cardioplegia was unchanged. Patients having AVR with continuous coronary perfusion or with cardioplegia (average anoxia time, 70.4 minutes) had no significant change in Vpm. We conclude that this cardioplegic solution provided adequate protection of myocardial function for up to 105 minutes of continuous aortic clamping in humans. The depression in Vpm observed following CABG with intermittent coronary perfusion is consistent with previous suggestions that this combination is detrimental because of maldistribution of coronary blood flow during ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Effects of cardioplegic solution on human contractile element velocity. A technique for measuring the maximum contractile element velocity (Vpm) of the myocardium was developed, verified, and employed in patients to allow accurate intraoperative assessment of the adequacy of myocardial protection. Four groups of patients were studied. Ten patients had coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) with cardioplegia; 13 had CABG with coronary perfusion, ventricular fibrillation at 28 degrees C, and aortic clamping for distal anastamoses; 6 had aortic valve replacement (AVR) with cardioplegia; and 7 had AVR with coronary perfusion to the beating heart. For cardioplegia, a solution of 5% dextrose in 0.2% saline at 4 degrees C with 25 mEq of potassium chloride and 12.5 gm of mannitol was infused initially, followed by 500 ml every 30 minutes. Clinically all patients did well, and there were no deaths. Patients having CABG with intermittent coronary perfusion during ventricular fibrillation had significant (p less than 0.01) depression of Vpm from 38.3 to 30.8 sec-1 while Vpm in patients having CABG with cardioplegia was unchanged. Patients having AVR with continuous coronary perfusion or with cardioplegia (average anoxia time, 70.4 minutes) had no significant change in Vpm. We conclude that this cardioplegic solution provided adequate protection of myocardial function for up to 105 minutes of continuous aortic clamping in humans. The depression in Vpm observed following CABG with intermittent coronary perfusion is consistent with previous suggestions that this combination is detrimental because of maldistribution of coronary blood flow during ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 313764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4153", "title": "Reduction of intraoperative myocardial infarction by means of exogenous anaerobic substrate enhancement: prospective randomized study.", "content": "In a prospective study, patients who had an ejection fraction of 40% or more and who were undergoing elective coronary artery operation were randomly divided into three groups that differed in the method of anaerobic substrate enhancement during cardiopulmonary bypass. Group 1, the controls (n = 157), received no additional glucose, insulin, and potassium solutions and experienced immediate spontaneous defibrillation (10%), transmural myocardial infarction (10.3%), malignant ventricular arrhythmias (26%), and severe atrial arrhythmias (20%). Group 2 (n = 120) received a bolus of hypertonic glucose, insulin, and potassium in the pump perfusate before aortic cross-clamping. In this group, the rate of spontaneous defibrillation was 41%, of transmural infarction, 8.3%, of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, 31%, and of severe atrial arrhythmias, 19%. Group 3 (n = 114) had the aortic root continuously infused with glucose, insulin, and potassium solution at 4 degrees C during aortic cross-clamping. This group was significantly improved; the rate of spontaneous defibrillation was 60%, there were no transmural myocardial infarctions and the incidence of severe atrial arrhythmias was 6% and that of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, 5%. It is proposed that the superior clinical results in Group 3 resulted from better myocardial preservation achieved by more efficient means of providing continuous anaerobic substrate, coronary washout, and elution of lactic acidosis, uniform global hypothermia, and direct supplemental myocardial potassium in addition to mere cardioplegic effects.", "contents": "Reduction of intraoperative myocardial infarction by means of exogenous anaerobic substrate enhancement: prospective randomized study. In a prospective study, patients who had an ejection fraction of 40% or more and who were undergoing elective coronary artery operation were randomly divided into three groups that differed in the method of anaerobic substrate enhancement during cardiopulmonary bypass. Group 1, the controls (n = 157), received no additional glucose, insulin, and potassium solutions and experienced immediate spontaneous defibrillation (10%), transmural myocardial infarction (10.3%), malignant ventricular arrhythmias (26%), and severe atrial arrhythmias (20%). Group 2 (n = 120) received a bolus of hypertonic glucose, insulin, and potassium in the pump perfusate before aortic cross-clamping. In this group, the rate of spontaneous defibrillation was 41%, of transmural infarction, 8.3%, of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, 31%, and of severe atrial arrhythmias, 19%. Group 3 (n = 114) had the aortic root continuously infused with glucose, insulin, and potassium solution at 4 degrees C during aortic cross-clamping. This group was significantly improved; the rate of spontaneous defibrillation was 60%, there were no transmural myocardial infarctions and the incidence of severe atrial arrhythmias was 6% and that of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, 5%. It is proposed that the superior clinical results in Group 3 resulted from better myocardial preservation achieved by more efficient means of providing continuous anaerobic substrate, coronary washout, and elution of lactic acidosis, uniform global hypothermia, and direct supplemental myocardial potassium in addition to mere cardioplegic effects.", "PMID": 313765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4154", "title": "Ventricular venting during coronary revascularization: assessment of benefit by intraoperative ventricular function curves.", "content": "Although the physiological benefits of left ventricular venting during cardiopulmonary bypass have been documented experimentally, air embolus is still a concern clinically, and surgeons, therefore, continue to debate whether or not to vent routinely during coronary revascularization. In this study, 10 patients vented during revascularization and 10 not vented were studied immediately before and after cardiopulmonary bypass using Sarnoff ventricular function curves to assess changes in ventricular performance. Stroke work index by each patient before and after bypass was compared at common left atrial pressures and concomitant similar systemic resistances. In patients who were vented, there was overall no change in function (98 +/- 7% of control; range, 146--73%). In patients who were not vented, there was overall significant depression of function (67 +/- 5% of control; range, 91--45%, p less than 0.01). The overall absence of depression in patients who were vented, several of whom had very poor ventricles before bypass, strongly supports venting for coronary revascularization.", "contents": "Ventricular venting during coronary revascularization: assessment of benefit by intraoperative ventricular function curves. Although the physiological benefits of left ventricular venting during cardiopulmonary bypass have been documented experimentally, air embolus is still a concern clinically, and surgeons, therefore, continue to debate whether or not to vent routinely during coronary revascularization. In this study, 10 patients vented during revascularization and 10 not vented were studied immediately before and after cardiopulmonary bypass using Sarnoff ventricular function curves to assess changes in ventricular performance. Stroke work index by each patient before and after bypass was compared at common left atrial pressures and concomitant similar systemic resistances. In patients who were vented, there was overall no change in function (98 +/- 7% of control; range, 146--73%). In patients who were not vented, there was overall significant depression of function (67 +/- 5% of control; range, 91--45%, p less than 0.01). The overall absence of depression in patients who were vented, several of whom had very poor ventricles before bypass, strongly supports venting for coronary revascularization.", "PMID": 313766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4155", "title": "Acute effects of aortocoronary bypass surgery on left ventricular function and regional myocardial mechanics: a clinical study.", "content": "The acute effects of myocardial revascularization on overall left ventricular performance and on myocardial segmental wall motion were assessed intraoperatively in 22 patients who had unstable (11 patients) or stable angina pectoris (11 patients). Segmental contraction patterns were evaluated using an ultrasonic transit-time method. In 9 patients with unstable angina pectoris, notable improvement in segmental wall motion was observed as the short-term response to coronary bypass grafting. Hypokinetic patterns were rendered normal after revascularization. Despite marked changes in segmental myocardial function, overall left ventricular performance was not altered notably. In contrast, reperfusion did not lead to acute effects on either segmental wall motion or total left ventricular function in patients with stable angina pectoris. The results indicate that aortocoronary bypass grafting may improve segmental wall motion in patients with unstable angina.", "contents": "Acute effects of aortocoronary bypass surgery on left ventricular function and regional myocardial mechanics: a clinical study. The acute effects of myocardial revascularization on overall left ventricular performance and on myocardial segmental wall motion were assessed intraoperatively in 22 patients who had unstable (11 patients) or stable angina pectoris (11 patients). Segmental contraction patterns were evaluated using an ultrasonic transit-time method. In 9 patients with unstable angina pectoris, notable improvement in segmental wall motion was observed as the short-term response to coronary bypass grafting. Hypokinetic patterns were rendered normal after revascularization. Despite marked changes in segmental myocardial function, overall left ventricular performance was not altered notably. In contrast, reperfusion did not lead to acute effects on either segmental wall motion or total left ventricular function in patients with stable angina pectoris. The results indicate that aortocoronary bypass grafting may improve segmental wall motion in patients with unstable angina.", "PMID": 313767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4156", "title": "Early pleural effusion in histiocytosis X.", "content": "Two cases of histiocytosis X, one of the disseminated form and the other localized to the lung, are reported, in which pleural effusion, probably due to pleural involvement as assessed by biopsy, was one of the initial manifestations of the disease.", "contents": "Early pleural effusion in histiocytosis X. Two cases of histiocytosis X, one of the disseminated form and the other localized to the lung, are reported, in which pleural effusion, probably due to pleural involvement as assessed by biopsy, was one of the initial manifestations of the disease.", "PMID": 313768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4157", "title": "Structural abnormalities in the cerebral cortex of chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Enlarged cerebral ventricles in chronic schizophrenic patients suggest a process of mild cerebral atrophy occurs in some. To see if this process involves the cerebral cortex, the widths of the Sylvian fissure, the interhemispheric fissure, and three cortical sulci were measured blindly on computerized tomography (CT) scans of 75 chronic psychiatric patients and 62 asymptomatic volunteers, all less than 50 years of age. A total of 19 of the 60 patients with chronic schizophrenia had at least one abnormality. All 15 patients with other diagnoses were within the control range. Comparing those chronic schizophrenic patients with abnormalities to those without them, there were no significant differences in age, length of illness or treatment, and length of hospitalization. From this and ventricular size data, two thirds of the chronic schizophrenics had some cerebral structural abnormality. Ventricular enlargement did not correlate significantly with cortical abnormalities. Therefore, more than one etiology may account for the structural abnormalities found in chronic schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Structural abnormalities in the cerebral cortex of chronic schizophrenic patients. Enlarged cerebral ventricles in chronic schizophrenic patients suggest a process of mild cerebral atrophy occurs in some. To see if this process involves the cerebral cortex, the widths of the Sylvian fissure, the interhemispheric fissure, and three cortical sulci were measured blindly on computerized tomography (CT) scans of 75 chronic psychiatric patients and 62 asymptomatic volunteers, all less than 50 years of age. A total of 19 of the 60 patients with chronic schizophrenia had at least one abnormality. All 15 patients with other diagnoses were within the control range. Comparing those chronic schizophrenic patients with abnormalities to those without them, there were no significant differences in age, length of illness or treatment, and length of hospitalization. From this and ventricular size data, two thirds of the chronic schizophrenics had some cerebral structural abnormality. Ventricular enlargement did not correlate significantly with cortical abnormalities. Therefore, more than one etiology may account for the structural abnormalities found in chronic schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 313770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4158", "title": "Immunological studies in hairy cell leukemia.", "content": "Cytochemical and immunological studies were performed on tissues and mononuclear cell suspensions from ten patients with hairy cell leukemia. In all cases studied, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was noted within the cytoplasm of hairy cells (HCs). In two thirds of the cases, alpha naphthyl acetate esterase was observed in HCs. In addition, HCs did not form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. A variable number of HCs displayed complement receptors. The nonspecific binding of conjugated immunoglobulin to HCs probably reflected the presence of a high concentration of Fc receptors on the HCs surface. In three cases, the conjugated immunoglobulin reacted predominantly to one light chain, thus suggesting the presence of a monoclonal immunoglobulin. In four of six cases, mononuclear cell suspensions of HCs demonstrated latex phagocytosis. In one case, HCs displayed resynthesis of surface membrane immunoglobulin, the presence of B cell antigen, and phagocytosis of latex. These findings suggest that HCs are distinctive and contain properties of both B lymphocytes and monocytes.", "contents": "Immunological studies in hairy cell leukemia. Cytochemical and immunological studies were performed on tissues and mononuclear cell suspensions from ten patients with hairy cell leukemia. In all cases studied, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was noted within the cytoplasm of hairy cells (HCs). In two thirds of the cases, alpha naphthyl acetate esterase was observed in HCs. In addition, HCs did not form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. A variable number of HCs displayed complement receptors. The nonspecific binding of conjugated immunoglobulin to HCs probably reflected the presence of a high concentration of Fc receptors on the HCs surface. In three cases, the conjugated immunoglobulin reacted predominantly to one light chain, thus suggesting the presence of a monoclonal immunoglobulin. In four of six cases, mononuclear cell suspensions of HCs demonstrated latex phagocytosis. In one case, HCs displayed resynthesis of surface membrane immunoglobulin, the presence of B cell antigen, and phagocytosis of latex. These findings suggest that HCs are distinctive and contain properties of both B lymphocytes and monocytes.", "PMID": 313771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4159", "title": "Coincidental hairy cell leukemia and large cell malignant lymphoma.", "content": "A 64-year-old man who had a two year history of hairy cell leukemia became feverish with night sweats. Splenomegaly and enlarged nodes in the neck and in the anterior mediastinum were detected. Splenectomy was performed and multiple white nodules on a dark-red background were seen in the spleen. The white nodules represented a large cell malignant lymphoma; other areas of the spleen contained mononuclear cells typical in hairy cell leukemia. One of the hilar lymph nodes of the spleen was involved by malignant lymphoma, and the other eight lymph nodes were involved by hairy cell leukemia. The coincidence of the two diseases tends to favor the view that hairy cells are of lymphocytic origin.", "contents": "Coincidental hairy cell leukemia and large cell malignant lymphoma. A 64-year-old man who had a two year history of hairy cell leukemia became feverish with night sweats. Splenomegaly and enlarged nodes in the neck and in the anterior mediastinum were detected. Splenectomy was performed and multiple white nodules on a dark-red background were seen in the spleen. The white nodules represented a large cell malignant lymphoma; other areas of the spleen contained mononuclear cells typical in hairy cell leukemia. One of the hilar lymph nodes of the spleen was involved by malignant lymphoma, and the other eight lymph nodes were involved by hairy cell leukemia. The coincidence of the two diseases tends to favor the view that hairy cells are of lymphocytic origin.", "PMID": 313772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4160", "title": "[Course of metastatic osteogenic sarcoma treated with chemotherapy only (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a six year old girl with metastatic (or primarily multifocal) osteogenic sarcoma is reported, which was treated with chemotherapy only. Within 15 months--the primary tumor regressed and at least a transient inactivation has resulted until now;--the pulmonary metastases showed no progression;--an osteoplastic destruction of the sacrum has completely regressed. At the time of report (15 months after initiation of treatment) neither on X-ray controls nor on bone scan signs of tumor regrowth are evident. The child is without any complaints and the leg has no loss of function.", "contents": "[Course of metastatic osteogenic sarcoma treated with chemotherapy only (author's transl)]. The case of a six year old girl with metastatic (or primarily multifocal) osteogenic sarcoma is reported, which was treated with chemotherapy only. Within 15 months--the primary tumor regressed and at least a transient inactivation has resulted until now;--the pulmonary metastases showed no progression;--an osteoplastic destruction of the sacrum has completely regressed. At the time of report (15 months after initiation of treatment) neither on X-ray controls nor on bone scan signs of tumor regrowth are evident. The child is without any complaints and the leg has no loss of function.", "PMID": 313774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4161", "title": "Portal vein thrombosis associated with cirrhosis: clinical importance.", "content": "A group of 86 cirrhotics undergoing therapeutic variceal decompressive procedures were studied. Patients with portal vein thrombosis (PVT) comprised 21% of the group and more frequently had uncontrollable hemorrhage at an earlier stage of liver disease. Mortality in the 18 cirrhotics with PVT was higher (56%), mostly as a result of rebleeding. Despite adjustments for stage of liver disease and type of operation, in no cirrhotic with PVT did postshunt encephalopathy develop, compared with 32% incidence in patients without PVT (P less than .05). It is concluded that patients with cirrhosis and PVT represent a different subpopulation of cirrhotics. Once adequate variceal decompression has been achieved, their prognosis should be superior to cirrhotics without PVT because their hepatic hemodynamics are unaffected by total shunting, hence precluding further impairment of liver function as a result of acute reduction of hepatic blood flow.", "contents": "Portal vein thrombosis associated with cirrhosis: clinical importance. A group of 86 cirrhotics undergoing therapeutic variceal decompressive procedures were studied. Patients with portal vein thrombosis (PVT) comprised 21% of the group and more frequently had uncontrollable hemorrhage at an earlier stage of liver disease. Mortality in the 18 cirrhotics with PVT was higher (56%), mostly as a result of rebleeding. Despite adjustments for stage of liver disease and type of operation, in no cirrhotic with PVT did postshunt encephalopathy develop, compared with 32% incidence in patients without PVT (P less than .05). It is concluded that patients with cirrhosis and PVT represent a different subpopulation of cirrhotics. Once adequate variceal decompression has been achieved, their prognosis should be superior to cirrhotics without PVT because their hepatic hemodynamics are unaffected by total shunting, hence precluding further impairment of liver function as a result of acute reduction of hepatic blood flow.", "PMID": 313775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4162", "title": "Aortocystoduodenal fistula: rare complication of pancreatic pseudocyst.", "content": "An upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage resulting from an aortocystoduodenal fistula developed in a patient with a pancreatic pseudocyst. The fistula was exposed through a duodenotomy, necrotic material was debrided from the pseudocyst and the aortic wall, the aortic defect was closed primarily, and the pseudocyst was drained through a cystoduodenostomy. The case is discussed as a rare hemorrhagic complication of pancreatic pseudocysts and as an illustration that under certain circumstances of infection in areas where aortic bypass can be difficult to perform, primary vascular repair can be a successful method of managing aortoenteric fistulas.", "contents": "Aortocystoduodenal fistula: rare complication of pancreatic pseudocyst. An upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage resulting from an aortocystoduodenal fistula developed in a patient with a pancreatic pseudocyst. The fistula was exposed through a duodenotomy, necrotic material was debrided from the pseudocyst and the aortic wall, the aortic defect was closed primarily, and the pseudocyst was drained through a cystoduodenostomy. The case is discussed as a rare hemorrhagic complication of pancreatic pseudocysts and as an illustration that under certain circumstances of infection in areas where aortic bypass can be difficult to perform, primary vascular repair can be a successful method of managing aortoenteric fistulas.", "PMID": 313776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4163", "title": "Drug actions in rats with arteriosclerosis induced by toxic doses of vitamin D2.", "content": "The vascular response of isolated perfused hind legs from normal and arteriosclerotic rats to noradrenaline, ATP, PGF2 alpha and vasopressin was determined. The increase of perfusion pressure to noradrenaline and ATP was reduced and that to PGF2 alpha and vasopressin was enhanced in arteriosclerotic rats in comparison to normal animals. The results indicate that the reactivity of the vascular smooth muscle of isolated hind legs of arterioslerotic rats is not only quantitatively but also qualitatively different in comparison with normal rats.", "contents": "Drug actions in rats with arteriosclerosis induced by toxic doses of vitamin D2. The vascular response of isolated perfused hind legs from normal and arteriosclerotic rats to noradrenaline, ATP, PGF2 alpha and vasopressin was determined. The increase of perfusion pressure to noradrenaline and ATP was reduced and that to PGF2 alpha and vasopressin was enhanced in arteriosclerotic rats in comparison to normal animals. The results indicate that the reactivity of the vascular smooth muscle of isolated hind legs of arterioslerotic rats is not only quantitatively but also qualitatively different in comparison with normal rats.", "PMID": 313777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4164", "title": "[Blood vessels and nerve apparatus of the heart and small intestine during continuous experimental bypass shunting].", "content": "In 140 animals (mongrel dogs of different age and sex) by means of histological, neurohistological, histochemical, histoenzymatic and electron microscopic methods, character and dynamics in changes of nerve elements and blood vessels of the heart and the small intestine have been studied under the conditions of revascularization at aorto-coronary and aorto-mesenteric shunting. The changes revealed are mainly reactive in their character, perform defensive, compensatory-adaptive response of the organs to the orative trauma and to an adequate but slightly changed blood stream. The degree of acuteness and the time when these changes disappear depends on duration of postocclusive ischemia, on the organs' resistivity to its effect on the operative trauma. Operation of aorto-coronary and aorto-mesenteric shunting are rather effective and protect the vascular bed and the intramural nerve appratuses of the heart and the small intestine from severe destructive disorders developing as a result of occlusion in the arterial vessels.", "contents": "[Blood vessels and nerve apparatus of the heart and small intestine during continuous experimental bypass shunting]. In 140 animals (mongrel dogs of different age and sex) by means of histological, neurohistological, histochemical, histoenzymatic and electron microscopic methods, character and dynamics in changes of nerve elements and blood vessels of the heart and the small intestine have been studied under the conditions of revascularization at aorto-coronary and aorto-mesenteric shunting. The changes revealed are mainly reactive in their character, perform defensive, compensatory-adaptive response of the organs to the orative trauma and to an adequate but slightly changed blood stream. The degree of acuteness and the time when these changes disappear depends on duration of postocclusive ischemia, on the organs' resistivity to its effect on the operative trauma. Operation of aorto-coronary and aorto-mesenteric shunting are rather effective and protect the vascular bed and the intramural nerve appratuses of the heart and the small intestine from severe destructive disorders developing as a result of occlusion in the arterial vessels.", "PMID": 313778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4165", "title": "The Campomelic syndrome. Temporal bone histopathologic features and otolaryngologic manifestations.", "content": "The campomelic syndrome is characterized by dwarfism, craniofacial anomalies, bowing of the tibiae and femora, cutaneous dimpling overlying the tibial bend, respiratory distress, and early death. Otolaryngologic manifestations include flat facies with a broad nasal bridge, low-set ears, cleft palate, mandibular hypoplasia, and tracheobronchial malacia. The underlying pathologic feature appears to be disturbance in cartilage growth involving the affected bones and the respiratory tract cartilage. The cause is unknown. We report clinical and histopathologic features in two cases of this syndrome. The endochondral layer of the otic capsule contained no cartilage cells. The cochlea was short and flattened, presenting a scala communis. The vestibule and the canals were deformed by bone invasion. Defective endochondral ossification of the petrooccipital synchondroses possibly explains the shortened skull base seen in this syndrome. The tracheobronchial malacia significantly contributes to respiratory distress and neonatal death.", "contents": "The Campomelic syndrome. Temporal bone histopathologic features and otolaryngologic manifestations. The campomelic syndrome is characterized by dwarfism, craniofacial anomalies, bowing of the tibiae and femora, cutaneous dimpling overlying the tibial bend, respiratory distress, and early death. Otolaryngologic manifestations include flat facies with a broad nasal bridge, low-set ears, cleft palate, mandibular hypoplasia, and tracheobronchial malacia. The underlying pathologic feature appears to be disturbance in cartilage growth involving the affected bones and the respiratory tract cartilage. The cause is unknown. We report clinical and histopathologic features in two cases of this syndrome. The endochondral layer of the otic capsule contained no cartilage cells. The cochlea was short and flattened, presenting a scala communis. The vestibule and the canals were deformed by bone invasion. Defective endochondral ossification of the petrooccipital synchondroses possibly explains the shortened skull base seen in this syndrome. The tracheobronchial malacia significantly contributes to respiratory distress and neonatal death.", "PMID": 313781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4166", "title": "The relevance of 25-hydroxycalciferol measurements in sera of patients with renal failure.", "content": "Iliac crest biopsies and serum specimens were obtained from 36 non-dialyzed uraemic patients. The mean serum 25-hydroxycalciferol concentration of the patients was lower than that of normal subjects and a significant correlation was found between 25-hydroxycalciferol values and the severity of osteomalacia. Parathyroid osteopathy was significantly correlated with serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone but not with serum 25-hydroxycalciferol values. While normal serum 25-hydroxycalciferol concentrations in uraemic patients do not exclude the presence of osteomalacia, a low concentration is virtually diagnostic of this disorder.", "contents": "The relevance of 25-hydroxycalciferol measurements in sera of patients with renal failure. Iliac crest biopsies and serum specimens were obtained from 36 non-dialyzed uraemic patients. The mean serum 25-hydroxycalciferol concentration of the patients was lower than that of normal subjects and a significant correlation was found between 25-hydroxycalciferol values and the severity of osteomalacia. Parathyroid osteopathy was significantly correlated with serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone but not with serum 25-hydroxycalciferol values. While normal serum 25-hydroxycalciferol concentrations in uraemic patients do not exclude the presence of osteomalacia, a low concentration is virtually diagnostic of this disorder.", "PMID": 313783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4167", "title": "The Mallory-Weiss lesion as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "A prospective study of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding admitted to a haematemesis and melaena unit has revealed an incidence of Mallory-Weiss tears of 8% (59 of 762 patients undergoing endoscopy). Prior vomiting was present in 60% and an associated upper gastrointestinal lesion in 44 percent. The majority of patients had a recent ingestion of alcohol and/or analgesics, whilst 34% had chronic heavy alcohol intake. Approximately 50% of patients required no blood transfusion, while 37% had over three units of blood. No patient in the group required surgical intervention, and one patient died because of general debility. This study suggests that the Mallory-Weiss tear accounts for a significant proportion of patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but that the mortality and morbidity are low.", "contents": "The Mallory-Weiss lesion as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A prospective study of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding admitted to a haematemesis and melaena unit has revealed an incidence of Mallory-Weiss tears of 8% (59 of 762 patients undergoing endoscopy). Prior vomiting was present in 60% and an associated upper gastrointestinal lesion in 44 percent. The majority of patients had a recent ingestion of alcohol and/or analgesics, whilst 34% had chronic heavy alcohol intake. Approximately 50% of patients required no blood transfusion, while 37% had over three units of blood. No patient in the group required surgical intervention, and one patient died because of general debility. This study suggests that the Mallory-Weiss tear accounts for a significant proportion of patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but that the mortality and morbidity are low.", "PMID": 313784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4168", "title": "Inferential therapy to promote union of mandibular fractures.", "content": "Non-union of mandibular fractures is uncommon, but when it does occur it requires protracted treatment including further surgery. Nine patients with factors known to predispose to non-union out of 150 consecutive mandibular fractures received interferential therapy (I.T.) during the fixation period; all fractures united satisfactorily. In a retrospective study of 150 consecutive mandibular fractures previously treated by the same surgeons without I.T., three fractures resulted in non-union requiring grafting. Thus the incidence of non-union was 0% when I.T. was used and 2% in the control group.", "contents": "Inferential therapy to promote union of mandibular fractures. Non-union of mandibular fractures is uncommon, but when it does occur it requires protracted treatment including further surgery. Nine patients with factors known to predispose to non-union out of 150 consecutive mandibular fractures received interferential therapy (I.T.) during the fixation period; all fractures united satisfactorily. In a retrospective study of 150 consecutive mandibular fractures previously treated by the same surgeons without I.T., three fractures resulted in non-union requiring grafting. Thus the incidence of non-union was 0% when I.T. was used and 2% in the control group.", "PMID": 313785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4169", "title": "Myocardial infarct imaging after cardiac surgery.", "content": "One hundred and nineteen patients undergoing cardiac surgery had postoperative myocardial imaging performed with technetium pyrophosphate in order to assess the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction. Fifty-six patients had only coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, of whom 13(23%) had a positive scintigram. Thirteen patients had CABG with other cardiac surgery and six (46%) had a positive scintigram. Fifty patients had other cardiac surgery but no CABG, and of these eight (16%) had a positive scintigram. The overall incidence of positive scintigrams was 23%, whereas definite or probable ECG diagnosis of infarction was present in 14 patients (12%). Serum levels of cardiac enzymes were higher in patients with positive scintigrams, but this finding did not consistently reach statistical significance. The use of a left ventricular vent during surgery did not correlate with a positive scintigram, nor did the total time on cardiopulmonary bypass or aortic cross-clamping. Patients having cardiac surgery, including CABG and valve replacement, have a 23% overall incidence of positive scintigrams. This suggests that the incidence of infarction after cardiac surgery is higher than can be recognized from the conventional criteria of ECG and enzyme changes.", "contents": "Myocardial infarct imaging after cardiac surgery. One hundred and nineteen patients undergoing cardiac surgery had postoperative myocardial imaging performed with technetium pyrophosphate in order to assess the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction. Fifty-six patients had only coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, of whom 13(23%) had a positive scintigram. Thirteen patients had CABG with other cardiac surgery and six (46%) had a positive scintigram. Fifty patients had other cardiac surgery but no CABG, and of these eight (16%) had a positive scintigram. The overall incidence of positive scintigrams was 23%, whereas definite or probable ECG diagnosis of infarction was present in 14 patients (12%). Serum levels of cardiac enzymes were higher in patients with positive scintigrams, but this finding did not consistently reach statistical significance. The use of a left ventricular vent during surgery did not correlate with a positive scintigram, nor did the total time on cardiopulmonary bypass or aortic cross-clamping. Patients having cardiac surgery, including CABG and valve replacement, have a 23% overall incidence of positive scintigrams. This suggests that the incidence of infarction after cardiac surgery is higher than can be recognized from the conventional criteria of ECG and enzyme changes.", "PMID": 313786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4170", "title": "Aortic valve replacement in a patient with von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "Few cases have been reported to date of cardiac surgery performed on patients with von Willebrand's disease. This report details the management of such a patient, who underwent aortic valve replacement for severe calcific aortic stenosis.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement in a patient with von Willebrand's disease. Few cases have been reported to date of cardiac surgery performed on patients with von Willebrand's disease. This report details the management of such a patient, who underwent aortic valve replacement for severe calcific aortic stenosis.", "PMID": 313787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4171", "title": "Platelet aggregation and aggregation inhibition by different antiglobulins and antiglobulin complexes from sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Antiglobulin complexes were isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera in order to investigate their ability to aggregate human platelets and to influence platelet aggregation induced by heat-aggregated IgG. Eleven of 38 seropositive RA sera showed a significant platelet aggregation (PA) titer as compared to 40 normal control sera. No correlation was observed between sheep T cell agglutination titers and PA titers of individual sera. Ten of 22 RA antiglobulin preparations containing IgG, IgM, and IgA antiglobulins and antiglobulin complexes also showed positive PA tests. Such preparations were able to inhibit PA brought about by heat-aggregated human IgG. When IgG and IgM antiglobulins were tested separately, only IgM antiglobulins showed this inhibitory effect, whereas IgG antiglobulins were inactive. Neither IgG nor IgM antiglobulins induced PA alone. Reassociated IgG antiglobulin complexes consisting of carefully prepared IgG and isolated IgG antiglobulins were able to induce PA. Platelet aggregation by RA sera was thus shown to be due to IgG antiglobulin complexes present in the sera. It can be concluded from these experiments that the composition of antiglobulin complexes in individual sera comprised of antiglobulins of different classes and IgG \"antigen\" is responsible for PA results in vitro. In pathophysiologic terms, the reaction of IgG antiglobulin complexes with thrombocytes in vivo may be an important step in the chain of events leading to generalized vascular damage and deposition of immune complexes in vessel walls which is thought to be responsible for the development of generalized vasculitis in RA.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation and aggregation inhibition by different antiglobulins and antiglobulin complexes from sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Antiglobulin complexes were isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera in order to investigate their ability to aggregate human platelets and to influence platelet aggregation induced by heat-aggregated IgG. Eleven of 38 seropositive RA sera showed a significant platelet aggregation (PA) titer as compared to 40 normal control sera. No correlation was observed between sheep T cell agglutination titers and PA titers of individual sera. Ten of 22 RA antiglobulin preparations containing IgG, IgM, and IgA antiglobulins and antiglobulin complexes also showed positive PA tests. Such preparations were able to inhibit PA brought about by heat-aggregated human IgG. When IgG and IgM antiglobulins were tested separately, only IgM antiglobulins showed this inhibitory effect, whereas IgG antiglobulins were inactive. Neither IgG nor IgM antiglobulins induced PA alone. Reassociated IgG antiglobulin complexes consisting of carefully prepared IgG and isolated IgG antiglobulins were able to induce PA. Platelet aggregation by RA sera was thus shown to be due to IgG antiglobulin complexes present in the sera. It can be concluded from these experiments that the composition of antiglobulin complexes in individual sera comprised of antiglobulins of different classes and IgG \"antigen\" is responsible for PA results in vitro. In pathophysiologic terms, the reaction of IgG antiglobulin complexes with thrombocytes in vivo may be an important step in the chain of events leading to generalized vascular damage and deposition of immune complexes in vessel walls which is thought to be responsible for the development of generalized vasculitis in RA.", "PMID": 313795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4172", "title": "A review of the use, evaluations, and criticisms of the preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The use of the Preliminary Criteria for the Classification of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) has been reviewed. Most authors describing 10 or more patients have used the criteria. Although originally designed for classification of patients, the criteria have often been used for the diagnosis of SLE. The sensitivity of the criteria was evaluated and found to be similar to the 90% reported in the original ARA trial. Studies on specificity yielded conflicting results. Various suggestions to improve the criteria have been made, including a more detailed description of some of the organ involvements and the adoption of laboratory tests that have been improved since or were unavailable at the time of original publication of the criteria.", "contents": "A review of the use, evaluations, and criticisms of the preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. The use of the Preliminary Criteria for the Classification of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) has been reviewed. Most authors describing 10 or more patients have used the criteria. Although originally designed for classification of patients, the criteria have often been used for the diagnosis of SLE. The sensitivity of the criteria was evaluated and found to be similar to the 90% reported in the original ARA trial. Studies on specificity yielded conflicting results. Various suggestions to improve the criteria have been made, including a more detailed description of some of the organ involvements and the adoption of laboratory tests that have been improved since or were unavailable at the time of original publication of the criteria.", "PMID": 313796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4173", "title": "[Simultaneous improvement of mood and release of growth hormone by L-5-hydroxytryptophan (Ro 3-5940) in normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "Infusion of a new soluble ester of L-5-hydroxytryptophan produced euphoria in 34/35 experiments in healthy subjects. Parallel measurements of growth hormone and mood changes showed a similar rise and fall of these two parameters in 8/11 subjects. These results indicate that central stimulatory serotoninergic mechanisms (in addition to the well-known dopaminergic and alpha-adrenergic stimulation) play a role in the control of growth hormone release.", "contents": "[Simultaneous improvement of mood and release of growth hormone by L-5-hydroxytryptophan (Ro 3-5940) in normal subjects (author's transl)]. Infusion of a new soluble ester of L-5-hydroxytryptophan produced euphoria in 34/35 experiments in healthy subjects. Parallel measurements of growth hormone and mood changes showed a similar rise and fall of these two parameters in 8/11 subjects. These results indicate that central stimulatory serotoninergic mechanisms (in addition to the well-known dopaminergic and alpha-adrenergic stimulation) play a role in the control of growth hormone release.", "PMID": 313797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4174", "title": "Biophotometric investigations on the influence of cephradine and related cephalosporins on the growth of beta-lactamase-producing staphylococi.", "content": "Biophotometric growth studies were conducted with clinical isolates of beta-lactamase-producing staphylococi in the presence and absence of cephradine, cephalexin, cefazolin and cephacetrile. Of the four antibiotics, cephradine was the most effective in prolonging the suppression of bacterial growth resulting from antibiotic action while cefazolin was the least effective. Cephalexin and cephacetrile were intermediate in effect. The superiority of cephradine over cephalexin was shown to be related to the more rapid destruction of cephalexin by beta-lactamase. On comparing the results of these studies with clinical experience it was concluded that biophotometric studies have clinical relevance and consequently should be used for evaluating the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics against pathogenic staphylococi.", "contents": "Biophotometric investigations on the influence of cephradine and related cephalosporins on the growth of beta-lactamase-producing staphylococi. Biophotometric growth studies were conducted with clinical isolates of beta-lactamase-producing staphylococi in the presence and absence of cephradine, cephalexin, cefazolin and cephacetrile. Of the four antibiotics, cephradine was the most effective in prolonging the suppression of bacterial growth resulting from antibiotic action while cefazolin was the least effective. Cephalexin and cephacetrile were intermediate in effect. The superiority of cephradine over cephalexin was shown to be related to the more rapid destruction of cephalexin by beta-lactamase. On comparing the results of these studies with clinical experience it was concluded that biophotometric studies have clinical relevance and consequently should be used for evaluating the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics against pathogenic staphylococi.", "PMID": 313798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4175", "title": "Recognition and quantification of myocardial injury by means of plasma enzyme and isoenzyme activities after cardiac surgery.", "content": "Serial plasma enzyme determinations were carried out in 32 patients who underwent cardiac surgery with the aid of extracorporeal circulation. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), the cardiospecific isoenzyme of CK (CKMB), and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) were determined from the onset of surgery up to 100 to 120 hours after operation. From the plasma enzyme activities, the total amount of enzyme released by the injured heart into the circulation could be calculated using mathematical equations solved numerically by means of a computer. The calculated amount of CK, CKMB, and HBDH released by the heart correlated well with (1) postoperative mortality, and (2) peak activities of the respective enzymes. The calculated amount of any of the 3 enzymes released showed poor or no correlation with (1) electrocardiographic criteria of myocardial infarction, (2) duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, and (3) duration of total aortic cross-clamping. This study shows that the extent of myocardial injury after surgery can be assessed quantitatively using the calculated amounts of enzyme released, as well as using peak plasma activities of CKMB and HBDH.", "contents": "Recognition and quantification of myocardial injury by means of plasma enzyme and isoenzyme activities after cardiac surgery. Serial plasma enzyme determinations were carried out in 32 patients who underwent cardiac surgery with the aid of extracorporeal circulation. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), the cardiospecific isoenzyme of CK (CKMB), and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) were determined from the onset of surgery up to 100 to 120 hours after operation. From the plasma enzyme activities, the total amount of enzyme released by the injured heart into the circulation could be calculated using mathematical equations solved numerically by means of a computer. The calculated amount of CK, CKMB, and HBDH released by the heart correlated well with (1) postoperative mortality, and (2) peak activities of the respective enzymes. The calculated amount of any of the 3 enzymes released showed poor or no correlation with (1) electrocardiographic criteria of myocardial infarction, (2) duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, and (3) duration of total aortic cross-clamping. This study shows that the extent of myocardial injury after surgery can be assessed quantitatively using the calculated amounts of enzyme released, as well as using peak plasma activities of CKMB and HBDH.", "PMID": 313803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4176", "title": "[Pleural empyemas in children due to Hemophilus influenzae].", "content": "22 consecutive cases of pleural empyema due to H. influenzae in children are reported. An increment of its incidence during the 1975-76 period is observed. All cases were in children under 3 years of age, with a mean of 15.5 months. The presenting syndrome at admission was varied. In 50% of cases, pleuropulmonary infection was ignored. Nearly one half of cases of pleural empyema due to H. influenzae had simultaneous purulent meningitis caused by the same microorganism. This type of empyemas, though having a prolonged evolution, apparently appear to have a good prognosis, compared with that produced by S. aureus. There are some differences, being the most outstanding: low frequency of pyoneumothorax and the lack of radiological evidences of abscesses and or pneumotoceles, in any phase of the clinical course. Stress is placed on the value of the bacteriological study of blood and CSF in children under 3 years of age with pleural empyema. A high rate of positive blood cultures was found. (75%). Pieuropulmonary complications, as a frequent event during severe infections (septicemic disease) due to H. influenzae is considered. A clinical characterization of children in whom a pleural empyema could occur is proposed. A discussion is made about diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications of these complications.", "contents": "[Pleural empyemas in children due to Hemophilus influenzae]. 22 consecutive cases of pleural empyema due to H. influenzae in children are reported. An increment of its incidence during the 1975-76 period is observed. All cases were in children under 3 years of age, with a mean of 15.5 months. The presenting syndrome at admission was varied. In 50% of cases, pleuropulmonary infection was ignored. Nearly one half of cases of pleural empyema due to H. influenzae had simultaneous purulent meningitis caused by the same microorganism. This type of empyemas, though having a prolonged evolution, apparently appear to have a good prognosis, compared with that produced by S. aureus. There are some differences, being the most outstanding: low frequency of pyoneumothorax and the lack of radiological evidences of abscesses and or pneumotoceles, in any phase of the clinical course. Stress is placed on the value of the bacteriological study of blood and CSF in children under 3 years of age with pleural empyema. A high rate of positive blood cultures was found. (75%). Pieuropulmonary complications, as a frequent event during severe infections (septicemic disease) due to H. influenzae is considered. A clinical characterization of children in whom a pleural empyema could occur is proposed. A discussion is made about diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications of these complications.", "PMID": 313800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4177", "title": "Release of soluble \"blocking\" and \"suppressor\" factors from normal lymphocytes treated with RNA from spleens of tumour-bearing mice.", "content": "RNA extracted from the spleens of tumour-bearing (TLRNA) and tumour-immune (ILRNA) mice was shown to transfer to normal lymphocytes (NL) the ability to produce factors that blocked specific tumour-cell cytotoxicity and mediated specific antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Aliquots of normal C3H mouse lymphocytes were treated with TLRNA or ILRNA and cultured in vitro in the absence of tumour antigen. Supernatants were collected at 24h intervals and tested in a microcytotoxicity assay for blocking and ADCC activities. Factors that inhibited tumour destruction by specifically sensitized lymphocytes at the level of both the tumour cells and effector cells were demonstrable in culture supernatants of NL pretreated with TLRNA (50 or 100 microgram/4 X 10(6) cells) but not ILRNA. However, treatment of NL with either RNA resulted in the production factors that mediated tumour-specific ADCC. Cytotoxicity testing and absorption studies of the tumour cell and a control cell (LM) indicated that factors mediating ADCC and blocking at the target-cell level were specific for the tumour. Suppressor activity at the effector-cell level was not absorbed by tumour cells and represents a separate and distinct mechanism of immunosuppression. These data indicate that RNA faithfully transfers \"suppressive\" as well as \"positive\" types of immune responses that have been reported previously for lymphocytes obtained directly from tumour-bearing and tumour-immune animals.", "contents": "Release of soluble \"blocking\" and \"suppressor\" factors from normal lymphocytes treated with RNA from spleens of tumour-bearing mice. RNA extracted from the spleens of tumour-bearing (TLRNA) and tumour-immune (ILRNA) mice was shown to transfer to normal lymphocytes (NL) the ability to produce factors that blocked specific tumour-cell cytotoxicity and mediated specific antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Aliquots of normal C3H mouse lymphocytes were treated with TLRNA or ILRNA and cultured in vitro in the absence of tumour antigen. Supernatants were collected at 24h intervals and tested in a microcytotoxicity assay for blocking and ADCC activities. Factors that inhibited tumour destruction by specifically sensitized lymphocytes at the level of both the tumour cells and effector cells were demonstrable in culture supernatants of NL pretreated with TLRNA (50 or 100 microgram/4 X 10(6) cells) but not ILRNA. However, treatment of NL with either RNA resulted in the production factors that mediated tumour-specific ADCC. Cytotoxicity testing and absorption studies of the tumour cell and a control cell (LM) indicated that factors mediating ADCC and blocking at the target-cell level were specific for the tumour. Suppressor activity at the effector-cell level was not absorbed by tumour cells and represents a separate and distinct mechanism of immunosuppression. These data indicate that RNA faithfully transfers \"suppressive\" as well as \"positive\" types of immune responses that have been reported previously for lymphocytes obtained directly from tumour-bearing and tumour-immune animals.", "PMID": 313804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4178", "title": "Hairy cell leukaemia: surface markers and functional capacities of the leukaemic cells analysed in eight patients.", "content": "In eight patients with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) peripheral blood cells and in two patients also spleen cells were analysed for surface markers and functional capacities. Only cells containing the tartrate resistant isoenzyme 5 of the acid phosphatase were considered. Hairy cells (HC) of all patients were found to adhere spontaneously to glass and plastic surfaces and to spread after adherence like monocytes. They ingested latex particles of more than 1 micron diameter, but, in contrast to monocytes, did not phagocytose erythrocytes sensitized either by IgM or by IgG antibodies. HC of all patients bore Fc-receptors with a high binding affinity for aggregated IgG. Using 125 I-labelled F(ab')2-fragments of monospecific antibodies in autoradiography, only one light chain type was detected on HC of individual patients. In four patients mu- and delta-chains were simultaneously expressed on HC, whereas in two patients only gamma-chains and in one case only mu-chains were observed on HC. One patient showed a combination of gamma- and delta-chains on his HC. A great variation in density of surface immunoglobulings of HC was observed within individual patients. After removal by capping, surface immunoglobulin reappeared on HC during cell culture, but more slowly than on normal B-lymphocytes. As shown in two patients by internal labelling, HC secreted immunoglobulin light chains, but no heavy chains. On the basis of these findings the classification of HC as belonging to the B-cell lineage, rather than to the monocytic lineage, seems to be justified.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukaemia: surface markers and functional capacities of the leukaemic cells analysed in eight patients. In eight patients with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) peripheral blood cells and in two patients also spleen cells were analysed for surface markers and functional capacities. Only cells containing the tartrate resistant isoenzyme 5 of the acid phosphatase were considered. Hairy cells (HC) of all patients were found to adhere spontaneously to glass and plastic surfaces and to spread after adherence like monocytes. They ingested latex particles of more than 1 micron diameter, but, in contrast to monocytes, did not phagocytose erythrocytes sensitized either by IgM or by IgG antibodies. HC of all patients bore Fc-receptors with a high binding affinity for aggregated IgG. Using 125 I-labelled F(ab')2-fragments of monospecific antibodies in autoradiography, only one light chain type was detected on HC of individual patients. In four patients mu- and delta-chains were simultaneously expressed on HC, whereas in two patients only gamma-chains and in one case only mu-chains were observed on HC. One patient showed a combination of gamma- and delta-chains on his HC. A great variation in density of surface immunoglobulings of HC was observed within individual patients. After removal by capping, surface immunoglobulin reappeared on HC during cell culture, but more slowly than on normal B-lymphocytes. As shown in two patients by internal labelling, HC secreted immunoglobulin light chains, but no heavy chains. On the basis of these findings the classification of HC as belonging to the B-cell lineage, rather than to the monocytic lineage, seems to be justified.", "PMID": 313807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4179", "title": "An immunoradiometric assay for procoagulant factor VIII antigen: results in haemophilia, von Willebrand's disease and fetal plasma and serum.", "content": "An immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) has been developed based on the inhibitor which arose in a polytransfused severe haemophiliac. The two-site IRMA measures antigens closely associated with the procoagulant parts of the factor VIII complex, which are termed FVIIC antigens or FVIIICAG. FVIIICAG was present in normal plasma and also, at a slightly lower concentration, in normal serum. In 37 patients with haemophilia A, 36 had FVIIICAG levels of less than 10% of the normal plasma pool. In patients with von Willebrand's disease the levels of FVIIIC and FVIIICAG were in good agreement, both before and after treatment with cryoprecipitate or DDAVP. FVIIICAG was relatively stable in plasma at 37 degrees C and could also be detected in cord and fetal serum. The assay is of potential value for detecting reduced levels of factor VIII, for carrier detection and for the prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia.", "contents": "An immunoradiometric assay for procoagulant factor VIII antigen: results in haemophilia, von Willebrand's disease and fetal plasma and serum. An immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) has been developed based on the inhibitor which arose in a polytransfused severe haemophiliac. The two-site IRMA measures antigens closely associated with the procoagulant parts of the factor VIII complex, which are termed FVIIC antigens or FVIIICAG. FVIIICAG was present in normal plasma and also, at a slightly lower concentration, in normal serum. In 37 patients with haemophilia A, 36 had FVIIICAG levels of less than 10% of the normal plasma pool. In patients with von Willebrand's disease the levels of FVIIIC and FVIIICAG were in good agreement, both before and after treatment with cryoprecipitate or DDAVP. FVIIICAG was relatively stable in plasma at 37 degrees C and could also be detected in cord and fetal serum. The assay is of potential value for detecting reduced levels of factor VIII, for carrier detection and for the prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia.", "PMID": 313808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4180", "title": "Anterior membrane dystrophy following cataract extraction.", "content": "This paper describes a patient with previously normal corneas who underwent bilateral cataract surgery. This was followed by acute dehiscence of the epithelium and the eventual appearance of fingerprint lines, microcysts, and map-like areas typical of Cogan's microcystic dystrophy. Light and electron microscopy showed the presence of epithelial microcysts and a seam of subepithelial material like basement membrane. It is suggested that this patient represents a rapid transition from apparent normality to an extensive anterior membrane dystrophy, precipitated by operation for cataract.", "contents": "Anterior membrane dystrophy following cataract extraction. This paper describes a patient with previously normal corneas who underwent bilateral cataract surgery. This was followed by acute dehiscence of the epithelium and the eventual appearance of fingerprint lines, microcysts, and map-like areas typical of Cogan's microcystic dystrophy. Light and electron microscopy showed the presence of epithelial microcysts and a seam of subepithelial material like basement membrane. It is suggested that this patient represents a rapid transition from apparent normality to an extensive anterior membrane dystrophy, precipitated by operation for cataract.", "PMID": 313809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4181", "title": "Punctiform and polychromatic pre-Descemet's dominant corneal dystrophy.", "content": "A new type of pre-Descemet's corneal dystrophy is described. The opacities are punctiform, polychromatic, of uniform size, and evenly distributed over the whole cornea. The diagnosis is made only by slit lamp because there is no visual impairment. The disease is hereditary and follows the autosomal mode of inheritance with a high percentage of penetrance, expressivity, and specificity in 4 successive generations, in which 8 affected members were observed among a total of 46.", "contents": "Punctiform and polychromatic pre-Descemet's dominant corneal dystrophy. A new type of pre-Descemet's corneal dystrophy is described. The opacities are punctiform, polychromatic, of uniform size, and evenly distributed over the whole cornea. The diagnosis is made only by slit lamp because there is no visual impairment. The disease is hereditary and follows the autosomal mode of inheritance with a high percentage of penetrance, expressivity, and specificity in 4 successive generations, in which 8 affected members were observed among a total of 46.", "PMID": 313810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4182", "title": "L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and pisatin induction by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in Pisum sativum.", "content": "The substitution of the base analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for thymidine in the DNA of pea pods (Pisum sativum) induces or enhances the level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and also induces the phytoalexin, pisatin, a product of the same metabolic pathway. Cordycepin, a polyadenylate inhibitor at the RNA level, is a potent inhibitor of pisatin synthesis. Kinetic studies on the inhibition of the PAL-pisatin production by hydroxyurea indicate that BrdU must be incorporated into DNA before any induction takes place. 5-Iododeoxyuridine is also an inducer while 5-fluorodeoxyuridine is ineffective when applied alone. BrdU is incorporated into the DNA of pea cells and the nuclei undergoes condensation just prior to the detection of the induced responses.", "contents": "L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and pisatin induction by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in Pisum sativum. The substitution of the base analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for thymidine in the DNA of pea pods (Pisum sativum) induces or enhances the level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and also induces the phytoalexin, pisatin, a product of the same metabolic pathway. Cordycepin, a polyadenylate inhibitor at the RNA level, is a potent inhibitor of pisatin synthesis. Kinetic studies on the inhibition of the PAL-pisatin production by hydroxyurea indicate that BrdU must be incorporated into DNA before any induction takes place. 5-Iododeoxyuridine is also an inducer while 5-fluorodeoxyuridine is ineffective when applied alone. BrdU is incorporated into the DNA of pea cells and the nuclei undergoes condensation just prior to the detection of the induced responses.", "PMID": 313811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4183", "title": "Post-transcriptional control of messenger RNA diversity in frog embryos.", "content": "The control of mRNA diversity during frog development has been investigated. Nuclear and messenger RNA from the early neurula and larval stages of Rana pipiens were hybridized in vast excess to labeled single-copy DNA and resistance to S1 nuclease was measured. Mixtures of RNA populations were also hybridized with single-copy DNA as a measurement of sequence overlap. Neurula and larval nuclear RNA hybridize to 11.3% and 12.1% of the single copy DNA. A mixture of both nuclear RNA populations hybridizes to 10.8% of the DNA, indicating a great amount of sequence overlap between the two populations. The mRNA complexity almost doubles during this developmental period from 4.7% of the single-copy DNA complexity at the early neurula to 8.7% at the larval stage. Mixtures of nuclear and messenger RNA were used to hybridize single-copy DNA and the results indicate that mRNA sequences present on neurula polysomes, but not on larval polysomes, are found in larval nuclei. Furthermore, mRNA sequences found on larval polysomes, but not on neurula polysomes, are found in the neurula nuclei. The data indicate that post-transcriptional events appear to play a role in the qualitative control of mRNA diversity during development.", "contents": "Post-transcriptional control of messenger RNA diversity in frog embryos. The control of mRNA diversity during frog development has been investigated. Nuclear and messenger RNA from the early neurula and larval stages of Rana pipiens were hybridized in vast excess to labeled single-copy DNA and resistance to S1 nuclease was measured. Mixtures of RNA populations were also hybridized with single-copy DNA as a measurement of sequence overlap. Neurula and larval nuclear RNA hybridize to 11.3% and 12.1% of the single copy DNA. A mixture of both nuclear RNA populations hybridizes to 10.8% of the DNA, indicating a great amount of sequence overlap between the two populations. The mRNA complexity almost doubles during this developmental period from 4.7% of the single-copy DNA complexity at the early neurula to 8.7% at the larval stage. Mixtures of nuclear and messenger RNA were used to hybridize single-copy DNA and the results indicate that mRNA sequences present on neurula polysomes, but not on larval polysomes, are found in larval nuclei. Furthermore, mRNA sequences found on larval polysomes, but not on neurula polysomes, are found in the neurula nuclei. The data indicate that post-transcriptional events appear to play a role in the qualitative control of mRNA diversity during development.", "PMID": 313812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4184", "title": "Vestibular adaptation to long-term stimuli.", "content": "Experimental procedures are described which respectively enlarge stimulus duration in vestibular peracceleratory tests, and allow to rule out direct thermal effects on the vestibular nerve during long term calorisations. First experimental results indicate that time course of nystagmus during prolonged stimulations differs markedly in rotational and caloric tests. Whereas there is a distinct decline of response during rotation (in accordance to the predictions of current mathematical models), in caloric tests nystagmus reaches a steady state level, maintained for at least 15 min.", "contents": "Vestibular adaptation to long-term stimuli. Experimental procedures are described which respectively enlarge stimulus duration in vestibular peracceleratory tests, and allow to rule out direct thermal effects on the vestibular nerve during long term calorisations. First experimental results indicate that time course of nystagmus during prolonged stimulations differs markedly in rotational and caloric tests. Whereas there is a distinct decline of response during rotation (in accordance to the predictions of current mathematical models), in caloric tests nystagmus reaches a steady state level, maintained for at least 15 min.", "PMID": 313814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4185", "title": "[RNA-binding proteins of Rana temporaria oocytes: incorporation into informosomes of oocytes in vivo].", "content": "The participation of RNA-binding protein in the formation of informosomes in vivo was studied using an intracellular microinjection technique. The RNA-binding protein of the frog Rana temporaria oocytes was isolated by affinity chromatography and was labelled in vitro without any loss of its activity. It was shown that during cultivation of the oocytes the specific incorporation of the injected RNA -- binding [3H]-protein into the ribonucleoprotein particles occurred. These particles were further described as informosomes, characteristic ribonucleoprotein particles of animal cells.", "contents": "[RNA-binding proteins of Rana temporaria oocytes: incorporation into informosomes of oocytes in vivo]. The participation of RNA-binding protein in the formation of informosomes in vivo was studied using an intracellular microinjection technique. The RNA-binding protein of the frog Rana temporaria oocytes was isolated by affinity chromatography and was labelled in vitro without any loss of its activity. It was shown that during cultivation of the oocytes the specific incorporation of the injected RNA -- binding [3H]-protein into the ribonucleoprotein particles occurred. These particles were further described as informosomes, characteristic ribonucleoprotein particles of animal cells.", "PMID": 313815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4186", "title": "Immunoregulatory subpopulations of human T lymphocytes.", "content": "Human T lymphocyte subpopulations can be identified on the basis of surface receptors for G or M immunoglobulins (TM and TG cells respectively). Isolated TM or TG cells can be analyzed in vitro for their morphology and their functional properties. In addition to unique characteristics observed in light and electron microscopy, TM and TG cells show a different pattern of responsiveness to PHA and alloantigens. The major functional difference so far observed concerns their interaction with B lymphocytes. TM cells provide help for the T-dependent responses of B lymphocytes to pokeweek mitogen (PWM), whereas TG cells suppress B lympohcyte activation in this in vitro system by inhibiting helper TM cells. Imbalances and/or functional alterations of TM and TG cells are present in various immunological disorders and are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases.", "contents": "Immunoregulatory subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. Human T lymphocyte subpopulations can be identified on the basis of surface receptors for G or M immunoglobulins (TM and TG cells respectively). Isolated TM or TG cells can be analyzed in vitro for their morphology and their functional properties. In addition to unique characteristics observed in light and electron microscopy, TM and TG cells show a different pattern of responsiveness to PHA and alloantigens. The major functional difference so far observed concerns their interaction with B lymphocytes. TM cells provide help for the T-dependent responses of B lymphocytes to pokeweek mitogen (PWM), whereas TG cells suppress B lympohcyte activation in this in vitro system by inhibiting helper TM cells. Imbalances and/or functional alterations of TM and TG cells are present in various immunological disorders and are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases.", "PMID": 313817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4187", "title": "Electron cytochemistry of peroxidase activity in neutrophils of the bone marrow of the frog Rana temporaria.", "content": "The bone marrow of the frog was studied during the spring and winter periods. During the winter period, one type of large granules in the neutrophils of the frog proved to be peroxidase-positive. The remaining, smaller granules are peroxidase-negative. In the spring, immature and mature neutrophils are encountered in the frog. The mature neutrophils of the frog in the spring and winter periods are analogous. The immature neutrophils contain peroxidase activity in the perinuclear space, the endoplasmic reticulum and some of the granules. Some of the peroxidase-containing granules are directly associated with the canals of the endoplasmic reticulum. In the immature neutrophils, during the formation of the peroxidase-containing granules, peroxidase-negative granules smaller in size are already present in the cytoplasm. Thus, the sequence of granule formation usual for mammals is apparently not observed in the neutrophils of certain amphibia. \"Annular\" mitochondria, encompassing part of the cytoplasm were detected in the neutrophils. These apparently represent a section through a spherical mitochondrion enveloping and isolating a certain zone of the cell. It is proposed that the mitochondria in this way, differing from the lysosomal mode, participate in the catabolism of the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Electron cytochemistry of peroxidase activity in neutrophils of the bone marrow of the frog Rana temporaria. The bone marrow of the frog was studied during the spring and winter periods. During the winter period, one type of large granules in the neutrophils of the frog proved to be peroxidase-positive. The remaining, smaller granules are peroxidase-negative. In the spring, immature and mature neutrophils are encountered in the frog. The mature neutrophils of the frog in the spring and winter periods are analogous. The immature neutrophils contain peroxidase activity in the perinuclear space, the endoplasmic reticulum and some of the granules. Some of the peroxidase-containing granules are directly associated with the canals of the endoplasmic reticulum. In the immature neutrophils, during the formation of the peroxidase-containing granules, peroxidase-negative granules smaller in size are already present in the cytoplasm. Thus, the sequence of granule formation usual for mammals is apparently not observed in the neutrophils of certain amphibia. \"Annular\" mitochondria, encompassing part of the cytoplasm were detected in the neutrophils. These apparently represent a section through a spherical mitochondrion enveloping and isolating a certain zone of the cell. It is proposed that the mitochondria in this way, differing from the lysosomal mode, participate in the catabolism of the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 313813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4188", "title": "[Effect of substances of a polypeptide nature isolated from the thymus, cerebral cortex and substantia alba on the cellular and humoral indices of immunity in thymectomized mice].", "content": "Effects of low molecular weight polypeptides (M. W. lower 10,000) isolated from the calf thymus, cortex and white matter of the brain by extraction with acetic acid on the cellular and humoral immune responses were studied in experimental thymectomized mature CBA mice. Thymectomy reduced markedly the number of T-cells in the spleen. Accordingly, the ability to generate both Ig M and IgG antibody forming cells as well as humoral antibodies to thymus-dependent antigen, SRBC, was significantly suppressed in the animals. Subcutaneous administration of 1 micron/g (body weight) of the thymus and brain cortex polypeptides during 8 days not only completely restored T-cells population in the spleen and immune responsibility but also elevated these values 1.5-2 fold in comparison with sham controls which had been given saline solution. The preparation from the white matter of the brain lacked biological activity.", "contents": "[Effect of substances of a polypeptide nature isolated from the thymus, cerebral cortex and substantia alba on the cellular and humoral indices of immunity in thymectomized mice]. Effects of low molecular weight polypeptides (M. W. lower 10,000) isolated from the calf thymus, cortex and white matter of the brain by extraction with acetic acid on the cellular and humoral immune responses were studied in experimental thymectomized mature CBA mice. Thymectomy reduced markedly the number of T-cells in the spleen. Accordingly, the ability to generate both Ig M and IgG antibody forming cells as well as humoral antibodies to thymus-dependent antigen, SRBC, was significantly suppressed in the animals. Subcutaneous administration of 1 micron/g (body weight) of the thymus and brain cortex polypeptides during 8 days not only completely restored T-cells population in the spleen and immune responsibility but also elevated these values 1.5-2 fold in comparison with sham controls which had been given saline solution. The preparation from the white matter of the brain lacked biological activity.", "PMID": 313819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4189", "title": "[\"Phenomenon\" of vestibular compensation].", "content": "The role of spinal afferentation from the lower part of the body in establishing compensation of the consequences of the vestibular function abaissement was studied in experiments on guinea pigs. The ligation of the spinal cord at the level of thoracic segements performed under local anesthesia neither produced appreciable effect on the compensatory development at simultaneous or subsequent destruction of the labyrinth nor destroyed it in the preliminarily labyrinthectomized animals. The ligation of the spinal cord in the labyrinthectomized animals under ether or chloroform anesthesia was accompanied by a strong disorder of the compensation. The above substances also provoked analogous decompensation in the unilaterally labyrinthectomized animals with an intact spinal cord. The results obtained indicate that the reported disorder of the vestibular compensation induced by ligation of the spinal cord under ether anesthesia is consequent on an immediate effect of inhalation anesthetics on the compensatory mechanisms rather than is resultant of abolishing spinal afferentation from the lower part of the body.", "contents": "[\"Phenomenon\" of vestibular compensation]. The role of spinal afferentation from the lower part of the body in establishing compensation of the consequences of the vestibular function abaissement was studied in experiments on guinea pigs. The ligation of the spinal cord at the level of thoracic segements performed under local anesthesia neither produced appreciable effect on the compensatory development at simultaneous or subsequent destruction of the labyrinth nor destroyed it in the preliminarily labyrinthectomized animals. The ligation of the spinal cord in the labyrinthectomized animals under ether or chloroform anesthesia was accompanied by a strong disorder of the compensation. The above substances also provoked analogous decompensation in the unilaterally labyrinthectomized animals with an intact spinal cord. The results obtained indicate that the reported disorder of the vestibular compensation induced by ligation of the spinal cord under ether anesthesia is consequent on an immediate effect of inhalation anesthetics on the compensatory mechanisms rather than is resultant of abolishing spinal afferentation from the lower part of the body.", "PMID": 313820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4190", "title": "Selective absence of large forms of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor in acquired von Willebrand's syndrome. Response to transfusion.", "content": "A previously healthy elderly man with mucocutaneous bleeding was found to have a benign monoclonal IgG gammapathy associated with criteria for severe von Willebrand disease (Factor VIII procoagulant activity, Factor-VIII-related antigen, and ristocetin cofactor activity, less than 10% of normal). Associated qualitative abnormalities of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor were demonstrated by radiocrossed immunoelectrophoresis and immunoradiometric assay. The late clinical onset and negative family history are in favor of an acquired form of vWD. The monoclonal gammapathy and abnormalities of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor have been stable over a 10-yr period. No inhibitor to Factor VIII procoagulant activity, ristocetin cofactor activity, or Factor-VIII-related antigen could be demonstrated. Following transfusion of cryoprecipitate (with a normal cross immunoelectrophoretic pattern), there was a rapid removal of the large forms of Factor.-VIII-related antigen, paralleled by a decay of ristocetin cofactor activity. The transfusion study of this patient with acquired von Willebrand disease type II (variant of von Willebrand disease) serves to emphasize the relationship between polydispersity of Factor VIII/von Willebrand Factor and functional heterogeneity.", "contents": "Selective absence of large forms of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor in acquired von Willebrand's syndrome. Response to transfusion. A previously healthy elderly man with mucocutaneous bleeding was found to have a benign monoclonal IgG gammapathy associated with criteria for severe von Willebrand disease (Factor VIII procoagulant activity, Factor-VIII-related antigen, and ristocetin cofactor activity, less than 10% of normal). Associated qualitative abnormalities of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor were demonstrated by radiocrossed immunoelectrophoresis and immunoradiometric assay. The late clinical onset and negative family history are in favor of an acquired form of vWD. The monoclonal gammapathy and abnormalities of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor have been stable over a 10-yr period. No inhibitor to Factor VIII procoagulant activity, ristocetin cofactor activity, or Factor-VIII-related antigen could be demonstrated. Following transfusion of cryoprecipitate (with a normal cross immunoelectrophoretic pattern), there was a rapid removal of the large forms of Factor.-VIII-related antigen, paralleled by a decay of ristocetin cofactor activity. The transfusion study of this patient with acquired von Willebrand disease type II (variant of von Willebrand disease) serves to emphasize the relationship between polydispersity of Factor VIII/von Willebrand Factor and functional heterogeneity.", "PMID": 313821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4191", "title": "Separation of functionally distinct human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors.", "content": "Human placental conditioned medium (HPCM) contans colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) required for the growth in vitro of neutrophilic granulocyte-macrophage (GM) and eosinophilic (EO) progenitor cells from human bone marrow. Fractionation of CSFs in HPCM was achieved by manipulation of the elution conditions on a column of phenyl-Sepharose. After equilibration of the phenyl-Sepharose column at high ionic strength (1 M ammonium sulfate), all of the CSF bound; one species of GM-CSF (alpha) and all of the elutable EO-CSF were eluted from the column simply by reducing the salt concentration, whereas the second species of GM-CSF (beta) was free of EO-CSF and was eluted only by increasing the concentration of tehylene glycol in the elution buffer. The two GM-CSFs were functionally distinct. GM-CSF alpha preferentially stimulated colony formation by day 14 of culture, and there was a decreased proportion of neutrophil colonies and increased proportion of macrophage colonies as the strength of the stimulus was decreased; GM-CSF beta, on the other hand, preferentially stimulated colony formation by day 7 of culture, and the proportion of neutrophil colonies was high (average 80%) and independent of the concentration of GM-CSF beta. GM-CSF alpha and GM-CSF beta were indistinguishable on the basis of apparent molecular size on tel filtration columns (molecular weight 30,000), charge properties on isoelectric focusing beds (isoelectric point, 4.9), and were not related to each other as a sialoglycoprotein is related to its asialo form. Adherent cell removal of the target bone marrow cells (to remove colony-stimulating cells) suggested that both GM-CSFs acted directly rather than by stimulating the production of GM-CSF. Mixing and titration experiments indicated that the differences in functional specificities of the two GM-CSFs (and the lack of EO-CSF associated with GM-CSF beta) were not due to the presence of specific inhibitory molecules or lower absolute levels of CSF in one fraction relative to the other. These two species of GM-CSF should be useful in separately enumerating subpopulations of different GM-progenitor cells inhuman hemopoietic disorders.", "contents": "Separation of functionally distinct human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors. Human placental conditioned medium (HPCM) contans colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) required for the growth in vitro of neutrophilic granulocyte-macrophage (GM) and eosinophilic (EO) progenitor cells from human bone marrow. Fractionation of CSFs in HPCM was achieved by manipulation of the elution conditions on a column of phenyl-Sepharose. After equilibration of the phenyl-Sepharose column at high ionic strength (1 M ammonium sulfate), all of the CSF bound; one species of GM-CSF (alpha) and all of the elutable EO-CSF were eluted from the column simply by reducing the salt concentration, whereas the second species of GM-CSF (beta) was free of EO-CSF and was eluted only by increasing the concentration of tehylene glycol in the elution buffer. The two GM-CSFs were functionally distinct. GM-CSF alpha preferentially stimulated colony formation by day 14 of culture, and there was a decreased proportion of neutrophil colonies and increased proportion of macrophage colonies as the strength of the stimulus was decreased; GM-CSF beta, on the other hand, preferentially stimulated colony formation by day 7 of culture, and the proportion of neutrophil colonies was high (average 80%) and independent of the concentration of GM-CSF beta. GM-CSF alpha and GM-CSF beta were indistinguishable on the basis of apparent molecular size on tel filtration columns (molecular weight 30,000), charge properties on isoelectric focusing beds (isoelectric point, 4.9), and were not related to each other as a sialoglycoprotein is related to its asialo form. Adherent cell removal of the target bone marrow cells (to remove colony-stimulating cells) suggested that both GM-CSFs acted directly rather than by stimulating the production of GM-CSF. Mixing and titration experiments indicated that the differences in functional specificities of the two GM-CSFs (and the lack of EO-CSF associated with GM-CSF beta) were not due to the presence of specific inhibitory molecules or lower absolute levels of CSF in one fraction relative to the other. These two species of GM-CSF should be useful in separately enumerating subpopulations of different GM-progenitor cells inhuman hemopoietic disorders.", "PMID": 313822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4192", "title": "MLC-activation by acute lymphatic leukemia blasts.", "content": "The MLC-activating potential of 25 ALL blasts (16 \"common\" ALL, 6 T-ALL, 3 not identified) was investigated. Mitomycin-treated leukemic blasts or X-irradiated lymphocytes were cultured with heparinized whole blood from different healthy donors. MLC activation by blast cells was expressed as percentage of MLC activation by X-irradiated lymphocytes. Leukemic blasts showed a heterogeneous pattern of MLC activation, ranging from 2% to 245%. Eleven out of 25 cases of ALL poorly stimulated the MLC (2% to 33% response). Twelve ALL stimulated a normal response (50% to 120%); and 2/25 ALL stimulated a supranormal response (more than 200%). Four of six cases of T-ALL stimulated the MLC as efficiently as irradiated lymphocytes, 2/6 were among the poor stimulators. Most poor stimulator blasts had, however, normal MLC-activating properties if, instead of whole blood, isolated lymphocytes were used as the responding cells. The poor activation of lymphocytes by some leukemic blasts in whole blood appeared to be associated with impaired release of blastogenic factor(s) during the MLBC. No evidence for active suppressor mechanisms was found. The significance of the MLC-activating properties of leukemic blasts for the classification and immunotherapeutic use of ALL is discussed.", "contents": "MLC-activation by acute lymphatic leukemia blasts. The MLC-activating potential of 25 ALL blasts (16 \"common\" ALL, 6 T-ALL, 3 not identified) was investigated. Mitomycin-treated leukemic blasts or X-irradiated lymphocytes were cultured with heparinized whole blood from different healthy donors. MLC activation by blast cells was expressed as percentage of MLC activation by X-irradiated lymphocytes. Leukemic blasts showed a heterogeneous pattern of MLC activation, ranging from 2% to 245%. Eleven out of 25 cases of ALL poorly stimulated the MLC (2% to 33% response). Twelve ALL stimulated a normal response (50% to 120%); and 2/25 ALL stimulated a supranormal response (more than 200%). Four of six cases of T-ALL stimulated the MLC as efficiently as irradiated lymphocytes, 2/6 were among the poor stimulators. Most poor stimulator blasts had, however, normal MLC-activating properties if, instead of whole blood, isolated lymphocytes were used as the responding cells. The poor activation of lymphocytes by some leukemic blasts in whole blood appeared to be associated with impaired release of blastogenic factor(s) during the MLBC. No evidence for active suppressor mechanisms was found. The significance of the MLC-activating properties of leukemic blasts for the classification and immunotherapeutic use of ALL is discussed.", "PMID": 313823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4193", "title": "Hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors block para- methoxyamphetamine-induced 5-HT release.", "content": "1 Activation of mycolonic twitch activity (MTA) of suprahyoideal muscle after p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) administration in rats anaesthetized with urethane has previously been reported to be due to brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release. Increased MTA caused by PMA was blocked by chlorimipramine (0.1 to 1 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (0.3 to 3 mg/kg) but not by desipramine (3 mg/kg). 2 The 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced increase of MTA of suprahyoideal muscle in rats pretreated with pargyline was not blocked by chlorimipramine but was blocked by methysergide. 3 [3H]-5-HT was injected intraventricularly 30 min before the beginning of ventricular perfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid in urethane anaesthetized rats. PMA (mg/kg i.v.) increased the release of [3H]-5-HT in the perfusate after injection. Chlorimipramine (0.1 to 1 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (0.1 to 1 mg/kg), injected 10 min before the PMA injection, caused a dose-related blockade of the increased release of [3H]-5-HT induced by PMA. Desipramine at 3 mg/kg slightly inhibited the increased release of [3H]-5-HT caused by PMA but was inactive at 1 mg/kg. 4 It is proposed that these 5-HT uptake inhibitors block the increased MTA caused by PMA by preventing the PMA-induced release of 5-HT in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors block para- methoxyamphetamine-induced 5-HT release. 1 Activation of mycolonic twitch activity (MTA) of suprahyoideal muscle after p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) administration in rats anaesthetized with urethane has previously been reported to be due to brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release. Increased MTA caused by PMA was blocked by chlorimipramine (0.1 to 1 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (0.3 to 3 mg/kg) but not by desipramine (3 mg/kg). 2 The 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced increase of MTA of suprahyoideal muscle in rats pretreated with pargyline was not blocked by chlorimipramine but was blocked by methysergide. 3 [3H]-5-HT was injected intraventricularly 30 min before the beginning of ventricular perfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid in urethane anaesthetized rats. PMA (mg/kg i.v.) increased the release of [3H]-5-HT in the perfusate after injection. Chlorimipramine (0.1 to 1 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (0.1 to 1 mg/kg), injected 10 min before the PMA injection, caused a dose-related blockade of the increased release of [3H]-5-HT induced by PMA. Desipramine at 3 mg/kg slightly inhibited the increased release of [3H]-5-HT caused by PMA but was inactive at 1 mg/kg. 4 It is proposed that these 5-HT uptake inhibitors block the increased MTA caused by PMA by preventing the PMA-induced release of 5-HT in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 313827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4194", "title": "The effect of potassium on frog stomach muscle.", "content": "1 KCl relaxed strips of frog stomach muscle. Usually, the effect was biphasic, i.e. contraction followed by relaxation at a concentration of 137 mM. 2 The effect was mimicked by K2SO4. 3 Ouabain (5 and 10 micrograms/ml) blocked the relaxations and reversed them to contractions. The tension of strips was not affected. 4 Phenoxybenzamine (1 microgram/ml) and procaine (20 micrograms/ml) inhibited the relaxations, potentiated the contractile component and lowered the tone of the muscle. 5 The relaxation and the tone were inhibited by papaverine (5 micrograms/ml) but the contractile component was unaffected. 6 It is suggested that potassium-induced relaxations are mediated through the activation of the sodium pump.", "contents": "The effect of potassium on frog stomach muscle. 1 KCl relaxed strips of frog stomach muscle. Usually, the effect was biphasic, i.e. contraction followed by relaxation at a concentration of 137 mM. 2 The effect was mimicked by K2SO4. 3 Ouabain (5 and 10 micrograms/ml) blocked the relaxations and reversed them to contractions. The tension of strips was not affected. 4 Phenoxybenzamine (1 microgram/ml) and procaine (20 micrograms/ml) inhibited the relaxations, potentiated the contractile component and lowered the tone of the muscle. 5 The relaxation and the tone were inhibited by papaverine (5 micrograms/ml) but the contractile component was unaffected. 6 It is suggested that potassium-induced relaxations are mediated through the activation of the sodium pump.", "PMID": 313828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4195", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for remodelling in a central noradrenergic pathway following electrolytic lesioning.", "content": "Electrolytic lesions were carried out in the medial hypothalamus of adult rats to study remodelling responses in a central noradrenergic pathway, the medial forebrain bundle. Four days, two weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks post-lesion, the animals were perfused and processed for correlated fluorescence microscopic (FM) and electron microscopic (EM) study. FM evaluation 4 days post-lesion showed that, compared with control preparations, catecholaminergic fibers became thick, distorted and intensely fluorescent. With increasing survival times the caliber of these fibers became finer and fluorescence intensity was gradually diminished. Some of the small blood vessels in the vicinity of the lesion acquired an intense perivascular fluorescence. Electron microscopic examination of the lesion site 4 days post-lesion disclosed many degenerating axons and increased extracellular space. No increased extracellular space was discerned by 8 weeks post-lesion. After all survival periods greatly enlarged axonal profiles were seen, and these resembled 'growth cones' described in earlier tissue culture, developmental and peripheral nervous system studies.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for remodelling in a central noradrenergic pathway following electrolytic lesioning. Electrolytic lesions were carried out in the medial hypothalamus of adult rats to study remodelling responses in a central noradrenergic pathway, the medial forebrain bundle. Four days, two weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks post-lesion, the animals were perfused and processed for correlated fluorescence microscopic (FM) and electron microscopic (EM) study. FM evaluation 4 days post-lesion showed that, compared with control preparations, catecholaminergic fibers became thick, distorted and intensely fluorescent. With increasing survival times the caliber of these fibers became finer and fluorescence intensity was gradually diminished. Some of the small blood vessels in the vicinity of the lesion acquired an intense perivascular fluorescence. Electron microscopic examination of the lesion site 4 days post-lesion disclosed many degenerating axons and increased extracellular space. No increased extracellular space was discerned by 8 weeks post-lesion. After all survival periods greatly enlarged axonal profiles were seen, and these resembled 'growth cones' described in earlier tissue culture, developmental and peripheral nervous system studies.", "PMID": 313834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4196", "title": "The filum terminale of the frog spinal cord, a non transformed preparation: I. Morphology and uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid.", "content": "The filum terminale of the frog spinal cord is a rather pure glial cell preparation, largely devoid of neuronal elements. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is taken up by the frog filum terminale (FT) via a Na+-dependent, ouabain-inhibited, saturable high affinity transport system with a Km of 2.7 x 10(5) M. The rate of the FT GABA uptake is significantly greater than the velocities observed in the spinal cord. In fact, the Vmax increases caudally beyond the level of the last root, and is maximal in the FT per se. beta-Alanine is a competitive inhibitor of the FT high affinity transport system for GABA (Ki 11.1 x 10(-5) M). In addition to GABA, the FT also takes up beta-alanine, glycine, glutamate and aspartate at rates significantly higher than those shown by the spinal cord of the frog. Light and electron microscope level radioautography clearly shows that GABA uptake occurs primarily in the glial cells and also in ependymal cells present in the FT. In that the FT contains few ependymal cells and a large number of glia, it is fair to state that most of the GABA accumulated by the FT reflects the glial transport of this amino acid. Unlike the adult frog, the spinal cord of the tadpole does not show any regional differences in the rate of GABA transport during early development. However, during later developmental stages, the rates of GABA transport increase in the caudal portion of the tadpole cord as compared to the more rostral areas. Close to metamorphosis, the terminal portion of the tadpole cord, which is destined to become the filum terminals of the frog, accumulates GABA at rates not greatly different from those observed in the FT of the adult frog. Therefore, the tadpole spinal cord is a useful preparation in which to study the dynamic properties of normal non-transformed glia as influenced by a changing neuronal population, whereas the frog FT is a unique preparation for the study of some properties of normal glia largely in the absence of neurons.", "contents": "The filum terminale of the frog spinal cord, a non transformed preparation: I. Morphology and uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid. The filum terminale of the frog spinal cord is a rather pure glial cell preparation, largely devoid of neuronal elements. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is taken up by the frog filum terminale (FT) via a Na+-dependent, ouabain-inhibited, saturable high affinity transport system with a Km of 2.7 x 10(5) M. The rate of the FT GABA uptake is significantly greater than the velocities observed in the spinal cord. In fact, the Vmax increases caudally beyond the level of the last root, and is maximal in the FT per se. beta-Alanine is a competitive inhibitor of the FT high affinity transport system for GABA (Ki 11.1 x 10(-5) M). In addition to GABA, the FT also takes up beta-alanine, glycine, glutamate and aspartate at rates significantly higher than those shown by the spinal cord of the frog. Light and electron microscope level radioautography clearly shows that GABA uptake occurs primarily in the glial cells and also in ependymal cells present in the FT. In that the FT contains few ependymal cells and a large number of glia, it is fair to state that most of the GABA accumulated by the FT reflects the glial transport of this amino acid. Unlike the adult frog, the spinal cord of the tadpole does not show any regional differences in the rate of GABA transport during early development. However, during later developmental stages, the rates of GABA transport increase in the caudal portion of the tadpole cord as compared to the more rostral areas. Close to metamorphosis, the terminal portion of the tadpole cord, which is destined to become the filum terminals of the frog, accumulates GABA at rates not greatly different from those observed in the FT of the adult frog. Therefore, the tadpole spinal cord is a useful preparation in which to study the dynamic properties of normal non-transformed glia as influenced by a changing neuronal population, whereas the frog FT is a unique preparation for the study of some properties of normal glia largely in the absence of neurons.", "PMID": 313835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4197", "title": "Lessons from the study of induced alterations in amino acids in patients with cancer.", "content": "The sensitivity of the neoplastic cell to amino acid deprivation shows considerable variation. The responsiveness of human leukemic cell cultures to L-asparaginase indicates that those of T cell origin are much more sensitive to the action of this L-asparagine-depleting enzyme than those of B cell origin. A cautionary note is raised concerning amino acid analogs. Minor changes such as substituting selenium for sulfur to make seleno-L-methionine rather than L-methionine may lead to considerable differences in their respective metabolic polls in vivo. A systemic survey of amino acid requirements of human neoplasms is desirable before designing new analogs.", "contents": "Lessons from the study of induced alterations in amino acids in patients with cancer. The sensitivity of the neoplastic cell to amino acid deprivation shows considerable variation. The responsiveness of human leukemic cell cultures to L-asparaginase indicates that those of T cell origin are much more sensitive to the action of this L-asparagine-depleting enzyme than those of B cell origin. A cautionary note is raised concerning amino acid analogs. Minor changes such as substituting selenium for sulfur to make seleno-L-methionine rather than L-methionine may lead to considerable differences in their respective metabolic polls in vivo. A systemic survey of amino acid requirements of human neoplasms is desirable before designing new analogs.", "PMID": 313838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4198", "title": "Differential effects of trypsin on the epidermis of Rana catesbeiana. Observations on differentiating junctions and cytoskeletons.", "content": "The filamentous cytoskeletons of epidermal cells of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) were investigated by electron microscopy. Following treatment with trypsin, sheets of epithelium were removed from swatches of abdominal skin. Trypsinization produces differential effects on the ultrastructure of the various cell layers. The desmosomes of all layers, except those of the stratum corneum, are split by trypsinization and the resulting desmosomal plaques fastened to tonofilaments are retracted into cells to form deep \"inpouchings\" of the plasma membranes, while tonofilament bundles become diffuse. Epidermal sheets were gently homogenized to form a suspension of cell remnants with damaged plasma membranes as indicated by vital dye exclusion tests and electron microscopy. Cytoskeletons retain their shapes, yet the lateral distances between individual tonofilaments within bundles appear to increase, thus forming diffuse lacelike structures. These observations support the suggestion that tonofilament bundles, when fastened to desmosomes, have elastic properties. The possible role of the cytoskeletons in the maintenance of cell size and shape in an ion-transporting epithelium is discussed.", "contents": "Differential effects of trypsin on the epidermis of Rana catesbeiana. Observations on differentiating junctions and cytoskeletons. The filamentous cytoskeletons of epidermal cells of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) were investigated by electron microscopy. Following treatment with trypsin, sheets of epithelium were removed from swatches of abdominal skin. Trypsinization produces differential effects on the ultrastructure of the various cell layers. The desmosomes of all layers, except those of the stratum corneum, are split by trypsinization and the resulting desmosomal plaques fastened to tonofilaments are retracted into cells to form deep \"inpouchings\" of the plasma membranes, while tonofilament bundles become diffuse. Epidermal sheets were gently homogenized to form a suspension of cell remnants with damaged plasma membranes as indicated by vital dye exclusion tests and electron microscopy. Cytoskeletons retain their shapes, yet the lateral distances between individual tonofilaments within bundles appear to increase, thus forming diffuse lacelike structures. These observations support the suggestion that tonofilament bundles, when fastened to desmosomes, have elastic properties. The possible role of the cytoskeletons in the maintenance of cell size and shape in an ion-transporting epithelium is discussed.", "PMID": 313839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4199", "title": "Effects of intragastric water infusion and gastric distension on hypothalamic neuronal activity.", "content": "The effects of gastric water infusion and distension were examined in neurons from various parts of the rat brain. Neurons in the lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic-medial forebrain bundle (LPA-LH-MFB) neuropil were sensitive to gastric water infusion and distension. Cells randomly selected and examined in other brain areas were less sensitive to the same stimulation which indicated that the effects were relatively specific. The results, in terms of changes in neuronal discharge frequency from an established baseline, indicate that many cells in the lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic-medical forebrain bundle area are affected by intragastric water infusion and gastric distension within a time period during which changes in drinking would normally occur. These neurons were also affected differentially by acute water deprivation. LPA-LH-MFB neurons in 24 hr water deprived animals were significantly more sensitive to water infusions and less sensitive to stomach distension when compared to cells recorded in animals maintained on ad lib eating and drinking. Some of these same neurons were also sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentrations of sodium and glucose. The results are discussed in terms of the involvement of the lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic-medial forebrain bundle neuropil in ingestive behavior.", "contents": "Effects of intragastric water infusion and gastric distension on hypothalamic neuronal activity. The effects of gastric water infusion and distension were examined in neurons from various parts of the rat brain. Neurons in the lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic-medial forebrain bundle (LPA-LH-MFB) neuropil were sensitive to gastric water infusion and distension. Cells randomly selected and examined in other brain areas were less sensitive to the same stimulation which indicated that the effects were relatively specific. The results, in terms of changes in neuronal discharge frequency from an established baseline, indicate that many cells in the lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic-medical forebrain bundle area are affected by intragastric water infusion and gastric distension within a time period during which changes in drinking would normally occur. These neurons were also affected differentially by acute water deprivation. LPA-LH-MFB neurons in 24 hr water deprived animals were significantly more sensitive to water infusions and less sensitive to stomach distension when compared to cells recorded in animals maintained on ad lib eating and drinking. Some of these same neurons were also sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentrations of sodium and glucose. The results are discussed in terms of the involvement of the lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic-medial forebrain bundle neuropil in ingestive behavior.", "PMID": 313836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4200", "title": "[Current views on pathology and new therapeutic perspective. I: Immunological aspects of the neoplasm (author's transl)].", "content": "Several experimental data support the evidence that Osteogenic Sarcoma is a virus-originated neoplasm. Cytogenetic and immunological aspects of this neoplasm are examined by the Authors on the basis of the latest advances in this field, and in view of possible therapeutic applications.", "contents": "[Current views on pathology and new therapeutic perspective. I: Immunological aspects of the neoplasm (author's transl)]. Several experimental data support the evidence that Osteogenic Sarcoma is a virus-originated neoplasm. Cytogenetic and immunological aspects of this neoplasm are examined by the Authors on the basis of the latest advances in this field, and in view of possible therapeutic applications.", "PMID": 313855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4201", "title": "Protein A-positive staphylococci serve as a selective B cell mitogen for lymphocytes from primary immunodeficiency patients.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus protein A-positive bacteria have recently been proposed as selective B lymphocyte mitogens. We have studied the lymphocyte response to such mitogens in bacteria in normal subjects and in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. Patients with primary T cell defects show a normal response to protein A-positive bacteria and impaired responses to PHA and Con A. In contrast, patients with Bruton agammaglobulinaemia respond normally to these T cell mitogens but not to the bacteria. Thus, protein A-positive bacteria fulfil the criteria for being a T cell-independent B cell mitogen for human peripheral blood cells.", "contents": "Protein A-positive staphylococci serve as a selective B cell mitogen for lymphocytes from primary immunodeficiency patients. Staphylococcus aureus protein A-positive bacteria have recently been proposed as selective B lymphocyte mitogens. We have studied the lymphocyte response to such mitogens in bacteria in normal subjects and in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. Patients with primary T cell defects show a normal response to protein A-positive bacteria and impaired responses to PHA and Con A. In contrast, patients with Bruton agammaglobulinaemia respond normally to these T cell mitogens but not to the bacteria. Thus, protein A-positive bacteria fulfil the criteria for being a T cell-independent B cell mitogen for human peripheral blood cells.", "PMID": 313858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4202", "title": "The significance of antibodies to poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) and ds-DNA binding activity have been measured in thirty-nine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera, nineteen rheumatoid arthritis sera, fourteen sera from non-SLE rheumatic and non-rheumatic diseases and in ten normal sera. Antibodies to poly(ADP-ribose) were found only in the SLE and in three SLE-like rheumatic diseases. Anti-DNA antibodies, on the other hand, were found not only in the SLE and SLE-like diseases, but also in rheumatoid arthritis and chronic active hepatitis. Estimation of poly(ADP-ribose) binding was, therefore, more specific for, and more discriminatory of SLE from other diseases, than the estimation of ds-DNA binding. The results indicate that the estimation of poly(ADP-ribose) binding in serum may be more useful in the diagnosis of SLE than the presently employed estimation of DNA binding using the Amersham kit. DNA-anti-DNA immune complexes are detected in some of the SLE sera after deoxyribonuclease I digestion, confirming earlier reports of the existence of circulating DNA-anti-DNA complexes in SLE patients. Snake venom phosphodiesterase treatment of some of the SLE sera also resulted in increased poly(ADP-ribose) binding activity, suggesting the existence of poly(ADP-ribose)-anti-poly(ADP-ribose) immune complexes in the circulation of SLE patients. This observation raises the possiblity that poly(ADP-ribose) immune complexes may play some part in the pathogenesis of some cases of SLE.", "contents": "The significance of antibodies to poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) in systemic lupus erythematosus. Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) and ds-DNA binding activity have been measured in thirty-nine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera, nineteen rheumatoid arthritis sera, fourteen sera from non-SLE rheumatic and non-rheumatic diseases and in ten normal sera. Antibodies to poly(ADP-ribose) were found only in the SLE and in three SLE-like rheumatic diseases. Anti-DNA antibodies, on the other hand, were found not only in the SLE and SLE-like diseases, but also in rheumatoid arthritis and chronic active hepatitis. Estimation of poly(ADP-ribose) binding was, therefore, more specific for, and more discriminatory of SLE from other diseases, than the estimation of ds-DNA binding. The results indicate that the estimation of poly(ADP-ribose) binding in serum may be more useful in the diagnosis of SLE than the presently employed estimation of DNA binding using the Amersham kit. DNA-anti-DNA immune complexes are detected in some of the SLE sera after deoxyribonuclease I digestion, confirming earlier reports of the existence of circulating DNA-anti-DNA complexes in SLE patients. Snake venom phosphodiesterase treatment of some of the SLE sera also resulted in increased poly(ADP-ribose) binding activity, suggesting the existence of poly(ADP-ribose)-anti-poly(ADP-ribose) immune complexes in the circulation of SLE patients. This observation raises the possiblity that poly(ADP-ribose) immune complexes may play some part in the pathogenesis of some cases of SLE.", "PMID": 313859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4203", "title": "Altered regulation of mitogen responsiveness by suppressor cells in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Suppression of the lymphocyte response to concanavalin A (Con A), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) by Con A-induced suppressor cells was measured in twenty-four patients with recently active-recovering multiple sclerosis (MS), twelve with inactive MS and twenty-three healthy controls. Patients with recently active disease displayed significantly greater suppression of the response to Con A. Suppression of the responses to PHA and SpA did not differ among the groups. Lymphocyte stimulation in cultures not showing suppression was similar in all three types of subjects. These results suggest a disturbance of lymphocyte regulation in patients with recently active-recovering MS and illustrate the potential usefulness of measuring the suppression of responsiveness to several mitogens.", "contents": "Altered regulation of mitogen responsiveness by suppressor cells in multiple sclerosis. Suppression of the lymphocyte response to concanavalin A (Con A), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) by Con A-induced suppressor cells was measured in twenty-four patients with recently active-recovering multiple sclerosis (MS), twelve with inactive MS and twenty-three healthy controls. Patients with recently active disease displayed significantly greater suppression of the response to Con A. Suppression of the responses to PHA and SpA did not differ among the groups. Lymphocyte stimulation in cultures not showing suppression was similar in all three types of subjects. These results suggest a disturbance of lymphocyte regulation in patients with recently active-recovering MS and illustrate the potential usefulness of measuring the suppression of responsiveness to several mitogens.", "PMID": 313860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4204", "title": "Subpopulations of T lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis patients.", "content": "Subpopulations of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes were examined in twenty-three myasthenic patients. T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T gamma) were significantly increased in a third of the patients examined. T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgM (Tmu) were within normal values in all but two patients. Possible implications of these cells in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis are discussed.", "contents": "Subpopulations of T lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis patients. Subpopulations of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes were examined in twenty-three myasthenic patients. T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T gamma) were significantly increased in a third of the patients examined. T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgM (Tmu) were within normal values in all but two patients. Possible implications of these cells in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis are discussed.", "PMID": 313861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4205", "title": "5'-nucleotidase of B and T lymphocytes isolated from human peripheral blood.", "content": "The ecto-5'-nucleotidase activities of highly purified T and B lymphocytes from human peripheral blood have been investigated using biochemical and histochemical techniques. The enzyme activity of the purified B cells was about 3.5 times that of the T cells. Using a histochemical assay, 21--55% of the B cells stained positively for 5'-nucleotidase, but only 2--22% of the T cells were positive. These results are discussed in relation to the low 5'-nucleotidase activities found on peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia and some patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia.", "contents": "5'-nucleotidase of B and T lymphocytes isolated from human peripheral blood. The ecto-5'-nucleotidase activities of highly purified T and B lymphocytes from human peripheral blood have been investigated using biochemical and histochemical techniques. The enzyme activity of the purified B cells was about 3.5 times that of the T cells. Using a histochemical assay, 21--55% of the B cells stained positively for 5'-nucleotidase, but only 2--22% of the T cells were positive. These results are discussed in relation to the low 5'-nucleotidase activities found on peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia and some patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia.", "PMID": 313862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4206", "title": "99M Tc-PIPIDA biliary imaging in children.", "content": "A report of 99mTc-PIPIDA as a diagnostic biliary agent in children is presented. The laboratory values and radiologic examinations are included to demonstrate the clinical value of the agent in evaluating both congenital and acquired pediatric biliary tract abnormalities. The role of 99mTc biliary tract imaging in children is discussed.", "contents": "99M Tc-PIPIDA biliary imaging in children. A report of 99mTc-PIPIDA as a diagnostic biliary agent in children is presented. The laboratory values and radiologic examinations are included to demonstrate the clinical value of the agent in evaluating both congenital and acquired pediatric biliary tract abnormalities. The role of 99mTc biliary tract imaging in children is discussed.", "PMID": 313866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4207", "title": "Computed tomography: regression of periventricular enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A patient with two periventricular enhancing lesions on computed tomography subsequently demonstrated clearing of these abnormalities without treatment and a clinical course compatible with multiple sclerosis. CT scans obtained in disease processes associated with acute demyelination and alteration of the blood-brain barrier can show enhancing lesions. These lesions can initially be confused with primary or secondary neoplasms, enhancing infarcts or arteriovenous malformation. The differential diagnosis of enhancing lesions without significant mass effect should initially include the acute phase of multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating processes.", "contents": "Computed tomography: regression of periventricular enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis. A patient with two periventricular enhancing lesions on computed tomography subsequently demonstrated clearing of these abnormalities without treatment and a clinical course compatible with multiple sclerosis. CT scans obtained in disease processes associated with acute demyelination and alteration of the blood-brain barrier can show enhancing lesions. These lesions can initially be confused with primary or secondary neoplasms, enhancing infarcts or arteriovenous malformation. The differential diagnosis of enhancing lesions without significant mass effect should initially include the acute phase of multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating processes.", "PMID": 313871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4208", "title": "Post-operative analgesia with diflunisal.", "content": "An open study was carried out in 196 consecutive patients who had undergone orthopaedic (103) or gynaecological (93) surgical procedures to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of a single dose of 500 mg diflunisal in the relief of postoperative pain. Diflunisal was given when patients first complained of pain, and pain severity before and at intervals up to 6 hours after the dose was assessed using a 10-point analogue scale. The results showed that diflunisal was both prompt and prolonged in its effect. No pain was reported after 1 hour in 138 (71%) of the 196 patients, and after 6 hours only 13 (7%) still reported some pain. Diflunisal was equally as effective in the two groups. Side-effects were reported in 13 (7%) patients but these were ones commonly found in the post-operative situation.", "contents": "Post-operative analgesia with diflunisal. An open study was carried out in 196 consecutive patients who had undergone orthopaedic (103) or gynaecological (93) surgical procedures to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of a single dose of 500 mg diflunisal in the relief of postoperative pain. Diflunisal was given when patients first complained of pain, and pain severity before and at intervals up to 6 hours after the dose was assessed using a 10-point analogue scale. The results showed that diflunisal was both prompt and prolonged in its effect. No pain was reported after 1 hour in 138 (71%) of the 196 patients, and after 6 hours only 13 (7%) still reported some pain. Diflunisal was equally as effective in the two groups. Side-effects were reported in 13 (7%) patients but these were ones commonly found in the post-operative situation.", "PMID": 313872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4209", "title": "A trial of 5-fluorouracil and Corynebacterium parvum in advanced colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "This study has confirmed that patients who have advanced colorectal carcinoma have impaired responsiveness to delayed-hypersensitivity skin testing, and also have elevated levels of serum IgM. Serial observations of delayed-hypersensitivity skin tests, total lymphocyte counts, T-lymphocyte counts, B-lymphocyte counts, and serum immunoglobulin levels failed to reveal any consistent pattern of responses in patients treated with either chemotherapy alone or chemoimmunotherapy. In 33 patients chosen at random to receive either 5-FU alone or 5-FU in combination with intramuscularly administered C. parvum, there was no evidence of objective response or influence on survival. Intramuscularly administered C. parvum, in the dose and schedule used, produced no evident immunologic or therapeutic effect.", "contents": "A trial of 5-fluorouracil and Corynebacterium parvum in advanced colorectal carcinoma. This study has confirmed that patients who have advanced colorectal carcinoma have impaired responsiveness to delayed-hypersensitivity skin testing, and also have elevated levels of serum IgM. Serial observations of delayed-hypersensitivity skin tests, total lymphocyte counts, T-lymphocyte counts, B-lymphocyte counts, and serum immunoglobulin levels failed to reveal any consistent pattern of responses in patients treated with either chemotherapy alone or chemoimmunotherapy. In 33 patients chosen at random to receive either 5-FU alone or 5-FU in combination with intramuscularly administered C. parvum, there was no evidence of objective response or influence on survival. Intramuscularly administered C. parvum, in the dose and schedule used, produced no evident immunologic or therapeutic effect.", "PMID": 313873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4210", "title": "Epidermal growth factor in the submandibular gland and serum of mice with muscular dystrophy: chemical properties in dilute gland extracts.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been measured in extracts of submandibular glands from mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy. RIA results show that adult male and female dystrophic mice have significantly less submandibular gland EGF than do unafflicted controls. Despite the differences in gland content of the protein, serum levels of EGF are similar in both dystrophic and control animals. Furthermore, submandibular gland concentrations of amylase are normal in the dystrophic mice, indicating that not all proteins synthesized by the glands are affected. Gel filtration studied reveal that the elution properties of EGF in extracts of glands from dystrophic and control animals are indistinguishable. Unexpectedly, the chromatographic profiles indicate that most of the EGF in gland extracts elutes as a low molecular weight protein when the molecule is studied at low, biologically active concentrations; only a small portion of the protein is associated with a high molecular weight complex. Under the same experimental conditions, submandibular gland nerve growth factor maintains its association with other components in a high molecular weight form.", "contents": "Epidermal growth factor in the submandibular gland and serum of mice with muscular dystrophy: chemical properties in dilute gland extracts. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been measured in extracts of submandibular glands from mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy. RIA results show that adult male and female dystrophic mice have significantly less submandibular gland EGF than do unafflicted controls. Despite the differences in gland content of the protein, serum levels of EGF are similar in both dystrophic and control animals. Furthermore, submandibular gland concentrations of amylase are normal in the dystrophic mice, indicating that not all proteins synthesized by the glands are affected. Gel filtration studied reveal that the elution properties of EGF in extracts of glands from dystrophic and control animals are indistinguishable. Unexpectedly, the chromatographic profiles indicate that most of the EGF in gland extracts elutes as a low molecular weight protein when the molecule is studied at low, biologically active concentrations; only a small portion of the protein is associated with a high molecular weight complex. Under the same experimental conditions, submandibular gland nerve growth factor maintains its association with other components in a high molecular weight form.", "PMID": 313879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4211", "title": "Role of adherent T cells and of B cells in the immune response to purified protein derivative of tuberculin.", "content": "The role of monocytes, B cells, and adherent and nonadherent T cells in the response of purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) as measured by [3H]thymidine uptake in vitro has been explored. The response to PPD was found to be highly dependent on monocytes, to approximately the same extent as previously found for the responses to concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin. The response to PPD was also found to be highly dependent on a population of adherent T cells different from the adherent T cell population involved in the response to Con A. In the case of PPD, the effect was additive, as opposed to the potentiating effect seen for Con A. Further, the adherent T cells involved in the response to PPD were much more sensitive to hypotonic shock than those in the response to Con A. B cells were also found to be important in the response to PPD, although only to a slight extent.", "contents": "Role of adherent T cells and of B cells in the immune response to purified protein derivative of tuberculin. The role of monocytes, B cells, and adherent and nonadherent T cells in the response of purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) as measured by [3H]thymidine uptake in vitro has been explored. The response to PPD was found to be highly dependent on monocytes, to approximately the same extent as previously found for the responses to concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin. The response to PPD was also found to be highly dependent on a population of adherent T cells different from the adherent T cell population involved in the response to Con A. In the case of PPD, the effect was additive, as opposed to the potentiating effect seen for Con A. Further, the adherent T cells involved in the response to PPD were much more sensitive to hypotonic shock than those in the response to Con A. B cells were also found to be important in the response to PPD, although only to a slight extent.", "PMID": 313880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4212", "title": "The in vitro migration of murine fetal liver cells to thymic rudiments.", "content": "The migration of murine fetal liver cells to thymus rudiments was studied in vitro using a migration under agar technique. There appeared to be a minor population that migrated specifically to the thymus from the age of 10 to 14 days of gestation. The specificity of migration was demonstrated in 12-day fetal liver cells by a series of competition studies. The ability of these cells to colonize a thymus rudiment was shown by further incubation after invasion of the epithelial thymus rudiments: small colonies of lymphoid cells were present in invaded tissue but absent from uninvaded control tissue. At 13 to 14 days of gestation, there appeared an additional population that migrated specifically to the spleen, as demonstrated, again, with a competition protocol. Studies with avian and human tissue as attractants in the same system showed that migration was specific to the thymus and did cross species barriers. This observation was used to demonstrate a similar attractant activity in cell-free conditioned medium from human thymus epithelial cultures, and to demonstrate the absence of such a cell-attractant factor in the conditioned medium from the thymus of a child with previously documented severe combined immunodeficiency disease.", "contents": "The in vitro migration of murine fetal liver cells to thymic rudiments. The migration of murine fetal liver cells to thymus rudiments was studied in vitro using a migration under agar technique. There appeared to be a minor population that migrated specifically to the thymus from the age of 10 to 14 days of gestation. The specificity of migration was demonstrated in 12-day fetal liver cells by a series of competition studies. The ability of these cells to colonize a thymus rudiment was shown by further incubation after invasion of the epithelial thymus rudiments: small colonies of lymphoid cells were present in invaded tissue but absent from uninvaded control tissue. At 13 to 14 days of gestation, there appeared an additional population that migrated specifically to the spleen, as demonstrated, again, with a competition protocol. Studies with avian and human tissue as attractants in the same system showed that migration was specific to the thymus and did cross species barriers. This observation was used to demonstrate a similar attractant activity in cell-free conditioned medium from human thymus epithelial cultures, and to demonstrate the absence of such a cell-attractant factor in the conditioned medium from the thymus of a child with previously documented severe combined immunodeficiency disease.", "PMID": 313881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4213", "title": "Stimulation of sodium transport by antidiuretic hormone in bullfrog intestine.", "content": "Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increased the potential difference (PD) and shortcircuit current (SCC) across the small intestine of the bullfrog. This effect was independent of those produced by amiloride or high calcium but was masked by a theophylline-induced effect. Net active sodium (Na+) absorption accounted for the observed electrical changes.", "contents": "Stimulation of sodium transport by antidiuretic hormone in bullfrog intestine. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increased the potential difference (PD) and shortcircuit current (SCC) across the small intestine of the bullfrog. This effect was independent of those produced by amiloride or high calcium but was masked by a theophylline-induced effect. Net active sodium (Na+) absorption accounted for the observed electrical changes.", "PMID": 313883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4214", "title": "[Structure and antipyretic-hypothermizing effect of various pyrazol/1,5-a/pyrimidines].", "content": "Structures of condensation products between 3-phenyl-5-aminopyrazole and ethyl ethoxymethylenacetoacetate and ethyl acetonoxalate are demonstrated, namely ethyl 2-phenyl-7-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-6-carboxylate and ethyl 2-phenyl-7-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-carboxylate. Studies on antipyretic and hypothermizing activity of the acid derived from the latter and of other compounds are reported.", "contents": "[Structure and antipyretic-hypothermizing effect of various pyrazol/1,5-a/pyrimidines]. Structures of condensation products between 3-phenyl-5-aminopyrazole and ethyl ethoxymethylenacetoacetate and ethyl acetonoxalate are demonstrated, namely ethyl 2-phenyl-7-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-6-carboxylate and ethyl 2-phenyl-7-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-carboxylate. Studies on antipyretic and hypothermizing activity of the acid derived from the latter and of other compounds are reported.", "PMID": 313884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4215", "title": "Studies on the relative roles of pituitary and progesterone in the induction of meiotic maturation in the amphibian oocyte.", "content": "In the amphibian, gonadotropins act on the epithelial cells surrounding the oocyte to produce and/or release progesterone which in turn acts at the oocyte surface to initiate the resumption of meiotic maturation. Since maturation is reported to require continuous exposure to gonadotropins but only brief (5--15 min) exposure to progesterone, it was of interest to reexamine the interrelationships between the two hormonal stimuli as well as the kinetics of progesterone production, metabolism, and biological activity. Germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) required continuous exposure to 0.005 pituitaries/ml for 6.0 h to produce 50% GVBD that occurred at 10.1 h. Actinomycin D (10 microgram/ml) completely inhibited pituitary induced GVBD when added during the first 5--6 h; 50% inhibition occurred when added at 7.3 h. Thus, actinomycin D continues to inhibit 1--2 h after the requirement for pituitary stimulation. Pituitary stimulation produced a 4-fold increase in 3H-acetate incorporation into progesterone and acetate conversion to progesterone was relatively constant during successive 2 h pulses throughout the 10 h period leading to GVBD. There was no significant metabolism of 3H-acetate derived progesterone when follicles were treated with pituitary extract, although the same follicles rapidly concentrated and metabolized exogenous 3H- or 14C-progesterone. The length of continuous progesterone exposure required for 50% GVBD varied from 11 h at 0.158 microM to less than 0.08 h at 15.8 microM. The time to 50% GVBD was only delayed by about 10% (1.5 h) when maximal and minimal progesterone levels were compared. A comparison of 3H-progesterone uptake and response (GVBD) as a function of [progesterone]0 indicated that uptake of 2--4 mumol 1(-1) cell water will induce 50% GVBD. These results indicate that a threshold uptake must be reached to initiate resumption of meiosis and that this level must be maintained throughout the period leading to nuclear breakdown. Under physiologic conditions, gonadotropins stimulate progesterone production and this progesterone is protected from, or inaccessible to, steroid metabolizing enzymes.", "contents": "Studies on the relative roles of pituitary and progesterone in the induction of meiotic maturation in the amphibian oocyte. In the amphibian, gonadotropins act on the epithelial cells surrounding the oocyte to produce and/or release progesterone which in turn acts at the oocyte surface to initiate the resumption of meiotic maturation. Since maturation is reported to require continuous exposure to gonadotropins but only brief (5--15 min) exposure to progesterone, it was of interest to reexamine the interrelationships between the two hormonal stimuli as well as the kinetics of progesterone production, metabolism, and biological activity. Germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) required continuous exposure to 0.005 pituitaries/ml for 6.0 h to produce 50% GVBD that occurred at 10.1 h. Actinomycin D (10 microgram/ml) completely inhibited pituitary induced GVBD when added during the first 5--6 h; 50% inhibition occurred when added at 7.3 h. Thus, actinomycin D continues to inhibit 1--2 h after the requirement for pituitary stimulation. Pituitary stimulation produced a 4-fold increase in 3H-acetate incorporation into progesterone and acetate conversion to progesterone was relatively constant during successive 2 h pulses throughout the 10 h period leading to GVBD. There was no significant metabolism of 3H-acetate derived progesterone when follicles were treated with pituitary extract, although the same follicles rapidly concentrated and metabolized exogenous 3H- or 14C-progesterone. The length of continuous progesterone exposure required for 50% GVBD varied from 11 h at 0.158 microM to less than 0.08 h at 15.8 microM. The time to 50% GVBD was only delayed by about 10% (1.5 h) when maximal and minimal progesterone levels were compared. A comparison of 3H-progesterone uptake and response (GVBD) as a function of [progesterone]0 indicated that uptake of 2--4 mumol 1(-1) cell water will induce 50% GVBD. These results indicate that a threshold uptake must be reached to initiate resumption of meiosis and that this level must be maintained throughout the period leading to nuclear breakdown. Under physiologic conditions, gonadotropins stimulate progesterone production and this progesterone is protected from, or inaccessible to, steroid metabolizing enzymes.", "PMID": 313888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4216", "title": "Sensitization of resistant myeloid leukemia clone cells by anti-cancer drugs to factor-stimulating differentiation.", "content": "Studies were made on the effect of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs on in vitro differentiation of a clone (R4) of mouse myeloid leukemic cells (MI) that is resistant to inducers. Treatment of the cells with 50% ascitic fluid (an inducer) plus 0.25 microgram/ml of adriamycin or 0.3 microgram/ml of daunomycin induced phagocytic activity and suppressed cell growth, but had little effect on cell viability; treatment with ascitic fluid or the drugs alone had no effect. In combination with ascitic fluid, mitomycin-C, hydroxyurea, 5-fluorouracil, or bleomycin also induced phagocytic activity, but 6-mercaptopurine, amethopterin, or aminopterin did not. These drugs also induced other differentiation-associated properties, lysozyme activity, and locomotive activity. The present results indicate that some cancer chemotherapeutic drugs sensitive resistant leukemic cells to an inducer of cell differentiation.", "contents": "Sensitization of resistant myeloid leukemia clone cells by anti-cancer drugs to factor-stimulating differentiation. Studies were made on the effect of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs on in vitro differentiation of a clone (R4) of mouse myeloid leukemic cells (MI) that is resistant to inducers. Treatment of the cells with 50% ascitic fluid (an inducer) plus 0.25 microgram/ml of adriamycin or 0.3 microgram/ml of daunomycin induced phagocytic activity and suppressed cell growth, but had little effect on cell viability; treatment with ascitic fluid or the drugs alone had no effect. In combination with ascitic fluid, mitomycin-C, hydroxyurea, 5-fluorouracil, or bleomycin also induced phagocytic activity, but 6-mercaptopurine, amethopterin, or aminopterin did not. These drugs also induced other differentiation-associated properties, lysozyme activity, and locomotive activity. The present results indicate that some cancer chemotherapeutic drugs sensitive resistant leukemic cells to an inducer of cell differentiation.", "PMID": 313889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4217", "title": "Development and early prognosis of esophageal varices in severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) treated with prednisone.", "content": "The prevalence of gastroesophageal varices and gastrointestinal hemorrhage was determined in 124 patients with severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) receiving prednisone and followed regularly for up to 10 yr. Varices were demonstrated by contrast radiography in only 19 patients (15%). Ten had varices before therapy and nine developed them after 12-102 mo of observation (mean, 38 +/- 9 mo.). The likelihood of developing varices within 5 yr after therapy was 8% in all patients and 13% after documentation of cirrhosis. Hemorrhage from varices occurred in only 1 patient, who had varices and bled once before treatment. Bleeding from other sites was commoner in the presence of varices (P less than 0.025), but mortality was not increased by bleeding from any site. The probability of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was only 6% within 5 yr after therapy and the 5 yr survival was 93%. In severe CALD, varices are an uncommon initial finding and do not develop quickly or hemorrhage early after steroid therapy.", "contents": "Development and early prognosis of esophageal varices in severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) treated with prednisone. The prevalence of gastroesophageal varices and gastrointestinal hemorrhage was determined in 124 patients with severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) receiving prednisone and followed regularly for up to 10 yr. Varices were demonstrated by contrast radiography in only 19 patients (15%). Ten had varices before therapy and nine developed them after 12-102 mo of observation (mean, 38 +/- 9 mo.). The likelihood of developing varices within 5 yr after therapy was 8% in all patients and 13% after documentation of cirrhosis. Hemorrhage from varices occurred in only 1 patient, who had varices and bled once before treatment. Bleeding from other sites was commoner in the presence of varices (P less than 0.025), but mortality was not increased by bleeding from any site. The probability of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was only 6% within 5 yr after therapy and the 5 yr survival was 93%. In severe CALD, varices are an uncommon initial finding and do not develop quickly or hemorrhage early after steroid therapy.", "PMID": 313890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4218", "title": "Morphological identification of alpha-1-antitrypsin in pulmonary macrophages.", "content": "Pulmonary macrophages, as seen in the routine sputum samples obtained from smokers, reveal bipolar orangophilic spurs. By use of histochemical and immunofluorescence techniques, these spurs have been found to contain alpha-1-antitrypsin. Morphological localization of this substance within the pulmonary macrophages may be significant.", "contents": "Morphological identification of alpha-1-antitrypsin in pulmonary macrophages. Pulmonary macrophages, as seen in the routine sputum samples obtained from smokers, reveal bipolar orangophilic spurs. By use of histochemical and immunofluorescence techniques, these spurs have been found to contain alpha-1-antitrypsin. Morphological localization of this substance within the pulmonary macrophages may be significant.", "PMID": 313895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4219", "title": "The regulation of lymphocyte functions by the macrophage.", "content": "Macrophages may exert a regulatory influence at various stages in the life of the lymphocyte - they may influence the non-antigen-driven differentiation of lymphocytes - as exemplified by the effects on thymic differentiation; they may establish the mode and form of antigen to be presented or recognized by the lymphocyte; may regulate the lymphocyte's antigen-driven functions. Each of these critical regulatory steps needs explaining in molecular terms and integrated and placed in the context of the other regulatory functions of lymphocytes. The control of secretion of MP is an eloquent example of the molecular complexities and the intricate congrol mechanisms - internal and external - operating at each step of each regulatory process. A final comment concern the question of macrophage heterogeneity. Is the same cell performing all the functions of degradation, presentation, and secretion - or cytotoxicity? Or do we have subpopulation, each with a different role? This issue is not settled. The unitarians argue that the phagocytes pass through different stages of differentiation and that each function may become more or less prominent at each stage. Certainly, the manner in which each macrophage function is assayed can condition the outcome: for antigen presentation, one adds 1 % of macrophages to cultures of spleen cells; for cytotoxic assays, the figure is 50 to 100 macrophages per tumor cell! It is our feeling that until such time as membrane molecules are identified and used as probes for differentiation or for identification of subsets we will not resolve this issue. Along these lines, macrophages have been found to have Ia antigens (H\u00e4mmerling et al. 1975, Schwartz et al. 1976) and can be divided into two sets on the basis of the presence or absence of Ia. Dorf and I have found - by cytotoxicity - that only about 35 to 50% of peritoneal macrophages bear Ia molecules (Dorf & Uanue 1977). Exceptionally, some exudates will bear up to 75% positive cells. Neither Ia-positive nor Ia-negative macrophages change significantly after prolonged periods of culture. Whether these results indicate two defined subsets of macrophages is now being investigated.", "contents": "The regulation of lymphocyte functions by the macrophage. Macrophages may exert a regulatory influence at various stages in the life of the lymphocyte - they may influence the non-antigen-driven differentiation of lymphocytes - as exemplified by the effects on thymic differentiation; they may establish the mode and form of antigen to be presented or recognized by the lymphocyte; may regulate the lymphocyte's antigen-driven functions. Each of these critical regulatory steps needs explaining in molecular terms and integrated and placed in the context of the other regulatory functions of lymphocytes. The control of secretion of MP is an eloquent example of the molecular complexities and the intricate congrol mechanisms - internal and external - operating at each step of each regulatory process. A final comment concern the question of macrophage heterogeneity. Is the same cell performing all the functions of degradation, presentation, and secretion - or cytotoxicity? Or do we have subpopulation, each with a different role? This issue is not settled. The unitarians argue that the phagocytes pass through different stages of differentiation and that each function may become more or less prominent at each stage. Certainly, the manner in which each macrophage function is assayed can condition the outcome: for antigen presentation, one adds 1 % of macrophages to cultures of spleen cells; for cytotoxic assays, the figure is 50 to 100 macrophages per tumor cell! It is our feeling that until such time as membrane molecules are identified and used as probes for differentiation or for identification of subsets we will not resolve this issue. Along these lines, macrophages have been found to have Ia antigens (H\u00e4mmerling et al. 1975, Schwartz et al. 1976) and can be divided into two sets on the basis of the presence or absence of Ia. Dorf and I have found - by cytotoxicity - that only about 35 to 50% of peritoneal macrophages bear Ia molecules (Dorf & Uanue 1977). Exceptionally, some exudates will bear up to 75% positive cells. Neither Ia-positive nor Ia-negative macrophages change significantly after prolonged periods of culture. Whether these results indicate two defined subsets of macrophages is now being investigated.", "PMID": 313896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4220", "title": "T and B cells in the transfer of immunity against Trichinella spiralis in mice.", "content": "Enriched populations of T or B cells, prepared by nylon wool filtration of mesenteric node lymphocytes from mice infected with Trichinella spiralis, were capable of transferring immunity to normal and irradiated syngeneic mice. In cell recipients there was an early loss of fecundity by the worms and an accelerated expulsion from the intestine. Treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum, to deplete contaminating T cells, severely reduced or abolished the protective activity of enriched B-cell fractions. Replacement of contaminating T cells by normal T cells restored the capacity of B-cell fractions to reduce worm fecundity but did not result in worm expulsion. As it was shown that comparatively small numbers of T cells (3 x 10(6)) alone were effective in transferring immunity to irradiated mice it is suggested that the T cells act not as helper cells, but are involved in the generation of changes in the intestinal environment that are detrimental to worm survival.", "contents": "T and B cells in the transfer of immunity against Trichinella spiralis in mice. Enriched populations of T or B cells, prepared by nylon wool filtration of mesenteric node lymphocytes from mice infected with Trichinella spiralis, were capable of transferring immunity to normal and irradiated syngeneic mice. In cell recipients there was an early loss of fecundity by the worms and an accelerated expulsion from the intestine. Treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum, to deplete contaminating T cells, severely reduced or abolished the protective activity of enriched B-cell fractions. Replacement of contaminating T cells by normal T cells restored the capacity of B-cell fractions to reduce worm fecundity but did not result in worm expulsion. As it was shown that comparatively small numbers of T cells (3 x 10(6)) alone were effective in transferring immunity to irradiated mice it is suggested that the T cells act not as helper cells, but are involved in the generation of changes in the intestinal environment that are detrimental to worm survival.", "PMID": 313897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4221", "title": "Mast cells in severely T-cell depleted rats and the response to infestation with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.", "content": "The effect of severe T-cell depletion on mucosal mast cells of the small intestine and on connective tissue mast cells has been studied in adult thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow reconstituted (B) rats. Under normal conditions, intestinal mucosal mast cell numbers do not differ significantly between B rats, normal age matched rats and non-thymectomized irradiated controls. Connective tissue mast cells are significantly fewer in the tongues of B rats than in normal rats, but the difference is atributable to an effect of irradiation. Infestation with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis produced approximately equal increases in mucosal mast cells in non-thymectomized irradiation controls and in normal rats. In B rats there was no increase in mucosal mast cells following infestation. B rats failed to expel the parasites normally. Failure of mast cell proliferation was not due to the effects of the persisting worm burden. Antihelminthic treatment at the time of worm expulsion by normal rats did not reveal a hitherto masked mast cell response in B rats. Nippostrongylus infestation did not reveal evidence of thymus-dependency of connective tissue mast cells. As in athymic nude mice, mucosal mast cells in the rat have been shown to be T-cell dependent during the proliferation that follows infestation with an intestinal nematode parasite.", "contents": "Mast cells in severely T-cell depleted rats and the response to infestation with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The effect of severe T-cell depletion on mucosal mast cells of the small intestine and on connective tissue mast cells has been studied in adult thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow reconstituted (B) rats. Under normal conditions, intestinal mucosal mast cell numbers do not differ significantly between B rats, normal age matched rats and non-thymectomized irradiated controls. Connective tissue mast cells are significantly fewer in the tongues of B rats than in normal rats, but the difference is atributable to an effect of irradiation. Infestation with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis produced approximately equal increases in mucosal mast cells in non-thymectomized irradiation controls and in normal rats. In B rats there was no increase in mucosal mast cells following infestation. B rats failed to expel the parasites normally. Failure of mast cell proliferation was not due to the effects of the persisting worm burden. Antihelminthic treatment at the time of worm expulsion by normal rats did not reveal a hitherto masked mast cell response in B rats. Nippostrongylus infestation did not reveal evidence of thymus-dependency of connective tissue mast cells. As in athymic nude mice, mucosal mast cells in the rat have been shown to be T-cell dependent during the proliferation that follows infestation with an intestinal nematode parasite.", "PMID": 313898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4222", "title": "Peanut agglutinin (PNA)-binding properties of murine thymocyte subpopulation.", "content": "Surface receptors for peanut agglutinin (PNA), a lectin with D-galactose specificity, were detected on mouse thymocytes using fluorescence microscopy. Depending on mouse strain, 69-85% of unseparated thymocytes could thus be characterized as PNA+. Electrophoretic fractionation of thymocytes from normal or immunosuppressive drug-treated donors revealed an inverse relationship between PNA-binding properties and cell electrophoretic mobility (EPM). Thus, all thymocytes recovered in the lowest EPM fractions were strongly PNA+ whereas those in the highest EPM fractions were in the majority PNA-. Most of the cells collected in the intermediate EPM range were PNA+ but staining with the fluoresceinated lectin appeared weaker than for the low EPM thymocytes. Reciprocal experiments in which thymocytes were separated by PNA-mediated aggregation into fractions with different affinities for the lectin and then subjected to physical analysis, definitely established that PNA+ cells are of lower EPM than PNA- cells and that these two cell types also differ in size distribution. These data show that the four physical subpopulations of thymocytes previously described present distinctive PNA-binding properties: Th1 and Th2 cells can be classified as strongly PNA+, Th3 cells as less intensely PNA+, and Th4 cells as mostly PNA-.", "contents": "Peanut agglutinin (PNA)-binding properties of murine thymocyte subpopulation. Surface receptors for peanut agglutinin (PNA), a lectin with D-galactose specificity, were detected on mouse thymocytes using fluorescence microscopy. Depending on mouse strain, 69-85% of unseparated thymocytes could thus be characterized as PNA+. Electrophoretic fractionation of thymocytes from normal or immunosuppressive drug-treated donors revealed an inverse relationship between PNA-binding properties and cell electrophoretic mobility (EPM). Thus, all thymocytes recovered in the lowest EPM fractions were strongly PNA+ whereas those in the highest EPM fractions were in the majority PNA-. Most of the cells collected in the intermediate EPM range were PNA+ but staining with the fluoresceinated lectin appeared weaker than for the low EPM thymocytes. Reciprocal experiments in which thymocytes were separated by PNA-mediated aggregation into fractions with different affinities for the lectin and then subjected to physical analysis, definitely established that PNA+ cells are of lower EPM than PNA- cells and that these two cell types also differ in size distribution. These data show that the four physical subpopulations of thymocytes previously described present distinctive PNA-binding properties: Th1 and Th2 cells can be classified as strongly PNA+, Th3 cells as less intensely PNA+, and Th4 cells as mostly PNA-.", "PMID": 313899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4223", "title": "Immunological senescence. II. Normal in vitro colony formation by B cells from old mice.", "content": "The in vitro frequency and proliferative capacity of B cells and B-cell precursors in old mice was assessed. The mitogenic response to the B-cell mitogens lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and dextran sulphate decline later and at a slower rate than the T-cell response to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A. The response to precursor B-cell mitogen dextran sulphate was not depressed in the bone marrow of aging mice. In addition, the dose response and kinetics of LPS and mercaptoethanol stimulated B-cell colony formation in agar was identical in spleen cells from young and old mice. These results indicate that the intrinsic proliferative capacity of B cells from old mice is normal.", "contents": "Immunological senescence. II. Normal in vitro colony formation by B cells from old mice. The in vitro frequency and proliferative capacity of B cells and B-cell precursors in old mice was assessed. The mitogenic response to the B-cell mitogens lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and dextran sulphate decline later and at a slower rate than the T-cell response to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A. The response to precursor B-cell mitogen dextran sulphate was not depressed in the bone marrow of aging mice. In addition, the dose response and kinetics of LPS and mercaptoethanol stimulated B-cell colony formation in agar was identical in spleen cells from young and old mice. These results indicate that the intrinsic proliferative capacity of B cells from old mice is normal.", "PMID": 313900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4224", "title": "Generation of memory cells. III. Antibody class requirements for the generation of B-memory cells by antigen--antibody complexes.", "content": "Immunizing mice with preformed antigen--antibody complexes is a highly effective means of generating B-memory cells. In the present study we have compared the capacity of mouse anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgM, IgG1, IgG2 and IgA antibodies to generate DNP-specific memory, when given in complex with antigen (DNP-KLH: keyhole limpet haemocyanin). Two monoclonal IgM antibodies exerted no adjuvant effect, whereas a monoclonal IgA antibody was effective, IgG2 antibodies were a more powerful adjuvant than IgG1, regardless of whether anti-DNP or anti-KLH antibodies were used. Furthermore, the capacity of DNP-KLH--antibody complexes to localize in splenic lymphoid follicles could be ranked IgG2 greater than IgG1 greater than IgA; IgM complexes did not localize in follicles. These results correlate well with data (presented elsewhere) on the capacity of these different antibodies to activate mouse complement, and confirm that C activation is an essential requirement for both follicular localization of immune complexes, and for the generation of B-memory cells. Although activation of the alternative complement pathway is sufficient to effect both processes, the results with IgG2 antibodies raise the possibility that classical pathway activation may be more effective.", "contents": "Generation of memory cells. III. Antibody class requirements for the generation of B-memory cells by antigen--antibody complexes. Immunizing mice with preformed antigen--antibody complexes is a highly effective means of generating B-memory cells. In the present study we have compared the capacity of mouse anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgM, IgG1, IgG2 and IgA antibodies to generate DNP-specific memory, when given in complex with antigen (DNP-KLH: keyhole limpet haemocyanin). Two monoclonal IgM antibodies exerted no adjuvant effect, whereas a monoclonal IgA antibody was effective, IgG2 antibodies were a more powerful adjuvant than IgG1, regardless of whether anti-DNP or anti-KLH antibodies were used. Furthermore, the capacity of DNP-KLH--antibody complexes to localize in splenic lymphoid follicles could be ranked IgG2 greater than IgG1 greater than IgA; IgM complexes did not localize in follicles. These results correlate well with data (presented elsewhere) on the capacity of these different antibodies to activate mouse complement, and confirm that C activation is an essential requirement for both follicular localization of immune complexes, and for the generation of B-memory cells. Although activation of the alternative complement pathway is sufficient to effect both processes, the results with IgG2 antibodies raise the possibility that classical pathway activation may be more effective.", "PMID": 313901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4225", "title": "Cyclophosphamide intensifies the acquisition of allergic contact dermatitis in mice rendered B-cell deficient by heterologous anti-IgM antisera.", "content": "Treatment with cyclophosphamide (Cy) before contact sensitization regularly intensifies the induced sensitivity. The immunopotentiation is specific and appears due to toxicity for suppressor cells. It has been proposed that the target of Cy immunopotentiation is a suppressor B cell. We have studies allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in mice rendered B-cell deficient by chronic treatment, beginning at birth, with a goat antiserum against mouse IgM. The ACD induced in these B-cell deficient mice was equal to that induced in intact mice. The hypersensitivity was readily and equally immunopotentiated by Cy in normal and in B-cell deficient mice. It appears that the suppressor cell that is the target of Cy immunopotentiation is not a B cell but rather a T cell.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide intensifies the acquisition of allergic contact dermatitis in mice rendered B-cell deficient by heterologous anti-IgM antisera. Treatment with cyclophosphamide (Cy) before contact sensitization regularly intensifies the induced sensitivity. The immunopotentiation is specific and appears due to toxicity for suppressor cells. It has been proposed that the target of Cy immunopotentiation is a suppressor B cell. We have studies allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in mice rendered B-cell deficient by chronic treatment, beginning at birth, with a goat antiserum against mouse IgM. The ACD induced in these B-cell deficient mice was equal to that induced in intact mice. The hypersensitivity was readily and equally immunopotentiated by Cy in normal and in B-cell deficient mice. It appears that the suppressor cell that is the target of Cy immunopotentiation is not a B cell but rather a T cell.", "PMID": 313902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4226", "title": "Alveolar macrophages. III. Studies on the mechanisms of inhibition of T-cell proliferation.", "content": "Unlike macrophages from the peritoneal cavity or the peripheral blood, rat alveolar macrophages actively inhibit mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation. Studies on the characteristics of this inhibitory activity revealed the following: the macrophages must be live, but mitomycin C does not block their activity; they must be added to lymphocyte cultures soon after the initiation of the cultures, and prolonged pre-incubation of macrophages in vitro diminishes their cytostatic activity; suppressive activity is most obvious in cultures of rapidly proliferating lymphocytes, and the lymphocytes themselves may be syngeneic or allogeneic; the suppressive activity may be duplicated by a low molecular-weight dialysable component of macrophage culture supernatants, and suppression of RNA synthesis is as readily demonstrable as suppression of DNA synthesis in target cells; the cytostatic effects of alveolar macrophages in lymphocyte cultures do not appear to result from target cell destruction. Studies involving repeated endobronchial lavage of rats revealed the presence of two alveolar macrophage subpopulations, one (weakly adherent in vivo) supportive to T-lymphocyte proliferation, and another (strongly adherent) strongly inhibitory; the latter population comprises the majority of alveolar macrophages in normal rats.", "contents": "Alveolar macrophages. III. Studies on the mechanisms of inhibition of T-cell proliferation. Unlike macrophages from the peritoneal cavity or the peripheral blood, rat alveolar macrophages actively inhibit mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation. Studies on the characteristics of this inhibitory activity revealed the following: the macrophages must be live, but mitomycin C does not block their activity; they must be added to lymphocyte cultures soon after the initiation of the cultures, and prolonged pre-incubation of macrophages in vitro diminishes their cytostatic activity; suppressive activity is most obvious in cultures of rapidly proliferating lymphocytes, and the lymphocytes themselves may be syngeneic or allogeneic; the suppressive activity may be duplicated by a low molecular-weight dialysable component of macrophage culture supernatants, and suppression of RNA synthesis is as readily demonstrable as suppression of DNA synthesis in target cells; the cytostatic effects of alveolar macrophages in lymphocyte cultures do not appear to result from target cell destruction. Studies involving repeated endobronchial lavage of rats revealed the presence of two alveolar macrophage subpopulations, one (weakly adherent in vivo) supportive to T-lymphocyte proliferation, and another (strongly adherent) strongly inhibitory; the latter population comprises the majority of alveolar macrophages in normal rats.", "PMID": 313903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4227", "title": "Characterization of the chemical and physical properties of a novel B-lymphocyte activator, endotoxin protein.", "content": "Endotoxin protein, a novel mouse B-lymphocyte mitogen, is a hydrophobic acidic compound composed of approximately 85% protein and 2.2% glucosamine, but no 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. Endotoxin protein also contains lipid, and analysis of the fatty acids in this material demonstrated the presence of beta-hydroxymyristate, a marker for lipid A. In addition, analysis of endotoxin protein by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that it is heterogeneous, containing four or five major polypeptides, depending upon the bacterial species from which it was isolated. The mitogenicity of endotoxin protein was diminished by alkaline hydrolysis, but not by treatment with hydrochloric or acetic acid. Furthermore, its activity was resistant to digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pronase and was only partially degraded by papain.", "contents": "Characterization of the chemical and physical properties of a novel B-lymphocyte activator, endotoxin protein. Endotoxin protein, a novel mouse B-lymphocyte mitogen, is a hydrophobic acidic compound composed of approximately 85% protein and 2.2% glucosamine, but no 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. Endotoxin protein also contains lipid, and analysis of the fatty acids in this material demonstrated the presence of beta-hydroxymyristate, a marker for lipid A. In addition, analysis of endotoxin protein by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that it is heterogeneous, containing four or five major polypeptides, depending upon the bacterial species from which it was isolated. The mitogenicity of endotoxin protein was diminished by alkaline hydrolysis, but not by treatment with hydrochloric or acetic acid. Furthermore, its activity was resistant to digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pronase and was only partially degraded by papain.", "PMID": 313905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4228", "title": "Effect of protein deficiency on suppressor cells.", "content": "The effects of moderate protein deficiency on the in vitro response of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin in A/Jax mice were studied. The response of spleen cells from protein-deficient mice to phytohemagglutinin was found to be enhanced as compared with that of cells from control animals. Since inadequate development or function of suppressor cells in the protein-deficient mice offered a possible explanation for the enhanced lymphoproliferative activity, cocultures of spleen cells from protein-deficient and control animals were tested for their responses to phytohemagglutinin. Suppression of [3H]thymidine incorporation was detected in coculture of 25% mitomycin-treated spleen cells from control animals and 75% spleen cells from protein-deficient mice. The suppressor (regulator) elements in control spleens were found to reside in the adherent cell population.", "contents": "Effect of protein deficiency on suppressor cells. The effects of moderate protein deficiency on the in vitro response of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin in A/Jax mice were studied. The response of spleen cells from protein-deficient mice to phytohemagglutinin was found to be enhanced as compared with that of cells from control animals. Since inadequate development or function of suppressor cells in the protein-deficient mice offered a possible explanation for the enhanced lymphoproliferative activity, cocultures of spleen cells from protein-deficient and control animals were tested for their responses to phytohemagglutinin. Suppression of [3H]thymidine incorporation was detected in coculture of 25% mitomycin-treated spleen cells from control animals and 75% spleen cells from protein-deficient mice. The suppressor (regulator) elements in control spleens were found to reside in the adherent cell population.", "PMID": 313906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4229", "title": "Is DNA synthesis a requisite for the differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells?", "content": "A great amount of conflicting evidence has been reported concerning the relationship between DNA synthesis and the differentiation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. With the development of flow cytometry, it has become possible to analyze lymphocyte populations by making rapid and accurate measurements of cellular DNA content, and by estimating the fraction of cells that synthesize DNA. Application of these techniques to an in vitro culture system stimulated by the T-dependent sheep red blood cell antigen has allowed us to investigate cell division in populations of antibody-forming cells. DNA synthesis is apparently not a requisite for the differentiation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells.", "contents": "Is DNA synthesis a requisite for the differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells? A great amount of conflicting evidence has been reported concerning the relationship between DNA synthesis and the differentiation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. With the development of flow cytometry, it has become possible to analyze lymphocyte populations by making rapid and accurate measurements of cellular DNA content, and by estimating the fraction of cells that synthesize DNA. Application of these techniques to an in vitro culture system stimulated by the T-dependent sheep red blood cell antigen has allowed us to investigate cell division in populations of antibody-forming cells. DNA synthesis is apparently not a requisite for the differentiation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells.", "PMID": 313908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4230", "title": "Experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in different strains of cortisonized mice.", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was produced in eight different strains of mice by the administration of corticosteroids, low (8%)-protein diet, and tetracycline in the drinking water. Heavier degrees of P. carinii infection were most consistently found in C3H/HeN mice; intermediate levels occurred in BALB/c AnN, C57BL/6N, B10.A(2R), AKR/J, and Swiss Webster mice; lighter degrees were found in DBA/2N and DBA/IJ mice. Histopathologically, P. carinii organisms were morphologically indistinguishable from human and rat P. carinii, and elicited a predominantly mononuclear response that was similar among the various mouse strains. The optimal cortisone acetate regimen was 1 mg injected subcutaneously twice weekly. Higher doses shortened the life span of the mice, presumably by inducing overwhelming bacterial infection. This problem occurred not only in different strains of mice, but also in the same strain of mice obtained from different breeders. Thus, cortisonized mice should be useful in the study of experimental P. carinii infection. Success of this model depends on the corticosteroid dose, as well as the strain, source, general health, and preexisting microbial flora of the mice chosen for study.", "contents": "Experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in different strains of cortisonized mice. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was produced in eight different strains of mice by the administration of corticosteroids, low (8%)-protein diet, and tetracycline in the drinking water. Heavier degrees of P. carinii infection were most consistently found in C3H/HeN mice; intermediate levels occurred in BALB/c AnN, C57BL/6N, B10.A(2R), AKR/J, and Swiss Webster mice; lighter degrees were found in DBA/2N and DBA/IJ mice. Histopathologically, P. carinii organisms were morphologically indistinguishable from human and rat P. carinii, and elicited a predominantly mononuclear response that was similar among the various mouse strains. The optimal cortisone acetate regimen was 1 mg injected subcutaneously twice weekly. Higher doses shortened the life span of the mice, presumably by inducing overwhelming bacterial infection. This problem occurred not only in different strains of mice, but also in the same strain of mice obtained from different breeders. Thus, cortisonized mice should be useful in the study of experimental P. carinii infection. Success of this model depends on the corticosteroid dose, as well as the strain, source, general health, and preexisting microbial flora of the mice chosen for study.", "PMID": 313907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4231", "title": "The use of hapten-polysaccharide conjugates for the induction of B-cell tolerance involving IgE responses. II. Specific tolerance induced by sulphonamide-substituted levan in the mouse.", "content": "Normal and sulphonamide-sensitised mice were made tolerant with 4-sulphanilamido-benzoic-diaminopropyl-carboxymethyl-levan (4-SABA-Le). The tolerance was demonstrably specific for the sulphanilamide moiety of the hapten and extended to related compounds sharing this determinant. Mice sensitised with a 4-SABA-chicken gamma-globulin conjugate developed fatal anaphylactic shock after the injection of sulphanilamide or 4-SABA-ovalbumin, whereas allergic mice subsequently tolerised with 4-SABA-Le did not. The tolerance induced was long lasting since mice were still tolerant 7 months after an injection of an optimal dose of tolerogen. Suppressor cells play little or no part in the maintenance of this unresponsive state since even a 10-fold excess of splenic cells from tolerant animals failed to inhibit the responsivenss of 4-SABA-primed cells when they were transferred together into irradiated recipients.", "contents": "The use of hapten-polysaccharide conjugates for the induction of B-cell tolerance involving IgE responses. II. Specific tolerance induced by sulphonamide-substituted levan in the mouse. Normal and sulphonamide-sensitised mice were made tolerant with 4-sulphanilamido-benzoic-diaminopropyl-carboxymethyl-levan (4-SABA-Le). The tolerance was demonstrably specific for the sulphanilamide moiety of the hapten and extended to related compounds sharing this determinant. Mice sensitised with a 4-SABA-chicken gamma-globulin conjugate developed fatal anaphylactic shock after the injection of sulphanilamide or 4-SABA-ovalbumin, whereas allergic mice subsequently tolerised with 4-SABA-Le did not. The tolerance induced was long lasting since mice were still tolerant 7 months after an injection of an optimal dose of tolerogen. Suppressor cells play little or no part in the maintenance of this unresponsive state since even a 10-fold excess of splenic cells from tolerant animals failed to inhibit the responsivenss of 4-SABA-primed cells when they were transferred together into irradiated recipients.", "PMID": 313909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4232", "title": "Further studies on splenic material inhibiting the growth of lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "A material inhibiting growth of lymphocytes from different lymphoid organs and from different species was purified from calf spleen. A factor with a molecular weight of about 45,000 dal (estimated by gel chromatography) inhibited DNA synthesis and mitosis irreversibly in thymocytes and caused degenerative changes in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the thymocytes as judged by electron microscopy. However, no decrease in cell number and no increase in dye uptake in a dye exclusion test were found. Growth inhibition was also demonstrated for human melanoma cells, but not for rat liver cells. The cytotoxicity and the lack of absolute lymphocyte specificity of the factor speak against its character as a lymphocyte chalone. A probably identical factor was purified from calf liver, but was not found in extracts of calf thymus.", "contents": "Further studies on splenic material inhibiting the growth of lymphocytes in vitro. A material inhibiting growth of lymphocytes from different lymphoid organs and from different species was purified from calf spleen. A factor with a molecular weight of about 45,000 dal (estimated by gel chromatography) inhibited DNA synthesis and mitosis irreversibly in thymocytes and caused degenerative changes in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the thymocytes as judged by electron microscopy. However, no decrease in cell number and no increase in dye uptake in a dye exclusion test were found. Growth inhibition was also demonstrated for human melanoma cells, but not for rat liver cells. The cytotoxicity and the lack of absolute lymphocyte specificity of the factor speak against its character as a lymphocyte chalone. A probably identical factor was purified from calf liver, but was not found in extracts of calf thymus.", "PMID": 313911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4233", "title": "Promotion of radiation peroxidation in models of lipid membranes by caesium and rubidium counter-ions: micellar linoleic and linolenic acids.", "content": "Caesium and rubidium counter-ions increase peroxidation in irradiated micelles of linoleic (18 : 2) and linolenic (18 : 3) acids. The effect is specific to Cs+ and Rb+ in the alkali metal series. The effect is independent of the salts used (Cl-, NO3-, ClO4-) and, therefore, independent of the chaotropic nature, and reactivity with hydroxyl radicals of Cl-, NO3- and ClO4-. The promotion of peroxidation by Cs+ and Rb+ is interpreted in terms of their effect on fatty acid micelle structure. The dependence of radiation peroxidation on lipid structure in the micelles may be significant for studies of peroxidation in highly structured cell membranes.", "contents": "Promotion of radiation peroxidation in models of lipid membranes by caesium and rubidium counter-ions: micellar linoleic and linolenic acids. Caesium and rubidium counter-ions increase peroxidation in irradiated micelles of linoleic (18 : 2) and linolenic (18 : 3) acids. The effect is specific to Cs+ and Rb+ in the alkali metal series. The effect is independent of the salts used (Cl-, NO3-, ClO4-) and, therefore, independent of the chaotropic nature, and reactivity with hydroxyl radicals of Cl-, NO3- and ClO4-. The promotion of peroxidation by Cs+ and Rb+ is interpreted in terms of their effect on fatty acid micelle structure. The dependence of radiation peroxidation on lipid structure in the micelles may be significant for studies of peroxidation in highly structured cell membranes.", "PMID": 313912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4234", "title": "DNA strand breaks in resistant and sensitive murine lymphoma cells detected by the hydroxyapatite chromatographic technique.", "content": "Strand breaks were determined in L5178YS and L5178YR cell lines with DOS of 0.75 and 1.75 Gy, respectively, for 7 MeV electrons. The hydroxyapatite chromatographic technique was used to measure the breaks produced by 7 MeV electrons or 7 MeV neutrons immediately after irradiation or after maximal repair. Oxygen enhancement values for survival as well as strand breaks were determined for both cell lines and both qualities of radiation. The results indicate that despite a differential response to the lethal effects of radiation the levels of DNA strand breaks induced in these two lines were identical. Furthermore the values obtained for oxygen enhancement ratios (o.e.r.) and relative biological effectiveness (r.b.e.) for DNA strand breaks were different from those for cell survival. These results show that the difference in radiation sensitivity for cell killing is not reflected by the extent of DNA strand breaks measured by this method.", "contents": "DNA strand breaks in resistant and sensitive murine lymphoma cells detected by the hydroxyapatite chromatographic technique. Strand breaks were determined in L5178YS and L5178YR cell lines with DOS of 0.75 and 1.75 Gy, respectively, for 7 MeV electrons. The hydroxyapatite chromatographic technique was used to measure the breaks produced by 7 MeV electrons or 7 MeV neutrons immediately after irradiation or after maximal repair. Oxygen enhancement values for survival as well as strand breaks were determined for both cell lines and both qualities of radiation. The results indicate that despite a differential response to the lethal effects of radiation the levels of DNA strand breaks induced in these two lines were identical. Furthermore the values obtained for oxygen enhancement ratios (o.e.r.) and relative biological effectiveness (r.b.e.) for DNA strand breaks were different from those for cell survival. These results show that the difference in radiation sensitivity for cell killing is not reflected by the extent of DNA strand breaks measured by this method.", "PMID": 313913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4235", "title": "The effects of various salt and sucrose solutions on the U.V.L. sensitivity of CHO cells.", "content": "The response of cultured CHO cells to U.V.L. irradiation during treatment with anisotonic solutions shows that treatment with hypotonic sucrose, NaCl or KCl solutions causes an increase in the cellular U.V.L. sensitivity, while exposure to hypertonic solutions causes a large decrease in U.V.L. sensitivity. Cells exposed to 1.8 M sucrose, NaCl or KCl solutions and given a U.V.L. dose of 252 erg/mm2 towards the end of the 20 min solution exposure time have survival levels which are respectively 228,26, and 23 times higher than the controls, i.e. cells irradiated in phosphate buffered saline. Cell volume data obtained using a Coulter counter, and nuclear area data of attached cells obtained using an optical microscope with a micrometer reticle, show that cell and nuclear size are related to U.V.L. sensitivity. That is, as cells shrink and the nuclear area decreases, the cells become more U.V.L.-resistant. During hypotonic treatment with 0.1 M NaCl, the cell volume, nuclear area and U.V.L. sensitivity increased in the first 2 to 4 min of exposure time, but at longer exposure times (greater than 3 to 4 min), cell volume, nuclear area and cellular U.V.L. sensitivity decreased. For 0.1 M KCl treatment the cells initially displayed a rapid increase in volume, nuclear area and U.V.L. sensitivity, but at the longer exposure times no decrease in cell and nuclear size were observed, and a slight increase in U.V.L. sensitivity occurred. Changes in U.V.L. sensitivity were related to changes in nuclear size and cell volume; however, calculations showed that during hypertonic treatment there is an ionic effect as well as an osmotic effect. That is, the cellular U.V.L. survival in equal hypertonic concentrations of NaCl or KCl was lower than in the same concentration of sucrose.", "contents": "The effects of various salt and sucrose solutions on the U.V.L. sensitivity of CHO cells. The response of cultured CHO cells to U.V.L. irradiation during treatment with anisotonic solutions shows that treatment with hypotonic sucrose, NaCl or KCl solutions causes an increase in the cellular U.V.L. sensitivity, while exposure to hypertonic solutions causes a large decrease in U.V.L. sensitivity. Cells exposed to 1.8 M sucrose, NaCl or KCl solutions and given a U.V.L. dose of 252 erg/mm2 towards the end of the 20 min solution exposure time have survival levels which are respectively 228,26, and 23 times higher than the controls, i.e. cells irradiated in phosphate buffered saline. Cell volume data obtained using a Coulter counter, and nuclear area data of attached cells obtained using an optical microscope with a micrometer reticle, show that cell and nuclear size are related to U.V.L. sensitivity. That is, as cells shrink and the nuclear area decreases, the cells become more U.V.L.-resistant. During hypotonic treatment with 0.1 M NaCl, the cell volume, nuclear area and U.V.L. sensitivity increased in the first 2 to 4 min of exposure time, but at longer exposure times (greater than 3 to 4 min), cell volume, nuclear area and cellular U.V.L. sensitivity decreased. For 0.1 M KCl treatment the cells initially displayed a rapid increase in volume, nuclear area and U.V.L. sensitivity, but at the longer exposure times no decrease in cell and nuclear size were observed, and a slight increase in U.V.L. sensitivity occurred. Changes in U.V.L. sensitivity were related to changes in nuclear size and cell volume; however, calculations showed that during hypertonic treatment there is an ionic effect as well as an osmotic effect. That is, the cellular U.V.L. survival in equal hypertonic concentrations of NaCl or KCl was lower than in the same concentration of sucrose.", "PMID": 313917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4236", "title": "Plutonium in the tissues of foetal, neonatal and suckling mice after Pu-administration to their dams.", "content": "Twelve-week-old female (C3H x 101)F1 mice were injected intravenously with an ultrafiltered solution of 239Pu in per cent trisodium citrate, and mated to uninjected PCT males. The plutonium content was examined radiochemically and autoradiographically in placentae and foetuses on the 12th and 18th days of gestation, and in neonates during the 24 hours after birth and also at 18 days postnatally. Plutonium was distributed in most tissues of the late foetus and the suckling as it is in adult mice. However, on both the 12th and 18th days of gestation the concentration in the yolk-sac splanchnopleure was much higher than in any other foetal tissue. The amount of 239Pu in 18-day-old sucklings was between two and seven times as great as in 1-day-old neonates because of ingestion of milk from the lactating dams. In the first litter following administration of the radionuclide to the dam, about 0.02 per cent of the plutonium injected was transferred to an individual offspring by the time of birth, and a further 0.08 per cent by the time of weaning.", "contents": "Plutonium in the tissues of foetal, neonatal and suckling mice after Pu-administration to their dams. Twelve-week-old female (C3H x 101)F1 mice were injected intravenously with an ultrafiltered solution of 239Pu in per cent trisodium citrate, and mated to uninjected PCT males. The plutonium content was examined radiochemically and autoradiographically in placentae and foetuses on the 12th and 18th days of gestation, and in neonates during the 24 hours after birth and also at 18 days postnatally. Plutonium was distributed in most tissues of the late foetus and the suckling as it is in adult mice. However, on both the 12th and 18th days of gestation the concentration in the yolk-sac splanchnopleure was much higher than in any other foetal tissue. The amount of 239Pu in 18-day-old sucklings was between two and seven times as great as in 1-day-old neonates because of ingestion of milk from the lactating dams. In the first litter following administration of the radionuclide to the dam, about 0.02 per cent of the plutonium injected was transferred to an individual offspring by the time of birth, and a further 0.08 per cent by the time of weaning.", "PMID": 313918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4237", "title": "Effects of 60Co irradiation on virulent Toxoplasma gondii and its use in experimental immunization.", "content": "The effects of 60Co irradiation on the virulence and immunogenicity of the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii was studied by infecting batches of mice with graded inocula of tachyzoites that had been exposed to radiation doses ranging from 0 to 20 000 rad. While doses of 15 000 and 20 000 rads appeared to be effective, and 10 000 rad nearly effective in annulling the virulence, irradiation at 5000 rad was only partially effective in rendering the organisms avirulent and could achieve only a prolongation of survival time of the inoculated mice. The survivors of higher irradiation inocula showed no evidence of the development of the parasite in them, but could resist a limited virulent challenge. The use of a booster inoculation improved both the quality and the duration of protective effect.", "contents": "Effects of 60Co irradiation on virulent Toxoplasma gondii and its use in experimental immunization. The effects of 60Co irradiation on the virulence and immunogenicity of the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii was studied by infecting batches of mice with graded inocula of tachyzoites that had been exposed to radiation doses ranging from 0 to 20 000 rad. While doses of 15 000 and 20 000 rads appeared to be effective, and 10 000 rad nearly effective in annulling the virulence, irradiation at 5000 rad was only partially effective in rendering the organisms avirulent and could achieve only a prolongation of survival time of the inoculated mice. The survivors of higher irradiation inocula showed no evidence of the development of the parasite in them, but could resist a limited virulent challenge. The use of a booster inoculation improved both the quality and the duration of protective effect.", "PMID": 313919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4238", "title": "Ionizing radiation perturbs the switch-on of transcriptase in a model transcription complex in vitro.", "content": "Ionizing radiation markedly alters the response of the reovirus transcriptase unblocking mechanism to stimulation by K+ ions, which normally trigger the switch-on of transcription in this system. In irradiated subviral particles the concentration of K+ ions needed to trigger switch-on is reduced in a dose-dependent way. The observed alteration of switch-on characteristics appears to correlate with alteration of the electrophoretic behaviour of a single major polypeptide species. These observations have important implications for understanding some of the effects of ionizing radiation on cells, most notably the induction of both latent virus and cell differentiation.", "contents": "Ionizing radiation perturbs the switch-on of transcriptase in a model transcription complex in vitro. Ionizing radiation markedly alters the response of the reovirus transcriptase unblocking mechanism to stimulation by K+ ions, which normally trigger the switch-on of transcription in this system. In irradiated subviral particles the concentration of K+ ions needed to trigger switch-on is reduced in a dose-dependent way. The observed alteration of switch-on characteristics appears to correlate with alteration of the electrophoretic behaviour of a single major polypeptide species. These observations have important implications for understanding some of the effects of ionizing radiation on cells, most notably the induction of both latent virus and cell differentiation.", "PMID": 313920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4239", "title": "Micturition and the male genitourinary response to sacral root stimulation.", "content": "The sacral roots, because of their anatomic and functional organization, are well suited to chronic stimulation. Data from our previous experiments on female dogs suggested that effective voiding responses to stimulation could be obtained by using the ventral root of S2, the sacral nerve in canines with the greatest detrusor representation. Elimination of dorsal root afferents from the stimulus field was essential to the minimization of spinal reflex activity. A selective somatic neurotomy was also necessary to attenuate maximally sphincter activity. In the male, the presence of the prostate gland, the greater urethral length, and the erectile response to stimulation might result in compression of the urethra, compromising micturition. Sacral root stimulation was thus studied using both spinalized and nonspinalized male dogs; the results are discussed with a view toward the applicability of sacral root stimulation to effect micturition in male paraplegics, who comprise the largest percentage of this group of patients.", "contents": "Micturition and the male genitourinary response to sacral root stimulation. The sacral roots, because of their anatomic and functional organization, are well suited to chronic stimulation. Data from our previous experiments on female dogs suggested that effective voiding responses to stimulation could be obtained by using the ventral root of S2, the sacral nerve in canines with the greatest detrusor representation. Elimination of dorsal root afferents from the stimulus field was essential to the minimization of spinal reflex activity. A selective somatic neurotomy was also necessary to attenuate maximally sphincter activity. In the male, the presence of the prostate gland, the greater urethral length, and the erectile response to stimulation might result in compression of the urethra, compromising micturition. Sacral root stimulation was thus studied using both spinalized and nonspinalized male dogs; the results are discussed with a view toward the applicability of sacral root stimulation to effect micturition in male paraplegics, who comprise the largest percentage of this group of patients.", "PMID": 313925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4240", "title": "Studies on the competition of polyene antibiotics for sterols.", "content": "The fractional change in the corrected fluorescence of pimaricin or filipin in the presence of a limiting amount of sterol and a competing polyene antibiotic has been used to estimate the relative affinity of amphotericin B, nystatin, filipin, and pimaricin for stigmasterol and for cholesterol. The relative affinities for cholesterol were filipin greater than amphotericin B greater than pimaricin greater than nystatin, while the relative affinities for stigmasterol were filipin greater than pimaricin greater than amphotericin B greater than nystatin. The data indicate that pimaricin and filipin can both interact simultaneously with about 30% of the cholesterol or stigmasterol. However, the stoichiometry of filipin and pimaricin alone for cholesterol and for stigmasterol in dilute aqueous solutions is 1 : 1. In the experiments which indicated both pimaricin and filipin interact with the same sterol molecule changes in corrected fluorescence and the absorbance spectra were monitored; and these criteria indicated that both pimaricin and filipin had interacted with the sterols. Light-scattering measurements indicate large aggregates were not formed. Although the data shows in dilute aqueous solutions the stoichiometry of filipin and/or pimaricin for sterols is 1 : 1, in more complex solutions, other combinations or interactions are indicated especially for pimaricin.", "contents": "Studies on the competition of polyene antibiotics for sterols. The fractional change in the corrected fluorescence of pimaricin or filipin in the presence of a limiting amount of sterol and a competing polyene antibiotic has been used to estimate the relative affinity of amphotericin B, nystatin, filipin, and pimaricin for stigmasterol and for cholesterol. The relative affinities for cholesterol were filipin greater than amphotericin B greater than pimaricin greater than nystatin, while the relative affinities for stigmasterol were filipin greater than pimaricin greater than amphotericin B greater than nystatin. The data indicate that pimaricin and filipin can both interact simultaneously with about 30% of the cholesterol or stigmasterol. However, the stoichiometry of filipin and pimaricin alone for cholesterol and for stigmasterol in dilute aqueous solutions is 1 : 1. In the experiments which indicated both pimaricin and filipin interact with the same sterol molecule changes in corrected fluorescence and the absorbance spectra were monitored; and these criteria indicated that both pimaricin and filipin had interacted with the sterols. Light-scattering measurements indicate large aggregates were not formed. Although the data shows in dilute aqueous solutions the stoichiometry of filipin and/or pimaricin for sterols is 1 : 1, in more complex solutions, other combinations or interactions are indicated especially for pimaricin.", "PMID": 313926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4241", "title": "Structure of the oligosaccharide chains in human alpha 1-protease inhibitor.", "content": "Two glycopeptides were obtained from alpha 1-protease inhibitor after extensive pronase digestion and chromatography on Bio-Gel P-10 and concanavalin A-Sepharose. these glycopeptides were characterized by compositional analysis and sequential exoglycosidase digestion followed at each step by methylation analysis. The partially methylated alditol acetates obtained were resolved by gas chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. The proposes structures of the oligosaccharide moieties of the glycopeptides are given below. (formula: see text) The relative amounts of the two glycopeptides isolated from concanavalin A-Sepharose suggest that each protein molecule contains four carbohydrate chains; one large chain (A) and three small chains (B).", "contents": "Structure of the oligosaccharide chains in human alpha 1-protease inhibitor. Two glycopeptides were obtained from alpha 1-protease inhibitor after extensive pronase digestion and chromatography on Bio-Gel P-10 and concanavalin A-Sepharose. these glycopeptides were characterized by compositional analysis and sequential exoglycosidase digestion followed at each step by methylation analysis. The partially methylated alditol acetates obtained were resolved by gas chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. The proposes structures of the oligosaccharide moieties of the glycopeptides are given below. (formula: see text) The relative amounts of the two glycopeptides isolated from concanavalin A-Sepharose suggest that each protein molecule contains four carbohydrate chains; one large chain (A) and three small chains (B).", "PMID": 313929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4242", "title": "Direct visualization of the binding and internalization of a ferritin conjugate of epidermal growth factor in human carcinoma cells A-431.", "content": "We have prepared a conjugate of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and ferritin that retains substantial binding affinity for cell receptors and is biologically active. Glutaraldehyde-activated EGF was covalently linked to ferritin to produce a conjugate that contained EGF and ferritin in a 1:1 molar ratio. The conjugate was separated from free ferritin by affinity chromatography using antibodies to EGF. Monolayers of human epithelioid carcinoma cells (A-431) were incubated with EGF:ferritin at 4 degrees C and processed for transmission electron microscopy. Under these conditions, approximately 6 X 10(5) molecules of EGF:ferritin bound to the plasma membrane of each cell. In the presence of excess native EGF, the number of bound ferritin particles was reduced by 99%, indicating that EGF:ferritin binds specifically to cellular EGF receptors. At 37 degrees C, cell-bound EGF:ferritin rapidly redistributed in the plane of the plasma membrane to form small groups that were subsequently internalized into pinocytic vesicles. By 2.5 min at 37 degrees C, 32% of the cell-bound EGF:ferritin was localized in vesicles. After 2.5 min, there was a decrease in the proportion of conjugate in vesicles with a concomitant accumulation of EGF:ferritin in multivesicular bodies. By 30 min, 84% of the conjugate was located in structures morphologically identified as multivesicular bodies or lysosomes. These results are consistent with other morphological and biochemical studies utilizing 125I-EGF and fluorescein-conjugated EGF.", "contents": "Direct visualization of the binding and internalization of a ferritin conjugate of epidermal growth factor in human carcinoma cells A-431. We have prepared a conjugate of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and ferritin that retains substantial binding affinity for cell receptors and is biologically active. Glutaraldehyde-activated EGF was covalently linked to ferritin to produce a conjugate that contained EGF and ferritin in a 1:1 molar ratio. The conjugate was separated from free ferritin by affinity chromatography using antibodies to EGF. Monolayers of human epithelioid carcinoma cells (A-431) were incubated with EGF:ferritin at 4 degrees C and processed for transmission electron microscopy. Under these conditions, approximately 6 X 10(5) molecules of EGF:ferritin bound to the plasma membrane of each cell. In the presence of excess native EGF, the number of bound ferritin particles was reduced by 99%, indicating that EGF:ferritin binds specifically to cellular EGF receptors. At 37 degrees C, cell-bound EGF:ferritin rapidly redistributed in the plane of the plasma membrane to form small groups that were subsequently internalized into pinocytic vesicles. By 2.5 min at 37 degrees C, 32% of the cell-bound EGF:ferritin was localized in vesicles. After 2.5 min, there was a decrease in the proportion of conjugate in vesicles with a concomitant accumulation of EGF:ferritin in multivesicular bodies. By 30 min, 84% of the conjugate was located in structures morphologically identified as multivesicular bodies or lysosomes. These results are consistent with other morphological and biochemical studies utilizing 125I-EGF and fluorescein-conjugated EGF.", "PMID": 313931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4243", "title": "Isolation and surface labeling of murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils.", "content": "Methods for the induction of an exudate of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) in the peritoneal cavity of C57BL, BALB/c, SJL and CBA mice were analysed. Peritoneal exudates in male mice were highly enriched for PMN (80-90%) three hours after a single injection of calcium caseinate whereas eosinophils comprised less than 1% of the exudate population. Female mice were a less satisfactory source of PMN because the proportion of eosinophilis in the exudate was variable. Purification of PMN from peritoneal exudate cells was performed on the basis of light scattering using a Becton-Dickinson cell sorter or by density gradient centrifugation with graded polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silica particles (Percoll). Both techniques yielded approximately 97% pure PMN preparations. Electrophoretic analysis of the PMN proteins revealed an abundance of lactoferrin and actin, but several other proteins were also present in high concentrations. Proteolytic degradation of several high molecular weight proteins (greater than 90,000) was prevented by the addition of phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and ethylene diamine tetracetic acid (EDTA). Surface iodination, using diphenyl, tetrachloroglycouril (IODO-DEN), indicated that there were six tyrosine-containing proteins present on the external cell membrane. The apparent molecular weights of these surface proteins ranged from 185,000 to 90,000 and the major 125I-labeled protein had an apparent molecular weight of 90,000. Neither actin nor lactoferrin was labeled with 125I unless cell viability was lost during the iodination procedure. Standard conditions for labeling the cell surface only, required low iodide and IODO-GEN concentrations. Biosynthetic labeling of PMN using S-methionine increased the sensitivity of detection for most of the proteins, but some of the granule storage proteins (such as lactoferrin) were not effectively labeled within three hours.", "contents": "Isolation and surface labeling of murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Methods for the induction of an exudate of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) in the peritoneal cavity of C57BL, BALB/c, SJL and CBA mice were analysed. Peritoneal exudates in male mice were highly enriched for PMN (80-90%) three hours after a single injection of calcium caseinate whereas eosinophils comprised less than 1% of the exudate population. Female mice were a less satisfactory source of PMN because the proportion of eosinophilis in the exudate was variable. Purification of PMN from peritoneal exudate cells was performed on the basis of light scattering using a Becton-Dickinson cell sorter or by density gradient centrifugation with graded polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silica particles (Percoll). Both techniques yielded approximately 97% pure PMN preparations. Electrophoretic analysis of the PMN proteins revealed an abundance of lactoferrin and actin, but several other proteins were also present in high concentrations. Proteolytic degradation of several high molecular weight proteins (greater than 90,000) was prevented by the addition of phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and ethylene diamine tetracetic acid (EDTA). Surface iodination, using diphenyl, tetrachloroglycouril (IODO-DEN), indicated that there were six tyrosine-containing proteins present on the external cell membrane. The apparent molecular weights of these surface proteins ranged from 185,000 to 90,000 and the major 125I-labeled protein had an apparent molecular weight of 90,000. Neither actin nor lactoferrin was labeled with 125I unless cell viability was lost during the iodination procedure. Standard conditions for labeling the cell surface only, required low iodide and IODO-GEN concentrations. Biosynthetic labeling of PMN using S-methionine increased the sensitivity of detection for most of the proteins, but some of the granule storage proteins (such as lactoferrin) were not effectively labeled within three hours.", "PMID": 313932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4244", "title": "Epidermal growth factor and the control of proliferation of Balb 3T3 and benzo[a]pyrene-transformed Balb 3T3 cells.", "content": "Benzo[a]pyrene-transformed Balb 3T3 cells (BP3T3) exhibit \"normal\" growth controls at low concentrations of serum. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division in both Balb 3T3 and BP3T3 cells at physiological concentrations. The growth response of BP3T3 cells to EGF is qualitatively the same as that of 3T3 cells, however, the transformed cells have a lower quantitative requirement. Both 3T3 and BP3T3 cells show a density-dependent response to EGF, but the shift in the dose response curve for BP3T3 cells at high cell density is smaller than that seen for 3T3 cells. One cause of the restricted growth of 3T3 cells at high cell density compared with BP3T3 cells is the increased concentration of growth factor needed for stimulation of 3T3 cells at higher cell densities. A lower rate of depletion of other growth factory by BP3T3 cells may also explain the smaller effect of cell density on the EGF response of these cells.", "contents": "Epidermal growth factor and the control of proliferation of Balb 3T3 and benzo[a]pyrene-transformed Balb 3T3 cells. Benzo[a]pyrene-transformed Balb 3T3 cells (BP3T3) exhibit \"normal\" growth controls at low concentrations of serum. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division in both Balb 3T3 and BP3T3 cells at physiological concentrations. The growth response of BP3T3 cells to EGF is qualitatively the same as that of 3T3 cells, however, the transformed cells have a lower quantitative requirement. Both 3T3 and BP3T3 cells show a density-dependent response to EGF, but the shift in the dose response curve for BP3T3 cells at high cell density is smaller than that seen for 3T3 cells. One cause of the restricted growth of 3T3 cells at high cell density compared with BP3T3 cells is the increased concentration of growth factor needed for stimulation of 3T3 cells at higher cell densities. A lower rate of depletion of other growth factory by BP3T3 cells may also explain the smaller effect of cell density on the EGF response of these cells.", "PMID": 313933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4245", "title": "The effect of homologous local anesthetics of the 4-alkoxy- and 4-alkylamino-benzoic acid-diethylamino-esthylester- hydrochloride series on the glucose transport in human erythrocytes.", "content": "The homologous compounds of the 4-alkoxy- and 4-alkylamino-series inhibit the exchange transport of glucose in human erythrocytes; they show a competitive inhibition with one or two inhibitor molecules which become bound to a singular site of the transport system for glucose. The importance of length of hydrocarbon chain of the localanesthetics for the mode of their action is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of homologous local anesthetics of the 4-alkoxy- and 4-alkylamino-benzoic acid-diethylamino-esthylester- hydrochloride series on the glucose transport in human erythrocytes. The homologous compounds of the 4-alkoxy- and 4-alkylamino-series inhibit the exchange transport of glucose in human erythrocytes; they show a competitive inhibition with one or two inhibitor molecules which become bound to a singular site of the transport system for glucose. The importance of length of hydrocarbon chain of the localanesthetics for the mode of their action is discussed.", "PMID": 313934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4246", "title": "Stimulation of endothelia cell proliferation by precursors of thymidylate.", "content": "Bovine corneal and aortal endothelial cell cultures were established from primary explants and subcultured for at least 40 passages. With both cell lines, exogenous thymidine, folate or folinate markedly increased the proliferation of these cells and decreased their serum requirement in Medium 199. Medium 199 supplemented with thymidine was particularly useful for cell survival at low densities; cones were readily produced when single cells were plated as low as 0.07 cells. cm-2. In contrast to the results of others, neither fibroblast growth factor nor epidermal growth factor were necessary for cell proliferation or survival at low densities.", "contents": "Stimulation of endothelia cell proliferation by precursors of thymidylate. Bovine corneal and aortal endothelial cell cultures were established from primary explants and subcultured for at least 40 passages. With both cell lines, exogenous thymidine, folate or folinate markedly increased the proliferation of these cells and decreased their serum requirement in Medium 199. Medium 199 supplemented with thymidine was particularly useful for cell survival at low densities; cones were readily produced when single cells were plated as low as 0.07 cells. cm-2. In contrast to the results of others, neither fibroblast growth factor nor epidermal growth factor were necessary for cell proliferation or survival at low densities.", "PMID": 313935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4247", "title": "Enhancement of insulin-induced prolactin secretion by fluoxetine in man.", "content": "Fluoxetine hydrochloride, a specific inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, was given orally to five adult males to study its effect on fasting and insulin-stimulated release of PRL. A 3-day course of fluoxetine (30 mg daily) had no demonstrable effect on fasting PRL levels. Fluoxetine significantly enhanced insulin-induced PRL release. These data suggest that serotoninergic pathways have little or no part in the control of spontaneous PRL secretion in man, whereas they may play a role in insulin-stimulated PRL release.", "contents": "Enhancement of insulin-induced prolactin secretion by fluoxetine in man. Fluoxetine hydrochloride, a specific inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, was given orally to five adult males to study its effect on fasting and insulin-stimulated release of PRL. A 3-day course of fluoxetine (30 mg daily) had no demonstrable effect on fasting PRL levels. Fluoxetine significantly enhanced insulin-induced PRL release. These data suggest that serotoninergic pathways have little or no part in the control of spontaneous PRL secretion in man, whereas they may play a role in insulin-stimulated PRL release.", "PMID": 313936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4248", "title": "Conversion of high molecular weight human epidermal growth factor (hEGF)/urogastrone (UG) to small molecular weight hEGF/UG by mouse EGF-associated arginine esterase.", "content": "Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) has previously been isolated from urine and appears to be identical to beta-urogastrone (UG), an inhibitor of stimulated gastric acid secretion. A high molecular weight (HMW) form of hEGF/UG has recently been found in human urine which is fully immunoreactive but is less bioactive as measured by receptor binding activity. A specific arginine esterase, the EGF-binding protein from mouse submandibular glands, was capable of cleaving HMW-hEGF to yield a small molecular weight (SMW)-hEGF with full immunoreactivity and bioactivity, whereas trypsin produced a SMW-hEGF with much less bioactivity. SMW-hEGF produced by the arginine esterase appeared to be immunologically, biologically (both by receptor binding and mitogenic activity) and chromatographically similar to highly purified hEGF. These data suggest that HMW-hEGF may play a precursor role in the biosynthesis of hEGF/UG in man.", "contents": "Conversion of high molecular weight human epidermal growth factor (hEGF)/urogastrone (UG) to small molecular weight hEGF/UG by mouse EGF-associated arginine esterase. Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) has previously been isolated from urine and appears to be identical to beta-urogastrone (UG), an inhibitor of stimulated gastric acid secretion. A high molecular weight (HMW) form of hEGF/UG has recently been found in human urine which is fully immunoreactive but is less bioactive as measured by receptor binding activity. A specific arginine esterase, the EGF-binding protein from mouse submandibular glands, was capable of cleaving HMW-hEGF to yield a small molecular weight (SMW)-hEGF with full immunoreactivity and bioactivity, whereas trypsin produced a SMW-hEGF with much less bioactivity. SMW-hEGF produced by the arginine esterase appeared to be immunologically, biologically (both by receptor binding and mitogenic activity) and chromatographically similar to highly purified hEGF. These data suggest that HMW-hEGF may play a precursor role in the biosynthesis of hEGF/UG in man.", "PMID": 313937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4249", "title": "Immunological abnormalities of aging: an analysis of T lymphocyte subpopulations of Werner's syndrome.", "content": "Two T lymphocyte-specific antisera, i.e. naturally-occurring auto-antibody to T cells of systemic lupus erythematosus patients (natural T cell toxic autoantibody) and heterologous antiserum against human brain tissue (antibrain-associated T-cell antigen), were used to detect cell surface antigens of human peripheral T lymphocytes. Nylon column-purified T cells from normal aged individuals and patients with Werner's syndrome (a premature aging syndrome) were reacted with these auto- and heterologous antibodies followed by staining with appropriate fluorescence reagents. The cells were subjected to the automated analysis with fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Fluorescence profiles to T cells of both aged individuals of over 90 yr and Werner's syndrome showed a very similar pattern, with a drastic decrease in the population that had high fluorescence intensity stained with either antiserum accompanied by the relative increase in the cell population that had low fluorescence intensity. Natural T cell toxic autoantibody comparable to that detected in systemic lupus erythematosus patients was found in the serum of six out of seven patients with Werner's syndrome, whereas normal aged individuals produced no such an autoantibody. The results suggest that Werner's syndrome has a change in the lymphocyte population very similar to old individuals, and that such a change is caused by the production of autoantibodies reactive to T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunological abnormalities of aging: an analysis of T lymphocyte subpopulations of Werner's syndrome. Two T lymphocyte-specific antisera, i.e. naturally-occurring auto-antibody to T cells of systemic lupus erythematosus patients (natural T cell toxic autoantibody) and heterologous antiserum against human brain tissue (antibrain-associated T-cell antigen), were used to detect cell surface antigens of human peripheral T lymphocytes. Nylon column-purified T cells from normal aged individuals and patients with Werner's syndrome (a premature aging syndrome) were reacted with these auto- and heterologous antibodies followed by staining with appropriate fluorescence reagents. The cells were subjected to the automated analysis with fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Fluorescence profiles to T cells of both aged individuals of over 90 yr and Werner's syndrome showed a very similar pattern, with a drastic decrease in the population that had high fluorescence intensity stained with either antiserum accompanied by the relative increase in the cell population that had low fluorescence intensity. Natural T cell toxic autoantibody comparable to that detected in systemic lupus erythematosus patients was found in the serum of six out of seven patients with Werner's syndrome, whereas normal aged individuals produced no such an autoantibody. The results suggest that Werner's syndrome has a change in the lymphocyte population very similar to old individuals, and that such a change is caused by the production of autoantibodies reactive to T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 313938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4250", "title": "Prostaglandin E inhibition of T-lymphocyte colony formation: a possible mechanism of monocyte modulation of clonal expansion.", "content": "Prostaglandin and monocyte modulation of a T-lymphocyte cell capable of undergoing clonal expansion was studied. Circulating human mononuclear cells were isolated by density centrifugation. After 24 h in culture with phytohemagglutinin present, the cells were mixed with 0.3% agar and overlayed onto a 0.5% agar layer that contained media and phytohemagglutinin. At day 6, colonies that contained greater than 50 cells were counted. These colonies represented clonal prolifertion of a phytohemagglutinin-responsive T-lymphocyte precursor. This responder cell accounted for less than 0.3% of the starting cell population. Colonies were comprised of cells which, when isolated, formed E rosettes. These colony cells could be shown to have helper or suppressor function as measured by their ability to promote or inhibit immunoglobulin synthesis. By these latter criteria the colony cells were considered to be mature T lymphocytes. The addition of prostaglandin E to the cultures demonstrated a linear, r = 0.82, dose-dependent inhibition of colony formation with a 50% point of inhibition (I50) = 0.18 muM. Low numbers of normal monocytes when added to the cultures mimicked the effect of synthetic prostaglandin E2. A highly significant correlation could be shown for endogenous prostaglandin E levels and colony counts. It appears that monocytes through their synthesis of prostaglandin E2 can restrict the clonal expansion of a circulating T-lymphocyte precursor.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E inhibition of T-lymphocyte colony formation: a possible mechanism of monocyte modulation of clonal expansion. Prostaglandin and monocyte modulation of a T-lymphocyte cell capable of undergoing clonal expansion was studied. Circulating human mononuclear cells were isolated by density centrifugation. After 24 h in culture with phytohemagglutinin present, the cells were mixed with 0.3% agar and overlayed onto a 0.5% agar layer that contained media and phytohemagglutinin. At day 6, colonies that contained greater than 50 cells were counted. These colonies represented clonal prolifertion of a phytohemagglutinin-responsive T-lymphocyte precursor. This responder cell accounted for less than 0.3% of the starting cell population. Colonies were comprised of cells which, when isolated, formed E rosettes. These colony cells could be shown to have helper or suppressor function as measured by their ability to promote or inhibit immunoglobulin synthesis. By these latter criteria the colony cells were considered to be mature T lymphocytes. The addition of prostaglandin E to the cultures demonstrated a linear, r = 0.82, dose-dependent inhibition of colony formation with a 50% point of inhibition (I50) = 0.18 muM. Low numbers of normal monocytes when added to the cultures mimicked the effect of synthetic prostaglandin E2. A highly significant correlation could be shown for endogenous prostaglandin E levels and colony counts. It appears that monocytes through their synthesis of prostaglandin E2 can restrict the clonal expansion of a circulating T-lymphocyte precursor.", "PMID": 313939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4251", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae type b antigenuria in children.", "content": "Detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIb) antigenuria by latex agglutination has been shown to be sensitive, specific, and rapid. In children, antigenuria persisted for a mean duration of 10 days and a maximum of 18 days. Antigenuria was demonstrated in 25 of 30 patients with HIb infection but not in 62 with other types of infection. In five children, antigenuria confirmed the diagnosis in the absence of bacteriological confirmation. In five other children, antigenuria was not found, but in this group the antigen was detected in another body fluid or HIb was recovered.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae type b antigenuria in children. Detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIb) antigenuria by latex agglutination has been shown to be sensitive, specific, and rapid. In children, antigenuria persisted for a mean duration of 10 days and a maximum of 18 days. Antigenuria was demonstrated in 25 of 30 patients with HIb infection but not in 62 with other types of infection. In five children, antigenuria confirmed the diagnosis in the absence of bacteriological confirmation. In five other children, antigenuria was not found, but in this group the antigen was detected in another body fluid or HIb was recovered.", "PMID": 313940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4252", "title": "A histopathological study of gastric mucosal biopsies in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "content": "Gastric biopsies from 35 infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis have been assessed for histological features of gastritis. No erosions were found, and there was no excess cellular infiltration of the lamina propria compared with a control group. Fresh haemorrhage into the lamina propria was frequent in both pyloric stenosis and control sections.", "contents": "A histopathological study of gastric mucosal biopsies in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Gastric biopsies from 35 infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis have been assessed for histological features of gastritis. No erosions were found, and there was no excess cellular infiltration of the lamina propria compared with a control group. Fresh haemorrhage into the lamina propria was frequent in both pyloric stenosis and control sections.", "PMID": 313941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4253", "title": "Frequency of allogeneic helper T cells responding to whole H-2 differences and to an H-2K difference alone.", "content": "Limiting dilution analysis was used to determine the frequency of splenic T cells that are stimulated by alloantigen to give help in a primary antibody response to SRBC. Several haplotype combinations were tested. A semilogarithmic plot of the fraction of nonresponding culture as a function of the number of T cells added to excess B cells gave a straight line intercepting with the origin. Thus a single cell-type was limiting, which was required to help B cells respond to SRBC. The frequency of syngeneic precursors of T helper cells specific for SRBC ranged from 1/10,000 to 1/55,000 with a mean of about 1/20,000. Allohelpers generated by whole H-2 differences gave precursor frequencies that ranged from 1/1000 to 1/7000 with a mean of about 1/2500. Thus allohelpers to whole H-2 differences were approximately 8-fold more frequent than SRBC-specific helpers. When the stimulation was limited to the H-2K difference between the mutant B6.C-H-2ba and wild-type B6, frequencies of from 1/2600 to 1/7900 allohelpers were found with a mean of about 1/5000, approximately half the frequency of allohelpers to whole H-2 differences. Thus some, but probably not all, of the magnitude of allogeneic halp can be attributed to the high frequency of helper T cells that respond to a given alloantigen.", "contents": "Frequency of allogeneic helper T cells responding to whole H-2 differences and to an H-2K difference alone. Limiting dilution analysis was used to determine the frequency of splenic T cells that are stimulated by alloantigen to give help in a primary antibody response to SRBC. Several haplotype combinations were tested. A semilogarithmic plot of the fraction of nonresponding culture as a function of the number of T cells added to excess B cells gave a straight line intercepting with the origin. Thus a single cell-type was limiting, which was required to help B cells respond to SRBC. The frequency of syngeneic precursors of T helper cells specific for SRBC ranged from 1/10,000 to 1/55,000 with a mean of about 1/20,000. Allohelpers generated by whole H-2 differences gave precursor frequencies that ranged from 1/1000 to 1/7000 with a mean of about 1/2500. Thus allohelpers to whole H-2 differences were approximately 8-fold more frequent than SRBC-specific helpers. When the stimulation was limited to the H-2K difference between the mutant B6.C-H-2ba and wild-type B6, frequencies of from 1/2600 to 1/7900 allohelpers were found with a mean of about 1/5000, approximately half the frequency of allohelpers to whole H-2 differences. Thus some, but probably not all, of the magnitude of allogeneic halp can be attributed to the high frequency of helper T cells that respond to a given alloantigen.", "PMID": 313942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4254", "title": "PPD-induced immunoglobulin production in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. II. Separation of PPD-reactive helper T cells from PWM-reactive helper T cells in polyclonal immunoglobulin production of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "We investigated the relationship bewteen PPD-reactive helper T cells and PWM-reactive helper T cells in polyclonal Ig production of human PBL. Elimination of PPD-reactive T cells by BUdR + light treatment resulted in a loss of helper function in PPD-induced Ig production, but had no effect on helper function in PWM-induced Ig production. On the other hand, elimination of PWM-reactive T cells resulted in a loss of helper function in both PPD-induced Ig production and PWM-induced Ig production. A blast cell-enriched fraction that was generated by PPD and separated by the velocity sedimentation method contained helper function in both responses. On the other hand, blast cell-depleted fractions did not contain PPD-reactive helper function, although the PWM-reactive helper function was evident. These results strongly suggest that PPD-reactive helper T cells are included in PWM-reactive helper T cells.", "contents": "PPD-induced immunoglobulin production in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. II. Separation of PPD-reactive helper T cells from PWM-reactive helper T cells in polyclonal immunoglobulin production of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. We investigated the relationship bewteen PPD-reactive helper T cells and PWM-reactive helper T cells in polyclonal Ig production of human PBL. Elimination of PPD-reactive T cells by BUdR + light treatment resulted in a loss of helper function in PPD-induced Ig production, but had no effect on helper function in PWM-induced Ig production. On the other hand, elimination of PWM-reactive T cells resulted in a loss of helper function in both PPD-induced Ig production and PWM-induced Ig production. A blast cell-enriched fraction that was generated by PPD and separated by the velocity sedimentation method contained helper function in both responses. On the other hand, blast cell-depleted fractions did not contain PPD-reactive helper function, although the PWM-reactive helper function was evident. These results strongly suggest that PPD-reactive helper T cells are included in PWM-reactive helper T cells.", "PMID": 313944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4255", "title": "20 alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha SDH) activity in New Zealand mice T lymphocytes and bone marrow cells: effect of age, sex, and castration.", "content": "The activity of 20 alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha SDH), a T lymphocyte-associated enzyme, was measured in fetal liver, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow cells from NZB, NZW, and (NZB X NZW)F1 (B/W) mice. There was an age-dependent increase of 20 alpha SDH activity in bone marrow cells, and a decrease in thymocytes and splenic T lymphocytes. Treatment with anti-theta and complement did not reduce the 20 alpha SDH activity of bone marrow and fetal liver cells, but reduced the activity of spleen cells. PHA stimulates both 20 alpha SDH activity and thymidine incorporation in splenic, bone marrow, and fetal liver lymphocytes. The results suggest that the enzyme in the bone marrow and fetal liver is located in pre-T lymphocytes. Enzymatic activity in bone marrow cells taken from female B/W mice (older than 7 months) was 40 to 20% lower than in male mice. Orchidectomy, but not ovariectomy, caused a significant decrease in thymocyte 20 alpha SDH activity. Orchidectomy depressed and ovariectomy enhanced 20 alpha SDH activity of bone marrow cells. The 20 alpha SDH activity of fetal liver cells from B/W mice was twice as high as in either parent strain. No 20 alpha SDH activity was found in fetal liver cells taken from BALB/C SJL or C57BL/6 mice. A model is proposed to explain the age- and sex-related changes in 20 alpha SDH activity of pre-T and T lymphocytes in healthy and pathologic conditions.", "contents": "20 alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha SDH) activity in New Zealand mice T lymphocytes and bone marrow cells: effect of age, sex, and castration. The activity of 20 alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha SDH), a T lymphocyte-associated enzyme, was measured in fetal liver, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow cells from NZB, NZW, and (NZB X NZW)F1 (B/W) mice. There was an age-dependent increase of 20 alpha SDH activity in bone marrow cells, and a decrease in thymocytes and splenic T lymphocytes. Treatment with anti-theta and complement did not reduce the 20 alpha SDH activity of bone marrow and fetal liver cells, but reduced the activity of spleen cells. PHA stimulates both 20 alpha SDH activity and thymidine incorporation in splenic, bone marrow, and fetal liver lymphocytes. The results suggest that the enzyme in the bone marrow and fetal liver is located in pre-T lymphocytes. Enzymatic activity in bone marrow cells taken from female B/W mice (older than 7 months) was 40 to 20% lower than in male mice. Orchidectomy, but not ovariectomy, caused a significant decrease in thymocyte 20 alpha SDH activity. Orchidectomy depressed and ovariectomy enhanced 20 alpha SDH activity of bone marrow cells. The 20 alpha SDH activity of fetal liver cells from B/W mice was twice as high as in either parent strain. No 20 alpha SDH activity was found in fetal liver cells taken from BALB/C SJL or C57BL/6 mice. A model is proposed to explain the age- and sex-related changes in 20 alpha SDH activity of pre-T and T lymphocytes in healthy and pathologic conditions.", "PMID": 313949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4256", "title": "Stimulators and inhibitors of lymphocyte DNA synthesis in supernatants from human lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "Some T and B lymphoid cell lines (LCL) were found to secrete into their supernatants a substance able to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation. This substance produced an increase in [3H]thymidine uptake by mononuclear cells when added to unstimulated cultures (mitogenic effect) or when added to cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) (potentiating effect). When complete supernatants were used, the potentiating effect was sometimes masked by an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Fractionation on Sephadex G-100 separated these two activities. The stimulatory substance eluted at a m.w. range of 15,000 to 30,000, and the inhibitor eluted with the albumin peak. B cells with or without monocytes were the most sensitive to the mitogenic effect, whereas T cells were unaffected. Responses to PHA and PWM were potentiated when T cells were present, but the maximum effect was observed when the proportion of T cells was less than 50%. The stimulatory material may be similar to lymphocyte mitogenic factor and may function as a T cell-replacing factor in B cell stimulation.", "contents": "Stimulators and inhibitors of lymphocyte DNA synthesis in supernatants from human lymphoid cell lines. Some T and B lymphoid cell lines (LCL) were found to secrete into their supernatants a substance able to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation. This substance produced an increase in [3H]thymidine uptake by mononuclear cells when added to unstimulated cultures (mitogenic effect) or when added to cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) (potentiating effect). When complete supernatants were used, the potentiating effect was sometimes masked by an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Fractionation on Sephadex G-100 separated these two activities. The stimulatory substance eluted at a m.w. range of 15,000 to 30,000, and the inhibitor eluted with the albumin peak. B cells with or without monocytes were the most sensitive to the mitogenic effect, whereas T cells were unaffected. Responses to PHA and PWM were potentiated when T cells were present, but the maximum effect was observed when the proportion of T cells was less than 50%. The stimulatory material may be similar to lymphocyte mitogenic factor and may function as a T cell-replacing factor in B cell stimulation.", "PMID": 313950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4257", "title": "Inhibition of influenza-immune T cell effector function by virus-specific hybridoma antibody.", "content": "The in vitro activity of influenza-specific cytotoxic T cells can be inhibited by incubation of the target cells with monoclonal anti-influenza antibodies. Hybridoma antibodies that bind to the virus HA inhibit the cytotoxic activity of TDL for the virus-infected target by as much as 80%, whereas these same antibodies never reduce splenic T cell function by more than 40%. This reflects the fact that TDL from anti-influenza strain A/WSN/33 (HON1) are highly subtype-specific, whereas splenic effector cells from the same mice are cross-reactive for target cells infected with heterologous influenza A viruses. These findings are discussed in the light of previous failures to block virus-immune T cell effector function with heterogeneous antisera produced in vivo, and are considered to favor the idea that at least some of the \"virus-immune\" T cells are indeed recognizing viral antigens.", "contents": "Inhibition of influenza-immune T cell effector function by virus-specific hybridoma antibody. The in vitro activity of influenza-specific cytotoxic T cells can be inhibited by incubation of the target cells with monoclonal anti-influenza antibodies. Hybridoma antibodies that bind to the virus HA inhibit the cytotoxic activity of TDL for the virus-infected target by as much as 80%, whereas these same antibodies never reduce splenic T cell function by more than 40%. This reflects the fact that TDL from anti-influenza strain A/WSN/33 (HON1) are highly subtype-specific, whereas splenic effector cells from the same mice are cross-reactive for target cells infected with heterologous influenza A viruses. These findings are discussed in the light of previous failures to block virus-immune T cell effector function with heterogeneous antisera produced in vivo, and are considered to favor the idea that at least some of the \"virus-immune\" T cells are indeed recognizing viral antigens.", "PMID": 313952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4258", "title": "Ontogeny of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive cells in lymphohemopoietic tissues of rat and mouse.", "content": "The ontogeny of hemopoietic cells which contain the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was studied in rats and mice. During fetal life, TdT-positive cells were first detected in the thymus, where they appeared on or about day 17 of gestation. TdT-positive cells were not found in fetal liver, spleen, or bone marrow, but appeared in bone marrow and spleen on the day after birth. In the rat, peak levels of TdT-positive cells were attained at 3 to 4 weeks of age in thymus, bone marrow, and spleen, accounting for 67, 3.9, and 2.3% of nucleated cells, respectively. The percentages of TdT-positive cells in thymus and bone marrow decreased gradually thereafter, whereas, TdT-positive cells in spleen were no longer detectable by 7 weeks of age. Normal percentages of TdT-positive cells were found in bone marrow and spleen from neonatally thymectomized rats and congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in a marked decrease in TdT-positive cells. The results are discussed with respect to the putative role of TdT-positive hemopoietic cells as thymocyte progenitors.", "contents": "Ontogeny of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive cells in lymphohemopoietic tissues of rat and mouse. The ontogeny of hemopoietic cells which contain the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was studied in rats and mice. During fetal life, TdT-positive cells were first detected in the thymus, where they appeared on or about day 17 of gestation. TdT-positive cells were not found in fetal liver, spleen, or bone marrow, but appeared in bone marrow and spleen on the day after birth. In the rat, peak levels of TdT-positive cells were attained at 3 to 4 weeks of age in thymus, bone marrow, and spleen, accounting for 67, 3.9, and 2.3% of nucleated cells, respectively. The percentages of TdT-positive cells in thymus and bone marrow decreased gradually thereafter, whereas, TdT-positive cells in spleen were no longer detectable by 7 weeks of age. Normal percentages of TdT-positive cells were found in bone marrow and spleen from neonatally thymectomized rats and congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in a marked decrease in TdT-positive cells. The results are discussed with respect to the putative role of TdT-positive hemopoietic cells as thymocyte progenitors.", "PMID": 313953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4259", "title": "In vitro antibody response to influenza virus. I. T cell dependence of secondary response to hemagglutinin.", "content": "A good secondary IgG response to the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus has been obtained in vitro in Marbrook-type cultures of influenza-primed mouse spleen cell suspensions stimulated with inactivated influenza virus. Anti-HA antibody was quantitated by a solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) by using purified HA as substrate. The T dependence of this secondary response was shown by depletion of T cells and reconstitution with a source of primed or unprimed T cells. The help given by T cells primed to the homologous virus was many times greater than that given by unprimed T cells, although the latter was significant. The system described will allow investigation of the specificity requirements of helper T cells engaged in the anti-HA response.", "contents": "In vitro antibody response to influenza virus. I. T cell dependence of secondary response to hemagglutinin. A good secondary IgG response to the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus has been obtained in vitro in Marbrook-type cultures of influenza-primed mouse spleen cell suspensions stimulated with inactivated influenza virus. Anti-HA antibody was quantitated by a solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) by using purified HA as substrate. The T dependence of this secondary response was shown by depletion of T cells and reconstitution with a source of primed or unprimed T cells. The help given by T cells primed to the homologous virus was many times greater than that given by unprimed T cells, although the latter was significant. The system described will allow investigation of the specificity requirements of helper T cells engaged in the anti-HA response.", "PMID": 313954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4260", "title": "Studies on the kinetics of hemopoietic stem cells and immune responses to the hapten-carrier conjugate.", "content": "The correlation between the kinetics of hemopoietic stem cells and immune responses to the hapten-carrier conjugate was investigated. The numbers of both pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S) and myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) in the spleen from mice immunized with the hapten-carrier conjugate were significantly greater than those of the control and the activity of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) in the serum of these mice was markedly elevated. The supernatant of short-term incubation of splenic T lymphocytes from these mice, when stimulated with carrier protein, had high levels of both activities of CSF and helper T cell factors. The study by gel chromatography showed that these factors are similar m.w. substances of 35,000 to 45,000 daltons. But analysis by ion-exchange chromatography demonstrated that they do not have identical biochemical properties. The present studies suggest that biologically active factors produced by T cells stimulated with carrier protein may induce the enhancing effect on the proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells and immune responses to the hapten-carrier conjugate.", "contents": "Studies on the kinetics of hemopoietic stem cells and immune responses to the hapten-carrier conjugate. The correlation between the kinetics of hemopoietic stem cells and immune responses to the hapten-carrier conjugate was investigated. The numbers of both pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S) and myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) in the spleen from mice immunized with the hapten-carrier conjugate were significantly greater than those of the control and the activity of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) in the serum of these mice was markedly elevated. The supernatant of short-term incubation of splenic T lymphocytes from these mice, when stimulated with carrier protein, had high levels of both activities of CSF and helper T cell factors. The study by gel chromatography showed that these factors are similar m.w. substances of 35,000 to 45,000 daltons. But analysis by ion-exchange chromatography demonstrated that they do not have identical biochemical properties. The present studies suggest that biologically active factors produced by T cells stimulated with carrier protein may induce the enhancing effect on the proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells and immune responses to the hapten-carrier conjugate.", "PMID": 313955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4261", "title": "Modulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity. I. Characterization of T lymphocytes involved in the adoptive suppression of granuloma formation in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice.", "content": "The cellular basis of the spontaneous modulation of the granulomatous response to schistosome eggs was analyzed in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Spleen cells of 20 or 32 week-infected mice undergoing modulation, when transferred to 6 week-infected recipients, suppressed the maximal granulomatous response at 8 weeks. Suppression of both naturally forming asynchronous liver and synchronously induced lung lesions was achieved. Specificity of this effect was demonstrated by the suppression of egg granulomas but not antigen-coated bead granulomas developing simultaneously in the lungs of cell recipients. Further characterization showed that suppression was abrogated by pretreating transferred cells with either anti-Thy 1.2 or anti-Iak alloantisera and C. Transfer of macrophage-depleted or fractionated T and B spleen cells confirmed that T cells alone transferred suppression. Moreover, an Ia antigen-bearing (Ia+) subpopulation of T cells was required in the transferred suppression. Moreover, an Ia antigen-bearing (Ia+) subpopulation of T cells was required in the transferred population. An examination of T cells obtained from isolated, dispersed lung granulomas from control and adoptively suppressed mice revealed an increased proportion of Ia+ cells in the latter. It is suggested that Ia+ T cells may be involved in the local modulation of the granulomatous response.", "contents": "Modulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity. I. Characterization of T lymphocytes involved in the adoptive suppression of granuloma formation in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. The cellular basis of the spontaneous modulation of the granulomatous response to schistosome eggs was analyzed in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Spleen cells of 20 or 32 week-infected mice undergoing modulation, when transferred to 6 week-infected recipients, suppressed the maximal granulomatous response at 8 weeks. Suppression of both naturally forming asynchronous liver and synchronously induced lung lesions was achieved. Specificity of this effect was demonstrated by the suppression of egg granulomas but not antigen-coated bead granulomas developing simultaneously in the lungs of cell recipients. Further characterization showed that suppression was abrogated by pretreating transferred cells with either anti-Thy 1.2 or anti-Iak alloantisera and C. Transfer of macrophage-depleted or fractionated T and B spleen cells confirmed that T cells alone transferred suppression. Moreover, an Ia antigen-bearing (Ia+) subpopulation of T cells was required in the transferred suppression. Moreover, an Ia antigen-bearing (Ia+) subpopulation of T cells was required in the transferred population. An examination of T cells obtained from isolated, dispersed lung granulomas from control and adoptively suppressed mice revealed an increased proportion of Ia+ cells in the latter. It is suggested that Ia+ T cells may be involved in the local modulation of the granulomatous response.", "PMID": 313956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4262", "title": "Characterization of a spontaneous murine B cell leukemia (BCL1). I. Cell surface expression of IgM, IgD, Ia, and FcR.", "content": "The surface marker expression of a spontaneous B lymphocyte leukemia discovered in a BALB/c mouse (BCL1) was examined and found to include a subset of markers known to occur on normal B lymphocytes. The tumor cells bore surface Ig that included both mu- and delta-chains associated with the lambda light chain. Alloantigens coded for within the murine MHC, including H-2D, H-2K, and I-region products, were identified on the tumor cells. Although normal B lymphocytes are thought to express products coded for within both the I-A and I-E subregions, the BCL1 expressed only normal amounts of I-E subregion products. In addition, the H-2 and Ia antigens revealed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis exhibited an abnormal pattern of post-translational modifications. The Fc, but not the complement-receptor, was present on the surface of tumor cells. The presence of IgD, Ia antigens, and the responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (see subsequent paper) have led us to postulate that the BCL1 tumor represents a later differentiative stage than murine B lymphocyte tumors previously described.", "contents": "Characterization of a spontaneous murine B cell leukemia (BCL1). I. Cell surface expression of IgM, IgD, Ia, and FcR. The surface marker expression of a spontaneous B lymphocyte leukemia discovered in a BALB/c mouse (BCL1) was examined and found to include a subset of markers known to occur on normal B lymphocytes. The tumor cells bore surface Ig that included both mu- and delta-chains associated with the lambda light chain. Alloantigens coded for within the murine MHC, including H-2D, H-2K, and I-region products, were identified on the tumor cells. Although normal B lymphocytes are thought to express products coded for within both the I-A and I-E subregions, the BCL1 expressed only normal amounts of I-E subregion products. In addition, the H-2 and Ia antigens revealed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis exhibited an abnormal pattern of post-translational modifications. The Fc, but not the complement-receptor, was present on the surface of tumor cells. The presence of IgD, Ia antigens, and the responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (see subsequent paper) have led us to postulate that the BCL1 tumor represents a later differentiative stage than murine B lymphocyte tumors previously described.", "PMID": 313960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4263", "title": "Curve -shift analysis of cryopreserved killer T cell function.", "content": "The conditions for cryopreservation and reconstitution after thawing of cytotoxic effector cells for cell mediated lympholysis (CML) tests are studied. Percentage recovery of functional activity is analysed not by the commonly used method of comparisons at a single concentration of effector cells but by the movement of the curve of functional activity on the axis of cell concentration in culture. By this method the position of the ascending slope of the dose-response curve, at several different effector to target cell ratios, is compared between fresh and frozen-thawed cells. Cooling rates giving optimal recovery were found to vary between experiments. Using simple techniques, optimal cooling rates were found to range from 0.3 to 1.0 degrees C/min, when using dimethyl sulphoxide (10% v/v). Dead cell debris, but not intact dead cells (which take up eosin), were shown to inhibit the lytic ability of functionally active frozen-thawed effector cells. This could be removed by centrifuging the thawed cells over Ficoll-Hypaque. In the recovered population the proportion of cells which excluded the vital dye, eosin, was greater than the proportion of functioning effector cells. This suggested that the cells which excluded eosin contained both functional and nonfunctional, partially damaged effector cells. Thus dye exclusion methods generally over-estimated the functional activity of thawed effector cells. When cells to be used as targets were preserved prior to treatment with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) no abnormalities were detected in their behaviour to fresh cells.", "contents": "Curve -shift analysis of cryopreserved killer T cell function. The conditions for cryopreservation and reconstitution after thawing of cytotoxic effector cells for cell mediated lympholysis (CML) tests are studied. Percentage recovery of functional activity is analysed not by the commonly used method of comparisons at a single concentration of effector cells but by the movement of the curve of functional activity on the axis of cell concentration in culture. By this method the position of the ascending slope of the dose-response curve, at several different effector to target cell ratios, is compared between fresh and frozen-thawed cells. Cooling rates giving optimal recovery were found to vary between experiments. Using simple techniques, optimal cooling rates were found to range from 0.3 to 1.0 degrees C/min, when using dimethyl sulphoxide (10% v/v). Dead cell debris, but not intact dead cells (which take up eosin), were shown to inhibit the lytic ability of functionally active frozen-thawed effector cells. This could be removed by centrifuging the thawed cells over Ficoll-Hypaque. In the recovered population the proportion of cells which excluded the vital dye, eosin, was greater than the proportion of functioning effector cells. This suggested that the cells which excluded eosin contained both functional and nonfunctional, partially damaged effector cells. Thus dye exclusion methods generally over-estimated the functional activity of thawed effector cells. When cells to be used as targets were preserved prior to treatment with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) no abnormalities were detected in their behaviour to fresh cells.", "PMID": 313962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4264", "title": "Measurement of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies in major immunoglobulin classes.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for quantitating anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies (anti-dsDNA) in IgG, IgM and IgA classes has been devised. A distinct feature of the method is an application of polystyrene tubes coated with poly-L-lysine, through which dsDNA could be bound firmly to a solid phase. Studies on patients' sea as well as normal sera revealed that anti-dsDNA was not qualitatively but quantitatively characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and that IgG anti-dsDNA levels correlated well with the disease activity.", "contents": "Measurement of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies in major immunoglobulin classes. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for quantitating anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies (anti-dsDNA) in IgG, IgM and IgA classes has been devised. A distinct feature of the method is an application of polystyrene tubes coated with poly-L-lysine, through which dsDNA could be bound firmly to a solid phase. Studies on patients' sea as well as normal sera revealed that anti-dsDNA was not qualitatively but quantitatively characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and that IgG anti-dsDNA levels correlated well with the disease activity.", "PMID": 313963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4265", "title": "A method for the induction of a prolonged elevated IgM response without the formation of IgG antibody, by injecting carrageenan-treated mice with multiple doses of sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Carrageenan, a known macrophage toxin and immunosuppressive agent, has been studied for its effect on antibody responses following single doses or multiple daily increasing doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) in male CBA strain mice. Results showed that lambda carrageenan administered prior to a single i.p. injection of SRBC markedly suppressed both the IgM and IgG responses. However, when carrageenan-treated mice were injected with multiple daily increasing amounts of SRCB antigen, high titers of specific antibody activities were produced in serum while only IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC) were detected in the spleens up to 8 weeks later. Higher serum titers were obtained if Bordetella pertussis vaccine was administered i.p. shortly before the first antigen dose was injected in the carrageenan-treated mice. Direct PFC (IgM) but not indirect PFC (IgG) were detected in suspensions of spleen cells late in the response of these mice. Such treatment may provide a useful method for raising high titers of cytotoxic IgM antibody to other T-dependent antigens. Evidence is presented to show that pertussis vaccine--a known potentiator of the IgG response--does not reverse the inhibitory effects of carrageenan. Results also provide evidence for the requirement of functional macrophages in the induction of helper-cell activity for the thymus dependent IgG response in vivo.", "contents": "A method for the induction of a prolonged elevated IgM response without the formation of IgG antibody, by injecting carrageenan-treated mice with multiple doses of sheep erythrocytes. Carrageenan, a known macrophage toxin and immunosuppressive agent, has been studied for its effect on antibody responses following single doses or multiple daily increasing doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) in male CBA strain mice. Results showed that lambda carrageenan administered prior to a single i.p. injection of SRBC markedly suppressed both the IgM and IgG responses. However, when carrageenan-treated mice were injected with multiple daily increasing amounts of SRCB antigen, high titers of specific antibody activities were produced in serum while only IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC) were detected in the spleens up to 8 weeks later. Higher serum titers were obtained if Bordetella pertussis vaccine was administered i.p. shortly before the first antigen dose was injected in the carrageenan-treated mice. Direct PFC (IgM) but not indirect PFC (IgG) were detected in suspensions of spleen cells late in the response of these mice. Such treatment may provide a useful method for raising high titers of cytotoxic IgM antibody to other T-dependent antigens. Evidence is presented to show that pertussis vaccine--a known potentiator of the IgG response--does not reverse the inhibitory effects of carrageenan. Results also provide evidence for the requirement of functional macrophages in the induction of helper-cell activity for the thymus dependent IgG response in vivo.", "PMID": 313964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4266", "title": "Purification and properties of L cell-derived colony-stimulating factor.", "content": "CSF was prepared by the growth of L cells in serum-free culture medium. This conditioned medium was subjected to a six-step purification schedule which included ultrafiltration, alcohol precipitation, and separation by DEAE-cellulose, Con A-Sepharose, Sephadex G-150, and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The resultant CSF was 1000-fold purified with 50% to 70% recovery of the starting activity. Granulocyte and macrophage colony formation was detected with 5 x 10(-12M CSF; maximum colonies were obtained with 3 ng per marrow culture. Two major peaks of activity were obtained; one was nonadherent to Con A, whereas the other was bound and specifically eluted with alpha-methylglucoside. Both fractions contained carbohydrate residues as they stained avidly with PAS, were inactivated by periodate, and showed altered electrophoretic mobility after treatment with neuraminidase. Following iodination, each purified fraction migrated in a single band in SDS-acrylamide gels. The molecular weight was estimated as 65,000 to 70,000 daltons. Following reduction with mercaptoethanol, the CSF fractions were reduced into subunits with molecular weights of approximately 35,000. These studies confirm the glycoprotein nature and subunit composition of L cell CSF. The methods described herein are useful for the purification of both the Con A-adherent and con A-nonadherent forms of CSF.", "contents": "Purification and properties of L cell-derived colony-stimulating factor. CSF was prepared by the growth of L cells in serum-free culture medium. This conditioned medium was subjected to a six-step purification schedule which included ultrafiltration, alcohol precipitation, and separation by DEAE-cellulose, Con A-Sepharose, Sephadex G-150, and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The resultant CSF was 1000-fold purified with 50% to 70% recovery of the starting activity. Granulocyte and macrophage colony formation was detected with 5 x 10(-12M CSF; maximum colonies were obtained with 3 ng per marrow culture. Two major peaks of activity were obtained; one was nonadherent to Con A, whereas the other was bound and specifically eluted with alpha-methylglucoside. Both fractions contained carbohydrate residues as they stained avidly with PAS, were inactivated by periodate, and showed altered electrophoretic mobility after treatment with neuraminidase. Following iodination, each purified fraction migrated in a single band in SDS-acrylamide gels. The molecular weight was estimated as 65,000 to 70,000 daltons. Following reduction with mercaptoethanol, the CSF fractions were reduced into subunits with molecular weights of approximately 35,000. These studies confirm the glycoprotein nature and subunit composition of L cell CSF. The methods described herein are useful for the purification of both the Con A-adherent and con A-nonadherent forms of CSF.", "PMID": 313966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4267", "title": "Deoxyadenosine inhibits DNA synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts.", "content": "The rate of DNA synthesis in cultured diploid fibroblasts, nonmalignant human cells, is decreased by 50 microM 2'-deoxyadenosine when adenosine deaminase is inhibited and 2'-deoxyadenosine is phosphorylated to dATP. No inhibiton of DNA synthesis occurs with 100 microM adenosine under identical conditions or with 50 microM deoxyadenosine when adenosine deaminase is not blocked. Inhibition of DNA synthesis may be an important link between adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency if the tissue culture model is relevant to lymphocyte function in man.", "contents": "Deoxyadenosine inhibits DNA synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts. The rate of DNA synthesis in cultured diploid fibroblasts, nonmalignant human cells, is decreased by 50 microM 2'-deoxyadenosine when adenosine deaminase is inhibited and 2'-deoxyadenosine is phosphorylated to dATP. No inhibiton of DNA synthesis occurs with 100 microM adenosine under identical conditions or with 50 microM deoxyadenosine when adenosine deaminase is not blocked. Inhibition of DNA synthesis may be an important link between adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency if the tissue culture model is relevant to lymphocyte function in man.", "PMID": 313967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4268", "title": "Cold-reacting antinuclear factor in sera from patients with IgA nephropathy.", "content": "ANF was determined in sera from patients with IgA nephropathy to evaluate the autoimmune nature of this disorder. Sera from 33 patients with IgA nephropathy were assayed for ANF by the FANA technique at 37 degrees and 4 degrees C as well as by a hemagglutination technique. In addition, sera from five patients with lupus nephritis and six patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy were examined. Thirty healthy adults served as controls. Cold-reacting ANF, which was detected predominantly in the class of IgM, was observed in 81.8% of patients with IgA nephropathy. The nuclear staining pattern was \"speckled.\" Sera from healthy adults did not show any positive signs of ANF, whereas those from patients with lupus nephritis demonstrated \"shaggy\" pattern of ANF. It is suggested that some autoimmune mechanisms may be involved in the development of IgA nephropathy.", "contents": "Cold-reacting antinuclear factor in sera from patients with IgA nephropathy. ANF was determined in sera from patients with IgA nephropathy to evaluate the autoimmune nature of this disorder. Sera from 33 patients with IgA nephropathy were assayed for ANF by the FANA technique at 37 degrees and 4 degrees C as well as by a hemagglutination technique. In addition, sera from five patients with lupus nephritis and six patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy were examined. Thirty healthy adults served as controls. Cold-reacting ANF, which was detected predominantly in the class of IgM, was observed in 81.8% of patients with IgA nephropathy. The nuclear staining pattern was \"speckled.\" Sera from healthy adults did not show any positive signs of ANF, whereas those from patients with lupus nephritis demonstrated \"shaggy\" pattern of ANF. It is suggested that some autoimmune mechanisms may be involved in the development of IgA nephropathy.", "PMID": 313968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4269", "title": "Stimulation of chick gut alkaline phosphatase activity by actinomycin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: evidence for independent mechanisms.", "content": "We observed that inhibitors of RNA synthesis, actinomycin D and cordycepin, stimulate chick duodenal alk Pase activity by means which are additive to the stimulaation by the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1,12(OH)2D3, and its analogue, 1 alpha OH D3. The protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, inhibited basal alk Pase activity and blocked its stimulation by actinomycin D and 1,25(OH)2D3. Both actinomycin D and cycloheximide blocked the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1 alpha OHD3 to raise serum calcium levels. The paradoxical stimulation of duodenal alk Pase activity by RNA synthesis inhibitors additive to the stimulation by 1,25(OH)2D3 suggests that alk Pase activity is controlled by mechanisms other than gene activation. (J LAB CLIN MED 94:88, 1979.)", "contents": "Stimulation of chick gut alkaline phosphatase activity by actinomycin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: evidence for independent mechanisms. We observed that inhibitors of RNA synthesis, actinomycin D and cordycepin, stimulate chick duodenal alk Pase activity by means which are additive to the stimulaation by the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1,12(OH)2D3, and its analogue, 1 alpha OH D3. The protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, inhibited basal alk Pase activity and blocked its stimulation by actinomycin D and 1,25(OH)2D3. Both actinomycin D and cycloheximide blocked the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1 alpha OHD3 to raise serum calcium levels. The paradoxical stimulation of duodenal alk Pase activity by RNA synthesis inhibitors additive to the stimulation by 1,25(OH)2D3 suggests that alk Pase activity is controlled by mechanisms other than gene activation. (J LAB CLIN MED 94:88, 1979.)", "PMID": 313969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4270", "title": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin elevation in healthy neonates.", "content": "alpha 1-Antitrypsin concentrations and phenotypes were determined in plasma of 257 healthy newborns. Samples were taken during the first 3 days after birth (time 1) and approximately after 30 days (time 2). We found the alpha1-antitrypsin levels immediately after birth elevated in the three Pi phenotypes M, M1M2, and MS as compared to the concentrations in cord blood and those at the age of 30 days. The concentrations in cord blood were within the normal range for adults. The concentrations (in mg/ml) at times 1 and 2 (+/- S.D.) for the different phenotypes were M: 2.94 +/- 0.58, 1.99 +/- 0.35; M1M2: 2.81 +/- 0.48, 2.01 +/- 0.37; MS: 2.45 +/- 0.5, 1.55 +/- 0.33. These differences were highly significant (p less than 0.001). Samples with the PiMZ phenotype had the characteristically reduced levels and did not show a significant difference in concentration between the two samples: 1.54 +/- 0.25 mg/ml (time 1) and 1.42 +/- 0.34 (time 2). We conclude that the alpha 1-antitrypsin level in plasma of normal infants rises in response to stimuli in the immediate neonatal period, or that perhaps the rise is due to the process of delivery itself. Heterozygotes for Piz can apparently not respond, or respond only minimally, to the same factor(s).", "contents": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin elevation in healthy neonates. alpha 1-Antitrypsin concentrations and phenotypes were determined in plasma of 257 healthy newborns. Samples were taken during the first 3 days after birth (time 1) and approximately after 30 days (time 2). We found the alpha1-antitrypsin levels immediately after birth elevated in the three Pi phenotypes M, M1M2, and MS as compared to the concentrations in cord blood and those at the age of 30 days. The concentrations in cord blood were within the normal range for adults. The concentrations (in mg/ml) at times 1 and 2 (+/- S.D.) for the different phenotypes were M: 2.94 +/- 0.58, 1.99 +/- 0.35; M1M2: 2.81 +/- 0.48, 2.01 +/- 0.37; MS: 2.45 +/- 0.5, 1.55 +/- 0.33. These differences were highly significant (p less than 0.001). Samples with the PiMZ phenotype had the characteristically reduced levels and did not show a significant difference in concentration between the two samples: 1.54 +/- 0.25 mg/ml (time 1) and 1.42 +/- 0.34 (time 2). We conclude that the alpha 1-antitrypsin level in plasma of normal infants rises in response to stimuli in the immediate neonatal period, or that perhaps the rise is due to the process of delivery itself. Heterozygotes for Piz can apparently not respond, or respond only minimally, to the same factor(s).", "PMID": 313970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4271", "title": "Vestibulo-toxicity of tobramycin.", "content": "The case histories are described of two patients with normal renal function who developed permanent complete bilateral loss of peripheral vestibular function during tobramycin therapy. Despite the low incidence of the cochleotoxic and and vestibulotoxic side-effects of tobramycin, it seems advisable to monitor patients on tobramycin therapy for signs of vestibular dysfunction and hearing loss.", "contents": "Vestibulo-toxicity of tobramycin. The case histories are described of two patients with normal renal function who developed permanent complete bilateral loss of peripheral vestibular function during tobramycin therapy. Despite the low incidence of the cochleotoxic and and vestibulotoxic side-effects of tobramycin, it seems advisable to monitor patients on tobramycin therapy for signs of vestibular dysfunction and hearing loss.", "PMID": 313972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4272", "title": "3'-deoxyadenosine and implantation of delayed blastocysts in mice.", "content": "Pregnant mice were ovariectomized 3 days after mating and pregnancy was maintained by progesterone treatment. Different regimens of intraperitoneal injections of 3'-deoxyadenosine were applied 3 days after ovariectomy. Repetition of the injections at 3 h intervals induced a significant rate of implantation by delayed blastocysts. Other types of treatment with 3-deoxyadenosine as well as adenosine injections were found to be ineffective. Paradoxically, 3'-deoxyadenosine treatment had an adverse effect on the overall pregnancy rate found at autopsy.", "contents": "3'-deoxyadenosine and implantation of delayed blastocysts in mice. Pregnant mice were ovariectomized 3 days after mating and pregnancy was maintained by progesterone treatment. Different regimens of intraperitoneal injections of 3'-deoxyadenosine were applied 3 days after ovariectomy. Repetition of the injections at 3 h intervals induced a significant rate of implantation by delayed blastocysts. Other types of treatment with 3-deoxyadenosine as well as adenosine injections were found to be ineffective. Paradoxically, 3'-deoxyadenosine treatment had an adverse effect on the overall pregnancy rate found at autopsy.", "PMID": 313973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4273", "title": "Clarification of studies on the origin of thymic lymphocytes.", "content": "The thesis that lymphocytes originate in situ by the direct transformation of epithelial cells within the thymic primordium in anurous frogs is untenable. On the contrary, in both the leopard frog and the African clawed toad, the lymphocytes that first appear in the embryonic thymus are derived from extrathymic lymphopoietic cells that invaded the developing organ. The exact source of origin of the invading lymphopoietic cells remains problematic.", "contents": "Clarification of studies on the origin of thymic lymphocytes. The thesis that lymphocytes originate in situ by the direct transformation of epithelial cells within the thymic primordium in anurous frogs is untenable. On the contrary, in both the leopard frog and the African clawed toad, the lymphocytes that first appear in the embryonic thymus are derived from extrathymic lymphopoietic cells that invaded the developing organ. The exact source of origin of the invading lymphopoietic cells remains problematic.", "PMID": 313974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4274", "title": "A factor necessary for normal morphogenetic function of anuran endoderm.", "content": "Cytoplasmic preparations obtained from late blastulae and early gastrulae of normal R. pipiens eggs contain factors which induce delayed lethal effects when injected into normal eggs at the beginning of cleavage. The same preparations can rescue some defective eggs which occur spontaneously (NS eggs), or are produced experimentally (ES eggs), by relieving the specific developmental syndrome displayed by either type of egg. The syndrome involves abnormal endoderm in which cytolysis is time-programmed. The lethal factors as well as the rescue factors are absent in the normal egg cytoplasm prior to the late blastula stage.", "contents": "A factor necessary for normal morphogenetic function of anuran endoderm. Cytoplasmic preparations obtained from late blastulae and early gastrulae of normal R. pipiens eggs contain factors which induce delayed lethal effects when injected into normal eggs at the beginning of cleavage. The same preparations can rescue some defective eggs which occur spontaneously (NS eggs), or are produced experimentally (ES eggs), by relieving the specific developmental syndrome displayed by either type of egg. The syndrome involves abnormal endoderm in which cytolysis is time-programmed. The lethal factors as well as the rescue factors are absent in the normal egg cytoplasm prior to the late blastula stage.", "PMID": 313976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4275", "title": "Extrapyramidal side effects and increased serum prolactin following fluoxetine, a new antidepressant.", "content": "Fluoxetine (Lilly 110140) is a potent, specific serotonin (5-HT) uptake blocker which is being tested in man for antidepressant activity. One of 9 depressed patients receiving this drug developed a dystonic reaction, parkinsonian rigidity, and increased  serum prolactin levels, all signs of decreased dopaminergic activity. Homovanillic acid levels also decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of this subject. We postulate that fluoxetine, via the increase in 5-HT activity resulting from 5-HT uptake blockade, inhibited both the nigro-striatal and tubero-infundibular dopaminergic neurons. These results provide additional evidence for a linkage between serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in man.", "contents": "Extrapyramidal side effects and increased serum prolactin following fluoxetine, a new antidepressant. Fluoxetine (Lilly 110140) is a potent, specific serotonin (5-HT) uptake blocker which is being tested in man for antidepressant activity. One of 9 depressed patients receiving this drug developed a dystonic reaction, parkinsonian rigidity, and increased  serum prolactin levels, all signs of decreased dopaminergic activity. Homovanillic acid levels also decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of this subject. We postulate that fluoxetine, via the increase in 5-HT activity resulting from 5-HT uptake blockade, inhibited both the nigro-striatal and tubero-infundibular dopaminergic neurons. These results provide additional evidence for a linkage between serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in man.", "PMID": 313977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4276", "title": "Distribution of anti-HRP antibodies in the central nervous system of immunized rats after disruption of the blood brain barrier.", "content": "Lewis rats were immunized with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected intradermally in the hind foot pads; anti-HRP antibodies in the cerebrum were detected with a cytochemical reaction for HRP in sections incubated with the antigen (HRP), or after intravenous injection of HRP a few minutes before sacrifice. In two groups of animals the blood brain barrier was disrupted by a heat lesion or by a traumatic lesion (insertion of a canula into the lateral ventricle). In animals with a heat or with a traumatic lesion, anti-HRP antibody was detected not only in the vicinity of the lesion but also within the entire cerebral parenchyma and the choroid plexus. By electron microscopy, anti-HRP antibody was seen on the plasma membranes of endothelial cells and pericytes of the capillaries of the brain parenchyma and of the choroid plexus, and on the plasma membranes of the choroid plexus epithelium. Anti-HRP antibody was not seen in a group of immunized animals with an intact blood brain barrier or in a group of animals immunized 30 or more days after the brain lesion. These experiments have shown that significant levels of circulating antibody against an antigen (HRP), which is irrelevant to brain antigens, has access to and achieves a widespread distribution into the brains of animals with a disrupted blood brain barrier.", "contents": "Distribution of anti-HRP antibodies in the central nervous system of immunized rats after disruption of the blood brain barrier. Lewis rats were immunized with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected intradermally in the hind foot pads; anti-HRP antibodies in the cerebrum were detected with a cytochemical reaction for HRP in sections incubated with the antigen (HRP), or after intravenous injection of HRP a few minutes before sacrifice. In two groups of animals the blood brain barrier was disrupted by a heat lesion or by a traumatic lesion (insertion of a canula into the lateral ventricle). In animals with a heat or with a traumatic lesion, anti-HRP antibody was detected not only in the vicinity of the lesion but also within the entire cerebral parenchyma and the choroid plexus. By electron microscopy, anti-HRP antibody was seen on the plasma membranes of endothelial cells and pericytes of the capillaries of the brain parenchyma and of the choroid plexus, and on the plasma membranes of the choroid plexus epithelium. Anti-HRP antibody was not seen in a group of immunized animals with an intact blood brain barrier or in a group of animals immunized 30 or more days after the brain lesion. These experiments have shown that significant levels of circulating antibody against an antigen (HRP), which is irrelevant to brain antigens, has access to and achieves a widespread distribution into the brains of animals with a disrupted blood brain barrier.", "PMID": 313978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4277", "title": "Ventricular dilatation and communicating hydrocephalus following spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Ventricular dilatation following spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a well recognized phenomenon. Its clinical significance, however, remains controversial. Two phases are distinguished, the acute or early, occurring soon after the ictus, and the chronic or late, developing after the second week. The authors studied the ventricular size in 210 patients with spontaneous SAH through the course of their illness and convalescence by means of serial computerized tomography (CT) scans. Their findings suggest that ventricular dilatation soon after SAH is not always clinically significant and does not necessarily require shunting before definitive surgery. Delayed symptomatic ventricular enlargement (communicating hydrocephalus) occurs in 7% of the patients and can be safely diagnosed on the basis of the clinical picture and CT scan appearances. Treatment with a ventricular shunting system is almost invariably rewarding.", "contents": "Ventricular dilatation and communicating hydrocephalus following spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ventricular dilatation following spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a well recognized phenomenon. Its clinical significance, however, remains controversial. Two phases are distinguished, the acute or early, occurring soon after the ictus, and the chronic or late, developing after the second week. The authors studied the ventricular size in 210 patients with spontaneous SAH through the course of their illness and convalescence by means of serial computerized tomography (CT) scans. Their findings suggest that ventricular dilatation soon after SAH is not always clinically significant and does not necessarily require shunting before definitive surgery. Delayed symptomatic ventricular enlargement (communicating hydrocephalus) occurs in 7% of the patients and can be safely diagnosed on the basis of the clinical picture and CT scan appearances. Treatment with a ventricular shunting system is almost invariably rewarding.", "PMID": 313979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4278", "title": "Chemical change and energy production during contraction of frog muscle: how are their time courses related?", "content": "1. The heat+work (h+w) and the changes in the levels of creatine, phosphocreatine and ATP were determined for 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 sec isometric tetani at 0 degrees C under aerobic conditions. The change in the sum of inorganic phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate was measured also. The changes in the levels of all these chemicals and of lactate were measured in muscles stimulated for 15 sec under anaerobic conditions. 2. The lactate measurements and a comparison of the results for aerobic and anaerobic conditions showed that during a 15 sec tetanus there was a negligible amount of resynthesis of ATP from reactions other than the creatine kinase reaction. 3. For all durations of stimulation, except 1 sec, a significant part of the h+w could not be explained by the energy from ATP splitting and the creatine kinase reaction. The existence of an unexplained part of the h+w confirms earlier findings. 4. On the basis of its time course, the h+w was divided into the stable part and the labile part. The energy from the observed chemical reactions was always sufficient to account for the stable part of the h+w. 5. Early in the tetanus the unexplained energy is less than the labile part of the h+w. At the end of a 15 sec tetanus the total amounts of unexplained energy and labile h+w are equal. For this reason and others which are discussed it is probable that there is a close relationship between them.", "contents": "Chemical change and energy production during contraction of frog muscle: how are their time courses related? 1. The heat+work (h+w) and the changes in the levels of creatine, phosphocreatine and ATP were determined for 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 sec isometric tetani at 0 degrees C under aerobic conditions. The change in the sum of inorganic phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate was measured also. The changes in the levels of all these chemicals and of lactate were measured in muscles stimulated for 15 sec under anaerobic conditions. 2. The lactate measurements and a comparison of the results for aerobic and anaerobic conditions showed that during a 15 sec tetanus there was a negligible amount of resynthesis of ATP from reactions other than the creatine kinase reaction. 3. For all durations of stimulation, except 1 sec, a significant part of the h+w could not be explained by the energy from ATP splitting and the creatine kinase reaction. The existence of an unexplained part of the h+w confirms earlier findings. 4. On the basis of its time course, the h+w was divided into the stable part and the labile part. The energy from the observed chemical reactions was always sufficient to account for the stable part of the h+w. 5. Early in the tetanus the unexplained energy is less than the labile part of the h+w. At the end of a 15 sec tetanus the total amounts of unexplained energy and labile h+w are equal. For this reason and others which are discussed it is probable that there is a close relationship between them.", "PMID": 313981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4279", "title": "The extracellular compartments of frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. Detailed studies of solute efflux from frog sartorius muscle and single muscle fibres were carried out in order to characterize a 'special region' (Harris, 1963) in the extracellular space of muscle and determine whether this 'special region' is the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 2. The efflux of radioactive Na, Cl, glusose, 3-O-methylglucose, xylose, glycine, leucine, cycloleucine, Rb, K, inulin (mol. wt. 5000) and dextran (mol. wt. 17,000) from previously loaded muscles was studied. In all cases except dextran the curve had three components, a rapid (A) component which could be equated with efflux from the extracellular space proper, a slow (C) component representing cellular solute and an intermediate (B) component. The distribution space for the B component was 8% of muscle volume in summer frogs and 12% in winter frogs and appeared to be equal for all compounds studied. We tested the hypothesis that the B component originated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 3. The C component was missing from the dextran curves. Both dextran and inulin entered the compartment of origin of the B component (compartment B) to the same extent as small molecules. 4. For all compounds studies, the efflux rate constant for the A component could be predicted from the diffusion coefficient. For the B component the efflux rate constant was 6--10 times slower than that for the A component but was still proportional to the diffusion coefficient for the solute in question. 5. When Na and sucrose efflux from single fibres was followed, a B component was usually observed. The average distribution space for this component was small, averaging 1.5% of fibre volume. There was no difference between the average efflux rate constants for Na and sucrose. 6. In an appendix, the constraints placed on the properties of a hypothetical channel between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T-system by the linear electrical parameters of frog skeletal muscle are derived. It is shown that the conductance of such a channel must be less than 0.06 x 10(-3) mohs/cm2 of fibre membrane. 7. The conductance between compartment B and the extracellular space can be calculated from the efflux rate constants for Na, K and Cl. The value obtained was 5 x 10(-3) mhos/cm2 of fibre membrane or 100 times the limiting value for the conductance of the T-SR junction. 8. The finding that there is a B component in the efflux curves for large molecular weight substances like inulin and dextran and the small size of the B component in efflux curves from single muscle fibres indicate that the 'speical region' of the extra-cellular space of frog muscle is not the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This conclusion is confirmed by a calculation of the conductance between the B compartment and the extracellular space. The value obtained is incompatible with predicted electrical properteis of the SR-T-tubule junction...", "contents": "The extracellular compartments of frog skeletal muscle. 1. Detailed studies of solute efflux from frog sartorius muscle and single muscle fibres were carried out in order to characterize a 'special region' (Harris, 1963) in the extracellular space of muscle and determine whether this 'special region' is the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 2. The efflux of radioactive Na, Cl, glusose, 3-O-methylglucose, xylose, glycine, leucine, cycloleucine, Rb, K, inulin (mol. wt. 5000) and dextran (mol. wt. 17,000) from previously loaded muscles was studied. In all cases except dextran the curve had three components, a rapid (A) component which could be equated with efflux from the extracellular space proper, a slow (C) component representing cellular solute and an intermediate (B) component. The distribution space for the B component was 8% of muscle volume in summer frogs and 12% in winter frogs and appeared to be equal for all compounds studied. We tested the hypothesis that the B component originated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 3. The C component was missing from the dextran curves. Both dextran and inulin entered the compartment of origin of the B component (compartment B) to the same extent as small molecules. 4. For all compounds studies, the efflux rate constant for the A component could be predicted from the diffusion coefficient. For the B component the efflux rate constant was 6--10 times slower than that for the A component but was still proportional to the diffusion coefficient for the solute in question. 5. When Na and sucrose efflux from single fibres was followed, a B component was usually observed. The average distribution space for this component was small, averaging 1.5% of fibre volume. There was no difference between the average efflux rate constants for Na and sucrose. 6. In an appendix, the constraints placed on the properties of a hypothetical channel between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T-system by the linear electrical parameters of frog skeletal muscle are derived. It is shown that the conductance of such a channel must be less than 0.06 x 10(-3) mohs/cm2 of fibre membrane. 7. The conductance between compartment B and the extracellular space can be calculated from the efflux rate constants for Na, K and Cl. The value obtained was 5 x 10(-3) mhos/cm2 of fibre membrane or 100 times the limiting value for the conductance of the T-SR junction. 8. The finding that there is a B component in the efflux curves for large molecular weight substances like inulin and dextran and the small size of the B component in efflux curves from single muscle fibres indicate that the 'speical region' of the extra-cellular space of frog muscle is not the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This conclusion is confirmed by a calculation of the conductance between the B compartment and the extracellular space. The value obtained is incompatible with predicted electrical properteis of the SR-T-tubule junction...", "PMID": 313982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4280", "title": "Extracellular space of frog skeletal muscle in vivo and in vitro: relation to proton magnetic resonance relaxation times.", "content": "1. The Na and Cl distribution spaces of freshly isolated frog muscles are 16.7 and 12.6%, respectively. These values increase to 25.6 and 23.3%, respectively, on incubation. 2. The extracellular components of both Na and Cl efflux curves are significantly smaller in freshly isolated muscles (approximately 12%) than in incubated muscles (approximately 18%). The fast exchanging A component of the extracellular space is increased more by incubation than the more slowly exchanging B component. 3. The proton magnetic resonance (p.m.r.) transverse relaxation curve for the water of freshly isolated frog muscles did not show the long, slowly relaxing tail present in curves from muscles incubated in Ringer solution. 4. When muscles were incubated in hypertonic solutions the p.m.r. transverse relaxation curves could be resolved into three components whose sizes were consistent with the components present in the sodium and chloride efflux curves. The non-exponentiality of the p.m.r. transverse relaxation curve therfore appears to arise from water in both the A and B extracellular compartments of muscle. 5. Efflux analysis indicated that the cellular Na content of both freshly isolated and incubated frog muscle is similar to that predicted by others (Lev, 1964; Armstrong & Lee, 1971; Lee & Armstrong, 1974) from measurements of intracellular Na ion activity using Na-sensitive micro-electrodes. The remainder of the tissue Na was found in the more rapidly exchanging extracellular compartments. The results of these experiments are inconsistent with the presence of a substantial fraction of bound Na in frog muscle. 6. These experiments show that muscle extracellular space is smaller in vivo than in vitro. Efflux analysis is suggested as the most accurate method of assessing extra-cellular components.", "contents": "Extracellular space of frog skeletal muscle in vivo and in vitro: relation to proton magnetic resonance relaxation times. 1. The Na and Cl distribution spaces of freshly isolated frog muscles are 16.7 and 12.6%, respectively. These values increase to 25.6 and 23.3%, respectively, on incubation. 2. The extracellular components of both Na and Cl efflux curves are significantly smaller in freshly isolated muscles (approximately 12%) than in incubated muscles (approximately 18%). The fast exchanging A component of the extracellular space is increased more by incubation than the more slowly exchanging B component. 3. The proton magnetic resonance (p.m.r.) transverse relaxation curve for the water of freshly isolated frog muscles did not show the long, slowly relaxing tail present in curves from muscles incubated in Ringer solution. 4. When muscles were incubated in hypertonic solutions the p.m.r. transverse relaxation curves could be resolved into three components whose sizes were consistent with the components present in the sodium and chloride efflux curves. The non-exponentiality of the p.m.r. transverse relaxation curve therfore appears to arise from water in both the A and B extracellular compartments of muscle. 5. Efflux analysis indicated that the cellular Na content of both freshly isolated and incubated frog muscle is similar to that predicted by others (Lev, 1964; Armstrong & Lee, 1971; Lee & Armstrong, 1974) from measurements of intracellular Na ion activity using Na-sensitive micro-electrodes. The remainder of the tissue Na was found in the more rapidly exchanging extracellular compartments. The results of these experiments are inconsistent with the presence of a substantial fraction of bound Na in frog muscle. 6. These experiments show that muscle extracellular space is smaller in vivo than in vitro. Efflux analysis is suggested as the most accurate method of assessing extra-cellular components.", "PMID": 313983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4281", "title": "Lack of uniformity in colour matching.", "content": "1. The fraction of red in a red--green mixture matched to yellow increased as the intensities of the match constituents were increased sufficiently to bleach appreciable chlorolabe and erythrolabe. 2. All changes in matching found for a given normal trichromat, (i) with increase in the intensities of the matching components, (ii) as a function of time after the onset of very intense components, (iii) with change in the pupil region through which light enters the eye, and (iv) with change in the region of the retina under test, are consistent with the assumption that matching depends upon the absorption of light in three kinds of (individually colour blind) cones, each with its own visual pigment, provided that the lambda max densities of the latter can vary in the range 0.25--1.0 (common logarithmic units) depending upon the subject. 3. Individual differences in matching among normal (as well as among both varieties of red--green anomalous) trichromats, on the other hand, suggest that the extinction spectra of the cone pigments sensitive to long and medium wave lengths may differ from one trichromat to the next.", "contents": "Lack of uniformity in colour matching. 1. The fraction of red in a red--green mixture matched to yellow increased as the intensities of the match constituents were increased sufficiently to bleach appreciable chlorolabe and erythrolabe. 2. All changes in matching found for a given normal trichromat, (i) with increase in the intensities of the matching components, (ii) as a function of time after the onset of very intense components, (iii) with change in the pupil region through which light enters the eye, and (iv) with change in the region of the retina under test, are consistent with the assumption that matching depends upon the absorption of light in three kinds of (individually colour blind) cones, each with its own visual pigment, provided that the lambda max densities of the latter can vary in the range 0.25--1.0 (common logarithmic units) depending upon the subject. 3. Individual differences in matching among normal (as well as among both varieties of red--green anomalous) trichromats, on the other hand, suggest that the extinction spectra of the cone pigments sensitive to long and medium wave lengths may differ from one trichromat to the next.", "PMID": 313984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4282", "title": "Effects of nerve impulses on threshold of frog sciatic nerve fibres.", "content": "1. The firing thresholds of single myelinated fibres of frog sciatic nerves were monitored as a function of impulse activity in the fibre. The threshold was given by the number of coulombs in current pulses that excited a particular fibre half the time when delivered to the whole nerve. Threshold was tracked by a device that incrementally decreased the number of coulombs in the current pulse whenever the fibre responded and increased the pulse if it did not respond. 2. There was a pattern to the after-oscillations of threshold following activity. The fibres were briefly refractory, transiently superexcitable for about 1-1.5 sec and then entered a phase of raised threshold or 'depression' that lasted for many minutes. 3. Activity produced little change in the threshold curve during the refractory period. Strong depressions following prolonged activity prevented the threshold from returning to the base-line level within the time associated with the refractory period for the same fibre at rest. 4. After an impulse, superexcitability reached a maximum within 7-20 msec. This peak was larger as the number of impulses in a preceding burst increased and as the intervals between the impulses became briefer. Each successive impulse of a burst contributed less to the growth of superexcitability, and after the burst had 6-10 impulses additional impulses contributed nothing. 5. The depression phase was marked by the interaction between build-up, which depended on the activity rate, and recovery, which required as long as an hour or more for the threshold to be completely restored to resting level. These two mechanisms, one causing build-up and the other recovery, led to formation of dynamic equilibria. The threshold level at equilibrium increased monotonically with the activity rate. 6. The processes associated with superexcitability interact with those producing depression. In active fibres showing raised thresholds, impulses are followed by a relative superexcitability that persists for at least as long as an absolute superexcitability (with threshold below the resting level) can be measured in the same fibre at rest. 7. The duration of the superexcitable phase interpreted as a relative change in excitability was roughly the same regardless of the level of depression. 8. The magnitude of the oscillation in threshold was give to ten times larger than the grey region (the range of stimuli for which response is probabilistic). It is concluded that at regions of low conduction safety such as axonal branches, where weak forces can influence whether an impulse will pass, such pronounced and long-lasting after-effects of firing can be expected to modulate conduction of nerve impulses.", "contents": "Effects of nerve impulses on threshold of frog sciatic nerve fibres. 1. The firing thresholds of single myelinated fibres of frog sciatic nerves were monitored as a function of impulse activity in the fibre. The threshold was given by the number of coulombs in current pulses that excited a particular fibre half the time when delivered to the whole nerve. Threshold was tracked by a device that incrementally decreased the number of coulombs in the current pulse whenever the fibre responded and increased the pulse if it did not respond. 2. There was a pattern to the after-oscillations of threshold following activity. The fibres were briefly refractory, transiently superexcitable for about 1-1.5 sec and then entered a phase of raised threshold or 'depression' that lasted for many minutes. 3. Activity produced little change in the threshold curve during the refractory period. Strong depressions following prolonged activity prevented the threshold from returning to the base-line level within the time associated with the refractory period for the same fibre at rest. 4. After an impulse, superexcitability reached a maximum within 7-20 msec. This peak was larger as the number of impulses in a preceding burst increased and as the intervals between the impulses became briefer. Each successive impulse of a burst contributed less to the growth of superexcitability, and after the burst had 6-10 impulses additional impulses contributed nothing. 5. The depression phase was marked by the interaction between build-up, which depended on the activity rate, and recovery, which required as long as an hour or more for the threshold to be completely restored to resting level. These two mechanisms, one causing build-up and the other recovery, led to formation of dynamic equilibria. The threshold level at equilibrium increased monotonically with the activity rate. 6. The processes associated with superexcitability interact with those producing depression. In active fibres showing raised thresholds, impulses are followed by a relative superexcitability that persists for at least as long as an absolute superexcitability (with threshold below the resting level) can be measured in the same fibre at rest. 7. The duration of the superexcitable phase interpreted as a relative change in excitability was roughly the same regardless of the level of depression. 8. The magnitude of the oscillation in threshold was give to ten times larger than the grey region (the range of stimuli for which response is probabilistic). It is concluded that at regions of low conduction safety such as axonal branches, where weak forces can influence whether an impulse will pass, such pronounced and long-lasting after-effects of firing can be expected to modulate conduction of nerve impulses.", "PMID": 313985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4283", "title": "Interpretation of light diffraction by cross-striated muscle as Bragg reflexion of light by the lattice of contractile proteins.", "content": "1. The diffraction spectrum obtained by illuminating a cross-striated muscle fibre with a narrow beam of monochromatic light generally shows asymmetry of light intensity between left and right spectral lines. 2. The asymmetry of light intensity in left and right spectral lines is reversed when the fibre is rotated by 180 degrees. This indicates that intensities of the spectral lines are determined more by Bragg reflexion than by simple diffraction as in a plane grating. Populations of myofibrils with differing tilt of lattice planes must exist in each illuminated fibre segment to account for simultaneous Bragg reflexion to the left- and right-hand sides. 3. The light intensity of spectral lines shows a complicated dependence on the angle at which the incident beam is directed against the fibre. This 'intensity distribution' seems to reflect the specific myofibrillar arrangement at the site of illumination. 4. The intensity distributions of the left and right first order lines show close correlation if the deflexion of the incident beam differs by twice the Bragg angle. 5. The deflexion angle of the incident beam at which maximum intensity in spectral lines is obtained depends on sarcomere length as predicted by Bragg's formula. 6. Intensities of the first and second order lines are little correlated when recorded at the same beam deflexion, but are well correlated when recorded at beam deflexions calculated from Bragg's formula. 7. When a diffraction line is scanned perpendicularly to the meridional plane, the light intensity shows fluctuations resembling those obtained by beam deflexion within the meridional plane.", "contents": "Interpretation of light diffraction by cross-striated muscle as Bragg reflexion of light by the lattice of contractile proteins. 1. The diffraction spectrum obtained by illuminating a cross-striated muscle fibre with a narrow beam of monochromatic light generally shows asymmetry of light intensity between left and right spectral lines. 2. The asymmetry of light intensity in left and right spectral lines is reversed when the fibre is rotated by 180 degrees. This indicates that intensities of the spectral lines are determined more by Bragg reflexion than by simple diffraction as in a plane grating. Populations of myofibrils with differing tilt of lattice planes must exist in each illuminated fibre segment to account for simultaneous Bragg reflexion to the left- and right-hand sides. 3. The light intensity of spectral lines shows a complicated dependence on the angle at which the incident beam is directed against the fibre. This 'intensity distribution' seems to reflect the specific myofibrillar arrangement at the site of illumination. 4. The intensity distributions of the left and right first order lines show close correlation if the deflexion of the incident beam differs by twice the Bragg angle. 5. The deflexion angle of the incident beam at which maximum intensity in spectral lines is obtained depends on sarcomere length as predicted by Bragg's formula. 6. Intensities of the first and second order lines are little correlated when recorded at the same beam deflexion, but are well correlated when recorded at beam deflexions calculated from Bragg's formula. 7. When a diffraction line is scanned perpendicularly to the meridional plane, the light intensity shows fluctuations resembling those obtained by beam deflexion within the meridional plane.", "PMID": 313986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4284", "title": "Serotoninergic control of MSH secretion in the eel. Ultrastructural study after 5-hydroxytryptophan treatment.", "content": "Injection of 5-HTP induces a melanodisperson ; MSH cells are markedly stimulated :hormone synthesis (development of Golgi area and endoplasmic reticulum) and release (reduction of secretory granules) are observed. This stimulatory serotoninergic pathway seems antagonistic to the dopaminergic system that inhibits MSH secretion in the eel.", "contents": "Serotoninergic control of MSH secretion in the eel. Ultrastructural study after 5-hydroxytryptophan treatment. Injection of 5-HTP induces a melanodisperson ; MSH cells are markedly stimulated :hormone synthesis (development of Golgi area and endoplasmic reticulum) and release (reduction of secretory granules) are observed. This stimulatory serotoninergic pathway seems antagonistic to the dopaminergic system that inhibits MSH secretion in the eel.", "PMID": 313988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4285", "title": "Properties of an unusual genetic element in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "A strain of Staphylococcus aureus (M7) contains a transmissible element determining production of penicillinase, and resistance to cadmium ions, neomycin, streptomycin and kanamycin (CPNS). This element was transferred either in toto or in fragments at low frequency from strain M7. The fragment (NS) possesses features typical of chromosomal genes and the fragment (CP), like (CPNS) itself, exhibits plasmid features. The element (CPNS) is transferred in mixed culture at high frequency, up to 10(-3), between other strains of staphylococci. Lysogenisation of the recipient increases the frequency of transfer. The frequency of transduction of (CPNS), (CP) and (NS) from cell-free lysates corresponds well with the transfer frequency of each of these elements in mixed culture. A possible mechanism for the evolution of (CPNS) is discussed.", "contents": "Properties of an unusual genetic element in Staphylococcus aureus. A strain of Staphylococcus aureus (M7) contains a transmissible element determining production of penicillinase, and resistance to cadmium ions, neomycin, streptomycin and kanamycin (CPNS). This element was transferred either in toto or in fragments at low frequency from strain M7. The fragment (NS) possesses features typical of chromosomal genes and the fragment (CP), like (CPNS) itself, exhibits plasmid features. The element (CPNS) is transferred in mixed culture at high frequency, up to 10(-3), between other strains of staphylococci. Lysogenisation of the recipient increases the frequency of transfer. The frequency of transduction of (CPNS), (CP) and (NS) from cell-free lysates corresponds well with the transfer frequency of each of these elements in mixed culture. A possible mechanism for the evolution of (CPNS) is discussed.", "PMID": 313990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4286", "title": "Laboratory criteria for a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other connective tissue diseases were surveyed for the presence of antibodies to normal DNA, antibodies to a ribonuclease-insensitive acidic nuclear protein, and immune deposits in normal skin. While 80% of patients with SLE had abnormal values for at least two of these three tests, none of the patients with other connective tissue diseases had more than one abnormal value. The presence of RBC autoantibodies was found along with one of the other abnormal laboratory tests in 76% of patients with SLE, including 14% of patients not found to have two abnormal tests. None of the other patients tested had RBC autoantibodies. These findings suggest that a set of laboratory tests can be constructed as criteria for a diagnosis of SLE that would be as specific as the presently employed American Rheumatism Association criteria.", "contents": "Laboratory criteria for a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other connective tissue diseases were surveyed for the presence of antibodies to normal DNA, antibodies to a ribonuclease-insensitive acidic nuclear protein, and immune deposits in normal skin. While 80% of patients with SLE had abnormal values for at least two of these three tests, none of the patients with other connective tissue diseases had more than one abnormal value. The presence of RBC autoantibodies was found along with one of the other abnormal laboratory tests in 76% of patients with SLE, including 14% of patients not found to have two abnormal tests. None of the other patients tested had RBC autoantibodies. These findings suggest that a set of laboratory tests can be constructed as criteria for a diagnosis of SLE that would be as specific as the presently employed American Rheumatism Association criteria.", "PMID": 314005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4287", "title": "[Degradation of ampicillin by urine of patients with complicated urinary tract infections and its protective effect of dicloxacillin (author's transl)].", "content": "In vitro enzymatic degradation rate of ampicillin (AB-PC) in urine of patients with complicated urinary tract infection and its protective effect of dicloxacillin (MDI-PC) was studied using a specific fluorometric assay for aminobenzylpenicilloic acid (AB-PA), which is converted from AB-PC by bacterial beta-lactamase. The results showed that average degradation rate of AB-PC in the urine of 10 patients were 12.2%, 21.5%, 34.3% and 48.2% at 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively. While MDI-PC prevented the enzymatic transformation of AB-PC in such urinary samples and the average degradation rates at 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes were considerably reduced to 7.7%, 12.2%, 21.6% and 32.8%, respectively. In vivo urinary excretion rate of AB-PA was compared between a total of 5 patients and 4 healthy volunteers after oral administration of 250 mg AB-PC. It was found that the patients excreted 9.1%, 10.7% and 12.7% of total dose at 0 approximately to 2 hours, 2 approximately to 4 hours, 4 approximately to 6 hours, respectively, while the average excretion rates in healthy volunteers were 1.54%, 2.88% and 7.94%, respectively. In 4 patients cross-over administration study, the combined dose of AB-PC and MDI-PC has been proved to clearly decrease the urinary excretion rate of AB-PA in 2 cases, but there was no significant difference in the average rate between the single and the combined dose.", "contents": "[Degradation of ampicillin by urine of patients with complicated urinary tract infections and its protective effect of dicloxacillin (author's transl)]. In vitro enzymatic degradation rate of ampicillin (AB-PC) in urine of patients with complicated urinary tract infection and its protective effect of dicloxacillin (MDI-PC) was studied using a specific fluorometric assay for aminobenzylpenicilloic acid (AB-PA), which is converted from AB-PC by bacterial beta-lactamase. The results showed that average degradation rate of AB-PC in the urine of 10 patients were 12.2%, 21.5%, 34.3% and 48.2% at 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively. While MDI-PC prevented the enzymatic transformation of AB-PC in such urinary samples and the average degradation rates at 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes were considerably reduced to 7.7%, 12.2%, 21.6% and 32.8%, respectively. In vivo urinary excretion rate of AB-PA was compared between a total of 5 patients and 4 healthy volunteers after oral administration of 250 mg AB-PC. It was found that the patients excreted 9.1%, 10.7% and 12.7% of total dose at 0 approximately to 2 hours, 2 approximately to 4 hours, 4 approximately to 6 hours, respectively, while the average excretion rates in healthy volunteers were 1.54%, 2.88% and 7.94%, respectively. In 4 patients cross-over administration study, the combined dose of AB-PC and MDI-PC has been proved to clearly decrease the urinary excretion rate of AB-PA in 2 cases, but there was no significant difference in the average rate between the single and the combined dose.", "PMID": 314007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4288", "title": "The inhibitory effect of T-2 toxin on tolerance induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice.", "content": "Mice injected intravenously with 1 X 10(9) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) showed no delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to SRBC and were unresponsive to DTH induction by sc injection of an optimal dose of SRBC. However, when treated with T-2 toxin, a mycotoxin, 2 days after the iv injection, mice became to show significant DTH response and to be responsive to the DTH induction by the sc injection. When the spleen cells of the mice receiving the iv injection were transferred to unsensitized syngeneic recipients, the DTH response of the recipients to SRBC was suppressed. However, the suppressor activity of the spleen cells was decreased by T-2 toxin treatment. By the iv injection, cell population of the spleen was increased and that of the thymus decreased. In contrast, by T-2 toxin treatment 2 days after the iv injection, cell population of the spleen was not increased and that of the thymus was markedly decreased. The ratio of theta-bearing cells was increased in the spleen by the iv injection. However, such increase was not observed after the T-2 toxin treatment. The ratio of Ig-bearing cells in the spleen was not changed by the iv injection and the T-2 toxin treatment after the iv injection. T-2 toxin seems to interfere with generation of suppressor cells for the DTH response.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of T-2 toxin on tolerance induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. Mice injected intravenously with 1 X 10(9) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) showed no delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to SRBC and were unresponsive to DTH induction by sc injection of an optimal dose of SRBC. However, when treated with T-2 toxin, a mycotoxin, 2 days after the iv injection, mice became to show significant DTH response and to be responsive to the DTH induction by the sc injection. When the spleen cells of the mice receiving the iv injection were transferred to unsensitized syngeneic recipients, the DTH response of the recipients to SRBC was suppressed. However, the suppressor activity of the spleen cells was decreased by T-2 toxin treatment. By the iv injection, cell population of the spleen was increased and that of the thymus decreased. In contrast, by T-2 toxin treatment 2 days after the iv injection, cell population of the spleen was not increased and that of the thymus was markedly decreased. The ratio of theta-bearing cells was increased in the spleen by the iv injection. However, such increase was not observed after the T-2 toxin treatment. The ratio of Ig-bearing cells in the spleen was not changed by the iv injection and the T-2 toxin treatment after the iv injection. T-2 toxin seems to interfere with generation of suppressor cells for the DTH response.", "PMID": 314010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4289", "title": "Relationship between monocytosis and T-lmphocyte function in human cancer.", "content": "This study was designed to: 1) determine the relative number of monocytes in mononuclear cell suspensions derived from the peripheral blood of cancer patients and 2) ascertain if any relationship existed between the numbers of monocytes in those cell suspensions and T-lymphocyte function. Monocytes were quantitated by morphology verified by phagocytosis of antibody-coated erythrocytes. A significant difference (P less than or equal to 0.01) existed between the number of monocytes in suspensions from normal individuals (26.2 +/- 4.3) and cancer patients (38.0 +/- 13.4). The cancer patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) those who exhibited normal in vitro T-cell responses to phytohemagglutinin and 2) those in whom responses were significantly suppressed. The mean number of monocytes in suspensions from the cancer patient group with normal responses was 29 +/- 9, whereas that from the cancer patients with suppressed responses was 47 +/- 11, a highly significant difference (P less than or equal to 0.01). Therefore, the study demonstrated two things: 1) Mononuclear cell suspensions derived from cancer patients exhibited significant monocytosis relative to those from normal individuals and 2) a strong correlation existed between monocytosis and suppressed T-lymphocyte function in vitro.", "contents": "Relationship between monocytosis and T-lmphocyte function in human cancer. This study was designed to: 1) determine the relative number of monocytes in mononuclear cell suspensions derived from the peripheral blood of cancer patients and 2) ascertain if any relationship existed between the numbers of monocytes in those cell suspensions and T-lymphocyte function. Monocytes were quantitated by morphology verified by phagocytosis of antibody-coated erythrocytes. A significant difference (P less than or equal to 0.01) existed between the number of monocytes in suspensions from normal individuals (26.2 +/- 4.3) and cancer patients (38.0 +/- 13.4). The cancer patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) those who exhibited normal in vitro T-cell responses to phytohemagglutinin and 2) those in whom responses were significantly suppressed. The mean number of monocytes in suspensions from the cancer patient group with normal responses was 29 +/- 9, whereas that from the cancer patients with suppressed responses was 47 +/- 11, a highly significant difference (P less than or equal to 0.01). Therefore, the study demonstrated two things: 1) Mononuclear cell suspensions derived from cancer patients exhibited significant monocytosis relative to those from normal individuals and 2) a strong correlation existed between monocytosis and suppressed T-lymphocyte function in vitro.", "PMID": 314014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4290", "title": "Human autologous rosettes. II. Prognostic significance of variations in autologous rosette-forming cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients.", "content": "The distribution of autologous rosette-forming cells (A-RFC) was determined in 55 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy adult donors and 407 samples from 112 cancer patients. The mean percentage and absolute number of A-RFC were significantly reduced in the cancer patients compared to the healthy adult donors. These values for A-RFC were even more significantly reduced in patients with cancer relapse than in patients with complete remission of cancer. Thus diminution of this pertinent subset of T-lymphocytes has interesting clinical value by its being closely related to an adverse prognosis.", "contents": "Human autologous rosettes. II. Prognostic significance of variations in autologous rosette-forming cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. The distribution of autologous rosette-forming cells (A-RFC) was determined in 55 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy adult donors and 407 samples from 112 cancer patients. The mean percentage and absolute number of A-RFC were significantly reduced in the cancer patients compared to the healthy adult donors. These values for A-RFC were even more significantly reduced in patients with cancer relapse than in patients with complete remission of cancer. Thus diminution of this pertinent subset of T-lymphocytes has interesting clinical value by its being closely related to an adverse prognosis.", "PMID": 314015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4291", "title": "Quantitation of human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen in established hematopoietic cell lines by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A competitive radioimmunoassay for a saline-soluble human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen (HThy-L) was applied for quantitation of this antigen in leukemia and normal hematopoietic cell lines. Highly increased quantities of HThy-L were detected in all T-cell leukemia lines tested, regardless of the presence or absence of receptors for sheep erythrocytes. This elevated level of HThy-L in combination with high terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and adenosine deaminase activities and the presence of a T-lymphocyte-specific surface antigen appear to represent stable phenotypic characteristics of T-cell lines. Most normal B-cell lines had low quantities of HTy-L. The level of HThy-L was slightly elevated in a considerable number of lymphoma B-cell lines and in all non-T, non-B leukemia cell lines tested. No relationship existed between quantities of HThy-L and an expression of different surface immunoglobulin isotypes in B-cell lines. Low quantities of HThy-L were detected in leukemia myeloid and myeloma cell lines as well as in B-cell leukemia lines originating from patients with B-cells acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Apparently, the increased quantities of HThy-L in T-cell leukemia lines may be related to certain stages of T-cell differentiation at which leukemia cell transformation occurs.", "contents": "Quantitation of human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen in established hematopoietic cell lines by radioimmunoassay. A competitive radioimmunoassay for a saline-soluble human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen (HThy-L) was applied for quantitation of this antigen in leukemia and normal hematopoietic cell lines. Highly increased quantities of HThy-L were detected in all T-cell leukemia lines tested, regardless of the presence or absence of receptors for sheep erythrocytes. This elevated level of HThy-L in combination with high terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and adenosine deaminase activities and the presence of a T-lymphocyte-specific surface antigen appear to represent stable phenotypic characteristics of T-cell lines. Most normal B-cell lines had low quantities of HTy-L. The level of HThy-L was slightly elevated in a considerable number of lymphoma B-cell lines and in all non-T, non-B leukemia cell lines tested. No relationship existed between quantities of HThy-L and an expression of different surface immunoglobulin isotypes in B-cell lines. Low quantities of HThy-L were detected in leukemia myeloid and myeloma cell lines as well as in B-cell leukemia lines originating from patients with B-cells acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Apparently, the increased quantities of HThy-L in T-cell leukemia lines may be related to certain stages of T-cell differentiation at which leukemia cell transformation occurs.", "PMID": 314016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4292", "title": "[D-penicillamin-induced IgA-deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "A 6 year old girl developed IgA-deficiency following treatment for chronic hepatitis with D-penicillamine. 4 months after discontinuation of the drug serum IgA and the number of circulating B-lymphocytes were still markedly reduced, in addition secretory IgA was diminished relative to secretory IgM. D-penicillamine should be used only if absolutely necessary and during treatment frequent monitoring of immunoglobulin levels becomes mandatory.", "contents": "[D-penicillamin-induced IgA-deficiency (author's transl)]. A 6 year old girl developed IgA-deficiency following treatment for chronic hepatitis with D-penicillamine. 4 months after discontinuation of the drug serum IgA and the number of circulating B-lymphocytes were still markedly reduced, in addition secretory IgA was diminished relative to secretory IgM. D-penicillamine should be used only if absolutely necessary and during treatment frequent monitoring of immunoglobulin levels becomes mandatory.", "PMID": 314018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4293", "title": "A standardized estimator of the prevalence of alcoholism based on mortality data.", "content": "Death rates from alcohol-related causes correlated with over-all mortality and reflected general health conditions and demographic characteristics as well as the prevalence of alcoholism.", "contents": "A standardized estimator of the prevalence of alcoholism based on mortality data. Death rates from alcohol-related causes correlated with over-all mortality and reflected general health conditions and demographic characteristics as well as the prevalence of alcoholism.", "PMID": 314021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4294", "title": "Surgical treatment of left main and left main equivalent coronary artery disease.", "content": "There is a tendency to equate left main (LM) and left main equivalent (LME) coronary artery disease in terms of the surgical risk and benefit. Eighty-seven patients with LM disease were compared to 78 patients with LME disease as to operative mortality rate and long-term benefits. One hundred percent follow-up was obtained. Although the two groups were similar preoperatively with regard to age, sex, and ventricular function, the operative results in the two groups differed. There was a significantly higher operative mortality rate in the LM group of patients (12.6% versus 2.5%). However, the incidence of graft patency and relief of symptoms was lower in the LME group of patients. The late mortality rate was 4% in both groups. LME disease appears to represent a subgroup of patients with three-vessel disease and cannot be equated with LM disease.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of left main and left main equivalent coronary artery disease. There is a tendency to equate left main (LM) and left main equivalent (LME) coronary artery disease in terms of the surgical risk and benefit. Eighty-seven patients with LM disease were compared to 78 patients with LME disease as to operative mortality rate and long-term benefits. One hundred percent follow-up was obtained. Although the two groups were similar preoperatively with regard to age, sex, and ventricular function, the operative results in the two groups differed. There was a significantly higher operative mortality rate in the LM group of patients (12.6% versus 2.5%). However, the incidence of graft patency and relief of symptoms was lower in the LME group of patients. The late mortality rate was 4% in both groups. LME disease appears to represent a subgroup of patients with three-vessel disease and cannot be equated with LM disease.", "PMID": 314023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4295", "title": "Detection of human B cells and chronic myelocytic leukemic cells by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and fresh human sera.", "content": "A new method of detecting the C3b receptor is reported. A particular merit of this method is that anti-RBC rabbit antiserum is not required. Rosettes were formed with human B lymphocytes, B lymphoblasts and granulocytes, using sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) sensitized with fresh human serum (FHS). T lymphocytes and T lymphoblasts did not form rosettes. The percentage of cells forming rosettes with this method approximated the percentage of rosettes formed with EACm. However, FHS coated SRBC did not react with most cells of B cell type chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), whereas EACm rosette formations showed a definite reaction. On the other hand, 34--58% of cells of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) bound with the indicator red cells. SRBC sensitized with fresh rabbit or guinea pig serum formed rosettes with PBL, tonsil cells, B lymphoblasts and granulocytes. Complement and IgM antibody were required for this reaction, as in EAC rosette formation.", "contents": "Detection of human B cells and chronic myelocytic leukemic cells by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and fresh human sera. A new method of detecting the C3b receptor is reported. A particular merit of this method is that anti-RBC rabbit antiserum is not required. Rosettes were formed with human B lymphocytes, B lymphoblasts and granulocytes, using sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) sensitized with fresh human serum (FHS). T lymphocytes and T lymphoblasts did not form rosettes. The percentage of cells forming rosettes with this method approximated the percentage of rosettes formed with EACm. However, FHS coated SRBC did not react with most cells of B cell type chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), whereas EACm rosette formations showed a definite reaction. On the other hand, 34--58% of cells of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) bound with the indicator red cells. SRBC sensitized with fresh rabbit or guinea pig serum formed rosettes with PBL, tonsil cells, B lymphoblasts and granulocytes. Complement and IgM antibody were required for this reaction, as in EAC rosette formation.", "PMID": 314033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4296", "title": "Evaluation of a state-wide neonatal screening programme.", "content": "A screening programme which was already established to detect phenylketonuria in the newborn period in South Australia was extended to include screening for galactosaemia, homocystinuria, hereditary tyrosinaemia, histidinaemia, maple syrup urine disease and severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency for a trial period. Later, screening for hypothyroidism was introduced. Results suggest that screening for galactosaemia and hypothyroidism are useful additions to the programme. Screening for trrosinaemia and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency produced a high number of requests for repeat samples, causing anxiety and no positive benefit to patients. Homocystinuria, an eminently treatable condition, was not detected, nor was maple syrup urine disease, a much less readily treatable condition. Histidinaemia was detected only once. Screening for tyrosinaemia, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, maple syrup urine disease and histidinaemia has been discontinued. Newborn screening in South Australia currently includes tests for phenylketonuria, hypothydroidism, galactosaemia and homocystinuria.", "contents": "Evaluation of a state-wide neonatal screening programme. A screening programme which was already established to detect phenylketonuria in the newborn period in South Australia was extended to include screening for galactosaemia, homocystinuria, hereditary tyrosinaemia, histidinaemia, maple syrup urine disease and severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency for a trial period. Later, screening for hypothyroidism was introduced. Results suggest that screening for galactosaemia and hypothyroidism are useful additions to the programme. Screening for trrosinaemia and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency produced a high number of requests for repeat samples, causing anxiety and no positive benefit to patients. Homocystinuria, an eminently treatable condition, was not detected, nor was maple syrup urine disease, a much less readily treatable condition. Histidinaemia was detected only once. Screening for tyrosinaemia, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, maple syrup urine disease and histidinaemia has been discontinued. Newborn screening in South Australia currently includes tests for phenylketonuria, hypothydroidism, galactosaemia and homocystinuria.", "PMID": 314036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4297", "title": "[Methods for the detection of antibodies to native (double stranded) DNA (author's transl)].", "content": "Three different methods adequate for routine work, i.e. hemagglutination, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay, were used in the past in our laboratory to detect antibodies to native (double stranded) DNA. There was a high incidence of false positive or false negative results by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Hemagglutination reaction was less sensitive in detecting anti-nDNA than was radioimmunoassay. Natural DNA preparations and a synthetic polynucleotide (3H-dAT) were used as antigenic substrates in radioimmunoassay providing well correlating binding values.", "contents": "[Methods for the detection of antibodies to native (double stranded) DNA (author's transl)]. Three different methods adequate for routine work, i.e. hemagglutination, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay, were used in the past in our laboratory to detect antibodies to native (double stranded) DNA. There was a high incidence of false positive or false negative results by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Hemagglutination reaction was less sensitive in detecting anti-nDNA than was radioimmunoassay. Natural DNA preparations and a synthetic polynucleotide (3H-dAT) were used as antigenic substrates in radioimmunoassay providing well correlating binding values.", "PMID": 314037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4298", "title": "[The PABA-peptide test: a method in diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthetic peptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-amino-benzoic acid is selectively metabolized by chymotrypsin. Its derivates are excreted in urine and are taken as a measure of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The results of PABA-peptide test, of chymotrypsin activity and of the fat content of faeces were compared with each others in 25 patients suspicious to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The results correlate well. Because of the practicability the PABA-peptide test is suggested as an additional routine-method in diagnosis of pancreatic functions although it does not substitute any established method.", "contents": "[The PABA-peptide test: a method in diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (author's transl)]. The synthetic peptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-amino-benzoic acid is selectively metabolized by chymotrypsin. Its derivates are excreted in urine and are taken as a measure of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The results of PABA-peptide test, of chymotrypsin activity and of the fat content of faeces were compared with each others in 25 patients suspicious to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The results correlate well. Because of the practicability the PABA-peptide test is suggested as an additional routine-method in diagnosis of pancreatic functions although it does not substitute any established method.", "PMID": 314038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4299", "title": "[Gastrointestinal hemorrhage into the duct of Wirsung caused by chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 3 cases of gastrointestinal bleeding from the pancreas. In 2 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts and carcinoma of the pancreas a hemorrhage from the papilla Vateri due to a communication with the common pancreatic duct was observed endoscopically. In the third case a pancreatic pseudocyst had ruptured into the stomach. In the 2 cases with bleeding from the papilla routine gastroscopy with prograde optical fiberscope revealed blood in the duodenum, while the cause of bleeding could be established only with a side viewing duodenoscope.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal hemorrhage into the duct of Wirsung caused by chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas (author's transl)]. Report on 3 cases of gastrointestinal bleeding from the pancreas. In 2 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts and carcinoma of the pancreas a hemorrhage from the papilla Vateri due to a communication with the common pancreatic duct was observed endoscopically. In the third case a pancreatic pseudocyst had ruptured into the stomach. In the 2 cases with bleeding from the papilla routine gastroscopy with prograde optical fiberscope revealed blood in the duodenum, while the cause of bleeding could be established only with a side viewing duodenoscope.", "PMID": 314039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4300", "title": "Evaluation of overall toxicity of high-dosage methotrexate regimens.", "content": "The occurrence of overall toxicity was analyzed for 43 patients with osteosarcoma who received 349 high-dosage courses of methotrexate (HD-MTX) with citrovorum factor (Leukovorin) \"rescue\" (CF). The dosages of HD-MTX ranged from 50 to 350 mg/kg. Overall toxicity was assessed on the basis of five manifestations of toxicity: stomatitis, dermatitis, myelosuppression, liver dysfunction, and kidney function abnormalities. The great majority (91.4%) of the infusions were well tolerated, but 8.6% were associated with moderate or severe toxicity. Stomatitis and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) changes were the most frequent postinfusion findings. Three patients died from causes related to MTX toxicity. Dose, age, sex, and number of prior infusions were investigated by logistic regression analysis for prognostic effect on frequency of moderate to severe overall toxicity. Age and number of prior infusions had significant (P less than 0.06) effects on overall toxicity. Patients older than 15 years with greater than 10 prior infusions constituted the \"high risk\" group with a risk of moderate to severe toxicity 6.3 times that of the younger patients with fewer than 10 infusions.", "contents": "Evaluation of overall toxicity of high-dosage methotrexate regimens. The occurrence of overall toxicity was analyzed for 43 patients with osteosarcoma who received 349 high-dosage courses of methotrexate (HD-MTX) with citrovorum factor (Leukovorin) \"rescue\" (CF). The dosages of HD-MTX ranged from 50 to 350 mg/kg. Overall toxicity was assessed on the basis of five manifestations of toxicity: stomatitis, dermatitis, myelosuppression, liver dysfunction, and kidney function abnormalities. The great majority (91.4%) of the infusions were well tolerated, but 8.6% were associated with moderate or severe toxicity. Stomatitis and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) changes were the most frequent postinfusion findings. Three patients died from causes related to MTX toxicity. Dose, age, sex, and number of prior infusions were investigated by logistic regression analysis for prognostic effect on frequency of moderate to severe overall toxicity. Age and number of prior infusions had significant (P less than 0.06) effects on overall toxicity. Patients older than 15 years with greater than 10 prior infusions constituted the \"high risk\" group with a risk of moderate to severe toxicity 6.3 times that of the younger patients with fewer than 10 infusions.", "PMID": 314042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4301", "title": "Identification of two serum components regulating the expression of T-lymphocyte function in childhood myasthenia gravis.", "content": "We studied serums and cells from nine children with myasthenia gravis to determine whether there were alterations in the distribution or function of different T-lymphocyte subpopulations. The low numbers of E-rosette-forming T lymphocytes and their failure to respond to antigen by producing normal suppressor T cells were correlated with the presence of an IgG antibody directed toward the theophylline-sensitive T-cell subset; this activity could be blocked by d-tubocurarine. Incubation of normal T lymphocytes with serum from patients rendered the cells \"myasthenia-like\" when assayed for E-rosettes and for antigen-induced suppressor-cell function. A second, non-IgG factor found in patients' serums had activity like that of thymic hormone and induced T-cell maturation in normal bone marrow. This factor was not inhibited by d-tubocurarine; its activity was strongest in the two patients most severely affected, and it disappeared after thymectomy in both these patients. We conclude that in childhood myasthenia gravis there may be two independent serum factors; one an IgG antibody directed at a subset of T lymphocytes, blocked by d-tubocurarine and apparently unaffected by thymectomy, and the other a thymus factor that induces T-lymphocyte maturation.", "contents": "Identification of two serum components regulating the expression of T-lymphocyte function in childhood myasthenia gravis. We studied serums and cells from nine children with myasthenia gravis to determine whether there were alterations in the distribution or function of different T-lymphocyte subpopulations. The low numbers of E-rosette-forming T lymphocytes and their failure to respond to antigen by producing normal suppressor T cells were correlated with the presence of an IgG antibody directed toward the theophylline-sensitive T-cell subset; this activity could be blocked by d-tubocurarine. Incubation of normal T lymphocytes with serum from patients rendered the cells \"myasthenia-like\" when assayed for E-rosettes and for antigen-induced suppressor-cell function. A second, non-IgG factor found in patients' serums had activity like that of thymic hormone and induced T-cell maturation in normal bone marrow. This factor was not inhibited by d-tubocurarine; its activity was strongest in the two patients most severely affected, and it disappeared after thymectomy in both these patients. We conclude that in childhood myasthenia gravis there may be two independent serum factors; one an IgG antibody directed at a subset of T lymphocytes, blocked by d-tubocurarine and apparently unaffected by thymectomy, and the other a thymus factor that induces T-lymphocyte maturation.", "PMID": 314058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4302", "title": "Needle biopsy of intrancranial lesions guided by computerized tomography.", "content": "Biopsies can be performed directly with computerized tomography (CT) head scanners with some difficulty. The small scanning orifice does not allow enough room for needle placement; therefore, biopsy is difficult. In contrast, the scanning orifice of the CT body scanner is large enough to permit biopsies without hindrance. Over 300 CT-guided abdominal biopsy procedures have been performed at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. We are reporting the technique and the results of 14 CT-guided brain biopsies. There were no complications in the series and an accurate diagnosis was made for 13 of the 14 patients.", "contents": "Needle biopsy of intrancranial lesions guided by computerized tomography. Biopsies can be performed directly with computerized tomography (CT) head scanners with some difficulty. The small scanning orifice does not allow enough room for needle placement; therefore, biopsy is difficult. In contrast, the scanning orifice of the CT body scanner is large enough to permit biopsies without hindrance. Over 300 CT-guided abdominal biopsy procedures have been performed at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. We are reporting the technique and the results of 14 CT-guided brain biopsies. There were no complications in the series and an accurate diagnosis was made for 13 of the 14 patients.", "PMID": 314067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4303", "title": "[Evaluation of immunologic reaction of the body in patients with acute cerebrovascular diseases by means of the rosette test].", "content": "In 63 patients with brain ischaemia and 29 healthy subjects the rosette test was done and clinical observations were conducted parallelly. The percent of peripheral blood lymphocytes forming rosettes spontaneously was 53.7% in the group of patients, while in the control group it was 63.4%. The difference was statistically significant.", "contents": "[Evaluation of immunologic reaction of the body in patients with acute cerebrovascular diseases by means of the rosette test]. In 63 patients with brain ischaemia and 29 healthy subjects the rosette test was done and clinical observations were conducted parallelly. The percent of peripheral blood lymphocytes forming rosettes spontaneously was 53.7% in the group of patients, while in the control group it was 63.4%. The difference was statistically significant.", "PMID": 314063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4304", "title": "Bilateral interhemispheric subdural hematomas.", "content": "Interhemispheric subdural hematomas are rare. Bilateral interhemispheric subdural hematomas in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus were diagnosed by computerized tomographic (CT) scan after mild head trauma. The value of CT scanning, the clinical presentation and treatment, and a review of the literature are presented.", "contents": "Bilateral interhemispheric subdural hematomas. Interhemispheric subdural hematomas are rare. Bilateral interhemispheric subdural hematomas in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus were diagnosed by computerized tomographic (CT) scan after mild head trauma. The value of CT scanning, the clinical presentation and treatment, and a review of the literature are presented.", "PMID": 314068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4305", "title": "[Evaluation of certain leukocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "Using a mixed rosette technique the counts of lymphocytes forming rosettes E and EA and non-rosette-forming lymphocytes were determined in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in 15 multiple sclerosis patients and 17 controls. A rise was observed in the percent and absolute value of non-rosette-forming lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in these patients. Various immunological aspects of this fact in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Evaluation of certain leukocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis]. Using a mixed rosette technique the counts of lymphocytes forming rosettes E and EA and non-rosette-forming lymphocytes were determined in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in 15 multiple sclerosis patients and 17 controls. A rise was observed in the percent and absolute value of non-rosette-forming lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in these patients. Various immunological aspects of this fact in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are discussed.", "PMID": 314064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4306", "title": "[Selective arterial perfusion with antienzymes in experimental acute pancreatitis. Preliminary experience].", "content": "Authors analyze some results obtained treating, with selective arterial perfusion (using antienzymes), experimental acute pancreatitis in dogs (fifteen). The first dogs' group was used to perform several experimental acute pancreatitis; the second group was treated by selective arterial perfusion and was related to group of dogs treated by i.v. antienzymes drugs. Histological and biochemical data are discussed. The results obtained with arterial perfusion are preliminary referred as better than classic i.v. antienzymes drugs therapy.", "contents": "[Selective arterial perfusion with antienzymes in experimental acute pancreatitis. Preliminary experience]. Authors analyze some results obtained treating, with selective arterial perfusion (using antienzymes), experimental acute pancreatitis in dogs (fifteen). The first dogs' group was used to perform several experimental acute pancreatitis; the second group was treated by selective arterial perfusion and was related to group of dogs treated by i.v. antienzymes drugs. Histological and biochemical data are discussed. The results obtained with arterial perfusion are preliminary referred as better than classic i.v. antienzymes drugs therapy.", "PMID": 314071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4307", "title": "Ergotism with therapeutic doses of ergotamine tartrate.", "content": "Two cases of acute ergotism are described in patients taking therapeutic oral doses of ergotamine tartrate and concomitant triacetyloleandomycin. Both showed satisfactory response to infusion of sodium nitroprusside with normal perfusion being obtained in the affected limbs. The treatment of ergotism with sodium nitroprusside is reviewed and the apparent interaction of ergotamine and triacetyloleandomycin is discussed.", "contents": "Ergotism with therapeutic doses of ergotamine tartrate. Two cases of acute ergotism are described in patients taking therapeutic oral doses of ergotamine tartrate and concomitant triacetyloleandomycin. Both showed satisfactory response to infusion of sodium nitroprusside with normal perfusion being obtained in the affected limbs. The treatment of ergotism with sodium nitroprusside is reviewed and the apparent interaction of ergotamine and triacetyloleandomycin is discussed.", "PMID": 314074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4308", "title": "Uncontrollable postpartum bleeding: a new approach to hemostasis through angiographic arterial embolization.", "content": "A case of severe postpartum hemorrhage is reported. Three separate surgical procedures failed to reveal the source of bleeding, and standard surgical techniques, including bilateral ligation of the hypogastric arteries, were unsuccessful in producing hemostasis. However, angiography successfully identified the specific bleeding vessel, and transcatheter embolization with Gelfoam fragments quickly and effectively stopped the hemorrhage. The authors consider angiographic embolization to be an effective alternative approach to the control of pelvic hemorrhage and recommend that the technique be considered prior to surgical intervention.", "contents": "Uncontrollable postpartum bleeding: a new approach to hemostasis through angiographic arterial embolization. A case of severe postpartum hemorrhage is reported. Three separate surgical procedures failed to reveal the source of bleeding, and standard surgical techniques, including bilateral ligation of the hypogastric arteries, were unsuccessful in producing hemostasis. However, angiography successfully identified the specific bleeding vessel, and transcatheter embolization with Gelfoam fragments quickly and effectively stopped the hemorrhage. The authors consider angiographic embolization to be an effective alternative approach to the control of pelvic hemorrhage and recommend that the technique be considered prior to surgical intervention.", "PMID": 314075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4309", "title": "Studies on the use of membrane markers for the differential diagnosis of malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Lymphoid cells isolated from lymph nodes, spleen and the peripheral blood were examined using the rosette test with sheep erythrocytes (E), immunofluorescent staining of the surface immunoglobulins (SmIg) and the combined test (SmIg + E). The studies were performed on 48 patients with untreated non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 14 Hodgkin patients, 5 patients with lymphadenitis and on 132 controls. In the control group the following percentages of B-T lymphocytes were obtained: blood (n = 100); T-68 +/- 9, B-20 +/- 6, 0-11 +/- 7, BT-1 +/- 1, lymph nodes (n = 24): T-62 +/- 13, B-19 +/- 11, 0-18 +/- 8, BT-1 +/- 1, spleens (n = 8): T-45 +/- 9, B-33 +/- 9, 0-23 +/- 7, BT-1 +/- 1. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma lymph nodes a statistically significant increase of B and 'null' cells was noted in comparison to controls and to the Hodgkin lymphoma group. The characteristics of the Hodgkin nodes did not differ significantly from controls. After arranging the non-Hodgkin lymphomas according to the Kiel classification it was observed that the low-grade malignant lymphomas subtype most often an immunological 'B type' and 'mixed B/0' type was present whereas the high-grade malignant lymphoma group showed a distinct majority of 'null' cells. It was concluded that the surface  markers studied allow a differentiation in most cases between the non-Hodgkin lymphomas and other disorders of the lymphoid system. They are not sufficient to distinguish the subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphomas but do give interesting information about the more exact nature of the disorder.", "contents": "Studies on the use of membrane markers for the differential diagnosis of malignant lymphomas. Lymphoid cells isolated from lymph nodes, spleen and the peripheral blood were examined using the rosette test with sheep erythrocytes (E), immunofluorescent staining of the surface immunoglobulins (SmIg) and the combined test (SmIg + E). The studies were performed on 48 patients with untreated non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 14 Hodgkin patients, 5 patients with lymphadenitis and on 132 controls. In the control group the following percentages of B-T lymphocytes were obtained: blood (n = 100); T-68 +/- 9, B-20 +/- 6, 0-11 +/- 7, BT-1 +/- 1, lymph nodes (n = 24): T-62 +/- 13, B-19 +/- 11, 0-18 +/- 8, BT-1 +/- 1, spleens (n = 8): T-45 +/- 9, B-33 +/- 9, 0-23 +/- 7, BT-1 +/- 1. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma lymph nodes a statistically significant increase of B and 'null' cells was noted in comparison to controls and to the Hodgkin lymphoma group. The characteristics of the Hodgkin nodes did not differ significantly from controls. After arranging the non-Hodgkin lymphomas according to the Kiel classification it was observed that the low-grade malignant lymphomas subtype most often an immunological 'B type' and 'mixed B/0' type was present whereas the high-grade malignant lymphoma group showed a distinct majority of 'null' cells. It was concluded that the surface  markers studied allow a differentiation in most cases between the non-Hodgkin lymphomas and other disorders of the lymphoid system. They are not sufficient to distinguish the subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphomas but do give interesting information about the more exact nature of the disorder.", "PMID": 314078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4310", "title": "Colony-stimulating and colony-forming cells in peripheral blood as prognostic markers in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Colony-forming cells (CFC) and colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in peripheral blood cells have been studied before and repeatedly during treatment of 32 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. WBC obtained after Isopaque-dextran separation were cultured in vitro by a double-layer agar technique. Before treatment 19 patients out of 32 had CSA and all had CFC; both CSA and CFC were found in 19 patients. In follow-up studies during treatment, CSA was mainly unaffected during the leukopenic phase, while CFC were suppressed. No CFC were found at WBC counts below 1,000/mm3. This seems to imply that CFC are more sensitive to chemotherapy than colony-stimulating cells. 14 patients entered remission; all of them had CSA. 16 out of the 18 nonresponders lacked on or both types of cells. The presence of CSA and CFC in peripheral blood therefore appears to be a sign of favorable prognosis, while the absence of CSA and/or CFC implies lack of response to treatment. The conclusion from this study is that the presence of both CFC and CSA in peripheral WBC is a sign of a good prognosis. Absence of CFC and/or CSA in the initial sample indicates that the patient is unlikely to respond to conventional therapy with cytotoxic drugs. The presence or absence of CSA alone has a higher prognostic significance than the presence or absence of CFC.", "contents": "Colony-stimulating and colony-forming cells in peripheral blood as prognostic markers in acute myelogenous leukemia. Colony-forming cells (CFC) and colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in peripheral blood cells have been studied before and repeatedly during treatment of 32 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. WBC obtained after Isopaque-dextran separation were cultured in vitro by a double-layer agar technique. Before treatment 19 patients out of 32 had CSA and all had CFC; both CSA and CFC were found in 19 patients. In follow-up studies during treatment, CSA was mainly unaffected during the leukopenic phase, while CFC were suppressed. No CFC were found at WBC counts below 1,000/mm3. This seems to imply that CFC are more sensitive to chemotherapy than colony-stimulating cells. 14 patients entered remission; all of them had CSA. 16 out of the 18 nonresponders lacked on or both types of cells. The presence of CSA and CFC in peripheral blood therefore appears to be a sign of favorable prognosis, while the absence of CSA and/or CFC implies lack of response to treatment. The conclusion from this study is that the presence of both CFC and CSA in peripheral WBC is a sign of a good prognosis. Absence of CFC and/or CSA in the initial sample indicates that the patient is unlikely to respond to conventional therapy with cytotoxic drugs. The presence or absence of CSA alone has a higher prognostic significance than the presence or absence of CFC.", "PMID": 314079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4311", "title": "Corneal monosporiosis. A review and report of 1 case.", "content": "Reviewing the world literature and including some personal communications and our own case, we have found 14 cases of keratomycosis by Monosporium apiospermum or by its perfect state Petrillidium (Allescheria) boydii. A table with only the 12 well-documented observations was prepared.", "contents": "Corneal monosporiosis. A review and report of 1 case. Reviewing the world literature and including some personal communications and our own case, we have found 14 cases of keratomycosis by Monosporium apiospermum or by its perfect state Petrillidium (Allescheria) boydii. A table with only the 12 well-documented observations was prepared.", "PMID": 314080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4312", "title": "Meretoja syndrome. Lattice dystrophy of the cornea with hereditary generalized amyloidosis.", "content": "The clinical history as well as the general and ophthalmic pathology of a woman with the Meretoja type of hereditary systemic amyloidosis and lattice dystrophy of the cornea is described. Extraocularly, amyloid could be demonstrated in all the arterial walls, the peripheral nerves and in the glomeruli; intraocularly, amyloid was seen in the cornea and the sclera.", "contents": "Meretoja syndrome. Lattice dystrophy of the cornea with hereditary generalized amyloidosis. The clinical history as well as the general and ophthalmic pathology of a woman with the Meretoja type of hereditary systemic amyloidosis and lattice dystrophy of the cornea is described. Extraocularly, amyloid could be demonstrated in all the arterial walls, the peripheral nerves and in the glomeruli; intraocularly, amyloid was seen in the cornea and the sclera.", "PMID": 314081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4313", "title": "The management of dental extractions in cases of thrombasthenia complicated by the development of isoantibodies to donor platelets.", "content": "Two cases of thrombasthenia, a rare hereditary disorder of platelet function, are presented. The oral surgical and dental management of these cases is discussed in the light of the development of isoantibodies to transfused platelets in one of the cases and in another case encountered. The problems of obtaining donor platelets matched for platelet and HL-A antigens are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the use of local hemostatic measures and antifibrinolytic agents in the management of hemorrhage in this disorder and the avoidance of platelet transfusions as far as possible. Conservative dentistry and early preventive dental advice are considered desirable in order to avoid extractions.", "contents": "The management of dental extractions in cases of thrombasthenia complicated by the development of isoantibodies to donor platelets. Two cases of thrombasthenia, a rare hereditary disorder of platelet function, are presented. The oral surgical and dental management of these cases is discussed in the light of the development of isoantibodies to transfused platelets in one of the cases and in another case encountered. The problems of obtaining donor platelets matched for platelet and HL-A antigens are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the use of local hemostatic measures and antifibrinolytic agents in the management of hemorrhage in this disorder and the avoidance of platelet transfusions as far as possible. Conservative dentistry and early preventive dental advice are considered desirable in order to avoid extractions.", "PMID": 314082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4314", "title": "Meni\u00e8re's disease: morphological findings in eighth nerve and vestibular end organs.", "content": "37 patients with advanced Meni\u00e8re's disease were operated on by translabyrinthine 8th nerve neurectomy or middle fossa vestibular neurectomy. Cochlear and vestibular nerves, epithelia of the utricular macula and ampullar crista of horizontal canal were studied. All specimens were fairly well preserved and the microscopic studies suggested that there is no general deterioration of these structures even in long-standing, advanced Meni\u00e8re's disease, but some minor deviations from normal are present in individual cells.", "contents": "Meni\u00e8re's disease: morphological findings in eighth nerve and vestibular end organs. 37 patients with advanced Meni\u00e8re's disease were operated on by translabyrinthine 8th nerve neurectomy or middle fossa vestibular neurectomy. Cochlear and vestibular nerves, epithelia of the utricular macula and ampullar crista of horizontal canal were studied. All specimens were fairly well preserved and the microscopic studies suggested that there is no general deterioration of these structures even in long-standing, advanced Meni\u00e8re's disease, but some minor deviations from normal are present in individual cells.", "PMID": 314083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4315", "title": "Ventriculography with positive contrast medium in early infancy.", "content": "42 ventriculographies (PV) were carried out in infants between 10 days and 10 months of age using positive contrast medium. Indications, technique of PV and complications are discussed; PV is compared with CT and it is concluded that PV is a simple method of clarifying the causes of a macrocephalus in infancy without great technical effort and that the roles of CT and PV are valuable diagnostic modalities which are complementary.", "contents": "Ventriculography with positive contrast medium in early infancy. 42 ventriculographies (PV) were carried out in infants between 10 days and 10 months of age using positive contrast medium. Indications, technique of PV and complications are discussed; PV is compared with CT and it is concluded that PV is a simple method of clarifying the causes of a macrocephalus in infancy without great technical effort and that the roles of CT and PV are valuable diagnostic modalities which are complementary.", "PMID": 314089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4316", "title": "[Rubber band ligation. Ambulatory treatment of hemorroids (author's transl)].", "content": "The rubber ligation, ambulatory treatment of hemorroids due to J. Barron, consists in the strangulation of hemorroidal packs by an elastric ring, assuring the destruction by ischemic necrosis. Widely spread in France since 1968, the treatment forms the subject of a retrospective enquiry among 30 french proctologists, after ten years of experiment. It bears on 1074 patients and 4122 ligatures. The prolapsus disappeared in 60% of the cases and disminished in 32%. The hemorragies have stopped in 69% and these results go on beyond four years in 87% of the cases. Less heterogenous statistics and more precise indications would improve these results which, however, confirm the efficience of the treatment.", "contents": "[Rubber band ligation. Ambulatory treatment of hemorroids (author's transl)]. The rubber ligation, ambulatory treatment of hemorroids due to J. Barron, consists in the strangulation of hemorroidal packs by an elastric ring, assuring the destruction by ischemic necrosis. Widely spread in France since 1968, the treatment forms the subject of a retrospective enquiry among 30 french proctologists, after ten years of experiment. It bears on 1074 patients and 4122 ligatures. The prolapsus disappeared in 60% of the cases and disminished in 32%. The hemorragies have stopped in 69% and these results go on beyond four years in 87% of the cases. Less heterogenous statistics and more precise indications would improve these results which, however, confirm the efficience of the treatment.", "PMID": 314094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4317", "title": "[Prognostic value of delayed-hypersensitivity skin tests and rosette studies in acute non-lymphoid leukemias].", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to Tuberculin and Candidin were studied in 28 patients with non lymphoid acute leukemias. The reactions were found negative in most patients during blastic crises, whereas delayed skin reactions to Candidin were positive during remissions. The possible prognostic significance of the depressed delayed hypersensitivity response in such patients deserves further studies. Alterations of circulating T lymphocytes were observed, including low percentages of E and active E rosette-forming cells during blastic crises, and persisting low E and E active rosettes in some patients in remission; such abnormalities were less frequent in patients with remission of long duration. The percentages of EA and EAC rosettes-forming cells were found normal during blastic crises and remissions. In some patients in remission, lymphocytes were found to bind sheep erythrocytes either uncoated or coated with IgM antibodies, this penomenon which is not observed with normal lymphocytes may reveal persisting abnormalities of a yet undefined nature.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of delayed-hypersensitivity skin tests and rosette studies in acute non-lymphoid leukemias]. Delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to Tuberculin and Candidin were studied in 28 patients with non lymphoid acute leukemias. The reactions were found negative in most patients during blastic crises, whereas delayed skin reactions to Candidin were positive during remissions. The possible prognostic significance of the depressed delayed hypersensitivity response in such patients deserves further studies. Alterations of circulating T lymphocytes were observed, including low percentages of E and active E rosette-forming cells during blastic crises, and persisting low E and E active rosettes in some patients in remission; such abnormalities were less frequent in patients with remission of long duration. The percentages of EA and EAC rosettes-forming cells were found normal during blastic crises and remissions. In some patients in remission, lymphocytes were found to bind sheep erythrocytes either uncoated or coated with IgM antibodies, this penomenon which is not observed with normal lymphocytes may reveal persisting abnormalities of a yet undefined nature.", "PMID": 314098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4318", "title": "Cytochemical and ultrastructural characters of human peripheral blood lymphocytes according to their surface markers.", "content": "The human peripheral blood lymphocytes are characterized by different surface markers: The B lymphocytes by the EAC rosettes and surface immunoglobulin and the T lymphocytes by the E-rosettes. Each lymphoid population has been studied for cytochemical parameters (Acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase) by light microscopy and for ultrastructural characteristics by micromanipulation and immunoelectronmicroscopy. It has been shown that the studied enzymes are markers for T cells with high affinity for sheep red blood cells and that the separation of lymphocytes by the rosette techniques leads to homogenous cell populations at the ultrastructural level. A classification of peripheral lymphocytes according to their immunocytochemical profile is discussed.", "contents": "Cytochemical and ultrastructural characters of human peripheral blood lymphocytes according to their surface markers. The human peripheral blood lymphocytes are characterized by different surface markers: The B lymphocytes by the EAC rosettes and surface immunoglobulin and the T lymphocytes by the E-rosettes. Each lymphoid population has been studied for cytochemical parameters (Acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase) by light microscopy and for ultrastructural characteristics by micromanipulation and immunoelectronmicroscopy. It has been shown that the studied enzymes are markers for T cells with high affinity for sheep red blood cells and that the separation of lymphocytes by the rosette techniques leads to homogenous cell populations at the ultrastructural level. A classification of peripheral lymphocytes according to their immunocytochemical profile is discussed.", "PMID": 314099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4319", "title": "Heterogeneity of failure of visual acuity in Graves' disease.", "content": "The eye manifestations of Graves' disease are usually mild and self-limiting. Occasionally they follow a progressive course leading to visual loss and total blindness. The ocular manifestations bear no relationship to the metabolic state and may appear before, during or after onset of thyrotoxicosis. Characteristically they become evident at about the time of onset of hypermetabolism. Various factors responsible for the failure of visual acuity are discussed with case illustrations.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of failure of visual acuity in Graves' disease. The eye manifestations of Graves' disease are usually mild and self-limiting. Occasionally they follow a progressive course leading to visual loss and total blindness. The ocular manifestations bear no relationship to the metabolic state and may appear before, during or after onset of thyrotoxicosis. Characteristically they become evident at about the time of onset of hypermetabolism. Various factors responsible for the failure of visual acuity are discussed with case illustrations.", "PMID": 314108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4320", "title": "Research directions in psychiatric epidemiology.", "content": "A sufficient number of studies of geographically defined populations have now been done so as to make it clear that when all the various kinds of mental illnesses are lumped together, the total prevalence rates commonly amount to 20% or more. These findings imply major challenges to theory, policy, administration, and practice in the health field, and point to a need for vastly more information and understanding. This article sketches some of the directions such investigations might take.", "contents": "Research directions in psychiatric epidemiology. A sufficient number of studies of geographically defined populations have now been done so as to make it clear that when all the various kinds of mental illnesses are lumped together, the total prevalence rates commonly amount to 20% or more. These findings imply major challenges to theory, policy, administration, and practice in the health field, and point to a need for vastly more information and understanding. This article sketches some of the directions such investigations might take.", "PMID": 314118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4321", "title": "[Effect of estrogens on the development of the leukocyte migration inhibition reaction in vitro in malignant neoplasms].", "content": "Effect of estron and estradiol hormones on the blood leukocyte migration inhibition test was studied in vitro. Blood autoplasm and water-salt extracts from the gastric tumour tissue were used as antigens. Marked inhibition of the blood leukocyte migration was noted in the majority of oncological patients in the presence of homologous tumour antigens or blood autoplasm. The effect of leukocyte migration inhibition was eliminated if leukocytes were preliminary incubated with estrogens, and then washed, or if the hormones were introduced into the medium together with the autoplasm or with the extracts from the tumour homologous tissue. It is suggested that estrogens block the antigen receptors on T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Effect of estrogens on the development of the leukocyte migration inhibition reaction in vitro in malignant neoplasms]. Effect of estron and estradiol hormones on the blood leukocyte migration inhibition test was studied in vitro. Blood autoplasm and water-salt extracts from the gastric tumour tissue were used as antigens. Marked inhibition of the blood leukocyte migration was noted in the majority of oncological patients in the presence of homologous tumour antigens or blood autoplasm. The effect of leukocyte migration inhibition was eliminated if leukocytes were preliminary incubated with estrogens, and then washed, or if the hormones were introduced into the medium together with the autoplasm or with the extracts from the tumour homologous tissue. It is suggested that estrogens block the antigen receptors on T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 314113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4322", "title": "Brief group therapy in myocardial infarction rehabilitation: three- to four-year follow-up of a controlled trial.", "content": "A trial of brief group therapy as part of a rehabilitation program for postmyocardial infarction (MI) patients was carried out. Forty-four patients surviving their first MI were randomly allocated to either group therapy or control group status and were followed over 4 years. An additional group of 17 patients were referred for post-MI group therapy sessions after the termination of the controlled experiment and were followed for 3 years. Patients who received group therapy had significantly less follow-up coronary morbidity and mortality, and returned to work at significant higher percentages than control patients. Although neither group therapy nor control group patients meaningfully altered conventional coronary risk factors, group therapy patients (in the controlled trial) successfully altered selected coronary-prone behaviors. Educational information regarding the physiological and psychological aspects of coronary heart disease, presented in the group therapy sessions, was forgotten over follow-up. It is concluded that the supportive aspects of the group therapy experience played the most important role in determining the rehabilitation advantages seen for treatment patients.", "contents": "Brief group therapy in myocardial infarction rehabilitation: three- to four-year follow-up of a controlled trial. A trial of brief group therapy as part of a rehabilitation program for postmyocardial infarction (MI) patients was carried out. Forty-four patients surviving their first MI were randomly allocated to either group therapy or control group status and were followed over 4 years. An additional group of 17 patients were referred for post-MI group therapy sessions after the termination of the controlled experiment and were followed for 3 years. Patients who received group therapy had significantly less follow-up coronary morbidity and mortality, and returned to work at significant higher percentages than control patients. Although neither group therapy nor control group patients meaningfully altered conventional coronary risk factors, group therapy patients (in the controlled trial) successfully altered selected coronary-prone behaviors. Educational information regarding the physiological and psychological aspects of coronary heart disease, presented in the group therapy sessions, was forgotten over follow-up. It is concluded that the supportive aspects of the group therapy experience played the most important role in determining the rehabilitation advantages seen for treatment patients.", "PMID": 314119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4323", "title": "Transcatheter therapy in angiography: indications, techniques, and illustrations.", "content": "This paper reports the history, methods,and indications currently accepted for transcatheter management of two distinct pathologic states. Reported are numerous cases from available literature and five cases from our own experience, supported by illustrations from angiography performed in this institution. It is hoped that the technologist has gained an understanding of the indications and methods for performing transcatheter therapies and that the growing interest in this adaptation of radiologic capabilities will serve to enhance the technologist's scope of operation as a member of the health-care team. The future of diagnostic angiography cannot be predicted, pending full evaluation and implementation of the rapid advances in other diagnostic modalities. The future of transcatheter therapeutic measures, however, appears worthy of continued vigorous investigation.", "contents": "Transcatheter therapy in angiography: indications, techniques, and illustrations. This paper reports the history, methods,and indications currently accepted for transcatheter management of two distinct pathologic states. Reported are numerous cases from available literature and five cases from our own experience, supported by illustrations from angiography performed in this institution. It is hoped that the technologist has gained an understanding of the indications and methods for performing transcatheter therapies and that the growing interest in this adaptation of radiologic capabilities will serve to enhance the technologist's scope of operation as a member of the health-care team. The future of diagnostic angiography cannot be predicted, pending full evaluation and implementation of the rapid advances in other diagnostic modalities. The future of transcatheter therapeutic measures, however, appears worthy of continued vigorous investigation.", "PMID": 314122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4324", "title": "Haematological correlates of phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation in horses.", "content": "The purpose of these investigations was to assemble and compare data which might illustrate a functional relationship between phytohaemagglutinin-induced transformation of equine lymphocytes in vitro and the haematological profiles of the lymphocyte donors. Statistically significant correlation between transformation and a haematological parameter was taken as evidence that both may be part of a common regulatory system. There was no evidence that transformation in vitro was affected by artefactual variation in the cellular composition of the cultures. Transformational behaviour of lymphocytes in autologous plasma showed significant correlation with donors' total leucocyte, neutrophil and T cell count. Different batches of donor plasma varied in ability to support the transformation and this ability was found to correlate significantly with the total leucocyte, eosinophil, lymphocyte and T cell count of the original blood. It is concluded that previously reported variation in transformation ratios of normal equine lymphocytes is attributable to regulatory mechanisms affecting circulating blood as a whole and that helminth parasitism may be among the primary causal agents which modify the mechanism.", "contents": "Haematological correlates of phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation in horses. The purpose of these investigations was to assemble and compare data which might illustrate a functional relationship between phytohaemagglutinin-induced transformation of equine lymphocytes in vitro and the haematological profiles of the lymphocyte donors. Statistically significant correlation between transformation and a haematological parameter was taken as evidence that both may be part of a common regulatory system. There was no evidence that transformation in vitro was affected by artefactual variation in the cellular composition of the cultures. Transformational behaviour of lymphocytes in autologous plasma showed significant correlation with donors' total leucocyte, neutrophil and T cell count. Different batches of donor plasma varied in ability to support the transformation and this ability was found to correlate significantly with the total leucocyte, eosinophil, lymphocyte and T cell count of the original blood. It is concluded that previously reported variation in transformation ratios of normal equine lymphocytes is attributable to regulatory mechanisms affecting circulating blood as a whole and that helminth parasitism may be among the primary causal agents which modify the mechanism.", "PMID": 314138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4325", "title": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: genetic, clinical and functional correlations in a three generation family.", "content": "alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) deficiency is a hereditary condition transmitted as an autosomal codominant trait. Fully deficient homozygotes develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at an early age. It remains controversial whether heterozygotes develop some degree of airway disease at an early age which results in severe obstructive disease later in life. We studied 12 alpha1-AT-deficient members of a family spanning three generations by extensive pulmonary function tests, clinical history and genetic determinations. 3 of the subjects were homozygotes and showed important clinical and lung function abnormalities by the age of 30. Two out of 9 heterozygotes, a female and a male, had decreased dynamic compliance, elevated closing volume and low PaO2. 3 showed clinical and physiological abnormalities (elevation in functional residual capacity and residual volume, low FEV1/FVC and elevated closing volume); however, these alterations could be attributed to their smoking habits or concomitant medical condition. The remaining 4 subjects were normal. None of the heterozygotes showed alterations in the static elastic recoil of the lung or static compliance.", "contents": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: genetic, clinical and functional correlations in a three generation family. alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) deficiency is a hereditary condition transmitted as an autosomal codominant trait. Fully deficient homozygotes develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at an early age. It remains controversial whether heterozygotes develop some degree of airway disease at an early age which results in severe obstructive disease later in life. We studied 12 alpha1-AT-deficient members of a family spanning three generations by extensive pulmonary function tests, clinical history and genetic determinations. 3 of the subjects were homozygotes and showed important clinical and lung function abnormalities by the age of 30. Two out of 9 heterozygotes, a female and a male, had decreased dynamic compliance, elevated closing volume and low PaO2. 3 showed clinical and physiological abnormalities (elevation in functional residual capacity and residual volume, low FEV1/FVC and elevated closing volume); however, these alterations could be attributed to their smoking habits or concomitant medical condition. The remaining 4 subjects were normal. None of the heterozygotes showed alterations in the static elastic recoil of the lung or static compliance.", "PMID": 314139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4326", "title": "[Scintigraphic characteristics of coxopathies: etiologic importance].", "content": "Morphological and quantitative studies of the uptake of diphosphonates labelled with technetium 99m were done on 179 pathological hips : 106 aseptic osteonecroses of the femoral head, including 20 at an early stage, 11 algodystrophias (transitory osteoporoses of the hip), 20 coxarthrosis, 16 cases of Paget's disease, 12 isolated malignant lesions of the femoral neck. The location, extent and intensity of the uptake are very variable and depend not only on the etiology of the lesions but also on their stage of evolution. Bone scintigraphy provides, for numerous pathological hips, pieces of information which complete the results of the clinical, radiological and biological study, with which it should always be compared. It can shed light on the etiologic diagnosis of a painful hip at the beginning of its evolution, before the appearance of rare x-ray signs, thanks to certain very precise characteristics of the labelling. This is the case for algdystrophias, osteonecroses, coxitis and strain fractures of the femoral neck.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic characteristics of coxopathies: etiologic importance]. Morphological and quantitative studies of the uptake of diphosphonates labelled with technetium 99m were done on 179 pathological hips : 106 aseptic osteonecroses of the femoral head, including 20 at an early stage, 11 algodystrophias (transitory osteoporoses of the hip), 20 coxarthrosis, 16 cases of Paget's disease, 12 isolated malignant lesions of the femoral neck. The location, extent and intensity of the uptake are very variable and depend not only on the etiology of the lesions but also on their stage of evolution. Bone scintigraphy provides, for numerous pathological hips, pieces of information which complete the results of the clinical, radiological and biological study, with which it should always be compared. It can shed light on the etiologic diagnosis of a painful hip at the beginning of its evolution, before the appearance of rare x-ray signs, thanks to certain very precise characteristics of the labelling. This is the case for algdystrophias, osteonecroses, coxitis and strain fractures of the femoral neck.", "PMID": 314152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4327", "title": "Acquired von Willebrand's syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome presenting with gastro-intestinal bleeding.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory findings in a patient with severe gastro-intestinal bleeding and the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are described. Coagulation studies and a lack of history of previous haemorrhage were consistent with a diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand's syndrome. His response to treatment with blood transfusion, Factor VIII, cimetidine, tranexamic acid and cyclophosphamide is described. Family studies revealed other members with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome but normal coagulation.", "contents": "Acquired von Willebrand's syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome presenting with gastro-intestinal bleeding. The clinical and laboratory findings in a patient with severe gastro-intestinal bleeding and the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are described. Coagulation studies and a lack of history of previous haemorrhage were consistent with a diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand's syndrome. His response to treatment with blood transfusion, Factor VIII, cimetidine, tranexamic acid and cyclophosphamide is described. Family studies revealed other members with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome but normal coagulation.", "PMID": 314153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4328", "title": "Cysticercosis of the fourth ventricle.", "content": "We have reported a case of a racemose cyst of the fourth ventricle. The clinical and histopathological particularities are described. Among the clinical details, special emphasis is given on the intermittent attacks of obstructive hydrocephalus. Among the microscopical data, the demonstration of both scolex containing crystalline formations and parasite body in a racemose cyst is stressed as the most important finding for the diagnosis of this tapeworm species.", "contents": "Cysticercosis of the fourth ventricle. We have reported a case of a racemose cyst of the fourth ventricle. The clinical and histopathological particularities are described. Among the clinical details, special emphasis is given on the intermittent attacks of obstructive hydrocephalus. Among the microscopical data, the demonstration of both scolex containing crystalline formations and parasite body in a racemose cyst is stressed as the most important finding for the diagnosis of this tapeworm species.", "PMID": 314154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4329", "title": "Prognostic significance of cardiopulmonary bypass time and postoperative serum enzyme levels in coronary surgery.", "content": "The serum activity concentrations of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) after coronary bypass operations are correlated with the duration of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and aortic cross-clamping (AC), and the kinetics of serum enzyme appearance in this situation differ from the findings in acute myocardial infarction, as shown in previous papers. In the present investigation, the functional significance of different levels of postoperative serum CK-MB activity was studied in 21 patients by clinical re-examination, including exercise test, after 18 months. The possible long-term effect of extended periods of ECC and AC was further evaluated in another series of 21 patients, with coronary angiography and heart catheterization performed before and one year after coronary surgery. It is concluded that if successful revascularization is achieved by operation, the duration of ECC and AC, and the magnitude of postoperative CK-MB release, appear to have no significance for future myocardial function.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of cardiopulmonary bypass time and postoperative serum enzyme levels in coronary surgery. The serum activity concentrations of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) after coronary bypass operations are correlated with the duration of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and aortic cross-clamping (AC), and the kinetics of serum enzyme appearance in this situation differ from the findings in acute myocardial infarction, as shown in previous papers. In the present investigation, the functional significance of different levels of postoperative serum CK-MB activity was studied in 21 patients by clinical re-examination, including exercise test, after 18 months. The possible long-term effect of extended periods of ECC and AC was further evaluated in another series of 21 patients, with coronary angiography and heart catheterization performed before and one year after coronary surgery. It is concluded that if successful revascularization is achieved by operation, the duration of ECC and AC, and the magnitude of postoperative CK-MB release, appear to have no significance for future myocardial function.", "PMID": 314155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4330", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic portal venography in the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal varices.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic portal venography is a relatively safe method of obtaining both physiologic and morphologic information in patients with portal hypertension. Precise \"road mapping\" is performed, as well as measurement of free portal pressure. Additionally, transcatheter obliteration of gastroesophageal varices may produce effective cessation of hemorrhage in patients bleeding from this site, as was done on an emergency basis after failure of intra-arterial vasopressin infusion.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic portal venography in the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal varices. Percutaneous transhepatic portal venography is a relatively safe method of obtaining both physiologic and morphologic information in patients with portal hypertension. Precise \"road mapping\" is performed, as well as measurement of free portal pressure. Additionally, transcatheter obliteration of gastroesophageal varices may produce effective cessation of hemorrhage in patients bleeding from this site, as was done on an emergency basis after failure of intra-arterial vasopressin infusion.", "PMID": 314159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4331", "title": "Resection of posterior ventricular aneurysm, replacement of mitral valve, and coronary bypass.", "content": "A 58-year-old man had sudden and progressive heart failure after a severe myocardial infarction. Aggressive medical treatment consisting of diuretics, vasopressors, and digitalis failed to improve his condition significantly. Cardiac catheterization disclosed a critical stenosis in the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery, a large posterior left ventricul aneurysm, and severe mitral insufficiency. Intermittent third degree heart block developed after admission. Surgical correction resulted in a dramatic recovery, and three years after operation he is fully recovered and asymptomatic.", "contents": "Resection of posterior ventricular aneurysm, replacement of mitral valve, and coronary bypass. A 58-year-old man had sudden and progressive heart failure after a severe myocardial infarction. Aggressive medical treatment consisting of diuretics, vasopressors, and digitalis failed to improve his condition significantly. Cardiac catheterization disclosed a critical stenosis in the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery, a large posterior left ventricul aneurysm, and severe mitral insufficiency. Intermittent third degree heart block developed after admission. Surgical correction resulted in a dramatic recovery, and three years after operation he is fully recovered and asymptomatic.", "PMID": 314160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4332", "title": "Multiple coronary bypass grafting: current mortality and morbidity.", "content": "Although coronary artery bypass surgery has become increasingly popular in recent years, recent critical reports have cast doubt on its efficacy in certain groups of patients. Our report reviews a recent experience with multiple coronary bypass grafting for triple vessel disease. From March 1976 to October 1978, 276 patients received from three to nine coronary bypass grafts. Combined procedures including valve replacement and ventricular aneurysmectomy are included. There were two operative deaths (30 days) for a 0.7% operative mortality. Eleven patients (4%) sustained a perioperative infarction. Other nonfatal operative complications are reviewed. The overall safety and low morbidity allow us to recommend coronary bypass surgery to certain controversial subsets of patients, ie, those with high-grade double and triple vessel disease with stable angina.", "contents": "Multiple coronary bypass grafting: current mortality and morbidity. Although coronary artery bypass surgery has become increasingly popular in recent years, recent critical reports have cast doubt on its efficacy in certain groups of patients. Our report reviews a recent experience with multiple coronary bypass grafting for triple vessel disease. From March 1976 to October 1978, 276 patients received from three to nine coronary bypass grafts. Combined procedures including valve replacement and ventricular aneurysmectomy are included. There were two operative deaths (30 days) for a 0.7% operative mortality. Eleven patients (4%) sustained a perioperative infarction. Other nonfatal operative complications are reviewed. The overall safety and low morbidity allow us to recommend coronary bypass surgery to certain controversial subsets of patients, ie, those with high-grade double and triple vessel disease with stable angina.", "PMID": 314161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4333", "title": "Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and status asthmaticus in a black teen-ager.", "content": "The rare occurrence of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in black Americans has led to the suggestion that routine screening of such subjects in needless. Our report of a black teen-ager with deficiency of this protease inhibitor in association with status asthmaticus suggests that at least relatively young black patients with otherwise unexplained chronic pulmonary disease should be tested for this defect.", "contents": "Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and status asthmaticus in a black teen-ager. The rare occurrence of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in black Americans has led to the suggestion that routine screening of such subjects in needless. Our report of a black teen-ager with deficiency of this protease inhibitor in association with status asthmaticus suggests that at least relatively young black patients with otherwise unexplained chronic pulmonary disease should be tested for this defect.", "PMID": 314162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4334", "title": "[Computer processing of genetic patient data].", "content": "A code form for genetic patient data has been devised for computer purposes. This form provides for the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of genetic diseases. A Hewlett-Packard 2100 computer is used for storage and retrieval of the data. Three programmes are currently in use for the retrieval of data, namely programme RETREV, for retrieval of individual patient records; programme STAT9A, for the classification of chromosome results of patients referred with similar clinical diagnoses; and programme STA12A, for classification of chromosome abnormalities and for correlation with the indication for referral and other data. The possibilities for expansion of the programmes are discussed.", "contents": "[Computer processing of genetic patient data]. A code form for genetic patient data has been devised for computer purposes. This form provides for the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of genetic diseases. A Hewlett-Packard 2100 computer is used for storage and retrieval of the data. Three programmes are currently in use for the retrieval of data, namely programme RETREV, for retrieval of individual patient records; programme STAT9A, for the classification of chromosome results of patients referred with similar clinical diagnoses; and programme STA12A, for classification of chromosome abnormalities and for correlation with the indication for referral and other data. The possibilities for expansion of the programmes are discussed.", "PMID": 314164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4335", "title": "Popliteal false aneurysm complicating osteochondroma. A case report.", "content": "A false aneurysm of the popliteal artery, caused by an exostosis in a patient with multiple exostoses, is described.", "contents": "Popliteal false aneurysm complicating osteochondroma. A case report. A false aneurysm of the popliteal artery, caused by an exostosis in a patient with multiple exostoses, is described.", "PMID": 314165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4336", "title": "Intestinal vascular malformations.", "content": "Eleven patients with intestinal vascular malformations (VMs), all diagnosed by angiography, are presented. Two of the VMs were incidental findings in patients treated for other problems; the other nine patients all presented with gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and all had resection of the portion of intestine containing the VM. None has rebled. The specimens from these nine patients revealed a variety of histological findings. One VM was the vasculature of small bowel leiomyoma. Three other specimens contained obvious VMs without associated findings, and one specimen contained no identifiable pathology. In the remaining four specimens, a variety of inflammatory conditions were found on histological study, including one case of Crohn's disease and another of ischemic colitis. In only one of these specimens did we identify the VM. None of these last four cases conforms to the degenerative lesions described by Boley and his colleagues. Therefore, we propose a fourth type of VM that is associated with or perhaps secondary to another disease of the intestine. We precisely localized one VM in the duodenum during operation with the Doppler ultrasonic flow detector, thus enabling us to limit the extent of the resection. We also propose the use of this technique for pinpointing the area where sections should be made for histological study.", "contents": "Intestinal vascular malformations. Eleven patients with intestinal vascular malformations (VMs), all diagnosed by angiography, are presented. Two of the VMs were incidental findings in patients treated for other problems; the other nine patients all presented with gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and all had resection of the portion of intestine containing the VM. None has rebled. The specimens from these nine patients revealed a variety of histological findings. One VM was the vasculature of small bowel leiomyoma. Three other specimens contained obvious VMs without associated findings, and one specimen contained no identifiable pathology. In the remaining four specimens, a variety of inflammatory conditions were found on histological study, including one case of Crohn's disease and another of ischemic colitis. In only one of these specimens did we identify the VM. None of these last four cases conforms to the degenerative lesions described by Boley and his colleagues. Therefore, we propose a fourth type of VM that is associated with or perhaps secondary to another disease of the intestine. We precisely localized one VM in the duodenum during operation with the Doppler ultrasonic flow detector, thus enabling us to limit the extent of the resection. We also propose the use of this technique for pinpointing the area where sections should be made for histological study.", "PMID": 314169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4337", "title": "Cholesterol turnover in hereditary crystalline corneal dystrophy of Schnyder.", "content": "A patient with hereditary crystalline corneal dystrophy of Schnyder required penetrating keratoplasty because of poor visual acuity. Blood cholesterol was labeled with 14C-cholesterol and 11 days later a penetrating keratoplasty was done. At the time of surgery, corneal levels of cholesterol were much higher than serum levels, showing that cornea is an active site for the uptake and storage of cholesterol in this disorder.", "contents": "Cholesterol turnover in hereditary crystalline corneal dystrophy of Schnyder. A patient with hereditary crystalline corneal dystrophy of Schnyder required penetrating keratoplasty because of poor visual acuity. Blood cholesterol was labeled with 14C-cholesterol and 11 days later a penetrating keratoplasty was done. At the time of surgery, corneal levels of cholesterol were much higher than serum levels, showing that cornea is an active site for the uptake and storage of cholesterol in this disorder.", "PMID": 314192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4338", "title": "Rosette formation by buffalo (Bos bubalis) T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "Buffalo (Bos bubalis) lymphocytes were purified and tested for their E and EAC rosette forming capacity as a marker for the detection of T and B cells, respectively. Sheep erythrocytes were found to form 17.7 per cent of E rosette with buffalo lymphocytes. This population of lymphocytes is believed to be T cell. Erythrocytes of guinea-pig, rabbit, hamster, rat, chicken, dog and donkey formed a lower percentage of rosettes. Five to 18.5 per cent of SRBC-EAC rosettes were detected with buffalo lymphocytes which are believed to be B cells.", "contents": "Rosette formation by buffalo (Bos bubalis) T and B lymphocytes. Buffalo (Bos bubalis) lymphocytes were purified and tested for their E and EAC rosette forming capacity as a marker for the detection of T and B cells, respectively. Sheep erythrocytes were found to form 17.7 per cent of E rosette with buffalo lymphocytes. This population of lymphocytes is believed to be T cell. Erythrocytes of guinea-pig, rabbit, hamster, rat, chicken, dog and donkey formed a lower percentage of rosettes. Five to 18.5 per cent of SRBC-EAC rosettes were detected with buffalo lymphocytes which are believed to be B cells.", "PMID": 314194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4339", "title": "[Synovial membrane permeability for plasma proteins and protein syntheses in rheumatic diseases].", "content": "1. The permeability of the synovial membrane for proteins is larger in rheumatoid arthritis than in osteoarthrosis, in rheumatoid arthritis with high CRP activity larger than in rheumatoid arthritis with low CRP activity. 2. The diffusion by the synovial membrane in most plasma proteins takes place depending on their molecular weight. Of the 14 proteins tested only haptoglobin and fibrinogen did not follow this regularity. 3. While the non-immune proteins proved in the synovial fluid only come from the blood plasma, the immune globulins IgG, IgA, and IgM as well as lysozyme are partly also locally synthetized and enriched in rheumatoid arthritis. In rheumatoid arthritis lysozyme is present in the synovia not only in free, but in most cases also in cell-bound form.", "contents": "[Synovial membrane permeability for plasma proteins and protein syntheses in rheumatic diseases]. 1. The permeability of the synovial membrane for proteins is larger in rheumatoid arthritis than in osteoarthrosis, in rheumatoid arthritis with high CRP activity larger than in rheumatoid arthritis with low CRP activity. 2. The diffusion by the synovial membrane in most plasma proteins takes place depending on their molecular weight. Of the 14 proteins tested only haptoglobin and fibrinogen did not follow this regularity. 3. While the non-immune proteins proved in the synovial fluid only come from the blood plasma, the immune globulins IgG, IgA, and IgM as well as lysozyme are partly also locally synthetized and enriched in rheumatoid arthritis. In rheumatoid arthritis lysozyme is present in the synovia not only in free, but in most cases also in cell-bound form.", "PMID": 314202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4340", "title": "[DNCB therapy of alopecia areata].", "content": "Long-term treatment of alopecia areata with dinitrochlorobenzene is effective. During the last two and a half years, 227 patients who suffered, in the majority of cases, from total or subtotal hair loss, were treated by this method. Unilateral application of DNCB induced unilateral regrowth of hair in 88% of these patients. Under continuous treatment of both sides of the head, this initial response was followed by complete regrowth of hair in 78%. The same result could be obtained by application of squaric acid dibutylester, another potent contact allergen. This indicates that the essential mechanism is contact allergy. Possibly, the regrowth of hair is due to the induction of local nonspecific immunosuppression.", "contents": "[DNCB therapy of alopecia areata]. Long-term treatment of alopecia areata with dinitrochlorobenzene is effective. During the last two and a half years, 227 patients who suffered, in the majority of cases, from total or subtotal hair loss, were treated by this method. Unilateral application of DNCB induced unilateral regrowth of hair in 88% of these patients. Under continuous treatment of both sides of the head, this initial response was followed by complete regrowth of hair in 78%. The same result could be obtained by application of squaric acid dibutylester, another potent contact allergen. This indicates that the essential mechanism is contact allergy. Possibly, the regrowth of hair is due to the induction of local nonspecific immunosuppression.", "PMID": 314203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4341", "title": "Rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes by lymphocytes from normal donors and patients with various diseases.", "content": "Rosette formation of human lymphoid cells with mouse erythrocytes has recently been proposed as a marker for a subpopulation of B lymphocytes. In this work we studied the percentage of mouse rosette forming cells (MRFC) in normal and pathological conditions and compared them to the percentage of sheep rosette forming cells (SRFC) a marker for T lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal donors contained 6.2 +/- 1.1% (mean +/- 1 S.D.) MRFC. High percentages of MRFC were found in CLL patients, and a slight increase was observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. MRFC were absent in Bruton's type agammaglobulinaemia, but were normally present in patients with T cell defects. Cryopreservation of lymphocytes in 10% DMSO did not significantly affect the mean percentages of SRFC and MRFC, though a slight increase of the former and a small reduction of the latter was observed. Double binding experiments on peripheral blood lymphocytes showed a predominant association of MRFC with cells staining for surface IgM and/or IgD. In all samples tested, we also observed a small population of MRFC negative for sIgM or sIgD and a few sIgM or sIgD positive cells that did not rosette with mouse erythrocytes.", "contents": "Rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes by lymphocytes from normal donors and patients with various diseases. Rosette formation of human lymphoid cells with mouse erythrocytes has recently been proposed as a marker for a subpopulation of B lymphocytes. In this work we studied the percentage of mouse rosette forming cells (MRFC) in normal and pathological conditions and compared them to the percentage of sheep rosette forming cells (SRFC) a marker for T lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal donors contained 6.2 +/- 1.1% (mean +/- 1 S.D.) MRFC. High percentages of MRFC were found in CLL patients, and a slight increase was observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. MRFC were absent in Bruton's type agammaglobulinaemia, but were normally present in patients with T cell defects. Cryopreservation of lymphocytes in 10% DMSO did not significantly affect the mean percentages of SRFC and MRFC, though a slight increase of the former and a small reduction of the latter was observed. Double binding experiments on peripheral blood lymphocytes showed a predominant association of MRFC with cells staining for surface IgM and/or IgD. In all samples tested, we also observed a small population of MRFC negative for sIgM or sIgD and a few sIgM or sIgD positive cells that did not rosette with mouse erythrocytes.", "PMID": 314205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4342", "title": "[Value of 201-thallium serial myocardial imaging in coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "There has been clinical evidence that a perfusion defect on a stress image fills in over time. The diagnostic value of initial and 120 min post exercise redistribution thallium-201 myocardial images (RMI) was determined in 120 pts. with suspected coronary heart disease (CAD), all of whom had coronary arteriography. Significant (greater than or equal to 75%) lesions were present in 88 pts. 30 pts. without CAD showed a normal tracer uptake immediately after exercise. Scintigrams taken 120 min after exercise revealed a decrease of 201-Tl concentration in every area of the myocardium. 80 pts. with CAD showed an area of decreased tracer uptake in the initial scans. 120 min RMI in 51 pts. revealed a segnificant increase (p greater than 0.01) of countrate time ratio in previous underperfused area. In 37 pts. persistent defects were present, in every case the defect correlated with the site of a myocardial infarction as determined by the finding of an akinetic area in the left ventricular angiogram. Thus RMI following a single dose of 201 Tl can differentiate between scar- and exercise-induced transient ischemia.", "contents": "[Value of 201-thallium serial myocardial imaging in coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. There has been clinical evidence that a perfusion defect on a stress image fills in over time. The diagnostic value of initial and 120 min post exercise redistribution thallium-201 myocardial images (RMI) was determined in 120 pts. with suspected coronary heart disease (CAD), all of whom had coronary arteriography. Significant (greater than or equal to 75%) lesions were present in 88 pts. 30 pts. without CAD showed a normal tracer uptake immediately after exercise. Scintigrams taken 120 min after exercise revealed a decrease of 201-Tl concentration in every area of the myocardium. 80 pts. with CAD showed an area of decreased tracer uptake in the initial scans. 120 min RMI in 51 pts. revealed a segnificant increase (p greater than 0.01) of countrate time ratio in previous underperfused area. In 37 pts. persistent defects were present, in every case the defect correlated with the site of a myocardial infarction as determined by the finding of an akinetic area in the left ventricular angiogram. Thus RMI following a single dose of 201 Tl can differentiate between scar- and exercise-induced transient ischemia.", "PMID": 314206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4343", "title": "[Role of T- and B-cells in immunologic memory and the prolonged production of antibodies in the body].", "content": "The role of T and B cells in the immunological memory and prolonged antibody production in mice was studied; for this purpose CBA mice were immunized with SRBC in doses of 1 X 10(6) or 1 X 10(9) cells, decapitated 21--25 days later, and their spleen cells were treated with T or B antiserum and transferred in a dose 7 x 10(7) cells to syngeneic recipients treated with cyclophosphamide for suppressing their immunity. The treatment of the donor spleen cells with T or B antiserum resulted in a considerable decrease in the hemagglutinin level, as well as in the number of IgM- and IgG-forming cells. The transfer of T and B cells, mixed in equal amounts, to syngeneic recipients restored the immunological memory of the animals; in those cases when the mixture had the prevalence of T cells the restoration of the immunological memory was even more pronounced. The donor spleen cells treated with T or B antiserum, when tested for their ability to produce IgM- and IgG-forming cells in vitro (prior to their transfer to the recipient), showed a decrease in the production of IgM-forming cells (68%) and IgG-forming cells (74%) only under the action of B antiserum, whereas T antiserum had no influence on the production of IgM- and IgG-forming cells in vitro.", "contents": "[Role of T- and B-cells in immunologic memory and the prolonged production of antibodies in the body]. The role of T and B cells in the immunological memory and prolonged antibody production in mice was studied; for this purpose CBA mice were immunized with SRBC in doses of 1 X 10(6) or 1 X 10(9) cells, decapitated 21--25 days later, and their spleen cells were treated with T or B antiserum and transferred in a dose 7 x 10(7) cells to syngeneic recipients treated with cyclophosphamide for suppressing their immunity. The treatment of the donor spleen cells with T or B antiserum resulted in a considerable decrease in the hemagglutinin level, as well as in the number of IgM- and IgG-forming cells. The transfer of T and B cells, mixed in equal amounts, to syngeneic recipients restored the immunological memory of the animals; in those cases when the mixture had the prevalence of T cells the restoration of the immunological memory was even more pronounced. The donor spleen cells treated with T or B antiserum, when tested for their ability to produce IgM- and IgG-forming cells in vitro (prior to their transfer to the recipient), showed a decrease in the production of IgM-forming cells (68%) and IgG-forming cells (74%) only under the action of B antiserum, whereas T antiserum had no influence on the production of IgM- and IgG-forming cells in vitro.", "PMID": 314212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4344", "title": "Changes in activity of the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis in the annual cycle in Rana temporaria.", "content": "In 70 sexually mature male and femal Rana temporaria frogs captured in natural habitat, mean nuclear volumes for the cells of the pars ependymalis and pars parenchymalis of the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) were determined in seven characteristic stages in life. The mean nuclear volume for the cells of the pars ependymalis and pars parenchymalis of the OVLT showed distinct annual fluctuation. Maximum nuclear volume of the cells in both investigated parts of the OVLT were observed during the breeding period (Ist decade of April), and minimum volume of the nuclei of the pars ependymalis at the beginning of hibernation (IIIrd decade of October), and in the pars parenchymalis near the end of active life (Ist decade of September).", "contents": "Changes in activity of the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis in the annual cycle in Rana temporaria. In 70 sexually mature male and femal Rana temporaria frogs captured in natural habitat, mean nuclear volumes for the cells of the pars ependymalis and pars parenchymalis of the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) were determined in seven characteristic stages in life. The mean nuclear volume for the cells of the pars ependymalis and pars parenchymalis of the OVLT showed distinct annual fluctuation. Maximum nuclear volume of the cells in both investigated parts of the OVLT were observed during the breeding period (Ist decade of April), and minimum volume of the nuclei of the pars ependymalis at the beginning of hibernation (IIIrd decade of October), and in the pars parenchymalis near the end of active life (Ist decade of September).", "PMID": 314213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4345", "title": "Electric field-induced polarization of photosynthetic membranes and reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, strain 1760-1.", "content": "Electric fields of 10(5) V/cm cause the polarization of chromatophore and reaction center films prepared from photosynthesizing purple bacteria. Photosynthetic pigments, and in particular carotenoids, the absorption spectra of which are changed in response to electric fields (electrochromism), may serve as intrinsic indicators of the development of a polarized state. Polarization occurs due to changes in the orientation and the spatial position of different charged groups and particles. The field-induced polarized state can be fixed by exposure to low temperature (-120 degrees C). On being heated, the system relaxes to the initial state and this can be seen as a thermodepolarization current in an electric circuit. The effects of hydration, chemical modification or heat treatment on thermodepolarization current indicate the involvement of macromolecular components in the formation of a polarized state. In light-adapted samples the polarization effect is markedly greater, indicating that conformational changes occur during the primary photoact. It is assumed that the polarization of the reaction centers during electron transfer might be involved in the stabilization of separated charges and in the storage of energy.", "contents": "Electric field-induced polarization of photosynthetic membranes and reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, strain 1760-1. Electric fields of 10(5) V/cm cause the polarization of chromatophore and reaction center films prepared from photosynthesizing purple bacteria. Photosynthetic pigments, and in particular carotenoids, the absorption spectra of which are changed in response to electric fields (electrochromism), may serve as intrinsic indicators of the development of a polarized state. Polarization occurs due to changes in the orientation and the spatial position of different charged groups and particles. The field-induced polarized state can be fixed by exposure to low temperature (-120 degrees C). On being heated, the system relaxes to the initial state and this can be seen as a thermodepolarization current in an electric circuit. The effects of hydration, chemical modification or heat treatment on thermodepolarization current indicate the involvement of macromolecular components in the formation of a polarized state. In light-adapted samples the polarization effect is markedly greater, indicating that conformational changes occur during the primary photoact. It is assumed that the polarization of the reaction centers during electron transfer might be involved in the stabilization of separated charges and in the storage of energy.", "PMID": 314216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4346", "title": "[Fatty aldehydes of the plasmalogenic form of phosphatidylethanolamine in the vertebrate brain].", "content": "Studies have been made on the composition of fatty aldehydes of plasmalogen form of ethanolamine phospholipid in the brain of 28 fish species (13 cartilaginous and 15 teleost species, exhibiting different level of organization of the nervous system, marine and freshwater, dwelling in different habitats), as well as in the brain of other vertebrates. It was found that in all primitive species of cartilaginous fish high degree of unsaturation of fatty aldehydes is observed; in higher species the degree of unsaturation is much lower. The highest degree of unsaturation of fatty aldehydes was demonstrated for abyssal species of cartilaginous and teleost fishes. In warm-water species which dwell in the upper layers, unlike all other fishes investigated, almost all fatty aldehydes are saturated. The ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty aldehydes in fish brain depends on the entity of phylogenetic and ecological factors. Studies on other vertebrates show that in warm-blooded animals saturated fatty aldehydes predominate, whereas in cold-blooded-unsaturated ones are more abundant.", "contents": "[Fatty aldehydes of the plasmalogenic form of phosphatidylethanolamine in the vertebrate brain]. Studies have been made on the composition of fatty aldehydes of plasmalogen form of ethanolamine phospholipid in the brain of 28 fish species (13 cartilaginous and 15 teleost species, exhibiting different level of organization of the nervous system, marine and freshwater, dwelling in different habitats), as well as in the brain of other vertebrates. It was found that in all primitive species of cartilaginous fish high degree of unsaturation of fatty aldehydes is observed; in higher species the degree of unsaturation is much lower. The highest degree of unsaturation of fatty aldehydes was demonstrated for abyssal species of cartilaginous and teleost fishes. In warm-water species which dwell in the upper layers, unlike all other fishes investigated, almost all fatty aldehydes are saturated. The ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty aldehydes in fish brain depends on the entity of phylogenetic and ecological factors. Studies on other vertebrates show that in warm-blooded animals saturated fatty aldehydes predominate, whereas in cold-blooded-unsaturated ones are more abundant.", "PMID": 314210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4347", "title": "Localization of Ca in muscles hindered in contraction by D2O.", "content": "Electron microscopic autoradiographic investigations have been made to study the localization of Ca in the muscle the contraction of which was broken by soak in 99.8 per cent heavy water. The distribution of autoradiographic grains, originating from Ca-45 ingested by previous incubation, above longitudinal sections of these muscles were compared to the distribution of grains above muscles not treated in heavy water. Considerable difference in grain density was found above the A- and I-bands of the two different kinds of muscle and above their sarcoplasmic reticulum. The investigations concerning the sarcoplasmic reticulum were completed by the study of distribution of autoradiographic grains above the transversal sections of these muscles.", "contents": "Localization of Ca in muscles hindered in contraction by D2O. Electron microscopic autoradiographic investigations have been made to study the localization of Ca in the muscle the contraction of which was broken by soak in 99.8 per cent heavy water. The distribution of autoradiographic grains, originating from Ca-45 ingested by previous incubation, above longitudinal sections of these muscles were compared to the distribution of grains above muscles not treated in heavy water. Considerable difference in grain density was found above the A- and I-bands of the two different kinds of muscle and above their sarcoplasmic reticulum. The investigations concerning the sarcoplasmic reticulum were completed by the study of distribution of autoradiographic grains above the transversal sections of these muscles.", "PMID": 314217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4348", "title": "Bound potassium in muscle.", "content": "Joining to the debate on \"bound\" or \"freely diffusible\" muscle potassium, which is still going on nowadays, direct current was perfused through couples of semimembranous and sartorius muscles of frog for 0.5 to 1 hour. It was done in normal, fresh condition on one muscle, and on the other after having it over-stimulated with ac of 110 V supposing that a part of K is immobilly bound in fresh muscles, but in the overtired muscles a part of K is released and becomes mobile. As mobile K+ migrates to the negative electrode, we could really find a difference between the behavior of the K+ content of fresh and over-stimulated muscles, in so far as there was much more K in the overstimulated muscle near the negative electrode than near the positive one, as compared with the K content of the corresponding parts of normal muscle.", "contents": "Bound potassium in muscle. Joining to the debate on \"bound\" or \"freely diffusible\" muscle potassium, which is still going on nowadays, direct current was perfused through couples of semimembranous and sartorius muscles of frog for 0.5 to 1 hour. It was done in normal, fresh condition on one muscle, and on the other after having it over-stimulated with ac of 110 V supposing that a part of K is immobilly bound in fresh muscles, but in the overtired muscles a part of K is released and becomes mobile. As mobile K+ migrates to the negative electrode, we could really find a difference between the behavior of the K+ content of fresh and over-stimulated muscles, in so far as there was much more K in the overstimulated muscle near the negative electrode than near the positive one, as compared with the K content of the corresponding parts of normal muscle.", "PMID": 314218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4349", "title": "Measles-adherent lymphocyte phenomenon of Levy in multiple sclerosis: normal reactivity of blood lymphocytes.", "content": "The measles-adherent phenomenon described by Levy in multiple sclerosis was investigated by studying the rosetting effect of blood lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls on chronically measles infected heteroploid Hela cells (Lu 106). No significant difference in rosetting was observed, irrespective if a lymphocyte/virus infected Lu cell ratio of 10/1 or 50/1 was used. Therefore, the test is not discriminative for multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Measles-adherent lymphocyte phenomenon of Levy in multiple sclerosis: normal reactivity of blood lymphocytes. The measles-adherent phenomenon described by Levy in multiple sclerosis was investigated by studying the rosetting effect of blood lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls on chronically measles infected heteroploid Hela cells (Lu 106). No significant difference in rosetting was observed, irrespective if a lymphocyte/virus infected Lu cell ratio of 10/1 or 50/1 was used. Therefore, the test is not discriminative for multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 314219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4350", "title": "[Changes in blood lymphocytes and their subpopulation in patients with myeloblastic leukemia treated with cytostatic agents].", "content": "Quantitative determinations of lymphocytas were done in the active period of the disease, immediately after treatment by the COAP schedule and during remission. In 6 patients the determinations were done several times during 20 weeks of maintenance treatment. It was found that independently of the stage of the disease the absolute lymphocyte count and the counts of B and T populations were low, while that of lymphocyte O population was raised. It was observed that the reduced count concerned all 4 subclasses of lymphocytes B, that is those with surface receptors for IgA, IgM, IgG and IgE immunoglobulins. In remission the values of lymphocytes and their T and B subpopulations increased, failing, however, to reach the normal values. This rise was more pronounced in the case of lymphocytes T. Lymphocyte depression in these patients is explained by the authors as due mainly to intensive cytostatic treatment.", "contents": "[Changes in blood lymphocytes and their subpopulation in patients with myeloblastic leukemia treated with cytostatic agents]. Quantitative determinations of lymphocytas were done in the active period of the disease, immediately after treatment by the COAP schedule and during remission. In 6 patients the determinations were done several times during 20 weeks of maintenance treatment. It was found that independently of the stage of the disease the absolute lymphocyte count and the counts of B and T populations were low, while that of lymphocyte O population was raised. It was observed that the reduced count concerned all 4 subclasses of lymphocytes B, that is those with surface receptors for IgA, IgM, IgG and IgE immunoglobulins. In remission the values of lymphocytes and their T and B subpopulations increased, failing, however, to reach the normal values. This rise was more pronounced in the case of lymphocytes T. Lymphocyte depression in these patients is explained by the authors as due mainly to intensive cytostatic treatment.", "PMID": 314215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4351", "title": "Screening of red-green defects of colour vision with pseudoisochromatic tests.", "content": "Fifty red-green defectives and 100 normal subjects were examined with the second edition of the Bostr\u00f6m-Kugelberg (BK II, 1972) series and the Ishihara complete edition (1976) of pseudoisochromatic plates. The results are related to those obtained with the first edition of the Bostr\u00f6m-Kugelberg test (BK I, 1944) and the Bostr\u00f6m test (II B, 1950) and to the classification of defects obtained with the Nagel anomaloscope. The 50 red-green defectives were originally selected by using a combination of the BK I and II B tests. The normal subjects also, passed this preliminary test, as well as an examination with the Nagel anomaloscope. In the final examinations performed under standardized conditions, three red-green defectives passed both the BK II and the BK I test, while eight defectives passed the Ishihara test. Combination of BK II or BK I test with the Ishihara test does not improve the result. Only one defective (a borderline case of protanomaly) passed the separate II B test. Normal subjects were not classified as colour defectives with any of the four pseudoisochromatic tests used. All normal subjects passed both the BK II and the Ishihara test. Classified as suspected red-green defectives (one misreading made in standardized conditions) were five normal subjects with the II B test and one normal subject with the BK I test. In the second edition of Bostr\u00f6m-Kugelberg series, the plates numbered 3, 5, 11, 16 and 18 are clearly less effective than respective plates of the first edition. Only the plates numbered 1 and 10 have markedly improved in the second edition. Red-green defectives made on average 0.54 misreadings per plate in the BK II test as compared with respective 0.62 in BK I, 0.69 in the Ishihara and 0.56 in the II B test.", "contents": "Screening of red-green defects of colour vision with pseudoisochromatic tests. Fifty red-green defectives and 100 normal subjects were examined with the second edition of the Bostr\u00f6m-Kugelberg (BK II, 1972) series and the Ishihara complete edition (1976) of pseudoisochromatic plates. The results are related to those obtained with the first edition of the Bostr\u00f6m-Kugelberg test (BK I, 1944) and the Bostr\u00f6m test (II B, 1950) and to the classification of defects obtained with the Nagel anomaloscope. The 50 red-green defectives were originally selected by using a combination of the BK I and II B tests. The normal subjects also, passed this preliminary test, as well as an examination with the Nagel anomaloscope. In the final examinations performed under standardized conditions, three red-green defectives passed both the BK II and the BK I test, while eight defectives passed the Ishihara test. Combination of BK II or BK I test with the Ishihara test does not improve the result. Only one defective (a borderline case of protanomaly) passed the separate II B test. Normal subjects were not classified as colour defectives with any of the four pseudoisochromatic tests used. All normal subjects passed both the BK II and the Ishihara test. Classified as suspected red-green defectives (one misreading made in standardized conditions) were five normal subjects with the II B test and one normal subject with the BK I test. In the second edition of Bostr\u00f6m-Kugelberg series, the plates numbered 3, 5, 11, 16 and 18 are clearly less effective than respective plates of the first edition. Only the plates numbered 1 and 10 have markedly improved in the second edition. Red-green defectives made on average 0.54 misreadings per plate in the BK II test as compared with respective 0.62 in BK I, 0.69 in the Ishihara and 0.56 in the II B test.", "PMID": 314220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4352", "title": "Vestibulospinal reflex activity in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Postural effects during caloric labyrinthine stimulation recorded by stabilometry.", "content": "Postural sway has been quantified with stabilometry during caloric labyrinthine stimulation in an erect posture in 49 patients, aged 10--16 years, with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Thirty-two healthy children of the same age constituted a control group. The scoliotic patients tended to have an increased postural sway during labyrinthine stimulation on the convex side compared to the effects on the concave side. Significant differences were observed when left and right scoliotic patients were compared with the controls. The results can be explained by an asymmetric sensitivity in the labyrinth or by a dysfunction in the postural control mechanisms at the brain stem level.", "contents": "Vestibulospinal reflex activity in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Postural effects during caloric labyrinthine stimulation recorded by stabilometry. Postural sway has been quantified with stabilometry during caloric labyrinthine stimulation in an erect posture in 49 patients, aged 10--16 years, with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Thirty-two healthy children of the same age constituted a control group. The scoliotic patients tended to have an increased postural sway during labyrinthine stimulation on the convex side compared to the effects on the concave side. Significant differences were observed when left and right scoliotic patients were compared with the controls. The results can be explained by an asymmetric sensitivity in the labyrinth or by a dysfunction in the postural control mechanisms at the brain stem level.", "PMID": 314221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4353", "title": "Vestibular unitary responses to visual stimulation in the rabbit.", "content": "Vestibular nucleus (VN) neurons, identified by sinusoidal rotation about the vertical axis, were tested for their response to moving visual field, and to electric stimulation on the optic chiasm (OX) and super colliculus (SC). Incremental responses during the rotation were inhibited by visual stimulus in cerebellectomized animals. Single-pulse stimulation applied to the OX was ineffective in producing a positive response in these neurons as well or in any other unit. Thus, such a visual pathway to VN must be located inside the brainstem and contains multi-synapses. Effects of repetitive stimulations (60 Hz) to OX and SC were more predominant in the cerebellectomized animal than in the intact animal. Cerebellar inhibitory control on visual-vestibular kinkage was suggested.", "contents": "Vestibular unitary responses to visual stimulation in the rabbit. Vestibular nucleus (VN) neurons, identified by sinusoidal rotation about the vertical axis, were tested for their response to moving visual field, and to electric stimulation on the optic chiasm (OX) and super colliculus (SC). Incremental responses during the rotation were inhibited by visual stimulus in cerebellectomized animals. Single-pulse stimulation applied to the OX was ineffective in producing a positive response in these neurons as well or in any other unit. Thus, such a visual pathway to VN must be located inside the brainstem and contains multi-synapses. Effects of repetitive stimulations (60 Hz) to OX and SC were more predominant in the cerebellectomized animal than in the intact animal. Cerebellar inhibitory control on visual-vestibular kinkage was suggested.", "PMID": 314222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4354", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations and development of immune functions in the newborn baby.", "content": "The distribution and dynamics of T, B and O cell populations were investigated in healthy term and preterm babies of 22-38 weeks gestational age, in relation to gestational age and birth weight, using the single slide method. Children 1-14 years old served as controls.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations and development of immune functions in the newborn baby. The distribution and dynamics of T, B and O cell populations were investigated in healthy term and preterm babies of 22-38 weeks gestational age, in relation to gestational age and birth weight, using the single slide method. Children 1-14 years old served as controls.", "PMID": 314223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4355", "title": "The influence of trichloroethylene and related drugs on the vestibular system.", "content": "A previously described experimental model for studying the effect of industrial solvents on the vestibular system of rabbits has been applied to trichloroethylene. Estimation of trichloroethylene and its metabolites in blood and cerebrospinal fluid was performed by gas chromatography. Vestibular function was studied by recording nystagmus, induced by positional changes or accelerated rotation. At blood levels of trichloroethylene above 30 p.p.m. \"positional nystagmus\" develops. Two metabolites of trichloroethylene, chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol, which are known as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, did not induce this abnormal nystagmus. However, alpha-chloralose, a derivative of chloral hydrate, induced positional nystagmus and also a markedly exaggerated nystagmus developed during rotatory acceleration. It is suggested that solvents like trichloroethylene elicit vestibular disturbances by stimulation of central subcortical vestibulo-oculomotor connections. The stimulation may be caused by a blockage of inhibitory systems.", "contents": "The influence of trichloroethylene and related drugs on the vestibular system. A previously described experimental model for studying the effect of industrial solvents on the vestibular system of rabbits has been applied to trichloroethylene. Estimation of trichloroethylene and its metabolites in blood and cerebrospinal fluid was performed by gas chromatography. Vestibular function was studied by recording nystagmus, induced by positional changes or accelerated rotation. At blood levels of trichloroethylene above 30 p.p.m. \"positional nystagmus\" develops. Two metabolites of trichloroethylene, chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol, which are known as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, did not induce this abnormal nystagmus. However, alpha-chloralose, a derivative of chloral hydrate, induced positional nystagmus and also a markedly exaggerated nystagmus developed during rotatory acceleration. It is suggested that solvents like trichloroethylene elicit vestibular disturbances by stimulation of central subcortical vestibulo-oculomotor connections. The stimulation may be caused by a blockage of inhibitory systems.", "PMID": 314225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4356", "title": "An experimental model of tryptic haemorrhagic enteropathy of the dog.", "content": "To study the enteropathy characteristics of the shock state of the dog a simple experimental model has been developed. The cranial mesenteric artery was perfused with 2 micrograms/kg/min norepinephrine for an hour via a diagnostic cardiac catheter inserted under fluoroscopic control. This caused a \"pharmacological occlusion\" of the artery by local alpha receptor stimulation, and tryptic haemorrhagic enteritis was produced without hypovolaemia or assay operative procedure.", "contents": "An experimental model of tryptic haemorrhagic enteropathy of the dog. To study the enteropathy characteristics of the shock state of the dog a simple experimental model has been developed. The cranial mesenteric artery was perfused with 2 micrograms/kg/min norepinephrine for an hour via a diagnostic cardiac catheter inserted under fluoroscopic control. This caused a \"pharmacological occlusion\" of the artery by local alpha receptor stimulation, and tryptic haemorrhagic enteritis was produced without hypovolaemia or assay operative procedure.", "PMID": 314226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4357", "title": "Effect of inhibitors of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism on the membrane potential oscillation induced by veratrine.", "content": "1. Veratrine-induced membrane potential oscillation is still apparent after the muscle has been treated with 1 mM KCN, or 1 mM NaN3, or 0.2 mM DNP, to inhibit oxidative metabolism. 2. The frequency of the membrane potential oscillation decreases reversibly in response to 1 mM phlorrhizin either in Na- or Li-Ringer solution. 3. Veratrine causes no membrane potential oscillation but only depolarization in muscles pretreated with 0.5 mM iodoacetic acid, eventually a few abortive waves can be observed. Iodoacetic acid also abolishes oscillation which has already developed. 4. On the basis of the present data it is suggested that rhythmic changes of metabolism may be related to the oscillation of membrane potential.", "contents": "Effect of inhibitors of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism on the membrane potential oscillation induced by veratrine. 1. Veratrine-induced membrane potential oscillation is still apparent after the muscle has been treated with 1 mM KCN, or 1 mM NaN3, or 0.2 mM DNP, to inhibit oxidative metabolism. 2. The frequency of the membrane potential oscillation decreases reversibly in response to 1 mM phlorrhizin either in Na- or Li-Ringer solution. 3. Veratrine causes no membrane potential oscillation but only depolarization in muscles pretreated with 0.5 mM iodoacetic acid, eventually a few abortive waves can be observed. Iodoacetic acid also abolishes oscillation which has already developed. 4. On the basis of the present data it is suggested that rhythmic changes of metabolism may be related to the oscillation of membrane potential.", "PMID": 314228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4358", "title": "Chronic electrical stimulation of the thalamic unspecific activating system in a patient with coma due to midbrain and upper brain stem infarction.", "content": "Chronic intermittent bipolar electrical stimulation of the left nucleus reticulatus polaris thalami was performed in a patient in a state of subcoma due to ischaemic infarction of wide medial parts of the midbrain, mainly the tegmentum, and the right-sided mediobasal parts of the forebrain. Stimulation immediately resulted in autonomic reactions and behavioural arousal reactions during the periods of stimulation. Longterm effect consisted of a rise in the level of clinical responsiveness for a period of seven weeks. A preexistent severe pneumonia disappeared completely after one week of stimulation and returned after seven weeks. The results are discussed on the basis of the pathoanatomical findings and of the physiological functions of the damaged as well as of the stimulated areas.", "contents": "Chronic electrical stimulation of the thalamic unspecific activating system in a patient with coma due to midbrain and upper brain stem infarction. Chronic intermittent bipolar electrical stimulation of the left nucleus reticulatus polaris thalami was performed in a patient in a state of subcoma due to ischaemic infarction of wide medial parts of the midbrain, mainly the tegmentum, and the right-sided mediobasal parts of the forebrain. Stimulation immediately resulted in autonomic reactions and behavioural arousal reactions during the periods of stimulation. Longterm effect consisted of a rise in the level of clinical responsiveness for a period of seven weeks. A preexistent severe pneumonia disappeared completely after one week of stimulation and returned after seven weeks. The results are discussed on the basis of the pathoanatomical findings and of the physiological functions of the damaged as well as of the stimulated areas.", "PMID": 314229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4359", "title": "Studies on cell motility in inflammation. II. The in vivo effect of anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic drugs on chemotaxis in vitro.", "content": "Two systems were used to test the effect of anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic drugs on chemotactic activity of cell-free exudates and also on the chemotactic responsiveness of exudate leucocytes. (1) Inflammatory cell-free exudates from treated rats were tested for their chemotactic activity on exudate leucocytes from untreated rats. (2) Polymorph and mononuclear cells from treated rats were tested for their responsiveness to the chemotactic activity of cell-free exudates from untreated rats. Levamisole, coumarin and D-penicillamine were ineffective in (1) and (2). Colchicine reduced chemotaxis of polymorphs in both systems (1) and (2), whereas no effect was observed on mononuclears. Naproxen was more effective in reducing the chemotaxis of polymorphs compared with mononuclears in systems (1) and (2). In contrast, indomethacin and dexamethasone reduced the chemotaxis of both polymorph and mononuclear cells in systems (1) and (21. Of the drugs tested dexamethasone exhibited the highest potency. These results emphasize the necessity for studying both cellular and humoral factors in the evaluation of the action of anti-inflammatory drugs on chemotaxis.", "contents": "Studies on cell motility in inflammation. II. The in vivo effect of anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic drugs on chemotaxis in vitro. Two systems were used to test the effect of anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic drugs on chemotactic activity of cell-free exudates and also on the chemotactic responsiveness of exudate leucocytes. (1) Inflammatory cell-free exudates from treated rats were tested for their chemotactic activity on exudate leucocytes from untreated rats. (2) Polymorph and mononuclear cells from treated rats were tested for their responsiveness to the chemotactic activity of cell-free exudates from untreated rats. Levamisole, coumarin and D-penicillamine were ineffective in (1) and (2). Colchicine reduced chemotaxis of polymorphs in both systems (1) and (2), whereas no effect was observed on mononuclears. Naproxen was more effective in reducing the chemotaxis of polymorphs compared with mononuclears in systems (1) and (2). In contrast, indomethacin and dexamethasone reduced the chemotaxis of both polymorph and mononuclear cells in systems (1) and (21. Of the drugs tested dexamethasone exhibited the highest potency. These results emphasize the necessity for studying both cellular and humoral factors in the evaluation of the action of anti-inflammatory drugs on chemotaxis.", "PMID": 314231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4360", "title": "Psychosocial status of patients randomly assigned to medical or surgical therapy for chronic stable angina.", "content": "Aspects of social and psychologic functioning are compared for 51 patients randomly assigned to surgical or medical management of chronic stable angina. No differences were found between the two groups in work status, social activity, adequacy of family functioning, perceived health, life satisfaction, memory span, extent of anxiety, hypochondriasis and hysteria. However, surgically treated patients were significantly less depressed and more likely to report improvement in health and family functioning after the initiation of treatment. It is concluded that the psychologic and social outcomes appear slightly more favorable in patients treated surgically than in those treated medically.", "contents": "Psychosocial status of patients randomly assigned to medical or surgical therapy for chronic stable angina. Aspects of social and psychologic functioning are compared for 51 patients randomly assigned to surgical or medical management of chronic stable angina. No differences were found between the two groups in work status, social activity, adequacy of family functioning, perceived health, life satisfaction, memory span, extent of anxiety, hypochondriasis and hysteria. However, surgically treated patients were significantly less depressed and more likely to report improvement in health and family functioning after the initiation of treatment. It is concluded that the psychologic and social outcomes appear slightly more favorable in patients treated surgically than in those treated medically.", "PMID": 314234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4361", "title": "Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis.", "content": "We describe four children with idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. All patients were initially seen between the ages of 10 and 13 years and spontaneously recovered following puberty. We review 27 similar cases reported in the literature. Theories on the cause of idiopathic osteoporosis in children are critically discussed. It may be that milder forms remain undiagnosed because of the self-limited course and the pain being confused with a variety of rheumatic disorders. It would be worth observing these cases to determine if they are otherwise prone to development of osteoporosis during pregnancy or in later life.", "contents": "Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. We describe four children with idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. All patients were initially seen between the ages of 10 and 13 years and spontaneously recovered following puberty. We review 27 similar cases reported in the literature. Theories on the cause of idiopathic osteoporosis in children are critically discussed. It may be that milder forms remain undiagnosed because of the self-limited course and the pain being confused with a variety of rheumatic disorders. It would be worth observing these cases to determine if they are otherwise prone to development of osteoporosis during pregnancy or in later life.", "PMID": 314235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4362", "title": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia. A pathogenetic link between lymphoid proliferation and malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Two patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD) were studied. Both patients had marked increases in all three major immunoglobulin classes, and both lacked suppressor cell activity in vitro. These findings are consistent with the theory that AILD is a defectively regulated immune response to an unidentified antigen(s) and could provide clues to the pathogenesis of other lymphoproliferative disorders as well.", "contents": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia. A pathogenetic link between lymphoid proliferation and malignant lymphoma. Two patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD) were studied. Both patients had marked increases in all three major immunoglobulin classes, and both lacked suppressor cell activity in vitro. These findings are consistent with the theory that AILD is a defectively regulated immune response to an unidentified antigen(s) and could provide clues to the pathogenesis of other lymphoproliferative disorders as well.", "PMID": 314238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4363", "title": "Prevalence of treatment regimens for children considered to be hyperactive.", "content": "In a representative sample of San Francisco Bay Area school children, 1.2% were identified as hyperactive by parents, teachers, and physicians. Estimates of the prevalence of various treatment regimens indicate that 58% of those so identified received medication in one year, but a much larger number (86%) will be given medication at some time. Initiation of treatment appears to coincide with stressful times in school, and multiple treatment approaches are generally employed.", "contents": "Prevalence of treatment regimens for children considered to be hyperactive. In a representative sample of San Francisco Bay Area school children, 1.2% were identified as hyperactive by parents, teachers, and physicians. Estimates of the prevalence of various treatment regimens indicate that 58% of those so identified received medication in one year, but a much larger number (86%) will be given medication at some time. Initiation of treatment appears to coincide with stressful times in school, and multiple treatment approaches are generally employed.", "PMID": 314240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4364", "title": "Autonomic cardiovascular control during submergence and emergence in bullfrogs.", "content": "Unanesthetized bullfrogs were involuntarily submerged for 25 min in air-saturated water at 21 degrees C. Significant bradycardia was observed while systemic blood pressure was maintained or slightly elevated. Upon emergence, heart rates immediately returned to presubmergence levels or higher. Similar responses were observed in frogs allowed to make voluntary dives in an experimental tank. Heart rates of vagal-blocked (atropine) frogs did not change during submergence or emergence. beta-Adrenergic blockade (propranolol) had little effect on the magnitude of heart rate decrease during submergence or its increase upon emergence. After alpha-adrenergic blockade (phentolamine), frogs developed diving bradycardia while undergoing a fall in systemic blood pressure. It is concluded that, in bullfrogs, 1) bradycardia during submergence is entirely due to increased vagal activity, 2) the immediate cardiac rate increase upon emergence apparently results from a decrease in vagal tone; and 3) there appears to be no substantial reciprocal sympathetic influence on heart rate during alterations in vagal tone.", "contents": "Autonomic cardiovascular control during submergence and emergence in bullfrogs. Unanesthetized bullfrogs were involuntarily submerged for 25 min in air-saturated water at 21 degrees C. Significant bradycardia was observed while systemic blood pressure was maintained or slightly elevated. Upon emergence, heart rates immediately returned to presubmergence levels or higher. Similar responses were observed in frogs allowed to make voluntary dives in an experimental tank. Heart rates of vagal-blocked (atropine) frogs did not change during submergence or emergence. beta-Adrenergic blockade (propranolol) had little effect on the magnitude of heart rate decrease during submergence or its increase upon emergence. After alpha-adrenergic blockade (phentolamine), frogs developed diving bradycardia while undergoing a fall in systemic blood pressure. It is concluded that, in bullfrogs, 1) bradycardia during submergence is entirely due to increased vagal activity, 2) the immediate cardiac rate increase upon emergence apparently results from a decrease in vagal tone; and 3) there appears to be no substantial reciprocal sympathetic influence on heart rate during alterations in vagal tone.", "PMID": 314241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4365", "title": "Amebic liver abscess with hemobilia.", "content": "A patient with hemobilia complicating an amebic liver abscess is described. The diagnosis was based on selective arteriography. The hemobilia did not stop with antiamebic treatment or ligation of the right hepatic artery. Successful results followed right hemihepatectomy.", "contents": "Amebic liver abscess with hemobilia. A patient with hemobilia complicating an amebic liver abscess is described. The diagnosis was based on selective arteriography. The hemobilia did not stop with antiamebic treatment or ligation of the right hepatic artery. Successful results followed right hemihepatectomy.", "PMID": 314242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4366", "title": "Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana.", "content": "In order to demonstrate features of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) path in the amphibian, 2--6 microliters of either Evans Blue-albumin (EBA) or ferrocyanide were injected into the ventricular system of anesthetized bullfrogs. The animals were sacrificed 1 to 135 minutes after injection by either quick freezing (EBA injections) or fixative perfusion (ferrocyanide injections). The contents of the cranial and vertebral cavities were then examined grossly and histologically for distribution of the tracers. In all animals, the tracers were seen throughout the ventricular cavity and in the subarachnoid space surrounding the caudal hindbrain. The site of communication between these two fluid spaces was the posterior tela of the hindbrain. Within this tela, \"pores\" were found between groups of pavement-like ependymal cells. In many animals, tracer was also observed in the vertebral subarachnoid and epidural spaces, adjacent to spinal nerve roots. In three EBA-injected animals, this tracer was also seen in the subcardinal lymph spaces. These findings suggest that the subarachnoid space in the bullfrog communicates functionally with the ventricular system by way of specialized \"pores\" in the posterior tela of the hindbrain. There is also indication of movement of fluid within the subarachnoid space which is predominately caudal in direction, with a primary absorptive path for CSF that consists of a perineural route to the lymphatic system.", "contents": "Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana. In order to demonstrate features of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) path in the amphibian, 2--6 microliters of either Evans Blue-albumin (EBA) or ferrocyanide were injected into the ventricular system of anesthetized bullfrogs. The animals were sacrificed 1 to 135 minutes after injection by either quick freezing (EBA injections) or fixative perfusion (ferrocyanide injections). The contents of the cranial and vertebral cavities were then examined grossly and histologically for distribution of the tracers. In all animals, the tracers were seen throughout the ventricular cavity and in the subarachnoid space surrounding the caudal hindbrain. The site of communication between these two fluid spaces was the posterior tela of the hindbrain. Within this tela, \"pores\" were found between groups of pavement-like ependymal cells. In many animals, tracer was also observed in the vertebral subarachnoid and epidural spaces, adjacent to spinal nerve roots. In three EBA-injected animals, this tracer was also seen in the subcardinal lymph spaces. These findings suggest that the subarachnoid space in the bullfrog communicates functionally with the ventricular system by way of specialized \"pores\" in the posterior tela of the hindbrain. There is also indication of movement of fluid within the subarachnoid space which is predominately caudal in direction, with a primary absorptive path for CSF that consists of a perineural route to the lymphatic system.", "PMID": 314246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4367", "title": "Lymphocyte markers, serum thymic factor and IgE in IgA deficiency.", "content": "Eleven patients having a selective IgA deficiency had very low T-cell percentages assessed by using E-rosettes, active E-rosetts and an anti-human anti-T-lymphocyte antigen serum. B-cells were normal or slightly decreased. IgE concentrations were often low. Patients with serum IgA under 50 IU/ml often had elevated serum IgE values and low T-cell percentages. Serum thymic factor dosages were correlated with the E-rosette assay.", "contents": "Lymphocyte markers, serum thymic factor and IgE in IgA deficiency. Eleven patients having a selective IgA deficiency had very low T-cell percentages assessed by using E-rosettes, active E-rosetts and an anti-human anti-T-lymphocyte antigen serum. B-cells were normal or slightly decreased. IgE concentrations were often low. Patients with serum IgA under 50 IU/ml often had elevated serum IgE values and low T-cell percentages. Serum thymic factor dosages were correlated with the E-rosette assay.", "PMID": 314247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4368", "title": "Levamisole in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus complicated with lupus nephritis were treated with levamisole, an immunomodulator. Clinical features, including urinary protein excretion and creatine clearance, were restored in one patient, also immunoparameters such as ANA, Ig-bearing cell number and PHA-skin test. The other patient did not respond to levamisole but did respond to cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Levamisole in systemic lupus erythematosus. Two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus complicated with lupus nephritis were treated with levamisole, an immunomodulator. Clinical features, including urinary protein excretion and creatine clearance, were restored in one patient, also immunoparameters such as ANA, Ig-bearing cell number and PHA-skin test. The other patient did not respond to levamisole but did respond to cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 314248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4369", "title": "Lymphocyte-associated immune responses to canine distemper and measles viruses in distemper-infected gnotobiotic dogs.", "content": "Cellular immune responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to canine distemper virus and measles virus were determined in vaccinated or infected gnotobiotic dogs, using the technique of syncytia inhibition. Cross-reactivity between viruses was detected in both groups of dogs. Peak responses in vaccinated dogs occurred 11 days after vaccination and declined to base-line levels by 3 weeks, whereas responses in infected dogs were present 30 days after inoculation. Fractionation experiments with peripheral blood lymphocytes indicated that synctia inhibition is probably mediated by T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-associated immune responses to canine distemper and measles viruses in distemper-infected gnotobiotic dogs. Cellular immune responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to canine distemper virus and measles virus were determined in vaccinated or infected gnotobiotic dogs, using the technique of syncytia inhibition. Cross-reactivity between viruses was detected in both groups of dogs. Peak responses in vaccinated dogs occurred 11 days after vaccination and declined to base-line levels by 3 weeks, whereas responses in infected dogs were present 30 days after inoculation. Fractionation experiments with peripheral blood lymphocytes indicated that synctia inhibition is probably mediated by T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 314249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4370", "title": "Hereditary multiple exostoses: clinicopathologic features of a comparative study in horses and man.", "content": "Investigation of hereditary multiple exostoses in horses under controlled research conditions for 10 years and epidemiologic studies that have spanned up to five generations of human families contain notable similarities. The present study demonstrated that a single dominant autosomal gene is responsible for hereditary multiple exostoses in horses and man. Affected individuals transmit this trait to approximately 50% of their progeny, whereas nonaffected individuals do not transmit the condition to their offspring. The tumors in affected horses are most often present at birth. They tend to be bilaterally symmetrical and vary in size, shape, and texture. Those on the legs generally do not appear to enlarge as the animal matures, but others, notably those on the ribs and scapulae, enlarge until skeletal maturity, Histologically, the tumors appear as typical ostosteochondromas in both horse and man. Sarcomatous transformations have not yet been detected after 10 years in horses, although such changes are occasionally reported in the similar disease condition in man. The remarkable similarities of hereditary multiple exostoses in the horse to that in man provide an opportunity for comparative biomedical study.", "contents": "Hereditary multiple exostoses: clinicopathologic features of a comparative study in horses and man. Investigation of hereditary multiple exostoses in horses under controlled research conditions for 10 years and epidemiologic studies that have spanned up to five generations of human families contain notable similarities. The present study demonstrated that a single dominant autosomal gene is responsible for hereditary multiple exostoses in horses and man. Affected individuals transmit this trait to approximately 50% of their progeny, whereas nonaffected individuals do not transmit the condition to their offspring. The tumors in affected horses are most often present at birth. They tend to be bilaterally symmetrical and vary in size, shape, and texture. Those on the legs generally do not appear to enlarge as the animal matures, but others, notably those on the ribs and scapulae, enlarge until skeletal maturity, Histologically, the tumors appear as typical ostosteochondromas in both horse and man. Sarcomatous transformations have not yet been detected after 10 years in horses, although such changes are occasionally reported in the similar disease condition in man. The remarkable similarities of hereditary multiple exostoses in the horse to that in man provide an opportunity for comparative biomedical study.", "PMID": 314250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4371", "title": "Abnormal interaction of alpha 1-antitrypsin and leukocyte elastolytic activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "The interaction of serum alpha 1-antitrypsin with leukocyte elastolytic activity was examined in 71 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 46 normal subjects. Residual elastolytic activity was present despite adequate amounts of alpha1-antitrypsin in 33 of the 71 patients compared to 6 of the 46 normal control subjects (P less than 0.001). This elastolytic activity was completely abolished by a specific  human leukocyte elastase inhibitor. A crossover study designed to detect the source of this abnormal activity revealed that the plasma fraction containing alpha 1-antitrypsin was responsible for inadequate inhibition in 30 of the 39 cases. The residual elastolytic activity from a given patient did not correlate with the serum alpha 1-antitrypsin concentration, alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotype, or history of smoking. Our data suggest that the abnormal interaction of alhpa 1-antitrypsin with leukocyte elastolytic activity is an important additional variable in the gensis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Abnormal interaction of alpha 1-antitrypsin and leukocyte elastolytic activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The interaction of serum alpha 1-antitrypsin with leukocyte elastolytic activity was examined in 71 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 46 normal subjects. Residual elastolytic activity was present despite adequate amounts of alpha1-antitrypsin in 33 of the 71 patients compared to 6 of the 46 normal control subjects (P less than 0.001). This elastolytic activity was completely abolished by a specific  human leukocyte elastase inhibitor. A crossover study designed to detect the source of this abnormal activity revealed that the plasma fraction containing alpha 1-antitrypsin was responsible for inadequate inhibition in 30 of the 39 cases. The residual elastolytic activity from a given patient did not correlate with the serum alpha 1-antitrypsin concentration, alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotype, or history of smoking. Our data suggest that the abnormal interaction of alhpa 1-antitrypsin with leukocyte elastolytic activity is an important additional variable in the gensis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 314251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4372", "title": "[Ampicillin-resistant \"Haemophilus\": their detection and occurrence in Brussels area (author's transl)].", "content": "Three hundred and five strains of Haemophilus (129 H. influenzae, 55 H. parainfluenzae, 97 H. parahaemolyticus, 5 H. haemolyticus, 10 H. paraphrophilus and 9 H. paraphrohaemolyticus) isolated from pathological material over the year 1976, were systematically tested for beta-lactamase production. Only 2 strains of H. parainfluenzae produced this enzyme. Both were able to transfer ampicillin resistance to Escherichia coli K12. All strains but the two beta-lactamase producers were susceptible to penicillin G, ampicillin and cephalotin. However, the correct interpretation of the susceptibility tests needed the microscopic observation of prints of the inhibition zones surrounding the disks: all sensitive strains presented a hazy growth around the disks which corresponded to the presence of spheroplasts; this phenomenon was not observed with the 2 beta-lactamase producing strains of H. parainfluenzae which grew up to the disks but presented a typical bacillary form.", "contents": "[Ampicillin-resistant \"Haemophilus\": their detection and occurrence in Brussels area (author's transl)]. Three hundred and five strains of Haemophilus (129 H. influenzae, 55 H. parainfluenzae, 97 H. parahaemolyticus, 5 H. haemolyticus, 10 H. paraphrophilus and 9 H. paraphrohaemolyticus) isolated from pathological material over the year 1976, were systematically tested for beta-lactamase production. Only 2 strains of H. parainfluenzae produced this enzyme. Both were able to transfer ampicillin resistance to Escherichia coli K12. All strains but the two beta-lactamase producers were susceptible to penicillin G, ampicillin and cephalotin. However, the correct interpretation of the susceptibility tests needed the microscopic observation of prints of the inhibition zones surrounding the disks: all sensitive strains presented a hazy growth around the disks which corresponded to the presence of spheroplasts; this phenomenon was not observed with the 2 beta-lactamase producing strains of H. parainfluenzae which grew up to the disks but presented a typical bacillary form.", "PMID": 314252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4373", "title": "[The enlarged trans-labyrinthine approach of House. The use of this method in the surgical treatment of cerebello-pontine angle tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a series of 43 cases of cerebello-pontine angle tumours operated by an oto-neuro-surgical team. The approaches used were, once the supra-petrous approach, twice the posterior fossa, 12 times a combined trans-labyrinthine and posterior fossa approach, and 28 times the enlarged trans-labyrinthine route. This last approach, which is now being used exclusively for the last two years, is described in detail. Forty-three tumours operated on broke down into 40 neurinomas, 2 meningiomas and 1 malignant melanoma. The size of the tumours varied from 1 cm to 11 cm in diameter. Overall statistics show 9.3% of deaths and 65% of functioning facial nerves. The statistics for the nelarged trans-labyrinthine route (the last 28 cases) are: 10.7% of deaths and 75% of functioning facial nerves. In the enlarged trans-labyrinthine route, there is no complication and no mortality in the small and medium-sized tumours, i.e. up to 4 cm in diameter.", "contents": "[The enlarged trans-labyrinthine approach of House. The use of this method in the surgical treatment of cerebello-pontine angle tumours (author's transl)]. The authors report a series of 43 cases of cerebello-pontine angle tumours operated by an oto-neuro-surgical team. The approaches used were, once the supra-petrous approach, twice the posterior fossa, 12 times a combined trans-labyrinthine and posterior fossa approach, and 28 times the enlarged trans-labyrinthine route. This last approach, which is now being used exclusively for the last two years, is described in detail. Forty-three tumours operated on broke down into 40 neurinomas, 2 meningiomas and 1 malignant melanoma. The size of the tumours varied from 1 cm to 11 cm in diameter. Overall statistics show 9.3% of deaths and 65% of functioning facial nerves. The statistics for the nelarged trans-labyrinthine route (the last 28 cases) are: 10.7% of deaths and 75% of functioning facial nerves. In the enlarged trans-labyrinthine route, there is no complication and no mortality in the small and medium-sized tumours, i.e. up to 4 cm in diameter.", "PMID": 314253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4374", "title": "[The venous drainage of the vestibular labyrinth in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The venous drainage of the vestibular division of the inner ear presents two different and separated routes. One, draining the central part of the sensorial areas (maculae and cristae), ends up into the vein of the cochlear aqueduct. The other drains the perypheral part of the sensorial areas as well as the simple endolymphatic walls and ends into the vein of the vestibular aqueduct. The latter vein shows close relationships to the endolymphatic sac.", "contents": "[The venous drainage of the vestibular labyrinth in man (author's transl)]. The venous drainage of the vestibular division of the inner ear presents two different and separated routes. One, draining the central part of the sensorial areas (maculae and cristae), ends up into the vein of the cochlear aqueduct. The other drains the perypheral part of the sensorial areas as well as the simple endolymphatic walls and ends into the vein of the vestibular aqueduct. The latter vein shows close relationships to the endolymphatic sac.", "PMID": 314254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4375", "title": "HLA frequencies, diabetes mellitus and autoimmunity in Turner's patients and their relatives.", "content": "In a preliminary study of twenty-three patients with gonadal dysgenesis (Turner's syndrome) and their families, correlation was sought between their serum defined HLA allele frequencies and their known tendencies toward abnormal immune responses and diabetes mellitus, since individuals with the latter disorders have been shown to have an increased frequency of certain HLA types. We were unable to demonstrate an association between these major serum-defined histocompatibility antigens, immune homeostasis disturbances and sex chromosome aneuploidy in this group. It is felt, however, that testing involving the patterns of HLA-D and \"HLA-D related\" antigen frequencies should be obtained to further evaluate the possibility of such an association.", "contents": "HLA frequencies, diabetes mellitus and autoimmunity in Turner's patients and their relatives. In a preliminary study of twenty-three patients with gonadal dysgenesis (Turner's syndrome) and their families, correlation was sought between their serum defined HLA allele frequencies and their known tendencies toward abnormal immune responses and diabetes mellitus, since individuals with the latter disorders have been shown to have an increased frequency of certain HLA types. We were unable to demonstrate an association between these major serum-defined histocompatibility antigens, immune homeostasis disturbances and sex chromosome aneuploidy in this group. It is felt, however, that testing involving the patterns of HLA-D and \"HLA-D related\" antigen frequencies should be obtained to further evaluate the possibility of such an association.", "PMID": 314255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4376", "title": "A cascade of chromosomal aberrations in three generations: a fragile 16q, an extra fragment and a rearranged 20.", "content": "The propositus' grandmother has a fragile 16q and belongs to a large family where several abortions and congenital anomalies were recorded. The portion distal to the fragile site was inherited as an extra fragment by the proposius' father who has it in 11% of his lymphocyte metaphases. This phenotypically harmless fragment has a high affinity for satellited chromosomes and was probably a main factor in the causation of the rearrangement that produced the partial trisomy 20p found in the propositus.", "contents": "A cascade of chromosomal aberrations in three generations: a fragile 16q, an extra fragment and a rearranged 20. The propositus' grandmother has a fragile 16q and belongs to a large family where several abortions and congenital anomalies were recorded. The portion distal to the fragile site was inherited as an extra fragment by the proposius' father who has it in 11% of his lymphocyte metaphases. This phenotypically harmless fragment has a high affinity for satellited chromosomes and was probably a main factor in the causation of the rearrangement that produced the partial trisomy 20p found in the propositus.", "PMID": 314256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4377", "title": "[Oocyte meiosis in a trisomy 18 fetus. Behavior of the supernumerary chromosome and identification of the 18 bivalent].", "content": "Associations of the three n degrees 18 chromosomes were studied in a trisomy 18 fetus (the chromosomal constitution of which had been identified by amniocentesis). The three classes of associations observed were those observed in other trisomic organisms:trivalent, trivalent presenting an important asynaptic region, and bivalent accompanied by a univalent. In addition, the sequence was established of chromomeres, the number of which varied from 18 to 23 depending on the degree of chromosome contraction. In elongated pachytene oocyte bivalents each G-band of mitotic metaphase chromosomes could be subdivided into several sub-bands.", "contents": "[Oocyte meiosis in a trisomy 18 fetus. Behavior of the supernumerary chromosome and identification of the 18 bivalent]. Associations of the three n degrees 18 chromosomes were studied in a trisomy 18 fetus (the chromosomal constitution of which had been identified by amniocentesis). The three classes of associations observed were those observed in other trisomic organisms:trivalent, trivalent presenting an important asynaptic region, and bivalent accompanied by a univalent. In addition, the sequence was established of chromomeres, the number of which varied from 18 to 23 depending on the degree of chromosome contraction. In elongated pachytene oocyte bivalents each G-band of mitotic metaphase chromosomes could be subdivided into several sub-bands.", "PMID": 314257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4378", "title": "Report of a trisomy 8p infant with carrier father.", "content": "This report describes an infant with fatal congenital heart disease, cleft palate, brain malformations, and trisomy 8p resultant from the paternal balanced reciprocal translocation, rcp(8;15) (p11;p11). Review of six previously reported trisomy 8p patients (resultant from parental balanced translocation in each instance) revealed severe mental retardation in five, short stature in all, and a variety of brain, skeletal, and cardiac defects. The features of the seven trisomy 8p patients reviewed here are not sufficiently similar to suggest a distinct dysmorphic syndrome. In addition the features differ from those in the trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome, in which the mental retardation and malformations are generally less severe.", "contents": "Report of a trisomy 8p infant with carrier father. This report describes an infant with fatal congenital heart disease, cleft palate, brain malformations, and trisomy 8p resultant from the paternal balanced reciprocal translocation, rcp(8;15) (p11;p11). Review of six previously reported trisomy 8p patients (resultant from parental balanced translocation in each instance) revealed severe mental retardation in five, short stature in all, and a variety of brain, skeletal, and cardiac defects. The features of the seven trisomy 8p patients reviewed here are not sufficiently similar to suggest a distinct dysmorphic syndrome. In addition the features differ from those in the trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome, in which the mental retardation and malformations are generally less severe.", "PMID": 314258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4379", "title": "Chromosome 6q- and associated malformations.", "content": "A dysmorphic retarded fourteen-mont-old female with partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 6 is presented. The breakpoint in 6q was in region 2, probably at band 5. Eight other infants with a deletion involving the long arm of chromosome 6, including five with a ring chromosome 6, have been reported. The affected individuals have in common microcephaly, micrognathia, hypotonia and psychomotor retardation, but do not appear to have a distinctive phenotype.", "contents": "Chromosome 6q- and associated malformations. A dysmorphic retarded fourteen-mont-old female with partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 6 is presented. The breakpoint in 6q was in region 2, probably at band 5. Eight other infants with a deletion involving the long arm of chromosome 6, including five with a ring chromosome 6, have been reported. The affected individuals have in common microcephaly, micrognathia, hypotonia and psychomotor retardation, but do not appear to have a distinctive phenotype.", "PMID": 314259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4380", "title": "Oligohydramnios syndrome and XYY karyotype.", "content": "A case of oligohydramnios syndrome was found to have an XYY karyotype and an inherited 9qh inversion. It is suggested that normal and extra Y chromosomes are a predisposing factor in the aetiology of severe congenital renal anomalies.", "contents": "Oligohydramnios syndrome and XYY karyotype. A case of oligohydramnios syndrome was found to have an XYY karyotype and an inherited 9qh inversion. It is suggested that normal and extra Y chromosomes are a predisposing factor in the aetiology of severe congenital renal anomalies.", "PMID": 314260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4381", "title": "Trisomy 12p due to an adjacent 1 segregation of a maternal reciprocal translocation t(12;18) (p11;q23).", "content": "A 5, 9-12-year-old with trisomy 12 pdue to a maternal reciprocal translocation adjacent 1 segregation is presented. Comparison of his phenotype with that of other patients reported in the literature confirm the existence of a trisomy syndrome.", "contents": "Trisomy 12p due to an adjacent 1 segregation of a maternal reciprocal translocation t(12;18) (p11;q23). A 5, 9-12-year-old with trisomy 12 pdue to a maternal reciprocal translocation adjacent 1 segregation is presented. Comparison of his phenotype with that of other patients reported in the literature confirm the existence of a trisomy syndrome.", "PMID": 314261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4382", "title": "[Intercalary deletions of 9q].", "content": "Two interstitial deletions of different segments of 9q are reported. The first deletion (9/11q22) was seen in an 8-year-old boy with severe psychomotor retardation and descrete facial dysmorphism. The second deletion (9q32q34) was seen in a 5-month-old boy with a very peculiar cranio-facial dysmorphism including brachycephaly, frontal bossing, a deep nasal bridge, a short nose, and absence of triradii b, c and d.", "contents": "[Intercalary deletions of 9q]. Two interstitial deletions of different segments of 9q are reported. The first deletion (9/11q22) was seen in an 8-year-old boy with severe psychomotor retardation and descrete facial dysmorphism. The second deletion (9q32q34) was seen in a 5-month-old boy with a very peculiar cranio-facial dysmorphism including brachycephaly, frontal bossing, a deep nasal bridge, a short nose, and absence of triradii b, c and d.", "PMID": 314262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4383", "title": "[A satellited Y chromosome].", "content": "A previous report in 1967 on the observation of a satellited Y chromosome found in a French Canadian family line is confirmed by the use of the ammoniacal silver procedure which stains selectively the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in acrocentric human chromosomes. There is evidence that this peculiar chromosome results from the translocation to the distal end of the Y chromosome long arms of a satellited segment from a D or G autosome.", "contents": "[A satellited Y chromosome]. A previous report in 1967 on the observation of a satellited Y chromosome found in a French Canadian family line is confirmed by the use of the ammoniacal silver procedure which stains selectively the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in acrocentric human chromosomes. There is evidence that this peculiar chromosome results from the translocation to the distal end of the Y chromosome long arms of a satellited segment from a D or G autosome.", "PMID": 314263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4384", "title": "[Satellited Y chromosome (Yqs) and nucleolar organizer occurring de novo].", "content": "A satellited Y chromosome (Yqs) occurred de novo in a boy born to first cousins. The child had severe mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, congenital heart disease, and amaurosis, and died at 6 months and of age. The chromosome rearrangement was confirmed by R-, G-, C-, Q-, and Ag-NOR banding. Its significance and the difficulty of genetic counseling are discussed.", "contents": "[Satellited Y chromosome (Yqs) and nucleolar organizer occurring de novo]. A satellited Y chromosome (Yqs) occurred de novo in a boy born to first cousins. The child had severe mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, congenital heart disease, and amaurosis, and died at 6 months and of age. The chromosome rearrangement was confirmed by R-, G-, C-, Q-, and Ag-NOR banding. Its significance and the difficulty of genetic counseling are discussed.", "PMID": 314264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4385", "title": "[Trisomy 13qter by tandem duplication 46, XX, dir dup 13 (q21 qter), 9qh+].", "content": "A tandem translocation of chromosome 13-46,XXdup13(q21 leads to qter)--occurred de novo in a patient with the following features: normal birthweight; early feeding difficulties; mild psychomotor retardation; low set hairline on the forehead; thick eyebrows; long, upturned eyelashes; pointed nose; micrognathia; large, flat, posteriorly rotated ears; multiple hemangiomata; normal hematological status. The hypothesis of an unequal crossing-over is discussed, as well as the possibility of constructing a phenotypic map of chromosome 13.", "contents": "[Trisomy 13qter by tandem duplication 46, XX, dir dup 13 (q21 qter), 9qh+]. A tandem translocation of chromosome 13-46,XXdup13(q21 leads to qter)--occurred de novo in a patient with the following features: normal birthweight; early feeding difficulties; mild psychomotor retardation; low set hairline on the forehead; thick eyebrows; long, upturned eyelashes; pointed nose; micrognathia; large, flat, posteriorly rotated ears; multiple hemangiomata; normal hematological status. The hypothesis of an unequal crossing-over is discussed, as well as the possibility of constructing a phenotypic map of chromosome 13.", "PMID": 314266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4386", "title": "Development of nystagmus in response to vestibular stimulation in infants.", "content": "Nystagmus in response to perotatory stimulation by torsion swing or ice-cold caloric (ICC) irrigation of the ear canals was studied in 276 infants from birth to 12 months of age. The percentage of positive responses to perotatory stimulation correlated with gestational age and weight at birth during the first 3 months of life and became comparable among groups by 6 months of age. The quality of perotatory nystagmus did not differ among groups. A direct correlation between the caloric-induced intensity and duration of nystagmus with gestational age and weight at birth was noted during the first 3 months of life. Premature infants showed the weakest responses, and term-delivered, large for gestational age children the strongest responses. ICC-induced nystagmus reached comparable levels for all groups by 6 months except for premature infants, in whom comparable responses were attainedby 9 months of age. Vestibular responses mature over time, with patterns that correlate with gestational age and weight at birth.", "contents": "Development of nystagmus in response to vestibular stimulation in infants. Nystagmus in response to perotatory stimulation by torsion swing or ice-cold caloric (ICC) irrigation of the ear canals was studied in 276 infants from birth to 12 months of age. The percentage of positive responses to perotatory stimulation correlated with gestational age and weight at birth during the first 3 months of life and became comparable among groups by 6 months of age. The quality of perotatory nystagmus did not differ among groups. A direct correlation between the caloric-induced intensity and duration of nystagmus with gestational age and weight at birth was noted during the first 3 months of life. Premature infants showed the weakest responses, and term-delivered, large for gestational age children the strongest responses. ICC-induced nystagmus reached comparable levels for all groups by 6 months except for premature infants, in whom comparable responses were attainedby 9 months of age. Vestibular responses mature over time, with patterns that correlate with gestational age and weight at birth.", "PMID": 314269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4387", "title": "Colour-blindness in Colombia.", "content": "The frequency of defective colour vision was studied in two neighbouring villages in the Andes Mountains of Colombia using AO H-R-R Pseudoisochromatic plates. The frequency of the red-green colour-blindness in males is almost the same in both villages (2.36-2.53%), being similar to frequencies reported for other mestizo' populations in Latin America. In one of the communities, families in which colour-blindness occurred were wealthier (P is less than 0.05) than non-colour-blind families, but there were no significant differences by colour vision class in numbers of surviving children nor mother's marriage age. These findings are consistent with the idea that in societies at the agricultural level, colour-blindness is selectively neutral. The association of colour-blindness with higher socio-economic status is expected given the history of European conquest in the New World, and suggests that the major cause of varying rates of the defect in Latin American populations is socio-economic heterogeneity and by inference different degrees of European-Amerindian admixture.", "contents": "Colour-blindness in Colombia. The frequency of defective colour vision was studied in two neighbouring villages in the Andes Mountains of Colombia using AO H-R-R Pseudoisochromatic plates. The frequency of the red-green colour-blindness in males is almost the same in both villages (2.36-2.53%), being similar to frequencies reported for other mestizo' populations in Latin America. In one of the communities, families in which colour-blindness occurred were wealthier (P is less than 0.05) than non-colour-blind families, but there were no significant differences by colour vision class in numbers of surviving children nor mother's marriage age. These findings are consistent with the idea that in societies at the agricultural level, colour-blindness is selectively neutral. The association of colour-blindness with higher socio-economic status is expected given the history of European conquest in the New World, and suggests that the major cause of varying rates of the defect in Latin American populations is socio-economic heterogeneity and by inference different degrees of European-Amerindian admixture.", "PMID": 314267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4388", "title": "Emergence of resistance to cefamandole: possible role of cefoxitin-inducible beta-lactamases.", "content": "Selection of resistance to cefamandole has been observed, and the drug has failed to protect animals lethally infected with certain Enterobacteriaceae that appeared to be highly susceptible in vitro. Using spectrophotometric assays, some of these organisms were found to produce beta-lactamases highly active against cefamandole. Cefoxitin, a poor enzyme substrate, was found to be superior to both cephalothin and cefamandole in induction of these enzymes. A simple disk induction test was developed and used to examine 147 Enterobacteriaceae for production of these beta-lactamases. The enzymes were found in 69% of cephalothin-resistant, cefamandole-susceptible strains and in only 3% of strains susceptible to both cephalothin and cefamandole. They were most prevalent among isolates of Enterobacter, indole-positive Proteus, and Serratia. Since selection of resistance and therapeutic failures have occurred most often among these genera, the relationship between presence of inducible enzymes and outcome of therapy should be examined further in humans.", "contents": "Emergence of resistance to cefamandole: possible role of cefoxitin-inducible beta-lactamases. Selection of resistance to cefamandole has been observed, and the drug has failed to protect animals lethally infected with certain Enterobacteriaceae that appeared to be highly susceptible in vitro. Using spectrophotometric assays, some of these organisms were found to produce beta-lactamases highly active against cefamandole. Cefoxitin, a poor enzyme substrate, was found to be superior to both cephalothin and cefamandole in induction of these enzymes. A simple disk induction test was developed and used to examine 147 Enterobacteriaceae for production of these beta-lactamases. The enzymes were found in 69% of cephalothin-resistant, cefamandole-susceptible strains and in only 3% of strains susceptible to both cephalothin and cefamandole. They were most prevalent among isolates of Enterobacter, indole-positive Proteus, and Serratia. Since selection of resistance and therapeutic failures have occurred most often among these genera, the relationship between presence of inducible enzymes and outcome of therapy should be examined further in humans.", "PMID": 314270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4389", "title": "Effect of mitogen-induced stimulation on DNase activity in lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of mitogen-induced stimulation in spleen cells and thymocytes of BALB/c mice on acid DNase-activity levels was determined. Increase in thymidine uptake induced by either LPS or ConA in spleen cells and by ConA in thymocytes was invariably accompanied by parallel increase in acid DNase activity. Treatment with mitomycin C (spleen cells) or with an excess dose of ConA (thymocytes) led to sharp reduction in acid DNase activity concomitant with marked drop in thymidine uptake. The results obtained suggest that rise in acid DNase activity takes place during the process of lymphocyte activation by mitogens.", "contents": "Effect of mitogen-induced stimulation on DNase activity in lymphocytes. The effect of mitogen-induced stimulation in spleen cells and thymocytes of BALB/c mice on acid DNase-activity levels was determined. Increase in thymidine uptake induced by either LPS or ConA in spleen cells and by ConA in thymocytes was invariably accompanied by parallel increase in acid DNase activity. Treatment with mitomycin C (spleen cells) or with an excess dose of ConA (thymocytes) led to sharp reduction in acid DNase activity concomitant with marked drop in thymidine uptake. The results obtained suggest that rise in acid DNase activity takes place during the process of lymphocyte activation by mitogens.", "PMID": 314268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4390", "title": "Chloramphenicol bioassay.", "content": "An accurate plate diffusion bioassay for chloramphenicol is described, in which the fast-replicating Beneckea natriegens and 1.5% salt agar are used. Zones of inhibition were well defined after 3 h, and the limit of sensitivity of the method was around 2 mug/ml. The concurrent presence of gentamicin did not influence the assay. The assay is simple to carry out and duplicate assays can be performed with as little as 100 mug of capillary blood.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol bioassay. An accurate plate diffusion bioassay for chloramphenicol is described, in which the fast-replicating Beneckea natriegens and 1.5% salt agar are used. Zones of inhibition were well defined after 3 h, and the limit of sensitivity of the method was around 2 mug/ml. The concurrent presence of gentamicin did not influence the assay. The assay is simple to carry out and duplicate assays can be performed with as little as 100 mug of capillary blood.", "PMID": 314271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4391", "title": "Effects of Fildes enrichment on antibiotic susceptibility testing of Haemophilus influenzae in the Autobac.", "content": "The results of this investigation showed that the Autobac could be used to determine the susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline when eugonic broth was supplemented with 1.5% Fildes enrichment. An excellent correlation was obtained between the susceptibilities as determined by the agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentration method and the Autobac. For ampicillin all H. influenzae isolates with minimal inhibitory concentrations of </=1 mug/ml had light scattering indexes of >/=0.60. Those isolates with minimal inhibitory concentrations of >/=4 mug/ml had light scattering indexes of </=0.49. For chloramphenicol and tetracycline all isolates had minimal inhibitory concentrations of </=1 mug/ml and light scattering indexes of >/=0.71.", "contents": "Effects of Fildes enrichment on antibiotic susceptibility testing of Haemophilus influenzae in the Autobac. The results of this investigation showed that the Autobac could be used to determine the susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline when eugonic broth was supplemented with 1.5% Fildes enrichment. An excellent correlation was obtained between the susceptibilities as determined by the agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentration method and the Autobac. For ampicillin all H. influenzae isolates with minimal inhibitory concentrations of </=1 mug/ml had light scattering indexes of >/=0.60. Those isolates with minimal inhibitory concentrations of >/=4 mug/ml had light scattering indexes of </=0.49. For chloramphenicol and tetracycline all isolates had minimal inhibitory concentrations of </=1 mug/ml and light scattering indexes of >/=0.71.", "PMID": 314272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4392", "title": "Iron deficiency in children with coeliac disease on treatment with gluten-free diet. Role of intestinal blood loss.", "content": "24 children in whom coeliac disease had been diagnosed between one and 10 years earlier were re-examined for intestinal loss of iron and activity of the disease. Mild iron deficiency by laboratory criteria and by response to iron medication was common. The children with biopsy evidence of flat mucosa or intraepithelial lymphocytosis had a greater iron loss in their stools than those patients with normal, or almost normal, histology. The data suggest that loss of iron was mainly due to intestinal blood loss rather than to shedding of mucosal cells. We conclude that treatment with iron is indicated in many children with coeliac disease as the increased losses of iron persist for long periods although absorption of iron seems to improve or be negligibly affected.", "contents": "Iron deficiency in children with coeliac disease on treatment with gluten-free diet. Role of intestinal blood loss. 24 children in whom coeliac disease had been diagnosed between one and 10 years earlier were re-examined for intestinal loss of iron and activity of the disease. Mild iron deficiency by laboratory criteria and by response to iron medication was common. The children with biopsy evidence of flat mucosa or intraepithelial lymphocytosis had a greater iron loss in their stools than those patients with normal, or almost normal, histology. The data suggest that loss of iron was mainly due to intestinal blood loss rather than to shedding of mucosal cells. We conclude that treatment with iron is indicated in many children with coeliac disease as the increased losses of iron persist for long periods although absorption of iron seems to improve or be negligibly affected.", "PMID": 314273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4393", "title": "Supressor activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Significantly increased suppressor activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was demonstrated in patients suffering from chronic discoid lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Supressor activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Significantly increased suppressor activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was demonstrated in patients suffering from chronic discoid lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 314274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4394", "title": "The role of the surgeon in percutaneous transluminal dilation of coronary stenosis.", "content": "Percutaneous transluminal dilation (PTD) of coronary artery stenosis is performed by means of a balloon-tipped catheter introduced from a peripheral artery. It was attempted in 45 patients; stenosis was passed in 33 and was successfully dilated in 28 patients (62%). The method failed in 17 patients: in 6 of them an abrupt closure of a stenosed artery or a beginning infarction necessitated an emergency revascularization. There were no deaths or serious complications, but an infarction developed in 1 patient despite immediate bypass grafting. PTD was successful in 5 out of 7 patients who had recurrent angina after previous coronary bypass grafting: in 2 of them stenosis of a distal coronary artery and in 3 a stenosed bypass graft were dilated. PTD is a new method of treatment of coronary artery disease and is an addition rather than an alternative to coronary bypass grafting. The best results can be expected in patients with single-vessel disease, with a short history of angina (less than 1 year), and with narrow, noncalcified proximal stenosis. Some late complications of bypass grafting are also amenable to this method of treatment.", "contents": "The role of the surgeon in percutaneous transluminal dilation of coronary stenosis. Percutaneous transluminal dilation (PTD) of coronary artery stenosis is performed by means of a balloon-tipped catheter introduced from a peripheral artery. It was attempted in 45 patients; stenosis was passed in 33 and was successfully dilated in 28 patients (62%). The method failed in 17 patients: in 6 of them an abrupt closure of a stenosed artery or a beginning infarction necessitated an emergency revascularization. There were no deaths or serious complications, but an infarction developed in 1 patient despite immediate bypass grafting. PTD was successful in 5 out of 7 patients who had recurrent angina after previous coronary bypass grafting: in 2 of them stenosis of a distal coronary artery and in 3 a stenosed bypass graft were dilated. PTD is a new method of treatment of coronary artery disease and is an addition rather than an alternative to coronary bypass grafting. The best results can be expected in patients with single-vessel disease, with a short history of angina (less than 1 year), and with narrow, noncalcified proximal stenosis. Some late complications of bypass grafting are also amenable to this method of treatment.", "PMID": 314275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4395", "title": "Prophylactic coronary artery grafting in patients with few or no symptoms.", "content": "Fifty-five patients who underwent prophylactic coronary artery grafting were followed for 4 to 8 years. Sixteen patients had no angina, and 39 were in New York Heart Association Functional Class I. Twenty-one patients had single-vessel disease, 13 had double-vessel disease, and 27, triple-vessel disease. A total of 101 grafts were inserted. There were no operative deaths. Two patients suffered a perioperative myocardial infarction (MI), and 3 were reoperated on for persistent bleeding. Early after operation, 9 of the 45 grafts were occluded. At 1 year, 2 patients had occlusion of all grafts, and 1 had similar findings at 5 years. There were 4 late deaths, 3 related to coronary artery disease. Seven patients sustained a late MI. Thirty-one of the 51 survivors (60.8%) seen late (mean, 69.3 months) after operation were free from angina; 14 were in Class I and 6, Class II. It is apparent from this retrospective study that patients such as these stand to benefit little from prophylactic revascularization. Longevity may be increased, however, in patients who are asymptomatic after MI.", "contents": "Prophylactic coronary artery grafting in patients with few or no symptoms. Fifty-five patients who underwent prophylactic coronary artery grafting were followed for 4 to 8 years. Sixteen patients had no angina, and 39 were in New York Heart Association Functional Class I. Twenty-one patients had single-vessel disease, 13 had double-vessel disease, and 27, triple-vessel disease. A total of 101 grafts were inserted. There were no operative deaths. Two patients suffered a perioperative myocardial infarction (MI), and 3 were reoperated on for persistent bleeding. Early after operation, 9 of the 45 grafts were occluded. At 1 year, 2 patients had occlusion of all grafts, and 1 had similar findings at 5 years. There were 4 late deaths, 3 related to coronary artery disease. Seven patients sustained a late MI. Thirty-one of the 51 survivors (60.8%) seen late (mean, 69.3 months) after operation were free from angina; 14 were in Class I and 6, Class II. It is apparent from this retrospective study that patients such as these stand to benefit little from prophylactic revascularization. Longevity may be increased, however, in patients who are asymptomatic after MI.", "PMID": 314276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4396", "title": "Factors influencing patency of saphenous vein grafts.", "content": "To determine factors affecting saphenous vein graft patency, 218 grafts in 66 unselected patients were studied angiographically 1 year after operation. Fourteen variables were extracted from the angiograms, electrocardiograms, and intraoperative flow measurements to assess their predictive value. Preoperative coronary vessel diameter and degree of proximal stenosis measured angiographically correlated significantly with graft patency. Graft patency for vessels greater than 1.5 mm in diameter with greater than 70% stenosis was 93% (98 out of 105). Vessel size at operation and the presence of reactive hyperemia greater than 20 ml per minute also correlated significantly with graft patency. Reactive hyperemia increased significantly as the severity of the vessel stenosis proximal to the graft increased, thus suggesting a mechanism for the improved patency rate of grafts to more stenotic vessels. The patency rate of the end-to-side component of a continuity graft (left anterior descending coronary artery and diagonal or marginal artery in 1 graft) was 100% and of the side-to-side component, 77%. This study shows that the patency rate for saphenous vein grafts compares favorably with the reported patency for internal mammary grafts when critical factors such as vessel size (greater than 1.5 mm) and degree of stenosis (greater than 70%) are considered in bypass selection.", "contents": "Factors influencing patency of saphenous vein grafts. To determine factors affecting saphenous vein graft patency, 218 grafts in 66 unselected patients were studied angiographically 1 year after operation. Fourteen variables were extracted from the angiograms, electrocardiograms, and intraoperative flow measurements to assess their predictive value. Preoperative coronary vessel diameter and degree of proximal stenosis measured angiographically correlated significantly with graft patency. Graft patency for vessels greater than 1.5 mm in diameter with greater than 70% stenosis was 93% (98 out of 105). Vessel size at operation and the presence of reactive hyperemia greater than 20 ml per minute also correlated significantly with graft patency. Reactive hyperemia increased significantly as the severity of the vessel stenosis proximal to the graft increased, thus suggesting a mechanism for the improved patency rate of grafts to more stenotic vessels. The patency rate of the end-to-side component of a continuity graft (left anterior descending coronary artery and diagonal or marginal artery in 1 graft) was 100% and of the side-to-side component, 77%. This study shows that the patency rate for saphenous vein grafts compares favorably with the reported patency for internal mammary grafts when critical factors such as vessel size (greater than 1.5 mm) and degree of stenosis (greater than 70%) are considered in bypass selection.", "PMID": 314277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4397", "title": "Possible hazard of timed-release aspirin in a patient with pancreatic insufficiency.", "content": "An episode of severe small intestinal hemorrhage occurred in a cystic fibrosis patient having pancreatic insufficiency and receiving timed-release aspirin therapy for disabling hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. The increased acidity of small intestinal contents due to decreased bicarbonate secretion observed in patients with pancreatic insufficiency may alter the luminal environment and result in mucosal erosions and/or ulcerations in association with the presence of aspirin. Thus, physicians should be aware of the possibility that timed-release aspirin causes small intestinal hemorrhage in such patients.", "contents": "Possible hazard of timed-release aspirin in a patient with pancreatic insufficiency. An episode of severe small intestinal hemorrhage occurred in a cystic fibrosis patient having pancreatic insufficiency and receiving timed-release aspirin therapy for disabling hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. The increased acidity of small intestinal contents due to decreased bicarbonate secretion observed in patients with pancreatic insufficiency may alter the luminal environment and result in mucosal erosions and/or ulcerations in association with the presence of aspirin. Thus, physicians should be aware of the possibility that timed-release aspirin causes small intestinal hemorrhage in such patients.", "PMID": 314279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4398", "title": "Post-capillary venules in the human lymph nodes draining malignant tumours.", "content": "A total of 275 regional lymph nodes from an equal number of patients with either breast, bronchial, colorectal, gastric or kidney carcinoma were histologically evaluated with special attention focused on the structure of the post-capillary venules (PVC). Three grades of PVC were differentiated on the basis of their endothelial cell morphology and the post-capillary venule score (PCV-S) was calculated for each of the nodes studied. The highest PCV-S was obtained for the control nodes followed in decreasing order by the breast carcinoma series, the renal carcinomas, the gastric carcinomas, the colorectal carcinomas and the bronchial carcinomas. The statistical significances between the PCV-S values obtained were calculated and the possible relationship between these structural changes in PCV endothelium and the T-lymphocyte recirculation was discussed.", "contents": "Post-capillary venules in the human lymph nodes draining malignant tumours. A total of 275 regional lymph nodes from an equal number of patients with either breast, bronchial, colorectal, gastric or kidney carcinoma were histologically evaluated with special attention focused on the structure of the post-capillary venules (PVC). Three grades of PVC were differentiated on the basis of their endothelial cell morphology and the post-capillary venule score (PCV-S) was calculated for each of the nodes studied. The highest PCV-S was obtained for the control nodes followed in decreasing order by the breast carcinoma series, the renal carcinomas, the gastric carcinomas, the colorectal carcinomas and the bronchial carcinomas. The statistical significances between the PCV-S values obtained were calculated and the possible relationship between these structural changes in PCV endothelium and the T-lymphocyte recirculation was discussed.", "PMID": 314280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4399", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood in anesthesiologic personnel.", "content": "T and B lymphocytes were determined quantitatively in anesthesiologic personnel by the rosette technique. Percentages of T lymphocytes were diminished, while the lymphatic system of the peripheral blood showed signs of stimulation. The drop in percentages of T lymphocytes was greater in physicians compared with anesthesiologic nurses.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood in anesthesiologic personnel. T and B lymphocytes were determined quantitatively in anesthesiologic personnel by the rosette technique. Percentages of T lymphocytes were diminished, while the lymphatic system of the peripheral blood showed signs of stimulation. The drop in percentages of T lymphocytes was greater in physicians compared with anesthesiologic nurses.", "PMID": 314281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4400", "title": "Pharmacologic properties of some derivatives of N-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-phenoxyacetamide.", "content": "Three new inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthetase: N-(2-carboxy-4-chlorophenyl)-phenoxyacetamide (ZR 29), N-(2-carobxy-4-chlorophenyl/-bromophenoxyacetamide (ZR-32), N-(2-carboxy-4-chlorophenyl)-4' - nitrophenoxyacetamide (ZR-35), in doses of 30-100-200 mg/kg p.o. inhibited edema in an acute inflammatory model, ZR-32 inhibited formation of granuloma. In the chronic inflammatory model, ZR-32 exerted strongest activity in the second and third weeks. ZR-32 demonstrated strong analgesic activity in the test of stimulation with electric current and in the \"hot plate\" test, besides antipyretic activity. Both compounds weekly irritated the gastric mucosa. In the tests applied, these compounds had no effect on the CNS. Their acute to toxicity was substantially lower than that of acetylsalicyclic aid and indomethacin.", "contents": "Pharmacologic properties of some derivatives of N-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-phenoxyacetamide. Three new inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthetase: N-(2-carboxy-4-chlorophenyl)-phenoxyacetamide (ZR 29), N-(2-carobxy-4-chlorophenyl/-bromophenoxyacetamide (ZR-32), N-(2-carboxy-4-chlorophenyl)-4' - nitrophenoxyacetamide (ZR-35), in doses of 30-100-200 mg/kg p.o. inhibited edema in an acute inflammatory model, ZR-32 inhibited formation of granuloma. In the chronic inflammatory model, ZR-32 exerted strongest activity in the second and third weeks. ZR-32 demonstrated strong analgesic activity in the test of stimulation with electric current and in the \"hot plate\" test, besides antipyretic activity. Both compounds weekly irritated the gastric mucosa. In the tests applied, these compounds had no effect on the CNS. Their acute to toxicity was substantially lower than that of acetylsalicyclic aid and indomethacin.", "PMID": 314282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4401", "title": "Dominant optic atrophy. The clinical profile.", "content": "We examined 24 individuals in four family pedigrees with dominantly inherited optic atrophy (DOA); 12 patients met the criteria for diagnosis of DOA and two were suspect. Our data indicate that (1) insidious onset usually occurred in childhood, but subjective visual symptoms may evolve in adulthood; (2) visual function was minimally (20/25) to moderately (20/400) abnormal, could be strikingly asymmetric in an individual (eg, 20/30 in the right eye and 20/200 in the left eye), and showed considerable intrafamilial and interfamilial variation; (3) visual field defects consisted of central and centrocecal scotomas, but no peripheral isopter abnormalities were found; (4) color-vision screening with Hardy-Rand-Rittler plates revealed dyschromotopsias, but only Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue examination disclosed the typical tritan defects; (5) pattern-reversal visual-evoked responses were characterized by diminished amplitudes and prolonged latencies, consistent with neural conduction defects; (6) disc pallor was limited to the temporal segment in all cases, and 16 of 24 eyes showed focal temporal excavation, which is probably pathognomonic of DOA.", "contents": "Dominant optic atrophy. The clinical profile. We examined 24 individuals in four family pedigrees with dominantly inherited optic atrophy (DOA); 12 patients met the criteria for diagnosis of DOA and two were suspect. Our data indicate that (1) insidious onset usually occurred in childhood, but subjective visual symptoms may evolve in adulthood; (2) visual function was minimally (20/25) to moderately (20/400) abnormal, could be strikingly asymmetric in an individual (eg, 20/30 in the right eye and 20/200 in the left eye), and showed considerable intrafamilial and interfamilial variation; (3) visual field defects consisted of central and centrocecal scotomas, but no peripheral isopter abnormalities were found; (4) color-vision screening with Hardy-Rand-Rittler plates revealed dyschromotopsias, but only Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue examination disclosed the typical tritan defects; (5) pattern-reversal visual-evoked responses were characterized by diminished amplitudes and prolonged latencies, consistent with neural conduction defects; (6) disc pallor was limited to the temporal segment in all cases, and 16 of 24 eyes showed focal temporal excavation, which is probably pathognomonic of DOA.", "PMID": 314284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4402", "title": "The vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic sac and duct in endolymphatic hydrops.", "content": "The histologic features of the endolymphatic sac and duct in 23 serially sectioned temporal bones with idiopathic or secondary endolymphatic hydrops were blindly compared with 22 randomly selected, normal temporal bones. In idiopathic hydrops, the pars rugosa of the endolymphatic sac extended out of the vestibular aqueduct into the dura in 29% of bones, compared with none of normal bones (P less than .01). In the other 71%, the pars rugosa in the vestibular aqueduct was surrounded by dura more commonly than normal. Functional studies are required to assess the relationship of these findings to hydrops. In secondary hydrops (eg, due to labyrinthitis), the endolymphatic duct was obliterated in the isthmus of the vestibular aqueduct by bone or fibrosis in seven of nine bones. Because of similar ossification and fibrosis elsewhere in the vestibular labyrinth, a direct relationship with hydrops cannot be assumed.", "contents": "The vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic sac and duct in endolymphatic hydrops. The histologic features of the endolymphatic sac and duct in 23 serially sectioned temporal bones with idiopathic or secondary endolymphatic hydrops were blindly compared with 22 randomly selected, normal temporal bones. In idiopathic hydrops, the pars rugosa of the endolymphatic sac extended out of the vestibular aqueduct into the dura in 29% of bones, compared with none of normal bones (P less than .01). In the other 71%, the pars rugosa in the vestibular aqueduct was surrounded by dura more commonly than normal. Functional studies are required to assess the relationship of these findings to hydrops. In secondary hydrops (eg, due to labyrinthitis), the endolymphatic duct was obliterated in the isthmus of the vestibular aqueduct by bone or fibrosis in seven of nine bones. Because of similar ossification and fibrosis elsewhere in the vestibular labyrinth, a direct relationship with hydrops cannot be assumed.", "PMID": 314285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4403", "title": "Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: disease patterns in intact and nude mice of various genotypes and examination of some differences between normal and infected macrophages.", "content": "The course of the disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania tropica, differs markedly amongst various common inbred mouse strains. After intradermal injection of 1 x 10(6) promastigotes to young female specific pathogen-free (SPF) derived mice, persistent infection characterized by an expanding ulcerous lesion is seen in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice. In the strains CBA/H, C3H/He and A/J, lesions resolve within 8 weeks, and in C57B1/6 mice no real lesion typical of cutaneous leishmaniasis develops at the injection site. NZB mice are highly resistant. Macrophages harvested from the thioglycollate-stimulated peritoneal cavity of NZB and C57B1/6 mice appear to differ from macrophages of the other mouse strains in not supporting multiplication of L. tropica organisms in vitro. Nevertheless, hypothymic nude (nu/nu) mice of C57B1/6 genotype, as well as CBA/H-nu/nu and BALB/c-nu/nu mice, develop large lesions with metastases to other cutaneous and visceral locations. In the intact mice in which infection resolves spontaneously, resistance to reinfection is complete. Using mouse antipromastigote sera and an indirect fluorescent antibody test in carefully controlled experiments, L. tropica antigens were detected on in vitro infected macrophages of both highly susceptible BALB/c and relatively resistant CBA/H genotypes. After incubation with a crude soluble antigen preparation from cultured promastigotes, infected BALB/c macrophages differed from infected CBA/H macrophages (and uninfected macrophages of both genotypes) in being unable to sensitize syngeneic recipients for a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to that antigen. When infected and uninfected macrophages were used as \"blocking cells\" in an in vitro alloreactive cytotoxic T cell system involving cells from congenic mice, evidence was obtained for reduced H-2d expression on infected macrophages of the susceptible mouse strains, BALB/c. The data in this model system of cutaneous leishmaniasis raise the possibility that genetic susceptibility is associated with both a permissive macrophage and defective T cell recognition of parasite antigens on infected macrophages. Defective recognition may be the result of reduced functional expression of H-2d antigens on infected BALB/c macrophages required for efficient recognition by syngeneic T cells of one or more subpopulations.", "contents": "Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: disease patterns in intact and nude mice of various genotypes and examination of some differences between normal and infected macrophages. The course of the disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania tropica, differs markedly amongst various common inbred mouse strains. After intradermal injection of 1 x 10(6) promastigotes to young female specific pathogen-free (SPF) derived mice, persistent infection characterized by an expanding ulcerous lesion is seen in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice. In the strains CBA/H, C3H/He and A/J, lesions resolve within 8 weeks, and in C57B1/6 mice no real lesion typical of cutaneous leishmaniasis develops at the injection site. NZB mice are highly resistant. Macrophages harvested from the thioglycollate-stimulated peritoneal cavity of NZB and C57B1/6 mice appear to differ from macrophages of the other mouse strains in not supporting multiplication of L. tropica organisms in vitro. Nevertheless, hypothymic nude (nu/nu) mice of C57B1/6 genotype, as well as CBA/H-nu/nu and BALB/c-nu/nu mice, develop large lesions with metastases to other cutaneous and visceral locations. In the intact mice in which infection resolves spontaneously, resistance to reinfection is complete. Using mouse antipromastigote sera and an indirect fluorescent antibody test in carefully controlled experiments, L. tropica antigens were detected on in vitro infected macrophages of both highly susceptible BALB/c and relatively resistant CBA/H genotypes. After incubation with a crude soluble antigen preparation from cultured promastigotes, infected BALB/c macrophages differed from infected CBA/H macrophages (and uninfected macrophages of both genotypes) in being unable to sensitize syngeneic recipients for a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to that antigen. When infected and uninfected macrophages were used as \"blocking cells\" in an in vitro alloreactive cytotoxic T cell system involving cells from congenic mice, evidence was obtained for reduced H-2d expression on infected macrophages of the susceptible mouse strains, BALB/c. The data in this model system of cutaneous leishmaniasis raise the possibility that genetic susceptibility is associated with both a permissive macrophage and defective T cell recognition of parasite antigens on infected macrophages. Defective recognition may be the result of reduced functional expression of H-2d antigens on infected BALB/c macrophages required for efficient recognition by syngeneic T cells of one or more subpopulations.", "PMID": 314286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4404", "title": "Identification of histidine residues that act as zinc ligands in beta-lactamase II by differential tritium exchange.", "content": "1. Four histidine-containing peptides have been isolated from a tryptic digest of the Zn2+-requiring beta-lactamase II from Bacillus cereus. One of these peptides probably contains two histidine residues. 2. The presence of one equivalent of Zn2+ substantially decreases the rate of exchange of the C-2 proton in at least two and probably three of the histidine residues of these peptides for solvent 3H. 3. It is concluded that peptides containing at least two of the three histidine residues acting as Zn2+ ligands at the tighter Zn2+-binding site of beta-lactamase II have been identified.", "contents": "Identification of histidine residues that act as zinc ligands in beta-lactamase II by differential tritium exchange. 1. Four histidine-containing peptides have been isolated from a tryptic digest of the Zn2+-requiring beta-lactamase II from Bacillus cereus. One of these peptides probably contains two histidine residues. 2. The presence of one equivalent of Zn2+ substantially decreases the rate of exchange of the C-2 proton in at least two and probably three of the histidine residues of these peptides for solvent 3H. 3. It is concluded that peptides containing at least two of the three histidine residues acting as Zn2+ ligands at the tighter Zn2+-binding site of beta-lactamase II have been identified.", "PMID": 314287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4405", "title": "Serum complement abnormalities in the antinuclear antibody-positive relatives of children with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Serum C3, C4 and total hemolytic complement (CH50) levels were measured for 21 children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 81 first degree relatives. The mean serum C4 and CH50 levels of the 12 relatives with antinuclear antibodies (ANA( were depressed to levels equal to those of the index cases. A similar depression was not found for C3, nor was there a depression of C3, C4, or CH50 in the relatives without ANA. If preexistent depression of C4 levels can be documented in the ANA-positive relatives of index cases, it may provide an explanation for the inherited predisposition to SLE in some families.", "contents": "Serum complement abnormalities in the antinuclear antibody-positive relatives of children with systemic lupus erythematosus. Serum C3, C4 and total hemolytic complement (CH50) levels were measured for 21 children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 81 first degree relatives. The mean serum C4 and CH50 levels of the 12 relatives with antinuclear antibodies (ANA( were depressed to levels equal to those of the index cases. A similar depression was not found for C3, nor was there a depression of C3, C4, or CH50 in the relatives without ANA. If preexistent depression of C4 levels can be documented in the ANA-positive relatives of index cases, it may provide an explanation for the inherited predisposition to SLE in some families.", "PMID": 314291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4406", "title": "Antigenic bacterial polysaccharide in rheumatoid synovial effusions.", "content": "Phenol-water extracted rheumatoid synovial fluids and synovial fluid leukocytes contain an antigen immunologically identical to the Proprionibacterium group bacteria. The antigen was identified by counter-immunoelectrophoresis in 70% of rheumatoid synovial fluid leukocyte pellets and in 60% of rheumatoid synovial fluids. It was also present in 6% of nonrheumatoid fluids and in 22% of nonrheumatoid inflammatory fluid leukocytes. Antigen was not detectable in synovial samples before extraction. Synovial and bacterial antigens were further purified by proteolytic digestion and Sepharose 4B column chromatography. Biochemical and enzymatic studies of bacterial and synovial antigens were similar and consistent with a high molecular weight polysaccharide. Serum antibody to bacterial and synovial antigens was significantly less frequent in rheumatoid sera than in normal controls. The significance of demonstrating a bacterial polysaccharide primarily in rheumatoid synovial effusions is discussed.", "contents": "Antigenic bacterial polysaccharide in rheumatoid synovial effusions. Phenol-water extracted rheumatoid synovial fluids and synovial fluid leukocytes contain an antigen immunologically identical to the Proprionibacterium group bacteria. The antigen was identified by counter-immunoelectrophoresis in 70% of rheumatoid synovial fluid leukocyte pellets and in 60% of rheumatoid synovial fluids. It was also present in 6% of nonrheumatoid fluids and in 22% of nonrheumatoid inflammatory fluid leukocytes. Antigen was not detectable in synovial samples before extraction. Synovial and bacterial antigens were further purified by proteolytic digestion and Sepharose 4B column chromatography. Biochemical and enzymatic studies of bacterial and synovial antigens were similar and consistent with a high molecular weight polysaccharide. Serum antibody to bacterial and synovial antigens was significantly less frequent in rheumatoid sera than in normal controls. The significance of demonstrating a bacterial polysaccharide primarily in rheumatoid synovial effusions is discussed.", "PMID": 314293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4407", "title": "T lymphocyte subpopulations in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatic disease.", "content": "The proportion of T lymphocytes with receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (TG cells) of IgM (TM cells) was determined in synovial fluid and blood of 16 patients with various rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. The percentage of TG cells was low in all synovial fluid samples, whereas in the patients' blood the percentage was higher than or equal to the level found in the blood of healthy subjects. Eight patients also had a lower level of TM cells in synovial fluid as compared to the percentage found in the blood of healthy donors. In the patients' blood the percentage of TM cells was usually within the normal range. Thus the proportion of T cells lacking either receptor (Tnull cells) was higher in synovial fluid than in blood. This pattern of low TG cell and high Tnull cell percentages was found in the synovial fluid of patients with various rheumatic diseases and thus seems to be a general feature of chronic inflammatory joint exudates.", "contents": "T lymphocyte subpopulations in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatic disease. The proportion of T lymphocytes with receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (TG cells) of IgM (TM cells) was determined in synovial fluid and blood of 16 patients with various rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. The percentage of TG cells was low in all synovial fluid samples, whereas in the patients' blood the percentage was higher than or equal to the level found in the blood of healthy subjects. Eight patients also had a lower level of TM cells in synovial fluid as compared to the percentage found in the blood of healthy donors. In the patients' blood the percentage of TM cells was usually within the normal range. Thus the proportion of T cells lacking either receptor (Tnull cells) was higher in synovial fluid than in blood. This pattern of low TG cell and high Tnull cell percentages was found in the synovial fluid of patients with various rheumatic diseases and thus seems to be a general feature of chronic inflammatory joint exudates.", "PMID": 314294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4408", "title": "[Admissable and limited extrapolation of pharmacological and toxicological results on man demonstrated on selected examples (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of comparative studies with respect to pharmacological, toxicological, pharmacokinetic and clinico-pharmacological effects of the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs 4-[4-(2'-fluorobiphenylyl)]-4-hydroxycrotonic acid and 3-(2'-fluoro-4-biphenylyl)-butyric acid as well as the intrinsic activities of their metabolites in vitro are discussed. The variation in gastrointestinal side effects caused by the two compounds in different species can conveniently be explained in terms of different pharmacokinetic pathways. This leads to a species dependent formation of pharmaco-dynamically active metabolites.", "contents": "[Admissable and limited extrapolation of pharmacological and toxicological results on man demonstrated on selected examples (author's transl)]. The results of comparative studies with respect to pharmacological, toxicological, pharmacokinetic and clinico-pharmacological effects of the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs 4-[4-(2'-fluorobiphenylyl)]-4-hydroxycrotonic acid and 3-(2'-fluoro-4-biphenylyl)-butyric acid as well as the intrinsic activities of their metabolites in vitro are discussed. The variation in gastrointestinal side effects caused by the two compounds in different species can conveniently be explained in terms of different pharmacokinetic pathways. This leads to a species dependent formation of pharmaco-dynamically active metabolites.", "PMID": 314295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4409", "title": "Inhibitory effect of cimetidine, an antagonist of histamine H2-receptor, on gastric acid secretion in isolated frog stomach and in anesthetized young chicken.", "content": "Gastric antisecretory effect of a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, N\"-cyano-N-methyl-N'-[2-T5-methyl-imidazol-4-yl)-methylthioethyl]guanidine (cimetidine), was studied in isolated bullfrog gastric mucosa and in anesthetized young chicken preparation with acute gastric fistulae. Cimetidine inhibited dose-dependently the secretory responses of frog gastric mucosa to histamine, and parallel shift of the concentration-response curve of histamine by cimetidine indicated the competitive character of the antagonism. However, cimetidine inhibited the stimulatory action of methacholine and gastrin as well as histamine on gastric secretion. Cimetidine pretreatment protected the histamine sensitivity of gastric mucosa from the irreversible blocking action of dibenamine. It was also found in the chicken preparation that cimetidine strongly depressed the maximal acid secretory response to histamine as well as to tetragastrin or methacholine. These results may afford the evidence indicating the specific action of cimetidine and the involvement of histamine-related mechanism in the action of the other two secretagogues.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of cimetidine, an antagonist of histamine H2-receptor, on gastric acid secretion in isolated frog stomach and in anesthetized young chicken. Gastric antisecretory effect of a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, N\"-cyano-N-methyl-N'-[2-T5-methyl-imidazol-4-yl)-methylthioethyl]guanidine (cimetidine), was studied in isolated bullfrog gastric mucosa and in anesthetized young chicken preparation with acute gastric fistulae. Cimetidine inhibited dose-dependently the secretory responses of frog gastric mucosa to histamine, and parallel shift of the concentration-response curve of histamine by cimetidine indicated the competitive character of the antagonism. However, cimetidine inhibited the stimulatory action of methacholine and gastrin as well as histamine on gastric secretion. Cimetidine pretreatment protected the histamine sensitivity of gastric mucosa from the irreversible blocking action of dibenamine. It was also found in the chicken preparation that cimetidine strongly depressed the maximal acid secretory response to histamine as well as to tetragastrin or methacholine. These results may afford the evidence indicating the specific action of cimetidine and the involvement of histamine-related mechanism in the action of the other two secretagogues.", "PMID": 314297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4410", "title": "[Lipase and alpha amylase of chick embryo pancreas and of chickens of various ages].", "content": "In chicken embryo pancreas on the 19th day the activity of alpha-amylase and especially of lipase is very low; it increases soon after until it reaches its highest level in 36 hours old chick. Then it falls considerably on the 2nd and 10th day of normal diet; finally it starts again: in fact in three months old chickens the activity of alpha-amylase is equal to thirty-six hours old chick's, while lipase's is lower than this last one.", "contents": "[Lipase and alpha amylase of chick embryo pancreas and of chickens of various ages]. In chicken embryo pancreas on the 19th day the activity of alpha-amylase and especially of lipase is very low; it increases soon after until it reaches its highest level in 36 hours old chick. Then it falls considerably on the 2nd and 10th day of normal diet; finally it starts again: in fact in three months old chickens the activity of alpha-amylase is equal to thirty-six hours old chick's, while lipase's is lower than this last one.", "PMID": 314298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4411", "title": "Effect of aluminum hydroxide on diflunisal absorption.", "content": "1 The effect of aluminum hydroxide on the oral absorption of diflunisal was studied in healthy subjects. 2 Relative bioavailability of the oral diflunisal dose (500 mg) was estimated by comparison of the areas under plasma concentration versus time curves, and comparison of the amount of drug (unchanged + glucuronides) excreted in the urine. 3 From the AUC-method, a relative bioavailability of 0.60 was calculated. A similar value (F = 0.63) was obtained from the urinary excretion data. 4 The results indicate that co-administration of aluminum hydroxide reduces the bioavailability of oral diflusinal by about 40%.", "contents": "Effect of aluminum hydroxide on diflunisal absorption. 1 The effect of aluminum hydroxide on the oral absorption of diflunisal was studied in healthy subjects. 2 Relative bioavailability of the oral diflunisal dose (500 mg) was estimated by comparison of the areas under plasma concentration versus time curves, and comparison of the amount of drug (unchanged + glucuronides) excreted in the urine. 3 From the AUC-method, a relative bioavailability of 0.60 was calculated. A similar value (F = 0.63) was obtained from the urinary excretion data. 4 The results indicate that co-administration of aluminum hydroxide reduces the bioavailability of oral diflusinal by about 40%.", "PMID": 314299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4412", "title": "Surface phenotyping, histology and the nature of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 157 patients.", "content": "In a study of 157 patients with lymphoid malignancy, the phenotype of the tumour cells was correlated with the histological classification of the tumour using the Rappaport and the Kiel classifications. The markers used included E, Fc gamma, Fc micron (IgM) and C3d rosetting, estimation of SIg and CyIg, and tests for the expression of HTLA, Ia and ALL. Repeat biopsy specimens were studied in 23 of these patients. The phenotypic features of lymphoblastic malignancy indicated B-cell, T-cell and ALL-positive null-cell tumours in this group. Immunoblastic lymphomas were predominantly of non-capping B-cell type, but T-cell immunoblastic lymphoma occurred in 2 patients. Immunoblastic lymphomas of receptor-silent cells occur, and are ALL- and HTLA-negative. In the category of diffuse, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas, most cases are of centroblastic and centrocytic tumour of diffuse type, but pure centrocytic tumours and centroblastic tumours occur. The dominant phenotype in this group is of B cells expressing C3d receptors. Nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas (Rappaport) are classified as centroblastic and centrocytic follicular (Kiel) and most express SIg+ C3d+ phenotype. The frequency of this phenotype appeared the same in both diffuse and nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic neoplasms. The Rappaport group of diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma includes 2 Kiel categories, malignant lymphoma lymphocytic, and malignant lymphoma lymphoplasmacytoid. Cells of the former tumour were considered to be immature B cells resembling those seen in CLL, and characteristically expressing SIg weakly, with a high frequency of single kappa light chain. Cells of the latter tumour are by contrast mature, and are related to the centroblastic and centrocytic follicular tumour by their histogenesis and phenotypic features. Repeat biopsy examinations indicate that T-cell predominance occurs in the prodromal phase of B-cell-predominant tumours of SIg+ C3d+ phenotype. It is concluded that non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be divided into 2 categories: (1) tumours of immature immunologically incompetent cells of lymphoblastic histology and with phenotypic features akin to T, B and Null-cell ALL, and (2) tumours of differentiated lymphocytes expressing the phenotypic features of B lymphocytes, with maturation arrested at one of several stages of an antigen-dependent immune response.", "contents": "Surface phenotyping, histology and the nature of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 157 patients. In a study of 157 patients with lymphoid malignancy, the phenotype of the tumour cells was correlated with the histological classification of the tumour using the Rappaport and the Kiel classifications. The markers used included E, Fc gamma, Fc micron (IgM) and C3d rosetting, estimation of SIg and CyIg, and tests for the expression of HTLA, Ia and ALL. Repeat biopsy specimens were studied in 23 of these patients. The phenotypic features of lymphoblastic malignancy indicated B-cell, T-cell and ALL-positive null-cell tumours in this group. Immunoblastic lymphomas were predominantly of non-capping B-cell type, but T-cell immunoblastic lymphoma occurred in 2 patients. Immunoblastic lymphomas of receptor-silent cells occur, and are ALL- and HTLA-negative. In the category of diffuse, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas, most cases are of centroblastic and centrocytic tumour of diffuse type, but pure centrocytic tumours and centroblastic tumours occur. The dominant phenotype in this group is of B cells expressing C3d receptors. Nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas (Rappaport) are classified as centroblastic and centrocytic follicular (Kiel) and most express SIg+ C3d+ phenotype. The frequency of this phenotype appeared the same in both diffuse and nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic neoplasms. The Rappaport group of diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma includes 2 Kiel categories, malignant lymphoma lymphocytic, and malignant lymphoma lymphoplasmacytoid. Cells of the former tumour were considered to be immature B cells resembling those seen in CLL, and characteristically expressing SIg weakly, with a high frequency of single kappa light chain. Cells of the latter tumour are by contrast mature, and are related to the centroblastic and centrocytic follicular tumour by their histogenesis and phenotypic features. Repeat biopsy examinations indicate that T-cell predominance occurs in the prodromal phase of B-cell-predominant tumours of SIg+ C3d+ phenotype. It is concluded that non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be divided into 2 categories: (1) tumours of immature immunologically incompetent cells of lymphoblastic histology and with phenotypic features akin to T, B and Null-cell ALL, and (2) tumours of differentiated lymphocytes expressing the phenotypic features of B lymphocytes, with maturation arrested at one of several stages of an antigen-dependent immune response.", "PMID": 314300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4413", "title": "Low natural-killer-cell activity in familial melanoma patients and their relatives.", "content": "Patients with melanoma who had one or more close relatives with melanoma were studied for their natural-killer-cell (NK) activity against cultured melanoma cells and Chang cells. A high proportion of the patients and their relatives were found to have low NK activity against these target cells. In most of the patients this could not be attributed to general depression of their immune function, since B- and T-cell numbers and the mitogenic response to PHA were within normal limits. The levels of NK activity of the patients and their relatives were found to be significantly correlated, suggesting that the NK activity in these families may have been genetically (or environmentally) determined. Several genetic markers were examined in the patients and their relatives for association with the disease state and NK activity. No association with HLA antigens or ABO blood groups was detected, but there was a low incidence of the Rhesus negative phenotype in the patients (the Rh phenotype had previously been associated with high NK activity). The present results indicate that NK activity has a familial association in families with a high incidence of melanoma, and raise the question whether low NK activity may be one of the predisposing factors in the development of familial melanoma.", "contents": "Low natural-killer-cell activity in familial melanoma patients and their relatives. Patients with melanoma who had one or more close relatives with melanoma were studied for their natural-killer-cell (NK) activity against cultured melanoma cells and Chang cells. A high proportion of the patients and their relatives were found to have low NK activity against these target cells. In most of the patients this could not be attributed to general depression of their immune function, since B- and T-cell numbers and the mitogenic response to PHA were within normal limits. The levels of NK activity of the patients and their relatives were found to be significantly correlated, suggesting that the NK activity in these families may have been genetically (or environmentally) determined. Several genetic markers were examined in the patients and their relatives for association with the disease state and NK activity. No association with HLA antigens or ABO blood groups was detected, but there was a low incidence of the Rhesus negative phenotype in the patients (the Rh phenotype had previously been associated with high NK activity). The present results indicate that NK activity has a familial association in families with a high incidence of melanoma, and raise the question whether low NK activity may be one of the predisposing factors in the development of familial melanoma.", "PMID": 314301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4414", "title": "Response of intestinal globule leucocytes in the mouse during a Trichinella spiralis infection and its independence of intestinal mast cells.", "content": "We have previously reported that intestinal mast cells represent a separate population of mast cells which is thymus- (T-) dependent. In this paper we examine whether the appearance of these cells is dependent on thymus-dependent antibodies or thymus serum factor(s). The response of intestinal mast cells and globule leucocytes to a Trichinella spiralis infection was therefore studied in congenitally athymic (nude) mice after treatment with specific anti-T. spiralis hyperimmune serum or normal mouse serum from thymus-bearing litter-mates. However, transfer of both types of serum did not lead to an intestinal mast cell response. It was concluded that the presence of an intact thymus or T-dependent cellular reactions and/or their products are essential for appearance of intestinal mast cells. In contrast infected athymic mice reacted with a minor reponse of globule leucocytes irrespective of the serum transfer. Occasionally metachromatic intra-epithelially located cells with toluidine-blue-positive granules, believed to be globule leucocytes, showed mitotic figures. Metachromatic cells were observed occasionally within the lumen of the gut. These data were interpreted as supporting the idea that the globule leucocyte is a cell sui generis and independent of the intestinal mast cell.", "contents": "Response of intestinal globule leucocytes in the mouse during a Trichinella spiralis infection and its independence of intestinal mast cells. We have previously reported that intestinal mast cells represent a separate population of mast cells which is thymus- (T-) dependent. In this paper we examine whether the appearance of these cells is dependent on thymus-dependent antibodies or thymus serum factor(s). The response of intestinal mast cells and globule leucocytes to a Trichinella spiralis infection was therefore studied in congenitally athymic (nude) mice after treatment with specific anti-T. spiralis hyperimmune serum or normal mouse serum from thymus-bearing litter-mates. However, transfer of both types of serum did not lead to an intestinal mast cell response. It was concluded that the presence of an intact thymus or T-dependent cellular reactions and/or their products are essential for appearance of intestinal mast cells. In contrast infected athymic mice reacted with a minor reponse of globule leucocytes irrespective of the serum transfer. Occasionally metachromatic intra-epithelially located cells with toluidine-blue-positive granules, believed to be globule leucocytes, showed mitotic figures. Metachromatic cells were observed occasionally within the lumen of the gut. These data were interpreted as supporting the idea that the globule leucocyte is a cell sui generis and independent of the intestinal mast cell.", "PMID": 314302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4415", "title": "The separation of Willebrand factor from factor VIII-related antigen.", "content": "The three activities associated with factor VIII--coagulant (VIII:C), antigenic (VIIIR:Ag), and platelet agglutinating or Willebrand factor (VIIIR:WF)--have been separated by sequential antibody affinity chromatography, utilizing a rabbit antibody to factor VIII and a spontaneous human antibody to VIII:C. Normal plasma differentially lost its factor VIII-related antigen following passage over the rabbit antibody column. Subsequent passage of the VIIIR:Ag-depleted plasma over the human antibody column resulted in the loss of VIII:C activity, with retention of the Willebrand factor activity, antigen being partially recovered from the heterologous antibody column. These experiments demonstrate that it is possible to separate two of the factor VIII activities, VIIIR:Ag and VIIIR:WF, which are usually regarded as properties of a single molecule.", "contents": "The separation of Willebrand factor from factor VIII-related antigen. The three activities associated with factor VIII--coagulant (VIII:C), antigenic (VIIIR:Ag), and platelet agglutinating or Willebrand factor (VIIIR:WF)--have been separated by sequential antibody affinity chromatography, utilizing a rabbit antibody to factor VIII and a spontaneous human antibody to VIII:C. Normal plasma differentially lost its factor VIII-related antigen following passage over the rabbit antibody column. Subsequent passage of the VIIIR:Ag-depleted plasma over the human antibody column resulted in the loss of VIII:C activity, with retention of the Willebrand factor activity, antigen being partially recovered from the heterologous antibody column. These experiments demonstrate that it is possible to separate two of the factor VIII activities, VIIIR:Ag and VIIIR:WF, which are usually regarded as properties of a single molecule.", "PMID": 314303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4416", "title": "Factor VIII procoagulant activity, factor VIII related antigen and von Willebrand factor in newborn cord blood.", "content": "The mean level of factor VIII procoagulant acitivity (VIII:C) and factor VIII related antigen (VIIIR:AG) was normal in 100 newborn cord plasmas, whereas that of von Willebrand factor (VIIIR:WF) activity was slightly lower than normal. On crossed immunoelectrophoresis, 20 of 50 newborn infants had an increased anodal mobility of VIIIR:AG. When the cord plasma showing an abnormal electrophoretic pattern was mixed with normal plasma, two precipitation peaks with a broad base were found. Similar mixing experiments with the abnormal cord plasma and plasma from a patient with atypical von Willebrand's disease did not normalize the electrophoretic mobility of VIIIR:AG. Gel filtration of the cord plasma with an abnormal electrophoretic pattern of VIII:AG, showed that the three activities were all detected at the position corresponding to a molecular weight of about 800 000. The results suggest the presence of qualitative abnormalities of the factor VIII molecule in half of full-term newborn cord plasma.", "contents": "Factor VIII procoagulant activity, factor VIII related antigen and von Willebrand factor in newborn cord blood. The mean level of factor VIII procoagulant acitivity (VIII:C) and factor VIII related antigen (VIIIR:AG) was normal in 100 newborn cord plasmas, whereas that of von Willebrand factor (VIIIR:WF) activity was slightly lower than normal. On crossed immunoelectrophoresis, 20 of 50 newborn infants had an increased anodal mobility of VIIIR:AG. When the cord plasma showing an abnormal electrophoretic pattern was mixed with normal plasma, two precipitation peaks with a broad base were found. Similar mixing experiments with the abnormal cord plasma and plasma from a patient with atypical von Willebrand's disease did not normalize the electrophoretic mobility of VIIIR:AG. Gel filtration of the cord plasma with an abnormal electrophoretic pattern of VIII:AG, showed that the three activities were all detected at the position corresponding to a molecular weight of about 800 000. The results suggest the presence of qualitative abnormalities of the factor VIII molecule in half of full-term newborn cord plasma.", "PMID": 314304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4417", "title": "Chasing Crohn's.", "content": "The importance of Crohn's disease in oral pathology is briefly discussed. A series of experiments using immunofluorescent tracing techniques is described which culminates in the identification of a Crohn's-specific circulating antibody which reacts with autologous oral mucosa in vitro. It is suggested that this forms the basis of a diagnostic test.", "contents": "Chasing Crohn's. The importance of Crohn's disease in oral pathology is briefly discussed. A series of experiments using immunofluorescent tracing techniques is described which culminates in the identification of a Crohn's-specific circulating antibody which reacts with autologous oral mucosa in vitro. It is suggested that this forms the basis of a diagnostic test.", "PMID": 314305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4418", "title": "The relationship of K+ efflux at the inner surface of the isolated frog skin epithelium to the short circuit current.", "content": "Isolated frog skins (without chorion) were incubated with 42K+ Ringers' solution, bathing the internal surface for 2 h. All the K+ contained in the frog skin was equilibrated in specific activity with external 42K+. The kinetics of the washout of 42K+ from the internal surface of the skin exhibits one fast and one slow exponential component. Amiloride reduces the release of 42K+ corresponding to both components without affecting the K+ content of the skin. Ouabain increases the loss of 42K+ of the slow component by 200%. Since the total K+ in the skin decreases to 25% of its original value both compartments are affected. The results suggest that two distinct functional compartments exist defined by two 42K+ release ratios and that because of the large K+ contents of these compartments both are intracellular. The relation with the transepithelial Na+ transport and the morphological identification of these compartments is discussed.", "contents": "The relationship of K+ efflux at the inner surface of the isolated frog skin epithelium to the short circuit current. Isolated frog skins (without chorion) were incubated with 42K+ Ringers' solution, bathing the internal surface for 2 h. All the K+ contained in the frog skin was equilibrated in specific activity with external 42K+. The kinetics of the washout of 42K+ from the internal surface of the skin exhibits one fast and one slow exponential component. Amiloride reduces the release of 42K+ corresponding to both components without affecting the K+ content of the skin. Ouabain increases the loss of 42K+ of the slow component by 200%. Since the total K+ in the skin decreases to 25% of its original value both compartments are affected. The results suggest that two distinct functional compartments exist defined by two 42K+ release ratios and that because of the large K+ contents of these compartments both are intracellular. The relation with the transepithelial Na+ transport and the morphological identification of these compartments is discussed.", "PMID": 314306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4419", "title": "Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. VI. Isolation of a fraction enriched in newly synthesized bacteriochlorophyll alpha-protein complexes.", "content": "Radioactivity eventually destined for the chromatophore membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was shown in pulse-chase studies to appear first in a distinct pigmented fraction. The material formed an upper pigmented band which sedimented more slowly than chromatophores when cell-free extracts were subjected directly to rate-zone sedimentation on sucrose density gradients. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the purified fraction contained polypeptide bands of the same mobility as light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll alpha and reaction center-associated protein components of chromatophores; these were superimposed upon cytoplasmic membrane polypeptides. The pulse-chase relation was confined mainly to the polypeptide components of these pigment-protein complexes. It is suggested that the isolated fraction may be derived from sites at which new membrane invagination is initiated.", "contents": "Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. VI. Isolation of a fraction enriched in newly synthesized bacteriochlorophyll alpha-protein complexes. Radioactivity eventually destined for the chromatophore membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was shown in pulse-chase studies to appear first in a distinct pigmented fraction. The material formed an upper pigmented band which sedimented more slowly than chromatophores when cell-free extracts were subjected directly to rate-zone sedimentation on sucrose density gradients. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the purified fraction contained polypeptide bands of the same mobility as light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll alpha and reaction center-associated protein components of chromatophores; these were superimposed upon cytoplasmic membrane polypeptides. The pulse-chase relation was confined mainly to the polypeptide components of these pigment-protein complexes. It is suggested that the isolated fraction may be derived from sites at which new membrane invagination is initiated.", "PMID": 314307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4420", "title": "Selective destruction of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors by neuraminidase.", "content": "The responses of isolated frog skin to 5-hydroxytryptamine (increased active sodium transport and decreased passive chloride permeability) are diminished by incubation with the enzymes neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase but only in the absence of Ca2+ and presence of EDTA. The responses induced by oxytocin, adrenalin and aldosterone are unaffected by enzyme treatment.", "contents": "Selective destruction of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors by neuraminidase. The responses of isolated frog skin to 5-hydroxytryptamine (increased active sodium transport and decreased passive chloride permeability) are diminished by incubation with the enzymes neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase but only in the absence of Ca2+ and presence of EDTA. The responses induced by oxytocin, adrenalin and aldosterone are unaffected by enzyme treatment.", "PMID": 314308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4421", "title": "Interferon-sensitive expression of membrane-bound IgM on a human lymphoid B cell line persistently infected with herpes simplex virus.", "content": "While both primary and chronic herpes simplex virus (HSV) in vitro infections of a Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell line (Raji) were similarly characterized by the induction of IgG-Fe receptors in about 50% of cells, the persistent HSV infection of Raji cells was also accompanied by an induction of surface-bound IgM in approximately 80% of cells. This IgM induction was suppressed by treating the infected cells with interferon, but not with phosphonoacetic acid, an inhibitor of herpes virus DNA polymerase activity. The fact that only the cell population which had lost this IgM expression was superinfectable would suggest that this Ig may play a protective role (e.g. antibody activity?) against HSV.", "contents": "Interferon-sensitive expression of membrane-bound IgM on a human lymphoid B cell line persistently infected with herpes simplex virus. While both primary and chronic herpes simplex virus (HSV) in vitro infections of a Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell line (Raji) were similarly characterized by the induction of IgG-Fe receptors in about 50% of cells, the persistent HSV infection of Raji cells was also accompanied by an induction of surface-bound IgM in approximately 80% of cells. This IgM induction was suppressed by treating the infected cells with interferon, but not with phosphonoacetic acid, an inhibitor of herpes virus DNA polymerase activity. The fact that only the cell population which had lost this IgM expression was superinfectable would suggest that this Ig may play a protective role (e.g. antibody activity?) against HSV.", "PMID": 314309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4422", "title": "A novel lymphocyte differentiating factor in serum of patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome.", "content": "Sera from 13 patients with mycosis fungoides and 2 with Sezary syndrome were tested for activity that induces lymphocyte differentiation. Induction of Thy-1.2 antigen and surface immunoglobulin were used, respectively, to measure T- and B-cell differentiation. The indicator cells were null lymphocytes from the spleens of congenitally athymic nude mice. Normal serum induced some T-cell but no B-cell differentiation. The T-cell-inducing activity was ascribed to thymic hormone and declined with advancing age. A totally different pattern emerged with patient serum. T-cell-inducing activity was significantly more active than in normal serum (p less than 0.001). This activity did not decline with advancing age and was not inhibited by a concentration of ubiquitin, which blocks nonspecific beta-adrenergic induction. B-cell-inducing activity was also present. This novel serum factor (or factors) is a potent inducer of T- and B-lymphocyte differentiation and is associated with neoplastic lymphoproliferation of the T-cell series.", "contents": "A novel lymphocyte differentiating factor in serum of patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Sera from 13 patients with mycosis fungoides and 2 with Sezary syndrome were tested for activity that induces lymphocyte differentiation. Induction of Thy-1.2 antigen and surface immunoglobulin were used, respectively, to measure T- and B-cell differentiation. The indicator cells were null lymphocytes from the spleens of congenitally athymic nude mice. Normal serum induced some T-cell but no B-cell differentiation. The T-cell-inducing activity was ascribed to thymic hormone and declined with advancing age. A totally different pattern emerged with patient serum. T-cell-inducing activity was significantly more active than in normal serum (p less than 0.001). This activity did not decline with advancing age and was not inhibited by a concentration of ubiquitin, which blocks nonspecific beta-adrenergic induction. B-cell-inducing activity was also present. This novel serum factor (or factors) is a potent inducer of T- and B-lymphocyte differentiation and is associated with neoplastic lymphoproliferation of the T-cell series.", "PMID": 314311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4423", "title": "Specificity of lactoferrin as an inhibitor of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity production from fetal mouse liver cells.", "content": "Fetal mouse liver cultures capable of producing both erythropoietin (Ep) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity (GM-CSA) were used to study the specificity of lactoferrin as an inhibitor of the production of GM-CSA. Both a granulocyte-derived colony-inhibiting activity (CIA) and lactoferrin inhibited GM-CSA production while having no effect on Ep production. These results demonstrate the specificity of lactoferrin for GM-CSA production.", "contents": "Specificity of lactoferrin as an inhibitor of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity production from fetal mouse liver cells. Fetal mouse liver cultures capable of producing both erythropoietin (Ep) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity (GM-CSA) were used to study the specificity of lactoferrin as an inhibitor of the production of GM-CSA. Both a granulocyte-derived colony-inhibiting activity (CIA) and lactoferrin inhibited GM-CSA production while having no effect on Ep production. These results demonstrate the specificity of lactoferrin for GM-CSA production.", "PMID": 314314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4424", "title": "[T-zone lymphoma--clinical symptoms, therapy, and prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical symptoms, response to therapy, and prognosis of T-zone lymphoma were analyzed in 32 cases. This recently defined lymphoma entity developed relatively quickly with generalized lymphadenopathy and general malaise. Hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly and skin efflorescence were frequent presenting symptoms. A few patients showed hyperimmune reactions and occasionally severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was usually markedly elevated. There was sometimes a polyclonal increase in serum immunoglobulin, sometimes a reduction. Blood and bone marrow smears from a few patients showed occasional atypical lymphocytes. A remarkable finding was the frequent involvement of lung or pleura (40.5% of the patients). The prognosis is unfavorable. Most of the patients were in stages III or IV at the time of diagnosis. Massive infiltration of organs, resistance to routine therapy, and decreasing resistance to infection resulted in death soon after diagnosis. The probability of survival was 0.48 in the first year after diagnosis. The prognosis for patients in stages I and II was clearly better than that for patients in stages III and IV.", "contents": "[T-zone lymphoma--clinical symptoms, therapy, and prognosis (author's transl)]. The clinical symptoms, response to therapy, and prognosis of T-zone lymphoma were analyzed in 32 cases. This recently defined lymphoma entity developed relatively quickly with generalized lymphadenopathy and general malaise. Hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly and skin efflorescence were frequent presenting symptoms. A few patients showed hyperimmune reactions and occasionally severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was usually markedly elevated. There was sometimes a polyclonal increase in serum immunoglobulin, sometimes a reduction. Blood and bone marrow smears from a few patients showed occasional atypical lymphocytes. A remarkable finding was the frequent involvement of lung or pleura (40.5% of the patients). The prognosis is unfavorable. Most of the patients were in stages III or IV at the time of diagnosis. Massive infiltration of organs, resistance to routine therapy, and decreasing resistance to infection resulted in death soon after diagnosis. The probability of survival was 0.48 in the first year after diagnosis. The prognosis for patients in stages I and II was clearly better than that for patients in stages III and IV.", "PMID": 314315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4425", "title": "Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase in hairy cell leukemia cells and other cells of the hematopoietic system.", "content": "The activity of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase at an acid pH (ANAE) was investigated in 10 cases of hairy cell leukemia. All 10 cases, including two cases with only a few tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-reactive cells, revealed a moderate or strong ANAE reaction. There was a characteristic pattern of activity consisting of small, medium-size, or large distinct granules often distributed in a semicircle in the cytoplasm, but sparing the nucleus of hairy cells. This reaction pattern was not found in T cells, T cell-derived leukemias, normal B cells, a number of B-cell lymphomas, myeloid cells, myeloid leukemias (including monocyte-derived leukemias), reticulum cell sarcoma, or malignant reticulosis. The cells from some B-cell lymphomas and plasmacytoma showed a relatively homogeneous pattern of fine or moderately coarse ANAE-positive granules that was similar to that of hairy cells only in some cases of plasmacytoma. Thus, fine to coarse granular ANAE reactivity is characteristic of hairy cells and is of potential diagnostic value for hairy cell leukemia.", "contents": "Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase in hairy cell leukemia cells and other cells of the hematopoietic system. The activity of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase at an acid pH (ANAE) was investigated in 10 cases of hairy cell leukemia. All 10 cases, including two cases with only a few tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-reactive cells, revealed a moderate or strong ANAE reaction. There was a characteristic pattern of activity consisting of small, medium-size, or large distinct granules often distributed in a semicircle in the cytoplasm, but sparing the nucleus of hairy cells. This reaction pattern was not found in T cells, T cell-derived leukemias, normal B cells, a number of B-cell lymphomas, myeloid cells, myeloid leukemias (including monocyte-derived leukemias), reticulum cell sarcoma, or malignant reticulosis. The cells from some B-cell lymphomas and plasmacytoma showed a relatively homogeneous pattern of fine or moderately coarse ANAE-positive granules that was similar to that of hairy cells only in some cases of plasmacytoma. Thus, fine to coarse granular ANAE reactivity is characteristic of hairy cells and is of potential diagnostic value for hairy cell leukemia.", "PMID": 314316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4426", "title": "Effect of T-lymphocytes on normal haemopoiesis: studies in congenitally athymic nude mice.", "content": "The germ-free nude mouse represents a most useful animal for investigating the effects of a congenital deficiency of T-lymphocytes on various physiological processes, including haemopoiesis. Nude mice (nu/nu) of the CBA strain, nonmutant inbred CBA mice, and inbred C3H mice were reared in germ-free isolators and used to compare (1) the haematological parameters of nu/nu mice and CBA mice at different ages and (2) the labelling pattern of circulating leucocytes at various times after a single intraperitoneal injection of 3H-thymidine into 3-month-old nu/nu and C3H mice. The data suggest that the deficiency of T-lymphocytes in nu/nu mice may lead to a disturbance of haemopoiesis in 2 to 6-month animals which is characterised by a mild macrocytosis and a very marked reduction in the proportion of labelled leucocytes which can be seen in the blood after an injection of 3H-thymidine. Despite these perturbations, unstressed nu/nu mice were able to maintain adequate numbers of blood cells (other than lymphocytes) in their circulation. Nine-month-old nu/nu mice did not show a macrocytosis and the disappearance of the marcrocytosis at this age was associated with an increase both in the blood lymphocyte count and in the mass of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes.", "contents": "Effect of T-lymphocytes on normal haemopoiesis: studies in congenitally athymic nude mice. The germ-free nude mouse represents a most useful animal for investigating the effects of a congenital deficiency of T-lymphocytes on various physiological processes, including haemopoiesis. Nude mice (nu/nu) of the CBA strain, nonmutant inbred CBA mice, and inbred C3H mice were reared in germ-free isolators and used to compare (1) the haematological parameters of nu/nu mice and CBA mice at different ages and (2) the labelling pattern of circulating leucocytes at various times after a single intraperitoneal injection of 3H-thymidine into 3-month-old nu/nu and C3H mice. The data suggest that the deficiency of T-lymphocytes in nu/nu mice may lead to a disturbance of haemopoiesis in 2 to 6-month animals which is characterised by a mild macrocytosis and a very marked reduction in the proportion of labelled leucocytes which can be seen in the blood after an injection of 3H-thymidine. Despite these perturbations, unstressed nu/nu mice were able to maintain adequate numbers of blood cells (other than lymphocytes) in their circulation. Nine-month-old nu/nu mice did not show a macrocytosis and the disappearance of the marcrocytosis at this age was associated with an increase both in the blood lymphocyte count and in the mass of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes.", "PMID": 314317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4427", "title": "Interactions of septal evoked responses to stimulation of the fornix and medial forebrain bundle.", "content": "Gross and single unit septal evoked response to stimulation of the fornix and medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were studied in anesthetized, acutely prepared rats. Stimulation of the fornix and MFB produced short-latency antidromic and synaptic activation of localized groups of septal target cells. In addition, stimulation of either pathway produced inhibition of spontaneous single cell activity. The interactions of these responses were studied by delivering paired stimuli to the fornix and/or MFB. A prior stimulus to the fornix potentiated the responses of cell groups synaptically activated by subsequent fornical stimulation, but briefly depressed the sunaptic activation of septal cells by subsequent MFB stimulation. A prior stimulus to the MFB slightly potentiated the synaptic activation of septal cells by a subsequent MFB stimulus, but depressed the responses of cell groups synaptically activated by a subsequent stimulus to the fornix. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for septal organization and function.", "contents": "Interactions of septal evoked responses to stimulation of the fornix and medial forebrain bundle. Gross and single unit septal evoked response to stimulation of the fornix and medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were studied in anesthetized, acutely prepared rats. Stimulation of the fornix and MFB produced short-latency antidromic and synaptic activation of localized groups of septal target cells. In addition, stimulation of either pathway produced inhibition of spontaneous single cell activity. The interactions of these responses were studied by delivering paired stimuli to the fornix and/or MFB. A prior stimulus to the fornix potentiated the responses of cell groups synaptically activated by subsequent fornical stimulation, but briefly depressed the sunaptic activation of septal cells by subsequent MFB stimulation. A prior stimulus to the MFB slightly potentiated the synaptic activation of septal cells by a subsequent MFB stimulus, but depressed the responses of cell groups synaptically activated by a subsequent stimulus to the fornix. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for septal organization and function.", "PMID": 314321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4428", "title": "A model for the study of the oral administration of peptide hormones.", "content": "The intragastric administration of lysine vasopressin (LVP) to rats is used as a model to study the biological activity of orally administered peptide hormones. Using a modification of the antidiuretic assay of Sawyer, LVP given by stomach tube caused a significant antidiuresis that was dose dependent in doses of 300 to 2000 mU. The simultaneous administration of the protease inhibitor, Trasylol, increased the antidiuretic effect of LVP. The synthetic peptide (1-deamino, 4 valine)-8-D-arginine-vasopressin also caused a dose-dependent prolonged and significant antidiuresis. No pressor effect was observed after intragastric administration of LVP in doses up to 40 U/rat. We are now using this model to test other procedures for enhancing the activity of lysine vasopressin administered in the gastrointestinal tract such as encapsulation into liposomes. The information gained with vasopressin will then be applied to insulin with the ultimate goal of making oral administration practical.", "contents": "A model for the study of the oral administration of peptide hormones. The intragastric administration of lysine vasopressin (LVP) to rats is used as a model to study the biological activity of orally administered peptide hormones. Using a modification of the antidiuretic assay of Sawyer, LVP given by stomach tube caused a significant antidiuresis that was dose dependent in doses of 300 to 2000 mU. The simultaneous administration of the protease inhibitor, Trasylol, increased the antidiuretic effect of LVP. The synthetic peptide (1-deamino, 4 valine)-8-D-arginine-vasopressin also caused a dose-dependent prolonged and significant antidiuresis. No pressor effect was observed after intragastric administration of LVP in doses up to 40 U/rat. We are now using this model to test other procedures for enhancing the activity of lysine vasopressin administered in the gastrointestinal tract such as encapsulation into liposomes. The information gained with vasopressin will then be applied to insulin with the ultimate goal of making oral administration practical.", "PMID": 314322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4429", "title": "Computerized tomography in rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck may be treated with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy or a combination thereof. Precise delineation of the full extent of the tumor in the head and neck is essential. Routine radiographs with hypocycloidal tomography and CT are complementary in defining the full extent of the lesion. Tomography is superior to CT scanning in demonstrating fine bone detail. Demonstration of the soft tissue tumor and its extensions is better seen on CT. The ability to discriminate differences more accurately in densities allows computerized tomography to appreciate better the integrity of the bone margins such as the thin walls of the sinuses.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck may be treated with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy or a combination thereof. Precise delineation of the full extent of the tumor in the head and neck is essential. Routine radiographs with hypocycloidal tomography and CT are complementary in defining the full extent of the lesion. Tomography is superior to CT scanning in demonstrating fine bone detail. Demonstration of the soft tissue tumor and its extensions is better seen on CT. The ability to discriminate differences more accurately in densities allows computerized tomography to appreciate better the integrity of the bone margins such as the thin walls of the sinuses.", "PMID": 314323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4430", "title": "Clinical staging and immunological findings in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Several immunological markers were tested in 52 untreated cases of chronic lymphocyte leukemia (CLL) to see whether their frequency differed according to the clinical stage in Rai's system. The leukemic cells in all cases had B-cell features as shown by monoclonal immunoglobulins on the cell surface (SmIg) and/or a high percentage of mouse RBC (M)-rosettes. Of the two B-cell markers, the M-rosette test was the more consistently positive. The frequency of these markers did not correlate with clinical staging. The percentage of T-lymphocytes, low in all cases, was found to correlate inversely with the lymphocyte counts, which were higher in advanced stages. The absolute number of T-lymphocytes was above normal in most cases, but did not relat to staging. At least one of the serum Ig, most commonly IgA, was decreased in 87% of cases. Low Ig were slightly less common in Stages 0-I than in advanced stages (II-IV). The above features were also examined in two groups of CLL patients: with stable (9) or progressive (16) disease. The only difference observed between the two groups was that surface IgM only was present in 1 of the 9 stable cases as compared to 9 of the 16 progressive ones. Our findings do not support the suggestions that surface IgM is a feature of a benign form of CLL or that the absolute number of T-lymphocytes correlates with prognosis.", "contents": "Clinical staging and immunological findings in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Several immunological markers were tested in 52 untreated cases of chronic lymphocyte leukemia (CLL) to see whether their frequency differed according to the clinical stage in Rai's system. The leukemic cells in all cases had B-cell features as shown by monoclonal immunoglobulins on the cell surface (SmIg) and/or a high percentage of mouse RBC (M)-rosettes. Of the two B-cell markers, the M-rosette test was the more consistently positive. The frequency of these markers did not correlate with clinical staging. The percentage of T-lymphocytes, low in all cases, was found to correlate inversely with the lymphocyte counts, which were higher in advanced stages. The absolute number of T-lymphocytes was above normal in most cases, but did not relat to staging. At least one of the serum Ig, most commonly IgA, was decreased in 87% of cases. Low Ig were slightly less common in Stages 0-I than in advanced stages (II-IV). The above features were also examined in two groups of CLL patients: with stable (9) or progressive (16) disease. The only difference observed between the two groups was that surface IgM only was present in 1 of the 9 stable cases as compared to 9 of the 16 progressive ones. Our findings do not support the suggestions that surface IgM is a feature of a benign form of CLL or that the absolute number of T-lymphocytes correlates with prognosis.", "PMID": 314324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4431", "title": "Cell surface markers on lymphoid cells from Warthin's tumors.", "content": "T- and B-cell markers were studied on suspensions of lymphoid cells obtained from two Warthin's tumors. Each tumor was composed predominantly of T- lymphocytes and a smaller percentage of B-lymphocytes with a polyclonal distribution of their surface immunoglobulin. These results do not differ from those obtained in normal or reactive lymph nodes. Together with the finding of normal lymph node structures in these tumors, our findings support the concept that the lymphoid component of Warthin's tumor represents pre-existing lymph node tissue.", "contents": "Cell surface markers on lymphoid cells from Warthin's tumors. T- and B-cell markers were studied on suspensions of lymphoid cells obtained from two Warthin's tumors. Each tumor was composed predominantly of T- lymphocytes and a smaller percentage of B-lymphocytes with a polyclonal distribution of their surface immunoglobulin. These results do not differ from those obtained in normal or reactive lymph nodes. Together with the finding of normal lymph node structures in these tumors, our findings support the concept that the lymphoid component of Warthin's tumor represents pre-existing lymph node tissue.", "PMID": 314325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4432", "title": "Distribution of mast cells in the axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients.", "content": "In a study of the pattern of distribution of mast cells in the axillary lymph nodes of 43 consecutive breast cancer patients it was observed that: 1) the pattern of distribution of mast cells in the survivors and nonsurvivors is similar, 2) there is almost complete absence of mast cells in the germinal centers with predominance of them in the T cell areas, and 3) a significant number of mast cells are seen in the afferent lymphatic route and the highest percentages of mast cells found in the medullary sinuses. The significance of these findings as they pertain to the relation of mast cells to the T cell system and to the migratory nature of mast cells is discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of mast cells in the axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients. In a study of the pattern of distribution of mast cells in the axillary lymph nodes of 43 consecutive breast cancer patients it was observed that: 1) the pattern of distribution of mast cells in the survivors and nonsurvivors is similar, 2) there is almost complete absence of mast cells in the germinal centers with predominance of them in the T cell areas, and 3) a significant number of mast cells are seen in the afferent lymphatic route and the highest percentages of mast cells found in the medullary sinuses. The significance of these findings as they pertain to the relation of mast cells to the T cell system and to the migratory nature of mast cells is discussed.", "PMID": 314326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4433", "title": "Intracerebral tumor and diffuse central nervous system infiltration complicating acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "An intracerebral space occupying lesion was found in a 20-year-old woman with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) when she was in complete hematological remission. Computerized tomography of the brain demonstrated the tumor in the roof of the third ventricle and its subsequent resolution after cranial irradiation and intraventricular cytosine-arabinoside. This form of central nervous system complication in AML has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Intracerebral tumor and diffuse central nervous system infiltration complicating acute myelogenous leukemia. An intracerebral space occupying lesion was found in a 20-year-old woman with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) when she was in complete hematological remission. Computerized tomography of the brain demonstrated the tumor in the roof of the third ventricle and its subsequent resolution after cranial irradiation and intraventricular cytosine-arabinoside. This form of central nervous system complication in AML has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 314327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4434", "title": "Serum levels of methotrexate by the ligand-binding assay after \"high-dose\" therapy for osteosarcoma.", "content": "The method of Arons et al. (Cancer Res. 35:2033-2038, 1975) for assaying methotrexate (MTX) was used to monitor serum levels of the drug attained in 18 patients with osteosarcomas. The patients received either 100 mg or 200 mg of MTX/kg via a 6-hour infusion. With one fatal exception, unacceptable toxicity to MTX was prevented by leucovorin. Serum levels of the drug were assayed routinely at 6, 12, and 18 hours after termination of the infusion. Although significantly higher serum levels of MTX were observed at 6 hours after the infusion of 200 mg MTX/kg than after 100 mg/kg, the variation in rate of clearance of individual patients masked any subsequent dosage-related differences. The mean half-time for clearance of MTX was similar irrespective of the dosage of MTX and was 2.91 +/- 1.51 hr for 53 treatments. The single incidence of toxicity, requiring hospitalization, was accompanied with markedly higher serum levels of MTX at 18 hours, but not at either 6 or 12 hours after termination of the drug infusion, and by a slightly slower rate of clearance, 6.2 hours. Certain minor adaptations were incorporated in the original assay to simplify the analysis of data.", "contents": "Serum levels of methotrexate by the ligand-binding assay after \"high-dose\" therapy for osteosarcoma. The method of Arons et al. (Cancer Res. 35:2033-2038, 1975) for assaying methotrexate (MTX) was used to monitor serum levels of the drug attained in 18 patients with osteosarcomas. The patients received either 100 mg or 200 mg of MTX/kg via a 6-hour infusion. With one fatal exception, unacceptable toxicity to MTX was prevented by leucovorin. Serum levels of the drug were assayed routinely at 6, 12, and 18 hours after termination of the infusion. Although significantly higher serum levels of MTX were observed at 6 hours after the infusion of 200 mg MTX/kg than after 100 mg/kg, the variation in rate of clearance of individual patients masked any subsequent dosage-related differences. The mean half-time for clearance of MTX was similar irrespective of the dosage of MTX and was 2.91 +/- 1.51 hr for 53 treatments. The single incidence of toxicity, requiring hospitalization, was accompanied with markedly higher serum levels of MTX at 18 hours, but not at either 6 or 12 hours after termination of the drug infusion, and by a slightly slower rate of clearance, 6.2 hours. Certain minor adaptations were incorporated in the original assay to simplify the analysis of data.", "PMID": 314328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4435", "title": "Binding of epidermal growth factor to primary and permanent cultures of mouse epidermal cells: inhibition by tumor-promoting phorbol esters.", "content": "High affinity binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was detected with mouse epidermal cells in primary culture and with 2 epidermal cell lines maintained in permanent culture. EGF binding was inhibited by low concentrations of the tumor promoters 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol didecanoate (PDD), but not by the non-promoting phorbol esters 4-O-methyl TPA and 4 alpha-PDD.", "contents": "Binding of epidermal growth factor to primary and permanent cultures of mouse epidermal cells: inhibition by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. High affinity binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was detected with mouse epidermal cells in primary culture and with 2 epidermal cell lines maintained in permanent culture. EGF binding was inhibited by low concentrations of the tumor promoters 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol didecanoate (PDD), but not by the non-promoting phorbol esters 4-O-methyl TPA and 4 alpha-PDD.", "PMID": 314329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4436", "title": "Effect of high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor on human granulopoiesis.", "content": "The present studies were performed to delineate the effect of high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue on the measurable compartments of human granulopoiesis, including peripheral blood cells and bone marrow stem cells committed to granulopoiesis-monocytopoiesis. Parameters of granulopoiesis were determined during the first course of high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue in five patients, and during four consecutive courses in one patient. The remarkably mild toxicity of high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue reported in clinical studies was substantiated on the level of the committed stem cell compartment. The data suggest a higher sensitivity of in vitro colony-forming units in agar culture as compared to the more mature granulopoietic cells and document the exquisite sensitivity and regenerating capacity of erythroid precursors after this type of chemotherapy.", "contents": "Effect of high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor on human granulopoiesis. The present studies were performed to delineate the effect of high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue on the measurable compartments of human granulopoiesis, including peripheral blood cells and bone marrow stem cells committed to granulopoiesis-monocytopoiesis. Parameters of granulopoiesis were determined during the first course of high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue in five patients, and during four consecutive courses in one patient. The remarkably mild toxicity of high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue reported in clinical studies was substantiated on the level of the committed stem cell compartment. The data suggest a higher sensitivity of in vitro colony-forming units in agar culture as compared to the more mature granulopoietic cells and document the exquisite sensitivity and regenerating capacity of erythroid precursors after this type of chemotherapy.", "PMID": 314330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4437", "title": "Age-related and thymus-dependent rejection of adenovirus 2-transformed cell tumors in the Syrian hamster.", "content": "Adenovirus type 2-transformed hamster cell-induced newborn tumor lines were usually rejected when transplanted s.c. into 21-day-old syngeneic, weanling hamsters. The tumor-inducing capacity of two of these lines (Ad2HTL3 and Ad2HTL6) was tested in intact and neonatally thymectomized hosts. After s.c. injection of suspensions prepared from these lines, none of the weaning hamsters developed tumors while 100% of the newborns and 35.2% of neonatally thymectomized, weanling hamsters developed progressively enlarging neoplasms. The susceptibility of neonatally thymectomized hamsters to tumor challenge was directly related to the degree of immunosuppression observed following thymectomy as indicated by the amplitude of the in vitro response of blood leukocytes to concanavalin A. Pretreatment of thymectomized weanlings with syngeneic adult lymphoid cells (i.p.) resulted in a significant reduction in tumor susceptibility (p = 0.03). These findings suggest that acquisition of resistance to adenovirus type 2-transformed cells during the first 21 days of life may be a thymus-dependent cellular immune process.", "contents": "Age-related and thymus-dependent rejection of adenovirus 2-transformed cell tumors in the Syrian hamster. Adenovirus type 2-transformed hamster cell-induced newborn tumor lines were usually rejected when transplanted s.c. into 21-day-old syngeneic, weanling hamsters. The tumor-inducing capacity of two of these lines (Ad2HTL3 and Ad2HTL6) was tested in intact and neonatally thymectomized hosts. After s.c. injection of suspensions prepared from these lines, none of the weaning hamsters developed tumors while 100% of the newborns and 35.2% of neonatally thymectomized, weanling hamsters developed progressively enlarging neoplasms. The susceptibility of neonatally thymectomized hamsters to tumor challenge was directly related to the degree of immunosuppression observed following thymectomy as indicated by the amplitude of the in vitro response of blood leukocytes to concanavalin A. Pretreatment of thymectomized weanlings with syngeneic adult lymphoid cells (i.p.) resulted in a significant reduction in tumor susceptibility (p = 0.03). These findings suggest that acquisition of resistance to adenovirus type 2-transformed cells during the first 21 days of life may be a thymus-dependent cellular immune process.", "PMID": 314331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4438", "title": "Deficiency of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity effector cell function in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission.", "content": "Patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission have pronounced deficiency in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity. The deficiency in ADCC was partly explained by reduction in the number of circulating effector cells (Fc receptor-bearing cells) demonstrable at a time when white blood cell and platelet counts were normal. These cytotoxic functions, as well as the circulating numbers of T-cells and Fc receptor-bearing cells were further decreased by the administration of monthly cycles of combination chemotherapy with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine. Following each cycle of chemotherapy, progressive recovery of these functions occurs during the third and fourth weeks with occasional increases above base line in patients in whom chemotherapy is withheld for longer than five weeks. In selected patients recovery of one cytotoxic function preceded the other, indicating that these functions are mediated by different effector cells. Administration of a single dose of daunomycin i.v. had no effect in either of these cytotoxic functions or in the circulating numbers of lymphocytes. The decrease in ADCC effector cell function induced by phase cycle-specific agents correlated with the level of reactivity exhibited by patients after achieving bone marrow and clinical remission. Patients showing low levels of reactivity postremission experienced highest degree of depression. In two patients, complete abrogation of ADCC effector function was demonstrated with minimal recovery even six weeks after stopping chemotherapy. These findings indicate that effector cells in ADCC and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity are highly susceptible to phase cycle-specific agents, and their recovery takes longer that of other lymphoid and nonlymphoid populations.", "contents": "Deficiency of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity effector cell function in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission. Patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission have pronounced deficiency in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity. The deficiency in ADCC was partly explained by reduction in the number of circulating effector cells (Fc receptor-bearing cells) demonstrable at a time when white blood cell and platelet counts were normal. These cytotoxic functions, as well as the circulating numbers of T-cells and Fc receptor-bearing cells were further decreased by the administration of monthly cycles of combination chemotherapy with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine. Following each cycle of chemotherapy, progressive recovery of these functions occurs during the third and fourth weeks with occasional increases above base line in patients in whom chemotherapy is withheld for longer than five weeks. In selected patients recovery of one cytotoxic function preceded the other, indicating that these functions are mediated by different effector cells. Administration of a single dose of daunomycin i.v. had no effect in either of these cytotoxic functions or in the circulating numbers of lymphocytes. The decrease in ADCC effector cell function induced by phase cycle-specific agents correlated with the level of reactivity exhibited by patients after achieving bone marrow and clinical remission. Patients showing low levels of reactivity postremission experienced highest degree of depression. In two patients, complete abrogation of ADCC effector function was demonstrated with minimal recovery even six weeks after stopping chemotherapy. These findings indicate that effector cells in ADCC and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity are highly susceptible to phase cycle-specific agents, and their recovery takes longer that of other lymphoid and nonlymphoid populations.", "PMID": 314332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4439", "title": "New dose-time relationships of folate antagonists to sustain inhibition of human lymphoblasts and leukemic cells in vitro.", "content": "In this study, three methods are utilized to analyze toxicity produced by methotrexate and the lipid-soluble antifolate, 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine, in human lymphoblasts (WIL-2) and leukemic cells. These methods detect increasingly severe metabolic damage; inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA, the reversibility of inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation by supplementation with formyltetrahydrofolate as Ca2+ leucovorin, and the ability of cells to form clones in soft agarose. The critical dose and exposure time for establishing and maintaining the metabolic toxicity of methotrexate is examined in detail. It is shown that, if an initial loading dose of methotrexate is of high enough concentration or is maintained for a sufficient period to achieve greater than 98% inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation, this inhibition can be sustained by low concentrations of 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine or methotrexate. Concentrations of methotrexate or 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine that equal or exceed 0.1 microM are sufficient for maintenance of inhibition by an initial loading dose of methotrexate but escape from inhibition that occurs if lower levels of drug are used. The possible implications of these observations for in vivo protocols are discussed.", "contents": "New dose-time relationships of folate antagonists to sustain inhibition of human lymphoblasts and leukemic cells in vitro. In this study, three methods are utilized to analyze toxicity produced by methotrexate and the lipid-soluble antifolate, 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine, in human lymphoblasts (WIL-2) and leukemic cells. These methods detect increasingly severe metabolic damage; inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA, the reversibility of inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation by supplementation with formyltetrahydrofolate as Ca2+ leucovorin, and the ability of cells to form clones in soft agarose. The critical dose and exposure time for establishing and maintaining the metabolic toxicity of methotrexate is examined in detail. It is shown that, if an initial loading dose of methotrexate is of high enough concentration or is maintained for a sufficient period to achieve greater than 98% inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation, this inhibition can be sustained by low concentrations of 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine or methotrexate. Concentrations of methotrexate or 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine that equal or exceed 0.1 microM are sufficient for maintenance of inhibition by an initial loading dose of methotrexate but escape from inhibition that occurs if lower levels of drug are used. The possible implications of these observations for in vivo protocols are discussed.", "PMID": 314333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4440", "title": "High-dose methotrexate in malignant melanoma.", "content": "High-dose methotrexate was given to 28 patients with advanced malignant melanoma who had previously failed to respond to two chemotherapy protocols. There were five instances of serious, but not fatal, toxicity. One patient has had an objective response and seven patients have had stabilization of disease with an average duration of 4 months.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate in malignant melanoma. High-dose methotrexate was given to 28 patients with advanced malignant melanoma who had previously failed to respond to two chemotherapy protocols. There were five instances of serious, but not fatal, toxicity. One patient has had an objective response and seven patients have had stabilization of disease with an average duration of 4 months.", "PMID": 314335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4441", "title": "Thymus derived inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation. I. Isolation and assessment of tissue specificity.", "content": "Preparations from bovine thymus tissue were analyzed for their inhibitory effects during in vitro lymphocyte proliferation. The results indicate that these preparations strongly inhibit DNA synthesis in stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes, bone marrow cells, thymocytes and lymphoblastoid cells. This inhibition was dose-dependent and not due to cytotoxicity of the preparations. No inhibition was found of the spontaneous proliferation of HeLa cells and human fibroblasts indicating that the inhibitory effect was specific for proliferating lymphocytes. Control preparations from bovine liver or kidney did not show any suppression in the test systems used.", "contents": "Thymus derived inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation. I. Isolation and assessment of tissue specificity. Preparations from bovine thymus tissue were analyzed for their inhibitory effects during in vitro lymphocyte proliferation. The results indicate that these preparations strongly inhibit DNA synthesis in stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes, bone marrow cells, thymocytes and lymphoblastoid cells. This inhibition was dose-dependent and not due to cytotoxicity of the preparations. No inhibition was found of the spontaneous proliferation of HeLa cells and human fibroblasts indicating that the inhibitory effect was specific for proliferating lymphocytes. Control preparations from bovine liver or kidney did not show any suppression in the test systems used.", "PMID": 314336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4442", "title": "Marginal bundles of axoplasmic microtubules at nodes of Ranvier within muscle.", "content": "Using a special albumin technique, nodes of Ranvier have been examined within frog skeletal muscle, sciatic nerve and rat and frog cerebrum. Initial segments have been examined in cerebrum of frog and rat. Mictotubules usually run longitudinally through these regions, but within the bare area of the intramuscular node of Ranvier, annular or helical bundles of microtubules run in a marginal band at right angles to the more centrally placed longitudinal microtubules. These nodal bare areas show a pronounced convexity and it is suggested that the annular microtubules serve to maintain this convexity during muscle contraction.", "contents": "Marginal bundles of axoplasmic microtubules at nodes of Ranvier within muscle. Using a special albumin technique, nodes of Ranvier have been examined within frog skeletal muscle, sciatic nerve and rat and frog cerebrum. Initial segments have been examined in cerebrum of frog and rat. Mictotubules usually run longitudinally through these regions, but within the bare area of the intramuscular node of Ranvier, annular or helical bundles of microtubules run in a marginal band at right angles to the more centrally placed longitudinal microtubules. These nodal bare areas show a pronounced convexity and it is suggested that the annular microtubules serve to maintain this convexity during muscle contraction.", "PMID": 314337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4443", "title": "The filum terminale of the frog spinal cord. Light and electron microscopic observations.", "content": "The filum terminale, or terminal portion of the spinal cord, was studied in normal adult frogs (Rana pipiens) bu means of light and electron microscopy. Astroglial cells are the predominant elements in this region. The rostral portion of the filum terminale consists mainly of (1) a peripheral dense ring of myelinated and some unmyelinated nerve fibers, and processes of astrobytes terminating at the subpial space; (2) an intermediate zone, in which astrocytes are the main cellular elements in addition to a few degenerated neurons; and (3) a central region where the central canal is lined by dark and light ependymal cells. In the caudal portion of the filum terminale, the amount of neuropil is greatly reduced. This region os formed mainly by astrocytic glial cells and very few neuronal elements. The central canal in the caudal portion is located ventrally and contains a lining consisting almost exclusively of dark ependymal cells.", "contents": "The filum terminale of the frog spinal cord. Light and electron microscopic observations. The filum terminale, or terminal portion of the spinal cord, was studied in normal adult frogs (Rana pipiens) bu means of light and electron microscopy. Astroglial cells are the predominant elements in this region. The rostral portion of the filum terminale consists mainly of (1) a peripheral dense ring of myelinated and some unmyelinated nerve fibers, and processes of astrobytes terminating at the subpial space; (2) an intermediate zone, in which astrocytes are the main cellular elements in addition to a few degenerated neurons; and (3) a central region where the central canal is lined by dark and light ependymal cells. In the caudal portion of the filum terminale, the amount of neuropil is greatly reduced. This region os formed mainly by astrocytic glial cells and very few neuronal elements. The central canal in the caudal portion is located ventrally and contains a lining consisting almost exclusively of dark ependymal cells.", "PMID": 314338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4444", "title": "Epidemiological basis for the prevention of coronary heart disease.", "content": "Epidemiological studies have laid the basis for a preventive approach to coronary heart disease (CHD). On balance, present evidence indicates that the following should form the basis of a preventive programme: low-fat diet, cessation of smoking, and control of blood pressure. Other factors likely to produce a beneficial effect on CHD occurrence include reduction of obesity and increased physical activity. Although psychosocial factors are most likely to be causally related to CHD, it is not possible at present to provide clear guidelines as to their role in a preventive programme.TRIALS ARE BEING CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBILITY OF PREVENTING CHD BY A VARIETY OF APPROACHES: a doctor-centred approach or health education in certain sectors of a community or in whole communities. These trials have shown that it is possible to achieve behavioural changes and a reduction in the levels of risk factors in a proportion of the participants. It is not yet clear to what extent these changes in levels of risk factors in middle-aged people will lead to a reduction in the incidence of CHD. It can be calculated, however, that the greatest benefit is likely to come from approaches to prevention that involve the whole community, rather than only high-risk groups.", "contents": "Epidemiological basis for the prevention of coronary heart disease. Epidemiological studies have laid the basis for a preventive approach to coronary heart disease (CHD). On balance, present evidence indicates that the following should form the basis of a preventive programme: low-fat diet, cessation of smoking, and control of blood pressure. Other factors likely to produce a beneficial effect on CHD occurrence include reduction of obesity and increased physical activity. Although psychosocial factors are most likely to be causally related to CHD, it is not possible at present to provide clear guidelines as to their role in a preventive programme.TRIALS ARE BEING CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBILITY OF PREVENTING CHD BY A VARIETY OF APPROACHES: a doctor-centred approach or health education in certain sectors of a community or in whole communities. These trials have shown that it is possible to achieve behavioural changes and a reduction in the levels of risk factors in a proportion of the participants. It is not yet clear to what extent these changes in levels of risk factors in middle-aged people will lead to a reduction in the incidence of CHD. It can be calculated, however, that the greatest benefit is likely to come from approaches to prevention that involve the whole community, rather than only high-risk groups.", "PMID": 314348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4445", "title": "Zoonotic aspects of filarial infections in man.", "content": "This article gives an account of the filarial parasites found in man and their potential transmissibility to and from other vertebrate animals under natural and experimental conditions.Those species that are regarded as being primarily parasites of other vertebrates, but which also infect man, are then dealt with in greater detail. These include the subperiodic strain of Brugia malayi and perhaps also B. pahangi, both of which are found in wild and domestic carnivores and monkeys, and Dirofilaria species of dogs and racoons.The Brugia parasites develop to maturity with the production of microfilaraemia and clinical manifestations in man similar to those caused by periodic B. malayi in man. Human dirofilariasis, on the other hand, represents a transmission cul-de-sac for the parasite. Clinical manifestations are mild or absent and generally the worms do not mature and, even if they do, they rarely give rise to microfilaraemia. D. immitis causes pulmonary dirofilariasis, and D. repens and D. tenuis give rise to subcutaneous nodules in man. The diagnosis of dirofilariasis depends on an awareness of the infection in the animal reservoirs and of the possibility of man being exposed to bites of infected vectors.", "contents": "Zoonotic aspects of filarial infections in man. This article gives an account of the filarial parasites found in man and their potential transmissibility to and from other vertebrate animals under natural and experimental conditions.Those species that are regarded as being primarily parasites of other vertebrates, but which also infect man, are then dealt with in greater detail. These include the subperiodic strain of Brugia malayi and perhaps also B. pahangi, both of which are found in wild and domestic carnivores and monkeys, and Dirofilaria species of dogs and racoons.The Brugia parasites develop to maturity with the production of microfilaraemia and clinical manifestations in man similar to those caused by periodic B. malayi in man. Human dirofilariasis, on the other hand, represents a transmission cul-de-sac for the parasite. Clinical manifestations are mild or absent and generally the worms do not mature and, even if they do, they rarely give rise to microfilaraemia. D. immitis causes pulmonary dirofilariasis, and D. repens and D. tenuis give rise to subcutaneous nodules in man. The diagnosis of dirofilariasis depends on an awareness of the infection in the animal reservoirs and of the possibility of man being exposed to bites of infected vectors.", "PMID": 314349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4446", "title": "The psychiatric aspects of tropical disorders.", "content": "The nature of psychiatric disorders in tropical regions is affected much more by the effect on the patient of certain environmental and cultural factors than by any specific features of tropical diseases. In places where the standards of health care and health education are not yet fully developed, abnormalities of physical development, particularly those affecting the development of the cerebral cortex, are of great importance. For example, protein-energy malnutrition may result in deficits in cerebral maturation and efficiency that reduce the capacity of the brain to manage its behavioural functions and may give rise to impaired capacities for concentration, foresight, and judgement and impairment of inhibitory control over intensely experienced emotions. In addition, certain cultural attitudes that are widespread in pre-literate societies influence the type of secondary reaction to disease: for example, acute symptoms tend to be florid and uninhibited, and violently experienced and externalized emotions such as hilarity, terror, anger, and grief are the rule rather than the exception.Certain tropical diseases are, however, the direct cause of severe disturbance of cerebral functioning, while others affect only the finer cerebral controls so that normally controlled fears, anxieties, and other personality traits emerge. These specific brain syndromes may be acute or chronic and may be triggered by an apparently trivial physical cause. Acute brain syndromes appear to be more common in tropical countries perhaps because in the adult the cerebral cortical reserve is less than it ought to be because of the prevalence of earlier minimal brain damage. Formal psychiatric reactions are, of course, also seen in tropical countries, but the expression of, for example, schizophrenia, hypomanic and manic states, and depression is coloured by the underlying personality and the cultural background of the patient. Perhaps in no other setting is the intimate relationship between behaviour and the physical body seen more clearly than in populations living in the tropics and it is important that health workers in these regions should be aware of the role played by earlier or concurrent physical disease in behavioural disturbance.", "contents": "The psychiatric aspects of tropical disorders. The nature of psychiatric disorders in tropical regions is affected much more by the effect on the patient of certain environmental and cultural factors than by any specific features of tropical diseases. In places where the standards of health care and health education are not yet fully developed, abnormalities of physical development, particularly those affecting the development of the cerebral cortex, are of great importance. For example, protein-energy malnutrition may result in deficits in cerebral maturation and efficiency that reduce the capacity of the brain to manage its behavioural functions and may give rise to impaired capacities for concentration, foresight, and judgement and impairment of inhibitory control over intensely experienced emotions. In addition, certain cultural attitudes that are widespread in pre-literate societies influence the type of secondary reaction to disease: for example, acute symptoms tend to be florid and uninhibited, and violently experienced and externalized emotions such as hilarity, terror, anger, and grief are the rule rather than the exception.Certain tropical diseases are, however, the direct cause of severe disturbance of cerebral functioning, while others affect only the finer cerebral controls so that normally controlled fears, anxieties, and other personality traits emerge. These specific brain syndromes may be acute or chronic and may be triggered by an apparently trivial physical cause. Acute brain syndromes appear to be more common in tropical countries perhaps because in the adult the cerebral cortical reserve is less than it ought to be because of the prevalence of earlier minimal brain damage. Formal psychiatric reactions are, of course, also seen in tropical countries, but the expression of, for example, schizophrenia, hypomanic and manic states, and depression is coloured by the underlying personality and the cultural background of the patient. Perhaps in no other setting is the intimate relationship between behaviour and the physical body seen more clearly than in populations living in the tropics and it is important that health workers in these regions should be aware of the role played by earlier or concurrent physical disease in behavioural disturbance.", "PMID": 314350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4447", "title": "Epidemiology of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.", "content": "Disorders associated with hypertension during pregnancy, which are often linked with oedema and/or proteinuria and are variously termed toxaemia of pregnancy, EPH gestosis, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia, are of unknown etiology, although they have been known for a long time and many attempts have been made to classify and explain them. In this paper, the author draws attention to the problems of standardizing values for blood pressure, proteinuria, and oedema and of determining their value in the diagnosis of the disorder. Different classification schemes are described and the problems of comparison between them are stressed. The frequency of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in different countries and groups at special risk are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made on the types of research and health care needed to combat the problem.", "contents": "Epidemiology of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Disorders associated with hypertension during pregnancy, which are often linked with oedema and/or proteinuria and are variously termed toxaemia of pregnancy, EPH gestosis, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia, are of unknown etiology, although they have been known for a long time and many attempts have been made to classify and explain them. In this paper, the author draws attention to the problems of standardizing values for blood pressure, proteinuria, and oedema and of determining their value in the diagnosis of the disorder. Different classification schemes are described and the problems of comparison between them are stressed. The frequency of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in different countries and groups at special risk are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made on the types of research and health care needed to combat the problem.", "PMID": 314351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4448", "title": "An epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt. 1. Diagnosis of Rift Valley fever in man.", "content": "Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus was isolated from 53 of 56 sera collected from patients with a clinical picture of dengue-like illness during the peak of the epidemic of RVF in Egypt in the autumn of 1977. RVF virus was also isolated from the throat washings of two patients and the faeces of four, all of whom were positive for virus isolation from the serum. All the isolates were identified by the complement fixation (CF) test. Serological diagnosis of RVF, using paired sera from 16 patients, was made by both the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and CF tests. HI antibodies were demonstrated in all the acute sera, whereas CF antibodies, which seem to appear later, were detected in only seven acute and twelve convalescent sera. A longer period than the 12 days in this study must be allowed to elapse between the taking of the paired sera for a definite serological diagnosis to be obtained, especially when CF antibodies are taken into account.", "contents": "An epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt. 1. Diagnosis of Rift Valley fever in man. Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus was isolated from 53 of 56 sera collected from patients with a clinical picture of dengue-like illness during the peak of the epidemic of RVF in Egypt in the autumn of 1977. RVF virus was also isolated from the throat washings of two patients and the faeces of four, all of whom were positive for virus isolation from the serum. All the isolates were identified by the complement fixation (CF) test. Serological diagnosis of RVF, using paired sera from 16 patients, was made by both the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and CF tests. HI antibodies were demonstrated in all the acute sera, whereas CF antibodies, which seem to appear later, were detected in only seven acute and twelve convalescent sera. A longer period than the 12 days in this study must be allowed to elapse between the taking of the paired sera for a definite serological diagnosis to be obtained, especially when CF antibodies are taken into account.", "PMID": 314354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4449", "title": "An epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt. 2. Isolation of the virus from animals.", "content": "During the epidemic of Rift Valley fever (RVF) that occurred in Egypt and other areas of North Africa in 1977, the virus was isolated from various species of domestic animal and rats (Rattus rattus frugivorus) as well as man. The highest number of RVF virus isolates were obtained from sheep; only one isolate was recovered from each of the other species tested, viz. cow, camel, goat, horse, and rat. RVF virus was reisolated from both camel and horse sera, apparently for the first time.", "contents": "An epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt. 2. Isolation of the virus from animals. During the epidemic of Rift Valley fever (RVF) that occurred in Egypt and other areas of North Africa in 1977, the virus was isolated from various species of domestic animal and rats (Rattus rattus frugivorus) as well as man. The highest number of RVF virus isolates were obtained from sheep; only one isolate was recovered from each of the other species tested, viz. cow, camel, goat, horse, and rat. RVF virus was reisolated from both camel and horse sera, apparently for the first time.", "PMID": 314355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4450", "title": "Congenital rubella in the USSR.", "content": "The results of a comprehensive study of the problem of congenital rubella in Moscow and other cities of the USSR are presented. The highest rubella incidence was found among children 1-7 years of age; but 20-25 rubella cases were also recorded annually per 100 000 adults. Specific antihaemagglutinins were found in 36-70% of children and in 91-99% of adults. Investigation of the rubella foci revealed clinical rubella, confirmed by laboratory methods, in children and adults who had low initial titres of specific antihaemagglutinins. Serological screening of 1661 apparently healthy pregnant women detected antihaemagglutinins in 98.4%; however, low (1:8-1:16) titres were found in 53.3% and high (postinfection) titres and specific IgM in only 8.8% of cases.A study of 523 pregnant women who had been in contact with a source of infection revealed clinical rubella in 10.9% and inapparent infection in 0.7% of cases. A virological study of fetuses from infected pregnant women showed that there was intrauterine viral infection in 73% of cases; 38% of rubella-infected fetuses had congenital defects (unilateral or bilateral cataract, absence of one cerebral hemisphere, adhesion of the upper and lower eyelid, or diffuse damage of the crystalline lens); in one woman rubella virus was isolated from the fetuses and abortion materials received from two abortions with an interval of 6 months. Serological investigation of 519 mothers who had given birth to children with congenital defects showed that there were more frequent indications of rubella infection in the mothers of the children with CNS and cardiovascular defects, as well as in the children with congenital cardiovascular and CNS defects, than in the control groups. These data confirmed the teratogenic nature of rubella strains found in the USSR. This study indicates the need to improve rubella surveillance in pregnant women and to consider the prophylaxis of congenital rubella in the USSR. (See also Addendum.)", "contents": "Congenital rubella in the USSR. The results of a comprehensive study of the problem of congenital rubella in Moscow and other cities of the USSR are presented. The highest rubella incidence was found among children 1-7 years of age; but 20-25 rubella cases were also recorded annually per 100 000 adults. Specific antihaemagglutinins were found in 36-70% of children and in 91-99% of adults. Investigation of the rubella foci revealed clinical rubella, confirmed by laboratory methods, in children and adults who had low initial titres of specific antihaemagglutinins. Serological screening of 1661 apparently healthy pregnant women detected antihaemagglutinins in 98.4%; however, low (1:8-1:16) titres were found in 53.3% and high (postinfection) titres and specific IgM in only 8.8% of cases.A study of 523 pregnant women who had been in contact with a source of infection revealed clinical rubella in 10.9% and inapparent infection in 0.7% of cases. A virological study of fetuses from infected pregnant women showed that there was intrauterine viral infection in 73% of cases; 38% of rubella-infected fetuses had congenital defects (unilateral or bilateral cataract, absence of one cerebral hemisphere, adhesion of the upper and lower eyelid, or diffuse damage of the crystalline lens); in one woman rubella virus was isolated from the fetuses and abortion materials received from two abortions with an interval of 6 months. Serological investigation of 519 mothers who had given birth to children with congenital defects showed that there were more frequent indications of rubella infection in the mothers of the children with CNS and cardiovascular defects, as well as in the children with congenital cardiovascular and CNS defects, than in the control groups. These data confirmed the teratogenic nature of rubella strains found in the USSR. This study indicates the need to improve rubella surveillance in pregnant women and to consider the prophylaxis of congenital rubella in the USSR. (See also Addendum.)", "PMID": 314356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4451", "title": "Diversity of influenza A virus subtypes isolated from domestic poultry in Hong Kong.", "content": "The second phase of a 2-year influenza virus surveillance programme of domestic avian species in Hong Kong (up to October 1977) yielded influenza A virus, Newcastle disease virus, and Hong Kong paramyxovirus, as well as unidentified haemagglutinating agents. These viruses were isolated from the trachea or cloaca of apparently healthy domestic ducks, geese, and chickens originating from China and Hong Kong. Twenty-five combinations of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens were identified from the 136 influenza A viruses isolated. Eight of the combinations do not appear to have been previously reported - Hav3Nav2, Hav4Nav2, Hav4Nav4, Hav4Nav5, Hav4Neq1, Hav6Nav4, Hav6Nav6, and Hav9Nav1. The existence of such a diverse pool of influenza virus genetic information may play a role in the emergence of new human pandemic strains.", "contents": "Diversity of influenza A virus subtypes isolated from domestic poultry in Hong Kong. The second phase of a 2-year influenza virus surveillance programme of domestic avian species in Hong Kong (up to October 1977) yielded influenza A virus, Newcastle disease virus, and Hong Kong paramyxovirus, as well as unidentified haemagglutinating agents. These viruses were isolated from the trachea or cloaca of apparently healthy domestic ducks, geese, and chickens originating from China and Hong Kong. Twenty-five combinations of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens were identified from the 136 influenza A viruses isolated. Eight of the combinations do not appear to have been previously reported - Hav3Nav2, Hav4Nav2, Hav4Nav4, Hav4Nav5, Hav4Neq1, Hav6Nav4, Hav6Nav6, and Hav9Nav1. The existence of such a diverse pool of influenza virus genetic information may play a role in the emergence of new human pandemic strains.", "PMID": 314357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4452", "title": "Reappearance of H1N1 influenza virus in man: evidence for the persistence of the virus in domestic chickens.", "content": "Serological studies on domestic poultry originating from China and Hong Kong suggest that the H1N1 virus may have persisted in domestic chickens prior to its reappearance in man in 1977. Experimental infection of young, local strains of poultry provided equivocal evidence that 4-day-old chickens could be infected; virus was not recovered from infected 1-month-old chickens.", "contents": "Reappearance of H1N1 influenza virus in man: evidence for the persistence of the virus in domestic chickens. Serological studies on domestic poultry originating from China and Hong Kong suggest that the H1N1 virus may have persisted in domestic chickens prior to its reappearance in man in 1977. Experimental infection of young, local strains of poultry provided equivocal evidence that 4-day-old chickens could be infected; virus was not recovered from infected 1-month-old chickens.", "PMID": 314358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4453", "title": "The risk of optic atrophy following suramin treatment of ocular onchocerciasis.", "content": "Treatment of onchocerciasis with suramin in an area of vector control led to an increased incidence of optic atrophy in treated patients compared to an untreated group.", "contents": "The risk of optic atrophy following suramin treatment of ocular onchocerciasis. Treatment of onchocerciasis with suramin in an area of vector control led to an increased incidence of optic atrophy in treated patients compared to an untreated group.", "PMID": 314359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4454", "title": "Techniques of induced abortion, their health implications and service aspects: a review of the literature.", "content": "This literature review indicates that menstrual regulation during the fifth to seventh week of pregnancy is not always as free from risk as has sometimes been claimed. In particular, it has a higher failure rate, in terms of continued pregnancy, than has abortion by suction in later stages of pregnancy.Vacuum aspiration is still the method of choice until the beginning of the eleventh week of pregnancy. After that, it seems to be slightly more hazardous than dilatation and curettage (D & C). Preoperative cervical dilatation seems to be beneficial after the tenth week, even though its effectiveness in preventing cervical tears and subsequent cervical incompetence in primigravidae remains to be definitely proven.For second trimester abortions, there is an urgent need for controlled studies, in the thirteenth to fifteenth week, to compare the increasingly popular modified D & C technique with various two-stage techniques, both in terms of safety and of cost-effectiveness. Prostaglandins for second trimester abortions have not quite fulfilled their promise as a relatively risk-free technique; they do, however, decrease the time interval between the administration of the abortifacient and the expulsion of the fetus.Aspects of abortion care other than the purely technical ones are much less well covered by research. For instance, very little is known about the acceptability of various abortion and anaesthetic techniques to either pregnant women or hospital staff. More studies are also needed on the interaction of pregnant women with the service providers at various levels and on how this affects their subsequent reproductive behaviour.", "contents": "Techniques of induced abortion, their health implications and service aspects: a review of the literature. This literature review indicates that menstrual regulation during the fifth to seventh week of pregnancy is not always as free from risk as has sometimes been claimed. In particular, it has a higher failure rate, in terms of continued pregnancy, than has abortion by suction in later stages of pregnancy.Vacuum aspiration is still the method of choice until the beginning of the eleventh week of pregnancy. After that, it seems to be slightly more hazardous than dilatation and curettage (D & C). Preoperative cervical dilatation seems to be beneficial after the tenth week, even though its effectiveness in preventing cervical tears and subsequent cervical incompetence in primigravidae remains to be definitely proven.For second trimester abortions, there is an urgent need for controlled studies, in the thirteenth to fifteenth week, to compare the increasingly popular modified D & C technique with various two-stage techniques, both in terms of safety and of cost-effectiveness. Prostaglandins for second trimester abortions have not quite fulfilled their promise as a relatively risk-free technique; they do, however, decrease the time interval between the administration of the abortifacient and the expulsion of the fetus.Aspects of abortion care other than the purely technical ones are much less well covered by research. For instance, very little is known about the acceptability of various abortion and anaesthetic techniques to either pregnant women or hospital staff. More studies are also needed on the interaction of pregnant women with the service providers at various levels and on how this affects their subsequent reproductive behaviour.", "PMID": 314360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4455", "title": "Perilymph fistulae.", "content": "A small series of 14 post-stapedectomy fistulae illustrates the varied aetiology. The long-term competence of the oval window seal may be ensured by making a small hole in the footplate. Contraction of ageing fibrous tissue contributes to late stapedectomy failures. Long-term follow-up is important, for any deterioration in hearing after stapedectomy may result from a perilymph leak.", "contents": "Perilymph fistulae. A small series of 14 post-stapedectomy fistulae illustrates the varied aetiology. The long-term competence of the oval window seal may be ensured by making a small hole in the footplate. Contraction of ageing fibrous tissue contributes to late stapedectomy failures. Long-term follow-up is important, for any deterioration in hearing after stapedectomy may result from a perilymph leak.", "PMID": 314364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4456", "title": "The immunological effects of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and cellular immune function have been studied in ten patients with myasthenia gravis and in fifteen different myasthenic patients more than 10 years after thymectomy. The results were compared with those of a normal control population. The non-thymectomized myasthenic patients had normal T lymphocyte concentrations measured by rosetting with native sheep red cells. These patients also showed normal sensitization and recall of delayed hypersensitivity, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced lymphocyte transformation and antibody-assisted (K cell) cytotoxicity; however, PHA-induced cytotoxicity was markedly reduced (P less than 0.001). The thymectomized group exhibited a lower mean percentage and absolute number of E-rosette-forming cells, which returned toward normal after in vitro treatment with thymosin. PHA-induced lymphocyte cytotoxicity, however, was normal in the patients who had undergone thymectomy, as were lymphocyte transformation, antibody-assisted cytotoxicity and sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB); there was a decrease in recall of established delayed hypersensitivity. Adult thymectomy in man, therefore, produces a partial and dissociated decrease in T cell responses and it is unlikely that the beneficial effect of this operation in myasthenia gravis is related to immunosuppression.", "contents": "The immunological effects of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. Thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and cellular immune function have been studied in ten patients with myasthenia gravis and in fifteen different myasthenic patients more than 10 years after thymectomy. The results were compared with those of a normal control population. The non-thymectomized myasthenic patients had normal T lymphocyte concentrations measured by rosetting with native sheep red cells. These patients also showed normal sensitization and recall of delayed hypersensitivity, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced lymphocyte transformation and antibody-assisted (K cell) cytotoxicity; however, PHA-induced cytotoxicity was markedly reduced (P less than 0.001). The thymectomized group exhibited a lower mean percentage and absolute number of E-rosette-forming cells, which returned toward normal after in vitro treatment with thymosin. PHA-induced lymphocyte cytotoxicity, however, was normal in the patients who had undergone thymectomy, as were lymphocyte transformation, antibody-assisted cytotoxicity and sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB); there was a decrease in recall of established delayed hypersensitivity. Adult thymectomy in man, therefore, produces a partial and dissociated decrease in T cell responses and it is unlikely that the beneficial effect of this operation in myasthenia gravis is related to immunosuppression.", "PMID": 314366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4457", "title": "Effects of repeated Corynebacterium parvum and BCG therapy on immune parameters: a weekly sequential study of melanoma patients. I. Changes in non-specific (NK, K and T cell) lymphocytotoxicity, peripheral blood counts and delayed hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "Increased lymphocyte cytotoxicity, particularly of 'killer' K cell type was recorded with repeated immunizations of either C. parvum or BCG. A 3 week interval between immunizations was capable of maintaining the increase in cytotoxicity. No marked alterations of 'recall' skin hypersensitivity reactions nor of peripheral blood counts were noted. Expression of cytotoxicity results as percentage 51Cr release, lytic units/ml and cytotoxic capacity (after logit transformation of the cytotoxicity-lymphocyte curves) are described. A 3 week immunization schedule is suggested where BCG and C. parvum are used as immunotherapeutic agents, in the doses quoted.", "contents": "Effects of repeated Corynebacterium parvum and BCG therapy on immune parameters: a weekly sequential study of melanoma patients. I. Changes in non-specific (NK, K and T cell) lymphocytotoxicity, peripheral blood counts and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Increased lymphocyte cytotoxicity, particularly of 'killer' K cell type was recorded with repeated immunizations of either C. parvum or BCG. A 3 week interval between immunizations was capable of maintaining the increase in cytotoxicity. No marked alterations of 'recall' skin hypersensitivity reactions nor of peripheral blood counts were noted. Expression of cytotoxicity results as percentage 51Cr release, lytic units/ml and cytotoxic capacity (after logit transformation of the cytotoxicity-lymphocyte curves) are described. A 3 week immunization schedule is suggested where BCG and C. parvum are used as immunotherapeutic agents, in the doses quoted.", "PMID": 314367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4458", "title": "The in vitro effect of a calf thymus extract on the peripheral blood lymphocytes of sixty-six melanoma patients.", "content": "The in vitro effect of a calf thymus extract (TP-1) on peripheral blood lymphocytes was evaluated in sixty-six melanoma patients. Twenty out of forty-five stage I and seventeen out of twenty-one stage IIb patients presented depressed T lymphocyte values. A statistically significant increase in E-rosette-forming cells (E-RFC) was observed in seventeen (85%) stage I and twelve (70.5%) stage II patients. In thirteen (65%) stage I and eight (47%) stage II patients E-RFC reached normal values. Our results indicate that the fall of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients is often related to an increase in TP-1 sensitive cells which suggests the possibility of a thymic hormone deficiency in these patients.", "contents": "The in vitro effect of a calf thymus extract on the peripheral blood lymphocytes of sixty-six melanoma patients. The in vitro effect of a calf thymus extract (TP-1) on peripheral blood lymphocytes was evaluated in sixty-six melanoma patients. Twenty out of forty-five stage I and seventeen out of twenty-one stage IIb patients presented depressed T lymphocyte values. A statistically significant increase in E-rosette-forming cells (E-RFC) was observed in seventeen (85%) stage I and twelve (70.5%) stage II patients. In thirteen (65%) stage I and eight (47%) stage II patients E-RFC reached normal values. Our results indicate that the fall of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients is often related to an increase in TP-1 sensitive cells which suggests the possibility of a thymic hormone deficiency in these patients.", "PMID": 314368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4459", "title": "Ontogeny of T cells, B cells and monocytes in the bovine foetus.", "content": "The ontogeny of lymphocyte subpopulations and monocytes was studied in developing bovine foetuses. Fifty-four bovine foetuses ranging in age from 3 to 9 months of gestation were collected and examined for the presence of thymus-derived (T lymphocytes), bone marrow-derived (B lymphocytes) and phagocytic (macrophage) cells from thymus, spleen and peripheral blood. Detection of the cells expressing T lymphocyte surface markers was done using a modified sheep red blood cell rosette assay. Lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin (sIg) were detected by staining with a fluoresceinated rabbit antibody prepared against bovine IgG. The procedure used for detecting monocytes was a latex bead phagocytic assay. In the thymus, the percentage of T lymphocytes was relatively constant throughout gestation at approximately 60-70%, with B lymphocytes remaining at about 1%, whereas the phagocytic cells showed an increase from 1% at 3 months to approximately 8% at term. The spleen showed an increasing percentage of T lymphocytes, from 11% at 3 months to over 40% at term, whereas the percentage of B lymphocytes remained consistent at about 2-3% from 3 months until term. The percentage of monocytes increases from 1% at 3 months to over 20% at 9 months. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes increased steadily from approximately 1% at 3 months to 45% at term. B lymphocyte levels remained low, about 1%, throughout gestation, whereas monocytes increased from 1% at 3 months to 5% at 9 months.", "contents": "Ontogeny of T cells, B cells and monocytes in the bovine foetus. The ontogeny of lymphocyte subpopulations and monocytes was studied in developing bovine foetuses. Fifty-four bovine foetuses ranging in age from 3 to 9 months of gestation were collected and examined for the presence of thymus-derived (T lymphocytes), bone marrow-derived (B lymphocytes) and phagocytic (macrophage) cells from thymus, spleen and peripheral blood. Detection of the cells expressing T lymphocyte surface markers was done using a modified sheep red blood cell rosette assay. Lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin (sIg) were detected by staining with a fluoresceinated rabbit antibody prepared against bovine IgG. The procedure used for detecting monocytes was a latex bead phagocytic assay. In the thymus, the percentage of T lymphocytes was relatively constant throughout gestation at approximately 60-70%, with B lymphocytes remaining at about 1%, whereas the phagocytic cells showed an increase from 1% at 3 months to approximately 8% at term. The spleen showed an increasing percentage of T lymphocytes, from 11% at 3 months to over 40% at term, whereas the percentage of B lymphocytes remained consistent at about 2-3% from 3 months until term. The percentage of monocytes increases from 1% at 3 months to over 20% at 9 months. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes increased steadily from approximately 1% at 3 months to 45% at term. B lymphocyte levels remained low, about 1%, throughout gestation, whereas monocytes increased from 1% at 3 months to 5% at 9 months.", "PMID": 314369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4460", "title": "The significance of electrically stimulated osteogenesis: more questions than answers.", "content": "The present technique of electrical osteogenesis represents the rediscovery of a method in clinical use over 100 years ago. That technique while reported to have excellent clinical results, was empirically applied and was totally discredited as having no scientific basis. Modern techniques report similarly useful clinical results, but similarly lack an accepted scientific basis. The techniques in present use differ so greatly among themselves that a common mechanism of action seems highly unlikely. Yet all report excellent clinical results. Serious questions are raised concerning the validity of the claims, the mechanism of action and the possibility of long-term undesirable side effects. These questions are not insoluble and the newer physical science disciplines seem well suited to reveal the mechanism of action. Appropriate research projects must be mounted and answers to these questions obtained before the technique is made available for wide application. The importance of this procedure far transcends orthopedic surgery and bone growth stimulation and if properly pursued, it may lead to revolutionary changes, not only in basic biology, but in the practice of clinical medicine in general.", "contents": "The significance of electrically stimulated osteogenesis: more questions than answers. The present technique of electrical osteogenesis represents the rediscovery of a method in clinical use over 100 years ago. That technique while reported to have excellent clinical results, was empirically applied and was totally discredited as having no scientific basis. Modern techniques report similarly useful clinical results, but similarly lack an accepted scientific basis. The techniques in present use differ so greatly among themselves that a common mechanism of action seems highly unlikely. Yet all report excellent clinical results. Serious questions are raised concerning the validity of the claims, the mechanism of action and the possibility of long-term undesirable side effects. These questions are not insoluble and the newer physical science disciplines seem well suited to reveal the mechanism of action. Appropriate research projects must be mounted and answers to these questions obtained before the technique is made available for wide application. The importance of this procedure far transcends orthopedic surgery and bone growth stimulation and if properly pursued, it may lead to revolutionary changes, not only in basic biology, but in the practice of clinical medicine in general.", "PMID": 314373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4461", "title": "Metabolism of p-aminobenzoic acid in the perfused livers of chronically uraemic rats.", "content": "1. Chronic renal failure was induced in rats by surgical removal of thirteen-sixteenths of renal tissue. 2. The metabolism of p-amino[14C]benzoic acid was studied in the isolated perfused livers of control and chronically uraemic rats. There was a slower rate of clearance and decreased overall metabolism of the compounds in the uraemic rats. 3. Conjugation of p-amino[14C]benzoic acid with glycine and the formation of p-aminobenzoic acid glucuronide were both significantly decreased in the uraemic rats, but there was a significant increase in acetylation of both p-aminobenzoic acid and its glycine conjugate.", "contents": "Metabolism of p-aminobenzoic acid in the perfused livers of chronically uraemic rats. 1. Chronic renal failure was induced in rats by surgical removal of thirteen-sixteenths of renal tissue. 2. The metabolism of p-amino[14C]benzoic acid was studied in the isolated perfused livers of control and chronically uraemic rats. There was a slower rate of clearance and decreased overall metabolism of the compounds in the uraemic rats. 3. Conjugation of p-amino[14C]benzoic acid with glycine and the formation of p-aminobenzoic acid glucuronide were both significantly decreased in the uraemic rats, but there was a significant increase in acetylation of both p-aminobenzoic acid and its glycine conjugate.", "PMID": 314374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4462", "title": "Pathogenesis of bleeding colonic diverticulosis: new concepts.", "content": "Diverticulosis of the colon is a common disease of the older population which develops in those people who eat highly refined carbohydrate diets free of roughage. High intraluminal pressures are created in the resultant narrowed colon which tends to push the mucosa between circular muscle bundles through oblique connective tissue clefts containing the vasa recta. Massive bleeding of the colon is most commonly due to right-sided diverticulosis. It can be explained by chronic injury to the vasa recta which lie within the submucosa of the diverticulum from the apex to the antimesenteric orifice. Rupture has been documented to occur when the wall of the artery facing the diverticulum becomes weakened by intimal fibrosis, elastic lamina fragmentation, and smooth muscle atrophy. This occurs at the dome and at the antimesenteric orifice of the diverticulum. Selective angiography is the diagnostic tool of choice. Recent advances in pharmacoagiography and and embolization promise successful treatment with lower morbidity than surgical resection.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of bleeding colonic diverticulosis: new concepts. Diverticulosis of the colon is a common disease of the older population which develops in those people who eat highly refined carbohydrate diets free of roughage. High intraluminal pressures are created in the resultant narrowed colon which tends to push the mucosa between circular muscle bundles through oblique connective tissue clefts containing the vasa recta. Massive bleeding of the colon is most commonly due to right-sided diverticulosis. It can be explained by chronic injury to the vasa recta which lie within the submucosa of the diverticulum from the apex to the antimesenteric orifice. Rupture has been documented to occur when the wall of the artery facing the diverticulum becomes weakened by intimal fibrosis, elastic lamina fragmentation, and smooth muscle atrophy. This occurs at the dome and at the antimesenteric orifice of the diverticulum. Selective angiography is the diagnostic tool of choice. Recent advances in pharmacoagiography and and embolization promise successful treatment with lower morbidity than surgical resection.", "PMID": 314376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4463", "title": "[The importance of history-taking in the diagnosis of inflammatory-rheumatic disease: a prospective study of 100 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prospective study of 100 inpatients, \"history-taking diagnosis\" was analysed in terms of proven probability sequence, on the basis of an extensive history-taking plan. The most likely diagnosis, as obtained by history-taking, was the same as that in the final discharge letter in 72% of cases. In only 5% did new investigations establish a diagnosis not made by history-taking. Physical examination, radiological and laboratory tests, in some cases also special investigations such as renal biopsy, proved of importance, in the first instance in establishing the diagnosis (adding to or confirming diagnostic criteria) and the choice of diagnosis (exclusion diagnosis). It is a prerequisite for a high percentage of correct diagnoses by history-taking that the examining doctor is familiar with the clinical picture of rheumatic diseases, including their epidemiology, age and sex distribution, organ involvement and pattern of joint involvement, and takes time in obtaining a good history.", "contents": "[The importance of history-taking in the diagnosis of inflammatory-rheumatic disease: a prospective study of 100 patients (author's transl)]. In a prospective study of 100 inpatients, \"history-taking diagnosis\" was analysed in terms of proven probability sequence, on the basis of an extensive history-taking plan. The most likely diagnosis, as obtained by history-taking, was the same as that in the final discharge letter in 72% of cases. In only 5% did new investigations establish a diagnosis not made by history-taking. Physical examination, radiological and laboratory tests, in some cases also special investigations such as renal biopsy, proved of importance, in the first instance in establishing the diagnosis (adding to or confirming diagnostic criteria) and the choice of diagnosis (exclusion diagnosis). It is a prerequisite for a high percentage of correct diagnoses by history-taking that the examining doctor is familiar with the clinical picture of rheumatic diseases, including their epidemiology, age and sex distribution, organ involvement and pattern of joint involvement, and takes time in obtaining a good history.", "PMID": 314378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4464", "title": "Metabolic carbohydrate-labelling of glycolipids from mouse splenocytes. Mitogen-stimulated B and T cells show different labelling patterns.", "content": "Splenic lymphocytes from CBA/J, AKR/A/J, BALB/c/A, C57/BL/6J, C3H/HeJ and C3H/Tif nu/nu mice and B lymphocyte or T lymphocyte preparations derived from CBA/J mouse spleen were cultivated in the presence of either concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide or Proteus mirabilis soluble lipoprotein. The mitogens stimulated the incorporation of [14C]galactose into acid-insoluble cell material with the same specificity for B or T cells as that known for thymidine incorporation. The glycolipids extracted from mitogen-activated, carbohydrate-labelled B or T cells were compared by thin-layer chromatography and characteristic differences between B and T cells were noted in the ganglioside as well as in the neutral glycolipid fractions. In addition, subsets of B or T cells, namely lipopolysaccharide-responsive or lipoprotein-responsive B-cell populations or nylon-purified T cells may be recognized by characteristic neutral glycolipid bands.", "contents": "Metabolic carbohydrate-labelling of glycolipids from mouse splenocytes. Mitogen-stimulated B and T cells show different labelling patterns. Splenic lymphocytes from CBA/J, AKR/A/J, BALB/c/A, C57/BL/6J, C3H/HeJ and C3H/Tif nu/nu mice and B lymphocyte or T lymphocyte preparations derived from CBA/J mouse spleen were cultivated in the presence of either concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide or Proteus mirabilis soluble lipoprotein. The mitogens stimulated the incorporation of [14C]galactose into acid-insoluble cell material with the same specificity for B or T cells as that known for thymidine incorporation. The glycolipids extracted from mitogen-activated, carbohydrate-labelled B or T cells were compared by thin-layer chromatography and characteristic differences between B and T cells were noted in the ganglioside as well as in the neutral glycolipid fractions. In addition, subsets of B or T cells, namely lipopolysaccharide-responsive or lipoprotein-responsive B-cell populations or nylon-purified T cells may be recognized by characteristic neutral glycolipid bands.", "PMID": 314379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4465", "title": "T lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with neurological diseases.", "content": "T lymphocytes were determined according to their ability to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 120 patients, and in peripheral blood from 59 patients. Normal CSF contained 74.9 +/- 9.6% T lymphocytes. Increased T lymphocyte percentage was found in CSF from patients with active multiple sclerosis (MS), and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, as well as the 2 patients with retrobulbar neuritis and the 1 with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Patients with stable MS showed no significant change in CSF T lymphocyte percentage. CSF from patients with viral meningo-encephalitis or meningo-radiculitis had a decreased T lymphocyte percentage. This decrease was also found in the 2 patients with malignant disease and the 2 with presenile dementia. An exceptionally low CSF T cell count (5%) was found in 1 patient with cerebellar ataxia.", "contents": "T lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with neurological diseases. T lymphocytes were determined according to their ability to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 120 patients, and in peripheral blood from 59 patients. Normal CSF contained 74.9 +/- 9.6% T lymphocytes. Increased T lymphocyte percentage was found in CSF from patients with active multiple sclerosis (MS), and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, as well as the 2 patients with retrobulbar neuritis and the 1 with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Patients with stable MS showed no significant change in CSF T lymphocyte percentage. CSF from patients with viral meningo-encephalitis or meningo-radiculitis had a decreased T lymphocyte percentage. This decrease was also found in the 2 patients with malignant disease and the 2 with presenile dementia. An exceptionally low CSF T cell count (5%) was found in 1 patient with cerebellar ataxia.", "PMID": 314380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4466", "title": "Antipyretic analgesics in patients on antiepileptic drug therapy.", "content": "The effect of administration for three days of acetylsalicylic acid (1500 mg/day), phenylbutazone (300 mg/day), paracetamol (1500 mg/day) and tolfenamic acid (300 mg/day) on serum concentrations of phenytoin and carbamazepine were studied in a group of patients on continuous antiepileptic therapy. When measured 10 h after the last dose of the analgesics, the only significant effect was a decrease in total serum phenytoin after three days of phenylbutazone. When six patients on continuous phenytoin therapy took phenylbutazone for two weeks there was at two days an initial decrease, followed by a signficiant increase in total serum phenytoin and a concomitant increase in free phenytoin in serum. Even phenylbutazone was well tolerated by most of the patients. However, its use had to be discontinued on one patient due to obvious signs of phenytoin intoxication, with concomitant increases in the serum free and total phenytoin concentrations.", "contents": "Antipyretic analgesics in patients on antiepileptic drug therapy. The effect of administration for three days of acetylsalicylic acid (1500 mg/day), phenylbutazone (300 mg/day), paracetamol (1500 mg/day) and tolfenamic acid (300 mg/day) on serum concentrations of phenytoin and carbamazepine were studied in a group of patients on continuous antiepileptic therapy. When measured 10 h after the last dose of the analgesics, the only significant effect was a decrease in total serum phenytoin after three days of phenylbutazone. When six patients on continuous phenytoin therapy took phenylbutazone for two weeks there was at two days an initial decrease, followed by a signficiant increase in total serum phenytoin and a concomitant increase in free phenytoin in serum. Even phenylbutazone was well tolerated by most of the patients. However, its use had to be discontinued on one patient due to obvious signs of phenytoin intoxication, with concomitant increases in the serum free and total phenytoin concentrations.", "PMID": 314381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4467", "title": "Modulation of the tonic stretch reflex by monoamines.", "content": "The effects of L-DOPA and 5-HTP on the tonic stretch reflex (TSR) in the decerebrate rat were studied. L-DOPA facilitated the TSR in a dose-dependent manner. The facilitation of the TSR was blocked by pimozide. A sensitive electromygraphic (EMG) technique capable of recording single motor unit discharges was used. The EMG results suggest that gamma motoneuron sensitivity was increased to a greater degree than alpha motoneuron sensitivity during the facilitation by L-DOPA. The L-DOPA-induced facilitation persisted in animals partly depleted of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by reserpine, p-chlorophenylalanine or 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. 5-HTP inhibited the TSR in a dose-dependent manner. It is concluded that DA not 5-HT is the amine which normally mediates facilitation of the TSR after L-DOPA and that gamma motoneuron activation is more likely to be involved to a greater degree than alpha motoneuron activation in the neural mechanisms of the facilitation.", "contents": "Modulation of the tonic stretch reflex by monoamines. The effects of L-DOPA and 5-HTP on the tonic stretch reflex (TSR) in the decerebrate rat were studied. L-DOPA facilitated the TSR in a dose-dependent manner. The facilitation of the TSR was blocked by pimozide. A sensitive electromygraphic (EMG) technique capable of recording single motor unit discharges was used. The EMG results suggest that gamma motoneuron sensitivity was increased to a greater degree than alpha motoneuron sensitivity during the facilitation by L-DOPA. The L-DOPA-induced facilitation persisted in animals partly depleted of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by reserpine, p-chlorophenylalanine or 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. 5-HTP inhibited the TSR in a dose-dependent manner. It is concluded that DA not 5-HT is the amine which normally mediates facilitation of the TSR after L-DOPA and that gamma motoneuron activation is more likely to be involved to a greater degree than alpha motoneuron activation in the neural mechanisms of the facilitation.", "PMID": 314382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4468", "title": "Aplastic anemia following infectious mononucleosis: possible immune etiology.", "content": "A 17-year-old female developed severe aplastic anemia following serologically proven infectious mononucleosis. In vitro studies, using the granulocyte colony forming technique, suggested that the aplasia may have resulted from an immune mechanism. The patient's marrow grew no granulocyte colonies and caused inhibition of colony formation when mixed with normal marrows. The patient recovered fully after therapy with antithymocyte globulin and marrow cultures showed disappearance of the inhibitory effect. These observations suggest that the severe aplasia may have resulted from an aberrant immune response which followed infection by EB virus.", "contents": "Aplastic anemia following infectious mononucleosis: possible immune etiology. A 17-year-old female developed severe aplastic anemia following serologically proven infectious mononucleosis. In vitro studies, using the granulocyte colony forming technique, suggested that the aplasia may have resulted from an immune mechanism. The patient's marrow grew no granulocyte colonies and caused inhibition of colony formation when mixed with normal marrows. The patient recovered fully after therapy with antithymocyte globulin and marrow cultures showed disappearance of the inhibitory effect. These observations suggest that the severe aplasia may have resulted from an aberrant immune response which followed infection by EB virus.", "PMID": 314384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4469", "title": "Thoughts about high chlorine peaks in X-ray microanalysis.", "content": "In X-ray microanalysis of biological tissues, high Cl-peaks are constantly observable. Higher Cl-peaks in the tissue than in the epon environment suggest that most Cl originates from the tissue. Therefore rough regional estimations of the Cl level could be possible.", "contents": "Thoughts about high chlorine peaks in X-ray microanalysis. In X-ray microanalysis of biological tissues, high Cl-peaks are constantly observable. Higher Cl-peaks in the tissue than in the epon environment suggest that most Cl originates from the tissue. Therefore rough regional estimations of the Cl level could be possible.", "PMID": 314386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4470", "title": "Analgesic efficacy and safety of Fenbufen following surgical removal of a lower wisdom tooth: a comparison with acetylsalicylic acid and placebo.", "content": "In a double-blind clinical trial a new, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties, Fenbufen, was compared to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and placebo. Six hundred (600) out-patients, following surgical removal of an impacted lower wisdom tooth, were divided into three groups and randomly given either Fenbufen (500 mg capsules), ASA (750 mg capsules), or placebo. One capsule was taken immediately after the surgical procedure, followed by another capsule every 6 hours. The duration of treatment was 24 hours. Thus, a total of 4 capsules were taken. Self-evaluation forms were provided to the patients and were returned to the investigators the following day. The results were statistically analyzed. Both Fenbufen and ASA were statistically superior (p less than or equal to 0.01) to placebo in relieving pain. A comparison of the Fenbufen and ASA groups demonstrated a statistically significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) superiority for Fenbufen in relieving pain. Also sleep was less disturbed in the Fenbufen group. Side-effects reported were few, minor in character, and fewer in number in the Fenbufen group.", "contents": "Analgesic efficacy and safety of Fenbufen following surgical removal of a lower wisdom tooth: a comparison with acetylsalicylic acid and placebo. In a double-blind clinical trial a new, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties, Fenbufen, was compared to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and placebo. Six hundred (600) out-patients, following surgical removal of an impacted lower wisdom tooth, were divided into three groups and randomly given either Fenbufen (500 mg capsules), ASA (750 mg capsules), or placebo. One capsule was taken immediately after the surgical procedure, followed by another capsule every 6 hours. The duration of treatment was 24 hours. Thus, a total of 4 capsules were taken. Self-evaluation forms were provided to the patients and were returned to the investigators the following day. The results were statistically analyzed. Both Fenbufen and ASA were statistically superior (p less than or equal to 0.01) to placebo in relieving pain. A comparison of the Fenbufen and ASA groups demonstrated a statistically significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) superiority for Fenbufen in relieving pain. Also sleep was less disturbed in the Fenbufen group. Side-effects reported were few, minor in character, and fewer in number in the Fenbufen group.", "PMID": 314392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4471", "title": "Aspirin and gastrointestional bleeding. Interest of plasma salicylate determination.", "content": "From history-taking and from analysis of plasma salicylate levels it is shown that a link exists between aspirin and gastrointestinal bleeding in 68% of cases. Salicylate levels alone indicate that aspirin has been taken in 22% of cases. Plasma salicylate measurement and endoscopy allow a better understanding of haemorrhagic lesions due to aspirin. Aspirin is responsible especially for haemorrhage from ulcers and acute gastritis or duodenitis. Aspirin is seen to be dangerous in a moderate number of susceptible individuals: those with peptic ulcer constitution or cirrhosis.", "contents": "Aspirin and gastrointestional bleeding. Interest of plasma salicylate determination. From history-taking and from analysis of plasma salicylate levels it is shown that a link exists between aspirin and gastrointestinal bleeding in 68% of cases. Salicylate levels alone indicate that aspirin has been taken in 22% of cases. Plasma salicylate measurement and endoscopy allow a better understanding of haemorrhagic lesions due to aspirin. Aspirin is responsible especially for haemorrhage from ulcers and acute gastritis or duodenitis. Aspirin is seen to be dangerous in a moderate number of susceptible individuals: those with peptic ulcer constitution or cirrhosis.", "PMID": 314393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4472", "title": "The management of unstable angina pectoris.", "content": "Patients with unstable angina should first be medically managed with the maximally effective drug regimen. Cardiac catheterization is called for if the angina continues. Surgical intervention may be more effective if preceded by intensive medical management. You should be aware, however, that patients with unstable angina and significant left main coronary disease require immediate coronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "The management of unstable angina pectoris. Patients with unstable angina should first be medically managed with the maximally effective drug regimen. Cardiac catheterization is called for if the angina continues. Surgical intervention may be more effective if preceded by intensive medical management. You should be aware, however, that patients with unstable angina and significant left main coronary disease require immediate coronary bypass surgery.", "PMID": 314397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4473", "title": "[Enelbin rheumatism ointment in rheumatic diseases. Results of a double-blind study for the determination of efficacy].", "content": "Enelbin-Rheuma-ointment and a reference ointment were compared with regard to effectiveness in a double-blind trial in 100 patients with gonarthrosis, osteoarthrosis of the spine and humeroscapular periarthropathy. Both ointments showed good results regarding spontaneous pain, pain on pressure and motion, reduction of mobility, swelling and muscular tension. The success of treatment was statistically significantly better in the Enelbin-Rheuma-ointment treated patients.", "contents": "[Enelbin rheumatism ointment in rheumatic diseases. Results of a double-blind study for the determination of efficacy]. Enelbin-Rheuma-ointment and a reference ointment were compared with regard to effectiveness in a double-blind trial in 100 patients with gonarthrosis, osteoarthrosis of the spine and humeroscapular periarthropathy. Both ointments showed good results regarding spontaneous pain, pain on pressure and motion, reduction of mobility, swelling and muscular tension. The success of treatment was statistically significantly better in the Enelbin-Rheuma-ointment treated patients.", "PMID": 314399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4474", "title": "[Immunoreactions of the delayed type in patients with multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Skin tests were performed in 34 multiple sclerosis patients. The incidence of positive reactions was reduced in these patients compared with healthy controls, with regard to different recall antigens with the exception of varidase, as well as the PHA and DNCB. No definite differences in reaction between patients who had been suffering from multiple sclerosis for a long time or for a short time, could be established. However, there was a certain dependence on the stage of the disease in so far as positive reactions were less frequent during the acute episode--more pronounced during the subsiding attack than at the onset of the episode--, than during the interval between two attacks. These results suggest that multiple sclerosis is primarily characterised by a weakness of cell-mediated immunity and that this weakness becomes more pronounced during the acute episode. The differences between the skin test reactions performed during the individual phases of the disease are too slight to assist in defining the acute episodes. It may be possible to identify changes in the reaction level via long-term studies.", "contents": "[Immunoreactions of the delayed type in patients with multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. Skin tests were performed in 34 multiple sclerosis patients. The incidence of positive reactions was reduced in these patients compared with healthy controls, with regard to different recall antigens with the exception of varidase, as well as the PHA and DNCB. No definite differences in reaction between patients who had been suffering from multiple sclerosis for a long time or for a short time, could be established. However, there was a certain dependence on the stage of the disease in so far as positive reactions were less frequent during the acute episode--more pronounced during the subsiding attack than at the onset of the episode--, than during the interval between two attacks. These results suggest that multiple sclerosis is primarily characterised by a weakness of cell-mediated immunity and that this weakness becomes more pronounced during the acute episode. The differences between the skin test reactions performed during the individual phases of the disease are too slight to assist in defining the acute episodes. It may be possible to identify changes in the reaction level via long-term studies.", "PMID": 314400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4475", "title": "Effects of exercise stress on parotid gland secretion.", "content": "Parotid secretion of alpha-amylase and potassium (K+) was determined in young adults following intense exercise. Exercise stress led to a significant elevation in alpha-amylase and K+ secretion, indicating an activation of adrenergic receptors supplying the parotid gland. Evidence of circadian variation or adaptation over days was not found.", "contents": "Effects of exercise stress on parotid gland secretion. Parotid secretion of alpha-amylase and potassium (K+) was determined in young adults following intense exercise. Exercise stress led to a significant elevation in alpha-amylase and K+ secretion, indicating an activation of adrenergic receptors supplying the parotid gland. Evidence of circadian variation or adaptation over days was not found.", "PMID": 314413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4476", "title": "Growth limitation of BHK-21 cells and its relation to folate metabolism.", "content": "The role of folate metabolism in growth control in monolayer and suspension cell cultures was studied in three related cell lines: BHK-21, polyoma-transformed BHK-21 (PyBHK), and an aminopterin-resistant derivative of BHK-21 (A5). BHK-21 cells had extremely low levels of dihydrofolate reductase, PyBHK had higher levels, and A5 had extremely high levels. Hypoxanthine and thymidine together, but not individually, induced BHK-21 to grow in agar, and stimulated its growth in agarose and monolayer culture. PyBHK and A5 grew spontaneously in agar, and hypoxanthine plus thymidine had little or no effect on their growth either in suspension or in monolayer cultures. We found that exogenous folinic acid, a derivative of folate metabolism that bypasses the function of dihydrofolate reductase, mimicked the growth-stimulatory effects of exogenous hypoxanthine plus thymidine BHK-21. We conclude that the growth limitation of BHK-21 in suspension culture is due, in part, to a deficiency of dihydrofolate reductase. This enzyme deficiency limits nucleoside synthesis and can be overcome by supplying end products of this pathway.", "contents": "Growth limitation of BHK-21 cells and its relation to folate metabolism. The role of folate metabolism in growth control in monolayer and suspension cell cultures was studied in three related cell lines: BHK-21, polyoma-transformed BHK-21 (PyBHK), and an aminopterin-resistant derivative of BHK-21 (A5). BHK-21 cells had extremely low levels of dihydrofolate reductase, PyBHK had higher levels, and A5 had extremely high levels. Hypoxanthine and thymidine together, but not individually, induced BHK-21 to grow in agar, and stimulated its growth in agarose and monolayer culture. PyBHK and A5 grew spontaneously in agar, and hypoxanthine plus thymidine had little or no effect on their growth either in suspension or in monolayer cultures. We found that exogenous folinic acid, a derivative of folate metabolism that bypasses the function of dihydrofolate reductase, mimicked the growth-stimulatory effects of exogenous hypoxanthine plus thymidine BHK-21. We conclude that the growth limitation of BHK-21 in suspension culture is due, in part, to a deficiency of dihydrofolate reductase. This enzyme deficiency limits nucleoside synthesis and can be overcome by supplying end products of this pathway.", "PMID": 314416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4477", "title": "[Immunodeficiency syndromes--a new WHO report (author's transl)].", "content": "This short note is meant to point out the importance of a new WHO publication on immunodeficiency syndromes (IDS), which was prepared by an expert committee. For the classification of primary IDS, three different principles are useful, each for particular purposes. For the first time, the importance and frequency of secondary IDS are discussed as well. The original report should be read by clinical immunologists, pediatricians, internists and others interested in IDS.", "contents": "[Immunodeficiency syndromes--a new WHO report (author's transl)]. This short note is meant to point out the importance of a new WHO publication on immunodeficiency syndromes (IDS), which was prepared by an expert committee. For the classification of primary IDS, three different principles are useful, each for particular purposes. For the first time, the importance and frequency of secondary IDS are discussed as well. The original report should be read by clinical immunologists, pediatricians, internists and others interested in IDS.", "PMID": 314417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4478", "title": "The role of kallikrein in leukocyte migration inhibition.", "content": "Previous studies from this department have established the presence of leukocyte migration inhibition activity in acute nonimmune inflammatory rat pleural exudates, induced by different irritants, which involved coagulation phenomenon. In the present investigation we present evidence for a role of kallikrein in the leukocyte migration inhibition phenomenon exhibited by acute pleural exudate in rates depleted of kininogens by intravenous injection of cellulose sulfate.", "contents": "The role of kallikrein in leukocyte migration inhibition. Previous studies from this department have established the presence of leukocyte migration inhibition activity in acute nonimmune inflammatory rat pleural exudates, induced by different irritants, which involved coagulation phenomenon. In the present investigation we present evidence for a role of kallikrein in the leukocyte migration inhibition phenomenon exhibited by acute pleural exudate in rates depleted of kininogens by intravenous injection of cellulose sulfate.", "PMID": 314418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4479", "title": "The nature and therapy of refractory shock.", "content": "A standard experimental shock model was used to investigate the nature and treatment of refractory shock. Peripheral vasodilatation secondary to hypoxia appeared to be the primary problem in pathogenesis, such factors as myocardial or reticuloendothelial depression being of a secondary nature. Protease inhibition using aprotinin (Trasylol) was ineffective in therapy, but glucocorticoids in pharmacological dosage produced a significant improvement in cardiodynamic and oxygen metabolic factors, provided that the agent was administered early.", "contents": "The nature and therapy of refractory shock. A standard experimental shock model was used to investigate the nature and treatment of refractory shock. Peripheral vasodilatation secondary to hypoxia appeared to be the primary problem in pathogenesis, such factors as myocardial or reticuloendothelial depression being of a secondary nature. Protease inhibition using aprotinin (Trasylol) was ineffective in therapy, but glucocorticoids in pharmacological dosage produced a significant improvement in cardiodynamic and oxygen metabolic factors, provided that the agent was administered early.", "PMID": 314419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4480", "title": "Inability of immune cells treated with anti-thymocyte serum to confer on hamsters resistance to cutaneous infection with Treponema pertenue.", "content": "The mechanism by which hamsters acquire resistance to yaws or frambesia is poorly understood. This investigation has shown that immune lymphoid cells (spleen and lymph node) could confer on hamsters resistance to infection with Treponema pertenue. Treatment of these immune cells with a specific antithymocyte serum (ATS) inhibited the transfer of resistance. Twenty-one days after infection, recipients of immune cells treated with ATS had cutaneous lesions, in contrast to recipients of immune cells treated with normal rabbit serum. Treatment of immune cells with ATS, however, did not completely abolish resistance to treponemal infection. The weight and number of treponemes in the lymph nodes of recipients were significantly lower than those infused with normal cells treated with ATS or normal rabbit serum. The specificity of the ATS was demonstrated by its failure to inhibit functional antibody-producing cells and its high cytotoxic activity for thymocytes. These results present direct evidence that ATS-sensitive cells are involved in resistance to frambesial infection.", "contents": "Inability of immune cells treated with anti-thymocyte serum to confer on hamsters resistance to cutaneous infection with Treponema pertenue. The mechanism by which hamsters acquire resistance to yaws or frambesia is poorly understood. This investigation has shown that immune lymphoid cells (spleen and lymph node) could confer on hamsters resistance to infection with Treponema pertenue. Treatment of these immune cells with a specific antithymocyte serum (ATS) inhibited the transfer of resistance. Twenty-one days after infection, recipients of immune cells treated with ATS had cutaneous lesions, in contrast to recipients of immune cells treated with normal rabbit serum. Treatment of immune cells with ATS, however, did not completely abolish resistance to treponemal infection. The weight and number of treponemes in the lymph nodes of recipients were significantly lower than those infused with normal cells treated with ATS or normal rabbit serum. The specificity of the ATS was demonstrated by its failure to inhibit functional antibody-producing cells and its high cytotoxic activity for thymocytes. These results present direct evidence that ATS-sensitive cells are involved in resistance to frambesial infection.", "PMID": 314420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4481", "title": "Measles virus-specific antibodies and immunoglobulin M antiglobulin in sera from multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis patients.", "content": "When rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis sera was titrated by the fluorescent antibody method on measles virus-infected cells, there was a marked and variable drop in titer on acetone-fixed cells as compared with unfixed cells. This was accounted for by the failure of measles virus hemolysin-inhibiting (HLI) antibody of the immunoglobulin G class to bind to acetone-fixed infected cells. It was shown by staining unfixed and acetone-fixed measles virus-infected cells that rheumatoid factor in most rheumatoid arthritis sera combined with measles virus-specific hemagglutinin-inhibiting and HLI antibodies, whereas rheumatoid factor in multiple sclerosis sera combined only with HLI antibody. Rheumatoid factor of similar specificity was also observed in normal sera and occasionally in rheumatoid arthritis sera. Both rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis sera showed almost identical increases in average titer above normal of measles virus-specific fluorescent staining immunoglobulin G and HLI antibodies.", "contents": "Measles virus-specific antibodies and immunoglobulin M antiglobulin in sera from multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis patients. When rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis sera was titrated by the fluorescent antibody method on measles virus-infected cells, there was a marked and variable drop in titer on acetone-fixed cells as compared with unfixed cells. This was accounted for by the failure of measles virus hemolysin-inhibiting (HLI) antibody of the immunoglobulin G class to bind to acetone-fixed infected cells. It was shown by staining unfixed and acetone-fixed measles virus-infected cells that rheumatoid factor in most rheumatoid arthritis sera combined with measles virus-specific hemagglutinin-inhibiting and HLI antibodies, whereas rheumatoid factor in multiple sclerosis sera combined only with HLI antibody. Rheumatoid factor of similar specificity was also observed in normal sera and occasionally in rheumatoid arthritis sera. Both rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis sera showed almost identical increases in average titer above normal of measles virus-specific fluorescent staining immunoglobulin G and HLI antibodies.", "PMID": 314421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4482", "title": "Suppression of lymphokine production by macrophages infiltrating murine virus-induced tumors.", "content": "Immune spleen cells from mice injected with murine sarcoma virus (MSV) can produce migration inhibition factor (MIF) in vitro after stimulation with intact tumor cells. We have now found that this effector function can be regulated by suppressor macrophages present in the tumor. The cells from the tumor (CfT) exert a strong suppressive effect even after treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 plus complement but lose this capacity if adherent or phagocytic cells are removed, suggesting that the macrophage is the suppressor cell. The effects of the suppressor cells were exerted on a proliferation-independent function of the lymphocytes, since MIF production, as well as its suppression, occurred even after proliferation of the lymphocytes was blocked by mitomycin-C. The implications of these findings are that macrophages can suppress some early events involved in the activation of lymphocytes by antigen and that they do so through a mechanism that does not relate to the proliferation of the cells.", "contents": "Suppression of lymphokine production by macrophages infiltrating murine virus-induced tumors. Immune spleen cells from mice injected with murine sarcoma virus (MSV) can produce migration inhibition factor (MIF) in vitro after stimulation with intact tumor cells. We have now found that this effector function can be regulated by suppressor macrophages present in the tumor. The cells from the tumor (CfT) exert a strong suppressive effect even after treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 plus complement but lose this capacity if adherent or phagocytic cells are removed, suggesting that the macrophage is the suppressor cell. The effects of the suppressor cells were exerted on a proliferation-independent function of the lymphocytes, since MIF production, as well as its suppression, occurred even after proliferation of the lymphocytes was blocked by mitomycin-C. The implications of these findings are that macrophages can suppress some early events involved in the activation of lymphocytes by antigen and that they do so through a mechanism that does not relate to the proliferation of the cells.", "PMID": 314424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4483", "title": "Rescue of marker phenotypes: effects of BUdR sensitization, hypoxia and high LET.", "content": "The survival curve of colony-forming ability of Chinese hamster wg3h cells has been compared with the dose-response curve for the expression of an active thymidine kinase (TK) gene from these cells. The TK+ phenotype was measured by hybrid colony formation after fusion of wg3h (TK+) cells with Chinese hamster A23 (TK-) cells. The TK+ survival data fitted a multi-target curve up to 3 krad of 137 Cs irradiation, when a highly resistant fraction of hybrid colonies was seen at about 1 per cent survival. The Do of TK+ survival for the multi-target region was 3.1-4.0 times greater, than that of wg3h survival, even when the Do for cell survival varied between 136 and 545 rad by 14 MeV neutrons and hypoxia respectively. This parallel modification of cell and TK+ sensitivities suggests that the lesions causing cell inactivation are of the same type as those that cause marker inactivation. Using 14 MeV neutron data the approximate target size for TK inactivation was calculated to be 0.54-0.91 per cent of the DNA content of the cell (or about one-fifth to one-tenth of a chromosome). The data support the idea that marker inactivation results primarily from damage occurring outside the marker gene. BUdR labelling of wg3h cells before irradiation caused slight toxicity (30 per cent reduction in plating efficiency) and a twofold increase in cell sensitivity. However, the sensitivity of the TK+ phenotype increases by only 30 per cent. The increased cell sensitivity thus appeared to result from synergism between increased sensitivity of DNA to strand breakage and metabolic toxicity, the latter being largely overcome by fusion with normal cells.", "contents": "Rescue of marker phenotypes: effects of BUdR sensitization, hypoxia and high LET. The survival curve of colony-forming ability of Chinese hamster wg3h cells has been compared with the dose-response curve for the expression of an active thymidine kinase (TK) gene from these cells. The TK+ phenotype was measured by hybrid colony formation after fusion of wg3h (TK+) cells with Chinese hamster A23 (TK-) cells. The TK+ survival data fitted a multi-target curve up to 3 krad of 137 Cs irradiation, when a highly resistant fraction of hybrid colonies was seen at about 1 per cent survival. The Do of TK+ survival for the multi-target region was 3.1-4.0 times greater, than that of wg3h survival, even when the Do for cell survival varied between 136 and 545 rad by 14 MeV neutrons and hypoxia respectively. This parallel modification of cell and TK+ sensitivities suggests that the lesions causing cell inactivation are of the same type as those that cause marker inactivation. Using 14 MeV neutron data the approximate target size for TK inactivation was calculated to be 0.54-0.91 per cent of the DNA content of the cell (or about one-fifth to one-tenth of a chromosome). The data support the idea that marker inactivation results primarily from damage occurring outside the marker gene. BUdR labelling of wg3h cells before irradiation caused slight toxicity (30 per cent reduction in plating efficiency) and a twofold increase in cell sensitivity. However, the sensitivity of the TK+ phenotype increases by only 30 per cent. The increased cell sensitivity thus appeared to result from synergism between increased sensitivity of DNA to strand breakage and metabolic toxicity, the latter being largely overcome by fusion with normal cells.", "PMID": 314426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4484", "title": "Effects of hyperthermia on the mouse testis and its response to X-rays, as assayed by weight loss.", "content": "The effects of both hyperthermia alone and X-rays combined with hyperthermia on mouse testis have been investigated. Testis weight on heating time was observed for temperatures in the range 39.5 to 43.75 degrees C. The relationship between the reaction rate and the reciprocal of absolute temperature indicated that, over the temperature range considered, the activation energy associated with such thermal damage was (646 +/- 45) x 10(3) J mol-1. No evidence was obtained to indicate a change in slope of the Arrhenius plot over this temperature range. Finally, despite the high sensitivity of the testis to heat and X-rays, no thermal enhancement of the weight loss after irradiation was observed when thermal treatments which, if given alone would produce some observable damage, were administered immediately after irradiation.", "contents": "Effects of hyperthermia on the mouse testis and its response to X-rays, as assayed by weight loss. The effects of both hyperthermia alone and X-rays combined with hyperthermia on mouse testis have been investigated. Testis weight on heating time was observed for temperatures in the range 39.5 to 43.75 degrees C. The relationship between the reaction rate and the reciprocal of absolute temperature indicated that, over the temperature range considered, the activation energy associated with such thermal damage was (646 +/- 45) x 10(3) J mol-1. No evidence was obtained to indicate a change in slope of the Arrhenius plot over this temperature range. Finally, despite the high sensitivity of the testis to heat and X-rays, no thermal enhancement of the weight loss after irradiation was observed when thermal treatments which, if given alone would produce some observable damage, were administered immediately after irradiation.", "PMID": 314427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4485", "title": "Increased radiosensitivity of cerebral capillaries in neonatal Gunn rats as compared to Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "The extent of petechial haemorrhages of the cerebral cortex examined between 14 hours and 4 days after X-irradiation to the head was compared in Sprague-Dawley and homozygous Gunn rats with congenital hyperbilirubinaemia. Animals 1 to 2 days old received single doses of either 250, 500 or 750 rad. By means of a special scoring scale the degree of the damage to the microvasculature was semi-quantitatively estimated. In both strains a significant difference in effect was obtained between 250 and 500 rad, but not between 500 and 750 rad. The shape of the dose-effect curve in Gunn rats was similar to that of Sprague-Dawley rats, but displaced upwards. In Gunn rats the effect of 250 rad was greater than that of 750 rad in Sprague-Dawley rats. Possible radiosensitizing mechanisms are discussed with reference to the literature and our results.", "contents": "Increased radiosensitivity of cerebral capillaries in neonatal Gunn rats as compared to Sprague-Dawley rats. The extent of petechial haemorrhages of the cerebral cortex examined between 14 hours and 4 days after X-irradiation to the head was compared in Sprague-Dawley and homozygous Gunn rats with congenital hyperbilirubinaemia. Animals 1 to 2 days old received single doses of either 250, 500 or 750 rad. By means of a special scoring scale the degree of the damage to the microvasculature was semi-quantitatively estimated. In both strains a significant difference in effect was obtained between 250 and 500 rad, but not between 500 and 750 rad. The shape of the dose-effect curve in Gunn rats was similar to that of Sprague-Dawley rats, but displaced upwards. In Gunn rats the effect of 250 rad was greater than that of 750 rad in Sprague-Dawley rats. Possible radiosensitizing mechanisms are discussed with reference to the literature and our results.", "PMID": 314428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4486", "title": "Interaction between radiation and drug damage in mammalian cells. III. The effect of adriamycin and actinomycin-D on the repair of potentially lethal radiation damage.", "content": "We have studied the effects of actinomycin-D (AMD) and Adriamycin (ADRM) on the repair of radiation damage in Chinese hamster cells (V79) in plateau phase growth. Suppression of potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) was observed in the presence of non-toxic levels of AMD and minimally toxic levels of ADRM. The suppression of PLDR by AMD persisted as long as the drug was present. Removal of AMD was followed by prompt repair of potentially lethal injury suggesting that suppression of PLDR by AMD was not accompanied by fixation of injury to a non-repairable state. On the other hand, irradiated cells exposed to ADRM eventually repair potentially lethal injury in the presence of drug after an initial delay. AMD, but not ADRM, inhibited repair of sublethal radiation damage.", "contents": "Interaction between radiation and drug damage in mammalian cells. III. The effect of adriamycin and actinomycin-D on the repair of potentially lethal radiation damage. We have studied the effects of actinomycin-D (AMD) and Adriamycin (ADRM) on the repair of radiation damage in Chinese hamster cells (V79) in plateau phase growth. Suppression of potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) was observed in the presence of non-toxic levels of AMD and minimally toxic levels of ADRM. The suppression of PLDR by AMD persisted as long as the drug was present. Removal of AMD was followed by prompt repair of potentially lethal injury suggesting that suppression of PLDR by AMD was not accompanied by fixation of injury to a non-repairable state. On the other hand, irradiated cells exposed to ADRM eventually repair potentially lethal injury in the presence of drug after an initial delay. AMD, but not ADRM, inhibited repair of sublethal radiation damage.", "PMID": 314429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4487", "title": "Enhanced radiation damage to the erythrocyte membrane in the presence of azide and other anions.", "content": "Radiation-induced potassium loss from erythrocytes and haemolysis were enhanced by the presence of azide at the time of exposure. The enhancement occurred with post-irradiation incubation at 37 or 4 degrees C, but was inhibited by formate or ethanol. Other anions, which produce radicals known to react selectively with only a few amino acids, gave rise to a similar but lesser enhancement. It is proposed that azide radicals are more effective in producing erythrocyte damage than the OH radicals from which they derive, and that the azide radical should be regarded as another selective secondary radical. The data can be used to infer differences in the mechanisms of damage leading to potassium loss or haemolysis.", "contents": "Enhanced radiation damage to the erythrocyte membrane in the presence of azide and other anions. Radiation-induced potassium loss from erythrocytes and haemolysis were enhanced by the presence of azide at the time of exposure. The enhancement occurred with post-irradiation incubation at 37 or 4 degrees C, but was inhibited by formate or ethanol. Other anions, which produce radicals known to react selectively with only a few amino acids, gave rise to a similar but lesser enhancement. It is proposed that azide radicals are more effective in producing erythrocyte damage than the OH radicals from which they derive, and that the azide radical should be regarded as another selective secondary radical. The data can be used to infer differences in the mechanisms of damage leading to potassium loss or haemolysis.", "PMID": 314430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4488", "title": "Some epidemiologic aspects of psychosomatic medicine.", "content": "Both surveys of physicians' practices and community studies reveal that psychomatic disorders are very prevalent in our society. In a random sample of 1,645 adults, aged seventeen to ninety-two, we found that slightly more than 50% reported at least one psychosomatic symptom \"regularly\" during the preceding year; 17.3% reported two or more. A profile of the symptomatic shows that they tend to be widowed, separated, or divorced; many were unemployed, retired, or disabled. Examination of associations between certain sociocultural factors and the presence of psychosomatic symptomatology disclosed that, as a group, symptomatic respondents had been neither more nor less mobile than others. Most had relatives and friends nearby but few felt they could request help from either. Most attended church but few engaged in community activities. The symptomatic group appeared to lack meaningful social support systems. The discussion focuses on possible relationships between social change, support systems, and prevalence of psychosomatic symptomatology.", "contents": "Some epidemiologic aspects of psychosomatic medicine. Both surveys of physicians' practices and community studies reveal that psychomatic disorders are very prevalent in our society. In a random sample of 1,645 adults, aged seventeen to ninety-two, we found that slightly more than 50% reported at least one psychosomatic symptom \"regularly\" during the preceding year; 17.3% reported two or more. A profile of the symptomatic shows that they tend to be widowed, separated, or divorced; many were unemployed, retired, or disabled. Examination of associations between certain sociocultural factors and the presence of psychosomatic symptomatology disclosed that, as a group, symptomatic respondents had been neither more nor less mobile than others. Most had relatives and friends nearby but few felt they could request help from either. Most attended church but few engaged in community activities. The symptomatic group appeared to lack meaningful social support systems. The discussion focuses on possible relationships between social change, support systems, and prevalence of psychosomatic symptomatology.", "PMID": 314425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4489", "title": "Reconstruction of the slow PIII from the rod potential.", "content": "Light-induced changes in K+ efflux across the photoreceptor membrane are compensated for by active uptake of K+ by a pump, which works with a time lag causing changes in [K+]o termed the KRG. From aspartate-treated bullfrog retinas we isolated the rod potential and the slow PIII, and by using them as indices of rod function and the KRG, respectively, studied relationships between the two. We conclude in support of our previous study that in rods the pump for K+ uptake works with a time lag of some 9 sec in time constant.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the slow PIII from the rod potential. Light-induced changes in K+ efflux across the photoreceptor membrane are compensated for by active uptake of K+ by a pump, which works with a time lag causing changes in [K+]o termed the KRG. From aspartate-treated bullfrog retinas we isolated the rod potential and the slow PIII, and by using them as indices of rod function and the KRG, respectively, studied relationships between the two. We conclude in support of our previous study that in rods the pump for K+ uptake works with a time lag of some 9 sec in time constant.", "PMID": 314435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4490", "title": "Membrane addition to photoreceptor outer segments: progressive reduction in the stimulatory effect of light with increased temperature.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that temperature and light regimens affect the rates of membrane addition to rod outer segments in amphibia. However, it is not known how membrane renewal responds to simultaneous alterations of these two environmental factors. In the present study, the rates of membrane addition have been assessed in adult Rana pipiens maintained in three lighting conditions (constant light, constant darkness, and cyclic light) at three different temperatures by following the displacement of a radioactive band in autoradiographs after 3H-leucine injection. At 16 degrees, 21 degrees, and 26 degrees C, constant light increases the rate of membrane addition in red rods above the rates which occur in darkness by 39%, 14%, and 9%, respectively, whereas in the green rods, the rates of increase were 41%, 22%, and 8%. This progressive reduction in the stimulatory effect of light suggest that at the higher temperatures, rod outer segment renewal is proceeding at near maximal rates and can no longer be further accelerated by light stimulation.", "contents": "Membrane addition to photoreceptor outer segments: progressive reduction in the stimulatory effect of light with increased temperature. Previous studies have indicated that temperature and light regimens affect the rates of membrane addition to rod outer segments in amphibia. However, it is not known how membrane renewal responds to simultaneous alterations of these two environmental factors. In the present study, the rates of membrane addition have been assessed in adult Rana pipiens maintained in three lighting conditions (constant light, constant darkness, and cyclic light) at three different temperatures by following the displacement of a radioactive band in autoradiographs after 3H-leucine injection. At 16 degrees, 21 degrees, and 26 degrees C, constant light increases the rate of membrane addition in red rods above the rates which occur in darkness by 39%, 14%, and 9%, respectively, whereas in the green rods, the rates of increase were 41%, 22%, and 8%. This progressive reduction in the stimulatory effect of light suggest that at the higher temperatures, rod outer segment renewal is proceeding at near maximal rates and can no longer be further accelerated by light stimulation.", "PMID": 314436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4491", "title": "Freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy of lymphocytes: effect of different preparatory techniques on cell surface morphology.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hPBL) processed by two different methods reveals the existence of two main types of cell: villous and smooth. Freeze-fracture of hPBL, also processed by two methods confirms the existence of these morphological types of lymphocyte. Moreover, although the stereo surface replica technique is not a suitable method for the study of hPBL surface due to the lability of the lymphocyte replicas, some smooth cells were also encountered. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the number, size, length and distribution of microvilli show that variations in the experimental conditions for SEM affect the surface topography of hPBL, indicating the need for studies on the effects of methods of cell collection, fixation and dehydration on the surface morphology of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy of lymphocytes: effect of different preparatory techniques on cell surface morphology. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hPBL) processed by two different methods reveals the existence of two main types of cell: villous and smooth. Freeze-fracture of hPBL, also processed by two methods confirms the existence of these morphological types of lymphocyte. Moreover, although the stereo surface replica technique is not a suitable method for the study of hPBL surface due to the lability of the lymphocyte replicas, some smooth cells were also encountered. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the number, size, length and distribution of microvilli show that variations in the experimental conditions for SEM affect the surface topography of hPBL, indicating the need for studies on the effects of methods of cell collection, fixation and dehydration on the surface morphology of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 314437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4492", "title": "A cytophotometric and flow cytofluorometric approach to the differentiation of T lymphocytes in the thymus.", "content": "By cytophotometric and flow cytofluorometric DNA and protein determinations two main proliferating subpopulations of thymus lymphocytes with a different percentage of cells in the S phase could be distinguished. One subpopulation had a very low protein content, was cortisone sensitive and located in the cortex. Cells with comparable low protein contents were not found amongst lymphocytes of the peripheral blood. The other lymphocyte subpopulation had a higher protein content, was cortisone resistant and situated in the cortex around a group of epithelial cells and in the medulla. The protein content of these thymus lymphocytes appeared to be comparable to that of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. On the basis of the protein content per cell, it is possible to identify and isolate the more often described major subpopulation of cortisone sensitive thymus lymphocytes remaining and dying in the thymus, and the minor cortisone resistant subpopulation of thymus lymphocytes which is the source of the peripheral T lymphocyte.", "contents": "A cytophotometric and flow cytofluorometric approach to the differentiation of T lymphocytes in the thymus. By cytophotometric and flow cytofluorometric DNA and protein determinations two main proliferating subpopulations of thymus lymphocytes with a different percentage of cells in the S phase could be distinguished. One subpopulation had a very low protein content, was cortisone sensitive and located in the cortex. Cells with comparable low protein contents were not found amongst lymphocytes of the peripheral blood. The other lymphocyte subpopulation had a higher protein content, was cortisone resistant and situated in the cortex around a group of epithelial cells and in the medulla. The protein content of these thymus lymphocytes appeared to be comparable to that of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. On the basis of the protein content per cell, it is possible to identify and isolate the more often described major subpopulation of cortisone sensitive thymus lymphocytes remaining and dying in the thymus, and the minor cortisone resistant subpopulation of thymus lymphocytes which is the source of the peripheral T lymphocyte.", "PMID": 314439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4493", "title": "Application of orthogonal functions to the spectrophotometric determination of calciferol in oily injections.", "content": "The method of orthogonal functions has been applied to the rapid spectrophotometric determination of vitamin D in oily injections. The method involves saponification of the sample and extraction of the unsaponifiable matter with ether. After cautious evaporation of ether, the residue is dissolved in isopropanol and the absorbance of the solution is measured in the range 246--296 nm at 10 nm intervals. For BPC injections, the saponification step may be omitted. A suitable dilution of the sample in isopropanol is measured in the range 250.5--300.5 nm at 10 nm intervals. Accurate and precise results are obtained in both cases.", "contents": "Application of orthogonal functions to the spectrophotometric determination of calciferol in oily injections. The method of orthogonal functions has been applied to the rapid spectrophotometric determination of vitamin D in oily injections. The method involves saponification of the sample and extraction of the unsaponifiable matter with ether. After cautious evaporation of ether, the residue is dissolved in isopropanol and the absorbance of the solution is measured in the range 246--296 nm at 10 nm intervals. For BPC injections, the saponification step may be omitted. A suitable dilution of the sample in isopropanol is measured in the range 250.5--300.5 nm at 10 nm intervals. Accurate and precise results are obtained in both cases.", "PMID": 314443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4494", "title": "Glutamine as a feedback inhibitor of the Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides nitrogenase system.", "content": "In whole cells of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, nitrogen fixation, as measured by hydrogen production and acetylene reduction, was totally inhibited by micromolar concentrations of ammonia. This inhibition could not be duplicated by glutamate or glutamine alone. The inhibition by ammonia was abolished by methionine sulfoximine, a glutamine synthetase inhibitor. Inhibition by glutamine was complete in the presence of methionine sulfone, a preferential inhibitor of glutamate synthase, presumably by permitting a rise in the glutamine pool. The results indicated that the level of the glutamine pool controlled the activity of nitrogenase. None of these effects could be duplicated with cell-free nitrogenase, indicating there is probably a mediator which responds to the glutamine pool and inhibits nitrogenase, rather than glutamine itself being a direct inhibitor.", "contents": "Glutamine as a feedback inhibitor of the Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides nitrogenase system. In whole cells of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, nitrogen fixation, as measured by hydrogen production and acetylene reduction, was totally inhibited by micromolar concentrations of ammonia. This inhibition could not be duplicated by glutamate or glutamine alone. The inhibition by ammonia was abolished by methionine sulfoximine, a glutamine synthetase inhibitor. Inhibition by glutamine was complete in the presence of methionine sulfone, a preferential inhibitor of glutamate synthase, presumably by permitting a rise in the glutamine pool. The results indicated that the level of the glutamine pool controlled the activity of nitrogenase. None of these effects could be duplicated with cell-free nitrogenase, indicating there is probably a mediator which responds to the glutamine pool and inhibits nitrogenase, rather than glutamine itself being a direct inhibitor.", "PMID": 314444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4495", "title": "Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of chromatophore membranes from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Triton extracts of intracytoplasmic photosynthetic membranes (chromatophores) purified from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were subjected to crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antiserum raised in rabbits to purified chromatophores. A total of 31 immunoprecipitates was visualized; 2 of the immunoprecipitates were identified as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (EC 1.6.99.3) and L-lactate dehydrogenases by enzyme staining techniques. Reaction with a monospecific antiserum identified the photochemical reaction center. Photopigments were associated with a major precipitate in the pattern which was identified on the basis of immunological identity as light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll a . protein complex. These results provide the basis for a detailed structural and functional analysis of the chromatophore membrane by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of chromatophore membranes from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Triton extracts of intracytoplasmic photosynthetic membranes (chromatophores) purified from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were subjected to crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antiserum raised in rabbits to purified chromatophores. A total of 31 immunoprecipitates was visualized; 2 of the immunoprecipitates were identified as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (EC 1.6.99.3) and L-lactate dehydrogenases by enzyme staining techniques. Reaction with a monospecific antiserum identified the photochemical reaction center. Photopigments were associated with a major precipitate in the pattern which was identified on the basis of immunological identity as light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll a . protein complex. These results provide the basis for a detailed structural and functional analysis of the chromatophore membrane by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 314445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4496", "title": "Purification and characterization of cytosol phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) liver.", "content": "Cytosol PEP carboxykinase has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from bullfrog liver homogenate. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of approximately 72,000-75,000. The purified enzyme catalyzed oxaloacetate decarboxylation (nucleoside triphosphate-supported), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation, and an exchange reaction between oxaloacetate and [14C]HCO3-in the presence of ITP or CTP. Manganese is absolutely required for the enzyme-catalyzed phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation, whereas it can be replaced by Mg2+ for the oxaloacetate decarboxylation and the exchange reaction. The optimal pH of each reaction is dependent on the divalent metal ion used. The dependence of the enzyme activity on Mn2+ is markedly different in the phosphoenolpyuvate carboxylation and the oxaloacetate decarboxylation reactions.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of cytosol phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) liver. Cytosol PEP carboxykinase has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from bullfrog liver homogenate. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of approximately 72,000-75,000. The purified enzyme catalyzed oxaloacetate decarboxylation (nucleoside triphosphate-supported), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation, and an exchange reaction between oxaloacetate and [14C]HCO3-in the presence of ITP or CTP. Manganese is absolutely required for the enzyme-catalyzed phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation, whereas it can be replaced by Mg2+ for the oxaloacetate decarboxylation and the exchange reaction. The optimal pH of each reaction is dependent on the divalent metal ion used. The dependence of the enzyme activity on Mn2+ is markedly different in the phosphoenolpyuvate carboxylation and the oxaloacetate decarboxylation reactions.", "PMID": 314446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4497", "title": "On the nature of the activating enzyme of the inactive form of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.", "content": "The activating enzyme of the inactive form of Fraction I of delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthetase [EC 2.3.1.37] in Rhodopseudomonas (R.) spheroides was purified about 1,000-fold from an extract of R. spheroides cells grown anaerobically in the light. The purification of the activating enzyme was achieved by fractionating the 100,000 X g supernatant fraction of the crude extract with ammonium sulfate and acetone, followed by Sephadex G-200 chromatography, pyridoxamine phosphate-Sepharose 4B chromatography, and preparative gel electrophoresis. The final preparation of the activating enzyme still contained a minor contaminant (less than 20%) as judged by disc gel electrophoresis. The activating enzyme exhibited cystathionase [EC 4.4.1.1] activity throughout the purification. These two enzyme activities were not separated at all during any step of the purification. An apparently homogeneous preparation of cystathionase [EC 4.4.1.8] purified from rat liver also exhibited activating activity in the presence of L-cystine. It was concluded that the activating enzyme is a cystathionase.", "contents": "On the nature of the activating enzyme of the inactive form of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. The activating enzyme of the inactive form of Fraction I of delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthetase [EC 2.3.1.37] in Rhodopseudomonas (R.) spheroides was purified about 1,000-fold from an extract of R. spheroides cells grown anaerobically in the light. The purification of the activating enzyme was achieved by fractionating the 100,000 X g supernatant fraction of the crude extract with ammonium sulfate and acetone, followed by Sephadex G-200 chromatography, pyridoxamine phosphate-Sepharose 4B chromatography, and preparative gel electrophoresis. The final preparation of the activating enzyme still contained a minor contaminant (less than 20%) as judged by disc gel electrophoresis. The activating enzyme exhibited cystathionase [EC 4.4.1.1] activity throughout the purification. These two enzyme activities were not separated at all during any step of the purification. An apparently homogeneous preparation of cystathionase [EC 4.4.1.8] purified from rat liver also exhibited activating activity in the presence of L-cystine. It was concluded that the activating enzyme is a cystathionase.", "PMID": 314447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4498", "title": "Freeze-fracture evidence for the presence of cholesterol in particle-free patches of basal disks and the plasma membrane of retinal rod outer segments of mice and frogs.", "content": "The freeze-fracture technique was used to examine the membranes of the photoreceptors of mice and frogs. Particle-free patches were found in the plasma membrane and basal disk membranes of the outer segments of both mice and frogs housed at room temperature, but not in frogs kept in a cold room. These patches were shown not to be artifacts of cryoprotection or fixation, and they persisted when fresh isolated outer segments were frozen by an ultrarapid method. They were also found to persist in mouse rods when retinas were incubated and subsequently fixed at temperatures up to 80 degrees C. Cholesterol was implicated as a significant component of the patches by the observation that, in the outer segments, pits, induced by treatment with the sterol-specific polyene antibiotic filipin, were present in and confined to the particle-free patches. That these lesions are not inherently limited to particle-free membrane areas was evident in the apical plasma membrane of the photoreceptor inner segments, where particles and pits were intermixed. Treatment with saponin, a surface-active agent which specifically complexes cholesterol, resulted in the disappearance of the particle-free patches. Patches were found in basal disks of both mouse and frog rods but not in older disks nearer the pigment epithelium, which indicates that changes occur in the composition of disk membranes and/or in the molecular ordering of their protein and lipid components during the early phase of their transit from the base towards the apex of the outer segment.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture evidence for the presence of cholesterol in particle-free patches of basal disks and the plasma membrane of retinal rod outer segments of mice and frogs. The freeze-fracture technique was used to examine the membranes of the photoreceptors of mice and frogs. Particle-free patches were found in the plasma membrane and basal disk membranes of the outer segments of both mice and frogs housed at room temperature, but not in frogs kept in a cold room. These patches were shown not to be artifacts of cryoprotection or fixation, and they persisted when fresh isolated outer segments were frozen by an ultrarapid method. They were also found to persist in mouse rods when retinas were incubated and subsequently fixed at temperatures up to 80 degrees C. Cholesterol was implicated as a significant component of the patches by the observation that, in the outer segments, pits, induced by treatment with the sterol-specific polyene antibiotic filipin, were present in and confined to the particle-free patches. That these lesions are not inherently limited to particle-free membrane areas was evident in the apical plasma membrane of the photoreceptor inner segments, where particles and pits were intermixed. Treatment with saponin, a surface-active agent which specifically complexes cholesterol, resulted in the disappearance of the particle-free patches. Patches were found in basal disks of both mouse and frog rods but not in older disks nearer the pigment epithelium, which indicates that changes occur in the composition of disk membranes and/or in the molecular ordering of their protein and lipid components during the early phase of their transit from the base towards the apex of the outer segment.", "PMID": 314450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4499", "title": "Detection of gap junctions between the progeny of a canine macrophage colony-forming cell in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro monocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell (M-CFC) has been detected in canine bone marrow (BM). The colonies derived from these progenitor cells were similar to murine-derived M-CFC (MacVittie and Porvaznik, 1978, J. Cell Physiol. 97:305--314) colonies, since they showed a singular macrophage line of differentiation, a lag of 14--16 days before initiating colony formation, and they survived significantly longer in culture in the absence of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) than granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC). Endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide W)-stimulated dog serum was used as the CSF (7% vol/vol). Canine-derived M-CFC progeny were identified as macrophages on the basis of morphology, phagocytosis, and the presence of Fc receptors for IgG. Gap junctions were observed only in canine BM, M-CFC-derived colonies using freeze-fracture and lanthanum tracer techniques. They were not observed in any GM-CFC-derived colonies. The number of gap junctions observed in freeze-fracture replicas of BM, M-CFC-derived colonies (21 colonies from three different dogs) showed a significantly positive correlation (Kendall's tau = 0.70, P less than 0.001) with the size of the colony fracture plane area. Gap junctions were observed displaying hexagonal lattices of 9.3 nm +/- 0.08 (SE) particles with a center-to-center spacing of 10.4 nm +/- 1.0 (SE) on membrane P-fracture faces. On membrane E-fracture faces, highly ordered arrays of pits with 8.7 nm +/- 0.12 (SE) center-to-center spacing were observed. Arrays of both particles and pits were also observed in fracture-face breakthroughs within a gap junction. Thus, gap junctions can form in vitro between the cells of macrophage progeny of a canine M-CFC under appropriate growth conditions. The significance of this observation is that there may be a structural basis for cell-to-cell collaboration between BM macrophages and other capable cells that either pass into the tissue for modification or develop there into mature cell forms.", "contents": "Detection of gap junctions between the progeny of a canine macrophage colony-forming cell in vitro. An in vitro monocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell (M-CFC) has been detected in canine bone marrow (BM). The colonies derived from these progenitor cells were similar to murine-derived M-CFC (MacVittie and Porvaznik, 1978, J. Cell Physiol. 97:305--314) colonies, since they showed a singular macrophage line of differentiation, a lag of 14--16 days before initiating colony formation, and they survived significantly longer in culture in the absence of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) than granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC). Endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide W)-stimulated dog serum was used as the CSF (7% vol/vol). Canine-derived M-CFC progeny were identified as macrophages on the basis of morphology, phagocytosis, and the presence of Fc receptors for IgG. Gap junctions were observed only in canine BM, M-CFC-derived colonies using freeze-fracture and lanthanum tracer techniques. They were not observed in any GM-CFC-derived colonies. The number of gap junctions observed in freeze-fracture replicas of BM, M-CFC-derived colonies (21 colonies from three different dogs) showed a significantly positive correlation (Kendall's tau = 0.70, P less than 0.001) with the size of the colony fracture plane area. Gap junctions were observed displaying hexagonal lattices of 9.3 nm +/- 0.08 (SE) particles with a center-to-center spacing of 10.4 nm +/- 1.0 (SE) on membrane P-fracture faces. On membrane E-fracture faces, highly ordered arrays of pits with 8.7 nm +/- 0.12 (SE) center-to-center spacing were observed. Arrays of both particles and pits were also observed in fracture-face breakthroughs within a gap junction. Thus, gap junctions can form in vitro between the cells of macrophage progeny of a canine M-CFC under appropriate growth conditions. The significance of this observation is that there may be a structural basis for cell-to-cell collaboration between BM macrophages and other capable cells that either pass into the tissue for modification or develop there into mature cell forms.", "PMID": 314451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4500", "title": "[Dissecting aneursym of the ascending aorta after lateral clamping for aorto-coronary by pass (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta after lateral aortic clamping for aorto-coronary bypass are described. These accidents are rare but very serious. They often occur in hypertensive patients, and sometimes an aortic wall with a low elastic fibre content is found on histology. Surgery is that of dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta. However the severity of these accidents should lead to routine preventive measures during all aortocoronary bypass operations, in particular aortic anastomosis of the grafts under extra-corporeal circulation.", "contents": "[Dissecting aneursym of the ascending aorta after lateral clamping for aorto-coronary by pass (author's transl)]. Four cases of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta after lateral aortic clamping for aorto-coronary bypass are described. These accidents are rare but very serious. They often occur in hypertensive patients, and sometimes an aortic wall with a low elastic fibre content is found on histology. Surgery is that of dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta. However the severity of these accidents should lead to routine preventive measures during all aortocoronary bypass operations, in particular aortic anastomosis of the grafts under extra-corporeal circulation.", "PMID": 314452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4501", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "To predict 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia antenatally, studies were performed in urines and amniotic fluids from 2 pregnant women who had previously given birth to affected infants and whose present pregnancies also resulted in infants with the disease. Urinary tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol [pregnane-3alpha, 17alpha, 21-triol-20-one (THS)] was abnormally elevated in the first, second, and third trimesters (maximal values, 3.5 and 0.9 mg/24 h, respectively) but was undetectable after delivery in these mothers, in 15 normal pregnancies (10--40 weeks of gestation), and in 6 heterozygote parents. Amniotic fluid levels of THS, tetrahydrocortisol [pregnane-3alpha, 11beta, 17alpha, 21-tetra-o1-20-one (THF)], tetrahydrocortisone [pregnane-3alpha, 17alpha, 21-triol-11, 20-dione (THE)] measured by RIA at 18 weeks of gestation in the first mother and at 40 weeks in the second revealed 12.5- and 8.4-fold increases in THS, respectively, but normal THF and THE levels compared to mean levels in normal pregnancies. The THS to THF plus THE ratio, which was constant throughout pregnancy in 125 normal women (mean +/- SD, 0.63 +/- 0.34) despite the variable levels of these metabolites, was significantly elevated in both patients (4.4 and 3.8, respectively). These studies indicate that prenatal diagnosis of 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia based on hormonal measurements is feasible.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia. To predict 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia antenatally, studies were performed in urines and amniotic fluids from 2 pregnant women who had previously given birth to affected infants and whose present pregnancies also resulted in infants with the disease. Urinary tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol [pregnane-3alpha, 17alpha, 21-triol-20-one (THS)] was abnormally elevated in the first, second, and third trimesters (maximal values, 3.5 and 0.9 mg/24 h, respectively) but was undetectable after delivery in these mothers, in 15 normal pregnancies (10--40 weeks of gestation), and in 6 heterozygote parents. Amniotic fluid levels of THS, tetrahydrocortisol [pregnane-3alpha, 11beta, 17alpha, 21-tetra-o1-20-one (THF)], tetrahydrocortisone [pregnane-3alpha, 17alpha, 21-triol-11, 20-dione (THE)] measured by RIA at 18 weeks of gestation in the first mother and at 40 weeks in the second revealed 12.5- and 8.4-fold increases in THS, respectively, but normal THF and THE levels compared to mean levels in normal pregnancies. The THS to THF plus THE ratio, which was constant throughout pregnancy in 125 normal women (mean +/- SD, 0.63 +/- 0.34) despite the variable levels of these metabolites, was significantly elevated in both patients (4.4 and 3.8, respectively). These studies indicate that prenatal diagnosis of 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia based on hormonal measurements is feasible.", "PMID": 314453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4502", "title": "Recognition of hapten-modified cells in vitro by human T-lymphocytes.", "content": "Clearer definition of the recognitive structures of human T lymphocytes for antigens will be required to elucidate the molecular basis of diseases and immunological responses induced or regulated by normal or abnormal T-cell function. For this purpose we have investigated the cellular requirements for immune responses in vitro to trinitrophenyl-conjugated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The responding cell was characterized as a T cell on the basis of rosetting with sheep erythrocytes. T-cell recognition of hapten in proliferative responses depended upon presentation of antigen in an appropriate stimulator-cell context. Neither autologous hapten-modified erythrocytes nor T cells restimulated responses of in vitro-primed lymphocytes. Moreover, hapten-conjugated non-T cells were more effective than modified unfractionated cells in restimulating proliferative responses. Both macrophages and non-T lymphocytes effectively restimulated hapten-conjugate responses.Cell-mixing experiments indicated that the failure of haptenated T cells to stimulate proliferative responses was not because of a lack of fresh macrophages; these experiments suggested instead that T cells do not express appropriate structures necessary to present haptenic determinants in an immunogenic form. Hapten-modified T cells, however, were capable of inducing primed lymphocytes to become efficient cytotoxic effector cells, indicating that T-cell recognitive units for stimulation of proliferative and cytotoxic responses are different. These data support the concept that for induction of proliferative responses, human T cells recognize conventional antigens in association with HLA-D-region-encoded Ia-like molecules.", "contents": "Recognition of hapten-modified cells in vitro by human T-lymphocytes. Clearer definition of the recognitive structures of human T lymphocytes for antigens will be required to elucidate the molecular basis of diseases and immunological responses induced or regulated by normal or abnormal T-cell function. For this purpose we have investigated the cellular requirements for immune responses in vitro to trinitrophenyl-conjugated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The responding cell was characterized as a T cell on the basis of rosetting with sheep erythrocytes. T-cell recognition of hapten in proliferative responses depended upon presentation of antigen in an appropriate stimulator-cell context. Neither autologous hapten-modified erythrocytes nor T cells restimulated responses of in vitro-primed lymphocytes. Moreover, hapten-conjugated non-T cells were more effective than modified unfractionated cells in restimulating proliferative responses. Both macrophages and non-T lymphocytes effectively restimulated hapten-conjugate responses.Cell-mixing experiments indicated that the failure of haptenated T cells to stimulate proliferative responses was not because of a lack of fresh macrophages; these experiments suggested instead that T cells do not express appropriate structures necessary to present haptenic determinants in an immunogenic form. Hapten-modified T cells, however, were capable of inducing primed lymphocytes to become efficient cytotoxic effector cells, indicating that T-cell recognitive units for stimulation of proliferative and cytotoxic responses are different. These data support the concept that for induction of proliferative responses, human T cells recognize conventional antigens in association with HLA-D-region-encoded Ia-like molecules.", "PMID": 314454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4503", "title": "Cysticercosis presenting as a mass lesion at foramen of Monro.", "content": "Cysticercosis is a parasitic infestation that commonly affects the central nervous system. This is a report of computed tomography findings in a patient with a noncalcified cyst causing asymmetric lateral ventricular obstruction at the foramen of Monro. The lesion was isodense and uniformly enhancing, an unusual finding possibly related to presentation early in the course of the disease. This disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the lesions at the foramen of Monro in patients with appropriate residence or travel history.", "contents": "Cysticercosis presenting as a mass lesion at foramen of Monro. Cysticercosis is a parasitic infestation that commonly affects the central nervous system. This is a report of computed tomography findings in a patient with a noncalcified cyst causing asymmetric lateral ventricular obstruction at the foramen of Monro. The lesion was isodense and uniformly enhancing, an unusual finding possibly related to presentation early in the course of the disease. This disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the lesions at the foramen of Monro in patients with appropriate residence or travel history.", "PMID": 314455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4504", "title": "An intraventricular arachnoid cyst.", "content": "The computed tomographic appearance and the differential diagnosis in a case of unusual congenital intraventricular arachnoid cyst are presented.", "contents": "An intraventricular arachnoid cyst. The computed tomographic appearance and the differential diagnosis in a case of unusual congenital intraventricular arachnoid cyst are presented.", "PMID": 314456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4505", "title": "Clinical implications of color vision research.", "content": "The attributes of color and the mechanisms underlying normal and defective color vision are reviewed. The clinical implications of some research efforts bearing on congenital and acquired color defects, peripheral color vision, and the influence of photostable pigments on color vision and color vision tests is presented. This presentation is intended to illustrate how selected avenues of research have contributed to our understanding of color vision and to demonstrate the clinical utility of that research.", "contents": "Clinical implications of color vision research. The attributes of color and the mechanisms underlying normal and defective color vision are reviewed. The clinical implications of some research efforts bearing on congenital and acquired color defects, peripheral color vision, and the influence of photostable pigments on color vision and color vision tests is presented. This presentation is intended to illustrate how selected avenues of research have contributed to our understanding of color vision and to demonstrate the clinical utility of that research.", "PMID": 314459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4506", "title": "Localization of rhodopsin in isolated, osmotically intact rod outer segment discs.", "content": "Localization of rhodopsin and its position in the membrane has been the subject of numerous studies. Most recently, immunocytochemical techniques have been employed to localize the opsin component of the molecule in in situ rod outer segments. Due to the problems inherent in localization procedures (penetration and mechanical interference) we have utilized isolated, osmotically intact rod outer segment discs in this study. Specific antibodies to chromatographically pure rhodopsin were prepared and enzymatically digested to their Fab components. The univalent Fab antibodies were conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and used to label the isolated rod outer segment discs. Discs treated with anti-opsin conjugate stained uniformly and heavily on their interdisc surfaces. Reaction product was also present on the intradisc surface in a thinner but still uniformly distributed layer. Controls treated with preimmune Fab - horseradish peroxidase conjugate showed no deposition of reaction product.", "contents": "Localization of rhodopsin in isolated, osmotically intact rod outer segment discs. Localization of rhodopsin and its position in the membrane has been the subject of numerous studies. Most recently, immunocytochemical techniques have been employed to localize the opsin component of the molecule in in situ rod outer segments. Due to the problems inherent in localization procedures (penetration and mechanical interference) we have utilized isolated, osmotically intact rod outer segment discs in this study. Specific antibodies to chromatographically pure rhodopsin were prepared and enzymatically digested to their Fab components. The univalent Fab antibodies were conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and used to label the isolated rod outer segment discs. Discs treated with anti-opsin conjugate stained uniformly and heavily on their interdisc surfaces. Reaction product was also present on the intradisc surface in a thinner but still uniformly distributed layer. Controls treated with preimmune Fab - horseradish peroxidase conjugate showed no deposition of reaction product.", "PMID": 314460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4507", "title": "Development of the sensory systems in the larval and metamorphosing European grass frog (Rana temporaria L.).", "content": "It was investigated when and how the four examined sensory systems and the behaviour performances depending on them are affected by metamorphosis and whether they develop at an uniform rate from hatching up to metamorphosis. The following conclusions were reached on the basis of the results: -- The central nervous system starts to metamorphose earlier than the habitus and the viscera. -- Motor reactions based on the new capacities of the metamorphosed sensory systems only set in after metamorphosis. -- During metamorphosis the threshold of general sensitivity for the release of motor reactions is drastically raised. -- The sense of taste does not begin to function until after metamorphosis. -- The olfactory sense is the only one of the four tested systems that functions immediately after hatching. -- The level of development of the sensory systems and motor reactions is low in the early larva. The lack of taxis is characteristic of this. -- There is a phase of accelerated development of the sensory systems and motor reactions between the early and late larval stages. -- By comparison with the situation after metamorphosis the sensory systems of the old larva are fairly simple in their structure, but the motor reactions they permit are sufficient for the larva to cope with its aquatic biotope. -- Not until after the morphological structures have attained a new level of development do the relevant motor reactions show a corresponding advance.", "contents": "Development of the sensory systems in the larval and metamorphosing European grass frog (Rana temporaria L.). It was investigated when and how the four examined sensory systems and the behaviour performances depending on them are affected by metamorphosis and whether they develop at an uniform rate from hatching up to metamorphosis. The following conclusions were reached on the basis of the results: -- The central nervous system starts to metamorphose earlier than the habitus and the viscera. -- Motor reactions based on the new capacities of the metamorphosed sensory systems only set in after metamorphosis. -- During metamorphosis the threshold of general sensitivity for the release of motor reactions is drastically raised. -- The sense of taste does not begin to function until after metamorphosis. -- The olfactory sense is the only one of the four tested systems that functions immediately after hatching. -- The level of development of the sensory systems and motor reactions is low in the early larva. The lack of taxis is characteristic of this. -- There is a phase of accelerated development of the sensory systems and motor reactions between the early and late larval stages. -- By comparison with the situation after metamorphosis the sensory systems of the old larva are fairly simple in their structure, but the motor reactions they permit are sufficient for the larva to cope with its aquatic biotope. -- Not until after the morphological structures have attained a new level of development do the relevant motor reactions show a corresponding advance.", "PMID": 314461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4508", "title": "Involvement of anti-Ig-activated serine protease in the generation of cytoplasmic factor(s) that are responsible for the transmission of Ig-receptor-mediated signals.", "content": "Involvement of serine protease-activation in the generation of cytoplasmic factor(s) that induced NHP-specific protein kinase activity in nuclei in anti-Ig-stimulated cells was described. DFP or PMSF with anti-Ig inhibited the induction of cytoplasmic factor(s), whereas pretreatment of cells with DFP or PMSF without anti-Ig did not show any inhibitory effect on anti-Ig-induced generation of cytoplasmic factor(s). TAME or BAME with anti-Ig inhibited the generation of cytoplasmic factor(s) and the simultaneous addition of TAME or BAME with DFP protected the generation of cytoplasmic factor(s) against the inhibitory effect of DFP, showing the involvement of trypsin-like, arginine-type serine protease in anti-Ig-induced generation of cytoplasmic factor(s). Anti-Ig-stimulated membrane preparations induced cytoplasmic factor(s) in normal cytoplasm. The m.w. of precursor proteins present in resting B cells and active cytoplasmic factor(s) were approximately 150,000 and 45,000, respectively. These results showed that anti-Ig-activated membrane-bound serine protease split precursor proteins in resting B cells into active cytoplasmic factor(s) responsible for signal transmission.", "contents": "Involvement of anti-Ig-activated serine protease in the generation of cytoplasmic factor(s) that are responsible for the transmission of Ig-receptor-mediated signals. Involvement of serine protease-activation in the generation of cytoplasmic factor(s) that induced NHP-specific protein kinase activity in nuclei in anti-Ig-stimulated cells was described. DFP or PMSF with anti-Ig inhibited the induction of cytoplasmic factor(s), whereas pretreatment of cells with DFP or PMSF without anti-Ig did not show any inhibitory effect on anti-Ig-induced generation of cytoplasmic factor(s). TAME or BAME with anti-Ig inhibited the generation of cytoplasmic factor(s) and the simultaneous addition of TAME or BAME with DFP protected the generation of cytoplasmic factor(s) against the inhibitory effect of DFP, showing the involvement of trypsin-like, arginine-type serine protease in anti-Ig-induced generation of cytoplasmic factor(s). Anti-Ig-stimulated membrane preparations induced cytoplasmic factor(s) in normal cytoplasm. The m.w. of precursor proteins present in resting B cells and active cytoplasmic factor(s) were approximately 150,000 and 45,000, respectively. These results showed that anti-Ig-activated membrane-bound serine protease split precursor proteins in resting B cells into active cytoplasmic factor(s) responsible for signal transmission.", "PMID": 314462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4509", "title": "Terminal transferase-positive human bone marrow cells exhibit the antigenic phenotype of common acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Combined immunologic assays for TdT enzyme and membrane markers show that TdT+ cells in nonleukemic human bone marrow carry ALL-associated and Ia-like antigens but no thymocyte markers or surface Ig. These cells could be precursors involved in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of the \"common\" or non-T, non-B type and in lymphoid blast crisis of Ph' positive chronic myeloid leukemia. A few TdT+, Ia+ cells express cytoplasmic IgM, indicating that some pre-B cells may be TdT positive.", "contents": "Terminal transferase-positive human bone marrow cells exhibit the antigenic phenotype of common acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Combined immunologic assays for TdT enzyme and membrane markers show that TdT+ cells in nonleukemic human bone marrow carry ALL-associated and Ia-like antigens but no thymocyte markers or surface Ig. These cells could be precursors involved in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of the \"common\" or non-T, non-B type and in lymphoid blast crisis of Ph' positive chronic myeloid leukemia. A few TdT+, Ia+ cells express cytoplasmic IgM, indicating that some pre-B cells may be TdT positive.", "PMID": 314463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4510", "title": "Primary in vitro immunogenicity of liposomal model membranes in mouse spleen cell cultures.", "content": "Neither 2,4-dinitrophenyl-6-N-aminocaproylphosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-Cap-PE) nor fluoresceinthiocarbamylphosphatidylethanolamine (F1-PE) induces hapten-specific plaque-forming cells (PFC) when incubated with suspensions of spleen cells from unimmunized C57BL/6J mice. However, PFC are produced after incorporation of these synthetic lipid antigens into liposomal model membranes. The in vitro response is characterized by the following: a) it is time and dose dependent; b) the frequency of IgM PFC exceeds IgG PFC; c) both nonadherent and adherent cells are required (2-mercaptoethanol can replace the requirement for adherent cells in some experiments); d) depletion of thymus-derived cells by treatment with anti-theta antiserum plus complement does not diminish the response; e) spleen cells from nude BALB/c mice also produce PFC. Thus, the essential features of the in vivo immunogenicity of DNP-Cap-PE and F1-PE sensitized liposomes, which have been previously described, can be replicated in an in vitro cell culture system.", "contents": "Primary in vitro immunogenicity of liposomal model membranes in mouse spleen cell cultures. Neither 2,4-dinitrophenyl-6-N-aminocaproylphosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-Cap-PE) nor fluoresceinthiocarbamylphosphatidylethanolamine (F1-PE) induces hapten-specific plaque-forming cells (PFC) when incubated with suspensions of spleen cells from unimmunized C57BL/6J mice. However, PFC are produced after incorporation of these synthetic lipid antigens into liposomal model membranes. The in vitro response is characterized by the following: a) it is time and dose dependent; b) the frequency of IgM PFC exceeds IgG PFC; c) both nonadherent and adherent cells are required (2-mercaptoethanol can replace the requirement for adherent cells in some experiments); d) depletion of thymus-derived cells by treatment with anti-theta antiserum plus complement does not diminish the response; e) spleen cells from nude BALB/c mice also produce PFC. Thus, the essential features of the in vivo immunogenicity of DNP-Cap-PE and F1-PE sensitized liposomes, which have been previously described, can be replicated in an in vitro cell culture system.", "PMID": 314464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4511", "title": "T suppressor (TG) lymphocytes fluctuate in parallel with changes in the clinical course of patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Aberrant immune responses to several unrelated antigens observed in patients with multiple sclerosis have suggested faulty regulation of immunocompetent cells. Recently human T lymphocytes have been segregated into subpopulations. T lymphocytes that bear Fc receptors for IgG suppress B lymphocyte proliferation and the production of IgG. Here we report studies on the percentage of TG cells in the peripheral blood of 25 patients all of whom met stringent clinical criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Many of these patients were followed for more than 14 months. In the total group, nine patients experienced definite acute exacerbations of disease followed by periods of remission. The mean percentages +/- 1 standard deviation of TG cells found in all MS patients during remission, 16 +/- 6 was significantly higher than the mean found in normal subjects, 12 +/- 2. In contrast, the mean found in patients experiencing an acute attack, 6 +/- 2 was significantly lower than the mean TG level of normal subjects. Moreover, when individual patients were followed through their clinical illness, levels of TG lymphocytes that were low during acute exacerbations invariably increased to relatively high levels with the onset of clinical remission.", "contents": "T suppressor (TG) lymphocytes fluctuate in parallel with changes in the clinical course of patients with multiple sclerosis. Aberrant immune responses to several unrelated antigens observed in patients with multiple sclerosis have suggested faulty regulation of immunocompetent cells. Recently human T lymphocytes have been segregated into subpopulations. T lymphocytes that bear Fc receptors for IgG suppress B lymphocyte proliferation and the production of IgG. Here we report studies on the percentage of TG cells in the peripheral blood of 25 patients all of whom met stringent clinical criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Many of these patients were followed for more than 14 months. In the total group, nine patients experienced definite acute exacerbations of disease followed by periods of remission. The mean percentages +/- 1 standard deviation of TG cells found in all MS patients during remission, 16 +/- 6 was significantly higher than the mean found in normal subjects, 12 +/- 2. In contrast, the mean found in patients experiencing an acute attack, 6 +/- 2 was significantly lower than the mean TG level of normal subjects. Moreover, when individual patients were followed through their clinical illness, levels of TG lymphocytes that were low during acute exacerbations invariably increased to relatively high levels with the onset of clinical remission.", "PMID": 314466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4512", "title": "Subfractionation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes on the basis of their surface properties by partitioning in two-polymer aqueous phase systems.", "content": "Partitioning of cells in dextran-poly(ethylene glycol) aqueous-aqueous two-phase systems is a sensitive method for separating cells and for obtaining information on their surface properties. Highly purified lymphocytes were obtained by velocity sedimentation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and fractionated by countercurrent distribution (CCD, a multiple-step extraction procedure) in a charged two-polymer aqueous phase system. The lymphocytes remained viable after separation (order of 90%) and the E-rosetting cells responded (after adding back monocytes) to mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM). Not only was the total lymphocyte population found to be highly heterogeneous (as evidenced by a broad and skewed distribution curve), but we were able to show that cells that rosetted with E, or had complement or Fc receptors were composed of additional subpopulations as well. The bulk of complement-receptor-bearing cells had the lowest partition coefficient (K), E-rosetting cells an intermediate K, and Fc-receptor-containing cells the highest K. The largest lymphocytes were among the subpopulation having the highest K and neither responded to T cell mitogens nor rosetted with E. Our results thus demonstrate that human peripheral blood lymphocytes can be subfractionated by CCD. The fractions are differentially enriched with lymphocyte subpopulations having characteristic surface markers and functional abilities.", "contents": "Subfractionation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes on the basis of their surface properties by partitioning in two-polymer aqueous phase systems. Partitioning of cells in dextran-poly(ethylene glycol) aqueous-aqueous two-phase systems is a sensitive method for separating cells and for obtaining information on their surface properties. Highly purified lymphocytes were obtained by velocity sedimentation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and fractionated by countercurrent distribution (CCD, a multiple-step extraction procedure) in a charged two-polymer aqueous phase system. The lymphocytes remained viable after separation (order of 90%) and the E-rosetting cells responded (after adding back monocytes) to mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM). Not only was the total lymphocyte population found to be highly heterogeneous (as evidenced by a broad and skewed distribution curve), but we were able to show that cells that rosetted with E, or had complement or Fc receptors were composed of additional subpopulations as well. The bulk of complement-receptor-bearing cells had the lowest partition coefficient (K), E-rosetting cells an intermediate K, and Fc-receptor-containing cells the highest K. The largest lymphocytes were among the subpopulation having the highest K and neither responded to T cell mitogens nor rosetted with E. Our results thus demonstrate that human peripheral blood lymphocytes can be subfractionated by CCD. The fractions are differentially enriched with lymphocyte subpopulations having characteristic surface markers and functional abilities.", "PMID": 314469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4513", "title": "In vitro heterologous cytotoxicity by T effector cells from mice immunized with Sindbis virus.", "content": "An in vitro correlate of cell-mediated cross-protection among alpha-viruses was demonstrated by cytotoxicity of Sindbis-immune spleen cells from mice to both Sindbis and Semliki Forest virus (SFV)-infected target cells. This cytotoxicity was shown to be mediated by the T cell population of the spleen and was independent of the presence of macrophages or B cells. The time when the level of the lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) to SFV-infected cells was maximal coincides with the time when immunity to SFV is maximal in vivo, as reported previously, and when adoptive immunity to SFV can be transferred. After one i.p. injection of Sindbis virus, the level of homologous LMC was higher than the level of heterologous LMC. However, following a second injection of Sindbis virus as immunogen, at a time when the mice are cross-protected to SFV, the heterologous LMC was considerably higher than homologous LMC. We propose that there is suppression of the effector T cells specific for Sindbis-infected cells after the second immunizing injection, probably by homologous antibody. In contrast, there appears to be an anamnestic cell-mediated response to SFV.", "contents": "In vitro heterologous cytotoxicity by T effector cells from mice immunized with Sindbis virus. An in vitro correlate of cell-mediated cross-protection among alpha-viruses was demonstrated by cytotoxicity of Sindbis-immune spleen cells from mice to both Sindbis and Semliki Forest virus (SFV)-infected target cells. This cytotoxicity was shown to be mediated by the T cell population of the spleen and was independent of the presence of macrophages or B cells. The time when the level of the lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) to SFV-infected cells was maximal coincides with the time when immunity to SFV is maximal in vivo, as reported previously, and when adoptive immunity to SFV can be transferred. After one i.p. injection of Sindbis virus, the level of homologous LMC was higher than the level of heterologous LMC. However, following a second injection of Sindbis virus as immunogen, at a time when the mice are cross-protected to SFV, the heterologous LMC was considerably higher than homologous LMC. We propose that there is suppression of the effector T cells specific for Sindbis-infected cells after the second immunizing injection, probably by homologous antibody. In contrast, there appears to be an anamnestic cell-mediated response to SFV.", "PMID": 314471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4514", "title": "Suppression of adult B cell differentiation in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures by Fc(IgG) receptor-negative T cells from cord blood.", "content": "Unfractionated T lymphocytes from cord blood suppressed adult B cell differentiation into immunoglobulin-producing cells in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated co-culture system. Cord blood T cells were fractionated into T cells bearing Fc receptors for IgG (Tgamma cells) and T cells lacking Fc receptors for IgG(Tnon-gamma cells) by rosette formation with ox erythrocytes coated by the IgG fraction of rabbit antisera followed by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient sedimentation. T gamma cells from cord blood, even though isolated after the interaction with immune complexes, showed no suppressor activity on adult B cell differentiation, whereas Tnon-gamma cells exerted strong suppression to a similar extent to that by unfractionated cord T cells. The suppressor activity on B cell differentiation by Tnon-gamma cell as well as by unfractioned T cells from cord blood was completely abrogated by irradiation with 2000 rads. These results indicated that, contrary to suppressor function found in adult T cells, the suppressor activity in cord T cells might be exerted by a T cell subset lacking Fc receptors for IgG(Tnon-gamma cells).", "contents": "Suppression of adult B cell differentiation in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures by Fc(IgG) receptor-negative T cells from cord blood. Unfractionated T lymphocytes from cord blood suppressed adult B cell differentiation into immunoglobulin-producing cells in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated co-culture system. Cord blood T cells were fractionated into T cells bearing Fc receptors for IgG (Tgamma cells) and T cells lacking Fc receptors for IgG(Tnon-gamma cells) by rosette formation with ox erythrocytes coated by the IgG fraction of rabbit antisera followed by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient sedimentation. T gamma cells from cord blood, even though isolated after the interaction with immune complexes, showed no suppressor activity on adult B cell differentiation, whereas Tnon-gamma cells exerted strong suppression to a similar extent to that by unfractionated cord T cells. The suppressor activity on B cell differentiation by Tnon-gamma cell as well as by unfractioned T cells from cord blood was completely abrogated by irradiation with 2000 rads. These results indicated that, contrary to suppressor function found in adult T cells, the suppressor activity in cord T cells might be exerted by a T cell subset lacking Fc receptors for IgG(Tnon-gamma cells).", "PMID": 314474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4515", "title": "Presence of T cell-associated surface antigens on murine NK cells.", "content": "The expression of T cell-associated surface antigens on natural killer (NK) spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice was evaluated by cytotoxic depletion experiments with alloantisera prepared against the Thy 1, Ly 1, Ly 2, Ly 5, Ly 6, and NK 1 antigens. The NK activity of these nonimmunized spleen cells for YAC-1 leukemia cells was dramatically reduced by antisera to the Ly 5 and NK 1 antigens. Variable results were obtained with anti-Ly 6 sera--certain pools of this antiserum decreased the NK activity, whereas other pools showed only negligible effects. The NK activity of the same cell suspensions was not affected by antisera to the Thy 1, Ly 1, and Ly 2 antigens. In parallel tests the T cell-associated cell surface antigens of alloimmune T killer cells were similarly evaluated by cytotoxic depletion experiments. In this case, the activity of these cells was consistently diminished by antisera to the Thy 1, Ly 2, Ly 5, and Ly 6 antigens, but not by antisera to the Ly 1 and NK 1 antigens. On this basis it was concluded that the NK cells expressed a restricted subset of T cell-associated alloantigens and therefore may have been derived from the T cell lineage of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Presence of T cell-associated surface antigens on murine NK cells. The expression of T cell-associated surface antigens on natural killer (NK) spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice was evaluated by cytotoxic depletion experiments with alloantisera prepared against the Thy 1, Ly 1, Ly 2, Ly 5, Ly 6, and NK 1 antigens. The NK activity of these nonimmunized spleen cells for YAC-1 leukemia cells was dramatically reduced by antisera to the Ly 5 and NK 1 antigens. Variable results were obtained with anti-Ly 6 sera--certain pools of this antiserum decreased the NK activity, whereas other pools showed only negligible effects. The NK activity of the same cell suspensions was not affected by antisera to the Thy 1, Ly 1, and Ly 2 antigens. In parallel tests the T cell-associated cell surface antigens of alloimmune T killer cells were similarly evaluated by cytotoxic depletion experiments. In this case, the activity of these cells was consistently diminished by antisera to the Thy 1, Ly 2, Ly 5, and Ly 6 antigens, but not by antisera to the Ly 1 and NK 1 antigens. On this basis it was concluded that the NK cells expressed a restricted subset of T cell-associated alloantigens and therefore may have been derived from the T cell lineage of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 314475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4516", "title": "A rapid method for generating cytotoxic effector cells in vivo.", "content": "A method is described for the production of highly cytotoxic effector T lymphocytes. The cells can be raised in vivo in healthy animals in 4--5 days, thus combining the short time period of sensitization obtained in MLC or radiation GVH, without any of the attendant risks of these two methods (infection or loss of cultures or animals). DNA synthesis and blastogenesis are maximal 4 days after sensitization and are insignificant by day 6. 20--30% of the effector cells from conjugates with the sensitizing cell strain on days 4 through 7. Cytotoxicity was specific for cells of the sensitizing strain; blast cells are cytotoxic at the peak of the reaction (day 4) but small lymphocytes are cytotoxic on subsequent days.", "contents": "A rapid method for generating cytotoxic effector cells in vivo. A method is described for the production of highly cytotoxic effector T lymphocytes. The cells can be raised in vivo in healthy animals in 4--5 days, thus combining the short time period of sensitization obtained in MLC or radiation GVH, without any of the attendant risks of these two methods (infection or loss of cultures or animals). DNA synthesis and blastogenesis are maximal 4 days after sensitization and are insignificant by day 6. 20--30% of the effector cells from conjugates with the sensitizing cell strain on days 4 through 7. Cytotoxicity was specific for cells of the sensitizing strain; blast cells are cytotoxic at the peak of the reaction (day 4) but small lymphocytes are cytotoxic on subsequent days.", "PMID": 314477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4517", "title": "Increased spontaneous erythrocyte rosette formation of feline lymphocytes preincubated at 37 degrees C.", "content": "Preincubation of feline peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in complete medium at 37 degrees C for up to 24 h resulted in as much as a 5.5-fold increase in the per cent of T cells detectable by spontaneous E rosette formation with guinea pig erythrocytes, as compared to non-preincubated PBL. Under these same conditions, the percent of B cells, detected by EAC rosette formation, remained unchanged. Preincubation with either thymosin or levamisole caused no increase in E rosettes other than that seen with complete medium alone. The preincubation-associated increase in E rosettes was temperature dependent, independent of the source of serum in the preincubation medium, not influenced by the lymphocyte isolation procedure, and not observed when feline thymocytes were tested in place of PBL. No increase in functional activity, assayed by phytomitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, was observed in preincubated as compared to non-preincubated PBL. These results suggested either a non-specific unmasking, or the differentiation and acquisition, of E receptors by feline PBL during the preincubation procedure.", "contents": "Increased spontaneous erythrocyte rosette formation of feline lymphocytes preincubated at 37 degrees C. Preincubation of feline peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in complete medium at 37 degrees C for up to 24 h resulted in as much as a 5.5-fold increase in the per cent of T cells detectable by spontaneous E rosette formation with guinea pig erythrocytes, as compared to non-preincubated PBL. Under these same conditions, the percent of B cells, detected by EAC rosette formation, remained unchanged. Preincubation with either thymosin or levamisole caused no increase in E rosettes other than that seen with complete medium alone. The preincubation-associated increase in E rosettes was temperature dependent, independent of the source of serum in the preincubation medium, not influenced by the lymphocyte isolation procedure, and not observed when feline thymocytes were tested in place of PBL. No increase in functional activity, assayed by phytomitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, was observed in preincubated as compared to non-preincubated PBL. These results suggested either a non-specific unmasking, or the differentiation and acquisition, of E receptors by feline PBL during the preincubation procedure.", "PMID": 314478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4518", "title": "Concurrent responses of peripheral blood and splenic mononuclear cells to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.", "content": "Lymphocyte reactivity and its control was assessed in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, a disease in which host hypersensitivity may contribute to long-term morbidity. Antigen- and mitogen-induced incorporation of [3H]thymidine was evaluated in peripheral blood and splenic mononuclear cells of 15 patients at the time of splenectomy. The response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was depressed in the peripheral blood of 42% and in the spleen cells of 70% of these patients. Significant stimulation was noted, however, upon culture of blood with soluble schistosome egg antigen (SEA) in 80% and of spleen cells in 100% of the patients whose respective responses to PHA were depressed. The contribution of adherent cells to the overall response of mononuclear cells was evaluated by depletion techniques. A significant and specific decrease in the response of the resulting thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte-enriched splenic mononuclear cells to SEA was noted. These studies suggest preferential preservation of the response of circulating and splenic lymphocytes to SEA despite impairment of PHA reactivity in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, which may be causally related to the advanced disease of this group of patients. Moreover, activity of helper adherent cells was consistently restricted to the splenic T-lymphocyte response induced by the specific antigen SEA.", "contents": "Concurrent responses of peripheral blood and splenic mononuclear cells to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Lymphocyte reactivity and its control was assessed in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, a disease in which host hypersensitivity may contribute to long-term morbidity. Antigen- and mitogen-induced incorporation of [3H]thymidine was evaluated in peripheral blood and splenic mononuclear cells of 15 patients at the time of splenectomy. The response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was depressed in the peripheral blood of 42% and in the spleen cells of 70% of these patients. Significant stimulation was noted, however, upon culture of blood with soluble schistosome egg antigen (SEA) in 80% and of spleen cells in 100% of the patients whose respective responses to PHA were depressed. The contribution of adherent cells to the overall response of mononuclear cells was evaluated by depletion techniques. A significant and specific decrease in the response of the resulting thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte-enriched splenic mononuclear cells to SEA was noted. These studies suggest preferential preservation of the response of circulating and splenic lymphocytes to SEA despite impairment of PHA reactivity in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, which may be causally related to the advanced disease of this group of patients. Moreover, activity of helper adherent cells was consistently restricted to the splenic T-lymphocyte response induced by the specific antigen SEA.", "PMID": 314479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4519", "title": "Somitogenesis in amphibian embryos. I. Experimental evidence for an interaction between two temporal factors in the specification of somite pattern.", "content": "Somitogenesis is described in two species of anuran amphibians, Xenopus laevis and Rana temporaria, in which the cellular mechanics of somite formation are distinctly different. Heat shocks are employed to demonstrate a wave of cellular change which precedes somite formation down the body axis. This prior wave is shown to be kinematic. It is not a propagated wave. It is a consequence of the temporal activities of the cells laid out in space, but there is no evidence that these activities depend upon an interpretation of their position. Heat shocks cause characteristic segmental abnormalities over a zone of somites which is formed several hours after the shock. Evidence from double heat shock experiments suggests that the pattern of abnormality is the result of (i) a disturbance of co-ordination between pre-somitic cells, and (ii) the time available to those cells for recovery before they are recruited into a segmental pre-pattern at the time of passage of the prior wave. It is a temporal co-ordination that is disturbed and subsequently recovered following a heat shock. This temporal co-ordination of pre-somitic cells does not depend upon position along the axis. The evidence for two physiologically independent temporal patterns of cellular processes, which interact to specify the segmental pattern of somites (their size, shape and number), gives experimental support for the theoretical account of somitogenesis proposed by Cooke & Zeeman (1976).", "contents": "Somitogenesis in amphibian embryos. I. Experimental evidence for an interaction between two temporal factors in the specification of somite pattern. Somitogenesis is described in two species of anuran amphibians, Xenopus laevis and Rana temporaria, in which the cellular mechanics of somite formation are distinctly different. Heat shocks are employed to demonstrate a wave of cellular change which precedes somite formation down the body axis. This prior wave is shown to be kinematic. It is not a propagated wave. It is a consequence of the temporal activities of the cells laid out in space, but there is no evidence that these activities depend upon an interpretation of their position. Heat shocks cause characteristic segmental abnormalities over a zone of somites which is formed several hours after the shock. Evidence from double heat shock experiments suggests that the pattern of abnormality is the result of (i) a disturbance of co-ordination between pre-somitic cells, and (ii) the time available to those cells for recovery before they are recruited into a segmental pre-pattern at the time of passage of the prior wave. It is a temporal co-ordination that is disturbed and subsequently recovered following a heat shock. This temporal co-ordination of pre-somitic cells does not depend upon position along the axis. The evidence for two physiologically independent temporal patterns of cellular processes, which interact to specify the segmental pattern of somites (their size, shape and number), gives experimental support for the theoretical account of somitogenesis proposed by Cooke & Zeeman (1976).", "PMID": 314486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4520", "title": "Suppression of IgE antibody production in SJL mice. IV. Interaction of primed and unprimed T cells.", "content": "The mechanism of selective anti-hapten IgE antibody production was studied in SJL mice. Using an adoptive transfer method of spleen cells into syngeneic recipients irradiated with a sublethal dose of 600 rads, it was demonstrated that for the suppression of anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE antibody production the interaction of two subsets of T cells is necessary. DNP-primed B cells and carrier-primed T helper cells are taken from donors primed with small amounts of DNP-carrier conjugates. Without injection of other cells, high titer and persistent anti-DNP antibodies are produced in the recipients. The two subsets of T cells that are active in suppression of IgE are taken from two types of donors: one donor is immunized (hyperprimed) with larger amounts of carrier protein twice, the other is an unprimed donor. The carrier for hyperpriming the first type of donor may be unrelated to the carrier used for priming the helper T cells. To bring about anti-DNP IgE suppression it is necessary that the animals should be challenged with the same DNP-carrier conjugate used for priming the B and T helper cells. If the hyperprimed donors were immunized with a heterologous, unrelated carrier, then this heterologous unconjugated carrier must also be injected together with the homologous DNP-carrier conjugate. In these conditions, anti-DNP IgE antibody production is suppressed, but the production of anti-DNP IgG1 antibody is not diminished.", "contents": "Suppression of IgE antibody production in SJL mice. IV. Interaction of primed and unprimed T cells. The mechanism of selective anti-hapten IgE antibody production was studied in SJL mice. Using an adoptive transfer method of spleen cells into syngeneic recipients irradiated with a sublethal dose of 600 rads, it was demonstrated that for the suppression of anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE antibody production the interaction of two subsets of T cells is necessary. DNP-primed B cells and carrier-primed T helper cells are taken from donors primed with small amounts of DNP-carrier conjugates. Without injection of other cells, high titer and persistent anti-DNP antibodies are produced in the recipients. The two subsets of T cells that are active in suppression of IgE are taken from two types of donors: one donor is immunized (hyperprimed) with larger amounts of carrier protein twice, the other is an unprimed donor. The carrier for hyperpriming the first type of donor may be unrelated to the carrier used for priming the helper T cells. To bring about anti-DNP IgE suppression it is necessary that the animals should be challenged with the same DNP-carrier conjugate used for priming the B and T helper cells. If the hyperprimed donors were immunized with a heterologous, unrelated carrier, then this heterologous unconjugated carrier must also be injected together with the homologous DNP-carrier conjugate. In these conditions, anti-DNP IgE antibody production is suppressed, but the production of anti-DNP IgG1 antibody is not diminished.", "PMID": 314487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4521", "title": "Immuno-suppressive lymphocyte factors. I. Purification of inhibitor of DNA synthesis to homogeneity.", "content": "Inhibitor of DNA synthesis (IDS) is a T-lymphocyte factor, whose role in immunnoregulation might be to nonspecifically suppress the immune system especially in situations where very high, prolonged tolerogenic doses of antigens are present. We have purified IDS-contained supernates of stimulated lymphocytes to homogeneity, through isoelectric focusing and Sephadex gel chromatography. IDS has an isoelectric point of 2.73-2.75 and in its monomeric form has a mol wt of 20,000 but exists in the supernate usually as an aggregated tetrameric form. Di- and trimeric forms are also seen. All forms are biologically active. Purity was confirmed by SDS gel electrophoresis and the binding of dansyl chloride to terminal or free amino groups of proteins and peptides. We have, further confirmed that pure IDS is not cytotoxic and is probably a glycoprotein whose activity depends on an intact carbohydrate moiety.", "contents": "Immuno-suppressive lymphocyte factors. I. Purification of inhibitor of DNA synthesis to homogeneity. Inhibitor of DNA synthesis (IDS) is a T-lymphocyte factor, whose role in immunnoregulation might be to nonspecifically suppress the immune system especially in situations where very high, prolonged tolerogenic doses of antigens are present. We have purified IDS-contained supernates of stimulated lymphocytes to homogeneity, through isoelectric focusing and Sephadex gel chromatography. IDS has an isoelectric point of 2.73-2.75 and in its monomeric form has a mol wt of 20,000 but exists in the supernate usually as an aggregated tetrameric form. Di- and trimeric forms are also seen. All forms are biologically active. Purity was confirmed by SDS gel electrophoresis and the binding of dansyl chloride to terminal or free amino groups of proteins and peptides. We have, further confirmed that pure IDS is not cytotoxic and is probably a glycoprotein whose activity depends on an intact carbohydrate moiety.", "PMID": 314488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4522", "title": "Suppressor T-cell mechanisms in contact sensitivity. III. Apparent non-major histocompatibility complex restriction is a result of multiple sets of major histocompatibility complex-specific suppressor T cells induced by syngeneic 2,4-dinitrophenyl-modified lymphoid cells.", "content": "This report has examined the mechanisms by which major histocompatibility complex (MHC) non-restricted suppressor T cells (Ts), induced by the i.v. injection of 2,4-dinitropheny (DNP)-modified, syngeneic lymphoid cells (DNP-LC), suppress the passive transfer of contact sensitivity mediated by syngeneic and allogeneic immune delayed hypersensitivity T cells (TDH). In terms of suppression of syngeneic TDH, it was found that the suppressive action of the Ts was only blocked by pretreatment with soluble syngeneic DNP-LC membrane preparations. Monomeric DNP-lysine, polymeric DNP-protein conjugates, and syngeneic TNP-LC membranes did not inhibit Ts function. Further experiments showed that inhibition of syngeneic suppression could be achieved by DNP-modified-membrane preparations that were only H-2D-region compatible with the Ts donor. Thus, Ts antigen receptors in this system specifically recognize DNP-modified H-2D-region determinants. In contrast, it was found that pretreatment os syninduced Ts with syngeneic DNP-LC membranes did not inhibit the ability to suppress allogeneic TDH. However, pretreatment of Ts with DNP-allogeneic membranes which were H-2D-end compatible to the allogeneic target TDH eliminated their ability to suppress the specific allogeneic TDH, leaving intact suppression of syngeneic or third party TDH. It is proposed that perturbation of the immune system by i.v. injection of syngeneic NDP-LC leads to the induction of a polyclonal wave of DNP-specific Ts activity. Some members of this set of Ts recognize DNP-self MHC determinants with moderate affinity and are thus specifically inhibited after pretreatment with those DNP-self determinants. Other members of this set display receptors which cross-react with high affinity with DNP-allogeneic determinants and thus suppress allogeneic TDH cells. These allosuppressive clones can thus be specifically inhibited only by pretreatment with DNP-LC membranes, MHC-compatible with the target TDH. The data are discussed in terms of current models of T-cell cross-reactivity and T-cell-receptor recognition.", "contents": "Suppressor T-cell mechanisms in contact sensitivity. III. Apparent non-major histocompatibility complex restriction is a result of multiple sets of major histocompatibility complex-specific suppressor T cells induced by syngeneic 2,4-dinitrophenyl-modified lymphoid cells. This report has examined the mechanisms by which major histocompatibility complex (MHC) non-restricted suppressor T cells (Ts), induced by the i.v. injection of 2,4-dinitropheny (DNP)-modified, syngeneic lymphoid cells (DNP-LC), suppress the passive transfer of contact sensitivity mediated by syngeneic and allogeneic immune delayed hypersensitivity T cells (TDH). In terms of suppression of syngeneic TDH, it was found that the suppressive action of the Ts was only blocked by pretreatment with soluble syngeneic DNP-LC membrane preparations. Monomeric DNP-lysine, polymeric DNP-protein conjugates, and syngeneic TNP-LC membranes did not inhibit Ts function. Further experiments showed that inhibition of syngeneic suppression could be achieved by DNP-modified-membrane preparations that were only H-2D-region compatible with the Ts donor. Thus, Ts antigen receptors in this system specifically recognize DNP-modified H-2D-region determinants. In contrast, it was found that pretreatment os syninduced Ts with syngeneic DNP-LC membranes did not inhibit the ability to suppress allogeneic TDH. However, pretreatment of Ts with DNP-allogeneic membranes which were H-2D-end compatible to the allogeneic target TDH eliminated their ability to suppress the specific allogeneic TDH, leaving intact suppression of syngeneic or third party TDH. It is proposed that perturbation of the immune system by i.v. injection of syngeneic NDP-LC leads to the induction of a polyclonal wave of DNP-specific Ts activity. Some members of this set of Ts recognize DNP-self MHC determinants with moderate affinity and are thus specifically inhibited after pretreatment with those DNP-self determinants. Other members of this set display receptors which cross-react with high affinity with DNP-allogeneic determinants and thus suppress allogeneic TDH cells. These allosuppressive clones can thus be specifically inhibited only by pretreatment with DNP-LC membranes, MHC-compatible with the target TDH. The data are discussed in terms of current models of T-cell cross-reactivity and T-cell-receptor recognition.", "PMID": 314489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4523", "title": "Thymic reconstitution of nude F1 mice with one or both parental thymus grafts.", "content": "Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) have two outstanding characteristics that distinguish them from other lymphocytes: (a) they express two specificities, one for self-antigens, the major transplantation antigens (H) coded by the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC), and a second specificity for foreign antigenic determinants. (b) T cells must undergo differentiation or maturation in the thymus (1, 2). Apparently, an important step in T-cell differentiation in the thymus is the selection of T-cells' restriction specificity for self-H. This interpretation stems from experiments with chimeras formed by lethally irradiating parental type mice and reconstituting them with F(1) stem cells: the maturing F(1) T cells expressed predominantly the restriction specificities for the recipient parental MHC type (3-8). Alternatively, adult F(1) mice that were thymectomized, lethally irradiated, reconstituted with bone marrow, and then engrafted with a parental thymus had T cells that were restricted predominantly to the thymus donors' H-2 (4-8). The present study first extends these observations to nude mice that are born without a thymus and therefore do not develop functional T cells and second, attempts to study the possibility that suppression may be responsible for the apparent influence of the radioresistant portion of the thymus on T- cell restriction specificities. We tested the immunocompetence and restriction specificities expressed by lymphocytes from F(1) nude mice reconstituted with both parental thymus grafts; our expectation was that suppression of the expression of T-cell restriction specificity should result either in complete immunoincompetence or emergence of only one of the two possible sets of restriction specificities. Nude F(1)mice that simultaneously received thymus gratis from both parents developed spleen cells restricted to both parental H-2 types. These results are compatible with the idea that the thymus' influence on T- cell restriction is via positive selection rather than by suppression.", "contents": "Thymic reconstitution of nude F1 mice with one or both parental thymus grafts. Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) have two outstanding characteristics that distinguish them from other lymphocytes: (a) they express two specificities, one for self-antigens, the major transplantation antigens (H) coded by the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC), and a second specificity for foreign antigenic determinants. (b) T cells must undergo differentiation or maturation in the thymus (1, 2). Apparently, an important step in T-cell differentiation in the thymus is the selection of T-cells' restriction specificity for self-H. This interpretation stems from experiments with chimeras formed by lethally irradiating parental type mice and reconstituting them with F(1) stem cells: the maturing F(1) T cells expressed predominantly the restriction specificities for the recipient parental MHC type (3-8). Alternatively, adult F(1) mice that were thymectomized, lethally irradiated, reconstituted with bone marrow, and then engrafted with a parental thymus had T cells that were restricted predominantly to the thymus donors' H-2 (4-8). The present study first extends these observations to nude mice that are born without a thymus and therefore do not develop functional T cells and second, attempts to study the possibility that suppression may be responsible for the apparent influence of the radioresistant portion of the thymus on T- cell restriction specificities. We tested the immunocompetence and restriction specificities expressed by lymphocytes from F(1) nude mice reconstituted with both parental thymus grafts; our expectation was that suppression of the expression of T-cell restriction specificity should result either in complete immunoincompetence or emergence of only one of the two possible sets of restriction specificities. Nude F(1)mice that simultaneously received thymus gratis from both parents developed spleen cells restricted to both parental H-2 types. These results are compatible with the idea that the thymus' influence on T- cell restriction is via positive selection rather than by suppression.", "PMID": 314490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4524", "title": "Adherent cell function in murine T-lymphocyte antigen recognition. IV. Enhancement of murine T-cell antigen recognition by human leukocytic pyrogen.", "content": "A macrophage-dependent, antigen-specific murine T-cell proliferation assay was utilized to examine the role of soluble products of murine and human adherent cells in the activation of T lymphocytes. Highly purified human leukocytic pyrogen, and  supernates from both murine and human mononuclear phagocytes-macrophages stimulated the immune T-cell proliferative response to the multideterminant antigens dinitrophenyl-ovalbumin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The implications of these studies and the relationship of leukocytic pyrogen to human lymphocyte-activating factor are discussed.", "contents": "Adherent cell function in murine T-lymphocyte antigen recognition. IV. Enhancement of murine T-cell antigen recognition by human leukocytic pyrogen. A macrophage-dependent, antigen-specific murine T-cell proliferation assay was utilized to examine the role of soluble products of murine and human adherent cells in the activation of T lymphocytes. Highly purified human leukocytic pyrogen, and  supernates from both murine and human mononuclear phagocytes-macrophages stimulated the immune T-cell proliferative response to the multideterminant antigens dinitrophenyl-ovalbumin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The implications of these studies and the relationship of leukocytic pyrogen to human lymphocyte-activating factor are discussed.", "PMID": 314491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4525", "title": "Lymphoid function in F1 leads to parent chimeras: lack of evidence for adaptive differentiation of B cells or antigen-presenting cells.", "content": "Information was sought on whether B cells undergo abnormal differentiation in F1 leads to parent chimeras (irradiated parental-strain mice reconstituted with F1-hybrid bone marrow cells). As assessed by collaborative responses to sheep erythrocytes in vivo, three different types of T cells restricted to interaction with strain a H-2 determinants were shown to collaborate as effectively with heterologous F1 leads to b chimera B cells as with homologous F1 leads to a chimera B cells. This applied to both primed and unprimed B cells, to IgM- and IgG-antibody formation and to production of Ig allotype. Thus, unlike T cells, B cells from F1 leads to parent chimeras behaved indistinguishably from normal F1 B cells. F1 leads to parent chimeras were also examined for their capacity to present antigen to normal F1 T cells in vivo. The results suggested that the antigen-presenting cells in these chimeras were no different than in normal F1 mice. Collectively these data imply that, at least in the situation studied, raising F1 stem cells in a parental-strain environment has a marked effect on T-cell specificity but does not discernably influence the differentiation of B cells or macrophage-like cells.", "contents": "Lymphoid function in F1 leads to parent chimeras: lack of evidence for adaptive differentiation of B cells or antigen-presenting cells. Information was sought on whether B cells undergo abnormal differentiation in F1 leads to parent chimeras (irradiated parental-strain mice reconstituted with F1-hybrid bone marrow cells). As assessed by collaborative responses to sheep erythrocytes in vivo, three different types of T cells restricted to interaction with strain a H-2 determinants were shown to collaborate as effectively with heterologous F1 leads to b chimera B cells as with homologous F1 leads to a chimera B cells. This applied to both primed and unprimed B cells, to IgM- and IgG-antibody formation and to production of Ig allotype. Thus, unlike T cells, B cells from F1 leads to parent chimeras behaved indistinguishably from normal F1 B cells. F1 leads to parent chimeras were also examined for their capacity to present antigen to normal F1 T cells in vivo. The results suggested that the antigen-presenting cells in these chimeras were no different than in normal F1 mice. Collectively these data imply that, at least in the situation studied, raising F1 stem cells in a parental-strain environment has a marked effect on T-cell specificity but does not discernably influence the differentiation of B cells or macrophage-like cells.", "PMID": 314492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4526", "title": "alpha-Amylase assay: current state and future development.", "content": "alpha-Amylase can be measured continuously with the aid of 4-nitrophenyl glucosides, especially 4-nitrophenyl maltotrioside; the large scale enzymatic synthesis of this compound seems to be possible. Another method, which does not suffer from interference by endogenous glucose, consists of the hydrolysis of maltotetraose by alpha-amylase, followed by the determination of maltose. The substrate and the auxiliary enzymes are, however, relatively expensive. Continous methods, based on the measurement of the glucose released by alpha-amylase, are more sensitive. However, they suffer from interference by blood sugar, with exception of mechanized procedures, which remove glucose by gel filtration of the sample. Moreover these methods need alpha-glucosidase, which degrades maltooligosaccharides consisting of less than seven glucose units, whereas higher polymerized substrates show slower degradation rates by amylase, and the kinetics are not easy to understand.", "contents": "alpha-Amylase assay: current state and future development. alpha-Amylase can be measured continuously with the aid of 4-nitrophenyl glucosides, especially 4-nitrophenyl maltotrioside; the large scale enzymatic synthesis of this compound seems to be possible. Another method, which does not suffer from interference by endogenous glucose, consists of the hydrolysis of maltotetraose by alpha-amylase, followed by the determination of maltose. The substrate and the auxiliary enzymes are, however, relatively expensive. Continous methods, based on the measurement of the glucose released by alpha-amylase, are more sensitive. However, they suffer from interference by blood sugar, with exception of mechanized procedures, which remove glucose by gel filtration of the sample. Moreover these methods need alpha-glucosidase, which degrades maltooligosaccharides consisting of less than seven glucose units, whereas higher polymerized substrates show slower degradation rates by amylase, and the kinetics are not easy to understand.", "PMID": 314493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4527", "title": "Ouabain on active transepithelial sodium transport in frog skin: studies with microelectrodes.", "content": "Studies were done with isolated frog skin to determine the effects of 10(-4) M ouabain on the electrophysiological parameters of outer and inner barriers of the Na-transporting cells. Microelectrodes were used to impale the skins from the outer surface to determine the intracellular voltages (Vsco) under conditions of short-circuiting and under conditions where a voltage clamp was used to vary the transepithelial voltage, VT. From this, the electrical resistances of outer (Rfo) and inner (RI) barriers were estimated. In addition, the driving force for active transepithelial Na transport (ENa = E'1) was estimated from the values of VT when the Vo = 0 mV (Helman and Fisher. 1977. J. Gen. Physiol. 69: 571-604). Studies were done with skins bathed with the usual 2.4 meq/liter [K]i in the inner solution as well as with reduced [K]i of 0.5 and 0 meq/liter. Characteristically, the responses to ouabain could be described by an initial rapid phase (5-10 min) during which time the Ri was increased markedly and the E'1 was decreased from control values. Thereafter, during the slow phases of the response, the resistances of both outer and inner barriers increased continuously and markedly with time leading ultimately to essentially complete inhibition of the short-circuit current. Similar studies were done with skins exposed to 10(-4) M amiloride in the outer solution. Although estimates of Ri could not be obtained under these conditions, the effects on the Vsco and E'1 were similar to those observed for the Na-transporting skins. However, the magnitudes of the effects were less and relatively slower than observed for the Na-transporting skins. The results of these studies were analyzed within the context of a proposed electrical model that takes into account the observation that the magnitude of the voltage at the inner barrier appears to exceed the equilibrium potential for K especially when transepithelial Na transport is inhibited at the apical barrier of the cells.", "contents": "Ouabain on active transepithelial sodium transport in frog skin: studies with microelectrodes. Studies were done with isolated frog skin to determine the effects of 10(-4) M ouabain on the electrophysiological parameters of outer and inner barriers of the Na-transporting cells. Microelectrodes were used to impale the skins from the outer surface to determine the intracellular voltages (Vsco) under conditions of short-circuiting and under conditions where a voltage clamp was used to vary the transepithelial voltage, VT. From this, the electrical resistances of outer (Rfo) and inner (RI) barriers were estimated. In addition, the driving force for active transepithelial Na transport (ENa = E'1) was estimated from the values of VT when the Vo = 0 mV (Helman and Fisher. 1977. J. Gen. Physiol. 69: 571-604). Studies were done with skins bathed with the usual 2.4 meq/liter [K]i in the inner solution as well as with reduced [K]i of 0.5 and 0 meq/liter. Characteristically, the responses to ouabain could be described by an initial rapid phase (5-10 min) during which time the Ri was increased markedly and the E'1 was decreased from control values. Thereafter, during the slow phases of the response, the resistances of both outer and inner barriers increased continuously and markedly with time leading ultimately to essentially complete inhibition of the short-circuit current. Similar studies were done with skins exposed to 10(-4) M amiloride in the outer solution. Although estimates of Ri could not be obtained under these conditions, the effects on the Vsco and E'1 were similar to those observed for the Na-transporting skins. However, the magnitudes of the effects were less and relatively slower than observed for the Na-transporting skins. The results of these studies were analyzed within the context of a proposed electrical model that takes into account the observation that the magnitude of the voltage at the inner barrier appears to exceed the equilibrium potential for K especially when transepithelial Na transport is inhibited at the apical barrier of the cells.", "PMID": 314494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4528", "title": "Cytotoxic T-cell and antibody responses to influenza infection of mice.", "content": "The immune response to influenza infection was evaluated in mice using recently developed techniques to measure the induction of cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes and complement-dependent cytolytic antibody, locally and systemically, during primary and secondary immunization. Cytolytic antibody responses were compared to antibody titres measured by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralization in the same samples. The development of these responses was also correlated with the titres of virus in the lung, in an attempt to further define the role of these host immune responses which can kill virus infected cells during recovery from influenza infection in vivo.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T-cell and antibody responses to influenza infection of mice. The immune response to influenza infection was evaluated in mice using recently developed techniques to measure the induction of cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes and complement-dependent cytolytic antibody, locally and systemically, during primary and secondary immunization. Cytolytic antibody responses were compared to antibody titres measured by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralization in the same samples. The development of these responses was also correlated with the titres of virus in the lung, in an attempt to further define the role of these host immune responses which can kill virus infected cells during recovery from influenza infection in vivo.", "PMID": 314495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4529", "title": "The spectrum of clinical manifestation of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery and surgical management.", "content": "Intercoronary collaterals play a major role in determining whether patients with the symptoms of anomalous left coronary artery will suffer infarction early in life with resultant complications or will survive to an older age before becoming symptomatic with angina. We believe that the definitive surgical treatment should be performed at the earliest age possible to avoid further damage to myocardial muscle.", "contents": "The spectrum of clinical manifestation of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery and surgical management. Intercoronary collaterals play a major role in determining whether patients with the symptoms of anomalous left coronary artery will suffer infarction early in life with resultant complications or will survive to an older age before becoming symptomatic with angina. We believe that the definitive surgical treatment should be performed at the earliest age possible to avoid further damage to myocardial muscle.", "PMID": 314506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4530", "title": "Arteriographic embolization for control of recurrent severe gastric hemorrhage in a 10-yr-old boy.", "content": "Severe stress ulceration or stress gastritis may occasionally produce uncontrollable gastric hemorrhage in the pediatric age group. Modern arteriographic techniques utilizing selective embolization to occlude demonstrated bleeding arteries can successfully control such hemorrhage and avoid emergency destructive surgical resection. A 10-yr-old boy, in whom a previous 80% gastric resection failed to control life threatening hemorrhage, is presented, with roentgenographic demonstration of the procedure and the successful control of his gastric bleeding.", "contents": "Arteriographic embolization for control of recurrent severe gastric hemorrhage in a 10-yr-old boy. Severe stress ulceration or stress gastritis may occasionally produce uncontrollable gastric hemorrhage in the pediatric age group. Modern arteriographic techniques utilizing selective embolization to occlude demonstrated bleeding arteries can successfully control such hemorrhage and avoid emergency destructive surgical resection. A 10-yr-old boy, in whom a previous 80% gastric resection failed to control life threatening hemorrhage, is presented, with roentgenographic demonstration of the procedure and the successful control of his gastric bleeding.", "PMID": 314507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4531", "title": "Nuclear-substituted styryl ketone analogs: effects on neoplasms, microorganisms, and mitochondrial respiration of tumorous and normal cells.", "content": "Analogs of some antineoplastic and cytotoxic Mannich bases derived from conjugated styryl ketones were prepared and evaluated for activity in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia screen. Most of the new compounds had lower antineoplastic and murine toxicity than the parent compounds. Antimicrobial evaluation of some oximes and alcohols related to the Mannich bases revealed activity against certain Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Primary pharmacological evaluation showed that some compounds containing a dimethylaminomethyl group displayed analgesic and antihistaminic properties. Five of the Mannich bases were evaluated as respiratory inhibitors in mitochondria derived from hepatic tumors, liver tissue from tumor-bearing animals, and normal rat liver. No statistical difference between the sensitivity of the three tissues to the compounds was obtained.", "contents": "Nuclear-substituted styryl ketone analogs: effects on neoplasms, microorganisms, and mitochondrial respiration of tumorous and normal cells. Analogs of some antineoplastic and cytotoxic Mannich bases derived from conjugated styryl ketones were prepared and evaluated for activity in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia screen. Most of the new compounds had lower antineoplastic and murine toxicity than the parent compounds. Antimicrobial evaluation of some oximes and alcohols related to the Mannich bases revealed activity against certain Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Primary pharmacological evaluation showed that some compounds containing a dimethylaminomethyl group displayed analgesic and antihistaminic properties. Five of the Mannich bases were evaluated as respiratory inhibitors in mitochondria derived from hepatic tumors, liver tissue from tumor-bearing animals, and normal rat liver. No statistical difference between the sensitivity of the three tissues to the compounds was obtained.", "PMID": 314508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4532", "title": "The velocity of unloaded shortening and its relation to sarcomere length and isometric force in vertebrate muscle fibres.", "content": "1. The velocity of shortening at zero load was studied during fused tetanic contractions and single twitches in isolated skeletal muscle fibres of Rana temporaria. 2. The technique used for determination of the speed of unloaded shortening consisted of a series of quick releases of different amplitudes applied at a given instant during activity. The time, delta t, needed for the fibre to take up the slack was plotted against the amplitude of release, delta L. The slope of the straight line relating delta t-delta L provided a measure of the velocity of shortening at zero load, V0. 3. V0 was compared with force-velocity data obtained at finite loads (load-clamp recordings). The predicted velocity of shortening at zero load, derived by hyperbolic extrapolation from velocities at low and intermediate loads, was not significantly different from V0. 4. The temperature dependence of isometric force and of shortening velocity was investigated between 2 and 12 degrees C in the same fibres. Q10 was 2.67 +/- 0.07 (S.E. of mean, n = 6) for V0 and 1.24 +/- 0.01 for tetanic force. 5. The velocity of unloaded shortening was determined at different sarcomere lengths in the range 1.4--3.1 microns. V0 was constant between 1.65 microns and approximately 2.7 microns. It decreased below 1.65 microns and increased above 2.7 microns. 6. The decrease in velocity at short sarcomere lengths probably reflects an increase of the passive resistance to shortening. The increase in velocity at long sarcomere lengths can be accounted for by the passive compressive force that is produced by the parallel elastic elements of the prestretched fibre. 7. V0 was determined at the peak of the twitch and during the plateau of the fused tetanus in the same fibre. Whereas the peak twitch force varied between 38 and 85% of the tetanic tension in the different fibres (mean: 71 +/- 5%, n = 8), V0 during the twitch was 99 +/- 2% of the value recorded during the tetanus. Depression of the isometric twitch amplitude to 10% of the control value by dantrolene did not cause any significant reduction of V0.", "contents": "The velocity of unloaded shortening and its relation to sarcomere length and isometric force in vertebrate muscle fibres. 1. The velocity of shortening at zero load was studied during fused tetanic contractions and single twitches in isolated skeletal muscle fibres of Rana temporaria. 2. The technique used for determination of the speed of unloaded shortening consisted of a series of quick releases of different amplitudes applied at a given instant during activity. The time, delta t, needed for the fibre to take up the slack was plotted against the amplitude of release, delta L. The slope of the straight line relating delta t-delta L provided a measure of the velocity of shortening at zero load, V0. 3. V0 was compared with force-velocity data obtained at finite loads (load-clamp recordings). The predicted velocity of shortening at zero load, derived by hyperbolic extrapolation from velocities at low and intermediate loads, was not significantly different from V0. 4. The temperature dependence of isometric force and of shortening velocity was investigated between 2 and 12 degrees C in the same fibres. Q10 was 2.67 +/- 0.07 (S.E. of mean, n = 6) for V0 and 1.24 +/- 0.01 for tetanic force. 5. The velocity of unloaded shortening was determined at different sarcomere lengths in the range 1.4--3.1 microns. V0 was constant between 1.65 microns and approximately 2.7 microns. It decreased below 1.65 microns and increased above 2.7 microns. 6. The decrease in velocity at short sarcomere lengths probably reflects an increase of the passive resistance to shortening. The increase in velocity at long sarcomere lengths can be accounted for by the passive compressive force that is produced by the parallel elastic elements of the prestretched fibre. 7. V0 was determined at the peak of the twitch and during the plateau of the fused tetanus in the same fibre. Whereas the peak twitch force varied between 38 and 85% of the tetanic tension in the different fibres (mean: 71 +/- 5%, n = 8), V0 during the twitch was 99 +/- 2% of the value recorded during the tetanus. Depression of the isometric twitch amplitude to 10% of the control value by dantrolene did not cause any significant reduction of V0.", "PMID": 314510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4533", "title": "Effects of temperature on tension, tension-dependent heat, and activation heat in twitches of frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. The effects of temperature on muscle energy liberation (heat plus work production) and isometric twitch force production were measured at rest length (l o) and at long muscle lengths (approx. 1.35 l o) where twitch force was greatly depressed. 2. Force production and energy liberation at l o declined progressively as muscle temperature was elevated from 0 to 20 degrees C. Force production decreased to a greater extent than did energy liberation. A plot of energy liberation vs. twitch force suggested that a fraction of the l o energy liberation was produced independent of temperature. 3. The energy liberated at long muscle lengths, the activation heat, was independent of muscle temperature. The activation heat is interpreted as reflecting the energy dissipated during Ca2+ cycling and thus suggests that, under the conditions of these experiments, the amount of Ca2+ released with stimulation is independent of muscle temperature and subsequent muscle force production. 4. Analysis of the results also supports the conclusions that skeletal muscle energy liberation is dependent on muscle force production and that the energy liberation associated with Ca2+ cycling is essentially independent of muscle length in the range of l o--1.35 l o.", "contents": "Effects of temperature on tension, tension-dependent heat, and activation heat in twitches of frog skeletal muscle. 1. The effects of temperature on muscle energy liberation (heat plus work production) and isometric twitch force production were measured at rest length (l o) and at long muscle lengths (approx. 1.35 l o) where twitch force was greatly depressed. 2. Force production and energy liberation at l o declined progressively as muscle temperature was elevated from 0 to 20 degrees C. Force production decreased to a greater extent than did energy liberation. A plot of energy liberation vs. twitch force suggested that a fraction of the l o energy liberation was produced independent of temperature. 3. The energy liberated at long muscle lengths, the activation heat, was independent of muscle temperature. The activation heat is interpreted as reflecting the energy dissipated during Ca2+ cycling and thus suggests that, under the conditions of these experiments, the amount of Ca2+ released with stimulation is independent of muscle temperature and subsequent muscle force production. 4. Analysis of the results also supports the conclusions that skeletal muscle energy liberation is dependent on muscle force production and that the energy liberation associated with Ca2+ cycling is essentially independent of muscle length in the range of l o--1.35 l o.", "PMID": 314511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4534", "title": "Neural connexions between the medial forebrain bundle, the preoptic area and the basal hypothalamus in the rat: an electrophysiological study.", "content": "1. Electrophysiological experiments have been performed on intact cycling female rats to investigate the neural connexions that exist between the medial forebrain bundle, the anterior hypothalamic region, which included the preoptic area, and the basal hypothalamus. Recordings have been made from a total of 351 neurones in the anterior hypothalamus of which 216 were responsive to stimulation of either or both the medial forebrain bundle and basal hypothalamus (arcuate and ventromedial nuclei).2. Forty-six of these cells were responsive to a stimulus applied both to the medial forebrain bundle and the basal hypothalamus with a variety of response combinations. The majority of neurones were orthodromically activated by stimulation in both sites. Inhibition by stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle coupled with orthodromic excitation from the basal hypothalamus, or the reverse situation, was also encountered frequently.3. A few cells were antidromically invaded by the stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle and these received orthodromic or inhibitory inputs from the basal hypothalamus, although one unit outside the anterior hypothalamus was antidromically activated by both stimuli.4. Ninety per cent of all the doubly responsive units that could be antidromically activated by stimulation of the basal hypothalamus received an orthodromic input from the medial forebrain bundle, and no cells in the anterior hypothalamus that projected to the basal hypothalamus were found to receive an inhibitory input from the medial forebrain bundle.5. These results provide electrophysiological evidence for inhibitory and excitatory inputs from the medial forebrain bundle to the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic cells that either project to, or receive connexions from, the basal hypothalamus. Neurones in the preoptic area which project to the basal hypothalamus are implicated in the control of anterior pituitary function, particularly gonadotrophin secretion. These experiments, coupled with functional studies, suggest that there is an excitatory input from the medial forebrain bundle to these preoptic and anterior hypothalamic cells which may modulate adenohypophyseal secretions.", "contents": "Neural connexions between the medial forebrain bundle, the preoptic area and the basal hypothalamus in the rat: an electrophysiological study. 1. Electrophysiological experiments have been performed on intact cycling female rats to investigate the neural connexions that exist between the medial forebrain bundle, the anterior hypothalamic region, which included the preoptic area, and the basal hypothalamus. Recordings have been made from a total of 351 neurones in the anterior hypothalamus of which 216 were responsive to stimulation of either or both the medial forebrain bundle and basal hypothalamus (arcuate and ventromedial nuclei).2. Forty-six of these cells were responsive to a stimulus applied both to the medial forebrain bundle and the basal hypothalamus with a variety of response combinations. The majority of neurones were orthodromically activated by stimulation in both sites. Inhibition by stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle coupled with orthodromic excitation from the basal hypothalamus, or the reverse situation, was also encountered frequently.3. A few cells were antidromically invaded by the stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle and these received orthodromic or inhibitory inputs from the basal hypothalamus, although one unit outside the anterior hypothalamus was antidromically activated by both stimuli.4. Ninety per cent of all the doubly responsive units that could be antidromically activated by stimulation of the basal hypothalamus received an orthodromic input from the medial forebrain bundle, and no cells in the anterior hypothalamus that projected to the basal hypothalamus were found to receive an inhibitory input from the medial forebrain bundle.5. These results provide electrophysiological evidence for inhibitory and excitatory inputs from the medial forebrain bundle to the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic cells that either project to, or receive connexions from, the basal hypothalamus. Neurones in the preoptic area which project to the basal hypothalamus are implicated in the control of anterior pituitary function, particularly gonadotrophin secretion. These experiments, coupled with functional studies, suggest that there is an excitatory input from the medial forebrain bundle to these preoptic and anterior hypothalamic cells which may modulate adenohypophyseal secretions.", "PMID": 314513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4535", "title": "Structure of trichomonads as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study of Hypotrichomonas acosta (Moskowitz), Trichomonas vaginalis Donn\u00e9, Pentatrichomonas hominis (Davaine), and Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedm\u00fcller) provided new information about the structure of the periflagellar canal; emergence of the flagella from the cell body; structure of the undulating membrane; and position, shape, and size of the pelta. Of special interest were the spatial relationships of the attached part of the recurrent flagellum and the accessory filament in Hypotrichomonas and in the members of Trichomonadinae, i.e. Trichomonas and Pentatrichomonas.", "contents": "Structure of trichomonads as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study of Hypotrichomonas acosta (Moskowitz), Trichomonas vaginalis Donn\u00e9, Pentatrichomonas hominis (Davaine), and Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedm\u00fcller) provided new information about the structure of the periflagellar canal; emergence of the flagella from the cell body; structure of the undulating membrane; and position, shape, and size of the pelta. Of special interest were the spatial relationships of the attached part of the recurrent flagellum and the accessory filament in Hypotrichomonas and in the members of Trichomonadinae, i.e. Trichomonas and Pentatrichomonas.", "PMID": 314517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4536", "title": "On the cross-reactivity of amiloride and 2,4,6 triaminopyrimidine (TAP) for the cellular entry and tight junctional cation permeation pathways in epithelia.", "content": "2,4,6 Triaminopyrimidine (TAP) has been previously shown to inhibit the passive tight junctional cation permeation pathway in various \"leaky\" epithelia. Amiloride has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of the cation cellular entry pathway in \"tight\" epithelia. In this paper we demonstrate that TAP and amiloride at appropriate concentrations are able to block either of these epithelial cation permeation pathways. TAP was found to block the Na entry pathway in frog skin with the following characteristics: it (1) inhibits from the external solution only, (2) is completely reversible, (3) increases the transepithelial resistance, (4) is active in the monoprotonated form, (5) is noncompetitive with Na, (6) displays saturation kinetics which obey a simple kinetic model (KI = 1 X 10(-3) M), (7) is independent of external calcium, (8) is dependent on external buffering capacity, and (9) is competitive with amiloride. Amiloride inhibition of the junctional permeation in gallbladder had the following characteristics: it (1) increases the transepithelial resistance, (2) decreases cation conductance without affecting the anion conductance, (3) displays saturation kinetics which obey a simple kinetic model (KI = 1 X 10(-3) M), and (4) possesses inhibitory activity in both its protonated and unprotonated form. These results not only indicate that a similar inhibitory site may exist in both of these cation permeation pathways, but also provide information on the chemical nature and possible location of these inhibitory sites.", "contents": "On the cross-reactivity of amiloride and 2,4,6 triaminopyrimidine (TAP) for the cellular entry and tight junctional cation permeation pathways in epithelia. 2,4,6 Triaminopyrimidine (TAP) has been previously shown to inhibit the passive tight junctional cation permeation pathway in various \"leaky\" epithelia. Amiloride has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of the cation cellular entry pathway in \"tight\" epithelia. In this paper we demonstrate that TAP and amiloride at appropriate concentrations are able to block either of these epithelial cation permeation pathways. TAP was found to block the Na entry pathway in frog skin with the following characteristics: it (1) inhibits from the external solution only, (2) is completely reversible, (3) increases the transepithelial resistance, (4) is active in the monoprotonated form, (5) is noncompetitive with Na, (6) displays saturation kinetics which obey a simple kinetic model (KI = 1 X 10(-3) M), (7) is independent of external calcium, (8) is dependent on external buffering capacity, and (9) is competitive with amiloride. Amiloride inhibition of the junctional permeation in gallbladder had the following characteristics: it (1) increases the transepithelial resistance, (2) decreases cation conductance without affecting the anion conductance, (3) displays saturation kinetics which obey a simple kinetic model (KI = 1 X 10(-3) M), and (4) possesses inhibitory activity in both its protonated and unprotonated form. These results not only indicate that a similar inhibitory site may exist in both of these cation permeation pathways, but also provide information on the chemical nature and possible location of these inhibitory sites.", "PMID": 314519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4537", "title": "Uropod-bearing lymphocytes (hand mirror cells) in a virus-induced murine lymphoma.", "content": "A Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell preleukemic thymic lymphoma tissue culture from an inbred C3H/HeJ mouse contained numerous hand mirror cells (HMC). The cells were studied by light and phase-contrast microscopy, special stains, indirect immunofluorescence for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The uropods of the mouse and human HMC were similar. In contrast, viruses were noted on the tip of the mouse HMC uropod by transmission electron microscopy. These observations, reported for the first time in an animal model, will enable investigators to study the HMC under controlled conditions.", "contents": "Uropod-bearing lymphocytes (hand mirror cells) in a virus-induced murine lymphoma. A Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell preleukemic thymic lymphoma tissue culture from an inbred C3H/HeJ mouse contained numerous hand mirror cells (HMC). The cells were studied by light and phase-contrast microscopy, special stains, indirect immunofluorescence for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The uropods of the mouse and human HMC were similar. In contrast, viruses were noted on the tip of the mouse HMC uropod by transmission electron microscopy. These observations, reported for the first time in an animal model, will enable investigators to study the HMC under controlled conditions.", "PMID": 314520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4538", "title": "The treatment of detrusor incontinence by electrical stimulation.", "content": "Cystometrograms were done on 20 patients before and during transrectal stimulation to determine if electrical stimulation increased the detrusor reflex threshold. In 4 patients the detrusor reflex threshold was increased during stimulation and urinary continence was restored. However, each patient became incontinent when transrectal stimulation was discontinued for 1 to 5 days. Thus, cyclic periods of stimulation were necessary to maintain the beneficial effects of electrical stimulation and a permanent pelvic floor stimulator was implanted since chronic transrectal stimulation was inconvenient.", "contents": "The treatment of detrusor incontinence by electrical stimulation. Cystometrograms were done on 20 patients before and during transrectal stimulation to determine if electrical stimulation increased the detrusor reflex threshold. In 4 patients the detrusor reflex threshold was increased during stimulation and urinary continence was restored. However, each patient became incontinent when transrectal stimulation was discontinued for 1 to 5 days. Thus, cyclic periods of stimulation were necessary to maintain the beneficial effects of electrical stimulation and a permanent pelvic floor stimulator was implanted since chronic transrectal stimulation was inconvenient.", "PMID": 314521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4539", "title": "T and B lymphocytes and blastogenesis in leprosy.", "content": "T and B cell percentages and their blastogenic response to PPD and lepromin have been studied in 107 patients of various types of leprosy. T cell counts and their blastogenic response were found to be considerably lower in all types of leprosy as compared to the normal. The counts and stimulation were the lowest for lepromatous leprosy. B cell counts were unaltered in all types of leprosy.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes and blastogenesis in leprosy. T and B cell percentages and their blastogenic response to PPD and lepromin have been studied in 107 patients of various types of leprosy. T cell counts and their blastogenic response were found to be considerably lower in all types of leprosy as compared to the normal. The counts and stimulation were the lowest for lepromatous leprosy. B cell counts were unaltered in all types of leprosy.", "PMID": 314551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4540", "title": "Successful use of a left ventricular assist device in cardiogenic shock from massive postoperative myocardial infarction.", "content": "A 41-year-old man underwent an uneventful aorta-coronary bypass for unstable angina pectoris. Four hours later, a massive anterior wall myocardial infarction resulted in cardiac arrest. Conventional resuscitative means were not effective. A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) was successfully employed for 94 hours. The patient is alive and well 8 months postoperatively.", "contents": "Successful use of a left ventricular assist device in cardiogenic shock from massive postoperative myocardial infarction. A 41-year-old man underwent an uneventful aorta-coronary bypass for unstable angina pectoris. Four hours later, a massive anterior wall myocardial infarction resulted in cardiac arrest. Conventional resuscitative means were not effective. A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) was successfully employed for 94 hours. The patient is alive and well 8 months postoperatively.", "PMID": 314552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4541", "title": "Electrophrenic respiration: report of six cases.", "content": "The development of electrophrenic respiration has permitted freedom from mechanical ventilation for patients who have irreversible respiratory failure in association with high-cervical spinal cord or brainstem lesions. There are three basic criteria for successful diaphragm pacing: (1) the need for long-term mechanical ventilatory assistance, (2) a functionally intact phrenic nerve-diaphragm axis, and (3) chest wall stability. Inability to achieve satisfactory pacing can be due to malfunction of equipment, instability of the chest wall, or inadequate neuromuscular responsiveness. These features of diaphragm pacing are exemplified in a series of six patients. Three achieved independence from mechanical ventilatory assistance with full-time phrenic pacing. In one patient, only limited electrophrenic respiration was achieved, and in another the method was entirely unsuccessful. Although functioning well, pacing systems were removed from the sixth patient because of infection. Diaphragm pacing can be a valuable form of respiratory support for carefully selected patients.", "contents": "Electrophrenic respiration: report of six cases. The development of electrophrenic respiration has permitted freedom from mechanical ventilation for patients who have irreversible respiratory failure in association with high-cervical spinal cord or brainstem lesions. There are three basic criteria for successful diaphragm pacing: (1) the need for long-term mechanical ventilatory assistance, (2) a functionally intact phrenic nerve-diaphragm axis, and (3) chest wall stability. Inability to achieve satisfactory pacing can be due to malfunction of equipment, instability of the chest wall, or inadequate neuromuscular responsiveness. These features of diaphragm pacing are exemplified in a series of six patients. Three achieved independence from mechanical ventilatory assistance with full-time phrenic pacing. In one patient, only limited electrophrenic respiration was achieved, and in another the method was entirely unsuccessful. Although functioning well, pacing systems were removed from the sixth patient because of infection. Diaphragm pacing can be a valuable form of respiratory support for carefully selected patients.", "PMID": 314553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4542", "title": "[Laboratory procedures in the detection of deficiencies and the determination of alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes in the blood serum].", "content": "Eriksson's method was analysed and an attempt was made to determine the probability of the occurrence of phenotypes predisposing to emphysema and obstructive catarrhs, when low alpha-1-AT values were found using gelatinous film or immunochemical methods. The authoresses propose a three-stage system for the detection of all those susceptible to emphysema.", "contents": "[Laboratory procedures in the detection of deficiencies and the determination of alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes in the blood serum]. Eriksson's method was analysed and an attempt was made to determine the probability of the occurrence of phenotypes predisposing to emphysema and obstructive catarrhs, when low alpha-1-AT values were found using gelatinous film or immunochemical methods. The authoresses propose a three-stage system for the detection of all those susceptible to emphysema.", "PMID": 314559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4543", "title": "Association of prealbumin deficiency with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.", "content": "Prealbumin (PA) measurements were made by electrophoretic and radial immunodiffusion techniques in three alpha-1-antitrypsin deficient Pi-D) serum samples. The deficiency was characterized as phenotype ZZ (homozygous). In two out of three serums PA was undetectable, as revealed by the absence of radiothyroxine distribution in the PA area, whereas quantitative estimates of PA by radial immunodiffusion showed very low levels (2--7 mg/100 ml) thus corroborating electrophoretic observations; low PA binding of T4 tracer was noted in another Pi-D serum. The total protein and laboratory thyroid function (thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine index concentration) measurements were normal, and the decrease in PA could not be explained on the basis of surgery, protein malnutrition, or cirrhosis. These and other observations described in this preliminary communication have served to raise the possibility of severe prealbumin deficiency being associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, while the presence of low-but-not-absent PA in another Pi-D case might also suggest subgroup classification of the phenotype ZZ based on degrees of PA deficiency.", "contents": "Association of prealbumin deficiency with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Prealbumin (PA) measurements were made by electrophoretic and radial immunodiffusion techniques in three alpha-1-antitrypsin deficient Pi-D) serum samples. The deficiency was characterized as phenotype ZZ (homozygous). In two out of three serums PA was undetectable, as revealed by the absence of radiothyroxine distribution in the PA area, whereas quantitative estimates of PA by radial immunodiffusion showed very low levels (2--7 mg/100 ml) thus corroborating electrophoretic observations; low PA binding of T4 tracer was noted in another Pi-D serum. The total protein and laboratory thyroid function (thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine index concentration) measurements were normal, and the decrease in PA could not be explained on the basis of surgery, protein malnutrition, or cirrhosis. These and other observations described in this preliminary communication have served to raise the possibility of severe prealbumin deficiency being associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, while the presence of low-but-not-absent PA in another Pi-D case might also suggest subgroup classification of the phenotype ZZ based on degrees of PA deficiency.", "PMID": 314560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4544", "title": "Problem orientated medical records--all or none?", "content": "Junior hospital doctors from different medical schools were asked about their experience of the Problem Orientated Medical Record. Few had been introduced to this method of writing notes by their teachers when they were undergraduates, though more had learned about it from other sources. The majority of those with experience of the method found it preferable to the more conventional one. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed and it is suggested that a less rigid format might make it more acceptable. This can be achieved by writing follow-up notes in the usual way and using the problem orientated approach only when the patient is assessed for the first time or when information is passed from one team of doctors to another.", "contents": "Problem orientated medical records--all or none? Junior hospital doctors from different medical schools were asked about their experience of the Problem Orientated Medical Record. Few had been introduced to this method of writing notes by their teachers when they were undergraduates, though more had learned about it from other sources. The majority of those with experience of the method found it preferable to the more conventional one. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed and it is suggested that a less rigid format might make it more acceptable. This can be achieved by writing follow-up notes in the usual way and using the problem orientated approach only when the patient is assessed for the first time or when information is passed from one team of doctors to another.", "PMID": 314561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4545", "title": "Macrophage-T cell interaction mediated by immunogenic and non-immunogenic forms of a monofunctional antigen.", "content": "As an approach to the elucidation of the essential steps in the immune pathway, the uptake and retention of immunogenic and non-immunogenic analogs of a monofunctional antigen by guinea pig macrophages and the efficiency of macrophages pulsed with the compounds to present antigen to sensitized T lymphocytes were compared. L-Tyrosine-azobenzene-p-arsonate (RAT) and its non-immunogenic analog, 4-hydroxyphenyl-n-propane-3-azobenzene-p-arsonate (RAN), react similarly with antiarsonate antibody, but RAN, unlike RAT, is unable to induce cellular immunity in guinea pigs. The uptake and retention patterns of the two compounds by macrophages differed in that, at a given time, more RAN than RAT was retained and detectable on cell surfaces by anti-arsonate antibody. Equivalent numbers of T lymphocytes from guinea pigs sensitized to RAT formed antigen-dependent clusters with macrophages pulsed with either RAT or RAN after 24 hr in culture, but not with macrophages pulsed with an azobenzenoid compound of unrelated specificity. On the other hand, T lymphocytes from guinea pigs immunized with RAN showed no significant capacity to bind to macrophages which had been pulsed with any of the compounds. The number of lymphocytes from RAT-sensitized animals which bound to RAT-pulsed macrophages remained relatively stable over a 48 hr period, whereas clusters of the same lymphocytes with RAN-pulsed macrophages dissocitated to background levels within that time. Early cluster formation mediated by RAN, as well as its ability to induce transient specific T cell unresponsiveness to RAT in vivo, indicate that T cells are capable of recognizing (binding) the non-immunogen. However, such early, and perhaps weak, interaction with RAN-pulsed macrophages did not induce DNA synthesis by T cells. Anti-Ia serum completely blocked cluster formation mediated by either RAT or RAN. Thus, the only significant distinction disclosed by these studies between the immunogenic and non-immunogenic compounds was the stability of macrophage-T cell interaction as determined by the persistence of antigen mediated cell clusters in culture, suggesting that this may be a factor in immunogenic discrimination.", "contents": "Macrophage-T cell interaction mediated by immunogenic and non-immunogenic forms of a monofunctional antigen. As an approach to the elucidation of the essential steps in the immune pathway, the uptake and retention of immunogenic and non-immunogenic analogs of a monofunctional antigen by guinea pig macrophages and the efficiency of macrophages pulsed with the compounds to present antigen to sensitized T lymphocytes were compared. L-Tyrosine-azobenzene-p-arsonate (RAT) and its non-immunogenic analog, 4-hydroxyphenyl-n-propane-3-azobenzene-p-arsonate (RAN), react similarly with antiarsonate antibody, but RAN, unlike RAT, is unable to induce cellular immunity in guinea pigs. The uptake and retention patterns of the two compounds by macrophages differed in that, at a given time, more RAN than RAT was retained and detectable on cell surfaces by anti-arsonate antibody. Equivalent numbers of T lymphocytes from guinea pigs sensitized to RAT formed antigen-dependent clusters with macrophages pulsed with either RAT or RAN after 24 hr in culture, but not with macrophages pulsed with an azobenzenoid compound of unrelated specificity. On the other hand, T lymphocytes from guinea pigs immunized with RAN showed no significant capacity to bind to macrophages which had been pulsed with any of the compounds. The number of lymphocytes from RAT-sensitized animals which bound to RAT-pulsed macrophages remained relatively stable over a 48 hr period, whereas clusters of the same lymphocytes with RAN-pulsed macrophages dissocitated to background levels within that time. Early cluster formation mediated by RAN, as well as its ability to induce transient specific T cell unresponsiveness to RAT in vivo, indicate that T cells are capable of recognizing (binding) the non-immunogen. However, such early, and perhaps weak, interaction with RAN-pulsed macrophages did not induce DNA synthesis by T cells. Anti-Ia serum completely blocked cluster formation mediated by either RAT or RAN. Thus, the only significant distinction disclosed by these studies between the immunogenic and non-immunogenic compounds was the stability of macrophage-T cell interaction as determined by the persistence of antigen mediated cell clusters in culture, suggesting that this may be a factor in immunogenic discrimination.", "PMID": 314564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4546", "title": "Nitrous acid mutagenesis of duplex DNA as a three-component system.", "content": "Purified native Hemophilus influenzae DNA is relatively insusceptible to nitrous acid (NA) mutagenesis in vitro, but is readily mutated following denaturation. NA mutagenicity for duplex DNA is significantly increased in the presence of various alcohols, glycols, phenols or primary amines. Phenol-extracted DNA contains dissociable contaminants of low molecular weight that enhance NA mutagenesis. Enhancement of NA mutagenesis by phenol and by spermine is due to the formation of unstable molecular species. We propose that reactive organic nitroso compounds are formed which then serve as delivery vehicles to promote mutagenicity of native DNA, perhaps via transnitrosation reactions. Similar reactions probably occur in vivo to promote NA-induced base substitution (but not frameshift) mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and in Escherichia coli. The possible significance of these observations to carcinogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Nitrous acid mutagenesis of duplex DNA as a three-component system. Purified native Hemophilus influenzae DNA is relatively insusceptible to nitrous acid (NA) mutagenesis in vitro, but is readily mutated following denaturation. NA mutagenicity for duplex DNA is significantly increased in the presence of various alcohols, glycols, phenols or primary amines. Phenol-extracted DNA contains dissociable contaminants of low molecular weight that enhance NA mutagenesis. Enhancement of NA mutagenesis by phenol and by spermine is due to the formation of unstable molecular species. We propose that reactive organic nitroso compounds are formed which then serve as delivery vehicles to promote mutagenicity of native DNA, perhaps via transnitrosation reactions. Similar reactions probably occur in vivo to promote NA-induced base substitution (but not frameshift) mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and in Escherichia coli. The possible significance of these observations to carcinogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 314585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4547", "title": "Familial abnormalities of suppressor-cell function in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that abnormalities of central immune function are genetically controlled in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. We used an in vitro suppressor-cell assay to evaluate central immunoregulation in 15 patients, 50 of their clinically healthy family members and 41 normal persons. Impaired suppressor-cell function was found in 11 patients; there was no correlation between disease activity and test results. Abnormal suppressor-cell activity was also found in 13 first-degree relatives, 12 of whom were women. We found no correlation between results of the suppressor-cell assay and the presence or absence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the relatives. Impaired suppressor-cell function cannot by itself explain the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Our results support the hypothesis that certain abnormalities of suppressor cells are genetic markers. We propose that the development of systemic lupus erythematosus requires the participation of at least two functionally distinct classes of genes.", "contents": "Familial abnormalities of suppressor-cell function in systemic lupus erythematosus. We tested the hypothesis that abnormalities of central immune function are genetically controlled in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. We used an in vitro suppressor-cell assay to evaluate central immunoregulation in 15 patients, 50 of their clinically healthy family members and 41 normal persons. Impaired suppressor-cell function was found in 11 patients; there was no correlation between disease activity and test results. Abnormal suppressor-cell activity was also found in 13 first-degree relatives, 12 of whom were women. We found no correlation between results of the suppressor-cell assay and the presence or absence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the relatives. Impaired suppressor-cell function cannot by itself explain the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Our results support the hypothesis that certain abnormalities of suppressor cells are genetic markers. We propose that the development of systemic lupus erythematosus requires the participation of at least two functionally distinct classes of genes.", "PMID": 314587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4548", "title": "Autonomic hyper-reflexia modulated by percutaneous epidural neurostimulation: a preliminary report.", "content": "Our clinical experience in the management of five paraplegic or quadriplegic patients with subjective complaints and objective findings of autonomic hyper-reflexia is presented. These five patients had epidural neurostimulation systems implanted percutaneously to regulate intractable spasticity. During a follow-up period varying from 2 months to almost 2 years, four of the five patients experienced no episodes of autonomic dysfunction with the use of a low frequency, low voltage, square wave pulse output. From their responses and from recent neurophysiological evidence, the potential benefit of percutaneous epidural neurostimulation in the modulation of autonomic hyper-reflexia without antihypertensive medication is suggested. Further follow-up of these patients and additional clinical research should be performed to confirm our initial clinical impressions.", "contents": "Autonomic hyper-reflexia modulated by percutaneous epidural neurostimulation: a preliminary report. Our clinical experience in the management of five paraplegic or quadriplegic patients with subjective complaints and objective findings of autonomic hyper-reflexia is presented. These five patients had epidural neurostimulation systems implanted percutaneously to regulate intractable spasticity. During a follow-up period varying from 2 months to almost 2 years, four of the five patients experienced no episodes of autonomic dysfunction with the use of a low frequency, low voltage, square wave pulse output. From their responses and from recent neurophysiological evidence, the potential benefit of percutaneous epidural neurostimulation in the modulation of autonomic hyper-reflexia without antihypertensive medication is suggested. Further follow-up of these patients and additional clinical research should be performed to confirm our initial clinical impressions.", "PMID": 314604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4549", "title": "Cerebellar stimulation in the management of cerebral palsy: clinical and physiological studies.", "content": "Cerebellar stimulators were inserted into seven children who had cerebral palsy and in whom extensive investigation, including computerized tomography, had revealed no structural brain abnormality. A team including physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech pathologists, and respiratory physiologists assessed the children pre- and postoperatively; their somatosensory evoked potentials were also measured. The mean age at implantation was 8.6 yearsl follow-up has ranged from 8 to 23 months (mean, 17.3 months). No adverse effects of the cerebellar stimulation have been noted. Detailed case histories obtained from the parents, together with formal assessment scores, indicate good improvement in six patients and mild but significant improvement in the seventh. Clinically, there has been gradual improvement in all seven patients. The charge density range associated with clinical improvement was 0.8 to 2.1 muCi/cm2/phase. The stimulation equipment must be monitored very carefully to ensure that any variation from the desired output is acceptably small because it is probable that sizable deviation is a determining factor in lack of response to this therapy.", "contents": "Cerebellar stimulation in the management of cerebral palsy: clinical and physiological studies. Cerebellar stimulators were inserted into seven children who had cerebral palsy and in whom extensive investigation, including computerized tomography, had revealed no structural brain abnormality. A team including physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech pathologists, and respiratory physiologists assessed the children pre- and postoperatively; their somatosensory evoked potentials were also measured. The mean age at implantation was 8.6 yearsl follow-up has ranged from 8 to 23 months (mean, 17.3 months). No adverse effects of the cerebellar stimulation have been noted. Detailed case histories obtained from the parents, together with formal assessment scores, indicate good improvement in six patients and mild but significant improvement in the seventh. Clinically, there has been gradual improvement in all seven patients. The charge density range associated with clinical improvement was 0.8 to 2.1 muCi/cm2/phase. The stimulation equipment must be monitored very carefully to ensure that any variation from the desired output is acceptably small because it is probable that sizable deviation is a determining factor in lack of response to this therapy.", "PMID": 314605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4550", "title": "[Cell-mediated immunity after head injuries].", "content": "In 20 patients with head trauma associated with loss of consciousness without massive damage to the tissues total count of lymphocytes T in the peripheral blood was determined, and test of lymphocyte blastic transformation and leucocyte migration inhibition were done. The investigations were done one time only, usually 5 days after trauma. In the patients the total count of lymphocytes and T-cells was decreased in the peripheral blood and production of the factor inhibiting leucocyte migration was reduced. The immune disturbances observed in these patients were due probably to the action of stress triggered by trauma.", "contents": "[Cell-mediated immunity after head injuries]. In 20 patients with head trauma associated with loss of consciousness without massive damage to the tissues total count of lymphocytes T in the peripheral blood was determined, and test of lymphocyte blastic transformation and leucocyte migration inhibition were done. The investigations were done one time only, usually 5 days after trauma. In the patients the total count of lymphocytes and T-cells was decreased in the peripheral blood and production of the factor inhibiting leucocyte migration was reduced. The immune disturbances observed in these patients were due probably to the action of stress triggered by trauma.", "PMID": 314601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4551", "title": "Dorsal spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Previously published work indicated significant improvement in the symptoms of multiple sclerosis with dorsal spinal cord stimulation. In this study 23 patients with multiple sclerosis documented by history, examination, laboratory studies, and clinical course were treated with dorsal spinal cord stimulation and followed for 19 to 45 months (mean, 32 months). Pre- and postoperative clinical assessment was carried out using the Kurtzke Scale. Walking velocity, upper limb coordination, sphincter function, and sensory function were also evaluated quantitatively. No statistically significant objective improvement in any of these measures was demonstrated. Fifty per cent of the patients initially reported subjective symptomatic improvement, but this declined to 30% at last follow-up. Fifteen of 23 patients experienced complications related mainly to the hardware used and required a total of 21 subsequent operative procedures for correction of these complications. These results do not support the continued clinical use of dorsal spinal cord stimulation in the symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Dorsal spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Previously published work indicated significant improvement in the symptoms of multiple sclerosis with dorsal spinal cord stimulation. In this study 23 patients with multiple sclerosis documented by history, examination, laboratory studies, and clinical course were treated with dorsal spinal cord stimulation and followed for 19 to 45 months (mean, 32 months). Pre- and postoperative clinical assessment was carried out using the Kurtzke Scale. Walking velocity, upper limb coordination, sphincter function, and sensory function were also evaluated quantitatively. No statistically significant objective improvement in any of these measures was demonstrated. Fifty per cent of the patients initially reported subjective symptomatic improvement, but this declined to 30% at last follow-up. Fifteen of 23 patients experienced complications related mainly to the hardware used and required a total of 21 subsequent operative procedures for correction of these complications. These results do not support the continued clinical use of dorsal spinal cord stimulation in the symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 314606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4552", "title": "Measurement of the normal ventricular system and supratentorial subarachnoid space in children with computed tomography.", "content": "The normal ventricular system and subarachnoid space were evaluated on the CT scans of 155 children chosen from 1,400 pediatric CT examinations, and linear measurements were made. The left septum-caudate distance was greater than the right, and the width of the left anterior horn and size of the skull were larger in boys. The interhemispheric and sylvian fissures, the third ventricle and Evans' ratio were larger in the younger group (less than 3 years) than in the older (greater than or equal to 3 years), while the opposite was found for the cella media index and size of the skull. The size of the lateral ventricles (expressed by anterior horn width, septum-caudate distance and width of cella media) was not different in the two age groups of children. Normal limits for the linear measurements and indices are given in Table 2.", "contents": "Measurement of the normal ventricular system and supratentorial subarachnoid space in children with computed tomography. The normal ventricular system and subarachnoid space were evaluated on the CT scans of 155 children chosen from 1,400 pediatric CT examinations, and linear measurements were made. The left septum-caudate distance was greater than the right, and the width of the left anterior horn and size of the skull were larger in boys. The interhemispheric and sylvian fissures, the third ventricle and Evans' ratio were larger in the younger group (less than 3 years) than in the older (greater than or equal to 3 years), while the opposite was found for the cella media index and size of the skull. The size of the lateral ventricles (expressed by anterior horn width, septum-caudate distance and width of cella media) was not different in the two age groups of children. Normal limits for the linear measurements and indices are given in Table 2.", "PMID": 314607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4553", "title": "Computed tomographic evaluation of the early phase of adrenoleukodystrophy.", "content": "Analysis of computed tomograms of patients with adrenoleukodystrophy in the early disease phase reveals a dinstinct CT apperance. It is suggested that brain or adrenal biopsy may not be necessary for diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy when these particular CT features are correlated with the clinical course and other laboratory parameters.", "contents": "Computed tomographic evaluation of the early phase of adrenoleukodystrophy. Analysis of computed tomograms of patients with adrenoleukodystrophy in the early disease phase reveals a dinstinct CT apperance. It is suggested that brain or adrenal biopsy may not be necessary for diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy when these particular CT features are correlated with the clinical course and other laboratory parameters.", "PMID": 314608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4554", "title": "[Postoperative complications in the Billroth I gastrectomy].", "content": "A series of 234 patients who underwent Billroth I gastric resection for gastric and duodenal ulcerous lesions is reported. Special attention is paid to the immediate postoperative complications whose incidence was 5.5%. Particularly serious is the dehiscence of gastroduodenal anastomosis which requires emergency reconversion intervention, namely gastrojejunostomy with sinking of the duodenal stump.", "contents": "[Postoperative complications in the Billroth I gastrectomy]. A series of 234 patients who underwent Billroth I gastric resection for gastric and duodenal ulcerous lesions is reported. Special attention is paid to the immediate postoperative complications whose incidence was 5.5%. Particularly serious is the dehiscence of gastroduodenal anastomosis which requires emergency reconversion intervention, namely gastrojejunostomy with sinking of the duodenal stump.", "PMID": 314610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4555", "title": "Increased colony-stimulating activity in the plasma of a patient with lymphoepithelioma metastatic to the liver.", "content": "Leukocytosis with predominance of poly morphonuclear leukocytes is not unusual in a variety of primary or metastatic hepatic tumors. However, to date no apparent explanation for this event is available. This paper describes extreme leukocytosis in a 17-year-old black male with lymphoepithelioma after development of metastases to the liver. In order to identify the source of leukocytosis, studies of granulocytic colony-stimulating activity (CSA) of the patient's plasma and leukocyte-conditioned media (LCM) were carried out and compared with normal controls. The assay system consisted of nonadherent marrow cells of hematologically normal individuals and normal mice cultured in semi-solid culture media. In this system, the number of granulocytic colony-forming units (CFU-C) is proportional to the amount of stimulating activity present, and therefore allows for quantitative comparison. The number of colonies produced under the influence of patient's plasma was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than those obtained from the patient's LCM or from control plasma or LCM. This pattern is the reverse of that seen in normal individuals in whom the major sources of CSA are macrophages and monocytes. It is conceivable that malignant cells are the source of additional CSA.", "contents": "Increased colony-stimulating activity in the plasma of a patient with lymphoepithelioma metastatic to the liver. Leukocytosis with predominance of poly morphonuclear leukocytes is not unusual in a variety of primary or metastatic hepatic tumors. However, to date no apparent explanation for this event is available. This paper describes extreme leukocytosis in a 17-year-old black male with lymphoepithelioma after development of metastases to the liver. In order to identify the source of leukocytosis, studies of granulocytic colony-stimulating activity (CSA) of the patient's plasma and leukocyte-conditioned media (LCM) were carried out and compared with normal controls. The assay system consisted of nonadherent marrow cells of hematologically normal individuals and normal mice cultured in semi-solid culture media. In this system, the number of granulocytic colony-forming units (CFU-C) is proportional to the amount of stimulating activity present, and therefore allows for quantitative comparison. The number of colonies produced under the influence of patient's plasma was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than those obtained from the patient's LCM or from control plasma or LCM. This pattern is the reverse of that seen in normal individuals in whom the major sources of CSA are macrophages and monocytes. It is conceivable that malignant cells are the source of additional CSA.", "PMID": 314611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4556", "title": "[Interaction of T- and B-cells in the secondary response to ram erythrocytes in mice of different ages].", "content": "The spleen cells from old primed donors were found to produce lesser secondary response, as compared with the cells of young animals, in the system of adaptive transfer on the CBA mice. In the experiments with extermination of T-or B-cell population in the cell suspension by means of theta-or anti-b-sera it was established that the memory to the antigen used (ram ethyrocytes) was carried by both T- and B-cells but the T-cell component played the leading role in this system. The primed cells from old animals proved to be more sensitive to defects of cellular interactions.", "contents": "[Interaction of T- and B-cells in the secondary response to ram erythrocytes in mice of different ages]. The spleen cells from old primed donors were found to produce lesser secondary response, as compared with the cells of young animals, in the system of adaptive transfer on the CBA mice. In the experiments with extermination of T-or B-cell population in the cell suspension by means of theta-or anti-b-sera it was established that the memory to the antigen used (ram ethyrocytes) was carried by both T- and B-cells but the T-cell component played the leading role in this system. The primed cells from old animals proved to be more sensitive to defects of cellular interactions.", "PMID": 314612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4557", "title": "Amphotericin B methyl ester: evaluation for intravitreous use in experimental fungal endophthalmitis.", "content": "Amphotericin B methyl ester, a water-soluble derivative of amphotericin B, is an experimental antifungal agent. Intravitreous injection of 5 and 10 micrograms of amphotericin B methyl ester in the normal rabbit eye does not cause toxic changes that can be detected clinically, microscopically, or by electroretinography. A single intravitreous injection of 5 micrograms was effective in reversing the course of exogenous Candida fungal endophthalmitis when administered within five days after inoculation of the infecting organism.", "contents": "Amphotericin B methyl ester: evaluation for intravitreous use in experimental fungal endophthalmitis. Amphotericin B methyl ester, a water-soluble derivative of amphotericin B, is an experimental antifungal agent. Intravitreous injection of 5 and 10 micrograms of amphotericin B methyl ester in the normal rabbit eye does not cause toxic changes that can be detected clinically, microscopically, or by electroretinography. A single intravitreous injection of 5 micrograms was effective in reversing the course of exogenous Candida fungal endophthalmitis when administered within five days after inoculation of the infecting organism.", "PMID": 314613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4558", "title": "On the interaction of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus in man.", "content": "The interaction of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was investigated by applying periods of ipsi- and contradirectional optokinetic stimulation during perand postrotatory vestibular nystagmus in healthy humans. Slow phase velocity and cumulative eye displacement of OKN was enhanced by vestibular nystagmus beating in the same direction of decreased by contradirectional vestibular nystagmus. A distinct correlation between the intensity of vestibular stimulation and the modification of OKN could be demonstrated by averaging the responses obtained in different subjects. On the other hand there was also a modification (enhancement or decrease) of vestibular nystagmus slow phase velocity by preceding OKN. Considering the intensity of these modifications, large interindividual differences were observed.", "contents": "On the interaction of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus in man. The interaction of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was investigated by applying periods of ipsi- and contradirectional optokinetic stimulation during perand postrotatory vestibular nystagmus in healthy humans. Slow phase velocity and cumulative eye displacement of OKN was enhanced by vestibular nystagmus beating in the same direction of decreased by contradirectional vestibular nystagmus. A distinct correlation between the intensity of vestibular stimulation and the modification of OKN could be demonstrated by averaging the responses obtained in different subjects. On the other hand there was also a modification (enhancement or decrease) of vestibular nystagmus slow phase velocity by preceding OKN. Considering the intensity of these modifications, large interindividual differences were observed.", "PMID": 314614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4559", "title": "Vestibular decruitment. A study of the phenomenon in a normal population.", "content": "Vestibular decruitment is a phenomenon characterized by the presence of less intense responses following stronger vestibular stimulation, and its presence has been considered as indicative of central vestibular pathology. In this study conducted in 24 normal individuals, with normal caloric responses, decruitment was observed in 58.3% of the cases. These decruitments were of types I and II as defined by Torok. Type III decruitment was not seen in these patients. In view of the present findings the actual meaning of the phenomenon must be investigated in larger numbers of patients with peripheral or central vestibular disorders.", "contents": "Vestibular decruitment. A study of the phenomenon in a normal population. Vestibular decruitment is a phenomenon characterized by the presence of less intense responses following stronger vestibular stimulation, and its presence has been considered as indicative of central vestibular pathology. In this study conducted in 24 normal individuals, with normal caloric responses, decruitment was observed in 58.3% of the cases. These decruitments were of types I and II as defined by Torok. Type III decruitment was not seen in these patients. In view of the present findings the actual meaning of the phenomenon must be investigated in larger numbers of patients with peripheral or central vestibular disorders.", "PMID": 314615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4560", "title": "Pitfalls in detecting vestibular decruitment with air calorics.", "content": "Vestibular decruitment is a pathological finding which indicates retrolabyrinthine disease. In the overwhelming majority of cases, it is consistent with posterior fossa pathology. Weak and strong caloric stimulations must be applied with precision for detecting decruitment. Air-caloric stimulation has inherent limitation in regards to reproducing the strength of the stimulus. Thus, it is inadequate for decruitment detection. It is, therefore, advisable to use water-caloric testing to assess vestibular decruitment or recruitment as one of the most revealing diagnostic clues in our neurotologic armamentarium.", "contents": "Pitfalls in detecting vestibular decruitment with air calorics. Vestibular decruitment is a pathological finding which indicates retrolabyrinthine disease. In the overwhelming majority of cases, it is consistent with posterior fossa pathology. Weak and strong caloric stimulations must be applied with precision for detecting decruitment. Air-caloric stimulation has inherent limitation in regards to reproducing the strength of the stimulus. Thus, it is inadequate for decruitment detection. It is, therefore, advisable to use water-caloric testing to assess vestibular decruitment or recruitment as one of the most revealing diagnostic clues in our neurotologic armamentarium.", "PMID": 314616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4561", "title": "Evidence for selective proliferation and histological localisation of B lymphocytes in the human tonsil.", "content": "Tonsil lymphocytes are labeled in vitro by 14C-thymidine and, respectively, 14C-uridine. The cells are separated by E-rosetting technique, and the fractions are characterised as B and T lymphocytes. Specific radioactivity was highest in the B lymphocytes, and large Lymphocytes are enriched in this fraction. The B lymphocytes are located in the germinal centres, the perinodular tissue contains T lymphocytes. The results indicate a selective proliferation of B lymphocytes in the germinal centres.", "contents": "Evidence for selective proliferation and histological localisation of B lymphocytes in the human tonsil. Tonsil lymphocytes are labeled in vitro by 14C-thymidine and, respectively, 14C-uridine. The cells are separated by E-rosetting technique, and the fractions are characterised as B and T lymphocytes. Specific radioactivity was highest in the B lymphocytes, and large Lymphocytes are enriched in this fraction. The B lymphocytes are located in the germinal centres, the perinodular tissue contains T lymphocytes. The results indicate a selective proliferation of B lymphocytes in the germinal centres.", "PMID": 314617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4562", "title": "An ultraviolet light induced bacteriophage in Beneckea gazogenes.", "content": "An ultraviolet light induced prophage has been discovered in the red pigmented marine vibrio Beneckea gazogenes. Two spontaneously derived pigment mutants, one forming pink colonies and one lacking pigment and forming white colonies, were also irradiated. The presence of pigment was not related to phage induction; uv-induced cell lysis occurred in wildtype and mutant strains at the same dosages. Lysis was not prevented or retarded by exposure after irradiation to visible light indicating the phenomenon was not photoreactivable. Electron micrographs of the 'T-like' B. gazogenes phage are shown. A second beneckea was isolated form the anaerobic zone of cyanobacterial mats growing in the hypersaline environment of Laguna Mormona, Baja California. The Baja beneckea does not harbor a uv inducible prophage and is resistant to the B. gazogenes phage under all conditions tested.", "contents": "An ultraviolet light induced bacteriophage in Beneckea gazogenes. An ultraviolet light induced prophage has been discovered in the red pigmented marine vibrio Beneckea gazogenes. Two spontaneously derived pigment mutants, one forming pink colonies and one lacking pigment and forming white colonies, were also irradiated. The presence of pigment was not related to phage induction; uv-induced cell lysis occurred in wildtype and mutant strains at the same dosages. Lysis was not prevented or retarded by exposure after irradiation to visible light indicating the phenomenon was not photoreactivable. Electron micrographs of the 'T-like' B. gazogenes phage are shown. A second beneckea was isolated form the anaerobic zone of cyanobacterial mats growing in the hypersaline environment of Laguna Mormona, Baja California. The Baja beneckea does not harbor a uv inducible prophage and is resistant to the B. gazogenes phage under all conditions tested.", "PMID": 314618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4563", "title": "Immunologic and clinical investigation on a bovine thymic extract. Therapeutic applications in primary immunoedificiencies.", "content": "Thirteen patients with primary immunodeficiencies (eight with T-cell deficiency, one with Wiskott-Aldrich (W-A) syndrome, two with common variable agammaglobulinemia (CVA), and two with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were treated with a calf thymus extract, called thymostimulin (TS). It has been shown that this extract causes in vitro differentiation of T-cell precursors in patients with T-cell defect. Five of eight patients with pure T-cell defect showed immunologic recovery and clinical remission lasting for several months after interruption of the therapy; one had only transient reconstitution, one had slight increase in T-cells (clinical conditions not yet estimated), and two patients soon died from severe infections after showing a slight increase of T-cells. Immune recovery was assess by an increase of the absolute number of E-rosettes forming cells, of human T-lymphocyte antigen positive cells and of PHA responsiveness in the peripheral blood, and by a positive delayed hypersensitivity reaction to antigens. In five patients, there was also B-cell increase after TS treatment. Clinical remission consisted of disappearance of infections, weight gain, and in improvement in general conditions. No effect was observed in one patient with W-A syndrome, in two with CVA, and in two with SCID. Several hypotheses on the mechanisms involved in immune reconstitution are discussed. It seems likely that TS acts on prethymic cells or on the epithelial cells of hypoplastic thymuses. TS was not effective, either in vitro or in vivo, in patients with SCID probably because of a defect in stem cells.", "contents": "Immunologic and clinical investigation on a bovine thymic extract. Therapeutic applications in primary immunoedificiencies. Thirteen patients with primary immunodeficiencies (eight with T-cell deficiency, one with Wiskott-Aldrich (W-A) syndrome, two with common variable agammaglobulinemia (CVA), and two with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were treated with a calf thymus extract, called thymostimulin (TS). It has been shown that this extract causes in vitro differentiation of T-cell precursors in patients with T-cell defect. Five of eight patients with pure T-cell defect showed immunologic recovery and clinical remission lasting for several months after interruption of the therapy; one had only transient reconstitution, one had slight increase in T-cells (clinical conditions not yet estimated), and two patients soon died from severe infections after showing a slight increase of T-cells. Immune recovery was assess by an increase of the absolute number of E-rosettes forming cells, of human T-lymphocyte antigen positive cells and of PHA responsiveness in the peripheral blood, and by a positive delayed hypersensitivity reaction to antigens. In five patients, there was also B-cell increase after TS treatment. Clinical remission consisted of disappearance of infections, weight gain, and in improvement in general conditions. No effect was observed in one patient with W-A syndrome, in two with CVA, and in two with SCID. Several hypotheses on the mechanisms involved in immune reconstitution are discussed. It seems likely that TS acts on prethymic cells or on the epithelial cells of hypoplastic thymuses. TS was not effective, either in vitro or in vivo, in patients with SCID probably because of a defect in stem cells.", "PMID": 314621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4564", "title": "Report of 65 cases of Haemophilus influenzae b pneumonia.", "content": "During a 14-year period there were 65 cases of pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenzae b; 83% were children less than 2 years of age and 80% of illness occurred in winter and spring. The roentgenographic picture was consolidative pneumonia in 75% and pleural effusions were present in 75% of all cases. Ten patients had associated meningitis and three had purulent pericarditis. Otitis media was diagnosed in 43% and H influenzae b was isolated from eight middle ear aspirates. Three patients (5%) died. Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment are made.", "contents": "Report of 65 cases of Haemophilus influenzae b pneumonia. During a 14-year period there were 65 cases of pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenzae b; 83% were children less than 2 years of age and 80% of illness occurred in winter and spring. The roentgenographic picture was consolidative pneumonia in 75% and pleural effusions were present in 75% of all cases. Ten patients had associated meningitis and three had purulent pericarditis. Otitis media was diagnosed in 43% and H influenzae b was isolated from eight middle ear aspirates. Three patients (5%) died. Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment are made.", "PMID": 314622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4565", "title": "Nasopharyngeal carriage of antibiotic-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in healthy children.", "content": "We selected 16 schools representing a broad socioeconomic cross-section of metropolitan Omaha and obtained nasopharyngeal cultures for Haemophilus influenzae from 1,084 healthy 4- to 7-year-old children. We found that 34.2% of the children carried nontypable strains and 2.0% carried type b strains. Carriage rates were not influenced by recent illness, family size, or number of people sharing a bedroom. The prevalence of ampicillin-resistant H influenzae in the sample population was 0.9% for nontypable strains and 0.4% for type b strains; it was not significantly different in the group of children who had recently used beta-lactam antibiotics. One child carried a nontypable strain which was resistant to both chloramphenicol and tetracycline, the first chloramphenicol-resistant H influenzae detected in Omaha. A survey of healthy children may be a useful method for projecting a community's risk of disease caused by ampicillin-resistant H influenzae. Among the nasopharyngeal isolates from healthy children, 2.7% of nontypable strains and 18.2% of type b strains were resistant to ampicillin (P less than .01). During the same five-month period in Omaha, clinical failure in the treatment of otitis media with ampicillin was uncommon and four (20.0%) of 20 cases of H influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis were caused by ampicillin-resistant organisms.", "contents": "Nasopharyngeal carriage of antibiotic-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in healthy children. We selected 16 schools representing a broad socioeconomic cross-section of metropolitan Omaha and obtained nasopharyngeal cultures for Haemophilus influenzae from 1,084 healthy 4- to 7-year-old children. We found that 34.2% of the children carried nontypable strains and 2.0% carried type b strains. Carriage rates were not influenced by recent illness, family size, or number of people sharing a bedroom. The prevalence of ampicillin-resistant H influenzae in the sample population was 0.9% for nontypable strains and 0.4% for type b strains; it was not significantly different in the group of children who had recently used beta-lactam antibiotics. One child carried a nontypable strain which was resistant to both chloramphenicol and tetracycline, the first chloramphenicol-resistant H influenzae detected in Omaha. A survey of healthy children may be a useful method for projecting a community's risk of disease caused by ampicillin-resistant H influenzae. Among the nasopharyngeal isolates from healthy children, 2.7% of nontypable strains and 18.2% of type b strains were resistant to ampicillin (P less than .01). During the same five-month period in Omaha, clinical failure in the treatment of otitis media with ampicillin was uncommon and four (20.0%) of 20 cases of H influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis were caused by ampicillin-resistant organisms.", "PMID": 314623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4566", "title": "The interaction of ruthenium red with surface charges controlling excitation-contraction coupling in frog sartorius.", "content": "Frog sartorii were incubated in choline Ringer solution containing different amounts of the cationic dye ruthenium red, and were subsequently superfused with ruthenium red-free solution. The contraction threshold was measured during and after the incubation at different calcium and magnesium concentrations. During incubation in ruthenium red the threshold potential is slowly shifted to more positive values depending on time of incubation and the ruthenium red concentration (10--300 microns). After ca. 40 min of incubation a saturation potential is reached. The threshold shift is already maximal (-38mV threshold potential) at 30 microns of ruthenium ret regardless of the calcium concentration up to 5 mM. Omitting calcium from the incubation solution or adding 0.5 mM magnesium instead of calcium resulted in a more negative saturation potential (-48 mV). Washing the muscle in ruthenium red-free solution for 60 min after the incubation fails to reverse the threshold shift completely. The irreversible component of the threshold shift does not depend on the divalent cation concentration during incubation as long as the saturation value during incubation is more positive than -50 mV. The contraction threshold achieved after incubation with ruthenium red is dependent on the divalent cation concentration with calcium being twice as effective as magnesium. The effect of ruthenium red is greatest at small divalent cation concentrations and not significant at 50 mM. Incubating muscles with 5 units of neuraminidase shifted the concentration threshold to more positive potentials to the same extent as incubation with ruthenium red. Subsequent treatment of the neuraminidase-treated muscles with 30 microns of ruthenium red has no further effect on contraction threshold. The alternative experiment, first incubation with ruthenium red and then treatment with neuraminidase, gives the same results. The results are explained by the interaction of ruthenium red with membrane-bound sialic acid. This interaction is thought to result in a decrease in negative charges which results in a shift of the surface potential and hence of the contraction threshold to more positive potentials.", "contents": "The interaction of ruthenium red with surface charges controlling excitation-contraction coupling in frog sartorius. Frog sartorii were incubated in choline Ringer solution containing different amounts of the cationic dye ruthenium red, and were subsequently superfused with ruthenium red-free solution. The contraction threshold was measured during and after the incubation at different calcium and magnesium concentrations. During incubation in ruthenium red the threshold potential is slowly shifted to more positive values depending on time of incubation and the ruthenium red concentration (10--300 microns). After ca. 40 min of incubation a saturation potential is reached. The threshold shift is already maximal (-38mV threshold potential) at 30 microns of ruthenium ret regardless of the calcium concentration up to 5 mM. Omitting calcium from the incubation solution or adding 0.5 mM magnesium instead of calcium resulted in a more negative saturation potential (-48 mV). Washing the muscle in ruthenium red-free solution for 60 min after the incubation fails to reverse the threshold shift completely. The irreversible component of the threshold shift does not depend on the divalent cation concentration during incubation as long as the saturation value during incubation is more positive than -50 mV. The contraction threshold achieved after incubation with ruthenium red is dependent on the divalent cation concentration with calcium being twice as effective as magnesium. The effect of ruthenium red is greatest at small divalent cation concentrations and not significant at 50 mM. Incubating muscles with 5 units of neuraminidase shifted the concentration threshold to more positive potentials to the same extent as incubation with ruthenium red. Subsequent treatment of the neuraminidase-treated muscles with 30 microns of ruthenium red has no further effect on contraction threshold. The alternative experiment, first incubation with ruthenium red and then treatment with neuraminidase, gives the same results. The results are explained by the interaction of ruthenium red with membrane-bound sialic acid. This interaction is thought to result in a decrease in negative charges which results in a shift of the surface potential and hence of the contraction threshold to more positive potentials.", "PMID": 314624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4567", "title": "Development of activation and rise of tension in an isometric tetanus.", "content": "The force-velocity relation was determined at preset times after the beginning of the stimulus volley, either at low isometric tensions, during the raising phase of tetanus and the recovery after a quick release imposed at the plateau, or at the steady state. It is concluded that the characteristics of the force-velocity relation may be used to express the actual level of activation at any time during the contractile process and that the mechanical output of frog twitch muscle fibres implies two distinct steps: (i) activation of the contractile machinery; (ii) production of force.", "contents": "Development of activation and rise of tension in an isometric tetanus. The force-velocity relation was determined at preset times after the beginning of the stimulus volley, either at low isometric tensions, during the raising phase of tetanus and the recovery after a quick release imposed at the plateau, or at the steady state. It is concluded that the characteristics of the force-velocity relation may be used to express the actual level of activation at any time during the contractile process and that the mechanical output of frog twitch muscle fibres implies two distinct steps: (i) activation of the contractile machinery; (ii) production of force.", "PMID": 314625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4568", "title": "[Acute leukaemias after treatment using cytotoxic agents for rheumatological purpose. 19 cases among 2006 patients(author's transl)].", "content": "The authors undertook a retrospective study to determine the number of acute leukaemias developing amongst 2006 patients suffering from chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions and connective tissue disorders, treated with cytotoxic agents. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 13 years. Nineteen leukaemias were found, essentially granulocytic, with a latent period of 5.7 +/- 2, 8 years after the beginning of treatment. This incidence of almost 1% of leukaemias is probably less than the actual percentage since a number of patients were lost on follow up and since the period of observation is as yet too short. The majority of patients has been treated for more than one year. No cases were seen amongst patients treated for less than six months, or with less than 1g of chlorambucil or 50 g of cyclophosphamide. The risk would seem to be the same for both alkylating agents. No patients treated with azathioprine developed leukaemia, but few patients received this drug. Amongst 35 patients treated for severe psoriatic arthropathy with chlorambucil, 4 developed leukaemia. This particularly high percentage is such that all trials of alkylating agent in this condition should be stopped. The prevalence of leukaemia seen in the series as a whole is comparable to that found in mass studies carried out in various malignant diseases treated by cytotoxics. Awareness of this risk should, lead to even stricter limitations before the use of cytotoxic drugs in rheumatological conditions.", "contents": "[Acute leukaemias after treatment using cytotoxic agents for rheumatological purpose. 19 cases among 2006 patients(author's transl)]. The authors undertook a retrospective study to determine the number of acute leukaemias developing amongst 2006 patients suffering from chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions and connective tissue disorders, treated with cytotoxic agents. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 13 years. Nineteen leukaemias were found, essentially granulocytic, with a latent period of 5.7 +/- 2, 8 years after the beginning of treatment. This incidence of almost 1% of leukaemias is probably less than the actual percentage since a number of patients were lost on follow up and since the period of observation is as yet too short. The majority of patients has been treated for more than one year. No cases were seen amongst patients treated for less than six months, or with less than 1g of chlorambucil or 50 g of cyclophosphamide. The risk would seem to be the same for both alkylating agents. No patients treated with azathioprine developed leukaemia, but few patients received this drug. Amongst 35 patients treated for severe psoriatic arthropathy with chlorambucil, 4 developed leukaemia. This particularly high percentage is such that all trials of alkylating agent in this condition should be stopped. The prevalence of leukaemia seen in the series as a whole is comparable to that found in mass studies carried out in various malignant diseases treated by cytotoxics. Awareness of this risk should, lead to even stricter limitations before the use of cytotoxic drugs in rheumatological conditions.", "PMID": 314626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4569", "title": "Specific modulation of brain stimulation reward by haloperidol.", "content": "Low doses of haloperidol (3--18 micrograms/kg) caused dose related increases in reinforcing thresholds for self-stimulation to the medial forebrain bundle in rats. These effects, which were demonstrated completely independent of performance variables, indicate a direct modulation of central reinforcement processes by this drug, at doses which have highly selective action on dopaminergic neurotransmission.", "contents": "Specific modulation of brain stimulation reward by haloperidol. Low doses of haloperidol (3--18 micrograms/kg) caused dose related increases in reinforcing thresholds for self-stimulation to the medial forebrain bundle in rats. These effects, which were demonstrated completely independent of performance variables, indicate a direct modulation of central reinforcement processes by this drug, at doses which have highly selective action on dopaminergic neurotransmission.", "PMID": 314636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4570", "title": "Central antiserotonin action of amitriptyline.", "content": "Amitriptyline (AMI) was studied in rats snd mice in order to find out whether it had a central antiserotonin activity, previously demonstrated for doxepin - a compound chemically related to AMI. It was observed that AMI at low doses antagonized the head twitch response to L-5-hydroxytryptophan or 5-methoxytryptamine, as well as tryptamine-induced convulsions. In the hind limb flexor reflex preparation of the spinal rat AMI acted as a serotonin antagonist: when administered alone, it did not change the flexor reflex but prevented its stimulation induced by serotoninmimetics (LSD, quipazine, fenfluramine) not affecting that one evoked by noradrenalinemimetics (clinidine). At higher doses, AMI revealed a noradrenolytic activity. The results indicate that AMI, similarly as doxepin, has a central antiserotonin activity.", "contents": "Central antiserotonin action of amitriptyline. Amitriptyline (AMI) was studied in rats snd mice in order to find out whether it had a central antiserotonin activity, previously demonstrated for doxepin - a compound chemically related to AMI. It was observed that AMI at low doses antagonized the head twitch response to L-5-hydroxytryptophan or 5-methoxytryptamine, as well as tryptamine-induced convulsions. In the hind limb flexor reflex preparation of the spinal rat AMI acted as a serotonin antagonist: when administered alone, it did not change the flexor reflex but prevented its stimulation induced by serotoninmimetics (LSD, quipazine, fenfluramine) not affecting that one evoked by noradrenalinemimetics (clinidine). At higher doses, AMI revealed a noradrenolytic activity. The results indicate that AMI, similarly as doxepin, has a central antiserotonin activity.", "PMID": 314638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4571", "title": "The prevalence of psychiatric illness among patients on home haemodialysis.", "content": "An entire population of 32 patients on regular dialysis treatment (RDT) in their own homes were ranked according to their present mental state as assessed by a standardized semi-structured interview. The point-prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was 31% which compares closely with that of patients attending a general practitioner's surgery who were assessed by the same method. The 10 patients who were psychiatrically ill had more organic symptoms and their spouses were less able to tolerate RDT in the home.", "contents": "The prevalence of psychiatric illness among patients on home haemodialysis. An entire population of 32 patients on regular dialysis treatment (RDT) in their own homes were ranked according to their present mental state as assessed by a standardized semi-structured interview. The point-prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was 31% which compares closely with that of patients attending a general practitioner's surgery who were assessed by the same method. The 10 patients who were psychiatrically ill had more organic symptoms and their spouses were less able to tolerate RDT in the home.", "PMID": 314640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4572", "title": "[Strain-specific antigens detected on murine tumour cells by means of rabbit heteroantisera (author's transl)].", "content": "The rabbit heteroantisera anti-Meth A sarcoma (H-2d) (RAMA) and rabbit anti-RBL-5 leukemia (H-2b) (RAR-5) have been used to study the presence of normal strain antigens on the surface of different murine tumour cells. RAR-5 detected H-2-like structures on TLX9 (H-bb) lymphoma, however RAMA did not on LSTRA leukemia (H-2d) mastocytoma. Neither RAR-5 nor RAMA contained antibodies against non-H-2 and differentiation antigens.", "contents": "[Strain-specific antigens detected on murine tumour cells by means of rabbit heteroantisera (author's transl)]. The rabbit heteroantisera anti-Meth A sarcoma (H-2d) (RAMA) and rabbit anti-RBL-5 leukemia (H-2b) (RAR-5) have been used to study the presence of normal strain antigens on the surface of different murine tumour cells. RAR-5 detected H-2-like structures on TLX9 (H-bb) lymphoma, however RAMA did not on LSTRA leukemia (H-2d) mastocytoma. Neither RAR-5 nor RAMA contained antibodies against non-H-2 and differentiation antigens.", "PMID": 314651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4573", "title": "The absence of benefit of proteinase inhibition with aprotinin in severe shock in dogs.", "content": "A standard canine shock model has been used to assess the role of proteinase inhibition in the treatment of severe shock. Conventional therapy, i.e adequate volume replacement, was ensured in all experiments, while in the treated groups aprotinin (Trasylol) was administered at different stages of the haemorrhage. Despite other reports to the contrary, no benefit was demonstrated in the period of established refractory shock even when proteinase inhibition was commenced at an early stage of haemorrhage. It is concluded that proteinase inhibition cannot be recommended for shock resuscitation.", "contents": "The absence of benefit of proteinase inhibition with aprotinin in severe shock in dogs. A standard canine shock model has been used to assess the role of proteinase inhibition in the treatment of severe shock. Conventional therapy, i.e adequate volume replacement, was ensured in all experiments, while in the treated groups aprotinin (Trasylol) was administered at different stages of the haemorrhage. Despite other reports to the contrary, no benefit was demonstrated in the period of established refractory shock even when proteinase inhibition was commenced at an early stage of haemorrhage. It is concluded that proteinase inhibition cannot be recommended for shock resuscitation.", "PMID": 314652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4574", "title": "[Positive ventriculography and computer assisted tomography of the skull in the evaluation of megalocephaly in newborns and infants (author's transl)].", "content": "To clarify indications and limits of computer assisted tomography and positive ventriculography the results of both methods were compared with each other retrospectively in 55 macrocephalic newborns and infants. It could be shown that positive ventriculography, even if combined with coronal views, was superseded by computer assisted tomography to only a certain extent. To complete the appropriate diagnosis preoperatively positive ventriculography was necessary most often in patients with paranatal disturbances who had undergone intensive care treatment. The non-invasive method of computer assisted tomography often yielded sufficient information on localisation, size, and nature of the underlying pathologic process. Both methods turned out to be complementary when topographical and functional interrelations of cranial cysts had to be demonstrated, especially structures of the midline and of the posterior fossa, which could not be visualized by computer assisted tomography alone.", "contents": "[Positive ventriculography and computer assisted tomography of the skull in the evaluation of megalocephaly in newborns and infants (author's transl)]. To clarify indications and limits of computer assisted tomography and positive ventriculography the results of both methods were compared with each other retrospectively in 55 macrocephalic newborns and infants. It could be shown that positive ventriculography, even if combined with coronal views, was superseded by computer assisted tomography to only a certain extent. To complete the appropriate diagnosis preoperatively positive ventriculography was necessary most often in patients with paranatal disturbances who had undergone intensive care treatment. The non-invasive method of computer assisted tomography often yielded sufficient information on localisation, size, and nature of the underlying pathologic process. Both methods turned out to be complementary when topographical and functional interrelations of cranial cysts had to be demonstrated, especially structures of the midline and of the posterior fossa, which could not be visualized by computer assisted tomography alone.", "PMID": 314653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4575", "title": "Acute gastrointestinal bleeding detected with abdominal scintigraphy using technetium-99m-labeled albumin.", "content": "In 24 patients admitted with gastrointestinal bleeding 36 scintigraphic studies of the abdomen were performed after intravenous injection of technetium-99m-labeled albumin. In 12 patients bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, biliary tract, or colon was visualized. In the other 12 patients, in whom the bleeding seemed to have subsided, the investigation showed no scintigraphic signs of hemorrhage. Scintigraphy was also negative in five controls who had no bleeding. The method is non-invasive and easy to perform. Our study suggests that it is reliable, but a controlled trial is necessary to evaluate the diagnostic value of the method.", "contents": "Acute gastrointestinal bleeding detected with abdominal scintigraphy using technetium-99m-labeled albumin. In 24 patients admitted with gastrointestinal bleeding 36 scintigraphic studies of the abdomen were performed after intravenous injection of technetium-99m-labeled albumin. In 12 patients bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, biliary tract, or colon was visualized. In the other 12 patients, in whom the bleeding seemed to have subsided, the investigation showed no scintigraphic signs of hemorrhage. Scintigraphy was also negative in five controls who had no bleeding. The method is non-invasive and easy to perform. Our study suggests that it is reliable, but a controlled trial is necessary to evaluate the diagnostic value of the method.", "PMID": 314656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4576", "title": "Subtypes of schizophrenia: descriptive models.", "content": "Descriptive approaches to subtyping schizophrenia use symptoms, signs, and functioning characteristics as diagnostic criteria. Such approaches often appear superficially to be obvious, simple, and atheoretical; in reality, however, there are many ways in which descriptive data can be selected and organized to subtype patients. This report describes these various approaches. Selection of diagnostic criteria can focus primarily either on cross-sectional or longitudinal characteristics of patients. Alternative ways of organizing descriptive data include typological and dimensional approaches and two increasingly common complex models, multiaxial and hierarchical subtyping. Examples and implications of these alternative approaches are described, and methods for choosing among them are suggested.", "contents": "Subtypes of schizophrenia: descriptive models. Descriptive approaches to subtyping schizophrenia use symptoms, signs, and functioning characteristics as diagnostic criteria. Such approaches often appear superficially to be obvious, simple, and atheoretical; in reality, however, there are many ways in which descriptive data can be selected and organized to subtype patients. This report describes these various approaches. Selection of diagnostic criteria can focus primarily either on cross-sectional or longitudinal characteristics of patients. Alternative ways of organizing descriptive data include typological and dimensional approaches and two increasingly common complex models, multiaxial and hierarchical subtyping. Examples and implications of these alternative approaches are described, and methods for choosing among them are suggested.", "PMID": 314658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4577", "title": "Mortality among bricklayers and carpenters/cabinet makers.", "content": "Mortality among members of two medium-sized trade unions, the union of carpenters/cabinet makers and the union of bricklayers, has been studied during the period 1.1.71-31.12.75, primarily to investigate if the greater exposure to dust and organic solvents of the carpenters/cabinet makers caused any increase in the mortality from lung diseases. The study did not reveal any significant differences in mortality regarding any category of diagnoses except suicide, when the analysis was based on the main diagnosis recorded on the death certificate. However, when including underlying causes of death too, statistically significant increased death rates from larynx cancer, asthma, bronchitis and emphysema were found among the bricklayers, as compared with the carpenters/cabinet makers. No explanation can be given for these observations. They may be a result of an unequal distribution of confounding variables in the two groups, or they may reflect various grades and forms of \"Healthy Worker\" selection. This study is a cross-section study and such studies and longitudinal studies over a period of a few years of occupational mortality are very sensitive to the selection of the occupational groupings. The analysis is based on deaths among life-insured members under the age of 67 years, in the two trade unions. Copies of the death certificates were obtained from the National Health Service and then coded by us along the lines indicated by the NHS.", "contents": "Mortality among bricklayers and carpenters/cabinet makers. Mortality among members of two medium-sized trade unions, the union of carpenters/cabinet makers and the union of bricklayers, has been studied during the period 1.1.71-31.12.75, primarily to investigate if the greater exposure to dust and organic solvents of the carpenters/cabinet makers caused any increase in the mortality from lung diseases. The study did not reveal any significant differences in mortality regarding any category of diagnoses except suicide, when the analysis was based on the main diagnosis recorded on the death certificate. However, when including underlying causes of death too, statistically significant increased death rates from larynx cancer, asthma, bronchitis and emphysema were found among the bricklayers, as compared with the carpenters/cabinet makers. No explanation can be given for these observations. They may be a result of an unequal distribution of confounding variables in the two groups, or they may reflect various grades and forms of \"Healthy Worker\" selection. This study is a cross-section study and such studies and longitudinal studies over a period of a few years of occupational mortality are very sensitive to the selection of the occupational groupings. The analysis is based on deaths among life-insured members under the age of 67 years, in the two trade unions. Copies of the death certificates were obtained from the National Health Service and then coded by us along the lines indicated by the NHS.", "PMID": 314659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4578", "title": "[Lymph node lesions simulating a malignant lymphoma].", "content": "Examples are reported of lymph node lesions simulating histologically and/or clinically malignant lymphomas. Two main categories of alterations have been distinguished: A. hyperplastic lymph node alterations associated with systemic disease and/or viral or drug-induced lymphadenitis; B. anatomo-clinical entities such as giant lymph node hyperplasia, massive lymphadenopathy with sinus histiocytosis, and angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. It is suggested that in some situations such as angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy the borderline between reactive and enoplastic alterations is not clear cut. To evaluate such changes, close collaboration between the clinician, the hematologist and the patholigist is necessary.", "contents": "[Lymph node lesions simulating a malignant lymphoma]. Examples are reported of lymph node lesions simulating histologically and/or clinically malignant lymphomas. Two main categories of alterations have been distinguished: A. hyperplastic lymph node alterations associated with systemic disease and/or viral or drug-induced lymphadenitis; B. anatomo-clinical entities such as giant lymph node hyperplasia, massive lymphadenopathy with sinus histiocytosis, and angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. It is suggested that in some situations such as angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy the borderline between reactive and enoplastic alterations is not clear cut. To evaluate such changes, close collaboration between the clinician, the hematologist and the patholigist is necessary.", "PMID": 314660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4579", "title": "[The effect of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) on blood coagulation in patients with hemophilia A and in healthy men].", "content": "DDAVP, a synthetic vasopressin analogue, causes a sustained increase of factor VIII in blood. The drug (0.4 micrograms/kg) was repeatedly infused into 13 hemophilics and 5 healthy men in order to study the kinetics of the elicited antihemophilic factor (AHF). The AHF increase and disappearance were found to be strictly related to the severity of the coagulation defect. Thus, data were obtained which will form a basis for rational therapeutic use of DDAVP in hemophilia. The DDAVP effect was completely independent of the presence of AHF in the circulation and was not associated with activation of clotting or platelets.", "contents": "[The effect of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) on blood coagulation in patients with hemophilia A and in healthy men]. DDAVP, a synthetic vasopressin analogue, causes a sustained increase of factor VIII in blood. The drug (0.4 micrograms/kg) was repeatedly infused into 13 hemophilics and 5 healthy men in order to study the kinetics of the elicited antihemophilic factor (AHF). The AHF increase and disappearance were found to be strictly related to the severity of the coagulation defect. Thus, data were obtained which will form a basis for rational therapeutic use of DDAVP in hemophilia. The DDAVP effect was completely independent of the presence of AHF in the circulation and was not associated with activation of clotting or platelets.", "PMID": 314661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4580", "title": "[Is there a correlation between sugar content, thrombocyte aggregating activity and molecular size of factor VIII?].", "content": "Human and bovine factor VIII, isolated from cryoprecipitates of fresh plasma by gel filtration on Sepharose CL-2B, gave similar elution patterns and showed comparable distribution of oligomers on SDS agarose electrophoretic gels. The carbohydrate content of individual factor VIII bands, measured by reaction with dansyl hydrazine or binding of glucose/mannose specific concanavalin A, was not directly related to the size or von Willebrand activity of factor VIII oligomers. Staining of disulfide-reduced factor VIII subunits, in polyacrylamide gels, with galactose-specific fluorescein-labelled Ricinus communis lectins, showed an increased binding affinity with increasing size and von Willebrand activity of the parent factor VIII. The von Willebrand activity was strongly inhibited by reaction with Ricinus RCAI lectin, whereas concanavalin A inhibited platelet aggregation only at concentrations above 1 mg/ml. These results suggest that galactose residues are involved in the aggregation of platelets by factor VIII.", "contents": "[Is there a correlation between sugar content, thrombocyte aggregating activity and molecular size of factor VIII?]. Human and bovine factor VIII, isolated from cryoprecipitates of fresh plasma by gel filtration on Sepharose CL-2B, gave similar elution patterns and showed comparable distribution of oligomers on SDS agarose electrophoretic gels. The carbohydrate content of individual factor VIII bands, measured by reaction with dansyl hydrazine or binding of glucose/mannose specific concanavalin A, was not directly related to the size or von Willebrand activity of factor VIII oligomers. Staining of disulfide-reduced factor VIII subunits, in polyacrylamide gels, with galactose-specific fluorescein-labelled Ricinus communis lectins, showed an increased binding affinity with increasing size and von Willebrand activity of the parent factor VIII. The von Willebrand activity was strongly inhibited by reaction with Ricinus RCAI lectin, whereas concanavalin A inhibited platelet aggregation only at concentrations above 1 mg/ml. These results suggest that galactose residues are involved in the aggregation of platelets by factor VIII.", "PMID": 314662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4581", "title": "[Granulocyte dysfunction in transcobalamin II deficiency].", "content": "Granulocytes from a boy with congenital transcobalamin II (TC II) deficiency were found to have abnormally low antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Transfusion of normal plasma supplemented with hydroxocobalamin temporarily restored granulocyte bactericidal activity to normal. Granulocyte function was also temporarily restored by oral leucovorin. The defect appears to be causally related to the patient's TC II deficiency and indirectly to an intracellular deficiency of cobalamin and folate coenzymes [1].", "contents": "[Granulocyte dysfunction in transcobalamin II deficiency]. Granulocytes from a boy with congenital transcobalamin II (TC II) deficiency were found to have abnormally low antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Transfusion of normal plasma supplemented with hydroxocobalamin temporarily restored granulocyte bactericidal activity to normal. Granulocyte function was also temporarily restored by oral leucovorin. The defect appears to be causally related to the patient's TC II deficiency and indirectly to an intracellular deficiency of cobalamin and folate coenzymes [1].", "PMID": 314663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4582", "title": "[The prognostic value of immunologic markers in juvenile acute lymphatic leukemias and non-Hodgkin lymphomas].", "content": "Prognostic factors such as T-cell markers, peripheral WBC and age at diagnosis in ALL, or B-cell markers and site of primary tumor in NHL, are used today for important therapeutic decisions. Immunologic markers are said to be the most important. A survey of 7 ALL patients diagnosed in the period 1977 to 1978 shows that 4 are in continuous remission, including 3 for more than 3 years to date (2 despite a high initial WBC). These 3 had received only standard ALL treatment. Of 7 NHL cases diagnosed in 1977/1978, 4 had abdominal primaries (3 of the B-cell type). Of 2 children with mediastinal tumors, one (with a T-cell tumor) has been disease-free for 16 months, as also the patient with a cervical reticulum cell sarcoma. These 3 patients are under intensive high dose chemotherapy. These few cases show that prognostic factors are only of relative importance and need not involve a pessimistic attitude towards treatment.", "contents": "[The prognostic value of immunologic markers in juvenile acute lymphatic leukemias and non-Hodgkin lymphomas]. Prognostic factors such as T-cell markers, peripheral WBC and age at diagnosis in ALL, or B-cell markers and site of primary tumor in NHL, are used today for important therapeutic decisions. Immunologic markers are said to be the most important. A survey of 7 ALL patients diagnosed in the period 1977 to 1978 shows that 4 are in continuous remission, including 3 for more than 3 years to date (2 despite a high initial WBC). These 3 had received only standard ALL treatment. Of 7 NHL cases diagnosed in 1977/1978, 4 had abdominal primaries (3 of the B-cell type). Of 2 children with mediastinal tumors, one (with a T-cell tumor) has been disease-free for 16 months, as also the patient with a cervical reticulum cell sarcoma. These 3 patients are under intensive high dose chemotherapy. These few cases show that prognostic factors are only of relative importance and need not involve a pessimistic attitude towards treatment.", "PMID": 314664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4583", "title": "[Acquired von Willebrand's syndrome associated with malignant lymphoma].", "content": "The sudden development of multiple bleeding episodes in a 63-year-old patient with malignant lymphoma was shown to be due to the presence of an acquired von Willebrand syndrome, characterized by a prolonged bleeding time and low levels of the factors VIII: C, VIIR:Ag and VIII:Rcof. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated diminution of the factor VIII portion with least anodic mobility. Mixing experiments of the patient's and normal plasma revealed a weak (T/2: 4.5 hours) inhibitory activity against the factors VIII:C, VIIIR:Ag and VIII:Rcof. After infusion of 800 units of cryoprecipitate there was rapid destruction (T/2: less than 1 hour) of infused factors VIII: C and VIIIR:Ag and no correction of the bleeding time. Chemotherapy resulted in disappearance of the lymphoma and the hemostatic defect, and its discontinuation in their reappearance. The weak inhibitory activity of the patient's plasma does not fully account for the factor VIII levels observed and other pathophysiological mechanisms, such as adsorption of factor VIII to the malignant lymphocytes, must be considered.", "contents": "[Acquired von Willebrand's syndrome associated with malignant lymphoma]. The sudden development of multiple bleeding episodes in a 63-year-old patient with malignant lymphoma was shown to be due to the presence of an acquired von Willebrand syndrome, characterized by a prolonged bleeding time and low levels of the factors VIII: C, VIIR:Ag and VIII:Rcof. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated diminution of the factor VIII portion with least anodic mobility. Mixing experiments of the patient's and normal plasma revealed a weak (T/2: 4.5 hours) inhibitory activity against the factors VIII:C, VIIIR:Ag and VIII:Rcof. After infusion of 800 units of cryoprecipitate there was rapid destruction (T/2: less than 1 hour) of infused factors VIII: C and VIIIR:Ag and no correction of the bleeding time. Chemotherapy resulted in disappearance of the lymphoma and the hemostatic defect, and its discontinuation in their reappearance. The weak inhibitory activity of the patient's plasma does not fully account for the factor VIII levels observed and other pathophysiological mechanisms, such as adsorption of factor VIII to the malignant lymphocytes, must be considered.", "PMID": 314665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4584", "title": "[Selective aplasia of neutrophils: auto-immune origin].", "content": "Autoimmunity is a recognized factor in pure red cell aplasia and in some cases of aplastic anemia, but not in agranulocytosis. The case reported here demonstrated that pure neutrophilic aplasia of autoimmune origin may exist in man. A 75-year-old male is described who presented with complete agranulocytosis and absence of neutrophilic precursors in the bone marrow without thrombocytopenia or anemia. After 6 weeks, remission was induced by immunosuppressive treatment and 22 months later the patient is doing well without therapy. The absence of known cases of agranulocytosis, a good response to immunosuppressive therapy, and the demonstrated fact that the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells inhibit the growth of granulocytic colonies of normal human marrow in vitro allow the conclusion that this patient had pure neutropenic aplasia, probably due to autoimmune phenomena.", "contents": "[Selective aplasia of neutrophils: auto-immune origin]. Autoimmunity is a recognized factor in pure red cell aplasia and in some cases of aplastic anemia, but not in agranulocytosis. The case reported here demonstrated that pure neutrophilic aplasia of autoimmune origin may exist in man. A 75-year-old male is described who presented with complete agranulocytosis and absence of neutrophilic precursors in the bone marrow without thrombocytopenia or anemia. After 6 weeks, remission was induced by immunosuppressive treatment and 22 months later the patient is doing well without therapy. The absence of known cases of agranulocytosis, a good response to immunosuppressive therapy, and the demonstrated fact that the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells inhibit the growth of granulocytic colonies of normal human marrow in vitro allow the conclusion that this patient had pure neutropenic aplasia, probably due to autoimmune phenomena.", "PMID": 314666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4585", "title": "Heavy metals affect rod, but not cone, photoreceptors.", "content": "Low concentrations of lead, mercury, or cadmium depress the amplitude of the rod receptor potential in the perfused bullfrog retina. Responses from the cones were not affected. The data implicate the rods as a lesion site in animals exhibiting scotopic vision deficits as a result of heavy metal poisoning.", "contents": "Heavy metals affect rod, but not cone, photoreceptors. Low concentrations of lead, mercury, or cadmium depress the amplitude of the rod receptor potential in the perfused bullfrog retina. Responses from the cones were not affected. The data implicate the rods as a lesion site in animals exhibiting scotopic vision deficits as a result of heavy metal poisoning.", "PMID": 314667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4586", "title": "Monoclonal antibodies defining distinctive human T cell surface antigens.", "content": "Three novel nonoclonal antibodies (designed OKT1, OKT3, and OKT4) were generated against surface determinants of human peripheral T cells. Both OKT1 and OKT3 reacted with all human peripheral T cells and 5 to 10 percent of thymocytes but differed in their reactivities with T cel- lines. By contrast, OKT4 reacted with 55 percent of human peripheral T cells and 80 percent of thymocyted in that they did not react with normal B cells, null cells, monocytes, or granulocytes.", "contents": "Monoclonal antibodies defining distinctive human T cell surface antigens. Three novel nonoclonal antibodies (designed OKT1, OKT3, and OKT4) were generated against surface determinants of human peripheral T cells. Both OKT1 and OKT3 reacted with all human peripheral T cells and 5 to 10 percent of thymocytes but differed in their reactivities with T cel- lines. By contrast, OKT4 reacted with 55 percent of human peripheral T cells and 80 percent of thymocyted in that they did not react with normal B cells, null cells, monocytes, or granulocytes.", "PMID": 314668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4587", "title": "Efferent system in the retina of the frog, Rana catesbiana.", "content": "Single units were recorded through glass microelectrodes placed on the optic disk or on the retina of the opened eye of the frog (Rana catesbiana). Units were classified as A-, B-, and C-fibers according to conduction velocities. By the method of collision between naturally elicited and electrically elicited impulses, many of the B-fibers and some A- and C-fibers, which showed unusual behavior to photic stimulation, were found to be efferent fibers. Retinal effects of the efferent nerves were studied by repetitive stimulation and cooling of the optic nerve. The effects were found to be both inhibitory and excitatory.", "contents": "Efferent system in the retina of the frog, Rana catesbiana. Single units were recorded through glass microelectrodes placed on the optic disk or on the retina of the opened eye of the frog (Rana catesbiana). Units were classified as A-, B-, and C-fibers according to conduction velocities. By the method of collision between naturally elicited and electrically elicited impulses, many of the B-fibers and some A- and C-fibers, which showed unusual behavior to photic stimulation, were found to be efferent fibers. Retinal effects of the efferent nerves were studied by repetitive stimulation and cooling of the optic nerve. The effects were found to be both inhibitory and excitatory.", "PMID": 314669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4588", "title": "Mallory-Weiss syndrome: retrospective review of eight years' experience.", "content": "Retrospective review of eight years' experience with the Mallory-Weiss syndrome emphatically supports the need for accurate, early localization of the site of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Pertinent aspects of the history and physical and laboratory evaluation of this group of patients were analyzed to determine the relative merits of each in diagnosis and treatment. Angiography was helpful as a diagnostic aid in a small group of patients. Endoscopy, the cornerstone of diagnosis, is essential in the choice of the management program. Data from this study support the following conclusions: (1) patients not bleeding at the time of endoscopy rarely require surgical intervention; and (2) patients bleeding at the time of endoscopy vary as to their need for operative treatment and deserve a trial of preliminary medical therapy.", "contents": "Mallory-Weiss syndrome: retrospective review of eight years' experience. Retrospective review of eight years' experience with the Mallory-Weiss syndrome emphatically supports the need for accurate, early localization of the site of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Pertinent aspects of the history and physical and laboratory evaluation of this group of patients were analyzed to determine the relative merits of each in diagnosis and treatment. Angiography was helpful as a diagnostic aid in a small group of patients. Endoscopy, the cornerstone of diagnosis, is essential in the choice of the management program. Data from this study support the following conclusions: (1) patients not bleeding at the time of endoscopy rarely require surgical intervention; and (2) patients bleeding at the time of endoscopy vary as to their need for operative treatment and deserve a trial of preliminary medical therapy.", "PMID": 314670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4589", "title": "A study on the diagnostic methods for Trichomonas vaginalis infection.", "content": "A comparison of the sensitivity of the wet smear, Papanicolaou's stained smear, and culture in Cystein-Peptone-Liver-Maltose (CPLM) medium for the diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection was undertaken in 1, 197 female subjects, both with and without gynaecological disorders. The wet smear method gave 15.5% positives, culture method, 16.5% positives and Papanicolaou's stained smear 6.7% positives. All positive cases by Papanicolaou's method or wet smear method were positive by the culture method. These findings indicate that the wet smear and culture in CPLM medium were better than the Papanicolaou's method.", "contents": "A study on the diagnostic methods for Trichomonas vaginalis infection. A comparison of the sensitivity of the wet smear, Papanicolaou's stained smear, and culture in Cystein-Peptone-Liver-Maltose (CPLM) medium for the diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection was undertaken in 1, 197 female subjects, both with and without gynaecological disorders. The wet smear method gave 15.5% positives, culture method, 16.5% positives and Papanicolaou's stained smear 6.7% positives. All positive cases by Papanicolaou's method or wet smear method were positive by the culture method. These findings indicate that the wet smear and culture in CPLM medium were better than the Papanicolaou's method.", "PMID": 314672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4590", "title": "[A practical clinical record system for the general practitioner].", "content": "Owing to the multidisciplinary character of general practice, there is a great need for an effective and practical clinical record system for the family physician. The recording of clinical data of home visits and other visits places an extra burden on his record system. A practical system which tries to solve these and other problems is presented. A simplified form of Weed's Problem Orientated Medical Records (POMR) is incorporated in this system. The different components as well as the practical functioning of the system are described.", "contents": "[A practical clinical record system for the general practitioner]. Owing to the multidisciplinary character of general practice, there is a great need for an effective and practical clinical record system for the family physician. The recording of clinical data of home visits and other visits places an extra burden on his record system. A practical system which tries to solve these and other problems is presented. A simplified form of Weed's Problem Orientated Medical Records (POMR) is incorporated in this system. The different components as well as the practical functioning of the system are described.", "PMID": 314675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4591", "title": "Diagnosis and control of diverticular bleeding by arteriography and vasopressin infusion. A report of 2 cases.", "content": "Large-bowel bleeding usually arises from either angiodysplasia or colonic diverticula. Diverticular bleeding is more common in the right or the transverse colon, even though diverticula are more common on the left. Arteriography in these patients may identify the bleeding site, and in some cases vasopressin infusion controls the bleeding. Embolization of the large bowel is not recommended because of the danger of necrosis.", "contents": "Diagnosis and control of diverticular bleeding by arteriography and vasopressin infusion. A report of 2 cases. Large-bowel bleeding usually arises from either angiodysplasia or colonic diverticula. Diverticular bleeding is more common in the right or the transverse colon, even though diverticula are more common on the left. Arteriography in these patients may identify the bleeding site, and in some cases vasopressin infusion controls the bleeding. Embolization of the large bowel is not recommended because of the danger of necrosis.", "PMID": 314676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4592", "title": "Postoperative anorectal bleeding.", "content": "Forty-three postoperative anorectal bleeding episodes were encountered in the treatment of 4,059 anorectal operations, an incidence of 1.06 per cent. One-third of the postoperative bleeding occurred within the first 48 hours and reflects technical errors; nearly half of the bleeding occurred from the seventh to the 11th postoperative days; the cause of this delayed bleeding remains obscure.", "contents": "Postoperative anorectal bleeding. Forty-three postoperative anorectal bleeding episodes were encountered in the treatment of 4,059 anorectal operations, an incidence of 1.06 per cent. One-third of the postoperative bleeding occurred within the first 48 hours and reflects technical errors; nearly half of the bleeding occurred from the seventh to the 11th postoperative days; the cause of this delayed bleeding remains obscure.", "PMID": 314680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4593", "title": "Ten years' experience with mesocaval grafts.", "content": "A ten years' experience with this particular shunt has demonstrated that the patency rate, incidence of encephalopathy and of rebleeding and perioperative mortality have remained quite favorable when compared with other shunting procedures. Based upon a ten years' experience, we have no reservations in recommending it as the procedure of choice for patients with alcoholic or posthepatitic cirrhosis who are classified as A, B or C, according to Child's criteria.", "contents": "Ten years' experience with mesocaval grafts. A ten years' experience with this particular shunt has demonstrated that the patency rate, incidence of encephalopathy and of rebleeding and perioperative mortality have remained quite favorable when compared with other shunting procedures. Based upon a ten years' experience, we have no reservations in recommending it as the procedure of choice for patients with alcoholic or posthepatitic cirrhosis who are classified as A, B or C, according to Child's criteria.", "PMID": 314681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4594", "title": "What is the probability that coronary artery surgery prolongs life?", "content": "Two-hundred and nine male patients who had coronary artery surgery from 1972 to 1974 at the Marshfield Clinic (MC) were compared with Veterans Administration (VA) coronary patients to determine the probability of coronary surgery prolonging life. The survival data includes operative and late cardiac and noncardiac deaths. Including the MC operative mortality rates but considering late noncardiac deaths withdrawn as alive at the time of death, the MC cumulative 5-year surgical survival rate is 93%. This is identical to predicted 93% 5-year survival rate for any man of 54.5 years, the average age of MC patients living in this geographic locale in 1973. Annual attrition rates, including the noncardiac deaths, are 1.4% for any man 1.5% per year for MC patients, based on MC 5-year survival data. It is probable that coronary surgery prolongs life by sharply reducing late cardiac deaths.", "contents": "What is the probability that coronary artery surgery prolongs life? Two-hundred and nine male patients who had coronary artery surgery from 1972 to 1974 at the Marshfield Clinic (MC) were compared with Veterans Administration (VA) coronary patients to determine the probability of coronary surgery prolonging life. The survival data includes operative and late cardiac and noncardiac deaths. Including the MC operative mortality rates but considering late noncardiac deaths withdrawn as alive at the time of death, the MC cumulative 5-year surgical survival rate is 93%. This is identical to predicted 93% 5-year survival rate for any man of 54.5 years, the average age of MC patients living in this geographic locale in 1973. Annual attrition rates, including the noncardiac deaths, are 1.4% for any man 1.5% per year for MC patients, based on MC 5-year survival data. It is probable that coronary surgery prolongs life by sharply reducing late cardiac deaths.", "PMID": 314682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4595", "title": "Alpha 1-antitrypsin screening of 18-year-old men.", "content": "In 11 128 apparently healthy 18-year-old men screened for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) 44 had an alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) level of 50% or less of the transferrin reference. In 42 of the 44 the Pi types were: five Pi Z, 10 Pi SZ, three Pi MZ, one presumptive Pi M-, one Pi FM, and 22 Pi M. Probably all Pi Z and most of the Pi SZ subjects were identified. The transferrin reference, however, is probably less reliable for the study of this age group, and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin may provide a more valid reference for the AAT screening procedure. In the clinical investigation the additive risk factor of smoking was discovered in eight of 15 individuals with AATD Pi Z or Pi SZ. We believe screening for Pi Z and probably also Pi SZ AATD should be done before young people start smoking or train for jobs in polluted environments.", "contents": "Alpha 1-antitrypsin screening of 18-year-old men. In 11 128 apparently healthy 18-year-old men screened for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) 44 had an alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) level of 50% or less of the transferrin reference. In 42 of the 44 the Pi types were: five Pi Z, 10 Pi SZ, three Pi MZ, one presumptive Pi M-, one Pi FM, and 22 Pi M. Probably all Pi Z and most of the Pi SZ subjects were identified. The transferrin reference, however, is probably less reliable for the study of this age group, and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin may provide a more valid reference for the AAT screening procedure. In the clinical investigation the additive risk factor of smoking was discovered in eight of 15 individuals with AATD Pi Z or Pi SZ. We believe screening for Pi Z and probably also Pi SZ AATD should be done before young people start smoking or train for jobs in polluted environments.", "PMID": 314683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4596", "title": "Kinetics of acetylsalicylate and D-lactate transport across isolated frog gastric mucosa.", "content": "Luminal to submucosal migration of 14C-acetylsalicylate and D-lactate and some electrical properties were studied in isolated frog gastric mucosae. With both compounds, the unionized acids permeated much more rapidly than the ionized conjugate bases. The permeability coefficient for unionized acetylsalicylic acid increased from 0.27 to 0.43 mumoles, h-1, cm-2, mM-1 when its luminal concentration was increased above 3 mM. Simultaneously there was an increase in mucosal ion conductance. Acetylsalicylic acid has been shown previously to increase gastric mucosal permeation of ions and uncharged larger molecules. The present results indicate that above a threshold concentration the unionized form also enhances absorption of this drug per se. Unionized D-lactic acid had no effect of mucosal ion conductance and the permeability coefficient (0.07 mumoles, h-1, cm-2, mM-1) was independent of its luminal concentration.", "contents": "Kinetics of acetylsalicylate and D-lactate transport across isolated frog gastric mucosa. Luminal to submucosal migration of 14C-acetylsalicylate and D-lactate and some electrical properties were studied in isolated frog gastric mucosae. With both compounds, the unionized acids permeated much more rapidly than the ionized conjugate bases. The permeability coefficient for unionized acetylsalicylic acid increased from 0.27 to 0.43 mumoles, h-1, cm-2, mM-1 when its luminal concentration was increased above 3 mM. Simultaneously there was an increase in mucosal ion conductance. Acetylsalicylic acid has been shown previously to increase gastric mucosal permeation of ions and uncharged larger molecules. The present results indicate that above a threshold concentration the unionized form also enhances absorption of this drug per se. Unionized D-lactic acid had no effect of mucosal ion conductance and the permeability coefficient (0.07 mumoles, h-1, cm-2, mM-1) was independent of its luminal concentration.", "PMID": 314697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4597", "title": "Genetic aspects of lens luxation in the Tibetan terrier.", "content": "Analyses were undertaken of 20 cases of lens luxation in British-bred Tibetan terriers, together with a further seven from Sweden. General proband segregation tests showed that the data were consistent with a simple autosomal recessive hypothesis (P = 0.152 +/- 0.0563). This was supported by high levels of inbreeding ranging from 0 to 24.3 per cent, with a mean of 14.3 per cent (SD 5.32 per cent). All affected cases traced back to one or more of three animals (born mid 1950s) on both sides of their pedigrees, all three being breed champions. Inclusion of data from repeat litters between presumed heterozygous animals gave a ratio of 25 lens luxation cases in 121 progeny, which again supported the same genetic theory. The age at onset (three to five years) mitigates against test mating of animals within the breed.", "contents": "Genetic aspects of lens luxation in the Tibetan terrier. Analyses were undertaken of 20 cases of lens luxation in British-bred Tibetan terriers, together with a further seven from Sweden. General proband segregation tests showed that the data were consistent with a simple autosomal recessive hypothesis (P = 0.152 +/- 0.0563). This was supported by high levels of inbreeding ranging from 0 to 24.3 per cent, with a mean of 14.3 per cent (SD 5.32 per cent). All affected cases traced back to one or more of three animals (born mid 1950s) on both sides of their pedigrees, all three being breed champions. Inclusion of data from repeat litters between presumed heterozygous animals gave a ratio of 25 lens luxation cases in 121 progeny, which again supported the same genetic theory. The age at onset (three to five years) mitigates against test mating of animals within the breed.", "PMID": 314700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4598", "title": "[Acute pancreatitis].", "content": "The acute pancreatitis is a disease which is unchangedly characterized by a high lethality. The actual frequency of this disease is difficult to be established, but its increase is probable particularly in the countries with high living standard. Factors of nutrition play an important role in the etiology and in the actual development, and the consumption of alcoholic beverages gains increasingly significance. Despite modern apparative possibilities for making the diagnosis the clinical picture and proved laboratory findings--fermentative lapses, disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism--are in the first place. At first a conservative treatment is demanded with the preceding aim to prevent shock as well as renal and pulmonary insufficiency. None of the substances, which were experimentally introduced into treatment during recent years, could clearly prove a superiority in contrast to conventional therapeutic principles. Single cases may be saved by timely operation, the problem is here the certain recognition of the borderline to the surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Acute pancreatitis]. The acute pancreatitis is a disease which is unchangedly characterized by a high lethality. The actual frequency of this disease is difficult to be established, but its increase is probable particularly in the countries with high living standard. Factors of nutrition play an important role in the etiology and in the actual development, and the consumption of alcoholic beverages gains increasingly significance. Despite modern apparative possibilities for making the diagnosis the clinical picture and proved laboratory findings--fermentative lapses, disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism--are in the first place. At first a conservative treatment is demanded with the preceding aim to prevent shock as well as renal and pulmonary insufficiency. None of the substances, which were experimentally introduced into treatment during recent years, could clearly prove a superiority in contrast to conventional therapeutic principles. Single cases may be saved by timely operation, the problem is here the certain recognition of the borderline to the surgical treatment.", "PMID": 314708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4599", "title": "[Modern pancreatic function tests].", "content": "The functional diagnostics is a corner-pillar of the difficult diagnostics of pancreas. Despite new tests many wishes remain open. The secretine-pancreozymine test and the Lundh-test give good informations, but they are expensive and for the patients considerably stressing. They certainly are not regarded as screening tests. The suitable and justifiable tests for epidemiologic examinations (estimations of stool enzymes and of serum isoamylase) are less specific and sensitive. A differentiation between chronic pancreatitis and neoplasm of the pancreas is not possible with the help of the functional diagnostics. The results of functional examinations may be correctly evaluated only within all informations which concentrate at the patient's bed.", "contents": "[Modern pancreatic function tests]. The functional diagnostics is a corner-pillar of the difficult diagnostics of pancreas. Despite new tests many wishes remain open. The secretine-pancreozymine test and the Lundh-test give good informations, but they are expensive and for the patients considerably stressing. They certainly are not regarded as screening tests. The suitable and justifiable tests for epidemiologic examinations (estimations of stool enzymes and of serum isoamylase) are less specific and sensitive. A differentiation between chronic pancreatitis and neoplasm of the pancreas is not possible with the help of the functional diagnostics. The results of functional examinations may be correctly evaluated only within all informations which concentrate at the patient's bed.", "PMID": 314709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4600", "title": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of chronic pancreatitis].", "content": "Not infrequently exact diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis is possible only after step by step observation. The results of examination, analyses and treatment should be communicated from a general practitioner to a specialist, further to a specialized centre and vice versa. Screening tests and special examinations should be conducted in definite order. A surgical treatment is desirable in approximately 40% of clinically pronounced chronic pancreatitis. The best results are obtained by close cooperation between different specialists and the patient himself.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of chronic pancreatitis]. Not infrequently exact diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis is possible only after step by step observation. The results of examination, analyses and treatment should be communicated from a general practitioner to a specialist, further to a specialized centre and vice versa. Screening tests and special examinations should be conducted in definite order. A surgical treatment is desirable in approximately 40% of clinically pronounced chronic pancreatitis. The best results are obtained by close cooperation between different specialists and the patient himself.", "PMID": 314710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4601", "title": "[Atypical courses of rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "For the investigation of the question of atypical forms of course selected findings of a multicentric electronic data processing investigation carried out on 1,000 patients with manifest rheumatoid arthritis were attracted. In these cases differences of the clinical symptomatology in the sexes were the result, at a different moment of the beginning and concerning serological findings. The latter was concerned clearly by the titres of rheumatoid factors, only suggestively cases with antinuclear factors. These differences, however, were not regarded as special forms in the sense of separated disease units. They rather represent only statistically provable deviations, the borderlines of which are by far transgressed by individual characteristics.", "contents": "[Atypical courses of rheumatoid arthritis]. For the investigation of the question of atypical forms of course selected findings of a multicentric electronic data processing investigation carried out on 1,000 patients with manifest rheumatoid arthritis were attracted. In these cases differences of the clinical symptomatology in the sexes were the result, at a different moment of the beginning and concerning serological findings. The latter was concerned clearly by the titres of rheumatoid factors, only suggestively cases with antinuclear factors. These differences, however, were not regarded as special forms in the sense of separated disease units. They rather represent only statistically provable deviations, the borderlines of which are by far transgressed by individual characteristics.", "PMID": 314711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4602", "title": "[Fiberendoscopic injection therapy of bleeding gastrointestinal lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "In 28 patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding emergency fiberendoscopy was combined with aethoxysclerole (1%) injection of the bleeding lesion with purpose to controll haemorrhage. In 61% of 31 proceudres done in patients with oesophageal varices (n = 19) haemorrhage was controlled, and in further 16% deminuation of bleeding intensity was noted. In the remaining cases (n = 7) the procedure was ineffective. Only patients with Child C liver cirrhosis having oesophageal varices stages III and IV finally died because of uncontrolled haemorrhage. In 9 patients with bleeding from other lesions (gastric erosions and ulcers, Mallory-Weiss-Syndrome, erosio simplex Dieulafoy) haemorrhage was controlled in 8 patients. The method is practicable and efficient, but does not determine better the final outcome of patients with livercirrhosis Child C having oesophageal varices stages III and IV. In other cases tube treatment was avoided. The operation lethality within the series was 1,5%.", "contents": "[Fiberendoscopic injection therapy of bleeding gastrointestinal lesions (author's transl)]. In 28 patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding emergency fiberendoscopy was combined with aethoxysclerole (1%) injection of the bleeding lesion with purpose to controll haemorrhage. In 61% of 31 proceudres done in patients with oesophageal varices (n = 19) haemorrhage was controlled, and in further 16% deminuation of bleeding intensity was noted. In the remaining cases (n = 7) the procedure was ineffective. Only patients with Child C liver cirrhosis having oesophageal varices stages III and IV finally died because of uncontrolled haemorrhage. In 9 patients with bleeding from other lesions (gastric erosions and ulcers, Mallory-Weiss-Syndrome, erosio simplex Dieulafoy) haemorrhage was controlled in 8 patients. The method is practicable and efficient, but does not determine better the final outcome of patients with livercirrhosis Child C having oesophageal varices stages III and IV. In other cases tube treatment was avoided. The operation lethality within the series was 1,5%.", "PMID": 314712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4603", "title": "[Bone marrow plasma cell reaction in alcoholic patients].", "content": "A study of plasmocellular reactions of the bone marrow in alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses demonstrated an increase in the amount of plasmatic cells, a prevalence of mature plasmatic elements with distinctly marked basophilia and a reaction of clasmatosis. These facts indicate the functional preservation in alcoholism of the system of B cells, the derivatives of which are plasmatical elements; of an increase in the protein synthesis (including antibodies) as well as a prevalence of the so-called productive phase of immunogenesis over the adaptive.", "contents": "[Bone marrow plasma cell reaction in alcoholic patients]. A study of plasmocellular reactions of the bone marrow in alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses demonstrated an increase in the amount of plasmatic cells, a prevalence of mature plasmatic elements with distinctly marked basophilia and a reaction of clasmatosis. These facts indicate the functional preservation in alcoholism of the system of B cells, the derivatives of which are plasmatical elements; of an increase in the protein synthesis (including antibodies) as well as a prevalence of the so-called productive phase of immunogenesis over the adaptive.", "PMID": 314714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4604", "title": "Analgesic anesthesia with fentanyl (F) and sufentanil (SF) in coronary surgery. A double blind study.", "content": "The study includes 54 unselected coronary patients. Fifty underwent one or several aortocoronary bypass associated with left ventricular resection (3 times), mitral valve replacement (twice), aortic valve replacement (twice). Four patients underwent left ventricular resection alone. The operations were performed under analgesic anesthesia with sufentanil (SF) or fentanyl (F) with a double blind protocol. The ratio of concentrations of the two analgesics was SF/F = 1/10. Flunitrazepam induced and maintained sleep. After having reached by increments the total dose of 1.5 mg F/M2 or 0.15 mg SF/M2, droperidol was then added in small amounts of 3.75 mg/M2, alternating with the analgesic both being given as needed to maintain blood pressure between 100 and 120 mm Hg, in order to potentiate the level of analgesia reached and prevent vasoconstriction. Under this setting tachycardia (heart rate greater than 100 beats/min. and less than 120 beaths/min.) was observed before ECC in only 7.4% of cases with both analgesics and brief episodes of hypertension (mean maximum systolic blood pressure 140.7 +/- 20.3 mm Hg seen with SF exclusively). There was neither postoperative hypertension (except with 6 out of the 7 known hypertensive patients) nor low cardiac output, nor arbythmia. No patients remained in intensive care unit more than 24 hour. No difference attribuable to the used analgesic was detectable in the early and late follow-up in both series. On an average, the patients were discharged on postoperative day 10 in a valid condition.", "contents": "Analgesic anesthesia with fentanyl (F) and sufentanil (SF) in coronary surgery. A double blind study. The study includes 54 unselected coronary patients. Fifty underwent one or several aortocoronary bypass associated with left ventricular resection (3 times), mitral valve replacement (twice), aortic valve replacement (twice). Four patients underwent left ventricular resection alone. The operations were performed under analgesic anesthesia with sufentanil (SF) or fentanyl (F) with a double blind protocol. The ratio of concentrations of the two analgesics was SF/F = 1/10. Flunitrazepam induced and maintained sleep. After having reached by increments the total dose of 1.5 mg F/M2 or 0.15 mg SF/M2, droperidol was then added in small amounts of 3.75 mg/M2, alternating with the analgesic both being given as needed to maintain blood pressure between 100 and 120 mm Hg, in order to potentiate the level of analgesia reached and prevent vasoconstriction. Under this setting tachycardia (heart rate greater than 100 beats/min. and less than 120 beaths/min.) was observed before ECC in only 7.4% of cases with both analgesics and brief episodes of hypertension (mean maximum systolic blood pressure 140.7 +/- 20.3 mm Hg seen with SF exclusively). There was neither postoperative hypertension (except with 6 out of the 7 known hypertensive patients) nor low cardiac output, nor arbythmia. No patients remained in intensive care unit more than 24 hour. No difference attribuable to the used analgesic was detectable in the early and late follow-up in both series. On an average, the patients were discharged on postoperative day 10 in a valid condition.", "PMID": 314716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4605", "title": "Effect of released lymphocyte proteins on human lymphocytes in vitro. II. Protein synthesis of nylon-wool separated cells in the presence of proteins derived from lymphocytes.", "content": "Protein synthesis of nylon-wool adherent (B) and non-adherent (T) human tonsillar lymphocytes was examined in the presence of three protein fractions precipitated with ammonium sulfate from the medium of the above lymphocytes incubated in vitro for 4 hours. One fraction precipitated with ammonium sulfate at 0--30% saturation was found to inhibit amino acid incorporation into proteins mainly in unseparated cells while the fraction precipitated at 30--70% saturation decreased the rate of protein synthesis in B cells. The fraction precipitated at 70--100% saturation inhibited protein synthesis slightly in T lymphocytes. Protein synthesis in B and T as well as in unseparated cells was also examined in the presence of proteins obtained from the medium of B and T lymphocytes. It is assumed that proteins released by lymphocytes without mitogenic activation in vitro are involved in the mediation of lymphocyte interactions and may be related to lymphokines synthesized and released by activated cells.", "contents": "Effect of released lymphocyte proteins on human lymphocytes in vitro. II. Protein synthesis of nylon-wool separated cells in the presence of proteins derived from lymphocytes. Protein synthesis of nylon-wool adherent (B) and non-adherent (T) human tonsillar lymphocytes was examined in the presence of three protein fractions precipitated with ammonium sulfate from the medium of the above lymphocytes incubated in vitro for 4 hours. One fraction precipitated with ammonium sulfate at 0--30% saturation was found to inhibit amino acid incorporation into proteins mainly in unseparated cells while the fraction precipitated at 30--70% saturation decreased the rate of protein synthesis in B cells. The fraction precipitated at 70--100% saturation inhibited protein synthesis slightly in T lymphocytes. Protein synthesis in B and T as well as in unseparated cells was also examined in the presence of proteins obtained from the medium of B and T lymphocytes. It is assumed that proteins released by lymphocytes without mitogenic activation in vitro are involved in the mediation of lymphocyte interactions and may be related to lymphokines synthesized and released by activated cells.", "PMID": 314717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4606", "title": "Temperature dependence of conduction velocity in myelinated frog nerve.", "content": "The temperature dependence of the conduction velocity of excitation was investigated in frog sciatic nerve trunk. A specific electronic circuitry was used to measure the time of conduction between two electrodes with an accuracy of +/- microseconds in the temperature range of 5--30 degrees C. Our experiments have proved that the conduction velocity depended linearly on temperature. The slope of the curve was similar at both increasing and decreasing temperature, and \"hysteresis\" occurred only if irreversible changes occurred in the preparation during the experimental procedure.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of conduction velocity in myelinated frog nerve. The temperature dependence of the conduction velocity of excitation was investigated in frog sciatic nerve trunk. A specific electronic circuitry was used to measure the time of conduction between two electrodes with an accuracy of +/- microseconds in the temperature range of 5--30 degrees C. Our experiments have proved that the conduction velocity depended linearly on temperature. The slope of the curve was similar at both increasing and decreasing temperature, and \"hysteresis\" occurred only if irreversible changes occurred in the preparation during the experimental procedure.", "PMID": 314718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4607", "title": "K+-loss of frog nerves during electric stimulation.", "content": "Proximal section of nervus ischiadicus of frog was directly stimulated, and distal section of the same length was stimulated indirectly. Indirect stimulation resulted in a 2 per cent loss of K+ content, direct stimulation caused a loss of 31 per cent of the K+ content. Indirect stimulation does not cause a significant K+ efflux; direct stimulation results in a significant decrease in K+ content even at a probability level of p=0.001. A correlation was found between the changes in the K+ content of frog nerve and the intensity of the applied electric impulses. The decrease of K+ content of frog nerves is in ratio with the logarithm of stimulation voltage.", "contents": "K+-loss of frog nerves during electric stimulation. Proximal section of nervus ischiadicus of frog was directly stimulated, and distal section of the same length was stimulated indirectly. Indirect stimulation resulted in a 2 per cent loss of K+ content, direct stimulation caused a loss of 31 per cent of the K+ content. Indirect stimulation does not cause a significant K+ efflux; direct stimulation results in a significant decrease in K+ content even at a probability level of p=0.001. A correlation was found between the changes in the K+ content of frog nerve and the intensity of the applied electric impulses. The decrease of K+ content of frog nerves is in ratio with the logarithm of stimulation voltage.", "PMID": 314719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4608", "title": "The rationale and technique of head exercises in the treatment of vertigo.", "content": "The central compensation mechanisms for vertigo resulting from vestibular lesions are described together with the scientific basis for head exercises in vestibular rehabilitation. The indications and contra-indications for head exercises are discussed and the Cawthorne-Cooksey regime of exercises illustrated.", "contents": "The rationale and technique of head exercises in the treatment of vertigo. The central compensation mechanisms for vertigo resulting from vestibular lesions are described together with the scientific basis for head exercises in vestibular rehabilitation. The indications and contra-indications for head exercises are discussed and the Cawthorne-Cooksey regime of exercises illustrated.", "PMID": 314722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4609", "title": "Lymphocytes from adenoid vegetations: proliferative responses in vitro as compared to blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes obtained from adenoids (AVL) and blood (PBL) were compared in 27 children undergoing adenoidectomy. Optimal conditions as regards cell number and duration of culture were worked out. The spontaneous thymidine incorporation was higher in PBL than in AVL. In cultures stimulated by polyclonal activators or by PPD, the responses of PBL were higher. The dose-response curves for PBL and AVL after stimulation with killed H. influenzae were different: PBL showed a higher response, the optimal antigen concentration was lower for PBL, and the responsiveness to suboptimal antigen concentrations wash higher in PBL than in AVL.", "contents": "Lymphocytes from adenoid vegetations: proliferative responses in vitro as compared to blood lymphocytes. Thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes obtained from adenoids (AVL) and blood (PBL) were compared in 27 children undergoing adenoidectomy. Optimal conditions as regards cell number and duration of culture were worked out. The spontaneous thymidine incorporation was higher in PBL than in AVL. In cultures stimulated by polyclonal activators or by PPD, the responses of PBL were higher. The dose-response curves for PBL and AVL after stimulation with killed H. influenzae were different: PBL showed a higher response, the optimal antigen concentration was lower for PBL, and the responsiveness to suboptimal antigen concentrations wash higher in PBL than in AVL.", "PMID": 314723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4610", "title": "Work status after coronary bypass surgery. A prospective randomized study with ergometric and angiographic correlations.", "content": "The rate of return to work was assessed in a series of patients with coronary heart disease randomly allocated to medical and surgical treatment groups of 50 patients each. Sixteen of the medical and 19 of the surgical patients were already retired at entry and did not resume work later. Only 9 patients (26%) on medical therapy were working at 2-year follow-up in contrast to 18 (60%) working after bypass surgery (p less than 0.05). Functional classification of angina pectoris and exercise tolerance on ergometry were significantly better in the surgical group, especially in the surgical subgroup at work. Repeated postoperative anigographies of the inserted grafts and native vessels disclossed that completeness of revascularization was related to work status after bypass surgery. The data suggest that a combination of coronary bypass surgery and medical therapy, when indicated, is superior to medical therapy alone in influencing the rate of working in coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Work status after coronary bypass surgery. A prospective randomized study with ergometric and angiographic correlations. The rate of return to work was assessed in a series of patients with coronary heart disease randomly allocated to medical and surgical treatment groups of 50 patients each. Sixteen of the medical and 19 of the surgical patients were already retired at entry and did not resume work later. Only 9 patients (26%) on medical therapy were working at 2-year follow-up in contrast to 18 (60%) working after bypass surgery (p less than 0.05). Functional classification of angina pectoris and exercise tolerance on ergometry were significantly better in the surgical group, especially in the surgical subgroup at work. Repeated postoperative anigographies of the inserted grafts and native vessels disclossed that completeness of revascularization was related to work status after bypass surgery. The data suggest that a combination of coronary bypass surgery and medical therapy, when indicated, is superior to medical therapy alone in influencing the rate of working in coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 314724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4611", "title": "Gastrointestinal bleeding in cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms.", "content": "Among 1,000 cases of patients undergoing direct surgery on cerebral aneurysms, two, showed clear signs of preoperative, and 19 cases showed postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding. We have made a clinical analysis of various aspects of the 19 cases in which the bleeding developed postoperatively. 1. Gastrointestinal bleeding was most frequent postoperatively in cases of AComA aneurysms (4.3%) and ICA aneurysms (2.0%), and less common in MCA and ACA aneurysm cases. 2. Gastrointestinal bleeding was most frequently seen in those cases operated on between the third and seventh days after the last subarachnoid haemorrhage (8.9%) and was more common in cases with a relatively poor preoperative grade. 3. The development of such bleeding in cases with a good preoperative grade was due to problems with the surgical operation in most cases, although the influence of vasospasm must not be ignored. The development of bleeding in cases with a poor preoperative grade is thought to be due primarily to vasospasm and transitory brain damage to the hypothalamus and the orbital portion of the anterior lobe due to a haematoma caused by aneurysm rupture. 4. First, the location of gastrointestinal bleeding should be determined endoscopically and, if haemostasis is not achieved by coagulation, then the desirability of surgery should be considered early. Abdominal surgery may be performed.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal bleeding in cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Among 1,000 cases of patients undergoing direct surgery on cerebral aneurysms, two, showed clear signs of preoperative, and 19 cases showed postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding. We have made a clinical analysis of various aspects of the 19 cases in which the bleeding developed postoperatively. 1. Gastrointestinal bleeding was most frequent postoperatively in cases of AComA aneurysms (4.3%) and ICA aneurysms (2.0%), and less common in MCA and ACA aneurysm cases. 2. Gastrointestinal bleeding was most frequently seen in those cases operated on between the third and seventh days after the last subarachnoid haemorrhage (8.9%) and was more common in cases with a relatively poor preoperative grade. 3. The development of such bleeding in cases with a good preoperative grade was due to problems with the surgical operation in most cases, although the influence of vasospasm must not be ignored. The development of bleeding in cases with a poor preoperative grade is thought to be due primarily to vasospasm and transitory brain damage to the hypothalamus and the orbital portion of the anterior lobe due to a haematoma caused by aneurysm rupture. 4. First, the location of gastrointestinal bleeding should be determined endoscopically and, if haemostasis is not achieved by coagulation, then the desirability of surgery should be considered early. Abdominal surgery may be performed.", "PMID": 314727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4612", "title": "Selective trigeminal root section via an endoscopic transpyramidal retrolabyrinthine approach.", "content": "Present experience supports the view that endoscopic access to the cerebellopontine angle has proved an easy and safe therapeutic (selective trigeminal root section in cases of Vth nerve neuralgia) and diagnostic (inspection in cases of otherwise  undetectable tumours) method, offering the advantages of little surgical risk and high effectiveness.", "contents": "Selective trigeminal root section via an endoscopic transpyramidal retrolabyrinthine approach. Present experience supports the view that endoscopic access to the cerebellopontine angle has proved an easy and safe therapeutic (selective trigeminal root section in cases of Vth nerve neuralgia) and diagnostic (inspection in cases of otherwise  undetectable tumours) method, offering the advantages of little surgical risk and high effectiveness.", "PMID": 314731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4613", "title": "Psychosocial aspects of truancy in early adolescence.", "content": "The authors studied truancy in junior high school students, largely by structured interviews of 33 truants. Truancy at this age was commonly associated with significant difficulties at home, at school and with peers. Two modal types of truants were delineated: \"authority defying\" and \"peer phobic.\" The school environment, including the response to truancy and the transition to the junior high, was found to play a critical role in creating and aggravating truancy. The authors discuss the findings with respect to strategies for prevention and remediation.", "contents": "Psychosocial aspects of truancy in early adolescence. The authors studied truancy in junior high school students, largely by structured interviews of 33 truants. Truancy at this age was commonly associated with significant difficulties at home, at school and with peers. Two modal types of truants were delineated: \"authority defying\" and \"peer phobic.\" The school environment, including the response to truancy and the transition to the junior high, was found to play a critical role in creating and aggravating truancy. The authors discuss the findings with respect to strategies for prevention and remediation.", "PMID": 314732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4614", "title": "The labyrinth of the American bullfrog.", "content": "The labyrinth of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) has been studied by aid of light and electron microscopy. Cell counts and sensory area mapping has been made and it has been shown that scanning electron microscopy is the most appropriate technique at present for cell counts.", "contents": "The labyrinth of the American bullfrog. The labyrinth of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) has been studied by aid of light and electron microscopy. Cell counts and sensory area mapping has been made and it has been shown that scanning electron microscopy is the most appropriate technique at present for cell counts.", "PMID": 314733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4615", "title": "Neurotological studies on Meniere's disease and sudden deafness.", "content": "During the period from January 1973 to June 1975, 60 cases with definite Meniere's disease and 30 cases with sudden deafness were listed according to such criteria for the diagnosis of both diseases as determined by the Research Committee of Japan. A neurootological assessment for both diseases were performed in our series. In patients with definite Meniere's disease, hearing impairment was characterized by deficiency in detecting low- and middle-pitched tones and fluctuation of auditory threshold in low frequency range. In sudden deafness, highly impaired hearing loss, i.e., total deafness, was frequently observed (45%). However, recruitment occurred at the same incidence (80%) in both diseases tested. The incidence of spontaneous nystagmus was almost the same regardless of associated vertigo and the course of both diseases. Moreover, it was also recognized that a reduction of caloric responses was a better indication for assessment of the affected ear in both diseases.", "contents": "Neurotological studies on Meniere's disease and sudden deafness. During the period from January 1973 to June 1975, 60 cases with definite Meniere's disease and 30 cases with sudden deafness were listed according to such criteria for the diagnosis of both diseases as determined by the Research Committee of Japan. A neurootological assessment for both diseases were performed in our series. In patients with definite Meniere's disease, hearing impairment was characterized by deficiency in detecting low- and middle-pitched tones and fluctuation of auditory threshold in low frequency range. In sudden deafness, highly impaired hearing loss, i.e., total deafness, was frequently observed (45%). However, recruitment occurred at the same incidence (80%) in both diseases tested. The incidence of spontaneous nystagmus was almost the same regardless of associated vertigo and the course of both diseases. Moreover, it was also recognized that a reduction of caloric responses was a better indication for assessment of the affected ear in both diseases.", "PMID": 314734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4616", "title": "Characteristics of body sway in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders.", "content": "Measuring the movement of the body's center of gravity during standing with the eyes open and with the eyes closed, proved to be a useful test in vestibular investigation. 30 patients with peripheral vestibular disorders were tested using a static sensonograph and a digital computer. Three types of locus patterns, the lateral deviation of the averaged position and two types of frequency spectral patterns obtained from the movement of the center of gravity were the characteristics of the body sway in the patients with peripheral vestibular disorders.", "contents": "Characteristics of body sway in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders. Measuring the movement of the body's center of gravity during standing with the eyes open and with the eyes closed, proved to be a useful test in vestibular investigation. 30 patients with peripheral vestibular disorders were tested using a static sensonograph and a digital computer. Three types of locus patterns, the lateral deviation of the averaged position and two types of frequency spectral patterns obtained from the movement of the center of gravity were the characteristics of the body sway in the patients with peripheral vestibular disorders.", "PMID": 314735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4617", "title": "Peripheral vestibular disorder of cervical origin.", "content": "The provoking mechanism of peripheral vestibular disorder in the cervicovestibular syndrome is discussed on the basis of the results of perivascular sympathectomy of the vertebral artery. The peripheral type of this syndrome can be differentiated from the central type in that it shows fatigue due to positioning nystagmus and the reversion phenomenon in the self-recording cupulogram. 42 cases of the peripheral type could be completely cured of episodes of vertigo by the unilateral operation, but the other 6 cases required bilateral operations to prevent such episodes.", "contents": "Peripheral vestibular disorder of cervical origin. The provoking mechanism of peripheral vestibular disorder in the cervicovestibular syndrome is discussed on the basis of the results of perivascular sympathectomy of the vertebral artery. The peripheral type of this syndrome can be differentiated from the central type in that it shows fatigue due to positioning nystagmus and the reversion phenomenon in the self-recording cupulogram. 42 cases of the peripheral type could be completely cured of episodes of vertigo by the unilateral operation, but the other 6 cases required bilateral operations to prevent such episodes.", "PMID": 314736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4618", "title": "The mechanism of benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus.", "content": "A characteristic nystagmus profile of benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus (BPPN) was determined from analyses of horizontal and vertical electro-oculographic recordings in 8 patients. The vertical component was upbeat in both eyes (fast phase toward the ground in the head-hanging position) while the horizontal component was dissociated with the ipsilateral eye beating away from the down ear and the contralateral eye beating toward the down ear. The amplitude of the vertical component was larger in the contralateral eye while that of the horizontal component was larger in the ipsilateral eye. This dissociated nystagmus profile is consistent with a burst of excitatory activity originating in the posterior canal of the ear that is undermost at the end of the positioning maneuver.", "contents": "The mechanism of benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus. A characteristic nystagmus profile of benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus (BPPN) was determined from analyses of horizontal and vertical electro-oculographic recordings in 8 patients. The vertical component was upbeat in both eyes (fast phase toward the ground in the head-hanging position) while the horizontal component was dissociated with the ipsilateral eye beating away from the down ear and the contralateral eye beating toward the down ear. The amplitude of the vertical component was larger in the contralateral eye while that of the horizontal component was larger in the ipsilateral eye. This dissociated nystagmus profile is consistent with a burst of excitatory activity originating in the posterior canal of the ear that is undermost at the end of the positioning maneuver.", "PMID": 314737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4619", "title": "On the mechanism of vestibular disturbances caused by industrial solvents.", "content": "The industrial solvents xylene, styrene, trichloroethylene and methylchloroform administered to rabbits caused a positional nystagmus and disturbances in the nystagmus response to rotatory acceleration. The positional nystagmus had a beat direction the opposite to positional alcohol nystagmus, which was in similar experiments elicited by methanol, ethanol and propanol. The three alcohols needed a ten times higher blood concentration to cause a nystagmus than the solvents did.", "contents": "On the mechanism of vestibular disturbances caused by industrial solvents. The industrial solvents xylene, styrene, trichloroethylene and methylchloroform administered to rabbits caused a positional nystagmus and disturbances in the nystagmus response to rotatory acceleration. The positional nystagmus had a beat direction the opposite to positional alcohol nystagmus, which was in similar experiments elicited by methanol, ethanol and propanol. The three alcohols needed a ten times higher blood concentration to cause a nystagmus than the solvents did.", "PMID": 314738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4620", "title": "The effects of some drugs on the caloric induced nystagmus.", "content": "A striking difference between the two anticholinergic drugs was observed. Atropine only modified the eye speed of the slow phase (mes), whereas scopolamine modified both parameters measured, mes and duration. Amphetamine and caffeine prolonged the duration, leaving the mes unchanged. All antiemetic drugs inhibited both parameters. It is concluded that the effect of a drug on the caloric reaction gives insufficient information in the preclinical evaluation of vestibulo-suppressive drugs.", "contents": "The effects of some drugs on the caloric induced nystagmus. A striking difference between the two anticholinergic drugs was observed. Atropine only modified the eye speed of the slow phase (mes), whereas scopolamine modified both parameters measured, mes and duration. Amphetamine and caffeine prolonged the duration, leaving the mes unchanged. All antiemetic drugs inhibited both parameters. It is concluded that the effect of a drug on the caloric reaction gives insufficient information in the preclinical evaluation of vestibulo-suppressive drugs.", "PMID": 314739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4621", "title": "Effect of ethacrynic acid upon the peripheral vestibular nystagmus.", "content": "The effect of ethacrynic acid (ETA) upon pendular rotation nystagmus and paralytic nystagmus was examined using 61 guinea pigs. 100 mg/kg ETA reduced these nystagmus but 30 mg/kg ETA had on effect. Galvanic nystagmus, Bechterew's compensatory nystagmus, OKN and EEG were not affected by 100 ng/kg ETA. These results are highly suggestive that the inhibition of the peripheral vestibular nystagmus by ETA is mainly due to the reduction of the ampullar endolymphatic potential.", "contents": "Effect of ethacrynic acid upon the peripheral vestibular nystagmus. The effect of ethacrynic acid (ETA) upon pendular rotation nystagmus and paralytic nystagmus was examined using 61 guinea pigs. 100 mg/kg ETA reduced these nystagmus but 30 mg/kg ETA had on effect. Galvanic nystagmus, Bechterew's compensatory nystagmus, OKN and EEG were not affected by 100 ng/kg ETA. These results are highly suggestive that the inhibition of the peripheral vestibular nystagmus by ETA is mainly due to the reduction of the ampullar endolymphatic potential.", "PMID": 314740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4622", "title": "Head-eye coordination in normals and in patients with vestibular disorders.", "content": "Oculomotor response in the absence of vision was examined in 8 normal subjects, 11 unilaterally labyrinthectomised patients and 2 patients with suspected bilateral canal paresis. The experiments involved (a) voluntary oscillation of the head, (b) whole body oscillation on a turntable and (c) stimulation of neck afferents by oscillation of the body with the head fixed. In the patients with unilateral lesions there was a directional preponderance of the slow phase eye velocity towards the side of the lesion which differed significantly from that of the normal population. In the patients with bilateral paresis the oculomotor response to whole body oscillation was negligible, whereas the response to voluntary head movement had a mean gain of 0.45 and at high frequency could not be suppressed when viewing a head-fixed image. The saccadic activity during voluntary head movement was similar in all subjects and was correlated with slow phase velocity.", "contents": "Head-eye coordination in normals and in patients with vestibular disorders. Oculomotor response in the absence of vision was examined in 8 normal subjects, 11 unilaterally labyrinthectomised patients and 2 patients with suspected bilateral canal paresis. The experiments involved (a) voluntary oscillation of the head, (b) whole body oscillation on a turntable and (c) stimulation of neck afferents by oscillation of the body with the head fixed. In the patients with unilateral lesions there was a directional preponderance of the slow phase eye velocity towards the side of the lesion which differed significantly from that of the normal population. In the patients with bilateral paresis the oculomotor response to whole body oscillation was negligible, whereas the response to voluntary head movement had a mean gain of 0.45 and at high frequency could not be suppressed when viewing a head-fixed image. The saccadic activity during voluntary head movement was similar in all subjects and was correlated with slow phase velocity.", "PMID": 314741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4623", "title": "Anatomy of the para-vestibular canaliculus.", "content": "A histologic study of the para-vestibular canaliculus (PVC), its contents, and its relationship to the vestibular aqueduct (VA), is presented. 20 normal human temporal bones were fixed in 10% formalin solution, embedded in celloidin, and sectioned horizontally at intervals of 20 micrometers. Every tenth section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and studied under a light microscope. Three significant observations were made. First, in 80% of the specimens, two rather than one PVC were found in the area of the vestibular orifice of the VA. Second, in 70% of the specimens, the PVC was found to merge with the VA rather than to enter the posterior cranial fossa (PCF) separately. Third, in all the specimens examined, a vein was seen to traverse the entire length of the PVC. However, in 17 specimens, no artery could be identified within the PVC. In the 13 (65%) specimens in which arteries could be identified in the PVC, the arteries extended only half the length of the PVC, from the PCF to the VA. In no specimen examined could arteries be seen extending the full length of the PVC from the PCF to the vestibule.", "contents": "Anatomy of the para-vestibular canaliculus. A histologic study of the para-vestibular canaliculus (PVC), its contents, and its relationship to the vestibular aqueduct (VA), is presented. 20 normal human temporal bones were fixed in 10% formalin solution, embedded in celloidin, and sectioned horizontally at intervals of 20 micrometers. Every tenth section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and studied under a light microscope. Three significant observations were made. First, in 80% of the specimens, two rather than one PVC were found in the area of the vestibular orifice of the VA. Second, in 70% of the specimens, the PVC was found to merge with the VA rather than to enter the posterior cranial fossa (PCF) separately. Third, in all the specimens examined, a vein was seen to traverse the entire length of the PVC. However, in 17 specimens, no artery could be identified within the PVC. In the 13 (65%) specimens in which arteries could be identified in the PVC, the arteries extended only half the length of the PVC, from the PCF to the VA. In no specimen examined could arteries be seen extending the full length of the PVC from the PCF to the vestibule.", "PMID": 314742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4624", "title": "Sensory integration in the rehabilitation of blind adults.", "content": "Learning difficulties displayed by the blind adult prompted an investigation of a link with sensory integrative dysfunction. A review of the literature provided evidence that tactile and vestibular deficiencies were prevalent within this population. Through observational assessment, sensory integrative dysfunction was identified in a number of clients and individual sensory integrative treatment programs were initiated. In the three case studies presented, improvements were noted in mobility, activities of daily living, handwriting, and behaviour after six months of treatment. A discussion is provided on those deficit areas responding to sensory integrative treatment.", "contents": "Sensory integration in the rehabilitation of blind adults. Learning difficulties displayed by the blind adult prompted an investigation of a link with sensory integrative dysfunction. A review of the literature provided evidence that tactile and vestibular deficiencies were prevalent within this population. Through observational assessment, sensory integrative dysfunction was identified in a number of clients and individual sensory integrative treatment programs were initiated. In the three case studies presented, improvements were noted in mobility, activities of daily living, handwriting, and behaviour after six months of treatment. A discussion is provided on those deficit areas responding to sensory integrative treatment.", "PMID": 314745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4625", "title": "Effects of coronary bypass grafting on resting left ventricular contraction in patients studied 1 to 2 years after operation.", "content": "Left ventricular contraction was evaluated with angiography in 51 patients 1 to 2 years after coronary arterial bypass surgery. The left ventricle was classified into five segments, and segmental ventricular wall motion was analyzed with subjective and objective methods. With subjective analysis, 25 percent of asynergic segments showed improvement, 72 percent no change and 3 percent deterioration in contraction. There was a 5 percent incidence rate of new wall motion abnormalities in segments that were judged normal from the preoperative ventriculogram. Objective analysis revealed significant improvement in contraction of asynergic segments in each of the five left ventricular segments analyzed. Thus, 1 to 2 years after coronary bypass surgery, there was a significant reduction in left ventricular segmental wall motion abnormalities, and the incidence of deterioration in contraction was small.", "contents": "Effects of coronary bypass grafting on resting left ventricular contraction in patients studied 1 to 2 years after operation. Left ventricular contraction was evaluated with angiography in 51 patients 1 to 2 years after coronary arterial bypass surgery. The left ventricle was classified into five segments, and segmental ventricular wall motion was analyzed with subjective and objective methods. With subjective analysis, 25 percent of asynergic segments showed improvement, 72 percent no change and 3 percent deterioration in contraction. There was a 5 percent incidence rate of new wall motion abnormalities in segments that were judged normal from the preoperative ventriculogram. Objective analysis revealed significant improvement in contraction of asynergic segments in each of the five left ventricular segments analyzed. Thus, 1 to 2 years after coronary bypass surgery, there was a significant reduction in left ventricular segmental wall motion abnormalities, and the incidence of deterioration in contraction was small.", "PMID": 314748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4626", "title": "Reversal of exertional hypotension after coronary bypass grafting.", "content": "A decrease in systolic blood pressure that occurs with treadmill exercise testing may be a sign of reversible ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. To test this hypothesis, we examined retrospectively the postoperative treadmill responses of 37 patients who had exertional hypotension (end exercise systolic blood pressure less than or equal to initial preexercise levels) before coronary arterial bypass grafting. This group of 37 patients was characterized preoperatively by an abnormal exercise electrocardiogram (36 patients), multiple vessel occlusive disease (36 patients) and a normal ejection fraction at rest (32 patients). Postoperative exercise tests showed improvement in hemodynamic and electrocardiographic changes with reversal of exertional hypotension (33 patients), and conversion to a normal exercise electrocardiogram (29 patients). Coronary bypass surgery can be expected to reverse exertional hypotension in patients with symptomatic angina pectoris and evidence of ischemia in the exercise electrocardiogram.", "contents": "Reversal of exertional hypotension after coronary bypass grafting. A decrease in systolic blood pressure that occurs with treadmill exercise testing may be a sign of reversible ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. To test this hypothesis, we examined retrospectively the postoperative treadmill responses of 37 patients who had exertional hypotension (end exercise systolic blood pressure less than or equal to initial preexercise levels) before coronary arterial bypass grafting. This group of 37 patients was characterized preoperatively by an abnormal exercise electrocardiogram (36 patients), multiple vessel occlusive disease (36 patients) and a normal ejection fraction at rest (32 patients). Postoperative exercise tests showed improvement in hemodynamic and electrocardiographic changes with reversal of exertional hypotension (33 patients), and conversion to a normal exercise electrocardiogram (29 patients). Coronary bypass surgery can be expected to reverse exertional hypotension in patients with symptomatic angina pectoris and evidence of ischemia in the exercise electrocardiogram.", "PMID": 314749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4627", "title": "Epicardial activation in human left anterior fascicular block.", "content": "Four patients with coronary artery disease and chronic marked left axis deviation, defined as a frontal QRS axis more negative than -45 degrees, were studied with epicardial mapping during coronary bypass surgery. All patients had normal right ventricular and inferior left ventricular epicardial breakthrough sites and activation sequence. Normal breakthrough in the basal anterolateral left ventricular epicardium was absent in all four patients. Two patients had breakthrough in the apical region of the anterolateral left ventricle. In the other two this region was activated from wave fronts emerging in the right ventricle and inferior left ventricle. The latest site of left ventricular activation was the basal segment of the anterolateral wall, a site never found to be the latest activated in our previously studied patients without conduction defects. This site was activated during or slightly after the terminal portion of the QRS complex. It is concluded that marked left axis deviation in patients with coronary artery disease reflects delayed activation of the basal anterolateral left ventricle, and is consistent with the presence of block or delay in the anterior \"fascicle\" of the left bundle branch.", "contents": "Epicardial activation in human left anterior fascicular block. Four patients with coronary artery disease and chronic marked left axis deviation, defined as a frontal QRS axis more negative than -45 degrees, were studied with epicardial mapping during coronary bypass surgery. All patients had normal right ventricular and inferior left ventricular epicardial breakthrough sites and activation sequence. Normal breakthrough in the basal anterolateral left ventricular epicardium was absent in all four patients. Two patients had breakthrough in the apical region of the anterolateral left ventricle. In the other two this region was activated from wave fronts emerging in the right ventricle and inferior left ventricle. The latest site of left ventricular activation was the basal segment of the anterolateral wall, a site never found to be the latest activated in our previously studied patients without conduction defects. This site was activated during or slightly after the terminal portion of the QRS complex. It is concluded that marked left axis deviation in patients with coronary artery disease reflects delayed activation of the basal anterolateral left ventricle, and is consistent with the presence of block or delay in the anterior \"fascicle\" of the left bundle branch.", "PMID": 314751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4628", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXXIII. 5q-- in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).", "content": "The case of a 4-year-old boy with ALL, possibly developing subsequent to a lymphoma involving the thoracic cavity, which was shown to be of the T-cell type, is presented. The leukemic cells had a 5q-- anomaly, which had previously been described only in cases of refractory anemia and/or AML. The 5q-- abnormality was invariably accompanied by a 9p-- chromosome in the leukemic cells. The interstitial deletion leading to the 5q-- chromosome was shown with banding techniques to be similar to that described previously in myeloproliferative disorders. Some aspects of the 5q-- anomaly in ALL and its relation to previous experience with this karyotypic change are discussed.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXXIII. 5q-- in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The case of a 4-year-old boy with ALL, possibly developing subsequent to a lymphoma involving the thoracic cavity, which was shown to be of the T-cell type, is presented. The leukemic cells had a 5q-- anomaly, which had previously been described only in cases of refractory anemia and/or AML. The 5q-- abnormality was invariably accompanied by a 9p-- chromosome in the leukemic cells. The interstitial deletion leading to the 5q-- chromosome was shown with banding techniques to be similar to that described previously in myeloproliferative disorders. Some aspects of the 5q-- anomaly in ALL and its relation to previous experience with this karyotypic change are discussed.", "PMID": 314753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4629", "title": "Segregation distortion of the alpha 1-antitrypsin Pi Z allele.", "content": "alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) of the Pi type Z is associated with two diseases: pulmonary emphysema and cirrhosis of the liver. We report 23 families with both parents heterozygous for the PiZ allele, characterized from our own analysis and from world literature sources. All families were identified through members expressing disease. From the extended pedigrees, 18 backcross families (parents with Pi types MM and MZ) were identified. Analysis of the backcross families reveals a significant increase in Pi MZ offspring (.73) among families where the male is heterozygous. The distortion is not detected among families where the female is heterozygous. Among the matings where both parents are heterozygous, we found 0.43 Pi ZZ from families where one or more members expressed hepatic cirrhosis, and 0.40 Pi ZZ for total families studied. This contrasts to the 0.25 Pi ZZ expected, but is consistent with the distortion observed in backcross matings. The implications of various statistical approaches are discussed, and we point out why our findings differ from previous reports. We suggest a possible biological explanation residing in the fertilization process.", "contents": "Segregation distortion of the alpha 1-antitrypsin Pi Z allele. alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) of the Pi type Z is associated with two diseases: pulmonary emphysema and cirrhosis of the liver. We report 23 families with both parents heterozygous for the PiZ allele, characterized from our own analysis and from world literature sources. All families were identified through members expressing disease. From the extended pedigrees, 18 backcross families (parents with Pi types MM and MZ) were identified. Analysis of the backcross families reveals a significant increase in Pi MZ offspring (.73) among families where the male is heterozygous. The distortion is not detected among families where the female is heterozygous. Among the matings where both parents are heterozygous, we found 0.43 Pi ZZ from families where one or more members expressed hepatic cirrhosis, and 0.40 Pi ZZ for total families studied. This contrasts to the 0.25 Pi ZZ expected, but is consistent with the distortion observed in backcross matings. The implications of various statistical approaches are discussed, and we point out why our findings differ from previous reports. We suggest a possible biological explanation residing in the fertilization process.", "PMID": 314754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4630", "title": "Ectopia lentis et pupillae.", "content": "Two brothers whose parents were second cousins had ectopia lentis et pupillae. This autosomal recessive disorder is distinguished from other disorders with ectopia lentis by the limitation of abnormalities to the bilateral displacement of lens and pupil.", "contents": "Ectopia lentis et pupillae. Two brothers whose parents were second cousins had ectopia lentis et pupillae. This autosomal recessive disorder is distinguished from other disorders with ectopia lentis by the limitation of abnormalities to the bilateral displacement of lens and pupil.", "PMID": 314755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4631", "title": "Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area.", "content": "The authors determined the prevalence of sleep disorders in a general population through a survey of 1,006 representative households in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. They found an overall prevalence of current or previous sleep disorders in adults of 52.1%. Specifically, they found a 42.5% prevalence of insomnia, 11.2% of nightmares, 7.1% of excessive sleep, 5.3% of sleeptalking, and 2.5% of sleepwalking. These conditions were often chronic and usually started early in life. Insomnia was more frequent in older people, particularly older women, and in people of lower educational socioeconomic status. Insomnia, nightmares, and hypersomnia were correlated with more frequent general physical and mental health problems.", "contents": "Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The authors determined the prevalence of sleep disorders in a general population through a survey of 1,006 representative households in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. They found an overall prevalence of current or previous sleep disorders in adults of 52.1%. Specifically, they found a 42.5% prevalence of insomnia, 11.2% of nightmares, 7.1% of excessive sleep, 5.3% of sleeptalking, and 2.5% of sleepwalking. These conditions were often chronic and usually started early in life. Insomnia was more frequent in older people, particularly older women, and in people of lower educational socioeconomic status. Insomnia, nightmares, and hypersomnia were correlated with more frequent general physical and mental health problems.", "PMID": 314756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4632", "title": "The pattern and nature of the lymphocyte population response in dengue hemorrhagic fever.", "content": "Eighty-eight specimens consisting of lymphocytes separated from peripheral blood samples from 76 patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) were studied. The results revealed a significant increase in numbers of atypical lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, and a decrease in T lymphocytes by comparison with normal controls. Anti-T lymphocyte antibody was also detected in the serum of all patients with DHF. The greatest increments and decrements of the above were noted on the day of shock of subsidence of fever.", "contents": "The pattern and nature of the lymphocyte population response in dengue hemorrhagic fever. Eighty-eight specimens consisting of lymphocytes separated from peripheral blood samples from 76 patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) were studied. The results revealed a significant increase in numbers of atypical lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, and a decrease in T lymphocytes by comparison with normal controls. Anti-T lymphocyte antibody was also detected in the serum of all patients with DHF. The greatest increments and decrements of the above were noted on the day of shock of subsidence of fever.", "PMID": 314757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4633", "title": "[Haemodynamic and vascular effects of dobutamine during and after open heart operations (author's transl)].", "content": "In cardiosurgical patients the haemodynamic effects of dobutamine 2.5 microgram/kg . min and 5 microgram/kg . min dobutamine were investigated during neuroleptanalgesia, intra- and immediately postoperatively. Intraoperative measurements were performed in 8 coronary surgical patients each after sternotomy and pericardiotomy, but before the aortocoronary venous bypass operation. The following haemodynamic parameters increased significantly: cardiac index (2.5 microgram/kg . min: 2.6 leads to 2.1 1/min . m2; 6 microgram/kg . min: 1.5 leads to 2.24 1/min . m2), heart rate (80 leads to 91 min-1; 86 leads to 107 min-1), stroke index (16%, 27%), mean arterial pressure (70 leads to 90 mm Hg; 70 leads to 93 mm Hg), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (8%; 14%), LV dp/dtmax (72%; 121%) and calculated myocardial oxygen consumption Eg (35%; 52%). Changes in right (PRA) and left ventricular filling pressure (PLVED), in total systemic resistance and total pulmonary vascular resistance were not significant. Postoperative measurement immediately after open heart operations (ASD-correction n = 5, aortocoronary venous bypass (n = 3) in neuroleptanalgesia too, showed the same haemodynamic results as intraoperatively before correction of coronary stenosis. Only a few premature ventricular beats were observed in 3 patients and there were no changes in S-T segments during dobutamine infusion. In another group of 15 patients selective vascular responses to an infusion of 10 microgram/kg . min dobutamine were examined during steady state cardiopulmonary bypass excluding heart and lungs from the circulation. No relevant direct influence on the arteriolar resistance vessels and the venous capacitance vessels were found. In a dose range of 2.5--5.0 microgram/kg . min dobutamine proved to be a potent inotropic agent causing almost no peripheral and relatively little positive chronotropic effects. But the increase in heart rate was more pronounced than in other clinical investigations in conscious patients, which might be due to an attenuation of vagal reflex by anaesthesia. The results indicate, that dobutamine may be a valuable drug in the treatment of intra- and postoperative low output syndromes especially in patients with coronary heart disease.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic and vascular effects of dobutamine during and after open heart operations (author's transl)]. In cardiosurgical patients the haemodynamic effects of dobutamine 2.5 microgram/kg . min and 5 microgram/kg . min dobutamine were investigated during neuroleptanalgesia, intra- and immediately postoperatively. Intraoperative measurements were performed in 8 coronary surgical patients each after sternotomy and pericardiotomy, but before the aortocoronary venous bypass operation. The following haemodynamic parameters increased significantly: cardiac index (2.5 microgram/kg . min: 2.6 leads to 2.1 1/min . m2; 6 microgram/kg . min: 1.5 leads to 2.24 1/min . m2), heart rate (80 leads to 91 min-1; 86 leads to 107 min-1), stroke index (16%, 27%), mean arterial pressure (70 leads to 90 mm Hg; 70 leads to 93 mm Hg), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (8%; 14%), LV dp/dtmax (72%; 121%) and calculated myocardial oxygen consumption Eg (35%; 52%). Changes in right (PRA) and left ventricular filling pressure (PLVED), in total systemic resistance and total pulmonary vascular resistance were not significant. Postoperative measurement immediately after open heart operations (ASD-correction n = 5, aortocoronary venous bypass (n = 3) in neuroleptanalgesia too, showed the same haemodynamic results as intraoperatively before correction of coronary stenosis. Only a few premature ventricular beats were observed in 3 patients and there were no changes in S-T segments during dobutamine infusion. In another group of 15 patients selective vascular responses to an infusion of 10 microgram/kg . min dobutamine were examined during steady state cardiopulmonary bypass excluding heart and lungs from the circulation. No relevant direct influence on the arteriolar resistance vessels and the venous capacitance vessels were found. In a dose range of 2.5--5.0 microgram/kg . min dobutamine proved to be a potent inotropic agent causing almost no peripheral and relatively little positive chronotropic effects. But the increase in heart rate was more pronounced than in other clinical investigations in conscious patients, which might be due to an attenuation of vagal reflex by anaesthesia. The results indicate, that dobutamine may be a valuable drug in the treatment of intra- and postoperative low output syndromes especially in patients with coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 314759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4634", "title": "[The haemodynamic effects of dobutamine and dopamine in patients with coronary artery disease. A study performed under general anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of dobutamine (2 microgram/kg . min and 4 microgram/kg . min) and dopamine (4 microgram/kg . min and 8 microgram/kg . min) were studied in 17 patients with coronary artery disease prior to coronary bypass surgery. The study was performed under general anaesthesia (modified neurolept analgesia) and controlled ventilation. Dopamine improved cardiac index significantly, increased mean aortic pressure slightly while heart rate and total peripheral resistance remained unchanged. Dobutamine failed to increase cardiac and stroke index significantly, but increased mean aortic pressure distinctly due to an elevated total peripheral resistance. Both catecholamines increased left ventricular filling and mean pulmonary artery pressure. The HR x ASP-product which is closely related to left ventricular oxygen consumption was found to be augmented to a greater extent during dobutamine. For the above reasons dopamine should be favoured for increasing cardiac output in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery. Our study does not confirm earlier results which have shown dobutamine to be the preferable catecholamine. The possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "[The haemodynamic effects of dobutamine and dopamine in patients with coronary artery disease. A study performed under general anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The haemodynamic effects of dobutamine (2 microgram/kg . min and 4 microgram/kg . min) and dopamine (4 microgram/kg . min and 8 microgram/kg . min) were studied in 17 patients with coronary artery disease prior to coronary bypass surgery. The study was performed under general anaesthesia (modified neurolept analgesia) and controlled ventilation. Dopamine improved cardiac index significantly, increased mean aortic pressure slightly while heart rate and total peripheral resistance remained unchanged. Dobutamine failed to increase cardiac and stroke index significantly, but increased mean aortic pressure distinctly due to an elevated total peripheral resistance. Both catecholamines increased left ventricular filling and mean pulmonary artery pressure. The HR x ASP-product which is closely related to left ventricular oxygen consumption was found to be augmented to a greater extent during dobutamine. For the above reasons dopamine should be favoured for increasing cardiac output in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery. Our study does not confirm earlier results which have shown dobutamine to be the preferable catecholamine. The possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.", "PMID": 314760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4635", "title": "The lymphocyte response to influenza in humans.", "content": "Enumeration of total lymphocytes and T, B, and null lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of normal volunteers was performed before and at intervals after inoculation with type A influenza virus. Volunteers who subsequently developed infection and illness had larger T-cell counts before inoculation and exhibited an increased number of B lymphocytes during the incubation period and a decrease in all subpopulations during illness, although the greatest decrease occurred in T cells. A decrease in B-cell counts occurred on day 3 in volunteers who exhibited infection, but no illness and no changes occurred in uninfected, well volunteers. Values had returned to baseline by day 21 after inoculation. Thus, the lymphopenia that accompanies influenza involves all subpopulations, but is primarily a decrease in T cells; in addition, differences in T-cell and B-cell populations before and during the incubation period may identify persons who will subsequently develop febrile influenza.", "contents": "The lymphocyte response to influenza in humans. Enumeration of total lymphocytes and T, B, and null lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of normal volunteers was performed before and at intervals after inoculation with type A influenza virus. Volunteers who subsequently developed infection and illness had larger T-cell counts before inoculation and exhibited an increased number of B lymphocytes during the incubation period and a decrease in all subpopulations during illness, although the greatest decrease occurred in T cells. A decrease in B-cell counts occurred on day 3 in volunteers who exhibited infection, but no illness and no changes occurred in uninfected, well volunteers. Values had returned to baseline by day 21 after inoculation. Thus, the lymphopenia that accompanies influenza involves all subpopulations, but is primarily a decrease in T cells; in addition, differences in T-cell and B-cell populations before and during the incubation period may identify persons who will subsequently develop febrile influenza.", "PMID": 314763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4636", "title": "Incidence of gastric lesions in patients with rheumatic disease on chronic aspirin therapy.", "content": "Endoscopy was done in 82 patients with rheumatic disease who were receiving chronic aspirin therapy. Fifty-eight patients were taking at least eight aspirin tablets daily for 3 or more months; 24 patients were taking, in addition to the aspirin, a maximum of one other antiinflammatory, nonsteroidal medication. Endoscopy in 45 normal subjects not taking aspirin showed no ulcers or erosions and a 4% incidence of gastric erythema. In the 82 patients with rheumatic disease, 14 (17%) had gastric ulcers, 33 (40%) had gastric erosions, and 62 (76%) had gastric erythema. Regular aspirin and buffered aspirin users had an ulcer incidence of 23% and 31% respectively, compared with a 6% incidence in enteric-coated aspirin users (P less than 0.05). One third of all patients with gastric ulcer had no gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients taking chronic aspirin therapy for rheumatic diseases have a higher than suspected incidence of gastric ulcer and erosions. Gastric ulcer may exist without symptoms in such patients.", "contents": "Incidence of gastric lesions in patients with rheumatic disease on chronic aspirin therapy. Endoscopy was done in 82 patients with rheumatic disease who were receiving chronic aspirin therapy. Fifty-eight patients were taking at least eight aspirin tablets daily for 3 or more months; 24 patients were taking, in addition to the aspirin, a maximum of one other antiinflammatory, nonsteroidal medication. Endoscopy in 45 normal subjects not taking aspirin showed no ulcers or erosions and a 4% incidence of gastric erythema. In the 82 patients with rheumatic disease, 14 (17%) had gastric ulcers, 33 (40%) had gastric erosions, and 62 (76%) had gastric erythema. Regular aspirin and buffered aspirin users had an ulcer incidence of 23% and 31% respectively, compared with a 6% incidence in enteric-coated aspirin users (P less than 0.05). One third of all patients with gastric ulcer had no gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients taking chronic aspirin therapy for rheumatic diseases have a higher than suspected incidence of gastric ulcer and erosions. Gastric ulcer may exist without symptoms in such patients.", "PMID": 314764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4637", "title": "The polyglandular failure syndrome: disease inheritance, HLA type, and immune function.", "content": "The occurrence of disease and the inheritance of histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA) were evaluated in 11 patients with the polyglandular failure syndrome and 42 of their relatives. The gene frequency of the HLA-B8 allele (seven of 22) and the HLA-A1, B8 haplotype phenotype frequency (five of 11) were increased in patients with polyglandular failure as compared with a control population. Eleven of 42 relatives had a polyglandular failure illness. Disease prevalence correlated with HLA inheritance in some families, but not all. Patients and diseased relatives had a high incidenceof immunologic dysfunction: autoantibodies, including antinuclear antibodies; elevated serum immunoglobulins (three of 16); abnormal skin tests (four of nine). Polyglandular failure appears to be an HLA-B8-associated syndrome with a high prevalence of disease in relatives. Immunologic dysfunction resulting from a gene(s) on chromosome 6, in linkage dysequilibrium with the HLA-B8 allele, may be a factor in the pathogenesis of polyglandular failure illnesses.", "contents": "The polyglandular failure syndrome: disease inheritance, HLA type, and immune function. The occurrence of disease and the inheritance of histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA) were evaluated in 11 patients with the polyglandular failure syndrome and 42 of their relatives. The gene frequency of the HLA-B8 allele (seven of 22) and the HLA-A1, B8 haplotype phenotype frequency (five of 11) were increased in patients with polyglandular failure as compared with a control population. Eleven of 42 relatives had a polyglandular failure illness. Disease prevalence correlated with HLA inheritance in some families, but not all. Patients and diseased relatives had a high incidenceof immunologic dysfunction: autoantibodies, including antinuclear antibodies; elevated serum immunoglobulins (three of 16); abnormal skin tests (four of nine). Polyglandular failure appears to be an HLA-B8-associated syndrome with a high prevalence of disease in relatives. Immunologic dysfunction resulting from a gene(s) on chromosome 6, in linkage dysequilibrium with the HLA-B8 allele, may be a factor in the pathogenesis of polyglandular failure illnesses.", "PMID": 314765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4638", "title": "Lens dislocation after strabismus surgery.", "content": "A case of lens dislocation complicating strabismus surgery is described. This complication following scleral perforation is extremely rare. The lens dislocation occurred in the direction of the connective tissue overlying the perforation site to which multiple cryoapplications had been made. Irrigation and aspiration of the clear lens followed by discission of the lens capsule was necessary because of progressive lens dislocation resulting in profound amblyopia. Accurate aphakic optical correction of the involved eye combined with vigorous occlusion of the fellow eye resulted in excellent visual acuity for both eyes. Cosmetic strabismus surgery was then performed. Continued intermittent occlusion of the fellow eye, combined with continued constant aphakic optical correction of the affected eye will be required. The affected eye will be carefully followed for the long-term complication of retinal detachment associated with connective tissue traction.", "contents": "Lens dislocation after strabismus surgery. A case of lens dislocation complicating strabismus surgery is described. This complication following scleral perforation is extremely rare. The lens dislocation occurred in the direction of the connective tissue overlying the perforation site to which multiple cryoapplications had been made. Irrigation and aspiration of the clear lens followed by discission of the lens capsule was necessary because of progressive lens dislocation resulting in profound amblyopia. Accurate aphakic optical correction of the involved eye combined with vigorous occlusion of the fellow eye resulted in excellent visual acuity for both eyes. Cosmetic strabismus surgery was then performed. Continued intermittent occlusion of the fellow eye, combined with continued constant aphakic optical correction of the affected eye will be required. The affected eye will be carefully followed for the long-term complication of retinal detachment associated with connective tissue traction.", "PMID": 314767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4639", "title": "[Principles and elaboration of a vestibular rehabilitation technic, vestibular habituation training].", "content": "In the scope of the treatment of some vertiginous patients, the vestibular habituation training has to be considered as a valuable technique, superior to the merely medical treatment by drugs. Bsed on the fundamental principles of the vestibular physiopathology, its aim is to favour the compensatory and adaptive functions of the vestibular regulation centres in case of a peripheral dysfunction, either a unilateral hypofunction or some type of paroxysmal positional vertigo. The repeating of the provoking manoeuvres results in a habituation effect, so that the centres accept this abnormal stimulation pattern and are able to transform it in an equilibrated elaboration of the reflexes. In this way, every dizzy sensation can be abolished. So each case presenting provoked dizziness, either on the base of unilateral vestibular hypofunction, or as a typical paroxysmal positional vertigo, can be treated in this way. The patients are selected by anamnesis and thorough functional evaluation with search for positional nystagmus, caloric and rotation tests, recorded by E.N.G. Afterwards movements and positions provoking dizziness are tested in a practical way, leading to a selection of movements which are used in order to compose the treatment schedule. This test battery permits also to realize a close and precise follow-up of these patients, besides the classical clinical and E.N.G. evaluations. A preliminary report of 62 cases is presented. We found a positive result in more than 2/3 of the cases after 2 months. This technique being subject of further intensive investigations in our department, we make reservations as to future changes in the technique and procedures presented in this study. We would like to emphasize this treatment has to be integrated in a global clinical approach to the dizzy patient.", "contents": "[Principles and elaboration of a vestibular rehabilitation technic, vestibular habituation training]. In the scope of the treatment of some vertiginous patients, the vestibular habituation training has to be considered as a valuable technique, superior to the merely medical treatment by drugs. Bsed on the fundamental principles of the vestibular physiopathology, its aim is to favour the compensatory and adaptive functions of the vestibular regulation centres in case of a peripheral dysfunction, either a unilateral hypofunction or some type of paroxysmal positional vertigo. The repeating of the provoking manoeuvres results in a habituation effect, so that the centres accept this abnormal stimulation pattern and are able to transform it in an equilibrated elaboration of the reflexes. In this way, every dizzy sensation can be abolished. So each case presenting provoked dizziness, either on the base of unilateral vestibular hypofunction, or as a typical paroxysmal positional vertigo, can be treated in this way. The patients are selected by anamnesis and thorough functional evaluation with search for positional nystagmus, caloric and rotation tests, recorded by E.N.G. Afterwards movements and positions provoking dizziness are tested in a practical way, leading to a selection of movements which are used in order to compose the treatment schedule. This test battery permits also to realize a close and precise follow-up of these patients, besides the classical clinical and E.N.G. evaluations. A preliminary report of 62 cases is presented. We found a positive result in more than 2/3 of the cases after 2 months. This technique being subject of further intensive investigations in our department, we make reservations as to future changes in the technique and procedures presented in this study. We would like to emphasize this treatment has to be integrated in a global clinical approach to the dizzy patient.", "PMID": 314768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4640", "title": "[Eosinophilic granuloma of the ear. General review apropos of 2 case reports].", "content": "The eosinophilic granuloma is part of the histiocytosis X classification, having a common histological substratum, the granuloma, which is characterized by a proliferation of histiocytes (reticulo-endothelial cells) and a cytoplasmic inclusion body (the X body) whose \u00e9tiopathogenic significance is not yet established. These histiocytes are accompanied by other cells and in particular granulocytes, the majority of which are eosinophils. Histiocyte proliferation leads to a destruction of bone which is the organ preferentially affected. At first there is osteolysis (this explains the lacunar aspects seen radiologically) followed by sclerosis. The clinical classification established by Lichtenstein in 1953 outlines the tissue form (eosinophil granuloma), the acute disseminated form (Letterersive) and the chronic disseminated form (Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian). This classification is still accepted today but it needs to be refined to include the transitionary forms, and solitary bone granulomas whose long terme evolutive nature it is impossible to measure clinically, biologically, or histologically. From our observation we note that therapy (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy) is effective in controlling the acute growth spurts in a majority of the cases but does not seem to effect the potential long terme evolution.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic granuloma of the ear. General review apropos of 2 case reports]. The eosinophilic granuloma is part of the histiocytosis X classification, having a common histological substratum, the granuloma, which is characterized by a proliferation of histiocytes (reticulo-endothelial cells) and a cytoplasmic inclusion body (the X body) whose \u00e9tiopathogenic significance is not yet established. These histiocytes are accompanied by other cells and in particular granulocytes, the majority of which are eosinophils. Histiocyte proliferation leads to a destruction of bone which is the organ preferentially affected. At first there is osteolysis (this explains the lacunar aspects seen radiologically) followed by sclerosis. The clinical classification established by Lichtenstein in 1953 outlines the tissue form (eosinophil granuloma), the acute disseminated form (Letterersive) and the chronic disseminated form (Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian). This classification is still accepted today but it needs to be refined to include the transitionary forms, and solitary bone granulomas whose long terme evolutive nature it is impossible to measure clinically, biologically, or histologically. From our observation we note that therapy (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy) is effective in controlling the acute growth spurts in a majority of the cases but does not seem to effect the potential long terme evolution.", "PMID": 314769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4641", "title": "[Nervous tension and otologic syndromes (author's transl)].", "content": "The organic causes having been eliminated, the possibility of nervous tension as a cause of otologic diseases is discussed. The interest of sedatives and anxiolytic therapy is stressed.", "contents": "[Nervous tension and otologic syndromes (author's transl)]. The organic causes having been eliminated, the possibility of nervous tension as a cause of otologic diseases is discussed. The interest of sedatives and anxiolytic therapy is stressed.", "PMID": 314770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4642", "title": "Antibacterial activity of a new 1-oxa cephalosporin compared with that of other beta-lactam compounds.", "content": "The in vitro activity of (6R,7R)-7-{[carboxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-7-methoxy-3-[[(1-methyl -1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-oxa-1-azabicyclo-[4.2.0]oct-2-ene -2-carboxylic acid was tested against isolates of gram-positive and negative bacteria and compared with those of cephalothin, cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and carbenicillin. The compound was less active than the other compounds when tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. It had equal or slightly less activity than did cefotaxime when tested against members of the Enterobacteriaceae, but was 8- to 32-fold more active than the other cephalosporins against the Enterobacteriaceae, inhibiting most isolates at concentrations less than 0.5 mug/ml. The compound was twofold more active than cefotaxime and cefoxitin against Bacteroides, and it was twofold more active than cefotaxime and fourfold more active than carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vitro activity did not correlate with either the presence or type of beta-lactamase in either Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas. The compound showed minimal synergy when combined with aminoglycosides or carbenicillin.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of a new 1-oxa cephalosporin compared with that of other beta-lactam compounds. The in vitro activity of (6R,7R)-7-{[carboxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-7-methoxy-3-[[(1-methyl -1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-oxa-1-azabicyclo-[4.2.0]oct-2-ene -2-carboxylic acid was tested against isolates of gram-positive and negative bacteria and compared with those of cephalothin, cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and carbenicillin. The compound was less active than the other compounds when tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. It had equal or slightly less activity than did cefotaxime when tested against members of the Enterobacteriaceae, but was 8- to 32-fold more active than the other cephalosporins against the Enterobacteriaceae, inhibiting most isolates at concentrations less than 0.5 mug/ml. The compound was twofold more active than cefotaxime and cefoxitin against Bacteroides, and it was twofold more active than cefotaxime and fourfold more active than carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vitro activity did not correlate with either the presence or type of beta-lactamase in either Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas. The compound showed minimal synergy when combined with aminoglycosides or carbenicillin.", "PMID": 314774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4643", "title": "[Hamartoma of the internal auditory canal and cerebropontile space in a child. Trans-temporo-extradural excision methods].", "content": "A progressive facial paralysis in a child of 14 years allowed the diagnosis of a hamartoma to be made. The discovery of such a benign lesion should always be followed by a search for other lesions elsewhere, i.e. to see if there is not a phacomatosis. Persistent sciatic pains which this child now has lead one to fear a second lesion, compressing a nerve root or trunk of the sciatic nerve. There is a strong possibility that this tumor of the auditory canal is only the first manifestation of a neurocristopathy.", "contents": "[Hamartoma of the internal auditory canal and cerebropontile space in a child. Trans-temporo-extradural excision methods]. A progressive facial paralysis in a child of 14 years allowed the diagnosis of a hamartoma to be made. The discovery of such a benign lesion should always be followed by a search for other lesions elsewhere, i.e. to see if there is not a phacomatosis. Persistent sciatic pains which this child now has lead one to fear a second lesion, compressing a nerve root or trunk of the sciatic nerve. There is a strong possibility that this tumor of the auditory canal is only the first manifestation of a neurocristopathy.", "PMID": 314771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4644", "title": "Comparative activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefoperazone, a piperazine cephalosporin.", "content": "The in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of 7-[d(-)-alpha-(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazino-carbonylamino) -p-hydroxyphenylacetamido]-3-[(1-methyl)-5-tetrazolylthiomethyl] -Delta(3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (cefoperazone), a cephalosporin analog of piperacillin, were compared with the activities and stabilities of other cephalosporins and cephamycins. The compound was less active than cephalothin or cefamandole in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus; it was as active as cefamandole and cefoxitin against most of the Enterobacteriaceae but less active than cefotaxime. It was more active than carbenicillin or piperacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In general, the compound was not active against Bacteroides. It was hydrolyzed by the beta-lactamases of some Escherichia coli which hydrolyzed cefamandole, but was stable to most plasmid-mediated, chromosomally mediated, inducible beta-lactamases in the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas.", "contents": "Comparative activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefoperazone, a piperazine cephalosporin. The in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of 7-[d(-)-alpha-(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazino-carbonylamino) -p-hydroxyphenylacetamido]-3-[(1-methyl)-5-tetrazolylthiomethyl] -Delta(3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (cefoperazone), a cephalosporin analog of piperacillin, were compared with the activities and stabilities of other cephalosporins and cephamycins. The compound was less active than cephalothin or cefamandole in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus; it was as active as cefamandole and cefoxitin against most of the Enterobacteriaceae but less active than cefotaxime. It was more active than carbenicillin or piperacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In general, the compound was not active against Bacteroides. It was hydrolyzed by the beta-lactamases of some Escherichia coli which hydrolyzed cefamandole, but was stable to most plasmid-mediated, chromosomally mediated, inducible beta-lactamases in the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas.", "PMID": 314775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4645", "title": "Antibiotic susceptibility of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) to 21 antibiotics.", "content": "A total of 56 strains of Haemophilus vaginalis were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to 21 antimicrobial agents by an agar dilution method. All strains were inhibited by 1 mug or less of penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and vancomycin per ml. The cephalosporins were less active; 4 mug of cefazolin per ml, 16 mug of cephalothin per ml, or 128 mug of cephalexin per ml was required to inhibit all strains. Kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and neomycin were relatively inactive against H. vaginalis. All strains were inhibited by 4 mug of streptomycin per ml and 2 mug of chloramphenicol per ml. Only 57% of the strains were inhibited by 4 mug of tetracycline per ml, whereas 43% were inhibited by 16 to 64 mug/ml. The combination sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was relatively inactive against H. vaginalis. All strains tested exhibited minimal inhibitory concentrations of >/=128 mug when tested against colistin, nalidixic acid, and sulfadiazine. Erythromycin and clindamycin were the most active of the antibiotics tested; for all strains the minimal inhibitory concentrations were </=0.06 mug/ml.", "contents": "Antibiotic susceptibility of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) to 21 antibiotics. A total of 56 strains of Haemophilus vaginalis were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to 21 antimicrobial agents by an agar dilution method. All strains were inhibited by 1 mug or less of penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and vancomycin per ml. The cephalosporins were less active; 4 mug of cefazolin per ml, 16 mug of cephalothin per ml, or 128 mug of cephalexin per ml was required to inhibit all strains. Kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and neomycin were relatively inactive against H. vaginalis. All strains were inhibited by 4 mug of streptomycin per ml and 2 mug of chloramphenicol per ml. Only 57% of the strains were inhibited by 4 mug of tetracycline per ml, whereas 43% were inhibited by 16 to 64 mug/ml. The combination sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was relatively inactive against H. vaginalis. All strains tested exhibited minimal inhibitory concentrations of >/=128 mug when tested against colistin, nalidixic acid, and sulfadiazine. Erythromycin and clindamycin were the most active of the antibiotics tested; for all strains the minimal inhibitory concentrations were </=0.06 mug/ml.", "PMID": 314776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4646", "title": "Ampicillin dosage in bacterial meningitis with special reference to Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Ampicillin remains the preferred drug for most cases of bacterial meningitis, including those due to Haemophilus influenzae type b. A prospective study was performed comparing high (400 mg/kg per day)- and low (150 mg/kg per day)-dosage regimens of ampicillin in the treatment of 172 patients with bacterial meningitis. Response to both regimens was equivalent in terms of average hospital stay, duration of ampicillin therapy, microbiological response, and death and residua. Patients with H. influenzae infections treated with low-dosage regimens had slightly prolonged febrile courses. This study suggests that high-dosage regimens of ampicillin offer no benefit over low-dosage regimens in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.", "contents": "Ampicillin dosage in bacterial meningitis with special reference to Haemophilus influenzae. Ampicillin remains the preferred drug for most cases of bacterial meningitis, including those due to Haemophilus influenzae type b. A prospective study was performed comparing high (400 mg/kg per day)- and low (150 mg/kg per day)-dosage regimens of ampicillin in the treatment of 172 patients with bacterial meningitis. Response to both regimens was equivalent in terms of average hospital stay, duration of ampicillin therapy, microbiological response, and death and residua. Patients with H. influenzae infections treated with low-dosage regimens had slightly prolonged febrile courses. This study suggests that high-dosage regimens of ampicillin offer no benefit over low-dosage regimens in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.", "PMID": 314777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4647", "title": "New markers for Eubacterium lentum.", "content": "Of 37 strains of Eubacterium lentum and phenotypically similar organisms, 26 (70%) synthesized a corticoid 21-dehydroxylase and/or a 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It appeared that the corticoid 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was identical to the bile acid 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Steroid-metabolizing enzymes were found both in E. lentum and in phenotypically similar organisms. E. lentum is characterized by nitrate reduction and enhanced growth in the presence of arginine. Many phenotypically similar organisms possess either one or the other of the two markers. In contrast, using the steroid-metabolizing enzymes as markers, a \"steroid-active\" and a \"steroid-inactive\" group were established with minimal overlapping of metabolic characteristics. Synthesis of the steroid enzymes was positively correlated with production of gas from H2O2 and formation of H2S. A simple method for the detection of corticoid 21-dehydroxylase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, one or both of which were present in 92% of the steroid-active group, is described.", "contents": "New markers for Eubacterium lentum. Of 37 strains of Eubacterium lentum and phenotypically similar organisms, 26 (70%) synthesized a corticoid 21-dehydroxylase and/or a 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It appeared that the corticoid 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was identical to the bile acid 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Steroid-metabolizing enzymes were found both in E. lentum and in phenotypically similar organisms. E. lentum is characterized by nitrate reduction and enhanced growth in the presence of arginine. Many phenotypically similar organisms possess either one or the other of the two markers. In contrast, using the steroid-metabolizing enzymes as markers, a \"steroid-active\" and a \"steroid-inactive\" group were established with minimal overlapping of metabolic characteristics. Synthesis of the steroid enzymes was positively correlated with production of gas from H2O2 and formation of H2S. A simple method for the detection of corticoid 21-dehydroxylase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, one or both of which were present in 92% of the steroid-active group, is described.", "PMID": 314778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4648", "title": "Abnormal laboratory test results and their relationship to prognosis in discoid lupus erythematosus. A long-term follow-up study of 92 patients.", "content": "Investigation of 92 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus, manifested initially by localized cutaneous lesions only, showed abnormal laboratory test results for 57 patients (62%) on admission and for 62 patients (67.4%) on review 16 to 20 years later. Patients with discoid lesions confined to the head and neck (DLE) showed fewer laboratory abnormalities than those patients with disseminated lesions involving trunk and limbs (disseminated discoid lupus erythematosus [DDLE]). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) eventually developed in six (6.5%) of the patients, and all had shown persistent multiple abnormal laboratory findings from the beginning. Complete remission occurred in 46.7%. A persistent positive antinuclear factor of either speckled or homogeneous pattern with a titer greater than 1:50, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or a false-positive Wassermann reaction indicated those patients who may progress to DDLE or SLE.", "contents": "Abnormal laboratory test results and their relationship to prognosis in discoid lupus erythematosus. A long-term follow-up study of 92 patients. Investigation of 92 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus, manifested initially by localized cutaneous lesions only, showed abnormal laboratory test results for 57 patients (62%) on admission and for 62 patients (67.4%) on review 16 to 20 years later. Patients with discoid lesions confined to the head and neck (DLE) showed fewer laboratory abnormalities than those patients with disseminated lesions involving trunk and limbs (disseminated discoid lupus erythematosus [DDLE]). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) eventually developed in six (6.5%) of the patients, and all had shown persistent multiple abnormal laboratory findings from the beginning. Complete remission occurred in 46.7%. A persistent positive antinuclear factor of either speckled or homogeneous pattern with a titer greater than 1:50, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or a false-positive Wassermann reaction indicated those patients who may progress to DDLE or SLE.", "PMID": 314780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4649", "title": "Normal children with large heads--benign familial megalencephaly.", "content": "Fifteen normal children with large heads (circumference greater than 0.5 cm above the 98th centile) were studied. CAT scans were pefrormed to exclude hydrocephalus, and ventricular size was compared with that of hydrocephalic children. In 11 of the 13 families in which the parents' heads were measured, one parent (10 fathers and one mother) was found to have a large head, as had 6 of 17 siblings. Head circumference at birth was large in 7 of 10 babies and rate of head growth was excessive in 8 of 13. Skull x-ray showed suture diastasis in 7 infants. These families have a benign familial megalencephaly. It is important to recognise this so as to avoid unnecessary investigation and anxiety about normal children with large heads.", "contents": "Normal children with large heads--benign familial megalencephaly. Fifteen normal children with large heads (circumference greater than 0.5 cm above the 98th centile) were studied. CAT scans were pefrormed to exclude hydrocephalus, and ventricular size was compared with that of hydrocephalic children. In 11 of the 13 families in which the parents' heads were measured, one parent (10 fathers and one mother) was found to have a large head, as had 6 of 17 siblings. Head circumference at birth was large in 7 of 10 babies and rate of head growth was excessive in 8 of 13. Skull x-ray showed suture diastasis in 7 infants. These families have a benign familial megalencephaly. It is important to recognise this so as to avoid unnecessary investigation and anxiety about normal children with large heads.", "PMID": 314781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4650", "title": "Four families with immunodeficiency and chromosome abnormalities.", "content": "Six children, with severe deficiency of some or all of the immunoglobulins and minor somatic abnormalities, had chromosomal abnormalities: (1) 45,XY,t(13q/18q), (2) 46,XY,21ps +, (3) two brothers 46,XY (inv. 7) (4) 45,X,t(11p/10p)/46X,iXq,t(11p/10p) and, (5) in addendum, 45,XX,-18;46,XX, r18. The chromosome abnormalities were detected in B- as well as T-lymphocytes (as evidenced by using both PHA- and PWM-stimulated cultures) in all probands, but one was mosaic in PHA culture, although all his PWM-stimulated cells were abnormal. Chromosomal variants were also detected in relatives of three and immunodeficiency in relatives of two.", "contents": "Four families with immunodeficiency and chromosome abnormalities. Six children, with severe deficiency of some or all of the immunoglobulins and minor somatic abnormalities, had chromosomal abnormalities: (1) 45,XY,t(13q/18q), (2) 46,XY,21ps +, (3) two brothers 46,XY (inv. 7) (4) 45,X,t(11p/10p)/46X,iXq,t(11p/10p) and, (5) in addendum, 45,XX,-18;46,XX, r18. The chromosome abnormalities were detected in B- as well as T-lymphocytes (as evidenced by using both PHA- and PWM-stimulated cultures) in all probands, but one was mosaic in PHA culture, although all his PWM-stimulated cells were abnormal. Chromosomal variants were also detected in relatives of three and immunodeficiency in relatives of two.", "PMID": 314782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4651", "title": "Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in Maracaibo. II: Studies on the incidence, nature, and significance of circulating anti-immunoglobulins.", "content": "Antiglobulins were measured in the sera of 82 patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and correlated with C1q binding activity, serum levels of immunoglobulins and C3, site of infection, antibody titres to streptococcal enzymes, and the duration of the nephritis and interval from infection. Raised serum antiglobulins were found in 89.2% of the patients. In addition, raised titres were detected at any time during the course of the disease and very early after streptococcal infection. The finding of antiglobulins soon after the infection suggests the possibility that they appear as a primary event in the disease.", "contents": "Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in Maracaibo. II: Studies on the incidence, nature, and significance of circulating anti-immunoglobulins. Antiglobulins were measured in the sera of 82 patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and correlated with C1q binding activity, serum levels of immunoglobulins and C3, site of infection, antibody titres to streptococcal enzymes, and the duration of the nephritis and interval from infection. Raised serum antiglobulins were found in 89.2% of the patients. In addition, raised titres were detected at any time during the course of the disease and very early after streptococcal infection. The finding of antiglobulins soon after the infection suggests the possibility that they appear as a primary event in the disease.", "PMID": 314784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4652", "title": "Hemodynamic patterns in human hepatic cirrhosis: a prospective randomized study of the hemodynamic sequelae of distal splenorenal (Warren) and mesocaval shunts.", "content": "Increasingly successful operative management of gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage has been achieved by newer techniques of portal venous reconstruction. Although it is postulated that the clinical success may be due to more selectivity in portal venous shunting, direct determination of the effect of portasystemic shunt on portal vein blood flow has not been possible. Direct determinations of portal vein blood flow were performed preoperative on unanesthetized, hemodynamically stable cirrhotic patients by observation of radiopaque water-insoluble droplets. Patients were then randomized into elective distal splenorenal (Warren) or mesocaval shunt and determinations were performed postoperatively under similar conditions when clinically possible. Although portal vein blood flow was not significantly different before (929 +/- 147 ml/min) or after 899 +/- 271 ml/min) distal splenorenal shunt, there was a large change in portal vein blood flow after mesocaval shunt, decreasing from 772 +/- 177 ml/min (hepatopetal) to -1021 +/- 310 ml/min (hepatofugal) p < 0.01). After either procedure total hepatic blood flow (as determined by cardiac green clearance) was not significantly changed, nor was renal blood flow; however, cardiac output was significantly increased after mesocaval shunt. Thus the theoretical hemodynamic goals of the selective distal splenorenal shunt, i.e., preservation of the hepatopetal flow within the portal vein, is achieved as determined in the early postoperative period. The correlation between these changes and the eventual clinical outcome remains to be determined.", "contents": "Hemodynamic patterns in human hepatic cirrhosis: a prospective randomized study of the hemodynamic sequelae of distal splenorenal (Warren) and mesocaval shunts. Increasingly successful operative management of gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage has been achieved by newer techniques of portal venous reconstruction. Although it is postulated that the clinical success may be due to more selectivity in portal venous shunting, direct determination of the effect of portasystemic shunt on portal vein blood flow has not been possible. Direct determinations of portal vein blood flow were performed preoperative on unanesthetized, hemodynamically stable cirrhotic patients by observation of radiopaque water-insoluble droplets. Patients were then randomized into elective distal splenorenal (Warren) or mesocaval shunt and determinations were performed postoperatively under similar conditions when clinically possible. Although portal vein blood flow was not significantly different before (929 +/- 147 ml/min) or after 899 +/- 271 ml/min) distal splenorenal shunt, there was a large change in portal vein blood flow after mesocaval shunt, decreasing from 772 +/- 177 ml/min (hepatopetal) to -1021 +/- 310 ml/min (hepatofugal) p < 0.01). After either procedure total hepatic blood flow (as determined by cardiac green clearance) was not significantly changed, nor was renal blood flow; however, cardiac output was significantly increased after mesocaval shunt. Thus the theoretical hemodynamic goals of the selective distal splenorenal shunt, i.e., preservation of the hepatopetal flow within the portal vein, is achieved as determined in the early postoperative period. The correlation between these changes and the eventual clinical outcome remains to be determined.", "PMID": 314787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4653", "title": "Does pulsatile flow influence the incidence of postoperative hypertension?", "content": "Twenty patients undergoing primary elective aorta--coronary artery bypass were divided into two equal groups, both receiving identical premedication, anesthetic, and pump primes. The control patients received hypothermic nonpulsatile flow and the study patients received hypothermic pulsatile flow. Hypertension, defined as a pressure of 160/100 mm Hg or higher, was observed in 80% of the control patients and 20% of the patients receiving pulsatile flow (p less than 0.05). Serial renin measurements demonstrated maximum values in the intensive care unit and coincided with the onset of postoperative hypertension in the control patients. Those patients who had received pulsatile flow did not demonstrate notable renin stimulation. Catecholamines were markedly elevated during bypass and in the intensive care unit, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Peripheral vascular resistance was not significantly lower with pulsatile flow, except in the first study performed in the intensive care unit. We conclude that catecholamines and the renin-angiotensin system contribute to the production of postoperative hypertension and that pulsatile flow diminishes renin stimulation. Pulsatile flow results in a decreased incidence of postoperative hypertension.", "contents": "Does pulsatile flow influence the incidence of postoperative hypertension? Twenty patients undergoing primary elective aorta--coronary artery bypass were divided into two equal groups, both receiving identical premedication, anesthetic, and pump primes. The control patients received hypothermic nonpulsatile flow and the study patients received hypothermic pulsatile flow. Hypertension, defined as a pressure of 160/100 mm Hg or higher, was observed in 80% of the control patients and 20% of the patients receiving pulsatile flow (p less than 0.05). Serial renin measurements demonstrated maximum values in the intensive care unit and coincided with the onset of postoperative hypertension in the control patients. Those patients who had received pulsatile flow did not demonstrate notable renin stimulation. Catecholamines were markedly elevated during bypass and in the intensive care unit, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Peripheral vascular resistance was not significantly lower with pulsatile flow, except in the first study performed in the intensive care unit. We conclude that catecholamines and the renin-angiotensin system contribute to the production of postoperative hypertension and that pulsatile flow diminishes renin stimulation. Pulsatile flow results in a decreased incidence of postoperative hypertension.", "PMID": 314788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4654", "title": "[The antiprotease alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and immunoglobulin E in newborns with hyaline membrane (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have analyzed the serum from 26 newborn children suffering from hyaline membrane to valuate the behaviour of alpha-1-antitrypsin, of alpha-2-macroglobulin, and of immunoglobulin E. A statistically significant decrease of antiprotease seric levels has been noticed. No information has been achieved as concern IgE.", "contents": "[The antiprotease alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and immunoglobulin E in newborns with hyaline membrane (author's transl)]. The Authors have analyzed the serum from 26 newborn children suffering from hyaline membrane to valuate the behaviour of alpha-1-antitrypsin, of alpha-2-macroglobulin, and of immunoglobulin E. A statistically significant decrease of antiprotease seric levels has been noticed. No information has been achieved as concern IgE.", "PMID": 314785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4655", "title": "A prospective evaluation of the pulsatile assist device.", "content": "Conversion of roller pump flow to pulsatile flow by the pulsatile assist device (PAD) is said to result in improved myocardial preservation and a decrease in the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction. The clinical advantages of the PAD were evaluated in a prospective randomized study of 100 consecutive coronary artery bypass operations. Serial electrocardiograms, creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme studies, and myocardial scans with technetium-labeled pyrophosphate failed to demonstrate any signficiant difference between patients with the PAD and those receiving nonpulsatile flow. Plasma hemoglobin levels were significantly higher in the PAD group indicating increased blood trauma. Other potential disadvantages of the PAD are discussed. Based on this study, we see few advantages of the PAD in routine coronary bypass operations.", "contents": "A prospective evaluation of the pulsatile assist device. Conversion of roller pump flow to pulsatile flow by the pulsatile assist device (PAD) is said to result in improved myocardial preservation and a decrease in the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction. The clinical advantages of the PAD were evaluated in a prospective randomized study of 100 consecutive coronary artery bypass operations. Serial electrocardiograms, creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme studies, and myocardial scans with technetium-labeled pyrophosphate failed to demonstrate any signficiant difference between patients with the PAD and those receiving nonpulsatile flow. Plasma hemoglobin levels were significantly higher in the PAD group indicating increased blood trauma. Other potential disadvantages of the PAD are discussed. Based on this study, we see few advantages of the PAD in routine coronary bypass operations.", "PMID": 314789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4656", "title": "Pharmacological profile of mangostin and its derivatives.", "content": "Mangostin (M), a naturally occurring xanthone in the rinds of the fruits of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Guttiferae) and its derivatives such as 3-0-methyl mangostin (MM), 3,6-di-O-methyl mangostin (DM), 1-isomangostin (IM), mangostin triacetate (MT), mangostin 3,6-di-O-(tetra acetyl) glucoside (MTG) and mangostin-6,6-di-O-glucoside (MOG) were screened for various pharmacological effects in experimental animals. With the exception of DM all the test compounds produced CNS depression characterised by ptosis, sedation, decreased motor activity, potentiation of pentobarbital sleeping time and ether anaesthesia in mice and rats. None of the compounds exhibited analgesic, antipyretic and anticonvulsant effects. With the exception of MOG, none of the test compounds produced significant effects on the cardiovascular system of frogs and dogs. MOG produced myocardial stimulation and a rise in blood pressure which was partially blocked by propranolol. M, IM and MT produced pronounced antiinflammatory activity both by intraperitoneal and oral routes in rats as tested by carrageenininduced hind paw oedema, cotton pellet implantation and granuloma pouch techniques. Antiinflammatory activity for M, IM and MT was observed even in bilaterally adrenalectomised rats. M, IM and MT did not produce any mast cell membrane stabilising effect and the degranulation effect of polymyxin B, diazoxide and Triton X-100 on rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro was not prevented. M, IM and MT did not alter the prothrombin time of albino rats. M alone produced significant antiulcer activity in rats.", "contents": "Pharmacological profile of mangostin and its derivatives. Mangostin (M), a naturally occurring xanthone in the rinds of the fruits of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Guttiferae) and its derivatives such as 3-0-methyl mangostin (MM), 3,6-di-O-methyl mangostin (DM), 1-isomangostin (IM), mangostin triacetate (MT), mangostin 3,6-di-O-(tetra acetyl) glucoside (MTG) and mangostin-6,6-di-O-glucoside (MOG) were screened for various pharmacological effects in experimental animals. With the exception of DM all the test compounds produced CNS depression characterised by ptosis, sedation, decreased motor activity, potentiation of pentobarbital sleeping time and ether anaesthesia in mice and rats. None of the compounds exhibited analgesic, antipyretic and anticonvulsant effects. With the exception of MOG, none of the test compounds produced significant effects on the cardiovascular system of frogs and dogs. MOG produced myocardial stimulation and a rise in blood pressure which was partially blocked by propranolol. M, IM and MT produced pronounced antiinflammatory activity both by intraperitoneal and oral routes in rats as tested by carrageenininduced hind paw oedema, cotton pellet implantation and granuloma pouch techniques. Antiinflammatory activity for M, IM and MT was observed even in bilaterally adrenalectomised rats. M, IM and MT did not produce any mast cell membrane stabilising effect and the degranulation effect of polymyxin B, diazoxide and Triton X-100 on rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro was not prevented. M, IM and MT did not alter the prothrombin time of albino rats. M alone produced significant antiulcer activity in rats.", "PMID": 314790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4657", "title": "[Increase of the \"null cells\" in children with persistent hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Some membrane and functional properties of lymphocytes have been examined in a group of children affected with persistent hepatitis. Both absolute and percentage values of B lymphocytes (cells bearing surface Ig) were normal, whereas T lymphocytes (E rosette technique) were decreased in percentage but not as absolute numbers. Only in a close range of mitogen concentration PHA responsiveness was altered, and no modification was found in the percentage of EA and EAC rosettes. A marked increase in lymphocytes lacking both T and B cell markers was observed, which may be related to an increase in precursors of mature cells or to a masking of receptors on the membrane of lymphocytes, but which is probably independent of an increase in the number of K cells, since cells bearing receptors for the Fc fragment were normal.", "contents": "[Increase of the \"null cells\" in children with persistent hepatitis (author's transl)]. Some membrane and functional properties of lymphocytes have been examined in a group of children affected with persistent hepatitis. Both absolute and percentage values of B lymphocytes (cells bearing surface Ig) were normal, whereas T lymphocytes (E rosette technique) were decreased in percentage but not as absolute numbers. Only in a close range of mitogen concentration PHA responsiveness was altered, and no modification was found in the percentage of EA and EAC rosettes. A marked increase in lymphocytes lacking both T and B cell markers was observed, which may be related to an increase in precursors of mature cells or to a masking of receptors on the membrane of lymphocytes, but which is probably independent of an increase in the number of K cells, since cells bearing receptors for the Fc fragment were normal.", "PMID": 314786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4658", "title": "Upper airway obstruction as a complication of oral anticoagulation therapy. Report of three cases.", "content": "While taking orally administered anticoagulants, three patients had hemorrhages into their retropharyngeal and submandibular spaces, suffering eventual acute airway obstruction. One of the patients died. Despite the life-threatening nature of this complication of anticoagulant therapy, the diagnosis was obscure and initially veiled in complaints of sore throat or hoarseness, suggesting infection. Thorough investigation of such complaints is necessary in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy. If a hematoma is discovered, the patient should be admitted to the hospital for close observation and prompt reversal of anticoagulation with plasma. Intubation or tracheostomy also may be required.", "contents": "Upper airway obstruction as a complication of oral anticoagulation therapy. Report of three cases. While taking orally administered anticoagulants, three patients had hemorrhages into their retropharyngeal and submandibular spaces, suffering eventual acute airway obstruction. One of the patients died. Despite the life-threatening nature of this complication of anticoagulant therapy, the diagnosis was obscure and initially veiled in complaints of sore throat or hoarseness, suggesting infection. Thorough investigation of such complaints is necessary in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy. If a hematoma is discovered, the patient should be admitted to the hospital for close observation and prompt reversal of anticoagulation with plasma. Intubation or tracheostomy also may be required.", "PMID": 314791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4659", "title": "Massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding from intestinal varices.", "content": "Lower gastrointestinal bleeding from intestinal varices cannot readily be detected at operation; hence, preoperative identification is important. Our experience with six patients having sudden, massive bleeding per rectum from intestinal varices suggests a group of common findings. These patients had cirrhosis, no blood in the stomach or duodenum, characteristic mucosal imprints on barium enema, or direct visualization of varices on sigmoidscopy or colonoscopy. Only two had demonstrable esophageal varices. The diagnosis was confirmed and the site of the varices localized on the venous phase of selective mesenteric angiography in five patients. Varices were located in the duodenojejunum in two, in the cecum and ascending colon in two, and in the rectum and sigmoid colon in two patients. Three patients were treated nonoperatively with transfusion and intraarterial infusion of vasopressin into the superior mesenteric artery; one died. One patient with cecal varices had a right hemicolectomy that controlled the bleeding, but progressive hepatic failure resulted in postoperative death. The remaining two patients had successful decompression of left colonic varices by portasystemic shunt.", "contents": "Massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding from intestinal varices. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding from intestinal varices cannot readily be detected at operation; hence, preoperative identification is important. Our experience with six patients having sudden, massive bleeding per rectum from intestinal varices suggests a group of common findings. These patients had cirrhosis, no blood in the stomach or duodenum, characteristic mucosal imprints on barium enema, or direct visualization of varices on sigmoidscopy or colonoscopy. Only two had demonstrable esophageal varices. The diagnosis was confirmed and the site of the varices localized on the venous phase of selective mesenteric angiography in five patients. Varices were located in the duodenojejunum in two, in the cecum and ascending colon in two, and in the rectum and sigmoid colon in two patients. Three patients were treated nonoperatively with transfusion and intraarterial infusion of vasopressin into the superior mesenteric artery; one died. One patient with cecal varices had a right hemicolectomy that controlled the bleeding, but progressive hepatic failure resulted in postoperative death. The remaining two patients had successful decompression of left colonic varices by portasystemic shunt.", "PMID": 314792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4660", "title": "[Problem of disease variability (pathomorphosis)].", "content": "The problem of pathomorphosis is analysed in case of infectious, infectious-allergic (rheumatism, glomerulonephritis) and neoplastic diseases. Pathomorphosis is considered as nosomorphosis in a broad (panorama of diseases) and narrow (particular disease) sense. Therefore the concepts of \"general nosomorphosis\" and \"particular nosomorphosis\" are introduced. The \"specifics\" of pathomorphosis of one or another disease (or a group of diseases) have been shown to be determined by epidemiologic and therapeutic factors. Pathomorphosis induced by a physician may become a process directed by him which is possible with the proper knowledge of not only epidemiological factors but also the mechanism of the drug effects, i. e. patho- and morphogenesis of pathomorphosis itself.", "contents": "[Problem of disease variability (pathomorphosis)]. The problem of pathomorphosis is analysed in case of infectious, infectious-allergic (rheumatism, glomerulonephritis) and neoplastic diseases. Pathomorphosis is considered as nosomorphosis in a broad (panorama of diseases) and narrow (particular disease) sense. Therefore the concepts of \"general nosomorphosis\" and \"particular nosomorphosis\" are introduced. The \"specifics\" of pathomorphosis of one or another disease (or a group of diseases) have been shown to be determined by epidemiologic and therapeutic factors. Pathomorphosis induced by a physician may become a process directed by him which is possible with the proper knowledge of not only epidemiological factors but also the mechanism of the drug effects, i. e. patho- and morphogenesis of pathomorphosis itself.", "PMID": 314793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4661", "title": "Orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and intracranial schwannoma.", "content": "A 39-year-old woman had a large benign intracranial schwannoma of the Gasserian ganglion. Thirty-two years previously, she had an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. She had been treated by enucleation, local excision, and low-dose supplemental irradiation (1,400 rads). This is the longest survival of which we are aware following any treatment modality in such tumors. No correlation between the two tumors has been established.", "contents": "Orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and intracranial schwannoma. A 39-year-old woman had a large benign intracranial schwannoma of the Gasserian ganglion. Thirty-two years previously, she had an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. She had been treated by enucleation, local excision, and low-dose supplemental irradiation (1,400 rads). This is the longest survival of which we are aware following any treatment modality in such tumors. No correlation between the two tumors has been established.", "PMID": 314794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4662", "title": "Cerebral contribution to the visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with cerebral lesions were examined to locate cerebral areas involved in visual suppression. Visual suppression was reduced or abolished when the lesions were in the parietal lobe, especially in the dorsoposterior region. This part of the parietal lobe seems to modify visual suppression of caloric nystagmus that is mediated by the flocculus and nodulus of the cerebellum as well as the pons. In patients with frontal lobe lesions including the parietal lobe, visual suppression was reduced or abolished. Thus, the parietal lobe is important for this visual suppression mechanism.", "contents": "Cerebral contribution to the visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus. Thirty-two patients with cerebral lesions were examined to locate cerebral areas involved in visual suppression. Visual suppression was reduced or abolished when the lesions were in the parietal lobe, especially in the dorsoposterior region. This part of the parietal lobe seems to modify visual suppression of caloric nystagmus that is mediated by the flocculus and nodulus of the cerebellum as well as the pons. In patients with frontal lobe lesions including the parietal lobe, visual suppression was reduced or abolished. Thus, the parietal lobe is important for this visual suppression mechanism.", "PMID": 314795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4663", "title": "Adrenergic innervation of the eighth nerve and vestibular end organs in man.", "content": "Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the adrenergic, blood-vessel-independent innervation of the 8th nerve and inner ear specimens in patients with otoneurological diseases. Specifically fluorescent adrenergic axons were scantily seen among the myelinated nerve fibers in the 8th nerve and in the subepithelial regions of the end organs but not in the endolymphatic sac.", "contents": "Adrenergic innervation of the eighth nerve and vestibular end organs in man. Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the adrenergic, blood-vessel-independent innervation of the 8th nerve and inner ear specimens in patients with otoneurological diseases. Specifically fluorescent adrenergic axons were scantily seen among the myelinated nerve fibers in the 8th nerve and in the subepithelial regions of the end organs but not in the endolymphatic sac.", "PMID": 314796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4664", "title": "Generation of homogeneous populations of alloreactive T cells in vitro.", "content": "The supernatant from Con A-activated spleen cells (CS) can be used to generate homogenous populations of alloreactive T cells in vitro. Subculture of activated cells in CS containing medium is required for the continued proliferation and expression of effector activity. Prolonged subculture in CS containing medium does not result in indefinite growth and proliferation of alloreactive T cells. The activity in CS required to maintain cytotoxic cell growth is not species specific, and is therefore separable from the costimulator activity in CS required for the initiation of the T cell response to alloantigen; this latter activity is species specific.", "contents": "Generation of homogeneous populations of alloreactive T cells in vitro. The supernatant from Con A-activated spleen cells (CS) can be used to generate homogenous populations of alloreactive T cells in vitro. Subculture of activated cells in CS containing medium is required for the continued proliferation and expression of effector activity. Prolonged subculture in CS containing medium does not result in indefinite growth and proliferation of alloreactive T cells. The activity in CS required to maintain cytotoxic cell growth is not species specific, and is therefore separable from the costimulator activity in CS required for the initiation of the T cell response to alloantigen; this latter activity is species specific.", "PMID": 314797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4665", "title": "[Separation of lymphocytes into classes from peripheral human blood using centrifugation on a discontinuous gradient].", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 20 normal volunteers were separated on a discontinuous gradient of Ficoll. The ability of lymphocytes from the fractions to from sponteneous (E) and induced (EAC) rosettes and undergo transformation in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was tested. T-lymphocytes were concentrated in the density of 1,067 g/ml and B-lymphocytes in the density of 1,063 g/ml.", "contents": "[Separation of lymphocytes into classes from peripheral human blood using centrifugation on a discontinuous gradient]. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 20 normal volunteers were separated on a discontinuous gradient of Ficoll. The ability of lymphocytes from the fractions to from sponteneous (E) and induced (EAC) rosettes and undergo transformation in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was tested. T-lymphocytes were concentrated in the density of 1,067 g/ml and B-lymphocytes in the density of 1,063 g/ml.", "PMID": 314801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4666", "title": "Erythrocyte rosette inhibition as an assay for naturally occurring T lymphocytotoxic antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "By means of a modified sheep erythrocyte rosette inhibition assay, we were able to detect naturally occurring lymphocytotoxic antibodies in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The incidence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies was 86% in all SLE patients, and 100% in patients with active disease. Since this assay detects only the antibodies that react with the determinants on T cells or on both T and B cells, it has a great advantage of demonstrating in combination with appropriate absorptions the antibodies specific for T cells. When an appropriate panel of target cells was used, most of the antibodies in SLE sera as detected by this assay appeared to be analogous to a natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody (NTA) of New Zealand mice in its specificity and nature. The changes in the antibody titer of a patient with SLE during the course of disease correlated well with those in the total number of T cells in the blood, the antinuclear antibody titer, and some delayed skin hypersensitivities.", "contents": "Erythrocyte rosette inhibition as an assay for naturally occurring T lymphocytotoxic antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus. By means of a modified sheep erythrocyte rosette inhibition assay, we were able to detect naturally occurring lymphocytotoxic antibodies in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The incidence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies was 86% in all SLE patients, and 100% in patients with active disease. Since this assay detects only the antibodies that react with the determinants on T cells or on both T and B cells, it has a great advantage of demonstrating in combination with appropriate absorptions the antibodies specific for T cells. When an appropriate panel of target cells was used, most of the antibodies in SLE sera as detected by this assay appeared to be analogous to a natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody (NTA) of New Zealand mice in its specificity and nature. The changes in the antibody titer of a patient with SLE during the course of disease correlated well with those in the total number of T cells in the blood, the antinuclear antibody titer, and some delayed skin hypersensitivities.", "PMID": 314803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4667", "title": "Biological assay of potential trichomonacides in vitro using a counter apparatus.", "content": "Utilising the accuracy and speed of a Coulter Counter for cell counting and sizing, a new method of antimicrobial assay has been developed in which the potency of inhibitors is calculated on a mol/cell basis. A total of 72 potential trichomonacides were screened against Trichomonas vaginalis and the ED50 value estimated for 27 of the most interesting and potent compounds. The ED50 value for metronidazole was a mean of 5.12 fmol/cell and only 6 compounds were more potent. After the nitroimidazoles, the acridines were the most potent group of compounds. Only chlortetracycline and gramicidin caused an increase in mean cell size.", "contents": "Biological assay of potential trichomonacides in vitro using a counter apparatus. Utilising the accuracy and speed of a Coulter Counter for cell counting and sizing, a new method of antimicrobial assay has been developed in which the potency of inhibitors is calculated on a mol/cell basis. A total of 72 potential trichomonacides were screened against Trichomonas vaginalis and the ED50 value estimated for 27 of the most interesting and potent compounds. The ED50 value for metronidazole was a mean of 5.12 fmol/cell and only 6 compounds were more potent. After the nitroimidazoles, the acridines were the most potent group of compounds. Only chlortetracycline and gramicidin caused an increase in mean cell size.", "PMID": 314804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4668", "title": "The oncogenic effect of immunosuppressive (cytotoxic) agents in (NZB X NZW) mice. I. Long-term treatment with azathioprine and ifosfamide.", "content": "The increased incidence of neoplasia in the chronic use of immunosuppressive agents has been linked to a variety of factors including age, dose, agent, and frequency of administration. In this study azathioprine (az) and ifosfamide (ifo) were given both daily and weekly to female (NZB X NZW) mice over a period of 14 or 16 months in various dose regimens. Daily treatment with both agents prolonged survival time significantly but induced an apparently dose-related increase in tumor frequency. Intermittent ifo therapy produced neoplasia and survival results comparable to daily treatment, whereas intermittent az failed to extend longevity or produce malignancies. Varying the age of the mice (180 vs. 120 days) at the outset of treatment did not materially affect results in any respect. Ifo is less toxic than az in doses prolonging survival.", "contents": "The oncogenic effect of immunosuppressive (cytotoxic) agents in (NZB X NZW) mice. I. Long-term treatment with azathioprine and ifosfamide. The increased incidence of neoplasia in the chronic use of immunosuppressive agents has been linked to a variety of factors including age, dose, agent, and frequency of administration. In this study azathioprine (az) and ifosfamide (ifo) were given both daily and weekly to female (NZB X NZW) mice over a period of 14 or 16 months in various dose regimens. Daily treatment with both agents prolonged survival time significantly but induced an apparently dose-related increase in tumor frequency. Intermittent ifo therapy produced neoplasia and survival results comparable to daily treatment, whereas intermittent az failed to extend longevity or produce malignancies. Varying the age of the mice (180 vs. 120 days) at the outset of treatment did not materially affect results in any respect. Ifo is less toxic than az in doses prolonging survival.", "PMID": 314806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4669", "title": "The general pharmacology of a novel antitussive compound RU 20201.", "content": "1,2,3,4,4a,9b-Hexahydro-8,9b-dimethyl-4[3-(4-methyl piperazin-1-yl)propionamido] dibenzofuran-3-one dihydrochloride (RU 20201) is an antitussive compound with a potency comparable to that of codeine. Unlike codeine, RU 20201 is devoid of any apparent CNS effects and does not depress the respiratory system. It has no adverse effect on the gastrointestinal tract no has it any analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties. Only at very high doses was a local anaesthetic effect observed.", "contents": "The general pharmacology of a novel antitussive compound RU 20201. 1,2,3,4,4a,9b-Hexahydro-8,9b-dimethyl-4[3-(4-methyl piperazin-1-yl)propionamido] dibenzofuran-3-one dihydrochloride (RU 20201) is an antitussive compound with a potency comparable to that of codeine. Unlike codeine, RU 20201 is devoid of any apparent CNS effects and does not depress the respiratory system. It has no adverse effect on the gastrointestinal tract no has it any analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties. Only at very high doses was a local anaesthetic effect observed.", "PMID": 314807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4670", "title": "[Atopy and RAST. Diagnostic, therapeutic and standardization problems. Experimental contribution (allergy to antibiotics)].", "content": "The authors outline the immunological and immunogenetic bases of atopy, as well as the radioimmunological techniques employed in the allergological diagnosis and purification as well as standardization of the allergens. The latest trends of the allergological immunotherapy are examined, covering fundamentally two wide fields: the possibility to elicit an aspecific immunological tolerance (soluble suppressor substances of IgE response; Asp-Ser-Asp-Pro-arg pentapeptide, D-GL copolimer conjugated aptens) or the specific induction of \"suppressor\" mechanisms (allergoids, modified allergens). The preliminary results obtained on sera of patients with a symptomatology highly indicative of penicillin allergy, employing RAST Penicilloil G and Penicilloil V, are also reported.", "contents": "[Atopy and RAST. Diagnostic, therapeutic and standardization problems. Experimental contribution (allergy to antibiotics)]. The authors outline the immunological and immunogenetic bases of atopy, as well as the radioimmunological techniques employed in the allergological diagnosis and purification as well as standardization of the allergens. The latest trends of the allergological immunotherapy are examined, covering fundamentally two wide fields: the possibility to elicit an aspecific immunological tolerance (soluble suppressor substances of IgE response; Asp-Ser-Asp-Pro-arg pentapeptide, D-GL copolimer conjugated aptens) or the specific induction of \"suppressor\" mechanisms (allergoids, modified allergens). The preliminary results obtained on sera of patients with a symptomatology highly indicative of penicillin allergy, employing RAST Penicilloil G and Penicilloil V, are also reported.", "PMID": 314810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4671", "title": "Postoperative immunologic monitoring of cancer patients undergoing radical surgery.", "content": "Immunologic parameters of cellular immunity in vitro and circulating immunoglobulin levels were evaluated before and after radical surgery in twenty-five patients with localized primary solid tumors. Peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, T-lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte blastogenesis after optimal stimulation with phytohemagglutinin were found significantly depressed at the time of diagnosis. Sequential determinations of immunologic parameters during the postoperative period showed a slight fall of lymphocyte counts and T-lymphocyte counts; subsequently these cell counts progressively returned to preoperative values. The blastogenic response of lymphocytes sharply decreased following surgery and then slowly returned to preoperative levels in one month. No significant alterations of circulating immunoglobulins were detected at diagnosis or during the postoperative period. These findings indicate that patients with localized tumors present impairment of some parameters of cellular immunity preoperatively and that postoperative immunodepression lasts about one month.", "contents": "Postoperative immunologic monitoring of cancer patients undergoing radical surgery. Immunologic parameters of cellular immunity in vitro and circulating immunoglobulin levels were evaluated before and after radical surgery in twenty-five patients with localized primary solid tumors. Peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, T-lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte blastogenesis after optimal stimulation with phytohemagglutinin were found significantly depressed at the time of diagnosis. Sequential determinations of immunologic parameters during the postoperative period showed a slight fall of lymphocyte counts and T-lymphocyte counts; subsequently these cell counts progressively returned to preoperative values. The blastogenic response of lymphocytes sharply decreased following surgery and then slowly returned to preoperative levels in one month. No significant alterations of circulating immunoglobulins were detected at diagnosis or during the postoperative period. These findings indicate that patients with localized tumors present impairment of some parameters of cellular immunity preoperatively and that postoperative immunodepression lasts about one month.", "PMID": 314812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4672", "title": "T mediated immunity in patients undergoing periodic hemodialysis.", "content": "Seventeen patients with well compensated chronic renal failure undergoing periodic hemodialysis were studied with regard to absolute number of T and B lymphocytes, spontaneous and PHA induced lymphocyte blastogenesis both with autologous and homologous compatible plasma. A normal lymphocyte count as well as a normal relative and absolute number of T and B lymphocytes was found in most cases. Spontaneous blastogenesis was normal. Lymphocyte response to PHA was reduced both with autologous and homologous plasma, but the depression was more relevant when autologous plasma was used in culture. The authors discuss these findings with respect to available data, particularly concerning inhibitory factors in uraemic plasma.", "contents": "T mediated immunity in patients undergoing periodic hemodialysis. Seventeen patients with well compensated chronic renal failure undergoing periodic hemodialysis were studied with regard to absolute number of T and B lymphocytes, spontaneous and PHA induced lymphocyte blastogenesis both with autologous and homologous compatible plasma. A normal lymphocyte count as well as a normal relative and absolute number of T and B lymphocytes was found in most cases. Spontaneous blastogenesis was normal. Lymphocyte response to PHA was reduced both with autologous and homologous plasma, but the depression was more relevant when autologous plasma was used in culture. The authors discuss these findings with respect to available data, particularly concerning inhibitory factors in uraemic plasma.", "PMID": 314813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4673", "title": "[Relation between pulmonary tuberculosis and the urinary tract].", "content": "We have studied 48 children that presented lung tuberculosis together with the effects tuberculosis has on the urinary apparatus. Clinical, laboratory and radiotherapeutic studies were made in order to confirm the diagnosis which was etiologically confirmed in only two cases. In order to make a good diagnosis it is necessary to use a good technique for urine collection with serial cultures corresponding to four consecutive days and the radiological study of the kidney and its afferent ducts. It is an illness more common than what is thought. It is necessary to know how to detect it and it is very important to have it \"in mind\" when dealing with any generalized tuberculosis disease: (miliary tuberculosis, meningoencephalitic tuberculosis, etc.). With this article, it has been our purpose to contribute to review and to bring up to data the clinical and pathophysiological concepts of this disease.", "contents": "[Relation between pulmonary tuberculosis and the urinary tract]. We have studied 48 children that presented lung tuberculosis together with the effects tuberculosis has on the urinary apparatus. Clinical, laboratory and radiotherapeutic studies were made in order to confirm the diagnosis which was etiologically confirmed in only two cases. In order to make a good diagnosis it is necessary to use a good technique for urine collection with serial cultures corresponding to four consecutive days and the radiological study of the kidney and its afferent ducts. It is an illness more common than what is thought. It is necessary to know how to detect it and it is very important to have it \"in mind\" when dealing with any generalized tuberculosis disease: (miliary tuberculosis, meningoencephalitic tuberculosis, etc.). With this article, it has been our purpose to contribute to review and to bring up to data the clinical and pathophysiological concepts of this disease.", "PMID": 314809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4674", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in lymphoma.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was estimated in the tissues of 42 patients with lymphoma, whose cells were also typed by the use of surface markers. Four of the 8 patients with T-cell lymphoma were TdT+ including patients whose lymph nodes showed an undifferentiated or poorly differentiated appearance. The TdT- T-cell lymphomas included cases with diffuse histiocytic Sezary cell, diffuse, poorly differentiated and angio-immunoblastic histology. The tissues of 31 patients with B-cell lymphoma were invariably TdT-, whether the histology was poorly differentiated, well differentiated, nodular, diffuse, histiocytic or Burkitt type, and including cases with about equal proportions of T and B cells, and those whose cells showed non-capping and capping surface immunoglobulin. Hodgkin's tissue was also invariably TdT-. We conclude that estimation of TdT in tissues of patients with malignant lymphoma may be a useful test in diagnosing the T-cell lymphoma, particularly in patients with tumours of undifferentiated or poorly differentiated histology.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in lymphoma. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was estimated in the tissues of 42 patients with lymphoma, whose cells were also typed by the use of surface markers. Four of the 8 patients with T-cell lymphoma were TdT+ including patients whose lymph nodes showed an undifferentiated or poorly differentiated appearance. The TdT- T-cell lymphomas included cases with diffuse histiocytic Sezary cell, diffuse, poorly differentiated and angio-immunoblastic histology. The tissues of 31 patients with B-cell lymphoma were invariably TdT-, whether the histology was poorly differentiated, well differentiated, nodular, diffuse, histiocytic or Burkitt type, and including cases with about equal proportions of T and B cells, and those whose cells showed non-capping and capping surface immunoglobulin. Hodgkin's tissue was also invariably TdT-. We conclude that estimation of TdT in tissues of patients with malignant lymphoma may be a useful test in diagnosing the T-cell lymphoma, particularly in patients with tumours of undifferentiated or poorly differentiated histology.", "PMID": 314814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4675", "title": "Iron(III)--phosphoprotein chelates: stoichiometric equilibrium constant for interation of iron(III) and phosphorylserine residues of phosvitin and casein.", "content": "Estimates of the strength of iron binding to model phosphoproteins were obtained from equilibrium dialysis experiments. Iron-free phosvitin (chicken and frog) or alpha sl-casein (cow) was dialyzed against the iron(III) chelates of nitrilotriacetate (NTA), )ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetate (EDTA), or citrate. Protein-bound metal was measured at equilibrium; competition of chelator and phosphoprotein for iron(III) was determined by reference to comprehensive equilibrium equations presented in the Appendix. Analysis of the iron-binding data for phosvitin suggested that clusters of di-O-phosphorylserine residues (SerP.SerP) were the most probable iron-binding sites. A stoichiometric equilibrium constant of 10(18.0) was calculated for the formation of the Fe3+(SerP.SerP) chelate. When comared on the basis of phosphate content, casein bound iron more weakly than phosvitin. However, if the stoichiometric equilibrium constant for the formation of the casein Fe3+(SerP.SerP) chelate (10(17.5) was adjusted to account for the fact that a smaller percentage of casein phosphoserines occurs in di-O-phosphorylserine clusters, the affinity of casein and phosvitin for iron was very similar. A theoretical comparison showed that the \"strengths\" of the ferric chelates can be ranked: EDTA greater than phosphoprotein di-O-phosphorylserine greater than citrate greater than NTA.", "contents": "Iron(III)--phosphoprotein chelates: stoichiometric equilibrium constant for interation of iron(III) and phosphorylserine residues of phosvitin and casein. Estimates of the strength of iron binding to model phosphoproteins were obtained from equilibrium dialysis experiments. Iron-free phosvitin (chicken and frog) or alpha sl-casein (cow) was dialyzed against the iron(III) chelates of nitrilotriacetate (NTA), )ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetate (EDTA), or citrate. Protein-bound metal was measured at equilibrium; competition of chelator and phosphoprotein for iron(III) was determined by reference to comprehensive equilibrium equations presented in the Appendix. Analysis of the iron-binding data for phosvitin suggested that clusters of di-O-phosphorylserine residues (SerP.SerP) were the most probable iron-binding sites. A stoichiometric equilibrium constant of 10(18.0) was calculated for the formation of the Fe3+(SerP.SerP) chelate. When comared on the basis of phosphate content, casein bound iron more weakly than phosvitin. However, if the stoichiometric equilibrium constant for the formation of the casein Fe3+(SerP.SerP) chelate (10(17.5) was adjusted to account for the fact that a smaller percentage of casein phosphoserines occurs in di-O-phosphorylserine clusters, the affinity of casein and phosvitin for iron was very similar. A theoretical comparison showed that the \"strengths\" of the ferric chelates can be ranked: EDTA greater than phosphoprotein di-O-phosphorylserine greater than citrate greater than NTA.", "PMID": 314815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4676", "title": "The resonance Raman spectrum of carotenoids as an intrinsic probe for membrane potential. Oscillatory changes in the spectrum of neurosporene in the chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "The resonance Raman spectrum of the carotenoid neurosporene is shown to be a sensitive monitor of absorption shifts, and thus changes in membrane potential, in chromatophores of the GlC mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. For a Raman excitation wavelength at 472.7 nm, the intensities of the two most prominent resonance Raman features (v1 and v2) respond very differently to small shifts in the absorption maxima. Thus, the ratio intensity v1/intensity v2 is a sensitive probe for absorption shifts. Changes in this ratio of approximately 20% were observed during a valinomycin induced diffusion potential. At 5 degrees C changes in the average intensity ratio of +6, -4 and -14% were brought about by oligomycin, FCCP and sodium deoxycholate, respectively. The changes in intensity ratio were temperature dependent and, in addition, effects due to the laser beam acting as an actinic light could be detected. Oscillatory changes were observed in absolute Raman and Rayleigh scattering intensities for chromatophores at 5 degrees C and for intact cells under growing conditions.", "contents": "The resonance Raman spectrum of carotenoids as an intrinsic probe for membrane potential. Oscillatory changes in the spectrum of neurosporene in the chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The resonance Raman spectrum of the carotenoid neurosporene is shown to be a sensitive monitor of absorption shifts, and thus changes in membrane potential, in chromatophores of the GlC mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. For a Raman excitation wavelength at 472.7 nm, the intensities of the two most prominent resonance Raman features (v1 and v2) respond very differently to small shifts in the absorption maxima. Thus, the ratio intensity v1/intensity v2 is a sensitive probe for absorption shifts. Changes in this ratio of approximately 20% were observed during a valinomycin induced diffusion potential. At 5 degrees C changes in the average intensity ratio of +6, -4 and -14% were brought about by oligomycin, FCCP and sodium deoxycholate, respectively. The changes in intensity ratio were temperature dependent and, in addition, effects due to the laser beam acting as an actinic light could be detected. Oscillatory changes were observed in absolute Raman and Rayleigh scattering intensities for chromatophores at 5 degrees C and for intact cells under growing conditions.", "PMID": 314816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4677", "title": "Simultaneous minute by minute determination of unidirectional and net water fluxes in frog urinary bladder. A reexamination of the two barriers in series hypothesis.", "content": "Unidirectional and net water fluxes were simultaneously estimated in frog urinary bladder. The minute by minute tritiated water (3HOH) transepithelial flux and the net volume of fluid traversing the tissue were employed. It was observed that: (1) the time course of the increase in the 3HOH flux induced by antidiuretic hormone had a very similar pattern to that reported for the increase in the net movement. (2) Unstirred layers strongly affected the magnitude of the antidiuretic hormone-induced increase in 3HOH fluxes while the time course of the response was almost non-affected. In non-stimulated bladders 3HOH fluxes were poorly modified by medium stirring. New steady-state conditions for 3HOH fluxes were established 1 min after stirring rate modifications. (3) The simultaneously determined net water flux was not affected by a modification in the unstirred layers, indicating that the variations in the measured net water fluxes are a good estimation of the changes in the mucosal border permeability. (4) The presence of an osmotic gradient during hormonal challenge (implying net water fluxes, cell swelling and dilation of the intracellular spaces) did not modify the time course of 3HOH movements. These results suggest that the time course of the increase in water permeability is an intrinsic characteristic of the experimental system that could result from the addition of permeability units that increase in number during the development of the hormonal action.", "contents": "Simultaneous minute by minute determination of unidirectional and net water fluxes in frog urinary bladder. A reexamination of the two barriers in series hypothesis. Unidirectional and net water fluxes were simultaneously estimated in frog urinary bladder. The minute by minute tritiated water (3HOH) transepithelial flux and the net volume of fluid traversing the tissue were employed. It was observed that: (1) the time course of the increase in the 3HOH flux induced by antidiuretic hormone had a very similar pattern to that reported for the increase in the net movement. (2) Unstirred layers strongly affected the magnitude of the antidiuretic hormone-induced increase in 3HOH fluxes while the time course of the response was almost non-affected. In non-stimulated bladders 3HOH fluxes were poorly modified by medium stirring. New steady-state conditions for 3HOH fluxes were established 1 min after stirring rate modifications. (3) The simultaneously determined net water flux was not affected by a modification in the unstirred layers, indicating that the variations in the measured net water fluxes are a good estimation of the changes in the mucosal border permeability. (4) The presence of an osmotic gradient during hormonal challenge (implying net water fluxes, cell swelling and dilation of the intracellular spaces) did not modify the time course of 3HOH movements. These results suggest that the time course of the increase in water permeability is an intrinsic characteristic of the experimental system that could result from the addition of permeability units that increase in number during the development of the hormonal action.", "PMID": 314817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4678", "title": "Calcium-induced structural changes in chemically skinned muscle fibers. Detection by optical diffractometry.", "content": "The intensity of the first order diffraction line produced by chemically skinned muscle fibers was detected by a self scanning photodiode array and minicomputer system. Line intensity was observed to decrease in fibers stretched to zero filament overlap when subjected to calcium-EGTA buffers in the physiological pCa range. Calcium dependent intensity decreases were not observed for myosin extracted fibers indicating that the thick filament proteins may be the source of the calcium effect seen in non-extracted fibers. These results can be interpreted in terms of calcium dependent effects on thick filament disordering which are not dependent upon cross bridge formation.", "contents": "Calcium-induced structural changes in chemically skinned muscle fibers. Detection by optical diffractometry. The intensity of the first order diffraction line produced by chemically skinned muscle fibers was detected by a self scanning photodiode array and minicomputer system. Line intensity was observed to decrease in fibers stretched to zero filament overlap when subjected to calcium-EGTA buffers in the physiological pCa range. Calcium dependent intensity decreases were not observed for myosin extracted fibers indicating that the thick filament proteins may be the source of the calcium effect seen in non-extracted fibers. These results can be interpreted in terms of calcium dependent effects on thick filament disordering which are not dependent upon cross bridge formation.", "PMID": 314818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4679", "title": "Transpancreatic transport of digestive enzyme.", "content": "When porcine alpha-amylase or bovine chymotrypsinogen A was added to the medium bathing the rabbit pancreas in short-term organ culture, the secretion of these enzymes collected via the duct system increased greatly. To determine if it was indeed the amylase added to the bath that was recovered in secretion, endogenous enzyme stores were prelabeled during a 4 h incubation with [3H]-leucine and the specific radioactivity of amylase in secretion followed. The addition of unlabeled exogenous amylase to the bathing medium reduced the specific radioactivity of secreted amylase by about 90% suggesting that the response was due to the transpancreatic transport of the added enzyme. This inhibition was maintained over time, and was a result, not only of the increased secretion of unlabeled enzyme, but also of a 72% steady-state inhibition in the secretion of endogenous (labeled) amylase. This latter observation indicates that the exogenous enzyme crosses the acinar cell and mixes with endogenous cellular stores. A cellular route is also suggested by the observation that the addition of amylase to the bath increased the amylase concentration in ductal fluid relative to that in the bath by about 20 times; it did not reduce it as would be expected if paracellular shunts were involved. In addition, a cellular pathway is suggested by the observation that a 2 h prior incubation in bovine chymotrypsinogen resulted in a greatly augmented chymotrypsinogen response to a maximal cholinergic stimulus. In all, the data support the prediction of the equilibrium theory of digestive enzyme secretion that enzyme secretion should be responsive to mass action, and the prediction of the enteropancreatic circulation hypothesis that a capacity exists for a substantial transpancreatic flux of digestive enzyme.", "contents": "Transpancreatic transport of digestive enzyme. When porcine alpha-amylase or bovine chymotrypsinogen A was added to the medium bathing the rabbit pancreas in short-term organ culture, the secretion of these enzymes collected via the duct system increased greatly. To determine if it was indeed the amylase added to the bath that was recovered in secretion, endogenous enzyme stores were prelabeled during a 4 h incubation with [3H]-leucine and the specific radioactivity of amylase in secretion followed. The addition of unlabeled exogenous amylase to the bathing medium reduced the specific radioactivity of secreted amylase by about 90% suggesting that the response was due to the transpancreatic transport of the added enzyme. This inhibition was maintained over time, and was a result, not only of the increased secretion of unlabeled enzyme, but also of a 72% steady-state inhibition in the secretion of endogenous (labeled) amylase. This latter observation indicates that the exogenous enzyme crosses the acinar cell and mixes with endogenous cellular stores. A cellular route is also suggested by the observation that the addition of amylase to the bath increased the amylase concentration in ductal fluid relative to that in the bath by about 20 times; it did not reduce it as would be expected if paracellular shunts were involved. In addition, a cellular pathway is suggested by the observation that a 2 h prior incubation in bovine chymotrypsinogen resulted in a greatly augmented chymotrypsinogen response to a maximal cholinergic stimulus. In all, the data support the prediction of the equilibrium theory of digestive enzyme secretion that enzyme secretion should be responsive to mass action, and the prediction of the enteropancreatic circulation hypothesis that a capacity exists for a substantial transpancreatic flux of digestive enzyme.", "PMID": 314819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4680", "title": "A model of Alexander's law of vestibular nystagmus.", "content": "The observation that the amplitude of vestibular nystagmus grows as gaze is increased in the direction of the nystagmus fast phase and diminished with gaze in the opposite direction is known as \"Alexander's law\". We have developed an analog computer model to simulate Alexander's law in nystagmus secondary to dysfunction of a semicircular canal. The model utilizes relevant brainstem anatomy and physiology and includes gaze modulation of vestibular signals and push-pull integration to create eye position commands. When simulating normally functioning semicircular canals, the model produced no nystagmus. When simulating total impairment of the canal on one side with gaze directed maximally in the opposite direction, the model produced a large amplitude nystagmus with linear slow phases directed toward the affected side. As gaze was changed from far contralateral to ipsilateral, the nystagmus gradually diminished to zero. When simulating partial impairment of one canal, the nystagmus was smaller in amplitude and absent in ipsilateral gaze.", "contents": "A model of Alexander's law of vestibular nystagmus. The observation that the amplitude of vestibular nystagmus grows as gaze is increased in the direction of the nystagmus fast phase and diminished with gaze in the opposite direction is known as \"Alexander's law\". We have developed an analog computer model to simulate Alexander's law in nystagmus secondary to dysfunction of a semicircular canal. The model utilizes relevant brainstem anatomy and physiology and includes gaze modulation of vestibular signals and push-pull integration to create eye position commands. When simulating normally functioning semicircular canals, the model produced no nystagmus. When simulating total impairment of the canal on one side with gaze directed maximally in the opposite direction, the model produced a large amplitude nystagmus with linear slow phases directed toward the affected side. As gaze was changed from far contralateral to ipsilateral, the nystagmus gradually diminished to zero. When simulating partial impairment of one canal, the nystagmus was smaller in amplitude and absent in ipsilateral gaze.", "PMID": 314822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4681", "title": "Regulation of human suppressor cell function by thymosin.", "content": "Suppressor cells were induced in vitro by Con. A using human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Suppressor cell function was evaluated by mitogen stimulation (PHA and Con. A) and in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), Thymosin fraction V was able to block the effector phase more significantly than the induction phase of suppressor cell expression. This effect was additive if thymosin fraction V was present both during the induction and effector phases.", "contents": "Regulation of human suppressor cell function by thymosin. Suppressor cells were induced in vitro by Con. A using human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Suppressor cell function was evaluated by mitogen stimulation (PHA and Con. A) and in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), Thymosin fraction V was able to block the effector phase more significantly than the induction phase of suppressor cell expression. This effect was additive if thymosin fraction V was present both during the induction and effector phases.", "PMID": 314823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4682", "title": "External electrical stimulation of the cochlea: clinical, psychophysical, speech-perceptual and histological findings.", "content": "Our progress towards the development of a particular form of cochlear implant for the totally deaf is described. A single channel stimulation at the round window or promontory is used. This involves a minimum of surgical intervention and infective risk, preserves the possibility of remission and allows the application of later developments. The signal used for stimulation is designed to be matched both to the deaf lip-reader's needs and to his new, restricted, auditory ability. This is done by concentrating on the acoustic pattern components of speech which carry intonation and voiced-voiceless information. Surgical electrophysical, psychoacoustic and speech perceptual aspects of our work with twelve patients are described. The tests involve responses, for example, relating to: threshold for sinusoids; frequency difference limens; periodic -aperiodic discrimination; stress placement; and consonant labelling using combined visual and electrical inputs. Relatively extensive measurements were made with six patients. Significant individual differences were found and the sets of responses provide an essential basis for an appraisal of the potential usefulness of our work to the individual patient. Possible reasons for the individual differences are discussed. A brief indication is given of the techniques which we have developed for the future speech training and speech production evaluation of patients with electro-cochlear voice monitoring. The final section of our paper mentions our histological investigation of the effects of this type of stimulation in the guinea pig.", "contents": "External electrical stimulation of the cochlea: clinical, psychophysical, speech-perceptual and histological findings. Our progress towards the development of a particular form of cochlear implant for the totally deaf is described. A single channel stimulation at the round window or promontory is used. This involves a minimum of surgical intervention and infective risk, preserves the possibility of remission and allows the application of later developments. The signal used for stimulation is designed to be matched both to the deaf lip-reader's needs and to his new, restricted, auditory ability. This is done by concentrating on the acoustic pattern components of speech which carry intonation and voiced-voiceless information. Surgical electrophysical, psychoacoustic and speech perceptual aspects of our work with twelve patients are described. The tests involve responses, for example, relating to: threshold for sinusoids; frequency difference limens; periodic -aperiodic discrimination; stress placement; and consonant labelling using combined visual and electrical inputs. Relatively extensive measurements were made with six patients. Significant individual differences were found and the sets of responses provide an essential basis for an appraisal of the potential usefulness of our work to the individual patient. Possible reasons for the individual differences are discussed. A brief indication is given of the techniques which we have developed for the future speech training and speech production evaluation of patients with electro-cochlear voice monitoring. The final section of our paper mentions our histological investigation of the effects of this type of stimulation in the guinea pig.", "PMID": 314825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4683", "title": "[Polarization of photosynthetic membranes and reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides 1760-1 in an external electrical field].", "content": "Electric fields as high as 10(5) V/cm cause polarization of chromatophores and reaction centre films prepared from photosynthesizing bacteria. Photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids in particular, the absorption spectra of which are changed in response to electric fields, may serve as an intrinsic indicator of the development of a polarized state. Polarization occurs due to changes in orientation and spacial position of different charge groups and particles. The field-induced polarized state can be fixed up by exposure to low temperature (-120 degrees C). While heating the system relaxes to the initial state and this can be seen as a current in an electric circuit. The effects of hydration, chemical modification or heat treatment on current indicate the involvement of macromolecule components in the formation of a polarized state, In light-adapted samples the polarization effect is markedly greater and this can indicate that conformational changes occur during the primary photoact. It is supposed that polarization might be implicated in the stabilization of separated charges and in the storage of energy.", "contents": "[Polarization of photosynthetic membranes and reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides 1760-1 in an external electrical field]. Electric fields as high as 10(5) V/cm cause polarization of chromatophores and reaction centre films prepared from photosynthesizing bacteria. Photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids in particular, the absorption spectra of which are changed in response to electric fields, may serve as an intrinsic indicator of the development of a polarized state. Polarization occurs due to changes in orientation and spacial position of different charge groups and particles. The field-induced polarized state can be fixed up by exposure to low temperature (-120 degrees C). While heating the system relaxes to the initial state and this can be seen as a current in an electric circuit. The effects of hydration, chemical modification or heat treatment on current indicate the involvement of macromolecule components in the formation of a polarized state, In light-adapted samples the polarization effect is markedly greater and this can indicate that conformational changes occur during the primary photoact. It is supposed that polarization might be implicated in the stabilization of separated charges and in the storage of energy.", "PMID": 314820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4684", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic occlusion for bleeding oesophageal varices.", "content": "Using the technique described by Lunderquist et al. (1977), transhepatic injection of oesophageal varices has been performed under local anaesthesia in 9 patients with portal hypertension (11 procedures). On 2 occasions it was not possible to enter the left gastric vein. Bleeding resumed within 2 days of radiologically satisfactory occlusion in 2 patients and at 1, 3, 4 and 10 months after 4 procedures in 3 patients. Other complications included portal vein thrombosis, gross ascites and right pleural effusion. There were 2 hospital deaths, both in alcoholic patients with poor hepatic function. In spite of the apparently high morbidity we consider that there is a place for this technique in tiding over patients who are bleeding from oesophageal varices and are medically unsuitable for any surgical procedure.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic occlusion for bleeding oesophageal varices. Using the technique described by Lunderquist et al. (1977), transhepatic injection of oesophageal varices has been performed under local anaesthesia in 9 patients with portal hypertension (11 procedures). On 2 occasions it was not possible to enter the left gastric vein. Bleeding resumed within 2 days of radiologically satisfactory occlusion in 2 patients and at 1, 3, 4 and 10 months after 4 procedures in 3 patients. Other complications included portal vein thrombosis, gross ascites and right pleural effusion. There were 2 hospital deaths, both in alcoholic patients with poor hepatic function. In spite of the apparently high morbidity we consider that there is a place for this technique in tiding over patients who are bleeding from oesophageal varices and are medically unsuitable for any surgical procedure.", "PMID": 314826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4685", "title": "[Lateral diffusion of the concanavalin A and immunoglobulin receptors on the surface of lymphocyte plasma membranes on exposure to antigen].", "content": "The lateral diffusion of integral glycoproteins of lymphocyte plasma membranes is not described only in terms of Brown movement. The development of immune process to the thymus-dependent antigene in vivo induces changes in physico-chemical state of ConA and immunoglobulin receptors of the surface of immuno-competent cells revealed when studying cap formation in vitro.", "contents": "[Lateral diffusion of the concanavalin A and immunoglobulin receptors on the surface of lymphocyte plasma membranes on exposure to antigen]. The lateral diffusion of integral glycoproteins of lymphocyte plasma membranes is not described only in terms of Brown movement. The development of immune process to the thymus-dependent antigene in vivo induces changes in physico-chemical state of ConA and immunoglobulin receptors of the surface of immuno-competent cells revealed when studying cap formation in vitro.", "PMID": 314821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4686", "title": "Modification of permeability of frog perineurium to [14C]-sucrose by stretch and hypertonicity.", "content": "An in vitro method has been developed to determine quantitatively the permeability of the perineurium to radiotracers at room temperature. The permeability to [14C]sucrose of the isolated perineurium of the sciatic nerve of the frog, Rana pipiens, was measured at rest length, when the perineurium was stretched and after the perineurium had been subjected to hypertonic treatment. Mean permeability at rest length was calculated to be 5.6 +/- 0.27 (S.E.M., n = 45) X 10(-7) cm/sec, and both stretch and hypertonic treatment increased the permeability. A 10% stretch increased permeability reversibly, whereas a 20% stretch or immersion of the perineurium in a hypertonic bath increased permeability irreversibly. Altered permeability under these conditions might be related to changes in the ultrastruct of tight junctions in the perineurium.", "contents": "Modification of permeability of frog perineurium to [14C]-sucrose by stretch and hypertonicity. An in vitro method has been developed to determine quantitatively the permeability of the perineurium to radiotracers at room temperature. The permeability to [14C]sucrose of the isolated perineurium of the sciatic nerve of the frog, Rana pipiens, was measured at rest length, when the perineurium was stretched and after the perineurium had been subjected to hypertonic treatment. Mean permeability at rest length was calculated to be 5.6 +/- 0.27 (S.E.M., n = 45) X 10(-7) cm/sec, and both stretch and hypertonic treatment increased the permeability. A 10% stretch increased permeability reversibly, whereas a 20% stretch or immersion of the perineurium in a hypertonic bath increased permeability irreversibly. Altered permeability under these conditions might be related to changes in the ultrastruct of tight junctions in the perineurium.", "PMID": 314830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4687", "title": "Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat.", "content": "Small injections of tritiated leucine and proline confined to the ventral tegmental area (AVT) were found to label fibers ascending: (a) to the entire ventromedial half of the striatum, but most massively to the ventral striatal zone that includes the nucleus accumbens; (b) to the thalamus: lateral habenular nucleus, nuclei reuniens and centralis medius, and the most medial zone of the mediodorsal nucleus; (c) to the posterior hypothalamic nucleus and possibly the lateral hypothalamic and preoptic region; (d) to the nuclei amygdalae centralis, lateralis and medialis; (e) to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the diagonal band, and the medial half of the lateral septal nucleus; (f) to the anteromedial (frontocingulate) cortex; and (g) to the entorhinal area. Further AVT efferents descend to the medial half of the midbrain tegmentum including an anterior region of the median raphe nucleus, to the ventral half of the central grey substance including the dorsal raphe nucleus, to the parabrachial nuclei, and to the locus coeruleus. Similar injections centered in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SNC) label fibers that are distributed in the striatum in an orderly medial-to-lateral arrangement, and almost entirely avoid the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. With the exception of the lateral quarter of the substantia nigra, which apparently does not project to the extreme rostral pole of the striatum, each small SNC locus, regardless of its anteroposterior localization, distributes nigrostriatal fibers throughout the length of the striatum. Descending SNC efferents are distributed to the same general regions that receive descending AVT projections, except that no SNC fibers appear to enter the locus coeruleus. Isotope injections confined to the pars reticulata (SNR) label sparse nigrostriatal fibers, and numerous nigrothalamic fibers ascending mainly to the nucleus ventromedialis and in lesser number to the parafascicular nucleus and the paralamellar zone of the nucleus mediodorsalis. Descending SNR fibers leave the nigra as a voluminous fiber bundle that bifurcates into a large nigrotectal and a smaller nigrotegmental component, the latter terminating largely in the pedunculopontine nucleus of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum.", "contents": "Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat. Small injections of tritiated leucine and proline confined to the ventral tegmental area (AVT) were found to label fibers ascending: (a) to the entire ventromedial half of the striatum, but most massively to the ventral striatal zone that includes the nucleus accumbens; (b) to the thalamus: lateral habenular nucleus, nuclei reuniens and centralis medius, and the most medial zone of the mediodorsal nucleus; (c) to the posterior hypothalamic nucleus and possibly the lateral hypothalamic and preoptic region; (d) to the nuclei amygdalae centralis, lateralis and medialis; (e) to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the diagonal band, and the medial half of the lateral septal nucleus; (f) to the anteromedial (frontocingulate) cortex; and (g) to the entorhinal area. Further AVT efferents descend to the medial half of the midbrain tegmentum including an anterior region of the median raphe nucleus, to the ventral half of the central grey substance including the dorsal raphe nucleus, to the parabrachial nuclei, and to the locus coeruleus. Similar injections centered in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SNC) label fibers that are distributed in the striatum in an orderly medial-to-lateral arrangement, and almost entirely avoid the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. With the exception of the lateral quarter of the substantia nigra, which apparently does not project to the extreme rostral pole of the striatum, each small SNC locus, regardless of its anteroposterior localization, distributes nigrostriatal fibers throughout the length of the striatum. Descending SNC efferents are distributed to the same general regions that receive descending AVT projections, except that no SNC fibers appear to enter the locus coeruleus. Isotope injections confined to the pars reticulata (SNR) label sparse nigrostriatal fibers, and numerous nigrothalamic fibers ascending mainly to the nucleus ventromedialis and in lesser number to the parafascicular nucleus and the paralamellar zone of the nucleus mediodorsalis. Descending SNR fibers leave the nigra as a voluminous fiber bundle that bifurcates into a large nigrotectal and a smaller nigrotegmental component, the latter terminating largely in the pedunculopontine nucleus of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum.", "PMID": 314832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4688", "title": "Aorta-coronary bypass in a patient with sickle cell trait.", "content": "A triple aorto-coronary bypass was performed in a patient with sickle cell trait. Partial exchange transfusion with normal packed erythrocytes was used in preparation of the patient for extracorporeal circulation, hypothermia and cardioplegic arrest.", "contents": "Aorta-coronary bypass in a patient with sickle cell trait. A triple aorto-coronary bypass was performed in a patient with sickle cell trait. Partial exchange transfusion with normal packed erythrocytes was used in preparation of the patient for extracorporeal circulation, hypothermia and cardioplegic arrest.", "PMID": 314837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4689", "title": "Incidence of psychiatric treatment of adolescents.", "content": "The characteristics of adolescents aged 15-19 years who received psychiatric treatment for the first time in British Columbia in 1966 are considered. Females predominated substantially over males, as did those living in urban areas over those in rural ones. Somatic, psychological, behavioural and suicidal presenting problems were commoner in females, with delinquent and academic ones being more frequent in males. Depression, psychoneurosis and personality disorders were commoner in females. Medication was used in conjunction with psychotherapy more frequently in females. Long-term psychotherapy (more than 16 visits to a psychiatric facility) was employed in only 3% of females and 2% of males. Psychiatrists provided the greatest amount of care given. The hypothesis that females from rural areas living in the city constitute a vulnerable group of individuals more likely than their adolescent peers to seek psychiatric care requires evaluation in a further study.", "contents": "Incidence of psychiatric treatment of adolescents. The characteristics of adolescents aged 15-19 years who received psychiatric treatment for the first time in British Columbia in 1966 are considered. Females predominated substantially over males, as did those living in urban areas over those in rural ones. Somatic, psychological, behavioural and suicidal presenting problems were commoner in females, with delinquent and academic ones being more frequent in males. Depression, psychoneurosis and personality disorders were commoner in females. Medication was used in conjunction with psychotherapy more frequently in females. Long-term psychotherapy (more than 16 visits to a psychiatric facility) was employed in only 3% of females and 2% of males. Psychiatrists provided the greatest amount of care given. The hypothesis that females from rural areas living in the city constitute a vulnerable group of individuals more likely than their adolescent peers to seek psychiatric care requires evaluation in a further study.", "PMID": 314838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4690", "title": "Effects of cervical vagus nerve stimulation on hypothalamic neuronal activity.", "content": "The effects of cervical vagus nerve stimulation on the activity of 56 neurons recorded in various parts of the rat brain were determined. Recordings were made from neurons in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres during vagus nerve stimulation. Both frequency, 10 to 100 Hz, and voltage, 1 to 20 V, of 0.5 msec pulses were applied to the nerve in a random manner over a 4 sec period while monitoring ongoing single neuronal activity. Frequency response relationships were established for 64% of the lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic-medial forebrain bundle (LPA-LH-MFB) neurons which were tested. Four types of LPA-LH-MFB neuronal responses were observed. Twenty percent of the neurons increased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was increased, 9% increased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was decreased, 23% decreased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was increased, and 14% decreased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was decreased. Increasing the stimulation voltage always enhanced the magnitude of the effects observed due to changing the stimulation frequency. Neurons observed in some other parts of the brain were not affected by the same stimulation. In addition, cells tested in the LPA-LH-MFB area which were previously tested and affected by gastric distension were also affected similarly by vagus nerve stimulation. Results are discussed in terms of peripheral afferent control over LPA-LH-MFB neuronal activity related to ingestive behavior.", "contents": "Effects of cervical vagus nerve stimulation on hypothalamic neuronal activity. The effects of cervical vagus nerve stimulation on the activity of 56 neurons recorded in various parts of the rat brain were determined. Recordings were made from neurons in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres during vagus nerve stimulation. Both frequency, 10 to 100 Hz, and voltage, 1 to 20 V, of 0.5 msec pulses were applied to the nerve in a random manner over a 4 sec period while monitoring ongoing single neuronal activity. Frequency response relationships were established for 64% of the lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic-medial forebrain bundle (LPA-LH-MFB) neurons which were tested. Four types of LPA-LH-MFB neuronal responses were observed. Twenty percent of the neurons increased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was increased, 9% increased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was decreased, 23% decreased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was increased, and 14% decreased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was decreased. Increasing the stimulation voltage always enhanced the magnitude of the effects observed due to changing the stimulation frequency. Neurons observed in some other parts of the brain were not affected by the same stimulation. In addition, cells tested in the LPA-LH-MFB area which were previously tested and affected by gastric distension were also affected similarly by vagus nerve stimulation. Results are discussed in terms of peripheral afferent control over LPA-LH-MFB neuronal activity related to ingestive behavior.", "PMID": 314834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4691", "title": "Selection of saphenous vein bypass gradt diameter to support patency of the stenosed coronary artery.", "content": "Injudicious selection of a saphenous vein graft can adversely affect the the late postoperative patency of the proximal coronary artery which it bypasses. The purpose of this investigation was to deduce an upper bound for graft diameter, at small angle of distal anastomosis, below which the stenosed artery will remain patent, from a mathematical model of aortocoronary bypass haemodynamics.", "contents": "Selection of saphenous vein bypass gradt diameter to support patency of the stenosed coronary artery. Injudicious selection of a saphenous vein graft can adversely affect the the late postoperative patency of the proximal coronary artery which it bypasses. The purpose of this investigation was to deduce an upper bound for graft diameter, at small angle of distal anastomosis, below which the stenosed artery will remain patent, from a mathematical model of aortocoronary bypass haemodynamics.", "PMID": 314840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4692", "title": "Effects of midbrain raphe stimulation and lesion on EEG activity in rats.", "content": "In order to clarify whether the dorsal raphe (d-R) and medial raphe nuclei (m-R) of the midbrain play a different role in EEG activity, the effects of either electrical stimulation or lesion of each raphe nucleus were examined in rats. After m-R stimulation, EEG activity changed to a marked drowsy pattern. D-R stimulation, however, failed to produce such effects. M-R lesion elicited a significant arousal in EEG. The change in hippocampal EEG was the most characteristic, i.e., synchronized waves with an extreme increase in voltage. D-R lesion did not produce such a change. The hippocampal EEG arousal was easily abolished by L-5-hydroxytryptophan without any change in the cortical EEG or behavior. These results suggest that the m-R plays a more important role than the d-R in regulating the hippocampal EEG activity, especially in inhibiting the appearance of high voltage synchronized waves in the hippocampus.", "contents": "Effects of midbrain raphe stimulation and lesion on EEG activity in rats. In order to clarify whether the dorsal raphe (d-R) and medial raphe nuclei (m-R) of the midbrain play a different role in EEG activity, the effects of either electrical stimulation or lesion of each raphe nucleus were examined in rats. After m-R stimulation, EEG activity changed to a marked drowsy pattern. D-R stimulation, however, failed to produce such effects. M-R lesion elicited a significant arousal in EEG. The change in hippocampal EEG was the most characteristic, i.e., synchronized waves with an extreme increase in voltage. D-R lesion did not produce such a change. The hippocampal EEG arousal was easily abolished by L-5-hydroxytryptophan without any change in the cortical EEG or behavior. These results suggest that the m-R plays a more important role than the d-R in regulating the hippocampal EEG activity, especially in inhibiting the appearance of high voltage synchronized waves in the hippocampus.", "PMID": 314836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4693", "title": "Ruthenium-red staining of skeletal and cardiac muscles.", "content": "The effects of ruthenium red (RR) on amphibian and mammalian skeletal muscles and mammalian myocardium were examined. In skeletal muscle cells, a discrete pattern of staining can be brought about within the lumina of the terminal cisternae (junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum [SR]) by sequential exposure to RR and OSO4. After prolonged immersion in RR solution, formation of pentalaminar segments (\"zippering\") occurs at various points along the longitudinal (\"network\") SR tubules. Zippering can be elicited in skeletal SR at any stage of preparation prior to postfixation with OSO4. By means of dispersive X-ray analysis, both ruthenium and osmium were seen to be deposited in skeletal muscle junctional SR, and ruthenium was detected in the myoplasm as well. In skeletal muscles whose T tubules were ruptured by exposure to glycerol, the pattern of SR staining and zippering resulting from ruthenium-osmium treatment was not affected. These findings indicate that RR is capable of passage across the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle and that this passage does not occur solely under conditions in which the plasma membrane is damaged. In contrast, RR does not opacify or modify any region of the SR of cardiac muscle. However, after this treatment, randomly distributed opaque bodies, composed of parallel lamellar structures, appear throughout the myocardial cells. A few of these bodies are associated with lipid droplets, but the rest are of unknown origin. The failure of the SR of cardiac muscle to stain after exposure to ruthenium dye (even though this material enters these cells) suggests that the chemical composition of cardiac SR is significantly different from that of skeletal muscle SR.", "contents": "Ruthenium-red staining of skeletal and cardiac muscles. The effects of ruthenium red (RR) on amphibian and mammalian skeletal muscles and mammalian myocardium were examined. In skeletal muscle cells, a discrete pattern of staining can be brought about within the lumina of the terminal cisternae (junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum [SR]) by sequential exposure to RR and OSO4. After prolonged immersion in RR solution, formation of pentalaminar segments (\"zippering\") occurs at various points along the longitudinal (\"network\") SR tubules. Zippering can be elicited in skeletal SR at any stage of preparation prior to postfixation with OSO4. By means of dispersive X-ray analysis, both ruthenium and osmium were seen to be deposited in skeletal muscle junctional SR, and ruthenium was detected in the myoplasm as well. In skeletal muscles whose T tubules were ruptured by exposure to glycerol, the pattern of SR staining and zippering resulting from ruthenium-osmium treatment was not affected. These findings indicate that RR is capable of passage across the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle and that this passage does not occur solely under conditions in which the plasma membrane is damaged. In contrast, RR does not opacify or modify any region of the SR of cardiac muscle. However, after this treatment, randomly distributed opaque bodies, composed of parallel lamellar structures, appear throughout the myocardial cells. A few of these bodies are associated with lipid droplets, but the rest are of unknown origin. The failure of the SR of cardiac muscle to stain after exposure to ruthenium dye (even though this material enters these cells) suggests that the chemical composition of cardiac SR is significantly different from that of skeletal muscle SR.", "PMID": 314841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4694", "title": "Ultrastructural morphometry of blastogenesis I: transformation of small lymphocytes stimulated in vivo with dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "Changes in the volumes and surfaces of subcellular compartments of unstimulated small lymphocytes and immunoblasts in mouse axillary lymph nodes have been established using stereological techniques. Blast transformation was induced in vivo with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Cell samples were obtained by random sampling regimes applied at light and electron microscopic levels. From electron micrographs the volume densities of euchromatin, heterochromatin, nucleoli, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum were determined. Cell surface/volume ratios were also computed. By estimating mean nuclear volumes using light microscopy, it was possible to calculate absolute compartmental volumes and to evaluate the plasma membrane surface areas of average cells. Transformation in this model was characterized by a considerable cellular hypertrophy and a substantial increase in plasmalemma surface. Hypertrophy was the consequence of increases in the volumes of all measured intracellular compartments, notably euchromatin and \"residual cytoplasm\" (including ground cytoplasm and free ribosomes). These changes are discussed in the context of the altered metabolic status of cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural morphometry of blastogenesis I: transformation of small lymphocytes stimulated in vivo with dinitrochlorobenzene. Changes in the volumes and surfaces of subcellular compartments of unstimulated small lymphocytes and immunoblasts in mouse axillary lymph nodes have been established using stereological techniques. Blast transformation was induced in vivo with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Cell samples were obtained by random sampling regimes applied at light and electron microscopic levels. From electron micrographs the volume densities of euchromatin, heterochromatin, nucleoli, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum were determined. Cell surface/volume ratios were also computed. By estimating mean nuclear volumes using light microscopy, it was possible to calculate absolute compartmental volumes and to evaluate the plasma membrane surface areas of average cells. Transformation in this model was characterized by a considerable cellular hypertrophy and a substantial increase in plasmalemma surface. Hypertrophy was the consequence of increases in the volumes of all measured intracellular compartments, notably euchromatin and \"residual cytoplasm\" (including ground cytoplasm and free ribosomes). These changes are discussed in the context of the altered metabolic status of cells.", "PMID": 314842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4695", "title": "Recurrence of Prinzmetal angina seven years following aortocoronary bypass surgery: a clinical and angiographic follow-up.", "content": "A patient with Prinzmetal angina and ST segment elevation in the anterior ECG leads became asymptomatic after a 50% left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis was bypassed. However, seven years later Prinzmetal angina recurred but with ST segment elevation in the inferior ECG leads. Although the coronary bypass graft had remained patent, the proximal and distal left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded. No significant stenosis was present in the right coronary artery. Perhexiline maleate controlled his symptoms but when the drug was stopped because of side effects an acute inferior myocardial infarction occurred.", "contents": "Recurrence of Prinzmetal angina seven years following aortocoronary bypass surgery: a clinical and angiographic follow-up. A patient with Prinzmetal angina and ST segment elevation in the anterior ECG leads became asymptomatic after a 50% left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis was bypassed. However, seven years later Prinzmetal angina recurred but with ST segment elevation in the inferior ECG leads. Although the coronary bypass graft had remained patent, the proximal and distal left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded. No significant stenosis was present in the right coronary artery. Perhexiline maleate controlled his symptoms but when the drug was stopped because of side effects an acute inferior myocardial infarction occurred.", "PMID": 314843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4696", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the field of neurosurgery.", "content": "Alteration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation was studied in 62 patients with neurosurgical diseases by CT cisternography using a water-soluble contrast medium, metrizamide, and also with radionuclide (169Yb- or 111In-DTPA) cisternography. As a rule, the patterns of both methods were in good agreement. The findings were classified into 3 types and 5 subdivisions. CT cisternography is useful for sequential observation of the CSF circulation with detailed morphological definition, and radionuclide cisternography is useful for observing the general flow of CSF. Some patients with hydrocephalus showed hypodensity around the ventricle, where migration of metrizamide was observed on CT images after its ventricular reflux. This suggests an increased transependymal resorption of CSF. The mathematical analysis of attenuation coefficients on CT cisternography provided more objective and quantitative data for study of CSF dynamics.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the field of neurosurgery. Alteration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation was studied in 62 patients with neurosurgical diseases by CT cisternography using a water-soluble contrast medium, metrizamide, and also with radionuclide (169Yb- or 111In-DTPA) cisternography. As a rule, the patterns of both methods were in good agreement. The findings were classified into 3 types and 5 subdivisions. CT cisternography is useful for sequential observation of the CSF circulation with detailed morphological definition, and radionuclide cisternography is useful for observing the general flow of CSF. Some patients with hydrocephalus showed hypodensity around the ventricle, where migration of metrizamide was observed on CT images after its ventricular reflux. This suggests an increased transependymal resorption of CSF. The mathematical analysis of attenuation coefficients on CT cisternography provided more objective and quantitative data for study of CSF dynamics.", "PMID": 314864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4697", "title": "Image recognition and the reconstruction of cleft palate histological preparations: a new approach.", "content": "Serial coronal histological sections of cleft palate and normal 12 week fetal specimens are video scanned. The digitized data in a matrix of 10(8) data points are recorded and through computer manipulation three dimensional reconstructions are produced. These can be resectioned by computer in various planes to expose any given structure for study. This is the first application of such a technique to these problems.", "contents": "Image recognition and the reconstruction of cleft palate histological preparations: a new approach. Serial coronal histological sections of cleft palate and normal 12 week fetal specimens are video scanned. The digitized data in a matrix of 10(8) data points are recorded and through computer manipulation three dimensional reconstructions are produced. These can be resectioned by computer in various planes to expose any given structure for study. This is the first application of such a technique to these problems.", "PMID": 314866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4698", "title": "A method for identification and follow-up of patients with a steroid-21-hydroxylase deficiency.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone from blood samples obtained by heel prick and dried on filter paper. Discs (10 mm diameter) were cut from the filter paper and extracted in the assay tubes with 1 ml of a methanol/diethyl ether/ethyl acetate (50 :45 :5, v/v) solvent mixture. Antibody, tritium-labelled tracer and dextran-coated charcoal were added to assay tubes using a multichannel dispenser. The approach used permits one technician to analyze two series, each of 60 duplicate samples, within one working day. Thus the method is applicable for the centralized screening of suspected cases, while emergency samples may be analyzed at the same time within 4 h. Comparisons with a highly specific but more elaborate technique for the determination of blood 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone showed a correlation coefficient of 0.99, and the regression equation for the present method (y) against the established method (x) was y = 1.07x + 2.72. The calculated upper reference limit (mean +/- S.D.) for 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in healthy infants from two days to eight years of age of 7.5 ng/ml of serum.", "contents": "A method for identification and follow-up of patients with a steroid-21-hydroxylase deficiency. A method is described for the determination of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone from blood samples obtained by heel prick and dried on filter paper. Discs (10 mm diameter) were cut from the filter paper and extracted in the assay tubes with 1 ml of a methanol/diethyl ether/ethyl acetate (50 :45 :5, v/v) solvent mixture. Antibody, tritium-labelled tracer and dextran-coated charcoal were added to assay tubes using a multichannel dispenser. The approach used permits one technician to analyze two series, each of 60 duplicate samples, within one working day. Thus the method is applicable for the centralized screening of suspected cases, while emergency samples may be analyzed at the same time within 4 h. Comparisons with a highly specific but more elaborate technique for the determination of blood 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone showed a correlation coefficient of 0.99, and the regression equation for the present method (y) against the established method (x) was y = 1.07x + 2.72. The calculated upper reference limit (mean +/- S.D.) for 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in healthy infants from two days to eight years of age of 7.5 ng/ml of serum.", "PMID": 314867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4699", "title": "T-lymphocyte colonies in normal blood, bone marrow and lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "The formation of T-lymphocyte colonies was studied in normal individuals and in different lymphoproliferative disorders, using the double layer technique of Lowenberg & de Zeeuw (1977). All normal peripheral blood and bone marrow samples formed colonies: range 102-270 (mean 177) and 55-245 (mean 138) per 1 X 10(5) cells, respectively. Bone marrows from acute leukaemias in complete remission showed normal or increased colony formation. The T cell nature of the colonies was shown by rosette formation with sheep and human red blood cells (RBC). Most lymphoproliferative disorders of T and B cell either failed to grow colonies or showed reduced colony numbers. This was of particular interest in the chronic T cell disorders in which a high proportion of T cells was plated. This technique may help in the further characterization of leukaemic cell populations and may also provide clues on the distribution of particular subsets of T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte colonies in normal blood, bone marrow and lymphoproliferative disorders. The formation of T-lymphocyte colonies was studied in normal individuals and in different lymphoproliferative disorders, using the double layer technique of Lowenberg & de Zeeuw (1977). All normal peripheral blood and bone marrow samples formed colonies: range 102-270 (mean 177) and 55-245 (mean 138) per 1 X 10(5) cells, respectively. Bone marrows from acute leukaemias in complete remission showed normal or increased colony formation. The T cell nature of the colonies was shown by rosette formation with sheep and human red blood cells (RBC). Most lymphoproliferative disorders of T and B cell either failed to grow colonies or showed reduced colony numbers. This was of particular interest in the chronic T cell disorders in which a high proportion of T cells was plated. This technique may help in the further characterization of leukaemic cell populations and may also provide clues on the distribution of particular subsets of T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow.", "PMID": 314868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4700", "title": "Study of some properties of the receptor for IgM on human lymphocytes.", "content": "Some properties of the receptor for IgM on human lymphocytes have been investigated. It was shown that the interaction of native IgM with the receptor present on T and B lymphocytes is not critical for its detection in the EAM-rosette assay. In fact, high values of EAM-RFC could be found on cell suspensions cultured overnight in either IgM-free or IgM-containing media. In addition, the inhibition of EAM-rosettes by human monoclonal IgM at 37 degrees C was not as effective as at 4 degrees C. Rabbit IgM showed a significantly greater ability to inhibit the binding of antigen-IgM antibody complexes than human IgM. The receptor for IgM was easily removed by handling procedures, the incubation of lymphocytes at 4 degrees C and treatment of the cells with low concentrations of trypsin or pronase. After the enzymatic treatment, a rapid resynthesis occurred, which restored the number of EAM-rosettes formed by T cells and significantly increased the number formed by B cells. The interaction between the receptor and antigen-IgM antibody complexes stopped the spontaneous shedding of the receptor at 4 degrees C. When the incubation of the cells with immune complexes was performed at 37 degrees C, a significantly different behaviour between T cells equipped with receptor for IgM and those possessing receptor for IgG was found. After the binding of EAG to the receptor for IgG, a process of rapid dissociation of rosettes occurred, whereas the incubation with EAM did not induce an irreversible loss of the receptor for IgM.", "contents": "Study of some properties of the receptor for IgM on human lymphocytes. Some properties of the receptor for IgM on human lymphocytes have been investigated. It was shown that the interaction of native IgM with the receptor present on T and B lymphocytes is not critical for its detection in the EAM-rosette assay. In fact, high values of EAM-RFC could be found on cell suspensions cultured overnight in either IgM-free or IgM-containing media. In addition, the inhibition of EAM-rosettes by human monoclonal IgM at 37 degrees C was not as effective as at 4 degrees C. Rabbit IgM showed a significantly greater ability to inhibit the binding of antigen-IgM antibody complexes than human IgM. The receptor for IgM was easily removed by handling procedures, the incubation of lymphocytes at 4 degrees C and treatment of the cells with low concentrations of trypsin or pronase. After the enzymatic treatment, a rapid resynthesis occurred, which restored the number of EAM-rosettes formed by T cells and significantly increased the number formed by B cells. The interaction between the receptor and antigen-IgM antibody complexes stopped the spontaneous shedding of the receptor at 4 degrees C. When the incubation of the cells with immune complexes was performed at 37 degrees C, a significantly different behaviour between T cells equipped with receptor for IgM and those possessing receptor for IgG was found. After the binding of EAG to the receptor for IgG, a process of rapid dissociation of rosettes occurred, whereas the incubation with EAM did not induce an irreversible loss of the receptor for IgM.", "PMID": 314869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4701", "title": "Studies of the human lymphocyte-mouse erythrocyte bond.", "content": "A subpopulation of human B lymphocytes forms rosettes with mouse erythrocytes through a glycoprotein-dependent bond. Further studies of this bond show that the lymphocyte receptor is not immunoglobulin, although the binding of antisera or staphylococci to surface immunoglobulin inhibits the formation of mouse rosettes. Rosette formation could not be induced in thymocytes by enzymatic modification of the surface, or in T cells by lectin-induced transformation. The capacity to bind mouse erythrocytes was lost after incubation in a serum-free medium of lymphcytes from most patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and normal subjects. This loss could be prevented by the addition of a variety of sera and glycoprotein-containing substances to the medium, including fetuin. Conditions conductive to the subsequent restoration of rosetting capacity could not be found, indicating that the loss of this capacity was not due to the shedding of a cell-surface receptor which could be re-synthesized. It is suggested that the functional receptors in B1 lymphocytes are held in aggregates by cross-linking peripheral glycoprotein molecules; disaggregation and consequent loss of the capacity to form rosettes with mouse erythrocytes occurs during incubation in serum-free media, and during maturation of lymphocytes to the B2 stage.", "contents": "Studies of the human lymphocyte-mouse erythrocyte bond. A subpopulation of human B lymphocytes forms rosettes with mouse erythrocytes through a glycoprotein-dependent bond. Further studies of this bond show that the lymphocyte receptor is not immunoglobulin, although the binding of antisera or staphylococci to surface immunoglobulin inhibits the formation of mouse rosettes. Rosette formation could not be induced in thymocytes by enzymatic modification of the surface, or in T cells by lectin-induced transformation. The capacity to bind mouse erythrocytes was lost after incubation in a serum-free medium of lymphcytes from most patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and normal subjects. This loss could be prevented by the addition of a variety of sera and glycoprotein-containing substances to the medium, including fetuin. Conditions conductive to the subsequent restoration of rosetting capacity could not be found, indicating that the loss of this capacity was not due to the shedding of a cell-surface receptor which could be re-synthesized. It is suggested that the functional receptors in B1 lymphocytes are held in aggregates by cross-linking peripheral glycoprotein molecules; disaggregation and consequent loss of the capacity to form rosettes with mouse erythrocytes occurs during incubation in serum-free media, and during maturation of lymphocytes to the B2 stage.", "PMID": 314870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4702", "title": "In vitro testing of immunoresponsiveness in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and relationship to disease activity immunoresponsiveness in IBD.", "content": "Abnormalities in the numbers and function of thymus and function of thymus-derived and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (T and B cells) and K cells were determined in sixty-nine consecutive patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Rosetting techniques to identify subpopulations of lymphocytes showed a significant decrease in E-rosettes (T cells) and significant increase in EA- and EAC-rosettes (B cells) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease when compared to normals. In vitro lymphocyte transformation responses to mitogens and antigens were depressed to a variable degree. Mean levels of K cell activity were not significantly different from normal controls. A considerable degree of individual variation was noted in all groups. When the results of each groups were considered, none of the laboratory variables correlated with the site, duration or activity of disease, therapy, presence of iron deficiency anemia, weight loss or hypoalbuminaemia. Thus, in vitro evidence of abnormal immune responses in patients with inflammatory bowel disease cannot be directly related to clinical or laboratory variables and probably reflects a multi-factorial aetiology.", "contents": "In vitro testing of immunoresponsiveness in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and relationship to disease activity immunoresponsiveness in IBD. Abnormalities in the numbers and function of thymus and function of thymus-derived and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (T and B cells) and K cells were determined in sixty-nine consecutive patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Rosetting techniques to identify subpopulations of lymphocytes showed a significant decrease in E-rosettes (T cells) and significant increase in EA- and EAC-rosettes (B cells) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease when compared to normals. In vitro lymphocyte transformation responses to mitogens and antigens were depressed to a variable degree. Mean levels of K cell activity were not significantly different from normal controls. A considerable degree of individual variation was noted in all groups. When the results of each groups were considered, none of the laboratory variables correlated with the site, duration or activity of disease, therapy, presence of iron deficiency anemia, weight loss or hypoalbuminaemia. Thus, in vitro evidence of abnormal immune responses in patients with inflammatory bowel disease cannot be directly related to clinical or laboratory variables and probably reflects a multi-factorial aetiology.", "PMID": 314871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4703", "title": "Comparison of various tests for Fc receptors on different human lymphocyte sub populations.", "content": "Six different immune complex test systems for the detection of IgG Fc receptors were applied to the study of various human lymphocyte populations. The extent of binding varied widely according to the system and the cell type employed. Two systems bound preferentially to a high proportion of B lymphocytes from peripheral blood or tonsils, one of which bound with only a very few T cells. In contrast, four other test systems which bound well with the Fc receptors on T lymphocytes gave weaker reactions with Fc receptors on B cells. The reactivity of Fc receptors on null or third population lymphocytes was similar to that of the Fc-positive T cells. Pronase digestion experiments showed a graded selective loss of reactivity with the different Fc reagents. No one system was optimal for all of the lymphocyte populations, although aggregated IgG exhibited the broadest spectrum of reactivity. A pronounced effect of temperature was evident on the binding reactions, and native IgG showed strong binding at 4 degrees C, particularly to the Fc receptors on T cells.", "contents": "Comparison of various tests for Fc receptors on different human lymphocyte sub populations. Six different immune complex test systems for the detection of IgG Fc receptors were applied to the study of various human lymphocyte populations. The extent of binding varied widely according to the system and the cell type employed. Two systems bound preferentially to a high proportion of B lymphocytes from peripheral blood or tonsils, one of which bound with only a very few T cells. In contrast, four other test systems which bound well with the Fc receptors on T lymphocytes gave weaker reactions with Fc receptors on B cells. The reactivity of Fc receptors on null or third population lymphocytes was similar to that of the Fc-positive T cells. Pronase digestion experiments showed a graded selective loss of reactivity with the different Fc reagents. No one system was optimal for all of the lymphocyte populations, although aggregated IgG exhibited the broadest spectrum of reactivity. A pronounced effect of temperature was evident on the binding reactions, and native IgG showed strong binding at 4 degrees C, particularly to the Fc receptors on T cells.", "PMID": 314872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4704", "title": "The association of autoimmune diseases and anti-IgA antibodies in patients with selective IgA deficiency.", "content": "The prevalence of antibodies to immunoglobulin A (IgA) was studied in eighty-three subjects with selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD), thirty-three normal individuals, thirty-two children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and normal or elevated IgA, seventeen children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and normal or elevated IgA, and thirteen patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Anti-IgA antibodies were detected by haemagglutination of human erythrocytes coated with one of two IgA myelomas by the chromic chloride technique. Antibodies to IgA were not found in significant titre in individuals with normal or elevated IgA or in those with hypogammaglobulinaemia. In IgA deficient patients, elevated titres were found in 25--30% of those who were healthy or who had non-rheumatic diseases, 50% of those with rheumatoid arthritis, 77% of those with JRA and 100% of those with SLE. Patients with rheumatic diseases and SIgAD may therefore be particularly at risk of developing anti-IgA-mediated reactions to blood products.", "contents": "The association of autoimmune diseases and anti-IgA antibodies in patients with selective IgA deficiency. The prevalence of antibodies to immunoglobulin A (IgA) was studied in eighty-three subjects with selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD), thirty-three normal individuals, thirty-two children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and normal or elevated IgA, seventeen children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and normal or elevated IgA, and thirteen patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Anti-IgA antibodies were detected by haemagglutination of human erythrocytes coated with one of two IgA myelomas by the chromic chloride technique. Antibodies to IgA were not found in significant titre in individuals with normal or elevated IgA or in those with hypogammaglobulinaemia. In IgA deficient patients, elevated titres were found in 25--30% of those who were healthy or who had non-rheumatic diseases, 50% of those with rheumatoid arthritis, 77% of those with JRA and 100% of those with SLE. Patients with rheumatic diseases and SIgAD may therefore be particularly at risk of developing anti-IgA-mediated reactions to blood products.", "PMID": 314873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4705", "title": "Studies on the immunopotentiating effects of a streptococcal preparation, OK-432. I. Enhancement of T cell-mediated immune responses of mice.", "content": "The effects of the anti-tumour agent OK-432 on the immune response to hamster erythrocytes (HRBC) and nucleated chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) were studied in inbred SL mice. Mice were treated repeatedly with OK-432 before immunization with erythrocytes in saline. The cytotoxicity of CRBC-primed spleen cells, as demonstrated by 51Cr release from labelled CRBC, was markedly increased by treatment with OD-432. The delayed footpad reaction to CRBC was significantly augmented by treatment with OK-432. These results in mice indicate that OK-432 can enhance the cellular immune responses which require the contribution of T cells. Such an activation of T cells by OK-432 was observed in the humoral immune response to a trinitrophenyl group. Augmentation of anti-hapten antibody production, suggesting the enhancement of helper T cell activity by OK-432, was noticed after immunization with trinitrophenyl conjugated to erythrocytes. Furthermore, this enhancement of helper T cell activity by OK-432 was confirmed by utilizing an adoptive transfer system. These results support the possibility that T cell activation may be one of the important effects of OK-432 as an immunopotentiator.", "contents": "Studies on the immunopotentiating effects of a streptococcal preparation, OK-432. I. Enhancement of T cell-mediated immune responses of mice. The effects of the anti-tumour agent OK-432 on the immune response to hamster erythrocytes (HRBC) and nucleated chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) were studied in inbred SL mice. Mice were treated repeatedly with OK-432 before immunization with erythrocytes in saline. The cytotoxicity of CRBC-primed spleen cells, as demonstrated by 51Cr release from labelled CRBC, was markedly increased by treatment with OD-432. The delayed footpad reaction to CRBC was significantly augmented by treatment with OK-432. These results in mice indicate that OK-432 can enhance the cellular immune responses which require the contribution of T cells. Such an activation of T cells by OK-432 was observed in the humoral immune response to a trinitrophenyl group. Augmentation of anti-hapten antibody production, suggesting the enhancement of helper T cell activity by OK-432, was noticed after immunization with trinitrophenyl conjugated to erythrocytes. Furthermore, this enhancement of helper T cell activity by OK-432 was confirmed by utilizing an adoptive transfer system. These results support the possibility that T cell activation may be one of the important effects of OK-432 as an immunopotentiator.", "PMID": 314874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4706", "title": "Intraindividual variation in drug disposition.", "content": "Large interindividual differences occur in the in vivo metabolism of drugs due to genetic and environmental factors. Our studies show that intraindividual variabilities in rates of metabolism are relatively low for antipyrine and phenylbutazone, which are drugs that are primarily metabolized by the liver and have low hepatic extractions; whereas in the case of phenacetin, a drug that undergoes extensive metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract or during its first pass through the liver, or both, intraindividual variations in plasma half-lifes and areas under the plasma concentration-time curves are of much greater magnitude. In our studies, no effort was made to control the lifestyles of our subjects. The variations in rates of drug metabolism did not result from assay procedures, since there was little variation in measured concentrations when the drugs were added to plasma and assayed on multiple occasions. Intraindividual variation occurring in subjects given the drug on 5 different occasions may be due to changes in the external environment or changes in internal physiologic parameters or both. Our studies confirm the usefulness of antipyrine as a test drug in studying drug metabolism in man and also demonstrate that the antipyrine test may be able to detect those subjects whose environments are perturbed by unidentified factors.", "contents": "Intraindividual variation in drug disposition. Large interindividual differences occur in the in vivo metabolism of drugs due to genetic and environmental factors. Our studies show that intraindividual variabilities in rates of metabolism are relatively low for antipyrine and phenylbutazone, which are drugs that are primarily metabolized by the liver and have low hepatic extractions; whereas in the case of phenacetin, a drug that undergoes extensive metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract or during its first pass through the liver, or both, intraindividual variations in plasma half-lifes and areas under the plasma concentration-time curves are of much greater magnitude. In our studies, no effort was made to control the lifestyles of our subjects. The variations in rates of drug metabolism did not result from assay procedures, since there was little variation in measured concentrations when the drugs were added to plasma and assayed on multiple occasions. Intraindividual variation occurring in subjects given the drug on 5 different occasions may be due to changes in the external environment or changes in internal physiologic parameters or both. Our studies confirm the usefulness of antipyrine as a test drug in studying drug metabolism in man and also demonstrate that the antipyrine test may be able to detect those subjects whose environments are perturbed by unidentified factors.", "PMID": 314881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4707", "title": "Facial rehabilitation: new potentials.", "content": "There is some clinical evidence to support the theory that in the immediate rehabilitation of the paralyzed face some regionalization and separate movement of the eye, lips, and cheek may be produced. This is not accomplished by specific fascicular connections. It is postulated that a combination of intracranial and extracranial connections, which have not been identified to date, contribute to this phenomenon.", "contents": "Facial rehabilitation: new potentials. There is some clinical evidence to support the theory that in the immediate rehabilitation of the paralyzed face some regionalization and separate movement of the eye, lips, and cheek may be produced. This is not accomplished by specific fascicular connections. It is postulated that a combination of intracranial and extracranial connections, which have not been identified to date, contribute to this phenomenon.", "PMID": 314882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4708", "title": "Diagnosis of agenesis of the corpus callosum by computer assisted tomography: report of two cases presenting with epileptic seizures.", "content": "Two young patients who had intermittent epileptic seizures were referred to us for cranial computer tomography, and both turned out to be cases with agenesis of the corpus callosum. There were a few other abnormalities associated with the finding, and indeed in both cases epilepsy was not the initial symptom. CT scans showed ventricular configuration very similar to that said to be characteristic of the condition on air encephalograms. The non-invasive nature of CT, and the diagnostic accuracy it provided, are the basis of this report.", "contents": "Diagnosis of agenesis of the corpus callosum by computer assisted tomography: report of two cases presenting with epileptic seizures. Two young patients who had intermittent epileptic seizures were referred to us for cranial computer tomography, and both turned out to be cases with agenesis of the corpus callosum. There were a few other abnormalities associated with the finding, and indeed in both cases epilepsy was not the initial symptom. CT scans showed ventricular configuration very similar to that said to be characteristic of the condition on air encephalograms. The non-invasive nature of CT, and the diagnostic accuracy it provided, are the basis of this report.", "PMID": 314888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4709", "title": "Total disappearance of cell proliferation in the lens of a hypophysectomized animal: in vivo and in vitro maintenance of inhibition with reversal by pituitary factors.", "content": "Cell cycle kinetics of lens epithelium were studied in frogs following hypophysectomy, and subsequent replacement therapy with bovine growth hormone (bGH). Hypophysectomy led to a complete absence of cells in DNA synthesis and mitosis within 4 weeks. A small number of G2 nuclei was present in all preparations, but the number was much reduced with time after surgery. Occasional preparations with a significant G2 population were encountered. The major block to cycle traverse appeared to be in the G0-G1 segment. Mechanical injury to the lenses of hypophysectomized animals caused the cells to move closer to S without, however, reaching it. The in vivo block to cycle traverse persisted in organ-cultured lenses maintained in medium containing serum of hypophysectomized animals. The block to cycle traverse was reversed when the lenses were cultured in medium containing the serum of hypophysectomized animals that received replacement therapy with bGH. The serum became effective between 1 and 2 days after the star of replacement therapy. The lens epithelial cells from hypophysectomized frogs incur a deficit such that a protracted prereplicative phase is detected when favourable growth conditions are restored.", "contents": "Total disappearance of cell proliferation in the lens of a hypophysectomized animal: in vivo and in vitro maintenance of inhibition with reversal by pituitary factors. Cell cycle kinetics of lens epithelium were studied in frogs following hypophysectomy, and subsequent replacement therapy with bovine growth hormone (bGH). Hypophysectomy led to a complete absence of cells in DNA synthesis and mitosis within 4 weeks. A small number of G2 nuclei was present in all preparations, but the number was much reduced with time after surgery. Occasional preparations with a significant G2 population were encountered. The major block to cycle traverse appeared to be in the G0-G1 segment. Mechanical injury to the lenses of hypophysectomized animals caused the cells to move closer to S without, however, reaching it. The in vivo block to cycle traverse persisted in organ-cultured lenses maintained in medium containing serum of hypophysectomized animals. The block to cycle traverse was reversed when the lenses were cultured in medium containing the serum of hypophysectomized animals that received replacement therapy with bGH. The serum became effective between 1 and 2 days after the star of replacement therapy. The lens epithelial cells from hypophysectomized frogs incur a deficit such that a protracted prereplicative phase is detected when favourable growth conditions are restored.", "PMID": 314891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4710", "title": "Hemosuccus pancreaticus secondary to ruptured splenic artery aneurysm.", "content": "A case is presented of a ruptured splenic artery aneurysm communicating with the main pancreatic duct which resulted in obscure upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Bipolar ligation of the splenic artery and excision of the pseudoaneurysm was curative. The location of the splenic artery makes it especially vulnerable to aneurysmal formation in patients with pancreatitis. It is recommended that early arteriography be obtained in patients with obscure upper gastrointestinal bleeding. If the splenic artery aneurysm is located in the mid-portion of the vessel, partial pancreatectomy and splenectomy are not necessary to effect a cure.", "contents": "Hemosuccus pancreaticus secondary to ruptured splenic artery aneurysm. A case is presented of a ruptured splenic artery aneurysm communicating with the main pancreatic duct which resulted in obscure upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Bipolar ligation of the splenic artery and excision of the pseudoaneurysm was curative. The location of the splenic artery makes it especially vulnerable to aneurysmal formation in patients with pancreatitis. It is recommended that early arteriography be obtained in patients with obscure upper gastrointestinal bleeding. If the splenic artery aneurysm is located in the mid-portion of the vessel, partial pancreatectomy and splenectomy are not necessary to effect a cure.", "PMID": 314892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4711", "title": "[Reopening of infarct-occluded vessel by transluminal recanalisation and intracoronary streptokinase application (author's transl)].", "content": "Coronary angiography was performed 2 hours after onset of complaints in a 57-year-old patient with acute anteroseptal infarction. Using a wire spiral in the coronary catheter the acutely occluded anterior interventricular branch was reopened. With intracoronary streptokinase (120 000 units in 50 minutes) the recanalisation canal was enlarged. The clinical picture and electrocardiographic findings improved under the influence of treatment. An aorto-coronary bypass operation was performed on the following day. The post-operative angiogram showed marked improvement of left ventricular function. The results indicate that this intervention prevented widespread necrosis.", "contents": "[Reopening of infarct-occluded vessel by transluminal recanalisation and intracoronary streptokinase application (author's transl)]. Coronary angiography was performed 2 hours after onset of complaints in a 57-year-old patient with acute anteroseptal infarction. Using a wire spiral in the coronary catheter the acutely occluded anterior interventricular branch was reopened. With intracoronary streptokinase (120 000 units in 50 minutes) the recanalisation canal was enlarged. The clinical picture and electrocardiographic findings improved under the influence of treatment. An aorto-coronary bypass operation was performed on the following day. The post-operative angiogram showed marked improvement of left ventricular function. The results indicate that this intervention prevented widespread necrosis.", "PMID": 314893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4712", "title": "Modified electrocoagulation and its possibilities in the control of gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "In acute experiments in the stomach of dogs electrocoagulation with simultaneous instillation of water (EHT-electrode i.e. electro-hydro-thermo-electrode) proved the most effective electrocoagulation method for controlling standardized bleeding: Optimal visibility at the bleeding site, extension of the therapeutic range as well as the avoidance of charring at the bleeding site are its major advantages. Disturbing adhesion of coagulated material on the electrode is also avoided. The electro-hydro-thermo-electrode is a cheap and portable means of controlling bleeding.", "contents": "Modified electrocoagulation and its possibilities in the control of gastrointestinal bleeding. In acute experiments in the stomach of dogs electrocoagulation with simultaneous instillation of water (EHT-electrode i.e. electro-hydro-thermo-electrode) proved the most effective electrocoagulation method for controlling standardized bleeding: Optimal visibility at the bleeding site, extension of the therapeutic range as well as the avoidance of charring at the bleeding site are its major advantages. Disturbing adhesion of coagulated material on the electrode is also avoided. The electro-hydro-thermo-electrode is a cheap and portable means of controlling bleeding.", "PMID": 314895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4713", "title": "The proliferative capacity of human T lymphocyte subpopulations in a continuous culture system.", "content": "The continuous growth of subpopulations of human T lymphocytes was investigated using a culture system containing conditioning factors from mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Cultures of purified peripheral blood lymphocytes rapidly became enriched for T lymphocytes, detected as sheep erythrocyte rosette-forming cells, and could be maintained for up to a month in an actively growing state. Subpopulations of T lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors for IgM(T.M) or IgG(T.G) could not be detected in these cultures unless the cells were first washed and cultured for 3 days in medium devoid of conditioning factors. During this second culture step, many of the cells reverted from a large, blast-like state to a small lymphocyte morphology and proportion of the T lymphocytes re-expressed Fc receptors. The proportions of T.M and T.G lymphocytes so detected remained constant throughout the continuous culture period indicating that the system permitted the proliferation of all T lymphocytes. Fractionation studies supported this conclusion by demonstrating that purified T, T.M and T.G but not B lymphocyte populations proliferated when cultured in the presence of conditioned medium. The majority of cells in cultures of purified T.M lymphocytes re-expressed IgM Fc receptors following reculture in unconditioned medium. However, the re-expression of IgG Fc receptors by cultured T.G lymphocytes could not be achieved.", "contents": "The proliferative capacity of human T lymphocyte subpopulations in a continuous culture system. The continuous growth of subpopulations of human T lymphocytes was investigated using a culture system containing conditioning factors from mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Cultures of purified peripheral blood lymphocytes rapidly became enriched for T lymphocytes, detected as sheep erythrocyte rosette-forming cells, and could be maintained for up to a month in an actively growing state. Subpopulations of T lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors for IgM(T.M) or IgG(T.G) could not be detected in these cultures unless the cells were first washed and cultured for 3 days in medium devoid of conditioning factors. During this second culture step, many of the cells reverted from a large, blast-like state to a small lymphocyte morphology and proportion of the T lymphocytes re-expressed Fc receptors. The proportions of T.M and T.G lymphocytes so detected remained constant throughout the continuous culture period indicating that the system permitted the proliferation of all T lymphocytes. Fractionation studies supported this conclusion by demonstrating that purified T, T.M and T.G but not B lymphocyte populations proliferated when cultured in the presence of conditioned medium. The majority of cells in cultures of purified T.M lymphocytes re-expressed IgM Fc receptors following reculture in unconditioned medium. However, the re-expression of IgG Fc receptors by cultured T.G lymphocytes could not be achieved.", "PMID": 314897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4714", "title": "\"Ia-like\" antigens on human T cells.", "content": "Human T lymphocytes have been tested for cell surface p. 28,33 \"Ia-like\" heteroantigen and DRw alloantigens. Small numbers (1--5%) of sheep (E) rosette or T antigen-positive, surface immunoglobulin-negative (E+, T+, smIg-) T cells were Ia+; these cells appeared to be restricted to the TG subset. Following activation by allogeneic lymphocytes or sperm, or by purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), the proportion of positive T cells increased substantially. DRw typing indicated that Ia specificities on activated T cells were not acquired passively from the stimulator cells, suggesting therefore that either \"selection\" of a small DRw+ cell subset or derepression and/or exposure of DR locus gene products occurs during T cell activation.", "contents": "\"Ia-like\" antigens on human T cells. Human T lymphocytes have been tested for cell surface p. 28,33 \"Ia-like\" heteroantigen and DRw alloantigens. Small numbers (1--5%) of sheep (E) rosette or T antigen-positive, surface immunoglobulin-negative (E+, T+, smIg-) T cells were Ia+; these cells appeared to be restricted to the TG subset. Following activation by allogeneic lymphocytes or sperm, or by purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), the proportion of positive T cells increased substantially. DRw typing indicated that Ia specificities on activated T cells were not acquired passively from the stimulator cells, suggesting therefore that either \"selection\" of a small DRw+ cell subset or derepression and/or exposure of DR locus gene products occurs during T cell activation.", "PMID": 314898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4715", "title": "Human T lymphocyte receptors for IgM: control by IgG-binding lymphocytes.", "content": "The capacity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to bind antigen-IgG or antigen-IgM-antibody complexes was investigated using a rosette technique with ox erythrocytes (E) coated with rabbit IgG (AG) or IgM (AM) antibodies. EAM rosette formation was achieved only in suspensions pre-incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C. Addition of either EAM or EAG complexes to the culture medium was shown to prevent the formation of EAM rosettes. The inhibition was reversible, it was not due to trace IgM contaminants in the IgG antibody fraction. It was not observed when lymphocytes depleted of EAG-rosetting cells were incubated with EAG complexes. Inhibition of the expression of lymphocyte receptors for IgM can be regarded as a consequence of the modulation of surface receptors for IgG and involves an interaction between the two lymphocyte subsets bearing surface receptors for IgG and IgM, respectively. However, these experiments do not exclude the possibility that a few cells which bind EAG may lose their receptors by modulation and then express a receptor for IgM.", "contents": "Human T lymphocyte receptors for IgM: control by IgG-binding lymphocytes. The capacity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to bind antigen-IgG or antigen-IgM-antibody complexes was investigated using a rosette technique with ox erythrocytes (E) coated with rabbit IgG (AG) or IgM (AM) antibodies. EAM rosette formation was achieved only in suspensions pre-incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C. Addition of either EAM or EAG complexes to the culture medium was shown to prevent the formation of EAM rosettes. The inhibition was reversible, it was not due to trace IgM contaminants in the IgG antibody fraction. It was not observed when lymphocytes depleted of EAG-rosetting cells were incubated with EAG complexes. Inhibition of the expression of lymphocyte receptors for IgM can be regarded as a consequence of the modulation of surface receptors for IgG and involves an interaction between the two lymphocyte subsets bearing surface receptors for IgG and IgM, respectively. However, these experiments do not exclude the possibility that a few cells which bind EAG may lose their receptors by modulation and then express a receptor for IgM.", "PMID": 314899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4716", "title": "Increased survival of CBA pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells in vitro induced by a marrow stromal factor in Sl/Sld mice.", "content": "Media conditioned by marrow adherent cells from anaemic Sl/Sld and W/Wv mice increased the 24-h survival of CBA CFUs in vitro compared to fresh medium to about the same extent as marrow-conditioned medium from normal Sl+/Sl+, W+/W+, and CBA mice. Sl/Sld marrow-conditioned medium also increased the percentage of CFUs in DNA synthesis to the same extent as CBA marrow-conditioned medium. These results demonstrate that Sl/Sld mice produce a marrow stromal factor that increases both survival of CFUs and the percentage of CFUs in DNA synthesis in vitro. Therefore, the defective haemopoietic microenvironment of Sl/Sld mice is not due to a deficiency in the production of this factor.", "contents": "Increased survival of CBA pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells in vitro induced by a marrow stromal factor in Sl/Sld mice. Media conditioned by marrow adherent cells from anaemic Sl/Sld and W/Wv mice increased the 24-h survival of CBA CFUs in vitro compared to fresh medium to about the same extent as marrow-conditioned medium from normal Sl+/Sl+, W+/W+, and CBA mice. Sl/Sld marrow-conditioned medium also increased the percentage of CFUs in DNA synthesis to the same extent as CBA marrow-conditioned medium. These results demonstrate that Sl/Sld mice produce a marrow stromal factor that increases both survival of CFUs and the percentage of CFUs in DNA synthesis in vitro. Therefore, the defective haemopoietic microenvironment of Sl/Sld mice is not due to a deficiency in the production of this factor.", "PMID": 314902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4717", "title": "Mechanisms of compensation for vestibular deficits in the frog. II. Modification of the inhibitory Pathways.", "content": "In hemilabyrinthectomized frogs inhibitory responses of central vestibular neurons to electrical stimulation of the remaining vestibular nerve were recorded extra- and intracellularly at different stages (0, 3, and 60 days) after the operation. In acute animals inhibition of vestibular neurons following stimulation of the VIIIth nerve is rarely observed. In chronic animals about 30% of the vestibular neurons on the partially deafferented side and about 15% of the vestibular neurons on the intact side are inhibited. The distribution of the latencies of these inhibitory responses is bimodal with ranges from 4 to 14 ms and 18 to 24 ms. Removal of the cerebellum reduced the number of inhibited vistibular neurons and picrotoxin abolished all inhibitory responses. The vestibular input to the cerebellar dorsal rim is bilateral. In chornic animals excitation of Purkinje cells was similar as in acute preparations but many more cells were disfacilitated. Inhibition of partially deafferented vestibular neurons by cerebellar and brain stem neurons increases in parallel with their excitatory commissural input. The balance between these plastic changes may be crucial for the functional recovery of appropriate compensatory reflexes.", "contents": "Mechanisms of compensation for vestibular deficits in the frog. II. Modification of the inhibitory Pathways. In hemilabyrinthectomized frogs inhibitory responses of central vestibular neurons to electrical stimulation of the remaining vestibular nerve were recorded extra- and intracellularly at different stages (0, 3, and 60 days) after the operation. In acute animals inhibition of vestibular neurons following stimulation of the VIIIth nerve is rarely observed. In chronic animals about 30% of the vestibular neurons on the partially deafferented side and about 15% of the vestibular neurons on the intact side are inhibited. The distribution of the latencies of these inhibitory responses is bimodal with ranges from 4 to 14 ms and 18 to 24 ms. Removal of the cerebellum reduced the number of inhibited vistibular neurons and picrotoxin abolished all inhibitory responses. The vestibular input to the cerebellar dorsal rim is bilateral. In chornic animals excitation of Purkinje cells was similar as in acute preparations but many more cells were disfacilitated. Inhibition of partially deafferented vestibular neurons by cerebellar and brain stem neurons increases in parallel with their excitatory commissural input. The balance between these plastic changes may be crucial for the functional recovery of appropriate compensatory reflexes.", "PMID": 314903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4718", "title": "Interaction between the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex and optokinetic response in rabbits.", "content": "Dynamic characteristics of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR), the optokinetic response (OKR), and their interactions were investigated in alert albino rabbits. For stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canals, the whole rabbit was rotated sinusoidally on a motor-driven turntable at peak-to-peak amplitudes of 5 degrees to 30 degrees over a frequency range of 1/30 to 1/2 Hz. Optokinetic stimulation was provided by a narrow vertical slit light source presented in front of the eye to be tested. The evoked horizontal eye movements were observed and measured by means of a closed circuit television system adapted to provide an analog signal proportional to the eye movement. The net HVOR was obtained by rotation of the turntable in darkness and the net OKR by rotation of the light source. Combining rotation of the turntable with a stationary light source immediately increased the gain and reduced the phase shift of the HVOR. The light source moving in phase with the turntable, but at twice the angular amplitude, reduced the gain and advanced the phase of the HVOR. Eye movement curves of the HVOR modified by a fixed or moving slit light could be reconstructed approximately by a linear combination of the net HVOR and OKR.", "contents": "Interaction between the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex and optokinetic response in rabbits. Dynamic characteristics of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR), the optokinetic response (OKR), and their interactions were investigated in alert albino rabbits. For stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canals, the whole rabbit was rotated sinusoidally on a motor-driven turntable at peak-to-peak amplitudes of 5 degrees to 30 degrees over a frequency range of 1/30 to 1/2 Hz. Optokinetic stimulation was provided by a narrow vertical slit light source presented in front of the eye to be tested. The evoked horizontal eye movements were observed and measured by means of a closed circuit television system adapted to provide an analog signal proportional to the eye movement. The net HVOR was obtained by rotation of the turntable in darkness and the net OKR by rotation of the light source. Combining rotation of the turntable with a stationary light source immediately increased the gain and reduced the phase shift of the HVOR. The light source moving in phase with the turntable, but at twice the angular amplitude, reduced the gain and advanced the phase of the HVOR. Eye movement curves of the HVOR modified by a fixed or moving slit light could be reconstructed approximately by a linear combination of the net HVOR and OKR.", "PMID": 314904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4719", "title": "Adaptive modification of the rabbit's horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex during sustained vestibular and optokinetic stimulation.", "content": "Adaptability of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) and the optokinetic response (OKR) was examined in alert albino rabbits during sustained runs lasting 5--12 h under four different stimulus conditions. (1) Sinusoidal rotation of the rabbit in darkness by 5 degrees at 1/10 Hz, or (2) sinusoidal movement of a vertical slit light by 2.5 degrees of 5 degrees at 1/10 Hz around the optical axis of the stationary rabbit, affected the gain of neither the HVOR nor the OKR. (3) Combination of the stimulus as in (1) with the stationary slit light increased the gain of the HVOR gradually. A plateau at about 140% of the initial control was reached in 5 h. (4) Combination of the stimulus as in (1) with the slit light movement by 10 degrees in phase with the turntable decreased the HVOR gain gradually, a plateau being obtained at about 70% of the initial control in 5 h. Changes of the HVOR gain induced in conditions (3) and (4) were not frequency-specific and accompanied by no signficant modification of either the gain or phase of the OKR or the linear property of HVOR-OKR interaction. A small but significant change of the HVOR phase was also detected under the condition (3) but not (4).", "contents": "Adaptive modification of the rabbit's horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex during sustained vestibular and optokinetic stimulation. Adaptability of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) and the optokinetic response (OKR) was examined in alert albino rabbits during sustained runs lasting 5--12 h under four different stimulus conditions. (1) Sinusoidal rotation of the rabbit in darkness by 5 degrees at 1/10 Hz, or (2) sinusoidal movement of a vertical slit light by 2.5 degrees of 5 degrees at 1/10 Hz around the optical axis of the stationary rabbit, affected the gain of neither the HVOR nor the OKR. (3) Combination of the stimulus as in (1) with the stationary slit light increased the gain of the HVOR gradually. A plateau at about 140% of the initial control was reached in 5 h. (4) Combination of the stimulus as in (1) with the slit light movement by 10 degrees in phase with the turntable decreased the HVOR gain gradually, a plateau being obtained at about 70% of the initial control in 5 h. Changes of the HVOR gain induced in conditions (3) and (4) were not frequency-specific and accompanied by no signficant modification of either the gain or phase of the OKR or the linear property of HVOR-OKR interaction. A small but significant change of the HVOR phase was also detected under the condition (3) but not (4).", "PMID": 314905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4720", "title": "Primary vestibular afferent projections to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus in cats. An autoradiographic study.", "content": "Primary vestibular projections to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus were found in cats by injecting anterograde tracer substances (radioactive proline and fucose) into Scarpa's ganglion. Labelling was observed in the rostral and middle portion of the abducens nucleus.", "contents": "Primary vestibular afferent projections to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus in cats. An autoradiographic study. Primary vestibular projections to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus were found in cats by injecting anterograde tracer substances (radioactive proline and fucose) into Scarpa's ganglion. Labelling was observed in the rostral and middle portion of the abducens nucleus.", "PMID": 314906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4721", "title": "Effects of monochromatic X-radiation on the membrane of nodes of Ranvier under voltage and current clamp conditions.", "content": "Monochromatic Ag-Ka-radiation decreased irreversibly the peak sodium current in nodes of Ranvier. This decrease occurs only with a delay of about 1000 sec after a threshold dose of about 8 kR has been reached. Potassium current and resting potential are practically not affected.", "contents": "Effects of monochromatic X-radiation on the membrane of nodes of Ranvier under voltage and current clamp conditions. Monochromatic Ag-Ka-radiation decreased irreversibly the peak sodium current in nodes of Ranvier. This decrease occurs only with a delay of about 1000 sec after a threshold dose of about 8 kR has been reached. Potassium current and resting potential are practically not affected.", "PMID": 314907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4722", "title": "Decrease in motor activity - an early symptom in the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE).", "content": "Motor activity has been followed in rats during an experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The disease was produced by transfer of lymph node cells from sensitized syngenic donors. Small and large movements were permanently registered by an electric activity meter. It could be demonstrated that a decrease of the motility is an early symptome of the disease. Therefore the measurement of the motoric activity might be a useful parameter in the classification of EAE.", "contents": "Decrease in motor activity - an early symptom in the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Motor activity has been followed in rats during an experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The disease was produced by transfer of lymph node cells from sensitized syngenic donors. Small and large movements were permanently registered by an electric activity meter. It could be demonstrated that a decrease of the motility is an early symptome of the disease. Therefore the measurement of the motoric activity might be a useful parameter in the classification of EAE.", "PMID": 314908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4723", "title": "Peritoneal macrophages from adjuvant arthritic rats enhance tumour cell growth in vitro.", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages from rats with adjuvant arthritis enhance the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in 2 tumour cell lines in vitro. Maximal enhancement is found during the development of the secondary lesions, and it is suggested that the immunologic commitment of the macrophages could interfere with their regulation of tumour cell proliferation in vivo.", "contents": "Peritoneal macrophages from adjuvant arthritic rats enhance tumour cell growth in vitro. Peritoneal macrophages from rats with adjuvant arthritis enhance the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in 2 tumour cell lines in vitro. Maximal enhancement is found during the development of the secondary lesions, and it is suggested that the immunologic commitment of the macrophages could interfere with their regulation of tumour cell proliferation in vivo.", "PMID": 314909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4724", "title": "Immunological observations following vasectomy.", "content": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCA) against panels of normal lymphocytes and leukemic B-cells were demonstrated in vasectomized men. Since vasectomy is known to induce antibody formation to spermatozoa, the demonstration of these lymphocytotoxic antibodies may be related to antigenic constituents of spermatozoa such as HLA or B-cell alloantigens. Long term follow-up is needed to clarify the clinical significance of these antibodies.", "contents": "Immunological observations following vasectomy. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCA) against panels of normal lymphocytes and leukemic B-cells were demonstrated in vasectomized men. Since vasectomy is known to induce antibody formation to spermatozoa, the demonstration of these lymphocytotoxic antibodies may be related to antigenic constituents of spermatozoa such as HLA or B-cell alloantigens. Long term follow-up is needed to clarify the clinical significance of these antibodies.", "PMID": 314910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4725", "title": "[Pathology of the aorto-coronary bypass by autologous saphenous vein (author's transl)].", "content": "The success of aorto-coronary bypass operations, employing an autologous saphenous vein, depends mainly upon graft patency. Fortyone grafts have been examined by light micrsocopy, 35 of which were obtained from 23 autopsy cases and 6 were recovered at reoperation. Thirtythree veins had been in place for less than 20 days (early group) and 8 from  3 to 39 months (late group). In the early group, minimal to moderate mediointimal fibrosis was always detected. Graft occlusion due to recent thrombosis was observed in 13 cases; the cause of thrombosis was severe coronary narrowing distal to the insertion of the graft and atherosclerotic plaque ulceration at the site of the veno-coronary anastomosis. Among the late group, 3 veins were occluded by an old thrombus, and 3 by intimal leiomyocellular proliferation, with Alcian positive ground substance, while 2 exhibited a severe stenosis due to intimal phlebosclerosis. One of these last disclosed a vein atherosclerosis. The multiple pathogenetic factors, which are involved in the proliferative lesions, are reviewed.", "contents": "[Pathology of the aorto-coronary bypass by autologous saphenous vein (author's transl)]. The success of aorto-coronary bypass operations, employing an autologous saphenous vein, depends mainly upon graft patency. Fortyone grafts have been examined by light micrsocopy, 35 of which were obtained from 23 autopsy cases and 6 were recovered at reoperation. Thirtythree veins had been in place for less than 20 days (early group) and 8 from  3 to 39 months (late group). In the early group, minimal to moderate mediointimal fibrosis was always detected. Graft occlusion due to recent thrombosis was observed in 13 cases; the cause of thrombosis was severe coronary narrowing distal to the insertion of the graft and atherosclerotic plaque ulceration at the site of the veno-coronary anastomosis. Among the late group, 3 veins were occluded by an old thrombus, and 3 by intimal leiomyocellular proliferation, with Alcian positive ground substance, while 2 exhibited a severe stenosis due to intimal phlebosclerosis. One of these last disclosed a vein atherosclerosis. The multiple pathogenetic factors, which are involved in the proliferative lesions, are reviewed.", "PMID": 314916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4726", "title": "[Myocardial revascularization combined with endoarterectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper summarize a personal experience in myocardial revascularization combined with endoarterectomy for diffuse coronary artery disease. From Feb. 1977 to June 1978 at Harefield Hospital 60 patients had 138 grafts. In 32 patients, 42 endoarteriectomies were performed (30% of all grafted vessels); of these 19 (45%) were to LAD; 4 (10%) to CX and 19 (45%) to RC. The overall mortality was of 1 patient. Symptomatic evaluation shows that 26 patients (84%) are asmptomatic and 5 (16%) are improved. Restudy of 24 (32 endoarterectomies) shows a patency rate of 75%.", "contents": "[Myocardial revascularization combined with endoarterectomy (author's transl)]. The paper summarize a personal experience in myocardial revascularization combined with endoarterectomy for diffuse coronary artery disease. From Feb. 1977 to June 1978 at Harefield Hospital 60 patients had 138 grafts. In 32 patients, 42 endoarteriectomies were performed (30% of all grafted vessels); of these 19 (45%) were to LAD; 4 (10%) to CX and 19 (45%) to RC. The overall mortality was of 1 patient. Symptomatic evaluation shows that 26 patients (84%) are asmptomatic and 5 (16%) are improved. Restudy of 24 (32 endoarterectomies) shows a patency rate of 75%.", "PMID": 314917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4727", "title": "Spontaneous peritonitis due to Hemophilus influenzae in an adult.", "content": "Hemophilus influenzae, usually pathogenic in the pediatric population, caused septicemia and peritonitis in the cirrhotic adult described here. Susceptibility to this unusual adult pathogen was perhaps related to liver disease or corticosteroid treatment. This organism has not previously been associated with the syndrome of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in an adult.", "contents": "Spontaneous peritonitis due to Hemophilus influenzae in an adult. Hemophilus influenzae, usually pathogenic in the pediatric population, caused septicemia and peritonitis in the cirrhotic adult described here. Susceptibility to this unusual adult pathogen was perhaps related to liver disease or corticosteroid treatment. This organism has not previously been associated with the syndrome of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in an adult.", "PMID": 314918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4728", "title": "Significance of tumour mass on T-lymphocyte levels in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "The relationship between tumour load and immunity in gastrointestinal cancer has been studied by sequential comparison in patients whose tumour has been removed and those whose tumour was found to be inoperable. Total lymphocyte count, absolute and percentage T- and B-lymphocyte counts, effect of papain on E-rosetting cell levels, and inhibitory effect of cancer sera on E-rosette formation by normal lymphocytes have been studied in 30 patients with stomach or colorectal cancer, and 10 control patients with benign gastrointestinal disease. The examination was done on each patient before and at regular intervals after operation up to 24 weeks. Operable cases, with removal of tumour load, showed a temporary fall in total lymphocyte count and T cell counts, which returned to normal by four weeks postoperatively. Inoperable cases (15 patients) showed a progressive fall in total lymphocyte count and a relatively greater depression of T cell counts, in parallel with increasing tumour mass. E-receptor blocking factor was demonstrated in the sera of cancer patients. This factor was related to tumour mass and presumably was of tumour origin, as it persisted in the inoperable group but disappeared by 12 weeks after tumour removal. The factor explained the excess depresion of T cells over total lymphocytes, but does not explain the continuing depression of total lymphocyte count in the cancer patients.", "contents": "Significance of tumour mass on T-lymphocyte levels in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. The relationship between tumour load and immunity in gastrointestinal cancer has been studied by sequential comparison in patients whose tumour has been removed and those whose tumour was found to be inoperable. Total lymphocyte count, absolute and percentage T- and B-lymphocyte counts, effect of papain on E-rosetting cell levels, and inhibitory effect of cancer sera on E-rosette formation by normal lymphocytes have been studied in 30 patients with stomach or colorectal cancer, and 10 control patients with benign gastrointestinal disease. The examination was done on each patient before and at regular intervals after operation up to 24 weeks. Operable cases, with removal of tumour load, showed a temporary fall in total lymphocyte count and T cell counts, which returned to normal by four weeks postoperatively. Inoperable cases (15 patients) showed a progressive fall in total lymphocyte count and a relatively greater depression of T cell counts, in parallel with increasing tumour mass. E-receptor blocking factor was demonstrated in the sera of cancer patients. This factor was related to tumour mass and presumably was of tumour origin, as it persisted in the inoperable group but disappeared by 12 weeks after tumour removal. The factor explained the excess depresion of T cells over total lymphocytes, but does not explain the continuing depression of total lymphocyte count in the cancer patients.", "PMID": 314923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4729", "title": "Quantitative electron-microscopy analysis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI and of the extrinsic eye muscles in fog.", "content": "A comparative study of the quantitative data of the frog extraocular muscles and the cranial nerves that innervate them was performed. Oculorotatory muscles contain muscle fibres of at least 4 types which are arranged in heterogeneous layers. The zonal arrangement of the muscles does not occur on the cross-sections in the vicinity of muscle insertions. In these regions only two muscle fibre types are present and the total number of fibres is smaller by 70% than in the central region of the muscle. Most numerous are muscle fibres in the rectus inferior muscle, while the smallest number of fibres is found in rectus interior muscle. Three distinct types of nerve fibres are distinguished according to the following criteria: occurrence and thickness of myelin sheath, fibre diameter and ratio \"g\". The fibres with thin myelin sheaths indicate small diameters (1-5--6- mum) and their ratio \"g\" equals 0-82 +/- 0-08. They constitute about 30% of the myelinated fibres in the nerve supply of the oculorotatory muscles and about 14% in the supply of the retractor bulbi muscle. Both the value of the ratio \"g\" and a greater number of these fibres in the nerve supply of the muscles that contain slow contracting muscle fibres indicate that they are rather slow conducting nerve fibres.  The range of the diameters of the fibres with thick myelin sheaths is greater (3-5--13-5 mum) and their \"g\" equals 0-66 +/- 0-06. These fibres constitute about 70% of the myelinated ones in the nerve supply of the oculorotatory muscles and 86% in the supply of the retractor bulbi muscles. The value of the ratio \"g\" in these fibres indicates that they are fast contracting ones. The smallest diameters are found in the myelinated fibres (0-5--1-7 mum). These fibres occur frequently in all the examined nerves; they constitute 36--47% of the total number of all the nerve fibres. The frog extraocular muscles are characterized by an abundal nerve supply which is reflected in the low innervation ratio (1:4--1:5). On the distal cross-section of nerves the number of nerve fibres is greater than on the proximal ones. Ganglionic neurons occur sporadically around the nerves; in the nerve III synaptic contacts between two neurons were observed.", "contents": "Quantitative electron-microscopy analysis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI and of the extrinsic eye muscles in fog. A comparative study of the quantitative data of the frog extraocular muscles and the cranial nerves that innervate them was performed. Oculorotatory muscles contain muscle fibres of at least 4 types which are arranged in heterogeneous layers. The zonal arrangement of the muscles does not occur on the cross-sections in the vicinity of muscle insertions. In these regions only two muscle fibre types are present and the total number of fibres is smaller by 70% than in the central region of the muscle. Most numerous are muscle fibres in the rectus inferior muscle, while the smallest number of fibres is found in rectus interior muscle. Three distinct types of nerve fibres are distinguished according to the following criteria: occurrence and thickness of myelin sheath, fibre diameter and ratio \"g\". The fibres with thin myelin sheaths indicate small diameters (1-5--6- mum) and their ratio \"g\" equals 0-82 +/- 0-08. They constitute about 30% of the myelinated fibres in the nerve supply of the oculorotatory muscles and about 14% in the supply of the retractor bulbi muscle. Both the value of the ratio \"g\" and a greater number of these fibres in the nerve supply of the muscles that contain slow contracting muscle fibres indicate that they are rather slow conducting nerve fibres.  The range of the diameters of the fibres with thick myelin sheaths is greater (3-5--13-5 mum) and their \"g\" equals 0-66 +/- 0-06. These fibres constitute about 70% of the myelinated ones in the nerve supply of the oculorotatory muscles and 86% in the supply of the retractor bulbi muscles. The value of the ratio \"g\" in these fibres indicates that they are fast contracting ones. The smallest diameters are found in the myelinated fibres (0-5--1-7 mum). These fibres occur frequently in all the examined nerves; they constitute 36--47% of the total number of all the nerve fibres. The frog extraocular muscles are characterized by an abundal nerve supply which is reflected in the low innervation ratio (1:4--1:5). On the distal cross-section of nerves the number of nerve fibres is greater than on the proximal ones. Ganglionic neurons occur sporadically around the nerves; in the nerve III synaptic contacts between two neurons were observed.", "PMID": 314924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4730", "title": "[Surgical therapy of intestinal complications in abdominal typhus].", "content": "At our clinic 185 patients with severe typhoid fever were treated. In 51 cases severe complications required a surgical therapy: 24 times bleeding of small or large intestine, 14 times perforation of the bowel and 13 times acute typhoid cholecystitis. Lethality of typhoid peritonitis with perforation is nowadays--inspite of specific therapy with antibiotics--still between 40% and 50%; lethality at our clinic was 37.5%. Dangerous complications are bleeding and re-perforation, which require an aggressive surgical procedure.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy of intestinal complications in abdominal typhus]. At our clinic 185 patients with severe typhoid fever were treated. In 51 cases severe complications required a surgical therapy: 24 times bleeding of small or large intestine, 14 times perforation of the bowel and 13 times acute typhoid cholecystitis. Lethality of typhoid peritonitis with perforation is nowadays--inspite of specific therapy with antibiotics--still between 40% and 50%; lethality at our clinic was 37.5%. Dangerous complications are bleeding and re-perforation, which require an aggressive surgical procedure.", "PMID": 314925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4731", "title": "Macrophage dependence of galactose oxidase induced transformation of human lymphocytes.", "content": "The role of macrophages in the transformation of human lymphocytes by the mitogen galactose oxidase was studied. Monocyte depleted, purified T or B cells did not undergo blastogenesis after treatment with galactose oxidase. When galactose oxidase-treated purified T cells were cultured with macrophages, a slight proliferative response was obtained. B cells treated similarly showed no response. When macrophages were treated with galactose oxidase, and then T & B, T, or B cells were added, proliferative responses were observed in all 3 categories. Finally, supernatants of media in which galactose oxidase-treated macrophages were cultured also demonstrated the property of stimulating lymphocyte transformation. These results are consistent with current concepts of mitogen \"presentation\" and the elaboration of soluble factors by macrophages in mediating the activation of lymphocytes in response to stimulating agents.", "contents": "Macrophage dependence of galactose oxidase induced transformation of human lymphocytes. The role of macrophages in the transformation of human lymphocytes by the mitogen galactose oxidase was studied. Monocyte depleted, purified T or B cells did not undergo blastogenesis after treatment with galactose oxidase. When galactose oxidase-treated purified T cells were cultured with macrophages, a slight proliferative response was obtained. B cells treated similarly showed no response. When macrophages were treated with galactose oxidase, and then T & B, T, or B cells were added, proliferative responses were observed in all 3 categories. Finally, supernatants of media in which galactose oxidase-treated macrophages were cultured also demonstrated the property of stimulating lymphocyte transformation. These results are consistent with current concepts of mitogen \"presentation\" and the elaboration of soluble factors by macrophages in mediating the activation of lymphocytes in response to stimulating agents.", "PMID": 314929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4732", "title": "B-lymphocyte activation with an extract of Nocardia brasiliensis.", "content": "An extract from the pathogenic actinomycete Nocardia brasiliensis was mitogenic for murine lymphocytes. This deoxyribonucleic acid-synthetic response of whole spleen cells peaked after 48 h in culture at concentrations of Nocardia extract ranging from 10 to 200 micrograms/ml. The extract appeared to be a mitogen for B lymphocytes since cultures of spleen cells from congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice and of antithymocyte serum plus complement-treated spleen cells from conventional (+/+) mice responded as well as untreated spleen cells from normal +/+ mice. Furthermore, thymocytes did not respond mitogenically to the extract. Mitogenic responses were stimulated in spleen cells from H-2(a), H-2(b), H-2(d), and H-2(k) mice, including lipopolysaccharide-nonresponder C3H/HeJ mice. This Nocardia extract also stimulated polyclonal B-cell activation to the hapten trinitrophenyl, serum protein human gamma globulin,  and several mammalian erythrocytes in cultures of cells from both euthymic and nude mice. Additionally, the requirement for helper T cells in the primary in vitro immune response to sheep erythrocytes could be circumvented by the addition of this Nocardia extract. These results indicate that an extract from the pathogen N. brasiliensis can nonspecifically activate murine B lymphocytes and raise the possibility that polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of nocardiosis.", "contents": "B-lymphocyte activation with an extract of Nocardia brasiliensis. An extract from the pathogenic actinomycete Nocardia brasiliensis was mitogenic for murine lymphocytes. This deoxyribonucleic acid-synthetic response of whole spleen cells peaked after 48 h in culture at concentrations of Nocardia extract ranging from 10 to 200 micrograms/ml. The extract appeared to be a mitogen for B lymphocytes since cultures of spleen cells from congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice and of antithymocyte serum plus complement-treated spleen cells from conventional (+/+) mice responded as well as untreated spleen cells from normal +/+ mice. Furthermore, thymocytes did not respond mitogenically to the extract. Mitogenic responses were stimulated in spleen cells from H-2(a), H-2(b), H-2(d), and H-2(k) mice, including lipopolysaccharide-nonresponder C3H/HeJ mice. This Nocardia extract also stimulated polyclonal B-cell activation to the hapten trinitrophenyl, serum protein human gamma globulin,  and several mammalian erythrocytes in cultures of cells from both euthymic and nude mice. Additionally, the requirement for helper T cells in the primary in vitro immune response to sheep erythrocytes could be circumvented by the addition of this Nocardia extract. These results indicate that an extract from the pathogen N. brasiliensis can nonspecifically activate murine B lymphocytes and raise the possibility that polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of nocardiosis.", "PMID": 314931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4733", "title": "Mitogenic effects of bacterial cell walls, their fragments, and related synthetic compounds on thymocytes and splenocytes of guinea pigs.", "content": "Stimulation of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation of thymocytes and splenocytes from guinea pigs by various bacterial cell walls and their peptidoglycans, by enzymatic digests, and by synthetic muramyl dipeptides was studied as an indication of mitogenic activity. Cell wall and peptidoglycan preparations, isolated from 19 strains belonging to 18 different species, definitely increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation of thymocytes as well as splenocytes, regardless of mycolic acid contents as a non-peptidoglycan component. Both the cell walls from Nocardia corynebacteriodes (containing mycolic acids) and those from Streptomyces gardneri (lacking mycolic acids) showed far stronger mitogenic activities on splenocytes than other cell walls (stimulation index, 25 to 30). Furthermore, water-soluble enzymatic digests, notably the endopeptidase digests, which generally were greater in degree of polymerization of peptidoglycan subunits than the glycosidase digests obtained from representative cell walls, were found to have as distinct a stimulating activity on splenocytes as the original cell walls. In contrast, solubilization of the cell walls by enzymes, irrespective of endopeptidases or glycosidases, was accompanied by disappearance of the mitogenic activity on thymocytes. On the other hand, studies with synthetic 6-O-acyl-MurNAc-l-Ala-d-isoGln preparations (6-O-acyl-MDPs) revealed that 6-O-stearoyl-MDP and 6-O-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-MDP, unlike MDP, had distinct mitogenic activity on thymocytes, whereas their activity on splenocytes was rather weaker than MDP itself. The findings presented here suggest that MDP is the minimal structure for the mitogenic activities of bacterial cell walls on guinea pig splenocytes, but that MDP, though distinctively active by itself, requires a polymerized form to exert effectively its inherent stimulating activities on splenocytes. On the other hand, on thymocytes, MDP, unless it takes a particular form or has appropriate additive groups, cannot exert its mitogenic activities.", "contents": "Mitogenic effects of bacterial cell walls, their fragments, and related synthetic compounds on thymocytes and splenocytes of guinea pigs. Stimulation of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation of thymocytes and splenocytes from guinea pigs by various bacterial cell walls and their peptidoglycans, by enzymatic digests, and by synthetic muramyl dipeptides was studied as an indication of mitogenic activity. Cell wall and peptidoglycan preparations, isolated from 19 strains belonging to 18 different species, definitely increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation of thymocytes as well as splenocytes, regardless of mycolic acid contents as a non-peptidoglycan component. Both the cell walls from Nocardia corynebacteriodes (containing mycolic acids) and those from Streptomyces gardneri (lacking mycolic acids) showed far stronger mitogenic activities on splenocytes than other cell walls (stimulation index, 25 to 30). Furthermore, water-soluble enzymatic digests, notably the endopeptidase digests, which generally were greater in degree of polymerization of peptidoglycan subunits than the glycosidase digests obtained from representative cell walls, were found to have as distinct a stimulating activity on splenocytes as the original cell walls. In contrast, solubilization of the cell walls by enzymes, irrespective of endopeptidases or glycosidases, was accompanied by disappearance of the mitogenic activity on thymocytes. On the other hand, studies with synthetic 6-O-acyl-MurNAc-l-Ala-d-isoGln preparations (6-O-acyl-MDPs) revealed that 6-O-stearoyl-MDP and 6-O-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-MDP, unlike MDP, had distinct mitogenic activity on thymocytes, whereas their activity on splenocytes was rather weaker than MDP itself. The findings presented here suggest that MDP is the minimal structure for the mitogenic activities of bacterial cell walls on guinea pig splenocytes, but that MDP, though distinctively active by itself, requires a polymerized form to exert effectively its inherent stimulating activities on splenocytes. On the other hand, on thymocytes, MDP, unless it takes a particular form or has appropriate additive groups, cannot exert its mitogenic activities.", "PMID": 314932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4734", "title": "Surface markers of porcine lymphocytes and distribution in various lymphoid organs.", "content": "Three rosette test systems were developed for the classification of subpopulations of porcine lymphocytes and correlated with the presence or the absence of membrane immunoglobulins, as well as agg-P-IgG receptors, by means of various RFC depletion experiments. Among the ED-RFC negative cells, PBL with surface immunoglobulins (SIg), at 4 degrees C, can be subdivided into two about equal populations: (1) One half of these cells have surface stable SIg (B cells) and mu determinants; they possess C3b receptors leading to the formation of rosettes with complement-coated zymosan particles (ZC). (2) The other half have surface labile Ig when the cells are washed at 37 degrees C (L-cells); they possess Fc receptors as detected by EA-RFC, i. e. pig-IgG-coated ox RBC. Receptors for Fc-agg, as detected by agg-P-IgG, were primarily shown on B cells. ZC and EA-RFC are in the highest tissue concentration, in bone marrow and spleen, respectively, and more numerous in adults than in newborns. Moreover, the number of EA-RFC was twofold higher than that of ZC-RFC in spleen, mesenteric lymph node and cisterna chyli. This latter organ was the only one without null cell.", "contents": "Surface markers of porcine lymphocytes and distribution in various lymphoid organs. Three rosette test systems were developed for the classification of subpopulations of porcine lymphocytes and correlated with the presence or the absence of membrane immunoglobulins, as well as agg-P-IgG receptors, by means of various RFC depletion experiments. Among the ED-RFC negative cells, PBL with surface immunoglobulins (SIg), at 4 degrees C, can be subdivided into two about equal populations: (1) One half of these cells have surface stable SIg (B cells) and mu determinants; they possess C3b receptors leading to the formation of rosettes with complement-coated zymosan particles (ZC). (2) The other half have surface labile Ig when the cells are washed at 37 degrees C (L-cells); they possess Fc receptors as detected by EA-RFC, i. e. pig-IgG-coated ox RBC. Receptors for Fc-agg, as detected by agg-P-IgG, were primarily shown on B cells. ZC and EA-RFC are in the highest tissue concentration, in bone marrow and spleen, respectively, and more numerous in adults than in newborns. Moreover, the number of EA-RFC was twofold higher than that of ZC-RFC in spleen, mesenteric lymph node and cisterna chyli. This latter organ was the only one without null cell.", "PMID": 314933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4735", "title": "Augmentation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to a rat lymphoma. II. Characterization of the non-T cytotoxic cells stimulated in vivo by tumour cells as natural killer cells.", "content": "A variety of tumours injected into rats were found to rapidly stimulate cytotoxicity which was similar to naturally-occurring cytotoxicity of normal rats. Cytotoxic cells from the spleen and peritoneal cavity closely resembled NK cells in their lytic specificity and cell-surface characteristics. Thus, although cytotoxicity could be stimulated \"non-specifically\" with tumours which were resistant to lysis in vitro by NK cells, the cytotoxic cells exhibited patterns of specificity against a panel of target cells in direct lysis or competitive inhibition assays which were similar to those of NK cells from normal rats. These cells also closely resembled NK cells in being largely non-adherent, non-T cells, and in exhibiting a similar heterogeneity in the expression of Fc receptors. Thus, cytotoxicity which was augmented shortly after tumour inoculation appeared to be attributable to NK cells. However, whilst the majority of NK cells from normal or tumour-inoculated rats shared these properties, significant heterogeneity was observed. Minor populations of cytotoxic cells were adherent, were lysed by a heterologous anti-T-cell antiserum and complement and did not express an Fc receptor, although it was not determined whether the same subpopulation possessed all three characteristics.", "contents": "Augmentation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to a rat lymphoma. II. Characterization of the non-T cytotoxic cells stimulated in vivo by tumour cells as natural killer cells. A variety of tumours injected into rats were found to rapidly stimulate cytotoxicity which was similar to naturally-occurring cytotoxicity of normal rats. Cytotoxic cells from the spleen and peritoneal cavity closely resembled NK cells in their lytic specificity and cell-surface characteristics. Thus, although cytotoxicity could be stimulated \"non-specifically\" with tumours which were resistant to lysis in vitro by NK cells, the cytotoxic cells exhibited patterns of specificity against a panel of target cells in direct lysis or competitive inhibition assays which were similar to those of NK cells from normal rats. These cells also closely resembled NK cells in being largely non-adherent, non-T cells, and in exhibiting a similar heterogeneity in the expression of Fc receptors. Thus, cytotoxicity which was augmented shortly after tumour inoculation appeared to be attributable to NK cells. However, whilst the majority of NK cells from normal or tumour-inoculated rats shared these properties, significant heterogeneity was observed. Minor populations of cytotoxic cells were adherent, were lysed by a heterologous anti-T-cell antiserum and complement and did not express an Fc receptor, although it was not determined whether the same subpopulation possessed all three characteristics.", "PMID": 314936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4736", "title": "\"NK-like\" cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes cultured in media containing fetal bovine serum.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were found to be highly cytotoxic to a human malignant melanoma target cell line after the PBL were cultured in medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The effector cells had surface markers similar to those of non-cultured NK effectors against melanoma targets. Both NK (without culture) and the culture-induced cytotoxic effectors had Fc gamma receptors, lacked Fc mu receptors and were either heterogeneous for E receptors or had low-affinity E receptors. Cells required to generate the FBS response were sensitive to anti-T serum plus complement, passed through a nylon-fiber column, formed E rosettes, but lacked detectable receptors for the Fc portions of either IgG or IgM. These results suggest that events causing activation of T cells such as culture of PBL in FBS-containing medium, result in the augmentation of NK activity.", "contents": "\"NK-like\" cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes cultured in media containing fetal bovine serum. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were found to be highly cytotoxic to a human malignant melanoma target cell line after the PBL were cultured in medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The effector cells had surface markers similar to those of non-cultured NK effectors against melanoma targets. Both NK (without culture) and the culture-induced cytotoxic effectors had Fc gamma receptors, lacked Fc mu receptors and were either heterogeneous for E receptors or had low-affinity E receptors. Cells required to generate the FBS response were sensitive to anti-T serum plus complement, passed through a nylon-fiber column, formed E rosettes, but lacked detectable receptors for the Fc portions of either IgG or IgM. These results suggest that events causing activation of T cells such as culture of PBL in FBS-containing medium, result in the augmentation of NK activity.", "PMID": 314937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4737", "title": "The variation of a Midwest Catholic University's drug use pattern from other Catholic University findings: why?", "content": "For over a decade, survey studies concerning drug use and college students have portrayed a significantly lower pattern of drug use by students attending Catholic controlled universities than other university types. In the spring of 1972 the author conducted a study of the undergraduates of a large Midwest Catholic University to assess various aspects of its drug scene. The involvement with drugs, especially marijuana, on this campus departed substantially from the usual Catholic control-low drug use nexus. The discussion presents a description of this departure and suggest that certain demographic and social characteristics of this Midwest Catholic University, when interacting, suffice to offset the religious control and religiosity influences that usually effect the low drug use--religious control nexus.", "contents": "The variation of a Midwest Catholic University's drug use pattern from other Catholic University findings: why? For over a decade, survey studies concerning drug use and college students have portrayed a significantly lower pattern of drug use by students attending Catholic controlled universities than other university types. In the spring of 1972 the author conducted a study of the undergraduates of a large Midwest Catholic University to assess various aspects of its drug scene. The involvement with drugs, especially marijuana, on this campus departed substantially from the usual Catholic control-low drug use nexus. The discussion presents a description of this departure and suggest that certain demographic and social characteristics of this Midwest Catholic University, when interacting, suffice to offset the religious control and religiosity influences that usually effect the low drug use--religious control nexus.", "PMID": 314939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4738", "title": "The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate enhances the proliferative response of Balb/c-3T3 cells to hormonal growth factors.", "content": "Stimulation of Balb/c-3T3 cell growth by TPA requires factors found in serum. We examined the interaction between TPA and serum growth factors in the stimulation of cell growth. The number of cells synthesizing DNA (incorporating 3H-thymidine) within 24 to 30 hours after the addition of TPA and the growth factors to density-inhibited Balb/c-3T3 cultures in serum-free medium was determined by autoradiography. With no additions or with TPA (30--300 ng/ml) alone, only 3--7% of cells synthesized DNA. However, TPA synergistically promoted DNA synthesis in combination with each of the defined serum growth fractions, platelet derived growth factor and platelet poor plasma. TPA also synergistically promoted DNA synthesis in combination with purified growth factors including fibroblast growth factor, insulin (10(-6)--10(-5)M), and epidermal growth factor. In all conditions, TPA enhancement of DNA synthesis also resulted in an increase in cell number. Because TPA synergistically enhanced the activity of each growth factor tested, it did not act identically to any of the growth factors.", "contents": "The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate enhances the proliferative response of Balb/c-3T3 cells to hormonal growth factors. Stimulation of Balb/c-3T3 cell growth by TPA requires factors found in serum. We examined the interaction between TPA and serum growth factors in the stimulation of cell growth. The number of cells synthesizing DNA (incorporating 3H-thymidine) within 24 to 30 hours after the addition of TPA and the growth factors to density-inhibited Balb/c-3T3 cultures in serum-free medium was determined by autoradiography. With no additions or with TPA (30--300 ng/ml) alone, only 3--7% of cells synthesized DNA. However, TPA synergistically promoted DNA synthesis in combination with each of the defined serum growth fractions, platelet derived growth factor and platelet poor plasma. TPA also synergistically promoted DNA synthesis in combination with purified growth factors including fibroblast growth factor, insulin (10(-6)--10(-5)M), and epidermal growth factor. In all conditions, TPA enhancement of DNA synthesis also resulted in an increase in cell number. Because TPA synergistically enhanced the activity of each growth factor tested, it did not act identically to any of the growth factors.", "PMID": 314942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4739", "title": "[Treatment of newly formed oesophageal varices and peptic oesophagitis after upper polar gastrectomy for portal cavernoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The management of peptic oesophagitis after upper polar oesophagogastric resection is difficult, when this upper polar gastrectomy is carried out for prehepatic portal hypertension, the constant presence of newly formed oesophageal varices which often bleed, complicates the problem of the therapeutic indications. We adopted in one case an etiological solution by performing an end-to-side spleno-renal anastomosis after splenectomy which was symptomatic by interposition between the oesophagus and the stomach of part of the descending colon. Modern methods of mechanical suture facilitated this surgical operation.", "contents": "[Treatment of newly formed oesophageal varices and peptic oesophagitis after upper polar gastrectomy for portal cavernoma (author's transl)]. The management of peptic oesophagitis after upper polar oesophagogastric resection is difficult, when this upper polar gastrectomy is carried out for prehepatic portal hypertension, the constant presence of newly formed oesophageal varices which often bleed, complicates the problem of the therapeutic indications. We adopted in one case an etiological solution by performing an end-to-side spleno-renal anastomosis after splenectomy which was symptomatic by interposition between the oesophagus and the stomach of part of the descending colon. Modern methods of mechanical suture facilitated this surgical operation.", "PMID": 314943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4740", "title": "[Low esophageal stenosis and pyloric obstruction: 2 complications of a Prioton clip].", "content": "The authors report a case of digestive hemorrhage due to rupture of oesophageal varices, for which treatment by means of a Prioton oesophageal clip was effective but followed by two rare complications: pyloric stenosis by migration of the balloon of the gastrostomy catheter and retention of the clip which required its removal by oesophagotomy. Analysis of the mechanism of these complications rarely encountered in the literature suggests a method of prevention.", "contents": "[Low esophageal stenosis and pyloric obstruction: 2 complications of a Prioton clip]. The authors report a case of digestive hemorrhage due to rupture of oesophageal varices, for which treatment by means of a Prioton oesophageal clip was effective but followed by two rare complications: pyloric stenosis by migration of the balloon of the gastrostomy catheter and retention of the clip which required its removal by oesophagotomy. Analysis of the mechanism of these complications rarely encountered in the literature suggests a method of prevention.", "PMID": 314944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4741", "title": "A benzodiazepine-anticholinergic drug synergism in the prevention of stress-induced gastric mucosal erosion in mice.", "content": "Chlordiazepoxide and clidinium each, as a function of dose, prevent stress-induced gastric mucosal erosion in mice. Clidinium was 2.5 times more potent than chlordiazepoxide. When used in a combination of 2 parts chlordiazepoxide and 1 part clidinium, the protective effect was nearly five times greater than that produced by clidinium alone. Furthermore, the combination dosing proved nearly three times more potent than the potency that was predicted from simple additivity of the individual drug effects. This potentiation appears related to the number of ways in which the combination treatment can decrease autonomic input to the gastric mucosa. Thus, the peripheral cholinergic blockade by clidinium may be potentiated by a central chlordiazepoxide suppression of both sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. Therefore, the combined use of these drugs in the therapy of stress-induced gastric disorder appears to have a rational pharmacologic basis.", "contents": "A benzodiazepine-anticholinergic drug synergism in the prevention of stress-induced gastric mucosal erosion in mice. Chlordiazepoxide and clidinium each, as a function of dose, prevent stress-induced gastric mucosal erosion in mice. Clidinium was 2.5 times more potent than chlordiazepoxide. When used in a combination of 2 parts chlordiazepoxide and 1 part clidinium, the protective effect was nearly five times greater than that produced by clidinium alone. Furthermore, the combination dosing proved nearly three times more potent than the potency that was predicted from simple additivity of the individual drug effects. This potentiation appears related to the number of ways in which the combination treatment can decrease autonomic input to the gastric mucosa. Thus, the peripheral cholinergic blockade by clidinium may be potentiated by a central chlordiazepoxide suppression of both sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. Therefore, the combined use of these drugs in the therapy of stress-induced gastric disorder appears to have a rational pharmacologic basis.", "PMID": 314947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4742", "title": "Location of the gene for theta antigen in the mouse. III. The position of Thy-1 relative to Lap-1 and Mpi-1.", "content": "The position of the Thy-1 (theta cell surface antigen) locus on chromosome 9 of the mouse was determined relative to the biochemical markers Lap-1 (leucine arylaminopeptidase) and Mpi-1 (mannosephosphate isomerase). Four-point backcrosses using both male and female heterozygotes showed that the order of these loci is Lap-1--Thy-1--Mpi-1. By observing the segregation of alleles at the Mod-1 (cytoplasmic malic enzyme) locus, which is known to lie distal to these three markers, it was possible to show that Lap-1 is at the centromeric end of this gene group. The overall map for this portion of chromosome 9 as determined by these crosses is: Lap-1--5--Thy-1--7--Mpi-1--14--Mod-1.", "contents": "Location of the gene for theta antigen in the mouse. III. The position of Thy-1 relative to Lap-1 and Mpi-1. The position of the Thy-1 (theta cell surface antigen) locus on chromosome 9 of the mouse was determined relative to the biochemical markers Lap-1 (leucine arylaminopeptidase) and Mpi-1 (mannosephosphate isomerase). Four-point backcrosses using both male and female heterozygotes showed that the order of these loci is Lap-1--Thy-1--Mpi-1. By observing the segregation of alleles at the Mod-1 (cytoplasmic malic enzyme) locus, which is known to lie distal to these three markers, it was possible to show that Lap-1 is at the centromeric end of this gene group. The overall map for this portion of chromosome 9 as determined by these crosses is: Lap-1--5--Thy-1--7--Mpi-1--14--Mod-1.", "PMID": 314952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4743", "title": "Young F mice spontaneously generate cytotoxic T cells against parental targets.", "content": "Spleen cells from young (AKR/J female x BALB/c) or (BALB/c female x AKR/J)F1 mice can spontaneously generate effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), in a 5-day primary in vitro culture, which lyse target cells from AKR/J and BALB/c but not allogeneic mice. These spontaneous CTL responses first appear when spleen cells are taken from F1 mice at 3 to 4 weeks of age, are maximum at about 5 weeks, and have declined by week 7. The fact that these spontaneous CTL responses are never detectable in the spleen cell cultures from any ages of parental AKR/J and BALB/c mice makes them unique properties of the F1 mice.", "contents": "Young F mice spontaneously generate cytotoxic T cells against parental targets. Spleen cells from young (AKR/J female x BALB/c) or (BALB/c female x AKR/J)F1 mice can spontaneously generate effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), in a 5-day primary in vitro culture, which lyse target cells from AKR/J and BALB/c but not allogeneic mice. These spontaneous CTL responses first appear when spleen cells are taken from F1 mice at 3 to 4 weeks of age, are maximum at about 5 weeks, and have declined by week 7. The fact that these spontaneous CTL responses are never detectable in the spleen cell cultures from any ages of parental AKR/J and BALB/c mice makes them unique properties of the F1 mice.", "PMID": 314956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4744", "title": "The cellular mechanism of leukocyte adherence inhibition.", "content": "Human blood leukocytes from three subjects who had been contact sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene were used in direct and indirect leukocyte-adherence-inhibition (LAI) reactions in an attempt to elucidate the cellular mechanism of reactivity. The leukocytes were separated and purified by standard procedures. In direct LAI, only T cells or populations containing T cells gave positive reactions (significantly reduced adherence) with the antigen. Supernatants from suitable leukocyte-antigen mixtures contained a soluble leukocyte-adherence-inhibition-factor (LAIF) that reduced the adherence of normal leukocytes. Only T cells or populations containing T cells were active in LAIF production; B cells, granulocytes, and monocytes were inactive. The cellular requirement for the action of preformed LAIF was not restricted: all major types of blood leukocytes were susceptible to its effect.", "contents": "The cellular mechanism of leukocyte adherence inhibition. Human blood leukocytes from three subjects who had been contact sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene were used in direct and indirect leukocyte-adherence-inhibition (LAI) reactions in an attempt to elucidate the cellular mechanism of reactivity. The leukocytes were separated and purified by standard procedures. In direct LAI, only T cells or populations containing T cells gave positive reactions (significantly reduced adherence) with the antigen. Supernatants from suitable leukocyte-antigen mixtures contained a soluble leukocyte-adherence-inhibition-factor (LAIF) that reduced the adherence of normal leukocytes. Only T cells or populations containing T cells were active in LAIF production; B cells, granulocytes, and monocytes were inactive. The cellular requirement for the action of preformed LAIF was not restricted: all major types of blood leukocytes were susceptible to its effect.", "PMID": 314958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4745", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in interstitial nephritis. II. T lymphocyte effector mechanisms in nephritic guinea pigs: analysis of the renotropic migration and cytotoxic response.", "content": "The present studies investigate the effector role of lymphocytes in guinea pigs with an interstitial nephritis. Several observations were made relative to a number of functions expressed by these cells. The results of adoptive cell migration studies suggest that a subpopulation of T cells in nephritic animals traffic renotropically to either normal or damaged kidneys on transfer. Similar lymphocytes were also tested in vitro for direct effector function by utilizing target kidney cell monolayers in a cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. The kinetics of the observed cytotoxic response were studied over the life span of nephritic animals. Optimal target-cell lysis occurred 12 to 17 days after sensitization, simultaneous with the onset of active histopathologic changes. The cytotoxicity was stoichiometrically titratable and relatively specific for fetal kidney tissue. In addition, cells from the spleen or lymph nodes of diseased animals effectively suppressed this cytotoxic response. These findings demonstrate that a diverse population of T lymphocytes are both capable of damaging the renal interstitium as well as modulating effector-cell functions on a regional basis with the immune system.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in interstitial nephritis. II. T lymphocyte effector mechanisms in nephritic guinea pigs: analysis of the renotropic migration and cytotoxic response. The present studies investigate the effector role of lymphocytes in guinea pigs with an interstitial nephritis. Several observations were made relative to a number of functions expressed by these cells. The results of adoptive cell migration studies suggest that a subpopulation of T cells in nephritic animals traffic renotropically to either normal or damaged kidneys on transfer. Similar lymphocytes were also tested in vitro for direct effector function by utilizing target kidney cell monolayers in a cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. The kinetics of the observed cytotoxic response were studied over the life span of nephritic animals. Optimal target-cell lysis occurred 12 to 17 days after sensitization, simultaneous with the onset of active histopathologic changes. The cytotoxicity was stoichiometrically titratable and relatively specific for fetal kidney tissue. In addition, cells from the spleen or lymph nodes of diseased animals effectively suppressed this cytotoxic response. These findings demonstrate that a diverse population of T lymphocytes are both capable of damaging the renal interstitium as well as modulating effector-cell functions on a regional basis with the immune system.", "PMID": 314962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4746", "title": "A monoclonal antibody to viral glycoprotein blocks virus-immune effector T cells operating at H-2Dd but not at H-2Kd1.", "content": "A particular monoclonal antibody that binds to the influenza virus HA molecule inhibits HA-specific thymus-derived lymphocytes mediating cytotoxicity in the context of H-2Dd but not of H-2Kd. Another monoclonal antibody blocks both sets of HA-specific effector T cells. This observation, together with related findings from other laboratories, is considered to support the idea that T cell recognition is directed against some association of viral and H-2 glycoproteins, as proposed in the original formulation of the \"altered self\" concept.", "contents": "A monoclonal antibody to viral glycoprotein blocks virus-immune effector T cells operating at H-2Dd but not at H-2Kd1. A particular monoclonal antibody that binds to the influenza virus HA molecule inhibits HA-specific thymus-derived lymphocytes mediating cytotoxicity in the context of H-2Dd but not of H-2Kd. Another monoclonal antibody blocks both sets of HA-specific effector T cells. This observation, together with related findings from other laboratories, is considered to support the idea that T cell recognition is directed against some association of viral and H-2 glycoproteins, as proposed in the original formulation of the \"altered self\" concept.", "PMID": 314963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4747", "title": "Characterization and measurement of anti-IgG antibodies in human sera by radioimmunoassay (RIA).", "content": "A sensitive direct binding radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed which detected low avidity anti-IgG antibodies in sera negative in the latex fixation test (LFT). IgG class antibodies could be detected and were commonly found along with IgM class antibodies. Additionally, the RIA was more reproducible than the LFT, was easily adapted to measure relative avidities of anti-IgG antibodies, and had other technical advantages over the LFT.", "contents": "Characterization and measurement of anti-IgG antibodies in human sera by radioimmunoassay (RIA). A sensitive direct binding radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed which detected low avidity anti-IgG antibodies in sera negative in the latex fixation test (LFT). IgG class antibodies could be detected and were commonly found along with IgM class antibodies. Additionally, the RIA was more reproducible than the LFT, was easily adapted to measure relative avidities of anti-IgG antibodies, and had other technical advantages over the LFT.", "PMID": 314964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4748", "title": "Alterations of host defenses paralleling cholesterol-induced atherogenesis. II. Immunologic studies of rabbits.", "content": "Cholesterol-fed rabbits are more susceptible to experimental infections than similar animals given a normal diet. Multiple tests were employed to estimate functions of reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytosis, lymphocyte activity, polymorphonuclear (PMN) and macrophage chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity, as well as enzymatic activity of the macrophages. RE phagocytosis was unchanged in the cholesterol-fed animals. However, most functions of the isolated PMNs and macrophages were significantly reduced. Three of five dehydrogenases and phosphatase were lower in activity from cells obtained from cholesterol-fed rabbits than from controls. Conversely, both B and T lymphocyte activities were significantly higher among the cholesterol-fed animals. These metabolic and functional alterations of cells from cholesterol-fed rabbits may explain the increased susceptibility to infection among these animals. The enzymatic changes found in leukocytes may correlate with those changes in arteries observed during atherogenesis, thereby providing a new prognostic test for risk of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Alterations of host defenses paralleling cholesterol-induced atherogenesis. II. Immunologic studies of rabbits. Cholesterol-fed rabbits are more susceptible to experimental infections than similar animals given a normal diet. Multiple tests were employed to estimate functions of reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytosis, lymphocyte activity, polymorphonuclear (PMN) and macrophage chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity, as well as enzymatic activity of the macrophages. RE phagocytosis was unchanged in the cholesterol-fed animals. However, most functions of the isolated PMNs and macrophages were significantly reduced. Three of five dehydrogenases and phosphatase were lower in activity from cells obtained from cholesterol-fed rabbits than from controls. Conversely, both B and T lymphocyte activities were significantly higher among the cholesterol-fed animals. These metabolic and functional alterations of cells from cholesterol-fed rabbits may explain the increased susceptibility to infection among these animals. The enzymatic changes found in leukocytes may correlate with those changes in arteries observed during atherogenesis, thereby providing a new prognostic test for risk of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 314965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4749", "title": "Microsphere studies of bullfrog central vascular shunts during diving and breathing in air.", "content": "Bidirectional central vascular shunts were measured during diving and breathing in air in unanesthetized bullfrogs by using pulmonary trapping of 38 mu mean diameter radionuclide-labelled microspheres. Six animals studied during diving exhibited a strong overall right-to-left shunting pattern comprised of both a predominant (68% mean) right-to-left shunt and a weak (23%) left-to-right countershunt. Five animals with access to air showed a variety of distribution patterns, including predominant shunts in the left-to-right (1 animal) and right-to-left (1 animal) directions, nearly complete mixing (2 animals) and separation of systemic and pulmonary venous returns (1 animal).", "contents": "Microsphere studies of bullfrog central vascular shunts during diving and breathing in air. Bidirectional central vascular shunts were measured during diving and breathing in air in unanesthetized bullfrogs by using pulmonary trapping of 38 mu mean diameter radionuclide-labelled microspheres. Six animals studied during diving exhibited a strong overall right-to-left shunting pattern comprised of both a predominant (68% mean) right-to-left shunt and a weak (23%) left-to-right countershunt. Five animals with access to air showed a variety of distribution patterns, including predominant shunts in the left-to-right (1 animal) and right-to-left (1 animal) directions, nearly complete mixing (2 animals) and separation of systemic and pulmonary venous returns (1 animal).", "PMID": 314967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4750", "title": "Role of subdermal current shunts in the failure of frogs to regenerate.", "content": "Large, uniform, skin-driven currents (20-40 muamp/cm2) leave the ends of limb stumps of post-metamorphic frogs (Rana pipiens) from about the first through the tenth day after amputation. However, right after amputation, while currents of comparable density may leave the periphery of the cut surface, current densities are greatly depressed in the center of this surface. We suggest that this depression is brought about by shunting through the subdermal lymph space (characteristic of anurans but not urodeles); continues in covert form after formation of a wound epithelium; and helps explain the ability of small, imposed currents to initiate frog limb regeneration.", "contents": "Role of subdermal current shunts in the failure of frogs to regenerate. Large, uniform, skin-driven currents (20-40 muamp/cm2) leave the ends of limb stumps of post-metamorphic frogs (Rana pipiens) from about the first through the tenth day after amputation. However, right after amputation, while currents of comparable density may leave the periphery of the cut surface, current densities are greatly depressed in the center of this surface. We suggest that this depression is brought about by shunting through the subdermal lymph space (characteristic of anurans but not urodeles); continues in covert form after formation of a wound epithelium; and helps explain the ability of small, imposed currents to initiate frog limb regeneration.", "PMID": 314968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4751", "title": "Potassium modulation of taurine transport across the frog retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "Net taurine transport across the frog retinal pigment epithelium-choroid was measured as a function of extracellular potassium concentration, [K+]o. The net rate of retina-to-choroid transport increased monotonically as [K+]o increased from 0.2 mM to 2 mM on the apical (neural retinal) side of the tissue. No further increase was observed when [k+]o was elevated to 5 mM. The [K+]o changes that modulate taurine transport approximate the light-induced [K+]o changes that occur in the extracellular space separating the photoreceptors and the apical membrane of the pigment epithelium. The taurine-potassium interaction was studied by using rubidium as a substitute for potassium and measuring active rubidium transport as a function of extracellular taurine concentration. An increase in apical taurine concentration, from 0.2 mM to 2 mM, produced a threefold increase in active rubidium transport, retina to choroid. Net taurine transport can also be altered by relatively large, 55 mM, changes in [Na+]o. Apical ouabain, 10(-4) M, inhibited active taurine, rubidium, and potassium transport; in the case of taurine, this inhibition is most likely due to a decrease in the sodium electrochemical gradient. In sum, these results suggest that the apical membrane contains a taurine, sodium co-transport mechanism whose rate is modulated, indirectly, through the sodium pump. This pump has previously been shown to be electrogenic and located on the apical membrane, and its rate is modulated, indirectly, by the taurine co-transport mechanism.", "contents": "Potassium modulation of taurine transport across the frog retinal pigment epithelium. Net taurine transport across the frog retinal pigment epithelium-choroid was measured as a function of extracellular potassium concentration, [K+]o. The net rate of retina-to-choroid transport increased monotonically as [K+]o increased from 0.2 mM to 2 mM on the apical (neural retinal) side of the tissue. No further increase was observed when [k+]o was elevated to 5 mM. The [K+]o changes that modulate taurine transport approximate the light-induced [K+]o changes that occur in the extracellular space separating the photoreceptors and the apical membrane of the pigment epithelium. The taurine-potassium interaction was studied by using rubidium as a substitute for potassium and measuring active rubidium transport as a function of extracellular taurine concentration. An increase in apical taurine concentration, from 0.2 mM to 2 mM, produced a threefold increase in active rubidium transport, retina to choroid. Net taurine transport can also be altered by relatively large, 55 mM, changes in [Na+]o. Apical ouabain, 10(-4) M, inhibited active taurine, rubidium, and potassium transport; in the case of taurine, this inhibition is most likely due to a decrease in the sodium electrochemical gradient. In sum, these results suggest that the apical membrane contains a taurine, sodium co-transport mechanism whose rate is modulated, indirectly, through the sodium pump. This pump has previously been shown to be electrogenic and located on the apical membrane, and its rate is modulated, indirectly, by the taurine co-transport mechanism.", "PMID": 314969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4752", "title": "Antibodies to single stranded DNA: a diagnostic aid in chronic hepatitis B virus infections.", "content": "Serial determinations of titers of binding antibodies to single stranded DNA were performed over a period of three years in 43 type B hepatitis patients with persisting HBsAg who had either developed chronic hepatitis or were asymptomatic carriers. Patients with histopathological diagnosis of chronic active or chronic persistent hepatitis, with or without clinical symptoms, showed high titers of anti-DNA throughout the course of the disease, whereas in most of these patients the serum alanine transaminase and bilirubin levels fluctuated widely and were often normal; in such cases the elevation of anti-DNA was frequently the only positive sign present. On the other hand anti-DNA titers were within the normal range in chronic asymptomatic HBsAg carriers who showed no histopathological or biochemical changes. Anti-DNA determinations are proposed as a reliable diagnostic aid to supplement current procedures for assessment of the disease status during the course of chronic hepatitis B virus infections.", "contents": "Antibodies to single stranded DNA: a diagnostic aid in chronic hepatitis B virus infections. Serial determinations of titers of binding antibodies to single stranded DNA were performed over a period of three years in 43 type B hepatitis patients with persisting HBsAg who had either developed chronic hepatitis or were asymptomatic carriers. Patients with histopathological diagnosis of chronic active or chronic persistent hepatitis, with or without clinical symptoms, showed high titers of anti-DNA throughout the course of the disease, whereas in most of these patients the serum alanine transaminase and bilirubin levels fluctuated widely and were often normal; in such cases the elevation of anti-DNA was frequently the only positive sign present. On the other hand anti-DNA titers were within the normal range in chronic asymptomatic HBsAg carriers who showed no histopathological or biochemical changes. Anti-DNA determinations are proposed as a reliable diagnostic aid to supplement current procedures for assessment of the disease status during the course of chronic hepatitis B virus infections.", "PMID": 314970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4753", "title": "Unsuspected bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae: outcome in children not initially admitted to hospital.", "content": "Children  not initially admitted to the hospital accounted for 42 of 94 episodes of bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae. Antibiotics were prescribed for 22 of the 42 children who were initially sent home; at second visit, 17 were improved, including all 13 with pneumonia. No antibiotics were prescribed for 20 children; at second visit, 15 had persistent fever or new focal infection and five had resolution of symptoms. New diagnoses of focal infection were made at second visit in three of the 22 treated and in 11 of the 20 untreated children, including three who had a new diagnosis of meningitis (one treated with antibiotics initially; two not treated). Cultures of blood positive for H. influenzae were obtained at second visit in ten children who were not treated initially; no child who was treated initially had a second positive culture. These findings indicate that although young children with bacteremia due to H. influenzae may be mildly ill at first visit, many are at risk for development of serious focal infection, including meningitis.", "contents": "Unsuspected bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae: outcome in children not initially admitted to hospital. Children  not initially admitted to the hospital accounted for 42 of 94 episodes of bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae. Antibiotics were prescribed for 22 of the 42 children who were initially sent home; at second visit, 17 were improved, including all 13 with pneumonia. No antibiotics were prescribed for 20 children; at second visit, 15 had persistent fever or new focal infection and five had resolution of symptoms. New diagnoses of focal infection were made at second visit in three of the 22 treated and in 11 of the 20 untreated children, including three who had a new diagnosis of meningitis (one treated with antibiotics initially; two not treated). Cultures of blood positive for H. influenzae were obtained at second visit in ten children who were not treated initially; no child who was treated initially had a second positive culture. These findings indicate that although young children with bacteremia due to H. influenzae may be mildly ill at first visit, many are at risk for development of serious focal infection, including meningitis.", "PMID": 314972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4754", "title": "A quantitative description of membrane currents in rabbit myelinated nerve.", "content": "1. Voltage-clamp studies were carried out on single rabbit myelinated nerve fibres at 14 degrees C with the method of Dodge & Frankenhaeuser (1958). 2. A method was developed to allow the ionic currents through the modal membrane to be calibrated exactly under voltage-clamp conditions by measuring the resistance of the internode through which the current was injected. 3. The ionic currents in a rabbit node of Ranvier can be resolved into two components, a sodium current and a leak current. Potassium current is almost entirely absent. 4. The sodium currents in rabbit nodes were fitted by the Hodgkin-Huxley model using m2h kinetics. The kinetics of sodium currents in a rabbit node differ from that in a frog node under similar experimental conditions in two respects: (a) inactivation is faster, tau h for rabbit being 2-3 times smaller around -50 mV; (b) the P(Na) (E) curve for mammal is shifted 10-15 mV in the hyperpolarizing direction. 5. From the kinetics of sodium current, the non-propagating rabbit action potential was reconstructed at 14 degrees C. The transient inward sodium current is responsible for the fast initial depolarization phase of the action potential, while the repolarizing phase is accounted for by leak alone. The computed shape of the action potential was in good agreement with the experimentally obtained action potential. 6. At 14 degrees C, frog and rabbit nodes with similar diameters have similar measured gNa values.", "contents": "A quantitative description of membrane currents in rabbit myelinated nerve. 1. Voltage-clamp studies were carried out on single rabbit myelinated nerve fibres at 14 degrees C with the method of Dodge & Frankenhaeuser (1958). 2. A method was developed to allow the ionic currents through the modal membrane to be calibrated exactly under voltage-clamp conditions by measuring the resistance of the internode through which the current was injected. 3. The ionic currents in a rabbit node of Ranvier can be resolved into two components, a sodium current and a leak current. Potassium current is almost entirely absent. 4. The sodium currents in rabbit nodes were fitted by the Hodgkin-Huxley model using m2h kinetics. The kinetics of sodium currents in a rabbit node differ from that in a frog node under similar experimental conditions in two respects: (a) inactivation is faster, tau h for rabbit being 2-3 times smaller around -50 mV; (b) the P(Na) (E) curve for mammal is shifted 10-15 mV in the hyperpolarizing direction. 5. From the kinetics of sodium current, the non-propagating rabbit action potential was reconstructed at 14 degrees C. The transient inward sodium current is responsible for the fast initial depolarization phase of the action potential, while the repolarizing phase is accounted for by leak alone. The computed shape of the action potential was in good agreement with the experimentally obtained action potential. 6. At 14 degrees C, frog and rabbit nodes with similar diameters have similar measured gNa values.", "PMID": 314974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4755", "title": "Sarcomere length-tension relations of frog skinned muscle fibres during calcium activation at short lengths.", "content": "1. Single twitch fibres were isolated from anterior tibial muscles of the frog, Rana pipiens. The relationship between sarcomere length and steady tetanic tension at 5 degrees C was obtained from these living fibres in the range of sarcomere lengths between about 2.2 and 1.3 microns . These fibres were then either mechanically or chemically skinned. 2. Segments were cut from the skinned fibres and mounted in an experimental chamber using a technique designed to minimize segment compliance at the points of attachment. A piece approximately 1 mm in length remained exposed to the bathing solution. 3. The segments were photographed through a light microscope at magnifications of about 460 or 110 X during activation and relaxation, so that the sarcomere lengths could be determined from a part or the whole of the segment. Activations were done with solutions of pCa either 5.49 or 6.09 and at a temperature of 5 degrees C. Fibre segments which developed striation pattern irregularities during contraction were rejected. 4. The sarcomere length-tension relation obtained from these segments in the sarcomere length range 1.3-2.2 microns was similar to that obtained from the same fibres while still living. The results were similar at the two values of pCa used. 5. These results do not support the view that sarcomere length dependent variation in the amount of calcium which is released during tetanic stimulation is a major determinant of the form of the length-tension relation in living muscle fibres at sarcomere lengths less than about 2.0 microns.", "contents": "Sarcomere length-tension relations of frog skinned muscle fibres during calcium activation at short lengths. 1. Single twitch fibres were isolated from anterior tibial muscles of the frog, Rana pipiens. The relationship between sarcomere length and steady tetanic tension at 5 degrees C was obtained from these living fibres in the range of sarcomere lengths between about 2.2 and 1.3 microns . These fibres were then either mechanically or chemically skinned. 2. Segments were cut from the skinned fibres and mounted in an experimental chamber using a technique designed to minimize segment compliance at the points of attachment. A piece approximately 1 mm in length remained exposed to the bathing solution. 3. The segments were photographed through a light microscope at magnifications of about 460 or 110 X during activation and relaxation, so that the sarcomere lengths could be determined from a part or the whole of the segment. Activations were done with solutions of pCa either 5.49 or 6.09 and at a temperature of 5 degrees C. Fibre segments which developed striation pattern irregularities during contraction were rejected. 4. The sarcomere length-tension relation obtained from these segments in the sarcomere length range 1.3-2.2 microns was similar to that obtained from the same fibres while still living. The results were similar at the two values of pCa used. 5. These results do not support the view that sarcomere length dependent variation in the amount of calcium which is released during tetanic stimulation is a major determinant of the form of the length-tension relation in living muscle fibres at sarcomere lengths less than about 2.0 microns.", "PMID": 314975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4756", "title": "Optical probes of membrane potential in heart muscle.", "content": "1. The fluorescent dye Merocyanine-540 and the two weakly fluoresecnet dyes Merocyanine-rhodanine and Merocyanine-oxazolone are shown to respond as optical probes of membrane potential in heart muscle. 2. In frog hearts stained with Merocyanine-540, the absorption at 540 nm decreases by 0.1-1.0% and increase at 570 nm excitation wave-length, the fluorescence increases by 1-2%. The time course of all three optical measurements follows the kinetics of the action potential. 3. Merocyanine-rhodanine exhibits potential-dependent optical responses through a 0.5% decrease in absorption at 750 nm, and Merocyanine-oxazolone has a 1.0% decrease in absorption at 720 nm. Their optical responses have a signal-to-noise ratio of 100/1 and 500/1, respectively. 4. The action spectrum of Merocyanine-rhodanine is triphasic in frog heart with an increase in transmittance from 780 to 700, a decrease from 700 to 600, and increase from 600 to 450 nm. Merocyanine-oxazolone shows only increases in transmittance during membrane depolarization. 5. The optical responses of these probes are linear with respect to changes in membrane potential. 6. Pharmacological agents or ionic interventions do not alter the membrane potential sensitivity of Merocyanine-540. 7. Rapid spectrophotometric measurements at various phases of the action potential indicate that the potential dependent optical signals of Merocyanine-540 are produced by changes in amplitude of fluorescence and absorption bands. The lack of wave-length displacement as a function of membrane potential, i.e. electrochromism, is not the mechanism governing the voltage sensitivity of Merocyanine-540. 8. The data suggest that these Merocyanine dyes bind to the plasma membrane and serve as linear optical probes of membrane potential in heart muscle.", "contents": "Optical probes of membrane potential in heart muscle. 1. The fluorescent dye Merocyanine-540 and the two weakly fluoresecnet dyes Merocyanine-rhodanine and Merocyanine-oxazolone are shown to respond as optical probes of membrane potential in heart muscle. 2. In frog hearts stained with Merocyanine-540, the absorption at 540 nm decreases by 0.1-1.0% and increase at 570 nm excitation wave-length, the fluorescence increases by 1-2%. The time course of all three optical measurements follows the kinetics of the action potential. 3. Merocyanine-rhodanine exhibits potential-dependent optical responses through a 0.5% decrease in absorption at 750 nm, and Merocyanine-oxazolone has a 1.0% decrease in absorption at 720 nm. Their optical responses have a signal-to-noise ratio of 100/1 and 500/1, respectively. 4. The action spectrum of Merocyanine-rhodanine is triphasic in frog heart with an increase in transmittance from 780 to 700, a decrease from 700 to 600, and increase from 600 to 450 nm. Merocyanine-oxazolone shows only increases in transmittance during membrane depolarization. 5. The optical responses of these probes are linear with respect to changes in membrane potential. 6. Pharmacological agents or ionic interventions do not alter the membrane potential sensitivity of Merocyanine-540. 7. Rapid spectrophotometric measurements at various phases of the action potential indicate that the potential dependent optical signals of Merocyanine-540 are produced by changes in amplitude of fluorescence and absorption bands. The lack of wave-length displacement as a function of membrane potential, i.e. electrochromism, is not the mechanism governing the voltage sensitivity of Merocyanine-540. 8. The data suggest that these Merocyanine dyes bind to the plasma membrane and serve as linear optical probes of membrane potential in heart muscle.", "PMID": 314976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4757", "title": "Synapse formation in intact innervated cutaneous-pectoris muscles of the frog following denervation of the opposite muscle.", "content": "1. Denervation of one cutaneous-pectoris muscle of the frog induces the formation of new synapses in the intact innervated muscle on the opposite side. After crushing the motor nerve to the left muscle the incidence of polyneuronal innervation in the right intact muscle increased from an average normal value of 16% to an average value of 27% (Rotshenker & McMahan, 1976).2. The formation of the new synapses in the intact muscle is independent of the presence of denervated muscle fibres or degenerating axons peripheral to the site of axotomy. After removing the left cutaneous-pectoris muscle, the proportion of polyneuronally innervated muscle fibres in the right intact muscle increased to an average value of 34%.3. The number of new synapses formed in one muscle is dependent upon the type of the lesion to the motor nerve to the opposite muscle; 40% of the muscle fibres on the right side were found to be polyneuronally innervated after transecting the motor nerve on the opposite side, as compared to 27% after crushing it.4. The delay with which new synapses are formed on the unoperated side is dependent upon the distance from the spinal cord of the axotomy. New synapses were detected 4-8 weeks after cutting the opposite nerve close to the muscle. Placing the site of axotomy close to the spinal cord shortened the delay and new synapses were detected as early as 9 days after the operation.5. The stimulus for the formation of new synapses by an intact nerve is ineffective if the injured nerve on the contralateral side originates from distant segments of the spinal cord. The pattern of innervation in cutaneous-pectoris muscles was not altered following denervation of distant muscles in the hind limb.6. These results suggest that the signal for sprouting and synapse formation may arise in the damaged nerve cells, central to the site of axotomy, and then be communicated transneuronally within the spinal cord to the intact motoneurones on the opposite side.", "contents": "Synapse formation in intact innervated cutaneous-pectoris muscles of the frog following denervation of the opposite muscle. 1. Denervation of one cutaneous-pectoris muscle of the frog induces the formation of new synapses in the intact innervated muscle on the opposite side. After crushing the motor nerve to the left muscle the incidence of polyneuronal innervation in the right intact muscle increased from an average normal value of 16% to an average value of 27% (Rotshenker & McMahan, 1976).2. The formation of the new synapses in the intact muscle is independent of the presence of denervated muscle fibres or degenerating axons peripheral to the site of axotomy. After removing the left cutaneous-pectoris muscle, the proportion of polyneuronally innervated muscle fibres in the right intact muscle increased to an average value of 34%.3. The number of new synapses formed in one muscle is dependent upon the type of the lesion to the motor nerve to the opposite muscle; 40% of the muscle fibres on the right side were found to be polyneuronally innervated after transecting the motor nerve on the opposite side, as compared to 27% after crushing it.4. The delay with which new synapses are formed on the unoperated side is dependent upon the distance from the spinal cord of the axotomy. New synapses were detected 4-8 weeks after cutting the opposite nerve close to the muscle. Placing the site of axotomy close to the spinal cord shortened the delay and new synapses were detected as early as 9 days after the operation.5. The stimulus for the formation of new synapses by an intact nerve is ineffective if the injured nerve on the contralateral side originates from distant segments of the spinal cord. The pattern of innervation in cutaneous-pectoris muscles was not altered following denervation of distant muscles in the hind limb.6. These results suggest that the signal for sprouting and synapse formation may arise in the damaged nerve cells, central to the site of axotomy, and then be communicated transneuronally within the spinal cord to the intact motoneurones on the opposite side.", "PMID": 314977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4758", "title": "[Arthrography of the wrist: procedures and normal results (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 31 opaque arthrographies of the wrist carried out under two different circumstances are reported. --In a first group the investigation was made immediately after or within a longer period following injury to the wrist or forearm. The results supply information to the surgeon on the condition of the triangular ligament in dislocation and partial dislocations of the inferior radioulnar joint, caused by an architectural fault in the radius after trauma (fracture of the head, diaphysis, or lower extremity). Simple reduction of the radius, without intervention on the inferior radio-ulnar joint, provides an excellent functional result when the triangular ligament is simply stretched. When it is torn (sprains, dislocation locally or at a distance) results are not very convincing in spite of the many possible procedures available. Arthrography easily reveals the presence of a reflex dystrophy complicating the injury. Both the radiological and clinical signs give characteristic pictures of the condition. --This examination is still only used infrequently for the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases. The arthrographic images appear very early, however, and are characteristic of an inflammatory synovial lesion. Examinations were carried out mainly for evaluation before therapy, surgical in the case of a synovectomy, medical for a chemical or isotopic synovial treatment. Arthrography in a acutely inflammed joint is followed by an injection of corticoid, sometimes associated with a local antibiotic. This rapidly relieves the patient and prevents worsening of the acute inflammatory process. Arthrography of the wrist is a simple, painless, rapidly performed examination. There has never been a failure, any incident, or accident. It appears to be the only direct exploratory procedure for this joint. A precise anatomical evaluation can be made from the image which gives a true picture of the different anatomical structures.", "contents": "[Arthrography of the wrist: procedures and normal results (author's transl)]. The results of 31 opaque arthrographies of the wrist carried out under two different circumstances are reported. --In a first group the investigation was made immediately after or within a longer period following injury to the wrist or forearm. The results supply information to the surgeon on the condition of the triangular ligament in dislocation and partial dislocations of the inferior radioulnar joint, caused by an architectural fault in the radius after trauma (fracture of the head, diaphysis, or lower extremity). Simple reduction of the radius, without intervention on the inferior radio-ulnar joint, provides an excellent functional result when the triangular ligament is simply stretched. When it is torn (sprains, dislocation locally or at a distance) results are not very convincing in spite of the many possible procedures available. Arthrography easily reveals the presence of a reflex dystrophy complicating the injury. Both the radiological and clinical signs give characteristic pictures of the condition. --This examination is still only used infrequently for the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases. The arthrographic images appear very early, however, and are characteristic of an inflammatory synovial lesion. Examinations were carried out mainly for evaluation before therapy, surgical in the case of a synovectomy, medical for a chemical or isotopic synovial treatment. Arthrography in a acutely inflammed joint is followed by an injection of corticoid, sometimes associated with a local antibiotic. This rapidly relieves the patient and prevents worsening of the acute inflammatory process. Arthrography of the wrist is a simple, painless, rapidly performed examination. There has never been a failure, any incident, or accident. It appears to be the only direct exploratory procedure for this joint. A precise anatomical evaluation can be made from the image which gives a true picture of the different anatomical structures.", "PMID": 314980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4759", "title": "Syntheses of N-substituted 2(3,4)-pyridylcarboxylic acid hydrazides with analgesic and antiinflammatory activity.", "content": "A group of N-substituted 2(3,4)-pyridylcarboxylic acid hydrazides were synthesized to investigate the effects that changes in functionality on the terminal hydrazide nitrogen have on analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. The most active analgesic-antiinflammatory compound was 1-(2-pyridylcarbonyl)-2-(2-pyridyl)hydrazine (10a), which was much more potent than dextropropoxyphene and caused a 100% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema up to 5 h. Pyridylcarbonylhydrazides 5a, 8, and 10c exhibited analgesic activity similar to dextropropoxyphene. Although 10b was an inactive analgesic agent, it exhibited antiinflammatory activity similar to 10a.", "contents": "Syntheses of N-substituted 2(3,4)-pyridylcarboxylic acid hydrazides with analgesic and antiinflammatory activity. A group of N-substituted 2(3,4)-pyridylcarboxylic acid hydrazides were synthesized to investigate the effects that changes in functionality on the terminal hydrazide nitrogen have on analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. The most active analgesic-antiinflammatory compound was 1-(2-pyridylcarbonyl)-2-(2-pyridyl)hydrazine (10a), which was much more potent than dextropropoxyphene and caused a 100% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema up to 5 h. Pyridylcarbonylhydrazides 5a, 8, and 10c exhibited analgesic activity similar to dextropropoxyphene. Although 10b was an inactive analgesic agent, it exhibited antiinflammatory activity similar to 10a.", "PMID": 314983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4760", "title": "Night blindness, characteristic facies, and skeletal abnormalities in two brothers.", "content": "Two brothers are described with a similar physical appearance characterised by minor periorbital anomalies, malar flatness, a maxillary overbite, retrognathia, sloping shoulders, joint hyperextensibility, and minor radiological anomalies. In addition, they had a slowly progressing night blindness, myopia, and extinguished electroretinograms. The mother had mild expression of some of the physical anomalies and a decreased electroretinogram response to red light. We have been unable to find any report of similarly affected children. The possible modes of inheritance are discussed.", "contents": "Night blindness, characteristic facies, and skeletal abnormalities in two brothers. Two brothers are described with a similar physical appearance characterised by minor periorbital anomalies, malar flatness, a maxillary overbite, retrognathia, sloping shoulders, joint hyperextensibility, and minor radiological anomalies. In addition, they had a slowly progressing night blindness, myopia, and extinguished electroretinograms. The mother had mild expression of some of the physical anomalies and a decreased electroretinogram response to red light. We have been unable to find any report of similarly affected children. The possible modes of inheritance are discussed.", "PMID": 314984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4761", "title": "Twice-daily dosing of enteric-coated aspirin in patients with rheumatic diseases.", "content": "To determine the feasibility of twice daily dosing of enteric-coated aspirin (EntrophenR), a preliminary trial on 10 patients with rheumatic diseases was conducted. Three plasma salicylate levels on 2 separate occasions, 1 day apart, were determined. In 9 of the 10 patients studied at steady-state, therapeutic levels were attained (15-30 mg/dl). There were no gastrointestinal side-effects. One case developed tinnitus which resolved with a small reduction in dosage. On the basis of this short-term study, twice-daily EC-ASA appears to be effective in maintaining adequate plasma salicylate levels, and it seems to compare favourably to ASA given in multiple daily doses. On a long-term basis, it may improve patient compliance.", "contents": "Twice-daily dosing of enteric-coated aspirin in patients with rheumatic diseases. To determine the feasibility of twice daily dosing of enteric-coated aspirin (EntrophenR), a preliminary trial on 10 patients with rheumatic diseases was conducted. Three plasma salicylate levels on 2 separate occasions, 1 day apart, were determined. In 9 of the 10 patients studied at steady-state, therapeutic levels were attained (15-30 mg/dl). There were no gastrointestinal side-effects. One case developed tinnitus which resolved with a small reduction in dosage. On the basis of this short-term study, twice-daily EC-ASA appears to be effective in maintaining adequate plasma salicylate levels, and it seems to compare favourably to ASA given in multiple daily doses. On a long-term basis, it may improve patient compliance.", "PMID": 314982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4762", "title": "Myasthenia gravis and lymphoma. A clinical and immunological association.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis and lymphoma rarely coexist, but the occurrence of myasthenia shortly after the treatment of a patient with poorly differentiated nodular lymphoma suggested that an immunological disorder may have contributed to the development of both diseases; the fundamental defects in this association may be impaired immunological surveillance and impaired regulation of immune responses to autoantigens. The finding of T-cell immunodeificiency, including profound T-cell lymphopenia, impaired delayed hypersensitivity responses, and failure to a thymus-dependent antibody response to Salmonella adelaide flagellin, is consistent with this hypothesis.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis and lymphoma. A clinical and immunological association. Myasthenia gravis and lymphoma rarely coexist, but the occurrence of myasthenia shortly after the treatment of a patient with poorly differentiated nodular lymphoma suggested that an immunological disorder may have contributed to the development of both diseases; the fundamental defects in this association may be impaired immunological surveillance and impaired regulation of immune responses to autoantigens. The finding of T-cell immunodeificiency, including profound T-cell lymphopenia, impaired delayed hypersensitivity responses, and failure to a thymus-dependent antibody response to Salmonella adelaide flagellin, is consistent with this hypothesis.", "PMID": 314993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4763", "title": "The nature of the initial positive inotropic effect of K depletion in bullfrog atrial muscle.", "content": "In frog atrium, K depletion exerts initial, and late positive inotropic effects. The initial effect on the membrane potential, current and tension components was studied using a double gap method under voltage clamped and unclamped conditions. In both cases, the presence of the initial effect was demonstrated. The effect was clearer in preparations in which a positive inotropic effect to toxic doses of ouabain (10(-6) M) had already been attained. This suggests that the initial phase is independent from Na-pump inhibition. Voltage clamp study revealed that the slow inward calcium current (ICa) was enhanced transiently after K depletion concomitant with an augmentation of ICa-dependent phasic tension. ICa-independent tonic tension was not altered at this initial phase. For the enhancement of ICa, two mechanisms appeared to be involved, one an enhancement of gCa and the other a faster and/or longer opening of the slow channel. These results indicated that an enhancement of ICa together with the well-known prolongation of action potential were the cause of the initial positive inotropic effect of K depletion.", "contents": "The nature of the initial positive inotropic effect of K depletion in bullfrog atrial muscle. In frog atrium, K depletion exerts initial, and late positive inotropic effects. The initial effect on the membrane potential, current and tension components was studied using a double gap method under voltage clamped and unclamped conditions. In both cases, the presence of the initial effect was demonstrated. The effect was clearer in preparations in which a positive inotropic effect to toxic doses of ouabain (10(-6) M) had already been attained. This suggests that the initial phase is independent from Na-pump inhibition. Voltage clamp study revealed that the slow inward calcium current (ICa) was enhanced transiently after K depletion concomitant with an augmentation of ICa-dependent phasic tension. ICa-independent tonic tension was not altered at this initial phase. For the enhancement of ICa, two mechanisms appeared to be involved, one an enhancement of gCa and the other a faster and/or longer opening of the slow channel. These results indicated that an enhancement of ICa together with the well-known prolongation of action potential were the cause of the initial positive inotropic effect of K depletion.", "PMID": 315007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4764", "title": "The time-dependent and dose-dependent effects of the sulfhydryl blocker N-ethylmaleimide on the tonic tension in bullfrog atrium.", "content": "The kinetics of the inhibitory action by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) on ICa-independent tonic tension in bullfrog atrial muscle was studied under voltage-clamped conditions, using the double sucrose gap method. The higher the concentration of NEM became, the larger was the rate of decrease of the tonic tension. In addition, the tension decreased with time of exposure to NEM. When the rate of the decrease of the tonic tension was plotted as a function of NEM concentration, the curve showed saturation kinetics of the Michaelis-Menten type with respect to NEM concentration, following the characteristics of a carrier-mediated process. Moreover, in the presence of excess Ca or half quantity of Na in Ringer solution, the curve showed sigmoidal kinetics. This probably indicates that the condition of either an excess of Ca or a reduction of Na in Ringer solution is apparently a cooperative effector of the inhibitory action of NEM, suggesting that the carrier protein responsible for the generation of tonic tension may be an allosteric protein. Finally, the relationship between ICa-independent tonic tension and the Na-Ca exchange mechanism which is supposed to be a powerful candidate for generating tension was discussed.", "contents": "The time-dependent and dose-dependent effects of the sulfhydryl blocker N-ethylmaleimide on the tonic tension in bullfrog atrium. The kinetics of the inhibitory action by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) on ICa-independent tonic tension in bullfrog atrial muscle was studied under voltage-clamped conditions, using the double sucrose gap method. The higher the concentration of NEM became, the larger was the rate of decrease of the tonic tension. In addition, the tension decreased with time of exposure to NEM. When the rate of the decrease of the tonic tension was plotted as a function of NEM concentration, the curve showed saturation kinetics of the Michaelis-Menten type with respect to NEM concentration, following the characteristics of a carrier-mediated process. Moreover, in the presence of excess Ca or half quantity of Na in Ringer solution, the curve showed sigmoidal kinetics. This probably indicates that the condition of either an excess of Ca or a reduction of Na in Ringer solution is apparently a cooperative effector of the inhibitory action of NEM, suggesting that the carrier protein responsible for the generation of tonic tension may be an allosteric protein. Finally, the relationship between ICa-independent tonic tension and the Na-Ca exchange mechanism which is supposed to be a powerful candidate for generating tension was discussed.", "PMID": 315008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4765", "title": "[Variations in electrolytes in the smooth muscle tissue of the alimentary canal (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrolytes in the smooth muscle tissue of the alimentary canal were measured and their behavior under various conditions were studied on the basis of values measured. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Organic changes due to edema and the like are more prominent in the region near the wound in cases of damaged intestine. Utmost care should therefore be exercised when surgical treatment including resection of the intestine is given. 2. Variations in electrolytes are slight in cases of mesenteric hematoma, and surgical treatment is not necessary. 3. Variations in electrolytes are rather prominent in cases of intestinal fistula, and full consideration should be given to the balance of electrolytes, particularly supplement of K. 4. In casees of intestinal anastomosis, the rate of variation is the highest near the site of anastomosis and on the third day after surgery. Therapeutically, therefore, attention should be given to prevention of complications such as incomplete suture. 5. In cases of intestinal obstruction, variations are more marked and rapid. It brings about a high degree of disequilibrium of intra-tissue electrolytes in the upper intestinal tract; hence the early and adequate treatments are needed.", "contents": "[Variations in electrolytes in the smooth muscle tissue of the alimentary canal (author's transl)]. Electrolytes in the smooth muscle tissue of the alimentary canal were measured and their behavior under various conditions were studied on the basis of values measured. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Organic changes due to edema and the like are more prominent in the region near the wound in cases of damaged intestine. Utmost care should therefore be exercised when surgical treatment including resection of the intestine is given. 2. Variations in electrolytes are slight in cases of mesenteric hematoma, and surgical treatment is not necessary. 3. Variations in electrolytes are rather prominent in cases of intestinal fistula, and full consideration should be given to the balance of electrolytes, particularly supplement of K. 4. In casees of intestinal anastomosis, the rate of variation is the highest near the site of anastomosis and on the third day after surgery. Therapeutically, therefore, attention should be given to prevention of complications such as incomplete suture. 5. In cases of intestinal obstruction, variations are more marked and rapid. It brings about a high degree of disequilibrium of intra-tissue electrolytes in the upper intestinal tract; hence the early and adequate treatments are needed.", "PMID": 315011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4766", "title": "[Nature of immunological changes in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Humoral and cellular immunological paramaters were studied in 3 groups of patients with ischemic heart disease. A distinct correlation was revealed between these parameters and clinical symptoms of the disease. It was shown that an immunological reconstruction took place already in the ischemic stage of coronarosclerosis. This reconstruction is expressed by the growth of hemagglutinating and precipitating antibody titers, as well as by the emergence of sensitized lymphocytes and excretion of the lymphocyte migration inhibiting factor. The use of various homogenates (a normal or atherosclerotic aorta, an infarctial myocardium) or the nonspecific mitogen PHA showed the presence of a specific antigenoactive complex in the blood of patients with ischemic heart disease. The complex was capable of penetrating and affecting the vascular wall as well as of producing antitissular (antivascular) antibodies which, together with the other factors, can help lipoprotein penetration through the arterial wall to form atheromatous plaques.", "contents": "[Nature of immunological changes in ischemic heart disease]. Humoral and cellular immunological paramaters were studied in 3 groups of patients with ischemic heart disease. A distinct correlation was revealed between these parameters and clinical symptoms of the disease. It was shown that an immunological reconstruction took place already in the ischemic stage of coronarosclerosis. This reconstruction is expressed by the growth of hemagglutinating and precipitating antibody titers, as well as by the emergence of sensitized lymphocytes and excretion of the lymphocyte migration inhibiting factor. The use of various homogenates (a normal or atherosclerotic aorta, an infarctial myocardium) or the nonspecific mitogen PHA showed the presence of a specific antigenoactive complex in the blood of patients with ischemic heart disease. The complex was capable of penetrating and affecting the vascular wall as well as of producing antitissular (antivascular) antibodies which, together with the other factors, can help lipoprotein penetration through the arterial wall to form atheromatous plaques.", "PMID": 315012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4767", "title": "[Association of anomalous macula veins with deuteranopia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is presented with large anomalous retinal veins arising above the macula and running across it downwards, towards and into the inferior temporal vein. There was a decreased visual acuity which could not be accounted for. The literature dealing with this rare anomaly is discussed. This is the first case in which the vascular anomaly was associated with deuteranopia.", "contents": "[Association of anomalous macula veins with deuteranopia (author's transl)]. A case is presented with large anomalous retinal veins arising above the macula and running across it downwards, towards and into the inferior temporal vein. There was a decreased visual acuity which could not be accounted for. The literature dealing with this rare anomaly is discussed. This is the first case in which the vascular anomaly was associated with deuteranopia.", "PMID": 315013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4768", "title": "Loss and recovery of trabecular bone in the distal radius following fracture--immobilization of the upper limb in children.", "content": "Computed tomography of the human radius is performed using a special purpose scanning device which incorporates a radionuclide (125I) as radiation source. Parameters decribing the trabecular bone and the compact bone are determined at a distal and a diaphyseal measuring site respectively. Using this measurement technique changes in bone mineralization in the radius were studied in a group of 23 children following immobilization of an upper limb for fracture healing. An immobilization period of between three to six weeks resulted in a reduction of the relevant parameter value of up to 44% (mean 16%) in the distal part of the radius, whereas no significant change could be seen in the diaphyseal part of the same bone. Rapid remineralization of trabecular bone is indicated by the increase of the corresponding parameter value at a rate of up to several percent per week. However, in some of the patients studied complete normalization was not attained during the first six months following cast removal.", "contents": "Loss and recovery of trabecular bone in the distal radius following fracture--immobilization of the upper limb in children. Computed tomography of the human radius is performed using a special purpose scanning device which incorporates a radionuclide (125I) as radiation source. Parameters decribing the trabecular bone and the compact bone are determined at a distal and a diaphyseal measuring site respectively. Using this measurement technique changes in bone mineralization in the radius were studied in a group of 23 children following immobilization of an upper limb for fracture healing. An immobilization period of between three to six weeks resulted in a reduction of the relevant parameter value of up to 44% (mean 16%) in the distal part of the radius, whereas no significant change could be seen in the diaphyseal part of the same bone. Rapid remineralization of trabecular bone is indicated by the increase of the corresponding parameter value at a rate of up to several percent per week. However, in some of the patients studied complete normalization was not attained during the first six months following cast removal.", "PMID": 315014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4769", "title": "Treatment of hemorrhagic shock in dogs with verapamil: effects on survival and on cardiovascular lesions.", "content": "Dogs were subjected to a standardized hemorrhagic shock procedure. Some were treated with verapamil and others were untreated. It was found that the dogs treated with verapamil were protected from the damaging effects of hemorrhagic shock on the heart. This was true even in treated dogs that had a rapid heart rate maintained by means of an intracardiac pacing electrode. In addition, the treated dogs did not show the intestinal hemorrhage that is usually seen in dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock. Finally, it was found that verapamil treatment increased the survival rate of shocked dogs in comparison with control dogs which were not treated.", "contents": "Treatment of hemorrhagic shock in dogs with verapamil: effects on survival and on cardiovascular lesions. Dogs were subjected to a standardized hemorrhagic shock procedure. Some were treated with verapamil and others were untreated. It was found that the dogs treated with verapamil were protected from the damaging effects of hemorrhagic shock on the heart. This was true even in treated dogs that had a rapid heart rate maintained by means of an intracardiac pacing electrode. In addition, the treated dogs did not show the intestinal hemorrhage that is usually seen in dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock. Finally, it was found that verapamil treatment increased the survival rate of shocked dogs in comparison with control dogs which were not treated.", "PMID": 315015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4770", "title": "Importance of preoperative myocardial glycogen levels in human cardiac preservation. Preliminary report.", "content": "One hundred seventeen patients undergoing elective coronary bypass were divided into four groups according to prebypass myocardial glycogen levels and the use of potassium chloride cardioplegia. Myocardial glycogen levels were enhanced with a preoperative fat loading diet and overnight glucose loading. The control group (n = 27) which had mean cardiac glycogen levels of 750 mg/100 gm heart weight and no cardioplegia, had a transmural myocardial infarct rate of 14.4%; 35% had severe atrial arrhythmias 65% had severe ventricular arrhythmias, and 31% had severe vasopressor dependence. The group (n = 30) with low cardiac glycogen (736 mg/100 gm) and with potassium chloride cardioplegia had an infarct rate of 6.4%; 6.7% had severe atrial arrhythmias, 18% had severe ventricular arrhythmias, and 16.7% had severe vasopressor dependence. However, the group (n = 26) which had high cardiac glycogen levels (1,208 mg/100 gm) and no cardioplegia had no myocardial infarctions; 3.8% had severe atrial arrhythmias, 27% had severe ventricular arrhythmias, and only 7.8% had severe vasopressor need. The group (n = 34) which had high glycogen levels (1,516 mg/100 gm) and potassium chloride cardioplegia did best of all with no myocardial infarctions or no severe atrial arrhythmias; 14% had severe ventricular arrhythmias and 2.81% severe vasopressor need. The lessening of vasopressor dependence and severe atrial and ventricular arrhythmias were significant by chi square contingency tables at p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001, respectively. One cardiac-related death each occurred in the two groups with low glycogen and none in those with high glycogen levels. This suggests that better preoperative cardiac nutrition as represented by enhanced cardiac glycogen helps that heart tolerate anoxic stress whether cardioplegia is utilized or not and is additive to potassium chloride cardioplegia.", "contents": "Importance of preoperative myocardial glycogen levels in human cardiac preservation. Preliminary report. One hundred seventeen patients undergoing elective coronary bypass were divided into four groups according to prebypass myocardial glycogen levels and the use of potassium chloride cardioplegia. Myocardial glycogen levels were enhanced with a preoperative fat loading diet and overnight glucose loading. The control group (n = 27) which had mean cardiac glycogen levels of 750 mg/100 gm heart weight and no cardioplegia, had a transmural myocardial infarct rate of 14.4%; 35% had severe atrial arrhythmias 65% had severe ventricular arrhythmias, and 31% had severe vasopressor dependence. The group (n = 30) with low cardiac glycogen (736 mg/100 gm) and with potassium chloride cardioplegia had an infarct rate of 6.4%; 6.7% had severe atrial arrhythmias, 18% had severe ventricular arrhythmias, and 16.7% had severe vasopressor dependence. However, the group (n = 26) which had high cardiac glycogen levels (1,208 mg/100 gm) and no cardioplegia had no myocardial infarctions; 3.8% had severe atrial arrhythmias, 27% had severe ventricular arrhythmias, and only 7.8% had severe vasopressor need. The group (n = 34) which had high glycogen levels (1,516 mg/100 gm) and potassium chloride cardioplegia did best of all with no myocardial infarctions or no severe atrial arrhythmias; 14% had severe ventricular arrhythmias and 2.81% severe vasopressor need. The lessening of vasopressor dependence and severe atrial and ventricular arrhythmias were significant by chi square contingency tables at p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001, respectively. One cardiac-related death each occurred in the two groups with low glycogen and none in those with high glycogen levels. This suggests that better preoperative cardiac nutrition as represented by enhanced cardiac glycogen helps that heart tolerate anoxic stress whether cardioplegia is utilized or not and is additive to potassium chloride cardioplegia.", "PMID": 315019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4771", "title": "Reduction of coronary flow in the native circulation after bypass. Observations in a hydraulic model of the cardiovascular system.", "content": "The effects of aorta-coronary bypass upon flow in the native coronary artery were investigated in a hydraulic model of the cardiovascular system. An aorta-coronary bypass with a diameter identical to the coronary artery was used, since a graft diameter-to-coronary diameter ratio of one has been described as optimal. Stenoses of increasing severity were created in the simulated coronary artery. Aorta-coronary bypass eliminated the pressure gradients across the stenotic coronary segments. This caused a 50% reduction of flow in the normal or mildly stenotic native coronary artery. A higher percentage reduction of flow occurred in the bypassed artery when it was severely stenotic. Such a reduction of flow in patients may accelerate the atherosclerotic-thrombotic process and contribute to the high prevalence of occlusion of natural vessels following bypass. This disadvantageous hydraulic circumstance should be considered, particularly when bypass of mildly stenotic vessels is contemplated.", "contents": "Reduction of coronary flow in the native circulation after bypass. Observations in a hydraulic model of the cardiovascular system. The effects of aorta-coronary bypass upon flow in the native coronary artery were investigated in a hydraulic model of the cardiovascular system. An aorta-coronary bypass with a diameter identical to the coronary artery was used, since a graft diameter-to-coronary diameter ratio of one has been described as optimal. Stenoses of increasing severity were created in the simulated coronary artery. Aorta-coronary bypass eliminated the pressure gradients across the stenotic coronary segments. This caused a 50% reduction of flow in the normal or mildly stenotic native coronary artery. A higher percentage reduction of flow occurred in the bypassed artery when it was severely stenotic. Such a reduction of flow in patients may accelerate the atherosclerotic-thrombotic process and contribute to the high prevalence of occlusion of natural vessels following bypass. This disadvantageous hydraulic circumstance should be considered, particularly when bypass of mildly stenotic vessels is contemplated.", "PMID": 315020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4772", "title": "[Iatrogenic gastrointestinal hemorrhages. A review of 108 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Macroscopic gastrointestinal hemorrhages caused by the consumption of oral drugs are relatively scarce among patients receiving antirheumatic treatment. On the other hand, in a high percentage of all cases of digestive bleeding, antirheumatic drugs were administered shortly beforehand. A review of 216 cases with hematemesis and/or melena are presented. In 50 percent of the patients there was evidence of previous administration of potentially ulcerogenic drugs capable of causing hemorrhages in the digestive tract. Salicylates predominated among the compounds that were considered to be responsible for hemorrhages (salicylates, corticosteroids, reserpine, and other antirheumatic products). The mechanisms involved in producing iatrogenic hemorrhages were examined and the drugs were classified as precipitating and directly ulcerogenic compounds. Precipitating drugs were those which were able to reactivate a preexisting lesion (reserpine, glucocorticoids, phenylbutazone, etc.). The ulcerogenic drugs included those products that could provoke a lesion of previously unimpaired digestive mucosa (salicylates).", "contents": "[Iatrogenic gastrointestinal hemorrhages. A review of 108 cases (author's transl)]. Macroscopic gastrointestinal hemorrhages caused by the consumption of oral drugs are relatively scarce among patients receiving antirheumatic treatment. On the other hand, in a high percentage of all cases of digestive bleeding, antirheumatic drugs were administered shortly beforehand. A review of 216 cases with hematemesis and/or melena are presented. In 50 percent of the patients there was evidence of previous administration of potentially ulcerogenic drugs capable of causing hemorrhages in the digestive tract. Salicylates predominated among the compounds that were considered to be responsible for hemorrhages (salicylates, corticosteroids, reserpine, and other antirheumatic products). The mechanisms involved in producing iatrogenic hemorrhages were examined and the drugs were classified as precipitating and directly ulcerogenic compounds. Precipitating drugs were those which were able to reactivate a preexisting lesion (reserpine, glucocorticoids, phenylbutazone, etc.). The ulcerogenic drugs included those products that could provoke a lesion of previously unimpaired digestive mucosa (salicylates).", "PMID": 315021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4773", "title": "[Cell-mediated and humoral immunity in ulcerative colitis. Acute phase reactants (author's transl)].", "content": "Many findings suggest that the alterations in immune response observed in intestinal inflammatory diseases may play a part in their pathogenesis. This observation led us to study 22 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis, of whom seven were in the acute stage and the other 15 were asymptomatic. The T and B lymphocyte populations were determined as well as the serum levels of immunoglobulins and acid alpha-1-glycoprotein as acute phase reactants. The results were compared with those obtained from a control group of 10 normal individuals. No statistically significant differences were observed in the percentages and absolute values of T and B lymphocytes as compared with the controls. nor in relation to the activity of the lesions. Neither were there any observable variations in the serum concentrations of immunoglobulins. On the other hand, analysis of the acid alpha-1-glycoprotein showed highly significant values as related to the degree of activity of the inflammatory lesion (p less than 0.005). Our results confirmed the value of determining serum acid alpha-1-glycoprotein levels as an index of inflammatory activity. The immunitary parameters under study did not vary in the different stages of the disease.", "contents": "[Cell-mediated and humoral immunity in ulcerative colitis. Acute phase reactants (author's transl)]. Many findings suggest that the alterations in immune response observed in intestinal inflammatory diseases may play a part in their pathogenesis. This observation led us to study 22 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis, of whom seven were in the acute stage and the other 15 were asymptomatic. The T and B lymphocyte populations were determined as well as the serum levels of immunoglobulins and acid alpha-1-glycoprotein as acute phase reactants. The results were compared with those obtained from a control group of 10 normal individuals. No statistically significant differences were observed in the percentages and absolute values of T and B lymphocytes as compared with the controls. nor in relation to the activity of the lesions. Neither were there any observable variations in the serum concentrations of immunoglobulins. On the other hand, analysis of the acid alpha-1-glycoprotein showed highly significant values as related to the degree of activity of the inflammatory lesion (p less than 0.005). Our results confirmed the value of determining serum acid alpha-1-glycoprotein levels as an index of inflammatory activity. The immunitary parameters under study did not vary in the different stages of the disease.", "PMID": 315022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4774", "title": "Thymus-independent anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-casein and DNP-gelatin.", "content": "Although studies on the molecular nature of thymus-independent antigens suggested that the polymeric structure with repeated antigenic determinants and slow metabolism are responsible for thymus-independence, we found that anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-casein and DNP-gelatin were thymus-independent as well as macrophage-independent. These antibody responses were not affected by in vivo treatment with carrageenan or anti-thymocyte serum. In addition, responses of athymic nude mice to both antigens did not show any significant differences when compared with heterologous nu/+ mice. The findings were confirmed by in vitro experiments; non-adherent spleen cells or T cell-depleted spleen cells responded well to both antigens to the same extent as normal spleen cells. Since both casein and gelatin are polyclonal B cell activators and are not presumed to be high polymer or slow-metabolizing substances, we suggest that thymus-independence in many kinds of antibody response should be reconsidered.", "contents": "Thymus-independent anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-casein and DNP-gelatin. Although studies on the molecular nature of thymus-independent antigens suggested that the polymeric structure with repeated antigenic determinants and slow metabolism are responsible for thymus-independence, we found that anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-casein and DNP-gelatin were thymus-independent as well as macrophage-independent. These antibody responses were not affected by in vivo treatment with carrageenan or anti-thymocyte serum. In addition, responses of athymic nude mice to both antigens did not show any significant differences when compared with heterologous nu/+ mice. The findings were confirmed by in vitro experiments; non-adherent spleen cells or T cell-depleted spleen cells responded well to both antigens to the same extent as normal spleen cells. Since both casein and gelatin are polyclonal B cell activators and are not presumed to be high polymer or slow-metabolizing substances, we suggest that thymus-independence in many kinds of antibody response should be reconsidered.", "PMID": 315025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4775", "title": "B cell activating properties of parotid protein.", "content": "A new biological activity of bovine parotid protein acting on immuno-competent lymphocytes to lead to polyclonal antibody responses was demonstrated. A significant amount of antibody to SRBC or antihapten antibody to TNP-SRBC, BPO-SRBC, or SA-SRBC was produced in mice by adding the appropriate doses of bovine parotid protein, suggesting that this protein may be a nonspecific B cell activator which acts on the B cells in a similar way as casein or gelatin.", "contents": "B cell activating properties of parotid protein. A new biological activity of bovine parotid protein acting on immuno-competent lymphocytes to lead to polyclonal antibody responses was demonstrated. A significant amount of antibody to SRBC or antihapten antibody to TNP-SRBC, BPO-SRBC, or SA-SRBC was produced in mice by adding the appropriate doses of bovine parotid protein, suggesting that this protein may be a nonspecific B cell activator which acts on the B cells in a similar way as casein or gelatin.", "PMID": 315026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4776", "title": "D-penicillamine: mitogenic effect on mouse, rat and human spleen lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of D-penicillamine (D-Pen) on the proliferation of cultures of normal mouse, rat, and human spleen lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes was examined. D-Pen in concentrations of 2 x 10(-3) M to 8 x 10(-3) M in serum-free and in serum-containing medium resulted in a highly significant incorporation of 3H-TdR by normal mouse and rat spleen cells. Enhanced incorporation of 3H-TdR by normal human spleen cells only occurred in serum-containing medium. D-Pen in concentrations of 10(-4) M to 10(-3) M in serum-free and serum-containing medium resulted in significant inhibition of 3H-TdR incorporation by normal and mitogen-stimulated mouse and rat spleen cells. Doses of D-Pen greater than 2 x 10(-2) M strongly inhibited 3H-TdR incorporation by both normal and mitogen-stimulated mouse, rat, and human spleen cells and peripheral blood cells. The latter cells were not stimulated or inhibited at lower concentrations of D-Pen. Results from cell depletion and enriching procedures (specific antibody +C' cell killing, employment of athymic, nude spleen cells, adherent and phagocytic cell removal, E rosette cell separation procedures) suggested that target cells in the mouse spleen for D-Pen activation are non-adherent B cells whereas the D-Pen responsive cells in the human spleen probably are T cells.", "contents": "D-penicillamine: mitogenic effect on mouse, rat and human spleen lymphocytes. The effect of D-penicillamine (D-Pen) on the proliferation of cultures of normal mouse, rat, and human spleen lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes was examined. D-Pen in concentrations of 2 x 10(-3) M to 8 x 10(-3) M in serum-free and in serum-containing medium resulted in a highly significant incorporation of 3H-TdR by normal mouse and rat spleen cells. Enhanced incorporation of 3H-TdR by normal human spleen cells only occurred in serum-containing medium. D-Pen in concentrations of 10(-4) M to 10(-3) M in serum-free and serum-containing medium resulted in significant inhibition of 3H-TdR incorporation by normal and mitogen-stimulated mouse and rat spleen cells. Doses of D-Pen greater than 2 x 10(-2) M strongly inhibited 3H-TdR incorporation by both normal and mitogen-stimulated mouse, rat, and human spleen cells and peripheral blood cells. The latter cells were not stimulated or inhibited at lower concentrations of D-Pen. Results from cell depletion and enriching procedures (specific antibody +C' cell killing, employment of athymic, nude spleen cells, adherent and phagocytic cell removal, E rosette cell separation procedures) suggested that target cells in the mouse spleen for D-Pen activation are non-adherent B cells whereas the D-Pen responsive cells in the human spleen probably are T cells.", "PMID": 315028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4777", "title": "Action spectrum for lethality of near-UV light on Haemophilus influenzae and lack of mutation.", "content": "Mutation and inactivation of H. influenzae have been measured following irradiation at various near-UV wavelengths. Inactivation takes place most readily at 334 nm (but is unaffected by absence of excision or postreplication repair), and decreases markedly at longer wavelengths. No induced mutations to resistance to novobiocin or streptomycin or to ability to utilize protoporphyrin instead of hemin were detected at any of the wavelengths used. There were also no detectable induced mutations in an excision-defective strain after 334-nm irradiation. These results are in contrast to the in vitro mutation of purified transforming DNA we previously observed.", "contents": "Action spectrum for lethality of near-UV light on Haemophilus influenzae and lack of mutation. Mutation and inactivation of H. influenzae have been measured following irradiation at various near-UV wavelengths. Inactivation takes place most readily at 334 nm (but is unaffected by absence of excision or postreplication repair), and decreases markedly at longer wavelengths. No induced mutations to resistance to novobiocin or streptomycin or to ability to utilize protoporphyrin instead of hemin were detected at any of the wavelengths used. There were also no detectable induced mutations in an excision-defective strain after 334-nm irradiation. These results are in contrast to the in vitro mutation of purified transforming DNA we previously observed.", "PMID": 315031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4778", "title": "Cell-surface labelling reveals no evidence for membrane assembly and disassembly during fibroblast locomotion.", "content": "As a cultured fibroblast moves, particles or pieces of debris attached to its surface move backwards with respect to both the cell and the substrate1,2, as also do concanavalin A (Con A) receptors in the membrane of the leading lamella3. One suggested explanation is that membrane components from the cytoplasm are assembled and introduced into the surface membrane of the moving cell close to its leading edge and flow backwards to a 'sink'; there the membrane is disassembled, and its components enter the cytoplasm and flow forward within the cell, to be re-introduced later into the surface membrane1,4. However, because cell-surface receptors can be redistributed as a result of cross-linking by external ligands5,6 it has been proposed that the backward flow of Con A receptors and particles may result from such a cross-linking rather than from a flow of intact cell membrane7,8. To investigate these alternatives, I have studied moving fibroblasts by means of a cell membrane label that does not induce the redistribution of its receptors. My results do not seem compatible with the membrane flow model.", "contents": "Cell-surface labelling reveals no evidence for membrane assembly and disassembly during fibroblast locomotion. As a cultured fibroblast moves, particles or pieces of debris attached to its surface move backwards with respect to both the cell and the substrate1,2, as also do concanavalin A (Con A) receptors in the membrane of the leading lamella3. One suggested explanation is that membrane components from the cytoplasm are assembled and introduced into the surface membrane of the moving cell close to its leading edge and flow backwards to a 'sink'; there the membrane is disassembled, and its components enter the cytoplasm and flow forward within the cell, to be re-introduced later into the surface membrane1,4. However, because cell-surface receptors can be redistributed as a result of cross-linking by external ligands5,6 it has been proposed that the backward flow of Con A receptors and particles may result from such a cross-linking rather than from a flow of intact cell membrane7,8. To investigate these alternatives, I have studied moving fibroblasts by means of a cell membrane label that does not induce the redistribution of its receptors. My results do not seem compatible with the membrane flow model.", "PMID": 315033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4779", "title": "Studies of T lymphocyte function and inhibitory factors in minimal change nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Plasma obtained from patients with MCNS in active stage suppressed the 3H-TdR incorporation of autologous or homologous lymphocytes stimulated with PHA-P and E rosette formation, while plasma from patients in remission did not. The depressed mitogenic response of lymphocytes from patients in the active stage significantly improved when the patient's plasma was substituted for the plasma from inactive MCNS or healthy persons and fetal calf serum. In the preliminary experiment, it was seen that the inhibitory factors were heat stable at 56 degrees C, unadsorbable to charcoal powder and retained in both the permeable and impermeable fractions of collodion bag.", "contents": "Studies of T lymphocyte function and inhibitory factors in minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Plasma obtained from patients with MCNS in active stage suppressed the 3H-TdR incorporation of autologous or homologous lymphocytes stimulated with PHA-P and E rosette formation, while plasma from patients in remission did not. The depressed mitogenic response of lymphocytes from patients in the active stage significantly improved when the patient's plasma was substituted for the plasma from inactive MCNS or healthy persons and fetal calf serum. In the preliminary experiment, it was seen that the inhibitory factors were heat stable at 56 degrees C, unadsorbable to charcoal powder and retained in both the permeable and impermeable fractions of collodion bag.", "PMID": 315034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4780", "title": "Structural and functional changes in the renal circulation after complicated pregnancy.", "content": "Angiographic and histological studies of the intrarenal circulation have been undertaken in 20 patients following complicated pregnancies: 12 patients had had hypertension of pregnancy (group 1); 7 acute renal failure due to either ante- or post-partum haemorrhage and 1 patient post-partum renal failure (group 2). 3 months after delivery all patients had angiographic evidence of structural and functional abnormalities involving intrarenal blood vessels and cortical blood flow. The severity of the structural changes was related to the degree of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia noted in the acute obstetric complication but not to the height of the blood pressure at this stage. Histological abnormalities of the cortical blood vessels were minimal. At the time of the renal angiogram and biopsy, 3 of the 12 group 1 patients were hypertensive and 3 had impaired renal function, compared with 5 and 1, respectively, in the 8 group 2 patients. Although during the follow-up period (mean 5 years) no further deterioration in renal function in either group has been observed, hypertension developed in 50% of the group 1 patients compared with only 1 of the patients in group 2. The relationship between the late onset of hypertension and the intrarenal vascular and haemodynamic abnormalities is discussed.", "contents": "Structural and functional changes in the renal circulation after complicated pregnancy. Angiographic and histological studies of the intrarenal circulation have been undertaken in 20 patients following complicated pregnancies: 12 patients had had hypertension of pregnancy (group 1); 7 acute renal failure due to either ante- or post-partum haemorrhage and 1 patient post-partum renal failure (group 2). 3 months after delivery all patients had angiographic evidence of structural and functional abnormalities involving intrarenal blood vessels and cortical blood flow. The severity of the structural changes was related to the degree of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia noted in the acute obstetric complication but not to the height of the blood pressure at this stage. Histological abnormalities of the cortical blood vessels were minimal. At the time of the renal angiogram and biopsy, 3 of the 12 group 1 patients were hypertensive and 3 had impaired renal function, compared with 5 and 1, respectively, in the 8 group 2 patients. Although during the follow-up period (mean 5 years) no further deterioration in renal function in either group has been observed, hypertension developed in 50% of the group 1 patients compared with only 1 of the patients in group 2. The relationship between the late onset of hypertension and the intrarenal vascular and haemodynamic abnormalities is discussed.", "PMID": 315035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4781", "title": "Neuroradiological findings in a child with primary leptomeningeal melanoma.", "content": "A case of primary leptomeningeal melanoma in a child is presented. The patient was studied with multiple neuroradiological methods, however computed tomography (CT) provided the most important information. The CT findings with leptomeningeal tumor, although not completely specific, do suggest the diagnosis, thus providing important information to explain the acute onset of symptoms in a previously healthy child. This case also differs from previously reported cases in terms of the type of hydrocephalus associated with the tumor.", "contents": "Neuroradiological findings in a child with primary leptomeningeal melanoma. A case of primary leptomeningeal melanoma in a child is presented. The patient was studied with multiple neuroradiological methods, however computed tomography (CT) provided the most important information. The CT findings with leptomeningeal tumor, although not completely specific, do suggest the diagnosis, thus providing important information to explain the acute onset of symptoms in a previously healthy child. This case also differs from previously reported cases in terms of the type of hydrocephalus associated with the tumor.", "PMID": 315036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4782", "title": "[Study of the efficacy of neuramide in the treatment of pain in cancer patients].", "content": "The effectiveness of neuramide as an analgesic was assessed in 71 patients with neuritic pain in an oncological radiotherapy ward. 1-2 vials i.m. twice a day for results in 54%, poor results in 13%, and nil results in 21%. The degree of analgesia was that the drug is useful as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cell membrane stabilising, and neurotrophic preparation in certain well-defined pain syndromes, especially those of a secondary nature. Attention is also drawn to its excellent tolerance and the complete absence of side-effects.", "contents": "[Study of the efficacy of neuramide in the treatment of pain in cancer patients]. The effectiveness of neuramide as an analgesic was assessed in 71 patients with neuritic pain in an oncological radiotherapy ward. 1-2 vials i.m. twice a day for results in 54%, poor results in 13%, and nil results in 21%. The degree of analgesia was that the drug is useful as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cell membrane stabilising, and neurotrophic preparation in certain well-defined pain syndromes, especially those of a secondary nature. Attention is also drawn to its excellent tolerance and the complete absence of side-effects.", "PMID": 315038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4783", "title": "[Karyosphere of the oocytes of the common frog, Rana temporaria].", "content": "Karyospheres of ca. 200 mcm in diameter were isolated from the common frog oocytes of definitive size. An electron microscope study has revealed in the karyosphere fibrillar nucleoli and micronucleoli, modified synaptinemal complexes sometimes connected with chromatin and fibrillar material containing a great number of, mostly atypical, pore complexes resembling those of nuclear membrane and forming \"pseudomembranes\". An electrophoresis of the isolated karyosphere has revealed 12 distinct protein bands, of 3 which correspond to the protein triplet characteristic of the nuclear matrix and the rest 9 represent high molecular weight components with the molecular weight from 130 to 200,000 D.", "contents": "[Karyosphere of the oocytes of the common frog, Rana temporaria]. Karyospheres of ca. 200 mcm in diameter were isolated from the common frog oocytes of definitive size. An electron microscope study has revealed in the karyosphere fibrillar nucleoli and micronucleoli, modified synaptinemal complexes sometimes connected with chromatin and fibrillar material containing a great number of, mostly atypical, pore complexes resembling those of nuclear membrane and forming \"pseudomembranes\". An electrophoresis of the isolated karyosphere has revealed 12 distinct protein bands, of 3 which correspond to the protein triplet characteristic of the nuclear matrix and the rest 9 represent high molecular weight components with the molecular weight from 130 to 200,000 D.", "PMID": 315042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4784", "title": "[Value of therapeutic soft contact lenses in the treatment of recurrent corneal erosions].", "content": "Among 100 patients treated with soft contact lenses there were 26 showing recurrent corneal erosions. In these particular cases the application of soft contact lenses proved successful if conservative treatment had proved a failure. The treatment is simple under regular slitlamp microscopic control, can be applied to outpatients and does not lead to any complications.", "contents": "[Value of therapeutic soft contact lenses in the treatment of recurrent corneal erosions]. Among 100 patients treated with soft contact lenses there were 26 showing recurrent corneal erosions. In these particular cases the application of soft contact lenses proved successful if conservative treatment had proved a failure. The treatment is simple under regular slitlamp microscopic control, can be applied to outpatients and does not lead to any complications.", "PMID": 315043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4785", "title": "Problem-oriented record. A critical review.", "content": "After 10 years of experience using the problem-oriented record (POR), Weed proposed that both patient care and clinical education could be improved by changing traditional medical records to a problem-oriented format. The problem-oriented system of record keeping has since been attempted or adopted by many physicians in the United States and abroad. This article will review four aspects of the POR. First, it will define the format of the POR in an ambulatory and ward setting. Second, it will discuss POR implementation. Third, it will attempt to assess the extent to which POR is in use currently. Fourth, it will review the studies that have attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of the POR.", "contents": "Problem-oriented record. A critical review. After 10 years of experience using the problem-oriented record (POR), Weed proposed that both patient care and clinical education could be improved by changing traditional medical records to a problem-oriented format. The problem-oriented system of record keeping has since been attempted or adopted by many physicians in the United States and abroad. This article will review four aspects of the POR. First, it will define the format of the POR in an ambulatory and ward setting. Second, it will discuss POR implementation. Third, it will attempt to assess the extent to which POR is in use currently. Fourth, it will review the studies that have attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of the POR.", "PMID": 315045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4786", "title": "Granulopoiesis in Shwachman's syndrome (pancreatic insufficiency and bone marrow dysfunction).", "content": "Granulopoiesis was studied in 10 children with Shwachman's syndrome (chronic neutropenia and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency). Marrow proliferative activity assessed by determination of mitotic indices and tritiated thymidine uptake into granulocytic cells was normal. Assay of bone marrow granulocyte colony-forming cells (CFU-C) in a methylcellulose tissue culture system demonstrated normal CFU-C numbers in four patients and reduced numbers in five. The granulocyte colonies formed were indistinguishable from normal colonies morphologically. Production of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) from patients' peripheral blood leukocytes appeared normal when tested on control marrow. No serum inhibitors against CFU-C or CSA could be demonstrated using both control and autologous marrow, and co-culture of patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes with control marrow did not inhibit CFU-C growth. We conclude that in Shwachman's syndrome committed granulocytic stem cells are present, and the numbers detected in vitro vary widely as does the clinical neutropenia. The proliferative activity of recognizable granulocytic cells is normal and neither a deficiency of humoral stimulators nor the presence of serum or cellular inhibitors of granulopoiesis can be demonstrated.", "contents": "Granulopoiesis in Shwachman's syndrome (pancreatic insufficiency and bone marrow dysfunction). Granulopoiesis was studied in 10 children with Shwachman's syndrome (chronic neutropenia and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency). Marrow proliferative activity assessed by determination of mitotic indices and tritiated thymidine uptake into granulocytic cells was normal. Assay of bone marrow granulocyte colony-forming cells (CFU-C) in a methylcellulose tissue culture system demonstrated normal CFU-C numbers in four patients and reduced numbers in five. The granulocyte colonies formed were indistinguishable from normal colonies morphologically. Production of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) from patients' peripheral blood leukocytes appeared normal when tested on control marrow. No serum inhibitors against CFU-C or CSA could be demonstrated using both control and autologous marrow, and co-culture of patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes with control marrow did not inhibit CFU-C growth. We conclude that in Shwachman's syndrome committed granulocytic stem cells are present, and the numbers detected in vitro vary widely as does the clinical neutropenia. The proliferative activity of recognizable granulocytic cells is normal and neither a deficiency of humoral stimulators nor the presence of serum or cellular inhibitors of granulopoiesis can be demonstrated.", "PMID": 315048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4787", "title": "The Langer-Giedion syndrome: report of a 22-year old woman.", "content": "A 22-year-old woman with the Langer-Giedion syndrome and delayed puberty is presented. Pertinent features include a bulbous nose, sparse hair, protruding ears, multiple cartilaginous exostoses, cone-shaped phalangeal epiphyses, short stature, microcephaly, and mental retardation. She is the oldest patient thus far described with this condition, and is compared to the ten previously published cases. The clinical course of patients with the Langer-Giedion syndrome and the possibility of malignant change in the exostoses have not been established.", "contents": "The Langer-Giedion syndrome: report of a 22-year old woman. A 22-year-old woman with the Langer-Giedion syndrome and delayed puberty is presented. Pertinent features include a bulbous nose, sparse hair, protruding ears, multiple cartilaginous exostoses, cone-shaped phalangeal epiphyses, short stature, microcephaly, and mental retardation. She is the oldest patient thus far described with this condition, and is compared to the ten previously published cases. The clinical course of patients with the Langer-Giedion syndrome and the possibility of malignant change in the exostoses have not been established.", "PMID": 315049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4788", "title": "Nystagmus duration changes of learning disabled children during sensory integrative therapy.", "content": "Sensory integrative therapy was administered to 43 learning disabled children categorized according to their pretherapeutic duration of postrotary nystagmus. The duration then was recorded after relatively short or long treatments. Children displaying initial subnormal nystagmic functioning responded to therapy with increases in duration while others displayed decreases, and these effects were more apparent after long therapy. These data support the claims that learning disabled children can be meaningfully categorized according to their nystagmic responses and that attention to their interoceptive sensory functioning may be of clinical significance.", "contents": "Nystagmus duration changes of learning disabled children during sensory integrative therapy. Sensory integrative therapy was administered to 43 learning disabled children categorized according to their pretherapeutic duration of postrotary nystagmus. The duration then was recorded after relatively short or long treatments. Children displaying initial subnormal nystagmic functioning responded to therapy with increases in duration while others displayed decreases, and these effects were more apparent after long therapy. These data support the claims that learning disabled children can be meaningfully categorized according to their nystagmic responses and that attention to their interoceptive sensory functioning may be of clinical significance.", "PMID": 315052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4789", "title": "[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage due to aorto-intestinal fistula. 3 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three types of aorto-intestinal fistula may be associated with gastrointestinal bleeding: primary fistulae from an aneurysm, secondary fistulae related to an aorto-prosthetic anastomosis and paraprosthetic fistulae by intraduodenal protrusion of a graft. The prevalence of secondary and paraprosthetic fistulae increases with more widespread vascular surgery. Only if the diagnosis is always borne in mind in a patient with an aneurysm or an aortic prosthesis makes it possible to recognise an aorto-intestinal fistula in time. Upper GI series and endoscopy are more useful in reaching a diagnosis than arteriography but signs must be sought in the third and fourth parts of the duodenum. The lesion may even be missed on surgical exploration, being concealed before separation of the aorta and duodenum. Infection and the underlying general medical condition are factors in the gravity of the operative prognosis. One of our three patients treated surgically was saved by the insertion of an extra-anatomic bypass. The prognosis in paraprosthetic fistulae, the possible precursor stage of a secondary aorto-digestive fistula, is more favourable.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage due to aorto-intestinal fistula. 3 cases (author's transl)]. Three types of aorto-intestinal fistula may be associated with gastrointestinal bleeding: primary fistulae from an aneurysm, secondary fistulae related to an aorto-prosthetic anastomosis and paraprosthetic fistulae by intraduodenal protrusion of a graft. The prevalence of secondary and paraprosthetic fistulae increases with more widespread vascular surgery. Only if the diagnosis is always borne in mind in a patient with an aneurysm or an aortic prosthesis makes it possible to recognise an aorto-intestinal fistula in time. Upper GI series and endoscopy are more useful in reaching a diagnosis than arteriography but signs must be sought in the third and fourth parts of the duodenum. The lesion may even be missed on surgical exploration, being concealed before separation of the aorta and duodenum. Infection and the underlying general medical condition are factors in the gravity of the operative prognosis. One of our three patients treated surgically was saved by the insertion of an extra-anatomic bypass. The prognosis in paraprosthetic fistulae, the possible precursor stage of a secondary aorto-digestive fistula, is more favourable.", "PMID": 315056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4790", "title": "[Non specific immunity of children with selective IgA deficiency. Aggravating role of abnormal phenotype of alpha-1-antitrypsin (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 998 children with recurrent respiratory diseases 26 children with selective IgA deficiency were found. Three groups were considered according to IgA level in serum: group I with IgA under 0.05 g per litre; group II with IgA between 0.05 and 0.3 g per litre; group III with IgA above 0.3 and under 1 g per litre. Non specific immunity was studied in these patients including immunoglobulin levels, alpha-1-antitrypsin (A.A.T.) phenotypes, phagocytosis of staphylococcus aureus by PMN, lysozyme level, complement system. Cellular immunity was evaluated by IDR tests and rosette forming cells (RE). Only non specific immune systems were disturbed in some patients and appeared as aggravating factors in IgA deficient patients. We found: Abnormal phenotypes of ATT in 11 cases; deficiencies of engulfment in 6 cases, of bactericidal activities of PMN in 7 cases out of 16 studied; decrease of lysozyme level in 4 cases out of 17 studied; increase of IgE level in 9 cases with atopic symptoms in 7 patients. In our experience the chief aggravating factor in IgA deficient patients is abnormal phenotype of AAT.", "contents": "[Non specific immunity of children with selective IgA deficiency. Aggravating role of abnormal phenotype of alpha-1-antitrypsin (author's transl)]. Among 998 children with recurrent respiratory diseases 26 children with selective IgA deficiency were found. Three groups were considered according to IgA level in serum: group I with IgA under 0.05 g per litre; group II with IgA between 0.05 and 0.3 g per litre; group III with IgA above 0.3 and under 1 g per litre. Non specific immunity was studied in these patients including immunoglobulin levels, alpha-1-antitrypsin (A.A.T.) phenotypes, phagocytosis of staphylococcus aureus by PMN, lysozyme level, complement system. Cellular immunity was evaluated by IDR tests and rosette forming cells (RE). Only non specific immune systems were disturbed in some patients and appeared as aggravating factors in IgA deficient patients. We found: Abnormal phenotypes of ATT in 11 cases; deficiencies of engulfment in 6 cases, of bactericidal activities of PMN in 7 cases out of 16 studied; decrease of lysozyme level in 4 cases out of 17 studied; increase of IgE level in 9 cases with atopic symptoms in 7 patients. In our experience the chief aggravating factor in IgA deficient patients is abnormal phenotype of AAT.", "PMID": 315058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4791", "title": "Decrease in epidermal growth factor receptor levels and production of material enhancing epidermal growth factor binding accompany the temperature-dependent changes from normal to transformed phenotype.", "content": "Normal rat kidney (NRK) cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Kirsten sarcoma virus (Ts cells) exhibited normal monolayer morphology identical to that observed for uninfected cells (NRK cells) at the nonpermissive temperature, 39 degrees C, but grew as multilayered foci resembling NRK cells transformed by the wild-type virus (KNRK cells) at 32 degrees C, the permissive temperature. NRK cell division was stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), and these cells showed high levels of EGF receptors, as determined by 125I-labeled EGF binding. KNRK cells were unresponsive to EGF and no EGF receptors were detectable. Ts cells also were unresponsive to EGF at both temperatures, but exhibited just detectable EGF binding at 32 degrees C and 10-15% of NRK cell binding at 39 degrees C. Use of EGF added to the culture medium by these cells paralleled the receptor levels. Crossfeeding experiments among NRK, KNRK, and Ts cultures indicated that Ts cells at the permissive temperature and KNRK cells at both temperatures produced a heat-stable substance(s) which stimulated DNA synthesis in NRK cells independent of the presence of serum or of EGF. Conditioned medium from the transformed cultures also significantly enhanced EGF binding to NRK cells. These studies demonstrated a correlation between the transformed phenotype and the receptor levels of a potent cell mitogen, EGF, which was readily reversible in the Ts cultures. In addition, cultures expressing the transformed phenotype produced material that did not compete for the EGF receptor but did enhance EGF binding, in contrast to other reports involving sarcoma virus-transformed cells.", "contents": "Decrease in epidermal growth factor receptor levels and production of material enhancing epidermal growth factor binding accompany the temperature-dependent changes from normal to transformed phenotype. Normal rat kidney (NRK) cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Kirsten sarcoma virus (Ts cells) exhibited normal monolayer morphology identical to that observed for uninfected cells (NRK cells) at the nonpermissive temperature, 39 degrees C, but grew as multilayered foci resembling NRK cells transformed by the wild-type virus (KNRK cells) at 32 degrees C, the permissive temperature. NRK cell division was stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), and these cells showed high levels of EGF receptors, as determined by 125I-labeled EGF binding. KNRK cells were unresponsive to EGF and no EGF receptors were detectable. Ts cells also were unresponsive to EGF at both temperatures, but exhibited just detectable EGF binding at 32 degrees C and 10-15% of NRK cell binding at 39 degrees C. Use of EGF added to the culture medium by these cells paralleled the receptor levels. Crossfeeding experiments among NRK, KNRK, and Ts cultures indicated that Ts cells at the permissive temperature and KNRK cells at both temperatures produced a heat-stable substance(s) which stimulated DNA synthesis in NRK cells independent of the presence of serum or of EGF. Conditioned medium from the transformed cultures also significantly enhanced EGF binding to NRK cells. These studies demonstrated a correlation between the transformed phenotype and the receptor levels of a potent cell mitogen, EGF, which was readily reversible in the Ts cultures. In addition, cultures expressing the transformed phenotype produced material that did not compete for the EGF receptor but did enhance EGF binding, in contrast to other reports involving sarcoma virus-transformed cells.", "PMID": 315064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4792", "title": "Distribution of 5'-nucleotidase in human lymphoid tissues.", "content": "Low activity of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.5) in T lymphoblasts may explain the marked sensitivity of this cell to deoxynucleotide accumulation when compared to B lymphoblasts. The relevance of such observations with cultured cells to the normal immune system requires the demonstration of similar differences in the 5'-nucleotidase activity of normal human lymphocyte subpopulations. Sheep erythrocyte (E) rosette-forming cells from normal thymus, tonsil, and peripheral mononuclear cells have 5'-nucleotidase activities of 1.7, 11.3, and 21.2 nmol/hr per 10(6) cells. Non-E-rosette forming cells from the peripheral blood or tonsil have 5'-nucleotidase activity comparable to the higher levels found in the peripheral E-RFC. Increased levels of 5'-nucleotidase activity may be a marker for post-thymic T lymphocytes. T lymphoblasts have 5'-nucleotidase activity similar to values demonstrated for E-RFC in thymus, whereas cultured B lymphoblasts have 5'-nucleotidase activity 15 times greater than that of T lymphoblasts. On the basis of these observations, the 5'-nucleotidase deficiency in congenital agammaglobulinemia has been reevaluated. In these patients the data indicate that peripheral E-rosette forming cells have the enzyme deficiency, demonstrating an abnormality of T lymphocytes in this disorder of immunoglobulin production.", "contents": "Distribution of 5'-nucleotidase in human lymphoid tissues. Low activity of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.5) in T lymphoblasts may explain the marked sensitivity of this cell to deoxynucleotide accumulation when compared to B lymphoblasts. The relevance of such observations with cultured cells to the normal immune system requires the demonstration of similar differences in the 5'-nucleotidase activity of normal human lymphocyte subpopulations. Sheep erythrocyte (E) rosette-forming cells from normal thymus, tonsil, and peripheral mononuclear cells have 5'-nucleotidase activities of 1.7, 11.3, and 21.2 nmol/hr per 10(6) cells. Non-E-rosette forming cells from the peripheral blood or tonsil have 5'-nucleotidase activity comparable to the higher levels found in the peripheral E-RFC. Increased levels of 5'-nucleotidase activity may be a marker for post-thymic T lymphocytes. T lymphoblasts have 5'-nucleotidase activity similar to values demonstrated for E-RFC in thymus, whereas cultured B lymphoblasts have 5'-nucleotidase activity 15 times greater than that of T lymphoblasts. On the basis of these observations, the 5'-nucleotidase deficiency in congenital agammaglobulinemia has been reevaluated. In these patients the data indicate that peripheral E-rosette forming cells have the enzyme deficiency, demonstrating an abnormality of T lymphocytes in this disorder of immunoglobulin production.", "PMID": 315065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4793", "title": "[Effect of testosterone propionate on the lymphoid system and antibody-producing capacity in golden hamsters].", "content": "The effect of testosterone-propionate on the lymphoid tissue and humoral immunological response to SRBC was studied in 224 golden hamsters of both sex. The hormone was injected intramuscularly in a dose of 1 and 5 mg every other day (a total of 10 injections). Testosterone caused thymus atrophy, hypoplasia of the spleen, reduction of the absolute B lymphocyte count in the bone marrow, forming cell count and a fall of the serum hemolysin titre in the immunized animals. The detected changes were found to be more pronounced in female animals.", "contents": "[Effect of testosterone propionate on the lymphoid system and antibody-producing capacity in golden hamsters]. The effect of testosterone-propionate on the lymphoid tissue and humoral immunological response to SRBC was studied in 224 golden hamsters of both sex. The hormone was injected intramuscularly in a dose of 1 and 5 mg every other day (a total of 10 injections). Testosterone caused thymus atrophy, hypoplasia of the spleen, reduction of the absolute B lymphocyte count in the bone marrow, forming cell count and a fall of the serum hemolysin titre in the immunized animals. The detected changes were found to be more pronounced in female animals.", "PMID": 315062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4794", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of some N-aroylhomotryptamines.", "content": "Eight amide compounds were obtained by condensation of appriopriate acid chlorides with homotryptamine and its 5-methoxyderivative. The effects of these compounds on the central nervous system were tested. m-Nitrobenzoylhomotryptamine showed the strongest sedative, anticonvulsive and analgesic properties.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of some N-aroylhomotryptamines. Eight amide compounds were obtained by condensation of appriopriate acid chlorides with homotryptamine and its 5-methoxyderivative. The effects of these compounds on the central nervous system were tested. m-Nitrobenzoylhomotryptamine showed the strongest sedative, anticonvulsive and analgesic properties.", "PMID": 315061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4795", "title": "Biological effects of allogeneic effect factor on T lymphocytes: in vitro induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes manifesting preferential lytic activity against H-2-identical tumor cells.", "content": "The studies reported herein were designed to determine the effects of allogeneic effect factor (AEF), a soluble mediator generated in the course of allogeneic cell interactions, on the differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. Normal, unprimed spleen cells from various strains of mice cultured with AEF for 5 days, in the absence of any stimulator cells, developed into cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of lysing target cells in a short-term 51Cr release assay. T lymphocyte-depleted spleen cells did not become cytotoxic when cultured with AEF, and the cytotoxic cells themselves were found to be T lymphocytes. AEF-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes preferentially lysed H-2-identical target cells. Thus, AEF, as opposed to similar \"helper\" factors derived from mixed lymphocyte cultures, appears to be unique in its ability to trigger normal, unprimed T lymphocytes to differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the absence of specific antigenic stimulation.", "contents": "Biological effects of allogeneic effect factor on T lymphocytes: in vitro induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes manifesting preferential lytic activity against H-2-identical tumor cells. The studies reported herein were designed to determine the effects of allogeneic effect factor (AEF), a soluble mediator generated in the course of allogeneic cell interactions, on the differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. Normal, unprimed spleen cells from various strains of mice cultured with AEF for 5 days, in the absence of any stimulator cells, developed into cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of lysing target cells in a short-term 51Cr release assay. T lymphocyte-depleted spleen cells did not become cytotoxic when cultured with AEF, and the cytotoxic cells themselves were found to be T lymphocytes. AEF-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes preferentially lysed H-2-identical target cells. Thus, AEF, as opposed to similar \"helper\" factors derived from mixed lymphocyte cultures, appears to be unique in its ability to trigger normal, unprimed T lymphocytes to differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the absence of specific antigenic stimulation.", "PMID": 315066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4796", "title": "Antitubulin agents enhance the stimulation of DNA synthesis by polypeptide growth factors in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "Colchicine and other antitubulin agents markedly enhanced the stimulation of DNA synthesis by combinations of various growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, insulin, fibroblast-derived growth factor, and vasopressin in serum-free cultures of several quiescent 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines. Enhancing effects were observed based on continuous incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA as well as by autoradiographic labeling of cell nuclei. The concentration of colchicine and podophyllotoxin required to produce half-maximal enhancement of DNA synthesis stimulated by epidermal growth factor and insulin was 25-50 nM. Lumicolchicine did not produce enhancing effects. The disassembly of microtubules resulting from the action of colchicine, Colcemid, and vinblastine did not inhibit the stimulation of DNA synthesis in quiescent Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts by fetal bovine serum. We conclude that the cytoplasmic microtubule network in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts does not exert a positive regulatory function in the initiation of DNA synthesis but rather can produce a constraint on the initial action of the peptide growth factors in serum-free media.", "contents": "Antitubulin agents enhance the stimulation of DNA synthesis by polypeptide growth factors in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Colchicine and other antitubulin agents markedly enhanced the stimulation of DNA synthesis by combinations of various growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, insulin, fibroblast-derived growth factor, and vasopressin in serum-free cultures of several quiescent 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines. Enhancing effects were observed based on continuous incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA as well as by autoradiographic labeling of cell nuclei. The concentration of colchicine and podophyllotoxin required to produce half-maximal enhancement of DNA synthesis stimulated by epidermal growth factor and insulin was 25-50 nM. Lumicolchicine did not produce enhancing effects. The disassembly of microtubules resulting from the action of colchicine, Colcemid, and vinblastine did not inhibit the stimulation of DNA synthesis in quiescent Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts by fetal bovine serum. We conclude that the cytoplasmic microtubule network in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts does not exert a positive regulatory function in the initiation of DNA synthesis but rather can produce a constraint on the initial action of the peptide growth factors in serum-free media.", "PMID": 315067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4797", "title": "Receptors for IgA on a subpopulation of human B lymphocytes.", "content": "Human B lymphocytes from peripheral blood and tonsils and leukemic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were examined for the presence of receptors for IgA. Receptors for IgA were present on 5-20% of B cells from peripheral blood of normal persons, 6-21% of B cells from tonsils removed because of chronic enlargement, and 4-10% of B cells from patients with CLL. Prior incubation of B lymphocytes in medium containing fetal calf serum was normally essential for expression of receptors for IgA. IgM and IgG receptors were also examined on B cells from tonsils and CLL. Receptors for IgM were present on a large proportion of B cells from tonsils and B cells from patients with CLL. Their detection also required incubation of B cells in medium containing fetal calf serum for 2-3 days. In one patient with CLL, IgM receptors were present on only a small proportion of B cells. No significant change in IgG receptors on B cells from tonsils or CLL was observed when freshly isolated B cells and cultured receptors on B cells progressively decreased as a consequence of shedding of free Fc receptors into the supernates.", "contents": "Receptors for IgA on a subpopulation of human B lymphocytes. Human B lymphocytes from peripheral blood and tonsils and leukemic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were examined for the presence of receptors for IgA. Receptors for IgA were present on 5-20% of B cells from peripheral blood of normal persons, 6-21% of B cells from tonsils removed because of chronic enlargement, and 4-10% of B cells from patients with CLL. Prior incubation of B lymphocytes in medium containing fetal calf serum was normally essential for expression of receptors for IgA. IgM and IgG receptors were also examined on B cells from tonsils and CLL. Receptors for IgM were present on a large proportion of B cells from tonsils and B cells from patients with CLL. Their detection also required incubation of B cells in medium containing fetal calf serum for 2-3 days. In one patient with CLL, IgM receptors were present on only a small proportion of B cells. No significant change in IgG receptors on B cells from tonsils or CLL was observed when freshly isolated B cells and cultured receptors on B cells progressively decreased as a consequence of shedding of free Fc receptors into the supernates.", "PMID": 315068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4798", "title": "Allogeneic cytolysis of reconstituted membrane vesicles.", "content": "The successful use of lipid bilayer model membranes as targets for cytotoxic lymphocytes is described. Lipid vesicles were made from a mixture of dipalmitoyl lecithin, dimyristoyl lecithin, and cholesterol. Membrane proteins of LSTRA or EL4 tumor cells (as source of H-2 antigens), human eye muscle membrane proteins (as supporting proteins), and 51Cr marker were inserted into the lipid vesicles. Incubation of the reconstituted vesicles with lymphocytes sensitized in mixed lymphocyte cultures against allogeneic cells resulted in the specific release of intravesicular 51Cr. Vesicle damage was mediated by thymus-derived lymphocytes. H-2 antigens could be incorporated into vesicles without eye muscle proteins. However, immune damage of the vesicles could not be demonstrated when vesicles inserted with H-2 antigens in the absence of eye muscle proteins were used as targets.", "contents": "Allogeneic cytolysis of reconstituted membrane vesicles. The successful use of lipid bilayer model membranes as targets for cytotoxic lymphocytes is described. Lipid vesicles were made from a mixture of dipalmitoyl lecithin, dimyristoyl lecithin, and cholesterol. Membrane proteins of LSTRA or EL4 tumor cells (as source of H-2 antigens), human eye muscle membrane proteins (as supporting proteins), and 51Cr marker were inserted into the lipid vesicles. Incubation of the reconstituted vesicles with lymphocytes sensitized in mixed lymphocyte cultures against allogeneic cells resulted in the specific release of intravesicular 51Cr. Vesicle damage was mediated by thymus-derived lymphocytes. H-2 antigens could be incorporated into vesicles without eye muscle proteins. However, immune damage of the vesicles could not be demonstrated when vesicles inserted with H-2 antigens in the absence of eye muscle proteins were used as targets.", "PMID": 315069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4799", "title": "Separation of functional subsets of human T cells by a monoclonal antibody.", "content": "A monoclonal antibody was produced to human peripheral blood T cells. This hybridoma antibody, termed OKT4, was reactive by indirect immunofluorescence with only 55-60% of the peripheral blood T cell population (OKT4+) and unreactive with normal B cells, null cells, and macrophages. The OKT4- T cell population contained the previously described TH2+ subset that has been shown to contain cytotoxic/suppressor cells. With cell-sorter separation of OKT4+ and OKT4- cells, it was shown that these T cell subsets were functionally discrete. Both gave proliferative responses with concanavalin A, alloantigens, and phytohemagglutinin although OKT4+ cells were much more responsive to the latter. OKT4+ cells alone responded to soluble antigens whereas OKT4- cells alone were cytotoxic after alloantigenic sensitization of unfractionated T cells. However, both OKT4+ and OKT4- cells were required during sensitization for optimal development of cytotoxicity. These data suggest that the OKT4+ subset represents a helper population and that the OKT4- subset contains the cytotoxic effector population. OKT4 could be a valuable reagent for determining alterations of these functional subsets in human diseases.", "contents": "Separation of functional subsets of human T cells by a monoclonal antibody. A monoclonal antibody was produced to human peripheral blood T cells. This hybridoma antibody, termed OKT4, was reactive by indirect immunofluorescence with only 55-60% of the peripheral blood T cell population (OKT4+) and unreactive with normal B cells, null cells, and macrophages. The OKT4- T cell population contained the previously described TH2+ subset that has been shown to contain cytotoxic/suppressor cells. With cell-sorter separation of OKT4+ and OKT4- cells, it was shown that these T cell subsets were functionally discrete. Both gave proliferative responses with concanavalin A, alloantigens, and phytohemagglutinin although OKT4+ cells were much more responsive to the latter. OKT4+ cells alone responded to soluble antigens whereas OKT4- cells alone were cytotoxic after alloantigenic sensitization of unfractionated T cells. However, both OKT4+ and OKT4- cells were required during sensitization for optimal development of cytotoxicity. These data suggest that the OKT4+ subset represents a helper population and that the OKT4- subset contains the cytotoxic effector population. OKT4 could be a valuable reagent for determining alterations of these functional subsets in human diseases.", "PMID": 315070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4800", "title": "Horizontal postrotatory nystagmus response in female subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative assessment of vestibular function was made in 18 female subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and a control group of 25 female subjects without scoliosis. The Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test, which examines postrotatory nystagmus response, was used to assess the vestibular function of subjects in both groups. The results indicated that subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis had a significantly decreased duration of postrotatory nystagmus as well as irregularities in nystagmus form. The recommendation was made that a neurological examination, including assessment of vestibular function, be incorporated into screening methods for scoliosis.", "contents": "Horizontal postrotatory nystagmus response in female subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of vestibular function was made in 18 female subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and a control group of 25 female subjects without scoliosis. The Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test, which examines postrotatory nystagmus response, was used to assess the vestibular function of subjects in both groups. The results indicated that subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis had a significantly decreased duration of postrotatory nystagmus as well as irregularities in nystagmus form. The recommendation was made that a neurological examination, including assessment of vestibular function, be incorporated into screening methods for scoliosis.", "PMID": 315073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4801", "title": "The ultrastructure of frog mesenteric capillaries of known filtration coefficient.", "content": "The capillaries of the frog mesentery were investigated by transmission electronmicroscopy. The mean diameter of these vessels was 20 micrometers and a single layer of five to six endothelial cells (on average) contributed to each circumference. Their ultrastructure was very similar to that of mammalian capillaries of the continuous type [Bennett, Luft and Hampton, 1959]. The endotherlial cells, which contained many vesicles, were joined by specialized junctions and surrounded by a continuous basement membrane. Eleven capillaries were examined after the filtration coefficient of their walls had been investigated by the microperfusion micro-occlusion technique of Michel, Mason, Curry and Tooke [1974]. No abnormal appearances were observed even after the vessels had been perfused with protein free solutions which have been shown to increase filtration coefficient five fold. No morphological differences between capillaries were seen to accompany large differences in the filtration coefficients.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of frog mesenteric capillaries of known filtration coefficient. The capillaries of the frog mesentery were investigated by transmission electronmicroscopy. The mean diameter of these vessels was 20 micrometers and a single layer of five to six endothelial cells (on average) contributed to each circumference. Their ultrastructure was very similar to that of mammalian capillaries of the continuous type [Bennett, Luft and Hampton, 1959]. The endotherlial cells, which contained many vesicles, were joined by specialized junctions and surrounded by a continuous basement membrane. Eleven capillaries were examined after the filtration coefficient of their walls had been investigated by the microperfusion micro-occlusion technique of Michel, Mason, Curry and Tooke [1974]. No abnormal appearances were observed even after the vessels had been perfused with protein free solutions which have been shown to increase filtration coefficient five fold. No morphological differences between capillaries were seen to accompany large differences in the filtration coefficients.", "PMID": 315076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4802", "title": "Vessel occlusion with transcatheter electrocoagulation: initial clinical experience.", "content": "Transcatheter electrocoagulation (TCEC) was used for vessel occlusion in combination with embolization by Gelfoam and/or Ivalon in six patients in whom other interventional or surgical techniques were considered dangerous or unfeasible. The technique was effective in decreasing or obliterating the blood supply to variously located lesions in all cases. The only complications were small skin burns in one patient and a small ulceration of the upper lip in another.", "contents": "Vessel occlusion with transcatheter electrocoagulation: initial clinical experience. Transcatheter electrocoagulation (TCEC) was used for vessel occlusion in combination with embolization by Gelfoam and/or Ivalon in six patients in whom other interventional or surgical techniques were considered dangerous or unfeasible. The technique was effective in decreasing or obliterating the blood supply to variously located lesions in all cases. The only complications were small skin burns in one patient and a small ulceration of the upper lip in another.", "PMID": 315077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4803", "title": "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of pediatric blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome are reported. The main features of the disease are rubbery blue cutaneous nevi and hemangiomatous, frequently hemorrhagic malformations of the bowel wall. Polypoid filling defects were seen throughout the bowel on barium studies. This entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of polyposis, and the skin should be carefully examined for nevi when multiple bowel polyps are demonstrated, especially in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding.", "contents": "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Two cases of pediatric blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome are reported. The main features of the disease are rubbery blue cutaneous nevi and hemangiomatous, frequently hemorrhagic malformations of the bowel wall. Polypoid filling defects were seen throughout the bowel on barium studies. This entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of polyposis, and the skin should be carefully examined for nevi when multiple bowel polyps are demonstrated, especially in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding.", "PMID": 315078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4804", "title": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of portal vein thrombosis.", "content": "For screening patients suspected of having portal vein thrombosis, the ultrasound examination is simple to perform, noninvasive, and can be accomplished rapidly. Three patients were studied in whom ultrasound examination revealed portal vein thrombosis that was subsequently confirmed by angiography or surgery. Ultrasonic findings in a series of 100 randomly selected patients are summarized.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic demonstration of portal vein thrombosis. For screening patients suspected of having portal vein thrombosis, the ultrasound examination is simple to perform, noninvasive, and can be accomplished rapidly. Three patients were studied in whom ultrasound examination revealed portal vein thrombosis that was subsequently confirmed by angiography or surgery. Ultrasonic findings in a series of 100 randomly selected patients are summarized.", "PMID": 315079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4805", "title": "Feasibility of absolute activity measurements using the Cleon emission tomography system.", "content": "Large volume and small discrete sources of Tc-99m were used to study the spatial resolution, sensitivity, linearity and reproducibility of the radionuclide brain images. The spatial resolution is constant both within and perpendicular to the section. For uniform distributions of activity the response is uniform over the field of view, and the mean pixel count rate is a linear function of the radioactive concentration and is independent of the diameter of the source. However, for discrete sources, the sensitivity was found to vary with the position of the source, and the potential of the system for quantitative assessment of the uptake of radioactivity in organs and tumors was limited initially. Later studies, with modified software, show that this undesirable effect has been reduced.", "contents": "Feasibility of absolute activity measurements using the Cleon emission tomography system. Large volume and small discrete sources of Tc-99m were used to study the spatial resolution, sensitivity, linearity and reproducibility of the radionuclide brain images. The spatial resolution is constant both within and perpendicular to the section. For uniform distributions of activity the response is uniform over the field of view, and the mean pixel count rate is a linear function of the radioactive concentration and is independent of the diameter of the source. However, for discrete sources, the sensitivity was found to vary with the position of the source, and the potential of the system for quantitative assessment of the uptake of radioactivity in organs and tumors was limited initially. Later studies, with modified software, show that this undesirable effect has been reduced.", "PMID": 315080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4806", "title": "[Intraperitoneal and intragastric administration of Norartrinal in severe digestive hemorrhages].", "content": "A total of 23 successful treatments are described, in severe haemorrhages of the upper intestinal tract, which were either primitive (ulcer, gastritis), or secondary (due to stress), in seriously ill patients, by administration of 4 g of Norartrinal intragastrically or intraperitoneally. The absence of adverse reactions, that have been looked for at anatomo-pathological investigations and during surgery, as well as the good results recorded in patients in whom the classical treatment did not result in satisfactory results, recommend this method especially in limit cases.", "contents": "[Intraperitoneal and intragastric administration of Norartrinal in severe digestive hemorrhages]. A total of 23 successful treatments are described, in severe haemorrhages of the upper intestinal tract, which were either primitive (ulcer, gastritis), or secondary (due to stress), in seriously ill patients, by administration of 4 g of Norartrinal intragastrically or intraperitoneally. The absence of adverse reactions, that have been looked for at anatomo-pathological investigations and during surgery, as well as the good results recorded in patients in whom the classical treatment did not result in satisfactory results, recommend this method especially in limit cases.", "PMID": 315081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4807", "title": "Interaction of some anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs and hydrocortisone on the EEG effects of pentazocine, chlorpromazine and pentobarbital.", "content": "Pentazocine administered in doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg i.v. produced EEG synchronization with dose-dependent relationships. When this drug was associated with anti-inflammatory compounds such as mefenamic acid or indomethacin, the EEG effect was decreased. The same occurred also when pentazocine, 5 mg/Kg, was combined with hydrocortisone. There were no changes on the EEG effects of pentobarbital and chlorpromazine when these drugs were associated with hydrocortisone and sodium salicylate. The significance of these effects is discussed in terms of a possible interaction between the central mechanisms of pentazocine's action and some anti-inflammatory agents and hydrocortisone. Since this interaction does not happen with other drugs which produce EEG synchronization, such as pentobarbital and chlorpromazine, a different mechanism might be involved.", "contents": "Interaction of some anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs and hydrocortisone on the EEG effects of pentazocine, chlorpromazine and pentobarbital. Pentazocine administered in doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg i.v. produced EEG synchronization with dose-dependent relationships. When this drug was associated with anti-inflammatory compounds such as mefenamic acid or indomethacin, the EEG effect was decreased. The same occurred also when pentazocine, 5 mg/Kg, was combined with hydrocortisone. There were no changes on the EEG effects of pentobarbital and chlorpromazine when these drugs were associated with hydrocortisone and sodium salicylate. The significance of these effects is discussed in terms of a possible interaction between the central mechanisms of pentazocine's action and some anti-inflammatory agents and hydrocortisone. Since this interaction does not happen with other drugs which produce EEG synchronization, such as pentobarbital and chlorpromazine, a different mechanism might be involved.", "PMID": 315086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4808", "title": "A health centre survey of rheumatism.", "content": "In order to assess the size and nature of the workload in general practice resulting from rheumatic diseases and to assess the value of the National Insurance 'Sick Note' as an index of this, a prospective survey was carried out. The survey was based upon a health centre which provides the primary medical care for the majority of the inhabitants of a small town. During four periods of two weeks at a different season of the year, all patients considered by the family doctor to be suffering from a rheumatic condition were seen by a visiting rheumatologist. Firm diagnostic criteria were applied and functional capacity was assessed and related to both the diagnosis and symptoms. The rheumatic diseases and conditions accounted for about 5% of total attendances and a slightly greater proportion of total surgery time. This is less than suggested by some previous studies of different design. The sick notes provided such a poor index of the size and nature of the problem that information based merely upon retrospective analysis of these is probably of little practical value.", "contents": "A health centre survey of rheumatism. In order to assess the size and nature of the workload in general practice resulting from rheumatic diseases and to assess the value of the National Insurance 'Sick Note' as an index of this, a prospective survey was carried out. The survey was based upon a health centre which provides the primary medical care for the majority of the inhabitants of a small town. During four periods of two weeks at a different season of the year, all patients considered by the family doctor to be suffering from a rheumatic condition were seen by a visiting rheumatologist. Firm diagnostic criteria were applied and functional capacity was assessed and related to both the diagnosis and symptoms. The rheumatic diseases and conditions accounted for about 5% of total attendances and a slightly greater proportion of total surgery time. This is less than suggested by some previous studies of different design. The sick notes provided such a poor index of the size and nature of the problem that information based merely upon retrospective analysis of these is probably of little practical value.", "PMID": 315089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4809", "title": "[Partial deficiency of cell-mediated immunity in some cases of bronchiectasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two case-reports are presented to support the hypothesis that bronchiectasis may occasionally be associated with a partial deficiency of T lymphocyte functions. This deficiency would represent another etiology of the heterogenous sino-pulmonary syndrome of which several causes have been identified or postulated: immunoglobulin deficiency, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, mucociliary abnormality, phagocytosis or bactericidia abnormalities, etc.", "contents": "[Partial deficiency of cell-mediated immunity in some cases of bronchiectasis (author's transl)]. Two case-reports are presented to support the hypothesis that bronchiectasis may occasionally be associated with a partial deficiency of T lymphocyte functions. This deficiency would represent another etiology of the heterogenous sino-pulmonary syndrome of which several causes have been identified or postulated: immunoglobulin deficiency, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, mucociliary abnormality, phagocytosis or bactericidia abnormalities, etc.", "PMID": 315085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4810", "title": "A note on indomethacin suppositories in rheumatic conditions.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin suppositories was observed in 102 patients. Some patients had rectal irritation (9%), and a few had difficulty in inserting the suppository. Most patients tolerated the medication well with relief of joint symptoms (the major reason for prescription) and usually with alleviation of dyspepsia (the second commonest reason for giving the drug in this way).", "contents": "A note on indomethacin suppositories in rheumatic conditions. The effect of indomethacin suppositories was observed in 102 patients. Some patients had rectal irritation (9%), and a few had difficulty in inserting the suppository. Most patients tolerated the medication well with relief of joint symptoms (the major reason for prescription) and usually with alleviation of dyspepsia (the second commonest reason for giving the drug in this way).", "PMID": 315090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4811", "title": "[Contribution to x-ray diagnostics of tumors of the cerebellopontine angle (author's transl)].", "content": "A scrutiny of the palette of possibilities in the radiological examination for the discovery and identification of neurinomas of the auditory nerve, shows that, apart from plain roentgenography, which continues to occupy the first rank after clinical examination, computer tomography represents the most important contribution towards identifying tumors of the cerebellopontine angle. For the identification of neurinomas (of the Brunner type) of the medial type this method of examination is the method of choice. We are not so confident with regard to the small lateral neurinomas which are situated within the auditory meatus. We consider that the discovery of these extremely small lateral neurinomas of the auditory nerve remains extremely difficult and is mainly left to positive cisternography. Probably, the discovery of these neurinomas remains one of the happy chances of early radiological diagnosis. Nevertheless, the knowledge acquired during the past few years must be considered an essential step forward in radiodiagnostics, and hence represents a great aid in the curative treatment of the patient.", "contents": "[Contribution to x-ray diagnostics of tumors of the cerebellopontine angle (author's transl)]. A scrutiny of the palette of possibilities in the radiological examination for the discovery and identification of neurinomas of the auditory nerve, shows that, apart from plain roentgenography, which continues to occupy the first rank after clinical examination, computer tomography represents the most important contribution towards identifying tumors of the cerebellopontine angle. For the identification of neurinomas (of the Brunner type) of the medial type this method of examination is the method of choice. We are not so confident with regard to the small lateral neurinomas which are situated within the auditory meatus. We consider that the discovery of these extremely small lateral neurinomas of the auditory nerve remains extremely difficult and is mainly left to positive cisternography. Probably, the discovery of these neurinomas remains one of the happy chances of early radiological diagnosis. Nevertheless, the knowledge acquired during the past few years must be considered an essential step forward in radiodiagnostics, and hence represents a great aid in the curative treatment of the patient.", "PMID": 315092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4812", "title": "[Zoster ophthalmicus : a problem in general practice (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe several cases of zoster, including some patients who developed skin or bone necrosis, and discuss the principal therapeutics proposed at the present time.", "contents": "[Zoster ophthalmicus : a problem in general practice (author's transl)]. The authors describe several cases of zoster, including some patients who developed skin or bone necrosis, and discuss the principal therapeutics proposed at the present time.", "PMID": 315093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4813", "title": "Three different acid phosphatase patterns in leukaemic lymphoid T-cells.", "content": "The acid phosphatase pattern was studied in leukaemic cells from 8 patients with T-cell leukaemia (5 ALL and 3 CLL). In 2 cases the enzyme activity was focal granular with paranuclear localization as earlier demonstrated by other authors, while--in contrast to these findings--the enzyme activity in 4 cases demonstrated universal granular distribution. Almost all the cells from each patient showed the same picture. In the last 2 cases a mixed focal and universal granular pattern was observed, where half the cells possessed the focal form and the other half the universal form of granular activity. The two first-mentioned patterns were observed in cases of T-ALL as well as of T-CLL, while the mixed pattern was seen only in cases of T-ALL.", "contents": "Three different acid phosphatase patterns in leukaemic lymphoid T-cells. The acid phosphatase pattern was studied in leukaemic cells from 8 patients with T-cell leukaemia (5 ALL and 3 CLL). In 2 cases the enzyme activity was focal granular with paranuclear localization as earlier demonstrated by other authors, while--in contrast to these findings--the enzyme activity in 4 cases demonstrated universal granular distribution. Almost all the cells from each patient showed the same picture. In the last 2 cases a mixed focal and universal granular pattern was observed, where half the cells possessed the focal form and the other half the universal form of granular activity. The two first-mentioned patterns were observed in cases of T-ALL as well as of T-CLL, while the mixed pattern was seen only in cases of T-ALL.", "PMID": 315094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4814", "title": "Isoenzymatic study of leucocytic acid phosphatase in haematologic diagnosis.", "content": "Isoenzymatic study of leucocytic acid phosphatase under normal conditions identifies 3 isoenzymatic bands, which exhibit a noticeable cell specificity. Band 2 is granulocytic, band 3 lymphocytic and band 4 monocytic in origin. Pathologic deviations in the isoenzymatic pattern are both qualitative and quantitative. For some diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia there is a well-defined, differential pattern according to immunological B- or T-cell origin. The more significant qualitative aspects are related to the appearance of abnormal bands, especially band 3b, indicating blastic cellularity, and 5, corresponding to hairy cells. The isoenzymatic analysis of acid phosphatase activity is a simple haematologic complementary test, particularly useful in the differential diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders with peripheral blood manifestations.", "contents": "Isoenzymatic study of leucocytic acid phosphatase in haematologic diagnosis. Isoenzymatic study of leucocytic acid phosphatase under normal conditions identifies 3 isoenzymatic bands, which exhibit a noticeable cell specificity. Band 2 is granulocytic, band 3 lymphocytic and band 4 monocytic in origin. Pathologic deviations in the isoenzymatic pattern are both qualitative and quantitative. For some diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia there is a well-defined, differential pattern according to immunological B- or T-cell origin. The more significant qualitative aspects are related to the appearance of abnormal bands, especially band 3b, indicating blastic cellularity, and 5, corresponding to hairy cells. The isoenzymatic analysis of acid phosphatase activity is a simple haematologic complementary test, particularly useful in the differential diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders with peripheral blood manifestations.", "PMID": 315095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4815", "title": "Covariances of mitogenic responses in leukaemic blood lymphocytes: a functional marker system for the human B lymphocyte differentiation.", "content": "Various polyclonal activating substances have been shown to stimulate human chronic lymphatic leukaemic (CLL) cells to undergo blast transformation, to divide and to secrete monoclonal immunglobulin. CLL cells from different patients show distinct response patterns to these ligands. We have statistically analysed these response patterns and found that responses to certain ligands demonstrate covariance; that is, a high response to one ligand is statistically associated with a high response to another ligand. A factor analysis of these data on the basis of responses of CLL cells from twenty-one patients and from the use of five different ligands in three different concentrations has shown that as few as two factors can account for as much as 63% of the total variance of these responses. On the assumption that these two factors were T-cell dependency of CLL responses and stage of maturity of the responding CLL cell, we have formulated a theory that explains the basis for this functional marker system for CLL cells. It is possible application to the characterization of individual CLL clones has been discussed.", "contents": "Covariances of mitogenic responses in leukaemic blood lymphocytes: a functional marker system for the human B lymphocyte differentiation. Various polyclonal activating substances have been shown to stimulate human chronic lymphatic leukaemic (CLL) cells to undergo blast transformation, to divide and to secrete monoclonal immunglobulin. CLL cells from different patients show distinct response patterns to these ligands. We have statistically analysed these response patterns and found that responses to certain ligands demonstrate covariance; that is, a high response to one ligand is statistically associated with a high response to another ligand. A factor analysis of these data on the basis of responses of CLL cells from twenty-one patients and from the use of five different ligands in three different concentrations has shown that as few as two factors can account for as much as 63% of the total variance of these responses. On the assumption that these two factors were T-cell dependency of CLL responses and stage of maturity of the responding CLL cell, we have formulated a theory that explains the basis for this functional marker system for CLL cells. It is possible application to the characterization of individual CLL clones has been discussed.", "PMID": 315096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4816", "title": "Cryopreservation of human lymphoid cells from various tissues.", "content": "Normal and pathological lymphoid cells, collected from different sources, were cryopreserved using a programmed freezing procedure. With this cryopreservation technique, the percentage of T and B cell surface markers and the proliferative response to mitogens were not influenced by 21 and 35 days of storage in liquid nitrogen. The recovery percentage of the lymphoid cells was satisfactory when fetal calf serum was added, as a protein source, to the medium during freezing and thawing phases, while a very low percentage of cells was recovered if the fetal calf serum was omitted.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of human lymphoid cells from various tissues. Normal and pathological lymphoid cells, collected from different sources, were cryopreserved using a programmed freezing procedure. With this cryopreservation technique, the percentage of T and B cell surface markers and the proliferative response to mitogens were not influenced by 21 and 35 days of storage in liquid nitrogen. The recovery percentage of the lymphoid cells was satisfactory when fetal calf serum was added, as a protein source, to the medium during freezing and thawing phases, while a very low percentage of cells was recovered if the fetal calf serum was omitted.", "PMID": 315091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4817", "title": "Auto-antibodies in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. With special reference to liver-cell membrane antibody (LMA).", "content": "Sera from 70 patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS), of whom 40 had primary and 30 secondary SS, were tested for various auto-antibodies of the IgG, IgA and IgM classes. 20% had liver-cell-membrane antibody (LMA), 90% had anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), 40% salivary-gland antibodies (SGA), 13% anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), 33% smooth-muscle cell antibodies (SMA), 9% skeletal-muscle antibodies (SKA) and only 1% had parietal-cell antibodies (PCA). In addition, 53% had IgM rheumatoid factor and 6 patients with anti-DNA antibodies all had SLE. 64% had increased serum IgG, 24% IgA and 14% IgM. A significantly higher incidence of ANA was found within all three Ig classes in patients with secondary SS. AMA and IgM-rheumatoid factor were also found to be elevated in this group. On the other hand, SGA occurred most frequently in patients with primary SS. LMA was mainly of the IgG class and IgG AMA and SMA were more often present in these patients than in those with a negative LMA reaction. The results of the investigation suggest inter alia that inflammatory liver disease, although not indicated by either the case history, physical examination or biochemical values, is probably present in patients with SS.", "contents": "Auto-antibodies in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. With special reference to liver-cell membrane antibody (LMA). Sera from 70 patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS), of whom 40 had primary and 30 secondary SS, were tested for various auto-antibodies of the IgG, IgA and IgM classes. 20% had liver-cell-membrane antibody (LMA), 90% had anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), 40% salivary-gland antibodies (SGA), 13% anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), 33% smooth-muscle cell antibodies (SMA), 9% skeletal-muscle antibodies (SKA) and only 1% had parietal-cell antibodies (PCA). In addition, 53% had IgM rheumatoid factor and 6 patients with anti-DNA antibodies all had SLE. 64% had increased serum IgG, 24% IgA and 14% IgM. A significantly higher incidence of ANA was found within all three Ig classes in patients with secondary SS. AMA and IgM-rheumatoid factor were also found to be elevated in this group. On the other hand, SGA occurred most frequently in patients with primary SS. LMA was mainly of the IgG class and IgG AMA and SMA were more often present in these patients than in those with a negative LMA reaction. The results of the investigation suggest inter alia that inflammatory liver disease, although not indicated by either the case history, physical examination or biochemical values, is probably present in patients with SS.", "PMID": 315097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4818", "title": "Clinical experience of electronic peroneal stimulators in 50 hemiparetic patients.", "content": "Fifty hemiparetic subjects were selected from a population of 250 patients according to criteria forsuitable candidates for peroneal stimulation. The patients received from 10 to 120 hours of treatment during 2--5 weeks. The therapeutic results obtained were classified into four groups, ranging from none to excellent improvement of voluntary movement and reduction of spasticity. The clinical results were correlated to different variables where time from lesion, spasticity, and extent of treatment appeared to be the most important ones. The percentage of excellent results decreased with increasing time from lesion and spasticity, and increased with increasing treatment. Orthotic validity (i.e. the beneficial effect of the orthosis) was observed in 76% of the selected cases and in most of them it was very significant. Preliminary tests performed on 9 subjects showed that in cases with orthotic validity the peroneal brace slightly reduces the oxygen consumption of patients and improves their motivation. This work gives a more quantitative perspective of the validity of functional peroneal stimulation and a better indication of criteria for patient selection. The overall validity of an electronic peroneal brace appears to apply to 15% of the total ambulatory hemiparetic population and its therapeutic value is relevant in two-thirds of such cases if sufficient treatment is provided. Application of functional electrical stimulation to non-ambulatory subjects in the acute phase may however lead to a higher percentage of cases of therapeutic validity.", "contents": "Clinical experience of electronic peroneal stimulators in 50 hemiparetic patients. Fifty hemiparetic subjects were selected from a population of 250 patients according to criteria forsuitable candidates for peroneal stimulation. The patients received from 10 to 120 hours of treatment during 2--5 weeks. The therapeutic results obtained were classified into four groups, ranging from none to excellent improvement of voluntary movement and reduction of spasticity. The clinical results were correlated to different variables where time from lesion, spasticity, and extent of treatment appeared to be the most important ones. The percentage of excellent results decreased with increasing time from lesion and spasticity, and increased with increasing treatment. Orthotic validity (i.e. the beneficial effect of the orthosis) was observed in 76% of the selected cases and in most of them it was very significant. Preliminary tests performed on 9 subjects showed that in cases with orthotic validity the peroneal brace slightly reduces the oxygen consumption of patients and improves their motivation. This work gives a more quantitative perspective of the validity of functional peroneal stimulation and a better indication of criteria for patient selection. The overall validity of an electronic peroneal brace appears to apply to 15% of the total ambulatory hemiparetic population and its therapeutic value is relevant in two-thirds of such cases if sufficient treatment is provided. Application of functional electrical stimulation to non-ambulatory subjects in the acute phase may however lead to a higher percentage of cases of therapeutic validity.", "PMID": 315098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4819", "title": "[Alpha-amylase determination in acute pancreatitis: selection of a reference standard].", "content": "It has been investigated which of the amylase determinations agrees most closely with the clinical diagnosis in a group of patients with acute pancreatitis and in a group with other diseases producing amylase elevation. By measuring the amylase in a urine specimen related to its creatinine concentration fewer values within the range of reference in patients with pancreatitis and also fewer falsely elevated values in the second group were observed when compared to amylase in plasma, urinary amylase activity per volume or the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio.", "contents": "[Alpha-amylase determination in acute pancreatitis: selection of a reference standard]. It has been investigated which of the amylase determinations agrees most closely with the clinical diagnosis in a group of patients with acute pancreatitis and in a group with other diseases producing amylase elevation. By measuring the amylase in a urine specimen related to its creatinine concentration fewer values within the range of reference in patients with pancreatitis and also fewer falsely elevated values in the second group were observed when compared to amylase in plasma, urinary amylase activity per volume or the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio.", "PMID": 315099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4820", "title": "Coronary artery bypass surgery at the University of the Orange Free State Medical School.", "content": "Fifty patients underwent aortocoronary bypass grafting, and 48 of these survived and are alive at present. Seventy-four per cent of these patients were relieved of angina, 16% were improved, and 10% remained the same, and 72% of these patients have resumed their normal daily work. The morbidity of the operation was negligible. The problems that emerged in this small series were involvement of the perforator artery, sudden occlusion of a major vessel during coronary angiography, preservation of the myocardium during surgery for multiplevessel disease, and lastly the question of when a ventricle is too damaged to be operated on. These problems are discussed and suggestions are made as to how to handle them. On the whole, we see this procedure as a useful adjunct in the treatment of occlusive coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Coronary artery bypass surgery at the University of the Orange Free State Medical School. Fifty patients underwent aortocoronary bypass grafting, and 48 of these survived and are alive at present. Seventy-four per cent of these patients were relieved of angina, 16% were improved, and 10% remained the same, and 72% of these patients have resumed their normal daily work. The morbidity of the operation was negligible. The problems that emerged in this small series were involvement of the perforator artery, sudden occlusion of a major vessel during coronary angiography, preservation of the myocardium during surgery for multiplevessel disease, and lastly the question of when a ventricle is too damaged to be operated on. These problems are discussed and suggestions are made as to how to handle them. On the whole, we see this procedure as a useful adjunct in the treatment of occlusive coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 315101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4821", "title": "Selectivity of the distal splenorenal shunt.", "content": "The distal splenorenal shunt is less likely to provoke encephalopathy than conventional shunting procedures, and it may offer a survival advantage for certain cirrhotic individuals, presumably because of its selective nature. This study suggests that the distal splenorenal shunt, even with exceptional efforts to achieve portomesenteric-gastrosplenic (PM-GS) disconnection, is not nearly as selective as it originally was assumed to be. In 11 patients intraoperative pressure determinations showed a significant decrease in portal pressure after end-to-side distal splenorenal anastomosis and no restoration of portal pressure after PM-GS disconnection. Measurements of flow through the shunt were comparable to those reported for portacaval shunts, and shunt flow was not decreased significantly by PM-GS disconnection. Postoperative angiography showed some PM-GS collateral in 17 of 18 patients, and later angiographic studies showed a tendency for progressive collateral development and consequent loss of hepatopetal portal perfusion. The advantages of the distal splenorenal shunt must accrue from gradual, as opposed to abrupt, portal deprivation, rather than from lasting selectivity.", "contents": "Selectivity of the distal splenorenal shunt. The distal splenorenal shunt is less likely to provoke encephalopathy than conventional shunting procedures, and it may offer a survival advantage for certain cirrhotic individuals, presumably because of its selective nature. This study suggests that the distal splenorenal shunt, even with exceptional efforts to achieve portomesenteric-gastrosplenic (PM-GS) disconnection, is not nearly as selective as it originally was assumed to be. In 11 patients intraoperative pressure determinations showed a significant decrease in portal pressure after end-to-side distal splenorenal anastomosis and no restoration of portal pressure after PM-GS disconnection. Measurements of flow through the shunt were comparable to those reported for portacaval shunts, and shunt flow was not decreased significantly by PM-GS disconnection. Postoperative angiography showed some PM-GS collateral in 17 of 18 patients, and later angiographic studies showed a tendency for progressive collateral development and consequent loss of hepatopetal portal perfusion. The advantages of the distal splenorenal shunt must accrue from gradual, as opposed to abrupt, portal deprivation, rather than from lasting selectivity.", "PMID": 315102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4822", "title": "Non-HLA lymphocyte cytotoxins in various diseases.", "content": "Cold non-HLA lymphocyte cytotoxins were found to be principally reactive against B lymphocytes. These antibodies were studied in 1335 patients with a wide range of diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), scleroderma, Hashimoto's disease, asthma, diabetes, lymphoma, psoriasis, leukemia, multiple sclerosis, and also in healthy donors. Antibodies reactive to B lymphocytes in the cold or warm test conditions were not directed against HLA specificities. Since B lymphocytes differ from T lymphocytes principally in that they have surface immunoglobulin, it is postulated that at least one target antigen of cold lymphocyte cytotoxins is not a virus, infectious agent, or a genetically determined structural antigen, but, rather, simply immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Non-HLA lymphocyte cytotoxins in various diseases. Cold non-HLA lymphocyte cytotoxins were found to be principally reactive against B lymphocytes. These antibodies were studied in 1335 patients with a wide range of diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), scleroderma, Hashimoto's disease, asthma, diabetes, lymphoma, psoriasis, leukemia, multiple sclerosis, and also in healthy donors. Antibodies reactive to B lymphocytes in the cold or warm test conditions were not directed against HLA specificities. Since B lymphocytes differ from T lymphocytes principally in that they have surface immunoglobulin, it is postulated that at least one target antigen of cold lymphocyte cytotoxins is not a virus, infectious agent, or a genetically determined structural antigen, but, rather, simply immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 315113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4823", "title": "Use of curves for prediction of maternal blood levels of placenta-specific substances for diagnosis of placental function.", "content": "Maternal blood levels of cystine aminopeptidase (CAP), human placental lactogen (HPL) and beta 1 glycoprotein (SP-1) were predicted and evaluated using the expressions and their charts developed by us to help diagnosis of placental function in women of the third trimester of pregnancy. This study was conducted on the assumption that these placenta-originating substances as markers would behave similarly to the previously reported heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP). The results realized the following features: (1) CAP, HPL and SP-1, like HSAP, had their normal ranges of values too wide to be based on for diagnosing placental function in general, but it was confirmed that on the individual basis these marker substances could develop adequate \"prediction curves\" for their values to come well answering to the test in the same way as with HSAP. (2) The expressions for predicted values revealed that these marker substances in their shift in the maternal blood had different critical points start of deviation from exponential rising. Particularly in abnormal pregnancy, their shifting patterns were often dissimilar to one another, with implications that impaired placental function could possibly be confirmed qualitatively by reference to the predicted curve for the values of either of the marker substances.", "contents": "Use of curves for prediction of maternal blood levels of placenta-specific substances for diagnosis of placental function. Maternal blood levels of cystine aminopeptidase (CAP), human placental lactogen (HPL) and beta 1 glycoprotein (SP-1) were predicted and evaluated using the expressions and their charts developed by us to help diagnosis of placental function in women of the third trimester of pregnancy. This study was conducted on the assumption that these placenta-originating substances as markers would behave similarly to the previously reported heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP). The results realized the following features: (1) CAP, HPL and SP-1, like HSAP, had their normal ranges of values too wide to be based on for diagnosing placental function in general, but it was confirmed that on the individual basis these marker substances could develop adequate \"prediction curves\" for their values to come well answering to the test in the same way as with HSAP. (2) The expressions for predicted values revealed that these marker substances in their shift in the maternal blood had different critical points start of deviation from exponential rising. Particularly in abnormal pregnancy, their shifting patterns were often dissimilar to one another, with implications that impaired placental function could possibly be confirmed qualitatively by reference to the predicted curve for the values of either of the marker substances.", "PMID": 315114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4824", "title": "Does somatostatin in each organ act specifically on that particular organ?", "content": "Rats with hypercalcemia induced by injection of vitamin D2 had a decreased thyroid somatostatin content, whereas the somatostatin content in their pancreas was almost within the normal range. This suggests that somatostatin in different organs acts specifically on each particular organ as a local hormone or hormone-like substance.", "contents": "Does somatostatin in each organ act specifically on that particular organ? Rats with hypercalcemia induced by injection of vitamin D2 had a decreased thyroid somatostatin content, whereas the somatostatin content in their pancreas was almost within the normal range. This suggests that somatostatin in different organs acts specifically on each particular organ as a local hormone or hormone-like substance.", "PMID": 315115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4825", "title": "Vitreous surgery techniques in penetrating ocular trauma.", "content": "Closed vitrectomy techniques provide new capabilities to treat severe penetrating ocular injuries involving posterior segment structures. With these methods, damaged iris tissue, lens, and vitreous can be removed and intraocular opacities can be cleared to identify and treat retinal damage. Removal of damaged vitreous also prevents later cyclitic membrane formation and traction on the retina. The vitrectomy technique can be combined with additional methods to treat other conditions including reactive nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies. We present the rationale and technique of vitrectomy, together with the results of treatment in 51 consecutive cases of penetrating ocular trauma. Guidelines are offered for management of severe penetrating injuries.", "contents": "Vitreous surgery techniques in penetrating ocular trauma. Closed vitrectomy techniques provide new capabilities to treat severe penetrating ocular injuries involving posterior segment structures. With these methods, damaged iris tissue, lens, and vitreous can be removed and intraocular opacities can be cleared to identify and treat retinal damage. Removal of damaged vitreous also prevents later cyclitic membrane formation and traction on the retina. The vitrectomy technique can be combined with additional methods to treat other conditions including reactive nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies. We present the rationale and technique of vitrectomy, together with the results of treatment in 51 consecutive cases of penetrating ocular trauma. Guidelines are offered for management of severe penetrating injuries.", "PMID": 315118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4826", "title": "Anaemia in infancy.", "content": "Anaemia in infancy is a very common clinical problem in the tropics and will continue to be common while infectious disease and poor nutrition prevail. In the diagnosis of anaemia in a child the clinician must expect a number of factors to be involved. On the basis of clinical features it is possible to arrive at a working diagnosis that provides a basis for treatment. Genetically determined abnormalities of haemoglobin, haemoglobin synthesis and red cell enzymes are common in the tropics. Though laboratory tests are required to confirm their presence these conditions can be suspected clinically and often managed without laboratory facilities.", "contents": "Anaemia in infancy. Anaemia in infancy is a very common clinical problem in the tropics and will continue to be common while infectious disease and poor nutrition prevail. In the diagnosis of anaemia in a child the clinician must expect a number of factors to be involved. On the basis of clinical features it is possible to arrive at a working diagnosis that provides a basis for treatment. Genetically determined abnormalities of haemoglobin, haemoglobin synthesis and red cell enzymes are common in the tropics. Though laboratory tests are required to confirm their presence these conditions can be suspected clinically and often managed without laboratory facilities.", "PMID": 315120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4827", "title": "[State of the contractile apparatus during the development of a pathological process in the muscles. III. The nature and sequence of the structural changes in the contractile apparatus in Zenker's necrosis].", "content": "Using polarized ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence microscopy, it was shown that the local damage of muscle fibres causes in their morphologically unchanged parts the alternation of regions, being in different functional states referred to as \"pseudocontraction\" and \"superrelaxation\". The pattern of UV fluorescence anisotropy suggests that conformation of contractile proteins by \"pseudocontraction\" is similar to that at contraction, though changes in sarcomere length do not occur. The \"superrelaxation\" is characterized by a desorganization of myofilaments. During the spreading of Zenker's necrosis, the \"pseudocontraction\" is seen transferred first into \"superrelaxation\", and then into irreversible contracture and rigor. \"The boundary of Zenker's necrosis\" overlaps with the boundary of the self-propagating irreversible contracture. There is no proper boundary of Zenker's necrosis, because the destructive changes are observed over all the muscle fibre. Contraction nodules arise in the regions of \"superrelaxation\" and follow the changes of the contractile system, peculiar of contracture. The study of the influence of medium ionic composition on the development of Zenker's necrosis suggests that the arising and spreading of destruction are inseparably associated with the irreverrsible changes of intracellular membrane structures, and with the possibility of propogation of the damage signal by these structures along muscle fibres.", "contents": "[State of the contractile apparatus during the development of a pathological process in the muscles. III. The nature and sequence of the structural changes in the contractile apparatus in Zenker's necrosis]. Using polarized ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence microscopy, it was shown that the local damage of muscle fibres causes in their morphologically unchanged parts the alternation of regions, being in different functional states referred to as \"pseudocontraction\" and \"superrelaxation\". The pattern of UV fluorescence anisotropy suggests that conformation of contractile proteins by \"pseudocontraction\" is similar to that at contraction, though changes in sarcomere length do not occur. The \"superrelaxation\" is characterized by a desorganization of myofilaments. During the spreading of Zenker's necrosis, the \"pseudocontraction\" is seen transferred first into \"superrelaxation\", and then into irreversible contracture and rigor. \"The boundary of Zenker's necrosis\" overlaps with the boundary of the self-propagating irreversible contracture. There is no proper boundary of Zenker's necrosis, because the destructive changes are observed over all the muscle fibre. Contraction nodules arise in the regions of \"superrelaxation\" and follow the changes of the contractile system, peculiar of contracture. The study of the influence of medium ionic composition on the development of Zenker's necrosis suggests that the arising and spreading of destruction are inseparably associated with the irreverrsible changes of intracellular membrane structures, and with the possibility of propogation of the damage signal by these structures along muscle fibres.", "PMID": 315121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4828", "title": "[Effect of vacuolization on the sodium concentration in an isolated muscle fiber].", "content": "Using the Perkin Elmer flame photometer sodium and potassium concentrations have been measured in muscle fibers from the m. ileofibularis of Rana temporaria. After 30 minutes preincubation in the Ringer solution, made hypertonic by the addition of 0.22M glycerol, the muscle fibers were incubated in the normal Ringer solution for 30 min. These fibers showed a vacuolation and an increase in total fiber sodium up to 37.2 mmol/l +/- 5.9 S. E., or 45.8 mmol/kg H2O +/- 7.3 S. E. No significant changes in potassium concentration were observed. Then, the fibers were exposed again to the Ringer solution containing 0.22 M glycerol. This procedure caused the disappearance of vacuoles and decrease in fiber sodium concentration down to 17.7 mmol/l +/- 1.6 S. E., or 21.8 mmol/kg H2O +/- 2.0 S. E. The effect of vacuolation was not blocked by ouabain (1.10(-4) M). It is suggested that the vacuoles have a high NaCl concentration. A model for NaCl and water accumulation in T-tubules is presented.", "contents": "[Effect of vacuolization on the sodium concentration in an isolated muscle fiber]. Using the Perkin Elmer flame photometer sodium and potassium concentrations have been measured in muscle fibers from the m. ileofibularis of Rana temporaria. After 30 minutes preincubation in the Ringer solution, made hypertonic by the addition of 0.22M glycerol, the muscle fibers were incubated in the normal Ringer solution for 30 min. These fibers showed a vacuolation and an increase in total fiber sodium up to 37.2 mmol/l +/- 5.9 S. E., or 45.8 mmol/kg H2O +/- 7.3 S. E. No significant changes in potassium concentration were observed. Then, the fibers were exposed again to the Ringer solution containing 0.22 M glycerol. This procedure caused the disappearance of vacuoles and decrease in fiber sodium concentration down to 17.7 mmol/l +/- 1.6 S. E., or 21.8 mmol/kg H2O +/- 2.0 S. E. The effect of vacuolation was not blocked by ouabain (1.10(-4) M). It is suggested that the vacuoles have a high NaCl concentration. A model for NaCl and water accumulation in T-tubules is presented.", "PMID": 315122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4829", "title": "[DNA synthesis and cell reproduction during hemopoiesis in the common frog in the course of spring under a varying temperature regimen].", "content": "The proliferation of grass frog hemocytoblasts and differentiation of various lines of hemopoiesis have been studied by means of repeated injections of 3H-thymidine during two spring months. The ability of population of hemocytoblasts to change the size of its proliferative pool is supposed to be regulated by the interaction of thermal and photoperiodical factors. The differentiation of separate lines of hemopoiesis begins in various seasons and depends, in various degrees, on the temperature. The neutrophil and thrombocyte lines are most labile, the erythroid line is most independent. Seasonal characters of erythropoiesis are discussed under comparative aspect.", "contents": "[DNA synthesis and cell reproduction during hemopoiesis in the common frog in the course of spring under a varying temperature regimen]. The proliferation of grass frog hemocytoblasts and differentiation of various lines of hemopoiesis have been studied by means of repeated injections of 3H-thymidine during two spring months. The ability of population of hemocytoblasts to change the size of its proliferative pool is supposed to be regulated by the interaction of thermal and photoperiodical factors. The differentiation of separate lines of hemopoiesis begins in various seasons and depends, in various degrees, on the temperature. The neutrophil and thrombocyte lines are most labile, the erythroid line is most independent. Seasonal characters of erythropoiesis are discussed under comparative aspect.", "PMID": 315123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4830", "title": "[Transformation of mouse lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutin depending on their cultivation conditions].", "content": "Conditions were elaborated to cultivate splenocytes of mice in medium-199 (Soviet production) changed a little by the addition of 200 mM of glutamine, 6 mM glucose, 60 unit/l of insulin, 5.10(-5) M 2-mercaptoethanol (final concentration), and of 5% serum of new-born calf. In such conditions of cultivation the value of the lymphocyte transformation coefficient lies within 3 and 10.", "contents": "[Transformation of mouse lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutin depending on their cultivation conditions]. Conditions were elaborated to cultivate splenocytes of mice in medium-199 (Soviet production) changed a little by the addition of 200 mM of glutamine, 6 mM glucose, 60 unit/l of insulin, 5.10(-5) M 2-mercaptoethanol (final concentration), and of 5% serum of new-born calf. In such conditions of cultivation the value of the lymphocyte transformation coefficient lies within 3 and 10.", "PMID": 315124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4831", "title": "Clinical and immunological evaluation of 5 cases of mycosis fungoides in advanced stages.", "content": "Five patients with mycosis fungoides, hospitalized in the Division of Radiotherapy and Medical Oncology of the Ospedale Civile, Pordenone, from January 1975 to December 1978, were studied and treated as non-Hodgkin lymphomas. All patients had evidence of disseminated disease: 3 with bone marrow infiltration, 1 with splenic involvement and 1 with lymph node involvement. Three patients were treated with CVP, resulting in 2 complete remissions that lasted 18 months and 1 PR greater than 50% maintained for 7 months. One patient was treated with ABVD with a PR greater than 50% maintained for 10 months. The last patient was treated with prednisone and then with CV, but expired from pulmonary embolism after 1 cycle. Lymphocyte function, using E and EAC rosette and PHA, was evaluated before therapy in all patients: in the 2 patients who obtained a CR, an improvement in T-lymphocyte function was noted after therapy. The chromosome pattern of peripheral blood lymphocytes was altered before therapy in only one patient. Even if the follow-up period is still relatively brief, the duration of the 2 complete remissions must be stressed. In addition, a strict correlation between T-lymphocyte function and response to therapy was revealed in our study.", "contents": "Clinical and immunological evaluation of 5 cases of mycosis fungoides in advanced stages. Five patients with mycosis fungoides, hospitalized in the Division of Radiotherapy and Medical Oncology of the Ospedale Civile, Pordenone, from January 1975 to December 1978, were studied and treated as non-Hodgkin lymphomas. All patients had evidence of disseminated disease: 3 with bone marrow infiltration, 1 with splenic involvement and 1 with lymph node involvement. Three patients were treated with CVP, resulting in 2 complete remissions that lasted 18 months and 1 PR greater than 50% maintained for 7 months. One patient was treated with ABVD with a PR greater than 50% maintained for 10 months. The last patient was treated with prednisone and then with CV, but expired from pulmonary embolism after 1 cycle. Lymphocyte function, using E and EAC rosette and PHA, was evaluated before therapy in all patients: in the 2 patients who obtained a CR, an improvement in T-lymphocyte function was noted after therapy. The chromosome pattern of peripheral blood lymphocytes was altered before therapy in only one patient. Even if the follow-up period is still relatively brief, the duration of the 2 complete remissions must be stressed. In addition, a strict correlation between T-lymphocyte function and response to therapy was revealed in our study.", "PMID": 315125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4832", "title": "An electronic method for counting human T and B cell rosettes.", "content": "This study reports the adaptation of an electronic particle-counting method for the enumeration of T cell and B cell rosettes of human lymphocytes. This method and the conventional hemocytometer method were compared in parallel on seventeen T cell and seven B cell rosette enumerations in a blind study design. All data were analyzed for statistical significance; correlation coefficents were calculated. There was significant agreement between both methods for T cells at p less than 0.001 (mean particle counter 80.6% +/-11.3 mean hemocytometer 76.7+/-8.2%) and for the B cells at p less than 0.002 (mean particle counter 22.5+/-9.7, mean hemocytometer 23.4+/-5.12). These results demonstrate that the electronic particle counter is useful as a rapid, convenient, semi-automated method for the enumeration of T cell and B cell rosettes.", "contents": "An electronic method for counting human T and B cell rosettes. This study reports the adaptation of an electronic particle-counting method for the enumeration of T cell and B cell rosettes of human lymphocytes. This method and the conventional hemocytometer method were compared in parallel on seventeen T cell and seven B cell rosette enumerations in a blind study design. All data were analyzed for statistical significance; correlation coefficents were calculated. There was significant agreement between both methods for T cells at p less than 0.001 (mean particle counter 80.6% +/-11.3 mean hemocytometer 76.7+/-8.2%) and for the B cells at p less than 0.002 (mean particle counter 22.5+/-9.7, mean hemocytometer 23.4+/-5.12). These results demonstrate that the electronic particle counter is useful as a rapid, convenient, semi-automated method for the enumeration of T cell and B cell rosettes.", "PMID": 315130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4833", "title": "[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome].", "content": "Three patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are reported. In the first one, on the base of fibroduodenoscopy, an ulceriform cancer was found in the region of Vater's papilla in duodenum, with a penetration to pancreas and the elimination of gastrinoma (duodenectomy with right-side pancreas resection) led to the clinical healing, normalization of stomach secretion and the rest of the laboratory tests. Six years after the operation, the patient had no complaints and is with well preserved capacity for work. A gastrinoma, hazel-nut size, localized in the distal end of Wirsung's canal was concerned in the other two patients, that led to multiple recidivation and complications (hemorrhages and fistulas) of the duodenal peptic ulcer. One of the patients, due to the complications, underwent 7 resections and the other -- 3 but in neither of the two a radical operative intervention was performed (gastrinoma elimination or total gastrectomy) due to which one of them died four years and the other -- 8 years after the first operation and the onset of the clinical manifestations. Only the present radical operation treatment could lead to permanent results.", "contents": "[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]. Three patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are reported. In the first one, on the base of fibroduodenoscopy, an ulceriform cancer was found in the region of Vater's papilla in duodenum, with a penetration to pancreas and the elimination of gastrinoma (duodenectomy with right-side pancreas resection) led to the clinical healing, normalization of stomach secretion and the rest of the laboratory tests. Six years after the operation, the patient had no complaints and is with well preserved capacity for work. A gastrinoma, hazel-nut size, localized in the distal end of Wirsung's canal was concerned in the other two patients, that led to multiple recidivation and complications (hemorrhages and fistulas) of the duodenal peptic ulcer. One of the patients, due to the complications, underwent 7 resections and the other -- 3 but in neither of the two a radical operative intervention was performed (gastrinoma elimination or total gastrectomy) due to which one of them died four years and the other -- 8 years after the first operation and the onset of the clinical manifestations. Only the present radical operation treatment could lead to permanent results.", "PMID": 315132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4834", "title": "[Serotonin metabolism in the tissue of glial brain tumors].", "content": "Content of serotonin was distinctly decreased in human brain glial tumors and in transplanted rat gliomas. Activities of 5-hydroxytryptophane decarboxylase and mitochondrial monoamine oxidase were also lowered as compared with the normal state. Content of tryptophane (the main precursor of serotonin) was increased in human and animal tumor tissues; 5-hydroytryptophane was not found in gliomas. A decrease in the tryptophane hydroxylase activity occurred apparently in glioma tissues. The decrease in activity of 5-hydroxytryptorphane decarboxylase, found in tissues of brain glial tumors, might be considered as an adaptive mechanism, since content of serotonin was increased in the tumor tissues after administration of exogenous 5-hydroxytryptophane.", "contents": "[Serotonin metabolism in the tissue of glial brain tumors]. Content of serotonin was distinctly decreased in human brain glial tumors and in transplanted rat gliomas. Activities of 5-hydroxytryptophane decarboxylase and mitochondrial monoamine oxidase were also lowered as compared with the normal state. Content of tryptophane (the main precursor of serotonin) was increased in human and animal tumor tissues; 5-hydroytryptophane was not found in gliomas. A decrease in the tryptophane hydroxylase activity occurred apparently in glioma tissues. The decrease in activity of 5-hydroxytryptorphane decarboxylase, found in tissues of brain glial tumors, might be considered as an adaptive mechanism, since content of serotonin was increased in the tumor tissues after administration of exogenous 5-hydroxytryptophane.", "PMID": 315129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4835", "title": "[Mycoses of genital organs of girls - therapeutic problems (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapeutic effectiveness of poliene antibiotics, such as nystatin, polyfungin, and pimafucin, was comparatively analysed in the context of mycoses of the genital organs of girls in various periods of development. Early detection of fungi in genital organs, the oral cavity, rectum, and urethra is of great importance to mycosis treatment  of children. Whenever antimycotic treatment is followed by recurrent outbreaks, all persons in the child's closer environment have to be examined at any rate.", "contents": "[Mycoses of genital organs of girls - therapeutic problems (author's transl)]. The therapeutic effectiveness of poliene antibiotics, such as nystatin, polyfungin, and pimafucin, was comparatively analysed in the context of mycoses of the genital organs of girls in various periods of development. Early detection of fungi in genital organs, the oral cavity, rectum, and urethra is of great importance to mycosis treatment  of children. Whenever antimycotic treatment is followed by recurrent outbreaks, all persons in the child's closer environment have to be examined at any rate.", "PMID": 315140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4836", "title": "[Experimental pneumonia caused by an association of H. influenzae and the influenza virus].", "content": "Experiments in 400 non-inbred white mice indicated that the association of influenza virus A2 Hong Kong with H. influenzae enhanced the pathogenic action of the causative agents and led to the unfavorable clinical outcome only in those cases when these agents penetrated the body simultaneously, or when viral infection preceded bacterial infection. In those cases when influenza infection appeared in the presence of bacterial infection, the pathological process developed as a monoviral disease. The morphological changes in the lungs of the mice infected with H. influenzae corresponded to lesions caused by influenza virus and were manifested by pronounced hemodynamic disturbances.", "contents": "[Experimental pneumonia caused by an association of H. influenzae and the influenza virus]. Experiments in 400 non-inbred white mice indicated that the association of influenza virus A2 Hong Kong with H. influenzae enhanced the pathogenic action of the causative agents and led to the unfavorable clinical outcome only in those cases when these agents penetrated the body simultaneously, or when viral infection preceded bacterial infection. In those cases when influenza infection appeared in the presence of bacterial infection, the pathological process developed as a monoviral disease. The morphological changes in the lungs of the mice infected with H. influenzae corresponded to lesions caused by influenza virus and were manifested by pronounced hemodynamic disturbances.", "PMID": 315141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4837", "title": "[Effect of copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and acrylic acid on individual stages of immunogenesis].", "content": "The analysis of NA-5 and NA-6, copolymers of acrylic acid and N-vinylpyrrolidone obtained by the method of radical copolymerization, indicated that these copolymers, while having no toxicity characteristic of polyacrylic acid known to be a powerful agent for stimulating immunogenesis, increased the migration of stem cells, and the processes of T and B lymphocyte spreading, as well as sharply enhanced the effect of interaction between T and B lymphocytes and partially replaced the helper function of T cells; all these actions finally enhanced immune response in the body. A decrease in the toxicity of copolymers was found to be in linear relationship with the percentage of the links of acrylic acid, whereas the adjuvant activity of the copolymers remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Effect of copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and acrylic acid on individual stages of immunogenesis]. The analysis of NA-5 and NA-6, copolymers of acrylic acid and N-vinylpyrrolidone obtained by the method of radical copolymerization, indicated that these copolymers, while having no toxicity characteristic of polyacrylic acid known to be a powerful agent for stimulating immunogenesis, increased the migration of stem cells, and the processes of T and B lymphocyte spreading, as well as sharply enhanced the effect of interaction between T and B lymphocytes and partially replaced the helper function of T cells; all these actions finally enhanced immune response in the body. A decrease in the toxicity of copolymers was found to be in linear relationship with the percentage of the links of acrylic acid, whereas the adjuvant activity of the copolymers remained unchanged.", "PMID": 315142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4838", "title": "[Dynamics of T- and B-lymphocytes in the infectious process according to quantitative cytochemical findings].", "content": "Cytophotometric analysis with the use of autologous erythrocytes showed that T lymphocytes had the lowest RNA content and poorly differentiated lymphocytes had the highest RNA content, while in B cells an intermediate RNA level was observed, thus, the relative content of RNA could indicate to which particular system different peripheral blood cells belonged. In active infectious process, irrespective of the etiology of the disease, a decrease in both relative and absolute amounts of T lymphocytes and an increase in the amounts of poorly differentiated and B lymphocytes were observed.", "contents": "[Dynamics of T- and B-lymphocytes in the infectious process according to quantitative cytochemical findings]. Cytophotometric analysis with the use of autologous erythrocytes showed that T lymphocytes had the lowest RNA content and poorly differentiated lymphocytes had the highest RNA content, while in B cells an intermediate RNA level was observed, thus, the relative content of RNA could indicate to which particular system different peripheral blood cells belonged. In active infectious process, irrespective of the etiology of the disease, a decrease in both relative and absolute amounts of T lymphocytes and an increase in the amounts of poorly differentiated and B lymphocytes were observed.", "PMID": 315143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4839", "title": "[Effect of the color of visual stimuli on evoked human cortical potentials].", "content": "In subjects with normal colour vision and in those with its acquired defects, evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded in the primary and secondary areas of the visual cortex in response to monochromatic stimuli of equal energy and equal brightness. It is shown statistically that in case of stimuli of equal energy the EPs'characteristics were determined by the intensity and the colour of signals, whereas in case of equally bright stimuli the form, peak latencies and EP amplitude were actually dependent on the colour tone. These specificly colour changes in EPs were absent in colouranomals. The causes of a considerable individual variability of the connection between EP form and the colour are discussed. It is suggested that specific colour effects in the occipital EPs are caused by sensory opponent mechanisms of the visual system. It is shown that EPs may be used as an objective method for the estimation of colour discrimination in human subjects.", "contents": "[Effect of the color of visual stimuli on evoked human cortical potentials]. In subjects with normal colour vision and in those with its acquired defects, evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded in the primary and secondary areas of the visual cortex in response to monochromatic stimuli of equal energy and equal brightness. It is shown statistically that in case of stimuli of equal energy the EPs'characteristics were determined by the intensity and the colour of signals, whereas in case of equally bright stimuli the form, peak latencies and EP amplitude were actually dependent on the colour tone. These specificly colour changes in EPs were absent in colouranomals. The causes of a considerable individual variability of the connection between EP form and the colour are discussed. It is suggested that specific colour effects in the occipital EPs are caused by sensory opponent mechanisms of the visual system. It is shown that EPs may be used as an objective method for the estimation of colour discrimination in human subjects.", "PMID": 315139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4840", "title": "[Production of lymphotoxin by human lymphocytes. II. Stimulation by purified tuberculin].", "content": "A total of 43 lymphocyte culture (LC) from 12 adults (aged 32--48 years) and 21 children 6--7 years of age were studied. In PPD-stimulated adults LC stimulation ratio ranged from 8 to 39%; their cytotoxic activity, i.e. lymphotoxin (LT) production, was determined by staining target L cells with crystal violet and measuring protein synthesis in surviving target cells by radioactive amino acid incorporation. In children blastogenic response occurred in 11 out of 21 PPD-stimulated LC studied, but only 8 supernatant culture fluids were toxic to L cells and 3 were not. These findings were confirmed by repeated tests 3 weeks later. Probable correlation of BTL and LT production with the functional state of specific immunity to tuberculosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Production of lymphotoxin by human lymphocytes. II. Stimulation by purified tuberculin]. A total of 43 lymphocyte culture (LC) from 12 adults (aged 32--48 years) and 21 children 6--7 years of age were studied. In PPD-stimulated adults LC stimulation ratio ranged from 8 to 39%; their cytotoxic activity, i.e. lymphotoxin (LT) production, was determined by staining target L cells with crystal violet and measuring protein synthesis in surviving target cells by radioactive amino acid incorporation. In children blastogenic response occurred in 11 out of 21 PPD-stimulated LC studied, but only 8 supernatant culture fluids were toxic to L cells and 3 were not. These findings were confirmed by repeated tests 3 weeks later. Probable correlation of BTL and LT production with the functional state of specific immunity to tuberculosis is discussed.", "PMID": 315144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4841", "title": "[Different effect of testosterone on polypotential stem hematopoietic stem cells and immunocompetent B-lymphocytes].", "content": "A research was made to study the dynamics of the proliferative, colony-forming and migration capacity of stem hemopoietic cells in (CBA X C57Bl) F1 hybrid mice under the influence of testosterone propionate, 10 mg/100 g, as well as the migration of immunocompetent B lymphocytes from the bone marrow to the spleen and the accumlation of their progeny, antibody-producing cells, in the spleen. The immunodepressive effect of testosterone was manifested by a decrease in the migration of B cells and the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen. On the contrary, testosterone had a stimulating effect on the functional activity of stem hemopoietic cells, increasing their proliferation and migration. Under conditions of the suppressed erythropoietic differentiation of multipotent stem hemopoietic cells the injection of testosterone resulted in an increase in the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen. This suggests that the stimulation of erythropoiesis and immunosuppression, induced by testosterone, are interconnected and determined by the direct action of the hormone on the cellular cycle of the stem cells, as well as by their prevailing differentiation towards the erythroid series, resulting in the decrease of their differentiation into B cells.", "contents": "[Different effect of testosterone on polypotential stem hematopoietic stem cells and immunocompetent B-lymphocytes]. A research was made to study the dynamics of the proliferative, colony-forming and migration capacity of stem hemopoietic cells in (CBA X C57Bl) F1 hybrid mice under the influence of testosterone propionate, 10 mg/100 g, as well as the migration of immunocompetent B lymphocytes from the bone marrow to the spleen and the accumlation of their progeny, antibody-producing cells, in the spleen. The immunodepressive effect of testosterone was manifested by a decrease in the migration of B cells and the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen. On the contrary, testosterone had a stimulating effect on the functional activity of stem hemopoietic cells, increasing their proliferation and migration. Under conditions of the suppressed erythropoietic differentiation of multipotent stem hemopoietic cells the injection of testosterone resulted in an increase in the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen. This suggests that the stimulation of erythropoiesis and immunosuppression, induced by testosterone, are interconnected and determined by the direct action of the hormone on the cellular cycle of the stem cells, as well as by their prevailing differentiation towards the erythroid series, resulting in the decrease of their differentiation into B cells.", "PMID": 315145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4842", "title": "The mechanism of lysine-vasopressin hemostasis in bleeding esophageal varices.", "content": "The effect of vasopressin on the blood flow through experimentally induced esophageal varices and on the musculature of the lower end of the esophagus has been studied. The blood flow was measured by 85Kr injection into the portal vein and selective recording of the radioactivity of the blood flow through the varices. Simultaneous portography and recording of the portal and arterial blood pressure were performed. Following i.v. administration of vasopressin, there was seen a decrease in portal pressure and transient increase in arterial blood pressure. Simultaneously there was observed a decrease in blood flow through the varices, which were no longer visible at portography, while intra-esophageal pressure was increased. It is concluded that there is a dual mechanism of the effect of vasopressin on bleeding from esophageal varices. It reduces the portal pressure and it contracts the esophageal musculature with resultant compression of the afferent radicles to the submucosal esophageal varices.", "contents": "The mechanism of lysine-vasopressin hemostasis in bleeding esophageal varices. The effect of vasopressin on the blood flow through experimentally induced esophageal varices and on the musculature of the lower end of the esophagus has been studied. The blood flow was measured by 85Kr injection into the portal vein and selective recording of the radioactivity of the blood flow through the varices. Simultaneous portography and recording of the portal and arterial blood pressure were performed. Following i.v. administration of vasopressin, there was seen a decrease in portal pressure and transient increase in arterial blood pressure. Simultaneously there was observed a decrease in blood flow through the varices, which were no longer visible at portography, while intra-esophageal pressure was increased. It is concluded that there is a dual mechanism of the effect of vasopressin on bleeding from esophageal varices. It reduces the portal pressure and it contracts the esophageal musculature with resultant compression of the afferent radicles to the submucosal esophageal varices.", "PMID": 315146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4843", "title": "Vestibular recruitment and decruitment.", "content": "Serial Thermal Vestibulometry with the application of increasing caloric stimuli (corresponding to decreasing temperature of water at successive irrigration of the ears) was performed on normal subjects and patients with lesions in the central nervous system involving the statoacoustic subsystem. The normal values and 'slope' values (i.e.increase in degrees of velocity of slow component of nystagmus in response to each 4 degrees C change in water temperature) were computed to yield values of the normal vestibulogram. The values obtained in patients were compared with those of the Normograms and the following diagnostic patterns observed: (a) Hypograms, (b) Hypergrams, (c) Central Vestibular Decruitment. Central Vestibular Recruitment has been explained on the basis of the locus of the lesion leading to involvement of the nystagmogenic area in the lower part of the reticular formation, suprasegmental neurones in the vicinity of the vestibular nuclear complex, and partial destruction of the complex itself, each being responsible alone or in combination. Hypergrams presumably result from suprasegmental lesions, e.g. in cerebrum and stem components. Central decrittment follows neural lesions in the vestibular subsystem. Hypograms are found in vestibular nuclear pathology. Furthermore, it helps in charting a plan for therapy, viz. head and balance exercise, in particular, in the sense that his exercise is not helpful in cases with central decruitment but is in peripheral one. An explanation for this has been put forward.", "contents": "Vestibular recruitment and decruitment. Serial Thermal Vestibulometry with the application of increasing caloric stimuli (corresponding to decreasing temperature of water at successive irrigration of the ears) was performed on normal subjects and patients with lesions in the central nervous system involving the statoacoustic subsystem. The normal values and 'slope' values (i.e.increase in degrees of velocity of slow component of nystagmus in response to each 4 degrees C change in water temperature) were computed to yield values of the normal vestibulogram. The values obtained in patients were compared with those of the Normograms and the following diagnostic patterns observed: (a) Hypograms, (b) Hypergrams, (c) Central Vestibular Decruitment. Central Vestibular Recruitment has been explained on the basis of the locus of the lesion leading to involvement of the nystagmogenic area in the lower part of the reticular formation, suprasegmental neurones in the vicinity of the vestibular nuclear complex, and partial destruction of the complex itself, each being responsible alone or in combination. Hypergrams presumably result from suprasegmental lesions, e.g. in cerebrum and stem components. Central decrittment follows neural lesions in the vestibular subsystem. Hypograms are found in vestibular nuclear pathology. Furthermore, it helps in charting a plan for therapy, viz. head and balance exercise, in particular, in the sense that his exercise is not helpful in cases with central decruitment but is in peripheral one. An explanation for this has been put forward.", "PMID": 315150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4844", "title": "The maturation of vestibular nystagmus in infancy and childhood.", "content": "The displacements, durations, and velocities of the slow and fast components of both the primary and secondary nystagmus induced by constant angular acceleration were measured in 46 normal children 1 month to 11 years old. There were significant changes in nystagmus parameters in respect to maturation. The young infant had larger amplitude, higher velocity beats than the older child during both the primary and the secondary nystagmus. Parameters describing both the primary and the secondary nystagmus reached their peak values and terminated earlier in the infant than in the older child. Although the slow component velocity during secondary nystagmus was much slower than during the primary nystagmus at all ages, the secondary nystagmus/primary nystagmus ratio was significantly greater in early infancy. Thus, in infancy, as compared with later childhood, the vigor of the secondary nystagmus was disproportionately greater than the primary nystagmus. These results were discussed in relation to the maturation both of vestibular responsiveness and of vestibular adaptation.", "contents": "The maturation of vestibular nystagmus in infancy and childhood. The displacements, durations, and velocities of the slow and fast components of both the primary and secondary nystagmus induced by constant angular acceleration were measured in 46 normal children 1 month to 11 years old. There were significant changes in nystagmus parameters in respect to maturation. The young infant had larger amplitude, higher velocity beats than the older child during both the primary and the secondary nystagmus. Parameters describing both the primary and the secondary nystagmus reached their peak values and terminated earlier in the infant than in the older child. Although the slow component velocity during secondary nystagmus was much slower than during the primary nystagmus at all ages, the secondary nystagmus/primary nystagmus ratio was significantly greater in early infancy. Thus, in infancy, as compared with later childhood, the vigor of the secondary nystagmus was disproportionately greater than the primary nystagmus. These results were discussed in relation to the maturation both of vestibular responsiveness and of vestibular adaptation.", "PMID": 315151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4845", "title": "Plasticity of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.", "content": "The plasticity of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was investigated by examining three different processes, namely vestibular habituation to repeated head angular velocity steps, vestibular compensation after hemilabyrinthectomy, and vestibular compensation in patients suffering from unilateral M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. The first two processes were examined in the cat, while the third process was studied in man. A quantification of these processes was obtained by computing some parameters characterizing the diagrams of the slow cumulative eye position (SCEP) and the slow phase eye velocity (SPEV) or by using the nystagmic responses to identify the main parameters of VOR. Finally, an attempt was made to interpretate the plasticity of VOR in terms of a multilevel hierarchical organization of the system controlling vestibularly induced eye movements.", "contents": "Plasticity of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. The plasticity of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was investigated by examining three different processes, namely vestibular habituation to repeated head angular velocity steps, vestibular compensation after hemilabyrinthectomy, and vestibular compensation in patients suffering from unilateral M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. The first two processes were examined in the cat, while the third process was studied in man. A quantification of these processes was obtained by computing some parameters characterizing the diagrams of the slow cumulative eye position (SCEP) and the slow phase eye velocity (SPEV) or by using the nystagmic responses to identify the main parameters of VOR. Finally, an attempt was made to interpretate the plasticity of VOR in terms of a multilevel hierarchical organization of the system controlling vestibularly induced eye movements.", "PMID": 315152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4846", "title": "Adult T cell leukemia. Histological classification and characteristics.", "content": "Adult T cell leukemia was classified into two distinct types, monomorphic and pleomorphic, according to their histological and cytological features. The former type is composed of uniform neoplastic cells with round or slightly indented nuclei without any marked deformation. The latter type, on the other hand, occupies a unique position in lymphocytic leukemias with the following characteristics: a) onset in adulthood, b) an acute and subacute course, c) well-differentiated T cell origin of the neoplastic cells, d) pleomorphism of the neoplastic cells with markedly deformed nuclei, e) diffuse proliferation of the neoplastic cells without nodular pattern, f) histologically heterogeneous features of lymph nodes frequently admixing a cluster of normal lymphocytes, proliferation of macrophages and dendritic cells, and well-developed high endothelium venules, g) high incidence of skin lesions due to the infiltration of neoplastic cells, and h) exclusively limited localization of patients' birth places.", "contents": "Adult T cell leukemia. Histological classification and characteristics. Adult T cell leukemia was classified into two distinct types, monomorphic and pleomorphic, according to their histological and cytological features. The former type is composed of uniform neoplastic cells with round or slightly indented nuclei without any marked deformation. The latter type, on the other hand, occupies a unique position in lymphocytic leukemias with the following characteristics: a) onset in adulthood, b) an acute and subacute course, c) well-differentiated T cell origin of the neoplastic cells, d) pleomorphism of the neoplastic cells with markedly deformed nuclei, e) diffuse proliferation of the neoplastic cells without nodular pattern, f) histologically heterogeneous features of lymph nodes frequently admixing a cluster of normal lymphocytes, proliferation of macrophages and dendritic cells, and well-developed high endothelium venules, g) high incidence of skin lesions due to the infiltration of neoplastic cells, and h) exclusively limited localization of patients' birth places.", "PMID": 315153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4847", "title": "Mitogenic stimulation of human lymphocyte subpopulations by Lathyrus odoratus lectin.", "content": "Investigation was made of the mitogenic activation by Lathyrus odoratus (LATH) lectin and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) of human T-enriched and non-T lympohcytes isolated by nylon wool filtration and sheep erythrocyte rosette depletion, respectively. LATH stimulated only weakly the T-enriched and non-T fractions as compared to PHA which strongly stimulated the T-enriched population and weakly stimulated the non-T cells. Removal of phagocytic cells from the unfractionated lymphocytes caused only a slight reduction in the response to LATH. The responses of mixtures of T-enriched and non-T lymphocytes were similar to that of unfractionated lymphocytes. The LATH lectin seems, therefore, to be neither a pure T nor a pure non-T cell mitogen, since both populations must be present for optimal response. When alpha-methyl-D-mannoside was added to unfractionated lymphocytes together with LATH, there was a strong inhibition of thymidine incorporation. D-glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine diminished the stimulation effect to a lesser degree.", "contents": "Mitogenic stimulation of human lymphocyte subpopulations by Lathyrus odoratus lectin. Investigation was made of the mitogenic activation by Lathyrus odoratus (LATH) lectin and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) of human T-enriched and non-T lympohcytes isolated by nylon wool filtration and sheep erythrocyte rosette depletion, respectively. LATH stimulated only weakly the T-enriched and non-T fractions as compared to PHA which strongly stimulated the T-enriched population and weakly stimulated the non-T cells. Removal of phagocytic cells from the unfractionated lymphocytes caused only a slight reduction in the response to LATH. The responses of mixtures of T-enriched and non-T lymphocytes were similar to that of unfractionated lymphocytes. The LATH lectin seems, therefore, to be neither a pure T nor a pure non-T cell mitogen, since both populations must be present for optimal response. When alpha-methyl-D-mannoside was added to unfractionated lymphocytes together with LATH, there was a strong inhibition of thymidine incorporation. D-glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine diminished the stimulation effect to a lesser degree.", "PMID": 315154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4848", "title": "Do bursa-derived T cells exist?", "content": "In order to study the bursal origin of T cells, 18-d chromosomally-marked bursa cells were transplanted into 18-d chick embryos treated with cyclophosphamide (CY). Transfer of bursa cells restored not only the humoral immune functions but also the mitogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes against phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A (Con A). Transplanted bursa cells proliferated primarily in the recipients' bursa. Only 8 out of 209 Con A responsive spleen cells were of donor origin, but no donor-derived cells were observed in the thymus. These findings suggest that cells in the 18-d embryonic bursa are already committed to the B cell lineage, and are not capable of migrating into thymus and of developing into mature T cells.", "contents": "Do bursa-derived T cells exist? In order to study the bursal origin of T cells, 18-d chromosomally-marked bursa cells were transplanted into 18-d chick embryos treated with cyclophosphamide (CY). Transfer of bursa cells restored not only the humoral immune functions but also the mitogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes against phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A (Con A). Transplanted bursa cells proliferated primarily in the recipients' bursa. Only 8 out of 209 Con A responsive spleen cells were of donor origin, but no donor-derived cells were observed in the thymus. These findings suggest that cells in the 18-d embryonic bursa are already committed to the B cell lineage, and are not capable of migrating into thymus and of developing into mature T cells.", "PMID": 315155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4849", "title": "The 24Na-transport increasing effect of veratrine in frog sartorius muscle influenced by the tonicity, composition and temperature of the external environment.", "content": "The influence of tonicity, ionic composition and temperature of the incubating medium on the increasing effect of veratrine on 24Na transport in the frog sartorius muscle has been studied. (1) The effect of veratrine applied during 24Na loading on the rate coefficient for sodium loss depended on the tonicity of the medium. The rate of loss of 24Na from muscles loaded in the presence of veratrine was not affected if the muscles had been equilibrated in hypertonic medium. However, when treating the muscles with veratrine in isotonic medium during 24Na loading, we obtained a twofold increase in the rate coefficient for sodium loss. (2) The effect of veratrine applied during the desaturation period on 24Na efflux was also found to depend on the tonicity of the medium. Veratrine applied during the desaturation period increased the 24Na efflux in muscles equilibrated in isotonic Ringer's solution. However, when the muscles were equilibrated in hypertonic medium, veratrine did not influence 24Na efflux, not even after the rate of 24Na loss had been decreased by ouabain. (3) Hypertonic medium inhibited the Li uptake-enhancing effect of veratrine, while in isotonic medium veratrine had a marked enhancing effect. (4) In hypertonic medium lithium inhibited the otherwise characteristic increasing effect of veratrine on 24 Na uptake. (5) The increase of intracellular sodium concentration as a result of incubation in cold, potassium-free Ringer's solution did not influence the 24Na exchange-increasing effect of veratrine in isotonic medium. (6) The increasing effects of 0.1 and 0.5 mM veratrine on 24Na influx had the same degree at room temperature. However, at 5 degrees C 0.5 mM veratrine increased 24Na influx to a greater extent than 0.1 mM. (7) On the basis of our earlier experiments it has been suggested that the site of action of the 24Na uptake-increasing effect of veratrine could be the neural structures in the muscle equilibrated in hypertonic media. The present experiments confirm this suggestion and at the same time demonstrate that there are substantial differences in the mechanism of the sodium transport of veratrine-treated neural and muscle membranes, which become more apparent in hypertonic medium.", "contents": "The 24Na-transport increasing effect of veratrine in frog sartorius muscle influenced by the tonicity, composition and temperature of the external environment. The influence of tonicity, ionic composition and temperature of the incubating medium on the increasing effect of veratrine on 24Na transport in the frog sartorius muscle has been studied. (1) The effect of veratrine applied during 24Na loading on the rate coefficient for sodium loss depended on the tonicity of the medium. The rate of loss of 24Na from muscles loaded in the presence of veratrine was not affected if the muscles had been equilibrated in hypertonic medium. However, when treating the muscles with veratrine in isotonic medium during 24Na loading, we obtained a twofold increase in the rate coefficient for sodium loss. (2) The effect of veratrine applied during the desaturation period on 24Na efflux was also found to depend on the tonicity of the medium. Veratrine applied during the desaturation period increased the 24Na efflux in muscles equilibrated in isotonic Ringer's solution. However, when the muscles were equilibrated in hypertonic medium, veratrine did not influence 24Na efflux, not even after the rate of 24Na loss had been decreased by ouabain. (3) Hypertonic medium inhibited the Li uptake-enhancing effect of veratrine, while in isotonic medium veratrine had a marked enhancing effect. (4) In hypertonic medium lithium inhibited the otherwise characteristic increasing effect of veratrine on 24 Na uptake. (5) The increase of intracellular sodium concentration as a result of incubation in cold, potassium-free Ringer's solution did not influence the 24Na exchange-increasing effect of veratrine in isotonic medium. (6) The increasing effects of 0.1 and 0.5 mM veratrine on 24Na influx had the same degree at room temperature. However, at 5 degrees C 0.5 mM veratrine increased 24Na influx to a greater extent than 0.1 mM. (7) On the basis of our earlier experiments it has been suggested that the site of action of the 24Na uptake-increasing effect of veratrine could be the neural structures in the muscle equilibrated in hypertonic media. The present experiments confirm this suggestion and at the same time demonstrate that there are substantial differences in the mechanism of the sodium transport of veratrine-treated neural and muscle membranes, which become more apparent in hypertonic medium.", "PMID": 315156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4850", "title": "Acquired hydrocephalus. IV. Determination of the absorption rate of albumin from the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "By quantitative isotope ventriculography (QIV), the absorption rate (lambda 2) of albumin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined. Regard was paid to the rate constants for the exchange of the albumin molecule between the serum and extravascular phase. The rate constant lambda 2 and mean biological transit time Tmb-2 were determined in 22 patients suspected of acquired hydrocephalus. QIV revealed that 8 patients were hydrocephalic, while 13 were non-hydrocephalic, and the findings were uncertain in one. In the patients with acquired hydrocephalus, it was demonstrated that lambda 2 and Tmb-2 were significantly reduced as compared with the non-hydrocephalic patients. By means of QIV, a curve was calculated and plotted for the biological decay from the head--the retention curve. From the initial slope of this curve (0--24 hours), the rate constant lambda 2 was calculated. A comparison of lambda 4 and lambd 2 revealed a highly significant correlation, which means that the retention curve gives an acceptable measure of the absorption rate of CSF-albumin.", "contents": "Acquired hydrocephalus. IV. Determination of the absorption rate of albumin from the cerebrospinal fluid. By quantitative isotope ventriculography (QIV), the absorption rate (lambda 2) of albumin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined. Regard was paid to the rate constants for the exchange of the albumin molecule between the serum and extravascular phase. The rate constant lambda 2 and mean biological transit time Tmb-2 were determined in 22 patients suspected of acquired hydrocephalus. QIV revealed that 8 patients were hydrocephalic, while 13 were non-hydrocephalic, and the findings were uncertain in one. In the patients with acquired hydrocephalus, it was demonstrated that lambda 2 and Tmb-2 were significantly reduced as compared with the non-hydrocephalic patients. By means of QIV, a curve was calculated and plotted for the biological decay from the head--the retention curve. From the initial slope of this curve (0--24 hours), the rate constant lambda 2 was calculated. A comparison of lambda 4 and lambd 2 revealed a highly significant correlation, which means that the retention curve gives an acceptable measure of the absorption rate of CSF-albumin.", "PMID": 315158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4851", "title": "Effect of coronary arterial bypass surgery on exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized study.", "content": "The effect of coronary arterial bypass surgery on exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and their relation to sudden death was examined in 102 patients with stable angina pectoris randomly assigned to medical and surgical therapy (54 and 48 patients, respectively). Symptom-limited treadmill tests were performed at entry and at 1 and 5 years. The surgical group demonstrated significant improvement in exercise performance at 1 year compared with the medical group, and at 5 years exercise-induced ischemia as evidenced by S-T depression and exertional angina remained substantially decreased in the surgical group with little change in the medical group. However, the frequency and severity of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in each group remained unchanged at 1 and 5 years from those at entry. Similar results were obtained from an evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias in the electrocardiogram at rest. With the exception of exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, no relation was found between ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Coronary bypass grafting does not decrease the frequency or severity of exercise-induced or resting ventricular arrhythmias. In patients with stable angina pectoris, with the exception of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias are poor predictors of sudden death. The data suggest that exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias may not be related to ischemia but to other effects of exercise such as cardiac stimulation by catecholamines or other factors.", "contents": "Effect of coronary arterial bypass surgery on exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized study. The effect of coronary arterial bypass surgery on exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and their relation to sudden death was examined in 102 patients with stable angina pectoris randomly assigned to medical and surgical therapy (54 and 48 patients, respectively). Symptom-limited treadmill tests were performed at entry and at 1 and 5 years. The surgical group demonstrated significant improvement in exercise performance at 1 year compared with the medical group, and at 5 years exercise-induced ischemia as evidenced by S-T depression and exertional angina remained substantially decreased in the surgical group with little change in the medical group. However, the frequency and severity of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in each group remained unchanged at 1 and 5 years from those at entry. Similar results were obtained from an evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias in the electrocardiogram at rest. With the exception of exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, no relation was found between ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Coronary bypass grafting does not decrease the frequency or severity of exercise-induced or resting ventricular arrhythmias. In patients with stable angina pectoris, with the exception of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias are poor predictors of sudden death. The data suggest that exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias may not be related to ischemia but to other effects of exercise such as cardiac stimulation by catecholamines or other factors.", "PMID": 315162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4852", "title": "Surgery for life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "content": "Among 203 left ventricular aneurysmectomies performed since 1970, the operative mortality rate was 18.7 percent. In 49 patients (24 percent), left ventricular aneurysmectomy was performed for refractory life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Eight additional patients had coronary bypass grafting without ventricular aneurysmectomy. One of these patients had bypass grafting followed later by ventricular aneurysmectomy. All 56 patients had underlying coronary artery disease. The operative mortality rate was 19.6 percent. In patients with a recent myocardial infarction, the rate was 60 percent, whereas it was 11 percent in patients with a remote myocardial infarction. Other high risk variables in these patients included coronary bypass grafting without myocardial resection, and an elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The late mortality rate was 17.9 percent, but only one of these deaths was sudden and unexpected. The 35 long-term survivors have been followed up for a mean of 40.7 months (range 7 to 92 months). Of these, 20 remain on antiarrhythmic medications for palpitation or documented ventricular premature complexes, whereas 15 are free of detectable rhythm disturbances and do not require antiarrhythmic agents. Only 4 of 35 (11 percent) have had recurrent documented ventricular tachycardia. Left ventricular aneurysmectomy may be performed for refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias with an acceptable operative mortality, particularly if the patient has survived longer than 6 weeks after myocardial infarction. Although epicardial mapping techniques may be useful in localizing the reentrant pathway of the ventricular tachycardia, ventricular aneurysmectomy without mapping techniques produces a satisfactory clinical result in the vast majority of long-term survivors.", "contents": "Surgery for life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Among 203 left ventricular aneurysmectomies performed since 1970, the operative mortality rate was 18.7 percent. In 49 patients (24 percent), left ventricular aneurysmectomy was performed for refractory life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Eight additional patients had coronary bypass grafting without ventricular aneurysmectomy. One of these patients had bypass grafting followed later by ventricular aneurysmectomy. All 56 patients had underlying coronary artery disease. The operative mortality rate was 19.6 percent. In patients with a recent myocardial infarction, the rate was 60 percent, whereas it was 11 percent in patients with a remote myocardial infarction. Other high risk variables in these patients included coronary bypass grafting without myocardial resection, and an elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The late mortality rate was 17.9 percent, but only one of these deaths was sudden and unexpected. The 35 long-term survivors have been followed up for a mean of 40.7 months (range 7 to 92 months). Of these, 20 remain on antiarrhythmic medications for palpitation or documented ventricular premature complexes, whereas 15 are free of detectable rhythm disturbances and do not require antiarrhythmic agents. Only 4 of 35 (11 percent) have had recurrent documented ventricular tachycardia. Left ventricular aneurysmectomy may be performed for refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmias with an acceptable operative mortality, particularly if the patient has survived longer than 6 weeks after myocardial infarction. Although epicardial mapping techniques may be useful in localizing the reentrant pathway of the ventricular tachycardia, ventricular aneurysmectomy without mapping techniques produces a satisfactory clinical result in the vast majority of long-term survivors.", "PMID": 315163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4853", "title": "Acquired von Willebrand disease associated with an inhibitor to factor VIII antigen and gastrointestinal telangiectasia.", "content": "A patient with acquired von Willebrand disease and gastrointestinal telangiectasia is described. He presented with the recent onset of spontaneous hemorrhage and demonstrated a prolonged bleeding time, reduced factor VIII coagulant (FVIII:C), and undetectable factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIR:AG) and ristocetin cofactor (FVIIIR:WF). Following transfusion of cryoprecipitate, there was a smaller than expected immediate increase in FVIII:C, FVIIIR:WF and FVIIIR:AG, with a rapid return to baseline levels and no secondary increase in FVIII:C. An inhibitor could be demonstrated in the patient's plasma which markedly decreased the level of FVIIIR:AG in normal plasma whereas it only weakly decreased the activity of FVIIIR:WF and FVIII:C. The inhibitor was contained in the immunoglobulin G(IgG) fraction of plasma and lacked precipitating properties. This inhibitor demonstrates a specificity not previously seen in spontaneous antifactor VIII antibodies. Our report also demonstrates that ristocetin-induced agglutination of platelets is not always the most sensitive method for detecting an inhibitor in acquired von Willebrand disease.", "contents": "Acquired von Willebrand disease associated with an inhibitor to factor VIII antigen and gastrointestinal telangiectasia. A patient with acquired von Willebrand disease and gastrointestinal telangiectasia is described. He presented with the recent onset of spontaneous hemorrhage and demonstrated a prolonged bleeding time, reduced factor VIII coagulant (FVIII:C), and undetectable factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIR:AG) and ristocetin cofactor (FVIIIR:WF). Following transfusion of cryoprecipitate, there was a smaller than expected immediate increase in FVIII:C, FVIIIR:WF and FVIIIR:AG, with a rapid return to baseline levels and no secondary increase in FVIII:C. An inhibitor could be demonstrated in the patient's plasma which markedly decreased the level of FVIIIR:AG in normal plasma whereas it only weakly decreased the activity of FVIIIR:WF and FVIII:C. The inhibitor was contained in the immunoglobulin G(IgG) fraction of plasma and lacked precipitating properties. This inhibitor demonstrates a specificity not previously seen in spontaneous antifactor VIII antibodies. Our report also demonstrates that ristocetin-induced agglutination of platelets is not always the most sensitive method for detecting an inhibitor in acquired von Willebrand disease.", "PMID": 315164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4854", "title": "alpha-Naphthyl acetate esterase activity--a cytochemical marker for T lymphocytees. Correlation with immunologic studies of normal tissues, lymphocytic leukemias, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease, and other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "Cytochemical identification of T lymphocytes on the basis of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (NAE) activity was compared with immunologic markers for cell suspensions and/or cryostat sections of 113 specimens. Nonneoplastic tissues (peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleens, tonsils, thymus, and pleural fluid) and specimens from various lymphoproliferative disorders, including acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of B-and T-cell types, and Hodgkin's disease, were evaluated. T (E-rosetting) cells demonstrated several patterns of NAE reactivity: 1) a strong globular reaction product, the most specific pattern for T-cell identification, 2) granular cytoplasmic staining, or 3) no reactivity. B lymphocytes revealed a granular pattern of NAE staining, were devoid of enzyme, or, in rare instances, exhibited strong NAE activity. Percentages of lymphoid cells with strong (globular) NAE activity closely paralleled T-cell (E-rosette) values in the majority of cases, with the best correlations observed for peripheral blood studies. However, discordant results were noted for some neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues, including cases of T-cell lymphoma or leukemia. Markedly discrepant results were noted for thymic lymphocytes, most of which revealed E-rosette formation and weak or absent NAE activity. Lymph nodes involved by Hodgkin's disease demonstrated a heterogeneous pattern of staining in E-rosetting cells and in Reed-Sternberg variants. Cryostat section studies of reactive lymph nodes and nodular lymphomas demonstrated strong NAE staining in lymphoid cells of T-cell (interfollicular, internodular) areas, with little or no positivity in follicles or nodules (B-cell areas). NAE staining patterns further suggested that T cells comprise part of the follicular cuff and possibly represent a minor population of some neoplastic nodules. Although NAE determinations do not represent a consistently reliable alternative to immunologic methods for T-cell identification, this easily applicable cytochemical marker is complementary to other techniques in assessing neoplastic or nonneoplastic tissues, particularly cryostat sections. (Am J Pathol 97:17--42, 1979).", "contents": "alpha-Naphthyl acetate esterase activity--a cytochemical marker for T lymphocytees. Correlation with immunologic studies of normal tissues, lymphocytic leukemias, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease, and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Cytochemical identification of T lymphocytes on the basis of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (NAE) activity was compared with immunologic markers for cell suspensions and/or cryostat sections of 113 specimens. Nonneoplastic tissues (peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleens, tonsils, thymus, and pleural fluid) and specimens from various lymphoproliferative disorders, including acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of B-and T-cell types, and Hodgkin's disease, were evaluated. T (E-rosetting) cells demonstrated several patterns of NAE reactivity: 1) a strong globular reaction product, the most specific pattern for T-cell identification, 2) granular cytoplasmic staining, or 3) no reactivity. B lymphocytes revealed a granular pattern of NAE staining, were devoid of enzyme, or, in rare instances, exhibited strong NAE activity. Percentages of lymphoid cells with strong (globular) NAE activity closely paralleled T-cell (E-rosette) values in the majority of cases, with the best correlations observed for peripheral blood studies. However, discordant results were noted for some neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues, including cases of T-cell lymphoma or leukemia. Markedly discrepant results were noted for thymic lymphocytes, most of which revealed E-rosette formation and weak or absent NAE activity. Lymph nodes involved by Hodgkin's disease demonstrated a heterogeneous pattern of staining in E-rosetting cells and in Reed-Sternberg variants. Cryostat section studies of reactive lymph nodes and nodular lymphomas demonstrated strong NAE staining in lymphoid cells of T-cell (interfollicular, internodular) areas, with little or no positivity in follicles or nodules (B-cell areas). NAE staining patterns further suggested that T cells comprise part of the follicular cuff and possibly represent a minor population of some neoplastic nodules. Although NAE determinations do not represent a consistently reliable alternative to immunologic methods for T-cell identification, this easily applicable cytochemical marker is complementary to other techniques in assessing neoplastic or nonneoplastic tissues, particularly cryostat sections. (Am J Pathol 97:17--42, 1979).", "PMID": 315166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4855", "title": "The epidemiology of forcible rape.", "content": "Problems of measurement of the incidence of rape are considered, and empirical findings are summarized regarding prevalence, demographic and psychiatric characteristics of offenders, spatial and temporal distribution of offenses, victim-offender relationships, and evidence about recidivism and progression of crimes. Findings are discussed in the framework of blame models and their implications for treatment and prevention.", "contents": "The epidemiology of forcible rape. Problems of measurement of the incidence of rape are considered, and empirical findings are summarized regarding prevalence, demographic and psychiatric characteristics of offenders, spatial and temporal distribution of offenses, victim-offender relationships, and evidence about recidivism and progression of crimes. Findings are discussed in the framework of blame models and their implications for treatment and prevention.", "PMID": 315167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4856", "title": "Nature of load dependence of relaxation in cardiac muscle.", "content": "Relaxation of spontaneously contracting single rat cardiac cells with an effective sarcoplasmic reticulum was shown to be sensitive to load, as previously described for intact mammalian ventricular cardiac muscle. Caffeine and tetanic stimulation could modify load-dependent relaxation in intact papillary muscle from cat or rat into a load-insensitive relaxation. Although such load dependence was demonstrated to be normally absent in frog ventricular cardiac muscle, in the present study it could also be made moderately manifest under specific conditions, e.g., high calcium, low sodium, or ouabain. The appearance of load dependence during relaxation in cardiac muscle thus emphasizes the presence of an effective sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Nature of load dependence of relaxation in cardiac muscle. Relaxation of spontaneously contracting single rat cardiac cells with an effective sarcoplasmic reticulum was shown to be sensitive to load, as previously described for intact mammalian ventricular cardiac muscle. Caffeine and tetanic stimulation could modify load-dependent relaxation in intact papillary muscle from cat or rat into a load-insensitive relaxation. Although such load dependence was demonstrated to be normally absent in frog ventricular cardiac muscle, in the present study it could also be made moderately manifest under specific conditions, e.g., high calcium, low sodium, or ouabain. The appearance of load dependence during relaxation in cardiac muscle thus emphasizes the presence of an effective sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 315168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4857", "title": "Glyconeogenesis from lactate in frog striated muscle.", "content": "The rates of 14carbon incorporation into CO2 and glycogen from [U-14C]-lactate and [1-14C]acetate in frog sartorius muscles were compared. The rates of incorporation into CO2 were similar, while the rate of incorporation of lactate into glycogen was more than 200-fold larger than that of acetate incorporation. It is concluded that the pathway of lactate incorporation into glycogen does not involve Krebs cycle intermediates and is extramitochondrial. To test the possibility that the pathway of lactate incorporation involves net reversal of a pyruvate kinase, the changes in phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate concentrations during stimulation of lactate incorporation into glycogen were measured. There wer none. The mass action ratio of pyruvate kinase was calculated. This value was two orders of magnitude from the equilibrium constant and it was concluded that reversal of pyruvate kinase was a very unlikely pathway. To test the possibility that a pathway involving the oxaloacetate-to-phosphoenolpyruvate step was involved the muscles were treated with 3-mercaptopicolinate, an inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The treatment resulted in decreased incorporation of lactate into glycogen.", "contents": "Glyconeogenesis from lactate in frog striated muscle. The rates of 14carbon incorporation into CO2 and glycogen from [U-14C]-lactate and [1-14C]acetate in frog sartorius muscles were compared. The rates of incorporation into CO2 were similar, while the rate of incorporation of lactate into glycogen was more than 200-fold larger than that of acetate incorporation. It is concluded that the pathway of lactate incorporation into glycogen does not involve Krebs cycle intermediates and is extramitochondrial. To test the possibility that the pathway of lactate incorporation involves net reversal of a pyruvate kinase, the changes in phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate concentrations during stimulation of lactate incorporation into glycogen were measured. There wer none. The mass action ratio of pyruvate kinase was calculated. This value was two orders of magnitude from the equilibrium constant and it was concluded that reversal of pyruvate kinase was a very unlikely pathway. To test the possibility that a pathway involving the oxaloacetate-to-phosphoenolpyruvate step was involved the muscles were treated with 3-mercaptopicolinate, an inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The treatment resulted in decreased incorporation of lactate into glycogen.", "PMID": 315169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4858", "title": "Lower gastrointestinal bleeding with negative or inconclusive radiographic studies: the role of colonoscopy.", "content": "The records of more than 1,000 patients who underwent colonoscopy were reviewed. The study group consisted of 55 of these 1,000 patients who had persistent unexplained bleeding per rectum and negative radiographic examinations. Colonoscopy was helpful in defining the site of bleeding in approximately 50 per cent of the patients studied.", "contents": "Lower gastrointestinal bleeding with negative or inconclusive radiographic studies: the role of colonoscopy. The records of more than 1,000 patients who underwent colonoscopy were reviewed. The study group consisted of 55 of these 1,000 patients who had persistent unexplained bleeding per rectum and negative radiographic examinations. Colonoscopy was helpful in defining the site of bleeding in approximately 50 per cent of the patients studied.", "PMID": 315170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4859", "title": "Variability of glaucomatous visual field defects in computerized perimetry.", "content": "Normal subjects are able to maintain a stable level of performance throughout a test session of 30 min, using 0.5 s exposure time. Test points placed in normal areas of glaucoma cases behave similarly, whereas test points in relative scotomatous parts of the field show not only a lower sensitivity level but also a tendency to a decline of the performance level and/or a higher threshold variation. Change of exposure time showed remarkable effects on the performance level at defect points, an increase to 1 s causing a stabilization on an improved level and a decrease to 0.25 s giving a deterioration. The results are discussed in terms of noise admixture to the signal. According to this model an increased noise amplitude by impaired retinal function reduces the performance level and augments the variation. On the other hand, an increased exposure time of the test object, which causes a stabilization of the process on an improved performance level, may be interpreted as a reduction of the noise amplitude.", "contents": "Variability of glaucomatous visual field defects in computerized perimetry. Normal subjects are able to maintain a stable level of performance throughout a test session of 30 min, using 0.5 s exposure time. Test points placed in normal areas of glaucoma cases behave similarly, whereas test points in relative scotomatous parts of the field show not only a lower sensitivity level but also a tendency to a decline of the performance level and/or a higher threshold variation. Change of exposure time showed remarkable effects on the performance level at defect points, an increase to 1 s causing a stabilization on an improved level and a decrease to 0.25 s giving a deterioration. The results are discussed in terms of noise admixture to the signal. According to this model an increased noise amplitude by impaired retinal function reduces the performance level and augments the variation. On the other hand, an increased exposure time of the test object, which causes a stabilization of the process on an improved performance level, may be interpreted as a reduction of the noise amplitude.", "PMID": 315173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4860", "title": "[Influence of glycosaminoglycan synthesis of cultured cornea stroma cells by variation of culture condition].", "content": "Cultured cells derived from bovine corneal stroma synthesize all types of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and distribute these macromolecules into topographically different compartments in a reproducible manner. Each compartment is characterized by a typical glycosaminoglycan distribution pattern. Corneal fibroblasts synthesize in vitro only small amounts of keratan sulfate in contrast to the in vivo conditions. We have, therefore, investigated the synthesis and topographical distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans as influenced by different culture conditions. The following results were obtained: 1) Cocultivation of epithelial and stromal fibroblasts from bovine cornea led to an increased incorporation of radiosulfate into sulfated glycosaminoglycans by about 50% as compared to the theoretical value. Glycosaminoglycan distribution of mixed cultures into different compartments showed no similarity compared with pure epithelial or stromal fibroblasts. 2) Addition of native or heat inactivated anterior chamber fluid to the culture medium was followed by a twofold increase of [35S]-sulfate incorporation and by an augmented intracellular and pericellular accumulation of labeled macromolecules. 3) Reduction of the incubation temperature led to a reduced synthesis of glycosaminoglycans without influencing their topographical distribution. Growth of stromal cells on type I collagen was accompanied by a reduced glycosaminoglycan synthesis of about 25%. Extracellular macromolecules reached only half of the normal value, while intracellularly their concentration was slightly increased. 4) None of the variations of the culture condition led to a significant change of the distribution pattern of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Especially, no significant increase of keratan sulfate biosynthesis could be detected.", "contents": "[Influence of glycosaminoglycan synthesis of cultured cornea stroma cells by variation of culture condition]. Cultured cells derived from bovine corneal stroma synthesize all types of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and distribute these macromolecules into topographically different compartments in a reproducible manner. Each compartment is characterized by a typical glycosaminoglycan distribution pattern. Corneal fibroblasts synthesize in vitro only small amounts of keratan sulfate in contrast to the in vivo conditions. We have, therefore, investigated the synthesis and topographical distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans as influenced by different culture conditions. The following results were obtained: 1) Cocultivation of epithelial and stromal fibroblasts from bovine cornea led to an increased incorporation of radiosulfate into sulfated glycosaminoglycans by about 50% as compared to the theoretical value. Glycosaminoglycan distribution of mixed cultures into different compartments showed no similarity compared with pure epithelial or stromal fibroblasts. 2) Addition of native or heat inactivated anterior chamber fluid to the culture medium was followed by a twofold increase of [35S]-sulfate incorporation and by an augmented intracellular and pericellular accumulation of labeled macromolecules. 3) Reduction of the incubation temperature led to a reduced synthesis of glycosaminoglycans without influencing their topographical distribution. Growth of stromal cells on type I collagen was accompanied by a reduced glycosaminoglycan synthesis of about 25%. Extracellular macromolecules reached only half of the normal value, while intracellularly their concentration was slightly increased. 4) None of the variations of the culture condition led to a significant change of the distribution pattern of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Especially, no significant increase of keratan sulfate biosynthesis could be detected.", "PMID": 315174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4861", "title": "[Reparative processes of the iris after irradiation with the argon-ion laser (author's transl)].", "content": "The reparative processes of the pigmented iris of the rabbit were analysed with ultrastructural methods. 1. Clearing of the damaged area by macrophages is the first step in the reparative processes. Clump cells are macrophages which are observed from the first day of the injury until the ninth week. 2. Repair of the anterior surface of the iris is largely finished after 32 days. 3. The repair of collagenous fibres reaches its maximum activity 32 days after irradiation. 4. The pigment epithelium has only an insignificant regeneration potential. 5. Irradiation of the iris by the argon-ion laser results in an atrophic, hyperpigmented scar. The rapid regeneration of a lesion induced by the argon-ion laser in the rabbit iris casts doubt as to whether this method could be applied to the human eye with equal success.", "contents": "[Reparative processes of the iris after irradiation with the argon-ion laser (author's transl)]. The reparative processes of the pigmented iris of the rabbit were analysed with ultrastructural methods. 1. Clearing of the damaged area by macrophages is the first step in the reparative processes. Clump cells are macrophages which are observed from the first day of the injury until the ninth week. 2. Repair of the anterior surface of the iris is largely finished after 32 days. 3. The repair of collagenous fibres reaches its maximum activity 32 days after irradiation. 4. The pigment epithelium has only an insignificant regeneration potential. 5. Irradiation of the iris by the argon-ion laser results in an atrophic, hyperpigmented scar. The rapid regeneration of a lesion induced by the argon-ion laser in the rabbit iris casts doubt as to whether this method could be applied to the human eye with equal success.", "PMID": 315175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4862", "title": "[Information conveyed by electroretinography (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical evaluation of the function of the human retina by subjective, psychophysical tests can be complemented by objective, electrophysiological methods such as electroretinography. The electroretinogram (ERG) is a transient action potential generated by the vertebrate retina in response to light. Using standardized stimulation, after assessing the normal range of the ERG the investigator can establish early diagnosis, improve prognostic statements and document the course of retinal diseases. A method to selectively stimulate the rod- and cone-system, developed by Gouras and co-workers, has proved to allow further differentiation of heredodegenerative diseases of the retina. The ERG monitors objectively the function of the retina in infants uncapable of cooperating in psychophysical tests and in patients suffering from opacities of the optic media. ERG results should be evaluated synoptically with psychophysical data, ophthalmoscopy, fluoresceinangiography and possibly with EOG and VER recordings. Under experimental conditions the ERG serves to monitor the sensitivity of the retina in vivo as well as in vitro in physiological, pharmacological and toxicological studies.", "contents": "[Information conveyed by electroretinography (author's transl)]. Clinical evaluation of the function of the human retina by subjective, psychophysical tests can be complemented by objective, electrophysiological methods such as electroretinography. The electroretinogram (ERG) is a transient action potential generated by the vertebrate retina in response to light. Using standardized stimulation, after assessing the normal range of the ERG the investigator can establish early diagnosis, improve prognostic statements and document the course of retinal diseases. A method to selectively stimulate the rod- and cone-system, developed by Gouras and co-workers, has proved to allow further differentiation of heredodegenerative diseases of the retina. The ERG monitors objectively the function of the retina in infants uncapable of cooperating in psychophysical tests and in patients suffering from opacities of the optic media. ERG results should be evaluated synoptically with psychophysical data, ophthalmoscopy, fluoresceinangiography and possibly with EOG and VER recordings. Under experimental conditions the ERG serves to monitor the sensitivity of the retina in vivo as well as in vitro in physiological, pharmacological and toxicological studies.", "PMID": 315176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4863", "title": "Changes in the electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials during general anaesthesia.", "content": "Ten patients (one male and nine females), aged 33.2+/-12.0 years, were given electrophysiological studies before and during general anaesthesia. A mixture of thiopentone sodium, halothane, and nitrous oxide was used for anaesthesia. Electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded with scalp electrodes, and an averaging technique was used to improve signal-noise ratio. The recordings were made under standard conditions 15 to 20 min after induction of the anaesthesia. The amplitudes of the a- and b-waves of the ERG were significantly diminished whereas their latencies remained unchanged. The peak-to-peak amplitudes of the early components N1 and P2 of the VEP were significantly lowered, and the latencies of N0, P1, and N1 were prolonged by anaesthesia. These modifications are suggested to reflect metabolic changes in the sensitive layers of the retina and in the optic tract.", "contents": "Changes in the electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials during general anaesthesia. Ten patients (one male and nine females), aged 33.2+/-12.0 years, were given electrophysiological studies before and during general anaesthesia. A mixture of thiopentone sodium, halothane, and nitrous oxide was used for anaesthesia. Electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded with scalp electrodes, and an averaging technique was used to improve signal-noise ratio. The recordings were made under standard conditions 15 to 20 min after induction of the anaesthesia. The amplitudes of the a- and b-waves of the ERG were significantly diminished whereas their latencies remained unchanged. The peak-to-peak amplitudes of the early components N1 and P2 of the VEP were significantly lowered, and the latencies of N0, P1, and N1 were prolonged by anaesthesia. These modifications are suggested to reflect metabolic changes in the sensitive layers of the retina and in the optic tract.", "PMID": 315177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4864", "title": "[A check method for controlling the radiophosphorus-counting system (author's transl)].", "content": "Handle probe and counting system for radiophosphorus test can be checked by the use of a 64 nCi Strontium-90 radiator established inside a plexiglas cylinder. Counting system adjustment to 40 dB amplifier and 0.70 discriminator resulted in 1710cpm+/-2% standard deviation. This check method is suitable for controlling the counting system before tumor measurement. Advantages of this test method are low expenses, stability of the radionuclide, and riskless use of beta-radiator.", "contents": "[A check method for controlling the radiophosphorus-counting system (author's transl)]. Handle probe and counting system for radiophosphorus test can be checked by the use of a 64 nCi Strontium-90 radiator established inside a plexiglas cylinder. Counting system adjustment to 40 dB amplifier and 0.70 discriminator resulted in 1710cpm+/-2% standard deviation. This check method is suitable for controlling the counting system before tumor measurement. Advantages of this test method are low expenses, stability of the radionuclide, and riskless use of beta-radiator.", "PMID": 315178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4865", "title": "[Morphology of the primary damage caused by the argon-ion laser to the iris of the pigmented rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of the argon-ion laser upon the iris of the pigmented rabbit were analysed by ultrastructural methods. 1. Apart from the physical parameters of the energy source, the damage strongly depends on the concentration, location, and distribution of the iris pigment. 2. The irradiation of the iris results in the formation of a crater. Depending on the distance of the epicentre of the impact, various degrees of ultrastructural damage are observed. a. The region immediately adjacent to the crater lumen at a revealing distance of 25 microns consists of homogenous collagenous masses, revealing a vacuolar structure. As the only residuals of destroyed cells, melanin granules are observed within the homogenous masses. b. Destruction of the collagen fibrils and their disintegration into subfibrils with elimination of all cell compartments is found in an area ranging from 25 microns to 300 microns from the wall of the crater. c. Damage to the chromatin structure is visible up to a distance of 300 microns to 375 microns from the wall of the crater. 3. Characterised by an invasion of macrophages into the damaged area, the cleaning phase starts 24 h after irradiation. 4. The results of this experiment indicate that because of the great energy dose required for man with the inherent widespread tissue damage and low probability of a lasting iridectomy, the cw argon-ion laser appears to be an unsuitable energy source for clinical iridectomy.", "contents": "[Morphology of the primary damage caused by the argon-ion laser to the iris of the pigmented rabbit (author's transl)]. The effects of the argon-ion laser upon the iris of the pigmented rabbit were analysed by ultrastructural methods. 1. Apart from the physical parameters of the energy source, the damage strongly depends on the concentration, location, and distribution of the iris pigment. 2. The irradiation of the iris results in the formation of a crater. Depending on the distance of the epicentre of the impact, various degrees of ultrastructural damage are observed. a. The region immediately adjacent to the crater lumen at a revealing distance of 25 microns consists of homogenous collagenous masses, revealing a vacuolar structure. As the only residuals of destroyed cells, melanin granules are observed within the homogenous masses. b. Destruction of the collagen fibrils and their disintegration into subfibrils with elimination of all cell compartments is found in an area ranging from 25 microns to 300 microns from the wall of the crater. c. Damage to the chromatin structure is visible up to a distance of 300 microns to 375 microns from the wall of the crater. 3. Characterised by an invasion of macrophages into the damaged area, the cleaning phase starts 24 h after irradiation. 4. The results of this experiment indicate that because of the great energy dose required for man with the inherent widespread tissue damage and low probability of a lasting iridectomy, the cw argon-ion laser appears to be an unsuitable energy source for clinical iridectomy.", "PMID": 315179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4866", "title": "Pigmentation of the cornea: review and case history.", "content": "The patient described in this paper exhibits a previously undocumented condition, \"annular pigmentation of the cornea.\" The irregularly circular distribution of pigment is associated with anterior membrane dystrophic changes of the microcystic type and endothelial guttata. Systemic investigation revealed a severe iron deficiency anemia which was treated with total dose infusion of iron. In the absence of a histologic specimen, a speculative etiology is suggested based on systematic exclusion of various causes of corneal pigmentation. A simplified classification of pigmentary changes of the cornea is offered and on this basis a focal dystrophic process is suggested as the cause of this case of annular pigmentation of the cornea.", "contents": "Pigmentation of the cornea: review and case history. The patient described in this paper exhibits a previously undocumented condition, \"annular pigmentation of the cornea.\" The irregularly circular distribution of pigment is associated with anterior membrane dystrophic changes of the microcystic type and endothelial guttata. Systemic investigation revealed a severe iron deficiency anemia which was treated with total dose infusion of iron. In the absence of a histologic specimen, a speculative etiology is suggested based on systematic exclusion of various causes of corneal pigmentation. A simplified classification of pigmentary changes of the cornea is offered and on this basis a focal dystrophic process is suggested as the cause of this case of annular pigmentation of the cornea.", "PMID": 315184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4867", "title": "An appraisal of maximal faradic stimulation of pelvic muscles in the management of female urinary incontinence.", "content": "Measurement of the urethral pressure profile enables a group of women to be defined whose urinary incontinence is due to sphincter weakness. In such cases a significant degree of improvement, both symptomatic and in the profile amplitude, follows treatment by maximal faradic stimulation of the pelvic muscle and perineal muscle exercises.", "contents": "An appraisal of maximal faradic stimulation of pelvic muscles in the management of female urinary incontinence. Measurement of the urethral pressure profile enables a group of women to be defined whose urinary incontinence is due to sphincter weakness. In such cases a significant degree of improvement, both symptomatic and in the profile amplitude, follows treatment by maximal faradic stimulation of the pelvic muscle and perineal muscle exercises.", "PMID": 315186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4868", "title": "[Chronology of the replication of sex chromosome bands in lymphocytes of normal subjects and patients].", "content": "The replication sequence of the bands carried by chromosomes X and Y has been studied in normal individuals and in patients with structural abnormalities of the X. By comparing the segment with that of the autosomal bands (which had been previously studied), it was shown that the normal early X replicates in early X-phase for its R-bands and in late S-phase for its Q bands. The late X replicates entirely in late S-phase, and the sequence of band replication is not as stringent as for the early X and the autosomes. The study of fourteen cases of anomalies of chromosome X in females showed the following: in balanced reciprocal X-autosome translocations the rearranged X most often replicates early and the normal X late. Both show a normal replication sequence of their bands. In non-balanced X-autosome translocations, inactivation of the autosome fragment attached to the AUTOSOME FRAGMENT ATTACHED TO THE X may take place. In Xq- or in ter rea (X;X) (pter;pter), band p22 has a delayed replication. In iso-Xor Xp-, the long-arm-band sequence of replication shows a variation comparable to that of the late X in fibroblasts. These replication modifications are likely to induce partial inactivations or changes in activity which correspond to the so-called position effect in Drosophila.", "contents": "[Chronology of the replication of sex chromosome bands in lymphocytes of normal subjects and patients]. The replication sequence of the bands carried by chromosomes X and Y has been studied in normal individuals and in patients with structural abnormalities of the X. By comparing the segment with that of the autosomal bands (which had been previously studied), it was shown that the normal early X replicates in early X-phase for its R-bands and in late S-phase for its Q bands. The late X replicates entirely in late S-phase, and the sequence of band replication is not as stringent as for the early X and the autosomes. The study of fourteen cases of anomalies of chromosome X in females showed the following: in balanced reciprocal X-autosome translocations the rearranged X most often replicates early and the normal X late. Both show a normal replication sequence of their bands. In non-balanced X-autosome translocations, inactivation of the autosome fragment attached to the AUTOSOME FRAGMENT ATTACHED TO THE X may take place. In Xq- or in ter rea (X;X) (pter;pter), band p22 has a delayed replication. In iso-Xor Xp-, the long-arm-band sequence of replication shows a variation comparable to that of the late X in fibroblasts. These replication modifications are likely to induce partial inactivations or changes in activity which correspond to the so-called position effect in Drosophila.", "PMID": 315188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4869", "title": "Inheritance of extra triradii of palmar interdigital areas II and IV.", "content": "Data obtained from 423 individuals were analyzed for mode of inheritance of extra triradii on palmar interdigital area II and IV separately, and in combination. It indicates that a single dominant allele A for extra triradius in the area II, and an allele D in the area IV, may be responsible for the presence of the patterns in the respective area, with 75 to 80 per cent penetrance. There are numbers of individuals in which extra triradii are present in both interdigital areas II and IV. The mode of inheritance has been estimated from the data obtained and was found to have co-dominant alleles A and D for the presence in their respective areas. Further analysis revealed the existence of three alleles. A and D for presence, and 0 for absence. The alleles A and D are co-dominant, if combined in the genotype AD, but either allele is dominant in heterozygous combination with 0.", "contents": "Inheritance of extra triradii of palmar interdigital areas II and IV. Data obtained from 423 individuals were analyzed for mode of inheritance of extra triradii on palmar interdigital area II and IV separately, and in combination. It indicates that a single dominant allele A for extra triradius in the area II, and an allele D in the area IV, may be responsible for the presence of the patterns in the respective area, with 75 to 80 per cent penetrance. There are numbers of individuals in which extra triradii are present in both interdigital areas II and IV. The mode of inheritance has been estimated from the data obtained and was found to have co-dominant alleles A and D for the presence in their respective areas. Further analysis revealed the existence of three alleles. A and D for presence, and 0 for absence. The alleles A and D are co-dominant, if combined in the genotype AD, but either allele is dominant in heterozygous combination with 0.", "PMID": 315190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4870", "title": "46,XX/46,XX,r (2)(p25q37) mosaicism: clinical and cytogenetic studies.", "content": "A severely mentally retarded and physically handicapped girl is described who has 46,XX/46,XX,r(2)(p25q37) mosaicism. This is the first ring 2 chromosome to be described in Man. Studies of the behaviour of the ring showed that it was stable in diploid cells which had increased in frequency over a period of seven years, but unstable in tetraploid cells which were at a much higher frequency than in normal individuals. It is concluded that in some cases the phenotypic consequences of ring chromosome formation may be due more to their disturbing the regulation of cell division than to the loss of genetic material. Current models of ring chromosome behaviour do not account for the induction of tetraploidy.", "contents": "46,XX/46,XX,r (2)(p25q37) mosaicism: clinical and cytogenetic studies. A severely mentally retarded and physically handicapped girl is described who has 46,XX/46,XX,r(2)(p25q37) mosaicism. This is the first ring 2 chromosome to be described in Man. Studies of the behaviour of the ring showed that it was stable in diploid cells which had increased in frequency over a period of seven years, but unstable in tetraploid cells which were at a much higher frequency than in normal individuals. It is concluded that in some cases the phenotypic consequences of ring chromosome formation may be due more to their disturbing the regulation of cell division than to the loss of genetic material. Current models of ring chromosome behaviour do not account for the induction of tetraploidy.", "PMID": 315192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4871", "title": "Trisomy 3 (p23-pter) resulting from maternal translocation, t (3 ; 4)(p23 ; q35).", "content": "We describe a patient with partial trisomy 3p resulting from maternal translocation, t(3:4)(p23;q35). The male newborn who died at the age of 22 hours presented with distinct facial features including a square-shaped face with prominent forehead and depressed temporal regions, prominent cheeks, short broad nose, left cleft lip and cleft palate, malformed ears, and a receding mandible. Further findings were flexion deformities of the fingers with finger-like thumbs and mild cutaneous syndactyly 2/3 and 4/5, hypoplastic penis and scrotum with no palpable testes. He probably had a congenital heart defect and situs inversus abdominalis. Many of these features have been reported in other patients with distal trisomy 3p.", "contents": "Trisomy 3 (p23-pter) resulting from maternal translocation, t (3 ; 4)(p23 ; q35). We describe a patient with partial trisomy 3p resulting from maternal translocation, t(3:4)(p23;q35). The male newborn who died at the age of 22 hours presented with distinct facial features including a square-shaped face with prominent forehead and depressed temporal regions, prominent cheeks, short broad nose, left cleft lip and cleft palate, malformed ears, and a receding mandible. Further findings were flexion deformities of the fingers with finger-like thumbs and mild cutaneous syndactyly 2/3 and 4/5, hypoplastic penis and scrotum with no palpable testes. He probably had a congenital heart defect and situs inversus abdominalis. Many of these features have been reported in other patients with distal trisomy 3p.", "PMID": 315193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4872", "title": "Double aneuploidy: partial trisomy 21 and XO/XXX in a family with 12/21 translocation.", "content": "A female patient with mild mental retardation with spatial perceptual difficulties, microcephaly, depressed nasal root, receding chin, webbed neck, low hairline, shield chest, cubitus valgus, scoliosis and dermatoglyphic findings not characteristic of Down's syndrome is reported. In addition to X/XXX, she had a partial trisomy 21 of the short arm-centromere-proximal long arm segment due to maternal t(12;21) translocation. Two phenotypically normal siblings carried the balanced translocation.", "contents": "Double aneuploidy: partial trisomy 21 and XO/XXX in a family with 12/21 translocation. A female patient with mild mental retardation with spatial perceptual difficulties, microcephaly, depressed nasal root, receding chin, webbed neck, low hairline, shield chest, cubitus valgus, scoliosis and dermatoglyphic findings not characteristic of Down's syndrome is reported. In addition to X/XXX, she had a partial trisomy 21 of the short arm-centromere-proximal long arm segment due to maternal t(12;21) translocation. Two phenotypically normal siblings carried the balanced translocation.", "PMID": 315194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4873", "title": "[Partial trisomy for the distal part of the short arm of chromosome 11 due to paternal translocations 11/5].", "content": "A girl with partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 11 resulting from an unbalanced translocation 46,XX,der 5, t(5,11) (p 15,p14) pat is described. The clinical findings are compared with those of other patients with partial trisomy 11p. The translocation in the balanced form was present in the fater, the brother, and the grandmother of the proposita.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy for the distal part of the short arm of chromosome 11 due to paternal translocations 11/5]. A girl with partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 11 resulting from an unbalanced translocation 46,XX,der 5, t(5,11) (p 15,p14) pat is described. The clinical findings are compared with those of other patients with partial trisomy 11p. The translocation in the balanced form was present in the fater, the brother, and the grandmother of the proposita.", "PMID": 315195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4874", "title": "[Del (13) (q33). Exclusion of esterase D (ESD) from 13q33 and q34].", "content": "A de novo del (13) (q33) was found in a 14-month-old boy with hypospadias. Phenotype anomalies included growth retardation, psychomotor retardation (QD = 64), microcephaly with brachycephaly, a round, flat and asymmetrical facies, a normal nose bridge, a small, pointed chin. The patient is heterozygous ESD 2-1. The gene localization may thus be excluded from bands 13q33 and q34 and assigned to bands q31 or q32, if its previous assignment to the q3 region is confirmed.", "contents": "[Del (13) (q33). Exclusion of esterase D (ESD) from 13q33 and q34]. A de novo del (13) (q33) was found in a 14-month-old boy with hypospadias. Phenotype anomalies included growth retardation, psychomotor retardation (QD = 64), microcephaly with brachycephaly, a round, flat and asymmetrical facies, a normal nose bridge, a small, pointed chin. The patient is heterozygous ESD 2-1. The gene localization may thus be excluded from bands 13q33 and q34 and assigned to bands q31 or q32, if its previous assignment to the q3 region is confirmed.", "PMID": 315197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4875", "title": "The 5q- and additional chromosome anomalies in two patients with acute myeloid leukemia.", "content": "Two elderly women had acute myelogenous leukemia with rapidly fatal course. On initial marrow and unsttimulated blood examination, the 5q- chromosome and additional number and structural chromosome analomalies were observed. The specificity of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The 5q- and additional chromosome anomalies in two patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Two elderly women had acute myelogenous leukemia with rapidly fatal course. On initial marrow and unsttimulated blood examination, the 5q- chromosome and additional number and structural chromosome analomalies were observed. The specificity of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 315198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4876", "title": "[Is the sodium ionic channel a cyclic hexapeptide? (author's transl)].", "content": "A cyclic hexapeptide affords a model of an ionic channel, permeable to Na+ but not to K+. The selective fixation of tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin could occur through six hydrogen bonds, one with each of carbonyles of the crown exposed at the outside of the membrane.", "contents": "[Is the sodium ionic channel a cyclic hexapeptide? (author's transl)]. A cyclic hexapeptide affords a model of an ionic channel, permeable to Na+ but not to K+. The selective fixation of tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin could occur through six hydrogen bonds, one with each of carbonyles of the crown exposed at the outside of the membrane.", "PMID": 315200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4877", "title": "[Partial monosomy due to long-arm deletion of chromosome 11 : del (11) (q23) (author's transl)].", "content": "A girl, who died at 25 days of age, was found to have a partial monosomy due to a 11q23 leads to 11qter deletion. The main clinical findings were trigonocephay, facial dysmorphia, and congenital heart disease. A review of developmental and dysmorphic features of the seventeen recognized cases is presented.", "contents": "[Partial monosomy due to long-arm deletion of chromosome 11 : del (11) (q23) (author's transl)]. A girl, who died at 25 days of age, was found to have a partial monosomy due to a 11q23 leads to 11qter deletion. The main clinical findings were trigonocephay, facial dysmorphia, and congenital heart disease. A review of developmental and dysmorphic features of the seventeen recognized cases is presented.", "PMID": 315201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4878", "title": "[Comparison of the transmission of three trisomies by males and females in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii (author's transl)].", "content": "In the newt Pleurodelles waltlii, males and females trisomic for chromosomes 8, 10 and 11 are fertile. Crosses between such trisomics and diploids were carried out. Progeny analysis showed that an extra chromosome is transmitted to half of the gametes of both males and females trisomics. The extra chromosome apparently causes interference in the regular mechanics of meiotic division, so that trisomics throw nonparental aneuploids and polyploids in their progenies. Moreover, some descendants develop chromosome anomalies during embryonic life ; thus, the progeny of trisomics include diploids, parentaltype trisomics, and embryos with new chromosome anomalies. Morphology and chromosome anomalies of the embryos are compared. A possible explanation for the secondarily acquired anomalies are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparison of the transmission of three trisomies by males and females in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii (author's transl)]. In the newt Pleurodelles waltlii, males and females trisomic for chromosomes 8, 10 and 11 are fertile. Crosses between such trisomics and diploids were carried out. Progeny analysis showed that an extra chromosome is transmitted to half of the gametes of both males and females trisomics. The extra chromosome apparently causes interference in the regular mechanics of meiotic division, so that trisomics throw nonparental aneuploids and polyploids in their progenies. Moreover, some descendants develop chromosome anomalies during embryonic life ; thus, the progeny of trisomics include diploids, parentaltype trisomics, and embryos with new chromosome anomalies. Morphology and chromosome anomalies of the embryos are compared. A possible explanation for the secondarily acquired anomalies are discussed.", "PMID": 315202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4879", "title": "[Therapeutic possibilities in occular complications of chromosomal aberrations (author's tansl)].", "content": "The principal occular complications of chromosomal aberrations are : strabismus, cataract, ptosis, nystagmus. Each of these can benefit from surgical treatment but one has to take into account the unfavorable prognosis due to mental deficiency.", "contents": "[Therapeutic possibilities in occular complications of chromosomal aberrations (author's tansl)]. The principal occular complications of chromosomal aberrations are : strabismus, cataract, ptosis, nystagmus. Each of these can benefit from surgical treatment but one has to take into account the unfavorable prognosis due to mental deficiency.", "PMID": 315203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4880", "title": "Cellular immune response to measles, mumps, and vaccinia viruses in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The cell-mediated immune response to measles, mumps, and vaccinia viruses was studied in MS patients, normal controls, and neurological disease controls using a lymphocyte proliferation assay. A small but significant difference was found in the response to measles between the MS and normal control groups but not between the MS and neurological disease control groups. In each of the groups, the response of both peripheral blood leukocytes and purified T-cells to measles was significantly less than the response to mumps or vaccinia. The lower response to measles was not due to the presence of blocking factors or to lack of antigenicity of the measles virus preparation used in the assay. These findings suggest that differences exist in the normal immune response between these viruses. Precise quantitation of the immunological response to viruses in MS and other disease states will depend on identification of the various functionally reactive cell populations.", "contents": "Cellular immune response to measles, mumps, and vaccinia viruses in multiple sclerosis. The cell-mediated immune response to measles, mumps, and vaccinia viruses was studied in MS patients, normal controls, and neurological disease controls using a lymphocyte proliferation assay. A small but significant difference was found in the response to measles between the MS and normal control groups but not between the MS and neurological disease control groups. In each of the groups, the response of both peripheral blood leukocytes and purified T-cells to measles was significantly less than the response to mumps or vaccinia. The lower response to measles was not due to the presence of blocking factors or to lack of antigenicity of the measles virus preparation used in the assay. These findings suggest that differences exist in the normal immune response between these viruses. Precise quantitation of the immunological response to viruses in MS and other disease states will depend on identification of the various functionally reactive cell populations.", "PMID": 315204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4881", "title": "Presence of lymphocyte membrane surface markers on \"small cells\" in a pineal germinoma.", "content": "A 16-year-old boy was operated on via an occipital transtentorial craniotomy for a pineal tumor. Routine histological examination of the tissue revealed it to be a germinoma, as characterized by the presence of two cell populations: large cells and small, lymphoid-appearing cells. The cells were evaluated in a single-cell suspension for the presence of lymphocyte membrane surface markers; small cells exclusively were found to have such markers. A T-lymphocyte membrane marker was present in 51% of the small cells, whereas 15 to 18% of the small cells had a B-lymphocyte membrane marker.", "contents": "Presence of lymphocyte membrane surface markers on \"small cells\" in a pineal germinoma. A 16-year-old boy was operated on via an occipital transtentorial craniotomy for a pineal tumor. Routine histological examination of the tissue revealed it to be a germinoma, as characterized by the presence of two cell populations: large cells and small, lymphoid-appearing cells. The cells were evaluated in a single-cell suspension for the presence of lymphocyte membrane surface markers; small cells exclusively were found to have such markers. A T-lymphocyte membrane marker was present in 51% of the small cells, whereas 15 to 18% of the small cells had a B-lymphocyte membrane marker.", "PMID": 315205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4882", "title": "Rheumatic disease in Jamaica.", "content": "The relative prevalence and clinical pattern of the major rheumatic diseases in the patient population of a teaching hospital in Jamaica were studied over the 3-year period 1974--7. The prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus approached that of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). All grades of severity of RA were seen, and there was an unusually high proportion of females with RA. Rheumatic fever and exacerbations were relatively common, and in the absence of carditis differentiation from infective polyarthritis, especially gonococcal, was occasionally difficult.", "contents": "Rheumatic disease in Jamaica. The relative prevalence and clinical pattern of the major rheumatic diseases in the patient population of a teaching hospital in Jamaica were studied over the 3-year period 1974--7. The prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus approached that of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). All grades of severity of RA were seen, and there was an unusually high proportion of females with RA. Rheumatic fever and exacerbations were relatively common, and in the absence of carditis differentiation from infective polyarthritis, especially gonococcal, was occasionally difficult.", "PMID": 315207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4883", "title": "Palindromic rheumatism. II. Failure to detect circulating immune complexes during acute episodes.", "content": "Thirty-eight samples of blood and 2 of synovial fluid were obtained from 19 patients suffering from palindromic rheumatism. In 12 cases samples were obtained from the same patient both during and between acute attacks. The presence of immune complexes was sought by a C1q-binding test. Most patients gave negative results: moderately elevated levels were obtained in a few. Broadly the pattern of results showed that individual patients were either positive or negative irrespective of whether they were in an attack or in remission. C3 and C4 measurements showed no significant abnormalities, confirming previous studies. Patients with elevated C1q-binding tests tended to be seropositive. We speculate that these are patients more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Palindromic rheumatism. II. Failure to detect circulating immune complexes during acute episodes. Thirty-eight samples of blood and 2 of synovial fluid were obtained from 19 patients suffering from palindromic rheumatism. In 12 cases samples were obtained from the same patient both during and between acute attacks. The presence of immune complexes was sought by a C1q-binding test. Most patients gave negative results: moderately elevated levels were obtained in a few. Broadly the pattern of results showed that individual patients were either positive or negative irrespective of whether they were in an attack or in remission. C3 and C4 measurements showed no significant abnormalities, confirming previous studies. Patients with elevated C1q-binding tests tended to be seropositive. We speculate that these are patients more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 315208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4884", "title": "Immunoglobulin classes in skin basement membrane in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical significance and comparison with classes of serum anti-DNA antibodies.", "content": "Biopsies of apparently normal skin were obtained from 30 unselected patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The immunoglobulin class distribution of the immune deposits at the dermal-epidermal junction was determined in order to assess associated disease patterns and to investigate the possibility that the immunoglobulin classes in the skin were an indication of the classes of serum anti-native DNA antibodies. Biopsy specimens containing IgG deposits were obtained from 10 patients with more active disease and a greater incidence of glomerulonephritis than those patients with only IgM deposits or negative biopsies. However, in this unselected group of patients the immunoglobulin class of the immune deposits did not necessarily indicate the class of serum anti-native DNA antibodies. Therefore biopsy of clinically uninvolved skin will not always identify SLE patients with an immunological restriction to IgM antibody production.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin classes in skin basement membrane in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical significance and comparison with classes of serum anti-DNA antibodies. Biopsies of apparently normal skin were obtained from 30 unselected patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The immunoglobulin class distribution of the immune deposits at the dermal-epidermal junction was determined in order to assess associated disease patterns and to investigate the possibility that the immunoglobulin classes in the skin were an indication of the classes of serum anti-native DNA antibodies. Biopsy specimens containing IgG deposits were obtained from 10 patients with more active disease and a greater incidence of glomerulonephritis than those patients with only IgM deposits or negative biopsies. However, in this unselected group of patients the immunoglobulin class of the immune deposits did not necessarily indicate the class of serum anti-native DNA antibodies. Therefore biopsy of clinically uninvolved skin will not always identify SLE patients with an immunological restriction to IgM antibody production.", "PMID": 315209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4885", "title": "Epidemiology of dermal leishmaniasis in the Rio Doce Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.", "content": "Dermal leishmaniasis is prevalent in the predominantly settled agricultural areas in the Rio Doce Valley in the eastern part of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The disease has been recorded almost equally in both sexes. Cases have been confirmed in all age groups but youths aged ten to 14 years form the population segment at greatest risk to infection. Cases of single cutaneous lesions, multiple cutaneous lesions and muco-cutaneous lesions have been recorded in the area. Isolates of parasites include representatives of the Leishmania mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes and at least one parasite that does not fit into either category. Infections have not been detected in small mammals (mainly rodents) but about 3% of dogs are infected. The phlebotomine fauna includes no species (or close relatives of species) previously incriminated as vectors of mexicana and braziliensis infections in Brazil. In the complex and confusing epidemiological situation in the Rio Doce Valley it seems unwise to apply traditional specific names to Leishmania of the area.", "contents": "Epidemiology of dermal leishmaniasis in the Rio Doce Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Dermal leishmaniasis is prevalent in the predominantly settled agricultural areas in the Rio Doce Valley in the eastern part of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The disease has been recorded almost equally in both sexes. Cases have been confirmed in all age groups but youths aged ten to 14 years form the population segment at greatest risk to infection. Cases of single cutaneous lesions, multiple cutaneous lesions and muco-cutaneous lesions have been recorded in the area. Isolates of parasites include representatives of the Leishmania mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes and at least one parasite that does not fit into either category. Infections have not been detected in small mammals (mainly rodents) but about 3% of dogs are infected. The phlebotomine fauna includes no species (or close relatives of species) previously incriminated as vectors of mexicana and braziliensis infections in Brazil. In the complex and confusing epidemiological situation in the Rio Doce Valley it seems unwise to apply traditional specific names to Leishmania of the area.", "PMID": 315210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4886", "title": "Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. I. Prevalence of haemoglobins and relationships between sickle cell trait, malaria and survival.", "content": "The prevalence of different haemoglobins and their interaction with malaria have been studied in Garki, Kano State, Nigeria. Sickle cell trait was present in 24% of newborn and 29% of those aged over five years. Hb.AC was present in 0.7%. Frequency of both haemoglobin variants was greater in Hausa than Fulani. Sickle cell anaemia was almost invariably fatal in early childhood. The distribution curve of percentage of Hb.S in sickle cell trait subjects was normal, and did not demonstrate any high frequency of a gene for alpha-thalassaemia. The presence of beta-thalassaemia minor could not be tested, but Hb.S/beta-thalassaemia was not detected. Hb.S gene frequency appears to have been maintained by a fitness in heterozygotes of 21% over normal homozygotes; increased fertility and high mutation rate did not make any apparent contribution. Hb.AS subjects had on average lower frequency and considerably lower densities of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites than Hb.AA from the age of 30 to 59 weeks; density was less in sickle cell trait up to age three years in the dry season only. It is suggested that the survival advantage and hence the prevalence of sickle cell trait may be greatest in some hyperendemic areas and less where malaria transmission is extremely high or when it is high and unvaried.", "contents": "Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. I. Prevalence of haemoglobins and relationships between sickle cell trait, malaria and survival. The prevalence of different haemoglobins and their interaction with malaria have been studied in Garki, Kano State, Nigeria. Sickle cell trait was present in 24% of newborn and 29% of those aged over five years. Hb.AC was present in 0.7%. Frequency of both haemoglobin variants was greater in Hausa than Fulani. Sickle cell anaemia was almost invariably fatal in early childhood. The distribution curve of percentage of Hb.S in sickle cell trait subjects was normal, and did not demonstrate any high frequency of a gene for alpha-thalassaemia. The presence of beta-thalassaemia minor could not be tested, but Hb.S/beta-thalassaemia was not detected. Hb.S gene frequency appears to have been maintained by a fitness in heterozygotes of 21% over normal homozygotes; increased fertility and high mutation rate did not make any apparent contribution. Hb.AS subjects had on average lower frequency and considerably lower densities of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites than Hb.AA from the age of 30 to 59 weeks; density was less in sickle cell trait up to age three years in the dry season only. It is suggested that the survival advantage and hence the prevalence of sickle cell trait may be greatest in some hyperendemic areas and less where malaria transmission is extremely high or when it is high and unvaried.", "PMID": 315211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4887", "title": "Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. III. Malaria, immunoglobulins and antimalarial antibodies in sickle cell disease.", "content": "Subjects with sickle cell disease were identified in (i) a whole population sample (2742) Garki District, Kano State, Nigeria, and in (ii) the 534 infants born into the population during five years. Eleven (2.1%) newborn had Hb.SS, as was expected from gene frequency (0.146). Prevalence was maintained in the first year of life, but fell to 0.4% at one to four years and to 0.05% (one person) over the age of nine years. Antimalarial intervention for two transmission seasons was followed by an apparent but not significant decrease in Hb.SS mortality. There was one male aged about 40 years who had Hb.SC (the expected number was three). Hb.SS children were compared to normal subjects at the same age, the same village and the same survey; they had significantly less than the expected Plasmodium malariae infection (P less than 0.01) and lower than median P. falciparum densities while below five years (P less than 0.05). Over one year of age, they tended to have below average indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) (P less than 0.01), indirect haemagglutinating antibody (IHA) (P less than 0.01) titres and number of precipitin rings (not significant) against P. falciparum antigen, and IFA against P malariae (P less than 0.01). They had above average IgM (P less than 0.05), but their IgG concentrations did not differ from normal. We conclude that (i) sickling is sufficient to protect against P. malariae in Hb.SS but not Hb.AS; (ii) sickling prevents intense P. falciparum infection in Hb.SS, as in Hb.AS; (iii) in Hb.SS, there is less antigenic stimulus and hence less antibody against P. falciparum (like Hb.AS) and P. malariae (unlike Hb.AS); (iv) although less intense, malaria is frequently fatal in Hb.SS, especially in age-group one to four years (unlike Hb.AS); (v) IgM levels are high in Hb.SS in response to frequent infections other than malaria (unlike Hb.AS).", "contents": "Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. III. Malaria, immunoglobulins and antimalarial antibodies in sickle cell disease. Subjects with sickle cell disease were identified in (i) a whole population sample (2742) Garki District, Kano State, Nigeria, and in (ii) the 534 infants born into the population during five years. Eleven (2.1%) newborn had Hb.SS, as was expected from gene frequency (0.146). Prevalence was maintained in the first year of life, but fell to 0.4% at one to four years and to 0.05% (one person) over the age of nine years. Antimalarial intervention for two transmission seasons was followed by an apparent but not significant decrease in Hb.SS mortality. There was one male aged about 40 years who had Hb.SC (the expected number was three). Hb.SS children were compared to normal subjects at the same age, the same village and the same survey; they had significantly less than the expected Plasmodium malariae infection (P less than 0.01) and lower than median P. falciparum densities while below five years (P less than 0.05). Over one year of age, they tended to have below average indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) (P less than 0.01), indirect haemagglutinating antibody (IHA) (P less than 0.01) titres and number of precipitin rings (not significant) against P. falciparum antigen, and IFA against P malariae (P less than 0.01). They had above average IgM (P less than 0.05), but their IgG concentrations did not differ from normal. We conclude that (i) sickling is sufficient to protect against P. malariae in Hb.SS but not Hb.AS; (ii) sickling prevents intense P. falciparum infection in Hb.SS, as in Hb.AS; (iii) in Hb.SS, there is less antigenic stimulus and hence less antibody against P. falciparum (like Hb.AS) and P. malariae (unlike Hb.AS); (iv) although less intense, malaria is frequently fatal in Hb.SS, especially in age-group one to four years (unlike Hb.AS); (v) IgM levels are high in Hb.SS in response to frequent infections other than malaria (unlike Hb.AS).", "PMID": 315213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4888", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: ultrasonically detectable motor activity responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine in vitro.", "content": "The ultrasonic method compared favourably with other methods for monitoring schistosome motor activity in vitro, being able to detect and differentiate between the activity responses of Schistosoma mansoni to 5-hydroxytryptamine at concentrations down to 1 X (10(-6) M. This was taken to indicate suitable sensitivity for the application of the ultrasonic method to other drug studies.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: ultrasonically detectable motor activity responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine in vitro. The ultrasonic method compared favourably with other methods for monitoring schistosome motor activity in vitro, being able to detect and differentiate between the activity responses of Schistosoma mansoni to 5-hydroxytryptamine at concentrations down to 1 X (10(-6) M. This was taken to indicate suitable sensitivity for the application of the ultrasonic method to other drug studies.", "PMID": 315214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4889", "title": "A comparative synchronous coronary surgery survival study.", "content": "Utilizing patient criteria published by the Veterans Administration Cooperative (VAC) Study, a cohort of 229 surgically treated patients was retrieved from the Milwaukee Cardiovascular Data Registry. These patients were all operated on by one surgeon during 1972 to 1974. Four-year survival of this group was compared with that of the medically treated cohort of 310 patients from the VAC Study. Operative mortality was included in all surgical groups. The cumulative 4-year survival of both groups revealed a 95 to 85% advantage for surgical therapy. In patients with three-vessel disease, the cumulative survival favored surgical therapy--94% compared with 80% in the medically terated cohort--and in patients with triple-vessel disease and a normal left ventricle, surgical therapy again showed better results: 100% compared with 88%. Patients with two-vessel disease and a normal left ventricle who underwent surgical intervention had slightly better 4-year survival than those who had medical treatment--100% versus 95%--and those with two-vessel disease and an abnormal left ventricle had a 93% survival after surgical treatment compared with 84% for those with medical treatment. For patients with single-vessel disease, there was no difference in survival between the surgical and medical cohorts.", "contents": "A comparative synchronous coronary surgery survival study. Utilizing patient criteria published by the Veterans Administration Cooperative (VAC) Study, a cohort of 229 surgically treated patients was retrieved from the Milwaukee Cardiovascular Data Registry. These patients were all operated on by one surgeon during 1972 to 1974. Four-year survival of this group was compared with that of the medically treated cohort of 310 patients from the VAC Study. Operative mortality was included in all surgical groups. The cumulative 4-year survival of both groups revealed a 95 to 85% advantage for surgical therapy. In patients with three-vessel disease, the cumulative survival favored surgical therapy--94% compared with 80% in the medically terated cohort--and in patients with triple-vessel disease and a normal left ventricle, surgical therapy again showed better results: 100% compared with 88%. Patients with two-vessel disease and a normal left ventricle who underwent surgical intervention had slightly better 4-year survival than those who had medical treatment--100% versus 95%--and those with two-vessel disease and an abnormal left ventricle had a 93% survival after surgical treatment compared with 84% for those with medical treatment. For patients with single-vessel disease, there was no difference in survival between the surgical and medical cohorts.", "PMID": 315216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4890", "title": "Late coronary bypass graft flow: quantitative assessment by roentgendensitometry.", "content": "Quantitative assessment of the flow in 45 saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass grafts in 30 patients was performed by a roentgendensitometric technique. Detalis of the technique are given. Mean graft flow for all grafts measured in the early postoperative period (two weeks) and again in the late postoperative period (six months to 3 years; average, 1.5 years) significantly decreased (72.6 +/- 34.7 to 57.4 +/- 28.6 ml/min; p less than 0.01). Mean graft diameter also significantly decreased over the same period (3.5 +/- 0.6 to 3.0 +/-  0.6 mm; p less than 0.01). Differences could not be related to graft site or to the time interval between early and late recatheterization. Changes in diameter did not correlate with changes in flow. During a 3-year follow-up, saphenous vein grafts significantly decreased in diameter and flow but still functioned adequately; and vein grafts generally remained larger than the recipient arteries. The determinant of adequacy of flow is the native coronary bed.", "contents": "Late coronary bypass graft flow: quantitative assessment by roentgendensitometry. Quantitative assessment of the flow in 45 saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass grafts in 30 patients was performed by a roentgendensitometric technique. Detalis of the technique are given. Mean graft flow for all grafts measured in the early postoperative period (two weeks) and again in the late postoperative period (six months to 3 years; average, 1.5 years) significantly decreased (72.6 +/- 34.7 to 57.4 +/- 28.6 ml/min; p less than 0.01). Mean graft diameter also significantly decreased over the same period (3.5 +/- 0.6 to 3.0 +/-  0.6 mm; p less than 0.01). Differences could not be related to graft site or to the time interval between early and late recatheterization. Changes in diameter did not correlate with changes in flow. During a 3-year follow-up, saphenous vein grafts significantly decreased in diameter and flow but still functioned adequately; and vein grafts generally remained larger than the recipient arteries. The determinant of adequacy of flow is the native coronary bed.", "PMID": 315217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4891", "title": "Bradykininase and protease inhibitors in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men.", "content": "The level of protease acrosin in the seminal plasma of oligozoospermic men was significantly higher than that of normozoospermic men. The amount of bradykininase in the seminal plasma was very high in both normozoospermic and oligozoospermic patients. When the acrosin and kininase content was referred to one million spermatozoa, seminal plasma kininase was significantly enhanced in oligozoospermic men, while the acrosin activity was similar in normozoospermic fertile men and infertile men. Human seminal plasma inhibitor I (HUSI I) increased along with sperm count. Human seminal plasma inhibitor II (HUSI II) showed no change. The motility of spermatozoa was depressed in oligozoospermic patients.", "contents": "Bradykininase and protease inhibitors in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men. The level of protease acrosin in the seminal plasma of oligozoospermic men was significantly higher than that of normozoospermic men. The amount of bradykininase in the seminal plasma was very high in both normozoospermic and oligozoospermic patients. When the acrosin and kininase content was referred to one million spermatozoa, seminal plasma kininase was significantly enhanced in oligozoospermic men, while the acrosin activity was similar in normozoospermic fertile men and infertile men. Human seminal plasma inhibitor I (HUSI I) increased along with sperm count. Human seminal plasma inhibitor II (HUSI II) showed no change. The motility of spermatozoa was depressed in oligozoospermic patients.", "PMID": 315218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4892", "title": "Late results of extra-anatomic bypass.", "content": "Clinical progress and results were reviewed in 100 consecutive patients who underwent extra-anatomic bypass procedures for brachiocephalic and aortoiliac occlusive disease during the past 15 years. Of 113 procedures in this group, extra-anatomic bypass of the brachiocephalic vessels, axillo-femoral bypass, and femorofemoral bypass were performed. Although these procedures were performed in high-risk patients to avoid intrathoracic and intra-abdominal reconstruction or to circumvent undesirable anatomic areas, a low operative mortality was achieved. Symptomatic improvement, augmented Doppler ankle pressure index, and high limb-salvage rate were noted. Life-table analysis has confirmed prolonged five-year graft patency. The suspected high-risk characteristic in this group was corroborated by high progressive mortality observed particularly after axillo-femoral bypass and was due primarily to the severity of associated diseases. Analysis of the late results of extraanatomic bypass confirms the safety and effectiveness of this procedure in poor-risk patients.", "contents": "Late results of extra-anatomic bypass. Clinical progress and results were reviewed in 100 consecutive patients who underwent extra-anatomic bypass procedures for brachiocephalic and aortoiliac occlusive disease during the past 15 years. Of 113 procedures in this group, extra-anatomic bypass of the brachiocephalic vessels, axillo-femoral bypass, and femorofemoral bypass were performed. Although these procedures were performed in high-risk patients to avoid intrathoracic and intra-abdominal reconstruction or to circumvent undesirable anatomic areas, a low operative mortality was achieved. Symptomatic improvement, augmented Doppler ankle pressure index, and high limb-salvage rate were noted. Life-table analysis has confirmed prolonged five-year graft patency. The suspected high-risk characteristic in this group was corroborated by high progressive mortality observed particularly after axillo-femoral bypass and was due primarily to the severity of associated diseases. Analysis of the late results of extraanatomic bypass confirms the safety and effectiveness of this procedure in poor-risk patients.", "PMID": 315220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4893", "title": "Reoperation for recurrent coronary artery disease: causes, indications, and results in 168 patients.", "content": "Of the 13,049 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, 168 underwent a second or third operation because of the failure of the first. The early mortality was eight of 168. Good to excellent results were obtained in 141 patients. The cumulative survival rate was 82% at six years. Graft failure and the progression of atherosclerosis to a critical lesion were the most common reasons for reoperation, and perioperative myocardial infarction and incomplete initial operation were the least common. Long-term follow-up showed a peak of graft failure and progression of disease in nongrafted arteries at three years and decreased thereafter. Progression of distal disease in grafted arteries was not temporally related and was uncommon. Thrombosis of the vein graft could be related most frequently to the distal circulation rather than the vein graft itself.", "contents": "Reoperation for recurrent coronary artery disease: causes, indications, and results in 168 patients. Of the 13,049 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, 168 underwent a second or third operation because of the failure of the first. The early mortality was eight of 168. Good to excellent results were obtained in 141 patients. The cumulative survival rate was 82% at six years. Graft failure and the progression of atherosclerosis to a critical lesion were the most common reasons for reoperation, and perioperative myocardial infarction and incomplete initial operation were the least common. Long-term follow-up showed a peak of graft failure and progression of disease in nongrafted arteries at three years and decreased thereafter. Progression of distal disease in grafted arteries was not temporally related and was uncommon. Thrombosis of the vein graft could be related most frequently to the distal circulation rather than the vein graft itself.", "PMID": 315221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4894", "title": "Use of saphenous vein to extend and relocate coronary arteries: clinical experience during extensive reconstructive operations of the aortic root.", "content": "Eight patients with advanced disease of the aortic root involving the origins of the coronary arteries have been operated on with resection of the entire aortic root including the ostia of the coronary arteries. Reconstruction was performed by insertion of a composite prosthesis; extension and relocation of the proximal portion of the coronary arteries was accomplished with saphenous vein segments. Two patients had infected aortic valve prostheses, three patients had acute aortic dissection and three had annuloaortic ectasia. Seven of eight patients survived the operation, the only operative death occurring in a patient submitted to an operation in a shock state following rupture of the aorta. There was, however, a high incidence of subsequent late deaths resulting from continued infection and from central circulatory failure. An analysis of this series of patients suggests the possibility that a reconstruction that relocates and extends the proximal portion of the coronary circulation may provide a total blood flow that is inadequate or inappropriate, and further suggests that the methods used in the reconstruction of the proximal circulation may be critical to the prevention of myocardial hypoperfusion.", "contents": "Use of saphenous vein to extend and relocate coronary arteries: clinical experience during extensive reconstructive operations of the aortic root. Eight patients with advanced disease of the aortic root involving the origins of the coronary arteries have been operated on with resection of the entire aortic root including the ostia of the coronary arteries. Reconstruction was performed by insertion of a composite prosthesis; extension and relocation of the proximal portion of the coronary arteries was accomplished with saphenous vein segments. Two patients had infected aortic valve prostheses, three patients had acute aortic dissection and three had annuloaortic ectasia. Seven of eight patients survived the operation, the only operative death occurring in a patient submitted to an operation in a shock state following rupture of the aorta. There was, however, a high incidence of subsequent late deaths resulting from continued infection and from central circulatory failure. An analysis of this series of patients suggests the possibility that a reconstruction that relocates and extends the proximal portion of the coronary circulation may provide a total blood flow that is inadequate or inappropriate, and further suggests that the methods used in the reconstruction of the proximal circulation may be critical to the prevention of myocardial hypoperfusion.", "PMID": 315222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4895", "title": "Traumatic neuroma: a complication of transcanal labyrinthectomy.", "content": "Transcanal labyrinthectomy is frequently unsuccessful in controlling vertigo due to intractable Meniere's disease. It may in fact make the condition worse due to the formation of a traumatic neuroma. The translabyrinthine vestibular nerve section is more reliable, but the morbidity is greater. Therefore, the transcanal procedure is usually recommended as the initial procedure, but the patient is warned that a second more extensive procedure may be necessary to control dizziness.", "contents": "Traumatic neuroma: a complication of transcanal labyrinthectomy. Transcanal labyrinthectomy is frequently unsuccessful in controlling vertigo due to intractable Meniere's disease. It may in fact make the condition worse due to the formation of a traumatic neuroma. The translabyrinthine vestibular nerve section is more reliable, but the morbidity is greater. Therefore, the transcanal procedure is usually recommended as the initial procedure, but the patient is warned that a second more extensive procedure may be necessary to control dizziness.", "PMID": 315223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4896", "title": "Differences between the carbohydrate units of cell-surface glycoproteins of moust B- and T-lymphocytes.", "content": "Carbohydrate units of cell-surface glycoproteins of mouse B- and T-lymphocytes, labelled in their sialic acid residues by the periodate/NaB3H4 method and in their galactose residues by the galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 method after neuraminidase treatment, have been studied. Glycopeptides were prepared from the labelled cells by Pronase digestion and fractionated by concanavalin A affinity chromatography into two fractions (A and B). Alkali-labile oligosaccharides were isolated after mild NaOH/NaBH4 treatment by gel filtration. The alkali-labile oligosaccharides were further analysed by t.l.c. To study the relative proportion of neutral mannose-rich carbohydrate units (fraction C) in lymphocyte glycoproteins, glycopeptides were also prepared from unlabelled cells and subjected to concanavalin A affinity chromatography after N-[3H]acetylation of their peptide moiety. The major alkali-labile oligosaccharide component of both cell types was identified as galactosyl-(beta 1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol. T-Lymphocytes were characterized by a high proportion of this oligosaccharide and a lower proportion of alkali-stable fraction A glycopeptides, whereas the opposite was observed for B-lymphocytes. The relative proportions of the concanavalin A-binding fractions B and C were similar in both cell types. The differences observed may correlate with the different surface properties of B- and T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Differences between the carbohydrate units of cell-surface glycoproteins of moust B- and T-lymphocytes. Carbohydrate units of cell-surface glycoproteins of mouse B- and T-lymphocytes, labelled in their sialic acid residues by the periodate/NaB3H4 method and in their galactose residues by the galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 method after neuraminidase treatment, have been studied. Glycopeptides were prepared from the labelled cells by Pronase digestion and fractionated by concanavalin A affinity chromatography into two fractions (A and B). Alkali-labile oligosaccharides were isolated after mild NaOH/NaBH4 treatment by gel filtration. The alkali-labile oligosaccharides were further analysed by t.l.c. To study the relative proportion of neutral mannose-rich carbohydrate units (fraction C) in lymphocyte glycoproteins, glycopeptides were also prepared from unlabelled cells and subjected to concanavalin A affinity chromatography after N-[3H]acetylation of their peptide moiety. The major alkali-labile oligosaccharide component of both cell types was identified as galactosyl-(beta 1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol. T-Lymphocytes were characterized by a high proportion of this oligosaccharide and a lower proportion of alkali-stable fraction A glycopeptides, whereas the opposite was observed for B-lymphocytes. The relative proportions of the concanavalin A-binding fractions B and C were similar in both cell types. The differences observed may correlate with the different surface properties of B- and T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 315227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4897", "title": "Inhibition of degradation of insulin by ophthalamic acid and by a bovine pancreatic proteinase inhibitor.", "content": "We have previously observed that, on subcutaneous administration, a significant proportion of insulin is degraded at the site of injection. The present paper reports that the degradative activity of slices of rat adipose tissue can be inhibited in vitro by ophthalmic acid, a natural analogue of glutathione, and by bovine pancreatic proteinase inhibitor, whereas it is increased by the addition of reduced glutathione.", "contents": "Inhibition of degradation of insulin by ophthalamic acid and by a bovine pancreatic proteinase inhibitor. We have previously observed that, on subcutaneous administration, a significant proportion of insulin is degraded at the site of injection. The present paper reports that the degradative activity of slices of rat adipose tissue can be inhibited in vitro by ophthalmic acid, a natural analogue of glutathione, and by bovine pancreatic proteinase inhibitor, whereas it is increased by the addition of reduced glutathione.", "PMID": 315228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4898", "title": "The analgesic activity of imidazopyridine derivatives.", "content": "Analgesic and antipyretic activities of 2-(4-(2-imidazo-[1,2-a]pyridylphenyl)propionic acid (Y-9213) were studied with various experimental models. The analgesic activity of Y-9213 was found to be more potent than that of indometacin and morphine in the silver nitrate, Randall-Selitto, and phenylquinone writhing tests. Y-9213 also showed an analgesia in the tail pinch and electric stimulation test. On the warm water induced foot withdrawal reflex, Y-9213 was more effective in spinal-sectioned mice than in intact mice similarly to mephenesin and diazepam. Y-9213 was also proved to possess antipyretic activity as potent as indometacin and to be devoid of morphine-like property. Y-9213 exhibited little effect on the respiration and cardiovascular system in dogs. Y-9213 was found to be rapidly absorbed and eliminated from the blood with a half-life of about 2.5 h in rats. These findings indicate that Y-9213 may be an effective and well tolerated antipyretic and analgesic agent.", "contents": "The analgesic activity of imidazopyridine derivatives. Analgesic and antipyretic activities of 2-(4-(2-imidazo-[1,2-a]pyridylphenyl)propionic acid (Y-9213) were studied with various experimental models. The analgesic activity of Y-9213 was found to be more potent than that of indometacin and morphine in the silver nitrate, Randall-Selitto, and phenylquinone writhing tests. Y-9213 also showed an analgesia in the tail pinch and electric stimulation test. On the warm water induced foot withdrawal reflex, Y-9213 was more effective in spinal-sectioned mice than in intact mice similarly to mephenesin and diazepam. Y-9213 was also proved to possess antipyretic activity as potent as indometacin and to be devoid of morphine-like property. Y-9213 exhibited little effect on the respiration and cardiovascular system in dogs. Y-9213 was found to be rapidly absorbed and eliminated from the blood with a half-life of about 2.5 h in rats. These findings indicate that Y-9213 may be an effective and well tolerated antipyretic and analgesic agent.", "PMID": 315230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4899", "title": "1,6-Dimethyl-4-oxo-1,6,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-4H-pyrido [1,2-a] pyrimidine-3-carboxamide (Chinoin-127), a potent non-narcotic analgesic and antiinflammatory agent.", "content": "1,6-Dimethyl-4-oxo-1,6,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carbamide (Chinoin 127), a non-narcotic analgesic with potent antiinflammatory activity is described. Chinoin-127 is more potent as an analgesic in the hot plate, Randall-Selitto and writhing tests than is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and an effective antiphlogistic agent in a battery of tests (carrageenin, kaolin and dextran induced rat paw edema, Northover test, carrageenin induced abscess, implanted cotton pellet method, adjuvant arthritis) used for measuring antiinflammatory activity. The PG-synthesis inhibitors (indometacin, suprofen) were found to be devoid of analgesic activity, and great test-dependent variations in their antiinflammatory effect were observed. They proved to be inactive in the Northover test. Unusual grade of inhibition in the carrageenin-induced rat paw edema test was obtainable by the simultaneous administration of Chinoin 127 and indometacin.", "contents": "1,6-Dimethyl-4-oxo-1,6,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-4H-pyrido [1,2-a] pyrimidine-3-carboxamide (Chinoin-127), a potent non-narcotic analgesic and antiinflammatory agent. 1,6-Dimethyl-4-oxo-1,6,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carbamide (Chinoin 127), a non-narcotic analgesic with potent antiinflammatory activity is described. Chinoin-127 is more potent as an analgesic in the hot plate, Randall-Selitto and writhing tests than is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and an effective antiphlogistic agent in a battery of tests (carrageenin, kaolin and dextran induced rat paw edema, Northover test, carrageenin induced abscess, implanted cotton pellet method, adjuvant arthritis) used for measuring antiinflammatory activity. The PG-synthesis inhibitors (indometacin, suprofen) were found to be devoid of analgesic activity, and great test-dependent variations in their antiinflammatory effect were observed. They proved to be inactive in the Northover test. Unusual grade of inhibition in the carrageenin-induced rat paw edema test was obtainable by the simultaneous administration of Chinoin 127 and indometacin.", "PMID": 315232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4900", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of 3-O-derivatives of 1,2,5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose.", "content": "A series of 3-O-derivatives of 1,2,5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose were prepared and tested for their pharmacological activity in comparison with tribenoside, a well known drug structurally related, and with other anti-inflammatory agents. Almost all the compounds had a very low toxicity and few of them showed a notable antiinflammatory and antipyretic activity and were able to clearly decrease the venous wall permeability.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of 3-O-derivatives of 1,2,5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose. A series of 3-O-derivatives of 1,2,5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose were prepared and tested for their pharmacological activity in comparison with tribenoside, a well known drug structurally related, and with other anti-inflammatory agents. Almost all the compounds had a very low toxicity and few of them showed a notable antiinflammatory and antipyretic activity and were able to clearly decrease the venous wall permeability.", "PMID": 315233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4901", "title": "General pharmacological properties of 4-(p-chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719).", "content": "4-(p-Chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719), a compound that inhibits histamine release from sensitized leukocytes also decreased tracheal smooth muscle tonus, inhibited synthesis and release of immunologically induced SRS-A (slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis) in the rat and antagonized the in vitro activity of SRS-A. Furthermore, it significantly inhibited the platelet release reaction induced by collagen in vitro but not ex vivo. On the other hand, W-2719 did not possess marked CNS activity nor did it adversely affect the blood pressure, heart rate or respiratory rate. There was no evidence for sympathetic or parasympathetic activity. It had weak antipyretic activity, but exhibited no anti-inflammatory or analgesic activity.", "contents": "General pharmacological properties of 4-(p-chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719). 4-(p-Chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719), a compound that inhibits histamine release from sensitized leukocytes also decreased tracheal smooth muscle tonus, inhibited synthesis and release of immunologically induced SRS-A (slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis) in the rat and antagonized the in vitro activity of SRS-A. Furthermore, it significantly inhibited the platelet release reaction induced by collagen in vitro but not ex vivo. On the other hand, W-2719 did not possess marked CNS activity nor did it adversely affect the blood pressure, heart rate or respiratory rate. There was no evidence for sympathetic or parasympathetic activity. It had weak antipyretic activity, but exhibited no anti-inflammatory or analgesic activity.", "PMID": 315234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4902", "title": "Pharmacological study of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: protacine (CR 604).", "content": "The pharmacological activities of 3'-(4-[2-(1-p-chlorobenzoyl-5-methoxy-2-methyl-indol-3-yl-acetoxy)-ethyl]-piperazin-1-yl)propyl-4-benzamido-N,N-dipropylglutaramate(+/-)dimaleate (protacine, CR 604), a new indolyl derivative with strong anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities, are described. The dose-dependent activity of protacine on inflammation has been shown both in short-term experiments, like the hind paw edema induced by carrageenin and several other irritants, and long-term tests, like the aminoacetonitrile-induced osteolathyrism, the adjuvant-induced arthritis and the cotton pellet-induced granuloma. The analgesic activity of the drug has been evidenced in the phenylquinone-induced writhing and the Randall-Selitto tests, and the antipyretic effects in the yeast-induced hyperthermia in rats. Other general pharmacological effects have been studied, too. Contrarily to several other anti-inflammatory drugs, including indometacin, showing advers effects at doses which are in the same range of those active on experimental inflammation, protacine shows these effects to a minor degree and at doses which are much larger than those pharmacologically active. The therapeutic index of protacine therefore is superior to that of other anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Pharmacological study of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: protacine (CR 604). The pharmacological activities of 3'-(4-[2-(1-p-chlorobenzoyl-5-methoxy-2-methyl-indol-3-yl-acetoxy)-ethyl]-piperazin-1-yl)propyl-4-benzamido-N,N-dipropylglutaramate(+/-)dimaleate (protacine, CR 604), a new indolyl derivative with strong anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities, are described. The dose-dependent activity of protacine on inflammation has been shown both in short-term experiments, like the hind paw edema induced by carrageenin and several other irritants, and long-term tests, like the aminoacetonitrile-induced osteolathyrism, the adjuvant-induced arthritis and the cotton pellet-induced granuloma. The analgesic activity of the drug has been evidenced in the phenylquinone-induced writhing and the Randall-Selitto tests, and the antipyretic effects in the yeast-induced hyperthermia in rats. Other general pharmacological effects have been studied, too. Contrarily to several other anti-inflammatory drugs, including indometacin, showing advers effects at doses which are in the same range of those active on experimental inflammation, protacine shows these effects to a minor degree and at doses which are much larger than those pharmacologically active. The therapeutic index of protacine therefore is superior to that of other anti-inflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 315235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4903", "title": "[Usefulness and adverse effects of intrathecal metrizamide instillation (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiographic quality as well as adverse effects of intrathecal metrizamide instillation was prospectively investigated in thirty-three clinical cases admitted to the department of neurosurgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, and Kantoh Teishin Hospital. Metrizamide CT cisternography was performed in fifteen cases using in most cases 10 ml of 170 mg I/ml solution through lumbar route. Eleven cases exhibited \"normal\" pattern CSF circulation and the remaining four, \"delayed\" pattern. Eight cases (53%) experienced headache, nausea, and/or vomiting several hours after the instillation. All of these belong to the \"normal\" pattern group. Four cases of \"normal\" pattern received electroencephalographic examinations before and after metrizamide instillation. Three revealed appearance of negative spike and slow wave burst or sharp waves one to twenty-four hours after the instillation, along with penetration of metrizamide into brain parenchyma. Diagnostic quality was interpreted as \"good\" in eleven cases. Small acoustic neurinoma, pituitary adenoma, arachnoid cyst, and subdural hygroma were diagnosed among others. Metrizamide ventriculography was done in four cases. No untoward effect of significance was attributed to metrizamide per se. Cervical myelograpy and/or CT myelography was done in fourteen cases using, in most cases, 10 ml of metrizamide 170 mgI/ml. Polytome tomography with metrizamide instillation through lateral cervical puncture was highly diagnostic, whereas, ordinary X-ray with lumbar instillation yielded less satisfactory results. CT myelography in cases of subarachnoid block required good consideration on instillation site and positioning of the patient. Six cases (50%) among twelve cases where metrizamide had run into the cranial cavity experienced headache, nausea, and/or vomiting to a lesser degree than those of cisterno graphy. Metrizamide is the first contrast agent ever made which can be safely introduced into human subarachnoid space, if administered judiciously, nervous. However, metrizamide is weakly toxic to central system and provokes minor untoward effects as well as electroencephalographic abnormalities and, sometimes, clinical convulsive seizure. It would be wiser to restrict the dosage of metrizamide in cisternographic study, expecially in cases of \"normal\" pattern CSF circulation, to 1.2 gI or 7 ml of 170 mg I/ml solution. Routine use of X-ray cisternography should thus be discouraged because it needs higher concentration of metrizamide in the intracranial cisterns.", "contents": "[Usefulness and adverse effects of intrathecal metrizamide instillation (author's transl)]. Radiographic quality as well as adverse effects of intrathecal metrizamide instillation was prospectively investigated in thirty-three clinical cases admitted to the department of neurosurgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, and Kantoh Teishin Hospital. Metrizamide CT cisternography was performed in fifteen cases using in most cases 10 ml of 170 mg I/ml solution through lumbar route. Eleven cases exhibited \"normal\" pattern CSF circulation and the remaining four, \"delayed\" pattern. Eight cases (53%) experienced headache, nausea, and/or vomiting several hours after the instillation. All of these belong to the \"normal\" pattern group. Four cases of \"normal\" pattern received electroencephalographic examinations before and after metrizamide instillation. Three revealed appearance of negative spike and slow wave burst or sharp waves one to twenty-four hours after the instillation, along with penetration of metrizamide into brain parenchyma. Diagnostic quality was interpreted as \"good\" in eleven cases. Small acoustic neurinoma, pituitary adenoma, arachnoid cyst, and subdural hygroma were diagnosed among others. Metrizamide ventriculography was done in four cases. No untoward effect of significance was attributed to metrizamide per se. Cervical myelograpy and/or CT myelography was done in fourteen cases using, in most cases, 10 ml of metrizamide 170 mgI/ml. Polytome tomography with metrizamide instillation through lateral cervical puncture was highly diagnostic, whereas, ordinary X-ray with lumbar instillation yielded less satisfactory results. CT myelography in cases of subarachnoid block required good consideration on instillation site and positioning of the patient. Six cases (50%) among twelve cases where metrizamide had run into the cranial cavity experienced headache, nausea, and/or vomiting to a lesser degree than those of cisterno graphy. Metrizamide is the first contrast agent ever made which can be safely introduced into human subarachnoid space, if administered judiciously, nervous. However, metrizamide is weakly toxic to central system and provokes minor untoward effects as well as electroencephalographic abnormalities and, sometimes, clinical convulsive seizure. It would be wiser to restrict the dosage of metrizamide in cisternographic study, expecially in cases of \"normal\" pattern CSF circulation, to 1.2 gI or 7 ml of 170 mg I/ml solution. Routine use of X-ray cisternography should thus be discouraged because it needs higher concentration of metrizamide in the intracranial cisterns.", "PMID": 315237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4904", "title": "Slow actions of hyperpolarization on sodium channels in the membrane of myelinated nerve.", "content": "The mean sodium current, I, and the variance of sodium current fluctuations, var, were measured in myelinated nerve during a depolarization to V = 40 mV applied from the resting potential (VH = 0) or from a hyperpolarizing holding potential VH = -28 mV. From I and var the relative variations in the number N and the conductance gamma of sodium channels following changes of the holding potential were calculated. Hyperpolarizing the membrane from VH = 0 to -28 mV increased N by a factor of 3.7, whereas gamma decreased by a factor of 0.53. These actions of holding potential on sodium channels develop slowly since 500 ms prepulses to 0 or -28 mV do not alter the values of N and gamma.", "contents": "Slow actions of hyperpolarization on sodium channels in the membrane of myelinated nerve. The mean sodium current, I, and the variance of sodium current fluctuations, var, were measured in myelinated nerve during a depolarization to V = 40 mV applied from the resting potential (VH = 0) or from a hyperpolarizing holding potential VH = -28 mV. From I and var the relative variations in the number N and the conductance gamma of sodium channels following changes of the holding potential were calculated. Hyperpolarizing the membrane from VH = 0 to -28 mV increased N by a factor of 3.7, whereas gamma decreased by a factor of 0.53. These actions of holding potential on sodium channels develop slowly since 500 ms prepulses to 0 or -28 mV do not alter the values of N and gamma.", "PMID": 315238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4905", "title": "Log-linear models in the analysis of disease prevalence data from survival/sacrifice experiments.", "content": "This paper considers the problem of analyzing disease prevalence data from survival experiments in which there may also be some serial sacrifice. The assumptions needed for \"standard\" analyses are reviewed in the context of a general model recently proposed by the authors. This model is then reparametrized in log-linear form, and a generalized EM algorithm is utilized to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters for a broad class of unsaturated models. Tests based on the relative likelihood are proposed to investigate the effects of treatment, time, and the presence of other diseases on the prevalences and lethalities of specific diseases of interest. An example is given, using data from a large experiment to investigate the effects of low-level radiation on laboratory mice. Finally, some possible directions for future research are indicated.", "contents": "Log-linear models in the analysis of disease prevalence data from survival/sacrifice experiments. This paper considers the problem of analyzing disease prevalence data from survival experiments in which there may also be some serial sacrifice. The assumptions needed for \"standard\" analyses are reviewed in the context of a general model recently proposed by the authors. This model is then reparametrized in log-linear form, and a generalized EM algorithm is utilized to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters for a broad class of unsaturated models. Tests based on the relative likelihood are proposed to investigate the effects of treatment, time, and the presence of other diseases on the prevalences and lethalities of specific diseases of interest. An example is given, using data from a large experiment to investigate the effects of low-level radiation on laboratory mice. Finally, some possible directions for future research are indicated.", "PMID": 315241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4906", "title": "[Effect of thymectomy on induction of immunologic tolerance in the effectors of delayed hypersensitivity].", "content": "The influence of thymectomy (Tx) on induction of tolerance of delayed type hypersensitivity effectors (DHE) was examined. Tx did not interfere with induction of tolerance to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) achieved with combined injections of the massive dose of the antigen and cyclophosphamide (Cy). Tx resulted in prolongation of unresponsiveness. The injection of mice with the massive dose of SRBC alone also resulted in tolerance formation. However, this type of tolghtly depressed formation of DHE in intact but not in Cy treated mice. The results obtained are in agreement with the idea of the existence of diverse mechanisms of tolerance induction (clonic-deficient and suppressor). These data also suggest the existence of two subpopulations differing in susceptibility to Cy and Tx in DHE effectors and their precursors.", "contents": "[Effect of thymectomy on induction of immunologic tolerance in the effectors of delayed hypersensitivity]. The influence of thymectomy (Tx) on induction of tolerance of delayed type hypersensitivity effectors (DHE) was examined. Tx did not interfere with induction of tolerance to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) achieved with combined injections of the massive dose of the antigen and cyclophosphamide (Cy). Tx resulted in prolongation of unresponsiveness. The injection of mice with the massive dose of SRBC alone also resulted in tolerance formation. However, this type of tolghtly depressed formation of DHE in intact but not in Cy treated mice. The results obtained are in agreement with the idea of the existence of diverse mechanisms of tolerance induction (clonic-deficient and suppressor). These data also suggest the existence of two subpopulations differing in susceptibility to Cy and Tx in DHE effectors and their precursors.", "PMID": 315242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4907", "title": "[Lymph node cell composition and DNA content in their different lymphocyte populations in mice with tumor induced by murine Moloney sarcoma virus].", "content": "The ratio of T and B lymphocytes and DNA content in population enriched by these cells were analysed in the lymph nodes of BALB/c mice with progressively growing sarcomas induced by the MSV Moloney and in untreated mice. T lymphocyte enriched fractions have a higher DNA content in comparison to fractions enriched with B lymphocytes. Sarcoma development promotes a decrease in the relative number of macronucleolar lymphocytes and simultaneous decrease of micronucleolar ones in the lymph nodes, particularly in the regional ones.", "contents": "[Lymph node cell composition and DNA content in their different lymphocyte populations in mice with tumor induced by murine Moloney sarcoma virus]. The ratio of T and B lymphocytes and DNA content in population enriched by these cells were analysed in the lymph nodes of BALB/c mice with progressively growing sarcomas induced by the MSV Moloney and in untreated mice. T lymphocyte enriched fractions have a higher DNA content in comparison to fractions enriched with B lymphocytes. Sarcoma development promotes a decrease in the relative number of macronucleolar lymphocytes and simultaneous decrease of micronucleolar ones in the lymph nodes, particularly in the regional ones.", "PMID": 315243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4908", "title": "[Ultrastructure and antigens in differentiation of thymus lymphocytes in human embryogenesis].", "content": "Thymus lymphocytes of 7--8-week human embryos have nuclei of irregular form with 1--3 distinct nucleoli characterized by absence of compact chromatin or heterchromatin. The electron-dense cytoplasm of these cells contains polysomes and an insignificant number of mitochondria. No receptors to sheep red blood cells and T antigen are revealed on their surface. In 11--12-week human embryos one can observe a decrease in the size of thymus lymphocytes, appearance of heterochromatin in their nuclei and receptors to sheep red blood cells (79%), and T antigen (60%) on the cell surface. Subsequently the quantity of compact chromatin in thymus lymphoid cells increases, and the cells acquire definitive properties and structure.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure and antigens in differentiation of thymus lymphocytes in human embryogenesis]. Thymus lymphocytes of 7--8-week human embryos have nuclei of irregular form with 1--3 distinct nucleoli characterized by absence of compact chromatin or heterchromatin. The electron-dense cytoplasm of these cells contains polysomes and an insignificant number of mitochondria. No receptors to sheep red blood cells and T antigen are revealed on their surface. In 11--12-week human embryos one can observe a decrease in the size of thymus lymphocytes, appearance of heterochromatin in their nuclei and receptors to sheep red blood cells (79%), and T antigen (60%) on the cell surface. Subsequently the quantity of compact chromatin in thymus lymphoid cells increases, and the cells acquire definitive properties and structure.", "PMID": 315244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4909", "title": "Philadelphia-chromosome-positive pre-B-cell leukemia presenting as blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) have shown that the majority of hemopoietic cells originate from pluripotential stem cells affected in this disease. Evidence that lymphocytes are also progeny of these stem cells, however, has been indirect. Philadelphia-chromosome-positive leukemic blasts from a 4 10/12-yr-old boy with CML in blast crisis had features characteristic of pre-B leukemic cells, including expression of cytoplasmic IgM and absence of surface immunoglobulin. Additional immunologic, enzymatic, and pharmacologic characterization of these cells supported their pre-B-cell phenotype. Together, these features provide direct evidence for CML stem cell ancestry to lymphocytes of the B-cell lineage.", "contents": "Philadelphia-chromosome-positive pre-B-cell leukemia presenting as blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cytogenetic studies of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) have shown that the majority of hemopoietic cells originate from pluripotential stem cells affected in this disease. Evidence that lymphocytes are also progeny of these stem cells, however, has been indirect. Philadelphia-chromosome-positive leukemic blasts from a 4 10/12-yr-old boy with CML in blast crisis had features characteristic of pre-B leukemic cells, including expression of cytoplasmic IgM and absence of surface immunoglobulin. Additional immunologic, enzymatic, and pharmacologic characterization of these cells supported their pre-B-cell phenotype. Together, these features provide direct evidence for CML stem cell ancestry to lymphocytes of the B-cell lineage.", "PMID": 315245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4910", "title": "The binding of ouabain to normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemic lymphocytes.", "content": "The binding of the cardiac glycoside, ouabain, to cells had been used to quantify the number of active cation pumps. In this study, lymphocytes were incubated with 3H-ouabain and the equilibrium binding analyzed for the maximal number of specific binding sites. Lymphocytes from normal peripheral blood bound 44,200 +/- 9920 molecules/cell, compared with 29,200 +/- 8370 molecules/cell for the lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) subjects. This difference was significant (p less than 0.01) and did not reflect a lower number of sites on B cells than T cells, since B-cell-enriched lymphocytes from normal peripheral blood showed the same ouabain binding characteristics as the standard T-cell-rich preparation. Although monocytes bind threefold more ouabain than lymphocytes, the small monocyte contamination (3.0%) in normal lymphocyte preparations could not account for the difference between normal and CLL. The fewer ouabain binding sites on CLL lymphocytes may reflect both their smaller size (by 10%) and lower mitotic activity compared with lymphocytes from normal peripheral blood.", "contents": "The binding of ouabain to normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemic lymphocytes. The binding of the cardiac glycoside, ouabain, to cells had been used to quantify the number of active cation pumps. In this study, lymphocytes were incubated with 3H-ouabain and the equilibrium binding analyzed for the maximal number of specific binding sites. Lymphocytes from normal peripheral blood bound 44,200 +/- 9920 molecules/cell, compared with 29,200 +/- 8370 molecules/cell for the lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) subjects. This difference was significant (p less than 0.01) and did not reflect a lower number of sites on B cells than T cells, since B-cell-enriched lymphocytes from normal peripheral blood showed the same ouabain binding characteristics as the standard T-cell-rich preparation. Although monocytes bind threefold more ouabain than lymphocytes, the small monocyte contamination (3.0%) in normal lymphocyte preparations could not account for the difference between normal and CLL. The fewer ouabain binding sites on CLL lymphocytes may reflect both their smaller size (by 10%) and lower mitotic activity compared with lymphocytes from normal peripheral blood.", "PMID": 315246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4911", "title": "Activation of human lymphocyte subpopulations by protein A from Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.", "content": "Cowan I strain Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were found to be mitogenic for human peripheral and cord blood lymphocytes. Experiments with lymphocyte supopulations otained by nylon wool filtration and/or E-rosette separation revealed that T-lymphocytes are the main target cells, whereas isolated B cells did not respond significantly. Further experiments suggested that B cells could be activated in the presence of mitomycin-treated T cells. Null cell-enriched lymphocyte suspensions could be stimulated by Con A but not by the bacteria or by PHA.", "contents": "Activation of human lymphocyte subpopulations by protein A from Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Cowan I strain Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were found to be mitogenic for human peripheral and cord blood lymphocytes. Experiments with lymphocyte supopulations otained by nylon wool filtration and/or E-rosette separation revealed that T-lymphocytes are the main target cells, whereas isolated B cells did not respond significantly. Further experiments suggested that B cells could be activated in the presence of mitomycin-treated T cells. Null cell-enriched lymphocyte suspensions could be stimulated by Con A but not by the bacteria or by PHA.", "PMID": 315247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4912", "title": "Noxythiolin (Noxyflex), aprotinin (Trasylol) and peritoneal adhesion formation: an experimental study in the rat.", "content": "Clinical and experimental studies have suggested that noxythiolin and aprotinin may prevent intraperitoneal adhesion formation. A comparison was therefore made of their efficacy in preventing the reformation of adhesions following surgical lysis in a controlled trial using rats. Neither noxythiolon nor aprotinin had any significant benefit over surgical lysis alone. The mortality rate was high in the noxythiolin-treated group.", "contents": "Noxythiolin (Noxyflex), aprotinin (Trasylol) and peritoneal adhesion formation: an experimental study in the rat. Clinical and experimental studies have suggested that noxythiolin and aprotinin may prevent intraperitoneal adhesion formation. A comparison was therefore made of their efficacy in preventing the reformation of adhesions following surgical lysis in a controlled trial using rats. Neither noxythiolon nor aprotinin had any significant benefit over surgical lysis alone. The mortality rate was high in the noxythiolin-treated group.", "PMID": 315252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4913", "title": "Fetal breathing movements and other tests of fetal wellbeing: a comparative evaluation.", "content": "Sixty pregnant women whose fetuses were considered to be at high risk were intensively studied with fetal and placental function tests. Fetal breathing movements were studied with real-time ultrasound and the amount of time spent breathing and the variability of the breath-to-breath interval were measured. A reduction in the amount of time the fetus spent making breathing movements and decreased variability were indicative of fetal compromise. When these results were compared with those of other tests of fetal wellbeing measurement of fetal breathing movements and ultrasound assessment of growth were more sensitive tests of fetal wellbeing than the biochemical measures (urinary oestrogen, human placental lactogen, pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein, and unconjugated oestriol concentrations) or fetal heart rate. The predictive value was  highest with serum unconjugated oestriol but the results of other tests were similar. Study of fetal breathing movements or an ultrasonic assessment of growth may provide a better screening test for fetal compromise than biochemical estimations.", "contents": "Fetal breathing movements and other tests of fetal wellbeing: a comparative evaluation. Sixty pregnant women whose fetuses were considered to be at high risk were intensively studied with fetal and placental function tests. Fetal breathing movements were studied with real-time ultrasound and the amount of time spent breathing and the variability of the breath-to-breath interval were measured. A reduction in the amount of time the fetus spent making breathing movements and decreased variability were indicative of fetal compromise. When these results were compared with those of other tests of fetal wellbeing measurement of fetal breathing movements and ultrasound assessment of growth were more sensitive tests of fetal wellbeing than the biochemical measures (urinary oestrogen, human placental lactogen, pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein, and unconjugated oestriol concentrations) or fetal heart rate. The predictive value was  highest with serum unconjugated oestriol but the results of other tests were similar. Study of fetal breathing movements or an ultrasonic assessment of growth may provide a better screening test for fetal compromise than biochemical estimations.", "PMID": 315254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4914", "title": "Quantitative analysis of stance in late cortical cerebellar atrophy of the anterior lobe and other forms of cerebellar ataxia.", "content": "(1) Methods have been developed to measure, analyse and document postural sway. The main parameters studied were: average sway amplitude; length of the sway path per unit time; sway direction and sway position histograms; and the frequency spectra of the antero-posterior and lateral sway components. (2) Postural ataxia was quantitatively studied in three groups of patients with cerebellar lesions: (a) late atrophy of the anterior lobe, (b) tumours of the cerebellar hemisphere and (c) tumours within the vestibulo-cerebellum. Characteristic differences were found. (3) Patients with anterior lobe lesion show a specific 3 Hz postural tremor in the antero-posterior direction. The tremor can be evoked by sudden destabilization in incipient cases. Less characteristic and smaller in amplitude is a mainly lateral sway component with an average frequency of 0.5 Hz. This is also seen in cases with spinal ataxia. Visual stabilization of posture is frequently preserved. Its amount does not correlate with general instability of posture. Tremor and characteristically exaggerated intersegmental responses between head, trunk, hips and legs are interpreted as the consequence of hyper-excitability of postural reflexes in these patients. (4) Patients with lesions of the hemispheres show only slight postural instability without directional preference. Their sway parameters with eyes open are within the 2 sigma range of normals and there is no significant difference from normals in these parameters even when the eyes are closed. Therefore these patients cannot be distinguished from normals by means of their platform recordings. (5) Two patients with posterior vermal and flocculo-nodular lesions were very unstable without preferred axis or frequency of instability. In contrast to the anterior lobe group the instability was characterized by the absence of intersegmental movements.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of stance in late cortical cerebellar atrophy of the anterior lobe and other forms of cerebellar ataxia. (1) Methods have been developed to measure, analyse and document postural sway. The main parameters studied were: average sway amplitude; length of the sway path per unit time; sway direction and sway position histograms; and the frequency spectra of the antero-posterior and lateral sway components. (2) Postural ataxia was quantitatively studied in three groups of patients with cerebellar lesions: (a) late atrophy of the anterior lobe, (b) tumours of the cerebellar hemisphere and (c) tumours within the vestibulo-cerebellum. Characteristic differences were found. (3) Patients with anterior lobe lesion show a specific 3 Hz postural tremor in the antero-posterior direction. The tremor can be evoked by sudden destabilization in incipient cases. Less characteristic and smaller in amplitude is a mainly lateral sway component with an average frequency of 0.5 Hz. This is also seen in cases with spinal ataxia. Visual stabilization of posture is frequently preserved. Its amount does not correlate with general instability of posture. Tremor and characteristically exaggerated intersegmental responses between head, trunk, hips and legs are interpreted as the consequence of hyper-excitability of postural reflexes in these patients. (4) Patients with lesions of the hemispheres show only slight postural instability without directional preference. Their sway parameters with eyes open are within the 2 sigma range of normals and there is no significant difference from normals in these parameters even when the eyes are closed. Therefore these patients cannot be distinguished from normals by means of their platform recordings. (5) Two patients with posterior vermal and flocculo-nodular lesions were very unstable without preferred axis or frequency of instability. In contrast to the anterior lobe group the instability was characterized by the absence of intersegmental movements.", "PMID": 315255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4915", "title": "Failure of 5-hydroxytryptophan to increase lumbar MSR amplitude in rats paralyzed with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Doses of the 5-hydroxytryptamine precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, which markedly increased lumbar monosynaptic response (MSR) amplitude in control rats failed to do so in rats paralyzed with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, lumbar MSR amplitude could be increased in EAE rats just as in control rats by tetanically stimulating the dorsal root. Post-tetanic potentiation of MSR amplitude occurred in the EAE paralyzed rats both prior to and following 5-hydroxytryptophan injection. It was concluded that, as has been reported for the peripheral system in EAE guinea pigs, central nervous system 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotransmission is impaired, at least in the lumbar spinal cord, in EAE rats with hindlimb paralysis.", "contents": "Failure of 5-hydroxytryptophan to increase lumbar MSR amplitude in rats paralyzed with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Doses of the 5-hydroxytryptamine precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, which markedly increased lumbar monosynaptic response (MSR) amplitude in control rats failed to do so in rats paralyzed with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, lumbar MSR amplitude could be increased in EAE rats just as in control rats by tetanically stimulating the dorsal root. Post-tetanic potentiation of MSR amplitude occurred in the EAE paralyzed rats both prior to and following 5-hydroxytryptophan injection. It was concluded that, as has been reported for the peripheral system in EAE guinea pigs, central nervous system 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotransmission is impaired, at least in the lumbar spinal cord, in EAE rats with hindlimb paralysis.", "PMID": 315256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4916", "title": "Coccidial infection with Eimeria tenella and caecal defaecation in chicks.", "content": "1. The periodicity of caecal defaecation was investigated in chicks infected with Eimeria tenella. The birds were illuminated for 12 h/d (07.00-19.00) and faeces were collected at 3-h intervals for up to 21 d. 2. In uninfected birds caecal faeces were never collected during the dark period. During the periods 07.00-10.00 h, 10.00-13.00 h, 13.00-16.00 h and 16.00-19.00 h, caecal defaecation occurred on approximately 44, 19, 55 and 91% of the total number of days respectively. 3. In infected birds production of haemorrhagic caecal faeces began from between 90 and 156 h after infection and continued during both light and dark periods for between 12 and 48 h. After this period, no caecal faeces were observed for between 39 and 120 h. Normal caecal defaecation resumed from between 198 and 264 h.", "contents": "Coccidial infection with Eimeria tenella and caecal defaecation in chicks. 1. The periodicity of caecal defaecation was investigated in chicks infected with Eimeria tenella. The birds were illuminated for 12 h/d (07.00-19.00) and faeces were collected at 3-h intervals for up to 21 d. 2. In uninfected birds caecal faeces were never collected during the dark period. During the periods 07.00-10.00 h, 10.00-13.00 h, 13.00-16.00 h and 16.00-19.00 h, caecal defaecation occurred on approximately 44, 19, 55 and 91% of the total number of days respectively. 3. In infected birds production of haemorrhagic caecal faeces began from between 90 and 156 h after infection and continued during both light and dark periods for between 12 and 48 h. After this period, no caecal faeces were observed for between 39 and 120 h. Normal caecal defaecation resumed from between 198 and 264 h.", "PMID": 315257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4917", "title": "Predictive value for survival of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in patients with sepsis.", "content": "To study their value in predicting prognosis, tests were performed on peripheral blood lymphomononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in 34 critically ill patients with sepsis. Intially, the number of lymphomononuclear cells was reduced by 32% compared with healthy control subjects and was 42% lower in those who died than in survivors. The values remained low in those who died. The numbers of T and B cells, determined by rosette formation using sheep and mouse erythrocytes, did not change during the period of observation. Intially, K cell activity was decreased by 48% compared with normal activity. In those younger than 65 years, K cell activity was 68% lower in patients who later died than in survivors. It returned to normal at 20 to 30 days and decreased in those who died. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence was decreased by 50% compared with healthy control subjects and tended to be lower in those who died. Chemotactic migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not impaired. It was concluded that the lymphomononuclear cell count, K cell activity and adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were decreased in patients with sepsis and that the values were useful in predicting prognosis.", "contents": "Predictive value for survival of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in patients with sepsis. To study their value in predicting prognosis, tests were performed on peripheral blood lymphomononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in 34 critically ill patients with sepsis. Intially, the number of lymphomononuclear cells was reduced by 32% compared with healthy control subjects and was 42% lower in those who died than in survivors. The values remained low in those who died. The numbers of T and B cells, determined by rosette formation using sheep and mouse erythrocytes, did not change during the period of observation. Intially, K cell activity was decreased by 48% compared with normal activity. In those younger than 65 years, K cell activity was 68% lower in patients who later died than in survivors. It returned to normal at 20 to 30 days and decreased in those who died. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence was decreased by 50% compared with healthy control subjects and tended to be lower in those who died. Chemotactic migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not impaired. It was concluded that the lymphomononuclear cell count, K cell activity and adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were decreased in patients with sepsis and that the values were useful in predicting prognosis.", "PMID": 315258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4918", "title": "Elective management of the patient who has bled from esophageal varices.", "content": "Variceal hemorrhage can be controlled by nonsurgical means in over 50% of patients. As a result, their general hepatic status can often be improved by preoperative preparation for the elective procedure. The major problem following elective end-to-side portacaval shunting is encephalopathy; it occurs in up to one half of patients who undergo this shunting procedure. Mesocaval shunting has been proposed as a better operation because of lower frequency of encephalopathy; however, the authors' experience has not confirmed this. Distal splenorenal shunting, as shown by the results of a prospective controlled trial, does have a lower frequency of encephalopathy, but the initial morbidity and mortality are higher and an improvement in the duration of survival is not yet evident.", "contents": "Elective management of the patient who has bled from esophageal varices. Variceal hemorrhage can be controlled by nonsurgical means in over 50% of patients. As a result, their general hepatic status can often be improved by preoperative preparation for the elective procedure. The major problem following elective end-to-side portacaval shunting is encephalopathy; it occurs in up to one half of patients who undergo this shunting procedure. Mesocaval shunting has been proposed as a better operation because of lower frequency of encephalopathy; however, the authors' experience has not confirmed this. Distal splenorenal shunting, as shown by the results of a prospective controlled trial, does have a lower frequency of encephalopathy, but the initial morbidity and mortality are higher and an improvement in the duration of survival is not yet evident.", "PMID": 315262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4919", "title": "Morphologic and ultrastructural characteristics of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "The morphology, ultrastructure, and acid phosphatase activity of the leukemic cells of 11 cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) were studied. Distinctive small cells with markedly hyperchromatic convoluted nuclei comprised from 2 to 25% of the leukemic cells in the blood and bone marrow smears of 10 of the 11 patients. Similar cells were found in only four of 47 cases on non-T, non-B-ALL. Many of these small leukemic cells exhibited ultrastructurally nuclear membrane reduplication and nuclear blebs and splits. The presence of these small leukemic cells with markedly hyperchromatic convoluted nuclei in ALL is strongly suggestive of T-ALL. This cytomorphologic finding, when combined with the presence of strong focal acid phosphatase activity, lends even greater predictability of a T-cell process.", "contents": "Morphologic and ultrastructural characteristics of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The morphology, ultrastructure, and acid phosphatase activity of the leukemic cells of 11 cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) were studied. Distinctive small cells with markedly hyperchromatic convoluted nuclei comprised from 2 to 25% of the leukemic cells in the blood and bone marrow smears of 10 of the 11 patients. Similar cells were found in only four of 47 cases on non-T, non-B-ALL. Many of these small leukemic cells exhibited ultrastructurally nuclear membrane reduplication and nuclear blebs and splits. The presence of these small leukemic cells with markedly hyperchromatic convoluted nuclei in ALL is strongly suggestive of T-ALL. This cytomorphologic finding, when combined with the presence of strong focal acid phosphatase activity, lends even greater predictability of a T-cell process.", "PMID": 315265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4920", "title": "Atypical T-cell leukemia terminating Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A case of Hodgkin's disease is described which developed into a terminal illness characterized by a malignant proliferation of T-cells. The leukemic cells, after optical and ultrastructural analysis, were distinct from those of myelomonocytic, acute lymphoblastic, chronic lymphocytic as well as prolymphocytic leukemia. Their relationship with the T-cell lineage seemed to be confirmed by a highly positive E-rosette test and by cytochemistry which showed focal positivity of acid phosphatase. The importance of this T-cell malignant proliferation is discussed, especially with regard to cellular interactions in Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Atypical T-cell leukemia terminating Hodgkin's disease. A case of Hodgkin's disease is described which developed into a terminal illness characterized by a malignant proliferation of T-cells. The leukemic cells, after optical and ultrastructural analysis, were distinct from those of myelomonocytic, acute lymphoblastic, chronic lymphocytic as well as prolymphocytic leukemia. Their relationship with the T-cell lineage seemed to be confirmed by a highly positive E-rosette test and by cytochemistry which showed focal positivity of acid phosphatase. The importance of this T-cell malignant proliferation is discussed, especially with regard to cellular interactions in Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 315266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4921", "title": "Disseminated histiocytosis X: analysis of prognostic factors based on a retrospective study of 50 cases.", "content": "This work is a retrospective study of 50 cases of DHX, collected over a period of 27 years. 24 children died, 26 are still alive. The prognosis for DHX was neither dependent on age (usually occurring in children under 2 years) nor on histological findings but on the extent of the lesions. It was possible to establish a clinical staging system distinguishing 2 groups. One, where the disease was severe and almost always fatal, often included the combined symptoms of thrombocytopenia, spontaneous anemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, respiratory insufficiency and absence of osteolytic lesions. The other, with a favorable prognosis, was characterized by skin lesions, diabetes insipidus, exclusively radiological pulmonary involvement and multiple bone lesions. In cases where death did not occur, DHX was often chronic, frequently persisting for 2 years or more and leading to serious sequelae such as diabetes insipidus, growth stunting, intellectual retardation, blindness or deafness.", "contents": "Disseminated histiocytosis X: analysis of prognostic factors based on a retrospective study of 50 cases. This work is a retrospective study of 50 cases of DHX, collected over a period of 27 years. 24 children died, 26 are still alive. The prognosis for DHX was neither dependent on age (usually occurring in children under 2 years) nor on histological findings but on the extent of the lesions. It was possible to establish a clinical staging system distinguishing 2 groups. One, where the disease was severe and almost always fatal, often included the combined symptoms of thrombocytopenia, spontaneous anemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, respiratory insufficiency and absence of osteolytic lesions. The other, with a favorable prognosis, was characterized by skin lesions, diabetes insipidus, exclusively radiological pulmonary involvement and multiple bone lesions. In cases where death did not occur, DHX was often chronic, frequently persisting for 2 years or more and leading to serious sequelae such as diabetes insipidus, growth stunting, intellectual retardation, blindness or deafness.", "PMID": 315267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4922", "title": "The T-lymphocyte as a diploid reference standard for flow cytometry.", "content": "T-lymphocytes prepared from the peripheral blood of normal individuals exhibit uniform postmitotic DNA contents that are constant from individual to individual when fixed in ethanol and stained with mithramycin, or when fixed in formalin and stained with acriflavine-Feulgen and analyzed by flow microfluorometry. T-lymphocytes fixed by either method are stable on storage for several months. These cells are suitable for use as an external diploid reference standard for flow cytometric detection of cells with abnormalities in postmitotic content exceeding 5% of diploid reference. Cells with abnormalities in postmitotic DNA content of less than 5% can be detected in mixtures containing both normal and malignant cells by multiparameter analysis.", "contents": "The T-lymphocyte as a diploid reference standard for flow cytometry. T-lymphocytes prepared from the peripheral blood of normal individuals exhibit uniform postmitotic DNA contents that are constant from individual to individual when fixed in ethanol and stained with mithramycin, or when fixed in formalin and stained with acriflavine-Feulgen and analyzed by flow microfluorometry. T-lymphocytes fixed by either method are stable on storage for several months. These cells are suitable for use as an external diploid reference standard for flow cytometric detection of cells with abnormalities in postmitotic content exceeding 5% of diploid reference. Cells with abnormalities in postmitotic DNA content of less than 5% can be detected in mixtures containing both normal and malignant cells by multiparameter analysis.", "PMID": 315268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4923", "title": "Matching of chemotherapy to mouse strain and lymphoid tumor type to prevent tumor-induced suppression of specific T- and B-cell functions.", "content": "Specific immunological and hematopoietic functions were studied during treatment with antineoplastic agents in mice bearing syngeneic lymphoid tumors: 70Z/2, a B-cell lymphoma of C57BL X DBA/2 F1 (hereafter called (BD2F1) mice; EL4, a T-cell lymphoma of C57BL/6 mice; or J774, a macrophage tumor of BALB/c mice. Both B- and T-lymphocyte function (antibody-forming cells and cell-mediated lymphocyte lympholysis toward alloantigens) were suppressed in spleen cells of mice bearing these tumors. Other hematopoietic functions (granulocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte progenitor cells) were variably influenced by growth of these lymphoid tumors. J774 enhanced, but 70Z/2 suppressed, megakaryocyte progenitor cells. J774 and 70Z/2 increased levels of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. EL4, the T-cell lymphoma, did not influence either cell type. Significant variation in strain sensitivity to drug toxicity and drug effectiveness in different tumor-host systems was observed. Increased median survival time with reversal of tumor-induced immune dysfunction, without toxicity to hematopoietic progenitor cells, was realized in two tumor-host-drug combinations. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid was effective against J774, while actinomycin D was active against 70Z/2. Mitomycin C effectively reduced tumor load, as evidenced by loss of splenic tumor colony-forming cells for all three tumors. This agent prolonged survival and concomitantly restored immunological responsiveness in hosts immunosuppressed by growth of 70Z/2 or J774. Paralleling tumor reduction with mitomycin C therapy, the splenic hematopoietic progenitor and colony-forming B-cells were reduced in tumor-bearing and tumor-free mice, thus compromising its therapeutic effectiveness. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine reduced tumor load with marginal toxicity toward hematopoietic progenitor and colony-forming B-cells. However, immune responsiveness was only partially restored, and median survival was not increased. The results presented show the diversity of therapeutic drug effectiveness in increasing mean survival time and influencing other life-sustaining parameters (immunological and hematopoietic functions).", "contents": "Matching of chemotherapy to mouse strain and lymphoid tumor type to prevent tumor-induced suppression of specific T- and B-cell functions. Specific immunological and hematopoietic functions were studied during treatment with antineoplastic agents in mice bearing syngeneic lymphoid tumors: 70Z/2, a B-cell lymphoma of C57BL X DBA/2 F1 (hereafter called (BD2F1) mice; EL4, a T-cell lymphoma of C57BL/6 mice; or J774, a macrophage tumor of BALB/c mice. Both B- and T-lymphocyte function (antibody-forming cells and cell-mediated lymphocyte lympholysis toward alloantigens) were suppressed in spleen cells of mice bearing these tumors. Other hematopoietic functions (granulocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte progenitor cells) were variably influenced by growth of these lymphoid tumors. J774 enhanced, but 70Z/2 suppressed, megakaryocyte progenitor cells. J774 and 70Z/2 increased levels of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. EL4, the T-cell lymphoma, did not influence either cell type. Significant variation in strain sensitivity to drug toxicity and drug effectiveness in different tumor-host systems was observed. Increased median survival time with reversal of tumor-induced immune dysfunction, without toxicity to hematopoietic progenitor cells, was realized in two tumor-host-drug combinations. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid was effective against J774, while actinomycin D was active against 70Z/2. Mitomycin C effectively reduced tumor load, as evidenced by loss of splenic tumor colony-forming cells for all three tumors. This agent prolonged survival and concomitantly restored immunological responsiveness in hosts immunosuppressed by growth of 70Z/2 or J774. Paralleling tumor reduction with mitomycin C therapy, the splenic hematopoietic progenitor and colony-forming B-cells were reduced in tumor-bearing and tumor-free mice, thus compromising its therapeutic effectiveness. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine reduced tumor load with marginal toxicity toward hematopoietic progenitor and colony-forming B-cells. However, immune responsiveness was only partially restored, and median survival was not increased. The results presented show the diversity of therapeutic drug effectiveness in increasing mean survival time and influencing other life-sustaining parameters (immunological and hematopoietic functions).", "PMID": 315269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4924", "title": "Induction, inhibition, and biological properties of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in a stable human B-lymphocyte cell line, RPMI-1788.", "content": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase was induced in the absence of mitogens by several compounds in a stable, human B-lymphocyte cell line (RPMI-1788). Over the dose ranges tested and on molar basis the inducers, in decreasing order of potency, were 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenz(a,h)-anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and 1,2-benzanthracene. Potential inducers which, paradoxically, diminished basal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, included 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 2,5-diphenyloxazole, and chyrsene. Induction under optimal culture conditions ensured maximal activities 3- to 4 fold above basal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. The characteristics of the induced [dibenz(a,h)anthracene] and basal enzymes were found virtually identical. Both had similar pH curves (optima at 8.25) and inhibitor specificity (alpha- and beta-naphthoflavones, metyrapone, and 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate in decreasing potency). Induced and basal enzymes exhibited similar half-lives (41, 46 hr), apparent activation energies (16.7, 16.6 kcal/mol), temperature optima (37-38, 38-39 degrees), temperature-dependence of denaturation (range, 42-50 degrees), and apparent Km's with benzo(a)pyrene (1.8, 0.8 microM). The small difference in the apparent Km was related to enzyme concentration in the incubation rather than to the quality of the enzyme.", "contents": "Induction, inhibition, and biological properties of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in a stable human B-lymphocyte cell line, RPMI-1788. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase was induced in the absence of mitogens by several compounds in a stable, human B-lymphocyte cell line (RPMI-1788). Over the dose ranges tested and on molar basis the inducers, in decreasing order of potency, were 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenz(a,h)-anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and 1,2-benzanthracene. Potential inducers which, paradoxically, diminished basal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, included 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 2,5-diphenyloxazole, and chyrsene. Induction under optimal culture conditions ensured maximal activities 3- to 4 fold above basal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. The characteristics of the induced [dibenz(a,h)anthracene] and basal enzymes were found virtually identical. Both had similar pH curves (optima at 8.25) and inhibitor specificity (alpha- and beta-naphthoflavones, metyrapone, and 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate in decreasing potency). Induced and basal enzymes exhibited similar half-lives (41, 46 hr), apparent activation energies (16.7, 16.6 kcal/mol), temperature optima (37-38, 38-39 degrees), temperature-dependence of denaturation (range, 42-50 degrees), and apparent Km's with benzo(a)pyrene (1.8, 0.8 microM). The small difference in the apparent Km was related to enzyme concentration in the incubation rather than to the quality of the enzyme.", "PMID": 315271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4925", "title": "Rejection of adenovirus 2-transformed cell tumors and immune responsiveness in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Transplantation of adenovirus type 2-transformed cell-induced newborn tumor lines to different aged hamsters revealed that the cell-mediated host defenses responsible for tumor graft rejection matured early in the second week of life. When light microscopic examinations were performed during the course of tumor development, the primary histopathological difference between progressing tumors removed from newborn or thymectomized weanling hamsters and regressing lesions from normal weanlings was the lack of an early, mononuclear cell infiltrate in neoplasms from newborn and thymectomized hosts. These results suggest that the maturation of cellular immunity determines resistance to tumor transplantation in this system. This conclusion was supported by the in vitro detection of concanavalin A-responsive lymphocytes in spleens from tumor-resistant suckling but not tumor-susceptible neonatal hamsters. Although the incomplete seeding of thymus-dependent lymphocytes to the peripheral lymphoid tissues of newborn hamsters may partially explain the deficient concanavalin A responses of neonatal spleen cells, there appears to be an additional requirement for a radioresistant, adherent accessory cell population. These findings suggest that the development of a cell-mediated immune response is necessary for the rejection of adenovirus type 2-transformed cells and transformed cell-induced tumors and that this response requires the interaction of T-cells and accessory cell populations.", "contents": "Rejection of adenovirus 2-transformed cell tumors and immune responsiveness in Syrian hamsters. Transplantation of adenovirus type 2-transformed cell-induced newborn tumor lines to different aged hamsters revealed that the cell-mediated host defenses responsible for tumor graft rejection matured early in the second week of life. When light microscopic examinations were performed during the course of tumor development, the primary histopathological difference between progressing tumors removed from newborn or thymectomized weanling hamsters and regressing lesions from normal weanlings was the lack of an early, mononuclear cell infiltrate in neoplasms from newborn and thymectomized hosts. These results suggest that the maturation of cellular immunity determines resistance to tumor transplantation in this system. This conclusion was supported by the in vitro detection of concanavalin A-responsive lymphocytes in spleens from tumor-resistant suckling but not tumor-susceptible neonatal hamsters. Although the incomplete seeding of thymus-dependent lymphocytes to the peripheral lymphoid tissues of newborn hamsters may partially explain the deficient concanavalin A responses of neonatal spleen cells, there appears to be an additional requirement for a radioresistant, adherent accessory cell population. These findings suggest that the development of a cell-mediated immune response is necessary for the rejection of adenovirus type 2-transformed cells and transformed cell-induced tumors and that this response requires the interaction of T-cells and accessory cell populations.", "PMID": 315273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4926", "title": "Characterization of factors stimulating differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells from a Yoshida sarcoma cell line cultured in serum-free medium.", "content": "A clone, YS-T22, of cells from Yoshida sarcoma cell line, YSSF-212T, grown in \"serum-free\" culture medium produced factors stimulating differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) to macrophages and granulocytes. The formation of macrophages and granulocytes was accompanied by induction of phagocytosis, locomotive activity, and lysosomal enzyme activities. The rates of induction of these differentiated phenotypes were proportional to the concentration of the factor added and the period of treatment. The factor stimulating differentiation of M1 cells was a heat-labile, nondialyzable proteinaceous substance that was inactivated by trypsin but not by ribonuclease or glycosidases. On diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography, the factor stimulating differentiation of M1 cells from conditioned medium of YS-T22 cells was eluted in various fractions with or without activity of the colony-stimulating factor.", "contents": "Characterization of factors stimulating differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells from a Yoshida sarcoma cell line cultured in serum-free medium. A clone, YS-T22, of cells from Yoshida sarcoma cell line, YSSF-212T, grown in \"serum-free\" culture medium produced factors stimulating differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) to macrophages and granulocytes. The formation of macrophages and granulocytes was accompanied by induction of phagocytosis, locomotive activity, and lysosomal enzyme activities. The rates of induction of these differentiated phenotypes were proportional to the concentration of the factor added and the period of treatment. The factor stimulating differentiation of M1 cells was a heat-labile, nondialyzable proteinaceous substance that was inactivated by trypsin but not by ribonuclease or glycosidases. On diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography, the factor stimulating differentiation of M1 cells from conditioned medium of YS-T22 cells was eluted in various fractions with or without activity of the colony-stimulating factor.", "PMID": 315274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4927", "title": "Noninvasive radioisotopic technique for detection of platelet deposition in coronary artery bypass grafts in dogs and its reduction with platelet inhibitors.", "content": "At 8 and 32 hours after saphenous vein bypass graft surgery in six dogs, in vivo images of the graft were obtained with a gamma camera after intravenous injection, 2 hours postoperatively of autologous platelets labeled with indium-111. Platelet deposition in the grafts could be imaged in vivo from the scintiphotos. In vitro images of the excised heart showed saphenous vein graft uptake confirming the in vivo image. In vitro determination of radioactivity in the graft averaged 17 +/- 14 times greater than in blood and 33 +/- 26 times greater than in the lung. Under identical conditions, in eight dogs treated with dipyridamole (55 mg/day) plus aspirin (325 mg/day), the grafts appeared to have considerably less platelet deposition as estimated by imaging. In vitro determination of radioactivity in the graft averaged 5 +/- 2 times greater than in blood and 8 +/- 4 times greater than in the lung (p less than 0.01). This noninvasive technique may be a promising tool for a better understanding of the role played by platelets in the process of occlusion of saphenous vein bypass grafts in man and its prevention with platelet inhibotors.", "contents": "Noninvasive radioisotopic technique for detection of platelet deposition in coronary artery bypass grafts in dogs and its reduction with platelet inhibitors. At 8 and 32 hours after saphenous vein bypass graft surgery in six dogs, in vivo images of the graft were obtained with a gamma camera after intravenous injection, 2 hours postoperatively of autologous platelets labeled with indium-111. Platelet deposition in the grafts could be imaged in vivo from the scintiphotos. In vitro images of the excised heart showed saphenous vein graft uptake confirming the in vivo image. In vitro determination of radioactivity in the graft averaged 17 +/- 14 times greater than in blood and 33 +/- 26 times greater than in the lung. Under identical conditions, in eight dogs treated with dipyridamole (55 mg/day) plus aspirin (325 mg/day), the grafts appeared to have considerably less platelet deposition as estimated by imaging. In vitro determination of radioactivity in the graft averaged 5 +/- 2 times greater than in blood and 8 +/- 4 times greater than in the lung (p less than 0.01). This noninvasive technique may be a promising tool for a better understanding of the role played by platelets in the process of occlusion of saphenous vein bypass grafts in man and its prevention with platelet inhibotors.", "PMID": 315282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4928", "title": "Research related to rehabilitation.", "content": "Progress in cardiac rehabilitation demands that rehabilitation efforts for the patient after myocardial infarction or aortocoronary bypass surgery be integrated into a comprehensive program of acute and ambulatory cardiac care. To permit a more rapid return of coronary patients to a normal or near-normal lifestyle and role in society, further delineation of the scientific bases for all components of rehabilitation programming and identification of both barriers to and facilitators of rehabilitation are necessary to improve rehabilitative services.", "contents": "Research related to rehabilitation. Progress in cardiac rehabilitation demands that rehabilitation efforts for the patient after myocardial infarction or aortocoronary bypass surgery be integrated into a comprehensive program of acute and ambulatory cardiac care. To permit a more rapid return of coronary patients to a normal or near-normal lifestyle and role in society, further delineation of the scientific bases for all components of rehabilitation programming and identification of both barriers to and facilitators of rehabilitation are necessary to improve rehabilitative services.", "PMID": 315283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4929", "title": "The response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and to dihydrotachysterol in adult-onset hypophosphataemic osteomalacia.", "content": "The biochemical changes observed in a patient with adult-onset hypophosphataemic osteomalacia after three weeks treatment with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) followed by dihydrotachysterol (DHT) are reported. The treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3 resulted in restoration of intestinal phosphate absorption to normal with a small rise in plasma phosphate concentration; there was no significant change in tubular reabsorption of phosphate. The tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, which was initially low, returned almost into the normal range with normalisation of plasma bicarbonate concentration. Aminoaciduria decreased. There were no changes in plasma or urinary calcium but immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) which was initially elevated fell but still remained above the normal range. These changes were maintained after replacing the 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment with dihydrotachysterol (DHT).", "contents": "The response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and to dihydrotachysterol in adult-onset hypophosphataemic osteomalacia. The biochemical changes observed in a patient with adult-onset hypophosphataemic osteomalacia after three weeks treatment with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) followed by dihydrotachysterol (DHT) are reported. The treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3 resulted in restoration of intestinal phosphate absorption to normal with a small rise in plasma phosphate concentration; there was no significant change in tubular reabsorption of phosphate. The tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, which was initially low, returned almost into the normal range with normalisation of plasma bicarbonate concentration. Aminoaciduria decreased. There were no changes in plasma or urinary calcium but immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) which was initially elevated fell but still remained above the normal range. These changes were maintained after replacing the 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment with dihydrotachysterol (DHT).", "PMID": 315284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4930", "title": "Pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) determined by means of electroimmunoassay, radial immunodiffusion and nephelometry.", "content": "A comparison has been made between rocket-immunoelectrophoresis (RIE), radial immunodiffusion (RID) and automated immunonephelometry (AIP) in the assay of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) in serum from pregnant women. Using RIE an interaction was demonstrated between the various SP1-reactive molecular populations causing a bias of up to 10%. An interaction corresponding to this phenomenon cannot be demonstrated when using RID and AIP. When correlating the serum-SP1 concentration of samples containing various ratios of SP1-reactive molecules by means of RIE, RID and AIP, it was demonstrated that there was no correlation between the results achieved using one method compared to the results achieved by either of the other methods. The results achieved using one method can therefore exclusively be judged from reference values determined using the same method. The analysis time is essentially shorter with AIP than with RIE and RID.", "contents": "Pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) determined by means of electroimmunoassay, radial immunodiffusion and nephelometry. A comparison has been made between rocket-immunoelectrophoresis (RIE), radial immunodiffusion (RID) and automated immunonephelometry (AIP) in the assay of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) in serum from pregnant women. Using RIE an interaction was demonstrated between the various SP1-reactive molecular populations causing a bias of up to 10%. An interaction corresponding to this phenomenon cannot be demonstrated when using RID and AIP. When correlating the serum-SP1 concentration of samples containing various ratios of SP1-reactive molecules by means of RIE, RID and AIP, it was demonstrated that there was no correlation between the results achieved using one method compared to the results achieved by either of the other methods. The results achieved using one method can therefore exclusively be judged from reference values determined using the same method. The analysis time is essentially shorter with AIP than with RIE and RID.", "PMID": 315285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4931", "title": "Occurrence of antibodies to single-stranded DNA in ANA negative patients.", "content": "Five patients with clinical features of a connective tissue disease most suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus were found to have a negative ANA by conventional screening at 1/20 dilution on mouse liver. However, significant titres of antibodies to single-stranded DNA were detected using a double antibody radioimmunoassay. Thus, certain patients have antibodies to DNA restricted to single-stranded determinants as detected by radioimmunoassay with single-stranded DNA as antigen and a negative ANA test.", "contents": "Occurrence of antibodies to single-stranded DNA in ANA negative patients. Five patients with clinical features of a connective tissue disease most suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus were found to have a negative ANA by conventional screening at 1/20 dilution on mouse liver. However, significant titres of antibodies to single-stranded DNA were detected using a double antibody radioimmunoassay. Thus, certain patients have antibodies to DNA restricted to single-stranded determinants as detected by radioimmunoassay with single-stranded DNA as antigen and a negative ANA test.", "PMID": 315286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4932", "title": "Pre-B and B cells in children on leukaemia remission maintenance treatment.", "content": "The percentage of pre-B cells, mature B cells and IgM plasma cells were reduced in the marrow of children receiving continuous cytotoxic drug treatment to maintain leukaemia remission, compared with children receiving intermittent drug treatment in the UKALL V trial or untreated controls. When treatment was ended, the proportion of marrow pre-B cells rose above that of the controls and remained elevated for more than 6 months. These observations define more precisely the cellular basis of suppression of antibody immunity by cytotoxic drugs. They also suggest the existence of a complex feedback control of pre-B cell numbers and B cell differentiation during recovery.", "contents": "Pre-B and B cells in children on leukaemia remission maintenance treatment. The percentage of pre-B cells, mature B cells and IgM plasma cells were reduced in the marrow of children receiving continuous cytotoxic drug treatment to maintain leukaemia remission, compared with children receiving intermittent drug treatment in the UKALL V trial or untreated controls. When treatment was ended, the proportion of marrow pre-B cells rose above that of the controls and remained elevated for more than 6 months. These observations define more precisely the cellular basis of suppression of antibody immunity by cytotoxic drugs. They also suggest the existence of a complex feedback control of pre-B cell numbers and B cell differentiation during recovery.", "PMID": 315287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4933", "title": "Studies on the nature of heat-labile anti-complementary activity in normal human serum.", "content": "Heat-labile anti-complementary activity (ACA) appears in normal human serum during storage or heating as endogenous haemolytic activity disappears. Following gel filtration of unheated serum, two peaks of heat-labile ACA are present. The ACA of both whole and fractionated serum has previously been attributed to the presence of heat-labile immunoglobulin aggregates or immune complexes. Our data demonstrate that the heavy peak of ACA obtained by gel filtration does not bind to 125I-C1q or to Raji cells, and that its effect is abolished to C1INH, suggesting that it represents C1 rather than immunoglobulin aggregates or immune complexes. The lighter peak of ACA in fractionated serum has the functional characteristics of C1s and free C1s is demonstrable in fractions containing this activity. The ACA of whole serum likewise has functional characteristics of C1. The anti-complementary effect of C1 on guinea-pig complement would not be evident in the complement fixation assay until most endogenous haemolytic activity in human serum has been inactivated, either by heat or by storage. C1INH only partially inhibits this ACA in  serum or in solutions containing isolated C1 in high concentrations. These observations indicate that heat-labile ACA in whole or fractionated sera is due to the presence of C1 and C1s and that this activity cannot be taken as evidence for the presence of immune complexes.", "contents": "Studies on the nature of heat-labile anti-complementary activity in normal human serum. Heat-labile anti-complementary activity (ACA) appears in normal human serum during storage or heating as endogenous haemolytic activity disappears. Following gel filtration of unheated serum, two peaks of heat-labile ACA are present. The ACA of both whole and fractionated serum has previously been attributed to the presence of heat-labile immunoglobulin aggregates or immune complexes. Our data demonstrate that the heavy peak of ACA obtained by gel filtration does not bind to 125I-C1q or to Raji cells, and that its effect is abolished to C1INH, suggesting that it represents C1 rather than immunoglobulin aggregates or immune complexes. The lighter peak of ACA in fractionated serum has the functional characteristics of C1s and free C1s is demonstrable in fractions containing this activity. The ACA of whole serum likewise has functional characteristics of C1. The anti-complementary effect of C1 on guinea-pig complement would not be evident in the complement fixation assay until most endogenous haemolytic activity in human serum has been inactivated, either by heat or by storage. C1INH only partially inhibits this ACA in  serum or in solutions containing isolated C1 in high concentrations. These observations indicate that heat-labile ACA in whole or fractionated sera is due to the presence of C1 and C1s and that this activity cannot be taken as evidence for the presence of immune complexes.", "PMID": 315288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4934", "title": "Further characterization of a human T lymphocyte associated antigen.", "content": "A human T lymphocyte associated antigen (TLAA), defined with appropriately absorbed antisera to the lymphoblastoid cell line HSB, was originally characterized as a 150,000 mol. wt antigen using sodium deoxycholate solubilized, 125I Bolton-Hunter labelled membranes of HSB, thymus and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The TLAA, which appears to be the major membrane protein labelled with either the Bolton-Hunter, or galactose oxidase-sodium 3H borohydride methods, is weakly labelled in vitro with a 3H amino acid mixture and appears to be a minor membrane component by Coomassie blue staining of detergent solubilized HSB membranes. The antigen is trypsin-sensitive and not extractable with 3 M KCl. The glycoprotein nature of the antigen is suggested by its binding to a Lens culinaris column and its labelling by the galactose oxidase-sodium 3H borohydride and 3H glucosamine methods. Both gel filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies on 4% SDS gels indicate that the mol. wt. of the antigen is approximately 170,000 Daltons.", "contents": "Further characterization of a human T lymphocyte associated antigen. A human T lymphocyte associated antigen (TLAA), defined with appropriately absorbed antisera to the lymphoblastoid cell line HSB, was originally characterized as a 150,000 mol. wt antigen using sodium deoxycholate solubilized, 125I Bolton-Hunter labelled membranes of HSB, thymus and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The TLAA, which appears to be the major membrane protein labelled with either the Bolton-Hunter, or galactose oxidase-sodium 3H borohydride methods, is weakly labelled in vitro with a 3H amino acid mixture and appears to be a minor membrane component by Coomassie blue staining of detergent solubilized HSB membranes. The antigen is trypsin-sensitive and not extractable with 3 M KCl. The glycoprotein nature of the antigen is suggested by its binding to a Lens culinaris column and its labelling by the galactose oxidase-sodium 3H borohydride and 3H glucosamine methods. Both gel filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies on 4% SDS gels indicate that the mol. wt. of the antigen is approximately 170,000 Daltons.", "PMID": 315289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4935", "title": "Difference in the cell proliferation and colony-forming ability of normal human T lymphocytes.", "content": "Cell transfer experiments were carried out with phytohaemagglutinin-induced normal human T lymphocyte colonies after 2--10 days of primary colony growth. The cells gave a cloning efficiency of 15% after 2 days of incubation and this decreased to 0.2% with the progressive growth of the colonies. The primary colonies had a proliferative capacity to give about 240 cells after 10 days of incubation, but only contained 0.5 to one cell per colony that could form a new colony. This number of colony-forming cells per colony did not change with an increase in colony size. These results indicate that colonies maintained the same number of colony-forming cells that they started with and that the other cells could proliferate but not form colonies. It is suggested that this ability to distinguish between colony-forming and proliferative T cells may be useful for determining specific deficiencie in either cell type in various diseases.", "contents": "Difference in the cell proliferation and colony-forming ability of normal human T lymphocytes. Cell transfer experiments were carried out with phytohaemagglutinin-induced normal human T lymphocyte colonies after 2--10 days of primary colony growth. The cells gave a cloning efficiency of 15% after 2 days of incubation and this decreased to 0.2% with the progressive growth of the colonies. The primary colonies had a proliferative capacity to give about 240 cells after 10 days of incubation, but only contained 0.5 to one cell per colony that could form a new colony. This number of colony-forming cells per colony did not change with an increase in colony size. These results indicate that colonies maintained the same number of colony-forming cells that they started with and that the other cells could proliferate but not form colonies. It is suggested that this ability to distinguish between colony-forming and proliferative T cells may be useful for determining specific deficiencie in either cell type in various diseases.", "PMID": 315290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4936", "title": "Significance of the negative exercise test in evaluation of patients with chest pain.", "content": "Fifty-three patients with chest pain and a negative exercise test at greater than 85% predicted maximal heart rate underwent coronary arteriography. Twenty-one patients (40%) had significant luminal narrowing in one or two vessels. No patient had left main disease. Pathologic electrocardiographic Q waves were present in only coronary heart disease patients (p less than 0.001). There was no difference (p greater than 0.05) in prevalence of T wave abnormalities, chest pain or ventricular beats during exercise in patients with or without coronary disease. Analysis of sex distribution revealed that typical angina pectoris was uncommon in the women (p less than 0.001) and all twenty-one coronary patients were men (p less than 0.001). We conclude that in patients with chest pain and a negative exercise test, three vessel or left main coronary artery disease is unlikely. Also, women with atypical chest pain and a negative exercise test are unlikely to have a fixed coronary obstruction.", "contents": "Significance of the negative exercise test in evaluation of patients with chest pain. Fifty-three patients with chest pain and a negative exercise test at greater than 85% predicted maximal heart rate underwent coronary arteriography. Twenty-one patients (40%) had significant luminal narrowing in one or two vessels. No patient had left main disease. Pathologic electrocardiographic Q waves were present in only coronary heart disease patients (p less than 0.001). There was no difference (p greater than 0.05) in prevalence of T wave abnormalities, chest pain or ventricular beats during exercise in patients with or without coronary disease. Analysis of sex distribution revealed that typical angina pectoris was uncommon in the women (p less than 0.001) and all twenty-one coronary patients were men (p less than 0.001). We conclude that in patients with chest pain and a negative exercise test, three vessel or left main coronary artery disease is unlikely. Also, women with atypical chest pain and a negative exercise test are unlikely to have a fixed coronary obstruction.", "PMID": 315294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4937", "title": "Regional effects of propranolol on intraventricular conduction in coronary artery disease.", "content": "In canines, propranolol slows conduction in acutely ischemic, but not in normal tissues. To determine propranolol effects on conduction in patients with coronary artery disease, we studied 7 patients after left anterior descending coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Bipolar electrodes were placed in the atrium, left ventricle (in the left anterior descending distribution), and right ventricle. On postoperative day 7, 3 mg propranolol were given intravenously. At a constant artrially paced rate, conduction intervals were measured from the earliest onset of the QRS in 3 simultaneously recorded surface electrocardiogram (ECG) leads to the major deflection of the electrogram recorded from each ventricle. Ten minutes after injection, conduction in the left ventricle was slowed by 4 +/- 0.3 msec (10 +/- 0.9%) and in the right ventricle by 0.4 +/- 0.3 msec (1 +/- 0.9%). QRS duration changed -1 msec (-0.8%). Stimulus to Q, a measure of propranol effect on A-V conduction, changed 16 +/- 2%. The difference in propranolol effects on left and right ventricles was significant (p less than 0.001). We suggest that in patients with coronary artery disease (1) propranolol has local anesthetic effects in slowing conduction; (2) the effects of propranolol vary with the region of ventricular myocardium; and (3) propranolol slows conduction more in the left than right ventricle. This difference may be due to potentiation of drug effects in left ventricular tissue that is abnormal due to chronic coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Regional effects of propranolol on intraventricular conduction in coronary artery disease. In canines, propranolol slows conduction in acutely ischemic, but not in normal tissues. To determine propranolol effects on conduction in patients with coronary artery disease, we studied 7 patients after left anterior descending coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Bipolar electrodes were placed in the atrium, left ventricle (in the left anterior descending distribution), and right ventricle. On postoperative day 7, 3 mg propranolol were given intravenously. At a constant artrially paced rate, conduction intervals were measured from the earliest onset of the QRS in 3 simultaneously recorded surface electrocardiogram (ECG) leads to the major deflection of the electrogram recorded from each ventricle. Ten minutes after injection, conduction in the left ventricle was slowed by 4 +/- 0.3 msec (10 +/- 0.9%) and in the right ventricle by 0.4 +/- 0.3 msec (1 +/- 0.9%). QRS duration changed -1 msec (-0.8%). Stimulus to Q, a measure of propranol effect on A-V conduction, changed 16 +/- 2%. The difference in propranolol effects on left and right ventricles was significant (p less than 0.001). We suggest that in patients with coronary artery disease (1) propranolol has local anesthetic effects in slowing conduction; (2) the effects of propranolol vary with the region of ventricular myocardium; and (3) propranolol slows conduction more in the left than right ventricle. This difference may be due to potentiation of drug effects in left ventricular tissue that is abnormal due to chronic coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 315297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4938", "title": "Left main coronary artery stenosis in young patients.", "content": "Among 1,041 patients less than 45 years old who underwent coronary arteriography from 1972 to 1977, left main coronary stenosis greater than or equal to 50 percent was present in 31 men (3.4 percent) and in 10 women (7.2 percent, P less than 0.05). The degree of stenosis did not correlate with the duration of symptoms, the severity of angina, the presence of a previous myocardial infarction, nor with the number of risk factors. The clinical and angiographic features in young men did not seem to differ from those described in unselected populations; however, in young women, left main coronary stenosis was often an isolated lesion associated with a short duration of symptoms, a high prevalence of hypertension, no previous myocardial infarction, and a normal ventriculogram, suggesting the possibility that a different pathophysiologic mechanism might be involved. Two deaths occurred at angiography (4.9 percent). Thirty patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, with one operative death and one late death; good functional results were obtained, and 21 out of 28 survivors (75 percent) were asymptomatic after a mean follow-up of 29 months.", "contents": "Left main coronary artery stenosis in young patients. Among 1,041 patients less than 45 years old who underwent coronary arteriography from 1972 to 1977, left main coronary stenosis greater than or equal to 50 percent was present in 31 men (3.4 percent) and in 10 women (7.2 percent, P less than 0.05). The degree of stenosis did not correlate with the duration of symptoms, the severity of angina, the presence of a previous myocardial infarction, nor with the number of risk factors. The clinical and angiographic features in young men did not seem to differ from those described in unselected populations; however, in young women, left main coronary stenosis was often an isolated lesion associated with a short duration of symptoms, a high prevalence of hypertension, no previous myocardial infarction, and a normal ventriculogram, suggesting the possibility that a different pathophysiologic mechanism might be involved. Two deaths occurred at angiography (4.9 percent). Thirty patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, with one operative death and one late death; good functional results were obtained, and 21 out of 28 survivors (75 percent) were asymptomatic after a mean follow-up of 29 months.", "PMID": 315304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4939", "title": "[Urokinase treatment of phlegmasia coerulea dolens (author's transl)].", "content": "Fibrinolysis treatment with urokinase was successfully undertaken in two patients, aged 71 and 76 years, with phlegmasia coerulea dolens. In the first case, with necrosis in the fore-foot, there was significant regression of the necrotic area, but a later limited amputation was still necessary. In the second, with severe heart failure, recurrent pulmonary emboli and hyperosmolar uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, complete healing was achieved. Venous thrombectomy was not possible in these two patients because of the duration of the thrombosis in the veins of the pelvic region, necrosis had already occurred, and the patients' general condition was so serious. The advanced age and arteriosclerotic changes argued against streptokinase treatment. Mean urokinase maintenance dosage of 1000-1500 IU/kg X h, with simultaneous administration of heparin at about 20 U/kg X h, produced no significant side-effects. Minor gastro-intestinal bleeding did not require stoppage of urokinase administration.", "contents": "[Urokinase treatment of phlegmasia coerulea dolens (author's transl)]. Fibrinolysis treatment with urokinase was successfully undertaken in two patients, aged 71 and 76 years, with phlegmasia coerulea dolens. In the first case, with necrosis in the fore-foot, there was significant regression of the necrotic area, but a later limited amputation was still necessary. In the second, with severe heart failure, recurrent pulmonary emboli and hyperosmolar uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, complete healing was achieved. Venous thrombectomy was not possible in these two patients because of the duration of the thrombosis in the veins of the pelvic region, necrosis had already occurred, and the patients' general condition was so serious. The advanced age and arteriosclerotic changes argued against streptokinase treatment. Mean urokinase maintenance dosage of 1000-1500 IU/kg X h, with simultaneous administration of heparin at about 20 U/kg X h, produced no significant side-effects. Minor gastro-intestinal bleeding did not require stoppage of urokinase administration.", "PMID": 315305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4940", "title": "Circadian phase-dependent stimulatory effects of epidermal growth factor on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the tongue, esophagus, and stomach of the adult male mouse.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor (EGF) previously isolated from the submandibular gland of mice was injected ip at different circadian phases into separate subgroups of adult male CD2F1 mice. Subsequent to each of the five time points of injection (0900, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 0300 h for animals standardized to 12 h of light alternating with 12 h of darkness), five animals were killed, 4, 8, and 12 h after the injection of EGF; comparable control groups were injected only with the carrier substance. Thirty minutes before sacrifice, each mouse was injected ip with 24 muCi [3H]thymidine. Incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into the DNA of the tongue, esophagus, and stomach was determined. The results demonstrate for the first time that EGF has a strong in vivo stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis in the tongue, esophagus, and stomach (studies on other areas of the gut have not yet been completed). Under the conditions of the study, stimulatory effects occurred as soon as 4 h subsequent to injection; however, maximal stimulation occurred for all three tissues 8 h after injection. Twelve hours after injection, the levels of DNA synthesis in all tissues were generally returning to normal levels found in the control animals. The results suggest circadian variation in susceptibility to EGF in the different tissues.", "contents": "Circadian phase-dependent stimulatory effects of epidermal growth factor on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the tongue, esophagus, and stomach of the adult male mouse. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) previously isolated from the submandibular gland of mice was injected ip at different circadian phases into separate subgroups of adult male CD2F1 mice. Subsequent to each of the five time points of injection (0900, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 0300 h for animals standardized to 12 h of light alternating with 12 h of darkness), five animals were killed, 4, 8, and 12 h after the injection of EGF; comparable control groups were injected only with the carrier substance. Thirty minutes before sacrifice, each mouse was injected ip with 24 muCi [3H]thymidine. Incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into the DNA of the tongue, esophagus, and stomach was determined. The results demonstrate for the first time that EGF has a strong in vivo stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis in the tongue, esophagus, and stomach (studies on other areas of the gut have not yet been completed). Under the conditions of the study, stimulatory effects occurred as soon as 4 h subsequent to injection; however, maximal stimulation occurred for all three tissues 8 h after injection. Twelve hours after injection, the levels of DNA synthesis in all tissues were generally returning to normal levels found in the control animals. The results suggest circadian variation in susceptibility to EGF in the different tissues.", "PMID": 315307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4941", "title": "The effect of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate on the ribonuclease activity of circulating human lymphocytes.", "content": "12-O-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate is a very effective tumor promotor and inflammatory agent and can act as a mitogen for a subset of T lymphocytes. We report here that even short exposure of lymphocytes to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate changes the balance between the levels of neutral ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor. The most dramatic change occurs in a B-lymphocyte-enriched population. We find that most, if not all, of the neutral ribonuclease activity in circulating lymphocytes is associated with this population and that this activity is lost with exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate. Both 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate and phytohaemagglutinin increase the level of ribonuclease inhibitor in T cells. However, phytohaemagglutinin has no effect on the ribonuclease or inhibitor level of the B-cell-enriched population.", "contents": "The effect of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate on the ribonuclease activity of circulating human lymphocytes. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate is a very effective tumor promotor and inflammatory agent and can act as a mitogen for a subset of T lymphocytes. We report here that even short exposure of lymphocytes to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate changes the balance between the levels of neutral ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor. The most dramatic change occurs in a B-lymphocyte-enriched population. We find that most, if not all, of the neutral ribonuclease activity in circulating lymphocytes is associated with this population and that this activity is lost with exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate. Both 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate and phytohaemagglutinin increase the level of ribonuclease inhibitor in T cells. However, phytohaemagglutinin has no effect on the ribonuclease or inhibitor level of the B-cell-enriched population.", "PMID": 315310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4942", "title": "The physical performances of a single slice positron tomographic system and preliminary results in a clinical environment.", "content": "Metabolic phenomena can be studied and measured non-invasively using positron emitting radionuclides and a suitably adapted tomographic system. The choice of a single slice ring camera is justified by its physical performance, which is presented here and discussed. A series of measurements with geometrical phantoms and analytical simulations have been performed to determine the critical characteristics of the system. This has permitted optimization of certain parameters enabling very interesting clinical results to be obtained at SHFJ, particularly in the area of cerebral physiopathology. In addition, the potential of obtaining absolute quantitative values of regional activity is presented. The calibration of the regional activity is presented. The calibration of the system, spatial non-stationarities, and attenuation correction, which represent the main sources of error, are considered in detail. A precision of the order of 10% should be obtainable. Such a quantitation method has been successfully applied to the in vivo study of the regional extraction of cerebral oxygen.", "contents": "The physical performances of a single slice positron tomographic system and preliminary results in a clinical environment. Metabolic phenomena can be studied and measured non-invasively using positron emitting radionuclides and a suitably adapted tomographic system. The choice of a single slice ring camera is justified by its physical performance, which is presented here and discussed. A series of measurements with geometrical phantoms and analytical simulations have been performed to determine the critical characteristics of the system. This has permitted optimization of certain parameters enabling very interesting clinical results to be obtained at SHFJ, particularly in the area of cerebral physiopathology. In addition, the potential of obtaining absolute quantitative values of regional activity is presented. The calibration of the regional activity is presented. The calibration of the system, spatial non-stationarities, and attenuation correction, which represent the main sources of error, are considered in detail. A precision of the order of 10% should be obtainable. Such a quantitation method has been successfully applied to the in vivo study of the regional extraction of cerebral oxygen.", "PMID": 315311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4943", "title": "Experimental measurement of impulse response and noise for an emission computed tomography system.", "content": "Experimental studies have been made of the impulse response and noise characteristics of a tomographic system using a gamma camera. Fourier transform, deconvolution and iterative methods have been used with a CDC 6600 computer to reconstruct images from data obtained for various experimental arrangements of sources in a cylindrical phantom. It is shown that with an appropriate attenuation correction the impulse response in the reconstruction is substantially constant, independent of the position of the source in the phantom and that the reconstruction technique used is of secondary importance. The resolution obtained for the impulse response and the relative noise level throughout the 'non image' part of the reconstructions is shown for different experimental situations. The measured variance in the reconstruction of an extended uniform activity source was found to be somewhat below the theoretical value except at high count densities (above 1,000 counts per image element) where the limit of accuracy of the reconstruction is shown to be imposed by the variation in the camera sensitivity over the field of view.", "contents": "Experimental measurement of impulse response and noise for an emission computed tomography system. Experimental studies have been made of the impulse response and noise characteristics of a tomographic system using a gamma camera. Fourier transform, deconvolution and iterative methods have been used with a CDC 6600 computer to reconstruct images from data obtained for various experimental arrangements of sources in a cylindrical phantom. It is shown that with an appropriate attenuation correction the impulse response in the reconstruction is substantially constant, independent of the position of the source in the phantom and that the reconstruction technique used is of secondary importance. The resolution obtained for the impulse response and the relative noise level throughout the 'non image' part of the reconstructions is shown for different experimental situations. The measured variance in the reconstruction of an extended uniform activity source was found to be somewhat below the theoretical value except at high count densities (above 1,000 counts per image element) where the limit of accuracy of the reconstruction is shown to be imposed by the variation in the camera sensitivity over the field of view.", "PMID": 315312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4944", "title": "Paralytic poliomyelitis in a child with agammaglobulinemia.", "content": "This paper gives the clinical, immunological and virological data on a patient with agammaglobulinemia who developed paralytic poliomyelitis. The patient was a 3 year-old boy who had a typical B-cell defect without a T-cell defect. He had profound hypogammaglobulinemia and defective plasma cells and had repeated pyogenic infections which were controlled by gammaglobulin replacement therapy. At 3 years of age, he was admitted to our hospital with suspected meningitis. He had fewer, tremor and neck stiffness for 3 days and subsequently developed paralysis in his left arm and right leg. There was lymphocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. A non vaccine-like strain of poliovirus type 2 was isolated from the stool.", "contents": "Paralytic poliomyelitis in a child with agammaglobulinemia. This paper gives the clinical, immunological and virological data on a patient with agammaglobulinemia who developed paralytic poliomyelitis. The patient was a 3 year-old boy who had a typical B-cell defect without a T-cell defect. He had profound hypogammaglobulinemia and defective plasma cells and had repeated pyogenic infections which were controlled by gammaglobulin replacement therapy. At 3 years of age, he was admitted to our hospital with suspected meningitis. He had fewer, tremor and neck stiffness for 3 days and subsequently developed paralysis in his left arm and right leg. There was lymphocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. A non vaccine-like strain of poliovirus type 2 was isolated from the stool.", "PMID": 315313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4945", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of fenbufen in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of fenbufen (3,4-biphenylcarbonyl proprionic acid) a new antiinflammatory agent, and its metabolites, gamma-hydroxy-4-biphenylbutyric acid and 4-biphenylacetic acid have been studied after oral administration to seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Fenbufen was administered as a single oral dose of 600 mg in hard gelatine capsules. A specific, sensitive gas chromatographic method was used to measure the concentration of the three compounds. A linear two-compartment open model appeared suitable to describe the course of the plasma level of fenbufen with time. This compound appeared in the blood after a lag time of 0.45 h and the peak plasma concentration of 5.97 micrograms/ml was observed after 1.19 h. The half-life of plasma disappearance was 10.26 h for fenbufen and 10.07 h and at 9.95 for metabolites II and III, respectively.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of fenbufen in man. The pharmacokinetics of fenbufen (3,4-biphenylcarbonyl proprionic acid) a new antiinflammatory agent, and its metabolites, gamma-hydroxy-4-biphenylbutyric acid and 4-biphenylacetic acid have been studied after oral administration to seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Fenbufen was administered as a single oral dose of 600 mg in hard gelatine capsules. A specific, sensitive gas chromatographic method was used to measure the concentration of the three compounds. A linear two-compartment open model appeared suitable to describe the course of the plasma level of fenbufen with time. This compound appeared in the blood after a lag time of 0.45 h and the peak plasma concentration of 5.97 micrograms/ml was observed after 1.19 h. The half-life of plasma disappearance was 10.26 h for fenbufen and 10.07 h and at 9.95 for metabolites II and III, respectively.", "PMID": 315314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4946", "title": "Inhibition of T cell-mediated cytolysis by 2-deoxy-D-glucose:dissociation of the inhibitory effect from glycoprotein synthesis.", "content": "Previous studies have established that T cell-mediated cytolysis can be reversibly inhibited by the hexose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) by a mechanism which is apparently unrelated to energy depletion. The possibility that the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on cytolysis was linked to its known inhibitory effect on glycoprotein synthesis was therefore investigated. In contrast to the results obtained with 2-DG, no inhibition of cytolysis was observed in the presence of tunicamycin, a potent and specific inhibitor of lipid carrier-dependent protein glycosylation. Furthermore, populations of cytolytic cells which had been pretreated with doses of tunicamycin sufficient to block the incorporation of mannose (or 2-DG) into glycoproteins were still fully susceptible to inhibition by 2-DG. Other known inhibitors of viral protein glycosylation, such as glucosamine and galactosamine, inhibited cytolysis only weakly under conditions where 2-DG was highly effective. Kinetic studies revealed that the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on cytolysis could be reversed within minutes by the addition of exogenous glucose. Furthermore, suggestive evidence was obtained that inhibition cytolysis by 2-DG was linked to a parallel inhibition of effector: target cell binding. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on cytolysis can be dissociated from its effect on protein glycosylation. An alternative mechanism of action of 2-DG is suggested.", "contents": "Inhibition of T cell-mediated cytolysis by 2-deoxy-D-glucose:dissociation of the inhibitory effect from glycoprotein synthesis. Previous studies have established that T cell-mediated cytolysis can be reversibly inhibited by the hexose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) by a mechanism which is apparently unrelated to energy depletion. The possibility that the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on cytolysis was linked to its known inhibitory effect on glycoprotein synthesis was therefore investigated. In contrast to the results obtained with 2-DG, no inhibition of cytolysis was observed in the presence of tunicamycin, a potent and specific inhibitor of lipid carrier-dependent protein glycosylation. Furthermore, populations of cytolytic cells which had been pretreated with doses of tunicamycin sufficient to block the incorporation of mannose (or 2-DG) into glycoproteins were still fully susceptible to inhibition by 2-DG. Other known inhibitors of viral protein glycosylation, such as glucosamine and galactosamine, inhibited cytolysis only weakly under conditions where 2-DG was highly effective. Kinetic studies revealed that the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on cytolysis could be reversed within minutes by the addition of exogenous glucose. Furthermore, suggestive evidence was obtained that inhibition cytolysis by 2-DG was linked to a parallel inhibition of effector: target cell binding. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on cytolysis can be dissociated from its effect on protein glycosylation. An alternative mechanism of action of 2-DG is suggested.", "PMID": 315316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4947", "title": "Biphasic rate of synthesis of glycoconjugates, phospholipids and DNA in concanavalin A-stimulated mouse thymocytes. Involvement of cortisone-sensitive and -resistant subpopulations.", "content": "The time course of the rate of labeling of membrane components (phospholipids, glycolipids and glycoproteins) and DNA was followed in concanavalin A-stimulated CBA/J mouse thymocyte cultures. Two peaks of stimulated biosynthetic activity were noted, the first at the beginning of the cultivation and the second about 25 h later. Both early and late peaks of biosynthesis of membrane components were accompanied by blast transformation and were unimpeded by suppression of DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea. Cortisone-sensitive and cortisone-resistant thymocytes were prepared by selective agglutination of the cortisone-sensitive cells with peanut agglutinin (Reisner et al. Cell. Immunol. 1976. 25: 129) or cortisone treatment of the animals. Cortisone-sensitive cells responded early, while the cortisone-resistant population gave only the late response. The autoradiographic patterns from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels of [3H]fucose or [3H]galactose-labeled glycoproteins from early and late labeling cells, and cortisone-resistant cells, were compared. Late-labeling and cortisone-resistant cells gave indistinguishable patterns, but differed significantly in their patterns from early-labeling cells. It is concluded that the two peaks of biosynthetic activity during the course of concanavalin A stimulation of thymocytes are caused by two different cell populations which require different times for maximal response and react independently of one another.", "contents": "Biphasic rate of synthesis of glycoconjugates, phospholipids and DNA in concanavalin A-stimulated mouse thymocytes. Involvement of cortisone-sensitive and -resistant subpopulations. The time course of the rate of labeling of membrane components (phospholipids, glycolipids and glycoproteins) and DNA was followed in concanavalin A-stimulated CBA/J mouse thymocyte cultures. Two peaks of stimulated biosynthetic activity were noted, the first at the beginning of the cultivation and the second about 25 h later. Both early and late peaks of biosynthesis of membrane components were accompanied by blast transformation and were unimpeded by suppression of DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea. Cortisone-sensitive and cortisone-resistant thymocytes were prepared by selective agglutination of the cortisone-sensitive cells with peanut agglutinin (Reisner et al. Cell. Immunol. 1976. 25: 129) or cortisone treatment of the animals. Cortisone-sensitive cells responded early, while the cortisone-resistant population gave only the late response. The autoradiographic patterns from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels of [3H]fucose or [3H]galactose-labeled glycoproteins from early and late labeling cells, and cortisone-resistant cells, were compared. Late-labeling and cortisone-resistant cells gave indistinguishable patterns, but differed significantly in their patterns from early-labeling cells. It is concluded that the two peaks of biosynthetic activity during the course of concanavalin A stimulation of thymocytes are caused by two different cell populations which require different times for maximal response and react independently of one another.", "PMID": 315317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4948", "title": "Unique lectin-binding characteristics of cytotoxic T lymphocytes allowing their distinction from natural killer cells and \"K\" cells.", "content": "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be selectively depleted from in vitro of in vivo alloactivated populations of T cells on Vicia villosa lectin adsorbents through the lectin-specific interaction with the CTL-associated surface glycoprotein T 145 (Kimura, A, Wigzell, H. and Holmquist, G., J. Exp. Med. 1979. 149: 473). Results from these and other experiments have demonstrated the general applicability of this fractionation procedure in which no constraints related to antigenic specificity of the CTL have been observed. When this fractionation procedure was applied to other compartments of cytolytic cells (natural killer cells and \"K\" cells), no detectable impact could be seen. This differential lectin binding would appear to offer a means of dissecting the activities of CTL from other compartments of cytolytic lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Unique lectin-binding characteristics of cytotoxic T lymphocytes allowing their distinction from natural killer cells and \"K\" cells. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be selectively depleted from in vitro of in vivo alloactivated populations of T cells on Vicia villosa lectin adsorbents through the lectin-specific interaction with the CTL-associated surface glycoprotein T 145 (Kimura, A, Wigzell, H. and Holmquist, G., J. Exp. Med. 1979. 149: 473). Results from these and other experiments have demonstrated the general applicability of this fractionation procedure in which no constraints related to antigenic specificity of the CTL have been observed. When this fractionation procedure was applied to other compartments of cytolytic cells (natural killer cells and \"K\" cells), no detectable impact could be seen. This differential lectin binding would appear to offer a means of dissecting the activities of CTL from other compartments of cytolytic lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 315318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4949", "title": "Studies on T lymphocyte activation. I. Requirements for the mitogen-dependent production of T cell growth factors.", "content": "Conditioned media (CM) obtained from concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated spleen cell cultures maintain mitogen-derived T cell blasts in exponential growth for indefinite periods of time. Such purified T cell blasts do not respond to Con A, and the growth-promoting activity in CM is independent of the mitogenic lectin used for its production. However, the appearance of activity in CM is Con A dose-dependent. Furthermore, the production of these T cell growth factors is independent of B cells, while it requires both T cells and nontheta-bearing, probably Ia-positive cells present in normal and nude spleens. On the other hand, the T cell blasts which are reactive to the growth factors, neither produce CM by themselves nor can they cooperate with nude spleen cells for its production, in the presence of a mitogenic lectin. Since the concentration of growth factors in CM determines the extent of T cell growth, we propose that the growth of some T cells is necessarily dependent upon the activity in CM described here and, consequently, that the basis for T cell activation is the induction of such growth factors.", "contents": "Studies on T lymphocyte activation. I. Requirements for the mitogen-dependent production of T cell growth factors. Conditioned media (CM) obtained from concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated spleen cell cultures maintain mitogen-derived T cell blasts in exponential growth for indefinite periods of time. Such purified T cell blasts do not respond to Con A, and the growth-promoting activity in CM is independent of the mitogenic lectin used for its production. However, the appearance of activity in CM is Con A dose-dependent. Furthermore, the production of these T cell growth factors is independent of B cells, while it requires both T cells and nontheta-bearing, probably Ia-positive cells present in normal and nude spleens. On the other hand, the T cell blasts which are reactive to the growth factors, neither produce CM by themselves nor can they cooperate with nude spleen cells for its production, in the presence of a mitogenic lectin. Since the concentration of growth factors in CM determines the extent of T cell growth, we propose that the growth of some T cells is necessarily dependent upon the activity in CM described here and, consequently, that the basis for T cell activation is the induction of such growth factors.", "PMID": 315319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4950", "title": "Some limits to post-antigen generation of diversity: failure to detect variants in clones of hapten-specific antibody-forming cells (AFC) developing in culture from direct AFC-progenitor B cells.", "content": "A search was made for variants in clones of hapten-specific antibody-forming cells (AFC) arising by stimulation of mature B cells with either thymus-independent hapten-POL (polymerized bacterial flagellin) conjugates, or the polyclonal activator lipopolysaccharides. Enriched, hapten-binding B cells or unfractionated spleen cells were cultivated for 3-4 days at limiting dilution in the presence of thymus filler cells, and the AFC in each microculture well were then assayed for plaque formation on various hapten-sheep red cell monolayers. No variants were found from (4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl) acetyl (NIP) to 2,4-dinitrophenyl specificity, nor from fluorescein (FLU) to NIP specificity. No variants were found in avidity for FLU hapten. All 374 clones examined, including clones of up to 300 AFC, appeared to be homogeneous in antibody specificity and plaque morphology under our conditions. These results differ from published findings using erythrocytes as antigens. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed, including differences in sensitivity differences in immunological similarity between the test antigens, and in the particular B cell subsets involved.", "contents": "Some limits to post-antigen generation of diversity: failure to detect variants in clones of hapten-specific antibody-forming cells (AFC) developing in culture from direct AFC-progenitor B cells. A search was made for variants in clones of hapten-specific antibody-forming cells (AFC) arising by stimulation of mature B cells with either thymus-independent hapten-POL (polymerized bacterial flagellin) conjugates, or the polyclonal activator lipopolysaccharides. Enriched, hapten-binding B cells or unfractionated spleen cells were cultivated for 3-4 days at limiting dilution in the presence of thymus filler cells, and the AFC in each microculture well were then assayed for plaque formation on various hapten-sheep red cell monolayers. No variants were found from (4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl) acetyl (NIP) to 2,4-dinitrophenyl specificity, nor from fluorescein (FLU) to NIP specificity. No variants were found in avidity for FLU hapten. All 374 clones examined, including clones of up to 300 AFC, appeared to be homogeneous in antibody specificity and plaque morphology under our conditions. These results differ from published findings using erythrocytes as antigens. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed, including differences in sensitivity differences in immunological similarity between the test antigens, and in the particular B cell subsets involved.", "PMID": 315321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4951", "title": "Effects of ergot drugs on serotonergic function: behavior and neurochemistry.", "content": "Several new ergot drugs were tested for behavioral and neurochemical effects related to serotonergic function. Lergotrile and bromocriptine potentiated the so-called \"5-HT syndrome\", a set of behaviours associated with increased serotonergic neurotransmission consequent to monoamine oxidase inhibition and tryptophan loading. Metergoline antagonized this behavior. In studies of receptor binding using 3H-5-HT or 3H-LSD, metergoline was the most potent at displacing specific ligand binding. Since the ergots also affect dopaminergic function, these results are discussed for their information on both dopaminergic and serotonergic actions of these drugs and their implications for clinical use of ergots.", "contents": "Effects of ergot drugs on serotonergic function: behavior and neurochemistry. Several new ergot drugs were tested for behavioral and neurochemical effects related to serotonergic function. Lergotrile and bromocriptine potentiated the so-called \"5-HT syndrome\", a set of behaviours associated with increased serotonergic neurotransmission consequent to monoamine oxidase inhibition and tryptophan loading. Metergoline antagonized this behavior. In studies of receptor binding using 3H-5-HT or 3H-LSD, metergoline was the most potent at displacing specific ligand binding. Since the ergots also affect dopaminergic function, these results are discussed for their information on both dopaminergic and serotonergic actions of these drugs and their implications for clinical use of ergots.", "PMID": 315322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4952", "title": "Dopamine-mediated circling behaviour does not involve the nigro-tectal pathway.", "content": "Extensive unilateral or bilateral electrolytic ablation of the rat superior colliculus failed to reduce apomorphine- or amphetamine-induced rotation in animals with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of one nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathway. These findings suggest that a nigro-tectal pathway does not play a crucial role in mediating the circling response caused by striatal dopamine receptor stimulation. However, electrolytic lesions of the dorsal tegmental decussation reduced apomorphine- but not amphetamine-induced rotation in such animals, perhaps by sectioning some commissural pathway between the two nigro-striatal systems.", "contents": "Dopamine-mediated circling behaviour does not involve the nigro-tectal pathway. Extensive unilateral or bilateral electrolytic ablation of the rat superior colliculus failed to reduce apomorphine- or amphetamine-induced rotation in animals with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of one nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathway. These findings suggest that a nigro-tectal pathway does not play a crucial role in mediating the circling response caused by striatal dopamine receptor stimulation. However, electrolytic lesions of the dorsal tegmental decussation reduced apomorphine- but not amphetamine-induced rotation in such animals, perhaps by sectioning some commissural pathway between the two nigro-striatal systems.", "PMID": 315328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4953", "title": "Impaired amylase release from the parotid gland of rats treated with reserpine.", "content": "Using an automated system for the analysis of amylase, the release of this enzyme was compared in superfused parotid gland segments from control and reserpine treated rats. Stimulant-evoked amylase release was delayed and of smaller magnitude in the glands of the treated animals and a reduction of the transmembrane K+ gradient caused a smaller and short lasting reduction in Ach-evoked release of amylase in the glands from these animals.", "contents": "Impaired amylase release from the parotid gland of rats treated with reserpine. Using an automated system for the analysis of amylase, the release of this enzyme was compared in superfused parotid gland segments from control and reserpine treated rats. Stimulant-evoked amylase release was delayed and of smaller magnitude in the glands of the treated animals and a reduction of the transmembrane K+ gradient caused a smaller and short lasting reduction in Ach-evoked release of amylase in the glands from these animals.", "PMID": 315329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4954", "title": "High K+ content explains the abolition of the action potential in amphibian sciatic nerve in vitro by Lathyrus sativus seed extract.", "content": "The action potential in amphibian sciatic nerve in vitro has been reported to be abolished by the topical application of Lathyrus sativus seed extract. We have confirmed this effect, but find that it is probably caused by the high K+ content of such seed extracts and that organic neurotoxins are not implicated.", "contents": "High K+ content explains the abolition of the action potential in amphibian sciatic nerve in vitro by Lathyrus sativus seed extract. The action potential in amphibian sciatic nerve in vitro has been reported to be abolished by the topical application of Lathyrus sativus seed extract. We have confirmed this effect, but find that it is probably caused by the high K+ content of such seed extracts and that organic neurotoxins are not implicated.", "PMID": 315330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4955", "title": "Experimental studies on hemopoiesis in the pronephros of Rana pipiens.", "content": "Embryogenesis of hemopoietic cell populations in the pronephros of Rana pipiens was examined during embryonic and early larval development. Differential cell counts of Wright-Giemsa-stained cell suspensions demonstrated that granulopoiesis is the predominant hemopoietic activity in the pronephros, erythropoiesis accounts for a minor component of the hemopoietic activity (less than 10%), and lymphopoiesis within the organ is negligible. Microdensitometric analysis of Feulgen-DNA stained granulocyte populations in pronephroses from larvae that had received chromosomally labeled pronephric analgen transplants between 84 and 96 h of development demonstrated that hemopoiesis in this organ is dependent on colonization by an extrinsic hemopoietic stem cell. A similar analysis of pronephric hemopoiesis in larvae which had received chromosomally labeled, presumptive ventral blood island transplants between 62 and 67 h of development, indicates that granulopoietic cells are not derived from the embryonic blood islands. It is proposed that the pronephros may be the initial site of granulocyte differentiation during early embryogenesis. Although the embryonic origin of the hemopoietic stem cell is unknown, indirect evidence from this study indicates a dorsal stem cell compartment.", "contents": "Experimental studies on hemopoiesis in the pronephros of Rana pipiens. Embryogenesis of hemopoietic cell populations in the pronephros of Rana pipiens was examined during embryonic and early larval development. Differential cell counts of Wright-Giemsa-stained cell suspensions demonstrated that granulopoiesis is the predominant hemopoietic activity in the pronephros, erythropoiesis accounts for a minor component of the hemopoietic activity (less than 10%), and lymphopoiesis within the organ is negligible. Microdensitometric analysis of Feulgen-DNA stained granulocyte populations in pronephroses from larvae that had received chromosomally labeled pronephric analgen transplants between 84 and 96 h of development demonstrated that hemopoiesis in this organ is dependent on colonization by an extrinsic hemopoietic stem cell. A similar analysis of pronephric hemopoiesis in larvae which had received chromosomally labeled, presumptive ventral blood island transplants between 62 and 67 h of development, indicates that granulopoietic cells are not derived from the embryonic blood islands. It is proposed that the pronephros may be the initial site of granulocyte differentiation during early embryogenesis. Although the embryonic origin of the hemopoietic stem cell is unknown, indirect evidence from this study indicates a dorsal stem cell compartment.", "PMID": 315333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4956", "title": "Recording psychiatric consultations: a preliminary report.", "content": "Two new forms, specifically designed for computer processing of data from a contemporary consultation-liaison service, are described. The need for such data and their immediate applicability to problems currently facing this psychiatric subspecialty are discussed. Clinical, administrative, and evaluation uses are reviewed. It is hoped that this work will provide a stimulus to consultation-liason practitioners to use this system or to develop similar systems that will permit documentation, exploration, and enhancement of the consultation-liaison effort.", "contents": "Recording psychiatric consultations: a preliminary report. Two new forms, specifically designed for computer processing of data from a contemporary consultation-liaison service, are described. The need for such data and their immediate applicability to problems currently facing this psychiatric subspecialty are discussed. Clinical, administrative, and evaluation uses are reviewed. It is hoped that this work will provide a stimulus to consultation-liason practitioners to use this system or to develop similar systems that will permit documentation, exploration, and enhancement of the consultation-liaison effort.", "PMID": 315339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4957", "title": "Effects of epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and bovine serum albumin on ornithine decarboxylase activity of procine granulosa cells.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor, a potent mitrogen for granulosa cells produced a three-fold stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in porcine granulose cells in vitro. Fibroblast growth factor, another compound with mitogenic activity for granulose cells, did not stimulate ornithine decarboxylase. Maximally effective concentrations of a commercial preparation of bovine serum albumin equalled the maximal effect of epidermal growth factor on this enzyme activity. The dominant stimulator(s) in the albumin preparation eluted after bovine serum albumin in gel filtration. At maximally effective concentrations, luteinizing hormone produced substantially greater stimulation than either epidermal growth factor or the bovine albumin preparation. Combinations of saturating doses of any two of these stimulators produced additive effects on enzyme activity.", "contents": "Effects of epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and bovine serum albumin on ornithine decarboxylase activity of procine granulosa cells. Epidermal growth factor, a potent mitrogen for granulosa cells produced a three-fold stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in porcine granulose cells in vitro. Fibroblast growth factor, another compound with mitogenic activity for granulose cells, did not stimulate ornithine decarboxylase. Maximally effective concentrations of a commercial preparation of bovine serum albumin equalled the maximal effect of epidermal growth factor on this enzyme activity. The dominant stimulator(s) in the albumin preparation eluted after bovine serum albumin in gel filtration. At maximally effective concentrations, luteinizing hormone produced substantially greater stimulation than either epidermal growth factor or the bovine albumin preparation. Combinations of saturating doses of any two of these stimulators produced additive effects on enzyme activity.", "PMID": 315359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4958", "title": "Kinetics of B-lymphocytes stimulation by pokeweed Pa-1 mitogen and bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The presence of two subpopulations in mouse B lymphocytes responding to pokeweed Pa-1 mitogen or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in terms of DNA synthesis was demonstrated. The analysis of surface markers of these two subpopulations revealed that one of the subpopulations carried the complement receptor (CR+) and the other lacked the complement receptor (CR-). The kinetics of stimulation by Pa-1 and LPS differed between these two subpopulations. CR+ -B cells exhibited the first peak of DNA synthesis 27 h after the addition of the mitogen, whereas CR- -B cells showed the first maximal response after 39 h. When the responses of CR+ -B cells 27 h and of CR- -B cells 39 h after various pulsed exposures to the mitogen were compared with those after continuous exposures to the mitogen, two successive 3 h exposures (0-3 and 12-15 h for CR+ -B cells; 0-3 and 21-24 h for CR- -B cells) yielded the same level of response as continuous exposure for 27 h (CR+ -B cells) or 39 h (CR- -B cells). These results indicate that both B-cell subpopulations require two signals for maximal stimulation.", "contents": "Kinetics of B-lymphocytes stimulation by pokeweed Pa-1 mitogen and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The presence of two subpopulations in mouse B lymphocytes responding to pokeweed Pa-1 mitogen or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in terms of DNA synthesis was demonstrated. The analysis of surface markers of these two subpopulations revealed that one of the subpopulations carried the complement receptor (CR+) and the other lacked the complement receptor (CR-). The kinetics of stimulation by Pa-1 and LPS differed between these two subpopulations. CR+ -B cells exhibited the first peak of DNA synthesis 27 h after the addition of the mitogen, whereas CR- -B cells showed the first maximal response after 39 h. When the responses of CR+ -B cells 27 h and of CR- -B cells 39 h after various pulsed exposures to the mitogen were compared with those after continuous exposures to the mitogen, two successive 3 h exposures (0-3 and 12-15 h for CR+ -B cells; 0-3 and 21-24 h for CR- -B cells) yielded the same level of response as continuous exposure for 27 h (CR+ -B cells) or 39 h (CR- -B cells). These results indicate that both B-cell subpopulations require two signals for maximal stimulation.", "PMID": 315363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4959", "title": "Dependence of lymphocyte surface Ig on continuous polyclonal activation.", "content": "We have previously shown that most rabbit splenic B cells cultured in a medium supplemented with 5% autologous serum require continuous polyclonal stimulation to maintain detectable amounts of surface Ig. In the absence of this stimulation B cells shed but do not replace their surface Ig. Here, we investigated the mechanism responsible for the loss or maintenance of surface Ig. We showed that the addition of inhibitors of mRNA and protein synthesis to the cell cultures completely abolished the Ig maintenance effect provided by the mitogen thereby suggesting that it did not act by 'freezing' the membrane Ig but rather by continuously stimulating resynthesis. Moreover, by labelling the surface Ig with 125I-labelled Fab anti-allotype antibody we showed that the maintenance of surface Ig by mitogen stimulation was due to the turnover of surface Ig. The cells shed and replaced their surface Ig with a half-life of about 2 h only when mitogen was present but shed without replacing the surface Ig in the absence of mitogen. Also, the B-cell mitogens, SM and LPS, were able to maintain surface Ig even at extremely small concentrations while the T-cell mitogens, Con A and PHA, failed to do so at any concentration, suggesting that direct stimulation of B cells was needed to maintain surface Ig. When spleen cells were cultured in 'crowded' conditions in the absence of mitogen they did not lose their surface Ig; under these conditions it appeared that a factor associated with the macroglobulin fraction is induced and acts in the same manner as a B-cell polyclonal activator to maintain the turnover of surface Ig. Such a factor may actually function in vivo since lymphocytes are in very close contact in the lymphoid organs. We concluded that rabbit B lymphocytes shed and replace their surface Ig with a half-life of about 2 h and that the replacement, but not the shedding of surface Ig, is dependent on continuous exogenous or endogenous polyclonal activation.", "contents": "Dependence of lymphocyte surface Ig on continuous polyclonal activation. We have previously shown that most rabbit splenic B cells cultured in a medium supplemented with 5% autologous serum require continuous polyclonal stimulation to maintain detectable amounts of surface Ig. In the absence of this stimulation B cells shed but do not replace their surface Ig. Here, we investigated the mechanism responsible for the loss or maintenance of surface Ig. We showed that the addition of inhibitors of mRNA and protein synthesis to the cell cultures completely abolished the Ig maintenance effect provided by the mitogen thereby suggesting that it did not act by 'freezing' the membrane Ig but rather by continuously stimulating resynthesis. Moreover, by labelling the surface Ig with 125I-labelled Fab anti-allotype antibody we showed that the maintenance of surface Ig by mitogen stimulation was due to the turnover of surface Ig. The cells shed and replaced their surface Ig with a half-life of about 2 h only when mitogen was present but shed without replacing the surface Ig in the absence of mitogen. Also, the B-cell mitogens, SM and LPS, were able to maintain surface Ig even at extremely small concentrations while the T-cell mitogens, Con A and PHA, failed to do so at any concentration, suggesting that direct stimulation of B cells was needed to maintain surface Ig. When spleen cells were cultured in 'crowded' conditions in the absence of mitogen they did not lose their surface Ig; under these conditions it appeared that a factor associated with the macroglobulin fraction is induced and acts in the same manner as a B-cell polyclonal activator to maintain the turnover of surface Ig. Such a factor may actually function in vivo since lymphocytes are in very close contact in the lymphoid organs. We concluded that rabbit B lymphocytes shed and replace their surface Ig with a half-life of about 2 h and that the replacement, but not the shedding of surface Ig, is dependent on continuous exogenous or endogenous polyclonal activation.", "PMID": 315366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4960", "title": "Immune activation by T-independent antigens: lack of effect of macrophage depletion on the immune response to TNP-LPS, PVP and dextran.", "content": "Carrageenan, a sulphated polysaccharide, and rabbit anti-mouse macrophage serum, were used to inhibit macrophage function in BALB/c mice as well as to deplete macrophages from spleen cell cultures in an attempt to determine the requirement for macrophages in the immune response to several thymus-independent antigens. Carrageenan inhibited macrophage function and was cytotoxic at low concentrations. The ability of T and B lymphocytes to undergo mitogen-induced proliferation in the presence of PHA and PLS, respectively, was not affected by in vitro exposure of lymphoid cells to carrageenan. BALB/c mice injected with carrageenan demonstrated a suppressed immune response to SRBC, a thymus-dependent antigen, but not to E. coli LPS, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or dextran B-1355S, all of which are known to be thymus independent antigens. The sensitivity of the in vivo immune response to SRBC after depletion of macrophages by carrageenan treatment was confirmed in vitro using the Marbrook--Diener culture system. The in vitro immune response to TNP-LPS was unaffected by either carrageenan treatment or treatment of BALB/c spleen cells with AMS and complement. The results of experiments which utilized the two anti-macrophage reagents, carrageenan and AMS, both in vivo and in vitro systems, suggest that the immune response to thymus-independent antigens does not require the participation of macrophages.", "contents": "Immune activation by T-independent antigens: lack of effect of macrophage depletion on the immune response to TNP-LPS, PVP and dextran. Carrageenan, a sulphated polysaccharide, and rabbit anti-mouse macrophage serum, were used to inhibit macrophage function in BALB/c mice as well as to deplete macrophages from spleen cell cultures in an attempt to determine the requirement for macrophages in the immune response to several thymus-independent antigens. Carrageenan inhibited macrophage function and was cytotoxic at low concentrations. The ability of T and B lymphocytes to undergo mitogen-induced proliferation in the presence of PHA and PLS, respectively, was not affected by in vitro exposure of lymphoid cells to carrageenan. BALB/c mice injected with carrageenan demonstrated a suppressed immune response to SRBC, a thymus-dependent antigen, but not to E. coli LPS, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or dextran B-1355S, all of which are known to be thymus independent antigens. The sensitivity of the in vivo immune response to SRBC after depletion of macrophages by carrageenan treatment was confirmed in vitro using the Marbrook--Diener culture system. The in vitro immune response to TNP-LPS was unaffected by either carrageenan treatment or treatment of BALB/c spleen cells with AMS and complement. The results of experiments which utilized the two anti-macrophage reagents, carrageenan and AMS, both in vivo and in vitro systems, suggest that the immune response to thymus-independent antigens does not require the participation of macrophages.", "PMID": 315367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4961", "title": "Mitogenic proteins of pokeweed. I. Purification, characterization and mitogenic activity of two proteins from pokeweed (Phytolacca octandra).", "content": "Saline extracts from the roots of the pokeweed species. Phytolacca octandra were separated by ion-exchange chromatography into three fractions, Po-1, Po-2 and Po-3. Po-1 contained two monomeric proteins with molecular weights of 36,000 and 29,000 and these were partially purified by gel filtration. Po-2 was purified as a single polymeric protein composed of approximately ten 14,000 mol. wt polypeptides and is a new pokeweed mitogen. Po-3 was purified as a single polymeric protein composed of approximately four 31,000 mol. wt subunits, and apart from its polymeric structure closely resembles commercial pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Po-2 and Po-3 were mitogenic for unseparated human peripheral blood lymphocytes but the degree of mitogenic activity in Po-2 preparations was dependent on storage following purification. Purified B cells were not stimulated by either mitogen. Po-3 was a potent mitogen for T cells but preparations of Po-2 required storage before they stimulated T cells. Higher responses were observed in co-cultures of B and T cells than in separated B and T cell cultures. It is suggested that human B and T lymphocytes show synergy in their responses to Po-2 and Po-3.", "contents": "Mitogenic proteins of pokeweed. I. Purification, characterization and mitogenic activity of two proteins from pokeweed (Phytolacca octandra). Saline extracts from the roots of the pokeweed species. Phytolacca octandra were separated by ion-exchange chromatography into three fractions, Po-1, Po-2 and Po-3. Po-1 contained two monomeric proteins with molecular weights of 36,000 and 29,000 and these were partially purified by gel filtration. Po-2 was purified as a single polymeric protein composed of approximately ten 14,000 mol. wt polypeptides and is a new pokeweed mitogen. Po-3 was purified as a single polymeric protein composed of approximately four 31,000 mol. wt subunits, and apart from its polymeric structure closely resembles commercial pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Po-2 and Po-3 were mitogenic for unseparated human peripheral blood lymphocytes but the degree of mitogenic activity in Po-2 preparations was dependent on storage following purification. Purified B cells were not stimulated by either mitogen. Po-3 was a potent mitogen for T cells but preparations of Po-2 required storage before they stimulated T cells. Higher responses were observed in co-cultures of B and T cells than in separated B and T cell cultures. It is suggested that human B and T lymphocytes show synergy in their responses to Po-2 and Po-3.", "PMID": 315368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4962", "title": "Mitogenic proteins of pokeweed. II. The differentiation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes stimulated with purified pokeweed mitogens (Po-2 and Po-6) from pokeweed, Phytolacca octandra.", "content": "Purified pokeweed mitogens, Po-2 and Po-3, extracted from Phytolacca octandra, stimulated plasma cell formation in cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Plasma cell formation did not occur in cultures of purified B cells but was dependent on T-cell help. High T-cell numbers, however, suppressed plasma cell formation in mixed B- and T-cell cultures stimulated with Po-2. T-cell helper function was exerted across a major histocompatibility barrier and was not dependent on T-cell proliferation. Soluble helper factor(s) from activated T cells were not demonstrated. Po-3 was an effective B-cell stimulant only at concentrations between 0.1 and 1.0 micrograms/ml. In contrast, relatively high concentrations of Po-2 (50--100 micrograms/ml) were required to induce B-cell differentiation. More plasma cells were generated in Po-2-stimulated cultures than in Po-3-stimulated cultures and this was thought to reflect the more aggregated state of Po-2.", "contents": "Mitogenic proteins of pokeweed. II. The differentiation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes stimulated with purified pokeweed mitogens (Po-2 and Po-6) from pokeweed, Phytolacca octandra. Purified pokeweed mitogens, Po-2 and Po-3, extracted from Phytolacca octandra, stimulated plasma cell formation in cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Plasma cell formation did not occur in cultures of purified B cells but was dependent on T-cell help. High T-cell numbers, however, suppressed plasma cell formation in mixed B- and T-cell cultures stimulated with Po-2. T-cell helper function was exerted across a major histocompatibility barrier and was not dependent on T-cell proliferation. Soluble helper factor(s) from activated T cells were not demonstrated. Po-3 was an effective B-cell stimulant only at concentrations between 0.1 and 1.0 micrograms/ml. In contrast, relatively high concentrations of Po-2 (50--100 micrograms/ml) were required to induce B-cell differentiation. More plasma cells were generated in Po-2-stimulated cultures than in Po-3-stimulated cultures and this was thought to reflect the more aggregated state of Po-2.", "PMID": 315369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4963", "title": "Contrasting effects of H-2 and Mls immunization on the polyclonal mitogenicity of murine lymphocytes.", "content": "During the immune response to H-2 and Mls alloantigens, murine lymphocytes showed altered sensitivity to polyclonal mitogens. The reactivity to the T-cell mitogen PHA followed a similar pattern in both H-2 and Mls-immunized mice while the reactivity to the B-cell mitogen LPS was contrasting in the two groups. In the former group, the response exceeded control levels by the seventh day after immunization and then gradually dropped below control levels; the response of Mls-immunized lymphocytes dropped below control levels soon after immunization and remained so for the period of study. Nylon wool column-purified Mls-immunized B cells also showed a suppressed reactivity to LPS, while the T-enriched populations from Mls-immune mice when added to normal B cells lowered their LPS reactivity. Soluble factors derived from clutures of Mls-immune lymphocytes had a suppressive effect on normal B cells.", "contents": "Contrasting effects of H-2 and Mls immunization on the polyclonal mitogenicity of murine lymphocytes. During the immune response to H-2 and Mls alloantigens, murine lymphocytes showed altered sensitivity to polyclonal mitogens. The reactivity to the T-cell mitogen PHA followed a similar pattern in both H-2 and Mls-immunized mice while the reactivity to the B-cell mitogen LPS was contrasting in the two groups. In the former group, the response exceeded control levels by the seventh day after immunization and then gradually dropped below control levels; the response of Mls-immunized lymphocytes dropped below control levels soon after immunization and remained so for the period of study. Nylon wool column-purified Mls-immunized B cells also showed a suppressed reactivity to LPS, while the T-enriched populations from Mls-immune mice when added to normal B cells lowered their LPS reactivity. Soluble factors derived from clutures of Mls-immune lymphocytes had a suppressive effect on normal B cells.", "PMID": 315370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4964", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern of the pre-thymic precursor cell.", "content": "The thymic cell precursor was obtained from thymic rudiments of 14 day old mouse embryos of strain NMRI. The LDH isoenzyme pattern of this cell population showed a higher LDH-5 activity than the cortical and medullary thymocytes. These results indicate that during the T-cell development, a shift in the pattern occurs towards the LDH-1 end of the spectrum, as described for other murine tissues and cells. As cortical thymocytes contain less LDH-5 activity than the medullary thymocytes, however, the outcome of the latter cells from the former is in conflict with the shift toward the LDH-1 end of the spectrum. On the contrary a relationship whereby cortical and medullary thymocytes are independently derived from the thymic cell percursor, is consistent with the shift toward LDH-1.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern of the pre-thymic precursor cell. The thymic cell precursor was obtained from thymic rudiments of 14 day old mouse embryos of strain NMRI. The LDH isoenzyme pattern of this cell population showed a higher LDH-5 activity than the cortical and medullary thymocytes. These results indicate that during the T-cell development, a shift in the pattern occurs towards the LDH-1 end of the spectrum, as described for other murine tissues and cells. As cortical thymocytes contain less LDH-5 activity than the medullary thymocytes, however, the outcome of the latter cells from the former is in conflict with the shift toward the LDH-1 end of the spectrum. On the contrary a relationship whereby cortical and medullary thymocytes are independently derived from the thymic cell percursor, is consistent with the shift toward LDH-1.", "PMID": 315371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4965", "title": "Direct cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes in mice. II. Nature of immunoglobulin on cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "Direct cytotoxicity raised at an early interval after immunization with chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) has been ascribed to O-positive, immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity of such effector cells was not affected by trypsinization. Cytotoxity was reduced by the treatment of effector cells with anti-IgG serum and complement or by the addition of anti-IgG serum to culture medium for cytotoxicity test. When the effector cells were treated with trypsin before cytotoxicity test, such procedures with anti-IgG serum did not affect their cytotoxicity. Ig molecules on cytotoxic T lympohcytes may not be an essential element for antigen recognition. This explanation may be supported by the fact that cytotoxicity against CRBC could be raised in 600 rad irradiation, thymus-cell transferred mice in the absence of antibody production.", "contents": "Direct cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes in mice. II. Nature of immunoglobulin on cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Direct cytotoxicity raised at an early interval after immunization with chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) has been ascribed to O-positive, immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity of such effector cells was not affected by trypsinization. Cytotoxity was reduced by the treatment of effector cells with anti-IgG serum and complement or by the addition of anti-IgG serum to culture medium for cytotoxicity test. When the effector cells were treated with trypsin before cytotoxicity test, such procedures with anti-IgG serum did not affect their cytotoxicity. Ig molecules on cytotoxic T lympohcytes may not be an essential element for antigen recognition. This explanation may be supported by the fact that cytotoxicity against CRBC could be raised in 600 rad irradiation, thymus-cell transferred mice in the absence of antibody production.", "PMID": 315372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4966", "title": "Diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins on hamster cells: candidates for diphtheria toxin receptors.", "content": "Diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins of high molecular weight (greater than 100,000) were identified on the surface of lymph node and thymus cells from hamsters, a diphtheria toxin-sensitive species. These diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins also interacted with CRM197 protein, which possesses toxin-blocking activity, but not with diphtheria toxoid, fragment A of diphtheria toxin, or cholera toxin, all of which lack toxin-blocking activity. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the detected diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins are involved in intoxication of cells by this toxin and possibly serve as the plasma membrane receptors for diphtheria toxin.", "contents": "Diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins on hamster cells: candidates for diphtheria toxin receptors. Diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins of high molecular weight (greater than 100,000) were identified on the surface of lymph node and thymus cells from hamsters, a diphtheria toxin-sensitive species. These diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins also interacted with CRM197 protein, which possesses toxin-blocking activity, but not with diphtheria toxoid, fragment A of diphtheria toxin, or cholera toxin, all of which lack toxin-blocking activity. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the detected diphtheria toxin-binding glycoproteins are involved in intoxication of cells by this toxin and possibly serve as the plasma membrane receptors for diphtheria toxin.", "PMID": 315374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4967", "title": "Elevated adjuvanticity of non-acid-fast mycobacteria.", "content": "Administration to guinea pigs of non-acid-fast (NAF) Mycobacterium avium resulted in a sevenfold greater circulating antibody response than that for the animals receiving ovalbumin in Freund incomplete adjuvant alone. The ability of NAF M. avium on induction of delayed hypersensitivity was comparable or somewhat stronger than that of normal M. avium. The in vivo enhancement of circulating antibody response by NAF M. avium associated with a marked stimulating effect of it on proliferation of B cells in regional sites. Induction of local granuloma at the injection site of NAF M. avium was less than that induced by injection of normal M. avium. Phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system in mice was also greatly increased by administration of NAF M. avium.", "contents": "Elevated adjuvanticity of non-acid-fast mycobacteria. Administration to guinea pigs of non-acid-fast (NAF) Mycobacterium avium resulted in a sevenfold greater circulating antibody response than that for the animals receiving ovalbumin in Freund incomplete adjuvant alone. The ability of NAF M. avium on induction of delayed hypersensitivity was comparable or somewhat stronger than that of normal M. avium. The in vivo enhancement of circulating antibody response by NAF M. avium associated with a marked stimulating effect of it on proliferation of B cells in regional sites. Induction of local granuloma at the injection site of NAF M. avium was less than that induced by injection of normal M. avium. Phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system in mice was also greatly increased by administration of NAF M. avium.", "PMID": 315375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4968", "title": "Mitotic activity of thymocytes in a synthetic tissue culture medium. Effect of L-alanine.", "content": "DNA synthesis in guinea pig thymocytes suspended in RPMI 1640 medium increased to a peak after 4-5 h in culture and was followed by increased mitotic activity, indicating that many thymocytes in S phase proceeded through G2 into mitosis. Addition of L-alanine to the medium markedly increased the DNA synthesis within 1 h and the mitotic frequency from 6 h. The increase in DNA synthesis when L-alanine was present in the medium was thus caused by an increased number of cells in S phase. Human thymocytes cultured in RPMI 1640 for 18 h had a low mitotic frequency. Addition of L-alanine immediately started DNA synthesis in the arrested thymocytes resulting in increased mitotic activity from 6 h later. The results show that L-alanine is a growth factor for guinea pig and human thymocytes and should be included in tissue culture media used for such cells. Growth of thymocytes in vitro was partly synchronized, and the mitotic studies indicated that many cells had entered S phase near the start of incubation.", "contents": "Mitotic activity of thymocytes in a synthetic tissue culture medium. Effect of L-alanine. DNA synthesis in guinea pig thymocytes suspended in RPMI 1640 medium increased to a peak after 4-5 h in culture and was followed by increased mitotic activity, indicating that many thymocytes in S phase proceeded through G2 into mitosis. Addition of L-alanine to the medium markedly increased the DNA synthesis within 1 h and the mitotic frequency from 6 h. The increase in DNA synthesis when L-alanine was present in the medium was thus caused by an increased number of cells in S phase. Human thymocytes cultured in RPMI 1640 for 18 h had a low mitotic frequency. Addition of L-alanine immediately started DNA synthesis in the arrested thymocytes resulting in increased mitotic activity from 6 h later. The results show that L-alanine is a growth factor for guinea pig and human thymocytes and should be included in tissue culture media used for such cells. Growth of thymocytes in vitro was partly synchronized, and the mitotic studies indicated that many cells had entered S phase near the start of incubation.", "PMID": 315377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4969", "title": "The bleaching of the bacteriorhodopsin chromophore by ionizing radiation.", "content": "The visible chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin, BR(570), undergoes progressive bleaching when subjected to 60CO gamma-irradiation. The low G-value for bleaching confirms that the site of the chromophore is highly protected. Positive and negative circular dichroic (CD) bands associated with the chromosphone undergo concomitant decrease in a manner which is consistent with two independent chromophores rather than exciton coupling between neighbouring chromophoric site.", "contents": "The bleaching of the bacteriorhodopsin chromophore by ionizing radiation. The visible chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin, BR(570), undergoes progressive bleaching when subjected to 60CO gamma-irradiation. The low G-value for bleaching confirms that the site of the chromophore is highly protected. Positive and negative circular dichroic (CD) bands associated with the chromosphone undergo concomitant decrease in a manner which is consistent with two independent chromophores rather than exciton coupling between neighbouring chromophoric site.", "PMID": 315378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4970", "title": "The mobility of curium-244 dioxide in the bronchially intubated rat.", "content": "The mobility of curium dioxide in the rat after pulmonary intubation has been investigated by administering suspensions containing different particle size ranges of the oxide. A major factor influencing the movement of curium from lungs to blood is the formation of hydroxide or hydrous oxide particles about 0.001 micrometer in diameter. This process is sufficiently rapid for the lung clearance kinetics of the dioxide to resemble those of a soluble compound more closely than those of an insoluble one. Filtration of 0.001 micrometer particles through the kidneys results in considerably enhanced excretion of curium relative to administered curium citrate. It is concluded that current metabolic models, which assume that solubility in the lung is a prerequisite for transport in body fluids, do not adequately describe the behaviour of curium fromthe standpoint of radiological protection.", "contents": "The mobility of curium-244 dioxide in the bronchially intubated rat. The mobility of curium dioxide in the rat after pulmonary intubation has been investigated by administering suspensions containing different particle size ranges of the oxide. A major factor influencing the movement of curium from lungs to blood is the formation of hydroxide or hydrous oxide particles about 0.001 micrometer in diameter. This process is sufficiently rapid for the lung clearance kinetics of the dioxide to resemble those of a soluble compound more closely than those of an insoluble one. Filtration of 0.001 micrometer particles through the kidneys results in considerably enhanced excretion of curium relative to administered curium citrate. It is concluded that current metabolic models, which assume that solubility in the lung is a prerequisite for transport in body fluids, do not adequately describe the behaviour of curium fromthe standpoint of radiological protection.", "PMID": 315379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4971", "title": "The relationship between o.e.r., r.b.e. and number of fractions for X-ray- or neutron-induced skin damage.", "content": "The skin reactions in aerated and hypoxic mouse tails after single or fractionated doses of 250 kV X-rays or fast neutrons (6 MeV deuterons on beryllium) have been measured. The o.e.r. for one to sixteen fractions of X-rays remains constant, while that for one to ten fractions of neutrons decreases with increasing neutron fractionation and decreasing neutron dose/fraction. The o.e.r. for X-rays was 1.7, for single-neutron doses 1.4, and for ten fractions of neutrons 1.25. It was anticipated that the o.e.r. for neutron-induced damage would decrease further as neutron fractionation is increased because the contribution to damage from the highest LET components of dose, the alpha and heavy recoil particles, would increase relative to the lowe LET components. The r.b.e. values obtained for skin damage were higher at all neutron doses/fraction examined in this study on tails than all those previously obtained in studies on skin at other sites on four species. This may be due to the influence of hypoxia on the r.b.e. measurements in the mouse tail.", "contents": "The relationship between o.e.r., r.b.e. and number of fractions for X-ray- or neutron-induced skin damage. The skin reactions in aerated and hypoxic mouse tails after single or fractionated doses of 250 kV X-rays or fast neutrons (6 MeV deuterons on beryllium) have been measured. The o.e.r. for one to sixteen fractions of X-rays remains constant, while that for one to ten fractions of neutrons decreases with increasing neutron fractionation and decreasing neutron dose/fraction. The o.e.r. for X-rays was 1.7, for single-neutron doses 1.4, and for ten fractions of neutrons 1.25. It was anticipated that the o.e.r. for neutron-induced damage would decrease further as neutron fractionation is increased because the contribution to damage from the highest LET components of dose, the alpha and heavy recoil particles, would increase relative to the lowe LET components. The r.b.e. values obtained for skin damage were higher at all neutron doses/fraction examined in this study on tails than all those previously obtained in studies on skin at other sites on four species. This may be due to the influence of hypoxia on the r.b.e. measurements in the mouse tail.", "PMID": 315380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4972", "title": "Implication of tryptophan and tyrosine in the binding of p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside by concanavalin A. A radiolytic study.", "content": "Equilibrium dialysis has been used to study the effects of 60Co gamma-radiolysis on the carbohydrate binding site of Con A. Reaction of eaq- and OH. with Con A is accompanied by a decrease in the number of binding sites. Modification of the binding site by (Br)2- is independent of the initial concentration of Br-. Reaction of (SCN)2- with the protein, however, is dependent on the initial SCN- concentration. The results imply that tryptophan and possibly tyrosine are probably involved in the carbohydrate binding process.", "contents": "Implication of tryptophan and tyrosine in the binding of p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside by concanavalin A. A radiolytic study. Equilibrium dialysis has been used to study the effects of 60Co gamma-radiolysis on the carbohydrate binding site of Con A. Reaction of eaq- and OH. with Con A is accompanied by a decrease in the number of binding sites. Modification of the binding site by (Br)2- is independent of the initial concentration of Br-. Reaction of (SCN)2- with the protein, however, is dependent on the initial SCN- concentration. The results imply that tryptophan and possibly tyrosine are probably involved in the carbohydrate binding process.", "PMID": 315381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4973", "title": "Radiation-induced DNA strand breaks and their repair in the developing rat brain.", "content": "Rats, 5, 10 or 25 days old, were 60 Co gamma irradiated. The induction of DNA strand breaks was studied after killing the rats within 1 min after irradiation, and the repair of the induced breaks after various intervals up to 180 min. Cell suspensions were prepared from the brain and samples were transferred into alkaline solutions. The fraction of DNA remaining double-stranded after 30 min alkali treatment was estimated after separation of single- and double-stranded DNA on hydroxylapatite. The amount of DNA strand breaks induced per Gray (1--8 Gray) was found to be in accordance with earlier in vivo studies of the mouse small intestine and mouse spleen. The DNA strand breaks in the rat brain induced by 4 Gray 60Co gamma irradiation were repaired 30 min after irradiation in all age groups studied.", "contents": "Radiation-induced DNA strand breaks and their repair in the developing rat brain. Rats, 5, 10 or 25 days old, were 60 Co gamma irradiated. The induction of DNA strand breaks was studied after killing the rats within 1 min after irradiation, and the repair of the induced breaks after various intervals up to 180 min. Cell suspensions were prepared from the brain and samples were transferred into alkaline solutions. The fraction of DNA remaining double-stranded after 30 min alkali treatment was estimated after separation of single- and double-stranded DNA on hydroxylapatite. The amount of DNA strand breaks induced per Gray (1--8 Gray) was found to be in accordance with earlier in vivo studies of the mouse small intestine and mouse spleen. The DNA strand breaks in the rat brain induced by 4 Gray 60Co gamma irradiation were repaired 30 min after irradiation in all age groups studied.", "PMID": 315382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4974", "title": "Effectiveness of 0.3 keV carbon ultrasoft X-rays for the inactivation and mutation of cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "Carbon K characteristic ultrasoft X-rays of energy 0.278 keV were found to be effective in inducing inactivation and mutation to thioguanine resistance in cultured V79 Chinese hamster cells and human diploid fibroblasts. These X-rays act as a probe of the sensitive sites within the cells since they produce low-energy photoelectron tracks of range about 7 nm; this is an order of magnitude smaller than those produced by the 1.5 keV aluminium X-rays used in previous studies. A detailed interpretation of the results requires assumptions to be made about the positions of the sensitive sites within the cells but, for any reasonable set of assumptions, the carbon X-rays are found to be more effective than gamma-rays and are probably at least as effective as long tracks of helium ions of similar LET. These observations extend the conclusions previously drawn from the observed effectiveness of aluminium X-rays regarding the sizes of the subcellular sites involved in inactivation and mutation. They imply that the sensitive sites smaller than about 7 nm, and that highly localized energy depositions consisting of less than or approximately 14 ionizations are sufficient to produce biological effects. These results are also in contradiction to models of radiation action which require relatively large sites, such as the usual form of the 'theory of dual radiation action'.", "contents": "Effectiveness of 0.3 keV carbon ultrasoft X-rays for the inactivation and mutation of cultured mammalian cells. Carbon K characteristic ultrasoft X-rays of energy 0.278 keV were found to be effective in inducing inactivation and mutation to thioguanine resistance in cultured V79 Chinese hamster cells and human diploid fibroblasts. These X-rays act as a probe of the sensitive sites within the cells since they produce low-energy photoelectron tracks of range about 7 nm; this is an order of magnitude smaller than those produced by the 1.5 keV aluminium X-rays used in previous studies. A detailed interpretation of the results requires assumptions to be made about the positions of the sensitive sites within the cells but, for any reasonable set of assumptions, the carbon X-rays are found to be more effective than gamma-rays and are probably at least as effective as long tracks of helium ions of similar LET. These observations extend the conclusions previously drawn from the observed effectiveness of aluminium X-rays regarding the sizes of the subcellular sites involved in inactivation and mutation. They imply that the sensitive sites smaller than about 7 nm, and that highly localized energy depositions consisting of less than or approximately 14 ionizations are sufficient to produce biological effects. These results are also in contradiction to models of radiation action which require relatively large sites, such as the usual form of the 'theory of dual radiation action'.", "PMID": 315385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4975", "title": "Dependence of the nucleoside effect on linear energy transfer.", "content": "L929 cells were irradiated by cyclotron-produced neutrons and by 14.8 MeV monoenergetic neutrons. For comparison cells were also irradiated by 60Co gamma rays. Following irradiation cells were treated by an equimolar solution of deoxyribonucleosides, and the effect on cell survival measured. Results show that nucleoside treatment was efficient after low-LET irradiation: gamma ray survival curves were altered by deoxyribonucleosides in terms of significantly increased extrapolation numbers only, but without Do change. Cells irradiated by neutrons from either of the two sources did not respond to nucleoside treatment, and consequently their survival curves remained unaltered. These results show that the nucleoside effect does occur after low-LET irradiation, but apparently not following high-LET irradiation. Since deoxyribonucleosides as well as other cell breakdown products are released in irradiated and necrotic tumours due to massive cell destruction, such a nucleoside effect could possibly enhance the cell survival and thus effect the result of radiotherapy. Absence of the nucleoside effect in case of high-LET irradiation may therefore be an additional potential gain from neutrons in radiotherapy.", "contents": "Dependence of the nucleoside effect on linear energy transfer. L929 cells were irradiated by cyclotron-produced neutrons and by 14.8 MeV monoenergetic neutrons. For comparison cells were also irradiated by 60Co gamma rays. Following irradiation cells were treated by an equimolar solution of deoxyribonucleosides, and the effect on cell survival measured. Results show that nucleoside treatment was efficient after low-LET irradiation: gamma ray survival curves were altered by deoxyribonucleosides in terms of significantly increased extrapolation numbers only, but without Do change. Cells irradiated by neutrons from either of the two sources did not respond to nucleoside treatment, and consequently their survival curves remained unaltered. These results show that the nucleoside effect does occur after low-LET irradiation, but apparently not following high-LET irradiation. Since deoxyribonucleosides as well as other cell breakdown products are released in irradiated and necrotic tumours due to massive cell destruction, such a nucleoside effect could possibly enhance the cell survival and thus effect the result of radiotherapy. Absence of the nucleoside effect in case of high-LET irradiation may therefore be an additional potential gain from neutrons in radiotherapy.", "PMID": 315386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4976", "title": "Mutation and inactivation of cultured mammalian cells exposed to beams of accelerated heavy ions. I. Irradiation facilities and methods.", "content": "This paper, which is the first of four covering the inactivation of clonogenic capacity and induction of mutation in cultured mammalian cells, deals briefly with the general aims of the work and describes the irradiation techniques used. Human diploid fibroblasts and V79 Chinese hamster cells were irradiated as monolayers with ions of helium, boron or nitrogen at LET's in the range 20 to 479 keV micrometer-1 in H2O. The physical aspects of the irradiation including measurement of ion energies, dosimetry and uniformity of dose and also the methods of handling large numbers of samples are described in detail. Subsequent papers will present the biological methods and results and a biophysical analysis of the data.", "contents": "Mutation and inactivation of cultured mammalian cells exposed to beams of accelerated heavy ions. I. Irradiation facilities and methods. This paper, which is the first of four covering the inactivation of clonogenic capacity and induction of mutation in cultured mammalian cells, deals briefly with the general aims of the work and describes the irradiation techniques used. Human diploid fibroblasts and V79 Chinese hamster cells were irradiated as monolayers with ions of helium, boron or nitrogen at LET's in the range 20 to 479 keV micrometer-1 in H2O. The physical aspects of the irradiation including measurement of ion energies, dosimetry and uniformity of dose and also the methods of handling large numbers of samples are described in detail. Subsequent papers will present the biological methods and results and a biophysical analysis of the data.", "PMID": 315387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4977", "title": "Mutation and inactivation of cultured mammalian cells exposed to beams of accelerated heavy ions. II. Chinese hamster V79 cells.", "content": "Inactivation and mutation to thioguanine-resistance of V79 hamster cells were studied after irradiation with accelerated helium, boron or nitrogen ions covering a range of linear energy transfer from 28 to 470 keV micrometers-1. For all radiation qualities a dose-dependent increase in mutant frequency was found for doses giving surviving fractions greater than about 0.20. The effectiveness per unit dose for both inactivation and mutation induction increased with the linear energy transfer of the radiation to a maximum in the range 90-200 keV micrometer-1. However, the maximum mutagenic effectiveness relative to gamma-rays was about two or more times that for inactivation. It is suggested that a proportion of the radiation-induced mutants suffer extensive genetic damage, and that some forms of this damage may be induced with high efficiency by radiations of high linear energy transfer.", "contents": "Mutation and inactivation of cultured mammalian cells exposed to beams of accelerated heavy ions. II. Chinese hamster V79 cells. Inactivation and mutation to thioguanine-resistance of V79 hamster cells were studied after irradiation with accelerated helium, boron or nitrogen ions covering a range of linear energy transfer from 28 to 470 keV micrometers-1. For all radiation qualities a dose-dependent increase in mutant frequency was found for doses giving surviving fractions greater than about 0.20. The effectiveness per unit dose for both inactivation and mutation induction increased with the linear energy transfer of the radiation to a maximum in the range 90-200 keV micrometer-1. However, the maximum mutagenic effectiveness relative to gamma-rays was about two or more times that for inactivation. It is suggested that a proportion of the radiation-induced mutants suffer extensive genetic damage, and that some forms of this damage may be induced with high efficiency by radiations of high linear energy transfer.", "PMID": 315388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4978", "title": "Mutation and inactivation of cultured mammalian cells exposed to beams of accelerated heavy ions. III. Human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "The induction of inactivation and mutation to thioguanine-resistance in cultured human diploid fibroblasts was studied after exposure to ionising radiations with LET's in the range 20--470 keV micrometer-1. Unique r.b.e. values were obtained for inactivation and mutation induction with nine different qualities of radiation. The plot of r.b.e. verus LET gave humped curves for both endpoints; r.b.e. maxima were in the LET range 90--200 keV micrometer-1 but the maximum r.b.e. value for mutation induction was almost twice that for inactivation. The accuracy of estimates of mutation induction are discussed with regard to possible selective effects against mutants during post-irradiation growth.", "contents": "Mutation and inactivation of cultured mammalian cells exposed to beams of accelerated heavy ions. III. Human diploid fibroblasts. The induction of inactivation and mutation to thioguanine-resistance in cultured human diploid fibroblasts was studied after exposure to ionising radiations with LET's in the range 20--470 keV micrometer-1. Unique r.b.e. values were obtained for inactivation and mutation induction with nine different qualities of radiation. The plot of r.b.e. verus LET gave humped curves for both endpoints; r.b.e. maxima were in the LET range 90--200 keV micrometer-1 but the maximum r.b.e. value for mutation induction was almost twice that for inactivation. The accuracy of estimates of mutation induction are discussed with regard to possible selective effects against mutants during post-irradiation growth.", "PMID": 315389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4979", "title": "Influence of seed moisture content and post-irradiation hydration temperature on the kinetics of reactivity towards oxygen or decay of oxygen-sensitive sites.", "content": "The rate of development of post-irradiation oxygen-dependent damage when oxygen is available, and its rate of elimination when seeds are first post-hydrated in oxygen-free water prior to their transfer to oxygenated water, was studied in barley seeds of approximately 3 per cent, approximately 8 per cent and approximately 9 per cent moisture contents at 3 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The magnitude of oxic damage at a given dose (35 krad) decreases as the initial seed moisture content increases from approximately 3 per cent to approximately 9 per cent. Significant (P = 0.01) oxic damage is observed in seeds of all the three moisture contents at 3 degrees C and 25 degrees C; however, at 37 degrees C significant (P = 0.01) oxic damage is observed only in seeds of approximately 3 per cent and approximately 8 per cent moisture contents. The magnitude of oxic damage in seeds of a given moisture content remains unaltered following oxygenated post-hydration of seeds at 3 degrees C and 25 degrees C, but it registers a significant (P = 0.01) decrease if post-hydration in oxygenated water is carried out at 37 degrees C. The radiation-induced oxygen-sensitive (An) sites react with oxygen approximately 6 to 8 times faster as compared to their rate of decay in the absence of oxygen at both 3 degrees C and 25 degrees C; however, at 37 degrees C they react only approximately 3 to 4 times faster, in seeds of all the three moisture contents. Moreover, the initiation of the decay of An sites becomes evident much earlier in very dry (approximately 3 per cent moist) seeds than in relatively moist (approximately 8 per cent and approximately 9 per cent) seeds. It is also observed that this fraction of An sites which is capable of a very rapid rate of decay in the absence of oxygen is capable also of an even more rapid rate of reactivity towards oxygen.", "contents": "Influence of seed moisture content and post-irradiation hydration temperature on the kinetics of reactivity towards oxygen or decay of oxygen-sensitive sites. The rate of development of post-irradiation oxygen-dependent damage when oxygen is available, and its rate of elimination when seeds are first post-hydrated in oxygen-free water prior to their transfer to oxygenated water, was studied in barley seeds of approximately 3 per cent, approximately 8 per cent and approximately 9 per cent moisture contents at 3 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The magnitude of oxic damage at a given dose (35 krad) decreases as the initial seed moisture content increases from approximately 3 per cent to approximately 9 per cent. Significant (P = 0.01) oxic damage is observed in seeds of all the three moisture contents at 3 degrees C and 25 degrees C; however, at 37 degrees C significant (P = 0.01) oxic damage is observed only in seeds of approximately 3 per cent and approximately 8 per cent moisture contents. The magnitude of oxic damage in seeds of a given moisture content remains unaltered following oxygenated post-hydration of seeds at 3 degrees C and 25 degrees C, but it registers a significant (P = 0.01) decrease if post-hydration in oxygenated water is carried out at 37 degrees C. The radiation-induced oxygen-sensitive (An) sites react with oxygen approximately 6 to 8 times faster as compared to their rate of decay in the absence of oxygen at both 3 degrees C and 25 degrees C; however, at 37 degrees C they react only approximately 3 to 4 times faster, in seeds of all the three moisture contents. Moreover, the initiation of the decay of An sites becomes evident much earlier in very dry (approximately 3 per cent moist) seeds than in relatively moist (approximately 8 per cent and approximately 9 per cent) seeds. It is also observed that this fraction of An sites which is capable of a very rapid rate of decay in the absence of oxygen is capable also of an even more rapid rate of reactivity towards oxygen.", "PMID": 315390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4980", "title": "Sensitivity of light-grown and dark-grown Euglena cells to gamma-irradiation.", "content": "Light-grown cells which contain fully developed chloroplasts were found to be more resistant to gamma-irradiation than dark-grown cells which are devoid of chloroplasts. The radio-resistance of dark-grown cells progressively increased during light-induced development of chloroplasts and, conversely, radio-resistance of light-grown cells decreased progressively with chloroplast de-development during growth in the dark. The presence of chloroplasts seemed to play a major role in the capacity of cells to recover from radiation damage, the efficiency of cellular recovery being correlatable with the degree of chloroplast development.", "contents": "Sensitivity of light-grown and dark-grown Euglena cells to gamma-irradiation. Light-grown cells which contain fully developed chloroplasts were found to be more resistant to gamma-irradiation than dark-grown cells which are devoid of chloroplasts. The radio-resistance of dark-grown cells progressively increased during light-induced development of chloroplasts and, conversely, radio-resistance of light-grown cells decreased progressively with chloroplast de-development during growth in the dark. The presence of chloroplasts seemed to play a major role in the capacity of cells to recover from radiation damage, the efficiency of cellular recovery being correlatable with the degree of chloroplast development.", "PMID": 315395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4981", "title": "Effects of neonatal thymic exposure to high doses of X-irradiation.", "content": "The thymic region of neonatal Swiss mice was exposed to doses varying from 1000 R to 2000 R of X-irradiation. The animals did not show any signs of wasting syndrome up to 6 months after irradiation. At this time hyperplasia of the thymus with an associated lymphocytosis was evident in irradiated animals. Antibody production to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was not affected. However, at 12 months post-irradiation the animals showed signs of wasting disease with a progressive increase in their numbers at 18 and 24 months of age. The percentage incidence of animals with wasting disease was dose dependent. At this stage in the majority of the animals with the disease the thymus showed varying degrees of atrophy along with splenomegaly. There were no significant differences in the number of lymphocytes but the number of granulocytes showed a substantial increase. This was more evident in animals exposed to 2000 R to the thymic region. Though one observed a lowered ability to form antibodies to bovine serum albumin (BSA) with advancing age, the thymic irradiation did not affect the immune response to BSA even in animals manifesting wasting disease. An interesting observation has been the development of a severe loss of muscle power and tone in the hind limbs in a large majority of animals.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal thymic exposure to high doses of X-irradiation. The thymic region of neonatal Swiss mice was exposed to doses varying from 1000 R to 2000 R of X-irradiation. The animals did not show any signs of wasting syndrome up to 6 months after irradiation. At this time hyperplasia of the thymus with an associated lymphocytosis was evident in irradiated animals. Antibody production to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was not affected. However, at 12 months post-irradiation the animals showed signs of wasting disease with a progressive increase in their numbers at 18 and 24 months of age. The percentage incidence of animals with wasting disease was dose dependent. At this stage in the majority of the animals with the disease the thymus showed varying degrees of atrophy along with splenomegaly. There were no significant differences in the number of lymphocytes but the number of granulocytes showed a substantial increase. This was more evident in animals exposed to 2000 R to the thymic region. Though one observed a lowered ability to form antibodies to bovine serum albumin (BSA) with advancing age, the thymic irradiation did not affect the immune response to BSA even in animals manifesting wasting disease. An interesting observation has been the development of a severe loss of muscle power and tone in the hind limbs in a large majority of animals.", "PMID": 315396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4982", "title": "Quantitation of DNA repair in brain cell cultures: implications for autoradiographic analysis of mixed cell populations.", "content": "Quantitation of DNA repair in the mixed cell population of mouse embryo brain cultures has been assessed by autoradiographic analysis of unscheduled DNA synthesis following UV-irradiation. The proportion of labelled neurons and the grain density over neuronal nuclei are both less than the corresponding values for glial cells. The nuclear geometries of these two classes of cell are very different. Partial correction for the different geometries by relating grain density to nuclear area brings estimates of neuronal and glial DNA repair synthesis more closely in line. These findings have general implications for autoradiographic measurement of DNA repair in mixed cell populations and in differentiated versus dividing cells.", "contents": "Quantitation of DNA repair in brain cell cultures: implications for autoradiographic analysis of mixed cell populations. Quantitation of DNA repair in the mixed cell population of mouse embryo brain cultures has been assessed by autoradiographic analysis of unscheduled DNA synthesis following UV-irradiation. The proportion of labelled neurons and the grain density over neuronal nuclei are both less than the corresponding values for glial cells. The nuclear geometries of these two classes of cell are very different. Partial correction for the different geometries by relating grain density to nuclear area brings estimates of neuronal and glial DNA repair synthesis more closely in line. These findings have general implications for autoradiographic measurement of DNA repair in mixed cell populations and in differentiated versus dividing cells.", "PMID": 315397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4983", "title": "Effect of ionizing radiations on the life span of non-transformed human fibroblasts.", "content": "We studied in vitro the influence of ionizing radiations on the life span of non-transformed HF 19 human fibroblasts. The life span of surviving clones was found to be reduced when the cells had received two or three doses of 6 Gy separated by an interval of 15 doublings. In addition, this reduction in life span was greater when the cells were older at the time of irradiation.", "contents": "Effect of ionizing radiations on the life span of non-transformed human fibroblasts. We studied in vitro the influence of ionizing radiations on the life span of non-transformed HF 19 human fibroblasts. The life span of surviving clones was found to be reduced when the cells had received two or three doses of 6 Gy separated by an interval of 15 doublings. In addition, this reduction in life span was greater when the cells were older at the time of irradiation.", "PMID": 315398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4984", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase activity in the intestine of developing Rana catesbeiana.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase activity has been localized at the light and electron microscopic levels in the intestine of developing frog, Rana catesbeiana. The intensity of the histochemical reactivity decreases along the intestinal tract. The intracellular localization of the enzymatic activity shows continuous series of organelles loaded with the reaction product from the Golgi zones to the brush border. These results are in agreement with the biochemical observations made on the same material.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase activity in the intestine of developing Rana catesbeiana. Alkaline phosphatase activity has been localized at the light and electron microscopic levels in the intestine of developing frog, Rana catesbeiana. The intensity of the histochemical reactivity decreases along the intestinal tract. The intracellular localization of the enzymatic activity shows continuous series of organelles loaded with the reaction product from the Golgi zones to the brush border. These results are in agreement with the biochemical observations made on the same material.", "PMID": 315399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4985", "title": "Effect of catecholamines on lymphopoiesis in fetal mouse thymic explants.", "content": "Fetal thymic explants (14 days of gestation) from Balb/c mice were grown in organ culture for up to 12 days and the pattern of lymphopoiesis was monitored by 125IUdR incorporation and cell yields of such lobes in the presence of adrenergic agents. It was observed that, after 3 days of cultures, phenylephrine stimulated lymphopoiesis in thymic explants, whereas some inhibition was observed with isoproterenol. These observations were confirmed by autoradiography. It was also observed that cells obtained from phenylephrine-treated cultures had greater mitogen reactivity than either control (untreated) or isoproterenol-treated cultures. The possible role of cyclic nucleotides as intracellular mediators of thymocyte maturation is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of catecholamines on lymphopoiesis in fetal mouse thymic explants. Fetal thymic explants (14 days of gestation) from Balb/c mice were grown in organ culture for up to 12 days and the pattern of lymphopoiesis was monitored by 125IUdR incorporation and cell yields of such lobes in the presence of adrenergic agents. It was observed that, after 3 days of cultures, phenylephrine stimulated lymphopoiesis in thymic explants, whereas some inhibition was observed with isoproterenol. These observations were confirmed by autoradiography. It was also observed that cells obtained from phenylephrine-treated cultures had greater mitogen reactivity than either control (untreated) or isoproterenol-treated cultures. The possible role of cyclic nucleotides as intracellular mediators of thymocyte maturation is discussed.", "PMID": 315401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4986", "title": "Correlation of in vitro susceptibility with in vivo efficacy in mice for cefoxitin in comparison with cephalosporins.", "content": "Agar minimal inhibitory concentrations and mouse protection test effective doses were determined for each of four beta-lactam antibiotics against each of 12 Gram-negative and 3 Gram-positive bacterial cultures. The beta-lactamase activity of these cultures also was studied. The data were examined to determine whether relative in vivo efficacies could be predicted from relative in vitro activities. Although such predictions were quite accurate for cefoxitin and cefazolin, this was not true for cefamandole or for cephalothin. Such poor predictability was not necessarily associated with the susceptibility of these cephalosporins to hydrolysis by bacterial beta-lactamases. Although the clinical significance of these observations is not known, these data emphasize that relative in vitro activities should be used only with caution to estimate in vivo efficacies, since not all compounds show the excellent predictability observed here for cefazolin and cefoxitin.", "contents": "Correlation of in vitro susceptibility with in vivo efficacy in mice for cefoxitin in comparison with cephalosporins. Agar minimal inhibitory concentrations and mouse protection test effective doses were determined for each of four beta-lactam antibiotics against each of 12 Gram-negative and 3 Gram-positive bacterial cultures. The beta-lactamase activity of these cultures also was studied. The data were examined to determine whether relative in vivo efficacies could be predicted from relative in vitro activities. Although such predictions were quite accurate for cefoxitin and cefazolin, this was not true for cefamandole or for cephalothin. Such poor predictability was not necessarily associated with the susceptibility of these cephalosporins to hydrolysis by bacterial beta-lactamases. Although the clinical significance of these observations is not known, these data emphasize that relative in vitro activities should be used only with caution to estimate in vivo efficacies, since not all compounds show the excellent predictability observed here for cefazolin and cefoxitin.", "PMID": 315403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4987", "title": "Translational regulation of polysome formation during dormancy of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The translational activity of actively growing microplasmodia and dormant microsclerotia of Physarum polycephalum was investigated by analyzing the distribution of ribosomes in polysomes. Microplasmodial post-mitochondrial fractions contained substantial amounts of polysomes and ribosomal subunits but very few native monosomes. During the starvation period which preceded microsclerotium formation, polysome levels remained constant, whereas the subunit titer began to increase. During encystment ribosomal subunits continued to accumulate as the level of polysomes gradually decreased. Dormant microsclerotia contained a large surplus of stored ribosomal subunits but no detectable polysomes. However, incubation of microsclerotia with concentrations of cycloheximide sufficient to slow polypeptide elongation without affecting initiation caused the gradual reappearance of polysomes at the expense of the subunits. Under these conditions the percentage of subunits driven into polysomes reached values similar to those of actively growing microplasmodia. Microsclerotia returned to nutrient medium contained very low levels of polysomes during the lag period which preceded germination. These were formed with preexisting, stored messenger ribonucleic acid. During the germination period, polysome levels were markedly increased. This elevation was dependent on new ribonucleic acid transcription. It is concluded that dormant microsclerotia contain functional messenger ribonucleic acid and ribosomes which are subject to translational repression at the level of initiation.", "contents": "Translational regulation of polysome formation during dormancy of Physarum polycephalum. The translational activity of actively growing microplasmodia and dormant microsclerotia of Physarum polycephalum was investigated by analyzing the distribution of ribosomes in polysomes. Microplasmodial post-mitochondrial fractions contained substantial amounts of polysomes and ribosomal subunits but very few native monosomes. During the starvation period which preceded microsclerotium formation, polysome levels remained constant, whereas the subunit titer began to increase. During encystment ribosomal subunits continued to accumulate as the level of polysomes gradually decreased. Dormant microsclerotia contained a large surplus of stored ribosomal subunits but no detectable polysomes. However, incubation of microsclerotia with concentrations of cycloheximide sufficient to slow polypeptide elongation without affecting initiation caused the gradual reappearance of polysomes at the expense of the subunits. Under these conditions the percentage of subunits driven into polysomes reached values similar to those of actively growing microplasmodia. Microsclerotia returned to nutrient medium contained very low levels of polysomes during the lag period which preceded germination. These were formed with preexisting, stored messenger ribonucleic acid. During the germination period, polysome levels were markedly increased. This elevation was dependent on new ribonucleic acid transcription. It is concluded that dormant microsclerotia contain functional messenger ribonucleic acid and ribosomes which are subject to translational repression at the level of initiation.", "PMID": 315405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4988", "title": "Poising of the arginine pool and control of bioluminescence in Beneckea harveyi.", "content": "Arginine dramatically stimulates bioluminescence in the marine bacterium Beneckea harveyi growing in minimal media, an effect that is due to increases in both the synthesis and expression of luciferase. To elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon, studies were made of the transport and metabolism of arginine in B. harveyi. The transport of arginine and lysine involves two kinetically distinct transport systems for the uptake of arginine and lysine. In contrast, ornithine is transported only by a system common to all three amino acids. The internal amino acid pools were measured in mutants that do not show stimulation of bioluminescence by arginine and in wild-type cells that do. In minimal media, the internal arginine pools are undetectably low. Furthermore, exogenously added labeled arginine is rapidly transported and converted to citrulline and argininosuccinate. The results can be accommodated by a model in which the internal arginine is poised at a very low concentration; the stimulatory effect of exogenous arginine on luciferase biosynthesis occurs at the transcriptional level, and the actual mediator can be either arginine or argininyl transfer ribonucleic acid.", "contents": "Poising of the arginine pool and control of bioluminescence in Beneckea harveyi. Arginine dramatically stimulates bioluminescence in the marine bacterium Beneckea harveyi growing in minimal media, an effect that is due to increases in both the synthesis and expression of luciferase. To elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon, studies were made of the transport and metabolism of arginine in B. harveyi. The transport of arginine and lysine involves two kinetically distinct transport systems for the uptake of arginine and lysine. In contrast, ornithine is transported only by a system common to all three amino acids. The internal amino acid pools were measured in mutants that do not show stimulation of bioluminescence by arginine and in wild-type cells that do. In minimal media, the internal arginine pools are undetectably low. Furthermore, exogenously added labeled arginine is rapidly transported and converted to citrulline and argininosuccinate. The results can be accommodated by a model in which the internal arginine is poised at a very low concentration; the stimulatory effect of exogenous arginine on luciferase biosynthesis occurs at the transcriptional level, and the actual mediator can be either arginine or argininyl transfer ribonucleic acid.", "PMID": 315406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4989", "title": "Characterization of a peptide released during the reaction of human alpha 1-antitrypsin and bovine alpha-chymotrypsin.", "content": "The release of a peptide (molecular weight: about 3,600) was observed during complex formation between human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and bovine alpha-chymotrypsin, when monitored by gel-electrophoresis in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate. Release of the peptide was proportional to the extent of complex formation. Peptides of the same molecular weight were also released during the complex formation of alpha 1-AT with bovine trypsin or porcine elastase. The peptide released from the complex with bovine alpha-chymotrypsin was composed of 32 amino acid residues, which did not correspond to the composition of any 32 amino acid segment in the bovine alpha-chymotrypsin sequence. The N- and C-terminal sequences of the peptide were determined to be H-(Ser)-Ile-Pro-Pro-Glu- and -Gln-Lys-OH, respectively. Though there was some uncertainty as to the N-terminal sequence, it is quite different from that of the original alpha-AT molecule, and showed a similarity to the sequences of the leaving group sides of the reactive sites in some legume proteinase inhibitors. The C-terminal 2 residues were identical with those of native alpha 1-AT. These results suggest that the peptide was released from the C-terminal region of alpha 1-AT uon interaction with alpha-chymotrypsin. It is tempting to suggest that alpha 1-AT inhibits a serine proteinase by the acyl enzyme mechanism at a residue adjacent to the amino group of the N-terminus of this peptide and that this peptide is liberated as a leaving group in the enzymic process.", "contents": "Characterization of a peptide released during the reaction of human alpha 1-antitrypsin and bovine alpha-chymotrypsin. The release of a peptide (molecular weight: about 3,600) was observed during complex formation between human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and bovine alpha-chymotrypsin, when monitored by gel-electrophoresis in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate. Release of the peptide was proportional to the extent of complex formation. Peptides of the same molecular weight were also released during the complex formation of alpha 1-AT with bovine trypsin or porcine elastase. The peptide released from the complex with bovine alpha-chymotrypsin was composed of 32 amino acid residues, which did not correspond to the composition of any 32 amino acid segment in the bovine alpha-chymotrypsin sequence. The N- and C-terminal sequences of the peptide were determined to be H-(Ser)-Ile-Pro-Pro-Glu- and -Gln-Lys-OH, respectively. Though there was some uncertainty as to the N-terminal sequence, it is quite different from that of the original alpha-AT molecule, and showed a similarity to the sequences of the leaving group sides of the reactive sites in some legume proteinase inhibitors. The C-terminal 2 residues were identical with those of native alpha 1-AT. These results suggest that the peptide was released from the C-terminal region of alpha 1-AT uon interaction with alpha-chymotrypsin. It is tempting to suggest that alpha 1-AT inhibits a serine proteinase by the acyl enzyme mechanism at a residue adjacent to the amino group of the N-terminus of this peptide and that this peptide is liberated as a leaving group in the enzymic process.", "PMID": 315407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4990", "title": "Isolation from lactalbumin hydrolysate of a high molecular weight mitogenic factor.", "content": "A new mitogenic factor has been isolated from tissue culture grade lactalbumin hydrolysate. Incubation of postconfluent Swiss 3T3 cells in serum-free medium containing lactalbumin hydrolysate resulted in enhanced synthesis and release of plasminogen activator. Sephadex G-100 gel filtration of concentrated, dialyzed lactalbumin hydrolysate revealed two fractions, LH-FI and LH-FII. LH-FI elutes at the void volume, indicative of high molecular weight, and contains all plasminogen activator stimulatory activity of the original lactalbumin hydrolysate, whereas LH-FII has no activity. In addition, LH-FI also induces DNA synthesis in Swiss 3T3 cells in a dose-dependent fashion, 1 to 2 microgram/ml being equivalent to 10% fetal calf serum. Again, LH-FII is without effect. Induction of DNA synthesis in LH-FI or serum-stimulated quiescent sparse cells followed essentially identical kinetics at least through the first 20 h. Furthermore, LH-FI also enhances 3T3 cell growth. Preliminary results of Sepharose 4B filtration of LH-FI reveal the presence of five subfractions each with plasminogen activator stimulatory as well as mitogenic activity.", "contents": "Isolation from lactalbumin hydrolysate of a high molecular weight mitogenic factor. A new mitogenic factor has been isolated from tissue culture grade lactalbumin hydrolysate. Incubation of postconfluent Swiss 3T3 cells in serum-free medium containing lactalbumin hydrolysate resulted in enhanced synthesis and release of plasminogen activator. Sephadex G-100 gel filtration of concentrated, dialyzed lactalbumin hydrolysate revealed two fractions, LH-FI and LH-FII. LH-FI elutes at the void volume, indicative of high molecular weight, and contains all plasminogen activator stimulatory activity of the original lactalbumin hydrolysate, whereas LH-FII has no activity. In addition, LH-FI also induces DNA synthesis in Swiss 3T3 cells in a dose-dependent fashion, 1 to 2 microgram/ml being equivalent to 10% fetal calf serum. Again, LH-FII is without effect. Induction of DNA synthesis in LH-FI or serum-stimulated quiescent sparse cells followed essentially identical kinetics at least through the first 20 h. Furthermore, LH-FI also enhances 3T3 cell growth. Preliminary results of Sepharose 4B filtration of LH-FI reveal the presence of five subfractions each with plasminogen activator stimulatory as well as mitogenic activity.", "PMID": 315408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4991", "title": "Mortality in gold and coal miners in Western Australia with special reference to lung cancer.", "content": "Cohorts of 1974 gold miners and 213 coal miners in Western Australia surveyed for respiratory symptoms, smoking habits, occupational history and radiographic evidence of pneumoconiosis have been followed up for 13-14 years. Overall, neither group had a significantly higher mortality than expected from the experience of Western Australian men in general. Lung cancer mortality was relatively high in the gold miners (59 deaths observed, 40.8 expected) but weakly and inconclusively related to the extent of their underground mining experience. Cigarette smoking may explain the excess of lung cancer in the gold miners because the prevalence of the habit in the latter (66.3%) was higher than in the coal miners (58.7%) or in other men in Western Australia (53.2%). Radiographic evidence of silicosis was present in 21.7% of the gold miners but did not appear to have contributed substantially to their mortality. The coal miners showed a lower than expected rate of lung cancer but an excess of deaths from all other forms of cancer (11 observed, 5.6 expected). This excess was not attributable to any one cancer site and cannot be explained readily.", "contents": "Mortality in gold and coal miners in Western Australia with special reference to lung cancer. Cohorts of 1974 gold miners and 213 coal miners in Western Australia surveyed for respiratory symptoms, smoking habits, occupational history and radiographic evidence of pneumoconiosis have been followed up for 13-14 years. Overall, neither group had a significantly higher mortality than expected from the experience of Western Australian men in general. Lung cancer mortality was relatively high in the gold miners (59 deaths observed, 40.8 expected) but weakly and inconclusively related to the extent of their underground mining experience. Cigarette smoking may explain the excess of lung cancer in the gold miners because the prevalence of the habit in the latter (66.3%) was higher than in the coal miners (58.7%) or in other men in Western Australia (53.2%). Radiographic evidence of silicosis was present in 21.7% of the gold miners but did not appear to have contributed substantially to their mortality. The coal miners showed a lower than expected rate of lung cancer but an excess of deaths from all other forms of cancer (11 observed, 5.6 expected). This excess was not attributable to any one cancer site and cannot be explained readily.", "PMID": 315411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4992", "title": "Comparison of two media for isolation of haemophilus vaginalis.", "content": "Starch agar and V agar were comparable in the isolation of Haemophilus vaginalis from vaginal discharge specimens. Each medium had certain advantages over the other, which are described.", "contents": "Comparison of two media for isolation of haemophilus vaginalis. Starch agar and V agar were comparable in the isolation of Haemophilus vaginalis from vaginal discharge specimens. Each medium had certain advantages over the other, which are described.", "PMID": 315412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4993", "title": "Carbohydrate of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor in von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "We have examined the plasma Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) molecule from 16 patients with von Willebrand's disease, and have found no evidence of a significant decrease of carbohydrate content in 15 of these patients. FVIII/vWF was isolated by preparative counter immunoelectrophoresis directly from plasma using antibody to Factor VIII-related antigen, reduced in sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of urea, and electrophoresed in 5% polyacrylamide gels to separate the FVIII/vWF subunit from other proteins. Duplicate gels were stained by either the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction or by Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250. The ratio of Coomassie: PAS was determined by spectrophotometric scanning of the gels. Transferrin was used as an internal reference standard. The ratio for 23 normal individuals was 2.4+/-0.38 and the observed range was 1.8-3.8. 15 patients with von Willebrand's disease fell within this range. One patient independently reported as having decreased FVIII/vWF carbohydrate was also studied by this technique. A ratio of 6.8 was found, indicative of decreased, though not absent, carbohydrate. Cold insoluble globulin did not represent a significant contaminant in these analyses. 11 of the von Willebrand's disease patients with normal FVIII/vWF carbohydrate had abnormal crossed immunoelectrophoretic patterns characterized by absence of the less anodic forms of Factor VIII-related antigen. Four patients had normal patterns. These studies indicate that an absence or decrease of PAS reactive FVIII/vWF carbohydrate is not a consistent abnormality in von Willebrand's disease.", "contents": "Carbohydrate of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor in von Willebrand's disease. We have examined the plasma Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) molecule from 16 patients with von Willebrand's disease, and have found no evidence of a significant decrease of carbohydrate content in 15 of these patients. FVIII/vWF was isolated by preparative counter immunoelectrophoresis directly from plasma using antibody to Factor VIII-related antigen, reduced in sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of urea, and electrophoresed in 5% polyacrylamide gels to separate the FVIII/vWF subunit from other proteins. Duplicate gels were stained by either the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction or by Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250. The ratio of Coomassie: PAS was determined by spectrophotometric scanning of the gels. Transferrin was used as an internal reference standard. The ratio for 23 normal individuals was 2.4+/-0.38 and the observed range was 1.8-3.8. 15 patients with von Willebrand's disease fell within this range. One patient independently reported as having decreased FVIII/vWF carbohydrate was also studied by this technique. A ratio of 6.8 was found, indicative of decreased, though not absent, carbohydrate. Cold insoluble globulin did not represent a significant contaminant in these analyses. 11 of the von Willebrand's disease patients with normal FVIII/vWF carbohydrate had abnormal crossed immunoelectrophoretic patterns characterized by absence of the less anodic forms of Factor VIII-related antigen. Four patients had normal patterns. These studies indicate that an absence or decrease of PAS reactive FVIII/vWF carbohydrate is not a consistent abnormality in von Willebrand's disease.", "PMID": 315413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4994", "title": "In vitro studies of poison oak immunity. I. In vitro reaction of human lymphocytes to urushiol.", "content": "Poison oak, ivy, and sumac dermatitis is a T-cell-mediated reaction against urushiol, the oil found in the leaf of the plants. This hapten is extremely lipophilic and concentrates in cell membranes. A blastogenesis assay employing peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from humans sensitized to urushiol is described. The reactivity appears 1--3 wk after exposure and persists from 6 wk to 2 mon. The dose-response range is narrow, with inhibition occurring at higher antigen concentrations. Urushiol introduced into the in vitro culture on autologous lymphocytes, erythrocytes and heterologous erythrocytes produces equal results as measured by the optimal urushiol dose, the intensity of reaction, and the frequency of positive reactors. This suggests that the urushiol is passed from introducer to some other presenter cell. Although the blastogenically reactive cell is a T cell, there is also a requirement for an accessory cell, found in the non-T-cell population, for reactivity. Evidence is presented that this cell is a macrophage.", "contents": "In vitro studies of poison oak immunity. I. In vitro reaction of human lymphocytes to urushiol. Poison oak, ivy, and sumac dermatitis is a T-cell-mediated reaction against urushiol, the oil found in the leaf of the plants. This hapten is extremely lipophilic and concentrates in cell membranes. A blastogenesis assay employing peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from humans sensitized to urushiol is described. The reactivity appears 1--3 wk after exposure and persists from 6 wk to 2 mon. The dose-response range is narrow, with inhibition occurring at higher antigen concentrations. Urushiol introduced into the in vitro culture on autologous lymphocytes, erythrocytes and heterologous erythrocytes produces equal results as measured by the optimal urushiol dose, the intensity of reaction, and the frequency of positive reactors. This suggests that the urushiol is passed from introducer to some other presenter cell. Although the blastogenically reactive cell is a T cell, there is also a requirement for an accessory cell, found in the non-T-cell population, for reactivity. Evidence is presented that this cell is a macrophage.", "PMID": 315414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4995", "title": "In vitro studies of poison oak immunity. II. Effect of urushiol analogues on the human in vitro response.", "content": "Studies were performed to ascertain the effect of urushiol analogues on the in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis elicited by urushiol in peripheral blood lymphocytes taken from individuals sensitized to poison oak or ivy. Urushiol is a mixture of alkylcatechols composed of a catechol ring coupled to mono-, di-, or tri-unsaturated C-15 or C-17 carbon side chains. Each of these two moieties, catechol ring and side chain, was tested for its role in eliciting reactivity. Analogues tested represented the catechol ring (3-methylcatechol), the mono- or di-unsaturated side chain (oleic or linoleic acid), and the saturated side chain coupled to a catechol ring (pentadecylcatechol), a blocked catechol ring (heptadecylveratrole), or a resorcinol (pentadecylresorcinol). Urushiol with a blocked catechol ring (urushiol dimethyl ether) was also included. Of these, only pentadecylcatechol evoked reactivity in sensitized lymphocytes, and this reactivity was only a fraction of that evoked by urushiol. This suggested that the system has some requirement for the side chain, and that the catechol ring is critical for reactivity. This was further investigated by testing the ability of some of these analogues to inhibit urushiol-specific blastogenesis. No inhibition was noted with compounds bearing the saturated side chain with modified ring structures (pentadecylresorcinol and heptadecylveratrole). However, both 3-methylcatechol and pentadecylcatechol (at equimolar concentrations) blocked reactivity. The results of our experiments suggested that although both the side chain and the catechol ring are required for reactivity, the latter is most critical. Unsaturation in the side chain is important for maximal reactivity because the saturated catechols were only partially as active as the urushiol oil. There may be a greater dose requirement for the catechol ring than for the side chain.", "contents": "In vitro studies of poison oak immunity. II. Effect of urushiol analogues on the human in vitro response. Studies were performed to ascertain the effect of urushiol analogues on the in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis elicited by urushiol in peripheral blood lymphocytes taken from individuals sensitized to poison oak or ivy. Urushiol is a mixture of alkylcatechols composed of a catechol ring coupled to mono-, di-, or tri-unsaturated C-15 or C-17 carbon side chains. Each of these two moieties, catechol ring and side chain, was tested for its role in eliciting reactivity. Analogues tested represented the catechol ring (3-methylcatechol), the mono- or di-unsaturated side chain (oleic or linoleic acid), and the saturated side chain coupled to a catechol ring (pentadecylcatechol), a blocked catechol ring (heptadecylveratrole), or a resorcinol (pentadecylresorcinol). Urushiol with a blocked catechol ring (urushiol dimethyl ether) was also included. Of these, only pentadecylcatechol evoked reactivity in sensitized lymphocytes, and this reactivity was only a fraction of that evoked by urushiol. This suggested that the system has some requirement for the side chain, and that the catechol ring is critical for reactivity. This was further investigated by testing the ability of some of these analogues to inhibit urushiol-specific blastogenesis. No inhibition was noted with compounds bearing the saturated side chain with modified ring structures (pentadecylresorcinol and heptadecylveratrole). However, both 3-methylcatechol and pentadecylcatechol (at equimolar concentrations) blocked reactivity. The results of our experiments suggested that although both the side chain and the catechol ring are required for reactivity, the latter is most critical. Unsaturation in the side chain is important for maximal reactivity because the saturated catechols were only partially as active as the urushiol oil. There may be a greater dose requirement for the catechol ring than for the side chain.", "PMID": 315415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4996", "title": "T-lymphocyte differentiation in vitro in severe combined immunodeficiency. Defects of stem cells.", "content": "A study of T-lymphocyte differentiation was made on fractionated bone marrow cells from normal volunteers and from 11 patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) using normal thymic epithelial monolayers and their culture supernates as inducing agents. Normal marrow cells could regularly be induced to bear the human T-lymphocyte antigen (HTLA), to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes), and to respond to the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) after coculture with the thymic epithelial monolayers or their culture supernates. In contrast, studies of T-cell differentiation on the marrow cells of patients with SCID revealed varying defects, ranging from a complete \"absence\" of definable T-cell precursors to partial differentiation resulting in acquisition of one (HTLA) or two (HTLA and E rosettes) markers for T lymphocytes. Only in one patient was there induction of all three T-cell markers, namely, HTLA, E rosettes, and responsiveness to Con A. These observations indicate that SCID is a heterogeneous disorder in which defects of differentiation can occur at one or more multiple sites of differentiation leading the the clinical expression of T- and B-cell dysfunction. Further, our studies indicate that in T-cell differentiation, HTLA probably appears before the capacity to form E-rosettes, and development of the latter capacity is followed by a state of responsiveness to mitogens. A scheme of normal differentiation along with the defects of precursor T cells seen in SCID is presented.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte differentiation in vitro in severe combined immunodeficiency. Defects of stem cells. A study of T-lymphocyte differentiation was made on fractionated bone marrow cells from normal volunteers and from 11 patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) using normal thymic epithelial monolayers and their culture supernates as inducing agents. Normal marrow cells could regularly be induced to bear the human T-lymphocyte antigen (HTLA), to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes), and to respond to the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) after coculture with the thymic epithelial monolayers or their culture supernates. In contrast, studies of T-cell differentiation on the marrow cells of patients with SCID revealed varying defects, ranging from a complete \"absence\" of definable T-cell precursors to partial differentiation resulting in acquisition of one (HTLA) or two (HTLA and E rosettes) markers for T lymphocytes. Only in one patient was there induction of all three T-cell markers, namely, HTLA, E rosettes, and responsiveness to Con A. These observations indicate that SCID is a heterogeneous disorder in which defects of differentiation can occur at one or more multiple sites of differentiation leading the the clinical expression of T- and B-cell dysfunction. Further, our studies indicate that in T-cell differentiation, HTLA probably appears before the capacity to form E-rosettes, and development of the latter capacity is followed by a state of responsiveness to mitogens. A scheme of normal differentiation along with the defects of precursor T cells seen in SCID is presented.", "PMID": 315416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4997", "title": "Lactoferrin acts on Ia-like antigen-positive subpopulations of human monocytes to inhibit production of colony stimulatory activity in vitro.", "content": "The relationship between Ia-like antigens (Ia-antigens) on human monocytes and the ability of lactoferrin (LF) to inhibit the production of colony stimulatory activity (CSA) for granulocyte and macrophage colony formation was investigated. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity of human monocytes by antiserum to Ia-antigen-reduced CSA production by 50%. LF decreased CSA production by monocytes but had no influence on monocytes insensitive to anti-Ia and complement. Anti-Ia in the absence of complement had no effect on production of CSA but blocked the inhibitory action of LF. This suggsts that LF inhibits production of CSA from an Ia-antigen-positive subpopulation of human blood monocytes. This may be of relevance to the regulation of myelopoiesis.", "contents": "Lactoferrin acts on Ia-like antigen-positive subpopulations of human monocytes to inhibit production of colony stimulatory activity in vitro. The relationship between Ia-like antigens (Ia-antigens) on human monocytes and the ability of lactoferrin (LF) to inhibit the production of colony stimulatory activity (CSA) for granulocyte and macrophage colony formation was investigated. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity of human monocytes by antiserum to Ia-antigen-reduced CSA production by 50%. LF decreased CSA production by monocytes but had no influence on monocytes insensitive to anti-Ia and complement. Anti-Ia in the absence of complement had no effect on production of CSA but blocked the inhibitory action of LF. This suggsts that LF inhibits production of CSA from an Ia-antigen-positive subpopulation of human blood monocytes. This may be of relevance to the regulation of myelopoiesis.", "PMID": 315417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4998", "title": "Effect of tobacco and nicotine on growth of Haemophilus influenzae in vitro.", "content": "Two nutritionally poor bacteriological media, prepared from phosphate-buffered saline and from bronchial secretions, support the growth of Haemophilus influenzae only poorly. The presence of tobacco or pure nicotine in these media stimulates the growth of the organism, and the component(s) responsible appear(s) to be volatile.", "contents": "Effect of tobacco and nicotine on growth of Haemophilus influenzae in vitro. Two nutritionally poor bacteriological media, prepared from phosphate-buffered saline and from bronchial secretions, support the growth of Haemophilus influenzae only poorly. The presence of tobacco or pure nicotine in these media stimulates the growth of the organism, and the component(s) responsible appear(s) to be volatile.", "PMID": 315418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_4999", "title": "Use of modified X-Chrom for relief of light dazzlement and color blindness of a rod monochromat.", "content": "A young female rod monochromat is treated optometrically with binocular contact lenses to relieve light dazzlement and a monocular lens to improve hue discrimination. A comparative study of various absorption contact lenses results in treatment of both problems with modified X-Chrom. A hypothesis is offered to explain the physiological aspects of relief. This paper also describes her visual experiences from an early age, her signs and symptoms of typical rod monochromacy and the methods of diagnosis. It is a brief historical account comprised of theories and references of contributors to scientific information.", "contents": "Use of modified X-Chrom for relief of light dazzlement and color blindness of a rod monochromat. A young female rod monochromat is treated optometrically with binocular contact lenses to relieve light dazzlement and a monocular lens to improve hue discrimination. A comparative study of various absorption contact lenses results in treatment of both problems with modified X-Chrom. A hypothesis is offered to explain the physiological aspects of relief. This paper also describes her visual experiences from an early age, her signs and symptoms of typical rod monochromacy and the methods of diagnosis. It is a brief historical account comprised of theories and references of contributors to scientific information.", "PMID": 315420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5000", "title": "The problem-oriented optometric record.", "content": "Today's busy practitioner often has little time to fully review his patient's records and thereby runs the risk of not seeing all the previously collected information. The problem-oriented system of patient record keeping provides one systematic logical method for recording data with previous information easily obtained to allow the practitioner to better utilize past and present data in making patient care decisions. This paper outlines the problem-oriented method and how it may be used in daily optometric practice.", "contents": "The problem-oriented optometric record. Today's busy practitioner often has little time to fully review his patient's records and thereby runs the risk of not seeing all the previously collected information. The problem-oriented system of patient record keeping provides one systematic logical method for recording data with previous information easily obtained to allow the practitioner to better utilize past and present data in making patient care decisions. This paper outlines the problem-oriented method and how it may be used in daily optometric practice.", "PMID": 315421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5001", "title": "Role of self carriers in the immune response and tolerance. IV. Active T cell suppression in the maintenance of B cell tolerance to a \"T-independent\" antigen.", "content": "Previous studies indicated that T cells are required for tolerance induction by hapten-modified syngeneic spleen cells (TNP-SC) in vivo. The role of T cells in the maintenance of this unresponsive state has been examined herein. By three criteria--limiting dilution precursor analysis, removal of T cells by anti-Thy-1 + C, and direct mixing experiments--we show that T cells are required for the continued suppression of the B cell response to the T-independent antigen, TNP-POL. Suppressor cells can also be induced by TNP-teratoma cells, which lack detectable H-2 antigens. Both anti-Ly-1 + C and anti-Ly-2 + C treatment reversed suppression induced by TNP-SC. These results demonstrate that normal B cell reactivity is present in the spleens of mice rendered tolerant by haptenated self, but that Ly-1,2,3 or Ly-1 + Ly-2,3 suppressor T cells prevent their responsiveness.", "contents": "Role of self carriers in the immune response and tolerance. IV. Active T cell suppression in the maintenance of B cell tolerance to a \"T-independent\" antigen. Previous studies indicated that T cells are required for tolerance induction by hapten-modified syngeneic spleen cells (TNP-SC) in vivo. The role of T cells in the maintenance of this unresponsive state has been examined herein. By three criteria--limiting dilution precursor analysis, removal of T cells by anti-Thy-1 + C, and direct mixing experiments--we show that T cells are required for the continued suppression of the B cell response to the T-independent antigen, TNP-POL. Suppressor cells can also be induced by TNP-teratoma cells, which lack detectable H-2 antigens. Both anti-Ly-1 + C and anti-Ly-2 + C treatment reversed suppression induced by TNP-SC. These results demonstrate that normal B cell reactivity is present in the spleens of mice rendered tolerant by haptenated self, but that Ly-1,2,3 or Ly-1 + Ly-2,3 suppressor T cells prevent their responsiveness.", "PMID": 315422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5002", "title": "Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity in T and B lymphocytes from normal subjects and patients with congenital X-linked agammaglobulinemia.", "content": "Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity was measured in lymphocyte subpopulations isolated from normal subjects and patients with congenital X-linked agammaglobulinemia. B lymphocytes from normal subjects have at least three times more ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity than T lymphocytes. Patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia have 56% of normal activity in their T cells, and lack a lymphocyte subpopulation high in nucleotidase activity. High activity of ecto-5'-nucleotidase may be a biochemical marker for mature surface immunoglobulin-bearing B cells.", "contents": "Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity in T and B lymphocytes from normal subjects and patients with congenital X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity was measured in lymphocyte subpopulations isolated from normal subjects and patients with congenital X-linked agammaglobulinemia. B lymphocytes from normal subjects have at least three times more ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity than T lymphocytes. Patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia have 56% of normal activity in their T cells, and lack a lymphocyte subpopulation high in nucleotidase activity. High activity of ecto-5'-nucleotidase may be a biochemical marker for mature surface immunoglobulin-bearing B cells.", "PMID": 315423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5003", "title": "T cell regulation of polyclonal B cell responsiveness. II. Evidence for a deficit in T cell function in mice with an X-linked B lymphocyte defect.", "content": "In addition to the x-linked B cell maturation deficit previously reported in CBA/N mice, a functional T cell defect has now been observed. T lymphocyte regulation of the polyclonal PFC response was studied within the context of this x-linked immunodeficiency model. The ability of 1) B cells from (CBA X CBA/CaJ)F1, male mice to respond to nonspecific T cell helper signals and 2) T cells from NCF1 male mice to provide such signals was investigated under in vitro conditions by using bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the polyclonal activator. B lymphocytes from both male and female NCF1 mice were receptive to T cell help rendered by NCF1 female T cells. Male T cells. however, were unable to augment polyclonal B cell responses of either NCF1 male or female B cells to LPS. Treatment with ATS + C reduced the polyclonal response of female but not male spleen cells to LPS. This deficit could not be overcome by the use of greater numbers of NCF1 male T cells. The observation that this deficiency in T cell regulation is not due to active suppression suggests that the results may be attributable to an intrinsic T cell defect.", "contents": "T cell regulation of polyclonal B cell responsiveness. II. Evidence for a deficit in T cell function in mice with an X-linked B lymphocyte defect. In addition to the x-linked B cell maturation deficit previously reported in CBA/N mice, a functional T cell defect has now been observed. T lymphocyte regulation of the polyclonal PFC response was studied within the context of this x-linked immunodeficiency model. The ability of 1) B cells from (CBA X CBA/CaJ)F1, male mice to respond to nonspecific T cell helper signals and 2) T cells from NCF1 male mice to provide such signals was investigated under in vitro conditions by using bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the polyclonal activator. B lymphocytes from both male and female NCF1 mice were receptive to T cell help rendered by NCF1 female T cells. Male T cells. however, were unable to augment polyclonal B cell responses of either NCF1 male or female B cells to LPS. Treatment with ATS + C reduced the polyclonal response of female but not male spleen cells to LPS. This deficit could not be overcome by the use of greater numbers of NCF1 male T cells. The observation that this deficiency in T cell regulation is not due to active suppression suggests that the results may be attributable to an intrinsic T cell defect.", "PMID": 315424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5004", "title": "Demonstration in vitro of cytotoxic T cells with apparent specificity toward tumor-specific transplantation antigens on chemically induced tumors.", "content": "Chemically induced tumors of mice exhibit apparently unique antigenicity upon syngeneic transplantation into appropriately immunized hosts. An in vitro counterpart of this pattern in terms of specificity has not been reported. Data are presented that demonstrate that immune peritoneal exudates contain cells cytotoxic for the specific immunogen tumor but with rare exceptions, not toward other syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas. Only tumors highly immunogenic by transplantation criteria induce cytotoxic PEC regularly; nonimmunogenic tumors consistently fail to do so. The effector cell responsible is eliminated by pretreatment with anti-Thy.1 but not anti-Ig plus complement. In concomitant experiments, PEC populations cytotoxic in vitro also conveyed adoptive protection against the specific tumor in syngeneic hosts. This in vitro assay appears to provide a tool for studying T cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward a set of unique surface antigens present on chemically induced tumors.", "contents": "Demonstration in vitro of cytotoxic T cells with apparent specificity toward tumor-specific transplantation antigens on chemically induced tumors. Chemically induced tumors of mice exhibit apparently unique antigenicity upon syngeneic transplantation into appropriately immunized hosts. An in vitro counterpart of this pattern in terms of specificity has not been reported. Data are presented that demonstrate that immune peritoneal exudates contain cells cytotoxic for the specific immunogen tumor but with rare exceptions, not toward other syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas. Only tumors highly immunogenic by transplantation criteria induce cytotoxic PEC regularly; nonimmunogenic tumors consistently fail to do so. The effector cell responsible is eliminated by pretreatment with anti-Thy.1 but not anti-Ig plus complement. In concomitant experiments, PEC populations cytotoxic in vitro also conveyed adoptive protection against the specific tumor in syngeneic hosts. This in vitro assay appears to provide a tool for studying T cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward a set of unique surface antigens present on chemically induced tumors.", "PMID": 315425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5005", "title": "Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. XII. In vitro effect of agents modifying intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides on T cells with receptors for IgM (T mu), IgG (T gamma), or IgA (T alpha).", "content": "Purified peripheral blood T lymphocytes were incubated with inducers of cyclic nucleotides and examined for the numbers of T cells with receptors for IgM (T mu), IgG (T gamma), or IgA (T alpha). Isoproterenol and theophylline, agents known to increase cAMP levels at 10(-3) to 10(-6) M concentrations, significantly decreased the number of T mu cells but had no effect on T gamma or T alpha cell numbers. This effect of isoproterenol could be completely blocked by a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol. Receptors for IgM on T mu cells regenerated after treatment with theophylline when cells were washed and further incubated at 37 degrees C over a period of 12 to 24 hr in the absence of theophylline. Phenylephrine, at 10(-3) to 10(-6) M concentrations, significantly increased the numbers of T mu cells but had no effect on T gamma or T alpha cell numbers. The effect of phenylephrine could be completely blocked with an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine. The significance of the results are discussed.", "contents": "Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. XII. In vitro effect of agents modifying intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides on T cells with receptors for IgM (T mu), IgG (T gamma), or IgA (T alpha). Purified peripheral blood T lymphocytes were incubated with inducers of cyclic nucleotides and examined for the numbers of T cells with receptors for IgM (T mu), IgG (T gamma), or IgA (T alpha). Isoproterenol and theophylline, agents known to increase cAMP levels at 10(-3) to 10(-6) M concentrations, significantly decreased the number of T mu cells but had no effect on T gamma or T alpha cell numbers. This effect of isoproterenol could be completely blocked by a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol. Receptors for IgM on T mu cells regenerated after treatment with theophylline when cells were washed and further incubated at 37 degrees C over a period of 12 to 24 hr in the absence of theophylline. Phenylephrine, at 10(-3) to 10(-6) M concentrations, significantly increased the numbers of T mu cells but had no effect on T gamma or T alpha cell numbers. The effect of phenylephrine could be completely blocked with an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine. The significance of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 315428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5006", "title": "Imbalances of T cell subpopulations in patients with atopic diseases and effect of specific immunotherapy.", "content": "Reduced numbers of T cells with Fc receptors for IgG (TG cells) are present in blood samples of patients with respiratory allergic disease, mainly those with severe symptoms. TG cells have been previously shown to be suppressor in the pokeweed mitogen- (PWM) dependent B cell differentiation. T cells with Fc receptor for IgM (TM cells), which help immunoglobulin production, are in a normal range. After specific hyposensitization, resulting in a sharp improvement of clinical symptoms, TG cell subset reached normal values.", "contents": "Imbalances of T cell subpopulations in patients with atopic diseases and effect of specific immunotherapy. Reduced numbers of T cells with Fc receptors for IgG (TG cells) are present in blood samples of patients with respiratory allergic disease, mainly those with severe symptoms. TG cells have been previously shown to be suppressor in the pokeweed mitogen- (PWM) dependent B cell differentiation. T cells with Fc receptor for IgM (TM cells), which help immunoglobulin production, are in a normal range. After specific hyposensitization, resulting in a sharp improvement of clinical symptoms, TG cell subset reached normal values.", "PMID": 315429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5007", "title": "Ligand-activated T cell growth factor-induced proliferation: absorption of T cell growth factor by activated T cells.", "content": "The fate in culture of the T cell growth factor (TCGF), which is required for continued growth of human cultured T cells (CTC) in vitro, was studied. TCGF activity was stable for 7 days at 37 degrees C. However, it was no longer detectable after incubation with actively growing CTC at 37 degrees C for 3 days. This loss of TCGF activity also occurred quite rapidly and was detectable within 1 hr of incubation of 0.3 ml supernatant with 2 to 5 x 10(7) CTC at 23 degrees C. 2 x 10(8) mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes were not effective in removing TCGF activity, and incubation with similar numbers of cells from B and T cell lines had no effect. Three-day-old concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin blasts were very reactive with TCGF, so that 10(7) or 2 x 10(7) cells consistently removed TCGF activity. These experiments suggested specific absorption of TCGF by activated T cells, and led us to develop a model of ligand-activated TCGF-induced proliferation of T cells: Ligands induce production of TCGF by T-producer cells and deliver a first signal to the T-responder cells. This causes a receptor for TCGF to appear on T-responder cells. Only then does TCGF deliver the obligatory second signal that is needed to drive the T-responder cells into proliferation.", "contents": "Ligand-activated T cell growth factor-induced proliferation: absorption of T cell growth factor by activated T cells. The fate in culture of the T cell growth factor (TCGF), which is required for continued growth of human cultured T cells (CTC) in vitro, was studied. TCGF activity was stable for 7 days at 37 degrees C. However, it was no longer detectable after incubation with actively growing CTC at 37 degrees C for 3 days. This loss of TCGF activity also occurred quite rapidly and was detectable within 1 hr of incubation of 0.3 ml supernatant with 2 to 5 x 10(7) CTC at 23 degrees C. 2 x 10(8) mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes were not effective in removing TCGF activity, and incubation with similar numbers of cells from B and T cell lines had no effect. Three-day-old concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin blasts were very reactive with TCGF, so that 10(7) or 2 x 10(7) cells consistently removed TCGF activity. These experiments suggested specific absorption of TCGF by activated T cells, and led us to develop a model of ligand-activated TCGF-induced proliferation of T cells: Ligands induce production of TCGF by T-producer cells and deliver a first signal to the T-responder cells. This causes a receptor for TCGF to appear on T-responder cells. Only then does TCGF deliver the obligatory second signal that is needed to drive the T-responder cells into proliferation.", "PMID": 315430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5008", "title": "Regulation of antibody response in different immunoglobulin classes. VI. Selective suppression of IgE response by administration of antigen-conjugated muramylpeptides.", "content": "The suppressive effect of antigen-conjugated muramylpeptides or 6-O-mycoloyl muramylpeptides selectively on the induction of IgE antibody response was demonstrated. Preadministration of DNP-mycoloyl muramylpeptides completely inhibited the induction of the anti-DNP IgE antibody response with DNP-ovalbumin (DNP-OA). The selective suppression of the IgE response was due to the induction of DNP-specific suppressor T cells by DNP-mycoloyl muramylpeptides, and the suppressor cells were shown to be radiosensitive. Preadministration of OA-conjugated muramylpeptides partially inhibited the primary and secondary induction of an anti-OA IgE antibody response. The suppressor effect was also due to the induction of OA-specific suppressor T cells. Application of allergen-conjugated muramylpeptides as therapeutic agents in human allergic diseases was suggested.", "contents": "Regulation of antibody response in different immunoglobulin classes. VI. Selective suppression of IgE response by administration of antigen-conjugated muramylpeptides. The suppressive effect of antigen-conjugated muramylpeptides or 6-O-mycoloyl muramylpeptides selectively on the induction of IgE antibody response was demonstrated. Preadministration of DNP-mycoloyl muramylpeptides completely inhibited the induction of the anti-DNP IgE antibody response with DNP-ovalbumin (DNP-OA). The selective suppression of the IgE response was due to the induction of DNP-specific suppressor T cells by DNP-mycoloyl muramylpeptides, and the suppressor cells were shown to be radiosensitive. Preadministration of OA-conjugated muramylpeptides partially inhibited the primary and secondary induction of an anti-OA IgE antibody response. The suppressor effect was also due to the induction of OA-specific suppressor T cells. Application of allergen-conjugated muramylpeptides as therapeutic agents in human allergic diseases was suggested.", "PMID": 315431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5009", "title": "Mechanism of cell-mediated cytotoxicity at the single cell level. II. Evidence for first-order kinetics of T cell-mediated cytolysis and for heterogeneity of lytic rate.", "content": "The kinetics and rate of T cell-mediated cytolysis was assessed by measuring the times required for lysis of isolated target cells by single cytotoxic lymphocytes. Single target cell lysis was determined microscopically by observing trypan blue uptake as a function of time of incubation of effector-target conjugates in agarose. Lysis of EL-4 target cells by alloimmune peritoneal exudate lymphocytes was initiated without a lag and was essentially complete at 2 hr. Both zero-order and first-order kinetics equations were analyzed for fit to the 0 to 2 hr lysis values. Statistically, the zero-order kinetic function could be rejected (p greater than 0.05), but the first-order kinetics function (p less than 0.01) could not. This strong evidence for first-order kinetics of T cell-mediated cytolysis implies that within each CTL-target cell population, cytolysis occurs exponentially as a random decay process and that one event in the entire process of cytolysis is rate limiting. The first-order equation was then applied to measurements of the rate of cytolysis in many different individual effector-target cell combinations. Significant differences in the lytic rate were apparent when either the effector or target cell were varied, with the rate constants spanning a 5-fold range. The heterogeneity of lytic rates is consistent with the hypothesis that lytic efficiency is a function of both the effector and target cells used.", "contents": "Mechanism of cell-mediated cytotoxicity at the single cell level. II. Evidence for first-order kinetics of T cell-mediated cytolysis and for heterogeneity of lytic rate. The kinetics and rate of T cell-mediated cytolysis was assessed by measuring the times required for lysis of isolated target cells by single cytotoxic lymphocytes. Single target cell lysis was determined microscopically by observing trypan blue uptake as a function of time of incubation of effector-target conjugates in agarose. Lysis of EL-4 target cells by alloimmune peritoneal exudate lymphocytes was initiated without a lag and was essentially complete at 2 hr. Both zero-order and first-order kinetics equations were analyzed for fit to the 0 to 2 hr lysis values. Statistically, the zero-order kinetic function could be rejected (p greater than 0.05), but the first-order kinetics function (p less than 0.01) could not. This strong evidence for first-order kinetics of T cell-mediated cytolysis implies that within each CTL-target cell population, cytolysis occurs exponentially as a random decay process and that one event in the entire process of cytolysis is rate limiting. The first-order equation was then applied to measurements of the rate of cytolysis in many different individual effector-target cell combinations. Significant differences in the lytic rate were apparent when either the effector or target cell were varied, with the rate constants spanning a 5-fold range. The heterogeneity of lytic rates is consistent with the hypothesis that lytic efficiency is a function of both the effector and target cells used.", "PMID": 315433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5010", "title": "Evidence that thymocytes require at least two distinct signals to proliferate.", "content": "Optimal receptivity of thymocytes to the mitogenic stimulus in macrophage culture fluid (MCF) is limited to the time in culture when these cells are spontaneously proliferating. By providing a brief, nonmitogenic lectin pulse, nonproliferating cells can be \"activated\" and their ability to respond to MCF totally restored. This procedure provides a model system for evaluating thymocyte proliferation and, in particular, the mechanism of action of MCF.", "contents": "Evidence that thymocytes require at least two distinct signals to proliferate. Optimal receptivity of thymocytes to the mitogenic stimulus in macrophage culture fluid (MCF) is limited to the time in culture when these cells are spontaneously proliferating. By providing a brief, nonmitogenic lectin pulse, nonproliferating cells can be \"activated\" and their ability to respond to MCF totally restored. This procedure provides a model system for evaluating thymocyte proliferation and, in particular, the mechanism of action of MCF.", "PMID": 315434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5011", "title": "Further characterization of the human inducer T cell subset defined by monoclonal antibody.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the OKTA+ T cell subset in man, defined by a monoclonal hybridoma antibody, provides help for B lymphocyte differentiation in a PWM driven system. Both B cell proliferation and intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin synthesis are facilitated by OKT4+ and not by OKT4- T cells. Given earlier studies demonstrating that OKT4+ T cells were necessary for generation of T cytotoxic cells and the present study that OKT+ T cells are necessary for the differentiation of B cells, it would appear that the OKT+ population is the major human T helper (inducer) subset.", "contents": "Further characterization of the human inducer T cell subset defined by monoclonal antibody. Evidence is presented that the OKTA+ T cell subset in man, defined by a monoclonal hybridoma antibody, provides help for B lymphocyte differentiation in a PWM driven system. Both B cell proliferation and intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin synthesis are facilitated by OKT4+ and not by OKT4- T cells. Given earlier studies demonstrating that OKT4+ T cells were necessary for generation of T cytotoxic cells and the present study that OKT+ T cells are necessary for the differentiation of B cells, it would appear that the OKT+ population is the major human T helper (inducer) subset.", "PMID": 315435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5012", "title": "Lack of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity in M-MSV system depending on H-2 haplotypes.", "content": "The H-2 restriction phenomenon was evaluated with regard to the immune response to Moloney sarcoma virus (M-MSV)-induced tumours in the mouse. Using an in vitro 51Cr release assay the lytic activity of lymphocytes from M-MSV immune strains of mice, including several H-2 recombinant strains, was determined on leukaemic cell lines originally induced in mice of different strains by neonatal infection with Moloney leukaemia virus. In analogy with other experimental models, it was observed that a compatibility between effector and target cells at the K and/or D regions is generally necessary and sufficient to obtain the cytotoxic effect. However, for the H-2d and H-2b haplotypes, identity at the K or D region respectively was not sufficient for lysis to occur. Attempts to demonstrate that this lack of activity might be associated with the absence of H-2 linked Ir responder genes, were not successful.", "contents": "Lack of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity in M-MSV system depending on H-2 haplotypes. The H-2 restriction phenomenon was evaluated with regard to the immune response to Moloney sarcoma virus (M-MSV)-induced tumours in the mouse. Using an in vitro 51Cr release assay the lytic activity of lymphocytes from M-MSV immune strains of mice, including several H-2 recombinant strains, was determined on leukaemic cell lines originally induced in mice of different strains by neonatal infection with Moloney leukaemia virus. In analogy with other experimental models, it was observed that a compatibility between effector and target cells at the K and/or D regions is generally necessary and sufficient to obtain the cytotoxic effect. However, for the H-2d and H-2b haplotypes, identity at the K or D region respectively was not sufficient for lysis to occur. Attempts to demonstrate that this lack of activity might be associated with the absence of H-2 linked Ir responder genes, were not successful.", "PMID": 315438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5013", "title": "Concurrent linear scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with linear scleroderma (en coup de sabre) developed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This association has been well documented in only one previous case. The presence of high titer antibodies to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) initially led to the diagnosis of the mixed connective tissue disease. Development of more serious clinical involvement and antibodies to Sm (case 1) or native deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA) (case 2) helped establish a diagnosis of SLE. Use of these studies in the differential diagnosis of systemic rheumatic diseases is disucssed briefly. The presence of anti-RNAP antibodies in patients with localized scleroderma may herald a more serious rheumatic disease.", "contents": "Concurrent linear scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus: a report of two cases. Two patients with linear scleroderma (en coup de sabre) developed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This association has been well documented in only one previous case. The presence of high titer antibodies to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) initially led to the diagnosis of the mixed connective tissue disease. Development of more serious clinical involvement and antibodies to Sm (case 1) or native deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA) (case 2) helped establish a diagnosis of SLE. Use of these studies in the differential diagnosis of systemic rheumatic diseases is disucssed briefly. The presence of anti-RNAP antibodies in patients with localized scleroderma may herald a more serious rheumatic disease.", "PMID": 315439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5014", "title": "T cell-mediated cytotoxicity for L 929 fibroblasts infected with Banzi virus (flavivirus).", "content": "During infection with Banzi virus, splenic thymus-derived cells of C3H/RV mice developed immunologically specific cytotoxicity for Banzi virus-infected, C3H-derived L 929 fibroblasts. Cytotoxic activity was detected by six days after viral inoculation, was maximal by eight days, and decreased to background levels by 16 days. There was no consistently significant difference in Banzi virus-specific cytotoxicity of spleen cells from C3H/RV and C3H/He mice, which are genetically resistant and susceptible, respectively, to the lethal flaviviral encephalitis. Therefore, the ability of the host to develop killer cells did not, in itself, lead to protection from lethal infection. These experiments are, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to a flavivirus.", "contents": "T cell-mediated cytotoxicity for L 929 fibroblasts infected with Banzi virus (flavivirus). During infection with Banzi virus, splenic thymus-derived cells of C3H/RV mice developed immunologically specific cytotoxicity for Banzi virus-infected, C3H-derived L 929 fibroblasts. Cytotoxic activity was detected by six days after viral inoculation, was maximal by eight days, and decreased to background levels by 16 days. There was no consistently significant difference in Banzi virus-specific cytotoxicity of spleen cells from C3H/RV and C3H/He mice, which are genetically resistant and susceptible, respectively, to the lethal flaviviral encephalitis. Therefore, the ability of the host to develop killer cells did not, in itself, lead to protection from lethal infection. These experiments are, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to a flavivirus.", "PMID": 315440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5015", "title": "Improved identification of antitrypsin phenotypes through isoelectric focusing with dithioerythritol.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing has replaced acid starch-gel electrophoresis for the routine determination of antitrypsin phenotypes in recent years. We observed increased sharpness of antitrypsin bands and decreased background stain following the addition of DTE to serum before isoelectric ofcusing in polyacrylamide gels. DTE and DTT were the only sulfhydryl reducing agents which produced this effect. Electrophoretic mobility of antitrypsin bands was increased very slightly. Decreased background stain resulted from the precipitation of albumin. Precipitation (coagulation) of albumin was complete in serum after 60 min incubation at 37 degrees C at concentrations of 30 mM DTE or DTT. Optimal pH for denaturation was 7.6 to 8.8. Ionic concentrations reduced the strength of the coagulum at 2.5M sodium chloride but had little effect at lower concentrations. Marked temperature effects were noted. As a result of these studies, we recommend examination of native and reduced (30 mM DTE) serum on isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel for all samples submitted for routine antitrypsin phenotype determinations. It also seems possible that the nontoxic DTE (DTT) precipitation of albumin could prove useful for studies of serum proteins other than alpha 1-antitrypsin.", "contents": "Improved identification of antitrypsin phenotypes through isoelectric focusing with dithioerythritol. Isoelectric focusing has replaced acid starch-gel electrophoresis for the routine determination of antitrypsin phenotypes in recent years. We observed increased sharpness of antitrypsin bands and decreased background stain following the addition of DTE to serum before isoelectric ofcusing in polyacrylamide gels. DTE and DTT were the only sulfhydryl reducing agents which produced this effect. Electrophoretic mobility of antitrypsin bands was increased very slightly. Decreased background stain resulted from the precipitation of albumin. Precipitation (coagulation) of albumin was complete in serum after 60 min incubation at 37 degrees C at concentrations of 30 mM DTE or DTT. Optimal pH for denaturation was 7.6 to 8.8. Ionic concentrations reduced the strength of the coagulum at 2.5M sodium chloride but had little effect at lower concentrations. Marked temperature effects were noted. As a result of these studies, we recommend examination of native and reduced (30 mM DTE) serum on isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel for all samples submitted for routine antitrypsin phenotype determinations. It also seems possible that the nontoxic DTE (DTT) precipitation of albumin could prove useful for studies of serum proteins other than alpha 1-antitrypsin.", "PMID": 315443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5016", "title": "Clonal distribution of HLA-restricted antigen-reactive T cells in man.", "content": "The [3H]thymidine suicide technique was used to test the hypothesis that the response of immune human T cells from HLA-D/DR heterozygous donors to the soluble protein antigen purified protein derivative (PPD) is clonally expressed and consists of the concurrent proliferation of at least two separable subpopulations of lymphocytes. The results showed that each of the two subpopulations react to one or the other of the HLA-D/DR antigens presented together with PPD by allogeneic monocytes. In addition, using in vitro priming techniques of in vivo sensitized lymphocytes from heterozygous donors, it was possible to generate specific memory cells capable of recognizing the priming soluble protein antigen together with the HLA-D/DR determinant present in the initial sensitizing culture.", "contents": "Clonal distribution of HLA-restricted antigen-reactive T cells in man. The [3H]thymidine suicide technique was used to test the hypothesis that the response of immune human T cells from HLA-D/DR heterozygous donors to the soluble protein antigen purified protein derivative (PPD) is clonally expressed and consists of the concurrent proliferation of at least two separable subpopulations of lymphocytes. The results showed that each of the two subpopulations react to one or the other of the HLA-D/DR antigens presented together with PPD by allogeneic monocytes. In addition, using in vitro priming techniques of in vivo sensitized lymphocytes from heterozygous donors, it was possible to generate specific memory cells capable of recognizing the priming soluble protein antigen together with the HLA-D/DR determinant present in the initial sensitizing culture.", "PMID": 315445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5017", "title": "Cold reactive antilymphocyte antibodies in neurological diseases.", "content": "Cold reactive (15 degrees C) antilymphocyte antibodies were detected in the sera of 33% of patients with multiple sclerosis, 50% with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, 42% with myasthenia gravis, and 38% with polymyositis. We did not detect such antibodies against autologous cells in multiple sclerosis. In multiple sclerosis there was no correlation between the presence of antilymphocytic antibodies and disease activity or duration. In patients with multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and polymyositis there was no correlation between the presence of cold reactive antilymphocyte antibodies and abnormalities of T or B cell levels.", "contents": "Cold reactive antilymphocyte antibodies in neurological diseases. Cold reactive (15 degrees C) antilymphocyte antibodies were detected in the sera of 33% of patients with multiple sclerosis, 50% with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, 42% with myasthenia gravis, and 38% with polymyositis. We did not detect such antibodies against autologous cells in multiple sclerosis. In multiple sclerosis there was no correlation between the presence of antilymphocytic antibodies and disease activity or duration. In patients with multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and polymyositis there was no correlation between the presence of cold reactive antilymphocyte antibodies and abnormalities of T or B cell levels.", "PMID": 315450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5018", "title": "Communicating hydrocephalus as a cause of aqueductal stenosis.", "content": "Eleven cases of presumed aqueductal stenosis with onset of symptoms after the first decade were reviewed. Ten patients had complete occlusion and one a high-grade stenosis. In 10, the dilated lateral ventricles caused a marked inferior displacement of the third ventricle. Postshunting diagnostic studies on six of these patients revealed ascent of the third ventricle, and in three of these the aqueduct was shown to be patent. It appears that in some cases of advanced communicating hydrocephalus the descending third ventricle kinks or pinches shut the aqueduct, adding an obstructive component which accelerates the clinical picture. The mechanism and clinical features of this process are discussed.", "contents": "Communicating hydrocephalus as a cause of aqueductal stenosis. Eleven cases of presumed aqueductal stenosis with onset of symptoms after the first decade were reviewed. Ten patients had complete occlusion and one a high-grade stenosis. In 10, the dilated lateral ventricles caused a marked inferior displacement of the third ventricle. Postshunting diagnostic studies on six of these patients revealed ascent of the third ventricle, and in three of these the aqueduct was shown to be patent. It appears that in some cases of advanced communicating hydrocephalus the descending third ventricle kinks or pinches shut the aqueduct, adding an obstructive component which accelerates the clinical picture. The mechanism and clinical features of this process are discussed.", "PMID": 315451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5019", "title": "Excitability changes in peripheral nerve fibers after repetitive electrical stimulation. Implications in pain modulation.", "content": "The Melzack-Wall gate control theory has been invoked to explain the peripheral analgesia resulting from repetitive electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve. This model emphasizes presynaptic inhibitory interactions among afferent fiber terminals in the spinal cord. An alternative explanation, that of velocity change in peripheral nerve fiber conduction, has been suggested by compound action potential studies from our laboratory. The present study was designed to extend this work, and to investigate the single fiber changes subsequent to brief (5- to 20-minute) periods of repetitive, high frequency (180 to 200/sec) electrical stimulation through an implantable peripheral nerve cuff device of the type used clinically for pain relief. Most fibers, regardless of their diameter (estimated from conduction velocity), show one or more of the following characteristics: a transient slowing of conduction velocity, an increase in electrical threshold and/or a decrease in response probability following a period of repetitive electrical stimulation. This supports the hypothesis that there are changes in direct peripheral nerve fiber excitability occurring under conditions simulating clinical electroanalgesia.", "contents": "Excitability changes in peripheral nerve fibers after repetitive electrical stimulation. Implications in pain modulation. The Melzack-Wall gate control theory has been invoked to explain the peripheral analgesia resulting from repetitive electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve. This model emphasizes presynaptic inhibitory interactions among afferent fiber terminals in the spinal cord. An alternative explanation, that of velocity change in peripheral nerve fiber conduction, has been suggested by compound action potential studies from our laboratory. The present study was designed to extend this work, and to investigate the single fiber changes subsequent to brief (5- to 20-minute) periods of repetitive, high frequency (180 to 200/sec) electrical stimulation through an implantable peripheral nerve cuff device of the type used clinically for pain relief. Most fibers, regardless of their diameter (estimated from conduction velocity), show one or more of the following characteristics: a transient slowing of conduction velocity, an increase in electrical threshold and/or a decrease in response probability following a period of repetitive electrical stimulation. This supports the hypothesis that there are changes in direct peripheral nerve fiber excitability occurring under conditions simulating clinical electroanalgesia.", "PMID": 315452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5020", "title": "The role of corticosterone in the loss in immune function in the zinc-deficient A/J mouse.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that zinc deficiency causes rapid atrophy of the thymus with subsequent loss of T-cell helper function in the young adult A/J mouse. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if zinc deficiency constituted a chronic stress on the mouse leading to the elevation of glucocorticoid levels which is known to destroy thymic lymphocytes. The results of these experiments indicate that zinc-deficient mice indeed have increased levels of plasma corticosterone (115 mug/100 ml plasma) compared to mice fed zinc-adequate diets (40 mug/100 ml plasma). A significant reduction in T-cell helper function, which occurred 4 days after this rise in steroid concentration, suggests that corticosterone may contribute to the loss in immunity; however, about half of the total loss in T-cell helper function occurred prior to the increase in plasma corticosterone and was due to other factors associated with the lowered zinc levels.", "contents": "The role of corticosterone in the loss in immune function in the zinc-deficient A/J mouse. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that zinc deficiency causes rapid atrophy of the thymus with subsequent loss of T-cell helper function in the young adult A/J mouse. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if zinc deficiency constituted a chronic stress on the mouse leading to the elevation of glucocorticoid levels which is known to destroy thymic lymphocytes. The results of these experiments indicate that zinc-deficient mice indeed have increased levels of plasma corticosterone (115 mug/100 ml plasma) compared to mice fed zinc-adequate diets (40 mug/100 ml plasma). A significant reduction in T-cell helper function, which occurred 4 days after this rise in steroid concentration, suggests that corticosterone may contribute to the loss in immunity; however, about half of the total loss in T-cell helper function occurred prior to the increase in plasma corticosterone and was due to other factors associated with the lowered zinc levels.", "PMID": 315453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5021", "title": "Evaluation and control of a respiratory exposure to 3-(dimethylamino) propylamine.", "content": "In 1974 a study was undertaken to assess the symptoms and pulmonary function of a group of 25 workers who were exposed to an epoxy resin system in the mold room of a ski manufacturing plant. The amine 3-dimethylamino propylamine (3-DMAPA) was the only volatilized substance. Assemblers, the sub-group with the highest breathing zone exposure to 3-DMAPA (0.9 ppm), had the highest prevalence of symptoms and a significant decrease in lung function over the workshift. Extensive improvements in local ventilation reduced the average breathing zone exposure to nearly one-seventh of the 1974 concentration. A 1977 cross-sectional study showed that at this level there was a marked reduction in symptoms and the expiratory function of assemblers no longer decreased over the workshift. Longitudianl comparison of the lung function of workers exposed more than two years showed evidence of a decrease from 1975 to 1977, but none from 1977 to 1978.", "contents": "Evaluation and control of a respiratory exposure to 3-(dimethylamino) propylamine. In 1974 a study was undertaken to assess the symptoms and pulmonary function of a group of 25 workers who were exposed to an epoxy resin system in the mold room of a ski manufacturing plant. The amine 3-dimethylamino propylamine (3-DMAPA) was the only volatilized substance. Assemblers, the sub-group with the highest breathing zone exposure to 3-DMAPA (0.9 ppm), had the highest prevalence of symptoms and a significant decrease in lung function over the workshift. Extensive improvements in local ventilation reduced the average breathing zone exposure to nearly one-seventh of the 1974 concentration. A 1977 cross-sectional study showed that at this level there was a marked reduction in symptoms and the expiratory function of assemblers no longer decreased over the workshift. Longitudianl comparison of the lung function of workers exposed more than two years showed evidence of a decrease from 1975 to 1977, but none from 1977 to 1978.", "PMID": 315454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5022", "title": "Factor XI deficiency resulting in severe postoperative hemorrhage after odontectomy.", "content": "A case of factor XI deficiency has been presented. The patient required 91 units of fresh frozen plasma for hemostasis, which is more vigorous therapy than was to be expected from reviewing the current literature.", "contents": "Factor XI deficiency resulting in severe postoperative hemorrhage after odontectomy. A case of factor XI deficiency has been presented. The patient required 91 units of fresh frozen plasma for hemostasis, which is more vigorous therapy than was to be expected from reviewing the current literature.", "PMID": 315455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5023", "title": "Antipyretic effect of acetaminophen suppositories in rats.", "content": "An animal model used yeast-fevered rats to measure the relative antipyretic effects of different commercially available acetaminophen-containing suppositories. A laboratory-prepared acetaminophen-containing suppository and placebo suppositories also were investigated. Release from the suppositories was measured in vitro. All acetaminophen products containing 600 mg of drug elicited significant decreases in the rectal temperature of fever-induced rats.", "contents": "Antipyretic effect of acetaminophen suppositories in rats. An animal model used yeast-fevered rats to measure the relative antipyretic effects of different commercially available acetaminophen-containing suppositories. A laboratory-prepared acetaminophen-containing suppository and placebo suppositories also were investigated. Release from the suppositories was measured in vitro. All acetaminophen products containing 600 mg of drug elicited significant decreases in the rectal temperature of fever-induced rats.", "PMID": 315458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5024", "title": "The heat produced by frog muscle in a series of contractions with shortening.", "content": "1. Heat production has been measured in muscles undergoing rapid shortening 1 sec after the start of stimulation in a 2 sec tetanus. In a series of three such tetani where the periods of shortening were separated by 5 sec the shortening heats in the second and third tetani were 111 (+/- 4)% and 116 (+/- 6)% respectively of that in the first tetanus (mean +/- S.E. of mean, nine experiments). 2. When a similar series was carried out after an interval of 3 min the shortening heat in the first tetanus of the second series was 127 (+/- 3)% of that in the first tetanus of the first series (mean +/- S.E. of mean, three experiments). 3. The results are not in agreement with those of Dickinson & Woledge (1974). The discrepancy is explained by an artifact which, with certain arrangements of the apparatus, affects the measurements of shortening heat in a series of contractions. We have measured this artifact by two independent methods; the shortening heat values quoted above have been corrected accordingly. 4. The increase in the shortening heat in repeated contractions is not a specific consequence of previous shortening; an increase of the same magnitude is observed following isometric tetani. 5. During the time when the muscle is shortening, the total rate of heat production, which is initially high, falls to a steady value. This value is not significantly different in the three tetani of the series.", "contents": "The heat produced by frog muscle in a series of contractions with shortening. 1. Heat production has been measured in muscles undergoing rapid shortening 1 sec after the start of stimulation in a 2 sec tetanus. In a series of three such tetani where the periods of shortening were separated by 5 sec the shortening heats in the second and third tetani were 111 (+/- 4)% and 116 (+/- 6)% respectively of that in the first tetanus (mean +/- S.E. of mean, nine experiments). 2. When a similar series was carried out after an interval of 3 min the shortening heat in the first tetanus of the second series was 127 (+/- 3)% of that in the first tetanus of the first series (mean +/- S.E. of mean, three experiments). 3. The results are not in agreement with those of Dickinson & Woledge (1974). The discrepancy is explained by an artifact which, with certain arrangements of the apparatus, affects the measurements of shortening heat in a series of contractions. We have measured this artifact by two independent methods; the shortening heat values quoted above have been corrected accordingly. 4. The increase in the shortening heat in repeated contractions is not a specific consequence of previous shortening; an increase of the same magnitude is observed following isometric tetani. 5. During the time when the muscle is shortening, the total rate of heat production, which is initially high, falls to a steady value. This value is not significantly different in the three tetani of the series.", "PMID": 315460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5025", "title": "Adenosine receptors in frog sinus venosus: slow inhibitory potentials produced by adenine compounds and acetylcholine.", "content": "1. Membrane potential changes produced by adenosine and adenine nucleotides, acetylcholine, and vagus nerve stimulation were studied by intracellular recording in the sinus venosus of the frog, Rana pipiens. 2. Acetylcholine (ACh) released from the vagus nerve terminals evoked a slow hyperpolarization lasting several seconds in the cells of the sinus. Ionophoretic application of ACh from a micropipette produced a response which is similar in time course and amplitude to that evoked by vagus nerve stimulation. Bath application of ACh caused a steady hyperpolarization in quiescent preparations, or cessation of action potential generation in spontaneously active preparations. 3. Adenosine and adenine nucleotides produced hyperpolarizations when applied by addition to the bath or by ionophoresis from micropipettes. The hyperpolarization produced by ionophoresis of adenine compounds was somewhat slower than that produced by ACh. 4. Adenosine and the adenine nucleotides, 5'-AMP, 3'-AMP, 2'-AMP, and 5'-atp were virtually equipotent in their action. Adenosine was at least 1000-fold more potent than other purine and pyrimidine nucleosides or adenine. Both the ribose and adenine groups were important for agonist activity. 5. The concentrations of agonist required to produce half-maximal responses were estimated from dose--response curves as 3 x 10(-7) M for ACh and 2 x 10(-6) M for ATP. ACh is about 7 times more potent than ATP in producing a hyperpolarization. 6. Adenine compounds act directly upon the cardiac muscle fibres: bath or ionophoretically applied adenine compounds act even when transmitter release from nerve terminals is blocked with high (Mn2+) or when ACh receptors are blocked with atropine. 7. Adenine compounds act on the surface of the muscle fibre membrane. Analogues of adenosine which do not enter the cell are potent agonists of the receptor. An adenyl oligonucleotide too large to enter the cell was 2.6 times more potent per mole than adenosine in producing a hyperpolarization. Drugs such as dipyridamole and 6-(2-hydroxy 5-nitrobenzyl) thioguanosine, which are potent blockers of adenosine transport, potentiate the response of the sinus cells to adenosine. 8. Aminophylline and theophylline are competitive antagonists of adenosine action. The apparent Ki for aminophylline inhibition was 5 microM. 9. The response produced by adenine compounds is partly caused by an increase in the permeability of the membrane to K+. The maximum response to both ACh and adenine nucleotides approached the estimated level of EK or ECl. Replacing extracellular chloride with impermeant isethionate had no effect on responses to ACh or adenine nucleotides. The hyperpolarization was not produced by an activation of an ouabain-sensitive pump since 20 microM-ouabain had little effect on the response to adenosine. 10. The response to vagus nerve stimulation is completely blocked by 50 nM-atropine...", "contents": "Adenosine receptors in frog sinus venosus: slow inhibitory potentials produced by adenine compounds and acetylcholine. 1. Membrane potential changes produced by adenosine and adenine nucleotides, acetylcholine, and vagus nerve stimulation were studied by intracellular recording in the sinus venosus of the frog, Rana pipiens. 2. Acetylcholine (ACh) released from the vagus nerve terminals evoked a slow hyperpolarization lasting several seconds in the cells of the sinus. Ionophoretic application of ACh from a micropipette produced a response which is similar in time course and amplitude to that evoked by vagus nerve stimulation. Bath application of ACh caused a steady hyperpolarization in quiescent preparations, or cessation of action potential generation in spontaneously active preparations. 3. Adenosine and adenine nucleotides produced hyperpolarizations when applied by addition to the bath or by ionophoresis from micropipettes. The hyperpolarization produced by ionophoresis of adenine compounds was somewhat slower than that produced by ACh. 4. Adenosine and the adenine nucleotides, 5'-AMP, 3'-AMP, 2'-AMP, and 5'-atp were virtually equipotent in their action. Adenosine was at least 1000-fold more potent than other purine and pyrimidine nucleosides or adenine. Both the ribose and adenine groups were important for agonist activity. 5. The concentrations of agonist required to produce half-maximal responses were estimated from dose--response curves as 3 x 10(-7) M for ACh and 2 x 10(-6) M for ATP. ACh is about 7 times more potent than ATP in producing a hyperpolarization. 6. Adenine compounds act directly upon the cardiac muscle fibres: bath or ionophoretically applied adenine compounds act even when transmitter release from nerve terminals is blocked with high (Mn2+) or when ACh receptors are blocked with atropine. 7. Adenine compounds act on the surface of the muscle fibre membrane. Analogues of adenosine which do not enter the cell are potent agonists of the receptor. An adenyl oligonucleotide too large to enter the cell was 2.6 times more potent per mole than adenosine in producing a hyperpolarization. Drugs such as dipyridamole and 6-(2-hydroxy 5-nitrobenzyl) thioguanosine, which are potent blockers of adenosine transport, potentiate the response of the sinus cells to adenosine. 8. Aminophylline and theophylline are competitive antagonists of adenosine action. The apparent Ki for aminophylline inhibition was 5 microM. 9. The response produced by adenine compounds is partly caused by an increase in the permeability of the membrane to K+. The maximum response to both ACh and adenine nucleotides approached the estimated level of EK or ECl. Replacing extracellular chloride with impermeant isethionate had no effect on responses to ACh or adenine nucleotides. The hyperpolarization was not produced by an activation of an ouabain-sensitive pump since 20 microM-ouabain had little effect on the response to adenosine. 10. The response to vagus nerve stimulation is completely blocked by 50 nM-atropine...", "PMID": 315461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5026", "title": "The actions of tubocurarine at the frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "1. The action of tubocurarine on voltage-clamped frog muscle end-plates has been re-examined by means (a) equilibrium dose-ratio measurements, (b) current fluctuation measurements and (c) voltage-jump relaxation measurements. 2. The equilibrium measurements can be interpreted as implying that tubocurarine has (a) a competitive blocking action, with a dissociation constant of 0.34 microM, which is not dependent on membrane potential, and (b) an additional voltage-dependent blocking action. 3. In the presence of tubocurarine two kinetic components can be seen. The faster one is similar to, but rather faster than, the normal ion channel closing rate. The other is much slower (1--3 sec), and, in relaxation experiments it is in the opposite direction to the fast relaxation. 4. A number of alternative explanations for the results are discussed. The mechanism that fits them best appears to be a combination of competitive block (or block of shut channels), with a strongly voltage-dependent block of open ion channels by tubocurarine. Estimates of the rate constants for channel blocking (and their voltage dependence) are derived. From these estimates the dissociation constant for the binding of tubocurarine to open channels appears to be roughly 0.12 microM at --70 mV and 0.02 microM at --12 mV. 5. Several potential sources of error in the experiments, and in their interpretation, are discussed. The most serious of these are problems associated with diffusion in the small volume of the synaptic cleft, viz. (a) changes in cleft concentration consequent on changes in binding, and (b) ionophoretic flux of antagonist and agonist into the synaptic cleft.", "contents": "The actions of tubocurarine at the frog neuromuscular junction. 1. The action of tubocurarine on voltage-clamped frog muscle end-plates has been re-examined by means (a) equilibrium dose-ratio measurements, (b) current fluctuation measurements and (c) voltage-jump relaxation measurements. 2. The equilibrium measurements can be interpreted as implying that tubocurarine has (a) a competitive blocking action, with a dissociation constant of 0.34 microM, which is not dependent on membrane potential, and (b) an additional voltage-dependent blocking action. 3. In the presence of tubocurarine two kinetic components can be seen. The faster one is similar to, but rather faster than, the normal ion channel closing rate. The other is much slower (1--3 sec), and, in relaxation experiments it is in the opposite direction to the fast relaxation. 4. A number of alternative explanations for the results are discussed. The mechanism that fits them best appears to be a combination of competitive block (or block of shut channels), with a strongly voltage-dependent block of open ion channels by tubocurarine. Estimates of the rate constants for channel blocking (and their voltage dependence) are derived. From these estimates the dissociation constant for the binding of tubocurarine to open channels appears to be roughly 0.12 microM at --70 mV and 0.02 microM at --12 mV. 5. Several potential sources of error in the experiments, and in their interpretation, are discussed. The most serious of these are problems associated with diffusion in the small volume of the synaptic cleft, viz. (a) changes in cleft concentration consequent on changes in binding, and (b) ionophoretic flux of antagonist and agonist into the synaptic cleft.", "PMID": 315462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5027", "title": "A voltage-dependent gate in series with the inwardly rectifying potassium channel in frog striated muscle.", "content": "1. The degree of tubular potassium depletion and the decrease of potassium conductance due to hyperpolarizing pulses in striated muscular fibres have been examined with the three micro-electrode voltage-clamp technique. 2. The conductance of the fibre membrane has been measured in different extracellular K+ concentrations from 1 to 10 mM. 3. Comparison of the two sets of measurements shows that changes in tubular K+ concentration are not sufficient to account for the conductance decrease associated with hyperpolarization. 4. The presence of a voltage-dependent gate in series with the inwardly rectifying channel for K+ ions, suggested by Almers (1972a, b), is thus confirmed.", "contents": "A voltage-dependent gate in series with the inwardly rectifying potassium channel in frog striated muscle. 1. The degree of tubular potassium depletion and the decrease of potassium conductance due to hyperpolarizing pulses in striated muscular fibres have been examined with the three micro-electrode voltage-clamp technique. 2. The conductance of the fibre membrane has been measured in different extracellular K+ concentrations from 1 to 10 mM. 3. Comparison of the two sets of measurements shows that changes in tubular K+ concentration are not sufficient to account for the conductance decrease associated with hyperpolarization. 4. The presence of a voltage-dependent gate in series with the inwardly rectifying channel for K+ ions, suggested by Almers (1972a, b), is thus confirmed.", "PMID": 315463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5028", "title": "Intersarcomere dynamics during fixed-end tetanic contractions of frog muscle fibres.", "content": "1. The stability of sarcomere lengths along single twitch fibres from frog muscles was examined during fixed-end tetani, using a spot follower apparatus to monitor the length of a central segment. 2. Internal movement, with most of the fibre lengthening and small regions at the ends shortening as the contraction proceeded, was always seen at fibre lengths beyond those corresponding to a sarcomere length of 2.3 micrometer. 3. The rate of lengthening of the central region was fastest during the slow phase of tension rise (creep) but continued at a slower rate throughout the tetanus. These observations are in accord with the idea that progressive development of sarcomere non-uniformity is responsible for the creep phase. 4. Observations at various muscle lengths of the rate of decay of tension and the duration of the slow phase of relaxation suggest that movement during relaxation is due to sarcomere length non-uniformities and variations of decay rate with sarcomere length. 5. The rate of tension fall after stimulation ceases in an isometric sarcomere, and the factors which determine that rate, are discussed in view of evidence from fixed-end and length-clamped tetani, and recently reported experiments using aequorin.", "contents": "Intersarcomere dynamics during fixed-end tetanic contractions of frog muscle fibres. 1. The stability of sarcomere lengths along single twitch fibres from frog muscles was examined during fixed-end tetani, using a spot follower apparatus to monitor the length of a central segment. 2. Internal movement, with most of the fibre lengthening and small regions at the ends shortening as the contraction proceeded, was always seen at fibre lengths beyond those corresponding to a sarcomere length of 2.3 micrometer. 3. The rate of lengthening of the central region was fastest during the slow phase of tension rise (creep) but continued at a slower rate throughout the tetanus. These observations are in accord with the idea that progressive development of sarcomere non-uniformity is responsible for the creep phase. 4. Observations at various muscle lengths of the rate of decay of tension and the duration of the slow phase of relaxation suggest that movement during relaxation is due to sarcomere length non-uniformities and variations of decay rate with sarcomere length. 5. The rate of tension fall after stimulation ceases in an isometric sarcomere, and the factors which determine that rate, are discussed in view of evidence from fixed-end and length-clamped tetani, and recently reported experiments using aequorin.", "PMID": 315464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5029", "title": "The effect on tension of non-uniform distribution of length changes applied to frog muscle fibres.", "content": "1. The stability of sarcomere lengths along single frog twitch fibres was examined, during lengthening and shortening, using a spot follower appparatus to monitor or control the length of a central segment. 2. During active shortening from sarcomere lengths beyond 2.2 micrometer the end sarcomeres shortened dramatically, while much of the fibre did not shorten at all. It is proposed that this is the cause of the tension failing to recover, after the shortening ceased, to the value of isometric tension at the shorter length. 3. During active lenghtening from sarcomere lengths beyond 2.2 micrometer, non-uniformity of stretch was seen, with the middle stretching more than the ends. Some maintained extra tension after stretch above that appropriate to the longer length was found, as were consistent changes in internal movement, and in the shape of the tension record during relaxation. 4. Measurements of stiffness during and after a lengthening suggest that no increased activation is involved. Observation of internal movement during the raised tension after a lengthening contradicts theories involving 'locked on' bridges. 5. From these and other observations, an explanation for the extra tension in terms of non-uniformity of sarcomeres is proposed. The explanation is in accord with that previously suggested for the creep phase of tension rise seen at these lengths.", "contents": "The effect on tension of non-uniform distribution of length changes applied to frog muscle fibres. 1. The stability of sarcomere lengths along single frog twitch fibres was examined, during lengthening and shortening, using a spot follower appparatus to monitor or control the length of a central segment. 2. During active shortening from sarcomere lengths beyond 2.2 micrometer the end sarcomeres shortened dramatically, while much of the fibre did not shorten at all. It is proposed that this is the cause of the tension failing to recover, after the shortening ceased, to the value of isometric tension at the shorter length. 3. During active lenghtening from sarcomere lengths beyond 2.2 micrometer, non-uniformity of stretch was seen, with the middle stretching more than the ends. Some maintained extra tension after stretch above that appropriate to the longer length was found, as were consistent changes in internal movement, and in the shape of the tension record during relaxation. 4. Measurements of stiffness during and after a lengthening suggest that no increased activation is involved. Observation of internal movement during the raised tension after a lengthening contradicts theories involving 'locked on' bridges. 5. From these and other observations, an explanation for the extra tension in terms of non-uniformity of sarcomeres is proposed. The explanation is in accord with that previously suggested for the creep phase of tension rise seen at these lengths.", "PMID": 315465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5030", "title": "Factors affecting the movement of amino acids and small peptides across the vascularly perfused Anuran small intestine.", "content": "1. In the vascularly perfused frog small intestine, the characteristics of the washout into the vascular bed of L-leucine and glycine have been investigated following loading either as free amino acids or as the dipeptide glycyl-L-leucine. In both cases, the washout of the two amino acids was biexponential and could be ascribed a fast rate constant K1 and a slow rate constant K2. The K1 for glycine was always smaller than that for L-leucine. 2. The K1 and K2 for L-leucine had a Q10 of 1.71 and 2.66 respectively, while steady-state transfer of the amino acid exhibited a Q10 of 2.45. 3. Vascular perfusion rate affected the K1 but not the K2 for L-leucine. 4. Na+ replacement in the lumen did not affect K1 and K2 for either amino acid from the mixture or the peptide, but did reduce the pool size of both when taken up as free amino acids. Peptide uptake, as measured by pool size, was not affected by luminal Na+ replacement. 5. If Na+ in the lumen was replaced with Li+, all substitutions of Na in the vascular bed inhibited the exit of L-leucine. 6. These results are discussed in relation to a model proposing that sodium pumping across the basolateral membranes of the epithelial cells to keep the intercellular spaces patent is an important factor in the movement of amino acids from the enterocytes to the blood stream.", "contents": "Factors affecting the movement of amino acids and small peptides across the vascularly perfused Anuran small intestine. 1. In the vascularly perfused frog small intestine, the characteristics of the washout into the vascular bed of L-leucine and glycine have been investigated following loading either as free amino acids or as the dipeptide glycyl-L-leucine. In both cases, the washout of the two amino acids was biexponential and could be ascribed a fast rate constant K1 and a slow rate constant K2. The K1 for glycine was always smaller than that for L-leucine. 2. The K1 and K2 for L-leucine had a Q10 of 1.71 and 2.66 respectively, while steady-state transfer of the amino acid exhibited a Q10 of 2.45. 3. Vascular perfusion rate affected the K1 but not the K2 for L-leucine. 4. Na+ replacement in the lumen did not affect K1 and K2 for either amino acid from the mixture or the peptide, but did reduce the pool size of both when taken up as free amino acids. Peptide uptake, as measured by pool size, was not affected by luminal Na+ replacement. 5. If Na+ in the lumen was replaced with Li+, all substitutions of Na in the vascular bed inhibited the exit of L-leucine. 6. These results are discussed in relation to a model proposing that sodium pumping across the basolateral membranes of the epithelial cells to keep the intercellular spaces patent is an important factor in the movement of amino acids from the enterocytes to the blood stream.", "PMID": 315466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5031", "title": "[A critical study of the relations between superficial or profound electrical potentials and regeneration in vertebrates (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been claimed that the action of the central and peripheral nervous systems on the regeneration process could be mediated through an electrical field which can be detected at the superficial limit of the animal tested. In this paper, it is demonstrated that superficial d. c. potentials detected on the skin of an amphibian are strickly correlated to the well-known skin ionic active transport mechanism and are quite independent of deep innervation. Moreover, reinforcing the deep electrical field through an amputated limb of a mammal (Wistar rat) doex not initiate regeneration, as has been claimed. We demonstrate that the insertion of d.c. generator does not significantly increase tritiated thymidine incorporation into the DNA of amputated animals as compared to control ones. Furthermore, wound healing proceeds in the same way in both groups. It is concluded that an electric field regeneration relationship remains to be demonstrated.", "contents": "[A critical study of the relations between superficial or profound electrical potentials and regeneration in vertebrates (author's transl)]. It has been claimed that the action of the central and peripheral nervous systems on the regeneration process could be mediated through an electrical field which can be detected at the superficial limit of the animal tested. In this paper, it is demonstrated that superficial d. c. potentials detected on the skin of an amphibian are strickly correlated to the well-known skin ionic active transport mechanism and are quite independent of deep innervation. Moreover, reinforcing the deep electrical field through an amputated limb of a mammal (Wistar rat) doex not initiate regeneration, as has been claimed. We demonstrate that the insertion of d.c. generator does not significantly increase tritiated thymidine incorporation into the DNA of amputated animals as compared to control ones. Furthermore, wound healing proceeds in the same way in both groups. It is concluded that an electric field regeneration relationship remains to be demonstrated.", "PMID": 315468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5032", "title": "Requirement of HLA compatibility between T- and B-cells in mitogen-induced in vitro immunoglobulin production.", "content": "The necessity for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) compatibility in T- and B-cells in the differentiation of B-cells into immunoglobulin-producing cells (Ig cells) was studied in cultured human lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen. We found that, despite the histocompatibility antigen difference, allogeneic T-cells from healthy donors could help B-cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin-producing cells to almost the same degree as autologous T-cells. However, T-cells from an apparently healthy subject whose sister had died of severe combined immunodeficiency did not collaborate with HLA-incompatible allogeneic B-cells in vitro, although her T-cells collaborated with autologous B-cells as well as B-cells from a brother with identical HLA-A, -B and -D. This indicates that the mechanism which in normal cases overcomes HLA antigen incompatibility was defective in this case. It further indicates that one of the mechanisms necessary in B- and T-cell interaction requires HLA compatibility.", "contents": "Requirement of HLA compatibility between T- and B-cells in mitogen-induced in vitro immunoglobulin production. The necessity for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) compatibility in T- and B-cells in the differentiation of B-cells into immunoglobulin-producing cells (Ig cells) was studied in cultured human lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen. We found that, despite the histocompatibility antigen difference, allogeneic T-cells from healthy donors could help B-cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin-producing cells to almost the same degree as autologous T-cells. However, T-cells from an apparently healthy subject whose sister had died of severe combined immunodeficiency did not collaborate with HLA-incompatible allogeneic B-cells in vitro, although her T-cells collaborated with autologous B-cells as well as B-cells from a brother with identical HLA-A, -B and -D. This indicates that the mechanism which in normal cases overcomes HLA antigen incompatibility was defective in this case. It further indicates that one of the mechanisms necessary in B- and T-cell interaction requires HLA compatibility.", "PMID": 315469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5033", "title": "Maturation in B lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Surface markers were studied serially in two cases presenting as acute B cell lymphocytic leukaemia. The leukaemic lymphocytes in both cases had the mouse erythrocyte receptor (MER) and surface immunoglobulin (SIg) with lambda light chain. Changes interpreted as an increase in immunological differentiation were observed in both, during the course of the disease and its treatment. These changes were loss of MER, increase in density of SIg, and the acquisition of SIgA. Selection of therapy to influence differentiation may ultimately afford better control of the lymphocytic leukaemias.", "contents": "Maturation in B lymphocytic leukaemia. Surface markers were studied serially in two cases presenting as acute B cell lymphocytic leukaemia. The leukaemic lymphocytes in both cases had the mouse erythrocyte receptor (MER) and surface immunoglobulin (SIg) with lambda light chain. Changes interpreted as an increase in immunological differentiation were observed in both, during the course of the disease and its treatment. These changes were loss of MER, increase in density of SIg, and the acquisition of SIgA. Selection of therapy to influence differentiation may ultimately afford better control of the lymphocytic leukaemias.", "PMID": 315471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5034", "title": "Five year study of postpartum hemorrhage: Queens of Angels Hospital, 1973--1977.", "content": "Postpartum hemorrhage accounts for about one quarter of the deaths in the obstetric hemorrhage group. Blood loss is the most important underlying cause of morbidity. To save blood, the obstetrician must partice \"preventive medicine\" by being cognizant of any situation during pregnancy, labor and delivery which may result in increased blood loss.The methods and principles by which these situations can be prevented or treated are discussed.", "contents": "Five year study of postpartum hemorrhage: Queens of Angels Hospital, 1973--1977. Postpartum hemorrhage accounts for about one quarter of the deaths in the obstetric hemorrhage group. Blood loss is the most important underlying cause of morbidity. To save blood, the obstetrician must partice \"preventive medicine\" by being cognizant of any situation during pregnancy, labor and delivery which may result in increased blood loss.The methods and principles by which these situations can be prevented or treated are discussed.", "PMID": 315473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5035", "title": "[Reproduction study of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101) in rabbits. Administration of M73101 during the period of major organogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "M73101 and aspirin were evaluated for the effects on prenatal development of progeny in JW-NIBS strain rabbits. Pregnant females were given orally M73101 (0, 50, 120 and 300mg/kg/day) or aspirin (200mg/kg/day) on days 6 to 18 of gestation. They were sacrificed on days 29 of pregnancy and their fetuses were examined for abnormalities. The results were summarized as follows: 1. During the dosing period, females received 300mg/kg of M73101 showed pronounced body weight depression and decrease in food and water intake. But after the dosing period, these influences were not seen. Females received aspirin did not show such phenomena. 2. There were no adverse effects on number of implants, litter size, fetal mortality or fetal weight, and no malformed fetuses attributable to the drugs were seen in each group.", "contents": "[Reproduction study of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101) in rabbits. Administration of M73101 during the period of major organogenesis (author's transl)]. M73101 and aspirin were evaluated for the effects on prenatal development of progeny in JW-NIBS strain rabbits. Pregnant females were given orally M73101 (0, 50, 120 and 300mg/kg/day) or aspirin (200mg/kg/day) on days 6 to 18 of gestation. They were sacrificed on days 29 of pregnancy and their fetuses were examined for abnormalities. The results were summarized as follows: 1. During the dosing period, females received 300mg/kg of M73101 showed pronounced body weight depression and decrease in food and water intake. But after the dosing period, these influences were not seen. Females received aspirin did not show such phenomena. 2. There were no adverse effects on number of implants, litter size, fetal mortality or fetal weight, and no malformed fetuses attributable to the drugs were seen in each group.", "PMID": 315475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5036", "title": "[Reproduction study of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101) in rats (II). Administration of M73101 during the period of major organogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pregnant female rats were given orally M73101 (0,100,250 and 600 mg/kg) or aspirin (225 mg/kg) on gestational days 7 to 17. About two-thirds of treated females in each group were sacrificed at day 21 of pregnancy and their fetuses were examined for abnormalities. The remaining females were allowed to deliver spontaneously in order to observe postnatal development of their offspring. The results were summarized as follows: 1. No significant effects of M73101 on number of the corpora lutea, litter size, fetal mortality, fetal weight or sex ratio were observed, but aspirin exhibited the intrauterine deaths and growth retardation in fetuses. 2. No external, internal or skeletal malformations attributable to M73101 were seen in fetuses, although aspirin caused malformations of various organ systems. 3. No apparent effects of M73101 on F1 generation were observed on postnatal development including emotionality, learning ability and reproductive performance. There were no adverse influences of M73101 on postnatal development of F2 generation. Aspirin, however, showed adverse effects on postnatal survival, growth, emotionality and mating performance of F1 generation.", "contents": "[Reproduction study of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101) in rats (II). Administration of M73101 during the period of major organogenesis (author's transl)]. Pregnant female rats were given orally M73101 (0,100,250 and 600 mg/kg) or aspirin (225 mg/kg) on gestational days 7 to 17. About two-thirds of treated females in each group were sacrificed at day 21 of pregnancy and their fetuses were examined for abnormalities. The remaining females were allowed to deliver spontaneously in order to observe postnatal development of their offspring. The results were summarized as follows: 1. No significant effects of M73101 on number of the corpora lutea, litter size, fetal mortality, fetal weight or sex ratio were observed, but aspirin exhibited the intrauterine deaths and growth retardation in fetuses. 2. No external, internal or skeletal malformations attributable to M73101 were seen in fetuses, although aspirin caused malformations of various organ systems. 3. No apparent effects of M73101 on F1 generation were observed on postnatal development including emotionality, learning ability and reproductive performance. There were no adverse influences of M73101 on postnatal development of F2 generation. Aspirin, however, showed adverse effects on postnatal survival, growth, emotionality and mating performance of F1 generation.", "PMID": 315476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5037", "title": "Simultaneous surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot and coronary artery aneurysm due to mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in a 4-year-old child.", "content": "The simultaneous correction of tetralogy of Fallot and an aneurysm of the coronary artery due to mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) in a 4-year-old boy was successfully performed. Of the four aneurysms found on the coronary angiogram at the age of six months, the smaller three regressed spontaneously leaving slight dilatation and thickening of the arterial wall during the 4-year follow-up period. However, the largest one in the right coronary artery, which remained almost the same size, showed marked stagnation of blood in the aneurysm with the possibility of thrombosis and resultant myocardial infarction. At operation, there was a large aneurysm in the right coronary artery, 9 mm in width and 18 mm in length. The wall of the aneurysm was very thick and tightly adherent to the myocardium. The aneurysm was resected and an aorto-coronary bypass graft was fashioned from a saphenous vein taken from the patient's mother, since an autogenous vein was not available. A ventricular septal defect was closed and pulmonary stenosis was relieved without any difficulty. Postoperative cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography four weeks after the operation revealed satisfactory correction of the tetralogy of Fallot and a patent aorto-coronary vein graft. Several problems regarding surgical treatment of coronary artery aneurysm due to MCLS are discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot and coronary artery aneurysm due to mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in a 4-year-old child. The simultaneous correction of tetralogy of Fallot and an aneurysm of the coronary artery due to mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) in a 4-year-old boy was successfully performed. Of the four aneurysms found on the coronary angiogram at the age of six months, the smaller three regressed spontaneously leaving slight dilatation and thickening of the arterial wall during the 4-year follow-up period. However, the largest one in the right coronary artery, which remained almost the same size, showed marked stagnation of blood in the aneurysm with the possibility of thrombosis and resultant myocardial infarction. At operation, there was a large aneurysm in the right coronary artery, 9 mm in width and 18 mm in length. The wall of the aneurysm was very thick and tightly adherent to the myocardium. The aneurysm was resected and an aorto-coronary bypass graft was fashioned from a saphenous vein taken from the patient's mother, since an autogenous vein was not available. A ventricular septal defect was closed and pulmonary stenosis was relieved without any difficulty. Postoperative cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography four weeks after the operation revealed satisfactory correction of the tetralogy of Fallot and a patent aorto-coronary vein graft. Several problems regarding surgical treatment of coronary artery aneurysm due to MCLS are discussed.", "PMID": 315479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5038", "title": "Cryoactivation of inactive renin in human plasma.", "content": "The mechanism of the increase in renin activity in human plasma which had been kept -5 degrees C for 4 days (cryoactivation) was investigated. From the results of clinical studies, it is likely that the controling mechanism of inactive renin has something in common with that of active renin. The experimental data showed that the increase in renin activity of human plasma by cryoactivation was closely correlated to the increase obtained by incubation with trypsin (r = 0.88, p less than 0.001, n = 10). Soybean trypsin inhibitor, aprotinin and di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) inhibited cryoactivation, indicating that the cryoactivation is due to the action of a trypsin-like serine enzyme. Trypsin which had no effect on plasma renin activity in the presence of the same amount of soybean trypsin inhibitor at 37 degrees C, activated the renin activity during cold incubation, suggesting that the dissociation of the trypsin-inhibitor complex may have taken place at a low temperature. Endogenous trypsin inhibitor is also likely to lose its affinity to endogenous trypsin-like enzyme at a low temperature.", "contents": "Cryoactivation of inactive renin in human plasma. The mechanism of the increase in renin activity in human plasma which had been kept -5 degrees C for 4 days (cryoactivation) was investigated. From the results of clinical studies, it is likely that the controling mechanism of inactive renin has something in common with that of active renin. The experimental data showed that the increase in renin activity of human plasma by cryoactivation was closely correlated to the increase obtained by incubation with trypsin (r = 0.88, p less than 0.001, n = 10). Soybean trypsin inhibitor, aprotinin and di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) inhibited cryoactivation, indicating that the cryoactivation is due to the action of a trypsin-like serine enzyme. Trypsin which had no effect on plasma renin activity in the presence of the same amount of soybean trypsin inhibitor at 37 degrees C, activated the renin activity during cold incubation, suggesting that the dissociation of the trypsin-inhibitor complex may have taken place at a low temperature. Endogenous trypsin inhibitor is also likely to lose its affinity to endogenous trypsin-like enzyme at a low temperature.", "PMID": 315480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5039", "title": "An analysis of the effect of adrenaline on electrogenic Na+ pump of visceral nerve fibers in bullfrogs.", "content": "The effect of adrenaline (Ad) on the electrogenic Na+ pump of bullfrog visceral nerve fibers was studied, by testing the effect of this drug on the K-activated hyperpolarization (KAH) of these nerve fibers. KAHs were recorded by adding K (0.2--5 mM) to an extracellular K-free solution with which preparations were previously perfused and the actual KAH amplitude (net KAH) was estimated by taking into account the amplitude of membrane depolarization induced by K in the presence of ouabain (0.001 mM). The dose-response relation between K concentrations and net KAHs follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics; the log dose-response relation showed a sigmoid curve and the Lineweaver-Burk Plot of dose-response relation showed a straight line when nH=1.3. The net KAH was augmeted by Ad (0.03--1 mM); facilitative effects of three kinds of catecholamine on the net KAH were Ad greater than noradrenaline greater than isopreterenol. The log dose-response curve was shifted to the left in parallel in the presence of Ad; the Lineweeather-Burk plot showed a straight line when nH=1.3 and this line met the control line at the ordinate point where K concentration is infinitive, while the apparent dissociation constant (Km) decreased to 0.82 from 1.3 mM (control) in the presence of 0.3 mM Ad. Net KAH was augmented by the removal of extracellular Cl or by the action of TEA; the membrane resistance was expected to increase under these experimental conditions. The dose-response relation obtained under these conditions showed an increase of maximum response without changes in Km value. It was concluded on the basis of the present results that the increase in net KAH by Ad was due to an increase in the electrogenic Na+ pump current. The mechanism underlying such an Ad action was discussed, and it was suggested that the rate of the electrogenic Na+ pump was increased by the action of Ad.", "contents": "An analysis of the effect of adrenaline on electrogenic Na+ pump of visceral nerve fibers in bullfrogs. The effect of adrenaline (Ad) on the electrogenic Na+ pump of bullfrog visceral nerve fibers was studied, by testing the effect of this drug on the K-activated hyperpolarization (KAH) of these nerve fibers. KAHs were recorded by adding K (0.2--5 mM) to an extracellular K-free solution with which preparations were previously perfused and the actual KAH amplitude (net KAH) was estimated by taking into account the amplitude of membrane depolarization induced by K in the presence of ouabain (0.001 mM). The dose-response relation between K concentrations and net KAHs follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics; the log dose-response relation showed a sigmoid curve and the Lineweaver-Burk Plot of dose-response relation showed a straight line when nH=1.3. The net KAH was augmeted by Ad (0.03--1 mM); facilitative effects of three kinds of catecholamine on the net KAH were Ad greater than noradrenaline greater than isopreterenol. The log dose-response curve was shifted to the left in parallel in the presence of Ad; the Lineweeather-Burk plot showed a straight line when nH=1.3 and this line met the control line at the ordinate point where K concentration is infinitive, while the apparent dissociation constant (Km) decreased to 0.82 from 1.3 mM (control) in the presence of 0.3 mM Ad. Net KAH was augmented by the removal of extracellular Cl or by the action of TEA; the membrane resistance was expected to increase under these experimental conditions. The dose-response relation obtained under these conditions showed an increase of maximum response without changes in Km value. It was concluded on the basis of the present results that the increase in net KAH by Ad was due to an increase in the electrogenic Na+ pump current. The mechanism underlying such an Ad action was discussed, and it was suggested that the rate of the electrogenic Na+ pump was increased by the action of Ad.", "PMID": 315486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5040", "title": "Impedance changes during the electrical and mechanical activities of a bullfrog heart.", "content": "Electrical impedance of a bullfrog ventricle was recorded epicardially by the V-I method and the bridge method together with an electrocardiogram (ECG) and a contraction curve, in terms of shortening. Impedance change during one cardiac cycle of a contracting ventricle corresponded completely to the contraction curve in its time course: impedance decreased during systole and attained minimum at the peak of contraction, and the durations of both curves were almost identical. The ratio of impedance just before T-wave to that just after R-wave ([ZT]/[ZR]) of an in situ heart was increased when the ventricle contracted isovolumetrically by means of mineral oil: the ratio was far less than 1.0 in control ventricle, while it was more than 1.0 in oil-filled one (2/3 cases). Upon isometric condition or treatment of cadmium the motion restricted ventricle caused an increase in the impedance ratio ([ZT]/[ZR]) to higher than 1.0, as in the case of oil-filled ventricle. The epicardial recording of ventricular impedance seems to consist of two components: contraction(shortening-dependent impedance change, which reflects the membrane activity. Vigorous contraction will probably mask the latter and reveal only the former.", "contents": "Impedance changes during the electrical and mechanical activities of a bullfrog heart. Electrical impedance of a bullfrog ventricle was recorded epicardially by the V-I method and the bridge method together with an electrocardiogram (ECG) and a contraction curve, in terms of shortening. Impedance change during one cardiac cycle of a contracting ventricle corresponded completely to the contraction curve in its time course: impedance decreased during systole and attained minimum at the peak of contraction, and the durations of both curves were almost identical. The ratio of impedance just before T-wave to that just after R-wave ([ZT]/[ZR]) of an in situ heart was increased when the ventricle contracted isovolumetrically by means of mineral oil: the ratio was far less than 1.0 in control ventricle, while it was more than 1.0 in oil-filled one (2/3 cases). Upon isometric condition or treatment of cadmium the motion restricted ventricle caused an increase in the impedance ratio ([ZT]/[ZR]) to higher than 1.0, as in the case of oil-filled ventricle. The epicardial recording of ventricular impedance seems to consist of two components: contraction(shortening-dependent impedance change, which reflects the membrane activity. Vigorous contraction will probably mask the latter and reveal only the former.", "PMID": 315487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5041", "title": "Phenothiazine-induced ventricular tachycardia following acute overdose.", "content": "The chronic use of phenothiazine is known to result in ventricular arrhythmias in certain patients. The occurrence of cardiac abnormalities following acute phenothiazine overdose is less well documented. Phenothiazine-induced ventricular tachycardia, when it occurs in the overdose situation, may be refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic drugs. We present a case in which the usual therapy was unsuccessful. Only after a transvenous pacemaker was inserted was the patient's condition reversed.", "contents": "Phenothiazine-induced ventricular tachycardia following acute overdose. The chronic use of phenothiazine is known to result in ventricular arrhythmias in certain patients. The occurrence of cardiac abnormalities following acute phenothiazine overdose is less well documented. Phenothiazine-induced ventricular tachycardia, when it occurs in the overdose situation, may be refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic drugs. We present a case in which the usual therapy was unsuccessful. Only after a transvenous pacemaker was inserted was the patient's condition reversed.", "PMID": 315488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5042", "title": "[Use of electrical muscle stimulation for the prevention of neuormuscular disorders during 45 days' antiorthostatic hypokinesia].", "content": "Healthy test subjects exposed to a 45-day head-down tilting (- 6.5 degrees) showed a decline of the tone and strength of certain muscle groups, a decrease of leg circumference, a deterioration of the walking pattern, and a reduction of exercise tolerance (provocative tests with bicycle ergometry pedaling at a moderate and maximum rate). Electrostimulation of muscles applied by the Tonus-2 equipment for 30 min twice a day, 6 days a week helped to reduce the level of hypokinesia-induced disorders.", "contents": "[Use of electrical muscle stimulation for the prevention of neuormuscular disorders during 45 days' antiorthostatic hypokinesia]. Healthy test subjects exposed to a 45-day head-down tilting (- 6.5 degrees) showed a decline of the tone and strength of certain muscle groups, a decrease of leg circumference, a deterioration of the walking pattern, and a reduction of exercise tolerance (provocative tests with bicycle ergometry pedaling at a moderate and maximum rate). Electrostimulation of muscles applied by the Tonus-2 equipment for 30 min twice a day, 6 days a week helped to reduce the level of hypokinesia-induced disorders.", "PMID": 315494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5043", "title": "[Effect of vestibular stimuli on visual tracking with a limited tracking sector].", "content": "The paper presents the results of studying visual tracking of the targets which moved with a constant amplitude of angular displacement. The tracking was carried out during an interaction of vestibular and optic sensors. The tracking stability was related to the coincidence of the direction of vestibular and optic stimuli.", "contents": "[Effect of vestibular stimuli on visual tracking with a limited tracking sector]. The paper presents the results of studying visual tracking of the targets which moved with a constant amplitude of angular displacement. The tracking was carried out during an interaction of vestibular and optic sensors. The tracking stability was related to the coincidence of the direction of vestibular and optic stimuli.", "PMID": 315495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5044", "title": "Simultaneous measurement of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol.", "content": "A method for the selective measurement of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol has been developed. The two hydroxysecosteroids were measured in a control group and in a group of ambulatory patients treated chronically with anticonvulsant drugs. In both groups the serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol followed a log normal distribution. No significant difference could be elicited between the control and the treated groups for either hydroxysecosteroid. Furthermore the data shows how important is the dietary source of vitamin D in our environment.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurement of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol. A method for the selective measurement of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol has been developed. The two hydroxysecosteroids were measured in a control group and in a group of ambulatory patients treated chronically with anticonvulsant drugs. In both groups the serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol followed a log normal distribution. No significant difference could be elicited between the control and the treated groups for either hydroxysecosteroid. Furthermore the data shows how important is the dietary source of vitamin D in our environment.", "PMID": 315501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5045", "title": "Histiocytosis X of the ear and temporal bone: review of 22 cases.", "content": "Histiocytosis X encompasses three syndromes characterized by the idiopathic proliferation of histiocytes: eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schuller-Christian syndrome, and Letterer-Siwe disease. At the Mayo Clinic between 1926 and 1978, 22 patients with histiocytosis X had involvement of the ear or temporal bone. These patients comprised 15% of all patients with histiocytosis X seen during that period. The ages at onset of the disease ranged from 2 months to 49 years. The most frequent otologic symptom was aural discharge (15 patients), followed in frequency by swelling in the temporal region (11 patients), vertigo (6 patients), and deafness (5 patients). Clinical findings included otitis media (13 patients), otitis externa with or without granulation tissue (10 patients), and osteolytic lesions of the temporal bone (9 patients). A high index of suspicion is required to recognize the otologic manifestations of histiocytosis X for two reasons: the systemic manifestations of the disease are often so dramatic that the ear findings are overlooked, and the otologic findings of histiocytosis X can mimic more common diseases, including simple otitis externa, aural polyps, acute mastoiditis, chronic otitis media, and metastatic lesions.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X of the ear and temporal bone: review of 22 cases. Histiocytosis X encompasses three syndromes characterized by the idiopathic proliferation of histiocytes: eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schuller-Christian syndrome, and Letterer-Siwe disease. At the Mayo Clinic between 1926 and 1978, 22 patients with histiocytosis X had involvement of the ear or temporal bone. These patients comprised 15% of all patients with histiocytosis X seen during that period. The ages at onset of the disease ranged from 2 months to 49 years. The most frequent otologic symptom was aural discharge (15 patients), followed in frequency by swelling in the temporal region (11 patients), vertigo (6 patients), and deafness (5 patients). Clinical findings included otitis media (13 patients), otitis externa with or without granulation tissue (10 patients), and osteolytic lesions of the temporal bone (9 patients). A high index of suspicion is required to recognize the otologic manifestations of histiocytosis X for two reasons: the systemic manifestations of the disease are often so dramatic that the ear findings are overlooked, and the otologic findings of histiocytosis X can mimic more common diseases, including simple otitis externa, aural polyps, acute mastoiditis, chronic otitis media, and metastatic lesions.", "PMID": 315504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5046", "title": "Interactions of phospholipid vesicles with murine lymphocytes. I. Vesicle-cell adsorption and fusion as alternate pathways of uptake.", "content": "The interactions of mouse thymocytes with unilamellar phospholipid vesicles comprised of dimyristoyl lecithin (DML), dipalmitoyl (DPL), dioleoyl lecithin (DOL), and egg yolk lecithin (EYL) were examined in vitro. In cells treated with [3H]DML or [3H]DPL vesicles, electron croscope (EM) autoradiographic analysis showed most of the radioactive lipids to be confined to the cell surface. Transmission EM studies showed the presence of intact vesicles (DPL) and collapsed or ruptured vesicle fragments (DML) adsorbed to the surfaces of treated cells. In cells treated with DPL vesicles containing a water-soluble dye (6-carboxyfluorescein; 6-CF), most of the fluorescent vesicles were localized at the periphery of the treated cells. Furthermore, substantial fractions of the cell-associated DPL and DML could be released by a mild trypsinization without damaging the cells. These results suggest that the uptake of DML and DPL is primarily due to vesicle-cell adsorption. Such an adsorption process appears to be enhanced at or below the thermotropic-phase transition temperature of the vesicle lipid. Under certain conditions these adherent vesicles also formed patches or caps on the cell surface. In cells treated with DOL or EYL vesicles, transmission EM and EM autoradiography showed relatively little exogenous vesicle lipid located at the cell surface. Thymocytes incubated (37 degrees C) with [14C] EYL vesicles containing a trapped marker, [3H]inulin, incorporated both isotopes at identical rates. In separate experiments it was found that this marker was located inside the treated cells. Thymocytes treated with DOL vesicles containing 6-CF exhibited a uniform and diffuse distribution of dye in the internal volume of the cells. Little cell-associated EYL or DOL could be released by trypsinization. Evidence against endocytosis of intact vesicles as a major pathway of vesicle uptake is also presented. These observations, coupled with the demonstration of vesicle-cell lipid exchange as a minor component of vesicle uptake suggest that incorporation of EYL and DOL vesicles by thymocytes is primarily by vesicle-cell fusion.", "contents": "Interactions of phospholipid vesicles with murine lymphocytes. I. Vesicle-cell adsorption and fusion as alternate pathways of uptake. The interactions of mouse thymocytes with unilamellar phospholipid vesicles comprised of dimyristoyl lecithin (DML), dipalmitoyl (DPL), dioleoyl lecithin (DOL), and egg yolk lecithin (EYL) were examined in vitro. In cells treated with [3H]DML or [3H]DPL vesicles, electron croscope (EM) autoradiographic analysis showed most of the radioactive lipids to be confined to the cell surface. Transmission EM studies showed the presence of intact vesicles (DPL) and collapsed or ruptured vesicle fragments (DML) adsorbed to the surfaces of treated cells. In cells treated with DPL vesicles containing a water-soluble dye (6-carboxyfluorescein; 6-CF), most of the fluorescent vesicles were localized at the periphery of the treated cells. Furthermore, substantial fractions of the cell-associated DPL and DML could be released by a mild trypsinization without damaging the cells. These results suggest that the uptake of DML and DPL is primarily due to vesicle-cell adsorption. Such an adsorption process appears to be enhanced at or below the thermotropic-phase transition temperature of the vesicle lipid. Under certain conditions these adherent vesicles also formed patches or caps on the cell surface. In cells treated with DOL or EYL vesicles, transmission EM and EM autoradiography showed relatively little exogenous vesicle lipid located at the cell surface. Thymocytes incubated (37 degrees C) with [14C] EYL vesicles containing a trapped marker, [3H]inulin, incorporated both isotopes at identical rates. In separate experiments it was found that this marker was located inside the treated cells. Thymocytes treated with DOL vesicles containing 6-CF exhibited a uniform and diffuse distribution of dye in the internal volume of the cells. Little cell-associated EYL or DOL could be released by trypsinization. Evidence against endocytosis of intact vesicles as a major pathway of vesicle uptake is also presented. These observations, coupled with the demonstration of vesicle-cell lipid exchange as a minor component of vesicle uptake suggest that incorporation of EYL and DOL vesicles by thymocytes is primarily by vesicle-cell fusion.", "PMID": 315506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5047", "title": "Interactions of phospholipid vesicles with murine lymphocytes. II. Correlation between altered surface properties and enhanced proliferative response.", "content": "The effect of unilamellar lipid vesicles composed of dioleoyl lecithin (DOL), egg yolk lecithin (EYL), 1:1 EYL:cholesterol (Chol), dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL), and dimyristoyl lecithin (DML) on the mitogenic response in mouse lymphocytes was tested. Cortisone-resistant thymocytes were briefly treated with lipid vesicles and subsequently stimulated with concanavalin A (con A). All of the lipid vesicles induced an enhanced mitogenic response on day 3 as tested by [3H]TdR incorporation and by counting total cells. The order of enchanced [3H]TdR incorporation (less than or equal to 5.3 times the control) was DML greater than DPL greater than 1:1 EYL:Chol greater than EYL congruent to DOL greater than untreated control cells. These increases were paralleled by increased numbers of total cells. The response of spleen cells to a B-cell mitogen, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, was similarly enhanced by vesicle pretreatments in the same order. Vesicle treatments alone were not mitogenic Pretreatment of cells with lipid vesicles modified lectin binding: DML and DPL increased the binding of [125I]con A by three to four times the control, whereas 1:1 EYL:Chol, EYL, or DOL had little or no effect. The binding of [125I]phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) to vesicle-treated cells was indistinguishable from untreated cells. The lectin (con A; PHA-P)-induced agglutination of vesicle-treated cells was also modified by different lipid vesicles in the same order as the mitogenic response. Based on the results presented in the accompanying report [6], we find that the cell surface adsorption properties of the applied lipid vesicles correlate with their ability to enhance the mitogenic response, and that they modify agglutinability and lectin binding. These results are further discussed in terms of the possible alteration of membrane properties and subsequent cellular activity.", "contents": "Interactions of phospholipid vesicles with murine lymphocytes. II. Correlation between altered surface properties and enhanced proliferative response. The effect of unilamellar lipid vesicles composed of dioleoyl lecithin (DOL), egg yolk lecithin (EYL), 1:1 EYL:cholesterol (Chol), dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL), and dimyristoyl lecithin (DML) on the mitogenic response in mouse lymphocytes was tested. Cortisone-resistant thymocytes were briefly treated with lipid vesicles and subsequently stimulated with concanavalin A (con A). All of the lipid vesicles induced an enhanced mitogenic response on day 3 as tested by [3H]TdR incorporation and by counting total cells. The order of enchanced [3H]TdR incorporation (less than or equal to 5.3 times the control) was DML greater than DPL greater than 1:1 EYL:Chol greater than EYL congruent to DOL greater than untreated control cells. These increases were paralleled by increased numbers of total cells. The response of spleen cells to a B-cell mitogen, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, was similarly enhanced by vesicle pretreatments in the same order. Vesicle treatments alone were not mitogenic Pretreatment of cells with lipid vesicles modified lectin binding: DML and DPL increased the binding of [125I]con A by three to four times the control, whereas 1:1 EYL:Chol, EYL, or DOL had little or no effect. The binding of [125I]phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) to vesicle-treated cells was indistinguishable from untreated cells. The lectin (con A; PHA-P)-induced agglutination of vesicle-treated cells was also modified by different lipid vesicles in the same order as the mitogenic response. Based on the results presented in the accompanying report [6], we find that the cell surface adsorption properties of the applied lipid vesicles correlate with their ability to enhance the mitogenic response, and that they modify agglutinability and lectin binding. These results are further discussed in terms of the possible alteration of membrane properties and subsequent cellular activity.", "PMID": 315507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5048", "title": "Effects of in vivo priming on in vitro induction of cytotoxicity. I. Non-specific augmentation by in vivo presensitization with allogeneic or xenogeneic cells.", "content": "In vivo presensitization of donor mice of responding cells with third party cellular antigens augmented in vitro generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in allogeneic and xenogeneic combinations. In vitro induction of detectable cytotoxicity in presensitized responding cells required the incubation period needed for in vitro primary response. However, such cytotoxic T lymphocytes were generated after in vitro stimulation with monolayers of methylcholanthrene-induced tumor cells, UV-irradiated or heated spleen cells which had proved to be effective in secondary but not in primary response. Presensitized responding cells exposed to 600R-irradiation did not augment in vitro induction of cytotoxicity in normal responding cells. The augmenting effect of presensitized responding cells may be attributable to radiosensitive T cells which are in a transitional state in differentiation from typical unprimed cells to typical primed cells.", "contents": "Effects of in vivo priming on in vitro induction of cytotoxicity. I. Non-specific augmentation by in vivo presensitization with allogeneic or xenogeneic cells. In vivo presensitization of donor mice of responding cells with third party cellular antigens augmented in vitro generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in allogeneic and xenogeneic combinations. In vitro induction of detectable cytotoxicity in presensitized responding cells required the incubation period needed for in vitro primary response. However, such cytotoxic T lymphocytes were generated after in vitro stimulation with monolayers of methylcholanthrene-induced tumor cells, UV-irradiated or heated spleen cells which had proved to be effective in secondary but not in primary response. Presensitized responding cells exposed to 600R-irradiation did not augment in vitro induction of cytotoxicity in normal responding cells. The augmenting effect of presensitized responding cells may be attributable to radiosensitive T cells which are in a transitional state in differentiation from typical unprimed cells to typical primed cells.", "PMID": 315508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5049", "title": "Partial purification, physicochemical characterization and biological function of a rosette-decreasing factor (RDF) extracted from guinea pig thymus.", "content": "A factor that decreases rosette formation between guinea pig T-cells and rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) was extracted from the thymus of the guinea pig. The active factor could be extracted from the spleen as well as the thymus, but not from the liver or kidney. The active factor of the thymic extract was found in the precipitates produced by 80% saturated ammonium sulfate and it was separated from the water-soluble fraction of the precipitates. The molecular weight of the partially purified substance was estimated to range between 10,000 and 30,000 by filtration through a diaflow membrane. From the studies on physicochemical characterization, it might be a heat-resistant basic peptide probably bound to a ribonucleotide moiety. This factor reduced rosette formation between RRBC and guinea pig T-cells, but did not reduce erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosette formation. This factor also inhibited mitogen (concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin-P)- induced DNA synthesis of guinea pig lymphocytes and antigen-induced DNA synthesis of sensitized guinea pig lymphocytes.", "contents": "Partial purification, physicochemical characterization and biological function of a rosette-decreasing factor (RDF) extracted from guinea pig thymus. A factor that decreases rosette formation between guinea pig T-cells and rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) was extracted from the thymus of the guinea pig. The active factor could be extracted from the spleen as well as the thymus, but not from the liver or kidney. The active factor of the thymic extract was found in the precipitates produced by 80% saturated ammonium sulfate and it was separated from the water-soluble fraction of the precipitates. The molecular weight of the partially purified substance was estimated to range between 10,000 and 30,000 by filtration through a diaflow membrane. From the studies on physicochemical characterization, it might be a heat-resistant basic peptide probably bound to a ribonucleotide moiety. This factor reduced rosette formation between RRBC and guinea pig T-cells, but did not reduce erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosette formation. This factor also inhibited mitogen (concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin-P)- induced DNA synthesis of guinea pig lymphocytes and antigen-induced DNA synthesis of sensitized guinea pig lymphocytes.", "PMID": 315509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5050", "title": "Impact of computerized tomography on neuroradiological investigations in South Australia.", "content": "Although there has been a reduction in cerebral angiographic (33%), pneumoencephalographic (70%) and radionuclide brain scanning (28%) investigations since the introduction of computerized tomography in South Australia, there has been a significant increase (56%) in the total number of neuroradiological investigations performed. At the same time, the number of patients who underwent neuroradiological investigations has risen by 75%. This is equivalent to approximately one person in every 290 per year.", "contents": "Impact of computerized tomography on neuroradiological investigations in South Australia. Although there has been a reduction in cerebral angiographic (33%), pneumoencephalographic (70%) and radionuclide brain scanning (28%) investigations since the introduction of computerized tomography in South Australia, there has been a significant increase (56%) in the total number of neuroradiological investigations performed. At the same time, the number of patients who underwent neuroradiological investigations has risen by 75%. This is equivalent to approximately one person in every 290 per year.", "PMID": 315511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5051", "title": "Ontogeny of the cells synthesizing IgE reaginic antibodies.", "content": "IgE and IgD antibodies to ovalbumin were analyzed in animals immunized by three different techniques. The results showed that IgE and IgD immune responses could be induced more or less independently by different immunization schedules. Moreover, the triggering of the IgD membrane receptors of the IgE-B lymphoid cells which seems necessary to obtain a primary reaginic immune response, does not necessarily seem to induce an IgD immune response at the same time. We conclude IgE and IgD circulating antibodies are synthesized by two different B lymphoid cell lines.", "contents": "Ontogeny of the cells synthesizing IgE reaginic antibodies. IgE and IgD antibodies to ovalbumin were analyzed in animals immunized by three different techniques. The results showed that IgE and IgD immune responses could be induced more or less independently by different immunization schedules. Moreover, the triggering of the IgD membrane receptors of the IgE-B lymphoid cells which seems necessary to obtain a primary reaginic immune response, does not necessarily seem to induce an IgD immune response at the same time. We conclude IgE and IgD circulating antibodies are synthesized by two different B lymphoid cell lines.", "PMID": 315515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5052", "title": "Surface glycoproteins of resting and activated human T lymphocytes.", "content": "This review summarizes some recent studies on the surface glycoproteins of human thymocytes and T lymphocytes. Purified cells were surface labeled by the galactose oxidase-NaB3H4 or periodate-NaB3H4 techniques. The radioactive membrane glycoproteins were separated by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. Thymocytes and T lymphocytes show characteristic surface glycoprotein profiles which are easily distinguishable from those of the other main groups of human leukocytes. We observed specific changes in the surface glycoprotein patterns which correlate with the degree of maturation and functional activation of T cells. Surface molecules carrying T cell specific antigens were identified by immune-precipitation from lysates of surface labeled thymocytes and T lymphocytes using rabbit anti-human T cell antibodies. Finally we describe a leukocyte membrane glycoprotein which is a precursor of serum alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid).", "contents": "Surface glycoproteins of resting and activated human T lymphocytes. This review summarizes some recent studies on the surface glycoproteins of human thymocytes and T lymphocytes. Purified cells were surface labeled by the galactose oxidase-NaB3H4 or periodate-NaB3H4 techniques. The radioactive membrane glycoproteins were separated by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. Thymocytes and T lymphocytes show characteristic surface glycoprotein profiles which are easily distinguishable from those of the other main groups of human leukocytes. We observed specific changes in the surface glycoprotein patterns which correlate with the degree of maturation and functional activation of T cells. Surface molecules carrying T cell specific antigens were identified by immune-precipitation from lysates of surface labeled thymocytes and T lymphocytes using rabbit anti-human T cell antibodies. Finally we describe a leukocyte membrane glycoprotein which is a precursor of serum alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid).", "PMID": 315514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5053", "title": "Survival and DNA repair in ultraviolet-irradiated haploid and diploid cultured frog cells.", "content": "Survival and repair of DNA following ultraviolet (254-nm) radiation have been investigated in ICR 2A, a cultured cell line from haploid embryos of the grassfrog, Rana pipiens. Survival curves from cells recovering in the dark gave mean lethal dose value (Do) in the range 1.5--1.7 Jm-2 for both haploid and diploid cell stocks. The only significant difference observed between haploids and diploids was in the extent of the shoulder at low fluence (Dq), the value for exponentially multiplying diploid cells (3.0 Jm-2) being higher than that found for haploids (1.2 Jm-2). Irradiation of cultures reversibly blocked in the G1 phase of the cell cycle gave survival-curve coefficients indistinguishable between haploids and diploids. Post-irradiation exposure to visible light restored colony-forming capacity and removed chromatographically estimated pyrimidine dimers from DNA at the same rates. After fluences killing 90% of the cells, complete restoration of survival was obtained after 60-min exposure to 500 foot-candles, indicating that in this range lethality is entirely photoreversible and therefore attributable to pyrimidine dimers in DNA. Dimer removal required illumination following ultraviolet exposure, intact cells and physiological temperature, implying that the photoreversal involved DNA photolyase activity. Excision-repair capacity was slight, since no loss of dimers could be detected chromatographically during up to 48 h incubation in the dark and since autoradiographically detected \"unscheduled DNA synthesis\" was limited to a 2-fold increase saturated at 10 Jm-2. These properties make ICR 2A frog cells useful to explore how DNA-repair pathways influence mutant yield.", "contents": "Survival and DNA repair in ultraviolet-irradiated haploid and diploid cultured frog cells. Survival and repair of DNA following ultraviolet (254-nm) radiation have been investigated in ICR 2A, a cultured cell line from haploid embryos of the grassfrog, Rana pipiens. Survival curves from cells recovering in the dark gave mean lethal dose value (Do) in the range 1.5--1.7 Jm-2 for both haploid and diploid cell stocks. The only significant difference observed between haploids and diploids was in the extent of the shoulder at low fluence (Dq), the value for exponentially multiplying diploid cells (3.0 Jm-2) being higher than that found for haploids (1.2 Jm-2). Irradiation of cultures reversibly blocked in the G1 phase of the cell cycle gave survival-curve coefficients indistinguishable between haploids and diploids. Post-irradiation exposure to visible light restored colony-forming capacity and removed chromatographically estimated pyrimidine dimers from DNA at the same rates. After fluences killing 90% of the cells, complete restoration of survival was obtained after 60-min exposure to 500 foot-candles, indicating that in this range lethality is entirely photoreversible and therefore attributable to pyrimidine dimers in DNA. Dimer removal required illumination following ultraviolet exposure, intact cells and physiological temperature, implying that the photoreversal involved DNA photolyase activity. Excision-repair capacity was slight, since no loss of dimers could be detected chromatographically during up to 48 h incubation in the dark and since autoradiographically detected \"unscheduled DNA synthesis\" was limited to a 2-fold increase saturated at 10 Jm-2. These properties make ICR 2A frog cells useful to explore how DNA-repair pathways influence mutant yield.", "PMID": 315517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5054", "title": "Abnormal lymphocyte capping in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency disease.", "content": "Despite the presence of normal numbers and distribution of T and B lymphocutes and normal levels of serum immunoglobulins, a five-month-old infant failed to show any evidence of T-cell or B-cell immunity. In trying to identify a specific membrane abnormality as a potential cause of the immunologic dysfunction, we examined the lateral mobility of the cell-surface receptor for concanavalin A. In contrast to normal cells, in which the receptor is distributed uniformly over the cell surface, the patient's lymphocytes showed an unusually high accumulation of concanavalin A receptors in surface caps. This capping abnormality appeared in both T and B lymphocytes and was exaggerated by colchicine, an inhibitor of microtubule assembly. These findings support the theory that plasma-membrane-cytoskeleton interactions have a role in the expression of specific immunity; the findings also identify new areas that should be considered in trying to understand the primary immunodeficiency diseases.", "contents": "Abnormal lymphocyte capping in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Despite the presence of normal numbers and distribution of T and B lymphocutes and normal levels of serum immunoglobulins, a five-month-old infant failed to show any evidence of T-cell or B-cell immunity. In trying to identify a specific membrane abnormality as a potential cause of the immunologic dysfunction, we examined the lateral mobility of the cell-surface receptor for concanavalin A. In contrast to normal cells, in which the receptor is distributed uniformly over the cell surface, the patient's lymphocytes showed an unusually high accumulation of concanavalin A receptors in surface caps. This capping abnormality appeared in both T and B lymphocytes and was exaggerated by colchicine, an inhibitor of microtubule assembly. These findings support the theory that plasma-membrane-cytoskeleton interactions have a role in the expression of specific immunity; the findings also identify new areas that should be considered in trying to understand the primary immunodeficiency diseases.", "PMID": 315518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5055", "title": "The factor VIII abnormality in severe von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "We attempted to characterize the small amounts of factor VIII-related antigen detectable in the severe recessive form of von Willebrand's disease with newly developed radioimmunoprecipitin techniques and radiocrossed immunoelectrophoresis. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate factor VIII-related antigen in most patients tested even with the highly sensitive immunoradiometric assays. Using the newer techniques, we found antigen in the plasma of six of eight patients with severe von Willebrand's disease from different kindreds. Qualitative abnormalities of the trace quantities of factor VIII-related antigen were demonstrated in five of the patients, with absence or relative decrease of the larger, less anodal forms. In addition, five distinct patterns were observed, each suggesting a different molecular abnormality. Heterozygous parents had normal to moderately decreased factor VIII-related antigen, with normal crossed immunoelectrophoretic patterns. This study suggests that severe von Willebrand's disease is a heterogeneous syndrome with various underlying molecular defects.", "contents": "The factor VIII abnormality in severe von Willebrand's disease. We attempted to characterize the small amounts of factor VIII-related antigen detectable in the severe recessive form of von Willebrand's disease with newly developed radioimmunoprecipitin techniques and radiocrossed immunoelectrophoresis. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate factor VIII-related antigen in most patients tested even with the highly sensitive immunoradiometric assays. Using the newer techniques, we found antigen in the plasma of six of eight patients with severe von Willebrand's disease from different kindreds. Qualitative abnormalities of the trace quantities of factor VIII-related antigen were demonstrated in five of the patients, with absence or relative decrease of the larger, less anodal forms. In addition, five distinct patterns were observed, each suggesting a different molecular abnormality. Heterozygous parents had normal to moderately decreased factor VIII-related antigen, with normal crossed immunoelectrophoretic patterns. This study suggests that severe von Willebrand's disease is a heterogeneous syndrome with various underlying molecular defects.", "PMID": 315519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5056", "title": "[Tumors of the pineal region. Part I: neurologic and neuroradiologic symptoms in 23 patients].", "content": "After a short anatomical review about the neighbourhood of the lamina quadrigemina 23 patients with different processes in the pineal region were investigated with regard to their neurological symptoms and radiological findings. Symptoms of the eyes in conjunction with signs of elevated intracranial pressure in most of the cases show the way to the diagnosis which will be completed by ventriculography, angiography, and recently by computer tomography with regard to the expansion of the process; any prediction about the kind of tumour is possible only in a little percentage.", "contents": "[Tumors of the pineal region. Part I: neurologic and neuroradiologic symptoms in 23 patients]. After a short anatomical review about the neighbourhood of the lamina quadrigemina 23 patients with different processes in the pineal region were investigated with regard to their neurological symptoms and radiological findings. Symptoms of the eyes in conjunction with signs of elevated intracranial pressure in most of the cases show the way to the diagnosis which will be completed by ventriculography, angiography, and recently by computer tomography with regard to the expansion of the process; any prediction about the kind of tumour is possible only in a little percentage.", "PMID": 315522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5057", "title": "Spinal epidural neurostimulation for treatment of acute and chronic intractable pain: initial and long term results.", "content": "Spinal epidural neurostimulation, which evolved from dorsal column stimulation, has been found to be effective in the treatment of acute and chronic intractable pain. Urban and Hashold have shown that it is a safe, simplified alternative to dorsal column stimulation, especially because laminectomy is not required if the electrodes are inserted percutaneously. Percutaneous epidural neurostimulation is also advantageous because there can be a diagnostic trial period before permanent internalization and implantation. This diagnostic and therapeutic modality has been used in 36 patients during the past 3 years at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. Eleven of these patients had acute intractable pain, which was defined as pain of less than 1 year in duration. Initial postimplantation results from the 36 patients indicate that spinal epidural neurostimulation is most effective in treating the intractable pain of diabetes, arachnoiditis, and post-traumatic and postamputation neuroma. Long term follow-up, varying from 1 year to 3 years postimplantation in the 20 initially responding patients, indicates that the neurostimulation continues to provide significant pain relief (50% or greater) in a majority of the patients who experienced initial significant pain relief.", "contents": "Spinal epidural neurostimulation for treatment of acute and chronic intractable pain: initial and long term results. Spinal epidural neurostimulation, which evolved from dorsal column stimulation, has been found to be effective in the treatment of acute and chronic intractable pain. Urban and Hashold have shown that it is a safe, simplified alternative to dorsal column stimulation, especially because laminectomy is not required if the electrodes are inserted percutaneously. Percutaneous epidural neurostimulation is also advantageous because there can be a diagnostic trial period before permanent internalization and implantation. This diagnostic and therapeutic modality has been used in 36 patients during the past 3 years at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. Eleven of these patients had acute intractable pain, which was defined as pain of less than 1 year in duration. Initial postimplantation results from the 36 patients indicate that spinal epidural neurostimulation is most effective in treating the intractable pain of diabetes, arachnoiditis, and post-traumatic and postamputation neuroma. Long term follow-up, varying from 1 year to 3 years postimplantation in the 20 initially responding patients, indicates that the neurostimulation continues to provide significant pain relief (50% or greater) in a majority of the patients who experienced initial significant pain relief.", "PMID": 315523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5058", "title": "Application of metrizamide in the radiographic evaluation of the neurologically diseased patient.", "content": "Metrizamide (Amipaque) is a new water-soluble contrast agent for use in the intrathecal space. Extensive animal and clinical studies have demonstrated its low toxicity. The advantages to the use of metrizamide include the fact that it is miscible with cerebrospinal fluid and can fill narrow spaces, is sufficiently radiopaque to outline delicate structures within the central nervous system, is completely resorbed from the subarachnoid space, and, to date, has not been implicated in the formation of adhesive arachnoiditis. Application of metrizamide to the evaluation of neurologically diseased patients has included myelography, intracranial cisternography, and ventriculography, as well as various techniques in conjunction with computerized tomography. These various uses of metrizamide are discussed together with some indications and advantages. Metrizamide has now replaced Pantopaque and gas as the most commonly used intrathecal contrast agent at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas.", "contents": "Application of metrizamide in the radiographic evaluation of the neurologically diseased patient. Metrizamide (Amipaque) is a new water-soluble contrast agent for use in the intrathecal space. Extensive animal and clinical studies have demonstrated its low toxicity. The advantages to the use of metrizamide include the fact that it is miscible with cerebrospinal fluid and can fill narrow spaces, is sufficiently radiopaque to outline delicate structures within the central nervous system, is completely resorbed from the subarachnoid space, and, to date, has not been implicated in the formation of adhesive arachnoiditis. Application of metrizamide to the evaluation of neurologically diseased patients has included myelography, intracranial cisternography, and ventriculography, as well as various techniques in conjunction with computerized tomography. These various uses of metrizamide are discussed together with some indications and advantages. Metrizamide has now replaced Pantopaque and gas as the most commonly used intrathecal contrast agent at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas.", "PMID": 315524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5059", "title": "Familial amentia, unusual ventricular calcifications, and increased cerebrospinal fluid protein.", "content": "A sibship originally reported by Friedman and Roy as showing severe mental retardation, strabismus, hyperactive tendon reflexes, lalling speech, and foot deformities was restudied. Three major additional findings were noted. The cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration was increased two to three times above normal in four siblings who were available for study. Radiographs of cranial structures in three siblings showed identical pathologic intracranial calcifications which correspond in distribution to the choroid plexus. The choroid plexus was not demonstrable in one patient when radiolabeled 99m-Tc-pertechnetate was injected without perchlorate. Neuropathologic findings in one sibling included small subcortical heterotopias and atrophy of the choroid plexus with encasement by glial fibrils. These findings denote a new heredofamilial neurologic syndrome associated with mental retardation and a disorder of choroid plexus.", "contents": "Familial amentia, unusual ventricular calcifications, and increased cerebrospinal fluid protein. A sibship originally reported by Friedman and Roy as showing severe mental retardation, strabismus, hyperactive tendon reflexes, lalling speech, and foot deformities was restudied. Three major additional findings were noted. The cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration was increased two to three times above normal in four siblings who were available for study. Radiographs of cranial structures in three siblings showed identical pathologic intracranial calcifications which correspond in distribution to the choroid plexus. The choroid plexus was not demonstrable in one patient when radiolabeled 99m-Tc-pertechnetate was injected without perchlorate. Neuropathologic findings in one sibling included small subcortical heterotopias and atrophy of the choroid plexus with encasement by glial fibrils. These findings denote a new heredofamilial neurologic syndrome associated with mental retardation and a disorder of choroid plexus.", "PMID": 315525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5060", "title": "Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein levels in normal and toxemic pregnancy.", "content": "Maternal plasma levels of pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (PSBG) in 166 normal and 169 toxemic pregnancies were measured by radioimmunoassay in the third trimester. Individual PSBG levels were studied in 16 women during weeks 7 through 39 of normal pregnancy. The levels were found to increase as pregnancy progressed. During the third trimester neither normal nor toxemic pregnancies showed any circadian rhythm in PSBG levels. In toxemic pregnancies low PSBG values were seen mainly in cases with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Plasma PSBG concentrations at weeks 39-40 in toxemic patients correlated positively with placental weight. No such correlation was found in normal or toxemic pregnancies at 37-38 weeks or in either group between PSBG level and infant birth weight, birth length, or Apgar score. In toxemic pregnancies with low PSBG values during the last trimester, birth weights were somewhat lower than in those with normal levels. Thus, low levels of maternal plasma PSBG may reflect IUGR, but will be of little value for assessment of fetal condition at birth.", "contents": "Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein levels in normal and toxemic pregnancy. Maternal plasma levels of pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (PSBG) in 166 normal and 169 toxemic pregnancies were measured by radioimmunoassay in the third trimester. Individual PSBG levels were studied in 16 women during weeks 7 through 39 of normal pregnancy. The levels were found to increase as pregnancy progressed. During the third trimester neither normal nor toxemic pregnancies showed any circadian rhythm in PSBG levels. In toxemic pregnancies low PSBG values were seen mainly in cases with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Plasma PSBG concentrations at weeks 39-40 in toxemic patients correlated positively with placental weight. No such correlation was found in normal or toxemic pregnancies at 37-38 weeks or in either group between PSBG level and infant birth weight, birth length, or Apgar score. In toxemic pregnancies with low PSBG values during the last trimester, birth weights were somewhat lower than in those with normal levels. Thus, low levels of maternal plasma PSBG may reflect IUGR, but will be of little value for assessment of fetal condition at birth.", "PMID": 315526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5061", "title": "Implications of Ewald's second law for evaluation of vestibular function.", "content": "The significance of Ewald's second law in the evaluation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was investigated using the transfer characteristics of the vestibular and VOR systems in normal rabbits and rabbits in which one horizontal semicircular canal had been blocked. The transfer characteristics of the vestibular system were derived from the experimental results reported by Goldberg and Fern\u00e1ndez in 1971. A comparison was made of the properties of the bilateral and monolateral VOR systems with the predictions of a piecewise linear model of the vestibular system. The data received quantitatively collaborate the prediction of Ewald's second law as it applies to the VOR responses.", "contents": "Implications of Ewald's second law for evaluation of vestibular function. The significance of Ewald's second law in the evaluation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was investigated using the transfer characteristics of the vestibular and VOR systems in normal rabbits and rabbits in which one horizontal semicircular canal had been blocked. The transfer characteristics of the vestibular system were derived from the experimental results reported by Goldberg and Fern\u00e1ndez in 1971. A comparison was made of the properties of the bilateral and monolateral VOR systems with the predictions of a piecewise linear model of the vestibular system. The data received quantitatively collaborate the prediction of Ewald's second law as it applies to the VOR responses.", "PMID": 315530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5062", "title": "[Glomerulonephritis: critical evaluation of immunological tests performed routinely (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical value of the immunological tests performed routinely has been evaluated in 91 patients with various histological types of glomerulonephritis. An antigen possibly involved in the pathogeny of renal disease was found in 24% cases. However, in most instances no direct link between the presence of this given antigen and the disease could be observed. Therefore systematic investigations for antigens should be restricted to dosages of antistreptolysin and antinuclear antibodies and to determination of Hbs antigen. Immune complexes, which were observed in many cases, were of no discriminant value for the clinician. Dosages of the complement fractions and the determination of cryoglobulins can be helpful for diagnostic, follow-up and treatment. Our results justify a restricted selection of the routine immunological tests used in patients with glomerulonephritis. More specific investigations remain useful when they are clinically oriented.", "contents": "[Glomerulonephritis: critical evaluation of immunological tests performed routinely (author's transl)]. The clinical value of the immunological tests performed routinely has been evaluated in 91 patients with various histological types of glomerulonephritis. An antigen possibly involved in the pathogeny of renal disease was found in 24% cases. However, in most instances no direct link between the presence of this given antigen and the disease could be observed. Therefore systematic investigations for antigens should be restricted to dosages of antistreptolysin and antinuclear antibodies and to determination of Hbs antigen. Immune complexes, which were observed in many cases, were of no discriminant value for the clinician. Dosages of the complement fractions and the determination of cryoglobulins can be helpful for diagnostic, follow-up and treatment. Our results justify a restricted selection of the routine immunological tests used in patients with glomerulonephritis. More specific investigations remain useful when they are clinically oriented.", "PMID": 315538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5063", "title": "Covalent structure of subunits of bacterial luciferase: NH2-terminal sequence demonstrates subunit homology.", "content": "The heterodimeric subunit structure of bacterial luciferase was demonstrated more than 10 years ago. The enzymes from both Beneckea harveyi and Photobacterium fischeri have since been studied in detail; they each consist of two nonidentical subunits, designated alpha and beta. Both are required for bioluminescence activity, with the active center apparently confined to the alpha subunit. Amino acid sequence analysis of the NH2 termini of the alpha and beta subunits of the B. harveyi and P. fischeri luciferases not only confirms the earlier observation that the alpha subunits are homologous but also demonstrates that the NH2-terminal sequences of the beta subunits of the luciferases from the two genera are homologous. Furthermore, within each luciferase, the NH2-terminal sequences of the alpha and beta subunits are similar, suggesting the possibility that the genes coding, for alpha and beta may have arisen by gene duplication, presumably prior to divergence of the lines leading to present-day luminous bacteria.", "contents": "Covalent structure of subunits of bacterial luciferase: NH2-terminal sequence demonstrates subunit homology. The heterodimeric subunit structure of bacterial luciferase was demonstrated more than 10 years ago. The enzymes from both Beneckea harveyi and Photobacterium fischeri have since been studied in detail; they each consist of two nonidentical subunits, designated alpha and beta. Both are required for bioluminescence activity, with the active center apparently confined to the alpha subunit. Amino acid sequence analysis of the NH2 termini of the alpha and beta subunits of the B. harveyi and P. fischeri luciferases not only confirms the earlier observation that the alpha subunits are homologous but also demonstrates that the NH2-terminal sequences of the beta subunits of the luciferases from the two genera are homologous. Furthermore, within each luciferase, the NH2-terminal sequences of the alpha and beta subunits are similar, suggesting the possibility that the genes coding, for alpha and beta may have arisen by gene duplication, presumably prior to divergence of the lines leading to present-day luminous bacteria.", "PMID": 315557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5064", "title": "Mechanism of tumor promoter inhibition of cellular binding of epidermal growth factor.", "content": "In previous studies we demonstrated that the tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and related macrocyclic diterpenes are potent inhibitors of the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to its cell surface receptors in HeLa cells. The present study explores the specificity and mechanism of this effect. We have found that the same effect is observed in various cell types derived from mice, rats, or humans. In HeLa cells TPA inhibits the initial binding of EGF and also accelerates the loss of previously bound EGF from cells. The released EGF is recovered largely intact in the medium, indicating that TPA does not induce increased proteolysis or increased cellular internalization and degradation of EGF. The TPA effect on EGF receptors is mediated by a highly temperature-dependent process because TPA inhibition of EGF binding, and TPA-induced release of prebound EGF, are much greater at 37 degrees C or 22 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. A curious feature is that when cells are grown in TPA for one or more days they escape or become refractory to TPA inhibition of EGF binding. Taken together, these results suggest that TPA inhibits EGF binding not by binding directly to the \"active site\" of the EGF receptor but by indirectly altering the conformation or inducing the clustering of EGF receptors. These and other membrane effects of this tumor promoter suggest that it is a valuable probe for elucidating complex aspects of membrane structure and function.", "contents": "Mechanism of tumor promoter inhibition of cellular binding of epidermal growth factor. In previous studies we demonstrated that the tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and related macrocyclic diterpenes are potent inhibitors of the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to its cell surface receptors in HeLa cells. The present study explores the specificity and mechanism of this effect. We have found that the same effect is observed in various cell types derived from mice, rats, or humans. In HeLa cells TPA inhibits the initial binding of EGF and also accelerates the loss of previously bound EGF from cells. The released EGF is recovered largely intact in the medium, indicating that TPA does not induce increased proteolysis or increased cellular internalization and degradation of EGF. The TPA effect on EGF receptors is mediated by a highly temperature-dependent process because TPA inhibition of EGF binding, and TPA-induced release of prebound EGF, are much greater at 37 degrees C or 22 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. A curious feature is that when cells are grown in TPA for one or more days they escape or become refractory to TPA inhibition of EGF binding. Taken together, these results suggest that TPA inhibits EGF binding not by binding directly to the \"active site\" of the EGF receptor but by indirectly altering the conformation or inducing the clustering of EGF receptors. These and other membrane effects of this tumor promoter suggest that it is a valuable probe for elucidating complex aspects of membrane structure and function.", "PMID": 315558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5065", "title": "Evidence for a large internal pressure in biological membranes.", "content": "We have developed a method (hygroscopic desorption) for measuring the binding of small molecules to membranes. With this method, we have found that the binding of the amphipathic compounds chlorpromazine, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 1-decanol to various cell membranes is remarkably low, with partition coefficients, Kp, no larger than about 0.1. On the other hand, with phospholipid vesicles of large or small diameters, Kp values for these compounds were much larger. The results suggest that there exists in membranes a large internal pressure that excludes the amphipaths from the membranes and that does not exist in phospholipid vesicles.", "contents": "Evidence for a large internal pressure in biological membranes. We have developed a method (hygroscopic desorption) for measuring the binding of small molecules to membranes. With this method, we have found that the binding of the amphipathic compounds chlorpromazine, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 1-decanol to various cell membranes is remarkably low, with partition coefficients, Kp, no larger than about 0.1. On the other hand, with phospholipid vesicles of large or small diameters, Kp values for these compounds were much larger. The results suggest that there exists in membranes a large internal pressure that excludes the amphipaths from the membranes and that does not exist in phospholipid vesicles.", "PMID": 315559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5066", "title": "Tumor-enhancing suppressor activator T cells in spleens and thymuses of tumor immune mice.", "content": "Cells from the spleens and thymuses of BALB/c mice whose Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced, primary sarcomas have regressed 2-3 months earlier (\"MSV regressors\") or are in the process of regressing can, when adoptively transferred to syngeneic mice given MSV at the age of 20 days, prevent the natural regression of the MSV sarcomas in the recipient mice. The cells responsible for this tumor-enhancing effect express the Thy 1 marker. They are not demonstrable in the thymuses of normal untreated mice or in mice that have either been immunized against or are bearing methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. The tumor-enhancing cells are not destroyed after administration of 400 rads (1 rad = 1.00 x 10(-2) J/kg) of whole body radiation. However, the effect of the irradiated cells is seen only in the presence of a nonirradiated T-cell population, represented in the thymuses of normal control mice, with which we postulate that they interact. Studies on a transplantable, chemically induced, murine leukemia virus antigen-negative sarcoma, MCA-1460, further support the concept that relatively radioresistant thymus cells from immune mice can enhance tumor outgrowth by interacting with radiosensitive T cells that are present in nonimmune mice.", "contents": "Tumor-enhancing suppressor activator T cells in spleens and thymuses of tumor immune mice. Cells from the spleens and thymuses of BALB/c mice whose Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced, primary sarcomas have regressed 2-3 months earlier (\"MSV regressors\") or are in the process of regressing can, when adoptively transferred to syngeneic mice given MSV at the age of 20 days, prevent the natural regression of the MSV sarcomas in the recipient mice. The cells responsible for this tumor-enhancing effect express the Thy 1 marker. They are not demonstrable in the thymuses of normal untreated mice or in mice that have either been immunized against or are bearing methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. The tumor-enhancing cells are not destroyed after administration of 400 rads (1 rad = 1.00 x 10(-2) J/kg) of whole body radiation. However, the effect of the irradiated cells is seen only in the presence of a nonirradiated T-cell population, represented in the thymuses of normal control mice, with which we postulate that they interact. Studies on a transplantable, chemically induced, murine leukemia virus antigen-negative sarcoma, MCA-1460, further support the concept that relatively radioresistant thymus cells from immune mice can enhance tumor outgrowth by interacting with radiosensitive T cells that are present in nonimmune mice.", "PMID": 315560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5067", "title": "Platelet receptors for human Factor VIII/von Willebrand protein: functional correlation of receptor occupancy and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation.", "content": "Previous studies of von Willebrand disease indicate that a deficiency of blood clotting Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) activity is responsible for the failure of platelets to participate fully in the initial stages of hemostasis. We have recently identified specific FVIII/vWF binding sites on platelets, suggesting that the interaction of these sites with FVIII/vWF may be functionally important in the development of platelet clumps. We have now studied how different ristocetin concentrations, various known platelet aggregation inhibitors, and the exposure of platelets to proteases affect the ability of platelets to bind FVIII/vWF and to form aggregates. Our results demonstrate a highly significant linear correlation between the degree of FVIII/vWF receptor binding and the extent of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. Because neither FVIII/vWF binding nor platelet aggregation occurs after platelets are exposed to low concentrations of proteases, the FVIII/vWF receptors must be in the platelet membrane. We conclude that the interaction between FVIII/vWF protein and its receptors on the platelet membrane is an important mechanism by which platelet aggregation occurs during primary phase hemostasis.", "contents": "Platelet receptors for human Factor VIII/von Willebrand protein: functional correlation of receptor occupancy and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. Previous studies of von Willebrand disease indicate that a deficiency of blood clotting Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) activity is responsible for the failure of platelets to participate fully in the initial stages of hemostasis. We have recently identified specific FVIII/vWF binding sites on platelets, suggesting that the interaction of these sites with FVIII/vWF may be functionally important in the development of platelet clumps. We have now studied how different ristocetin concentrations, various known platelet aggregation inhibitors, and the exposure of platelets to proteases affect the ability of platelets to bind FVIII/vWF and to form aggregates. Our results demonstrate a highly significant linear correlation between the degree of FVIII/vWF receptor binding and the extent of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. Because neither FVIII/vWF binding nor platelet aggregation occurs after platelets are exposed to low concentrations of proteases, the FVIII/vWF receptors must be in the platelet membrane. We conclude that the interaction between FVIII/vWF protein and its receptors on the platelet membrane is an important mechanism by which platelet aggregation occurs during primary phase hemostasis.", "PMID": 315561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5068", "title": "Localization of spontaneously hyperactive B cells of NZB mice to a specific B cell subset.", "content": "NZB mice produce numerous autoantibodies and have a subpopulation of B cells characterized by marked spontaneous hypersecretion of IgM. The latter trait is determined by autosomal genes, in F1 hybrids of NZB and normal strains. We tested the hypothesis that the hypersecreting B cells of NZB mice are contained within a specific subpopulation by examining (CBA/N X NZB)F1 hybrids. CBA/N mice have an X-linked recessive defect that results in the absence of a functionally distinct B cell subpopulation and impaired antibody responses. The hyperactivity of B cells, characteristic of the NZB parent, was transmitted to the F1 female, but was not expressed by the F1 male, which manifested the CBA/N B cell hyporesponsiveness. By contrast, the NZB xenotropic virus was expressed equally by both male and female F1 mice. We conclude that the NZB B cell abnormality resides within the B cell subpopulation affected by the CBA/N mutation.", "contents": "Localization of spontaneously hyperactive B cells of NZB mice to a specific B cell subset. NZB mice produce numerous autoantibodies and have a subpopulation of B cells characterized by marked spontaneous hypersecretion of IgM. The latter trait is determined by autosomal genes, in F1 hybrids of NZB and normal strains. We tested the hypothesis that the hypersecreting B cells of NZB mice are contained within a specific subpopulation by examining (CBA/N X NZB)F1 hybrids. CBA/N mice have an X-linked recessive defect that results in the absence of a functionally distinct B cell subpopulation and impaired antibody responses. The hyperactivity of B cells, characteristic of the NZB parent, was transmitted to the F1 female, but was not expressed by the F1 male, which manifested the CBA/N B cell hyporesponsiveness. By contrast, the NZB xenotropic virus was expressed equally by both male and female F1 mice. We conclude that the NZB B cell abnormality resides within the B cell subpopulation affected by the CBA/N mutation.", "PMID": 315562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5069", "title": "Monoclonal antibody directed to a B-cell antigen present in rats, mice, and humans.", "content": "Spleen cells from a LEW.AVN rat immunized with cells from an MNR rat were fused with mouse myeloma cells to produce hybrid cell lines. One of these hybridomas produced a monoclonal antibody that was cytotoxic for bone marrow-derived (B) but not thymus-derived (T) cells. The antigen defined by this antibody is determined by a gene linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen is also present on B cells of most mouse strains and is determined by an MHC-linked gene in this species as well. In both rats and mice, the gene determining the antigen maps within the immune response region of the MHC. All human B-cell lines, but not T-cell lines, and B but not T cells of all human donors tested so far are also positive for this antigen. Among human-mouse somatic cell lines that have lost various human chromosomes, this B-cell antigen is present on all lines that are positive for HLA antigen but is absent from all lines that have lost HLA.", "contents": "Monoclonal antibody directed to a B-cell antigen present in rats, mice, and humans. Spleen cells from a LEW.AVN rat immunized with cells from an MNR rat were fused with mouse myeloma cells to produce hybrid cell lines. One of these hybridomas produced a monoclonal antibody that was cytotoxic for bone marrow-derived (B) but not thymus-derived (T) cells. The antigen defined by this antibody is determined by a gene linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigen is also present on B cells of most mouse strains and is determined by an MHC-linked gene in this species as well. In both rats and mice, the gene determining the antigen maps within the immune response region of the MHC. All human B-cell lines, but not T-cell lines, and B but not T cells of all human donors tested so far are also positive for this antigen. Among human-mouse somatic cell lines that have lost various human chromosomes, this B-cell antigen is present on all lines that are positive for HLA antigen but is absent from all lines that have lost HLA.", "PMID": 315563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5070", "title": "\"Hybrid\" synapses formed by foreign innervation of parasympathetic neurons: a model for selectivity during competitive reinnervation.", "content": "Selectivity of synapse formation after nerve regeneration was tested in the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion of frogs (Rana pipiens). First, we tested the ability of somatic motor axons to establish synaptic connections with denervated ganglion cells by implanting the hypoglossus nerve into the vagotomized heart. After several weeks, stimulation of the implanted hypoglossus mediated a parasympathetic-like inhibition of the heart rate, and synaptic responses produced by hypoglossal stimulation were recorded intracellularly in ganglion cells. Light and electron microscopy indicated that implanted hypoglossal nerve terminals contacted parasympathetic ganglion cells only on their axons and not on the cell body (where most vagal synapses are found in control animals). Second, we tested whether regenerating vagal preganglionic axons would complete with foreign (hypoglossal) terminals for innervation of cardiac ganglion cells. We allowed the vagus nerve to regenerate in animals in which the implanted hypoglossus had established functional contacts with the cardiac ganglion. Vagal axons were able to reinnervate the heart and reestablish synaptic connections on the cell bodies of ganglion cells. Furthermore, functional transmission at the foriegn (hypoglossal) terminals disappeared concomitant with vagal reinnervation.", "contents": "\"Hybrid\" synapses formed by foreign innervation of parasympathetic neurons: a model for selectivity during competitive reinnervation. Selectivity of synapse formation after nerve regeneration was tested in the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion of frogs (Rana pipiens). First, we tested the ability of somatic motor axons to establish synaptic connections with denervated ganglion cells by implanting the hypoglossus nerve into the vagotomized heart. After several weeks, stimulation of the implanted hypoglossus mediated a parasympathetic-like inhibition of the heart rate, and synaptic responses produced by hypoglossal stimulation were recorded intracellularly in ganglion cells. Light and electron microscopy indicated that implanted hypoglossal nerve terminals contacted parasympathetic ganglion cells only on their axons and not on the cell body (where most vagal synapses are found in control animals). Second, we tested whether regenerating vagal preganglionic axons would complete with foreign (hypoglossal) terminals for innervation of cardiac ganglion cells. We allowed the vagus nerve to regenerate in animals in which the implanted hypoglossus had established functional contacts with the cardiac ganglion. Vagal axons were able to reinnervate the heart and reestablish synaptic connections on the cell bodies of ganglion cells. Furthermore, functional transmission at the foriegn (hypoglossal) terminals disappeared concomitant with vagal reinnervation.", "PMID": 315564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5071", "title": "Transcatheter arterial occlusion in the management of rectosigmoidal bleeding.", "content": "Transcatheter arterial occlusion was performed in five patients with recurrent rectosigmoidal bleeding. Four had malignant neoplasms, and the fifth, an arteriovenous malformation. The superior hemorrhoidal artery was embolized in two patients, the inferior mesenteric artery in two, and the left internal iliac artery in one patient. In four patients, immediate and complete control of rectal bleeding was achieved, and gradual control was accomplished in the fifth patient. Left lower quadrant pain and fever developed in three patients. The possibility of rectosigmoidal bleeding from the internal iliac artery is stressed.", "contents": "Transcatheter arterial occlusion in the management of rectosigmoidal bleeding. Transcatheter arterial occlusion was performed in five patients with recurrent rectosigmoidal bleeding. Four had malignant neoplasms, and the fifth, an arteriovenous malformation. The superior hemorrhoidal artery was embolized in two patients, the inferior mesenteric artery in two, and the left internal iliac artery in one patient. In four patients, immediate and complete control of rectal bleeding was achieved, and gradual control was accomplished in the fifth patient. Left lower quadrant pain and fever developed in three patients. The possibility of rectosigmoidal bleeding from the internal iliac artery is stressed.", "PMID": 315576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5072", "title": "The diagnostic and therapeutic role of angiography in lingual arterial bleeding.", "content": "Selective external carotid angiography proved effective in the diagnosis of lingual arterial bleeding in seven patients. The cause of the hemorrhage was carcinoma of the tongue in six patients and stab wounds in one. Therapeutic Gelfoam embolization controlled hemorrhaging in four patients.", "contents": "The diagnostic and therapeutic role of angiography in lingual arterial bleeding. Selective external carotid angiography proved effective in the diagnosis of lingual arterial bleeding in seven patients. The cause of the hemorrhage was carcinoma of the tongue in six patients and stab wounds in one. Therapeutic Gelfoam embolization controlled hemorrhaging in four patients.", "PMID": 315577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5073", "title": "Spontaneous ventriculostomy and ventricular diverticulum.", "content": "Four cases of ventricular diverticulum are presented, 2 with spontaneous ventriculostomy. In 2 patients, the cause was monoventricular hydrocephalus through congenital stenosis of the foramen of Monro, with paraventricular diverticula and spontaneous ventriculostomy. Both patients had a cystic space in the quadrigeminal and supracerebellar cistern. In one patient during pneumoencephalography, the ventricular diverticulum filled via the ventriculostomy. The other 2 patients had congenital stenosis of the Sylvian aqueduct with the formation of a large supratentoria cyst connecting with the posterior part of the third ventricule.", "contents": "Spontaneous ventriculostomy and ventricular diverticulum. Four cases of ventricular diverticulum are presented, 2 with spontaneous ventriculostomy. In 2 patients, the cause was monoventricular hydrocephalus through congenital stenosis of the foramen of Monro, with paraventricular diverticula and spontaneous ventriculostomy. Both patients had a cystic space in the quadrigeminal and supracerebellar cistern. In one patient during pneumoencephalography, the ventricular diverticulum filled via the ventriculostomy. The other 2 patients had congenital stenosis of the Sylvian aqueduct with the formation of a large supratentoria cyst connecting with the posterior part of the third ventricule.", "PMID": 315578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5074", "title": "Cardiac imaging in nuclear medicine.", "content": "With the rapid improvement in instrumentation and radiopharmaceuticals, cardiovascular nuclear medicine has undergone dramatic growth. Radiotracer techniques for the estimation of myocardial blood flow, metabolism and cardiac hemodynamics have been accepted into routine clinical practice. These techniques are also providing sensitive tools to help us elucidate cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. This review explores a number of recent developments in this rapidly changing field.", "contents": "Cardiac imaging in nuclear medicine. With the rapid improvement in instrumentation and radiopharmaceuticals, cardiovascular nuclear medicine has undergone dramatic growth. Radiotracer techniques for the estimation of myocardial blood flow, metabolism and cardiac hemodynamics have been accepted into routine clinical practice. These techniques are also providing sensitive tools to help us elucidate cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. This review explores a number of recent developments in this rapidly changing field.", "PMID": 315579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5075", "title": "Myocardial positron tomography with manganese-52m.", "content": "The biodistribution of radiomanganese (54Mn) was studied in mice, rats, and dogs. Disappearance of radioactivity from the blood was extremely rapid, with a half-time of approximately 0.8 minutes. This resulted in very favorable myocardium-to-blood ratios, even at early times after administration. The myocardial uptake in dogs was greater than 3% at three and 15 minutes, with myocardium-to-blood ratios of about 40:1 at 15 minutes. Positron tomograms obtained with 52mMn clearly demonstrated regional myocardial perfusion. There was good correlation (r = 0.89) of microsphere-to-radiomanganese distribution in the infarcted dog heart.", "contents": "Myocardial positron tomography with manganese-52m. The biodistribution of radiomanganese (54Mn) was studied in mice, rats, and dogs. Disappearance of radioactivity from the blood was extremely rapid, with a half-time of approximately 0.8 minutes. This resulted in very favorable myocardium-to-blood ratios, even at early times after administration. The myocardial uptake in dogs was greater than 3% at three and 15 minutes, with myocardium-to-blood ratios of about 40:1 at 15 minutes. Positron tomograms obtained with 52mMn clearly demonstrated regional myocardial perfusion. There was good correlation (r = 0.89) of microsphere-to-radiomanganese distribution in the infarcted dog heart.", "PMID": 315580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5076", "title": "Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy.", "content": "This study indicates that viable Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis are not present or are present in small numbers in the mucosa of pigs dying of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy. The changes present in the mucosa are similar to those seen in pigs recovering from adenomatosis and the evidence obtained indicates that the intracellular organisms observed in this condition are indeed mucosalis. The presence of large amounts of IgA in the altered tissue of both proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy and porcine intestinal adenomatosis indicates that the failure to recover bacteria may be immunologically mediated but is not simply related to the presence or absence of antibody in the respective conditions.", "contents": "Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy. This study indicates that viable Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis are not present or are present in small numbers in the mucosa of pigs dying of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy. The changes present in the mucosa are similar to those seen in pigs recovering from adenomatosis and the evidence obtained indicates that the intracellular organisms observed in this condition are indeed mucosalis. The presence of large amounts of IgA in the altered tissue of both proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy and porcine intestinal adenomatosis indicates that the failure to recover bacteria may be immunologically mediated but is not simply related to the presence or absence of antibody in the respective conditions.", "PMID": 315603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5077", "title": "[Tomodensitometry and spinal pathology].", "content": "The authors describe the possibilities and the limitations of the \"scanner\" in spinal pathology. Use of the third dimension and the certainty of absolute measurements, make this a very interesting method that can be applied to several areas of spinal pathology, especially traumatology and detection of primary and secondary tumors. It seems that this technique may be used in particular in the study of canal stenoses. There are future possibilities in view for segmentary densitometry, which gives better results than overall scintigraphy, especially in locating metastases. At present, studies are underway using contrast solution in order to study the possibilities of interpreting the content-container relationship.", "contents": "[Tomodensitometry and spinal pathology]. The authors describe the possibilities and the limitations of the \"scanner\" in spinal pathology. Use of the third dimension and the certainty of absolute measurements, make this a very interesting method that can be applied to several areas of spinal pathology, especially traumatology and detection of primary and secondary tumors. It seems that this technique may be used in particular in the study of canal stenoses. There are future possibilities in view for segmentary densitometry, which gives better results than overall scintigraphy, especially in locating metastases. At present, studies are underway using contrast solution in order to study the possibilities of interpreting the content-container relationship.", "PMID": 315609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5078", "title": "[Antinuclear antibodies: immunological characteristics and clinical significance].", "content": "Fifty sera containing antinucleolar antibodies were o gathered in a routine laboratory during testing for antinuclear antibodies with indirect immun-fluorescence over a five-year period. The patients involved were suffering from sclerodermia (13 cases), rheumatoid arthritis (7 cases), polymyositis (3 cases), lupus (2 cases), various rhumatismal disease (59 cases) and non rhumatismal diseases in 16 cases, including 5 malignant diseases. In 80 per cent of the cases nucleolar fluorescence was combined with nuclear fluorescence of another type. The antibodies were almost always of the IgG category and belonged in 2/3 of cases to several immunoglobulin categories, most often IgG-IgA. Pretreatment of the liver cuttings with RNase always modifies the nucleolar fluorescence, most often making it negative, and pretreatment with DNase using a combination of enzymes 10 times higher also modifies it (more often decreasing it than making it negative), which indicates that the nucleolar antigen, probably an ARN with a low molecular weight, also depends upon the ADN.", "contents": "[Antinuclear antibodies: immunological characteristics and clinical significance]. Fifty sera containing antinucleolar antibodies were o gathered in a routine laboratory during testing for antinuclear antibodies with indirect immun-fluorescence over a five-year period. The patients involved were suffering from sclerodermia (13 cases), rheumatoid arthritis (7 cases), polymyositis (3 cases), lupus (2 cases), various rhumatismal disease (59 cases) and non rhumatismal diseases in 16 cases, including 5 malignant diseases. In 80 per cent of the cases nucleolar fluorescence was combined with nuclear fluorescence of another type. The antibodies were almost always of the IgG category and belonged in 2/3 of cases to several immunoglobulin categories, most often IgG-IgA. Pretreatment of the liver cuttings with RNase always modifies the nucleolar fluorescence, most often making it negative, and pretreatment with DNase using a combination of enzymes 10 times higher also modifies it (more often decreasing it than making it negative), which indicates that the nucleolar antigen, probably an ARN with a low molecular weight, also depends upon the ADN.", "PMID": 315610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5079", "title": "[Changes in blood calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels in rheumatoid polyarthritis and other types of inflammatory rheumatism].", "content": "Albuminemia, calcemia, phosphoremia and alcaline phosphatasemia were measured in three groups of 52 subjects each : rheumatoid arthrits, inflammatory rheumatisms other than rheumatoid arthritis and lumbarthrosics serving as a reference group. Calcemia and albuminemia were significantly lower in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, whose calcemia corrected in relation to albuminemia is, on the other hand, normal : the increase in corrected calcemia pointed out by Kennedy, was not noted. Corrected calcemia was also normal in ankylosing spondylitis, but it was significantly higher in polymyalgia rheumatica. Phosphoremia was shown to be normal but alkaline phosphatases were higher than normal in the three groups.", "contents": "[Changes in blood calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels in rheumatoid polyarthritis and other types of inflammatory rheumatism]. Albuminemia, calcemia, phosphoremia and alcaline phosphatasemia were measured in three groups of 52 subjects each : rheumatoid arthrits, inflammatory rheumatisms other than rheumatoid arthritis and lumbarthrosics serving as a reference group. Calcemia and albuminemia were significantly lower in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, whose calcemia corrected in relation to albuminemia is, on the other hand, normal : the increase in corrected calcemia pointed out by Kennedy, was not noted. Corrected calcemia was also normal in ankylosing spondylitis, but it was significantly higher in polymyalgia rheumatica. Phosphoremia was shown to be normal but alkaline phosphatases were higher than normal in the three groups.", "PMID": 315611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5080", "title": "[Absence of circulating immune complexes and of serum anti-IgG antibodies during ankylosing spondylarthritis].", "content": "The sera of 161 subjects hospitalized in a rheumatology department were tested for anti-IgG antibodies using a \"PEG radioimmunoprecipitation assay\" (RIPEGA), for circulating immune complexes using the liaison test with Clq 125I, and dosage of complement and its metabolites. No significant difference was found between the group of 37 ankylosing spondylitis and the group of 44 control subjects. The results were identical, whatever the form of the disease, be it peripheral or central, and evolutive or non evolutive. On the contrary, the study of the rheumatoid arthritis (47 seropositive and 34 seronegative) provided results in conformity to previous works. The different physiopathogenic origin of these two chronic inflammatory rheumatisms is discussed by the authors.", "contents": "[Absence of circulating immune complexes and of serum anti-IgG antibodies during ankylosing spondylarthritis]. The sera of 161 subjects hospitalized in a rheumatology department were tested for anti-IgG antibodies using a \"PEG radioimmunoprecipitation assay\" (RIPEGA), for circulating immune complexes using the liaison test with Clq 125I, and dosage of complement and its metabolites. No significant difference was found between the group of 37 ankylosing spondylitis and the group of 44 control subjects. The results were identical, whatever the form of the disease, be it peripheral or central, and evolutive or non evolutive. On the contrary, the study of the rheumatoid arthritis (47 seropositive and 34 seronegative) provided results in conformity to previous works. The different physiopathogenic origin of these two chronic inflammatory rheumatisms is discussed by the authors.", "PMID": 315612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5081", "title": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children.", "content": "Previous descriptions of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia have emphasized a variety of radiographic patterns which most often apply to advanced disease. We reviewed the chest roentgenograms of children taken at or just after the onset of clinical symptoms. Subtle but definite abnormalities of pulmonary vessels, hila, parenchyma, and aeration were observed. Appreciation of these early changes is necessary to initiate prompt treatment. The role of lung biopsy and the histologic features of these patients are also discussed.", "contents": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children. Previous descriptions of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia have emphasized a variety of radiographic patterns which most often apply to advanced disease. We reviewed the chest roentgenograms of children taken at or just after the onset of clinical symptoms. Subtle but definite abnormalities of pulmonary vessels, hila, parenchyma, and aeration were observed. Appreciation of these early changes is necessary to initiate prompt treatment. The role of lung biopsy and the histologic features of these patients are also discussed.", "PMID": 315614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5082", "title": "Postpartum examination: a reevaluation.", "content": "Four hundred patients were polled to determine their attitudes and experiences regarding birth control measures, length of postpartum bleeding, and compliance with the advice to avoid sexual intercourse until the postpartum examination. As postpartum bleeding decreases and/or stops, there is a marked tendency for patients to resume full activity. Many patients resume coitus very early and participate frequently with apparent significant complication.", "contents": "Postpartum examination: a reevaluation. Four hundred patients were polled to determine their attitudes and experiences regarding birth control measures, length of postpartum bleeding, and compliance with the advice to avoid sexual intercourse until the postpartum examination. As postpartum bleeding decreases and/or stops, there is a marked tendency for patients to resume full activity. Many patients resume coitus very early and participate frequently with apparent significant complication.", "PMID": 315615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5083", "title": "Estrogen-progestogen therapy for gastrointestinal bleeding in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.", "content": "Described is a patient with severe iron deficiency anemia and chronic gastrointestinal bleeding caused by hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia who was successfully treated with a combination of estrogen and progestogen.", "contents": "Estrogen-progestogen therapy for gastrointestinal bleeding in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Described is a patient with severe iron deficiency anemia and chronic gastrointestinal bleeding caused by hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia who was successfully treated with a combination of estrogen and progestogen.", "PMID": 315616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5084", "title": "Hepatic infections. Part II. The effect of acute and chronic hepatitis B antigenaemia on the reaction to antibodies to sheep red cells (microbial antigens) and human T-activated cells (exposed autologous tissue antigens).", "content": "Using the agglutination of sheep red cells by human antibodies as an indicator of microbial antibody activity, a highly significant association was found between the response to the e antigen of the hepatitis B virus and the formation of strong antibody levels to microbial substances (chi 2(1) = 33). This kind of association was not found among chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus who do not produce antibodies to the e antigen (chi 2(1) = 3,7). In the presence of e antigen activity, patients with acute virus B hepatitis almost always show significantly reduced levels of antibodies to microbial substances (chi 2(1) = 20). The findings indirectly reveal that e activity is associated with the inability of the liver to trap bacterial antigens. Circumstantial evidence further suggests that the e factor may bear antigens on its immunoglobulin-like structure very similar to microbial cell wall components. Accepting that human antibodies to the T (Thomsen-Friedenreich) antigen represent reactions to cryptantigenic membrane structure of autologous tissues, it was significant to record that increased anti-t activity is always demonstrated when virus B infections progress from the acute to the chronic carrier stage (chi 2(1) = 73). The most intense anti-T activity is commonly found in subjects who produce antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen (chi 2(1) = 138). In the presence of e antigen the amount of anti-T in circulation is always significantly depressed. Since this type of depression is not seen in patients with acute virus B hepatitis who lack the e antigen, we suspect that the reduced anti-T levels in e antigen-positive patients are linked with the in vivo exposure of T receptors by microbial neuraminidase.", "contents": "Hepatic infections. Part II. The effect of acute and chronic hepatitis B antigenaemia on the reaction to antibodies to sheep red cells (microbial antigens) and human T-activated cells (exposed autologous tissue antigens). Using the agglutination of sheep red cells by human antibodies as an indicator of microbial antibody activity, a highly significant association was found between the response to the e antigen of the hepatitis B virus and the formation of strong antibody levels to microbial substances (chi 2(1) = 33). This kind of association was not found among chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus who do not produce antibodies to the e antigen (chi 2(1) = 3,7). In the presence of e antigen activity, patients with acute virus B hepatitis almost always show significantly reduced levels of antibodies to microbial substances (chi 2(1) = 20). The findings indirectly reveal that e activity is associated with the inability of the liver to trap bacterial antigens. Circumstantial evidence further suggests that the e factor may bear antigens on its immunoglobulin-like structure very similar to microbial cell wall components. Accepting that human antibodies to the T (Thomsen-Friedenreich) antigen represent reactions to cryptantigenic membrane structure of autologous tissues, it was significant to record that increased anti-t activity is always demonstrated when virus B infections progress from the acute to the chronic carrier stage (chi 2(1) = 73). The most intense anti-T activity is commonly found in subjects who produce antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen (chi 2(1) = 138). In the presence of e antigen the amount of anti-T in circulation is always significantly depressed. Since this type of depression is not seen in patients with acute virus B hepatitis who lack the e antigen, we suspect that the reduced anti-T levels in e antigen-positive patients are linked with the in vivo exposure of T receptors by microbial neuraminidase.", "PMID": 315618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5085", "title": "[Results of the treatment of myeloma with a vincristine-melphalan combination].", "content": "The authors report the results obtained in a series of 20 multiple myelomas by an association Vincristin-Melphalan with a maximum therapeutic survival of 65 months. The median of survival is established at 27 months. The differences are a function of the initial values of the calcemia, the level of hemoglobin, the percentage of medullary plasmocytosis, but the essential factors appear to be the delay in the treatment, the stage of development established according to Salmon and Durie and particularly the presence or absence of a renal involvement. We have seen important fluctuations of certain immune parameters, particularly level of sheep rosettes and B cells detected by immunofluorescence.", "contents": "[Results of the treatment of myeloma with a vincristine-melphalan combination]. The authors report the results obtained in a series of 20 multiple myelomas by an association Vincristin-Melphalan with a maximum therapeutic survival of 65 months. The median of survival is established at 27 months. The differences are a function of the initial values of the calcemia, the level of hemoglobin, the percentage of medullary plasmocytosis, but the essential factors appear to be the delay in the treatment, the stage of development established according to Salmon and Durie and particularly the presence or absence of a renal involvement. We have seen important fluctuations of certain immune parameters, particularly level of sheep rosettes and B cells detected by immunofluorescence.", "PMID": 315613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5086", "title": "Immunodiagnostic test for the early detection of carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "A cytotoxic assay for the identification of circulating lymphocytes bearing surface ferritin was performed on 100 patients with malignant disease of the breast and in 50 healthy women. Forty-five patients were found to have a subpopulation of ferritin bearing lymphocytes, and all of them proved to have Stages I and II carcinoma of the breast. No such lymphocytes were identified in normal women, and in the remaining 55 patients, 33 had benign disease of the breast, 20 had Stage III carcinoma of the breast and two had Stages I and II carc-noma of the breast. It appears that this immunodiagnostic test may provide an additional tool for the early detection of carcinoma of the breast and may have a prognostic implication.", "contents": "Immunodiagnostic test for the early detection of carcinoma of the breast. A cytotoxic assay for the identification of circulating lymphocytes bearing surface ferritin was performed on 100 patients with malignant disease of the breast and in 50 healthy women. Forty-five patients were found to have a subpopulation of ferritin bearing lymphocytes, and all of them proved to have Stages I and II carcinoma of the breast. No such lymphocytes were identified in normal women, and in the remaining 55 patients, 33 had benign disease of the breast, 20 had Stage III carcinoma of the breast and two had Stages I and II carc-noma of the breast. It appears that this immunodiagnostic test may provide an additional tool for the early detection of carcinoma of the breast and may have a prognostic implication.", "PMID": 315619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5087", "title": "Arteriovenous malformations of the intestine.", "content": "Arteriovenous malforamtions of the intestine are recognized as an uncommon cause of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. In previous reports, the role of selective mesenteric angiography in the localization of the lesion has been emphasized; with confirmation by in vitro injection of radioopaque dye into the resected specimen. The histologic appearances of arteriovenous malformations are well recognized, although terminology is still confused. In this report, two distinct entities of small vessel malformation are described and the terms submucosal endothelial angiodysplasia and submucosal fibromuscular angiodysplasia are offered.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformations of the intestine. Arteriovenous malforamtions of the intestine are recognized as an uncommon cause of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. In previous reports, the role of selective mesenteric angiography in the localization of the lesion has been emphasized; with confirmation by in vitro injection of radioopaque dye into the resected specimen. The histologic appearances of arteriovenous malformations are well recognized, although terminology is still confused. In this report, two distinct entities of small vessel malformation are described and the terms submucosal endothelial angiodysplasia and submucosal fibromuscular angiodysplasia are offered.", "PMID": 315620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5088", "title": "Thrombosis of the portal vein following distal splenorenal shunt.", "content": "Portal vein thrombosis with a patent shunt is a distinct clinical entity which can follow selective distal splenorenal shunt and should be looked for in patients in whom ascites and abdominal pain develop postoperatively. Possible mechanisms include an increase in blood viscosity and a decrease in portal flow which may be aggravated by inadequate devascularization.", "contents": "Thrombosis of the portal vein following distal splenorenal shunt. Portal vein thrombosis with a patent shunt is a distinct clinical entity which can follow selective distal splenorenal shunt and should be looked for in patients in whom ascites and abdominal pain develop postoperatively. Possible mechanisms include an increase in blood viscosity and a decrease in portal flow which may be aggravated by inadequate devascularization.", "PMID": 315621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5089", "title": "Immunosuppressive antilymphocyte serum. III. Different subpopulations of T lymphocytes are influenced at different doses of antilymphocyte serum.", "content": "In these experiments, we have examined the effect of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) on T lymphocyte subpopulations in animals receiving nonimmunosuppressive, weakly immunosuppressive, and strongly immunosuppressive doses of different pools of ALS. Nonimmunosuppressive (inactive) sera were defined by their inability to prolong Fischer skin grafts on Lewis recipients. Weak immunosuppression was considered to have been achieved at doses of active ALS that induced prolonged survival of Fischer skin homografts but not the more strongly antigenic Wistar-Furth homografts. Similarly, strong immunosuppression was induced with doses of active ALS that resulted in prolonged survival of not only Fischer but also the Wistar-Furth grafts. Examination of Lewis rats treated under these conditions indicated that weakly immunosuppressive ALS created a shift in peripheral T lymphocyte subpopulations with an increase in the absolute numbers of one subpopulation (lymphocytes capable of forming rosettes with guinea pig red blood cells in fetal calf serum). This population shift induced by active ALS was dose dependent and occurred in spleen slightly before lymph nodes. Nonimmunosuppressive antisera failed to induce this change. Moreover, although these doses of ALS were capable of prolonging the survival of Fischer skin grafts and inducing the population change, there was no loss of reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro. However, at doses of antiserum capable of prolonging the survival of Wistar-Furth skin grafts, the in vitro reactivity of T lymphocytes to these mitogens was more consistently suppressed. These data suggested that the degree of immunosuppression achieved with different pools or doses of ALS was attributable to variation in the susceptibility of different T lymphocyte subpopulations to suppression by ALS.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive antilymphocyte serum. III. Different subpopulations of T lymphocytes are influenced at different doses of antilymphocyte serum. In these experiments, we have examined the effect of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) on T lymphocyte subpopulations in animals receiving nonimmunosuppressive, weakly immunosuppressive, and strongly immunosuppressive doses of different pools of ALS. Nonimmunosuppressive (inactive) sera were defined by their inability to prolong Fischer skin grafts on Lewis recipients. Weak immunosuppression was considered to have been achieved at doses of active ALS that induced prolonged survival of Fischer skin homografts but not the more strongly antigenic Wistar-Furth homografts. Similarly, strong immunosuppression was induced with doses of active ALS that resulted in prolonged survival of not only Fischer but also the Wistar-Furth grafts. Examination of Lewis rats treated under these conditions indicated that weakly immunosuppressive ALS created a shift in peripheral T lymphocyte subpopulations with an increase in the absolute numbers of one subpopulation (lymphocytes capable of forming rosettes with guinea pig red blood cells in fetal calf serum). This population shift induced by active ALS was dose dependent and occurred in spleen slightly before lymph nodes. Nonimmunosuppressive antisera failed to induce this change. Moreover, although these doses of ALS were capable of prolonging the survival of Fischer skin grafts and inducing the population change, there was no loss of reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro. However, at doses of antiserum capable of prolonging the survival of Wistar-Furth skin grafts, the in vitro reactivity of T lymphocytes to these mitogens was more consistently suppressed. These data suggested that the degree of immunosuppression achieved with different pools or doses of ALS was attributable to variation in the susceptibility of different T lymphocyte subpopulations to suppression by ALS.", "PMID": 315628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5090", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmias in the anesthetized patient.", "content": "Continuous monitoring of the electrocardiogram provides an opportunity for the veterinary surgeon to perform the surgical procedure in a safe and controlled manner. Arrhythmias can usually be eliminated by lowering the concentration of anesthetic and administering additional oxygen. Antiarrhythmic drugs are required when these measures do not control the problem and when surgery cannot be stopped. If a disturbance cannot be abolished or controlled with medication, the surgeon must weigh the potential gain of surgery against the potential risks of the arrhythmia.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmias in the anesthetized patient. Continuous monitoring of the electrocardiogram provides an opportunity for the veterinary surgeon to perform the surgical procedure in a safe and controlled manner. Arrhythmias can usually be eliminated by lowering the concentration of anesthetic and administering additional oxygen. Antiarrhythmic drugs are required when these measures do not control the problem and when surgery cannot be stopped. If a disturbance cannot be abolished or controlled with medication, the surgeon must weigh the potential gain of surgery against the potential risks of the arrhythmia.", "PMID": 315646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5091", "title": "Surgery of the trachea.", "content": "As our knowledge of the disease conditions affecting the airways increases, the opportunity and need to surgically invade these structures will increase accordingly. The importance of a carefully planned and excuted anesthetic protocol cannot be overemphasized; a well trained and experienced individual must monitor patients throughout the procedure and manipulate the anesthesia as required. With the use of current anesthetic equipment and techniques, the surgical correction of tracheal disorders can be accomplished safely.", "contents": "Surgery of the trachea. As our knowledge of the disease conditions affecting the airways increases, the opportunity and need to surgically invade these structures will increase accordingly. The importance of a carefully planned and excuted anesthetic protocol cannot be overemphasized; a well trained and experienced individual must monitor patients throughout the procedure and manipulate the anesthesia as required. With the use of current anesthetic equipment and techniques, the surgical correction of tracheal disorders can be accomplished safely.", "PMID": 315651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5092", "title": "Management of pyothorax.", "content": "Pyothorax is a serious disease process which requires both medical and surgical intervention. Late recognition, management problems, and likely recurrence make successful treatment difficult and often frustrating. Aims of therapy should be to avoid undue stress to the patient, to relieve respiratory distress by thoracocentesis, to eliminate infectious agents with antimicrobials, to remove pleural exudate, and to provide supportive care. Close monitoring of the patient is necessary to prevent iatrogenic complications such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, hypothermia, or hypoproteinemia. Exploratory thoracotomy for removal of granulomatous material and fibroelastic pleural \"peels\" is occasionally necessary to resolve compressive cardiopulmonary lesions.", "contents": "Management of pyothorax. Pyothorax is a serious disease process which requires both medical and surgical intervention. Late recognition, management problems, and likely recurrence make successful treatment difficult and often frustrating. Aims of therapy should be to avoid undue stress to the patient, to relieve respiratory distress by thoracocentesis, to eliminate infectious agents with antimicrobials, to remove pleural exudate, and to provide supportive care. Close monitoring of the patient is necessary to prevent iatrogenic complications such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, hypothermia, or hypoproteinemia. Exploratory thoracotomy for removal of granulomatous material and fibroelastic pleural \"peels\" is occasionally necessary to resolve compressive cardiopulmonary lesions.", "PMID": 315657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5093", "title": "[Cancer of the stomach complicated by profuse hemorrhage].", "content": "Hemorrhagic gastric cancer is noted in 4-25% of observations, according to the author--in 23.5%, profuse hemorrhages as reported by the author make 3.4% of the total number of recorded gastric cancer cases and 14.4% among hemorrhagic gastric cancers. To detect the source of bleeding is very difficult. In 37% of observations profuse gastric hemorrhage is the first sign of stomach lesion. Female patients show the predominance of cancer of the stomach body and 1st grade blood losses, male patients--cancer of the proximal gastric portion and 3d grade blood losses. In relation to the anatomical type of growth a saucer--shape cancer is predominant. Gastric hemorrhage is not a reliable sign of inoperability, radical operations were performed in 31% of patients with the postoperative mortality in 15.7%. The death rate in non-operated patients was 36.8%.", "contents": "[Cancer of the stomach complicated by profuse hemorrhage]. Hemorrhagic gastric cancer is noted in 4-25% of observations, according to the author--in 23.5%, profuse hemorrhages as reported by the author make 3.4% of the total number of recorded gastric cancer cases and 14.4% among hemorrhagic gastric cancers. To detect the source of bleeding is very difficult. In 37% of observations profuse gastric hemorrhage is the first sign of stomach lesion. Female patients show the predominance of cancer of the stomach body and 1st grade blood losses, male patients--cancer of the proximal gastric portion and 3d grade blood losses. In relation to the anatomical type of growth a saucer--shape cancer is predominant. Gastric hemorrhage is not a reliable sign of inoperability, radical operations were performed in 31% of patients with the postoperative mortality in 15.7%. The death rate in non-operated patients was 36.8%.", "PMID": 315662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5094", "title": "[Effects of thymosin on human blood lymphocytes in vitro].", "content": "The activity of thymosin obtained from calf thymus was examined in the tests in vitro: the reaction of spontaneous rosette formation, blasttransformation reaction to PHA and the reaction of leucocyte migration inhibition. It was demonstrated that the activity which stimulates T-lymphocytes would appear only in cases where donor lymphocytes show depletion in terms of rosette formation and blasttransformation. In some patients thymosin was found to produce the in vitro activation of cell anti-tumor immunity.", "contents": "[Effects of thymosin on human blood lymphocytes in vitro]. The activity of thymosin obtained from calf thymus was examined in the tests in vitro: the reaction of spontaneous rosette formation, blasttransformation reaction to PHA and the reaction of leucocyte migration inhibition. It was demonstrated that the activity which stimulates T-lymphocytes would appear only in cases where donor lymphocytes show depletion in terms of rosette formation and blasttransformation. In some patients thymosin was found to produce the in vitro activation of cell anti-tumor immunity.", "PMID": 315663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5095", "title": "[Studies on sensitization after repeated topic application of live attenuated influenza vaccine (Gripovax) (author's transl)].", "content": "A long term study with bivalent live influenza vaccine was carried out in 18 subjects with no previous history of egg protein hypersensitivity. Experimental conditions included a nine-fold vaccination schedule with collection of serum and nasal fluid. The parameters studied were determination of serium and local antibody formation as well as the demonstration of specific IgE antibodies in serum and nasal fluid. Our major interest was directed towards the question of potential sensitization after repeated doses of non-purified oral vaccine. The close medical follow-up of the subjects revealed no clinical signs of atopic reaction. There were no complaints regarding adverse reactions usually following local application of live influenza vaccines. Determination of total serum IgE rederately elevated levels before, during und after the trial; one vaccinated subject showed high concentrations prior to vaccination with no significant change during the experiment. That individual was ultimately classified atopic with a pronounced hypersensitivity to egg protein. Nevertheless this person tolerated nine doses of vaccine without side reactions and showed no significant increase in total or specific IgE antibodies. Concentrations of IgE in nasal secretion of non-atopic subjects are less than 2U/ml, whereas they are frequently higher in allergic patients and in the presence of nasal IgE levels greater than 4 U/ml one would expect a specific reaction to challenge allergens. In our vaccinees nasal IgE values were consistently within normal range, at no time exceeding 2.6 U/ml, even the atopic subject did not exhibit higher levels in nasal fluid. A correlation between systemic and local IgE antibodies revealed no pathognostic relations; in addition to this, specific IgE-serum-antibodies as measured in the RAST against ovalbumin allergen did not show any correlation to vaccination. These data present good evidence for the innocuity of the vaccine with regard to its repeated application in man.", "contents": "[Studies on sensitization after repeated topic application of live attenuated influenza vaccine (Gripovax) (author's transl)]. A long term study with bivalent live influenza vaccine was carried out in 18 subjects with no previous history of egg protein hypersensitivity. Experimental conditions included a nine-fold vaccination schedule with collection of serum and nasal fluid. The parameters studied were determination of serium and local antibody formation as well as the demonstration of specific IgE antibodies in serum and nasal fluid. Our major interest was directed towards the question of potential sensitization after repeated doses of non-purified oral vaccine. The close medical follow-up of the subjects revealed no clinical signs of atopic reaction. There were no complaints regarding adverse reactions usually following local application of live influenza vaccines. Determination of total serum IgE rederately elevated levels before, during und after the trial; one vaccinated subject showed high concentrations prior to vaccination with no significant change during the experiment. That individual was ultimately classified atopic with a pronounced hypersensitivity to egg protein. Nevertheless this person tolerated nine doses of vaccine without side reactions and showed no significant increase in total or specific IgE antibodies. Concentrations of IgE in nasal secretion of non-atopic subjects are less than 2U/ml, whereas they are frequently higher in allergic patients and in the presence of nasal IgE levels greater than 4 U/ml one would expect a specific reaction to challenge allergens. In our vaccinees nasal IgE values were consistently within normal range, at no time exceeding 2.6 U/ml, even the atopic subject did not exhibit higher levels in nasal fluid. A correlation between systemic and local IgE antibodies revealed no pathognostic relations; in addition to this, specific IgE-serum-antibodies as measured in the RAST against ovalbumin allergen did not show any correlation to vaccination. These data present good evidence for the innocuity of the vaccine with regard to its repeated application in man.", "PMID": 315676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5096", "title": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: epidemiology in Japan, and cyst concentration method.", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been markedly increasing recently in Japan. Most cases are seen after receiving anti-cancer and immunosuppressive therapy against their underlying diseases. No cases have been found in undernourished or premature infants. The authors proposed a new method which can concentrate the cysts efficiently from the human and animal lungs, and express the density of infection quantitatively at the same time. This method will especially be valuable to demonstrate the organism in light infection such as latent infection, after treatment, and so on.", "contents": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: epidemiology in Japan, and cyst concentration method. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been markedly increasing recently in Japan. Most cases are seen after receiving anti-cancer and immunosuppressive therapy against their underlying diseases. No cases have been found in undernourished or premature infants. The authors proposed a new method which can concentrate the cysts efficiently from the human and animal lungs, and express the density of infection quantitatively at the same time. This method will especially be valuable to demonstrate the organism in light infection such as latent infection, after treatment, and so on.", "PMID": 315677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5097", "title": "[Lymphotoxin production by human lymphocytes. III. The action of adenovirus antigen].", "content": "In lymphocyte cultures (LC) from 5 immune donors blast transformation occurred as a result of the stimulting action of adenovirus antigen; the supernatants obtained from these cultures produced a cytotoxic effect on L cells, thus suggesting the presence of lymphotoxin (LT). No blast transformation and no LT production were detected in nonstimulated LC used for control, as well as in LC from 9 nonimmune donors. LT production was shown to depend on the time elapsed after recovery from acute adenovirus infection. LT production was found to be most intensive during the first 2 months after recovery.", "contents": "[Lymphotoxin production by human lymphocytes. III. The action of adenovirus antigen]. In lymphocyte cultures (LC) from 5 immune donors blast transformation occurred as a result of the stimulting action of adenovirus antigen; the supernatants obtained from these cultures produced a cytotoxic effect on L cells, thus suggesting the presence of lymphotoxin (LT). No blast transformation and no LT production were detected in nonstimulated LC used for control, as well as in LC from 9 nonimmune donors. LT production was shown to depend on the time elapsed after recovery from acute adenovirus infection. LT production was found to be most intensive during the first 2 months after recovery.", "PMID": 315678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5098", "title": "[Further study of the problem of specific cellular receptors in delayed hypersensitivity].", "content": "The work presents the materials obtained as a result of the further study of specific T lymphocyte receptors with the use of so-called receptor antisera, i. e. antisera against the lymphoid cells of mice sensitized with one of the two antigens (Macobacterium tuberculosis or bovine gamma globulin); thus these differed from control antisera against the lymphoid cells of intact mice. These mouse antisera reacted with the lymphoid cells of guinea pigs in experiments of delayed-type hypersensitivity transfer. The cells of sensitized guinea pigs lost their ability to transfer hypersensitivity if, prior to their injection into the recipient guinea pigs, these cells were treated with the above-mentioned mouse antisera, i. e. antisera against the lymphoid cells of mice had a blocking effect on the lymphoid cells of guinea pigs. The blocking action of the antisera proved to be specific: antisera against the lymphoid cells of mice sensitized to bovine gamma gloublin blocked the cells of guinea pigs, also sensitized to bovine gamma globulins, but did not block the cells sensitized to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The control antisera, taken in the same doses as the factor antisera, did not show a blocking effect on the specific activity of lymphoid cells.", "contents": "[Further study of the problem of specific cellular receptors in delayed hypersensitivity]. The work presents the materials obtained as a result of the further study of specific T lymphocyte receptors with the use of so-called receptor antisera, i. e. antisera against the lymphoid cells of mice sensitized with one of the two antigens (Macobacterium tuberculosis or bovine gamma globulin); thus these differed from control antisera against the lymphoid cells of intact mice. These mouse antisera reacted with the lymphoid cells of guinea pigs in experiments of delayed-type hypersensitivity transfer. The cells of sensitized guinea pigs lost their ability to transfer hypersensitivity if, prior to their injection into the recipient guinea pigs, these cells were treated with the above-mentioned mouse antisera, i. e. antisera against the lymphoid cells of mice had a blocking effect on the lymphoid cells of guinea pigs. The blocking action of the antisera proved to be specific: antisera against the lymphoid cells of mice sensitized to bovine gamma gloublin blocked the cells of guinea pigs, also sensitized to bovine gamma globulins, but did not block the cells sensitized to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The control antisera, taken in the same doses as the factor antisera, did not show a blocking effect on the specific activity of lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 315679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5099", "title": "Intermittent claudication--epidemiology and natural history.", "content": "Epidemiological information on the prevalence, incidence and natural history of intermittent claudication and peripheral vascular disease is limited, partially by the limitation of techniques of their study. The available data from the literature are review and supplemented by results from an on-going survey the ankle blood pressure measurement with Doppler ultrasound.", "contents": "Intermittent claudication--epidemiology and natural history. Epidemiological information on the prevalence, incidence and natural history of intermittent claudication and peripheral vascular disease is limited, partially by the limitation of techniques of their study. The available data from the literature are review and supplemented by results from an on-going survey the ankle blood pressure measurement with Doppler ultrasound.", "PMID": 315680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5100", "title": "Intermittent claudication--pathophysiological considerations.", "content": "Intermittent claudication is a non-pathognomic symptom elicited by an inbalance between the metabolic demands of the exercising skeletal muscle and its blood supply. In normal conditions hyperemia to the working muscles will be impaired during the exercise by mechanical compression of the microvessels. The resulting anaerobic metabolism will cause further vasodilatation. Both phenomena (exercise and reactive hyperemia) contribute to a maximal increase in local blood flow as soon as the exercise is stopped. If the local circulation is impaired by occluding arterial disease (eventually complicated by aggravating factors) the tolerance to skeletal work is lowered and the circulatory reserves are entirely exhausted as demonstrated by the ischemic exercise-test. In the case of a major obstruction and poor collateralisation, a \"steel phenomenon\" may occur. The pharmacotherapeutic possibilities to cope with in this situation are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Intermittent claudication--pathophysiological considerations. Intermittent claudication is a non-pathognomic symptom elicited by an inbalance between the metabolic demands of the exercising skeletal muscle and its blood supply. In normal conditions hyperemia to the working muscles will be impaired during the exercise by mechanical compression of the microvessels. The resulting anaerobic metabolism will cause further vasodilatation. Both phenomena (exercise and reactive hyperemia) contribute to a maximal increase in local blood flow as soon as the exercise is stopped. If the local circulation is impaired by occluding arterial disease (eventually complicated by aggravating factors) the tolerance to skeletal work is lowered and the circulatory reserves are entirely exhausted as demonstrated by the ischemic exercise-test. In the case of a major obstruction and poor collateralisation, a \"steel phenomenon\" may occur. The pharmacotherapeutic possibilities to cope with in this situation are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 315681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5101", "title": "[Intermittent claudication. Introduction to clinical diagnosis].", "content": "The history and the physical examination are still at the basis of the approach of the patient suffering from intermittent claudication. The history makes clear the specific symptom and its localization. The evolution of the disease, the social and professional handicap are defined. Other troubles and other localizations of the vascular disease are recognized and the nature of the risk factors etablished. The physical examination indicates the pattern and the distribution of the vascular lesions and orientates the pathogenic investigations. A rough assessment of the insufficiency of the cutaneous and muscular circulation is also possible.", "contents": "[Intermittent claudication. Introduction to clinical diagnosis]. The history and the physical examination are still at the basis of the approach of the patient suffering from intermittent claudication. The history makes clear the specific symptom and its localization. The evolution of the disease, the social and professional handicap are defined. Other troubles and other localizations of the vascular disease are recognized and the nature of the risk factors etablished. The physical examination indicates the pattern and the distribution of the vascular lesions and orientates the pathogenic investigations. A rough assessment of the insufficiency of the cutaneous and muscular circulation is also possible.", "PMID": 315682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5102", "title": "Diagnostic work-up of patients with intermittent claudication.", "content": "In this paper a number of techniques are described that provide information concerning the functional disturbances caused by anatomic lesions within the vascular system in patients with intermittent claudication. These techniques are part of a currently growing entity that is called the \"Vascular Laboratory\". Main characteristics of these techniques are that they are painless, atraumatic and without any danger to the patient. Therefore, they can both be used for diagnosis as well as for follow-up of the patients. Moreover, many of them are useful for detecting stenotic lesions at an early stage of evolution. In any patient with intermittent claudication, the walking distance, oscillography at rest and after exercise and systolic blood pressure determination should be performed. Segmental plethysmography is extremely sensitive mainly when performed together with systolic blood pressure determination. Venous occlusion plethysmography has been significantly improved in recent years and is capable of providing direct information concerning the circulation through the diseased limb. There seems to be tremendous improvement in the techniques using ultrasound allowing presently construction of an anatomic picture of the vessels (Ultrasonic arteriography).", "contents": "Diagnostic work-up of patients with intermittent claudication. In this paper a number of techniques are described that provide information concerning the functional disturbances caused by anatomic lesions within the vascular system in patients with intermittent claudication. These techniques are part of a currently growing entity that is called the \"Vascular Laboratory\". Main characteristics of these techniques are that they are painless, atraumatic and without any danger to the patient. Therefore, they can both be used for diagnosis as well as for follow-up of the patients. Moreover, many of them are useful for detecting stenotic lesions at an early stage of evolution. In any patient with intermittent claudication, the walking distance, oscillography at rest and after exercise and systolic blood pressure determination should be performed. Segmental plethysmography is extremely sensitive mainly when performed together with systolic blood pressure determination. Venous occlusion plethysmography has been significantly improved in recent years and is capable of providing direct information concerning the circulation through the diseased limb. There seems to be tremendous improvement in the techniques using ultrasound allowing presently construction of an anatomic picture of the vessels (Ultrasonic arteriography).", "PMID": 315683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5103", "title": "Medical treatment in intermittent claudication.", "content": "A variety of measures advocated in the treatment of intermittent claudication are critically reviewed. Daily leg exercises increase the walking ability but the mechanism of this effect remains controversial. To date, doubt persists whether drugs, either vasodilating or antithrombotic, are of any clinical value in this condition.", "contents": "Medical treatment in intermittent claudication. A variety of measures advocated in the treatment of intermittent claudication are critically reviewed. Daily leg exercises increase the walking ability but the mechanism of this effect remains controversial. To date, doubt persists whether drugs, either vasodilating or antithrombotic, are of any clinical value in this condition.", "PMID": 315684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5104", "title": "Noonan's syndrome and cyanotic congenital heart disease. A report of 4 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "The clinical features of four adult patients with Noonan's syndrome and cyanotic congenital heart disease are presented. These findings, together with those of previously reported cases, illustrate the wide spectrum of cardiac anomalies that may be associated with the multiple somatic abnormalities of Noonan's syndrome.", "contents": "Noonan's syndrome and cyanotic congenital heart disease. A report of 4 cases and review of the literature. The clinical features of four adult patients with Noonan's syndrome and cyanotic congenital heart disease are presented. These findings, together with those of previously reported cases, illustrate the wide spectrum of cardiac anomalies that may be associated with the multiple somatic abnormalities of Noonan's syndrome.", "PMID": 315685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5105", "title": "The value of serum fibrinogen degradation products in the differential diagnosis between acute myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Serum-FDP was measured in 148 patients with AMI or pulmonary embolism within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms or within 48 hours of the admission to hospital. Within 48 hours of the hospitalisation 14.6% of the patients with AMI Rand 81.8% of the patients pulmonary embolism showed a serum-FDP elevation to over 10 units/ml. The use of the analysis is limited by the time which elapses until the result is available, by the short duration of the serum-FDP elevation and by the lack of specificity of the examination.", "contents": "The value of serum fibrinogen degradation products in the differential diagnosis between acute myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism. Serum-FDP was measured in 148 patients with AMI or pulmonary embolism within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms or within 48 hours of the admission to hospital. Within 48 hours of the hospitalisation 14.6% of the patients with AMI Rand 81.8% of the patients pulmonary embolism showed a serum-FDP elevation to over 10 units/ml. The use of the analysis is limited by the time which elapses until the result is available, by the short duration of the serum-FDP elevation and by the lack of specificity of the examination.", "PMID": 315686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5106", "title": "The fate of patients with intraventricular conduction disturbances complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The partial incidence and the early and late mortality were studied in 104 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by intraventricular conduction defects. Right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock had a greater incidence than the other conduction anomalies, while the hospital mortality was greater for the complete right bundle branch block combined with left anterior or posterior hemiblock, followed in order by complete left bundle branch block. Late morality was higher in cases with complete right bundle branch block combined with left posterior hemiblock and also in cases with focal block or left bundle branch block indicating a poor prognosis for these patients. For the rest sub-groups of patients late mortality was relatively low indicating the possibility of long survival after passing the acute phase. However, longer periods of observation are desirable for further estimation of their ultimate prognosis.", "contents": "The fate of patients with intraventricular conduction disturbances complicating acute myocardial infarction. The partial incidence and the early and late mortality were studied in 104 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by intraventricular conduction defects. Right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock had a greater incidence than the other conduction anomalies, while the hospital mortality was greater for the complete right bundle branch block combined with left anterior or posterior hemiblock, followed in order by complete left bundle branch block. Late morality was higher in cases with complete right bundle branch block combined with left posterior hemiblock and also in cases with focal block or left bundle branch block indicating a poor prognosis for these patients. For the rest sub-groups of patients late mortality was relatively low indicating the possibility of long survival after passing the acute phase. However, longer periods of observation are desirable for further estimation of their ultimate prognosis.", "PMID": 315687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5107", "title": "Potassium sparing effect of amiloride in patients receiving diuretics: a quantitative study.", "content": "This study was undertaken in order to assess the K+ sparing ability of amiloride. Thirty patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites or congestive heart failure were divided into three groups and treated with amiloride (Group A), hydrochlorothiazide (Group B) and amiloride plus hydrochlorothiazide (Group C) for 15 days. In all groups there was an increased diuresis while only in group A and C there was a statistically significant rise of K+ serum levels and a slight increment of K+ urinary loss. Total body K+ evaluated by 42K increased in group A and C while decreased in group B. Our results seem to confirm that amiloride has a mild diuretic action with a powerful K+ sparing capacity; amiloride is also able to counterbalance and reverse hydrochlorthiazide induced K+ urinary loss.", "contents": "Potassium sparing effect of amiloride in patients receiving diuretics: a quantitative study. This study was undertaken in order to assess the K+ sparing ability of amiloride. Thirty patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites or congestive heart failure were divided into three groups and treated with amiloride (Group A), hydrochlorothiazide (Group B) and amiloride plus hydrochlorothiazide (Group C) for 15 days. In all groups there was an increased diuresis while only in group A and C there was a statistically significant rise of K+ serum levels and a slight increment of K+ urinary loss. Total body K+ evaluated by 42K increased in group A and C while decreased in group B. Our results seem to confirm that amiloride has a mild diuretic action with a powerful K+ sparing capacity; amiloride is also able to counterbalance and reverse hydrochlorthiazide induced K+ urinary loss.", "PMID": 315689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5108", "title": "Ultrastructure and function of interdigitating cells in the guinea pig thymus.", "content": "Electron micrsocopic investigation of the thymus of normal guinea pigs of both sexes, approximately 3 months of age, have shown that the organ contains at least two types of non-lymphoid cells: epithelial reticulum cells and so-called interdigitating cells. The latter have been observed in the inner part of the cortex and are morphologically characterized by an irregularly shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus, many tubulovesicular cytoplasmic structures accumulated mostly within the cytocentre as well as by finger-like protrusions of the cytoplasm. These interdigitating cells are in close contant with neighbouring lymphocytes with partly destroyed pycnotic nucleus.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and function of interdigitating cells in the guinea pig thymus. Electron micrsocopic investigation of the thymus of normal guinea pigs of both sexes, approximately 3 months of age, have shown that the organ contains at least two types of non-lymphoid cells: epithelial reticulum cells and so-called interdigitating cells. The latter have been observed in the inner part of the cortex and are morphologically characterized by an irregularly shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus, many tubulovesicular cytoplasmic structures accumulated mostly within the cytocentre as well as by finger-like protrusions of the cytoplasm. These interdigitating cells are in close contant with neighbouring lymphocytes with partly destroyed pycnotic nucleus.", "PMID": 315693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5109", "title": "Light and electron microscopic studies on the medial forebrain bundle in the rat. I. Nerve terminals in the lateral hypothalamus of extrahypothalamic origin.", "content": "Degenerated nerve terminals were demonstrated in the lateral hypothalamus of the rat following transection of the rostral and caudal fibres to the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and a parasagittal cut along the lateral edge of the hypothalamus. In the light of these findings the termination of extrahypothalamic MFB pathways on intrinsic neurons is assumed.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic studies on the medial forebrain bundle in the rat. I. Nerve terminals in the lateral hypothalamus of extrahypothalamic origin. Degenerated nerve terminals were demonstrated in the lateral hypothalamus of the rat following transection of the rostral and caudal fibres to the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and a parasagittal cut along the lateral edge of the hypothalamus. In the light of these findings the termination of extrahypothalamic MFB pathways on intrinsic neurons is assumed.", "PMID": 315694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5110", "title": "Light and electron microscopic studies on the medial forebrain bundle in the rat. ii. nerve terminals from the medial hypothalamus.", "content": "After the surgical interruption of connections between the medial and lateral hypothalamus of the rat axonal (transient) and nerve terminal degeneration was shown in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) with light and electron microscopy. Following 1 mm long parasagittal cuts at various rostro-caudal levels the degeneration pattern within the MFB indicated a certain territoral arrangement of terminating fibres from the medial hypothalamus. After a parasagittal cut through the lateral retrochiasmatic area, degeneration was observed in the full length of the MFB. This suggests that a number of axons connect the medial and lateral hypothalamus through this area. With the aid of a parasagittal cut separating totally the medial and lateral hypothalamus, the degeneration of dendrites in the middle portion of the lateral hypothalamus was also revealed. These proved to derive from cells of the ventromedial nucleus.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic studies on the medial forebrain bundle in the rat. ii. nerve terminals from the medial hypothalamus. After the surgical interruption of connections between the medial and lateral hypothalamus of the rat axonal (transient) and nerve terminal degeneration was shown in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) with light and electron microscopy. Following 1 mm long parasagittal cuts at various rostro-caudal levels the degeneration pattern within the MFB indicated a certain territoral arrangement of terminating fibres from the medial hypothalamus. After a parasagittal cut through the lateral retrochiasmatic area, degeneration was observed in the full length of the MFB. This suggests that a number of axons connect the medial and lateral hypothalamus through this area. With the aid of a parasagittal cut separating totally the medial and lateral hypothalamus, the degeneration of dendrites in the middle portion of the lateral hypothalamus was also revealed. These proved to derive from cells of the ventromedial nucleus.", "PMID": 315695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5111", "title": "A rapid factor VIII-related antigen electroimmunoassay. A micromethod using commercial antisera.", "content": "A simple, rapid micromethod for determining Factor VIII-related antigen is outlined. The simplicity of the method, using commercial antisera, prepackaged buffer, plastic plates that readily accept the gel without precoating with agarose, and standard equipment makes the procedure adaptable to the routine laboratory. The results give a straight-line graph to the 0.50 units/ml range, and values as low as 0.03125 U/ml can be determined using log-log graph paper. A second range of standards gives values from 0.10 to 0.750 U/ml when plotted on semilog graph paper. A permanent record can be made after a first rapid visualization process, which permits reading the plates within 15 min of the two-and-a-half-hour electrophoresis time.", "contents": "A rapid factor VIII-related antigen electroimmunoassay. A micromethod using commercial antisera. A simple, rapid micromethod for determining Factor VIII-related antigen is outlined. The simplicity of the method, using commercial antisera, prepackaged buffer, plastic plates that readily accept the gel without precoating with agarose, and standard equipment makes the procedure adaptable to the routine laboratory. The results give a straight-line graph to the 0.50 units/ml range, and values as low as 0.03125 U/ml can be determined using log-log graph paper. A second range of standards gives values from 0.10 to 0.750 U/ml when plotted on semilog graph paper. A permanent record can be made after a first rapid visualization process, which permits reading the plates within 15 min of the two-and-a-half-hour electrophoresis time.", "PMID": 315704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5112", "title": "Meningococcal sepsis with endophthalmitis.", "content": "Endophthalmitis is a rare complication of meningococcemia. A child had endophthalmitis as the initially occurring complaint. Although both eyes appeared inflamed, the pupil in the right eye was fixed and dilated, the fundus could not be seen, and a hypopyon was seen in the right anterior chamber. There was gradual improvement when the child received antibiotic therapy. Since the introduction of antimicrobial drugs, endophthalmitis has rarely been observed as a complication of meningococcal disease. However, this report is evidence that meningococcemia may occur with unusual sites of local infection.", "contents": "Meningococcal sepsis with endophthalmitis. Endophthalmitis is a rare complication of meningococcemia. A child had endophthalmitis as the initially occurring complaint. Although both eyes appeared inflamed, the pupil in the right eye was fixed and dilated, the fundus could not be seen, and a hypopyon was seen in the right anterior chamber. There was gradual improvement when the child received antibiotic therapy. Since the introduction of antimicrobial drugs, endophthalmitis has rarely been observed as a complication of meningococcal disease. However, this report is evidence that meningococcemia may occur with unusual sites of local infection.", "PMID": 315705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5113", "title": "Risk factors and mortality in patients with cancer and hemorrhage from stress ulcer.", "content": "Hemorrhagic gastritis is the most frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cancer. A study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical course of 87 patients, in a cancer hospital setting, with hemorrhagic gastritis associated with stress, exogenous gastric irritants and the combination of the two. The average number of blood transfusions was four times higher and the average duration of bleeding was twice as long in stress patients as in patients without stress. Fifty-four per cent of stress patients died, whereas all patients survived in the group without stress. Although there were no statistically significant differences, patients with the combination of gastric irritants and stress tended to bleed longer and have a higher mortality than patients with stress alone. Over two-thirds of the deaths were ascribed to associated stress risk factors such as sepsis, multiple organ failure and advanced cancer and not to gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "contents": "Risk factors and mortality in patients with cancer and hemorrhage from stress ulcer. Hemorrhagic gastritis is the most frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cancer. A study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical course of 87 patients, in a cancer hospital setting, with hemorrhagic gastritis associated with stress, exogenous gastric irritants and the combination of the two. The average number of blood transfusions was four times higher and the average duration of bleeding was twice as long in stress patients as in patients without stress. Fifty-four per cent of stress patients died, whereas all patients survived in the group without stress. Although there were no statistically significant differences, patients with the combination of gastric irritants and stress tended to bleed longer and have a higher mortality than patients with stress alone. Over two-thirds of the deaths were ascribed to associated stress risk factors such as sepsis, multiple organ failure and advanced cancer and not to gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "PMID": 315707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5114", "title": "An alpha 1-antitrypsin variant, Pi B Alhambra (Lys to Asp, Glu to Asp), with rapid anodal electrophoretic mobility.", "content": "A variant of human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1 AT) was found by acid starch gel electrophoresis and by thin-layer electrofocusing. The variant has an anodal migration velocity almost identical to PiB. It is designated as Pi B Alhambra. Pi B Alhambra was purified to homogeneity from a heterozygous PiM1/PiB Alhambra subject. Specific trypsin inhibitory activity and composition of amino acids and carbohydrates were similar to those of normal PiM1. The structural difference between the normal and the variant inhibitors was elucidated by peptide mapping of their tryptic digests. Two amino acid substitutions, Lys to Asp and Glu to Asp, were found. The amino acid substitution, Gly to Asp, has been found in a common PiM2 variant [1]. The Pi B Alhambra variant presumably originated by two steps of mutation: generation of PiM2 from wild type PiM1 by the substitution Gly to Asp, and subsequent generation of Pi B Alhambra from PiM2 by another substitution, Lys to Asp.", "contents": "An alpha 1-antitrypsin variant, Pi B Alhambra (Lys to Asp, Glu to Asp), with rapid anodal electrophoretic mobility. A variant of human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1 AT) was found by acid starch gel electrophoresis and by thin-layer electrofocusing. The variant has an anodal migration velocity almost identical to PiB. It is designated as Pi B Alhambra. Pi B Alhambra was purified to homogeneity from a heterozygous PiM1/PiB Alhambra subject. Specific trypsin inhibitory activity and composition of amino acids and carbohydrates were similar to those of normal PiM1. The structural difference between the normal and the variant inhibitors was elucidated by peptide mapping of their tryptic digests. Two amino acid substitutions, Lys to Asp and Glu to Asp, were found. The amino acid substitution, Gly to Asp, has been found in a common PiM2 variant [1]. The Pi B Alhambra variant presumably originated by two steps of mutation: generation of PiM2 from wild type PiM1 by the substitution Gly to Asp, and subsequent generation of Pi B Alhambra from PiM2 by another substitution, Lys to Asp.", "PMID": 315708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5115", "title": "Structural difference between the normal PiM1 and the common PiM2 variant of human alpha 1-antitrypsin.", "content": "The common PiM2 variant of human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) which can be distinguished from the wild type PiM1 by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in a narrow pH gradient, was purified to homogeneity from plasma of a homozygous PiM2/PiM2 subject. The specific trypsin inhibitory activity and the amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the normal PiM1 and the variant PiM2 are very similar. The structural difference between the normal and the variant inhibitors was elucidated by peptide mapping of their tryptic digests. An amino acid substitution of glutamic acid in the normal inhibitor by aspartic acid in the variant inhibitor was found. The same amino acid substitution was found in PiMN, which was presumed to be identical to PiM2 based on their IEF patterns.", "contents": "Structural difference between the normal PiM1 and the common PiM2 variant of human alpha 1-antitrypsin. The common PiM2 variant of human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) which can be distinguished from the wild type PiM1 by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in a narrow pH gradient, was purified to homogeneity from plasma of a homozygous PiM2/PiM2 subject. The specific trypsin inhibitory activity and the amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the normal PiM1 and the variant PiM2 are very similar. The structural difference between the normal and the variant inhibitors was elucidated by peptide mapping of their tryptic digests. An amino acid substitution of glutamic acid in the normal inhibitor by aspartic acid in the variant inhibitor was found. The same amino acid substitution was found in PiMN, which was presumed to be identical to PiM2 based on their IEF patterns.", "PMID": 315709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5116", "title": "Effects of the converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) on the pulmonary circulation in man.", "content": "The effects of the converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) on the pulmonary circulation were investigated in 13 patients in whom systemic hypertension developed following coronary artery bypass surgery. Pulmonary vascular resistance was decreased by the inhibitor, from 128 +/\u00bf 19 to 92 +/- 20 dynes sec cm-5 (or by 30 +/- 7 per cent; P less than 0.005), and this resulted in a decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure from 17 +/- 1 to 13 +/- 1 mm Hg (or by 23 +/- 3 per cent, P less than 0.005). Consequently, right ventricular work was decreased by the inhibitor by 30 per cent (P less than 0.01), despite an increase in cardiac output (increase in stroke volume) by 16 +/- 6 per cent (P less than 01). This increase occurred despite a 13 +/- 3 per cent decrease in right ventricular filling pressure. The changes in pulmonary vascular resistance correlated with the pretreatment plasma renin activity (r = 0.74, P less than 0.01), as did the decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure (R = 0.82, P less than 0.001), but neither change was related to the decrease in left ventricular fillling pressure nor to changes in cardiac output or mean arterial pressure. These results indicate that blockade of the formation of angiotensin II by the converting enzyme inhibitor results in reductions in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure which are unrelated to alterations in left ventricular function. Thus, angiotensin inhibition may have therapeutic value in various clinical states characterized by pulmonary hypertension--especially if renin levels are high.", "contents": "Effects of the converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) on the pulmonary circulation in man. The effects of the converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) on the pulmonary circulation were investigated in 13 patients in whom systemic hypertension developed following coronary artery bypass surgery. Pulmonary vascular resistance was decreased by the inhibitor, from 128 +/\u00bf 19 to 92 +/- 20 dynes sec cm-5 (or by 30 +/- 7 per cent; P less than 0.005), and this resulted in a decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure from 17 +/- 1 to 13 +/- 1 mm Hg (or by 23 +/- 3 per cent, P less than 0.005). Consequently, right ventricular work was decreased by the inhibitor by 30 per cent (P less than 0.01), despite an increase in cardiac output (increase in stroke volume) by 16 +/- 6 per cent (P less than 01). This increase occurred despite a 13 +/- 3 per cent decrease in right ventricular filling pressure. The changes in pulmonary vascular resistance correlated with the pretreatment plasma renin activity (r = 0.74, P less than 0.01), as did the decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure (R = 0.82, P less than 0.001), but neither change was related to the decrease in left ventricular fillling pressure nor to changes in cardiac output or mean arterial pressure. These results indicate that blockade of the formation of angiotensin II by the converting enzyme inhibitor results in reductions in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure which are unrelated to alterations in left ventricular function. Thus, angiotensin inhibition may have therapeutic value in various clinical states characterized by pulmonary hypertension--especially if renin levels are high.", "PMID": 315711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5117", "title": "A clinical study of the effects of galvanic vaginal muscle stimulation in urinary stress incontinence and sexual dysfunction.", "content": "A preliminary study was designed to test the effect of pelvic for pelvic floor stimulation using the Vagette, a galvanic device, on the symptoms of urinary stress incontinence and pelvic relaxation. A significant improvement in pelvic muscle strength was observed as measured by the Kegel meter. This effect was seen within a short period of treatment. It is suggested from the study that the Vagette may be used for short-term therapeutic trial for urinary stress incontinence and pelvic relaxation before surgery is considered.", "contents": "A clinical study of the effects of galvanic vaginal muscle stimulation in urinary stress incontinence and sexual dysfunction. A preliminary study was designed to test the effect of pelvic for pelvic floor stimulation using the Vagette, a galvanic device, on the symptoms of urinary stress incontinence and pelvic relaxation. A significant improvement in pelvic muscle strength was observed as measured by the Kegel meter. This effect was seen within a short period of treatment. It is suggested from the study that the Vagette may be used for short-term therapeutic trial for urinary stress incontinence and pelvic relaxation before surgery is considered.", "PMID": 315712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5118", "title": "Value of immune monitoring in gynecologic cancer patients receiving immunotherapy.", "content": "Immunotherapy with nonspecific immunopotentiators such as Corynebacterium parvum is under study in several areas of gynecologic oncology. The efficacy of this new modality awaits the results of carefully done clinical trials designed to measure an improved effect on survival when this and similar agents are added to conventional therapy. This report deals with an attempt to demonstrate enhancement of the cell-mediated immune response in a small number of patients with advanced ovarian (18 patients) and cervical (12 patients) cancer who were treated with intravenous C. parvum in addition to either chemotherapy (Alkeran) or pelvic radiotherapy. Monitoring of the immune response was accomplished by skin testing, T-lymphocyte rosettes, B-lymphocyte rosettes, simulation of lymphocytes with mitogens (PHA and Con-A) and total lymphocyte counts. No distinct improvement in these parameters could be demonstrated as a result of immunotherapy with C. parvum. These results and the value of immune monitoring as currently performed are discussed.", "contents": "Value of immune monitoring in gynecologic cancer patients receiving immunotherapy. Immunotherapy with nonspecific immunopotentiators such as Corynebacterium parvum is under study in several areas of gynecologic oncology. The efficacy of this new modality awaits the results of carefully done clinical trials designed to measure an improved effect on survival when this and similar agents are added to conventional therapy. This report deals with an attempt to demonstrate enhancement of the cell-mediated immune response in a small number of patients with advanced ovarian (18 patients) and cervical (12 patients) cancer who were treated with intravenous C. parvum in addition to either chemotherapy (Alkeran) or pelvic radiotherapy. Monitoring of the immune response was accomplished by skin testing, T-lymphocyte rosettes, B-lymphocyte rosettes, simulation of lymphocytes with mitogens (PHA and Con-A) and total lymphocyte counts. No distinct improvement in these parameters could be demonstrated as a result of immunotherapy with C. parvum. These results and the value of immune monitoring as currently performed are discussed.", "PMID": 315714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5119", "title": "Fusarium solani endophthalmitis without primary corneal involvement.", "content": "A 45-year-old woman developed a fungal endophthalmitis caused by Fusarium solani. No primary corneal lesion existed. Therefore, the focus of infection was considered endogenous. Although disseminated systemic infections with Fusarium species have been described in compromised hosts, including a patient with metastatic panophthalmitis, we believe this is the first report of an endogenous endophthalmitis caused by F. solani in a healthy individual.", "contents": "Fusarium solani endophthalmitis without primary corneal involvement. A 45-year-old woman developed a fungal endophthalmitis caused by Fusarium solani. No primary corneal lesion existed. Therefore, the focus of infection was considered endogenous. Although disseminated systemic infections with Fusarium species have been described in compromised hosts, including a patient with metastatic panophthalmitis, we believe this is the first report of an endogenous endophthalmitis caused by F. solani in a healthy individual.", "PMID": 315715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5120", "title": "A clinicopathologic study of autosomal dominant optic atrophy.", "content": "Of a family with 40 members, 12 had autosomal dominant optic atrophy. The affected members were aware of reduced vision from the first decade. Visual loss was moderate to severe, 6/12 (20/40) to 3/60 (10/200). The affected members showed similar centrocecal scotomata. Most affected patients had severe unclassified color defects. Electroretinography measurements were normal in all but one patient who had a small reduction in the scotopic response. The pathologic changes in a patient with autosomal dominant optic atrophy showed diffuse atrophy of the ganglion cell layer of the retina with a loss of myelin and nerve tissue within the optic nerves. We suggest that autosomal dominant atrophy is a primary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells.", "contents": "A clinicopathologic study of autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Of a family with 40 members, 12 had autosomal dominant optic atrophy. The affected members were aware of reduced vision from the first decade. Visual loss was moderate to severe, 6/12 (20/40) to 3/60 (10/200). The affected members showed similar centrocecal scotomata. Most affected patients had severe unclassified color defects. Electroretinography measurements were normal in all but one patient who had a small reduction in the scotopic response. The pathologic changes in a patient with autosomal dominant optic atrophy showed diffuse atrophy of the ganglion cell layer of the retina with a loss of myelin and nerve tissue within the optic nerves. We suggest that autosomal dominant atrophy is a primary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells.", "PMID": 315716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5121", "title": "Serum and vitreous Toxocara antibody in nematode endophthalmitis.", "content": "Five patients had a clinical diagnosis of nematode endophthalmitis and had both a serum and vitreous titer for Toxocara antibody. All five patients had a vitreous titer that was equal to or greater than the serum titer. Serum and vitreous obtained from ten other patients who had no evidence of endophthalmitis did not show this correlation. This study provides the clinician with a further understanding of the meaning of a positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titer as well as an additional area for analysis in selected patients with ocular inflammation.", "contents": "Serum and vitreous Toxocara antibody in nematode endophthalmitis. Five patients had a clinical diagnosis of nematode endophthalmitis and had both a serum and vitreous titer for Toxocara antibody. All five patients had a vitreous titer that was equal to or greater than the serum titer. Serum and vitreous obtained from ten other patients who had no evidence of endophthalmitis did not show this correlation. This study provides the clinician with a further understanding of the meaning of a positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titer as well as an additional area for analysis in selected patients with ocular inflammation.", "PMID": 315717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5122", "title": "Bilateral endophthalmitis in acute bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "A 53-year-old diabetic woman had ketoacidosis, urinary tract infection, and bilateral endophthalmitis. She subsequently developed a ruptured chorda tendineae of the mitral valve, and a diagnosis of acute bacterial endocarditis was made. No organisms were cultured during life or at autopsy. At autopsy, bilateral nongranulomatous panophthalmitis was found with perinephric, myocardial, intracranial, and mitral valve abscesses.", "contents": "Bilateral endophthalmitis in acute bacterial endocarditis. A 53-year-old diabetic woman had ketoacidosis, urinary tract infection, and bilateral endophthalmitis. She subsequently developed a ruptured chorda tendineae of the mitral valve, and a diagnosis of acute bacterial endocarditis was made. No organisms were cultured during life or at autopsy. At autopsy, bilateral nongranulomatous panophthalmitis was found with perinephric, myocardial, intracranial, and mitral valve abscesses.", "PMID": 315718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5123", "title": "A survey of intraocular pressures with emphasis on patients under ten years of age.", "content": "This paper presents the results of a cross-sectional survey of intraocular pressures in patients of the University Optometric Center, the clinical facility of the State College of Optometry, SUNY. The study consisted of two parts: a pilot study conducted by one of the authors and a survey of patient records that were reviewed at random with particular emphasis on patients under 10. The results indicate that the intraocular pressure norms used to evaluate the general population are also appropriate for evaluation of patients under 10 years of age.", "contents": "A survey of intraocular pressures with emphasis on patients under ten years of age. This paper presents the results of a cross-sectional survey of intraocular pressures in patients of the University Optometric Center, the clinical facility of the State College of Optometry, SUNY. The study consisted of two parts: a pilot study conducted by one of the authors and a survey of patient records that were reviewed at random with particular emphasis on patients under 10. The results indicate that the intraocular pressure norms used to evaluate the general population are also appropriate for evaluation of patients under 10 years of age.", "PMID": 315719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5124", "title": "Congenital cone dysfunction.", "content": "Three patients with congenital cone dysfunction are described with their clinical findings, including electrophysiologic and color vision evaluation, diagnostic criteria, and rehabilitative regimes. A classification system for this rare spectrum of disorders is presented.", "contents": "Congenital cone dysfunction. Three patients with congenital cone dysfunction are described with their clinical findings, including electrophysiologic and color vision evaluation, diagnostic criteria, and rehabilitative regimes. A classification system for this rare spectrum of disorders is presented.", "PMID": 315720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5125", "title": "Lysophosphatidic acids. II. Interaction of the effects of adenosine diphosphate and lysophosphatidic acids in dog, rabbit, and human platelets.", "content": "In order to explore a possible relationship between platelet aggregation induced by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and that induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), we have studied the influence of palmitoyl-LPA (P-LPA) on platelets from dogs and rabbits and on human platelets made refractory to LPA. Dog platelets did not aggregate with P-LPA alone, but P-LPA enhanced ADP aggregation, and after a small dose of ADP, P-LPA was itself effective in causing aggregation and internal contraction in dog platelets. Rabbit platelets showed no response to P-LPA alone, but, as with dog platelets, P-LPA enhanced ADP aggregation. In addition, when P-LPA was added during or immediately after ADP aggregation, it caused a contraction within the platelets and a small wave of aggregation by itself. P-LPA added to human platelets caused aggregation without the need for ADP. However, when a small dose of P-LPA was added to human platelets and the wave of aggregation was allowed to reverse, these platelets subsequently were unresponsive to P-LPA, although they showed an enhanced response to ADP. The addition of a small dose of ADP to the P-LPA refractory platelets partially reversed the refractory state, and the platelets then showed aggregation with P-LPA. The results demonstrate that ADP and P-LPA have significant interactions in their effects on platelets. These interactions are discussed in terms of a two-component mechanism for the ADP-induced intracellular calcium flux, LPA, or possibly phosphatidic acid, being one component.", "contents": "Lysophosphatidic acids. II. Interaction of the effects of adenosine diphosphate and lysophosphatidic acids in dog, rabbit, and human platelets. In order to explore a possible relationship between platelet aggregation induced by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and that induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), we have studied the influence of palmitoyl-LPA (P-LPA) on platelets from dogs and rabbits and on human platelets made refractory to LPA. Dog platelets did not aggregate with P-LPA alone, but P-LPA enhanced ADP aggregation, and after a small dose of ADP, P-LPA was itself effective in causing aggregation and internal contraction in dog platelets. Rabbit platelets showed no response to P-LPA alone, but, as with dog platelets, P-LPA enhanced ADP aggregation. In addition, when P-LPA was added during or immediately after ADP aggregation, it caused a contraction within the platelets and a small wave of aggregation by itself. P-LPA added to human platelets caused aggregation without the need for ADP. However, when a small dose of P-LPA was added to human platelets and the wave of aggregation was allowed to reverse, these platelets subsequently were unresponsive to P-LPA, although they showed an enhanced response to ADP. The addition of a small dose of ADP to the P-LPA refractory platelets partially reversed the refractory state, and the platelets then showed aggregation with P-LPA. The results demonstrate that ADP and P-LPA have significant interactions in their effects on platelets. These interactions are discussed in terms of a two-component mechanism for the ADP-induced intracellular calcium flux, LPA, or possibly phosphatidic acid, being one component.", "PMID": 315721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5126", "title": "Health costs of air pollution: a study of hospitalization costs.", "content": "This study of the hospitalization costs of exposure to air pollution in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania was conducted to determine whether persons exposed to air pollution incurred higher hospital utilization rates and additional costs for treatment. A hospitalization data-base comprising 37,818 total admissions for respiratory, suspect circulatory diseases, and comparison circulatory diseases was tested in a cross-section type analysis for relationships between rates of hospitalization, length of stay, and levels of air quality in the neighborhoods of patients' residence. Air quality was identified using data from 49 monitoring stations. Corrections were made for race, age, sex, smoking habits, median income, and occupation. The results show that hospitalization rates, length of stay, and costs of respiratory and suspect circulatory system diseases were significantly greater among populations residing in the more polluted zones of the County. At average costs for hospitalization in this area in 1972, the total increased cost for the 1.6 million persons in the County was estimated at $9.8 million ($9.1 million for increased hospitalization rates and $0.7 million for increased length of stay). The total health costs resulting from air pollution exposure in this area would be much greater when non-hospitalization costs are also included.", "contents": "Health costs of air pollution: a study of hospitalization costs. This study of the hospitalization costs of exposure to air pollution in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania was conducted to determine whether persons exposed to air pollution incurred higher hospital utilization rates and additional costs for treatment. A hospitalization data-base comprising 37,818 total admissions for respiratory, suspect circulatory diseases, and comparison circulatory diseases was tested in a cross-section type analysis for relationships between rates of hospitalization, length of stay, and levels of air quality in the neighborhoods of patients' residence. Air quality was identified using data from 49 monitoring stations. Corrections were made for race, age, sex, smoking habits, median income, and occupation. The results show that hospitalization rates, length of stay, and costs of respiratory and suspect circulatory system diseases were significantly greater among populations residing in the more polluted zones of the County. At average costs for hospitalization in this area in 1972, the total increased cost for the 1.6 million persons in the County was estimated at $9.8 million ($9.1 million for increased hospitalization rates and $0.7 million for increased length of stay). The total health costs resulting from air pollution exposure in this area would be much greater when non-hospitalization costs are also included.", "PMID": 315722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5127", "title": "Schistosomiasis japonica in Barrio San Antonio, Basey, Samar , The Philippines. I. Epidemiology and morbidity.", "content": "Barrio San Antonio is a coastal settlement on the San Juanico straits in the municipality of Basey on the island of Samar, the Philippines. It has a population of approximately 1,900 in 320 households. Initially, 851 residents (45%) of 240 households participated in this survey to determine the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma japonicum infection, and morbidity as indicated by associated hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. As a result of an initial single stool examination of 1 ml by a modified formalin concentration technique, 40% of this population was found to be infected. On subsequent examinations, with the addition of serologic techniques and recording the history of therapy, approximately 70% of this population was found to be infected with S. japonicum after the age of 10 years. If judged by the number of eggs produced per milliliter of feces, infection intensity in this population might be considered to be low. However, 25% (73 of 391 positives on single examination) exhibited schistosomal hepatomegaly or hepato-splenomegaly and had a mean egg count of 10.9. Those infected but without hepatomegaly had a slightly lower mean egg count of 8.4. Of the infected males with hepatomegaly, 75% were 19 years of age or less and 45% of these were producing less than 10 eggs/ml of stool. Of infected females with hepatomegaly, only 28% were 19 years of age or less, and 68% of these were producing less than 10 eggs/ml. Abdominal pain, distress, diarrhea, and dysentery were significantly more frequent in the infected than uninfected persons, and this frequency was related to egg output. The heights and weights of these infected individuals were less than those of the uninfected members of this population and significantly less than the Filipino norm. The small percentage of the infected population (6.6%) that were producing 51% of the eggs had a mean egg count of approximately 260 with a mean age of 33.7. In this group, 7 of the 22 individuals were in the age group 10--14 years and 15 were above 20 years of age. Although some individuals of Barrio San Antonio have sought therapy, this population and area have been largely unstudied and have not up to the present been involved in control or mass chemotherapy programs. The findings of this survey give an opportunity to determine the impact of such programs when they are instituted in this area.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis japonica in Barrio San Antonio, Basey, Samar , The Philippines. I. Epidemiology and morbidity. Barrio San Antonio is a coastal settlement on the San Juanico straits in the municipality of Basey on the island of Samar, the Philippines. It has a population of approximately 1,900 in 320 households. Initially, 851 residents (45%) of 240 households participated in this survey to determine the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma japonicum infection, and morbidity as indicated by associated hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. As a result of an initial single stool examination of 1 ml by a modified formalin concentration technique, 40% of this population was found to be infected. On subsequent examinations, with the addition of serologic techniques and recording the history of therapy, approximately 70% of this population was found to be infected with S. japonicum after the age of 10 years. If judged by the number of eggs produced per milliliter of feces, infection intensity in this population might be considered to be low. However, 25% (73 of 391 positives on single examination) exhibited schistosomal hepatomegaly or hepato-splenomegaly and had a mean egg count of 10.9. Those infected but without hepatomegaly had a slightly lower mean egg count of 8.4. Of the infected males with hepatomegaly, 75% were 19 years of age or less and 45% of these were producing less than 10 eggs/ml of stool. Of infected females with hepatomegaly, only 28% were 19 years of age or less, and 68% of these were producing less than 10 eggs/ml. Abdominal pain, distress, diarrhea, and dysentery were significantly more frequent in the infected than uninfected persons, and this frequency was related to egg output. The heights and weights of these infected individuals were less than those of the uninfected members of this population and significantly less than the Filipino norm. The small percentage of the infected population (6.6%) that were producing 51% of the eggs had a mean egg count of approximately 260 with a mean age of 33.7. In this group, 7 of the 22 individuals were in the age group 10--14 years and 15 were above 20 years of age. Although some individuals of Barrio San Antonio have sought therapy, this population and area have been largely unstudied and have not up to the present been involved in control or mass chemotherapy programs. The findings of this survey give an opportunity to determine the impact of such programs when they are instituted in this area.", "PMID": 315724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5128", "title": "Selective embolization for control of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "content": "Transcatheter embolization using Gelfoam plugs or autologous clot is an alternative or adjunct to the conventional management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. During a 12 month period we successfully treated 10 patients who had massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage with selective embolization; 6 patients had upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and 4 had bleeding from the colon. Most of these patients were critically ill and were poor surgical candidates. Hemorrhage was controlled by selective catheterization of the bleeding vessel, followed by injection of Gelfoam pledgets. Since the procedure was accomplished with ease and prolonged hemostasis obtained, we recommend it for gastrointestinal hemorrhage, especially in patients who are poor surgical risks or are unresponsive to vasopressin infusion, or both. Operative intervention for the primary disease could subsequently be performed electively, if necessary, days or weeks after transcatheter embolization.", "contents": "Selective embolization for control of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Transcatheter embolization using Gelfoam plugs or autologous clot is an alternative or adjunct to the conventional management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. During a 12 month period we successfully treated 10 patients who had massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage with selective embolization; 6 patients had upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and 4 had bleeding from the colon. Most of these patients were critically ill and were poor surgical candidates. Hemorrhage was controlled by selective catheterization of the bleeding vessel, followed by injection of Gelfoam pledgets. Since the procedure was accomplished with ease and prolonged hemostasis obtained, we recommend it for gastrointestinal hemorrhage, especially in patients who are poor surgical risks or are unresponsive to vasopressin infusion, or both. Operative intervention for the primary disease could subsequently be performed electively, if necessary, days or weeks after transcatheter embolization.", "PMID": 315725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5129", "title": "The effect of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the corneal epithelium in humans.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a polypeptide hormone present in mammalian organs. In vivo, it shortens the time course of the corneal reepithelialization by stimulating a marked cell proliferation of the corneal epithelium. A further direct effect in vivo has been confirmed on human corneal epithelium and epidermis in culture. Tests in several nondystrophic diseases of the corneal epithelium confirmed the observations previously made in the rabbit that EGF accelerates the process of epithelial healing. The integrity of the corneal stroma is prejudicial for the maximum effect of the EGF, in the sense that the deeper the stroma is damaged, the less EGF acts. In herpetic lesions EGF is effective within 48 h only when the virus-affected area of the corneal epithelium has been scraped off. EGF is proposed as a new and efficacious agent for increasing the restorative process of the corneal epithelium in many nondystrophic diseases.", "contents": "The effect of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the corneal epithelium in humans. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a polypeptide hormone present in mammalian organs. In vivo, it shortens the time course of the corneal reepithelialization by stimulating a marked cell proliferation of the corneal epithelium. A further direct effect in vivo has been confirmed on human corneal epithelium and epidermis in culture. Tests in several nondystrophic diseases of the corneal epithelium confirmed the observations previously made in the rabbit that EGF accelerates the process of epithelial healing. The integrity of the corneal stroma is prejudicial for the maximum effect of the EGF, in the sense that the deeper the stroma is damaged, the less EGF acts. In herpetic lesions EGF is effective within 48 h only when the virus-affected area of the corneal epithelium has been scraped off. EGF is proposed as a new and efficacious agent for increasing the restorative process of the corneal epithelium in many nondystrophic diseases.", "PMID": 315726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5130", "title": "Results of intraocular lens insertion for traumatic eyes and effects on binocular vision.", "content": "Eighteen traumatic eyes were inserted with Medallion lenses in a very complex operation procedure. Eight patients were examined for binocular vision and compared with eight nonpseudophakic eyes. With the exception of tropic eyes, they regained binocular vision. We obtained very hopeful results for the management of seriously traumatic eyes through this study.", "contents": "Results of intraocular lens insertion for traumatic eyes and effects on binocular vision. Eighteen traumatic eyes were inserted with Medallion lenses in a very complex operation procedure. Eight patients were examined for binocular vision and compared with eight nonpseudophakic eyes. With the exception of tropic eyes, they regained binocular vision. We obtained very hopeful results for the management of seriously traumatic eyes through this study.", "PMID": 315727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5131", "title": "The effect of exposure to heat on intraocular pressure.", "content": "During exposure to heat there is an increase of the intraocular pressure in nonacclimatized persons. This increase is not found after heat acclimatization has been carried out. The increase of the intraocular pressure in the nonacclimatized persons can be attributed to the increase of the body temperature due to insufficient sweating.", "contents": "The effect of exposure to heat on intraocular pressure. During exposure to heat there is an increase of the intraocular pressure in nonacclimatized persons. This increase is not found after heat acclimatization has been carried out. The increase of the intraocular pressure in the nonacclimatized persons can be attributed to the increase of the body temperature due to insufficient sweating.", "PMID": 315728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5132", "title": "Determination of pseudofacility in man.", "content": "Based on a new method of measuring episcleral venous pressure (EVP), i.e., using the 'air-jet principle' of Krakau et al. (1973), pseudofacility was determined in 20 human eyes. According to B\u00e1r\u00e1ny's formula, a mean value of 23.3% of the total facility was found, and a mean value of 16.9% according to Goldmann's formula.", "contents": "Determination of pseudofacility in man. Based on a new method of measuring episcleral venous pressure (EVP), i.e., using the 'air-jet principle' of Krakau et al. (1973), pseudofacility was determined in 20 human eyes. According to B\u00e1r\u00e1ny's formula, a mean value of 23.3% of the total facility was found, and a mean value of 16.9% according to Goldmann's formula.", "PMID": 315729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5133", "title": "[Morphological and metabolic findings in retinal detachment].", "content": "The authors investigated retinal structure and metabolism under normal conditions and after experimental detachment for 7--10 days and for 30--40 days in 80 experimental animals. Labeled protein predecessors were selected as indicators of retinal-cell element viability. Tey included the amino and 35S-methionine acids glycine (marked with 14C or 3H) and 35S-methionine. Metachromatic staining was employed to demonstrate retinal mucopolysaccharides. Histologic sections were analyzed in 15 patients with retinal detachment. Comparing the data obtained at early and developed stages of the process, they discovered the sequence of changes. Comparative analysis of the morphologic changes caused by retinal detachment in rabbits and human patients showed their similarity. The authors propose and substantiate the hypothesis that detachment extension into intact areas is caused by tension in the already detached retinal areas due to shrinkage of the tissues. It was established that labeled protein predecessors can penetrate into all layers of detached retina through the central artery. Hence it is possible to maintain retinal viability during the preoperative period by employing drugs.", "contents": "[Morphological and metabolic findings in retinal detachment]. The authors investigated retinal structure and metabolism under normal conditions and after experimental detachment for 7--10 days and for 30--40 days in 80 experimental animals. Labeled protein predecessors were selected as indicators of retinal-cell element viability. Tey included the amino and 35S-methionine acids glycine (marked with 14C or 3H) and 35S-methionine. Metachromatic staining was employed to demonstrate retinal mucopolysaccharides. Histologic sections were analyzed in 15 patients with retinal detachment. Comparing the data obtained at early and developed stages of the process, they discovered the sequence of changes. Comparative analysis of the morphologic changes caused by retinal detachment in rabbits and human patients showed their similarity. The authors propose and substantiate the hypothesis that detachment extension into intact areas is caused by tension in the already detached retinal areas due to shrinkage of the tissues. It was established that labeled protein predecessors can penetrate into all layers of detached retina through the central artery. Hence it is possible to maintain retinal viability during the preoperative period by employing drugs.", "PMID": 315731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5134", "title": "[Malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas on lid, orbita and lacrimal sac (author's transl)].", "content": "Two personal observations on malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the eye are presented, i.e., a lymphoplasmocytoid lymphoma (so-called immunocytoma) of the lid and orbita and a case of mixed centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma of the lacrymal sac. The different histological findings are demonstrated. According to the lymphoma-classification by Lennert (Kiel), both the tumours belong to the group with a low degree of malignancy. No general synptoms could be found in the afflicted patients.", "contents": "[Malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas on lid, orbita and lacrimal sac (author's transl)]. Two personal observations on malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the eye are presented, i.e., a lymphoplasmocytoid lymphoma (so-called immunocytoma) of the lid and orbita and a case of mixed centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma of the lacrymal sac. The different histological findings are demonstrated. According to the lymphoma-classification by Lennert (Kiel), both the tumours belong to the group with a low degree of malignancy. No general synptoms could be found in the afflicted patients.", "PMID": 315732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5135", "title": "[On the distribution of fat in eyes and brain in experimental fat embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "In 18 rabbits a mixture of 131-J-labeled Triolein and purified olive oil was injected intravenously. Afterwards the radioactivity of the eyes and the brain was measured. The relation of distribution of fat between eye and brain differs markedly, even when the surface tension was controlledly altered by admission of essential phospholipids.", "contents": "[On the distribution of fat in eyes and brain in experimental fat embolism (author's transl)]. In 18 rabbits a mixture of 131-J-labeled Triolein and purified olive oil was injected intravenously. Afterwards the radioactivity of the eyes and the brain was measured. The relation of distribution of fat between eye and brain differs markedly, even when the surface tension was controlledly altered by admission of essential phospholipids.", "PMID": 315733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5136", "title": "[Inhibition of secondary increase of intraocular pressure following cyclokryocoagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Prostaglandin mediated transient increase in intraocular pressure following cryokoagulation of the ciliary body in rabbits was completely inhibited by preoperative administration of Aspisol (D, L-Lysin-mono-(acetylsalicylat)). To avoid additional increase in intraocular pressure in patients chosen for cyclocryotherapy, pretreatment with Aspisol could prove to be effective.", "contents": "[Inhibition of secondary increase of intraocular pressure following cyclokryocoagulation (author's transl)]. Prostaglandin mediated transient increase in intraocular pressure following cryokoagulation of the ciliary body in rabbits was completely inhibited by preoperative administration of Aspisol (D, L-Lysin-mono-(acetylsalicylat)). To avoid additional increase in intraocular pressure in patients chosen for cyclocryotherapy, pretreatment with Aspisol could prove to be effective.", "PMID": 315734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5137", "title": "[Angiomatosis retinae (et papillae)].", "content": "The ophthalmologic and histologic signs of an angiomatosis retinae (et papillae) are presented. Some capillaries are filled abundantly with blood while others appear completely empty. Reticular fibers, starting from the vessels, form dense networks. Large sinusoid venous connections exist between choroid and tumor.", "contents": "[Angiomatosis retinae (et papillae)]. The ophthalmologic and histologic signs of an angiomatosis retinae (et papillae) are presented. Some capillaries are filled abundantly with blood while others appear completely empty. Reticular fibers, starting from the vessels, form dense networks. Large sinusoid venous connections exist between choroid and tumor.", "PMID": 315735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5138", "title": "Pulmonary function in heterozygotes for alpha,-antitrypsin deficiency: a case-control study.", "content": "In this paper we present the initial cross-sectional data from a prospective study of lung aging in heterozygotes for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Using a case-control design, our cases included 37 heterozygotes for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, protease inhibitor phenotypes MZ and MS, selected because they were parents of children with homozygous alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency identified in a statewide newborn screening program between 1971 and 1974. All of the heterozygotes were less than 40 yr of age. Our control subjects were selected from a random sample of a working population participating in a longitudinal study of lung aging, using a 2:1 match of control subjects to cases, matching age, sex, ethnic origin, and smoking. Using a respiratory symptom questionnaire, spirometry, and the single-breath N2 test, we found no significant difference between heterozygotes and control subjects in terms of respiratory symptoms or pulmonary function data. We conclude that to 40 yr of age, the heterozygous phenotype (Pi MZ and MS) is not a risk factor for impairment of pulmonary function.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in heterozygotes for alpha,-antitrypsin deficiency: a case-control study. In this paper we present the initial cross-sectional data from a prospective study of lung aging in heterozygotes for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Using a case-control design, our cases included 37 heterozygotes for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, protease inhibitor phenotypes MZ and MS, selected because they were parents of children with homozygous alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency identified in a statewide newborn screening program between 1971 and 1974. All of the heterozygotes were less than 40 yr of age. Our control subjects were selected from a random sample of a working population participating in a longitudinal study of lung aging, using a 2:1 match of control subjects to cases, matching age, sex, ethnic origin, and smoking. Using a respiratory symptom questionnaire, spirometry, and the single-breath N2 test, we found no significant difference between heterozygotes and control subjects in terms of respiratory symptoms or pulmonary function data. We conclude that to 40 yr of age, the heterozygous phenotype (Pi MZ and MS) is not a risk factor for impairment of pulmonary function.", "PMID": 315737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5139", "title": "Alpha,-antitrypsin and leukocyte elastase in infected and noninfected sputum.", "content": "Leukocyte elastase and alpha 1-antitrypsin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. The relationship between these proteins has been studied in sputum both qualitatively and quantitatively in bronchitic patients with and without chest infections. Leukocyte elastase was found in 75% of the noninfected samples but was enzymatically inactive, suggesting complete inhibition. During infection, leukocyte elastase and alpha 1-antitrypsin concentrations increased, although the enzyme was only partially inactivated. The proportion of alpha 1-antitrypsin present as \"complex\" was smaller in the presence of infection, suggesting damage of the protein by excess enzyme.", "contents": "Alpha,-antitrypsin and leukocyte elastase in infected and noninfected sputum. Leukocyte elastase and alpha 1-antitrypsin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. The relationship between these proteins has been studied in sputum both qualitatively and quantitatively in bronchitic patients with and without chest infections. Leukocyte elastase was found in 75% of the noninfected samples but was enzymatically inactive, suggesting complete inhibition. During infection, leukocyte elastase and alpha 1-antitrypsin concentrations increased, although the enzyme was only partially inactivated. The proportion of alpha 1-antitrypsin present as \"complex\" was smaller in the presence of infection, suggesting damage of the protein by excess enzyme.", "PMID": 315741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5140", "title": "Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis: serial changes in lung lymphocyte subopulations after exposure to antigen.", "content": "The earliest lesion in hypersensitivity penumonitis is an acute inflammatory alveolitis characterized by parenchymal hemorrhage and accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes within the lung. In many instances, this initial lesion is replaced by a more chronic alveolitis, with development of mononuclear cell interstitial infiltrate, granuloma formation, and interstitial fibrosis. To help define the mechanisms by which the early polymorphonuclear leukocyte alveolitis of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis evolves into a chronic mononuclear-cell process, an animal model of the disease was developed using guinea pigs sensitized by footpad injeection with either ovalbumin (OVA) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), CFA alone, or phosphate-buffered saline. Ten days after sensitization, the animals were challenged by intratracheal injection of either particulate OVA, particulate human serum albumin, or phosphate-buffered saline alone, and their lungs were evaluated sequentially for changes in histologic appearance and lymphocyte subpopulations. After challenge, only animals sensitized with CFA plus OVA and challenged with particulate OVA developed pulmonary lesions consistent with acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Within 4 h after challenge, these animals developed an acute hemorrhagic alveolitis that persisted for more than 24 h. By 48 to 96 h, the alveolitis evolved into a predominantly mononuclear-cell infiltrate. This change in the histologic appearance of the lungs in these animals was preceded by a rapid increase in the proportions of T-lymphocytes within the lungs, noted by 24 h after intratracheal challenge with specific antigen. Before intratracheal challenge with antigen, lung lymphocytes from only the group of animals immunized with CFA plus OVA were capable of proliferating on exposure to OVA in vitro. In the same group, lymphocytes recovered from the lung after intratracheal particulate OVA demonstrated blast transformation in vivo, a phenomenon not found in any other group. These studies suggest that the alveolitis of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis is rapidly associated with changes in populations of immune effector cells before development of the mononuclear cell alveolitis characteristic of the chronic disease.", "contents": "Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis: serial changes in lung lymphocyte subopulations after exposure to antigen. The earliest lesion in hypersensitivity penumonitis is an acute inflammatory alveolitis characterized by parenchymal hemorrhage and accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes within the lung. In many instances, this initial lesion is replaced by a more chronic alveolitis, with development of mononuclear cell interstitial infiltrate, granuloma formation, and interstitial fibrosis. To help define the mechanisms by which the early polymorphonuclear leukocyte alveolitis of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis evolves into a chronic mononuclear-cell process, an animal model of the disease was developed using guinea pigs sensitized by footpad injeection with either ovalbumin (OVA) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), CFA alone, or phosphate-buffered saline. Ten days after sensitization, the animals were challenged by intratracheal injection of either particulate OVA, particulate human serum albumin, or phosphate-buffered saline alone, and their lungs were evaluated sequentially for changes in histologic appearance and lymphocyte subpopulations. After challenge, only animals sensitized with CFA plus OVA and challenged with particulate OVA developed pulmonary lesions consistent with acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Within 4 h after challenge, these animals developed an acute hemorrhagic alveolitis that persisted for more than 24 h. By 48 to 96 h, the alveolitis evolved into a predominantly mononuclear-cell infiltrate. This change in the histologic appearance of the lungs in these animals was preceded by a rapid increase in the proportions of T-lymphocytes within the lungs, noted by 24 h after intratracheal challenge with specific antigen. Before intratracheal challenge with antigen, lung lymphocytes from only the group of animals immunized with CFA plus OVA were capable of proliferating on exposure to OVA in vitro. In the same group, lymphocytes recovered from the lung after intratracheal particulate OVA demonstrated blast transformation in vivo, a phenomenon not found in any other group. These studies suggest that the alveolitis of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis is rapidly associated with changes in populations of immune effector cells before development of the mononuclear cell alveolitis characteristic of the chronic disease.", "PMID": 315742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5141", "title": "Vascular complications as a result of intra-aortic balloon pumping.", "content": "Intra-aortic balloon conterpulsation (IABP) was used to assist 109 patients with extensive myocardial infarcts, unstable angina, cardiogenic shock, and unstable cardiodynamic states after cardiopulmonary bypass over a six year period. Severe vascular occlusion occurred in three patients (3%) which required an above the knee amputation. Each patient had a long history of smoking. Obesity, atherosclerotic disease of the femoral vessels, and extensive coronary artery disease were additional contributing factors. Two of the three patients survived, but both survivors had extensive postoperative myocardial infarctions. A low flow cardiac state and the presence of atherosclerotic changes in the legs must be precipitating factors for the vascular complications. Several possible methods to minimize complications of this nature include 1) angiographic examination of the lower aorta and femoral arteries at the time of cardiac catheterization, 2) frequent monitoring with ultrasound equipment, and 3) use of anticoagulation during and after the period of counterpulsation.", "contents": "Vascular complications as a result of intra-aortic balloon pumping. Intra-aortic balloon conterpulsation (IABP) was used to assist 109 patients with extensive myocardial infarcts, unstable angina, cardiogenic shock, and unstable cardiodynamic states after cardiopulmonary bypass over a six year period. Severe vascular occlusion occurred in three patients (3%) which required an above the knee amputation. Each patient had a long history of smoking. Obesity, atherosclerotic disease of the femoral vessels, and extensive coronary artery disease were additional contributing factors. Two of the three patients survived, but both survivors had extensive postoperative myocardial infarctions. A low flow cardiac state and the presence of atherosclerotic changes in the legs must be precipitating factors for the vascular complications. Several possible methods to minimize complications of this nature include 1) angiographic examination of the lower aorta and femoral arteries at the time of cardiac catheterization, 2) frequent monitoring with ultrasound equipment, and 3) use of anticoagulation during and after the period of counterpulsation.", "PMID": 315743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5142", "title": "Arteriovenous malformations of the cecum: operative localization by Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "The Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter was used for operative localization of an arteriovenous malformation of the cecum in a patient with recurrent large intestinal bleeding. Application of the technique permitted operative confirmation of the diagnosis in an other wise normal appearing cecum.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformations of the cecum: operative localization by Doppler ultrasound. The Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter was used for operative localization of an arteriovenous malformation of the cecum in a patient with recurrent large intestinal bleeding. Application of the technique permitted operative confirmation of the diagnosis in an other wise normal appearing cecum.", "PMID": 315744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5143", "title": "[Vestibular meanifestations of multiple sclerosis. A new diagnostic element revealed by bithermic tests].", "content": "We studied 56 cases of disseminated sclerosis, all during an attack of the disease and all presenting with symptoms of incoordination. The diagnosis was certain both clinically and biochemically. Out of this population, 64% of the patients had unprovoked nystagmus; of these patients 48% had central type nystagmus (multiple, vertical superior or vertical inferior, or bilateral \"gaze nystagmus\"). We investigated particularly abnormalities in the bithermic tests (vestibular hypovalency, directional preponderance of nystagmus, thermic preponderance) and in particular we studied an index which to the best of our knowledge has never been seriously and statistically investigated. We called this the bithermic reflexogenic index or BRI. We express abnormalities in this index in terms of a disharmony in the bithermic response of one or both vestibules. This index is expressed by the formula o cold + o hot/o cold-o hot x 10 which is the relative difference in the cold and hot test for the same vestibule. The normal index based on research in 180 normal vestibules, is always less than 20. The response is measured in frequency. The results of this study on bithermic tests allowed us to divide our DS population into two main groups: -- the first group comprised 36% of our cases. All the parametric indices are normal (directional preponderance of the nystagmus, thermic preponderance and bithermic reflexogenic index) but the presence of unprovoked nystagmus (88% of the group) is always associated with bilateral vestibular hypereflectivity; -- the second group comprised 64% of the DS patients studied. Unprovoked nystagmus was seen in 50%. All had normal vestibular reflexes or subnormal reflexes without clear cut hypovalency, associated with an abnormality either of directional preponderance of the nystagmus (30%) or of thermic preponderance (25%), or both combined (22%). But in all cases there was an abnormality of the bithermic reflexogenic index greater than 20. This abnormality seems to us to be the most frequent and the most typical. The specificity of this index is under study at the present time. One or another of these syndromes appearing in a young subject who does not have a past medical history of head injury or vascular accidents is strongly in favour of an attack of disseminated sclerosis.", "contents": "[Vestibular meanifestations of multiple sclerosis. A new diagnostic element revealed by bithermic tests]. We studied 56 cases of disseminated sclerosis, all during an attack of the disease and all presenting with symptoms of incoordination. The diagnosis was certain both clinically and biochemically. Out of this population, 64% of the patients had unprovoked nystagmus; of these patients 48% had central type nystagmus (multiple, vertical superior or vertical inferior, or bilateral \"gaze nystagmus\"). We investigated particularly abnormalities in the bithermic tests (vestibular hypovalency, directional preponderance of nystagmus, thermic preponderance) and in particular we studied an index which to the best of our knowledge has never been seriously and statistically investigated. We called this the bithermic reflexogenic index or BRI. We express abnormalities in this index in terms of a disharmony in the bithermic response of one or both vestibules. This index is expressed by the formula o cold + o hot/o cold-o hot x 10 which is the relative difference in the cold and hot test for the same vestibule. The normal index based on research in 180 normal vestibules, is always less than 20. The response is measured in frequency. The results of this study on bithermic tests allowed us to divide our DS population into two main groups: -- the first group comprised 36% of our cases. All the parametric indices are normal (directional preponderance of the nystagmus, thermic preponderance and bithermic reflexogenic index) but the presence of unprovoked nystagmus (88% of the group) is always associated with bilateral vestibular hypereflectivity; -- the second group comprised 64% of the DS patients studied. Unprovoked nystagmus was seen in 50%. All had normal vestibular reflexes or subnormal reflexes without clear cut hypovalency, associated with an abnormality either of directional preponderance of the nystagmus (30%) or of thermic preponderance (25%), or both combined (22%). But in all cases there was an abnormality of the bithermic reflexogenic index greater than 20. This abnormality seems to us to be the most frequent and the most typical. The specificity of this index is under study at the present time. One or another of these syndromes appearing in a young subject who does not have a past medical history of head injury or vascular accidents is strongly in favour of an attack of disseminated sclerosis.", "PMID": 315747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5144", "title": "[Acoustic neuroma and others tumors of the angle, and internal auditory meatus. Surgical results and choice of the approach (126 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "126 tumors of the angle and I.A.C. (118 acoustic neuromas) have been operated by the author from 1966 to 1978. The surgery was done either by the middle fossa, or the translabyrinthine, or the retrosigmoid approach. The perservation of the Facial nerve is obtained in 93%, the facial function is normal in 70%. The hearing is preserved after removal of the tumor in 50% of the intracanalar neuromas, and in 35% after removal of tumors expanded in the angle.", "contents": "[Acoustic neuroma and others tumors of the angle, and internal auditory meatus. Surgical results and choice of the approach (126 cases) (author's transl)]. 126 tumors of the angle and I.A.C. (118 acoustic neuromas) have been operated by the author from 1966 to 1978. The surgery was done either by the middle fossa, or the translabyrinthine, or the retrosigmoid approach. The perservation of the Facial nerve is obtained in 93%, the facial function is normal in 70%. The hearing is preserved after removal of the tumor in 50% of the intracanalar neuromas, and in 35% after removal of tumors expanded in the angle.", "PMID": 315748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5145", "title": "Comparative activities of cefotaxime, a new cephalosporin derivative, and of selected beta-lactam antibiotics against Haemophilus species.", "content": "The activity of cefotaxime (HR756), a new semi-synthetic cephalosporin, was compared with the activity of ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefazolin, cefamandole and cefoxitin against 247 strains of Haemophilus sp.; 20 of these strains produce a beta-lactam inactivating enzyme. The minimal inhibitoring concentrations were determined by the agar plate dilution technique. Cefotaxime is not only more active than any other cephalosporin but also than ampicillin, generally estimated the most active drug against Haemophilus sp. Bacteriostatic concentrations of cefotaxime which inhibit 50 and 95% of the strains (BSC50 and BSC95) were 0,009 microgram/ml and 0,03 microgram/ml, respectively, showing an activity 20 times superior to that of ampicillin. Cefotaxime activity was unaffected by the production of beta-lactamase.", "contents": "Comparative activities of cefotaxime, a new cephalosporin derivative, and of selected beta-lactam antibiotics against Haemophilus species. The activity of cefotaxime (HR756), a new semi-synthetic cephalosporin, was compared with the activity of ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefazolin, cefamandole and cefoxitin against 247 strains of Haemophilus sp.; 20 of these strains produce a beta-lactam inactivating enzyme. The minimal inhibitoring concentrations were determined by the agar plate dilution technique. Cefotaxime is not only more active than any other cephalosporin but also than ampicillin, generally estimated the most active drug against Haemophilus sp. Bacteriostatic concentrations of cefotaxime which inhibit 50 and 95% of the strains (BSC50 and BSC95) were 0,009 microgram/ml and 0,03 microgram/ml, respectively, showing an activity 20 times superior to that of ampicillin. Cefotaxime activity was unaffected by the production of beta-lactamase.", "PMID": 315745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5146", "title": "[Bactericidal activity of ampicillin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, alone or in combinations against susceptible and resistant \"Haemophilus influenzae\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Bactericidal activity of three antibiotics, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, alone or in combinations, was determined against susceptible and resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae. The various antibiotic combinations were studied for the determination of a synergistic or antagonistic effect. The study was done by the checkerboard method. A percentage of survivors inferior or equal to 0.01% of the inoculum represents the bactericidal activity. Ampicillin and chloramphenicol are bactericidal antibiotics against H. influenzae at concentrations of 1 microgram/ml and 4 microgram/ml, respectively. The combination of ampicillin and gentamicin exhibited a synergistic effect against strains sensitive and resistant to ampicillin. The combination of chloramphenicol and gentamicin was synergistic against all strains. Ampicillin and chloramphenicol, when combined, were antagonistic against two strains using a bacteriostatic concentration of chloramphenicol; and against the remaining strains the effects of the combination were indifferent.", "contents": "[Bactericidal activity of ampicillin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, alone or in combinations against susceptible and resistant \"Haemophilus influenzae\" (author's transl)]. Bactericidal activity of three antibiotics, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, alone or in combinations, was determined against susceptible and resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae. The various antibiotic combinations were studied for the determination of a synergistic or antagonistic effect. The study was done by the checkerboard method. A percentage of survivors inferior or equal to 0.01% of the inoculum represents the bactericidal activity. Ampicillin and chloramphenicol are bactericidal antibiotics against H. influenzae at concentrations of 1 microgram/ml and 4 microgram/ml, respectively. The combination of ampicillin and gentamicin exhibited a synergistic effect against strains sensitive and resistant to ampicillin. The combination of chloramphenicol and gentamicin was synergistic against all strains. Ampicillin and chloramphenicol, when combined, were antagonistic against two strains using a bacteriostatic concentration of chloramphenicol; and against the remaining strains the effects of the combination were indifferent.", "PMID": 315746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5147", "title": "[Stapedo-vestibular ankylosis associated with osteopathy of the promontory (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present two unusual operative findings during surgery for stapedo-vestibular ankylosis, of which no similar cases would appear to be found in the literature. The first case posed the problem of stapedo-vestibular ankylosis as a sequel of clinically latent otitis, the only manifestations of which were radiological opacity of the mastoid and an area of osteitis of the promontory, still active, in the absence of any other progressive inflammatory phenomena or sequelae. Surgery required curettage and opening of the promontory, associated with total stapedectomy and a Teflon-inter-position. The functional result was very good. The second case of typical bilateral stapedo-vestibular ankylosis suggested the possibility of \"malignant\" otospongiosis, or at all events, markedly progressive. Surgery led to opening of the labyrinth. After platinectomy and excision of a bony sequestrum, there remained only a large fossa with an area equivalent to 3 times that of a usual fenestra ovale. A Teflon-interposition piston was performed with a good result. These rare forms lead to discussion of:--Lobstein's disease, Paget's disease and parathyroid osteosis. Finally, the authors approach the problem of the therapeutic attitude to be adopted in the presence of such rare conditions.", "contents": "[Stapedo-vestibular ankylosis associated with osteopathy of the promontory (author's transl)]. The authors present two unusual operative findings during surgery for stapedo-vestibular ankylosis, of which no similar cases would appear to be found in the literature. The first case posed the problem of stapedo-vestibular ankylosis as a sequel of clinically latent otitis, the only manifestations of which were radiological opacity of the mastoid and an area of osteitis of the promontory, still active, in the absence of any other progressive inflammatory phenomena or sequelae. Surgery required curettage and opening of the promontory, associated with total stapedectomy and a Teflon-inter-position. The functional result was very good. The second case of typical bilateral stapedo-vestibular ankylosis suggested the possibility of \"malignant\" otospongiosis, or at all events, markedly progressive. Surgery led to opening of the labyrinth. After platinectomy and excision of a bony sequestrum, there remained only a large fossa with an area equivalent to 3 times that of a usual fenestra ovale. A Teflon-interposition piston was performed with a good result. These rare forms lead to discussion of:--Lobstein's disease, Paget's disease and parathyroid osteosis. Finally, the authors approach the problem of the therapeutic attitude to be adopted in the presence of such rare conditions.", "PMID": 315750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5148", "title": "Ocular tilt reaction with peripheral vestibular lesion.", "content": "Following inadvertent destruction of the left vestibular labyrinth during stapedectomy, a patient developed a transient abnormality of posture consisting of leftward ocular counterrolling, leftward had tilting, and a right-over-left skew deviation. This postural pattern, known as the \"ocular tilt reaction,\" is the normal compensatory response of the dependent utricle to tilting. In this patient, the unopposed action of the intact right utricle was presumably responsible for the appearance of a normal leftward ocular tilt reaction.", "contents": "Ocular tilt reaction with peripheral vestibular lesion. Following inadvertent destruction of the left vestibular labyrinth during stapedectomy, a patient developed a transient abnormality of posture consisting of leftward ocular counterrolling, leftward had tilting, and a right-over-left skew deviation. This postural pattern, known as the \"ocular tilt reaction,\" is the normal compensatory response of the dependent utricle to tilting. In this patient, the unopposed action of the intact right utricle was presumably responsible for the appearance of a normal leftward ocular tilt reaction.", "PMID": 315752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5149", "title": "LY-127935: a novel beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual antibacterial activity.", "content": "The in vitro activity of LY-127935, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, was examined by using 370 clinical bacterial strains. In comparison with several other beta-lactam agents, LY-127935 was the most inhibitory against the Enterobacteriaceae. It was remarkably active against multi-drug-resistant strains of Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. LY-127935 had four- to eightfold greater activity than did cefoxitin against Bacteroides fragilis. Production of beta-lactamase by Enterobacteriaceae did not influence the minimal inhibitory concentration of LY-127935. However, the beta-lactamase-producing strains of B. fragilis and Haemophilus influenzae had generally higher minimal inhibitory concentrations. LY-127935 was the least active agent tested against gram-positive aerobic cocci. Variations in pH, salt content, protein content, or inocula size had little influence on susceptibility to LY-127935. Although combination studies with LY-127935 and gentamicin demonstrated synergy for P. aeruginosa, the rates of killing for the combination and for gentamicin alone were similar.", "contents": "LY-127935: a novel beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual antibacterial activity. The in vitro activity of LY-127935, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, was examined by using 370 clinical bacterial strains. In comparison with several other beta-lactam agents, LY-127935 was the most inhibitory against the Enterobacteriaceae. It was remarkably active against multi-drug-resistant strains of Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. LY-127935 had four- to eightfold greater activity than did cefoxitin against Bacteroides fragilis. Production of beta-lactamase by Enterobacteriaceae did not influence the minimal inhibitory concentration of LY-127935. However, the beta-lactamase-producing strains of B. fragilis and Haemophilus influenzae had generally higher minimal inhibitory concentrations. LY-127935 was the least active agent tested against gram-positive aerobic cocci. Variations in pH, salt content, protein content, or inocula size had little influence on susceptibility to LY-127935. Although combination studies with LY-127935 and gentamicin demonstrated synergy for P. aeruginosa, the rates of killing for the combination and for gentamicin alone were similar.", "PMID": 315753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5150", "title": "Limited effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis on Pneumocystis carinii.", "content": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been proven effective in the treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in lower animals and humans. How effective the drug combination is in eradicating P. carinii from the host is not known. The immunosuppressed rat model was used to determine whether or not trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole effectively eradicated the organism. Animals treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for as long as 6 weeks were then placed in individual isolator cages, immunosuppressed with prednisone for 12 weeks, and sacrificed. P. carinii was found in the lungs of at least 90% of the drug-treated as well as untreated control groups. The data indicate that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has a limited rather than a lethal effect on P. carinii and that protection is afforded only during the period of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration.", "contents": "Limited effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis on Pneumocystis carinii. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been proven effective in the treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in lower animals and humans. How effective the drug combination is in eradicating P. carinii from the host is not known. The immunosuppressed rat model was used to determine whether or not trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole effectively eradicated the organism. Animals treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for as long as 6 weeks were then placed in individual isolator cages, immunosuppressed with prednisone for 12 weeks, and sacrificed. P. carinii was found in the lungs of at least 90% of the drug-treated as well as untreated control groups. The data indicate that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has a limited rather than a lethal effect on P. carinii and that protection is afforded only during the period of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration.", "PMID": 315754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5151", "title": "Lymphocyte response after surgery in the neonate.", "content": "Fourteen neonates born with congenital malformations were investigated for lymphocyte function before and after surgery. Total leucocyte and absolute lymphocyte counts were unaltered after surgery. The mean percentage of T-lymphocytes observed either pre- or postoperatively was considerably lower than that reported in older children and adults. While there was an increase in the percentage of B-lymphocytes after operation in the infants, the absolute number of B-cells remained unchanges. The preoperative transformation response of lymphocytes to PHA (mean 12.9 +/- 5.4 X 10(3) counts/min) was little different from the postoperative values (mean 12.4 +/- 4.4 X 10(3) counts/min). These results suggest that the neonate is immunologically different from older children and adults in its response to anaesthesia and surgery.", "contents": "Lymphocyte response after surgery in the neonate. Fourteen neonates born with congenital malformations were investigated for lymphocyte function before and after surgery. Total leucocyte and absolute lymphocyte counts were unaltered after surgery. The mean percentage of T-lymphocytes observed either pre- or postoperatively was considerably lower than that reported in older children and adults. While there was an increase in the percentage of B-lymphocytes after operation in the infants, the absolute number of B-cells remained unchanges. The preoperative transformation response of lymphocytes to PHA (mean 12.9 +/- 5.4 X 10(3) counts/min) was little different from the postoperative values (mean 12.4 +/- 4.4 X 10(3) counts/min). These results suggest that the neonate is immunologically different from older children and adults in its response to anaesthesia and surgery.", "PMID": 315758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5152", "title": "Surgical treatment of ascending aortic aneurysms associated with aortic valve insufficiency.", "content": "From 1965 to 1978, 111 patients underwent combined operation for ascending aortic aneurysms and aortic valve insufficiency. Fifteen patients had direct coronary implantation (Group 1). In 25 patients operated on between 1972 and 1977, the aortic root was retained (Group 2). An additional 71 patients operated on between 1965 and 1972 were included (Group 3): 40 who had synthetic graft replacement and retention of the aortic root and 31 who had aortoplasty and associated aortic valve repair. In 8 patients in Group 3, recurrent aneurysms were detected an average of 6.5 years after operation. The mortality rate for repaiajor complication after incomplete resection of the aortic root. Total exclusion of the aneurysm should be considered.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of ascending aortic aneurysms associated with aortic valve insufficiency. From 1965 to 1978, 111 patients underwent combined operation for ascending aortic aneurysms and aortic valve insufficiency. Fifteen patients had direct coronary implantation (Group 1). In 25 patients operated on between 1972 and 1977, the aortic root was retained (Group 2). An additional 71 patients operated on between 1965 and 1972 were included (Group 3): 40 who had synthetic graft replacement and retention of the aortic root and 31 who had aortoplasty and associated aortic valve repair. In 8 patients in Group 3, recurrent aneurysms were detected an average of 6.5 years after operation. The mortality rate for repaiajor complication after incomplete resection of the aortic root. Total exclusion of the aneurysm should be considered.", "PMID": 315760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5153", "title": "The importance of monitoring intramyocardial temperature during hypothermic myocardial protection.", "content": "In 50 patients undergoing cardiac operation, hypothermic cardioplegic solution was infused into the root of the aorta immediately after aortic cross-clamping. Cardiac standstill was achieved within 1 to 3 minutes. However, monitoring of intramyocardial temperature with a needle thermistor revealed that such core cooling is unpredictable (the intramyocardial temperature achieved ranged from 7 degrees to 33 degrees C), unstable (this temperature can rise at more than 0.5 degrees C per minute), and uneven (a difference of up to 17 degrees C was observed between the intramyocardial temperature of the anterior and posterior left ventricular sites). The area supplied by the stenotic coronary artery was least protected. Monitoring of intramyocardial temperature enables one to know when supplementary cooling is indicated. We conclude that widespread differences in this temperature during cardiac operation make monitoring advisable for optimal myocardial protection.", "contents": "The importance of monitoring intramyocardial temperature during hypothermic myocardial protection. In 50 patients undergoing cardiac operation, hypothermic cardioplegic solution was infused into the root of the aorta immediately after aortic cross-clamping. Cardiac standstill was achieved within 1 to 3 minutes. However, monitoring of intramyocardial temperature with a needle thermistor revealed that such core cooling is unpredictable (the intramyocardial temperature achieved ranged from 7 degrees to 33 degrees C), unstable (this temperature can rise at more than 0.5 degrees C per minute), and uneven (a difference of up to 17 degrees C was observed between the intramyocardial temperature of the anterior and posterior left ventricular sites). The area supplied by the stenotic coronary artery was least protected. Monitoring of intramyocardial temperature enables one to know when supplementary cooling is indicated. We conclude that widespread differences in this temperature during cardiac operation make monitoring advisable for optimal myocardial protection.", "PMID": 315761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5154", "title": "Left ventricular decompression by sump drainage.", "content": "Decompression of the left ventricle during cardiopulmonary bypass is a useful adjunct to open-heart operation, primarily to preserve myocardial tissue and also to improve the exposure of the operative field. The addition of sump drainage to left ventricular decompression systems enhances the usefulness of this established technique. Technical aspects of this sump drainage are detailed.", "contents": "Left ventricular decompression by sump drainage. Decompression of the left ventricle during cardiopulmonary bypass is a useful adjunct to open-heart operation, primarily to preserve myocardial tissue and also to improve the exposure of the operative field. The addition of sump drainage to left ventricular decompression systems enhances the usefulness of this established technique. Technical aspects of this sump drainage are detailed.", "PMID": 315763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5155", "title": "Naloxone reversal of drug-induced diarrhea in mice.", "content": "The potential role of endogenous opiates in the mediation of the diarrheal actions of prostaglandin-F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and methacholine was investigated. The interaction of the antidiarrheal agents morphine, propantheline bromide and cyproheptadine on the course of PGF2 alpha-induced diarrhea in mice was studied, as were the effects of naloxone on PGF2 alpha-, methacholine-, and 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced diarrhea. The three diarrheal agents, administered intraperitoneally, showed dose-dependent and parallel dose-response curves with the following order of decreasing potency: PGF2 alpha, methacholine and 5-HTP. Naloxone significantly inhibited the diarrhea induced by these agents. The diarrheal action of PGF2 alpha was also significantly attenuated with morphine, propantheline and cyproheptadine. These results suggest that PGF2 alpha, methacholine and 5-HTP induce diarrhea via a common pharmacological mechanism(s) which may involve an interaction with endogenous opiate receptors. However, the antagonism of diarrhea with agents having diverse pharmacological actions would suggest that factors unrelated to an interaction with endogenous opiates may also be involved in the production of diarrhea by the diarrheagenic agents studied.", "contents": "Naloxone reversal of drug-induced diarrhea in mice. The potential role of endogenous opiates in the mediation of the diarrheal actions of prostaglandin-F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and methacholine was investigated. The interaction of the antidiarrheal agents morphine, propantheline bromide and cyproheptadine on the course of PGF2 alpha-induced diarrhea in mice was studied, as were the effects of naloxone on PGF2 alpha-, methacholine-, and 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced diarrhea. The three diarrheal agents, administered intraperitoneally, showed dose-dependent and parallel dose-response curves with the following order of decreasing potency: PGF2 alpha, methacholine and 5-HTP. Naloxone significantly inhibited the diarrhea induced by these agents. The diarrheal action of PGF2 alpha was also significantly attenuated with morphine, propantheline and cyproheptadine. These results suggest that PGF2 alpha, methacholine and 5-HTP induce diarrhea via a common pharmacological mechanism(s) which may involve an interaction with endogenous opiate receptors. However, the antagonism of diarrhea with agents having diverse pharmacological actions would suggest that factors unrelated to an interaction with endogenous opiates may also be involved in the production of diarrhea by the diarrheagenic agents studied.", "PMID": 315764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5156", "title": "Hereditary multiple exostoses with myelopathy.", "content": "A 58-year-old woman with hereditary multiple exostoses had slowly progressive myelopathy due to a vertebral exostosis that compressed the spinal cord at T1-2. She did not show skeletal deformities, but had numerous palpable long-bone exostoses. While CNS complications are rare in hereditary multiple exostosis, 17 other cases have been reported.", "contents": "Hereditary multiple exostoses with myelopathy. A 58-year-old woman with hereditary multiple exostoses had slowly progressive myelopathy due to a vertebral exostosis that compressed the spinal cord at T1-2. She did not show skeletal deformities, but had numerous palpable long-bone exostoses. While CNS complications are rare in hereditary multiple exostosis, 17 other cases have been reported.", "PMID": 315766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5157", "title": "Frontal ventricular dimensions of the brain in infants and children.", "content": "Four hundred computerized tomographic scans of the brain in infants and children from birth to 15 years of age were reviewed. Of these, 142 were judged to exhibit normal ventricular dimensions as determined by the biventricular (V/H) index, the length of a line drawn between the heads of the caudate nuclei (V) relative to the width of the cerebral hemispheres (H) at the same level. When all scans were analyzed collectively, the V/H index followed a Gaussian distribution (mean, .11 +/- .03) [SD]; range, .00 to .20). The index did not increase with advancing age within the pediatric population (0 to 15 years), as it does in adults.", "contents": "Frontal ventricular dimensions of the brain in infants and children. Four hundred computerized tomographic scans of the brain in infants and children from birth to 15 years of age were reviewed. Of these, 142 were judged to exhibit normal ventricular dimensions as determined by the biventricular (V/H) index, the length of a line drawn between the heads of the caudate nuclei (V) relative to the width of the cerebral hemispheres (H) at the same level. When all scans were analyzed collectively, the V/H index followed a Gaussian distribution (mean, .11 +/- .03) [SD]; range, .00 to .20). The index did not increase with advancing age within the pediatric population (0 to 15 years), as it does in adults.", "PMID": 315768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5158", "title": "Adrenergic innervation of blood vessels. A fluorescence microscopic study of the eighth nerve and inner ear structures in man.", "content": "Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the perivascular adrenergic innervation in the eighth nerve and vestibular end-organ specimens from 13 patients with otoneurological diseases. It was observed that all the blood vessels accompanying the cochlear and vestibular nerves from patients with acoustic neuroma or Meniere's disease were devoid of specifically fluorescent fibers, while several adrenergic fibers were seen around the arterioles accompanying the inferior vestibular nerve from the patient with sudden deafness.", "contents": "Adrenergic innervation of blood vessels. A fluorescence microscopic study of the eighth nerve and inner ear structures in man. Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the perivascular adrenergic innervation in the eighth nerve and vestibular end-organ specimens from 13 patients with otoneurological diseases. It was observed that all the blood vessels accompanying the cochlear and vestibular nerves from patients with acoustic neuroma or Meniere's disease were devoid of specifically fluorescent fibers, while several adrenergic fibers were seen around the arterioles accompanying the inferior vestibular nerve from the patient with sudden deafness.", "PMID": 315769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5159", "title": "Iron deficiency anaemia--a prospective study.", "content": "A prospective study was performed over 15 months to determine the cause of iron deficiency in adult males and postmenopausal females attending a general hospital. The laboratory computer identified all subjects with a haemoglobin less than 10.6 g/dl and a mean corpuscular volume less than 86 fl. Patients becoming anaemic after trauma or recent surgery were excluded. The iron status of each patient was assessed by serum iron studies, serum ferritin or sternal marrow aspiration. Reduced red cell indices and blood film morphology were not diagnostic of iron deficiency. Of 215 patients assessed, about half (103) were found to be iron replete. This group had a variety of disorders--malignancy, chronic inflammation, chronic renal and non-malignant haematological diseases. The other group of 104 patients satisfied criteria for iron deficiency, and 100 of these were investigated further. The cause of iron deficiency was found in all but three subjects. Inadequate dietary intake was a contributing factor in over half of the patients and 40 regularly took salicylates. Investigation defined a source of chronic gastrointestinal blood loss in most instances.", "contents": "Iron deficiency anaemia--a prospective study. A prospective study was performed over 15 months to determine the cause of iron deficiency in adult males and postmenopausal females attending a general hospital. The laboratory computer identified all subjects with a haemoglobin less than 10.6 g/dl and a mean corpuscular volume less than 86 fl. Patients becoming anaemic after trauma or recent surgery were excluded. The iron status of each patient was assessed by serum iron studies, serum ferritin or sternal marrow aspiration. Reduced red cell indices and blood film morphology were not diagnostic of iron deficiency. Of 215 patients assessed, about half (103) were found to be iron replete. This group had a variety of disorders--malignancy, chronic inflammation, chronic renal and non-malignant haematological diseases. The other group of 104 patients satisfied criteria for iron deficiency, and 100 of these were investigated further. The cause of iron deficiency was found in all but three subjects. Inadequate dietary intake was a contributing factor in over half of the patients and 40 regularly took salicylates. Investigation defined a source of chronic gastrointestinal blood loss in most instances.", "PMID": 315771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5160", "title": "Studies of the effects of sex hormones on autosomal and X-linked genetic control of induced and spontaneous antibody production.", "content": "In these studies we investigated the modifying effect of sex hormones on both the levels of induced antibodies after immunization with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and the levels of spontaneously produced anti-T cell antibodies (NTA). To learn whether the responses were genetically determined or under hormonal regulation, we analyzed hybrids produced by crossing the autoimmune NZB strain with the nonautoimmune DBA/2 strain. For both anti-ssDNA and NTA, males usually had a lower response than females; this difference could largely be removed by castration of the males. Females given testosterone implants also had decreased antibody levels. The higher responses in females and suppression by testosterone were true for all mice studied except NZB mice. NZB mice appear to have an insensitivity to the suppressive effects of testosterone.", "contents": "Studies of the effects of sex hormones on autosomal and X-linked genetic control of induced and spontaneous antibody production. In these studies we investigated the modifying effect of sex hormones on both the levels of induced antibodies after immunization with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and the levels of spontaneously produced anti-T cell antibodies (NTA). To learn whether the responses were genetically determined or under hormonal regulation, we analyzed hybrids produced by crossing the autoimmune NZB strain with the nonautoimmune DBA/2 strain. For both anti-ssDNA and NTA, males usually had a lower response than females; this difference could largely be removed by castration of the males. Females given testosterone implants also had decreased antibody levels. The higher responses in females and suppression by testosterone were true for all mice studied except NZB mice. NZB mice appear to have an insensitivity to the suppressive effects of testosterone.", "PMID": 315776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5161", "title": "A Y chromosome associated factor in strain BXSB producing accelerated autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation.", "content": "Strain BXSB/Mp mice develop a spontaneous lupus-like syndrome which is strikingly accelerated in males. The accelerated autoimmune disease occurs in male F1 hybrids with strains NZB/BINJ, SJL/J, and C57BL/6J when the male parent is BXSB but not in the reciprocal hybrid male nor in females. The pattern is similar in F2 hybrids with strains NZB and SJL. The accelerated disease in males occurs only when the Y chromosome is derived from recombinant inbred strain BXSB and ultimately from strain SB/Le.", "contents": "A Y chromosome associated factor in strain BXSB producing accelerated autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation. Strain BXSB/Mp mice develop a spontaneous lupus-like syndrome which is strikingly accelerated in males. The accelerated autoimmune disease occurs in male F1 hybrids with strains NZB/BINJ, SJL/J, and C57BL/6J when the male parent is BXSB but not in the reciprocal hybrid male nor in females. The pattern is similar in F2 hybrids with strains NZB and SJL. The accelerated disease in males occurs only when the Y chromosome is derived from recombinant inbred strain BXSB and ultimately from strain SB/Le.", "PMID": 315777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5162", "title": "[Factors influencing the changes in liver melanin content of amphibia. I. Effect of breeding temperature].", "content": "Frogs caught in winter and kept at summer temperatures, show an increase in the melanic content of the liver. Frogs caught in summer and kept at winter temperatures do not show variations in hepatic melanins with respect to the summer control specimes. This data does not correspond with the natural course of hepatic melanin fluctuations, therefore the causes of the variations are to be sought in factors other than the temperature, one of which could very probably be represented by alimentation.", "contents": "[Factors influencing the changes in liver melanin content of amphibia. I. Effect of breeding temperature]. Frogs caught in winter and kept at summer temperatures, show an increase in the melanic content of the liver. Frogs caught in summer and kept at winter temperatures do not show variations in hepatic melanins with respect to the summer control specimes. This data does not correspond with the natural course of hepatic melanin fluctuations, therefore the causes of the variations are to be sought in factors other than the temperature, one of which could very probably be represented by alimentation.", "PMID": 315778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5163", "title": "[Study of factors influencing the changes in liver melanin content of amphibia. II. Effect of fasting].", "content": "Statistical examination of the data from experiments conducted on groups of Amphibians induces us to retain as plausible the hypothesis which indicates in fasting one of the preminent factors that cause an increase in the melanic content of their liver. The temperature does not act directly, but indirectly, on the process of melanosynthesis, by inducing or otherwise the semilethargous state on which alimentation depends.", "contents": "[Study of factors influencing the changes in liver melanin content of amphibia. II. Effect of fasting]. Statistical examination of the data from experiments conducted on groups of Amphibians induces us to retain as plausible the hypothesis which indicates in fasting one of the preminent factors that cause an increase in the melanic content of their liver. The temperature does not act directly, but indirectly, on the process of melanosynthesis, by inducing or otherwise the semilethargous state on which alimentation depends.", "PMID": 315779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5164", "title": "[Statistical observations on the incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis in the female population of Terni from 1974 to 1978].", "content": "The casuistics refers to 1646 cases equal to 20,5% of vaginal trichomoniasis in a total of 7996 pap tests examined in the service of Anatomy and Histology Pathology in the hospital of Terni. The exams of the incidences of trichomoniasis in the various age classes, reveals that the main frequency is found in the 2nd., 3rd., 4th decades of life, that is in the period of maximum sexual attivity. Vaginal Trichomonas is rarer before puberty and after the menopause.", "contents": "[Statistical observations on the incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis in the female population of Terni from 1974 to 1978]. The casuistics refers to 1646 cases equal to 20,5% of vaginal trichomoniasis in a total of 7996 pap tests examined in the service of Anatomy and Histology Pathology in the hospital of Terni. The exams of the incidences of trichomoniasis in the various age classes, reveals that the main frequency is found in the 2nd., 3rd., 4th decades of life, that is in the period of maximum sexual attivity. Vaginal Trichomonas is rarer before puberty and after the menopause.", "PMID": 315780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5165", "title": "[Association between Trichomonas vaginalis and some types of lesions of the uterine neck based on data collected in the quinquennium of 1974--1978].", "content": "In our statistic the number of cases of vaginal trichomoniasi in which discariosi, displasie, metaplasie are found are represented in about 40%. While 37,5% of women affected with neoplastic lesions had Trichomonas vaginalis. It is certain that in the presence of flogosi from Trichomonas vaginalis we meet more frequently than normal, atipie cellulars and that often an exact valutation of this lesion is put back to an exam after the recovery of the Trichomonas vaginalis, because fortunately, more than often these disturbances disappear.", "contents": "[Association between Trichomonas vaginalis and some types of lesions of the uterine neck based on data collected in the quinquennium of 1974--1978]. In our statistic the number of cases of vaginal trichomoniasi in which discariosi, displasie, metaplasie are found are represented in about 40%. While 37,5% of women affected with neoplastic lesions had Trichomonas vaginalis. It is certain that in the presence of flogosi from Trichomonas vaginalis we meet more frequently than normal, atipie cellulars and that often an exact valutation of this lesion is put back to an exam after the recovery of the Trichomonas vaginalis, because fortunately, more than often these disturbances disappear.", "PMID": 315781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5166", "title": "Reoperation for recurrent angina.", "content": "Forty patients with persistent or recurrent angina after an aortocoronary bypass procedure underwent a second operation. The cause of recurrent angina, defined by angiography, was thought to be isolated graft failure in 13 patients, progression of disease in ungrafted vessels in 4, incomplete revascularisation in 2, and stenoses distal to patent grafts in 1. More than one factor was responsible in 20 patients. There was 1 early postoperative death and 3 perioperative myocardial infarctions. Thirty-four patients have been followed for more than 3 months (4 to 63 months). Of these, 17 had previously bypassed vessels regrafted and 5 are sympton free, 4 have mild angina, and 8 have severe angina. Ten patients had previously ungrafted vessels grafted and 4 are sympton free, 3 have mild angina, 2 have severe angina, and 1 is limited by breathlessness. Seven patients had a combined procedure and 4 are sympton free, 1 has mild angina, and 2 have severe angina. Reoperation can be carried out safely but the results are less satisfactory than for a primary procedure.", "contents": "Reoperation for recurrent angina. Forty patients with persistent or recurrent angina after an aortocoronary bypass procedure underwent a second operation. The cause of recurrent angina, defined by angiography, was thought to be isolated graft failure in 13 patients, progression of disease in ungrafted vessels in 4, incomplete revascularisation in 2, and stenoses distal to patent grafts in 1. More than one factor was responsible in 20 patients. There was 1 early postoperative death and 3 perioperative myocardial infarctions. Thirty-four patients have been followed for more than 3 months (4 to 63 months). Of these, 17 had previously bypassed vessels regrafted and 5 are sympton free, 4 have mild angina, and 8 have severe angina. Ten patients had previously ungrafted vessels grafted and 4 are sympton free, 3 have mild angina, 2 have severe angina, and 1 is limited by breathlessness. Seven patients had a combined procedure and 4 are sympton free, 1 has mild angina, and 2 have severe angina. Reoperation can be carried out safely but the results are less satisfactory than for a primary procedure.", "PMID": 315782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5167", "title": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in assessment of results of aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Thirty-six patients were assessed by thallium-201 myocardial imaging before and after aortocoronary bypass operations and the results were compared with evaluation based on symptomatic assessment, exercise testing, and electrocardiography. After operation, the majority of patients were free from symptoms or symptomatically improved with increased exercise duration. Perioperative myocardial damage was shown in eight patients and myocardial ischaemia in 15 patients when assessed by thallium imaging during exercise. Thallium imaging proved more sensitive than electrocardiography in the demonstration of perioperative infarction and in the detection of postoperative ischaemia. Exercise electrocardiography may be misleading after aortocoronary bypass operations. Thallium imaging offers a simple, objective evaluation of the results of revascularisation procedures, throws light on the mechanisms of relief of angina by operation, and helps in the assessment of the patient whose progress is unsatisfactory after operation.", "contents": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in assessment of results of aortocoronary bypass surgery. Thirty-six patients were assessed by thallium-201 myocardial imaging before and after aortocoronary bypass operations and the results were compared with evaluation based on symptomatic assessment, exercise testing, and electrocardiography. After operation, the majority of patients were free from symptoms or symptomatically improved with increased exercise duration. Perioperative myocardial damage was shown in eight patients and myocardial ischaemia in 15 patients when assessed by thallium imaging during exercise. Thallium imaging proved more sensitive than electrocardiography in the demonstration of perioperative infarction and in the detection of postoperative ischaemia. Exercise electrocardiography may be misleading after aortocoronary bypass operations. Thallium imaging offers a simple, objective evaluation of the results of revascularisation procedures, throws light on the mechanisms of relief of angina by operation, and helps in the assessment of the patient whose progress is unsatisfactory after operation.", "PMID": 315784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5168", "title": "Association of host immunoglobulins with solid tumours in vivo.", "content": "Using a direct radioimmune antiglobulin technique and a competitive double-antibody radioimmune assay, we have demonstrated the presence of appreciable amounts of host immunoglobulins on the surface and in extracts of cell suspensions from freshly excised solid tumours. IgA appeared to have the greatest concentrations from freshly excised solid tumours. IgA appeared to have the greatest concentration, followed in turn by IgM congruent to IgG2a greater than IgG1 congruent to IgG2b greater than IgG3. The amount of immunoglobulin appeared to be influenced by the tumour under investigation and its mode of maintenance. It could also be increased by the administration of C. parvum but was not significantly influenced by the T-cell status of the host.", "contents": "Association of host immunoglobulins with solid tumours in vivo. Using a direct radioimmune antiglobulin technique and a competitive double-antibody radioimmune assay, we have demonstrated the presence of appreciable amounts of host immunoglobulins on the surface and in extracts of cell suspensions from freshly excised solid tumours. IgA appeared to have the greatest concentrations from freshly excised solid tumours. IgA appeared to have the greatest concentration, followed in turn by IgM congruent to IgG2a greater than IgG1 congruent to IgG2b greater than IgG3. The amount of immunoglobulin appeared to be influenced by the tumour under investigation and its mode of maintenance. It could also be increased by the administration of C. parvum but was not significantly influenced by the T-cell status of the host.", "PMID": 315785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5169", "title": "Transient impairment of peripheral blood lymphocyte function during PUVA therapy.", "content": "Three parameters of immune function--enumeration of circulating T and B lymphocytes and response of lymphocytes to graduated doses of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)--were examined serially in eleven patients with psoriasis before, during, and after an intensive course of PUVA therapy. A trend was detected for the lymphocyte response to PHA to fall during the first week of treatment and then rise back towards the pre-treatment level. No alteration was found in the percentage or absolute numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes. This study shows that routine PUVA therapy can induce an alteration in immune function but that this alteration is slight and short-lived.", "contents": "Transient impairment of peripheral blood lymphocyte function during PUVA therapy. Three parameters of immune function--enumeration of circulating T and B lymphocytes and response of lymphocytes to graduated doses of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)--were examined serially in eleven patients with psoriasis before, during, and after an intensive course of PUVA therapy. A trend was detected for the lymphocyte response to PHA to fall during the first week of treatment and then rise back towards the pre-treatment level. No alteration was found in the percentage or absolute numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes. This study shows that routine PUVA therapy can induce an alteration in immune function but that this alteration is slight and short-lived.", "PMID": 315786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5170", "title": "Immune pancytopenia.", "content": "Circulating T-lymphocytes from a 13-year-old boy with autoimmune anaemia, severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia inhibited autologous and normal homologous bone marrow myeloid colony formation in vitro. This inhibition was abolished when the patient's antithymocyte globulin and complement-treated T-lymphocytes were used. T-lymphocytes from normal individuals did not cause such an inhibition. The patient's lymphocytes showed no inhibitory effect on erythroid colony formation. Investigation of the patient's serum failed to disclose any leucoagglutinin, lymphocytotoxin or humoral factor against myeloid colony formation. These findings indicate that T-lymphocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis of neutropenia in immune pancytopenia.", "contents": "Immune pancytopenia. Circulating T-lymphocytes from a 13-year-old boy with autoimmune anaemia, severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia inhibited autologous and normal homologous bone marrow myeloid colony formation in vitro. This inhibition was abolished when the patient's antithymocyte globulin and complement-treated T-lymphocytes were used. T-lymphocytes from normal individuals did not cause such an inhibition. The patient's lymphocytes showed no inhibitory effect on erythroid colony formation. Investigation of the patient's serum failed to disclose any leucoagglutinin, lymphocytotoxin or humoral factor against myeloid colony formation. These findings indicate that T-lymphocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis of neutropenia in immune pancytopenia.", "PMID": 315788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5171", "title": "Generation of factor VIII coagulant activity by isolated, perfused neonatal pig livers and adult rat livers.", "content": "Isolated, normal, neonatal pig livers released VIII:C into perfusates of porcine von Willebrand blood lacking VIIIR:AG and VIII:RWF. Neonatal von Willebrand livers released VIII:C only when partially purified VIIIR:AG was added to the von Willbrand blood. Adult rat livers, perfused with frozen-thawed erythrocytes suspended in Tyrode's solution containing 6% bovine serum albumin and hence no VIIIR:AG released VIII:C only when serum, adsorbed serum or cryoprecipitate from rat plasma was added to the perfusate. Cycloheximide blocked the release of VIII:C from rat liver.", "contents": "Generation of factor VIII coagulant activity by isolated, perfused neonatal pig livers and adult rat livers. Isolated, normal, neonatal pig livers released VIII:C into perfusates of porcine von Willebrand blood lacking VIIIR:AG and VIII:RWF. Neonatal von Willebrand livers released VIII:C only when partially purified VIIIR:AG was added to the von Willbrand blood. Adult rat livers, perfused with frozen-thawed erythrocytes suspended in Tyrode's solution containing 6% bovine serum albumin and hence no VIIIR:AG released VIII:C only when serum, adsorbed serum or cryoprecipitate from rat plasma was added to the perfusate. Cycloheximide blocked the release of VIII:C from rat liver.", "PMID": 315789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5172", "title": "Maternal hormone profile in oxytocin induced labour.", "content": "Serial blood samples were collected from ten patients at between 40 and 42 weeks gestation, who were having labour induced by amniotomy and intravenous oxytocin. The plasma levels of human placental lactogen and pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein showed no more than their normal late pregnancy variability during labour; oestradiol-17 beta showed a small rise in early labour followed by a fall in the second stage of labour; unconjugated oestriol and 11-hydroxycorticosteroids showed a progressive rise throughout labour and progesterone a progressive fall. The ratio of progesterone to oestradiol-17 beta fell throughout labour. The significance of these changes in our understanding of the control of placental hormone secretion and of the hormone profile of spontaneous labour is discussed.", "contents": "Maternal hormone profile in oxytocin induced labour. Serial blood samples were collected from ten patients at between 40 and 42 weeks gestation, who were having labour induced by amniotomy and intravenous oxytocin. The plasma levels of human placental lactogen and pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein showed no more than their normal late pregnancy variability during labour; oestradiol-17 beta showed a small rise in early labour followed by a fall in the second stage of labour; unconjugated oestriol and 11-hydroxycorticosteroids showed a progressive rise throughout labour and progesterone a progressive fall. The ratio of progesterone to oestradiol-17 beta fell throughout labour. The significance of these changes in our understanding of the control of placental hormone secretion and of the hormone profile of spontaneous labour is discussed.", "PMID": 315790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5173", "title": "Polyamine oxidase activity in human pregnancy serum.", "content": "The existence of a spermine oxidizing enzyme was established in human pregnancy serum by a radiochemical method, and a cross-sectional study of its quantitative profile between 10 and 40 weeks gestation was undertaken. Though there was a wide scatter of values, the rise in the average activity was continuous and highly significant. The flavoprotein inhibitor, quinacrin, inhibited the enzyme activity, while the pyridoxal phosphate inhibitor, isoniazid, had no significant inhibitory effect suggesting that the enzyme is of tissue origin. The possible role of polyamines and their oxidation in physiological immunoregulation is discussed.", "contents": "Polyamine oxidase activity in human pregnancy serum. The existence of a spermine oxidizing enzyme was established in human pregnancy serum by a radiochemical method, and a cross-sectional study of its quantitative profile between 10 and 40 weeks gestation was undertaken. Though there was a wide scatter of values, the rise in the average activity was continuous and highly significant. The flavoprotein inhibitor, quinacrin, inhibited the enzyme activity, while the pyridoxal phosphate inhibitor, isoniazid, had no significant inhibitory effect suggesting that the enzyme is of tissue origin. The possible role of polyamines and their oxidation in physiological immunoregulation is discussed.", "PMID": 315791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5174", "title": "Circulating levels of pregnancy proteins in early and late pregnancy in relation to placental tissue concentration.", "content": "The concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein (SP1), ferritin (PP2) and placental protein 5 (PP5) were examined in maternal serum and placental tissue in early and late pregnancy. The circulating concentration of hPL, SP1, and PP5 were higher during late pregnancy than early pregnancy, that of hCG lower, and ferritin (PP2) levels showed no difference. Placental tissue levels of hPL and SP1 were higher in late pregnancy, hCG levels lower, and ferritin (PP2) and PP5 showed no change. The ratio of the concentration in maternal serum to that in placental tissue increased during pregnancy for all proteins with the exception of ferritin. It is proposed that the mechanism of secretion of trophoblast specific proteins varies widely and that this should be taken into account in the clinical interpretation of circulating levels in the mother.", "contents": "Circulating levels of pregnancy proteins in early and late pregnancy in relation to placental tissue concentration. The concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein (SP1), ferritin (PP2) and placental protein 5 (PP5) were examined in maternal serum and placental tissue in early and late pregnancy. The circulating concentration of hPL, SP1, and PP5 were higher during late pregnancy than early pregnancy, that of hCG lower, and ferritin (PP2) levels showed no difference. Placental tissue levels of hPL and SP1 were higher in late pregnancy, hCG levels lower, and ferritin (PP2) and PP5 showed no change. The ratio of the concentration in maternal serum to that in placental tissue increased during pregnancy for all proteins with the exception of ferritin. It is proposed that the mechanism of secretion of trophoblast specific proteins varies widely and that this should be taken into account in the clinical interpretation of circulating levels in the mother.", "PMID": 315792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5175", "title": "Disappearance of pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein from the maternal circulation after delivery.", "content": "It is likely that there are systematic differences between circulating pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein (SP1) levels measured by radioimmunoassay and immunoprecipitation systems. We have re-investigated the decline in circulating levels of SP1 following delivery of the placenta. Serial blood samples were collected for 120 hours from 10 women following Caesarean section or vaginal delivery at term. The apparent half-life of SP1 after delivery ranged between 17 and 45 hours.", "contents": "Disappearance of pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein from the maternal circulation after delivery. It is likely that there are systematic differences between circulating pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein (SP1) levels measured by radioimmunoassay and immunoprecipitation systems. We have re-investigated the decline in circulating levels of SP1 following delivery of the placenta. Serial blood samples were collected for 120 hours from 10 women following Caesarean section or vaginal delivery at term. The apparent half-life of SP1 after delivery ranged between 17 and 45 hours.", "PMID": 315793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5176", "title": "Management of subluxated and dislocated lenses with the vitrophage.", "content": "Thirty-two eyes with subluxated and disclosed lenses were surgically managed by means of the vitrophage. The best results were obtained for those cases in which subluxation or dislocation of lenses into the vitreous was not associated with other complications such as glaucoma, perforating injuries, and retinal detachment. No major intraoperative or postoperative problems were seen in uncomplicated cases during a follow-up period ranging from 5 to 45 months.", "contents": "Management of subluxated and dislocated lenses with the vitrophage. Thirty-two eyes with subluxated and disclosed lenses were surgically managed by means of the vitrophage. The best results were obtained for those cases in which subluxation or dislocation of lenses into the vitreous was not associated with other complications such as glaucoma, perforating injuries, and retinal detachment. No major intraoperative or postoperative problems were seen in uncomplicated cases during a follow-up period ranging from 5 to 45 months.", "PMID": 315794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5177", "title": "Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. VII. Photochemical properties of a fraction enriched in newly synthesized bacteriochlorophyll a-protein complexes.", "content": "Previous pulse-chase studies have shown that bacteriochlorophyll a-protein complexes destined eventually for the photosynthetic (chromatophore) membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides appear first in a distinct pigmented fraction. This rapidly labeled material forms an upper band when extracts of phototrophically grown cells are subjected directly to rate-zone sedimentation. In the present investigation, flash-induced absorbance changes at 605 nm have demonstrated that the upper fraction is enriched two-fold in photochemical reaction center activity when compared to chromotophores; a similar enrichment in the reaction center-associated B-875 antenna bacteriochlorophyll complex was also observed. Although b- and c-type cytochromes were present in the upper pigmented band, no photoreduction of the b-type components could be demonstrated. The endogenous c-type cytochrome (Em = +345 mV) was photooxidized slowly upon flash illumination. The extent of the reaction was increased markedly with excess exogenous ferrocytochrome c but only slightly in chromatophores. Only a small light-induced carotenoid band shift was observed. These results indicate that the rapidly labeled fraction contains photochemically competent reaction centers associated loosely with c-type and unconnected to b-type cytochrome. It is suggested that this fraction arises from new sites of cytoplasmic membrane invagination which fragment to form leaky vesicles upon cell disruption.", "contents": "Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. VII. Photochemical properties of a fraction enriched in newly synthesized bacteriochlorophyll a-protein complexes. Previous pulse-chase studies have shown that bacteriochlorophyll a-protein complexes destined eventually for the photosynthetic (chromatophore) membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides appear first in a distinct pigmented fraction. This rapidly labeled material forms an upper band when extracts of phototrophically grown cells are subjected directly to rate-zone sedimentation. In the present investigation, flash-induced absorbance changes at 605 nm have demonstrated that the upper fraction is enriched two-fold in photochemical reaction center activity when compared to chromotophores; a similar enrichment in the reaction center-associated B-875 antenna bacteriochlorophyll complex was also observed. Although b- and c-type cytochromes were present in the upper pigmented band, no photoreduction of the b-type components could be demonstrated. The endogenous c-type cytochrome (Em = +345 mV) was photooxidized slowly upon flash illumination. The extent of the reaction was increased markedly with excess exogenous ferrocytochrome c but only slightly in chromatophores. Only a small light-induced carotenoid band shift was observed. These results indicate that the rapidly labeled fraction contains photochemically competent reaction centers associated loosely with c-type and unconnected to b-type cytochrome. It is suggested that this fraction arises from new sites of cytoplasmic membrane invagination which fragment to form leaky vesicles upon cell disruption.", "PMID": 315795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5178", "title": "Structural studies on reconstituted reaction center-phosphatidylcholine membranes.", "content": "Reaction center protein, isolated from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R26 mutant, was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine bilayers forming a homogeneous population of unilamellar vesicles. Cytochrome c, added to preformed reaction center-phosphatidylcholine vesicles, rapidly reduced up to 90% of the laser-generated (BChl)2+ of the reaction center (with kinetics of electron transfer similar to those in the chromatophore membrane) which suggests that the portion of the reaction center which accommodates functional cytochrome c binding sites is exposed predominantly on the exterior of the vesicles. Unit cell electron density profiles were derived from lamellar X-ray diffraction from oriented reaction center-phosphatidylcholine membrane multilayers at varying lipid/protein ratios. The analysis of these profiles showed that the reaction center protein incorporates into the phosphatidylcholine membrane with unique sidedness and that the profile of the reaction center protein itself is asymmetric and spans the membrane.", "contents": "Structural studies on reconstituted reaction center-phosphatidylcholine membranes. Reaction center protein, isolated from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R26 mutant, was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine bilayers forming a homogeneous population of unilamellar vesicles. Cytochrome c, added to preformed reaction center-phosphatidylcholine vesicles, rapidly reduced up to 90% of the laser-generated (BChl)2+ of the reaction center (with kinetics of electron transfer similar to those in the chromatophore membrane) which suggests that the portion of the reaction center which accommodates functional cytochrome c binding sites is exposed predominantly on the exterior of the vesicles. Unit cell electron density profiles were derived from lamellar X-ray diffraction from oriented reaction center-phosphatidylcholine membrane multilayers at varying lipid/protein ratios. The analysis of these profiles showed that the reaction center protein incorporates into the phosphatidylcholine membrane with unique sidedness and that the profile of the reaction center protein itself is asymmetric and spans the membrane.", "PMID": 315796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5179", "title": "The reconstitution of energy transfer in membranes from a bacteriochlorophyll-less mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides by addition of light-harvesting and reaction centre pigment-protein complexes.", "content": "Antenna and reaction centre complexes purified from photosynthetically-grown cells of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides have been mixed with cytoplasmic membranes prepared from an aerobically-grown bacteriochlorophyll-less mutant of Rp. sphaeroides (designated 01) in the presence of 1% sodium cholate. After removal of the cholate by dislysis, the dislysate was subjected to isopycnic centrifugation. Reconstituted cytochrome c2 photooxidation and cytochrome b photoreduction was demonstrated in a pigmented fraction recovered from the sucrose gradient, suggesting that the pigment-proteins were incorporated into the 01 membrane. The fluorescence properties of the system were examined. The appearance of a variable component after the initial fast fluorescence rise indicated that energy transfer occurred between the antenna and reaction centre proteins in the presence of 01 membrane. The order in which the system was assembled was important. Reconstituted energy transfer with a pre-dialysed reaction centre-antenna complex was more effective than when all the components were mixed at once. Energy transfer was also reconstituted between added reaction centre protein and the endogenous antenna present in membranes from the pigmented, but aerobically-grown reaction centre-less mutant PM8dp of Rp. sphaeroides. Preparations of 01 membranes reconstituted with reaction centre exhibited a light intensity dependent cytochrome c2 photooxidation. At low exciting light intensities, preparations containing reconstituted antenna protein in addition to reaction centres showed greated membrane cytochrome c2 photooxidation than preparations with the antenna omitted; this improvement was maximal when a pre-dialysed antenna-reaction centre complex was used.", "contents": "The reconstitution of energy transfer in membranes from a bacteriochlorophyll-less mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides by addition of light-harvesting and reaction centre pigment-protein complexes. Antenna and reaction centre complexes purified from photosynthetically-grown cells of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides have been mixed with cytoplasmic membranes prepared from an aerobically-grown bacteriochlorophyll-less mutant of Rp. sphaeroides (designated 01) in the presence of 1% sodium cholate. After removal of the cholate by dislysis, the dislysate was subjected to isopycnic centrifugation. Reconstituted cytochrome c2 photooxidation and cytochrome b photoreduction was demonstrated in a pigmented fraction recovered from the sucrose gradient, suggesting that the pigment-proteins were incorporated into the 01 membrane. The fluorescence properties of the system were examined. The appearance of a variable component after the initial fast fluorescence rise indicated that energy transfer occurred between the antenna and reaction centre proteins in the presence of 01 membrane. The order in which the system was assembled was important. Reconstituted energy transfer with a pre-dialysed reaction centre-antenna complex was more effective than when all the components were mixed at once. Energy transfer was also reconstituted between added reaction centre protein and the endogenous antenna present in membranes from the pigmented, but aerobically-grown reaction centre-less mutant PM8dp of Rp. sphaeroides. Preparations of 01 membranes reconstituted with reaction centre exhibited a light intensity dependent cytochrome c2 photooxidation. At low exciting light intensities, preparations containing reconstituted antenna protein in addition to reaction centres showed greated membrane cytochrome c2 photooxidation than preparations with the antenna omitted; this improvement was maximal when a pre-dialysed antenna-reaction centre complex was used.", "PMID": 315797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5180", "title": "Early changes in ornithine decarboxylase activity during Friend leukemia cell differentiation.", "content": "Agents such as dimethylsulfoxide, N,N'-dimethylformamide and bisacetyldiaminopentane that induce erythroid differentiation of Friend leukemia cells, cause a rapid increase in ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity in intact cells during the 'latent' period preceding the accumulation of hemoglobin-containing cells. Blockage of erythroid differentiation with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine did not prevent these alterations in enzyme activity. Addition of each chemical inducer in the extracts of these cells stimulate the basal levels of ornithine decarboxylase activity. These data indicate that the chemical inducers of differentiation modify the normal pattern of ornithine decarboxylase activity in this system.", "contents": "Early changes in ornithine decarboxylase activity during Friend leukemia cell differentiation. Agents such as dimethylsulfoxide, N,N'-dimethylformamide and bisacetyldiaminopentane that induce erythroid differentiation of Friend leukemia cells, cause a rapid increase in ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity in intact cells during the 'latent' period preceding the accumulation of hemoglobin-containing cells. Blockage of erythroid differentiation with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine did not prevent these alterations in enzyme activity. Addition of each chemical inducer in the extracts of these cells stimulate the basal levels of ornithine decarboxylase activity. These data indicate that the chemical inducers of differentiation modify the normal pattern of ornithine decarboxylase activity in this system.", "PMID": 315798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5181", "title": "[Properties of membrane-bound sialyltransferase from rana temporaria liver].", "content": "It was demonstrated that microsomal membranes from frog liver contain at least two different sialyltransferases involved in the synthesis of alpha 2 leads to 3 and alpha 2 leads to 6 oligosaccharide isomers. Studies on acceptor specificity of the sialyltransferase system with respect to low molecular acceptors revealed its similarity to the mammalian sialyltransferase system. However, sharp distinctions were observed in sialylation of mammalian glycoproteins. It was assumed that that the disaccharide unit of the acceptor oligosaccharide chain is a structural element, which in necessary but not sufficient for glycoprotein recognition by sialyltransferases.", "contents": "[Properties of membrane-bound sialyltransferase from rana temporaria liver]. It was demonstrated that microsomal membranes from frog liver contain at least two different sialyltransferases involved in the synthesis of alpha 2 leads to 3 and alpha 2 leads to 6 oligosaccharide isomers. Studies on acceptor specificity of the sialyltransferase system with respect to low molecular acceptors revealed its similarity to the mammalian sialyltransferase system. However, sharp distinctions were observed in sialylation of mammalian glycoproteins. It was assumed that that the disaccharide unit of the acceptor oligosaccharide chain is a structural element, which in necessary but not sufficient for glycoprotein recognition by sialyltransferases.", "PMID": 315799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5182", "title": "Partial characterization of colony stimulating activity from human leucocyte conditioned medium tested on human marrow cells.", "content": "Conditioned medium from normal human leucocytes was fractionated by gel filtration (Sephadex G 150) and affinity chromatography (Con A-Sepharose). On gel filtration, all colony stimulating activity (CSA) was eluted as a single peak with a molecular weight of 33.000 -- 41.000. Affinity chromatography revealed two separate peaks of colony stimulating activity, one lacking and the other having concanavalin A affinity (MW congruent to 44.000 -- 58.000). The properties of these two fractions are under investigation.", "contents": "Partial characterization of colony stimulating activity from human leucocyte conditioned medium tested on human marrow cells. Conditioned medium from normal human leucocytes was fractionated by gel filtration (Sephadex G 150) and affinity chromatography (Con A-Sepharose). On gel filtration, all colony stimulating activity (CSA) was eluted as a single peak with a molecular weight of 33.000 -- 41.000. Affinity chromatography revealed two separate peaks of colony stimulating activity, one lacking and the other having concanavalin A affinity (MW congruent to 44.000 -- 58.000). The properties of these two fractions are under investigation.", "PMID": 315800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5183", "title": "Willebrand factor in hemostasis in the in vitro bleeding time.", "content": "Heparinized porcine blood and plasma, at constant hydrostatic pressure, was allowed to flow through a 5-mm incision in a small piece of porcine skin. Changes in the exuded blood volume were measured, and the incision site was examined microscopically. When normal blood flowed through either normal or von Willebrand skin, the exuded blood volume decreased gradually and eventually stopped. Microscopic examination revealed a platelet plug in the incision site. This plug was positive for Willebrand factor when examined by immunofluorescence. In contrast, the blood from von Willebrand pigs continued to flow constantly, and a platelet plug was not seen. The delayed in vitro hemostasis in von Willebrand blood was corrected to the normal range by the addition of either normal plasma or partially purified Willebrand factor. Normal blood, in which the Willebrand factor was immunologically inhibited, showed delayed hemostasis. For this in vitro system, it appeared that plasmatic Willebrand factor played an essential role in hemostasis.", "contents": "Willebrand factor in hemostasis in the in vitro bleeding time. Heparinized porcine blood and plasma, at constant hydrostatic pressure, was allowed to flow through a 5-mm incision in a small piece of porcine skin. Changes in the exuded blood volume were measured, and the incision site was examined microscopically. When normal blood flowed through either normal or von Willebrand skin, the exuded blood volume decreased gradually and eventually stopped. Microscopic examination revealed a platelet plug in the incision site. This plug was positive for Willebrand factor when examined by immunofluorescence. In contrast, the blood from von Willebrand pigs continued to flow constantly, and a platelet plug was not seen. The delayed in vitro hemostasis in von Willebrand blood was corrected to the normal range by the addition of either normal plasma or partially purified Willebrand factor. Normal blood, in which the Willebrand factor was immunologically inhibited, showed delayed hemostasis. For this in vitro system, it appeared that plasmatic Willebrand factor played an essential role in hemostasis.", "PMID": 315801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5184", "title": "Incidence and patterns of bone marrow and blood involvement by lymphoma in relationship to the Lukes-Collins classification.", "content": "Pretreatment lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood were examined in 176 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. By the criteria of the Lukes and Collins functional--morphological classification, 158 (90%) were B-cell lymphomas and 17 (10%) were T-cell lymphomas. Bone marrow involvement was present in 53% of cases: 51% of B-cell types and 65% of T-cell types. Marrow involvement was most frequent in small lymphocyte (B) (89%), convoluted lymphocyte (60%), and small cleaved follicular center cell (FCC) lymphomas (55%). The pattern of bone marrow involvement was most frequently focal paratrabecular in B-cell lymphomas and diffuse in T-cell lymphomas. Blood involvement was present in 50% of cases with bone marrow lymphoma and generally reflected extensive bone marrow disease. There was a higher incidence of both bone marrow and blood involvement in pediatric patients than in adults.", "contents": "Incidence and patterns of bone marrow and blood involvement by lymphoma in relationship to the Lukes-Collins classification. Pretreatment lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood were examined in 176 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. By the criteria of the Lukes and Collins functional--morphological classification, 158 (90%) were B-cell lymphomas and 17 (10%) were T-cell lymphomas. Bone marrow involvement was present in 53% of cases: 51% of B-cell types and 65% of T-cell types. Marrow involvement was most frequent in small lymphocyte (B) (89%), convoluted lymphocyte (60%), and small cleaved follicular center cell (FCC) lymphomas (55%). The pattern of bone marrow involvement was most frequently focal paratrabecular in B-cell lymphomas and diffuse in T-cell lymphomas. Blood involvement was present in 50% of cases with bone marrow lymphoma and generally reflected extensive bone marrow disease. There was a higher incidence of both bone marrow and blood involvement in pediatric patients than in adults.", "PMID": 315803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5185", "title": "Human leukocyte interferon preparation blocks granulopoietic differentiation.", "content": "Since interferon administration in the treatment of some malignant conditions has been reported to cause leukopenia, we studied the effects of human leukocyte interferon preparation (HLIF) on myelopoiesis in vitro. The continual presence of HLIF in semisolid agar cultures caused a progressive decline in colony and a rise in cluster incidence with increasing concentrations of interferon. The total plating efficiency, however, remained nearly constant, regardless of the HLIF doses used. Morphological examination of the clusters demonstrated a progressively increasing percentage of immature granulocytic precursors with increasing HLIF concentrations. This suggests that HLIF causes leukopenia by blocking differentiation of marrow myeloid precursors.", "contents": "Human leukocyte interferon preparation blocks granulopoietic differentiation. Since interferon administration in the treatment of some malignant conditions has been reported to cause leukopenia, we studied the effects of human leukocyte interferon preparation (HLIF) on myelopoiesis in vitro. The continual presence of HLIF in semisolid agar cultures caused a progressive decline in colony and a rise in cluster incidence with increasing concentrations of interferon. The total plating efficiency, however, remained nearly constant, regardless of the HLIF doses used. Morphological examination of the clusters demonstrated a progressively increasing percentage of immature granulocytic precursors with increasing HLIF concentrations. This suggests that HLIF causes leukopenia by blocking differentiation of marrow myeloid precursors.", "PMID": 315804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5186", "title": "Detection of primitive macrophage progenitor cells in mouse bone marrow.", "content": "A previously undetected population of macrophage progenitor cells with high proliferative potential (HPP-CFC; an average of 5 x 10(4) cells/colony) in nutrient agar cultures has been demonstrated in post-fluorouracil (FU) and fluorouracil plus endotoxin (FUEt) treated and normal mouse bone marrow, using a combination of colony-stimulating factors, pregnant uterus extract (PMUE) plus human spleen-conditioned medium (HUSPCM). Neither PMUE nor HUSPCM alone stimulated colony formation by the HPP-CFC. The incidences of HPP-CFC were 1 in 2380 nucleated cells in normal marrow, 1 in 380 for 10-day post-FU, and 1 in 118 in 8-day post-FUEt marrow cells. HPP-CFC were only depleted to 57% of normal at 2 days after FU treatment, whereas the cells responsive to PMUE alone (low proliferative potential, LPP-CFC) were depleted to 1.2%, indicating a marked difference in cycling status of the respective types of progenitor cells.", "contents": "Detection of primitive macrophage progenitor cells in mouse bone marrow. A previously undetected population of macrophage progenitor cells with high proliferative potential (HPP-CFC; an average of 5 x 10(4) cells/colony) in nutrient agar cultures has been demonstrated in post-fluorouracil (FU) and fluorouracil plus endotoxin (FUEt) treated and normal mouse bone marrow, using a combination of colony-stimulating factors, pregnant uterus extract (PMUE) plus human spleen-conditioned medium (HUSPCM). Neither PMUE nor HUSPCM alone stimulated colony formation by the HPP-CFC. The incidences of HPP-CFC were 1 in 2380 nucleated cells in normal marrow, 1 in 380 for 10-day post-FU, and 1 in 118 in 8-day post-FUEt marrow cells. HPP-CFC were only depleted to 57% of normal at 2 days after FU treatment, whereas the cells responsive to PMUE alone (low proliferative potential, LPP-CFC) were depleted to 1.2%, indicating a marked difference in cycling status of the respective types of progenitor cells.", "PMID": 315805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5187", "title": "Circulating breast tumour antigen-sensitive T lymphocytes in early breast cancer and high risk benign breast disease.", "content": "Levels of circulating T lymphocytes sensitized to breast tumour associated antigens (BTA) were correlated with pathological tumour stage or benign histopathology in preoperative studies of 180 patients by the antigen-stimulated active rosette-forming T cell (AgARFC) assay. Incubation of lymphocytes with allogeneic BTA extracts produced increased AgARFC compared with incubation without BTA. Significant levels of BTA-sensitive T cells were found in 78 per cent of breast cancer patients compared with 23 per cent of patients with benign disease (P less than 0.0005, by X2). Over 93 per cent of stage I cancer patients responded to BTA, compared with 69 per  cent of stage II patients (P less than 0.025) and 59 per cent of stages III-IV patients (P less than 0.005). Twenty-nine per cent of 42 patients with fibrocystic disease were positive to BTA in contrast to 8 per cent of 25 patients with fibroadenomas. This  was a 3.6-fold higher incidence of BTA-sensitive T cells associated with fibrocystic disease than with fibroadenomas, which was in agreement with the increased breast cancer risk rate associated with fibrocystic disease. These findings suggest that the AgARFC assay may detect early malignant change in fibrocystic disease. The AgARFC assay was found to reliably detect early invasive carcinoma.", "contents": "Circulating breast tumour antigen-sensitive T lymphocytes in early breast cancer and high risk benign breast disease. Levels of circulating T lymphocytes sensitized to breast tumour associated antigens (BTA) were correlated with pathological tumour stage or benign histopathology in preoperative studies of 180 patients by the antigen-stimulated active rosette-forming T cell (AgARFC) assay. Incubation of lymphocytes with allogeneic BTA extracts produced increased AgARFC compared with incubation without BTA. Significant levels of BTA-sensitive T cells were found in 78 per cent of breast cancer patients compared with 23 per cent of patients with benign disease (P less than 0.0005, by X2). Over 93 per cent of stage I cancer patients responded to BTA, compared with 69 per  cent of stage II patients (P less than 0.025) and 59 per cent of stages III-IV patients (P less than 0.005). Twenty-nine per cent of 42 patients with fibrocystic disease were positive to BTA in contrast to 8 per cent of 25 patients with fibroadenomas. This  was a 3.6-fold higher incidence of BTA-sensitive T cells associated with fibrocystic disease than with fibroadenomas, which was in agreement with the increased breast cancer risk rate associated with fibrocystic disease. These findings suggest that the AgARFC assay may detect early malignant change in fibrocystic disease. The AgARFC assay was found to reliably detect early invasive carcinoma.", "PMID": 315807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5188", "title": "Overprescribing iron tablets to elderly people in Sweden.", "content": "Iron should not be prescribed to middle-aged men or older women with anaemia unless the possibility that the iron deficiency is caused by a gastrointestinal tumour has been considered. Thus the prescribing of iron to elderly people was investigated by studying four different prescription statistics and by reviewing records. Over one in 10 women aged over 65 were prescribed iron tablets. Men and women in the oldest age groups were prescribed iron most frequently. The reasons for prescribing iron were examined at a rural health centre. Out of 327 records of patients who were prescribed iron during 1975, 157 were randomly selected and reviewed. Only 18 out of 48 (38%) patients aged 45-75 (men) and 55-75 (women) and 29 out of 109 (27%) aged over 75 years had probable or possible iron-deficiency anaemia as established from the records. Only nine (19%) of the younger patients had a plausible reason for the anaemia other than a bleeding tumour. Ten (9%) of the older patients were considered to be inoperable cases. Thus, according to the records, only 18 (17%) of the patients over 75 years and nine (19%) of those in the younger age group have been prescribed iron. About 70% of all the patients were considered not to have iron deficiency; 7% had had iron deficiency previously, and 20% probably had anaemia as a result of chronic disease; for 43% no real reason for the iron prescription could be found in the record. Thus it is concluded that iron is overprescribed in Sweden, particularly for elderly people. It should not be prescribed until the possibility of a bleeding gastrointestinal tumour has been excluded.", "contents": "Overprescribing iron tablets to elderly people in Sweden. Iron should not be prescribed to middle-aged men or older women with anaemia unless the possibility that the iron deficiency is caused by a gastrointestinal tumour has been considered. Thus the prescribing of iron to elderly people was investigated by studying four different prescription statistics and by reviewing records. Over one in 10 women aged over 65 were prescribed iron tablets. Men and women in the oldest age groups were prescribed iron most frequently. The reasons for prescribing iron were examined at a rural health centre. Out of 327 records of patients who were prescribed iron during 1975, 157 were randomly selected and reviewed. Only 18 out of 48 (38%) patients aged 45-75 (men) and 55-75 (women) and 29 out of 109 (27%) aged over 75 years had probable or possible iron-deficiency anaemia as established from the records. Only nine (19%) of the younger patients had a plausible reason for the anaemia other than a bleeding tumour. Ten (9%) of the older patients were considered to be inoperable cases. Thus, according to the records, only 18 (17%) of the patients over 75 years and nine (19%) of those in the younger age group have been prescribed iron. About 70% of all the patients were considered not to have iron deficiency; 7% had had iron deficiency previously, and 20% probably had anaemia as a result of chronic disease; for 43% no real reason for the iron prescription could be found in the record. Thus it is concluded that iron is overprescribed in Sweden, particularly for elderly people. It should not be prescribed until the possibility of a bleeding gastrointestinal tumour has been excluded.", "PMID": 315808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5189", "title": "Metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis.", "content": "A 36-year-old woman with symptomatic metronidazole-resistant trichomonal vaginitis for 10 years had a total of 22 courses of treatment with either metronidazole or tinidazole according to different schedules. The minimum trichomonicidal concentration of metronidazole for the strain of Trichomonas vaginalis isolated from the patient was 160 microgram/ml compared with 1.25-10 microgram/ml for other freshly isolated strains. The former strain also showed a definitely decreased sensitivity to ornidazole and tinidazole (80 microgram/ml). The mechanisms behind the appearance of resistance in this clinical isolate are at present unknown and require further study from the theoretical as well as the therapeutic viewpoint.", "contents": "Metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis. A 36-year-old woman with symptomatic metronidazole-resistant trichomonal vaginitis for 10 years had a total of 22 courses of treatment with either metronidazole or tinidazole according to different schedules. The minimum trichomonicidal concentration of metronidazole for the strain of Trichomonas vaginalis isolated from the patient was 160 microgram/ml compared with 1.25-10 microgram/ml for other freshly isolated strains. The former strain also showed a definitely decreased sensitivity to ornidazole and tinidazole (80 microgram/ml). The mechanisms behind the appearance of resistance in this clinical isolate are at present unknown and require further study from the theoretical as well as the therapeutic viewpoint.", "PMID": 315809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5190", "title": "Constant error of visual egocentric orientation in patients with acute vestibular disorder.", "content": "Errors of visual egocentric localization are well-known in patients with paresis of ocular muscles or paresis of conjugate gaze. In the present paper a series of patients with unilateral vestibular disorder disclosed a constant lateralization of the visual agocentre in the absence of any ocular paresis. The perceptual illusion is associated with an altered resting position of the eyes caused by the vestibular imbalance. The disturbance of visual, egocentric localization was revealed only after elimination of the visual frame of reference and the extent of lateralization of the visual egocentre was proportional to the degree of resting deviation of the eyes. Although the findings are of limited clinical importance they have a considerable theoretical interest. From the clinical point of view they may provide a basis for further understnading of the complex-perceptual illusions which may accompany disorders affecting central vestibulo-ocular connections. The results indicate that the perceptual effects are related to an altered central evaluation of the oculomotor programme and thus depend upon the operation of an 'efference copy'. This hypothesis is discussed with reference to earlier and current theories of visual localization.", "contents": "Constant error of visual egocentric orientation in patients with acute vestibular disorder. Errors of visual egocentric localization are well-known in patients with paresis of ocular muscles or paresis of conjugate gaze. In the present paper a series of patients with unilateral vestibular disorder disclosed a constant lateralization of the visual agocentre in the absence of any ocular paresis. The perceptual illusion is associated with an altered resting position of the eyes caused by the vestibular imbalance. The disturbance of visual, egocentric localization was revealed only after elimination of the visual frame of reference and the extent of lateralization of the visual egocentre was proportional to the degree of resting deviation of the eyes. Although the findings are of limited clinical importance they have a considerable theoretical interest. From the clinical point of view they may provide a basis for further understnading of the complex-perceptual illusions which may accompany disorders affecting central vestibulo-ocular connections. The results indicate that the perceptual effects are related to an altered central evaluation of the oculomotor programme and thus depend upon the operation of an 'efference copy'. This hypothesis is discussed with reference to earlier and current theories of visual localization.", "PMID": 315810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5191", "title": "Aetiology of emphysema.", "content": "There is now overwhelming evidence that lung destruction resulting in emphysema is largely due to enzymatic action on pulmonary connective tissues, mainly elastin. These enzymes are probably derived from neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes and alveolar macrophages. Arguments are advanced to show that release of these enzymes is related to cigarette smoking. This explanation for the pathogenesis of emphysema is compatible with the distribution of the disease within the lung noted in epidemiological studies. If this conclusion with regard to the role of cigarette smoking is correct it must follow that, apart from patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, emphysems is a disease which could be almost entirely eliminated if the smoking habit was abandoned.", "contents": "Aetiology of emphysema. There is now overwhelming evidence that lung destruction resulting in emphysema is largely due to enzymatic action on pulmonary connective tissues, mainly elastin. These enzymes are probably derived from neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes and alveolar macrophages. Arguments are advanced to show that release of these enzymes is related to cigarette smoking. This explanation for the pathogenesis of emphysema is compatible with the distribution of the disease within the lung noted in epidemiological studies. If this conclusion with regard to the role of cigarette smoking is correct it must follow that, apart from patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, emphysems is a disease which could be almost entirely eliminated if the smoking habit was abandoned.", "PMID": 315806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5192", "title": "Vestibular suppression in peripheral and central vestibular disorders.", "content": "Caloric tests have been carried out both in the presence of optic fixation and in total darkness upon normal subjects, patients with peripheral vestibular disorders and patients with central vestibular lesions. Nystagmic responses were recorded electronystagmographically and measurements made of latency and duration of response, maximum slow component velocity and beat frequency. The relative enhancement of the response in darkness is expressed as a fixation index: maximum slow component velocity in darkness maximum slow component velocity with fixation. Compared to the normal group the peripheral group were found to have abnormally high fixation indices, the central group abnormally low. A hypothesis has been developed of the nervous mechanisms underlying the suppressive effects of optic fixation in both peripheral and central lesions which accords well with the available clinical, anatomical and physiological data. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed both in respect of their localizing value and relevance to current innovations in the design of caloric tests.", "contents": "Vestibular suppression in peripheral and central vestibular disorders. Caloric tests have been carried out both in the presence of optic fixation and in total darkness upon normal subjects, patients with peripheral vestibular disorders and patients with central vestibular lesions. Nystagmic responses were recorded electronystagmographically and measurements made of latency and duration of response, maximum slow component velocity and beat frequency. The relative enhancement of the response in darkness is expressed as a fixation index: maximum slow component velocity in darkness maximum slow component velocity with fixation. Compared to the normal group the peripheral group were found to have abnormally high fixation indices, the central group abnormally low. A hypothesis has been developed of the nervous mechanisms underlying the suppressive effects of optic fixation in both peripheral and central lesions which accords well with the available clinical, anatomical and physiological data. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed both in respect of their localizing value and relevance to current innovations in the design of caloric tests.", "PMID": 315811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5193", "title": "Initiation and time course of mitosis of non-neuronal cells after spinal motoneuron axotomy.", "content": "The mitotic response of non-neuronal cells following motor axon transection was measured after in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine in frog spinal cord. This predominantly ipsilateral response occurs more rapidly and is of greater magnitude when motor axons are unilaterally transected at the ventral root than after sciatic nerve transection. No increase in incorporation occurred when regenerating fibers were transected a second time before reinnervation, but an increase was observed when the second operation was performed after the formation of functional neuromuscular connections had taken place. Autoradiographic studies after dorsal or ventral root transection showed that the distribution of labeled cells approximated the anatomical extent of the injured cellular elements within the spinal cord. These data are discussed in relation to the characteristics of the dividing cells and the nature of the events eliciting mitosis.", "contents": "Initiation and time course of mitosis of non-neuronal cells after spinal motoneuron axotomy. The mitotic response of non-neuronal cells following motor axon transection was measured after in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine in frog spinal cord. This predominantly ipsilateral response occurs more rapidly and is of greater magnitude when motor axons are unilaterally transected at the ventral root than after sciatic nerve transection. No increase in incorporation occurred when regenerating fibers were transected a second time before reinnervation, but an increase was observed when the second operation was performed after the formation of functional neuromuscular connections had taken place. Autoradiographic studies after dorsal or ventral root transection showed that the distribution of labeled cells approximated the anatomical extent of the injured cellular elements within the spinal cord. These data are discussed in relation to the characteristics of the dividing cells and the nature of the events eliciting mitosis.", "PMID": 315812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5194", "title": "Identification of lymphoblastic lymphoma cells using a dual assay for T cell differentiation markers.", "content": "An assay that simultaneously detects two differentiation markers found in thymocytes is described. There markers include the membrane receptor for sheep erythrocytes (E) and the nuclear enzyme, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Cells are incubated with E, pelleted onto slides and then stained for TdT by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. The E-positive, TdT-positive phenotype is characteristic of the tumor cells in many cases of lymphoblastic lymphoma. Cells of this dual phenotype were not found in the peripheral blood or bone marrow of individuals without neoplastic disease. An 8-year-old-girl with lymphoblastic lymphoma is described whose peripheral blood and bone marrow smears were thought to be morphologically normal at the time of diagnosis. However, 3% of her peripheral blood and about 1% or her bone marrow mononuclear leukocytes were identified as E-positive, TdT-positive. These cells disappeared from both sites five weeks after institution of therapy, and her peripheral blood remains free of such cells nine months after diagnosis. This dual assay for E-rosette formation and TdT is a more sensitive technique than conventional morphology for the detection of tumor cells of this type. The assay may be useful in monitoring the therapy of patients with this tumor.", "contents": "Identification of lymphoblastic lymphoma cells using a dual assay for T cell differentiation markers. An assay that simultaneously detects two differentiation markers found in thymocytes is described. There markers include the membrane receptor for sheep erythrocytes (E) and the nuclear enzyme, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Cells are incubated with E, pelleted onto slides and then stained for TdT by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. The E-positive, TdT-positive phenotype is characteristic of the tumor cells in many cases of lymphoblastic lymphoma. Cells of this dual phenotype were not found in the peripheral blood or bone marrow of individuals without neoplastic disease. An 8-year-old-girl with lymphoblastic lymphoma is described whose peripheral blood and bone marrow smears were thought to be morphologically normal at the time of diagnosis. However, 3% of her peripheral blood and about 1% or her bone marrow mononuclear leukocytes were identified as E-positive, TdT-positive. These cells disappeared from both sites five weeks after institution of therapy, and her peripheral blood remains free of such cells nine months after diagnosis. This dual assay for E-rosette formation and TdT is a more sensitive technique than conventional morphology for the detection of tumor cells of this type. The assay may be useful in monitoring the therapy of patients with this tumor.", "PMID": 315815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5195", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase positive lymphoblastic lymphoma: a study of 15 cases.", "content": "The investigation was undertaken to define the features of lymphoblastic lymphoma. Fifteen lymph node biopsies from a group of 82 specimens studied for the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) fulfilled morphological criteria for this diagnosis. These criteria required a diffuse infiltrate of relatively uniform, immature lymphoid cells with basophilic cytoplasm; round, oval or lobulated nuclei with evenly dispersed chromatin; rare or inconspicuous nucleoli; and numerous mitotic figures. Examination of 1-micron thick, plastic-embedded, Giemsa-stained tissue sections revealed convoluted nuclei in more than 50% of neoplastic cells in four cases: in six specimens there was an admixture of cells with grooved, hyperlobulated, and round nuclei, and in five the round or oval nuclei were non-convoluted. Specimens from all 15 patients were positive for TdT by fluorescent antibody and biochemical assays. The percentage of cells from involved nodes reacting by indirect immunofluorescence with an antiserum against bovine TdT ranged from 4 to 90% (mean of 52%), and the mean level of biochemically measured enzyme activity was 8.7 units/g of tissue (range of 1.9 to 27.5). Cytochemical stains for acid phosphatase were positive in 13 of the 15 cases. In eight samples more than 50% of cells formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, while the E rosettes varied from 14 to 38% in the other seven. The percentage of cells with complement receptors varied widely (range of 6 to 80), but cells bearing surface immunoglobulin or IgGfc receptors were not increased. All patients presented with supradiaphragmatic lymphaedenopathy, eight with an anterior mediastinal mass. Two-thirds of the patients were male, and the mean age was 20 years (range 4 to 46 years). None were leukemic at the time of diagnosis, but eight patients subsequently developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Involvement of the central nervous system was observed in four of the 15, and of the testes in two. Ten patients have died of their disease with a median survival of 8 months (range 4 to 20), and five are alive 3--8 months after diagnosis. We observed no differences in clinical findings at presentation, incidence of mediastinal involvement or leukemic dissemination, content of TdT, acid phosphatase staining, or immunologic cell surface characteristics between the convoluted and non-convoluted types of lymphoblastic lymphoma. Distinctive morphologic, cell surface, biochemical, and clinical features of lymphoblastic lymphoma can be identified irrespective of the presence or absence of convoluted nuclei.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase positive lymphoblastic lymphoma: a study of 15 cases. The investigation was undertaken to define the features of lymphoblastic lymphoma. Fifteen lymph node biopsies from a group of 82 specimens studied for the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) fulfilled morphological criteria for this diagnosis. These criteria required a diffuse infiltrate of relatively uniform, immature lymphoid cells with basophilic cytoplasm; round, oval or lobulated nuclei with evenly dispersed chromatin; rare or inconspicuous nucleoli; and numerous mitotic figures. Examination of 1-micron thick, plastic-embedded, Giemsa-stained tissue sections revealed convoluted nuclei in more than 50% of neoplastic cells in four cases: in six specimens there was an admixture of cells with grooved, hyperlobulated, and round nuclei, and in five the round or oval nuclei were non-convoluted. Specimens from all 15 patients were positive for TdT by fluorescent antibody and biochemical assays. The percentage of cells from involved nodes reacting by indirect immunofluorescence with an antiserum against bovine TdT ranged from 4 to 90% (mean of 52%), and the mean level of biochemically measured enzyme activity was 8.7 units/g of tissue (range of 1.9 to 27.5). Cytochemical stains for acid phosphatase were positive in 13 of the 15 cases. In eight samples more than 50% of cells formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, while the E rosettes varied from 14 to 38% in the other seven. The percentage of cells with complement receptors varied widely (range of 6 to 80), but cells bearing surface immunoglobulin or IgGfc receptors were not increased. All patients presented with supradiaphragmatic lymphaedenopathy, eight with an anterior mediastinal mass. Two-thirds of the patients were male, and the mean age was 20 years (range 4 to 46 years). None were leukemic at the time of diagnosis, but eight patients subsequently developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Involvement of the central nervous system was observed in four of the 15, and of the testes in two. Ten patients have died of their disease with a median survival of 8 months (range 4 to 20), and five are alive 3--8 months after diagnosis. We observed no differences in clinical findings at presentation, incidence of mediastinal involvement or leukemic dissemination, content of TdT, acid phosphatase staining, or immunologic cell surface characteristics between the convoluted and non-convoluted types of lymphoblastic lymphoma. Distinctive morphologic, cell surface, biochemical, and clinical features of lymphoblastic lymphoma can be identified irrespective of the presence or absence of convoluted nuclei.", "PMID": 315816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5196", "title": "Buoyant density analysis of myeloid colony-forming cells in germfree and conventional mice.", "content": "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFUc), in the bone marrow of germfree and conventioal CBA mice, were compared quantitatively and qualitatively. Cells were separated on the basis of their buoyant density by equilibrium centrifugation in continuous albumin density gradients. CFUc in the density subpopulations were detected by culture in agar containing three different types of colony stimulating factor (CSF). The sources of the CSF were post-endotoxin mouse serum (CSFES), mouse lung conditioned medium (CSFMLCM) and human urine (CSFHU). Mice were removed from the germfree environment and the buoyant density status of their CFUc was examined 1, 4 and 8 weeks later. No difference was found between germfree and conventional mice in the number of nucleated cells per femur or in their modal density. Neither was the number of CFUc per femur different. The cell cycle status of CFUc, as determined by the thymidine suicide technique was not significantly different. Functional heterogeneity was found among the density subpopulations for both groups of mice. This depended on the type of CSF. The density distribution of CFUc was significantly different in germfree mice. There were proportionately more low density CFUc. The mean modal density of CFUc under CSFES stimulation was less by 0.0045 g/cm3 in germfree mice. The removal of mice from the germfree environment resulted in a shift of the distribution to higher densities. The trend was towards the conventional situation. The significance of the buoyant density status of CFUc is discussed.", "contents": "Buoyant density analysis of myeloid colony-forming cells in germfree and conventional mice. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFUc), in the bone marrow of germfree and conventioal CBA mice, were compared quantitatively and qualitatively. Cells were separated on the basis of their buoyant density by equilibrium centrifugation in continuous albumin density gradients. CFUc in the density subpopulations were detected by culture in agar containing three different types of colony stimulating factor (CSF). The sources of the CSF were post-endotoxin mouse serum (CSFES), mouse lung conditioned medium (CSFMLCM) and human urine (CSFHU). Mice were removed from the germfree environment and the buoyant density status of their CFUc was examined 1, 4 and 8 weeks later. No difference was found between germfree and conventional mice in the number of nucleated cells per femur or in their modal density. Neither was the number of CFUc per femur different. The cell cycle status of CFUc, as determined by the thymidine suicide technique was not significantly different. Functional heterogeneity was found among the density subpopulations for both groups of mice. This depended on the type of CSF. The density distribution of CFUc was significantly different in germfree mice. There were proportionately more low density CFUc. The mean modal density of CFUc under CSFES stimulation was less by 0.0045 g/cm3 in germfree mice. The removal of mice from the germfree environment resulted in a shift of the distribution to higher densities. The trend was towards the conventional situation. The significance of the buoyant density status of CFUc is discussed.", "PMID": 315818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5197", "title": "Mesothelial stomata overlying omental milky spots: scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The presence in the rat omentum of intercellular pores (the classical stomata of von Recklinghausen) between the mesothelial cells overlying aggregates of lymphoreticular cells (the classical milky spots of Ranvier) and the apparent migration of lymphocytes through these stomata were recorded for the first time by scanning electron microscopy. Previous studies on passage of cells across the peritoneum and omentum used experimentally administered cells, while in the present study no cells were administered to the rats and their own lymphocytes were observed in situ. The possible role of lymphocytes in the peritoneal cavity is also briefly discussed.", "contents": "Mesothelial stomata overlying omental milky spots: scanning electron microscopic study. The presence in the rat omentum of intercellular pores (the classical stomata of von Recklinghausen) between the mesothelial cells overlying aggregates of lymphoreticular cells (the classical milky spots of Ranvier) and the apparent migration of lymphocytes through these stomata were recorded for the first time by scanning electron microscopy. Previous studies on passage of cells across the peritoneum and omentum used experimentally administered cells, while in the present study no cells were administered to the rats and their own lymphocytes were observed in situ. The possible role of lymphocytes in the peritoneal cavity is also briefly discussed.", "PMID": 315819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5198", "title": "Fine structural distribution of the surface-connected canalicular system in frog thrombocytes.", "content": "The existence of the surface-connected canalicular system (SCCS) has been demonstrated in semithick sections of the frog thrombocytes by the use of a high voltage electron microscope. The SCCS of the thrombocytes in Rana catesbeiana and Rana nigromaculata consists of numerous canaliculi and vesicles with a diameter of 250 nm, which join with one another to make a complex network throughout the cytoplasm. Although the SCCS of Xenopus laevis fits well into the pattern described in Rana catebeiana, the diameter of the canaliculi of the SCCS is about 500 nm. The results of this study suggest that the SCCS is a specific organelle of the thrombocyte system common to submammals and mammals.", "contents": "Fine structural distribution of the surface-connected canalicular system in frog thrombocytes. The existence of the surface-connected canalicular system (SCCS) has been demonstrated in semithick sections of the frog thrombocytes by the use of a high voltage electron microscope. The SCCS of the thrombocytes in Rana catesbeiana and Rana nigromaculata consists of numerous canaliculi and vesicles with a diameter of 250 nm, which join with one another to make a complex network throughout the cytoplasm. Although the SCCS of Xenopus laevis fits well into the pattern described in Rana catebeiana, the diameter of the canaliculi of the SCCS is about 500 nm. The results of this study suggest that the SCCS is a specific organelle of the thrombocyte system common to submammals and mammals.", "PMID": 315820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5199", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the wall of the third ventricle in the brain of Rana temporaria. Part IV.", "content": "The surface specializations of the wall of the third cerebral ventricle of Rana temporaria were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. These specializations can be divided into three types: cilia, large bulbous protrusions, and microvillus-like protrusions. Most parts of the ventricular surface are densely ciliated. In contrast, other regions are either scantily ciliated or devoid of cilia. Four areas of the ventricular surface are studded with numerous large bulbous protrusions. These large protrusions can be divided into two types: One type consists of intraventricular end bulbs of dendrites of secretory neurons. The other type is represented by large cytoplasmic extensions of ependymal cells. In the third ventricle of Rana, microvillus-like surface specializations of ependymal cells are ubiquitous structures. Generally, filiform protrusions of varying length are the predominant type. The microvillus-like specializations are transient structures, the number of which varies according to different physiological states of the ependymal cells.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the wall of the third ventricle in the brain of Rana temporaria. Part IV. The surface specializations of the wall of the third cerebral ventricle of Rana temporaria were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. These specializations can be divided into three types: cilia, large bulbous protrusions, and microvillus-like protrusions. Most parts of the ventricular surface are densely ciliated. In contrast, other regions are either scantily ciliated or devoid of cilia. Four areas of the ventricular surface are studded with numerous large bulbous protrusions. These large protrusions can be divided into two types: One type consists of intraventricular end bulbs of dendrites of secretory neurons. The other type is represented by large cytoplasmic extensions of ependymal cells. In the third ventricle of Rana, microvillus-like surface specializations of ependymal cells are ubiquitous structures. Generally, filiform protrusions of varying length are the predominant type. The microvillus-like specializations are transient structures, the number of which varies according to different physiological states of the ependymal cells.", "PMID": 315821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5200", "title": "Kinetic immunoturbidimetry: the measurement of pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein.", "content": "The extension of kinetic immunoturbidimetry to the measurement of low concentration proteins has been described using the protein pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein. The technique has a precision superior to that of all other methods currently available. The assay is rapid, cheap and compares well with other published methods. The assay further emphasises the usefulness of the technique of kinetic immunoturbidimetry.", "contents": "Kinetic immunoturbidimetry: the measurement of pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein. The extension of kinetic immunoturbidimetry to the measurement of low concentration proteins has been described using the protein pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein. The technique has a precision superior to that of all other methods currently available. The assay is rapid, cheap and compares well with other published methods. The assay further emphasises the usefulness of the technique of kinetic immunoturbidimetry.", "PMID": 315840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5201", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis.", "content": "Increased Clq binding levels have been obtained in serum from twenty-one (50%) of forty-two patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) suggesting the presence of circulating immune complexes. There was a low frequency of positive results using a number of other tests for circulating immune complexes. The increased Clq binding levels were observed in six (35%) out of seventeen patients with lone lung involvement and in fifteen (60%) out of twenty-five patients with extrapulmonary connective tissue disorders. There was an especially close correlation between arthritis and elevated Clq binding. A strong correlation between Clq binding levels and levels of circulating rheumatoid factor (RF) and IgG, and enhancement in macrophage radiobioassay tests using RF-containing sera, suggested that RF might be involved in the circulating immune complexes in these patients. DNAase pre-treatment of sera did not influence the findings, and there was no correlation between Clq binding and levels of immunofluorescent ANA, C-reactive protein levels, or platelet counts. A weak correlation between Clq binding and erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and slightly lower binding levels in treated than untreated patients with 'lone' CFA suggested that binding levels may give some indication of disease activity and may in some instances be influenced by treatment.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Increased Clq binding levels have been obtained in serum from twenty-one (50%) of forty-two patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) suggesting the presence of circulating immune complexes. There was a low frequency of positive results using a number of other tests for circulating immune complexes. The increased Clq binding levels were observed in six (35%) out of seventeen patients with lone lung involvement and in fifteen (60%) out of twenty-five patients with extrapulmonary connective tissue disorders. There was an especially close correlation between arthritis and elevated Clq binding. A strong correlation between Clq binding levels and levels of circulating rheumatoid factor (RF) and IgG, and enhancement in macrophage radiobioassay tests using RF-containing sera, suggested that RF might be involved in the circulating immune complexes in these patients. DNAase pre-treatment of sera did not influence the findings, and there was no correlation between Clq binding and levels of immunofluorescent ANA, C-reactive protein levels, or platelet counts. A weak correlation between Clq binding and erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and slightly lower binding levels in treated than untreated patients with 'lone' CFA suggested that binding levels may give some indication of disease activity and may in some instances be influenced by treatment.", "PMID": 315841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5202", "title": "Quantitation and characterization of soluble immune complexes precipitated from sera by polyethylene glycol (PEG).", "content": "Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used to isolate immune complexes from sera. Complexes were then quantified and partially characterized by a variety of immunological techniques. Complexes were detected in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Felty's syndrome and vasculitis, but not in polymyositis, scleroderma or Beh\u00e7ets syndrome. The level of immune complexes correlated with disease activity in SLE and RA patients. Rheumatoid factors and anti-DNA antibodies were enriched by PEG precipitation of RA and SLE sera, respectively, thus these antibodies appeared to be present in the form of soluble immune complexes. Immune complexes usually contained all three immunoglobulin classes, IgG, IgM and IgA. Complexes from RA patients were generally larger and often contained Clq, while C3 was found almost exclusively in SLE complexes which also tended to be smaller. Such compositional differences may one day explain the differences in clinical manifestations of various immune complex-mediated diseases.", "contents": "Quantitation and characterization of soluble immune complexes precipitated from sera by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used to isolate immune complexes from sera. Complexes were then quantified and partially characterized by a variety of immunological techniques. Complexes were detected in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Felty's syndrome and vasculitis, but not in polymyositis, scleroderma or Beh\u00e7ets syndrome. The level of immune complexes correlated with disease activity in SLE and RA patients. Rheumatoid factors and anti-DNA antibodies were enriched by PEG precipitation of RA and SLE sera, respectively, thus these antibodies appeared to be present in the form of soluble immune complexes. Immune complexes usually contained all three immunoglobulin classes, IgG, IgM and IgA. Complexes from RA patients were generally larger and often contained Clq, while C3 was found almost exclusively in SLE complexes which also tended to be smaller. Such compositional differences may one day explain the differences in clinical manifestations of various immune complex-mediated diseases.", "PMID": 315842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5203", "title": "The clearance of pre-formed immune complexes in rats with Heymann's nephritis.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated the presence of reticuloendothelial system (RES) depression in chronic immune complex nephritis in rabbits. To determine whether RES immune complex clearance was abnormal in Heymann's nephritis in rats, radiolabelled pre-formed immune complexes were infused into rats with membranous nephropathy. There was augmented clearance of complexes from the peripheral circulation in animals with membranous nephropathy relative to controls, indicating the absence of RES saturation.", "contents": "The clearance of pre-formed immune complexes in rats with Heymann's nephritis. Previous studies have indicated the presence of reticuloendothelial system (RES) depression in chronic immune complex nephritis in rabbits. To determine whether RES immune complex clearance was abnormal in Heymann's nephritis in rats, radiolabelled pre-formed immune complexes were infused into rats with membranous nephropathy. There was augmented clearance of complexes from the peripheral circulation in animals with membranous nephropathy relative to controls, indicating the absence of RES saturation.", "PMID": 315843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5204", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from seventeen non-thymectomized and nine thymectomized patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and thirteen healthy controls were examined for the presence of surface markers characteristic of T and B lymphocytes by rosette formation with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). T cells were identified by their capacity to spontaneously form rosettes with SRBCs. The percentage of B lymphocytes was determined by the erythrocyte antibody complement (EAC) rosette-forming test. The EAC complex was prepared with either whole rabbit anti-SRBC serum or with the IgM fraction of rabbit anti-SRBC serum. The two kind of erythrocyte complement rosette-forming cells (EAC-RFC) are designated erythrocyte-haemolysin-complement RFC (EA(H)C-RFC), and erythrocyte-IgM-complement RFC (EA(M)C-RFC). The percentage of total lymphocytes and T cells was not altered in MG patients. The percentage of 'active' T cells, which have been considered to be more actively involved in cellular immunity, was also similar in MG patients and controls. A significant increase in EA(H)C-RFC occurred in both thymectomized and non-thymectomized MG patients, while in B cells detected by EA(M)C-RFC no alterations were found. The increase in EA(H)C-RFC in lymphocytes from MG patients may be due to an increase in the 19S antibody-forming B lymphocytes or to an increase in T cells which have Fc receptors on their surface.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from seventeen non-thymectomized and nine thymectomized patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and thirteen healthy controls were examined for the presence of surface markers characteristic of T and B lymphocytes by rosette formation with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). T cells were identified by their capacity to spontaneously form rosettes with SRBCs. The percentage of B lymphocytes was determined by the erythrocyte antibody complement (EAC) rosette-forming test. The EAC complex was prepared with either whole rabbit anti-SRBC serum or with the IgM fraction of rabbit anti-SRBC serum. The two kind of erythrocyte complement rosette-forming cells (EAC-RFC) are designated erythrocyte-haemolysin-complement RFC (EA(H)C-RFC), and erythrocyte-IgM-complement RFC (EA(M)C-RFC). The percentage of total lymphocytes and T cells was not altered in MG patients. The percentage of 'active' T cells, which have been considered to be more actively involved in cellular immunity, was also similar in MG patients and controls. A significant increase in EA(H)C-RFC occurred in both thymectomized and non-thymectomized MG patients, while in B cells detected by EA(M)C-RFC no alterations were found. The increase in EA(H)C-RFC in lymphocytes from MG patients may be due to an increase in the 19S antibody-forming B lymphocytes or to an increase in T cells which have Fc receptors on their surface.", "PMID": 315844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5205", "title": "Receptors for IgM on human lymphocytes. II. Mitogen-induced modulation of receptor expression.", "content": "Human peripheral lymphocytes undergoing blastogenesis induced by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A did not express receptors for the Fc portion of IgM (RFcmu). Furthermore, treatment of lymphocytes with PHA produced a dose-dependent loss of RFcmu which began as early as 5 hr after exposure to the mitogen. Within 24 hr after the addition of PHA, the percentage of lymphocytes expressing RFcmu had decreased from 65% to 4%. Under the same conditions of treatment, the expression of the receptor for sheep erythrocytes (E) was unchanged. These findings seemed inconsistent with a direct blocking effect of PHA but suggested that PHA induced a time-dependent modulation (switch off) of expression of RFcmu. Pronase cleavage of surface proteins on cells incubated with PHA for 24 hr followed by overnight incubation showed an almost complete irreversibility of RFcmu modulation up to 72 hr later. Studies using T cells isolated by E-rosetting showed that RFcmu modulation predominantly occurred on T cells. The modulation of RFcmu expression is discussed in terms of its possible role in the immune response.", "contents": "Receptors for IgM on human lymphocytes. II. Mitogen-induced modulation of receptor expression. Human peripheral lymphocytes undergoing blastogenesis induced by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A did not express receptors for the Fc portion of IgM (RFcmu). Furthermore, treatment of lymphocytes with PHA produced a dose-dependent loss of RFcmu which began as early as 5 hr after exposure to the mitogen. Within 24 hr after the addition of PHA, the percentage of lymphocytes expressing RFcmu had decreased from 65% to 4%. Under the same conditions of treatment, the expression of the receptor for sheep erythrocytes (E) was unchanged. These findings seemed inconsistent with a direct blocking effect of PHA but suggested that PHA induced a time-dependent modulation (switch off) of expression of RFcmu. Pronase cleavage of surface proteins on cells incubated with PHA for 24 hr followed by overnight incubation showed an almost complete irreversibility of RFcmu modulation up to 72 hr later. Studies using T cells isolated by E-rosetting showed that RFcmu modulation predominantly occurred on T cells. The modulation of RFcmu expression is discussed in terms of its possible role in the immune response.", "PMID": 315845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5206", "title": "Subpopulations of lymphocytes in human thymomas.", "content": "Lymphocyte populations in six normal thymuses and ten thymomas were examined. The majority of lymphocytes from both thymus and thymoma differ from peripheral T lymphocytes in their capacity to form E-rosettes resistant to incubation at 37 degrees C. Low percentages of T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (TG) and IgM (TM) were found in normal thymus. In contrast, lymphocytes from five out of nine thymomas showed remarkable percentages of TM cells. Compared with normal thymocytes, lymphocytes from seven out of ten thymomas responded vigorously to mitogens. The possible origin and nature of thymoma lymphocytes are discussed.", "contents": "Subpopulations of lymphocytes in human thymomas. Lymphocyte populations in six normal thymuses and ten thymomas were examined. The majority of lymphocytes from both thymus and thymoma differ from peripheral T lymphocytes in their capacity to form E-rosettes resistant to incubation at 37 degrees C. Low percentages of T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (TG) and IgM (TM) were found in normal thymus. In contrast, lymphocytes from five out of nine thymomas showed remarkable percentages of TM cells. Compared with normal thymocytes, lymphocytes from seven out of ten thymomas responded vigorously to mitogens. The possible origin and nature of thymoma lymphocytes are discussed.", "PMID": 315846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5207", "title": "PHA-induced soluble factor(s) can activate B-cells from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia.", "content": "Blood lymphocytes from eight patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) were stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The effect was defined as a pronounced increase of 3H-thymidine incorporation, and a concomitant blast transformation of a large portion of surface Ig-positive, E-rosette-forming (E-RFC) negative cells. E-RFC depletion reduced these effects to nearly background levels, and the pooled data strongly suggest that malignant B-lymphocytes in CLL are capable of responding to a PHA-induced T cell factor. A possible use for this factor in characterizing different subpopulations of CLL cells is discussed.", "contents": "PHA-induced soluble factor(s) can activate B-cells from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia. Blood lymphocytes from eight patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) were stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The effect was defined as a pronounced increase of 3H-thymidine incorporation, and a concomitant blast transformation of a large portion of surface Ig-positive, E-rosette-forming (E-RFC) negative cells. E-RFC depletion reduced these effects to nearly background levels, and the pooled data strongly suggest that malignant B-lymphocytes in CLL are capable of responding to a PHA-induced T cell factor. A possible use for this factor in characterizing different subpopulations of CLL cells is discussed.", "PMID": 315847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5208", "title": "Characterization of the role of mononuclear cell subpopulations in the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay.", "content": "Purified human mononuclear cell subpopulations have been evaluated in the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay. Monocyte-depleted mononuclear cells had reduced or absent responses to mitogens and antigens which could be restored to the original mononuclear cell response by addition of purified plastic adherent cells. Purified T lymphocytes obtained by density gradient centrifugation of E-rosette-forming cells demonstrated low but significant proliferative responses to mitogens, but no significant response to antigens. The addition of monocytes potentiated the response of purified T cells to mitogens and antigens, but did not fully reconstitute the original mononuclear cell response unless non-T lymphocytes were also present. It is concluded that mononuclear cell proliferation represents a complex mechanism of cellular interaction involving multiple subpopulations of cells.", "contents": "Characterization of the role of mononuclear cell subpopulations in the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay. Purified human mononuclear cell subpopulations have been evaluated in the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay. Monocyte-depleted mononuclear cells had reduced or absent responses to mitogens and antigens which could be restored to the original mononuclear cell response by addition of purified plastic adherent cells. Purified T lymphocytes obtained by density gradient centrifugation of E-rosette-forming cells demonstrated low but significant proliferative responses to mitogens, but no significant response to antigens. The addition of monocytes potentiated the response of purified T cells to mitogens and antigens, but did not fully reconstitute the original mononuclear cell response unless non-T lymphocytes were also present. It is concluded that mononuclear cell proliferation represents a complex mechanism of cellular interaction involving multiple subpopulations of cells.", "PMID": 315848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5209", "title": "The significance of serial measurements of serum complement C3 and C4 components and DNA binding capacity in patients with lupus nephritis.", "content": "Eighteen patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and proliferative glomerulonephritis, underwent serial serum determinations of C3, C4, and native DNA binding capacity, as well as repeat renal biopsy 7 to 48 months (median 25 months) following initial biopsy. Highly significant correlations were found between serum C3 levels and renal histologic changes (P less than 0.0001), and between serum C3 levels and DNA binding capacity (P less than 0.03). Histologic deterioration correlated with depressed C3 levels, while improvement was associated with normalization of C3 levels. No correlation between renal histologic changes and either serum C4 levels or DNA binding capacity was found. The data suggest that the serum level of C3 is the best index of activity of lupus nephritis.", "contents": "The significance of serial measurements of serum complement C3 and C4 components and DNA binding capacity in patients with lupus nephritis. Eighteen patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and proliferative glomerulonephritis, underwent serial serum determinations of C3, C4, and native DNA binding capacity, as well as repeat renal biopsy 7 to 48 months (median 25 months) following initial biopsy. Highly significant correlations were found between serum C3 levels and renal histologic changes (P less than 0.0001), and between serum C3 levels and DNA binding capacity (P less than 0.03). Histologic deterioration correlated with depressed C3 levels, while improvement was associated with normalization of C3 levels. No correlation between renal histologic changes and either serum C4 levels or DNA binding capacity was found. The data suggest that the serum level of C3 is the best index of activity of lupus nephritis.", "PMID": 315852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5210", "title": "Acute coronary occlusion with impending infarction as an angiographic complication relieved by a guide-wire recanalization.", "content": "In a 45 year old male patient with a history of previous inferior myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris, coronary angiography revealed two-vessel disease: a 60-70% lesion in the middle third of the LAD, and a 90% lesion in the middle third of the very large RCA. There was only a small akinetic segment in the posterobasal region of the left ventricle. During angiography total occlusion of the RCA occurred followed the clinical and electrocardiographic signs of impending inferior reinfarction. Recanalization of the occluded vessel was accomplished by using a guide-wire, which was passed through a Sones catheter, placed in the RCA. The patient's symptoms subsided and the electrocardiographic signs of acute ischemia reverted within eight minutes. Aortocoronary bypass surgery with revascularization of the LAD and RCA was performed within 3 hours after recanalization. Postoperatively there was no evidence of major tissue loss by enzyme or electrocardiographic criteria. Control angiography, performed on the ninth day postoperatively, revealed the graft to the RCA to be widely patent. Left ventricular function was unchanged. It is concluded, that the combined approach of early transluminal recanalization of the acutely occluded RCA followed by successful construction of a graft to this vessel, has averted necrosis of a major portion of the left ventricle. However, general use of this technique does not seem advisable at the present time.", "contents": "Acute coronary occlusion with impending infarction as an angiographic complication relieved by a guide-wire recanalization. In a 45 year old male patient with a history of previous inferior myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris, coronary angiography revealed two-vessel disease: a 60-70% lesion in the middle third of the LAD, and a 90% lesion in the middle third of the very large RCA. There was only a small akinetic segment in the posterobasal region of the left ventricle. During angiography total occlusion of the RCA occurred followed the clinical and electrocardiographic signs of impending inferior reinfarction. Recanalization of the occluded vessel was accomplished by using a guide-wire, which was passed through a Sones catheter, placed in the RCA. The patient's symptoms subsided and the electrocardiographic signs of acute ischemia reverted within eight minutes. Aortocoronary bypass surgery with revascularization of the LAD and RCA was performed within 3 hours after recanalization. Postoperatively there was no evidence of major tissue loss by enzyme or electrocardiographic criteria. Control angiography, performed on the ninth day postoperatively, revealed the graft to the RCA to be widely patent. Left ventricular function was unchanged. It is concluded, that the combined approach of early transluminal recanalization of the acutely occluded RCA followed by successful construction of a graft to this vessel, has averted necrosis of a major portion of the left ventricle. However, general use of this technique does not seem advisable at the present time.", "PMID": 315853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5211", "title": "Cardiac emission tomography in patients using 201thallium. A new technique for perfusion scintigraphy.", "content": "The distribution of 201thallium (Tl) in the myocardium has been studied by the new technique of emission tomography, and compared with standard gamma camera images in 5 patients. Tomographic imaging was carried out using a dual-detector scanner operated under the single-photon technique. Initial results have been promising, with visualisation of resting perfusion defects in patients with recent infarction and those with ventricular aneurysms. Emission tomography has also been performed at exercise, and has shown tracer deficits in the distribution of significant coronary stenoses. This new approach to myocardial perfusion scintigraphy may lead to improved sensitivity for detecting apical and inferior wall abnormalities by providing depth information not available from a conventional two-dimensional image.", "contents": "Cardiac emission tomography in patients using 201thallium. A new technique for perfusion scintigraphy. The distribution of 201thallium (Tl) in the myocardium has been studied by the new technique of emission tomography, and compared with standard gamma camera images in 5 patients. Tomographic imaging was carried out using a dual-detector scanner operated under the single-photon technique. Initial results have been promising, with visualisation of resting perfusion defects in patients with recent infarction and those with ventricular aneurysms. Emission tomography has also been performed at exercise, and has shown tracer deficits in the distribution of significant coronary stenoses. This new approach to myocardial perfusion scintigraphy may lead to improved sensitivity for detecting apical and inferior wall abnormalities by providing depth information not available from a conventional two-dimensional image.", "PMID": 315854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5212", "title": "Myocardial imaging with 134mCesium. Comparison of scintigraphic and cineradiographic results.", "content": "Thirty-four patients had noninvasive myocardial perfusion imaging at rest using 134mCs. The results were compared with the results of coronary cineangiography and left ventriculography. All 21 patients who had abnormal left ventriculograms had corresponding myocardial imaging defects. This group included 14 patients with electrocardiographic evidence of either an old inferior, anteroseptal, anterior, or anterolateral myocardial infarction. Thirteen patients had normal left ventriculograms: this group included 6 patients with 75% or greater obstruction of one or more coronary arteries and 7 patients with normal or insignificantly diseased vessels. Only 2 of these patients had abnormal myocardial images: both had severe obstruction of the proximal left anterior descending artery without collateral filling of this vessel. In the resting patient who has 134mCs myocardial imaging, we concluded that we primarily are visualizing varying degrees of scarred myocardium rather than reversibly ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging with 134mCesium. Comparison of scintigraphic and cineradiographic results. Thirty-four patients had noninvasive myocardial perfusion imaging at rest using 134mCs. The results were compared with the results of coronary cineangiography and left ventriculography. All 21 patients who had abnormal left ventriculograms had corresponding myocardial imaging defects. This group included 14 patients with electrocardiographic evidence of either an old inferior, anteroseptal, anterior, or anterolateral myocardial infarction. Thirteen patients had normal left ventriculograms: this group included 6 patients with 75% or greater obstruction of one or more coronary arteries and 7 patients with normal or insignificantly diseased vessels. Only 2 of these patients had abnormal myocardial images: both had severe obstruction of the proximal left anterior descending artery without collateral filling of this vessel. In the resting patient who has 134mCs myocardial imaging, we concluded that we primarily are visualizing varying degrees of scarred myocardium rather than reversibly ischemic myocardium.", "PMID": 315855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5213", "title": "Scintigraphic findings of uncommon focal manifestations of Haemophilus influenzae septicemia.", "content": "Haemophilus influenzae septicemia is usually associated with a clinical focus of infection. The investigators describe early scintigraphic findings in some uncommon manifestations of H. influenzae septicemia.", "contents": "Scintigraphic findings of uncommon focal manifestations of Haemophilus influenzae septicemia. Haemophilus influenzae septicemia is usually associated with a clinical focus of infection. The investigators describe early scintigraphic findings in some uncommon manifestations of H. influenzae septicemia.", "PMID": 315856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5214", "title": "Immune studies in oral contraceptive users.", "content": "Some of the parameters of immune status-percentage of B and T lymphocyte subpopulation, PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation (PILT) and levels of total haemolytic complement (CH5O) were studied in Indian women from low income group who were using estrogen-progestogen combination pills. There were no differences in percentage of B and T lymphocyte subpopulation or PILT between OC users and the control group. However, CH5O levels were significantly lower in OC users. The depression in circulating complement levels in OC users is intriguing and suggests the possibility that complement system and circulating immune complexes may be altered in OC users.", "contents": "Immune studies in oral contraceptive users. Some of the parameters of immune status-percentage of B and T lymphocyte subpopulation, PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation (PILT) and levels of total haemolytic complement (CH5O) were studied in Indian women from low income group who were using estrogen-progestogen combination pills. There were no differences in percentage of B and T lymphocyte subpopulation or PILT between OC users and the control group. However, CH5O levels were significantly lower in OC users. The depression in circulating complement levels in OC users is intriguing and suggests the possibility that complement system and circulating immune complexes may be altered in OC users.", "PMID": 315858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5215", "title": "Drugs on a medical campus I. Drug use among medical undergraduates.", "content": "All 750 undergraduate students of the Medical College, Patiala, during the academic year 1976--1977 were covered in this survey. Seven out of ten students were found to have used some drug in the past. The lifetime prevalence being 82.4% among boys and 29.6% among girls. A majority of the students (78.6%) were poly-drug users, the commonest drugs used being alcohol (58%), tranquillizers (47%), and tobacco (36%). However, the prevalence of daily use was low, it being highest for cigarette smoking, by 9.4% of students, while less than 2% reported daily use of alcohol. The only other drugs used on a daily basis were stimulants (0.9%), tranquillizers (0.6%), and sedatives (0.3%). Of the opium users 81.8%, and over 60% of alcohol and tobacco users, had started taking these drugs during high school or the pre-medical year. On the other hand a majority of the students using tranquillizers (75%) and stimulants (66%) began using these drugs after entering the Medical College. The percentage of drug users increases by approximately 10% during each year of their medical studies.", "contents": "Drugs on a medical campus I. Drug use among medical undergraduates. All 750 undergraduate students of the Medical College, Patiala, during the academic year 1976--1977 were covered in this survey. Seven out of ten students were found to have used some drug in the past. The lifetime prevalence being 82.4% among boys and 29.6% among girls. A majority of the students (78.6%) were poly-drug users, the commonest drugs used being alcohol (58%), tranquillizers (47%), and tobacco (36%). However, the prevalence of daily use was low, it being highest for cigarette smoking, by 9.4% of students, while less than 2% reported daily use of alcohol. The only other drugs used on a daily basis were stimulants (0.9%), tranquillizers (0.6%), and sedatives (0.3%). Of the opium users 81.8%, and over 60% of alcohol and tobacco users, had started taking these drugs during high school or the pre-medical year. On the other hand a majority of the students using tranquillizers (75%) and stimulants (66%) began using these drugs after entering the Medical College. The percentage of drug users increases by approximately 10% during each year of their medical studies.", "PMID": 315861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5216", "title": "[Acute bacterial endocarditis caused by streptococci of Lancefield group C (author's transl)].", "content": "An Angell-Shiley heterograft valve was implanted in a 32-year-old woman with severe aortic regurgitation and stenosis. Post-operatively acute bacterial endocarditis occurred, due to group C streptococci. Because of severe acute aortic insufficiency with partial dehiscence of the heterograft valve and increasing left heart failure re-operation was necessary. After successful replacement of the valve an aortocoronary bypass was connected to the left circumflex artery because of displacement of the left coronary ostium. In addition, an aortoplasty was performed for spontaneous aortic rupture. Because of severe left heart failure with myocardial infarction in the course of the operation circulatory support with a paracorporeal artificial heart was necessary for 60 hours postoperatively. Despite transitory improvement the patient died from septic shock 30 days after the re-operation.", "contents": "[Acute bacterial endocarditis caused by streptococci of Lancefield group C (author's transl)]. An Angell-Shiley heterograft valve was implanted in a 32-year-old woman with severe aortic regurgitation and stenosis. Post-operatively acute bacterial endocarditis occurred, due to group C streptococci. Because of severe acute aortic insufficiency with partial dehiscence of the heterograft valve and increasing left heart failure re-operation was necessary. After successful replacement of the valve an aortocoronary bypass was connected to the left circumflex artery because of displacement of the left coronary ostium. In addition, an aortoplasty was performed for spontaneous aortic rupture. Because of severe left heart failure with myocardial infarction in the course of the operation circulatory support with a paracorporeal artificial heart was necessary for 60 hours postoperatively. Despite transitory improvement the patient died from septic shock 30 days after the re-operation.", "PMID": 315863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5217", "title": "Effect of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor (disulfiram) on the response of adenohypophysis, serum ceruloplasmin and hypothalamic ascorbic acid to estradiol treatment.", "content": "The administration of tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (disulfiram, Antabus--inhibitor of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase) resulted in an inhibition of the response of anterior pituitary to estradiol (i. e. increase of weight and of binding capacity of anterior pituitary proteins to thyroxine). At the same time there was no inhibition of an increase of ceruloplasmin (polyphenoloxidase) level after estradiol, while a decrease of ascorbic acid in hypothalamus was fully prevented. It was concluded that disulfiram may inhibit dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and thus presumably protect the hypothalamic dopamine which further inhibits the response of anterior pituitary to estradiol either directly or through a dopamine dependent growth inhibiting factor.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor (disulfiram) on the response of adenohypophysis, serum ceruloplasmin and hypothalamic ascorbic acid to estradiol treatment. The administration of tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (disulfiram, Antabus--inhibitor of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase) resulted in an inhibition of the response of anterior pituitary to estradiol (i. e. increase of weight and of binding capacity of anterior pituitary proteins to thyroxine). At the same time there was no inhibition of an increase of ceruloplasmin (polyphenoloxidase) level after estradiol, while a decrease of ascorbic acid in hypothalamus was fully prevented. It was concluded that disulfiram may inhibit dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and thus presumably protect the hypothalamic dopamine which further inhibits the response of anterior pituitary to estradiol either directly or through a dopamine dependent growth inhibiting factor.", "PMID": 315864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5218", "title": "Natriuretic and kaliuretic effect of melanocyte-stimulating hormones in hamsters.", "content": "The effect of synthetic melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) on urinary excretion of sodiu, potassium and water was studied in hamsters. Synthetic alpha-MSH and synthetic human beta-MSH showed a marked natriuretic and diuretic effect depending on the dosage of hormone. The natriuretic effect of both hormones was approximately equal and did not parallel the magnitude of the melanocyte-stimulating activity of the investigated peptides. Both peptides showed also a milder kaliuretic effect independent on their dose. The rise of the sodium/potassium index in urine was significant after both peptides. Bilateral adrenalectomy increased further the natriuresis induced by alpha-MSH, while it did not affect the effect o MSH on diuresis and kaliuresis. Changes in urinary excretion of sodium and potassium are considered to be consequence of direct renal action of MSH.", "contents": "Natriuretic and kaliuretic effect of melanocyte-stimulating hormones in hamsters. The effect of synthetic melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) on urinary excretion of sodiu, potassium and water was studied in hamsters. Synthetic alpha-MSH and synthetic human beta-MSH showed a marked natriuretic and diuretic effect depending on the dosage of hormone. The natriuretic effect of both hormones was approximately equal and did not parallel the magnitude of the melanocyte-stimulating activity of the investigated peptides. Both peptides showed also a milder kaliuretic effect independent on their dose. The rise of the sodium/potassium index in urine was significant after both peptides. Bilateral adrenalectomy increased further the natriuresis induced by alpha-MSH, while it did not affect the effect o MSH on diuresis and kaliuresis. Changes in urinary excretion of sodium and potassium are considered to be consequence of direct renal action of MSH.", "PMID": 315865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5219", "title": "Preferential uptake of estradiol in the pituitary and hypothalamus of mature male rats in the presence of testosterone.", "content": "Simultaneous intravenous injection of 3H-estradiol and 14C-testosterone into adult male rats resulted in significant concentration of both labels in the blood and the diencephalon 2 h after the injection. In the pituitary--hypothalamic area only estradiol derived radioactivity could be detected, while testosterone derived 14C label was not found. The results are interpreted to indicate that in males estradiol, not testosterone, may provide the homeostatic balance between the gonads and the hypothalamo-pituitary axis.", "contents": "Preferential uptake of estradiol in the pituitary and hypothalamus of mature male rats in the presence of testosterone. Simultaneous intravenous injection of 3H-estradiol and 14C-testosterone into adult male rats resulted in significant concentration of both labels in the blood and the diencephalon 2 h after the injection. In the pituitary--hypothalamic area only estradiol derived radioactivity could be detected, while testosterone derived 14C label was not found. The results are interpreted to indicate that in males estradiol, not testosterone, may provide the homeostatic balance between the gonads and the hypothalamo-pituitary axis.", "PMID": 315866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5220", "title": "Diminution of prostate by ergoline derivative VUFB--6638 (Dironyl) in rats.", "content": "Experiments in male rats showed that the administration of prolactin secretion inhibitor-N-(D-6-methyl-8-isoergolin-I-yl)-N', N'-diethylurea -- led to a decrease of prostate weight, while a simultaneous administration of prolactin prevented this effect. The histological examination showed that the quantity of secretions in the prostate glands are decreased.", "contents": "Diminution of prostate by ergoline derivative VUFB--6638 (Dironyl) in rats. Experiments in male rats showed that the administration of prolactin secretion inhibitor-N-(D-6-methyl-8-isoergolin-I-yl)-N', N'-diethylurea -- led to a decrease of prostate weight, while a simultaneous administration of prolactin prevented this effect. The histological examination showed that the quantity of secretions in the prostate glands are decreased.", "PMID": 315868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5221", "title": "Effect of deamino-dicarba-oxytocin and oxytocin on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of uterus, stomach and small intestine in dog.", "content": "In conscious dog deamino-dicarba-oxytocin strongly stimulated a spike activity in the uterus which was more prolonged than that after oxytocin. Both oxytocin and deamino-dicarba-oxytocin inhibited the tone and peristaltic contractions of stomach and small intestines in starving dogs, eliminated the spike discharges, reduced the basic electrical rhythm frequency of the stomach and accelerated the propagation velocity of the slow waves in the small intestine. Only oxytocin, but not its deamino-analogue, reduced the pulse frequency and inhibited the spontaneous contractions of muscle strips isolated from the guinea pig stomach and portal vein.", "contents": "Effect of deamino-dicarba-oxytocin and oxytocin on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of uterus, stomach and small intestine in dog. In conscious dog deamino-dicarba-oxytocin strongly stimulated a spike activity in the uterus which was more prolonged than that after oxytocin. Both oxytocin and deamino-dicarba-oxytocin inhibited the tone and peristaltic contractions of stomach and small intestines in starving dogs, eliminated the spike discharges, reduced the basic electrical rhythm frequency of the stomach and accelerated the propagation velocity of the slow waves in the small intestine. Only oxytocin, but not its deamino-analogue, reduced the pulse frequency and inhibited the spontaneous contractions of muscle strips isolated from the guinea pig stomach and portal vein.", "PMID": 315869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5222", "title": "alpha 1-Antitrypsin deficiency and susceptibility to lung disease.", "content": "This subject concerns the complex interrelationship of a genetically determined protein deficiency, enzymes which are inhibited by that protein, environmental challenges such as cigarette smoke and industrial pollutants, and the occurrence of obstructive lung disease (Fig. 1). Unequivocal establishment of an etiological role for AAT deficiency, especially of intermediate degree, has proven to be difficult. Confounding variables such as enzyme concentration in PMN and PAMs, duration of exposure to potential environmental hazards, differences in laboratory methods utilized in measuring AAT and in studying pulmonary function all require investigation. The definitive study, incorporating all of these and other factors, has yet to be conducted. No single, clear-cut conclusion can be drawn from analysis of present studies. In those circumstances in which heterozygotes appear to be predisposed to COPD, phenotypic screening of the population at potential risk, such as industrial workers may be appropriate. Conversely, in conditions in which no association is demonstrated, such screening would not be justified. Perhaps, the best one can do is to suggest a \"Scotch verdict\"; that is, the issue of causation is not proven.", "contents": "alpha 1-Antitrypsin deficiency and susceptibility to lung disease. This subject concerns the complex interrelationship of a genetically determined protein deficiency, enzymes which are inhibited by that protein, environmental challenges such as cigarette smoke and industrial pollutants, and the occurrence of obstructive lung disease (Fig. 1). Unequivocal establishment of an etiological role for AAT deficiency, especially of intermediate degree, has proven to be difficult. Confounding variables such as enzyme concentration in PMN and PAMs, duration of exposure to potential environmental hazards, differences in laboratory methods utilized in measuring AAT and in studying pulmonary function all require investigation. The definitive study, incorporating all of these and other factors, has yet to be conducted. No single, clear-cut conclusion can be drawn from analysis of present studies. In those circumstances in which heterozygotes appear to be predisposed to COPD, phenotypic screening of the population at potential risk, such as industrial workers may be appropriate. Conversely, in conditions in which no association is demonstrated, such screening would not be justified. Perhaps, the best one can do is to suggest a \"Scotch verdict\"; that is, the issue of causation is not proven.", "PMID": 315870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5223", "title": "Mitral valve replacement in infective endocarditis as prophylaxis against embolism. Identification of patients at risk by 2-dimensional echocardiography.", "content": "A 36-yr-old woman and a 46-yr-old man had infective endocarditis of the mitral valve. Examination by 2-dimensional dynamic echocardiography demonstrated large mobile vegetations in both patients, and the display pointed to an ominous risk of embolism. Heart surgery with valve replacement was performed, the main indication being prophylaxis against embolism; the operative findings seemed to justify the assumption of imminent risk of embolism. It is suggested that the display of dynamic morphology of valvular vegetations by 2-dimensional echocardiography can be useful in identifying a subset of patients at high risk of embolism during infective endocarditis. However, more experience is needed before definite conclusions can be drawn regarding the role of early operation as prophylaxis against impending embolism.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement in infective endocarditis as prophylaxis against embolism. Identification of patients at risk by 2-dimensional echocardiography. A 36-yr-old woman and a 46-yr-old man had infective endocarditis of the mitral valve. Examination by 2-dimensional dynamic echocardiography demonstrated large mobile vegetations in both patients, and the display pointed to an ominous risk of embolism. Heart surgery with valve replacement was performed, the main indication being prophylaxis against embolism; the operative findings seemed to justify the assumption of imminent risk of embolism. It is suggested that the display of dynamic morphology of valvular vegetations by 2-dimensional echocardiography can be useful in identifying a subset of patients at high risk of embolism during infective endocarditis. However, more experience is needed before definite conclusions can be drawn regarding the role of early operation as prophylaxis against impending embolism.", "PMID": 315876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5224", "title": "Cytotoxic T cell responses to haptenated cells. I. Primary, secondary and long-term cultures.", "content": "Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses were obtained in vitro to cells coupled with several different haptens. The degree of lysis of target cells was dependent on the amount of hapten coupled to stimulator and target cells. Spleen cells from normal mice responded to high-hapten density cells but not to low-hapten density cells. However, spleen cells from immunized CBA mice could be stimulated in vitro by low-hapten density cells to generate effector cells able to lyse low-hapten density cells. In vitro primed responder cells could be restimulated in the presence of the original hapten-coupled stimulator cells or in the presence of supernatant from concanavalin A-stimulated mouse or rat spleen cells. Large number of hapten-specific and H-2-restricted CTL could be generated by repeated exposure to fresh supernatant.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T cell responses to haptenated cells. I. Primary, secondary and long-term cultures. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses were obtained in vitro to cells coupled with several different haptens. The degree of lysis of target cells was dependent on the amount of hapten coupled to stimulator and target cells. Spleen cells from normal mice responded to high-hapten density cells but not to low-hapten density cells. However, spleen cells from immunized CBA mice could be stimulated in vitro by low-hapten density cells to generate effector cells able to lyse low-hapten density cells. In vitro primed responder cells could be restimulated in the presence of the original hapten-coupled stimulator cells or in the presence of supernatant from concanavalin A-stimulated mouse or rat spleen cells. Large number of hapten-specific and H-2-restricted CTL could be generated by repeated exposure to fresh supernatant.", "PMID": 315877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5225", "title": "Studies on the generation and expression of H-2-controlled T helper function in chimeric mice: evidence for two levels of H-2 resitriction.", "content": "F1 leads to parental, semisyngeneic/semiallogeneic and fully allogeneic bone marrow radiation chimeras were used as a source of helper T cells in the in vitro anamnestic response to dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. In F1 leads to parental and in semisyngeneic/semiallogeneic chimeras, a small population of helper T cells restricted to the H-2 haplotype present in the donor only was shown to co-exist with T cells restricted to the shared haplotype. Only the population restricted to the donor H-2 could be demonstrated in allochimeras, presumably due to a lack of antigen-presenting cells of host origin during priming. Under assay conditions where, in addition to T cell/macrophage interactions, a direct T-B cell contact was necessary (\"linked\" cooperation), the H-2 restrictions observed were absolute. When direct T-B cell contact was made unnecessary by a special experimental protocol (\"unlinked\" cooperation), H-2 restriction between T and B cells was overcome. Thus, the cellular interactions during the anamnestic immune response to T-dependent antigens seem to be H-2-restricted at two levels: T cell/macrophage and T-B cell interactions.", "contents": "Studies on the generation and expression of H-2-controlled T helper function in chimeric mice: evidence for two levels of H-2 resitriction. F1 leads to parental, semisyngeneic/semiallogeneic and fully allogeneic bone marrow radiation chimeras were used as a source of helper T cells in the in vitro anamnestic response to dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. In F1 leads to parental and in semisyngeneic/semiallogeneic chimeras, a small population of helper T cells restricted to the H-2 haplotype present in the donor only was shown to co-exist with T cells restricted to the shared haplotype. Only the population restricted to the donor H-2 could be demonstrated in allochimeras, presumably due to a lack of antigen-presenting cells of host origin during priming. Under assay conditions where, in addition to T cell/macrophage interactions, a direct T-B cell contact was necessary (\"linked\" cooperation), the H-2 restrictions observed were absolute. When direct T-B cell contact was made unnecessary by a special experimental protocol (\"unlinked\" cooperation), H-2 restriction between T and B cells was overcome. Thus, the cellular interactions during the anamnestic immune response to T-dependent antigens seem to be H-2-restricted at two levels: T cell/macrophage and T-B cell interactions.", "PMID": 315878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5226", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia: effect of 'hairy' cells on normal granulopoiesis in vitro.", "content": "The effect of 'hairy cells' (HC) on proliferation of normal marrow granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) was studied in vitro, using cells obtained from the blood, spleen, and bone marrow from eight patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Hairy cells of hairy-cell-conditioned media (HCCM) did not stimulate proliferation of normal CFU-C. Furthermore, HC and HCCM did not inhibit the growth of CFU-C induced by normal colony stimulating factor (CSF) or by feeder layers of normal blood leukocytes. These results confirm previous reports showing the inability of HC to produce CSF and suggest that inhibition of CFU-C proliferation, as measured by this technique, is not an important mechanism in the neutropenia observed in HCL.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia: effect of 'hairy' cells on normal granulopoiesis in vitro. The effect of 'hairy cells' (HC) on proliferation of normal marrow granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) was studied in vitro, using cells obtained from the blood, spleen, and bone marrow from eight patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Hairy cells of hairy-cell-conditioned media (HCCM) did not stimulate proliferation of normal CFU-C. Furthermore, HC and HCCM did not inhibit the growth of CFU-C induced by normal colony stimulating factor (CSF) or by feeder layers of normal blood leukocytes. These results confirm previous reports showing the inability of HC to produce CSF and suggest that inhibition of CFU-C proliferation, as measured by this technique, is not an important mechanism in the neutropenia observed in HCL.", "PMID": 315881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5227", "title": "Stimulation of thymocytes in vitro by serum of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)-treated rats.", "content": "The serum of rats obtained at various time intervals after administration of AAF was tested for its action on the 3H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of thymocytes in vitro. In comparison with untreated or solvent-treated controls, the sera of animals in the early phase after the AAF-treatment stimulate the incorporation of the nucleotide into the thymocytes of rats, mice and hamsters. This reaction shows an unequivocal dose-response relationship. The serum activity is dialysable and relatively thermostable. Spleen lymphocytes and peritoneal cells of rats are insensitve to the AAF-serum. A possible relationship between growth-stimulating serum activities in liver regeneration and in early carcinogen action is discussed.", "contents": "Stimulation of thymocytes in vitro by serum of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)-treated rats. The serum of rats obtained at various time intervals after administration of AAF was tested for its action on the 3H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of thymocytes in vitro. In comparison with untreated or solvent-treated controls, the sera of animals in the early phase after the AAF-treatment stimulate the incorporation of the nucleotide into the thymocytes of rats, mice and hamsters. This reaction shows an unequivocal dose-response relationship. The serum activity is dialysable and relatively thermostable. Spleen lymphocytes and peritoneal cells of rats are insensitve to the AAF-serum. A possible relationship between growth-stimulating serum activities in liver regeneration and in early carcinogen action is discussed.", "PMID": 315882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5228", "title": "Some ultrastructural observations on the denervated skeletal muscle of frog.", "content": "The frog skeletal muscle resists atrophy for a long time after denervation. If, however, the entry of the nerve is prevented for more than 3.5 months, small muscle portions, sometimes containing nucleus, are sequestered from the parent muscle fibre. The basal lamina does not dissociate from these detached muscle portions.", "contents": "Some ultrastructural observations on the denervated skeletal muscle of frog. The frog skeletal muscle resists atrophy for a long time after denervation. If, however, the entry of the nerve is prevented for more than 3.5 months, small muscle portions, sometimes containing nucleus, are sequestered from the parent muscle fibre. The basal lamina does not dissociate from these detached muscle portions.", "PMID": 315883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5229", "title": "Suppression of intrinsic B-cell function in Dengue-infected mice.", "content": "Mice infected with Dengue virus show a depressed immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a helper T-cell-independent antigen, when LPS was administered on day 0, 6 and 12 post infection. Mice injected with inactivated virus failed to show immunosuppression.", "contents": "Suppression of intrinsic B-cell function in Dengue-infected mice. Mice infected with Dengue virus show a depressed immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a helper T-cell-independent antigen, when LPS was administered on day 0, 6 and 12 post infection. Mice injected with inactivated virus failed to show immunosuppression.", "PMID": 315884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5230", "title": "Kallikrein inhibitors.", "content": "So far the Cl inactivator, alpha 2-macroglobulin, antithrombin III (in the presence of heparin), and alpha 1-antitrypsin have been identified as inhibitors of plasma kallikrein; alpha 1-antitrypsin reacts slowly also with tissue kallikreins. Of the various naturally occurring kallikrein inhibitors the basic trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor of bovine organs, aprotinin (the active substance of Trasylol), has attained by far the most interest. This inhibitor, which is produced by mast cells, has unusual properties due to its compact tertiary structure. Additional topics of aprotinin and structurally related inhibitors discussed are the mechanism of enzyme-inhibitor complex formation, the production of chemical mutants of aprotinin, the structural basis of kallikrein inhibition, and selected aspects regarding aprotinin medication.", "contents": "Kallikrein inhibitors. So far the Cl inactivator, alpha 2-macroglobulin, antithrombin III (in the presence of heparin), and alpha 1-antitrypsin have been identified as inhibitors of plasma kallikrein; alpha 1-antitrypsin reacts slowly also with tissue kallikreins. Of the various naturally occurring kallikrein inhibitors the basic trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor of bovine organs, aprotinin (the active substance of Trasylol), has attained by far the most interest. This inhibitor, which is produced by mast cells, has unusual properties due to its compact tertiary structure. Additional topics of aprotinin and structurally related inhibitors discussed are the mechanism of enzyme-inhibitor complex formation, the production of chemical mutants of aprotinin, the structural basis of kallikrein inhibition, and selected aspects regarding aprotinin medication.", "PMID": 315885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5231", "title": "[Effect of peptide hormones of the gastrointestinal tract on leukocytes].", "content": "A single i. m. administration of pentagastrin or secretin changed the amount of lymphoid and myeloid cells in rats and mice. A total decrease of leucocytes is due to decrease of amount of lymphocytes, eosinophiles, and monocytes. Simultaneously the amount of segment-nuclear and relating to stab neutrophiles increased. After pentagastrin administration the amount of rosette-forming T-lymphocytes decreases. The data obtained suggest the effect of gastrin and secretin on the blood-forming and blood-destroying systems of the organism.", "contents": "[Effect of peptide hormones of the gastrointestinal tract on leukocytes]. A single i. m. administration of pentagastrin or secretin changed the amount of lymphoid and myeloid cells in rats and mice. A total decrease of leucocytes is due to decrease of amount of lymphocytes, eosinophiles, and monocytes. Simultaneously the amount of segment-nuclear and relating to stab neutrophiles increased. After pentagastrin administration the amount of rosette-forming T-lymphocytes decreases. The data obtained suggest the effect of gastrin and secretin on the blood-forming and blood-destroying systems of the organism.", "PMID": 315889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5232", "title": "Mesenteric varices: a source of mesosystemic shunts and gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "content": "The presence of mesenteric varices was demonstrated angiographically in 7 patients with portal hypertension. In 4 of these cases the mesenteric varices were the source of lower gastrointestinal bleeding which was successfully controlled by intra-arterial infusion of vasopressin. The radiological diagnosis and management of mesenteric varices is discussed and the pertinent literature is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Mesenteric varices: a source of mesosystemic shunts and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The presence of mesenteric varices was demonstrated angiographically in 7 patients with portal hypertension. In 4 of these cases the mesenteric varices were the source of lower gastrointestinal bleeding which was successfully controlled by intra-arterial infusion of vasopressin. The radiological diagnosis and management of mesenteric varices is discussed and the pertinent literature is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 315901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5233", "title": "[Intensive care medicine in severe eclampsia (author's transl)].", "content": "The intricacies of the pathophysiology of eclampsia are still unknown. The major symptoms of our 37 year old para 3 are convulsions, hypertension, complete anuria and gastro-intestinal haemmorhage as a result of disseminated ;ntra-vascular coagulation (D.I.C.). The interdisciplinary therapeutic measures are discussed, in the course which special attention is given to the favourable influence of dopamine on renal failure and the complicating gastro intestinal haemmorhage.", "contents": "[Intensive care medicine in severe eclampsia (author's transl)]. The intricacies of the pathophysiology of eclampsia are still unknown. The major symptoms of our 37 year old para 3 are convulsions, hypertension, complete anuria and gastro-intestinal haemmorhage as a result of disseminated ;ntra-vascular coagulation (D.I.C.). The interdisciplinary therapeutic measures are discussed, in the course which special attention is given to the favourable influence of dopamine on renal failure and the complicating gastro intestinal haemmorhage.", "PMID": 315902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5234", "title": "Adhesion of blood platelets to human arterial subendothelium: role of factor VIII-Von Willebrand factor.", "content": "The adhesion of human platelets to the human arterial subendothelium was investigated using everted postmortem renal arteries after the first bifurcation and reconstituted blood containing 51Cr-labelled, aspirin-treated platelets in a perfusion chamber according to Baumgartner. The accumulation of 51Cr on the arterial segment was a reliable reflection of the number of platelets that adhered. The dependence of platelet adhesion on platelet number, perfusion time, haematocrit and perfusion rate were found to be similar to what was observed with rabbit aorta previously, notwithstanding the essentially different nature of the human subendothelium, with its layers of smooth muscle cells above the internal elastic lamina. The system was used to study the role of factor VIII-von Willebrand factor (VIII-VWF). VIII-VWF was found to be the only plasma factor enhancing adhesion of platelets fo the vessel wall. No suggestion of an inhibitory substance in plasma was found. Double perfusion experiments indicated that VIII-VWF binding to subendothelium supported subsequent platelet adhesion. A good correlation was found between the amount of VIII-VWF bound and platelet adhesion. Comparison of binding of albumin, fibrinogen, gamma-globulin and VIII-VWF showed that VIII-VWF bound less. This suggests that VIII-VWF does penetrate less easily in the subendothelium, which is in agreement with immunofluorescence studies of tissues. Studies with washed platelets not treated with aspirin showed parallelism between accumulation of VIII-VWF and platelet deposition in thrombi. These data may be explained by assuming a non-easily exchangeable pool of VIII-VWF on the platelet surface and increased binding of VIII-VWF to platelets in thrombi.", "contents": "Adhesion of blood platelets to human arterial subendothelium: role of factor VIII-Von Willebrand factor. The adhesion of human platelets to the human arterial subendothelium was investigated using everted postmortem renal arteries after the first bifurcation and reconstituted blood containing 51Cr-labelled, aspirin-treated platelets in a perfusion chamber according to Baumgartner. The accumulation of 51Cr on the arterial segment was a reliable reflection of the number of platelets that adhered. The dependence of platelet adhesion on platelet number, perfusion time, haematocrit and perfusion rate were found to be similar to what was observed with rabbit aorta previously, notwithstanding the essentially different nature of the human subendothelium, with its layers of smooth muscle cells above the internal elastic lamina. The system was used to study the role of factor VIII-von Willebrand factor (VIII-VWF). VIII-VWF was found to be the only plasma factor enhancing adhesion of platelets fo the vessel wall. No suggestion of an inhibitory substance in plasma was found. Double perfusion experiments indicated that VIII-VWF binding to subendothelium supported subsequent platelet adhesion. A good correlation was found between the amount of VIII-VWF bound and platelet adhesion. Comparison of binding of albumin, fibrinogen, gamma-globulin and VIII-VWF showed that VIII-VWF bound less. This suggests that VIII-VWF does penetrate less easily in the subendothelium, which is in agreement with immunofluorescence studies of tissues. Studies with washed platelets not treated with aspirin showed parallelism between accumulation of VIII-VWF and platelet deposition in thrombi. These data may be explained by assuming a non-easily exchangeable pool of VIII-VWF on the platelet surface and increased binding of VIII-VWF to platelets in thrombi.", "PMID": 315905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5235", "title": "PiT: a new allele in the alpha 1-antitrypsin system.", "content": "In a genetic investigation of the population in Hessen, Germany, we found a family with a new, rare allele in the Pi system (alpha 1-antitrypsin). According to electrophoretic analysis and isoelectric focusing patterns, it is designated PiT. A pedigree study suggests autosomal codominant inheritance. The serum concentration of six heterozygous carriers of this allele (phenotype M1T or M2T) revealed normal alpha 1-antitrypsin levels.", "contents": "PiT: a new allele in the alpha 1-antitrypsin system. In a genetic investigation of the population in Hessen, Germany, we found a family with a new, rare allele in the Pi system (alpha 1-antitrypsin). According to electrophoretic analysis and isoelectric focusing patterns, it is designated PiT. A pedigree study suggests autosomal codominant inheritance. The serum concentration of six heterozygous carriers of this allele (phenotype M1T or M2T) revealed normal alpha 1-antitrypsin levels.", "PMID": 315909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5236", "title": "Human pancreatic amylase polymorphism: formal genetics and population genetics.", "content": "The genetically determined polymorphism of human pancreatic amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1), AMY2, is demonstrated in serum specimens by agarose gel electrophoresis. We investigated 325 mother-child pairs and 2594 unrelated individuals from southwestern Germany. This study confirms the formal hypothesis of two common alleles AMY1/2, AMY2/2 and possibly two rare alleles AMY3/2, AMY4/2 at an autosomal locus AMY2. The frequency of the AMY1/2 allele was calculated as 0.951; AMY3/2 and AMY4/2 seem to have a frequency of 0.001 in this sample.", "contents": "Human pancreatic amylase polymorphism: formal genetics and population genetics. The genetically determined polymorphism of human pancreatic amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1), AMY2, is demonstrated in serum specimens by agarose gel electrophoresis. We investigated 325 mother-child pairs and 2594 unrelated individuals from southwestern Germany. This study confirms the formal hypothesis of two common alleles AMY1/2, AMY2/2 and possibly two rare alleles AMY3/2, AMY4/2 at an autosomal locus AMY2. The frequency of the AMY1/2 allele was calculated as 0.951; AMY3/2 and AMY4/2 seem to have a frequency of 0.001 in this sample.", "PMID": 315910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5237", "title": "Inheritance of PiM subtypes. A study of 151 families with a total of 242 children and of 142 mother-child pairs.", "content": "Pi phenotypes were classified by isoelectric focusing in sera of 151 families with a total of 242 children and in sera of 142 mother-child pairs. The six common subtypes of PiM are genetically determined by three alleles named PiM1, PiM2, and PiM3. No exceptions to the postulated mode of inheritance have been found. The possibility of further heterogeneity of the intermediate variant PiM3 is discussed.", "contents": "Inheritance of PiM subtypes. A study of 151 families with a total of 242 children and of 142 mother-child pairs. Pi phenotypes were classified by isoelectric focusing in sera of 151 families with a total of 242 children and in sera of 142 mother-child pairs. The six common subtypes of PiM are genetically determined by three alleles named PiM1, PiM2, and PiM3. No exceptions to the postulated mode of inheritance have been found. The possibility of further heterogeneity of the intermediate variant PiM3 is discussed.", "PMID": 315911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5238", "title": "Lymphocytolytic activity of glucocorticoids in vitro: 51Cr release under equilibrium conditions.", "content": "Cytolytic activity of glucocorticoids in vitro is assessed by measuring radiochromium release from steroid-treated thymic lymphocytes under the equilibrium conditions provided by a continuous-labeling technique. Isotope release is a glucocorticoid-specific effect produced at physiological concentrations and is virtually abolished by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. The relative lytic potencies of the steroids tested are comparable to those reported for glucocorticoids as measured by other methods. This procedure not only possesses the advantages typical of isotopic techniques in general, but, in addition, circumvents the problem of \"spontaneous\" label release associated with the pulse-labeling method. It is a useful alternative to the morphologic examination of cells or the estimation of cell viability for determination of glucocorticoid cytolytic activity.", "contents": "Lymphocytolytic activity of glucocorticoids in vitro: 51Cr release under equilibrium conditions. Cytolytic activity of glucocorticoids in vitro is assessed by measuring radiochromium release from steroid-treated thymic lymphocytes under the equilibrium conditions provided by a continuous-labeling technique. Isotope release is a glucocorticoid-specific effect produced at physiological concentrations and is virtually abolished by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. The relative lytic potencies of the steroids tested are comparable to those reported for glucocorticoids as measured by other methods. This procedure not only possesses the advantages typical of isotopic techniques in general, but, in addition, circumvents the problem of \"spontaneous\" label release associated with the pulse-labeling method. It is a useful alternative to the morphologic examination of cells or the estimation of cell viability for determination of glucocorticoid cytolytic activity.", "PMID": 315912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5239", "title": "Differentiation of functionally active mouse T lymphocytes from functionally inactive bone marrow precursors. III. Induction of T-cell activities by growth of bone marrow on feeder layers prepared from mouse thymocytes.", "content": "The ability of small and large T precursor cell pools to differentiate into mature functional T lymphocytes on thymus feeder cell layers or in the presence of a supernatant prepared from such feeder layers was compared. Evidence was obtained showing that the small cell pool differentiated as effectively in the presence of soluble factors prepared from the thymus cultures as in the presence of the thymus cells themselves. In contrast, large stem cells apparently needed cellular contact with the thymus feeder cultures in order to promote differentiation, though a time point could be found at which further differentiation from this precursor pool would also occur in the presence of the thymus culture supernatant only. These data concurred with evidence from in vivo experiments for two pools of T-cell precursors which differentiated in thymectomized or thymus-intact recipients respectively.", "contents": "Differentiation of functionally active mouse T lymphocytes from functionally inactive bone marrow precursors. III. Induction of T-cell activities by growth of bone marrow on feeder layers prepared from mouse thymocytes. The ability of small and large T precursor cell pools to differentiate into mature functional T lymphocytes on thymus feeder cell layers or in the presence of a supernatant prepared from such feeder layers was compared. Evidence was obtained showing that the small cell pool differentiated as effectively in the presence of soluble factors prepared from the thymus cultures as in the presence of the thymus cells themselves. In contrast, large stem cells apparently needed cellular contact with the thymus feeder cultures in order to promote differentiation, though a time point could be found at which further differentiation from this precursor pool would also occur in the presence of the thymus culture supernatant only. These data concurred with evidence from in vivo experiments for two pools of T-cell precursors which differentiated in thymectomized or thymus-intact recipients respectively.", "PMID": 315913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5240", "title": "Studies on hyperlymphoid mice.", "content": "Injection of syngeneic, but chromosomally distinguishable, lymph node or spleen cells into adult mice resulted in both T- and B-lymphocyte chimaerism. In spleen-injected mice haematopoietic chimaerism was also established. It appeared that the donor T lymphocytes were added to the host recirculating T-cell pool so that a hyperlymphoid state was produced. The percentage of donor T lymphocytes declined very slowly in normal mice, but remained stable in adult-thymectomized animals. There was no evidence of a homeostatic mechanism involving destruction of excess peripheral T lymphocytes or grossly affecting the flow of T lymphocytes from the thymus into the recirculating T-cell pool. A preliminary model of the T-lymphocyte system is proposed.", "contents": "Studies on hyperlymphoid mice. Injection of syngeneic, but chromosomally distinguishable, lymph node or spleen cells into adult mice resulted in both T- and B-lymphocyte chimaerism. In spleen-injected mice haematopoietic chimaerism was also established. It appeared that the donor T lymphocytes were added to the host recirculating T-cell pool so that a hyperlymphoid state was produced. The percentage of donor T lymphocytes declined very slowly in normal mice, but remained stable in adult-thymectomized animals. There was no evidence of a homeostatic mechanism involving destruction of excess peripheral T lymphocytes or grossly affecting the flow of T lymphocytes from the thymus into the recirculating T-cell pool. A preliminary model of the T-lymphocyte system is proposed.", "PMID": 315914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5241", "title": "The effect of adult thymectomy upon helper function in Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad.", "content": "Carrier-primed helper activity enhancing anti-hapten (TNP-) responses in young adult Xenopus laevis reached peak levels 2-4 days after a low dose challenge (0.005% RBC) of unconjugated carrier. It fell quickly to negligible levels by 10 days. Adult thymectomized (ATx) animals were consistently unable to generate substantial levels of hapten-specific antigen-binding spleen cell (ABC) activity. Since ATx does not severely reduce splenic ABC responses to the high dose (10% RBC) of carrier used for hapten challenge, the results suggested a role for Xenopus adult thymus in carrier-specific enhancement of an anti-hapten response.", "contents": "The effect of adult thymectomy upon helper function in Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad. Carrier-primed helper activity enhancing anti-hapten (TNP-) responses in young adult Xenopus laevis reached peak levels 2-4 days after a low dose challenge (0.005% RBC) of unconjugated carrier. It fell quickly to negligible levels by 10 days. Adult thymectomized (ATx) animals were consistently unable to generate substantial levels of hapten-specific antigen-binding spleen cell (ABC) activity. Since ATx does not severely reduce splenic ABC responses to the high dose (10% RBC) of carrier used for hapten challenge, the results suggested a role for Xenopus adult thymus in carrier-specific enhancement of an anti-hapten response.", "PMID": 315915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5242", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in pituitary dwarf Snell-Bagg mice.", "content": "The lymphocyte composition of the thymus and spleen from weaned (4 month old) hypopituitary dwarf Snell-Bagg mice were compared to those of their phenotypically normal littermates and of hormone (somatotropic hormone plus thyroxine)-treated individuals. Detection of cells bearing receptors for peanut agglutinin, physical analysis and measurement of in vitro reactivities to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavae intra-thymic lymphocyte population of dwarf mice. Examination of spleen-cell suspensions demonstrated a slightly higher frequency of T lymphocytes (Thy 1-2+  alpha-Naphthyl esterase+, high electrophoretic mobility) and lower frequency of B lymphocytes (surface immunoglobulin+, low electrophoretic mobility) in dwarf mice than in control mice. The degree of splenocyte responsiveness to T- and B-cell mitogens, however was similar in the two mouse types. High mobility (T) splenic cells were found to exhibit a smaller modal volume in dwarf mice (110 micron3) than in control mice (122 micron3) but this difference was not corrected by hormone administration. More pronounced were the quantitative differences between the spleens of hormone-deficient and normal mice. Thus, when expressed as a function of body weight, the numbers of splenic T and B lymphocytes in untreated dwarf mice were about half the corresponding values in hormone-reconstituted or normal littermates. These data suggested that in adult life, developmental hormones exert little direct effect on the thymus lymphocytes but influence the size of the pool of both peripheral T and B lymphocytes.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in pituitary dwarf Snell-Bagg mice. The lymphocyte composition of the thymus and spleen from weaned (4 month old) hypopituitary dwarf Snell-Bagg mice were compared to those of their phenotypically normal littermates and of hormone (somatotropic hormone plus thyroxine)-treated individuals. Detection of cells bearing receptors for peanut agglutinin, physical analysis and measurement of in vitro reactivities to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavae intra-thymic lymphocyte population of dwarf mice. Examination of spleen-cell suspensions demonstrated a slightly higher frequency of T lymphocytes (Thy 1-2+  alpha-Naphthyl esterase+, high electrophoretic mobility) and lower frequency of B lymphocytes (surface immunoglobulin+, low electrophoretic mobility) in dwarf mice than in control mice. The degree of splenocyte responsiveness to T- and B-cell mitogens, however was similar in the two mouse types. High mobility (T) splenic cells were found to exhibit a smaller modal volume in dwarf mice (110 micron3) than in control mice (122 micron3) but this difference was not corrected by hormone administration. More pronounced were the quantitative differences between the spleens of hormone-deficient and normal mice. Thus, when expressed as a function of body weight, the numbers of splenic T and B lymphocytes in untreated dwarf mice were about half the corresponding values in hormone-reconstituted or normal littermates. These data suggested that in adult life, developmental hormones exert little direct effect on the thymus lymphocytes but influence the size of the pool of both peripheral T and B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 315916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5243", "title": "Restricted heterogeneity of antibody synthesized by T-cell deprived mice.", "content": "Mice which had been thymectomized and injected with anti-thymocyte serum to remove long-lived recirculating T cells, initially failed to produce haemagglutinating and haemolysing antibody after injection of sheep erythrocytes. After six fortnightly injections of heterologous erythrocytes, however, haemolysin titres in the T-cell deprived mice were comparable to those in similarly challenged but immunologically intact animals. Isoelectric focusing of these sera indicated that the anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody eventually synthesized by the T-cell deprived mice was less heterogeneous than antibodies found in the sera of control mice.", "contents": "Restricted heterogeneity of antibody synthesized by T-cell deprived mice. Mice which had been thymectomized and injected with anti-thymocyte serum to remove long-lived recirculating T cells, initially failed to produce haemagglutinating and haemolysing antibody after injection of sheep erythrocytes. After six fortnightly injections of heterologous erythrocytes, however, haemolysin titres in the T-cell deprived mice were comparable to those in similarly challenged but immunologically intact animals. Isoelectric focusing of these sera indicated that the anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody eventually synthesized by the T-cell deprived mice was less heterogeneous than antibodies found in the sera of control mice.", "PMID": 315917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5244", "title": "Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase: presence of activity in bovine and human T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "Non-specific acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity was demonstrated in a majority of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes, confirming and extending the observations on murine and human lymphocytes made by previous workers. Simultaneous study of both ANAE activity and spontaneous erythrocyte (E) or erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosetting capability of the same bovine lymphocytes showed directly that, while 64.2 +/- 4.6 (SEM) % of bovine lymphocytes capable of forming E rosettes were ANAE positive, 38.3 +/- 0.8% of those forming EAC rosettes were also ANAE positive. Similar studies of human peripheral blood lymphocytes showed also that, while 80.6 +/- 2.2% of the lymphocytes capable of forming E rosettes were ANAE positive, 44.1 +/- 2.6% of EAC forming lymphocytes were ANAE positive. Thus the presence of ANAE activity in a majority of T lymphocytes and a significant proportion of B lymphocytes of both human and bovine peripheral blood is indicated. Human and bovine lymphocytes from phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cultures demonstrated greatly enhanced intensity of ANAE activity.", "contents": "Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase: presence of activity in bovine and human T and B lymphocytes. Non-specific acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity was demonstrated in a majority of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes, confirming and extending the observations on murine and human lymphocytes made by previous workers. Simultaneous study of both ANAE activity and spontaneous erythrocyte (E) or erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosetting capability of the same bovine lymphocytes showed directly that, while 64.2 +/- 4.6 (SEM) % of bovine lymphocytes capable of forming E rosettes were ANAE positive, 38.3 +/- 0.8% of those forming EAC rosettes were also ANAE positive. Similar studies of human peripheral blood lymphocytes showed also that, while 80.6 +/- 2.2% of the lymphocytes capable of forming E rosettes were ANAE positive, 44.1 +/- 2.6% of EAC forming lymphocytes were ANAE positive. Thus the presence of ANAE activity in a majority of T lymphocytes and a significant proportion of B lymphocytes of both human and bovine peripheral blood is indicated. Human and bovine lymphocytes from phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cultures demonstrated greatly enhanced intensity of ANAE activity.", "PMID": 315918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5245", "title": "Immunologically mediated intestinal mastocytosis in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-infected rats.", "content": "To investigate mechanisms of mast-cell proliferation, we have utilized infection of Lewis rats with the intestinal nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which induces a pronounced intestinal mast-cell hyperplasia. Adoptive transfer of 2 x 10(8) immune mesenteric lymph node cells (IMLN), collected 14 days post infection with 3000 third stage larvae (L3), into rats concurrently given 3000 L3 hastened the expected intestinal mastocytosis by up to 4-5 days. IMLN exhibited this mastopoietic activity in the presence but not in the absence of concurrent infection. Normal mesenteric lymph node cells did not show similar mastopoietic activity. Intestinal mastocytosis was delayed by sub-lethal irradiation (400 rad) but IMLN reconstituted the mast-cell response of such animals. The mastopoietic activity could not be attributed to worm antigen as antigen administered intravenously had no significant effect on mastocytosis and furthermore, antigen could not be detected in mastopoietically active IMLN suspensions used as a possible antigen source in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests. Immune serum (14 days post primary infection with 3000 L3) also hastened mastocytosis in infected rats, whereas normal serum did not. The IMLN may be an enriched source of intestinal mast cell precursors and, in addition, may contain a cell type(s) which regulates the differentiation and proliferation of such precursors.", "contents": "Immunologically mediated intestinal mastocytosis in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-infected rats. To investigate mechanisms of mast-cell proliferation, we have utilized infection of Lewis rats with the intestinal nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which induces a pronounced intestinal mast-cell hyperplasia. Adoptive transfer of 2 x 10(8) immune mesenteric lymph node cells (IMLN), collected 14 days post infection with 3000 third stage larvae (L3), into rats concurrently given 3000 L3 hastened the expected intestinal mastocytosis by up to 4-5 days. IMLN exhibited this mastopoietic activity in the presence but not in the absence of concurrent infection. Normal mesenteric lymph node cells did not show similar mastopoietic activity. Intestinal mastocytosis was delayed by sub-lethal irradiation (400 rad) but IMLN reconstituted the mast-cell response of such animals. The mastopoietic activity could not be attributed to worm antigen as antigen administered intravenously had no significant effect on mastocytosis and furthermore, antigen could not be detected in mastopoietically active IMLN suspensions used as a possible antigen source in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests. Immune serum (14 days post primary infection with 3000 L3) also hastened mastocytosis in infected rats, whereas normal serum did not. The IMLN may be an enriched source of intestinal mast cell precursors and, in addition, may contain a cell type(s) which regulates the differentiation and proliferation of such precursors.", "PMID": 315919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5246", "title": "A comparison between LCM virus-specific secondary cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated by Con A and by the homologous antigen.", "content": "An investigation was made of the properties of cytotoxic T cells induced by Con A and exposure to LCM virus-infected cells. As a basis for such studies, the optimal conditions for in vitro Con A stimulation of in vivo LCM virus-primed C3H mouse splenocytes were determined. The most potent cytotoxicity was obtained when responder cells were cultured in the presence of Con A in a concentration of 2 micrograms/ml for 3 days, but strong cytotoxicity was also measured on days 2 and 4. When stimulation was performed by the homologous antigen maximal response was seen on day 4 although marked cytotoxicity was also noted on day 3. Effector cells produced by the two different procedures showed equally high degrees of cytotoxicity against LCM virus-infected target cells, whereas they did not appear cytotoxic against non-infected targets. If LCM virus-immune mice were treated intravenously with 280 micrograms of Con A per animal, moderate cytotoxicity was demonstrable in splenocytes from these mice 1, 2 and 3 days after treatment. The in vitro generation of secondary cytotoxicity by Con A as well as by the homologous antigen was found to be totally dependent on DNA synthesis. The reactivated cells were investigated for in vivo anti-viral effect by measuring their ability to protect intracerebrally LCM virus-infected mice from a fatal outcome of this infection. LCM virus-primed splenocytes stimulated by the homologous antigen caused complete protection, while Con A-reactivated cells did not protect at all. Secondary cytotoxic cells stimulated by Con A and by LCM virus showed fairly similar in vitro characteristics, but fundamentally different in vivo qualities.", "contents": "A comparison between LCM virus-specific secondary cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated by Con A and by the homologous antigen. An investigation was made of the properties of cytotoxic T cells induced by Con A and exposure to LCM virus-infected cells. As a basis for such studies, the optimal conditions for in vitro Con A stimulation of in vivo LCM virus-primed C3H mouse splenocytes were determined. The most potent cytotoxicity was obtained when responder cells were cultured in the presence of Con A in a concentration of 2 micrograms/ml for 3 days, but strong cytotoxicity was also measured on days 2 and 4. When stimulation was performed by the homologous antigen maximal response was seen on day 4 although marked cytotoxicity was also noted on day 3. Effector cells produced by the two different procedures showed equally high degrees of cytotoxicity against LCM virus-infected target cells, whereas they did not appear cytotoxic against non-infected targets. If LCM virus-immune mice were treated intravenously with 280 micrograms of Con A per animal, moderate cytotoxicity was demonstrable in splenocytes from these mice 1, 2 and 3 days after treatment. The in vitro generation of secondary cytotoxicity by Con A as well as by the homologous antigen was found to be totally dependent on DNA synthesis. The reactivated cells were investigated for in vivo anti-viral effect by measuring their ability to protect intracerebrally LCM virus-infected mice from a fatal outcome of this infection. LCM virus-primed splenocytes stimulated by the homologous antigen caused complete protection, while Con A-reactivated cells did not protect at all. Secondary cytotoxic cells stimulated by Con A and by LCM virus showed fairly similar in vitro characteristics, but fundamentally different in vivo qualities.", "PMID": 315920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5247", "title": "Immunoglobulin synthesis by thymus B cells.", "content": "Rabbit lymphoid cells transferred to newborn recipients synthesized donor-type immunoglobulin. Elimination of donor T cells did not affect this synthesis of donor immunoglobulin, while elimination of B cells abolished or significantly decreased the synthesis. The synthetic capacity of B cells from thymus was thirty-four times greater than the synthetic capacities of B cells from spleen, fifty-five times greater than that of mesenteric lymph nodes and 180 times greater than that of appendix cells. Synthetic activity of spleen cells ceased before the tenth day after transfer, while thymus cells might continue to synthesize immunoglobulin for a longer time. This was shown by comparing half-lives of donor immunoglobulin in the recipients' sera. Increasing the number of injected spleen cells (from 2 x 10(6) to 120 x 10(6)), resulted in a corresponding increase in donor Ig synthesis. With thymus cells, donor immunoglobulin increased with cell numbers up to 2 x 10(7) cells, above this dose there was no further donor immunoglobulin increase in the recipients' serum.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin synthesis by thymus B cells. Rabbit lymphoid cells transferred to newborn recipients synthesized donor-type immunoglobulin. Elimination of donor T cells did not affect this synthesis of donor immunoglobulin, while elimination of B cells abolished or significantly decreased the synthesis. The synthetic capacity of B cells from thymus was thirty-four times greater than the synthetic capacities of B cells from spleen, fifty-five times greater than that of mesenteric lymph nodes and 180 times greater than that of appendix cells. Synthetic activity of spleen cells ceased before the tenth day after transfer, while thymus cells might continue to synthesize immunoglobulin for a longer time. This was shown by comparing half-lives of donor immunoglobulin in the recipients' sera. Increasing the number of injected spleen cells (from 2 x 10(6) to 120 x 10(6)), resulted in a corresponding increase in donor Ig synthesis. With thymus cells, donor immunoglobulin increased with cell numbers up to 2 x 10(7) cells, above this dose there was no further donor immunoglobulin increase in the recipients' serum.", "PMID": 315921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5248", "title": "Studies on B-cell memory. I. Generation and exhaustion of B-cell memory by thymus-dependent antigen in T-cell depleted mice.", "content": "Mice depleted of T cells by adult thymectomy, X-irradiation and reconstitution with syngeneic bone marrow cells, either untreated or treated with anti-Thy-1 serum and complement, were immunized intensively with alum-precipitated bovine serum albumin (AP-BSA) along with or without bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but no significant anti-BSA antibody response was detected. Priming of the T-cell depleted mice, however, either by a single injection of AP-BSA plus LPS or by multiple injections of AP-BSA without LPS, resulted in the generation of immunological memory. A single injection of AP-BSA without LPS was ineffective. The memory required the aid of syngeneic T cells to be recalled by the challenge with AP-BSA plus LPS. On the other hand, multiple injections of AP-BSA plus LPS did not cause the generation of memory and the response of these mice to the challenge was lower than that of unprimed control mice. These results suggest that (1) the anti-BSA response is highly dependent on the helper function of T cells, (2) the degree of T-cell requirement for the memory generation is very low, and (3) priming with too much strong stimulation in the absence of functional T cells leads to the suppression or abortion of previously generated immunological memory.", "contents": "Studies on B-cell memory. I. Generation and exhaustion of B-cell memory by thymus-dependent antigen in T-cell depleted mice. Mice depleted of T cells by adult thymectomy, X-irradiation and reconstitution with syngeneic bone marrow cells, either untreated or treated with anti-Thy-1 serum and complement, were immunized intensively with alum-precipitated bovine serum albumin (AP-BSA) along with or without bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but no significant anti-BSA antibody response was detected. Priming of the T-cell depleted mice, however, either by a single injection of AP-BSA plus LPS or by multiple injections of AP-BSA without LPS, resulted in the generation of immunological memory. A single injection of AP-BSA without LPS was ineffective. The memory required the aid of syngeneic T cells to be recalled by the challenge with AP-BSA plus LPS. On the other hand, multiple injections of AP-BSA plus LPS did not cause the generation of memory and the response of these mice to the challenge was lower than that of unprimed control mice. These results suggest that (1) the anti-BSA response is highly dependent on the helper function of T cells, (2) the degree of T-cell requirement for the memory generation is very low, and (3) priming with too much strong stimulation in the absence of functional T cells leads to the suppression or abortion of previously generated immunological memory.", "PMID": 315922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5249", "title": "Immunoregulation by covalent antigen-antibody complexes. II. Suppression of a T-cell independent anti-hapten response.", "content": "Covalent antigen-antibody complexes containing the hapten fluorescein were found to suppress the thymus-independent response to that hapten. This suppression required the presence of an intact Fc fragment in the complex but could still be established in the complete absence of T cells.", "contents": "Immunoregulation by covalent antigen-antibody complexes. II. Suppression of a T-cell independent anti-hapten response. Covalent antigen-antibody complexes containing the hapten fluorescein were found to suppress the thymus-independent response to that hapten. This suppression required the presence of an intact Fc fragment in the complex but could still be established in the complete absence of T cells.", "PMID": 315923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5250", "title": "One-stage stimulation of human T-lymphocyte colony-forming units (TL-CFU) in a micro agar culture in glass capillaries.", "content": "A one-stage micro-culture assay in glass capillary tubes was developed for colony growth of human T lymphocytes. Colony growth by this method did not depend on the addition of growth factors, human serum and erythrocytes. Advantages of this method are its low consumption of materials and the fact that high numbers of cultures can be prepared and evaluated within a relatively short period of time. Compared to the two-stage method, the one-stage method requires a higher number of seeded cells and a reduced agar concentration, suggesting that cell interactions are required for human T-lymphocyte colony formation.", "contents": "One-stage stimulation of human T-lymphocyte colony-forming units (TL-CFU) in a micro agar culture in glass capillaries. A one-stage micro-culture assay in glass capillary tubes was developed for colony growth of human T lymphocytes. Colony growth by this method did not depend on the addition of growth factors, human serum and erythrocytes. Advantages of this method are its low consumption of materials and the fact that high numbers of cultures can be prepared and evaluated within a relatively short period of time. Compared to the two-stage method, the one-stage method requires a higher number of seeded cells and a reduced agar concentration, suggesting that cell interactions are required for human T-lymphocyte colony formation.", "PMID": 315924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5251", "title": "Ceforanide (BL-S786) in the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.", "content": "Ceforanide (BL-S 786) is a new long-acting parenteral cephalosporin which has the major pharmacologic advantage of requiring only twice a day dosage. We treated 28 adult patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia using doses of 500 or 1000 mg every 12 hours. Twenty-four of 28 infections were due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and/or Hemophilus influenzae, and all pathogens were susceptible in vitro to both cephalothin and ceforanide. Patients were treated for a mean of 7.5 days, and all showed a good clinical and radiographic response with no mortality. Of the 13 patients with H. influenzae, the organism could still be recovered during therapy in 9/12 and post therapy in 3/8. One clinical superinfection (sepsis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa) occurred during therapy. Side effects with therapy included thrombocytosis (15), asymptomatic eosinophilia (5), and mild elevation of the serum transaminases (3). These studies suggest that ceforanide is a safe and effective agent for the treatment of adult patients with bacterial pneumonia due to S. pneumoniae; further experience in therapy of H. influenzae is needed because of frequent failure of ceforanide to eradicate this organism from the sputum.", "contents": "Ceforanide (BL-S786) in the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Ceforanide (BL-S 786) is a new long-acting parenteral cephalosporin which has the major pharmacologic advantage of requiring only twice a day dosage. We treated 28 adult patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia using doses of 500 or 1000 mg every 12 hours. Twenty-four of 28 infections were due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and/or Hemophilus influenzae, and all pathogens were susceptible in vitro to both cephalothin and ceforanide. Patients were treated for a mean of 7.5 days, and all showed a good clinical and radiographic response with no mortality. Of the 13 patients with H. influenzae, the organism could still be recovered during therapy in 9/12 and post therapy in 3/8. One clinical superinfection (sepsis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa) occurred during therapy. Side effects with therapy included thrombocytosis (15), asymptomatic eosinophilia (5), and mild elevation of the serum transaminases (3). These studies suggest that ceforanide is a safe and effective agent for the treatment of adult patients with bacterial pneumonia due to S. pneumoniae; further experience in therapy of H. influenzae is needed because of frequent failure of ceforanide to eradicate this organism from the sputum.", "PMID": 315929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5252", "title": "Serum and sputum antibiotic levels after ampicillin, amoxycillin and bacampicillin chronic bronchitis patients.", "content": "Serum and sputum concentrations of ampicillin or amoxycillin were measured in patients admitted to hospital for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis with purulent sputum. Mean peak serum levels of nearly 12 mg/l were found after 1600 mg bacampicillin (mean peak level in sputum 0.85 mg/l). The serum and sputum concentrations after 750 mg amoxycillin and 800 mg bacampicillin were comparable (mean peak serum levels approximately 9.5 mg/l, sputum concentrations 0.4 to 0.5 mg/l) although the drugs were not given in equimolar doses. Results after 1000 mg ampicillin by mouth were less satisfactory (mean peak serum level 7.8 mg/l) and only 0.25 mg/l was attained in the sputum. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and amoxycillin were measured for 177 Haemophilus influenzae strains. Most of the ampicillin MIC values were between 0.125 and 0.5 mg/l but more of the strains required 0.5 mg/l of amoxycillin. The amoxycillin MIC values were often one or two dilutions higher than those of ampicillin (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Serum and sputum antibiotic levels after ampicillin, amoxycillin and bacampicillin chronic bronchitis patients. Serum and sputum concentrations of ampicillin or amoxycillin were measured in patients admitted to hospital for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis with purulent sputum. Mean peak serum levels of nearly 12 mg/l were found after 1600 mg bacampicillin (mean peak level in sputum 0.85 mg/l). The serum and sputum concentrations after 750 mg amoxycillin and 800 mg bacampicillin were comparable (mean peak serum levels approximately 9.5 mg/l, sputum concentrations 0.4 to 0.5 mg/l) although the drugs were not given in equimolar doses. Results after 1000 mg ampicillin by mouth were less satisfactory (mean peak serum level 7.8 mg/l) and only 0.25 mg/l was attained in the sputum. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and amoxycillin were measured for 177 Haemophilus influenzae strains. Most of the ampicillin MIC values were between 0.125 and 0.5 mg/l but more of the strains required 0.5 mg/l of amoxycillin. The amoxycillin MIC values were often one or two dilutions higher than those of ampicillin (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 315930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5253", "title": "A clinical comparison of ampicillin, ampicillin esters (bacampicillin and pivampicillin) and amoxycillin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.", "content": "The results of antibiotic therapy in 271 patients suffering from acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are presented. The effectiveness of the better absorbed ampicillin esters (pivampicillin and bacampicillin) is confirmed, but side-effects from the pivampicillin present problems whereas bacampicillin is excellently tolerated, even in twice daily doses of 1600 mg. Amoxycillin, if given in 750 mg doses three times daily by mouth, is also safe and effective against Haemophilus influenzae. However, if accurate MIC results are not available for both ampicillin and amoxycillin, the lesser degree of sensitivity to amoxycillin suggests that use of an ampicillin ester (such as bacampicillin) is to be preferred. Prophylactic use of antibiotics in chronic bronchitis patients does not seem logical to us.", "contents": "A clinical comparison of ampicillin, ampicillin esters (bacampicillin and pivampicillin) and amoxycillin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The results of antibiotic therapy in 271 patients suffering from acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are presented. The effectiveness of the better absorbed ampicillin esters (pivampicillin and bacampicillin) is confirmed, but side-effects from the pivampicillin present problems whereas bacampicillin is excellently tolerated, even in twice daily doses of 1600 mg. Amoxycillin, if given in 750 mg doses three times daily by mouth, is also safe and effective against Haemophilus influenzae. However, if accurate MIC results are not available for both ampicillin and amoxycillin, the lesser degree of sensitivity to amoxycillin suggests that use of an ampicillin ester (such as bacampicillin) is to be preferred. Prophylactic use of antibiotics in chronic bronchitis patients does not seem logical to us.", "PMID": 315931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5254", "title": "Hereditary complement (C2) deficiency with discoid lupus erythematosus and idiopathic atrophoderma.", "content": "A family with hereditary deficiency of the second component of complement was studied. Three siblings were homozygous for C2 deficiency and two of them had associated skin diseases. One sister presented with idiopathic atrophoderma and the other had clinical and pathological manifestations of discoid lupus erythematosus. This is the first description of an association between idiopathic atrophoderma and C2 deficient state.", "contents": "Hereditary complement (C2) deficiency with discoid lupus erythematosus and idiopathic atrophoderma. A family with hereditary deficiency of the second component of complement was studied. Three siblings were homozygous for C2 deficiency and two of them had associated skin diseases. One sister presented with idiopathic atrophoderma and the other had clinical and pathological manifestations of discoid lupus erythematosus. This is the first description of an association between idiopathic atrophoderma and C2 deficient state.", "PMID": 315933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5255", "title": "[New fluorescence microscopic technic for the identification of Trichomonas vaginalis].", "content": "A new fluorescent dye for the identification of trichomonas vaginalis is described. Specimens under investigation were mixed with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindol (Dapi) and examined using white light and UV-light. The combined use of the two techniques allows to recognize the mobile non fluorescing and the dead intensive yellow fluorescing trichomonads. Devitalized epithelial cells, bacteria and leucocytes in contrast to living trichomonas are stained yellow in a few minutes. This is of diagnostic help.", "contents": "[New fluorescence microscopic technic for the identification of Trichomonas vaginalis]. A new fluorescent dye for the identification of trichomonas vaginalis is described. Specimens under investigation were mixed with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindol (Dapi) and examined using white light and UV-light. The combined use of the two techniques allows to recognize the mobile non fluorescing and the dead intensive yellow fluorescing trichomonads. Devitalized epithelial cells, bacteria and leucocytes in contrast to living trichomonas are stained yellow in a few minutes. This is of diagnostic help.", "PMID": 315935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5256", "title": "Proteins contained in thymus factor X bind to the surface of rat thymocytes.", "content": "By means of an immunocytochemical method, using an antiserum directed against Thymus Factor X (TFX) the presence of TFX-cross-reactive antigen on the surface of rat thymocytes was demonstrated. In the electron microscope, the product of the immunocytochemical reaction was localized as a fine granular and electron opaque material on the surface of some medium-size and small thymocytes. It was shown that the intensity and distribution pattern of the reaction product on the surface of the thymocytes varied markedly. Preincubation of thymocytes with TFX resulted in more intense labelling. The presence of TFX and cross-reactive native thymic antigens on the surface of rat thymocytes as revealed by anti-TFX serum, allows us to suppose that these thymic proteins are bound to surface of the cells by specific surface receptors.", "contents": "Proteins contained in thymus factor X bind to the surface of rat thymocytes. By means of an immunocytochemical method, using an antiserum directed against Thymus Factor X (TFX) the presence of TFX-cross-reactive antigen on the surface of rat thymocytes was demonstrated. In the electron microscope, the product of the immunocytochemical reaction was localized as a fine granular and electron opaque material on the surface of some medium-size and small thymocytes. It was shown that the intensity and distribution pattern of the reaction product on the surface of the thymocytes varied markedly. Preincubation of thymocytes with TFX resulted in more intense labelling. The presence of TFX and cross-reactive native thymic antigens on the surface of rat thymocytes as revealed by anti-TFX serum, allows us to suppose that these thymic proteins are bound to surface of the cells by specific surface receptors.", "PMID": 315936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5257", "title": "The comparative beta-lactamase resistance and inhibitory activity of 1-oxa cephalosporin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime.", "content": "The beta-lactamase stability and inhibitory activity of 1-oxa cephalosporin, (6R,7R)-7-[[carboxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-7-methoxy-3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-oxa-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, was investigated and compared to that of cefoxitin and cefotaxime. There was no detectable beta-lactamase hydrolysis of 1-oxa cephalosporin, cefotaxime and cefoxitin when incubated with beta-lactamases of plasmid or chromosomal origin which were primarily cephalosporinases or enzymes which hydrolyzed both penicillins and cephalosporins. The beta-lactamase inhibitory activity of 1-oxa cephalosporin was comparable to that of cefoxitin and cefotaxime. At equal molar concentration of substrate and inhibitor, cefoxitin, cefotaxime and 1-oxa cephalosporin effectively inhibited cephalosporinase hydrolysis of cephaloridine. Cefoxitin and cefotaxime were more effective inhibitors than the 1-oxa cephalosporin against a Providencia enzyme, whereas cefotaxime and 1-oxa cephalosporin were more effective inhibitors of a Citrobacter cephalosporinase.", "contents": "The comparative beta-lactamase resistance and inhibitory activity of 1-oxa cephalosporin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime. The beta-lactamase stability and inhibitory activity of 1-oxa cephalosporin, (6R,7R)-7-[[carboxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-7-methoxy-3-[[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-oxa-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, was investigated and compared to that of cefoxitin and cefotaxime. There was no detectable beta-lactamase hydrolysis of 1-oxa cephalosporin, cefotaxime and cefoxitin when incubated with beta-lactamases of plasmid or chromosomal origin which were primarily cephalosporinases or enzymes which hydrolyzed both penicillins and cephalosporins. The beta-lactamase inhibitory activity of 1-oxa cephalosporin was comparable to that of cefoxitin and cefotaxime. At equal molar concentration of substrate and inhibitor, cefoxitin, cefotaxime and 1-oxa cephalosporin effectively inhibited cephalosporinase hydrolysis of cephaloridine. Cefoxitin and cefotaxime were more effective inhibitors than the 1-oxa cephalosporin against a Providencia enzyme, whereas cefotaxime and 1-oxa cephalosporin were more effective inhibitors of a Citrobacter cephalosporinase.", "PMID": 315938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5258", "title": "Crosslinking by ligands to surface immunoglobulin triggers mobilization of intracellular 45Ca2+ in B lymphocytes.", "content": "Detailed studies of steady-state ion fluxes in murine lymphocytes were used to examine for possible ionic changes generated by surface Ig, the antigen receptor of B lymphocytes. When bound by ligands, surface Ig triggered the mobilization and release of 45Ca2+ from the cell interior by a transmembrane process requiring crosslinking of the bound receptors. This ionic event was unique for two reasons: (a) it did not occur when other common lymphocyte surface macromolecules were bound with rabbit anti-lymphocyte antibodies; and (b) it was not accompanied by a general perturbation of lymphocyte ionic properties such as a change in 42K+ fluxes nor did it depend on the presence of extracellular ions. Capping of surface Ig shares the same time sequence, dose response, requirement for crosslinking, and lack of dependence on extracellular ions. These correlations suggest that mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ may represent an early ionic signal for the contractile activation of lymphocytes that generates capping of surface Ig.", "contents": "Crosslinking by ligands to surface immunoglobulin triggers mobilization of intracellular 45Ca2+ in B lymphocytes. Detailed studies of steady-state ion fluxes in murine lymphocytes were used to examine for possible ionic changes generated by surface Ig, the antigen receptor of B lymphocytes. When bound by ligands, surface Ig triggered the mobilization and release of 45Ca2+ from the cell interior by a transmembrane process requiring crosslinking of the bound receptors. This ionic event was unique for two reasons: (a) it did not occur when other common lymphocyte surface macromolecules were bound with rabbit anti-lymphocyte antibodies; and (b) it was not accompanied by a general perturbation of lymphocyte ionic properties such as a change in 42K+ fluxes nor did it depend on the presence of extracellular ions. Capping of surface Ig shares the same time sequence, dose response, requirement for crosslinking, and lack of dependence on extracellular ions. These correlations suggest that mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ may represent an early ionic signal for the contractile activation of lymphocytes that generates capping of surface Ig.", "PMID": 315942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5259", "title": "Psychiatric sequelae to cardiotomy.", "content": "Eight of twenty-six subjects undergoing cardiotomy had a diagnosable psychiatric syndrome after surgery. No difference between psychiatric and non-psychiatric cases was noted with respect to demographic data, pre-operative medical psychiatric history, anesthesia time, serial laboratory studies, or environment. Post-operative psychiatric cases, however, did have significantly higher exposure to psychoactive drugs during the pre- and post-operative period.", "contents": "Psychiatric sequelae to cardiotomy. Eight of twenty-six subjects undergoing cardiotomy had a diagnosable psychiatric syndrome after surgery. No difference between psychiatric and non-psychiatric cases was noted with respect to demographic data, pre-operative medical psychiatric history, anesthesia time, serial laboratory studies, or environment. Post-operative psychiatric cases, however, did have significantly higher exposure to psychoactive drugs during the pre- and post-operative period.", "PMID": 315941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5260", "title": "Rapid induction of morphological changes in human carcinoma cells A-431 by epidermal growth factors.", "content": "The morphological effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on human carcinoma cells A-431 have been examined by scanning electron microscopy. These flat polygonal cells normally exhibit only small membrane folds, but show extensive ruffling and extension of filopodia within 5 min of exposure to EGF at 37 degrees C. This ruffling activity is transient, subsiding within another 5--15 min, but several other changes in surface morphology follow. Within the first hour of exposure to the hormone, the cell surface becomes exceedingly smooth and the nuclei seem to protrude above the plane of the otherwise thin monolayer, giving the cells a \"fried egg\" appearance. Cells at the edges of colonies gradually retract from the substrate, leading to reorganization, by 12 h, of the monolayer into multilayered colonies. EGF thus induces both rapid and long-term alterations in the morphology of these epidermoid cells.", "contents": "Rapid induction of morphological changes in human carcinoma cells A-431 by epidermal growth factors. The morphological effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on human carcinoma cells A-431 have been examined by scanning electron microscopy. These flat polygonal cells normally exhibit only small membrane folds, but show extensive ruffling and extension of filopodia within 5 min of exposure to EGF at 37 degrees C. This ruffling activity is transient, subsiding within another 5--15 min, but several other changes in surface morphology follow. Within the first hour of exposure to the hormone, the cell surface becomes exceedingly smooth and the nuclei seem to protrude above the plane of the otherwise thin monolayer, giving the cells a \"fried egg\" appearance. Cells at the edges of colonies gradually retract from the substrate, leading to reorganization, by 12 h, of the monolayer into multilayered colonies. EGF thus induces both rapid and long-term alterations in the morphology of these epidermoid cells.", "PMID": 315943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5261", "title": "Rapid stimulation of pinocytosis in human carcinoma cells A-431 by epidermal growth factor.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) uptake was used to measure fluid-phase pinocytosis in monolayers of human epithelioid carcinoma cells (A-431). Histochemistry confirmed that cell-associated HRP was restricted to intracellular vesicles. Biochemical methods showed that HRP uptake in control cultures was directly proportional to the duration of exposure. The addition of low concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the incubation media produced a 10-fold increase in the initial rate of pinocytosis. The EGF effect was rapid (within 30 s) but transient; the rate of pinocytosis returned to control levels within 15 min. Metabolic inhibitors reduced the EGF-stimulated rate of pinocytosis by greater than 90%. A conjugate of EGF and ferritin (F:EGF) was used to simultaneously compare the intracellular locations of EGF and HRP. Much of F:EGF was internalized in approximately 100-nm vesicles, while most of the HRP was located in much larger vesicles (range 0.1--1.2 micrometer) which also contained F:EGF. The tumor-promoter 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, which shares several biological activities with EGF, was also effective in stimulating an increase in the rate of pinocytosis.", "contents": "Rapid stimulation of pinocytosis in human carcinoma cells A-431 by epidermal growth factor. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) uptake was used to measure fluid-phase pinocytosis in monolayers of human epithelioid carcinoma cells (A-431). Histochemistry confirmed that cell-associated HRP was restricted to intracellular vesicles. Biochemical methods showed that HRP uptake in control cultures was directly proportional to the duration of exposure. The addition of low concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the incubation media produced a 10-fold increase in the initial rate of pinocytosis. The EGF effect was rapid (within 30 s) but transient; the rate of pinocytosis returned to control levels within 15 min. Metabolic inhibitors reduced the EGF-stimulated rate of pinocytosis by greater than 90%. A conjugate of EGF and ferritin (F:EGF) was used to simultaneously compare the intracellular locations of EGF and HRP. Much of F:EGF was internalized in approximately 100-nm vesicles, while most of the HRP was located in much larger vesicles (range 0.1--1.2 micrometer) which also contained F:EGF. The tumor-promoter 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, which shares several biological activities with EGF, was also effective in stimulating an increase in the rate of pinocytosis.", "PMID": 315944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5262", "title": "Binding, internalization, and degradation of epidermal growth factor by balb 3T3 and BP3T3 cells: relationship to cell density and the stimulation of cell proliferation.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates the growth of both benzo[a]pyrene-transformed Balb 3T3 cells (BP3T3) and untransformed Balb 3T3 cells. We describe here the binding, internalization, and degradation of [125I]-EGF by BP3T3 cells and 3T3 cells. Binding of [125I]-EGF reaches a maximum after 45 to 90 minutes incubation at 37 degrees C. In both BP3T3 and 3T3 cells the extent of EGF binding required to stimulate DNA synthesis is density dependent; sparse cultures require a 15-30% occupancy to elicit a maximal response whereas dense cultures require a 70-85% occupancy. At physiological concentrations the total binding of [125I]-EGF to 3T3 cells is higher than to BP3T3 cells, and this difference increases at higher cell densities. The rate of degradation of [125I]-EGF is directly proportional to the total [125I]-EGF binding in each cell type. This supports the hypothesis that one cause of the diminished serum requirement of BP3T3 cells is a reduced rate of utilization of serum growth factors.", "contents": "Binding, internalization, and degradation of epidermal growth factor by balb 3T3 and BP3T3 cells: relationship to cell density and the stimulation of cell proliferation. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates the growth of both benzo[a]pyrene-transformed Balb 3T3 cells (BP3T3) and untransformed Balb 3T3 cells. We describe here the binding, internalization, and degradation of [125I]-EGF by BP3T3 cells and 3T3 cells. Binding of [125I]-EGF reaches a maximum after 45 to 90 minutes incubation at 37 degrees C. In both BP3T3 and 3T3 cells the extent of EGF binding required to stimulate DNA synthesis is density dependent; sparse cultures require a 15-30% occupancy to elicit a maximal response whereas dense cultures require a 70-85% occupancy. At physiological concentrations the total binding of [125I]-EGF to 3T3 cells is higher than to BP3T3 cells, and this difference increases at higher cell densities. The rate of degradation of [125I]-EGF is directly proportional to the total [125I]-EGF binding in each cell type. This supports the hypothesis that one cause of the diminished serum requirement of BP3T3 cells is a reduced rate of utilization of serum growth factors.", "PMID": 315945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5263", "title": "Insulin effects on protein synthesis and secretion in primary cultures of amphibian hepatocytes.", "content": "The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of insulin on amphibian hepatocytes in primary culture. Hepatocytes were isolated from adult bullfrogs by collagenase perfusion and maintained as monolayers in serum-free medium. Cells cultured in the continuous presence of insulin exhibited a relatively constant rate of protein secretion over the first four to five days, whereas controls showed an almost three-fold decrease over the same time period. The decline in secreted proteins was equally represented in most exported proteins, except that serum albumin secretion showed twice as much of a decrease relative to the other proteins. The maintenance of protein secretion by insulin was the result of its effect on protein synthesis. The rate of protein synthesis was measured by the incorporation of (3H)-leucine into protein using culture medium containing 0.5 mM leucine, a condition where the specific radioactivity of leucyl-tRNA was shown to be equal to that of (3H)-leucine in the medium. Cultures maintained with insulin for 60 hours synthesized protein at two to three times the rate found in non-insulin treated controls whose rate of protein synthesis was first detectably decreased after nine hours of culture in the insulin-free medium. Sedimentation profiles of polyribosomes from hepatocytes maintained for 60 hours without insulin showed proportionately fewer ribosomes in large polysomes and more in monosomes and free ribosomal subunits than ribosomes from cells cultured with insulin. This result suggests that the decrease in protein synthesis found in the absence of insulin is due to a defect in initiation. Insulin does not exert its effect by regulating cellular levels of ATP; no change in ATP content was found in cells maintained with or without insulin. The results show that insulin maintains high levels of protein synthesis and secretion in amphibian hepatocytes. The hepatocytes in monlayer culture provide a system to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the translational control of protein synthesis by insulin.", "contents": "Insulin effects on protein synthesis and secretion in primary cultures of amphibian hepatocytes. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of insulin on amphibian hepatocytes in primary culture. Hepatocytes were isolated from adult bullfrogs by collagenase perfusion and maintained as monolayers in serum-free medium. Cells cultured in the continuous presence of insulin exhibited a relatively constant rate of protein secretion over the first four to five days, whereas controls showed an almost three-fold decrease over the same time period. The decline in secreted proteins was equally represented in most exported proteins, except that serum albumin secretion showed twice as much of a decrease relative to the other proteins. The maintenance of protein secretion by insulin was the result of its effect on protein synthesis. The rate of protein synthesis was measured by the incorporation of (3H)-leucine into protein using culture medium containing 0.5 mM leucine, a condition where the specific radioactivity of leucyl-tRNA was shown to be equal to that of (3H)-leucine in the medium. Cultures maintained with insulin for 60 hours synthesized protein at two to three times the rate found in non-insulin treated controls whose rate of protein synthesis was first detectably decreased after nine hours of culture in the insulin-free medium. Sedimentation profiles of polyribosomes from hepatocytes maintained for 60 hours without insulin showed proportionately fewer ribosomes in large polysomes and more in monosomes and free ribosomal subunits than ribosomes from cells cultured with insulin. This result suggests that the decrease in protein synthesis found in the absence of insulin is due to a defect in initiation. Insulin does not exert its effect by regulating cellular levels of ATP; no change in ATP content was found in cells maintained with or without insulin. The results show that insulin maintains high levels of protein synthesis and secretion in amphibian hepatocytes. The hepatocytes in monlayer culture provide a system to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the translational control of protein synthesis by insulin.", "PMID": 315946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5264", "title": "Polyene macrolide antibiotic cytotoxicity and membrane permeability alterations. II. Phenotypic expression in intraspecific and interspecific somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Cytotoxicity and membrane permeability alterations induced by the polyene macrolide antibiotics filipin (FIL) and pimaricin (PIM) have been compared in parental intraspecific and interspecific somatic cell hybrids. B82 (mouse) and B1 (hamster) cells were found to be more resistant than RAG (mouse) parental cells to both polyene macrolides as indicated by 24-hour survival, 72-hour viability, and growth rate. Analysis of both intraspecific and interspecific somatic cell hybrids indicated that polyene macrolide resistance was being expressed even in the presence of the polyene macrolide-sensitive (RAG) genome. Where one of the two parental cell types is relatively polyene macrolide resistant, the use of specific polyene macrolides may prove efficacious as half-selective agents in cell hybridization.", "contents": "Polyene macrolide antibiotic cytotoxicity and membrane permeability alterations. II. Phenotypic expression in intraspecific and interspecific somatic cell hybrids. Cytotoxicity and membrane permeability alterations induced by the polyene macrolide antibiotics filipin (FIL) and pimaricin (PIM) have been compared in parental intraspecific and interspecific somatic cell hybrids. B82 (mouse) and B1 (hamster) cells were found to be more resistant than RAG (mouse) parental cells to both polyene macrolides as indicated by 24-hour survival, 72-hour viability, and growth rate. Analysis of both intraspecific and interspecific somatic cell hybrids indicated that polyene macrolide resistance was being expressed even in the presence of the polyene macrolide-sensitive (RAG) genome. Where one of the two parental cell types is relatively polyene macrolide resistant, the use of specific polyene macrolides may prove efficacious as half-selective agents in cell hybridization.", "PMID": 315947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5265", "title": "Presence of epidermal growth factor receptors and influence of epidermal growth factor on proliferation and aging in cultured smooth muscle cells.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor (EGF) at nanomolar concentrations stimulated DNA synthesis in confluent, serum-starved cultures of calf aorta and human uterine smooth muscle cells. Stimulation of DNA synthesis in lens epithelial cells was studied for comparison. L and D-ascorbic acid potentiated the effect of serum and EGF on DNA synthesis in calf aorta cells. In contrast L-ascorbic acid had minimal potentiating effect with serum and no effect with EGF present along with serum on DNA synthesis in human uterine smooth muscle and rabbit lens epithelial cells. EGF and ascorbic acid increased cell number when added to stationary phase cultures. Specific binding of 125I-labelled EGF to smooth muscle cells was demonstrated. Receptor concentration in calf-aorta smooth muscle cells was higher in dense cultures compared to sparse cultures. The time course of binding and dissociation of 125I-labelled EGF was similar in \"dense\" and \"sparse\" cultures. Human uterine smooth muscle cells in culture exhibited a finite lifespan. There was no stimulation of DNA synthesis in response to serum and EGF in cells of high population doubling level (PDL); although 125I-labeled EGF binding was higher in old cells (high PDL) compared to young cells (low PDL). This increase in binding was shown to be due to changes in the concentration of receptors without changes in their affinity for EGF.", "contents": "Presence of epidermal growth factor receptors and influence of epidermal growth factor on proliferation and aging in cultured smooth muscle cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) at nanomolar concentrations stimulated DNA synthesis in confluent, serum-starved cultures of calf aorta and human uterine smooth muscle cells. Stimulation of DNA synthesis in lens epithelial cells was studied for comparison. L and D-ascorbic acid potentiated the effect of serum and EGF on DNA synthesis in calf aorta cells. In contrast L-ascorbic acid had minimal potentiating effect with serum and no effect with EGF present along with serum on DNA synthesis in human uterine smooth muscle and rabbit lens epithelial cells. EGF and ascorbic acid increased cell number when added to stationary phase cultures. Specific binding of 125I-labelled EGF to smooth muscle cells was demonstrated. Receptor concentration in calf-aorta smooth muscle cells was higher in dense cultures compared to sparse cultures. The time course of binding and dissociation of 125I-labelled EGF was similar in \"dense\" and \"sparse\" cultures. Human uterine smooth muscle cells in culture exhibited a finite lifespan. There was no stimulation of DNA synthesis in response to serum and EGF in cells of high population doubling level (PDL); although 125I-labeled EGF binding was higher in old cells (high PDL) compared to young cells (low PDL). This increase in binding was shown to be due to changes in the concentration of receptors without changes in their affinity for EGF.", "PMID": 315948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5266", "title": "Properties and separation of T lymphocyte growth stimulatory activity (TL-GSA) and of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulatory activity (GM-CSA) produced separately from two human T lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "We have previously identified two stimulatory activities affecting blood cell maturation in PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes conditioned medium (PHA-LyCM). One was granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulatory activity (GM-CSA), and the other was T lymphocyte growth stimulatory activity (TL-GSA) in suspension culture. In this paper we have shown that although both activities can be produced from purified non-adherent human T lymphocytes, they are produced from two distinct subpopulations. The production of these activities was greatly enhanced by T cell mitogens. Both protein factors were relatively heat stable (56 degrees, 30 minutes), were sensitive to trypsin treatment and were specific for primate blood cells. These two activities were fractionated by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, DEAE cellulose and Con A-Sepharose column chromatographies. MW of the major peak estimated from the elution volume of gel filtration in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl was 40,000 for GM-CSA and 13,000 for TL-GSA. Results from Con A-Sepharose column showed that while about 70% of TL-GSA was bound to Con A, less than 25% of GM-CSA was bound. These observations show that the majority of TL-GSA and GM-CSA were separable by these two conventional column chromatographic methods.", "contents": "Properties and separation of T lymphocyte growth stimulatory activity (TL-GSA) and of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulatory activity (GM-CSA) produced separately from two human T lymphocyte subpopulations. We have previously identified two stimulatory activities affecting blood cell maturation in PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes conditioned medium (PHA-LyCM). One was granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulatory activity (GM-CSA), and the other was T lymphocyte growth stimulatory activity (TL-GSA) in suspension culture. In this paper we have shown that although both activities can be produced from purified non-adherent human T lymphocytes, they are produced from two distinct subpopulations. The production of these activities was greatly enhanced by T cell mitogens. Both protein factors were relatively heat stable (56 degrees, 30 minutes), were sensitive to trypsin treatment and were specific for primate blood cells. These two activities were fractionated by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, DEAE cellulose and Con A-Sepharose column chromatographies. MW of the major peak estimated from the elution volume of gel filtration in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl was 40,000 for GM-CSA and 13,000 for TL-GSA. Results from Con A-Sepharose column showed that while about 70% of TL-GSA was bound to Con A, less than 25% of GM-CSA was bound. These observations show that the majority of TL-GSA and GM-CSA were separable by these two conventional column chromatographic methods.", "PMID": 315950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5267", "title": "Biotypes of Haemophilus encountered in clinical laboratories.", "content": "The biochemical characteristics of 464 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and 83 strains of Haemophilus parainfluenzae isolated over an 18-month period are described. Of 22 characteristics obtained, only 6 were necessary to biochemically identify and biotype the isolates. The key substrates or tests were urease, ornithine, indole, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, sucrose, and xylose. Five biotypes of H. influenzae and four of H. parainfluenzae were commonly recognized. Some strains were encountered which could not be accommodated in the recognized taxa but which constituted separate biotypes of the two species, H. influenzae biotype I was recovered principally from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and upper respiratory secretion, and biotypes II and III were recovered from eye and sputum cultures. Biotype I was recovered primarily from children less than 1 year of age, whereas biotypes II and III were from persons 1 to 5 years old and from those over 20 years of age. Multiple isolates recovered from the same patient were almost always of the same biotype. Strains of H. parainfluenzae were isolated primarily from sputum, with others being isolated from body sources such as dental abscesses, gastric aspirates, and peritoneal fluid. An inverse relationship was noticed between hemolysis and mannose fermentation among H. parainfluenzae biotype III strains, whereas the relationship was absent among the other biotypes.", "contents": "Biotypes of Haemophilus encountered in clinical laboratories. The biochemical characteristics of 464 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and 83 strains of Haemophilus parainfluenzae isolated over an 18-month period are described. Of 22 characteristics obtained, only 6 were necessary to biochemically identify and biotype the isolates. The key substrates or tests were urease, ornithine, indole, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, sucrose, and xylose. Five biotypes of H. influenzae and four of H. parainfluenzae were commonly recognized. Some strains were encountered which could not be accommodated in the recognized taxa but which constituted separate biotypes of the two species, H. influenzae biotype I was recovered principally from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and upper respiratory secretion, and biotypes II and III were recovered from eye and sputum cultures. Biotype I was recovered primarily from children less than 1 year of age, whereas biotypes II and III were from persons 1 to 5 years old and from those over 20 years of age. Multiple isolates recovered from the same patient were almost always of the same biotype. Strains of H. parainfluenzae were isolated primarily from sputum, with others being isolated from body sources such as dental abscesses, gastric aspirates, and peritoneal fluid. An inverse relationship was noticed between hemolysis and mannose fermentation among H. parainfluenzae biotype III strains, whereas the relationship was absent among the other biotypes.", "PMID": 315964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5268", "title": "Sea blue histiocytosis in a patient with chronic non-neuropathic Niemann-Pick disease.", "content": "A patient with Niemann-Pick disease is reported together with family studies. Her liver and bone marrow were shown to be infiltrated with sea blue histiocytes. Other organs, spleen and lung, were presumably also involved but histological proof was not obtained. Enzyme assay of leucocytes, lymphocytes, and cultured skin fibroblasts showed the patient to be deficient in sphingomyelinase activity. In fibroblasts, activity was 5% of normal while for the parents activity was about 50% of normal. The expected partial deficiency was not found using leucocytes or lymphocytes from the parents. Heat stability studies on fresh fibroblast extracts from the propositus indicated that residual sphingomyelinase activity was slightly more labile than that of the controls. It seems clear that chronic Niemann-Pick disease without neurological involvement is associated with sea blue histiocytosis.", "contents": "Sea blue histiocytosis in a patient with chronic non-neuropathic Niemann-Pick disease. A patient with Niemann-Pick disease is reported together with family studies. Her liver and bone marrow were shown to be infiltrated with sea blue histiocytes. Other organs, spleen and lung, were presumably also involved but histological proof was not obtained. Enzyme assay of leucocytes, lymphocytes, and cultured skin fibroblasts showed the patient to be deficient in sphingomyelinase activity. In fibroblasts, activity was 5% of normal while for the parents activity was about 50% of normal. The expected partial deficiency was not found using leucocytes or lymphocytes from the parents. Heat stability studies on fresh fibroblast extracts from the propositus indicated that residual sphingomyelinase activity was slightly more labile than that of the controls. It seems clear that chronic Niemann-Pick disease without neurological involvement is associated with sea blue histiocytosis.", "PMID": 315965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5269", "title": "T-cell nature of leukaemic cells in a case of S\u00e9zary's syndrome with 'null-cell' features.", "content": "alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity has been investigated in leukaemic cells from peripheral blood in a typical small-cell S\u00e9zary syndrome (SS) case in which cerebriform mononuclear cells failed to form E rosettes. The 'dot-like' ANAE positivity found in the majority of these neoplastic cells strongly supports a T-cell origin. In addition, a non-monocytic, non-B-cell nature of S\u00e9zary cells is indicated by the lack of Ia-like antigens. Finally, there is evidence of a distinct portion of S\u00e9zary cells simultaneously expressing ANAE activity and Fc IgM receptors.", "contents": "T-cell nature of leukaemic cells in a case of S\u00e9zary's syndrome with 'null-cell' features. alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity has been investigated in leukaemic cells from peripheral blood in a typical small-cell S\u00e9zary syndrome (SS) case in which cerebriform mononuclear cells failed to form E rosettes. The 'dot-like' ANAE positivity found in the majority of these neoplastic cells strongly supports a T-cell origin. In addition, a non-monocytic, non-B-cell nature of S\u00e9zary cells is indicated by the lack of Ia-like antigens. Finally, there is evidence of a distinct portion of S\u00e9zary cells simultaneously expressing ANAE activity and Fc IgM receptors.", "PMID": 315966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5270", "title": "Use and interpretation of Schlichter's test on Haemophilus influenzae: relation of in vitro to in vivo results for cefamandole.", "content": "When Haemophilus influenzae infections are treated by an antibiotic acting on the bacterial wall, the adequacy of antimicrobial therapy can be assessed by Schlichter's test. This test may be carried out using Mueller Hinton broth (or Mueller Hinton broth with 50% pooled serum and a supplement of Ca++ and Mg++) supplemented with Fildes' enrichment and an inoculum adjusted to the 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard diluted 200x. However, correct reading of end points can be obtained only by phase contrast microscopic examination, which allows the establishment of good correlation between the in vitro and in vivo findings. In patients with lung infections successfully treated with cefamandole, the presence of spheroplasts in samples derived from Schlichter's tests correlates well with clinical improvement and eradication of the pathogenic organism checked by transtracheal aspiration.", "contents": "Use and interpretation of Schlichter's test on Haemophilus influenzae: relation of in vitro to in vivo results for cefamandole. When Haemophilus influenzae infections are treated by an antibiotic acting on the bacterial wall, the adequacy of antimicrobial therapy can be assessed by Schlichter's test. This test may be carried out using Mueller Hinton broth (or Mueller Hinton broth with 50% pooled serum and a supplement of Ca++ and Mg++) supplemented with Fildes' enrichment and an inoculum adjusted to the 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard diluted 200x. However, correct reading of end points can be obtained only by phase contrast microscopic examination, which allows the establishment of good correlation between the in vitro and in vivo findings. In patients with lung infections successfully treated with cefamandole, the presence of spheroplasts in samples derived from Schlichter's tests correlates well with clinical improvement and eradication of the pathogenic organism checked by transtracheal aspiration.", "PMID": 315967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5271", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in Darier's disease.", "content": "Darier's disease, often complicated by skin infections, has been linked with a depressed cell-mediated immunity. Four moderate to severely affected patients with a negative history of skin infections were studied. T cell function was evaluated by standard delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, enumeration of peripheral T cell-mediated immunity was found. The significance of the results when compared with prior studies is discussed.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in Darier's disease. Darier's disease, often complicated by skin infections, has been linked with a depressed cell-mediated immunity. Four moderate to severely affected patients with a negative history of skin infections were studied. T cell function was evaluated by standard delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, enumeration of peripheral T cell-mediated immunity was found. The significance of the results when compared with prior studies is discussed.", "PMID": 315968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5272", "title": "Electrocardiographic gating in positron emission computed tomography.", "content": "Electrocardiographic (ECG) synchronized multiple gated data acquisition was employed with positron emission computed tomography (ECT) to obtain images of myocardial blood pool and myocardium. The feasibility and requirements of multiple gated data acquisition in positron ECT were investigated for 13NH3, (18F)-2-fluoro-2-D-deoxyglucose, and (11C)-carboxyhemoglobin. Examples are shown in which image detail is enhanced and image interpretation is facilitated when ECG gating is employed in the data collection. Analysis of count rate data from a series of volunteers indicates that multiple, statistically adequate images can be obtained under a multiple gated data collection format without an increase in administered dose.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic gating in positron emission computed tomography. Electrocardiographic (ECG) synchronized multiple gated data acquisition was employed with positron emission computed tomography (ECT) to obtain images of myocardial blood pool and myocardium. The feasibility and requirements of multiple gated data acquisition in positron ECT were investigated for 13NH3, (18F)-2-fluoro-2-D-deoxyglucose, and (11C)-carboxyhemoglobin. Examples are shown in which image detail is enhanced and image interpretation is facilitated when ECG gating is employed in the data collection. Analysis of count rate data from a series of volunteers indicates that multiple, statistically adequate images can be obtained under a multiple gated data collection format without an increase in administered dose.", "PMID": 315969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5273", "title": "Quantitation in positron emission computed tomography: 2. Effects of inaccurate attenuation correction.", "content": "Effects of inaccurate attenuation correction on quantitation in positron emission computed tomography were investigated by both computer simulation and theoretical analysis, followed by experimental verification with phantom measurements. It was found that, due to the finite width of detector responses, compensation of scan measurements by measured attenuation correction factors does not completely correct for attenuation. For FWHM greater than 1.8 cm, errors in object size and in activity levels of reconstructed images are more than 4%. Mismatches between true and assumed attenuation media are found to give large errors. These mismatches include object shift, incorrect size and shape, uniform and nonuniform mismatches in attenuation coefficients, and nonzero background levels. Errors as large as 14% in the reconstructed activity level can be introduced by a 5 mm shift in object position. A 5% error in the cylinder diameter can give differences between the total reconstructed activity and true value more than 12%. Strong image distortions, which could lead to incorrect interpretations of images are created by object shift and by nonuniform mismatches in attenuation coefficient. It was also found that statistical noise in measured attenuation correction factors can significantly increase noise levels in images, resulting in lower effective total counts for the emission scan. Effective total counts can be estimated as Neff = kNxmNem/(Nem + kNxm), where Nem and Nxm are total counts in emission and transmission scans, and k is a scanner dependent factor, which accounts for configuration differences.", "contents": "Quantitation in positron emission computed tomography: 2. Effects of inaccurate attenuation correction. Effects of inaccurate attenuation correction on quantitation in positron emission computed tomography were investigated by both computer simulation and theoretical analysis, followed by experimental verification with phantom measurements. It was found that, due to the finite width of detector responses, compensation of scan measurements by measured attenuation correction factors does not completely correct for attenuation. For FWHM greater than 1.8 cm, errors in object size and in activity levels of reconstructed images are more than 4%. Mismatches between true and assumed attenuation media are found to give large errors. These mismatches include object shift, incorrect size and shape, uniform and nonuniform mismatches in attenuation coefficients, and nonzero background levels. Errors as large as 14% in the reconstructed activity level can be introduced by a 5 mm shift in object position. A 5% error in the cylinder diameter can give differences between the total reconstructed activity and true value more than 12%. Strong image distortions, which could lead to incorrect interpretations of images are created by object shift and by nonuniform mismatches in attenuation coefficient. It was also found that statistical noise in measured attenuation correction factors can significantly increase noise levels in images, resulting in lower effective total counts for the emission scan. Effective total counts can be estimated as Neff = kNxmNem/(Nem + kNxm), where Nem and Nxm are total counts in emission and transmission scans, and k is a scanner dependent factor, which accounts for configuration differences.", "PMID": 315970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5274", "title": "Differentiation of retroperitoneal tumor using positron emission computed tomography.", "content": "Positron emission computed tomography (ECT) with 11C-DL-tryptophan and 11C-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (11C-ACBC) has produced some promising results in patients with retroperitoneal masses. This brief report gives an example of one patient in whom a retroperitoneal mass could not be differentiated from the pancreas by transmission computed tomography but was suspected to be of pancreatic origin based on arteriographic findings. The ECT scans with 11C-DL-tryptophan showed a normal pancreas, whereas the tumor localizing agent 11C-ACBC concentrated in a tumor surrounding the tail and body of the pancreas. This approach with dual radiopharmaceuticals for the differentiation of metabolically active neoplasms and normal tissues warrants further investigation.", "contents": "Differentiation of retroperitoneal tumor using positron emission computed tomography. Positron emission computed tomography (ECT) with 11C-DL-tryptophan and 11C-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (11C-ACBC) has produced some promising results in patients with retroperitoneal masses. This brief report gives an example of one patient in whom a retroperitoneal mass could not be differentiated from the pancreas by transmission computed tomography but was suspected to be of pancreatic origin based on arteriographic findings. The ECT scans with 11C-DL-tryptophan showed a normal pancreas, whereas the tumor localizing agent 11C-ACBC concentrated in a tumor surrounding the tail and body of the pancreas. This approach with dual radiopharmaceuticals for the differentiation of metabolically active neoplasms and normal tissues warrants further investigation.", "PMID": 315971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5275", "title": "Rosetting of human T lymphocytes with goat red blood cells: effect of treatment with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) and comparison with AET treated sheep red blood cells.", "content": "In vitro treatment of goat red blood cells (GRBCs) with the sulphydryl compound 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) increases their specific reactivity with human T lymphocytes without affecting the specificity of the reaction. AET-GRBCs bind to only part of T lymphocytes rosetting with AET-sheep red blood cells (SRBCs): the receptors for both types of RBCs are very simular if not identical, but display higher affinity for AET-SRBCs than for AET-GRBCs. Rosetting of T lymphocytes with AET-GRBCs may be useful to enumerate T lymphocyte subsets in patients with abnormality of the immune system and to fractionate T lymphocyte subpopulations.", "contents": "Rosetting of human T lymphocytes with goat red blood cells: effect of treatment with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) and comparison with AET treated sheep red blood cells. In vitro treatment of goat red blood cells (GRBCs) with the sulphydryl compound 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) increases their specific reactivity with human T lymphocytes without affecting the specificity of the reaction. AET-GRBCs bind to only part of T lymphocytes rosetting with AET-sheep red blood cells (SRBCs): the receptors for both types of RBCs are very simular if not identical, but display higher affinity for AET-SRBCs than for AET-GRBCs. Rosetting of T lymphocytes with AET-GRBCs may be useful to enumerate T lymphocyte subsets in patients with abnormality of the immune system and to fractionate T lymphocyte subpopulations.", "PMID": 315972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5276", "title": "Lymphocyte membrane alterations caused by nylon wool column separation.", "content": "Use of the nylon wool column method to separate lymphocytes results in preparations which, while fully viable, have grossly depleted cellular levels of phospholipid, cholesterol and sialic acid. These membrane effects, which relate mainly to T cells, indicate that the method is unsuitable for use in biochemical analysis of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lymphocyte membrane alterations caused by nylon wool column separation. Use of the nylon wool column method to separate lymphocytes results in preparations which, while fully viable, have grossly depleted cellular levels of phospholipid, cholesterol and sialic acid. These membrane effects, which relate mainly to T cells, indicate that the method is unsuitable for use in biochemical analysis of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 315973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5277", "title": "Mixed agglutination in microtiter U-trays.", "content": "The principle of mixed agglutination with cell cultures was applied to those cells which could not be obtained as monolayer cell cultures. Artificial monolayers of freshly isolated cells from various tissues were prepared in poly-L-lysine-coated wells of a microtiter U-tray. By means of this technique, murine alloantigens, H-2 private specificities and Thy-1 antigens were demonstrated on cells from thymus, brain, spleen, kidney and liver. Ia.2 antigen was detected on splenocytes but not on thymocytes or fibroblast L cells. Evidence was also presented that HLA A and B locus antigens could be demonstrated on human thymocytes. Sensitivity of this test was shown to be at least 100 times higher than that of the standard lymphocytotoxicity test for detection of HLA antigens.", "contents": "Mixed agglutination in microtiter U-trays. The principle of mixed agglutination with cell cultures was applied to those cells which could not be obtained as monolayer cell cultures. Artificial monolayers of freshly isolated cells from various tissues were prepared in poly-L-lysine-coated wells of a microtiter U-tray. By means of this technique, murine alloantigens, H-2 private specificities and Thy-1 antigens were demonstrated on cells from thymus, brain, spleen, kidney and liver. Ia.2 antigen was detected on splenocytes but not on thymocytes or fibroblast L cells. Evidence was also presented that HLA A and B locus antigens could be demonstrated on human thymocytes. Sensitivity of this test was shown to be at least 100 times higher than that of the standard lymphocytotoxicity test for detection of HLA antigens.", "PMID": 315974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5278", "title": "Ineffectiveness of aprotinin on psoralen-UVA-(PUVA)-induced erythema.", "content": "Because bradykinin constitutes a possible candidate for mediation of topical 8-methoxypsoralen-UVA-(PUVA)-induced erythema, aprotinin (Trasylol), inhibitor of kallikrein and interrupter of the cascade leading to kinin production was assessed in guinea pigs. Response was assessed at 24, 48, and 72 hr after topical PUVA and there was no significant difference between normal saline and aprotinin by intradermal or intraperitoneal routes of administration. The results of this study indicate that intradermal and intraperiotoneal aprotinin, in the dose and method tested, is not capable of significantly decreasing erythema induced by topical PUVA in guinea pigs.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of aprotinin on psoralen-UVA-(PUVA)-induced erythema. Because bradykinin constitutes a possible candidate for mediation of topical 8-methoxypsoralen-UVA-(PUVA)-induced erythema, aprotinin (Trasylol), inhibitor of kallikrein and interrupter of the cascade leading to kinin production was assessed in guinea pigs. Response was assessed at 24, 48, and 72 hr after topical PUVA and there was no significant difference between normal saline and aprotinin by intradermal or intraperitoneal routes of administration. The results of this study indicate that intradermal and intraperiotoneal aprotinin, in the dose and method tested, is not capable of significantly decreasing erythema induced by topical PUVA in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 315976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5279", "title": "Karyotype studies of cutaneous T cell lymphoma: evidence for clonal origin.", "content": "Neoplastic lymphocytes from 3 patients with widespread cutaneous T cell lymphoma were karyotyped, using a chromosome banding technique. None of the patients had previously received chemotherapy. Morphologically homogeneous populations of abnormal T cells were available from 2 distinct body regions of 2 of the individuals and from the bone marrow of the third. Karyotypes from each of the 3 patients indicated monoclonality of their lymphoma. These observations suggest that extracutaneous dissemination of cutaneous T cell lymphoma involves spread of neoplastic cells derived from a single clone. If future studies can demonstrate that those neoplastic T cells actually localized in the skin are also progeny of a single malignant cell, a widely accepted concept that cutaneous T cell lymphoma is of multifocal origin will have to be reexamined.", "contents": "Karyotype studies of cutaneous T cell lymphoma: evidence for clonal origin. Neoplastic lymphocytes from 3 patients with widespread cutaneous T cell lymphoma were karyotyped, using a chromosome banding technique. None of the patients had previously received chemotherapy. Morphologically homogeneous populations of abnormal T cells were available from 2 distinct body regions of 2 of the individuals and from the bone marrow of the third. Karyotypes from each of the 3 patients indicated monoclonality of their lymphoma. These observations suggest that extracutaneous dissemination of cutaneous T cell lymphoma involves spread of neoplastic cells derived from a single clone. If future studies can demonstrate that those neoplastic T cells actually localized in the skin are also progeny of a single malignant cell, a widely accepted concept that cutaneous T cell lymphoma is of multifocal origin will have to be reexamined.", "PMID": 315977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5280", "title": "Fibrin deposition and clearance in chronic granulomatous inflammation: correlation with T-cell function and proteinase inhibitor activity in tissue.", "content": "Patterns of fibrin deposition were investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy in livers of thymus intact (TI) and athymic (AT) mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Thrombin and fibrinolysis inhibitor activity in tissue extracts also were measured. In TI mice fibrin was detected perivascularly by 6 weeks after infection and at 8 weeks it was found over the granulomas as they developed. Fibrin was cleared from the center of granulomas by 10 weeks. Thrombin inhibitor activity increased at 4 to 6 weeks but declined below control levels later as granulomas formed. Fibronolysis inhibitor activity, on the other hand, peaked at 9 to 12 weeks after infection. In AT mice extensive fibrin deposition was detected in the liver throughout the period when smaller and incomplete granulomas developed. Central clearing did not occur. Thrombin inhibitor activity greatly increased by 8 weeks after infection but fibrinolysis inhibitor activity remained unchanged. These findings suggest that fibrin deposition and firbinolysis are orderly events regulated in the lesions by proteinases and their inhibitors and this seems to be a general tissue reaction in the early stage of chronic granuloma formation. Since local clearance of fibrin in vivo and fibrinolysis inhibitor activity from tissue extracts studied in vitro are more evident in TI mice than in AT mice, it appears that T cell fu;ction is important in modulating the tissue response during granulomatous inflammation.", "contents": "Fibrin deposition and clearance in chronic granulomatous inflammation: correlation with T-cell function and proteinase inhibitor activity in tissue. Patterns of fibrin deposition were investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy in livers of thymus intact (TI) and athymic (AT) mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Thrombin and fibrinolysis inhibitor activity in tissue extracts also were measured. In TI mice fibrin was detected perivascularly by 6 weeks after infection and at 8 weeks it was found over the granulomas as they developed. Fibrin was cleared from the center of granulomas by 10 weeks. Thrombin inhibitor activity increased at 4 to 6 weeks but declined below control levels later as granulomas formed. Fibronolysis inhibitor activity, on the other hand, peaked at 9 to 12 weeks after infection. In AT mice extensive fibrin deposition was detected in the liver throughout the period when smaller and incomplete granulomas developed. Central clearing did not occur. Thrombin inhibitor activity greatly increased by 8 weeks after infection but fibrinolysis inhibitor activity remained unchanged. These findings suggest that fibrin deposition and firbinolysis are orderly events regulated in the lesions by proteinases and their inhibitors and this seems to be a general tissue reaction in the early stage of chronic granuloma formation. Since local clearance of fibrin in vivo and fibrinolysis inhibitor activity from tissue extracts studied in vitro are more evident in TI mice than in AT mice, it appears that T cell fu;ction is important in modulating the tissue response during granulomatous inflammation.", "PMID": 315978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5281", "title": "[Idiopathic scoliosis and equilibrium disturbance (author's transl)].", "content": "The body balance is maintained by the complexed nervous system in the brain stem and the cerebellum. However, the amount of neurological information obtained from this area is relatively small, so that a fine abnormality is easily overlooked or could not be definitely elicited. Examination of the ocular movement becomes often a powerful tool to detect an indiscrete lesion in the brain stem and the cerebellum which otherwise fails to be demonstrated neurologically. With a hypothesis that equilibrium disturbance might be playing a role in the development of idiopathic scoliosis, extensive neuro-otological studies were carried out in three groups of individuals: 169 cases of idiopathic scoliosis, 19 cases of congenital scoliosis and 488 young girls with no scoliosis. The examination included Mann's test, deviation tests and other neuro-otological tests with the special reference to the observation of the ocular movement. 1. There was no case in the entire groups which presented positive Mann's test or deviation abnormality. 2. With the aid of electronystagmography (ENG), the presence of nystagmus was detected in 71 out of 169 cases (42.0%) with idiopathic scoliosis, 9 out of 19 cases (46.7%) with congenital scoliosis and 5 out of 488 girls (1.0%) with no scoliosis. This fact was highly suggestive of the possibility of equilibrium disturbance in the background of scoliosis. 3. However, even with positive ENG findings, few cases showed abnormality on optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) test or eye tracking test, so that definite localization of the lesion was impossible in the majority of the cases with the abnormal ocular movement. 4. There was no significant correlation between the rate of the abnormal ocular movement and the age of the patient, the magnitude of the spinal curve or the curve pattern. The co-existence of abnormal ocular movement and scoliosis was proved to be statistically significant, suggesting that equilibrium disturbance might be playing a role in the multifactorial etiology of idiopathic scoliosis, although the real pathomechanism still remains to be studied.", "contents": "[Idiopathic scoliosis and equilibrium disturbance (author's transl)]. The body balance is maintained by the complexed nervous system in the brain stem and the cerebellum. However, the amount of neurological information obtained from this area is relatively small, so that a fine abnormality is easily overlooked or could not be definitely elicited. Examination of the ocular movement becomes often a powerful tool to detect an indiscrete lesion in the brain stem and the cerebellum which otherwise fails to be demonstrated neurologically. With a hypothesis that equilibrium disturbance might be playing a role in the development of idiopathic scoliosis, extensive neuro-otological studies were carried out in three groups of individuals: 169 cases of idiopathic scoliosis, 19 cases of congenital scoliosis and 488 young girls with no scoliosis. The examination included Mann's test, deviation tests and other neuro-otological tests with the special reference to the observation of the ocular movement. 1. There was no case in the entire groups which presented positive Mann's test or deviation abnormality. 2. With the aid of electronystagmography (ENG), the presence of nystagmus was detected in 71 out of 169 cases (42.0%) with idiopathic scoliosis, 9 out of 19 cases (46.7%) with congenital scoliosis and 5 out of 488 girls (1.0%) with no scoliosis. This fact was highly suggestive of the possibility of equilibrium disturbance in the background of scoliosis. 3. However, even with positive ENG findings, few cases showed abnormality on optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) test or eye tracking test, so that definite localization of the lesion was impossible in the majority of the cases with the abnormal ocular movement. 4. There was no significant correlation between the rate of the abnormal ocular movement and the age of the patient, the magnitude of the spinal curve or the curve pattern. The co-existence of abnormal ocular movement and scoliosis was proved to be statistically significant, suggesting that equilibrium disturbance might be playing a role in the multifactorial etiology of idiopathic scoliosis, although the real pathomechanism still remains to be studied.", "PMID": 315979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5282", "title": "A new nystagmographic test for the elicitation of sub-clinical vertebro-basilar insufficiency and poor cochleo-vestibular vascularization.", "content": "The nystagmus due to vertebro-basilar artery insufficiency is that nystagmus which is induced by torsion and extension of the neck, continued for more than 3 minutes, after nystagmus of other types has been excluded. It is of vascular origin, in contra-distinction to nystagmus of cervical origin, which is proprioceptive. It permits the detection of sub-clinical vertebro-basilar insufficiency, and it should be elicited before any operation which requires prolonged cervical rotation. It is a very simple method which can be performed at the end of the classical torsion swing test, and we have found the results very informative.", "contents": "A new nystagmographic test for the elicitation of sub-clinical vertebro-basilar insufficiency and poor cochleo-vestibular vascularization. The nystagmus due to vertebro-basilar artery insufficiency is that nystagmus which is induced by torsion and extension of the neck, continued for more than 3 minutes, after nystagmus of other types has been excluded. It is of vascular origin, in contra-distinction to nystagmus of cervical origin, which is proprioceptive. It permits the detection of sub-clinical vertebro-basilar insufficiency, and it should be elicited before any operation which requires prolonged cervical rotation. It is a very simple method which can be performed at the end of the classical torsion swing test, and we have found the results very informative.", "PMID": 315981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5283", "title": "Cardiac pacemaker oscillation and its modulation by autonomic transmitters.", "content": "1. A scheme is presented which summarizes the activation and deactivation of the membrane currents which underlie pacemaking in the natural pacemaker of the heart. 2. Experimental evidence (mostly obtained using the voltage-clamp technique) for the properties of the time-dependent membrane currents in pacemaking tissue of the frog and the rabbit is discussed. 3. The mode of the inhibitory action of acetylcholine on pacemaker cells is considered. In the amphibian pacemaker cell, acetylcholine probably reduces slow inward current (as it certainly does in amphibian atrium) but in mammalian sino-atrial node it seems that such action, if present at all, is much less marked. In the pacemakers of both amphibian and mammal, acetylcholine greatly increases outward potassium current and there is recent evidence that it may do so by opening up a special acetylcholine-activated potassium channel. 4. Adrenaline greatly increases the slow inward current in pacemaker as in other cardiac tissues. This increase, together with (in mammal at least) an increased change of an additional pacemaking current, overrides an adrenaline-induced increase in outward current and leads to acceleration of the pacemaking rate. 5. The Appendix contains a brief consideration of the experimental and theoretical basis for the method of exponential separation of outward current components in the presence of the extracellular potassium accumulation that inevitably accompanies the flow of outward membrane current.", "contents": "Cardiac pacemaker oscillation and its modulation by autonomic transmitters. 1. A scheme is presented which summarizes the activation and deactivation of the membrane currents which underlie pacemaking in the natural pacemaker of the heart. 2. Experimental evidence (mostly obtained using the voltage-clamp technique) for the properties of the time-dependent membrane currents in pacemaking tissue of the frog and the rabbit is discussed. 3. The mode of the inhibitory action of acetylcholine on pacemaker cells is considered. In the amphibian pacemaker cell, acetylcholine probably reduces slow inward current (as it certainly does in amphibian atrium) but in mammalian sino-atrial node it seems that such action, if present at all, is much less marked. In the pacemakers of both amphibian and mammal, acetylcholine greatly increases outward potassium current and there is recent evidence that it may do so by opening up a special acetylcholine-activated potassium channel. 4. Adrenaline greatly increases the slow inward current in pacemaker as in other cardiac tissues. This increase, together with (in mammal at least) an increased change of an additional pacemaking current, overrides an adrenaline-induced increase in outward current and leads to acceleration of the pacemaking rate. 5. The Appendix contains a brief consideration of the experimental and theoretical basis for the method of exponential separation of outward current components in the presence of the extracellular potassium accumulation that inevitably accompanies the flow of outward membrane current.", "PMID": 315983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5284", "title": "T cells recognize minor histocompatibility antigens on H-2 allogeneic cells.", "content": "B10.A animals were rendered tolerant to B10.M spleen cells by injection of (B10.A X B10.M)F1 cells into neonates. Adult animals accepted B10.M skin grafts and failed to generate cytotoxic effector cells in vitro against B10.M H-2 antigens. In vivo inoculation of tolerant animals with A.CA spleen cells, followed by in vitro challenge with similar cells, resulted in the generation of cytotoxic effector cells that had specificity for the A strain minor histocompatibility (H)-antigens in the context of the H-2f haplotype. If these animals were boosted in vitro with A strain spleen cells, cross-priming could be demonstrated, whereby the cytotoxic effect was restricted by the H-2a haplotype. These data indicate that at least two sets of T cells co-exist in tolerant animals, one capable of recognizing antigens in the context of the host H-2 haplotype, and the other able to recognize antigens in the context of the tolerated H-2-allogeneic haplotype. Because tolerant animals inoculated with A-strain spleen cells in vivo and boosted in vitro with A.CA spleen cells failed to generate a cytotoxic effect against A.CA, it is unlikely that minor H-antigens need to be processed by host lymphoreticular cells.", "contents": "T cells recognize minor histocompatibility antigens on H-2 allogeneic cells. B10.A animals were rendered tolerant to B10.M spleen cells by injection of (B10.A X B10.M)F1 cells into neonates. Adult animals accepted B10.M skin grafts and failed to generate cytotoxic effector cells in vitro against B10.M H-2 antigens. In vivo inoculation of tolerant animals with A.CA spleen cells, followed by in vitro challenge with similar cells, resulted in the generation of cytotoxic effector cells that had specificity for the A strain minor histocompatibility (H)-antigens in the context of the H-2f haplotype. If these animals were boosted in vitro with A strain spleen cells, cross-priming could be demonstrated, whereby the cytotoxic effect was restricted by the H-2a haplotype. These data indicate that at least two sets of T cells co-exist in tolerant animals, one capable of recognizing antigens in the context of the host H-2 haplotype, and the other able to recognize antigens in the context of the tolerated H-2-allogeneic haplotype. Because tolerant animals inoculated with A-strain spleen cells in vivo and boosted in vitro with A.CA spleen cells failed to generate a cytotoxic effect against A.CA, it is unlikely that minor H-antigens need to be processed by host lymphoreticular cells.", "PMID": 315984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5285", "title": "Synthesis and processing of molecules bearing thymus leukemia antigen.", "content": "Thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens are expressed in murine lymphocytes under strict developmental regulation. To elucidate the molecular basis of TL expression, we have identified the molecular species that react with TL antiserum. At least three species can be resolved by metabolic radiolabeling of thymocytes and ASL1 leukemia cells, lysis, immune precipitation, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide. After a brief incubation with [35S]methionine, the only radioactive molecule recognized by TL antiserum is a homogeneous species with an apparent Mr of 45,000 daltons. This molecule, 45K TL, includes high-mannose-type carbohydrate attached to a 45,000 dalton glycosidase-resistant backbone. In this form, 45K, it is never exposed on the cell surface. If pulse-labeled cells are further incubated with nonradioactive methionine before lysis, however, radioactivity disappears from the 45K TL species and appears in the slower migrating species 46K and 48K TL. Thus, 46K and 48K appear to represent products generated from the 45K TL precursor by posttranslational modification. These TL forms are displayed on the cell surface; they lack high-mannose carbohydrate but evidently include acidic complex-type carbohydrate. Normal thymocytes from Qa:Tla-negative mice lack not only the surface forms of TL but also the intracellular 45K TL form. Peripheral lymphoid cells of Qa:Tla-positive mice synthesize none of these TL species. But the TL antiserum, which contains Qa antibody, recognizes a distinct gene product in spleen and thymus of Qa-Tla-positive mice. In its pulse-labeled form, this molecule, which may represent Qa-1, has an apparent Mr of 44,000 daltons, and consists of a glycosidase-resistant polypeptide core of only 35,000 daltons linked to more high mannose carbohydrate than 45K TL.", "contents": "Synthesis and processing of molecules bearing thymus leukemia antigen. Thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens are expressed in murine lymphocytes under strict developmental regulation. To elucidate the molecular basis of TL expression, we have identified the molecular species that react with TL antiserum. At least three species can be resolved by metabolic radiolabeling of thymocytes and ASL1 leukemia cells, lysis, immune precipitation, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide. After a brief incubation with [35S]methionine, the only radioactive molecule recognized by TL antiserum is a homogeneous species with an apparent Mr of 45,000 daltons. This molecule, 45K TL, includes high-mannose-type carbohydrate attached to a 45,000 dalton glycosidase-resistant backbone. In this form, 45K, it is never exposed on the cell surface. If pulse-labeled cells are further incubated with nonradioactive methionine before lysis, however, radioactivity disappears from the 45K TL species and appears in the slower migrating species 46K and 48K TL. Thus, 46K and 48K appear to represent products generated from the 45K TL precursor by posttranslational modification. These TL forms are displayed on the cell surface; they lack high-mannose carbohydrate but evidently include acidic complex-type carbohydrate. Normal thymocytes from Qa:Tla-negative mice lack not only the surface forms of TL but also the intracellular 45K TL form. Peripheral lymphoid cells of Qa:Tla-positive mice synthesize none of these TL species. But the TL antiserum, which contains Qa antibody, recognizes a distinct gene product in spleen and thymus of Qa-Tla-positive mice. In its pulse-labeled form, this molecule, which may represent Qa-1, has an apparent Mr of 44,000 daltons, and consists of a glycosidase-resistant polypeptide core of only 35,000 daltons linked to more high mannose carbohydrate than 45K TL.", "PMID": 315985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5286", "title": "Production of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody during the normal immune response to TNP-ficoll. III. Absence in nu/nu mice: evidence for T-cell dependence of the anti-idiotypic-antibody response.", "content": "Although athymic mice make an excellent immune response to the thymus-independent antigen trinitrophenyl-lys-Ficoll (TNP-F), nude mice of AKR/J and BALB/c strains lack the anti-idiotypic response that occurs in euthymic mice of both of these strains within the first 1--2 wk after injection of more TNP-F. Anti-idiotypic antibody-blocked (hapten-augmentable) anti-TNP splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) do not occur at any time and serum anti-idiotypic antibody is absent in both congenitally athymic mice, and thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice. Nevertheless, nu/nu mice do have PFC which can be inhibited by exposure to anti-idiotypic antibody produced in +/+ mice. As a consequence of the failure to produce anti-idiotypic antibodies, the anti-TNP PFC response is athymic as compared to euthymic mice is of greater magnitude, declines less precipitously, and shows an increase rather than a decrease in affinity between days 4 and 7 after antigen injection. It is concluded that the anti-idiotypic antibody response is thymus dependent and that athymic mice lack a helper cell required for the induction of anti-idiotypic antibodies.", "contents": "Production of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody during the normal immune response to TNP-ficoll. III. Absence in nu/nu mice: evidence for T-cell dependence of the anti-idiotypic-antibody response. Although athymic mice make an excellent immune response to the thymus-independent antigen trinitrophenyl-lys-Ficoll (TNP-F), nude mice of AKR/J and BALB/c strains lack the anti-idiotypic response that occurs in euthymic mice of both of these strains within the first 1--2 wk after injection of more TNP-F. Anti-idiotypic antibody-blocked (hapten-augmentable) anti-TNP splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) do not occur at any time and serum anti-idiotypic antibody is absent in both congenitally athymic mice, and thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice. Nevertheless, nu/nu mice do have PFC which can be inhibited by exposure to anti-idiotypic antibody produced in +/+ mice. As a consequence of the failure to produce anti-idiotypic antibodies, the anti-TNP PFC response is athymic as compared to euthymic mice is of greater magnitude, declines less precipitously, and shows an increase rather than a decrease in affinity between days 4 and 7 after antigen injection. It is concluded that the anti-idiotypic antibody response is thymus dependent and that athymic mice lack a helper cell required for the induction of anti-idiotypic antibodies.", "PMID": 315986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5287", "title": "Biochemical and biological characterization of lymphocyte regulatory molecules. I. Purification of a class of murine lymphokines.", "content": "Murine spleen cells activated by concanavalin A (Con A) in culture produce a class of lymphokine molecules which possess biological activity in a number of lymphocyte response assays. Lymphokines with a mol wt of 30,000, as estimated from gel filtration studies, can be resolved into two components which differ by charge, with isoelectric point (pI) values of 4.3 and 4.9, respectively. Both components stimulate (a) the growth of established T-cell lines in culture, (b) the proliferation of thymocytes in the presence of Con A under culture conditions where Con A alone is nonmitogenic, (c) the induction of antibody responses to heterologous erythrocyte antigens in athymic (nude) spleen cultures, (d) the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in thymocyte cultures, and (e) the generation of CTL in nude spleen cultures. In each of these culture systems we suggest that the assays are detecting a single class of lymphokine which acts directly on activated T cells. Nonactivated T cells must be stimulated by either antigen or mitogen before becoming responsive to lymphokine, but do not require antigen or mitogen for continued growth with lymphokine. The two molecular species, separable by isoelectric focusing are referred to as the T-cell growth factor (TCGF). A lymphokine, similar in size (30,000 daltons) to TCGF but heterogeneous in charge (pI 3.0--4.0), stimulates immune responses to erythrocyte antigens in T-cell-depleted spleen cultures but has no stimulatory activity in the other lymphocyte assay systems described. The data have been interpreted as showing the two molecular forms of murine TCGF (pI 4.3 and 4.9) are responsible for many of the lymphokine activities described elsewhere as thymocyte mitogenic factor, nonspecific T-cell-replacing factor and killer helper factor or costimulator. The other lymphokine, separable from TCGF by charge, appears to have true T-cell-replacing activity.", "contents": "Biochemical and biological characterization of lymphocyte regulatory molecules. I. Purification of a class of murine lymphokines. Murine spleen cells activated by concanavalin A (Con A) in culture produce a class of lymphokine molecules which possess biological activity in a number of lymphocyte response assays. Lymphokines with a mol wt of 30,000, as estimated from gel filtration studies, can be resolved into two components which differ by charge, with isoelectric point (pI) values of 4.3 and 4.9, respectively. Both components stimulate (a) the growth of established T-cell lines in culture, (b) the proliferation of thymocytes in the presence of Con A under culture conditions where Con A alone is nonmitogenic, (c) the induction of antibody responses to heterologous erythrocyte antigens in athymic (nude) spleen cultures, (d) the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in thymocyte cultures, and (e) the generation of CTL in nude spleen cultures. In each of these culture systems we suggest that the assays are detecting a single class of lymphokine which acts directly on activated T cells. Nonactivated T cells must be stimulated by either antigen or mitogen before becoming responsive to lymphokine, but do not require antigen or mitogen for continued growth with lymphokine. The two molecular species, separable by isoelectric focusing are referred to as the T-cell growth factor (TCGF). A lymphokine, similar in size (30,000 daltons) to TCGF but heterogeneous in charge (pI 3.0--4.0), stimulates immune responses to erythrocyte antigens in T-cell-depleted spleen cultures but has no stimulatory activity in the other lymphocyte assay systems described. The data have been interpreted as showing the two molecular forms of murine TCGF (pI 4.3 and 4.9) are responsible for many of the lymphokine activities described elsewhere as thymocyte mitogenic factor, nonspecific T-cell-replacing factor and killer helper factor or costimulator. The other lymphokine, separable from TCGF by charge, appears to have true T-cell-replacing activity.", "PMID": 315987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5288", "title": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity to allogeneic cells in mice. III. Sensitivity to cell-surface antigens coded by the major histocompatibility complex and by other genes.", "content": "DTH could be induced to cell-surface antigens coded by either H-2 or non-H-2 genes. Sensitivity was more readily induced across I region than across K- or D-region differences. The presence of an I-region difference during sensitization did not significantly increase the DTH response to K- or D-region-coded antigens. Macrophage processing appeared to be the major route of sensitization to background antigens. Thus, high levels of sensitivity were achieved equally well using viable or disrupted cells, the response was independent of the H-2 haplotype of the allogeneic cells, and transfer was restricted to the K end of the host H-2 complex. Although sensitization to H-2 antigens was obtained with disrupted cells, transfer of sensitivity against viable cells was unrestricted. This suggests a minor role for macrophage processing in sensitization to H-2 antigens.", "contents": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity to allogeneic cells in mice. III. Sensitivity to cell-surface antigens coded by the major histocompatibility complex and by other genes. DTH could be induced to cell-surface antigens coded by either H-2 or non-H-2 genes. Sensitivity was more readily induced across I region than across K- or D-region differences. The presence of an I-region difference during sensitization did not significantly increase the DTH response to K- or D-region-coded antigens. Macrophage processing appeared to be the major route of sensitization to background antigens. Thus, high levels of sensitivity were achieved equally well using viable or disrupted cells, the response was independent of the H-2 haplotype of the allogeneic cells, and transfer was restricted to the K end of the host H-2 complex. Although sensitization to H-2 antigens was obtained with disrupted cells, transfer of sensitivity against viable cells was unrestricted. This suggests a minor role for macrophage processing in sensitization to H-2 antigens.", "PMID": 315988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5289", "title": "Ontogeny of B cells in CBA/N mice. Evidence for a stage of responsiveness to thymus-independent antigens during development.", "content": "This paper deals with the CBA/N mice, a strain bearing a genetic defect in their B-cell compartment. By using a previously described system we have been able to show that the immature cells of CBA/N mice are functionally indistinguishable from normal immature cells, in that both can be triggered to respond to thymus-independent (TI) antigens, provided they are supplied with helper T cells. When the maturation is completed, CBA/N B cells are unable to respond to TI antigens (like lipopolysaccharide and polyvinyl pyrrolidine) irrespective of the presence of helper T cells, whereas normal mature B cells have grown able to respond without any help. These data allow us to reject the hypothesis that CBA/N mice are arrested at an immature stage and clearly support the idea that they have deviated during development so that only thymus-dependent B cells develop.", "contents": "Ontogeny of B cells in CBA/N mice. Evidence for a stage of responsiveness to thymus-independent antigens during development. This paper deals with the CBA/N mice, a strain bearing a genetic defect in their B-cell compartment. By using a previously described system we have been able to show that the immature cells of CBA/N mice are functionally indistinguishable from normal immature cells, in that both can be triggered to respond to thymus-independent (TI) antigens, provided they are supplied with helper T cells. When the maturation is completed, CBA/N B cells are unable to respond to TI antigens (like lipopolysaccharide and polyvinyl pyrrolidine) irrespective of the presence of helper T cells, whereas normal mature B cells have grown able to respond without any help. These data allow us to reject the hypothesis that CBA/N mice are arrested at an immature stage and clearly support the idea that they have deviated during development so that only thymus-dependent B cells develop.", "PMID": 315989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5290", "title": "The purified protein derivative of turberculin, a B-cell mitogen that distinguishes in its action resting, small B cells from activated B-cell blasts.", "content": "The purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD tuberculin) stimulates approximately one of two lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated B-cell blasts of C57BL/6J nu/nu spleen cells to continued clonal growth and maturation to IgM and IgG secretion. It alwo stimulates background, in vivo-activated large cells of normal C57BL/6J nu/nu spleen to growth and Ig secretion, at a frequency of approximately 1 of 100 large spleen cells. PPD tuberculin, therefore, is a polyclonal B-cell activator for B-cell blasts. Many single murine splenic B cells (approximately 50%) appear to have reactivities, and therefore probably receptors, for LPS and PPD tuberculin. PPD tuberculin does not stimulate small, resting B cells to growth as measured by the number of cells in culture and by thymidine uptake. However, it stimulates approximately one-fourth of all spleen cells to blast transformation. The large-size blast cells secrete IgM and, therefore, form plaques in the protein A plaque assay. IgG-secreting, plaque-forming cells develop at later stages of stimulation, indicating that the switch from IgM to IgG may occur without division in single, stimulated B cells. Stimulation of resting B cells to maturation by PPD tuberculin is polyclonal. Thus, approximately 1 in 10(2) IgM-secreting plaque-forming cells form plaques with trinitrophenyl-substituted sheep erythrocytes, 1 in 450 do so with horse erythrocytes, and 1 in 10(3) with sheep erythrocytes. Furthermore, the number of Ig-secreting cells developing from small, resting cells without growth in cultures with or without filler thymus cells suggests polyclonal activation by PPD tuberculin to maturation only of at least one out of four small, splenic B cells.", "contents": "The purified protein derivative of turberculin, a B-cell mitogen that distinguishes in its action resting, small B cells from activated B-cell blasts. The purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD tuberculin) stimulates approximately one of two lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated B-cell blasts of C57BL/6J nu/nu spleen cells to continued clonal growth and maturation to IgM and IgG secretion. It alwo stimulates background, in vivo-activated large cells of normal C57BL/6J nu/nu spleen to growth and Ig secretion, at a frequency of approximately 1 of 100 large spleen cells. PPD tuberculin, therefore, is a polyclonal B-cell activator for B-cell blasts. Many single murine splenic B cells (approximately 50%) appear to have reactivities, and therefore probably receptors, for LPS and PPD tuberculin. PPD tuberculin does not stimulate small, resting B cells to growth as measured by the number of cells in culture and by thymidine uptake. However, it stimulates approximately one-fourth of all spleen cells to blast transformation. The large-size blast cells secrete IgM and, therefore, form plaques in the protein A plaque assay. IgG-secreting, plaque-forming cells develop at later stages of stimulation, indicating that the switch from IgM to IgG may occur without division in single, stimulated B cells. Stimulation of resting B cells to maturation by PPD tuberculin is polyclonal. Thus, approximately 1 in 10(2) IgM-secreting plaque-forming cells form plaques with trinitrophenyl-substituted sheep erythrocytes, 1 in 450 do so with horse erythrocytes, and 1 in 10(3) with sheep erythrocytes. Furthermore, the number of Ig-secreting cells developing from small, resting cells without growth in cultures with or without filler thymus cells suggests polyclonal activation by PPD tuberculin to maturation only of at least one out of four small, splenic B cells.", "PMID": 315990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5291", "title": "Role of prethymic cells in acquisition of self-tolerance.", "content": "The sequential character of T-lymphocyte development as it pertains to the stage at which self-tolerance is acquired was investigated. Three phases were studied, defined here as prethymic, intrathymic, and postthymic as determined by the timing of thymus implantation. The model utilized was the temporal pattern of skin graft rejection in thymusless BALB/c nude mice implanted with allogeneic, C57BL/6J, or syngeneic thymuses before or after skin grafting; in some instances, F(1) hybrid spleen cells were also given to newborns or young adults. These experiments in nude mice showed that, (a) self-tolerance could be established despite the absence of the host's own haplotype in the implanted thymus; (b) recently emigrated postthymic cells could already discriminate self from non-self; (c) specific neonatal tolerance could be induced in nudes by inoculation of F(1) hybrid cells; (d) nudes showed a higher capacity for induction of neonatal tolerance than did normal littermates. These findings indicate that the process of self-tolerance in the T cell's lineage begins during the prethymic state early in ontogeny.", "contents": "Role of prethymic cells in acquisition of self-tolerance. The sequential character of T-lymphocyte development as it pertains to the stage at which self-tolerance is acquired was investigated. Three phases were studied, defined here as prethymic, intrathymic, and postthymic as determined by the timing of thymus implantation. The model utilized was the temporal pattern of skin graft rejection in thymusless BALB/c nude mice implanted with allogeneic, C57BL/6J, or syngeneic thymuses before or after skin grafting; in some instances, F(1) hybrid spleen cells were also given to newborns or young adults. These experiments in nude mice showed that, (a) self-tolerance could be established despite the absence of the host's own haplotype in the implanted thymus; (b) recently emigrated postthymic cells could already discriminate self from non-self; (c) specific neonatal tolerance could be induced in nudes by inoculation of F(1) hybrid cells; (d) nudes showed a higher capacity for induction of neonatal tolerance than did normal littermates. These findings indicate that the process of self-tolerance in the T cell's lineage begins during the prethymic state early in ontogeny.", "PMID": 315991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5292", "title": "A cell-mediated reaction against glomerular-bound immune complexes.", "content": "Lewis rats were given a single i.v. injection of soluble immune complexes containing human serum albumin (HSA) and rabbit anti-HSA antibodies, prepared in antigen excess. This resulted in localization of HSA and rabbit gamma globulin (RGG) in glomerular mesangial regions without producing definite histologic changes. 24 h after the injection of immune complexes, groups of these rats received lymph node cells or T-cell preparations from syngeneic donors sensitized to RGG, HSA, or ovalbumin; another group received no cells. All of these groups and a group of normal control rats were given injections of [3H]thymidine at 18, 27, and 44 h. The animals were killed 48 h after the time of cell transfer. In histologic sections, glomerular abnormalities were found only in some of the animals that had received immune complexes and lymph node cells or T-cell populations from donors sensitized to HSA or RGG; the lesions were characterized by focal and segmental increase in cells in mesangial regions. Autoradiographs revealed significantly greater numbers of labeled cells in mesangial regions and glomerular capillaries in the groups that had received immune complexes and cells from HSA- or RGG-sensitized donors than in any of the other groups. Electronmicroscopic studies suggested that the increase in cellularity in mesangial regions resulted from an influx of mononuclear phagocytes. The findings indicate that cell-mediated reactions can be initiated by the interaction between sensitized T lymphocytes and antigens present in immune complexes within mesangial regions.", "contents": "A cell-mediated reaction against glomerular-bound immune complexes. Lewis rats were given a single i.v. injection of soluble immune complexes containing human serum albumin (HSA) and rabbit anti-HSA antibodies, prepared in antigen excess. This resulted in localization of HSA and rabbit gamma globulin (RGG) in glomerular mesangial regions without producing definite histologic changes. 24 h after the injection of immune complexes, groups of these rats received lymph node cells or T-cell preparations from syngeneic donors sensitized to RGG, HSA, or ovalbumin; another group received no cells. All of these groups and a group of normal control rats were given injections of [3H]thymidine at 18, 27, and 44 h. The animals were killed 48 h after the time of cell transfer. In histologic sections, glomerular abnormalities were found only in some of the animals that had received immune complexes and lymph node cells or T-cell populations from donors sensitized to HSA or RGG; the lesions were characterized by focal and segmental increase in cells in mesangial regions. Autoradiographs revealed significantly greater numbers of labeled cells in mesangial regions and glomerular capillaries in the groups that had received immune complexes and cells from HSA- or RGG-sensitized donors than in any of the other groups. Electronmicroscopic studies suggested that the increase in cellularity in mesangial regions resulted from an influx of mononuclear phagocytes. The findings indicate that cell-mediated reactions can be initiated by the interaction between sensitized T lymphocytes and antigens present in immune complexes within mesangial regions.", "PMID": 315992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5293", "title": "Soluble factors in tolerance and contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene in mice. III. Histocompatibility antigens associated with the hapten dinitrophenol serve as target molecules on 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-immune T cells for soluble suppressor factor.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that suppression of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) contact sensitivity by soluble suppressor factor (SSF) requires that the donor of immune lymph node (LN) cells and of SSF share either the H-2K and/or H-2D region of the major histocompatibility complex. Thus, target or acceptor molecules for SSF appear to be coded for by genes within the H-2K and H-2D loci. Experiments were done to investigate the nature of these target molecules and to determine what cell types expressed them. It was found that purified lymph node T cells are suppressed by SSF indicating that T cells express the acceptor molecules. Adsorption experiments showed that the only cells capable of adsorbing the suppressor factor are DNFB-immune T cells from donors which share with the factor-producing strain either the H-2K or H-2D locus. This adsorption can be specifically blocked by pretreating the immune LN cells with antibodies directed against H-2K and/or H-2D determinants or against the hapten DNP but not by antibodies against Ia or theta-antigens. Collectively, these results indicate that the target molecules are expressed only by DNFB-immune T cells and are comprised of histocompatibility antigens associated with DNP.", "contents": "Soluble factors in tolerance and contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene in mice. III. Histocompatibility antigens associated with the hapten dinitrophenol serve as target molecules on 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-immune T cells for soluble suppressor factor. Previous studies have shown that suppression of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) contact sensitivity by soluble suppressor factor (SSF) requires that the donor of immune lymph node (LN) cells and of SSF share either the H-2K and/or H-2D region of the major histocompatibility complex. Thus, target or acceptor molecules for SSF appear to be coded for by genes within the H-2K and H-2D loci. Experiments were done to investigate the nature of these target molecules and to determine what cell types expressed them. It was found that purified lymph node T cells are suppressed by SSF indicating that T cells express the acceptor molecules. Adsorption experiments showed that the only cells capable of adsorbing the suppressor factor are DNFB-immune T cells from donors which share with the factor-producing strain either the H-2K or H-2D locus. This adsorption can be specifically blocked by pretreating the immune LN cells with antibodies directed against H-2K and/or H-2D determinants or against the hapten DNP but not by antibodies against Ia or theta-antigens. Collectively, these results indicate that the target molecules are expressed only by DNFB-immune T cells and are comprised of histocompatibility antigens associated with DNP.", "PMID": 315993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5294", "title": "B-cell differentiation in the CBA/N mouse. I. Slower maturation of mitogen and antigen-responsive B cells in mice expressing an X-linked defect.", "content": "The effect of age on the mitogenic and antigenic responsiveness of B cells is examined in spleen cell cultures of CBA/N and (CBA/N X DBA/2) F1 mice. Spleen cells from young male F1 mice (4- to 6-wk old) show lower mitogenic responses to lipopolysaccharide, a lower frequency of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC)-reactive B-cell precursors, and a lower percentage of Ig-bearing cells than age-matched female F1 mice. The expression of all three functions were found to increase with the age of the F1 male mice. Whereas male F1 mice at 60 wk of age showed an equivalent percentage of Ig-bearing spleen cells and a similar mitogenic responsiveness to LPS when compared to adult female F1 mice, the frequency of SRBC-reactive B-cell precursors remained threefold lower. These findings reveal that there is a slower maturation of B cells in mice expressing the X-linked defect and suggests that the defect has differential effects on the mechanisms of antigen and mitogen activation of B cells.", "contents": "B-cell differentiation in the CBA/N mouse. I. Slower maturation of mitogen and antigen-responsive B cells in mice expressing an X-linked defect. The effect of age on the mitogenic and antigenic responsiveness of B cells is examined in spleen cell cultures of CBA/N and (CBA/N X DBA/2) F1 mice. Spleen cells from young male F1 mice (4- to 6-wk old) show lower mitogenic responses to lipopolysaccharide, a lower frequency of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC)-reactive B-cell precursors, and a lower percentage of Ig-bearing cells than age-matched female F1 mice. The expression of all three functions were found to increase with the age of the F1 male mice. Whereas male F1 mice at 60 wk of age showed an equivalent percentage of Ig-bearing spleen cells and a similar mitogenic responsiveness to LPS when compared to adult female F1 mice, the frequency of SRBC-reactive B-cell precursors remained threefold lower. These findings reveal that there is a slower maturation of B cells in mice expressing the X-linked defect and suggests that the defect has differential effects on the mechanisms of antigen and mitogen activation of B cells.", "PMID": 315994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5295", "title": "Influence of the sex-linked defect in CBA/N mice on autoimmune responses to isologous erythrocytes. Ability to overcome the defect with age.", "content": "Normal mice spontaneously develop plaque-forming cells (PFC) specific for antigens on modified self erythrocytes (bromelain-treated mouse erythrocytes [BrMRBC] antigens). Our study demonstrates that the sex-linked defect that results in the inability of CBA/N mice to respond to several T-independent antigens (TI-2 antigens) also regulates the autoantibody response to BrMRBC antigens. Thus, in CBA/N homozygous mice and male F1 offspring of CBA/N-mothered crosses, e.g., (CBA/N X NZB)F1 males, such PFC are absent. To examine whether specific autoreactive B cells are present in defective mice, the latter were stimulated either nonspecifically with the mitogen LPS or by infection with lethal malaria (17XL Plasmodium yoelii) known to induce anti-BrMRBC PFC specifically. The results indicate that modest antibody responses to self antigens could be induced in young (5- to 7-wk old) defective mice and that these responses increased as a function of age. The data is consistent with the view that the defect in CBA/N mice does not result from an absence of functional anti-BrMRBC B cells but rather from low frequencies of the specific precursors, which can be triggered and expanded with age probably by environmental stimulations.", "contents": "Influence of the sex-linked defect in CBA/N mice on autoimmune responses to isologous erythrocytes. Ability to overcome the defect with age. Normal mice spontaneously develop plaque-forming cells (PFC) specific for antigens on modified self erythrocytes (bromelain-treated mouse erythrocytes [BrMRBC] antigens). Our study demonstrates that the sex-linked defect that results in the inability of CBA/N mice to respond to several T-independent antigens (TI-2 antigens) also regulates the autoantibody response to BrMRBC antigens. Thus, in CBA/N homozygous mice and male F1 offspring of CBA/N-mothered crosses, e.g., (CBA/N X NZB)F1 males, such PFC are absent. To examine whether specific autoreactive B cells are present in defective mice, the latter were stimulated either nonspecifically with the mitogen LPS or by infection with lethal malaria (17XL Plasmodium yoelii) known to induce anti-BrMRBC PFC specifically. The results indicate that modest antibody responses to self antigens could be induced in young (5- to 7-wk old) defective mice and that these responses increased as a function of age. The data is consistent with the view that the defect in CBA/N mice does not result from an absence of functional anti-BrMRBC B cells but rather from low frequencies of the specific precursors, which can be triggered and expanded with age probably by environmental stimulations.", "PMID": 315995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5296", "title": "Cation selectivity of acetylcholine-activated ionic channel of frog endplate.", "content": "Ionic selectivity of the acetylcholine-activated ionic channel of frog endplate membranes to various organic cations has been studied. The ratio of test cation permeability (PX) to sodium permeability (PNa) was estimated by two methods, one based on the measurements in test cation solutions of the amplitude of transient depolarization induced by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine, and the other on the measurements of the reversal potential for the membrane current induced by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine under voltage-clamp conditions. The endplate channel is relatively nonselective to various test cations. The permeabilities relative to Na are ammonium (1.71), formamidine (1.49), methylamine (1.39), hydrazine (1.35), and Li (0.76), as measured from the reversal potential for acetylcholine currents, and guanidine (0.74), aminoguanidine (0.20), methylguanidine (0), and choline (0) as measured from the amplitude of acetylcholine potential. Methylguanidine and aminoguanidine block the endplate channel with the apparent dissociation constants of 0.5 and 15 mM, respectively. Based on these data, the dimensions of selectivity filter of acetylcholine-activated channel appear to be slightly larger than those of the sodium channel of frog nodes and smaller than those of the epithelial membrane of gallbladder of frogs and rabbits.", "contents": "Cation selectivity of acetylcholine-activated ionic channel of frog endplate. Ionic selectivity of the acetylcholine-activated ionic channel of frog endplate membranes to various organic cations has been studied. The ratio of test cation permeability (PX) to sodium permeability (PNa) was estimated by two methods, one based on the measurements in test cation solutions of the amplitude of transient depolarization induced by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine, and the other on the measurements of the reversal potential for the membrane current induced by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine under voltage-clamp conditions. The endplate channel is relatively nonselective to various test cations. The permeabilities relative to Na are ammonium (1.71), formamidine (1.49), methylamine (1.39), hydrazine (1.35), and Li (0.76), as measured from the reversal potential for acetylcholine currents, and guanidine (0.74), aminoguanidine (0.20), methylguanidine (0), and choline (0) as measured from the amplitude of acetylcholine potential. Methylguanidine and aminoguanidine block the endplate channel with the apparent dissociation constants of 0.5 and 15 mM, respectively. Based on these data, the dimensions of selectivity filter of acetylcholine-activated channel appear to be slightly larger than those of the sodium channel of frog nodes and smaller than those of the epithelial membrane of gallbladder of frogs and rabbits.", "PMID": 315997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5297", "title": "Simplified media for the growth of Haemophilus influenzae from clinical and normal flora sources.", "content": "The nutritional requirements of 43 strains of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from clinical and normal flora sources were investigated. Two defined minimal media were developed by modifying the medium of Herriott et al. (1970):74% of the strains could grow on the minimal media and Herriott's medium; the remaining strains could not grow on any of these media.", "contents": "Simplified media for the growth of Haemophilus influenzae from clinical and normal flora sources. The nutritional requirements of 43 strains of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from clinical and normal flora sources were investigated. Two defined minimal media were developed by modifying the medium of Herriott et al. (1970):74% of the strains could grow on the minimal media and Herriott's medium; the remaining strains could not grow on any of these media.", "PMID": 315998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5298", "title": "Clinical signs of visual-vestibular interaction.", "content": "Visual suppression of vestibulo-ocular reflexes (induced vestibular nystagmus) differs between normal subjects and patients with various neurological disorders. Abnormalities of VOR suppression were associated consistently with abnormalities of the visual and/or vesitibular oculomotor reflexes and in particular with abnormal smooth pursuit eye movements in the direction of abnormal suppression. Absent VOR suppression in a gaze position of, and in the same direction as, a spontaneous nystagmus was found exclusively in patients with spontaneous nystagmus of central nervous system origin. Conversely, ability to suppress in these circumstances was found only in patients with spontaneous nystagmus of peripheral labyrinthine origin. Suppression of VOR was abnormal ipsilaterally in patients with unilateral cerebral hemisphere lesions and abnormal in both the horizontal and vertical planes in patients with basal ganglia lesions. Failure of VOR suppression in the absence of spontaneous nystagmus indicates a supratentorial lesion.", "contents": "Clinical signs of visual-vestibular interaction. Visual suppression of vestibulo-ocular reflexes (induced vestibular nystagmus) differs between normal subjects and patients with various neurological disorders. Abnormalities of VOR suppression were associated consistently with abnormalities of the visual and/or vesitibular oculomotor reflexes and in particular with abnormal smooth pursuit eye movements in the direction of abnormal suppression. Absent VOR suppression in a gaze position of, and in the same direction as, a spontaneous nystagmus was found exclusively in patients with spontaneous nystagmus of central nervous system origin. Conversely, ability to suppress in these circumstances was found only in patients with spontaneous nystagmus of peripheral labyrinthine origin. Suppression of VOR was abnormal ipsilaterally in patients with unilateral cerebral hemisphere lesions and abnormal in both the horizontal and vertical planes in patients with basal ganglia lesions. Failure of VOR suppression in the absence of spontaneous nystagmus indicates a supratentorial lesion.", "PMID": 315999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5299", "title": "Latent herpes simplex virus trigeminal ganglionic infection in mice and demyelination in the central nervous system.", "content": "Mice were inoculated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 by gently scraping the skin of the nose with a fine needle. About 80% of the animals developed latent inapparent HSV infections in trigeminal ganglia. Virus was demonstrable for at least 6 months post inoculation (p.i.) by cocultivation of ganglionic tissue with GMK cells. Histologically, trigeminal ganglia revealed infiltrations of inflammatory cells even 6 months p.i. In addition, lesions occurred in the brainstem corresponding to the entry of trigeminal roots, trigeminal tracts and nuclei. Inflammatory cell infiltration, disruption of myelin sheaths and macrophages laden with myelin degradation products were observed 7 days p.i. Fourteen to 30 days p.i. electron microscopy demonstrated completely naked axons. In the transitional region of the trigeminal root denuded axons occurred in the central part of the region while the peripheral myelin, bordering the demyelinated central segments, was intact. Small areas of demyelination were still detectable 3 and 6 months p.i. but there were then also signs of remyelination. Possible mechanisms causing the demyelinations are discussed.", "contents": "Latent herpes simplex virus trigeminal ganglionic infection in mice and demyelination in the central nervous system. Mice were inoculated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 by gently scraping the skin of the nose with a fine needle. About 80% of the animals developed latent inapparent HSV infections in trigeminal ganglia. Virus was demonstrable for at least 6 months post inoculation (p.i.) by cocultivation of ganglionic tissue with GMK cells. Histologically, trigeminal ganglia revealed infiltrations of inflammatory cells even 6 months p.i. In addition, lesions occurred in the brainstem corresponding to the entry of trigeminal roots, trigeminal tracts and nuclei. Inflammatory cell infiltration, disruption of myelin sheaths and macrophages laden with myelin degradation products were observed 7 days p.i. Fourteen to 30 days p.i. electron microscopy demonstrated completely naked axons. In the transitional region of the trigeminal root denuded axons occurred in the central part of the region while the peripheral myelin, bordering the demyelinated central segments, was intact. Small areas of demyelination were still detectable 3 and 6 months p.i. but there were then also signs of remyelination. Possible mechanisms causing the demyelinations are discussed.", "PMID": 316000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5300", "title": "Studies on the humoral and cell-mediated immune response in a patient with Mollaret's meningitis.", "content": "A patient with Mollaret's meningitis with protracted course and a strong immune response within the central nervous system is described. The findings of IgG bands in agarose gel electrophoresis of CSF together with elevated CSF IgG index values are in accordance with intrathecal synthesis of IgG, possibly against an antigen persistent in the CNS. Subgrouping of CSF lymphocytes morphologically (B/T, active T cells) and functionally (stimulation with mitogens) showed that these cells differed from peripheral blood lymphocytes. A defect in the regulatory function of T cells may be responsible for the continuing pathologic process in Mollaret's meningitis.", "contents": "Studies on the humoral and cell-mediated immune response in a patient with Mollaret's meningitis. A patient with Mollaret's meningitis with protracted course and a strong immune response within the central nervous system is described. The findings of IgG bands in agarose gel electrophoresis of CSF together with elevated CSF IgG index values are in accordance with intrathecal synthesis of IgG, possibly against an antigen persistent in the CNS. Subgrouping of CSF lymphocytes morphologically (B/T, active T cells) and functionally (stimulation with mitogens) showed that these cells differed from peripheral blood lymphocytes. A defect in the regulatory function of T cells may be responsible for the continuing pathologic process in Mollaret's meningitis.", "PMID": 316001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5301", "title": "The importance of maintenance in implementing change: an experience with problem-oriented recording.", "content": "Most change implementation efforts focus on the initial acquisition-of-skill phase with little attention to maintaining skills in use of a new system. This article looks at the maintenance phases in implementing a new system, using a changeover to problem-oriented recording as an example. Through this illustration, the essential elements for maintaining a high level of performance of a new skill are presented.", "contents": "The importance of maintenance in implementing change: an experience with problem-oriented recording. Most change implementation efforts focus on the initial acquisition-of-skill phase with little attention to maintaining skills in use of a new system. This article looks at the maintenance phases in implementing a new system, using a changeover to problem-oriented recording as an example. Through this illustration, the essential elements for maintaining a high level of performance of a new skill are presented.", "PMID": 316003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5302", "title": "Kinetics of digestive enzyme stability in solid state I: application of Weibull distribution function to solid-state enzyme inactivation.", "content": "The Weibull distribution function was applied to solid-state enzyme inactivation. On Weibull probability paper (within a narrow range), the plots of the accumulated inactivation ratio of each enzyme versus time regressed to a straight line. The parameters m and k, which correspond to the type and rate of the type and rate of the inactivation, were characteristic of each enzyme. The effect of temperature and parameter reproducibility are discussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of digestive enzyme stability in solid state I: application of Weibull distribution function to solid-state enzyme inactivation. The Weibull distribution function was applied to solid-state enzyme inactivation. On Weibull probability paper (within a narrow range), the plots of the accumulated inactivation ratio of each enzyme versus time regressed to a straight line. The parameters m and k, which correspond to the type and rate of the type and rate of the inactivation, were characteristic of each enzyme. The effect of temperature and parameter reproducibility are discussed.", "PMID": 316008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5303", "title": "Retinal disinsertion syndrome: report of a case.", "content": "A case of retinal disinsertion syndrome in a 31-year-old mentally retarded patient was reported. Associated anomalies included subluxation of the lens, microphthalmos and bilateral keratoconus. Total retinal detachment and subluxation of the lens in a blind microphthalmic eye of a young infant should raise the possibility of retinal disinsertion syndrome.", "contents": "Retinal disinsertion syndrome: report of a case. A case of retinal disinsertion syndrome in a 31-year-old mentally retarded patient was reported. Associated anomalies included subluxation of the lens, microphthalmos and bilateral keratoconus. Total retinal detachment and subluxation of the lens in a blind microphthalmic eye of a young infant should raise the possibility of retinal disinsertion syndrome.", "PMID": 316005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5304", "title": "Pancreatic elastase and serum alpha 1-antitrypsin levels in beagle dogs smoking high- and low-nicotine cigarettes: possible mechanism of pancreatic cancer in cigarette smokers.", "content": "Beagle dogs exposed to cigarette smoke for 600 d experience a significant change in pancreatic elastase levels, as measured in tissue homogenates, compared with their sham-exposed controls. Greater elastase activity was found in the high-nicotine cigarette smokers than in the low-nicotine cigarette smokers. Levels of serum alpha 1-antitrypsin, an antiprotease capable of complexing the excess elastase, were also investigated. Animals smoking high-nicotine cigarettes had significantly lower serum alpha 1-antitrypsin activities than controls. Low-nicotine smokers showed alpha 1-antitrypsin activities that were not significantly different from those of controls. The importance of these observations is reinforced by a number of studies suggesting that proteases, their inhibitors, and an imbalance thereof may be related to the onset of neoplastic lesions. Studies have indicated that antiprotease levels follow the patterns of Mendelian inheritance. Severe deficiency states predispose human subjects to emphysema. A similar relationship may exist between antiprotease levels and susceptibility or resistance to neoplasms of the pancreas, a concept that deserves investigation in light of the findings reported here.", "contents": "Pancreatic elastase and serum alpha 1-antitrypsin levels in beagle dogs smoking high- and low-nicotine cigarettes: possible mechanism of pancreatic cancer in cigarette smokers. Beagle dogs exposed to cigarette smoke for 600 d experience a significant change in pancreatic elastase levels, as measured in tissue homogenates, compared with their sham-exposed controls. Greater elastase activity was found in the high-nicotine cigarette smokers than in the low-nicotine cigarette smokers. Levels of serum alpha 1-antitrypsin, an antiprotease capable of complexing the excess elastase, were also investigated. Animals smoking high-nicotine cigarettes had significantly lower serum alpha 1-antitrypsin activities than controls. Low-nicotine smokers showed alpha 1-antitrypsin activities that were not significantly different from those of controls. The importance of these observations is reinforced by a number of studies suggesting that proteases, their inhibitors, and an imbalance thereof may be related to the onset of neoplastic lesions. Studies have indicated that antiprotease levels follow the patterns of Mendelian inheritance. Severe deficiency states predispose human subjects to emphysema. A similar relationship may exist between antiprotease levels and susceptibility or resistance to neoplasms of the pancreas, a concept that deserves investigation in light of the findings reported here.", "PMID": 316012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5305", "title": "Acute purulent conjunctivitis in Nigerian children in Zaria.", "content": "A prospective study of 61 acute purulent conjunctivitis seen in children up to 10 years of age at the Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria, between October 1975 and September 1976 showed H influenzae as the most common etiologic agent (26.2%), followed by S aureus (16.4%), N gonorrhoeae (14.8), and D pneumoniae (9.8%). N gonorrhoeae was the most common cause of conjunctivitis in the first month of life (43.8%) followed by S aureus (37.5%). Conjunctivitis from H influenzae occurred in older children, was more often bilateral, and had a male predilection. Gonococcal conjunctivitis occurred mostly in neonates and was largely unilateral. A good response to treatment with parenteral penicillin and topical Neosporin or chloramphenicol was noted in all the cases of gonococcal infection.", "contents": "Acute purulent conjunctivitis in Nigerian children in Zaria. A prospective study of 61 acute purulent conjunctivitis seen in children up to 10 years of age at the Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria, between October 1975 and September 1976 showed H influenzae as the most common etiologic agent (26.2%), followed by S aureus (16.4%), N gonorrhoeae (14.8), and D pneumoniae (9.8%). N gonorrhoeae was the most common cause of conjunctivitis in the first month of life (43.8%) followed by S aureus (37.5%). Conjunctivitis from H influenzae occurred in older children, was more often bilateral, and had a male predilection. Gonococcal conjunctivitis occurred mostly in neonates and was largely unilateral. A good response to treatment with parenteral penicillin and topical Neosporin or chloramphenicol was noted in all the cases of gonococcal infection.", "PMID": 316007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5306", "title": "Congenital hereditary corneal dystrophy associated with esotropia.", "content": "A family is described in which four of six siblings have congenital hereditary corneal dystrophy associated with esotropia. All cases had been erroneously diagnosed as and operated on for congenital glaucoma. The hereditary aspect of this association is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital hereditary corneal dystrophy associated with esotropia. A family is described in which four of six siblings have congenital hereditary corneal dystrophy associated with esotropia. All cases had been erroneously diagnosed as and operated on for congenital glaucoma. The hereditary aspect of this association is discussed.", "PMID": 316006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5307", "title": "Effects of polarizing currents and repetitive stimulation on the uptake of amino acids by peripheral nerve.", "content": "The effects of polarizing currents and repetitive stimulation on the uptake of representative amino acids have been studied in peripheral nerve. Glutamic acid, lysine, pheylalanine, and GABA were chosen for study as representatives of different carrier-mediated transport mechanisms. Depolarizing currents inhibited uptakes of glutamic acid, lysine, and GABA; maximum inhibitions were 56.1%, 20.0%, and 16.7%, respectively. Pheylalanine uptake was not inhibited by polarizing currents under any experimental conditions. Only glutamic acid uptake was inhibited by hyperpolarizing current, with a maximum inhibition of 43.9%. Stimulation had no significant effect on uptake of lysine, phenylalanine, or GABA but was found to potentiate uptake of glutamic acid by 12%.", "contents": "Effects of polarizing currents and repetitive stimulation on the uptake of amino acids by peripheral nerve. The effects of polarizing currents and repetitive stimulation on the uptake of representative amino acids have been studied in peripheral nerve. Glutamic acid, lysine, pheylalanine, and GABA were chosen for study as representatives of different carrier-mediated transport mechanisms. Depolarizing currents inhibited uptakes of glutamic acid, lysine, and GABA; maximum inhibitions were 56.1%, 20.0%, and 16.7%, respectively. Pheylalanine uptake was not inhibited by polarizing currents under any experimental conditions. Only glutamic acid uptake was inhibited by hyperpolarizing current, with a maximum inhibition of 43.9%. Stimulation had no significant effect on uptake of lysine, phenylalanine, or GABA but was found to potentiate uptake of glutamic acid by 12%.", "PMID": 316013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5308", "title": "Blood glucose and insulin levels, thyroid function, and serology in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, recurrent vestibulopathy, and psychogenic vertigo.", "content": "Nineteen patients with unilateral M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, 20 with psychogenic dizziness, and 20 with recurrent vestibulopathy (diagnostic criteria in text of paper) were found to have normal five hour glucose tolerance tests, serum thyroxine and effective thyroid indices, and serologic tests for syphilis. Hypothyroidism and hypoglycemia were absent in all groups. An unexplained finding of each diagnostic group was significant increase of fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, and elevated insulin:glucose ratios, compared to a control group. There appears to be no diagnostic indication for performing these chemical and serologic studies in patients with unilateral M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, psychogenic vertigo, or recurrent vestibulopathy. Reasons are given to support the view that recurrent vestibulopathy may be a specific vestibular disturbance.", "contents": "Blood glucose and insulin levels, thyroid function, and serology in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, recurrent vestibulopathy, and psychogenic vertigo. Nineteen patients with unilateral M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, 20 with psychogenic dizziness, and 20 with recurrent vestibulopathy (diagnostic criteria in text of paper) were found to have normal five hour glucose tolerance tests, serum thyroxine and effective thyroid indices, and serologic tests for syphilis. Hypothyroidism and hypoglycemia were absent in all groups. An unexplained finding of each diagnostic group was significant increase of fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, and elevated insulin:glucose ratios, compared to a control group. There appears to be no diagnostic indication for performing these chemical and serologic studies in patients with unilateral M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, psychogenic vertigo, or recurrent vestibulopathy. Reasons are given to support the view that recurrent vestibulopathy may be a specific vestibular disturbance.", "PMID": 316014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5309", "title": "[Valve prosthesis in calcified aortic heart defects].", "content": "Experience in surgical correction of aortic valvular disease with extreme calcification of valves in 145 patients is generalized. The method for valve prosthetics preventing the development of specific complications is described. On the basis of analysis of the immediate and late postoperative results, it is recommended to use cold cardioplagia for protection of the myocardium. Hospital postoperative mortality was 13.9% in the last 4 years and 10.5% in the last 18 months. Preliminaly coronarography is suggested for the examination of patients with marked angina pectoris and with local changes on the ECG in the group of elderly patients for ruling out a concomitant organic lesion of the coronary artery.", "contents": "[Valve prosthesis in calcified aortic heart defects]. Experience in surgical correction of aortic valvular disease with extreme calcification of valves in 145 patients is generalized. The method for valve prosthetics preventing the development of specific complications is described. On the basis of analysis of the immediate and late postoperative results, it is recommended to use cold cardioplagia for protection of the myocardium. Hospital postoperative mortality was 13.9% in the last 4 years and 10.5% in the last 18 months. Preliminaly coronarography is suggested for the examination of patients with marked angina pectoris and with local changes on the ECG in the group of elderly patients for ruling out a concomitant organic lesion of the coronary artery.", "PMID": 316037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5310", "title": "[Change in the immunological indices in arteriosclerosis].", "content": "Fifty-nine patients with stage I (according to A. L. Myasnikov's classification) coronary atherosclerosis and 23 healthy persons of the same age were tested for the content of rosette-forming T- and B-lymphocytes, immunoglobulin classes, lymphocyte blast-cell transformation reaction to the phage and antigen from the normal and atherosclerotic aorta, and the changes in these indices under the effect of miscleron (in 23) and acetylsalicylic acid (in 10 persons). A tendency to an increase in the content of B-lymphocytes and G and A immunoglobulins and intensification of the lymphocyte blast-cell transformation reaction to an antigen from the sclerotic aorta, and a tendency to a decrease in the content of T-lymphocytes in patients with atherosclerosis were noted. The normalizing effect of miscleron therapy on these indices with parall improvement in the values of lipid metabolism were also established. Acetylsalicylic acid did not change the values of lipid metabolism and had not effect on the blood immunoglobulin content.", "contents": "[Change in the immunological indices in arteriosclerosis]. Fifty-nine patients with stage I (according to A. L. Myasnikov's classification) coronary atherosclerosis and 23 healthy persons of the same age were tested for the content of rosette-forming T- and B-lymphocytes, immunoglobulin classes, lymphocyte blast-cell transformation reaction to the phage and antigen from the normal and atherosclerotic aorta, and the changes in these indices under the effect of miscleron (in 23) and acetylsalicylic acid (in 10 persons). A tendency to an increase in the content of B-lymphocytes and G and A immunoglobulins and intensification of the lymphocyte blast-cell transformation reaction to an antigen from the sclerotic aorta, and a tendency to a decrease in the content of T-lymphocytes in patients with atherosclerosis were noted. The normalizing effect of miscleron therapy on these indices with parall improvement in the values of lipid metabolism were also established. Acetylsalicylic acid did not change the values of lipid metabolism and had not effect on the blood immunoglobulin content.", "PMID": 316038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5311", "title": "A minimum-volume, flow-through system for rearing frog tadpoles: aquarium.", "content": "A flow-through system requiring a low flow rate (4-10 ml/minute/aquarium) was developed for rearing tadpoles. This permitted tadpoles to be raised in tap water that had been dechlorinated and acidified. The aquarium consisted of a 7-liter plastic outer shell. A screen-bottomed basket, inserted into the shell, facilitated handling of the tadpoles. A bottom-scraper and flushing system permitted periodic removal of solid wastes.", "contents": "A minimum-volume, flow-through system for rearing frog tadpoles: aquarium. A flow-through system requiring a low flow rate (4-10 ml/minute/aquarium) was developed for rearing tadpoles. This permitted tadpoles to be raised in tap water that had been dechlorinated and acidified. The aquarium consisted of a 7-liter plastic outer shell. A screen-bottomed basket, inserted into the shell, facilitated handling of the tadpoles. A bottom-scraper and flushing system permitted periodic removal of solid wastes.", "PMID": 316042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5312", "title": "Physical mapping of Staphylococcus aureus penicillinase plasmid pI524: characterization of an invertible region.", "content": "The staphylococcal penicillinase plasmid pI524 and a series of derivatives have been extensively mapped by restriction endonuclease digestion and by heteroduplex analysis. We report here the identification of a 2.2 kb region that undergoes a reversible, rec-independent inversion. This sequence is bounded by a pair of inverted repeats 650 base pairs in length, and has asymmetrically located recognition sites for at least three restriction endonucleases. A series of deleted derivatives and one naturally occurring, closely related plasmid, were studied. Two of these retain the inversion; the remainder are incapable of inverting and were all found to be locked in the same orientation of the inversion. The invertible sequence is adjacent to the region of the plasmid encoding beta-lactamase (bla); this entire region appears to be transposable and the inversion may be involved in the regulation of beta-lactamase expression or in translocation.", "contents": "Physical mapping of Staphylococcus aureus penicillinase plasmid pI524: characterization of an invertible region. The staphylococcal penicillinase plasmid pI524 and a series of derivatives have been extensively mapped by restriction endonuclease digestion and by heteroduplex analysis. We report here the identification of a 2.2 kb region that undergoes a reversible, rec-independent inversion. This sequence is bounded by a pair of inverted repeats 650 base pairs in length, and has asymmetrically located recognition sites for at least three restriction endonucleases. A series of deleted derivatives and one naturally occurring, closely related plasmid, were studied. Two of these retain the inversion; the remainder are incapable of inverting and were all found to be locked in the same orientation of the inversion. The invertible sequence is adjacent to the region of the plasmid encoding beta-lactamase (bla); this entire region appears to be transposable and the inversion may be involved in the regulation of beta-lactamase expression or in translocation.", "PMID": 316096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5313", "title": "A hex mutant of Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "A mutant of Haemophilus influenzae which does not discriminate between low efficiency (LE) and high efficiency (HE) markers has been isolated. The mutant does not differ wild type in its sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) mitomycin C, and nitrous acid. Spontaneous mutation frequencies for three loci studied are 10- to 30-fold higher in the mutant than in the wild type strain. Low- and high-efficiency transforming markers are equally UV-resistant when assayed on this mutant. This mutant is thus similar to the hex mutant of Streptococcus pneumoniae.", "contents": "A hex mutant of Haemophilus influenzae. A mutant of Haemophilus influenzae which does not discriminate between low efficiency (LE) and high efficiency (HE) markers has been isolated. The mutant does not differ wild type in its sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) mitomycin C, and nitrous acid. Spontaneous mutation frequencies for three loci studied are 10- to 30-fold higher in the mutant than in the wild type strain. Low- and high-efficiency transforming markers are equally UV-resistant when assayed on this mutant. This mutant is thus similar to the hex mutant of Streptococcus pneumoniae.", "PMID": 316097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5314", "title": "A B lymphocyte mitogen extracted from a fungus Peziza vesiculosa.", "content": "A water-soluble mitogen was extracted with hot-water from the fruiting bodies of a fungus, Peziza vesiculosa, collected in the wild. The active substance, named vesiculogen, was able to stimulate selectively murine B cells because mitogenic activity was observed in the spleen cell cultures of congenitally athymic nude mice, but not in the thymus cell cultures. The possibility that the mitogenicity of vesiculogen was due to lipopolysaccharide was denied completely by the following evidence: 1) lipopolysaccharide in vesiculogen was undetectable(less than 0.001% in the Limulus test), 2) vesiculogen was able to stimulate strongly DNA synthesis of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice, and 3) the mitogenic activity of vesiculogen was not inhibited by polymyxin B. Vesiculogen increased antigen-nonspecifically the number of direct plaque forming cells to sheep erythrocytes, horse erythrocytes, and trinitrophenylated-horse erythrocytes. This result shows that vesiculogen acts as a polyclonal B cell activator on murine spleen cells.", "contents": "A B lymphocyte mitogen extracted from a fungus Peziza vesiculosa. A water-soluble mitogen was extracted with hot-water from the fruiting bodies of a fungus, Peziza vesiculosa, collected in the wild. The active substance, named vesiculogen, was able to stimulate selectively murine B cells because mitogenic activity was observed in the spleen cell cultures of congenitally athymic nude mice, but not in the thymus cell cultures. The possibility that the mitogenicity of vesiculogen was due to lipopolysaccharide was denied completely by the following evidence: 1) lipopolysaccharide in vesiculogen was undetectable(less than 0.001% in the Limulus test), 2) vesiculogen was able to stimulate strongly DNA synthesis of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice, and 3) the mitogenic activity of vesiculogen was not inhibited by polymyxin B. Vesiculogen increased antigen-nonspecifically the number of direct plaque forming cells to sheep erythrocytes, horse erythrocytes, and trinitrophenylated-horse erythrocytes. This result shows that vesiculogen acts as a polyclonal B cell activator on murine spleen cells.", "PMID": 316098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5315", "title": "\"Neuro-cardiovascular\" surgery: innovations for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease.", "content": "The concept of performing surgery on the conduction system and the nervous system of the heart with the use of peripheral nervous tissue, Purkinje fibers or biophysical means, may solve many enigmas concerning the treatment of arrythmias. More importantly, a correlation is suggested between coronary artery disease, the state of depolarization of the myocardial cells, local electrical and magnetic fields, the state of local innervation of coronary blood vessels, the activity of the specialized conducting system, and higher central nervous system centers. This suggested correlation may contribute significantly in the treatment, and eventually, in the prevention of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "\"Neuro-cardiovascular\" surgery: innovations for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. The concept of performing surgery on the conduction system and the nervous system of the heart with the use of peripheral nervous tissue, Purkinje fibers or biophysical means, may solve many enigmas concerning the treatment of arrythmias. More importantly, a correlation is suggested between coronary artery disease, the state of depolarization of the myocardial cells, local electrical and magnetic fields, the state of local innervation of coronary blood vessels, the activity of the specialized conducting system, and higher central nervous system centers. This suggested correlation may contribute significantly in the treatment, and eventually, in the prevention of coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 316099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5316", "title": "[Computerized tomography in neurodegenerative diseases in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases in childhood is of great interest for genetic counseling. The development of cranial computerized tomography (CCT) has led to an improvement in the recognition of progressive neurological disorders. On one hand CCT is of importance in distinguishing the neurodegenerative diseases from perinatally acquired cerebral lesions. On the other hand CCT permits the differentiation from degenerations of cerebral gray and white matter. In this connection repeated controls with CCT are of great significance. 4 characteristic case studies are described.", "contents": "[Computerized tomography in neurodegenerative diseases in childhood (author's transl)]. The early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases in childhood is of great interest for genetic counseling. The development of cranial computerized tomography (CCT) has led to an improvement in the recognition of progressive neurological disorders. On one hand CCT is of importance in distinguishing the neurodegenerative diseases from perinatally acquired cerebral lesions. On the other hand CCT permits the differentiation from degenerations of cerebral gray and white matter. In this connection repeated controls with CCT are of great significance. 4 characteristic case studies are described.", "PMID": 316105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5317", "title": "Specific in vitro antibody response to influenza virus by human blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Advances in understanding of human immune responses depend, for obvious reasons, on the use of in vitro techniques for culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). We report here that specific antibody responses to influenza virus can readily be obtained using simple, reproducible methods. The system will be useful for the analysis of the cellular requirements for antibody production, the genetics of immune responsiveness and in clinical studies of immunosuppressed and immunodeficient patients.", "contents": "Specific in vitro antibody response to influenza virus by human blood lymphocytes. Advances in understanding of human immune responses depend, for obvious reasons, on the use of in vitro techniques for culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). We report here that specific antibody responses to influenza virus can readily be obtained using simple, reproducible methods. The system will be useful for the analysis of the cellular requirements for antibody production, the genetics of immune responsiveness and in clinical studies of immunosuppressed and immunodeficient patients.", "PMID": 316116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5318", "title": "Computed tomography combined with gas cisternography for the diagnosis of expanding lesions in the cerebellopontine angle.", "content": "A new method combining selective gas cisternography and computed tomography for the examination of expanding lesions in the cerebellopontine angle cistern is described. Small amounts of gas injected by lumbar puncture can, with proper technique, easily be trapped in the cerebellopontine cistern. Acoustic neuromas protruding into the cistern are visualized as filling defects in the gas. Filling of the internal auditory canal with gas may be demonstrated in normal cases. The possibility of diagnosing intracanalicular tumors is uncertain.", "contents": "Computed tomography combined with gas cisternography for the diagnosis of expanding lesions in the cerebellopontine angle. A new method combining selective gas cisternography and computed tomography for the examination of expanding lesions in the cerebellopontine angle cistern is described. Small amounts of gas injected by lumbar puncture can, with proper technique, easily be trapped in the cerebellopontine cistern. Acoustic neuromas protruding into the cistern are visualized as filling defects in the gas. Filling of the internal auditory canal with gas may be demonstrated in normal cases. The possibility of diagnosing intracanalicular tumors is uncertain.", "PMID": 316118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5319", "title": "[Meckel's diverticulum in surgical practice].", "content": "Notes on the surgical management of Meckel's diverticulum in the light of 32 personal cases are presented. Stress is laid on the advisability of making a systematic search for this form during laparotomy and the removal on principle of even apparently unimpaired diverticula as a means of avoiding the very frequent and serious complications that may arise when diverticula are left in situ.", "contents": "[Meckel's diverticulum in surgical practice]. Notes on the surgical management of Meckel's diverticulum in the light of 32 personal cases are presented. Stress is laid on the advisability of making a systematic search for this form during laparotomy and the removal on principle of even apparently unimpaired diverticula as a means of avoiding the very frequent and serious complications that may arise when diverticula are left in situ.", "PMID": 316119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5320", "title": "[Electric stimulation in cases of flaccid paralysis].", "content": "Forty-six patients with flaccid paralysis of muscles were treated with stimulation with exponential currents. In 7 groups of patients three grades of muscle paralysis were distinguished, on the basis of muscle reaction to a definite duration of electrical stimulus. The best therapeutic results were obtained in paresis, fairly good in moderate paralysis, less good in severe paralysis. The results depended on the degree of muscle denervation, the extent of damage to the peripheral motor neuron and to the conditions of regeneration of the peripheral nerve.", "contents": "[Electric stimulation in cases of flaccid paralysis]. Forty-six patients with flaccid paralysis of muscles were treated with stimulation with exponential currents. In 7 groups of patients three grades of muscle paralysis were distinguished, on the basis of muscle reaction to a definite duration of electrical stimulus. The best therapeutic results were obtained in paresis, fairly good in moderate paralysis, less good in severe paralysis. The results depended on the degree of muscle denervation, the extent of damage to the peripheral motor neuron and to the conditions of regeneration of the peripheral nerve.", "PMID": 316117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5321", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the intercellular junctions during the ciliary epithelial differentiation of the eye of the common frog].", "content": "Intercellular junctions in the eye ciliary epithelium were studied in Rana temporaria by means of transmission electron microscopy beginning from the stage of appearance of the light sensitivity in the larval eye and until the completion of metamorphosis. In the ciliary epithelium inner layer the apical parts of adjacent cells are tied by contacts forming the junction complex already at a very early  developmental stage. The most apical position in this complex is occupied by the focal junction which appears to be an early stage of zonula occludens; this complex includes also zonula adherens and macula adherens which may follow in any succession focal junction or zonula occludens. No definite order was found in the localization of cell contacts between the outer and inner layers of ciliary epithelium, as well as between the side surfaces of the cells within each layer. Contacts were found everywhere termed as \"lengthy\" which may be considered as gap junctions. Regional differences were found in the ultrastructure of the ciliary epithelium cells with respect to unequal distribution of functional loads.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the intercellular junctions during the ciliary epithelial differentiation of the eye of the common frog]. Intercellular junctions in the eye ciliary epithelium were studied in Rana temporaria by means of transmission electron microscopy beginning from the stage of appearance of the light sensitivity in the larval eye and until the completion of metamorphosis. In the ciliary epithelium inner layer the apical parts of adjacent cells are tied by contacts forming the junction complex already at a very early  developmental stage. The most apical position in this complex is occupied by the focal junction which appears to be an early stage of zonula occludens; this complex includes also zonula adherens and macula adherens which may follow in any succession focal junction or zonula occludens. No definite order was found in the localization of cell contacts between the outer and inner layers of ciliary epithelium, as well as between the side surfaces of the cells within each layer. Contacts were found everywhere termed as \"lengthy\" which may be considered as gap junctions. Regional differences were found in the ultrastructure of the ciliary epithelium cells with respect to unequal distribution of functional loads.", "PMID": 316123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5322", "title": "Effects on pulp and dentin of iontophoresis of sodium fluoride on exposed roots in dogs.", "content": "Experiments were performed on young permanent teeth in which there was demonstrable active dentin formation. Following surgical exposure of roots and removal of cementum with scalers, 1 percent sodium fluoride in aqueous solution was applied either topically or with direct-current iontophoresis. Two levels of current, therapeutic or five times therapeutic, were used. Observation periods were 7 and 80 days. There were no demonstrable histologic or ultrastructural alterations of the underlying pulp; nor was there a resultant change in the rate of dentin formation. While exposure of root surface dentin alone (negative control) produced no alterations, grinding the surface (positive control) caused noticeable changes in dentin, odontoblasts, and pulp.", "contents": "Effects on pulp and dentin of iontophoresis of sodium fluoride on exposed roots in dogs. Experiments were performed on young permanent teeth in which there was demonstrable active dentin formation. Following surgical exposure of roots and removal of cementum with scalers, 1 percent sodium fluoride in aqueous solution was applied either topically or with direct-current iontophoresis. Two levels of current, therapeutic or five times therapeutic, were used. Observation periods were 7 and 80 days. There were no demonstrable histologic or ultrastructural alterations of the underlying pulp; nor was there a resultant change in the rate of dentin formation. While exposure of root surface dentin alone (negative control) produced no alterations, grinding the surface (positive control) caused noticeable changes in dentin, odontoblasts, and pulp.", "PMID": 316124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5323", "title": "Congenital abnormalities induced by heterologous antisera directed against rat kidney glycoproteins isolated by concanavalin A affinity chromatography.", "content": "It has been well established that heterologous antisera against whole rat kidney homogenate when injected into pregnant rats during the embryonic organogenetic period may induce abnormal embryonic development. Attempts were made to isolate the active components from soluble rat kidney extract by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography, and concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The glycoproteins isolated were capable of stimulating the production of potent rabbit antisera. When injected ip into the 9th day pregnant rats, these antisera induced embryonic death, congenital abnormalities, and fetal growth retardation. Eighty-four surviving fetuses were examined, all of them were malformed. The most frequently observed congenital defects were anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Attempts were made to analyze the glycoprotein fraction by discontinuous and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that the glycoproteins were of high molecular weight and could be dissociated by SDS into a multitude of molecules or subunits. Although double immunodiffusion indicated that there were one major and two minor antigens in the glycoprotein fraction, attempts to identify the antigens as to their size by analytical gel electrophoresis have not been successful. Electron microscopic study seemed to suggest that the glycoproteins might tend to aggregate to form particulates. The underlying mechanism whereby the antisera to these glycoproteins induce abnormal embryonic development is not understood. The hypotheses to explain the possible sites of teratogenic antibody interaction are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital abnormalities induced by heterologous antisera directed against rat kidney glycoproteins isolated by concanavalin A affinity chromatography. It has been well established that heterologous antisera against whole rat kidney homogenate when injected into pregnant rats during the embryonic organogenetic period may induce abnormal embryonic development. Attempts were made to isolate the active components from soluble rat kidney extract by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography, and concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The glycoproteins isolated were capable of stimulating the production of potent rabbit antisera. When injected ip into the 9th day pregnant rats, these antisera induced embryonic death, congenital abnormalities, and fetal growth retardation. Eighty-four surviving fetuses were examined, all of them were malformed. The most frequently observed congenital defects were anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Attempts were made to analyze the glycoprotein fraction by discontinuous and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that the glycoproteins were of high molecular weight and could be dissociated by SDS into a multitude of molecules or subunits. Although double immunodiffusion indicated that there were one major and two minor antigens in the glycoprotein fraction, attempts to identify the antigens as to their size by analytical gel electrophoresis have not been successful. Electron microscopic study seemed to suggest that the glycoproteins might tend to aggregate to form particulates. The underlying mechanism whereby the antisera to these glycoproteins induce abnormal embryonic development is not understood. The hypotheses to explain the possible sites of teratogenic antibody interaction are discussed.", "PMID": 316126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5324", "title": "Refractory Pneumocystis carinii infection in chronic granulomatous disease: successful treatment with granulocytes.", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia developed in an 11-year-old girl with chronic granulomatous disease who had normal cellular and humoral immunity. The patient remained febrile during treatment with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and pentamidine but became afebrile when treated with a series of 12 granulocyte transfusions combined with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. In addition to documenting P carinii infection in chronic granulomatous disease our findings suggest that granulocyte transfusions may be of value in the treatment of severe infections in chronic granulomatous disease.", "contents": "Refractory Pneumocystis carinii infection in chronic granulomatous disease: successful treatment with granulocytes. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia developed in an 11-year-old girl with chronic granulomatous disease who had normal cellular and humoral immunity. The patient remained febrile during treatment with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and pentamidine but became afebrile when treated with a series of 12 granulocyte transfusions combined with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. In addition to documenting P carinii infection in chronic granulomatous disease our findings suggest that granulocyte transfusions may be of value in the treatment of severe infections in chronic granulomatous disease.", "PMID": 316128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5325", "title": "Application of ART to time-coded emission tomography.", "content": "Devices for single-photon emission tomography currently take projections either in a plane over a full angular range (0--360 degrees) or in a volume with a limited angular range. The planar, pseudo-random, time-coded aperture, in conjunction with an Anger camera, is a device of the limited angular range type. It employs multiple pinholes whose transmission varies as a function of time. Previously, image reconstruction was accomplished by simple back-projection of coefficients obtained by time-correlating pinhole transmission with detector-element count rate, resulting in a low-contrast image. Using the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) a method is introduced for division of the correlation coefficients into subsets allowing the three-dimensional reconstruction to be accomplished on a minicomputer. Results from simulations and experimental phantom data show that ART improves depth resolution compared to back-projection, that under-relaxation produces better images in the case of noisy data, and that the division of the correlation coefficients into subsets has no effect on quality. The images depict the expected resolution degradation in the direction normal to the detector plane due to the limited angular range of projections but yield quantitative results whose relative values are good, even though attenuation is neglected.", "contents": "Application of ART to time-coded emission tomography. Devices for single-photon emission tomography currently take projections either in a plane over a full angular range (0--360 degrees) or in a volume with a limited angular range. The planar, pseudo-random, time-coded aperture, in conjunction with an Anger camera, is a device of the limited angular range type. It employs multiple pinholes whose transmission varies as a function of time. Previously, image reconstruction was accomplished by simple back-projection of coefficients obtained by time-correlating pinhole transmission with detector-element count rate, resulting in a low-contrast image. Using the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) a method is introduced for division of the correlation coefficients into subsets allowing the three-dimensional reconstruction to be accomplished on a minicomputer. Results from simulations and experimental phantom data show that ART improves depth resolution compared to back-projection, that under-relaxation produces better images in the case of noisy data, and that the division of the correlation coefficients into subsets has no effect on quality. The images depict the expected resolution degradation in the direction normal to the detector plane due to the limited angular range of projections but yield quantitative results whose relative values are good, even though attenuation is neglected.", "PMID": 316142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5326", "title": "[Treatment of bleeding esophageal varices by embolization of the left gastric vein. (Preliminary note) (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports eleven cases of embolization of the left gastric vein in patients with esophageal varices due to schistosomotic hepatic fibrosis. The technique of the procedure is briefly described. The results have been favourable and no recurrence of bleeding was observed so far.", "contents": "[Treatment of bleeding esophageal varices by embolization of the left gastric vein. (Preliminary note) (author's transl)]. The author reports eleven cases of embolization of the left gastric vein in patients with esophageal varices due to schistosomotic hepatic fibrosis. The technique of the procedure is briefly described. The results have been favourable and no recurrence of bleeding was observed so far.", "PMID": 316161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5327", "title": "[Oral manifestations of Letterer-Siwe disease. Clinical and histological study of lesions centered in the mouth of a infant with acute and disseminated histiocytosis X].", "content": "The clinical, radiological and histological aspects of acute histiocytosis X of Letterer-Siwe disease are reviewed after personal observation of such cases. In spite of many advanced hypotheses the etiopathogenesis of Histiocytosis X is wide open to research. The diagnosis became possible by the discovery of histiocyte cells of a special order, the X-bodies, under the E. M. Recent research allows a classification of Letterer-Siwe disease, Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease, and the eosinophilic granuloma under the same nosologic grouping. Finally, the prognosis of the Letterer-Siwe disease-so far much in the dark-may be improved by a properly conducted therapy.", "contents": "[Oral manifestations of Letterer-Siwe disease. Clinical and histological study of lesions centered in the mouth of a infant with acute and disseminated histiocytosis X]. The clinical, radiological and histological aspects of acute histiocytosis X of Letterer-Siwe disease are reviewed after personal observation of such cases. In spite of many advanced hypotheses the etiopathogenesis of Histiocytosis X is wide open to research. The diagnosis became possible by the discovery of histiocyte cells of a special order, the X-bodies, under the E. M. Recent research allows a classification of Letterer-Siwe disease, Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease, and the eosinophilic granuloma under the same nosologic grouping. Finally, the prognosis of the Letterer-Siwe disease-so far much in the dark-may be improved by a properly conducted therapy.", "PMID": 316185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5328", "title": "Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-oxide adenosine and deoxyadenosine adducts: structure and stereochemistry.", "content": "The structure and absolute stereoconfigurations of four adenosine adducts with (+/-)-7 alpha,8 beta-dihydroxy-9 beta, 10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BPDE) and their deoxyadenosine analogs have been determined. They result from both cis and trans addition of the N6 amino group of ademine to the 10 position of both enantiomers of BDPE. This was determined from studies of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mass spectra, and circular dichroism spectra, as well as from their pKa values and chemical reactivities.", "contents": "Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-oxide adenosine and deoxyadenosine adducts: structure and stereochemistry. The structure and absolute stereoconfigurations of four adenosine adducts with (+/-)-7 alpha,8 beta-dihydroxy-9 beta, 10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BPDE) and their deoxyadenosine analogs have been determined. They result from both cis and trans addition of the N6 amino group of ademine to the 10 position of both enantiomers of BDPE. This was determined from studies of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mass spectra, and circular dichroism spectra, as well as from their pKa values and chemical reactivities.", "PMID": 316186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5329", "title": "Cigarette smoke inhalation decreases alpha 1-antitrypsin activity in rat lung.", "content": "Brief inhalation exposure of rats to three or six puffs of cigarette smoke significantly decreases elastase inhibitory capacity per milligram of alpha 1-antitrypsin in lung lavage fluid. This effect is not observed in ozone-tolerant rats and can be reversed by treating the lung lavage fluid from smoke-exposed rats with reducing agents. Samples of human serum obtained immediately after smoking also show decreased elastase inhibitory capacity per milligram of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Again, elastase inhibitory capacity can be restored by treatment with a reducing agent. Cigarette smoking may cause emphysema by inactivating alpha 1-antitrypsin through oxidation.", "contents": "Cigarette smoke inhalation decreases alpha 1-antitrypsin activity in rat lung. Brief inhalation exposure of rats to three or six puffs of cigarette smoke significantly decreases elastase inhibitory capacity per milligram of alpha 1-antitrypsin in lung lavage fluid. This effect is not observed in ozone-tolerant rats and can be reversed by treating the lung lavage fluid from smoke-exposed rats with reducing agents. Samples of human serum obtained immediately after smoking also show decreased elastase inhibitory capacity per milligram of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Again, elastase inhibitory capacity can be restored by treatment with a reducing agent. Cigarette smoking may cause emphysema by inactivating alpha 1-antitrypsin through oxidation.", "PMID": 316187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5330", "title": "Cigarette smoking induces functional antiprotease deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of humans.", "content": "Current concepts of the pathogenesis of emphysema suggest that it results from an imbalance of elastase and antielastase activity within the alveolar structures. Although emphysema that is associated with hereditary deficiency of serum alpha 1-antitrypsin conforms to this scheme, the major risk factor in the more common form of emphysema is cigarette smoking. A study was designed to evaluate the premise that cigarette smoking may be associated with an acquired, functional defect in lung alpha 1-antitrypsin. Determination of the antielastase activity of alpha 1-antitrypsin obtained from the lungs of smoking and nonsmoking individuals revealed a nearly twofold reduction in the functional activity of this elastase inhibitor in the lungs of cigarette smokers. These data suggest that cigarette smokers may lose some of the normal antielastase protective screen of the lower respiratory tract, making them more vulnerable to destructive lung disease.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking induces functional antiprotease deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of humans. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of emphysema suggest that it results from an imbalance of elastase and antielastase activity within the alveolar structures. Although emphysema that is associated with hereditary deficiency of serum alpha 1-antitrypsin conforms to this scheme, the major risk factor in the more common form of emphysema is cigarette smoking. A study was designed to evaluate the premise that cigarette smoking may be associated with an acquired, functional defect in lung alpha 1-antitrypsin. Determination of the antielastase activity of alpha 1-antitrypsin obtained from the lungs of smoking and nonsmoking individuals revealed a nearly twofold reduction in the functional activity of this elastase inhibitor in the lungs of cigarette smokers. These data suggest that cigarette smokers may lose some of the normal antielastase protective screen of the lower respiratory tract, making them more vulnerable to destructive lung disease.", "PMID": 316188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5331", "title": "Aortoenteric fistula: a mandatory early operative diagnosis.", "content": "The records of eight patients with aortoenteric fistulas from 1961 to 1976 were reviewed. The aortoenteric fistulas were primary in three patients and secondary in the remaining five. The most common symptom was gastrointestinal hemmorrhage, seen in seven of eight patients. Four patients also had fever. Seventy percent of patients survived more than 24 hours after the initial hemorrhage, allowing time for a rapid work-up. An algorithm is presented for evaluating a patient suspected of having an aortoenteric fistula. It is a work-up of exclusion and requires six to eight hours. The definitive diagnosis and management of the patient is accomplished by surgical exploration. Primary aortoenteric fistulas are best managed by aneurysmectomy and Dacron graft replacement. Management of secondary fistulas should be tailored to the condition of the patient at the time of operation. The preferred treatment consists of excision of the graft and extra-anatomic bypass. The operative mortality in this series was 25%.", "contents": "Aortoenteric fistula: a mandatory early operative diagnosis. The records of eight patients with aortoenteric fistulas from 1961 to 1976 were reviewed. The aortoenteric fistulas were primary in three patients and secondary in the remaining five. The most common symptom was gastrointestinal hemmorrhage, seen in seven of eight patients. Four patients also had fever. Seventy percent of patients survived more than 24 hours after the initial hemorrhage, allowing time for a rapid work-up. An algorithm is presented for evaluating a patient suspected of having an aortoenteric fistula. It is a work-up of exclusion and requires six to eight hours. The definitive diagnosis and management of the patient is accomplished by surgical exploration. Primary aortoenteric fistulas are best managed by aneurysmectomy and Dacron graft replacement. Management of secondary fistulas should be tailored to the condition of the patient at the time of operation. The preferred treatment consists of excision of the graft and extra-anatomic bypass. The operative mortality in this series was 25%.", "PMID": 316191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5332", "title": "Intraoperative gastrointestinal endoscopy in the management of occult gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Intraoperative gastrointestinal endoscopy has become an increasingly valuable diagnostic and therapeutic adjunct in the management of a variety of complicated problems in surgical patients. At the Medical College of Georgia, intraoperative gastrointestinal endoscopic technics have been successfully used to locate the site and cause of occult gastrointestinal bleeding; to diagnose, biopsy, and, when appropriate, resect lesions during operations conducted for other pathologic processes; to gain endoscopic access for resection of lesions otherwise inaccessible (endoscopically) by virtue of intestinal distortion caused by adhesions; to guide the operating surgeon to an area of resectable disease through dense adhesions secondary to multiple previous laparotomies; and to enhance diagnosis at laparotomy. The value of intraoperative gastrointestinal endoscopy in lesions resulting in occult gastrointestinal hemorrhage and the value of combined radiographic and intraoperative endoscopic technics in diagnosing and managing occult GI bleeding are discussed.", "contents": "Intraoperative gastrointestinal endoscopy in the management of occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Intraoperative gastrointestinal endoscopy has become an increasingly valuable diagnostic and therapeutic adjunct in the management of a variety of complicated problems in surgical patients. At the Medical College of Georgia, intraoperative gastrointestinal endoscopic technics have been successfully used to locate the site and cause of occult gastrointestinal bleeding; to diagnose, biopsy, and, when appropriate, resect lesions during operations conducted for other pathologic processes; to gain endoscopic access for resection of lesions otherwise inaccessible (endoscopically) by virtue of intestinal distortion caused by adhesions; to guide the operating surgeon to an area of resectable disease through dense adhesions secondary to multiple previous laparotomies; and to enhance diagnosis at laparotomy. The value of intraoperative gastrointestinal endoscopy in lesions resulting in occult gastrointestinal hemorrhage and the value of combined radiographic and intraoperative endoscopic technics in diagnosing and managing occult GI bleeding are discussed.", "PMID": 316192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5333", "title": "Brunner's gland adenomas: clinical presentation and surgical management.", "content": "Tumors of the Brunner's glands are rare, and the etiology remains obscure. Bleeding is the most common presenting symptom and may be occult or exsanguinating. Gastric outlet or duodenal obstruction may also occur. Often there is a history of preexisting nonspecific upper gastrointestinal symptoms, or the adenoma may be an incidental postmortem finding. Although contrast studies usually suggest the diagnosis confirmation requires endoscopy or operation. Resection is the preferred therapy, but bypass of the lesion has been done becaue the adenomas are not considered premalignant. Gastroduodenoscopy may facilitate definitive management. Our experience in managing three patients with Brunner's gland adenomas, including a patient with life-threatening upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage from an ulcerated Brunner's gland tumor, is cited.", "contents": "Brunner's gland adenomas: clinical presentation and surgical management. Tumors of the Brunner's glands are rare, and the etiology remains obscure. Bleeding is the most common presenting symptom and may be occult or exsanguinating. Gastric outlet or duodenal obstruction may also occur. Often there is a history of preexisting nonspecific upper gastrointestinal symptoms, or the adenoma may be an incidental postmortem finding. Although contrast studies usually suggest the diagnosis confirmation requires endoscopy or operation. Resection is the preferred therapy, but bypass of the lesion has been done becaue the adenomas are not considered premalignant. Gastroduodenoscopy may facilitate definitive management. Our experience in managing three patients with Brunner's gland adenomas, including a patient with life-threatening upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage from an ulcerated Brunner's gland tumor, is cited.", "PMID": 316193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5334", "title": "Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pentamidine: efficacy and toxicity.", "content": "A 39-year-old man with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia responded poorly to oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) therapy, despite excellent serum concentrations of the drug. He developed severe thrombocytopenia when pentamidine was added to the regimen. This case illustrates problems of drug efficacy and toxicity in the treatment of P carinii pneumonia and suggests caution in the use of TMP-SMX and pentamidine in combination.", "contents": "Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pentamidine: efficacy and toxicity. A 39-year-old man with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia responded poorly to oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) therapy, despite excellent serum concentrations of the drug. He developed severe thrombocytopenia when pentamidine was added to the regimen. This case illustrates problems of drug efficacy and toxicity in the treatment of P carinii pneumonia and suggests caution in the use of TMP-SMX and pentamidine in combination.", "PMID": 316194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5335", "title": "Hyperfibrinolysis in a patient with cellulitis.", "content": "A case of acute hyperfibrinolysis complication in cellulitis was reported. The bleeding did not stop for two days because of hematological defect. After giving antifibrinolysin and treating the etiologic factor, the bleeding stopped within a few hours. One should be aware that excessive bleeding in infection can possibly be caused by hyperfibrinolysis.", "contents": "Hyperfibrinolysis in a patient with cellulitis. A case of acute hyperfibrinolysis complication in cellulitis was reported. The bleeding did not stop for two days because of hematological defect. After giving antifibrinolysin and treating the etiologic factor, the bleeding stopped within a few hours. One should be aware that excessive bleeding in infection can possibly be caused by hyperfibrinolysis.", "PMID": 316195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5336", "title": "A primary choroid plexus papilloma of the cerebellopontine angle.", "content": "Papillomas of the choroid plexus arising in and occupying the cerebellopontine angle are rare. Such a case occurring in a 41-year-old woman is reported. The signs and symptoms are described. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "A primary choroid plexus papilloma of the cerebellopontine angle. Papillomas of the choroid plexus arising in and occupying the cerebellopontine angle are rare. Such a case occurring in a 41-year-old woman is reported. The signs and symptoms are described. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 316201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5337", "title": "Chiari Type I malformation with hydromyelia: findings at computerized metrizamide ventriculomyelography.", "content": "Computerized Metrizamide ventriculomyelography consists of CT exploration of the head and neck performed one hour after introduction of Metrizamide into the lateral ventricle via a frontal burr hole. This procedure permits visualisation of all soft-tissue anomalies present in Chiari malformation with hydromyelia as seen in two cases.", "contents": "Chiari Type I malformation with hydromyelia: findings at computerized metrizamide ventriculomyelography. Computerized Metrizamide ventriculomyelography consists of CT exploration of the head and neck performed one hour after introduction of Metrizamide into the lateral ventricle via a frontal burr hole. This procedure permits visualisation of all soft-tissue anomalies present in Chiari malformation with hydromyelia as seen in two cases.", "PMID": 316202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5338", "title": "Non-communicating hydrocephalus caused by dural arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "The case of a female infant with a non-communicating hydrocephalus caused by an enormously dilated straight sinus and the dilated posterior one third of the sagittal sinus is presented. These sinuses drained a torcular dural arteriovenous malformation. Conray ventriculography revealed a complete obstruction of the junction of the aqueduct and fourth ventricle with cephaloventral displacement of the ventricular system by the dilated sinuses. Placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was followed by artificial embolization, by selective catheterization, into the dural feeding arteries.", "contents": "Non-communicating hydrocephalus caused by dural arteriovenous malformation. The case of a female infant with a non-communicating hydrocephalus caused by an enormously dilated straight sinus and the dilated posterior one third of the sagittal sinus is presented. These sinuses drained a torcular dural arteriovenous malformation. Conray ventriculography revealed a complete obstruction of the junction of the aqueduct and fourth ventricle with cephaloventral displacement of the ventricular system by the dilated sinuses. Placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was followed by artificial embolization, by selective catheterization, into the dural feeding arteries.", "PMID": 316203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5339", "title": "Lung distensibility and airway function in intermediate alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (Pi MZ).", "content": "We examined the role of intermediate alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in predisposing to abnormalities of lung distensibility and airway function in 20 heterozygotes (Pi MZ) who were individually matched with a control Pi M subject of similar age, height, and smoking habits drawn from the same male, working population. There were no significant differences between the heterozygotes and their controls in the results of spirometry, maximum expiratory flow-volume curves (breathing air), single breath nitrogen test, arterialised capillary blood oxygen pressure, or single breath carbon monoxide transfer. Additional studies were made in 12 of the pairs of Pi MZ and Pi M subjects. Comparison of maximum expiratory flow-volume curves breathing air and 80% helium-20% oxygen showed no differences between the Pi MZ and Pi M subjects. Although airway function was similar in the two groups, four of 12 Pi MZ subjects showed abnormalities of the pressure-volume curve of the lung (reduction in lung recoil pressure, abnormal shape factor, increase in functional residual capacity). Abnormalities of washout of a helium-sulphur hexafluoride gas mixture, of a type previously described as characteristic of emphysema, were found in two of the men with abnormal pressure-volume curves. The results suggest that Pi MZ subjects have an increased susceptibility to alveolar abnormalities without increased abnormalities of airway function; this may explain the increased frequency of emphysema at necropsy despite many studies showing no predisposition to abnormal airway function in life. The functional changes we observed would be unlikely to cause symptoms. The risk of disablement from chronic lung disease appears to be only slightly enhanced by intermediate alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.", "contents": "Lung distensibility and airway function in intermediate alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (Pi MZ). We examined the role of intermediate alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in predisposing to abnormalities of lung distensibility and airway function in 20 heterozygotes (Pi MZ) who were individually matched with a control Pi M subject of similar age, height, and smoking habits drawn from the same male, working population. There were no significant differences between the heterozygotes and their controls in the results of spirometry, maximum expiratory flow-volume curves (breathing air), single breath nitrogen test, arterialised capillary blood oxygen pressure, or single breath carbon monoxide transfer. Additional studies were made in 12 of the pairs of Pi MZ and Pi M subjects. Comparison of maximum expiratory flow-volume curves breathing air and 80% helium-20% oxygen showed no differences between the Pi MZ and Pi M subjects. Although airway function was similar in the two groups, four of 12 Pi MZ subjects showed abnormalities of the pressure-volume curve of the lung (reduction in lung recoil pressure, abnormal shape factor, increase in functional residual capacity). Abnormalities of washout of a helium-sulphur hexafluoride gas mixture, of a type previously described as characteristic of emphysema, were found in two of the men with abnormal pressure-volume curves. The results suggest that Pi MZ subjects have an increased susceptibility to alveolar abnormalities without increased abnormalities of airway function; this may explain the increased frequency of emphysema at necropsy despite many studies showing no predisposition to abnormal airway function in life. The functional changes we observed would be unlikely to cause symptoms. The risk of disablement from chronic lung disease appears to be only slightly enhanced by intermediate alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.", "PMID": 316207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5340", "title": "[Alterations of the plasma ribonuclease activity in female wistar rats under the conditions of combined therapy of the ovary carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have analysed the influence exercised by the combined therapy of the ovary carcinoma on the plasma ribonuclease activity in Wistar rats. The medicaments \"Proresid\", \"VM-26\", and \"Methotrexat\" together with a percutaneous irradiation of the abdomen did not alterate perceptibly the enzyme activity during the experiment, but there was a considerable reduction of the enzyme activity after an application of \"Endoxan\", \"Adriblastin\" and \"Methotrexat\" with subsequent administration of \"Leukovorin\". The most violent ribonuclease suppression, however, was obtained by an intraperitoneal instillation of radiogold and a fractioned percutaneous irradiation of the abdomen with intercalated administration of \"Endoxan\".", "contents": "[Alterations of the plasma ribonuclease activity in female wistar rats under the conditions of combined therapy of the ovary carcinoma (author's transl)]. The authors have analysed the influence exercised by the combined therapy of the ovary carcinoma on the plasma ribonuclease activity in Wistar rats. The medicaments \"Proresid\", \"VM-26\", and \"Methotrexat\" together with a percutaneous irradiation of the abdomen did not alterate perceptibly the enzyme activity during the experiment, but there was a considerable reduction of the enzyme activity after an application of \"Endoxan\", \"Adriblastin\" and \"Methotrexat\" with subsequent administration of \"Leukovorin\". The most violent ribonuclease suppression, however, was obtained by an intraperitoneal instillation of radiogold and a fractioned percutaneous irradiation of the abdomen with intercalated administration of \"Endoxan\".", "PMID": 316209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5341", "title": "Surgical treatment of intestinal complications after radiotherapy and surgery for malignant lymphoma and carcinoma of the testis.", "content": "The aim of this paper is the analysis of the complications occurred after surgical and radiological procedures, for staging and treatment of malignant lymphomas and testicular carcinoma with an evaluation of the possible efficacy of their surgical treatment. At the Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori of Milan during the period 1970-1976, 718 patients with malignant lymphomas were staged with laparosplenectomy; 444 of them received radiotherapy on the abdominal area. Laparosplenectomy was not performed on other 123 cases that were irradiated as well on the abdominal area. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy or explorative laparotomy were carried out in 98 patients with carcinoma of the testis and 46 of them received adjuvant radiotherapy; other 29 were irradiated without previous surgical procedures. After surgery alone morbidity and mortality rate were 2.7% and 0.73% respectively. The mortality/morbidity ratio was 26%. The incidence of complications after radiotherapy alone was 3.3%. No deaths followed the treatment. Combined treatment had a morbidity rate of 5.5% and mortality rate of 2%. The mortality/morbidity ratio was 37%. Complications were treated mainly by surgery: out of 50 interventions, 22 were intestinal resections. New secondary complications were however frequent (more than 50% after intestinal resection) especially in patients originally treated with laparosplenectomy or retroperitoneal dissection plus radiotherapy.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of intestinal complications after radiotherapy and surgery for malignant lymphoma and carcinoma of the testis. The aim of this paper is the analysis of the complications occurred after surgical and radiological procedures, for staging and treatment of malignant lymphomas and testicular carcinoma with an evaluation of the possible efficacy of their surgical treatment. At the Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori of Milan during the period 1970-1976, 718 patients with malignant lymphomas were staged with laparosplenectomy; 444 of them received radiotherapy on the abdominal area. Laparosplenectomy was not performed on other 123 cases that were irradiated as well on the abdominal area. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy or explorative laparotomy were carried out in 98 patients with carcinoma of the testis and 46 of them received adjuvant radiotherapy; other 29 were irradiated without previous surgical procedures. After surgery alone morbidity and mortality rate were 2.7% and 0.73% respectively. The mortality/morbidity ratio was 26%. The incidence of complications after radiotherapy alone was 3.3%. No deaths followed the treatment. Combined treatment had a morbidity rate of 5.5% and mortality rate of 2%. The mortality/morbidity ratio was 37%. Complications were treated mainly by surgery: out of 50 interventions, 22 were intestinal resections. New secondary complications were however frequent (more than 50% after intestinal resection) especially in patients originally treated with laparosplenectomy or retroperitoneal dissection plus radiotherapy.", "PMID": 316212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5342", "title": "Maximal electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence: report of 98 cases.", "content": "Ninety-eight patients with urinary incontinence have been treated with maximal electrical stimulation (MES) The MES method used is a modification of previously used similar methods of maximal stimulation with respect to reduced intensity of stimulation and reduced number of electrodes. Thus, discomfort to the patient during treatment is considerably lessened. Anal or vaginal MES produced temporary or sustained improvement or relief of incontinence in 47 of 98 patients.", "contents": "Maximal electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence: report of 98 cases. Ninety-eight patients with urinary incontinence have been treated with maximal electrical stimulation (MES) The MES method used is a modification of previously used similar methods of maximal stimulation with respect to reduced intensity of stimulation and reduced number of electrodes. Thus, discomfort to the patient during treatment is considerably lessened. Anal or vaginal MES produced temporary or sustained improvement or relief of incontinence in 47 of 98 patients.", "PMID": 316213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5343", "title": "[Cytogenetic changes in the peripheral lymphocytes and immunity of typhoid fever patients and in chronic bacterial carriers].", "content": "A study of the frequency of acrocentric chromosomes associations and chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes together with the immunologic indices permits a separate estimation of functional activity for the T- and B-lymphoid systems in patients with abdominal typhoid and in carriers.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic changes in the peripheral lymphocytes and immunity of typhoid fever patients and in chronic bacterial carriers]. A study of the frequency of acrocentric chromosomes associations and chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes together with the immunologic indices permits a separate estimation of functional activity for the T- and B-lymphoid systems in patients with abdominal typhoid and in carriers.", "PMID": 316211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5344", "title": "[Possibilities of emergency endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhages].", "content": "The diagnostic and curative potentialities of the urgent endoscopy in acute gastrointestinal hemorrhages was assessed in 150 patients who were subjected to 208 examinations. The cause of hemorrhage was found out in 94,6%. An original method of sclerosing injections into hemorrhagic veins was used in patients with portal hypertension in order to stop the hemorrhage from varicose formations of the esophagus.", "contents": "[Possibilities of emergency endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhages]. The diagnostic and curative potentialities of the urgent endoscopy in acute gastrointestinal hemorrhages was assessed in 150 patients who were subjected to 208 examinations. The cause of hemorrhage was found out in 94,6%. An original method of sclerosing injections into hemorrhagic veins was used in patients with portal hypertension in order to stop the hemorrhage from varicose formations of the esophagus.", "PMID": 316219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5345", "title": "[Importance of emergency fiber endoscopy in the diagnosis of hemorrhages from the upper parts of the digestive tract].", "content": "The work elucidates the role of the urgent fibroendoscopy in diagnosing hemorrhages from the upper parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. The urgent fibroendoscopy was performed in 121 patients with acute gastric hemorrhage. The cause of the hemorrhage was revealed in 111 patients (92%). In 25% (28 patients) the endoscopic examination has revealed additional changes, not responsible for hemorrhage. The endoscopic examination is most effective within the time of the proceeding hemorrhage.", "contents": "[Importance of emergency fiber endoscopy in the diagnosis of hemorrhages from the upper parts of the digestive tract]. The work elucidates the role of the urgent fibroendoscopy in diagnosing hemorrhages from the upper parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. The urgent fibroendoscopy was performed in 121 patients with acute gastric hemorrhage. The cause of the hemorrhage was revealed in 111 patients (92%). In 25% (28 patients) the endoscopic examination has revealed additional changes, not responsible for hemorrhage. The endoscopic examination is most effective within the time of the proceeding hemorrhage.", "PMID": 316220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5346", "title": "[Nonspecific reactive state of the body in gastroduodenal hemorrhages].", "content": "The clinico-immunological investigation of 99 patients with gastroduodenal hemorrhages has shown pronounced changes in the humoral defensive system of the organism to develop due to hemorrhage which are dependent mainly on the degree and duration of the hemorrhage. The complement system is the first to suffer. The authors believe that the indices of the antiinfectional immune reactivity might be one of the criteria in determining the optimal terms of surgery in the posthemorrhagic period.", "contents": "[Nonspecific reactive state of the body in gastroduodenal hemorrhages]. The clinico-immunological investigation of 99 patients with gastroduodenal hemorrhages has shown pronounced changes in the humoral defensive system of the organism to develop due to hemorrhage which are dependent mainly on the degree and duration of the hemorrhage. The complement system is the first to suffer. The authors believe that the indices of the antiinfectional immune reactivity might be one of the criteria in determining the optimal terms of surgery in the posthemorrhagic period.", "PMID": 316221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5347", "title": "Resection of the pancreas for acute hemorrhagic and necrotizing pancreatitis.", "content": "The role of surgery in the treatment of acute hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis is discussed on the basis of a series of 996 patients with all types of acute pancreatitis who were treated in the years 1967--1976. Pancreatic resection was performed in 29 patients with hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis during the past 3 years. The extent of resection ranged from 60 to 100% of the pancreas. Eight patients died, for a mortality rate of 28%. Eight of 21 surviving patients developed diabetes requiring substitution therapy. During a follow-up period of 6 to 36 months, 17 patients were able to resume work, 3 are still convalescing, and 1 has retired.", "contents": "Resection of the pancreas for acute hemorrhagic and necrotizing pancreatitis. The role of surgery in the treatment of acute hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis is discussed on the basis of a series of 996 patients with all types of acute pancreatitis who were treated in the years 1967--1976. Pancreatic resection was performed in 29 patients with hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis during the past 3 years. The extent of resection ranged from 60 to 100% of the pancreas. Eight patients died, for a mortality rate of 28%. Eight of 21 surviving patients developed diabetes requiring substitution therapy. During a follow-up period of 6 to 36 months, 17 patients were able to resume work, 3 are still convalescing, and 1 has retired.", "PMID": 316236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5348", "title": "[Fiber-type morphology and function of the triads in frog (Rana esculenta) skeletal muscle)].", "content": "1. Owing to differing structural characteristics of the contractile substance, the muscle fibres have been divided into the three types A, B and C in former papers. This distinction seems to be corroborated by our investigations into the different structure regarding the traids. As for the A-fibres, they are structured in terms of the T-system being connected in its entire length with the SR-cisternae and circling the myofibrils at the level of the Z-layer. In the B-fibres, this permanent couping of the two membrane systems is partially interrupted so that the T-tubules are arranged round the myofibrils in such a way that they are isolated or only coupled on one side with the SR-cisternae. Apart from the triads we also find diads. There is a totally different arrangement of the membrane systems in the C-fibres. In this instance the T-tubules are not only arranged transversally but also vertically along the contractile elements. They are surrounded by an \"SR-labyrinth\" which forms individual minor cisternae which are lateraly coupled with the T-tubules. So the axis of these triads is turned by 90 degrees as compared to the A and B fibres. As a result of this different arrangement, these triads always appear in cross-sections, not however, in longitudinal sections as is the case with the A and B fibres. The tirads have a varying shape in the cross-sections depending on the level of the section and due to the fact that the cisternae are not always coupled congruently with the T-tubules. 2. In our discussion we have tried to related these differing shapes and arrangements of the triads in the fibre types A, B and C to known physiological findings. Therefore we deduced that the excitation transmittance and calcium release can be correlated with the anomal rectification of the triads, which has been localized in the region where the T-tubules and SR-cisternae are coupled. However, we can only reckon with a solution once the morphology and function of the \"feet\" and the eletronmicroscopically \"blank\" spaces which fill the gap-junction between the T-tubules and the SR-cisternae have been explained. Whatever function the free surface of the T-tubules has remains open. It is directly adjoining the sarcoplasm and we are tryping to relate it to the delayed rectification which appears on the fibre membrane. 3. Moreover from the arrangement of the SR-cisternae i- the individual fibre types we can deduce th intrafibrillar directions of expansion of the calcium after its release and thus the process of the excitation in the A, B and C fibres. It appears that calcium is being directed homogeneously from the SR-cisternae of the A-fibres to the actinfilaments. here the morphological appearance of the twitch fibre presents itself to us. In principle this pattern of expansion of calcium in the B-fibres remains consistent. Owing to the interruption between the T-system and the SR-cisternae we may assume that the process of contraction is delayed in contrast to the A-fibres...", "contents": "[Fiber-type morphology and function of the triads in frog (Rana esculenta) skeletal muscle)]. 1. Owing to differing structural characteristics of the contractile substance, the muscle fibres have been divided into the three types A, B and C in former papers. This distinction seems to be corroborated by our investigations into the different structure regarding the traids. As for the A-fibres, they are structured in terms of the T-system being connected in its entire length with the SR-cisternae and circling the myofibrils at the level of the Z-layer. In the B-fibres, this permanent couping of the two membrane systems is partially interrupted so that the T-tubules are arranged round the myofibrils in such a way that they are isolated or only coupled on one side with the SR-cisternae. Apart from the triads we also find diads. There is a totally different arrangement of the membrane systems in the C-fibres. In this instance the T-tubules are not only arranged transversally but also vertically along the contractile elements. They are surrounded by an \"SR-labyrinth\" which forms individual minor cisternae which are lateraly coupled with the T-tubules. So the axis of these triads is turned by 90 degrees as compared to the A and B fibres. As a result of this different arrangement, these triads always appear in cross-sections, not however, in longitudinal sections as is the case with the A and B fibres. The tirads have a varying shape in the cross-sections depending on the level of the section and due to the fact that the cisternae are not always coupled congruently with the T-tubules. 2. In our discussion we have tried to related these differing shapes and arrangements of the triads in the fibre types A, B and C to known physiological findings. Therefore we deduced that the excitation transmittance and calcium release can be correlated with the anomal rectification of the triads, which has been localized in the region where the T-tubules and SR-cisternae are coupled. However, we can only reckon with a solution once the morphology and function of the \"feet\" and the eletronmicroscopically \"blank\" spaces which fill the gap-junction between the T-tubules and the SR-cisternae have been explained. Whatever function the free surface of the T-tubules has remains open. It is directly adjoining the sarcoplasm and we are tryping to relate it to the delayed rectification which appears on the fibre membrane. 3. Moreover from the arrangement of the SR-cisternae i- the individual fibre types we can deduce th intrafibrillar directions of expansion of the calcium after its release and thus the process of the excitation in the A, B and C fibres. It appears that calcium is being directed homogeneously from the SR-cisternae of the A-fibres to the actinfilaments. here the morphological appearance of the twitch fibre presents itself to us. In principle this pattern of expansion of calcium in the B-fibres remains consistent. Owing to the interruption between the T-system and the SR-cisternae we may assume that the process of contraction is delayed in contrast to the A-fibres...", "PMID": 316237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5349", "title": "[Effectiveness of electrotherapy on the pressure of the urethral sphincter].", "content": "In 4 out of 6 patients the effectivity of the swelling current therapy on the profile of the urethra-pressure could be proved, in which case in the functional length of the urethra as well as in the maximum occlusion pressure of the urethra an increase was to be seen in contrast to the profile without swelling current.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of electrotherapy on the pressure of the urethral sphincter]. In 4 out of 6 patients the effectivity of the swelling current therapy on the profile of the urethra-pressure could be proved, in which case in the functional length of the urethra as well as in the maximum occlusion pressure of the urethra an increase was to be seen in contrast to the profile without swelling current.", "PMID": 316239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5350", "title": "[Immunologic properties of malignant and non-malignant L cell sublines. II. Immunogenicity, sensitivity to complement and T-lymphocytes, cell secretions modifying immune reactions].", "content": "The malignant subline of L cells did not differ from the initial benign subline in such immunological parameters as immunogenicity, ability for modigying immunological reactions by their metabolic products, sensitivity to the lyzing action of the complement, ability for surface adsorption of lymphocytes. The cells of the malignant subline were somewhat less sensitive to the lyzing action of T lymphocytes than the cells of the initial subline.", "contents": "[Immunologic properties of malignant and non-malignant L cell sublines. II. Immunogenicity, sensitivity to complement and T-lymphocytes, cell secretions modifying immune reactions]. The malignant subline of L cells did not differ from the initial benign subline in such immunological parameters as immunogenicity, ability for modigying immunological reactions by their metabolic products, sensitivity to the lyzing action of the complement, ability for surface adsorption of lymphocytes. The cells of the malignant subline were somewhat less sensitive to the lyzing action of T lymphocytes than the cells of the initial subline.", "PMID": 316241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5351", "title": "[Characteristics of the mitogenic activity of different staphylococcal strains].", "content": "The mitogens of human peripheral lymphocytes were detected in the metabolic products of 59 out of 71 S. aureus strains. The preparations of S. epidermidis were inactive. When stimulated with filtrates of various S. aureus strains, 72-hour lymphocyte cultures were found to have 0--46% of blasts. Two-year observation of a strain showed its stable mitogenic characteristics. The mitogenic properties of the preparations did not correlate with their coagulase, alpha-toxic, dermonecrotoxic, cytotoxic, enterotoxigenic, neutrophil-stimulating activity and the quantitative content of A protein.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the mitogenic activity of different staphylococcal strains]. The mitogens of human peripheral lymphocytes were detected in the metabolic products of 59 out of 71 S. aureus strains. The preparations of S. epidermidis were inactive. When stimulated with filtrates of various S. aureus strains, 72-hour lymphocyte cultures were found to have 0--46% of blasts. Two-year observation of a strain showed its stable mitogenic characteristics. The mitogenic properties of the preparations did not correlate with their coagulase, alpha-toxic, dermonecrotoxic, cytotoxic, enterotoxigenic, neutrophil-stimulating activity and the quantitative content of A protein.", "PMID": 316242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5352", "title": "Molecular properties of cytochrome P-45011 beta from adrenal cortex mitochondria.", "content": "Cytochrome P-45011 beta has been solubilized and partially purified from bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria using chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B or DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. The partially purified P-450 preparations were about 90% pure as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the presence of purified preparations of adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin, the partially purified P-450 preparations catalyzed NADPH-supported 11 beta-hydroxylation of unconjugated and sulphoconjugated deoxycorticosterone. In presence of Triton X-100 the partially purified cytochrome P-45011 beta had a Stoke's radius of 4.5 nm, a sedimentation coefficient of 3.1 S and a partial specific volume of about 0.85 cm3/g. These results indicate that the cytochrome P-45011 beta-Triton X-100 complex has a molecular weight of about 100 000 and that P-45011 beta bound about 1.1 g of Triton X-100 per g of protein. The P-45011 beta-Triton X-100 complex was catalytically active in hydroxylation reactions supported by NADPH or the hydroxylating agent ortho-nitroiodosobenzene, suggesting that the monomer of cytochrome P-45011 beta is an active form of the protein.", "contents": "Molecular properties of cytochrome P-45011 beta from adrenal cortex mitochondria. Cytochrome P-45011 beta has been solubilized and partially purified from bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria using chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B or DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. The partially purified P-450 preparations were about 90% pure as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the presence of purified preparations of adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin, the partially purified P-450 preparations catalyzed NADPH-supported 11 beta-hydroxylation of unconjugated and sulphoconjugated deoxycorticosterone. In presence of Triton X-100 the partially purified cytochrome P-45011 beta had a Stoke's radius of 4.5 nm, a sedimentation coefficient of 3.1 S and a partial specific volume of about 0.85 cm3/g. These results indicate that the cytochrome P-45011 beta-Triton X-100 complex has a molecular weight of about 100 000 and that P-45011 beta bound about 1.1 g of Triton X-100 per g of protein. The P-45011 beta-Triton X-100 complex was catalytically active in hydroxylation reactions supported by NADPH or the hydroxylating agent ortho-nitroiodosobenzene, suggesting that the monomer of cytochrome P-45011 beta is an active form of the protein.", "PMID": 316244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5353", "title": "[Distribution of myelinated fibers in the outer plexiform layer of the optic tectum in the frog, Rana temporaria].", "content": "Distribution of myelinated nervous fibers in the layer 9 of the optic tectum of the frog Rana temporaria has been investigated in normal animals as well as 6--9, 60 and 134 days after contralateral enucleation. Counts were made on long and oriented sections at the screen of electron microscope. Fields of myelinated fibers in the layer 9, visible under light microscopic, are not distinguished by higher density of these fibers and differ from the other parts of sections probably due to some qualitative differences, especially because of parallel orientation of these fibers within a field. In rostral part of the tectum, myelinated fiber density in the most superficial zone of the layer 9 (0--50 millimicrons from the outer surface) is higher as compared with central and caudal parts. After degeneration of myelinated optic fibers, there are many unchanged fibers of this type in the layer 9.", "contents": "[Distribution of myelinated fibers in the outer plexiform layer of the optic tectum in the frog, Rana temporaria]. Distribution of myelinated nervous fibers in the layer 9 of the optic tectum of the frog Rana temporaria has been investigated in normal animals as well as 6--9, 60 and 134 days after contralateral enucleation. Counts were made on long and oriented sections at the screen of electron microscope. Fields of myelinated fibers in the layer 9, visible under light microscopic, are not distinguished by higher density of these fibers and differ from the other parts of sections probably due to some qualitative differences, especially because of parallel orientation of these fibers within a field. In rostral part of the tectum, myelinated fiber density in the most superficial zone of the layer 9 (0--50 millimicrons from the outer surface) is higher as compared with central and caudal parts. After degeneration of myelinated optic fibers, there are many unchanged fibers of this type in the layer 9.", "PMID": 316240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5354", "title": "[Microtopography of cerebellopontine angle structures in acoustic neuroma].", "content": "The structures of the cerebellopontine angle in neurinoma of the auditory nerve were studied in autopsy material and during surgical intervention with the use of an operative microscope. Principally different variants of the relationships between the cerebellopontine angle structures and the neurinoma capsule in intra- and extracisternal localization of the tumor were revealed. The greatest difficulties occur in exposure of the capsule of an intracisternal neurinoma which is tightly connected with the structures of the cerebellopontine angle by means of strong connective-tissue trabeculae. In extracisternal localization of the tumor its capsule is easily separated from the arachnoid, which is pushed to the brain stem, because there are no trabeculae between these structures. The main source of blood supply to the tumor irrespective of its localization is the anterior inferior cerebellar artery.", "contents": "[Microtopography of cerebellopontine angle structures in acoustic neuroma]. The structures of the cerebellopontine angle in neurinoma of the auditory nerve were studied in autopsy material and during surgical intervention with the use of an operative microscope. Principally different variants of the relationships between the cerebellopontine angle structures and the neurinoma capsule in intra- and extracisternal localization of the tumor were revealed. The greatest difficulties occur in exposure of the capsule of an intracisternal neurinoma which is tightly connected with the structures of the cerebellopontine angle by means of strong connective-tissue trabeculae. In extracisternal localization of the tumor its capsule is easily separated from the arachnoid, which is pushed to the brain stem, because there are no trabeculae between these structures. The main source of blood supply to the tumor irrespective of its localization is the anterior inferior cerebellar artery.", "PMID": 316243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5355", "title": "Influence of the electrical activity of muscle upon the excitability of neighbouring nerve.", "content": "Starting from studies concerned with the electrical interaction between adjacent nerve fibres, experiments were carried out to investigate the different subthreshold effects of the electrical activity of muscle upon the neighbouring nerve. The results obtained on frog's sciatic-gastrocnemius preparations show that electrical muscle activity has an influence upon the excitability of the nerve in contact with the muscle. The results support the assumption that electrical muscle activity could play an additional role in the regulatory mechanism of the excitatory processes in nerve and muscle functions.", "contents": "Influence of the electrical activity of muscle upon the excitability of neighbouring nerve. Starting from studies concerned with the electrical interaction between adjacent nerve fibres, experiments were carried out to investigate the different subthreshold effects of the electrical activity of muscle upon the neighbouring nerve. The results obtained on frog's sciatic-gastrocnemius preparations show that electrical muscle activity has an influence upon the excitability of the nerve in contact with the muscle. The results support the assumption that electrical muscle activity could play an additional role in the regulatory mechanism of the excitatory processes in nerve and muscle functions.", "PMID": 316259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5356", "title": "Study of force development in resting and activated muscles during velocity dependent stretching.", "content": "The time course in force development of gastrocnemius muscles isolated from frog (Rama esculenta) were investigated under the effect of stretching with different velocity and time characteristics. Time course of stretching were linear, parabolic and exponential. It was found that the changes in force development of both resting and activated muscles depend on the time characteristics of the stretching applied. Corresponding to data in literature, the length-tension curve of resting muscle in dynamic stretching differs from the length-tension curve measured in static circumstances, but the shape of the length-tension curve is not essentially affected by the change of the average rate of stretching with a duration of 0.1-0.4 s and constant size (0.2-0.25 lo, lo is the reference length). The results can be interpreted with the aid of a muscle model as well. In the case of a contracted muscle, if the stretching and the stimulation of the muscle begin at the same time, the active force development reaches its maximum approximately at about half-length of maximum stretch.", "contents": "Study of force development in resting and activated muscles during velocity dependent stretching. The time course in force development of gastrocnemius muscles isolated from frog (Rama esculenta) were investigated under the effect of stretching with different velocity and time characteristics. Time course of stretching were linear, parabolic and exponential. It was found that the changes in force development of both resting and activated muscles depend on the time characteristics of the stretching applied. Corresponding to data in literature, the length-tension curve of resting muscle in dynamic stretching differs from the length-tension curve measured in static circumstances, but the shape of the length-tension curve is not essentially affected by the change of the average rate of stretching with a duration of 0.1-0.4 s and constant size (0.2-0.25 lo, lo is the reference length). The results can be interpreted with the aid of a muscle model as well. In the case of a contracted muscle, if the stretching and the stimulation of the muscle begin at the same time, the active force development reaches its maximum approximately at about half-length of maximum stretch.", "PMID": 316260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5357", "title": "Psychiatric disorder in Canberra. A standardised study of prevalence.", "content": "A standardised survey of prevalence has been carried out in a general population. The epidemiological method employed is innovative in its use of two established instruments, the GHQ and the PSE, harnessed together in a two-phase design. 756 persons were interviewed, giving a response rate of 85% in phase 1. 157 were then interviewed with the PSE in phase 2 within a few days, giving a response rate of 92% in this weighted subsample. The point prevalence of non-psychotic morbidity, based on the distribution of GHQ scores, is higher than elsewhere in Australia, the excess being in Canberra males. The PSE data weighted back to represent the total population, show a distribution of morbidity in women which is remarkably similar to that in the very different population of Camberwell. The overall point prevalence of threshold and definite cases is 9.0% +/- 3.2. Case rates did not vary significantly with age or sex, but were higher in the separated, the single and the widowed. This study represents an advance in the reliable and economical detection of psychiatric morbidity at specified levels of severity in general populations.", "contents": "Psychiatric disorder in Canberra. A standardised study of prevalence. A standardised survey of prevalence has been carried out in a general population. The epidemiological method employed is innovative in its use of two established instruments, the GHQ and the PSE, harnessed together in a two-phase design. 756 persons were interviewed, giving a response rate of 85% in phase 1. 157 were then interviewed with the PSE in phase 2 within a few days, giving a response rate of 92% in this weighted subsample. The point prevalence of non-psychotic morbidity, based on the distribution of GHQ scores, is higher than elsewhere in Australia, the excess being in Canberra males. The PSE data weighted back to represent the total population, show a distribution of morbidity in women which is remarkably similar to that in the very different population of Camberwell. The overall point prevalence of threshold and definite cases is 9.0% +/- 3.2. Case rates did not vary significantly with age or sex, but were higher in the separated, the single and the widowed. This study represents an advance in the reliable and economical detection of psychiatric morbidity at specified levels of severity in general populations.", "PMID": 316261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5358", "title": "Acquired hydrocephalus VI. The influence of some competitive diseases in the treatment of acquired hydrocephalus.", "content": "Based on the results of quantitative isotope ventriculography (QIV) a group of 25 patients was divided into 17 hydrocephalic and 8 non- or doubtfully hydrocephalic patients. An atrio-ventricular shunt (A-V shunt) was inserted in all 25 patients. Eight of the hydrocephalic patients improved or became well, while nine hydrocephalic patients were unchanged, worse or dead at the time of follow-up. These nine patients suffered either from severe brain damage, chronic alcoholism over several years, arterial hypertension, severe diabetes, or acute meningo-encephalitis caused by a virus infection. None of the eight non- or doubtfully hydrocephalic patients improved after the operation. From this it was concluded that QIV is of considerable diagnostic value in acquired hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Acquired hydrocephalus VI. The influence of some competitive diseases in the treatment of acquired hydrocephalus. Based on the results of quantitative isotope ventriculography (QIV) a group of 25 patients was divided into 17 hydrocephalic and 8 non- or doubtfully hydrocephalic patients. An atrio-ventricular shunt (A-V shunt) was inserted in all 25 patients. Eight of the hydrocephalic patients improved or became well, while nine hydrocephalic patients were unchanged, worse or dead at the time of follow-up. These nine patients suffered either from severe brain damage, chronic alcoholism over several years, arterial hypertension, severe diabetes, or acute meningo-encephalitis caused by a virus infection. None of the eight non- or doubtfully hydrocephalic patients improved after the operation. From this it was concluded that QIV is of considerable diagnostic value in acquired hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 316265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5359", "title": "Percutaneous epidural neurostimulation in modulation of paraplegic spasticity. Six case reports.", "content": "Six cases of paraplegic, post-traumatic spasticity, alleviated by percutaneous epidural neurostimulation with temporary or permanent implanted neuroelectrodes from the L1 to L4 intervertebral levels are presented. Modulation of this spasticity and secondary beneficial physiological effects were achieved, including regulation of bowel regimens, production of sweating and piloerection below the level of the lesion, and morning erections. The main advantages of percutaneous epidural neurostimulation in modulating spasticity are the avoidance of destructive neurosurgical procedures, the regulation of secondary physiological and autonomic responses, the avoidance of antispasticity medications, and the reversibility of the neurostimulation procedure.", "contents": "Percutaneous epidural neurostimulation in modulation of paraplegic spasticity. Six case reports. Six cases of paraplegic, post-traumatic spasticity, alleviated by percutaneous epidural neurostimulation with temporary or permanent implanted neuroelectrodes from the L1 to L4 intervertebral levels are presented. Modulation of this spasticity and secondary beneficial physiological effects were achieved, including regulation of bowel regimens, production of sweating and piloerection below the level of the lesion, and morning erections. The main advantages of percutaneous epidural neurostimulation in modulating spasticity are the avoidance of destructive neurosurgical procedures, the regulation of secondary physiological and autonomic responses, the avoidance of antispasticity medications, and the reversibility of the neurostimulation procedure.", "PMID": 316266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5360", "title": "Immunobiology of paediatric intracranial tumours. A preliminary report.", "content": "Preliminary findings in the evaluation of the immune response of children with primary neoplasms of the CNS, mainly medulloblastomas, are reported and discussed. A broad scheme for the monitoring of B- and T-cell-dependent immunity and of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in this type of patient is presented. The most important immunobiological findings are discussed. Special attention is given to the striking failure of the T-cell-dependent pool (currently identified by \"active\" RFC and blastigenesis tests) and to the remarkable decrease of hypersensitivity reactions (depressed skin-test response), both of which seem to be related to the degree of malignancy of the tumour. A very peculiar feature, i.e., the appearance of cells with natural cytotoxic activity, is dealt with in some detail. Our present knowledge concerning the immunobiology of primary CNS neoplasms is still very incomplete, but seems to suggest a possible role for immunotherapy in paediatric neurosurgery.", "contents": "Immunobiology of paediatric intracranial tumours. A preliminary report. Preliminary findings in the evaluation of the immune response of children with primary neoplasms of the CNS, mainly medulloblastomas, are reported and discussed. A broad scheme for the monitoring of B- and T-cell-dependent immunity and of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in this type of patient is presented. The most important immunobiological findings are discussed. Special attention is given to the striking failure of the T-cell-dependent pool (currently identified by \"active\" RFC and blastigenesis tests) and to the remarkable decrease of hypersensitivity reactions (depressed skin-test response), both of which seem to be related to the degree of malignancy of the tumour. A very peculiar feature, i.e., the appearance of cells with natural cytotoxic activity, is dealt with in some detail. Our present knowledge concerning the immunobiology of primary CNS neoplasms is still very incomplete, but seems to suggest a possible role for immunotherapy in paediatric neurosurgery.", "PMID": 316267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5361", "title": "The biology of choroid plexus papilloma in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Choroid plexus papillomas account for only up to five per cent of the intracranial tumours occurring in childhood, the published cases representing only a minority of the scattered clinical experience. A review of 265 published cases, including seventeen personal examples, showed that the majority of the childhood tumours are in the lateral ventricles and behave clinically like cases of infancy-onset hydrocephalus, but are often somewhat bizarre and frequently show identifiable features due largely to the tumour being physiologically active. The fourth ventricular tumours behave clinically like most other posterior fossa tumours. Almost all of the tumours are benign; only a few are histologically or clinically malignant, and seeding only occurs in occasional cases. If the tumours are recognized for what they are and special precautions are taken to compensate for their physiological behaviour and abolish for the frequently accompanying basal cistern block, choroid plexus papillomas could be one of the most rewarding childhood tumours to treat surgically.", "contents": "The biology of choroid plexus papilloma in infancy and childhood. Choroid plexus papillomas account for only up to five per cent of the intracranial tumours occurring in childhood, the published cases representing only a minority of the scattered clinical experience. A review of 265 published cases, including seventeen personal examples, showed that the majority of the childhood tumours are in the lateral ventricles and behave clinically like cases of infancy-onset hydrocephalus, but are often somewhat bizarre and frequently show identifiable features due largely to the tumour being physiologically active. The fourth ventricular tumours behave clinically like most other posterior fossa tumours. Almost all of the tumours are benign; only a few are histologically or clinically malignant, and seeding only occurs in occasional cases. If the tumours are recognized for what they are and special precautions are taken to compensate for their physiological behaviour and abolish for the frequently accompanying basal cistern block, choroid plexus papillomas could be one of the most rewarding childhood tumours to treat surgically.", "PMID": 316268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5362", "title": "Comparison of encephalotomograms and computerized tomograms in midline tumours in infants.", "content": "Even after the introduction of the computerized tomogram, midline tumours in infants may give diagnostic problems. In the present study 41 children with tumours in the midline were investigated by both computerized tomography and encephalotomography. The results could be divided into two groups, according to the method and according to the localization of the space-occupying lesion. The diagnostic procedure may be restricted to computerized tomography in cases with direct signs (density differences, contrast enhancement). In cases showing indirect signs on the computerized tomogram (dislocation of ventricles or cisterns or both), further investigation would appear to be valuable. Encephalotomography is the method of choice in patients with negative or uncertain CT findings and contradictory clinical symptomatology.", "contents": "Comparison of encephalotomograms and computerized tomograms in midline tumours in infants. Even after the introduction of the computerized tomogram, midline tumours in infants may give diagnostic problems. In the present study 41 children with tumours in the midline were investigated by both computerized tomography and encephalotomography. The results could be divided into two groups, according to the method and according to the localization of the space-occupying lesion. The diagnostic procedure may be restricted to computerized tomography in cases with direct signs (density differences, contrast enhancement). In cases showing indirect signs on the computerized tomogram (dislocation of ventricles or cisterns or both), further investigation would appear to be valuable. Encephalotomography is the method of choice in patients with negative or uncertain CT findings and contradictory clinical symptomatology.", "PMID": 316269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5363", "title": "Effect of intraperitoneal aprotinin treatment in acute and chronic peritonitis.", "content": "Our results demonstrate that peritoneal absorption even of large amounts of fluid is not restricted in either acute or chronic peritonitis. According to investigations reported elsewhere, antibiotics administered intraperitonealy can be found quantitatively in the serum, if peritoneal absorption is not impaired. The retardation effect of proteinase inhibitor TRASYLOL on peritoneal absorption in peritonitis may indicate that proteolytic processes are necessary to break up the protein binding of antibiotics which only then are able to permeate the peritoneal wall. This may also pertain to other substances of pharmacologic activity, like toxins -lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides- and medicaments. With respect to the clinical relevance of this effect it should be regarded as beneficial. Alternatively, the role of kallikrein/kinin-system for transmembranous absorption of proteins and protein split products has to be considered.", "contents": "Effect of intraperitoneal aprotinin treatment in acute and chronic peritonitis. Our results demonstrate that peritoneal absorption even of large amounts of fluid is not restricted in either acute or chronic peritonitis. According to investigations reported elsewhere, antibiotics administered intraperitonealy can be found quantitatively in the serum, if peritoneal absorption is not impaired. The retardation effect of proteinase inhibitor TRASYLOL on peritoneal absorption in peritonitis may indicate that proteolytic processes are necessary to break up the protein binding of antibiotics which only then are able to permeate the peritoneal wall. This may also pertain to other substances of pharmacologic activity, like toxins -lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides- and medicaments. With respect to the clinical relevance of this effect it should be regarded as beneficial. Alternatively, the role of kallikrein/kinin-system for transmembranous absorption of proteins and protein split products has to be considered.", "PMID": 316271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5364", "title": "Tests to localize free proteolytic enzymes in vivo by 14C-cysteine-aprotinin.", "content": "Aprotinin, a polyvalent protease inhibitor from bovine organs, has been labelled with 14C-cysteine in 6 M urea to produce a radioactive conjugate, without effect on the inhibitor activity. 138x10(3) dpm of radioactive product, containing 5 mg of protein (20.000 kal. inhibitor units) in 5 ml of Locke's solution were perfused in anesthetized rabbits via ascending aorta. Then the anesthetized rabbit was killed and specimens of some organs were admitted to autoradiographic analysis. Small intestine, ischiatic nerve and testis have been the most rich radiolabelled organs (+++). In kidney, stomach, large intestine, liver and eye the radiolabelled aprotinin was found in fair amounts (++); while in pancreas, spleen, spinal cord, brain, cava vein and aorta of rabbit the 14C-cysteine-Aprotinin was practically undetectable by autoradiography.", "contents": "Tests to localize free proteolytic enzymes in vivo by 14C-cysteine-aprotinin. Aprotinin, a polyvalent protease inhibitor from bovine organs, has been labelled with 14C-cysteine in 6 M urea to produce a radioactive conjugate, without effect on the inhibitor activity. 138x10(3) dpm of radioactive product, containing 5 mg of protein (20.000 kal. inhibitor units) in 5 ml of Locke's solution were perfused in anesthetized rabbits via ascending aorta. Then the anesthetized rabbit was killed and specimens of some organs were admitted to autoradiographic analysis. Small intestine, ischiatic nerve and testis have been the most rich radiolabelled organs (+++). In kidney, stomach, large intestine, liver and eye the radiolabelled aprotinin was found in fair amounts (++); while in pancreas, spleen, spinal cord, brain, cava vein and aorta of rabbit the 14C-cysteine-Aprotinin was practically undetectable by autoradiography.", "PMID": 316272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5365", "title": "Vitamin E-induced chronic inflammation in rats.", "content": "Sub-plantar injection of vitamin E (VE) oil produces a highly localized, chronic inflammation which is sustained for at least 8 weeks. As a result of studies using mediator inhibitors and depletors, it appears that histamine, serotonin, kinins, and prostaglandins may be involved in at least the early response to VE. This early phase is dominated by a massive influx of neutrophils, with the reaction rapidly progressing to a sustained mononuclear cell pathology. Results of studies in leucopenic rats suggest that edema formation and accumulation of white cells may be dissociable, although at this time it is not possible to conclude that edema can occur in the absence of cells since profoundly leucopenic rats are still able to locally mobilize polymorphonuclear cells in response to VE. Vitamin E-induced inflammation, produced under the conditions described, can be effectively suppressed by corticosteroids but seems relatively insensitive to the action of most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents tested.", "contents": "Vitamin E-induced chronic inflammation in rats. Sub-plantar injection of vitamin E (VE) oil produces a highly localized, chronic inflammation which is sustained for at least 8 weeks. As a result of studies using mediator inhibitors and depletors, it appears that histamine, serotonin, kinins, and prostaglandins may be involved in at least the early response to VE. This early phase is dominated by a massive influx of neutrophils, with the reaction rapidly progressing to a sustained mononuclear cell pathology. Results of studies in leucopenic rats suggest that edema formation and accumulation of white cells may be dissociable, although at this time it is not possible to conclude that edema can occur in the absence of cells since profoundly leucopenic rats are still able to locally mobilize polymorphonuclear cells in response to VE. Vitamin E-induced inflammation, produced under the conditions described, can be effectively suppressed by corticosteroids but seems relatively insensitive to the action of most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents tested.", "PMID": 316277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5366", "title": "Rapid assay for von Willebrand factor activity using formalin-fixed platelets and microtitration technic.", "content": "An inexpensive assay for von Willebrand factor using microtitration plates, formalin-fixed platelets, and ristocetin is described. With this technic, the assay for von Willebrand factor is simple enough to be considered for use in any diagnostic laboratory for patients with prolonged bleeding times.", "contents": "Rapid assay for von Willebrand factor activity using formalin-fixed platelets and microtitration technic. An inexpensive assay for von Willebrand factor using microtitration plates, formalin-fixed platelets, and ristocetin is described. With this technic, the assay for von Willebrand factor is simple enough to be considered for use in any diagnostic laboratory for patients with prolonged bleeding times.", "PMID": 316281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5367", "title": "Failure of endoscopy to establish a source for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "In a series of 500 patients undergoing emergency endoscopic examination to detect the source(s) for upper gastrointestinal bleeding, the examination failed in its purpose in 55 cases (11%). This group was analyzed. Thiry-seven of these individuals demonstrated large and extensive esophagogastric varices which, while not observed to bleed during the examination, represented a potential bleeding source of great significance. The clinical implication of this endoscopic finding is described. Variceal bleeding frequently recurs sporadically, ceases abruptly and leaves no visible evidence of the point of rupture. Lacking this latter factor, the endoscopist is usually reluctant to assign responsibility for bleeding to these lesions. When, however, large varices are discovered as the sole potential source for bleeding, they may be assumed, with good reason, to represent the actual source and specific treatment logically may be instituted.", "contents": "Failure of endoscopy to establish a source for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In a series of 500 patients undergoing emergency endoscopic examination to detect the source(s) for upper gastrointestinal bleeding, the examination failed in its purpose in 55 cases (11%). This group was analyzed. Thiry-seven of these individuals demonstrated large and extensive esophagogastric varices which, while not observed to bleed during the examination, represented a potential bleeding source of great significance. The clinical implication of this endoscopic finding is described. Variceal bleeding frequently recurs sporadically, ceases abruptly and leaves no visible evidence of the point of rupture. Lacking this latter factor, the endoscopist is usually reluctant to assign responsibility for bleeding to these lesions. When, however, large varices are discovered as the sole potential source for bleeding, they may be assumed, with good reason, to represent the actual source and specific treatment logically may be instituted.", "PMID": 316282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5368", "title": "Fever in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The frequency, causes, clinical and laboratory features, and outcome of febrile episodes in 160 hospitalized patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were reviewed. Eighty-three febrile episodes were identified in 63 patients and were ascribed to active lupus erythematosus alone (60 per cent), infections (23 per cent) and miscellaneous causes (17 per cent). Bacteremia was present in nine of the 19 infectious episodes and resulted in a fatal outcome in a third of the patients. Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, shaking chills and normal levels of anti-DNA antibodies were associated with infection in febrile patients with lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Fever in systemic lupus erythematosus. The frequency, causes, clinical and laboratory features, and outcome of febrile episodes in 160 hospitalized patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were reviewed. Eighty-three febrile episodes were identified in 63 patients and were ascribed to active lupus erythematosus alone (60 per cent), infections (23 per cent) and miscellaneous causes (17 per cent). Bacteremia was present in nine of the 19 infectious episodes and resulted in a fatal outcome in a third of the patients. Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, shaking chills and normal levels of anti-DNA antibodies were associated with infection in febrile patients with lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 316284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5369", "title": "Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Immunologic studies of three generations of a single family.", "content": "A family consisting of eight members in three generations (age 10 months to 53 years) affected with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis was studied along with three unaffected relatives. Dermatophytosis, loss of teeth and recurrent viral infections were present in some members. Results of tests for endocrinologic, muscle or liver disease, thymoma, iron deficiency, antitissue antibodies and malabsorption were normal in all patients. Antibody function and levels, B cell counts, serum complement, leukocyte enzymes, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and adherence were normal in all members. Plasma inhibitors to lymphocyte transformation and leukocyte inhibitory factor were not found. No unique HLA haplotype or antigen segregated in this family. Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity revealed total cutaneous anergy in three of eight whereas four of the other five had negative lymphocyte transformation and skin tests to Candida but responded normally to other antigens. Leukocyte inhibitory factor was not produced to Candida antigen in all four patients tested. T cell counts were within normal limits in all. Extensive evaluation of all limbs of the immune system in this family revealed a defect in cell-mediated immunity to Candida that appeared to be inherited as a dominant characteristic.", "contents": "Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Immunologic studies of three generations of a single family. A family consisting of eight members in three generations (age 10 months to 53 years) affected with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis was studied along with three unaffected relatives. Dermatophytosis, loss of teeth and recurrent viral infections were present in some members. Results of tests for endocrinologic, muscle or liver disease, thymoma, iron deficiency, antitissue antibodies and malabsorption were normal in all patients. Antibody function and levels, B cell counts, serum complement, leukocyte enzymes, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and adherence were normal in all members. Plasma inhibitors to lymphocyte transformation and leukocyte inhibitory factor were not found. No unique HLA haplotype or antigen segregated in this family. Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity revealed total cutaneous anergy in three of eight whereas four of the other five had negative lymphocyte transformation and skin tests to Candida but responded normally to other antigens. Leukocyte inhibitory factor was not produced to Candida antigen in all four patients tested. T cell counts were within normal limits in all. Extensive evaluation of all limbs of the immune system in this family revealed a defect in cell-mediated immunity to Candida that appeared to be inherited as a dominant characteristic.", "PMID": 316285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5370", "title": "A visual profile of the alcoholic driver.", "content": "Some visual characteristics of the chronic alcoholic were investigated in a sample of 100 male alcoholic patients and 100 matched controls. The purpose of the retrospective study was to determine whether these characteristics may contribute to an increased motor vehicle accident rate among alcoholics. Significant differences between the two groups, which might affect driving abilities, were found for color vision deficiencies and the breakage and loss rate of spectacles. No significant differences were found for stereopsis deficiencies, limitation of visual field, distance phorias, ductions, or the need to wear spectacles for driving. An analysis of the refractive data suggests that alcoholic patients may be slightly more hyperopic and less astigmatic than others; however, these differences are not sufficient to influence driving ability.", "contents": "A visual profile of the alcoholic driver. Some visual characteristics of the chronic alcoholic were investigated in a sample of 100 male alcoholic patients and 100 matched controls. The purpose of the retrospective study was to determine whether these characteristics may contribute to an increased motor vehicle accident rate among alcoholics. Significant differences between the two groups, which might affect driving abilities, were found for color vision deficiencies and the breakage and loss rate of spectacles. No significant differences were found for stereopsis deficiencies, limitation of visual field, distance phorias, ductions, or the need to wear spectacles for driving. An analysis of the refractive data suggests that alcoholic patients may be slightly more hyperopic and less astigmatic than others; however, these differences are not sufficient to influence driving ability.", "PMID": 316286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5371", "title": "[Noncontact detection of intraocular lesions by means of a gamma scintillation camera].", "content": "A gamma scintillation camera is used for noncontact detection of intraocular mass lesions. A double aperture pinhole collimator was designed for this special application. The collimator projects a magnified image of the radioactivity present in each eye onto the detector crystal of the camera. Details of the collimator design are described. The image-making properties of a double aperture pinhole collimator for ocular scintigraphy in regard to resolution and response were studied and demonstrated by phantom experiments. So far we have studied 50 cases with this new nuclear medicine procedure, using mainly technetium-pertechnetate as the radioindicator. Case histories and records of some typical results are presented. Better designed radiopharmaceuticals with appropriate tumor-seeking properties should be developed. Labeled melanin precursors are promising for detection of these lesions.", "contents": "[Noncontact detection of intraocular lesions by means of a gamma scintillation camera]. A gamma scintillation camera is used for noncontact detection of intraocular mass lesions. A double aperture pinhole collimator was designed for this special application. The collimator projects a magnified image of the radioactivity present in each eye onto the detector crystal of the camera. Details of the collimator design are described. The image-making properties of a double aperture pinhole collimator for ocular scintigraphy in regard to resolution and response were studied and demonstrated by phantom experiments. So far we have studied 50 cases with this new nuclear medicine procedure, using mainly technetium-pertechnetate as the radioindicator. Case histories and records of some typical results are presented. Better designed radiopharmaceuticals with appropriate tumor-seeking properties should be developed. Labeled melanin precursors are promising for detection of these lesions.", "PMID": 316287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5372", "title": "Vitreous seeds in retinoblastoma, clinical significance and ultrastructure.", "content": "Vitreous seeds in retinoblastoma were studied clinically and pathologically. Vitreous seeds were found in 36.6% of retinoblastoma eyes. When tumors involved more than three quadrants of the retina and vitreous seeds were present, the prognosis was poor. When the tumor involved less than one-quarter of the retina, vitreous seeds were rare. Vitreous seeds were found most frequently in cases of undifferentiated tumor cells and endophytum type of proliferation. Although most vitreous seeds were necrotic tumor cells, some were almost intact tumor cells which were apt to be situated along blood vessels. The blood vessels in vitreous seeds had no pericytes and were derived from the tumor itself. Thus it is possible that tumor cells in the vitreous body can migrate to the anterior segment of the eye. Some tumor cells in vitreous seeds had much cytoplasm which contained mitochondria, ribosomes, fibrils, centrioles, and cilia with a presumed photoreceptor outer segment and intercellular junctions. These cytoplasmic features are very similar to those of neuroepithelial-type retinoblastoma cells. Undifferentiated cells were necrotic. Calcium deposition was found mainly in the necrotic cytoplasm of the tumor cells and occasionally on the chromatin granules of the nucleus. This may provide evidence that calcium can be bound to DNA to form radiopaque masses. No calcium-producing cells were found. Vitreous seeds contain a small number of almost intact tumor cells which are neuroepithelial in type, but most cells are necrotic. Although tumor cells may migrate to the anterior segment of the eye along or through blood vessels, the presence of vitreous seeds in itself is not always a bad prognostic sign. The prognosis is probably more closely related to the extent of the invasion of a tumor associated with vitreous seeds.", "contents": "Vitreous seeds in retinoblastoma, clinical significance and ultrastructure. Vitreous seeds in retinoblastoma were studied clinically and pathologically. Vitreous seeds were found in 36.6% of retinoblastoma eyes. When tumors involved more than three quadrants of the retina and vitreous seeds were present, the prognosis was poor. When the tumor involved less than one-quarter of the retina, vitreous seeds were rare. Vitreous seeds were found most frequently in cases of undifferentiated tumor cells and endophytum type of proliferation. Although most vitreous seeds were necrotic tumor cells, some were almost intact tumor cells which were apt to be situated along blood vessels. The blood vessels in vitreous seeds had no pericytes and were derived from the tumor itself. Thus it is possible that tumor cells in the vitreous body can migrate to the anterior segment of the eye. Some tumor cells in vitreous seeds had much cytoplasm which contained mitochondria, ribosomes, fibrils, centrioles, and cilia with a presumed photoreceptor outer segment and intercellular junctions. These cytoplasmic features are very similar to those of neuroepithelial-type retinoblastoma cells. Undifferentiated cells were necrotic. Calcium deposition was found mainly in the necrotic cytoplasm of the tumor cells and occasionally on the chromatin granules of the nucleus. This may provide evidence that calcium can be bound to DNA to form radiopaque masses. No calcium-producing cells were found. Vitreous seeds contain a small number of almost intact tumor cells which are neuroepithelial in type, but most cells are necrotic. Although tumor cells may migrate to the anterior segment of the eye along or through blood vessels, the presence of vitreous seeds in itself is not always a bad prognostic sign. The prognosis is probably more closely related to the extent of the invasion of a tumor associated with vitreous seeds.", "PMID": 316288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5373", "title": "Infantile glaucoma in unilateral uveal ectropion.", "content": "Two case reports are presented where a unilateral uveal ectropion was associated with congenital and late infantile glaucoma. Ipsilateral to the anterior segment anomaly a dysgenetic angle was found to be the basis of the glaucomatous process. The clinical implication that when such an iris malformation is found in a young child the possibility of glaucoma must be considered is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Infantile glaucoma in unilateral uveal ectropion. Two case reports are presented where a unilateral uveal ectropion was associated with congenital and late infantile glaucoma. Ipsilateral to the anterior segment anomaly a dysgenetic angle was found to be the basis of the glaucomatous process. The clinical implication that when such an iris malformation is found in a young child the possibility of glaucoma must be considered is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 316289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5374", "title": "[Experimental microscopy and photography of the bulbar conjunctiva capillaries].", "content": "The authors worked out a new method of in vivo observation and microphotography of the rabbit bulbar conjunctiva capillaries in this experiment. A Soviet-made luminescent contact microscope LUMAM K-1 (LOMO) was employed. In general, maximal magnification of this microscope for visual observation equals more than 600. The photographs for this experiment were made with magnifications of 150 and 200. A 10% sodium fluorescein solution was injected in the ear vein before the experiment (0.2 ml/kg of the body weight). The 500-unit, sensitive film was used for the photographs. Microvessel diameter was measured on the film with the help of a stereocamparator. As the data obtained demonstrate, conjunctival capillary diameter varied from 3 to 9 mcm, averaging 8 mcm. This method of contact biomicroscopy permits to the performance of capillarography and capillaroscopy of bulbar conjunctiva along with quantitative evaluation of capillary parameters and some reological indicators.", "contents": "[Experimental microscopy and photography of the bulbar conjunctiva capillaries]. The authors worked out a new method of in vivo observation and microphotography of the rabbit bulbar conjunctiva capillaries in this experiment. A Soviet-made luminescent contact microscope LUMAM K-1 (LOMO) was employed. In general, maximal magnification of this microscope for visual observation equals more than 600. The photographs for this experiment were made with magnifications of 150 and 200. A 10% sodium fluorescein solution was injected in the ear vein before the experiment (0.2 ml/kg of the body weight). The 500-unit, sensitive film was used for the photographs. Microvessel diameter was measured on the film with the help of a stereocamparator. As the data obtained demonstrate, conjunctival capillary diameter varied from 3 to 9 mcm, averaging 8 mcm. This method of contact biomicroscopy permits to the performance of capillarography and capillaroscopy of bulbar conjunctiva along with quantitative evaluation of capillary parameters and some reological indicators.", "PMID": 316290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5375", "title": "[Morphological changes in ciliary ganglions of healthy subjects and glaucoma patients].", "content": "The authors studied morphological changes in eleven ciliary ganglions. Seven ganglions were obtained from four corpses of patients with primary glaucoma in different stages, and four control ganglions were obtained from corpses of healthy people. The ciliary ganglion neurons of healthy subjects demonstrated age-related changes revealing nucleus shift toward the periphery, atypical hairy Kahal neurons, nerve fiber irritation phenomena, and other effects. The stage-dependent changes observed included: devastation areas, reactive proliteration around prolapsed neurons, nerve fiber degeneration, and hemorrhages. Maturing glaucomatous nerve cells and fiber degeneration also grew in proportion. In absolute glaucoma, ganglion cells were not present in ganglions. The authors believe that the existence of age-dependent structural changes in ciliary ganglia shows that ciliary ganglia are responsible for neurotropic innervation of eye membranes and participate in the glaucomatous process.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in ciliary ganglions of healthy subjects and glaucoma patients]. The authors studied morphological changes in eleven ciliary ganglions. Seven ganglions were obtained from four corpses of patients with primary glaucoma in different stages, and four control ganglions were obtained from corpses of healthy people. The ciliary ganglion neurons of healthy subjects demonstrated age-related changes revealing nucleus shift toward the periphery, atypical hairy Kahal neurons, nerve fiber irritation phenomena, and other effects. The stage-dependent changes observed included: devastation areas, reactive proliteration around prolapsed neurons, nerve fiber degeneration, and hemorrhages. Maturing glaucomatous nerve cells and fiber degeneration also grew in proportion. In absolute glaucoma, ganglion cells were not present in ganglions. The authors believe that the existence of age-dependent structural changes in ciliary ganglia shows that ciliary ganglia are responsible for neurotropic innervation of eye membranes and participate in the glaucomatous process.", "PMID": 316291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5376", "title": "Rapid detection of changes in the optic disc: stereochronoscopy. III. Retinal venous pulse as an interfering factor.", "content": "In the evaluation of stereochronoscopic pairs of fundus pictures (Sc) venous pulse is an interfering factor. Visual observation and photography show that when a magnification of 15x is used, as in our case, venous pulse is seen only at the emerging part of the big veins and in their immediate neighborhood, whereas veins of 100 microns diameter or less show no pulsation. Over relatively short time intervals (some minutes) the temporal course of venous pulse in terms of vessel width is a more or less periodic phenomenon; for longer periods (months) a study is underway. In the majority of cases the filling state of pulsating veins seems to reach a minimum shortly after the R peak of the ECG. An investigation as to whether the interference of venous pulse can be reduced by coupling the camera flash to the R peak has been begun. However, for the time being, it appears that the best method is to pass over the pulsating vessel parts, and to observe Sc effects only in the small vessels, when Sc evaluation is applied. Statistics show that venous pulse is significantly more frequent in suspected and early glaucoma subjects (T greater than 21 mm appl.) than in healthy subjects. We feel that with the methods proposed all conditions pertaining to an extensive follow-up of ocular hypertension and early glaucoma cases are now established.", "contents": "Rapid detection of changes in the optic disc: stereochronoscopy. III. Retinal venous pulse as an interfering factor. In the evaluation of stereochronoscopic pairs of fundus pictures (Sc) venous pulse is an interfering factor. Visual observation and photography show that when a magnification of 15x is used, as in our case, venous pulse is seen only at the emerging part of the big veins and in their immediate neighborhood, whereas veins of 100 microns diameter or less show no pulsation. Over relatively short time intervals (some minutes) the temporal course of venous pulse in terms of vessel width is a more or less periodic phenomenon; for longer periods (months) a study is underway. In the majority of cases the filling state of pulsating veins seems to reach a minimum shortly after the R peak of the ECG. An investigation as to whether the interference of venous pulse can be reduced by coupling the camera flash to the R peak has been begun. However, for the time being, it appears that the best method is to pass over the pulsating vessel parts, and to observe Sc effects only in the small vessels, when Sc evaluation is applied. Statistics show that venous pulse is significantly more frequent in suspected and early glaucoma subjects (T greater than 21 mm appl.) than in healthy subjects. We feel that with the methods proposed all conditions pertaining to an extensive follow-up of ocular hypertension and early glaucoma cases are now established.", "PMID": 316292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5377", "title": "Mechanical behaviour of cerclage material consisting of silicon rubber.", "content": "Silicon rubber specimens of circular or rectangular cross-section (cross-section area between ca. 2 and 7 mm2) are used as cerclage bands. A series of commercial cerclage elements was investigated for mechanical characteristics, such as stress-strain behaviour and modulus of elasticity, using a tensile-testing machine. Large differences in these properties exist among the various specimens. Moreover, time-dependent effects, such as stress-relaxation, retardation, and creep, were analysed by the present investigations. One has to take into consideration that the initial length and stress of the cerclage band vary significantly with time after the operation.", "contents": "Mechanical behaviour of cerclage material consisting of silicon rubber. Silicon rubber specimens of circular or rectangular cross-section (cross-section area between ca. 2 and 7 mm2) are used as cerclage bands. A series of commercial cerclage elements was investigated for mechanical characteristics, such as stress-strain behaviour and modulus of elasticity, using a tensile-testing machine. Large differences in these properties exist among the various specimens. Moreover, time-dependent effects, such as stress-relaxation, retardation, and creep, were analysed by the present investigations. One has to take into consideration that the initial length and stress of the cerclage band vary significantly with time after the operation.", "PMID": 316293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5378", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the vitreous body. Massive vitreous retraction after perforating injury.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of vitrectomy material shows a disintegrated vitreous fibril network which is partly replaced by newly formed collagen fibers and invaded cells.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the vitreous body. Massive vitreous retraction after perforating injury. Scanning electron microscopy of vitrectomy material shows a disintegrated vitreous fibril network which is partly replaced by newly formed collagen fibers and invaded cells.", "PMID": 316294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5379", "title": "[Experimental investigations of the aqueous humor and blood serum of rabbits following injection of tobramycin].", "content": "In animal experiments the concentration of the antibiotic Tobramycin in the aqueous humor and blood serum following intramuscular and subconjunctival injections was tested by diffusion on agar plates. After intramuscular injections, only traces of Tobramycin were found in the aqueous humor, but a significantly higher concentration of the antibiotic was obtained by subconjunctival injections. The subconjunctival application of the antibiotic was well tolerated.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations of the aqueous humor and blood serum of rabbits following injection of tobramycin]. In animal experiments the concentration of the antibiotic Tobramycin in the aqueous humor and blood serum following intramuscular and subconjunctival injections was tested by diffusion on agar plates. After intramuscular injections, only traces of Tobramycin were found in the aqueous humor, but a significantly higher concentration of the antibiotic was obtained by subconjunctival injections. The subconjunctival application of the antibiotic was well tolerated.", "PMID": 316295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5380", "title": "B-lymphocyte differentiation, using pokeweed mitogen stimulation: in vitro studies in leukemic and normal cattle.", "content": "B-lymphocytes from 7 normal cattle and from 3 persistent lymphocytotic, 6 lymphosarcomatosus, and 3 bovine leukemia virus-infected animals with diverse defects in humoral immunity were examined for their capacity to undergo terminal differentiation in vitro. Pokeweek mitogen-stimulated cells from normal and leukemic cattle were stimulated to synthesize and secrete immunoglobulins, and these were detected by radial immunodiffusion. Lymphocytes from normal cattle synthesized more IgM than those from persistent lymphocytotic-, lymphosarcomatous-, and bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle. Leukemic cattle have a higher percentage of cells containing intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins; most cells are believed to contain IgG. The serum IgM in normal cattle is significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than that in leukemic cattle. The results indicate that there is an abnormality either in synthesis or secretion of IgM or in abnormal catabolism of Ig from leukemic B-lymphocytes.", "contents": "B-lymphocyte differentiation, using pokeweed mitogen stimulation: in vitro studies in leukemic and normal cattle. B-lymphocytes from 7 normal cattle and from 3 persistent lymphocytotic, 6 lymphosarcomatosus, and 3 bovine leukemia virus-infected animals with diverse defects in humoral immunity were examined for their capacity to undergo terminal differentiation in vitro. Pokeweek mitogen-stimulated cells from normal and leukemic cattle were stimulated to synthesize and secrete immunoglobulins, and these were detected by radial immunodiffusion. Lymphocytes from normal cattle synthesized more IgM than those from persistent lymphocytotic-, lymphosarcomatous-, and bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle. Leukemic cattle have a higher percentage of cells containing intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins; most cells are believed to contain IgG. The serum IgM in normal cattle is significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than that in leukemic cattle. The results indicate that there is an abnormality either in synthesis or secretion of IgM or in abnormal catabolism of Ig from leukemic B-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 316296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5381", "title": "Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and increased susceptibility to elastase-induced experimental emphysema in a rat model.", "content": "Administration of 200 mg of D-galactosamine/kg intraperitoneally to rats produced a decrease in the serum concentrations of trypsin and elastase inhibitory capacities. Induction of emphysema by intravenous injection of pancreatic elastase resulted in significantly increased severity of the disease in the animals depleted of alpha 1-antitrypsin. The degree of severity of the disease determined by mean linear intercept suggested a correlation with trypsin and elastase inhibitory capacities at the time of elastase injection.", "contents": "Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and increased susceptibility to elastase-induced experimental emphysema in a rat model. Administration of 200 mg of D-galactosamine/kg intraperitoneally to rats produced a decrease in the serum concentrations of trypsin and elastase inhibitory capacities. Induction of emphysema by intravenous injection of pancreatic elastase resulted in significantly increased severity of the disease in the animals depleted of alpha 1-antitrypsin. The degree of severity of the disease determined by mean linear intercept suggested a correlation with trypsin and elastase inhibitory capacities at the time of elastase injection.", "PMID": 316297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5382", "title": "Antimicrobial resistance of Haemophilus species in patients with chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Haemophilus influenzae strains resistant to ampicillin have become an important cause of disease in pediatric patients. Because many adults with chronic bronchitis carry Haemophilus organisms in their tracheobronchial tree and because antimicrobial agents are used commonly in these patients, we assessed the prevalence of resistance to ampicillin and other antimicrobial agents in this population. We studied 150 Haemophilus isolates (73 H. influenzae, 69 H. parainfluenzae, 6 H. parahemolyticus, and 2 H. hemolyticus) obtained from 138 patients with chronic bronchitis from January 1978 through March 1979. Ampicillin resistance due to production of beta-lactamase was found in 7 of the 150 isolates (4.7 %)-2 H. influenzae, 4 H. parainfluenzae and 1 H. parahemolyticus. Resistance to tetracycline was found in 9 strains (6 %), but all strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Antimicrobial resistance of Haemophilus species in patients with chronic bronchitis. Haemophilus influenzae strains resistant to ampicillin have become an important cause of disease in pediatric patients. Because many adults with chronic bronchitis carry Haemophilus organisms in their tracheobronchial tree and because antimicrobial agents are used commonly in these patients, we assessed the prevalence of resistance to ampicillin and other antimicrobial agents in this population. We studied 150 Haemophilus isolates (73 H. influenzae, 69 H. parainfluenzae, 6 H. parahemolyticus, and 2 H. hemolyticus) obtained from 138 patients with chronic bronchitis from January 1978 through March 1979. Ampicillin resistance due to production of beta-lactamase was found in 7 of the 150 isolates (4.7 %)-2 H. influenzae, 4 H. parainfluenzae and 1 H. parahemolyticus. Resistance to tetracycline was found in 9 strains (6 %), but all strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol.", "PMID": 316298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5383", "title": "Effect of transverse temporal bone fracture on the fluid compartment of the inner ear.", "content": "Five temporal bones exhibiting transverse fractures were studied with a view to determining whether such fractures could lead to symptomatic endolymphatic hydrops. Four out of the five temporal bones showed the fracture line traversing the vestibular aqueduct. Two of these four showed complete obstruction of the endolymphatic duct. One of these had an intact membranous labyrinth and severe endolymphatic hydrops. The other had ruptures of the membranous labyrinth and no hydrops. Three ears exhibited partial preservation of auditory and vestibular hair cells and neurons. These findings are consistent with the concept that a transverse fracture may produce endolymphatic hydrops by obstructing the vestibular aqueduct while preserving enough audiovestibular epithelium and neurons to present as symptomatic Meni\u00e8re's disease.", "contents": "Effect of transverse temporal bone fracture on the fluid compartment of the inner ear. Five temporal bones exhibiting transverse fractures were studied with a view to determining whether such fractures could lead to symptomatic endolymphatic hydrops. Four out of the five temporal bones showed the fracture line traversing the vestibular aqueduct. Two of these four showed complete obstruction of the endolymphatic duct. One of these had an intact membranous labyrinth and severe endolymphatic hydrops. The other had ruptures of the membranous labyrinth and no hydrops. Three ears exhibited partial preservation of auditory and vestibular hair cells and neurons. These findings are consistent with the concept that a transverse fracture may produce endolymphatic hydrops by obstructing the vestibular aqueduct while preserving enough audiovestibular epithelium and neurons to present as symptomatic Meni\u00e8re's disease.", "PMID": 316299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5384", "title": "Mesencephalic chronic electrodes in pain patients. An electrophysiological study.", "content": "Early components of lemniscal potentials after contralateral median nerve or mechanical stimulus are due to lemniscal pathways, whereas later components, after 70 msec appearing bilaterally and at higher stimulus intensities probably express extralemniscal activity. Evoked potentials in the central gray matter show much smaller amplitudes compared with somatosensory cortical evoked potentials (SSEP). The strongest component is a negative wave after 70--100 msec. Longer conditioning stimulation of the lemniscal system inhibits late components in the median nerve evoked cortical potentials. On the contrary, stimulation of the nonspecific periaqueductal gray matter produces inhibition of early components of cortical SSEP together with facilitation of late components.", "contents": "Mesencephalic chronic electrodes in pain patients. An electrophysiological study. Early components of lemniscal potentials after contralateral median nerve or mechanical stimulus are due to lemniscal pathways, whereas later components, after 70 msec appearing bilaterally and at higher stimulus intensities probably express extralemniscal activity. Evoked potentials in the central gray matter show much smaller amplitudes compared with somatosensory cortical evoked potentials (SSEP). The strongest component is a negative wave after 70--100 msec. Longer conditioning stimulation of the lemniscal system inhibits late components in the median nerve evoked cortical potentials. On the contrary, stimulation of the nonspecific periaqueductal gray matter produces inhibition of early components of cortical SSEP together with facilitation of late components.", "PMID": 316305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5385", "title": "Mechanism of synergistic action of a combination of ampicillin and dicloxacillin against a beta-lactamase-producing strain of Citrobacter freundii.", "content": "The mechanism of synergistic activity of a combination of ampicillin and dicloxacillin was studied on beta-lactamase-producing Citrobacter freundii GN346 and its derived beta-lactamaseless mutant GN346/16. The synergistic activity was exhibited against the parent strain but not against the mutant strain. Precultivation of the parent strain with the combination reduced the amount of the subsequent binding of [14C]penicillin G to the membrane fraction from the treated cells, but no reduction was observed in the case of cells treated with ampicillin or dicloxacillin alone. On the other hand, the amount of binding of [14C]penicillin G to the membrane fraction from the mutant strain was reduced by ampicillin treatment alone. These results clearly indicated that dicloxacillin inhibited the beta-lactamase activity produced by the parent strain, and, consequently, ampicillin can penetrate through the outer membrane and periplasmic beta-lactamase barrier into its target sites on the cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Mechanism of synergistic action of a combination of ampicillin and dicloxacillin against a beta-lactamase-producing strain of Citrobacter freundii. The mechanism of synergistic activity of a combination of ampicillin and dicloxacillin was studied on beta-lactamase-producing Citrobacter freundii GN346 and its derived beta-lactamaseless mutant GN346/16. The synergistic activity was exhibited against the parent strain but not against the mutant strain. Precultivation of the parent strain with the combination reduced the amount of the subsequent binding of [14C]penicillin G to the membrane fraction from the treated cells, but no reduction was observed in the case of cells treated with ampicillin or dicloxacillin alone. On the other hand, the amount of binding of [14C]penicillin G to the membrane fraction from the mutant strain was reduced by ampicillin treatment alone. These results clearly indicated that dicloxacillin inhibited the beta-lactamase activity produced by the parent strain, and, consequently, ampicillin can penetrate through the outer membrane and periplasmic beta-lactamase barrier into its target sites on the cytoplasmic membrane.", "PMID": 316307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5386", "title": "Effect of inoculum size on the susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae b to beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "The current prevalence of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae b meningitis requires accurate knowledge of susceptibility to alternative antibiotics. One variable affecting susceptibility is inoculum size. We studied the susceptibility of 200 clinical isolates of H. influenzae b to ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cefamandole at inocula of 10(5) and 10(7) CFU by two techniques. Fifty ampicillin-susceptible and fifty ampicillin-resistant strains were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin by broth dilution while 100 of each were tested by agar dilution. An inoculum effect was found, being greatest with the ampicillin-resistant strains. The range of minimal inhibitory concentrations for the resistant strains was 25 to 800 microgram of ampicillin per ml at an inoculum of 10(5) and 2,000 to less than 6,000 microgram of ampicillin at 10(7); 1.0 to 150 microgram of carbenicillin per ml at 10(5) and 6.2 to 2,000 microgram of carbenicillin per ml at 10(7); 0.4 to 2.0 microgram of cefamandole at 10(5) and 1.0 to 125 microgram/ml at 10(7). Because of this inoculum effect, we would not recommend the use of carbenicillin or cefamandole for therapy of ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae meningitis.", "contents": "Effect of inoculum size on the susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae b to beta-lactam antibiotics. The current prevalence of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae b meningitis requires accurate knowledge of susceptibility to alternative antibiotics. One variable affecting susceptibility is inoculum size. We studied the susceptibility of 200 clinical isolates of H. influenzae b to ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cefamandole at inocula of 10(5) and 10(7) CFU by two techniques. Fifty ampicillin-susceptible and fifty ampicillin-resistant strains were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin by broth dilution while 100 of each were tested by agar dilution. An inoculum effect was found, being greatest with the ampicillin-resistant strains. The range of minimal inhibitory concentrations for the resistant strains was 25 to 800 microgram of ampicillin per ml at an inoculum of 10(5) and 2,000 to less than 6,000 microgram of ampicillin at 10(7); 1.0 to 150 microgram of carbenicillin per ml at 10(5) and 6.2 to 2,000 microgram of carbenicillin per ml at 10(7); 0.4 to 2.0 microgram of cefamandole at 10(5) and 1.0 to 125 microgram/ml at 10(7). Because of this inoculum effect, we would not recommend the use of carbenicillin or cefamandole for therapy of ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae meningitis.", "PMID": 316308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5387", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of serum SP 1 and HPL in normal and abnormal pregnancies.", "content": "Serum concentrations of the pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP 1) and human placental lactogen (HPL) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 372 blood samples obtained from 40 women in the second half of a normal singleton pregnancy. The mean level of SP 1 steadily increased from 40 micrograms/ml in the 22nd week of pregnancy to 168 micrograms/ml in the 36th week of gestation and thereafter reached a plateau. The half-life of SP 1 during the first week after delivery was about 39 h. The clinical value of SP 1 in comparison to HPL estimations was assessed in a prospective study of a few high risk pregnancies. There were no significant differences between serum SP 1 and HPL levels in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia with or without intrauterine growth retardation and in twin pregnancies. Serum HPL and SP 1 levels were equally effective in predicting placental insufficiency with fetal growth retardation.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of serum SP 1 and HPL in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Serum concentrations of the pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP 1) and human placental lactogen (HPL) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 372 blood samples obtained from 40 women in the second half of a normal singleton pregnancy. The mean level of SP 1 steadily increased from 40 micrograms/ml in the 22nd week of pregnancy to 168 micrograms/ml in the 36th week of gestation and thereafter reached a plateau. The half-life of SP 1 during the first week after delivery was about 39 h. The clinical value of SP 1 in comparison to HPL estimations was assessed in a prospective study of a few high risk pregnancies. There were no significant differences between serum SP 1 and HPL levels in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia with or without intrauterine growth retardation and in twin pregnancies. Serum HPL and SP 1 levels were equally effective in predicting placental insufficiency with fetal growth retardation.", "PMID": 316310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5388", "title": "Surgery in von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "Fifty-eight major surgical procedures were performed in 38 patients with von Willebrand's disease (VWD), one of the most common of the inheritable hemorrhagic disorders. Specific treatment with fraction I-0, (AHF-Kabi) in addition to a fibrinolytic inhibitor, was given to all patients. The effect of the treatment was checked by measuring the Duke bleeding time and factor VIII:C level. A marked difference between hemophilia and VWD from a surgical point of view is demonstrated. While most of the surgery in hemophiliacs is performed for severe joint deformities, contractures and blood cysts, surgery in VWD is mostly general surgery, often necessitated by massive hemorrhages from mucous membranes.", "contents": "Surgery in von Willebrand's disease. Fifty-eight major surgical procedures were performed in 38 patients with von Willebrand's disease (VWD), one of the most common of the inheritable hemorrhagic disorders. Specific treatment with fraction I-0, (AHF-Kabi) in addition to a fibrinolytic inhibitor, was given to all patients. The effect of the treatment was checked by measuring the Duke bleeding time and factor VIII:C level. A marked difference between hemophilia and VWD from a surgical point of view is demonstrated. While most of the surgery in hemophiliacs is performed for severe joint deformities, contractures and blood cysts, surgery in VWD is mostly general surgery, often necessitated by massive hemorrhages from mucous membranes.", "PMID": 316311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5389", "title": "The importance of myocardial protection in combined aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization.", "content": "To determine the importance of different methods of myocardial protection for combined aortic valve replacement and coronary revascularization, we analyzed the records of 82 consecutive patients who underwent the combined procedure between 1973 and 1978. Sixty-three (77%) had angina and 63 (77%) were in New York Heart Association Functional Class III or IV. Moderate to severe left ventricular impairment was present in 59%, and the mean number of diseased vessels was 1.9 per patient. Group I consisted of 18 patients with intermittent ischemia, almost all of whom had operation between 1973 and 1976. Group IIa consisted of 24 patients operated on between 1973 and December, 1976, with coronary perfusion, and Group IIb had 18 patients in whom a similar technique was used in 1977 and 1978. Group III consisted of 22 patients operated on in 1977 and 1978 in whom cold chemical cardioplegia was used. The early mortality (less than 30 days) for Group I was 50% and for Group IIa 29%. There were no deaths in Group IIb and Group III. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction was 21% in Group I, 6% in Group IIa, 11% in Group IIb, and zero in Group III. The incidence of cardiogenic shock requiring prolonged inotropic support and intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was significantly less in Group III (9%) than in Group IIb (50%) (p less than 0.05). If other manifestations of myocardial injury, such as perioperative infarction and cardiogenic shock requiring intraaortic balloon counterpulsation or inotropic support, are taken into consideration, cold chemical cardioplegia appears to provide better myocardial protection than coronary perfusion of the fibrillating heart.", "contents": "The importance of myocardial protection in combined aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization. To determine the importance of different methods of myocardial protection for combined aortic valve replacement and coronary revascularization, we analyzed the records of 82 consecutive patients who underwent the combined procedure between 1973 and 1978. Sixty-three (77%) had angina and 63 (77%) were in New York Heart Association Functional Class III or IV. Moderate to severe left ventricular impairment was present in 59%, and the mean number of diseased vessels was 1.9 per patient. Group I consisted of 18 patients with intermittent ischemia, almost all of whom had operation between 1973 and 1976. Group IIa consisted of 24 patients operated on between 1973 and December, 1976, with coronary perfusion, and Group IIb had 18 patients in whom a similar technique was used in 1977 and 1978. Group III consisted of 22 patients operated on in 1977 and 1978 in whom cold chemical cardioplegia was used. The early mortality (less than 30 days) for Group I was 50% and for Group IIa 29%. There were no deaths in Group IIb and Group III. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction was 21% in Group I, 6% in Group IIa, 11% in Group IIb, and zero in Group III. The incidence of cardiogenic shock requiring prolonged inotropic support and intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was significantly less in Group III (9%) than in Group IIb (50%) (p less than 0.05). If other manifestations of myocardial injury, such as perioperative infarction and cardiogenic shock requiring intraaortic balloon counterpulsation or inotropic support, are taken into consideration, cold chemical cardioplegia appears to provide better myocardial protection than coronary perfusion of the fibrillating heart.", "PMID": 316312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5390", "title": "Radionuclide assessment of aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Rest and exercise thallium 201 myocardial scintigraphy and multiple gated radionuclide angiography were correlated with the results of clinical status, exercise electrocardiography, coronary arteriography, and contrast left ventriculography in a series of 12 prospectively studied consecutive patients before and after aortocoronary bypass operation. Patients were divided into two groups based on a comparison between preoperative and postoperative 201T1 scintigrams. Group 1 (6 patients) demonstrated improved or normal postoperative perfusion scintigrams and excellent correlation between the site of a patent graft and the improvement in myocardial perfusion on the postoperative exercise scintigrams. Regional wall motion remained normal in 3 patients and improved in 3. In Group 2 (6 patients) the postoperative 201T1 scintigrams were unchanged or worse. Each patient demonstrated graft occlusion, graft stenosis, distal disease, or a perioperative myocardial infarction. No improvement in regional wall motion occurred in 4 of these 6 patients. Neither the symptomatic response to aortocoronary bypass operation nor the response to exercise testing successfully predicted graft patency.", "contents": "Radionuclide assessment of aortocoronary bypass surgery. Rest and exercise thallium 201 myocardial scintigraphy and multiple gated radionuclide angiography were correlated with the results of clinical status, exercise electrocardiography, coronary arteriography, and contrast left ventriculography in a series of 12 prospectively studied consecutive patients before and after aortocoronary bypass operation. Patients were divided into two groups based on a comparison between preoperative and postoperative 201T1 scintigrams. Group 1 (6 patients) demonstrated improved or normal postoperative perfusion scintigrams and excellent correlation between the site of a patent graft and the improvement in myocardial perfusion on the postoperative exercise scintigrams. Regional wall motion remained normal in 3 patients and improved in 3. In Group 2 (6 patients) the postoperative 201T1 scintigrams were unchanged or worse. Each patient demonstrated graft occlusion, graft stenosis, distal disease, or a perioperative myocardial infarction. No improvement in regional wall motion occurred in 4 of these 6 patients. Neither the symptomatic response to aortocoronary bypass operation nor the response to exercise testing successfully predicted graft patency.", "PMID": 316313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5391", "title": "Future needs for psychiatrists and other mental health personnel.", "content": "Approximately 15% of the population suffers a diagnosable mental disorder, and with the increasing availability of community-based mental health services, growing demand is placed on the mental health specialty sector. Though the general health sector and nonmedical mental health specialists provide services to a large proportion of this case load, psychiatrists possess unique skills for the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorder and for the provision of consultation and liaison services to nonpsychiatric physicians. In spite of the need, a number of factors, including restrictions on foreign medical graduates and federal emphasis on the primary care specialties, have created an accelerating reduction in the production of psychiatrists. The federal government and medical schools are encouraged to devise strategies collaboratively to address issues to ensure an adequate supply of psychiatrists for the future.", "contents": "Future needs for psychiatrists and other mental health personnel. Approximately 15% of the population suffers a diagnosable mental disorder, and with the increasing availability of community-based mental health services, growing demand is placed on the mental health specialty sector. Though the general health sector and nonmedical mental health specialists provide services to a large proportion of this case load, psychiatrists possess unique skills for the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorder and for the provision of consultation and liaison services to nonpsychiatric physicians. In spite of the need, a number of factors, including restrictions on foreign medical graduates and federal emphasis on the primary care specialties, have created an accelerating reduction in the production of psychiatrists. The federal government and medical schools are encouraged to devise strategies collaboratively to address issues to ensure an adequate supply of psychiatrists for the future.", "PMID": 316314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5392", "title": "Color blindness not closely linked to bipolar illness. Report of a new pedigree series.", "content": "A new pedigree series of bipolar manic-depressive patients admitted to the National Institute of Mental Health intramural research program was evaluated for linkage between bipolar illness and red-green color blindness, since previous studies had indicated that close linkage was generally present. Using family study methods, six informative pedigrees were investigated. Analysis was performed using a multigenerational procedure and taking into account variable penetrance. Close linkage could be definitively ruled out as a general finding. Bipolar and related illnesses are thus not generally transmitted by a single major gene close to the protan/deutan region of the human X-chromosome.", "contents": "Color blindness not closely linked to bipolar illness. Report of a new pedigree series. A new pedigree series of bipolar manic-depressive patients admitted to the National Institute of Mental Health intramural research program was evaluated for linkage between bipolar illness and red-green color blindness, since previous studies had indicated that close linkage was generally present. Using family study methods, six informative pedigrees were investigated. Analysis was performed using a multigenerational procedure and taking into account variable penetrance. Close linkage could be definitively ruled out as a general finding. Bipolar and related illnesses are thus not generally transmitted by a single major gene close to the protan/deutan region of the human X-chromosome.", "PMID": 316315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5393", "title": "Color blindness linkage to bipolar manic-depressive illness. New evidence.", "content": "Linkage between protanopia and deuteranopia and bipolar manic-depressive illness is demonstrated in a sample of eight informative families ascertained in Brussels. Genetic heterogeneity of bipolar affective disorders is also shown in the present study. These results add new evidence to the hypothesis of X-linked dominant genetic transmission of affective liability in a subgroup of patients with bipolar affective disorders.", "contents": "Color blindness linkage to bipolar manic-depressive illness. New evidence. Linkage between protanopia and deuteranopia and bipolar manic-depressive illness is demonstrated in a sample of eight informative families ascertained in Brussels. Genetic heterogeneity of bipolar affective disorders is also shown in the present study. These results add new evidence to the hypothesis of X-linked dominant genetic transmission of affective liability in a subgroup of patients with bipolar affective disorders.", "PMID": 316316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5394", "title": "Canine hemorrhagic enteritis: detection of viral particles by electron microscopy.", "content": "At necropsy, several dogs which died showing symptoms of hemorrhagic diarrhea, had significant lesions of the mucosa that were found especially in the duodenum and upper part of the small bowel. Study of ultrathin sections from the diseased mucosa revealed particles resembling parvoviruses in altered nuclei of cells of the intestinal crypts. Electron microscopic examination of intestinal contents by negative staining has shown the presence of many viral particles which have a diameter of 24 nm and whose profile is consistent with an icosahedral shape. These virions float at a density of 1.43 g/cm3 in cesium chloride and agglutinate rhesus monkey and swine red blood cells at 4 degrees C. A possible etiological role is discussed. This virus is compared with the minute virus of canines and the Feline Panleukopenia virus.", "contents": "Canine hemorrhagic enteritis: detection of viral particles by electron microscopy. At necropsy, several dogs which died showing symptoms of hemorrhagic diarrhea, had significant lesions of the mucosa that were found especially in the duodenum and upper part of the small bowel. Study of ultrathin sections from the diseased mucosa revealed particles resembling parvoviruses in altered nuclei of cells of the intestinal crypts. Electron microscopic examination of intestinal contents by negative staining has shown the presence of many viral particles which have a diameter of 24 nm and whose profile is consistent with an icosahedral shape. These virions float at a density of 1.43 g/cm3 in cesium chloride and agglutinate rhesus monkey and swine red blood cells at 4 degrees C. A possible etiological role is discussed. This virus is compared with the minute virus of canines and the Feline Panleukopenia virus.", "PMID": 316320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5395", "title": "[Immunological changes in diabetes mellitus. Study of lymphocyte populations].", "content": "In view of some data of the literature suggesting that immunological changes could play a role in the pathogensis of diabetes mellitus and of its complications, we carried out a study of the lymphocyte populations of 44 diabetic subjects by means of E, EA, EAC rosettes and membrane immunofluorescence. A quarter of the patients had decreased E rosettes: all of these had long-lasting, insulin-dependent, poorly controlled diabetes. Some of these patients had also increased membrane IgG globulins. In 5 patients with recent onset, insulin-independent diabetes, E rosettes were increased. No significant changes of EA and EAC rosettes were observed. These findings suggest that changes of lymphocyte populations do not play any role in the pathogenesis of diabetes, while these may be the consequence of the metabolic disorder and these may favour the onset of complications  of the disease.", "contents": "[Immunological changes in diabetes mellitus. Study of lymphocyte populations]. In view of some data of the literature suggesting that immunological changes could play a role in the pathogensis of diabetes mellitus and of its complications, we carried out a study of the lymphocyte populations of 44 diabetic subjects by means of E, EA, EAC rosettes and membrane immunofluorescence. A quarter of the patients had decreased E rosettes: all of these had long-lasting, insulin-dependent, poorly controlled diabetes. Some of these patients had also increased membrane IgG globulins. In 5 patients with recent onset, insulin-independent diabetes, E rosettes were increased. No significant changes of EA and EAC rosettes were observed. These findings suggest that changes of lymphocyte populations do not play any role in the pathogenesis of diabetes, while these may be the consequence of the metabolic disorder and these may favour the onset of complications  of the disease.", "PMID": 316318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5396", "title": "Lissamine green staining in the clinical diagnosis of xerophthalmia.", "content": "Lissamine green staining of the conjunctiva, a new and widely heralded aid for diagnosing early xerophthalmia, was found to be a reasonably specific but inadequately sensitive test for practical use. While 82% of clinically normal children failed to show staining, so did 57% with night blindness, 29% with vitamin A responsive Bitot's spots, and, most significantly, 26% with severe, vitamin A related corneal involvement. The test also failed to distinguish vitamin A responsive \"Bitot's spots\" from nonresponsive ones.", "contents": "Lissamine green staining in the clinical diagnosis of xerophthalmia. Lissamine green staining of the conjunctiva, a new and widely heralded aid for diagnosing early xerophthalmia, was found to be a reasonably specific but inadequately sensitive test for practical use. While 82% of clinically normal children failed to show staining, so did 57% with night blindness, 29% with vitamin A responsive Bitot's spots, and, most significantly, 26% with severe, vitamin A related corneal involvement. The test also failed to distinguish vitamin A responsive \"Bitot's spots\" from nonresponsive ones.", "PMID": 316322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5397", "title": "[Immunity and neoplasms. Behavior of E rosette-forming lymphocytes in patients with malignant neoplasms].", "content": "The per cent and absolute figures of E rosette forming lymphocytes have been evaluated in the blood of normal subject and of patients with non-neoplastic diseases and with epithelial and lymphoreticular tumours. The percentage of rosetting lymphocytes was not affected by non-neoplastic diseases, whilst it was by tumours, especially by lymphoreticular ones. However differences were not statistically significant in view of the large dispersion of values. Absolute counts of rosetting lymphocytes displayed lesser variations. These findings are better explained by Schwartz's concept of immunoregulation than by Burnet's theory of immunosurveillance.", "contents": "[Immunity and neoplasms. Behavior of E rosette-forming lymphocytes in patients with malignant neoplasms]. The per cent and absolute figures of E rosette forming lymphocytes have been evaluated in the blood of normal subject and of patients with non-neoplastic diseases and with epithelial and lymphoreticular tumours. The percentage of rosetting lymphocytes was not affected by non-neoplastic diseases, whilst it was by tumours, especially by lymphoreticular ones. However differences were not statistically significant in view of the large dispersion of values. Absolute counts of rosetting lymphocytes displayed lesser variations. These findings are better explained by Schwartz's concept of immunoregulation than by Burnet's theory of immunosurveillance.", "PMID": 316319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5398", "title": "Ultrastructural development of the vestibular system under conditions of simulated weightlessness.", "content": "Electronmicroscopy was used to track the development of the gravity system of frog embryos and larvae which have bred for 5, 7, and 10 d after egg fertilization under conditions of simulated weightlessness on the fast-running horizontal clinostat. Although no differences in the morphologic structure of the organ between test and control animals could be found up to 7 d of development, there is a significant accumulation of vacuoles in sensory epithelia of frog larvae develpoping for 10 d (stage 17) in simulated zero G.", "contents": "Ultrastructural development of the vestibular system under conditions of simulated weightlessness. Electronmicroscopy was used to track the development of the gravity system of frog embryos and larvae which have bred for 5, 7, and 10 d after egg fertilization under conditions of simulated weightlessness on the fast-running horizontal clinostat. Although no differences in the morphologic structure of the organ between test and control animals could be found up to 7 d of development, there is a significant accumulation of vacuoles in sensory epithelia of frog larvae develpoping for 10 d (stage 17) in simulated zero G.", "PMID": 316324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5399", "title": "[Analysis of cellular components in immunocompetent organs treated with ionizing radiations].", "content": "The nucleic acid and protein content has been evaluated in lymphoid cells from the thymus and the Bursa of Fabricius of chicks exposed to different doses of radiation. A different response to radiation damage of the two cell populations is suggested by these analysis when compared with ultrastructural data.", "contents": "[Analysis of cellular components in immunocompetent organs treated with ionizing radiations]. The nucleic acid and protein content has been evaluated in lymphoid cells from the thymus and the Bursa of Fabricius of chicks exposed to different doses of radiation. A different response to radiation damage of the two cell populations is suggested by these analysis when compared with ultrastructural data.", "PMID": 316332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5400", "title": "Thallium-201 imaging in assessment of aortocoronary artery bypass graft patency.", "content": "Fifteen patients with significant coronary artery disease confirmed by cardiac catheterisation were studied before and after aortocoronary artery bypass graft surgery by rest and exercise 201Tl myocardial scintigraphy in an attempt to predict graft status non-invasively. Segmental myocardial perfusion comparisons in pre- and postoperative exercise images allowed correct predictions of high (greater than or equal to 67%) or low (less than or equal to 50%) graft patency rates in 10 of 15 patients, while similar comparisons in postoperative rest and exercise images yielded 13 of 15 correct predictions. Furthermore, 20 of 21 myocardial segments with increased postoperative perfusion when compared with corresponding  segments in preoperative exercise studies were supplied by patent grafts. Regional graft occlusion, however, was difficult to predict. It was also difficult to predict graft status when myocardial segments were shown to have unchanged perfusion postoperatively as compared with the preoperative segmental assessment. Despite these limitations, the non-invasive technique of 201Tl imaging can provide useful information regarding coronary artery bypass graft patency.", "contents": "Thallium-201 imaging in assessment of aortocoronary artery bypass graft patency. Fifteen patients with significant coronary artery disease confirmed by cardiac catheterisation were studied before and after aortocoronary artery bypass graft surgery by rest and exercise 201Tl myocardial scintigraphy in an attempt to predict graft status non-invasively. Segmental myocardial perfusion comparisons in pre- and postoperative exercise images allowed correct predictions of high (greater than or equal to 67%) or low (less than or equal to 50%) graft patency rates in 10 of 15 patients, while similar comparisons in postoperative rest and exercise images yielded 13 of 15 correct predictions. Furthermore, 20 of 21 myocardial segments with increased postoperative perfusion when compared with corresponding  segments in preoperative exercise studies were supplied by patent grafts. Regional graft occlusion, however, was difficult to predict. It was also difficult to predict graft status when myocardial segments were shown to have unchanged perfusion postoperatively as compared with the preoperative segmental assessment. Despite these limitations, the non-invasive technique of 201Tl imaging can provide useful information regarding coronary artery bypass graft patency.", "PMID": 316333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5401", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of disopyramide in patients after open-heart surgery.", "content": "Disopyramide phosphate was administered intravenously in a dose of 1.2 mg/kg body weight over one minute to nine patients after open-heart surgery and coronary artery bypass grafting. The haemodynamic changes were studied during and for 30 minutes after drug administration. Heart rate was unchanged throughout the study. During infusion the only significant changes were an increase in systemic blood pressure and systolic impedance signifying a direct increase in peripheral arterial resistance. Systemic blood pressure remained significantly higher for 10 minutes and systolic impedance for 30 minutes. Immediately after infusion max. dPower/dT, a measure of ventricular contractility, was significantly depressed for 15 minutes. Both cardiac output and aortic flow were significantly depressed for 30 minutes. DPTI/TTI, an estimate of subendocardial supply/demand ratio, showed an insignificant increase throughout the study. This study shows that intravenous disopyramide starts acting within 45 seconds of the start of infusion, directly increases peripheral arterial resistance, has a breif negative inotropic action, and does not reduce subendocardial blood flow.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of disopyramide in patients after open-heart surgery. Disopyramide phosphate was administered intravenously in a dose of 1.2 mg/kg body weight over one minute to nine patients after open-heart surgery and coronary artery bypass grafting. The haemodynamic changes were studied during and for 30 minutes after drug administration. Heart rate was unchanged throughout the study. During infusion the only significant changes were an increase in systemic blood pressure and systolic impedance signifying a direct increase in peripheral arterial resistance. Systemic blood pressure remained significantly higher for 10 minutes and systolic impedance for 30 minutes. Immediately after infusion max. dPower/dT, a measure of ventricular contractility, was significantly depressed for 15 minutes. Both cardiac output and aortic flow were significantly depressed for 30 minutes. DPTI/TTI, an estimate of subendocardial supply/demand ratio, showed an insignificant increase throughout the study. This study shows that intravenous disopyramide starts acting within 45 seconds of the start of infusion, directly increases peripheral arterial resistance, has a breif negative inotropic action, and does not reduce subendocardial blood flow.", "PMID": 316334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5402", "title": "Entrapment of proteins in phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "content": "The trapping efficiency of globular proteins in four different types of phosphatidylcholine vesicles was systematically studied. Vesicles were generated in a mixture of 125I-labeled proteins of various molecular weights. The trapped proteins were separated from untrapped proteins by gel filtration and ultrafiltration and subsequently analyzed by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Entrapment of proteins was demonstrated by their resistance to trypsin digestion. The relative amount of each entrapped protein species was then compared to that of the original protein solution. In multilamellar vesicles and large unilamellar vesicles, proteins of molecular weight up to 97 000 had the same trapping efficiency as sucrose. In small unilamellar vesicles generated by either sonication or ethanol injection, however, the relative trapping efficiency of protein decreased progressively as the molecular weight of the protein became greater. For example, the trapping efficiency of alpha-amylase (Mr 97 000) was only half of that for sucrose. The apparent decrease in trapping efficiency with the protein's molecular weight in small unilamellar vesicles canbe accounted for by the combination of the bound water layer at the vesicle's internal surface and the steric hindrance when protein is captured during vesicle formation.", "contents": "Entrapment of proteins in phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The trapping efficiency of globular proteins in four different types of phosphatidylcholine vesicles was systematically studied. Vesicles were generated in a mixture of 125I-labeled proteins of various molecular weights. The trapped proteins were separated from untrapped proteins by gel filtration and ultrafiltration and subsequently analyzed by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Entrapment of proteins was demonstrated by their resistance to trypsin digestion. The relative amount of each entrapped protein species was then compared to that of the original protein solution. In multilamellar vesicles and large unilamellar vesicles, proteins of molecular weight up to 97 000 had the same trapping efficiency as sucrose. In small unilamellar vesicles generated by either sonication or ethanol injection, however, the relative trapping efficiency of protein decreased progressively as the molecular weight of the protein became greater. For example, the trapping efficiency of alpha-amylase (Mr 97 000) was only half of that for sucrose. The apparent decrease in trapping efficiency with the protein's molecular weight in small unilamellar vesicles canbe accounted for by the combination of the bound water layer at the vesicle's internal surface and the steric hindrance when protein is captured during vesicle formation.", "PMID": 316335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5403", "title": "Cell-specific antigens in chicken erythroid nuclei: species specificity.", "content": "Antisera raised to dehistonized chicken reticulocyte chromatin were tested for their cell and species specificity. Quantitative microcomplement fixation and immunohistochemical localization revealed the presence in chromatin of erythroid cell-specific nonhistone protein antigen(s). The antigenic specificity was shown to depend on the association of the antigenic protein(s) with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Although the antisera were exceptionally cell specific, they cross-reacted with erythroid cells of other avian species. The extent of cross-reactivity was found to approximate the phylogenetic distances of the tested avian species. Erythroid cells from fish and amphibians were not reactive. Reconstitution experiments of partially purified chicken reticulocyte chromosomal nonhistone protein antigens with DNAs isolated from several vertebrate species showed that the species specificity of the antigenic complexes is determined principally by the species origin of the nonhistone proteins. Our results show that a cell-specific chromosomal nonhistone protein(s) has undergone evolutionary change and the relative immunological differences are consistent with the accepted phylogenetic distances of the species examined.", "contents": "Cell-specific antigens in chicken erythroid nuclei: species specificity. Antisera raised to dehistonized chicken reticulocyte chromatin were tested for their cell and species specificity. Quantitative microcomplement fixation and immunohistochemical localization revealed the presence in chromatin of erythroid cell-specific nonhistone protein antigen(s). The antigenic specificity was shown to depend on the association of the antigenic protein(s) with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Although the antisera were exceptionally cell specific, they cross-reacted with erythroid cells of other avian species. The extent of cross-reactivity was found to approximate the phylogenetic distances of the tested avian species. Erythroid cells from fish and amphibians were not reactive. Reconstitution experiments of partially purified chicken reticulocyte chromosomal nonhistone protein antigens with DNAs isolated from several vertebrate species showed that the species specificity of the antigenic complexes is determined principally by the species origin of the nonhistone proteins. Our results show that a cell-specific chromosomal nonhistone protein(s) has undergone evolutionary change and the relative immunological differences are consistent with the accepted phylogenetic distances of the species examined.", "PMID": 316336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5404", "title": "Isolation and properties of bacterial luciferase-oxygenated flavin intermediate complexed with long-chain alcohols.", "content": "Nonsubstrate long-chain aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, and their methyl esters were found to complex reversibly with and stabilize an oxygenated flavin-luciferase intermediate, with alcohols being more effective in stabilizing the intermediate. Dissociation constants for the binding of alcohols to luciferase intermediate are in the order of K8 greater than K10 greater than K12 congruent to K14 where the subscripts represent the numbers of carbon atoms of various alcohols. Thermodynamic activation parameters for the decay of oxygenated flavin-luciferase intermediate complexed with alcohols or aldehydes were determined, and similarities were noted between alcohol and aldehyde complexes. Luciferase intermediate complexes formed with 1-decanol and 1-tetradecanol were isolated at 0 degrees C in neutral phosphate buffer, and both showed absorption properties characteristic of 4a-substituted dihydroflavins. The 1-tetradecanol-intermediate species contained one favin per luciferase molecule. Initially this complex was weakly fluorescent, but upon exposure to 370-nm light it was transformed to a highly fluorescent species. The latter shows a fluorescence excitation peak at 370 nm, and its fluorescence emission (lambda max 505 nm) and quantum yield (0.17) closely correspond to that of bioluminescence in vitro. Both the weakly and the highly fluorescent species exhibit full bioluminescence activities when reacted with decanal.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of bacterial luciferase-oxygenated flavin intermediate complexed with long-chain alcohols. Nonsubstrate long-chain aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, and their methyl esters were found to complex reversibly with and stabilize an oxygenated flavin-luciferase intermediate, with alcohols being more effective in stabilizing the intermediate. Dissociation constants for the binding of alcohols to luciferase intermediate are in the order of K8 greater than K10 greater than K12 congruent to K14 where the subscripts represent the numbers of carbon atoms of various alcohols. Thermodynamic activation parameters for the decay of oxygenated flavin-luciferase intermediate complexed with alcohols or aldehydes were determined, and similarities were noted between alcohol and aldehyde complexes. Luciferase intermediate complexes formed with 1-decanol and 1-tetradecanol were isolated at 0 degrees C in neutral phosphate buffer, and both showed absorption properties characteristic of 4a-substituted dihydroflavins. The 1-tetradecanol-intermediate species contained one favin per luciferase molecule. Initially this complex was weakly fluorescent, but upon exposure to 370-nm light it was transformed to a highly fluorescent species. The latter shows a fluorescence excitation peak at 370 nm, and its fluorescence emission (lambda max 505 nm) and quantum yield (0.17) closely correspond to that of bioluminescence in vitro. Both the weakly and the highly fluorescent species exhibit full bioluminescence activities when reacted with decanal.", "PMID": 316337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5405", "title": "[Role of T- and B-lymphocytes in the heterogeneity of human cell-mediated reactions to bacterial antigens].", "content": "Leucocytes from 30 patients with allergy to tuberculin and bacterial antigens were treated with antithymus (ATS) and anti-immune globulin (AIGS) sera. The leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) was performed with these antigens. ATS abolished the LMIT induced by tuberculin and sometimes by bacterial antigens (staphylococcal, streptococcal etc.). AIGS frequently abolished the LMIT induced by bacterial antigens, but not by tuberculin. In some cases the treatment with any serum abolished the LMIT induced by the antigens, or, on the contrary, it was abolished only by a successive treatment with both sera. The lymphocyte types (T or B) determining the secondary immune response to the same antigen are different in various patients, as well as they differ in the same patients in relation to diverse antigens. Five types of lymphocyte - antigen interrelation in the LMIT have been distinguished.", "contents": "[Role of T- and B-lymphocytes in the heterogeneity of human cell-mediated reactions to bacterial antigens]. Leucocytes from 30 patients with allergy to tuberculin and bacterial antigens were treated with antithymus (ATS) and anti-immune globulin (AIGS) sera. The leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) was performed with these antigens. ATS abolished the LMIT induced by tuberculin and sometimes by bacterial antigens (staphylococcal, streptococcal etc.). AIGS frequently abolished the LMIT induced by bacterial antigens, but not by tuberculin. In some cases the treatment with any serum abolished the LMIT induced by the antigens, or, on the contrary, it was abolished only by a successive treatment with both sera. The lymphocyte types (T or B) determining the secondary immune response to the same antigen are different in various patients, as well as they differ in the same patients in relation to diverse antigens. Five types of lymphocyte - antigen interrelation in the LMIT have been distinguished.", "PMID": 316338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5406", "title": "[Effect of nootropil and contvykal on the structural changes in the central nervous system in hypoxic brain edema].", "content": "The brain cortex of rabbits exposed to 15-minute ishemia in the presence of monitored hypotonia was studied in 27 experiments in order to verify the efficacy of nootropil and contrykal as agents intended for the treatment of posthypoxic edema of the brain. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed on the basis of the evidence obtained with the aid of light and electron microscopy. It was found that nootropil exerts a favourable action on the ultrastructure of intracellular organella of the neuron: mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomal apparatus, nuclear envelope, etc. Under the effect of nootropil and contrykal the posthypoxic microcirculatory changes showed signs of compensation and proved reversible. Manifestations of posthypoxic edema of the brain were less pronounced. It is suggested that the efficacy of the treatment regimen offered is related to the normalizing effect of nootropil on metabolic and repair processes in neurons and cellular elements pertaining to the microcirculatory system as well as with a direct action of contrykal on the local factors of capillary permeability.", "contents": "[Effect of nootropil and contvykal on the structural changes in the central nervous system in hypoxic brain edema]. The brain cortex of rabbits exposed to 15-minute ishemia in the presence of monitored hypotonia was studied in 27 experiments in order to verify the efficacy of nootropil and contrykal as agents intended for the treatment of posthypoxic edema of the brain. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed on the basis of the evidence obtained with the aid of light and electron microscopy. It was found that nootropil exerts a favourable action on the ultrastructure of intracellular organella of the neuron: mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomal apparatus, nuclear envelope, etc. Under the effect of nootropil and contrykal the posthypoxic microcirculatory changes showed signs of compensation and proved reversible. Manifestations of posthypoxic edema of the brain were less pronounced. It is suggested that the efficacy of the treatment regimen offered is related to the normalizing effect of nootropil on metabolic and repair processes in neurons and cellular elements pertaining to the microcirculatory system as well as with a direct action of contrykal on the local factors of capillary permeability.", "PMID": 316339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5407", "title": "[Functional activity of T and B lymphocytes of mice undergoing spontaneous loss of tolerance].", "content": "The functional activity of splenocytes and thymocytes of mice tolerant to sheep red blood cells was investigated one and four weeks after tolerance induction. The tolerance was achieved by cyclophosphamide. The immunocompetence of thymocytes was fully reversed in  lfour week time. The functional activity of T and B lymphocytes of the spleen was also partially recovered four weeks after tolerance induction. Preliminary thymectomy weakened but did not prevent completely the immunocompetence of T cells of the spleen from being recovered. No Tsuppressants were found in the thymus or spleen of the tolerant animals.", "contents": "[Functional activity of T and B lymphocytes of mice undergoing spontaneous loss of tolerance]. The functional activity of splenocytes and thymocytes of mice tolerant to sheep red blood cells was investigated one and four weeks after tolerance induction. The tolerance was achieved by cyclophosphamide. The immunocompetence of thymocytes was fully reversed in  lfour week time. The functional activity of T and B lymphocytes of the spleen was also partially recovered four weeks after tolerance induction. Preliminary thymectomy weakened but did not prevent completely the immunocompetence of T cells of the spleen from being recovered. No Tsuppressants were found in the thymus or spleen of the tolerant animals.", "PMID": 316340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5408", "title": "[Electrophoretic separation of rat spleen and thymus leukocytes and their reactions to mitogens in vitro].", "content": "Electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of lymphocytes from the thymus and spleen of August and Wistar rats as well as capacity of lymphocytes with different surface hemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were studied by the method of free flow electrophoresis. Lymphocytes of the rat spleen were shown, depending on the surface charge, to divide into two groups during cultivation: cells with high and low electrophoretic mobility. At separation the lymphocytes consisted of 8--10 fractions with different EPM. There was a relationship between the surface charge of the lymphocytes and their stimulation rate by mitogens. Increased thymidine-3H uptake was recorded at mitogenic exposure of lymphocytes from the spleen with high EPM. Low mobile lymphoid elements of the spleen did not respond to mitogenic stimulation. A subpopulation of thymocytes with low EPM was resistant to Con A stimulation. The thymocytes of rats did not virtually respond to PHA irrespective of EPM.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic separation of rat spleen and thymus leukocytes and their reactions to mitogens in vitro]. Electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of lymphocytes from the thymus and spleen of August and Wistar rats as well as capacity of lymphocytes with different surface hemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were studied by the method of free flow electrophoresis. Lymphocytes of the rat spleen were shown, depending on the surface charge, to divide into two groups during cultivation: cells with high and low electrophoretic mobility. At separation the lymphocytes consisted of 8--10 fractions with different EPM. There was a relationship between the surface charge of the lymphocytes and their stimulation rate by mitogens. Increased thymidine-3H uptake was recorded at mitogenic exposure of lymphocytes from the spleen with high EPM. Low mobile lymphoid elements of the spleen did not respond to mitogenic stimulation. A subpopulation of thymocytes with low EPM was resistant to Con A stimulation. The thymocytes of rats did not virtually respond to PHA irrespective of EPM.", "PMID": 316341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5409", "title": "[Role of adhesive lymphoid cell subpopulation in areactivity to hepatoma 22a].", "content": "The role of adhesive fraction of T lymphocytes in nonreactivity of mice to hepatoma 22a was studied. It was shown that the removal of the adhesive fraction from the spleen suspension enriched with T lymphocytes promotes intensification of cell immunity in tumor-tolerant mice.", "contents": "[Role of adhesive lymphoid cell subpopulation in areactivity to hepatoma 22a]. The role of adhesive fraction of T lymphocytes in nonreactivity of mice to hepatoma 22a was studied. It was shown that the removal of the adhesive fraction from the spleen suspension enriched with T lymphocytes promotes intensification of cell immunity in tumor-tolerant mice.", "PMID": 316342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5410", "title": "Antagonism of excitatory amino acid-induced responses and of synaptic excitation in the isolated spinal cord of the frog.", "content": "1. A range of compounds has been tested for excitatory amino acid agonist or antagonist activity and for effects on synaptic activity on isolated hemisected spinal cords of frogs. 2. L-Monoamino dicarboxylic acids of chain length up to 8 carbon atoms (L-alpha-aminosuberate) were all agonists. 3. Within a series of D-monoamino dicarboxylic acids, and with diamino dicarboxylic acids (mainly unresolved mixtures of diasteroisomers), there was a progression from agonist activity, for compounds of chain length equal to or shorter than glutamate, to antagonist activity, for compounds of longer chain length equal to or shorter than glutamate, to antagonist activity, for compounds of longer chain length, D-alpha-Aminosuberate (D alpha SD) was the most potent antagonist. 4. The antagonist actions of these substances showed a Mg2+--like selectivity with respect to depolarizations produced by different excitants. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was the most susceptible agonist and quisqualate and kainate the least susceptible. Responses to other excitatory amino acids, including L-glutamate and L-aspartate, showed intermediate sensitivity to the antagonists. 5. A parallelism was observed between the relative potencies of mono- and diamino dicarboxylic acids as NMDA antagonists and their relative potencies as depressants of synaptic responses. 6. The results support the concept of different types of excitatory amino acid receptors, with NMDA and its antagonists acting predominantly on one type. These NMDA receptors are probably transmitter receptors activated by an excitatory amino acid transmitter.", "contents": "Antagonism of excitatory amino acid-induced responses and of synaptic excitation in the isolated spinal cord of the frog. 1. A range of compounds has been tested for excitatory amino acid agonist or antagonist activity and for effects on synaptic activity on isolated hemisected spinal cords of frogs. 2. L-Monoamino dicarboxylic acids of chain length up to 8 carbon atoms (L-alpha-aminosuberate) were all agonists. 3. Within a series of D-monoamino dicarboxylic acids, and with diamino dicarboxylic acids (mainly unresolved mixtures of diasteroisomers), there was a progression from agonist activity, for compounds of chain length equal to or shorter than glutamate, to antagonist activity, for compounds of longer chain length equal to or shorter than glutamate, to antagonist activity, for compounds of longer chain length, D-alpha-Aminosuberate (D alpha SD) was the most potent antagonist. 4. The antagonist actions of these substances showed a Mg2+--like selectivity with respect to depolarizations produced by different excitants. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was the most susceptible agonist and quisqualate and kainate the least susceptible. Responses to other excitatory amino acids, including L-glutamate and L-aspartate, showed intermediate sensitivity to the antagonists. 5. A parallelism was observed between the relative potencies of mono- and diamino dicarboxylic acids as NMDA antagonists and their relative potencies as depressants of synaptic responses. 6. The results support the concept of different types of excitatory amino acid receptors, with NMDA and its antagonists acting predominantly on one type. These NMDA receptors are probably transmitter receptors activated by an excitatory amino acid transmitter.", "PMID": 316343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5411", "title": "A new variety of \"empty sella\" with cystic intrasellar dilatation of the recessus infundibuli.", "content": "A new variety of the \"empty sella\" consisting of polycystic intrasellar dilatation of the infundibular recess is described. The underlying embryonal developmental anomaly of the pituitary gland and diaphragma sellae and the possible effect of increased intracranial pressure are discussed and the malformation is compared with embryonal stages of ventricular development.", "contents": "A new variety of \"empty sella\" with cystic intrasellar dilatation of the recessus infundibuli. A new variety of the \"empty sella\" consisting of polycystic intrasellar dilatation of the infundibular recess is described. The underlying embryonal developmental anomaly of the pituitary gland and diaphragma sellae and the possible effect of increased intracranial pressure are discussed and the malformation is compared with embryonal stages of ventricular development.", "PMID": 316344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5412", "title": "Emergency treatment of variceal haemorrhage.", "content": "For the initial control of haemorrhage from oesophageal varices, two methods of vasopressin administration have been compared--the conventional bolus of 20 units and a low dose infusion of 0.4 units per minute. Twenty patients bleeding from oesophageal varices, confirmed by endoscopy, were allocated into either treatment group (10 in each). Vasopressin infusion stopped bleeding in 86 per cent of the episodes in contrast to 12.5 per cent (P less than 0.01) with bolus doses. Balloon tamponade with a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube was used to control bleeding in only 2 episodes in patients on infusion and in 10 episodes in patients on bolus doses of vasopressin (P less than 0.05). Our study confirms that low dose vasopressin infusion in more effective in controlling bleeding from oesophageal varices than conventional bolus doses.", "contents": "Emergency treatment of variceal haemorrhage. For the initial control of haemorrhage from oesophageal varices, two methods of vasopressin administration have been compared--the conventional bolus of 20 units and a low dose infusion of 0.4 units per minute. Twenty patients bleeding from oesophageal varices, confirmed by endoscopy, were allocated into either treatment group (10 in each). Vasopressin infusion stopped bleeding in 86 per cent of the episodes in contrast to 12.5 per cent (P less than 0.01) with bolus doses. Balloon tamponade with a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube was used to control bleeding in only 2 episodes in patients on infusion and in 10 episodes in patients on bolus doses of vasopressin (P less than 0.05). Our study confirms that low dose vasopressin infusion in more effective in controlling bleeding from oesophageal varices than conventional bolus doses.", "PMID": 316346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5413", "title": "Return to work and quality of life after surgery for coronary artery disease.", "content": "Changes in work capability and quality of life were assessed retrospectively in 130 patients with ischaemic heart disease who had undergone aortocoronary bypass operations during 1976-7 because of medically uncontrollable angina. A total of 85 patients (65.4%) reported complete relief from angina six months after operation, though 12 later suffered a recurrence. Substantially fewer patients needed drugs after the operation. Before operation 9 out of 117 men fully employed at the onset of angina were working without restriction or doing lighter, fulltime work, 38 were at work but seriously incapacitated by angina, and 70 were forced to stop work. After operation 70 were working without restriction or engaged in lighter work, 15 were at work but still restricted by angina, and only 32 were forced to stop work. This result was highly significant (P less than 0.001). These differences were even more pronounced in heavy manual workers, of whom none cobld work normally before operation, whereas 16 were working without restriction afterwards. Of patients wishing to engage in hobbies or sports, social activity, and sexual intercourse but were restricted before operation, about two-thirds could resume these activities afterwards. Coronary artery surgery provided dramatic symptomatic relief in up to 90% of patients and permitted rehabilitation and return to gainful employment irrespective of type of labour. The degree of symptomatic improvement and increase in exercise tolerance after successful surgery is usually far greater than occurs with any other form of treatment and directly improves quality of life and work capability.", "contents": "Return to work and quality of life after surgery for coronary artery disease. Changes in work capability and quality of life were assessed retrospectively in 130 patients with ischaemic heart disease who had undergone aortocoronary bypass operations during 1976-7 because of medically uncontrollable angina. A total of 85 patients (65.4%) reported complete relief from angina six months after operation, though 12 later suffered a recurrence. Substantially fewer patients needed drugs after the operation. Before operation 9 out of 117 men fully employed at the onset of angina were working without restriction or doing lighter, fulltime work, 38 were at work but seriously incapacitated by angina, and 70 were forced to stop work. After operation 70 were working without restriction or engaged in lighter work, 15 were at work but still restricted by angina, and only 32 were forced to stop work. This result was highly significant (P less than 0.001). These differences were even more pronounced in heavy manual workers, of whom none cobld work normally before operation, whereas 16 were working without restriction afterwards. Of patients wishing to engage in hobbies or sports, social activity, and sexual intercourse but were restricted before operation, about two-thirds could resume these activities afterwards. Coronary artery surgery provided dramatic symptomatic relief in up to 90% of patients and permitted rehabilitation and return to gainful employment irrespective of type of labour. The degree of symptomatic improvement and increase in exercise tolerance after successful surgery is usually far greater than occurs with any other form of treatment and directly improves quality of life and work capability.", "PMID": 316348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5414", "title": "Factors influencing in vitro production of colony-stimulating factor by mononuclear leukocytes from humans.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence the production of colony-stimulating factor by leukocytes of humans. The use of nonadherent light-density bone marrow cells is semisolid agar cultures to assay the concentrations of colony-stimulating factor in the supernatant of monocyte and mononuclear leukocyte cultures made it possible to distinguish between colony-stimulating factor, which stimulates colony-forming cells directly, and monocyte-dependent stimulating activity, which acts indirectly, by increasing the monocyte production of colony-stimulating factor. Colony-stimulating factor was not detectable in the cytosol of monocytes; that detected in culture must, therefore, have been newly synthesized. Synthesis was enhanced independently by heat-inactivated human serum and by semipurified serum fractions enriched with monocyte-dependent stimulating activity. The kinetics of the production of colony-stimulating factor in the presence and absence of monocyte-dependent stimulating activity indicated that the latter facilitated monocyte production of the former. Factors released from neutrophils were shown to reduce the production of colony-stimulating factor and thr proliferation of colony-forming cells and thus may provide a feedback control mechanism limiting the proliferation of neutrophils.", "contents": "Factors influencing in vitro production of colony-stimulating factor by mononuclear leukocytes from humans. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence the production of colony-stimulating factor by leukocytes of humans. The use of nonadherent light-density bone marrow cells is semisolid agar cultures to assay the concentrations of colony-stimulating factor in the supernatant of monocyte and mononuclear leukocyte cultures made it possible to distinguish between colony-stimulating factor, which stimulates colony-forming cells directly, and monocyte-dependent stimulating activity, which acts indirectly, by increasing the monocyte production of colony-stimulating factor. Colony-stimulating factor was not detectable in the cytosol of monocytes; that detected in culture must, therefore, have been newly synthesized. Synthesis was enhanced independently by heat-inactivated human serum and by semipurified serum fractions enriched with monocyte-dependent stimulating activity. The kinetics of the production of colony-stimulating factor in the presence and absence of monocyte-dependent stimulating activity indicated that the latter facilitated monocyte production of the former. Factors released from neutrophils were shown to reduce the production of colony-stimulating factor and thr proliferation of colony-forming cells and thus may provide a feedback control mechanism limiting the proliferation of neutrophils.", "PMID": 316353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5415", "title": "Noninvasive perfusion control by thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy after coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy, which has been shown accurate in the assessment of myocardial perfusion, was employed in the evaluation of 34 patients after coronary artery bypass surgery. In 28 patients (82.4%), there was a clear correspondence in the postoperative studies between the defects shown on scintigraphy and the coronary artery stenosis documented by arteriography. Thallium imaging after coronary artery bypass revealed an increased or newly developed scintigraphic defect in eight of 10 patients with recurrent angina. Follow-up arteriography in these 10 patients revealed occlusion or stenosis of the bypass graft in five, perioperative myocardial infarction in two, and increased stenosis of a preoperatively less occluded artery in two. In 24 patients with postoperative clinical improvement or relief of angina, 201Tl scintigraphy revealed complete normalization of thallium uptake in three, improvement of uptake in 17, and unchanged uptake defects in four.", "contents": "Noninvasive perfusion control by thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy after coronary artery bypass surgery. Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy, which has been shown accurate in the assessment of myocardial perfusion, was employed in the evaluation of 34 patients after coronary artery bypass surgery. In 28 patients (82.4%), there was a clear correspondence in the postoperative studies between the defects shown on scintigraphy and the coronary artery stenosis documented by arteriography. Thallium imaging after coronary artery bypass revealed an increased or newly developed scintigraphic defect in eight of 10 patients with recurrent angina. Follow-up arteriography in these 10 patients revealed occlusion or stenosis of the bypass graft in five, perioperative myocardial infarction in two, and increased stenosis of a preoperatively less occluded artery in two. In 24 patients with postoperative clinical improvement or relief of angina, 201Tl scintigraphy revealed complete normalization of thallium uptake in three, improvement of uptake in 17, and unchanged uptake defects in four.", "PMID": 316355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5416", "title": "Induction of erythropoietin responsiveness in vitro by a distinct population of bone marrow cells.", "content": "Bone marrow contains a small population of primitive erythroid progenitor cells which can be detected by their capacity to form large numbers of erythroid progeny in viscous cultures containing erythropoietin (EP). These cells have been termed erythroid 'burst-forming units' (BFUe). The present study demonstrates that expression of the erythroid differentiation potential of BFUe requires the presence of an activity additional to EP. This activity has been designated as BFA (burst feeder activity). It is shown that the number of BFUe detected and their apparent sensitivity to EP are directly related to the BFA concentration of the cultures. BFA was found to be associated with a population of bone marrow cells of high buoyant density and small volume, which are sensitive to irradiation. The radiation dose-effect curve provided strong evidence that bone marrow BFA is independent of cell proliferation; this was supported by showing that BFA is unaffected by in vivo treatment with hydroxyurea. The findings are compatible with a two-step regulation model for erythroid differentiation in which BFA-induced progeny of BFUe acquire sensitivity to EP.", "contents": "Induction of erythropoietin responsiveness in vitro by a distinct population of bone marrow cells. Bone marrow contains a small population of primitive erythroid progenitor cells which can be detected by their capacity to form large numbers of erythroid progeny in viscous cultures containing erythropoietin (EP). These cells have been termed erythroid 'burst-forming units' (BFUe). The present study demonstrates that expression of the erythroid differentiation potential of BFUe requires the presence of an activity additional to EP. This activity has been designated as BFA (burst feeder activity). It is shown that the number of BFUe detected and their apparent sensitivity to EP are directly related to the BFA concentration of the cultures. BFA was found to be associated with a population of bone marrow cells of high buoyant density and small volume, which are sensitive to irradiation. The radiation dose-effect curve provided strong evidence that bone marrow BFA is independent of cell proliferation; this was supported by showing that BFA is unaffected by in vivo treatment with hydroxyurea. The findings are compatible with a two-step regulation model for erythroid differentiation in which BFA-induced progeny of BFUe acquire sensitivity to EP.", "PMID": 316359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5417", "title": "Fine structure of the rhombencephalic tela of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.", "content": "The posterior rhombencephalic tela choroidea of the bullfrog was examined by electron microscopy. This membrane, the pia-ependymal roof of the caudal hindbrain, contains a large central region characterized by cuboidal ependymal cells which surround sizable microscopic apertures -- the interependymal pores. Ultrastructurally ependymal cells of this area are characterized by infrequent apical microvilli and cilia. They contain irregularly shaped nuclei and few cytoplasmic organelles that are largely apical in position. The most striking feature is an abundance of cytoplasmic filaments forming an extensive cytoskeleton. Laterally these cells are joined by numerous elaborate desmosomes. The majority of the ependymal cells have a basal lamina consisting of single, double, or triple laminae lying parallel to the basal plasma membrane. Several unusual specializations are seen at the margins of the interependymal pores. The ependymal cells have lateral cytoplasmic processes that form the actual border of each pore. These processes originate from the apical surface of the cell and partially enclose an elaborate network of basal lamina associated with the interependymal pores. These findings demonstrate microscopic apertures in the roof of the fourth ventricle in the bullfrog that are associated with an unusual form of supportive ependyma.", "contents": "Fine structure of the rhombencephalic tela of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. The posterior rhombencephalic tela choroidea of the bullfrog was examined by electron microscopy. This membrane, the pia-ependymal roof of the caudal hindbrain, contains a large central region characterized by cuboidal ependymal cells which surround sizable microscopic apertures -- the interependymal pores. Ultrastructurally ependymal cells of this area are characterized by infrequent apical microvilli and cilia. They contain irregularly shaped nuclei and few cytoplasmic organelles that are largely apical in position. The most striking feature is an abundance of cytoplasmic filaments forming an extensive cytoskeleton. Laterally these cells are joined by numerous elaborate desmosomes. The majority of the ependymal cells have a basal lamina consisting of single, double, or triple laminae lying parallel to the basal plasma membrane. Several unusual specializations are seen at the margins of the interependymal pores. The ependymal cells have lateral cytoplasmic processes that form the actual border of each pore. These processes originate from the apical surface of the cell and partially enclose an elaborate network of basal lamina associated with the interependymal pores. These findings demonstrate microscopic apertures in the roof of the fourth ventricle in the bullfrog that are associated with an unusual form of supportive ependyma.", "PMID": 316360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5418", "title": "Stimulation of septation in mitochondria by diamide, a thiol oxidising agent.", "content": "Diamide (10-(4)M), a thiol oxidizing agent, rapidly promotes septation in isolated frog liver mitochondria an also in situ in liver slices. The effect is partially inhibited by dithioerythritol. DNP does not have this effect, and it is concluded that diamide does not promote septation via an uncoupling action. The septate mitochondria have a different appearance from typical dividing mitochondria previously described; it is suggested that (1) diamide may act by favouring the fusion of the internal membranes, and (2) -SH oxidation is of importance in mitochondria in ageing and in various pathological conditions. The ways in which septa may develop in mitochondria in the orthodox and condensed configuration are discussed.", "contents": "Stimulation of septation in mitochondria by diamide, a thiol oxidising agent. Diamide (10-(4)M), a thiol oxidizing agent, rapidly promotes septation in isolated frog liver mitochondria an also in situ in liver slices. The effect is partially inhibited by dithioerythritol. DNP does not have this effect, and it is concluded that diamide does not promote septation via an uncoupling action. The septate mitochondria have a different appearance from typical dividing mitochondria previously described; it is suggested that (1) diamide may act by favouring the fusion of the internal membranes, and (2) -SH oxidation is of importance in mitochondria in ageing and in various pathological conditions. The ways in which septa may develop in mitochondria in the orthodox and condensed configuration are discussed.", "PMID": 316361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5419", "title": "Tumor promoters and epidermal growth factor stimulate anchorage-independent growth of adenovirus-tranformed rat embryo cells.", "content": "Previous studies indicated that the potent tumor promoter 12--0--tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) enhances transformation of rat embryo cells (2 degrees RE) by a mutant of human Ad5 (H5ts125). This study examines the effect of TPA, its structural analogs and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on anchorage-independent growth of a cloned population of H5ts125-transformed 2 degrees RE cells (clone E11). Both TPA and EGF (approximately 10(-8) M) induced a 3--5 fold increase in agar cloning efficiency of E11 cells. In addition, macroscopic colonies appeared earlier and were larger and more diffuse. The TPA analogs phorbol--12,13--didecanoate (PDD) and ingenol--3,20--dibenzoate also enhanced growth in agar of E11 cells, whereas phorbol, 4 alpha PDD and 4--0--meTPA, which are inactive as tumor promoters, failed to enhance agar growth. In contrast to the results obtained with E11 cells, TPA, PDD or ingenol--3,20--bidenzoate failed to induce growth in agar of normal 2 degrees RE cells. Dexamethasone (10(-5)--10(-6) M), trans retinoic acid (10(-5)--10(-6) M) and the protease inhibitors leupeptin, antipain and elastatinol did not inhibit the ability of TPA to enhance the growth of E11 cells in agar. The TPA-enhanced anchorage independence was a stable property, since subclones of E11 cells isolated from TPA-agar plates had a higher agar cloning efficiency than the parental E11 cells when retested in the absence of TPA. This effect of TPA does not appear to reflect simple selection of a subpopulation of cells. When the parental E11 cells were first cloned in monolayer culture in the absence of TPA, all ten randomly picked clones showed enhanced growth in agar in the presence of TPA. In addition, prior growth of E11 cells in monolayer culture in the presence of TPA did not enhance their subsequent growth in agar. This system therefore provides an example in which TPA appears to enhance the acquisition of a stable cell property, and thus may be a useful model for studying mechanisms of tumor promotion and progression.", "contents": "Tumor promoters and epidermal growth factor stimulate anchorage-independent growth of adenovirus-tranformed rat embryo cells. Previous studies indicated that the potent tumor promoter 12--0--tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) enhances transformation of rat embryo cells (2 degrees RE) by a mutant of human Ad5 (H5ts125). This study examines the effect of TPA, its structural analogs and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on anchorage-independent growth of a cloned population of H5ts125-transformed 2 degrees RE cells (clone E11). Both TPA and EGF (approximately 10(-8) M) induced a 3--5 fold increase in agar cloning efficiency of E11 cells. In addition, macroscopic colonies appeared earlier and were larger and more diffuse. The TPA analogs phorbol--12,13--didecanoate (PDD) and ingenol--3,20--dibenzoate also enhanced growth in agar of E11 cells, whereas phorbol, 4 alpha PDD and 4--0--meTPA, which are inactive as tumor promoters, failed to enhance agar growth. In contrast to the results obtained with E11 cells, TPA, PDD or ingenol--3,20--bidenzoate failed to induce growth in agar of normal 2 degrees RE cells. Dexamethasone (10(-5)--10(-6) M), trans retinoic acid (10(-5)--10(-6) M) and the protease inhibitors leupeptin, antipain and elastatinol did not inhibit the ability of TPA to enhance the growth of E11 cells in agar. The TPA-enhanced anchorage independence was a stable property, since subclones of E11 cells isolated from TPA-agar plates had a higher agar cloning efficiency than the parental E11 cells when retested in the absence of TPA. This effect of TPA does not appear to reflect simple selection of a subpopulation of cells. When the parental E11 cells were first cloned in monolayer culture in the absence of TPA, all ten randomly picked clones showed enhanced growth in agar in the presence of TPA. In addition, prior growth of E11 cells in monolayer culture in the presence of TPA did not enhance their subsequent growth in agar. This system therefore provides an example in which TPA appears to enhance the acquisition of a stable cell property, and thus may be a useful model for studying mechanisms of tumor promotion and progression.", "PMID": 316362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5420", "title": "Synchronization of MEL cell commitment with cordycepin.", "content": "The response of differentiating MEL cells to the nucleotide analogue cordycepin reveals a previously unrecognized aspect of the molecular events which cause commitment of these cells to terminal erythroid differentiation. Cordycepin rapidly inhibits commitment of DMSO-treated MEL cells in a dose range which does not cause cytotoxicity. Reversal of cordycepin treatment in the presence of inducer leads to a rapid and synchronous commitment of a significant proportion of cells in the culture. These results suggest that MEL cells can be blocked just prior to the point of commitment by cordycepin treatment.", "contents": "Synchronization of MEL cell commitment with cordycepin. The response of differentiating MEL cells to the nucleotide analogue cordycepin reveals a previously unrecognized aspect of the molecular events which cause commitment of these cells to terminal erythroid differentiation. Cordycepin rapidly inhibits commitment of DMSO-treated MEL cells in a dose range which does not cause cytotoxicity. Reversal of cordycepin treatment in the presence of inducer leads to a rapid and synchronous commitment of a significant proportion of cells in the culture. These results suggest that MEL cells can be blocked just prior to the point of commitment by cordycepin treatment.", "PMID": 316363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5421", "title": "Significance of the 48-hour plasma level in high-dose methotrexate regimens.", "content": "Plasma methotrexate (MTX) concentrations at 48 hours were determined for 40 patients with osteosarcoma who received 256 infusions of high-dose methotrexate-citrovorum rescue (HD-MTX-CF) regimen. Five manifestations of toxicity (dermatitis, stomatitis, myelosuppression, liver dysfunction, and kidney dysfunction) were considered in the assessment of the overall toxicity. Logistic regression analysis was applied to study the effect of number of prior infusions, age, and 48-hour MTX plasma level on the risk of moderate or severe overall toxicity. Each factor had a significant effect with P less than 0.08. The predicted incidence of moderate-severe overall toxicity in the high-risk group (48-hour MTX level greater than 1.00 x 10(-6) mol/l., prior infusions greater than 10, age greater than or equal to 15 years) was 33.2% compared to only 2.4% in the \"low-risk\" group (48-hour MTX level less than or equal to 1.00 x 10(-6) mol/l., prior infusions less than or equal to 10, age less than 15 years). The plasma MTX determination at 48 hours postinfusion was found to be independent of both dose infused and patient's age.", "contents": "Significance of the 48-hour plasma level in high-dose methotrexate regimens. Plasma methotrexate (MTX) concentrations at 48 hours were determined for 40 patients with osteosarcoma who received 256 infusions of high-dose methotrexate-citrovorum rescue (HD-MTX-CF) regimen. Five manifestations of toxicity (dermatitis, stomatitis, myelosuppression, liver dysfunction, and kidney dysfunction) were considered in the assessment of the overall toxicity. Logistic regression analysis was applied to study the effect of number of prior infusions, age, and 48-hour MTX plasma level on the risk of moderate or severe overall toxicity. Each factor had a significant effect with P less than 0.08. The predicted incidence of moderate-severe overall toxicity in the high-risk group (48-hour MTX level greater than 1.00 x 10(-6) mol/l., prior infusions greater than 10, age greater than or equal to 15 years) was 33.2% compared to only 2.4% in the \"low-risk\" group (48-hour MTX level less than or equal to 1.00 x 10(-6) mol/l., prior infusions less than or equal to 10, age less than 15 years). The plasma MTX determination at 48 hours postinfusion was found to be independent of both dose infused and patient's age.", "PMID": 316368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5422", "title": "alpha-Amylase of human pure pancreatic juice: effects of pancreatic disease and the occurrence of variant forms in pancreatic juice from healthy volunteers.", "content": "Pure pancreatic juice (PPJ) from healthy human volunteers and from patients with pancreatic or liver disease was subjected to isoelectric focussing (IEF) and assayed for alpha-amylase activity. In PPJ from most normals, a single predominant form of amylase was found, comprising congruent to 83% of the total activity recovered, and having pIapp congruent to pH 6.8. In PPJ from six normals, variant principal forms of amylase were found at pH congruent to 6.4 or pH congruent to 7.3, in addition to the peak at pH 6.8. IEF patterns of PPJ from individuals with pancreatic or liver disease were indisquishable from patterns obtained with PPJ from the control group of healthy volunteers.", "contents": "alpha-Amylase of human pure pancreatic juice: effects of pancreatic disease and the occurrence of variant forms in pancreatic juice from healthy volunteers. Pure pancreatic juice (PPJ) from healthy human volunteers and from patients with pancreatic or liver disease was subjected to isoelectric focussing (IEF) and assayed for alpha-amylase activity. In PPJ from most normals, a single predominant form of amylase was found, comprising congruent to 83% of the total activity recovered, and having pIapp congruent to pH 6.8. In PPJ from six normals, variant principal forms of amylase were found at pH congruent to 6.4 or pH congruent to 7.3, in addition to the peak at pH 6.8. IEF patterns of PPJ from individuals with pancreatic or liver disease were indisquishable from patterns obtained with PPJ from the control group of healthy volunteers.", "PMID": 316369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5423", "title": "Immunological and genetic markers in a family with Hashimoto's disease.", "content": "A family with Hashimoto's disease in three generations is described. Seven persons (all female) had Hashimoto's disease was the only thyroid disorder occurring in this family; no other autoimmune disease was observed. Circulating thyroid antibodies were detected in all seven subjects with overt thyroiditis in this family. Thyroid antibodies were also detected in low titres in about half of the healthy relatives. Evidence of thyroid antigen-directed cell-mediated immunity was demonstrated using the leucocyte migration inhibition test in four out of seven subejcts with thyroiditis and also in about half of the relatives without clinical thyroid disease. The relative number of thyroglobulin-binding circulating lymphocytes was elevated in six subjects with Hashimoto's disease. Again, the percentage of such cells was also increased in about half of the 'healthy' relatives. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins were detected by the radioreceptor assay in three of the seven subjects with Hashimoto's disease and in four out of thirteen relatives without overt signs of thyroiditis. In conclusion, all subjects with Hashimoto's disease carried immunological markers of autoimmune thyroid disease in the circulation. In addition, most of the 'healthy' relatives were also positive for some or all of the markers sought in this study. The expression of these markers thus seems to be variable. No clear-cut conclusion could be drawn regarding the inheritance of these markers. HLA genotypes were assayed for thirty-five specificities of A, B and C loci and five of the D loci. There was no correlation between any individual antigen or HLA haplotype and overt Hashimoto's disease in this family.", "contents": "Immunological and genetic markers in a family with Hashimoto's disease. A family with Hashimoto's disease in three generations is described. Seven persons (all female) had Hashimoto's disease was the only thyroid disorder occurring in this family; no other autoimmune disease was observed. Circulating thyroid antibodies were detected in all seven subjects with overt thyroiditis in this family. Thyroid antibodies were also detected in low titres in about half of the healthy relatives. Evidence of thyroid antigen-directed cell-mediated immunity was demonstrated using the leucocyte migration inhibition test in four out of seven subejcts with thyroiditis and also in about half of the relatives without clinical thyroid disease. The relative number of thyroglobulin-binding circulating lymphocytes was elevated in six subjects with Hashimoto's disease. Again, the percentage of such cells was also increased in about half of the 'healthy' relatives. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins were detected by the radioreceptor assay in three of the seven subjects with Hashimoto's disease and in four out of thirteen relatives without overt signs of thyroiditis. In conclusion, all subjects with Hashimoto's disease carried immunological markers of autoimmune thyroid disease in the circulation. In addition, most of the 'healthy' relatives were also positive for some or all of the markers sought in this study. The expression of these markers thus seems to be variable. No clear-cut conclusion could be drawn regarding the inheritance of these markers. HLA genotypes were assayed for thirty-five specificities of A, B and C loci and five of the D loci. There was no correlation between any individual antigen or HLA haplotype and overt Hashimoto's disease in this family.", "PMID": 316371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5424", "title": "Urinary free cortisol excretion in patients with hyperserotoninaemia from the carcinoid syndrome.", "content": "To determine if patients with chronic hyperserotoninaemia from the carcinoid syndrome have increased basal adrenocortical function, I have determined the urinary free cortisol excretion of seventeen patients with carcinoid tumours and the carcinoid syndrome, twelve patients with carcinoid tumours without the carcinoid syndrome and seventeen normal subjects. There was no significant difference in the urinary free cortisol excretion of the patients with carcinoid tumours and the carcinoid syndrome (133 +/- 20.0 nmoles/24 h), patients with carcinoid tumours without the carcinoid syndrome (115 +/- 29 nmoles/24 h) and the normal subjects (96 +/- 9 nmoles/24 h). There was no correlation between the urinary free cortisol secretion and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid or serum serotonin concentration in the patients with the carcinoid syndrome. There was a suggestion that patients with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) secreting carcinoid tumours had higher urinary free cortisol excretion than patients with predominantly serotonin (5-HT) secreting carcinoid tumours. This may be due to the fact that the non-polar 5-HTP molecule penetrates the blood-brain barrier more effectively than the polar 5-HT molecule. 5-HTP is then converted to 5-HT within the brain. None of the twenty-nine patients with carcinoid tumours had clinical or laboratory evidence of the ectopic ACTH syndrome.", "contents": "Urinary free cortisol excretion in patients with hyperserotoninaemia from the carcinoid syndrome. To determine if patients with chronic hyperserotoninaemia from the carcinoid syndrome have increased basal adrenocortical function, I have determined the urinary free cortisol excretion of seventeen patients with carcinoid tumours and the carcinoid syndrome, twelve patients with carcinoid tumours without the carcinoid syndrome and seventeen normal subjects. There was no significant difference in the urinary free cortisol excretion of the patients with carcinoid tumours and the carcinoid syndrome (133 +/- 20.0 nmoles/24 h), patients with carcinoid tumours without the carcinoid syndrome (115 +/- 29 nmoles/24 h) and the normal subjects (96 +/- 9 nmoles/24 h). There was no correlation between the urinary free cortisol secretion and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid or serum serotonin concentration in the patients with the carcinoid syndrome. There was a suggestion that patients with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) secreting carcinoid tumours had higher urinary free cortisol excretion than patients with predominantly serotonin (5-HT) secreting carcinoid tumours. This may be due to the fact that the non-polar 5-HTP molecule penetrates the blood-brain barrier more effectively than the polar 5-HT molecule. 5-HTP is then converted to 5-HT within the brain. None of the twenty-nine patients with carcinoid tumours had clinical or laboratory evidence of the ectopic ACTH syndrome.", "PMID": 316372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5425", "title": "Chlormezanone in the treatment of insomnia due to rheumatic stiffness.", "content": "An open assessment of chlormezanone in the treatment of rheumatic sleep disturbances was carried out in general practice. Sixty-one patients received 400 mg chlormezanone (2 tablets) each night for 2 weeks. Patients' nightly sleep assessment showed a steady improvement over the 2-week period, and overall effectiveness was rated as good or excellent by 75% of patients. Only 1 patient stopped treatment because of side-effects. It was concluded that chlormezanone could prove a useful alternative to current therapy for treatment sleeplessness in rheumatic patients.", "contents": "Chlormezanone in the treatment of insomnia due to rheumatic stiffness. An open assessment of chlormezanone in the treatment of rheumatic sleep disturbances was carried out in general practice. Sixty-one patients received 400 mg chlormezanone (2 tablets) each night for 2 weeks. Patients' nightly sleep assessment showed a steady improvement over the 2-week period, and overall effectiveness was rated as good or excellent by 75% of patients. Only 1 patient stopped treatment because of side-effects. It was concluded that chlormezanone could prove a useful alternative to current therapy for treatment sleeplessness in rheumatic patients.", "PMID": 316373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5426", "title": "A study of non-articular rheumatic disorders and their response to treatment with naproxen sodium.", "content": "A group of 85 patients suffering from non-articular rheumatic disorders was studied in an open trial of naproxen sodium in general practice. Patients were assessed and then treated for 7 days with naproxen sodium at a dosage of 275 mg 3 or 4-times daily depending on the severity of pain. Patients were asked to keep a daily record of symptoms and were re-assessed by the doctor after 7 days and, in some cases, after 14 days. Pain and limitation of movement were the predominant symptoms at admission. Patients' daily records showed statistically significant reductions in pain from Day 1 and significant reductions of limitation of movement from Day 2 of the study. At the 7-day follow-up, 27 were cured, 35 improved, 19 not changed or worse, and 4 were not assessed. Thirty patients were given a second weeks' therapy and at the end of this period 24 were cured or improved. Indigestion was the most common side-effect, but only 1 patient withdrew from the trial because of this. One patient developed a rash and was withdrawn from the trial. Both patients were taking the lower dose.", "contents": "A study of non-articular rheumatic disorders and their response to treatment with naproxen sodium. A group of 85 patients suffering from non-articular rheumatic disorders was studied in an open trial of naproxen sodium in general practice. Patients were assessed and then treated for 7 days with naproxen sodium at a dosage of 275 mg 3 or 4-times daily depending on the severity of pain. Patients were asked to keep a daily record of symptoms and were re-assessed by the doctor after 7 days and, in some cases, after 14 days. Pain and limitation of movement were the predominant symptoms at admission. Patients' daily records showed statistically significant reductions in pain from Day 1 and significant reductions of limitation of movement from Day 2 of the study. At the 7-day follow-up, 27 were cured, 35 improved, 19 not changed or worse, and 4 were not assessed. Thirty patients were given a second weeks' therapy and at the end of this period 24 were cured or improved. Indigestion was the most common side-effect, but only 1 patient withdrew from the trial because of this. One patient developed a rash and was withdrawn from the trial. Both patients were taking the lower dose.", "PMID": 316374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5427", "title": "Clinical and pharmacological evaluation of different preparations of oral erythromycin.", "content": "The activity of erythromycin stearate in respiratory tract infections was evaluated. This study involved 269 out-patients. Of these, 76 satisfied the strict criteria for detailed bacteriological study with positive cultures of a known pathogen before treatment and bacteriological follow-up after treatment. The results of erythromycin stearate were good against the haemolytic streptococcal infections. The activity of this antibiotic was shown to be insufficient against Haemophilus influenzae. A second clinical trial with 20 patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis demonstrated quite good activity from erythromycin ethylsuccinate and no intolerance when administered in a dose of 1 g q.i.d. The administration of 1 g of the ethylsuccinate immediately after a meal gave a peak serum concentration after 60 min of 3.36 micrograms/ml. Blood levels on the fourth day of this treatment showed some accumulation, concentrations of greater than 4 micrograms/ml being found at 30, 60 and 90 min after the dose. With its good absorption, its lack of toxicity and its reputation for good diffusion into bronchial secretions, we consider that erythromycin ethylsuccinate should have a major place in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.", "contents": "Clinical and pharmacological evaluation of different preparations of oral erythromycin. The activity of erythromycin stearate in respiratory tract infections was evaluated. This study involved 269 out-patients. Of these, 76 satisfied the strict criteria for detailed bacteriological study with positive cultures of a known pathogen before treatment and bacteriological follow-up after treatment. The results of erythromycin stearate were good against the haemolytic streptococcal infections. The activity of this antibiotic was shown to be insufficient against Haemophilus influenzae. A second clinical trial with 20 patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis demonstrated quite good activity from erythromycin ethylsuccinate and no intolerance when administered in a dose of 1 g q.i.d. The administration of 1 g of the ethylsuccinate immediately after a meal gave a peak serum concentration after 60 min of 3.36 micrograms/ml. Blood levels on the fourth day of this treatment showed some accumulation, concentrations of greater than 4 micrograms/ml being found at 30, 60 and 90 min after the dose. With its good absorption, its lack of toxicity and its reputation for good diffusion into bronchial secretions, we consider that erythromycin ethylsuccinate should have a major place in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.", "PMID": 316377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5428", "title": "K-Cell activity in lamina proprial lymphocytes from the human colon.", "content": "Using an enzymatic method for their isolation, it has been shown that human colonic lamina proprial lymphocytes, isolated from patients with various colonic diseases and depleted of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages, demonstrated K-cell activity in two antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays in vitro. No differences were found between the activities of lamina proprial lymphocytes isolated from colonic specimens involved by Crohn's disease, chronic ulcerative colitis, or colonorectal carcinoma. K-cell activity was demonstrable using lymphoid cells isolated from the colons of patients receiving steroid therapy at the time of the therapeutic resections. These findings indicate the need for further investigation of possible roles for K-cells in local immune responses in the human bowel mucosa in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "K-Cell activity in lamina proprial lymphocytes from the human colon. Using an enzymatic method for their isolation, it has been shown that human colonic lamina proprial lymphocytes, isolated from patients with various colonic diseases and depleted of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages, demonstrated K-cell activity in two antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays in vitro. No differences were found between the activities of lamina proprial lymphocytes isolated from colonic specimens involved by Crohn's disease, chronic ulcerative colitis, or colonorectal carcinoma. K-cell activity was demonstrable using lymphoid cells isolated from the colons of patients receiving steroid therapy at the time of the therapeutic resections. These findings indicate the need for further investigation of possible roles for K-cells in local immune responses in the human bowel mucosa in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 316379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5429", "title": "Effect of sex hormones on HL-RH-degrading hypothalamic enzyme system during estrus cycle in rats.", "content": "Basal activity of L-cysteine arylamidase, an LH-RH-degrading enzyme, was determined in the hypothalamus of rats at 4 h intervals throughout the 4-day estrus cycle. The activity of the enzyme system fluctuated during the four estrus stages in a circadian rhythm with maximal values in the night and lowest values at noon. The injection of increasing doses of estradiol-17 beta at various estrus stages caused a moderate stimulation of enzyme activity with no relationship to endogenous hormone levels or estrus stage. The highest activation of the hypothalamic enzyme in response to the application of progesterone occurred at such periods of the cycle when endogenous plasma progesterone is known to be low, and vice versa. When luteinizing hormone or prostaglandin E2 were injected i. v. during the various estrus stages maximal stimulation could be observed at diestrus. The LH-RH-degrading L-cystine arylamidase in the hypothalamus of the rat seems to play a modulating role in the regulation of the tonic LH release during the estrus cycle, but apparently does not influence the events governing the preovulatory LH-peak.", "contents": "Effect of sex hormones on HL-RH-degrading hypothalamic enzyme system during estrus cycle in rats. Basal activity of L-cysteine arylamidase, an LH-RH-degrading enzyme, was determined in the hypothalamus of rats at 4 h intervals throughout the 4-day estrus cycle. The activity of the enzyme system fluctuated during the four estrus stages in a circadian rhythm with maximal values in the night and lowest values at noon. The injection of increasing doses of estradiol-17 beta at various estrus stages caused a moderate stimulation of enzyme activity with no relationship to endogenous hormone levels or estrus stage. The highest activation of the hypothalamic enzyme in response to the application of progesterone occurred at such periods of the cycle when endogenous plasma progesterone is known to be low, and vice versa. When luteinizing hormone or prostaglandin E2 were injected i. v. during the various estrus stages maximal stimulation could be observed at diestrus. The LH-RH-degrading L-cystine arylamidase in the hypothalamus of the rat seems to play a modulating role in the regulation of the tonic LH release during the estrus cycle, but apparently does not influence the events governing the preovulatory LH-peak.", "PMID": 316381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5430", "title": "Labelled amino acids in plasma of patients with thyrotoxicosis and thyroid cancer after radioiodine treatment.", "content": "The levels of total organically bound 131I, per cent of labelled iodoproteins, total labelled iodinated amino acids and a percentage of individual iodinated amino acids (thin-layer chromatography) were measured in serum of 84 patients with thyroid cancer and of 16 patients with thyrotoxicosis at 48 h after the administration of therapeutic dose of 131I. In thyrotoxic patients treated with therapeutic doses of 131I (2 to 39.6mCi; 74 to 1500 MBq) the findings were similar to normal subjects. In patients with thyroid cancer a significant increase of iodotyrosines was found after thyroid radioiodide ablation (100 to 200 mCi; 3.7 to 7.4 GBq). No remarkable differences were found between two groups of patients with thyroid cancer, the first one being treated with thyroid eliminating dose in attempt to activate the metastases of functionally differentiated tumour, while the second one was treated with similar doses (i. e. 100 to 200 mCi) to suppressor destroy a functionally active tumour or its metastases. Even though the hormonogenesis in tumours was hardly distinguishable from the products of its radiation damage, it was suggested that the hormonogenesis in neoplastic tissue differs from that in normal thyroid only quantitatively, being less in patients with thyroid cancer than in these with thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Labelled amino acids in plasma of patients with thyrotoxicosis and thyroid cancer after radioiodine treatment. The levels of total organically bound 131I, per cent of labelled iodoproteins, total labelled iodinated amino acids and a percentage of individual iodinated amino acids (thin-layer chromatography) were measured in serum of 84 patients with thyroid cancer and of 16 patients with thyrotoxicosis at 48 h after the administration of therapeutic dose of 131I. In thyrotoxic patients treated with therapeutic doses of 131I (2 to 39.6mCi; 74 to 1500 MBq) the findings were similar to normal subjects. In patients with thyroid cancer a significant increase of iodotyrosines was found after thyroid radioiodide ablation (100 to 200 mCi; 3.7 to 7.4 GBq). No remarkable differences were found between two groups of patients with thyroid cancer, the first one being treated with thyroid eliminating dose in attempt to activate the metastases of functionally differentiated tumour, while the second one was treated with similar doses (i. e. 100 to 200 mCi) to suppressor destroy a functionally active tumour or its metastases. Even though the hormonogenesis in tumours was hardly distinguishable from the products of its radiation damage, it was suggested that the hormonogenesis in neoplastic tissue differs from that in normal thyroid only quantitatively, being less in patients with thyroid cancer than in these with thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 316382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5431", "title": "The evidence of production or activation of a natriuretic factor in the liver.", "content": "The natriuretic activity was measured with the aid of bioassay in blood flowing out from the brain, kidney and liver before and after the expansion of extracellular space in dogs. In another experiments in rats the volume natriuresis and the natriuretic activity in blood were measured in controls and in animals with carbon tetrachloride liver dystrophy and pharmacological stimulation (dehydrocholic acid, Ca pantothenate, cyanocobalamin) of liver functions. In dogs, the level of natriuretic activity in blood flowing out of the liver before and after the expansion of extracellular fluid volume was significantly higher than that in arterial blood. In contrast, the natriuretic activity was not found in the blood flowing out of the brain and the kidney. In rats the experimental dystrophy of the liver decreased the content of a natriuretic factor in blood plasma and the expansion of extracellular space did not produce any natriuretic effect as compared to control rats. After pharmacological stimulation of the liver by dehydrocholic acid, Ca pantothenate and cyanocobalamine the volume expansion led to a significant increase of the excretion of sodium by the kidney and to the increase of the content of a natriuretic factor in blood plasma as compared to control rats. These facts are considered to support the view that a natriuretic factor is either synthesized or activated by the liver.", "contents": "The evidence of production or activation of a natriuretic factor in the liver. The natriuretic activity was measured with the aid of bioassay in blood flowing out from the brain, kidney and liver before and after the expansion of extracellular space in dogs. In another experiments in rats the volume natriuresis and the natriuretic activity in blood were measured in controls and in animals with carbon tetrachloride liver dystrophy and pharmacological stimulation (dehydrocholic acid, Ca pantothenate, cyanocobalamin) of liver functions. In dogs, the level of natriuretic activity in blood flowing out of the liver before and after the expansion of extracellular fluid volume was significantly higher than that in arterial blood. In contrast, the natriuretic activity was not found in the blood flowing out of the brain and the kidney. In rats the experimental dystrophy of the liver decreased the content of a natriuretic factor in blood plasma and the expansion of extracellular space did not produce any natriuretic effect as compared to control rats. After pharmacological stimulation of the liver by dehydrocholic acid, Ca pantothenate and cyanocobalamine the volume expansion led to a significant increase of the excretion of sodium by the kidney and to the increase of the content of a natriuretic factor in blood plasma as compared to control rats. These facts are considered to support the view that a natriuretic factor is either synthesized or activated by the liver.", "PMID": 316383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5432", "title": "Effects of gonadal steroids on hypothalamic and pituitary RNA and protein synthesis in rats.", "content": "The sexual differences and the effect of castration and of a single i. p. injection of oestradiol-17 beta or testosterone on RNA and protein synthesis have been studied in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus and cortex from rats. It was found that: 1. Sex-, castration- and tissue dependent differences were found in RNA content and in in vitro synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. 2. Oestradiol showed a general facilitatory effect on RNA and protein synthesis in every tissue examined in 4-8th and 8-16th day after treatment respectively. This facilitation was followed by a suppression of RNA synthesis in the pituitary from castrated males and females and by that of protein synthesis in the hypothalamus from ovariectomized and in the pituitary from orchidectomized rats. 3. The first significant change in the above measures appeared simultaneously in the pituitary and hypothalamus or - under some experimental conditions - the pituitary anticipated the hypothalamus in its response to steroid treatment.", "contents": "Effects of gonadal steroids on hypothalamic and pituitary RNA and protein synthesis in rats. The sexual differences and the effect of castration and of a single i. p. injection of oestradiol-17 beta or testosterone on RNA and protein synthesis have been studied in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus and cortex from rats. It was found that: 1. Sex-, castration- and tissue dependent differences were found in RNA content and in in vitro synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. 2. Oestradiol showed a general facilitatory effect on RNA and protein synthesis in every tissue examined in 4-8th and 8-16th day after treatment respectively. This facilitation was followed by a suppression of RNA synthesis in the pituitary from castrated males and females and by that of protein synthesis in the hypothalamus from ovariectomized and in the pituitary from orchidectomized rats. 3. The first significant change in the above measures appeared simultaneously in the pituitary and hypothalamus or - under some experimental conditions - the pituitary anticipated the hypothalamus in its response to steroid treatment.", "PMID": 316384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5433", "title": "Peroxidase activity in the rat breast tissue as a marker of estrogen action.", "content": "Peroxidase activity and its inducibility by estrogen in the uterine and breast tissues of Holtzman rats varied with the age of animals. Basal proxidase level of the two tissues was low in immature and high in older animals. Estrogen induced significant peroxidase activity in the uteri of rats up to 56 days of age and thereafter the uterine response was poor. Though the breast tissue peroxidase response to estrogen was significant in 20-160 days old female rats, greater inducibility being noted between 40-90 days of age. Among the sex steroids, only estrogen could induce the enzyme in the breast tissue in a dose dependent way. Peroxidase was also induced appreciably in the male breast tissue to an extent observed in age-matched females. It is suggested that this enzyme could be regarded as a diagnostic end point of estrogen action in the rat breast tissue.", "contents": "Peroxidase activity in the rat breast tissue as a marker of estrogen action. Peroxidase activity and its inducibility by estrogen in the uterine and breast tissues of Holtzman rats varied with the age of animals. Basal proxidase level of the two tissues was low in immature and high in older animals. Estrogen induced significant peroxidase activity in the uteri of rats up to 56 days of age and thereafter the uterine response was poor. Though the breast tissue peroxidase response to estrogen was significant in 20-160 days old female rats, greater inducibility being noted between 40-90 days of age. Among the sex steroids, only estrogen could induce the enzyme in the breast tissue in a dose dependent way. Peroxidase was also induced appreciably in the male breast tissue to an extent observed in age-matched females. It is suggested that this enzyme could be regarded as a diagnostic end point of estrogen action in the rat breast tissue.", "PMID": 316385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5434", "title": "19-Nortestosterone in mouse kidney.", "content": "19-Nortestosterone was identified as a product of testosterone conversion in vitro in male mouse kidney. After incubation of [14C]testosterone with kidney slices of castrated male mice, 64% of the radioactivity was recovered as testosterone, about 6% as epitestosterone and 2.5% was identified as 19-nortestosterone. The renotrophic effect of 19-nortestosterone was at least as high as that of testosterone. Possible role of 19-nortestosterone in mouse kidney is discussed.", "contents": "19-Nortestosterone in mouse kidney. 19-Nortestosterone was identified as a product of testosterone conversion in vitro in male mouse kidney. After incubation of [14C]testosterone with kidney slices of castrated male mice, 64% of the radioactivity was recovered as testosterone, about 6% as epitestosterone and 2.5% was identified as 19-nortestosterone. The renotrophic effect of 19-nortestosterone was at least as high as that of testosterone. Possible role of 19-nortestosterone in mouse kidney is discussed.", "PMID": 316386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5435", "title": "Age differences in the effect of glucagon on the metabolism of glucose precursors in perfused rat liver.", "content": "The effect of glucagon on the uptake and incorporation of 14C-pyruvate and 14C-alanin into glucose was studied in perfused liver of young (aged 10 days) and adult (aged 120 days) male rats. It was found that the processes studied were significantly higher (P less than 0.005) in young animals, the difference being still more remarkable after the injection of glucagon (10 microgram kg-1) to the animals (liver donors) one hour before the dissection of liver.", "contents": "Age differences in the effect of glucagon on the metabolism of glucose precursors in perfused rat liver. The effect of glucagon on the uptake and incorporation of 14C-pyruvate and 14C-alanin into glucose was studied in perfused liver of young (aged 10 days) and adult (aged 120 days) male rats. It was found that the processes studied were significantly higher (P less than 0.005) in young animals, the difference being still more remarkable after the injection of glucagon (10 microgram kg-1) to the animals (liver donors) one hour before the dissection of liver.", "PMID": 316387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5436", "title": "Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by polyamines requires ruminant-plasma polyamine oxidase.", "content": "Spermine and spermidine in vitro are potent inhibitors of proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated rat thymic lymphocytes, lymphoma cells and human lymphoblastic leukaemia cells, but only in media supplemented by foetal calf serum. This inhibition is shown to be due to a bovine plasma polyamine oxidase, with a high specificity for these polyamines. Spontaneously dividing lymphocytes are not subject to this inhibition. This, plus direct evidence from synchronous cultures of EB2 cells demonstrates that the inhibition is expressed in the late G1 or G1/S interface of the cell cycle. Putrescine was not an inhibitor in the presence of foetal calf serum but became so in the presence of human pregnancy serum, possibly due to the action of diamine oxidase.", "contents": "Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by polyamines requires ruminant-plasma polyamine oxidase. Spermine and spermidine in vitro are potent inhibitors of proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated rat thymic lymphocytes, lymphoma cells and human lymphoblastic leukaemia cells, but only in media supplemented by foetal calf serum. This inhibition is shown to be due to a bovine plasma polyamine oxidase, with a high specificity for these polyamines. Spontaneously dividing lymphocytes are not subject to this inhibition. This, plus direct evidence from synchronous cultures of EB2 cells demonstrates that the inhibition is expressed in the late G1 or G1/S interface of the cell cycle. Putrescine was not an inhibitor in the presence of foetal calf serum but became so in the presence of human pregnancy serum, possibly due to the action of diamine oxidase.", "PMID": 316388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5437", "title": "In vitro immunosuppressive effect of serum from orally immunized mice.", "content": "Mice were orally immunized by 4 daily intragastric (IG) intubations of 4 X 10(9) SHEEP RED BLOOD CELLS (SRBC). The serum of such mice (OS), taken two weeks after the first intubation, was compared to normal mouse serum for its suppressive effect on in vitro primary responses of normal spleen cells to SRBC. OS regularly depressed the in vitro response to less than 10% of the normal response. The suppressive effect was dose-dependent, antigen-specific and removable by absorption with SRBC. When cultures were stimulated with SRBC pre-exposed to OS, the response was also depressed. The suppression was less when the addition of OS was delayed. OS from BALB/c mice efficiently depressed in vitro responses of spleen cells from other strains. Spleen cells, taken 2 weeks after IG immunization, responded normally to in vitro challenge with SRBC. The suppressive factor had the molecular size of an IgG and could be removed by anti-Ig and anti-IgG1 but not by anti-alpha or anti-mu immunosorbents. Purified IgG1 was more suppressive than IgG2a and IgG2b despite a similar anti-SRBC antibody content.", "contents": "In vitro immunosuppressive effect of serum from orally immunized mice. Mice were orally immunized by 4 daily intragastric (IG) intubations of 4 X 10(9) SHEEP RED BLOOD CELLS (SRBC). The serum of such mice (OS), taken two weeks after the first intubation, was compared to normal mouse serum for its suppressive effect on in vitro primary responses of normal spleen cells to SRBC. OS regularly depressed the in vitro response to less than 10% of the normal response. The suppressive effect was dose-dependent, antigen-specific and removable by absorption with SRBC. When cultures were stimulated with SRBC pre-exposed to OS, the response was also depressed. The suppression was less when the addition of OS was delayed. OS from BALB/c mice efficiently depressed in vitro responses of spleen cells from other strains. Spleen cells, taken 2 weeks after IG immunization, responded normally to in vitro challenge with SRBC. The suppressive factor had the molecular size of an IgG and could be removed by anti-Ig and anti-IgG1 but not by anti-alpha or anti-mu immunosorbents. Purified IgG1 was more suppressive than IgG2a and IgG2b despite a similar anti-SRBC antibody content.", "PMID": 316391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5438", "title": "Deficient production of anti-red cell autoantibodies by mice with an X-linked B lymphocyte defect.", "content": "The production of anti-self red cell antibodies has been studied in mice bearing the CBA/N X-linked B lymphocyte defect and their phenotypically normal littermates. Defective mice produced anti-self red blood cell (RBC) antibodies at markedly reduced levels after multiple injections of rat RBC. They also failed to show significant numbers of plaque-forming cells against enzyme-treated isologous RBC. These findings are discussed in terms of the nature of the CBA/N defect and the acquisition of a complete specificity repertoire.", "contents": "Deficient production of anti-red cell autoantibodies by mice with an X-linked B lymphocyte defect. The production of anti-self red cell antibodies has been studied in mice bearing the CBA/N X-linked B lymphocyte defect and their phenotypically normal littermates. Defective mice produced anti-self red blood cell (RBC) antibodies at markedly reduced levels after multiple injections of rat RBC. They also failed to show significant numbers of plaque-forming cells against enzyme-treated isologous RBC. These findings are discussed in terms of the nature of the CBA/N defect and the acquisition of a complete specificity repertoire.", "PMID": 316393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5439", "title": "Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. Lipopolysaccharide-, lipoprotein- and Nocardia mitogen-reactive B cells in CBA/N mice.", "content": "B cell-defective (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male mice have 100 times less lipopolysaccharide-reactive and 10--100 times less lipoprotein- and Nocardia mitogen-reactive B cell precursors than F1 female mice with normal B cells.", "contents": "Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. Lipopolysaccharide-, lipoprotein- and Nocardia mitogen-reactive B cells in CBA/N mice. B cell-defective (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male mice have 100 times less lipopolysaccharide-reactive and 10--100 times less lipoprotein- and Nocardia mitogen-reactive B cell precursors than F1 female mice with normal B cells.", "PMID": 316394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5440", "title": "Experimental gynogenesis provides evidence of hybridogenetic reproduction in the Rana esculenta complex.", "content": "The gynogenetic offspring of the hybrid frog Rana esculenta (R. ridibunda X R. lessonae) are exclusively of the ridibunda type. This is due to the premeiotic exclusion of the lessonae genome from the hybrid's germ cells.", "contents": "Experimental gynogenesis provides evidence of hybridogenetic reproduction in the Rana esculenta complex. The gynogenetic offspring of the hybrid frog Rana esculenta (R. ridibunda X R. lessonae) are exclusively of the ridibunda type. This is due to the premeiotic exclusion of the lessonae genome from the hybrid's germ cells.", "PMID": 316396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5441", "title": "Small ventricles detected by CT-scanning in epileptic patients.", "content": "Relatively young 119 cases of generalized epilepsy and 99 controls of an identical age were selected. The bicaudate CVI was measured and the results were as follows: 1) In our cases, the mean of bicaudate CVI showed a smaller value than those of Hahn's in both epilepsy and control groups. 2) When the value of bicaudate CVI was set up below the point of 8.5 as \"excessively small ventricle,\" the incidence rate of \"excessively small ventricle\" was 9% in the control group and 31% in the epilepsy group. The data showed higher incidences of small ventricles in the epilepsy group, and that the younger females have a tendency to have higher incidences of small ventricles. 3) To make clear the reason for the higher incidences of small ventricles in epilepsy, the small ventricle group and the non-small ventricle group in epilepsy were compared with each other from the points of the clinical course, EEG findings and frequency of attacks. No correlation or difference between them was found. Further investigation will be needed to make clear the etiology of small ventricles in epilepsy. However, it could be said at the present stage that not so many atrophic changes were observed in the younger patients of generalized epilepsy.", "contents": "Small ventricles detected by CT-scanning in epileptic patients. Relatively young 119 cases of generalized epilepsy and 99 controls of an identical age were selected. The bicaudate CVI was measured and the results were as follows: 1) In our cases, the mean of bicaudate CVI showed a smaller value than those of Hahn's in both epilepsy and control groups. 2) When the value of bicaudate CVI was set up below the point of 8.5 as \"excessively small ventricle,\" the incidence rate of \"excessively small ventricle\" was 9% in the control group and 31% in the epilepsy group. The data showed higher incidences of small ventricles in the epilepsy group, and that the younger females have a tendency to have higher incidences of small ventricles. 3) To make clear the reason for the higher incidences of small ventricles in epilepsy, the small ventricle group and the non-small ventricle group in epilepsy were compared with each other from the points of the clinical course, EEG findings and frequency of attacks. No correlation or difference between them was found. Further investigation will be needed to make clear the etiology of small ventricles in epilepsy. However, it could be said at the present stage that not so many atrophic changes were observed in the younger patients of generalized epilepsy.", "PMID": 316409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5442", "title": "Demonstration of surface membrane immunoglobulin on L  lymphocytes by the mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction (MARR) and by the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction (DARR).", "content": "Various preparations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for the presence of membrane-incorporated immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules using the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction (DARR) and/or the mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction (MARR). In an initial study, 97% of lymphocytes depleted of sheep erythrocyte (E) rosette-forming cells were found to be Ig positive by the MARR. This suggests that the majority of E rosette-negative lymphocytes are Ig-bearing B lymphocytes. Since most investigators divide E rosette-negative lymphocytes into an Ig-positive or B-cell population and an Ig-negative or null-cell population, it was decided to study further a well defined null-cell subset. Lymphocytes with membrane-labile IgG markers or L lymphocytes are reported to be E rosette negative, Ig negative by direct immunofluorescence (DIF), C3 receptor negative and Fc receptor positive. L lymphocytes were separated from DIF-positive B cells then tested for the presence of surface Ig, approximately 80% of L lymphocytes were found to be Ig positive with both the MARR and the DARR. Comparison of gamma, alpha and mu heavy chain determinants on both DIF-positive and L lymphocytes indicated that Ig isotypes are similar on both cell types. These various findings suggest that most L lymphocytes are of B-cell lineage.", "contents": "Demonstration of surface membrane immunoglobulin on L  lymphocytes by the mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction (MARR) and by the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction (DARR). Various preparations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for the presence of membrane-incorporated immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules using the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction (DARR) and/or the mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction (MARR). In an initial study, 97% of lymphocytes depleted of sheep erythrocyte (E) rosette-forming cells were found to be Ig positive by the MARR. This suggests that the majority of E rosette-negative lymphocytes are Ig-bearing B lymphocytes. Since most investigators divide E rosette-negative lymphocytes into an Ig-positive or B-cell population and an Ig-negative or null-cell population, it was decided to study further a well defined null-cell subset. Lymphocytes with membrane-labile IgG markers or L lymphocytes are reported to be E rosette negative, Ig negative by direct immunofluorescence (DIF), C3 receptor negative and Fc receptor positive. L lymphocytes were separated from DIF-positive B cells then tested for the presence of surface Ig, approximately 80% of L lymphocytes were found to be Ig positive with both the MARR and the DARR. Comparison of gamma, alpha and mu heavy chain determinants on both DIF-positive and L lymphocytes indicated that Ig isotypes are similar on both cell types. These various findings suggest that most L lymphocytes are of B-cell lineage.", "PMID": 316413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5443", "title": "Human thymus cells: a study of rosette-forming capacity with unsensitized and sensitized erythrocytes of various species.", "content": "Human thymus cells from 117 donors aged 2 months to 15 years, were studied for rosette-forming capacity with unsensitized and sensitized erythrocytes of various species. Viability of the thymus cells at the completion of isolation ranged from 95 to 99%. Over 90% of the total population of thymus cells were identified as T lymphocytes by either standard Es-rosette assay utilizing a 4 degree incubation with preceding centrifugation or T--LCL assay, on the average. Gravity Es-rosette assay high affinity Es-rosette assay, stable Es-rosette assay or active Es-rosette assay for identification of subsets of T lymphocytes indicate that most of the human thymus cells were capable of forming rosettes with unsensitized sheep erythrocytes at higher degrees of temperature with or without preceding centrifugation. Approximately half of the human thymus cells were also capable of forming rosettes with unsensitized allogeneic erythrocytes. Less than 3% of the thymus cells expressed receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T gamma suppressor cells) whereas less than 1% of thymus cells expressed receptors for the Fc portion of IgM (T mu helper cells), indicating that most of the thymus cells are non-T mu/non T gamma cells. Only 1% or less of the thymus cells were identified as B cells by the SIg assay, the Em-rosette assay or the Ia-like antigen assay. There was no significant difference of any rosette assay between males and females or among various age groups.", "contents": "Human thymus cells: a study of rosette-forming capacity with unsensitized and sensitized erythrocytes of various species. Human thymus cells from 117 donors aged 2 months to 15 years, were studied for rosette-forming capacity with unsensitized and sensitized erythrocytes of various species. Viability of the thymus cells at the completion of isolation ranged from 95 to 99%. Over 90% of the total population of thymus cells were identified as T lymphocytes by either standard Es-rosette assay utilizing a 4 degree incubation with preceding centrifugation or T--LCL assay, on the average. Gravity Es-rosette assay high affinity Es-rosette assay, stable Es-rosette assay or active Es-rosette assay for identification of subsets of T lymphocytes indicate that most of the human thymus cells were capable of forming rosettes with unsensitized sheep erythrocytes at higher degrees of temperature with or without preceding centrifugation. Approximately half of the human thymus cells were also capable of forming rosettes with unsensitized allogeneic erythrocytes. Less than 3% of the thymus cells expressed receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T gamma suppressor cells) whereas less than 1% of thymus cells expressed receptors for the Fc portion of IgM (T mu helper cells), indicating that most of the thymus cells are non-T mu/non T gamma cells. Only 1% or less of the thymus cells were identified as B cells by the SIg assay, the Em-rosette assay or the Ia-like antigen assay. There was no significant difference of any rosette assay between males and females or among various age groups.", "PMID": 316414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5444", "title": "Maturation of mitogenic response in foetal guinea-pig.", "content": "Lymphocytes obtained from thymus, spleen and heart blood of 33-day-old guinea-pig foetuses and from lymph nodes of 48-day-old foetuses onwards were stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). concanavalin A (Con A) and dextran sulphate (DxS). The results, based on the analysis of ninety-five foetuses, indicated that the mitogenic responses of the guinea-pig T cells matured first in the thymus and then in the spleen and lymph nodes, in that order. The PHA and Con A responses in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes and the DxS response in the spleen improved with the increasing age of the foetus. A clear improvement of the mitogenic responses did not take place in the blood. Thus, at birth the guinea-pig is immunologically mature as regards the PHA and Con A responses in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes and the DxS response in the spleen. Regarding the maturation of PHA and Con A responses by lymphocytes from the blood, further studies are needed, since at birth both of these responses are clearly below the adult level.", "contents": "Maturation of mitogenic response in foetal guinea-pig. Lymphocytes obtained from thymus, spleen and heart blood of 33-day-old guinea-pig foetuses and from lymph nodes of 48-day-old foetuses onwards were stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). concanavalin A (Con A) and dextran sulphate (DxS). The results, based on the analysis of ninety-five foetuses, indicated that the mitogenic responses of the guinea-pig T cells matured first in the thymus and then in the spleen and lymph nodes, in that order. The PHA and Con A responses in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes and the DxS response in the spleen improved with the increasing age of the foetus. A clear improvement of the mitogenic responses did not take place in the blood. Thus, at birth the guinea-pig is immunologically mature as regards the PHA and Con A responses in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes and the DxS response in the spleen. Regarding the maturation of PHA and Con A responses by lymphocytes from the blood, further studies are needed, since at birth both of these responses are clearly below the adult level.", "PMID": 316415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5445", "title": "On the composition of IgG anti-IgG immune complexes.", "content": "The formation of different immune complexes of IgG was followed in a system comprising human IgG as antigen and rabbit IgG directed against the Fc portion of human IgG as antibody. Soluble IgG complexes were analyzed by analytical zonal centrifugation. In antigen excess, 16S complexes predominated. 16S complexes are oligomers of IgG, mainly trimers and tetramers. In decreasing antigen excess larger and larger complexes were formed. It was, however, found consistently that oligomers were always formed in the largest amounts. The largest complexes detectable by this method consisted of about twenty IgG molecules. The solubility of different complexes in polyethylene glycol was also studied. Low concentrations of polyethylene glycol preferentially precipitate large complexes. Four and six per cent polyethylene glycol precipitated all types of IgG complexes although not completely. Polyethylene glycol was seemingly not bound directly to soluble immune complexes, but caued otherwise soluble complexes to precipitate by an indirect mechanism.", "contents": "On the composition of IgG anti-IgG immune complexes. The formation of different immune complexes of IgG was followed in a system comprising human IgG as antigen and rabbit IgG directed against the Fc portion of human IgG as antibody. Soluble IgG complexes were analyzed by analytical zonal centrifugation. In antigen excess, 16S complexes predominated. 16S complexes are oligomers of IgG, mainly trimers and tetramers. In decreasing antigen excess larger and larger complexes were formed. It was, however, found consistently that oligomers were always formed in the largest amounts. The largest complexes detectable by this method consisted of about twenty IgG molecules. The solubility of different complexes in polyethylene glycol was also studied. Low concentrations of polyethylene glycol preferentially precipitate large complexes. Four and six per cent polyethylene glycol precipitated all types of IgG complexes although not completely. Polyethylene glycol was seemingly not bound directly to soluble immune complexes, but caued otherwise soluble complexes to precipitate by an indirect mechanism.", "PMID": 316416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5446", "title": "Relationships among differentiated T-cell subpopulations. V. T-cell dependent mechanism of xenograft rejection and its radioresistant nature.", "content": "Rat tumours grew progressively in nu/nu mice but not in nu/+ mice, normal AKR mice or sublethally irradiated AKR mice after subcutaneous inoculation. Suppression of tumour growth appeared to depend on radioresistant cytotoxic T cells which were detected in in vivo neutralization tests (Winn's test) with spleen cells of mice immunized with rat lymphocytes or tumour cells 5 days previously. Radioresistant cytotoxic activity was detected by 51Cr-release test in glass-non-adherent peritoneal exudate cells 5 days after intraperitoneal immunization with rat lymphocytes. These results suggested that immune lymphocytes might differentiate to mature cytotoxic cells at the site of direct graft rejection.", "contents": "Relationships among differentiated T-cell subpopulations. V. T-cell dependent mechanism of xenograft rejection and its radioresistant nature. Rat tumours grew progressively in nu/nu mice but not in nu/+ mice, normal AKR mice or sublethally irradiated AKR mice after subcutaneous inoculation. Suppression of tumour growth appeared to depend on radioresistant cytotoxic T cells which were detected in in vivo neutralization tests (Winn's test) with spleen cells of mice immunized with rat lymphocytes or tumour cells 5 days previously. Radioresistant cytotoxic activity was detected by 51Cr-release test in glass-non-adherent peritoneal exudate cells 5 days after intraperitoneal immunization with rat lymphocytes. These results suggested that immune lymphocytes might differentiate to mature cytotoxic cells at the site of direct graft rejection.", "PMID": 316419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5447", "title": "The collaboration of T-cell subsets in the mitogenic stimulation of purified B-cell subpopulations.", "content": "A highly purified preparation of mouse B cells showed greatly decreased incorporation of [6-3H]-thymidine when stimulated with pokeweed Pa-1 mitogen or bacterial lipopolysaccharide compared with mouse splenic lymphocytes. This decreased stimulation was restored by the addition of purified T cells, but not macrophages. Nylon-adherent T cells exerted this helper activity only toward complement receptor-positive B cells (CR+B cells). whereas the helper activity of nylon-non-adherent T cells was effective only on complement receptor-negative B cells (CR-B cells). Since the helper activity of nylon-adherent T cells was completely abolished by the treatment with anti-Ia antiserum and complement but that of nylon-non-adherent T cells was not, it was assumed that Ia+T cells were helper cells for CR+B cells and Ia-T cells helper cells for CR-B cells. Moreover, these helper activities of both T-cell subsets were mediated by soluble factors, which were effective just before the onset of DNA synthesis of the corresponding B-cell subpopulations.", "contents": "The collaboration of T-cell subsets in the mitogenic stimulation of purified B-cell subpopulations. A highly purified preparation of mouse B cells showed greatly decreased incorporation of [6-3H]-thymidine when stimulated with pokeweed Pa-1 mitogen or bacterial lipopolysaccharide compared with mouse splenic lymphocytes. This decreased stimulation was restored by the addition of purified T cells, but not macrophages. Nylon-adherent T cells exerted this helper activity only toward complement receptor-positive B cells (CR+B cells). whereas the helper activity of nylon-non-adherent T cells was effective only on complement receptor-negative B cells (CR-B cells). Since the helper activity of nylon-adherent T cells was completely abolished by the treatment with anti-Ia antiserum and complement but that of nylon-non-adherent T cells was not, it was assumed that Ia+T cells were helper cells for CR+B cells and Ia-T cells helper cells for CR-B cells. Moreover, these helper activities of both T-cell subsets were mediated by soluble factors, which were effective just before the onset of DNA synthesis of the corresponding B-cell subpopulations.", "PMID": 316420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5448", "title": "Removal of intraocular lenses.", "content": "The following points should be considered regarding removal of an IOL: 1. Be sure that it is an offending agent and not an innocent bystander before deciding to remove it. 2. An offending IOL may usually be replaced with an anterior chamber lens, with excellent results. 3. Removal of an IOL is usually a difficult procedure in less-than-satisfactory circumstances, and should be undertaken only by an experienced implant surgeon, with special attention to the delicate nature of the patient's eye and emotional feelings about this dilemma. 4. Every effort should be made to perform maneuvers in a closed system with minimal opening and folding of the cornea and minimal irrigation of the anterior chamber. 5. An offending IOL should be removed and replaced with an appropriate lens before irreversible damage has been done to the eye, if at all possible.", "contents": "Removal of intraocular lenses. The following points should be considered regarding removal of an IOL: 1. Be sure that it is an offending agent and not an innocent bystander before deciding to remove it. 2. An offending IOL may usually be replaced with an anterior chamber lens, with excellent results. 3. Removal of an IOL is usually a difficult procedure in less-than-satisfactory circumstances, and should be undertaken only by an experienced implant surgeon, with special attention to the delicate nature of the patient's eye and emotional feelings about this dilemma. 4. Every effort should be made to perform maneuvers in a closed system with minimal opening and folding of the cornea and minimal irrigation of the anterior chamber. 5. An offending IOL should be removed and replaced with an appropriate lens before irreversible damage has been done to the eye, if at all possible.", "PMID": 316426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5449", "title": "Activation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: probable role of the small subunit.", "content": "The activation properties of the form I and form II ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylases from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were examined. Both enzymes have a requirement of Mg2+ for optimal activity. Mn2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ can also support activity of the form I enzyme, whereas only Mn2+ can substitute for Mg2+ with the form II enzyme. The effect of different preincubations on the carboxylase reaction was also examined. Both enzymes exhibited a lag when preincubated with other than Mg2+ and CO2 before assay, but the lag was much more pronounced and the rate of the reaction was slower with the form I enzyme under these conditions. Activation of the form I carboxylase By Mg2+ and CO2 occurred more rapidly than that of the form II enzyme. The results obtained with the two distinct forms of carboxylase from R. sphaeroides, as well as studies with the spinach and Rhodospirillum rubrum enzymes, thus indicate that the presence of the small subunit affects the rate of activation by Mg2+ and CO2 as well as the rate of reactivation of ribulose bisphosphate-inactivated enzyme.", "contents": "Activation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: probable role of the small subunit. The activation properties of the form I and form II ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylases from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were examined. Both enzymes have a requirement of Mg2+ for optimal activity. Mn2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ can also support activity of the form I enzyme, whereas only Mn2+ can substitute for Mg2+ with the form II enzyme. The effect of different preincubations on the carboxylase reaction was also examined. Both enzymes exhibited a lag when preincubated with other than Mg2+ and CO2 before assay, but the lag was much more pronounced and the rate of the reaction was slower with the form I enzyme under these conditions. Activation of the form I carboxylase By Mg2+ and CO2 occurred more rapidly than that of the form II enzyme. The results obtained with the two distinct forms of carboxylase from R. sphaeroides, as well as studies with the spinach and Rhodospirillum rubrum enzymes, thus indicate that the presence of the small subunit affects the rate of activation by Mg2+ and CO2 as well as the rate of reactivation of ribulose bisphosphate-inactivated enzyme.", "PMID": 316430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5450", "title": "Bacteriochlorophyll a-types in chromatophore and subchromatophore preparations from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Comparison of absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra in the near infrared region was made with chromatophore and subchromatophore preparations obtained from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The 850 nm absorption band had a positive correlation with the 850 nm and 870 nm CD bands. The 800 nm and 870 nm absorption bands seemed not to correlate with any CD bands. Lipid contents in chromatophores and subchromatophores were measured. Lipids in membranes seemed to contribute to the appearance of the 870 nm absorption band, but not to that of the 800 nm and 850 nm absorption bands. The time courses of absorbance changes were compared at 800, 850, and 870 nm in detergent-treated chromatophores. Relative changes of absorbances differed from one another. The present results suggest that the three absorption bands are due to three different bacteriochlorophyll a-types and the 850 nm absorption band originates from exciton-coupling of bacteriochlorophyll a.", "contents": "Bacteriochlorophyll a-types in chromatophore and subchromatophore preparations from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Comparison of absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra in the near infrared region was made with chromatophore and subchromatophore preparations obtained from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The 850 nm absorption band had a positive correlation with the 850 nm and 870 nm CD bands. The 800 nm and 870 nm absorption bands seemed not to correlate with any CD bands. Lipid contents in chromatophores and subchromatophores were measured. Lipids in membranes seemed to contribute to the appearance of the 870 nm absorption band, but not to that of the 800 nm and 850 nm absorption bands. The time courses of absorbance changes were compared at 800, 850, and 870 nm in detergent-treated chromatophores. Relative changes of absorbances differed from one another. The present results suggest that the three absorption bands are due to three different bacteriochlorophyll a-types and the 850 nm absorption band originates from exciton-coupling of bacteriochlorophyll a.", "PMID": 316431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5451", "title": "Hydrophobic-ionic chromatography. Its application to purification of porcine pancreas enzymes.", "content": "1. All the porcine pancreas enzymes tested, regardless of their pI's were adsorbed on Amberlite CG-50 (a weakly acidic cation exchange resin) at pH 4, where the ion-exchange group (carboxyl group) is not dissociated. The adsorption is hardly influenced by ionic strength. 2. At pH 4, the adsorbed enzymes were partially eluted by organic solvents such as 50% propanol. 3. The adsorbed enzymes were effectively eluted by increasing the pH from 4 to 6. Trypsin (pI 10.5) was eluted before carboxypeptidase A (pI 4.5 AND 5.3) WITH 0.5 M acetate buffer, whereas the former enzyme was eluted after the latter enzyme with 0.2 M 3,3-dimethyl glutarate buffer. However, with either buffer, the elution order of enzymes was not always the same as the order of the pI's. 4. By a single Amberlite CG-50 column chromatography of porcine pancreas extracts, kallikrein, carboxypeptidase B, deoxyribonuclease, carboxypeptidase A, and trypsin were purified 100-fold, 16-fmately 13%. The purification procedures included treatment with protamine, ammonium sulfate fractionation, treatment with acid, DE-32 cellulose column chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and affinity chromatography on 5' AMP-Sepharose 4B. The last procedure, affinity chromatography on 5' AMP-Sepharose 4B, was useful for the removal of other dehydrogenases. The enzyme which was homogeneous, as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had a molecular weight of about 92,000. The optimum pH was at 10.0 and isoelectric point at 5.2. The enzyme accepted both L-fucose and D-arabinose as substrate, but was specific for NAD+ as coenzyme. Km values were 0.15 mM, 1.4 mM, and 0.07 mM for L-fucose, D-arabinose, and NAD+, respectively. A single enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of L-fucose and D-arabinose, which had the same configurations of hydroxyl groups from C-2 to C-4. The reaction products obtained with L-fucose as substrate were L-fucono-lactone and L-fuconic acid. The L-fucono-lactone was an immediate product of oxidation and was hydrolyzed to L-fuconic acid spontaneously. This reaction was irreversible. Therefore, it is likely that L-fucose dehydrogenase is involved in the initial step of the catabolic pathway of L-fucose in rabbit liver.", "contents": "Hydrophobic-ionic chromatography. Its application to purification of porcine pancreas enzymes. 1. All the porcine pancreas enzymes tested, regardless of their pI's were adsorbed on Amberlite CG-50 (a weakly acidic cation exchange resin) at pH 4, where the ion-exchange group (carboxyl group) is not dissociated. The adsorption is hardly influenced by ionic strength. 2. At pH 4, the adsorbed enzymes were partially eluted by organic solvents such as 50% propanol. 3. The adsorbed enzymes were effectively eluted by increasing the pH from 4 to 6. Trypsin (pI 10.5) was eluted before carboxypeptidase A (pI 4.5 AND 5.3) WITH 0.5 M acetate buffer, whereas the former enzyme was eluted after the latter enzyme with 0.2 M 3,3-dimethyl glutarate buffer. However, with either buffer, the elution order of enzymes was not always the same as the order of the pI's. 4. By a single Amberlite CG-50 column chromatography of porcine pancreas extracts, kallikrein, carboxypeptidase B, deoxyribonuclease, carboxypeptidase A, and trypsin were purified 100-fold, 16-fmately 13%. The purification procedures included treatment with protamine, ammonium sulfate fractionation, treatment with acid, DE-32 cellulose column chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and affinity chromatography on 5' AMP-Sepharose 4B. The last procedure, affinity chromatography on 5' AMP-Sepharose 4B, was useful for the removal of other dehydrogenases. The enzyme which was homogeneous, as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had a molecular weight of about 92,000. The optimum pH was at 10.0 and isoelectric point at 5.2. The enzyme accepted both L-fucose and D-arabinose as substrate, but was specific for NAD+ as coenzyme. Km values were 0.15 mM, 1.4 mM, and 0.07 mM for L-fucose, D-arabinose, and NAD+, respectively. A single enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of L-fucose and D-arabinose, which had the same configurations of hydroxyl groups from C-2 to C-4. The reaction products obtained with L-fucose as substrate were L-fucono-lactone and L-fuconic acid. The L-fucono-lactone was an immediate product of oxidation and was hydrolyzed to L-fuconic acid spontaneously. This reaction was irreversible. Therefore, it is likely that L-fucose dehydrogenase is involved in the initial step of the catabolic pathway of L-fucose in rabbit liver.", "PMID": 316432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5452", "title": "Cultivation of Pneumocystis carinii with WI-38 cells.", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii has been successfully cultured with WI-38 human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Inoculum was obtained from infected lungs of cortisone-treated Sprague-Dawley rats. Trophozoites reached peak numbers between days 4 and 8 and grew in two subcultures, but then proliferation ceased. If primary cultures were harvested and new medium were added, a second and sometimes a third harvest could be obtained. Cell monolayers were not destroyed. After growth of the initial inoculum had ceased, monolayers supported growth of a new inoculum. Harvested organisms had few contaminating tissue culture cells. Additional studies of growth requirements are needed. Although cultures cannot be used to diagnose P. carinii infection, cultured organisms should be useful for studies of biology and pathogenesis and for the development of immunodiagnostic techniques.", "contents": "Cultivation of Pneumocystis carinii with WI-38 cells. Pneumocystis carinii has been successfully cultured with WI-38 human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Inoculum was obtained from infected lungs of cortisone-treated Sprague-Dawley rats. Trophozoites reached peak numbers between days 4 and 8 and grew in two subcultures, but then proliferation ceased. If primary cultures were harvested and new medium were added, a second and sometimes a third harvest could be obtained. Cell monolayers were not destroyed. After growth of the initial inoculum had ceased, monolayers supported growth of a new inoculum. Harvested organisms had few contaminating tissue culture cells. Additional studies of growth requirements are needed. Although cultures cannot be used to diagnose P. carinii infection, cultured organisms should be useful for studies of biology and pathogenesis and for the development of immunodiagnostic techniques.", "PMID": 316433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5453", "title": "Meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type e biotype 4.", "content": "Haemophilus influenzae type e biotype 4 was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a 16-month-old child with meningitis. This is the first isolation, from a case of meningitis, of this organism that has been biotyped.", "contents": "Meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type e biotype 4. Haemophilus influenzae type e biotype 4 was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a 16-month-old child with meningitis. This is the first isolation, from a case of meningitis, of this organism that has been biotyped.", "PMID": 316434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5454", "title": "Acquired von Willebrand's syndrome with IgM inhibitor against von Willebrand's factor.", "content": "This report describes a patient without evident underlying disease, in whom an acquired von Willebrand's syndrome was discovered before surgery. Coagulation abnormalities included a borderline bleeding time, a low retention of platelets on glass beads, decreased levels of factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIIIAHF), factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIAg), and ristocetin-induced agglutination cofactor (VIIIVWF). After cryoprecipitate infusion the patient did not have the expected rise and there was no secondary increment in VIIIAHF. The patient was treated with prednisone for three weeks without significant improvement in the laboratory findings. Spontaneous resolution was observed long after this therapy. The haemostatic abnormalities were attributable to the presence of an inhibitor directed against VIIIVWF. The inhibitor was found in the IgM fraction. Its autoimmune nature is probable although we failed to demonstrate any inhibitory effect of Fab obtained from the patient's purified IgM. Despite the lack of inhibitory effect against VIIIAHF and VIIIAg, the low levels of all three activities of the factor VIII complex could be explained by the short half-life of immune complexes between factor VIII and the inhibitor.", "contents": "Acquired von Willebrand's syndrome with IgM inhibitor against von Willebrand's factor. This report describes a patient without evident underlying disease, in whom an acquired von Willebrand's syndrome was discovered before surgery. Coagulation abnormalities included a borderline bleeding time, a low retention of platelets on glass beads, decreased levels of factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIIIAHF), factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIAg), and ristocetin-induced agglutination cofactor (VIIIVWF). After cryoprecipitate infusion the patient did not have the expected rise and there was no secondary increment in VIIIAHF. The patient was treated with prednisone for three weeks without significant improvement in the laboratory findings. Spontaneous resolution was observed long after this therapy. The haemostatic abnormalities were attributable to the presence of an inhibitor directed against VIIIVWF. The inhibitor was found in the IgM fraction. Its autoimmune nature is probable although we failed to demonstrate any inhibitory effect of Fab obtained from the patient's purified IgM. Despite the lack of inhibitory effect against VIIIAHF and VIIIAg, the low levels of all three activities of the factor VIII complex could be explained by the short half-life of immune complexes between factor VIII and the inhibitor.", "PMID": 316435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5455", "title": "Changes in T and B blood lymphocytes after splenectomy.", "content": "The blood lymphocytes of 37 splenectomised patients were analysed by means of T and B lymphocyte surface markers. Sixteen patients had had a splenectomy for non-haematological and 21 for haematological reasons. The results show that 15 had normal numbers of T and B cells; decreased T cells were found in two patients, raised B cells in seven, raised T and B cells in eight, and raised T cells in five patients. Increased numbers of 'null' cells were observed in some patients, especially in those with raised B cells. Follow-up studies indicate that raised levels of T and B cells can be established by one to three months post-splenectomy and may persist, although in some patients the cells fall to normal levels. The lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohaemagglutinin and Concanavalin A in vitro was normal in eight out of nine patients with raised T cells and was depressed in one patient, possibly due to an intrinsic cell defect.", "contents": "Changes in T and B blood lymphocytes after splenectomy. The blood lymphocytes of 37 splenectomised patients were analysed by means of T and B lymphocyte surface markers. Sixteen patients had had a splenectomy for non-haematological and 21 for haematological reasons. The results show that 15 had normal numbers of T and B cells; decreased T cells were found in two patients, raised B cells in seven, raised T and B cells in eight, and raised T cells in five patients. Increased numbers of 'null' cells were observed in some patients, especially in those with raised B cells. Follow-up studies indicate that raised levels of T and B cells can be established by one to three months post-splenectomy and may persist, although in some patients the cells fall to normal levels. The lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohaemagglutinin and Concanavalin A in vitro was normal in eight out of nine patients with raised T cells and was depressed in one patient, possibly due to an intrinsic cell defect.", "PMID": 316436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5456", "title": "Target role of Langerhans cells in mycosis fungoides: transmission and immuno-electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Langerhans cells of the epidermis are \"special\" macrophages, as indicated by their expression of Fc and C3 receptors and Ia antigen. Functionally, they can replace macrophages in presentation of antigens to T cells and in the MLR. Ultrastructural and immunologic studies were carried out on epidermal samples of mycosis fungoides. As in contact allergy, apposition of lymphocytes to Langerhans cells was noted. Destruction of Langerhans cells appeared to act as the focus for the development of Pautrier microabscesses. This destruction was accompanied by ingress of histocytic cells, probably related to the stem cell population for Langerhans cells. The target cell role of Langerhans cells appears to be similar in contact allergy and mycosis fungoides.", "contents": "Target role of Langerhans cells in mycosis fungoides: transmission and immuno-electron microscopic studies. Langerhans cells of the epidermis are \"special\" macrophages, as indicated by their expression of Fc and C3 receptors and Ia antigen. Functionally, they can replace macrophages in presentation of antigens to T cells and in the MLR. Ultrastructural and immunologic studies were carried out on epidermal samples of mycosis fungoides. As in contact allergy, apposition of lymphocytes to Langerhans cells was noted. Destruction of Langerhans cells appeared to act as the focus for the development of Pautrier microabscesses. This destruction was accompanied by ingress of histocytic cells, probably related to the stem cell population for Langerhans cells. The target cell role of Langerhans cells appears to be similar in contact allergy and mycosis fungoides.", "PMID": 316438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5457", "title": "A statistical evaluation of the binding of ferritin-conjugated lectins to the surface of rat cells. Topographical variations as a function of lectin concentration and cell type.", "content": "Statistical procedures were utilized to evaluate the concentration dependence of labeling by ferritin-conjugated lectins on four different rat cells: hepatocytes, normal thymocytes, Friend virus-induced rat tumor cells and feline sarcoma virus-induced rat sarcoma cells. Labeling by ferritin conjugates of concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and Ricinus communis agglutinins I and II was quantitated by counting the number of ferritin granules on 600 Angstrom membrane segments. Relationships between the arithmetic means and variances for sample populations from each cell and ferritin-lectin combination were used to define four types of topographical distributions: uniform/ordered, uniform/random, random and clustered. It was found that the distribution and/or density of surface-bound lectin was concentration-dependent for all four ferritin-lectins. The nature of this dependency was complex and varied with both lectin and cell type.", "contents": "A statistical evaluation of the binding of ferritin-conjugated lectins to the surface of rat cells. Topographical variations as a function of lectin concentration and cell type. Statistical procedures were utilized to evaluate the concentration dependence of labeling by ferritin-conjugated lectins on four different rat cells: hepatocytes, normal thymocytes, Friend virus-induced rat tumor cells and feline sarcoma virus-induced rat sarcoma cells. Labeling by ferritin conjugates of concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and Ricinus communis agglutinins I and II was quantitated by counting the number of ferritin granules on 600 Angstrom membrane segments. Relationships between the arithmetic means and variances for sample populations from each cell and ferritin-lectin combination were used to define four types of topographical distributions: uniform/ordered, uniform/random, random and clustered. It was found that the distribution and/or density of surface-bound lectin was concentration-dependent for all four ferritin-lectins. The nature of this dependency was complex and varied with both lectin and cell type.", "PMID": 316439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5458", "title": "Indirect 125I-labeled protein A assay for monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens.", "content": "An assay for detection of monoclonal hybridoma antibodies against cell surface antigens is described. Samples of spent medium from the hybridoma cultures are incubated in microtest wells with cells, either as adherent monolayers or in suspension. Antibodies bound to surface antigens are detected by successive incubations with rabbit anti-immunoglobulin serum and 125I-labeled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, followed by autoradiography of the microtest plate or scintillation counting of the individual wells. Particular advantages of this assay for screening hybridomas are: (1) commerically available reagents are used, (2) antibodies of any species and of any immunoglobulin class or subclass can be detected, and (3) large numbers of samples can be screened rapidly and inexpensively. We have used the assay to select hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to surface antigens of human melanomas and mouse sarcomas.", "contents": "Indirect 125I-labeled protein A assay for monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens. An assay for detection of monoclonal hybridoma antibodies against cell surface antigens is described. Samples of spent medium from the hybridoma cultures are incubated in microtest wells with cells, either as adherent monolayers or in suspension. Antibodies bound to surface antigens are detected by successive incubations with rabbit anti-immunoglobulin serum and 125I-labeled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, followed by autoradiography of the microtest plate or scintillation counting of the individual wells. Particular advantages of this assay for screening hybridomas are: (1) commerically available reagents are used, (2) antibodies of any species and of any immunoglobulin class or subclass can be detected, and (3) large numbers of samples can be screened rapidly and inexpensively. We have used the assay to select hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to surface antigens of human melanomas and mouse sarcomas.", "PMID": 316440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5459", "title": "Changes in corticotrophin releasing factor of the stalk median eminence in rats with various cuts around the medial basal hypothalamus.", "content": "The activity of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) in extracts of the stalk median eminence (SME) complex proper (average protein content, 30.6 micrograms) of male rats was assayed by monolayer cultures of anterior pituitary cells using the release of immunoreactive ACTH. Extracts which were equivalent to 0.025 SME of control rats usually had detectable CRF activity, while there was no detectable activity in extracts of 0.4 SME equiv. taken 8 days after complete surgical isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). The activity of CRF in extracts from rats with an anterolateral cut around the MBH was at least ten times less than that in the control rats. One day after placing an anterolateral cut around the MBH the ACTH releasing activity of the SME was not significantly different from that of the control animals but activity decreased significantly 3 days after the operation and was at least ten times less than in the control animals on day 7 after the operation. It is suggested that most of the CRF activity of the SME is contained in nerve fibres entering the neurohaemal region from outside the MBH and that transection of these fibres produced the fall in CRF content of the SME in rats with partial or total surgical isolation of the MBH.", "contents": "Changes in corticotrophin releasing factor of the stalk median eminence in rats with various cuts around the medial basal hypothalamus. The activity of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) in extracts of the stalk median eminence (SME) complex proper (average protein content, 30.6 micrograms) of male rats was assayed by monolayer cultures of anterior pituitary cells using the release of immunoreactive ACTH. Extracts which were equivalent to 0.025 SME of control rats usually had detectable CRF activity, while there was no detectable activity in extracts of 0.4 SME equiv. taken 8 days after complete surgical isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). The activity of CRF in extracts from rats with an anterolateral cut around the MBH was at least ten times less than that in the control rats. One day after placing an anterolateral cut around the MBH the ACTH releasing activity of the SME was not significantly different from that of the control animals but activity decreased significantly 3 days after the operation and was at least ten times less than in the control animals on day 7 after the operation. It is suggested that most of the CRF activity of the SME is contained in nerve fibres entering the neurohaemal region from outside the MBH and that transection of these fibres produced the fall in CRF content of the SME in rats with partial or total surgical isolation of the MBH.", "PMID": 316445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5460", "title": "Cross protection among togaviruses in nude mice and littermates.", "content": "After immunization with Sindbis virus, T-cell deficient nude mice, compared to normal littermates, were equally protected against challenge with Sindbis virus. However, the nude mice showed about one-tenth the protection observed with normal littermates after challenge with Semliki Forest virus at a dose of 100 LD50. This consistent with our previous interpretation that sensitized T-cell populations play a major role in cross protection between the two togaviruses. The remaining low level of specific cross protection in nude mice (detectable only at a challenge dose of 10 LD50) could not be attributed to an anamnestic response of neutralizing antibody to the challenge virus or to an effective antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cytolysis of infected cells in vivo. Other possible compensatory mechanisms to explain the low level of specific cross protection in nude mice are discussed.", "contents": "Cross protection among togaviruses in nude mice and littermates. After immunization with Sindbis virus, T-cell deficient nude mice, compared to normal littermates, were equally protected against challenge with Sindbis virus. However, the nude mice showed about one-tenth the protection observed with normal littermates after challenge with Semliki Forest virus at a dose of 100 LD50. This consistent with our previous interpretation that sensitized T-cell populations play a major role in cross protection between the two togaviruses. The remaining low level of specific cross protection in nude mice (detectable only at a challenge dose of 10 LD50) could not be attributed to an anamnestic response of neutralizing antibody to the challenge virus or to an effective antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cytolysis of infected cells in vivo. Other possible compensatory mechanisms to explain the low level of specific cross protection in nude mice are discussed.", "PMID": 316446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5461", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in multiple sclerosis: serial studies and clinical correlations.", "content": "Total lymphocyte counts and T and SIg+ cell numbers in peripheral blood were determined in 74 healthy controls and 44 MS patients. Twenty-five patients were studied in relapse and at two intervals after ACTH. Nineteen had not relapsed for 6 months but most had progressed clinically. MS patients showed significantly lower total lymphocyte counts which were not correlated with disease activity. Subpopulation analyses showed the MS patients to have significantly lower T cell numbers and significantly elevated SIg+ cell numbers and percentages. Although T cell numbers were low in all phases, both T and SIg+ cell abnormalities were maximal in progressive disease or in the recovery phase after relapse and a significant fall in T cell percentage and rise in SIg+ cell number was confirmed in serial studies of 16 patients followed from relapse to recovery. SIg+ cell numbers correlated negatively with relapse rate and correlated positively with the ratio of disability to number of relapses. The incidence in MS patients of HLA A3 was significantly increased and of HLA B12 and HLA BW40 significantly decreased but no correlation was seen between HLA phenotype and T, SIg+ or total lymphocyte counts. It is suggested that the peripheral blood SIg+ cell abnormalities and some of the T cell abnormalities are secondary to the pathological process, perhaps due to antigenic stimulation and particularly in non-relapsing progressive disease. Their possible role in influencing recovery or progression is discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in multiple sclerosis: serial studies and clinical correlations. Total lymphocyte counts and T and SIg+ cell numbers in peripheral blood were determined in 74 healthy controls and 44 MS patients. Twenty-five patients were studied in relapse and at two intervals after ACTH. Nineteen had not relapsed for 6 months but most had progressed clinically. MS patients showed significantly lower total lymphocyte counts which were not correlated with disease activity. Subpopulation analyses showed the MS patients to have significantly lower T cell numbers and significantly elevated SIg+ cell numbers and percentages. Although T cell numbers were low in all phases, both T and SIg+ cell abnormalities were maximal in progressive disease or in the recovery phase after relapse and a significant fall in T cell percentage and rise in SIg+ cell number was confirmed in serial studies of 16 patients followed from relapse to recovery. SIg+ cell numbers correlated negatively with relapse rate and correlated positively with the ratio of disability to number of relapses. The incidence in MS patients of HLA A3 was significantly increased and of HLA B12 and HLA BW40 significantly decreased but no correlation was seen between HLA phenotype and T, SIg+ or total lymphocyte counts. It is suggested that the peripheral blood SIg+ cell abnormalities and some of the T cell abnormalities are secondary to the pathological process, perhaps due to antigenic stimulation and particularly in non-relapsing progressive disease. Their possible role in influencing recovery or progression is discussed.", "PMID": 316447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5462", "title": "Idiotype anti-idiotype complexes in cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients.", "content": "The involvement of idiotype-anti-idiotype complexes in multiple sclerosis was approached by ultracentrifuge studies. Specimens of the immunoglobulin G fraction obtained from the cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients which contained distinct oligoclonal bands, were subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation. None of these samples revealed the presence of any detectable amount of oligomeric immunoglobulin G, namely dimer or trimer. By comparison with control mixtures containing known amounts of dimeric immunoglobulin, it was evaluated that the cerebrospinal fluid samples contain less than 5% dimer. These findings indicate that the spinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients do not contain idiotype-anti-idiotype complexes to an extent that would account for the oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands as representing complementary idiotypes and anti-idiotypes.", "contents": "Idiotype anti-idiotype complexes in cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients. The involvement of idiotype-anti-idiotype complexes in multiple sclerosis was approached by ultracentrifuge studies. Specimens of the immunoglobulin G fraction obtained from the cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients which contained distinct oligoclonal bands, were subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation. None of these samples revealed the presence of any detectable amount of oligomeric immunoglobulin G, namely dimer or trimer. By comparison with control mixtures containing known amounts of dimeric immunoglobulin, it was evaluated that the cerebrospinal fluid samples contain less than 5% dimer. These findings indicate that the spinal fluids of multiple sclerosis patients do not contain idiotype-anti-idiotype complexes to an extent that would account for the oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands as representing complementary idiotypes and anti-idiotypes.", "PMID": 316448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5463", "title": "Large-field color naming of dichromats with rods bleached.", "content": "A color-naming method was used to examine the large-field red/green discriminations of dichromats screened with standard tests. The stimulus was a 12 degrees annular field with the central 4 degrees removed, flashed for 300 ms. Four wavelengths were equated in brightness for each observer at two retinal illuminance levels, approximately 10 and 100 trolands. The stimuli were then presented in random order and the observer was asked to name each, using one of four color terms. The entire experiment was done with the observers dark-adapted and also with the rods bleached. For all four deuteranopes and two of four protanopes, color names were very significantly related to both illuminance and wavelength in both adaptation conditions. The relationship between name and wavelength was similar to that of a normal trichromat, but the performance of a dichromat was very poor by comparison. Performance was generally somewhat better in the dark than with the rods bleached. However, the result in the bleached condition is consistent with recent evidence that at least some observers who are classified as dichromats with standard small-field screening procedures actually have a weak residual third cone mechanism.", "contents": "Large-field color naming of dichromats with rods bleached. A color-naming method was used to examine the large-field red/green discriminations of dichromats screened with standard tests. The stimulus was a 12 degrees annular field with the central 4 degrees removed, flashed for 300 ms. Four wavelengths were equated in brightness for each observer at two retinal illuminance levels, approximately 10 and 100 trolands. The stimuli were then presented in random order and the observer was asked to name each, using one of four color terms. The entire experiment was done with the observers dark-adapted and also with the rods bleached. For all four deuteranopes and two of four protanopes, color names were very significantly related to both illuminance and wavelength in both adaptation conditions. The relationship between name and wavelength was similar to that of a normal trichromat, but the performance of a dichromat was very poor by comparison. Performance was generally somewhat better in the dark than with the rods bleached. However, the result in the bleached condition is consistent with recent evidence that at least some observers who are classified as dichromats with standard small-field screening procedures actually have a weak residual third cone mechanism.", "PMID": 316449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5464", "title": "Estimation of the density of sodium entry sites in frog skin epithelium from the uptake of [3H]benzamil.", "content": "1. The inhibition of short circuit current in frog skin by benzamil (N-benzyl-amidino-3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine carboxamide) was investigated. When skins were bathed on both sides by Ringer solution (pH 7.6) the affinity was 5 x 10(7) M-1. When the sodium concentration was reduced to 1.1 mM and the pH adjusted to 6.5 the affinity increased to 8.5 x 10(8) M-1. 2. A method is described for measuring uptake of [3H]benzamil into the mucosal (outer) surface of pieces of isolated epithelium, 0.95 cm2 in area, under open circuit conditions. 3. The relation of [3H]benzamil uptake at the mucosal surface to its concentration was measured in solutions containing 1.1 mM-sodium and adjusted to pH 6.5. Uptake could be resolved into a linear component (10.2 f-mole nM-1) and a saturable component (21.5 f-mole cm-2) with a half saturating concentration of 1 nM. 4. In the presence of amiloride (1 microM) or unlabelled benzamil (1 microM) uptake was linear with concentration, and was, respectively, 9.2 f-mole nM-1 and 8.8 f-mole nM-1. When the pH was reduced to 3.5 uptake was again linear but reduced to 3.3 f-mole nM-1. 5. The identity of the saturable component of [3H]benzamil uptake to sodium entry sites is discussed. The results suggest a sodium entry site density of around 130 micron-2 of mucosal surface.", "contents": "Estimation of the density of sodium entry sites in frog skin epithelium from the uptake of [3H]benzamil. 1. The inhibition of short circuit current in frog skin by benzamil (N-benzyl-amidino-3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine carboxamide) was investigated. When skins were bathed on both sides by Ringer solution (pH 7.6) the affinity was 5 x 10(7) M-1. When the sodium concentration was reduced to 1.1 mM and the pH adjusted to 6.5 the affinity increased to 8.5 x 10(8) M-1. 2. A method is described for measuring uptake of [3H]benzamil into the mucosal (outer) surface of pieces of isolated epithelium, 0.95 cm2 in area, under open circuit conditions. 3. The relation of [3H]benzamil uptake at the mucosal surface to its concentration was measured in solutions containing 1.1 mM-sodium and adjusted to pH 6.5. Uptake could be resolved into a linear component (10.2 f-mole nM-1) and a saturable component (21.5 f-mole cm-2) with a half saturating concentration of 1 nM. 4. In the presence of amiloride (1 microM) or unlabelled benzamil (1 microM) uptake was linear with concentration, and was, respectively, 9.2 f-mole nM-1 and 8.8 f-mole nM-1. When the pH was reduced to 3.5 uptake was again linear but reduced to 3.3 f-mole nM-1. 5. The identity of the saturable component of [3H]benzamil uptake to sodium entry sites is discussed. The results suggest a sodium entry site density of around 130 micron-2 of mucosal surface.", "PMID": 316450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5465", "title": "Uptake of [3H]benzamil at different sodium concentrations. Inferences regarding the regulation of sodium permeability.", "content": "1. The effect of benzamil on short-circuit current in frog skin was measured at different external sodium concentrations. A linear relationship exists between the concentration of benzamil reducing short-circuit current by 50% and the external sodium concentration, indicative of some form of competitive antagonism between sodium and benzamil. 2. Uptake of [3H]benzamil into isolated frog skin epithelium and whole skin (0.95 cm2 pieces) was measured at different external sodium concentrations. With a sodium concentration of 111 mM in the external medium the uptake of [3H]benzamil is linear with concentration. Uptake amounted to 8.8 f-mole nM-1, a value similar to the linear component of the uptake measured at low (1.1 mM) sodium concentration. 3. Using a variety of other conditions the maximal number of specific binding sites for [3H]benzamil was calculated from displaceable binding and the fractional occupancy, the latter being derived from the inhibition of short-circuit current. This approach gave similar binding site densities to those reported previously at low sodium concentrations. 4. The reduction in specific [3H]benzamil uptake at high sodium may result from two mechanisms, competition of sodium with the ligand for an external binding site and a reduction in the site density as the intracellular sodium concentration increases. 5. It is concluded that the saturation of sodium transport which occurs at high sodium concentration is likely a consequence of the reduced availability of entry sites, rather than saturation of the uptake process.", "contents": "Uptake of [3H]benzamil at different sodium concentrations. Inferences regarding the regulation of sodium permeability. 1. The effect of benzamil on short-circuit current in frog skin was measured at different external sodium concentrations. A linear relationship exists between the concentration of benzamil reducing short-circuit current by 50% and the external sodium concentration, indicative of some form of competitive antagonism between sodium and benzamil. 2. Uptake of [3H]benzamil into isolated frog skin epithelium and whole skin (0.95 cm2 pieces) was measured at different external sodium concentrations. With a sodium concentration of 111 mM in the external medium the uptake of [3H]benzamil is linear with concentration. Uptake amounted to 8.8 f-mole nM-1, a value similar to the linear component of the uptake measured at low (1.1 mM) sodium concentration. 3. Using a variety of other conditions the maximal number of specific binding sites for [3H]benzamil was calculated from displaceable binding and the fractional occupancy, the latter being derived from the inhibition of short-circuit current. This approach gave similar binding site densities to those reported previously at low sodium concentrations. 4. The reduction in specific [3H]benzamil uptake at high sodium may result from two mechanisms, competition of sodium with the ligand for an external binding site and a reduction in the site density as the intracellular sodium concentration increases. 5. It is concluded that the saturation of sodium transport which occurs at high sodium concentration is likely a consequence of the reduced availability of entry sites, rather than saturation of the uptake process.", "PMID": 316451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5466", "title": "The action of salicylate ions on the frog node of Ranvier.", "content": "1. The effects of salicylate on the membrane currents in the frog node of Ranvier were investigated. 2. External salicylate slows the falling phase of the action potential, with little effect on the action potential amplitude. 3. External salicylate has no effect on the leak current. 4. Most of the actions of external salicylate can be attributed to a simple incorporation of negative charge into the membrane surface. The h infinity, tau h, tau m and m infinity curves for the sodium current are shifted to more negative potentials, as are the n infinity and k infinity curves for the potassium current. Potassium ion accumulation prevented analysis of the action of salicylate on the time constant of the potassium current kinetics. 5. In addition to the h infinity and tau h curves being shifted to more negative potentials, the shapes of the curves are also changed by salicylate. These shape changes cannot be explained by conventional homogeneous surface charge theory. Possible explanations for these changes are discussed. 6. Internal salicylate has similar effects to external salicylate: the gating variable curves for the sodium current are shifted in the negative direction on the voltage axis, rather than in the positive direction expected if negative charge were added to the inner surface of the nodal membrane. This may be due to salicylate crossing the membrane and binding preferentially to a receptor at the external surface, or might be due to a rise in intracellular calcium concentration following inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "The action of salicylate ions on the frog node of Ranvier. 1. The effects of salicylate on the membrane currents in the frog node of Ranvier were investigated. 2. External salicylate slows the falling phase of the action potential, with little effect on the action potential amplitude. 3. External salicylate has no effect on the leak current. 4. Most of the actions of external salicylate can be attributed to a simple incorporation of negative charge into the membrane surface. The h infinity, tau h, tau m and m infinity curves for the sodium current are shifted to more negative potentials, as are the n infinity and k infinity curves for the potassium current. Potassium ion accumulation prevented analysis of the action of salicylate on the time constant of the potassium current kinetics. 5. In addition to the h infinity and tau h curves being shifted to more negative potentials, the shapes of the curves are also changed by salicylate. These shape changes cannot be explained by conventional homogeneous surface charge theory. Possible explanations for these changes are discussed. 6. Internal salicylate has similar effects to external salicylate: the gating variable curves for the sodium current are shifted in the negative direction on the voltage axis, rather than in the positive direction expected if negative charge were added to the inner surface of the nodal membrane. This may be due to salicylate crossing the membrane and binding preferentially to a receptor at the external surface, or might be due to a rise in intracellular calcium concentration following inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 316452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5467", "title": "Primary health care in the New Hebrides.", "content": "The New Hebrides is a small Melanesian country in the South-West Pacific whose doctors are almost entirely recruited from France and Great Britain, the two countries which jointly administer the territory. This paper describes briefly the difficulties of providing primary health care for a fairly primitive island society.", "contents": "Primary health care in the New Hebrides. The New Hebrides is a small Melanesian country in the South-West Pacific whose doctors are almost entirely recruited from France and Great Britain, the two countries which jointly administer the territory. This paper describes briefly the difficulties of providing primary health care for a fairly primitive island society.", "PMID": 316455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5468", "title": "Antitumor and antiinflammatory agents: N-benzoyl-protected cyanomethyl esters of amino acids.", "content": "A series of N-protected cyanomethyl esters of various amino acids was synthesized and tested for antineoplastic and antiinflammatory activity in rodents. Utilizing the L-phenylalanine cyanomethyl ester and varying the N-protecting moiety demonstrated that the N-tosyl and the N-Cbz analogues were the most active against Ehrlich ascites cell proliferation. The N-(carbobenzyloxy)- and N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine cyanomethyl esters were the most active against carrageenan-induced inflammation. In the N-benzoyl series of cyanomethyl esters, L-alanine, DL-valine, and L-leucine amino acid analogues were the most active against Ehrlich ascites cell proliferation. The glycine and L-alanine analogues possessed the best inhibitor activity in the antiinflammatory screen. The cyanomethyl esters also demonstrated immunosuppressive activity and the ability to suppress the writhing reflex which is associated with inflammatory pain. However, no antipyretic or narcotic analgesic activity was demonstrated by these agents.", "contents": "Antitumor and antiinflammatory agents: N-benzoyl-protected cyanomethyl esters of amino acids. A series of N-protected cyanomethyl esters of various amino acids was synthesized and tested for antineoplastic and antiinflammatory activity in rodents. Utilizing the L-phenylalanine cyanomethyl ester and varying the N-protecting moiety demonstrated that the N-tosyl and the N-Cbz analogues were the most active against Ehrlich ascites cell proliferation. The N-(carbobenzyloxy)- and N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine cyanomethyl esters were the most active against carrageenan-induced inflammation. In the N-benzoyl series of cyanomethyl esters, L-alanine, DL-valine, and L-leucine amino acid analogues were the most active against Ehrlich ascites cell proliferation. The glycine and L-alanine analogues possessed the best inhibitor activity in the antiinflammatory screen. The cyanomethyl esters also demonstrated immunosuppressive activity and the ability to suppress the writhing reflex which is associated with inflammatory pain. However, no antipyretic or narcotic analgesic activity was demonstrated by these agents.", "PMID": 316462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5469", "title": "Comparative effectiveness of five analgesics for the pain of rheumatoid synovitis.", "content": "Utilizing 3 different methods for analyzing the results, a single dose double-blind crossover study of the effectiveness of 5 analgesics and placebo against the pain of rheumatoid synovitis in 30 subjects showed all active drugs superior to placebo by 1 analysis; aspirin, codeine and acetaminophen superior to both placebo and propoxyphene by a second; and aspirin alone superior to placebo and propoxyphene by a third. More side effects were reported from pentazocine than from other agents.", "contents": "Comparative effectiveness of five analgesics for the pain of rheumatoid synovitis. Utilizing 3 different methods for analyzing the results, a single dose double-blind crossover study of the effectiveness of 5 analgesics and placebo against the pain of rheumatoid synovitis in 30 subjects showed all active drugs superior to placebo by 1 analysis; aspirin, codeine and acetaminophen superior to both placebo and propoxyphene by a second; and aspirin alone superior to placebo and propoxyphene by a third. More side effects were reported from pentazocine than from other agents.", "PMID": 316459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5470", "title": "Patient compliance: a novel method of testing non-steroidal antiinflammatory analgesics in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Patient compliance has been used as a measure of efficacy of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A series of studies on various cohorts of patients using different drugs and different prescribing methods has been conducted. The studies have confirmed the absence of long-term placebo response. Indomethacin emerges as the most effective drug regardless of the mode of prescription, but it is clear from the results that the level of compliance varies with the mode of prescription.", "contents": "Patient compliance: a novel method of testing non-steroidal antiinflammatory analgesics in rheumatoid arthritis. Patient compliance has been used as a measure of efficacy of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A series of studies on various cohorts of patients using different drugs and different prescribing methods has been conducted. The studies have confirmed the absence of long-term placebo response. Indomethacin emerges as the most effective drug regardless of the mode of prescription, but it is clear from the results that the level of compliance varies with the mode of prescription.", "PMID": 316461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5471", "title": "Infectious arthritis due to Hemophilus influenzae.", "content": "A healthy 51-year-old male developed multiarticular infectious arthritis due to Hemophilus influenzae, a rare cause of infectious arthritis in adults. Previous case reports are reviewed. Predisposing factors include chronic illness, underlying joint disease, joint trauma, and respiratory infection. H. influenzae is frequently misidentified on Gram stain, being mistaken for gonococci or pneumococci. Infections due to H. influenzae may occur in normal adults. Aspects of immunity are discussed.", "contents": "Infectious arthritis due to Hemophilus influenzae. A healthy 51-year-old male developed multiarticular infectious arthritis due to Hemophilus influenzae, a rare cause of infectious arthritis in adults. Previous case reports are reviewed. Predisposing factors include chronic illness, underlying joint disease, joint trauma, and respiratory infection. H. influenzae is frequently misidentified on Gram stain, being mistaken for gonococci or pneumococci. Infections due to H. influenzae may occur in normal adults. Aspects of immunity are discussed.", "PMID": 316460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5472", "title": "Interaction between caffeine and adenosine on the membrane current and tension component in the bullfrog atrial muscle.", "content": "Antagonistic action of caffeine and adenosine were studied at the membrane current and tension component levels in myocardium of the bullfrog atrium, mainly under voltage clamp using the double sucrose-gap method. Caffeine (1-5 mM) produced marked augmentation of the phasic and tonic tensions as well as slow inward current (Is). At higher concentrations it elicited an increase of the delayed outward current (Ix). The augmentation of Is was principally due to increase of the limiting conductance (gs), while the activation and inactivation variables (dinfinity, finfinity) were not changed significantly. The dose-tension response curve for caffeine, which appeared sigmoidal, was notably lowered in the presence of adenosine (1-3 mM), indicating a competitive type of inhibition. Adenosine, in the presence of caffeine, exerted a narcotic-like action by inhibiting all of the membrane currents (INaf, Is, Ix and background inward current, Ib) and tension components (ICa-dependent and independent tensions). The inhibition of Is was due to a decrease of gs and no appreciable change was observed in dinfinity and finfinity. These results suggest that adenosine has a strong stabilizing action on the myocardium, especially when the heart muscle activity is accelerated by increased cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Interaction between caffeine and adenosine on the membrane current and tension component in the bullfrog atrial muscle. Antagonistic action of caffeine and adenosine were studied at the membrane current and tension component levels in myocardium of the bullfrog atrium, mainly under voltage clamp using the double sucrose-gap method. Caffeine (1-5 mM) produced marked augmentation of the phasic and tonic tensions as well as slow inward current (Is). At higher concentrations it elicited an increase of the delayed outward current (Ix). The augmentation of Is was principally due to increase of the limiting conductance (gs), while the activation and inactivation variables (dinfinity, finfinity) were not changed significantly. The dose-tension response curve for caffeine, which appeared sigmoidal, was notably lowered in the presence of adenosine (1-3 mM), indicating a competitive type of inhibition. Adenosine, in the presence of caffeine, exerted a narcotic-like action by inhibiting all of the membrane currents (INaf, Is, Ix and background inward current, Ib) and tension components (ICa-dependent and independent tensions). The inhibition of Is was due to a decrease of gs and no appreciable change was observed in dinfinity and finfinity. These results suggest that adenosine has a strong stabilizing action on the myocardium, especially when the heart muscle activity is accelerated by increased cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 316475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5473", "title": "Contractility of the frog ventricular myocardium in sodium-free lithium solution.", "content": "The effects of Na-free Li solution on the electrical and mechanical activities were examined in a bullfrog's ventricular strip. The action potential showed a triphasic change during Na-free perfusion: the initial decrease in the overshoot and duration, the secondary restoration and the gradual decrease in the membrane potential. The twitch contraction also changed in a triphasic manner: the initial rapid decrease with a transient development of contracture and the secondary slow decrease followed by a partial recovery. A negative staircase, which was accompanied by full-sized twitch contractions, was induced by lowering the stimulation rate in this medium, indicating an involvement of some intracellular Ca releasing sites for activating the well-maintained contractile proteins. When CaCl2 was omitted during Na-free Li perfusion the twitch decreased only slightly down to 71.8% whereas in Na-containing medium it decreased to 11.9%. The sensitivity of twitch to the external Ca was thus greatly diminished in the Na-free condition. A fairly large contracture could be elicited by high K solution in Ca-free Li solution even after a prolonged Ca-free perfusion. Modification of the action potential by passing a hyperpolarizing current did not affect the twitch occurring in the Li solution, in contrast to its marked effect on the muscle perfused with normal Ringer. From these results it is concluded that the twitch is activated mainly by Ca released from some intracellular site in the Na-free Li solution. The inhibitory effect of Mn on this contraction was discussed in relation to its intracellular action.", "contents": "Contractility of the frog ventricular myocardium in sodium-free lithium solution. The effects of Na-free Li solution on the electrical and mechanical activities were examined in a bullfrog's ventricular strip. The action potential showed a triphasic change during Na-free perfusion: the initial decrease in the overshoot and duration, the secondary restoration and the gradual decrease in the membrane potential. The twitch contraction also changed in a triphasic manner: the initial rapid decrease with a transient development of contracture and the secondary slow decrease followed by a partial recovery. A negative staircase, which was accompanied by full-sized twitch contractions, was induced by lowering the stimulation rate in this medium, indicating an involvement of some intracellular Ca releasing sites for activating the well-maintained contractile proteins. When CaCl2 was omitted during Na-free Li perfusion the twitch decreased only slightly down to 71.8% whereas in Na-containing medium it decreased to 11.9%. The sensitivity of twitch to the external Ca was thus greatly diminished in the Na-free condition. A fairly large contracture could be elicited by high K solution in Ca-free Li solution even after a prolonged Ca-free perfusion. Modification of the action potential by passing a hyperpolarizing current did not affect the twitch occurring in the Li solution, in contrast to its marked effect on the muscle perfused with normal Ringer. From these results it is concluded that the twitch is activated mainly by Ca released from some intracellular site in the Na-free Li solution. The inhibitory effect of Mn on this contraction was discussed in relation to its intracellular action.", "PMID": 316476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5474", "title": "Response patterns of olfactory bulb neurons to stimulation of distilled water and odorous solutions.", "content": "Responses of 50 olfactory bulb neurons of the bullfrog to odorous solutions of ethyl n-butyrate were composed mainly of facilitation, inhibition and no response, whereas those of the same neurons to water were mainly of facilitation and delayed facilitation. The responses to water tended to continue longer than those to the odorous solutions.", "contents": "Response patterns of olfactory bulb neurons to stimulation of distilled water and odorous solutions. Responses of 50 olfactory bulb neurons of the bullfrog to odorous solutions of ethyl n-butyrate were composed mainly of facilitation, inhibition and no response, whereas those of the same neurons to water were mainly of facilitation and delayed facilitation. The responses to water tended to continue longer than those to the odorous solutions.", "PMID": 316477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5475", "title": "[Modern methods in localization of pheochromocytomas (author's transl)].", "content": "In six patients with adrenal pheochromocytoma the tumors were localized by ultrasonography, phlebography of the adrenal glands and by estimation of plasma catecholamines selectively obtained from the vena cava and the adrenal gland veins. All tumors were localized by selective catecholamine estimation, five by ultrasonography, and four by phlebography. The smallest pheochromocytoma of 1.5 g weight was only localized by selective catecholamine estimation but not by ultrasonography or phlebography. This tumor, however, had been visualized by computed tomography. To avoid diagnostic errors by selective catecholamine estimation, it is important to withdraw blood from the adrenal gland veins prior to the injection of any radiographic contrast media, since this may result in an extremely enhanced secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla.", "contents": "[Modern methods in localization of pheochromocytomas (author's transl)]. In six patients with adrenal pheochromocytoma the tumors were localized by ultrasonography, phlebography of the adrenal glands and by estimation of plasma catecholamines selectively obtained from the vena cava and the adrenal gland veins. All tumors were localized by selective catecholamine estimation, five by ultrasonography, and four by phlebography. The smallest pheochromocytoma of 1.5 g weight was only localized by selective catecholamine estimation but not by ultrasonography or phlebography. This tumor, however, had been visualized by computed tomography. To avoid diagnostic errors by selective catecholamine estimation, it is important to withdraw blood from the adrenal gland veins prior to the injection of any radiographic contrast media, since this may result in an extremely enhanced secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla.", "PMID": 316480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5476", "title": "A new approach in the relief of pain of leprous neuritis.", "content": "Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation (TNS) has been known since the last several decades to relieve pain in many conditions. For the first time it was used in the treatment of the severe and agonizing pain caused by leprous neuritis with highly beneficial results without producing any side effects. This study was made on 40 patients, and in the majority of the cases there was total relief of pain with one application of a few hours duration. This encouraging result has led the authors to the conclusion that TNS could be a useful tool in a hospital where leprosy patients are treated.", "contents": "A new approach in the relief of pain of leprous neuritis. Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation (TNS) has been known since the last several decades to relieve pain in many conditions. For the first time it was used in the treatment of the severe and agonizing pain caused by leprous neuritis with highly beneficial results without producing any side effects. This study was made on 40 patients, and in the majority of the cases there was total relief of pain with one application of a few hours duration. This encouraging result has led the authors to the conclusion that TNS could be a useful tool in a hospital where leprosy patients are treated.", "PMID": 316482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5477", "title": "Immune suppression by cultured lymphocyte supernates of tumor-bearing hosts.", "content": "A nonspecific immunosuppressive factor produced by lymphocytes of tumor-bearing hosts has been demonstrated. A modified Jerne plaque was used to quantify IgM antibody production of sheep erythrocyte-immune Swiss mouse lymphocytes (IL). Significant suppression of IgM antibody production was found when IL were treated with cultured lymphocyte supernates of 4198 fibrosarcoma-bearing mice. The suppressive activity was found to be significant six days prior to any visible tumor development, and, through the use of glass and nylon wool columns, appears to be produced by T cells. Similar immunosuppressive activity was found in 22 cancer patients tested as above, compared either to 16 patients who previously had had solid tumors but are now without clinical disease or to 19 normal controls.", "contents": "Immune suppression by cultured lymphocyte supernates of tumor-bearing hosts. A nonspecific immunosuppressive factor produced by lymphocytes of tumor-bearing hosts has been demonstrated. A modified Jerne plaque was used to quantify IgM antibody production of sheep erythrocyte-immune Swiss mouse lymphocytes (IL). Significant suppression of IgM antibody production was found when IL were treated with cultured lymphocyte supernates of 4198 fibrosarcoma-bearing mice. The suppressive activity was found to be significant six days prior to any visible tumor development, and, through the use of glass and nylon wool columns, appears to be produced by T cells. Similar immunosuppressive activity was found in 22 cancer patients tested as above, compared either to 16 patients who previously had had solid tumors but are now without clinical disease or to 19 normal controls.", "PMID": 316484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5478", "title": "Effects of age on cellular immune responses in BALB/cJ mice: increase in antibody-dependent T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Two in vitro cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses of splenic lymphocytes of BALB/cJ mice of various ages (1.25, 2.5, 4, 10.5 and 30 months) were examined. These were the antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (ADLMC) responses, mediated by the K cell subclass to T lymphocytes, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) induced mitogenesis, mediated by the theta positive T lymphocytes. ADLMC responses increased with age, culminated at 10.5 months, then slowly declined. Lymphocytes of young mice (2.5 or 4 months of age) were significantly more responsive to PHA than lymphocytes of mature (10.5 months) or aged adults (30 months) (p less than 0.01), indicating progressive suppression of this type of CMI response with age, as observed previously. The difference in time of maturation and extent of suppression of ADLMC and PHA responses was not influenced by changes in numbers of specific effector cells, since percentages of these did not change with age (as measured by immunofluorescence and rosetting techniques). The increase with age of ADLMC responses may be due to deregulation of earlier suppressor activity which allows the K cell to be fully responsive, but other mechanisms may be involved.", "contents": "Effects of age on cellular immune responses in BALB/cJ mice: increase in antibody-dependent T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity. Two in vitro cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses of splenic lymphocytes of BALB/cJ mice of various ages (1.25, 2.5, 4, 10.5 and 30 months) were examined. These were the antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (ADLMC) responses, mediated by the K cell subclass to T lymphocytes, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) induced mitogenesis, mediated by the theta positive T lymphocytes. ADLMC responses increased with age, culminated at 10.5 months, then slowly declined. Lymphocytes of young mice (2.5 or 4 months of age) were significantly more responsive to PHA than lymphocytes of mature (10.5 months) or aged adults (30 months) (p less than 0.01), indicating progressive suppression of this type of CMI response with age, as observed previously. The difference in time of maturation and extent of suppression of ADLMC and PHA responses was not influenced by changes in numbers of specific effector cells, since percentages of these did not change with age (as measured by immunofluorescence and rosetting techniques). The increase with age of ADLMC responses may be due to deregulation of earlier suppressor activity which allows the K cell to be fully responsive, but other mechanisms may be involved.", "PMID": 316491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5479", "title": "[Diseases associated with chronic bronchopathies and plasma alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Two groups of patients were selected according to their plasma levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency from among 58 patients with a chronic bronchopathy. Group I had normal plasma levels of alpha-1-antytrypsin; group II had plasma values lower than normal. The pathologic conditions associated with chronic bronchopathies were studied in both groups and so were the gasometric characteristics of the same. Chronic bronchopathies in subjects belonging to group II showed a clear tendency to present normal levels of pCO2 and hydrogen ions possibly related to a greater bronchial impairment in these patients. Independently of the genetic characteristics of plasma alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, its general levels are the real indication of its possible etiopathogenic action. Patients with recurrent plasma alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, its general levels are the real indication of its possible etiopathogenic action. Patients with recurrent plasma alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency are more susceptible to bacterial infections, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, and allergic states. All this would be related to the protective effect of this protein fraction, and its reduction according to the most recognized theories would decrease the resistance of hepatic and pancreatic cells.", "contents": "[Diseases associated with chronic bronchopathies and plasma alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (author's transl)]. Two groups of patients were selected according to their plasma levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency from among 58 patients with a chronic bronchopathy. Group I had normal plasma levels of alpha-1-antytrypsin; group II had plasma values lower than normal. The pathologic conditions associated with chronic bronchopathies were studied in both groups and so were the gasometric characteristics of the same. Chronic bronchopathies in subjects belonging to group II showed a clear tendency to present normal levels of pCO2 and hydrogen ions possibly related to a greater bronchial impairment in these patients. Independently of the genetic characteristics of plasma alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, its general levels are the real indication of its possible etiopathogenic action. Patients with recurrent plasma alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, its general levels are the real indication of its possible etiopathogenic action. Patients with recurrent plasma alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency are more susceptible to bacterial infections, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, and allergic states. All this would be related to the protective effect of this protein fraction, and its reduction according to the most recognized theories would decrease the resistance of hepatic and pancreatic cells.", "PMID": 316492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5480", "title": "[Late postpartum hemorrhage].", "content": "In the presented material the frequency of postpartum haemorrhage is 0.74%. In the study sixty-nine histologically confirmed cases were considered. At histological examination three main factors were found--subinvolution of the placental site, retained placental tissue, and inflammation, each of them responsible for about one third of all cases. The possible influence of such factors as parity, time of delivery, frequency of caesarian section, frequency of intrauterine exploration, manual extraction of the placenta, and induction and stimulation of the delivery on late postpartum haemorrhage is discussed.", "contents": "[Late postpartum hemorrhage]. In the presented material the frequency of postpartum haemorrhage is 0.74%. In the study sixty-nine histologically confirmed cases were considered. At histological examination three main factors were found--subinvolution of the placental site, retained placental tissue, and inflammation, each of them responsible for about one third of all cases. The possible influence of such factors as parity, time of delivery, frequency of caesarian section, frequency of intrauterine exploration, manual extraction of the placenta, and induction and stimulation of the delivery on late postpartum haemorrhage is discussed.", "PMID": 316487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5481", "title": "The nutritional regulation of T lymphocyte function.", "content": "Prostaglandin (PG) E1 plays a major role in the regulation of thymus development and T lymphocyte function and the evidence for this is reviewed. The production of PGE1 is dependent on nutritional factors with linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, pyridoxine, zinc and vitamin C playing key roles. Inadequate intake of any one of these will lead to inadequate PGE1 formation and defective T lymphocyte function. Megadoses of any one are likely to be only minimally effective in the absence of adequate intakes of the others. By careful attention to diet it should be possible to activate T lymphocyte function in the large number of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, various auto-immune diseases, multiple sclerosis, and cancer in which such function is defective. It is possible that T lymphocytes may require both endogenous and exogenous PGE1 in order to function adequately. It is therefore of particular interest that many cancer cells and virally infected cells are unable to make PGE1 because they cannot convert linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid. The direct provision of gamma-linolenic or dihomo-gammalinolenic acids in these situations is worthy of full investigation.", "contents": "The nutritional regulation of T lymphocyte function. Prostaglandin (PG) E1 plays a major role in the regulation of thymus development and T lymphocyte function and the evidence for this is reviewed. The production of PGE1 is dependent on nutritional factors with linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, pyridoxine, zinc and vitamin C playing key roles. Inadequate intake of any one of these will lead to inadequate PGE1 formation and defective T lymphocyte function. Megadoses of any one are likely to be only minimally effective in the absence of adequate intakes of the others. By careful attention to diet it should be possible to activate T lymphocyte function in the large number of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, various auto-immune diseases, multiple sclerosis, and cancer in which such function is defective. It is possible that T lymphocytes may require both endogenous and exogenous PGE1 in order to function adequately. It is therefore of particular interest that many cancer cells and virally infected cells are unable to make PGE1 because they cannot convert linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid. The direct provision of gamma-linolenic or dihomo-gammalinolenic acids in these situations is worthy of full investigation.", "PMID": 316494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5482", "title": "Response to therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia: an explanation of two unrelated findings.", "content": "Androgen therapy prolongs complete remission in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). (1,2) In vitro studies of clone formation by myeloid leukaemia cells in semi-solid agar cultures have revealed a relationship between culture findings and response to chemotherapy. (3) These seemingly unrelated findings may be explained by the hypothesis proposed here which relates clone size in culture and sensitivity to regulators of granulopoiesis with level of differentiation in the granulocyte-monocyte pathway. This hypothesis not only suggests other means of therapy which may be equally or more effective while lacking the side effects of androgen therapy, but also predicts which patients are most likely to benefit from such therapy.", "contents": "Response to therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia: an explanation of two unrelated findings. Androgen therapy prolongs complete remission in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). (1,2) In vitro studies of clone formation by myeloid leukaemia cells in semi-solid agar cultures have revealed a relationship between culture findings and response to chemotherapy. (3) These seemingly unrelated findings may be explained by the hypothesis proposed here which relates clone size in culture and sensitivity to regulators of granulopoiesis with level of differentiation in the granulocyte-monocyte pathway. This hypothesis not only suggests other means of therapy which may be equally or more effective while lacking the side effects of androgen therapy, but also predicts which patients are most likely to benefit from such therapy.", "PMID": 316495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5483", "title": "The pattern of human lymph node involvement by the non-Hodgkin lymphomas of B-cell lineage.", "content": "A total of 93 lymph nodes from 24 patients with a primary malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma of B-cell lineage was assessed histologically with special reference to the presence or absence of neoplastic B-cells in the lymph node cortex and medulla (B-cell areas) as well as in the paracortical (T-cell area) area, and in the lumen of the post-capillary venules (PVC). The B-cell origin of the lymphomas was verified by using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique for the demonstration of the cell surface immunoglobulins. The B-cell areas of the node were involved in all the lymph nodes studied, and the T-cell areas in 95.7 per cent of the nodes. Neoplastic cells were present inside the PCV in 80.6 per cent of the nodes. Furthermore, 15 lymph nodes were seen where the paracortical area was only partially involved despite the total replacement of the B-cell areas by the neoplastic cells. The results suggest that the nodal involvement by the B-cell lymphomas starts from the B-cell areas, a fact that could be used as an aid in the diagnosis of these lymphomas as well as in the study of the dynamics of B-lymphocytes in general.", "contents": "The pattern of human lymph node involvement by the non-Hodgkin lymphomas of B-cell lineage. A total of 93 lymph nodes from 24 patients with a primary malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma of B-cell lineage was assessed histologically with special reference to the presence or absence of neoplastic B-cells in the lymph node cortex and medulla (B-cell areas) as well as in the paracortical (T-cell area) area, and in the lumen of the post-capillary venules (PVC). The B-cell origin of the lymphomas was verified by using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique for the demonstration of the cell surface immunoglobulins. The B-cell areas of the node were involved in all the lymph nodes studied, and the T-cell areas in 95.7 per cent of the nodes. Neoplastic cells were present inside the PCV in 80.6 per cent of the nodes. Furthermore, 15 lymph nodes were seen where the paracortical area was only partially involved despite the total replacement of the B-cell areas by the neoplastic cells. The results suggest that the nodal involvement by the B-cell lymphomas starts from the B-cell areas, a fact that could be used as an aid in the diagnosis of these lymphomas as well as in the study of the dynamics of B-lymphocytes in general.", "PMID": 316500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5484", "title": "[Scintigraphic and EEG diagnosis of posterior cranial fossa tumors in children].", "content": "The purpose of this work was to assess the diagnostic value of scintigraphy and EEG in posterior fossa tumours. The analysis covered 22 children aged from 10 months to 13 years treated surgically in the period from 1975 through 1978 for expanding intracranial lesions of this location. Before the operation in all cases positive ventriculography, brain scintigraphy and EEG were done. In 21 cases ventriculograms were abnormal and scintigrams demonstrated in all these cases presence of pathological foci in the posterior fossa. This method helped in accurate localization of 11 out of 12 tumours of cerebellar hemispheres and 9 of 10 posterior fossa tumours situated near the midline. EEG investigation demonstrated in 7 cases of cerebellar hemisphere tumours presence of asymmetric slow bioelectric activity in the posterior part of the brain on the side corresponding to the tumour. In EEG investigations in cases of midline posterior fossa tumours in most children symmetrical bursts of slow rhythms prevailed in posterior leads showing the characteristics of the so called \u00e1 distance rhythms.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic and EEG diagnosis of posterior cranial fossa tumors in children]. The purpose of this work was to assess the diagnostic value of scintigraphy and EEG in posterior fossa tumours. The analysis covered 22 children aged from 10 months to 13 years treated surgically in the period from 1975 through 1978 for expanding intracranial lesions of this location. Before the operation in all cases positive ventriculography, brain scintigraphy and EEG were done. In 21 cases ventriculograms were abnormal and scintigrams demonstrated in all these cases presence of pathological foci in the posterior fossa. This method helped in accurate localization of 11 out of 12 tumours of cerebellar hemispheres and 9 of 10 posterior fossa tumours situated near the midline. EEG investigation demonstrated in 7 cases of cerebellar hemisphere tumours presence of asymmetric slow bioelectric activity in the posterior part of the brain on the side corresponding to the tumour. In EEG investigations in cases of midline posterior fossa tumours in most children symmetrical bursts of slow rhythms prevailed in posterior leads showing the characteristics of the so called \u00e1 distance rhythms.", "PMID": 316502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5485", "title": "[Preliminary evaluation of epidural electric stimulation of the spinal cord].", "content": "Since 1974 clinical experiments have been conducted at the Rehabilitation Centre in Konstancin near Warsaw on the effects of electrostimulating on the damaged spinal cord. As yet stimulating electrodes were implanted in 44 cases of spinal cord injury. In the present report groups of patients with total and incomplete cervical cord injury and complete injury of the thoracic spinal cord were compared. The patients were treated by surgical decompression with simultaneous implantation of stimulation electrodes in contact with the spinal cord. The control group comprised patients operated upon in the same time period, for similar injuries, who had no stimulators implanted. The terapeutic effect was better in the stimulated patients in relation to the non-stimulated ones (this was true especially of patients with injuries to the cervical spinal cord), with a greater number of neurological improvements as well as with a better quality of these improvements. The comparison confirmed also a favourable effect of spinal cord stimulation on the development of bladder automatism which was achieved in this material twice as rapidly as in non-stimulated patients. The author thinks that these data justify further investigations along these lines and suggest that electrostimulation  will extend the possibilities of treatment of spinal cord injuries.", "contents": "[Preliminary evaluation of epidural electric stimulation of the spinal cord]. Since 1974 clinical experiments have been conducted at the Rehabilitation Centre in Konstancin near Warsaw on the effects of electrostimulating on the damaged spinal cord. As yet stimulating electrodes were implanted in 44 cases of spinal cord injury. In the present report groups of patients with total and incomplete cervical cord injury and complete injury of the thoracic spinal cord were compared. The patients were treated by surgical decompression with simultaneous implantation of stimulation electrodes in contact with the spinal cord. The control group comprised patients operated upon in the same time period, for similar injuries, who had no stimulators implanted. The terapeutic effect was better in the stimulated patients in relation to the non-stimulated ones (this was true especially of patients with injuries to the cervical spinal cord), with a greater number of neurological improvements as well as with a better quality of these improvements. The comparison confirmed also a favourable effect of spinal cord stimulation on the development of bladder automatism which was achieved in this material twice as rapidly as in non-stimulated patients. The author thinks that these data justify further investigations along these lines and suggest that electrostimulation  will extend the possibilities of treatment of spinal cord injuries.", "PMID": 316503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5486", "title": "[Gastrointestinal bleeding in cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the 1,000 cases of direct surgery on cerebral aneurysms, two cases showed clear signs of preoperative and 19 cases showed postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding. Here we have made a clinical analysis of various aspects of the 19 cases in which the bleeding developed postoperatively. (1) Gastrointestinal bleeding was most frequent postoperatively in cases of VBA aneurysms (4.3%) and AcomA aneurysms (2.9%) and less common in MCA and ACA aneurysm cases. (2) Gastrointestinal bleeding was most frequently seen in those cases operated on between the third and seventh days from the last hemorrhage attack (9.0%) and was more common in those cases with a relatively poor preoperative grade. (3) The development of such bleeding in cases with a good preoperative grade was due to problems with the surgical operation in most cases, although the influence of vasospasm must not be ignored. The development of bleeding in cases with a poor preoperative grade is thought to be due primarily to vasospasm and transitory brain damage to the hypothalamus and the orbital portion of the anterior lobe due to hematoma caused by aneurysm rupture. (4) First the location of gastrointestinal bleeding should be determined endoscopically and, if hemostasis is not possible even after attempted coagulation, then the desirability of surgery should be determined in an early period and abdominal surgery performed.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal bleeding in cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms (author's transl)]. Among the 1,000 cases of direct surgery on cerebral aneurysms, two cases showed clear signs of preoperative and 19 cases showed postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding. Here we have made a clinical analysis of various aspects of the 19 cases in which the bleeding developed postoperatively. (1) Gastrointestinal bleeding was most frequent postoperatively in cases of VBA aneurysms (4.3%) and AcomA aneurysms (2.9%) and less common in MCA and ACA aneurysm cases. (2) Gastrointestinal bleeding was most frequently seen in those cases operated on between the third and seventh days from the last hemorrhage attack (9.0%) and was more common in those cases with a relatively poor preoperative grade. (3) The development of such bleeding in cases with a good preoperative grade was due to problems with the surgical operation in most cases, although the influence of vasospasm must not be ignored. The development of bleeding in cases with a poor preoperative grade is thought to be due primarily to vasospasm and transitory brain damage to the hypothalamus and the orbital portion of the anterior lobe due to hematoma caused by aneurysm rupture. (4) First the location of gastrointestinal bleeding should be determined endoscopically and, if hemostasis is not possible even after attempted coagulation, then the desirability of surgery should be determined in an early period and abdominal surgery performed.", "PMID": 316504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5487", "title": "Acute hyperesthesia after spinal trauma.", "content": "Four cases of acute hyperesthesia after spinal trauma are presented. An attempt is made to characterize the natural history of this syndrome. In the three cases with truncal sensory aberration, hyperesthetic zones developed only anteriorly. All four patients demonstrated spontaneous relief of pain within 2 weeks after injury. The pain was modified by transcutaneous stimulation in one case and by l-dopa in another case. It is suggested that the \"lesion\" responsible for the hyperesthetic response is partial damage to dorsal root fibers at a point medial to the dorsal root ganglion.", "contents": "Acute hyperesthesia after spinal trauma. Four cases of acute hyperesthesia after spinal trauma are presented. An attempt is made to characterize the natural history of this syndrome. In the three cases with truncal sensory aberration, hyperesthetic zones developed only anteriorly. All four patients demonstrated spontaneous relief of pain within 2 weeks after injury. The pain was modified by transcutaneous stimulation in one case and by l-dopa in another case. It is suggested that the \"lesion\" responsible for the hyperesthetic response is partial damage to dorsal root fibers at a point medial to the dorsal root ganglion.", "PMID": 316505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5488", "title": "Ribonucleoprotein antibodies, polyarthritis and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus.", "content": "A 62-year-old woman presented with seronegative polyarthritis four months before she was found to have squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus with widespread metastases. Unexpectedly, high titre speckled antinuclear antibodies with antibody to ribonucleoprotein were found.", "contents": "Ribonucleoprotein antibodies, polyarthritis and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus. A 62-year-old woman presented with seronegative polyarthritis four months before she was found to have squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus with widespread metastases. Unexpectedly, high titre speckled antinuclear antibodies with antibody to ribonucleoprotein were found.", "PMID": 316508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5489", "title": "Temperature experiments on nerve and muscle membranes of frogs. Indications for a phase transition.", "content": "The influence of temperature changes in the range of 25 degrees C to -6 degrees C on the time constants of Na activation (tau m) and inactivation (tau h) was studied in twitch muscle fibers and the node of Ranvier under voltage-clamp conditions. Arrhenius plots of tau m and tau h exhibit a change in activation enthalpy at temperatures below 10 degrees C. Cooling and subsequent heating induce a hysteresis in the temperature dependence of tau m and tau h; Ni2+ and UO22+ increase the hysteresis width. With fast temperature changes the gating kinetics relax to their new values more slowly than the temperature change. Hence, temperature must be changed more slowly than 5 degrees C/min if an additional apparent hysteresis due simply to this relaxation is to be avoided. The data are explained by the hypothesis of a phase transition in the membrane lipids. This conception is favoured over a temperature-induced change in protein conformation, since the neutral local anaesthetic benzocaine shows use-dependent block as if low temperature restricted the access of the drug through the lipid phase to its receptor.", "contents": "Temperature experiments on nerve and muscle membranes of frogs. Indications for a phase transition. The influence of temperature changes in the range of 25 degrees C to -6 degrees C on the time constants of Na activation (tau m) and inactivation (tau h) was studied in twitch muscle fibers and the node of Ranvier under voltage-clamp conditions. Arrhenius plots of tau m and tau h exhibit a change in activation enthalpy at temperatures below 10 degrees C. Cooling and subsequent heating induce a hysteresis in the temperature dependence of tau m and tau h; Ni2+ and UO22+ increase the hysteresis width. With fast temperature changes the gating kinetics relax to their new values more slowly than the temperature change. Hence, temperature must be changed more slowly than 5 degrees C/min if an additional apparent hysteresis due simply to this relaxation is to be avoided. The data are explained by the hypothesis of a phase transition in the membrane lipids. This conception is favoured over a temperature-induced change in protein conformation, since the neutral local anaesthetic benzocaine shows use-dependent block as if low temperature restricted the access of the drug through the lipid phase to its receptor.", "PMID": 316517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5490", "title": "Contractile responses to direct stimulation of frog slow muscle fibres before and after denervation.", "content": "1. The contractile responses of single slow muscle fibres were investigated under isometric conditions. The fibres were isolated from normal and denervated iliofibularis muscle of Rana temporaria. Direct stimulation was achieved by external application of electrical pulses of depolarizing solutions (40 mM K and acetylcholine 10(-6) g/ml). 2. Upon electrical stimulation normal slow fibres developed contractions whose amplitude increased steadily with the strength of the pulses. These contractions did not exceed 0.22 kg/cm2, and their rates of rise and fall were approximately 1/6 of those observed in twitch fibres. During pulses of several 100 ms duration the tension continued to rise slowly until the end of the pulses. Application of 40 mM K or acetylcholine resulted in contractures which reached maximum values of 1.71 and 1.87 kg/cm2, respectively, after less than 1 min; little relaxation occurred during the following minutes. 3. The responses of slow fibres denervated for 9--76 days differed in several respects from those of normal slow fibres. a) The contractions elicited by electrical stimulation became faster but their amplitude decreased; the relationship between tension and pulse strength remained, however, essentially unchanged. b) Small and short contractions could be observed during and at the end of stimulating current pulses. Their amplitude was independent of the amplitude and duration of the stimuli; they were blocked by tetrodotoxin and must be attributed to action potentials. c) The ability to develop and maintain tension was reduced. Maximum values of K- and acetylcholine contractures were generally only 50% of those observed in normal slow fibres. Maintenance of tension was markedly reduced in some fibres, less so in others. 4. It is concluded that incorporation of Na channels into its membrane does not transform the slow fibre into a type of fibre which resembles a twitch fibre.", "contents": "Contractile responses to direct stimulation of frog slow muscle fibres before and after denervation. 1. The contractile responses of single slow muscle fibres were investigated under isometric conditions. The fibres were isolated from normal and denervated iliofibularis muscle of Rana temporaria. Direct stimulation was achieved by external application of electrical pulses of depolarizing solutions (40 mM K and acetylcholine 10(-6) g/ml). 2. Upon electrical stimulation normal slow fibres developed contractions whose amplitude increased steadily with the strength of the pulses. These contractions did not exceed 0.22 kg/cm2, and their rates of rise and fall were approximately 1/6 of those observed in twitch fibres. During pulses of several 100 ms duration the tension continued to rise slowly until the end of the pulses. Application of 40 mM K or acetylcholine resulted in contractures which reached maximum values of 1.71 and 1.87 kg/cm2, respectively, after less than 1 min; little relaxation occurred during the following minutes. 3. The responses of slow fibres denervated for 9--76 days differed in several respects from those of normal slow fibres. a) The contractions elicited by electrical stimulation became faster but their amplitude decreased; the relationship between tension and pulse strength remained, however, essentially unchanged. b) Small and short contractions could be observed during and at the end of stimulating current pulses. Their amplitude was independent of the amplitude and duration of the stimuli; they were blocked by tetrodotoxin and must be attributed to action potentials. c) The ability to develop and maintain tension was reduced. Maximum values of K- and acetylcholine contractures were generally only 50% of those observed in normal slow fibres. Maintenance of tension was markedly reduced in some fibres, less so in others. 4. It is concluded that incorporation of Na channels into its membrane does not transform the slow fibre into a type of fibre which resembles a twitch fibre.", "PMID": 316518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5491", "title": "Effects of cerebellectomy on the cat's vertical vestibuloocular reflex.", "content": "The effects of cerebellectomy on the semicircular canal evoked responses recorded from individual vertical and oblique eye muscles were studied in cats anesthetized with Ketamine. The phase lag relative angular acceleration of the electromyographic response was consistently smaller over the frequency range tested (0.02--1.0 Hz) in cerebellectomized than in intact animals. This finding indicates that the time constant of the central, neural integrator was shifted towards smaller values by the lesion. This was also suggested when the vertical eye movements generated by rotation about the pitch axis were recorded in the fully alert animal. In addition, the EOG data show that the phase of the VOR in the low frequency range was not altered following cerebellectomy suggesting that the macular influences were still present. When the EMG responses of the superior oblique (SO) and superior rectus (SR) muscles were studied in their presumed main mode, i.e. roll-canal and pitch-canal, respectively, no difference was noted in hemicerebellectomized animals when compared to intact control animals. However, when SO and SR were studied in pitch-canal and roll-canal rotation, respectively, dramatic changes in the response pattern were noted in lesioned animals.", "contents": "Effects of cerebellectomy on the cat's vertical vestibuloocular reflex. The effects of cerebellectomy on the semicircular canal evoked responses recorded from individual vertical and oblique eye muscles were studied in cats anesthetized with Ketamine. The phase lag relative angular acceleration of the electromyographic response was consistently smaller over the frequency range tested (0.02--1.0 Hz) in cerebellectomized than in intact animals. This finding indicates that the time constant of the central, neural integrator was shifted towards smaller values by the lesion. This was also suggested when the vertical eye movements generated by rotation about the pitch axis were recorded in the fully alert animal. In addition, the EOG data show that the phase of the VOR in the low frequency range was not altered following cerebellectomy suggesting that the macular influences were still present. When the EMG responses of the superior oblique (SO) and superior rectus (SR) muscles were studied in their presumed main mode, i.e. roll-canal and pitch-canal, respectively, no difference was noted in hemicerebellectomized animals when compared to intact control animals. However, when SO and SR were studied in pitch-canal and roll-canal rotation, respectively, dramatic changes in the response pattern were noted in lesioned animals.", "PMID": 316519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5492", "title": "[Persisting deficiency of cell mediated immunity in Hodgkin's disease in complete remission (author's transl)].", "content": "There is increasing evidence in the literature for persistent deficiency in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in Hodgkin's diseases during apparent remissions after discontinuation of the treatment. Patients were followed for 6 months to 2 years after all treatments were stopped. There was a high percentage (41.6) of subjects with skin anergy to seven recall antigens, a highly significant (p less than 0,0001) decrease, as compared with controls, in total and active E rosettes independently from the number of lymphocytes, and a highly significant diminution of T-lymphocyte in vitro reactivity to various doses of phyto haemagglutinine (PHA). There was no difference between the patients tested between 6 months and 1 year and those tested more than 2 years after treatment. No correlation between skin tests and active rosettes was found in this series. Finally, the CMI deficiency is some what different in patients on remission and in untreated patients.", "contents": "[Persisting deficiency of cell mediated immunity in Hodgkin's disease in complete remission (author's transl)]. There is increasing evidence in the literature for persistent deficiency in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in Hodgkin's diseases during apparent remissions after discontinuation of the treatment. Patients were followed for 6 months to 2 years after all treatments were stopped. There was a high percentage (41.6) of subjects with skin anergy to seven recall antigens, a highly significant (p less than 0,0001) decrease, as compared with controls, in total and active E rosettes independently from the number of lymphocytes, and a highly significant diminution of T-lymphocyte in vitro reactivity to various doses of phyto haemagglutinine (PHA). There was no difference between the patients tested between 6 months and 1 year and those tested more than 2 years after treatment. No correlation between skin tests and active rosettes was found in this series. Finally, the CMI deficiency is some what different in patients on remission and in untreated patients.", "PMID": 316521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5493", "title": "Hunger induced changes in the noradrenaline and dopamine contents in various nuclei of the limbic system in rats.", "content": "Teh effect of 48 hr food deprivation on noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) content in the dorsomedial, ventromedial and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei, in the anterior and posterior part of medial forebrain bundle, in the medial preoptic region, nucleus of diagonal band (septum), and in the central, medial and basal nuclei of the amygdaloid complex was investigated by radioenzymatic assay. It was found that starvation resulted in decreased NA and DA levels in arcuate and ventromedial nuclei, and increased DA content in the posterior medial forebrain bundle. A statistically insignificant increase of DA in the central amygdaloid nucl. was also observed.", "contents": "Hunger induced changes in the noradrenaline and dopamine contents in various nuclei of the limbic system in rats. Teh effect of 48 hr food deprivation on noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) content in the dorsomedial, ventromedial and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei, in the anterior and posterior part of medial forebrain bundle, in the medial preoptic region, nucleus of diagonal band (septum), and in the central, medial and basal nuclei of the amygdaloid complex was investigated by radioenzymatic assay. It was found that starvation resulted in decreased NA and DA levels in arcuate and ventromedial nuclei, and increased DA content in the posterior medial forebrain bundle. A statistically insignificant increase of DA in the central amygdaloid nucl. was also observed.", "PMID": 316524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5494", "title": "Head twitches produced by serotonergic drugs and opiates after lesion of the mesostriatal serotonergic system of the rat.", "content": "Electrolytical lesions of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat did not change frequency of head twitches produced by codeine and apocodeine. The action of serotonergic drugs was affected differently: the lesion depressed the frequency of head twitch episodes produced by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), LSD and quipazine, but did not change the frequency of head twitches produced by 5-methoxytryptamine. On the other hand, the lesions protected against high mortality produced by combined treatment with tranylcypromine and 5-methoxytryptamine. There was a good correlation between the extent of lesion, measured by the depression of the level of prosencephalic serotonin, and the depression of head twitch frequency produced by 5-hydroxytryptophan and quipazine, while the correlation was not significant for the action of LSD. It is concluded that presynaptic serotonergic structures belonging to the mesostriatal serotonergic system are necessary for appearing of head twitches after treatment with 5-HTP, LSD and quipazine, and therefore these compounds have a presynaptic action in this test.", "contents": "Head twitches produced by serotonergic drugs and opiates after lesion of the mesostriatal serotonergic system of the rat. Electrolytical lesions of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat did not change frequency of head twitches produced by codeine and apocodeine. The action of serotonergic drugs was affected differently: the lesion depressed the frequency of head twitch episodes produced by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), LSD and quipazine, but did not change the frequency of head twitches produced by 5-methoxytryptamine. On the other hand, the lesions protected against high mortality produced by combined treatment with tranylcypromine and 5-methoxytryptamine. There was a good correlation between the extent of lesion, measured by the depression of the level of prosencephalic serotonin, and the depression of head twitch frequency produced by 5-hydroxytryptophan and quipazine, while the correlation was not significant for the action of LSD. It is concluded that presynaptic serotonergic structures belonging to the mesostriatal serotonergic system are necessary for appearing of head twitches after treatment with 5-HTP, LSD and quipazine, and therefore these compounds have a presynaptic action in this test.", "PMID": 316525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5495", "title": "[Effect of long-term administration of testosterone on the activity of T- and B-lymphocytes in male rats].", "content": "Oil testosterone propionate solution was administered to Wistar rats for 14 days in a dose of 2 mg. Some rats were immunized with sheep red cells on the 10th day of the hormone administration. The animals were sacrificed on the 5th day of the immune response. The hormone proved to suppress considerably the blast lymphocyte response of the peripheral blood to PHA, but produced no influence in laconos stimulation. A sharp increase in the antibody forming cell count was noted in the spleen, whereas the rosette forming cell count had a tendency to reduction.", "contents": "[Effect of long-term administration of testosterone on the activity of T- and B-lymphocytes in male rats]. Oil testosterone propionate solution was administered to Wistar rats for 14 days in a dose of 2 mg. Some rats were immunized with sheep red cells on the 10th day of the hormone administration. The animals were sacrificed on the 5th day of the immune response. The hormone proved to suppress considerably the blast lymphocyte response of the peripheral blood to PHA, but produced no influence in laconos stimulation. A sharp increase in the antibody forming cell count was noted in the spleen, whereas the rosette forming cell count had a tendency to reduction.", "PMID": 316533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5496", "title": "Antibodies to small nuclear RNAs complexed with proteins are produced by patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus often possess antibodies against two nuclear antigens called Sm and RNP (ribonucleoprotein). We have established the molecular identity of these antigens by analyzing immune precipitates of nuclear extracts from mouse Ehrlich ascites cells labeled with (32)P and (35)S. Anti-Sm serum selectively precipitates six small nuclear RNA molecules (snRNAs); anti-RNP serum reacts with only two of these; and a third serum, characterized as mostly anti-RNP, precipitates a subset of three snRNA bands. Three of the six RNAs are identified by fingerprint analysis as the previously characterized and highly abundant nucleoplasmic snRNA species U1a (171 nucleotides), U1b, and U2 (196 nucleotides). The other three RNAs (U4, U5, and U6) likewise are uridine rich and contain modified nucleotides, but they are smaller, with lengths of about 145, 120, and 95 residues, respectively. Each of the six snRNAs is complexed with and apparently antigenic by virtue of association with specific proteins. All three sera precipitate an identical complement of seven different polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 12,000 to 35,000; these proteins are abundant in nuclear extracts, but are neither histones nor the major polypeptides comprising the 30S heterogeneous nuclear RNP particles of mammalian nuclei. Our data argue that each of the six snRNAs exists in a separate small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex with a total molecular weight of about 175,000. We find that human antisera also precipitate snRNAs from a wide range of vertebrate species and from arthropods. We discuss the antigenic snRNPs in relation to the published literature on snRNAs and nuclear RNPs and consider possible functions of snRNPs in nuclear processes.", "contents": "Antibodies to small nuclear RNAs complexed with proteins are produced by patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus often possess antibodies against two nuclear antigens called Sm and RNP (ribonucleoprotein). We have established the molecular identity of these antigens by analyzing immune precipitates of nuclear extracts from mouse Ehrlich ascites cells labeled with (32)P and (35)S. Anti-Sm serum selectively precipitates six small nuclear RNA molecules (snRNAs); anti-RNP serum reacts with only two of these; and a third serum, characterized as mostly anti-RNP, precipitates a subset of three snRNA bands. Three of the six RNAs are identified by fingerprint analysis as the previously characterized and highly abundant nucleoplasmic snRNA species U1a (171 nucleotides), U1b, and U2 (196 nucleotides). The other three RNAs (U4, U5, and U6) likewise are uridine rich and contain modified nucleotides, but they are smaller, with lengths of about 145, 120, and 95 residues, respectively. Each of the six snRNAs is complexed with and apparently antigenic by virtue of association with specific proteins. All three sera precipitate an identical complement of seven different polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 12,000 to 35,000; these proteins are abundant in nuclear extracts, but are neither histones nor the major polypeptides comprising the 30S heterogeneous nuclear RNP particles of mammalian nuclei. Our data argue that each of the six snRNAs exists in a separate small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex with a total molecular weight of about 175,000. We find that human antisera also precipitate snRNAs from a wide range of vertebrate species and from arthropods. We discuss the antigenic snRNPs in relation to the published literature on snRNAs and nuclear RNPs and consider possible functions of snRNPs in nuclear processes.", "PMID": 316537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5497", "title": "Human lymphocyte antigens: production of a monoclonal antibody that defines functional thymus-derived lymphocyte subsets.", "content": "A monoclonal mouse antibody (3A1) that specifically bound to 65% of human peripheral blood (PB) thymus-derived (T) cells but did not bind to complement receptor-positive PB bone marrow-derived (B) cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or human erythrocytes has been produced. The 3AI antibody was synthesized by a stable cloned lymphocyte hybrid cell line. This lymphocyte hybrid line (3AI) was derived from fusion of P3 X 63/Ag8 myeloma cells and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with HSB-2 cells, a human T cell line. The 3A1 lymphocyte hybrid line produced mouse ascites fluid containing 3A1 antibody in saturating titers of up to 1:25,600. Purified PB T cells that carried the 3A1 antigen incorporated tritiated thymidine maximally in response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A stimulation, whereas purified PB T cells that lacked the 3A1 antigen responded suboptimally to phytohemagglutinin and minimally to concanavalin A. Thus, the 3A1 antibody can be easily used to study the role of 3A1-positive and negative T cell subsets in the regulation of normal and abnormal human immune responses.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte antigens: production of a monoclonal antibody that defines functional thymus-derived lymphocyte subsets. A monoclonal mouse antibody (3A1) that specifically bound to 65% of human peripheral blood (PB) thymus-derived (T) cells but did not bind to complement receptor-positive PB bone marrow-derived (B) cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or human erythrocytes has been produced. The 3AI antibody was synthesized by a stable cloned lymphocyte hybrid cell line. This lymphocyte hybrid line (3AI) was derived from fusion of P3 X 63/Ag8 myeloma cells and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with HSB-2 cells, a human T cell line. The 3A1 lymphocyte hybrid line produced mouse ascites fluid containing 3A1 antibody in saturating titers of up to 1:25,600. Purified PB T cells that carried the 3A1 antigen incorporated tritiated thymidine maximally in response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A stimulation, whereas purified PB T cells that lacked the 3A1 antigen responded suboptimally to phytohemagglutinin and minimally to concanavalin A. Thus, the 3A1 antibody can be easily used to study the role of 3A1-positive and negative T cell subsets in the regulation of normal and abnormal human immune responses.", "PMID": 316538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5498", "title": "The biosynthetic precursor of epidermal growth factor and the mechanism of its processing.", "content": "The biosynthesis of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was studied in mouse submaxillary glands incubated with L-[35S]cystine. EGF and EGF-like proteins were isolated from the gland homogenates by immunoprecipitation with anti-EGF antiserum. The major species appearing after short labeling periods is significantly larger (Mr, 9000) than EGF. The label in the Mr 9000 species plateaus after 1 hr whereas tha in EGF continuously increases. When glands are chased with unlabeled L-cystine after a brief period of labeling, the Mr 9000 peak decreases and a corresponding amount of label appears in EGF. The Mr 9000 species was isolated from boiled homogenates in which it accounts for approximately 1% of the total EGF content. It contains five of the six chymotryptic peptides of EGF and a sixth peptide which is a modified form of the COOH-terminal chymotryptic peptide of EGF. Of the arginyl esteropeptidases, gamma subunit of 7S nerve growth factor, beta-endopeptidase, trypsin, and EGF-binding protein, only the latter converts the isolated Mr 9000 species to EGF. The extrapeptide material released in the conversion comes from the COOH terminus of the Mr 9000 species. These results suggest that the Mr 9000 species is a biosynthetic precursor of EGF and that the EGF-binding protein is the specific intracellular cleaving enzyme that converts the precursor to EGF. In the process, the stable high molecular weight complex of EGF is formed.", "contents": "The biosynthetic precursor of epidermal growth factor and the mechanism of its processing. The biosynthesis of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was studied in mouse submaxillary glands incubated with L-[35S]cystine. EGF and EGF-like proteins were isolated from the gland homogenates by immunoprecipitation with anti-EGF antiserum. The major species appearing after short labeling periods is significantly larger (Mr, 9000) than EGF. The label in the Mr 9000 species plateaus after 1 hr whereas tha in EGF continuously increases. When glands are chased with unlabeled L-cystine after a brief period of labeling, the Mr 9000 peak decreases and a corresponding amount of label appears in EGF. The Mr 9000 species was isolated from boiled homogenates in which it accounts for approximately 1% of the total EGF content. It contains five of the six chymotryptic peptides of EGF and a sixth peptide which is a modified form of the COOH-terminal chymotryptic peptide of EGF. Of the arginyl esteropeptidases, gamma subunit of 7S nerve growth factor, beta-endopeptidase, trypsin, and EGF-binding protein, only the latter converts the isolated Mr 9000 species to EGF. The extrapeptide material released in the conversion comes from the COOH terminus of the Mr 9000 species. These results suggest that the Mr 9000 species is a biosynthetic precursor of EGF and that the EGF-binding protein is the specific intracellular cleaving enzyme that converts the precursor to EGF. In the process, the stable high molecular weight complex of EGF is formed.", "PMID": 316539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5499", "title": "Endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles as elements in a system of branching invaginations from the cell surface.", "content": "In electron microscopy studies of the endothelial vesicles in frog mesenteric capillaries, an accidental observation was made concerning vesicular organization. When tannic acid was added to already fixed tissue, the mordant reached apparently free vesicles in the cytoplasm under conditions in which vesicular movement was excluded and in which the impermeability of the cell membranes was preserved. This indicates a spatial continuity between the vesicles and the cell exterior. It is proposed that cytoplasmic vesicles in endothelial cells are elements of branching, permanent or semipermanent invaginations of the plasmalemma.", "contents": "Endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles as elements in a system of branching invaginations from the cell surface. In electron microscopy studies of the endothelial vesicles in frog mesenteric capillaries, an accidental observation was made concerning vesicular organization. When tannic acid was added to already fixed tissue, the mordant reached apparently free vesicles in the cytoplasm under conditions in which vesicular movement was excluded and in which the impermeability of the cell membranes was preserved. This indicates a spatial continuity between the vesicles and the cell exterior. It is proposed that cytoplasmic vesicles in endothelial cells are elements of branching, permanent or semipermanent invaginations of the plasmalemma.", "PMID": 316540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5500", "title": "A human thymus-leukemia antigen defined by hybridoma monoclonal antibodies.", "content": "A series of mouse hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies against human acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells was generated and screened for tumor specificity. Among 1200 primary cultures, 60 produced an antibody that could distinguish between the immunizing leukemia cells and an isologous B lymphoblastoid cell line. Of these, two produced an antibody that detects an antigen expressed preferentially on ALL cells and on a subpopulation of normal cells found in the cortex of the thymus. Other normal human lymphoid cells from lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood express only low levels of this antigen. High levels of this \"thymus-leukemia\" antigen were found on T-ALL cells, T-ALL-derived cell lines, and some \"null\" ALL cells. By contrast, B-cell leukemias, B lymphoblastoid cell lines, and normal and malignant myeloid cells contain either low or undetectable amounts of this antigen. The thymus-leukemia antigen has been isolated from the membranes of leukemia cells by detergent solubilization and subsequent immunoprecipitation with the monoclonal antibody. Preliminary biochemical characterization shows the antigen to be associated with a polypeptide of Mr approximately 28,000.", "contents": "A human thymus-leukemia antigen defined by hybridoma monoclonal antibodies. A series of mouse hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies against human acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells was generated and screened for tumor specificity. Among 1200 primary cultures, 60 produced an antibody that could distinguish between the immunizing leukemia cells and an isologous B lymphoblastoid cell line. Of these, two produced an antibody that detects an antigen expressed preferentially on ALL cells and on a subpopulation of normal cells found in the cortex of the thymus. Other normal human lymphoid cells from lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood express only low levels of this antigen. High levels of this \"thymus-leukemia\" antigen were found on T-ALL cells, T-ALL-derived cell lines, and some \"null\" ALL cells. By contrast, B-cell leukemias, B lymphoblastoid cell lines, and normal and malignant myeloid cells contain either low or undetectable amounts of this antigen. The thymus-leukemia antigen has been isolated from the membranes of leukemia cells by detergent solubilization and subsequent immunoprecipitation with the monoclonal antibody. Preliminary biochemical characterization shows the antigen to be associated with a polypeptide of Mr approximately 28,000.", "PMID": 316541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5501", "title": "Patterned acquisition of the antibody repertoire: diversity of the hemagglutinin-specific B-cell repertoire in neonatal BALB/c mice.", "content": "The B-cell response of 12- to 14-day old BALB/c mice to the hemagglutinin molecule of influenzae virus A/PR/8/34(H0N1) has been examined with monoclonal antibodies obtained by the splenic focus technique. An analysis of the specificity of these antibodies with a panel of heterologous viruses indicates that the antibody repertoire is highly restricted at an intermediate stage in postnatal development of the immune system. In toto, only 10 distinct reactivity patterns have been observed in an analysis of 72 antibodies derived from 28 donors. This contrasts with a substantially more diverse repertoire present in nonimmune and immune adult populations. The neonatal antibody specificities do not appear to be a random sampling of adult specificities, because several clonotypes (as defined by reactivity pattern) frequently found in neonates are rare or absent in adults. Most importantly, the vast majority of adult clonotypes are absent from the neonatal repertoire. These findings indicate that, at a developmental stage when the B-cell repertoire contains at least 10(6) clonotypes, the repertoire of genetically identical individuals is shared. This is consistent with a diversification process that is highly patterned and genetically determined. Furthermore, because 12- to 14-day-old neonates exhibit a diversified but definable hemagglutinin-specific B-cell repertoire, this experimental system should enable precise analyses of genetic and environmental influences on repertoire expression.", "contents": "Patterned acquisition of the antibody repertoire: diversity of the hemagglutinin-specific B-cell repertoire in neonatal BALB/c mice. The B-cell response of 12- to 14-day old BALB/c mice to the hemagglutinin molecule of influenzae virus A/PR/8/34(H0N1) has been examined with monoclonal antibodies obtained by the splenic focus technique. An analysis of the specificity of these antibodies with a panel of heterologous viruses indicates that the antibody repertoire is highly restricted at an intermediate stage in postnatal development of the immune system. In toto, only 10 distinct reactivity patterns have been observed in an analysis of 72 antibodies derived from 28 donors. This contrasts with a substantially more diverse repertoire present in nonimmune and immune adult populations. The neonatal antibody specificities do not appear to be a random sampling of adult specificities, because several clonotypes (as defined by reactivity pattern) frequently found in neonates are rare or absent in adults. Most importantly, the vast majority of adult clonotypes are absent from the neonatal repertoire. These findings indicate that, at a developmental stage when the B-cell repertoire contains at least 10(6) clonotypes, the repertoire of genetically identical individuals is shared. This is consistent with a diversification process that is highly patterned and genetically determined. Furthermore, because 12- to 14-day-old neonates exhibit a diversified but definable hemagglutinin-specific B-cell repertoire, this experimental system should enable precise analyses of genetic and environmental influences on repertoire expression.", "PMID": 316542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5502", "title": "Differential effects of colchicine and cytochalasins on the shedding of murine B cell membrane IgM and IgD.", "content": "Lactoperoxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) catalyzed cell surface radioiodination was employed to monitor  the fate of murine B cell membrane (mem) IgM and IgD on radiolabeled cells in short-term culture. Both mem-IgM and mem-IgD were shed from the cell surface with biphasic kinetics. The rapid phase of mem-IgD shedding was somewhat slower (half-time = 12 hr) than that of mem-IgM shedding (half-time = 7-8 hr). The effect of temperature, colchicine, and cytochalasin on the shedding of the two membrane immunoglobulin isotypes was determined. The shedding of mem-IgD was more energy dependent than that of mem-IgM and was sensitive to colchicine but not cytochalasin. Conversely, the shedding of mem-IgM was sensitive to cytochalasin but not colchicine. The results suggest that the mechanisms of shedding of mem-IgM and mem-IgD are qualitatively distinct and may be regulated by microfilaments or microtubules, respectively.", "contents": "Differential effects of colchicine and cytochalasins on the shedding of murine B cell membrane IgM and IgD. Lactoperoxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) catalyzed cell surface radioiodination was employed to monitor  the fate of murine B cell membrane (mem) IgM and IgD on radiolabeled cells in short-term culture. Both mem-IgM and mem-IgD were shed from the cell surface with biphasic kinetics. The rapid phase of mem-IgD shedding was somewhat slower (half-time = 12 hr) than that of mem-IgM shedding (half-time = 7-8 hr). The effect of temperature, colchicine, and cytochalasin on the shedding of the two membrane immunoglobulin isotypes was determined. The shedding of mem-IgD was more energy dependent than that of mem-IgM and was sensitive to colchicine but not cytochalasin. Conversely, the shedding of mem-IgM was sensitive to cytochalasin but not colchicine. The results suggest that the mechanisms of shedding of mem-IgM and mem-IgD are qualitatively distinct and may be regulated by microfilaments or microtubules, respectively.", "PMID": 316543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5503", "title": "Thymic control of proliferation of T cell precursors in bone marrow.", "content": "The activity of T lymphocyte precursors (pre-T cells) in the bone marrow of mice was measured by the concanavalin A response synergy assay. Pre-T cell levels were low in marrow of neonatally thymectomized mice and could be restored to control values by treatment in vivo with an extract of mouse thymus. Levels of activity were also low in aging mice and again could be restored by thymic extract treatment. The most profound fall with aging was in the proliferating pre-T cell compartment as detected by tritiated thymidine suicide; and this compartment was restored by thymic extract treatment. Irradiation to the thymus, with the bone marrow shielded, caused a fall in resting pre-T cells in the bone marrow and a concomitant rise in proliferating cells. These results are consistent with a model of control of pre-T cell maturation in which the thymus senses the number of developing lymphocytes within it and responds to a fall in this number by increasing production of hormone. The hormone acts on resting pre-T cells in the marrow, stimulating some of them to proliferate, leave the bone marrow, and repopulate the thymus.", "contents": "Thymic control of proliferation of T cell precursors in bone marrow. The activity of T lymphocyte precursors (pre-T cells) in the bone marrow of mice was measured by the concanavalin A response synergy assay. Pre-T cell levels were low in marrow of neonatally thymectomized mice and could be restored to control values by treatment in vivo with an extract of mouse thymus. Levels of activity were also low in aging mice and again could be restored by thymic extract treatment. The most profound fall with aging was in the proliferating pre-T cell compartment as detected by tritiated thymidine suicide; and this compartment was restored by thymic extract treatment. Irradiation to the thymus, with the bone marrow shielded, caused a fall in resting pre-T cells in the bone marrow and a concomitant rise in proliferating cells. These results are consistent with a model of control of pre-T cell maturation in which the thymus senses the number of developing lymphocytes within it and responds to a fall in this number by increasing production of hormone. The hormone acts on resting pre-T cells in the marrow, stimulating some of them to proliferate, leave the bone marrow, and repopulate the thymus.", "PMID": 316544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5504", "title": "Is trisomy cause or consequence of murine T cell leukemia development? Studies on Robertsonian translocation mice.", "content": "Trypsin-Giemsa banding studies on T cell leukemias induced in Robertsonian translocation mice by dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and Moloney leukemia virus show a trisomy of chromosome 15 even in cases in which chromosome 15 has undergone centromeric fusion with chromosomes 1, 5, or 6. These results suggest that the duplication of gene(s) located on chromosome 15 is of critical importance for murine T cell leukemia development.", "contents": "Is trisomy cause or consequence of murine T cell leukemia development? Studies on Robertsonian translocation mice. Trypsin-Giemsa banding studies on T cell leukemias induced in Robertsonian translocation mice by dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and Moloney leukemia virus show a trisomy of chromosome 15 even in cases in which chromosome 15 has undergone centromeric fusion with chromosomes 1, 5, or 6. These results suggest that the duplication of gene(s) located on chromosome 15 is of critical importance for murine T cell leukemia development.", "PMID": 316545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5505", "title": "Modulation by thymus-derived (T) cells of thyroid cell-stimulated prostaglandin E release by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.", "content": "Cultures of plastic-adherent, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells generated prostaglandin E (PGE). Culture of the adherent cells (predominantly monocytes) with human thyroid cells enhanced PGE accumulation in the medium, although to a lesser degree than occurs with unseparated blood mononuclear cells. Recombination of the adherent cells with monocyte-depleted, nonadherent cells restored both basal and thyroid cell-stimulated PGE generation to the levels seen with unseparated cells. Thymus-derived (T) cells, obtained by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes, similarly enhanced both the adherent cell basal PGE production as well as the increased PGE accumulation that occurs in the presence of thyroid cells (50-120% augmentation by the T cells). Significant augmentation of thyroid cell-stimulated PGE release by 10(5) adherent cells occurred with the addition of as few as 5 x 10(4) T cells. Culture medium transfer experiments and separation of cell types during culture by a semipermeable membrane provided evidence against the possibility that the adherent cells were releasing a factor that stimulated T-cell PGE generation or that T cells were releasing a factor that enhanced adherent cell PGE generation. The results suggest instead that this T-cell effect requires direct contact with the adherent cells. These data demonstrate the importance of human T cells in the release by adherent cells of PGE, a mediator of suppressor function by some immune cells.", "contents": "Modulation by thymus-derived (T) cells of thyroid cell-stimulated prostaglandin E release by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cultures of plastic-adherent, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells generated prostaglandin E (PGE). Culture of the adherent cells (predominantly monocytes) with human thyroid cells enhanced PGE accumulation in the medium, although to a lesser degree than occurs with unseparated blood mononuclear cells. Recombination of the adherent cells with monocyte-depleted, nonadherent cells restored both basal and thyroid cell-stimulated PGE generation to the levels seen with unseparated cells. Thymus-derived (T) cells, obtained by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes, similarly enhanced both the adherent cell basal PGE production as well as the increased PGE accumulation that occurs in the presence of thyroid cells (50-120% augmentation by the T cells). Significant augmentation of thyroid cell-stimulated PGE release by 10(5) adherent cells occurred with the addition of as few as 5 x 10(4) T cells. Culture medium transfer experiments and separation of cell types during culture by a semipermeable membrane provided evidence against the possibility that the adherent cells were releasing a factor that stimulated T-cell PGE generation or that T cells were releasing a factor that enhanced adherent cell PGE generation. The results suggest instead that this T-cell effect requires direct contact with the adherent cells. These data demonstrate the importance of human T cells in the release by adherent cells of PGE, a mediator of suppressor function by some immune cells.", "PMID": 316546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5506", "title": "Serotonergic influences on food intake: effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on parameters of feeding behaviour in deprived and free-feeding rats.", "content": "Three experiments were carried out to examine the effect of the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, upon food intake and the micro-structure of eating in deprived rats, and on the pattern of meal taking in free-feeding animals. The study also investigated the capacity of a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (MK-486) to antagonise the effect of 5-HTP in order to identify a central or peripheral mode of action. In deprived rats 5-HTP brought about a dose related inhibition of food intake which was midly antagonised by MK-486. A detailed analysis of the behavioural changes occurring during eating showed that the inhibition of food intake by 5-HTP was reflected in a reduced number of eating bouts and a slower rate of eating. MK-486 did not antagonise the effect of 5-HTP on eating rate. In free-feeding rats whose food comsumption was continuously monitored for 24-hr periods, 5-HTP gave rise to reduction in meal size and a slowing of the intra-meal rate of eating. These findings are in keeping with the effects of other serotonergic manipulations on the patterns of feeding in rats.", "contents": "Serotonergic influences on food intake: effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on parameters of feeding behaviour in deprived and free-feeding rats. Three experiments were carried out to examine the effect of the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, upon food intake and the micro-structure of eating in deprived rats, and on the pattern of meal taking in free-feeding animals. The study also investigated the capacity of a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (MK-486) to antagonise the effect of 5-HTP in order to identify a central or peripheral mode of action. In deprived rats 5-HTP brought about a dose related inhibition of food intake which was midly antagonised by MK-486. A detailed analysis of the behavioural changes occurring during eating showed that the inhibition of food intake by 5-HTP was reflected in a reduced number of eating bouts and a slower rate of eating. MK-486 did not antagonise the effect of 5-HTP on eating rate. In free-feeding rats whose food comsumption was continuously monitored for 24-hr periods, 5-HTP gave rise to reduction in meal size and a slowing of the intra-meal rate of eating. These findings are in keeping with the effects of other serotonergic manipulations on the patterns of feeding in rats.", "PMID": 316547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5507", "title": "Receptors for IgM on human lymphoblastoid B and T cell lines.", "content": "Receptors for the Fc of IgM were studied together with other lymphocyte markers on cells from nineteen human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Receptors for IgM were found on three of seven T lines and three of twelve B lines studied. Culture conditions needed for an optimal detection of the receptor were different for B and T lines. The presence of the receptor for IgM could not be correlated with that of any other membrane marker.", "contents": "Receptors for IgM on human lymphoblastoid B and T cell lines. Receptors for the Fc of IgM were studied together with other lymphocyte markers on cells from nineteen human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Receptors for IgM were found on three of seven T lines and three of twelve B lines studied. Culture conditions needed for an optimal detection of the receptor were different for B and T lines. The presence of the receptor for IgM could not be correlated with that of any other membrane marker.", "PMID": 316572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5508", "title": "Alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes and obstructive lung disease in the city of Oslo.", "content": "In a community survey in Oslo, Norway, comprising 1268 persons, alpha 1-antitrypsin concentration in serum (AT) and protease-inhibitor (Pi) phenotypes were examined in 1258 subjects. Estimated percentage distribution of Pi-phenotypes in the target population aged 15--70 years was M 87.30%, MS 4.65%, MZ 4.73%, FM 2.69%, SZ 0.13%, IM 0.20%, FZ 0.07%, S 0.06%, FS 0.07% and Z 0.06%. The distribution curve of AT had a normal (Gaussian) shape and the ranges of AT demonstrated great overlap of types MS and MZ with type M. In subjects with phenotype MZ neither respiratory symptoms nor physicians' diagnoses of chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) were more frequent than in M subjects. Physicians' diagnoses of COLD were slightly more frequent (0.06 greater than P greater than 0.01) in subjects with phenotype MS than M, probably due to there being more smokers in the MS group. Spirometric variables given as per-cent of predicted values yielded large differences between smokers and non-smokers but no differences among phenotypes M, MS and MZ. Radiologic signs of hypertransradiancy and/or emphysema were evently distributed in M, MS and MZ subjects. The only subject observed with Pi-type Z and one out of three subjects with type SZ had COLD. In neither smokers nor non-smokers is phenotype MZ a risk factor of clinical importance for development of obstructive lung disease.", "contents": "Alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes and obstructive lung disease in the city of Oslo. In a community survey in Oslo, Norway, comprising 1268 persons, alpha 1-antitrypsin concentration in serum (AT) and protease-inhibitor (Pi) phenotypes were examined in 1258 subjects. Estimated percentage distribution of Pi-phenotypes in the target population aged 15--70 years was M 87.30%, MS 4.65%, MZ 4.73%, FM 2.69%, SZ 0.13%, IM 0.20%, FZ 0.07%, S 0.06%, FS 0.07% and Z 0.06%. The distribution curve of AT had a normal (Gaussian) shape and the ranges of AT demonstrated great overlap of types MS and MZ with type M. In subjects with phenotype MZ neither respiratory symptoms nor physicians' diagnoses of chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) were more frequent than in M subjects. Physicians' diagnoses of COLD were slightly more frequent (0.06 greater than P greater than 0.01) in subjects with phenotype MS than M, probably due to there being more smokers in the MS group. Spirometric variables given as per-cent of predicted values yielded large differences between smokers and non-smokers but no differences among phenotypes M, MS and MZ. Radiologic signs of hypertransradiancy and/or emphysema were evently distributed in M, MS and MZ subjects. The only subject observed with Pi-type Z and one out of three subjects with type SZ had COLD. In neither smokers nor non-smokers is phenotype MZ a risk factor of clinical importance for development of obstructive lung disease.", "PMID": 316573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5509", "title": "Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in the city of Oslo.", "content": "In the first phase of a two-phase cross-sectional survey conducted in Oslo from 1972 to 1974 a questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 19998 persons aged 15 to 70 years. Information was received from 88.7% of those alive in the sample. The completion rate for each of 11 questions on respiratory symptoms in the mail questionaire varied between 94 and 98%. The crude prevalence rates of the symptoms cough in the morning, breathlessness climbing two flights of stairs and wheezing were 24%, 11% and 17%. Only 27% of the men and 46% of the women in the survey population were non-smokers. Among non-smokers, phlegm was reported more fequently by men, irrespectively of age, whereas breathlessness was reported more often by women than by men. In both sexes of non-smokers, a linear increase in prevalence of symptoms with age was observed for breathlessness, attacks of breathlessness, and coughing in the morning and during the day. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms was closely related to the amount smoked.", "contents": "Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in the city of Oslo. In the first phase of a two-phase cross-sectional survey conducted in Oslo from 1972 to 1974 a questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 19998 persons aged 15 to 70 years. Information was received from 88.7% of those alive in the sample. The completion rate for each of 11 questions on respiratory symptoms in the mail questionaire varied between 94 and 98%. The crude prevalence rates of the symptoms cough in the morning, breathlessness climbing two flights of stairs and wheezing were 24%, 11% and 17%. Only 27% of the men and 46% of the women in the survey population were non-smokers. Among non-smokers, phlegm was reported more fequently by men, irrespectively of age, whereas breathlessness was reported more often by women than by men. In both sexes of non-smokers, a linear increase in prevalence of symptoms with age was observed for breathlessness, attacks of breathlessness, and coughing in the morning and during the day. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms was closely related to the amount smoked.", "PMID": 316574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5510", "title": "Dental care in patients with bleeding tendency using celluloid splint.", "content": "A new dental splint is made from ordinary inexpensive plastic sheet, to be used for dental repair in the patients with hemostatic disorders. It was tried on 291 patients with satisfactory results.", "contents": "Dental care in patients with bleeding tendency using celluloid splint. A new dental splint is made from ordinary inexpensive plastic sheet, to be used for dental repair in the patients with hemostatic disorders. It was tried on 291 patients with satisfactory results.", "PMID": 316577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5511", "title": "The revival of the horseshoe graft (side-to-side saphenous-vein-to-aorta anastomosis).", "content": "The technique of the horseshoe graft, side-to-side saphenous-vein-to-aorta anastomosis, using a long saphenous vein harvested from the leg is described in this communication. The lack of valves between the ankle and the knee and the high caliber natural Y distributions make this technique attractive. Constructing a double set of vein graft provides, in particular, unlimited possibilities for the construction of six to eight grafts if this appears anatomically feasible.", "contents": "The revival of the horseshoe graft (side-to-side saphenous-vein-to-aorta anastomosis). The technique of the horseshoe graft, side-to-side saphenous-vein-to-aorta anastomosis, using a long saphenous vein harvested from the leg is described in this communication. The lack of valves between the ankle and the knee and the high caliber natural Y distributions make this technique attractive. Constructing a double set of vein graft provides, in particular, unlimited possibilities for the construction of six to eight grafts if this appears anatomically feasible.", "PMID": 316586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5512", "title": "Suppression of lymphoblastoid cell line proliferation by antisera to HLA-DR and other HLA  antigens.", "content": "We have observed that certain antisera to HLA antigens suppress the in vitro proliferation of lymphoblastoid cell lines. An antiserum to HLA-B8 demonstrated suppressor activity associated with the presence of B8 antigen on the target LCLs; this activity was removed by absorption with platelets or with B8-positive LCLs. An antiserum to HLA-DRw7 suppressed proliferation of all six DRw7-positive LCLs and none of 12 DRw7-negative LCLs; this activity was removed by absorptions with three DRw7-positive LCLs, each representing a different HLA-D allele (i.e. Dw7, 10 and 11); it could not be removed by triple serial absorptions with platelets from multiple-donor pools. These experiments indicate that the suppressor activity of this serum is specifically associated with antibodies to DRw7. Our model of LCL growth suppression by HLA antisera is easily manipulated and provides a definitive tool for further characterizing HLA antigens and antisera in a complement-independent system.", "contents": "Suppression of lymphoblastoid cell line proliferation by antisera to HLA-DR and other HLA  antigens. We have observed that certain antisera to HLA antigens suppress the in vitro proliferation of lymphoblastoid cell lines. An antiserum to HLA-B8 demonstrated suppressor activity associated with the presence of B8 antigen on the target LCLs; this activity was removed by absorption with platelets or with B8-positive LCLs. An antiserum to HLA-DRw7 suppressed proliferation of all six DRw7-positive LCLs and none of 12 DRw7-negative LCLs; this activity was removed by absorptions with three DRw7-positive LCLs, each representing a different HLA-D allele (i.e. Dw7, 10 and 11); it could not be removed by triple serial absorptions with platelets from multiple-donor pools. These experiments indicate that the suppressor activity of this serum is specifically associated with antibodies to DRw7. Our model of LCL growth suppression by HLA antisera is easily manipulated and provides a definitive tool for further characterizing HLA antigens and antisera in a complement-independent system.", "PMID": 316587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5513", "title": "Effects of oral administration of D-penicillamine on T- and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood of rheumatoid patients.", "content": "The effects of D-penicillamine on T-lymphocytes (rosette forming cells) and B-lymphocytes (surface IgG- and surface IgM-bearing cells) in peripheral blood of 13 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were investigated at 4 weeks, 12 weeks and 24 weeks of treatment. At the same time, the determination of the concentrations of serum immunoglobulins and RA tests were carried out, and the rheumatoid activity index was calculated. The administration of D-pencillamine caused a gradual increase in the percentage of T-lymphocytes and a concomitant decrease in the percentage of B-lymphocytes with time. It was found that the tendency toward reduction of the percentage of surface IgM-bearing lymphocytes was more remarkable and accelerated than that of surface IgG-bearing lymphocytes. A decrease in the concentrations of serum IgM and IgG was observed in association with these findings. The agglutination in RA-test became significantly weaker in about half of the cases. Also the rheumatoid activity index became gradually smaller after treatment. The marked decrease in the percentage of B-lymphocytes and in the concentration of serum immunoglobulins may be related to the inhibition of the production of abnormal immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Effects of oral administration of D-penicillamine on T- and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood of rheumatoid patients. The effects of D-penicillamine on T-lymphocytes (rosette forming cells) and B-lymphocytes (surface IgG- and surface IgM-bearing cells) in peripheral blood of 13 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were investigated at 4 weeks, 12 weeks and 24 weeks of treatment. At the same time, the determination of the concentrations of serum immunoglobulins and RA tests were carried out, and the rheumatoid activity index was calculated. The administration of D-pencillamine caused a gradual increase in the percentage of T-lymphocytes and a concomitant decrease in the percentage of B-lymphocytes with time. It was found that the tendency toward reduction of the percentage of surface IgM-bearing lymphocytes was more remarkable and accelerated than that of surface IgG-bearing lymphocytes. A decrease in the concentrations of serum IgM and IgG was observed in association with these findings. The agglutination in RA-test became significantly weaker in about half of the cases. Also the rheumatoid activity index became gradually smaller after treatment. The marked decrease in the percentage of B-lymphocytes and in the concentration of serum immunoglobulins may be related to the inhibition of the production of abnormal immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 316588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5514", "title": "[Immunologic studies of lymph nodes in patients with maxillofacial tumors].", "content": "Starting from the basic concept that the regional lymph node, due to its important role in the defensive reaction to cancer, has a great value of information, the authors investigated 14 lymph nodes from patients with cancer in the maxillofacial region. The following immunological examinations were performed: T lymphocyte determination by means of the ovine erythrocyte rosette test; B lymphocyte determination by means of the mouse erythrocyte rosette test, with surface immunoglobulin estimation using the direct immunofluorescence technique; quantitative determination of immunoglobulins G, A and M in the lymph node extract. The results demonstrated that the determination of the absolute number of peripheral lymphocytes and of T rosettes as well as the immunoglobulin quantitation are very valuable. The decrease in T cells in the lymph node is obviously preceded by a similar development in the peripheral blood and seems to be a prognostic parameter. In lymph nodes in the maxillofacial region, a greater importance must be ascribed to IgA (as compared to the other immunoglobulins) than in other regions. The immunoreactivity against cancers in the maxillofacial region has a definite humoral component mainly determined by IgA. In addition to an increase in the number of samples examined by means of the aforementioned methods, parallel T cell determinations in the peripheral blood are advisable with regard to the evaluation by the influence of the cancer on the immunological system and for the purpose of prognostication.", "contents": "[Immunologic studies of lymph nodes in patients with maxillofacial tumors]. Starting from the basic concept that the regional lymph node, due to its important role in the defensive reaction to cancer, has a great value of information, the authors investigated 14 lymph nodes from patients with cancer in the maxillofacial region. The following immunological examinations were performed: T lymphocyte determination by means of the ovine erythrocyte rosette test; B lymphocyte determination by means of the mouse erythrocyte rosette test, with surface immunoglobulin estimation using the direct immunofluorescence technique; quantitative determination of immunoglobulins G, A and M in the lymph node extract. The results demonstrated that the determination of the absolute number of peripheral lymphocytes and of T rosettes as well as the immunoglobulin quantitation are very valuable. The decrease in T cells in the lymph node is obviously preceded by a similar development in the peripheral blood and seems to be a prognostic parameter. In lymph nodes in the maxillofacial region, a greater importance must be ascribed to IgA (as compared to the other immunoglobulins) than in other regions. The immunoreactivity against cancers in the maxillofacial region has a definite humoral component mainly determined by IgA. In addition to an increase in the number of samples examined by means of the aforementioned methods, parallel T cell determinations in the peripheral blood are advisable with regard to the evaluation by the influence of the cancer on the immunological system and for the purpose of prognostication.", "PMID": 316589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5515", "title": "alpha-I antitrypsin enzyme deficiency in Indian childhood cirrhosis.", "content": "Antitrypsin activity was measured in 50 healthy controls and 100 cases of Indian Childhood Cirrhosis (ICC). The incidence of alpha-I anti-trypsin (Alpha I-AT) enzyme deficiency was strinkingly higher in cases of cirrhosis (39.0%) than in healthy controls (4%). The enzyme deficiency was more prevalent in severe grades of cirrhosis (51.5%) as compared to mild (17.6%) and moderate cirrhosis (38%). Liver function tests were severely deranged in enzyme deficient cirrhotics and the damage to the liver was directly proportional to the extent of the enzyme deficiency. The incidence of the family history of ICC was noted significantly higher in enzyme deficient cases (20%) as compared to non-deficient cases (3.3%). The enzyme deficiency was also measured in 160 first blood relatives of the deficient cirrhotics and was found to be deficient in 19.4% subjects. It is probable that the deficiency runs in families with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.", "contents": "alpha-I antitrypsin enzyme deficiency in Indian childhood cirrhosis. Antitrypsin activity was measured in 50 healthy controls and 100 cases of Indian Childhood Cirrhosis (ICC). The incidence of alpha-I anti-trypsin (Alpha I-AT) enzyme deficiency was strinkingly higher in cases of cirrhosis (39.0%) than in healthy controls (4%). The enzyme deficiency was more prevalent in severe grades of cirrhosis (51.5%) as compared to mild (17.6%) and moderate cirrhosis (38%). Liver function tests were severely deranged in enzyme deficient cirrhotics and the damage to the liver was directly proportional to the extent of the enzyme deficiency. The incidence of the family history of ICC was noted significantly higher in enzyme deficient cases (20%) as compared to non-deficient cases (3.3%). The enzyme deficiency was also measured in 160 first blood relatives of the deficient cirrhotics and was found to be deficient in 19.4% subjects. It is probable that the deficiency runs in families with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 316592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5516", "title": "A tuberculin skin test survey in Southwestern Ethiopia.", "content": "A study to determine the prevalence of positive skin test reactions in an isolated region of southwestern Ethiopia where no previous surveys have been reported is described. Marked differences in the prevalence of positive skin tests between the population groups studied was found. The Dassanetch who live in large villages and have a high population density relative to other groups tested had the highest number of positives (53.7%). The Hamar who live in small scattered homesteads had the lowest number with 11.5%. The Bale, Suri, and Nyangatom who live in small to medium sized settlements had 32.5%, 27.9%, and 20.7% positivity respectively. Sex differences were minimal though men overall had a slightly higher rate than women (41.6% versus 38.9%). Age differences were marked, particularly where prevalence is high with the sharpest increase occurring under 14 years of age. A dispersed settlement pattern offers a distinct advantage in minimizing the incidence of tuberculosis for the populations of southwestern Ethiopia.", "contents": "A tuberculin skin test survey in Southwestern Ethiopia. A study to determine the prevalence of positive skin test reactions in an isolated region of southwestern Ethiopia where no previous surveys have been reported is described. Marked differences in the prevalence of positive skin tests between the population groups studied was found. The Dassanetch who live in large villages and have a high population density relative to other groups tested had the highest number of positives (53.7%). The Hamar who live in small scattered homesteads had the lowest number with 11.5%. The Bale, Suri, and Nyangatom who live in small to medium sized settlements had 32.5%, 27.9%, and 20.7% positivity respectively. Sex differences were minimal though men overall had a slightly higher rate than women (41.6% versus 38.9%). Age differences were marked, particularly where prevalence is high with the sharpest increase occurring under 14 years of age. A dispersed settlement pattern offers a distinct advantage in minimizing the incidence of tuberculosis for the populations of southwestern Ethiopia.", "PMID": 316593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5517", "title": "The impact of urinary schistosomiasis on the health of two community populations living in endemic areas in Tanzania.", "content": "Two populations living in separate areas in Tanzania known to be endemic for S. haematobium were investigated for the effects of the infection on community health. Both populations, each of about 450 examinees, had similar infection prevalences of 54-57% with peaks of 66-67% among the 5 to 19 year olds. Over 90% of the infections from either population were symptomatic showing mostly manifestations of vesical lesions. Radiological examinations of a random sample of 100 infected subjects from the population with the lower infection intensity revealed a high prevalence of 28% for bilateral uretero-renal lesions. The prevalence of urological lesions, including the potentially fatal uretero-renal lesions, was higher than hitherto reported from Tanzania. Urinary schistosomiasis was therefore considered to be of more serious public health importance in the country than has been accepted in the past.", "contents": "The impact of urinary schistosomiasis on the health of two community populations living in endemic areas in Tanzania. Two populations living in separate areas in Tanzania known to be endemic for S. haematobium were investigated for the effects of the infection on community health. Both populations, each of about 450 examinees, had similar infection prevalences of 54-57% with peaks of 66-67% among the 5 to 19 year olds. Over 90% of the infections from either population were symptomatic showing mostly manifestations of vesical lesions. Radiological examinations of a random sample of 100 infected subjects from the population with the lower infection intensity revealed a high prevalence of 28% for bilateral uretero-renal lesions. The prevalence of urological lesions, including the potentially fatal uretero-renal lesions, was higher than hitherto reported from Tanzania. Urinary schistosomiasis was therefore considered to be of more serious public health importance in the country than has been accepted in the past.", "PMID": 316594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5518", "title": "Recent observations on schistosomiasis in Mauritius.", "content": "Purpose of this study, carried out between 1967 and 1975, was to bring the existing knowledge on schistosomiasis in Mauritius up-to-date. The paper describes the distribution, the behaviour and the infection rates of Bulinus cernicus, the local intermediate snail host, and its role in human infection.", "contents": "Recent observations on schistosomiasis in Mauritius. Purpose of this study, carried out between 1967 and 1975, was to bring the existing knowledge on schistosomiasis in Mauritius up-to-date. The paper describes the distribution, the behaviour and the infection rates of Bulinus cernicus, the local intermediate snail host, and its role in human infection.", "PMID": 316595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5519", "title": "Machakos Project Studies: Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. XV. The economic setting at the household level.", "content": "In 1974 a household survey on economic conditions was carried out in about 80% of all households in the Machakos Project study area. This survey formed a part of an investigation into determinants of health and disease in children below five years of age. This paper deals with some background information, the field methodology employed, the construction of variables and the differences found between the eastern and western parts of the area in respect of some of these variables. The results are compared with those from in-depth sample studies carried out earlier.", "contents": "Machakos Project Studies: Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. XV. The economic setting at the household level. In 1974 a household survey on economic conditions was carried out in about 80% of all households in the Machakos Project study area. This survey formed a part of an investigation into determinants of health and disease in children below five years of age. This paper deals with some background information, the field methodology employed, the construction of variables and the differences found between the eastern and western parts of the area in respect of some of these variables. The results are compared with those from in-depth sample studies carried out earlier.", "PMID": 316596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5520", "title": "[Physiological polymorphism of a grass frog population. III. The effect of the season on the phenotypic manifestation of frog polymorphism by the level of muscle tissue thermostability].", "content": "A study was made of the phenotypical manifestation of physiological polymorphism of the population of the grass frog by the heat resistance level of m. interphalangealis in different seasons. In autumn (starting from the 2nd half of October), throughout winter, and in summer the polymorphism of frogs is well expressed, whereas in spring (during the reproduction period) and in the first half of October (during the migration of animals to the places of hibernation) the polymorphism appears to be hidden. The latter phenomenon is due to differences in the pattern of individual seasonal changes in the heart resistance of muscles in individuals of different groups.", "contents": "[Physiological polymorphism of a grass frog population. III. The effect of the season on the phenotypic manifestation of frog polymorphism by the level of muscle tissue thermostability]. A study was made of the phenotypical manifestation of physiological polymorphism of the population of the grass frog by the heat resistance level of m. interphalangealis in different seasons. In autumn (starting from the 2nd half of October), throughout winter, and in summer the polymorphism of frogs is well expressed, whereas in spring (during the reproduction period) and in the first half of October (during the migration of animals to the places of hibernation) the polymorphism appears to be hidden. The latter phenomenon is due to differences in the pattern of individual seasonal changes in the heart resistance of muscles in individuals of different groups.", "PMID": 316597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5521", "title": "Human parotid alpha-amylase secretion as a function of chronic hyperbaric exposure.", "content": "Secretion of alpha-amylase by the human parotid gland increased significantly during eight days of hyperbaric exposure. This hyperactivity of the parotid gland presumably resulted from increased autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity attributable to (1)psychological stress in the form of anticipation; (2) dive-related factors, i.e., hyperoxia, PN2, physical stress; or (3) a combination of both. The etiology of the effect must await additional studies, but a consistent and significant elevation in alpha-amylas secretion was found. This previously undescribed effect of hyperbaric exposure indicates that parotid alpha-amylase sampling holds promise as a noninvasive means of monitoring physical and psychological stress, and as an indirect measure of ANS tone.", "contents": "Human parotid alpha-amylase secretion as a function of chronic hyperbaric exposure. Secretion of alpha-amylase by the human parotid gland increased significantly during eight days of hyperbaric exposure. This hyperactivity of the parotid gland presumably resulted from increased autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity attributable to (1)psychological stress in the form of anticipation; (2) dive-related factors, i.e., hyperoxia, PN2, physical stress; or (3) a combination of both. The etiology of the effect must await additional studies, but a consistent and significant elevation in alpha-amylas secretion was found. This previously undescribed effect of hyperbaric exposure indicates that parotid alpha-amylase sampling holds promise as a noninvasive means of monitoring physical and psychological stress, and as an indirect measure of ANS tone.", "PMID": 316598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5522", "title": "[Aortocoronary shunting or mammary-coronary anastomosis?].", "content": "On the basis of the personal experience and literature the authors came to a conclusion that there must be no alternative: the aorto-coronary shunting or mammary-coronary anastomosis since each operation has its positive and negative features as well as indications and contraindications. However, in their opinion, the aorto-coronary shunting should be chosen for patients with the ischemic heart disease since this operation is simpler and more rational, has low postoperative mortality and good remote results.", "contents": "[Aortocoronary shunting or mammary-coronary anastomosis?]. On the basis of the personal experience and literature the authors came to a conclusion that there must be no alternative: the aorto-coronary shunting or mammary-coronary anastomosis since each operation has its positive and negative features as well as indications and contraindications. However, in their opinion, the aorto-coronary shunting should be chosen for patients with the ischemic heart disease since this operation is simpler and more rational, has low postoperative mortality and good remote results.", "PMID": 316603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5523", "title": "[Myocardial revascularization in threatening extension of myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Myocardial revascularization was performed in 13 patients between two and 14 days following initial infarction because of impending re-infarction. The diagnosis of impending re-infarction was made on the basis of the following criteria: myocardial infarction; repeated stenocardia despite medical treatment; renewed ST-T changes in the ECG. The intra-aortic balloon pump was installed in 7 patients for haemodynamic reasons (shock, massively raised pressure in the pulmonary artery). 12 patients survived the surgical intervention and were eventually discharged free of stenocardia. The presented findings suggest that surgical intervention in impending re-infarction appears of value in those cases which have not been satisfactorily controlled by conventional medical treatment.", "contents": "[Myocardial revascularization in threatening extension of myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Myocardial revascularization was performed in 13 patients between two and 14 days following initial infarction because of impending re-infarction. The diagnosis of impending re-infarction was made on the basis of the following criteria: myocardial infarction; repeated stenocardia despite medical treatment; renewed ST-T changes in the ECG. The intra-aortic balloon pump was installed in 7 patients for haemodynamic reasons (shock, massively raised pressure in the pulmonary artery). 12 patients survived the surgical intervention and were eventually discharged free of stenocardia. The presented findings suggest that surgical intervention in impending re-infarction appears of value in those cases which have not been satisfactorily controlled by conventional medical treatment.", "PMID": 316619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5524", "title": "[Febrile infections and their treatment].", "content": "Fever is a cardinal symptom of most infectious diseases; the febrile conditions not caused by infection are, however, not sufficiently taken into consideration in diagnosis and therapy. In 297 infections with a febrile course only in 26.26% of the cases a therapy with antibiotics was indicated. Antipyretic drugs were only exceptionally used under hospital conditions. Before hospitalisation, however, more than 75% of the 297 patients were treated with antibiotics and/or antipyretically. Virus infections stand in the first place of an unnecessary and, therefore, uncritical chemotherapy. With a casuistic report on the sequels of an uncritical chemotherapy is referred to the dangers for the patient and to the not insignificant economic burden for the society.", "contents": "[Febrile infections and their treatment]. Fever is a cardinal symptom of most infectious diseases; the febrile conditions not caused by infection are, however, not sufficiently taken into consideration in diagnosis and therapy. In 297 infections with a febrile course only in 26.26% of the cases a therapy with antibiotics was indicated. Antipyretic drugs were only exceptionally used under hospital conditions. Before hospitalisation, however, more than 75% of the 297 patients were treated with antibiotics and/or antipyretically. Virus infections stand in the first place of an unnecessary and, therefore, uncritical chemotherapy. With a casuistic report on the sequels of an uncritical chemotherapy is referred to the dangers for the patient and to the not insignificant economic burden for the society.", "PMID": 316620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5525", "title": "[Antihemagglutinin exhaustion reaction in studying the activity of arbovirus antigenic preparations].", "content": "A modification of serological tests, the antihemagglutinin exhaustion test, was developed for the study of capacity of different fractions of the antigenic preparations of tick-borne encephalitis and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses to react with antibody. The test is simple to perform, highly sensitive and specific which permits within a very short time to examine the antigenic activity of practically all, including non-hemagglutinating, virus fractions obtained by gel chromatography and ultracentrifugation. Significant functional heterogeneity of virus particles in interaction with antibody was established. Non-hemagglutinating virions were capable of binding antihemagglutinins. The intensity of interaction with antibody of the most active virus fractions in the HI and CF tests was considerably higher than that of nonfractionated preparations.", "contents": "[Antihemagglutinin exhaustion reaction in studying the activity of arbovirus antigenic preparations]. A modification of serological tests, the antihemagglutinin exhaustion test, was developed for the study of capacity of different fractions of the antigenic preparations of tick-borne encephalitis and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses to react with antibody. The test is simple to perform, highly sensitive and specific which permits within a very short time to examine the antigenic activity of practically all, including non-hemagglutinating, virus fractions obtained by gel chromatography and ultracentrifugation. Significant functional heterogeneity of virus particles in interaction with antibody was established. Non-hemagglutinating virions were capable of binding antihemagglutinins. The intensity of interaction with antibody of the most active virus fractions in the HI and CF tests was considerably higher than that of nonfractionated preparations.", "PMID": 316617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5526", "title": "[Pseudo-lupus erythematosus syndrome and interstitial nephritis].", "content": "First in 1972 under the preliminary term pseudo-lupus-erythematodes-syndrome a clinical picture was represented which clinically resembles the lupus erythematodes disseminatus and which is characterized by the proof of antimitochondrial antibodies and the lack of antinuclear factors. We report on a female patient with this syndrome and interstitial concomitant nephritis. Possible causal factors, clinical picture, typical laboratory findings, therapy and prognosis are discussed with the help of the casuistics.", "contents": "[Pseudo-lupus erythematosus syndrome and interstitial nephritis]. First in 1972 under the preliminary term pseudo-lupus-erythematodes-syndrome a clinical picture was represented which clinically resembles the lupus erythematodes disseminatus and which is characterized by the proof of antimitochondrial antibodies and the lack of antinuclear factors. We report on a female patient with this syndrome and interstitial concomitant nephritis. Possible causal factors, clinical picture, typical laboratory findings, therapy and prognosis are discussed with the help of the casuistics.", "PMID": 316621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5527", "title": "Activated silver coatings for surgical implants.", "content": "Increase in current from 1.8 to 3 and then to 9 microAH+DC/cm2 controlled respectively 25%, 37%, and 69% of S aureus on intramedullary silver pins (too soft in practice) in femurs of rabbits. Then optimal current of 12 muAH+DC/cm2 was used. On stainless steel pins with intramedullary injection of AgCl or AgNO3, a 25% or 64% bacterial control was achieved. Stainless steel pin, silver electroplated or electroplated and chloridized gave 85% and 91% bacterial control. One hundred percent of the bacteria was eliminated with stainless steel pins coated with 100 monomolecular layers of silver stearate.", "contents": "Activated silver coatings for surgical implants. Increase in current from 1.8 to 3 and then to 9 microAH+DC/cm2 controlled respectively 25%, 37%, and 69% of S aureus on intramedullary silver pins (too soft in practice) in femurs of rabbits. Then optimal current of 12 muAH+DC/cm2 was used. On stainless steel pins with intramedullary injection of AgCl or AgNO3, a 25% or 64% bacterial control was achieved. Stainless steel pin, silver electroplated or electroplated and chloridized gave 85% and 91% bacterial control. One hundred percent of the bacteria was eliminated with stainless steel pins coated with 100 monomolecular layers of silver stearate.", "PMID": 316624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5528", "title": "[Electromagnetic fields and alternating current, do they accelerate bone healing? (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of combined treatment with electromagnetic fields and alternating current according to the method of Kraus is investigated in two groups at bone-nonunions of 21 beagle-dogs. Identical atrophic nonunions of both ulnae are stabilized with plates and treated electrically for eight weeks at one side only, the other side serves as control. The second group gets an additional cancellous bone graft. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of X-rays and histology of undecalcified bone shows better bone healing in the group with cancellous bone graft on the treated side compared with the control. The first group shows no remarkable differences between both sides, except an increased periosteal bone formation around the active implants.", "contents": "[Electromagnetic fields and alternating current, do they accelerate bone healing? (author's transl)]. The effects of combined treatment with electromagnetic fields and alternating current according to the method of Kraus is investigated in two groups at bone-nonunions of 21 beagle-dogs. Identical atrophic nonunions of both ulnae are stabilized with plates and treated electrically for eight weeks at one side only, the other side serves as control. The second group gets an additional cancellous bone graft. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of X-rays and histology of undecalcified bone shows better bone healing in the group with cancellous bone graft on the treated side compared with the control. The first group shows no remarkable differences between both sides, except an increased periosteal bone formation around the active implants.", "PMID": 316626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5529", "title": "[Bypass operation of aortic coarctation in older patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides the typical operative technique in order to correct congenital aortic coarctation in the older patient the bypass operation is to be considered. Low incidence of intraoperative bleeding and very good postoperative haemodynamic findings induced us to prefer this method in older patients and in special indications as occluded congenital hypoplastic aortic arch.", "contents": "[Bypass operation of aortic coarctation in older patients (author's transl)]. Besides the typical operative technique in order to correct congenital aortic coarctation in the older patient the bypass operation is to be considered. Low incidence of intraoperative bleeding and very good postoperative haemodynamic findings induced us to prefer this method in older patients and in special indications as occluded congenital hypoplastic aortic arch.", "PMID": 316627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5530", "title": "[Early detection of postoperative abdominal complications by peritoneal lavage (author's transl)].", "content": "The high mortality rate after relaparatomy, especially intraabdominal infection and bleeding, is only in certain cases due to the basic disease. Late diagnosis and delayed decision for reintervention are more important factors. Negative results can be reduced by diagnostic peritoneal lavage.", "contents": "[Early detection of postoperative abdominal complications by peritoneal lavage (author's transl)]. The high mortality rate after relaparatomy, especially intraabdominal infection and bleeding, is only in certain cases due to the basic disease. Late diagnosis and delayed decision for reintervention are more important factors. Negative results can be reduced by diagnostic peritoneal lavage.", "PMID": 316628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5531", "title": "Gastro-intestinal bleeding and malignancy of the testis.", "content": "Three cases of gastro-intestinal bleeding caused by metastasis of a testicular tumour to the duodenum are described. The report illustrates that, particularly in young patients, the possibility of a primary tumour in the testis should be considered when a tumour mass is found in the upper abdomen, even if other symptoms suggestive of primary gastro-intestinal disorders, such as melaena and haematemesis, are also present. As primary malignancies of the small intestine are rare, a presumptive diagnosis of anaplastic duodenal carcinoma should always arouse the suspicion of metastatic rather than primary growth.", "contents": "Gastro-intestinal bleeding and malignancy of the testis. Three cases of gastro-intestinal bleeding caused by metastasis of a testicular tumour to the duodenum are described. The report illustrates that, particularly in young patients, the possibility of a primary tumour in the testis should be considered when a tumour mass is found in the upper abdomen, even if other symptoms suggestive of primary gastro-intestinal disorders, such as melaena and haematemesis, are also present. As primary malignancies of the small intestine are rare, a presumptive diagnosis of anaplastic duodenal carcinoma should always arouse the suspicion of metastatic rather than primary growth.", "PMID": 316630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5532", "title": "[Problems in the handling of equipment for patients with rheumatic diseases].", "content": "Persons with rheumatic diseases in the hand-arm-system are hindered to use requisits in their daily activities, because they can only fulfill grasping and holding functions with great difficulties and pain. A substancial point in this analysis takes the questions of existing knowledge and experiences in ergonomics and medical therapy concerning design criteria for service equipment in the sense of joint protection and prevention. A confrontation and examples show that important design criteria for service equipment are contradicting themselves and that for planning and designing requisits of daily use and work it is necessary to develop directions for prophylactic joint protection.", "contents": "[Problems in the handling of equipment for patients with rheumatic diseases]. Persons with rheumatic diseases in the hand-arm-system are hindered to use requisits in their daily activities, because they can only fulfill grasping and holding functions with great difficulties and pain. A substancial point in this analysis takes the questions of existing knowledge and experiences in ergonomics and medical therapy concerning design criteria for service equipment in the sense of joint protection and prevention. A confrontation and examples show that important design criteria for service equipment are contradicting themselves and that for planning and designing requisits of daily use and work it is necessary to develop directions for prophylactic joint protection.", "PMID": 316625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5533", "title": "Treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices with somatostatin.", "content": "Cyclic somatostatin was administered intravenously on eight occasions to five consecutive patients with massive haemalemesis due to oesophageal varices. The doses administered with 0--250 micrograms as bolus, followed by 100--250 micrograms per hr during 2--12 hrs. The source of bleeding was determined by endoscopy. The volume of bleeding was estimated from the clinical condition of the patient and by gastric irrigation and iced water. The bleeding stopped immediately on all occasions when somatostatin was administered. It is suggested that the effect is due to the ability of somatostatin to reduce regional splanchnic blood flows and portal pressure.", "contents": "Treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices with somatostatin. Cyclic somatostatin was administered intravenously on eight occasions to five consecutive patients with massive haemalemesis due to oesophageal varices. The doses administered with 0--250 micrograms as bolus, followed by 100--250 micrograms per hr during 2--12 hrs. The source of bleeding was determined by endoscopy. The volume of bleeding was estimated from the clinical condition of the patient and by gastric irrigation and iced water. The bleeding stopped immediately on all occasions when somatostatin was administered. It is suggested that the effect is due to the ability of somatostatin to reduce regional splanchnic blood flows and portal pressure.", "PMID": 316631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5534", "title": "Changing trends in skin diseases at the University Clinic Hamburg.", "content": "The author reports about statistical analyses of the outpatients from the dermatological department of the University hospital Hamburg 1935-1966. It can be demonstrated in general a change of the frequency of some skin diseases e.g. a regression of bacterial diseases and scabies, a increase of mycoses and of neurodermatitis and of eczema.", "contents": "Changing trends in skin diseases at the University Clinic Hamburg. The author reports about statistical analyses of the outpatients from the dermatological department of the University hospital Hamburg 1935-1966. It can be demonstrated in general a change of the frequency of some skin diseases e.g. a regression of bacterial diseases and scabies, a increase of mycoses and of neurodermatitis and of eczema.", "PMID": 316634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5535", "title": "Cellular immune responses and lymphocyte populations in chronic hepatitis.", "content": "Cellular immune responsiveness was examined in chronic persistent hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease by the use of the lymphocyte transformation test in response to PHA and to allogenic liver mitochondria, inhibition of leukocyte migration, delayed-type skin tests and non-immunospecific granulocyte function tests. Lymphocyte markers, E and EAC rosette forming cells were used for the study of lymphocyte populations. The results have confirmed that the T-cell borne cell-mediated immune function is impaired in chronic active hepatitis, as also in a number of cases of chronic persistent hepatitis.", "contents": "Cellular immune responses and lymphocyte populations in chronic hepatitis. Cellular immune responsiveness was examined in chronic persistent hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease by the use of the lymphocyte transformation test in response to PHA and to allogenic liver mitochondria, inhibition of leukocyte migration, delayed-type skin tests and non-immunospecific granulocyte function tests. Lymphocyte markers, E and EAC rosette forming cells were used for the study of lymphocyte populations. The results have confirmed that the T-cell borne cell-mediated immune function is impaired in chronic active hepatitis, as also in a number of cases of chronic persistent hepatitis.", "PMID": 316635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5536", "title": "Babinski reflex and the CUT reflex--a comparative study.", "content": "The Babinski reflex and the CUT reflex were examined in 150 neurological patients and 20 controls. A positive CUT reflex occurred more frequently than a positive Babinski reflex in the patient material as a whole, and in different diagnostic groups. However, there was a low grade of correspondence between a positive CUT reflex and a positive Babinski reflex. There were many positive CUT reflexes in the group of normal persons. In a number of cases the examination of the CUT reflex was impossible because of lack of strength or incooperability. The study indicates that the CUT reflex and the Babinski reflex are not comparable phenomena.", "contents": "Babinski reflex and the CUT reflex--a comparative study. The Babinski reflex and the CUT reflex were examined in 150 neurological patients and 20 controls. A positive CUT reflex occurred more frequently than a positive Babinski reflex in the patient material as a whole, and in different diagnostic groups. However, there was a low grade of correspondence between a positive CUT reflex and a positive Babinski reflex. There were many positive CUT reflexes in the group of normal persons. In a number of cases the examination of the CUT reflex was impossible because of lack of strength or incooperability. The study indicates that the CUT reflex and the Babinski reflex are not comparable phenomena.", "PMID": 316636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5537", "title": "Fetoscopy.", "content": "A brief report is given on fetal blood sampling by fetoscopy in three fetuses at risk for severe congenital bleeding disorder; hemophilia A in two cases, von Willebrand's disease in one. Published reports on complications of fetoscopy are reviewed. Out of all together about one hundred pregnancies that have been allowed to continue after fetoscopy, five ended in miscarriage. No other serious complication has been reported.", "contents": "Fetoscopy. A brief report is given on fetal blood sampling by fetoscopy in three fetuses at risk for severe congenital bleeding disorder; hemophilia A in two cases, von Willebrand's disease in one. Published reports on complications of fetoscopy are reviewed. Out of all together about one hundred pregnancies that have been allowed to continue after fetoscopy, five ended in miscarriage. No other serious complication has been reported.", "PMID": 316637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5538", "title": "Eight cases of congenital achromatopsia with amblyopia in two pedigrees from Northern Sweden.", "content": "Two families from northern Sweden with a total of 8 patients with typical symptoms of congenital achromatopsia with amblyopia were studied. In one of the families 4 affected children (3 brothers and 1 sister) also showed pallor of the optic discs and marked astigmatism. The transmission of the disease was consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance in both families. The study confirmed that complete and incomplete achromatopsia might be different expressions of the same gene. Six out or 13 near relatives of the achromatic patients showed minor colour vision defects, suggesting a tendency towards heterozygotic manifestation of the gene.", "contents": "Eight cases of congenital achromatopsia with amblyopia in two pedigrees from Northern Sweden. Two families from northern Sweden with a total of 8 patients with typical symptoms of congenital achromatopsia with amblyopia were studied. In one of the families 4 affected children (3 brothers and 1 sister) also showed pallor of the optic discs and marked astigmatism. The transmission of the disease was consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance in both families. The study confirmed that complete and incomplete achromatopsia might be different expressions of the same gene. Six out or 13 near relatives of the achromatic patients showed minor colour vision defects, suggesting a tendency towards heterozygotic manifestation of the gene.", "PMID": 316638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5539", "title": "S\u00e9zary cells in ascitic fluid.", "content": "S\u00e9zary's syndrome is a neoplasm of T-lymphocytes characterized by skin lesions histologically typical of mycosis fungoides together with the presence of malignant (S\u00e9zary) cells in the peripheral blood. These cells have a characteristic appearance in tissues, peripheral blood and body fluids, and their presence in large numbers in ascitic fluid is an indicator of disseminated disease. A patient with S\u00e9zary's syndrome was found to have the distinctive malignant lymphocytes in ascitic fluid. We believe that this report is the first to document the appearance of the cells in a body cavity fluid. Treatment modalities in S\u00e9zary's syndrome may be determined by the stage of the disease, and the presence of the distinctive \"convoluted\" or \"cerebreform\" lymphocytes should be noted.", "contents": "S\u00e9zary cells in ascitic fluid. S\u00e9zary's syndrome is a neoplasm of T-lymphocytes characterized by skin lesions histologically typical of mycosis fungoides together with the presence of malignant (S\u00e9zary) cells in the peripheral blood. These cells have a characteristic appearance in tissues, peripheral blood and body fluids, and their presence in large numbers in ascitic fluid is an indicator of disseminated disease. A patient with S\u00e9zary's syndrome was found to have the distinctive malignant lymphocytes in ascitic fluid. We believe that this report is the first to document the appearance of the cells in a body cavity fluid. Treatment modalities in S\u00e9zary's syndrome may be determined by the stage of the disease, and the presence of the distinctive \"convoluted\" or \"cerebreform\" lymphocytes should be noted.", "PMID": 316632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5540", "title": "Percutaneous epidural dorsal cord stimulation in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The effectiveness of percutaneous epidural stimulation has been evaluated in 11 patients with multiple sclerosis. Trial stimulation was performed at the thoracic level and lasted for 4 to 10 days. Evaluation was accomplished before the start and at regular intervals during and after the treatment. The scoring systems of the Standard Neurological Examination and of the Disability Status Scale of Kurtzke were used for evaluation of the neurological status. In addition, functionally useful changes were assessed by a physical therapist using a disability scoring technique designed at the National Multiple Sclerosis Centre at Melsbroek. Visual and somatosensory evoked potentials were also recorded at regular intervals. Six out of 11 patients claimed a subjective improvement following stimulation. But only four patients had better scoring results in the quantitative neurological testing, and for only two patients was this objective improvements functionally useful.", "contents": "Percutaneous epidural dorsal cord stimulation in multiple sclerosis. The effectiveness of percutaneous epidural stimulation has been evaluated in 11 patients with multiple sclerosis. Trial stimulation was performed at the thoracic level and lasted for 4 to 10 days. Evaluation was accomplished before the start and at regular intervals during and after the treatment. The scoring systems of the Standard Neurological Examination and of the Disability Status Scale of Kurtzke were used for evaluation of the neurological status. In addition, functionally useful changes were assessed by a physical therapist using a disability scoring technique designed at the National Multiple Sclerosis Centre at Melsbroek. Visual and somatosensory evoked potentials were also recorded at regular intervals. Six out of 11 patients claimed a subjective improvement following stimulation. But only four patients had better scoring results in the quantitative neurological testing, and for only two patients was this objective improvements functionally useful.", "PMID": 316640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5541", "title": "[Acute dyspnoea by acute thyroid abscess (author's transl)].", "content": "Infection is extremely rare in the pathology of the thyroid gland. One case is reported, and a review of the literature has helped to emphasize some specific points. Acute thyroiditis can be misdiagnosed in its initial phase because a fever by itself may not lead to a through examination of the neck, even if a goitre is present; the latter being the site of infection in the case reported. Dyspnoea of laryngeal origin proves to be a dangerous complication of thyroid abscesses. Treatment is always surgical, linked with appropriate antibiotic therapy. In the long run, thyroid function is unaffected.", "contents": "[Acute dyspnoea by acute thyroid abscess (author's transl)]. Infection is extremely rare in the pathology of the thyroid gland. One case is reported, and a review of the literature has helped to emphasize some specific points. Acute thyroiditis can be misdiagnosed in its initial phase because a fever by itself may not lead to a through examination of the neck, even if a goitre is present; the latter being the site of infection in the case reported. Dyspnoea of laryngeal origin proves to be a dangerous complication of thyroid abscesses. Treatment is always surgical, linked with appropriate antibiotic therapy. In the long run, thyroid function is unaffected.", "PMID": 316655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5542", "title": "Cryopreservation of bovine mononuclear leukocytes.", "content": "A technique of cryopreservation of bovine mononuclear leukocytes for use in lymphocyte stimulation tests and cell identification studies has been developed. Dimethyl sulfoxide was used as the cryopreservation agent. Cells were frozen to --40 C at a controlled rate of --1 C/minute and then to --80 C at a rate of --4 C/minute, and were subsequently stored in liquid nitrogen (--109 C). The cells were than recovered by rapid thawing in a 37-C water bath, diluted with tissue culture media, washed, and used for lymphocyte stimulation and cell identification tests. The magnitude of the lymphocyte blastogenic responses of frozen and thawed mononuclear leukocytes was similar to that seen with freshly collected cells. Additionally, percentages of T cells, B cells, and monocytes were similar between frozen and thawed cells and freshly collected cells.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of bovine mononuclear leukocytes. A technique of cryopreservation of bovine mononuclear leukocytes for use in lymphocyte stimulation tests and cell identification studies has been developed. Dimethyl sulfoxide was used as the cryopreservation agent. Cells were frozen to --40 C at a controlled rate of --1 C/minute and then to --80 C at a rate of --4 C/minute, and were subsequently stored in liquid nitrogen (--109 C). The cells were than recovered by rapid thawing in a 37-C water bath, diluted with tissue culture media, washed, and used for lymphocyte stimulation and cell identification tests. The magnitude of the lymphocyte blastogenic responses of frozen and thawed mononuclear leukocytes was similar to that seen with freshly collected cells. Additionally, percentages of T cells, B cells, and monocytes were similar between frozen and thawed cells and freshly collected cells.", "PMID": 316656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5543", "title": "Feline skin lymphoma: characterization of tumor and identification of tumor-stimulating serum factor(s).", "content": "A feline leukemia virus-negative skin lymphoma was characterized as a T-lymphocyte neoplasm, using the guinea pig erythrocyte rosetting technique. The lymphoma cells responded well to phytohemagglutinin compared with normal feline lymphocytes which did not respond. Serum factor(s) was found in serum of a cat with lymphoma that was highly stimulating to autologous tumor cells, but not to normal cat lymphocytes.", "contents": "Feline skin lymphoma: characterization of tumor and identification of tumor-stimulating serum factor(s). A feline leukemia virus-negative skin lymphoma was characterized as a T-lymphocyte neoplasm, using the guinea pig erythrocyte rosetting technique. The lymphoma cells responded well to phytohemagglutinin compared with normal feline lymphocytes which did not respond. Serum factor(s) was found in serum of a cat with lymphoma that was highly stimulating to autologous tumor cells, but not to normal cat lymphocytes.", "PMID": 316659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5544", "title": "A soluble immunosuppressor substance in spleen in deer mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "A soluble substance that blocks B-cell response was extracted from spleen of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) chronically infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Immunosuppressor activity of this substance was demonstrated by plaque-forming cell assays of spleen cells from Swiss/Webster mice inoculated with sheep red blood cells and simultaneously given the suppressor substance, and of spleen cell cultures treated with sheep red blood cells and suppressor substance. Studies by light and electron microscopy of spleen of immunosuppressed Swiss/Webster mice showed that the suppressor substance blocks germinal center formation and prevents plasma cell differentiation in the red pulp cords.", "contents": "A soluble immunosuppressor substance in spleen in deer mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei. A soluble substance that blocks B-cell response was extracted from spleen of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) chronically infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Immunosuppressor activity of this substance was demonstrated by plaque-forming cell assays of spleen cells from Swiss/Webster mice inoculated with sheep red blood cells and simultaneously given the suppressor substance, and of spleen cell cultures treated with sheep red blood cells and suppressor substance. Studies by light and electron microscopy of spleen of immunosuppressed Swiss/Webster mice showed that the suppressor substance blocks germinal center formation and prevents plasma cell differentiation in the red pulp cords.", "PMID": 316660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5545", "title": "A method for the simultaneous evaluation of exocrine pancreatic function and intestinal absorptive function in dogs.", "content": "Exocrine pancreatic function was evaluated in 13 dogs, using the chymotrypsin-labile peptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (BT-PABA). This peptide releases p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in the presence of pancreatic chymotrypsin. The amount of PABA in blood or urine after BT-PABA administration then served as an index of pancreatic function. Similarly, a xylose absorption test has been described in the literature to evaluate absorptive function of the small intestine. Here, the pentose sugar d(+)xylose was given orally, and blood xylose concentrations were then measured at intervals. Since both tests were performed in nearly the same way, they were combined into a single test. A solution containing BT-PABA (30 mg/ml) and xylose (100 mg/ml) was administered perorally to dogs with and without pancreatic duct ligation. In the unoperated (control) dogs, peak blood concentrations for PABA occurred between 60 and 120 minutes and xylose concentrations were maximal between 30 and 90 minutes. Pancreatic duct ligation reduced PABA concentrations at 90 minutes to one-sixth of the values in control dogs. Xylose absorption, however, was not altered by pancreatic duct ligation. In this way, digestive and absorptive functions were both evaluated, using a single 90-minute test.", "contents": "A method for the simultaneous evaluation of exocrine pancreatic function and intestinal absorptive function in dogs. Exocrine pancreatic function was evaluated in 13 dogs, using the chymotrypsin-labile peptide N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (BT-PABA). This peptide releases p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in the presence of pancreatic chymotrypsin. The amount of PABA in blood or urine after BT-PABA administration then served as an index of pancreatic function. Similarly, a xylose absorption test has been described in the literature to evaluate absorptive function of the small intestine. Here, the pentose sugar d(+)xylose was given orally, and blood xylose concentrations were then measured at intervals. Since both tests were performed in nearly the same way, they were combined into a single test. A solution containing BT-PABA (30 mg/ml) and xylose (100 mg/ml) was administered perorally to dogs with and without pancreatic duct ligation. In the unoperated (control) dogs, peak blood concentrations for PABA occurred between 60 and 120 minutes and xylose concentrations were maximal between 30 and 90 minutes. Pancreatic duct ligation reduced PABA concentrations at 90 minutes to one-sixth of the values in control dogs. Xylose absorption, however, was not altered by pancreatic duct ligation. In this way, digestive and absorptive functions were both evaluated, using a single 90-minute test.", "PMID": 316661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5546", "title": "Influence of a mycoplasma respiratory tract infection on sheep erythrocyte and complement receptor-bearing cell composition in the respiratory tract of swine.", "content": "Pulmonic and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy and Mycoplasma suipneumoniae-infected pigs were compared. The T- and the B-lymphocyte populations were counted, the B cells by the complement receptor (zymosan-complement rosettes) technique and the T cells by the ED-rosette technique (sheep RBC-dextran rosettes). The T cells were found to predominate among pulmonic, as well as blood, lymphocytes. Pulmonic B-cell and blood T-cell percentages were increased after mycoplasma respiratory tract infection. However, blood B-cell and pulmonic T-cell percentages were not significantly affected. A significant (P less than 0.001) correlation between pulmonic and blood T-lymphocyte compositions was found; conversely, no correlation was observed between blood and pulmonic B-cell percentages. These data could imply that pulmonic B cells are predominantly involved in local immune reactions after a mycoplasma respiratory tract infection.", "contents": "Influence of a mycoplasma respiratory tract infection on sheep erythrocyte and complement receptor-bearing cell composition in the respiratory tract of swine. Pulmonic and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy and Mycoplasma suipneumoniae-infected pigs were compared. The T- and the B-lymphocyte populations were counted, the B cells by the complement receptor (zymosan-complement rosettes) technique and the T cells by the ED-rosette technique (sheep RBC-dextran rosettes). The T cells were found to predominate among pulmonic, as well as blood, lymphocytes. Pulmonic B-cell and blood T-cell percentages were increased after mycoplasma respiratory tract infection. However, blood B-cell and pulmonic T-cell percentages were not significantly affected. A significant (P less than 0.001) correlation between pulmonic and blood T-lymphocyte compositions was found; conversely, no correlation was observed between blood and pulmonic B-cell percentages. These data could imply that pulmonic B cells are predominantly involved in local immune reactions after a mycoplasma respiratory tract infection.", "PMID": 316662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5547", "title": "Radiographic progression of asbestosis: preliminary report.", "content": "In a collaborative study with the Pneumoconiosis Medical Panel, 232 asbestos workers were seen between 1967 and 1975. During this time, 50 of the 232 (21.5%) workers dies, 33 (13.8%) from respiratory disease probably related to asbestos exposure [10 (4.3%) pleural mesothelioma, three (1.3%) peritoneal mesothelioma, 10 (4.3%) asbestosis, 10 (4.3%) carcinoma of the lung]. Of the 182 survirors, 119 were recalled for other studies, and follow-up data were obtained as additional information at the same time, over a 1--7 year period. Paired radiographs were read, and 21 patients (17.6%) had worsened. As expected, the frequency of progression increased with a longer follow-up time, so that about one third of the subjects displayed progression after a minimum follow-up of 6 years. Ten of 73 patients (13.6%) had progressed in 3 years or less and may be defined as rapid progressors. No particular clinical feature distinguished clearly between progressors and nonprogressors, but there was a trend toward a greater frequency and higher titer of ANA among the progressors in this group. There was also a higher frequency of progression in those who were initially classified radiographically as 1/1 of 1/2 than in those with other initial radiographic appearances. This pilot study is now forming the basis for a larger, longer-term comprehensive survey.", "contents": "Radiographic progression of asbestosis: preliminary report. In a collaborative study with the Pneumoconiosis Medical Panel, 232 asbestos workers were seen between 1967 and 1975. During this time, 50 of the 232 (21.5%) workers dies, 33 (13.8%) from respiratory disease probably related to asbestos exposure [10 (4.3%) pleural mesothelioma, three (1.3%) peritoneal mesothelioma, 10 (4.3%) asbestosis, 10 (4.3%) carcinoma of the lung]. Of the 182 survirors, 119 were recalled for other studies, and follow-up data were obtained as additional information at the same time, over a 1--7 year period. Paired radiographs were read, and 21 patients (17.6%) had worsened. As expected, the frequency of progression increased with a longer follow-up time, so that about one third of the subjects displayed progression after a minimum follow-up of 6 years. Ten of 73 patients (13.6%) had progressed in 3 years or less and may be defined as rapid progressors. No particular clinical feature distinguished clearly between progressors and nonprogressors, but there was a trend toward a greater frequency and higher titer of ANA among the progressors in this group. There was also a higher frequency of progression in those who were initially classified radiographically as 1/1 of 1/2 than in those with other initial radiographic appearances. This pilot study is now forming the basis for a larger, longer-term comprehensive survey.", "PMID": 316663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5548", "title": "Possible excess of mental handicap and congenital malformations in autosomal reciprocal translocations.", "content": "The most pertinent data of the 32 cases of reciprocal autosomal translocations detected in the laboratory since the initiation of the banding-techniques are summarized. One third of these balanced translocations were detected in patients presenting with mental handicap and/or malformative symptoms.", "contents": "Possible excess of mental handicap and congenital malformations in autosomal reciprocal translocations. The most pertinent data of the 32 cases of reciprocal autosomal translocations detected in the laboratory since the initiation of the banding-techniques are summarized. One third of these balanced translocations were detected in patients presenting with mental handicap and/or malformative symptoms.", "PMID": 316665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5549", "title": "Clinical significance of the satellited short arm of human chromosome 17 (17ps +) : a rare heteromorphism?", "content": "A 43-year-old impotent male Caucasian had a chromosomal constitution of 46,XY,17ps+. The satellited chromosome 17 was also present in his sister. There is no suggestive evidence that this satellited chromosome causes any clinical abnormality. Based on multiple banding techniques, it is concluded that the 17ps+ is a rare chromosomal heteromorphism.", "contents": "Clinical significance of the satellited short arm of human chromosome 17 (17ps +) : a rare heteromorphism? A 43-year-old impotent male Caucasian had a chromosomal constitution of 46,XY,17ps+. The satellited chromosome 17 was also present in his sister. There is no suggestive evidence that this satellited chromosome causes any clinical abnormality. Based on multiple banding techniques, it is concluded that the 17ps+ is a rare chromosomal heteromorphism.", "PMID": 316666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5550", "title": "[A fatal syndrome associating a micromelic dwarfism, an ichthyosiform skin disorder and a severe combined immunologic deficiency. Report of a case and survey of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital immunologic deficiencies and congenital dwarfisms represent two seemingly unrelated disorders. Here is reported the tenth case of a definite congenital and fatal syndrome associating a severe combined immunologic deficiency and a micromelic dwarfism, affecting mainly the proximal limbs, as well as an ichtyosiform and furrowed skin disorder. Although the adenosine deaminase activity has not been determined in this patient, a 4-month old boy, this syndrome seems to be different from cases of ADA negative SCID. The associated impairment of growth and immunity emphasizes once more the close genetic linkage existing between the development of the skeleton and the lymphoid tissue.", "contents": "[A fatal syndrome associating a micromelic dwarfism, an ichthyosiform skin disorder and a severe combined immunologic deficiency. Report of a case and survey of the literature (author's transl)]. Congenital immunologic deficiencies and congenital dwarfisms represent two seemingly unrelated disorders. Here is reported the tenth case of a definite congenital and fatal syndrome associating a severe combined immunologic deficiency and a micromelic dwarfism, affecting mainly the proximal limbs, as well as an ichtyosiform and furrowed skin disorder. Although the adenosine deaminase activity has not been determined in this patient, a 4-month old boy, this syndrome seems to be different from cases of ADA negative SCID. The associated impairment of growth and immunity emphasizes once more the close genetic linkage existing between the development of the skeleton and the lymphoid tissue.", "PMID": 316667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5551", "title": "An abnormal dicentric X chromosome in a patient with short stature and gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "A 16 year-old girl with short stature and gonadal dysgenesis was found to have a chromosomal complement consisting of 46,X,dic(X) (qter yields p22::p22 yields qter). When comparing her clinical features with 7 other cases who appeared to have precisely the same abnormal dicentric X, it was found that even though the percent of 45,X cells present varied considerably from patient to patient, these patients were remarkably similar and the stigmata, of Turner's syndrome were minimal in this group as a whole.", "contents": "An abnormal dicentric X chromosome in a patient with short stature and gonadal dysgenesis. A 16 year-old girl with short stature and gonadal dysgenesis was found to have a chromosomal complement consisting of 46,X,dic(X) (qter yields p22::p22 yields qter). When comparing her clinical features with 7 other cases who appeared to have precisely the same abnormal dicentric X, it was found that even though the percent of 45,X cells present varied considerably from patient to patient, these patients were remarkably similar and the stigmata, of Turner's syndrome were minimal in this group as a whole.", "PMID": 316668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5552", "title": "Supernumerary chromosome possibly representing segment p11 yields q14 of chromosome 2.", "content": "A small supernumerary non-satellited submetacentric chromosome was found in a dysmorphic mentally retarded girl. A number of chromosome staining techniques were used and the small chromosome was thought to be the p11 yields q14 region of chromosome 2.", "contents": "Supernumerary chromosome possibly representing segment p11 yields q14 of chromosome 2. A small supernumerary non-satellited submetacentric chromosome was found in a dysmorphic mentally retarded girl. A number of chromosome staining techniques were used and the small chromosome was thought to be the p11 yields q14 region of chromosome 2.", "PMID": 316669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5553", "title": "[Sclerosing injections of oesophageal varices. Analysis of 247 cases treated between 1964 and 1977 (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyse 247 cases of haemorrhagic oesophageal varices treated using sclerosing injections of Quinine-Urea between 1964 and 1977. Portal hypertension as a result of intrahepatic block accounted for 83% of the patients (alcoholic cirrhosis 65%, meta-icteric 12%) and cavernomas 11%. Sclerosing injections were used in patients refused by surgeons (85%) or after the failure of surgery (15%). Only 11 cases were treated during the period of active haemorrhage, and the others during the following weeks. Tolerance of treatment so long as all safety factors were employed routinely in order to deal with any possible haemorrhagic complications. Deaths due to the method totalled 2.8%, including those due to worsening of the underlying disease. Overall results were of 69% survival of more than one year, 40% at more than 3 years and 24% at more than five years. For alcoholic cirrhosis, these figures were respectively 62, 30 and 18%. The prognosis in cases of cavernoma was much better; 80% survival at more than 5 years.", "contents": "[Sclerosing injections of oesophageal varices. Analysis of 247 cases treated between 1964 and 1977 (author's transl)]. The authors analyse 247 cases of haemorrhagic oesophageal varices treated using sclerosing injections of Quinine-Urea between 1964 and 1977. Portal hypertension as a result of intrahepatic block accounted for 83% of the patients (alcoholic cirrhosis 65%, meta-icteric 12%) and cavernomas 11%. Sclerosing injections were used in patients refused by surgeons (85%) or after the failure of surgery (15%). Only 11 cases were treated during the period of active haemorrhage, and the others during the following weeks. Tolerance of treatment so long as all safety factors were employed routinely in order to deal with any possible haemorrhagic complications. Deaths due to the method totalled 2.8%, including those due to worsening of the underlying disease. Overall results were of 69% survival of more than one year, 40% at more than 3 years and 24% at more than five years. For alcoholic cirrhosis, these figures were respectively 62, 30 and 18%. The prognosis in cases of cavernoma was much better; 80% survival at more than 5 years.", "PMID": 316664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5554", "title": "An infant with trisomy 9pter yields 9q22 resulting from 3:1 segregation in a 46,XX t(1;9) (p36;q22) mother.", "content": "A newborn infant with a 47,XY,+ der(.),t(1;9) (p36;q22)mat chromosome complement and the clinical features of the 9p trisomy is described. A review of the reproductive histories of five cases with trisomy 9pter yields 9q21 or 22 indicate that the balanced translocation mothers of these infants may have as high as a 23% chance of producing a chromosomally unbalanced offspring due to 3:1 disjunction.", "contents": "An infant with trisomy 9pter yields 9q22 resulting from 3:1 segregation in a 46,XX t(1;9) (p36;q22) mother. A newborn infant with a 47,XY,+ der(.),t(1;9) (p36;q22)mat chromosome complement and the clinical features of the 9p trisomy is described. A review of the reproductive histories of five cases with trisomy 9pter yields 9q21 or 22 indicate that the balanced translocation mothers of these infants may have as high as a 23% chance of producing a chromosomally unbalanced offspring due to 3:1 disjunction.", "PMID": 316670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5555", "title": "Type and contretype signs in monosomy and trisomy 9p. On a case 46,XY, del (9) (pter yields p12:).", "content": "A 15-month-old male with a partial monosomy 9p is reported. The comparative analysis with other cases of 9p monosomy demonstrates a typical phenotype which when compared to that of 9p trisomy, permits the delineation of fifteen \"type and contretype\" signs.", "contents": "Type and contretype signs in monosomy and trisomy 9p. On a case 46,XY, del (9) (pter yields p12:). A 15-month-old male with a partial monosomy 9p is reported. The comparative analysis with other cases of 9p monosomy demonstrates a typical phenotype which when compared to that of 9p trisomy, permits the delineation of fifteen \"type and contretype\" signs.", "PMID": 316671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5556", "title": "[Distal 9q trisomy phenotype in a patient with a supernumerary rearranged chromosome [t(X:9)] (author's transl)].", "content": "A child with clinical features associated a trisomy for the distal part of 9q was shown to have the following abnormal chromosome complement : 47,XY,+t)X;9) (Xpter yields Xq24:9q31 yields 9qter), inv 9(p11q13), var 14 (14pQFQ34).", "contents": "[Distal 9q trisomy phenotype in a patient with a supernumerary rearranged chromosome [t(X:9)] (author's transl)]. A child with clinical features associated a trisomy for the distal part of 9q was shown to have the following abnormal chromosome complement : 47,XY,+t)X;9) (Xpter yields Xq24:9q31 yields 9qter), inv 9(p11q13), var 14 (14pQFQ34).", "PMID": 316672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5557", "title": "Familial paracentric inversion of the short arm of chromosome 3.", "content": "A paracentric inversion of the short arm of chromosome number 3 is reported in three generations of a family. The index patient presented with slight psychomotor retardation. The literature on this subject is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Familial paracentric inversion of the short arm of chromosome 3. A paracentric inversion of the short arm of chromosome number 3 is reported in three generations of a family. The index patient presented with slight psychomotor retardation. The literature on this subject is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 316673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5558", "title": "De novo partial trisomy of chromosome 18(pter yields q11:). Some observations on the phenotype mapping of chromosome 18 imbalances.", "content": "An infant with a partial trisomy 18(pter yields q11:) is described. The patient's phenotype consists of many features of complete trisomy 18. The findings are compared with those from similar cases reported in the literature permitting to conclude that 18q121-q122 segment is the \"critical\" zone which when trisomic, causes the severe stigmata (inner organ malformations and early death) of the complete trisomy 18.", "contents": "De novo partial trisomy of chromosome 18(pter yields q11:). Some observations on the phenotype mapping of chromosome 18 imbalances. An infant with a partial trisomy 18(pter yields q11:) is described. The patient's phenotype consists of many features of complete trisomy 18. The findings are compared with those from similar cases reported in the literature permitting to conclude that 18q121-q122 segment is the \"critical\" zone which when trisomic, causes the severe stigmata (inner organ malformations and early death) of the complete trisomy 18.", "PMID": 316674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5559", "title": "ABO bloodgroups in cholelithiasis.", "content": "In order to search for a probable association between ABO bloodgroups and cholelithiasis, a study was undertaken on 321 patients and 688 controls. It appears that group A subjects are having somewhat higher risk to be affected with the disease than those of groups B or O.", "contents": "ABO bloodgroups in cholelithiasis. In order to search for a probable association between ABO bloodgroups and cholelithiasis, a study was undertaken on 321 patients and 688 controls. It appears that group A subjects are having somewhat higher risk to be affected with the disease than those of groups B or O.", "PMID": 316675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5560", "title": "[Asymmetrical gonadal dysgenesis. Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of asymmetrical gonadal dysgenesis related to 45XO-46XY mosaicism in a 16 year old girl. Delayed growth and puberty, Turner's dysmorphism without sexual ambiguity and skeletal abnormalities are the main clinical features suggesting the diagnosis. Exploratory laparotomy reveals infantil uterus, bilateral fallopian tubes and streak gonads. A right dysgenetic testis is identified on electron microscopic examination. Theories on pathogenesis of this unusual genetic defect are discussed.", "contents": "[Asymmetrical gonadal dysgenesis. Report of a case (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of asymmetrical gonadal dysgenesis related to 45XO-46XY mosaicism in a 16 year old girl. Delayed growth and puberty, Turner's dysmorphism without sexual ambiguity and skeletal abnormalities are the main clinical features suggesting the diagnosis. Exploratory laparotomy reveals infantil uterus, bilateral fallopian tubes and streak gonads. A right dysgenetic testis is identified on electron microscopic examination. Theories on pathogenesis of this unusual genetic defect are discussed.", "PMID": 316676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5561", "title": "[46,XX/46,XX,del (10) (p13)/47,XX,+r/47,XX,del (10) (p13), + r mosaicism and partial trisomy 10p phenotype (author's transl)].", "content": "The mosaicism 46,XX/46,XX,del(10)(p13)/47,XX, +r/47,XX,del(10)(p13), +r was found in the lymphocytes and the fibroblasts of a patient with the following : profound mental retardation; craniofacial dysmorphism with frontal bossing, fine eyebrows, a large hypoplastic nasal bridge, prognathism of the upper jaw, thick lips; a long and thin neck; congenital heart disease; skeletal malformations, with club feet; and hypotonia and lax ligaments. These malformations, compatible with the trisomy 10p syndrome, suggest that the supernumerary ring chromosome was composed of 10p material. An increase of HK1 and GOT1 activities was found. This is in favour of a partial trisomy of chromosome 10. The relative frequencies of the clones constituting the mosaic vary from tissue to tissue and with time.", "contents": "[46,XX/46,XX,del (10) (p13)/47,XX,+r/47,XX,del (10) (p13), + r mosaicism and partial trisomy 10p phenotype (author's transl)]. The mosaicism 46,XX/46,XX,del(10)(p13)/47,XX, +r/47,XX,del(10)(p13), +r was found in the lymphocytes and the fibroblasts of a patient with the following : profound mental retardation; craniofacial dysmorphism with frontal bossing, fine eyebrows, a large hypoplastic nasal bridge, prognathism of the upper jaw, thick lips; a long and thin neck; congenital heart disease; skeletal malformations, with club feet; and hypotonia and lax ligaments. These malformations, compatible with the trisomy 10p syndrome, suggest that the supernumerary ring chromosome was composed of 10p material. An increase of HK1 and GOT1 activities was found. This is in favour of a partial trisomy of chromosome 10. The relative frequencies of the clones constituting the mosaic vary from tissue to tissue and with time.", "PMID": 316677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5562", "title": "A simple rapid fluorescent assay for adenosine deaminase activity.", "content": "A simple, rapid (2 hours), fluorescent test for the activity of blood adenosine deaminase (ADA) is described. The test which can be performed on both heparinized and dried blood, is based on the conversion of adenosine to inosine and ammonium in the presence of ADA. The enzyme activity is visually estimated by the oxidation of NADH (fluorescent) to NAD+ (non-fluorescent) in a coupled reaction with glutamate dehydrogenase. The disappearance of fluorescence indicates ADA activity in the sample. The advantages are discussed of the use of this test for the study of the autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency.", "contents": "A simple rapid fluorescent assay for adenosine deaminase activity. A simple, rapid (2 hours), fluorescent test for the activity of blood adenosine deaminase (ADA) is described. The test which can be performed on both heparinized and dried blood, is based on the conversion of adenosine to inosine and ammonium in the presence of ADA. The enzyme activity is visually estimated by the oxidation of NADH (fluorescent) to NAD+ (non-fluorescent) in a coupled reaction with glutamate dehydrogenase. The disappearance of fluorescence indicates ADA activity in the sample. The advantages are discussed of the use of this test for the study of the autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency.", "PMID": 316678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5563", "title": "In vitro antibacterial activity and beta-lactamase stability of SCE-129, a new cephalosporin.", "content": "SCE-129 [3-4-carbamoyl-1-pyridiniomethyl-7beta- (d-alpha-sulfophenylacetamido)-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylate] is a cephalosporin that inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. SCE-129 is tenfold more active than carbenicillin in inhibiting P. aeruginosa. SCE-129 has poor activity against Enterobacteriaceae compared with other cephalosporins and is 16-fold less active than the cephalosporins against streptococci. The activity of SCE-129 does not correlate with beta-lactamase stability, although SCE-129 is resistant to hydrolysis by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The compound does not inhibit the hydrolysis of other cephalosporins. Although SCE-129 acts synergistically with gentamicin to inhibit some Pseudomonas, this cannot be predicted based on knowledge of resistance to one or more compounds.", "contents": "In vitro antibacterial activity and beta-lactamase stability of SCE-129, a new cephalosporin. SCE-129 [3-4-carbamoyl-1-pyridiniomethyl-7beta- (d-alpha-sulfophenylacetamido)-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylate] is a cephalosporin that inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. SCE-129 is tenfold more active than carbenicillin in inhibiting P. aeruginosa. SCE-129 has poor activity against Enterobacteriaceae compared with other cephalosporins and is 16-fold less active than the cephalosporins against streptococci. The activity of SCE-129 does not correlate with beta-lactamase stability, although SCE-129 is resistant to hydrolysis by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The compound does not inhibit the hydrolysis of other cephalosporins. Although SCE-129 acts synergistically with gentamicin to inhibit some Pseudomonas, this cannot be predicted based on knowledge of resistance to one or more compounds.", "PMID": 316683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5564", "title": "Antibacterial activity of ceftizoxime (FK 749), a new cephalosporin, against cephalosporin-resistant bacteria, and its stability to beta-lactamase.", "content": "Antibacterial activity of FK 749 against ampicillin-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli was compared with those of other newly developed cephalosporins. FK 749 was the most active against strains possessing R-plasmids specifying ampicillin resistance and those whose resistance was chromosomally determined. The susceptibility of ampicillin-susceptible E. coli to FK 749 was not decreased by transduction of ampicillin resistance-specifying plasmids. However, most of the transconjugants acquired a high level of resistance to cefoperazone and cefamandole and a moderate level of resistance to cefoperazone and cefamandole and a moderate level to cefotiam. FK 749 was highly stable to both penicillinase- and cephalosporinase-type beta-lactamases, including R-plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase. Its level of resistance to beta-lactamases was comparable to those of cefoxitin, cefmetazole, and cefotaxime, slightly superior to that of cefuroxime, and much superior to those of cefotiam, cefamandole, and cefoperazone.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of ceftizoxime (FK 749), a new cephalosporin, against cephalosporin-resistant bacteria, and its stability to beta-lactamase. Antibacterial activity of FK 749 against ampicillin-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli was compared with those of other newly developed cephalosporins. FK 749 was the most active against strains possessing R-plasmids specifying ampicillin resistance and those whose resistance was chromosomally determined. The susceptibility of ampicillin-susceptible E. coli to FK 749 was not decreased by transduction of ampicillin resistance-specifying plasmids. However, most of the transconjugants acquired a high level of resistance to cefoperazone and cefamandole and a moderate level of resistance to cefoperazone and cefamandole and a moderate level to cefotiam. FK 749 was highly stable to both penicillinase- and cephalosporinase-type beta-lactamases, including R-plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase. Its level of resistance to beta-lactamases was comparable to those of cefoxitin, cefmetazole, and cefotaxime, slightly superior to that of cefuroxime, and much superior to those of cefotiam, cefamandole, and cefoperazone.", "PMID": 316684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5565", "title": "Regulation of antibody synthesis to sheep red cells in cultures of nu/nu spleen cells by T-cell replacing factor (TRF) and immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF).", "content": "Fc receptor positive alloantigen-activated T cells release an immunoglobulin binding factor (IBF) which suppresses in vitro antibody synthesis. The present work was undertaken to approach the mechanisms by which IBF suppresses the response, and we obtained the following results. First, IBF does not inhibit DNA synthesis in lipopolysaccharide stimulated spleen cells while suppressing the polyclonal plaque response, indicating that IBF does not interfere with B-cell proliferation. Second, antibody synthesis by spleen cells from Nude (nu/nu) mice, stimulated with sheep red blood cells triggered by concanavalin A induced T-cell replacing factor (TRF) was suppressed by IBF, indicating that the factor does not need mature T cells to express its activity. Kinetics experiments showed that IBF does not destroy TRF but rather acts sequentially with the helper factor on the late phase of the differentiation of B cells to antibody producing cells.", "contents": "Regulation of antibody synthesis to sheep red cells in cultures of nu/nu spleen cells by T-cell replacing factor (TRF) and immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF). Fc receptor positive alloantigen-activated T cells release an immunoglobulin binding factor (IBF) which suppresses in vitro antibody synthesis. The present work was undertaken to approach the mechanisms by which IBF suppresses the response, and we obtained the following results. First, IBF does not inhibit DNA synthesis in lipopolysaccharide stimulated spleen cells while suppressing the polyclonal plaque response, indicating that IBF does not interfere with B-cell proliferation. Second, antibody synthesis by spleen cells from Nude (nu/nu) mice, stimulated with sheep red blood cells triggered by concanavalin A induced T-cell replacing factor (TRF) was suppressed by IBF, indicating that the factor does not need mature T cells to express its activity. Kinetics experiments showed that IBF does not destroy TRF but rather acts sequentially with the helper factor on the late phase of the differentiation of B cells to antibody producing cells.", "PMID": 316681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5566", "title": "Antibiotics and suppression of lymphocyte function in vitro.", "content": "The effects on the mitogenic response of human T lymphocytes were studied for 20 different antibiotics. No apparent inhibitory effect could be detected for penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, and 5-fluorocytosine. There were effects at high concentrations with erythromycin, clindamycin, and rifampin, and these antibiotics could also be shown to depress the mitogenic response of B lymphocytes. With fusidic acid, nitrofurantoin, and doxycycline there was an inhibiting effect at low concentrations on the mitogenic responses of B and T lymphocytes and on in vitro antibody production. Protein synthesis in unstimulated lymphocytes was also inhibited. Some antibiotics thus may impair the function of human lymphocytes in vitro.", "contents": "Antibiotics and suppression of lymphocyte function in vitro. The effects on the mitogenic response of human T lymphocytes were studied for 20 different antibiotics. No apparent inhibitory effect could be detected for penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, and 5-fluorocytosine. There were effects at high concentrations with erythromycin, clindamycin, and rifampin, and these antibiotics could also be shown to depress the mitogenic response of B lymphocytes. With fusidic acid, nitrofurantoin, and doxycycline there was an inhibiting effect at low concentrations on the mitogenic responses of B and T lymphocytes and on in vitro antibody production. Protein synthesis in unstimulated lymphocytes was also inhibited. Some antibiotics thus may impair the function of human lymphocytes in vitro.", "PMID": 316685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5567", "title": "Strikingly different effects of dinitrobenzene sulfonic and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acids on various subpopulations of murine lymphoid cells.", "content": "Different changes according to T- or B-cell origin occur in dinitrophenyl (DNP)- and trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified lymphoid cells. The electrophoretic mobility (EPM) or nylon-wool adherent splenic cells (B cell-enriched) modified by TNP and DNP and that of nylon-wool non-adherent splenic cells (T cell-enriched) and thymic cells modified by TNP increase respectively as follows: +24%, +20%, + 6%, and +16%. A relation has been found between these EPM amounts and amino groups which are positively charged on cell surface. The EPM decreases in the case of nylon-wool non-adherent splenic cells (T cell-enriched, -9%) and thymic cells modified by DNP (-4%). The hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate used to study conformational changes of cells revealed a slight fluorescence decrease for TNP-modified cells (-11% for thymic cells, -38% for T cells of spleen, and -66% for B cells of spleen), and a fluorescence increase for DNP-modified cells. This fluorescence increase is more important for spleen T cells (+130%) and thymic cells (+233%) than for spleen B cells (+30%).", "contents": "Strikingly different effects of dinitrobenzene sulfonic and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acids on various subpopulations of murine lymphoid cells. Different changes according to T- or B-cell origin occur in dinitrophenyl (DNP)- and trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified lymphoid cells. The electrophoretic mobility (EPM) or nylon-wool adherent splenic cells (B cell-enriched) modified by TNP and DNP and that of nylon-wool non-adherent splenic cells (T cell-enriched) and thymic cells modified by TNP increase respectively as follows: +24%, +20%, + 6%, and +16%. A relation has been found between these EPM amounts and amino groups which are positively charged on cell surface. The EPM decreases in the case of nylon-wool non-adherent splenic cells (T cell-enriched, -9%) and thymic cells modified by DNP (-4%). The hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate used to study conformational changes of cells revealed a slight fluorescence decrease for TNP-modified cells (-11% for thymic cells, -38% for T cells of spleen, and -66% for B cells of spleen), and a fluorescence increase for DNP-modified cells. This fluorescence increase is more important for spleen T cells (+130%) and thymic cells (+233%) than for spleen B cells (+30%).", "PMID": 316680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5568", "title": "Immunity to chemically induced rat sarcomas: study of the specificity of cytotoxic cells.", "content": "Spleen cells from WAG rats bearing methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas were cytotoxic for homologous tumour cells and for some cell lines derived from other syngeneic tumours. Each tumour induced its own pattern of cross-reactive cytotoxicity. This cross-reactivity was not apparent by in vivo rejection tests. In tumour-bearing rats, specific cytotoxic cells could not be separated from cross-reactive cytotoxic cells. The effector cells did not adhere to plastic surface, they were retained neither on nylon wool nor on anti-Ig columns and were devoid of Fc receptors. After tumour excision the cells displaying specific cytotoxicity had the same properties and thus were probably T cells. In contrast, the cells exhibiting cross-reactive cytotoxicity were lost after passage through a nylon wool column or after the removal of Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes. These findings suggest that cross-reactivity could result from antibody-dependent cell-mediate cytotoxicity directed against shared antigens.", "contents": "Immunity to chemically induced rat sarcomas: study of the specificity of cytotoxic cells. Spleen cells from WAG rats bearing methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas were cytotoxic for homologous tumour cells and for some cell lines derived from other syngeneic tumours. Each tumour induced its own pattern of cross-reactive cytotoxicity. This cross-reactivity was not apparent by in vivo rejection tests. In tumour-bearing rats, specific cytotoxic cells could not be separated from cross-reactive cytotoxic cells. The effector cells did not adhere to plastic surface, they were retained neither on nylon wool nor on anti-Ig columns and were devoid of Fc receptors. After tumour excision the cells displaying specific cytotoxicity had the same properties and thus were probably T cells. In contrast, the cells exhibiting cross-reactive cytotoxicity were lost after passage through a nylon wool column or after the removal of Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes. These findings suggest that cross-reactivity could result from antibody-dependent cell-mediate cytotoxicity directed against shared antigens.", "PMID": 316679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5569", "title": "Inactivation of beta-lactam antibiotics by Legionella pneumophila.", "content": "Beta-lactam-inactivating activity has been found in all sero-groups of Legionella pneumophila. The beta-lactamase activity could be detected in intact cells and released by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment, indicating that it is located in the periplasmic space. The enzyme acted primarily as a cephalosporinase hydrolyzing cefamandole, cephalothin, cephaloridine, and also penicillin G and ampicillin. Cefoxitin and cefuroxime were not hydrolyzed. Clavulanic acid and CP-45,899, beta-lactamase inhibitors, prevented the hydrolysis of cephalosporins and penicillins. The beta-lactamase activity appears to be different from that found in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas.", "contents": "Inactivation of beta-lactam antibiotics by Legionella pneumophila. Beta-lactam-inactivating activity has been found in all sero-groups of Legionella pneumophila. The beta-lactamase activity could be detected in intact cells and released by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment, indicating that it is located in the periplasmic space. The enzyme acted primarily as a cephalosporinase hydrolyzing cefamandole, cephalothin, cephaloridine, and also penicillin G and ampicillin. Cefoxitin and cefuroxime were not hydrolyzed. Clavulanic acid and CP-45,899, beta-lactamase inhibitors, prevented the hydrolysis of cephalosporins and penicillins. The beta-lactamase activity appears to be different from that found in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas.", "PMID": 316686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5570", "title": "Quantification of HTLA-positive lymphocytes during oral photochemotherapy of psoriasis.", "content": "T-lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood, based on the identification of anti-human lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) by an immunocytochemical method, was determined in 25 PUVA-treated psoriatics and in 25 controls matched by sex and age. The results demonstrate that the HTLA-positive lymphocyte counts of these two groups do not differ significantly. It is concluded that oral photochemotherapy does not induce quantitative modifications in the population of T-lymphocytes of the blood.", "contents": "Quantification of HTLA-positive lymphocytes during oral photochemotherapy of psoriasis. T-lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood, based on the identification of anti-human lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) by an immunocytochemical method, was determined in 25 PUVA-treated psoriatics and in 25 controls matched by sex and age. The results demonstrate that the HTLA-positive lymphocyte counts of these two groups do not differ significantly. It is concluded that oral photochemotherapy does not induce quantitative modifications in the population of T-lymphocytes of the blood.", "PMID": 316688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5571", "title": "The effect of local irradiation on the immune response in mice. II.--Alterations due to low dose scattering.", "content": "The effect of localized irradiation given as single dose on the immune response of tumour-bearing mice was evaluated using the CRT. The tumour system (MBL2 on C57BL/6 females) was regularly lethal, although presence of CTL was demonstrated 15 days after transplantation (50,000 cells in the left hind limb). This T-dependent, antigen-specific cytotoxic activity observed on day 15 in the non-irradiated tumour-bearing group was abolished in the irradiated group (but not in the sham-irradiated group) and their CTL were incapable to mount a secondary response in MLTC-CML. The scattering of the 1,600 rad-single dose was sufficient to provoke this inhibition.", "contents": "The effect of local irradiation on the immune response in mice. II.--Alterations due to low dose scattering. The effect of localized irradiation given as single dose on the immune response of tumour-bearing mice was evaluated using the CRT. The tumour system (MBL2 on C57BL/6 females) was regularly lethal, although presence of CTL was demonstrated 15 days after transplantation (50,000 cells in the left hind limb). This T-dependent, antigen-specific cytotoxic activity observed on day 15 in the non-irradiated tumour-bearing group was abolished in the irradiated group (but not in the sham-irradiated group) and their CTL were incapable to mount a secondary response in MLTC-CML. The scattering of the 1,600 rad-single dose was sufficient to provoke this inhibition.", "PMID": 316682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5572", "title": "Quantitative analysis of lymphoid cells in cutaneous low-grade malignant B-cell lymphomas.", "content": "Eighteen cases of low grade malignant B-cell lymphomas (confirmed through enzyme cytochemistry and immunocytology) were investigated morphologically using thin and semithin sections. Four types with a characteristic pattern of different lymphoid cells were found: (1) the lymphocytic type, predominantly consisting of small lymphocytes; (2) the lymphocytoid (centrocytic or prolymphocytic) type, in which in addition to small lymphocytes medium-sized lymphocytes (with or without cleaved nuclei) are found; (3) the lymphoplasmacytoid type, where lymphoid cells with different degrees of similarity to plasma cells are seen as well as small and medium-sized lymphocytes; and (4) the centroblastic-centrocytic type, in which centroblasts are present next to small and medium-sized lymphocytes. These findings correlate well with the morphological observations in low-grade malignant B-cell lymphomas of the lymph nodes. Therefore, the application of modern classifications of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, such as the \"Kiel Classification\", to cutaneous lymphomas appears justified. Thin and semithin sections are particularly useful in suspected cases of cutaneous malignant lymphoma, in which paraffin sections did not allow the diagnosis to be established.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of lymphoid cells in cutaneous low-grade malignant B-cell lymphomas. Eighteen cases of low grade malignant B-cell lymphomas (confirmed through enzyme cytochemistry and immunocytology) were investigated morphologically using thin and semithin sections. Four types with a characteristic pattern of different lymphoid cells were found: (1) the lymphocytic type, predominantly consisting of small lymphocytes; (2) the lymphocytoid (centrocytic or prolymphocytic) type, in which in addition to small lymphocytes medium-sized lymphocytes (with or without cleaved nuclei) are found; (3) the lymphoplasmacytoid type, where lymphoid cells with different degrees of similarity to plasma cells are seen as well as small and medium-sized lymphocytes; and (4) the centroblastic-centrocytic type, in which centroblasts are present next to small and medium-sized lymphocytes. These findings correlate well with the morphological observations in low-grade malignant B-cell lymphomas of the lymph nodes. Therefore, the application of modern classifications of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, such as the \"Kiel Classification\", to cutaneous lymphomas appears justified. Thin and semithin sections are particularly useful in suspected cases of cutaneous malignant lymphoma, in which paraffin sections did not allow the diagnosis to be established.", "PMID": 316689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5573", "title": "Protective actions of aprotinin in acute traumatic shock.", "content": "The effect of the protease inhibitor, aprotinin, was examined in rats during traumatic shock. In sham-operated control rats, intravenous administration of aprotinin (20,000 or 40,000 KIU/kg) showed no immediate changes in the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. In rats subjected to Noble-Collip drum trauma, aprotinin at a dose of 20,000 KIU/kg prolonged survival time to 2.1 +/- 0.3 hr (p less than 0.05) and 40,000 KIU/kg prolonged the survival time of rats to a greater extent (3.1 +/- 0.4 hr, p less than 0.001) compared to rats given only its vehicle (1.1 +/- 0.2 hr, mean +/- SE). The improved survival was accompanied by inhibition of the plasma accumulation of the cardiotoxic peptide, myocardial depressant factor (MDF). However, aprotinin showed no inhibitory effect on the plasma accumulation of the lysosomal enzyme, cathepsin D. Aprotinin has a beneficial effect on traumatic shock in rats possibly by its potent inhibitory action on MDF formation.", "contents": "Protective actions of aprotinin in acute traumatic shock. The effect of the protease inhibitor, aprotinin, was examined in rats during traumatic shock. In sham-operated control rats, intravenous administration of aprotinin (20,000 or 40,000 KIU/kg) showed no immediate changes in the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. In rats subjected to Noble-Collip drum trauma, aprotinin at a dose of 20,000 KIU/kg prolonged survival time to 2.1 +/- 0.3 hr (p less than 0.05) and 40,000 KIU/kg prolonged the survival time of rats to a greater extent (3.1 +/- 0.4 hr, p less than 0.001) compared to rats given only its vehicle (1.1 +/- 0.2 hr, mean +/- SE). The improved survival was accompanied by inhibition of the plasma accumulation of the cardiotoxic peptide, myocardial depressant factor (MDF). However, aprotinin showed no inhibitory effect on the plasma accumulation of the lysosomal enzyme, cathepsin D. Aprotinin has a beneficial effect on traumatic shock in rats possibly by its potent inhibitory action on MDF formation.", "PMID": 316692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5574", "title": "Role of the von Willebrand factor in atherogenesis.", "content": "The von Willebrand factor is a high molecular weight protein which is synthesized by endothelial cells and appears in plasma and platelets. The main function of the factor is in mediating the adherence of platelets to the deendothelialized vessel wall. Animals with congenital deficiency of the factor do not develop the atherosclerotic lesions found in their normal counterparts. Elevated levels of the von Willebrand factor are observed in patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease, myocardial infarction, and diabetics with proliferative retinopathy. These increases in the factor may be due to the increased turnover rates of platelets and endothelial cells commonly seen in these disorders. Whether elevated levels of the von Willebrand protein constitute a unique risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and vascular occlusive disease should be determined by studies currently in progress.", "contents": "Role of the von Willebrand factor in atherogenesis. The von Willebrand factor is a high molecular weight protein which is synthesized by endothelial cells and appears in plasma and platelets. The main function of the factor is in mediating the adherence of platelets to the deendothelialized vessel wall. Animals with congenital deficiency of the factor do not develop the atherosclerotic lesions found in their normal counterparts. Elevated levels of the von Willebrand factor are observed in patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease, myocardial infarction, and diabetics with proliferative retinopathy. These increases in the factor may be due to the increased turnover rates of platelets and endothelial cells commonly seen in these disorders. Whether elevated levels of the von Willebrand protein constitute a unique risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and vascular occlusive disease should be determined by studies currently in progress.", "PMID": 316693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5575", "title": "[Differentiation of the palatine tonsillar tissues of the human fetus].", "content": "Differentiation of epithelial and lymphoid tissues of the palatine tonsils was studied in human embryos at the age of 8-34 weeks of development by means of histochemical, immunomorphological and morphometric methods. The anlage of the palatine tonsils appears at the age of 9 weeks of fetal development. At the age of 13-14 weeks of fetal development the tonsil suspension contains 2 subpopulations of lymphocytes possessing properties of T-cells differing in the ability of their superficial receptors to interact with sheep erythrocyte antigens forming rosettes (RFC--rosette forming cells) and with antigens of their own erithrocytes (autoRFC). The number both increases sharply by the 16th week of gestation. Simultaneously, essential alterations are noted in epithelial and lymphoid tissues. In epithelium of crypts cornified cells appear; the amount of lymphoid tissue increases sharply, primary follicles without reactive centers appear, lymphocytic infiltration of epithelium occurs. The amount of RFC does not change considerably, and the amount of autoRFC has a tendency towards some increase. From the data obtained, it is possible to suggest that human palatine tonsils already at embryonic period participate in functioning of immunogenic organs and in maintaining of immunologic homeostasis of the fetal organism.", "contents": "[Differentiation of the palatine tonsillar tissues of the human fetus]. Differentiation of epithelial and lymphoid tissues of the palatine tonsils was studied in human embryos at the age of 8-34 weeks of development by means of histochemical, immunomorphological and morphometric methods. The anlage of the palatine tonsils appears at the age of 9 weeks of fetal development. At the age of 13-14 weeks of fetal development the tonsil suspension contains 2 subpopulations of lymphocytes possessing properties of T-cells differing in the ability of their superficial receptors to interact with sheep erythrocyte antigens forming rosettes (RFC--rosette forming cells) and with antigens of their own erithrocytes (autoRFC). The number both increases sharply by the 16th week of gestation. Simultaneously, essential alterations are noted in epithelial and lymphoid tissues. In epithelium of crypts cornified cells appear; the amount of lymphoid tissue increases sharply, primary follicles without reactive centers appear, lymphocytic infiltration of epithelium occurs. The amount of RFC does not change considerably, and the amount of autoRFC has a tendency towards some increase. From the data obtained, it is possible to suggest that human palatine tonsils already at embryonic period participate in functioning of immunogenic organs and in maintaining of immunologic homeostasis of the fetal organism.", "PMID": 316694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5576", "title": "[Advance in the immunologic study of urologic neoplasms].", "content": "The reduction of the levels of circulating T lymphocytes in urological neoplasias seems obvious. The existence of a link between the different, neoplastic, bladder and prostate processes, as well as the degree of malignancy, prognosis and therapeutic response has still to be established, according to the immunitary state of the patients. The constant developing and refining of the immunological technology will no doubt serve to resolve these problems.", "contents": "[Advance in the immunologic study of urologic neoplasms]. The reduction of the levels of circulating T lymphocytes in urological neoplasias seems obvious. The existence of a link between the different, neoplastic, bladder and prostate processes, as well as the degree of malignancy, prognosis and therapeutic response has still to be established, according to the immunitary state of the patients. The constant developing and refining of the immunological technology will no doubt serve to resolve these problems.", "PMID": 316691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5577", "title": "Some influences of vision on susceptibility to motion sickness.", "content": "Two experiments were performed to evaluate the influence of vision on susceptibility to motion sickness during exposure to constant patterns of vestibular stimulation. The motion profile involved accelerating subjects at 20 degrees/s2 to 300 degrees/s, maintaining them at that constant velocity for 30 s, and decelerating them to a rapid stop in about 1.5 s. The number of stops tolerated by a subject before reaching the motion sickness endpoint served as his score. In Experiment 1, subjects were tested twice with their eyes open and twice with their eyes blindfolded. They tolerated fewer sudden stops when permitted sight of the experimental chamber. In Experiment 2, the effect of having the eyes-open or closed at different stages of the motion profile was evaluated. Having the eyes open during any stage of the test was more stressful than having the eyes closed, but this was especially true during the sudden stops. The findings are discussed in terms of their general implications for understanding a) situations in which vision alone elicits symptoms of motion sickness, and b) situations involving vestibular stimulation where vision heightens susceptibility.", "contents": "Some influences of vision on susceptibility to motion sickness. Two experiments were performed to evaluate the influence of vision on susceptibility to motion sickness during exposure to constant patterns of vestibular stimulation. The motion profile involved accelerating subjects at 20 degrees/s2 to 300 degrees/s, maintaining them at that constant velocity for 30 s, and decelerating them to a rapid stop in about 1.5 s. The number of stops tolerated by a subject before reaching the motion sickness endpoint served as his score. In Experiment 1, subjects were tested twice with their eyes open and twice with their eyes blindfolded. They tolerated fewer sudden stops when permitted sight of the experimental chamber. In Experiment 2, the effect of having the eyes-open or closed at different stages of the motion profile was evaluated. Having the eyes open during any stage of the test was more stressful than having the eyes closed, but this was especially true during the sudden stops. The findings are discussed in terms of their general implications for understanding a) situations in which vision alone elicits symptoms of motion sickness, and b) situations involving vestibular stimulation where vision heightens susceptibility.", "PMID": 316696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5578", "title": "[Effect of SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid) on the transport of chloride through the isolated skin of Rana esculenta].", "content": "The effect of SITS (6 . 10(-4)M on transepithelial potential (E) and short circuit current (I) of isolated frog skin has been studied either using Ringer or Cl- -depleted Ringer in the outside bathing solution. SITS affects the transepithelial potential (E) and the short-circuit current (I) only if normal Ringer is used and SITS is added in the outside bathing medium. The existence of a negative exchanging-charge carrier on the external membrane of the epithelial cells is postulated. This mechanism could be a step of the actively transported Cl- ions.", "contents": "[Effect of SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid) on the transport of chloride through the isolated skin of Rana esculenta]. The effect of SITS (6 . 10(-4)M on transepithelial potential (E) and short circuit current (I) of isolated frog skin has been studied either using Ringer or Cl- -depleted Ringer in the outside bathing solution. SITS affects the transepithelial potential (E) and the short-circuit current (I) only if normal Ringer is used and SITS is added in the outside bathing medium. The existence of a negative exchanging-charge carrier on the external membrane of the epithelial cells is postulated. This mechanism could be a step of the actively transported Cl- ions.", "PMID": 316702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5579", "title": "[Pediatric metrizamide CT cisternography and CT ventriculography (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied the diagnostic value of computed tomography with metrizamide CSF enhancement in 37 infants. According to the method of injection, we called CT cisternography, CT ventriculography and CT cystography. These methods were useful for the morphologic and dynamic evaluation of the CSF pathways. We used them especially for the evaluation of hydrocephalus, skull base tumor, infantile subdural hematoma and its allied diseases, or congenital cystic lesion such as Dandy-Walker syndrome. The side effects in children are much less than those in adults.", "contents": "[Pediatric metrizamide CT cisternography and CT ventriculography (author's transl)]. We have studied the diagnostic value of computed tomography with metrizamide CSF enhancement in 37 infants. According to the method of injection, we called CT cisternography, CT ventriculography and CT cystography. These methods were useful for the morphologic and dynamic evaluation of the CSF pathways. We used them especially for the evaluation of hydrocephalus, skull base tumor, infantile subdural hematoma and its allied diseases, or congenital cystic lesion such as Dandy-Walker syndrome. The side effects in children are much less than those in adults.", "PMID": 316706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5580", "title": "Immunoreactivity by intrinsic lymphoid cells in colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Mononuclear leucocytes were separated by Hypaque--Ficoll from 60 unselected primary colorectal carcinomas, and then fractionated by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes, either alone (E) or coated with antibody and complement (EAC). The E-rosetting cells, putative T lymphocytes, were cytotoxic in vitro to autologous tumour cells in 18 of the 60 cases, whilst the EAC-rosetting cells were unreactive. This intrinsic T-lymphocyte anti-tumour immunoreactivity was significantly associated with the presence of \"cuffs\" of small dark lymphocytes at the mesocolic or pararectal edge of the primary tumours, but there was no correlation with antitumour cytotoxic lymphocytes in the patient's blood at the time of operation.", "contents": "Immunoreactivity by intrinsic lymphoid cells in colorectal carcinoma. Mononuclear leucocytes were separated by Hypaque--Ficoll from 60 unselected primary colorectal carcinomas, and then fractionated by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes, either alone (E) or coated with antibody and complement (EAC). The E-rosetting cells, putative T lymphocytes, were cytotoxic in vitro to autologous tumour cells in 18 of the 60 cases, whilst the EAC-rosetting cells were unreactive. This intrinsic T-lymphocyte anti-tumour immunoreactivity was significantly associated with the presence of \"cuffs\" of small dark lymphocytes at the mesocolic or pararectal edge of the primary tumours, but there was no correlation with antitumour cytotoxic lymphocytes in the patient's blood at the time of operation.", "PMID": 316708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5581", "title": "The post-aspirin bleeding time: a screening test for evaluating haemostatic disorders.", "content": "To evaluate the usefulness of the template bleeding time post-aspiring ingestion, this test was performed with other tests of haemostasis in 28 controls and 71 patients. The mean bleeding time (B.T.) in 24/28 true controls was 3.5 +/- 1 min (1 SD). Following the ingestion of 600 mg aspirin the B.T. was 6.3 +/- 1.4 min. Four out of 28 false 'controls' with negative bleeding histories were documented to have asymptomatic von Willebrand's disease and abnormal post-aspirin B.T. Of the 71 patients studied, 22 had initial B.T. that were abnormal (16 with classical von Willebrand's disease and six with platelet dysfunction). Of the remaining 49 patients with initially normal B.T., 30 had abnormal post-aspirin B.T. Of these 30 patients 13 had von Willebrand's disease. In eight, initially the abnormal B.T. post-aspirin was the only abnormality demonstrable but later they were shown to have von Willebrand's disease. In four the abnormal post-aspirin B.T. was combined with abnormal Ristocetin aggregations and a positive family history. These patients were presumed to have a variant of von Willebrand's disease. The remaining five had platelet dysfunctional states. Of the 19 patients with normal initial post-aspirin B.T., 16 demonstrated no haemostatic abnormality, and three were proven to have von Willebrand's disease. The aspirin tolerance test raised the sensitivity of the B.T. as a screening test for haemostasis from 40% to 94% in the abnormal patient population.", "contents": "The post-aspirin bleeding time: a screening test for evaluating haemostatic disorders. To evaluate the usefulness of the template bleeding time post-aspiring ingestion, this test was performed with other tests of haemostasis in 28 controls and 71 patients. The mean bleeding time (B.T.) in 24/28 true controls was 3.5 +/- 1 min (1 SD). Following the ingestion of 600 mg aspirin the B.T. was 6.3 +/- 1.4 min. Four out of 28 false 'controls' with negative bleeding histories were documented to have asymptomatic von Willebrand's disease and abnormal post-aspirin B.T. Of the 71 patients studied, 22 had initial B.T. that were abnormal (16 with classical von Willebrand's disease and six with platelet dysfunction). Of the remaining 49 patients with initially normal B.T., 30 had abnormal post-aspirin B.T. Of these 30 patients 13 had von Willebrand's disease. In eight, initially the abnormal B.T. post-aspirin was the only abnormality demonstrable but later they were shown to have von Willebrand's disease. In four the abnormal post-aspirin B.T. was combined with abnormal Ristocetin aggregations and a positive family history. These patients were presumed to have a variant of von Willebrand's disease. The remaining five had platelet dysfunctional states. Of the 19 patients with normal initial post-aspirin B.T., 16 demonstrated no haemostatic abnormality, and three were proven to have von Willebrand's disease. The aspirin tolerance test raised the sensitivity of the B.T. as a screening test for haemostasis from 40% to 94% in the abnormal patient population.", "PMID": 316709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5582", "title": "Circulating levels of pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein in late pregnancy: nyctohemeral and day-to-day variation, and variation during labour.", "content": "Circulating levels of pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein have been determined in a number of physiological situations in late pregnancy. The apparent variation in five subjects studied over a 24-hour period was not in excess of that due to the assay. Excess variation was apparent in 2 of 11 subjects studied daily for up to 8 days, and in 6 of 16 patients studied serially during labour.", "contents": "Circulating levels of pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein in late pregnancy: nyctohemeral and day-to-day variation, and variation during labour. Circulating levels of pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein have been determined in a number of physiological situations in late pregnancy. The apparent variation in five subjects studied over a 24-hour period was not in excess of that due to the assay. Excess variation was apparent in 2 of 11 subjects studied daily for up to 8 days, and in 6 of 16 patients studied serially during labour.", "PMID": 316711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5583", "title": "Standardization of measures prior to cluster analysis.", "content": "A common problem in cluster analysis is the determination of a scale-free measure of distance between individuals. This paper presents a procedure for scaling measurements using a reference individual as a standard of comparison. The procedure is particularly useful in classification of the results of laboratory procedures, where a reference standard is routinely produced. An example is the clustering of patterns that result from crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis for determining the phenotype of the serum protein alpha 1-antitrypsin. The procedure appears to remove extraneous variability while retaining the information necessary for classification.", "contents": "Standardization of measures prior to cluster analysis. A common problem in cluster analysis is the determination of a scale-free measure of distance between individuals. This paper presents a procedure for scaling measurements using a reference individual as a standard of comparison. The procedure is particularly useful in classification of the results of laboratory procedures, where a reference standard is routinely produced. An example is the clustering of patterns that result from crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis for determining the phenotype of the serum protein alpha 1-antitrypsin. The procedure appears to remove extraneous variability while retaining the information necessary for classification.", "PMID": 316712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5584", "title": "Surface glycoproteins from human T, B and chronic lymphatic leukemia lymphocytes isolated by 3 different lectins.", "content": "Glycoproteins from the surface of human T. B and leukemic lymphocytes were isolated and partially characterized by using three different lectins, Lens culinaris lectin (Lc), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and phytohemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA). Cells were labelled either with I125 or 3H-fucose and lysed with detergent. Labelled components were isolated by incubation with lectins and anti-lectin antisera and immune precipitates were analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results obtained show: 1) components with a molecular weight of 35,000-27,000 daltons were detected by the three lectins in both B and CLL lymphocytes but not in T lymphocytes; these components have a molecular weight similar to the Ia like antigen; 2) B and CLL lymphocytes were found to share several components of similar molecular size and specially the 35,000-27,000 daltons receptors; 3) in T lymphocytes, the 35,000-27,000 daltons components were absent, but components of low molecular weight, about 23,000, were easily detected. These data indicate that lectins bind to several identical receptors on the surface of different lymphocytes populations but also to some specific components.", "contents": "Surface glycoproteins from human T, B and chronic lymphatic leukemia lymphocytes isolated by 3 different lectins. Glycoproteins from the surface of human T. B and leukemic lymphocytes were isolated and partially characterized by using three different lectins, Lens culinaris lectin (Lc), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and phytohemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA). Cells were labelled either with I125 or 3H-fucose and lysed with detergent. Labelled components were isolated by incubation with lectins and anti-lectin antisera and immune precipitates were analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results obtained show: 1) components with a molecular weight of 35,000-27,000 daltons were detected by the three lectins in both B and CLL lymphocytes but not in T lymphocytes; these components have a molecular weight similar to the Ia like antigen; 2) B and CLL lymphocytes were found to share several components of similar molecular size and specially the 35,000-27,000 daltons receptors; 3) in T lymphocytes, the 35,000-27,000 daltons components were absent, but components of low molecular weight, about 23,000, were easily detected. These data indicate that lectins bind to several identical receptors on the surface of different lymphocytes populations but also to some specific components.", "PMID": 316713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5585", "title": "Transfer of genetic information from T to B lymphocytes in the course of an immune response.", "content": "Lymphocytes carrying different allotypes were separated into B and T subpopulations and cultured in presence or in absence of U.V. inactivated Herpes simplex virus. The B lymphocytes cultured in presence of 1% of the supernatant collected from virus exposed T cells, synthesized an anti-herpetic antibody with some allotypic markers of the T cell donor.", "contents": "Transfer of genetic information from T to B lymphocytes in the course of an immune response. Lymphocytes carrying different allotypes were separated into B and T subpopulations and cultured in presence or in absence of U.V. inactivated Herpes simplex virus. The B lymphocytes cultured in presence of 1% of the supernatant collected from virus exposed T cells, synthesized an anti-herpetic antibody with some allotypic markers of the T cell donor.", "PMID": 316714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5586", "title": "The spectrum of audiologic and vestibular findings in patients with Meniere's disease.", "content": "A retrospective study of 55 patients with Meniere's disease suggested a subgrouping based on presentation of auditory symptoms. Patients were defined as \"definite\" (documented fluctuating hearing loss and episodic vertigo), \"probable\" (history of fluctuating hearing loss and episodic vertigo) and \"possible\" (history of fluctuating tinnitus and episodic vertigo). An in-depth discussion of the natural history, audiometric and vestibular findings is presented.", "contents": "The spectrum of audiologic and vestibular findings in patients with Meniere's disease. A retrospective study of 55 patients with Meniere's disease suggested a subgrouping based on presentation of auditory symptoms. Patients were defined as \"definite\" (documented fluctuating hearing loss and episodic vertigo), \"probable\" (history of fluctuating hearing loss and episodic vertigo) and \"possible\" (history of fluctuating tinnitus and episodic vertigo). An in-depth discussion of the natural history, audiometric and vestibular findings is presented.", "PMID": 316716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5587", "title": "Structural studies of the capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type c.", "content": "The structure of the capsular antigen from Haemophilus influenzae type c has been investigated, n.m.r. spectroscopy being the principal method used. It is concluded that the antigen is composed of repeating-units having the following structure: formula: (see text). O-Acetyl groups are present in approximately 90% of the repeating-units.", "contents": "Structural studies of the capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type c. The structure of the capsular antigen from Haemophilus influenzae type c has been investigated, n.m.r. spectroscopy being the principal method used. It is concluded that the antigen is composed of repeating-units having the following structure: formula: (see text). O-Acetyl groups are present in approximately 90% of the repeating-units.", "PMID": 316727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5588", "title": "Ontogeny of lateral preoptic unit activity in rats.", "content": "Extracellular single unit recordings were made from units within the lateral preoptic area (LPO) of infant rats from 1 day of age through 31 days of age (postweaning). The rats were anesthetized with dial-urethane and basal (spontaneous) spike rates were recorded for 10--20 min. The rats also received pain-arousal stimulation (tail-pinch and sc injection of formalin solution), and osmotic stimulation (sc or ip injection of hyperosmotic NaCl or sucrose solutions). LPO units were spontaneously active in neonatal rats; however, basal spike rates increased during development. Also increasing during development was the percentage of LPO units which displayed alteration of spike rate in response to hyperosmotic injections (osmosensitive). However, LPO units were found that were responsive to severe pain-arousal stimulation at all ages tested. The developmental changes in LPO unit activity characteristics paralleled the morphological development of LPO neurons and the development of osmotically induced drinking behaviors.", "contents": "Ontogeny of lateral preoptic unit activity in rats. Extracellular single unit recordings were made from units within the lateral preoptic area (LPO) of infant rats from 1 day of age through 31 days of age (postweaning). The rats were anesthetized with dial-urethane and basal (spontaneous) spike rates were recorded for 10--20 min. The rats also received pain-arousal stimulation (tail-pinch and sc injection of formalin solution), and osmotic stimulation (sc or ip injection of hyperosmotic NaCl or sucrose solutions). LPO units were spontaneously active in neonatal rats; however, basal spike rates increased during development. Also increasing during development was the percentage of LPO units which displayed alteration of spike rate in response to hyperosmotic injections (osmosensitive). However, LPO units were found that were responsive to severe pain-arousal stimulation at all ages tested. The developmental changes in LPO unit activity characteristics paralleled the morphological development of LPO neurons and the development of osmotically induced drinking behaviors.", "PMID": 316722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5589", "title": "Sagittal knife cuts in the far-lateral hypothalamus reduce sexual receptivity in female hamsters.", "content": "We have previously shown that hypothalamic knife cuts confined to the sagittal plane lateral to the medial anterior hypothalamus-ventromedial nucleus can disrupt sexual receptivity in female golden hamsters. In the present study we have compared the effects of varying the lateral position of sagittal cuts located at this same rostral-caudal level. Near-lateral (NL) cuts were placed at or just lateral to the fornix, while far-lateral (FL) cuts were placed at the lateral edge of the medial forebrain bundle. Ovariectomized, estradiol benzoate plus progesterone-treated females were given weekly tests for lordosis before and after hypothalamic cuts. Changes in body weight and agonistic behavior were also recorded. Both NL and FL cuts reduced lordosis in response to both manual stimulation and a sexually active male. Postoperatively, it was more difficult to elicit lordosis from these females, and if elicited, the duration of the response was reduced. NL, but not FL, cuts also increased agonistic behavior, and produced obesity. Since both NL and FL cuts severed axons traveling in the region of the supraoptic commissures (SOC), these data support our hypothesis that these SOC connections are critical for sexual receptivity. The SOC carrys both efferents and afferents of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Sagittal-plane cuts which interrupt the SOC may disrupt lordosis by cutting either or both types of connection.", "contents": "Sagittal knife cuts in the far-lateral hypothalamus reduce sexual receptivity in female hamsters. We have previously shown that hypothalamic knife cuts confined to the sagittal plane lateral to the medial anterior hypothalamus-ventromedial nucleus can disrupt sexual receptivity in female golden hamsters. In the present study we have compared the effects of varying the lateral position of sagittal cuts located at this same rostral-caudal level. Near-lateral (NL) cuts were placed at or just lateral to the fornix, while far-lateral (FL) cuts were placed at the lateral edge of the medial forebrain bundle. Ovariectomized, estradiol benzoate plus progesterone-treated females were given weekly tests for lordosis before and after hypothalamic cuts. Changes in body weight and agonistic behavior were also recorded. Both NL and FL cuts reduced lordosis in response to both manual stimulation and a sexually active male. Postoperatively, it was more difficult to elicit lordosis from these females, and if elicited, the duration of the response was reduced. NL, but not FL, cuts also increased agonistic behavior, and produced obesity. Since both NL and FL cuts severed axons traveling in the region of the supraoptic commissures (SOC), these data support our hypothesis that these SOC connections are critical for sexual receptivity. The SOC carrys both efferents and afferents of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Sagittal-plane cuts which interrupt the SOC may disrupt lordosis by cutting either or both types of connection.", "PMID": 316723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5590", "title": "Effects of endotoxin and extracts of pregnant mouse uterus on the recovery of hemopoiesis after 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "A single injection of endotoxin, 4 hours after administration of 150 mg/kg of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), stimulated the recovery of bone marrow hemopoietic cells that form colonies in spleen (CFU-S) or in culture (GM-CFC), of erythropoiesis, and of platelet production. Corynebacterium parvum injections had similar effects. Endotoxin-free extracts of tissues (from pregnant mouse uterus, placenta, and embryo) which have a high content of the factor(s) capable of stimulating growth of GM-CFC in vitro also stimulated recovery of CFU-S and GM-CFC when given in single injections 4 hours after 5-FU. A striking effect of both endotoxin and tissue extracts was the acceleration of the regeneration of a particular subclass of granulocyte macrophage progenitors, those capable of forming large colonies (greater than 0.25 mm) in agar. The results indicate that recovery of hemopoiesis after depression by 5-FU can be stimulated not only by injection of bacterial products, but also by injection of endotoxin-free tissue extracts which contain high levels of hemopoietic regulators.", "contents": "Effects of endotoxin and extracts of pregnant mouse uterus on the recovery of hemopoiesis after 5-fluorouracil. A single injection of endotoxin, 4 hours after administration of 150 mg/kg of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), stimulated the recovery of bone marrow hemopoietic cells that form colonies in spleen (CFU-S) or in culture (GM-CFC), of erythropoiesis, and of platelet production. Corynebacterium parvum injections had similar effects. Endotoxin-free extracts of tissues (from pregnant mouse uterus, placenta, and embryo) which have a high content of the factor(s) capable of stimulating growth of GM-CFC in vitro also stimulated recovery of CFU-S and GM-CFC when given in single injections 4 hours after 5-FU. A striking effect of both endotoxin and tissue extracts was the acceleration of the regeneration of a particular subclass of granulocyte macrophage progenitors, those capable of forming large colonies (greater than 0.25 mm) in agar. The results indicate that recovery of hemopoiesis after depression by 5-FU can be stimulated not only by injection of bacterial products, but also by injection of endotoxin-free tissue extracts which contain high levels of hemopoietic regulators.", "PMID": 316724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5591", "title": "Activation of human T-lymphocytes. A kinetic and stereological study.", "content": "Stereological data of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated human T-lymphocytes were recorded at intervals (12 to 72 h) together with biochemical (isotope-uptake, lymphotoxin-release) and morphological measurements. About 98% of the cells were activated 12 h after PHA-stimulation. The activation phase lasted less than 48 h, i.e., cells entering the activation phase within 12 h were at their activation maximum by 48 h. The activated cell increased in size. The nuclear/cytoplasmic-ratio decreased. Most of the cytoplasmic organelles developed in phase with the increase of cytoplasmic volume. After 48 h, mitotic figures were frequently seen. Due to the increasing number of secondary, activated daughter cells, parameters of most cytoplasmic components declined between 48 and 72 h. Structural changes in the nucleus preceded the 3H-leucine uptake, which had not reached its maximum after 72 h of incubation. The 3H-leucine uptake started as early as 12 h after culture initiation, and its increase was proportional to the increasing polyribosome density. No maximum uptake was reached up to 72 h, but the development of structural components related to this uptake was at its maximum at the end of the activation phase (48 h). The formation of bound ribosomes occurred subsequent to the enlargement of the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Initial polysome formation occurred at the expense of existing free ribosomes.", "contents": "Activation of human T-lymphocytes. A kinetic and stereological study. Stereological data of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated human T-lymphocytes were recorded at intervals (12 to 72 h) together with biochemical (isotope-uptake, lymphotoxin-release) and morphological measurements. About 98% of the cells were activated 12 h after PHA-stimulation. The activation phase lasted less than 48 h, i.e., cells entering the activation phase within 12 h were at their activation maximum by 48 h. The activated cell increased in size. The nuclear/cytoplasmic-ratio decreased. Most of the cytoplasmic organelles developed in phase with the increase of cytoplasmic volume. After 48 h, mitotic figures were frequently seen. Due to the increasing number of secondary, activated daughter cells, parameters of most cytoplasmic components declined between 48 and 72 h. Structural changes in the nucleus preceded the 3H-leucine uptake, which had not reached its maximum after 72 h of incubation. The 3H-leucine uptake started as early as 12 h after culture initiation, and its increase was proportional to the increasing polyribosome density. No maximum uptake was reached up to 72 h, but the development of structural components related to this uptake was at its maximum at the end of the activation phase (48 h). The formation of bound ribosomes occurred subsequent to the enlargement of the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Initial polysome formation occurred at the expense of existing free ribosomes.", "PMID": 316728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5592", "title": "Electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres in the median eminence of the frog hypophysis.", "content": "With the use of the unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the electron microscopic level, it was shown that both the internal and the external regions of the median eminence of the frog contain separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres. This observation confirms the results of previous immunocytochemical studies at the light microscopic level. The mean size of the neurohypophysial hormone-containing granules in the external region of the median eminence is significantly smaller than that of the neurohypophysial hormone-containing granules in the internal region of the median eminence. No significant difference could be found between the mean granule size of the vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic fibres of either the internal or the external region of the frog median eminence.", "contents": "Electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres in the median eminence of the frog hypophysis. With the use of the unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique at the electron microscopic level, it was shown that both the internal and the external regions of the median eminence of the frog contain separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres. This observation confirms the results of previous immunocytochemical studies at the light microscopic level. The mean size of the neurohypophysial hormone-containing granules in the external region of the median eminence is significantly smaller than that of the neurohypophysial hormone-containing granules in the internal region of the median eminence. No significant difference could be found between the mean granule size of the vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic fibres of either the internal or the external region of the frog median eminence.", "PMID": 316729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5593", "title": "Behavioural aspects of the control of parasitic diseases.", "content": "Human behaviour has been largely neglected in research on the parasitic diseases, in part because of the long-standing separation of the behavioural disciplines from the physical and biomedical sciences. Some of the reasons for the persistence of this \"intellectual discontinuity\" are discussed. The paper is principally concerned with the prospects for greater use of the methods and orientations of the behavioural sciences in parasitic disease research and control programmes. Behavioural research tends to fall into two categories employing, on the one hand, survey research and epidemiological methods and, on the other, participant observation and interviewing in depth. These approaches are shown to be complementary-equally useful and necessary. Various categories of health-related behaviour and kinds of research objective are reviewed in the following sections. Special attention is given to psychosocial cost-benefit studies, to analyses of control sectors, and to the formulation of a control philosophy. Finally, some specific behavioural research needs are discussed for some of the parasitic diseases of priority in the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases-schistosomiasis, filariasis, American and African trypanosomiases, and malaria.", "contents": "Behavioural aspects of the control of parasitic diseases. Human behaviour has been largely neglected in research on the parasitic diseases, in part because of the long-standing separation of the behavioural disciplines from the physical and biomedical sciences. Some of the reasons for the persistence of this \"intellectual discontinuity\" are discussed. The paper is principally concerned with the prospects for greater use of the methods and orientations of the behavioural sciences in parasitic disease research and control programmes. Behavioural research tends to fall into two categories employing, on the one hand, survey research and epidemiological methods and, on the other, participant observation and interviewing in depth. These approaches are shown to be complementary-equally useful and necessary. Various categories of health-related behaviour and kinds of research objective are reviewed in the following sections. Special attention is given to psychosocial cost-benefit studies, to analyses of control sectors, and to the formulation of a control philosophy. Finally, some specific behavioural research needs are discussed for some of the parasitic diseases of priority in the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases-schistosomiasis, filariasis, American and African trypanosomiases, and malaria.", "PMID": 316733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5594", "title": "Use of drugs for malaria control in tropical Africa.", "content": "At present, in countries of tropical Africa, chemotherapy is the main and often the only operationally, administratively, and financially feasible method of malaria control. This applies particularly in rural areas. This article reviews experience with chemotherapy in Africa since the late 1940s with mepacrine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, and sulfones and sulfonamides in combination with dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Chloroquine has proved to be the most effective compound and it is the drug of choice as long as malarial parasites remain susceptible to it. Because of reports from East Africa of strains of Plasmodium falciparum resistant to 4-aminoquinolines, it is essential that national and regional policies be developed for the rational use of antimalarials.In most of the countries, the scope of activities is still limited to the administration of antimalarial drugs to sick persons through a limited network of health institutions. In some countries, however, attempts have been made to extend the coverage of drug administration by involving voluntary collaborators or through the provision of suppressive treatment to vulnerable groups of the population (such as infants, young children, pregnant women, nursing mothers, and schoolchildren) but the efficacy of such methods depends on the degree of involvement of voluntary collaborators, primary health workers, and communities.", "contents": "Use of drugs for malaria control in tropical Africa. At present, in countries of tropical Africa, chemotherapy is the main and often the only operationally, administratively, and financially feasible method of malaria control. This applies particularly in rural areas. This article reviews experience with chemotherapy in Africa since the late 1940s with mepacrine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, and sulfones and sulfonamides in combination with dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Chloroquine has proved to be the most effective compound and it is the drug of choice as long as malarial parasites remain susceptible to it. Because of reports from East Africa of strains of Plasmodium falciparum resistant to 4-aminoquinolines, it is essential that national and regional policies be developed for the rational use of antimalarials.In most of the countries, the scope of activities is still limited to the administration of antimalarial drugs to sick persons through a limited network of health institutions. In some countries, however, attempts have been made to extend the coverage of drug administration by involving voluntary collaborators or through the provision of suppressive treatment to vulnerable groups of the population (such as infants, young children, pregnant women, nursing mothers, and schoolchildren) but the efficacy of such methods depends on the degree of involvement of voluntary collaborators, primary health workers, and communities.", "PMID": 316734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5595", "title": "Aircraft disinsecting: the effectiveness of Freon-based and water-based phenothrin and permethrin aerosols.", "content": "In Miami, Florida, USA, passenger compartments of jet aircraft were disinsected at \"blocks away\". An application of a 20 g/litre Freon-based or water-based permethrin formulation at 35 mg of aerosol per 100 m(3) was 100% effective against caged mosquitos and flies. The flammability hazard of the sprays from water-based hydrocarbon aerosols was evaluated.", "contents": "Aircraft disinsecting: the effectiveness of Freon-based and water-based phenothrin and permethrin aerosols. In Miami, Florida, USA, passenger compartments of jet aircraft were disinsected at \"blocks away\". An application of a 20 g/litre Freon-based or water-based permethrin formulation at 35 mg of aerosol per 100 m(3) was 100% effective against caged mosquitos and flies. The flammability hazard of the sprays from water-based hydrocarbon aerosols was evaluated.", "PMID": 316739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5596", "title": "Experimental smallpox in chimpanzees.", "content": "In an attempt to prepare highly specific antiserum to variola virus, a chimpanzee was inoculated with a virulent human strain of this virus. Three uninoculated chimpanzees were housed in the same room; two of these developed clinical disease with seroconversion, while the third developed no evidence of infection and no antibody. The three animals that became ill also developed antibody to vaccinia and monkeypox viruses. Human contacts during the study and following a break in containment showed no evidence of infection as determined by serological tests and lack of clinical disease.", "contents": "Experimental smallpox in chimpanzees. In an attempt to prepare highly specific antiserum to variola virus, a chimpanzee was inoculated with a virulent human strain of this virus. Three uninoculated chimpanzees were housed in the same room; two of these developed clinical disease with seroconversion, while the third developed no evidence of infection and no antibody. The three animals that became ill also developed antibody to vaccinia and monkeypox viruses. Human contacts during the study and following a break in containment showed no evidence of infection as determined by serological tests and lack of clinical disease.", "PMID": 316740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5597", "title": "Attenuation of virulence by P and V plasmids in Vibrio cholerae: strains suitable for oral immunization.", "content": "In a virulent strain of Vibrio cholerae, KB9, P and V plasmids were introduced by bacterial conjugation. Characterization of PV isolates and systematic screening of them in animal models of cholera revealed that a large number of PV isolates were non-pathogenic, owing to the loss of ability to synthesize toxin. Results obtained with two such strains, designated as KB9:PV and CD24, are described. The strains with plasmids were stable during in vitro cultivation or during two successive passages in rabbit intestine. Protection conferred by PV strains was determined in mouse protection tests and in the rabbit ileal loop model. The plasmid strains were immunogenic. In view of the results, it is proposed that PV-bearing attenuated strains should be tried in oral immunization.", "contents": "Attenuation of virulence by P and V plasmids in Vibrio cholerae: strains suitable for oral immunization. In a virulent strain of Vibrio cholerae, KB9, P and V plasmids were introduced by bacterial conjugation. Characterization of PV isolates and systematic screening of them in animal models of cholera revealed that a large number of PV isolates were non-pathogenic, owing to the loss of ability to synthesize toxin. Results obtained with two such strains, designated as KB9:PV and CD24, are described. The strains with plasmids were stable during in vitro cultivation or during two successive passages in rabbit intestine. Protection conferred by PV strains was determined in mouse protection tests and in the rabbit ileal loop model. The plasmid strains were immunogenic. In view of the results, it is proposed that PV-bearing attenuated strains should be tried in oral immunization.", "PMID": 316741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5598", "title": "Attenuated recombinant strains of Vibrio cholerae for oral immunization.", "content": "Two attenuated strains of Vibrio cholerae, CD1 and CD3, have been isolated that have remained stable since 1976. These strains are motile, adhere to and multiply in rabbit intestine, and colonize the gut of infant mice for 6-7 days. Both strains are antigenic and provide protection to challenge in the mouse protection test and in the rabbit ileal loop model. Because of their ability to adhere to and colonize the gut, and since they are antigenic, strains CD1 and CD3 have the potentiality of oral vaccines.", "contents": "Attenuated recombinant strains of Vibrio cholerae for oral immunization. Two attenuated strains of Vibrio cholerae, CD1 and CD3, have been isolated that have remained stable since 1976. These strains are motile, adhere to and multiply in rabbit intestine, and colonize the gut of infant mice for 6-7 days. Both strains are antigenic and provide protection to challenge in the mouse protection test and in the rabbit ileal loop model. Because of their ability to adhere to and colonize the gut, and since they are antigenic, strains CD1 and CD3 have the potentiality of oral vaccines.", "PMID": 316742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5599", "title": "Evaluation of 24-hour infusion of high-dose methotrexate--pharmacokinetics and toxicity.", "content": "High-dose methotrexate was administered by constant infusion over 24 h to children with various malignancies. Citrovorum factor was given at the completion of methotrexate infusion and continued for 72 h. Serum concentration of 10(-4) M could be sustained for 24 h with doses of methotrexate over 100 mg/kg. This infusion regimen was well tolerated and only mild neutropenia and mouth sores were seen in most patients. Severe toxicity was seen in one patient and was related to prolonged retention of methotrexate in the circulation. Careful monitoring of serum drug level is mandatory in the use of any high-dose methotrexate regimen.", "contents": "Evaluation of 24-hour infusion of high-dose methotrexate--pharmacokinetics and toxicity. High-dose methotrexate was administered by constant infusion over 24 h to children with various malignancies. Citrovorum factor was given at the completion of methotrexate infusion and continued for 72 h. Serum concentration of 10(-4) M could be sustained for 24 h with doses of methotrexate over 100 mg/kg. This infusion regimen was well tolerated and only mild neutropenia and mouth sores were seen in most patients. Severe toxicity was seen in one patient and was related to prolonged retention of methotrexate in the circulation. Careful monitoring of serum drug level is mandatory in the use of any high-dose methotrexate regimen.", "PMID": 316745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5600", "title": "Differences in the slopes of dose-response curves measuring pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) by means of radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Variants of pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein have been described previously. These variants seem to cause artificially low levels when measured by radioimmunoassay. We demonstrate that sera with indistinct precipitates in electroimmunoassay give less steep dose-response curves in radioimmunoassay than do sera with well defined precipitates. Until parallel dose-response curves are demonstrated for all variants, previously published data must be treated with reserve.", "contents": "Differences in the slopes of dose-response curves measuring pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) by means of radioimmunoassay. Variants of pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein have been described previously. These variants seem to cause artificially low levels when measured by radioimmunoassay. We demonstrate that sera with indistinct precipitates in electroimmunoassay give less steep dose-response curves in radioimmunoassay than do sera with well defined precipitates. Until parallel dose-response curves are demonstrated for all variants, previously published data must be treated with reserve.", "PMID": 316746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5601", "title": "Clearance of alpha 1-antitrypsin isoelectric focusing patterns in blood samples treated with heparin.", "content": "Plasma samples, whose typing for alpha 1-AT is made difficult or impossible because of an excess of heparin used as anticoagulant, can be treated very effectively with protamine sulphate. The addition of this heparin antagonist results in complete clearance of the isoelectric focusing pattern.", "contents": "Clearance of alpha 1-antitrypsin isoelectric focusing patterns in blood samples treated with heparin. Plasma samples, whose typing for alpha 1-AT is made difficult or impossible because of an excess of heparin used as anticoagulant, can be treated very effectively with protamine sulphate. The addition of this heparin antagonist results in complete clearance of the isoelectric focusing pattern.", "PMID": 316747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5602", "title": "Acute cochleovestibular dysfunction.", "content": "A case of acute vertigo and sudden deafness with concomitant eye lesions is presented. The possible differential diagnoses are discussed, and the principles of treatment outlined.", "contents": "Acute cochleovestibular dysfunction. A case of acute vertigo and sudden deafness with concomitant eye lesions is presented. The possible differential diagnoses are discussed, and the principles of treatment outlined.", "PMID": 316749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5603", "title": "Regulation of the primary in vitro antibody response in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: different effects of mitogen-induced and spontaneous T suppressor cells.", "content": "The specific response of human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures to TNP-polyacrylamide was suppressed by the addition of concanavalin A (Con A). A dose of Con A (0.5 microgram/ml) could be selected, which induced a reproducible but incomplete suppression independent of the magnitude of the anti-TNP response. Con A-stimulated cells could transfer the suppression to autologous or allogeneic responding cells. The suppressor activity was present in the E-rosette forming cell fraction and was abolished by mitomycin C treatment prior to incubation. With a particular batch of foetal bovine serum, spontaneous suppressor cells were produced which suppressed the response of autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes. In allogenic mixtures, the otherwise enhancing allogeneic effect was replaced by a marked suppression from spontaneous suppressor cells. This suppression was higher than that exerted on autologous lymphocytes, suggesting that an unexpected negative allogenic effect had taken place. Spontaneous suppressors were ineffective when added on day 2 of a culture responding to TNP-polyacrylamide, whereas Con A induced suppressors were fully effective.", "contents": "Regulation of the primary in vitro antibody response in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: different effects of mitogen-induced and spontaneous T suppressor cells. The specific response of human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures to TNP-polyacrylamide was suppressed by the addition of concanavalin A (Con A). A dose of Con A (0.5 microgram/ml) could be selected, which induced a reproducible but incomplete suppression independent of the magnitude of the anti-TNP response. Con A-stimulated cells could transfer the suppression to autologous or allogeneic responding cells. The suppressor activity was present in the E-rosette forming cell fraction and was abolished by mitomycin C treatment prior to incubation. With a particular batch of foetal bovine serum, spontaneous suppressor cells were produced which suppressed the response of autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes. In allogenic mixtures, the otherwise enhancing allogeneic effect was replaced by a marked suppression from spontaneous suppressor cells. This suppression was higher than that exerted on autologous lymphocytes, suggesting that an unexpected negative allogenic effect had taken place. Spontaneous suppressors were ineffective when added on day 2 of a culture responding to TNP-polyacrylamide, whereas Con A induced suppressors were fully effective.", "PMID": 316750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5604", "title": "Antibody--antigen complex stimulated lysis of non-sensitized sheep red cells by human lymphocytes. I. Requirements for IgG complexes.", "content": "IgG antibody--antigen complexes stimulated lysis of non-sensitized sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Heat-aggregated human IgG, rabbit IgG-ovalbumin complexes and rabbit IgG-sensitized ox erythrocytes (ORBC) were effective in the induction of SRBC lysis by PBL. However, IgM-sensitized ORBC and IgM-complement-sensitized ORBC were ineffective. As only SRBC and not ORBC or chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) were lysed under identical experimental conditions, it is conceivable that the SRBC receptor present on the T cell is involved. Furthermore, 45% inhibition of lysis was obtained by pretreating the effector cells with anti-human thymocyte globulin (ATG) and complete inhibition was obtained by adding SRBC stroma to the reaction mixture. The requirement for the inclusion of IgG complexes and the absence of specific anti-target cell antibody distinguish this reaction from natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Immune killer T cells would not appear to be responsible as eight different donors were used and none of these were cytotoxic to SRBC in the absence of IgG complexes. The induction of this cytotoxic reaction appears to require the recognition and interaction by the effector cells of two separate molecular entities, i.e. the SRBC membrane by the T cell and the IgG Fc region by an IgG-Fc receptor-bearing cell.", "contents": "Antibody--antigen complex stimulated lysis of non-sensitized sheep red cells by human lymphocytes. I. Requirements for IgG complexes. IgG antibody--antigen complexes stimulated lysis of non-sensitized sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Heat-aggregated human IgG, rabbit IgG-ovalbumin complexes and rabbit IgG-sensitized ox erythrocytes (ORBC) were effective in the induction of SRBC lysis by PBL. However, IgM-sensitized ORBC and IgM-complement-sensitized ORBC were ineffective. As only SRBC and not ORBC or chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) were lysed under identical experimental conditions, it is conceivable that the SRBC receptor present on the T cell is involved. Furthermore, 45% inhibition of lysis was obtained by pretreating the effector cells with anti-human thymocyte globulin (ATG) and complete inhibition was obtained by adding SRBC stroma to the reaction mixture. The requirement for the inclusion of IgG complexes and the absence of specific anti-target cell antibody distinguish this reaction from natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Immune killer T cells would not appear to be responsible as eight different donors were used and none of these were cytotoxic to SRBC in the absence of IgG complexes. The induction of this cytotoxic reaction appears to require the recognition and interaction by the effector cells of two separate molecular entities, i.e. the SRBC membrane by the T cell and the IgG Fc region by an IgG-Fc receptor-bearing cell.", "PMID": 316751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5605", "title": "Decrease of IgA-specific suppressor T cell activity in patients with IgA nephropathy.", "content": "The activity of IgA-specific suppressor T cells was lower in eight patients with IgA nephropathy than in six patients with chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis without glomerular deposition of IgA, two patients with acute glomerulonephritis, or five healthy adult controls. It was determined by the quantitation of immunoglobulins produced from pokeweed mitogen-stimulated B cells cultured with the T cell supernatant (TCS) obtained from concanavalin A-stimulated T cells. Results from a study on an identical twin sister with IgA nephropathy suggested that the decreased activity of IgA-specific suppressor T cells might not be a cause but a result of increased IgA-bearing lymphocytes and serum IgA in patients with IgA nephropathy.", "contents": "Decrease of IgA-specific suppressor T cell activity in patients with IgA nephropathy. The activity of IgA-specific suppressor T cells was lower in eight patients with IgA nephropathy than in six patients with chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis without glomerular deposition of IgA, two patients with acute glomerulonephritis, or five healthy adult controls. It was determined by the quantitation of immunoglobulins produced from pokeweed mitogen-stimulated B cells cultured with the T cell supernatant (TCS) obtained from concanavalin A-stimulated T cells. Results from a study on an identical twin sister with IgA nephropathy suggested that the decreased activity of IgA-specific suppressor T cells might not be a cause but a result of increased IgA-bearing lymphocytes and serum IgA in patients with IgA nephropathy.", "PMID": 316752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5606", "title": "Sequential immunological studies on an asbestos-exposed population. I. Factors affecting peripheral blood leucocytes and T lymphocytes.", "content": "Peripheral blood leucocyte counts, and E binding rosettes were measured on 138 men on five separate occasions. Little effect was seen from age, or length of asbestos exposure. Overall the most marked effect was that obtained from smoking. Most relevant was an increase in percentage of E-rosettes read after 1 1/2 hrs, which was obtained in the group of those with radiological evidence of fibrosis who smoked. Restricted to subjects with small opacities, those who smoke have a significantly higher (P less than 0.05) percentage E 1 1/2 hr rosettes than those who do not smoke. (Percentage E rosettes read overnight remained unaltered by smoking or X-ray). This increase was found on each occasion that it was measured. Since the absolute number of T lymphocytes rosetting at 1 1/2 hr did not increase, it is suggested that there is either no stimulation of the central pool of T lymphocytes or a decrease in the absolute number of T lymphocytes which could only rosette overnight.", "contents": "Sequential immunological studies on an asbestos-exposed population. I. Factors affecting peripheral blood leucocytes and T lymphocytes. Peripheral blood leucocyte counts, and E binding rosettes were measured on 138 men on five separate occasions. Little effect was seen from age, or length of asbestos exposure. Overall the most marked effect was that obtained from smoking. Most relevant was an increase in percentage of E-rosettes read after 1 1/2 hrs, which was obtained in the group of those with radiological evidence of fibrosis who smoked. Restricted to subjects with small opacities, those who smoke have a significantly higher (P less than 0.05) percentage E 1 1/2 hr rosettes than those who do not smoke. (Percentage E rosettes read overnight remained unaltered by smoking or X-ray). This increase was found on each occasion that it was measured. Since the absolute number of T lymphocytes rosetting at 1 1/2 hr did not increase, it is suggested that there is either no stimulation of the central pool of T lymphocytes or a decrease in the absolute number of T lymphocytes which could only rosette overnight.", "PMID": 316753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5607", "title": "Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. IX. Imbalance of T cell subpopulations in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from twenty patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) were analysed for the numbers and proportions of B lymphocytes possessing surface immunoglobulin, cells with Fc receptors, T cella and T cells with receptors for IgM (T mu) or IgG (T gamma). In patients with PSS, B cells and lymphocytes with Fc receptors were comparable in both numbers and proportions to those of the control group. Circulating T lymphocytes were significantly fewer in the patient group. T mu cells were decreased and T gamma cells increased, resulting in lower T mu/T gamma ratios as compared to controls. This study demonstrates a profound imbalance between T mu and T gamma cells (containing a population of helper or suppressor cells, respectively). These results are discussed in relation to immunodeficiencies observed in patients with PSS.", "contents": "Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. IX. Imbalance of T cell subpopulations in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from twenty patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) were analysed for the numbers and proportions of B lymphocytes possessing surface immunoglobulin, cells with Fc receptors, T cella and T cells with receptors for IgM (T mu) or IgG (T gamma). In patients with PSS, B cells and lymphocytes with Fc receptors were comparable in both numbers and proportions to those of the control group. Circulating T lymphocytes were significantly fewer in the patient group. T mu cells were decreased and T gamma cells increased, resulting in lower T mu/T gamma ratios as compared to controls. This study demonstrates a profound imbalance between T mu and T gamma cells (containing a population of helper or suppressor cells, respectively). These results are discussed in relation to immunodeficiencies observed in patients with PSS.", "PMID": 316754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5608", "title": "The effect of irradiation on T-cell suppression of ELISA-determined Ig production by human blood B-cells in vitro.", "content": "Human blood B-lymphocytes were co-cultured with in vitro irradiated allogeneic or autologous T-lymphocytes in the presence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The production of IgG, IgM and IgA, as assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was increased 2--7 times, as compared to values obtained with non-irradiated T-lymphocytes. It is suggested that the increase of Ig production is due to the selective radiosensitivity of T-lymphocytes with suppressor function.", "contents": "The effect of irradiation on T-cell suppression of ELISA-determined Ig production by human blood B-cells in vitro. Human blood B-lymphocytes were co-cultured with in vitro irradiated allogeneic or autologous T-lymphocytes in the presence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The production of IgG, IgM and IgA, as assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was increased 2--7 times, as compared to values obtained with non-irradiated T-lymphocytes. It is suggested that the increase of Ig production is due to the selective radiosensitivity of T-lymphocytes with suppressor function.", "PMID": 316755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5609", "title": "Clinical aspects of mycotic keratitis in the horse.", "content": "Several manifestations of equine corenal ulcers caused by mycotic agents are discussed. Antifungal therapy is reviewed. Mycotic keratitis should be suspected when routine corneal ulcer therapy is nonproductive.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of mycotic keratitis in the horse. Several manifestations of equine corenal ulcers caused by mycotic agents are discussed. Antifungal therapy is reviewed. Mycotic keratitis should be suspected when routine corneal ulcer therapy is nonproductive.", "PMID": 316757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5610", "title": "Abdominal emergencies.", "content": "This brief review of abdominal emergencies is by no means encyclopedic. Indeed, it simply reflects the multiplicity of problems that can occur and suggests the need for a high index of suspicion and an optimistic attitude toward their solution. In addition, the surgeon must keep in mind the fact that cancer patients may also suffer acute abdominal distress from extra-abdominal causes such as pneumonia, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, and hematologic abnormalities such as porphyria or sickle cell anemia. Inflammatory bowel disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, acute hepatitis or other similar problems more commonly seen in general hospital populations may also develop. Consultations for an acute condition of the abdomen in patients receiving marrow-suppressing chemotherapy are challenging problems and repeated examination every few hours is required to detect subtle changes. Hypovolemia, sepsis, confusion and unexplained metabolic acidosis may be the only criteria for surgical exploration. An unnecessary operation in a leukopenic and thrombocytopenic patient is indeed risky, but failure to drain an occult abscess or resect a perforated segment of bowel is always lethal. An additional consideration is the likelihood of response to further treatment of the underlying disease. Unless further effective therapy is unavailable, pessimism is unwarranted.", "contents": "Abdominal emergencies. This brief review of abdominal emergencies is by no means encyclopedic. Indeed, it simply reflects the multiplicity of problems that can occur and suggests the need for a high index of suspicion and an optimistic attitude toward their solution. In addition, the surgeon must keep in mind the fact that cancer patients may also suffer acute abdominal distress from extra-abdominal causes such as pneumonia, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, and hematologic abnormalities such as porphyria or sickle cell anemia. Inflammatory bowel disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, acute hepatitis or other similar problems more commonly seen in general hospital populations may also develop. Consultations for an acute condition of the abdomen in patients receiving marrow-suppressing chemotherapy are challenging problems and repeated examination every few hours is required to detect subtle changes. Hypovolemia, sepsis, confusion and unexplained metabolic acidosis may be the only criteria for surgical exploration. An unnecessary operation in a leukopenic and thrombocytopenic patient is indeed risky, but failure to drain an occult abscess or resect a perforated segment of bowel is always lethal. An additional consideration is the likelihood of response to further treatment of the underlying disease. Unless further effective therapy is unavailable, pessimism is unwarranted.", "PMID": 316758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5611", "title": "[Embolization treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding: an alternative to surgical intervention?].", "content": "Three inoperable patients with massive GI-bleeding were embolized. In all three patients hemostasis via the angiographic catheters was successful without producing intestinal wall necrosis. Indication and risk of an intentional vascular occlusion by transcatheter technique should be evaluated separately for each patient.", "contents": "[Embolization treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding: an alternative to surgical intervention?]. Three inoperable patients with massive GI-bleeding were embolized. In all three patients hemostasis via the angiographic catheters was successful without producing intestinal wall necrosis. Indication and risk of an intentional vascular occlusion by transcatheter technique should be evaluated separately for each patient.", "PMID": 316759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5612", "title": "Hitherto assembled results with the assessment of HLA antigens in rheumatic diseases and their impact.", "content": "The authors characterize the position which developed in the sphere of rheumatic diseases, in particular inflammatory ones, after in these diseases the association with HLA antigens was revealed; most important is still the association of HLA B 27 with ankylosing spondylitis (Bekhterev's disease) which stimulated a new line of research and helped to detect the projection of antigen into all so-called rheumatic diseases which have in addition to affected peripheral joints inflammatory change of the SI synchrondrosis and segmentary signs of ankylosing spondylitis. The authors examined patients with psoriatic arthropathy and pure dermatological psoriasis but found only association with B 17 and B 13. In ankylosing hyperotosis (Forestier) they prove, based on the findings in 36 patients that in controversial cases the absence of B 27 may be important. They report also on their finding of an enhanced association of A 10 and B 14 in a group of 48 patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Hitherto assembled results with the assessment of HLA antigens in rheumatic diseases and their impact. The authors characterize the position which developed in the sphere of rheumatic diseases, in particular inflammatory ones, after in these diseases the association with HLA antigens was revealed; most important is still the association of HLA B 27 with ankylosing spondylitis (Bekhterev's disease) which stimulated a new line of research and helped to detect the projection of antigen into all so-called rheumatic diseases which have in addition to affected peripheral joints inflammatory change of the SI synchrondrosis and segmentary signs of ankylosing spondylitis. The authors examined patients with psoriatic arthropathy and pure dermatological psoriasis but found only association with B 17 and B 13. In ankylosing hyperotosis (Forestier) they prove, based on the findings in 36 patients that in controversial cases the absence of B 27 may be important. They report also on their finding of an enhanced association of A 10 and B 14 in a group of 48 patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 316761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5613", "title": "Kinetoplast test for the detection of antibodies against double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid in patients with rheumatic diseases.", "content": "The differential diagnosis in rheumatology is frequently considerably facilitated or rendered possible by immunological methods. Evidence of antibodies against double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ds-DNA) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is considered a conclusive confirmation of the diagnosis and moreover a useful criterion of the activity of the process. The authors developed an immunofluorescent method where as substrate the kinetoplast of the protozoon Trypanosoma danilewskyi containing pure ds-DNA not bound to histones is used. A total of 164 titrations of these antibodies were made in 113 patients with various diagnoses. The results indicate that anti-ds-DNA antibodies are present only in patients with SLE and that the titres correspond to the activity of the disease. The method is suited for routine use, the substrate being commercially available and of standard quality.", "contents": "Kinetoplast test for the detection of antibodies against double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid in patients with rheumatic diseases. The differential diagnosis in rheumatology is frequently considerably facilitated or rendered possible by immunological methods. Evidence of antibodies against double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ds-DNA) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is considered a conclusive confirmation of the diagnosis and moreover a useful criterion of the activity of the process. The authors developed an immunofluorescent method where as substrate the kinetoplast of the protozoon Trypanosoma danilewskyi containing pure ds-DNA not bound to histones is used. A total of 164 titrations of these antibodies were made in 113 patients with various diagnoses. The results indicate that anti-ds-DNA antibodies are present only in patients with SLE and that the titres correspond to the activity of the disease. The method is suited for routine use, the substrate being commercially available and of standard quality.", "PMID": 316762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5614", "title": "Does a short-term draining of bile duct affect the plasma thyroxine level in rats?", "content": "In three groups of male rats weighing about 350 g and fed normal pelleted diet the left femoral artery and vein were cannulated under pentobarbiturate anesthesia and in samples of plasma obtained between 0 and 6 h after the injection of heparin the level of thyroxine (T4) was measured with the aid of specific radioimmunoassay. In addition, in Group A (22 animals) and C (17 animals) also the bile duct was cannulated and the total bile was collected into a flask for the same period. In addition, the animals of a Group C were thyroidectomized by electrocoagulation immediately before \"O h\". The Group B consisted of 18 sham-operated animals in which, in addition to the cannulation of blood vessels, only laparotomy and separation of bile duct without cannulation were made. In all groups a linear decline of plasma T4 level was found corresponding to a half-life of about 11 h. Since there were no significant differences in the slope of regression line between groups, it was concluded that the period of draining bile duct for 6 h was presumably too short to interfere significantly with the absorption of T4 in lower intestine and ileum and that the uniform decline of T4 level in plasma in all groups was presumably due to the effect of pentobarbiturate.", "contents": "Does a short-term draining of bile duct affect the plasma thyroxine level in rats? In three groups of male rats weighing about 350 g and fed normal pelleted diet the left femoral artery and vein were cannulated under pentobarbiturate anesthesia and in samples of plasma obtained between 0 and 6 h after the injection of heparin the level of thyroxine (T4) was measured with the aid of specific radioimmunoassay. In addition, in Group A (22 animals) and C (17 animals) also the bile duct was cannulated and the total bile was collected into a flask for the same period. In addition, the animals of a Group C were thyroidectomized by electrocoagulation immediately before \"O h\". The Group B consisted of 18 sham-operated animals in which, in addition to the cannulation of blood vessels, only laparotomy and separation of bile duct without cannulation were made. In all groups a linear decline of plasma T4 level was found corresponding to a half-life of about 11 h. Since there were no significant differences in the slope of regression line between groups, it was concluded that the period of draining bile duct for 6 h was presumably too short to interfere significantly with the absorption of T4 in lower intestine and ileum and that the uniform decline of T4 level in plasma in all groups was presumably due to the effect of pentobarbiturate.", "PMID": 316765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5615", "title": "Transformation and translocation of 17 beta-estradiol receptor in rat pituitary.", "content": "The association of 17 beta-(3H)-estradiol with its pituitary cytosol receptor is described. The transformation products of this 8 S receptor complex at high salt concentration was analyzed by 5-20% linear sucrose gradients. KCl was found to reversibly convert the 8 S moiety into a 4-5 S species. The transformation by CaCl2 and trypsin was found to be irreversible. In addition, the nuclear translocation of the estrogen-receptor complex was investigated in vitro. Translocation was found to be temperature-dependent, since a 6 S nuclear receptor complex could be extracted from crude nuclei only after incubation of whole pituitaries at 37 degrees C and not at 4 degrees C incubation temperature. Similarly, a 6 S species was found upon sucrose gradient analysis of nuclear extract after a cell free incubation of isolated nuclei and cytosol with 17 beta-(3H)-estradiol. Maximal translocation was observed in this in vitro system within 60 to 90 min, resulting in a concomitant loss of cytosol receptor. The present data combine to suggest that nuclear translocation resembles one of the early events involved in the molecular action of estrogen at the pituitary level.", "contents": "Transformation and translocation of 17 beta-estradiol receptor in rat pituitary. The association of 17 beta-(3H)-estradiol with its pituitary cytosol receptor is described. The transformation products of this 8 S receptor complex at high salt concentration was analyzed by 5-20% linear sucrose gradients. KCl was found to reversibly convert the 8 S moiety into a 4-5 S species. The transformation by CaCl2 and trypsin was found to be irreversible. In addition, the nuclear translocation of the estrogen-receptor complex was investigated in vitro. Translocation was found to be temperature-dependent, since a 6 S nuclear receptor complex could be extracted from crude nuclei only after incubation of whole pituitaries at 37 degrees C and not at 4 degrees C incubation temperature. Similarly, a 6 S species was found upon sucrose gradient analysis of nuclear extract after a cell free incubation of isolated nuclei and cytosol with 17 beta-(3H)-estradiol. Maximal translocation was observed in this in vitro system within 60 to 90 min, resulting in a concomitant loss of cytosol receptor. The present data combine to suggest that nuclear translocation resembles one of the early events involved in the molecular action of estrogen at the pituitary level.", "PMID": 316766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5616", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in the serum of diabetes mellitus in childhood by a modified 125I-C1q binding test.", "content": "The 125I-C1q binding test for the detection of soluble immune complexes in native unheated human serum was applied to the study of sera from 52 patients with diabetes mellitus in childhood. This radiolabeled C1q binding test is more sensitive and reproducible among the various methods proposed for the detection of immune complexes. The 125I-C1q binding activity in 52 sera from diabetes mellitus in childhood was 9.47 +/- 0.36% compared to 6.94 +/- 0.74% in normal controls. 125I-C1q binding values in diabetes mellitus in childhood were significantly higher than normal controls. Slight high values were seen in 3 patients with positive anti-DNA-antibodies in diabetes mellitus in childhood. 125I-C1q binding was not significantly increased in patients with positive antithyroid antibodies and insulin antibodies. There was no significant correlation between the duration of diabetes and 125I-C1q binding activity.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in the serum of diabetes mellitus in childhood by a modified 125I-C1q binding test. The 125I-C1q binding test for the detection of soluble immune complexes in native unheated human serum was applied to the study of sera from 52 patients with diabetes mellitus in childhood. This radiolabeled C1q binding test is more sensitive and reproducible among the various methods proposed for the detection of immune complexes. The 125I-C1q binding activity in 52 sera from diabetes mellitus in childhood was 9.47 +/- 0.36% compared to 6.94 +/- 0.74% in normal controls. 125I-C1q binding values in diabetes mellitus in childhood were significantly higher than normal controls. Slight high values were seen in 3 patients with positive anti-DNA-antibodies in diabetes mellitus in childhood. 125I-C1q binding was not significantly increased in patients with positive antithyroid antibodies and insulin antibodies. There was no significant correlation between the duration of diabetes and 125I-C1q binding activity.", "PMID": 316767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5617", "title": "Inhibition of thyroxine-induced metamorphosis by prolactin in tadpoles, Rana catesbeiana.", "content": "Thyroxine (T4)-prolactin interactions on hepatic arginase and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) as well as hind legs, tail, digestive tract and median eminence were investigated in tadpoles, Rana catesbeiana. Prolactin completely blocked T4-induced tail resorption, but failed to suppress hind-leg growth, shortening of digestive tract and promotion by T4 of the median eminence development. Prolactin blocked T4-induced increase in hepatic arginase activity but not in hepatic OTC activity. A possibility that T4 and prolactin are regulating the hepatic arginase indirectly is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of thyroxine-induced metamorphosis by prolactin in tadpoles, Rana catesbeiana. Thyroxine (T4)-prolactin interactions on hepatic arginase and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) as well as hind legs, tail, digestive tract and median eminence were investigated in tadpoles, Rana catesbeiana. Prolactin completely blocked T4-induced tail resorption, but failed to suppress hind-leg growth, shortening of digestive tract and promotion by T4 of the median eminence development. Prolactin blocked T4-induced increase in hepatic arginase activity but not in hepatic OTC activity. A possibility that T4 and prolactin are regulating the hepatic arginase indirectly is discussed.", "PMID": 316768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5618", "title": "Inhibition by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of noxious heat elicited in human Gasserian ganglion.", "content": "During percutaneous thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion for trigeminal pain, the pain perception threshold was established in a series of 25 awake patients by measuring the temperature at the electrode tip within the ganglion during slow increase of the radiofrequency current. Between 42 and 48 degress C pain perception was regularly reported by the patients. A cutaneous-stimulating system was then applied to the trigeminal area which was reported to be painful during the heating. The external stimulation attempted to preferentially stimulate the A afferent nerve fibres. When external stimulation was applied during the heating of the Gasserian ganglion, the pain perception threshold was enhanced in about half of the cases. A transcutaneous electrical stimulation of part of the body not related with the investigated pain sensation did not produce the same inhibitory action in 3 out of 5 cases.", "contents": "Inhibition by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of noxious heat elicited in human Gasserian ganglion. During percutaneous thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion for trigeminal pain, the pain perception threshold was established in a series of 25 awake patients by measuring the temperature at the electrode tip within the ganglion during slow increase of the radiofrequency current. Between 42 and 48 degress C pain perception was regularly reported by the patients. A cutaneous-stimulating system was then applied to the trigeminal area which was reported to be painful during the heating. The external stimulation attempted to preferentially stimulate the A afferent nerve fibres. When external stimulation was applied during the heating of the Gasserian ganglion, the pain perception threshold was enhanced in about half of the cases. A transcutaneous electrical stimulation of part of the body not related with the investigated pain sensation did not produce the same inhibitory action in 3 out of 5 cases.", "PMID": 316769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5619", "title": "The presence of Thy-1 on the surface of rat lymphoid stem cells and colony-forming units.", "content": "By labeling Thy-1-positive cells of rats with xenoanti-Thy-1 or mouse alloanti-Thy-1 antibody and separating them from Thy-1-negative cells on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, it was shown that early lymphopoietic stem cells all carry Thy-1-antigen. This was so for both young, adult bone marrow and near-term fetal liver cells. Two kinds of assay were used: long-term radiation chimeras employing B and T cell alloantigens to mark cells of donor origin, and in vivo colony-forming units in the spleens of irradiated recipients (bone marrow only). Thy-1-negative cells gave essentially no B or T progeny, even 6 to 12 months after reconstitution of the chimeras. The kinetics of appearance of Thy-1-positive cells in rat marrow, which peaked at 6-8 weeks of age, were also studied. In rats, Thy-1 is on the surface of pluripotent stem cells and on early progenitors of both B and T lymphocytes.", "contents": "The presence of Thy-1 on the surface of rat lymphoid stem cells and colony-forming units. By labeling Thy-1-positive cells of rats with xenoanti-Thy-1 or mouse alloanti-Thy-1 antibody and separating them from Thy-1-negative cells on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, it was shown that early lymphopoietic stem cells all carry Thy-1-antigen. This was so for both young, adult bone marrow and near-term fetal liver cells. Two kinds of assay were used: long-term radiation chimeras employing B and T cell alloantigens to mark cells of donor origin, and in vivo colony-forming units in the spleens of irradiated recipients (bone marrow only). Thy-1-negative cells gave essentially no B or T progeny, even 6 to 12 months after reconstitution of the chimeras. The kinetics of appearance of Thy-1-positive cells in rat marrow, which peaked at 6-8 weeks of age, were also studied. In rats, Thy-1 is on the surface of pluripotent stem cells and on early progenitors of both B and T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 316771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5620", "title": "The ontogeny of B lymphocytes. V. Lipopolysaccharide-induced changes of IgD expression on murine B lymphocytes.", "content": "Murine splenocytes contain two minor subpopulations of B cells, one inducible by lipopolysaccharide to convert within 2 h from IgD- to IgD+ and the other to change from IgD+ TO IgD-. These two subpopulations can be separated by density centrifugation. Their relative proportions show a marked age dependency: IgD- leads to IgD+ cells are more frequent in suckling mice, while IgD+ leads to IgD- inducible cells become predominant in mice older than 3 weeks. The age dependency observed in the relative proportions between the two cell types suggest that they are ontogenetically related as progenitor-successor. This hypothesis is corroborated by phenotype analysis of the two subsets, revealing IgD- leads to IgD+ cells as IgM+, Ia+, complement receptor- (CR-) and IgD+ leads to IgD- cells as IgM+, Ia+, CR+. Our data show that IgD and CR are expressed concomitantly during B cell differentiation. On further differentiation, induced by lipopolysaccharide, both markers are lost from the cell surface at different rates: IgD decreases significantly in a very short period (less than 2.5 h) while induction of a decline in CR requires longer culture periods (greater than 8 h). Th: loss of IgD may thus herald an early differentiation event toward antibody-producing cells.", "contents": "The ontogeny of B lymphocytes. V. Lipopolysaccharide-induced changes of IgD expression on murine B lymphocytes. Murine splenocytes contain two minor subpopulations of B cells, one inducible by lipopolysaccharide to convert within 2 h from IgD- to IgD+ and the other to change from IgD+ TO IgD-. These two subpopulations can be separated by density centrifugation. Their relative proportions show a marked age dependency: IgD- leads to IgD+ cells are more frequent in suckling mice, while IgD+ leads to IgD- inducible cells become predominant in mice older than 3 weeks. The age dependency observed in the relative proportions between the two cell types suggest that they are ontogenetically related as progenitor-successor. This hypothesis is corroborated by phenotype analysis of the two subsets, revealing IgD- leads to IgD+ cells as IgM+, Ia+, complement receptor- (CR-) and IgD+ leads to IgD- cells as IgM+, Ia+, CR+. Our data show that IgD and CR are expressed concomitantly during B cell differentiation. On further differentiation, induced by lipopolysaccharide, both markers are lost from the cell surface at different rates: IgD decreases significantly in a very short period (less than 2.5 h) while induction of a decline in CR requires longer culture periods (greater than 8 h). Th: loss of IgD may thus herald an early differentiation event toward antibody-producing cells.", "PMID": 316772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5621", "title": "The role of the left end of the H-2b haplotype in the male-specific cytotoxic T cell response.", "content": "The male-specific cytotoxic T cell response was tested in various mouse strains. We found that priming with 10(7) nonirradiated or 2 x 10(7) X-irradiated cells (2000 Rad) was similarly effective in B6 mice. We have avoided possible allogeneic effects due to priming F1 hybrids with parental cells and tested all mice after the same time interval for generation of male-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. Under these conditions, we found an absolute requirement for H-2b gene products, encoded left of B, in order to see male-specific responses.", "contents": "The role of the left end of the H-2b haplotype in the male-specific cytotoxic T cell response. The male-specific cytotoxic T cell response was tested in various mouse strains. We found that priming with 10(7) nonirradiated or 2 x 10(7) X-irradiated cells (2000 Rad) was similarly effective in B6 mice. We have avoided possible allogeneic effects due to priming F1 hybrids with parental cells and tested all mice after the same time interval for generation of male-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. Under these conditions, we found an absolute requirement for H-2b gene products, encoded left of B, in order to see male-specific responses.", "PMID": 316773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5622", "title": "Subsensitivity of the norepinephrine receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system in brain: effects of nisoxetine versus fluoxetine.", "content": "Chronic administration of the norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor nisoxetine reduced the sensitivity of the NE receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system in rat cortex. This subsensitivity, unlike that caused by desipramine (DMI), was not related to a reduction in specific beta-adrenergic receptor binding. The specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine had no effect on either neurohormonal sensitivity or 3H-dihydroalprenolol binding.", "contents": "Subsensitivity of the norepinephrine receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system in brain: effects of nisoxetine versus fluoxetine. Chronic administration of the norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor nisoxetine reduced the sensitivity of the NE receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system in rat cortex. This subsensitivity, unlike that caused by desipramine (DMI), was not related to a reduction in specific beta-adrenergic receptor binding. The specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine had no effect on either neurohormonal sensitivity or 3H-dihydroalprenolol binding.", "PMID": 316774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5623", "title": "Fibrin in fibroblast cultures--a metabolic study as a contribution to inflammation and tissue repair.", "content": "Embryonic rat fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of fibrin under fibrinolytic and fibrinostatic conditions both in proliferating and confluent stages. The proliferation rate, glucose consumption, glycosaminoglycan contents and distribution pattern were determined. Additionally the influence on rat fibroblast cultures of fibrinogen and its splitting products were reinvestigated. Basing on the experimental results and a literature survey the role of fibrin in chronic inflammation was emphasized. Experimental results: 1. First step of tissue injury was simulated by formation of fibrin above a confluent fibroblast monolayer. The small degree of fibrinolysis with the cultures was sufficient to prevent all metabolic changes except a decrease of sulfate incorporation (immediately reversibly injury). Inhibition of fibrinolysis resulted in a decrease of proliferation and HA contents additionally, but in an increase of total GAG concentration and SO4-GAG. This behaviour continued during the beginning of cell proliferation. 2. The following step of fibrin contraction, improvement of nutrient supply, and cell proliferation was artificially achieved by growing non-confluent cells on the preformed fibrin network. Fibrin enhanced the cell proliferation, total GAG concentration, HA, and the turnover of SO4-GAG (sulfate incorporation). In rapidly proliferating cultures no influence of anti-fibrinolytic agents was observed. 3. On the preformed, partially contracted fibrin the cells grew to confluence: a) Without inhibition of the fibrinolysis, the parameters of the fibrin-free controls were obtained; repair seems to be completed. b) When fibrinolysis was inhibited the cells continued proliferating apparently with a tendency of enhanced HA and decreased SO4-GAG (a stage of \"chronic inflammation\"). 4. Purified fibrin fractions as well as the supernatant of fibrin containing fibrinopeptides were shown to advance cell proliferation.", "contents": "Fibrin in fibroblast cultures--a metabolic study as a contribution to inflammation and tissue repair. Embryonic rat fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of fibrin under fibrinolytic and fibrinostatic conditions both in proliferating and confluent stages. The proliferation rate, glucose consumption, glycosaminoglycan contents and distribution pattern were determined. Additionally the influence on rat fibroblast cultures of fibrinogen and its splitting products were reinvestigated. Basing on the experimental results and a literature survey the role of fibrin in chronic inflammation was emphasized. Experimental results: 1. First step of tissue injury was simulated by formation of fibrin above a confluent fibroblast monolayer. The small degree of fibrinolysis with the cultures was sufficient to prevent all metabolic changes except a decrease of sulfate incorporation (immediately reversibly injury). Inhibition of fibrinolysis resulted in a decrease of proliferation and HA contents additionally, but in an increase of total GAG concentration and SO4-GAG. This behaviour continued during the beginning of cell proliferation. 2. The following step of fibrin contraction, improvement of nutrient supply, and cell proliferation was artificially achieved by growing non-confluent cells on the preformed fibrin network. Fibrin enhanced the cell proliferation, total GAG concentration, HA, and the turnover of SO4-GAG (sulfate incorporation). In rapidly proliferating cultures no influence of anti-fibrinolytic agents was observed. 3. On the preformed, partially contracted fibrin the cells grew to confluence: a) Without inhibition of the fibrinolysis, the parameters of the fibrin-free controls were obtained; repair seems to be completed. b) When fibrinolysis was inhibited the cells continued proliferating apparently with a tendency of enhanced HA and decreased SO4-GAG (a stage of \"chronic inflammation\"). 4. Purified fibrin fractions as well as the supernatant of fibrin containing fibrinopeptides were shown to advance cell proliferation.", "PMID": 316776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5624", "title": "Role of soluble cytotoxic factor in concanavalin A-induced cellular cytotoxicity to rabbit erythrocytes.", "content": "A new sensitive and simplified method for detecting concanavalin A-induced cellular cytotoxicity was developed by using 51Cr-labeled rabbit erythrocytes as target cells, and a soluble cytotoxic factor (SCF) to rabbit erythrocytes was demonstrated with this system. From morphological studies, this factor appeared to play a major role in cellular cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of SCF was removed by absorption with rabbit erythrocytes. Furthermore, the target cells pretreated with SCF and washed were subsequently destroyed. These results may indicate that SCF exerts its effect through binding to cellular receptors. Some monosaccharides showed inhibitory effects on the cytolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by SCF and on the adsorption of SCF activity to them. The significance of these findings in elucidation of the action of SCF was discussed.", "contents": "Role of soluble cytotoxic factor in concanavalin A-induced cellular cytotoxicity to rabbit erythrocytes. A new sensitive and simplified method for detecting concanavalin A-induced cellular cytotoxicity was developed by using 51Cr-labeled rabbit erythrocytes as target cells, and a soluble cytotoxic factor (SCF) to rabbit erythrocytes was demonstrated with this system. From morphological studies, this factor appeared to play a major role in cellular cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of SCF was removed by absorption with rabbit erythrocytes. Furthermore, the target cells pretreated with SCF and washed were subsequently destroyed. These results may indicate that SCF exerts its effect through binding to cellular receptors. Some monosaccharides showed inhibitory effects on the cytolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by SCF and on the adsorption of SCF activity to them. The significance of these findings in elucidation of the action of SCF was discussed.", "PMID": 316782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5625", "title": "Transcriptionally active and inactive regions of nucleolar chromatin in amplified nucleoli of fully grown oocytes of hibernating frogs, Rana pipiens (Amphibia, Anura). A quantitative electron microscopic study.", "content": "Chromatin structures contained in nuclei of full-grown oocytes of hibernating northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, kept at 4 degrees C were examined by light and electron microscopy, with special emphasis on the morphology of spread nucleoli. Light microscopic inspection of the in situ arrangement revealed that at this stage of oogenesis the numerous amplified nucleoli, together with the chromosomes, were included in a centrally located aggregate. Characteristically, the nucleoli appeared spheroidal and showed large size differences; many of them revealed a caveolated interior and close association with large dense bodies of granular (GDB) or fibrillar (FDB) substructure. A spreading procedure involving limited dispersal of nucleolar chromatin allowed the analysis of a large number of individual nucleoli from a specific nucleus. Electron microscopy showed that different types of nucleoli which could be distinguished in terms of transcriptional activity occurred in the same nucleus: (i) Nucleoli in which nearly all pre-rRNA gene regions appeared as fully covered by lateral fibrils, indicative of active transcription ('active nucleoli'); (ii) nucleoli that contained exclusively or predominantly chromatin strands free of lateral fibrils and were characterized by a uniformly beaded appearance, interpreted as transcriptionally inactive, nucleosome-packed chromatin ('inactive nucleoli'); and (iii) nucleoli in which a number of typical arrays of lateral fibril gradients occurred besides other regions that were free of such fibrils and apparently non-transcribed ('partly inactive nucleoli'). Quantitative evaluations of the proportions of active and inactive nucleolar chromatin indicated that a minimum of 70% of nucleolar DNA is not transcribed at this stage of oogenesis. Details of the pattern and ultrastructural organization of active and inactive chromatin regions are presented. Lampbrush chromosome structures were observed in the same nuclei and also showed transcriptional structures, though often with reduced packing density of lateral fibrils. The observations show that a number of genes of both kinds, those coding for pre-rRNAs and those coding for proteins, are transcribed in full-grown oocytes of hibernating frogs at 4 degrees C. However, the data also indicate that the number of transcribed genes and the frequency of transcriptional events are greatly reduced at this stage of oogenesis, especially in the nucleolar chromatin.", "contents": "Transcriptionally active and inactive regions of nucleolar chromatin in amplified nucleoli of fully grown oocytes of hibernating frogs, Rana pipiens (Amphibia, Anura). A quantitative electron microscopic study. Chromatin structures contained in nuclei of full-grown oocytes of hibernating northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, kept at 4 degrees C were examined by light and electron microscopy, with special emphasis on the morphology of spread nucleoli. Light microscopic inspection of the in situ arrangement revealed that at this stage of oogenesis the numerous amplified nucleoli, together with the chromosomes, were included in a centrally located aggregate. Characteristically, the nucleoli appeared spheroidal and showed large size differences; many of them revealed a caveolated interior and close association with large dense bodies of granular (GDB) or fibrillar (FDB) substructure. A spreading procedure involving limited dispersal of nucleolar chromatin allowed the analysis of a large number of individual nucleoli from a specific nucleus. Electron microscopy showed that different types of nucleoli which could be distinguished in terms of transcriptional activity occurred in the same nucleus: (i) Nucleoli in which nearly all pre-rRNA gene regions appeared as fully covered by lateral fibrils, indicative of active transcription ('active nucleoli'); (ii) nucleoli that contained exclusively or predominantly chromatin strands free of lateral fibrils and were characterized by a uniformly beaded appearance, interpreted as transcriptionally inactive, nucleosome-packed chromatin ('inactive nucleoli'); and (iii) nucleoli in which a number of typical arrays of lateral fibril gradients occurred besides other regions that were free of such fibrils and apparently non-transcribed ('partly inactive nucleoli'). Quantitative evaluations of the proportions of active and inactive nucleolar chromatin indicated that a minimum of 70% of nucleolar DNA is not transcribed at this stage of oogenesis. Details of the pattern and ultrastructural organization of active and inactive chromatin regions are presented. Lampbrush chromosome structures were observed in the same nuclei and also showed transcriptional structures, though often with reduced packing density of lateral fibrils. The observations show that a number of genes of both kinds, those coding for pre-rRNAs and those coding for proteins, are transcribed in full-grown oocytes of hibernating frogs at 4 degrees C. However, the data also indicate that the number of transcribed genes and the frequency of transcriptional events are greatly reduced at this stage of oogenesis, especially in the nucleolar chromatin.", "PMID": 316784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5626", "title": "Complete elimination of mitosis and DNA synthesis in the lens of the hypophysectomized frog: effects on cell migration and fiber growth.", "content": "Three weeks after hypophysectomy mitosis and DNA synthesis are absent in the lens of the leopard frog (Rana iiens). By labeling germinative zone cells in their last DNA synthetic period we were able to follow them in the absence of further proliferation. By this means it has been demonstrated that migration of epithelial cells to the equator of the lens is stopped. Based on indirect measurements it seems that lens fiber formation also ceases. A correlation coefficient of 0.86 was computed between average labeling index and average distance migrated. In hypophysectomized animals the correlation coefficient between time and migration was 0.02 while in intact animals it is 0.87.", "contents": "Complete elimination of mitosis and DNA synthesis in the lens of the hypophysectomized frog: effects on cell migration and fiber growth. Three weeks after hypophysectomy mitosis and DNA synthesis are absent in the lens of the leopard frog (Rana iiens). By labeling germinative zone cells in their last DNA synthetic period we were able to follow them in the absence of further proliferation. By this means it has been demonstrated that migration of epithelial cells to the equator of the lens is stopped. Based on indirect measurements it seems that lens fiber formation also ceases. A correlation coefficient of 0.86 was computed between average labeling index and average distance migrated. In hypophysectomized animals the correlation coefficient between time and migration was 0.02 while in intact animals it is 0.87.", "PMID": 316785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5627", "title": "The lectin binding sites on the plasma membrane components of human lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "The plasma membrane components of five human B-cell lines and three human T-cell lines were separated by dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, incubated with the radioactive labeled lectins from lentil, castor bean, wheat germ, Phaseolus bean, peanut, gorse and the Roman snail and the molecular weights of the binding sites determined. The lentil, castor bean and wheat germ lectin bound to multiple components from molecular weights (Mr) 20 000 to 200 000 within the plasma membranes, whereas peanut lectin bound preferentially to glycoproteins of Mr 150 000 and 83 000 in B-cells, and 150 000 and 130 000 in T-cells. The gorse lectin bound to a 220 000 component in B-cells which was not labeled in T-cells.", "contents": "The lectin binding sites on the plasma membrane components of human lymphoblastoid cell lines. The plasma membrane components of five human B-cell lines and three human T-cell lines were separated by dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, incubated with the radioactive labeled lectins from lentil, castor bean, wheat germ, Phaseolus bean, peanut, gorse and the Roman snail and the molecular weights of the binding sites determined. The lentil, castor bean and wheat germ lectin bound to multiple components from molecular weights (Mr) 20 000 to 200 000 within the plasma membranes, whereas peanut lectin bound preferentially to glycoproteins of Mr 150 000 and 83 000 in B-cells, and 150 000 and 130 000 in T-cells. The gorse lectin bound to a 220 000 component in B-cells which was not labeled in T-cells.", "PMID": 316801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5628", "title": "Strain-dependent differences in murine susceptibility to coccidia.", "content": "Differences in susceptibility of strains of mice to Eimeria ferrisi were observed by infecting eight strains of mice with six infectious dose levels and comparing the mortality rate among the strains for a period of 12 days. Mice of the C57BL/6 and HA/ICR strains were susceptible, and those of A/He, AKR, BALB/c, CBA, C3H/Anf, and DBA/2 strains were resistant to coccidial infection. Resistance was a dominant genetic expression, as indicated by the resistant response of F(1) hybrids of susceptible C57BL/6 and resistant CBA, C3H/Anf, or DBA/2 strains. An E. ferrisi infection in congenitally athymic nu/nu mice and phenotypically normal heterozygous nu/+ mice was used to determine how thymus-dependent immunoincompetence in cell-mediated immunity of the nu/nu mouse affected resistance to infection in a genetic background of the resistant BALB/c mouse. Results of primary and challenge infections in these two strains of mice suggested that resistance is thymus dependent. Furthermore, impairment of thymus-dependent cell-mediated immunity in resistant AKR mice by treatment with mouse antithymus serum led to partial susceptibility. However, susceptible C57BL/6 and HA/ICR strains are phenotypically normal mice, and previous evidence showed that C57BL/6 mice are not completely immunoincompetent in cell-mediated reactivity to coccidia. Collectively, our data show that cell-mediated immunity is necessary for resistance but may be subjected to modification by genetic expression of the host. The possible role of immune response genes in the control of coccidial immunity is discussed.", "contents": "Strain-dependent differences in murine susceptibility to coccidia. Differences in susceptibility of strains of mice to Eimeria ferrisi were observed by infecting eight strains of mice with six infectious dose levels and comparing the mortality rate among the strains for a period of 12 days. Mice of the C57BL/6 and HA/ICR strains were susceptible, and those of A/He, AKR, BALB/c, CBA, C3H/Anf, and DBA/2 strains were resistant to coccidial infection. Resistance was a dominant genetic expression, as indicated by the resistant response of F(1) hybrids of susceptible C57BL/6 and resistant CBA, C3H/Anf, or DBA/2 strains. An E. ferrisi infection in congenitally athymic nu/nu mice and phenotypically normal heterozygous nu/+ mice was used to determine how thymus-dependent immunoincompetence in cell-mediated immunity of the nu/nu mouse affected resistance to infection in a genetic background of the resistant BALB/c mouse. Results of primary and challenge infections in these two strains of mice suggested that resistance is thymus dependent. Furthermore, impairment of thymus-dependent cell-mediated immunity in resistant AKR mice by treatment with mouse antithymus serum led to partial susceptibility. However, susceptible C57BL/6 and HA/ICR strains are phenotypically normal mice, and previous evidence showed that C57BL/6 mice are not completely immunoincompetent in cell-mediated reactivity to coccidia. Collectively, our data show that cell-mediated immunity is necessary for resistance but may be subjected to modification by genetic expression of the host. The possible role of immune response genes in the control of coccidial immunity is discussed.", "PMID": 316804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5629", "title": "Growth requirements of human cervical epithelial cells in culture.", "content": "Diploid cells derived from the portio surface of the cervix uteri of adult women can be grown in culture, from single cells. Ultrastructurally the colonies of growing cells show the features of stratified squamous epithelium and exhibit some of the differentiated characteristics of this epithelium in vivo. The successful serial cultivation of cervical epithelial cells, HCE, depends upon the presence of a non-dividing fibroblast feeder layer which provides both attachment and growth factors for epithelial cells. Lethally irradiated Wi-38, cervical fibroblasts or mouse fibroblast lines are all effective in promoting HCE colony formation and growth. Hydrocortisone and epidermal growth factor increase HCE colony size in the presence of a feeder cell layer. Culture lifetime was studied in five strains and ranged from 20-38 population doublings, with cells from older patients exhibiting a shorter culture life-time.", "contents": "Growth requirements of human cervical epithelial cells in culture. Diploid cells derived from the portio surface of the cervix uteri of adult women can be grown in culture, from single cells. Ultrastructurally the colonies of growing cells show the features of stratified squamous epithelium and exhibit some of the differentiated characteristics of this epithelium in vivo. The successful serial cultivation of cervical epithelial cells, HCE, depends upon the presence of a non-dividing fibroblast feeder layer which provides both attachment and growth factors for epithelial cells. Lethally irradiated Wi-38, cervical fibroblasts or mouse fibroblast lines are all effective in promoting HCE colony formation and growth. Hydrocortisone and epidermal growth factor increase HCE colony size in the presence of a feeder cell layer. Culture lifetime was studied in five strains and ranged from 20-38 population doublings, with cells from older patients exhibiting a shorter culture life-time.", "PMID": 316805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5630", "title": "Effect of anti-mouse type-1 interferon globulin on the evolution of Moloney sarcoma virus induced disease in mice.", "content": "The prolonged administration of potent sheep anti-mouse type-1 interferon globulin (anti-IF IgG) had a marked potentiating effect on Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) infection in mice. The extent of resistance to the MSV-induced disease was age-related. In 4-week-old BALB/c mice, anti-IF IgG consistently induced 70-80% mortality due to the progression of early or late tumours and erythroleukaemia, whereas mortality of control mice was significantly lower. The same effect was obtained in 1-year-old BALB/c mice. However, in 4-week-old C57BL/6 or 6-week old BALB/c mice, anti-IF IgG enhanced only the growth of early tumours but had no effect on their regression. Antigenic stimulation with normal sheep globulin suppressed the growth of early tumours in suckling BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice and enhanced the evolution of late MSV-induced disease in older mice.", "contents": "Effect of anti-mouse type-1 interferon globulin on the evolution of Moloney sarcoma virus induced disease in mice. The prolonged administration of potent sheep anti-mouse type-1 interferon globulin (anti-IF IgG) had a marked potentiating effect on Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) infection in mice. The extent of resistance to the MSV-induced disease was age-related. In 4-week-old BALB/c mice, anti-IF IgG consistently induced 70-80% mortality due to the progression of early or late tumours and erythroleukaemia, whereas mortality of control mice was significantly lower. The same effect was obtained in 1-year-old BALB/c mice. However, in 4-week-old C57BL/6 or 6-week old BALB/c mice, anti-IF IgG enhanced only the growth of early tumours but had no effect on their regression. Antigenic stimulation with normal sheep globulin suppressed the growth of early tumours in suckling BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice and enhanced the evolution of late MSV-induced disease in older mice.", "PMID": 316806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5631", "title": "Clonal analysis of the action of GM-CSF on the proliferation and differentiation of myelomonocytic leukemic cells.", "content": "With 214 subclones of the BALB/c myelomonocytic leukemia WEHI-3B, the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in impure or purified form, consistently increased the proportion of colonies exhibiting partial or complete differentiation in agar cultures. GM-CSF also increased colony size and content of daughter colony-forming cells. Serial recloning of WEHI-3B colonies in the presence of GM-CSF showed that when colonies differentiated completely, self-replication of the colony-forming cell was suppressed (clonal extinction). However, WEHI-3B cells exhibited clonal instability and even in the continuous presence of GM-CSF many colony-forming cells still generated cells able to form undifferentiated colonies. It appears unlikely that GM-CSF can completely suppress the progressive proliferation of a myeloid leukemic population of the WEHI-3B type.", "contents": "Clonal analysis of the action of GM-CSF on the proliferation and differentiation of myelomonocytic leukemic cells. With 214 subclones of the BALB/c myelomonocytic leukemia WEHI-3B, the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in impure or purified form, consistently increased the proportion of colonies exhibiting partial or complete differentiation in agar cultures. GM-CSF also increased colony size and content of daughter colony-forming cells. Serial recloning of WEHI-3B colonies in the presence of GM-CSF showed that when colonies differentiated completely, self-replication of the colony-forming cell was suppressed (clonal extinction). However, WEHI-3B cells exhibited clonal instability and even in the continuous presence of GM-CSF many colony-forming cells still generated cells able to form undifferentiated colonies. It appears unlikely that GM-CSF can completely suppress the progressive proliferation of a myeloid leukemic population of the WEHI-3B type.", "PMID": 316807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5632", "title": "Transfer of natural resistance to Marek's disease (JMV) with non-immune spleen cells. I. Studies of cell population transferring resistance.", "content": "A \"natural\" resistance to Marek's disease, as well as to the malignancy caused by the laboratory JMV line of Marek's disease, develops with age. Resistance to this malignancy can be transferred from non-immunized, 8-week-old resistant chickens to newly hatched susceptible ones with spleen cells in a B-locus isogeneic combination. The cell transferring resistance does not seem to belong to the major T-cell, B-cell, or macrophage populations, and seems consequently to belong to the functionally heterogenous \"third cell\" population.", "contents": "Transfer of natural resistance to Marek's disease (JMV) with non-immune spleen cells. I. Studies of cell population transferring resistance. A \"natural\" resistance to Marek's disease, as well as to the malignancy caused by the laboratory JMV line of Marek's disease, develops with age. Resistance to this malignancy can be transferred from non-immunized, 8-week-old resistant chickens to newly hatched susceptible ones with spleen cells in a B-locus isogeneic combination. The cell transferring resistance does not seem to belong to the major T-cell, B-cell, or macrophage populations, and seems consequently to belong to the functionally heterogenous \"third cell\" population.", "PMID": 316808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5633", "title": "Health selection among members of a Danish Trade Union.", "content": "The effect of selection on the mortality of members of the Danish carpenters and cabinet makers trade union is reported. Some 40 000 persons entering or leaving the Union between January 1971 to June 1976 were followed until September 1977, and deaths identified by record linkage with the central person-register. The male leaving cohort had a statistically significant higher age adjusted mortality rate than the male entry cohort with a relative death risk of 1.65. For females the difference was not significant but the relative death risk was estimated to be 1.42. Males leaving to or coming from well paid and socially esteemed jobs had significant lower mortality rates than the remainder. The influence of these results on the choice of study design is discussed.", "contents": "Health selection among members of a Danish Trade Union. The effect of selection on the mortality of members of the Danish carpenters and cabinet makers trade union is reported. Some 40 000 persons entering or leaving the Union between January 1971 to June 1976 were followed until September 1977, and deaths identified by record linkage with the central person-register. The male leaving cohort had a statistically significant higher age adjusted mortality rate than the male entry cohort with a relative death risk of 1.65. For females the difference was not significant but the relative death risk was estimated to be 1.42. Males leaving to or coming from well paid and socially esteemed jobs had significant lower mortality rates than the remainder. The influence of these results on the choice of study design is discussed.", "PMID": 316809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5634", "title": "Hearing impairment following therapy of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.", "content": "From 97 children with bacteriologically confirmed Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, 39 were treated with chloramphenicol (before 1970) and 58 with ampicillin (since 1970). In 1977 all patients were followed up with history, clinical examination, and audiometry. Sensorineural hearing defect was found in 5 chloramphenicol patients and in 10 ampicillin patients. Of the 82 patients for whom treatment was begun within 48 h of onset of symptoms, only two showed hearing deficit, while 13 of the 15 patients in whom treatment was begun later suffered from hearing impairment. It appears that it is not the antibiotic, but the delay between onset of symptoms and start of therapy, that is decisive for the occurrence of inner ear impairment.", "contents": "Hearing impairment following therapy of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. From 97 children with bacteriologically confirmed Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, 39 were treated with chloramphenicol (before 1970) and 58 with ampicillin (since 1970). In 1977 all patients were followed up with history, clinical examination, and audiometry. Sensorineural hearing defect was found in 5 chloramphenicol patients and in 10 ampicillin patients. Of the 82 patients for whom treatment was begun within 48 h of onset of symptoms, only two showed hearing deficit, while 13 of the 15 patients in whom treatment was begun later suffered from hearing impairment. It appears that it is not the antibiotic, but the delay between onset of symptoms and start of therapy, that is decisive for the occurrence of inner ear impairment.", "PMID": 316810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5635", "title": "Lymphocyte surface and cytoplasmic changes associated with translational motility and spontaneous capping of Ig.", "content": "Murine B-lymphocytes during translatory motion undergo a series of changes with respect to their morphology and distribution of surface immunoglobulins (Ig). The sequence of events comprising these changes was followed by fluorescence microscopy and a correlated detection of surface features by scanning microscopy on exactly the same cell. A round, presumably non-motile lymphocyte exhibited a random distribution of Ig and its surface displayed evenly distributed microvilli. Formation of a ruffled edge at one pole, accompanied by a decreased fluorescence at this pole marked the initial events of lymphocyte motility. In the subsequent stages, the ruffled edge became progressively prominent and displayed a constriction at its base, while the microvilli were displaced to the opposite pole. Ig in such lymphocytes was localized at the trailing, microvilli-rich pole. Thin sections of motile lymphocytes revealed Ig, microtubules, microfilaments and coated vesicles as the characteristic features of the trailing end. These observations may have bearing on the mechanism of lymphocyte motility and spontaneous capping of Ig.", "contents": "Lymphocyte surface and cytoplasmic changes associated with translational motility and spontaneous capping of Ig. Murine B-lymphocytes during translatory motion undergo a series of changes with respect to their morphology and distribution of surface immunoglobulins (Ig). The sequence of events comprising these changes was followed by fluorescence microscopy and a correlated detection of surface features by scanning microscopy on exactly the same cell. A round, presumably non-motile lymphocyte exhibited a random distribution of Ig and its surface displayed evenly distributed microvilli. Formation of a ruffled edge at one pole, accompanied by a decreased fluorescence at this pole marked the initial events of lymphocyte motility. In the subsequent stages, the ruffled edge became progressively prominent and displayed a constriction at its base, while the microvilli were displaced to the opposite pole. Ig in such lymphocytes was localized at the trailing, microvilli-rich pole. Thin sections of motile lymphocytes revealed Ig, microtubules, microfilaments and coated vesicles as the characteristic features of the trailing end. These observations may have bearing on the mechanism of lymphocyte motility and spontaneous capping of Ig.", "PMID": 316817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5636", "title": "Ultraviolet-induced DNA excision repair in human B and T lymphocytes. III. Repair in lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "There have been conflicting reports about the capacity of lymphocytes from individuals with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) to undertake u.v.-induced DNA repair. We have examined repair in CLL cells and in control and age-matched purified B and T lymphocytes by a technique independent of incorporation of radioactive precursor, i.e. by the recovery of normal sedimentation behaviour of nucleoid bodies obtained from these cells by lysis in high salt and non-ionic detergent. Recovery of normal sedimentation is associated with restoration of DNA supercoiling. CLL cells were found to be as sensitive to u.v. and to repair at similar rates as age-matched B controls. They are considerably more sensitive than young B cells and repair less efficiently. Reasons for the reported discrepancies in CLL repair are discussed.", "contents": "Ultraviolet-induced DNA excision repair in human B and T lymphocytes. III. Repair in lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. There have been conflicting reports about the capacity of lymphocytes from individuals with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) to undertake u.v.-induced DNA repair. We have examined repair in CLL cells and in control and age-matched purified B and T lymphocytes by a technique independent of incorporation of radioactive precursor, i.e. by the recovery of normal sedimentation behaviour of nucleoid bodies obtained from these cells by lysis in high salt and non-ionic detergent. Recovery of normal sedimentation is associated with restoration of DNA supercoiling. CLL cells were found to be as sensitive to u.v. and to repair at similar rates as age-matched B controls. They are considerably more sensitive than young B cells and repair less efficiently. Reasons for the reported discrepancies in CLL repair are discussed.", "PMID": 316818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5637", "title": "Acylovir in oral and ganglionic herpes simplex virus infections.", "content": "The local and trigeminal ganglionic therapeutic efficacy of two topical and systemic antiviral drugs was studied in mouse lips inoculated with herpes simplex virus type 1 after thermal injury. Application of topical 3% acylovir (acycloguanosine) ointment three times daily for four days completely blocked the replication of virus in the lips, and the healing process was greatly accelerated compared with that in placebo-treated infected controls. However, neither the healing process nor the viral replication was influenced by similar therapy with 3% vidarabine ointment. When given systemically for four days, starting one day after inoculation, acyclovir (40-60 mg/kg per day) and vidarabine (50 mg/kg per day) significantly reduced the clinical manifestations on the lips and viral titers of cultures obtained from the lips. Establishment of viral latency in the trigeminal ganglion was significnatly inhibited by systemic acyclovir (60 mg/kg per day), whereas systemic vidarabine (50 mg/kg per day) was ineffective. These data suggest that acyclovir may be one of the most promising antiviral agents for the management of oral herpes viral infections and trigeminal ganglionic latency of virus as demonstrated in the mouse model.", "contents": "Acylovir in oral and ganglionic herpes simplex virus infections. The local and trigeminal ganglionic therapeutic efficacy of two topical and systemic antiviral drugs was studied in mouse lips inoculated with herpes simplex virus type 1 after thermal injury. Application of topical 3% acylovir (acycloguanosine) ointment three times daily for four days completely blocked the replication of virus in the lips, and the healing process was greatly accelerated compared with that in placebo-treated infected controls. However, neither the healing process nor the viral replication was influenced by similar therapy with 3% vidarabine ointment. When given systemically for four days, starting one day after inoculation, acyclovir (40-60 mg/kg per day) and vidarabine (50 mg/kg per day) significantly reduced the clinical manifestations on the lips and viral titers of cultures obtained from the lips. Establishment of viral latency in the trigeminal ganglion was significnatly inhibited by systemic acyclovir (60 mg/kg per day), whereas systemic vidarabine (50 mg/kg per day) was ineffective. These data suggest that acyclovir may be one of the most promising antiviral agents for the management of oral herpes viral infections and trigeminal ganglionic latency of virus as demonstrated in the mouse model.", "PMID": 316819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5638", "title": "The effects of calcium deprivation upon mechanical and electrophysiological parameters in skeletal muscle fibres of the frog.", "content": "1. The effects of Ca2+ deprivation upon mechanical and electrophysiological parameters of single muscle fibres from the m. semitendinosus and the m. iliofibularis of the frog were investigated. 2. When the external free Ca concentration was reduced in steps of one order of magnitude from 10(-3) to 10(-9) M, using up to 10 mM-EGTA and in the presence of 3 mM-Mg2+, the maximum force of K contractures declined by 5-15%, the plateau of maximum force shortened, and in most cases the phase of spontaneous relaxation lengthened. 3. In Ringer solution containing 10(-9) M-Ca2+ and 1 mM-Mg2+ 85% of maximum tetanic force could be maintained for at least 15 sec (5 Hz; 3 degrees C). 4. The reduction of external Ca2+ from 10(-3) to 10(-9) M and its replacement by Mg2+ induced a 20-30 mV shift towards more negative potentials of the 'steady state' inactivation curve (which relates maximum force upon full depolarization to the logarithm of the K concentration or the corresponding membrane potential during the conditioning period). 5. The same alteration in concentrations of divalent cations caused little or no change in the shape and potential dependence of the activation curve (which relates maximum force to the logarithm of the external K concentration of the corresponding membrane potential). 6. The threshold potential for the onset of delayed rectification (point voltage clamp) and that for the initiation of an action potential did not change when external Ca2+ was reduced to 10(-9) M and replaced by Mg2+. 7. When the concentration of EGTA2- was increased to 80 mM (in the presence of 5 mM-Mg2+) twitch height dropped to very small values within a few minutes. However, tetanic force (50 Hz) reaching 20-85% of the original value could still be induced after 1 hr in high EGTA2-. 8. The experiments show that external Ca2+ acts upon excitation-contraction coupling mainly by impeding 'inactivation'. A hypothesis is proposed in which the plateau of maximum force during a contracture is the consequence of a regenerative Cai2+-dependent shift of the inactivation curve towards more positive potentials.", "contents": "The effects of calcium deprivation upon mechanical and electrophysiological parameters in skeletal muscle fibres of the frog. 1. The effects of Ca2+ deprivation upon mechanical and electrophysiological parameters of single muscle fibres from the m. semitendinosus and the m. iliofibularis of the frog were investigated. 2. When the external free Ca concentration was reduced in steps of one order of magnitude from 10(-3) to 10(-9) M, using up to 10 mM-EGTA and in the presence of 3 mM-Mg2+, the maximum force of K contractures declined by 5-15%, the plateau of maximum force shortened, and in most cases the phase of spontaneous relaxation lengthened. 3. In Ringer solution containing 10(-9) M-Ca2+ and 1 mM-Mg2+ 85% of maximum tetanic force could be maintained for at least 15 sec (5 Hz; 3 degrees C). 4. The reduction of external Ca2+ from 10(-3) to 10(-9) M and its replacement by Mg2+ induced a 20-30 mV shift towards more negative potentials of the 'steady state' inactivation curve (which relates maximum force upon full depolarization to the logarithm of the K concentration or the corresponding membrane potential during the conditioning period). 5. The same alteration in concentrations of divalent cations caused little or no change in the shape and potential dependence of the activation curve (which relates maximum force to the logarithm of the external K concentration of the corresponding membrane potential). 6. The threshold potential for the onset of delayed rectification (point voltage clamp) and that for the initiation of an action potential did not change when external Ca2+ was reduced to 10(-9) M and replaced by Mg2+. 7. When the concentration of EGTA2- was increased to 80 mM (in the presence of 5 mM-Mg2+) twitch height dropped to very small values within a few minutes. However, tetanic force (50 Hz) reaching 20-85% of the original value could still be induced after 1 hr in high EGTA2-. 8. The experiments show that external Ca2+ acts upon excitation-contraction coupling mainly by impeding 'inactivation'. A hypothesis is proposed in which the plateau of maximum force during a contracture is the consequence of a regenerative Cai2+-dependent shift of the inactivation curve towards more positive potentials.", "PMID": 316821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5639", "title": "The labelling of vesicles in frog endothelial cells with ferritin.", "content": "1. The labelling of endothelial cell vesicles with ferritin has been investigated by electron microscopy. Single capillaries in the frog mesentery have been perfused with solutions of known concentrations of ferritin for known periods before fixing the tissue in situ by superfusion with osmium tetroxide. 2. At 17 degrees C, the percentage of lumenal vesicles labelled with ferritin increased as the period of perfusion was increased up to 16 sec prior to fixation. When perfusions were longer than 16 sec, the percentage of vesicles labelled with ferritin remained fairly constant at 70%. 3. At 3 degrees C, no more than 25% of the lumenal vesicles were labelled during the first 30 sec. 4. After correcting the data for losses of ferritin due to sectioning, the distribution of ferritin molecules in the lumenal vesicles was consistent with a Poisson distribution. 5. After perfusions of 16 sec or longer, the number of ferritin molecules per labelled vesicle was roughly three to four times less than would be predicted from the lumenal concentration. 6. At all times there was a gradient of vesicles labelled with ferritin across the endothelial cells, i.e. the percentage of lumenal vesicles labelled was greater than that for cytoplasmic vesicles which in turn was greater than that for vesicles at the ablumenal surface. 7. Whereas the labelling of lumenal vesicles from zero time up to 16-20 sec, the main increase in labelling of cytoplasmic vesicles occurred between 10 and 20 sec. 8. It is concluded that there is a major diffusion barrier to ferritin molecules either close to the endothelial cell surface or across the necks of the lumenal vesicles. It also appears that ferritin molecules do not have access to vesicles during the latter part of their residence at the lumenal surface.", "contents": "The labelling of vesicles in frog endothelial cells with ferritin. 1. The labelling of endothelial cell vesicles with ferritin has been investigated by electron microscopy. Single capillaries in the frog mesentery have been perfused with solutions of known concentrations of ferritin for known periods before fixing the tissue in situ by superfusion with osmium tetroxide. 2. At 17 degrees C, the percentage of lumenal vesicles labelled with ferritin increased as the period of perfusion was increased up to 16 sec prior to fixation. When perfusions were longer than 16 sec, the percentage of vesicles labelled with ferritin remained fairly constant at 70%. 3. At 3 degrees C, no more than 25% of the lumenal vesicles were labelled during the first 30 sec. 4. After correcting the data for losses of ferritin due to sectioning, the distribution of ferritin molecules in the lumenal vesicles was consistent with a Poisson distribution. 5. After perfusions of 16 sec or longer, the number of ferritin molecules per labelled vesicle was roughly three to four times less than would be predicted from the lumenal concentration. 6. At all times there was a gradient of vesicles labelled with ferritin across the endothelial cells, i.e. the percentage of lumenal vesicles labelled was greater than that for cytoplasmic vesicles which in turn was greater than that for vesicles at the ablumenal surface. 7. Whereas the labelling of lumenal vesicles from zero time up to 16-20 sec, the main increase in labelling of cytoplasmic vesicles occurred between 10 and 20 sec. 8. It is concluded that there is a major diffusion barrier to ferritin molecules either close to the endothelial cell surface or across the necks of the lumenal vesicles. It also appears that ferritin molecules do not have access to vesicles during the latter part of their residence at the lumenal surface.", "PMID": 316823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5640", "title": "[Lymphopenia and variations in T and B lymphocytes appearing immediately after irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunity tests were conducted in 21 patients with cancer, before and two months after irradiation. T and B lymphocyte counts were normal before irradiation when compared to a control group. Lymphopenia was present after irradiation affecting mainly the T lymphocytes (P = 0.005), whereas changes in B lymphocytes were not significant. These results suggest that irradiation has an immunosuppressive effect which should be studied in greater detail to establish possible therapeutic applications.", "contents": "[Lymphopenia and variations in T and B lymphocytes appearing immediately after irradiation (author's transl)]. Immunity tests were conducted in 21 patients with cancer, before and two months after irradiation. T and B lymphocyte counts were normal before irradiation when compared to a control group. Lymphopenia was present after irradiation affecting mainly the T lymphocytes (P = 0.005), whereas changes in B lymphocytes were not significant. These results suggest that irradiation has an immunosuppressive effect which should be studied in greater detail to establish possible therapeutic applications.", "PMID": 316824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5641", "title": "Immunobiology of primary neoplasms of the C.N.S. Preliminary results.", "content": "A preliminary report on the immunological monitoring of primary intracranial neoplasms is presented. The most important findings concerning B-cells and T-cells mediated immunity and delayed hypersensitivity reactions in this kind of patients, are discussed. Among the fairly significant immunobiological pictures, the Authors stress the \"normal behaviour\" of the B-cells dependent pool, the undebatable depression of the delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and the noticeable failure of the T-cell dependent pool, particularly marked in malignant gliomas, which are also characterized by the presence of cells with natural cytotoxic activity.", "contents": "Immunobiology of primary neoplasms of the C.N.S. Preliminary results. A preliminary report on the immunological monitoring of primary intracranial neoplasms is presented. The most important findings concerning B-cells and T-cells mediated immunity and delayed hypersensitivity reactions in this kind of patients, are discussed. Among the fairly significant immunobiological pictures, the Authors stress the \"normal behaviour\" of the B-cells dependent pool, the undebatable depression of the delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and the noticeable failure of the T-cell dependent pool, particularly marked in malignant gliomas, which are also characterized by the presence of cells with natural cytotoxic activity.", "PMID": 316820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5642", "title": "Activation of the frog sartorius acetylcholine receptor by a covalently attached group.", "content": "The frog sartorius motor endplate was treated with the specific disulfide bond reducing agent dithiothreitol and subsequently exposed to a covalently reacting compound (the nitrophenyl ester of p-carboxyphenyltrimethylammonium iodide, NPTMB) known to activate the dithiothreitol-reduced acetylcholine receptor in Electrophorus electroplax. NPTMB causes a maximum depolarization of about 35 mV when applied to the dithiothreitol-treated sartorious motor endplate. It is ineffective on postjunctional membrane prior to disulfide bond reduction and on extrajunctional regions, reduced or unreduced. High concentrations of a competitive antagonist such as (+)-tubocurarine prevent reaction between NPTMB and the reduced receptor and cause a repolarization of the membrane when applied to the already-depolarized preparation. We conclude that in frog muscle, as in electroplax, the attached activator bridges the acetylcholine binding site of the reduced receptor between a sulfhydryl group, to which it is covalently bound, and a negative subsite, with which it forms a reversible ionic band.", "contents": "Activation of the frog sartorius acetylcholine receptor by a covalently attached group. The frog sartorius motor endplate was treated with the specific disulfide bond reducing agent dithiothreitol and subsequently exposed to a covalently reacting compound (the nitrophenyl ester of p-carboxyphenyltrimethylammonium iodide, NPTMB) known to activate the dithiothreitol-reduced acetylcholine receptor in Electrophorus electroplax. NPTMB causes a maximum depolarization of about 35 mV when applied to the dithiothreitol-treated sartorious motor endplate. It is ineffective on postjunctional membrane prior to disulfide bond reduction and on extrajunctional regions, reduced or unreduced. High concentrations of a competitive antagonist such as (+)-tubocurarine prevent reaction between NPTMB and the reduced receptor and cause a repolarization of the membrane when applied to the already-depolarized preparation. We conclude that in frog muscle, as in electroplax, the attached activator bridges the acetylcholine binding site of the reduced receptor between a sulfhydryl group, to which it is covalently bound, and a negative subsite, with which it forms a reversible ionic band.", "PMID": 316827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5643", "title": "Coupled transepithelial sodium and potassium transport across isolated frog skin: effect of ouabain, amiloride and the polyene antibiotic filipin.", "content": "Addition of the polyene antibiotic filipin (50 microM) to the outside bathing solution (OBS) of the isolated frog skin resulted in a highly significant active outward transport of K+ because filipin per se increases the nonspecific Na+ and K+ permeability of the outward facing membrane. The K+ transport was calculated from the chemically determined changes in K+ concentrations in the solution bathing the two sides of the skin. The active transepithelial K+ transport required the presence of Na+ in the OBS, but not in the inside bathing solution (IBS), and it was inhibited by the Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain. The addition of Ba++ to the IBS in the presence of filipin in the OBS resulted in an activation of the transepithelial K+ transport and in an inhibition of the active Na+ transport. This is in agreement with the notion that Ba++ decreases the passive K+ permeability of the inward facing membrane. In the presence of amiloride (which blocks the specific Na permeability of the outward facing membrane) and Ba++ there was a good correlation between the active Na+ and K+ transport. It is concluded that the active transepithelial K+ transport is carried out by a coupled electrogenic Na-K pump, and it is suggested that the pump ratio (Na/K) is 1.5.", "contents": "Coupled transepithelial sodium and potassium transport across isolated frog skin: effect of ouabain, amiloride and the polyene antibiotic filipin. Addition of the polyene antibiotic filipin (50 microM) to the outside bathing solution (OBS) of the isolated frog skin resulted in a highly significant active outward transport of K+ because filipin per se increases the nonspecific Na+ and K+ permeability of the outward facing membrane. The K+ transport was calculated from the chemically determined changes in K+ concentrations in the solution bathing the two sides of the skin. The active transepithelial K+ transport required the presence of Na+ in the OBS, but not in the inside bathing solution (IBS), and it was inhibited by the Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain. The addition of Ba++ to the IBS in the presence of filipin in the OBS resulted in an activation of the transepithelial K+ transport and in an inhibition of the active Na+ transport. This is in agreement with the notion that Ba++ decreases the passive K+ permeability of the inward facing membrane. In the presence of amiloride (which blocks the specific Na permeability of the outward facing membrane) and Ba++ there was a good correlation between the active Na+ and K+ transport. It is concluded that the active transepithelial K+ transport is carried out by a coupled electrogenic Na-K pump, and it is suggested that the pump ratio (Na/K) is 1.5.", "PMID": 316829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5644", "title": "The effect of thymopoietin32-36 and ubiquitin on spontaneous immunopathology of New Zealand mice.", "content": "The effects of synthetic thymopoeitin32-36 and purified ubiquitin, in daily doses of 1 or 10 microgram, were studied in New Zealand mice. The most striking result was a 4-month delay in the appearance of Coombs' positive tests or Coombs' antibodies in New Zealand black (NZB) mice treated from 4 wk of age with ubiquitin. Ubiquitin also reduced the spleen weight in the animals and stimulated suppressor T cell activity in shorter term studies of older NZB and black and white (B/W) mice. Thymopoietin was also active in this assay and improved the mitogen responsiveness of lymph node cells in older treated NZB and B/W mice. Thymopoietin injections, from 4 wk of age, reduced the titer of Coombs' antibodies and thymocytotoxic antibodies in NZB mice and caused an increase in Thy 1+ spleen cells in these animals. In correspondingly treated B/W mice, thymopoietin reduced the anti-DNA antibody titer. While our present injection protocol did not result in clinical cure of the genetically determined autoimmune diseases of NZB and B/W mice, they do point to the feasibility of selective immunoregulation by these peptides in diseases associated with altered states of immune reactivity.", "contents": "The effect of thymopoietin32-36 and ubiquitin on spontaneous immunopathology of New Zealand mice. The effects of synthetic thymopoeitin32-36 and purified ubiquitin, in daily doses of 1 or 10 microgram, were studied in New Zealand mice. The most striking result was a 4-month delay in the appearance of Coombs' positive tests or Coombs' antibodies in New Zealand black (NZB) mice treated from 4 wk of age with ubiquitin. Ubiquitin also reduced the spleen weight in the animals and stimulated suppressor T cell activity in shorter term studies of older NZB and black and white (B/W) mice. Thymopoietin was also active in this assay and improved the mitogen responsiveness of lymph node cells in older treated NZB and B/W mice. Thymopoietin injections, from 4 wk of age, reduced the titer of Coombs' antibodies and thymocytotoxic antibodies in NZB mice and caused an increase in Thy 1+ spleen cells in these animals. In correspondingly treated B/W mice, thymopoietin reduced the anti-DNA antibody titer. While our present injection protocol did not result in clinical cure of the genetically determined autoimmune diseases of NZB and B/W mice, they do point to the feasibility of selective immunoregulation by these peptides in diseases associated with altered states of immune reactivity.", "PMID": 316825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5645", "title": "Voltage fluctuations at the frog sartorius motor endplate produced by a covalently attached activator.", "content": "The depolarization that develops after covalent attachment of trimethylammonium benzoyl to the dithiothreitol-reduced frog sartorius acetylcholine receptor is accompanied by a small increase in voltage fluctuations. The amplitude of the elementary voltage event produced by the covalently attached activator is about 0.04 microV, almost an order of magnitude below the acetylcholine shot-effect amplitude in the control preparation, and about one-fourth the acetylcholine shot amplitude after disulfide-bond reduction. Spectral density plots of trimethylammonium-benzoyl noise can be analyzed in terms of two relaxation rates that bracket the single rate observed in response to acetylcholine.", "contents": "Voltage fluctuations at the frog sartorius motor endplate produced by a covalently attached activator. The depolarization that develops after covalent attachment of trimethylammonium benzoyl to the dithiothreitol-reduced frog sartorius acetylcholine receptor is accompanied by a small increase in voltage fluctuations. The amplitude of the elementary voltage event produced by the covalently attached activator is about 0.04 microV, almost an order of magnitude below the acetylcholine shot-effect amplitude in the control preparation, and about one-fourth the acetylcholine shot amplitude after disulfide-bond reduction. Spectral density plots of trimethylammonium-benzoyl noise can be analyzed in terms of two relaxation rates that bracket the single rate observed in response to acetylcholine.", "PMID": 316828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5646", "title": "Serum proteins--transferrin, ceruloplasmin, albumin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin--in rheumatic disorders.", "content": "Serum levels of carrier proteins, transferrin, ceruloplasmin and albumin were determined in patients with rheumatic disorders, along with serum levels of acute phase proteins, ceruloplasmin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and alpha 1-antitrypsin. Depressed levels of transferrin occurred in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Albumin was reduced in SLE and RA men. Acute phase reactants which are protective in inflammation were elevated in RA, osteoarthritis (OA), gout, pseudogout (PsG), and SLE. All of these rheumatic disorders show biochemical changes compatible with systemic inflammatory disease including gout and PsG which are considered local disorders and OA which is considered noninflammatory arthritis.", "contents": "Serum proteins--transferrin, ceruloplasmin, albumin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin--in rheumatic disorders. Serum levels of carrier proteins, transferrin, ceruloplasmin and albumin were determined in patients with rheumatic disorders, along with serum levels of acute phase proteins, ceruloplasmin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and alpha 1-antitrypsin. Depressed levels of transferrin occurred in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Albumin was reduced in SLE and RA men. Acute phase reactants which are protective in inflammation were elevated in RA, osteoarthritis (OA), gout, pseudogout (PsG), and SLE. All of these rheumatic disorders show biochemical changes compatible with systemic inflammatory disease including gout and PsG which are considered local disorders and OA which is considered noninflammatory arthritis.", "PMID": 316826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5647", "title": "Age-related changes in the immune system of mice of eight medium and long-lived strains and hybrids. I. Organ, cellular, and activity changes.", "content": "Fifty-three organ, cellular and activity indices were assessed in aging mice of 8 strains and hybrids (5 inbred strains, 1 random bred strain and 2 hybrids of inbred strains) in an attempt to determine which aspects of immunologic aging are characteristic of the species. The results indicate that thymic weight, cellular, and activity indices exhibit a statistically significant negative correlation with age for mice of all 8 strains and hybrids; and B cell cellular indices show a statistically significant positive correlation with age for all mice, while the B cell activity index, lipopolysaccharide response, is dependent on the strain or hybrid. This correlation study supports the view that the T cell component of the immune system deteriorates with age while the B cell component remains relatively intact. Further, the results suggest that thymic aging is a characteristic of the mouse species and that the intrinsic \"clock\" for immunologic aging resides in the thymus, because most splenic and lymph node T cell activity and cellular indices are associated with thymic weight and cellular indices. Finally, the findings that indices which correlate best with age show the same trend for all strains and hybrids examined suggest that (a) if randomly occurring somatic mutation does play a role in immunologic aging, its influence is limited, and (b) genetic factors not easily influenced by environmental factors regulate immunologic aging.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the immune system of mice of eight medium and long-lived strains and hybrids. I. Organ, cellular, and activity changes. Fifty-three organ, cellular and activity indices were assessed in aging mice of 8 strains and hybrids (5 inbred strains, 1 random bred strain and 2 hybrids of inbred strains) in an attempt to determine which aspects of immunologic aging are characteristic of the species. The results indicate that thymic weight, cellular, and activity indices exhibit a statistically significant negative correlation with age for mice of all 8 strains and hybrids; and B cell cellular indices show a statistically significant positive correlation with age for all mice, while the B cell activity index, lipopolysaccharide response, is dependent on the strain or hybrid. This correlation study supports the view that the T cell component of the immune system deteriorates with age while the B cell component remains relatively intact. Further, the results suggest that thymic aging is a characteristic of the mouse species and that the intrinsic \"clock\" for immunologic aging resides in the thymus, because most splenic and lymph node T cell activity and cellular indices are associated with thymic weight and cellular indices. Finally, the findings that indices which correlate best with age show the same trend for all strains and hybrids examined suggest that (a) if randomly occurring somatic mutation does play a role in immunologic aging, its influence is limited, and (b) genetic factors not easily influenced by environmental factors regulate immunologic aging.", "PMID": 316845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5648", "title": "[Studies for proteolysis in malignant tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "It's well known that increased proteolytic activity in plasma as well as in interstitial fluids is often associated with malignant tumours. There are numerous reports that cell cultures of malignant origin contain plasminogen activators responsible for an increased proteolysis. Our studies showed that patients with a carcinoma excrete in their urine a significant higher amount of an acid-stable inhibitor than healthy patients. This urine inhibitor is a split product (MW: 30,000) of the Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (MW: 180,000). We conclude that the increased amount of acid-stable split products is the result of increased proteolysis in patients with malignant tumours. In contrast to other authors we do not think that the activation of plasmin by plasminogen is responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of ITI. Otherwise proteolysis by Cathepsin G and granulocytic Elastase would be reasonable. So enhanced proteolysis seems to be a sign of general enzymatic change associated with transformation.", "contents": "[Studies for proteolysis in malignant tumours (author's transl)]. It's well known that increased proteolytic activity in plasma as well as in interstitial fluids is often associated with malignant tumours. There are numerous reports that cell cultures of malignant origin contain plasminogen activators responsible for an increased proteolysis. Our studies showed that patients with a carcinoma excrete in their urine a significant higher amount of an acid-stable inhibitor than healthy patients. This urine inhibitor is a split product (MW: 30,000) of the Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (MW: 180,000). We conclude that the increased amount of acid-stable split products is the result of increased proteolysis in patients with malignant tumours. In contrast to other authors we do not think that the activation of plasmin by plasminogen is responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of ITI. Otherwise proteolysis by Cathepsin G and granulocytic Elastase would be reasonable. So enhanced proteolysis seems to be a sign of general enzymatic change associated with transformation.", "PMID": 316847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5649", "title": "Two cases of Kartagener's syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of the syndrome of bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis and dextrocardia with situs inversus (Kartagener's syndrome) are described. This rare disorder may be important in further understanding of cilial function in humans.", "contents": "Two cases of Kartagener's syndrome. Two cases of the syndrome of bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis and dextrocardia with situs inversus (Kartagener's syndrome) are described. This rare disorder may be important in further understanding of cilial function in humans.", "PMID": 316854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5650", "title": "Histopathological studies on experimental cryptococcosis in nude mice.", "content": "Cryptococcosis in nude (nu/nu) mice was examined histopathologically. In addition, effects of carrageenan and lymph node cell transfer against Cryptococcus infection were investigated. As controls, heterozygous littermates (nu/+mice) and mice of strain ddy (ddy mice) were employed. Each mouse was inoculated intravenously with 10(5) yeast cells of Cryptococcus neoformans suspended in 0.2 ml phosphate-buffered saline. Two mice out of each group were sacrificed at appropriate intervals up to 25 days after inoculation and histopathological sections were prepared from them. They were stained with H & E and by PAS method. Histopathological characteristic in the brain was cyst formation with no cellular response. The brain was more severely in the nu/nu mice than in either the nu/+ ddy mice. In the liver, there was a major difference in histopathological findings between the nu/nu and either of the other groups of mouse. In the nu/nu mice, cyst formation with no cellular response was induced, and on the contrary granuloma formation in the nu/+ and ddy mice. However, the granuloma formation was inhibited in the livers of the nu/+ and ddy mice by administration of carrageenan, and induced in the nu/nu mice be cell transfer. In the spleen and lymph nodes, lesions were severer in nu/nu mice than in either the nu/+ or ddy mice. These results suggested that the fungus' invasiveness of mice was strongly influenced by T-cell dependent mechanism.", "contents": "Histopathological studies on experimental cryptococcosis in nude mice. Cryptococcosis in nude (nu/nu) mice was examined histopathologically. In addition, effects of carrageenan and lymph node cell transfer against Cryptococcus infection were investigated. As controls, heterozygous littermates (nu/+mice) and mice of strain ddy (ddy mice) were employed. Each mouse was inoculated intravenously with 10(5) yeast cells of Cryptococcus neoformans suspended in 0.2 ml phosphate-buffered saline. Two mice out of each group were sacrificed at appropriate intervals up to 25 days after inoculation and histopathological sections were prepared from them. They were stained with H & E and by PAS method. Histopathological characteristic in the brain was cyst formation with no cellular response. The brain was more severely in the nu/nu mice than in either the nu/+ ddy mice. In the liver, there was a major difference in histopathological findings between the nu/nu and either of the other groups of mouse. In the nu/nu mice, cyst formation with no cellular response was induced, and on the contrary granuloma formation in the nu/+ and ddy mice. However, the granuloma formation was inhibited in the livers of the nu/+ and ddy mice by administration of carrageenan, and induced in the nu/nu mice be cell transfer. In the spleen and lymph nodes, lesions were severer in nu/nu mice than in either the nu/+ or ddy mice. These results suggested that the fungus' invasiveness of mice was strongly influenced by T-cell dependent mechanism.", "PMID": 316872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5651", "title": "Host defense in Cryptococcosis. III. In vivo alteration of immunity.", "content": "The present studies utilize an inbred mouse model to evaluate the adoptive transfer of spleen cells to augment immunity against Cryptococcus neoformans. Protection against cryptococcosis was transferred using spleen cells obtained from mice surviving cryptococcosis. These spleen cell donors had no detectable anticryptococcal antibody. Also, treatment with antimouse-thymocyte globulin ablated dermal hypersensitivity reactions of immunized mice, and shortened survival in both immunized and unimmunized mice. These in vivo studies further support a major role for cell-mediated immunity in host defense against experimental cryptococcosis.", "contents": "Host defense in Cryptococcosis. III. In vivo alteration of immunity. The present studies utilize an inbred mouse model to evaluate the adoptive transfer of spleen cells to augment immunity against Cryptococcus neoformans. Protection against cryptococcosis was transferred using spleen cells obtained from mice surviving cryptococcosis. These spleen cell donors had no detectable anticryptococcal antibody. Also, treatment with antimouse-thymocyte globulin ablated dermal hypersensitivity reactions of immunized mice, and shortened survival in both immunized and unimmunized mice. These in vivo studies further support a major role for cell-mediated immunity in host defense against experimental cryptococcosis.", "PMID": 316873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5652", "title": "Floating Myodil--a new sign of fat in the ventricles.", "content": "A case in which a remarkable series of CT studies demonstrated a dermoid cyst is reported. There was leakage of fat into the ventricular system which caused hydrocephalus due to adhesions partly obstructing the fourth ventricular outlets. The latter was confirmed by a ventriculogram using Myodil which dissolved in, or combined with, the fat produced by the tumour. This resulted in a high attenuation substance of lower specific gravity than CSF, which appeared to cause acute ventriculitis.", "contents": "Floating Myodil--a new sign of fat in the ventricles. A case in which a remarkable series of CT studies demonstrated a dermoid cyst is reported. There was leakage of fat into the ventricular system which caused hydrocephalus due to adhesions partly obstructing the fourth ventricular outlets. The latter was confirmed by a ventriculogram using Myodil which dissolved in, or combined with, the fat produced by the tumour. This resulted in a high attenuation substance of lower specific gravity than CSF, which appeared to cause acute ventriculitis.", "PMID": 316875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5653", "title": "Frontal horn coarctation: CT demonstration. A report of two cases.", "content": "The CT aspects of frontal horn coarctation by ependymal fusion in two cases are described with post-mortem verification. These ependymal fusions in the lateral ventricles are seen frequently on air ventriculograms, especially in the occipital horns. Ependymal fusions in the frontal horns are rare and not very well known. These fusions are clearly seen on CT and post-mortem examinations. The frontal horns appear asymmetrical on CT and this asymmetry evokes frontal horn compression (by an isodense tumour for instance), or contralateral frontal horn dilatation. Some CT details of ventricular coaractation makes it easy to differentiate tumoural compression from controlateral subcortical atrophy.", "contents": "Frontal horn coarctation: CT demonstration. A report of two cases. The CT aspects of frontal horn coarctation by ependymal fusion in two cases are described with post-mortem verification. These ependymal fusions in the lateral ventricles are seen frequently on air ventriculograms, especially in the occipital horns. Ependymal fusions in the frontal horns are rare and not very well known. These fusions are clearly seen on CT and post-mortem examinations. The frontal horns appear asymmetrical on CT and this asymmetry evokes frontal horn compression (by an isodense tumour for instance), or contralateral frontal horn dilatation. Some CT details of ventricular coaractation makes it easy to differentiate tumoural compression from controlateral subcortical atrophy.", "PMID": 316876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5654", "title": "Vitrectomy methods in anterior segment surgery.", "content": "We have used vitrectomy instrumentation and techniques to treat a variety of conditions affecting the anterior segment, including: 1) an occluded or inadequate pupillary space, 2) complications of vitreous in the anterior chamber, 3) epithelial ingrowth, 4) complicated lens surgery, and 5) total hyphema. The vitrectomy methods provided controlled excision of intraocular tissues under optimum visualization using a closed-eye system with normal intraocular pressure and the ability to use techniques such as intraocular diathermy. Our experience has been favorable in this series of 117 cases. Of these, 104 cases (89%) were anatomically successful, 70 eyes (60%) had a significant postoperative improvement in vision. The detailed results of vitrectomy surgery for anterior segment disorders are presented for each indication.", "contents": "Vitrectomy methods in anterior segment surgery. We have used vitrectomy instrumentation and techniques to treat a variety of conditions affecting the anterior segment, including: 1) an occluded or inadequate pupillary space, 2) complications of vitreous in the anterior chamber, 3) epithelial ingrowth, 4) complicated lens surgery, and 5) total hyphema. The vitrectomy methods provided controlled excision of intraocular tissues under optimum visualization using a closed-eye system with normal intraocular pressure and the ability to use techniques such as intraocular diathermy. Our experience has been favorable in this series of 117 cases. Of these, 104 cases (89%) were anatomically successful, 70 eyes (60%) had a significant postoperative improvement in vision. The detailed results of vitrectomy surgery for anterior segment disorders are presented for each indication.", "PMID": 316883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5655", "title": "Closed vitrectomy: the Grieshaber instrument.", "content": "Description of Grieshaber nibbler for closed vitreous surgery: tip diameter is 1.6 mm, cutting is by four exquisitely cutting blades mounted on axis supported at both ends. Control console determines mode and speed of rotation. Oscillating cutting mode is recommended. Infusion is at the instrument's tip instead of its side. Unusually powerful but adjustable endo-illumination is available through fiberoptics. The fiberoptics tip is shaped to facilitate its introduction into the eye. A separate channel permits suction reversal. Five brief case descriptions illustrate versatility of the instrument. Its main advantages are its exquisite cutting properties, its powerful and adjustable endo-illumination, and its tip-end infusion hole.", "contents": "Closed vitrectomy: the Grieshaber instrument. Description of Grieshaber nibbler for closed vitreous surgery: tip diameter is 1.6 mm, cutting is by four exquisitely cutting blades mounted on axis supported at both ends. Control console determines mode and speed of rotation. Oscillating cutting mode is recommended. Infusion is at the instrument's tip instead of its side. Unusually powerful but adjustable endo-illumination is available through fiberoptics. The fiberoptics tip is shaped to facilitate its introduction into the eye. A separate channel permits suction reversal. Five brief case descriptions illustrate versatility of the instrument. Its main advantages are its exquisite cutting properties, its powerful and adjustable endo-illumination, and its tip-end infusion hole.", "PMID": 316884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5656", "title": "Filtering surgery in children: barriers to success.", "content": "The use of trabeculectomy in advanced pediatric glaucoma is reviewed. Intraocular pressure was controlled in only 50% of the patients, and the best visual results was 20/200. Complications of vitreous loss, scleral collapse, ectasia, retinal detachment, and endophthalmitis were encountered. No evidence was found to support the claim that in the seriously compromised buphthalmic eyes, trabeculectomy is safer than other filtering operations since it filters under a scleral flap.", "contents": "Filtering surgery in children: barriers to success. The use of trabeculectomy in advanced pediatric glaucoma is reviewed. Intraocular pressure was controlled in only 50% of the patients, and the best visual results was 20/200. Complications of vitreous loss, scleral collapse, ectasia, retinal detachment, and endophthalmitis were encountered. No evidence was found to support the claim that in the seriously compromised buphthalmic eyes, trabeculectomy is safer than other filtering operations since it filters under a scleral flap.", "PMID": 316885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5657", "title": "Whole-body single-photon emission computed tomography using dual, large-field-of-view scintillation cameras.", "content": "A whole-body single-photon emission computed tomography system (SPECT) consisting of two large-field-of-view scintillation cameras mounted on a rotatable gantry, a minicomputer and a display station has been designed, constructed and evaluated. In its usual mode of operation, eleven contiguous transverse sections, each 12.5 or 25 mm thick, are reconstructed from projection data acquired during a single, continuous 360 degree rotation lasting from 2 to 22 min. A generalised filtered and weighted backprojection algorithm is used to reconstruct data obtained with conventional parallel-hole collimators in the case of body scanning, or with specially designed fan beam collimators in the case of centrally positioned organs. A simple, yet effective, correction is used to compensate for the effects of gamma ray attenuation within the patient. In addition to providing transverse section images, the system is capable of simultaneous acquisition of opposed conventional scintigrams, the reconstruction of longitudinal section images, and the acquisition of gated cardiac transverse sections. Resolutions in the reconstructed images are typically 15 mm for body scans and 11 mm for brain scans, with only slight variations in sensitivity and resolution within the image. Phantoms and clinical data demonstrate that the SPECT system generates high quality section images while maintaining most of the flexibility of normal scintillation cameras, with the added advantage of dual heads.", "contents": "Whole-body single-photon emission computed tomography using dual, large-field-of-view scintillation cameras. A whole-body single-photon emission computed tomography system (SPECT) consisting of two large-field-of-view scintillation cameras mounted on a rotatable gantry, a minicomputer and a display station has been designed, constructed and evaluated. In its usual mode of operation, eleven contiguous transverse sections, each 12.5 or 25 mm thick, are reconstructed from projection data acquired during a single, continuous 360 degree rotation lasting from 2 to 22 min. A generalised filtered and weighted backprojection algorithm is used to reconstruct data obtained with conventional parallel-hole collimators in the case of body scanning, or with specially designed fan beam collimators in the case of centrally positioned organs. A simple, yet effective, correction is used to compensate for the effects of gamma ray attenuation within the patient. In addition to providing transverse section images, the system is capable of simultaneous acquisition of opposed conventional scintigrams, the reconstruction of longitudinal section images, and the acquisition of gated cardiac transverse sections. Resolutions in the reconstructed images are typically 15 mm for body scans and 11 mm for brain scans, with only slight variations in sensitivity and resolution within the image. Phantoms and clinical data demonstrate that the SPECT system generates high quality section images while maintaining most of the flexibility of normal scintillation cameras, with the added advantage of dual heads.", "PMID": 316897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5658", "title": "Improved diagnostic accuracy of a modified oral pancreatic function test.", "content": "The oral pancreatic function test (PFT) depends upon urinary recovery of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) released by chymotrypsin hydrolysis of orally administered N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoid acid. The diagnostic value of the test is limited because falsely abnormal results frequently occur in patients with bowel or liver disease in whom PABA recovery is impaired by abnormal absorption or hepatic conjugation, even though pancreatic function is normal. To overcome this problem, we have modified the oral PFT to correct for impaired PABA absorption and conjugation. Results of the oral PFT have been compared with urinary recovery of an equivalent dose of free PABA in order to derive a PABA excretion index (PEI). When the modified oral PFT is used, the PEI clearly distinguished patients with pancreatic disease from normal subjects. In patients with small-bowel or liver disease and normal exocrine pancreatic function, the PEI results were similar to those of normal subjects, although a previous oral PFT had been falsey abnormal. The modified test can therefore distinguish abnormal results due to pancreatic disease from the falsely abnormal results found in liver and small-bowel disease.", "contents": "Improved diagnostic accuracy of a modified oral pancreatic function test. The oral pancreatic function test (PFT) depends upon urinary recovery of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) released by chymotrypsin hydrolysis of orally administered N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoid acid. The diagnostic value of the test is limited because falsely abnormal results frequently occur in patients with bowel or liver disease in whom PABA recovery is impaired by abnormal absorption or hepatic conjugation, even though pancreatic function is normal. To overcome this problem, we have modified the oral PFT to correct for impaired PABA absorption and conjugation. Results of the oral PFT have been compared with urinary recovery of an equivalent dose of free PABA in order to derive a PABA excretion index (PEI). When the modified oral PFT is used, the PEI clearly distinguished patients with pancreatic disease from normal subjects. In patients with small-bowel or liver disease and normal exocrine pancreatic function, the PEI results were similar to those of normal subjects, although a previous oral PFT had been falsey abnormal. The modified test can therefore distinguish abnormal results due to pancreatic disease from the falsely abnormal results found in liver and small-bowel disease.", "PMID": 316915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5659", "title": "Cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells to alphavirus infection.", "content": "Secondary Tc cells immune to alphaviruses (BEB, SIN and SFV) cross-react between serologically defined subgroups at the level of target lysis and at the level of induction of response. Despite this apparently complete Tc cell cross-reactivity between BEB, SIN and SFV, antisera raised against BEB and SIN showed virus specificity in their ability to block Tc cell-mediated lysis of alphavirus-infected targets. This result suggests that Tc cells recognize the same viral antigen molecule as antibodies, but with less specificity. Other possible interpretations are discussed.", "contents": "Cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells to alphavirus infection. Secondary Tc cells immune to alphaviruses (BEB, SIN and SFV) cross-react between serologically defined subgroups at the level of target lysis and at the level of induction of response. Despite this apparently complete Tc cell cross-reactivity between BEB, SIN and SFV, antisera raised against BEB and SIN showed virus specificity in their ability to block Tc cell-mediated lysis of alphavirus-infected targets. This result suggests that Tc cells recognize the same viral antigen molecule as antibodies, but with less specificity. Other possible interpretations are discussed.", "PMID": 316916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5660", "title": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage: angiodiagnosis and angiotherapy.", "content": "Angiographic methods cannot and should not be applied to every patient with GI bleeding. Three out of four patients stop bleeding with conservative measures (bed rest, volume replacement, sedation, etc.). Major indications for angiography: patients who continue to bleed, despite conservative measures; when endoscopy is not available, is contraindicated, or inconclusive; when other diagnostic tests and/or laparotomy have failed to demonstrate the site and cause of bleeding. Angiography must be available at all times, and must be performed with expediency and with competence.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage: angiodiagnosis and angiotherapy. Angiographic methods cannot and should not be applied to every patient with GI bleeding. Three out of four patients stop bleeding with conservative measures (bed rest, volume replacement, sedation, etc.). Major indications for angiography: patients who continue to bleed, despite conservative measures; when endoscopy is not available, is contraindicated, or inconclusive; when other diagnostic tests and/or laparotomy have failed to demonstrate the site and cause of bleeding. Angiography must be available at all times, and must be performed with expediency and with competence.", "PMID": 316912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5661", "title": "The effect of specific antibody on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the recovery of mice from influenza virus infection.", "content": "A study has been made of the effect of humoral antibody on the generation of specific cytotoxic T cells (Tc) in the spleen or lungs after intravenous injection or intranasal inoculation of infectious influenza virus. Antibody injected before or at the same time as virus inhibited completely the generation of Tc in the spleen. If injected 1 h after virus, the inhibition was reduced by 50%, and little inhibition occurred if antibody was injected 6 h after virus. This suggested that antibody failed to influence Tc generation once infection of stimulating cells had occurred. Antibody  injected intravenously 24 h after intranasal inoculation of virus into normal mice did not affect the level of cytotoxic activity present in the lungs, and trace amounts only (less than 1 log10 EID50) could be recovered from the lungs at 6 days. As there is a high titre (greater than 6 log10 EID50) of infectious virus in the lungs of mice 24 h after infection, this represents a very efficient control mechanism. The same protocol carried out with athymic mice gave only a partial clearance (c. 3 log10 EID50) of virus in the lungs. It was suggested that a major role of humoral antibody was to limit infection by the virus, and in this respect it complemented the action of Tc.", "contents": "The effect of specific antibody on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the recovery of mice from influenza virus infection. A study has been made of the effect of humoral antibody on the generation of specific cytotoxic T cells (Tc) in the spleen or lungs after intravenous injection or intranasal inoculation of infectious influenza virus. Antibody injected before or at the same time as virus inhibited completely the generation of Tc in the spleen. If injected 1 h after virus, the inhibition was reduced by 50%, and little inhibition occurred if antibody was injected 6 h after virus. This suggested that antibody failed to influence Tc generation once infection of stimulating cells had occurred. Antibody  injected intravenously 24 h after intranasal inoculation of virus into normal mice did not affect the level of cytotoxic activity present in the lungs, and trace amounts only (less than 1 log10 EID50) could be recovered from the lungs at 6 days. As there is a high titre (greater than 6 log10 EID50) of infectious virus in the lungs of mice 24 h after infection, this represents a very efficient control mechanism. The same protocol carried out with athymic mice gave only a partial clearance (c. 3 log10 EID50) of virus in the lungs. It was suggested that a major role of humoral antibody was to limit infection by the virus, and in this respect it complemented the action of Tc.", "PMID": 316917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5662", "title": "Intraembryonic origin of lymphoid stem cells in the chicken: studies with sex chromosome and IgG allotype markers in histocompatible yolk sac-embryo chimaeras.", "content": "Two-day-old chick embryonic bodies were transplanted onto the area vasculosa of age-matched histocompatible blastoderms, resulting in the development of yolk sac-embryo chimaeras. Eighteen of these succeeded in hatching and became adults. Differences in the sex chromosomes and in IgG allotype between the embryo and the yolk sac were used to study the contribution of these two components to the lymphoid cell development. At 5-7 weeks of age the chimaeras proved to be completely normal in the IgM and IgG antibody production against human gamma globulin and Brucella abortus and in the lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A. For the sex chromosome analyses bursa cells and specifically stimulated B and T lymphocytes were used. The latter was achieved by stimulating thymus, spleen, and bone marrow cells in vitro with anti-Ig and Con A. Only four out of 1498 mitoses analysed belonged to the sex opposite to that of the bird. Among the chimaeras eleven were marked through IgG allotypes. At the age of 3-20 weeks all eleven chimaeras showed serum IgG of the embryo allotype and none of the yolk sac type. These results, based on the use of two different markers, indicate that lymphoid stem cells in the chicken are originally derived from an intraembryonic source and not from the yolk sac.", "contents": "Intraembryonic origin of lymphoid stem cells in the chicken: studies with sex chromosome and IgG allotype markers in histocompatible yolk sac-embryo chimaeras. Two-day-old chick embryonic bodies were transplanted onto the area vasculosa of age-matched histocompatible blastoderms, resulting in the development of yolk sac-embryo chimaeras. Eighteen of these succeeded in hatching and became adults. Differences in the sex chromosomes and in IgG allotype between the embryo and the yolk sac were used to study the contribution of these two components to the lymphoid cell development. At 5-7 weeks of age the chimaeras proved to be completely normal in the IgM and IgG antibody production against human gamma globulin and Brucella abortus and in the lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A. For the sex chromosome analyses bursa cells and specifically stimulated B and T lymphocytes were used. The latter was achieved by stimulating thymus, spleen, and bone marrow cells in vitro with anti-Ig and Con A. Only four out of 1498 mitoses analysed belonged to the sex opposite to that of the bird. Among the chimaeras eleven were marked through IgG allotypes. At the age of 3-20 weeks all eleven chimaeras showed serum IgG of the embryo allotype and none of the yolk sac type. These results, based on the use of two different markers, indicate that lymphoid stem cells in the chicken are originally derived from an intraembryonic source and not from the yolk sac.", "PMID": 316918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5663", "title": "EMG-controlled functional electrical stimulation of the paretic hand.", "content": "A new apparatus is described which delivers a functional electric stimulation, controlled by the peak EMG output signal as recorded from the forearm muscles. Twelve paretic hands were stimulated with this apparatus. The EMG output, the stimulus strength, the stimulus frequency, and the corresponding improvement of the wrist extension force were measured. Different arrangements of electrodes and various relay adjustments were tested. The investigations showed that even severely paretic muscles were capable of delivering an efficient EMG output, and the resulting improvement of wrist extension force was statistically significant. The necessary stimulus intensity showed no relationship to the degree of paresis, but a certain relationship to the recovery tendency of the hand was evident. Acceptance of the apparatus among the patients was satisfactory; only a few complained of pain during stimulation.", "contents": "EMG-controlled functional electrical stimulation of the paretic hand. A new apparatus is described which delivers a functional electric stimulation, controlled by the peak EMG output signal as recorded from the forearm muscles. Twelve paretic hands were stimulated with this apparatus. The EMG output, the stimulus strength, the stimulus frequency, and the corresponding improvement of the wrist extension force were measured. Different arrangements of electrodes and various relay adjustments were tested. The investigations showed that even severely paretic muscles were capable of delivering an efficient EMG output, and the resulting improvement of wrist extension force was statistically significant. The necessary stimulus intensity showed no relationship to the degree of paresis, but a certain relationship to the recovery tendency of the hand was evident. Acceptance of the apparatus among the patients was satisfactory; only a few complained of pain during stimulation.", "PMID": 316929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5664", "title": "Evidence for a central monoaminergic influence on urinary bladder control mechanism.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible central monoaminergic influence on the control mechanism of the urinary bladder in rats. A selective central nervous stimulation was accomplished by injection of monoaminergic precursor (L-dopa and 5-HTP) after enzymatic blockade of its peripheral metabolisation. The bladder response was recorded with a cytometric procedure. The central adrenergic stimulation with L-dopa resulted in a hyperactive bladder response, with higher intravesical pressure and more prominent detrusor contractions than in control rats. Injection of 5-HTP had no such effect. The hyperactive bladder response to L-dopa was abolished by prior administration of a central dopamine receptor blocking agent (spiroperiodol). This indicated that the central effect on the bladder was elicited by dopaminergic structures. Peripheral adrenergic stimulation with metabolites of L-dopa--dopamine and noradrenaline--gave no measurable bladder response. The study showed that activation of central adrenergic mechanisms influenced urinary bladder control, i.e. evoked a hyperactive bladder response.", "contents": "Evidence for a central monoaminergic influence on urinary bladder control mechanism. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible central monoaminergic influence on the control mechanism of the urinary bladder in rats. A selective central nervous stimulation was accomplished by injection of monoaminergic precursor (L-dopa and 5-HTP) after enzymatic blockade of its peripheral metabolisation. The bladder response was recorded with a cytometric procedure. The central adrenergic stimulation with L-dopa resulted in a hyperactive bladder response, with higher intravesical pressure and more prominent detrusor contractions than in control rats. Injection of 5-HTP had no such effect. The hyperactive bladder response to L-dopa was abolished by prior administration of a central dopamine receptor blocking agent (spiroperiodol). This indicated that the central effect on the bladder was elicited by dopaminergic structures. Peripheral adrenergic stimulation with metabolites of L-dopa--dopamine and noradrenaline--gave no measurable bladder response. The study showed that activation of central adrenergic mechanisms influenced urinary bladder control, i.e. evoked a hyperactive bladder response.", "PMID": 316928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5665", "title": "Screening for Trichomonas vaginalis infection by use of acridine orange fluorescent microscopy.", "content": "The acridine orange test for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in smears has been adapted for delayed examination of specimens. Mailed-in slides stained by acridine orange were compared with on-site wet mounts; the acridine orange test detected 96% of all positives, whereas only 76% were detected by wet mounts. In a similar comparison with Papanicolaou smears, the acridine orange test detected 89% as compared with 67% detected by Papanicolaou smears.", "contents": "Screening for Trichomonas vaginalis infection by use of acridine orange fluorescent microscopy. The acridine orange test for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in smears has been adapted for delayed examination of specimens. Mailed-in slides stained by acridine orange were compared with on-site wet mounts; the acridine orange test detected 96% of all positives, whereas only 76% were detected by wet mounts. In a similar comparison with Papanicolaou smears, the acridine orange test detected 89% as compared with 67% detected by Papanicolaou smears.", "PMID": 316932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5666", "title": "Do oral contraceptives inhibit Trichomonas vaginalis?", "content": "Usage of oral contraceptives was recorded for 114 women with trichomoniasis, 179 women with yeast infection, and 333 women with gonorrhea. Usage by each group was compared with that of 517 women with no genital infection. The proportion of oral contraceptive users was significantly smaller among those with trichomoniasis (P less than 0.002), significantly larger among those with yeast infection (P less than 0.001), but not significantly different among those with gonorrhea. Among 80 women with both trichomoniasis and gonorrhea, a significantly smaller proportion used oral contraceptives as compared with a group of 253 women who had gonorrhea alone (P less than 0.002). The results suggest that oral contraceptives may inhibit trichomoniasis and enhance infection of the vagina by yeasts.", "contents": "Do oral contraceptives inhibit Trichomonas vaginalis? Usage of oral contraceptives was recorded for 114 women with trichomoniasis, 179 women with yeast infection, and 333 women with gonorrhea. Usage by each group was compared with that of 517 women with no genital infection. The proportion of oral contraceptive users was significantly smaller among those with trichomoniasis (P less than 0.002), significantly larger among those with yeast infection (P less than 0.001), but not significantly different among those with gonorrhea. Among 80 women with both trichomoniasis and gonorrhea, a significantly smaller proportion used oral contraceptives as compared with a group of 253 women who had gonorrhea alone (P less than 0.002). The results suggest that oral contraceptives may inhibit trichomoniasis and enhance infection of the vagina by yeasts.", "PMID": 316933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5667", "title": "IgM anti-IgM cold lymphocytotoxins to B cells.", "content": "Cytotoxic antibodies to B lymphocytes have been shown to be IgM. They are not absorbed by red blood cells and therefore not absorbed by red blood cells and therefore not directed against the I antigen of red cells. They are also not inhibited by mannose, as are certain natural cytotoxins against lymphocytes. Methods for producing purified eluates of IgM anti-IgM antibodies are given. These antibodies are postulated to be immunoregulative by acting on B lymphocytes.", "contents": "IgM anti-IgM cold lymphocytotoxins to B cells. Cytotoxic antibodies to B lymphocytes have been shown to be IgM. They are not absorbed by red blood cells and therefore not absorbed by red blood cells and therefore not directed against the I antigen of red cells. They are also not inhibited by mannose, as are certain natural cytotoxins against lymphocytes. Methods for producing purified eluates of IgM anti-IgM antibodies are given. These antibodies are postulated to be immunoregulative by acting on B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 316939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5668", "title": "Natamycin treatment of ringworm in cattle in the United Kingdom.", "content": "A total of 258 cattle clinically affected with Trichophyton verrucosum (ringworm) were treated twice by spraying with a suspension containing the fungicidal antibiotic natamycin. One-hundred-and-forty-seven in-contact, but unaffected cattle were also similarly treated. Forty-one of the affected animals were examined mycologically and clinically as they were taken to be representative of the whole group. At eight weeks after the last treatment 93 per cent of the affected animals had completely recovered and the remaining 7 per cent had improved markedly; 70 per cent of the mycologically examined animals proved negative at the same time. No reinfection of the recovered animals or spread of the disease to the treated in-contact animals was seen up to six months after treatment.", "contents": "Natamycin treatment of ringworm in cattle in the United Kingdom. A total of 258 cattle clinically affected with Trichophyton verrucosum (ringworm) were treated twice by spraying with a suspension containing the fungicidal antibiotic natamycin. One-hundred-and-forty-seven in-contact, but unaffected cattle were also similarly treated. Forty-one of the affected animals were examined mycologically and clinically as they were taken to be representative of the whole group. At eight weeks after the last treatment 93 per cent of the affected animals had completely recovered and the remaining 7 per cent had improved markedly; 70 per cent of the mycologically examined animals proved negative at the same time. No reinfection of the recovered animals or spread of the disease to the treated in-contact animals was seen up to six months after treatment.", "PMID": 316943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5669", "title": "The variety of synaptic vesicles in the interpeduncular nucleus (ITP) of the frog.", "content": "The electron microscope has revealed a large variety of synaptic vesicles in the interpeduncular nucleus (ITP) of the frog \"Rana esculenta\". They vary in shape, size and electron density. There are two types of synapses which show only translucent spherical vesicles: in one type the vesicles are 40 nm, in the other type they are 70 nm in diameter. In other types of synapses the translucent vesicles may be mixed with those with dense core. Large granules, 160 nm in diameter, already reported in the ITP (KEMALI 1977a), are also shown as well as tiny flat mixed with large flat dense core vesicles of dumb-bell shape. Two types of axo-axonic synapses are illustrated while no crest synapses have been demonstrated. The results suggest that the afferents to the ITP might be more numerous than those reported in the literature or that--as in the case of the habenular afferents which consist of cholinergic and peptergic fibres--each projecting nucleus to the ITP has different types of fibres with more than one type of transmitter. Furthermore, due to the vesicles sizes, we may consider the ITP as a site in the vertebrate central nervous system where conventional neurotransmitter structures coexist with probable neurohumoral elements.", "contents": "The variety of synaptic vesicles in the interpeduncular nucleus (ITP) of the frog. The electron microscope has revealed a large variety of synaptic vesicles in the interpeduncular nucleus (ITP) of the frog \"Rana esculenta\". They vary in shape, size and electron density. There are two types of synapses which show only translucent spherical vesicles: in one type the vesicles are 40 nm, in the other type they are 70 nm in diameter. In other types of synapses the translucent vesicles may be mixed with those with dense core. Large granules, 160 nm in diameter, already reported in the ITP (KEMALI 1977a), are also shown as well as tiny flat mixed with large flat dense core vesicles of dumb-bell shape. Two types of axo-axonic synapses are illustrated while no crest synapses have been demonstrated. The results suggest that the afferents to the ITP might be more numerous than those reported in the literature or that--as in the case of the habenular afferents which consist of cholinergic and peptergic fibres--each projecting nucleus to the ITP has different types of fibres with more than one type of transmitter. Furthermore, due to the vesicles sizes, we may consider the ITP as a site in the vertebrate central nervous system where conventional neurotransmitter structures coexist with probable neurohumoral elements.", "PMID": 316948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5670", "title": "[Detection of dyschromatopsias and professional orientation].", "content": "Certain professions necessitate correct recognition of colour in their practice. Early defection of coloured vision abnormalities and professional orientation are therefore very important, especially as it is known that 8 % of the population presents a congenital dyschromatopsy of which one fourth (about 2 %) are serious dyschromatopsies which will prevent the practice of a certain number of professions.", "contents": "[Detection of dyschromatopsias and professional orientation]. Certain professions necessitate correct recognition of colour in their practice. Early defection of coloured vision abnormalities and professional orientation are therefore very important, especially as it is known that 8 % of the population presents a congenital dyschromatopsy of which one fourth (about 2 %) are serious dyschromatopsies which will prevent the practice of a certain number of professions.", "PMID": 316949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5671", "title": "[The effect of vasopressive drugs in managing bleedings from oesophageal varices and the intestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapeutic effect of TGLVP a new hormonogen of vasopression in demonstrated in a pilot study: 9 patients suffering from bleeding oesophageal varices (in total 16) could be sufficiently treated by TGLVP, as well as 9 patients (in total 13) with abdominal haemorrhage of unknown aetiology and localization. Good results can be expected by TGLVP to bring gastrointestinal bleedings to a standstill.", "contents": "[The effect of vasopressive drugs in managing bleedings from oesophageal varices and the intestinal tract (author's transl)]. The therapeutic effect of TGLVP a new hormonogen of vasopression in demonstrated in a pilot study: 9 patients suffering from bleeding oesophageal varices (in total 16) could be sufficiently treated by TGLVP, as well as 9 patients (in total 13) with abdominal haemorrhage of unknown aetiology and localization. Good results can be expected by TGLVP to bring gastrointestinal bleedings to a standstill.", "PMID": 316950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5672", "title": "[Use of prostaglandin F 2-alpha in placental period (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported in this paper is the intravenous application of prostaglandin F 2-alpha in the placental period and in cases of severe postpartum haemorrhage. -- Intravenous infusion of per-minute amounts between 40 and 80 micrograms in cases of atonic haemorrhage or between 30 and 45 micrograms in the placental period, in general, produced uterine contraction and clearly reduced blood loss.", "contents": "[Use of prostaglandin F 2-alpha in placental period (author's transl)]. Reported in this paper is the intravenous application of prostaglandin F 2-alpha in the placental period and in cases of severe postpartum haemorrhage. -- Intravenous infusion of per-minute amounts between 40 and 80 micrograms in cases of atonic haemorrhage or between 30 and 45 micrograms in the placental period, in general, produced uterine contraction and clearly reduced blood loss.", "PMID": 316951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5673", "title": "[Aetiopathology and forms of obstetric coagulopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "An account is given of the pathological mechanism of coagulopathies resulting from excessive loss of blood, exhaustive consumption of coagulation factors or hyperfibrinolysis. While there is no unambiguous differentiation between various forms of coagulopathies in obstetrics, major characteristics should be well understood for therapeutic decision-making. The early high-accuracy laboratory test, therefore, is imperative.", "contents": "[Aetiopathology and forms of obstetric coagulopathies (author's transl)]. An account is given of the pathological mechanism of coagulopathies resulting from excessive loss of blood, exhaustive consumption of coagulation factors or hyperfibrinolysis. While there is no unambiguous differentiation between various forms of coagulopathies in obstetrics, major characteristics should be well understood for therapeutic decision-making. The early high-accuracy laboratory test, therefore, is imperative.", "PMID": 316952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5674", "title": "[Spontaneous evacuation of a traumatic retroperitoneal hematoma through the colon].", "content": "Retroperitneal hemorrhage following blunt trauma of the abdomen is an ever more frequent problem confronting the surgeon in everyday practice. This paper presents an interesting and exceptionally rare case concerning a patient with a blunt injury of the abdomen which resulted in the rupture of the retroperitoneal portion of the colon between the descendens and sigmoid. A resultant retroperitoneal hematoma was palpable as an elastic mass. Contamination with bacteria lead to infection of the hematoma with the subsequent formation of an abscess. Later this abscess spontaneously evacuated itself through the rupture in the colon which was verified with irigography. As a late consequence of this abscess drainage, the colon became constricted. This process as of yet has not caused any difficulties in passage but nonthe-less surgery was indicated which the patient refused. The authors believe that the retroperitoneal hematoma caused by blunt injury of the abdomen is one of the most difficult diagnostic problems because this anatomical region is inaccessible and lesions within its confines are difficult to detect.", "contents": "[Spontaneous evacuation of a traumatic retroperitoneal hematoma through the colon]. Retroperitneal hemorrhage following blunt trauma of the abdomen is an ever more frequent problem confronting the surgeon in everyday practice. This paper presents an interesting and exceptionally rare case concerning a patient with a blunt injury of the abdomen which resulted in the rupture of the retroperitoneal portion of the colon between the descendens and sigmoid. A resultant retroperitoneal hematoma was palpable as an elastic mass. Contamination with bacteria lead to infection of the hematoma with the subsequent formation of an abscess. Later this abscess spontaneously evacuated itself through the rupture in the colon which was verified with irigography. As a late consequence of this abscess drainage, the colon became constricted. This process as of yet has not caused any difficulties in passage but nonthe-less surgery was indicated which the patient refused. The authors believe that the retroperitoneal hematoma caused by blunt injury of the abdomen is one of the most difficult diagnostic problems because this anatomical region is inaccessible and lesions within its confines are difficult to detect.", "PMID": 316953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5675", "title": "Epiglottis acuta treated with nasotracheal intubation.", "content": "Twenty children, ranging in age from 1--9 years, and one adult suffering from epiglottis acuta were treated with nasotracheal intubation performed under general anaesthesia and with ampicillin. Clinical cure was obtained in all cases with a mean intubation time of 34 hours. The diagnosis, epiglottis acuta, was suspected by the referring physician in 10 cases. The incidence of epiglottis acuta compared to laryngitis acuta was found to be 1:30. The mean hospital stay was 5.4 days. It is concluded that treatment of acute epiglottis by nasotracheal intubation in the hands of experienced anaesthesiologists and with close observation in an intesnive care unit, is a safe method of management with negligible morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Epiglottis acuta treated with nasotracheal intubation. Twenty children, ranging in age from 1--9 years, and one adult suffering from epiglottis acuta were treated with nasotracheal intubation performed under general anaesthesia and with ampicillin. Clinical cure was obtained in all cases with a mean intubation time of 34 hours. The diagnosis, epiglottis acuta, was suspected by the referring physician in 10 cases. The incidence of epiglottis acuta compared to laryngitis acuta was found to be 1:30. The mean hospital stay was 5.4 days. It is concluded that treatment of acute epiglottis by nasotracheal intubation in the hands of experienced anaesthesiologists and with close observation in an intesnive care unit, is a safe method of management with negligible morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 316956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5676", "title": "Myocardial performance early after aorto-coronary bypass surgery and the influence of nitroprusside infusion.", "content": "The central and peripheral circulation were studied in 12 patients after aortocoronary bypass surgery. During the initial 5 h after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass, the oesophageal temperature rose from 36.5 degrees C to 39.4 degrees C, concomitant with cutaneous vasoconstriction and an increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). The oxygen uptake index (Vo2I) increased by 57% during the rewarming period. The cardiac index (CI), which was constant at 2.8 l.min-1.m-2, was too low to satisfy this oxygen demand and the arterio-venous oxygen content difference (AVDo2) increased to 3.0 mmol . l-1 by the 3rd hour. After 5 h, SVR had decreased and cutaneous vasodilation began. Vo2I and AVDo2 decreased. The postoperative myocardial function was moderately impaired and deteriorated after the cutaneous vasodilation. Twelve patients were given an infusion of sodium nitroprusside during the postoperative period (0.25--2.5 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1). The rewarming pattern was not influenced by this infusion, but the initial increases in MABP and SVR were eliminated. The myocardial performance was better in the nitroprusside group. CI was significantly higher than in the control group (3.5 l.min-1.m-2) and AVDo2 remained normal.", "contents": "Myocardial performance early after aorto-coronary bypass surgery and the influence of nitroprusside infusion. The central and peripheral circulation were studied in 12 patients after aortocoronary bypass surgery. During the initial 5 h after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass, the oesophageal temperature rose from 36.5 degrees C to 39.4 degrees C, concomitant with cutaneous vasoconstriction and an increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). The oxygen uptake index (Vo2I) increased by 57% during the rewarming period. The cardiac index (CI), which was constant at 2.8 l.min-1.m-2, was too low to satisfy this oxygen demand and the arterio-venous oxygen content difference (AVDo2) increased to 3.0 mmol . l-1 by the 3rd hour. After 5 h, SVR had decreased and cutaneous vasodilation began. Vo2I and AVDo2 decreased. The postoperative myocardial function was moderately impaired and deteriorated after the cutaneous vasodilation. Twelve patients were given an infusion of sodium nitroprusside during the postoperative period (0.25--2.5 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1). The rewarming pattern was not influenced by this infusion, but the initial increases in MABP and SVR were eliminated. The myocardial performance was better in the nitroprusside group. CI was significantly higher than in the control group (3.5 l.min-1.m-2) and AVDo2 remained normal.", "PMID": 316957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5677", "title": "Myocardial performance early after aorto-coronary bypass surgery. Cardioplegic arrest versus coronary perfusion.", "content": "Haemodynamic adaptation was studied during the first 10 h after aorto-coronary bypass surgery. In a control group of 12 patients the heart was fibrillating and perfused during cardiopulmonary bypass (at 30 degrees C), and in 11 patients cold cardioplegic arrest was used. The first 4--5 h were characterized by rewarming, with increasing oesophageal temperature, cutaneous vasoconstriction and elevated systemic vascular resistance (SVR). A phase of vasodilation followed. In the control group the oxygen uptake index increased by 57% during rewarming, but the cardiac index (CI) was constant (about 2.9 l . min-1.m-2). The arterio-venous oxygen content difference (AVDo2) therefore increased (max. 3.0 mmol . l-1). The postoperative left ventricular performance was better and the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) during the first 2 days postoperatively were lower in the cardioplegic patients than in the controls, indicating more efficient myocardial preservation. In the cardioplegic-hypothermic group, CI was constant at about 3.2 l . min-1.m-2 (significantly higher than in the control group) and AVDo2 remained normal during the rewarming period. The heart rate was lower initially in the cardioplegic patients than in the controls, implying a favourable influence on myocardial oxygen consumption. The better myocardial function in the cardioplegic-hypothermic group was associated with an only moderately increased SVR. This suggests that the elevated SVR in the control group could have been due to myocardial depression.", "contents": "Myocardial performance early after aorto-coronary bypass surgery. Cardioplegic arrest versus coronary perfusion. Haemodynamic adaptation was studied during the first 10 h after aorto-coronary bypass surgery. In a control group of 12 patients the heart was fibrillating and perfused during cardiopulmonary bypass (at 30 degrees C), and in 11 patients cold cardioplegic arrest was used. The first 4--5 h were characterized by rewarming, with increasing oesophageal temperature, cutaneous vasoconstriction and elevated systemic vascular resistance (SVR). A phase of vasodilation followed. In the control group the oxygen uptake index increased by 57% during rewarming, but the cardiac index (CI) was constant (about 2.9 l . min-1.m-2). The arterio-venous oxygen content difference (AVDo2) therefore increased (max. 3.0 mmol . l-1). The postoperative left ventricular performance was better and the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) during the first 2 days postoperatively were lower in the cardioplegic patients than in the controls, indicating more efficient myocardial preservation. In the cardioplegic-hypothermic group, CI was constant at about 3.2 l . min-1.m-2 (significantly higher than in the control group) and AVDo2 remained normal during the rewarming period. The heart rate was lower initially in the cardioplegic patients than in the controls, implying a favourable influence on myocardial oxygen consumption. The better myocardial function in the cardioplegic-hypothermic group was associated with an only moderately increased SVR. This suggests that the elevated SVR in the control group could have been due to myocardial depression.", "PMID": 316958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5678", "title": "Enflurane in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "In 12 patients with coronary artery disease, hypertensive periods during aortocoronary bypass surgery were treated with 1 MAC enflurane. The effect of enflurane on the major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption was studied. Systolic arterial pressure was reduced to a level of about 120 mmHg (16 kPa). The heart rate diminished by 16.5%. The cardiac index during enflurane application was unchanged. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure was measured at short intervals and remained unchanged. The fall in arterial pressure and heart rate under unchanged preload produced a significant reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption as determined by calculation of the systolic wall tension and the tension time index. In five patients, the O2 content in coronary sinus blood was measured and the arterial-coronary sinus O2 difference was found to be diminished. In the concentration used, enflurane reduced the myocardial oxygen consumption of patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Enflurane in patients with coronary artery disease. In 12 patients with coronary artery disease, hypertensive periods during aortocoronary bypass surgery were treated with 1 MAC enflurane. The effect of enflurane on the major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption was studied. Systolic arterial pressure was reduced to a level of about 120 mmHg (16 kPa). The heart rate diminished by 16.5%. The cardiac index during enflurane application was unchanged. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure was measured at short intervals and remained unchanged. The fall in arterial pressure and heart rate under unchanged preload produced a significant reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption as determined by calculation of the systolic wall tension and the tension time index. In five patients, the O2 content in coronary sinus blood was measured and the arterial-coronary sinus O2 difference was found to be diminished. In the concentration used, enflurane reduced the myocardial oxygen consumption of patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 316959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5679", "title": "The immunodepressive effect of human glucoproteins and their possible role in the nonrejection process during pregnancy.", "content": "Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and human chorionic somatomammotrophin (HCS) were shown to suppress the proliferative T and B cell response induced by different mitogens in human and mouse lymphocytes. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), sharing the alpha-chain subunit with HCG was devoid of effect suggesting that the immunosuppressive entity is localized within the beta-chain subunit. Human growth hormone (HGH) which is partly biologically cross-reactive with HCS did not impair mitogen responsiveness. HCG was also able to inhibit the differentiation of cells since the induction of antibody-formation was depressed. Expression of plaque forming cells was also reduced by addition of HCG directly in the PFC assay possibly reflecting the anti-complementary effect of this hormone, since cell mediated lysis of target cells by Con A activated lymphocytes, which is not complement-dependent, was unaffected by adding HCG in the assay system.", "contents": "The immunodepressive effect of human glucoproteins and their possible role in the nonrejection process during pregnancy. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and human chorionic somatomammotrophin (HCS) were shown to suppress the proliferative T and B cell response induced by different mitogens in human and mouse lymphocytes. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), sharing the alpha-chain subunit with HCG was devoid of effect suggesting that the immunosuppressive entity is localized within the beta-chain subunit. Human growth hormone (HGH) which is partly biologically cross-reactive with HCS did not impair mitogen responsiveness. HCG was also able to inhibit the differentiation of cells since the induction of antibody-formation was depressed. Expression of plaque forming cells was also reduced by addition of HCG directly in the PFC assay possibly reflecting the anti-complementary effect of this hormone, since cell mediated lysis of target cells by Con A activated lymphocytes, which is not complement-dependent, was unaffected by adding HCG in the assay system.", "PMID": 316960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5680", "title": "The vascular supply of the endolymphatic sac.", "content": "The vascular anatomy of the endolymphatic sac in guinea pigs was examined following intravascular injection of silicone rubber (Microfil). Methacrylate resin of low viscosity (Mercox) was used to obtain vascular corrosion casts for scanning electron microscopy, which allowed more accurate differentiation between arteries and veins. The extensive vascular system around the sac comprises both arteries and veins, as well as lymphatic vessels. The arterial supply is derived mainly from the posterior meningeal artery in the posterior cranial fossa. In some cases a small artery also leads to the sac from the posterior vestibular artery in the labyrinth (in 7 of the 35 animals investigated). It courses together with the vein of the vestibular aqueduct along the walls of the endolymphatic duct. The blood is drained over the intermediate portion of the endolymphatic sac, which becomes lodged in a rich meshwork of capillaries, venules, veins and a few small arteries. A few venous trunks from both sac walls fuse with the vein of the vestibular aqueduct, which drains blood from the vestibule to the sigmoid sinus. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed numerous anastomosing vessels within bone channels with adjacent bone marrow sinusoids, which also probably contribute to the vascular supply of the endolymphatic sac.", "contents": "The vascular supply of the endolymphatic sac. The vascular anatomy of the endolymphatic sac in guinea pigs was examined following intravascular injection of silicone rubber (Microfil). Methacrylate resin of low viscosity (Mercox) was used to obtain vascular corrosion casts for scanning electron microscopy, which allowed more accurate differentiation between arteries and veins. The extensive vascular system around the sac comprises both arteries and veins, as well as lymphatic vessels. The arterial supply is derived mainly from the posterior meningeal artery in the posterior cranial fossa. In some cases a small artery also leads to the sac from the posterior vestibular artery in the labyrinth (in 7 of the 35 animals investigated). It courses together with the vein of the vestibular aqueduct along the walls of the endolymphatic duct. The blood is drained over the intermediate portion of the endolymphatic sac, which becomes lodged in a rich meshwork of capillaries, venules, veins and a few small arteries. A few venous trunks from both sac walls fuse with the vein of the vestibular aqueduct, which drains blood from the vestibule to the sigmoid sinus. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed numerous anastomosing vessels within bone channels with adjacent bone marrow sinusoids, which also probably contribute to the vascular supply of the endolymphatic sac.", "PMID": 316961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5681", "title": "Synaptic structures in the type II hair cell in the vestibular system of the guinea pig. A freeze-fracture and TEM study.", "content": "The synaptic contacts of the type II hair cell in the vestibular system of the guinea pig was described in thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured specimens. Synaptic bodies were present at the apposition with both large and small afferent terminals. About 20% of the synaptic bodies observed consisted of complexes of two or more adjacent synaptic discs. In freeze-fracture replicas, the cytoplasmic leaflet of the hair cell plamalemma beneath the synaptic body had a bar-shaped aggregate of large particles. The size and shape of the particle aggregate was the same as that of the synaptic body. Small plasmalemmal deformations, interpreted as sites of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, were found immediately adjacent to the particle aggregate. On the postsynaptic membrane, an aggregate of intramembrane particles was present at the synaptic junction. The type II hair cell had no gap junctions or close membrane appositions between it an the apposed afferent fiber. Efferent boutons ending on the type II hair cell had no intramembrane particle specialization on the postsynaptic membrane; however those efferent boutons ending on large and small afferent fibers had an aggregate of medium-sized particles on the external leaflet of the postsynaptic bouton beneath the presynaptic active zone.", "contents": "Synaptic structures in the type II hair cell in the vestibular system of the guinea pig. A freeze-fracture and TEM study. The synaptic contacts of the type II hair cell in the vestibular system of the guinea pig was described in thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured specimens. Synaptic bodies were present at the apposition with both large and small afferent terminals. About 20% of the synaptic bodies observed consisted of complexes of two or more adjacent synaptic discs. In freeze-fracture replicas, the cytoplasmic leaflet of the hair cell plamalemma beneath the synaptic body had a bar-shaped aggregate of large particles. The size and shape of the particle aggregate was the same as that of the synaptic body. Small plasmalemmal deformations, interpreted as sites of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, were found immediately adjacent to the particle aggregate. On the postsynaptic membrane, an aggregate of intramembrane particles was present at the synaptic junction. The type II hair cell had no gap junctions or close membrane appositions between it an the apposed afferent fiber. Efferent boutons ending on the type II hair cell had no intramembrane particle specialization on the postsynaptic membrane; however those efferent boutons ending on large and small afferent fibers had an aggregate of medium-sized particles on the external leaflet of the postsynaptic bouton beneath the presynaptic active zone.", "PMID": 316962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5682", "title": "Electronystagmography in the laboratory rat.", "content": "A method is described for obtaining electronystagmograms from the awake laboratory rat. Threshold valves for rotation impulse and oscillatory acceleration were determined, as well as the time constant for the horizontal semicircular canal. The time constant appeared to be small. This might be attributed to the rapid natural head movements in this species. No visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus was found in the rat.", "contents": "Electronystagmography in the laboratory rat. A method is described for obtaining electronystagmograms from the awake laboratory rat. Threshold valves for rotation impulse and oscillatory acceleration were determined, as well as the time constant for the horizontal semicircular canal. The time constant appeared to be small. This might be attributed to the rapid natural head movements in this species. No visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus was found in the rat.", "PMID": 316963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5683", "title": "Cochleo-vestibular correlations in Meniere's disease.", "content": "The cochlear and vestibular functions were investigated in a sample of 36 patients with unilateral Meniere's disease. Caloric reactions and hearing thresholds were compared separately at several frequencies. A topodiagnostic relationship between the cochlear and vestibular function was discovered. Using four qualitative categories, a significantly high correlation was obtained between the basal hearing loss (4000 Hz) and unilateral weakness, whereas no correlation was obtained when evaluating the more apical hearing loss (lower frequencies 250-1 000 Hz). A normal caloric reaction can be reasonably expected in cases of unilateral Meniere's disease if the hearing loss is less than approx. 40 dB HL at 4 000 Hz.", "contents": "Cochleo-vestibular correlations in Meniere's disease. The cochlear and vestibular functions were investigated in a sample of 36 patients with unilateral Meniere's disease. Caloric reactions and hearing thresholds were compared separately at several frequencies. A topodiagnostic relationship between the cochlear and vestibular function was discovered. Using four qualitative categories, a significantly high correlation was obtained between the basal hearing loss (4000 Hz) and unilateral weakness, whereas no correlation was obtained when evaluating the more apical hearing loss (lower frequencies 250-1 000 Hz). A normal caloric reaction can be reasonably expected in cases of unilateral Meniere's disease if the hearing loss is less than approx. 40 dB HL at 4 000 Hz.", "PMID": 316964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5684", "title": "Vasopressin for bleeding from the head and neck.", "content": "Excessive bleeding from the head and neck sometimes presents a therapeutic problem. Ten patients with this type of haemorrhage have been treated with continous vasopressin infusion for 1-3 days. Haemostasis was quickly established in eight cases. No serious side effects were noted. Infusion of vasopressin has a rapid, beneficial effect on haemorrhage from branches of the external carotid artery.", "contents": "Vasopressin for bleeding from the head and neck. Excessive bleeding from the head and neck sometimes presents a therapeutic problem. Ten patients with this type of haemorrhage have been treated with continous vasopressin infusion for 1-3 days. Haemostasis was quickly established in eight cases. No serious side effects were noted. Infusion of vasopressin has a rapid, beneficial effect on haemorrhage from branches of the external carotid artery.", "PMID": 316965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5685", "title": "Histiocytosis X. V. Serum calcitonin concentrations and osteolytic activity.", "content": "Serum calcitonin determinations were carried out in 11 patients with histiocytosis X, 5 having lytic bone lesions. All serum calcitonin concentrations were within normal range. This makes serum calcitonin determinations useless as a marker of osteolytic activity in patients with histiocytosis X.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X. V. Serum calcitonin concentrations and osteolytic activity. Serum calcitonin determinations were carried out in 11 patients with histiocytosis X, 5 having lytic bone lesions. All serum calcitonin concentrations were within normal range. This makes serum calcitonin determinations useless as a marker of osteolytic activity in patients with histiocytosis X.", "PMID": 316966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5686", "title": "Application of Solcograft in vascular surgery.", "content": "Incorporation of Solcograft was studied experimentally and clinically. The graft was found to facilitate the formation of continuous endothelium which starts at the vessel graft boundary and from newly formed capillaries. Transmission and scanning microscopical investigations revealed neointima, neomedia and neoadventitia formation in 3--4 months. Complications such as obliteration were unfrequent. Aneurysm formation did not occur, the potency rate was satisfacory. Experience in 20 clinical cases are reported in detail. As to its usefulness in reconstructive vascular surgery, Solcograft is placed behind the saphenous graft. The graft is particularly suitable for patch plastics.", "contents": "Application of Solcograft in vascular surgery. Incorporation of Solcograft was studied experimentally and clinically. The graft was found to facilitate the formation of continuous endothelium which starts at the vessel graft boundary and from newly formed capillaries. Transmission and scanning microscopical investigations revealed neointima, neomedia and neoadventitia formation in 3--4 months. Complications such as obliteration were unfrequent. Aneurysm formation did not occur, the potency rate was satisfacory. Experience in 20 clinical cases are reported in detail. As to its usefulness in reconstructive vascular surgery, Solcograft is placed behind the saphenous graft. The graft is particularly suitable for patch plastics.", "PMID": 316967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5687", "title": "The kinetics of immunoglobulin synthesis by pokeweed mitogen stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes in multiple myeloma.", "content": "As a means of investigating the immunoglobulin (Ig) deficiency in multiple myeloma, the effects of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) on morphologic transformation and concomitant immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion kinetics were studied in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of normals and patients with myeloma. Lymphocyte Ig production kinetics, both in the unstimulated state and after five days of culture with PWM, were evaluated by 3H-leucine incorporation. B-lymphocytes were found to be decreased by EC3 rosetting in the myeloma patients studied. In addition their lymphocytes had a mean of 30% transformation compared to 53% for normals (P less than 0.005). After five days of mitogen stimulation in culture, myeloma PBL failed to show the rise in intracellular Ig production seen in normal PBL under similar conditions. Thus, myeloma patients were found to have decreased numbers of EC3 rosetting B-cells, decreased morphologic transformation rate in response to mitogenic stimulation, and failure to increase intracellular Ig after mitogenic stimulation. Possible etiologic mechanisms for the decreased Ig production are discussed.", "contents": "The kinetics of immunoglobulin synthesis by pokeweed mitogen stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes in multiple myeloma. As a means of investigating the immunoglobulin (Ig) deficiency in multiple myeloma, the effects of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) on morphologic transformation and concomitant immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion kinetics were studied in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of normals and patients with myeloma. Lymphocyte Ig production kinetics, both in the unstimulated state and after five days of culture with PWM, were evaluated by 3H-leucine incorporation. B-lymphocytes were found to be decreased by EC3 rosetting in the myeloma patients studied. In addition their lymphocytes had a mean of 30% transformation compared to 53% for normals (P less than 0.005). After five days of mitogen stimulation in culture, myeloma PBL failed to show the rise in intracellular Ig production seen in normal PBL under similar conditions. Thus, myeloma patients were found to have decreased numbers of EC3 rosetting B-cells, decreased morphologic transformation rate in response to mitogenic stimulation, and failure to increase intracellular Ig after mitogenic stimulation. Possible etiologic mechanisms for the decreased Ig production are discussed.", "PMID": 316969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5688", "title": "Intensive leukapheresis in the management of cytopenias in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "The role of leukapheresis was explored in the management of anaemia and thrombocytopenia complicating the accumulation of lymphoid cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphoma. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of this procedure in correcting these complicating features and to assess the length of response and the clinical well being of the patients. Twenty such patients with either chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or lymphocytic lymphoma were studied using a Continuous Flow Cell Separator (Aminco Celltrifuge). All had persistent significant anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia prior to the institution of leukapheresis. The procedure was carried out on alternate days until significant reduction in total circulating lymphoid cells had been achieved, an average of 2.9 x 10(11) cells being removed on each occasion. Thirteen of the twenty patients showed a significant elevation of both haemoglobin and platelet level concomitant with reduction in lymphoid cells. A reduction in organomegaly was also observed. These patients were classified as \"responders,\" but the other patients failed to show correction of the haematologic parameters. This procedure permitted a number of responder patients to receive more specific treatment but in some it obviated the necessity for any further management for up to 12 months. Surface marker studies were also carried out on the lymphocytes of these patients. The patients who showed the best response to leukapheresis had cells characteristic of those seen in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The reduction of cells (82%) was greater in those who responded to this treatment than in the non-responder group (72%). The procedure was well tolerated by all patients and overall provided a long-term control of disease which outweighed the initial cost incurred.", "contents": "Intensive leukapheresis in the management of cytopenias in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and lymphocytic lymphoma. The role of leukapheresis was explored in the management of anaemia and thrombocytopenia complicating the accumulation of lymphoid cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphoma. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of this procedure in correcting these complicating features and to assess the length of response and the clinical well being of the patients. Twenty such patients with either chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or lymphocytic lymphoma were studied using a Continuous Flow Cell Separator (Aminco Celltrifuge). All had persistent significant anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia prior to the institution of leukapheresis. The procedure was carried out on alternate days until significant reduction in total circulating lymphoid cells had been achieved, an average of 2.9 x 10(11) cells being removed on each occasion. Thirteen of the twenty patients showed a significant elevation of both haemoglobin and platelet level concomitant with reduction in lymphoid cells. A reduction in organomegaly was also observed. These patients were classified as \"responders,\" but the other patients failed to show correction of the haematologic parameters. This procedure permitted a number of responder patients to receive more specific treatment but in some it obviated the necessity for any further management for up to 12 months. Surface marker studies were also carried out on the lymphocytes of these patients. The patients who showed the best response to leukapheresis had cells characteristic of those seen in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The reduction of cells (82%) was greater in those who responded to this treatment than in the non-responder group (72%). The procedure was well tolerated by all patients and overall provided a long-term control of disease which outweighed the initial cost incurred.", "PMID": 316970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5689", "title": "[Monitoring equipment and electric everyday medicine. Prevention of failures (author's transl)].", "content": "Certain electrical equipments such as monitoring device, defibrillator, heart stimulator need in everyday medicine often deceive their users by not always supplying the expected services. This state of affair is due both to the lack of coordination between doctors and equipment fabricators, to lack of maintenance and to insufficient information from doctors. However, checking procedures guarantee a certain label of performance.", "contents": "[Monitoring equipment and electric everyday medicine. Prevention of failures (author's transl)]. Certain electrical equipments such as monitoring device, defibrillator, heart stimulator need in everyday medicine often deceive their users by not always supplying the expected services. This state of affair is due both to the lack of coordination between doctors and equipment fabricators, to lack of maintenance and to insufficient information from doctors. However, checking procedures guarantee a certain label of performance.", "PMID": 316975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5690", "title": "beta-Blockade therapy for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary surgery: a propranolol withdrawal syndrome?", "content": "A high incidence of cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension has been noted after coronary artery bypass surgery in patients previously treated with oral propranolol. Forty-two patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery had propranolol withdrawal 10 hours before surgery and were randomized into a group treated with propranolol immediately postoperatively, and a nontreatment group. Patients treated with prophylactic propranolol had a significantly lower incidence of postoperative supraventricular arrhythmias compared to patints who received no prophylaxis. All the arrhythmias responded rapidly to 1 mg of intravenous propranolol therapy, whether it was used as a primary treatment or as a supplement to prophylactic propranolol. The findings suggest that (1) there is a high incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias and sinus tachycardia after coronary artery bypass which might reflect an abrupt propranolol withdrawal, and (2) that perioperative prophylactic or supplementary propranolol therapy will successfully prevent or treat most of these arrhythmias.", "contents": "beta-Blockade therapy for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary surgery: a propranolol withdrawal syndrome? A high incidence of cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension has been noted after coronary artery bypass surgery in patients previously treated with oral propranolol. Forty-two patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery had propranolol withdrawal 10 hours before surgery and were randomized into a group treated with propranolol immediately postoperatively, and a nontreatment group. Patients treated with prophylactic propranolol had a significantly lower incidence of postoperative supraventricular arrhythmias compared to patints who received no prophylaxis. All the arrhythmias responded rapidly to 1 mg of intravenous propranolol therapy, whether it was used as a primary treatment or as a supplement to prophylactic propranolol. The findings suggest that (1) there is a high incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias and sinus tachycardia after coronary artery bypass which might reflect an abrupt propranolol withdrawal, and (2) that perioperative prophylactic or supplementary propranolol therapy will successfully prevent or treat most of these arrhythmias.", "PMID": 316976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5691", "title": "[Corneal distrophy of Groenouw type I and chromosomic delection (22p-) in one family (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report a family in which three members presented a type I Corneal Distrophy of Groenouw; two of them also presented a delection of short arms of a 22 chromosome, while the third presented the delection but not the corneal distrophy. The absence of relationship between the corneal distrophy and the 22 delection in this family proves that the latter is a familial marker, not being the cause of the disease.", "contents": "[Corneal distrophy of Groenouw type I and chromosomic delection (22p-) in one family (author's transl)]. Authors report a family in which three members presented a type I Corneal Distrophy of Groenouw; two of them also presented a delection of short arms of a 22 chromosome, while the third presented the delection but not the corneal distrophy. The absence of relationship between the corneal distrophy and the 22 delection in this family proves that the latter is a familial marker, not being the cause of the disease.", "PMID": 316977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5692", "title": "Cellular and humoral requirements for T-cell development.", "content": "T-cells develop as a consequence of intrathymic and postthymic events, in which hemopoietic progenitors are differentiated into precursors and effector cells. We are proposing that such process includes three integrated steps: (1) T-cell differentiation; (2) selection of the T-cell repertoire and (3) specialization into functional subsets of T-cells. Although there is evidence of specific and nonspecific humoral factors (i.e. thymic extracts, etc.) affecting T-cell differentiation, it is also proposed that the most critical component in this integrated process is the consequence of direct cell to cell interactions between precursor and inducer cells. Thus, the three processes are the consequence of the appropriate or condordant matching of precursor-inducer populations, both at intra- and extrathymic sites. It is also proposed that MHC determinants are critical in permitting the appropriate matching. The model can thus account for nonfunctional differentiation when the appropraite matching is not available and with intrathymic selection by excess cell production favoring the appropriate matching.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral requirements for T-cell development. T-cells develop as a consequence of intrathymic and postthymic events, in which hemopoietic progenitors are differentiated into precursors and effector cells. We are proposing that such process includes three integrated steps: (1) T-cell differentiation; (2) selection of the T-cell repertoire and (3) specialization into functional subsets of T-cells. Although there is evidence of specific and nonspecific humoral factors (i.e. thymic extracts, etc.) affecting T-cell differentiation, it is also proposed that the most critical component in this integrated process is the consequence of direct cell to cell interactions between precursor and inducer cells. Thus, the three processes are the consequence of the appropriate or condordant matching of precursor-inducer populations, both at intra- and extrathymic sites. It is also proposed that MHC determinants are critical in permitting the appropriate matching. The model can thus account for nonfunctional differentiation when the appropraite matching is not available and with intrathymic selection by excess cell production favoring the appropriate matching.", "PMID": 316978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5693", "title": "Two mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Ca++ transport modulation by lymphotoxin and transmembrane channel formation by antibody and nonadherent spleen cells.", "content": "Lymphotoxin is a protein with a MW of 45,000 daltons derived from activated lymphocytes that kills target cells nonspecifically. Kinetic studies indicate that there is a lag period of about 4 hours before cytotoxicity becomes apparent, even at high concentrations of lymphotoxin. Therefore, the role of lymphotoxin in cell-mediated cytotoxicity would be restricted to situations in which more rapid mechanisms are not operative. It has found that lymphotoxin increases the rate of 45Ca++ uptake by the mouse L-cells used as targets. This effect and the cytotoxicity are abrogated by ouabain. A lymphotoxin-resistent L-cell mutant did not display the 45Ca++ uptake effect. It is not known whether the Ca++ effect is primary or secondary. Neutralization experiments with anti-lymphotoxin have indicated that there are at least two distinct pathways by which immune lymphocytes can destroy target cells in vitro--one that involves secretion of a nonspecific soluble factor, i.e., lymphotoxin, and another that probably requires intimate contact between the plasma membranes of the target and killer cells. This \"membrane contact\" mechanism may involve formation of channels in the target cell membranes. The transmembrane channel concept is a working hypothesis that is based on experiments by Henkart and Blumenthal in which it was found that antibody and lymphocytes jointly produce ion-conducting channels in planar bilayers of \"oxidized cholesterol.\" In order to supplement and extend this approach we have made an exploratory study of 86Rb+ and 51Cr marker release from lecithin/cholesterol/dicetyl phosphate liposomes by antibody and nonadherent mouse spleen cells. Evidence is presented indicating that the antibody and cells cause direct synergistic marker release from liposomes into the fluid medium. This indicates that they have the capacity to damage phospholipid bilayers. Hence, it seems worthwhile to conduct further studies of the liposome model in order to uncover the mechanism of membrane damage and to assess its relevance to cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Two mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Ca++ transport modulation by lymphotoxin and transmembrane channel formation by antibody and nonadherent spleen cells. Lymphotoxin is a protein with a MW of 45,000 daltons derived from activated lymphocytes that kills target cells nonspecifically. Kinetic studies indicate that there is a lag period of about 4 hours before cytotoxicity becomes apparent, even at high concentrations of lymphotoxin. Therefore, the role of lymphotoxin in cell-mediated cytotoxicity would be restricted to situations in which more rapid mechanisms are not operative. It has found that lymphotoxin increases the rate of 45Ca++ uptake by the mouse L-cells used as targets. This effect and the cytotoxicity are abrogated by ouabain. A lymphotoxin-resistent L-cell mutant did not display the 45Ca++ uptake effect. It is not known whether the Ca++ effect is primary or secondary. Neutralization experiments with anti-lymphotoxin have indicated that there are at least two distinct pathways by which immune lymphocytes can destroy target cells in vitro--one that involves secretion of a nonspecific soluble factor, i.e., lymphotoxin, and another that probably requires intimate contact between the plasma membranes of the target and killer cells. This \"membrane contact\" mechanism may involve formation of channels in the target cell membranes. The transmembrane channel concept is a working hypothesis that is based on experiments by Henkart and Blumenthal in which it was found that antibody and lymphocytes jointly produce ion-conducting channels in planar bilayers of \"oxidized cholesterol.\" In order to supplement and extend this approach we have made an exploratory study of 86Rb+ and 51Cr marker release from lecithin/cholesterol/dicetyl phosphate liposomes by antibody and nonadherent mouse spleen cells. Evidence is presented indicating that the antibody and cells cause direct synergistic marker release from liposomes into the fluid medium. This indicates that they have the capacity to damage phospholipid bilayers. Hence, it seems worthwhile to conduct further studies of the liposome model in order to uncover the mechanism of membrane damage and to assess its relevance to cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 316980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5694", "title": "In vivo generation and regulation of killer T-cells directed towards hapten-coupled syngeneic cells.", "content": "We have extended our studies which show that hapten-specific killer T-cells can be generated in vivo towards hapten-conjugated, syngeneic spleen cells provided an auxiliary antigenic stimulus is incorporated. M1s antigen served in this auxiliary capacity by stimulating helper T-cells. Natural or experimental tolerance to these antigens abrogated cytotoxicity. Effecting tolerance in host animals towards target hapten also prevented development of the genetically restricted killer T-cells. Thus, cytolytic T-cells can be controlled equally at the levels of helper and pre-killer cells. While adoptive transfer of hapten-specific tolerance by means of spleen cells did not abrogate appearance of hapten-specific killer T-cells, it did prevent hapten-specific DTH. Thus, the mechanism for regulating the latter may differ significantly from that for CML.", "contents": "In vivo generation and regulation of killer T-cells directed towards hapten-coupled syngeneic cells. We have extended our studies which show that hapten-specific killer T-cells can be generated in vivo towards hapten-conjugated, syngeneic spleen cells provided an auxiliary antigenic stimulus is incorporated. M1s antigen served in this auxiliary capacity by stimulating helper T-cells. Natural or experimental tolerance to these antigens abrogated cytotoxicity. Effecting tolerance in host animals towards target hapten also prevented development of the genetically restricted killer T-cells. Thus, cytolytic T-cells can be controlled equally at the levels of helper and pre-killer cells. While adoptive transfer of hapten-specific tolerance by means of spleen cells did not abrogate appearance of hapten-specific killer T-cells, it did prevent hapten-specific DTH. Thus, the mechanism for regulating the latter may differ significantly from that for CML.", "PMID": 316985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5695", "title": "In vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone (T-1551), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin.", "content": "Cefoperazone, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. It is as active as cefazolin and cefamandole against gram-positive bacteria and is more active than cefazolin and cefamandole against such gram-negative bacilli as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, and Serratia marcescens. The superiority of cefoperazone over cefazolin and cefamandole with respect to activity against P. aeruginosa by more than 200-fold was especially remarkable. As with other beta-lactam antibiotics, there was only a small spread between the minimum inhibitory concentrations and the minimum bactericidal concentrations of cefoperazone and a significant decrease in activity with an increase in inoculum size. Activity was not altered significantly by the addition of human serum to the test medium. Cefoperazone is relatively stable to hydrolysis to beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative bacteria. Relative rates of hydrolysis of cefoperazone by cephalosporinases are 7.0 to 0.01, with reference to cephaloridine hydrolysis (base, 100). Cefoperazone is also more stable than penicillin G and cephaloridine to various types of penicillinases.", "contents": "In vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone (T-1551), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin. Cefoperazone, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. It is as active as cefazolin and cefamandole against gram-positive bacteria and is more active than cefazolin and cefamandole against such gram-negative bacilli as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, and Serratia marcescens. The superiority of cefoperazone over cefazolin and cefamandole with respect to activity against P. aeruginosa by more than 200-fold was especially remarkable. As with other beta-lactam antibiotics, there was only a small spread between the minimum inhibitory concentrations and the minimum bactericidal concentrations of cefoperazone and a significant decrease in activity with an increase in inoculum size. Activity was not altered significantly by the addition of human serum to the test medium. Cefoperazone is relatively stable to hydrolysis to beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative bacteria. Relative rates of hydrolysis of cefoperazone by cephalosporinases are 7.0 to 0.01, with reference to cephaloridine hydrolysis (base, 100). Cefoperazone is also more stable than penicillin G and cephaloridine to various types of penicillinases.", "PMID": 316988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5696", "title": "Comparison of activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefotaxime with those of six other cephalosporins.", "content": "A study of the susceptibility to cefotaxime and six other cephalosporins in 213 nonselected strains of nine different bacterial species clearly showed that cefotaxime was the most active against aerobic gram-negative bacilli. The same pattern emerged with 84 cephalothin-resistant strains of five enterobacterial species, but the mean minimal inhibitory concentration values for all cephalosporins were about twofold higher in this group of strains. Cephalothin was the most active antibiotic against Staphylococcus aureus. The inoculus effect of 10 cephalothin-resistant strains was relatively small, but it was most marked for cefamandole, as compared with that of three other new cephalosporins, including cefotaxime. The susceptibility of these cephalosporins to beta-lactamases from 12 beta-lactamase-producing enterobacterial strains was determined. Half of these were slightly active against cefotaxime and had similar activity against cefuroxime. Cefoxitin was not degraded at all, and cefamandole was the most susceptible. No correlation between beta-lactamase susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration values of different cephalosporins was found. Cefotaxime combined high intrinsic antibiotic activity with marked resistance to beta-lactamase inactivation.", "contents": "Comparison of activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefotaxime with those of six other cephalosporins. A study of the susceptibility to cefotaxime and six other cephalosporins in 213 nonselected strains of nine different bacterial species clearly showed that cefotaxime was the most active against aerobic gram-negative bacilli. The same pattern emerged with 84 cephalothin-resistant strains of five enterobacterial species, but the mean minimal inhibitory concentration values for all cephalosporins were about twofold higher in this group of strains. Cephalothin was the most active antibiotic against Staphylococcus aureus. The inoculus effect of 10 cephalothin-resistant strains was relatively small, but it was most marked for cefamandole, as compared with that of three other new cephalosporins, including cefotaxime. The susceptibility of these cephalosporins to beta-lactamases from 12 beta-lactamase-producing enterobacterial strains was determined. Half of these were slightly active against cefotaxime and had similar activity against cefuroxime. Cefoxitin was not degraded at all, and cefamandole was the most susceptible. No correlation between beta-lactamase susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration values of different cephalosporins was found. Cefotaxime combined high intrinsic antibiotic activity with marked resistance to beta-lactamase inactivation.", "PMID": 316989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5697", "title": "Clavulanic acid and penicillin treatment of Staphylococcus aureus renal infection in mice.", "content": "Clavulanic acid, an inhibitor of beta-lactamase, was used together with penicillin to treat infection caused by a penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Clavulanic acid + penicillin administered to mice, prophylactically or in treatment of established infection, reduced morbidity, bacterial counts in the kidneys, and/or mortality; these differences were statistically significant when compared with those obtained by using penicillin or clavulanic acid alone.", "contents": "Clavulanic acid and penicillin treatment of Staphylococcus aureus renal infection in mice. Clavulanic acid, an inhibitor of beta-lactamase, was used together with penicillin to treat infection caused by a penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Clavulanic acid + penicillin administered to mice, prophylactically or in treatment of established infection, reduced morbidity, bacterial counts in the kidneys, and/or mortality; these differences were statistically significant when compared with those obtained by using penicillin or clavulanic acid alone.", "PMID": 316990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5698", "title": "Lymphocyte changes in beta-thalassaemia major.", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 20 hypertransfused patients with beta-thalassaemia major, some of whom had been splenectomised. B-lymphocytes were normal but T-lymphocytes were decreased in all patients. The T-cell count was lower in the splenectomised patients than in the nonsplenectomised ones. In the former, the active rosette-forming lymphocytes were also diminished, but the difference was not significant. In all patients the percentage of null cells was greater and the activity of K-cells increased compared with controls.", "contents": "Lymphocyte changes in beta-thalassaemia major. Lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 20 hypertransfused patients with beta-thalassaemia major, some of whom had been splenectomised. B-lymphocytes were normal but T-lymphocytes were decreased in all patients. The T-cell count was lower in the splenectomised patients than in the nonsplenectomised ones. In the former, the active rosette-forming lymphocytes were also diminished, but the difference was not significant. In all patients the percentage of null cells was greater and the activity of K-cells increased compared with controls.", "PMID": 316991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5699", "title": "[Teratoma of the 4th ventricle and precocious puberty. Case report].", "content": "A case of precocious puberty and diabetes insipidus in a 7 years old boy due to a malignant teratoma in the IVth ventricle is reported. The tumor had grown into the IIIrd and lateral ventricles as found on the necropsy. The original site of the tumor and the possible physiopathological mechanisms for the precocious puberty are discussed.", "contents": "[Teratoma of the 4th ventricle and precocious puberty. Case report]. A case of precocious puberty and diabetes insipidus in a 7 years old boy due to a malignant teratoma in the IVth ventricle is reported. The tumor had grown into the IIIrd and lateral ventricles as found on the necropsy. The original site of the tumor and the possible physiopathological mechanisms for the precocious puberty are discussed.", "PMID": 316995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5700", "title": "Multiple use of benzoin as an aid in neurosurgical practice: the watertight benzoin dressing.", "content": "The author presents a survey of his experience with the use of benzoin as an aid to prevent and to treat wound complications as: CSF leakage ruptured meningoceles, prevention of leakage and wound infections, during the use of external cranial drainage, indwelling catheters or implanted cannulas and electrodes. A few other handy uses are also mentioned.", "contents": "Multiple use of benzoin as an aid in neurosurgical practice: the watertight benzoin dressing. The author presents a survey of his experience with the use of benzoin as an aid to prevent and to treat wound complications as: CSF leakage ruptured meningoceles, prevention of leakage and wound infections, during the use of external cranial drainage, indwelling catheters or implanted cannulas and electrodes. A few other handy uses are also mentioned.", "PMID": 316996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5701", "title": "[Macular involvement in retinitis albescens (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of retinitis albescens with macular involvement are reported. Fundus changes and functional examination has been taken into account for the differential diagnosis of the condition from fundus albipunctatus cum hemeralopia.", "contents": "[Macular involvement in retinitis albescens (author's transl)]. Two cases of retinitis albescens with macular involvement are reported. Fundus changes and functional examination has been taken into account for the differential diagnosis of the condition from fundus albipunctatus cum hemeralopia.", "PMID": 316997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5702", "title": "[Investigations for simplification of the clinical rotation test of irritability of the human vestibular organ (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty ear-sound adolescents were rotated by constant acceleration and deceleration. These investigations yielded three results. 1. The nystagmus of acceleration and deceleration period permits a more exact statement about rotation irritability of peripheral vestibular organ than the per-rotatoric fading nystagmus during constant rotation. 2. The stop out of constant rotation causes only a fading nystagmus, the postrotatorius I. Consequently, deceleration should substitute the stop with regard to its greater exactness. 3. Statistical comparison shows that electronystagmograms of acceleration and deceleration correspond to electronystagmograms of right and left rotation. Therefore, the clinical rotation test is practicable with only one direction of rotation. In this case, deceleration has to be of the same strength and duration as the acceleration.", "contents": "[Investigations for simplification of the clinical rotation test of irritability of the human vestibular organ (author's transl)]. Fifty ear-sound adolescents were rotated by constant acceleration and deceleration. These investigations yielded three results. 1. The nystagmus of acceleration and deceleration period permits a more exact statement about rotation irritability of peripheral vestibular organ than the per-rotatoric fading nystagmus during constant rotation. 2. The stop out of constant rotation causes only a fading nystagmus, the postrotatorius I. Consequently, deceleration should substitute the stop with regard to its greater exactness. 3. Statistical comparison shows that electronystagmograms of acceleration and deceleration correspond to electronystagmograms of right and left rotation. Therefore, the clinical rotation test is practicable with only one direction of rotation. In this case, deceleration has to be of the same strength and duration as the acceleration.", "PMID": 316998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5703", "title": "Affinity chromatography in the separation of human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and antithrombin-III (AT-III).", "content": "The two antiproteases alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and antithrombin-III (AT-III) have been purified simultaneously from human plasma. Purification procedure consisted of gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 after initial processing of plasma, followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A50 and DEAE-Cellulose, at a pH of 9.0 and pH 8.3 respectively. The two proteins could not be separated by any of these procedures including a lower pH (7.4) in ion exchange chromatography. Affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose separated the proteins since alpha 1-AT did not bind to the matrix. Alpha 1-AT unbound to the heparin-Sepharose was subsequently purified through con A-Sepharose affinity column. The final yield of both the proteins was about 20%. The molecular weight estimated on SDS electrophoresis for AT-III and alpha 1-AT was 63,000 and 50,000, respectively.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography in the separation of human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and antithrombin-III (AT-III). The two antiproteases alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and antithrombin-III (AT-III) have been purified simultaneously from human plasma. Purification procedure consisted of gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 after initial processing of plasma, followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A50 and DEAE-Cellulose, at a pH of 9.0 and pH 8.3 respectively. The two proteins could not be separated by any of these procedures including a lower pH (7.4) in ion exchange chromatography. Affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose separated the proteins since alpha 1-AT did not bind to the matrix. Alpha 1-AT unbound to the heparin-Sepharose was subsequently purified through con A-Sepharose affinity column. The final yield of both the proteins was about 20%. The molecular weight estimated on SDS electrophoresis for AT-III and alpha 1-AT was 63,000 and 50,000, respectively.", "PMID": 316999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5704", "title": "Thiamphenicol as an immunosuppressant in active systemic lupus erythematosus with nephritis.", "content": "Thirteen patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and biopsy proven nephropathy were treated with thiamphenicol for two weeks. Laboratory indices of SLE disease activity (antinuclear factor, complement activity and ESR) were improved after the course of treatment in half of the patients and did not change significantly in the rest. Thiamphenicol may have value as an alternative to currently popular immunosuppressive drugs in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Thiamphenicol as an immunosuppressant in active systemic lupus erythematosus with nephritis. Thirteen patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and biopsy proven nephropathy were treated with thiamphenicol for two weeks. Laboratory indices of SLE disease activity (antinuclear factor, complement activity and ESR) were improved after the course of treatment in half of the patients and did not change significantly in the rest. Thiamphenicol may have value as an alternative to currently popular immunosuppressive drugs in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 317000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5705", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from chickens inoculated with herpesvirus of turkey against a Marek's disease lymphoma cell line (MSB-1).", "content": "Using a new device which increases the sensitivity of detection of specific immune lysis of target cells by labeling them with [35S]-methionine, the in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxic response of spleen lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes from chickens vaccinated with herpesvirus of turkey (HVT), O1 strain, against MSB-1 line cells was clearly demonstrated. The cytotoxic activity was clearly inhibited by pretreatment of effector lymphocytes with anti-T lymphocyte serum and complement. The activity was greater using T cells purified from spleen lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes than with the unfractionated cells, indicating that T lymphocytes play the main role in effector activity. Using sera from HVG-vaccinated chickens, no significant cytotoxic effects were detected in the complement-dependent antibody cytotoxicity test against MSB-1 cells. These results suggest that cellular immunity against the surface antigen of Marek's disease (MD) lymphoma cells is mainly related to the preventive mechanism against MD incidence by HVT vaccination.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from chickens inoculated with herpesvirus of turkey against a Marek's disease lymphoma cell line (MSB-1). Using a new device which increases the sensitivity of detection of specific immune lysis of target cells by labeling them with [35S]-methionine, the in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxic response of spleen lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes from chickens vaccinated with herpesvirus of turkey (HVT), O1 strain, against MSB-1 line cells was clearly demonstrated. The cytotoxic activity was clearly inhibited by pretreatment of effector lymphocytes with anti-T lymphocyte serum and complement. The activity was greater using T cells purified from spleen lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes than with the unfractionated cells, indicating that T lymphocytes play the main role in effector activity. Using sera from HVG-vaccinated chickens, no significant cytotoxic effects were detected in the complement-dependent antibody cytotoxicity test against MSB-1 cells. These results suggest that cellular immunity against the surface antigen of Marek's disease (MD) lymphoma cells is mainly related to the preventive mechanism against MD incidence by HVT vaccination.", "PMID": 317001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5706", "title": "Stability of polyadenylic and polyadenylated ribonucleic acids in radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings.", "content": "The stability of polyadenylic acid and polyadenylated RNA was investigated in young radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings. We first studied the decay of poly(A) content, using a [3H]poly(U) assay, following a complete block of transcription by cordycepin (200 microgram/ml). Two lifetime classes of polyadenylic acid have been determined in these seedlings: a short-lived component with a half-life of 30 min which represents 60% of poly(A) and a more stable component with varying half-lives of which the majority range from 4-10 h and a few are considerably longer. During this period rRNA was shown to decay linearly, taking about 41 h for half of this RNA to disappear. The life-time of the other moiety of polyadenylated-RNA was analysed by continuous labelling with [3H]uridine. We have been able to demonstrate that a significant part of the mRNA molecules turns over with a half-life similar to that of the more slowly turning-over poly(A). No evidence could be obtained for rapidly turning-over messenger RNA. Thus the rapidly turning over poly(A) could correspond to a poly(A) turn-over independent of the remainder of the sequence. When labelling was very long, an apparent steady-state was reached and we determined the polyadenylated RNA content of seedlings to be 2.2% of whole cell RNA. Finally, these results were compared with those previously obtained in studying early germination of radish embryo axes. In contrast with stored mRNA which is rapidly degraded following imbibition, part of the mRNA present in 22 h old seedlings is stable for several hours.", "contents": "Stability of polyadenylic and polyadenylated ribonucleic acids in radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings. The stability of polyadenylic acid and polyadenylated RNA was investigated in young radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings. We first studied the decay of poly(A) content, using a [3H]poly(U) assay, following a complete block of transcription by cordycepin (200 microgram/ml). Two lifetime classes of polyadenylic acid have been determined in these seedlings: a short-lived component with a half-life of 30 min which represents 60% of poly(A) and a more stable component with varying half-lives of which the majority range from 4-10 h and a few are considerably longer. During this period rRNA was shown to decay linearly, taking about 41 h for half of this RNA to disappear. The life-time of the other moiety of polyadenylated-RNA was analysed by continuous labelling with [3H]uridine. We have been able to demonstrate that a significant part of the mRNA molecules turns over with a half-life similar to that of the more slowly turning-over poly(A). No evidence could be obtained for rapidly turning-over messenger RNA. Thus the rapidly turning over poly(A) could correspond to a poly(A) turn-over independent of the remainder of the sequence. When labelling was very long, an apparent steady-state was reached and we determined the polyadenylated RNA content of seedlings to be 2.2% of whole cell RNA. Finally, these results were compared with those previously obtained in studying early germination of radish embryo axes. In contrast with stored mRNA which is rapidly degraded following imbibition, part of the mRNA present in 22 h old seedlings is stable for several hours.", "PMID": 317002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5707", "title": "[The role of ochronotic arthropathies in rheumatology].", "content": "In alkaptonuric patients, cartilage, fibrocartilage and tendons are slowly impregnated by homogentisic acid. This leads to pigment deposition between and on the surface of collagen fibres (ochronosis) which hardens the tissues as in leather tanning, and can render them breakable. Ochronotic intervertebral discs show a tendency of calcification and ossification, which produces a characteristic radiological picture. Ochronotic cartilage is rather often split off in the weight bearing zones of the knee, shoulder and hip. This is followed by osteoarthrotic changes with a synovial reaction frequently leading to an osteochondromatosis. The labelling of the pigmented ochronotic cartilage thus can support a didactic demonstration of the nature of osteoarthrotic remodelling. It underlines that such remodelling consists mainly of non specific changes developing independently of the cause of the original cartilage lesion.", "contents": "[The role of ochronotic arthropathies in rheumatology]. In alkaptonuric patients, cartilage, fibrocartilage and tendons are slowly impregnated by homogentisic acid. This leads to pigment deposition between and on the surface of collagen fibres (ochronosis) which hardens the tissues as in leather tanning, and can render them breakable. Ochronotic intervertebral discs show a tendency of calcification and ossification, which produces a characteristic radiological picture. Ochronotic cartilage is rather often split off in the weight bearing zones of the knee, shoulder and hip. This is followed by osteoarthrotic changes with a synovial reaction frequently leading to an osteochondromatosis. The labelling of the pigmented ochronotic cartilage thus can support a didactic demonstration of the nature of osteoarthrotic remodelling. It underlines that such remodelling consists mainly of non specific changes developing independently of the cause of the original cartilage lesion.", "PMID": 317004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5708", "title": "[Morphologic indication for the participation of neutrophil granulocytes in rheumatic cartilage destruction].", "content": "Cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis may be mediated by enzymes of the synovial fluid and by cells of the proliferating pannus tissue. Neutrophilic granulocytes are usually said to affect the cartilage via the synovial fluid, and  their local occurrence in the pannus-cartilage border is denied. However, a morphological study on pannus tissue and cartilage by use of histochemistry and immunfluorescence (leucocytes antielastase) exhibited an accumulation of neutrophilic granulocytes in the immediate vicinity of the cartilage in destruction. This result is in contrast to the observation of most investigators reporting studies of the pannus cartilage junction. Experimental datas of the effect of elastase moreover indicate that this enzyme is capable to penetrate into  the cartilage and to degrade proteoglycans. Therefore the results show that the occurrence of neutrophilic granulocytes at the pannus-cartilage border is an important phenomenon for understanding the progressive cartilage destruction and that elastase may be at least one enzyme responsible for the degradation of the cartilage matrix.", "contents": "[Morphologic indication for the participation of neutrophil granulocytes in rheumatic cartilage destruction]. Cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis may be mediated by enzymes of the synovial fluid and by cells of the proliferating pannus tissue. Neutrophilic granulocytes are usually said to affect the cartilage via the synovial fluid, and  their local occurrence in the pannus-cartilage border is denied. However, a morphological study on pannus tissue and cartilage by use of histochemistry and immunfluorescence (leucocytes antielastase) exhibited an accumulation of neutrophilic granulocytes in the immediate vicinity of the cartilage in destruction. This result is in contrast to the observation of most investigators reporting studies of the pannus cartilage junction. Experimental datas of the effect of elastase moreover indicate that this enzyme is capable to penetrate into  the cartilage and to degrade proteoglycans. Therefore the results show that the occurrence of neutrophilic granulocytes at the pannus-cartilage border is an important phenomenon for understanding the progressive cartilage destruction and that elastase may be at least one enzyme responsible for the degradation of the cartilage matrix.", "PMID": 317005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5709", "title": "Urinary incontinence: prevalence and needs.", "content": "The prevalence of recognised urinary incontinence in a community was found to be 1%; the prevalence of unrecognised incontinence was 3.3% in men and 8% in women in a group practice of 7000 patients. The approach to investigation and management of urinary incontinence in a urodynamic unit and the staffing of this unit are described.", "contents": "Urinary incontinence: prevalence and needs. The prevalence of recognised urinary incontinence in a community was found to be 1%; the prevalence of unrecognised incontinence was 3.3% in men and 8% in women in a group practice of 7000 patients. The approach to investigation and management of urinary incontinence in a urodynamic unit and the staffing of this unit are described.", "PMID": 317006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5710", "title": "On the problem of counting and sizing mitochondria: a general reappraisal based on ultrastructural studies of mammalian lymphocytes.", "content": "The authors ask the question whether the parameters \"numbers\" and \"volume\" are suitable for the morphometric analysis of mitochondria. In several types of cell, irregularity of mitochondrial shape makes it technically difficult, if not impossible, to obtain reliable stereological estimates of mean organelle volume or number per unit volume. Of more fundamental concern is whether number of mitochondria per cell is of any real value as a structural correlate of respiratory potential and hence as a measure of cell function. Alternative parameters might serve better for this purpose. Though the problem is illustrated by reference to quantitative studies of lymphocytes, it is also pertinent to the investigation of many other cell types.", "contents": "On the problem of counting and sizing mitochondria: a general reappraisal based on ultrastructural studies of mammalian lymphocytes. The authors ask the question whether the parameters \"numbers\" and \"volume\" are suitable for the morphometric analysis of mitochondria. In several types of cell, irregularity of mitochondrial shape makes it technically difficult, if not impossible, to obtain reliable stereological estimates of mean organelle volume or number per unit volume. Of more fundamental concern is whether number of mitochondria per cell is of any real value as a structural correlate of respiratory potential and hence as a measure of cell function. Alternative parameters might serve better for this purpose. Though the problem is illustrated by reference to quantitative studies of lymphocytes, it is also pertinent to the investigation of many other cell types.", "PMID": 317012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5711", "title": "The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis L. III. High-resolution radioautography of monoaminergic structures in neurohemal regions.", "content": "The distribution of monoaminergic structures was studied in the proximal neurosecretory contact region and neurohypophysis of the lamprey by light and electron microscopic radioautography. Only weak radioautographic reactions were found in the proximal neurosecretory contact region 1 h after injection of 3H-dopamine. High-resolution radioautography revealed some labeled neurosecretory terminals mainly in contact with the basement membrane of the connective tissue layer separating the proximal neurosecretory contact region from the hypophysial pars distalis. The number of silver grains as well as the number of neurosecretory terminals marked by the presence of labeled dopamine was much higher in the neurohypophysis of the same species. In the latter, labeled neurosecretory terminals were found in contact with the connective tissue layer containing blood vessels of the general circulation. Some neurosecretory terminals make synaptoid contacts with tanycyte perikarya and their basal processes. According to their ultrastructure and the size of their granules, the labeled neurosecretory terminals are identical with the B type terminals described in both neurohemal regions (transmission electron microscopy). No labeled neurosecretory terminals were observed in the proximal neurosecretory contact region and the neurohypophysis of lampreys treated with the serotonin precursor, 3H-5-hydroxytryptophan.", "contents": "The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis L. III. High-resolution radioautography of monoaminergic structures in neurohemal regions. The distribution of monoaminergic structures was studied in the proximal neurosecretory contact region and neurohypophysis of the lamprey by light and electron microscopic radioautography. Only weak radioautographic reactions were found in the proximal neurosecretory contact region 1 h after injection of 3H-dopamine. High-resolution radioautography revealed some labeled neurosecretory terminals mainly in contact with the basement membrane of the connective tissue layer separating the proximal neurosecretory contact region from the hypophysial pars distalis. The number of silver grains as well as the number of neurosecretory terminals marked by the presence of labeled dopamine was much higher in the neurohypophysis of the same species. In the latter, labeled neurosecretory terminals were found in contact with the connective tissue layer containing blood vessels of the general circulation. Some neurosecretory terminals make synaptoid contacts with tanycyte perikarya and their basal processes. According to their ultrastructure and the size of their granules, the labeled neurosecretory terminals are identical with the B type terminals described in both neurohemal regions (transmission electron microscopy). No labeled neurosecretory terminals were observed in the proximal neurosecretory contact region and the neurohypophysis of lampreys treated with the serotonin precursor, 3H-5-hydroxytryptophan.", "PMID": 317013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5712", "title": "Role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of lymphomas.", "content": "The recent developments and results of treatment in Hodgkin's disease suggest that staging laparotomy is indicated in certain selected groups of patients and should not be performed routinely in patients whose therapy is unlikely to be changed by the findings.Early stage nodal Hodgkin's disease is best treated by extended radiotherapy. The exact role of adjuvant chemotherapy is not settled, but there are certain groups of high-risk patients who should receive chemotherapy, such as those with extensive mediastinal disease or advanced IIIA patients. In the advanced stages, chemotherapy assumes the primary role and with the MOPP programme (chlormethine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone), alone or alternating with ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and imidazole carboxamide), a substantial number of patients can be controlled or cured.The therapeutic approach to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma should be guided mainly by the histological findings, favourable or unfavourable, and to a lesser degree also by the stage of the disease. In these patients, chemotherapy rather than radiotherapy is the treatment of choice. In the favourable histology group, a conservative approach is usually justified in the majority of patients, while in the unfavourable histology group, aggressive combination chemotherapy containing adriamycin is the recommended therapy.In underprivileged populations, the abdominal and intestinal localization of lymphomas is more common than in Europe and North America. Two lymphomas of special interest are Burkitt's lymphoma and intestinal lymphoma in their varying aspects. In both diseases, the importance of environmental factors is highly suggestive. Referral of such patients to centres involved in the management of these diseases is essential.", "contents": "Role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of lymphomas. The recent developments and results of treatment in Hodgkin's disease suggest that staging laparotomy is indicated in certain selected groups of patients and should not be performed routinely in patients whose therapy is unlikely to be changed by the findings.Early stage nodal Hodgkin's disease is best treated by extended radiotherapy. The exact role of adjuvant chemotherapy is not settled, but there are certain groups of high-risk patients who should receive chemotherapy, such as those with extensive mediastinal disease or advanced IIIA patients. In the advanced stages, chemotherapy assumes the primary role and with the MOPP programme (chlormethine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone), alone or alternating with ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and imidazole carboxamide), a substantial number of patients can be controlled or cured.The therapeutic approach to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma should be guided mainly by the histological findings, favourable or unfavourable, and to a lesser degree also by the stage of the disease. In these patients, chemotherapy rather than radiotherapy is the treatment of choice. In the favourable histology group, a conservative approach is usually justified in the majority of patients, while in the unfavourable histology group, aggressive combination chemotherapy containing adriamycin is the recommended therapy.In underprivileged populations, the abdominal and intestinal localization of lymphomas is more common than in Europe and North America. Two lymphomas of special interest are Burkitt's lymphoma and intestinal lymphoma in their varying aspects. In both diseases, the importance of environmental factors is highly suggestive. Referral of such patients to centres involved in the management of these diseases is essential.", "PMID": 317017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5713", "title": "Pattern analysis in the study of infantile diarrhoea and other epidemiological problems.", "content": "The patterns imposed on records of epidemiological variables by spatial, temporal, and other factors demand a special approach for their identification, characterization, and interpretation. Over the last 10 years, a methodology based on pattern analysis has been developed and put to the test in elucidating selected epidemiological problems. The aim of this approach is to link the pattern or its detailed features to factors likely to be important in understanding the origins of the disease and the mechanisms underlying its occurrence; such knowledge may in turn suggest methods that can be used to control the disease. Pattern analysis provides a battery of techniques that can greatly enhance the cost-effectiveness of epidemiological investigations. To exemplify these techniques, the applications of pattern analysis in the study of the infantile diarrhoeal complex and in elucidating the epidemic spread of wildlife rabies are described. Some other examples are mentioned briefly and comments are made on the more important techniques available.", "contents": "Pattern analysis in the study of infantile diarrhoea and other epidemiological problems. The patterns imposed on records of epidemiological variables by spatial, temporal, and other factors demand a special approach for their identification, characterization, and interpretation. Over the last 10 years, a methodology based on pattern analysis has been developed and put to the test in elucidating selected epidemiological problems. The aim of this approach is to link the pattern or its detailed features to factors likely to be important in understanding the origins of the disease and the mechanisms underlying its occurrence; such knowledge may in turn suggest methods that can be used to control the disease. Pattern analysis provides a battery of techniques that can greatly enhance the cost-effectiveness of epidemiological investigations. To exemplify these techniques, the applications of pattern analysis in the study of the infantile diarrhoeal complex and in elucidating the epidemic spread of wildlife rabies are described. Some other examples are mentioned briefly and comments are made on the more important techniques available.", "PMID": 317018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5714", "title": "Recommended safety requirements for the preparation of lepromin: a WHO Memorandum.", "content": "The need for standardizing the preparation of lepromin and establishing safety requirements for it was recognized by the Scientific Working Group on the Immunology of Leprosy (IMMLEP) and its Steering Committee in 1978. It has now recommended the preparation of standard integral (Mitsuda-type) lepromin and, in collaboration with the WHO Biologicals unit, has drafted requirements for its preparation and testing. These direct that the source material should be Mycobacterium leprae from biopsy specimens of skin obtained from human (lepromatous) tissues or from the tissues of armadillos infected with M. leprae. The procedures to be followed for processing and testing the source material and for the preparation of lepromin from it are described. Requirements are laid down for the safety testing and labelling of the final product. In future, IMMLEP will consider supporting only those projects involving the use of lepromin prepared in accordance with these regulations.", "contents": "Recommended safety requirements for the preparation of lepromin: a WHO Memorandum. The need for standardizing the preparation of lepromin and establishing safety requirements for it was recognized by the Scientific Working Group on the Immunology of Leprosy (IMMLEP) and its Steering Committee in 1978. It has now recommended the preparation of standard integral (Mitsuda-type) lepromin and, in collaboration with the WHO Biologicals unit, has drafted requirements for its preparation and testing. These direct that the source material should be Mycobacterium leprae from biopsy specimens of skin obtained from human (lepromatous) tissues or from the tissues of armadillos infected with M. leprae. The procedures to be followed for processing and testing the source material and for the preparation of lepromin from it are described. Requirements are laid down for the safety testing and labelling of the final product. In future, IMMLEP will consider supporting only those projects involving the use of lepromin prepared in accordance with these regulations.", "PMID": 317019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5715", "title": "Single haemolysis for the assay of antibodies to some haemagglutinating arboviruses.", "content": "The single radial haemolysis reaction has been shown to be suitable for the quantitative assay of specific antibody to West Nile and Sindbis viruses. Only 5 mul of undiluted serum are needed for the test, which can be performed on crude preparations of antigen and without removal of nonspecific inhibitors. It is therefore a very simple procedure. Moreover, it appears to be more specific than the classical haemagglutination-inhibition tests.", "contents": "Single haemolysis for the assay of antibodies to some haemagglutinating arboviruses. The single radial haemolysis reaction has been shown to be suitable for the quantitative assay of specific antibody to West Nile and Sindbis viruses. Only 5 mul of undiluted serum are needed for the test, which can be performed on crude preparations of antigen and without removal of nonspecific inhibitors. It is therefore a very simple procedure. Moreover, it appears to be more specific than the classical haemagglutination-inhibition tests.", "PMID": 317020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5716", "title": "Immunization during a cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic in the Mongolian People's Republic, 1974-75.", "content": "An epidemic of cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM) in the Mongolian People's Republic, starting in 1969, reached its peak in 1974. In that year and in early 1975, 65 000 children in the 0-8-years age group in the main towns and in the provinces were immunized with meningococcal vaccine of serogroup A. The morbidity rates due to CSM were 12 times higher in the non-immunized than in the immunized children. This result demonstrates the value of an immunization programme to control epidemics of CSM.", "contents": "Immunization during a cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic in the Mongolian People's Republic, 1974-75. An epidemic of cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM) in the Mongolian People's Republic, starting in 1969, reached its peak in 1974. In that year and in early 1975, 65 000 children in the 0-8-years age group in the main towns and in the provinces were immunized with meningococcal vaccine of serogroup A. The morbidity rates due to CSM were 12 times higher in the non-immunized than in the immunized children. This result demonstrates the value of an immunization programme to control epidemics of CSM.", "PMID": 317021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5717", "title": "An analysis of factors leading to a reduction in iron deficiency in Swedish women.", "content": "The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among Swedish women of child-bearing age has fallen markedly since the mid-1960s. At that time, population studies in G\u00f6teborg and Uppsala showed that iron deficiency anaemia was present in about 25-30% of women. Later, in population studies in G\u00f6teborg in 1968-69 and 1974-75, the prevalence in the same age group was found to have fallen to 6-7%. Several factors may explain the improved iron status. The level of iron fortification of flour was increased from 30 mg/kg of flour in 1943 to 65 mg in 1970, this increase adjusting the iron intake to compensate for the lower energy requirement and expenditure of present-day living habits. There has also been a marked increase in the intake of iron tablets and of tablets containing ascorbic acid.An analysis of various factors indicates that the 20-25% improvement in iron status can be accounted for by increased use of oral contraceptives (3-4%), the impact of increased iron fortification (7-8%), the widespread use of ascorbic acid supplements (3%), and greater prescribing of iron tablets (10%).This analysis of the factors leading to the marked reduction in the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among Swedish women may be useful to public health planners in other countries with similar problems. Our results indicate that several factors need to be considered when planning controlled field trials and evaluating the results obtained. The methods used to analyse the impact of different factors on the reduction in iron deficiency can also be used to predict the effects of various public health measures on the iron status of a population.", "contents": "An analysis of factors leading to a reduction in iron deficiency in Swedish women. The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among Swedish women of child-bearing age has fallen markedly since the mid-1960s. At that time, population studies in G\u00f6teborg and Uppsala showed that iron deficiency anaemia was present in about 25-30% of women. Later, in population studies in G\u00f6teborg in 1968-69 and 1974-75, the prevalence in the same age group was found to have fallen to 6-7%. Several factors may explain the improved iron status. The level of iron fortification of flour was increased from 30 mg/kg of flour in 1943 to 65 mg in 1970, this increase adjusting the iron intake to compensate for the lower energy requirement and expenditure of present-day living habits. There has also been a marked increase in the intake of iron tablets and of tablets containing ascorbic acid.An analysis of various factors indicates that the 20-25% improvement in iron status can be accounted for by increased use of oral contraceptives (3-4%), the impact of increased iron fortification (7-8%), the widespread use of ascorbic acid supplements (3%), and greater prescribing of iron tablets (10%).This analysis of the factors leading to the marked reduction in the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among Swedish women may be useful to public health planners in other countries with similar problems. Our results indicate that several factors need to be considered when planning controlled field trials and evaluating the results obtained. The methods used to analyse the impact of different factors on the reduction in iron deficiency can also be used to predict the effects of various public health measures on the iron status of a population.", "PMID": 317022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5718", "title": "Basic method for recording occlusal traits.", "content": "This article describes a basic method for the recording of malocclusion that has been developed jointly by the World Health Organization and the International Dental Federation. The method was developed and field-tested in the period 1969-78 and should provide investigators and health authorities with a common basis for assessing the prevalence of malocclusion in various parts of the world. It should also serve as a basic reference tool in the development of methods for assessing the need and demand for orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "Basic method for recording occlusal traits. This article describes a basic method for the recording of malocclusion that has been developed jointly by the World Health Organization and the International Dental Federation. The method was developed and field-tested in the period 1969-78 and should provide investigators and health authorities with a common basis for assessing the prevalence of malocclusion in various parts of the world. It should also serve as a basic reference tool in the development of methods for assessing the need and demand for orthodontic treatment.", "PMID": 317023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5719", "title": "Epidemiological aspects of intraocular pressure in an onchocerciasis endemic area.", "content": "A field investigation of intraocular pressure in populations in onchocerciasis endemic areas of West Africa revealed a normal pressure distribution in individuals without signs of ocular onchocerciasis or with only microfilariae or reversible lesions in the eye. Females showed a significantly higher mean ocular tension, and in both sexes tension decreased with age. Patients with irreversible onchocercal ocular lesions and signs of anterior uveitis showed a significantly lower and abnormally distributed intraocular pressure. The prevalence of glaucoma was significantly higher in this group, thus indicating that a high intensity of onchocercal infection may be associated with a risk of secondary glaucoma. The presence of microfilariae in the ocular tissues and consequent inflammatory reactions may possibly give rise to an abnormal distribution of ocular tension.", "contents": "Epidemiological aspects of intraocular pressure in an onchocerciasis endemic area. A field investigation of intraocular pressure in populations in onchocerciasis endemic areas of West Africa revealed a normal pressure distribution in individuals without signs of ocular onchocerciasis or with only microfilariae or reversible lesions in the eye. Females showed a significantly higher mean ocular tension, and in both sexes tension decreased with age. Patients with irreversible onchocercal ocular lesions and signs of anterior uveitis showed a significantly lower and abnormally distributed intraocular pressure. The prevalence of glaucoma was significantly higher in this group, thus indicating that a high intensity of onchocercal infection may be associated with a risk of secondary glaucoma. The presence of microfilariae in the ocular tissues and consequent inflammatory reactions may possibly give rise to an abnormal distribution of ocular tension.", "PMID": 317024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5720", "title": "A differential filtration technique for the measurement of schistosome cercarial densities in standing waters.", "content": "The technique of differential filtration allows the detection of schistosome cercariae, with a recovery greater than 80%, in natural waters with a high concentration of microorganisms. This technique makes use of a new type of monofilament polyamide filter Nytrel-TI, with a pore size of 40 mum, allowing filtration of turbid water without clogging of the filter. A three-level prefiltration column (1000, 500 and 200 mum), which retains organisms larger than cercariae, facilitates reading of the filter. The apparatus used weighs less than 3.5 kg; it requires no power supply and can easily be used in the field.", "contents": "A differential filtration technique for the measurement of schistosome cercarial densities in standing waters. The technique of differential filtration allows the detection of schistosome cercariae, with a recovery greater than 80%, in natural waters with a high concentration of microorganisms. This technique makes use of a new type of monofilament polyamide filter Nytrel-TI, with a pore size of 40 mum, allowing filtration of turbid water without clogging of the filter. A three-level prefiltration column (1000, 500 and 200 mum), which retains organisms larger than cercariae, facilitates reading of the filter. The apparatus used weighs less than 3.5 kg; it requires no power supply and can easily be used in the field.", "PMID": 317025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5721", "title": "Migration of lymphoblasts to the small intestine. III. Strain differences and relationship to distribution and duration of Trichinella spiralis infection.", "content": "In NIH strain mice, in which the majority of Trichinella spiralis are located in the anterior half of the small intestine early in the enteral phase of infection, enhanced localization of mesenteric lymphoblasts, nylon wool separated mesenteric T-lymphoblasts and even oxazolone sensitized peripheral lymphoblasts is most prominent in the anterior region of the small intestine. As the worms move to the posterior half of the small intestine, enahnced localization of lymphoblasts is observed in that region only. In BALB/c mice, in which most of the worms are located in the posterior half of the small intestine, enhanced localization of lymphoblasts is primarily in that region. Expulsion of the worms commences within 2--3 days of a large increase in the number of lymphoblasts localizing in the anterior region of the small intestine in NIH strain mice and likewise follows a second and larger increase in the number of lymphoblasts localizing in the posterior region of the small intestine of BALB/c mice.", "contents": "Migration of lymphoblasts to the small intestine. III. Strain differences and relationship to distribution and duration of Trichinella spiralis infection. In NIH strain mice, in which the majority of Trichinella spiralis are located in the anterior half of the small intestine early in the enteral phase of infection, enhanced localization of mesenteric lymphoblasts, nylon wool separated mesenteric T-lymphoblasts and even oxazolone sensitized peripheral lymphoblasts is most prominent in the anterior region of the small intestine. As the worms move to the posterior half of the small intestine, enahnced localization of lymphoblasts is observed in that region only. In BALB/c mice, in which most of the worms are located in the posterior half of the small intestine, enhanced localization of lymphoblasts is primarily in that region. Expulsion of the worms commences within 2--3 days of a large increase in the number of lymphoblasts localizing in the anterior region of the small intestine in NIH strain mice and likewise follows a second and larger increase in the number of lymphoblasts localizing in the posterior region of the small intestine of BALB/c mice.", "PMID": 317031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5722", "title": "Impaired T lymphocyte colony formation in infectious mononucleosis: evidence for both monocyte and lymphocyte defects.", "content": "PHA-induced T lymphocyte colony formation in semi-solid agar culture was studied in mononuclear cells (MC) and non-adherent cells (NAC) from the blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM). Colony formation expressed as number of colonies per 10(6) E-RFC or as number of colonies per ml of blood was depressed by about 90% during the first weeks of disease, but returned to normal levels during the convalescence period. Addition to the agar culture of conditioned medium prepared from adherent blood MC or normal donors partly restored colony formation by both MC andNAC from patients with IM in the acute stages, suggesting a subnormal production of conditioning factors by cocultured adherent cells. In line with this finding adherent cells from patients with acute disease failed to produce a conditioned medium which optimally supported the growth of T lymphocyte colonies from NAC of normal donors. When mononuclear cells from patients with IM were mixed with normal donor lymphocytes prior to agar seeding, colony formation by the normal cells was reduced by 10--65%. It is concluded that mononuclear cells from patients with IM have a reduced capacity to form T lymphocyte colonies in agar medium. This reduction possibly reflects a lack of production of colony stimulating factors from monocytes, but also increased activity of T lymphocyte colony suppressor cells.", "contents": "Impaired T lymphocyte colony formation in infectious mononucleosis: evidence for both monocyte and lymphocyte defects. PHA-induced T lymphocyte colony formation in semi-solid agar culture was studied in mononuclear cells (MC) and non-adherent cells (NAC) from the blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM). Colony formation expressed as number of colonies per 10(6) E-RFC or as number of colonies per ml of blood was depressed by about 90% during the first weeks of disease, but returned to normal levels during the convalescence period. Addition to the agar culture of conditioned medium prepared from adherent blood MC or normal donors partly restored colony formation by both MC andNAC from patients with IM in the acute stages, suggesting a subnormal production of conditioning factors by cocultured adherent cells. In line with this finding adherent cells from patients with acute disease failed to produce a conditioned medium which optimally supported the growth of T lymphocyte colonies from NAC of normal donors. When mononuclear cells from patients with IM were mixed with normal donor lymphocytes prior to agar seeding, colony formation by the normal cells was reduced by 10--65%. It is concluded that mononuclear cells from patients with IM have a reduced capacity to form T lymphocyte colonies in agar medium. This reduction possibly reflects a lack of production of colony stimulating factors from monocytes, but also increased activity of T lymphocyte colony suppressor cells.", "PMID": 317032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5723", "title": "Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in isoniazid-associated hepatitis.", "content": "The release of lymphotoxin (LT) from peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with isoniazid (INH)-induced hepatitis was studied, using L929 fibroblast target cells, as was the cytotoxic effect of these lymphocytes on murine hepatoma cells (L1469) and L929 fibroblasts, using a 3H-proline cytotoxicity assay. Evidence for LT release was found in five out of six patients, following stimulation of the peripheral blood lymphocytes with INH or isonicotinic acid (INA) conjugated to human serum albumin. In the direct cytotoxicity assay, cytotoxic effects on the hepatoma cells were enhanced by preincubation of the target cells with INH in five out of six patients tested. Although specificity with regard to the drug was demonstrable, tissue specificity was less certain in that enhanced killing of the fibroblast cell line was also found to occur following preincubation of the L929 cells with INH.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in isoniazid-associated hepatitis. The release of lymphotoxin (LT) from peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with isoniazid (INH)-induced hepatitis was studied, using L929 fibroblast target cells, as was the cytotoxic effect of these lymphocytes on murine hepatoma cells (L1469) and L929 fibroblasts, using a 3H-proline cytotoxicity assay. Evidence for LT release was found in five out of six patients, following stimulation of the peripheral blood lymphocytes with INH or isonicotinic acid (INA) conjugated to human serum albumin. In the direct cytotoxicity assay, cytotoxic effects on the hepatoma cells were enhanced by preincubation of the target cells with INH in five out of six patients tested. Although specificity with regard to the drug was demonstrable, tissue specificity was less certain in that enhanced killing of the fibroblast cell line was also found to occur following preincubation of the L929 cells with INH.", "PMID": 317034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5724", "title": "Prognostic significance of cell surface markers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Examination of surface markers on leukaemic blasts from 51 children with ALL revealed that ALL is a heterogeneous disease. The majority (68%) of patients with ALL lack surface markers (null leukaemia); 28% could be classed as T cell as they form rosettes with sheep RBC and 4% have been shown to possess surface immunoglobulins and hence are classed as B cells. The children with null cell leukaemia have a better prognosis than T and B cell types.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of cell surface markers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Examination of surface markers on leukaemic blasts from 51 children with ALL revealed that ALL is a heterogeneous disease. The majority (68%) of patients with ALL lack surface markers (null leukaemia); 28% could be classed as T cell as they form rosettes with sheep RBC and 4% have been shown to possess surface immunoglobulins and hence are classed as B cells. The children with null cell leukaemia have a better prognosis than T and B cell types.", "PMID": 317037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5725", "title": "Response of neutropenia and anaemia to immunosuppressive therapy: report and bone marrow culture studies.", "content": "Soft agar culture of bone marrow cells was used to investigate abnormalities of granulopoiesis in a patient with acquired anaemia and neutropenia which responded to immunosuppressive therapy. Results showed that the patient's peripheral blood leucocytes inhibited granulopoiesis in vitro. Variation in the response of different target marrows suggested that inhibition was not due to direct action on granulocyte-monocyte committed stem cells but was directed against or mediated through the cells in target marrow samples which produce granulopoietic stimulators. Cell separation showed that the inhibitory activity was associated with the patient's mononuclear cells rather than neutrophils. A tentative explanation of the mechanism of production of the anaemia is also offered.", "contents": "Response of neutropenia and anaemia to immunosuppressive therapy: report and bone marrow culture studies. Soft agar culture of bone marrow cells was used to investigate abnormalities of granulopoiesis in a patient with acquired anaemia and neutropenia which responded to immunosuppressive therapy. Results showed that the patient's peripheral blood leucocytes inhibited granulopoiesis in vitro. Variation in the response of different target marrows suggested that inhibition was not due to direct action on granulocyte-monocyte committed stem cells but was directed against or mediated through the cells in target marrow samples which produce granulopoietic stimulators. Cell separation showed that the inhibitory activity was associated with the patient's mononuclear cells rather than neutrophils. A tentative explanation of the mechanism of production of the anaemia is also offered.", "PMID": 317038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5726", "title": "The prognostic significance of morphological features in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "A consecutive series of 209 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) presenting to a regional referral unit between 1970 and 1977 was studied. The following morphological features in the initial bone marrow were recorded: blast size, percentage periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and oil-red-O (ORO) positivity, percentage of blasts with vacuoles, and acid phosphatase positivity. The blasts were also coded according to the FAB (L13) classification. When analysed separately, increasing blast size was significantly related to the length of first remission (P = 0.01). However, this was almost entirely due to its association with the FAB L2 type of disease which also had a highly significant influence on length of first remission (P less than 0.0001) independent of all other factors. Patients with L3 disease had blasts with heavy vacuolation, ORO positivity and displayed monoclonal surface immunoglobulin and their prognosis was very poor. The percentage of vacuolated blasts and ORO positivity otherwise showed no influence on prognosis. Fine granularity of PAS staining in lymphoblasts showed no prognostic value but the trend of longer remission duration with increase in percentage of PAS coarse granularity and blocks, was statistically significant (P = 0.006). This relationship was partly due to a correlation with the presence of mediastinal mass and L2 disease, but was still independent of all other prognostic factors. In a smaller number (39) of the series of patients on whom cell surface markers were available, we were unable to demonstrate a correlation between T-derived blasts and the L1 and L2 classification; but there was a strong correlation with polar acid phosphatase positivity in T-derived blasts.", "contents": "The prognostic significance of morphological features in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A consecutive series of 209 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) presenting to a regional referral unit between 1970 and 1977 was studied. The following morphological features in the initial bone marrow were recorded: blast size, percentage periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and oil-red-O (ORO) positivity, percentage of blasts with vacuoles, and acid phosphatase positivity. The blasts were also coded according to the FAB (L13) classification. When analysed separately, increasing blast size was significantly related to the length of first remission (P = 0.01). However, this was almost entirely due to its association with the FAB L2 type of disease which also had a highly significant influence on length of first remission (P less than 0.0001) independent of all other factors. Patients with L3 disease had blasts with heavy vacuolation, ORO positivity and displayed monoclonal surface immunoglobulin and their prognosis was very poor. The percentage of vacuolated blasts and ORO positivity otherwise showed no influence on prognosis. Fine granularity of PAS staining in lymphoblasts showed no prognostic value but the trend of longer remission duration with increase in percentage of PAS coarse granularity and blocks, was statistically significant (P = 0.006). This relationship was partly due to a correlation with the presence of mediastinal mass and L2 disease, but was still independent of all other prognostic factors. In a smaller number (39) of the series of patients on whom cell surface markers were available, we were unable to demonstrate a correlation between T-derived blasts and the L1 and L2 classification; but there was a strong correlation with polar acid phosphatase positivity in T-derived blasts.", "PMID": 317039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5727", "title": "Fracutre healing in rats exposed to extremely low-frequency electric fields.", "content": "Fibular osteotomies in rats were exposed to an extremely low frequency field for 14 days. By histologic evaluation it was found that the healing rate was retarded by the field. The effect (which was replicated) occurred at much lower power levels than are presently employed in electircal osteogenesis.", "contents": "Fracutre healing in rats exposed to extremely low-frequency electric fields. Fibular osteotomies in rats were exposed to an extremely low frequency field for 14 days. By histologic evaluation it was found that the healing rate was retarded by the field. The effect (which was replicated) occurred at much lower power levels than are presently employed in electircal osteogenesis.", "PMID": 317035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5728", "title": "The effect of low frequency magnetic fields on the healing of the osteotomized rabbit radius.", "content": "The object of this experimental work was to evaluate the effect of a noninvasive method of electrical stimulation on the healing of freshly-created osteotomies of the rabbit radius. The apparatus consisted of a solid core electromagnet energized by a square wave unidirectional current. The magnetic field was pulsed transversely across the osteotomy site of the radius while the animal was confined to a restraining device 6 hours daily for 5 days per week. In one group of animals the influence of different pulse frequencies, using 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, and 4 Hz, was evaluated, while the period of stimulation was kept constant at 2 weeks. In another group of animals, exposure was continued for 3 and 4 weeks while the pulse frequency was kept constant at 1 Hz. Histologic and radiologic comparison with control animals revealed that the initiation of the healing process can be accelerated in magnetic fields pulsed at 1 Hz, but that this effect is not maintained, and that the total period of time required for union is not significantly shortened. In view of these findings, this form of treatment is not recommended for clinical use in the treatment of recent fractures of long bones.", "contents": "The effect of low frequency magnetic fields on the healing of the osteotomized rabbit radius. The object of this experimental work was to evaluate the effect of a noninvasive method of electrical stimulation on the healing of freshly-created osteotomies of the rabbit radius. The apparatus consisted of a solid core electromagnet energized by a square wave unidirectional current. The magnetic field was pulsed transversely across the osteotomy site of the radius while the animal was confined to a restraining device 6 hours daily for 5 days per week. In one group of animals the influence of different pulse frequencies, using 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, and 4 Hz, was evaluated, while the period of stimulation was kept constant at 2 weeks. In another group of animals, exposure was continued for 3 and 4 weeks while the pulse frequency was kept constant at 1 Hz. Histologic and radiologic comparison with control animals revealed that the initiation of the healing process can be accelerated in magnetic fields pulsed at 1 Hz, but that this effect is not maintained, and that the total period of time required for union is not significantly shortened. In view of these findings, this form of treatment is not recommended for clinical use in the treatment of recent fractures of long bones.", "PMID": 317036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5729", "title": "Absence of correlation between T-lymphocyte activity and development of carcinogen-induced skin tumor in mice.", "content": "Splenic lymphocytes obtained from female ICR/JCL mice, which had received combined radiation and chemical treatment for induction of skin tumors on their back skin, were tested for their ability to undergo proliferative response to non-specific mitogens as well as to allogeneic lymphocytes in vitro during 18 months after carcinogenic treatment. The treated mice, 168 in all, were divided into three groups: (a) 53 mice with no tumor, (b) 30 mice with skin papilloma, and (c) 85 mice with malignant skin tumor. Control mice, 39 in all, received no treatment. The local carcinogenic treatments used in this study induced a relatively long-lasting suppression of T-cell activities as detected by proliferative response to mitogens. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in T-cell activities among the three groups of mice that developed (a) no tumor, (b) skin papilloma, or (c) malignant skin tumor. The results obtained with proliferative response to allogeneic lymphocytes were essentially similar. A preliminary study on the induction of cytotoxic T cells from splenic lymphocytes against allogeneic target cells in vitro also indicated that mice which developed tumors were not necessarily the ones which manifested reduced cytotoxic T-cell activity. These results suggest that reduced T-cell function was not a direct cause or not even a prerequisite for development of skin tumors in ICR mice.", "contents": "Absence of correlation between T-lymphocyte activity and development of carcinogen-induced skin tumor in mice. Splenic lymphocytes obtained from female ICR/JCL mice, which had received combined radiation and chemical treatment for induction of skin tumors on their back skin, were tested for their ability to undergo proliferative response to non-specific mitogens as well as to allogeneic lymphocytes in vitro during 18 months after carcinogenic treatment. The treated mice, 168 in all, were divided into three groups: (a) 53 mice with no tumor, (b) 30 mice with skin papilloma, and (c) 85 mice with malignant skin tumor. Control mice, 39 in all, received no treatment. The local carcinogenic treatments used in this study induced a relatively long-lasting suppression of T-cell activities as detected by proliferative response to mitogens. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in T-cell activities among the three groups of mice that developed (a) no tumor, (b) skin papilloma, or (c) malignant skin tumor. The results obtained with proliferative response to allogeneic lymphocytes were essentially similar. A preliminary study on the induction of cytotoxic T cells from splenic lymphocytes against allogeneic target cells in vitro also indicated that mice which developed tumors were not necessarily the ones which manifested reduced cytotoxic T-cell activity. These results suggest that reduced T-cell function was not a direct cause or not even a prerequisite for development of skin tumors in ICR mice.", "PMID": 317050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5730", "title": "Serological characterization of rat leukemia lines, DBLA-1, -6, and -9.", "content": "Three lines of rat leukemia, DBLA-1, -6, and -9, were studied serologically by complement-dependent cytotoxicity test. DBLA-1, -6, and -9 were killed by anti-lymphocyte sera, anti-Thy-1.1 sera, and rabbit anti-rat brain sera absorbed with AKR/J brain. However, anti-T and anti-B lymphocyte sera had no cytotoxic effect on DBLA-1, -6, and -9. Furthermore, DBLA-6 and -9 did not absorb the cytotoxic activity of anti-T serum on thymocytes, while DBLA-1 slightly absorbed the cytotoxic activity. These results indicate that DBLA-1, -6, and -9 are of lymphoid origin and possess rat Thy-1 antigens, but lack mature T-lymphocyte antigens. On the other hand, peroxidase-positive myelogenous leukemia L1005 failed to react with any of the antisera used.", "contents": "Serological characterization of rat leukemia lines, DBLA-1, -6, and -9. Three lines of rat leukemia, DBLA-1, -6, and -9, were studied serologically by complement-dependent cytotoxicity test. DBLA-1, -6, and -9 were killed by anti-lymphocyte sera, anti-Thy-1.1 sera, and rabbit anti-rat brain sera absorbed with AKR/J brain. However, anti-T and anti-B lymphocyte sera had no cytotoxic effect on DBLA-1, -6, and -9. Furthermore, DBLA-6 and -9 did not absorb the cytotoxic activity of anti-T serum on thymocytes, while DBLA-1 slightly absorbed the cytotoxic activity. These results indicate that DBLA-1, -6, and -9 are of lymphoid origin and possess rat Thy-1 antigens, but lack mature T-lymphocyte antigens. On the other hand, peroxidase-positive myelogenous leukemia L1005 failed to react with any of the antisera used.", "PMID": 317051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5731", "title": "Growth characteristics of human leukemic B-cell, T-cell, and null-cell lines serially transplanted in hamsters.", "content": "Human leukemic B-cell (BALL-1), T-cell (TALL-1), and null-cell (NALL-1) lines were established from three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Intraperitoneal transplantation of these ALL cell lines into immunosuppressed newborn hamsters resulted in the development of invasive tumors in all recipients, except 4 of 10 implanted with NALL-1 line. BALL-1 and TALL-1 lines were serially transplanted for 10 and 9 passages, respectively. In addition to a common in vivo feature of mesenteric and retroperitoneal tumors, BALL-1 line was characterized by infiltration of the skin, massive ascites, and bone marrow invasion. TALL-1 cells infiltrated various organs including the lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, central nervous system, eyes, etc. NALL-1 line grew slowly, producing the least number of tumors. Leukemic cells were detected in the blood of 24 of 25 hamsters bearing BALL-1 and in the blood of 18 of 24 hamsters bearing TALL-1. Thus, these three ALL cell lines were found to exhibit a characteristic biological behavior in hamsters.", "contents": "Growth characteristics of human leukemic B-cell, T-cell, and null-cell lines serially transplanted in hamsters. Human leukemic B-cell (BALL-1), T-cell (TALL-1), and null-cell (NALL-1) lines were established from three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Intraperitoneal transplantation of these ALL cell lines into immunosuppressed newborn hamsters resulted in the development of invasive tumors in all recipients, except 4 of 10 implanted with NALL-1 line. BALL-1 and TALL-1 lines were serially transplanted for 10 and 9 passages, respectively. In addition to a common in vivo feature of mesenteric and retroperitoneal tumors, BALL-1 line was characterized by infiltration of the skin, massive ascites, and bone marrow invasion. TALL-1 cells infiltrated various organs including the lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, central nervous system, eyes, etc. NALL-1 line grew slowly, producing the least number of tumors. Leukemic cells were detected in the blood of 24 of 25 hamsters bearing BALL-1 and in the blood of 18 of 24 hamsters bearing TALL-1. Thus, these three ALL cell lines were found to exhibit a characteristic biological behavior in hamsters.", "PMID": 317052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5732", "title": "Human lung cancer cell line (KSNY) producing colony-stimulating activity which affects both human and mouse marrow cells.", "content": "A cell line (KSNY) in vitro, which produces colony-stimulating activity (CSA) for human and mouse marrow cells, has been established. A biopsy was performed on the tumor mass of a lung cancer patient who had developed extensive leucocytosis. A piece of the tumor was transplanted to a nude mouse. The seconarily transplanted mice, in turn, developed extensive leucocytosis. The mouse tumor was then removed and placed in culture bottles. To date, the KSNY cells have been maintained in vitro continuously for 15 months. By the use of a methylcellulose bone-marrow colony-formation technique, a high level of CSA in the supernatant of the tumor cell culture was recognized. Doubling time of the cell line is 46 hr. The modal chromosome number is 52, ranging from 45 to 106.", "contents": "Human lung cancer cell line (KSNY) producing colony-stimulating activity which affects both human and mouse marrow cells. A cell line (KSNY) in vitro, which produces colony-stimulating activity (CSA) for human and mouse marrow cells, has been established. A biopsy was performed on the tumor mass of a lung cancer patient who had developed extensive leucocytosis. A piece of the tumor was transplanted to a nude mouse. The seconarily transplanted mice, in turn, developed extensive leucocytosis. The mouse tumor was then removed and placed in culture bottles. To date, the KSNY cells have been maintained in vitro continuously for 15 months. By the use of a methylcellulose bone-marrow colony-formation technique, a high level of CSA in the supernatant of the tumor cell culture was recognized. Doubling time of the cell line is 46 hr. The modal chromosome number is 52, ranging from 45 to 106.", "PMID": 317053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5733", "title": "Characterization of colony-stimulating activity in medium conditioned by a human cell line (KSNY).", "content": "A human lung cancer cell line (KSNY) produces a high level of human colony-stimulating activity (CSA) as shown by the dose-response relationship between the number of colonies and the concentration of conditioned medium (CM). The CM tends to induce markedly granulocytic colonies rather than other cell-type colonies. The medium conditioned by KSNY cells (KSNY-CM) is stable at 50 degrees, but is completely inactivated at 70 degrees for 30 min. There is little binding of mouse CSA and/or human CSA in the CM to concanavalin-A-Sepharose. Fractionation of the CM by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography indicated that the maximum activity of KSNY-CSA for mouse and human marrow cells is eluted at approximately 20,000 approximately 25,000 and at 45,000 approximately 48,000 daltons.", "contents": "Characterization of colony-stimulating activity in medium conditioned by a human cell line (KSNY). A human lung cancer cell line (KSNY) produces a high level of human colony-stimulating activity (CSA) as shown by the dose-response relationship between the number of colonies and the concentration of conditioned medium (CM). The CM tends to induce markedly granulocytic colonies rather than other cell-type colonies. The medium conditioned by KSNY cells (KSNY-CM) is stable at 50 degrees, but is completely inactivated at 70 degrees for 30 min. There is little binding of mouse CSA and/or human CSA in the CM to concanavalin-A-Sepharose. Fractionation of the CM by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography indicated that the maximum activity of KSNY-CSA for mouse and human marrow cells is eluted at approximately 20,000 approximately 25,000 and at 45,000 approximately 48,000 daltons.", "PMID": 317054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5734", "title": "Heterologous antiserum to a subpopulation of thymocytes and lymphomas in rats.", "content": "Immunization of rabbits with rat leukemia DBLA-6 resulted in the production of antisera which upon absorption with hepatoma cells were specific for rat immature T lymphocytes. The antisera showed cytotoxicity against thymocytes and killed 75 approximately 90% of them, whereas the antisera had no cytotoxic effect on peripheral lymphocytes from the spleen, lymph node, and bone marrow of rats. The antisera also showed cytotoxicity against rat lymphatic leukemia and lymphoma cells of all lines tested but not against rat myelogenous leukemia and erythroleukemia cells. The cytotoxic activity of anti-DBLA-6 serum was completely absorbed with rat brain or thymocytes.", "contents": "Heterologous antiserum to a subpopulation of thymocytes and lymphomas in rats. Immunization of rabbits with rat leukemia DBLA-6 resulted in the production of antisera which upon absorption with hepatoma cells were specific for rat immature T lymphocytes. The antisera showed cytotoxicity against thymocytes and killed 75 approximately 90% of them, whereas the antisera had no cytotoxic effect on peripheral lymphocytes from the spleen, lymph node, and bone marrow of rats. The antisera also showed cytotoxicity against rat lymphatic leukemia and lymphoma cells of all lines tested but not against rat myelogenous leukemia and erythroleukemia cells. The cytotoxic activity of anti-DBLA-6 serum was completely absorbed with rat brain or thymocytes.", "PMID": 317055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5735", "title": "Prevalent types of tumors developing in neonatally thymectomized mice.", "content": "Tumor development was observed for 24 months in neonatally thymectomized (nTx) and normal (C3H/HeMs x 129/J)F1 mice. Thymectomy was performed at 3 days of age. Ovarian (29%, with significant difference from the control at P less than 0.001), pituitary (6%, P less than 0.08), and lymphoreticular tumors (16%, P less than 0.05) were observed in higher incidence in nTx females compared with normal controls, resulting in a significant increase in overall tumor incidence (99 tumors in 114 nTx females vs. 37 tumors in 71 normal females, P less than 0.01). No apparent difference in overall tumor incidence was observed between nTx and non-Tx males. Also, there was no higher risk for lung, liver, and mammary tumors in males and females after neonatal thymectomy. The finding that increased tumor incidence was limited to endocrine and lymphoreticular tissues does not support the concept of immune surveillance of carcinogenesis, but rather suggests the importance of tumor-prone conditioning of endocrine or immune systems as a result of neonatal thymectomy.", "contents": "Prevalent types of tumors developing in neonatally thymectomized mice. Tumor development was observed for 24 months in neonatally thymectomized (nTx) and normal (C3H/HeMs x 129/J)F1 mice. Thymectomy was performed at 3 days of age. Ovarian (29%, with significant difference from the control at P less than 0.001), pituitary (6%, P less than 0.08), and lymphoreticular tumors (16%, P less than 0.05) were observed in higher incidence in nTx females compared with normal controls, resulting in a significant increase in overall tumor incidence (99 tumors in 114 nTx females vs. 37 tumors in 71 normal females, P less than 0.01). No apparent difference in overall tumor incidence was observed between nTx and non-Tx males. Also, there was no higher risk for lung, liver, and mammary tumors in males and females after neonatal thymectomy. The finding that increased tumor incidence was limited to endocrine and lymphoreticular tissues does not support the concept of immune surveillance of carcinogenesis, but rather suggests the importance of tumor-prone conditioning of endocrine or immune systems as a result of neonatal thymectomy.", "PMID": 317056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5736", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101). (3). General pharmacological actions (author's transl)].", "content": "General pharmacological actions of M73101, a new non-steroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory drug were investigated in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats and dogs. Intravenous administration of M73101 produced a slight transient fall in blood pressure, an increase in heart rate and a respiratory stimulation, but no remarkable change in the electrocardiogram. The contraction induced by epinephrine in the isolated ear vessels of rabbits relaxed by M73101. In the isolated trachea of guinea pigs, M73101 relaxed the contraction induced by histamine. Furthermore, M73101 inhibited the bronchoconstriction by histamine but not by bradykinin in guinea pigs. These properties of M73101 on the tracheal smooth muscle were similar to those seen with aminopyrine but different from those seen with aspirin which inhibited only the contraction by bradykinin in vivo, suggesting that M73101 is a compound with properties similar to basic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. M73101 inhibited the intestinal propulsion in mice and also the gastrointestinal movement in rats and dogs. Moreover, M73101 showed a spasmolytic activity on the isolated ileum of guinea pigs, but such was not due to any specific antagonistic action on the chemical mediators. On the other hand, M73101 had no effect on the isolated uterus and vas deferens of rats. M73101, unlike aminopyrine and phenylbutazone, slightly increased urine volume and electrolytes excretion in rats, indicating that this compound probably does not produced edema. M73101 showed no significant pharmacological activities on the blood sugar level, blood coagulation, platelet aggregation, methemoglobin formation and local irritation.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101). (3). General pharmacological actions (author's transl)]. General pharmacological actions of M73101, a new non-steroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory drug were investigated in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats and dogs. Intravenous administration of M73101 produced a slight transient fall in blood pressure, an increase in heart rate and a respiratory stimulation, but no remarkable change in the electrocardiogram. The contraction induced by epinephrine in the isolated ear vessels of rabbits relaxed by M73101. In the isolated trachea of guinea pigs, M73101 relaxed the contraction induced by histamine. Furthermore, M73101 inhibited the bronchoconstriction by histamine but not by bradykinin in guinea pigs. These properties of M73101 on the tracheal smooth muscle were similar to those seen with aminopyrine but different from those seen with aspirin which inhibited only the contraction by bradykinin in vivo, suggesting that M73101 is a compound with properties similar to basic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. M73101 inhibited the intestinal propulsion in mice and also the gastrointestinal movement in rats and dogs. Moreover, M73101 showed a spasmolytic activity on the isolated ileum of guinea pigs, but such was not due to any specific antagonistic action on the chemical mediators. On the other hand, M73101 had no effect on the isolated uterus and vas deferens of rats. M73101, unlike aminopyrine and phenylbutazone, slightly increased urine volume and electrolytes excretion in rats, indicating that this compound probably does not produced edema. M73101 showed no significant pharmacological activities on the blood sugar level, blood coagulation, platelet aggregation, methemoglobin formation and local irritation.", "PMID": 317064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5737", "title": "T lymphocyte number and functions in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). A preliminary report.", "content": "T lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood, lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and delayed hypersensitivity reactions were studied in ten patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). Delayed hypersensitivity was abnormal in most patients and in vitro studies revealed impaired lymphocyte transformation to PHA in 50 per cent of the cases. These tests gave evidence of a functional alteration of lymphocytes in some PNH patients. The hypothesis of a disorder originated in a pluripotent lymphohaematopoietic stem cell is suggested.", "contents": "T lymphocyte number and functions in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). A preliminary report. T lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood, lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and delayed hypersensitivity reactions were studied in ten patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). Delayed hypersensitivity was abnormal in most patients and in vitro studies revealed impaired lymphocyte transformation to PHA in 50 per cent of the cases. These tests gave evidence of a functional alteration of lymphocytes in some PNH patients. The hypothesis of a disorder originated in a pluripotent lymphohaematopoietic stem cell is suggested.", "PMID": 317060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5738", "title": "Correction by factor VIII of decreased neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity in classic haemophilia and von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) score was estimated in ten patients with hereditary disorders in which antihaemophilic factor (factor VIII) is functionally deficient. NAP scores were estimated immediately before cryoprecipitate was administered, and following correction of patients' clinical condition and factor VIII activity in their plasma. While lower than normal NAP scores were observed before the treatment has been started, normal NAP score estimates were obtained following the successful correction of decreased procoagulant factor VIII (FVIIIC) activity in plasma of patients with classic haemophilia and von Willebrand's disease (vWd).", "contents": "Correction by factor VIII of decreased neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity in classic haemophilia and von Willebrand's disease. Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) score was estimated in ten patients with hereditary disorders in which antihaemophilic factor (factor VIII) is functionally deficient. NAP scores were estimated immediately before cryoprecipitate was administered, and following correction of patients' clinical condition and factor VIII activity in their plasma. While lower than normal NAP scores were observed before the treatment has been started, normal NAP score estimates were obtained following the successful correction of decreased procoagulant factor VIII (FVIIIC) activity in plasma of patients with classic haemophilia and von Willebrand's disease (vWd).", "PMID": 317061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5739", "title": "Lymphocyte activation by Con A.", "content": "Con A can activate cytotoxic effector cells, helper cells and suppressor cells. In all cases Con A activates polyclonally and thus the entire T cell repertoir can be revealed by Con A activation. Nylon purified T cells cannot be activated by Con A. however, in the presence of helper cells, such as adherent cells, or in the presence of serum from several species, Con A activates purified T cells. The serum factors that are responsible for Con A activation of purified T cells are present in the albumin fraction. It is suggested that Ia molecules may be responsible for the ability of Con A to activate purified T cells and a general hypothesis for T cell activation is outlined.", "contents": "Lymphocyte activation by Con A. Con A can activate cytotoxic effector cells, helper cells and suppressor cells. In all cases Con A activates polyclonally and thus the entire T cell repertoir can be revealed by Con A activation. Nylon purified T cells cannot be activated by Con A. however, in the presence of helper cells, such as adherent cells, or in the presence of serum from several species, Con A activates purified T cells. The serum factors that are responsible for Con A activation of purified T cells are present in the albumin fraction. It is suggested that Ia molecules may be responsible for the ability of Con A to activate purified T cells and a general hypothesis for T cell activation is outlined.", "PMID": 317062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5740", "title": "Characterization of alpha-1-antitrypsin by isoelectric focusing on an ultrathin polyacrylamide gel layer. An economic high-resolution system for determining PiM subtypes.", "content": "Through the use of ultrathin layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing it is possible to obtain a resolution of the bands of alpha 1AT so as to be able to easily recognize all six PiM subtypes. The optimal resolution of the PiM subtypes is obtained without deforming the pattern of the Pi phenotypes. In addition to high resolution, ultrathin layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing permits a notable reduction of fees to 1/5 of the usual.", "contents": "Characterization of alpha-1-antitrypsin by isoelectric focusing on an ultrathin polyacrylamide gel layer. An economic high-resolution system for determining PiM subtypes. Through the use of ultrathin layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing it is possible to obtain a resolution of the bands of alpha 1AT so as to be able to easily recognize all six PiM subtypes. The optimal resolution of the PiM subtypes is obtained without deforming the pattern of the Pi phenotypes. In addition to high resolution, ultrathin layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing permits a notable reduction of fees to 1/5 of the usual.", "PMID": 317068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5741", "title": "Centralized morbidity coding: the International Classifcation of Health Problems in Primary Care.", "content": "After an extensive field trial, the International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC) was published in 1975 to meet the unique coding requirements of Family (General) Practitioners. Its employment has become widespread, but some difficulties persist. ICHPPC was developed principally by and for peripheral coders. Its application in a centralized coding scheme is not entirely satisfactory because of the difficulties of coding vague or inconsistent reports. These problems are illustrated and caution is recommended in the interpretation of morbidity rates reported from such systems. Suggestions are presented for revisions to ICHPPC that, along with modifications to data management system, could help alleviate the difficulties.", "contents": "Centralized morbidity coding: the International Classifcation of Health Problems in Primary Care. After an extensive field trial, the International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC) was published in 1975 to meet the unique coding requirements of Family (General) Practitioners. Its employment has become widespread, but some difficulties persist. ICHPPC was developed principally by and for peripheral coders. Its application in a centralized coding scheme is not entirely satisfactory because of the difficulties of coding vague or inconsistent reports. These problems are illustrated and caution is recommended in the interpretation of morbidity rates reported from such systems. Suggestions are presented for revisions to ICHPPC that, along with modifications to data management system, could help alleviate the difficulties.", "PMID": 317072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5742", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from uncommon causes in patients with concomitant peptic ulcer: a clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic pitfall.", "content": "In the majority of cases, massivm a peptic ulcer arises from the ulcer. On rare occasions, the bleeding emanates from other sites in the gastrointestinal tract. Four patients, all of whom had suffered from peptic ulceration for lengthy periods, and who were referred to hospital with severe bleeding from sources other than peptic ulcer, are presented. This group of patients poses particular diagnostic and therapeutic problems, which are discussed. The need for performing emergency gastroscopy and/or selective angiography, in an attempt to localize the source of bleeding preoperatively, is stressed. In doing so, one is taking into consideration the many difficulties sometimes encountered during operation in locating a bleeding point in a bowel filled with blood clots. In those patients in whom the source of the hemorrhage cannot be ascertained, early surgical intervention is advised, because the bleeding may possibly be coming from a tumor of the small bowel.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from uncommon causes in patients with concomitant peptic ulcer: a clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic pitfall. In the majority of cases, massivm a peptic ulcer arises from the ulcer. On rare occasions, the bleeding emanates from other sites in the gastrointestinal tract. Four patients, all of whom had suffered from peptic ulceration for lengthy periods, and who were referred to hospital with severe bleeding from sources other than peptic ulcer, are presented. This group of patients poses particular diagnostic and therapeutic problems, which are discussed. The need for performing emergency gastroscopy and/or selective angiography, in an attempt to localize the source of bleeding preoperatively, is stressed. In doing so, one is taking into consideration the many difficulties sometimes encountered during operation in locating a bleeding point in a bowel filled with blood clots. In those patients in whom the source of the hemorrhage cannot be ascertained, early surgical intervention is advised, because the bleeding may possibly be coming from a tumor of the small bowel.", "PMID": 317073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5743", "title": "Infiltration and survival: the behaviour of normal, invasive cells implanted to the developing chick wing.", "content": "The invasiveness of mouse lymphocytes and thymocytes, rabbit peritoneal neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs), mouse peritoneal macrophages (both activated and non-activated) and pig endothelial cells was assayed by implanting these cells to the chick wing bud. Cells of each type moved into the wing mesenchyme, although activated macrophages invaded poorly. PMNs were the most invasive cells and had moved well into the limb after only a few hours. PMNs, lymphocytes and thymocytes were ingested by wing mesenchyme cells. Endothelial cells, however, ingested chick blood cells.  The implanted cells showed differences in ability to survive in the limb: PMNs disappeared rapidly, lymphocytes and thymocytes sometimes persisted for 24 h, while grafts of macrophages and endothelial cells were present at 24 h. Mechanisms which might be involved in the invasiveness of these cells, and also in their different abilities to survive in the chick wing, are discussed with particular reference to the production of plasminogen activator.", "contents": "Infiltration and survival: the behaviour of normal, invasive cells implanted to the developing chick wing. The invasiveness of mouse lymphocytes and thymocytes, rabbit peritoneal neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs), mouse peritoneal macrophages (both activated and non-activated) and pig endothelial cells was assayed by implanting these cells to the chick wing bud. Cells of each type moved into the wing mesenchyme, although activated macrophages invaded poorly. PMNs were the most invasive cells and had moved well into the limb after only a few hours. PMNs, lymphocytes and thymocytes were ingested by wing mesenchyme cells. Endothelial cells, however, ingested chick blood cells.  The implanted cells showed differences in ability to survive in the limb: PMNs disappeared rapidly, lymphocytes and thymocytes sometimes persisted for 24 h, while grafts of macrophages and endothelial cells were present at 24 h. Mechanisms which might be involved in the invasiveness of these cells, and also in their different abilities to survive in the chick wing, are discussed with particular reference to the production of plasminogen activator.", "PMID": 317080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5744", "title": "C-reactive protein for rapid diagnosis of infection in leukaemia.", "content": "C-reactive protein, measured in serum from 38 patients with leukaemia, was elevated to at least 100 mg/l at the beginning of 32 of 34 episodes of infection, and subsequently rose above 100 mg/l in all 34. Uninfected patients, whether in leukaemic remission or relapse and whether pyrexial or not, always had levels below 100 mg/l, with four exceptions out of 290 measurements. Estimation of two other acute-phase proteins, alpha 1-antitrypsin and orosomucoid, was not of additional diagnostic value. Serial measurement of C-reactive protein may be important for the early detection of infection in the leukaemic patient with neutropenia.", "contents": "C-reactive protein for rapid diagnosis of infection in leukaemia. C-reactive protein, measured in serum from 38 patients with leukaemia, was elevated to at least 100 mg/l at the beginning of 32 of 34 episodes of infection, and subsequently rose above 100 mg/l in all 34. Uninfected patients, whether in leukaemic remission or relapse and whether pyrexial or not, always had levels below 100 mg/l, with four exceptions out of 290 measurements. Estimation of two other acute-phase proteins, alpha 1-antitrypsin and orosomucoid, was not of additional diagnostic value. Serial measurement of C-reactive protein may be important for the early detection of infection in the leukaemic patient with neutropenia.", "PMID": 317082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5745", "title": "[A posterior dislocation of the lens in herpes zoster (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of posterior dislocation of the lens during the natural history of a clinical case of herpes zoster. An echographic B-scan study was carried out to reveal the position and the size and the shape of dislocated lens, together with its structure and that of ocular media. After a discussion on the possible aetiology of the lens dislocation it was considered due to herpes zoster disease, and are reported the possible mechanism of zonula alteration.", "contents": "[A posterior dislocation of the lens in herpes zoster (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of posterior dislocation of the lens during the natural history of a clinical case of herpes zoster. An echographic B-scan study was carried out to reveal the position and the size and the shape of dislocated lens, together with its structure and that of ocular media. After a discussion on the possible aetiology of the lens dislocation it was considered due to herpes zoster disease, and are reported the possible mechanism of zonula alteration.", "PMID": 317083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5746", "title": "Occupational factors in hypertension in the Nigerian African.", "content": "In cross-sectional surveys of arterial blood pressure carried out in rural and urban communities in the Bendel State of Nigeria, mean systolic and diastolic pressure was generally higher in urban than in rural subjects but the differences in particular age groups were statistically significant only in some of them. Two sample Student's t tests were carried out to compare the blood pressure of rural labourers, rural clerks, and urban clerks. It is not clear from our findings whether the differences in any particular age group between rural labourers and urban clerks should be attributed to occupation or to area of residence. However, the consistently intermediate values for rural clerks over the different age groups provides strong indirect evidence that both these factors are relevant.", "contents": "Occupational factors in hypertension in the Nigerian African. In cross-sectional surveys of arterial blood pressure carried out in rural and urban communities in the Bendel State of Nigeria, mean systolic and diastolic pressure was generally higher in urban than in rural subjects but the differences in particular age groups were statistically significant only in some of them. Two sample Student's t tests were carried out to compare the blood pressure of rural labourers, rural clerks, and urban clerks. It is not clear from our findings whether the differences in any particular age group between rural labourers and urban clerks should be attributed to occupation or to area of residence. However, the consistently intermediate values for rural clerks over the different age groups provides strong indirect evidence that both these factors are relevant.", "PMID": 317086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5747", "title": "Surface potentials and the control of amphibian limb regeneration.", "content": "The relationship between surface potentials and amphibian limb regeneration is examined. The wound surface becomes increasingly positive for several days after amputation but then decreases again, often becoming negative for a variable period during blastemal growth. The same changes of surface potentials are observed during wound healing alone, in the absence of amputation and following amputation of irradiated or denervated limbs. Similar changes occur in non-regnerating frog arms. These observations and other cited reasons lead to the conclusion that surface potentials do not control regeneration.", "contents": "Surface potentials and the control of amphibian limb regeneration. The relationship between surface potentials and amphibian limb regeneration is examined. The wound surface becomes increasingly positive for several days after amputation but then decreases again, often becoming negative for a variable period during blastemal growth. The same changes of surface potentials are observed during wound healing alone, in the absence of amputation and following amputation of irradiated or denervated limbs. Similar changes occur in non-regnerating frog arms. These observations and other cited reasons lead to the conclusion that surface potentials do not control regeneration.", "PMID": 317087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5748", "title": "Somitogenesis in amphibia. II. Origins in early embryogenesis of two factors involved in somite specification.", "content": "A somite pre-pattern is established shortly before visible segmentation. The pre-pattern results from the interaction of two components: a wave of cell behavioural change that passes along the axis, and, an underlying co-ordination of the cells that is the basis for their association into large somite-sized groupings. The evidence is derived from studies of the zones of abnormal segmentation that follow temperature shocks delivered between the neurula and tail-bud stages (Pearson & Elsdale, 1979). Temperature shock given earlier at the mid-gastrula stage is however ineffective in inducing abnormalities in somitogenesis. Shocks given before the mid-gastrula stage reveal a prior period of sensitivity stretching back into the blastula. Thus early and late sensitive periods can be defined separated by a short refactory period. Quite different patterns in the distribution of somite abnormalities characterize the results of shock during the two sensitive periods, suggesting different aetiologies. It is concluded that the wave of rapid cell change is set up early in embryogenesis during the blastula stage, and each cell of the prospective paraxial mesoderm carries a determination to change after a specific length of time, i.e. a countdown is set in each cell. As a result of the movements of gastrulation, the prospective paraxial mesoderm cells become laid out along the axis of the neurula in the order (antero-posterior sequence) in which they will change. The achievement of the correct redistribution of the cells depends crucially on the conservation of the sequence in the blastula by the maintenance of topological integrity throughout gastrulation. It is suggested that early shock disturbs gastrulation movements, causing some mixing up of the cells resulting in incoherence of the wavefront. Whereas early shocks are thus assumed to affect the wave, the evidence suggests that late shock undergoes co-ordination. It is concluded therefore that co-ordination is established later, after the refractory period, around the late gastrula stage.", "contents": "Somitogenesis in amphibia. II. Origins in early embryogenesis of two factors involved in somite specification. A somite pre-pattern is established shortly before visible segmentation. The pre-pattern results from the interaction of two components: a wave of cell behavioural change that passes along the axis, and, an underlying co-ordination of the cells that is the basis for their association into large somite-sized groupings. The evidence is derived from studies of the zones of abnormal segmentation that follow temperature shocks delivered between the neurula and tail-bud stages (Pearson & Elsdale, 1979). Temperature shock given earlier at the mid-gastrula stage is however ineffective in inducing abnormalities in somitogenesis. Shocks given before the mid-gastrula stage reveal a prior period of sensitivity stretching back into the blastula. Thus early and late sensitive periods can be defined separated by a short refactory period. Quite different patterns in the distribution of somite abnormalities characterize the results of shock during the two sensitive periods, suggesting different aetiologies. It is concluded that the wave of rapid cell change is set up early in embryogenesis during the blastula stage, and each cell of the prospective paraxial mesoderm carries a determination to change after a specific length of time, i.e. a countdown is set in each cell. As a result of the movements of gastrulation, the prospective paraxial mesoderm cells become laid out along the axis of the neurula in the order (antero-posterior sequence) in which they will change. The achievement of the correct redistribution of the cells depends crucially on the conservation of the sequence in the blastula by the maintenance of topological integrity throughout gastrulation. It is suggested that early shock disturbs gastrulation movements, causing some mixing up of the cells resulting in incoherence of the wavefront. Whereas early shocks are thus assumed to affect the wave, the evidence suggests that late shock undergoes co-ordination. It is concluded therefore that co-ordination is established later, after the refractory period, around the late gastrula stage.", "PMID": 317088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5749", "title": "High density cell water in amphibian eggs?", "content": "The exchange of isotopic water, 2H2O and H2(18)O has been studied in amphibian eggs. The experiments were carried out with ovarian and body cavity eggs of Rana temporaria and unfertilized eggs of Ambystoma mexicanum. The cytoplasmic diffusion coefficient for H2(18)O was found to be 4.6 x 10(-6) cm2/s, somewhat higher than that for 2H2O, 3.4 x 10(-6) cm2/s. The total change in reduced weight, delta RW, during the isotope experiments was compared with the total amount of water in the egg cell, m. The ratio delta RW/m was significantly higher than would be expected from calculations using ordinary water density values. The results are discussed in terms of different phases of structured cell water.", "contents": "High density cell water in amphibian eggs? The exchange of isotopic water, 2H2O and H2(18)O has been studied in amphibian eggs. The experiments were carried out with ovarian and body cavity eggs of Rana temporaria and unfertilized eggs of Ambystoma mexicanum. The cytoplasmic diffusion coefficient for H2(18)O was found to be 4.6 x 10(-6) cm2/s, somewhat higher than that for 2H2O, 3.4 x 10(-6) cm2/s. The total change in reduced weight, delta RW, during the isotope experiments was compared with the total amount of water in the egg cell, m. The ratio delta RW/m was significantly higher than would be expected from calculations using ordinary water density values. The results are discussed in terms of different phases of structured cell water.", "PMID": 317089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5750", "title": "Influence of light and calcium on guanosine 5'-triphosphate in isolated frog rod outer segments.", "content": "Frog rod outer segments contain approximately 0.25 mol of GTP and 0.25 mol of ATP per mol of rhodopsin 3 min after their isolation from the retina. UTP and CTP are present at 10-fold and 100-fold lower levels, respectively. Concentrations of GTP and ATP decline in parallel over the next 4 min to reach relatively stable levels of 0.1 mol per mol of rhodopsin. Illumination reduces the concentration of endogenous GTP but not ATP. This light-induced decrease in GTP can be as large as 70% and has a half-time of 7 s. GTP is reduced to steady intermediate levels during extended illumination of intermediate intensity, but partially returns to its dark-adapted level after brief illumination. The magnitude of the decrease increases as a linear function of the logarithm of continuous light intensity at levels which bleach between 5 X 10(2) and 5 X 10(6) rhodopsin molecules/outer segment per second. This exceeds the range of intensities over which illumination causes decreases in the cyclic GMP content and permeability of isolated outer segments (Woodruff and Bownds. 1979. J. Gen. Physiol. 73:629-653). Thus, over 4 log units of light intensity, a sensitivity control mechanism functions to make extended illumination less effective in stimulating a GTP decrease. GTP levels in dark-adapted outer segments are sensitive to changes in calcium concentration in the suspending medium. If the external calcium concentration is reduced to 10(-8) M, GTP concentration is lowered to the same level caused by saturating illumination, and the GTP remaining is no longer light-sensitive. Lowering calcium concentration to intermediate levels between 10(-6) and 10(-8) M reduces GTP to stable intermediate levels, and the GTP remaining can be reduced by light. Restoration of millimolar calcium drives synthesis of GTP, but not of ATP, and GTP lability towards illumination is again observed. These calcium-induced changes in GTP are diminished by the addition  of the divalent cation ionophore A23187. Lowering or raising magnesium levels does not influence the GTP concentration. These data raise the possibility that light activates either a calcium transport mechanism driven by the hydrolysis of GTP, or some other calcium-sensitive GTPase activity of unknown function. Known light-dependent reactions involving cyclic nucleotide transformations and rhodopsin phosphorylation appear to account for only a small fraction of the light-induced GTP decrease.", "contents": "Influence of light and calcium on guanosine 5'-triphosphate in isolated frog rod outer segments. Frog rod outer segments contain approximately 0.25 mol of GTP and 0.25 mol of ATP per mol of rhodopsin 3 min after their isolation from the retina. UTP and CTP are present at 10-fold and 100-fold lower levels, respectively. Concentrations of GTP and ATP decline in parallel over the next 4 min to reach relatively stable levels of 0.1 mol per mol of rhodopsin. Illumination reduces the concentration of endogenous GTP but not ATP. This light-induced decrease in GTP can be as large as 70% and has a half-time of 7 s. GTP is reduced to steady intermediate levels during extended illumination of intermediate intensity, but partially returns to its dark-adapted level after brief illumination. The magnitude of the decrease increases as a linear function of the logarithm of continuous light intensity at levels which bleach between 5 X 10(2) and 5 X 10(6) rhodopsin molecules/outer segment per second. This exceeds the range of intensities over which illumination causes decreases in the cyclic GMP content and permeability of isolated outer segments (Woodruff and Bownds. 1979. J. Gen. Physiol. 73:629-653). Thus, over 4 log units of light intensity, a sensitivity control mechanism functions to make extended illumination less effective in stimulating a GTP decrease. GTP levels in dark-adapted outer segments are sensitive to changes in calcium concentration in the suspending medium. If the external calcium concentration is reduced to 10(-8) M, GTP concentration is lowered to the same level caused by saturating illumination, and the GTP remaining is no longer light-sensitive. Lowering calcium concentration to intermediate levels between 10(-6) and 10(-8) M reduces GTP to stable intermediate levels, and the GTP remaining can be reduced by light. Restoration of millimolar calcium drives synthesis of GTP, but not of ATP, and GTP lability towards illumination is again observed. These calcium-induced changes in GTP are diminished by the addition  of the divalent cation ionophore A23187. Lowering or raising magnesium levels does not influence the GTP concentration. These data raise the possibility that light activates either a calcium transport mechanism driven by the hydrolysis of GTP, or some other calcium-sensitive GTPase activity of unknown function. Known light-dependent reactions involving cyclic nucleotide transformations and rhodopsin phosphorylation appear to account for only a small fraction of the light-induced GTP decrease.", "PMID": 317090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5751", "title": "Transverse-sectional imaging with Na18F in myocardial infarction.", "content": "The potential utility of Na18F for acute infarct imaging was assessed in a canine model with a positron camera. Transverse-section imaging of radiofluoride in five dogs with acute myocardial infarction, using a multicrystal positron camera, clearly demonstrated the zones of damage as areas of increased activity. The F-18 uptake in the infarct zones was found to peak at 48 to 72 hr after coronary ligation, as does Tc-99m pyrophosphate. Preliminary in vitro studies indicate that the relative F-18 uptake, 48 after ligation, is an inverse linear function of regional blood flow.", "contents": "Transverse-sectional imaging with Na18F in myocardial infarction. The potential utility of Na18F for acute infarct imaging was assessed in a canine model with a positron camera. Transverse-section imaging of radiofluoride in five dogs with acute myocardial infarction, using a multicrystal positron camera, clearly demonstrated the zones of damage as areas of increased activity. The F-18 uptake in the infarct zones was found to peak at 48 to 72 hr after coronary ligation, as does Tc-99m pyrophosphate. Preliminary in vitro studies indicate that the relative F-18 uptake, 48 after ligation, is an inverse linear function of regional blood flow.", "PMID": 317092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5752", "title": "Evaluation of gastrointestinal bleeding by red blood cells labeled in vivo with technetium-99m.", "content": "To determine the effectiveness of abdominal imaging with RBCs labeled in vivo with Tc-99m, for the detection of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, 28 control subjects and ten patients with suspected bleeding underwent scintigraphy at 0-24 hr after tracer injection. Colonic activity was noted in one of the controls within 3 hr of injection, and in five of ten controls at 24 hr, all of whom had initial gastric activity. Of the ten patients with suspected GI bleeding, eight had documented active bleeding; seven of these had positive scintigrams. Nasogastric (NG) suction markedly decreased the presence of initial gastric activity in the patients with active bleeding. With this blood-pool radiopharmaceutical, frequent imaging of the abdomen over 24 hr can be done to test active bleeding. Continuous NG suction is recommended to reduce accumulation of gastric activity. These results suggest that red blood cells labeled in vivo with Tc-99m provide a sensitive method of detecting active GI bleeding.", "contents": "Evaluation of gastrointestinal bleeding by red blood cells labeled in vivo with technetium-99m. To determine the effectiveness of abdominal imaging with RBCs labeled in vivo with Tc-99m, for the detection of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, 28 control subjects and ten patients with suspected bleeding underwent scintigraphy at 0-24 hr after tracer injection. Colonic activity was noted in one of the controls within 3 hr of injection, and in five of ten controls at 24 hr, all of whom had initial gastric activity. Of the ten patients with suspected GI bleeding, eight had documented active bleeding; seven of these had positive scintigrams. Nasogastric (NG) suction markedly decreased the presence of initial gastric activity in the patients with active bleeding. With this blood-pool radiopharmaceutical, frequent imaging of the abdomen over 24 hr can be done to test active bleeding. Continuous NG suction is recommended to reduce accumulation of gastric activity. These results suggest that red blood cells labeled in vivo with Tc-99m provide a sensitive method of detecting active GI bleeding.", "PMID": 317093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5753", "title": "Cranial scintigraphy: value of adding emission computed tomographic sections to conventional pertechnetate images (512 cases).", "content": "A prospective trial was carried out to assess the contribution made by a radionuclide transverse-section view to conventional radionuclide scans of the brain. Each set of scans was reported by two independent teams of observers, but only one team viewed the tomography section. An abnormality rating was used to decide whether a set of scans was positive or normal. The reports for 512 patients were analyzed and compared with the final independent diagnosis. Greater accuracy of diagnosis with the section view was significant at the 0.1% level; the results showed that failure to detect tumors was almost halved while there was a 16% improvement for the detection of infarcts. Abnormality ratings were also used to plot ROC curves and rating curves; these showed that the addition of the tomographic view increased markedly the proportion of true positives without any increase in the proportion of false-positive reports.", "contents": "Cranial scintigraphy: value of adding emission computed tomographic sections to conventional pertechnetate images (512 cases). A prospective trial was carried out to assess the contribution made by a radionuclide transverse-section view to conventional radionuclide scans of the brain. Each set of scans was reported by two independent teams of observers, but only one team viewed the tomography section. An abnormality rating was used to decide whether a set of scans was positive or normal. The reports for 512 patients were analyzed and compared with the final independent diagnosis. Greater accuracy of diagnosis with the section view was significant at the 0.1% level; the results showed that failure to detect tumors was almost halved while there was a 16% improvement for the detection of infarcts. Abnormality ratings were also used to plot ROC curves and rating curves; these showed that the addition of the tomographic view increased markedly the proportion of true positives without any increase in the proportion of false-positive reports.", "PMID": 317094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5754", "title": "A review of papillomas of the third ventricle. One case report.", "content": "The Authors present one case of choroid plexus papilloma localized in the third ventricle. This is in fact the only case in a series of about 4,000 patients operated on for brain tumors at the Neurosurgical Institute of the University of Rome. They consider 56 cases reported in the literature. Out of these, 43 are described and summarized in a table according to the clinical, radiological and surgical features. Twentyfive were the patients operated on, the average mortality in the cases which underwent indirect or not specified operation was 80%; that of patients submitted to a direct approach or to subtotal excision was 50%; and finally 3 patients out 13 (about 23%) who had total resection, died after surgery.", "contents": "A review of papillomas of the third ventricle. One case report. The Authors present one case of choroid plexus papilloma localized in the third ventricle. This is in fact the only case in a series of about 4,000 patients operated on for brain tumors at the Neurosurgical Institute of the University of Rome. They consider 56 cases reported in the literature. Out of these, 43 are described and summarized in a table according to the clinical, radiological and surgical features. Twentyfive were the patients operated on, the average mortality in the cases which underwent indirect or not specified operation was 80%; that of patients submitted to a direct approach or to subtotal excision was 50%; and finally 3 patients out 13 (about 23%) who had total resection, died after surgery.", "PMID": 317091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5755", "title": "Long-chain F-18 fatty acids for the study of regional metabolism in heart and liver; odd-even effects of metabolism in mice.", "content": "In view of the potential usefulness of fluorine-tagged fatty acids in the study of regional metabolism in the heart and liver, the time courses of uptake and release of 9,10-[18F]fluorostearic acid, 2-[18F]fluorostearic acid, 16-[18F]fluorohexadecanoic acid, 17-[18F]fluoroheptadecanoic acid have been investigated in several organs of NMRI mice. Whereas 2-[18F]fluorostearic acid shows very little uptake in the heart muscle but an increasing accumulation in the liver, the fatty acids with the F-18 label in the middle or at the end of the carbon chain exhibit uptake and elimination behavior similar to that of the analogous C-11-labeled compounds. After rapid concentration in the heart within 1 min, clearance takes place with fast and slow components. 16-[18F]fluorohexadecanoic acid and 17-[18F]fluoroheptadecanoic acid have different half-times of elimination. These differences are also reflected by the fact that nearly all the activity present in the heart can be recovered as fluoride(F-18) in the case of 17-[18F]fluoroheptadecanoic acid, whereas practically no fluoride was found among the metabolites of 16-[18F]fluorohexadecanoic acid. Similar differences were observed for the F-18 activity in bone. The results can be interpreted in terms of the odd-even rule: beta oxidation of even-numbered fatty acids ends up with [18F]fluoroacetic acid, whereas the odd-numbered fatty acids give rise to beta-[18F]fluoropropionic acid. Only in the latter case does dehalogenation take place leading to free fluoride, whereas fluoroacetic acid undergoes further reactions in the citric acid cycle.", "contents": "Long-chain F-18 fatty acids for the study of regional metabolism in heart and liver; odd-even effects of metabolism in mice. In view of the potential usefulness of fluorine-tagged fatty acids in the study of regional metabolism in the heart and liver, the time courses of uptake and release of 9,10-[18F]fluorostearic acid, 2-[18F]fluorostearic acid, 16-[18F]fluorohexadecanoic acid, 17-[18F]fluoroheptadecanoic acid have been investigated in several organs of NMRI mice. Whereas 2-[18F]fluorostearic acid shows very little uptake in the heart muscle but an increasing accumulation in the liver, the fatty acids with the F-18 label in the middle or at the end of the carbon chain exhibit uptake and elimination behavior similar to that of the analogous C-11-labeled compounds. After rapid concentration in the heart within 1 min, clearance takes place with fast and slow components. 16-[18F]fluorohexadecanoic acid and 17-[18F]fluoroheptadecanoic acid have different half-times of elimination. These differences are also reflected by the fact that nearly all the activity present in the heart can be recovered as fluoride(F-18) in the case of 17-[18F]fluoroheptadecanoic acid, whereas practically no fluoride was found among the metabolites of 16-[18F]fluorohexadecanoic acid. Similar differences were observed for the F-18 activity in bone. The results can be interpreted in terms of the odd-even rule: beta oxidation of even-numbered fatty acids ends up with [18F]fluoroacetic acid, whereas the odd-numbered fatty acids give rise to beta-[18F]fluoropropionic acid. Only in the latter case does dehalogenation take place leading to free fluoride, whereas fluoroacetic acid undergoes further reactions in the citric acid cycle.", "PMID": 317095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5756", "title": "Concentration of Tc-99m methylenediphosphonate in hepatic metastases from squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "A case is described in which Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate concentrated in a hepatic metastasis from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. We observed radiopharmaceutical concentration in the hepatic metastases, which was probably related to the presence of necrosis with calcification.", "contents": "Concentration of Tc-99m methylenediphosphonate in hepatic metastases from squamous cell carcinoma. A case is described in which Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate concentrated in a hepatic metastasis from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. We observed radiopharmaceutical concentration in the hepatic metastases, which was probably related to the presence of necrosis with calcification.", "PMID": 317096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5757", "title": "A new transverse-section brain imager for single-gamma emitters.", "content": "Physical and clinical data on a new emission transverse-section scanner are given. Comparative data from an earlier tomoscanner and a rotating gamma-camera system yield the following information for the three imagers. Resolution at the center of the field is 9 mm for this tomoscanner, 18 mm for the earlier tomoscanner, and 11 mm for the rotating camera; sensitivity (cps/muCi-ml) 36K, 15.4K, 1.9K; crystal area (cm2) 3096, 619, 490, respectively. The quantification of images is discussed. Clinical emission section scans of the brain, liver, chest and skull are presented and discussed. Forty brain scans were analyzed in conjunction with x-ray transmission tomography. No false positives were found. From a total of 15 lesions seen by the CT x-ray scanner, 14 were detected by the emission tomographic scanner, 12 by standard gamma-camera imaging. One false negative case (cyst) was seen by the transmission x-ray scanner but not by the emission scanner.", "contents": "A new transverse-section brain imager for single-gamma emitters. Physical and clinical data on a new emission transverse-section scanner are given. Comparative data from an earlier tomoscanner and a rotating gamma-camera system yield the following information for the three imagers. Resolution at the center of the field is 9 mm for this tomoscanner, 18 mm for the earlier tomoscanner, and 11 mm for the rotating camera; sensitivity (cps/muCi-ml) 36K, 15.4K, 1.9K; crystal area (cm2) 3096, 619, 490, respectively. The quantification of images is discussed. Clinical emission section scans of the brain, liver, chest and skull are presented and discussed. Forty brain scans were analyzed in conjunction with x-ray transmission tomography. No false positives were found. From a total of 15 lesions seen by the CT x-ray scanner, 14 were detected by the emission tomographic scanner, 12 by standard gamma-camera imaging. One false negative case (cyst) was seen by the transmission x-ray scanner but not by the emission scanner.", "PMID": 317097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5758", "title": "Carbon-11-labeled amino acids for the rectilinear and positron tomographic imaging of the human pancreas.", "content": "Modification of the B\u00fccherer-Strecker amino acid synthesis facilitated the production of DL-[11C]tryptophan and DL-[11C]valine for clinical trials in patients with proven or suspected pancreatic disease. Examples of rectilinear scans and tomographic images of the pancreas are presented in this initial paper. Positron computed tomography was done with the ORTEC ECAT system. Rapid localization of these C-11-labeled amino acids and fast clearance from the plasma permit almost immediate examination following i.v. injection. Illustrative images include the normal pancreas, pancreatitis, and pancreatic carcinoma. The use of positron tomobraphy with C-11-labeled DL-tryptophan and DL-valine appears to offer a new and promising diagnostic modality for the detection and study of pancreatic diseases.", "contents": "Carbon-11-labeled amino acids for the rectilinear and positron tomographic imaging of the human pancreas. Modification of the B\u00fccherer-Strecker amino acid synthesis facilitated the production of DL-[11C]tryptophan and DL-[11C]valine for clinical trials in patients with proven or suspected pancreatic disease. Examples of rectilinear scans and tomographic images of the pancreas are presented in this initial paper. Positron computed tomography was done with the ORTEC ECAT system. Rapid localization of these C-11-labeled amino acids and fast clearance from the plasma permit almost immediate examination following i.v. injection. Illustrative images include the normal pancreas, pancreatitis, and pancreatic carcinoma. The use of positron tomobraphy with C-11-labeled DL-tryptophan and DL-valine appears to offer a new and promising diagnostic modality for the detection and study of pancreatic diseases.", "PMID": 317098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5759", "title": "Measurement of liver volume by emission computed tomography.", "content": "In 22 volunteers without clinical or laboratory evidence of liver disease, liver volume was determined using single-photon emission computed tomography (ECT). This technique provided excellent object contrast between the liver and its surroundings and permitted calculation of liver volume without geometric assumptions about the liver's configuration. Reproducibility of results was satisfactory, with a root-mean-square error of less than 6% between duplicate measurements in 15 individuals. The volume measurements were validated by the use of phantoms.", "contents": "Measurement of liver volume by emission computed tomography. In 22 volunteers without clinical or laboratory evidence of liver disease, liver volume was determined using single-photon emission computed tomography (ECT). This technique provided excellent object contrast between the liver and its surroundings and permitted calculation of liver volume without geometric assumptions about the liver's configuration. Reproducibility of results was satisfactory, with a root-mean-square error of less than 6% between duplicate measurements in 15 individuals. The volume measurements were validated by the use of phantoms.", "PMID": 317099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5760", "title": "Fourier multiaperture emission tomography (FMET).", "content": "We describe a new emission tomographic technique, using an Anger scintillation camera and a new family of coded apertures, in which a noniterative computer algorithm is used to reconstruct multiplanar images. The novel feature is a set of spatial narrow band filters that allow the depth information to be separated in the frequency domain. The position of the reconstructed planes can be selected at will. Using this technique, a planar resolution of 0.75 cm and a depth resolution of 1.6 cm have been measured at a depth of 10 cm and a magnification of 1. To demonstrate the potential of this system, the results of a phantom study are reported.", "contents": "Fourier multiaperture emission tomography (FMET). We describe a new emission tomographic technique, using an Anger scintillation camera and a new family of coded apertures, in which a noniterative computer algorithm is used to reconstruct multiplanar images. The novel feature is a set of spatial narrow band filters that allow the depth information to be separated in the frequency domain. The position of the reconstructed planes can be selected at will. Using this technique, a planar resolution of 0.75 cm and a depth resolution of 1.6 cm have been measured at a depth of 10 cm and a magnification of 1. To demonstrate the potential of this system, the results of a phantom study are reported.", "PMID": 317102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5761", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: an immunohistochemical and histological study.", "content": "Immunohistochemical and histoogical studies have been performed on paraffin sections of 19 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). All the cases were lymphocytic in type and, on the basis of the National Lymphoma Investigation classification, 11 were follicular (six small, three mixed small and large, and two large cell types) and eight were diffuse (four intermediate, three poorly and one well-differentiated types). Marshall's metalophil method revealed a population of dendritic histiocytes in and around the follicles of follicular lymphomas. The distribution of the dendritic cells within the neoplastic follicles resembled the distribution of similar cells in reactive follicles, lending support to the concept of an origin for lymphoma follicles from their reactive counterparts. In the diffuse lesions the dendritic cells were large and more pleomorphic than in the follicular lesions, but these features were not so pronounced as those previously observed in Hodgkin's disease. The PAP sequence was used to demonstrate Ig, and as judged by the types of light and heavy chains in the lymphoma cells, the cases were divided into three groups: Group 1 (eight cases) in which the lymphoma cells contained monotypic Ig; Group 2 (six cases) in which monotypic Ig was probably present; and Group 3 (four cases) where no evidence of monotypic Ig secretion was found. Monotypic Ig was most commonly found in follicular lymphomas, mu kappa secretion being the most frequently identified combination of heavy and light chains. The majority of cases (73 per cent.) were thus clearly derived from B lymphocytes. However, the fact that monoclonality was evident in only a proportion of cases suggested that lymphomas may be polyclonal initially and proportion of cases suggested that lymphomas may be polyclonal initially and that monoclonality is a later development. In addition to the lymphoma cells, normal mature plasma cells containing a high concentration of intracellular Ig were present in all but one of the lesions. The Ig was polytypic, cells containing kappa and lambda chains being present in roughly equal numbers and gamma chains pre-dominating. Extracellular Ig (gamma, mu, kappa, lambda) was also present in many lesions. Collections of small non-lymphomatous lymphocytes were also present in all cases. In eight lesions these appeared to have polytypic surface Ig (mu, kappa, lambda). Dendritic cells mingled with these lymphocytes. Collections of small lymphocytes non-reactive for Ig were also present. These had no association with dendritic histiocytes and might have been T cells. It is concluded that in most cases immunohistochemistry alone provides an insufficient basis for the diagnosis of lymphoma and that disturbance of cellular morphology and tissue architecture remain the most useful criteria on which the diagnosis of lymphoma rests.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: an immunohistochemical and histological study. Immunohistochemical and histoogical studies have been performed on paraffin sections of 19 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). All the cases were lymphocytic in type and, on the basis of the National Lymphoma Investigation classification, 11 were follicular (six small, three mixed small and large, and two large cell types) and eight were diffuse (four intermediate, three poorly and one well-differentiated types). Marshall's metalophil method revealed a population of dendritic histiocytes in and around the follicles of follicular lymphomas. The distribution of the dendritic cells within the neoplastic follicles resembled the distribution of similar cells in reactive follicles, lending support to the concept of an origin for lymphoma follicles from their reactive counterparts. In the diffuse lesions the dendritic cells were large and more pleomorphic than in the follicular lesions, but these features were not so pronounced as those previously observed in Hodgkin's disease. The PAP sequence was used to demonstrate Ig, and as judged by the types of light and heavy chains in the lymphoma cells, the cases were divided into three groups: Group 1 (eight cases) in which the lymphoma cells contained monotypic Ig; Group 2 (six cases) in which monotypic Ig was probably present; and Group 3 (four cases) where no evidence of monotypic Ig secretion was found. Monotypic Ig was most commonly found in follicular lymphomas, mu kappa secretion being the most frequently identified combination of heavy and light chains. The majority of cases (73 per cent.) were thus clearly derived from B lymphocytes. However, the fact that monoclonality was evident in only a proportion of cases suggested that lymphomas may be polyclonal initially and proportion of cases suggested that lymphomas may be polyclonal initially and that monoclonality is a later development. In addition to the lymphoma cells, normal mature plasma cells containing a high concentration of intracellular Ig were present in all but one of the lesions. The Ig was polytypic, cells containing kappa and lambda chains being present in roughly equal numbers and gamma chains pre-dominating. Extracellular Ig (gamma, mu, kappa, lambda) was also present in many lesions. Collections of small non-lymphomatous lymphocytes were also present in all cases. In eight lesions these appeared to have polytypic surface Ig (mu, kappa, lambda). Dendritic cells mingled with these lymphocytes. Collections of small lymphocytes non-reactive for Ig were also present. These had no association with dendritic histiocytes and might have been T cells. It is concluded that in most cases immunohistochemistry alone provides an insufficient basis for the diagnosis of lymphoma and that disturbance of cellular morphology and tissue architecture remain the most useful criteria on which the diagnosis of lymphoma rests.", "PMID": 317105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5762", "title": "Differential effect of perhydrohistrionicotoxin on 'intrinsic' and 'extrinsic' end-plate responses.", "content": "1. At rat and frog neuromuscular junctions, perhydrohistrionicotoxin (H12-HTX), at concentrations below 10(-6) M, blocked end-plate currents and potentials generated by ionophoretic application of ACh (extrinsic responses) more effectively than end-plate currents and potentials generated by neurotransmitter secreted from the motor nerve (intrinsic responses). 2. In contrast, (+)-tubocurarine affected both extrinsic and intrinsic responses in a parallel manner. 3. There was no change in the time course and little or no change in the amplitude of intrinsic end-plate currents when extrinsic currents were depressed by H12-HTX nor was there any change in the conductance or lifetime of channels activated by applied ACh. 4. The depressant effect of H12-HTX on extrinsic responses persisted both when carbachol was used as the agonist and when acetylcholinesterase was inhibited with diisopropylfluorophosphate. 5. Large end-plate currents elicited by nerve stimulation that presumably activate the whole end-plate area were not depressed by H12-HTX to the same degree as extrinsic end-plate currents generated by ionophoresis of ACh at the same end-plate. 6. Brief (50 microsec) pulses of ACh produced brief end-plate potentials which were depressed by concentrations of H12-HTX that had little or no effect on miniature end-plate potentials. 7. Extrinsic responses to ACh at extrajunctional regions of denervated fibres were also depressed by low concentrations of H12-HTX. 8. It was concluded that the differential effects of H12-HTX on intrinsic and extrinsic end-plate responses could be due to the existence of two populations of receptor-channel complexes or to protection of local receptor-channel complexes from the toxin by a substance secreted from motor nerve terminals.", "contents": "Differential effect of perhydrohistrionicotoxin on 'intrinsic' and 'extrinsic' end-plate responses. 1. At rat and frog neuromuscular junctions, perhydrohistrionicotoxin (H12-HTX), at concentrations below 10(-6) M, blocked end-plate currents and potentials generated by ionophoretic application of ACh (extrinsic responses) more effectively than end-plate currents and potentials generated by neurotransmitter secreted from the motor nerve (intrinsic responses). 2. In contrast, (+)-tubocurarine affected both extrinsic and intrinsic responses in a parallel manner. 3. There was no change in the time course and little or no change in the amplitude of intrinsic end-plate currents when extrinsic currents were depressed by H12-HTX nor was there any change in the conductance or lifetime of channels activated by applied ACh. 4. The depressant effect of H12-HTX on extrinsic responses persisted both when carbachol was used as the agonist and when acetylcholinesterase was inhibited with diisopropylfluorophosphate. 5. Large end-plate currents elicited by nerve stimulation that presumably activate the whole end-plate area were not depressed by H12-HTX to the same degree as extrinsic end-plate currents generated by ionophoresis of ACh at the same end-plate. 6. Brief (50 microsec) pulses of ACh produced brief end-plate potentials which were depressed by concentrations of H12-HTX that had little or no effect on miniature end-plate potentials. 7. Extrinsic responses to ACh at extrajunctional regions of denervated fibres were also depressed by low concentrations of H12-HTX. 8. It was concluded that the differential effects of H12-HTX on intrinsic and extrinsic end-plate responses could be due to the existence of two populations of receptor-channel complexes or to protection of local receptor-channel complexes from the toxin by a substance secreted from motor nerve terminals.", "PMID": 317106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5763", "title": "Chemical change, production of tension and energy following stretch of active muscle of frog.", "content": "1. Measurements were made of the tension and the heat + work produced during 6.5 s of tetanic stimulation at 0 degrees C. The muscle was stretched by 3 mm to 1.2 times rest length either 1 s before stimulation began of 1 s after it began. 2. The extent of ATP splitting during the period from 1.5 to 6.5 s after stimulation began was determined from observations of the levels of phosphocreatine, creatine and the sum of inorganic phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate. (The creatine kinase reaction was taken to be in equilibrium.) 3. In agreement with earlier findings more active tension was produced following a stretch when the stretch occurred during stimulation than when it occurred before stimulation. This increase was large and statistically significant. 4. The mean splitting of ATP was greater following a stretch during stimulation, but this change was small and not statistically significant. 5. During the interval from 1.5 to 2.5 s after stimulation began, which is shortly after the stretch ended, the rate of heat production was significantly greater than in the isometric contraction. 6. From 2.5 s to the end of stimulation and during relaxation the heat + work was not significantly different in the two types of contraction.", "contents": "Chemical change, production of tension and energy following stretch of active muscle of frog. 1. Measurements were made of the tension and the heat + work produced during 6.5 s of tetanic stimulation at 0 degrees C. The muscle was stretched by 3 mm to 1.2 times rest length either 1 s before stimulation began of 1 s after it began. 2. The extent of ATP splitting during the period from 1.5 to 6.5 s after stimulation began was determined from observations of the levels of phosphocreatine, creatine and the sum of inorganic phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate. (The creatine kinase reaction was taken to be in equilibrium.) 3. In agreement with earlier findings more active tension was produced following a stretch when the stretch occurred during stimulation than when it occurred before stimulation. This increase was large and statistically significant. 4. The mean splitting of ATP was greater following a stretch during stimulation, but this change was small and not statistically significant. 5. During the interval from 1.5 to 2.5 s after stimulation began, which is shortly after the stretch ended, the rate of heat production was significantly greater than in the isometric contraction. 6. From 2.5 s to the end of stimulation and during relaxation the heat + work was not significantly different in the two types of contraction.", "PMID": 317107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5764", "title": "Maintaining standards of primary care in America.", "content": "The evolution of present day attitudes toward maintaining standards of medical care in the United States is described, and the main methods identified. Their influence on current practice is discussed, and application made to the promotion of high standards of care in British general practice.", "contents": "Maintaining standards of primary care in America. The evolution of present day attitudes toward maintaining standards of medical care in the United States is described, and the main methods identified. Their influence on current practice is discussed, and application made to the promotion of high standards of care in British general practice.", "PMID": 317108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5765", "title": "N-Alkylated 2-aminotetralins: central dopamine-receptor stimulating activity.", "content": "In order to define the structural requirements of N-substituents of 2-aminotetralins as central dopamine receptor agonists, a series of N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkyl-substituted 2-amino-5-hydroxy- and 2-amino-5-methoxytetralins have been synthesized and evaluated. The compounds were tested biochemically and behaviorally for dopaminergic activity. From the biochemical data it is concluded that an n-propyl group on the nitrogen is optimal for activity. The corresponding N-ethyl-substituted compounds are slightly less active, while the absence of N-ethyl or N-propyl groups give almost inactive compounds. It could be demonstrated that this is due to steric and not to lipophilic factors. It is suggested that a possible requirement for a potent agonist is that one of it N substituents must fit into a receptor cavity which, because of its size, can maximally accommodate an n-propyl but also smaller groups like ethyl or methyl. The active compounds appeared to give a similar relative pre- and postsynaptic stimulation and had also similar activities for the limbic system and for striatum. None of the compounds listed seemed to have central noradrenaline- or serotonin-receptor stimulating activity.", "contents": "N-Alkylated 2-aminotetralins: central dopamine-receptor stimulating activity. In order to define the structural requirements of N-substituents of 2-aminotetralins as central dopamine receptor agonists, a series of N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkyl-substituted 2-amino-5-hydroxy- and 2-amino-5-methoxytetralins have been synthesized and evaluated. The compounds were tested biochemically and behaviorally for dopaminergic activity. From the biochemical data it is concluded that an n-propyl group on the nitrogen is optimal for activity. The corresponding N-ethyl-substituted compounds are slightly less active, while the absence of N-ethyl or N-propyl groups give almost inactive compounds. It could be demonstrated that this is due to steric and not to lipophilic factors. It is suggested that a possible requirement for a potent agonist is that one of it N substituents must fit into a receptor cavity which, because of its size, can maximally accommodate an n-propyl but also smaller groups like ethyl or methyl. The active compounds appeared to give a similar relative pre- and postsynaptic stimulation and had also similar activities for the limbic system and for striatum. None of the compounds listed seemed to have central noradrenaline- or serotonin-receptor stimulating activity.", "PMID": 317109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5766", "title": "Evidence for the failure of IgA specific T helper activity in a patient with immunodeficiency with hyper IgM.", "content": "A 28-year-old man with immunodeficiency with hyper IgM was studied. His serum immunoglobulins were characterized by the absence of IgA and low level of IgG associated with high level of IgM. The in vitro pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced immunoglobulin synthesis by his peripheral blood lymphocytes was depressed completely for IgA and moderately for IgG although normal numbers and proportions of IgA- and IgG-bearing lymphocytes (on the surface) were demonstrated in the peripheral blood. His T cells could not help IgA production by either normal or his own B cells, whereas they were more efficient helpers for IgM production by his own B cells than were normal T cells. In addition, his B cells produced no IgA and less IgG than normal B cells when co-cultured with normal T cells. This suggests that the failure of IgA specific T helper activity and the maturation arrest of B cells at the stage of the switchover from IgM- to IgG- and/or IgA-producing cells may be the major cause for the hypogammaglobulinaemia in this patient. It is uncertain whether the maturation arrest of B cells is secondary to the T cell defect in helper function for IgA production.", "contents": "Evidence for the failure of IgA specific T helper activity in a patient with immunodeficiency with hyper IgM. A 28-year-old man with immunodeficiency with hyper IgM was studied. His serum immunoglobulins were characterized by the absence of IgA and low level of IgG associated with high level of IgM. The in vitro pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced immunoglobulin synthesis by his peripheral blood lymphocytes was depressed completely for IgA and moderately for IgG although normal numbers and proportions of IgA- and IgG-bearing lymphocytes (on the surface) were demonstrated in the peripheral blood. His T cells could not help IgA production by either normal or his own B cells, whereas they were more efficient helpers for IgM production by his own B cells than were normal T cells. In addition, his B cells produced no IgA and less IgG than normal B cells when co-cultured with normal T cells. This suggests that the failure of IgA specific T helper activity and the maturation arrest of B cells at the stage of the switchover from IgM- to IgG- and/or IgA-producing cells may be the major cause for the hypogammaglobulinaemia in this patient. It is uncertain whether the maturation arrest of B cells is secondary to the T cell defect in helper function for IgA production.", "PMID": 317110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5767", "title": "[Chronic toxicity test of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101) in beagle dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Male and female dogs, aged 17--21 months, were administered orall M 73101 (0, 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg/day), a new analgesic and antiinflammatory drug, for 27 weeks, and following recovery test was carried out for 5 weeks. Dead animals were not found throughout the experimental period. Body weight gain, and food and water consumption were not affected due to M 73101 administration. Except for a slight increase of vomitting in the highest dose, there were no abnormal symptoms. Biochemical examination showed the slight increase in serum alkaline phosphatase activity and free cholesterol level. Pathological examination revealed a dose-dependent increase of liver weight and hypertrophy of hepatocytes due to proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, mitochondria became irregularly large in the highest dose. There were no abnormal findings in the gastro-intestinal tracts except for an erosion of gastric mucosa, which was noted in a female dog treated 240 mg/kg/day of M 73101. From these results, it was suggested that the maximum non-toxic dose was 60 mg/kg/day or less, and the greatest safety dose was 120 mg/kg/day in beagle dogs.", "contents": "[Chronic toxicity test of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (M73101) in beagle dogs (author's transl)]. Male and female dogs, aged 17--21 months, were administered orall M 73101 (0, 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg/day), a new analgesic and antiinflammatory drug, for 27 weeks, and following recovery test was carried out for 5 weeks. Dead animals were not found throughout the experimental period. Body weight gain, and food and water consumption were not affected due to M 73101 administration. Except for a slight increase of vomitting in the highest dose, there were no abnormal symptoms. Biochemical examination showed the slight increase in serum alkaline phosphatase activity and free cholesterol level. Pathological examination revealed a dose-dependent increase of liver weight and hypertrophy of hepatocytes due to proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, mitochondria became irregularly large in the highest dose. There were no abnormal findings in the gastro-intestinal tracts except for an erosion of gastric mucosa, which was noted in a female dog treated 240 mg/kg/day of M 73101. From these results, it was suggested that the maximum non-toxic dose was 60 mg/kg/day or less, and the greatest safety dose was 120 mg/kg/day in beagle dogs.", "PMID": 317111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5768", "title": "[Assessment of the state of the fetoplacental unit before induction of labor and its outcome].", "content": "By a prospective study the authors tried to assess the state of the fetoplacental unit in pathologic pregnancies. Depending on the given situation, the following analytical procedures were used: oxytocin test (OCT), placental beta-1-glycoprotein (SP-1), amnioscopy, and analysis of the liquor amnii ingredients (L/S relationship). By combining the above quoted procedures and taking into account obstetric factors (pelvic measures, cervical maturity), the assessment was made of the state of the fetus and the placenta, of the maturity grade and gestation age, and of the condition of the fetus for delivery by the planned induction of uterine contractions. Statistical analysis (the kappa 2 test) has shown that there is no difference in the results concerning the parameters observed, which speaks for good agreement between them. In the authors' opinion, none of the methods used is an absolutely valid test but their combination and dynamic observation along with a certain clinical experience, could lead to right conclusions about the state of the fetoplacental unit before induced labour.", "contents": "[Assessment of the state of the fetoplacental unit before induction of labor and its outcome]. By a prospective study the authors tried to assess the state of the fetoplacental unit in pathologic pregnancies. Depending on the given situation, the following analytical procedures were used: oxytocin test (OCT), placental beta-1-glycoprotein (SP-1), amnioscopy, and analysis of the liquor amnii ingredients (L/S relationship). By combining the above quoted procedures and taking into account obstetric factors (pelvic measures, cervical maturity), the assessment was made of the state of the fetus and the placenta, of the maturity grade and gestation age, and of the condition of the fetus for delivery by the planned induction of uterine contractions. Statistical analysis (the kappa 2 test) has shown that there is no difference in the results concerning the parameters observed, which speaks for good agreement between them. In the authors' opinion, none of the methods used is an absolutely valid test but their combination and dynamic observation along with a certain clinical experience, could lead to right conclusions about the state of the fetoplacental unit before induced labour.", "PMID": 317123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5769", "title": "Comparison of heterogeneities of antitrinitrophenyl antibodies in strains of mice immunized by various methods.", "content": "Heterogeneity of antibodies directed against the trinitrophenyl (TNP) determinant in immunized mice was analyzed by investigating the band groups of antibodies formed by thin layer isoelectric focusing of serum. The degree of heterogeneity in C57BL/6 mice was markedly higher than that in CBA mice under the following conditions of immunization: immunization with TNP conjugated with bovine gamma-globulin or ovalbumin, interchange of these carrier proteins at the first and second injections, change of epitope density of the antigens, replacement of the hapten by dinitrophenyl group on the antigen for the secondary stimulation, and change of intervals of these injections from 15 days to five months. The degree of heterogeneity within a strain also varied with these immunizing conditions. Furthermore, the heterogeneity in C57BL/6 mice of any immunization group was greater than that in CBA mice in any group. This was also true when the heterogeneity was examined with the immune sera diluted to the same titer. These results indicate that the number of predominant clones of cells producing anti-TNP antibody after immunization is larger in C57BL/6 than in CBA mice.", "contents": "Comparison of heterogeneities of antitrinitrophenyl antibodies in strains of mice immunized by various methods. Heterogeneity of antibodies directed against the trinitrophenyl (TNP) determinant in immunized mice was analyzed by investigating the band groups of antibodies formed by thin layer isoelectric focusing of serum. The degree of heterogeneity in C57BL/6 mice was markedly higher than that in CBA mice under the following conditions of immunization: immunization with TNP conjugated with bovine gamma-globulin or ovalbumin, interchange of these carrier proteins at the first and second injections, change of epitope density of the antigens, replacement of the hapten by dinitrophenyl group on the antigen for the secondary stimulation, and change of intervals of these injections from 15 days to five months. The degree of heterogeneity within a strain also varied with these immunizing conditions. Furthermore, the heterogeneity in C57BL/6 mice of any immunization group was greater than that in CBA mice in any group. This was also true when the heterogeneity was examined with the immune sera diluted to the same titer. These results indicate that the number of predominant clones of cells producing anti-TNP antibody after immunization is larger in C57BL/6 than in CBA mice.", "PMID": 317124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5770", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in human pregnancy: Changes in lymphocyte reactivity during pregnancy and postpartum.", "content": "The function of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T lymphocytes) was studied in women during pregnancy and labor and postpartum by evaluating the blastogenesis of peripheral lymphocytes, which were stimulated with phytohemagglutin-P (PHA-P) in both whole-blood semimicroculture and purifed lymphocyte culture. Data from 353 random samples (203 women) and 50 serial specimens from 10 women revealed that PHA-P induced-lymphocyte blastogenesis was significantly (p less than 0.005) reduced during pregnancy and labor but rapidly returned to normal several days after artificial termination in the early stage of pregnancy as well as after full-term delivery. These results indicate that the T-lymphocyte function in maternal peripheral blood is depressed by causes related to pregnancy. It seems very likely that depressed T-lymphocyte function during pregnancy is caused by inhibitory factors in the blood plasma derived from the feto-placental unit. Questions relating to the inhibitory factors in maternal plasma are discussed.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in human pregnancy: Changes in lymphocyte reactivity during pregnancy and postpartum. The function of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T lymphocytes) was studied in women during pregnancy and labor and postpartum by evaluating the blastogenesis of peripheral lymphocytes, which were stimulated with phytohemagglutin-P (PHA-P) in both whole-blood semimicroculture and purifed lymphocyte culture. Data from 353 random samples (203 women) and 50 serial specimens from 10 women revealed that PHA-P induced-lymphocyte blastogenesis was significantly (p less than 0.005) reduced during pregnancy and labor but rapidly returned to normal several days after artificial termination in the early stage of pregnancy as well as after full-term delivery. These results indicate that the T-lymphocyte function in maternal peripheral blood is depressed by causes related to pregnancy. It seems very likely that depressed T-lymphocyte function during pregnancy is caused by inhibitory factors in the blood plasma derived from the feto-placental unit. Questions relating to the inhibitory factors in maternal plasma are discussed.", "PMID": 317125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5771", "title": "Immunogenicity, parturition and the prostaglandins.", "content": "Immunologists have long suspected that maintenance of pregnancy (viable placentation) is contingent upon the suppressed maternal immune response. Curiously, it has never been suggested that the termination of pregnancy at term might in some way be triggered by the un-blocking of this maternal immune suppression. It is the hypothesis of this paper that maintenance and termination of pregnancy are contravening expressions of a maternal-fetal immunologic regulatory response. The role of the prostaglandins in parturition, and the immune response, is discussed.", "contents": "Immunogenicity, parturition and the prostaglandins. Immunologists have long suspected that maintenance of pregnancy (viable placentation) is contingent upon the suppressed maternal immune response. Curiously, it has never been suggested that the termination of pregnancy at term might in some way be triggered by the un-blocking of this maternal immune suppression. It is the hypothesis of this paper that maintenance and termination of pregnancy are contravening expressions of a maternal-fetal immunologic regulatory response. The role of the prostaglandins in parturition, and the immune response, is discussed.", "PMID": 317127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5772", "title": "[Angiography in posterior fossa extra-axial arachnoid cyst (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and roentgenographic findings in two patients with posterior fossa extra-axial cysts are presented, a detailed analysis of the angiographic findings of this congenital retrocerebellar leptomeningeal malformations reported and their differential diagnosis discussed.", "contents": "[Angiography in posterior fossa extra-axial arachnoid cyst (author's transl)]. The clinical and roentgenographic findings in two patients with posterior fossa extra-axial cysts are presented, a detailed analysis of the angiographic findings of this congenital retrocerebellar leptomeningeal malformations reported and their differential diagnosis discussed.", "PMID": 317143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5773", "title": "The Medallion suture lens: management of complications.", "content": "In a study of 613 Medallion suture implant patients, 87% of the 613 and 96% of those under 70 years of age had a postoperative visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The most common operative complication was corneal endothelial trauma, which was graded and correlated with endothelial microscopy; however, only 0.5% of cases had permanent corneal opacification. Cystoid macular edema occurred in 32 cases (5.2%), and 56% (18) of these patients regained 20/40 vision or better. Implant loop subluxation occurred in 19 cases (3.1%), but this incidence should decrease by increasing implant loop tip-to-tip distance. The data presented put in perspective the relative importance of the various complications encountered, with primary emphasis on the management of these complications.", "contents": "The Medallion suture lens: management of complications. In a study of 613 Medallion suture implant patients, 87% of the 613 and 96% of those under 70 years of age had a postoperative visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The most common operative complication was corneal endothelial trauma, which was graded and correlated with endothelial microscopy; however, only 0.5% of cases had permanent corneal opacification. Cystoid macular edema occurred in 32 cases (5.2%), and 56% (18) of these patients regained 20/40 vision or better. Implant loop subluxation occurred in 19 cases (3.1%), but this incidence should decrease by increasing implant loop tip-to-tip distance. The data presented put in perspective the relative importance of the various complications encountered, with primary emphasis on the management of these complications.", "PMID": 317148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5774", "title": "[Exploration of humoral immunity in man using blood lymphocytes cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "New methods allow the study of humoral immunity in man using blood lymphocyte cultures. A primary in vitro antibody response can be induced, characterized by the appearance of antibody forming cells, and its pattern is as follows: stringent culture requirements, which have been so far obtained in few laboratories; the kinetics of the response, with a peak on day 7--8; and exclusively IgM response; a T-cell requirement. Among these methods, the model we have described has the advantage of allowing a reproductible response in a given individual. The in vitro study of humoral immunity has limitations, the most apparent of which is that it addresses itself to only one lymphoid population, that in peripheral blood, easily accessible. It presents several advantages, as compared to an in vivo study after injection of an antigen: absence of ethical problem; the necessity of only one blood sample, at a given time, avoiding the interference of a treatment started after the test; the possibility of performing successive primary stimulations for a longitudinal study.", "contents": "[Exploration of humoral immunity in man using blood lymphocytes cultures (author's transl)]. New methods allow the study of humoral immunity in man using blood lymphocyte cultures. A primary in vitro antibody response can be induced, characterized by the appearance of antibody forming cells, and its pattern is as follows: stringent culture requirements, which have been so far obtained in few laboratories; the kinetics of the response, with a peak on day 7--8; and exclusively IgM response; a T-cell requirement. Among these methods, the model we have described has the advantage of allowing a reproductible response in a given individual. The in vitro study of humoral immunity has limitations, the most apparent of which is that it addresses itself to only one lymphoid population, that in peripheral blood, easily accessible. It presents several advantages, as compared to an in vivo study after injection of an antigen: absence of ethical problem; the necessity of only one blood sample, at a given time, avoiding the interference of a treatment started after the test; the possibility of performing successive primary stimulations for a longitudinal study.", "PMID": 317150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5775", "title": "[Portal hypertension. Indications and limitations of decompression operations].", "content": "A case of haemorrhage due to oesophageal varices in a cirrhotic-portal hypertense patient successfully treated with side-to-side portocaval anastomosis is reported. Long-term follow-up showed that the surgical result was satisfactory. On the basis of this case, the problems and current tendencies towards derivative operations in the prophylaxis and treatment of portal hypertension complications are reassessed.", "contents": "[Portal hypertension. Indications and limitations of decompression operations]. A case of haemorrhage due to oesophageal varices in a cirrhotic-portal hypertense patient successfully treated with side-to-side portocaval anastomosis is reported. Long-term follow-up showed that the surgical result was satisfactory. On the basis of this case, the problems and current tendencies towards derivative operations in the prophylaxis and treatment of portal hypertension complications are reassessed.", "PMID": 317144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5776", "title": "The delayed appearance of an antinuclear factor and the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus in glomerulonephritis.", "content": "In 11 patients who presented with apparently idiopathic glomerular disease the antinuclear factor (ANF) was absent initially but was eventually detected during observation extending over 6 years. In 4 patients a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has now been made and the disease treated. Of the remaining 7, 2 had conditions known to be associated with a positive ANF, and in 4, drug therapy induced the ANF. Clinical features, complement studies and measurement of anti-DNA antibody were of value in distinguishing those patients with SLE from the others.", "contents": "The delayed appearance of an antinuclear factor and the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus in glomerulonephritis. In 11 patients who presented with apparently idiopathic glomerular disease the antinuclear factor (ANF) was absent initially but was eventually detected during observation extending over 6 years. In 4 patients a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has now been made and the disease treated. Of the remaining 7, 2 had conditions known to be associated with a positive ANF, and in 4, drug therapy induced the ANF. Clinical features, complement studies and measurement of anti-DNA antibody were of value in distinguishing those patients with SLE from the others.", "PMID": 317153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5777", "title": "Modulation of thymocyte membrane potential by concanavalin A.", "content": "Binding of convanavalin A, a potent mitogenic lectin, to thymocyte surface membrane causes depolarization of membrane potential. The effect is suppressed by alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, a haptenic inhibitor of this lectin, or by low temperature. Colchicine and cytochalasin B aslso suppress the change. These data indicate that perturbation of thymocyte surface membrane receptors induced by concanavalin A might be linked to change in the functional state of cellular cytoskeletal systems in turn causing depolarization of thymocyte surface membrane. The initial event generated by receptor-ligand interaction on the outer surface could be translated into cellular interior action only under highly fluid conditions of membrane lipid. Depolarization of thymocyte plasma membrane may be involved in the triggering mechanism of metabolic burst associated with blastoid transformation.", "contents": "Modulation of thymocyte membrane potential by concanavalin A. Binding of convanavalin A, a potent mitogenic lectin, to thymocyte surface membrane causes depolarization of membrane potential. The effect is suppressed by alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, a haptenic inhibitor of this lectin, or by low temperature. Colchicine and cytochalasin B aslso suppress the change. These data indicate that perturbation of thymocyte surface membrane receptors induced by concanavalin A might be linked to change in the functional state of cellular cytoskeletal systems in turn causing depolarization of thymocyte surface membrane. The initial event generated by receptor-ligand interaction on the outer surface could be translated into cellular interior action only under highly fluid conditions of membrane lipid. Depolarization of thymocyte plasma membrane may be involved in the triggering mechanism of metabolic burst associated with blastoid transformation.", "PMID": 317155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5778", "title": "Evidence for a therapeutic effect of plasmapheresis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Fourteen patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been treated with plasmapheresis at a rate of two litres daily on three to four days per week, over a period of two to three weeks. Plasma was replaced isovolemically with either fresh frozen plasma or with human plasma protein fractions. Ten patients were receiving treatment with prednisone at the time of plasmapheresis, and four had received no prior treatment. Eight patients showed evidence of either clinical improvement or clinical and immunochemical improvement, at the time of plasmapheresis. In the three patients who showed high levels of circulating complexes before treatment, there was a sudden fall in the level of circulating immune complexes, which was quantitatively greater than could be explained by the amount removed. This suggests that in some patients with SLE, clearance of complexes by the mononuclear phagocytic system is initially blocked by high levels of circulating complexes and that one effect of plasmapheresis may be to relieve this blockade. Five patients showed a clinical response to plasmapheresis despite the fact that tests for immune complexes were negative. Three patients showed no response to plasmapheresis, and three were regarded as unevaluable. In a limited number of patients, who show a high level of circulating immune complexes, and whose condition is deteriorating despite treatment with corticosteroids, there may be an important therapeutic role for plasmapheresis.", "contents": "Evidence for a therapeutic effect of plasmapheresis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Fourteen patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been treated with plasmapheresis at a rate of two litres daily on three to four days per week, over a period of two to three weeks. Plasma was replaced isovolemically with either fresh frozen plasma or with human plasma protein fractions. Ten patients were receiving treatment with prednisone at the time of plasmapheresis, and four had received no prior treatment. Eight patients showed evidence of either clinical improvement or clinical and immunochemical improvement, at the time of plasmapheresis. In the three patients who showed high levels of circulating complexes before treatment, there was a sudden fall in the level of circulating immune complexes, which was quantitatively greater than could be explained by the amount removed. This suggests that in some patients with SLE, clearance of complexes by the mononuclear phagocytic system is initially blocked by high levels of circulating complexes and that one effect of plasmapheresis may be to relieve this blockade. Five patients showed a clinical response to plasmapheresis despite the fact that tests for immune complexes were negative. Three patients showed no response to plasmapheresis, and three were regarded as unevaluable. In a limited number of patients, who show a high level of circulating immune complexes, and whose condition is deteriorating despite treatment with corticosteroids, there may be an important therapeutic role for plasmapheresis.", "PMID": 317156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5779", "title": "Human chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Surface markers and activation of lymphocytes.", "content": "Cell surface markers and the responses of lymphocytes to T- and B-cell mitogens were studied in 10 patients with CCL. T cells were identified as cells rosetting with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and S-Ig was used as a marker for B lymphocytes. Most cells from all patients had a detectable amounts of S-Ig, and the percentage of cells rosetting with SRBC was low in all cases. Of the lymphocytes from these patients, 3-74% (mean 33%) were positive for the acid esterase (ANAE), which has been claimed to be a T-cell marker. However, some patients had cells that were positive for both S-Ig and ANAE. Acid esterase staining is therefore not a valid T-cell marker in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. In cultures containing the T-cell mitogen leucoagglutinin (LA) and the T- and B-cell mitogen pokeweed mitogen (PWM) the reactivity of the lymphocytes was low. The cells responded vigorously to the T- and B-cell mitogen protein A (PA); however, the response was serum-dependent, being strong in a culture medium containing foetal calf serum (FCS), but impaired in the presence of human AB serum. Only 1 patient had cells that responded to the B-cell mitogen LPS.", "contents": "Human chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Surface markers and activation of lymphocytes. Cell surface markers and the responses of lymphocytes to T- and B-cell mitogens were studied in 10 patients with CCL. T cells were identified as cells rosetting with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and S-Ig was used as a marker for B lymphocytes. Most cells from all patients had a detectable amounts of S-Ig, and the percentage of cells rosetting with SRBC was low in all cases. Of the lymphocytes from these patients, 3-74% (mean 33%) were positive for the acid esterase (ANAE), which has been claimed to be a T-cell marker. However, some patients had cells that were positive for both S-Ig and ANAE. Acid esterase staining is therefore not a valid T-cell marker in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. In cultures containing the T-cell mitogen leucoagglutinin (LA) and the T- and B-cell mitogen pokeweed mitogen (PWM) the reactivity of the lymphocytes was low. The cells responded vigorously to the T- and B-cell mitogen protein A (PA); however, the response was serum-dependent, being strong in a culture medium containing foetal calf serum (FCS), but impaired in the presence of human AB serum. Only 1 patient had cells that responded to the B-cell mitogen LPS.", "PMID": 317162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5780", "title": "Composition of human granulocytic colonies as a function of the purification stage of CSF.", "content": "Granulopoietic colonies grown in presence of human placental conditioned medium (HPCM), before and after partial purification, were characterized in terms of number of colonies, colony size and cellular composition. Our data demonstrate that the removal of inhibitors present in crude HPCM preparations results in a higher number of CFUC which are wider in size and with different cellular composition.", "contents": "Composition of human granulocytic colonies as a function of the purification stage of CSF. Granulopoietic colonies grown in presence of human placental conditioned medium (HPCM), before and after partial purification, were characterized in terms of number of colonies, colony size and cellular composition. Our data demonstrate that the removal of inhibitors present in crude HPCM preparations results in a higher number of CFUC which are wider in size and with different cellular composition.", "PMID": 317163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5781", "title": "In vivo and in vitro studies of tinidazole in Trichomonas vaginalis infection.", "content": "A total 787 patients with complaints of vaginal discharges were examined, of which 106 patients were found to be positive for Trichomonas vaginalis by the normal saline method, and 114 patients were positive by the culture method. In the in vivo series, 55 patients were treated with a single dose of 1.8 gm of tinidazole, and with a follow-up examination 7 days there after. For the in vitro study 55 swab specimens were cultured to study the tinidazole sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis. The survival of Trichomonas vaginalis at each concentration of tinidazole was presented as a cumulative frequency. At the concentration of 1 microgram/ml, none of the organisms were killed; but at the concentration of 6 micrograms/ml, the mortality rate was 100%. In the in vivo series a 100% cure rate was obtained with tinidazole with no side effects, and in vitro series the mean minimum trichomonicidal concentration (MCC) at 24 hours was 3.76 +/- 1.25 micrograms/ml, with the range of 2--6 micrograms/ml. These studies revealed the sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis to tinidazole in Thailand and that tinidazole at a single oral dose of 1.8 gm perferably after a meal is effective, safe and cheap for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro studies of tinidazole in Trichomonas vaginalis infection. A total 787 patients with complaints of vaginal discharges were examined, of which 106 patients were found to be positive for Trichomonas vaginalis by the normal saline method, and 114 patients were positive by the culture method. In the in vivo series, 55 patients were treated with a single dose of 1.8 gm of tinidazole, and with a follow-up examination 7 days there after. For the in vitro study 55 swab specimens were cultured to study the tinidazole sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis. The survival of Trichomonas vaginalis at each concentration of tinidazole was presented as a cumulative frequency. At the concentration of 1 microgram/ml, none of the organisms were killed; but at the concentration of 6 micrograms/ml, the mortality rate was 100%. In the in vivo series a 100% cure rate was obtained with tinidazole with no side effects, and in vitro series the mean minimum trichomonicidal concentration (MCC) at 24 hours was 3.76 +/- 1.25 micrograms/ml, with the range of 2--6 micrograms/ml. These studies revealed the sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis to tinidazole in Thailand and that tinidazole at a single oral dose of 1.8 gm perferably after a meal is effective, safe and cheap for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis.", "PMID": 317171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5782", "title": "Enhanced T-cell rosette formation in shigellosis by the in vitro use of thymopoietin.", "content": "The results from this study suggest that the large nul cell lymphocyte population seen in patients with Shigella dysentery, does contain a sub-population of cells that will respond in vitro to thymopoietin, a bovine thymic extract, by increased E-rosette formation. It is felt that this sub-population is in fact immature T-cells. A previous study has shown that an unusual leukaemoid reaction develops in a substantial number of patients with Shigella dysentery. The leukaemoid response was primarily granulocytic in nature but there was also a substantial increase in the mean number of lymphocytes. The proportion of the various populations of lymphocytes from leukaemoid and non-leukaemoid subjects were altered, B-cells remained constant, while the T-cells were depressed with a corresponding rise in the proportion of nul cells. The cumulative results of this and other studies demonstrate that the T-cell arm of immunity is compromised in shigellosis. Indeed the degree of compromise may ultimately be the decisive factor in determining the severity of this disease.", "contents": "Enhanced T-cell rosette formation in shigellosis by the in vitro use of thymopoietin. The results from this study suggest that the large nul cell lymphocyte population seen in patients with Shigella dysentery, does contain a sub-population of cells that will respond in vitro to thymopoietin, a bovine thymic extract, by increased E-rosette formation. It is felt that this sub-population is in fact immature T-cells. A previous study has shown that an unusual leukaemoid reaction develops in a substantial number of patients with Shigella dysentery. The leukaemoid response was primarily granulocytic in nature but there was also a substantial increase in the mean number of lymphocytes. The proportion of the various populations of lymphocytes from leukaemoid and non-leukaemoid subjects were altered, B-cells remained constant, while the T-cells were depressed with a corresponding rise in the proportion of nul cells. The cumulative results of this and other studies demonstrate that the T-cell arm of immunity is compromised in shigellosis. Indeed the degree of compromise may ultimately be the decisive factor in determining the severity of this disease.", "PMID": 317187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5783", "title": "[Pathohistology of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: recent progress].", "content": "After the recognition of the various phase of the physiologic differentiation and transformation of lymphocytes (from the stem cells over T-prolymphoblasts and lymphoblasts to the effector-T-cells and over the B-lymphoblasts, B1-lymphocytes to the lymphatic plasma cells and, respectively, over centroblasts, centrocytes, B2-lymphocytes to the Marschalko plasma cells) it became clear that the non-Hodgkin-lymphomas correspond to the individual, apparently blocked phases of the differentiation and transformation. The classification after Kiel distinguishes non-Hodgkin-lymphomas of a malignity of low degree (CLL, centrocytoma, centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma, immunocytomas) and of high degree (T-lymphoblastoma, centroblastoma, immunoblastoma). An essential part of these tumours may be diagnosed with the help of the usual light-microscopic methods. When several supplementing cytochemical and immunocytological methods are used, nearly all non-Hodgkin-lymphomas are to be characterized, though border-line cases and non-classifiable non-Hodgkin-lymphomas rarely appear, but they appear.", "contents": "[Pathohistology of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: recent progress]. After the recognition of the various phase of the physiologic differentiation and transformation of lymphocytes (from the stem cells over T-prolymphoblasts and lymphoblasts to the effector-T-cells and over the B-lymphoblasts, B1-lymphocytes to the lymphatic plasma cells and, respectively, over centroblasts, centrocytes, B2-lymphocytes to the Marschalko plasma cells) it became clear that the non-Hodgkin-lymphomas correspond to the individual, apparently blocked phases of the differentiation and transformation. The classification after Kiel distinguishes non-Hodgkin-lymphomas of a malignity of low degree (CLL, centrocytoma, centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma, immunocytomas) and of high degree (T-lymphoblastoma, centroblastoma, immunoblastoma). An essential part of these tumours may be diagnosed with the help of the usual light-microscopic methods. When several supplementing cytochemical and immunocytological methods are used, nearly all non-Hodgkin-lymphomas are to be characterized, though border-line cases and non-classifiable non-Hodgkin-lymphomas rarely appear, but they appear.", "PMID": 317195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5784", "title": "[Emergency endoscopy].", "content": "The possibilities and advantages of the emergency endoscopy of the upper intestinal tract are emphasized. With the help of 475 own examinations from 1971 to 1973 and from 1973 to June 1977 the improvement of the diagnostic gain by instruments with prograde optics is proved. Ulcerous diseases of the stomach and the duodenum are found as most frequent cause of haemorrhage which appear in the oesophagus or in the oesophagogastric transition. With 20% the number of the multiple findings was significantly high, the proof of which is to be regarded as an essential advantage of the emergency endoscopy. But at the same time they also emphasize the necessity not to be satisfied with the proof of a source of haemorrhage. The coloscopic emergency endoscopy is more difficult. Endoscopico-therapeutic possiblities increase the importance of the emergency endoscopy.", "contents": "[Emergency endoscopy]. The possibilities and advantages of the emergency endoscopy of the upper intestinal tract are emphasized. With the help of 475 own examinations from 1971 to 1973 and from 1973 to June 1977 the improvement of the diagnostic gain by instruments with prograde optics is proved. Ulcerous diseases of the stomach and the duodenum are found as most frequent cause of haemorrhage which appear in the oesophagus or in the oesophagogastric transition. With 20% the number of the multiple findings was significantly high, the proof of which is to be regarded as an essential advantage of the emergency endoscopy. But at the same time they also emphasize the necessity not to be satisfied with the proof of a source of haemorrhage. The coloscopic emergency endoscopy is more difficult. Endoscopico-therapeutic possiblities increase the importance of the emergency endoscopy.", "PMID": 317196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5785", "title": "[Upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhages following heart surgery].", "content": "The clinical histories of 612 patients who underwent an operation of the heart were evaluated. Eight times a more severe haemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract was described, i.e. 1.3%. One patient died under the signs of the septic shock. All patients were treated conservatively, only in one patient an ulcer existed 12 years before the heart operation.", "contents": "[Upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhages following heart surgery]. The clinical histories of 612 patients who underwent an operation of the heart were evaluated. Eight times a more severe haemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract was described, i.e. 1.3%. One patient died under the signs of the septic shock. All patients were treated conservatively, only in one patient an ulcer existed 12 years before the heart operation.", "PMID": 317197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5786", "title": "[Concentrations of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein from urine in gestoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Concentrations of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein from urine of pregnant women were investigated in cases with normal pregnancy and gestosis. Mean value of cases with severe gestosis (Index 4-6) was significantly increased.", "contents": "[Concentrations of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein from urine in gestoses (author's transl)]. Concentrations of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein from urine of pregnant women were investigated in cases with normal pregnancy and gestosis. Mean value of cases with severe gestosis (Index 4-6) was significantly increased.", "PMID": 317198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5787", "title": "Echocardiological contrast studies with dynamically focussed multiscan.", "content": "Bidimensional contrast echocardiological examinations were carried out in 120 patients with the use of dynamically focussed multiscan. Ultrasonic contrast was produced by a push injection of 10 ml of isotonic saline or of 5% glucose in water injected into an antecubital vein through an 18 gauge needle. Contrast studies were observed on a television monitor and recorded on videotape for detailed off-line analysis. All the echocardiological diagnoses presented here were confirmed during catheterization. A few typical clinical examples are illustrated, including a patient with Ebstein's anomaly, a case of tricuspid regurgitation, atrial and ventricular septal defects, and a left ventricular ultrasound angiocardiogram. Bidimesional contrast opens a new field for the assessment of remediable cardiac lesions.", "contents": "Echocardiological contrast studies with dynamically focussed multiscan. Bidimensional contrast echocardiological examinations were carried out in 120 patients with the use of dynamically focussed multiscan. Ultrasonic contrast was produced by a push injection of 10 ml of isotonic saline or of 5% glucose in water injected into an antecubital vein through an 18 gauge needle. Contrast studies were observed on a television monitor and recorded on videotape for detailed off-line analysis. All the echocardiological diagnoses presented here were confirmed during catheterization. A few typical clinical examples are illustrated, including a patient with Ebstein's anomaly, a case of tricuspid regurgitation, atrial and ventricular septal defects, and a left ventricular ultrasound angiocardiogram. Bidimesional contrast opens a new field for the assessment of remediable cardiac lesions.", "PMID": 317203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5788", "title": "Influence of moxaprindine treatment on ventricular arrhythmias occurring during maximal exercise stress testing.", "content": "Moxaprindine, a new anti-arrhythmic drug, with characteristics similar to aprindine, has been demonstrated to be highly effective in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias occurring before, during and after maximal exercise stress testing. This effect was obtained both in subjects with clinically normal hearts and in a limited number of patients with ischemic heart disease. These findings demonstrate the efficacy and safety of anti-arrhythmic treatment by drugs prolonging ventricular depolarization for ventricular arrhythmias occurring during exercise.", "contents": "Influence of moxaprindine treatment on ventricular arrhythmias occurring during maximal exercise stress testing. Moxaprindine, a new anti-arrhythmic drug, with characteristics similar to aprindine, has been demonstrated to be highly effective in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias occurring before, during and after maximal exercise stress testing. This effect was obtained both in subjects with clinically normal hearts and in a limited number of patients with ischemic heart disease. These findings demonstrate the efficacy and safety of anti-arrhythmic treatment by drugs prolonging ventricular depolarization for ventricular arrhythmias occurring during exercise.", "PMID": 317204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5789", "title": "Cardiac involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "The case of a patient with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) who developed electro- and vectorcardiographic patterns of myocardial necrosis without clinical picture of myocardial infarction is reported. The coronarography showed no obstruction of coronary arteries and cineventriculography a hypodynamic enlarged left ventricle. The analysis of electrocardiograms from 43 other patients affected with PSS revealed myocardial necrosis in 5 of them. The clinical syndrome of myocardial infarction was absent in all these cases. Moreover, the hemodynamic investigation in 13 cases allowed to record a dip-plateau figure on the right ventricle pressure curve in 3 of them. In PSS, the electrocardiographic aspects of \"necrosis\" as well as hemodynamic restrictive findings or ventricular enlargement at ventriculography could indicate myocardial disease.", "contents": "Cardiac involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis. The case of a patient with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) who developed electro- and vectorcardiographic patterns of myocardial necrosis without clinical picture of myocardial infarction is reported. The coronarography showed no obstruction of coronary arteries and cineventriculography a hypodynamic enlarged left ventricle. The analysis of electrocardiograms from 43 other patients affected with PSS revealed myocardial necrosis in 5 of them. The clinical syndrome of myocardial infarction was absent in all these cases. Moreover, the hemodynamic investigation in 13 cases allowed to record a dip-plateau figure on the right ventricle pressure curve in 3 of them. In PSS, the electrocardiographic aspects of \"necrosis\" as well as hemodynamic restrictive findings or ventricular enlargement at ventriculography could indicate myocardial disease.", "PMID": 317205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5790", "title": "Arrhythmias in organophosphate poisonings.", "content": "168 cases of organophosphate poisonings are reviewed with special respect to frequent arrhythmias. In 134 cases toxic repolarisation with QT prolongation, ST- and T- anomalies were present. 56 patients had arrhythmias and the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias was impressive. In five patients a transient picture of myocardial infarction was seen. The great incidence of ECG alterations and arrhythmias necessitate the permanent monitoring of patients with organophosphate poisoning in an intensive care unit.", "contents": "Arrhythmias in organophosphate poisonings. 168 cases of organophosphate poisonings are reviewed with special respect to frequent arrhythmias. In 134 cases toxic repolarisation with QT prolongation, ST- and T- anomalies were present. 56 patients had arrhythmias and the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias was impressive. In five patients a transient picture of myocardial infarction was seen. The great incidence of ECG alterations and arrhythmias necessitate the permanent monitoring of patients with organophosphate poisoning in an intensive care unit.", "PMID": 317206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5791", "title": "Diagnosis of mitral valve diseases using indirect (esophageal) left atrial pulse.", "content": "The diagnostic usefulness of the indirect (esophageal) left atrial pulse (ESO) has been analyzed in: 1) 25 patients (pts) with mitral insufficiency (MI), 2) 18 pts with mitral stenosis, 3) 29 pts with combined valvular disease, 4) 10 normal subjects. In addition, in 1) and 4), the ESO was recorded under the following dynamic conditions: a) during isometric exercise (handgrip), b) after inhalation of amyl nitrite, c) after intravenous infusion of methoxamine. The ESO tracing demonstrated estimates of the severity of the disease. Under dynamic conditions no modification from the resting morphology was obtained in the control group, whereas in MI the following modifications were observed: a) increased, progressive, positive elevation of the systolic phase of the ESO during the handgrip and the administration of the methoxamine; b) tendency to return to normal morphology after amyl nitrite.", "contents": "Diagnosis of mitral valve diseases using indirect (esophageal) left atrial pulse. The diagnostic usefulness of the indirect (esophageal) left atrial pulse (ESO) has been analyzed in: 1) 25 patients (pts) with mitral insufficiency (MI), 2) 18 pts with mitral stenosis, 3) 29 pts with combined valvular disease, 4) 10 normal subjects. In addition, in 1) and 4), the ESO was recorded under the following dynamic conditions: a) during isometric exercise (handgrip), b) after inhalation of amyl nitrite, c) after intravenous infusion of methoxamine. The ESO tracing demonstrated estimates of the severity of the disease. Under dynamic conditions no modification from the resting morphology was obtained in the control group, whereas in MI the following modifications were observed: a) increased, progressive, positive elevation of the systolic phase of the ESO during the handgrip and the administration of the methoxamine; b) tendency to return to normal morphology after amyl nitrite.", "PMID": 317207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5792", "title": "Cardiac tamponade with renal failure due to hemangioma of the heart.", "content": "In a 18 year-old woman, an isolated benign hemangioma of the right atrium led to cardiac tamponade and acute renal failure. After 8 days of anuria, the tumor was excised and replaced by a pericardial patch. The persistence of severe renal shutdown necessitated further hemodialysis during 22 days postoperatively. The patient was discharged on the 45th day in good hemodynamic and renal condition. Thirteen cases of benign hemangioma of the heart have been reported in the literature: 12 were found at autopsy; only 4 were complicated by hemopericardium but none of these survived.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade with renal failure due to hemangioma of the heart. In a 18 year-old woman, an isolated benign hemangioma of the right atrium led to cardiac tamponade and acute renal failure. After 8 days of anuria, the tumor was excised and replaced by a pericardial patch. The persistence of severe renal shutdown necessitated further hemodialysis during 22 days postoperatively. The patient was discharged on the 45th day in good hemodynamic and renal condition. Thirteen cases of benign hemangioma of the heart have been reported in the literature: 12 were found at autopsy; only 4 were complicated by hemopericardium but none of these survived.", "PMID": 317208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5793", "title": "[Effect of gelatin and dextran infusion on the reticuloendothelial system].", "content": "The purpose of this study was evaluation of the phagocytic ability of peripheral blood leucocytes and reticuloendothelial system of the lungs, liver and spleen after one infusion of plasma-substituting preparations: Fluigel and dextran 70 in volumes of 20 ml/kg of body weight. The experiments were done in rabbits. The response of the reticuloendothelial system was assessed on the basis of its ability of eliminating foreign erythrocytes labelled with 51Cr from the circulating blood and radioactivity accumulation in the liver and spleen. It was found that infusion of Fluigel and dextran produced transient changes in the function of the reticuloendothelial system with increased number of granulocytes and a fall of their radioactivity 3 and 6 hours after infusion, reduced ability of pulmonary 51Cr accumulation and increased storage in the spleen observed 24 hours after infusion.", "contents": "[Effect of gelatin and dextran infusion on the reticuloendothelial system]. The purpose of this study was evaluation of the phagocytic ability of peripheral blood leucocytes and reticuloendothelial system of the lungs, liver and spleen after one infusion of plasma-substituting preparations: Fluigel and dextran 70 in volumes of 20 ml/kg of body weight. The experiments were done in rabbits. The response of the reticuloendothelial system was assessed on the basis of its ability of eliminating foreign erythrocytes labelled with 51Cr from the circulating blood and radioactivity accumulation in the liver and spleen. It was found that infusion of Fluigel and dextran produced transient changes in the function of the reticuloendothelial system with increased number of granulocytes and a fall of their radioactivity 3 and 6 hours after infusion, reduced ability of pulmonary 51Cr accumulation and increased storage in the spleen observed 24 hours after infusion.", "PMID": 317209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5794", "title": "The surface immunoglobulin receptors of human lymphocytes in pollinosis.", "content": "The immunological reaction of immediate as well as delayed type is produced in patients with pollinosis by the contact with pollen allergens. The immunological disturbances partially connected with function of T and B lymphocytes can be treated as the basal mechanism of pollinosis. The presence of surface immunoglobulins (SIg) from classes IgA, IgG and IgM on the B lymphocytes in circulating blood from the patients with pollinosis in various stages of the disease were studied. The method of direct immunofluorescence was used. The decrease of B lymphocytes with SIg of IgG was found. On the basis of presence SIg (IgA, IgG, IgM) on lymphocytes the four periods of various immunological reaction in pollinosis were differentiated: I - primary immunological response, II - secondary immunological response, III - immunological exhaust, IV - immunological stabilization.", "contents": "The surface immunoglobulin receptors of human lymphocytes in pollinosis. The immunological reaction of immediate as well as delayed type is produced in patients with pollinosis by the contact with pollen allergens. The immunological disturbances partially connected with function of T and B lymphocytes can be treated as the basal mechanism of pollinosis. The presence of surface immunoglobulins (SIg) from classes IgA, IgG and IgM on the B lymphocytes in circulating blood from the patients with pollinosis in various stages of the disease were studied. The method of direct immunofluorescence was used. The decrease of B lymphocytes with SIg of IgG was found. On the basis of presence SIg (IgA, IgG, IgM) on lymphocytes the four periods of various immunological reaction in pollinosis were differentiated: I - primary immunological response, II - secondary immunological response, III - immunological exhaust, IV - immunological stabilization.", "PMID": 317210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5795", "title": "Precipitating antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus in sputum and serum from patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Serum and sputum sol phase from 23 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were examined for occurrence and titres of precipitins against Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel. The patients had from four to nine H. influenzae precipitins in serum and in most cases fewer precipitins in sputum, but, on an average, there was no difference between the titres of the antibodies in serum and sputum. Most of the antibodies were cross-reactive with other species, notably those of the Haemophilus genus. S. aureus precipitins were generally found in higher numbers in serum than in sputum, but, on an average, the titre of the precipitins in sputum was higher than in serum. Three of the precipitins were detectable only in sputum and not in serum, and one of these is a S. aureus-specific precipitin. Most of the antibodies were cross-reactive with other species, and these antibodies were often present in sputum in much higher titres than in the corresponding sera. Antibodies against teichoic acid of the S. aureus cell wall could not be demonstrated in sputum, while they were present in 22 sera. The possible role of the local pulmonary humoral immune response in protective immunity and in the pathology of the lung disease in CF is discussed.", "contents": "Precipitating antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus in sputum and serum from patients with cystic fibrosis. Serum and sputum sol phase from 23 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were examined for occurrence and titres of precipitins against Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel. The patients had from four to nine H. influenzae precipitins in serum and in most cases fewer precipitins in sputum, but, on an average, there was no difference between the titres of the antibodies in serum and sputum. Most of the antibodies were cross-reactive with other species, notably those of the Haemophilus genus. S. aureus precipitins were generally found in higher numbers in serum than in sputum, but, on an average, the titre of the precipitins in sputum was higher than in serum. Three of the precipitins were detectable only in sputum and not in serum, and one of these is a S. aureus-specific precipitin. Most of the antibodies were cross-reactive with other species, and these antibodies were often present in sputum in much higher titres than in the corresponding sera. Antibodies against teichoic acid of the S. aureus cell wall could not be demonstrated in sputum, while they were present in 22 sera. The possible role of the local pulmonary humoral immune response in protective immunity and in the pathology of the lung disease in CF is discussed.", "PMID": 317211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5796", "title": "On some relationships between dopaminergic and serotoninergic mechanisms in pentylenetetrazol convulsions in albino mice.", "content": "Experiments with pentylenetetrazol convulsion model in albino mice--80 mg/kg subcutaneously--have revealed the following. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT, introduced intracerebroventricularly in a dose of 100 micrograms per mouse is eliminated by 500 mg/kg L-DOPA, 100 mg/kg amantadine, 5 mg/kg amphetamine and apomorphine, while for lower doses of the dopaminergic agent only a tendency towards antagonism is observed. The inhibitory effect of 50HTP in a dose of 200 mg/kg i. p. is eliminated by 500 mg/kg L-DOPA, 50 mg/kg amantadine and 5 mg/kg amphetamine, but it is not influenced by these drugs in doses of 250 mg/kg L-DOPA, 25 mg/kg amantadine and 5 mg/kg apomorphine, although when applied independently L-DOPA and amantadine in these lower doses potentiate convulsive reactions. The results obtained show that the dopaminergic and 5-HT-ergic systems have an antagonist effect on the convulsive reactivity in the case of pentylenetetrazol convulsion model. These results are in agreement with our views about the determining role of the balance between the various neurotransmitter systems in convulsive-seizure reactions.", "contents": "On some relationships between dopaminergic and serotoninergic mechanisms in pentylenetetrazol convulsions in albino mice. Experiments with pentylenetetrazol convulsion model in albino mice--80 mg/kg subcutaneously--have revealed the following. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT, introduced intracerebroventricularly in a dose of 100 micrograms per mouse is eliminated by 500 mg/kg L-DOPA, 100 mg/kg amantadine, 5 mg/kg amphetamine and apomorphine, while for lower doses of the dopaminergic agent only a tendency towards antagonism is observed. The inhibitory effect of 50HTP in a dose of 200 mg/kg i. p. is eliminated by 500 mg/kg L-DOPA, 50 mg/kg amantadine and 5 mg/kg amphetamine, but it is not influenced by these drugs in doses of 250 mg/kg L-DOPA, 25 mg/kg amantadine and 5 mg/kg apomorphine, although when applied independently L-DOPA and amantadine in these lower doses potentiate convulsive reactions. The results obtained show that the dopaminergic and 5-HT-ergic systems have an antagonist effect on the convulsive reactivity in the case of pentylenetetrazol convulsion model. These results are in agreement with our views about the determining role of the balance between the various neurotransmitter systems in convulsive-seizure reactions.", "PMID": 317212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5797", "title": "Inhibition of fast axonal transport and microtubule polymerization in vitro by colchicine and colchiceine.", "content": "The effects of colchicine and colchiceine on fast axonal transport in frog sciatic nerves were studied in vitro. Colchiceine inhibited the transport to about the same extent as colchicine. Preincubation at low temperature potentiated the inhibitory effect of either drug. The polymerization of purified brain tubulin was inhibited by colchiceine at 5-10 times higher concentrations than colchicine. The similarity of the effects obtained with colchicine and colchiceine indicates that both drugs arrest axonal transport by interfering with microtubule function. Colchicine and colchiceine did not affect the levels of high energy phosphates (ATP and CrP) in frog nerves indicating that a reduced energy supply was not responsible for the arrested transport.", "contents": "Inhibition of fast axonal transport and microtubule polymerization in vitro by colchicine and colchiceine. The effects of colchicine and colchiceine on fast axonal transport in frog sciatic nerves were studied in vitro. Colchiceine inhibited the transport to about the same extent as colchicine. Preincubation at low temperature potentiated the inhibitory effect of either drug. The polymerization of purified brain tubulin was inhibited by colchiceine at 5-10 times higher concentrations than colchicine. The similarity of the effects obtained with colchicine and colchiceine indicates that both drugs arrest axonal transport by interfering with microtubule function. Colchicine and colchiceine did not affect the levels of high energy phosphates (ATP and CrP) in frog nerves indicating that a reduced energy supply was not responsible for the arrested transport.", "PMID": 317213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5798", "title": "Meckel's diverticulum. Vagaries of technetium scanning.", "content": "A case of a Meckel's diverticulum is described in a young man presenting with abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods of arriving at the diagnosis preoperatively are reviewed. A false-negative as well as a true-positive small bowel series and technetium scan were obtained in this case. The factors influencing technetium uptake by a Meckel's diverticulum are reviewed.", "contents": "Meckel's diverticulum. Vagaries of technetium scanning. A case of a Meckel's diverticulum is described in a young man presenting with abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods of arriving at the diagnosis preoperatively are reviewed. A false-negative as well as a true-positive small bowel series and technetium scan were obtained in this case. The factors influencing technetium uptake by a Meckel's diverticulum are reviewed.", "PMID": 317220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5799", "title": "Cellular immunodeficiency with immunoglobulins: treatment with a thymus implant in millipore diffusion chambers.", "content": "A 14 month old male affected by cellular immunodeficiency with immunoglobulins underwent implantation of a thymus enclosed in Millipore diffusion chambers. Five days after the implant the percentage of T lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes reached normal levels. One month later responsiveness to PHA was demonstrated in the patient's lymphocytes and IgG and IgM serum levels showed a marked increase. Positive skin tests were elicited 6 month's post-implant. An inguinal lymph node biopsy showed developing primary follicles and germinal centers. The patient's condition improved significantly. One year after the implant the patient died from irreversible neurological deterioration. It is suggested that partial immunological reconstitution was achieved by thymic humoral factors.", "contents": "Cellular immunodeficiency with immunoglobulins: treatment with a thymus implant in millipore diffusion chambers. A 14 month old male affected by cellular immunodeficiency with immunoglobulins underwent implantation of a thymus enclosed in Millipore diffusion chambers. Five days after the implant the percentage of T lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes reached normal levels. One month later responsiveness to PHA was demonstrated in the patient's lymphocytes and IgG and IgM serum levels showed a marked increase. Positive skin tests were elicited 6 month's post-implant. An inguinal lymph node biopsy showed developing primary follicles and germinal centers. The patient's condition improved significantly. One year after the implant the patient died from irreversible neurological deterioration. It is suggested that partial immunological reconstitution was achieved by thymic humoral factors.", "PMID": 317215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5800", "title": "Retinoblastoma Y79 cell line: a study of membrane structures.", "content": "The continuous retinoblastoma cell line Y79, grown in suspension culture, has been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, including freeze-fracture replica preparations. Four classes of cells were distinguishable by their size and surface characteristics. The surface structures included blebs, filopodia, lamellipodia, microvilli, and microplicae. The possible origin of a most unusual type of cell, apparently forming natural clones, is discussed.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma Y79 cell line: a study of membrane structures. The continuous retinoblastoma cell line Y79, grown in suspension culture, has been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, including freeze-fracture replica preparations. Four classes of cells were distinguishable by their size and surface characteristics. The surface structures included blebs, filopodia, lamellipodia, microvilli, and microplicae. The possible origin of a most unusual type of cell, apparently forming natural clones, is discussed.", "PMID": 317224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5801", "title": "Experiences with a new EOG photostimulator.", "content": "A new EOG photostimulator used to provoke ocular pendular and saccadic movements and to evoke optokinetic nystagmus is described. Differences between ocular movements obtained according to various techniques in relation to Arden's index are also evaluated.", "contents": "Experiences with a new EOG photostimulator. A new EOG photostimulator used to provoke ocular pendular and saccadic movements and to evoke optokinetic nystagmus is described. Differences between ocular movements obtained according to various techniques in relation to Arden's index are also evaluated.", "PMID": 317225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5802", "title": "Report of a case resembling the 'fleck retina of Kandori' with ectodermal peculiarities and macula degeneration.", "content": "This report involves the case of a 36-year-old woman followed-up for nine years. The symptoms include unique, sharply-defined, irregular, yellow, large flecks of the retina combined with bilateral macula degeneration. The patient's rusty-red hair, enamel dysplasia, and ashen-gray skin color were also noted. It is argued that this case is very likely identical with the 'fleck retina of Kandori' and as such, the first case reported outside Japan. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Report of a case resembling the 'fleck retina of Kandori' with ectodermal peculiarities and macula degeneration. This report involves the case of a 36-year-old woman followed-up for nine years. The symptoms include unique, sharply-defined, irregular, yellow, large flecks of the retina combined with bilateral macula degeneration. The patient's rusty-red hair, enamel dysplasia, and ashen-gray skin color were also noted. It is argued that this case is very likely identical with the 'fleck retina of Kandori' and as such, the first case reported outside Japan. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 317226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5803", "title": "Unusual features of Hemophilus infections in adults.", "content": "Infections due to species of Hemophilus, especially H influenzae type B, are usually equated with the pediatric age group. However, during the past several years the medical literature has emphasized the occurrence of such infections in adults. Four adult patients are presented who demonstrate certain unique clinical features which have not been recently or previously reported.", "contents": "Unusual features of Hemophilus infections in adults. Infections due to species of Hemophilus, especially H influenzae type B, are usually equated with the pediatric age group. However, during the past several years the medical literature has emphasized the occurrence of such infections in adults. Four adult patients are presented who demonstrate certain unique clinical features which have not been recently or previously reported.", "PMID": 317222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5804", "title": "Perforating eye injuries caused by occupational accidents treated at Helsinki University Eye Hospital 1970--1977.", "content": "This study concerns perforating eye injuries caused by occupational accidents in the years 1970--1977. These injuries represented 40% of all perforations treated during this period at Helsinki University Eye Hospital. The results were compared with the previous series from this hospital for the years 1950--1951 and 1930--1939. Of the patients 92% were males, a slight percentage decrease from the fifties. The youngest age group, 16--25 years, was also the largest (30%). Earlier the next age group, 26--35 years, was largest. The proportion of workers in building construction with eye injuries increased remarkably to 26.6%. Metal workers made up another large group affected by eye perforations (24.5%). Agricultural work lost its importance as the cause of perforations as compared with the previous decades. The commonest cause of eye accidents was still hammering. Flying objects, especially metal splinters, were important causes now as well as in the previous series. Prognosis was much better in the present series than earlier: 60% of patients achieved vision of 0.5 or better, as compared with 40% in the fifties and 20% in the thirties.", "contents": "Perforating eye injuries caused by occupational accidents treated at Helsinki University Eye Hospital 1970--1977. This study concerns perforating eye injuries caused by occupational accidents in the years 1970--1977. These injuries represented 40% of all perforations treated during this period at Helsinki University Eye Hospital. The results were compared with the previous series from this hospital for the years 1950--1951 and 1930--1939. Of the patients 92% were males, a slight percentage decrease from the fifties. The youngest age group, 16--25 years, was also the largest (30%). Earlier the next age group, 26--35 years, was largest. The proportion of workers in building construction with eye injuries increased remarkably to 26.6%. Metal workers made up another large group affected by eye perforations (24.5%). Agricultural work lost its importance as the cause of perforations as compared with the previous decades. The commonest cause of eye accidents was still hammering. Flying objects, especially metal splinters, were important causes now as well as in the previous series. Prognosis was much better in the present series than earlier: 60% of patients achieved vision of 0.5 or better, as compared with 40% in the fifties and 20% in the thirties.", "PMID": 317227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5805", "title": "Pressure lowering effect of timolol with reference to its topical vascular action.", "content": "The hemodynamic effect of timolol maleate in open angle glaucoma was studied rheo-oculographically. Increase in the ocular pulse which reaches maximal amplification 2 h after the instillation of the drug was observed. The maximal pressure lowering effect appeared 3 h after instillation, as if the hemodynamic effect were the trigger for the pressure lowering effect.", "contents": "Pressure lowering effect of timolol with reference to its topical vascular action. The hemodynamic effect of timolol maleate in open angle glaucoma was studied rheo-oculographically. Increase in the ocular pulse which reaches maximal amplification 2 h after the instillation of the drug was observed. The maximal pressure lowering effect appeared 3 h after instillation, as if the hemodynamic effect were the trigger for the pressure lowering effect.", "PMID": 317228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5806", "title": "Isolation of different hydroxyproline containing proteins from bovine vitreous body collagen.", "content": "From pepsin-solubilized vitreous body collagen three different precipitates were collected by differential salt precipitation. These three different protein fractions contain hydroxyproline and show different patterns in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggesting different collagen types.", "contents": "Isolation of different hydroxyproline containing proteins from bovine vitreous body collagen. From pepsin-solubilized vitreous body collagen three different precipitates were collected by differential salt precipitation. These three different protein fractions contain hydroxyproline and show different patterns in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggesting different collagen types.", "PMID": 317229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5807", "title": "Comparison of contrast thresholds of large bars and checks measured by VECPs and psychophysically as a function of defocusing.", "content": "The effects of defocusing the image on the contrast threshold were studied both for checkerboard and bar patterns at various low spatial frequencies, and comparison was made between psychophysical results and visually evoked cortical potentials (VECPs) results. VECP threshold was defined as the contrast necessary for obtaining a criterion amplitude of 5 muV. When increasing the degree of defocusing, the lowest contrast threshold shifted towards larger checks or bars, the contrast threshold increased more abruptly for smaller sizes, and the VECP contrast thresholds increased more than the psychophysical ones, especially for smaller sizes. No significant difference was found in the contrast thresholds between the results with bar patterns and checkerboard patterns, except that for bars, the VECP threshold as defined was approx. 0.2 log units higher than those for checkerboard.", "contents": "Comparison of contrast thresholds of large bars and checks measured by VECPs and psychophysically as a function of defocusing. The effects of defocusing the image on the contrast threshold were studied both for checkerboard and bar patterns at various low spatial frequencies, and comparison was made between psychophysical results and visually evoked cortical potentials (VECPs) results. VECP threshold was defined as the contrast necessary for obtaining a criterion amplitude of 5 muV. When increasing the degree of defocusing, the lowest contrast threshold shifted towards larger checks or bars, the contrast threshold increased more abruptly for smaller sizes, and the VECP contrast thresholds increased more than the psychophysical ones, especially for smaller sizes. No significant difference was found in the contrast thresholds between the results with bar patterns and checkerboard patterns, except that for bars, the VECP threshold as defined was approx. 0.2 log units higher than those for checkerboard.", "PMID": 317230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5808", "title": "The influence of acute and chronic cervical sympathectomy on the ocular hypotensive effect of clonidine.", "content": "The influence of clonidine on intraocular pressure was studied in chloralose-anesthetized cats. The cats were subjected to unilateral cervical sympathectomy, either acute or chronic. The drug was injected either intravenously or into the left vertebral artery. With the aim of investigating the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the central IOP-lowering effect of clonidine, the fall in IOP induced by the drug in these preparations was compared to the decrease in ocular pressure caused by clonidine in intact cats. An enhanced depressor effect in both eyes of unilaterally sympathectomized cats became evident after the intravenous injection of clonidine. In contrast, the effect of central administration was similar or even smaller than in intact cats. We conclude that the central IOP-lowering effect of clonidine is diminished after cervical sympathectomy, indicating that the peripheral sympathetic nervous system is the efferent pathway of this centrally initiated effect.", "contents": "The influence of acute and chronic cervical sympathectomy on the ocular hypotensive effect of clonidine. The influence of clonidine on intraocular pressure was studied in chloralose-anesthetized cats. The cats were subjected to unilateral cervical sympathectomy, either acute or chronic. The drug was injected either intravenously or into the left vertebral artery. With the aim of investigating the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the central IOP-lowering effect of clonidine, the fall in IOP induced by the drug in these preparations was compared to the decrease in ocular pressure caused by clonidine in intact cats. An enhanced depressor effect in both eyes of unilaterally sympathectomized cats became evident after the intravenous injection of clonidine. In contrast, the effect of central administration was similar or even smaller than in intact cats. We conclude that the central IOP-lowering effect of clonidine is diminished after cervical sympathectomy, indicating that the peripheral sympathetic nervous system is the efferent pathway of this centrally initiated effect.", "PMID": 317231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5809", "title": "The influence of clonidine on intraocular pressure after topical application to the eyes of anesthetized cats.", "content": "Clonidine was topically applied to the right eye of anesthetized cats. Unilateral administration induced a fall in intraocular pressure (IOP) in both eyes. This effect is not secondary to the slight fall in arterial blood pressure. Distribution experiments with 14C-clonidine revealed that only minor or negligible amounts of clonidine could be demonstrated in the contralateral eye. The concentrations of the labeled drug determined in the brain after topical application are sufficient to explain the bilateral decrease in IOP by a central mechanism. The IOP-lowering effect of clonidine upon its topical application to the eye is probably of central nervous origin and, therefore, similar to the centrally induced effect on IOP after systemic administration of the drug.", "contents": "The influence of clonidine on intraocular pressure after topical application to the eyes of anesthetized cats. Clonidine was topically applied to the right eye of anesthetized cats. Unilateral administration induced a fall in intraocular pressure (IOP) in both eyes. This effect is not secondary to the slight fall in arterial blood pressure. Distribution experiments with 14C-clonidine revealed that only minor or negligible amounts of clonidine could be demonstrated in the contralateral eye. The concentrations of the labeled drug determined in the brain after topical application are sufficient to explain the bilateral decrease in IOP by a central mechanism. The IOP-lowering effect of clonidine upon its topical application to the eye is probably of central nervous origin and, therefore, similar to the centrally induced effect on IOP after systemic administration of the drug.", "PMID": 317232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5810", "title": "[Comparison of principles for length measurements at the fundus of the human eye (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparison of principles is presented for length measurements at the fundus of the eye and discussed with respect to minimum measuring errors. Measurements by photography or by optical dislocation of the measuring object to itself are the methods with the least uncertainty under the conditions taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Comparison of principles for length measurements at the fundus of the human eye (author's transl)]. Comparison of principles is presented for length measurements at the fundus of the eye and discussed with respect to minimum measuring errors. Measurements by photography or by optical dislocation of the measuring object to itself are the methods with the least uncertainty under the conditions taken into consideration.", "PMID": 317233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5811", "title": "Antinuclear antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and psoriasis.", "content": "Granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies (GS-ANA) were detected in the sera of 5 of 88 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and in 7 of 52 cases of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), but were not found in 91 patients with malignant or non-malignant chest disease nor in 25 cases of psoriasis. Organ non-specific ANA were present in serum from 6 cases of AS and 1 of PsA. None of the sera gave significant levels for soluble immune complexes as detected by a C1q-binding assay. The presence of antinuclear antibodies was not associated with clinical features or drug therapy in either AS or PsA.", "contents": "Antinuclear antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and psoriasis. Granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies (GS-ANA) were detected in the sera of 5 of 88 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and in 7 of 52 cases of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), but were not found in 91 patients with malignant or non-malignant chest disease nor in 25 cases of psoriasis. Organ non-specific ANA were present in serum from 6 cases of AS and 1 of PsA. None of the sera gave significant levels for soluble immune complexes as detected by a C1q-binding assay. The presence of antinuclear antibodies was not associated with clinical features or drug therapy in either AS or PsA.", "PMID": 317236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5812", "title": "Single and double stranded DNA binding lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and normal controls.", "content": "Specific double (D-DNA) and single stranded (S-DNA) deoxyribonucleic acid binding cells were demonstrated in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by rosette formation with antigen coated red blood cells. The proportion of DNA binding cells in the peripheral blood of patients with SLE was significantly higher than that found in a random population of healthy individuals. Significant numbers of D-and S-DNA binding lymphocytes were found in patients with active disease even when anti-DNA of fluorescent antinuclear antibodies disappeared. The specificity of the DNA binding cells was confirmed by  inhibition experiments with D-or S-DNA. Spleen lymphocytes were also examined on one occasion and were found to contain a much higher level of DNA binding lymphocytes than the peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "Single and double stranded DNA binding lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and normal controls. Specific double (D-DNA) and single stranded (S-DNA) deoxyribonucleic acid binding cells were demonstrated in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by rosette formation with antigen coated red blood cells. The proportion of DNA binding cells in the peripheral blood of patients with SLE was significantly higher than that found in a random population of healthy individuals. Significant numbers of D-and S-DNA binding lymphocytes were found in patients with active disease even when anti-DNA of fluorescent antinuclear antibodies disappeared. The specificity of the DNA binding cells was confirmed by  inhibition experiments with D-or S-DNA. Spleen lymphocytes were also examined on one occasion and were found to contain a much higher level of DNA binding lymphocytes than the peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "PMID": 317237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5813", "title": "Accuracy of subjective measurements made with or without previous scores: an important source of error in serial measurement of subjective states.", "content": "Pain severity was assessed on visual analogue scale in 4 groups of patients receiving long-term therapy. A comparison was made between pain measurements made with and without access to initial scores. The differences between these measurements increased with the duration of treatment. Patients tended to overestimate their pain severity when previous scores were not available. It is suggested that initial scores should be made available when serial measurements of pain are made in long-term experiments.", "contents": "Accuracy of subjective measurements made with or without previous scores: an important source of error in serial measurement of subjective states. Pain severity was assessed on visual analogue scale in 4 groups of patients receiving long-term therapy. A comparison was made between pain measurements made with and without access to initial scores. The differences between these measurements increased with the duration of treatment. Patients tended to overestimate their pain severity when previous scores were not available. It is suggested that initial scores should be made available when serial measurements of pain are made in long-term experiments.", "PMID": 317238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5814", "title": "Vertical or horizontal visual analogue scales.", "content": "Vertical and horizontal visual analogue scales have been compared in the measurement of pain. There was a good correlation between the 2 scales, but the scores from horizontal scales tended to be slightly lower than those from vertical scales.", "contents": "Vertical or horizontal visual analogue scales. Vertical and horizontal visual analogue scales have been compared in the measurement of pain. There was a good correlation between the 2 scales, but the scores from horizontal scales tended to be slightly lower than those from vertical scales.", "PMID": 317239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5815", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae tenosynovitis.", "content": "A case is reported of polytenosynovitis in a 31-year-old male during the course of a severe bacteraemic illness caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. The clinical presentation was similar to tenosynovitis caused by bacterial or viral agents. As the management of the H. influenzae tenosynovitis would differ from that due to other causes, the addition of H. influenzae type b to a differential of tenosynovitis should be considered. Recognition and prompt treatment by appropriate antibiotics may be important to avoid suppurative complications affecting the tendons. As the pathophysiology of the tenosynovitis is not clear, careful bacteriological and immunological assessment must be obtained.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae tenosynovitis. A case is reported of polytenosynovitis in a 31-year-old male during the course of a severe bacteraemic illness caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. The clinical presentation was similar to tenosynovitis caused by bacterial or viral agents. As the management of the H. influenzae tenosynovitis would differ from that due to other causes, the addition of H. influenzae type b to a differential of tenosynovitis should be considered. Recognition and prompt treatment by appropriate antibiotics may be important to avoid suppurative complications affecting the tendons. As the pathophysiology of the tenosynovitis is not clear, careful bacteriological and immunological assessment must be obtained.", "PMID": 317240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5816", "title": "Human T and B lymphoid cells: an electron microscopic study on thymocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes, mitogen-stimulated cells and lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "Human lymphoid cells were studied by electron microscopy to find any morphological difference between T and B cells. The T cell population generally contains a smaller amount of the rough endoplasmic reticulum than the B cell in various functional states, i.e. peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal individuals, mitogen-stimulated lymphoblasts and lymphoid cell lines. This may depend on greater need of the rough endoplasmic reticulum for immunoglobulin synthesis in B cells, even though T cells produced some soluble mediators. Other differences between T and B cells are as follows: (1) Peripheral blood T lymphocytes often have clustered dense granules, while granules containing parallel tubular structures are more frequently seen in B lymphocytes. (2) Cultured T cell lines usually exhibit a higher nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and less prominent nucleoli than B cell lines.", "contents": "Human T and B lymphoid cells: an electron microscopic study on thymocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes, mitogen-stimulated cells and lymphoid cell lines. Human lymphoid cells were studied by electron microscopy to find any morphological difference between T and B cells. The T cell population generally contains a smaller amount of the rough endoplasmic reticulum than the B cell in various functional states, i.e. peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal individuals, mitogen-stimulated lymphoblasts and lymphoid cell lines. This may depend on greater need of the rough endoplasmic reticulum for immunoglobulin synthesis in B cells, even though T cells produced some soluble mediators. Other differences between T and B cells are as follows: (1) Peripheral blood T lymphocytes often have clustered dense granules, while granules containing parallel tubular structures are more frequently seen in B lymphocytes. (2) Cultured T cell lines usually exhibit a higher nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and less prominent nucleoli than B cell lines.", "PMID": 317243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5817", "title": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. The use of antisera specific for lymphocyte populations in a classification trial].", "content": "Mononuclear cells from 14 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were studied using several lymphocyte membrane markers: E-rosettes, \"active\" E-rosettes, surface immunoglobulins, EA-rosettes. The use of these techniques and of three specific heterologous antisera directed against T and B cell antigens enabled the discrimination of three different ALL types according to the stage of cell maturation at which it is likely that neoplastic differention occured: T-cell ALL, pre-thymic cell ALL, and \"non-T non-B\" cell ALL showing only HLA-DR antigens.", "contents": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. The use of antisera specific for lymphocyte populations in a classification trial]. Mononuclear cells from 14 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were studied using several lymphocyte membrane markers: E-rosettes, \"active\" E-rosettes, surface immunoglobulins, EA-rosettes. The use of these techniques and of three specific heterologous antisera directed against T and B cell antigens enabled the discrimination of three different ALL types according to the stage of cell maturation at which it is likely that neoplastic differention occured: T-cell ALL, pre-thymic cell ALL, and \"non-T non-B\" cell ALL showing only HLA-DR antigens.", "PMID": 317241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5818", "title": "Comparison of the bile salts of frogs with those of their tadpoles. Bile-salt changes during the metamorphosis of Rana Catesbeiana Shaw.", "content": "1. The bile salts of three frog species of the genus Ptychadena and of Rana catesbeiana have been compared with those of their tadpoles. For R. catesbeiana comparison was made of the bile salts in at least ten of the recognized stages of tadpole metamorphosis. 2. In all cases, adult bile salts were more complex than those of the tadpoles. 3. In R. catesbeiana after stage 18, 26-deoxy-5 alpha-ranol was hydroxylated to form 5 alpha-ranol (27-nor-5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 xi, 26-pentol) and at least two other bile alcohols appeared in solvolysed bile salts. 4. Tadpole bile salts were not found to be biochemically more primitive than those of fully metamorphosed frogs; in some, but not all, cases tadpole bile alcohols could be regarded as biochemical precursors of those in the adult frogs. 5. Detailed evidence for the structure of the bile salts from mass-spectral fragmentation patterns has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50097 (2 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "contents": "Comparison of the bile salts of frogs with those of their tadpoles. Bile-salt changes during the metamorphosis of Rana Catesbeiana Shaw. 1. The bile salts of three frog species of the genus Ptychadena and of Rana catesbeiana have been compared with those of their tadpoles. For R. catesbeiana comparison was made of the bile salts in at least ten of the recognized stages of tadpole metamorphosis. 2. In all cases, adult bile salts were more complex than those of the tadpoles. 3. In R. catesbeiana after stage 18, 26-deoxy-5 alpha-ranol was hydroxylated to form 5 alpha-ranol (27-nor-5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 xi, 26-pentol) and at least two other bile alcohols appeared in solvolysed bile salts. 4. Tadpole bile salts were not found to be biochemically more primitive than those of fully metamorphosed frogs; in some, but not all, cases tadpole bile alcohols could be regarded as biochemical precursors of those in the adult frogs. 5. Detailed evidence for the structure of the bile salts from mass-spectral fragmentation patterns has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50097 (2 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "PMID": 317247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5819", "title": "[Evaluation of the temperature effect on contractility of frog myocardium].", "content": "Dynamics of the parameters of mechanical activity of the frog isolated myocardium was studied under conditions of temperature variations. Within the temperature range of 0-35 degrees C the temperature decrease leads to a rise in the strength of contractions. Meanwhile the velocity of contractions reaches its optimum value at 20 degrees C. The velocity of contractions proved to be a more adequate and sensitive criterion for evaluating the cold effect on contractility than the strength of contractions. From the analysis of the evidence obtained it is concluded that muscle contractility of the heart is depressed on cooling.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the temperature effect on contractility of frog myocardium]. Dynamics of the parameters of mechanical activity of the frog isolated myocardium was studied under conditions of temperature variations. Within the temperature range of 0-35 degrees C the temperature decrease leads to a rise in the strength of contractions. Meanwhile the velocity of contractions reaches its optimum value at 20 degrees C. The velocity of contractions proved to be a more adequate and sensitive criterion for evaluating the cold effect on contractility than the strength of contractions. From the analysis of the evidence obtained it is concluded that muscle contractility of the heart is depressed on cooling.", "PMID": 317248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5820", "title": "[Congenital syphilis, malnutrition and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].", "content": "A Korean child aged six months with congenital syphilis and malnutrition developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. He recovered after treatment with trimethoprin/sulphamethoxazole with assisted ventilation. There was no evidence of immune deficiency. The role of congenital syphilis and malnutrition predisposing the baby to this infection is discussed.", "contents": "[Congenital syphilis, malnutrition and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]. A Korean child aged six months with congenital syphilis and malnutrition developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. He recovered after treatment with trimethoprin/sulphamethoxazole with assisted ventilation. There was no evidence of immune deficiency. The role of congenital syphilis and malnutrition predisposing the baby to this infection is discussed.", "PMID": 317242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5821", "title": "Immunoreactivity in pulmonary echinococcosis. A comparative study of immunodiagnostic tests.", "content": "A comparison was made of the diagnostic value of five immunological tests-complement fixation (CF), latex agglutination (LA), bentonite flocculation (BF), passive haemagglutination (PHA), and intradermal (ID)-in patients operated on for pulmonary echinococcosis. The sensitivity of all five tests was significantly lower in the patients with pulmonary echinococcosis than in a comparable group with liver echinococcosis. Some 252 patients with miscellaneous nonhydatid diseases and parasitic infections were also tested; nonspecific reactions were highest in the ID and CF tests and lowest in the LA and BF tests. None of the serological tests was significantly more sensitive than the others, although the CF test was somewhat less sensitive and therefore probably has the least diagnostic value in pulmonary echinococcosis. The ID test showed a significantly higher sensitivity than any of the serological tests. The difficulties encountered in the immunodiagnosis of pulmonary hydatid disease are discussed and it is recommended that at least two serological methods (PHA and either LA or BF) and the ID test should be used in each case.", "contents": "Immunoreactivity in pulmonary echinococcosis. A comparative study of immunodiagnostic tests. A comparison was made of the diagnostic value of five immunological tests-complement fixation (CF), latex agglutination (LA), bentonite flocculation (BF), passive haemagglutination (PHA), and intradermal (ID)-in patients operated on for pulmonary echinococcosis. The sensitivity of all five tests was significantly lower in the patients with pulmonary echinococcosis than in a comparable group with liver echinococcosis. Some 252 patients with miscellaneous nonhydatid diseases and parasitic infections were also tested; nonspecific reactions were highest in the ID and CF tests and lowest in the LA and BF tests. None of the serological tests was significantly more sensitive than the others, although the CF test was somewhat less sensitive and therefore probably has the least diagnostic value in pulmonary echinococcosis. The ID test showed a significantly higher sensitivity than any of the serological tests. The difficulties encountered in the immunodiagnosis of pulmonary hydatid disease are discussed and it is recommended that at least two serological methods (PHA and either LA or BF) and the ID test should be used in each case.", "PMID": 317251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5822", "title": "Immunoreactivity in pulmonary echinococcosis. 2. Evaluation of antibody response.", "content": "The part played by certain factors in determining the antibody response in pulmonary echinococcosis has been studied. Five immunodiagnostic procedures were used-complement fixation, latex agglutination, bentonite flocculation, passive haemagglutination, and intradermal tests-and parasitological and pathological examinations were carried out. The number of hydatid cysts had only a small influence on the qualitative nature of the immune response while the quantitative effect was considerable. The immune response did not vary significantly in relation to the size of hydatid cysts but it was affected by changes within the cysts and the surrounding lung tissue. In patients with cysts full of clear hydatid fluid the proportions with negative results and relatively low antibody titres were highest. In these patients the size of hydatid cyst appeared to be significant-the smaller the size, the lower the antibody level. The immune response is weak or completely absent when the hydatid cyst has a thick fibrous capsule. When suppurative changes are present in the hydatid fluid and/or in the fibrous capsule, and when there is inflammatory involvement of the surrounding lung tissue an easily detectable immune response may be seen at an early stage, sometimes even with a high antibody level, but later it usually decreases and may disappear completely. A hypothesis for the explanation of immunological reactivity in pulmonary hydatid disease is discussed.", "contents": "Immunoreactivity in pulmonary echinococcosis. 2. Evaluation of antibody response. The part played by certain factors in determining the antibody response in pulmonary echinococcosis has been studied. Five immunodiagnostic procedures were used-complement fixation, latex agglutination, bentonite flocculation, passive haemagglutination, and intradermal tests-and parasitological and pathological examinations were carried out. The number of hydatid cysts had only a small influence on the qualitative nature of the immune response while the quantitative effect was considerable. The immune response did not vary significantly in relation to the size of hydatid cysts but it was affected by changes within the cysts and the surrounding lung tissue. In patients with cysts full of clear hydatid fluid the proportions with negative results and relatively low antibody titres were highest. In these patients the size of hydatid cyst appeared to be significant-the smaller the size, the lower the antibody level. The immune response is weak or completely absent when the hydatid cyst has a thick fibrous capsule. When suppurative changes are present in the hydatid fluid and/or in the fibrous capsule, and when there is inflammatory involvement of the surrounding lung tissue an easily detectable immune response may be seen at an early stage, sometimes even with a high antibody level, but later it usually decreases and may disappear completely. A hypothesis for the explanation of immunological reactivity in pulmonary hydatid disease is discussed.", "PMID": 317252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5823", "title": "Circulating antibodies in human echinococcosis before and after surgical treatment.", "content": "Antibody levels in 89 patients who had been operated on for hydatid disease were studied over a period of 4 years by complement fixation, latex agglutination, bentonite flocculation, and passive haemagglutination tests. The geometric mean titres were much higher in patients with liver echinococcosis than in those whose lungs were affected. In the first month after operation, an increase in antibody level was observed more often in the former than in the latter. The raised level usually persisted for 3-6 months.In one group of 77 patients, the serological tests either became negative 6 months to 2 years after operation or remained positive during the entire postoperative period. In the other 12 patients, who had recurrent echinococcosis, the tests did not become negative, although there was a reduction in antibody levels during the first and second postoperative years in 6 patients, followed by a rise when the disease recurred. Antibody levels remained high during the entire observation period in the other 6 patients.The prognosis can be considered favourable in patients with low pre-operative titres, or negative tests, provided the tests remain negative up to the end of the first year after operation or become negative within one and a half years. Where there is only a small reduction in antibody titre, the prognosis may still be favourable if the decrease continues to fall up to the end of the second year. Since a drop in antibody titres occurred in certain cases with recurrent infection, it is advisable to defer an opinion on the prognosis until the end of the second year. If the fall in antibody titres is followed by a steady rise, or if they remain high or show slight fluctuations, a recurrence is almost certain.", "contents": "Circulating antibodies in human echinococcosis before and after surgical treatment. Antibody levels in 89 patients who had been operated on for hydatid disease were studied over a period of 4 years by complement fixation, latex agglutination, bentonite flocculation, and passive haemagglutination tests. The geometric mean titres were much higher in patients with liver echinococcosis than in those whose lungs were affected. In the first month after operation, an increase in antibody level was observed more often in the former than in the latter. The raised level usually persisted for 3-6 months.In one group of 77 patients, the serological tests either became negative 6 months to 2 years after operation or remained positive during the entire postoperative period. In the other 12 patients, who had recurrent echinococcosis, the tests did not become negative, although there was a reduction in antibody levels during the first and second postoperative years in 6 patients, followed by a rise when the disease recurred. Antibody levels remained high during the entire observation period in the other 6 patients.The prognosis can be considered favourable in patients with low pre-operative titres, or negative tests, provided the tests remain negative up to the end of the first year after operation or become negative within one and a half years. Where there is only a small reduction in antibody titre, the prognosis may still be favourable if the decrease continues to fall up to the end of the second year. Since a drop in antibody titres occurred in certain cases with recurrent infection, it is advisable to defer an opinion on the prognosis until the end of the second year. If the fall in antibody titres is followed by a steady rise, or if they remain high or show slight fluctuations, a recurrence is almost certain.", "PMID": 317253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5824", "title": "Multicentre trials of praziquantel in human schistosomiasis: design and techniques.", "content": "This paper outlines the experimental design and techniques used in the initial multicentre clinical experiences with praziquantel in the treatment of human infections due to Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni, and S. japonicum. Trials were conducted in Brazil, Japan, the Philippines, and Zambia.Close professional cooperation between informed representatives of the manufacturers of the drug and WHO led to the use of a standard clinical trial design and agreed technical protocols, although parasitological methods of therapeutic assessment varied with the species of infecting parasite. Double-blind studies of tolerance were conducted at three different dose levels and subsequently, in Brazil and Zambia, single-blind trials of parasiticidal efficacy were carried out. The results of the various trials are reported separately.This type of close professional cooperation is a useful model for initial clinicopharmacological studies of parasiticidal drugs-an area beset with difficulties for both industry and international agencies.", "contents": "Multicentre trials of praziquantel in human schistosomiasis: design and techniques. This paper outlines the experimental design and techniques used in the initial multicentre clinical experiences with praziquantel in the treatment of human infections due to Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni, and S. japonicum. Trials were conducted in Brazil, Japan, the Philippines, and Zambia.Close professional cooperation between informed representatives of the manufacturers of the drug and WHO led to the use of a standard clinical trial design and agreed technical protocols, although parasitological methods of therapeutic assessment varied with the species of infecting parasite. Double-blind studies of tolerance were conducted at three different dose levels and subsequently, in Brazil and Zambia, single-blind trials of parasiticidal efficacy were carried out. The results of the various trials are reported separately.This type of close professional cooperation is a useful model for initial clinicopharmacological studies of parasiticidal drugs-an area beset with difficulties for both industry and international agencies.", "PMID": 317254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5825", "title": "Primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease: WHO coordinated cooperative trial. A summary report.", "content": "Elevated serum cholesterol concentrations are known to be predictive of ischaemic heart disease. It remained to be proven, however, whether reduction of clinically manifest ischaemic heart disease could be achieved by the lowering of elevated serum-cholesterol levels. In order to create a clear and simple unifactorial study design, a lipid-lowering substance (clofibrate) was administered to this effect in a double-blind trial to middle-aged male volunteers whose serum cholesterol levels were within the upper third of the distribution in their respective populations (Budapest, Edinburgh, Prague). After an average of 5.3 years of observation, and with a reduction of some 9% of the initial serum cholesterol levels, the incidence of ischaemic heart disease was reduced by 20% in the intervention group as compared with the placebo group, thus demonstrating the preventive value of lowering this plasma lipid. There was, however, a significant increase in total mortality and in non-cardiovascular mortality in the clofibrate group, precluding the community-wide use of this drug for reduction of serum cholesterol. The explanation of this is not clear, but possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease: WHO coordinated cooperative trial. A summary report. Elevated serum cholesterol concentrations are known to be predictive of ischaemic heart disease. It remained to be proven, however, whether reduction of clinically manifest ischaemic heart disease could be achieved by the lowering of elevated serum-cholesterol levels. In order to create a clear and simple unifactorial study design, a lipid-lowering substance (clofibrate) was administered to this effect in a double-blind trial to middle-aged male volunteers whose serum cholesterol levels were within the upper third of the distribution in their respective populations (Budapest, Edinburgh, Prague). After an average of 5.3 years of observation, and with a reduction of some 9% of the initial serum cholesterol levels, the incidence of ischaemic heart disease was reduced by 20% in the intervention group as compared with the placebo group, thus demonstrating the preventive value of lowering this plasma lipid. There was, however, a significant increase in total mortality and in non-cardiovascular mortality in the clofibrate group, precluding the community-wide use of this drug for reduction of serum cholesterol. The explanation of this is not clear, but possible mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 317255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5826", "title": "Anatomical accuracy of echocardiographically assessed left ventricular wall thickness.", "content": "1. A comparison of direct measurement and M-mode echocardiography in the determination of posterior left ventricular wall thickness was performed in 26 subjects, of whom 21 underwent cardiac bypass surgery; the remainder came to necropsy. 2. In the surgical group a close correlation was demonstrated between direct measurement of posterior wall thickness and the echocardiographic end-diastolic dimension (r = 0.76, P less than 0.001). 3. The necropsy measurement of posterior wall thickness correlated with the echocardiographic end-systolic dimension (r = 0.99, P less than 0.001). 4. These findings confirm that the echocardiographic measurement of posterior wall thickness accurately reflects the anatomical dimension.", "contents": "Anatomical accuracy of echocardiographically assessed left ventricular wall thickness. 1. A comparison of direct measurement and M-mode echocardiography in the determination of posterior left ventricular wall thickness was performed in 26 subjects, of whom 21 underwent cardiac bypass surgery; the remainder came to necropsy. 2. In the surgical group a close correlation was demonstrated between direct measurement of posterior wall thickness and the echocardiographic end-diastolic dimension (r = 0.76, P less than 0.001). 3. The necropsy measurement of posterior wall thickness correlated with the echocardiographic end-systolic dimension (r = 0.99, P less than 0.001). 4. These findings confirm that the echocardiographic measurement of posterior wall thickness accurately reflects the anatomical dimension.", "PMID": 317257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5827", "title": "[Studies on the relationship between the endotoxin induced fever and the antipyretic effect of reserpine in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been well documented that fever could be mediated with endogenous pyrogen released from reticuloendothelial system(RES) by administration of bacterial endotoxin(LPS) intravenously to rabbits. On the contrary, reserpine which has various pharmacological activities by depleting catecholamines decreases the normal body temperature as well as endotoxin induced fever. In this paper, we focussed our attention on the effect of reserpine on the production of endogenous pyrogen with relation to the antipyretic effect in endotoxin fever and obtained the following results: Endogenous pyrogen could be detected by intravenous administration of LPS(0.5 micrograms/kg) during the fever. However, endogenous pyrogen was undetectable with intracisternal administration of LPS(0.01 microgram/body) which provoked long-lasting fever. Reserpine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) decreased both body temperature induced by intracisternal administration of LPS(0.01 microgram/body) or intravenous administration of LPS(0.5 microgram/kg), however the degree was more extensive in cases of LPS-induced fever. Pretreatment of rabbits with reserpine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) suppressed the fever induced by an intravenous administration of LPS(0.5 microgram/kg), but did not suppress the release of endogenous pyrogen. These data suggest that endogenous pyrogen may not be an important factor in the pathogenesis of endotoxin fever.", "contents": "[Studies on the relationship between the endotoxin induced fever and the antipyretic effect of reserpine in rabbits (author's transl)]. It has been well documented that fever could be mediated with endogenous pyrogen released from reticuloendothelial system(RES) by administration of bacterial endotoxin(LPS) intravenously to rabbits. On the contrary, reserpine which has various pharmacological activities by depleting catecholamines decreases the normal body temperature as well as endotoxin induced fever. In this paper, we focussed our attention on the effect of reserpine on the production of endogenous pyrogen with relation to the antipyretic effect in endotoxin fever and obtained the following results: Endogenous pyrogen could be detected by intravenous administration of LPS(0.5 micrograms/kg) during the fever. However, endogenous pyrogen was undetectable with intracisternal administration of LPS(0.01 microgram/body) which provoked long-lasting fever. Reserpine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) decreased both body temperature induced by intracisternal administration of LPS(0.01 microgram/body) or intravenous administration of LPS(0.5 microgram/kg), however the degree was more extensive in cases of LPS-induced fever. Pretreatment of rabbits with reserpine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) suppressed the fever induced by an intravenous administration of LPS(0.5 microgram/kg), but did not suppress the release of endogenous pyrogen. These data suggest that endogenous pyrogen may not be an important factor in the pathogenesis of endotoxin fever.", "PMID": 317268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5828", "title": "[Immunopharmacological study of buckwheat hypersensitivity (II). Effect of dialysate on antibody formation (author's transl)].", "content": "It was reported that dialysate (BWD) separated from the aqueous extract of buckwheat was a haptenic substance capable of neutralizing IgE antibody on mast cells and that the activity was specific to non-dialysate (BWND)-induced hypersensitivity reaction. The effect of BWD on antibody formation was investigated in the present paper. In rats, anti-buckwheat IgE formation was slightly depressed by the administration of BWD, but both anti-DNP IgE and IgG formations in rats immunized with DNP-BWND were unaffected. In mice, anti-buckwheat IgE formation was suppressed by BWD administration. A good correlation was noted between a decrease of surface IgE population on B cells and that of IgE titer in serum. However, the helper function of T cells for adoptive anti-DNP IgE formation was little affected by BWD treatment. Lymphocyte transformation to BWND and other non-specific mitogens using spleen cells obtained from sensitized mice was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by the addition of BWD. However, lymphocyte transformation using spleen cells pretreated with BWD was not affected by other non-specific mitogens except for BWND and pokeweed mitogen.", "contents": "[Immunopharmacological study of buckwheat hypersensitivity (II). Effect of dialysate on antibody formation (author's transl)]. It was reported that dialysate (BWD) separated from the aqueous extract of buckwheat was a haptenic substance capable of neutralizing IgE antibody on mast cells and that the activity was specific to non-dialysate (BWND)-induced hypersensitivity reaction. The effect of BWD on antibody formation was investigated in the present paper. In rats, anti-buckwheat IgE formation was slightly depressed by the administration of BWD, but both anti-DNP IgE and IgG formations in rats immunized with DNP-BWND were unaffected. In mice, anti-buckwheat IgE formation was suppressed by BWD administration. A good correlation was noted between a decrease of surface IgE population on B cells and that of IgE titer in serum. However, the helper function of T cells for adoptive anti-DNP IgE formation was little affected by BWD treatment. Lymphocyte transformation to BWND and other non-specific mitogens using spleen cells obtained from sensitized mice was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by the addition of BWD. However, lymphocyte transformation using spleen cells pretreated with BWD was not affected by other non-specific mitogens except for BWND and pokeweed mitogen.", "PMID": 317269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5829", "title": "[Progressive systemic sclerosis - long-term treatment with azathioprin (author's transl)].", "content": "The study presents the results of an Azathioprin long-term therapy in 19 of 60 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Average treatment was 47 months (6 to 114 months). The patients received 2-2,5 Azathioprin/kg bodyweight daily. In 16 cases no further progression of PSS was noted. One patient showed minor deterioration. In particular no further deterioration in the lung and kidney manifestations were found. Two patients died. A female patient showed signs of osteomyelofibrosis after being treated for 70 months. She died 3,5 years after Azathioprin had been discontinued. The second patient died of right heart failure after recurrent pulmonary emboli. On the whole treatment with Azathioprin over a long period of time seems in most cases to hold the progression of the disease. The unfavourable prognosis can therefore be much improved.", "contents": "[Progressive systemic sclerosis - long-term treatment with azathioprin (author's transl)]. The study presents the results of an Azathioprin long-term therapy in 19 of 60 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Average treatment was 47 months (6 to 114 months). The patients received 2-2,5 Azathioprin/kg bodyweight daily. In 16 cases no further progression of PSS was noted. One patient showed minor deterioration. In particular no further deterioration in the lung and kidney manifestations were found. Two patients died. A female patient showed signs of osteomyelofibrosis after being treated for 70 months. She died 3,5 years after Azathioprin had been discontinued. The second patient died of right heart failure after recurrent pulmonary emboli. On the whole treatment with Azathioprin over a long period of time seems in most cases to hold the progression of the disease. The unfavourable prognosis can therefore be much improved.", "PMID": 317273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5830", "title": "Xenoserum-induced cytolytic \"T\" cells: polyclonal specificity with an apparent \"anti-self\" component, and cooperative induction.", "content": "Mice were primed in vivo by injection of fetal calf serum (FCS) and their spleen cells were incubated in vitro for 5 days in medium containing 10% FCS. This resulted in the development of cytolytic activity, which was most probably due to \"T\" cells, since effector cells 1) were sensitive to anti-Thy 1 antiserum or monoclonal antibodies in the presence of complement, 2) were not retained on Ig-anti Ig columns, 3) did not develop from \"nude\" spleen cells. Further arguments for the T cell nature of these effector cells came from their specificity. Blocking experiments using unlabeled competitor cells demonstrated that FCS-induced cytolysis was polyclonal, with clones recognizing allogeneic or syngeneic determinants possibly related to allo or self H-2. In keeping with polyclonality, cytolysis tested on any given target cell was greatly increased by adding Concanavalin A during the cytolysis test. Experiments were made to investigate whether in particular the anti-self cytolytic activity was directed against FCS determinants. We feel that this possibility, although not formally excluded, was made unlikely. The polyclonal specificity at the effector stage stood in sharp contrast to the serum specificity at the induction stage (reported elsewhere). We demonstrated that these two sets of specificities corresponded to two sets of specific cells. A first population of FCS-primed cells had \"promoter\" activity, in the sense that it could trigger a second population of \"precursor\" cells to differentiate into polyclonally cytolytic T cells.", "contents": "Xenoserum-induced cytolytic \"T\" cells: polyclonal specificity with an apparent \"anti-self\" component, and cooperative induction. Mice were primed in vivo by injection of fetal calf serum (FCS) and their spleen cells were incubated in vitro for 5 days in medium containing 10% FCS. This resulted in the development of cytolytic activity, which was most probably due to \"T\" cells, since effector cells 1) were sensitive to anti-Thy 1 antiserum or monoclonal antibodies in the presence of complement, 2) were not retained on Ig-anti Ig columns, 3) did not develop from \"nude\" spleen cells. Further arguments for the T cell nature of these effector cells came from their specificity. Blocking experiments using unlabeled competitor cells demonstrated that FCS-induced cytolysis was polyclonal, with clones recognizing allogeneic or syngeneic determinants possibly related to allo or self H-2. In keeping with polyclonality, cytolysis tested on any given target cell was greatly increased by adding Concanavalin A during the cytolysis test. Experiments were made to investigate whether in particular the anti-self cytolytic activity was directed against FCS determinants. We feel that this possibility, although not formally excluded, was made unlikely. The polyclonal specificity at the effector stage stood in sharp contrast to the serum specificity at the induction stage (reported elsewhere). We demonstrated that these two sets of specificities corresponded to two sets of specific cells. A first population of FCS-primed cells had \"promoter\" activity, in the sense that it could trigger a second population of \"precursor\" cells to differentiate into polyclonally cytolytic T cells.", "PMID": 317274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5831", "title": "Complement receptor analogous factors in human serum: I. Isolation of a molecule inhibitory for complement dependent rosette formation, its identification as alpha 1-antitrypsin and its functional characterization.", "content": "A glycoprotein was isolated from human plasma which partially inhibited C3 carrying erythrocytes from binding to complement receptor cells (CR+C). Based on its physicochemical characteristics and its antigenicity this glycoprotein was identified as alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT). The activity of alpha 1-AT towards C3 and its fragments was unaffected by heating but it was destroyed by periodic acid. The isolated carbohydrate moiety of alpha 1-AT showed the same effect as the intact molecule. Using F(ab)2 of IgG-anti-alpha 1-AT could be demonstrated on Raji cells and human erythrocytes. Treatment of these CR+C with IgG-anti-alpha 1-AT resulted in a blockade of their C3 receptor activity. The results suggest, that alpha 1-AT interacts through its carbohydrate portion with C3 and its fragments and functions as a complement receptor molecule.", "contents": "Complement receptor analogous factors in human serum: I. Isolation of a molecule inhibitory for complement dependent rosette formation, its identification as alpha 1-antitrypsin and its functional characterization. A glycoprotein was isolated from human plasma which partially inhibited C3 carrying erythrocytes from binding to complement receptor cells (CR+C). Based on its physicochemical characteristics and its antigenicity this glycoprotein was identified as alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT). The activity of alpha 1-AT towards C3 and its fragments was unaffected by heating but it was destroyed by periodic acid. The isolated carbohydrate moiety of alpha 1-AT showed the same effect as the intact molecule. Using F(ab)2 of IgG-anti-alpha 1-AT could be demonstrated on Raji cells and human erythrocytes. Treatment of these CR+C with IgG-anti-alpha 1-AT resulted in a blockade of their C3 receptor activity. The results suggest, that alpha 1-AT interacts through its carbohydrate portion with C3 and its fragments and functions as a complement receptor molecule.", "PMID": 317275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5832", "title": "Use of antifibrinolytic therapy in prostate surgery.", "content": "The prophylactic use of the antifibrinolytic drug, PAMBA, in a small intravenous dose preoperatively, combined with local irrigation postoperatively, effectively reduces blood loss. The drug is safe and relatively free of adverse side effects, but attentive postoperative care is warranted.", "contents": "Use of antifibrinolytic therapy in prostate surgery. The prophylactic use of the antifibrinolytic drug, PAMBA, in a small intravenous dose preoperatively, combined with local irrigation postoperatively, effectively reduces blood loss. The drug is safe and relatively free of adverse side effects, but attentive postoperative care is warranted.", "PMID": 317280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5833", "title": "A cross-sectional study of the perceived stressfulness of several life events.", "content": "Adults from different age groups (18-24, 30-40, and 65-86) were tested to determine if they differ in their perception of certain stressful life events. Twenty adults from each age group were asked to rate a series of events according to their perceived relative stressfulness; included were events thought to be particularly salient for elderly adults. Amster and Krauss' list of events and Holmes and Rahe's procedure for quantifying stress were used. Group differences were not found for the elderly salient events; however it was found that elderly adults perceive death-related events as less stressful than do younger adults.", "contents": "A cross-sectional study of the perceived stressfulness of several life events. Adults from different age groups (18-24, 30-40, and 65-86) were tested to determine if they differ in their perception of certain stressful life events. Twenty adults from each age group were asked to rate a series of events according to their perceived relative stressfulness; included were events thought to be particularly salient for elderly adults. Amster and Krauss' list of events and Holmes and Rahe's procedure for quantifying stress were used. Group differences were not found for the elderly salient events; however it was found that elderly adults perceive death-related events as less stressful than do younger adults.", "PMID": 317277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5834", "title": "Cross-sectional analysis of cognitive functioning across the life-span.", "content": "Performance on Piagetian logical concept tasks, standardized intellectual measures, and measures of memory ability, was assessed cross-sectionally. One-hundred-sixty individuals participated. Differential item difficulty patterns were noted on the Piagetian tasks. Curvilinear trends were evident for class inclusion, combinatorial reasoning, and conservation of surface area. Factorial analyses of variance revealed significant chronological age main effects for all tasks except transitivity of weight. Covariance analyses indicated that educational level is generally more closely related to logical concept performance than is chronological age. Dimensional analyses revealed separate factors for general intelligence, classification, relations, and conservation. The youngest and oldest age groups has similar factor patterns; these differed from those of the mature participants.", "contents": "Cross-sectional analysis of cognitive functioning across the life-span. Performance on Piagetian logical concept tasks, standardized intellectual measures, and measures of memory ability, was assessed cross-sectionally. One-hundred-sixty individuals participated. Differential item difficulty patterns were noted on the Piagetian tasks. Curvilinear trends were evident for class inclusion, combinatorial reasoning, and conservation of surface area. Factorial analyses of variance revealed significant chronological age main effects for all tasks except transitivity of weight. Covariance analyses indicated that educational level is generally more closely related to logical concept performance than is chronological age. Dimensional analyses revealed separate factors for general intelligence, classification, relations, and conservation. The youngest and oldest age groups has similar factor patterns; these differed from those of the mature participants.", "PMID": 317278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5835", "title": "Four further antibiotics related to olivanic acid produced by Streptomyces olivaceus: fermentation, isolation, characterisation and biosynthetic studies.", "content": "Four beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitory activity MM 22380, MM 22381, MM 22382 and MM 22383 containing the carbapenem nucleus have been isolated from a culture of Streptomyces olivaceus ATCC 31365. Fermentation conditions for their production and methods for their isolation are described. Evidence for a biosynthetic link between these compounds and the previously described olivanic acid derivatives MM 4550, MM 13902 and MM 17880 is presented.", "contents": "Four further antibiotics related to olivanic acid produced by Streptomyces olivaceus: fermentation, isolation, characterisation and biosynthetic studies. Four beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitory activity MM 22380, MM 22381, MM 22382 and MM 22383 containing the carbapenem nucleus have been isolated from a culture of Streptomyces olivaceus ATCC 31365. Fermentation conditions for their production and methods for their isolation are described. Evidence for a biosynthetic link between these compounds and the previously described olivanic acid derivatives MM 4550, MM 13902 and MM 17880 is presented.", "PMID": 317283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5836", "title": "Comparison of antibacterial activity of a new cephalosporin, ceftizoxime (FK 749) with other cephalosporin antibiotics.", "content": "FK 749 is a distinctive new parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic with a broad antibacterial spectrum which is more potently active against a wide variety of Gram-negative bacilli, including the opportunistic pathogens such as Citrobacter and Enterobacter species and Serratia marcescens, than SCE 963, T 1551 and cefmetazole. The activity of FK 749 against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, pyogenes was by far superior to that of the three other antibiotics. These test organisms were not resistant to FK 749. The antibacterial activity of FK 749 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was almost the same as that of ticarcillin but was inferior to that of gentamicin and T 1551. The bactericidal activity of FK 749 against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis was more potent than that of the three other antibiotics. FK 749, like cefmetazole, was extremely stable to beta-lactamases. In studies in mice, the therapeutic effect of subcutaneous injection of FK 749 against various infections due to Gram-negative bacilli was by far superior to that of SCE 963, T 1551 and cefmetazole, was almost the same as that of SCE 963 and cefmetazole against Staphylococcus aureus infection and that of ticarcillin against P. aeruginosa infection.", "contents": "Comparison of antibacterial activity of a new cephalosporin, ceftizoxime (FK 749) with other cephalosporin antibiotics. FK 749 is a distinctive new parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic with a broad antibacterial spectrum which is more potently active against a wide variety of Gram-negative bacilli, including the opportunistic pathogens such as Citrobacter and Enterobacter species and Serratia marcescens, than SCE 963, T 1551 and cefmetazole. The activity of FK 749 against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, pyogenes was by far superior to that of the three other antibiotics. These test organisms were not resistant to FK 749. The antibacterial activity of FK 749 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was almost the same as that of ticarcillin but was inferior to that of gentamicin and T 1551. The bactericidal activity of FK 749 against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis was more potent than that of the three other antibiotics. FK 749, like cefmetazole, was extremely stable to beta-lactamases. In studies in mice, the therapeutic effect of subcutaneous injection of FK 749 against various infections due to Gram-negative bacilli was by far superior to that of SCE 963, T 1551 and cefmetazole, was almost the same as that of SCE 963 and cefmetazole against Staphylococcus aureus infection and that of ticarcillin against P. aeruginosa infection.", "PMID": 317284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5837", "title": "Purification of beta-lactamase from Streptomyces cellulosae by affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose.", "content": "A beta-lactamase from culture supernatant of Streptomyces cellulosae was purified about 1,450-fold to apparent homogeneity in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel sheet. The methods used were ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-52 cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose CL-6B. The molecular weight was determined to be approximately 27,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This value was in good agreement with the previous value determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. The isoelectric point was pH 9.5. The enzyme behaved primarily as penicillinase and apparent Km value for benzylpenicillin was 500 microM. The beta-lactamase of S. cellulosae interacted strongly with blue dextran and NADP+-agarose but not with Sepharose. In addition, the presence of NADP+ but not NAD+ and ATP diminished sharply the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of the enzyme and the apparent association constant was calculated to be 1.4 x 10(3) M-1. The beta-lactamase decreases its enzymatic activity against benzylpenicillin in the presence of NADP+. From these results, it is suggested that this beta-lactamase has a dinucleotide binding fold.", "contents": "Purification of beta-lactamase from Streptomyces cellulosae by affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose. A beta-lactamase from culture supernatant of Streptomyces cellulosae was purified about 1,450-fold to apparent homogeneity in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel sheet. The methods used were ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-52 cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose CL-6B. The molecular weight was determined to be approximately 27,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This value was in good agreement with the previous value determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. The isoelectric point was pH 9.5. The enzyme behaved primarily as penicillinase and apparent Km value for benzylpenicillin was 500 microM. The beta-lactamase of S. cellulosae interacted strongly with blue dextran and NADP+-agarose but not with Sepharose. In addition, the presence of NADP+ but not NAD+ and ATP diminished sharply the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of the enzyme and the apparent association constant was calculated to be 1.4 x 10(3) M-1. The beta-lactamase decreases its enzymatic activity against benzylpenicillin in the presence of NADP+. From these results, it is suggested that this beta-lactamase has a dinucleotide binding fold.", "PMID": 317285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5838", "title": "[Heterotopic pancreas. Report of 8 new cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 8 new cases of heterotopic pancreas and the clinical signs of each case. The emphasise the difficulties of preoperative diagnosis owing to their usually small size and the necessity of surgical treatment justified by the same lesions which affect the normally placed pancreas including cancer.", "contents": "[Heterotopic pancreas. Report of 8 new cases (author's transl)]. The authors report 8 new cases of heterotopic pancreas and the clinical signs of each case. The emphasise the difficulties of preoperative diagnosis owing to their usually small size and the necessity of surgical treatment justified by the same lesions which affect the normally placed pancreas including cancer.", "PMID": 317290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5839", "title": "Absence of increasing incidence of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza type b.", "content": "An epidemiologic survey of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children aged zero to four years during an 11-year period (January 1965-December 1975) was conducted in the Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan area to examine recent trends in the incidence of this disease. Cases of H. influenzae meningitis were identified at all 19 hospitals in the city and county of Baltimore and all 41 hospitals in the surrounding area. The population at risk (age, zero to four years) was estimated using yearly birth rates provided by the state of Maryland and U.S. Census information for 1960 and 1970. Yearly age-adjusted incidence was calculated; in contrast to previous studies, there was no significant increase in the annual incidence (range, 12-27; mean, 19.3/100,000 population at risk). Previous reports of recent increases in the incidence of meningitis caused by H. influenzae type b may be due to differences in study techniques.", "contents": "Absence of increasing incidence of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza type b. An epidemiologic survey of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children aged zero to four years during an 11-year period (January 1965-December 1975) was conducted in the Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan area to examine recent trends in the incidence of this disease. Cases of H. influenzae meningitis were identified at all 19 hospitals in the city and county of Baltimore and all 41 hospitals in the surrounding area. The population at risk (age, zero to four years) was estimated using yearly birth rates provided by the state of Maryland and U.S. Census information for 1960 and 1970. Yearly age-adjusted incidence was calculated; in contrast to previous studies, there was no significant increase in the annual incidence (range, 12-27; mean, 19.3/100,000 population at risk). Previous reports of recent increases in the incidence of meningitis caused by H. influenzae type b may be due to differences in study techniques.", "PMID": 317292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5840", "title": "Nuclear requirement of post-maturational cortical differentiation of amphibian oocytes: effects of cycloheximide.", "content": "Cycloheximide induced a complex series of alterations in the cortical cytoplasm of amphibian (Rana pipiens) oocytes undergoing steroid induced nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation in vitro. The morphological changes were described and the role of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions in the induction of these changes was investigated in intact, enucleated and enucleated-reinjected oocytes. Three stages of cortical changes were ascertained on the basis of: localized alterations at the animal pole, redistribution of pigment and localized contractility (furrow formation) primarily along the animal:vegetal pole axis. The extent and type of cortical alterations varied depending upon the time at which oocytes were examined following hormonal stimulation and cycloheximide treatment. Cycloheximide did not produce cortical alterations in non-hormone treated oocytes nor in steroid treated oocytes until after germinal vesicle breakdown. Nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation and the appearance of cortical alterations were all inhibited when cycloheximide was added to oocytes at the time of steroid treatment. Cycloheximide induction of cortical alterations occurred only after the inhibitor was no longer effective in preventing germinal vesicle breakdown. Enucleated oocytes underwent cytoplasmic maturation in response to the steroid but exhibited no cortical alterations following the delayed addition of cycloheximide. Simultaneous administration of cycloheximide and steroid to enucleated oocytes inhibited cytoplasmic maturation and all observable cortical alterations. Reinjection of nuclear material into enucleated oocytes restored the ability of cycloheximide to induce cortical alterations following steroid induction of cytoplasmic maturation. Without steroid treatment, such reinjected oocytes did not exhibit cortical changes in response to cycloheximide. The data demonstrate that the nucleus is required for and contains a factor(s) which controls the cycloheximide response and post-maturation differentiation of the oocyte. The maturational changes in the cortical cytoplasm appear to be dependent on the intermixing of the germinal vesicle nucleoplasm materials with mature cytoplasm following germinal vesicle breakdown. The results further suggest that the cortical effects of cycloheximide are dependent upon the initiation of protein synthesis during this period of oocyte development. The significance of these observations and experimental studies are discussed in relation to current understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling meiosis induction and the composition of the germinal vesicle.", "contents": "Nuclear requirement of post-maturational cortical differentiation of amphibian oocytes: effects of cycloheximide. Cycloheximide induced a complex series of alterations in the cortical cytoplasm of amphibian (Rana pipiens) oocytes undergoing steroid induced nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation in vitro. The morphological changes were described and the role of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions in the induction of these changes was investigated in intact, enucleated and enucleated-reinjected oocytes. Three stages of cortical changes were ascertained on the basis of: localized alterations at the animal pole, redistribution of pigment and localized contractility (furrow formation) primarily along the animal:vegetal pole axis. The extent and type of cortical alterations varied depending upon the time at which oocytes were examined following hormonal stimulation and cycloheximide treatment. Cycloheximide did not produce cortical alterations in non-hormone treated oocytes nor in steroid treated oocytes until after germinal vesicle breakdown. Nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation and the appearance of cortical alterations were all inhibited when cycloheximide was added to oocytes at the time of steroid treatment. Cycloheximide induction of cortical alterations occurred only after the inhibitor was no longer effective in preventing germinal vesicle breakdown. Enucleated oocytes underwent cytoplasmic maturation in response to the steroid but exhibited no cortical alterations following the delayed addition of cycloheximide. Simultaneous administration of cycloheximide and steroid to enucleated oocytes inhibited cytoplasmic maturation and all observable cortical alterations. Reinjection of nuclear material into enucleated oocytes restored the ability of cycloheximide to induce cortical alterations following steroid induction of cytoplasmic maturation. Without steroid treatment, such reinjected oocytes did not exhibit cortical changes in response to cycloheximide. The data demonstrate that the nucleus is required for and contains a factor(s) which controls the cycloheximide response and post-maturation differentiation of the oocyte. The maturational changes in the cortical cytoplasm appear to be dependent on the intermixing of the germinal vesicle nucleoplasm materials with mature cytoplasm following germinal vesicle breakdown. The results further suggest that the cortical effects of cycloheximide are dependent upon the initiation of protein synthesis during this period of oocyte development. The significance of these observations and experimental studies are discussed in relation to current understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling meiosis induction and the composition of the germinal vesicle.", "PMID": 317294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5841", "title": "Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in sensory and adrenergic neurons following injection into the anterior eye chamber.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the anterior eye chamber of rats and mice and frozen sections from both superior cervical and trigeminal ganglia were incubated to demonstrate neurons accumulating the tracer by retrograde axonal transport. Labelled cells were observed only in ganglia ipsilateral to the HRP injection. Within the trigeminal ganglion, peroxidase-containing neurons were restricted to the medial ophthalmic area, whereas labelled cells in the superior cervical ganglion were more widely distributed. With the use of a new and more sensitive technique for the demonstration of HRP in neurons, it was possible to show retrograde transport also of small amounts of peroxidase injected into the anterior eye chamber. In addition, this technique enabled identification of the central and peripheral processes of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion and the dendrites and axons of sympathetic ganglion cells. The rate of retrograde HRP transport in rats was calculated to approximately 4--5 mm/h for both sensory and adrenergic nerves, which is consistent with previous estimates for this protein. It differs from the transport rate reported for nerve growth factor (NGF) and macromolecular toxins in sensory and adrenergic nerves of the same species. These rates were, however, obtained with a different method and in a different population of sensory neurons and are, therefore, not directly comparable. After treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine the number of HRP-labelled cells in the superior cervical ganglion was significantly reduced compared to controls. Cell counts from trigeminal ganglia showed no significant difference between controls and treated animals.", "contents": "Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in sensory and adrenergic neurons following injection into the anterior eye chamber. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the anterior eye chamber of rats and mice and frozen sections from both superior cervical and trigeminal ganglia were incubated to demonstrate neurons accumulating the tracer by retrograde axonal transport. Labelled cells were observed only in ganglia ipsilateral to the HRP injection. Within the trigeminal ganglion, peroxidase-containing neurons were restricted to the medial ophthalmic area, whereas labelled cells in the superior cervical ganglion were more widely distributed. With the use of a new and more sensitive technique for the demonstration of HRP in neurons, it was possible to show retrograde transport also of small amounts of peroxidase injected into the anterior eye chamber. In addition, this technique enabled identification of the central and peripheral processes of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion and the dendrites and axons of sympathetic ganglion cells. The rate of retrograde HRP transport in rats was calculated to approximately 4--5 mm/h for both sensory and adrenergic nerves, which is consistent with previous estimates for this protein. It differs from the transport rate reported for nerve growth factor (NGF) and macromolecular toxins in sensory and adrenergic nerves of the same species. These rates were, however, obtained with a different method and in a different population of sensory neurons and are, therefore, not directly comparable. After treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine the number of HRP-labelled cells in the superior cervical ganglion was significantly reduced compared to controls. Cell counts from trigeminal ganglia showed no significant difference between controls and treated animals.", "PMID": 317295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5842", "title": "Evaluation of three imaging instruments in dogs with liver hemotomas: concise communication.", "content": "Single-gamma emission computerized tomography (ECT) was compared with transmission computerized tomography (TCT) and scintillation-camera imaging (SC) in eight dogs with acute, solitary hematomas in the left liver lobe. The superior performance of TCT was attributed to its inherently better spatial resolution than those of ECT or SC, and to the fact that studies with TCT could be performed during apnea. ECT was more sensitive than SC to small changes in the spatial distribution of radionuclides. In addition, the ECT, by virtue of its sectioning capability, was more sensitive than is SC to differences in radionuclide concentrations at same depth in an organ.", "contents": "Evaluation of three imaging instruments in dogs with liver hemotomas: concise communication. Single-gamma emission computerized tomography (ECT) was compared with transmission computerized tomography (TCT) and scintillation-camera imaging (SC) in eight dogs with acute, solitary hematomas in the left liver lobe. The superior performance of TCT was attributed to its inherently better spatial resolution than those of ECT or SC, and to the fact that studies with TCT could be performed during apnea. ECT was more sensitive than SC to small changes in the spatial distribution of radionuclides. In addition, the ECT, by virtue of its sectioning capability, was more sensitive than is SC to differences in radionuclide concentrations at same depth in an organ.", "PMID": 317296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5843", "title": "Single-photon transaxial emission computed tomography of the heart in normal subjects and in patients with infarction.", "content": "Resting computerized transaxial tomography was performed after the i.v. injection of thallium-201 in six normal subjects and in five patients who had had myocardial infarctions 3 mo to 4 yr before scintigraphy. Decreased myocardial activity corresponded to the site of previous infarction in all cases and was clearly separated from adjacent myocardium with normal activity. With tomography, the left ventricle was clearly separated from surrounding structures such as the left-ventricular cavity, the lungs, and the liver. This study demonstrates the feasibility for the assessment of myocardial perfusion using single-photon transaxial emmission computed tomography.", "contents": "Single-photon transaxial emission computed tomography of the heart in normal subjects and in patients with infarction. Resting computerized transaxial tomography was performed after the i.v. injection of thallium-201 in six normal subjects and in five patients who had had myocardial infarctions 3 mo to 4 yr before scintigraphy. Decreased myocardial activity corresponded to the site of previous infarction in all cases and was clearly separated from adjacent myocardium with normal activity. With tomography, the left ventricle was clearly separated from surrounding structures such as the left-ventricular cavity, the lungs, and the liver. This study demonstrates the feasibility for the assessment of myocardial perfusion using single-photon transaxial emmission computed tomography.", "PMID": 317297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5844", "title": "[11C]methionine pancreatic scanning with positron emission computed tomography.", "content": "By the use of [11C]methionine and positron computed tomography (PCT), images of the pancreas were obtained in 32 patients. The injection of between 10 and 20 mCi of this product enables four to six transverse sections to be obtained. Seventeen of the patients studied had no exocrine pancreatic disease, and in all these cases the pancreas was clearly visible. In four cases of pancreatic carcinoma and one of retroperitoneal tumor, there were abnormalities visible. In five cases of chronic pancreatitis, no pancreatic uptake was observed. In a sixth case, concentration was visible, but only in the head of the pancreas. One case of acute pancreatitis, which showed no concentration during the acute phase, returned to normal after recovery. When visible, the pancreas was easily located and distinguishable from the intestinal image, except in two cases that were uninterpretable for technical reasons. No false positive or negative was observed, but a differential diagnosis between cancer and pancreatitis was impossible.", "contents": "[11C]methionine pancreatic scanning with positron emission computed tomography. By the use of [11C]methionine and positron computed tomography (PCT), images of the pancreas were obtained in 32 patients. The injection of between 10 and 20 mCi of this product enables four to six transverse sections to be obtained. Seventeen of the patients studied had no exocrine pancreatic disease, and in all these cases the pancreas was clearly visible. In four cases of pancreatic carcinoma and one of retroperitoneal tumor, there were abnormalities visible. In five cases of chronic pancreatitis, no pancreatic uptake was observed. In a sixth case, concentration was visible, but only in the head of the pancreas. One case of acute pancreatitis, which showed no concentration during the acute phase, returned to normal after recovery. When visible, the pancreas was easily located and distinguishable from the intestinal image, except in two cases that were uninterpretable for technical reasons. No false positive or negative was observed, but a differential diagnosis between cancer and pancreatitis was impossible.", "PMID": 317298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5845", "title": "Isolation and purification of in vivo-generated 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "In order to obtain a standard compound of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25-OH-D2), a method for isolating in vivo-generated 25-OH-D2 from the blood of rats or rabbits was established by using several steps of preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When the unsaponifiable matter of the plasma obtained from rats or rabbits receiving a large dose of vitamin D2 was applied to the preparative HPLC using a Zorbax SIL column, a peak denoted as peak X was observed on the chromatogram. Since the peak X was thought to be due to 25-OH-D2 from the experiments of time course and dose-response, it was purified by subjecting it to successive preparative HPLC using several kinds of columns. From the results of ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrum, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and mass chromatography, the purified peak X compound was confirmed to be 25-OH-D2. The proposed method for isolating in vivo-generated 25-OH-D2 is very convenient, because the time to perform each HPLC is very short though several steps of HPLC are used.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of in vivo-generated 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. In order to obtain a standard compound of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25-OH-D2), a method for isolating in vivo-generated 25-OH-D2 from the blood of rats or rabbits was established by using several steps of preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When the unsaponifiable matter of the plasma obtained from rats or rabbits receiving a large dose of vitamin D2 was applied to the preparative HPLC using a Zorbax SIL column, a peak denoted as peak X was observed on the chromatogram. Since the peak X was thought to be due to 25-OH-D2 from the experiments of time course and dose-response, it was purified by subjecting it to successive preparative HPLC using several kinds of columns. From the results of ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrum, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and mass chromatography, the purified peak X compound was confirmed to be 25-OH-D2. The proposed method for isolating in vivo-generated 25-OH-D2 is very convenient, because the time to perform each HPLC is very short though several steps of HPLC are used.", "PMID": 317300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5846", "title": "Effects of cadmium on the impedance locus of the abdominal skin of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).", "content": "An impedance locus consisting of two superimposed semicircular arcs was revealed on the abdominal skin of the bullfrog. The decrease of skin resistance upon epidermal application of Cd (2 mM), which was related to Na active transport, proved to be due solely to the reduction in the size of the high frequency arc.", "contents": "Effects of cadmium on the impedance locus of the abdominal skin of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). An impedance locus consisting of two superimposed semicircular arcs was revealed on the abdominal skin of the bullfrog. The decrease of skin resistance upon epidermal application of Cd (2 mM), which was related to Na active transport, proved to be due solely to the reduction in the size of the high frequency arc.", "PMID": 317321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5847", "title": "Amines and the rat exocrine pancreas: (3) Effects of amines on pancreatic secretion.", "content": "Effects of L-dopa, L-5HTP, a few amines, and related compounds on the pancreatic rate of flow, protein secretion, and bicarbonate secretion were studied in conscious rats. Single injections of L-dopa, DA and apomorphine did not modify the rate of flow, while an increase was seen with infusion of DA. L-dopa stimulated the protein secretion. L-5HTP and 5-HT decreased the rate of flow and protein secretion. Effects of L-dopa and L-5HTP on the protein secretion were prevented by DA- and 5-HT blockers, respectively. Neither L-dopa nor L-5HTP had any effect on the bicarbonate secretion. Secretin and cholinergic agents (acetylcholine and carbamylcholine) strongly stimulated the rate of flow of pancreatic juice. alpha-Agonists (phenylephrine and clonidine) decreased the rate of flow, and the effects were inhibited by an alpha-blocker. The alpha-agonists had no effect on protein secretion. Although, alpha-blockers (phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine) had no effects on the rate of flow, they did decrease the protein secretion. Isoproterenol was a potent secretagogue, and the effect was suppressed by a beta-blocker. Histamine had no effect on the rate of flow. The results were discussed in relation to our previous histochemical and chemical findings, and the species difference between rats and dogs in response to the amines.", "contents": "Amines and the rat exocrine pancreas: (3) Effects of amines on pancreatic secretion. Effects of L-dopa, L-5HTP, a few amines, and related compounds on the pancreatic rate of flow, protein secretion, and bicarbonate secretion were studied in conscious rats. Single injections of L-dopa, DA and apomorphine did not modify the rate of flow, while an increase was seen with infusion of DA. L-dopa stimulated the protein secretion. L-5HTP and 5-HT decreased the rate of flow and protein secretion. Effects of L-dopa and L-5HTP on the protein secretion were prevented by DA- and 5-HT blockers, respectively. Neither L-dopa nor L-5HTP had any effect on the bicarbonate secretion. Secretin and cholinergic agents (acetylcholine and carbamylcholine) strongly stimulated the rate of flow of pancreatic juice. alpha-Agonists (phenylephrine and clonidine) decreased the rate of flow, and the effects were inhibited by an alpha-blocker. The alpha-agonists had no effect on protein secretion. Although, alpha-blockers (phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine) had no effects on the rate of flow, they did decrease the protein secretion. Isoproterenol was a potent secretagogue, and the effect was suppressed by a beta-blocker. Histamine had no effect on the rate of flow. The results were discussed in relation to our previous histochemical and chemical findings, and the species difference between rats and dogs in response to the amines.", "PMID": 317322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5848", "title": "An unusual case of T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder.", "content": "A 54-year-old woman with epigastric pain had leukocytosis of 73,000/microliter consisting mainly of atypical lymphoid cells with convoluted and cleaved nuclei resembling S\u00e9zary cells; the bone marrow aspirate was nondiagnostic. Skin biopsy was unremarkable. The patient also had hypercalcemia and hemolysis with a positive direct Coombs' test, both of short duration. The arterial oxygen tension was decreased, but there was no demonstrable lung pathology. The patient subsequently developed rapidly enlarging lymphadenopathy. Lymph node biopsy was interpreted as \"undifferentiated pleomorphic lymphoma.\" Immunologic functional studies revealed that the majority of the peripheral blood atypical lymphoid cells from involved lymph nodes formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. The lymphadenopathy regressed transiently after the administration of chemotherapy and the white blood cell count decreased from a maximum of 385,000/microliter to 3,500/microleter, at which point the arterial oxygen tension returned to normal. The unusual features of this patient are discussed in light of the known characteristics of the various types of T-cell lymphorpoliferative disorders.", "contents": "An unusual case of T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. A 54-year-old woman with epigastric pain had leukocytosis of 73,000/microliter consisting mainly of atypical lymphoid cells with convoluted and cleaved nuclei resembling S\u00e9zary cells; the bone marrow aspirate was nondiagnostic. Skin biopsy was unremarkable. The patient also had hypercalcemia and hemolysis with a positive direct Coombs' test, both of short duration. The arterial oxygen tension was decreased, but there was no demonstrable lung pathology. The patient subsequently developed rapidly enlarging lymphadenopathy. Lymph node biopsy was interpreted as \"undifferentiated pleomorphic lymphoma.\" Immunologic functional studies revealed that the majority of the peripheral blood atypical lymphoid cells from involved lymph nodes formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. The lymphadenopathy regressed transiently after the administration of chemotherapy and the white blood cell count decreased from a maximum of 385,000/microliter to 3,500/microleter, at which point the arterial oxygen tension returned to normal. The unusual features of this patient are discussed in light of the known characteristics of the various types of T-cell lymphorpoliferative disorders.", "PMID": 317348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5849", "title": "Superior vena cava syndrome secondary to histiocytosis-X in a child: case report.", "content": "A case of histiocytosis-X with multifocal bone involvement and mediastinal soft tissue infiltration leading to superior vena cava obstruction, is presented. The incidence and the causes of superior vena cava syndrome in the pediatric group are discussed.", "contents": "Superior vena cava syndrome secondary to histiocytosis-X in a child: case report. A case of histiocytosis-X with multifocal bone involvement and mediastinal soft tissue infiltration leading to superior vena cava obstruction, is presented. The incidence and the causes of superior vena cava syndrome in the pediatric group are discussed.", "PMID": 317349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5850", "title": "The incidence of post-splenectomy sepsis and herpes zoster in children and adolescents with Hodgkin disease.", "content": "The occurrence of sepsis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenza and of herpes zoster (HZ) was reviewed in a series of 72 consecutive, previously untreated children and adolescents with Hodgkin disease. There was not a statistically significant difference in the risk of developing sepsis within five years of diagnosis between patients who had (16.6%) or had not (6.2%) undergone splenectomy. Sepsis occurred most frequently among patients treated initially with total nodal irradiation and combination chemotherapy. The estimated risk of HZ during the first five years after diagnosis was 34%. Patients treated initially with irradiation and combination chemotherapy had a significantly greater risk of developing HZ than patients treated initially with only irradiation (P less than 0.05). Although trends were present which suggested that splenectomy and the extent of disease at diagnosis may influence the occurrence of HZ, these did not achieve statistical significance. Survival was not influenced by the occurrence of HZ.", "contents": "The incidence of post-splenectomy sepsis and herpes zoster in children and adolescents with Hodgkin disease. The occurrence of sepsis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenza and of herpes zoster (HZ) was reviewed in a series of 72 consecutive, previously untreated children and adolescents with Hodgkin disease. There was not a statistically significant difference in the risk of developing sepsis within five years of diagnosis between patients who had (16.6%) or had not (6.2%) undergone splenectomy. Sepsis occurred most frequently among patients treated initially with total nodal irradiation and combination chemotherapy. The estimated risk of HZ during the first five years after diagnosis was 34%. Patients treated initially with irradiation and combination chemotherapy had a significantly greater risk of developing HZ than patients treated initially with only irradiation (P less than 0.05). Although trends were present which suggested that splenectomy and the extent of disease at diagnosis may influence the occurrence of HZ, these did not achieve statistical significance. Survival was not influenced by the occurrence of HZ.", "PMID": 317350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5851", "title": "Suppression of immune anti-tumor lymphocytes by macrophages of advanced tumor bearing rats, across a cell impermeable membrane.", "content": "In experiments using double and triple chamber cultures it was demonstrated that suppressive macrophages from advanced T8-Gu\u00e9rin tumor (diameter 5--6.5 cm) bearing rats produced a dialysable factor which suppressed the killer activity of lymphocytes from non-advanced T8-Gu\u00e9rin tumor (diameter 0.5--0.7 cm) bearing rats, as well as from nonadvanced h 18R tumor bearing rats and from Ehrlich ascites bearing mice, against T8-Gu\u00e9rin ascitic cells and, respectively, against h 18R ascitic and Ehrlich ascitic cells. The dialysable suppressive factor inhibits immune lymphocytes but has no effect on the lymphotokin itself already produced.", "contents": "Suppression of immune anti-tumor lymphocytes by macrophages of advanced tumor bearing rats, across a cell impermeable membrane. In experiments using double and triple chamber cultures it was demonstrated that suppressive macrophages from advanced T8-Gu\u00e9rin tumor (diameter 5--6.5 cm) bearing rats produced a dialysable factor which suppressed the killer activity of lymphocytes from non-advanced T8-Gu\u00e9rin tumor (diameter 0.5--0.7 cm) bearing rats, as well as from nonadvanced h 18R tumor bearing rats and from Ehrlich ascites bearing mice, against T8-Gu\u00e9rin ascitic cells and, respectively, against h 18R ascitic and Ehrlich ascitic cells. The dialysable suppressive factor inhibits immune lymphocytes but has no effect on the lymphotokin itself already produced.", "PMID": 317351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5852", "title": "Structural studies of natural actomyosin from thermally acclimated frogs.", "content": "Natural actomyosin was isolated from skeletal muscle of frogs (Rana catesbeiana) acclimated at 25 degrees C and 5 degrees C. It was found that preparations isolated from warm-acclimated frogs may display considerable degradation of myosin heavy chains as compared with preparations isolated from cold-acclimated frogs. However, degradation may be minimized by inclusion of protease inhibitors during purification, indicating enhanced protease activity in preparations of natural actomyosin from warm-acclimated frogs. When purified in the presence of protease inhibitors, natural actomyosin from both warm-acclimated and cold-acclimated frogs exhibits comparable subunit composition of SDS-gel electrophoresis. The overall gel pattern is similar to that obtained from rabbit natural actomyosin except that in the frog, troponin-T and troponin-C appear to co-migrate with tropomyosin and myosin light chain 2, respectively.", "contents": "Structural studies of natural actomyosin from thermally acclimated frogs. Natural actomyosin was isolated from skeletal muscle of frogs (Rana catesbeiana) acclimated at 25 degrees C and 5 degrees C. It was found that preparations isolated from warm-acclimated frogs may display considerable degradation of myosin heavy chains as compared with preparations isolated from cold-acclimated frogs. However, degradation may be minimized by inclusion of protease inhibitors during purification, indicating enhanced protease activity in preparations of natural actomyosin from warm-acclimated frogs. When purified in the presence of protease inhibitors, natural actomyosin from both warm-acclimated and cold-acclimated frogs exhibits comparable subunit composition of SDS-gel electrophoresis. The overall gel pattern is similar to that obtained from rabbit natural actomyosin except that in the frog, troponin-T and troponin-C appear to co-migrate with tropomyosin and myosin light chain 2, respectively.", "PMID": 317357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5853", "title": "A new variant form of phenylketonuria.", "content": "We report a family (parents and two sets of twin girls) in which the propositus presented as a case of phenylketonuria with a somewhat less severe degree of phenylalanine intolerance than occurs in patients with classical phenylketonuria and whose phenylalanine tolerance was further impaired by giving cotrimoxazole. The trimethoprim component of cotrimoxazole reduces the phenylalanine tolerance of normal subjects but does not augment the degree of phenylalanine intolerance in patients with classical phenylketonuria. The results of the present study of the phenylalanine tolerance and the way in which cotrimoxazole modifies it in the members of this family are compatible with the segregation of an abnormal gene which causes a previously unrecognized type of phenylketonuria when it is present in the homozygous state. The possible relationship of this to other inherited biochemical lesions of the phenylalanine hydroxylase system is briefly discussed.", "contents": "A new variant form of phenylketonuria. We report a family (parents and two sets of twin girls) in which the propositus presented as a case of phenylketonuria with a somewhat less severe degree of phenylalanine intolerance than occurs in patients with classical phenylketonuria and whose phenylalanine tolerance was further impaired by giving cotrimoxazole. The trimethoprim component of cotrimoxazole reduces the phenylalanine tolerance of normal subjects but does not augment the degree of phenylalanine intolerance in patients with classical phenylketonuria. The results of the present study of the phenylalanine tolerance and the way in which cotrimoxazole modifies it in the members of this family are compatible with the segregation of an abnormal gene which causes a previously unrecognized type of phenylketonuria when it is present in the homozygous state. The possible relationship of this to other inherited biochemical lesions of the phenylalanine hydroxylase system is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 317358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5854", "title": "alpha 1-Antitrypsin phenotypes in cor pulmonale due to chronic obstructive airways disease.", "content": "The clinical and radiological features of 23 patients with cor pulmonale due to chronic obstructive airways disease were reviewed. Twenty-two patients had evidence of pulmonary vascular disease and 52 per cent had secondary polycythaemia. Eighteen (78 per cent) had radiological evidence of emphysema. Thirteen of the patients (56.5 per cent) had alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes associated with serum deficiency and of these the largest single group was the MZ phenotype (34.8 per cent). No difference was found between the clinical features of patients with the MM phenotype or those associated with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, although radiological emphysema was more common in the latter group (92 per cent compared to 60 per cent).", "contents": "alpha 1-Antitrypsin phenotypes in cor pulmonale due to chronic obstructive airways disease. The clinical and radiological features of 23 patients with cor pulmonale due to chronic obstructive airways disease were reviewed. Twenty-two patients had evidence of pulmonary vascular disease and 52 per cent had secondary polycythaemia. Eighteen (78 per cent) had radiological evidence of emphysema. Thirteen of the patients (56.5 per cent) had alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes associated with serum deficiency and of these the largest single group was the MZ phenotype (34.8 per cent). No difference was found between the clinical features of patients with the MM phenotype or those associated with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, although radiological emphysema was more common in the latter group (92 per cent compared to 60 per cent).", "PMID": 317359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5855", "title": "[Single photon radioisotope emission computed tomography image using gamma camera (author's transl)].", "content": "Single photon radioisotope computed tomography (RCT) images were obtained using the following devices such as conventional gamma camera, data processer for exclusive use of nuclear medicine (C.D.S.-4096), magnetic tape and medium size electronic computer FACOM 230-28S (48K) for multipurposes, which are routinely used for clinical purpose. To reconstruct the RCT image we made absorption correction by geometric mean of opposing counts considering the thickness of source and used the convolution integral method. The reconstructed images of phantom study resolved one centimeter clearly and were very similar to original. The RCT image of patient was acquired by the rotation of patients using the revolving chair and the handmade implement which settles the center of patient's head. Three dimensional informations were obtained by one examination with a gamma camera which collects two dimensional images. When using a gamma camera, therefore, not only a transaxial but an arbitraly RCT image will be important to contribute for diagnosis.", "contents": "[Single photon radioisotope emission computed tomography image using gamma camera (author's transl)]. Single photon radioisotope computed tomography (RCT) images were obtained using the following devices such as conventional gamma camera, data processer for exclusive use of nuclear medicine (C.D.S.-4096), magnetic tape and medium size electronic computer FACOM 230-28S (48K) for multipurposes, which are routinely used for clinical purpose. To reconstruct the RCT image we made absorption correction by geometric mean of opposing counts considering the thickness of source and used the convolution integral method. The reconstructed images of phantom study resolved one centimeter clearly and were very similar to original. The RCT image of patient was acquired by the rotation of patients using the revolving chair and the handmade implement which settles the center of patient's head. Three dimensional informations were obtained by one examination with a gamma camera which collects two dimensional images. When using a gamma camera, therefore, not only a transaxial but an arbitraly RCT image will be important to contribute for diagnosis.", "PMID": 317361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5856", "title": "The Fc binding regions in protein A are not responsible for the polyclonal B cell activating property of protein A.", "content": "To test whether the polyclonal B cell activating property of protein A is due to its ability to bind to the Fc part of immunoglobulins, experiments were carried out with purified monomeric or dimeric Fc-binding fragments of protein A. Neither monomeric nor dimeric fragments induced polyclonal antibody synthesis in vitro, whereas intact protein A was a strong activator. It is concluded that the Fc binding part of protein A is not responsible for activation of polyclonal antibody synthesis.", "contents": "The Fc binding regions in protein A are not responsible for the polyclonal B cell activating property of protein A. To test whether the polyclonal B cell activating property of protein A is due to its ability to bind to the Fc part of immunoglobulins, experiments were carried out with purified monomeric or dimeric Fc-binding fragments of protein A. Neither monomeric nor dimeric fragments induced polyclonal antibody synthesis in vitro, whereas intact protein A was a strong activator. It is concluded that the Fc binding part of protein A is not responsible for activation of polyclonal antibody synthesis.", "PMID": 317382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5857", "title": "Left ventricular function after aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Aortocoronary bypass operations without additional myocardial surgery or valve replacement were performed at Ullev\u00e5l Hospital in 190 patients during the period May 1971 to Dec. 1975. Postoperatively re-examination was made by left-heart catheterization in 124 patients at a mean interval of 18.2 months and right-heart catheterization in 108 patients at a mean interval of 16.0 months after surgery. The mean postoperative values for PCVP at rest, PCVP during exercise, LVEDP before contrast and LVEDP after contrast were significantly lower than the mean pre-operative values. The difference between pre- and postoperative values were largest in patients with elevated PCVP or LVEDP values before surgery, whereas in patients with low pre-operative values the mean values after surgery were unchanged or increased. The results indicate that marked improvement of left ventricular function may occur after aortocoronary bypass operations, even in patients with signs of ventricular failure at rest. A stress test is, however, of importance in evaluating the haemodynamic consequences of coronary surgery. No difference was found in patients with single versus patients with double or triple shunts. Post-operative shunt occlusion was found in 44 of 258 grafts at re-examination. No difference was found between patients with all shunts patent and patients with one or more shunts occluded as regard to mean postoperative PCVP and LVEDP values.", "contents": "Left ventricular function after aortocoronary bypass surgery. Aortocoronary bypass operations without additional myocardial surgery or valve replacement were performed at Ullev\u00e5l Hospital in 190 patients during the period May 1971 to Dec. 1975. Postoperatively re-examination was made by left-heart catheterization in 124 patients at a mean interval of 18.2 months and right-heart catheterization in 108 patients at a mean interval of 16.0 months after surgery. The mean postoperative values for PCVP at rest, PCVP during exercise, LVEDP before contrast and LVEDP after contrast were significantly lower than the mean pre-operative values. The difference between pre- and postoperative values were largest in patients with elevated PCVP or LVEDP values before surgery, whereas in patients with low pre-operative values the mean values after surgery were unchanged or increased. The results indicate that marked improvement of left ventricular function may occur after aortocoronary bypass operations, even in patients with signs of ventricular failure at rest. A stress test is, however, of importance in evaluating the haemodynamic consequences of coronary surgery. No difference was found in patients with single versus patients with double or triple shunts. Post-operative shunt occlusion was found in 44 of 258 grafts at re-examination. No difference was found between patients with all shunts patent and patients with one or more shunts occluded as regard to mean postoperative PCVP and LVEDP values.", "PMID": 317383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5858", "title": "Mitral insufficiency following myocardial infarction.", "content": "Severe mitral insufficiency following myocardial infarction in 15 patients is reported. The mean interval from infarction to surgery was 2.8 years. All patients were operated on with mitral valve replacement and in 14 aortocoronary bypass and/or resection of left ventricular aneurysm was necessary as well. Rupture of one or more heads of the papillary muscle was found in 5 patients. In another 5 the papillary muscles were discoloured, fibrosed and shortened, and in the last 5 patients the mitral incompetence was caused by a marked dilatation of the atrioventricular ring. Five patients (33%) died, 3 early and 2 late after surgery. All the patients who died had a markedly imparied left ventricular function pre-operatively with end-diastolic pressures from 15 to 26 mmHg.", "contents": "Mitral insufficiency following myocardial infarction. Severe mitral insufficiency following myocardial infarction in 15 patients is reported. The mean interval from infarction to surgery was 2.8 years. All patients were operated on with mitral valve replacement and in 14 aortocoronary bypass and/or resection of left ventricular aneurysm was necessary as well. Rupture of one or more heads of the papillary muscle was found in 5 patients. In another 5 the papillary muscles were discoloured, fibrosed and shortened, and in the last 5 patients the mitral incompetence was caused by a marked dilatation of the atrioventricular ring. Five patients (33%) died, 3 early and 2 late after surgery. All the patients who died had a markedly imparied left ventricular function pre-operatively with end-diastolic pressures from 15 to 26 mmHg.", "PMID": 317384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5859", "title": "A high risk subgroup of patients with unstable angina pectoris treated medically or surgically.", "content": "Among patients consecutively admitted to a coronary care unit (CCU) without a subsequent diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a subgroup fo unstable angina was selected, defined as continued episodes of angina at rest during a 48-hour period, despite medical treatment in the CCU. During a four-year period, 15 patients fulfilled these criteria. Eight patients were medically treated, seven of whom developed an AMI with three subsequent deaths. Six of the infarcts occurred within eight days of admission. In six patients, fulfilling the criteria, surgical treatment was performed. Angiography and surgery in this group were associated with low incidences of myocardial infarction, late infarction and death. In one patient, surgery was declined due to unfavourable anatomical conditions. This patient subsequently developed an AMI and died. It is concluded that the combination of recent onset of angina and continued episodes of angina at rest, despite medical treatment, selects a high risk subgroup of unstable angina. Acute coronary angiography and surgery ought to be considered in this subgroup.", "contents": "A high risk subgroup of patients with unstable angina pectoris treated medically or surgically. Among patients consecutively admitted to a coronary care unit (CCU) without a subsequent diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a subgroup fo unstable angina was selected, defined as continued episodes of angina at rest during a 48-hour period, despite medical treatment in the CCU. During a four-year period, 15 patients fulfilled these criteria. Eight patients were medically treated, seven of whom developed an AMI with three subsequent deaths. Six of the infarcts occurred within eight days of admission. In six patients, fulfilling the criteria, surgical treatment was performed. Angiography and surgery in this group were associated with low incidences of myocardial infarction, late infarction and death. In one patient, surgery was declined due to unfavourable anatomical conditions. This patient subsequently developed an AMI and died. It is concluded that the combination of recent onset of angina and continued episodes of angina at rest, despite medical treatment, selects a high risk subgroup of unstable angina. Acute coronary angiography and surgery ought to be considered in this subgroup.", "PMID": 317385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5860", "title": "Surgical treatment of angina pectoris. A follow-up study with special reference to clinical results after bypass.", "content": "A follow-up study of 132 patients with stable angina pectoris, who underwent a bypass operation during the period 1970-1976, is presented. The survival curves and mortality rates for this group and for 180 patients, who had previously undergone indirect revascularization, are given. At the first follow-up after bypass operation, 87% of the patients were subjectively improved, 72% of the vein grafts were patent and 85% of the patients had at least one graft patent. A positive correlation was found between patent grafts and subjective improvement. A similar correlation between subjective and objective improvement (exercise test) was not found.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of angina pectoris. A follow-up study with special reference to clinical results after bypass. A follow-up study of 132 patients with stable angina pectoris, who underwent a bypass operation during the period 1970-1976, is presented. The survival curves and mortality rates for this group and for 180 patients, who had previously undergone indirect revascularization, are given. At the first follow-up after bypass operation, 87% of the patients were subjectively improved, 72% of the vein grafts were patent and 85% of the patients had at least one graft patent. A positive correlation was found between patent grafts and subjective improvement. A similar correlation between subjective and objective improvement (exercise test) was not found.", "PMID": 317386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5861", "title": "Flow measurements and simultaneously performed angiography of aorto-coronary bypass grafts during bypass surgery.", "content": "The function of aorto-coronary bypass grafts is usually assessed by the run-off, determined from postoperatively performed cineangiograms. The reliability of this method was tested by comparing the electromagnetically measured graft flow with the run-off, qualitatively estimated from cineangiograms. The electromagnetic flow measurements and cineangiography were performed simultaneously during bypass surgery. The run-off was classified by three independent observers into three classes (poor, moderate, and good). The average mean flow rates corresponding to the three classes were: poor: Q = (43 +/- 11)ml/min; moderate: Q = (48 +/- 14)ml/min; good; Q = (63 +/- 22)ml/min. Although the differences between the flow rates of the three classes were found significant (except between poor and moderate run-off), there was a wide range of overlapping. Especially in grafts with low flow rates (Q less than 70 ml/min) there were pronounced disagreements between the qualitative estimation of flow and the electromagnetically measured flow. Using videodensitometric flow measurements as a check test, the uncertainties in classification proved to be caused by the lack of reliability of the observer. The flow rates in aorto-coronary bypass grafts can be determined reliably only by means of quantitative methods, e.g., electromagnetic or videodensitometric flow measurements.", "contents": "Flow measurements and simultaneously performed angiography of aorto-coronary bypass grafts during bypass surgery. The function of aorto-coronary bypass grafts is usually assessed by the run-off, determined from postoperatively performed cineangiograms. The reliability of this method was tested by comparing the electromagnetically measured graft flow with the run-off, qualitatively estimated from cineangiograms. The electromagnetic flow measurements and cineangiography were performed simultaneously during bypass surgery. The run-off was classified by three independent observers into three classes (poor, moderate, and good). The average mean flow rates corresponding to the three classes were: poor: Q = (43 +/- 11)ml/min; moderate: Q = (48 +/- 14)ml/min; good; Q = (63 +/- 22)ml/min. Although the differences between the flow rates of the three classes were found significant (except between poor and moderate run-off), there was a wide range of overlapping. Especially in grafts with low flow rates (Q less than 70 ml/min) there were pronounced disagreements between the qualitative estimation of flow and the electromagnetically measured flow. Using videodensitometric flow measurements as a check test, the uncertainties in classification proved to be caused by the lack of reliability of the observer. The flow rates in aorto-coronary bypass grafts can be determined reliably only by means of quantitative methods, e.g., electromagnetic or videodensitometric flow measurements.", "PMID": 317390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5862", "title": "Clinical application of cardioplegia in aortic cross-clamping periods longer than 150 minutes.", "content": "Out of more than 1000 patients operated upon by means of cardioplegia in profound myocardial hypothermia (15 degrees - 20 degrees C) aortic crossclamping time exceeded 150 min in 26 cases. The average clamping time in this group of patients was 169 +/- 22 min (150 to 227 min). The average duration of the cardioplegic coronary perfusion was 35 +/- 21 min (14 to 99 min). The following procedures were performed. Aneurysmectomy of the ascending thoracic aorta combined with valve replacement (n = 7); valve replacement combined with aorto-coronary bypass procedures (n = 9); multiple valve replacement (n = 3); multiple coronary grafting (n = 6) and one complicated reoperation. Three patients (11.5%) died, none intraoperatively and none as the result of a heart failure connected with the operation.", "contents": "Clinical application of cardioplegia in aortic cross-clamping periods longer than 150 minutes. Out of more than 1000 patients operated upon by means of cardioplegia in profound myocardial hypothermia (15 degrees - 20 degrees C) aortic crossclamping time exceeded 150 min in 26 cases. The average clamping time in this group of patients was 169 +/- 22 min (150 to 227 min). The average duration of the cardioplegic coronary perfusion was 35 +/- 21 min (14 to 99 min). The following procedures were performed. Aneurysmectomy of the ascending thoracic aorta combined with valve replacement (n = 7); valve replacement combined with aorto-coronary bypass procedures (n = 9); multiple valve replacement (n = 3); multiple coronary grafting (n = 6) and one complicated reoperation. Three patients (11.5%) died, none intraoperatively and none as the result of a heart failure connected with the operation.", "PMID": 317391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5863", "title": "Socio-agricultural factors and parasitic infections in the Caspian littoral region of Iran.", "content": "Surveys for intestinal parasites in villages in the Babol area of the Caspian littoral region of Iran have been conducted for five years. During this period, mass chemotherapy and individual treatment have been administered. While the overall prevalence of parasitic disease was reduced after these campaigns, reinfection took place repeatedly, and at a rapid rate. This paper re-examines the prevalence of seven helminth species (Ascaris lumbricoides), hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), Hymenolepis nana, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia saginata, Trichostrongylus spp. and Trichuris trichiura) on the basis of geographical and socio-agricultural criteria. The considerable differences in the prevalence of these parasitoses--even between neighboring villages--emphasize the variability of human ecology in the region under study.", "contents": "Socio-agricultural factors and parasitic infections in the Caspian littoral region of Iran. Surveys for intestinal parasites in villages in the Babol area of the Caspian littoral region of Iran have been conducted for five years. During this period, mass chemotherapy and individual treatment have been administered. While the overall prevalence of parasitic disease was reduced after these campaigns, reinfection took place repeatedly, and at a rapid rate. This paper re-examines the prevalence of seven helminth species (Ascaris lumbricoides), hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), Hymenolepis nana, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia saginata, Trichostrongylus spp. and Trichuris trichiura) on the basis of geographical and socio-agricultural criteria. The considerable differences in the prevalence of these parasitoses--even between neighboring villages--emphasize the variability of human ecology in the region under study.", "PMID": 317393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5864", "title": "Cardiovascular disease in Northern Nigeria.", "content": "The case files of 4,456 medical admissions in 1975--1976 at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria, included 354 cardiovascular patients. The most common causes were hypertension (45.5%), cardiomyopathy (20.6%) and chronic rheumatic heart disease (14.4%). The mean age of hypertensive and cardiovascular patients was lower than in Europe. The majority of hypertensive patients suffer from essential hypertension. Congestive cardiac failure is the commonest complication of hypertension and cardiomyopathy. Rheumatic valvular disease with mitral incompetence is frequent and sometimes severe in young people. Other cardiovascular diseases included pericardial disease, bacterial endocarditis, cor pulmonale, anaemic heart failure, congenital and syphilitic heart disease. Coronary heart disease was only encountered in non-Africans. Cardiovascular mortality in hospital was high (20%).", "contents": "Cardiovascular disease in Northern Nigeria. The case files of 4,456 medical admissions in 1975--1976 at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria, included 354 cardiovascular patients. The most common causes were hypertension (45.5%), cardiomyopathy (20.6%) and chronic rheumatic heart disease (14.4%). The mean age of hypertensive and cardiovascular patients was lower than in Europe. The majority of hypertensive patients suffer from essential hypertension. Congestive cardiac failure is the commonest complication of hypertension and cardiomyopathy. Rheumatic valvular disease with mitral incompetence is frequent and sometimes severe in young people. Other cardiovascular diseases included pericardial disease, bacterial endocarditis, cor pulmonale, anaemic heart failure, congenital and syphilitic heart disease. Coronary heart disease was only encountered in non-Africans. Cardiovascular mortality in hospital was high (20%).", "PMID": 317394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5865", "title": "The effect of unipolar aeroions on the capacity of mammalian organism.", "content": "Based on animal experiments authors established that the different polarity high-concentration aeroions have an effect on the vegetative centres of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Through vegetative centres they influence both electro- and neuro-physiological relations of the nervous system and by this means they make an effect on the capacity. Aeroions have some explicitly favourable effect both on the orientation reflex action and the alert system of the brain stem.  These effects can also be registered either by pharmacology tests or sinstrumentally (electronystagmography).", "contents": "The effect of unipolar aeroions on the capacity of mammalian organism. Based on animal experiments authors established that the different polarity high-concentration aeroions have an effect on the vegetative centres of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Through vegetative centres they influence both electro- and neuro-physiological relations of the nervous system and by this means they make an effect on the capacity. Aeroions have some explicitly favourable effect both on the orientation reflex action and the alert system of the brain stem.  These effects can also be registered either by pharmacology tests or sinstrumentally (electronystagmography).", "PMID": 317402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5866", "title": "[The electroaerosoltherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The Electroaerosoltherapy (EAT) has got a world-wide diffusion especially in diseases of the respiratory system. The unipolary negatively charged aerosols are very steady and penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract. The ciliary activity is stimulated, the mucus liquified and the bronchial spasms relaxed. The author use a table-apparatus (Barthel-K\u00fcster System), which allows the simultaneous therapy, and a combination from an Ionogenerator with a portable aerosol generator (air ion transmitter needle into the aerosol mask). The EAT has no noxious secondaries effects.", "contents": "[The electroaerosoltherapy (author's transl)]. The Electroaerosoltherapy (EAT) has got a world-wide diffusion especially in diseases of the respiratory system. The unipolary negatively charged aerosols are very steady and penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract. The ciliary activity is stimulated, the mucus liquified and the bronchial spasms relaxed. The author use a table-apparatus (Barthel-K\u00fcster System), which allows the simultaneous therapy, and a combination from an Ionogenerator with a portable aerosol generator (air ion transmitter needle into the aerosol mask). The EAT has no noxious secondaries effects.", "PMID": 317403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5867", "title": "The levels of the major risk indicators of cardiovascular diseases in Eastern Finland rior to a community-based intervention programme. (The North Karelia project).", "content": "The design, implementation and the major results of a study for measuring the prevalent CHD risk indicators in Eastern Finland are presented. The study formed the baseline survey of the North Karelia Project and was conducted in 1972 for a representative random sample of the population aged 25-59 in the county of North Karelia and a matched reference area. Altogether 11.992 persons were examined with a participation rate of 93% in North Karelia and 90% in the reference area. The prevalence rates of the \"hard\" CHD risk indicators (blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking and triglycerides) are presented and reference is made to the prevalence rates of some other \"softer\" risk indicators. In general, the level of the \"hard\" risk indicators is high and this is especially true for the younger males. The two areas resemble each other closely in these respects as was anticipated. In the discussion the results are reviewed from the point of view of the primary preventive programme.", "contents": "The levels of the major risk indicators of cardiovascular diseases in Eastern Finland rior to a community-based intervention programme. (The North Karelia project). The design, implementation and the major results of a study for measuring the prevalent CHD risk indicators in Eastern Finland are presented. The study formed the baseline survey of the North Karelia Project and was conducted in 1972 for a representative random sample of the population aged 25-59 in the county of North Karelia and a matched reference area. Altogether 11.992 persons were examined with a participation rate of 93% in North Karelia and 90% in the reference area. The prevalence rates of the \"hard\" CHD risk indicators (blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking and triglycerides) are presented and reference is made to the prevalence rates of some other \"softer\" risk indicators. In general, the level of the \"hard\" risk indicators is high and this is especially true for the younger males. The two areas resemble each other closely in these respects as was anticipated. In the discussion the results are reviewed from the point of view of the primary preventive programme.", "PMID": 317405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5868", "title": "Holter monitoring in dizziness and syncope.", "content": "Holter monitoring was used to detect the underlying mechanism among 53 patients referred for dizziness, fainting and/or syncope. The complaints were unexplained on clinical grounds in 38, suggestive of SSS in 11, and of pacemaker dysfunction in 4 patients who underwent pacemaker implantation for symptomatic A-V block. Occult dysrhythmias were revealed in 24 of 38 (61%) of the first group; the clinical impression of SSS was confirmed in 8 of 11 (72%) in the second, and ineffective pacing confirmed in 2 of 4 in the third group. Thus, the diagnosis was clarified in 34 of 53 (64%) of patients. It is concluded that Holter monitoring is most useful for detecting the underlying mechanism in the above mentioned conditions, especially in elderly subjects whose syncopal attacks remained unexplained despite routine cardiological and neurological examination. Holter monitoring should be carried out for at least 36 hours before ruling out dysrhythmias as a cause of dizziness and/or syncopal attacks.", "contents": "Holter monitoring in dizziness and syncope. Holter monitoring was used to detect the underlying mechanism among 53 patients referred for dizziness, fainting and/or syncope. The complaints were unexplained on clinical grounds in 38, suggestive of SSS in 11, and of pacemaker dysfunction in 4 patients who underwent pacemaker implantation for symptomatic A-V block. Occult dysrhythmias were revealed in 24 of 38 (61%) of the first group; the clinical impression of SSS was confirmed in 8 of 11 (72%) in the second, and ineffective pacing confirmed in 2 of 4 in the third group. Thus, the diagnosis was clarified in 34 of 53 (64%) of patients. It is concluded that Holter monitoring is most useful for detecting the underlying mechanism in the above mentioned conditions, especially in elderly subjects whose syncopal attacks remained unexplained despite routine cardiological and neurological examination. Holter monitoring should be carried out for at least 36 hours before ruling out dysrhythmias as a cause of dizziness and/or syncopal attacks.", "PMID": 317406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5869", "title": "Assessment of sinus node function in asymptomatic subjects with sinus bradycardia and in symptomatic patients with sino-atrial disease.", "content": "Sinus node function was evaluated in 18 patients with sinus bradycardia without complaints (Group I), in 16 patients with sinus bradycardia and/or sinoatrial block with complaints (subgroup IIa) and in 14 patients with the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (subgroup IIb). Mean values of corrected sinus node recovery time (CSRT), atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and atrial functional refractory period (AFRP) differentiated significatively asymptomatic subjects of group I from the two subgroups of patients with sinoatrial disease, but failed to differentiate each subgroup from the other one. There was no significative difference in mean sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) between group I and each of the two subgroups. Three patients of subgroup IIa and 1 patient of subgroup IIb had a false negative response after both overdrive and premature programmed atrial pacing. Spontaneous cycle length was directly correlated with the sinus node recovery time and the atrial refractoriness in group I, and with the only sinus node recovery time in subgroup IIb. No direct correlations were observed in subgroup IIa. This suggests a less disturbed sinus node automaticity in bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome.", "contents": "Assessment of sinus node function in asymptomatic subjects with sinus bradycardia and in symptomatic patients with sino-atrial disease. Sinus node function was evaluated in 18 patients with sinus bradycardia without complaints (Group I), in 16 patients with sinus bradycardia and/or sinoatrial block with complaints (subgroup IIa) and in 14 patients with the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (subgroup IIb). Mean values of corrected sinus node recovery time (CSRT), atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and atrial functional refractory period (AFRP) differentiated significatively asymptomatic subjects of group I from the two subgroups of patients with sinoatrial disease, but failed to differentiate each subgroup from the other one. There was no significative difference in mean sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) between group I and each of the two subgroups. Three patients of subgroup IIa and 1 patient of subgroup IIb had a false negative response after both overdrive and premature programmed atrial pacing. Spontaneous cycle length was directly correlated with the sinus node recovery time and the atrial refractoriness in group I, and with the only sinus node recovery time in subgroup IIb. No direct correlations were observed in subgroup IIa. This suggests a less disturbed sinus node automaticity in bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome.", "PMID": 317407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5870", "title": "[Noninvasive diagnosis of ventricular septal defects using echo-pulsed Doppler velocimetry, localization, evaluation of the shunt and the associated lesions].", "content": "A preliminary study of 15 patients with ventricular septal defect demonstrates that Echo-Doppler velocimetry allows the non-invasive diagnosis of this malformation in 80% of the cases, as well as its localisation and detection of associated lesions; tin addition evaluation of the shunt is made feasible by non invasive recording of the flow velocity curves of the shunt and of the pulmonary artery according to a technique derived from the basic one. This method turns out to be essential for establishing the aetiological diagnosis of left parasternal systolic murmurs.", "contents": "[Noninvasive diagnosis of ventricular septal defects using echo-pulsed Doppler velocimetry, localization, evaluation of the shunt and the associated lesions]. A preliminary study of 15 patients with ventricular septal defect demonstrates that Echo-Doppler velocimetry allows the non-invasive diagnosis of this malformation in 80% of the cases, as well as its localisation and detection of associated lesions; tin addition evaluation of the shunt is made feasible by non invasive recording of the flow velocity curves of the shunt and of the pulmonary artery according to a technique derived from the basic one. This method turns out to be essential for establishing the aetiological diagnosis of left parasternal systolic murmurs.", "PMID": 317408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5871", "title": "Sinoventricular conduction during acute myocardial ischemia.", "content": "A case with sinoventricular conduction and sinus bradycardia during unstable angina pectoris is presented. Although His bundle electrogram showed atrial and His bundle deflection no P waves could be observed in any surface leads even when effective high right atrial pacing was performed. It may be assumed that the electric or sinus impulses are conducted over the specialized atrial tracts while atrial muscle is in a refractory state due to myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Sinoventricular conduction during acute myocardial ischemia. A case with sinoventricular conduction and sinus bradycardia during unstable angina pectoris is presented. Although His bundle electrogram showed atrial and His bundle deflection no P waves could be observed in any surface leads even when effective high right atrial pacing was performed. It may be assumed that the electric or sinus impulses are conducted over the specialized atrial tracts while atrial muscle is in a refractory state due to myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 317409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5872", "title": "Effect of birthplace on the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. A study among Finnish war evacuees.", "content": "After World War II the southeastern part of Finland was ceded to the Soviet Union and its entire population evacuated to other areas of the country. The prevalences of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied among the evacuees and compared to the corresponding data among the nonevacuated population. The prevalence of ALS among the war evacuees was two times higher than among the nonevacuated population (18.0 and 8.8 per 100,000, respectively). The prevalence of MS among the evacuees was only half of that found among the nonevacuated population, 38.3 and 73.0 per 100,000, respectively. The findings for ALS indicate that birthplace may have an effect on the later development of the disease and that there may have existed some environmental factor(s) which have made the evacuees more liable to contract the disease later in their lives. The low figure of MS for evacuees supports our previous results of an uneven geographic distribution of MS in Finland with the high-risk areas in the western and southwestern parts of the country. No accumulation of MS was found among the evacuees living in the high-risk areas.", "contents": "Effect of birthplace on the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. A study among Finnish war evacuees. After World War II the southeastern part of Finland was ceded to the Soviet Union and its entire population evacuated to other areas of the country. The prevalences of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied among the evacuees and compared to the corresponding data among the nonevacuated population. The prevalence of ALS among the war evacuees was two times higher than among the nonevacuated population (18.0 and 8.8 per 100,000, respectively). The prevalence of MS among the evacuees was only half of that found among the nonevacuated population, 38.3 and 73.0 per 100,000, respectively. The findings for ALS indicate that birthplace may have an effect on the later development of the disease and that there may have existed some environmental factor(s) which have made the evacuees more liable to contract the disease later in their lives. The low figure of MS for evacuees supports our previous results of an uneven geographic distribution of MS in Finland with the high-risk areas in the western and southwestern parts of the country. No accumulation of MS was found among the evacuees living in the high-risk areas.", "PMID": 317413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5873", "title": "Diagnosis of CNS leukemia.", "content": "The cytocentrifuge provides a satisfactory method to distinguish malignant from nonmalignant CSF mononuclear elements in leukemic patients with pleocytosis. In patients who have had meningeal leukemia, our data support the concept that absence of all blasts be required to define remission. The finding of rare blasts by cytocentrifuge in patients with prior history of CNS leukemia, however, should be interpreted in light of the entire clinical and laboratory picture.", "contents": "Diagnosis of CNS leukemia. The cytocentrifuge provides a satisfactory method to distinguish malignant from nonmalignant CSF mononuclear elements in leukemic patients with pleocytosis. In patients who have had meningeal leukemia, our data support the concept that absence of all blasts be required to define remission. The finding of rare blasts by cytocentrifuge in patients with prior history of CNS leukemia, however, should be interpreted in light of the entire clinical and laboratory picture.", "PMID": 317415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5874", "title": "Use of the Ommaya reservoir in the prevention and treatment of CNS leukemia.", "content": "Insertion of an indwelling ventricular cannula via the transfrontal approach by the method described, and the use of an attached reservoir is a safe technique in the hands of experienced personnel. Intraventricular chemotherapy prolongs the duration of remission in those individuals who have evidence of meningeal leukemia. The superiority of this method over intralumbar therapy as a preventive measure has not been demonstrated.", "contents": "Use of the Ommaya reservoir in the prevention and treatment of CNS leukemia. Insertion of an indwelling ventricular cannula via the transfrontal approach by the method described, and the use of an attached reservoir is a safe technique in the hands of experienced personnel. Intraventricular chemotherapy prolongs the duration of remission in those individuals who have evidence of meningeal leukemia. The superiority of this method over intralumbar therapy as a preventive measure has not been demonstrated.", "PMID": 317416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5875", "title": "Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia with a second primary neoplasm.", "content": "The occurrence of de novo cancer in renal transplant patients who have received immunosuppressive therapy has been noted. An increased incidence of second primary neoplasm (SPN) has been reported in adults with various forms of cancer. The incidence of SPN in childhood cancer is lower. Successful therapy in several childhood cancers has resulted in prolonged disease-free survival time with the opportunity for longer patient-years of observation. The development of a SPN, an astrocytoma, in a child with continuous complete remission for more than 6 years is reported. The incidence of SPN in childhood cancer needs to be established.", "contents": "Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia with a second primary neoplasm. The occurrence of de novo cancer in renal transplant patients who have received immunosuppressive therapy has been noted. An increased incidence of second primary neoplasm (SPN) has been reported in adults with various forms of cancer. The incidence of SPN in childhood cancer is lower. Successful therapy in several childhood cancers has resulted in prolonged disease-free survival time with the opportunity for longer patient-years of observation. The development of a SPN, an astrocytoma, in a child with continuous complete remission for more than 6 years is reported. The incidence of SPN in childhood cancer needs to be established.", "PMID": 317418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5876", "title": "Subtle clues to diagnosis by histochemistry. Histiocytosis X.", "content": "Characteristic mononuclear cells with distorted nuclei and abundant pale-staining cytoplasms together with osteoclast-like giant cells are the cytologic hallmarks of histiocytosis X. The demonstration of acid phosphatase within giant cells in paraffin-embedded sections is a valuable aid to diagnosis. The histologic differential diagnosis of histiocytosis X includes some allergic granulomas, Hodgkin's disease, myelomonocytic leukemia, mastocytosis, and malignant histiocytosis. Some technical prerequisites for accurate diagnosis of histiocytosis X are considered briefly.", "contents": "Subtle clues to diagnosis by histochemistry. Histiocytosis X. Characteristic mononuclear cells with distorted nuclei and abundant pale-staining cytoplasms together with osteoclast-like giant cells are the cytologic hallmarks of histiocytosis X. The demonstration of acid phosphatase within giant cells in paraffin-embedded sections is a valuable aid to diagnosis. The histologic differential diagnosis of histiocytosis X includes some allergic granulomas, Hodgkin's disease, myelomonocytic leukemia, mastocytosis, and malignant histiocytosis. Some technical prerequisites for accurate diagnosis of histiocytosis X are considered briefly.", "PMID": 317420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5877", "title": "Description of a bacteriocinogenic plasmid in Beneckea harveyi.", "content": "A total of 795 strains of marine Vibrio species and Beneckea harveyi, a luminescent marine bacterium, were isolated from various sources in the area of Galveston Island, Tex., and screened for the production of bacteriocin-like substances. More than 8% of the Vibrio isolates produced low-molecular-weight (dialyzable) substances, which were lethal to a test strain of V. parahaemolyticus. Approximately 5% of the B. harveyi isolates produced higher-molecular-weight (nondialyzable) substances which were lethal to a test strain of B. harveyi. One of the B. harveyi strains (strain SY) produced a nondialyzable substance which was lethal to two of 39 strains of B. harveyi. The substance showed no activity toward 17 test strains drawn from the Vibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Strain SY showed no sensitivity to its own lethal agent and was shown by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy to harbor a single plasmid of 38 x 10(6) daltons. Variants of strain SY lacking the plasmid were produced by growth in the presence of the antibiotic novobiocin. These variants lacked both the ability to produce the lethal substance and the ability to survive in its presence. The lethal agent produced by strain SY is the first bacteriocin reported in marine bacteria. The term \"harveyicin\" is proposed to name this lethal substance.", "contents": "Description of a bacteriocinogenic plasmid in Beneckea harveyi. A total of 795 strains of marine Vibrio species and Beneckea harveyi, a luminescent marine bacterium, were isolated from various sources in the area of Galveston Island, Tex., and screened for the production of bacteriocin-like substances. More than 8% of the Vibrio isolates produced low-molecular-weight (dialyzable) substances, which were lethal to a test strain of V. parahaemolyticus. Approximately 5% of the B. harveyi isolates produced higher-molecular-weight (nondialyzable) substances which were lethal to a test strain of B. harveyi. One of the B. harveyi strains (strain SY) produced a nondialyzable substance which was lethal to two of 39 strains of B. harveyi. The substance showed no activity toward 17 test strains drawn from the Vibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Strain SY showed no sensitivity to its own lethal agent and was shown by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy to harbor a single plasmid of 38 x 10(6) daltons. Variants of strain SY lacking the plasmid were produced by growth in the presence of the antibiotic novobiocin. These variants lacked both the ability to produce the lethal substance and the ability to survive in its presence. The lethal agent produced by strain SY is the first bacteriocin reported in marine bacteria. The term \"harveyicin\" is proposed to name this lethal substance.", "PMID": 317423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5878", "title": "[Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of low-grade malignancy with particular reference to the lymphocytic lymphomas of B-cell origin (author's transl)].", "content": "More than two thirds of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are of low-grade malignancy. This group comprehends five histological types: lymphocytic, immunocytic, plasmacytic, centrocytic, and centroblastic-centrocytic lymphomas. The lymphocytic lymphomas are second in frequency among the biopsies. The most common lymphocytic lymphoma is the chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It is characterized by the proliferation of small lymphocytes. The quantity and arrangement of the constantly present paraimmunoblasts and prolymphocytes allow to distinguish three histological subtypes of CLL. CLL, prolymphocytic leukemia, and hairy cell leukemia may be composed of B- or T-cells. Mycosis fungoides, S\u00e9zary's syndrome and T-zone lymphomas are T-cell lymphomas. All NHL of low-grade malignancy show a proliferation of small to medium sized lymphoid cells. Some large blast forms may be intermingled among these smaller cells. The inhomogeneity of low-grade malignant lymphomas with regard to the size of predominant cells and the admixture of blast forms determine the higher (\"intermediate\") degree of malignancy of some types in the group of low-grade malignant lymphomas. The overgrowth of the intermingled blast forms probably leads to the transformation into a lymphoma of high-grade malignancy. This event happens in variable frequency in the various types of low-grade malignant lymphomas. NHL of low-grade malignancy occur almost exclusively in adults, whereas the high-grade malignant lymphomas are found in all age-groups.", "contents": "[Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of low-grade malignancy with particular reference to the lymphocytic lymphomas of B-cell origin (author's transl)]. More than two thirds of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are of low-grade malignancy. This group comprehends five histological types: lymphocytic, immunocytic, plasmacytic, centrocytic, and centroblastic-centrocytic lymphomas. The lymphocytic lymphomas are second in frequency among the biopsies. The most common lymphocytic lymphoma is the chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It is characterized by the proliferation of small lymphocytes. The quantity and arrangement of the constantly present paraimmunoblasts and prolymphocytes allow to distinguish three histological subtypes of CLL. CLL, prolymphocytic leukemia, and hairy cell leukemia may be composed of B- or T-cells. Mycosis fungoides, S\u00e9zary's syndrome and T-zone lymphomas are T-cell lymphomas. All NHL of low-grade malignancy show a proliferation of small to medium sized lymphoid cells. Some large blast forms may be intermingled among these smaller cells. The inhomogeneity of low-grade malignant lymphomas with regard to the size of predominant cells and the admixture of blast forms determine the higher (\"intermediate\") degree of malignancy of some types in the group of low-grade malignant lymphomas. The overgrowth of the intermingled blast forms probably leads to the transformation into a lymphoma of high-grade malignancy. This event happens in variable frequency in the various types of low-grade malignant lymphomas. NHL of low-grade malignancy occur almost exclusively in adults, whereas the high-grade malignant lymphomas are found in all age-groups.", "PMID": 317425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5879", "title": "T-cell lymphomas.", "content": "T-cell malignancies are related to various stages of T-lymphocyte differentiation and, consequently, bear diverse immunological and cytochemical markers. The processes may have different malignant potential. Thymus, thymus-dependent areas of lymphatic organs, skin and central nervous system are frequently involved. The histological descriptions of the lesions in question are given.", "contents": "T-cell lymphomas. T-cell malignancies are related to various stages of T-lymphocyte differentiation and, consequently, bear diverse immunological and cytochemical markers. The processes may have different malignant potential. Thymus, thymus-dependent areas of lymphatic organs, skin and central nervous system are frequently involved. The histological descriptions of the lesions in question are given.", "PMID": 317426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5880", "title": "[Immunopathology of malignant lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The present work deals in a first part with the functional characterization of subpopulations of the lymphoid system. Methods for identification of these subpopulations are compared and some immunopathologic data of the different non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are presented. In the group of low-grade malignant lymphomas B-cell disorders predominate, whereas lymphomas of the T-lymphocytes are not unusual in patients with lymphoid tumors of high malignancy. Immunological findings are compared with data on tumor cell kinetics and the clinical relevance of immunopathological investigations is discussed.", "contents": "[Immunopathology of malignant lymphomas (author's transl)]. The present work deals in a first part with the functional characterization of subpopulations of the lymphoid system. Methods for identification of these subpopulations are compared and some immunopathologic data of the different non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are presented. In the group of low-grade malignant lymphomas B-cell disorders predominate, whereas lymphomas of the T-lymphocytes are not unusual in patients with lymphoid tumors of high malignancy. Immunological findings are compared with data on tumor cell kinetics and the clinical relevance of immunopathological investigations is discussed.", "PMID": 317427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5881", "title": "Cytometric analysis of small lymphocytes in the bone marrow and lymphatic tissues in neonatally thymectomized and nude mice, with particular reference to differentiation of B-lymphocytes.", "content": "In neonatally thymectomized mice and nude mice, small lymphocytes in the bone marrow, Peyer's patches, lymph nodes and spleen were studied qualitatively and quantitatively by electron microscopy. Marrow lymphocytes which are mostly small lymphocytes are classified into dark and light types. The greater proportion of marrow small lymphocytes are of the dark type. Small lymphocytes in Peyer's patches, lymph nodes and spleen are of the light type. The nuclear and cellular sizes of small lymphocytes were estimated stereologically. The nucleus-cell ratio, the volumetric proportions of mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, tubular complexes and dense bodies to the cell body and the proportions of nucleoli and nuclear bodies to the nucleus were also determined. The quantitative results thus obtained suggest that light small lymphocytes in the bone marrow are cytometrically similar to small lymphocytes in Peyer's patches, lymph nodes and spleen and that dark small lymphocytes in the bone marrow are different from other small lymphocytes. The findings are discussed in particular relation to morphological differentiation of B-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cytometric analysis of small lymphocytes in the bone marrow and lymphatic tissues in neonatally thymectomized and nude mice, with particular reference to differentiation of B-lymphocytes. In neonatally thymectomized mice and nude mice, small lymphocytes in the bone marrow, Peyer's patches, lymph nodes and spleen were studied qualitatively and quantitatively by electron microscopy. Marrow lymphocytes which are mostly small lymphocytes are classified into dark and light types. The greater proportion of marrow small lymphocytes are of the dark type. Small lymphocytes in Peyer's patches, lymph nodes and spleen are of the light type. The nuclear and cellular sizes of small lymphocytes were estimated stereologically. The nucleus-cell ratio, the volumetric proportions of mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, tubular complexes and dense bodies to the cell body and the proportions of nucleoli and nuclear bodies to the nucleus were also determined. The quantitative results thus obtained suggest that light small lymphocytes in the bone marrow are cytometrically similar to small lymphocytes in Peyer's patches, lymph nodes and spleen and that dark small lymphocytes in the bone marrow are different from other small lymphocytes. The findings are discussed in particular relation to morphological differentiation of B-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 317428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5882", "title": "IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia in chronic parasitic infections in mice: evidence that the response reflects chronicity of antigen exposure.", "content": "The IgG1 molecules in the sera of IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemic mice chronically infected with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, are a heterogeneous population. Although antibodies to M. corti are present, the question of whether a minority or majority of the serum IgG1 molecules has anti-parasite reactivity remains open. The splenic PFC response to an intravenous injection of SRBC in M. corti-infected mice does not consist of an unusually high proportion of IgG1 anti-SRBC PFC. Moreover, the adoptive anti-DNP PFC response of spleen cells from M. corti-infected mice to DNP-M. corti is not biased towards IgG1 antibody production. Since IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia is seen in mice with chronic, \"high-dose\" infections, an attempt has been made to simulate chronic antigenic exposure with SRBC in uninfected mice. A split, high-dose regime of SRBC injections leads to a high number and high proportion of IgG1 anti-SRBC PFC in the spleen in three strains of mice. The results suggest that the extraordinarily high levels of IgG1 seen in the sera of mice chronically infected with the metazoa, M. corti and Nematospiroides dubius, reflect persistent, high-dose, \"strong\", T cell-dependent stimulation of the B cell system.", "contents": "IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia in chronic parasitic infections in mice: evidence that the response reflects chronicity of antigen exposure. The IgG1 molecules in the sera of IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemic mice chronically infected with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, are a heterogeneous population. Although antibodies to M. corti are present, the question of whether a minority or majority of the serum IgG1 molecules has anti-parasite reactivity remains open. The splenic PFC response to an intravenous injection of SRBC in M. corti-infected mice does not consist of an unusually high proportion of IgG1 anti-SRBC PFC. Moreover, the adoptive anti-DNP PFC response of spleen cells from M. corti-infected mice to DNP-M. corti is not biased towards IgG1 antibody production. Since IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia is seen in mice with chronic, \"high-dose\" infections, an attempt has been made to simulate chronic antigenic exposure with SRBC in uninfected mice. A split, high-dose regime of SRBC injections leads to a high number and high proportion of IgG1 anti-SRBC PFC in the spleen in three strains of mice. The results suggest that the extraordinarily high levels of IgG1 seen in the sera of mice chronically infected with the metazoa, M. corti and Nematospiroides dubius, reflect persistent, high-dose, \"strong\", T cell-dependent stimulation of the B cell system.", "PMID": 317430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5883", "title": "[Early and late outcome after aortocoronary bypass: experience in 500 cases].", "content": "Between 1971 and 1976, 500 patients underwent aortocoronary bypass surgery. There were 15 operative deaths (3%) and the total frequency of perioperative infarction was 7%. The operative mortality was 7.4% in unstable angina, as compared with 1.1% in stable angina (P less than 0.01). The proportion of grafts patent at 2 weeks was 92% and at 18 months 87.6%. Postoperative follow-up was complete for 99% of the patients. There were 15 late deaths (3%) and the rates of survival at 2 and 4 years were 94.4% and 92.1% respectively. The actuarial curve of survival after surgery was not significantly different from that of the general population. After a mean follow-up of 27 months 73% of the patients were completely free of angina and 19% were markedly improved. The rate of recurrence of angina averaged 10% per year and the annual infarction rate was 0.7%. Fourteen patients (3%) underwent reoperation during the follow-up period. Thus, coronary revascularization surgery offers effective and sustained relief of incapacitating angina and might also improve survival if the operative mortality is low.", "contents": "[Early and late outcome after aortocoronary bypass: experience in 500 cases]. Between 1971 and 1976, 500 patients underwent aortocoronary bypass surgery. There were 15 operative deaths (3%) and the total frequency of perioperative infarction was 7%. The operative mortality was 7.4% in unstable angina, as compared with 1.1% in stable angina (P less than 0.01). The proportion of grafts patent at 2 weeks was 92% and at 18 months 87.6%. Postoperative follow-up was complete for 99% of the patients. There were 15 late deaths (3%) and the rates of survival at 2 and 4 years were 94.4% and 92.1% respectively. The actuarial curve of survival after surgery was not significantly different from that of the general population. After a mean follow-up of 27 months 73% of the patients were completely free of angina and 19% were markedly improved. The rate of recurrence of angina averaged 10% per year and the annual infarction rate was 0.7%. Fourteen patients (3%) underwent reoperation during the follow-up period. Thus, coronary revascularization surgery offers effective and sustained relief of incapacitating angina and might also improve survival if the operative mortality is low.", "PMID": 317433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5884", "title": "The orientation of immunological research in relation to the global antimalaria programme.", "content": "Immunological research on malaria has produced a wealth of information on the relationship between Plasmodium and the vertebrate host, introducing new serological tools into epidemiological methodology and experimentally proving the possibility of protecting vertebrates against malaria, thus moving vaccination from the realm of pure hypothesis to the level of feasibility.The alarming malaria situation in the world is reason enough to expand immunological research further to improve diagnostic and epidemiological tools and to develop methods for the protection of man against malaria. The programme of the Scientific Working Group on the Immunology of Malaria, UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, complies with these objectives.A projection of potential effects of malaria vaccines on the malaria situation shows considerable promise in areas with relatively low basic reproduction rates; in areas with high basic reproduction rates they would need to complement other malaria control measures and may ultimately add the critical momentum required to render adequate malaria control feasible in tropical Africa.", "contents": "The orientation of immunological research in relation to the global antimalaria programme. Immunological research on malaria has produced a wealth of information on the relationship between Plasmodium and the vertebrate host, introducing new serological tools into epidemiological methodology and experimentally proving the possibility of protecting vertebrates against malaria, thus moving vaccination from the realm of pure hypothesis to the level of feasibility.The alarming malaria situation in the world is reason enough to expand immunological research further to improve diagnostic and epidemiological tools and to develop methods for the protection of man against malaria. The programme of the Scientific Working Group on the Immunology of Malaria, UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, complies with these objectives.A projection of potential effects of malaria vaccines on the malaria situation shows considerable promise in areas with relatively low basic reproduction rates; in areas with high basic reproduction rates they would need to complement other malaria control measures and may ultimately add the critical momentum required to render adequate malaria control feasible in tropical Africa.", "PMID": 317437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5885", "title": "The possible role of isoantigens in protective immunity to malaria.", "content": "The possibility that autoimmune responses to modified red cell antigens might be involved in protective immunity to malaria was investigated in Plasmodium berghei infection of August rats. Animals rendered anaemic by phenylhydrazine treatment at the time of immunization showed significantly greater protection than rats given antigen alone, or phenylhydrazine alone. Adoptive transfer experiments indicated that this enhanced response could be transferred with spleen cells.", "contents": "The possible role of isoantigens in protective immunity to malaria. The possibility that autoimmune responses to modified red cell antigens might be involved in protective immunity to malaria was investigated in Plasmodium berghei infection of August rats. Animals rendered anaemic by phenylhydrazine treatment at the time of immunization showed significantly greater protection than rats given antigen alone, or phenylhydrazine alone. Adoptive transfer experiments indicated that this enhanced response could be transferred with spleen cells.", "PMID": 317438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5886", "title": "Gamete vaccines and transmission-blocking immunity in malaria.", "content": "We have recently proposed an approach to malaria control based on immunization of the host against extracellular malarial gametes, the stage in the mosquito guts, in order to block transmission by the mosquito vector. Our studies with avian and primate models have demonstrated that immunization of the host with extracellular gametes totally suppresses infectivity to the mosquito of a subsequent blood meal. Gametocytes within the erythrocytes are unaffected by the immunity, since resuspending the gametocytes in serum from normal nonimmune animals restores their infectivity to mosquitos. Immunity is mediated by antibodies that are ingested with the blood meal. These antibodies interact with extracellular gametes and prevent fertilization (the fusion of male and female gametes). Thus the infection in the mosquito is blocked, and in this way transmission is interrupted.", "contents": "Gamete vaccines and transmission-blocking immunity in malaria. We have recently proposed an approach to malaria control based on immunization of the host against extracellular malarial gametes, the stage in the mosquito guts, in order to block transmission by the mosquito vector. Our studies with avian and primate models have demonstrated that immunization of the host with extracellular gametes totally suppresses infectivity to the mosquito of a subsequent blood meal. Gametocytes within the erythrocytes are unaffected by the immunity, since resuspending the gametocytes in serum from normal nonimmune animals restores their infectivity to mosquitos. Immunity is mediated by antibodies that are ingested with the blood meal. These antibodies interact with extracellular gametes and prevent fertilization (the fusion of male and female gametes). Thus the infection in the mosquito is blocked, and in this way transmission is interrupted.", "PMID": 317439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5887", "title": "Metrizamide density gradients for separation of different developmental stages of malarial parasites.", "content": "Density gradients with metrizamide, a tri-iodinated benzamido derivative of glucose, have been used to separate erythrocytes infected with three species of murine plasmodia. Uninfected erythrocytes separated well from erythrocytes containing parasites in different developmental stages. With metrizamide solutions, the densities required for isopyknic separation can be obtained without hypertonicity or high viscosity, and the viability and metabolism of parasites and erythrocytes are not detectably modified by exposure to these solutions. This type of separation has many possible applications to biochemical and immunological investigations.", "contents": "Metrizamide density gradients for separation of different developmental stages of malarial parasites. Density gradients with metrizamide, a tri-iodinated benzamido derivative of glucose, have been used to separate erythrocytes infected with three species of murine plasmodia. Uninfected erythrocytes separated well from erythrocytes containing parasites in different developmental stages. With metrizamide solutions, the densities required for isopyknic separation can be obtained without hypertonicity or high viscosity, and the viability and metabolism of parasites and erythrocytes are not detectably modified by exposure to these solutions. This type of separation has many possible applications to biochemical and immunological investigations.", "PMID": 317440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5888", "title": "Malaria infections in different strains of mice and their correlation with natural killer activity.", "content": "Different mouse strains show marked variation in susceptibility to murine malaria parasites. Of those studied, strain A mice showed the highest susceptibility, most animals dying from Plasmodium chabaudi infections. In contrast, C57Bl and CBA mice all recovered from P. chabaudi infections and were then resistant to challenge with a virulent strain of P. yoelii. BALB/c mice recovered from P. chabaudi infections but were not uniformly resistant to P. yoelii challenge. B10.A mice, which share haplotypes (H-2(a)) with strain A mice, were resistant to P. chabaudi infections. Of all the correlates of resistance, one appears to be of special interest: natural killer (NK) activity. This was high in C57Bl mice and in malaria-infected mice considerable increases in spleen cell numbers and in NK activity were observed. In contrast, strain A mice showed low NK activity and in malaria-infected animals spleen cell numbers and NK activity showed little or no increase. It is suggested that NK cells, recruited and activated by T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses to parasite antigens, recruit and activate NK cells and macrophages, and that a product of the reacting cells may produce death of parasites within circulating erythrocytes.", "contents": "Malaria infections in different strains of mice and their correlation with natural killer activity. Different mouse strains show marked variation in susceptibility to murine malaria parasites. Of those studied, strain A mice showed the highest susceptibility, most animals dying from Plasmodium chabaudi infections. In contrast, C57Bl and CBA mice all recovered from P. chabaudi infections and were then resistant to challenge with a virulent strain of P. yoelii. BALB/c mice recovered from P. chabaudi infections but were not uniformly resistant to P. yoelii challenge. B10.A mice, which share haplotypes (H-2(a)) with strain A mice, were resistant to P. chabaudi infections. Of all the correlates of resistance, one appears to be of special interest: natural killer (NK) activity. This was high in C57Bl mice and in malaria-infected mice considerable increases in spleen cell numbers and in NK activity were observed. In contrast, strain A mice showed low NK activity and in malaria-infected animals spleen cell numbers and NK activity showed little or no increase. It is suggested that NK cells, recruited and activated by T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses to parasite antigens, recruit and activate NK cells and macrophages, and that a product of the reacting cells may produce death of parasites within circulating erythrocytes.", "PMID": 317441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5889", "title": "Cellular aspects of immunoregulation in malaria.", "content": "Malaria infection dramatically induces two nonspecific perturbations in immune responsiveness, polyclonal B cell activation and immunosuppression. Polyclonal activation occurs early in infection and results in secretion of antibodies that lack antiplasmodial specificity. Immunosuppression occurs later in infection and is characterized by blunted humoral and cellular immune responses to heterologous (nonplasmodial) as well as plasmodial antigens. Previous studies have suggested that defects in macrophage function may be responsible for immunosuppression in malaria. In what way these cells might be altered in their immunoregulatory role during infection has not been clearly defined. One function of macrophages that is modified in malaria is the ability to secrete in vitro the monokine lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF). Adherent spleen cells obtained from mice early in Plasmodium berghei or P. yoelii infection secrete supernormal amounts of LAF. Adherent cells obtained later in infection show subnormal LAF-secreting activity and secrete an immunosuppressive substance. These modulations in macrophage function may be related to the quantity of parasite material ingested by these cells and might help explain the conversion of macrophages from a helper to a suppressor role in malaria.", "contents": "Cellular aspects of immunoregulation in malaria. Malaria infection dramatically induces two nonspecific perturbations in immune responsiveness, polyclonal B cell activation and immunosuppression. Polyclonal activation occurs early in infection and results in secretion of antibodies that lack antiplasmodial specificity. Immunosuppression occurs later in infection and is characterized by blunted humoral and cellular immune responses to heterologous (nonplasmodial) as well as plasmodial antigens. Previous studies have suggested that defects in macrophage function may be responsible for immunosuppression in malaria. In what way these cells might be altered in their immunoregulatory role during infection has not been clearly defined. One function of macrophages that is modified in malaria is the ability to secrete in vitro the monokine lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF). Adherent spleen cells obtained from mice early in Plasmodium berghei or P. yoelii infection secrete supernormal amounts of LAF. Adherent cells obtained later in infection show subnormal LAF-secreting activity and secrete an immunosuppressive substance. These modulations in macrophage function may be related to the quantity of parasite material ingested by these cells and might help explain the conversion of macrophages from a helper to a suppressor role in malaria.", "PMID": 317442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5890", "title": "Lethal Plasmodium yoelii malaria: the role of macrophages in normal and immunized mice.", "content": "Mice were injected with silica or Corynebacterium parvum, which, respectively, inhibit and stimulate macrophages in vivo, in an attempt to study the role of macrophages in lethal Plasmodium yoelii infection and in mice protected by immunization. In the normal infection, macrophages were able to control parasitaemia for up to 1 week, whereas in immunized mice they appeared to inhibit the sterilizing immune response. A model is proposed in which this dual role of activated macrophages may account for the chronic non-sterilizing course of natural malaria infections.", "contents": "Lethal Plasmodium yoelii malaria: the role of macrophages in normal and immunized mice. Mice were injected with silica or Corynebacterium parvum, which, respectively, inhibit and stimulate macrophages in vivo, in an attempt to study the role of macrophages in lethal Plasmodium yoelii infection and in mice protected by immunization. In the normal infection, macrophages were able to control parasitaemia for up to 1 week, whereas in immunized mice they appeared to inhibit the sterilizing immune response. A model is proposed in which this dual role of activated macrophages may account for the chronic non-sterilizing course of natural malaria infections.", "PMID": 317443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5891", "title": "Immunity to Plasmodium yoelii and Babesia microti: modulation by the CBA/N X-chromosome.", "content": "CBA/N mice carry an X-linked recessive defect expressed in cells of the B cell lineage. The major deficiency in these mice is an almost complete inability to respond to certain thymus-independent antigens, such as pneumococcal polysaccharide type III (S III). We have examined the responses of mice carrying the CBA/N X-chromosome to the malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii and the piroplasm Babesia microti. We have found that the duration and severity of these infections is increased in mice carrying the CBA/N X-chromosome and that this is associated with a markedly defective IgM antibody response to the parasitized red cell and a failure to produce autoantibodies to bromelain-treated mouse RBCs. An autoimmune response directed at modified determinants on the red cell membrane may be one of the factors involved in the control of these infections.", "contents": "Immunity to Plasmodium yoelii and Babesia microti: modulation by the CBA/N X-chromosome. CBA/N mice carry an X-linked recessive defect expressed in cells of the B cell lineage. The major deficiency in these mice is an almost complete inability to respond to certain thymus-independent antigens, such as pneumococcal polysaccharide type III (S III). We have examined the responses of mice carrying the CBA/N X-chromosome to the malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii and the piroplasm Babesia microti. We have found that the duration and severity of these infections is increased in mice carrying the CBA/N X-chromosome and that this is associated with a markedly defective IgM antibody response to the parasitized red cell and a failure to produce autoantibodies to bromelain-treated mouse RBCs. An autoimmune response directed at modified determinants on the red cell membrane may be one of the factors involved in the control of these infections.", "PMID": 317444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5892", "title": "Basic considerations concerning field trials of malaria vaccines in human populations.", "content": "Studies in animals have shown that effective immunity can be induced by vaccines employing plasmodial sporozoites, asexual blood forms (e.g., merozoites), and sexual blood forms (gametocytes/gametes). In the future, but only when extensive safety testing has shown them suitable for administration to human subjects, the efficacy of such vaccines in the control of malaria in human populations will need to be assessed. Field trials will pose many complex problems and assessment of the results they yield will demand precise and detailed information first on the frequency, density of parasitaemia, and clinical severity of malarial episodes in vaccinated and control subjects and second, on the changes that occur in the gametocyte reservoir and entomological indices of transmission within the trial area. They will require to be sited in areas where the prevalence, importance and epidemiology of malaria is known with precision and where much additional information on the endemicity of non-malarial illnesses is available. Trials will entail close collaboration with experienced statisticians and meticulous planning, with special emphasis on the design of an efficient records system. The services of experienced clinicians skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of malarial and non-malarial illnesses will also be essential. Surveillance of the indices of malaria transmission will require competent entomological expertise.", "contents": "Basic considerations concerning field trials of malaria vaccines in human populations. Studies in animals have shown that effective immunity can be induced by vaccines employing plasmodial sporozoites, asexual blood forms (e.g., merozoites), and sexual blood forms (gametocytes/gametes). In the future, but only when extensive safety testing has shown them suitable for administration to human subjects, the efficacy of such vaccines in the control of malaria in human populations will need to be assessed. Field trials will pose many complex problems and assessment of the results they yield will demand precise and detailed information first on the frequency, density of parasitaemia, and clinical severity of malarial episodes in vaccinated and control subjects and second, on the changes that occur in the gametocyte reservoir and entomological indices of transmission within the trial area. They will require to be sited in areas where the prevalence, importance and epidemiology of malaria is known with precision and where much additional information on the endemicity of non-malarial illnesses is available. Trials will entail close collaboration with experienced statisticians and meticulous planning, with special emphasis on the design of an efficient records system. The services of experienced clinicians skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of malarial and non-malarial illnesses will also be essential. Surveillance of the indices of malaria transmission will require competent entomological expertise.", "PMID": 317445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5893", "title": "Malaria vaccine development.", "content": "Prospects for the development of effective malaria vaccines have greatly improved over the last 15 years. For further progress to be achieved rapidly, the need for clinical research centres, where exposure and re-exposure to infection can be carefully controlled, is paramount. At such centres, it is possible to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vaccine preparations, using different strams and species of parasite, and to undertake studies in both nonimmune and partially immune volunteers. However, as efficacy under these conditions may not be a good indicator of efficacy under other conditions, the results of such studies should be complemented by field trials in endemic areas. It seems probable that vaccines may show degrees of partial effectiveness in relation to different strains, species, intensities of parasite inocula, and hosts.", "contents": "Malaria vaccine development. Prospects for the development of effective malaria vaccines have greatly improved over the last 15 years. For further progress to be achieved rapidly, the need for clinical research centres, where exposure and re-exposure to infection can be carefully controlled, is paramount. At such centres, it is possible to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vaccine preparations, using different strams and species of parasite, and to undertake studies in both nonimmune and partially immune volunteers. However, as efficacy under these conditions may not be a good indicator of efficacy under other conditions, the results of such studies should be complemented by field trials in endemic areas. It seems probable that vaccines may show degrees of partial effectiveness in relation to different strains, species, intensities of parasite inocula, and hosts.", "PMID": 317446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5894", "title": "Oral health of South African Black (Xhosa) mine recruits.", "content": "The oral health of 100 rural Black Xhosa men commencing employment on the gold mines was examined. Dental caries were present in 68%, the mean DMFT per mouth was 2.5 (s.d. 2.8) while the mean DMFT per carious mouth was 3.7 (s.d. 2.7). Oral hygiene was good and periodontal disease uncommon. Although the frequency of individuals with dental caries has increased since studies on similar groups were made 40 years ago, the severity of the disease in affected individuals has remained static.", "contents": "Oral health of South African Black (Xhosa) mine recruits. The oral health of 100 rural Black Xhosa men commencing employment on the gold mines was examined. Dental caries were present in 68%, the mean DMFT per mouth was 2.5 (s.d. 2.8) while the mean DMFT per carious mouth was 3.7 (s.d. 2.7). Oral hygiene was good and periodontal disease uncommon. Although the frequency of individuals with dental caries has increased since studies on similar groups were made 40 years ago, the severity of the disease in affected individuals has remained static.", "PMID": 317456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5895", "title": "Results of 10 years of supervised fluoride toothbrushing in Rygge, Norway.", "content": "At the annual examination in 1978 of 141 patients born in 1962, DMFS, sound teeth and the number of erupted permanent teeth were registered. The number of filled tooth surfaces per child per year was compared for the period 1967--78. The average number of erupted teeth in 1978 was 27.3 of which 69 were sound (mean = 18.9). The average DMFS score was 14.3 and decayed surfaces equaled 2.0. The mean number of filled tooth surfaces per year dropped from 6.1 in 1968 to 1.2 in 1978. The need for annual recall and examination routines at the dental clinics are questioned. More attention should be paid to preventive care.", "contents": "Results of 10 years of supervised fluoride toothbrushing in Rygge, Norway. At the annual examination in 1978 of 141 patients born in 1962, DMFS, sound teeth and the number of erupted permanent teeth were registered. The number of filled tooth surfaces per child per year was compared for the period 1967--78. The average number of erupted teeth in 1978 was 27.3 of which 69 were sound (mean = 18.9). The average DMFS score was 14.3 and decayed surfaces equaled 2.0. The mean number of filled tooth surfaces per year dropped from 6.1 in 1968 to 1.2 in 1978. The need for annual recall and examination routines at the dental clinics are questioned. More attention should be paid to preventive care.", "PMID": 317457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5896", "title": "In vitro assay for prekallikrein activator (PKA).", "content": "The assay measures the action of prekallikrein in generating kallikrein. The prekallikrein activator is the limiting reagent. The product kallikrein is an esterase which can be quantitated using benzoyl arginine ethyl ester. The assay is reproducible and results are comparable with other methods. The large scale preparation of prekallikrein is described.", "contents": "In vitro assay for prekallikrein activator (PKA). The assay measures the action of prekallikrein in generating kallikrein. The prekallikrein activator is the limiting reagent. The product kallikrein is an esterase which can be quantitated using benzoyl arginine ethyl ester. The assay is reproducible and results are comparable with other methods. The large scale preparation of prekallikrein is described.", "PMID": 317466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5897", "title": "The assay of prekallikrein activator in human blood products.", "content": "An assay for the determination of prekallikrein activator (PKA) in human blood products is described. Kallikrein released from a prekallikrein substrate preparation by PKA in the sample is determined using the synthetic substrate S-2302 (H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA). The PKA content of the sample is quantitated by interpolation from a standard line obtained using a reference preparation of plasma protein fraction (PPF). Endogenous kallikrein is estimated and an adjustment made for its contribution to the apparent PKA content of the sample. The results of determinations on a number of PPF, immunoglobulin and coagulation factor preparations are presented and discussed.", "contents": "The assay of prekallikrein activator in human blood products. An assay for the determination of prekallikrein activator (PKA) in human blood products is described. Kallikrein released from a prekallikrein substrate preparation by PKA in the sample is determined using the synthetic substrate S-2302 (H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA). The PKA content of the sample is quantitated by interpolation from a standard line obtained using a reference preparation of plasma protein fraction (PPF). Endogenous kallikrein is estimated and an adjustment made for its contribution to the apparent PKA content of the sample. The results of determinations on a number of PPF, immunoglobulin and coagulation factor preparations are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 317467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5898", "title": "Is SP1 (pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein) elevated in cancer patients?", "content": "Pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein, SP1, was measured in serum by competitive double antibody radioimmunoassay. Very low levels of SP1 or SP1-like activity were found in only 2 out of 85 sera from patients with cancer of the digestive tract, breast cancer, melanoma, and sarcoma, in 2 out of 11 sera from patients with infectious diseases, and in none out of 15 sera from non-pregnant healthy individuals. SP1 thus does not seem to be ectopically produced in vivo by the types of cancer studied, but is probably highly specific for the normal and malignant trophoblast.", "contents": "Is SP1 (pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein) elevated in cancer patients? Pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein, SP1, was measured in serum by competitive double antibody radioimmunoassay. Very low levels of SP1 or SP1-like activity were found in only 2 out of 85 sera from patients with cancer of the digestive tract, breast cancer, melanoma, and sarcoma, in 2 out of 11 sera from patients with infectious diseases, and in none out of 15 sera from non-pregnant healthy individuals. SP1 thus does not seem to be ectopically produced in vivo by the types of cancer studied, but is probably highly specific for the normal and malignant trophoblast.", "PMID": 317495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5899", "title": "The reactions of 1.0 nanometre diameter plutonium-238 dioxide particles with rat lung fluid.", "content": "The reactions of 1.0 nm particles of plutonium-238 dioxide with rat lung fluid have been studied both in vivo and in vitro. In both cases two products have been identified, (i) plutonium-labelled pulmonary surfactant and (ii) a heterogeneous plutonium-labelled material isolated by column chromatography. The formation of plutonium-labelled pulmonary surfactant results in the rapid translocation of plutonium from lungs to blood and in a high urinary excretion relative to administered plutonium citrate.", "contents": "The reactions of 1.0 nanometre diameter plutonium-238 dioxide particles with rat lung fluid. The reactions of 1.0 nm particles of plutonium-238 dioxide with rat lung fluid have been studied both in vivo and in vitro. In both cases two products have been identified, (i) plutonium-labelled pulmonary surfactant and (ii) a heterogeneous plutonium-labelled material isolated by column chromatography. The formation of plutonium-labelled pulmonary surfactant results in the rapid translocation of plutonium from lungs to blood and in a high urinary excretion relative to administered plutonium citrate.", "PMID": 317496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5900", "title": "Transformation of mammalian cells by alpha particles.", "content": "Mammalian cells in culture have been shown here for the first time to be transformed by alpha irradiation. Mouse embryo (C3H 10T1/2) cells were transformed with 5.6 MeV alpha particles from a Tandem Van de Graaff machine. Malignant tumours were induced following inoculation of the transformed cells into syngeneic hosts. Unirradiated control cells failed to produce tumours. The morphology of the transformed foci was similar to that obtained by X-rays and chemicals but different from virally transformed cells. The transformation frequency increased approximately as the cube of the dose to a maximum of about 4 per cent ofthe surviving cells which occurred between 1.5 and 2.5 x 10(7) alpha particles per cm2 (205-342 rad). It appears that alpha particle irradiation may exert a direct effect on the genome of the cell to produce malignancy without any external immunological or hormonal influences.", "contents": "Transformation of mammalian cells by alpha particles. Mammalian cells in culture have been shown here for the first time to be transformed by alpha irradiation. Mouse embryo (C3H 10T1/2) cells were transformed with 5.6 MeV alpha particles from a Tandem Van de Graaff machine. Malignant tumours were induced following inoculation of the transformed cells into syngeneic hosts. Unirradiated control cells failed to produce tumours. The morphology of the transformed foci was similar to that obtained by X-rays and chemicals but different from virally transformed cells. The transformation frequency increased approximately as the cube of the dose to a maximum of about 4 per cent ofthe surviving cells which occurred between 1.5 and 2.5 x 10(7) alpha particles per cm2 (205-342 rad). It appears that alpha particle irradiation may exert a direct effect on the genome of the cell to produce malignancy without any external immunological or hormonal influences.", "PMID": 317497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5901", "title": "Quantitative microscopic studies of the distribution and retention of 239Pu in the ilium of the female CBA mouse.", "content": "Three month old female CBA mice were injected with 50 nCi kg-1 body mass of minimally polymeric 239Pu-citrate and killed at 24 hours, 10 days, 1 month and 3 months after injection. The distribution of 239Pu in the ilia of these mice was analysed using neutron-induced autoradiography of bone sections together with computer-based methods of data reduction. Results of these investigations demonstrate that while 239Pu is initially localized on bone surfaces, by 3 months after injection it is fairly uniformly distributed throughout mineral bone and its included marrow.", "contents": "Quantitative microscopic studies of the distribution and retention of 239Pu in the ilium of the female CBA mouse. Three month old female CBA mice were injected with 50 nCi kg-1 body mass of minimally polymeric 239Pu-citrate and killed at 24 hours, 10 days, 1 month and 3 months after injection. The distribution of 239Pu in the ilia of these mice was analysed using neutron-induced autoradiography of bone sections together with computer-based methods of data reduction. Results of these investigations demonstrate that while 239Pu is initially localized on bone surfaces, by 3 months after injection it is fairly uniformly distributed throughout mineral bone and its included marrow.", "PMID": 317498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5902", "title": "Charge transfer in peptides. Pulse radiolysis investigation of one-electron reactions in dipeptides of tryptophan and tyrosine.", "content": "One-electron oxidation of TyrOH-TrpH or TrpH-TyrOH in aqueous solutions by N3 radicals occurs predominantly at the tryptophyl residue. The corresponding indolyl radicals (absorbing at 510 nm) are subsequently transformed into phenoxyl radicals (absorbing at 390/405 nm): TyrOH-Trp leads to TyrO-TrpH, k5 = 5.4 x 10(4)s-1, (5), Trp-TyrOH leads to TrpH-TyrO, k7 = 7.3 x 10(4)s-1. (7) The first-order radical transformation rates are independent of the (initial) concentration of N3 or peptide and unaffected by urea (as a modifier of hydrogen bond structures). Intermolecular conversion of indolyl into phenoxyl radicals, e.g. by reaction of GlyH-Trp with TyrOH-GlyH, is very slow and inefficient. It is concluded that reactions (5) and (7) occur by intramolecular charge transfer across the peptide bond.", "contents": "Charge transfer in peptides. Pulse radiolysis investigation of one-electron reactions in dipeptides of tryptophan and tyrosine. One-electron oxidation of TyrOH-TrpH or TrpH-TyrOH in aqueous solutions by N3 radicals occurs predominantly at the tryptophyl residue. The corresponding indolyl radicals (absorbing at 510 nm) are subsequently transformed into phenoxyl radicals (absorbing at 390/405 nm): TyrOH-Trp leads to TyrO-TrpH, k5 = 5.4 x 10(4)s-1, (5), Trp-TyrOH leads to TrpH-TyrO, k7 = 7.3 x 10(4)s-1. (7) The first-order radical transformation rates are independent of the (initial) concentration of N3 or peptide and unaffected by urea (as a modifier of hydrogen bond structures). Intermolecular conversion of indolyl into phenoxyl radicals, e.g. by reaction of GlyH-Trp with TyrOH-GlyH, is very slow and inefficient. It is concluded that reactions (5) and (7) occur by intramolecular charge transfer across the peptide bond.", "PMID": 317499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5903", "title": "[Pathogenesis of psoriasis].", "content": "Psoriasis is basically an excessive proliferation of the epiderm. This state results mainly from an imbalance in the cyclical nucleotides linked mainly to anomalies of the keratinocyte membranes. The membrane change is due to antibodies whose production may be dependent upon a deficit of a T-lymphocyte sub-population. This deficit may be considered the result of the penetration of virus agent with the help of multiple genetic factors. The various link of this pathogenic chain may be modified by numerous external factors which, by causing a worsening in a pre-existing imbalance, brings about the appearance of lesions.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of psoriasis]. Psoriasis is basically an excessive proliferation of the epiderm. This state results mainly from an imbalance in the cyclical nucleotides linked mainly to anomalies of the keratinocyte membranes. The membrane change is due to antibodies whose production may be dependent upon a deficit of a T-lymphocyte sub-population. This deficit may be considered the result of the penetration of virus agent with the help of multiple genetic factors. The various link of this pathogenic chain may be modified by numerous external factors which, by causing a worsening in a pre-existing imbalance, brings about the appearance of lesions.", "PMID": 317531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5904", "title": "Quantitative and functional aspects of T-cell populations in human gut mucosa.", "content": "Lymphocytes were isolated from rectal biopsies and resected gut specimens through a simple mechanical technique, and assayed for T-cell quantitation and mitogenic response to PHA and PPD. T-cells were found in considerable numbers in gut mucosa of all groups, but in each case their percentage was lower than that of the autologous peripheral blood. The mitogenic response to PHA was found in general to be lower in the mucosal lymphocytes compared to those in blood, with the exception of the polyposis group which responded highly. No response of mucosal cells to PPD was seen. Inhibition studies done by means of mixed cultures revealed the presence of a suppressor activity in many mucosal lymphocytes, especially in the inflamed mucosa group, which may partly account for some low responses observed with mucosal lymphocytes. Further studies are under way to better define these quantitative and functional differences seen in gut mucosal cells, and to correlate differences with disease states.", "contents": "Quantitative and functional aspects of T-cell populations in human gut mucosa. Lymphocytes were isolated from rectal biopsies and resected gut specimens through a simple mechanical technique, and assayed for T-cell quantitation and mitogenic response to PHA and PPD. T-cells were found in considerable numbers in gut mucosa of all groups, but in each case their percentage was lower than that of the autologous peripheral blood. The mitogenic response to PHA was found in general to be lower in the mucosal lymphocytes compared to those in blood, with the exception of the polyposis group which responded highly. No response of mucosal cells to PPD was seen. Inhibition studies done by means of mixed cultures revealed the presence of a suppressor activity in many mucosal lymphocytes, especially in the inflamed mucosa group, which may partly account for some low responses observed with mucosal lymphocytes. Further studies are under way to better define these quantitative and functional differences seen in gut mucosal cells, and to correlate differences with disease states.", "PMID": 317528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5905", "title": "[Physiopathology of rheumatoid psoriasis].", "content": "The physiopathology of rhumatoid psoriasis (RP) is poorly known. Besides the genetic factors we study immunological disorders from a series of 51 cases. We found mainly an increase of serum IgA, a decrease of IgM, a low level of circulating immune complexes, sometimes IgG type antiglobulin factor (very seldom IgM type, which explains the sero-negativity) seldom antinuclear antibodies; we found also a diminution of T lymphocytes detected by a decrease of E rosette - forming cells and an increase of the lymphocyte subpopulation forming high avidity EA rosettes, whereas the mitogenic response is normal or slightly decreased in the presence of Con A (not significant). A increased frequency of HLA DRW5 and DRW2 was found but too few cases were studied to make possible a definite conclusion. This immunopathologic profile is compared to that of psoriasis with anthropathy. The relevance of immune disorders in the physiopathology of RP is discussed.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of rheumatoid psoriasis]. The physiopathology of rhumatoid psoriasis (RP) is poorly known. Besides the genetic factors we study immunological disorders from a series of 51 cases. We found mainly an increase of serum IgA, a decrease of IgM, a low level of circulating immune complexes, sometimes IgG type antiglobulin factor (very seldom IgM type, which explains the sero-negativity) seldom antinuclear antibodies; we found also a diminution of T lymphocytes detected by a decrease of E rosette - forming cells and an increase of the lymphocyte subpopulation forming high avidity EA rosettes, whereas the mitogenic response is normal or slightly decreased in the presence of Con A (not significant). A increased frequency of HLA DRW5 and DRW2 was found but too few cases were studied to make possible a definite conclusion. This immunopathologic profile is compared to that of psoriasis with anthropathy. The relevance of immune disorders in the physiopathology of RP is discussed.", "PMID": 317533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5906", "title": "[Treatment of psoriatic rheumatism].", "content": "The authors report on the results of a cooperative study done in collaboration with dermatologists and rheumatologists in order to determine the therapeutic incompatibilities resulting from the co-existence of two diseases, both of unknown cause, namely arthropathies and dermopathies. They make an non exhaustive review of the litearature concerning the different medical or physical methods used. They attempt to outline a therapeutic schema according to the different clinical forms and the more or less large extent of the skin disease.", "contents": "[Treatment of psoriatic rheumatism]. The authors report on the results of a cooperative study done in collaboration with dermatologists and rheumatologists in order to determine the therapeutic incompatibilities resulting from the co-existence of two diseases, both of unknown cause, namely arthropathies and dermopathies. They make an non exhaustive review of the litearature concerning the different medical or physical methods used. They attempt to outline a therapeutic schema according to the different clinical forms and the more or less large extent of the skin disease.", "PMID": 317534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5907", "title": "Antigen degradation by macrophages as an obligatory step in the presentation of antigen to T lymphocytes.", "content": "Evidence is presented which supports the hypothesis of protein degradation taking place in macrophages as a part of the presentation of antigen to T lymphocytes. It is postulated that the ability of T cells to recognize both native and denatured forms of the same protein is dependent upon degradation of both forms of the protein to yield the same peptides and thus results in the stimulation of identical subsets of T cells. The occasional observation of a lack of cross-reactivity could result if the native antigen is particularly resistant to the denaturing conditions found within macrophages.", "contents": "Antigen degradation by macrophages as an obligatory step in the presentation of antigen to T lymphocytes. Evidence is presented which supports the hypothesis of protein degradation taking place in macrophages as a part of the presentation of antigen to T lymphocytes. It is postulated that the ability of T cells to recognize both native and denatured forms of the same protein is dependent upon degradation of both forms of the protein to yield the same peptides and thus results in the stimulation of identical subsets of T cells. The occasional observation of a lack of cross-reactivity could result if the native antigen is particularly resistant to the denaturing conditions found within macrophages.", "PMID": 317529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5908", "title": "Cytotoxic effect of anti-lymphocytic globulin on human lymphoid cells.", "content": "The cytotoxic activity of two anti-lymphocytic globulin (ALG) preparations was investigated by measurement of 51Cr release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tonsil lymphocytes incubated with ALG in the presence of complement. Both types of ALG had a greater complement-dependent cytotoxic effect on tonsil lymphocytes than on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The ALG preparations were more cytotoxic for a population of tonsil lymphocytes enriched in non-T cells than for one enriched in T cells. This finding does not support the view that ALG has a selective action on T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effect of anti-lymphocytic globulin on human lymphoid cells. The cytotoxic activity of two anti-lymphocytic globulin (ALG) preparations was investigated by measurement of 51Cr release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tonsil lymphocytes incubated with ALG in the presence of complement. Both types of ALG had a greater complement-dependent cytotoxic effect on tonsil lymphocytes than on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The ALG preparations were more cytotoxic for a population of tonsil lymphocytes enriched in non-T cells than for one enriched in T cells. This finding does not support the view that ALG has a selective action on T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 317530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5909", "title": "Comparison of the binding of radiolabelled human IgG and Fc fragments to murine spleen cells.", "content": "The binding properties of an IgG1 human myeloma protein, normal IgG, and the Fc and Fab fragments of each were compared in cultures of murine spleen cells. Both 125I-labelled IgG and Fc fragments bound to splenic lymphocytes, whereas Fab fragments did not bind significantly at the highest concentrations tested. On a molar basis, more Fc bound than intact IgG. According to Scatchard plot analysis, the affinity constand of IgG1 was 1.5 x 10(6) +/- 1 x 10(5) L/M and that of the Fc fragments was 7.8 x 10(5) +/- 2.6 x 10(5) L/M. Approximately 25,000 binding sites/cell were calculated for IgG1 and 102,000 for Fc. Deaggregation of the Fc preparation did not change these values, suggesting that the difference in binding of IgG and Fc did not result from Fc aggregation. Unlabelled IgG inhibited about 25% of the labelled Fc binding, whereas unlabelled Fc inhibited approximately 80% of the labelled Fc binding. IgG antigen-antibody complexes, however, inhibited 75% of the Fc binding. In the reciprocal experiment both intact IgG and Fc inhibited the binding of labelled IgG by 100%. The major cell population that bound IgG and Fc fragments in the spleen cell preparation were the B lymphocytes. Removal of macrophages did not significantly affect the binding of labelled Fc fragments. In addition, T-cell-enriched populations bound an insignificant quantity of Fc fragments.", "contents": "Comparison of the binding of radiolabelled human IgG and Fc fragments to murine spleen cells. The binding properties of an IgG1 human myeloma protein, normal IgG, and the Fc and Fab fragments of each were compared in cultures of murine spleen cells. Both 125I-labelled IgG and Fc fragments bound to splenic lymphocytes, whereas Fab fragments did not bind significantly at the highest concentrations tested. On a molar basis, more Fc bound than intact IgG. According to Scatchard plot analysis, the affinity constand of IgG1 was 1.5 x 10(6) +/- 1 x 10(5) L/M and that of the Fc fragments was 7.8 x 10(5) +/- 2.6 x 10(5) L/M. Approximately 25,000 binding sites/cell were calculated for IgG1 and 102,000 for Fc. Deaggregation of the Fc preparation did not change these values, suggesting that the difference in binding of IgG and Fc did not result from Fc aggregation. Unlabelled IgG inhibited about 25% of the labelled Fc binding, whereas unlabelled Fc inhibited approximately 80% of the labelled Fc binding. IgG antigen-antibody complexes, however, inhibited 75% of the Fc binding. In the reciprocal experiment both intact IgG and Fc inhibited the binding of labelled IgG by 100%. The major cell population that bound IgG and Fc fragments in the spleen cell preparation were the B lymphocytes. Removal of macrophages did not significantly affect the binding of labelled Fc fragments. In addition, T-cell-enriched populations bound an insignificant quantity of Fc fragments.", "PMID": 317535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5910", "title": "T and B lymphocytes during normal human pregnancy: a longitudinal study.", "content": "Immunological relationships in pregnancy were investigated in a longitudinal study of twenty-two pregnant women, whose blood samples were taken before pregnancy, during pregnancy, at delivery, and 3--5 months after delivery. Blood samples were also taken from the fathers and the infants, both at birth and after 3--5 months. All the samples were frozen by means of a cryobiological freezing system, and when a whole longtiudinal series had been collected, the material was thawed and tested in a single seance. T and B lymphocytes were studied with rosette tests (E and HEAC rosettes). T and B lymphocytes were found not to change during the course of pregnancy. It is thus concluded that the mother's tolerance of a fetus with a dissimilar tissue type is not exercised via changes in the total count of T and B lymphocytes, although there may well be changes in their subpopulations, with the hypothesis that T-suppressor function increases and B-lymphocyte function decreases.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes during normal human pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Immunological relationships in pregnancy were investigated in a longitudinal study of twenty-two pregnant women, whose blood samples were taken before pregnancy, during pregnancy, at delivery, and 3--5 months after delivery. Blood samples were also taken from the fathers and the infants, both at birth and after 3--5 months. All the samples were frozen by means of a cryobiological freezing system, and when a whole longtiudinal series had been collected, the material was thawed and tested in a single seance. T and B lymphocytes were studied with rosette tests (E and HEAC rosettes). T and B lymphocytes were found not to change during the course of pregnancy. It is thus concluded that the mother's tolerance of a fetus with a dissimilar tissue type is not exercised via changes in the total count of T and B lymphocytes, although there may well be changes in their subpopulations, with the hypothesis that T-suppressor function increases and B-lymphocyte function decreases.", "PMID": 317536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5911", "title": "Age-dependent changes in the electrophoretic mobilities of human blood lymphocytes.", "content": "The distribution of the anodic electrophoretic mobilities (EPM) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined for lymphocytes isolated from umbilical cord blood and from blood of individuals 6 months to 93 years of age. The distribution was bimodal in infants up to 2 years of age and suggested a small percentage of cells with a mobility of 0.95 micrometer s-1 V-1 cm. this value was chosen to discriminate between low-mobility cells (LMCs) and high-mobility cells (HMCs). The relative percentage of LMCs increased from birth to 2 years and two types of LMCs could be distinguished. The distribution was unimodal and asymmetric in children and adults and nearly Gaussian in aged people. Substantial differences between the distributions of the lymphocyte EPMs were seen on comparison of the histograms for individuals of similar ages. The analysis of the distribution of the lymphocyte EPMs on cell suspensions enriched in, or depleted of T or B cells confirmed the mobility of most T cells to be higher than the mobility of most B cells, whatever the age of the individual. The distribution of lymphocyte EPMs determined in the same adult over a 6 year period showed minor variations.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in the electrophoretic mobilities of human blood lymphocytes. The distribution of the anodic electrophoretic mobilities (EPM) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined for lymphocytes isolated from umbilical cord blood and from blood of individuals 6 months to 93 years of age. The distribution was bimodal in infants up to 2 years of age and suggested a small percentage of cells with a mobility of 0.95 micrometer s-1 V-1 cm. this value was chosen to discriminate between low-mobility cells (LMCs) and high-mobility cells (HMCs). The relative percentage of LMCs increased from birth to 2 years and two types of LMCs could be distinguished. The distribution was unimodal and asymmetric in children and adults and nearly Gaussian in aged people. Substantial differences between the distributions of the lymphocyte EPMs were seen on comparison of the histograms for individuals of similar ages. The analysis of the distribution of the lymphocyte EPMs on cell suspensions enriched in, or depleted of T or B cells confirmed the mobility of most T cells to be higher than the mobility of most B cells, whatever the age of the individual. The distribution of lymphocyte EPMs determined in the same adult over a 6 year period showed minor variations.", "PMID": 317537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5912", "title": "Generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro. XII. Detection of memory CTL precursors in peripheral blood of alloimmune mice.", "content": "The memory cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) response of mice was studied in vitro using peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) of donors previously immunized with allogeneic cells as responding cells, and particulate alloantigen for stimulation. It is shown that alloimmune but not normal PBL respond to particulate antigen and that small numbers of PBL generate high CTL responses provided non-T accessory spleen cells are added to the cultures. The system provides means to analyse the kinetics of the appearance of memory CTL precursors after primary alloimmunization in individual mice.", "contents": "Generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro. XII. Detection of memory CTL precursors in peripheral blood of alloimmune mice. The memory cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) response of mice was studied in vitro using peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) of donors previously immunized with allogeneic cells as responding cells, and particulate alloantigen for stimulation. It is shown that alloimmune but not normal PBL respond to particulate antigen and that small numbers of PBL generate high CTL responses provided non-T accessory spleen cells are added to the cultures. The system provides means to analyse the kinetics of the appearance of memory CTL precursors after primary alloimmunization in individual mice.", "PMID": 317538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5913", "title": "Occupational rheumatic diseases and upper limb strain in manual jobs in a light mechanical industry.", "content": "The prevalence of occupational rheumatic diseases and the relation of the diseases to some specific work load factors were investigated. Ninety-three workers from a light mechanical industry were given a clinical, epidemiologic examination. General work methods were analyzed, and cycle time, mode of control, and the number of pieces handled/time unit were registered. The prevalence of tension neck was 61.3% and that of muscle-tendon syndrome 18.3%. The prevalences of other ailments were insignificant. The number of muscle-tendon symptoms correlated with the number of pieces handled. No other work load factors displayed a statistically significant relationship to the diseases. Tension neck had no relation to the weight/height index.", "contents": "Occupational rheumatic diseases and upper limb strain in manual jobs in a light mechanical industry. The prevalence of occupational rheumatic diseases and the relation of the diseases to some specific work load factors were investigated. Ninety-three workers from a light mechanical industry were given a clinical, epidemiologic examination. General work methods were analyzed, and cycle time, mode of control, and the number of pieces handled/time unit were registered. The prevalence of tension neck was 61.3% and that of muscle-tendon syndrome 18.3%. The prevalences of other ailments were insignificant. The number of muscle-tendon symptoms correlated with the number of pieces handled. No other work load factors displayed a statistically significant relationship to the diseases. Tension neck had no relation to the weight/height index.", "PMID": 317539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5914", "title": "A behavioral version of catecholamine involvement in new learning rewarded by brain stimulation.", "content": "Numerous studies in the rat indicate that catecholamines (CA) mediate rewarding properties of self-administered electrical stimulation to the brain. One such property is the learning of new response-reinforcement relationships. In the present experiment, amphetamine which potentiates CA at the synapse produces stereotypical responding but does not interfere with the learning of new response-reinforcement relationships. Apomorphine, which mimics dopamine (DA) at DA receptors, also produces stereotypy and interferes with learning. The results suggest that DA released by stimulation mediates the stereotyped responding seen in intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) but norepinephrine mediates reward of newly learned responses.", "contents": "A behavioral version of catecholamine involvement in new learning rewarded by brain stimulation. Numerous studies in the rat indicate that catecholamines (CA) mediate rewarding properties of self-administered electrical stimulation to the brain. One such property is the learning of new response-reinforcement relationships. In the present experiment, amphetamine which potentiates CA at the synapse produces stereotypical responding but does not interfere with the learning of new response-reinforcement relationships. Apomorphine, which mimics dopamine (DA) at DA receptors, also produces stereotypy and interferes with learning. The results suggest that DA released by stimulation mediates the stereotyped responding seen in intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) but norepinephrine mediates reward of newly learned responses.", "PMID": 317541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5915", "title": "Subperiosteal hematomas of the orbit in young males: a serious complication of trauma or surgery in the eye region.", "content": "Three examples of subperiosteal hematomas in the region of the orbital roof of young males are used to demonstrate the unpredictable appearance, the obscure nature, the complications, and the treatment of this process. One occurred in a 14-year-old boy following blunt head trauma and was cured by aspiration. The second occurred in a 16-year-old boy also resulted from blunt head trauma; it was associated with a large subgaleal hematoma and caused permanent blindness of the involved eye. The third case developed in an 18-year-old male as a complication of acute purulent endophthalmitis following an intraocular foreign body. The purpose of this report is to separate subperiosteal hematoma on the roof of the orbit of young males from the other orbital hematomas to show that it is a concise clinical entity with its own typical history, appearance, and treatment.", "contents": "Subperiosteal hematomas of the orbit in young males: a serious complication of trauma or surgery in the eye region. Three examples of subperiosteal hematomas in the region of the orbital roof of young males are used to demonstrate the unpredictable appearance, the obscure nature, the complications, and the treatment of this process. One occurred in a 14-year-old boy following blunt head trauma and was cured by aspiration. The second occurred in a 16-year-old boy also resulted from blunt head trauma; it was associated with a large subgaleal hematoma and caused permanent blindness of the involved eye. The third case developed in an 18-year-old male as a complication of acute purulent endophthalmitis following an intraocular foreign body. The purpose of this report is to separate subperiosteal hematoma on the roof of the orbit of young males from the other orbital hematomas to show that it is a concise clinical entity with its own typical history, appearance, and treatment.", "PMID": 317543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5916", "title": "[Serological response and the viral carrier state in chickens infected with the pathogenic Newcastle disease virus].", "content": "Three groups of susceptible chickens were treated with Newcastle Disease vaccine, as follows: group I--orally, strain La Sota; group II--aerosole treatment, strain La Sota and group III--intramusculary, Komarov's vaccine. Varying HI antibody levels were observed following vaccine application. The average antibody titer of group I and II experimental chickens (40 in number for each group) was 25 days post vaccination respectively log2 = 3.47 and log2 = 6.2 while of group III (50 chickens) it was 14 days post vaccination log2 = 8.4. Aerosole challenge with velogenic viscerothropic strain of Newcastle Disease virus caused a sharp change in serum antibody titer. The low antibody titer in group I rose quickly post challenge while in groups II and III, on the contrary, it fell sharply. This characteristic dynamics is proposed for use as an indicator showing the presence of pathogenic virus in vaccinated birds. It was proven that pathogenic Newcastle Disease virus persisted in birds from group I for 40 days and 10% of them were in a state of latent infection (clinically healthy). The virus was isolated after method of organ cultures of tracheal explantates. It was established that the HI antibody level in the blood serum of virus carriers was higher as compared with that of the remaining birds in the group. The use of this fact as an indicator for beginning virusological investigations aiming to reveal latent Newcastle Disease infection is proposed.", "contents": "[Serological response and the viral carrier state in chickens infected with the pathogenic Newcastle disease virus]. Three groups of susceptible chickens were treated with Newcastle Disease vaccine, as follows: group I--orally, strain La Sota; group II--aerosole treatment, strain La Sota and group III--intramusculary, Komarov's vaccine. Varying HI antibody levels were observed following vaccine application. The average antibody titer of group I and II experimental chickens (40 in number for each group) was 25 days post vaccination respectively log2 = 3.47 and log2 = 6.2 while of group III (50 chickens) it was 14 days post vaccination log2 = 8.4. Aerosole challenge with velogenic viscerothropic strain of Newcastle Disease virus caused a sharp change in serum antibody titer. The low antibody titer in group I rose quickly post challenge while in groups II and III, on the contrary, it fell sharply. This characteristic dynamics is proposed for use as an indicator showing the presence of pathogenic virus in vaccinated birds. It was proven that pathogenic Newcastle Disease virus persisted in birds from group I for 40 days and 10% of them were in a state of latent infection (clinically healthy). The virus was isolated after method of organ cultures of tracheal explantates. It was established that the HI antibody level in the blood serum of virus carriers was higher as compared with that of the remaining birds in the group. The use of this fact as an indicator for beginning virusological investigations aiming to reveal latent Newcastle Disease infection is proposed.", "PMID": 317545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5917", "title": "[The effect of a synthetic tripeptide nervous tissue cultured in vitro].", "content": "Explants from chick embryo PNS (ganglion trigeminale) and from CNS of embryonal rats (hippocampus) and dissociated cells from chick embryo cerebral hemispheres were cultivated in maximow chambers in the presence of various concentrations of placental serum and of a chemically synthesized tripeptide Gly-His-Lys. 1. The presence of tripeptide in the nutrient medium with a low concentration of serum did not compensate the outgrowth of nerve fibers, that take place in the growth medium. 2. In the presence of tripeptide in the nutrient medium with low concentration of serum the index of growth area increased significantly. 3. Within the first days in cell cultures 0,01 microgram tripeptide pro ml medium stimulated the outgrowth of neuronal processes. 4. The experiments indicated, that the tripeptide did not replace the serum. The possible role of tripeptide as a system in controlling neuron-glial ratio in vitro is discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of a synthetic tripeptide nervous tissue cultured in vitro]. Explants from chick embryo PNS (ganglion trigeminale) and from CNS of embryonal rats (hippocampus) and dissociated cells from chick embryo cerebral hemispheres were cultivated in maximow chambers in the presence of various concentrations of placental serum and of a chemically synthesized tripeptide Gly-His-Lys. 1. The presence of tripeptide in the nutrient medium with a low concentration of serum did not compensate the outgrowth of nerve fibers, that take place in the growth medium. 2. In the presence of tripeptide in the nutrient medium with low concentration of serum the index of growth area increased significantly. 3. Within the first days in cell cultures 0,01 microgram tripeptide pro ml medium stimulated the outgrowth of neuronal processes. 4. The experiments indicated, that the tripeptide did not replace the serum. The possible role of tripeptide as a system in controlling neuron-glial ratio in vitro is discussed.", "PMID": 317547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5918", "title": "Extra-lysosomal, fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase-active neuronal system subserving nociception in the rat cornea.", "content": "Perikarya as well as central and peripheral terminals of nociceptive neurons innervating the rat cornea are genuinely labelled by an extra-lysosomal, fluoride resistant iso-enzyme of acid phosphatase. This enzyme seems to be related to the metabolism of transmitter oligopeptides characterizing such neurons.", "contents": "Extra-lysosomal, fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase-active neuronal system subserving nociception in the rat cornea. Perikarya as well as central and peripheral terminals of nociceptive neurons innervating the rat cornea are genuinely labelled by an extra-lysosomal, fluoride resistant iso-enzyme of acid phosphatase. This enzyme seems to be related to the metabolism of transmitter oligopeptides characterizing such neurons.", "PMID": 317548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5919", "title": "Levamisole in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo action of levamisole has been studied in patients with Hodgkin's disease. In vitro levamisole significantly increased the active T cell count of 35 untreated active patients, of those being in complete remission after treatment and of 19 healthy controls; it significantly raised the total T cell count of patients. However, levamisole could not further improve the considerably increased active and total spontaneous rosette formation resulting from in vivo levamisole treatment. Twenty patients with Hodgkin's disease, being in complete remission, were given levamisole for 3 or 6 months, according to 2 different schedules. Levamisole (150 mg) given on 3 consecutive days of every second week for 3 months considerably increased the number of positive skin tests (from 8/60 to 29/60), the numbers of active and total T cells with unchanged absolute lymphocyte count, and decreased the quantity of circulating immune complex. Continuation of treatment for another 3 months resulted in slight, but consistent, decline in all the above parameters; the ratio of active T cells significantly decreased. This decline was even more pronounced if a raised larger dosage of levamisole was administered for 6 months. In the course of the treatment no side-effect or complication was observed. Levamisole is able to improve the weak cellular immune reactivity of patients with Hodgkin's disease, it can, however, result in undesired suppression in the case of too long treatment with high dose.", "contents": "Levamisole in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. In vitro and in vivo action of levamisole has been studied in patients with Hodgkin's disease. In vitro levamisole significantly increased the active T cell count of 35 untreated active patients, of those being in complete remission after treatment and of 19 healthy controls; it significantly raised the total T cell count of patients. However, levamisole could not further improve the considerably increased active and total spontaneous rosette formation resulting from in vivo levamisole treatment. Twenty patients with Hodgkin's disease, being in complete remission, were given levamisole for 3 or 6 months, according to 2 different schedules. Levamisole (150 mg) given on 3 consecutive days of every second week for 3 months considerably increased the number of positive skin tests (from 8/60 to 29/60), the numbers of active and total T cells with unchanged absolute lymphocyte count, and decreased the quantity of circulating immune complex. Continuation of treatment for another 3 months resulted in slight, but consistent, decline in all the above parameters; the ratio of active T cells significantly decreased. This decline was even more pronounced if a raised larger dosage of levamisole was administered for 6 months. In the course of the treatment no side-effect or complication was observed. Levamisole is able to improve the weak cellular immune reactivity of patients with Hodgkin's disease, it can, however, result in undesired suppression in the case of too long treatment with high dose.", "PMID": 317549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5920", "title": "Influence  of body temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass on the haemodynamics early after aorto-coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "The haemodynamic adaptation early after aorto-coronary bypass surgery, with special reference to the influence of body temperature on postoperative vasoconstriction, was studied in 20 patients. Cardioplegia arrest was used in all cases. Eleven patients were cooled to 30 degrees C during cardiopulmonary bypass, and nine were normothermic (37.5 degrees C) while the heart was cooled selectively. The normothermic patients had significantly higher oesophageal and skin temperatures in the immediate postoperative period, indicating better heat preservation. However, the systemic vascular resistance was similar in the two groups; i.e. it was moderately elevated initially and subsequently decreased. There was no significant difference regarding postoperative myocardial function. The normothermic patients woke up earlier after the operation than the hypothermic patients, and since they also had a relatively low oxygen uptake index (0.10--0.12 mmol. s-1. m-2), the possibility of earlier extubation in these patients is suggested.", "contents": "Influence  of body temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass on the haemodynamics early after aorto-coronary bypass surgery. The haemodynamic adaptation early after aorto-coronary bypass surgery, with special reference to the influence of body temperature on postoperative vasoconstriction, was studied in 20 patients. Cardioplegia arrest was used in all cases. Eleven patients were cooled to 30 degrees C during cardiopulmonary bypass, and nine were normothermic (37.5 degrees C) while the heart was cooled selectively. The normothermic patients had significantly higher oesophageal and skin temperatures in the immediate postoperative period, indicating better heat preservation. However, the systemic vascular resistance was similar in the two groups; i.e. it was moderately elevated initially and subsequently decreased. There was no significant difference regarding postoperative myocardial function. The normothermic patients woke up earlier after the operation than the hypothermic patients, and since they also had a relatively low oxygen uptake index (0.10--0.12 mmol. s-1. m-2), the possibility of earlier extubation in these patients is suggested.", "PMID": 317550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5921", "title": "Intrarenal distribution of renal blood flow in the rat.", "content": "Intrarenal blood flow distribution was studied with the simultaneous use of the 99Tc labelled frog erythrocyte (microsphere) and the radioactive 86Rb fractionation method in the rat. The amount of blood entering the outer cortex (99Tc labelled erythrocytes method) proved to be higher than one perfusing the outer cortex (86Rb method), whereas the amount of blood entering the inner cortex (99Tc method) was less than the amount perfusing the inner cortex and medulla (86Rb method). Hence a group of the preglomerular arterioles in the outer cortex contributes to the blood supply of the inner cortex, on the other hand a group of preglomerular arteries in the inner cortex participates in the postglomerular blood supply of the medulla. Changes in the renal circulation are, however, associated with altered distribution of postglomerular vascular segments supplied by some groups of preglomerular arterioles. From this it is concluded that the postglomerular vessels of the deeper cortical layers constitute a system which is not parallelly coupled but comprises both series- and parallel-coupled sections. The contribution of these sections appears to vary depending on the actual haemodynamic conditions.", "contents": "Intrarenal distribution of renal blood flow in the rat. Intrarenal blood flow distribution was studied with the simultaneous use of the 99Tc labelled frog erythrocyte (microsphere) and the radioactive 86Rb fractionation method in the rat. The amount of blood entering the outer cortex (99Tc labelled erythrocytes method) proved to be higher than one perfusing the outer cortex (86Rb method), whereas the amount of blood entering the inner cortex (99Tc method) was less than the amount perfusing the inner cortex and medulla (86Rb method). Hence a group of the preglomerular arterioles in the outer cortex contributes to the blood supply of the inner cortex, on the other hand a group of preglomerular arteries in the inner cortex participates in the postglomerular blood supply of the medulla. Changes in the renal circulation are, however, associated with altered distribution of postglomerular vascular segments supplied by some groups of preglomerular arterioles. From this it is concluded that the postglomerular vessels of the deeper cortical layers constitute a system which is not parallelly coupled but comprises both series- and parallel-coupled sections. The contribution of these sections appears to vary depending on the actual haemodynamic conditions.", "PMID": 317553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5922", "title": "The optokinetic head nystagmogram of the frog.", "content": "An electronic device for recording optokinetic head nystagmus is described. By feeding a point-like mass (radiator) with an alternating current generator, alternating voltage can be measured on a large flat plate (receptor), which depends on the distance of the radiator from the receptor. The radiator was fixed on the head of the frog, and could move between a pair of receptors. Voltage changes during head motions can be recorded in the form of nystagmogram. The head nystagmogram of the frog proved to be similar to that of mammals. Rotation of the optokinetic drum to one direction for several minutes resulted in habituation (decrease of frequency or stopping of head motions). Based on the frequency and amplitude pattern several types of optokinetic head nystagmus could be identified.", "contents": "The optokinetic head nystagmogram of the frog. An electronic device for recording optokinetic head nystagmus is described. By feeding a point-like mass (radiator) with an alternating current generator, alternating voltage can be measured on a large flat plate (receptor), which depends on the distance of the radiator from the receptor. The radiator was fixed on the head of the frog, and could move between a pair of receptors. Voltage changes during head motions can be recorded in the form of nystagmogram. The head nystagmogram of the frog proved to be similar to that of mammals. Rotation of the optokinetic drum to one direction for several minutes resulted in habituation (decrease of frequency or stopping of head motions). Based on the frequency and amplitude pattern several types of optokinetic head nystagmus could be identified.", "PMID": 317554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5923", "title": "Mitigation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by cathepsin D inhibition.", "content": "Intraperitoneal treatment with the enzyme inhibitor, pepstatin, of BSVS mice, guinea pigs and Lewis rats which were sensitized with guinea pig spinal cord and pertussis vaccine resulted in complete or partial suppression of paralysis dependent on the species studied and alterations of histological signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The effect was dose-dependent but had no relationship to the age of the experimental animal at the time of the experiment.", "contents": "Mitigation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by cathepsin D inhibition. Intraperitoneal treatment with the enzyme inhibitor, pepstatin, of BSVS mice, guinea pigs and Lewis rats which were sensitized with guinea pig spinal cord and pertussis vaccine resulted in complete or partial suppression of paralysis dependent on the species studied and alterations of histological signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The effect was dose-dependent but had no relationship to the age of the experimental animal at the time of the experiment.", "PMID": 317560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5924", "title": "Enhancement of tumor growth by peritoneal macrophages of normal and tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "The effect of peritoneal macrophages on tumor growth was investigated in an in vivo transfer assay (Winn test). A significant acceleration of tumor appearance was observed in animals injected with tumor cells together with peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from normal mice, as compared to animals injected with tumor cells alone. Macrophages were shown to be the cells responsible for tumor enhancement. PEC from tumor-bearing mice also caused a strong tumor-enhancing effect in the Winn test. These results indicate that non-activated macrophages can enhance tumor growth in in vivo transfers and raise the question of whether a similar effect takes place in the primary host of a tumor.", "contents": "Enhancement of tumor growth by peritoneal macrophages of normal and tumor-bearing mice. The effect of peritoneal macrophages on tumor growth was investigated in an in vivo transfer assay (Winn test). A significant acceleration of tumor appearance was observed in animals injected with tumor cells together with peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from normal mice, as compared to animals injected with tumor cells alone. Macrophages were shown to be the cells responsible for tumor enhancement. PEC from tumor-bearing mice also caused a strong tumor-enhancing effect in the Winn test. These results indicate that non-activated macrophages can enhance tumor growth in in vivo transfers and raise the question of whether a similar effect takes place in the primary host of a tumor.", "PMID": 317562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5925", "title": "B and T lymphocyte activation by murine leukemia virus infection.", "content": "FLV is suppressive both in vivo and in vitro in terms of the specific sheep RBC induced antibody response. FLV-containing extracts from infected spleens were found to be markedly immunosuppressive. However, these extracts stimulated the background PFC response to SRBC in vitro, whereas similar background responses were depressed in infected animals. Furthermore the virus-containing extracts were mitogenic for normal spleen cells in vitro. Thus, FLV infection may cause immunocyte division (i.e., transformation) as an early event followed later by marked impairment of the function of the cells as evinced by their failure to respond normally to challenge immunization.", "contents": "B and T lymphocyte activation by murine leukemia virus infection. FLV is suppressive both in vivo and in vitro in terms of the specific sheep RBC induced antibody response. FLV-containing extracts from infected spleens were found to be markedly immunosuppressive. However, these extracts stimulated the background PFC response to SRBC in vitro, whereas similar background responses were depressed in infected animals. Furthermore the virus-containing extracts were mitogenic for normal spleen cells in vitro. Thus, FLV infection may cause immunocyte division (i.e., transformation) as an early event followed later by marked impairment of the function of the cells as evinced by their failure to respond normally to challenge immunization.", "PMID": 317564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5926", "title": "The antipyretic effect of UP 517-03 in the rabbit.", "content": "The antipyretic effect of UP 517-03 was studied in rabbits, provided with a cannula in the lateral cerebral ventricle. Given orally as a curative treatment, UP 517-03 can abolish hyperthermic reactions induced by intracerebroventricular injection of sodium arachidonate or bacterial endotoxin. A comparison with acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin is given. UP 517-03 does not modify the temperature of normothermic rabbits. These results suggests that the antipyretic action of UP 517-03 can be explained by an effect of this substance on the metabolism of arachidonic acid in brain.", "contents": "The antipyretic effect of UP 517-03 in the rabbit. The antipyretic effect of UP 517-03 was studied in rabbits, provided with a cannula in the lateral cerebral ventricle. Given orally as a curative treatment, UP 517-03 can abolish hyperthermic reactions induced by intracerebroventricular injection of sodium arachidonate or bacterial endotoxin. A comparison with acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin is given. UP 517-03 does not modify the temperature of normothermic rabbits. These results suggests that the antipyretic action of UP 517-03 can be explained by an effect of this substance on the metabolism of arachidonic acid in brain.", "PMID": 317572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5927", "title": "Bleeding oesophageal varices caused by the Budd-Chiari syndrome treated by the Warren shunt.", "content": "A previously healthy nonalcoholic 21-year old man was admitted to the hospital for further investigation because of previous severe haematemesis. Oesophageal varices proved to be the origin of the bleeding. The underlying cause for portal hypertension was total obstruction of the left and 70% obstruction of the right hepatic veins (chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome). Portal flow to the liver was almost normal due to well developed collaterals to the azygos vein and the patient's liver function was good. Distal splenorenal shunt (Warren shunt) was performed to decompress the varices. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and 10 months later the patient's general condition was excellent. Varices had disappeared and there was also improvement in his haematological status.", "contents": "Bleeding oesophageal varices caused by the Budd-Chiari syndrome treated by the Warren shunt. A previously healthy nonalcoholic 21-year old man was admitted to the hospital for further investigation because of previous severe haematemesis. Oesophageal varices proved to be the origin of the bleeding. The underlying cause for portal hypertension was total obstruction of the left and 70% obstruction of the right hepatic veins (chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome). Portal flow to the liver was almost normal due to well developed collaterals to the azygos vein and the patient's liver function was good. Distal splenorenal shunt (Warren shunt) was performed to decompress the varices. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and 10 months later the patient's general condition was excellent. Varices had disappeared and there was also improvement in his haematological status.", "PMID": 317573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5928", "title": "Serotonin receptors on astrocytes in primary cultures: effects of methysergide and fluoxetine.", "content": "A specific binding of serotonin (at least 50 fmol/mg protein) was demonstrated in mouse astrocytes in primary cultures. This binding was inhibited by methysergide and by fluoxetine.", "contents": "Serotonin receptors on astrocytes in primary cultures: effects of methysergide and fluoxetine. A specific binding of serotonin (at least 50 fmol/mg protein) was demonstrated in mouse astrocytes in primary cultures. This binding was inhibited by methysergide and by fluoxetine.", "PMID": 317577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5929", "title": "Myocardial protection during aortocoronary bypass.", "content": "The authors analyze the results of 220 applications of internal cold cardioplegia in 136 patients with ischaemic heart disease, treated surgically by aortocoronary bypass. The operation was performed under neuroleptanalgesia and artificial circulation with hypothermia (27.9 +/- 0.2 degrees C) and haemodilution (24.9 +/- 0.3%). On the basis of clinical examination, electron microscopy of the myocardial ultrastructure, and investigation of the myocardial metabolism (contents of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, catecholamines, and oxygen in arterial and venous blood flowing out of the myocardium), they come to the conclusion that internal cold cardioplegia efficiently protects the myocardium during aortocoronary bypass and secures favourable conditions for the development of anastomoses between coronary arteries and venous shunts.", "contents": "Myocardial protection during aortocoronary bypass. The authors analyze the results of 220 applications of internal cold cardioplegia in 136 patients with ischaemic heart disease, treated surgically by aortocoronary bypass. The operation was performed under neuroleptanalgesia and artificial circulation with hypothermia (27.9 +/- 0.2 degrees C) and haemodilution (24.9 +/- 0.3%). On the basis of clinical examination, electron microscopy of the myocardial ultrastructure, and investigation of the myocardial metabolism (contents of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, catecholamines, and oxygen in arterial and venous blood flowing out of the myocardium), they come to the conclusion that internal cold cardioplegia efficiently protects the myocardium during aortocoronary bypass and secures favourable conditions for the development of anastomoses between coronary arteries and venous shunts.", "PMID": 317579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5930", "title": "Serotypes and biotypes and antibiotic susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae encountered in a clinical laboratory in Taiwan.", "content": "Forty-four serologically and biochemically typable Haemophilus influenzae isolates from clinical specimens in Taiwan were subjected to analysis in their relationship with source of isolation and age distribution. It was found that all isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid were serotype b, biotype I, and all were in children less than 4 years of age. Serotypes b and e, biotypes I and III were encountered to have the highest incidence of infection caused by H. influenzae in this area. All H. influenzae isolates were further tested for susceptibility to several selected antibiotics. All strains of this organism were susceptible to erythromycin and chloramphenicol. All but two strains were susceptible to tetracycline, whereas more strains were resistant to carbenicillin, gentamycin, keflin, and penicillin. Thirty-four percent strains were found to be resistant to ampicillin and all were beta-lactamase producer. No direct correlation between ampicillin resistance and serotypes or biotypes was recognized.", "contents": "Serotypes and biotypes and antibiotic susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae encountered in a clinical laboratory in Taiwan. Forty-four serologically and biochemically typable Haemophilus influenzae isolates from clinical specimens in Taiwan were subjected to analysis in their relationship with source of isolation and age distribution. It was found that all isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid were serotype b, biotype I, and all were in children less than 4 years of age. Serotypes b and e, biotypes I and III were encountered to have the highest incidence of infection caused by H. influenzae in this area. All H. influenzae isolates were further tested for susceptibility to several selected antibiotics. All strains of this organism were susceptible to erythromycin and chloramphenicol. All but two strains were susceptible to tetracycline, whereas more strains were resistant to carbenicillin, gentamycin, keflin, and penicillin. Thirty-four percent strains were found to be resistant to ampicillin and all were beta-lactamase producer. No direct correlation between ampicillin resistance and serotypes or biotypes was recognized.", "PMID": 317580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5931", "title": "Histochemical localization of T-cells in tissue sections.", "content": "Utilizing the acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase histochemical staining technique, cells with established T-cell (thymus-derived) staining characteristics could be consistently demonstrated in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths of the spleen and the diffusely infiltrated area of the cloacal bursa. The same areas failed to stain positively in significant numbers following a preincubation period with a specific inhibitor for carboxyl esterase. Lymphoid cells in the thymus, the splenic follicles, and bursal follicles were mostly negative.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of T-cells in tissue sections. Utilizing the acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase histochemical staining technique, cells with established T-cell (thymus-derived) staining characteristics could be consistently demonstrated in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths of the spleen and the diffusely infiltrated area of the cloacal bursa. The same areas failed to stain positively in significant numbers following a preincubation period with a specific inhibitor for carboxyl esterase. Lymphoid cells in the thymus, the splenic follicles, and bursal follicles were mostly negative.", "PMID": 317576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5932", "title": "Chemical composition and biological activities of a phenol-water extract from Haemophilus influenzae type a.", "content": "Ribonucleic acid was removed from a phenol-water extract of Haemophilus influenzae type a by streptomycin sulfate. This preparation was called purified preparation or PP. It contained neutral sugars (glucose, galactose, mannose, pentose), glucosamine, amino acids, and fatty acids. Heptose and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid were not present. The biological properties and immunogenicity were compared with the activities of lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium. Higher doses were necessary to obtain lethality in mice and Sanarelli and Shwartzman reactions with our preparations than were necessary with lipopolysaccharide. The Limulus test and pyrogen assay in rabbits gave the same results with purified preparation and lipopolysaccharide, but pyrogenicity of purified preparation was not destroyed by NaOH treatment. Purified preparation was not as immunogenic at low doeses for rabbits as lipopolysaccharide. The results were different from those obtained with lipopolysaccharide but similar to those known from peptidoglycan studies. The contamination of purified preparation with peptidoglycan was negligible and cannot explain the biological activities of purified preparation. We suggest that the phenol-water extract from H. influenzae is not a classical endotoxin, but rather an endotoxin-like substance.", "contents": "Chemical composition and biological activities of a phenol-water extract from Haemophilus influenzae type a. Ribonucleic acid was removed from a phenol-water extract of Haemophilus influenzae type a by streptomycin sulfate. This preparation was called purified preparation or PP. It contained neutral sugars (glucose, galactose, mannose, pentose), glucosamine, amino acids, and fatty acids. Heptose and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid were not present. The biological properties and immunogenicity were compared with the activities of lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium. Higher doses were necessary to obtain lethality in mice and Sanarelli and Shwartzman reactions with our preparations than were necessary with lipopolysaccharide. The Limulus test and pyrogen assay in rabbits gave the same results with purified preparation and lipopolysaccharide, but pyrogenicity of purified preparation was not destroyed by NaOH treatment. Purified preparation was not as immunogenic at low doeses for rabbits as lipopolysaccharide. The results were different from those obtained with lipopolysaccharide but similar to those known from peptidoglycan studies. The contamination of purified preparation with peptidoglycan was negligible and cannot explain the biological activities of purified preparation. We suggest that the phenol-water extract from H. influenzae is not a classical endotoxin, but rather an endotoxin-like substance.", "PMID": 317593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5933", "title": "Relationships between adjuvant, immunosuppressive, and mitogenic activities of staphylococcal peptidoglycan.", "content": "Staphylococcal peptidoglycan (PG) possesses in vivo immunodulating activity and is a B-cell mitogen in mice. The effect of PG on in vitro immune response of mouse splenocytes to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was studied, as well as the relationships between in vivo and in vitro adjuvant, immunosuppressive, and mitogenic activities of PG in terms of dose response, time kinetics, and physical state. Particulate PG suppressed in vivo anti-SRBC response when injected in a large dose before or simultaneously with SRBC. A small dose of particulate PG given before or along with the antigen was immunostimulatory. Soluble PG was adjuvant active in both high and low doses when injected before or along with the antigen. Both PG preparations were adjuvant active for mouse splenocytes in vitro immunized with SRBC, but particulate PG was more active. Even high doses of particulate PG were not directly suppressive for the in vitro immune response. Particulate PG was also mitogenic for mouse splenocytes, and the maximum increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation was observed after 2 days of culture. Soluble PG was not mitogenic during the 5-day incubation period. These results indicate that the physical state of PG, its dose, and its time of application are important factors determining its immunomodulating and mitogenic activities, and that by changing them it is possible to dissociate the adjuvant, immunosuppressive, and mitogenic properties of PG.", "contents": "Relationships between adjuvant, immunosuppressive, and mitogenic activities of staphylococcal peptidoglycan. Staphylococcal peptidoglycan (PG) possesses in vivo immunodulating activity and is a B-cell mitogen in mice. The effect of PG on in vitro immune response of mouse splenocytes to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was studied, as well as the relationships between in vivo and in vitro adjuvant, immunosuppressive, and mitogenic activities of PG in terms of dose response, time kinetics, and physical state. Particulate PG suppressed in vivo anti-SRBC response when injected in a large dose before or simultaneously with SRBC. A small dose of particulate PG given before or along with the antigen was immunostimulatory. Soluble PG was adjuvant active in both high and low doses when injected before or along with the antigen. Both PG preparations were adjuvant active for mouse splenocytes in vitro immunized with SRBC, but particulate PG was more active. Even high doses of particulate PG were not directly suppressive for the in vitro immune response. Particulate PG was also mitogenic for mouse splenocytes, and the maximum increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation was observed after 2 days of culture. Soluble PG was not mitogenic during the 5-day incubation period. These results indicate that the physical state of PG, its dose, and its time of application are important factors determining its immunomodulating and mitogenic activities, and that by changing them it is possible to dissociate the adjuvant, immunosuppressive, and mitogenic properties of PG.", "PMID": 317594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5934", "title": "Immunity to coccidiosis: T-lymphocyte- or B-lymphocyte-deficient animals.", "content": "Comparisons were made between infections with Eimeria spp. in normal animals and in animals with functional deficiencies in either T-lymphocytes (athymic nude rats) or B-lymphocytes (bursectomized chickens). Approximately three times more oocysts of E. nieschulzi were passed during a primary infection in the nu/nu rats, and in contrast to the nu/+ rats, they were completely susceptible to reinfection. Nu/nu rats did not produce agglutinating antibodies to sporozoites, and injections of serum from immunized nu/+ rats caused a reduction of oocyst production during a primary infection in both nu/nu and nu/+ rats. In chickens, oocyst production in primary infections with E. maxima or with E. acervulina was increased 1.5 to 2-fold in the bursectomised (BX) groups, and the clinical effects of infection with E. maxima were greater than in controls. The BX birds were slightly more susceptible than the controls to challenge inoculations of oocysts, but nevertheless, they were very substantially immune. Tests for the functioning of B- and T-lymphocytes indicated that in the BX birds there was a severe deficiency of B-cell function, but near-normal T-cell function. The results show that T-lymphocytes are essential for immunity and that, although they may function partly as helper cells for immunoglobulin production, their major effect is exerted via some other mechanism.", "contents": "Immunity to coccidiosis: T-lymphocyte- or B-lymphocyte-deficient animals. Comparisons were made between infections with Eimeria spp. in normal animals and in animals with functional deficiencies in either T-lymphocytes (athymic nude rats) or B-lymphocytes (bursectomized chickens). Approximately three times more oocysts of E. nieschulzi were passed during a primary infection in the nu/nu rats, and in contrast to the nu/+ rats, they were completely susceptible to reinfection. Nu/nu rats did not produce agglutinating antibodies to sporozoites, and injections of serum from immunized nu/+ rats caused a reduction of oocyst production during a primary infection in both nu/nu and nu/+ rats. In chickens, oocyst production in primary infections with E. maxima or with E. acervulina was increased 1.5 to 2-fold in the bursectomised (BX) groups, and the clinical effects of infection with E. maxima were greater than in controls. The BX birds were slightly more susceptible than the controls to challenge inoculations of oocysts, but nevertheless, they were very substantially immune. Tests for the functioning of B- and T-lymphocytes indicated that in the BX birds there was a severe deficiency of B-cell function, but near-normal T-cell function. The results show that T-lymphocytes are essential for immunity and that, although they may function partly as helper cells for immunoglobulin production, their major effect is exerted via some other mechanism.", "PMID": 317595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5935", "title": "Inhibition of host resistance by nutritional hypercholesteremia.", "content": "Previous experiments showed that nutritionally induced hypercholesteremia in mice caused an increase in susceptibility to coxsackievirus B, with a marked suppression of cellular infiltrates in infected tissues and an increased mortality. The present studies demonstrated that a hypercholesteremic diet was associated with an inhibition in host resistance as measured by susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection and the growth of two transplanted syngeneic murine tumors. Moreover, the ability of Corynebacterium parvum to induce regression of a transplanted methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma was inhibited in hypercholesteremic hosts, as was the histiocytic infiltration normally accompanying C. parvum inoculation. In contrast, the peritoneal macrophages from C. parvum-treated hypercholesteremic mice were indistinguishable from similarly treated macrophages from normal mice with respect to their in vitro tumoricidal activity and the presence of a cell surface antigen associated with activated macrophages. Hypercholesteremia was also associated with a decreased antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in vivo, but dit not appear to exert a detrimental effect on B- or T-cell blastogenesis when tested in vitro. The findings that the hypercholesteremic diet was associated with an impairment in the host immune response and increased susceptibility to viral, bacterial, and tumor cell challenge are discussed with respect to virus-lipid interactions in the pathogenesis of atherogenesis and diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Inhibition of host resistance by nutritional hypercholesteremia. Previous experiments showed that nutritionally induced hypercholesteremia in mice caused an increase in susceptibility to coxsackievirus B, with a marked suppression of cellular infiltrates in infected tissues and an increased mortality. The present studies demonstrated that a hypercholesteremic diet was associated with an inhibition in host resistance as measured by susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection and the growth of two transplanted syngeneic murine tumors. Moreover, the ability of Corynebacterium parvum to induce regression of a transplanted methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma was inhibited in hypercholesteremic hosts, as was the histiocytic infiltration normally accompanying C. parvum inoculation. In contrast, the peritoneal macrophages from C. parvum-treated hypercholesteremic mice were indistinguishable from similarly treated macrophages from normal mice with respect to their in vitro tumoricidal activity and the presence of a cell surface antigen associated with activated macrophages. Hypercholesteremia was also associated with a decreased antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in vivo, but dit not appear to exert a detrimental effect on B- or T-cell blastogenesis when tested in vitro. The findings that the hypercholesteremic diet was associated with an impairment in the host immune response and increased susceptibility to viral, bacterial, and tumor cell challenge are discussed with respect to virus-lipid interactions in the pathogenesis of atherogenesis and diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 317596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5936", "title": "Fixation of potentially lethal radiation damage by post-irradiation exposure of Chinese hamster cells to 0.5 M or 1.5 M NaCl solutions.", "content": "The effect of 0.05 M and 1.5 M NaCl treatments on CHO cells during and after irradiation has been examined. Treatment with either hypotonic or hypertonic salt solutions during and after irradiation resulted in the fixation of radiation damage which would otherwise not be expressed. The half time for fixation was 4 to 5 min, and the increased expression of the potentially lethal damage by anisotonic solutions was mainly characterized by large decreases in the shoulder of the survival curve, as well as by decreases in DO. Fixation of radiation damage at 37 degrees C occurred to a much greater extent for the hypertonic treatment than for the hypotonic treatment and was greater at 37 degrees C than at 20 degrees C. Although both the hypotonic and hypertonic treatments during and after irradiation reduced or eliminated the repair of sublethal and potentially lethal damage, treatment during irradiation only, radiosensitized the cells when the treatment was hypotonic, and radioprotected the cells when the treatment was hypertonic. These observations are discussed in relation to salt treatments and different temperatures altering competition between repair and fixation of potentially lethal lesions, the number of which depends on the particular salt treatment at the time of irradiation.", "contents": "Fixation of potentially lethal radiation damage by post-irradiation exposure of Chinese hamster cells to 0.5 M or 1.5 M NaCl solutions. The effect of 0.05 M and 1.5 M NaCl treatments on CHO cells during and after irradiation has been examined. Treatment with either hypotonic or hypertonic salt solutions during and after irradiation resulted in the fixation of radiation damage which would otherwise not be expressed. The half time for fixation was 4 to 5 min, and the increased expression of the potentially lethal damage by anisotonic solutions was mainly characterized by large decreases in the shoulder of the survival curve, as well as by decreases in DO. Fixation of radiation damage at 37 degrees C occurred to a much greater extent for the hypertonic treatment than for the hypotonic treatment and was greater at 37 degrees C than at 20 degrees C. Although both the hypotonic and hypertonic treatments during and after irradiation reduced or eliminated the repair of sublethal and potentially lethal damage, treatment during irradiation only, radiosensitized the cells when the treatment was hypotonic, and radioprotected the cells when the treatment was hypertonic. These observations are discussed in relation to salt treatments and different temperatures altering competition between repair and fixation of potentially lethal lesions, the number of which depends on the particular salt treatment at the time of irradiation.", "PMID": 317597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5937", "title": "Dominance of a repair function for X-ray-, U.V.- and alkylating agent-induced damage in hybrids between mouse lymphoma cells of different sensitivity.", "content": "Cell lines resistant to IUdR and 6-thioguanine were isolated from a radiosensitive mouse lymphoma line LS and its radioresistant derivative AII respectively. Their biological and biochemical characteristics, as measured by plating in HAT medium IUdR and TG and by (14C) hypoxanthine and (3H) thymidine uptake were measured and found to be consistent with those expected for drug resistant cell lines. Two hybrid cell lines were isolated from crosses between the LS IUdRr line and AII TGr line and their radiosensitivity measured relative to that of the parental lines. Radioresistance was found to be dominant in both the hybrid lines as was resistance to EMS and U.V. to which the parental lines also show differential sensitivity. The ability to recover from sublethal damage after X-irradiation was found to be temperature sensitive in radiosensitive cells, an inverse effect being seen when LS cells were irradiated at 20 degrees C and held at 20 degrees C between dose fractions. Hybrid cells showed a normal amount of recovery from sub-lethal damage when compared with that in AII cells but this occurred at t slightly slower rate at 20 degrees \"c than at 37 degrees C. Recovery from sub-lethal damage in AII cells was unaffected by lowering the temperature. These findings suggest that the radiosensitive cells may be temperature sensitive, in some step or steps in the ligation process.", "contents": "Dominance of a repair function for X-ray-, U.V.- and alkylating agent-induced damage in hybrids between mouse lymphoma cells of different sensitivity. Cell lines resistant to IUdR and 6-thioguanine were isolated from a radiosensitive mouse lymphoma line LS and its radioresistant derivative AII respectively. Their biological and biochemical characteristics, as measured by plating in HAT medium IUdR and TG and by (14C) hypoxanthine and (3H) thymidine uptake were measured and found to be consistent with those expected for drug resistant cell lines. Two hybrid cell lines were isolated from crosses between the LS IUdRr line and AII TGr line and their radiosensitivity measured relative to that of the parental lines. Radioresistance was found to be dominant in both the hybrid lines as was resistance to EMS and U.V. to which the parental lines also show differential sensitivity. The ability to recover from sublethal damage after X-irradiation was found to be temperature sensitive in radiosensitive cells, an inverse effect being seen when LS cells were irradiated at 20 degrees C and held at 20 degrees C between dose fractions. Hybrid cells showed a normal amount of recovery from sub-lethal damage when compared with that in AII cells but this occurred at t slightly slower rate at 20 degrees \"c than at 37 degrees C. Recovery from sub-lethal damage in AII cells was unaffected by lowering the temperature. These findings suggest that the radiosensitive cells may be temperature sensitive, in some step or steps in the ligation process.", "PMID": 317598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5938", "title": "Radiolysis of chromatin extracted from cultured mammalian cells: formation of DNA-protein cross links.", "content": "Chromatin extracted from Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts has been examined for the formation of radiation-induced DNA-protein cross links, using a membrane filter assay. The relative efficiencies of the aqueous radical intermediates, OH., eaq- and O2-, were investigated. Cross links were found in gamma-irradiated isolated chromatin and in chromatin irradiated in the cell before isolation. When isolated chromatin was irradiated under conditions in which the chromosomal proteins were dissociated from the DNA, no cross links were detectable. The most efficient radical for the production of cross links in irradiated, isolated chromatin was found to be the hydroxyl radical, whereas, the superoxide radical was essentially ineffective. For chromatin irradiated in the cell before isolation, the greatest effect was seen for cells irradiated in an atmosphere of nitrous oxide, suggesting the hydroxyl radical may be involved in the formation of cross links in intact cells also. The formation of cross links in chromatin irradiated in cells before isolation was considerable less efficient than in irradiated, isolated chromatin.", "contents": "Radiolysis of chromatin extracted from cultured mammalian cells: formation of DNA-protein cross links. Chromatin extracted from Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts has been examined for the formation of radiation-induced DNA-protein cross links, using a membrane filter assay. The relative efficiencies of the aqueous radical intermediates, OH., eaq- and O2-, were investigated. Cross links were found in gamma-irradiated isolated chromatin and in chromatin irradiated in the cell before isolation. When isolated chromatin was irradiated under conditions in which the chromosomal proteins were dissociated from the DNA, no cross links were detectable. The most efficient radical for the production of cross links in irradiated, isolated chromatin was found to be the hydroxyl radical, whereas, the superoxide radical was essentially ineffective. For chromatin irradiated in the cell before isolation, the greatest effect was seen for cells irradiated in an atmosphere of nitrous oxide, suggesting the hydroxyl radical may be involved in the formation of cross links in intact cells also. The formation of cross links in chromatin irradiated in cells before isolation was considerable less efficient than in irradiated, isolated chromatin.", "PMID": 317599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5939", "title": "Sparing of bone marrow stem cells by long-term administration of Na-alginate to 226Ra contaminated mice.", "content": "226Ra toxicity studies form the experimental basis for the estimation of radiation risk from internal emitters in man. We investigated whether treatment with Na-alginate is able to protect haemopoietic bone marrow cells against alpha-irradiation from 226Ra contamination. Doses from 4 to 14 micronCi/kg were injected intraperitoneally in mice 12 days before the start of the treatment. Damage to marrow stem cells was assessed by the exogene clonal spleen technique. Collection of marrow cells by two methods was compared. In the lower dose groups no influence on stem cell survival is noticed. but from 9.0 micronCi/kg a decrease in the number of surviving stem cells is observable in non treated animals. while in animals treated with Na-alginate fewer stem cells are damaged. These preliminary data agree with the hypothesis that Na-alginate stimulates removal of 226Ra mainly from the endosteal bone surfaces, reducing the local 226 Ra dose which accounts for damage to marrow stem cells within the range of alpha-rays at the endosteal surfaces.", "contents": "Sparing of bone marrow stem cells by long-term administration of Na-alginate to 226Ra contaminated mice. 226Ra toxicity studies form the experimental basis for the estimation of radiation risk from internal emitters in man. We investigated whether treatment with Na-alginate is able to protect haemopoietic bone marrow cells against alpha-irradiation from 226Ra contamination. Doses from 4 to 14 micronCi/kg were injected intraperitoneally in mice 12 days before the start of the treatment. Damage to marrow stem cells was assessed by the exogene clonal spleen technique. Collection of marrow cells by two methods was compared. In the lower dose groups no influence on stem cell survival is noticed. but from 9.0 micronCi/kg a decrease in the number of surviving stem cells is observable in non treated animals. while in animals treated with Na-alginate fewer stem cells are damaged. These preliminary data agree with the hypothesis that Na-alginate stimulates removal of 226Ra mainly from the endosteal bone surfaces, reducing the local 226 Ra dose which accounts for damage to marrow stem cells within the range of alpha-rays at the endosteal surfaces.", "PMID": 317600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5940", "title": "Effect of ionizing radiation on 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activity in tissues.", "content": "Whole body irradiation of mice with 200-1000 R of unfiltered X-radiation (230 kV, 15 mA, 140 R/min) produced extensive falls of 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activity in the spleen within 4 hours. A transient recovery between 4 and 72 hours was followed by a second reduction in PGDH levels which was still evident 7 days after exposure. In the jejunum and kidney, the falls were smaller. High doses (1000 R) increased PGDH activity in the lung. Effects of radiation on the other cellular enzymes, including other dehydrogenases in the cytosol, were less pronounced, and in some cases the opposite of the effects on PGDH. The loss of PGDH may contribute to the increase in prostaglandin concentrations in the spleen and jejumun, and thereby to some features in radiation sickness.", "contents": "Effect of ionizing radiation on 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activity in tissues. Whole body irradiation of mice with 200-1000 R of unfiltered X-radiation (230 kV, 15 mA, 140 R/min) produced extensive falls of 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activity in the spleen within 4 hours. A transient recovery between 4 and 72 hours was followed by a second reduction in PGDH levels which was still evident 7 days after exposure. In the jejunum and kidney, the falls were smaller. High doses (1000 R) increased PGDH activity in the lung. Effects of radiation on the other cellular enzymes, including other dehydrogenases in the cytosol, were less pronounced, and in some cases the opposite of the effects on PGDH. The loss of PGDH may contribute to the increase in prostaglandin concentrations in the spleen and jejumun, and thereby to some features in radiation sickness.", "PMID": 317602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5941", "title": "[Is total pancreatectomy still responsible treatment for chronic pancreatitis? (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 61 pancreatectomies for chronic pancreatitis are reported. The operative mortality rate was 21% and the later mortality rate 29%, although caused by diabetes. The results are so poor that this method should only be performed in extreme situations. Left or right resection of the main inflammation site is proposed as an alternative. To prevent recurrence of the pancreatitis, the in situ remaining part of the pancreas should be sclerosed by occlusion of the pancreatic duct system.", "contents": "[Is total pancreatectomy still responsible treatment for chronic pancreatitis? (author's transl)]. A total of 61 pancreatectomies for chronic pancreatitis are reported. The operative mortality rate was 21% and the later mortality rate 29%, although caused by diabetes. The results are so poor that this method should only be performed in extreme situations. Left or right resection of the main inflammation site is proposed as an alternative. To prevent recurrence of the pancreatitis, the in situ remaining part of the pancreas should be sclerosed by occlusion of the pancreatic duct system.", "PMID": 317608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5942", "title": "[Preoperative diagnosis of posterior fossa tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The wide-scale use of the CT Scanner has completely modified the radiological approach in the diagnosis of infratorial tumors. In the cerebello pontine angle tumors, computerized tomography offers enough information for surgery (at least in those cases where enlargement of porus is noticeable on the skull film). On the other hand, if clinical picture is incomplete or CT scann atypical (spontaneous hyperdensity), a vertebral angiography is necessary to recognize a meningioma or a neurinoma of the firth nerve. A low density suggesting a cyst (epidermoid or other) is a good indication for pneumoencephalography. In cerebellar tumors of the hemispheres, vertebral angiography should be performed in the case of multiple tumors (except if there is a good chance of metastases) and also with a single tumor showing a high enhancement with contrast; in a solitary cyst, angiography is recommanded when clinical signs suggest hemangioblastoma. Isotopic scanning is only indicated when there is a suspicion of metastases. In midline tumors, one has to consider the relationship with the 4th ventricle; no other radiological exams are necessary if tumor is likely located in the cerebellar vermis; on the contrary, if the ventricular cavity is barely visible positive ventriculography is helpful. In the anteriorly located neoplasms, pneumoencephalography with tomography may precise the exact situation in relation with the brain stem. Regardless of the anteroposterior location, a highly contrasted tumor should be explored by angiography.", "contents": "[Preoperative diagnosis of posterior fossa tumors (author's transl)]. The wide-scale use of the CT Scanner has completely modified the radiological approach in the diagnosis of infratorial tumors. In the cerebello pontine angle tumors, computerized tomography offers enough information for surgery (at least in those cases where enlargement of porus is noticeable on the skull film). On the other hand, if clinical picture is incomplete or CT scann atypical (spontaneous hyperdensity), a vertebral angiography is necessary to recognize a meningioma or a neurinoma of the firth nerve. A low density suggesting a cyst (epidermoid or other) is a good indication for pneumoencephalography. In cerebellar tumors of the hemispheres, vertebral angiography should be performed in the case of multiple tumors (except if there is a good chance of metastases) and also with a single tumor showing a high enhancement with contrast; in a solitary cyst, angiography is recommanded when clinical signs suggest hemangioblastoma. Isotopic scanning is only indicated when there is a suspicion of metastases. In midline tumors, one has to consider the relationship with the 4th ventricle; no other radiological exams are necessary if tumor is likely located in the cerebellar vermis; on the contrary, if the ventricular cavity is barely visible positive ventriculography is helpful. In the anteriorly located neoplasms, pneumoencephalography with tomography may precise the exact situation in relation with the brain stem. Regardless of the anteroposterior location, a highly contrasted tumor should be explored by angiography.", "PMID": 317611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5943", "title": "[Iatrogenic damage to the nervous system].", "content": "A survey is given of the most important findings in respect of iatrogenic damage to the nervous system on the basis of published reports and the author's own findings, taking special account of lumbar puncture and suboccipital puncture, myelography, contrast-medium encephalography, ventriculography and cerebral angiography. The possibility of damage such as the danger of embolism in diagnostic and therapeutic vascular puncture is referred to. Among the lesions caused in the course of therapy, the side-effects of treatment with drugs, effects of radiation, effects resulting from anesthesia, sequelae of neural therapy and of manual manipulations, sequelae of operations, and postvaccinal encephalopathies are discussed. The necessity of systematic morphological examinations for exact assessment of ioatrogenic lesions is stressed. Iatrogenic damage due to neglect of diagnostic and therapeutic measures is also considered.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic damage to the nervous system]. A survey is given of the most important findings in respect of iatrogenic damage to the nervous system on the basis of published reports and the author's own findings, taking special account of lumbar puncture and suboccipital puncture, myelography, contrast-medium encephalography, ventriculography and cerebral angiography. The possibility of damage such as the danger of embolism in diagnostic and therapeutic vascular puncture is referred to. Among the lesions caused in the course of therapy, the side-effects of treatment with drugs, effects of radiation, effects resulting from anesthesia, sequelae of neural therapy and of manual manipulations, sequelae of operations, and postvaccinal encephalopathies are discussed. The necessity of systematic morphological examinations for exact assessment of ioatrogenic lesions is stressed. Iatrogenic damage due to neglect of diagnostic and therapeutic measures is also considered.", "PMID": 317613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5944", "title": "Differential diagnosis between normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy on computed tomography.", "content": "A brain computed tomography--cisternographic correlation of 48 cases suspected of having normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) was undertaken, observing that the enlargement of temporal horns correlates with abnormal cisternograms compatible with NPH, and appears to be a reliable differential feature from cases of cerebral atrophy with \"ex-vacuo hydrocephalus\". The results of this correlation and typical images are presented.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis between normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy on computed tomography. A brain computed tomography--cisternographic correlation of 48 cases suspected of having normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) was undertaken, observing that the enlargement of temporal horns correlates with abnormal cisternograms compatible with NPH, and appears to be a reliable differential feature from cases of cerebral atrophy with \"ex-vacuo hydrocephalus\". The results of this correlation and typical images are presented.", "PMID": 317615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5945", "title": "Morphology of motor end-plate and its size relation to the muscle fibre size in the amphibian submandibular muscle.", "content": "The morphology of neuromuscular junction in the amphibian submandibular muscle has been examined both light and electron microscopically. Despite the differentiation of muscle fibres into types, both the structure and ultrastructure of the motor end plates was found fairly uniform in the examined species. The strongly positive correlation between the motor end plate surface area and muscle fibre diameter was found in Triturus and Rana. Some aspects of the motor end plate morphology are discussed in connection with the results of the author's physiological and morphological observations obtained formerly.", "contents": "Morphology of motor end-plate and its size relation to the muscle fibre size in the amphibian submandibular muscle. The morphology of neuromuscular junction in the amphibian submandibular muscle has been examined both light and electron microscopically. Despite the differentiation of muscle fibres into types, both the structure and ultrastructure of the motor end plates was found fairly uniform in the examined species. The strongly positive correlation between the motor end plate surface area and muscle fibre diameter was found in Triturus and Rana. Some aspects of the motor end plate morphology are discussed in connection with the results of the author's physiological and morphological observations obtained formerly.", "PMID": 317619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5946", "title": "[Effect of direct current on bone regeneration].", "content": "The data on bone biocurrent and on the bone regenerating effect of low intensity direct current are discussed. The stimulator constructed by the authors is described. With its help an improved callus formation could be achieved on the osteotanised femur of the rabbit.", "contents": "[Effect of direct current on bone regeneration]. The data on bone biocurrent and on the bone regenerating effect of low intensity direct current are discussed. The stimulator constructed by the authors is described. With its help an improved callus formation could be achieved on the osteotanised femur of the rabbit.", "PMID": 317621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5947", "title": "Afterload reduction by enflurane.", "content": "In 12 patients with coronary artery disease, hypertensive period during aortocoronary bypass grafting were treated with enflurane. The effects of enflurane on the general hemodynamic and the major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption were studied. Heart rate and systolic arterial pressure were significant reduced, cardiac index and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure remained unchanged. The calculated determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption decreased, as well as the measured arterial-coronary venous oxygen content difference. The authors conclude, that enflurane can reduce the afterload in patients with coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Afterload reduction by enflurane. In 12 patients with coronary artery disease, hypertensive period during aortocoronary bypass grafting were treated with enflurane. The effects of enflurane on the general hemodynamic and the major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption were studied. Heart rate and systolic arterial pressure were significant reduced, cardiac index and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure remained unchanged. The calculated determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption decreased, as well as the measured arterial-coronary venous oxygen content difference. The authors conclude, that enflurane can reduce the afterload in patients with coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 317625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5948", "title": "[Observations on the mode of distribution of cholesterol in cholesterolosis bulbi (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and histological findings are described together with the mode of distribution of the cholesterol crystals that could be traced in the anterior chamber, iris, corpus ciliare, vitreous body, retina and choroid. No crystals were found in the cornea, sclera or lens. In the patient's medical history was a trauma that had occurred 37 years before. Histologically, macrophages were visible in the iron reaction. Since these macrophages contained siderous pigment, an intraocular haemorrhage probably played an important role in the development of the crystals.", "contents": "[Observations on the mode of distribution of cholesterol in cholesterolosis bulbi (author's transl)]. Clinical and histological findings are described together with the mode of distribution of the cholesterol crystals that could be traced in the anterior chamber, iris, corpus ciliare, vitreous body, retina and choroid. No crystals were found in the cornea, sclera or lens. In the patient's medical history was a trauma that had occurred 37 years before. Histologically, macrophages were visible in the iron reaction. Since these macrophages contained siderous pigment, an intraocular haemorrhage probably played an important role in the development of the crystals.", "PMID": 317627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5949", "title": "[Length measurements by rocking-plate micrometry at the fundus of the human eye (author's transl)].", "content": "An additional unit which can be used for length measurements at the fundus of the human eye is described for the ophthalmoscope. The principle of measurement is based on optical displacement of the measuring object to itself. The optical displacement of picture points is made possible by the use of a tilting flat glass plate in the intermediate image plane of the eyepiece. The relation between the optical displacement of picture points and the measuring movement is sufficiently linear for the described device.", "contents": "[Length measurements by rocking-plate micrometry at the fundus of the human eye (author's transl)]. An additional unit which can be used for length measurements at the fundus of the human eye is described for the ophthalmoscope. The principle of measurement is based on optical displacement of the measuring object to itself. The optical displacement of picture points is made possible by the use of a tilting flat glass plate in the intermediate image plane of the eyepiece. The relation between the optical displacement of picture points and the measuring movement is sufficiently linear for the described device.", "PMID": 317628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5950", "title": "[Timolol and acetazolamide in the treatment of increased intraocular pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-four patients with open-angle glaucoma were tested to see if, and to what extent, timolol and acetazolamide produced a supplementary reduction of intraocular pressure. Twelve patients were treated with timolol eye drops, 0.5% b.d over a period of one week and then received one dose i.v. acetazolamide 250 mg which produced a statistically significant drop in intraocular pressure. Twelve patients with open-angle glaucoma who had been treated with acetazolamide 500 mg t.d.s. orally over a period of one week, received one drop of timolol 0.25% which produced a statistically significant additional effect. These results are discussed on the basis of the mode of action of the applied medications.", "contents": "[Timolol and acetazolamide in the treatment of increased intraocular pressure (author's transl)]. Twenty-four patients with open-angle glaucoma were tested to see if, and to what extent, timolol and acetazolamide produced a supplementary reduction of intraocular pressure. Twelve patients were treated with timolol eye drops, 0.5% b.d over a period of one week and then received one dose i.v. acetazolamide 250 mg which produced a statistically significant drop in intraocular pressure. Twelve patients with open-angle glaucoma who had been treated with acetazolamide 500 mg t.d.s. orally over a period of one week, received one drop of timolol 0.25% which produced a statistically significant additional effect. These results are discussed on the basis of the mode of action of the applied medications.", "PMID": 317629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5951", "title": "[Comparative measurements of the ophthalmic arterial pressure using the Mikuni dynamometer and the Stepanik-arteriotonograph (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative measurements of the ophthalmic arterial pressure have been performed in 102 eyes using the Mikuni dynamometer and the Stepanik-Arteriotonograph. There was a linear correlation between the results obtained with both methods (P less than 0.001). Ophthalmic arterial blood pressures taken with the Stepanik-Arteriotonograph (SAT) were on the average 23 mmHg higher than with the Mikuni suction cup dynamometer. The mean ophthalmic blood pressure using the SAT was 88% of the mean brachial arterial pressure, whereas it was 70% with the Mikuni instrument. Differences between duplicate readings in the same eye were higher with the SAT than with the Mikuni dynamometer (P less than 0.001). Differences between both eyes in one individual were on the average greater using the SAT than the Mikuni instrument (P less than 0.001) and suction cup dynamometry was tolerated better subjectively than ophthalmic arteriotonography. A different reference point for taking arterial blood pressure with both methods is discussed. In arteriotonography the point of pressure measurement is more central than in suction cup dynamometry, because of the different method of increasing intraocular pressure in each procedure. The pros and cons of both methods are critically discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative measurements of the ophthalmic arterial pressure using the Mikuni dynamometer and the Stepanik-arteriotonograph (author's transl)]. Comparative measurements of the ophthalmic arterial pressure have been performed in 102 eyes using the Mikuni dynamometer and the Stepanik-Arteriotonograph. There was a linear correlation between the results obtained with both methods (P less than 0.001). Ophthalmic arterial blood pressures taken with the Stepanik-Arteriotonograph (SAT) were on the average 23 mmHg higher than with the Mikuni suction cup dynamometer. The mean ophthalmic blood pressure using the SAT was 88% of the mean brachial arterial pressure, whereas it was 70% with the Mikuni instrument. Differences between duplicate readings in the same eye were higher with the SAT than with the Mikuni dynamometer (P less than 0.001). Differences between both eyes in one individual were on the average greater using the SAT than the Mikuni instrument (P less than 0.001) and suction cup dynamometry was tolerated better subjectively than ophthalmic arteriotonography. A different reference point for taking arterial blood pressure with both methods is discussed. In arteriotonography the point of pressure measurement is more central than in suction cup dynamometry, because of the different method of increasing intraocular pressure in each procedure. The pros and cons of both methods are critically discussed.", "PMID": 317630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5952", "title": "[Echoculometry of the scleral buckle after retinal detachment surgery with and without subretinal drainage (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of 32 eyes, the elevation of the scleral buckle was measured by means of A-scan echo-oculometry at the end of retinal detachment surgery, 6 and 10 h later, and 2, 3, 4, 8, 14, and 21 days after cryopexy and plombage with a 5 mm diameter silicon sponge. Subretinal drainage was applied in 50% of the cases. In more than 50% maximal indentation was found 2 days postoperatively; in less than 50%, 3 days postoperatively. Statistically significant, this maximum appeared earlier in cases with subretinal drainage than in cases without drainage. The highest elevation of the buckle persisted from one to two weeks and decreased during the third week.", "contents": "[Echoculometry of the scleral buckle after retinal detachment surgery with and without subretinal drainage (author's transl)]. In a series of 32 eyes, the elevation of the scleral buckle was measured by means of A-scan echo-oculometry at the end of retinal detachment surgery, 6 and 10 h later, and 2, 3, 4, 8, 14, and 21 days after cryopexy and plombage with a 5 mm diameter silicon sponge. Subretinal drainage was applied in 50% of the cases. In more than 50% maximal indentation was found 2 days postoperatively; in less than 50%, 3 days postoperatively. Statistically significant, this maximum appeared earlier in cases with subretinal drainage than in cases without drainage. The highest elevation of the buckle persisted from one to two weeks and decreased during the third week.", "PMID": 317631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5953", "title": "[Action of 5-hydroxytryptophan on serum thyreostimulin and prolactin in primary hypothyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Orally 5 HTP has significantly decreased serum TSH level in eight patients with primary non treated hypothyroidism, but not in five normal subjects. Serum T4 et T3 levels did not change and serum PRL did not increase in the two groups. These results indicate a possible inhibitory action of 5 HT on TSH regulation. Action of 5 HT on PRL has not been defined here.", "contents": "[Action of 5-hydroxytryptophan on serum thyreostimulin and prolactin in primary hypothyroidism (author's transl)]. Orally 5 HTP has significantly decreased serum TSH level in eight patients with primary non treated hypothyroidism, but not in five normal subjects. Serum T4 et T3 levels did not change and serum PRL did not increase in the two groups. These results indicate a possible inhibitory action of 5 HT on TSH regulation. Action of 5 HT on PRL has not been defined here.", "PMID": 317634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5954", "title": "[Calcium and phosphrous evaluation during cortisone treatment of nephrotic syndrome in relapse].", "content": "Metabolic balances were used to study the intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome in relapse. Magnesium balance was unaffected by the illness, steroid therapy, or by the addition of vitamin D. In contrast, the absorption of calcium and phosphorus was reduced by the illness and was still furthur diminished by the steroid therapy. The addition of vitamin D was totally ineffective in the doses used. The causes of these changes are discussed.", "contents": "[Calcium and phosphrous evaluation during cortisone treatment of nephrotic syndrome in relapse]. Metabolic balances were used to study the intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome in relapse. Magnesium balance was unaffected by the illness, steroid therapy, or by the addition of vitamin D. In contrast, the absorption of calcium and phosphorus was reduced by the illness and was still furthur diminished by the steroid therapy. The addition of vitamin D was totally ineffective in the doses used. The causes of these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 317636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5955", "title": "Synthetic antigens: IV. Antigen-binding cells to interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) in rats immunized with sheep red blood cells.", "content": "The results of studies on the effect of a new synthetic antigens: interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) on the immunological response in rats to sheep red blood cells, and vice versa are presented. It was found that in rats, in contrast to mice, PSM did not generate antigen-binding cells for sheep red blood cells. However, an opposite effect was observed: sheep red blood cells generated in rats antigen-binding cells to PSM.", "contents": "Synthetic antigens: IV. Antigen-binding cells to interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) in rats immunized with sheep red blood cells. The results of studies on the effect of a new synthetic antigens: interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) on the immunological response in rats to sheep red blood cells, and vice versa are presented. It was found that in rats, in contrast to mice, PSM did not generate antigen-binding cells for sheep red blood cells. However, an opposite effect was observed: sheep red blood cells generated in rats antigen-binding cells to PSM.", "PMID": 317637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5956", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in patients with steroid-dependent bronchial asthma during long-term treatment.", "content": "Since corticosteroids are known to be a potent factor redistributing the peripheral blood lymphocytes to other body compartments, we estimated the sub-populations of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of steroid dependent asthma patients. In twenty steroid-treated asthma patients and eighteen healthy blood donors the percentage and absolute number of lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells (\"early\" and \"late\" T lymphocyte marker) and mouse red blood cells (B lymphocyte marker) were determined. The asthma patients were treated with 40 or 60 mg of triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) i.m. for at least one year or more prior to the study. No statistically significant differences were observed in lymphocyte subpopulations between steroid-treated asthma patients and healthy blood donors.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in patients with steroid-dependent bronchial asthma during long-term treatment. Since corticosteroids are known to be a potent factor redistributing the peripheral blood lymphocytes to other body compartments, we estimated the sub-populations of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of steroid dependent asthma patients. In twenty steroid-treated asthma patients and eighteen healthy blood donors the percentage and absolute number of lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells (\"early\" and \"late\" T lymphocyte marker) and mouse red blood cells (B lymphocyte marker) were determined. The asthma patients were treated with 40 or 60 mg of triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) i.m. for at least one year or more prior to the study. No statistically significant differences were observed in lymphocyte subpopulations between steroid-treated asthma patients and healthy blood donors.", "PMID": 317639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5957", "title": "Immune responsiveness of irradiated mice reconstituted with complement receptor positive CLR+ or negative CLR--lymphocytes from spleen or bone marrow.", "content": "Spleen and bone marrow cells depleted of CRL cannot restore immune reactivity of irradiated mice to sheep red blood cells SRBC. The response to anti-SIII, a T-independent antigen does not change when irradiated animals are repopulated with spleen cells or spleen cells depleted of CRL. Spleen cells of 6-day-old mice having low number of CRL, in contrast to spleen cells of adult animals, could not reconstitute irradiated recipients.", "contents": "Immune responsiveness of irradiated mice reconstituted with complement receptor positive CLR+ or negative CLR--lymphocytes from spleen or bone marrow. Spleen and bone marrow cells depleted of CRL cannot restore immune reactivity of irradiated mice to sheep red blood cells SRBC. The response to anti-SIII, a T-independent antigen does not change when irradiated animals are repopulated with spleen cells or spleen cells depleted of CRL. Spleen cells of 6-day-old mice having low number of CRL, in contrast to spleen cells of adult animals, could not reconstitute irradiated recipients.", "PMID": 317638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5958", "title": "The peripheral T and B lymphocytes in uremic patients.", "content": "By employing the rosette technique the peripheral T and B lymphocytes were determined in 24 patients with terminal renal failure treated by diet and 17 subjects treated by program of repeated hemodialysis. The decreased percentage of B-cells was found in both groups of patients in comparison with the control group. The more distinct decrease of B-cells was observed in patients treated by hemodialysis in comparison with undialized patients but the difference was statistically nonsignificant. The degree of immunity disturbance in chronic renal failure does not depend on dialysis but on the duration of the renal insufficiency.", "contents": "The peripheral T and B lymphocytes in uremic patients. By employing the rosette technique the peripheral T and B lymphocytes were determined in 24 patients with terminal renal failure treated by diet and 17 subjects treated by program of repeated hemodialysis. The decreased percentage of B-cells was found in both groups of patients in comparison with the control group. The more distinct decrease of B-cells was observed in patients treated by hemodialysis in comparison with undialized patients but the difference was statistically nonsignificant. The degree of immunity disturbance in chronic renal failure does not depend on dialysis but on the duration of the renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 317640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5959", "title": "The role of autoaggressive reactions in recurrent uveitis.", "content": "An experimental study in rabbits and clinical study in patients with uveitis was carried out. Experimental uveitis was induced in rabbits sensitized with albumin and antigen was injected intravenously or into the vitrous body of their eyes. Blastic transformation of lymphocytes stimulated with PHA, albumin and extracts of the uvea and cytotoxicity of the serum against normal white blood cells in presence of antigen were determined. In recurrent uveitis blastic transformation induced with uvea antigens, hemagglutinin titers against these antigens and serum cytotoxicity increased. The results indicate a significant role of autoaggression in the pathogenesis of some recurrent eye uveitis cases.", "contents": "The role of autoaggressive reactions in recurrent uveitis. An experimental study in rabbits and clinical study in patients with uveitis was carried out. Experimental uveitis was induced in rabbits sensitized with albumin and antigen was injected intravenously or into the vitrous body of their eyes. Blastic transformation of lymphocytes stimulated with PHA, albumin and extracts of the uvea and cytotoxicity of the serum against normal white blood cells in presence of antigen were determined. In recurrent uveitis blastic transformation induced with uvea antigens, hemagglutinin titers against these antigens and serum cytotoxicity increased. The results indicate a significant role of autoaggression in the pathogenesis of some recurrent eye uveitis cases.", "PMID": 317641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5960", "title": "[Function returning without and with recovery nystagmus after sudden unilateral isolated vestibular loss (author's transl)].", "content": "The restoration of peripher labyrinthine excitability after sudden unilateral isolated vestibular loss shows a different behaviour: It can happen with or without recovery nystagmus with a numerical nearly equal frequency. In a follow-up of 44 patients with unilateral vestibular loss of vascular genetics the objective and subjective characteristics of both states are described. In explanation of it a lesion of variable etiology in the region of the vestibular artery and a supposition of a not yet or already occured compensation of the disturbed tonus balance in the nuclear area are not sufficient. Rather the origin of the different clinical states of recovery phenomenon must be presumed in all probability as the result of a primary and secondary retrograde degeneration of the vestibular neurons. Thereby the distance of the lesion from the Scarpa ganglion is presumably of decisive importance.", "contents": "[Function returning without and with recovery nystagmus after sudden unilateral isolated vestibular loss (author's transl)]. The restoration of peripher labyrinthine excitability after sudden unilateral isolated vestibular loss shows a different behaviour: It can happen with or without recovery nystagmus with a numerical nearly equal frequency. In a follow-up of 44 patients with unilateral vestibular loss of vascular genetics the objective and subjective characteristics of both states are described. In explanation of it a lesion of variable etiology in the region of the vestibular artery and a supposition of a not yet or already occured compensation of the disturbed tonus balance in the nuclear area are not sufficient. Rather the origin of the different clinical states of recovery phenomenon must be presumed in all probability as the result of a primary and secondary retrograde degeneration of the vestibular neurons. Thereby the distance of the lesion from the Scarpa ganglion is presumably of decisive importance.", "PMID": 317643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5961", "title": "The effects of major and minor trauma on lymphocyte kinetics in mice.", "content": "The effects of major and minor trauma on the circulating white blood cell populations of C57BL mice were followed. The results showed that not only major trauma (nephrectomy) but minor injury and stress (e.g. injection, bleeding) triggered a highly significant fall (50-70%) in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood. The fall was a gradual one, with the maximal drop 2 h after the operation or handling procedure. Major trauma resulted in a fall in both B and T lymphocytes. Minor trauma produced a fall in B lymphocytes only. A 3-4 fold increase in circulating polymorph numbers also accompanied major trauma, but no increase was observed after minor trauma. The blood picture returned to normal generally within 24 h of both minor and major trauma. Repetition of the trauma stimulus after recovery led to a renewed trauma response. Bilateral adrenalectomy abolished the lymphocyte response to major and minor trauma and decreased the polymorph response to major trauma by more than 50%, indicating that stress hormones played a role in these changes. Studies with 51chromium-labelled lymphocytes, transferred into traumatized and adrenalectomized animals, suggested that decreased entry of lymphocytes into the blood (rather than increased exit from the blood into the tissues, or cell death) was the most likely mechanism of the lymphopenia following trauma.", "contents": "The effects of major and minor trauma on lymphocyte kinetics in mice. The effects of major and minor trauma on the circulating white blood cell populations of C57BL mice were followed. The results showed that not only major trauma (nephrectomy) but minor injury and stress (e.g. injection, bleeding) triggered a highly significant fall (50-70%) in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood. The fall was a gradual one, with the maximal drop 2 h after the operation or handling procedure. Major trauma resulted in a fall in both B and T lymphocytes. Minor trauma produced a fall in B lymphocytes only. A 3-4 fold increase in circulating polymorph numbers also accompanied major trauma, but no increase was observed after minor trauma. The blood picture returned to normal generally within 24 h of both minor and major trauma. Repetition of the trauma stimulus after recovery led to a renewed trauma response. Bilateral adrenalectomy abolished the lymphocyte response to major and minor trauma and decreased the polymorph response to major trauma by more than 50%, indicating that stress hormones played a role in these changes. Studies with 51chromium-labelled lymphocytes, transferred into traumatized and adrenalectomized animals, suggested that decreased entry of lymphocytes into the blood (rather than increased exit from the blood into the tissues, or cell death) was the most likely mechanism of the lymphopenia following trauma.", "PMID": 317644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5962", "title": "Bovine granulocyte/macrophage and erythroid colony culture: characteristics of the colonies and the assay systems.", "content": "Bovine bone marrow granulocyte/macrophage colonies were cultured in vitro in methyl cellulose and in plasma clots using bovine endotoxin-stimulated serum as a source of colony stimulating activity. The endotoxin-stimulated serum was four times as potent as the control serum in the methyl cellulose cultures. No significant increase in the number of colony forming units was observed when bovine marrow cells were maintained in suspension cultures for various periods prior to plating in methyl cellulose. The percentage of glass/plastic adherent cells in bovine marrow cells was observed to be 43% +/- 12 (SD). Benzidine positive erythroid colonies appeared in plasma clot cultures on day 4 and disappeared by day 9. No second population of erythroid colonies appeared either as a function of time or as a function of erythropoietin concentration. The optimum erythropoietin concentration for bovine erythroid cultures was found to be 1.0 unit/mL. A significant difference was observed between animals in their marrow capacity to produce erythroid colonies in culture but no significant difference was observed within individual animals over a period of three months.", "contents": "Bovine granulocyte/macrophage and erythroid colony culture: characteristics of the colonies and the assay systems. Bovine bone marrow granulocyte/macrophage colonies were cultured in vitro in methyl cellulose and in plasma clots using bovine endotoxin-stimulated serum as a source of colony stimulating activity. The endotoxin-stimulated serum was four times as potent as the control serum in the methyl cellulose cultures. No significant increase in the number of colony forming units was observed when bovine marrow cells were maintained in suspension cultures for various periods prior to plating in methyl cellulose. The percentage of glass/plastic adherent cells in bovine marrow cells was observed to be 43% +/- 12 (SD). Benzidine positive erythroid colonies appeared in plasma clot cultures on day 4 and disappeared by day 9. No second population of erythroid colonies appeared either as a function of time or as a function of erythropoietin concentration. The optimum erythropoietin concentration for bovine erythroid cultures was found to be 1.0 unit/mL. A significant difference was observed between animals in their marrow capacity to produce erythroid colonies in culture but no significant difference was observed within individual animals over a period of three months.", "PMID": 317645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5963", "title": "Clinical, physiological and philosophical implications of innovative brain surgery in humans.", "content": "Abnormal states of motor behaviour can be reversed by interruption of facilitating mechanisms and augmentation of inhibitory mechanisms. Similarly, psychological and emotional behaviours which were abnormal due to disinhibition, such as screaming, repetitive speech and aggressive violent behaviour, have been favourably affected from a clinical and sociological standpoint. The mechanisms of the facilitatory and inhibitory systems which modulate motor behaviour also modify psychological and emotional behaviour. The findings of our studies in experimental neurosurgery may help to provide new insights into mechanisms of mental capacity and behaviour.", "contents": "Clinical, physiological and philosophical implications of innovative brain surgery in humans. Abnormal states of motor behaviour can be reversed by interruption of facilitating mechanisms and augmentation of inhibitory mechanisms. Similarly, psychological and emotional behaviours which were abnormal due to disinhibition, such as screaming, repetitive speech and aggressive violent behaviour, have been favourably affected from a clinical and sociological standpoint. The mechanisms of the facilitatory and inhibitory systems which modulate motor behaviour also modify psychological and emotional behaviour. The findings of our studies in experimental neurosurgery may help to provide new insights into mechanisms of mental capacity and behaviour.", "PMID": 317646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5964", "title": "[The epidemiological approach to depression (author's transl)].", "content": "The epidemiological method is indispensable to the clinical investigator, the practising clinician and the public health worker. In the field of mood disorders epidemiological inquiry has been hampered by the subjective nature of the phenomena under study, the problems of assessment and diagnosis, observer bias and the unrepresentative nature of small population samples. Nontheless, it is argued that the difficulties are similar to those encountered elsewhere in medicine and examples are given of epidemiological contributions to an understanding of depression.", "contents": "[The epidemiological approach to depression (author's transl)]. The epidemiological method is indispensable to the clinical investigator, the practising clinician and the public health worker. In the field of mood disorders epidemiological inquiry has been hampered by the subjective nature of the phenomena under study, the problems of assessment and diagnosis, observer bias and the unrepresentative nature of small population samples. Nontheless, it is argued that the difficulties are similar to those encountered elsewhere in medicine and examples are given of epidemiological contributions to an understanding of depression.", "PMID": 317648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5965", "title": "Endoscopy in the upper G.I. bleedings.", "content": "From 388 patients with upper G.I. bleeding investigated by endoscopy, radiology or emergent surgery, one third bled from duodenal ulcer, one third oesophageal varices, and from the remain the most frequent were gastric ulcer (14%) and gastric cancer (9%). From a sample of 53 patients with liver cirrhosis, 66% bled from varices and 34% from other lesions. The proportion of patients who bled from oesophageal varices is higher under 60 yrs. The mortality was higher after 60 yrs, except when there was associated chronic liver disease or renal or cardio-respiratory failure. In this group of patients, near half in our series, the mortality is the same under and above 60 years.", "contents": "Endoscopy in the upper G.I. bleedings. From 388 patients with upper G.I. bleeding investigated by endoscopy, radiology or emergent surgery, one third bled from duodenal ulcer, one third oesophageal varices, and from the remain the most frequent were gastric ulcer (14%) and gastric cancer (9%). From a sample of 53 patients with liver cirrhosis, 66% bled from varices and 34% from other lesions. The proportion of patients who bled from oesophageal varices is higher under 60 yrs. The mortality was higher after 60 yrs, except when there was associated chronic liver disease or renal or cardio-respiratory failure. In this group of patients, near half in our series, the mortality is the same under and above 60 years.", "PMID": 317642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5966", "title": "Isolation of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells and clonable precursor cells of erythrocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and megakaryocytes from mouse bone marrow.", "content": "Murine pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and precursor cells with restricted commitment to erythrocytes, granulocytes and macrophages as well as megakaryocytes have been purified 30- to 50-fold from mouse bone marrow cells. Purification was achieved by a three-step procedure. Bone marrow cell populations free of erythroid cells and lymphocytes were obtained by culturing the cells for several weeks. Macrophages and adherent polymorphic neutrophils (PMN) were removed by adherence to plastic. The remainder of the PMN along with more primitive granulocytes (but not promyelocytes and some monocytoid cells) were removed either by neutral density centrifugation or by differential centrifugation after rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes coated with immunoglobulin (EA rosettes). The remaining population of marrow-derived cells contained 40-66% blast cells, 20-35% promyelocytes and 5-10% other cells (usually PMNs and monocytes). Using cloning techniques to detect immature hemopoietic cells, this population contained 15-35% granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells, approximately 0.2% erythroid burst-forming cells, approximately 0.1% megakaryocyte progenitor cells and 1-3% pluripotent stem cells (based on seeding efficiency 0.06).", "contents": "Isolation of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells and clonable precursor cells of erythrocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and megakaryocytes from mouse bone marrow. Murine pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and precursor cells with restricted commitment to erythrocytes, granulocytes and macrophages as well as megakaryocytes have been purified 30- to 50-fold from mouse bone marrow cells. Purification was achieved by a three-step procedure. Bone marrow cell populations free of erythroid cells and lymphocytes were obtained by culturing the cells for several weeks. Macrophages and adherent polymorphic neutrophils (PMN) were removed by adherence to plastic. The remainder of the PMN along with more primitive granulocytes (but not promyelocytes and some monocytoid cells) were removed either by neutral density centrifugation or by differential centrifugation after rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes coated with immunoglobulin (EA rosettes). The remaining population of marrow-derived cells contained 40-66% blast cells, 20-35% promyelocytes and 5-10% other cells (usually PMNs and monocytes). Using cloning techniques to detect immature hemopoietic cells, this population contained 15-35% granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells, approximately 0.2% erythroid burst-forming cells, approximately 0.1% megakaryocyte progenitor cells and 1-3% pluripotent stem cells (based on seeding efficiency 0.06).", "PMID": 317649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5967", "title": "The physical separation of three subpopulations of granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells from mouse bone marrow.", "content": "The heterogeneity among progenitor cells of granulocytes and macrophages capable of forming colonies in vitro (CFU-c) is analysed. If specific culture conditions and stimuli are used, it is possible to discriminate among three subpopulations of CFU-c. CFU-c directly responding to CSF prepared from pregnant mouse uteri are characterized by a density of 1.075 g.cm-3. The G1-phase cells of this CFU-c subpopulation have a sedimentation rate of 4.8 mm.h-1. CFU-c of two additional subpopulations are induced to proliferate by enhancing factors present in serum of mice injected with endotoxin 18 hours earlier and in lysate of rat erythrocytes. CFU-c responding to postendotoxin serum have a density of 1.070 g.cm-3 and a sedimentation rate of 4.3 mm.h-1 (G1 cells). The CFU-c responding to erythrocyte lysate have a density of 1.080 g.cm-3 and a sedimentation rate of 5.3 mm.h-1 (G1 cells). The calculated diameters of G1-phase cells of these three CFU-c subpopulations range from 7.4 to 7.6 micron and are not significantly different. It is proposed that the three CFU-c detected represent three sequential maturation stages of granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells. These cells are similar in size but increase in density (1.070 g.cm-3 to 1.080 g.cm-3) as they mature.", "contents": "The physical separation of three subpopulations of granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells from mouse bone marrow. The heterogeneity among progenitor cells of granulocytes and macrophages capable of forming colonies in vitro (CFU-c) is analysed. If specific culture conditions and stimuli are used, it is possible to discriminate among three subpopulations of CFU-c. CFU-c directly responding to CSF prepared from pregnant mouse uteri are characterized by a density of 1.075 g.cm-3. The G1-phase cells of this CFU-c subpopulation have a sedimentation rate of 4.8 mm.h-1. CFU-c of two additional subpopulations are induced to proliferate by enhancing factors present in serum of mice injected with endotoxin 18 hours earlier and in lysate of rat erythrocytes. CFU-c responding to postendotoxin serum have a density of 1.070 g.cm-3 and a sedimentation rate of 4.3 mm.h-1 (G1 cells). The CFU-c responding to erythrocyte lysate have a density of 1.080 g.cm-3 and a sedimentation rate of 5.3 mm.h-1 (G1 cells). The calculated diameters of G1-phase cells of these three CFU-c subpopulations range from 7.4 to 7.6 micron and are not significantly different. It is proposed that the three CFU-c detected represent three sequential maturation stages of granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells. These cells are similar in size but increase in density (1.070 g.cm-3 to 1.080 g.cm-3) as they mature.", "PMID": 317650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5968", "title": "[Diagnosis of lupus erythematosus].", "content": "For the exact classification of lupus erythematosus, morphological criteria alone (clinical picture, histopathology, immunopathology from involved skin, immunoelectron microscopy) are not sufficient. It is the aim of this paper to discuss briefly the known criteria for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus with particular reference to the interpretation of more recent deagnostic methods (determination of certain antinuclear antibodies; lupus band test; C1q-binding assay.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of lupus erythematosus]. For the exact classification of lupus erythematosus, morphological criteria alone (clinical picture, histopathology, immunopathology from involved skin, immunoelectron microscopy) are not sufficient. It is the aim of this paper to discuss briefly the known criteria for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus with particular reference to the interpretation of more recent deagnostic methods (determination of certain antinuclear antibodies; lupus band test; C1q-binding assay.", "PMID": 317653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5969", "title": "[Immunotherapeutic possibilities for treatment of malignant melanomas].", "content": "Principles, possibilities and limits of an immunotherapy of malignant melanoma are discussed. On account of the results of immunological investigations in melanoma patients and in animal models the immunogenicity of melanoma cells and the stage dependent immune reactivity of tumor bears seem to be certain. These facts have been the rational basis for the evaluation of an immunotherapy in malignant melanoma. Netherless these therapy trials are still in the state of clinical testing. Controlled long term studies of immunotherapy schedules under observation of the immune profile of the patients in vivo and in vitro are necessary in order to determine the place of immunotherapy within the range of oncological therapeutic possibilities.", "contents": "[Immunotherapeutic possibilities for treatment of malignant melanomas]. Principles, possibilities and limits of an immunotherapy of malignant melanoma are discussed. On account of the results of immunological investigations in melanoma patients and in animal models the immunogenicity of melanoma cells and the stage dependent immune reactivity of tumor bears seem to be certain. These facts have been the rational basis for the evaluation of an immunotherapy in malignant melanoma. Netherless these therapy trials are still in the state of clinical testing. Controlled long term studies of immunotherapy schedules under observation of the immune profile of the patients in vivo and in vitro are necessary in order to determine the place of immunotherapy within the range of oncological therapeutic possibilities.", "PMID": 317654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5970", "title": "[Immunocytomas and immunoblastic lymphomas of the skin].", "content": "Evaluation and classification of malignant lymphomas have changed decisevely in recent years. It was especially through immunology that these new discoveries were made. Some namely the immunocytoma and immunoblastic lymphoma. These lymphoma-entities of the non-Hodgkin-group are in the majority of cases neoplastic analogues of transformed B-lymphocytes. Clinico-pathologic correlations and the enzymecytochemical characterisation of the tumor cells are also described in this paper.", "contents": "[Immunocytomas and immunoblastic lymphomas of the skin]. Evaluation and classification of malignant lymphomas have changed decisevely in recent years. It was especially through immunology that these new discoveries were made. Some namely the immunocytoma and immunoblastic lymphoma. These lymphoma-entities of the non-Hodgkin-group are in the majority of cases neoplastic analogues of transformed B-lymphocytes. Clinico-pathologic correlations and the enzymecytochemical characterisation of the tumor cells are also described in this paper.", "PMID": 317655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5971", "title": "[Problems in the emergency surgical treatment of bleeding esophageal varices].", "content": "An examination is made of a series of emergency operations carried out in the period 1974-78 to arrest haemorrhage due to the rupture of oesophageal varices. An account is given of the personal criteria employed in the choice of candidates and the type of surgical management. Stress is laid on the need for greater aggressivity. In addition, support is expressed for the porto-systemic shunts, especially shunts of the porto-cava and meso-cava type. These are superior to other forms on account of their easy and rapid execution.", "contents": "[Problems in the emergency surgical treatment of bleeding esophageal varices]. An examination is made of a series of emergency operations carried out in the period 1974-78 to arrest haemorrhage due to the rupture of oesophageal varices. An account is given of the personal criteria employed in the choice of candidates and the type of surgical management. Stress is laid on the need for greater aggressivity. In addition, support is expressed for the porto-systemic shunts, especially shunts of the porto-cava and meso-cava type. These are superior to other forms on account of their easy and rapid execution.", "PMID": 317664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5972", "title": "[Proteins in human tears (author's transl)].", "content": "Levels of lacrimal proteins, 90% of which are synthetised by the lacrimal gland, normally vary between 2.5 and 6 g/litre. Three fractions migrating towards the anode may be isolated by electrophoresis: 2 prealbumins corresponding to approximately 30% of the proteins, a poorly known group (4 to 12%) and lactotransferrin (40 to 50%). One fraction migrates towards the cathode: lysosyme (25 to 35%). It is also possible to demonstrate a protein profile of tears (albumin less than 200 mg/l, transferrin less than 20 mg, IgA 100 to 200 mg/l, IgG less than 10 mg/l, bacteriolytic activity equivalent to a concentration of lysosome of 4 to 6 g/litre). In pathology, electrophoresis is valuable in the study of dry syndromes and for identification of fluid from a palpebral cyst. The protein profile is of interest above all when the tears are inflammatory.", "contents": "[Proteins in human tears (author's transl)]. Levels of lacrimal proteins, 90% of which are synthetised by the lacrimal gland, normally vary between 2.5 and 6 g/litre. Three fractions migrating towards the anode may be isolated by electrophoresis: 2 prealbumins corresponding to approximately 30% of the proteins, a poorly known group (4 to 12%) and lactotransferrin (40 to 50%). One fraction migrates towards the cathode: lysosyme (25 to 35%). It is also possible to demonstrate a protein profile of tears (albumin less than 200 mg/l, transferrin less than 20 mg, IgA 100 to 200 mg/l, IgG less than 10 mg/l, bacteriolytic activity equivalent to a concentration of lysosome of 4 to 6 g/litre). In pathology, electrophoresis is valuable in the study of dry syndromes and for identification of fluid from a palpebral cyst. The protein profile is of interest above all when the tears are inflammatory.", "PMID": 317667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5973", "title": "Cystoid macular oedema and ocular inflammation. The corneo-retinal inflammatory syndrome.", "content": "Intraocular lens implantation may be associated with an inflammatory syndrome which leads to corneal decompensation and cystoid macular oedema. The inflammatory aspects often do not appear striking but manifest as mild ciliary flush, mild flare, moderate cells in the anterior chamber, and moderate vitritis. The cornea will decompensate in the presence of endothelial cell counts which are sufficient to maintain corneal clarity in the non-inflamed eye. Metal-looped lenses and poorly polished lenses cause iris chafing and capillary leakage which increase the severity of this syndrome. It is postulated that intraocular surgery initiates an inflammatory response which is augmented by certain components of intraocular lenses. The mediation for this increased inflammatory response may be inhibited by both steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The presence of white blood cells and their products, such as lysosomal enzymes, may be sufficient to perpetuate the inflammatory response and cause damage to abnormal and normal cells. The presence of protein and its immune components, as well as complement, may be involved in this syndrome.", "contents": "Cystoid macular oedema and ocular inflammation. The corneo-retinal inflammatory syndrome. Intraocular lens implantation may be associated with an inflammatory syndrome which leads to corneal decompensation and cystoid macular oedema. The inflammatory aspects often do not appear striking but manifest as mild ciliary flush, mild flare, moderate cells in the anterior chamber, and moderate vitritis. The cornea will decompensate in the presence of endothelial cell counts which are sufficient to maintain corneal clarity in the non-inflamed eye. Metal-looped lenses and poorly polished lenses cause iris chafing and capillary leakage which increase the severity of this syndrome. It is postulated that intraocular surgery initiates an inflammatory response which is augmented by certain components of intraocular lenses. The mediation for this increased inflammatory response may be inhibited by both steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The presence of white blood cells and their products, such as lysosomal enzymes, may be sufficient to perpetuate the inflammatory response and cause damage to abnormal and normal cells. The presence of protein and its immune components, as well as complement, may be involved in this syndrome.", "PMID": 317689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5974", "title": "Prekallikrein activation by Hageman factor: potentiation by proteins in the absence of high molecular weight kininogen.", "content": "Proteins which potentiate the conversion of prekallikrein to kallikrein by Hageman factor fragments are present in cryoprecipitate prepared from the plasma of an individual lacking HMW kininogen as well as in purified von Willebrand's factor preparations. However, the potentiator activity could be separated from the von Willebrand's antigen and ristocetin cofactor activity by chromatography on QAE-Sephadex. Moreover, it was present in plasma from an individual lacking von Willebrand's factor. These observations indicate that von Willebrand's factor is not responsible for the potentiator activity in cryoprecipitate.", "contents": "Prekallikrein activation by Hageman factor: potentiation by proteins in the absence of high molecular weight kininogen. Proteins which potentiate the conversion of prekallikrein to kallikrein by Hageman factor fragments are present in cryoprecipitate prepared from the plasma of an individual lacking HMW kininogen as well as in purified von Willebrand's factor preparations. However, the potentiator activity could be separated from the von Willebrand's antigen and ristocetin cofactor activity by chromatography on QAE-Sephadex. Moreover, it was present in plasma from an individual lacking von Willebrand's factor. These observations indicate that von Willebrand's factor is not responsible for the potentiator activity in cryoprecipitate.", "PMID": 317690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5975", "title": "Aortic stenosis--angiodysplasia of the caecum.", "content": "A 73-year-old female patient developed beside aortic stenosis angiodysplasia in the caecum, which gave rise to serious, repeated intestinal bleedings. As a result, the patient was admitted to hospital 32 times. Over a period of 8 years she was given 178 litres of blood. The vascular disorder which was the source of bleeding, was detected by mesenterial angiography. After resection of the colonic section concerned, the bleeding stopped. The diagnosis of angiodysplasia of the caecum was confirmed by pathological examination.", "contents": "Aortic stenosis--angiodysplasia of the caecum. A 73-year-old female patient developed beside aortic stenosis angiodysplasia in the caecum, which gave rise to serious, repeated intestinal bleedings. As a result, the patient was admitted to hospital 32 times. Over a period of 8 years she was given 178 litres of blood. The vascular disorder which was the source of bleeding, was detected by mesenterial angiography. After resection of the colonic section concerned, the bleeding stopped. The diagnosis of angiodysplasia of the caecum was confirmed by pathological examination.", "PMID": 317694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5976", "title": "[Associated myasthenia and disseminated lupus erythematosus. A report on two cases and complete review of the published literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients aged 47 and 48 years respectively were found to have associated immunity disorders: myasthenia and DLE in the first case, and erythroblastic anemia, myasthenia, a lupus syndrome, and a thymoma in the second case. The association of myasthenia and DLE has been reported 39 times in the published literature (20 times only if stricter biological criteria are applied). The association does not increase the severity of the patient's condition and a thymoma is not present more frequently. Studies on the major histocompatibility complex and lymphocyte levels are still insufficient in this context: the haplotype was HLA A1 B8 in three cases out of seven. The physiopathological data available cannot confirm the possibility of a common pathogenesis in which the thymus and lymphocytes could play a determining role.", "contents": "[Associated myasthenia and disseminated lupus erythematosus. A report on two cases and complete review of the published literature (author's transl)]. Two patients aged 47 and 48 years respectively were found to have associated immunity disorders: myasthenia and DLE in the first case, and erythroblastic anemia, myasthenia, a lupus syndrome, and a thymoma in the second case. The association of myasthenia and DLE has been reported 39 times in the published literature (20 times only if stricter biological criteria are applied). The association does not increase the severity of the patient's condition and a thymoma is not present more frequently. Studies on the major histocompatibility complex and lymphocyte levels are still insufficient in this context: the haplotype was HLA A1 B8 in three cases out of seven. The physiopathological data available cannot confirm the possibility of a common pathogenesis in which the thymus and lymphocytes could play a determining role.", "PMID": 317696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5977", "title": "[Effect of transfer factor on the immunity state of patients with bronchopulmonary cancer. A report on 12 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The dialysate of an extract of leucocytes having transfer factor (TF) activity was administered, at a daily dose of 1 mg/ml of orcinol-sulphuric positive material, by intramuscular injection to 12 patients with bronchopulmonary cancer for 6 days. An increase in the percentage of E-rosettes and the absolute number of T lymphocytes was observed in 7 cases out of 10. Rapid healing of a widespread intercurrent zona and a regin of B.C.G. scarification reaction was also noted. The TF was well tolerated in most cases.", "contents": "[Effect of transfer factor on the immunity state of patients with bronchopulmonary cancer. A report on 12 cases (author's transl)]. The dialysate of an extract of leucocytes having transfer factor (TF) activity was administered, at a daily dose of 1 mg/ml of orcinol-sulphuric positive material, by intramuscular injection to 12 patients with bronchopulmonary cancer for 6 days. An increase in the percentage of E-rosettes and the absolute number of T lymphocytes was observed in 7 cases out of 10. Rapid healing of a widespread intercurrent zona and a regin of B.C.G. scarification reaction was also noted. The TF was well tolerated in most cases.", "PMID": 317697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5978", "title": "L-cysteine hydrazide--its pharmacological and immunosuppressive activity.", "content": "The authors investigated the immunological and pharmacological activity of l-cysteine hydrazide. It was found, that the preparation exhibited an interesting immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effect, which was evoked by the interference of the drug in nucleic acids and by stabilization of the cell membranes. Moreover it diminished the number of T lymphocytes. L-cysteine hydrazide showed no significant side effects. The authors discussed the possibility of its application in clinical therapy.", "contents": "L-cysteine hydrazide--its pharmacological and immunosuppressive activity. The authors investigated the immunological and pharmacological activity of l-cysteine hydrazide. It was found, that the preparation exhibited an interesting immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effect, which was evoked by the interference of the drug in nucleic acids and by stabilization of the cell membranes. Moreover it diminished the number of T lymphocytes. L-cysteine hydrazide showed no significant side effects. The authors discussed the possibility of its application in clinical therapy.", "PMID": 317699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5979", "title": "Serum prolactin and brain and pituitary monoamine responses to chronic monoamine oxidase inhibition in the rat.", "content": "The acute administration of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor iproniazid to rats causes a highly significant suppression of serum prolactin levels at 2 h. At the same time there is a significant rise in the hypothalamic-median eminence concentrations of the biogenic monoamines dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin. When iproniazid is administered daily to rats for 4 days and the animals are examined on the fifth day brain noradrenaline and serotonin levels are elevated similarly to those seen after acute administration but dopamine concentration is near normal while serum prolactin is significantly elevated. This study thus demonstrates that a quite specific and unexpected change occurs in the regulation of hypothalamic-median eminence dopamine when iproniazid is administered chronically and provides an explanation of previous observations in human subjects where raised serum prolactin levels are observed after chronic therapy with monoamine oxidase inhibitors.", "contents": "Serum prolactin and brain and pituitary monoamine responses to chronic monoamine oxidase inhibition in the rat. The acute administration of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor iproniazid to rats causes a highly significant suppression of serum prolactin levels at 2 h. At the same time there is a significant rise in the hypothalamic-median eminence concentrations of the biogenic monoamines dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin. When iproniazid is administered daily to rats for 4 days and the animals are examined on the fifth day brain noradrenaline and serotonin levels are elevated similarly to those seen after acute administration but dopamine concentration is near normal while serum prolactin is significantly elevated. This study thus demonstrates that a quite specific and unexpected change occurs in the regulation of hypothalamic-median eminence dopamine when iproniazid is administered chronically and provides an explanation of previous observations in human subjects where raised serum prolactin levels are observed after chronic therapy with monoamine oxidase inhibitors.", "PMID": 317700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5980", "title": "Induction of the hepatic microsomal and nuclear cytochrome P-450 system by hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol and trichlorophenol.", "content": "The application of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) to female rats led to an induction of both the microsomal and the nuclear cytochrome P-450 system in the liver. The increase of th mixed-function hydroxylase activities examined (7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase, 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase, NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine demethylase, benzpyrene hydroxylase) did not correlate strictly with the cytochrome P-450 content. Depending on the inducers and the substrates used, the content and the activity of the cytochrome P-450 were essentially smaller in the nuclei than in the microsomes. It was striking that in the nuclei those activities (benzpyrene hydroxylase, 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase) were preferably induced which can be attributed to the methyl-cholanthrene-induced form of the cytochrome P-450 (cytochrome P-448). These results suggest, also in the light of findings of other authors, the induction of different species of cytochrome P-450 in the nuclei and microsomes.", "contents": "Induction of the hepatic microsomal and nuclear cytochrome P-450 system by hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol and trichlorophenol. The application of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) to female rats led to an induction of both the microsomal and the nuclear cytochrome P-450 system in the liver. The increase of th mixed-function hydroxylase activities examined (7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase, 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase, NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine demethylase, benzpyrene hydroxylase) did not correlate strictly with the cytochrome P-450 content. Depending on the inducers and the substrates used, the content and the activity of the cytochrome P-450 were essentially smaller in the nuclei than in the microsomes. It was striking that in the nuclei those activities (benzpyrene hydroxylase, 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase) were preferably induced which can be attributed to the methyl-cholanthrene-induced form of the cytochrome P-450 (cytochrome P-448). These results suggest, also in the light of findings of other authors, the induction of different species of cytochrome P-450 in the nuclei and microsomes.", "PMID": 317704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5981", "title": "Vestibular nystagmus under hyperbaric conditions.", "content": "Sixty subjects participated in 454 experiments, 94 of which involved a centrifuge and an overload of 2 units. The studies showed that otolithic stimulation (the 2 unit overload) either activated nystagmus or had no substantial effect on the magnitude of this property. The paper advances a new, supplementary method for individual evaluation of the functional state of the vestibular analyzer of a pilot, in complicated cases of vestibulometry in clinical examinations, by comparative evaluation of the intensity of the nystagmic response under normal and hyperbaric conditions. Patients in whom the nystagmic slow phase speed (SPS) during hyperbaria (2 units) exceeds its usual value are designated as vestibulo-resistant; persons in whom the SPS of the nystagmus does not change substantially during hyperbaria are designated as vestibulo-susceptible.", "contents": "Vestibular nystagmus under hyperbaric conditions. Sixty subjects participated in 454 experiments, 94 of which involved a centrifuge and an overload of 2 units. The studies showed that otolithic stimulation (the 2 unit overload) either activated nystagmus or had no substantial effect on the magnitude of this property. The paper advances a new, supplementary method for individual evaluation of the functional state of the vestibular analyzer of a pilot, in complicated cases of vestibulometry in clinical examinations, by comparative evaluation of the intensity of the nystagmic response under normal and hyperbaric conditions. Patients in whom the nystagmic slow phase speed (SPS) during hyperbaria (2 units) exceeds its usual value are designated as vestibulo-resistant; persons in whom the SPS of the nystagmus does not change substantially during hyperbaria are designated as vestibulo-susceptible.", "PMID": 317701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5982", "title": "Identification of TL+ thymocytes with different Lyt phenotypes.", "content": "The surface antigenic phenotype of BALB/c thymocytes has been analyzed by sequential cytotoxic treatment with Lyt-1.2, Lyt-2.2 and TL.2 antisera plus complement. Two new minor subpopulations with TL+Lyt-1+2- and TL+Lyt-1-2+ phenotypes have been identified providing direct evidence for the heterogeneity of the Lyt phenotype among the TL-positive supopulation of thymocytes. This finding suggests that differentiation pathways of Lyt subsets of T cells are more complex than originally proposed and that commitment to separate lines of differentiation may occur already at the level of immature, cortical thymocytes.", "contents": "Identification of TL+ thymocytes with different Lyt phenotypes. The surface antigenic phenotype of BALB/c thymocytes has been analyzed by sequential cytotoxic treatment with Lyt-1.2, Lyt-2.2 and TL.2 antisera plus complement. Two new minor subpopulations with TL+Lyt-1+2- and TL+Lyt-1-2+ phenotypes have been identified providing direct evidence for the heterogeneity of the Lyt phenotype among the TL-positive supopulation of thymocytes. This finding suggests that differentiation pathways of Lyt subsets of T cells are more complex than originally proposed and that commitment to separate lines of differentiation may occur already at the level of immature, cortical thymocytes.", "PMID": 317705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5983", "title": "Surface markers on natural killer cells of the mouse.", "content": "Rabbit antiserum against mouse brain tissue (anti-brain-associated T cell antigen, anti-BAT) was capable of killing splenic natural killer (NK) cells of CBA/J, BALB/c, C 57 Bl/6J, C 3 H/He and nude mice, which were detected with Molony virus-induced lymphoma (YAC-1) and radiation-induced leukemia (RL male 1) cells as targets. The same antiserum abolished T cell functions, e.g. carrier-specific helper function and the responsiveness to concanavalin A, but not B cell functions, e.g. immunological memory for the secondary antibody response and the responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide. After absorption of the anti-BAT with thymocytes, the ability to kill T cells was completely abrogated, leaving the activity to kill NK cells intact. No other heterologous and isologous antisera, i.e. rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte antiserum, goat antiserum against antigens shared by thymus and B cells, anti-Thy-1.2 and anti-Ia antisera, could eliminate NK function regardless of their definite reactivity against T or B cells. The results indicate that the absorbed anti-BAT can distinguish NK cells from other known subsets of T and B cells.", "contents": "Surface markers on natural killer cells of the mouse. Rabbit antiserum against mouse brain tissue (anti-brain-associated T cell antigen, anti-BAT) was capable of killing splenic natural killer (NK) cells of CBA/J, BALB/c, C 57 Bl/6J, C 3 H/He and nude mice, which were detected with Molony virus-induced lymphoma (YAC-1) and radiation-induced leukemia (RL male 1) cells as targets. The same antiserum abolished T cell functions, e.g. carrier-specific helper function and the responsiveness to concanavalin A, but not B cell functions, e.g. immunological memory for the secondary antibody response and the responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide. After absorption of the anti-BAT with thymocytes, the ability to kill T cells was completely abrogated, leaving the activity to kill NK cells intact. No other heterologous and isologous antisera, i.e. rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte antiserum, goat antiserum against antigens shared by thymus and B cells, anti-Thy-1.2 and anti-Ia antisera, could eliminate NK function regardless of their definite reactivity against T or B cells. The results indicate that the absorbed anti-BAT can distinguish NK cells from other known subsets of T and B cells.", "PMID": 317706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5984", "title": "[Genetic regulation of T-lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA is independent of culture conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "A maximal interline separation has been obtained after 10 consecutive generations of selective breeding for the character \"quantitative in vitro response of lymph node lymphocytes to the mitogenic effect of phytohaemagglutinin\". At the selection limit the difference between high and low responder lines was about 20-fold. A similar interline separation has been demonstrated for the T-mitogen effect of concanavalin A. The identical response to PPD (purified protein derivative of tuberculin), a B mitogen, proved that the genetic selection has only modified the potentialities of T lymphocytes. During the selective breeding, responsiveness to PHA stimulation has been always measured under identical culture conditions. To demonstrate that the interline difference in responsiveness was due essentially to genetic factors independent of environmental effects, a systematic study of various culture conditions has been undertaken. The optimal stimulation was found after two days of culture for high line cells and after three days for low line cells. The difference between maximal responses was only slightly lower than that obtained after a two-day culture as used for the selection test. Increase in cell concentrations produced higher thymidine incorporation. In the two lines, a linear correlation was established between the cell concentration and the response produced. The maximal response given by the highest number of low line lymphocytes was equivalent to that given by a number, 11-fold smaller, of high line cells. Within certain limits, changes in the amount of tritiated thymidine added to the culture did not affect the interline separation. With a thymidine of high specific activity, a sub-evaluation of uptake by high line cells decreased the interline difference. Results in mixed culture of lymph node cells from high and low lines indicated that the low response was not due to the release of inhibiting factors or to the presence of suppressive cells in low responder mice. In conclusion, separation of these two lines was due to genetic factors acting independently of the cell culture conditions.", "contents": "[Genetic regulation of T-lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA is independent of culture conditions (author's transl)]. A maximal interline separation has been obtained after 10 consecutive generations of selective breeding for the character \"quantitative in vitro response of lymph node lymphocytes to the mitogenic effect of phytohaemagglutinin\". At the selection limit the difference between high and low responder lines was about 20-fold. A similar interline separation has been demonstrated for the T-mitogen effect of concanavalin A. The identical response to PPD (purified protein derivative of tuberculin), a B mitogen, proved that the genetic selection has only modified the potentialities of T lymphocytes. During the selective breeding, responsiveness to PHA stimulation has been always measured under identical culture conditions. To demonstrate that the interline difference in responsiveness was due essentially to genetic factors independent of environmental effects, a systematic study of various culture conditions has been undertaken. The optimal stimulation was found after two days of culture for high line cells and after three days for low line cells. The difference between maximal responses was only slightly lower than that obtained after a two-day culture as used for the selection test. Increase in cell concentrations produced higher thymidine incorporation. In the two lines, a linear correlation was established between the cell concentration and the response produced. The maximal response given by the highest number of low line lymphocytes was equivalent to that given by a number, 11-fold smaller, of high line cells. Within certain limits, changes in the amount of tritiated thymidine added to the culture did not affect the interline separation. With a thymidine of high specific activity, a sub-evaluation of uptake by high line cells decreased the interline difference. Results in mixed culture of lymph node cells from high and low lines indicated that the low response was not due to the release of inhibiting factors or to the presence of suppressive cells in low responder mice. In conclusion, separation of these two lines was due to genetic factors acting independently of the cell culture conditions.", "PMID": 317698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5985", "title": "A mature T lymphocyte subpopulation marker closely linked to the Ig-1 allotype Ch locus.", "content": "An antiserum raised in BALB/c AnN mice against selected CAL.20 T cells reacts with a cell surface antigen in virgin animals that is found on 25% of mature thymocytes and Lyt-2-bearing T cells, but not on prothymocytes, Lyt-1 T cells or B cells. The antigen is restricted to strains carrying the Ig-1d or Ig-1e heavy chain allotype haplotypes. It is expressed in F1 mice. The antiserum blocks the binding of suppressor T cells to the cross-reacting idiotype for arsonate while reagents specific for Fab, Fc or Ig were ineffective. We suggest that the antigen described represents a determinant on the product of a new locus coding for a heavy chain-linked polypeptide found on a subpopulation of T cells.", "contents": "A mature T lymphocyte subpopulation marker closely linked to the Ig-1 allotype Ch locus. An antiserum raised in BALB/c AnN mice against selected CAL.20 T cells reacts with a cell surface antigen in virgin animals that is found on 25% of mature thymocytes and Lyt-2-bearing T cells, but not on prothymocytes, Lyt-1 T cells or B cells. The antigen is restricted to strains carrying the Ig-1d or Ig-1e heavy chain allotype haplotypes. It is expressed in F1 mice. The antiserum blocks the binding of suppressor T cells to the cross-reacting idiotype for arsonate while reagents specific for Fab, Fc or Ig were ineffective. We suggest that the antigen described represents a determinant on the product of a new locus coding for a heavy chain-linked polypeptide found on a subpopulation of T cells.", "PMID": 317707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5986", "title": "[Aneurysmectomy and aortocoronary bypass. Immediate and long-term results of 56 patients].", "content": "56 pts. who underwent left ventricular aneurismectomy were studied. Clinical improvement and lat post-operatory mortality rate have been evaluated. 39 pts. (II group) also had aortocoronary bypass and other surgical procedures performed at the time of the aneurismectomy. Group I (no other surgery beside the aneurismectomy) and group II did not significant differences in the pre-operatory period and were, therefore, comparable. The total operatory mortality has been of 14% (17.6% in group I and 12.8% in group II). By using myocardial protection the mortality dropped to 5.8%. A significant difference between deceased and survived pts. was noted in the following parameters: cardiac index, A-V oxygen difference, extracorporeal circulation time and the number of diseased coronary arteries (P < 0.001-0.005). Only 2 pts., both in group II, had a late death. After the operation 32 pts. became asymptomatic. Five pts. remained symptomatic: 3 continued to complain of angina and 2 to show signs of left ventricular failure; ventricular arrhythmias were still present in 6 pts. post-operatively (compared to 16 pts. pre-op.). The data suggested that aneurismectomy, associated with aorto-coronary bypass and myocardial protection, has an acceptable operatory risk, particulary in pts. with a good residual ventricular function. Except for ventricular arrhythmias clinical results are very good and late mortality rate is low", "contents": "[Aneurysmectomy and aortocoronary bypass. Immediate and long-term results of 56 patients]. 56 pts. who underwent left ventricular aneurismectomy were studied. Clinical improvement and lat post-operatory mortality rate have been evaluated. 39 pts. (II group) also had aortocoronary bypass and other surgical procedures performed at the time of the aneurismectomy. Group I (no other surgery beside the aneurismectomy) and group II did not significant differences in the pre-operatory period and were, therefore, comparable. The total operatory mortality has been of 14% (17.6% in group I and 12.8% in group II). By using myocardial protection the mortality dropped to 5.8%. A significant difference between deceased and survived pts. was noted in the following parameters: cardiac index, A-V oxygen difference, extracorporeal circulation time and the number of diseased coronary arteries (P < 0.001-0.005). Only 2 pts., both in group II, had a late death. After the operation 32 pts. became asymptomatic. Five pts. remained symptomatic: 3 continued to complain of angina and 2 to show signs of left ventricular failure; ventricular arrhythmias were still present in 6 pts. post-operatively (compared to 16 pts. pre-op.). The data suggested that aneurismectomy, associated with aorto-coronary bypass and myocardial protection, has an acceptable operatory risk, particulary in pts. with a good residual ventricular function. Except for ventricular arrhythmias clinical results are very good and late mortality rate is low", "PMID": 317709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5987", "title": "[The pronator teres syndrome. Clinical aspects, pathogenesis and therapy of a non-traumatic median nerve compression syndrome in the space of the elbow joint].", "content": "The proximal compression neuropathy of the median nerve is described by 11 personal cases and a review of literature. The most reliable diagnostic sign is \"pronation-pain\", discomfort in the forearm localised under the pronator teres, produced by passive supination of the wrist, by active pronation from this position against resistance, okr by local pressure. A nearly constant finding is weakness of grip and paraesthesia or hypaesthesia of the fingers, not always following the normal median nerve distribution. Three different anatomic points of possible compression are described: 1. The supracondylar process of the humerus, or Struthers' ligament, a rare compression mechanism. 2. The passing of the nerve through the two variable heads of the pronator teres muscle. 3. The sharp edged superficialis bridge. Apart from compression of the entire median nerve single branches of the median nerve can be entrapped seperately (the anterior interosseus nerve, the Martin-Gruber-anastomosis to the ulnar nerve) Conservative treatment with immobilisation and local electric interference current application may be satisfactory. If clinical improvement is insufficient, surgical decompression is indicated.", "contents": "[The pronator teres syndrome. Clinical aspects, pathogenesis and therapy of a non-traumatic median nerve compression syndrome in the space of the elbow joint]. The proximal compression neuropathy of the median nerve is described by 11 personal cases and a review of literature. The most reliable diagnostic sign is \"pronation-pain\", discomfort in the forearm localised under the pronator teres, produced by passive supination of the wrist, by active pronation from this position against resistance, okr by local pressure. A nearly constant finding is weakness of grip and paraesthesia or hypaesthesia of the fingers, not always following the normal median nerve distribution. Three different anatomic points of possible compression are described: 1. The supracondylar process of the humerus, or Struthers' ligament, a rare compression mechanism. 2. The passing of the nerve through the two variable heads of the pronator teres muscle. 3. The sharp edged superficialis bridge. Apart from compression of the entire median nerve single branches of the median nerve can be entrapped seperately (the anterior interosseus nerve, the Martin-Gruber-anastomosis to the ulnar nerve) Conservative treatment with immobilisation and local electric interference current application may be satisfactory. If clinical improvement is insufficient, surgical decompression is indicated.", "PMID": 317710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5988", "title": "Rhodopsin phosphorylation suggests biochemical heterogeneities of retinal rod disks.", "content": "Frogs (Rana pipiens) were injected subcutaneously with (3H)-leucine and allowed to incorporate the radioactive amino acid into newly assembled disks in the retinal rod outer segment. The labeled disks served as a temporal marker for following the turnover of rod outer segments. Animals were killed at different times after injection and outer segments were isolated and phosphorylated with ATP in the light. The visual pigment (as isorhodopsin) was regenerated with 9-cis retinal, extracted, and chromatographed on epichlorohydrin triethanolamine cellulose so that phosphorylated pigment could be separated from unphosphorylated pigment. The ratio of (3H)-radioactivity of phosphorylated pigment to that of unphosphorylated pigment was then plotted against the time after injection. The ratio was high when (3H)-labeled disks were largely associated with the basal region of the rod and decreased as the labeled disks moved toward the rod apical region. The results were interpreted as suggesting that newer disks are phosphorylated preferentially to older disks. Papain digestion of (3H)-labeled disks indicated that rhodopsin in newer disks is more susceptible to proteolysis than that in older disks.", "contents": "Rhodopsin phosphorylation suggests biochemical heterogeneities of retinal rod disks. Frogs (Rana pipiens) were injected subcutaneously with (3H)-leucine and allowed to incorporate the radioactive amino acid into newly assembled disks in the retinal rod outer segment. The labeled disks served as a temporal marker for following the turnover of rod outer segments. Animals were killed at different times after injection and outer segments were isolated and phosphorylated with ATP in the light. The visual pigment (as isorhodopsin) was regenerated with 9-cis retinal, extracted, and chromatographed on epichlorohydrin triethanolamine cellulose so that phosphorylated pigment could be separated from unphosphorylated pigment. The ratio of (3H)-radioactivity of phosphorylated pigment to that of unphosphorylated pigment was then plotted against the time after injection. The ratio was high when (3H)-labeled disks were largely associated with the basal region of the rod and decreased as the labeled disks moved toward the rod apical region. The results were interpreted as suggesting that newer disks are phosphorylated preferentially to older disks. Papain digestion of (3H)-labeled disks indicated that rhodopsin in newer disks is more susceptible to proteolysis than that in older disks.", "PMID": 317716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5989", "title": "Mitogenic effects of murine serum and fibroblast growth factor on EGF nonproliferative variants of 3T3.", "content": "The enhanced ability of murine serum to support growth of 3T3 cells, when compared with fetal calf serum, is also evident on variants of 3T3 cells lacking the ability to bind epidermal growth factor (EGF). Variant 3T3 cell lines unable to bind EGF also retain a mitogenic response to fibroblast growth factor.", "contents": "Mitogenic effects of murine serum and fibroblast growth factor on EGF nonproliferative variants of 3T3. The enhanced ability of murine serum to support growth of 3T3 cells, when compared with fetal calf serum, is also evident on variants of 3T3 cells lacking the ability to bind epidermal growth factor (EGF). Variant 3T3 cell lines unable to bind EGF also retain a mitogenic response to fibroblast growth factor.", "PMID": 317717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5990", "title": "[The use of cimetidine in the prevention and therapy of gastroduodenal hemorrhage in resuscitation. Preliminary results].", "content": "The Authors report on 85 patients hospitalized in the resuscitation department, suffering from serious acute conditions and treated prophylactically with cimetidine. In comparison with analogous group of not treated patients, a marked diminution of digestive bleeding complications, typical in these patients, was noted.", "contents": "[The use of cimetidine in the prevention and therapy of gastroduodenal hemorrhage in resuscitation. Preliminary results]. The Authors report on 85 patients hospitalized in the resuscitation department, suffering from serious acute conditions and treated prophylactically with cimetidine. In comparison with analogous group of not treated patients, a marked diminution of digestive bleeding complications, typical in these patients, was noted.", "PMID": 317718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5991", "title": "[An unusual case of digestive hemorrhage caused by gastric lipoma].", "content": "Gastric lipoma responsible for repeated haemorrhage was observed in a 50-yr-old woman. The relevant literature is reviewed and reference is made to the rarity of this form. Its main clinical signs include a latent course, haemorrhage, and invagination of the tumour in the duodenum. It is stated that surgical management is necessary, owing to the high percentage of diagnostic uncertainty, and the serious haemorrhagic and occlusive complications mentioned.", "contents": "[An unusual case of digestive hemorrhage caused by gastric lipoma]. Gastric lipoma responsible for repeated haemorrhage was observed in a 50-yr-old woman. The relevant literature is reviewed and reference is made to the rarity of this form. Its main clinical signs include a latent course, haemorrhage, and invagination of the tumour in the duodenum. It is stated that surgical management is necessary, owing to the high percentage of diagnostic uncertainty, and the serious haemorrhagic and occlusive complications mentioned.", "PMID": 317719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5992", "title": "The effect of L-DOPA and L-5-hydroxytryptophan on the pentetrazole seizures in rats after lesions of the median raphe nucleus and substantia nigra.", "content": "Electrolytic lesions of the median raphe nucleus and substantia nigra markedly increased susceptibility to pentetrazole seizures in rats. L-5-hydroxytryptophan, considerably increasing the serotonin (5-HT) level in the brain, markedly inhibited the seizures and abolished the seizure-enhanced effect of lesion of the substantia nigra. L-DOPA tended to potentiate the seizures-enhancing effect produced by lesions of the median raphe nucleus. The changes in the brain 5-HT level and the intensity of pentetrazole seizures were correlated. The results indicate that the balance between neurotransmitter systems in the brain is of importance to the susceptibility to pentetrazole convulsions.", "contents": "The effect of L-DOPA and L-5-hydroxytryptophan on the pentetrazole seizures in rats after lesions of the median raphe nucleus and substantia nigra. Electrolytic lesions of the median raphe nucleus and substantia nigra markedly increased susceptibility to pentetrazole seizures in rats. L-5-hydroxytryptophan, considerably increasing the serotonin (5-HT) level in the brain, markedly inhibited the seizures and abolished the seizure-enhanced effect of lesion of the substantia nigra. L-DOPA tended to potentiate the seizures-enhancing effect produced by lesions of the median raphe nucleus. The changes in the brain 5-HT level and the intensity of pentetrazole seizures were correlated. The results indicate that the balance between neurotransmitter systems in the brain is of importance to the susceptibility to pentetrazole convulsions.", "PMID": 317724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5993", "title": "Local experience with granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in human leukaemia and aplastic anaemia.", "content": "Haemopoietic cells from patients with leukaemia and aplastic anaemia were studied in vitro with a standard soft agar tissue culture method. In the leukaemic patients a range of growth patterns was observed, but in most cases the results indicated that leukaemic cells retain the capacity to proliferate in response to the normal physiological neutropoieic regulator, colony-stimulating factor. In some patients, cells were apparently also capable of normal morphological maturation. These findings support the work of others in suggesting that leukaemic cells may be induced to behave normally in vitro, at least in some cases, raising possibilities of radically altered approaches to further therapy. In aplastic anaemia granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells are greatly diminished.", "contents": "Local experience with granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in human leukaemia and aplastic anaemia. Haemopoietic cells from patients with leukaemia and aplastic anaemia were studied in vitro with a standard soft agar tissue culture method. In the leukaemic patients a range of growth patterns was observed, but in most cases the results indicated that leukaemic cells retain the capacity to proliferate in response to the normal physiological neutropoieic regulator, colony-stimulating factor. In some patients, cells were apparently also capable of normal morphological maturation. These findings support the work of others in suggesting that leukaemic cells may be induced to behave normally in vitro, at least in some cases, raising possibilities of radically altered approaches to further therapy. In aplastic anaemia granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells are greatly diminished.", "PMID": 317759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5994", "title": "Hepatitis in the Haemodialysis Unit, Baragwanath Hospital, 1973-1977. A cross-sectional and longitudinal survey.", "content": "All patients considered for regular haemodialysis, as well as all nurses recruited to work in the haemodialysis unit of Baragwanath Hospital, were tested for the presence of hepatitis-associated antigen (HBAg) and for antibody to hepatitis-associated antigen (HBAb). Thereafter they were tested at intervals as long as they remained in the unit. The prevalence of HBAg was 1,7% in nurses and 5,1% in patients. HBAb was present in 27,2% of nurses and 35,1% of patients. HBAg is found less frequently among Black haemodialysis patients than is reported from Europe or the USA, but the prevalence is similar to that among healthy Blacks in South Africa. The prevalence of HBAb is similar to that in Europe or the USA. Follow-up studies showed no instance of hepatitis or seroconversions of HBAg, but there was a small number of conversions of HBAb from negative to positive.", "contents": "Hepatitis in the Haemodialysis Unit, Baragwanath Hospital, 1973-1977. A cross-sectional and longitudinal survey. All patients considered for regular haemodialysis, as well as all nurses recruited to work in the haemodialysis unit of Baragwanath Hospital, were tested for the presence of hepatitis-associated antigen (HBAg) and for antibody to hepatitis-associated antigen (HBAb). Thereafter they were tested at intervals as long as they remained in the unit. The prevalence of HBAg was 1,7% in nurses and 5,1% in patients. HBAb was present in 27,2% of nurses and 35,1% of patients. HBAg is found less frequently among Black haemodialysis patients than is reported from Europe or the USA, but the prevalence is similar to that among healthy Blacks in South Africa. The prevalence of HBAb is similar to that in Europe or the USA. Follow-up studies showed no instance of hepatitis or seroconversions of HBAg, but there was a small number of conversions of HBAb from negative to positive.", "PMID": 317761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5995", "title": "[Lymphocyte subpopulations in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during cytostatic therapy].", "content": "1. In non-Hodgkin-lymphomas with leucaemic form of the course a significant percental decrease of the number of T-lymphocytes and an also significant increase of the number of B-lymphocytes was to be proved. The increase of the B-lymphocytes concerned among others cells which carry the ME-receptor. 2. In non-Hodgkin-lymphomas with aleucaemic form of the course in decrease of the absolute number of lymphocytes a relative and absolute increase of the subpopulation of lymphocytes carrying the ME-receptor was provable. 3. In the course control of 7 patients with non-Hodgkin-lymphoma under polychemotherapy in 5 cases a discrepancy between the number of rosette-forming cells and the total number of lymphocytes appeared. 4. In the monotherapy of patients with CLL in favourable clinical development a percental increase of the T-cells is objectifiable after one year. A similar development was to be found in 3 patients after the first cycle with CVP.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte subpopulations in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during cytostatic therapy]. 1. In non-Hodgkin-lymphomas with leucaemic form of the course a significant percental decrease of the number of T-lymphocytes and an also significant increase of the number of B-lymphocytes was to be proved. The increase of the B-lymphocytes concerned among others cells which carry the ME-receptor. 2. In non-Hodgkin-lymphomas with aleucaemic form of the course in decrease of the absolute number of lymphocytes a relative and absolute increase of the subpopulation of lymphocytes carrying the ME-receptor was provable. 3. In the course control of 7 patients with non-Hodgkin-lymphoma under polychemotherapy in 5 cases a discrepancy between the number of rosette-forming cells and the total number of lymphocytes appeared. 4. In the monotherapy of patients with CLL in favourable clinical development a percental increase of the T-cells is objectifiable after one year. A similar development was to be found in 3 patients after the first cycle with CVP.", "PMID": 317767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5996", "title": "Elimination of cobalt from the frog brain introduced into the optic centres through the optic nerve.", "content": "One optic nerve in several frogs was filled with cobaltous-lysine complex, and the animals were left to survive from 1 day to 52 days. Degenerated cobalt-filled retinal fibres were phagocytosed by ependymo-glial, and microglial cells. The cobalt appeared in the ependymo-glial cells in the 4th postoperative day, and its amount was greatly reduced by the 52nd day. Within 12 days the labelled axons were replaced by cobalt-loaded microglial cells in the termination sites of optic fibres. By the end of the experimental period, the number of labelled cells increased in the periventricular layers, and decreased in places where retinal fibres had terminated. These processes were accompanied by the appearance of cobalt in the choroid plexus. It is supposed that glial cells dischargd the cobalt into brain ventricles, and the metal left the nervous tissue via the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Elimination of cobalt from the frog brain introduced into the optic centres through the optic nerve. One optic nerve in several frogs was filled with cobaltous-lysine complex, and the animals were left to survive from 1 day to 52 days. Degenerated cobalt-filled retinal fibres were phagocytosed by ependymo-glial, and microglial cells. The cobalt appeared in the ependymo-glial cells in the 4th postoperative day, and its amount was greatly reduced by the 52nd day. Within 12 days the labelled axons were replaced by cobalt-loaded microglial cells in the termination sites of optic fibres. By the end of the experimental period, the number of labelled cells increased in the periventricular layers, and decreased in places where retinal fibres had terminated. These processes were accompanied by the appearance of cobalt in the choroid plexus. It is supposed that glial cells dischargd the cobalt into brain ventricles, and the metal left the nervous tissue via the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 317769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5997", "title": "[Value of endoscopy in the diagnosis of upper digestive tract hemorrhage].", "content": "In 11 years experience (67-78) we studied the importance of endoscopy in HDA. Were carried out 8300 esophagogastroduodenal endoscopies of which 2837 were HDA. The main reasons to follow these studies were: 1) Diagnostic of the HDA location; 2) Diagnostic of type of injury; 3) Injury intensity. Referring to the findings 30% were duodenal ulcer; 27% hemorrhagic gastritis; 17% gastric ulcer and 10% were due to VE. From the remaining 10% the most frequent were the esophagitis and gastric cancer. It is most important to show that aspiring added to alcohol in the most common cause of hemorrhagic gastritis. We have to point out that in 42 endoscopies performed in Intensive Care Service 10 of them were due to non-digestive causes. Through this method of diagnosis the Endoscopist has an important role to play in defining the prognosis and conduct to be followed.", "contents": "[Value of endoscopy in the diagnosis of upper digestive tract hemorrhage]. In 11 years experience (67-78) we studied the importance of endoscopy in HDA. Were carried out 8300 esophagogastroduodenal endoscopies of which 2837 were HDA. The main reasons to follow these studies were: 1) Diagnostic of the HDA location; 2) Diagnostic of type of injury; 3) Injury intensity. Referring to the findings 30% were duodenal ulcer; 27% hemorrhagic gastritis; 17% gastric ulcer and 10% were due to VE. From the remaining 10% the most frequent were the esophagitis and gastric cancer. It is most important to show that aspiring added to alcohol in the most common cause of hemorrhagic gastritis. We have to point out that in 42 endoscopies performed in Intensive Care Service 10 of them were due to non-digestive causes. Through this method of diagnosis the Endoscopist has an important role to play in defining the prognosis and conduct to be followed.", "PMID": 317770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5998", "title": "Vulval eosinophilic granuloma.", "content": "A case of Eosinophilic Granuloma of the vulva, associated with Diabetes Insipidus, is presented. There is neither specific nor adequate treatment for the vulval lesions. Treatment with local steroids should first be tried, if this does not help Roentgen-ray irradiation should be given. Simple vulvectomy is a last resort with poor results.", "contents": "Vulval eosinophilic granuloma. A case of Eosinophilic Granuloma of the vulva, associated with Diabetes Insipidus, is presented. There is neither specific nor adequate treatment for the vulval lesions. Treatment with local steroids should first be tried, if this does not help Roentgen-ray irradiation should be given. Simple vulvectomy is a last resort with poor results.", "PMID": 317773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_5999", "title": "[Sex linked mental deficiency, unusual facies, macroorchidism and fragile site on chromosome X (author's transl)].", "content": "The association of mental deficiency, macroorchidism, and a fragile site on chromosome X [fra (X)(q28) is reported in a 13-year-old boy who also exhibits a peculiar facies reminescent of trisomy 8. This particular facies is considered part of the clinical syndrome associated with the fra(X)(q28). The fra(X)(q28) was not found in the mother nor in two normal sibs of the propositus. The significance of the marker is discussed in view of two hypotheses, close linkage between pathological gene(s) and the fra(X)(q28) and faulty transcription of the gene(s) beyond the tra(X)(q28).", "contents": "[Sex linked mental deficiency, unusual facies, macroorchidism and fragile site on chromosome X (author's transl)]. The association of mental deficiency, macroorchidism, and a fragile site on chromosome X [fra (X)(q28) is reported in a 13-year-old boy who also exhibits a peculiar facies reminescent of trisomy 8. This particular facies is considered part of the clinical syndrome associated with the fra(X)(q28). The fra(X)(q28) was not found in the mother nor in two normal sibs of the propositus. The significance of the marker is discussed in view of two hypotheses, close linkage between pathological gene(s) and the fra(X)(q28) and faulty transcription of the gene(s) beyond the tra(X)(q28).", "PMID": 317781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6000", "title": "[A jumping translocation (5p;15q), (8q;15q), and (12q;15q) (author's transl)].", "content": "Three balanced karyotypes (5p;15q), (8q;15q), and (12q;15q) were found simultaneously in a child with the Willi-Prader syndrome. The hypothesis is presented of a \"jumping# translocation by affinity of telomeric and interstitial palindromes. The relationship between the Willi-Prader syndrome and a juxtacentric anomaly of the long arm of chromosome 15 is discussed.", "contents": "[A jumping translocation (5p;15q), (8q;15q), and (12q;15q) (author's transl)]. Three balanced karyotypes (5p;15q), (8q;15q), and (12q;15q) were found simultaneously in a child with the Willi-Prader syndrome. The hypothesis is presented of a \"jumping# translocation by affinity of telomeric and interstitial palindromes. The relationship between the Willi-Prader syndrome and a juxtacentric anomaly of the long arm of chromosome 15 is discussed.", "PMID": 317782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6001", "title": "[De novo monosomy 4q32.1 leads to 4qter in a newborn with multiple malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "In a newborn with multiple malformations, deletion 4q32.1 leads to 4qter was observed after BrdU incorporation and staining with acridine orange. The patient's phenotype and that of five children monosomic for 4qter reported in the literature define a syndrome with a high rate of mortality due to major respiratory difficulties, laryngeal hypotonia and oedema, and complex congenital heart malformations.", "contents": "[De novo monosomy 4q32.1 leads to 4qter in a newborn with multiple malformations (author's transl)]. In a newborn with multiple malformations, deletion 4q32.1 leads to 4qter was observed after BrdU incorporation and staining with acridine orange. The patient's phenotype and that of five children monosomic for 4qter reported in the literature define a syndrome with a high rate of mortality due to major respiratory difficulties, laryngeal hypotonia and oedema, and complex congenital heart malformations.", "PMID": 317783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6002", "title": "Trisomy 3q : two clinically similar but cytogenetically different cases.", "content": "The clinical and cytogenetic findings in two unrelated infants both trisomic for differing amounts of the long arm of chromosome 3 are described and discussed in relation to previously reported cases and the existence of a distinct syndrome of trisomy 3q is confirmed. Assignment of the gene for human red blood cell galactose-1-uridyltransferase is discussed.", "contents": "Trisomy 3q : two clinically similar but cytogenetically different cases. The clinical and cytogenetic findings in two unrelated infants both trisomic for differing amounts of the long arm of chromosome 3 are described and discussed in relation to previously reported cases and the existence of a distinct syndrome of trisomy 3q is confirmed. Assignment of the gene for human red blood cell galactose-1-uridyltransferase is discussed.", "PMID": 317784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6003", "title": "Some clinical and cytogenetic observations on a ring chromosome 13 (p11 q34).", "content": "A girl of 9-10/12 years of age with 46,XX,r(13)(p11q34) karyotypes was studied. She presented some clinical and radiological features, such as pectus excavatum, scalp alopecic area, 12th rib agenesis, hypoplastic pelvis, small gluteal pits and hypoplasia of the external genitalia in a female, which have never been previously described in other cases with ring 13 chromosomes. Cytogenetically, in vivo and in vitro viability of complete monosomic and partially trisomic and tetrasomic cells was found. The presence of nucleolus organizer regions and association of the ring 13 with other acrocentrics question the exclusivity of these attributes to acrocentrics p12.", "contents": "Some clinical and cytogenetic observations on a ring chromosome 13 (p11 q34). A girl of 9-10/12 years of age with 46,XX,r(13)(p11q34) karyotypes was studied. She presented some clinical and radiological features, such as pectus excavatum, scalp alopecic area, 12th rib agenesis, hypoplastic pelvis, small gluteal pits and hypoplasia of the external genitalia in a female, which have never been previously described in other cases with ring 13 chromosomes. Cytogenetically, in vivo and in vitro viability of complete monosomic and partially trisomic and tetrasomic cells was found. The presence of nucleolus organizer regions and association of the ring 13 with other acrocentrics question the exclusivity of these attributes to acrocentrics p12.", "PMID": 317785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6004", "title": "Malformed genitalia in the 47,XYY genotype.", "content": "A 5 10/12 year-old boy with a 47,XYY karyotype, micropenis, scrotal hypospadias and right testicular regression is described. Normal for age basal plasma testosterone levels which increased after hCG stimulation were interpreted as an adequate response of the left testicular Leydig cells. The review of similar cases did not permit definite conclusions concerning the relationship between the abnormal genitalia and the XYY karyotype.", "contents": "Malformed genitalia in the 47,XYY genotype. A 5 10/12 year-old boy with a 47,XYY karyotype, micropenis, scrotal hypospadias and right testicular regression is described. Normal for age basal plasma testosterone levels which increased after hCG stimulation were interpreted as an adequate response of the left testicular Leydig cells. The review of similar cases did not permit definite conclusions concerning the relationship between the abnormal genitalia and the XYY karyotype.", "PMID": 317786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6005", "title": "On the deletion 4p16 Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome.", "content": "Two girls (aged 46 and 5 months) and one boy aged 5 months) were studied and found to have the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Chromosomal complement in all three cases implicated the deletion of the 4p16 band ; in two of them an extra segment of autosomal material was found to be translocated to 4p. Parents' karyotypes were normal. It is concluded that the expression of the 4p16 monosomy is stronger than that of some simultaneous partial trisomies.", "contents": "On the deletion 4p16 Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Two girls (aged 46 and 5 months) and one boy aged 5 months) were studied and found to have the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Chromosomal complement in all three cases implicated the deletion of the 4p16 band ; in two of them an extra segment of autosomal material was found to be translocated to 4p. Parents' karyotypes were normal. It is concluded that the expression of the 4p16 monosomy is stronger than that of some simultaneous partial trisomies.", "PMID": 317787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6006", "title": "[Ring chromosome 13 (author's transl)].", "content": "A ring for chromosome 13 with loss of the bands p12 and q34, is reported in a person with clinical features characteristic of the loss of these specific segments.", "contents": "[Ring chromosome 13 (author's transl)]. A ring for chromosome 13 with loss of the bands p12 and q34, is reported in a person with clinical features characteristic of the loss of these specific segments.", "PMID": 317788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6007", "title": "[Monosomy 7qter (author's transl)].", "content": "A de novo terminal del (7)(q35) was found in a 3-month-old girl referred because of a peculiar cry. This observation, with seven others from the literature permit the delineation of a syndrome characterized by severe microcephaly with a flattened occiput, a bulbous nose, a \"double chin\", and a broad thorax with widely spaced nipples, without internal organ malformations. Assays of Hageman factor (XII) revealed normal values. The proposita is heterozygous Jk (a + b +). The parents and the proposita are iny-1.", "contents": "[Monosomy 7qter (author's transl)]. A de novo terminal del (7)(q35) was found in a 3-month-old girl referred because of a peculiar cry. This observation, with seven others from the literature permit the delineation of a syndrome characterized by severe microcephaly with a flattened occiput, a bulbous nose, a \"double chin\", and a broad thorax with widely spaced nipples, without internal organ malformations. Assays of Hageman factor (XII) revealed normal values. The proposita is heterozygous Jk (a + b +). The parents and the proposita are iny-1.", "PMID": 317790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6008", "title": "Hereditary lens dislocation with angle closure glaucoma.", "content": "Eight patients in one family showed dislocation of the lens and secondary angle-closure glaucoma coming on in the 50's. They all displayed the sequence of myopia, angle shallowing, followed by angle-closure glaucoma. This sequence should alert the clinician to the possibility of a hereditary disease. The cause of the disease is unknown. It is suggested that treatment should be an iridectomy in the early stages and a lens extraction if glaucoma develops.", "contents": "Hereditary lens dislocation with angle closure glaucoma. Eight patients in one family showed dislocation of the lens and secondary angle-closure glaucoma coming on in the 50's. They all displayed the sequence of myopia, angle shallowing, followed by angle-closure glaucoma. This sequence should alert the clinician to the possibility of a hereditary disease. The cause of the disease is unknown. It is suggested that treatment should be an iridectomy in the early stages and a lens extraction if glaucoma develops.", "PMID": 317794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6009", "title": "Infectious disease management with oral antibiotics.", "content": "This paper has reviewed the bacterial etiologies and therapeis for commonly seen infections in the out-patient clinic or physician's office. The use of oral antibiotics for the treatment of pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, certain pneumonias, cellulitis, urinary tract infections and as follow-up therapy to systemic administration is discussed. Emphasis on the decreasing bacterial spectra of the tetracyclines is noted as well as a discussion of therapy of infections due to beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae.", "contents": "Infectious disease management with oral antibiotics. This paper has reviewed the bacterial etiologies and therapeis for commonly seen infections in the out-patient clinic or physician's office. The use of oral antibiotics for the treatment of pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, certain pneumonias, cellulitis, urinary tract infections and as follow-up therapy to systemic administration is discussed. Emphasis on the decreasing bacterial spectra of the tetracyclines is noted as well as a discussion of therapy of infections due to beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae.", "PMID": 317813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6010", "title": "Cefaclor in the treatment of susceptible infections in infants and children.", "content": "Fifjty-two outpatients, aged from six months to 17 years, and suffering from Group A streptococcal pharyngitis, skin and soft tissue infection, urinary tract infection, or otitis media were enrolled in the study. The dosage of cefaclor was 20 to 40 mg/kg/day in three or four divided doses for ten days. In 43 children given either cefaclor suspension or capsules, plasma level estimations were performed. Cefaclor readily produces therapeutic plasma levels in children. Cefaclor appears to be a safe, well tolerated and effective antimicrobial agent in children. It has a distinct advantage over other antibiotics in children with Haemophilus influenzae otitis media and should be considered as a primary drug in treatment of otitis media.", "contents": "Cefaclor in the treatment of susceptible infections in infants and children. Fifjty-two outpatients, aged from six months to 17 years, and suffering from Group A streptococcal pharyngitis, skin and soft tissue infection, urinary tract infection, or otitis media were enrolled in the study. The dosage of cefaclor was 20 to 40 mg/kg/day in three or four divided doses for ten days. In 43 children given either cefaclor suspension or capsules, plasma level estimations were performed. Cefaclor readily produces therapeutic plasma levels in children. Cefaclor appears to be a safe, well tolerated and effective antimicrobial agent in children. It has a distinct advantage over other antibiotics in children with Haemophilus influenzae otitis media and should be considered as a primary drug in treatment of otitis media.", "PMID": 317814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6011", "title": "[In vitro activity of cefaclor against Haemophilus influenzae in comparison to various oral chemotherapeutic agents (author's transl)].", "content": "The antibacterial activity of cefaclor against 100 non-beta-lactamase producing and 11 beta-lactamase producing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae was compared with that of cephalexin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. A new standardized microtiter dilution technique was used. Cefaclor showed greater activity than did cephalexin and inhibited beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae isolates. Ampicillin was the most active compound against non-beta-lactamase producing isolates. One of our strains was resistant to chloramphenicol and one resistant to tetracycline.", "contents": "[In vitro activity of cefaclor against Haemophilus influenzae in comparison to various oral chemotherapeutic agents (author's transl)]. The antibacterial activity of cefaclor against 100 non-beta-lactamase producing and 11 beta-lactamase producing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae was compared with that of cephalexin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. A new standardized microtiter dilution technique was used. Cefaclor showed greater activity than did cephalexin and inhibited beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae isolates. Ampicillin was the most active compound against non-beta-lactamase producing isolates. One of our strains was resistant to chloramphenicol and one resistant to tetracycline.", "PMID": 317812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6012", "title": "Presence of thymosin-like factors in human thymic epithelium conditioned medium.", "content": "The objective of the present study was to determine whether or not thymosin and conditioned medium from human thymus epithelial cultures (HTECM) contain similar fractions, capable of inducing T-cell differentiation. Therefore we tested the ability of rabbit antisera to different thymosin fractions (thymosin fractions 5, 6 and alpha 1) of both bovine and human origin to block the stimulatory effect of HTECM on Con A and PHA response of mouse thymocytes. We also looked for reactivity of the antisera toward tissues of man, mouse and calf, and to tissue cultures of man and mouse. Anti-thymosin fraction 5 and 6, but not anti-thymosin-alpha 1, were found to inhibit the stimulatory effect of HTECM on both Con A and PHA responses. This cannot be attributed to cytostatic or cytotoxic effects of the antisera on thymocytes. No effect was seen when using antiserum to kidney fraction 5 or normal rabbit serum. In both tissue sections and tissue cultures of the different species tested, anti-thymosin reacts only with thymus epithelial cells. The reactivity is blocked by neutralizing the antisera with thymosin fraction 5 but not by kidney fraction 5. The reactivity is also strongly diminished by neutralizing the antisera with HTECM but not with supernatants of conditioned media from non-thymic tissues. The observations are highly suggestive for the presence of similar fractions in HTECM and thymosin, and that both are secreted by thymus epithelial cells.", "contents": "Presence of thymosin-like factors in human thymic epithelium conditioned medium. The objective of the present study was to determine whether or not thymosin and conditioned medium from human thymus epithelial cultures (HTECM) contain similar fractions, capable of inducing T-cell differentiation. Therefore we tested the ability of rabbit antisera to different thymosin fractions (thymosin fractions 5, 6 and alpha 1) of both bovine and human origin to block the stimulatory effect of HTECM on Con A and PHA response of mouse thymocytes. We also looked for reactivity of the antisera toward tissues of man, mouse and calf, and to tissue cultures of man and mouse. Anti-thymosin fraction 5 and 6, but not anti-thymosin-alpha 1, were found to inhibit the stimulatory effect of HTECM on both Con A and PHA responses. This cannot be attributed to cytostatic or cytotoxic effects of the antisera on thymocytes. No effect was seen when using antiserum to kidney fraction 5 or normal rabbit serum. In both tissue sections and tissue cultures of the different species tested, anti-thymosin reacts only with thymus epithelial cells. The reactivity is blocked by neutralizing the antisera with thymosin fraction 5 but not by kidney fraction 5. The reactivity is also strongly diminished by neutralizing the antisera with HTECM but not with supernatants of conditioned media from non-thymic tissues. The observations are highly suggestive for the presence of similar fractions in HTECM and thymosin, and that both are secreted by thymus epithelial cells.", "PMID": 317815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6013", "title": "Adverse effects of endotoxin following massive distal bowel resection.", "content": "Sepsis is a frequent cause of morbidity following extensive bowel resection. It has been suggested that the lymphoid tissues of the gut may be essential to normal humoral immunity. This study evaluates: (1) the effect of endotoxin on mortality following selective massive bowel resection and jejunoileal bypass; (2) cellular immunity by skin allograft rejection and bypass, and (3) T and B cell lymphocyte subpopulations is mesenteric lymph nodes, intestine and appendix. Endotoxin increased mortality in rats with more distal bowel resection but not following bypass. Skin allograft rejection was similar in each group. Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and appendices were evaluated for T & B cell subpopulations. These tissues had a greater percentage of B cells (53% lymph nodes, 63% appendix) with IgM the predominant immunoglobulin. Cellular immunity was not a factor. Lymphoid tissues of the distal bowel and mesentery contain abundant B cells and IgM that may contribute to humoral immunity. Massive bowel resection may increase the risk of morbidity from gram negative sepsis and/or endotoxin presumably due to decreased humoral immunity.", "contents": "Adverse effects of endotoxin following massive distal bowel resection. Sepsis is a frequent cause of morbidity following extensive bowel resection. It has been suggested that the lymphoid tissues of the gut may be essential to normal humoral immunity. This study evaluates: (1) the effect of endotoxin on mortality following selective massive bowel resection and jejunoileal bypass; (2) cellular immunity by skin allograft rejection and bypass, and (3) T and B cell lymphocyte subpopulations is mesenteric lymph nodes, intestine and appendix. Endotoxin increased mortality in rats with more distal bowel resection but not following bypass. Skin allograft rejection was similar in each group. Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and appendices were evaluated for T & B cell subpopulations. These tissues had a greater percentage of B cells (53% lymph nodes, 63% appendix) with IgM the predominant immunoglobulin. Cellular immunity was not a factor. Lymphoid tissues of the distal bowel and mesentery contain abundant B cells and IgM that may contribute to humoral immunity. Massive bowel resection may increase the risk of morbidity from gram negative sepsis and/or endotoxin presumably due to decreased humoral immunity.", "PMID": 317829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6014", "title": "The effect of neonatal thymectomy on the induction of autoimmune orchitis in rats.", "content": "The objective of these experiments was to determine the effects of neonatal thymectomy on the induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis in inbred rats of the Fischer 344 and Lewis strains. It was found that thymectomy alone in Lewis rats, and thymectomy followed by immunization with testicular extract in both Lewis and Fischer 344 rats, led to the development of autoimmune orchitis, as indicated by decreased testes weights, increased serum spermagglutinating antibody titers and histopathological changes in the testes. These data indicate that rats of the Lewis strain are genetically predisposed to the development of autoimmune orchitis, and thymectomy alone leads to active manifestations of the disease, which are further enhanced by subsequent immunization with testicular extract. In Fischer 344 rats, thymectomy followed by immunization leads to indications of early signs of experimental autoimmune orchitis. This is in contrast to experimentally induced autoimmune diseases in other model systems, where previous investigators have reported that thymectomy lessens or prevents induction of autoimmune disease. It is suggested that these differences may be related to the timing of thymectomy with regard to differences in the time of appearance of sperm antigens (at puberty) as compared to pre-natal and early neonatal appearances of other autoantigens.", "contents": "The effect of neonatal thymectomy on the induction of autoimmune orchitis in rats. The objective of these experiments was to determine the effects of neonatal thymectomy on the induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis in inbred rats of the Fischer 344 and Lewis strains. It was found that thymectomy alone in Lewis rats, and thymectomy followed by immunization with testicular extract in both Lewis and Fischer 344 rats, led to the development of autoimmune orchitis, as indicated by decreased testes weights, increased serum spermagglutinating antibody titers and histopathological changes in the testes. These data indicate that rats of the Lewis strain are genetically predisposed to the development of autoimmune orchitis, and thymectomy alone leads to active manifestations of the disease, which are further enhanced by subsequent immunization with testicular extract. In Fischer 344 rats, thymectomy followed by immunization leads to indications of early signs of experimental autoimmune orchitis. This is in contrast to experimentally induced autoimmune diseases in other model systems, where previous investigators have reported that thymectomy lessens or prevents induction of autoimmune disease. It is suggested that these differences may be related to the timing of thymectomy with regard to differences in the time of appearance of sperm antigens (at puberty) as compared to pre-natal and early neonatal appearances of other autoantigens.", "PMID": 317830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6015", "title": "Cord blood lymphocyte subpopulations and mitogenic activity in whole blood microculture.", "content": "Comparative studies on cord and adult blood showed that cord blood contained at least twice as many lymphocytes as adult blood. Relatively, the percentage of T cells (E-RFC) was significantly lower in cord blood lymphocytes. The percentage of B cells (EAC-RFC and SmIg bearing cells), as well as the total number of T and B cells (mm(-3)), was significantly higher in cord blood. In vitro mitogen transformation of cord and adult lymphocytes in while blood, cultured for different times and diluted to contain equivalent numbers of lymphocytes per culture, showed significant qualitative and quantitative differences. Responses to the T cell mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were examined from 3 to 6 days in culture. Cord blood lymphocytes were significantly more responsive when cultured for 3 to 4 days, similar to adult cells after 5 days, but significantly less responsive after 6 days in culture. The optimal levels of T cell mitogen responsiveness in cord cells (Day 4) were similar to adut cells (Day 6). Spontaneous transformation of unstimulated lymphocytes and B cell mitogen transformation with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and staphylococcal protein A (SpA) were all significantly higher in cord blood than in adult whole blood cultured for 5 days.", "contents": "Cord blood lymphocyte subpopulations and mitogenic activity in whole blood microculture. Comparative studies on cord and adult blood showed that cord blood contained at least twice as many lymphocytes as adult blood. Relatively, the percentage of T cells (E-RFC) was significantly lower in cord blood lymphocytes. The percentage of B cells (EAC-RFC and SmIg bearing cells), as well as the total number of T and B cells (mm(-3)), was significantly higher in cord blood. In vitro mitogen transformation of cord and adult lymphocytes in while blood, cultured for different times and diluted to contain equivalent numbers of lymphocytes per culture, showed significant qualitative and quantitative differences. Responses to the T cell mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were examined from 3 to 6 days in culture. Cord blood lymphocytes were significantly more responsive when cultured for 3 to 4 days, similar to adult cells after 5 days, but significantly less responsive after 6 days in culture. The optimal levels of T cell mitogen responsiveness in cord cells (Day 4) were similar to adut cells (Day 6). Spontaneous transformation of unstimulated lymphocytes and B cell mitogen transformation with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and staphylococcal protein A (SpA) were all significantly higher in cord blood than in adult whole blood cultured for 5 days.", "PMID": 317831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6016", "title": "Pneumocystosis: a chronic respiratory distress syndrome in the dog.", "content": "Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii in two unrelated Miniature Dachshunds is reported. The clinical findings, gross- and histopathology and some diagnostic transmission and scanning electron microscopic features of the condition are described. Although pneumocystosis has been reported from a human and a domestic goat in the Republic of South Africa, these are probably the first reported cases of the canine disease in this country.", "contents": "Pneumocystosis: a chronic respiratory distress syndrome in the dog. Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii in two unrelated Miniature Dachshunds is reported. The clinical findings, gross- and histopathology and some diagnostic transmission and scanning electron microscopic features of the condition are described. Although pneumocystosis has been reported from a human and a domestic goat in the Republic of South Africa, these are probably the first reported cases of the canine disease in this country.", "PMID": 317832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6017", "title": "Canine pneumocystis pneumonia.", "content": "This is a case report of pneumocytosis of an eight month old Dachschund from the Cape Province. Clinically it was an afebrile disease with signs limited primarily to the lower respiratory tract. The report consists of a short history, the histopathologic findings, evidence of the electron microscopic confirmation of the diagnosis and a brief discussion. It is believed to represent the first case of canine pneumocystosis in the Republic of South Africa.", "contents": "Canine pneumocystis pneumonia. This is a case report of pneumocytosis of an eight month old Dachschund from the Cape Province. Clinically it was an afebrile disease with signs limited primarily to the lower respiratory tract. The report consists of a short history, the histopathologic findings, evidence of the electron microscopic confirmation of the diagnosis and a brief discussion. It is believed to represent the first case of canine pneumocystosis in the Republic of South Africa.", "PMID": 317833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6018", "title": "Cellular interactions in haematopoiesis.", "content": "In vitro culture of haematopoietic cells has provided some surprising insights into critical interactions of blood-forming cells. Subpopulations of lymphoid cells have been shown to produce colony-stimulating activity, to interact with macrophages, and to have important effects on the very early stages of erythropoiesis. Macrophages have multiple influences on the proliferation and differentiation of other haematopoietic cells.", "contents": "Cellular interactions in haematopoiesis. In vitro culture of haematopoietic cells has provided some surprising insights into critical interactions of blood-forming cells. Subpopulations of lymphoid cells have been shown to produce colony-stimulating activity, to interact with macrophages, and to have important effects on the very early stages of erythropoiesis. Macrophages have multiple influences on the proliferation and differentiation of other haematopoietic cells.", "PMID": 317834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6019", "title": "Resistance of mice suppressed for IgM production to Babesia microti infection.", "content": "The immunological mechanisms responsible for overcoming infections with Babesia, an intra-erythrocytic protozoan, are not fully understood. Although high titres of specific anti-babesial antibodies have been observed in several species of animals, and protection has been obtained by transfer of large volumes of recovery serum, the role of antibody in the immune response to an infection is uncertain. The present study investigates the nature of B-cell participation during Babesia microti infections by observing the course of the disease in mice in which IgM production has been suppressed from birth and which contain no B cells. The results show that, in contrast to control mice, which develop and subsequently clear circulating parasitaemias, suppressed mice show an unexpected resistance to infection as reflected by a virtual absence of parasites in the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Resistance of mice suppressed for IgM production to Babesia microti infection. The immunological mechanisms responsible for overcoming infections with Babesia, an intra-erythrocytic protozoan, are not fully understood. Although high titres of specific anti-babesial antibodies have been observed in several species of animals, and protection has been obtained by transfer of large volumes of recovery serum, the role of antibody in the immune response to an infection is uncertain. The present study investigates the nature of B-cell participation during Babesia microti infections by observing the course of the disease in mice in which IgM production has been suppressed from birth and which contain no B cells. The results show that, in contrast to control mice, which develop and subsequently clear circulating parasitaemias, suppressed mice show an unexpected resistance to infection as reflected by a virtual absence of parasites in the peripheral circulation.", "PMID": 317837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6020", "title": "Strongyloides stercoralis infection and small intestinal lymphoma.", "content": "A West Indian man who was infected with Strongyloides stercoralis developed small intestinal obstruction. Treatment with thiabendazole did not relieve the obstruction which was found at laparotomy to be due to a poorly differentiated small intestinal lymphoma. There was no blood eosinophilia or accumulation of eosinopohils in the sites of infection. There was no reaction in the skin to delayed hypersensitivity antigens and the blood T lymphocyte count and serum C3 levels were low. From these findings and a review of the literature it was concluded that the immune response in man to Strongyloides stercoralis may depend on T lymphocyte mediated reactions including granuloma formation, and mast cell and eosinophil responses in tissues. We suggest that the association of strongyloides hyperinfection and small bowel lymphoma in this patient may not have been fortuitous. The lymphoma may have led to a reduction in cellular immunity, with the subsequent development of strongyloides hyperinfection.", "contents": "Strongyloides stercoralis infection and small intestinal lymphoma. A West Indian man who was infected with Strongyloides stercoralis developed small intestinal obstruction. Treatment with thiabendazole did not relieve the obstruction which was found at laparotomy to be due to a poorly differentiated small intestinal lymphoma. There was no blood eosinophilia or accumulation of eosinopohils in the sites of infection. There was no reaction in the skin to delayed hypersensitivity antigens and the blood T lymphocyte count and serum C3 levels were low. From these findings and a review of the literature it was concluded that the immune response in man to Strongyloides stercoralis may depend on T lymphocyte mediated reactions including granuloma formation, and mast cell and eosinophil responses in tissues. We suggest that the association of strongyloides hyperinfection and small bowel lymphoma in this patient may not have been fortuitous. The lymphoma may have led to a reduction in cellular immunity, with the subsequent development of strongyloides hyperinfection.", "PMID": 317839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6021", "title": "Differential diagnosis of cartilage tumors.", "content": "A total of 1187 cartilage tumors have been diagnosed at the Reference Center for Bone Tumors of the University of Freiburg; 67 of these were chondrosarcomas. All tumors were coded in terms of their frequency, age distribution, and localization. The typical radiographic, macroscopic, and histologic architecture is described for each tumor, and differential diagnostic aspects are described. Special attention is devoted to the distinction between proliferating chondromas and well-differentiated chondrosarcomas. which are often very difficult or even impossible to distinguish histologically. A grading system for chondrosarcomas is described. Cytophotometric DNA measurements may be applied to cartilage tumor cells in an effort to objectify the radiologic and histologic findings, and to make possible a decision between \"benign\" and \"malignant\". With the help of these modern histochemical methods it should be possible to solve differential diagnostic problems in cartilage tumors.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of cartilage tumors. A total of 1187 cartilage tumors have been diagnosed at the Reference Center for Bone Tumors of the University of Freiburg; 67 of these were chondrosarcomas. All tumors were coded in terms of their frequency, age distribution, and localization. The typical radiographic, macroscopic, and histologic architecture is described for each tumor, and differential diagnostic aspects are described. Special attention is devoted to the distinction between proliferating chondromas and well-differentiated chondrosarcomas. which are often very difficult or even impossible to distinguish histologically. A grading system for chondrosarcomas is described. Cytophotometric DNA measurements may be applied to cartilage tumor cells in an effort to objectify the radiologic and histologic findings, and to make possible a decision between \"benign\" and \"malignant\". With the help of these modern histochemical methods it should be possible to solve differential diagnostic problems in cartilage tumors.", "PMID": 317842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6022", "title": "Diagnostic and differential diagnostic aspects in histiocytosis X diseases.", "content": "Diagnostic and differential diagnostic aspects of the known manifestations of histiocytosis X are discussed with respect to our own findings. It is our considered opinion that the term \"histiocytosis X\" should not be employed in isolation for diagnostic purposes. Rather, one should make an effort to designate the disease exactly in stating the prognosis for a particular patient. Both clinical and morphologic parameters must be considered in making this exact diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnostic and differential diagnostic aspects in histiocytosis X diseases. Diagnostic and differential diagnostic aspects of the known manifestations of histiocytosis X are discussed with respect to our own findings. It is our considered opinion that the term \"histiocytosis X\" should not be employed in isolation for diagnostic purposes. Rather, one should make an effort to designate the disease exactly in stating the prognosis for a particular patient. Both clinical and morphologic parameters must be considered in making this exact diagnosis.", "PMID": 317843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6023", "title": "Brain distribution and kinetics of 11C-chlorpromazine in schizophrenics: positron emission tomography studies.", "content": "The positron emitter 11C (20 minutes half-life) permits the labeling of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and the study of its distribution in humans by external counting. Trace amounts of 11C-CPZ were injected intravenously into 22 schizophrenic patients all untreated for several months with neuroleptics. The brain uptake was 6.04 +/- 1.6% of the injected dose 15 minutes after the injection, and it remained constant for 45 minutes. By positron emission tomography, the drug distribution was shown to be in the gray matter, and such structures as the cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus and putamen could be identified. This new methodology will be helpful in studying specific receptors in humans in a noninvasive way.", "contents": "Brain distribution and kinetics of 11C-chlorpromazine in schizophrenics: positron emission tomography studies. The positron emitter 11C (20 minutes half-life) permits the labeling of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and the study of its distribution in humans by external counting. Trace amounts of 11C-CPZ were injected intravenously into 22 schizophrenic patients all untreated for several months with neuroleptics. The brain uptake was 6.04 +/- 1.6% of the injected dose 15 minutes after the injection, and it remained constant for 45 minutes. By positron emission tomography, the drug distribution was shown to be in the gray matter, and such structures as the cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus and putamen could be identified. This new methodology will be helpful in studying specific receptors in humans in a noninvasive way.", "PMID": 317844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6024", "title": "Computed tomography in tuberous sclerosis--with special reference to relation between clinical manifestations and CT findings.", "content": "Concerning the clinical signs and symptoms, we noticed skin white macula in 87%, adenoma sebaceum in 53%, mental retardation in 75%, retinal phacoma in 54% and seizure in 92%. Numbers of nodules ranged from zero to 11, and showed no correlation with aging. Half of the cases showed slight ventricular dilatation, one quarter showed moderate dilatation and the remainder were normal. There was no definite correspondence between size of the ventricle and number of nodules. There were relatively many cases with normal mental state in the group with normal ventricles. In adult cases a large ventricle does not always mean poor prognosis in mental state. Almost all of the cases with cortical atrophy had mental retardation. In the group with moderate dilatation infantile spasms were the most frequent type of seizure. On the contrary, grand mal was most frequent in the normal group. As for the position of nodules there was no difference between the normal and dilated groups. Nodules were predominantly seen in the lateral aspect of the body, trigone of the lateral ventricle and adjacent to the foramen of Monro. Asymmetrical lateral ventricles were noticed in 18%. Incidence of laterality increased as dilatation proceeded. It was larger on the left side in 9 out of 11 cases. We have no reasonable explanation of this tendency. There was one case with a tumor which was verified by enhanced CT. There were five cases with brain anomalies.", "contents": "Computed tomography in tuberous sclerosis--with special reference to relation between clinical manifestations and CT findings. Concerning the clinical signs and symptoms, we noticed skin white macula in 87%, adenoma sebaceum in 53%, mental retardation in 75%, retinal phacoma in 54% and seizure in 92%. Numbers of nodules ranged from zero to 11, and showed no correlation with aging. Half of the cases showed slight ventricular dilatation, one quarter showed moderate dilatation and the remainder were normal. There was no definite correspondence between size of the ventricle and number of nodules. There were relatively many cases with normal mental state in the group with normal ventricles. In adult cases a large ventricle does not always mean poor prognosis in mental state. Almost all of the cases with cortical atrophy had mental retardation. In the group with moderate dilatation infantile spasms were the most frequent type of seizure. On the contrary, grand mal was most frequent in the normal group. As for the position of nodules there was no difference between the normal and dilated groups. Nodules were predominantly seen in the lateral aspect of the body, trigone of the lateral ventricle and adjacent to the foramen of Monro. Asymmetrical lateral ventricles were noticed in 18%. Incidence of laterality increased as dilatation proceeded. It was larger on the left side in 9 out of 11 cases. We have no reasonable explanation of this tendency. There was one case with a tumor which was verified by enhanced CT. There were five cases with brain anomalies.", "PMID": 317869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6025", "title": "Thermographic visualisation of coronary artery blood flow during by-pass surgery.", "content": "A technique is described for visualising coronary artery blood flow and assessing myocardial perfusion during aorta to coronary artery bypass surgery. The technique involves an injection of cold fluid into the graft which is then viewed thermographically using an infra-red camera.", "contents": "Thermographic visualisation of coronary artery blood flow during by-pass surgery. A technique is described for visualising coronary artery blood flow and assessing myocardial perfusion during aorta to coronary artery bypass surgery. The technique involves an injection of cold fluid into the graft which is then viewed thermographically using an infra-red camera.", "PMID": 317873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6026", "title": "Presidential address. Coronary bypass surgery: status 1979.", "content": "Coronary bypass surgery is highly effective in relieving angina pectoris. Early results of several well controlled studies show a small, but definite positive effect of surgery on life expectancy. The effect on prognosis is greatest in patients with the most severe arterial and myocardial disease. The discrepancy between the large effect on symptoms and the small effect on survival is best explained by postulating more than one mechanism of action for the operation.", "contents": "Presidential address. Coronary bypass surgery: status 1979. Coronary bypass surgery is highly effective in relieving angina pectoris. Early results of several well controlled studies show a small, but definite positive effect of surgery on life expectancy. The effect on prognosis is greatest in patients with the most severe arterial and myocardial disease. The discrepancy between the large effect on symptoms and the small effect on survival is best explained by postulating more than one mechanism of action for the operation.", "PMID": 317874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6027", "title": "The processing of T-lymphocytes by the but of the suckling neonate.", "content": "The suggestion that intact effector lymphocytes can pass from maternal milk through the gut wall of the suckling neonate has been tested directly by labelling alloantigen-stimulated T cells in vitro with [125I]iododeoxyuridine and following their fate after intraoral administration to newborn mice by whole body gamma counting. The cells were rapidly lost from the animal when compared to cells injected intraperitoneally, and at a rate indistinguishable from cells deliberately killed and given intraorally. If the alloantigen used to stimulate the T cells in vitro was shared by the neonate, the T cells were lost even faster. It was also found that highly lethal labelled leukemia cells behaved in a similar fashion and did not cause excess mortality if given intraorally. These results suggest that few, if any, lymphocytes traverse the neonatal gut wall and indicate that subcellular fractions may be responsible for maternal to neonatal transfer of immunological effector functions.", "contents": "The processing of T-lymphocytes by the but of the suckling neonate. The suggestion that intact effector lymphocytes can pass from maternal milk through the gut wall of the suckling neonate has been tested directly by labelling alloantigen-stimulated T cells in vitro with [125I]iododeoxyuridine and following their fate after intraoral administration to newborn mice by whole body gamma counting. The cells were rapidly lost from the animal when compared to cells injected intraperitoneally, and at a rate indistinguishable from cells deliberately killed and given intraorally. If the alloantigen used to stimulate the T cells in vitro was shared by the neonate, the T cells were lost even faster. It was also found that highly lethal labelled leukemia cells behaved in a similar fashion and did not cause excess mortality if given intraorally. These results suggest that few, if any, lymphocytes traverse the neonatal gut wall and indicate that subcellular fractions may be responsible for maternal to neonatal transfer of immunological effector functions.", "PMID": 317872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6028", "title": "Factors influencing the inactivation of aminoglycosides by beta-lactams.", "content": "Aminoglycosides and beta-lactam antibiotics were tested alone and in combination, via bioassay, in the presence of pH buffers at 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5; human serum; MgCl2 and CaCl2; clavulanic acid and beta-lactamase. Results show: inactivation of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and netilmicin is influenced by pH; clavulanic acid can inactivate gentamicin and tobramycin; and inactivation is influenced by salt concentration and constituents.", "contents": "Factors influencing the inactivation of aminoglycosides by beta-lactams. Aminoglycosides and beta-lactam antibiotics were tested alone and in combination, via bioassay, in the presence of pH buffers at 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5; human serum; MgCl2 and CaCl2; clavulanic acid and beta-lactamase. Results show: inactivation of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and netilmicin is influenced by pH; clavulanic acid can inactivate gentamicin and tobramycin; and inactivation is influenced by salt concentration and constituents.", "PMID": 317880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6029", "title": "Markers of activated T cells on synovial fluid lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Membrane markers of activated T lymphocytes of synovial fluid of two groups of patients with various forms of arthritis were studied. The first group (group A) concerns patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the other (group B) includes those affected by not immunologically-mediated arthropathies as osteoarthrosis, crystal synovitis, post-traumatic arthritis. Some other arthropathies included in a third group (group C) have been considered separately. Both the receptor for human group O Rh negative erythrocytes (H rosettes forming cells) and the receptor able to bind at 37 degrees C sheep red blood cells (stable-E-rosette forming cells) respectively were used as markers for the identification of activated T lymphocytes. The results show a marked increase of activated T cells in group A in comparison to group B. So the possible causes of this lymphocyte activation in rheumatoid patients are suggested.", "contents": "Markers of activated T cells on synovial fluid lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Membrane markers of activated T lymphocytes of synovial fluid of two groups of patients with various forms of arthritis were studied. The first group (group A) concerns patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the other (group B) includes those affected by not immunologically-mediated arthropathies as osteoarthrosis, crystal synovitis, post-traumatic arthritis. Some other arthropathies included in a third group (group C) have been considered separately. Both the receptor for human group O Rh negative erythrocytes (H rosettes forming cells) and the receptor able to bind at 37 degrees C sheep red blood cells (stable-E-rosette forming cells) respectively were used as markers for the identification of activated T lymphocytes. The results show a marked increase of activated T cells in group A in comparison to group B. So the possible causes of this lymphocyte activation in rheumatoid patients are suggested.", "PMID": 317895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6030", "title": "Bone-marrow T-lymphoid cells: a simple method for enriched specimen.", "content": "A simple method for immunological characterization of lymphoblasts from hypoplastic or fibrotic bone marrow aspirates is described. The method is quite suitable for immunological diagnostic purposes in classifying acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) at onset of the disease. In fact, T-, common and classified ALL appear to have a different prognosis with consequent different patient management.", "contents": "Bone-marrow T-lymphoid cells: a simple method for enriched specimen. A simple method for immunological characterization of lymphoblasts from hypoplastic or fibrotic bone marrow aspirates is described. The method is quite suitable for immunological diagnostic purposes in classifying acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) at onset of the disease. In fact, T-, common and classified ALL appear to have a different prognosis with consequent different patient management.", "PMID": 317896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6031", "title": "An apparent relationship between responsiveness to folinic acid protection from methotrexate cytotoxicity and uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in a series of murine cell lines.", "content": "The ability of CF to protect cells from methotrexate toxicity was measured in a series of murine lymphoma cells of varying degrees of sensitivity to methotrexate. The cells that were the most resistant to methotrexate showed the least degree of protection from methotrexate cytotoxicity. The extent of protection afforded by CF was found to correlate with the capacity of the cells to take up C14-5-methyltetrahydrofolate. That is, the cells with the lowest extent of uptake of reduced folate were afforded the least degree of protection from methotrexate by CF.", "contents": "An apparent relationship between responsiveness to folinic acid protection from methotrexate cytotoxicity and uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in a series of murine cell lines. The ability of CF to protect cells from methotrexate toxicity was measured in a series of murine lymphoma cells of varying degrees of sensitivity to methotrexate. The cells that were the most resistant to methotrexate showed the least degree of protection from methotrexate cytotoxicity. The extent of protection afforded by CF was found to correlate with the capacity of the cells to take up C14-5-methyltetrahydrofolate. That is, the cells with the lowest extent of uptake of reduced folate were afforded the least degree of protection from methotrexate by CF.", "PMID": 317897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6032", "title": "Response of lympho-hemopoietic tissue to Corynebacterium parvum by study of DNA enzymes and H3-TdR metabolism.", "content": "The effects of Corynebacterium parvum on the lymphohemopoietic tissues of mice was investigated by H3-TdR metabolism, organ weights, DNA-polymerase-alpha activity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity. Marked increase in spleen size occurred. The increase in size was accompanied by increases in DNA-P-alpha activity and H3TdR uptake. This indicated that the spleen was a major site of cell proliferation and of increase in population size after C. parvum stimulation. Thymus and bone marrow changes are also described. The thymus showed a marked decrease in size which was maximal in 10 days and showed recovery thereafter. Thymus TdT activity fell immediately and may reflect either a release or lysis of thymocytes which contain TdT activity. However, no change in TdT activity was measurable in the bone marrow or spleen. The principal cell population increase had phagocytic activity and was presumably monocytes-macrophages, and an increase in such cells was found in the spleen.", "contents": "Response of lympho-hemopoietic tissue to Corynebacterium parvum by study of DNA enzymes and H3-TdR metabolism. The effects of Corynebacterium parvum on the lymphohemopoietic tissues of mice was investigated by H3-TdR metabolism, organ weights, DNA-polymerase-alpha activity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity. Marked increase in spleen size occurred. The increase in size was accompanied by increases in DNA-P-alpha activity and H3TdR uptake. This indicated that the spleen was a major site of cell proliferation and of increase in population size after C. parvum stimulation. Thymus and bone marrow changes are also described. The thymus showed a marked decrease in size which was maximal in 10 days and showed recovery thereafter. Thymus TdT activity fell immediately and may reflect either a release or lysis of thymocytes which contain TdT activity. However, no change in TdT activity was measurable in the bone marrow or spleen. The principal cell population increase had phagocytic activity and was presumably monocytes-macrophages, and an increase in such cells was found in the spleen.", "PMID": 317898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6033", "title": "Inhibition of thymidylate synthetase of the human lymphocytes.", "content": "Previous studies had suggested that methotrexate (MTX) may have actions other than inhibition of dihydrofolic acid reductase. In this study MTX was added to the assay incubation mixture of the enzyme thymidylate synthetase. 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) or folinic acid was added separately as controls. The three compounds inhibited thymidylate synthetase with MTX achieving the maximal inhibition. It is suggested that MTX could exert its antineoplastic effect through this mechanism especially if malignant cells have little or no activity of dihydrofolic acid reductase.", "contents": "Inhibition of thymidylate synthetase of the human lymphocytes. Previous studies had suggested that methotrexate (MTX) may have actions other than inhibition of dihydrofolic acid reductase. In this study MTX was added to the assay incubation mixture of the enzyme thymidylate synthetase. 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) or folinic acid was added separately as controls. The three compounds inhibited thymidylate synthetase with MTX achieving the maximal inhibition. It is suggested that MTX could exert its antineoplastic effect through this mechanism especially if malignant cells have little or no activity of dihydrofolic acid reductase.", "PMID": 317899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6034", "title": "Presumed vitelliform dystrophy with perimacular flecks and retinal detachment.", "content": "Seven of eight siblings of asymptomatic non-consanguineous parents were investigated. Two of them had atrophic cystoid macular degeneration and flat or subnormal electro-oculograms suggesting the diagnosis of vitelliform dystrophy. In one eye the central cystoid lesion was surrounded by atypical small whitish hyperfluorescent flecks resembling fundus flavimaculatus. In the other eye of this patient cystoid macular degeneration progressed to shallow non-rhegmatogenous detachment of the retina. One of the asymptopmatic siblings had a mild colour vision defect of tritan-type and some fleckish hyperfluorescence around the macula and another sister showed abnormal EOG responses. These patients are probably carriers of the pathological gene responsible for the disease.", "contents": "Presumed vitelliform dystrophy with perimacular flecks and retinal detachment. Seven of eight siblings of asymptomatic non-consanguineous parents were investigated. Two of them had atrophic cystoid macular degeneration and flat or subnormal electro-oculograms suggesting the diagnosis of vitelliform dystrophy. In one eye the central cystoid lesion was surrounded by atypical small whitish hyperfluorescent flecks resembling fundus flavimaculatus. In the other eye of this patient cystoid macular degeneration progressed to shallow non-rhegmatogenous detachment of the retina. One of the asymptopmatic siblings had a mild colour vision defect of tritan-type and some fleckish hyperfluorescence around the macula and another sister showed abnormal EOG responses. These patients are probably carriers of the pathological gene responsible for the disease.", "PMID": 317902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6035", "title": "Lanthony's new color test--part III. The neutral zone.", "content": "With the New Color Test (NCT) the neutral zone was studied in hereditary and acquired dyschromatopsias. Acquired type III blue-yellow defects with neutral zone occurred in heredo-atrophies of the optic nerve, in edematous maculopathies, in choroidal atrophy, in myopia, in glaucoma and in retinitis pigmentosa. With exclusion of the autosomal dominant inherited cases, the type III neutral zone in retinitis pigmentosa becomes complicated by a type I neutral zone when the visual acuity dropped to 0.2.", "contents": "Lanthony's new color test--part III. The neutral zone. With the New Color Test (NCT) the neutral zone was studied in hereditary and acquired dyschromatopsias. Acquired type III blue-yellow defects with neutral zone occurred in heredo-atrophies of the optic nerve, in edematous maculopathies, in choroidal atrophy, in myopia, in glaucoma and in retinitis pigmentosa. With exclusion of the autosomal dominant inherited cases, the type III neutral zone in retinitis pigmentosa becomes complicated by a type I neutral zone when the visual acuity dropped to 0.2.", "PMID": 317903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6036", "title": "Biological characterization of guinea pig lymphotoxin production.", "content": "The generation of serum-free lymphotoxin by antigen-stimulated ovalbumin immune strain 2/N guinea pig peritoneal leukocytes in vitro is dependent upon a number of common variables in cell culture. Lymphotoxin production varies directly with antigen concentration, duration of antigen exposure and leukocyte culture, leukocyte density, and medium volume. The maximum concentration of lymphotoxin generated in the medium has a limiting value that is independent of antigen concentration, leukocyte density, and duration of antigen exposure or leukocyte culture, suggesting feedback control of lymphokine production. Optimal conditions for the reproducible maximum generation of guinea pig lymphotoxin were 10(7) oil-induced peritoneal leukocytes from immune animals cultured for 12-24 hr in 20 ml RPMI 1640 medium containing 100 micrograms ovalbumin/ml throughout the period of culture.", "contents": "Biological characterization of guinea pig lymphotoxin production. The generation of serum-free lymphotoxin by antigen-stimulated ovalbumin immune strain 2/N guinea pig peritoneal leukocytes in vitro is dependent upon a number of common variables in cell culture. Lymphotoxin production varies directly with antigen concentration, duration of antigen exposure and leukocyte culture, leukocyte density, and medium volume. The maximum concentration of lymphotoxin generated in the medium has a limiting value that is independent of antigen concentration, leukocyte density, and duration of antigen exposure or leukocyte culture, suggesting feedback control of lymphokine production. Optimal conditions for the reproducible maximum generation of guinea pig lymphotoxin were 10(7) oil-induced peritoneal leukocytes from immune animals cultured for 12-24 hr in 20 ml RPMI 1640 medium containing 100 micrograms ovalbumin/ml throughout the period of culture.", "PMID": 317904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6037", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on in vitro T- and B-cell activation and cell-mediated lysis.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, on lymphocyte blast transformation induced by T- or B-cell activators has been studied. Simultaneously adding indomethacin (0.03-0.3 x 10(-6) M final concentration) and concanavalin A to mouse spleen cell cultures, led to an enhancement of 3H-thymidine uptake, whereas 30 x 10(-6) M indomethacin inhibited this uptake. The stimulation induced by indomethacin was higher when this drug was present in the cultures before the addition of the mitogen. Neither the optimal concanavalin A concentration nor the day on which the maximum of 3H-thymidine uptake occurred were altered by indomethacin. Activation of B lymphocytes induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide was inhibited by indomethacin at all concentrations tested. However, indomethacin similarly blocked the prostaglandin synthesis as well in lipopolysaccharide- or concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocyte cultures. Indomethacin enhanced the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction. No significant effect of indomethacin was found on cell-mediated cytotoxicity of 51Cr labeled targets. The results are discussed in terms of differential sensitivity of B and T lymphocytes to this anti-inflammatory drug.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on in vitro T- and B-cell activation and cell-mediated lysis. The effect of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, on lymphocyte blast transformation induced by T- or B-cell activators has been studied. Simultaneously adding indomethacin (0.03-0.3 x 10(-6) M final concentration) and concanavalin A to mouse spleen cell cultures, led to an enhancement of 3H-thymidine uptake, whereas 30 x 10(-6) M indomethacin inhibited this uptake. The stimulation induced by indomethacin was higher when this drug was present in the cultures before the addition of the mitogen. Neither the optimal concanavalin A concentration nor the day on which the maximum of 3H-thymidine uptake occurred were altered by indomethacin. Activation of B lymphocytes induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide was inhibited by indomethacin at all concentrations tested. However, indomethacin similarly blocked the prostaglandin synthesis as well in lipopolysaccharide- or concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocyte cultures. Indomethacin enhanced the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction. No significant effect of indomethacin was found on cell-mediated cytotoxicity of 51Cr labeled targets. The results are discussed in terms of differential sensitivity of B and T lymphocytes to this anti-inflammatory drug.", "PMID": 317906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6038", "title": "The effects of cyclophosphamide on mitogen-induced and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in guinea pigs.", "content": "Lymph node cells from normal guinea pigs, when stimulated with the non-specific mitogen PHA, were transformed to activated killer cells, capable of lysing 51Cr labeled mouse fibroblasts. Similarly, these lymphoid cells effected lysis of antibody coated chicken red cells in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay. Following cyclophosphamide, 150 mg/kg IP, the reactivity of an aliquot of lymph node cells to effect either cytotoxic reaction was not diminished. These results indicate that this immunosuppressant does not promote a selective decrease in either lymphoid effector. Rather, they are diminished in parallel with the generalized lympholysis resulting from drug administratioin. During the recovery phase, lymph node cells showed increased ability to lyse target cells, suggesting a rebound phase of heightened activity. Thymic cells from normal and cyclophosphamide treated animals were poor effectors in either cytotoxic assay. The addition of an equal number of thymocytes to lymph node cells resulted in decreased mitogen-induced cytotoxicity. Thymic inhibitory activity was mediated only by viable cells and the phenomenon did not represent an altered shift in PHA sensitivity. This suppressive activity persisted when thymic cells from cyclophosphamide treated-animals were employed, indicating that inhibitory cells were also not selectively depleted by this drug. In antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays, thymocytes from normal or cyclophosphamide-treated animals did not alter the cytotoxicity capacity of lymph node cells.", "contents": "The effects of cyclophosphamide on mitogen-induced and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in guinea pigs. Lymph node cells from normal guinea pigs, when stimulated with the non-specific mitogen PHA, were transformed to activated killer cells, capable of lysing 51Cr labeled mouse fibroblasts. Similarly, these lymphoid cells effected lysis of antibody coated chicken red cells in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay. Following cyclophosphamide, 150 mg/kg IP, the reactivity of an aliquot of lymph node cells to effect either cytotoxic reaction was not diminished. These results indicate that this immunosuppressant does not promote a selective decrease in either lymphoid effector. Rather, they are diminished in parallel with the generalized lympholysis resulting from drug administratioin. During the recovery phase, lymph node cells showed increased ability to lyse target cells, suggesting a rebound phase of heightened activity. Thymic cells from normal and cyclophosphamide treated animals were poor effectors in either cytotoxic assay. The addition of an equal number of thymocytes to lymph node cells resulted in decreased mitogen-induced cytotoxicity. Thymic inhibitory activity was mediated only by viable cells and the phenomenon did not represent an altered shift in PHA sensitivity. This suppressive activity persisted when thymic cells from cyclophosphamide treated-animals were employed, indicating that inhibitory cells were also not selectively depleted by this drug. In antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays, thymocytes from normal or cyclophosphamide-treated animals did not alter the cytotoxicity capacity of lymph node cells.", "PMID": 317907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6039", "title": "Catheptic carboxypeptidase B as a major component in \"T-cell activating factor\" of macrophages.", "content": "TAF (T-cell activating factor), produced by peritoneal macrophages and assayed by its ability to potentiate DNA synthesis in macrophage-depleted lymph node cells stimulated with Phytochemagglutinin-concanavalin A, was shown to contain catheptic carboxypeptidase B (CPB) which accounted almost quantitatively for its potentiating activity. TAF action was inhibited by CPB inhibitors and could be mimicked by commercial pig pancreas CPB. The activity was absorbed from active supernatants on EACA-Sepharose and could be eluted with free EACA (epsilon aminocaproic acid).", "contents": "Catheptic carboxypeptidase B as a major component in \"T-cell activating factor\" of macrophages. TAF (T-cell activating factor), produced by peritoneal macrophages and assayed by its ability to potentiate DNA synthesis in macrophage-depleted lymph node cells stimulated with Phytochemagglutinin-concanavalin A, was shown to contain catheptic carboxypeptidase B (CPB) which accounted almost quantitatively for its potentiating activity. TAF action was inhibited by CPB inhibitors and could be mimicked by commercial pig pancreas CPB. The activity was absorbed from active supernatants on EACA-Sepharose and could be eluted with free EACA (epsilon aminocaproic acid).", "PMID": 317908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6040", "title": "Freeze-fracture studies on the synapse between the type I hair cell and the calyceal terminal in the guinea-pig vestibular system.", "content": "The apposition between type I hair cells and the calyceal terminals of vestibular ganglion cell peripheral processes was studied in the vestibular epithelium of the guinea-pig, using thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured specimens. Chemical synaptic junctions were exceedingly rare in thin-sectioned specimens, and were not seen in freeze-fracture replicas. Furthermore, no gap junctions were present between the hair cell and the calyx. There were, however, regions along the apposition where the membranes were closely apposed. At these regions, the hair cell was invaginated by cytoplasmic protrusions of the calyx and the plasmalemmata of the two cells were separated by only 6-7 nm. The number and conformation of the close appositions varied between different cells. In freeze-fracture replicas, the closely-apposed plasmalemmata of the hair cell and the calyx had no special distribution of intramembrane particles on either membrane leaflet. However, on the external membrane leaflet of the hair cell, a large patch of widely-spaced, large particles surrounded the regions of close apposition. The corresponding region of the plasmalemma of the calyx had no special distribution of particles on either membrane leaflet. The scarcity of chemical synaptic junctions, the absence of gap junctions between the cells and the unique arrangement of particles in the hair cell plasmalemma surrounding regions of close membrane apposition may indicate an unusual mode of synaptic transmission between the type I hair cell and the calyx.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture studies on the synapse between the type I hair cell and the calyceal terminal in the guinea-pig vestibular system. The apposition between type I hair cells and the calyceal terminals of vestibular ganglion cell peripheral processes was studied in the vestibular epithelium of the guinea-pig, using thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured specimens. Chemical synaptic junctions were exceedingly rare in thin-sectioned specimens, and were not seen in freeze-fracture replicas. Furthermore, no gap junctions were present between the hair cell and the calyx. There were, however, regions along the apposition where the membranes were closely apposed. At these regions, the hair cell was invaginated by cytoplasmic protrusions of the calyx and the plasmalemmata of the two cells were separated by only 6-7 nm. The number and conformation of the close appositions varied between different cells. In freeze-fracture replicas, the closely-apposed plasmalemmata of the hair cell and the calyx had no special distribution of intramembrane particles on either membrane leaflet. However, on the external membrane leaflet of the hair cell, a large patch of widely-spaced, large particles surrounded the regions of close apposition. The corresponding region of the plasmalemma of the calyx had no special distribution of particles on either membrane leaflet. The scarcity of chemical synaptic junctions, the absence of gap junctions between the cells and the unique arrangement of particles in the hair cell plasmalemma surrounding regions of close membrane apposition may indicate an unusual mode of synaptic transmission between the type I hair cell and the calyx.", "PMID": 317909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6041", "title": "Genetic counseling of families with Marfan syndrome and other disorders showing a Marfanoid body habitus.", "content": "Eight pedigrees of patients with Marfan syndrome are presented. In addition, four pedigrees of patients with conditions sometimes showing a marfanoid body habitus are described: Wagner-Stickler syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type III, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIA, and congenital contractural arachnodactyly type II. Emphasis is placed on the importance of genetic information in the differential diagnosis and management of patients and family members by the ophthalmologist.", "contents": "Genetic counseling of families with Marfan syndrome and other disorders showing a Marfanoid body habitus. Eight pedigrees of patients with Marfan syndrome are presented. In addition, four pedigrees of patients with conditions sometimes showing a marfanoid body habitus are described: Wagner-Stickler syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type III, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIA, and congenital contractural arachnodactyly type II. Emphasis is placed on the importance of genetic information in the differential diagnosis and management of patients and family members by the ophthalmologist.", "PMID": 317927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6042", "title": "[Acute leukaemia with lymphoblastic features occurring during myeloma (author's transl)].", "content": "Leukaemias which complicate myeloma under treatment are usually acute non-lymphocytic leukaemias. We report here a case of acute leukaemia with lymphoblastic features occurring 30 months after diagnosis of myeloma. The exceptional character of this association lead us to refine the cytological diagnosis by studying surface markers and ultrastructural cytochemistry. Because of the absence of T or B markers, and the absence of peroxidase activity in the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus of blastic cells, we conclude that this leukaemia is \"null\" lymphoblastic.", "contents": "[Acute leukaemia with lymphoblastic features occurring during myeloma (author's transl)]. Leukaemias which complicate myeloma under treatment are usually acute non-lymphocytic leukaemias. We report here a case of acute leukaemia with lymphoblastic features occurring 30 months after diagnosis of myeloma. The exceptional character of this association lead us to refine the cytological diagnosis by studying surface markers and ultrastructural cytochemistry. Because of the absence of T or B markers, and the absence of peroxidase activity in the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus of blastic cells, we conclude that this leukaemia is \"null\" lymphoblastic.", "PMID": 317928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6043", "title": "Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. VIII. Locomotion of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders.", "content": "Peripheral blood T and non-T lymphoid cells were examined in 31 patients with a variety of primary immmunodeficiencies for their locomotor activity toward casein and endotoxin-activated serum. T cells from 1 and non-T cells from 2 of 7 patients with Bruton type agammaglobulinemia had poor locomotor activity in this system. Both T and non-T lymphoid cells from all patients with common variable immunodeficiency disease had normal locomotor response to casein and EAS. Heterogeneity in locomotor abnormaltiy of T and non-T cells toward casein and endotoxin-activated serum was observed in other immunodeficient patients. No direct correlation was observed between the proportion of cells in the several T cell subsets and the abnormalities of locomotion of T cells.", "contents": "Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. VIII. Locomotion of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders. Peripheral blood T and non-T lymphoid cells were examined in 31 patients with a variety of primary immmunodeficiencies for their locomotor activity toward casein and endotoxin-activated serum. T cells from 1 and non-T cells from 2 of 7 patients with Bruton type agammaglobulinemia had poor locomotor activity in this system. Both T and non-T lymphoid cells from all patients with common variable immunodeficiency disease had normal locomotor response to casein and EAS. Heterogeneity in locomotor abnormaltiy of T and non-T cells toward casein and endotoxin-activated serum was observed in other immunodeficient patients. No direct correlation was observed between the proportion of cells in the several T cell subsets and the abnormalities of locomotion of T cells.", "PMID": 317930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6044", "title": "The differentiation of T lymphocytes. V. Evidence for intrathymic death of most thymocytes.", "content": "The DNA of CBA mouse thymocytes was simultaneously labelled with the efficiently reutilized precursor [3H]TdR and the poorly reutilized precursor [125I]UdR, and the subsequent rate of loss of the two thymidine analogues was used to compute the extent of local thymidine reutilization. This should provide a minimum estimate of thymocyte death within the thymus. In agreement with published data, reutilization of thymidine in the \"steady state' adult mouse thymus was about 61%. Adrenalectomy was used to show that this turnover was not due to steroid mediated stress effects; nor could it be attributed to direct effects of [125I]UdR itself. Most of the initial uptake and the subsequent turnover was within the major \"high theta' thymus subpopulation. A similar study with the growing thymus of 7-day-old mice, when the demand for T cells in the periphery should be high, also revealed a high level (63%) of thymidine reutilization. The results support the view that a minimum of 60% of newly formed thymocytes die within the tyhmus, and that this is a constant and normal aspect of thymus function. This would be compatible with some form of negative selection for the appropriate developing T cells.", "contents": "The differentiation of T lymphocytes. V. Evidence for intrathymic death of most thymocytes. The DNA of CBA mouse thymocytes was simultaneously labelled with the efficiently reutilized precursor [3H]TdR and the poorly reutilized precursor [125I]UdR, and the subsequent rate of loss of the two thymidine analogues was used to compute the extent of local thymidine reutilization. This should provide a minimum estimate of thymocyte death within the thymus. In agreement with published data, reutilization of thymidine in the \"steady state' adult mouse thymus was about 61%. Adrenalectomy was used to show that this turnover was not due to steroid mediated stress effects; nor could it be attributed to direct effects of [125I]UdR itself. Most of the initial uptake and the subsequent turnover was within the major \"high theta' thymus subpopulation. A similar study with the growing thymus of 7-day-old mice, when the demand for T cells in the periphery should be high, also revealed a high level (63%) of thymidine reutilization. The results support the view that a minimum of 60% of newly formed thymocytes die within the tyhmus, and that this is a constant and normal aspect of thymus function. This would be compatible with some form of negative selection for the appropriate developing T cells.", "PMID": 317932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6045", "title": "Development of amblyopia in infants.", "content": "New techniques have permitted serial assessments of visual acuity in infants. Acuity measurements in infants with astigmatism did not reveal meridional amblyopia during the first year of life. Measurements in infants with esotropia showed marked differences in acuity of the two eyes as early as the first 6 months of life. Therapeutic occlusion of the non-deviating eye improves the acuity of the deviating eye but at the expense of the occluded eye. After discontinuing occlusion, rapid increases in acuity of the formerly occluded eye can occur.", "contents": "Development of amblyopia in infants. New techniques have permitted serial assessments of visual acuity in infants. Acuity measurements in infants with astigmatism did not reveal meridional amblyopia during the first year of life. Measurements in infants with esotropia showed marked differences in acuity of the two eyes as early as the first 6 months of life. Therapeutic occlusion of the non-deviating eye improves the acuity of the deviating eye but at the expense of the occluded eye. After discontinuing occlusion, rapid increases in acuity of the formerly occluded eye can occur.", "PMID": 317933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6046", "title": "[Serum levels of GPI, AAT and CEA in primary lung neoplasms and chronic bronchopneumopathies].", "content": "The Authors have tested serum levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), phosphohexose-isomerase (GPI) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 133 patients affected with primary lung cancer, not treated with any drug, and in 183 patients affected with not neoplastic lung diseases or healthy, to control the utility of these markers in the early diagnosis of lung cancer. In many patients all the tests have been made at the same time. The three tumoral markers have been also examined in connection with the histological kinds of lung cancer. Results show that is suitable to test GIP and A1AT at the same time because they are percentually more pathological; serum levels of CEA, that are not very elevated in the pathological cases, seem in correlation with the histological kind of cancer.", "contents": "[Serum levels of GPI, AAT and CEA in primary lung neoplasms and chronic bronchopneumopathies]. The Authors have tested serum levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), phosphohexose-isomerase (GPI) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 133 patients affected with primary lung cancer, not treated with any drug, and in 183 patients affected with not neoplastic lung diseases or healthy, to control the utility of these markers in the early diagnosis of lung cancer. In many patients all the tests have been made at the same time. The three tumoral markers have been also examined in connection with the histological kinds of lung cancer. Results show that is suitable to test GIP and A1AT at the same time because they are percentually more pathological; serum levels of CEA, that are not very elevated in the pathological cases, seem in correlation with the histological kind of cancer.", "PMID": 317940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6047", "title": "[Antinuclear antibody (anti-HBc) and liver pathology in acute and chronic virus B hepatitis].", "content": "HBsAg and anti-HBc, the antibody to core antigen of hepatitis B virion, were titrated by solid phase radioimmunoassay in 40 sera of HBsAg carriers with acute and chronic hepatitis and in 20 healthy subjects carrying anti-HBc alone or associated with anti-HBs. No correlation was found between HBsAg and anti-HBc titers in the single category of patients. In contrast, geometric mean titer of anti-HBc (ranging from 2(14) to 2(15)) of patients with chronic active hepatitis was significantly higher ( p = < 0.01) than that of patients with acute or chronic persistent hepatitis and healthy HBsAg carriers (ranging from 2(9) to 2(14)). Anti-HBc titer of 20 subjects without detectable HBsAg was less than 2(7). These data suggest that in subjects with persistent B virus infection, anti-HBc response is correlated with synthesis of viral genome rather than of surface antigens, so that a much higher titer of anti-HBc was detected only in patients with a more active liver disease.", "contents": "[Antinuclear antibody (anti-HBc) and liver pathology in acute and chronic virus B hepatitis]. HBsAg and anti-HBc, the antibody to core antigen of hepatitis B virion, were titrated by solid phase radioimmunoassay in 40 sera of HBsAg carriers with acute and chronic hepatitis and in 20 healthy subjects carrying anti-HBc alone or associated with anti-HBs. No correlation was found between HBsAg and anti-HBc titers in the single category of patients. In contrast, geometric mean titer of anti-HBc (ranging from 2(14) to 2(15)) of patients with chronic active hepatitis was significantly higher ( p = < 0.01) than that of patients with acute or chronic persistent hepatitis and healthy HBsAg carriers (ranging from 2(9) to 2(14)). Anti-HBc titer of 20 subjects without detectable HBsAg was less than 2(7). These data suggest that in subjects with persistent B virus infection, anti-HBc response is correlated with synthesis of viral genome rather than of surface antigens, so that a much higher titer of anti-HBc was detected only in patients with a more active liver disease.", "PMID": 317942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6048", "title": "Spontaneous cell death in the semilunar ganglion during fetal and postnatal life in the ox, sheep, goat and guinea pig.", "content": "A massive cell loss occurs in the semilunar ganglion. It is the result of either a casting-off of the semilunar ganglion cells into the cavernous sinus or a transformation of several cells into polyhedral cells with an epithelial-like organization, a process which immediately precedes their further degeneration.", "contents": "Spontaneous cell death in the semilunar ganglion during fetal and postnatal life in the ox, sheep, goat and guinea pig. A massive cell loss occurs in the semilunar ganglion. It is the result of either a casting-off of the semilunar ganglion cells into the cavernous sinus or a transformation of several cells into polyhedral cells with an epithelial-like organization, a process which immediately precedes their further degeneration.", "PMID": 317943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6049", "title": "[Early observations of pancreatic ultrastructure during hemorrhagic necrosis in the rat with closed duodenal pouch].", "content": "Many problems are still unanswered in the pathogenesis of acute clinical and experimental pancreatic necrosis. A new technique which can be performed in the rat seems a suitable model for reflux pancreatic necrosis without artificial pressure changes in the ductal system. A closed duodenal loop is obtained with ligation proximal and distal to Vater's ampulla and a gastroenteroanastomosis is associated to avoid intestinal obstruction. All the rats die with hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis in 36 hours. After 12 hours from the operation ductal and acinar lumina are enlarged. In the centroacinar and intercalated duct cells some lysosomes and mitochondria with clear matrix and reduced cristae are detected. Intercellular junctions in ducts and acini have normal morphology. In the basal cytoplasm of acinar cells some prominent autophagic vacuoles are detectable. After 24 hours in the acinar cells autophagic vacuoles are greatly increased and basal cytoplasmic degeneration often occurs, with plasmalemma and basal lamina interruptions. Intercellular junctions are apparently unaffected until cell necrosis sets in. In blood capillaries endothelial cells are swollen, fibrin thrombosis, hemorrhage and leucocyte infiltration are often detectable. As lysosomal activity occurs also in different kinds of experimental pancreatic necrosis, it could be a common pathogenetic factor, responsible for hydrolytic enzyme activation and for vascular damage in the early stages of hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis.", "contents": "[Early observations of pancreatic ultrastructure during hemorrhagic necrosis in the rat with closed duodenal pouch]. Many problems are still unanswered in the pathogenesis of acute clinical and experimental pancreatic necrosis. A new technique which can be performed in the rat seems a suitable model for reflux pancreatic necrosis without artificial pressure changes in the ductal system. A closed duodenal loop is obtained with ligation proximal and distal to Vater's ampulla and a gastroenteroanastomosis is associated to avoid intestinal obstruction. All the rats die with hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis in 36 hours. After 12 hours from the operation ductal and acinar lumina are enlarged. In the centroacinar and intercalated duct cells some lysosomes and mitochondria with clear matrix and reduced cristae are detected. Intercellular junctions in ducts and acini have normal morphology. In the basal cytoplasm of acinar cells some prominent autophagic vacuoles are detectable. After 24 hours in the acinar cells autophagic vacuoles are greatly increased and basal cytoplasmic degeneration often occurs, with plasmalemma and basal lamina interruptions. Intercellular junctions are apparently unaffected until cell necrosis sets in. In blood capillaries endothelial cells are swollen, fibrin thrombosis, hemorrhage and leucocyte infiltration are often detectable. As lysosomal activity occurs also in different kinds of experimental pancreatic necrosis, it could be a common pathogenetic factor, responsible for hydrolytic enzyme activation and for vascular damage in the early stages of hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis.", "PMID": 317944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6050", "title": "[T-lymphocyte subpopulations at high altitudes. Morococha, Peru - 4560 meters above sea-level].", "content": "We have studied T cell subpopulation in 10 miners of Morococha-Peru and 3 caucasian people as controls. T cells were identifed by E rosette test. Miners show a less number of T cells as compared to caucasian people: respectively 70+/-2% and 77,9+/-3,7%.", "contents": "[T-lymphocyte subpopulations at high altitudes. Morococha, Peru - 4560 meters above sea-level]. We have studied T cell subpopulation in 10 miners of Morococha-Peru and 3 caucasian people as controls. T cells were identifed by E rosette test. Miners show a less number of T cells as compared to caucasian people: respectively 70+/-2% and 77,9+/-3,7%.", "PMID": 317945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6051", "title": "Dominant lethality in frog embryos after paternal treatment with triethylenemelamine: cytogenetics, morphology, and swimming capability.", "content": "Male frogs (Rana pipiens) were injected intraperitoneally with triethylenemelamine (TEM). The injected males were held for seven days to permit TEM interaction with sperm. The TEM-treated males were then spermiated with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and the ova of normal females were inseminated with the sperm. Direct observation was made of in vitro fertilized ova, cleavage, blastulation, and subsequent embryonic development. No differences were detected between the controls and treated animals from any experimental group for fertilization, cleavage, and blastulation. Dose-related morphologic abnormalities first became apparent at the time of gastrulation; the capability of hatched embryos to swim was affected by TEM. Metaphase chromosomes were studied from randomly selected embryos, and the prevalence of chromosomal structural abnormalities increased with dose over a range of 13--1,300 microgram TEM per kilogram frog.", "contents": "Dominant lethality in frog embryos after paternal treatment with triethylenemelamine: cytogenetics, morphology, and swimming capability. Male frogs (Rana pipiens) were injected intraperitoneally with triethylenemelamine (TEM). The injected males were held for seven days to permit TEM interaction with sperm. The TEM-treated males were then spermiated with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and the ova of normal females were inseminated with the sperm. Direct observation was made of in vitro fertilized ova, cleavage, blastulation, and subsequent embryonic development. No differences were detected between the controls and treated animals from any experimental group for fertilization, cleavage, and blastulation. Dose-related morphologic abnormalities first became apparent at the time of gastrulation; the capability of hatched embryos to swim was affected by TEM. Metaphase chromosomes were studied from randomly selected embryos, and the prevalence of chromosomal structural abnormalities increased with dose over a range of 13--1,300 microgram TEM per kilogram frog.", "PMID": 317949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6052", "title": "[Considerations on myocardial scintigraphy with 201thallium after stress (author's transl)].", "content": "An heterogeneous group of 24 patients has been studied with 201Thallium myocardial scintigraphy after stress (MSS); has been used an electronic calculator which made it possible to increase the reliability of the method. Nineteen patients were males, 5 females; the average age were 51.7 years S.D. = +/- 7.9. The 201Thallium (2 mCi) is iniected through a Teflon cannula inserted in the forearm l' before the interruption of the stress test on the cycloergometer. After 10' tests are made in AP-LAO and LL view; a second test is carried out after an hour, and, if necessary, after 4-6 hours time. The results are interpreted as: a) positive: absence (++) or obvious defect in perfusione (+); b) negative: normal perfusion (-); c) questionable: activity not significantly reduced (+/-). In some cases, the Authors studied correlations and discordances between MSS and clinical, coronarographic and echocardiographic data. Has been considered moreover, the uptake's and release's variations of the radio-isotope in relation with experimental knowledge of myocardial extration and clearance. We conclude by emphasising the interest of this method and suggesting some practical consideration: 1) patients with negative MSS don't need coronarography; 2) positive MSS, but restricted deficit, good delayed reperfusion, good clinical pharmacological control would permit a delay of coronarography. 3) clear multiple deficit need coronarography; 4) usefulness of the MSS for long-term control of the evolution of coronary disease and of patients operated of aorto-coronary bypass.", "contents": "[Considerations on myocardial scintigraphy with 201thallium after stress (author's transl)]. An heterogeneous group of 24 patients has been studied with 201Thallium myocardial scintigraphy after stress (MSS); has been used an electronic calculator which made it possible to increase the reliability of the method. Nineteen patients were males, 5 females; the average age were 51.7 years S.D. = +/- 7.9. The 201Thallium (2 mCi) is iniected through a Teflon cannula inserted in the forearm l' before the interruption of the stress test on the cycloergometer. After 10' tests are made in AP-LAO and LL view; a second test is carried out after an hour, and, if necessary, after 4-6 hours time. The results are interpreted as: a) positive: absence (++) or obvious defect in perfusione (+); b) negative: normal perfusion (-); c) questionable: activity not significantly reduced (+/-). In some cases, the Authors studied correlations and discordances between MSS and clinical, coronarographic and echocardiographic data. Has been considered moreover, the uptake's and release's variations of the radio-isotope in relation with experimental knowledge of myocardial extration and clearance. We conclude by emphasising the interest of this method and suggesting some practical consideration: 1) patients with negative MSS don't need coronarography; 2) positive MSS, but restricted deficit, good delayed reperfusion, good clinical pharmacological control would permit a delay of coronarography. 3) clear multiple deficit need coronarography; 4) usefulness of the MSS for long-term control of the evolution of coronary disease and of patients operated of aorto-coronary bypass.", "PMID": 317951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6053", "title": "Radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in deoxygenated aqueous solutions. The formation of altered sugars as end groups.", "content": "Gamma irradiation of DNA in deoxygenated, N2O-saturated aqueous solution leads to three bound altered sugars present as end groups in broken DNA strands. These sugars are linked to the DNA by phosphoric acid ester bonds. Two of the end groups have the structures (4) and (5). (Formula: see text) The third end group after dephosphorylation has structure (3). The formation of the bound sugars (4) and (5) is explained by a mechanism postulated earlier for the formation of free altered sugars. Except for the phosphoric acid ester linkage, the free altered sugars have the same chemical structures as the bound altered sugars.", "contents": "Radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in deoxygenated aqueous solutions. The formation of altered sugars as end groups. Gamma irradiation of DNA in deoxygenated, N2O-saturated aqueous solution leads to three bound altered sugars present as end groups in broken DNA strands. These sugars are linked to the DNA by phosphoric acid ester bonds. Two of the end groups have the structures (4) and (5). (Formula: see text) The third end group after dephosphorylation has structure (3). The formation of the bound sugars (4) and (5) is explained by a mechanism postulated earlier for the formation of free altered sugars. Except for the phosphoric acid ester linkage, the free altered sugars have the same chemical structures as the bound altered sugars.", "PMID": 317952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6054", "title": "Modification of radiation response in HeLa cells by misonidazole.", "content": "The hypoxic radiosensitizer misonidazole decreases survival in dense cultures of HeLa cells irradiated with gamma rays in a non-dose modifying fashion. Survival curves of treated hypoxic cells display a much larger extrapolation number than untreated cells. In oxygenated randomly dividing cells, drug treatment has an effect opposite to that in hypoxic cells, increasing survival. In cultures initiated from mitotic cells and irradiated soon afterwards, a smaller sensitization under hypoxia and no increase in survival of oxygenated cells was observed. It was concluded that metabolic as well as radiochemical events take place in misonidazole-treated and then irradiated HeLa cells which modify survival.", "contents": "Modification of radiation response in HeLa cells by misonidazole. The hypoxic radiosensitizer misonidazole decreases survival in dense cultures of HeLa cells irradiated with gamma rays in a non-dose modifying fashion. Survival curves of treated hypoxic cells display a much larger extrapolation number than untreated cells. In oxygenated randomly dividing cells, drug treatment has an effect opposite to that in hypoxic cells, increasing survival. In cultures initiated from mitotic cells and irradiated soon afterwards, a smaller sensitization under hypoxia and no increase in survival of oxygenated cells was observed. It was concluded that metabolic as well as radiochemical events take place in misonidazole-treated and then irradiated HeLa cells which modify survival.", "PMID": 317953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6055", "title": "The dose-dependence of the split-dose response of marrow colony-forming units (CFU-S): similarity to other tissues.", "content": "The split-dose effect for survival of colony-forming units (CFU-S) in mouse bone-marrow increases with increasing total dose. This is compatible with the shape of the survival curve, since detailed measurements at doses lower than 200 rad show the presence of a marked initial slope, followed by a tendency towards an increased sensitivity at higher doses. The magnitude of the increase in the split-dose effect is quantitatively similar to values observed by others at comparable low doses in skin, intestine and lung, as deduced from multifraction experiments. It is concluded that these cells do not differ markedly, as has been generally believed, from many other cell types in the ability to demonstrate split-dose effects, when the doses used in the experiments are strictly comparable.", "contents": "The dose-dependence of the split-dose response of marrow colony-forming units (CFU-S): similarity to other tissues. The split-dose effect for survival of colony-forming units (CFU-S) in mouse bone-marrow increases with increasing total dose. This is compatible with the shape of the survival curve, since detailed measurements at doses lower than 200 rad show the presence of a marked initial slope, followed by a tendency towards an increased sensitivity at higher doses. The magnitude of the increase in the split-dose effect is quantitatively similar to values observed by others at comparable low doses in skin, intestine and lung, as deduced from multifraction experiments. It is concluded that these cells do not differ markedly, as has been generally believed, from many other cell types in the ability to demonstrate split-dose effects, when the doses used in the experiments are strictly comparable.", "PMID": 317954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6056", "title": "Alteration in cell-mediated immunity in patients with chronic active hepatitis. I. Lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Absolute number of T and B lymphocytes were measured in the peripheral blood of 25 patients with biopsy proven HBsAg-positive Chronic Active Hepatitis (CAH), in 9 with Chronic Persistent Hepatitis (CPH), and in 25 HBsAg-negative healthy controls. In patients with CAH and cirrhosis total T lymphocytes were decreased; no difference were found between patients with CPH and normal controls. This data emphasize the importance of monitoring T-cells population in patients with HBsAg-positive CAH.", "contents": "Alteration in cell-mediated immunity in patients with chronic active hepatitis. I. Lymphocyte subpopulations. Absolute number of T and B lymphocytes were measured in the peripheral blood of 25 patients with biopsy proven HBsAg-positive Chronic Active Hepatitis (CAH), in 9 with Chronic Persistent Hepatitis (CPH), and in 25 HBsAg-negative healthy controls. In patients with CAH and cirrhosis total T lymphocytes were decreased; no difference were found between patients with CPH and normal controls. This data emphasize the importance of monitoring T-cells population in patients with HBsAg-positive CAH.", "PMID": 317950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6057", "title": "Induction and repair of DNA strand breaks in cultured mammalian cells following fast neutron irradiation.", "content": "Induction and repair of DNA breaks following irradiation with NIRS cyclotron neutrons were studied in cultured mammalian cells (L5178Y) in comparison to those following gamma-rays. The yield of the total single-strand breaks, 3'OH terminals and sites susceptible to S1 endonuclease following fast neutrons was found to be approximately 50 per cent of that following gamma-irradiation. On the other hand, the yield of double-strand breaks was slightly higher after fast neutrons than after gamma-rays. The percentage of the total single-strand breaks remaining unrejoined at 3 hours after post-irradiation incubation was found to be distinctly higher after the fast neutrons than after gamma-rays. The neutron-induced damage appears to carry a higher proportion of alkali-labile lesions compared to gamma-rays. It was concluded that the increase in the yield of double-strand breaks and of unrejoinable breaks is responsible for a high r.b.e. of the cyclotron neutrons.", "contents": "Induction and repair of DNA strand breaks in cultured mammalian cells following fast neutron irradiation. Induction and repair of DNA breaks following irradiation with NIRS cyclotron neutrons were studied in cultured mammalian cells (L5178Y) in comparison to those following gamma-rays. The yield of the total single-strand breaks, 3'OH terminals and sites susceptible to S1 endonuclease following fast neutrons was found to be approximately 50 per cent of that following gamma-irradiation. On the other hand, the yield of double-strand breaks was slightly higher after fast neutrons than after gamma-rays. The percentage of the total single-strand breaks remaining unrejoined at 3 hours after post-irradiation incubation was found to be distinctly higher after the fast neutrons than after gamma-rays. The neutron-induced damage appears to carry a higher proportion of alkali-labile lesions compared to gamma-rays. It was concluded that the increase in the yield of double-strand breaks and of unrejoinable breaks is responsible for a high r.b.e. of the cyclotron neutrons.", "PMID": 317955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6058", "title": "Quantitative aspects of repair of potentially lethal damage in mammalian cells.", "content": "Stationary cultures of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells have been irradiated with X-rays and then immediately or after a time interval trep plated to measure the survival. The increase in survival observed after delayed plating is interpreted as repair of potentially lethal damage. A cybernetic model is used to analyse these data. Three states of damage are assumed for the cells. In state A the cells can grow to macrocolonies, in state B the cells have suffered potentially lethal damage and can grow to macrocolonies only if they are allowed to repair the damage and in state C the cells are lethally damaged. A method of deriving the values of the parameters of the model from the experimental data is given. The dependence of the reaction rate constant of the repair of potentially lethal damage on the dose D is used to derive a possible mechanism for the production of the shoulder in the dose effect curve. Finally this model is compared with other models of radiation action on living cells.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of repair of potentially lethal damage in mammalian cells. Stationary cultures of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells have been irradiated with X-rays and then immediately or after a time interval trep plated to measure the survival. The increase in survival observed after delayed plating is interpreted as repair of potentially lethal damage. A cybernetic model is used to analyse these data. Three states of damage are assumed for the cells. In state A the cells can grow to macrocolonies, in state B the cells have suffered potentially lethal damage and can grow to macrocolonies only if they are allowed to repair the damage and in state C the cells are lethally damaged. A method of deriving the values of the parameters of the model from the experimental data is given. The dependence of the reaction rate constant of the repair of potentially lethal damage on the dose D is used to derive a possible mechanism for the production of the shoulder in the dose effect curve. Finally this model is compared with other models of radiation action on living cells.", "PMID": 317956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6059", "title": "Neurotological diagnosis of vestibular disorders in children.", "content": "The most marked findings in a group of 66 children were a spontaneous nystagmus presenting in 29% of the cases, and an abnormal caloric reaction in 40%. For qualitative and quantitative assessments of the positional test and caloric stimulation, at our University ENT department at Erlangen we use the positiogram and frequency calorigram described here, which are particularly suitable for follow-up observations and for the purpose of providing an expert medical opinion.", "contents": "Neurotological diagnosis of vestibular disorders in children. The most marked findings in a group of 66 children were a spontaneous nystagmus presenting in 29% of the cases, and an abnormal caloric reaction in 40%. For qualitative and quantitative assessments of the positional test and caloric stimulation, at our University ENT department at Erlangen we use the positiogram and frequency calorigram described here, which are particularly suitable for follow-up observations and for the purpose of providing an expert medical opinion.", "PMID": 317958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6060", "title": "T and B lymphocyte rosettes in tonsils of atopic and non-atopic children.", "content": "This investigation was carried out to determine the immunological function of the human tonsils, especially the role of lymphocytes of atopic and non-atopic children. An E- and EAC-rosette forming technique is introduced, with semiquantitative evaluation of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 56 normal subjects, 28 atopic and 5 non-atopic children of both sexes and different ages. The percentage of T and B lymphocytes in removed palatine tonsils in 28 atopic and 5 non-atopic children was calculated. The percentage of rosette-forming cells in E and EAC suspensions appeared to be independent of age and sex. The percentage of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood was significantly higher than in the palatine tonsils, whereas the percentage of B lymphocytes was significantly higher in the tonsils of atopic and non-atopic children than in the peripheral blood. The mean percentage of B lymphocytes in the tonsils of atopic children was significantly higher than in non-atopic children. The percentage of B lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher in hypertrophic than in small tonsils. Also, in the tonsils with adhesions there was a statistically significantly higher percentage of EAC rosettes than in the tonsils free of adhesions. The percentage of T lymphocytes was statistically significantly higher in the small tonsils.", "contents": "T and B lymphocyte rosettes in tonsils of atopic and non-atopic children. This investigation was carried out to determine the immunological function of the human tonsils, especially the role of lymphocytes of atopic and non-atopic children. An E- and EAC-rosette forming technique is introduced, with semiquantitative evaluation of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 56 normal subjects, 28 atopic and 5 non-atopic children of both sexes and different ages. The percentage of T and B lymphocytes in removed palatine tonsils in 28 atopic and 5 non-atopic children was calculated. The percentage of rosette-forming cells in E and EAC suspensions appeared to be independent of age and sex. The percentage of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood was significantly higher than in the palatine tonsils, whereas the percentage of B lymphocytes was significantly higher in the tonsils of atopic and non-atopic children than in the peripheral blood. The mean percentage of B lymphocytes in the tonsils of atopic children was significantly higher than in non-atopic children. The percentage of B lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher in hypertrophic than in small tonsils. Also, in the tonsils with adhesions there was a statistically significantly higher percentage of EAC rosettes than in the tonsils free of adhesions. The percentage of T lymphocytes was statistically significantly higher in the small tonsils.", "PMID": 317959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6061", "title": "\"Atypical\" eosinophil granuloma (description of two cases).", "content": "Two cases of histiocytosis X are reported. One affected a single bone, the other several bones. Both had the usual radiographic appearances, but a somewhat alarming cytological picture. The differential diagnosis between benign proliferative conditions and those possessing malignant or pseudo-malignant characteristics therefore demanded very careful consideration. After discussion of the radiological and histiocytological data, the diagnosis off histiocytosis X was arrived at, and in view of the favourable results, we are inclined to the view that these were atypical cases of eosinophilic granuloma.", "contents": "\"Atypical\" eosinophil granuloma (description of two cases). Two cases of histiocytosis X are reported. One affected a single bone, the other several bones. Both had the usual radiographic appearances, but a somewhat alarming cytological picture. The differential diagnosis between benign proliferative conditions and those possessing malignant or pseudo-malignant characteristics therefore demanded very careful consideration. After discussion of the radiological and histiocytological data, the diagnosis off histiocytosis X was arrived at, and in view of the favourable results, we are inclined to the view that these were atypical cases of eosinophilic granuloma.", "PMID": 317960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6062", "title": "[Pregnancy and portal hypertension due to a pre-hepatic block. 3 case histories (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the prognosis for the pregnancies in cases of portal hypertension due to pre-hepatic block in 3 patients who between them had 6 pregnancies without having had previous porto-caval anastomoses. In spite of the good results that they had in their cases the literature shows that the condition is a high-risk pregnancy condition: 44 p. 100 of cases have intestinal tract haemorrhages, 19 p. 100 have premature labour and the perinatal mortality is somewhere between 11 and 18 p. 100. The babies are usually delivered vaginally with the aid of an assisted delivery.", "contents": "[Pregnancy and portal hypertension due to a pre-hepatic block. 3 case histories (author's transl)]. The authors studied the prognosis for the pregnancies in cases of portal hypertension due to pre-hepatic block in 3 patients who between them had 6 pregnancies without having had previous porto-caval anastomoses. In spite of the good results that they had in their cases the literature shows that the condition is a high-risk pregnancy condition: 44 p. 100 of cases have intestinal tract haemorrhages, 19 p. 100 have premature labour and the perinatal mortality is somewhere between 11 and 18 p. 100. The babies are usually delivered vaginally with the aid of an assisted delivery.", "PMID": 317961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6063", "title": "[Ligation of the uterine vessels during obstetrical hemorrhages. Immediate and long-term results (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique and results of both bilateral round ligament, utero-ovarian and uterine artery ligations for excessive hemorrhage in the third stage have been described. The author have performed this procedure, first in 9 monkeys and in 24 women. Unnecessary emergency hysterectomies may be avoided by the use of this method of which the technique is simple, may be rapidly performed and will be more effective than hypogastric or uterine artery ligation. The ovarian and uterine functions were studied and were most often completely restored.", "contents": "[Ligation of the uterine vessels during obstetrical hemorrhages. Immediate and long-term results (author's transl)]. The technique and results of both bilateral round ligament, utero-ovarian and uterine artery ligations for excessive hemorrhage in the third stage have been described. The author have performed this procedure, first in 9 monkeys and in 24 women. Unnecessary emergency hysterectomies may be avoided by the use of this method of which the technique is simple, may be rapidly performed and will be more effective than hypogastric or uterine artery ligation. The ovarian and uterine functions were studied and were most often completely restored.", "PMID": 317962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6064", "title": "[Stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius and their endocrine manifestations (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 14-year-old boy, neurological signs (fall in visual acuity, signs of raised intracranial pressure) led to a diagnosis of stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Cure was obtained by insertion of a ventriculo-cardiac bypass (Holter's valve). Endocrine signs (delayed growth, excessweight, loss of circadian variations in cortisol levels) regressed in a few months after the operation. Amongst endocrine manifestations of stenosis of the aqueduct, delayed growth and disturbances in gonadal function are the most common, together with obesity. They usually regress after neurosurgical treatment.", "contents": "[Stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius and their endocrine manifestations (author's transl)]. In a 14-year-old boy, neurological signs (fall in visual acuity, signs of raised intracranial pressure) led to a diagnosis of stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Cure was obtained by insertion of a ventriculo-cardiac bypass (Holter's valve). Endocrine signs (delayed growth, excessweight, loss of circadian variations in cortisol levels) regressed in a few months after the operation. Amongst endocrine manifestations of stenosis of the aqueduct, delayed growth and disturbances in gonadal function are the most common, together with obesity. They usually regress after neurosurgical treatment.", "PMID": 317965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6065", "title": "[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage related to alcoholic cirrhosis. Prognostical influence of digestive lavage (author's transl)].", "content": "During gastrointestinal bleeding associated with cirrhosis, the presence of blood within the lumen of the gut may cause or favorise the onset of hepatic coma. Digestive lavage by rapid intragastric infusion of an isotonic solution based upon mannitol may reduce the mortality due to hepatic coma. The value of this method was studied retrospectively by comparison of two series of haemorrhagic complications: Group I-1971-1976: 224 haemorrhagic complications treated in the usual manner; Group II-1976-1977: 127 haemorrhagic complications treated in accordance with a protocol which included digestive lavage. The results indicate the prognostic significance of certain clinical signs (ascites, jaundice, shock), and also made it possible to determine the cause of death and to demonstrate a reduction in mortality in the group treated by digestive lavage (p < 0.02), concerning only deaths as a result of hepatic coma (p < 0.01) above all in forms with a poor initial prognosis with shock or decompensation with jaundice and ascites.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage related to alcoholic cirrhosis. Prognostical influence of digestive lavage (author's transl)]. During gastrointestinal bleeding associated with cirrhosis, the presence of blood within the lumen of the gut may cause or favorise the onset of hepatic coma. Digestive lavage by rapid intragastric infusion of an isotonic solution based upon mannitol may reduce the mortality due to hepatic coma. The value of this method was studied retrospectively by comparison of two series of haemorrhagic complications: Group I-1971-1976: 224 haemorrhagic complications treated in the usual manner; Group II-1976-1977: 127 haemorrhagic complications treated in accordance with a protocol which included digestive lavage. The results indicate the prognostic significance of certain clinical signs (ascites, jaundice, shock), and also made it possible to determine the cause of death and to demonstrate a reduction in mortality in the group treated by digestive lavage (p < 0.02), concerning only deaths as a result of hepatic coma (p < 0.01) above all in forms with a poor initial prognosis with shock or decompensation with jaundice and ascites.", "PMID": 317966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6066", "title": "[The \"laetitia syndrome\" or \"surprise delivery\" (author's transl)].", "content": "This syndrome is seen essentially in a second or later pregnancy in a woman of modest social background, sometimes delivering prematurely and who is forced to perform certain domestic tasks or to wait for her husband before leaving for the place in which delivery has been planned. This type of untimely delivery may cause perineal lesions, vulval haematomas, post-partum haemorrhage, rupture of the umbilical cord or damage to the foetus.", "contents": "[The \"laetitia syndrome\" or \"surprise delivery\" (author's transl)]. This syndrome is seen essentially in a second or later pregnancy in a woman of modest social background, sometimes delivering prematurely and who is forced to perform certain domestic tasks or to wait for her husband before leaving for the place in which delivery has been planned. This type of untimely delivery may cause perineal lesions, vulval haematomas, post-partum haemorrhage, rupture of the umbilical cord or damage to the foetus.", "PMID": 317968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6067", "title": "[Stomatological hemorrhages; hemostasis with GRF (gelatin-resorcin-formol)].", "content": "Original haemostasis technique of odontological haemorrhages by means of G.R.F. (gelatin + resorcin + formol) that creates a waterproof cap which is reabsorbant and adherent to oral mucous.", "contents": "[Stomatological hemorrhages; hemostasis with GRF (gelatin-resorcin-formol)]. Original haemostasis technique of odontological haemorrhages by means of G.R.F. (gelatin + resorcin + formol) that creates a waterproof cap which is reabsorbant and adherent to oral mucous.", "PMID": 317963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6068", "title": "[Alpha 1 antitrypsin in cryptogenetic cirrhosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin were measured in 118 patients. Among these, 90 subjects presented with hepatic pathology of which 42 were of cryptogenetic origin. Not one of the subjects studied showed a decrease in alpha 1-antitrypsin nor did the results of liver biopsies prove positive for PAS cytoplasmic corpuscles. It is suggested that alpha 1-antitrypsin deficit does not play an important role in cryptogenetic cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Alpha 1 antitrypsin in cryptogenetic cirrhosis (author's transl)]. Serum levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin were measured in 118 patients. Among these, 90 subjects presented with hepatic pathology of which 42 were of cryptogenetic origin. Not one of the subjects studied showed a decrease in alpha 1-antitrypsin nor did the results of liver biopsies prove positive for PAS cytoplasmic corpuscles. It is suggested that alpha 1-antitrypsin deficit does not play an important role in cryptogenetic cirrhosis.", "PMID": 317972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6069", "title": "[Value of computerised tomography in the diagnosis of colloid cyst of the third ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "The so called colloid cyst of the third ventricle is believed to originate from the neuroepithelium in the diencephalic roof. The diagnosis is notoriously difficult and contributes significantly to the high mortality. A case in an eleven-year-old boy is reported. Computed tomography, also because not invasive, is chiefly indicative in this lesion, reducing the overall mortality.", "contents": "[Value of computerised tomography in the diagnosis of colloid cyst of the third ventricle (author's transl)]. The so called colloid cyst of the third ventricle is believed to originate from the neuroepithelium in the diencephalic roof. The diagnosis is notoriously difficult and contributes significantly to the high mortality. A case in an eleven-year-old boy is reported. Computed tomography, also because not invasive, is chiefly indicative in this lesion, reducing the overall mortality.", "PMID": 317973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6070", "title": "Polymyositis, myasthenic syndrome and thymoma in a patient with defective cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "We studied a 57-year old woman with severe myasthenic syndrome predominantly proximal. There was no therapeutic effect using cholinesterase inhibitors. Clinical findings, electromyography, whole body scanning and biopsy revealed polymyositis. Thirteen years before the patient was operated of a benign thymoma. The history of the patient showed numerous life threatening episodes of viral and fungal infections. Autoimmune anemia was diagnosed. Investigations of the immune system in vivo and in vitro revealed severe qualitative and quantitative defects in the lymphocyte population spontaneously forming rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Thymoma, autoimmune disorder, such as polymyositis and myasthenia gravis, unspecifically elevated antibody titers, multiple severe viral and fungal infections and the defect of the cell-mediated immunity suggest a T-lymphocyte effector- and regulatory dysfunction in this patient.", "contents": "Polymyositis, myasthenic syndrome and thymoma in a patient with defective cell-mediated immunity. We studied a 57-year old woman with severe myasthenic syndrome predominantly proximal. There was no therapeutic effect using cholinesterase inhibitors. Clinical findings, electromyography, whole body scanning and biopsy revealed polymyositis. Thirteen years before the patient was operated of a benign thymoma. The history of the patient showed numerous life threatening episodes of viral and fungal infections. Autoimmune anemia was diagnosed. Investigations of the immune system in vivo and in vitro revealed severe qualitative and quantitative defects in the lymphocyte population spontaneously forming rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Thymoma, autoimmune disorder, such as polymyositis and myasthenia gravis, unspecifically elevated antibody titers, multiple severe viral and fungal infections and the defect of the cell-mediated immunity suggest a T-lymphocyte effector- and regulatory dysfunction in this patient.", "PMID": 317978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6071", "title": "Congenital nystagmus and functional vestibular evaluation.", "content": "In a limited number of cases with congenital nystagmus, we examined to what extend ENG could help in the assessment of the vestibular function. We observed that in half of the cases the presence of this disturbing congenital nystagmus allowed to draw a functional conclusion from the ENG-recording. We propose to associate the laterotorsion technique as a valuable aid for further investigations.", "contents": "Congenital nystagmus and functional vestibular evaluation. In a limited number of cases with congenital nystagmus, we examined to what extend ENG could help in the assessment of the vestibular function. We observed that in half of the cases the presence of this disturbing congenital nystagmus allowed to draw a functional conclusion from the ENG-recording. We propose to associate the laterotorsion technique as a valuable aid for further investigations.", "PMID": 317979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6072", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the nasal mucosa cilia in the Kartagener syndrome].", "content": "The authors draw the attention on the existence of an \"Immotile-cilia Syndrome\" in patients with chronic respiratory infections of unknown origin. The study of the ultra structure of the ciliae (TEM, SEM) in a case of Kartagener Syndrome supports the existence of an \"Immotile-cilia Syndrome\".", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the nasal mucosa cilia in the Kartagener syndrome]. The authors draw the attention on the existence of an \"Immotile-cilia Syndrome\" in patients with chronic respiratory infections of unknown origin. The study of the ultra structure of the ciliae (TEM, SEM) in a case of Kartagener Syndrome supports the existence of an \"Immotile-cilia Syndrome\".", "PMID": 317980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6073", "title": "Middle fossa vestibular nerve section. A histopathological report.", "content": "A patient with Meniere's disease underwent a middle fossa superior and inferior vestibular nerve section with excision of Scarpa's ganglia. Studies of this patient's temporal bone, conducted two and one-half years post-operatively, showed normal cochlear and facial nerves. The internal auditory canal showed fibrosis and new periosteal bone formation. There was complete denervation of the vestibular labyrinth except for the posterior semicircular canal crista. Fibrous and osteoid tissue filled the superior and lateral semicircular canals. In this case, these severe degenerative changes, presumably associated with biochemical changes in the vestibular labyrinth, altered the natural course of Meniere's disease. Vertigo was completely relieved, tinnitus improved, and hearing thresholds stabilized during the course of post-operative follow-up.", "contents": "Middle fossa vestibular nerve section. A histopathological report. A patient with Meniere's disease underwent a middle fossa superior and inferior vestibular nerve section with excision of Scarpa's ganglia. Studies of this patient's temporal bone, conducted two and one-half years post-operatively, showed normal cochlear and facial nerves. The internal auditory canal showed fibrosis and new periosteal bone formation. There was complete denervation of the vestibular labyrinth except for the posterior semicircular canal crista. Fibrous and osteoid tissue filled the superior and lateral semicircular canals. In this case, these severe degenerative changes, presumably associated with biochemical changes in the vestibular labyrinth, altered the natural course of Meniere's disease. Vertigo was completely relieved, tinnitus improved, and hearing thresholds stabilized during the course of post-operative follow-up.", "PMID": 317981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6074", "title": "[Prinzmetal's angina during myocardial revascularisation. Cardiovascular complications in 71 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "71 patients undergo myocardial revascularisation for Prinzmetal's angina; among them, 50 p. cent are operated upon in emergency according to three ways of anaesthesia: neuroleptanalgesia, analgesic anaesthesia, combined anaesthesia. The authors lay stress on the importance of per- and post-operative complications: electrocardiographic ischemia in 22 p. cent of the cases, severe ventricular excitability perturbations were observed in 21 p. cent, myocardial necrosis in 14 p. cent, cardiovascular collapse in 21 p. cent and hypertensions in 22 p cent. These complications are often associated. In the discussion, the authors underline anesthetic induction as a cause of Prinzmetal's angina in 50 p. cent of the cases. They put the accent on the severity of peroperative crisis followed in 50 p. cent of the cases by serious ventricular excitability perturbations. In 25 p. cent of the cases myocardial necrosis is a complication of the spasm of a coronary artery. In this field, posterior necrosis are more frequent and correspond to the spasm of the right coronary artery. All the patients of this series, except one, develop necrosis in the spastic area (by-passed or not). Per-operative hypertension has no incidence on the occurrence of post-operative complications. Lastly, continuous per-operative infusions of nitroglycerine has been performed in several patients in order to reduce morbidity of this type of surgery.", "contents": "[Prinzmetal's angina during myocardial revascularisation. Cardiovascular complications in 71 patients (author's transl)]. 71 patients undergo myocardial revascularisation for Prinzmetal's angina; among them, 50 p. cent are operated upon in emergency according to three ways of anaesthesia: neuroleptanalgesia, analgesic anaesthesia, combined anaesthesia. The authors lay stress on the importance of per- and post-operative complications: electrocardiographic ischemia in 22 p. cent of the cases, severe ventricular excitability perturbations were observed in 21 p. cent, myocardial necrosis in 14 p. cent, cardiovascular collapse in 21 p. cent and hypertensions in 22 p cent. These complications are often associated. In the discussion, the authors underline anesthetic induction as a cause of Prinzmetal's angina in 50 p. cent of the cases. They put the accent on the severity of peroperative crisis followed in 50 p. cent of the cases by serious ventricular excitability perturbations. In 25 p. cent of the cases myocardial necrosis is a complication of the spasm of a coronary artery. In this field, posterior necrosis are more frequent and correspond to the spasm of the right coronary artery. All the patients of this series, except one, develop necrosis in the spastic area (by-passed or not). Per-operative hypertension has no incidence on the occurrence of post-operative complications. Lastly, continuous per-operative infusions of nitroglycerine has been performed in several patients in order to reduce morbidity of this type of surgery.", "PMID": 317982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6075", "title": "Characterization of human T lymphocyte subpopulations (TG and T non G): cytologic examination and cytographic analysis.", "content": "Two T lymphocyte subpopulations were separated with an immunological method. In fact recently two T cell subsets with receptors for the Fc of IgM (TM) and of IgG (TG) respectively have been described. We have specifically separated TG and T non G lymphocytes by the rosetting technique. Cytological examination was performed on the two cell fractions: the results are in agreement with that already reported. Cytographic analysis was also carried out confirming the cytologic results. The possible practical implications of these acquisitions and those already applied are discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of human T lymphocyte subpopulations (TG and T non G): cytologic examination and cytographic analysis. Two T lymphocyte subpopulations were separated with an immunological method. In fact recently two T cell subsets with receptors for the Fc of IgM (TM) and of IgG (TG) respectively have been described. We have specifically separated TG and T non G lymphocytes by the rosetting technique. Cytological examination was performed on the two cell fractions: the results are in agreement with that already reported. Cytographic analysis was also carried out confirming the cytologic results. The possible practical implications of these acquisitions and those already applied are discussed.", "PMID": 317992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6076", "title": "[Transfer in vivo of cytotoxic immune lymphocytes obtained in vitro in primary culture against a murine lymphoma antigenically altered by DTIC].", "content": "Specific cytotoxic T cells were obtained by coculturing \"in vitro\" normal spleen cells with inactivated histocompatible DTIC-altered lymphoma cells. The \"in vivo\" antitumor activity of such sensitized lymphocytes was evaluated by injecting a mixture of lymphocytes + tumor into the brains of lethally irradiated syngenic mice. The results indicated that such lymphocytes demonstrate antitumor activity against the same tumor but not against unrelated tumors.", "contents": "[Transfer in vivo of cytotoxic immune lymphocytes obtained in vitro in primary culture against a murine lymphoma antigenically altered by DTIC]. Specific cytotoxic T cells were obtained by coculturing \"in vitro\" normal spleen cells with inactivated histocompatible DTIC-altered lymphoma cells. The \"in vivo\" antitumor activity of such sensitized lymphocytes was evaluated by injecting a mixture of lymphocytes + tumor into the brains of lethally irradiated syngenic mice. The results indicated that such lymphocytes demonstrate antitumor activity against the same tumor but not against unrelated tumors.", "PMID": 317993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6077", "title": "[Inhibitory action of Hodgkin's disease patients serum on T lymphocytes E rosette forming ability (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied the E rosette forming-phenomenon on normal and pathologic lymphocytes after 24 hours of incubation in Fetal Calf Serum. The percentage of E rosette forming cells decreases more after incubation in Hodgkin's disease patients serum than in normal control serum. The findings suggest a specific interaction between serum factors and Hodgkin's disease lymphocytes surface receptors.", "contents": "[Inhibitory action of Hodgkin's disease patients serum on T lymphocytes E rosette forming ability (author's transl)]. We have studied the E rosette forming-phenomenon on normal and pathologic lymphocytes after 24 hours of incubation in Fetal Calf Serum. The percentage of E rosette forming cells decreases more after incubation in Hodgkin's disease patients serum than in normal control serum. The findings suggest a specific interaction between serum factors and Hodgkin's disease lymphocytes surface receptors.", "PMID": 317987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6078", "title": "[Active transport of chloride across skin isolated from Rana esculenta].", "content": "The effect of SITS, ouabain and acetazolamide on potential difference (E) and short-circuit current (ccc) across isolated frog skin after Amiloride treatment have been investigated. It has been found that Amiloride (3.5 . 10(-5)M) reverses the E and ccc values. After Amiloride treatment, with the use of SITS (6 . 10(-4)M) positive values of E and ccc have been measured while Ouabain (10(-4)M) only slightly reduces the reversed E and ccc values. On the other hand the effect of Acetazolamide (6 . 10(-4)M) is additional to the effect of SITS. It is suggested that the frog skin possesses an active transport for Cl-, as demonstrated by the use of Amiloride, and that it is carried out by two distinct mechanism: the first SITS and Acetazolamide sensible, the second one sensible to Strofantine.", "contents": "[Active transport of chloride across skin isolated from Rana esculenta]. The effect of SITS, ouabain and acetazolamide on potential difference (E) and short-circuit current (ccc) across isolated frog skin after Amiloride treatment have been investigated. It has been found that Amiloride (3.5 . 10(-5)M) reverses the E and ccc values. After Amiloride treatment, with the use of SITS (6 . 10(-4)M) positive values of E and ccc have been measured while Ouabain (10(-4)M) only slightly reduces the reversed E and ccc values. On the other hand the effect of Acetazolamide (6 . 10(-4)M) is additional to the effect of SITS. It is suggested that the frog skin possesses an active transport for Cl-, as demonstrated by the use of Amiloride, and that it is carried out by two distinct mechanism: the first SITS and Acetazolamide sensible, the second one sensible to Strofantine.", "PMID": 317994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6079", "title": "Colour vision tests and colour naming by thirteen incomplete achromats in Bishnupur.", "content": "As an exploratory study six colour vision tests were given to nine male and two female achromats from the Shankhabanik community in Bishnupur, and to two additional similar males. All thirteen subjects had severe photophobia, fixation nystagmus, extreme weakness of vision (4/24 to 3/60) and the red end of the spectrum was much shortened. This research indicates that they had a form of incomplete achromatopsia, varying from an almost complete to a very severe partial loss of colour vision. The condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive. The most likely interpretation of these cases is that they are incomplete rod achromats. Their performance on the colour vision tests is tabulated, and shows complete inability to do the Ishihara test; nearly complete inability on the HRR test, with a possible slight tendency to do better in the yellow-blue than the red-green sub-tests; on Sloan's test they show approximate accordance with her results for achromats; they have severe difficulty with the dichotomous and 100-hue tests, with a possible slight tendency to make fewer errors on the G/B sections. The anomaloscope shows little abnormality of mid-matching points, but great increases in average matching ranges above the normal, although not absolute loss of colour sense, but with extreme darkening or shortening of the red end of the spectrum. Their colour naming was carefully recorded, and was fairly good occasionally, sometimes erroneous without being wildly at fault, and most often completely wrong. The records of colour naming were made, not, of course, as a form of colour vision test, but simply to illustrate the ways in which such defectives make an effort to use colour names in general use among their friends and relatives.", "contents": "Colour vision tests and colour naming by thirteen incomplete achromats in Bishnupur. As an exploratory study six colour vision tests were given to nine male and two female achromats from the Shankhabanik community in Bishnupur, and to two additional similar males. All thirteen subjects had severe photophobia, fixation nystagmus, extreme weakness of vision (4/24 to 3/60) and the red end of the spectrum was much shortened. This research indicates that they had a form of incomplete achromatopsia, varying from an almost complete to a very severe partial loss of colour vision. The condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive. The most likely interpretation of these cases is that they are incomplete rod achromats. Their performance on the colour vision tests is tabulated, and shows complete inability to do the Ishihara test; nearly complete inability on the HRR test, with a possible slight tendency to do better in the yellow-blue than the red-green sub-tests; on Sloan's test they show approximate accordance with her results for achromats; they have severe difficulty with the dichotomous and 100-hue tests, with a possible slight tendency to make fewer errors on the G/B sections. The anomaloscope shows little abnormality of mid-matching points, but great increases in average matching ranges above the normal, although not absolute loss of colour sense, but with extreme darkening or shortening of the red end of the spectrum. Their colour naming was carefully recorded, and was fairly good occasionally, sometimes erroneous without being wildly at fault, and most often completely wrong. The records of colour naming were made, not, of course, as a form of colour vision test, but simply to illustrate the ways in which such defectives make an effort to use colour names in general use among their friends and relatives.", "PMID": 317998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6080", "title": "[Complications of idiopathic chronic colitis].", "content": "The Authors reviews the acute and chronic complications of chronic idiopathic colitis in a series of 112 cases of his own observation. He discusses perforation, toxic megacolon and massive hemorrhage in terms of their pathogenesis, diagnostic procedures and incidence in the course of ulcerative colorectitis (Crohn's disease). He deals to some length with surgical indications and the choice of operation, both being the subject of considerable controversy, and he outlines his own views in the matter. Among chronic local complications he lists benign stenosis, pseudopolyposis, and fistulization; all of which, unlike neoplastic complications, seldom require surgery.", "contents": "[Complications of idiopathic chronic colitis]. The Authors reviews the acute and chronic complications of chronic idiopathic colitis in a series of 112 cases of his own observation. He discusses perforation, toxic megacolon and massive hemorrhage in terms of their pathogenesis, diagnostic procedures and incidence in the course of ulcerative colorectitis (Crohn's disease). He deals to some length with surgical indications and the choice of operation, both being the subject of considerable controversy, and he outlines his own views in the matter. Among chronic local complications he lists benign stenosis, pseudopolyposis, and fistulization; all of which, unlike neoplastic complications, seldom require surgery.", "PMID": 317999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6081", "title": "[Research on heterocyclic compounds. VIII. Heteroarylcarboxamides and-acetamides with antipyretic activity].", "content": "A series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole- and imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazole-carboxamides and -acetamides were synthesized and their antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic activities were evaluated.", "contents": "[Research on heterocyclic compounds. VIII. Heteroarylcarboxamides and-acetamides with antipyretic activity]. A series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole- and imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazole-carboxamides and -acetamides were synthesized and their antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic activities were evaluated.", "PMID": 318001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6082", "title": "Trichiniasis among the animals in North Eastern Iran (1), 1969, 1976, 1977.", "content": "In 1969, 1976 and 1977, 1,039 rodents and carnivores collected from North East Iran were examined for Trichinella spiralis. Eighty four per cent of golden jackals, 30 per cent of red foxes and nine per dent of dogs were found to be infected. The importance of wild boar Sus scrofa as the source of infection is discussed.", "contents": "Trichiniasis among the animals in North Eastern Iran (1), 1969, 1976, 1977. In 1969, 1976 and 1977, 1,039 rodents and carnivores collected from North East Iran were examined for Trichinella spiralis. Eighty four per cent of golden jackals, 30 per cent of red foxes and nine per dent of dogs were found to be infected. The importance of wild boar Sus scrofa as the source of infection is discussed.", "PMID": 318000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6083", "title": "Effects of \"lifelong\" physical training on functional aging in men.", "content": "Functional aging was examined in a cross-sectional study of 22 habitually trained and 22 sedentary men (aged 34 to 70 and 33 to 68, respectively) by using various physiological, psychophysiological, and anthropometric measurements. Compared to the control group, the trained subjects had significantly higher maximal oxygen uptake, vertical velocity, maximal breathing capacity, percentage of slow twitch muscle fibers, and muscle isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, in addition to lower values in body weight, systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure, patellar reflex time, serum triglycerides, and fast twitch muscle fibers (particularly glycolytic fibers). The results showed that the effects of endurance training are largely limited to functions which are apparently relevant to physical performance. The age regression lines were parallel or as in some of the variables influenced by training, even slightly steeper for the trained versus the untrained group. It is suggested that the aging process itself is not retarded by habitual physical training. Great differences between the two groups in muscle fiber composition and maximal oxygen uptake indicate that endurance-active people are also selected on the basis of inherited structural and functional properties.", "contents": "Effects of \"lifelong\" physical training on functional aging in men. Functional aging was examined in a cross-sectional study of 22 habitually trained and 22 sedentary men (aged 34 to 70 and 33 to 68, respectively) by using various physiological, psychophysiological, and anthropometric measurements. Compared to the control group, the trained subjects had significantly higher maximal oxygen uptake, vertical velocity, maximal breathing capacity, percentage of slow twitch muscle fibers, and muscle isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, in addition to lower values in body weight, systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure, patellar reflex time, serum triglycerides, and fast twitch muscle fibers (particularly glycolytic fibers). The results showed that the effects of endurance training are largely limited to functions which are apparently relevant to physical performance. The age regression lines were parallel or as in some of the variables influenced by training, even slightly steeper for the trained versus the untrained group. It is suggested that the aging process itself is not retarded by habitual physical training. Great differences between the two groups in muscle fiber composition and maximal oxygen uptake indicate that endurance-active people are also selected on the basis of inherited structural and functional properties.", "PMID": 318008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6084", "title": "Effect of mefloquine on the immune response in mice.", "content": "The effect of mefloquine, a new antimalarial compound, on the immune response in mice was studied in vitro and in vivo. Slight inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses was observed at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml, and marked cytotoxicity at 4 microgram/ml. In contrast, a higher proportion of human lymphocytes remained viable at the same concentration of mefloquine. Antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes were impaired in mice receiving a total dose of 60 mg/kg. At this dosage schedule, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to the same antigen were not affected.", "contents": "Effect of mefloquine on the immune response in mice. The effect of mefloquine, a new antimalarial compound, on the immune response in mice was studied in vitro and in vivo. Slight inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses was observed at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml, and marked cytotoxicity at 4 microgram/ml. In contrast, a higher proportion of human lymphocytes remained viable at the same concentration of mefloquine. Antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes were impaired in mice receiving a total dose of 60 mg/kg. At this dosage schedule, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to the same antigen were not affected.", "PMID": 318009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6085", "title": "The value of measurement of pregnancy-specific proteins in twin pregnancies.", "content": "In this study of 53 twin pregnancies, the plasma concentrations of the placental proteins, placental lactogen (hPL), and pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (SP1) were measured. Placental lactogen was found to be of more value than SP1 both in the detection of twins and in assessment of fetal growth. Serial measurement of either protein would seem to be more useful in assessment of fetal growth than single measurements. Preliminary studies of the less well known placental protein, PP5, in a small series of twin pregnancies indicate that it may also prove to be of clinical value in the detection and monitoring of twin pregnancies.", "contents": "The value of measurement of pregnancy-specific proteins in twin pregnancies. In this study of 53 twin pregnancies, the plasma concentrations of the placental proteins, placental lactogen (hPL), and pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (SP1) were measured. Placental lactogen was found to be of more value than SP1 both in the detection of twins and in assessment of fetal growth. Serial measurement of either protein would seem to be more useful in assessment of fetal growth than single measurements. Preliminary studies of the less well known placental protein, PP5, in a small series of twin pregnancies indicate that it may also prove to be of clinical value in the detection and monitoring of twin pregnancies.", "PMID": 318010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6086", "title": "[Cellular and humoral regulation of myelopoiesis in normal persons and in patients with acute myeloses].", "content": "Human mononuclear leucocytes release colony stimulating factors. Monocytes and thymocytes release different colony stimulating factors as determined by estimation of molecular weights. Blasts from patients with acute leukaemia do not release substantial activity, while blasts from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in blast crises may show production of colony stimulating factors.", "contents": "[Cellular and humoral regulation of myelopoiesis in normal persons and in patients with acute myeloses]. Human mononuclear leucocytes release colony stimulating factors. Monocytes and thymocytes release different colony stimulating factors as determined by estimation of molecular weights. Blasts from patients with acute leukaemia do not release substantial activity, while blasts from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in blast crises may show production of colony stimulating factors.", "PMID": 318011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6087", "title": "[S\u00e9zary syndrome. Clinical, immunological and proliferative kinetics].", "content": "The development of S\u00e9zary syndrome was observed in a patient with mycosis fungoides. The S\u00e9zary cells in the peripheral blood were identified as a specific T-cell population with helper cell characteristics. Autoradiographic analysis showed that the S\u00e9zary cells obtained from skin biopsies proliferated much more rapidly than those from the peripheral blood. After transformation into a highly malignant T-cell lymphoma (immunoblastic) it came to an abrupt and fatal course of the disease.", "contents": "[S\u00e9zary syndrome. Clinical, immunological and proliferative kinetics]. The development of S\u00e9zary syndrome was observed in a patient with mycosis fungoides. The S\u00e9zary cells in the peripheral blood were identified as a specific T-cell population with helper cell characteristics. Autoradiographic analysis showed that the S\u00e9zary cells obtained from skin biopsies proliferated much more rapidly than those from the peripheral blood. After transformation into a highly malignant T-cell lymphoma (immunoblastic) it came to an abrupt and fatal course of the disease.", "PMID": 318012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6088", "title": "[Membrane markers of the lymphocytes of human peripheral blood: techniques of study and normal values in adults].", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal subjects were evaluated for their cell surface markers. Normal values were determined in females and males for T-cells (E rosettes and active E rosettes) and for B cells (surface immunoglobulins, EA rosettes and EAC rosettes). Means expressed in percentage and in absolute number per cubic millimeter +/- standard error in normal subjects males and females.", "contents": "[Membrane markers of the lymphocytes of human peripheral blood: techniques of study and normal values in adults]. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal subjects were evaluated for their cell surface markers. Normal values were determined in females and males for T-cells (E rosettes and active E rosettes) and for B cells (surface immunoglobulins, EA rosettes and EAC rosettes). Means expressed in percentage and in absolute number per cubic millimeter +/- standard error in normal subjects males and females.", "PMID": 318015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6089", "title": "[Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in chronically immunosuppressed patients. Apropos of 33 cases].", "content": "The availability of drugs that are active against Pneumocystis carinii has renewed interest in and underlined the difficulties of the early diagnosis pneumocystis pneumonia. A retrospective study of 33 cases was undertaken to define the optimal management. It is necessary to take into consideration the high mortality of the untreated condition and the risks of investigation and of treatment. Pneumocystis pneumonia affects only those patients who are immunologicaly incompetent, particularly those with defects of cellular immunity. Early symptoms are common but they are insidious. Indirect immunofluorescent tests were positive in 75% of our cases and were useful as screening tests. However it is necessary to identify the parasite (in our cases it was detected in 29 patients) and this requires invasive techniques such as lung puncture, lung biopsy or bronchial brushing. The best method for the rapid diagnosis of pneumocystis is endobronchial brushing, because it is simple, effect and has few complications.", "contents": "[Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in chronically immunosuppressed patients. Apropos of 33 cases]. The availability of drugs that are active against Pneumocystis carinii has renewed interest in and underlined the difficulties of the early diagnosis pneumocystis pneumonia. A retrospective study of 33 cases was undertaken to define the optimal management. It is necessary to take into consideration the high mortality of the untreated condition and the risks of investigation and of treatment. Pneumocystis pneumonia affects only those patients who are immunologicaly incompetent, particularly those with defects of cellular immunity. Early symptoms are common but they are insidious. Indirect immunofluorescent tests were positive in 75% of our cases and were useful as screening tests. However it is necessary to identify the parasite (in our cases it was detected in 29 patients) and this requires invasive techniques such as lung puncture, lung biopsy or bronchial brushing. The best method for the rapid diagnosis of pneumocystis is endobronchial brushing, because it is simple, effect and has few complications.", "PMID": 318016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6090", "title": "The variation of characteristics of twitch and tetanic contractions with sarcomere length in isolated muscle fibres of the frog.", "content": "The relation between sarcomere length, tension and time course of tension development in twitch and tetanic contractions at 20 degrees C was determined for isolated fibres from the semitendinosus muscle of the frog (Rana esculenta). In twenty fibres at about 2.15 micron sarcomere length, the peak twitch tension, the maximum tetanic tension and the twitch/tetanus ratio ranged, respectively, from 0.22 to 1.6 kg/cm2, from 2.13 o 3.96 kg/cm2 an from 0.07 to 0.53. The peak twitch tension was found to be: i) directly correlated with the twitch/tetanus ratio and the time to the peak of the first derivative of the twitch tension, ii) inversely correlated with the time to the peak of the first derivative of tetanic tension. No significant correlation was found between the maximal tetanic tension and the peak twitch tension or the twitch/tetanus ratio. Peak twitch tension and twitch/tetanus ratio were not correlated with the fibre cross-sectional area which ranged from 1.052 to 6,283 micron2. Sarcomere length-tension curves for twitch and tetanic isometric contractions at 20 degrees C were determined in twelve fibres. Increases in sarcomere length from about 2.15 to 2.85 micron produced, depending on the peak twitch tension or the twitch/tetanus ratio at about 2.15 micron, either decrease and no change or increase in peak twitch tension, but constantly enhanced the twitch/tetanus ratio and the degree of this potentiation was inversely correlated with the twitch/tetanus ratio at 2.15 micron. Increase in sarcomere length above 2.15 micron did not alter the course of the early development of twitch and tetanic tensions, reduced considerably the variation in peak twitch tension and twitch/tetanus ratio, without altering that of tetanic tension and swamped the correlation between the peak twitch tension and the time to peak of the differentiated twitch tension. However, the peak twitch tension at about 2.85 micron resulted to be directly correlated with the peak twitch tension at about 2.15 micron and in addition the relative length-dependent change in the time of the peak of the first derivative of the twitch tension resulted to be directly correlated with the relative length-dependent change in the peak twitch tension. It is concluded that both the duration of the active state and the rate factors of activation contribute to the determining of the large variation in peak twitch tension at about 2.15 micron, whereas the length-dependent increase in twitch/tetanus ratio appears to be mainly determined by prolongation of the active state duration.", "contents": "The variation of characteristics of twitch and tetanic contractions with sarcomere length in isolated muscle fibres of the frog. The relation between sarcomere length, tension and time course of tension development in twitch and tetanic contractions at 20 degrees C was determined for isolated fibres from the semitendinosus muscle of the frog (Rana esculenta). In twenty fibres at about 2.15 micron sarcomere length, the peak twitch tension, the maximum tetanic tension and the twitch/tetanus ratio ranged, respectively, from 0.22 to 1.6 kg/cm2, from 2.13 o 3.96 kg/cm2 an from 0.07 to 0.53. The peak twitch tension was found to be: i) directly correlated with the twitch/tetanus ratio and the time to the peak of the first derivative of the twitch tension, ii) inversely correlated with the time to the peak of the first derivative of tetanic tension. No significant correlation was found between the maximal tetanic tension and the peak twitch tension or the twitch/tetanus ratio. Peak twitch tension and twitch/tetanus ratio were not correlated with the fibre cross-sectional area which ranged from 1.052 to 6,283 micron2. Sarcomere length-tension curves for twitch and tetanic isometric contractions at 20 degrees C were determined in twelve fibres. Increases in sarcomere length from about 2.15 to 2.85 micron produced, depending on the peak twitch tension or the twitch/tetanus ratio at about 2.15 micron, either decrease and no change or increase in peak twitch tension, but constantly enhanced the twitch/tetanus ratio and the degree of this potentiation was inversely correlated with the twitch/tetanus ratio at 2.15 micron. Increase in sarcomere length above 2.15 micron did not alter the course of the early development of twitch and tetanic tensions, reduced considerably the variation in peak twitch tension and twitch/tetanus ratio, without altering that of tetanic tension and swamped the correlation between the peak twitch tension and the time to peak of the differentiated twitch tension. However, the peak twitch tension at about 2.85 micron resulted to be directly correlated with the peak twitch tension at about 2.15 micron and in addition the relative length-dependent change in the time of the peak of the first derivative of the twitch tension resulted to be directly correlated with the relative length-dependent change in the peak twitch tension. It is concluded that both the duration of the active state and the rate factors of activation contribute to the determining of the large variation in peak twitch tension at about 2.15 micron, whereas the length-dependent increase in twitch/tetanus ratio appears to be mainly determined by prolongation of the active state duration.", "PMID": 318017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6091", "title": "Histological changes in Xenopus laevis Daudin adult specimens kept under dry conditions, then moved back to their natural aquatic environment. II. Skin, kidney and interrenal tissue.", "content": "Some cytological and histochemical characteristics of skin, the kidney and interrenal tissue were studied in Xenopus laevis adult specimens (1) kept in their natural aquatic environment; (2) gradually exposed to dry conditions under which they were kept one week; and (3) returned from the dry environment to water for 24 hr or a week. In the skin, the most relevant changes are those exhibited by epidermal \"flask\" cells. These cells are generally rather lean, tall and PAS-positive in \"dry\" animals and in those 24 hr after replacement in water, whereas in animals placed back in water for a week \"flask\" cells are often large and faintly stainable. In \"dry\" animals, the skin mucous glands look more emptied of secretion granules than in control animals kept in water or in \"dry\" specimens returned to water. Difference in the epidermis thickness or in its histochemically evidenced alkaline phosphatase activity were not observed between different groups. In the kidney a clearcut difference between animal groups was found in the glycogen content of the proximal convoluted tubules of the nephron. Glycogen level is very low in \"dry\" animals. These variations are tentatively ascribed to different degrees of electrolyte resorption. In the interrenal cells, the sudanophil material is scanty in \"dry\" animals, while it is much more abundant in those returned to water for 24 hr. Similar, though less pronounced, effects had been obtained in previous experiments of ours, in which some of the animals were kept out of water on moist moss, that is under less severe conditions of water deficiency than in the present experiments.", "contents": "Histological changes in Xenopus laevis Daudin adult specimens kept under dry conditions, then moved back to their natural aquatic environment. II. Skin, kidney and interrenal tissue. Some cytological and histochemical characteristics of skin, the kidney and interrenal tissue were studied in Xenopus laevis adult specimens (1) kept in their natural aquatic environment; (2) gradually exposed to dry conditions under which they were kept one week; and (3) returned from the dry environment to water for 24 hr or a week. In the skin, the most relevant changes are those exhibited by epidermal \"flask\" cells. These cells are generally rather lean, tall and PAS-positive in \"dry\" animals and in those 24 hr after replacement in water, whereas in animals placed back in water for a week \"flask\" cells are often large and faintly stainable. In \"dry\" animals, the skin mucous glands look more emptied of secretion granules than in control animals kept in water or in \"dry\" specimens returned to water. Difference in the epidermis thickness or in its histochemically evidenced alkaline phosphatase activity were not observed between different groups. In the kidney a clearcut difference between animal groups was found in the glycogen content of the proximal convoluted tubules of the nephron. Glycogen level is very low in \"dry\" animals. These variations are tentatively ascribed to different degrees of electrolyte resorption. In the interrenal cells, the sudanophil material is scanty in \"dry\" animals, while it is much more abundant in those returned to water for 24 hr. Similar, though less pronounced, effects had been obtained in previous experiments of ours, in which some of the animals were kept out of water on moist moss, that is under less severe conditions of water deficiency than in the present experiments.", "PMID": 318018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6092", "title": "Membrane water permeability alterations induced by pollutants.", "content": "Lead ions and the surfactant nonylphenolethoxylate are found to inhibit the active transport-coupled water flow in the leg skin of Rana esculenta. The water permeability for osmotically driven flows remains unchanged for high flows, while it is remarkable lowered near zero osmotic pressure difference. The possible mechanism of the permeability change is discussed in connection with the available data on the electrophysiological effects of the pollutants.", "contents": "Membrane water permeability alterations induced by pollutants. Lead ions and the surfactant nonylphenolethoxylate are found to inhibit the active transport-coupled water flow in the leg skin of Rana esculenta. The water permeability for osmotically driven flows remains unchanged for high flows, while it is remarkable lowered near zero osmotic pressure difference. The possible mechanism of the permeability change is discussed in connection with the available data on the electrophysiological effects of the pollutants.", "PMID": 318022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6093", "title": "[Lactamase and bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, as indicated on sensitivity tests, is not always directly proportional to their beta-lactamase synthesis capacity. From the epidemiological viewpoint, therefore, it would appear important to look specifically for the various beta-lactamases in bacteria. Chemical and biological methods for this purpose are reviewed, with particular attention to those including special steps which render them speedy, economical and feasible in any laboratory. Practical examples are offered.", "contents": "[Lactamase and bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics (author's transl)]. Bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, as indicated on sensitivity tests, is not always directly proportional to their beta-lactamase synthesis capacity. From the epidemiological viewpoint, therefore, it would appear important to look specifically for the various beta-lactamases in bacteria. Chemical and biological methods for this purpose are reviewed, with particular attention to those including special steps which render them speedy, economical and feasible in any laboratory. Practical examples are offered.", "PMID": 318023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6094", "title": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for colony stimulating factor.", "content": "Purified L-cell colony stimulating factor (CSF) and rabbit anti-CSF serum were used to devise a radioimmunoassay for this factor. The CSF was radiolabelled with the aid of lactoperoxidase and precipitated by a double antibody technique. Addition of unlabelled CSF caused a dose-related displacement of the labelled tracer. Similar results were noted with conditioned media and murine serum. The assay required only 4 days for completion as compared with 7 days for the conventional agar gel bioassay. Moreover, the radioimmunoassay proved more sensitive and accurate than the bioassay. This technique should allow further exploration of the role of CSF in granulopoiesis.", "contents": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for colony stimulating factor. Purified L-cell colony stimulating factor (CSF) and rabbit anti-CSF serum were used to devise a radioimmunoassay for this factor. The CSF was radiolabelled with the aid of lactoperoxidase and precipitated by a double antibody technique. Addition of unlabelled CSF caused a dose-related displacement of the labelled tracer. Similar results were noted with conditioned media and murine serum. The assay required only 4 days for completion as compared with 7 days for the conventional agar gel bioassay. Moreover, the radioimmunoassay proved more sensitive and accurate than the bioassay. This technique should allow further exploration of the role of CSF in granulopoiesis.", "PMID": 318029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6095", "title": "[Epilepsy following cisternography with water-soluble contrast (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of epilepsy is reported during ventriculography with hydrosoluble triiodate contrast (methylglutamine iotalamate). The cysternal interhemispheric cavities of the midline were flooded. This complication, which could have been lethal was treated with thiopental sodium salt, 6 methylprednisolone, mannitol, curare, trans-larynx intubation, ventilation with oxygen and nitrous oxide. The AA. conclude that the presence of an anaesthetist-resuscitator is essential during ventriculography with triiodate hydrosoluble contrast medium.", "contents": "[Epilepsy following cisternography with water-soluble contrast (author's transl)]. A case of epilepsy is reported during ventriculography with hydrosoluble triiodate contrast (methylglutamine iotalamate). The cysternal interhemispheric cavities of the midline were flooded. This complication, which could have been lethal was treated with thiopental sodium salt, 6 methylprednisolone, mannitol, curare, trans-larynx intubation, ventilation with oxygen and nitrous oxide. The AA. conclude that the presence of an anaesthetist-resuscitator is essential during ventriculography with triiodate hydrosoluble contrast medium.", "PMID": 318024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6096", "title": "Monoamine oxidase activities in patients with migraine or with cluster headache during the acute phases and after treatment with L-5-hydroxytryptophan.", "content": "The results of a study of the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) in patients with migraine or with \"Cluster headache\" during the acute phases and after treatment with L-5-hydroxytryptophan are presented. MAO levels are higher in migraine subjects than in normals. There is, also, a clear difference between basal MAO levels in migraine sufferers and in Cluster Headache sufferers. The treatment with L-5-hydroxytryptophan tend to normalize MAO activity in the migraine patients, but does not change the MAO activity in cluster headache patients.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase activities in patients with migraine or with cluster headache during the acute phases and after treatment with L-5-hydroxytryptophan. The results of a study of the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) in patients with migraine or with \"Cluster headache\" during the acute phases and after treatment with L-5-hydroxytryptophan are presented. MAO levels are higher in migraine subjects than in normals. There is, also, a clear difference between basal MAO levels in migraine sufferers and in Cluster Headache sufferers. The treatment with L-5-hydroxytryptophan tend to normalize MAO activity in the migraine patients, but does not change the MAO activity in cluster headache patients.", "PMID": 318025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6097", "title": "[The culture of Trichomonas vaginalis and its incidence in vaginitis].", "content": "Direct microscopic and cultural examination of 151 cases of vaginitis have been applied. Trichomonas vaginalis observed in 22 cases by direct microscopic examination and isolated in 42 cases by cultural method. Candida sp isolated in 46 cases. All patients were treated.", "contents": "[The culture of Trichomonas vaginalis and its incidence in vaginitis]. Direct microscopic and cultural examination of 151 cases of vaginitis have been applied. Trichomonas vaginalis observed in 22 cases by direct microscopic examination and isolated in 42 cases by cultural method. Candida sp isolated in 46 cases. All patients were treated.", "PMID": 318031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6098", "title": "[Ophthalmic herpes zoster and delayed contralateral hemiparesis: a chance occurrence (author's transl)].", "content": "A 57 years-old woman developed a right hemiparesis with dysphasia four weeks after left Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus. The CSF was normal while cerebral angiography showed segmental narrowing of the left carotid syphon and terminal branches. The patient's condition improved during the next few days with almost full recovery. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus followed by a controlateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia is a relatively infrequent clinical syndrome. After a review of the relevant literature and discussion of the various theories of causation, the authors suggest a chance relation between the two pathological conditions.", "contents": "[Ophthalmic herpes zoster and delayed contralateral hemiparesis: a chance occurrence (author's transl)]. A 57 years-old woman developed a right hemiparesis with dysphasia four weeks after left Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus. The CSF was normal while cerebral angiography showed segmental narrowing of the left carotid syphon and terminal branches. The patient's condition improved during the next few days with almost full recovery. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus followed by a controlateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia is a relatively infrequent clinical syndrome. After a review of the relevant literature and discussion of the various theories of causation, the authors suggest a chance relation between the two pathological conditions.", "PMID": 318026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6099", "title": "Corneal degenerations.", "content": "Corneal degenerations are among the most commonly observed clinical disorders in ophthalmology. They may be classified as (1) aging changes, (2) depositions, and (3) marginal degenerations. Aging changes are often incidental findings and do not usually interfere with vision. Depositions can occur secondary to previous ocular disease or trauma. Marginal degenerations are generally of unknown etiology, however, they may sometimes accompany a systemic disorder. The diseases in this latter group are usually the most difficult to treat and the most visually disabling.", "contents": "Corneal degenerations. Corneal degenerations are among the most commonly observed clinical disorders in ophthalmology. They may be classified as (1) aging changes, (2) depositions, and (3) marginal degenerations. Aging changes are often incidental findings and do not usually interfere with vision. Depositions can occur secondary to previous ocular disease or trauma. Marginal degenerations are generally of unknown etiology, however, they may sometimes accompany a systemic disorder. The diseases in this latter group are usually the most difficult to treat and the most visually disabling.", "PMID": 318034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6100", "title": "[Results and pharmacokinetic aspects of methotrexate therapy in high doses].", "content": "We used MTX as single drug treatment on the basis of an incremental dosage schedule, with doses increased from 250 mg/m2 to 750 mg/m2 or from 5 to 10 g, at intervals of 10 days. Moderately high MTX doses (750 mg/m2 at most) plus citrovorum factor rescue, failed to result in objective tumor regression in all of the 18 patients thus treated. High-dose MTX with CF rescue, by contrast, was found to produce partial remissions in 3 of the 19 cases treated thus far. Meticulous clinical monitoring and MTX serum level determinations are imperative for minimizing complications, if this drastic treatment regimen is employed.", "contents": "[Results and pharmacokinetic aspects of methotrexate therapy in high doses]. We used MTX as single drug treatment on the basis of an incremental dosage schedule, with doses increased from 250 mg/m2 to 750 mg/m2 or from 5 to 10 g, at intervals of 10 days. Moderately high MTX doses (750 mg/m2 at most) plus citrovorum factor rescue, failed to result in objective tumor regression in all of the 18 patients thus treated. High-dose MTX with CF rescue, by contrast, was found to produce partial remissions in 3 of the 19 cases treated thus far. Meticulous clinical monitoring and MTX serum level determinations are imperative for minimizing complications, if this drastic treatment regimen is employed.", "PMID": 318045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6101", "title": "[Wirsung hemorrhage in pancreatic pseudocyst].", "content": "Case report of a fifty-two year old patient with expansive pleural-pericardial effusion and hypoferric anemia caused by intermittent hemorrhage in a pancreatic pseudocyst drained by the d. wirsungianus. Hemorrhage through the d. wirsungianus is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding of \"unknown\" origin.", "contents": "[Wirsung hemorrhage in pancreatic pseudocyst]. Case report of a fifty-two year old patient with expansive pleural-pericardial effusion and hypoferric anemia caused by intermittent hemorrhage in a pancreatic pseudocyst drained by the d. wirsungianus. Hemorrhage through the d. wirsungianus is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding of \"unknown\" origin.", "PMID": 318046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6102", "title": "Bacterial endophthalmitis associated with vitreous wick.", "content": "A culture proven case of bacterial endophthalmitis (alpha streptococci, not Group D, and coagulase-negative staphylococci) occurred in association with a vitreous wick 26 days following uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extraction. Despite intensive antibiotic therapy, the eye was lost to infection. Immediate surgical repair of vitreous wicks which communicate with the external ocular surface is recommended.", "contents": "Bacterial endophthalmitis associated with vitreous wick. A culture proven case of bacterial endophthalmitis (alpha streptococci, not Group D, and coagulase-negative staphylococci) occurred in association with a vitreous wick 26 days following uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extraction. Despite intensive antibiotic therapy, the eye was lost to infection. Immediate surgical repair of vitreous wicks which communicate with the external ocular surface is recommended.", "PMID": 318047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6103", "title": "Effects o;f vitrectomy infusion solutions containing oxacillin, methicillin, or lincomycin.", "content": "Experiments conducted in rabbits showed no toxic effects on the retina by electroretinogram after vitrectomy when the infusion fluid contained as much as 50 microgram/ml of methicillin or lincomycin or 20 microgram/ml oxacillin. An abnormal electroretinogram was found in eyes receiving oxacillin in a concentration of 50 microgram/ml. Histologic studies showed ocular damage with concentrations of 50 microgram/ml of methicillin or lincomycin or 20 microgram/ml of oxacillin. All antibiotics were nontoxic to retina at 10 microgram/ml concentration, both by ERG and histology.", "contents": "Effects o;f vitrectomy infusion solutions containing oxacillin, methicillin, or lincomycin. Experiments conducted in rabbits showed no toxic effects on the retina by electroretinogram after vitrectomy when the infusion fluid contained as much as 50 microgram/ml of methicillin or lincomycin or 20 microgram/ml oxacillin. An abnormal electroretinogram was found in eyes receiving oxacillin in a concentration of 50 microgram/ml. Histologic studies showed ocular damage with concentrations of 50 microgram/ml of methicillin or lincomycin or 20 microgram/ml of oxacillin. All antibiotics were nontoxic to retina at 10 microgram/ml concentration, both by ERG and histology.", "PMID": 318048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6104", "title": "Antibiotic prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis.", "content": "Nonconcurrent analysis of 45,954 cataract operations performed by a single surgeon indicates that periocular injection of penicillin combined with multiple preoperative applications of topical chloramphenicol-sulphadimidine reduced the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis by 72%. Periocular penicillin alone was ineffective. A concurrent masked randomized study of 6,618 cataract operations confirms the efficacy of combined prophylaxis and demonstrates that the topical regimen, by itself, is as ineffective as isolated penicillin prophylaxis.", "contents": "Antibiotic prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis. Nonconcurrent analysis of 45,954 cataract operations performed by a single surgeon indicates that periocular injection of penicillin combined with multiple preoperative applications of topical chloramphenicol-sulphadimidine reduced the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis by 72%. Periocular penicillin alone was ineffective. A concurrent masked randomized study of 6,618 cataract operations confirms the efficacy of combined prophylaxis and demonstrates that the topical regimen, by itself, is as ineffective as isolated penicillin prophylaxis.", "PMID": 318049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6105", "title": "Effect of nondialyzable solids concentration and viscoelasticity on ciliary transport of tracheal mucus.", "content": "The viscoelastic properties of reconstituted canine tracheal mucus were correlated with the ciliary transport rate measured on the bullfrog palate. A maximum in mucociliary transport rate was found at an optimal concentration of nondialyzable solids of 1.5 to 2 per cent. At concentrations less than this value, the mucus had little or no elasticity and low rates of transport; at concentrations greater than the optimum, however, further increases in elastic modulus also resulted in decreasing transport.", "contents": "Effect of nondialyzable solids concentration and viscoelasticity on ciliary transport of tracheal mucus. The viscoelastic properties of reconstituted canine tracheal mucus were correlated with the ciliary transport rate measured on the bullfrog palate. A maximum in mucociliary transport rate was found at an optimal concentration of nondialyzable solids of 1.5 to 2 per cent. At concentrations less than this value, the mucus had little or no elasticity and low rates of transport; at concentrations greater than the optimum, however, further increases in elastic modulus also resulted in decreasing transport.", "PMID": 318052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6106", "title": "The elution profile of vitamin D2 metabolites from sephadex LH20 columns.", "content": "A metabolite of vitamin D2 in the tissues of primates fed this vitamin co-migrates to a significant extent with 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 on columns of Sephadex LH20, with chloroform/n-hexane (60/40 by vol) as eluent. In individuals receiving vitamin D2 and in individuals with scant exposure to sunlight this metabolite, which we believe to be 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin-D2, may yield falsely higher concentrations of apparent 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 if separation on LH20 is used.", "contents": "The elution profile of vitamin D2 metabolites from sephadex LH20 columns. A metabolite of vitamin D2 in the tissues of primates fed this vitamin co-migrates to a significant extent with 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 on columns of Sephadex LH20, with chloroform/n-hexane (60/40 by vol) as eluent. In individuals receiving vitamin D2 and in individuals with scant exposure to sunlight this metabolite, which we believe to be 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin-D2, may yield falsely higher concentrations of apparent 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 if separation on LH20 is used.", "PMID": 318054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6107", "title": "Travel for primary care: expectation and performance in a rural setting.", "content": "Data and findings are presented pertaining to the expressed travel limits for general medical care of a rural population and the degree to which their observed travel behavior reflects these limits. Considerable variation in expressed reasonable and maximum travel distances and times was observed among respondents in a countywide cross-section sample of the resident population in western Maine. A substantial proportion of the respondents' visits for general medical care exceeds their reasonable travel limits and some visits exceed the travel limits they considered maximal. Additionally, a comparison of expectations from this study with those of a similar population in another section of the county reveals significant differences. The findings suggest that health planning could be considerably enhanced by a better understanding of patient preferences for medical care travel behavior, the origins of these preferences, and their relationship to the use of available medical care opportunities. This is particularly true if stated goals of incorporating patient preferences into the health planning process are to be realized.", "contents": "Travel for primary care: expectation and performance in a rural setting. Data and findings are presented pertaining to the expressed travel limits for general medical care of a rural population and the degree to which their observed travel behavior reflects these limits. Considerable variation in expressed reasonable and maximum travel distances and times was observed among respondents in a countywide cross-section sample of the resident population in western Maine. A substantial proportion of the respondents' visits for general medical care exceeds their reasonable travel limits and some visits exceed the travel limits they considered maximal. Additionally, a comparison of expectations from this study with those of a similar population in another section of the county reveals significant differences. The findings suggest that health planning could be considerably enhanced by a better understanding of patient preferences for medical care travel behavior, the origins of these preferences, and their relationship to the use of available medical care opportunities. This is particularly true if stated goals of incorporating patient preferences into the health planning process are to be realized.", "PMID": 318056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6108", "title": "Diffusion of ions in myelinated nerve fibers.", "content": "The diffusion of ions towards or away from the inner side of the nodal membrane in preparations, the cut ends of which are placed in various media, was investigated. The ion concentration changes were calculated by numerical solution of the unidimensional electrodiffusion equation under a variety of media compositions, axoplasmic diffusion coefficients, and internal anionic compositions. The potassium and cesium ion diffusion along the axon towards the node was determined experimentally by two different electrophysiological methods. On the basis of comparison between the experimental data and the computational predictions the axoplasmic potassium ion diffusion coefficient was determined to be almost equal to that in free aqueous solution, while that of cesium ion was close to one half of that in aqueous solution. Utilizing the values of diffusion parameters thus determined, we solved the electrodiffusion equation for a number of common experimental procedures. We found that in short fibers, cut 0.1-0.2 cm at each side of the node, the concentration approached values close to the new steady-state values within 5-30 min. In long fibers (over 1 cm long) steady-state concentrations were obtained only after a few hours. Under some conditions the internal concentrations transiently overshot the steady-state values. The diffusion potentials generated in the system were also evaluated. The ion concentration changes and generation of diffusion potential cannot be prevented by using side pools with cation content identical to that of the axoplasm.", "contents": "Diffusion of ions in myelinated nerve fibers. The diffusion of ions towards or away from the inner side of the nodal membrane in preparations, the cut ends of which are placed in various media, was investigated. The ion concentration changes were calculated by numerical solution of the unidimensional electrodiffusion equation under a variety of media compositions, axoplasmic diffusion coefficients, and internal anionic compositions. The potassium and cesium ion diffusion along the axon towards the node was determined experimentally by two different electrophysiological methods. On the basis of comparison between the experimental data and the computational predictions the axoplasmic potassium ion diffusion coefficient was determined to be almost equal to that in free aqueous solution, while that of cesium ion was close to one half of that in aqueous solution. Utilizing the values of diffusion parameters thus determined, we solved the electrodiffusion equation for a number of common experimental procedures. We found that in short fibers, cut 0.1-0.2 cm at each side of the node, the concentration approached values close to the new steady-state values within 5-30 min. In long fibers (over 1 cm long) steady-state concentrations were obtained only after a few hours. Under some conditions the internal concentrations transiently overshot the steady-state values. The diffusion potentials generated in the system were also evaluated. The ion concentration changes and generation of diffusion potential cannot be prevented by using side pools with cation content identical to that of the axoplasm.", "PMID": 318061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6109", "title": "Structure determination of asymmetric membrane profiles using an iterative Fourier method.", "content": "An iterative Fourier method is applied to solving and refining the electron density profile projected into the line perpendicular to a membrane surface. Solutions to the continuous X-ray scattering pattern derived from swelling of multilayer systems or from membrane dispersions can be obtained by this technique. The method deals directly with the observed structure factors and does not rely on deconvolution of the Patterson function. We used this method previously to derive the electron density profile for acetylcholine receptor membranes (Ross et al., 1977). The present paper is an analysis of the theoretical basis for the procedure. In addition, the technique is tested on artificially generated continuous-scattering data, on the data for frog sciatic nerve myelin derived from swelling experiments by Worthington and McIntosh (1974), and on the data for purple membrane (Blaurock and Stoeckenius, 1971). Although the method applies to asymmetric membranes, the special case of centrosymmetric profiles is also shown to be solvable by the same technique. The limitations of the method and the boundary conditions that limit the degeneracy of the solution are analyzed.", "contents": "Structure determination of asymmetric membrane profiles using an iterative Fourier method. An iterative Fourier method is applied to solving and refining the electron density profile projected into the line perpendicular to a membrane surface. Solutions to the continuous X-ray scattering pattern derived from swelling of multilayer systems or from membrane dispersions can be obtained by this technique. The method deals directly with the observed structure factors and does not rely on deconvolution of the Patterson function. We used this method previously to derive the electron density profile for acetylcholine receptor membranes (Ross et al., 1977). The present paper is an analysis of the theoretical basis for the procedure. In addition, the technique is tested on artificially generated continuous-scattering data, on the data for frog sciatic nerve myelin derived from swelling experiments by Worthington and McIntosh (1974), and on the data for purple membrane (Blaurock and Stoeckenius, 1971). Although the method applies to asymmetric membranes, the special case of centrosymmetric profiles is also shown to be solvable by the same technique. The limitations of the method and the boundary conditions that limit the degeneracy of the solution are analyzed.", "PMID": 318062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6110", "title": "On the mechanism of magnetic field effects in bacterial photosynthesis.", "content": "The recently discovered magnetic field effects in bacterial photosynthesis are discussed by solving a simple model exactly. Analytic expressions are given that permit one to study the influence of the rates of the primary electron transfer reactions and the exchange interaction on the yield of excited triplet states.", "contents": "On the mechanism of magnetic field effects in bacterial photosynthesis. The recently discovered magnetic field effects in bacterial photosynthesis are discussed by solving a simple model exactly. Analytic expressions are given that permit one to study the influence of the rates of the primary electron transfer reactions and the exchange interaction on the yield of excited triplet states.", "PMID": 318063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6111", "title": "Response latency of vertebrate hair cells.", "content": "An in vitro preparation of hair cells from the bullfrog sacculus produces a transepithelial microphonic potential in response to well-defined mechanical stimuli. If corrected for the electrical time constant of the epithelium, the response follows a fast stimulus with a 40-microsecond delay at 22 degree C. The short latency and its modest temperature dependence limit possible models for transduction by hair cells.", "contents": "Response latency of vertebrate hair cells. An in vitro preparation of hair cells from the bullfrog sacculus produces a transepithelial microphonic potential in response to well-defined mechanical stimuli. If corrected for the electrical time constant of the epithelium, the response follows a fast stimulus with a 40-microsecond delay at 22 degree C. The short latency and its modest temperature dependence limit possible models for transduction by hair cells.", "PMID": 318064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6112", "title": "Self diffusion of water in frog muscle.", "content": "Self diffusion of cell water has been measured at diffusion times ranging form 0.3 ms to 2.4 s for three muscle types of Rana pipiens, using various magnetic field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance methods. Intracellular diffusion coefficients and membrane permeabilities are calculated with the aid of previous theoretical results for regularly spaced permeable planar barriers. The intracellular diffusion coefficient is 1.6 x 10-5 cm2/s, in approximate agreement with other literature values for skeletal muscles. The outer membrane permeabilities are estimated at 0.01 cm/s for two of the muscle types, and much higher for the other one.", "contents": "Self diffusion of water in frog muscle. Self diffusion of cell water has been measured at diffusion times ranging form 0.3 ms to 2.4 s for three muscle types of Rana pipiens, using various magnetic field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance methods. Intracellular diffusion coefficients and membrane permeabilities are calculated with the aid of previous theoretical results for regularly spaced permeable planar barriers. The intracellular diffusion coefficient is 1.6 x 10-5 cm2/s, in approximate agreement with other literature values for skeletal muscles. The outer membrane permeabilities are estimated at 0.01 cm/s for two of the muscle types, and much higher for the other one.", "PMID": 318065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6113", "title": "Light diffraction study of single skeletal muscle fibres.", "content": "Light diffraction patterns from isolated frog semitendinosus muscle fibers were examined. When transilluminated by laser light, the muscle striations produce a diffraction pattern consisting of a series of lines that are projected as points onto an optical detector by a lens system. Diffraction data may be sequentially stored every 18 ms for later processing by digital computer systems. First- and second-order diffraction line intensities were examined from intact, chemically skinned, and glycerinated single fibers. The diffraction line intensities demonstrated a strong length dependence upon passive stretch from reference length to 3.6 micrometer. The first-order intensity linearly increased an average of 15-fold over the range examined. The magnitude of the second order intensity was less than the first order and showed an exponential rise with increasing length. Both first- and second-order intensities decreased upon muscle activation. Data from chemically skinned and glycerinated single fibers were not significantly different from intact fibers, indicating that the membrane structure has little effect upon the diffraction phenomenon in muscle. Theoretical model systems are examined in an attempt to find the basis of these results. Neither an analysis based on a diffraction grating with variable spacing nor the unit cell model of Fujime provides an explanation for the observed length dependency of intensity. Though the origin of the intensity decrease upon stimulation is not known, we have suggested that it could result from lateral misalignment of myofibrils and can occur upon activation.", "contents": "Light diffraction study of single skeletal muscle fibres. Light diffraction patterns from isolated frog semitendinosus muscle fibers were examined. When transilluminated by laser light, the muscle striations produce a diffraction pattern consisting of a series of lines that are projected as points onto an optical detector by a lens system. Diffraction data may be sequentially stored every 18 ms for later processing by digital computer systems. First- and second-order diffraction line intensities were examined from intact, chemically skinned, and glycerinated single fibers. The diffraction line intensities demonstrated a strong length dependence upon passive stretch from reference length to 3.6 micrometer. The first-order intensity linearly increased an average of 15-fold over the range examined. The magnitude of the second order intensity was less than the first order and showed an exponential rise with increasing length. Both first- and second-order intensities decreased upon muscle activation. Data from chemically skinned and glycerinated single fibers were not significantly different from intact fibers, indicating that the membrane structure has little effect upon the diffraction phenomenon in muscle. Theoretical model systems are examined in an attempt to find the basis of these results. Neither an analysis based on a diffraction grating with variable spacing nor the unit cell model of Fujime provides an explanation for the observed length dependency of intensity. Though the origin of the intensity decrease upon stimulation is not known, we have suggested that it could result from lateral misalignment of myofibrils and can occur upon activation.", "PMID": 318066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6114", "title": "Increased development of PHA-stimulated murine colonies in vitro subsequent to adriamycin or daunorubicin treatment of spleen donor mice.", "content": "Spleen cell populations from mice treated with Adriamycin or daunorubicin were found to develop a greater PHA-stimulated clonal response than spleen cells from untreated or cyclophosphamide-treated animals. Daunorubicin, in addition, stimulated an unusual monocytic macrophage-like colony. The results are consistent with the possibility that the concentration of nonspecific T-lymphocyte progenitor and/or accessory cells in the spleen are increased consequent to drug treatment.", "contents": "Increased development of PHA-stimulated murine colonies in vitro subsequent to adriamycin or daunorubicin treatment of spleen donor mice. Spleen cell populations from mice treated with Adriamycin or daunorubicin were found to develop a greater PHA-stimulated clonal response than spleen cells from untreated or cyclophosphamide-treated animals. Daunorubicin, in addition, stimulated an unusual monocytic macrophage-like colony. The results are consistent with the possibility that the concentration of nonspecific T-lymphocyte progenitor and/or accessory cells in the spleen are increased consequent to drug treatment.", "PMID": 318067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6115", "title": "Effect of levamisole on the mitosis of murine thymocytes in culture.", "content": "The effect of levamisole on murine thymocytes stimulated by concanavalin A in culture was measured as the change in number of cells in the DNA synthetic phase (S-phase) and in number of cells undergoing mitosis (M-phase). Addition of levamisole to Con A-stimulated lymphocytes led to an approximately tenfold increase in the frequency of mitosis and a fivefold increase in the frequency of cells heavily labeled with thymidine. Thus, levamisole leads to an increased number of cells undergoing proliferation. Determination of cell viability excluded the possibility that the effect of levamisole was simply due to enhanced numbers of viable cells in culture. Examining the effect of levamisole on the proliferating cells alone, it was found that they had a shorter cell cycle time. It was therefore concluded that levamisole affects thymocyte proliferation in vitro in two ways: enhancement of the number of proliferating cells and shortening the cell cycle time of proliferating cells. A similar effect in vivo might be important in the mechanism of action of levamisole as an immunotherapeutic agent.", "contents": "Effect of levamisole on the mitosis of murine thymocytes in culture. The effect of levamisole on murine thymocytes stimulated by concanavalin A in culture was measured as the change in number of cells in the DNA synthetic phase (S-phase) and in number of cells undergoing mitosis (M-phase). Addition of levamisole to Con A-stimulated lymphocytes led to an approximately tenfold increase in the frequency of mitosis and a fivefold increase in the frequency of cells heavily labeled with thymidine. Thus, levamisole leads to an increased number of cells undergoing proliferation. Determination of cell viability excluded the possibility that the effect of levamisole was simply due to enhanced numbers of viable cells in culture. Examining the effect of levamisole on the proliferating cells alone, it was found that they had a shorter cell cycle time. It was therefore concluded that levamisole affects thymocyte proliferation in vitro in two ways: enhancement of the number of proliferating cells and shortening the cell cycle time of proliferating cells. A similar effect in vivo might be important in the mechanism of action of levamisole as an immunotherapeutic agent.", "PMID": 318068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6116", "title": "Stretch and radial compression studies on relaxed skinned muscle fibers of the frog.", "content": "The influence of stretch and radial compression on the width of mechanically skinned fibers from the semitendinosus muscle of the frog (R. pipiens) was examined in relaxing solutions with high-power light microscopy. Fibers were skinned under mineral oil. We find that, after correcting for water uptake in the oil, fiber width increased by an average of 28% upon transfer from oil to relaxing medium, with some tendency for greater swelling at longer sarcomere lengths. Subsequently, fibers were compressed by addition of the long-chain polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-40, number average molecular weight 40,000) to relaxing solutions. Sarcomere length does not appear to be affected by addition of PVP. At any PVP concentration, the inverse square of the fiber width increased smoothly and linearly with increasing stretch for sarcomere lengths between 2.10 and 4.60 micrometer. At any fixed sarcomere length, fiber width decreased linearly with the logarithm of the osmotic compressive pressure exerted by PVP (2-10% concentration). From this logarithmic relation we estimate that the swelling pressure of the intact fiber is 3.40 x 10(3) N/m2, between that of a 2 and a 3% PVP solution. The pressure giving rise to fiber swelling is not due to dilation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), since the experimental results above were not significantly different after treatment with 0.5% BRIJ-58, a nonionic detergent that disrupts the SR. Swelling may be due simply to elastic structures within the fiber that are constrained in the intact cell. Values of bulk moduli of fibers, calculated from the compression experiments, and preliminary measurements of Young's modulus from stretch experiments, are quantitatively consistent with the idea that skinned fibers behave as nonisotropic elastic bodies.", "contents": "Stretch and radial compression studies on relaxed skinned muscle fibers of the frog. The influence of stretch and radial compression on the width of mechanically skinned fibers from the semitendinosus muscle of the frog (R. pipiens) was examined in relaxing solutions with high-power light microscopy. Fibers were skinned under mineral oil. We find that, after correcting for water uptake in the oil, fiber width increased by an average of 28% upon transfer from oil to relaxing medium, with some tendency for greater swelling at longer sarcomere lengths. Subsequently, fibers were compressed by addition of the long-chain polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-40, number average molecular weight 40,000) to relaxing solutions. Sarcomere length does not appear to be affected by addition of PVP. At any PVP concentration, the inverse square of the fiber width increased smoothly and linearly with increasing stretch for sarcomere lengths between 2.10 and 4.60 micrometer. At any fixed sarcomere length, fiber width decreased linearly with the logarithm of the osmotic compressive pressure exerted by PVP (2-10% concentration). From this logarithmic relation we estimate that the swelling pressure of the intact fiber is 3.40 x 10(3) N/m2, between that of a 2 and a 3% PVP solution. The pressure giving rise to fiber swelling is not due to dilation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), since the experimental results above were not significantly different after treatment with 0.5% BRIJ-58, a nonionic detergent that disrupts the SR. Swelling may be due simply to elastic structures within the fiber that are constrained in the intact cell. Values of bulk moduli of fibers, calculated from the compression experiments, and preliminary measurements of Young's modulus from stretch experiments, are quantitatively consistent with the idea that skinned fibers behave as nonisotropic elastic bodies.", "PMID": 318072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6117", "title": "Beneficial effect of continuation of propranolol through coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "The safety and beneficial effect of continuation of propranolol (Pr) through coronary bypass surgery (CBS) was studied in two groups of patients. In the control group (50 patients) Pr was discontinued 24 h before CBS without reinstitution afterwards. In the propranolol group the drug was maintained up to 4 to 10 h before surgery and was restarted within 24 h afterwards. The incidence of subendocardial myocardial infarction was significantly lower in the Pr group (1 out of 30 vs 10 out of 50, p less than 0.05) while the incidence of transmural infarction was the same in both groups (3 out of 30, 10%, vs 5 out of 50, 10%). The incidence of supraventricular tachycardias during the first three postoperative days was significantly lower in the propranolol group compared to control (5% vs 30%, p less than 0.01). The 24 h urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion was significantly greater than normal the day before surgery (136 +/- 12 vs 39 +/- 4 micrograms/24 h, p less than 0.01), and was still high two weeks after surgery (115.1 +/- 14 micrograms/24 h). There were no complications related to propranolol. The left ventricular function as measured from the systolic time intervals was the same pre- and postoperatively in both groups. The results of this study show that administration of propranolol up to 4 h before coronary bypass and reinstitution immediately afterwards is safe and beneficial.", "contents": "Beneficial effect of continuation of propranolol through coronary bypass surgery. The safety and beneficial effect of continuation of propranolol (Pr) through coronary bypass surgery (CBS) was studied in two groups of patients. In the control group (50 patients) Pr was discontinued 24 h before CBS without reinstitution afterwards. In the propranolol group the drug was maintained up to 4 to 10 h before surgery and was restarted within 24 h afterwards. The incidence of subendocardial myocardial infarction was significantly lower in the Pr group (1 out of 30 vs 10 out of 50, p less than 0.05) while the incidence of transmural infarction was the same in both groups (3 out of 30, 10%, vs 5 out of 50, 10%). The incidence of supraventricular tachycardias during the first three postoperative days was significantly lower in the propranolol group compared to control (5% vs 30%, p less than 0.01). The 24 h urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion was significantly greater than normal the day before surgery (136 +/- 12 vs 39 +/- 4 micrograms/24 h, p less than 0.01), and was still high two weeks after surgery (115.1 +/- 14 micrograms/24 h). There were no complications related to propranolol. The left ventricular function as measured from the systolic time intervals was the same pre- and postoperatively in both groups. The results of this study show that administration of propranolol up to 4 h before coronary bypass and reinstitution immediately afterwards is safe and beneficial.", "PMID": 318073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6118", "title": "The physiologic recovery trajectory as the organizing principle for the quantification of hormonometabolic adaptation to surgical stress and severe sepsis.", "content": "Preoperative and serial postoperative clinical, cardiovascular, physiologic, and metabolic studies were carried out on 86 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG); and 48 patients undergoing abdominal general surgical procedures (GSEL). Multivariable statistical analysis of these data showed the patients to be in different physiologic states and to manifest several types of recovery trajectories that could not be discerned on clinical grounds alone. The CABG patients followed one of three types of cardiogenic recovery trajectories. In contrast, GSEL patients show a normal recovery trajectory different from all CABG types. When sepsis develops, and exaggerated stress response (A state) occurs, with increased oxygen consumption and a pattern of amino acids, fat, and glucose breakdown products, which is heightened but similar to the response of nonseptic GSEL patients. With progression of sepsis severity, an unbalanced hyperdynamic recovery trajectory (B state) develops in which a decrease in oxygen consumption is associated with increases in the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, tryptophane, and phenylalanine; and decreases in the branched-chain amino acids, leucine and isoleucine. Triglycerides rise as keto acids fall, but both lactate and pyruvate rise. Glucagon is persistently high, regardless of insulin levels. The quantifiably different physiologic recovery trajectories reflect altered hormone and metabolic states and imply different responses to therapy.", "contents": "The physiologic recovery trajectory as the organizing principle for the quantification of hormonometabolic adaptation to surgical stress and severe sepsis. Preoperative and serial postoperative clinical, cardiovascular, physiologic, and metabolic studies were carried out on 86 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG); and 48 patients undergoing abdominal general surgical procedures (GSEL). Multivariable statistical analysis of these data showed the patients to be in different physiologic states and to manifest several types of recovery trajectories that could not be discerned on clinical grounds alone. The CABG patients followed one of three types of cardiogenic recovery trajectories. In contrast, GSEL patients show a normal recovery trajectory different from all CABG types. When sepsis develops, and exaggerated stress response (A state) occurs, with increased oxygen consumption and a pattern of amino acids, fat, and glucose breakdown products, which is heightened but similar to the response of nonseptic GSEL patients. With progression of sepsis severity, an unbalanced hyperdynamic recovery trajectory (B state) develops in which a decrease in oxygen consumption is associated with increases in the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, tryptophane, and phenylalanine; and decreases in the branched-chain amino acids, leucine and isoleucine. Triglycerides rise as keto acids fall, but both lactate and pyruvate rise. Glucagon is persistently high, regardless of insulin levels. The quantifiably different physiologic recovery trajectories reflect altered hormone and metabolic states and imply different responses to therapy.", "PMID": 318078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6119", "title": "[Postero'inferior aneurysm of the left ventricle following myocardial infarction. Diagnosis and surgical treatment].", "content": "This is a report of the first four cases of left ventricle aneurysm of the posterior and inferior segments successfully treated surgically in the Hospital de Cardiolog\u00eda y Neumolog\u00eda del Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional, M\u00e9xico D. F., and represent the twelve per cent of all realized aneurysmectomies. The patients were all men with 57 years mean age, and a previous history of posteroinferior myocardial infarction, complicated in three of them with angor and severe ventricle arrythmias; chest X ray in lateral view showed a bump of the posteroinferior border of the cardiac silhouette; the echocardiography increase in the ventricular diameter below the mitral valve; the ventriculography made evident a diastolic bulging with systolic expansion of posterior and inferior segments of the left ventricle and no mitral regurgitation; selective coronary arteriography showed a dominant right pattern with 100 per cent proximal occlusion. Aneurysmectomy was done in all four cases and aortocoronary by-pass in two. The posteromedial papilar muscle was found respected in all cases and in two cases a mural thrombus was detected.", "contents": "[Postero'inferior aneurysm of the left ventricle following myocardial infarction. Diagnosis and surgical treatment]. This is a report of the first four cases of left ventricle aneurysm of the posterior and inferior segments successfully treated surgically in the Hospital de Cardiolog\u00eda y Neumolog\u00eda del Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional, M\u00e9xico D. F., and represent the twelve per cent of all realized aneurysmectomies. The patients were all men with 57 years mean age, and a previous history of posteroinferior myocardial infarction, complicated in three of them with angor and severe ventricle arrythmias; chest X ray in lateral view showed a bump of the posteroinferior border of the cardiac silhouette; the echocardiography increase in the ventricular diameter below the mitral valve; the ventriculography made evident a diastolic bulging with systolic expansion of posterior and inferior segments of the left ventricle and no mitral regurgitation; selective coronary arteriography showed a dominant right pattern with 100 per cent proximal occlusion. Aneurysmectomy was done in all four cases and aortocoronary by-pass in two. The posteromedial papilar muscle was found respected in all cases and in two cases a mural thrombus was detected.", "PMID": 318079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6120", "title": "Temperature dependence on the passive and dynamic electrical parameters of muscle cells.", "content": "Measurements of the temperature dependence in the range from 10 C to 30 C on the passive and dynamic electrical properties of single frog muscle cell following Arrhenius relation have been made. The propagated responses (V-t) and conduction velocity theta were analyzed following the H-H propagated cable equation. The ionic current-membrane potential relationship (I-t) was calculated from the phase-plane trajectory analysis (V-V) of the action potential curve (V-t). All the rate and time constants of the excitation and propagation processes kr, kNa, kK, tau Na, tau K, the negative conductance (-gNa) and the ionic conductances gNa, gK, influencing the evolution of the curves (V-t), (V-V) and (I-V) are correlated. The magnitudes of the resting (Vr) and action potential amplitude (Vs), the excitation potential (V*), the negative after potential (Vn), and the sodium equilibrium potential (VNa); the magnitudes of the maximum rate of rise and fall of the spike (V+) and (V-) and those corresponding to the inward INa and outward IK ionic currents, were analyzed. Two general classes of findings were obtained. One group of action potential parameters theta, V+, V-, Vn, kr, kNa, kK, tau Na, tau K, -gNa, gNa, gK, INa and IK is strongly temperature dependent with Q 10 S approximately 2 and energy of activation E approximately 10 kcal/mole. The other group of parameters, Gm (passive conductance), Cm (capacitance), tau, Vr, V*, Vs, and VNa are slightly temperature dependent, with Q10's lower than 1.4. This study contributes deeply to the analysis of temperature effects on the electrical cell responses to adequate stimuli. This temperature dependence analysis was designed to detect possible \"masked\" actions of microwave radiation on cell membrane functions.", "contents": "Temperature dependence on the passive and dynamic electrical parameters of muscle cells. Measurements of the temperature dependence in the range from 10 C to 30 C on the passive and dynamic electrical properties of single frog muscle cell following Arrhenius relation have been made. The propagated responses (V-t) and conduction velocity theta were analyzed following the H-H propagated cable equation. The ionic current-membrane potential relationship (I-t) was calculated from the phase-plane trajectory analysis (V-V) of the action potential curve (V-t). All the rate and time constants of the excitation and propagation processes kr, kNa, kK, tau Na, tau K, the negative conductance (-gNa) and the ionic conductances gNa, gK, influencing the evolution of the curves (V-t), (V-V) and (I-V) are correlated. The magnitudes of the resting (Vr) and action potential amplitude (Vs), the excitation potential (V*), the negative after potential (Vn), and the sodium equilibrium potential (VNa); the magnitudes of the maximum rate of rise and fall of the spike (V+) and (V-) and those corresponding to the inward INa and outward IK ionic currents, were analyzed. Two general classes of findings were obtained. One group of action potential parameters theta, V+, V-, Vn, kr, kNa, kK, tau Na, tau K, -gNa, gNa, gK, INa and IK is strongly temperature dependent with Q 10 S approximately 2 and energy of activation E approximately 10 kcal/mole. The other group of parameters, Gm (passive conductance), Cm (capacitance), tau, Vr, V*, Vs, and VNa are slightly temperature dependent, with Q10's lower than 1.4. This study contributes deeply to the analysis of temperature effects on the electrical cell responses to adequate stimuli. This temperature dependence analysis was designed to detect possible \"masked\" actions of microwave radiation on cell membrane functions.", "PMID": 318091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6121", "title": "Quantitation of chronic microwave radiation effects on muscle cell electrical excitable properties: a temperature dependence analysis of the H-H cable and membrane current parameters of irradiated cells.", "content": "Frogs Rana pipiens maintained under constant laboratory environmental conditions were subjected daily to chronic microwave exposure with pulsed microwave (2.88 GHZ) at a power density of 10 mW/cm2, during 0.1 hour, for periods up to 100 days. The whole body Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) was of 1.5 mW/g per 1 mW/cm2. The passive and dynamic electrical parameters of sartorius muscle cells from control and irradiated frogs as a function of temperature in the range from 10 C to 30 C, have been analyzed. This temperature dependence analysis, presented in another work, was planned to be used in this paper for detecting those possible \"masked\" chronic microwave effects in complex membrane mechanisms highly temperature sensitive, and tightly related to the excitation and propagation of bioelectrical responses. The temperature dependence of the passive (Vr, Gm, Cm, and tau) and the active cell electrical parameters (theta, V*, Vs, VNa, Vn, V+, V-, kr, kNa, kK, tau Na, tau K, -gNa, gNa, gK, INa, and IK) was not altered by chronic microwave exposure. The striking observation reported in another work, about the presence of two groups of cell electrical parameters, characterized by their dependence with temperature, was reproduced on the irradiated muscle cells. Results have indicated that there was not muscle cell cumulative bioeffects resulting from microwave exposure to 10 mW/cm2, over a 0.1 hour period.", "contents": "Quantitation of chronic microwave radiation effects on muscle cell electrical excitable properties: a temperature dependence analysis of the H-H cable and membrane current parameters of irradiated cells. Frogs Rana pipiens maintained under constant laboratory environmental conditions were subjected daily to chronic microwave exposure with pulsed microwave (2.88 GHZ) at a power density of 10 mW/cm2, during 0.1 hour, for periods up to 100 days. The whole body Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) was of 1.5 mW/g per 1 mW/cm2. The passive and dynamic electrical parameters of sartorius muscle cells from control and irradiated frogs as a function of temperature in the range from 10 C to 30 C, have been analyzed. This temperature dependence analysis, presented in another work, was planned to be used in this paper for detecting those possible \"masked\" chronic microwave effects in complex membrane mechanisms highly temperature sensitive, and tightly related to the excitation and propagation of bioelectrical responses. The temperature dependence of the passive (Vr, Gm, Cm, and tau) and the active cell electrical parameters (theta, V*, Vs, VNa, Vn, V+, V-, kr, kNa, kK, tau Na, tau K, -gNa, gNa, gK, INa, and IK) was not altered by chronic microwave exposure. The striking observation reported in another work, about the presence of two groups of cell electrical parameters, characterized by their dependence with temperature, was reproduced on the irradiated muscle cells. Results have indicated that there was not muscle cell cumulative bioeffects resulting from microwave exposure to 10 mW/cm2, over a 0.1 hour period.", "PMID": 318092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6122", "title": "Perinatal vitamin D metabolism. IV. Maternal and cord serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations.", "content": "Fetal and maternal compartments differ in factors shown to regulate 24.25 dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D] metabolism [calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH)] such that one might predict that maternal serum 24,25(OH)2D levels are decreased and fetal 24,25(OH)2D concentrations are increased. To evaluate this, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), 24,25(OH)2D, calcium, magnesium, calcitonin, and PTH were measured in 24 paired maternal and cord sera. The mean maternal serum 24,25(OH)2D concentration (2.9 +/- 0.26 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that of nonpregnant females (3.9 +/- 0.37 ng/ml). Mean serum PTH and calcitonin levels were, however, normal in maternal sera. The normal elevations of PRL, estrogen, and placental lactogen in serum of pregnant women could possibly decrease 24,25(OH)2D production, as seen in animal experimental systems. There was no correlation (R = -0.25) between 24,25(OH)2D levels in maternal and cord sera, as predicted; however, mean (+/-SE) fetal 24,25(OH)2D (2.5 +/- 0.26 ng/ml) was similar to the mean maternal concentration and significantly below the mean level in normal adults. The low fetal 24,25(OH)2D concentration may be due to 1) decreased 24-hydroxylase capacity of the fetus; 2) regulation by fetal factors other than calcium, phosphorus, and PTH; or 3) increased utilization of 24,25(OH)2D possibly for fetal bone mineralization.", "contents": "Perinatal vitamin D metabolism. IV. Maternal and cord serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Fetal and maternal compartments differ in factors shown to regulate 24.25 dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D] metabolism [calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH)] such that one might predict that maternal serum 24,25(OH)2D levels are decreased and fetal 24,25(OH)2D concentrations are increased. To evaluate this, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), 24,25(OH)2D, calcium, magnesium, calcitonin, and PTH were measured in 24 paired maternal and cord sera. The mean maternal serum 24,25(OH)2D concentration (2.9 +/- 0.26 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that of nonpregnant females (3.9 +/- 0.37 ng/ml). Mean serum PTH and calcitonin levels were, however, normal in maternal sera. The normal elevations of PRL, estrogen, and placental lactogen in serum of pregnant women could possibly decrease 24,25(OH)2D production, as seen in animal experimental systems. There was no correlation (R = -0.25) between 24,25(OH)2D levels in maternal and cord sera, as predicted; however, mean (+/-SE) fetal 24,25(OH)2D (2.5 +/- 0.26 ng/ml) was similar to the mean maternal concentration and significantly below the mean level in normal adults. The low fetal 24,25(OH)2D concentration may be due to 1) decreased 24-hydroxylase capacity of the fetus; 2) regulation by fetal factors other than calcium, phosphorus, and PTH; or 3) increased utilization of 24,25(OH)2D possibly for fetal bone mineralization.", "PMID": 318093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6123", "title": "Pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin-like immunoreactivity during the latter half of the cycle in women using intrauterine contraception.", "content": "In a cross-sectional study, the serum levels of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (PSBG), hCG, human LH, and progesterone were measured by RIAs during 94 mid or late luteal phases of 69 women using oral contraceptives. Subsequent spontaneous menstruation took place in every cycle. None of the women using oral contraceptives had any PSBG or hCG-like immunoreactivity in serum. In women with intrauterine devices, PSBG was found in six cycles (6.4%) and hCG-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in one cycle only, where PSBG also was present. In two out of six PSBG-positive cycles, menstruation was delayed by 5 and 16 days. Although rare, the transient occurrence of trophoblastic antigens in women using intrauterine contraception is taken as evidence for an occult pregnancy in these apparently infertile cycles.", "contents": "Pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin-like immunoreactivity during the latter half of the cycle in women using intrauterine contraception. In a cross-sectional study, the serum levels of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (PSBG), hCG, human LH, and progesterone were measured by RIAs during 94 mid or late luteal phases of 69 women using oral contraceptives. Subsequent spontaneous menstruation took place in every cycle. None of the women using oral contraceptives had any PSBG or hCG-like immunoreactivity in serum. In women with intrauterine devices, PSBG was found in six cycles (6.4%) and hCG-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in one cycle only, where PSBG also was present. In two out of six PSBG-positive cycles, menstruation was delayed by 5 and 16 days. Although rare, the transient occurrence of trophoblastic antigens in women using intrauterine contraception is taken as evidence for an occult pregnancy in these apparently infertile cycles.", "PMID": 318094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6124", "title": "T-lymphocytes in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Impairment of cellular immunity in chronic renal failure was studied by determining lymphocyte rosetting with sheep erythrocytes. There is an absolute decrease of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood during chronic renal failure. The effects of uremic serum, AB serum and levamisole on uremic lymphocyte rosetting were studied. T-lymphocyte rosetting with sheep red blood cells was inhibited by the addition of uremic serum, and incubation with normal serum does not restore uremic lymphocyte rosetting to normal. Pre-incubation of uremic lymphocytes with levamisole does not increase lymphocyte rosetting with sheep red blood cells. We postulate that in addition to environmental factors resulting in impaired T-lymphocyte response, there may be a metabolic or intrinsic cellular derangement in T-lymphocytes during renal failure.", "contents": "T-lymphocytes in chronic renal failure. Impairment of cellular immunity in chronic renal failure was studied by determining lymphocyte rosetting with sheep erythrocytes. There is an absolute decrease of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood during chronic renal failure. The effects of uremic serum, AB serum and levamisole on uremic lymphocyte rosetting were studied. T-lymphocyte rosetting with sheep red blood cells was inhibited by the addition of uremic serum, and incubation with normal serum does not restore uremic lymphocyte rosetting to normal. Pre-incubation of uremic lymphocytes with levamisole does not increase lymphocyte rosetting with sheep red blood cells. We postulate that in addition to environmental factors resulting in impaired T-lymphocyte response, there may be a metabolic or intrinsic cellular derangement in T-lymphocytes during renal failure.", "PMID": 318095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6125", "title": "Diagnostic and prognostic implications of computed tomography of head trauma.", "content": "A total of 210 cases of head trauma were examined using noncontrast enhanced and contrast enhanced computed tomography scans. Evidence of contrast enhancement was seen in 97 cases (46%). Subdural hematoma and focal contusion were the most frequent entities demonstrating contrast enhancement. This finding was also frequently seen in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (5 of 17). Every one of the five patients in this series with IVH whose scans showed enhancement died, whereas out of the 12 whose scans showed no enhancement, five survived. Illustrative cases are presented. The authors feel that contrast enhanced scans are valuable in the evaluation of the full extent of head trauma.", "contents": "Diagnostic and prognostic implications of computed tomography of head trauma. A total of 210 cases of head trauma were examined using noncontrast enhanced and contrast enhanced computed tomography scans. Evidence of contrast enhancement was seen in 97 cases (46%). Subdural hematoma and focal contusion were the most frequent entities demonstrating contrast enhancement. This finding was also frequently seen in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (5 of 17). Every one of the five patients in this series with IVH whose scans showed enhancement died, whereas out of the 12 whose scans showed no enhancement, five survived. Illustrative cases are presented. The authors feel that contrast enhanced scans are valuable in the evaluation of the full extent of head trauma.", "PMID": 318107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6126", "title": "Homologous radioimmunoassay for human epidermal growth factor (urogastrone).", "content": "Epidermal growth factor (EGF), a polypeptide hormone originally discovered in the mouse submaxillary gland, stimulates growth in a variety of tissues in several species. This hormone has recently been identified in human urine. A homologous RIA for human EGF (RIA-hEGF) has been developed. In general, levels were similar to those recently reported using a heterologous RIA system. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of RIA-hEGF by normal adult males and females was 63.0 +/- 3.0 and 52.0 +/- 3.5 (mean +/- SE) micrograms/total vol, or 29.7 +/- 1.1 and 39.8 +/- 1.7 micrograms/g creatinine, respectively. Excretion by females taking oral contraceptives was significantly greater (60.1 +/- 2.7 micrograms/g creatinine; P less than 0.01) than that by females who were not. Recent evidence suggests the probable identity of hEGF and beta-urogastrone, a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Adult males with active peptic ulcer disease appeared to have lower urinary RIA-hEGF excretion (22.9 +/- 2.6 micrograms/g creatinine) than normal men, but this was not significant (P greater than 0.05). Several of those with very low values had histories of alcohol abuse. Excretion by patients with Cushing's syndrome was normal. Patients with psoriasis or recovering from major burns excreted both abnormally high and abnormally low levels of RIA-hEGF, with no obvious correlation to their clinical condition. There was no apparent diurnal or postprandial variation in urinary RIA-hEGF excretion by normal subjects. An excellent linear correlation was observed between RIA-hEGF and creatinine concentrations in each urine sample for each subject, suggesting that RIA-hEGF concentration in a random urine sample provides a valid index of 24-h RIA-hEGF excretion.", "contents": "Homologous radioimmunoassay for human epidermal growth factor (urogastrone). Epidermal growth factor (EGF), a polypeptide hormone originally discovered in the mouse submaxillary gland, stimulates growth in a variety of tissues in several species. This hormone has recently been identified in human urine. A homologous RIA for human EGF (RIA-hEGF) has been developed. In general, levels were similar to those recently reported using a heterologous RIA system. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of RIA-hEGF by normal adult males and females was 63.0 +/- 3.0 and 52.0 +/- 3.5 (mean +/- SE) micrograms/total vol, or 29.7 +/- 1.1 and 39.8 +/- 1.7 micrograms/g creatinine, respectively. Excretion by females taking oral contraceptives was significantly greater (60.1 +/- 2.7 micrograms/g creatinine; P less than 0.01) than that by females who were not. Recent evidence suggests the probable identity of hEGF and beta-urogastrone, a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Adult males with active peptic ulcer disease appeared to have lower urinary RIA-hEGF excretion (22.9 +/- 2.6 micrograms/g creatinine) than normal men, but this was not significant (P greater than 0.05). Several of those with very low values had histories of alcohol abuse. Excretion by patients with Cushing's syndrome was normal. Patients with psoriasis or recovering from major burns excreted both abnormally high and abnormally low levels of RIA-hEGF, with no obvious correlation to their clinical condition. There was no apparent diurnal or postprandial variation in urinary RIA-hEGF excretion by normal subjects. An excellent linear correlation was observed between RIA-hEGF and creatinine concentrations in each urine sample for each subject, suggesting that RIA-hEGF concentration in a random urine sample provides a valid index of 24-h RIA-hEGF excretion.", "PMID": 318106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6127", "title": "Periventricular leukomalacia related to neonatal anoxia: recognition by computed tomography.", "content": "Periventricular areas of decreased attenuation coefficient were demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) in two infants with neurological involvement after episodes of neonatal hypoxia. This CT finding is related to anoxic periventricular leukomalacia, which is well documented in the literature. Follow-up CT scans in our two patients demonstrated reversibility of the white matter changes.", "contents": "Periventricular leukomalacia related to neonatal anoxia: recognition by computed tomography. Periventricular areas of decreased attenuation coefficient were demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) in two infants with neurological involvement after episodes of neonatal hypoxia. This CT finding is related to anoxic periventricular leukomalacia, which is well documented in the literature. Follow-up CT scans in our two patients demonstrated reversibility of the white matter changes.", "PMID": 318108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6128", "title": "Addition processing of computed tomograms for whole view of cerebral ventricles.", "content": "Exposure of several contiguous computed tomograms on the same film with a hard copy unit may be used to produce a survey display of the whole cerebral ventricular system.", "contents": "Addition processing of computed tomograms for whole view of cerebral ventricles. Exposure of several contiguous computed tomograms on the same film with a hard copy unit may be used to produce a survey display of the whole cerebral ventricular system.", "PMID": 318109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6129", "title": "A 6 mm collimator system for the EMI CT5000/5005 whole body scanner.", "content": "A new 6 mm collimator for the EMI CT5000/5005 scanner is described. It consists of a narrower tube side and detector side collimator that can be set up in less than 5 min. The applications are primarily for the orbit and parasellar area. Future applications with the aid of new software include coronal reconstruction.", "contents": "A 6 mm collimator system for the EMI CT5000/5005 whole body scanner. A new 6 mm collimator for the EMI CT5000/5005 scanner is described. It consists of a narrower tube side and detector side collimator that can be set up in less than 5 min. The applications are primarily for the orbit and parasellar area. Future applications with the aid of new software include coronal reconstruction.", "PMID": 318110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6130", "title": "[Evaluation of the methods of treatment of histiocytosis X in children in relation to its clinical picture].", "content": "The work was undertaken owing to great difficulties in diagnosis and treatment of histiocytosis X (HX) in children, which occurs comparatively rarely and its clinical symptoms are of great variety. The analysed material included 45 cases of children with HX treated in one clinical department. A big number of analysed cases makes safe conclusions possible. The aim of this work was evaluation of therapeutic methods used in HX, on the basis of the results obtained from the HX treatment and with consideration of such prognostic factors as: the age of the child when the first pathological symptoms occurred , the extent of the pathological process and the localization of the lesions. The results of the research carried out on 23 children in whom the pathologic process concerned the skeletal system only were evaluated separately. Remaining 22 cases in which the lesions were noticeable not only in the skeletal system, but also in other organs and systems were divided in two groups: group 1 (11 children) included all the cases treated till 1969 by different methods with the use of different cytostatics; group 2 (11 children) included the cases observed by the author introducing a new method of treatment based on intensive therapy followed by the usage of Vinblastine or both Vinblastine and Prednisone. In the evaluation of the extent of the pathologic process and localization of lesions the following symptoms were taken into consideration: skeletal and skin lesions, enlargement of lymphatic nodes and liver, lesions of gums--i.e. movable teeth, lesions in ears, lungs, hematopoietic system, and fever. The presence of these symptoms is proved by the clinical, radiological and laboratory examinations. The age of the patient with the first symptoms of the disease was established through inquiry, the appearance at least one of the HX symptoms such as: protrusion of the soft tissue, skin lesions and discharge from the ears was considered as the beginning of the disease. In the group of children with lesions limited only to skeletal system, the age of the appearance of the first symptoms was between 1-12 years. The greatest morbidity was between the 4-th and the 8-th year of life (Fig. 1). The main methods of treatment were surgery and/or radiotherapy. Chemotherapy was used sporadically as supplementary treatment. In all cases response was good. (Tab. 1.). The generalized form of the disease is observed as a rule among the youngest children. In our own material of 20 cases out of all 22, the first symptoms of the disease appeared before 3-rd year of life was over. (Fig. 4.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Evaluation of the methods of treatment of histiocytosis X in children in relation to its clinical picture]. The work was undertaken owing to great difficulties in diagnosis and treatment of histiocytosis X (HX) in children, which occurs comparatively rarely and its clinical symptoms are of great variety. The analysed material included 45 cases of children with HX treated in one clinical department. A big number of analysed cases makes safe conclusions possible. The aim of this work was evaluation of therapeutic methods used in HX, on the basis of the results obtained from the HX treatment and with consideration of such prognostic factors as: the age of the child when the first pathological symptoms occurred , the extent of the pathological process and the localization of the lesions. The results of the research carried out on 23 children in whom the pathologic process concerned the skeletal system only were evaluated separately. Remaining 22 cases in which the lesions were noticeable not only in the skeletal system, but also in other organs and systems were divided in two groups: group 1 (11 children) included all the cases treated till 1969 by different methods with the use of different cytostatics; group 2 (11 children) included the cases observed by the author introducing a new method of treatment based on intensive therapy followed by the usage of Vinblastine or both Vinblastine and Prednisone. In the evaluation of the extent of the pathologic process and localization of lesions the following symptoms were taken into consideration: skeletal and skin lesions, enlargement of lymphatic nodes and liver, lesions of gums--i.e. movable teeth, lesions in ears, lungs, hematopoietic system, and fever. The presence of these symptoms is proved by the clinical, radiological and laboratory examinations. The age of the patient with the first symptoms of the disease was established through inquiry, the appearance at least one of the HX symptoms such as: protrusion of the soft tissue, skin lesions and discharge from the ears was considered as the beginning of the disease. In the group of children with lesions limited only to skeletal system, the age of the appearance of the first symptoms was between 1-12 years. The greatest morbidity was between the 4-th and the 8-th year of life (Fig. 1). The main methods of treatment were surgery and/or radiotherapy. Chemotherapy was used sporadically as supplementary treatment. In all cases response was good. (Tab. 1.). The generalized form of the disease is observed as a rule among the youngest children. In our own material of 20 cases out of all 22, the first symptoms of the disease appeared before 3-rd year of life was over. (Fig. 4.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "PMID": 318111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6131", "title": "[Incidence of trichomonas vaginitis among women in the Bia\u0142ystok region].", "content": "Nine-year period of examinations, carries out within the former borders of the Bia \u0142 ystok Province including 332 774-391 959 women above 20 years of age, was subjected to analysis. From this group, about 85000-109000 women underwent microbiological examinations. An increasing number of microbiologically examined women corresponds to increasing detectability of trichomoniasis between 1971-1972. From that time on, a distinct decrease in detectability has been observed. Detailed analysis of trichomoniasis detectability was performed in different Departments of Health Services. Significant differences in trichomoniasis detectability were found in the whole region and particular Departments of Health Service. The last detectability has been shown by the Department of Health Service for Bia \u0142 ystok . The scheme of diagnostic procedures in the same for the whole region.", "contents": "[Incidence of trichomonas vaginitis among women in the Bia\u0142ystok region]. Nine-year period of examinations, carries out within the former borders of the Bia \u0142 ystok Province including 332 774-391 959 women above 20 years of age, was subjected to analysis. From this group, about 85000-109000 women underwent microbiological examinations. An increasing number of microbiologically examined women corresponds to increasing detectability of trichomoniasis between 1971-1972. From that time on, a distinct decrease in detectability has been observed. Detailed analysis of trichomoniasis detectability was performed in different Departments of Health Services. Significant differences in trichomoniasis detectability were found in the whole region and particular Departments of Health Service. The last detectability has been shown by the Department of Health Service for Bia \u0142 ystok . The scheme of diagnostic procedures in the same for the whole region.", "PMID": 318112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6132", "title": "[Comparative studies on Trichomonas vaginalis in the scanning electron microscope].", "content": "Different strains of Trichomonas vaginalis isolated from the vagina of women with trichomoniasis were used in these investigations. The cultures were carried out on modified CPLM and Roiron media. Individuals at the highest phase of logarithmic growth underwent the observation. Preparations to be evaluated in scanning electron microscope ( JEOL - JSM -S1) were made from a condensed culture containing 500,000 individuals per ml. Each time, microscopic pictures obtained after washing, demucination and various fixation procedures and after lyophylisation were compared to each other. The pictures obtained from smears taken from the vagina of women with trichomoniasis were compared, too. Special attention was paid to the behaviour of the surface and motion organelles of the parasite.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on Trichomonas vaginalis in the scanning electron microscope]. Different strains of Trichomonas vaginalis isolated from the vagina of women with trichomoniasis were used in these investigations. The cultures were carried out on modified CPLM and Roiron media. Individuals at the highest phase of logarithmic growth underwent the observation. Preparations to be evaluated in scanning electron microscope ( JEOL - JSM -S1) were made from a condensed culture containing 500,000 individuals per ml. Each time, microscopic pictures obtained after washing, demucination and various fixation procedures and after lyophylisation were compared to each other. The pictures obtained from smears taken from the vagina of women with trichomoniasis were compared, too. Special attention was paid to the behaviour of the surface and motion organelles of the parasite.", "PMID": 318113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6133", "title": "[Prevention and epidemiology of trichomonal vaginitis in women treated in gynecological departments].", "content": "The purpose of the work is to present the results of prophylactic actions used in the Departments of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Medical Academy in Bia \u0142 ystok giving reasons for changes and modifications concerning the present state of procedures. At the same time, attention has been paid to some epidemiological factors of trichomoniasis in women treated in gynecological departments for various diseases of the female genital organ. Women treated in the Departments of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 1974-1975 were included in these studies. Total number of the investigated women was 9000 but those with trichomoniasis were 610. There were presented the results of procedures at the admittance rooms of the Gynecological Departments in which examinations and treatment of trichomoniasis, in reasonable cases, were carried out before admitting the patients to proper gynecological treatment were presented. The whole of the evaluation was based on our own scheme of microbiological procedures.", "contents": "[Prevention and epidemiology of trichomonal vaginitis in women treated in gynecological departments]. The purpose of the work is to present the results of prophylactic actions used in the Departments of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Medical Academy in Bia \u0142 ystok giving reasons for changes and modifications concerning the present state of procedures. At the same time, attention has been paid to some epidemiological factors of trichomoniasis in women treated in gynecological departments for various diseases of the female genital organ. Women treated in the Departments of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 1974-1975 were included in these studies. Total number of the investigated women was 9000 but those with trichomoniasis were 610. There were presented the results of procedures at the admittance rooms of the Gynecological Departments in which examinations and treatment of trichomoniasis, in reasonable cases, were carried out before admitting the patients to proper gynecological treatment were presented. The whole of the evaluation was based on our own scheme of microbiological procedures.", "PMID": 318114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6134", "title": "[Levamisole as an immunostimulating factor].", "content": "Levamisole--(L)--1-2, 3, 5, 6--tetrahydro-6- phenylimidazo (2, 1-b)-- thiazol monohydrochloride, a simple chemical, first introduced as a broad spectrum antihelmintic , has been recently on the list of the nonspecific active immunostimulants together with BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, polyribonucleosides and transfer factor (TF). This, however, is oversimplification and may cause some confusion because levamisole, in contrast to the so-called immunostimulants, does not stimulate immunity above the normal level in man or prevent the primary growth of most experimental tumors in immunologically normal animals. Levamisole acts as an antianergic chemotherapeutic agent as it restores cell-mediated immunity in immunodepressed patients and prolongs the remission period. It even increases the number of long-term survivors when used as an adjunct to cytoreductive therapy in several animal cancer models. Levamisole is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and from injection site and is very well distributed in all tissues. Levamisole increases phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear cells or macrophages when added to these cells or given to donor animals and humans. The effect was pronounced on hypofunctional cells from patients and it was weak or absent on cells from normal donors. Chemotactic responsiveness of polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes from patients with defective leucocyte motility could be enhanced by levamisole added in vitro or given in vivo. The leucocyte migration inhibition in response to antigenic stimulation could be restored when levamisole was administered to anergic patients or added to their cells in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "[Levamisole as an immunostimulating factor]. Levamisole--(L)--1-2, 3, 5, 6--tetrahydro-6- phenylimidazo (2, 1-b)-- thiazol monohydrochloride, a simple chemical, first introduced as a broad spectrum antihelmintic , has been recently on the list of the nonspecific active immunostimulants together with BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, polyribonucleosides and transfer factor (TF). This, however, is oversimplification and may cause some confusion because levamisole, in contrast to the so-called immunostimulants, does not stimulate immunity above the normal level in man or prevent the primary growth of most experimental tumors in immunologically normal animals. Levamisole acts as an antianergic chemotherapeutic agent as it restores cell-mediated immunity in immunodepressed patients and prolongs the remission period. It even increases the number of long-term survivors when used as an adjunct to cytoreductive therapy in several animal cancer models. Levamisole is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and from injection site and is very well distributed in all tissues. Levamisole increases phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear cells or macrophages when added to these cells or given to donor animals and humans. The effect was pronounced on hypofunctional cells from patients and it was weak or absent on cells from normal donors. Chemotactic responsiveness of polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes from patients with defective leucocyte motility could be enhanced by levamisole added in vitro or given in vivo. The leucocyte migration inhibition in response to antigenic stimulation could be restored when levamisole was administered to anergic patients or added to their cells in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "PMID": 318115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6135", "title": "[Sulfamethoxazole concentration in the homogenate of the human embryo].", "content": "The investigations on the extent of placental drug transfer has conventionally been based on determining drug concentration in cord blood at delivery. There is, however, data that levels in cord blood at delivery may provide misleading information on the extent of drug transfer in utero. It is due to the fact that not every drug reaches the fetus in pharmacologically active form. Hence, the evaluation of placental drug transfer requires determination of free drug concentration in fetal tissues. Seven women with indications for interruption of pregnancy for social reasons have taken Biseptol 480--Polfa (400 mg sulfamethoxazole and 80 mg trimethoprim) for 4-5 days before the operation. Each woman received 1,92 g of drug (4 tablets) a day in two divided doses. In the tissues obtained during abortion, the concentration of sulfamethoxazole was estimated by the modified method of Bratton and Marchall . The obtained results show that in the first trimester of gestation sulfamethoxazole crosses human placental barrier; it is detectable in embryo in a great amount. This fact indicates that administration of Biseptol to the pregnant mother may be harmful for the embryo. Our investigations have not permitted yet on for the statement that there is the correlation between the sulfamethoxazole concentration and week of gestation during the first trimester.", "contents": "[Sulfamethoxazole concentration in the homogenate of the human embryo]. The investigations on the extent of placental drug transfer has conventionally been based on determining drug concentration in cord blood at delivery. There is, however, data that levels in cord blood at delivery may provide misleading information on the extent of drug transfer in utero. It is due to the fact that not every drug reaches the fetus in pharmacologically active form. Hence, the evaluation of placental drug transfer requires determination of free drug concentration in fetal tissues. Seven women with indications for interruption of pregnancy for social reasons have taken Biseptol 480--Polfa (400 mg sulfamethoxazole and 80 mg trimethoprim) for 4-5 days before the operation. Each woman received 1,92 g of drug (4 tablets) a day in two divided doses. In the tissues obtained during abortion, the concentration of sulfamethoxazole was estimated by the modified method of Bratton and Marchall . The obtained results show that in the first trimester of gestation sulfamethoxazole crosses human placental barrier; it is detectable in embryo in a great amount. This fact indicates that administration of Biseptol to the pregnant mother may be harmful for the embryo. Our investigations have not permitted yet on for the statement that there is the correlation between the sulfamethoxazole concentration and week of gestation during the first trimester.", "PMID": 318116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6136", "title": "Synthesis of R-plasmid-coded beta-lactamase in minicells and in an in vitro system.", "content": "beta-Lactamase encoded by a small, nontransferring R-plasmid, NTP1, conferring ampicillin resistance to its host bacteria, was purified. NTP1 plasmid-coded beta-lactamase was found to be periplasmically located in the host Escherichia coli cell, to have a molecular weight of about 25,000, and to show a relatively low activity against oxacillin and methicillin compared with benzylpenicillin. These characteristics indicate that NTP1 plasmid-coded beta-lactamase is very similar or identical to the \"TEM-type\" beta-lactamase, which is the most common beta-lactamase coded by R-plasmids in enteric bacteria. In minicells containing NTP1 plasmids, at least six plasmid-specific proteins were synthesized, and beta-lactamase was synthesized in a greater amount than other plasmid-coded proteins. In a cell-free transcription-translation coupled system from E. coli, NTP1 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid directed the synthesis of several species of plasmid-specific proteins, including active beta-lactamase. The in vitro system also showed preferential synthesis of beta-lactamase, as was observed in minicells containing NTP1 plasmids.", "contents": "Synthesis of R-plasmid-coded beta-lactamase in minicells and in an in vitro system. beta-Lactamase encoded by a small, nontransferring R-plasmid, NTP1, conferring ampicillin resistance to its host bacteria, was purified. NTP1 plasmid-coded beta-lactamase was found to be periplasmically located in the host Escherichia coli cell, to have a molecular weight of about 25,000, and to show a relatively low activity against oxacillin and methicillin compared with benzylpenicillin. These characteristics indicate that NTP1 plasmid-coded beta-lactamase is very similar or identical to the \"TEM-type\" beta-lactamase, which is the most common beta-lactamase coded by R-plasmids in enteric bacteria. In minicells containing NTP1 plasmids, at least six plasmid-specific proteins were synthesized, and beta-lactamase was synthesized in a greater amount than other plasmid-coded proteins. In a cell-free transcription-translation coupled system from E. coli, NTP1 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid directed the synthesis of several species of plasmid-specific proteins, including active beta-lactamase. The in vitro system also showed preferential synthesis of beta-lactamase, as was observed in minicells containing NTP1 plasmids.", "PMID": 318118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6137", "title": "Clinical patterns of chronic iridocyclitis in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In the present study we have reconfirmed an earlier observation of the association of iridocyclitis with limited joint involvement in children with JRA. Children who develop iridocyclitis are predominantly girls whose sera are positive for antinuclear antibodies. Iridocyclitis was found to be asymptomatic at onset. Only periodic slit lamp examinations will detect the majority of cases. Iridocyclitis began a median of 2 years after onset of arthritis. Although most episodes occurred within 7 years after onset of arthritis, the risk of this development may never be absent in these children, even after they enter adulthood. In the present study, 16% of the afflicted children experienced either unilateral or bilateral blindness.", "contents": "Clinical patterns of chronic iridocyclitis in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study we have reconfirmed an earlier observation of the association of iridocyclitis with limited joint involvement in children with JRA. Children who develop iridocyclitis are predominantly girls whose sera are positive for antinuclear antibodies. Iridocyclitis was found to be asymptomatic at onset. Only periodic slit lamp examinations will detect the majority of cases. Iridocyclitis began a median of 2 years after onset of arthritis. Although most episodes occurred within 7 years after onset of arthritis, the risk of this development may never be absent in these children, even after they enter adulthood. In the present study, 16% of the afflicted children experienced either unilateral or bilateral blindness.", "PMID": 318121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6138", "title": "The B lymphocyte and antibody system. Aberrations in the rheumatic diseases.", "content": "Abnormalities of B lymphocytes are present in RA including slightly reduced number of peripheral B cells, decreased numbers of T cells (in SLE), synovial infiltration of B and T cells and plasma cells, and increased quantities of B cells in the synovial fluid. Synovial tissues show deposition of immunoglobulin, complement, immune complexes, and abnormal antibodies (e.g., RF). These findings suggest but do not prove B-lymphocyte or antibody involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease. If this system is involved in the pathogenesis, it may result from hypersensitivity, through anaphylactic, cytotoxic, or immune complex reactions; or it may result from immunodeficiency, which favors an infectious disease, immune complex formation, or uncontrolled T-cell response.", "contents": "The B lymphocyte and antibody system. Aberrations in the rheumatic diseases. Abnormalities of B lymphocytes are present in RA including slightly reduced number of peripheral B cells, decreased numbers of T cells (in SLE), synovial infiltration of B and T cells and plasma cells, and increased quantities of B cells in the synovial fluid. Synovial tissues show deposition of immunoglobulin, complement, immune complexes, and abnormal antibodies (e.g., RF). These findings suggest but do not prove B-lymphocyte or antibody involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease. If this system is involved in the pathogenesis, it may result from hypersensitivity, through anaphylactic, cytotoxic, or immune complex reactions; or it may result from immunodeficiency, which favors an infectious disease, immune complex formation, or uncontrolled T-cell response.", "PMID": 318124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6139", "title": "Endophthalmitis occurring during hospitalization following cataract surgery.", "content": "A retrospective 10-year survey of immediate postoperative endophthalmitis in the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, is presented. The types of organisms isolated are recorded, and a therapeutic regime based on this is suggested. The various portals of entry of infection are examined and commented upon.", "contents": "Endophthalmitis occurring during hospitalization following cataract surgery. A retrospective 10-year survey of immediate postoperative endophthalmitis in the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, is presented. The types of organisms isolated are recorded, and a therapeutic regime based on this is suggested. The various portals of entry of infection are examined and commented upon.", "PMID": 318129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6140", "title": "Actin filaments in sensory hairs of inner ear receptor cells.", "content": "Receptor cells in the ear are excited through the bending of sensory hairs which project in a bundle from their surface. The individual stereocilia of a bundle contain filaments about 5 nm in diameter. The identity of these filaments has been investigated in the crista ampullaris of the frog and guinea pig by a technique of decoration with subfragment-1 of myosin (S-1). After demembranation with Triton X-100 and incubation with S-1, \"arrowhead\" formation was observed along the filaments of the stereocilia and their rootlets and also along filaments in the cuticular plate inside the receptor cell. The distance between attached S-1 was 35 nm and arrowheads pointed in towards the cell soma. It is concluded that the filaments of stereocilia are composed of actin.", "contents": "Actin filaments in sensory hairs of inner ear receptor cells. Receptor cells in the ear are excited through the bending of sensory hairs which project in a bundle from their surface. The individual stereocilia of a bundle contain filaments about 5 nm in diameter. The identity of these filaments has been investigated in the crista ampullaris of the frog and guinea pig by a technique of decoration with subfragment-1 of myosin (S-1). After demembranation with Triton X-100 and incubation with S-1, \"arrowhead\" formation was observed along the filaments of the stereocilia and their rootlets and also along filaments in the cuticular plate inside the receptor cell. The distance between attached S-1 was 35 nm and arrowheads pointed in towards the cell soma. It is concluded that the filaments of stereocilia are composed of actin.", "PMID": 318131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6141", "title": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in the rat: a preliminary report.", "content": "In chronic experimental myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in rat, the decrement of electrical and mechanical responses evoked by maximal repetitive (3-167/sec) stimuli to the nerve was greater in the slow-twitch soleus (SOL) than in the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling was impaired in moderate to severe EAMG, as evidenced by a diminished staircase phenomenon and by diminished posttetanic potentiation (PTP) of twitch tension in two EDLs. The only morphologic abnormality observed was an increase in length of the endplates in the EDLs of those animals that had had an acute phase of EAMG. The latter had more than a 90% reduction in the amplitude of the action potential and in the twitch tension of the EDL when stimuli were applied to the nerve. Stimuli applied directly to the muscle evoked a tetanic tension that was one-third of normal. The staircase and PTP were normal. Necrosis occurred in the endplate and in the adjacent segment of muscle fiber; outside the endplate region, the muscle fiber was normal.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in the rat: a preliminary report. In chronic experimental myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in rat, the decrement of electrical and mechanical responses evoked by maximal repetitive (3-167/sec) stimuli to the nerve was greater in the slow-twitch soleus (SOL) than in the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling was impaired in moderate to severe EAMG, as evidenced by a diminished staircase phenomenon and by diminished posttetanic potentiation (PTP) of twitch tension in two EDLs. The only morphologic abnormality observed was an increase in length of the endplates in the EDLs of those animals that had had an acute phase of EAMG. The latter had more than a 90% reduction in the amplitude of the action potential and in the twitch tension of the EDL when stimuli were applied to the nerve. Stimuli applied directly to the muscle evoked a tetanic tension that was one-third of normal. The staircase and PTP were normal. Necrosis occurred in the endplate and in the adjacent segment of muscle fiber; outside the endplate region, the muscle fiber was normal.", "PMID": 318127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6142", "title": "Turnover of rod photoreceptor outer segments. I. Membrane addition and loss in relationship to temperature.", "content": "Membrane turnover in outer segments of Rana pipiens red rods (ROS) was studied in tadpoles maintained under cyclic lighting (12L:12D) at 23 degrees, 28 degrees, and 33 degrees C. Large fragments (greater than 2 microns in diameter or length) were shed from the ROS tips shortly after the onset of light. These were phagocytized by the pigment epithelium (PE) which caused an increase in the number of phagosomes greater than 2 microns in size (large phagosomes). Large phagosomes were present in highest numbers 2-4 h after light exposure and were degraded by 8-12 h. The proportion of ROS that shed each day after the onset of the light cycle increased with increment increases in temperatures (23 degrees C-18%, 28 degrees C-33%, 33 degrees C-42% per day), resulting, in a reduction in the average interval of time between repeated sheddings (23 degrees C-5.6 days, 28 degrees C-3 days, 33 degrees C-2.4 days) though the average numbers of disks shed from ROS at the various temperatures were not significantly different (23 degrees C-139.5 +/- 5.7, 28 degrees C-129.4 +/- 7.6, 33 degrees C-129.9 +/- 4.8 disks/shed packet). Phagosomes in the PE that were less than 2 microns in diameter (small phagosomes) were present in relatively constant numbers throughout the day, and their numbers increased at higher temperatures. The absence of a concomitant increase in small phagosomes as large phagosomes were degraded indicates that large phagosomes were not the major source of small phagosomes. When the PE was isolated to culture in the absence of the retina, these small phagosomes were degraded. The rate of disk addition to the ROS base was determined by autoradiography after [3H]leucine injection. The number of disks added per day increased with elevations of temperature (23 degrees C-32.4; 28 degrees C-55.9; 33 degrees C-65.5). The average number of disks added to the ROS between repeated sheddings (23 degrees C-181.4; 28 degrees C-167.7; 33 degrees C-157.2) was greater than the number of disks shed after light exposure. Inasmuch as the ROS show no net increase in length during the tadpole stages utilized, the remaining disks must be lost at some other time. Electron microscope analysis revealed the presence of small groups of disks in curled configurations at the tips of ROS, suggesting possible stages of detachment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "Turnover of rod photoreceptor outer segments. I. Membrane addition and loss in relationship to temperature. Membrane turnover in outer segments of Rana pipiens red rods (ROS) was studied in tadpoles maintained under cyclic lighting (12L:12D) at 23 degrees, 28 degrees, and 33 degrees C. Large fragments (greater than 2 microns in diameter or length) were shed from the ROS tips shortly after the onset of light. These were phagocytized by the pigment epithelium (PE) which caused an increase in the number of phagosomes greater than 2 microns in size (large phagosomes). Large phagosomes were present in highest numbers 2-4 h after light exposure and were degraded by 8-12 h. The proportion of ROS that shed each day after the onset of the light cycle increased with increment increases in temperatures (23 degrees C-18%, 28 degrees C-33%, 33 degrees C-42% per day), resulting, in a reduction in the average interval of time between repeated sheddings (23 degrees C-5.6 days, 28 degrees C-3 days, 33 degrees C-2.4 days) though the average numbers of disks shed from ROS at the various temperatures were not significantly different (23 degrees C-139.5 +/- 5.7, 28 degrees C-129.4 +/- 7.6, 33 degrees C-129.9 +/- 4.8 disks/shed packet). Phagosomes in the PE that were less than 2 microns in diameter (small phagosomes) were present in relatively constant numbers throughout the day, and their numbers increased at higher temperatures. The absence of a concomitant increase in small phagosomes as large phagosomes were degraded indicates that large phagosomes were not the major source of small phagosomes. When the PE was isolated to culture in the absence of the retina, these small phagosomes were degraded. The rate of disk addition to the ROS base was determined by autoradiography after [3H]leucine injection. The number of disks added per day increased with elevations of temperature (23 degrees C-32.4; 28 degrees C-55.9; 33 degrees C-65.5). The average number of disks added to the ROS between repeated sheddings (23 degrees C-181.4; 28 degrees C-167.7; 33 degrees C-157.2) was greater than the number of disks shed after light exposure. Inasmuch as the ROS show no net increase in length during the tadpole stages utilized, the remaining disks must be lost at some other time. Electron microscope analysis revealed the presence of small groups of disks in curled configurations at the tips of ROS, suggesting possible stages of detachment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "PMID": 318132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6143", "title": "Major histocompatibility complex gene products on macrophages influence T cell activation.", "content": "Antigen-pulsed macrophages were used to sensitize or elicit sensitivity from mice of different strains to a variety of antigens. The results indicate that sensitization is directed, not to antigen as such, but to a complex structure on the macrophage surface determined partly by the antigen, and partly by a product coded by the major histocompatibility complex. Delayed type hypersensitivity could be provoked by antigen in responder (R) mice and in the F1 between responder and low responder (LR) strains, but not in LR mice unless pretreated by cyclophosphamide. Sensitivity could be transferred to naive LR-strain mice by lymph node cells taken 5 days after sensitization of cyclophosphamide-pretreated LR mice but not of F1 hybrids between LR and R strains. Sensitivity from these could be transferred only to naive F1 or R-strain mice. The results suggest that low responsiveness cannot be accounted for solely in terms of the operation of a cyclophosphamide-sensitive suppressor mechanism. It is postulated that antigen is less immunogenic when presented by LR-strain cells than by R-strain cells.", "contents": "Major histocompatibility complex gene products on macrophages influence T cell activation. Antigen-pulsed macrophages were used to sensitize or elicit sensitivity from mice of different strains to a variety of antigens. The results indicate that sensitization is directed, not to antigen as such, but to a complex structure on the macrophage surface determined partly by the antigen, and partly by a product coded by the major histocompatibility complex. Delayed type hypersensitivity could be provoked by antigen in responder (R) mice and in the F1 between responder and low responder (LR) strains, but not in LR mice unless pretreated by cyclophosphamide. Sensitivity could be transferred to naive LR-strain mice by lymph node cells taken 5 days after sensitization of cyclophosphamide-pretreated LR mice but not of F1 hybrids between LR and R strains. Sensitivity from these could be transferred only to naive F1 or R-strain mice. The results suggest that low responsiveness cannot be accounted for solely in terms of the operation of a cyclophosphamide-sensitive suppressor mechanism. It is postulated that antigen is less immunogenic when presented by LR-strain cells than by R-strain cells.", "PMID": 318140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6144", "title": "Cardiac valve replacement in patients over 65 during a 10-year period.", "content": "From 1967 through 1976, 754 adult patients were subjected to open heart procedures for acquired valvular disease at the University of California, San Francisco, 104 of whom were 66 years of age or over (mean = 70 years). The operative mortality of 15.0% in the elderly group did not differ significantly from that of 14.3% in the entire adult series for the 10-year period. Mortality was consistently higher in combined procedures (multiple valve replacement and valve replacement with coronary grafting). Since the introduction, in 1973, of hypothermic hyperkalemic coronary washout for intraoperative protection of the ischemic myocardium, the hospital mortality rate has decreased to 8.1% overall, 6.0% for isolated aortic valve replacement and 0% for isolated mitral valve replacement in patients over 65. Moreover, the long-term survival following aortic and mitral valve replacement in this series appears to approximate the survival curve of the normal population of the same age. This experience suggests that cardiac surgery has become safer for all patients during the past 10 years and that operative mortality is related primarily to the type and severity of disease rather than to age.", "contents": "Cardiac valve replacement in patients over 65 during a 10-year period. From 1967 through 1976, 754 adult patients were subjected to open heart procedures for acquired valvular disease at the University of California, San Francisco, 104 of whom were 66 years of age or over (mean = 70 years). The operative mortality of 15.0% in the elderly group did not differ significantly from that of 14.3% in the entire adult series for the 10-year period. Mortality was consistently higher in combined procedures (multiple valve replacement and valve replacement with coronary grafting). Since the introduction, in 1973, of hypothermic hyperkalemic coronary washout for intraoperative protection of the ischemic myocardium, the hospital mortality rate has decreased to 8.1% overall, 6.0% for isolated aortic valve replacement and 0% for isolated mitral valve replacement in patients over 65. Moreover, the long-term survival following aortic and mitral valve replacement in this series appears to approximate the survival curve of the normal population of the same age. This experience suggests that cardiac surgery has become safer for all patients during the past 10 years and that operative mortality is related primarily to the type and severity of disease rather than to age.", "PMID": 318141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6145", "title": "Ventriculography with water-soluble contrast media.", "content": "In 170 patients 184 ventriculographies with water-soluble contrast media were carried out, 60 examinations with meglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X) and 124 with metrizamide (Amipaque). Grand mal seizures occurred in one patient following the injection of meglumine iocarmate. The indications, technique and diagnostic results are reported.", "contents": "Ventriculography with water-soluble contrast media. In 170 patients 184 ventriculographies with water-soluble contrast media were carried out, 60 examinations with meglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X) and 124 with metrizamide (Amipaque). Grand mal seizures occurred in one patient following the injection of meglumine iocarmate. The indications, technique and diagnostic results are reported.", "PMID": 318145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6146", "title": "Ventriculography with metrizamide.", "content": "In 77 patients 85 ventriculographies were performed with metrizamide (Amipaque). No severe complications occurred. The diagnostic accuracy in lesions affecting the midline structures is excellent. However, the rapid passage of the medium from the ventricular system in cases with slight obstructions or small lesions requires a scrupulous technique to enable an exact diagnosis. Due to the difficulty in differentiating between intra- and extra-cerebral location of an expansivity, encephalography should be performed as the first examination whenever possible.", "contents": "Ventriculography with metrizamide. In 77 patients 85 ventriculographies were performed with metrizamide (Amipaque). No severe complications occurred. The diagnostic accuracy in lesions affecting the midline structures is excellent. However, the rapid passage of the medium from the ventricular system in cases with slight obstructions or small lesions requires a scrupulous technique to enable an exact diagnosis. Due to the difficulty in differentiating between intra- and extra-cerebral location of an expansivity, encephalography should be performed as the first examination whenever possible.", "PMID": 318146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6147", "title": "Ventriculography with metrizamide.", "content": "Ventriculography with metrizamide (Amipaque) was performed in 150 patients. Side effects were mild and no severe reactions were observed. The low toxicity and the low epileptogenic activity of this contrast medium make positive contrast ventriculography a safe neuroradiologic procedure.", "contents": "Ventriculography with metrizamide. Ventriculography with metrizamide (Amipaque) was performed in 150 patients. Side effects were mild and no severe reactions were observed. The low toxicity and the low epileptogenic activity of this contrast medium make positive contrast ventriculography a safe neuroradiologic procedure.", "PMID": 318147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6148", "title": "Alleged inner ear trauma: compensation pending.", "content": "The English literature on the incidence of nystagmus in normal subjects and in patients with head and/or neck injuries is reviewed. The authors present a series of 202 patients with alleged vestibular trauma. The incidence of spontaneous and positional nystagmus would seem to be no greater in patients with alleged vestibular trauma than that found in the normal subjects, suggesting that these patients do not have objective evidence of vestibular trauma. Objective criteria for diagnosing vestibular abnormalities by electronystagmography are presented. At least 22% of a series of 2408 patients were found to have a functional hearing loss. The importance of looking for functional overlay in patients involved in litigation cases is stressed.", "contents": "Alleged inner ear trauma: compensation pending. The English literature on the incidence of nystagmus in normal subjects and in patients with head and/or neck injuries is reviewed. The authors present a series of 202 patients with alleged vestibular trauma. The incidence of spontaneous and positional nystagmus would seem to be no greater in patients with alleged vestibular trauma than that found in the normal subjects, suggesting that these patients do not have objective evidence of vestibular trauma. Objective criteria for diagnosing vestibular abnormalities by electronystagmography are presented. At least 22% of a series of 2408 patients were found to have a functional hearing loss. The importance of looking for functional overlay in patients involved in litigation cases is stressed.", "PMID": 318142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6149", "title": "Ventriculography with metrizamide in children.", "content": "Experiences from 24 ventriculographies with metrizamide (Amipaque) in children are reported. The dose used was 3 to 6 ml 200 mg I/ml in most cases. Ventriculography with metrizamide has been most useful for evaluating obstructive lesions related to the aqueduct or within the third ventricle. The large volume may be required in cases with great ventricular dilatation. Polytomography is a useful addition in many cases but it is not a constant requirement.", "contents": "Ventriculography with metrizamide in children. Experiences from 24 ventriculographies with metrizamide (Amipaque) in children are reported. The dose used was 3 to 6 ml 200 mg I/ml in most cases. Ventriculography with metrizamide has been most useful for evaluating obstructive lesions related to the aqueduct or within the third ventricle. The large volume may be required in cases with great ventricular dilatation. Polytomography is a useful addition in many cases but it is not a constant requirement.", "PMID": 318148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6150", "title": "Cisternography with metrizamide in cerebellopontine angle tumors.", "content": "The technique and results of cerebello-pontine angle cisternography with metrizamide (Amipaque) in 34 patients are reported. Fourteen tumors were diagnosed. The internal auditory canal was normal in 19 patients, and in all of them the facial and statoacoustic nerves were visible. One examination was unsuccessful. No serious complications occurred. Headache was recorded in 76 per cent and transient EEG disturbance in 32 per cent of the patients.", "contents": "Cisternography with metrizamide in cerebellopontine angle tumors. The technique and results of cerebello-pontine angle cisternography with metrizamide (Amipaque) in 34 patients are reported. Fourteen tumors were diagnosed. The internal auditory canal was normal in 19 patients, and in all of them the facial and statoacoustic nerves were visible. One examination was unsuccessful. No serious complications occurred. Headache was recorded in 76 per cent and transient EEG disturbance in 32 per cent of the patients.", "PMID": 318149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6151", "title": "EEG disturbances following myelography, cisternography and ventriculography with metrizamide.", "content": "Two types of EEG abnormalities were recorded after myelography, cisternography and ventriculography with metrizamide (Amipaque) in 292 patients. One, probably without clinical significance, occurred in the EEG of 36 patients as theta waves the following day. The other was of a more serious nature and was recorded as paroxysms of delta waves or spikes in the EEG of 11 patients minutes or some few hours after the myelography. One of these patients developed epileptic seizures.", "contents": "EEG disturbances following myelography, cisternography and ventriculography with metrizamide. Two types of EEG abnormalities were recorded after myelography, cisternography and ventriculography with metrizamide (Amipaque) in 292 patients. One, probably without clinical significance, occurred in the EEG of 36 patients as theta waves the following day. The other was of a more serious nature and was recorded as paroxysms of delta waves or spikes in the EEG of 11 patients minutes or some few hours after the myelography. One of these patients developed epileptic seizures.", "PMID": 318150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6152", "title": "Clinical experience in North America with metrizamide. Evaluation of 1,850 subarachnoid examinations.", "content": "The clinical experience of 1 850 diagnostic procedures performed with intrathecal injection of metrizamide (Amipaque) in 1 818 adult patients for various subarachnoid procedures by 21 North American clinical examiners is reported. Adequate radiographic demonstration was achieved in over 90 per cent of all procedures allowing radiologic diagnosis to be made in 99 per cent of the 1 850 examinations. The majority of adverse reactions reported were mild to moderate and transient in nature. No clinically significant changes from baseline were noted in vital signs or neurologic status. The most serious adverse reactions experienced were seizures which occurred in 0.4 per cent of patients. All the patients with adverse reactions recovered without sequelae.", "contents": "Clinical experience in North America with metrizamide. Evaluation of 1,850 subarachnoid examinations. The clinical experience of 1 850 diagnostic procedures performed with intrathecal injection of metrizamide (Amipaque) in 1 818 adult patients for various subarachnoid procedures by 21 North American clinical examiners is reported. Adequate radiographic demonstration was achieved in over 90 per cent of all procedures allowing radiologic diagnosis to be made in 99 per cent of the 1 850 examinations. The majority of adverse reactions reported were mild to moderate and transient in nature. No clinically significant changes from baseline were noted in vital signs or neurologic status. The most serious adverse reactions experienced were seizures which occurred in 0.4 per cent of patients. All the patients with adverse reactions recovered without sequelae.", "PMID": 318151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6153", "title": "Regional assignment of seven genes on chromosome 1 of man by use of man-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. II. Results obtained after induction of breaks in chromosome 1 by X-irradiation.", "content": "The position of genes coding for PGD, PPH1, UGPP, GuK1, PGM1, Pep-C, and FH on human chromosome 1 was investigated by analysis of karyotype and enzyme phenotypes in man-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids carrying aberrations involving chromosome 1. Suitable hybrid cell lines were obtained by X-irradiation of hybrid cells carrying an intact chromosome 1 and by fusion of human cells from a clonal population carrying a translocation involving chromosome 1 with Chinese hamster cells. The latter human cell population had been isolated following X-irradiation of primary Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts. In addition, products of de novo chromosome breakage in the investigated hybrid lines were utilized. By integrating the results of these analyses with earlier findings in our laboratory, the following positions of genes are deduced: PGD and PPH1 in 1p36 leads to 1p34; PGM1 in 1p32; UGPP in 1q21 leads to 1q23; GuK1 in 1q31 leads to 1q42; Pep-C in 1q42; and FH in 1qter leads to 1q42.", "contents": "Regional assignment of seven genes on chromosome 1 of man by use of man-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. II. Results obtained after induction of breaks in chromosome 1 by X-irradiation. The position of genes coding for PGD, PPH1, UGPP, GuK1, PGM1, Pep-C, and FH on human chromosome 1 was investigated by analysis of karyotype and enzyme phenotypes in man-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids carrying aberrations involving chromosome 1. Suitable hybrid cell lines were obtained by X-irradiation of hybrid cells carrying an intact chromosome 1 and by fusion of human cells from a clonal population carrying a translocation involving chromosome 1 with Chinese hamster cells. The latter human cell population had been isolated following X-irradiation of primary Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts. In addition, products of de novo chromosome breakage in the investigated hybrid lines were utilized. By integrating the results of these analyses with earlier findings in our laboratory, the following positions of genes are deduced: PGD and PPH1 in 1p36 leads to 1p34; PGM1 in 1p32; UGPP in 1q21 leads to 1q23; GuK1 in 1q31 leads to 1q42; Pep-C in 1q42; and FH in 1qter leads to 1q42.", "PMID": 318153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6154", "title": "Mannosidosis: assignment of the lysosomal alpha-mannosidase B gene to chromosome 19 in man.", "content": "Human alpha-mannosidase activity (alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.24) from tissues and cultured skin fibroblasts was separated by gel electrophoresis into a neutral, cytoplasmic form (alpha-mannosidase A) and two closely related acidic, lysosomal components (alpha-mannosidase B). Human mannosidosis, an inherited glycoprotein storage disorder, has been associated with severe deficiency of both lysosomal alpha-mannosidase B molecular forms. Chromosome assignment of the gene coding for human alpha-mannosidase B (MANB) has been determined in human-mouse and human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. The human alpha-mannosidase B phenotype showed concordant segregation with the human enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) (D-glucose-6-phosphate ketolisomerase, EC 5.3.1.9) but discordant segregation with 30 other enzyme markers representing 20 linkage groups. The glucose-phosphate isomerase gene has been assigned to chromosome 19 in man. This MANB-GPI linkage and confirming chromosome studies demonstrate assignment of the alpha-mannosidase B structural gene to chromosome 19 in man. Since mannosidosis is believed to result from a structural defect in alpha-mannosidase B, these findings suggest that the mannosidosis mutation is located on chromosome 19 in man.", "contents": "Mannosidosis: assignment of the lysosomal alpha-mannosidase B gene to chromosome 19 in man. Human alpha-mannosidase activity (alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.24) from tissues and cultured skin fibroblasts was separated by gel electrophoresis into a neutral, cytoplasmic form (alpha-mannosidase A) and two closely related acidic, lysosomal components (alpha-mannosidase B). Human mannosidosis, an inherited glycoprotein storage disorder, has been associated with severe deficiency of both lysosomal alpha-mannosidase B molecular forms. Chromosome assignment of the gene coding for human alpha-mannosidase B (MANB) has been determined in human-mouse and human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. The human alpha-mannosidase B phenotype showed concordant segregation with the human enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) (D-glucose-6-phosphate ketolisomerase, EC 5.3.1.9) but discordant segregation with 30 other enzyme markers representing 20 linkage groups. The glucose-phosphate isomerase gene has been assigned to chromosome 19 in man. This MANB-GPI linkage and confirming chromosome studies demonstrate assignment of the alpha-mannosidase B structural gene to chromosome 19 in man. Since mannosidosis is believed to result from a structural defect in alpha-mannosidase B, these findings suggest that the mannosidosis mutation is located on chromosome 19 in man.", "PMID": 318154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6155", "title": "Gene dosage effect for fumarate hydratase (FH; E.C. 4.2.1.2) in partial trisomy 1.", "content": "A strain of fibroblasts partially trisomic for the larger part of 1q (Norwood and Hoehn, 1974) contains about 1.5 times as much fumarate hydratase (FH) as various control-strains. This gene dosage effect was ascertained by (1) comparative measurements of the specific activity; (2) relating the specific activity of FH to that of reference enzymes, not influenced by the chromosomal anomaly; and (3) by immunoprecipitation methods, using a rabbit antiserum against pig heart FH which cross-reacts with the human enzyme. Among others, this gene dosage effect can be demonstrated numerically by the following parameters: Ratio of the average specific activity of FH in the trisomic strain to that of the control strains: 1.53. Corresponding ratio after dividing FH activity by that of reference enzymes; for acid phosphatase: 1.58, for glutamate dehydrogenase: 1.53. Average ratio of the immunoprecipitation areas obtained upon radial immunodiffusion according to Mancini et al. (1965): 1.56.", "contents": "Gene dosage effect for fumarate hydratase (FH; E.C. 4.2.1.2) in partial trisomy 1. A strain of fibroblasts partially trisomic for the larger part of 1q (Norwood and Hoehn, 1974) contains about 1.5 times as much fumarate hydratase (FH) as various control-strains. This gene dosage effect was ascertained by (1) comparative measurements of the specific activity; (2) relating the specific activity of FH to that of reference enzymes, not influenced by the chromosomal anomaly; and (3) by immunoprecipitation methods, using a rabbit antiserum against pig heart FH which cross-reacts with the human enzyme. Among others, this gene dosage effect can be demonstrated numerically by the following parameters: Ratio of the average specific activity of FH in the trisomic strain to that of the control strains: 1.53. Corresponding ratio after dividing FH activity by that of reference enzymes; for acid phosphatase: 1.58, for glutamate dehydrogenase: 1.53. Average ratio of the immunoprecipitation areas obtained upon radial immunodiffusion according to Mancini et al. (1965): 1.56.", "PMID": 318155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6156", "title": "Studies of low molecular weight RNA from cells infected with adenovirus 2. I. The sequences at the 3' end of VA-RNA I.", "content": "VA-RNA I is a low molecular weight RNA produced in large amounts in cells infected with adenoviruses. The 3' terminus of this RNA may represent a transcription termination site. We have demonstrated that this RNA occurs in infected cells in several forms which differ in the number of uridylic acid residues at the 3' ends. The nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment overlapping the 3' end of VA-RNA I has been determined. The DNA could encode up to 4 uridylic acid residues at the 3' end of the RNA. The DNA sequence shows some similarity to known transcription termination sequences in prokaryotic systems.", "contents": "Studies of low molecular weight RNA from cells infected with adenovirus 2. I. The sequences at the 3' end of VA-RNA I. VA-RNA I is a low molecular weight RNA produced in large amounts in cells infected with adenoviruses. The 3' terminus of this RNA may represent a transcription termination site. We have demonstrated that this RNA occurs in infected cells in several forms which differ in the number of uridylic acid residues at the 3' ends. The nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment overlapping the 3' end of VA-RNA I has been determined. The DNA could encode up to 4 uridylic acid residues at the 3' end of the RNA. The DNA sequence shows some similarity to known transcription termination sequences in prokaryotic systems.", "PMID": 318160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6157", "title": "Isolation and partial sequence of recombinant plasmids containing human alpha-, beta- and gamma-globin cDNA fragments.", "content": "Human globin cDNA-derived recombinants with plasmid pCR1 have been prepared for use as specific hybridisation probes and for the partial sequencing of alpha-, beta- and gamma-globin genes.", "contents": "Isolation and partial sequence of recombinant plasmids containing human alpha-, beta- and gamma-globin cDNA fragments. Human globin cDNA-derived recombinants with plasmid pCR1 have been prepared for use as specific hybridisation probes and for the partial sequencing of alpha-, beta- and gamma-globin genes.", "PMID": 318161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6158", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of the 5' untranslated region of human gamma-globin mRNA.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of the entire 5' untranslated region of human gamma-globin mRNA has been determined. This was accomplished by analyzing complementary DNA (cRNA) synthesized from the mRNA with reverse transcriptase. The CDNA was labeled at its 3' end with 32\"p using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, digested with the restriction endonuclease Hae III and the end-labeled fragment isolated ans sequenced by the method of Maxam and Gilbert. Including the initiation codon AUG, the 5' untranslated region of human gamma-globin mRNA contains 57 nucleotides, compared to 41 in alpha- and 54 in beta-globin mRNA. There is very little homology between alpha and gamma sequences in the 5' region. There is considerable homology between beta- and gamma-globin mRNAs in the regions proximal and distal to the initiation codon, but the entire sequence shows less homology than the human and rabbit beta-globin mRNAs. The hexanucleotide sequence CUUCUG is found near the 5' ends of all three human globin mRNAs, suggesting a possible role of this sequence or ribosomal binding. Both guanosine and cytidine were found at the 19th nucleotide position from the 5' end of the gamma mRNA. We believe this heterogeneity arises from the difference in nucleotide sequence between the A gamma and G gamma loci.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of the 5' untranslated region of human gamma-globin mRNA. The nucleotide sequence of the entire 5' untranslated region of human gamma-globin mRNA has been determined. This was accomplished by analyzing complementary DNA (cRNA) synthesized from the mRNA with reverse transcriptase. The CDNA was labeled at its 3' end with 32\"p using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, digested with the restriction endonuclease Hae III and the end-labeled fragment isolated ans sequenced by the method of Maxam and Gilbert. Including the initiation codon AUG, the 5' untranslated region of human gamma-globin mRNA contains 57 nucleotides, compared to 41 in alpha- and 54 in beta-globin mRNA. There is very little homology between alpha and gamma sequences in the 5' region. There is considerable homology between beta- and gamma-globin mRNAs in the regions proximal and distal to the initiation codon, but the entire sequence shows less homology than the human and rabbit beta-globin mRNAs. The hexanucleotide sequence CUUCUG is found near the 5' ends of all three human globin mRNAs, suggesting a possible role of this sequence or ribosomal binding. Both guanosine and cytidine were found at the 19th nucleotide position from the 5' end of the gamma mRNA. We believe this heterogeneity arises from the difference in nucleotide sequence between the A gamma and G gamma loci.", "PMID": 318162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6159", "title": "Sequence of the 3'-noncoding and adjacent coding regions of human gamma-globin mRNA.", "content": "In cloning human fetal globin cDNA in bacterial plasmids, we obtained a recombinant which contained a fragment of gammg-globin cDNA corresponding to the region from amino acid 99 to the poly A. We determined a sequence of 169 nucleotides which included the complete 3' non-coding region of the gamma-globin mRNA. The codon for amino acid 136 was GCA, indicating that this cloned fragment was derived from the Agamma-globin gene. In conjunction with the surrounding sequences, the GCA codon provides the Agamma-species with a unique CTGCAG hexanucleotide that is recognized by the restriction enzyme Pst I. The 3'-untranslated region of the gamma-globin mRNA consists of 90 nucleotides, and shares little homology with that of the human beta-globin mRNA. As in other mammalian mRNAs, a symmetrical sequence and the hexanucleotide AAUAAA are present.", "contents": "Sequence of the 3'-noncoding and adjacent coding regions of human gamma-globin mRNA. In cloning human fetal globin cDNA in bacterial plasmids, we obtained a recombinant which contained a fragment of gammg-globin cDNA corresponding to the region from amino acid 99 to the poly A. We determined a sequence of 169 nucleotides which included the complete 3' non-coding region of the gamma-globin mRNA. The codon for amino acid 136 was GCA, indicating that this cloned fragment was derived from the Agamma-globin gene. In conjunction with the surrounding sequences, the GCA codon provides the Agamma-species with a unique CTGCAG hexanucleotide that is recognized by the restriction enzyme Pst I. The 3'-untranslated region of the gamma-globin mRNA consists of 90 nucleotides, and shares little homology with that of the human beta-globin mRNA. As in other mammalian mRNAs, a symmetrical sequence and the hexanucleotide AAUAAA are present.", "PMID": 318163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6160", "title": "Failure of urethane anesthetic to block induction of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in the rat.", "content": "Ability of urethane anesthetic to block induction of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT; E.C.2.3.1.5) activity was measured in individual rat pineal glands in animals receiving urethane (25% w/v, IP, 1.2 g/kg) or saline, 6 hr prior to sacrifice. Using a radioenzymatic assay, SNAT determinations were made twice daily (at 1200 or 2400 hr) immediately after the sacrifice of each animal. The results show that urethane had no effect on the induction of SNAT activity: (1) implying that the neural activity of those structures involved in induction of SNAT activity (e.g., suprachiasmatic nucleus) is not substantially altered by this anesthetic and (2) suggesting that the central blockade of ovulation by urethane does not include alterations in suprachiasmatic nucleus activity.", "contents": "Failure of urethane anesthetic to block induction of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in the rat. Ability of urethane anesthetic to block induction of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT; E.C.2.3.1.5) activity was measured in individual rat pineal glands in animals receiving urethane (25% w/v, IP, 1.2 g/kg) or saline, 6 hr prior to sacrifice. Using a radioenzymatic assay, SNAT determinations were made twice daily (at 1200 or 2400 hr) immediately after the sacrifice of each animal. The results show that urethane had no effect on the induction of SNAT activity: (1) implying that the neural activity of those structures involved in induction of SNAT activity (e.g., suprachiasmatic nucleus) is not substantially altered by this anesthetic and (2) suggesting that the central blockade of ovulation by urethane does not include alterations in suprachiasmatic nucleus activity.", "PMID": 318179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6161", "title": "Neuron activity in rat hippocampus and motor cortex during discrimination reversal.", "content": "Chronic unit activity and gross movement were recorded from rats during two discrimination reversals in a classical appetitive conditioning situation. The anticipatory movement decreased in response to the former CS+ tone and increased to the previous CS- tone after each reversal. Hippocampus and motor cortex were differently related to these two kinds of behavioral change. Response rates of hippocampal neurons were more closely related to the increased movement response to the former CS- which now signaled food. Motor cortex neuron responses were more closely correlated with the decrease in movement responses to the former CS+ which became neutral after the reversal. It appeared that hippocampal neurons could have been involved in one cognitive aspect of the situation, motor cortex neurons in another. The data were related to current functional concepts of these brain regions.", "contents": "Neuron activity in rat hippocampus and motor cortex during discrimination reversal. Chronic unit activity and gross movement were recorded from rats during two discrimination reversals in a classical appetitive conditioning situation. The anticipatory movement decreased in response to the former CS+ tone and increased to the previous CS- tone after each reversal. Hippocampus and motor cortex were differently related to these two kinds of behavioral change. Response rates of hippocampal neurons were more closely related to the increased movement response to the former CS- which now signaled food. Motor cortex neuron responses were more closely correlated with the decrease in movement responses to the former CS+ which became neutral after the reversal. It appeared that hippocampal neurons could have been involved in one cognitive aspect of the situation, motor cortex neurons in another. The data were related to current functional concepts of these brain regions.", "PMID": 318180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6162", "title": "Fornix afferents to the anteroventral thalamic nucleus: an EM study in the rat.", "content": "Three types of synapses occur in the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVN). Type 1 consists of small (0.5-0.8 microns) axonal endings densely packed with spherical synaptic vesicles. They form markedly asymmetrical synaptic contacts with distal portions of dendrites. Degenerative changes in these axons following destruction of the fornix identify them as the endings of the subicular projection to AVN. Type 2 synapses consist of large (1.0-1.5 microns) axonal processes containing spherical vesicles which form asymmetrical synapses on more proximal dendrites. Type 3 endings consist of large unidentified processes containing spherical, and occasionally flattened, synaptic vesicles forming symmetrical contacts with the largest stem dendrites. Neither of these synaptic types were modified by fornix lesions. The synaptic arrangements within AVN are simpler than other thalamic nuclei in that serial synapses and synaptic glomeruli are not present.", "contents": "Fornix afferents to the anteroventral thalamic nucleus: an EM study in the rat. Three types of synapses occur in the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVN). Type 1 consists of small (0.5-0.8 microns) axonal endings densely packed with spherical synaptic vesicles. They form markedly asymmetrical synaptic contacts with distal portions of dendrites. Degenerative changes in these axons following destruction of the fornix identify them as the endings of the subicular projection to AVN. Type 2 synapses consist of large (1.0-1.5 microns) axonal processes containing spherical vesicles which form asymmetrical synapses on more proximal dendrites. Type 3 endings consist of large unidentified processes containing spherical, and occasionally flattened, synaptic vesicles forming symmetrical contacts with the largest stem dendrites. Neither of these synaptic types were modified by fornix lesions. The synaptic arrangements within AVN are simpler than other thalamic nuclei in that serial synapses and synaptic glomeruli are not present.", "PMID": 318181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6163", "title": "d-Amphetamine and ethanol: a drug-drug interaction study.", "content": "The in vivo and in vitro effects of d-amphetamine on the specific activities of endogenous liver alcohol-(L-ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (L-ADH) were studied using rat and mouse liver enzyme preparations. d-Amphetamine, 10(-4)M, noncompetitively inhibited rat and mouse L-ALDH in vitro. Mitochondrial L-ALDH was not affected by d-amphetamine in vivo and in vitro in both species studied. A noncompetitive inhibition of mouse L-ADH, occurred in vivo 16 hr after administration of d-amphetamine, 4 mg/kg, IP. A moderate, but not significant decline in specific activity of rat L-ADH was determined after injection of d-amphetamine, 4 mg/kg IP, showed a significant decrease in their blood and brain content of exogenously administered ethanol from corresponding saline-treated controls for the 60 min and 90 min periods after ethanol administration, respectively. The results show species differences in d-amphetamine action on liver enzymes studied and indicate that d-amphetamine can interfere in the metabolism of ethanol.", "contents": "d-Amphetamine and ethanol: a drug-drug interaction study. The in vivo and in vitro effects of d-amphetamine on the specific activities of endogenous liver alcohol-(L-ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (L-ADH) were studied using rat and mouse liver enzyme preparations. d-Amphetamine, 10(-4)M, noncompetitively inhibited rat and mouse L-ALDH in vitro. Mitochondrial L-ALDH was not affected by d-amphetamine in vivo and in vitro in both species studied. A noncompetitive inhibition of mouse L-ADH, occurred in vivo 16 hr after administration of d-amphetamine, 4 mg/kg, IP. A moderate, but not significant decline in specific activity of rat L-ADH was determined after injection of d-amphetamine, 4 mg/kg IP, showed a significant decrease in their blood and brain content of exogenously administered ethanol from corresponding saline-treated controls for the 60 min and 90 min periods after ethanol administration, respectively. The results show species differences in d-amphetamine action on liver enzymes studied and indicate that d-amphetamine can interfere in the metabolism of ethanol.", "PMID": 318182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6164", "title": "14C-dopamine microinjected into the brain-stem of the rat: dispersion kinetics, site content and functional dose.", "content": "A morphological analysis was undertaken of both the dispersion characteristics and tissue content of dopamine (DA) microinjected acutely into the brain-stem of the anesthetized rat. 14C-DA, with a specific activity of 56-62 mCi/mMol, was infused unilaterally into the pars compacta of the substantia nigra in one of four test volumes: 0.5, 1.0, 4.0 or 8.0 microliters. The concentration of the 14C-DA solution was 1.0 microCi/microliter, equivalent to 3.01 micrograms/microliters, which was delivered at an injection rate of 1.0 microliter per 45 sec. At an interval of either one min or 15 min following the microinjection, the rat's brain was removed rapidly from its calvarium, flash frozen and then cut in the coronal plane on a freezing microtome in 500 micron slabs. After each of the respective serial slabs was mounted on glass, the Eik Nes-Brizzee trochar technique for the discrete removal of tissue samples was used to obtain 0.5 mm dia. cylindrical plugs of meso-diencephalic tissue at distances from the site of injection ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mm, center to center. Each sample plug was subsequently solubilized and 14C-DA activity quantitated by liquid scintillation spectrometry. The results show that regardless of volume, the spatial patterning of the microinjected solution assumes a tear-drop or pear shape, not a sphere. Further, as the volume of the injection is increased from 0.5 to 8.0 microliters, the magnitude of the dispersion of 14C-DA is enhanced throughout the surrounding parenchyma, but not in a linear fashion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "14C-dopamine microinjected into the brain-stem of the rat: dispersion kinetics, site content and functional dose. A morphological analysis was undertaken of both the dispersion characteristics and tissue content of dopamine (DA) microinjected acutely into the brain-stem of the anesthetized rat. 14C-DA, with a specific activity of 56-62 mCi/mMol, was infused unilaterally into the pars compacta of the substantia nigra in one of four test volumes: 0.5, 1.0, 4.0 or 8.0 microliters. The concentration of the 14C-DA solution was 1.0 microCi/microliter, equivalent to 3.01 micrograms/microliters, which was delivered at an injection rate of 1.0 microliter per 45 sec. At an interval of either one min or 15 min following the microinjection, the rat's brain was removed rapidly from its calvarium, flash frozen and then cut in the coronal plane on a freezing microtome in 500 micron slabs. After each of the respective serial slabs was mounted on glass, the Eik Nes-Brizzee trochar technique for the discrete removal of tissue samples was used to obtain 0.5 mm dia. cylindrical plugs of meso-diencephalic tissue at distances from the site of injection ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mm, center to center. Each sample plug was subsequently solubilized and 14C-DA activity quantitated by liquid scintillation spectrometry. The results show that regardless of volume, the spatial patterning of the microinjected solution assumes a tear-drop or pear shape, not a sphere. Further, as the volume of the injection is increased from 0.5 to 8.0 microliters, the magnitude of the dispersion of 14C-DA is enhanced throughout the surrounding parenchyma, but not in a linear fashion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "PMID": 318183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6165", "title": "Oestrogenic influences on the electrical activity of the olfactory pathway.", "content": "The influence of the oestrogenic hormones over the spontaneous and induced activity of the olfactory pathway was studied in normal female cats. Electrodes were placed chronically or acutely in the olfactory bulb (OB), olfactory tubercle (OT) and in the prepyriform cortex (PPC). Oestrogenic hormones were applied locally in the posterior hypothalamic region. Recordings were made during the two different phases of the oestral cycle. In addition, another group of castrated animals was studied. The oestral phase was induced in these cats by the subcutaneous administration of 17-beta-oestradiol. Results indicate that the pattern of the electroencephalographic spontaneous activity as well as the response induced by hypothalamic stimulation changed. The number of the bursts for each 10 sec trace was higher in oestrus than in anoestrus for all the structures studied. The duration of each burst also changed, being shorter in oestrus than in anoestrus cats. The threshold for significant bursting in the olfactory structures following hypothalamic stimulation was lower in oestrus than in anoestrus. The evoked potentials recorded in the same three olfactory structures by hypothalamic stimulation exhibited changes in correlation with the hormonal administration. In all the structures studied the amplitude of the different components of the evoked potentials increased immediately after the hormones were administered. However, the most dramatic increase was observed in the olfactory tubercle. In order to further investigate these changes in acute preparations, a study evaluating the excitability changes was conducted. Applied pulse pairs, with different interpulse intervals between 200 to 1000 msec, were delivered in the hypothalamus before and after 200 micrograms of the hormone were administered into the posterior hypothalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "Oestrogenic influences on the electrical activity of the olfactory pathway. The influence of the oestrogenic hormones over the spontaneous and induced activity of the olfactory pathway was studied in normal female cats. Electrodes were placed chronically or acutely in the olfactory bulb (OB), olfactory tubercle (OT) and in the prepyriform cortex (PPC). Oestrogenic hormones were applied locally in the posterior hypothalamic region. Recordings were made during the two different phases of the oestral cycle. In addition, another group of castrated animals was studied. The oestral phase was induced in these cats by the subcutaneous administration of 17-beta-oestradiol. Results indicate that the pattern of the electroencephalographic spontaneous activity as well as the response induced by hypothalamic stimulation changed. The number of the bursts for each 10 sec trace was higher in oestrus than in anoestrus for all the structures studied. The duration of each burst also changed, being shorter in oestrus than in anoestrus cats. The threshold for significant bursting in the olfactory structures following hypothalamic stimulation was lower in oestrus than in anoestrus. The evoked potentials recorded in the same three olfactory structures by hypothalamic stimulation exhibited changes in correlation with the hormonal administration. In all the structures studied the amplitude of the different components of the evoked potentials increased immediately after the hormones were administered. However, the most dramatic increase was observed in the olfactory tubercle. In order to further investigate these changes in acute preparations, a study evaluating the excitability changes was conducted. Applied pulse pairs, with different interpulse intervals between 200 to 1000 msec, were delivered in the hypothalamus before and after 200 micrograms of the hormone were administered into the posterior hypothalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "PMID": 318184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6166", "title": "Dopamine release within forebrain sites perfused with tetrahydroisoquinolines or tryptoline in the rat.", "content": "The localized effect of amine-aldehyde condensation products on the endogenous release of dopamine (DA) was examined in dopaminergic-rich areas of the brain. In the unanesthetized rat, dopaminergic stores were labeled by 14C-dopamine (1.0 microCi) microinjected in a volume of 1.0 microliters into the caudate nucleus, tuberculum olfactorium, nucleus accumbens or other contiguous sites within the ventral forebrain. Subsequently, each labeled site was locally perfused with an artificial CSF, by means of push-pull cannulae, at a rate of 25.0 microliters per min. Two tetrahydroisoquinolines, tetrahydropapaveroline and 4,6,7-TH-tetrahydroisoquinoline, as well as the tetrahydro-beta-carboline, tryptoline, significantly enhanced the release of 14C-DA when each alkaloid metabolite was perfused in a concentration of 250 nanograms per min. Tetrahydroisoquinoline was without effect on the local kinetics of 14C-DA, whereas salsolinol had an intermediary action on DA release. These findings suggest that an alkaloid conjugate when given in the cerebral ventricle could exert its central effects by way of a dopaminergic mechanism in the telencephalon.", "contents": "Dopamine release within forebrain sites perfused with tetrahydroisoquinolines or tryptoline in the rat. The localized effect of amine-aldehyde condensation products on the endogenous release of dopamine (DA) was examined in dopaminergic-rich areas of the brain. In the unanesthetized rat, dopaminergic stores were labeled by 14C-dopamine (1.0 microCi) microinjected in a volume of 1.0 microliters into the caudate nucleus, tuberculum olfactorium, nucleus accumbens or other contiguous sites within the ventral forebrain. Subsequently, each labeled site was locally perfused with an artificial CSF, by means of push-pull cannulae, at a rate of 25.0 microliters per min. Two tetrahydroisoquinolines, tetrahydropapaveroline and 4,6,7-TH-tetrahydroisoquinoline, as well as the tetrahydro-beta-carboline, tryptoline, significantly enhanced the release of 14C-DA when each alkaloid metabolite was perfused in a concentration of 250 nanograms per min. Tetrahydroisoquinoline was without effect on the local kinetics of 14C-DA, whereas salsolinol had an intermediary action on DA release. These findings suggest that an alkaloid conjugate when given in the cerebral ventricle could exert its central effects by way of a dopaminergic mechanism in the telencephalon.", "PMID": 318185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6167", "title": "Measurement of intracranial pressure in the unanesthetized rabbit.", "content": "A method is described for the measurement of intracranial pressure in the unanesthetized, minimally restrained rabbit utilizing a modified subarachnoid screw system. The pressures are transmitted from within the cranium via a flexible saline filled catheter to a fixed external pressure transducer. An index of the relative vertical position of the animal's skull as compared to the fixed transducer is given by means of a second open-ended pressure measuring catheter, the open end of which is fixed to the subarachnoid screw assembly on the animal's skull. The system was found to be a reliable method of measurement of intracranial pressures in the minimally restrained rabbit, and could easily be adapted to other animal species. The method is currently being used to assess the effects of fever on intracranial pressures.", "contents": "Measurement of intracranial pressure in the unanesthetized rabbit. A method is described for the measurement of intracranial pressure in the unanesthetized, minimally restrained rabbit utilizing a modified subarachnoid screw system. The pressures are transmitted from within the cranium via a flexible saline filled catheter to a fixed external pressure transducer. An index of the relative vertical position of the animal's skull as compared to the fixed transducer is given by means of a second open-ended pressure measuring catheter, the open end of which is fixed to the subarachnoid screw assembly on the animal's skull. The system was found to be a reliable method of measurement of intracranial pressures in the minimally restrained rabbit, and could easily be adapted to other animal species. The method is currently being used to assess the effects of fever on intracranial pressures.", "PMID": 318186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6168", "title": "Analysis of peptides from pigeon cerebrum: a comparison of sacrifice methods.", "content": "Peptides were extracted and fractionated from pigeon cerebrum and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, and amino acid analysis. A highly consistent pattern of peptides in the 700-5000 molecular weight range was obtained from each cerebral sample. A comparison was also made between cerebral peptide patterns obtained from animals sacrificed by decapitation with those from animals sacrificed by microwave irradiation. Amino acid analysis of the peptide fraction from microwaved and decapitated animals revealed slight differences in the amount and incidence of various amino acids. These differences may be due to post-mortem proteolysis in the cerebra of decapitated pigeons prior to homogenization and freezing.", "contents": "Analysis of peptides from pigeon cerebrum: a comparison of sacrifice methods. Peptides were extracted and fractionated from pigeon cerebrum and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, and amino acid analysis. A highly consistent pattern of peptides in the 700-5000 molecular weight range was obtained from each cerebral sample. A comparison was also made between cerebral peptide patterns obtained from animals sacrificed by decapitation with those from animals sacrificed by microwave irradiation. Amino acid analysis of the peptide fraction from microwaved and decapitated animals revealed slight differences in the amount and incidence of various amino acids. These differences may be due to post-mortem proteolysis in the cerebra of decapitated pigeons prior to homogenization and freezing.", "PMID": 318188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6169", "title": "Analgesia produced by direct injection of morphine into the mesencephalic reticular formation.", "content": "Morphine administered intracerebrally (IC) (10 micrograms as the base on each side) into the MRF produced a significant dose dependent elevation of nociceptive threshold (i.e., analgesia) on the tail flick test and hemostat pinch test. However, morphine IC at lower doses had no analgesic effect. After morphine was injected IC (10 micrograms, bilaterally) into the MRF, naloxone, a specific narcotic antagonist, administered either IC at the same site (15 micrograms, bilaterally) or subcutaneously (10 mg/kg), antagonized the antinociceptive effects of morphine. Thirty percent of the animals given bilateral microinjection of 10 micrograms of morphine displayed hyperreactivity to mild stimuli. This hyperreactivity was not attenuated by large IC or systemic doses of naloxone. It was concluded that the MRF is a site where morphine may act to produce analgesia by a specific narcotic mechanism of action.", "contents": "Analgesia produced by direct injection of morphine into the mesencephalic reticular formation. Morphine administered intracerebrally (IC) (10 micrograms as the base on each side) into the MRF produced a significant dose dependent elevation of nociceptive threshold (i.e., analgesia) on the tail flick test and hemostat pinch test. However, morphine IC at lower doses had no analgesic effect. After morphine was injected IC (10 micrograms, bilaterally) into the MRF, naloxone, a specific narcotic antagonist, administered either IC at the same site (15 micrograms, bilaterally) or subcutaneously (10 mg/kg), antagonized the antinociceptive effects of morphine. Thirty percent of the animals given bilateral microinjection of 10 micrograms of morphine displayed hyperreactivity to mild stimuli. This hyperreactivity was not attenuated by large IC or systemic doses of naloxone. It was concluded that the MRF is a site where morphine may act to produce analgesia by a specific narcotic mechanism of action.", "PMID": 318189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6170", "title": "Reduction of distress vocalization in chicks by opiate-like peptides.", "content": "All the opiate-like peptides we tested (Met-enkephalin, (D-Ala2)-Met-enkephalin-NH2, beta-endorphin, (D-Ala2)-beta-endorphin, (D-Ala2)-alpha-endorphin, (D-Ala2)-gamma-endorphin) were capable of reducing distress vocalizations (DV's) in socially-isolated chicks when injected into the vicinity of the fourth ventricle in doses as low as 100 picomoles. All of these substances were at least as potent as equimolar doses of morphine sulfate. In general, DV's were a more sensitive measure of opiate-like peptide effects than reductions in body temperature. In a more limited study using peripheral injections, it was determined that (D-Ala2)-Met-enkephalin at doses of 400 nanomoles/kg, like morphine sulfate, was more effective in reducing DV's, than an equimolar dose of beta-endorphin. beta-endorphin was not as effective via a peripheral route as it was via central administration.", "contents": "Reduction of distress vocalization in chicks by opiate-like peptides. All the opiate-like peptides we tested (Met-enkephalin, (D-Ala2)-Met-enkephalin-NH2, beta-endorphin, (D-Ala2)-beta-endorphin, (D-Ala2)-alpha-endorphin, (D-Ala2)-gamma-endorphin) were capable of reducing distress vocalizations (DV's) in socially-isolated chicks when injected into the vicinity of the fourth ventricle in doses as low as 100 picomoles. All of these substances were at least as potent as equimolar doses of morphine sulfate. In general, DV's were a more sensitive measure of opiate-like peptide effects than reductions in body temperature. In a more limited study using peripheral injections, it was determined that (D-Ala2)-Met-enkephalin at doses of 400 nanomoles/kg, like morphine sulfate, was more effective in reducing DV's, than an equimolar dose of beta-endorphin. beta-endorphin was not as effective via a peripheral route as it was via central administration.", "PMID": 318190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6171", "title": "Procedure for the decerebration of the rat.", "content": "A procedure for the decerebration of the rat was devised. The internal and external carotid arteries were ligated under halothane anesthesia. A transection was made at the mid-collicular level of the brain and the transected forebrain was removed. The posterior communicating arteries were occluded by suction and oxidized cellulose was packed around these vessels. The cut surface of the brain was covered with oxidized cellulose and the cranial cavity was filled with cotton balls. Head-up tilt, carotid occlusion and sodium cyanide responses indicated that the orthostatic, baro-, and chemo- reflexes were intact in these preparations. The stability of the preparation (for at least 8-10 hr) and the integrity of these reflexes indicate that the decerebrate rat may be a suitable alternative for studies involving brain stem regulatory mechanisms in this species when it is desirable to avoid general anesthetics.", "contents": "Procedure for the decerebration of the rat. A procedure for the decerebration of the rat was devised. The internal and external carotid arteries were ligated under halothane anesthesia. A transection was made at the mid-collicular level of the brain and the transected forebrain was removed. The posterior communicating arteries were occluded by suction and oxidized cellulose was packed around these vessels. The cut surface of the brain was covered with oxidized cellulose and the cranial cavity was filled with cotton balls. Head-up tilt, carotid occlusion and sodium cyanide responses indicated that the orthostatic, baro-, and chemo- reflexes were intact in these preparations. The stability of the preparation (for at least 8-10 hr) and the integrity of these reflexes indicate that the decerebrate rat may be a suitable alternative for studies involving brain stem regulatory mechanisms in this species when it is desirable to avoid general anesthetics.", "PMID": 318191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6172", "title": "Caudate afferents from the retrorubral nucleus and other midbrain areas in the cat.", "content": "In order to clarify which midbrain areas project to the caudate nucleus (Cd), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was deposited in the Cd of 13 cats. Midbrain sections were reacted with diaminobenzidine and sometimes with cobaltous chloride to intensify the reaction, and then examined for retrograde labelling. Afferents to the Cd were found arising from the following ipsilateral midbrain areas: pars compacta, pars reticulata, and pars lateralis of the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area of Tsai, interpeduncular nucleus, central tegmental field, and the retrorubral nucleus (RR) of Berman, which lies caudal to the red nucleus and dorsal to the medial lemniscus. HRP labelled cells were also found within the \"cell bridges\" which lie between SN and RR, composed of neurons among the fascicles of the medial lemniscus. Acute lesions placed in the area of the lateral hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle prior to HRP injection blocked HRP uptake in the ipsilateral SN, RR, and cell bridges. Thus, the SN, RR and connecting cell bridges share, at least in part, a pathway to the Cd in the cat.", "contents": "Caudate afferents from the retrorubral nucleus and other midbrain areas in the cat. In order to clarify which midbrain areas project to the caudate nucleus (Cd), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was deposited in the Cd of 13 cats. Midbrain sections were reacted with diaminobenzidine and sometimes with cobaltous chloride to intensify the reaction, and then examined for retrograde labelling. Afferents to the Cd were found arising from the following ipsilateral midbrain areas: pars compacta, pars reticulata, and pars lateralis of the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area of Tsai, interpeduncular nucleus, central tegmental field, and the retrorubral nucleus (RR) of Berman, which lies caudal to the red nucleus and dorsal to the medial lemniscus. HRP labelled cells were also found within the \"cell bridges\" which lie between SN and RR, composed of neurons among the fascicles of the medial lemniscus. Acute lesions placed in the area of the lateral hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle prior to HRP injection blocked HRP uptake in the ipsilateral SN, RR, and cell bridges. Thus, the SN, RR and connecting cell bridges share, at least in part, a pathway to the Cd in the cat.", "PMID": 318187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6173", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of DSIP-like material in rat brain.", "content": "Antibodies generated in a rabbit by immunization with synthetic delta-sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) showed no cross-reactivity with 19 naturally-occurring peptides or analogues and were used to establish a radioimmunoassay. Since DSIP is not readily iodinated by conventional methods, N-Tyr-DSIP was synthesized to prepare the tracer; the dose-response curve for N-Tyr-DSIP was exactly parallel to that for DSIP. With this assay, DSIP-like immunoreactivity was detected in the brain of rats. The highest brain values were found in the thalamus (11.9 +/- 1.3 pg/mg). The widespread presence of DSIP-like material throughout the body as well as the shared amino acid sequences of DSIP with other proteins suggest caution in defining the material being measured by this new assay. Nevertheless, the demonstration of DSIP-like activity in brain tissue and elsewhere warrants consideration of functions in addition to a possible role in sleep.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of DSIP-like material in rat brain. Antibodies generated in a rabbit by immunization with synthetic delta-sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) showed no cross-reactivity with 19 naturally-occurring peptides or analogues and were used to establish a radioimmunoassay. Since DSIP is not readily iodinated by conventional methods, N-Tyr-DSIP was synthesized to prepare the tracer; the dose-response curve for N-Tyr-DSIP was exactly parallel to that for DSIP. With this assay, DSIP-like immunoreactivity was detected in the brain of rats. The highest brain values were found in the thalamus (11.9 +/- 1.3 pg/mg). The widespread presence of DSIP-like material throughout the body as well as the shared amino acid sequences of DSIP with other proteins suggest caution in defining the material being measured by this new assay. Nevertheless, the demonstration of DSIP-like activity in brain tissue and elsewhere warrants consideration of functions in addition to a possible role in sleep.", "PMID": 318193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6174", "title": "Micro-injections in the avian embryo: technical notes.", "content": "Procedures and instrumentation are described for making micro-injections into early avian embryos. Tools for implementing injection include support probes and micro-cannula adapters, both of which greatly reduce embryonic insult. Using these instruments, viability following certain early embryonic injections has been shown to increase from 29 to 95%.", "contents": "Micro-injections in the avian embryo: technical notes. Procedures and instrumentation are described for making micro-injections into early avian embryos. Tools for implementing injection include support probes and micro-cannula adapters, both of which greatly reduce embryonic insult. Using these instruments, viability following certain early embryonic injections has been shown to increase from 29 to 95%.", "PMID": 318195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6175", "title": "Utilization of 14C-tyrosine in brain and peripheral tissues of developmentally protein malnourished rats.", "content": "Prior studies of developmentally protein malnourished rats have reported substantial changes in brain and peripheral utilization of 14C-leucine, 14C-phenylalanine, and 14C-tryptophan. In the present study rats born to dams fed a low protein diet (8% casein) compared to the offspring of control rats fed a normal diet (25% casein) showed few significant differences in the uptake and incorporation of 14C-tyrosine into brain and peripheral tissues from birth to age 21 days. At birth, the 8% casein pups exhibited significant decreases in brain and peripheral tissue incorporation of tracer only at short post-injection times (10 and 20 min), but not at longer intervals (90 and 180 min). During ontogenetic development (Days 5-21), the 8% casein rats showed significant increases in uptake of 14C-tyrosine into the brain and peripheral tissues on Day 11 and a significantly higher percent incorporation of tracer into brain protein on Day 21 as compared to the 25% casein rats. For the most part, there were no significant changes in incorporation of radioactivity in peripheral tissues for the 2 diet groups on these post-birth days. Overall, the data indicates that developmental protein malnutrition causes relatively fewer changes in brain and peripheral utilization of the semi-essential amino acid tyrosine than those observed in previous studies with essential amino acids.", "contents": "Utilization of 14C-tyrosine in brain and peripheral tissues of developmentally protein malnourished rats. Prior studies of developmentally protein malnourished rats have reported substantial changes in brain and peripheral utilization of 14C-leucine, 14C-phenylalanine, and 14C-tryptophan. In the present study rats born to dams fed a low protein diet (8% casein) compared to the offspring of control rats fed a normal diet (25% casein) showed few significant differences in the uptake and incorporation of 14C-tyrosine into brain and peripheral tissues from birth to age 21 days. At birth, the 8% casein pups exhibited significant decreases in brain and peripheral tissue incorporation of tracer only at short post-injection times (10 and 20 min), but not at longer intervals (90 and 180 min). During ontogenetic development (Days 5-21), the 8% casein rats showed significant increases in uptake of 14C-tyrosine into the brain and peripheral tissues on Day 11 and a significantly higher percent incorporation of tracer into brain protein on Day 21 as compared to the 25% casein rats. For the most part, there were no significant changes in incorporation of radioactivity in peripheral tissues for the 2 diet groups on these post-birth days. Overall, the data indicates that developmental protein malnutrition causes relatively fewer changes in brain and peripheral utilization of the semi-essential amino acid tyrosine than those observed in previous studies with essential amino acids.", "PMID": 318192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6176", "title": "Distribution of prostaglandins E and F in different regions of the rat brain.", "content": "The regional distribution of prostaglandins E and F in 24 different areas of the rat brain was studied. For bioassay the rat uterine horn preparation was used. Prior to bioassay the samples were purified with organic solvents and in some cases by chromatography on silica as well. For measurement of PGF2 alpha content in certain areas a radioimmunoassay was used. Each region was found to contain prostaglandins but in uneven concentrations. Highest concentration, related to the protein content, was present in the median eminence, 57.6 ng PGE and 34.4 ng PGF per mg protein. Parietal cortex, olfactory tubercle, cerebellar cortex, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, and paraventricular nucleus are also rich in prostaglandins. Low values were found in frontal cortex, thalamus, and septum. The distribution of prostaglandins throughout the areas examined do not show any direct correlation with that of transmitter substances. The uneven distribution can be attributed to differences in the endogenous biosynthetic capacity of each region.", "contents": "Distribution of prostaglandins E and F in different regions of the rat brain. The regional distribution of prostaglandins E and F in 24 different areas of the rat brain was studied. For bioassay the rat uterine horn preparation was used. Prior to bioassay the samples were purified with organic solvents and in some cases by chromatography on silica as well. For measurement of PGF2 alpha content in certain areas a radioimmunoassay was used. Each region was found to contain prostaglandins but in uneven concentrations. Highest concentration, related to the protein content, was present in the median eminence, 57.6 ng PGE and 34.4 ng PGF per mg protein. Parietal cortex, olfactory tubercle, cerebellar cortex, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, and paraventricular nucleus are also rich in prostaglandins. Low values were found in frontal cortex, thalamus, and septum. The distribution of prostaglandins throughout the areas examined do not show any direct correlation with that of transmitter substances. The uneven distribution can be attributed to differences in the endogenous biosynthetic capacity of each region.", "PMID": 318197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6177", "title": "Suprachiasmatic nucleus responsiveness to photic and basal hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "In view of the demonstrated role of light and of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the maintenance of circadian rhythms related to endocrine functions and as the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) controls neuroendocrine activity, the effects of light and MBH stimulation on the electrical activity of SCN neurons were studied in rats. Out of 253 cells studied in the SCN, 32 cells were antidromically activated, while 65 cells responded orthodromically to MBH stimulation. In another series of experiments out of 95 suprachiasmatic neurons, 11 were antidromically activated by MBH stimulation and 18 different SCN cells responded to continuous light. The present data, which demonstrate photic responses in suprachiasmatic neurons and direct projections from the SCN to MBH, are discussed in view of the current knowledge on the role of the retinohypothalamic tract and the SCN in the control of circadian rhythms.", "contents": "Suprachiasmatic nucleus responsiveness to photic and basal hypothalamic stimulation. In view of the demonstrated role of light and of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the maintenance of circadian rhythms related to endocrine functions and as the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) controls neuroendocrine activity, the effects of light and MBH stimulation on the electrical activity of SCN neurons were studied in rats. Out of 253 cells studied in the SCN, 32 cells were antidromically activated, while 65 cells responded orthodromically to MBH stimulation. In another series of experiments out of 95 suprachiasmatic neurons, 11 were antidromically activated by MBH stimulation and 18 different SCN cells responded to continuous light. The present data, which demonstrate photic responses in suprachiasmatic neurons and direct projections from the SCN to MBH, are discussed in view of the current knowledge on the role of the retinohypothalamic tract and the SCN in the control of circadian rhythms.", "PMID": 318194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6178", "title": "Three-dimensional plotting of neuronal population response patterns.", "content": "A computer technique is described for generating three-dimensional plots of the distribution of spike activity in neuronal populations. Data obtained from single neurons in the sensorimotor cerebral cortex of cats are used to plot spike density with respect to depth in the cortex and time following a cutaneous stimulus. The computer programs include a masking (hidden line) subroutine and produce a cross-hatched plot showing the rise and fall of neuronal activity in both space and time. By manipulation of the data matrix and by axis rotations, the plot can be viewed from any desired perspective. This method constitutes a powerful technique for analyzing the spatio-temporal response patterns of neuronal populations. The significance of neuronal population responses for encoding stimulus information and predicting behavior is discussed. Note: Details concerning the computer programs developed for this plotting technique may be obtained from the Division of Systems and Computer Services, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30901.", "contents": "Three-dimensional plotting of neuronal population response patterns. A computer technique is described for generating three-dimensional plots of the distribution of spike activity in neuronal populations. Data obtained from single neurons in the sensorimotor cerebral cortex of cats are used to plot spike density with respect to depth in the cortex and time following a cutaneous stimulus. The computer programs include a masking (hidden line) subroutine and produce a cross-hatched plot showing the rise and fall of neuronal activity in both space and time. By manipulation of the data matrix and by axis rotations, the plot can be viewed from any desired perspective. This method constitutes a powerful technique for analyzing the spatio-temporal response patterns of neuronal populations. The significance of neuronal population responses for encoding stimulus information and predicting behavior is discussed. Note: Details concerning the computer programs developed for this plotting technique may be obtained from the Division of Systems and Computer Services, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30901.", "PMID": 318198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6179", "title": "Development of habituation in the dentate gyrus of rat: physiology and anatomy.", "content": "The physiological development of monosynaptic response habituation in the rat dentate gyrus was compared to morphological development. Rapid Golgi techniques were coupled with in vitro studies of dentate granule cell habituation to several frequencies and intensities of monosynaptic excitation. Except for the youngest group, the degree of habituation increased as a function of age, paralleling the morphological development.", "contents": "Development of habituation in the dentate gyrus of rat: physiology and anatomy. The physiological development of monosynaptic response habituation in the rat dentate gyrus was compared to morphological development. Rapid Golgi techniques were coupled with in vitro studies of dentate granule cell habituation to several frequencies and intensities of monosynaptic excitation. Except for the youngest group, the degree of habituation increased as a function of age, paralleling the morphological development.", "PMID": 318199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6180", "title": "Effect of avian basal forebrain lesions, including septum, on heart rate conditioning.", "content": "The possible involvement of basal telencephalic structures in visually conditioned heart rate change (established by pairing light and foot-shock) was studied in 156 pigeons by evaluating conditioning performance following lesions of the septum or lobus parolfactorius. Extensive destruction of the septal complex had no effect on either the orienting response or the development of the conditioned response. Lesions of the lobus parolfactorius did not affect the orienting response or overall conditioned response levels, but it did slightly prolong the latency of the conditioned heart rate change. It is concluded that the septum, despite its being cardioactive, is not involved in conditioned heart rate change and that the lobus parolfactorius participates minimally. Thus, of the principal limbic structures of the avian telencephalon, only the amygdalar homologue appears critical in this defensive conditioning task [3].", "contents": "Effect of avian basal forebrain lesions, including septum, on heart rate conditioning. The possible involvement of basal telencephalic structures in visually conditioned heart rate change (established by pairing light and foot-shock) was studied in 156 pigeons by evaluating conditioning performance following lesions of the septum or lobus parolfactorius. Extensive destruction of the septal complex had no effect on either the orienting response or the development of the conditioned response. Lesions of the lobus parolfactorius did not affect the orienting response or overall conditioned response levels, but it did slightly prolong the latency of the conditioned heart rate change. It is concluded that the septum, despite its being cardioactive, is not involved in conditioned heart rate change and that the lobus parolfactorius participates minimally. Thus, of the principal limbic structures of the avian telencephalon, only the amygdalar homologue appears critical in this defensive conditioning task [3].", "PMID": 318200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6181", "title": "Principal neurons of the basilar pons as the source of a recurrent collateral system.", "content": "The basilar pontine nuclei in the opossum are composed of two general categories of neurons, intrinsic cells and the principal or projection neurons. Observations from Golgi material indicate that principal neurons whose primary axons project to the cerebellar cortex may also give rise to recurrent branches distributing within the pontine gray. Such collaterals were observed to arise near the soma and at some distance from the cell body of the parent axon. The electron microscopic correlate of such a system was identified in the basilar pontine neuropil in animals subjected to lesions of the cerebellar cortex. These lesions destroyed mossy terminals and their parent axons and thus initiated a retrograde reaction in basilar pontine projection neurons which manifested itself in the form of morphologic alterations observed in somata, dendrites, and a class of axonal boutons. Similar altered axon terminals were not observed in control material and did not correspond to the terminals of cerebello-pontine axons described in previous work. It was therefore suggested that such boutons represented the terminals of the recurrent collateral system observed in Golgi material.", "contents": "Principal neurons of the basilar pons as the source of a recurrent collateral system. The basilar pontine nuclei in the opossum are composed of two general categories of neurons, intrinsic cells and the principal or projection neurons. Observations from Golgi material indicate that principal neurons whose primary axons project to the cerebellar cortex may also give rise to recurrent branches distributing within the pontine gray. Such collaterals were observed to arise near the soma and at some distance from the cell body of the parent axon. The electron microscopic correlate of such a system was identified in the basilar pontine neuropil in animals subjected to lesions of the cerebellar cortex. These lesions destroyed mossy terminals and their parent axons and thus initiated a retrograde reaction in basilar pontine projection neurons which manifested itself in the form of morphologic alterations observed in somata, dendrites, and a class of axonal boutons. Similar altered axon terminals were not observed in control material and did not correspond to the terminals of cerebello-pontine axons described in previous work. It was therefore suggested that such boutons represented the terminals of the recurrent collateral system observed in Golgi material.", "PMID": 318201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6182", "title": "Anatomic evidence suggestive of dendrodendritic synapses in the opossum basilar pons.", "content": "In Golgi-prepared material, opossum basilar pontine intrinsic neurons measured less than 22 microns and gave origin to only two or three primary dendrites which gradually tapered in diameter, branched infrequently and exhibited few spines or protrusions. Characteristically, such neurons gave rise to several axon-like processes which might take origin from proximal or distal dendrites as well as the soma. Morphologically similar neurons have been observed in several other regions throughout the CNS where they have been shown to be a source of presynaptic dendritic elements. That opossum basilar pontine intrinsic neurons might also give rise to presynaptic dendrites was supported by the following electron microscopic observations. Profiles containing a small cluster of pleomorphic vesicles, occasional ribosomes and numerous microtubules formed synaptic active sites in which the membrane densities were intermediate between Gray's type I and type II. Such presumed presynaptic dendritic profiles were observed to participate in serial synaptic arrangements in which they were always postsynaptic to a round vesicle bouton and presynaptic to another dendritic element. The above features are compatible with electron microscopic descriptions of presynaptic dendrites in other CNS regions and thus suggest that basilar pontine intrinsic neurons may represent a source of presynaptic dendritic elements.", "contents": "Anatomic evidence suggestive of dendrodendritic synapses in the opossum basilar pons. In Golgi-prepared material, opossum basilar pontine intrinsic neurons measured less than 22 microns and gave origin to only two or three primary dendrites which gradually tapered in diameter, branched infrequently and exhibited few spines or protrusions. Characteristically, such neurons gave rise to several axon-like processes which might take origin from proximal or distal dendrites as well as the soma. Morphologically similar neurons have been observed in several other regions throughout the CNS where they have been shown to be a source of presynaptic dendritic elements. That opossum basilar pontine intrinsic neurons might also give rise to presynaptic dendrites was supported by the following electron microscopic observations. Profiles containing a small cluster of pleomorphic vesicles, occasional ribosomes and numerous microtubules formed synaptic active sites in which the membrane densities were intermediate between Gray's type I and type II. Such presumed presynaptic dendritic profiles were observed to participate in serial synaptic arrangements in which they were always postsynaptic to a round vesicle bouton and presynaptic to another dendritic element. The above features are compatible with electron microscopic descriptions of presynaptic dendrites in other CNS regions and thus suggest that basilar pontine intrinsic neurons may represent a source of presynaptic dendritic elements.", "PMID": 318202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6183", "title": "Cocaine and pseudococaine: comparative effects on electrical after-discharge in the limbic system of cats.", "content": "The effects of cocaine and its dextroisomer pseudococaine on electrical after-discharge (AD) evoked by electrical stimulation of the hippocampus or amygdala were studied in cats with electrodes implanted in the brain. Intravenous injection of cocaine (2.0 to 4.0 mg/kg doses) produced a suppressive effect on the AD while producing low-voltage fast waves (LVFWs) in the electrical activities of the brain (EEG) associated with behavioral excitation. In contrast, pseudococaine at the same dose as cocaine failed to show a significant suppressive effect on the AD except at high doses (5.0 mg/kg). Pseudococaine produced high-voltage slow waves (HVSWs) in the EEG associated with behavioral depression. A linear dose-response relationship was observed for the suppressive effect of cocaine on the AD. The results suggested that the limbic system may be involved as a primary site of action of cocaine in the central nervous system (CNS).", "contents": "Cocaine and pseudococaine: comparative effects on electrical after-discharge in the limbic system of cats. The effects of cocaine and its dextroisomer pseudococaine on electrical after-discharge (AD) evoked by electrical stimulation of the hippocampus or amygdala were studied in cats with electrodes implanted in the brain. Intravenous injection of cocaine (2.0 to 4.0 mg/kg doses) produced a suppressive effect on the AD while producing low-voltage fast waves (LVFWs) in the electrical activities of the brain (EEG) associated with behavioral excitation. In contrast, pseudococaine at the same dose as cocaine failed to show a significant suppressive effect on the AD except at high doses (5.0 mg/kg). Pseudococaine produced high-voltage slow waves (HVSWs) in the EEG associated with behavioral depression. A linear dose-response relationship was observed for the suppressive effect of cocaine on the AD. The results suggested that the limbic system may be involved as a primary site of action of cocaine in the central nervous system (CNS).", "PMID": 318203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6184", "title": "Intracranial self-stimulation site specificity: the myth of current spread.", "content": "Locus-specificity of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was determined for 78 electrode placements using monophasic stimulation. ICSS rate comparisons between each pole of a bipolar electrode when each served as cathode were made when the anodal source was either the other pole of the bipolar electrode or a skull screw. In hypothalamic areas, medial forebrain bundle electrode tips elicited significantly higher rates than electrode tips of the same bipolar electrodes located in perifornical or far-lateral diencephalic placements. In turn, perifornical electrode tips elicited higher rates than more dorsally or medially placed tips. In dorsal pontine areas, locus coeruleus electrode tips elicited significantly higher rates than more medially or laterally placed tips. In periaqueductal midbrain and substantia nigra placements, tips located along the midline or in the substantia nigra elicited significantly higher rates than tips located lateral to or ventral to those respective structures. Anodal locus did not change these results. These results suggest that ICSS behavior is delimited by and corresponds to neuroanatomically discrete entities and that cathodal, rather than anodal factors seem to most crucially determine ICSS integrity.", "contents": "Intracranial self-stimulation site specificity: the myth of current spread. Locus-specificity of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was determined for 78 electrode placements using monophasic stimulation. ICSS rate comparisons between each pole of a bipolar electrode when each served as cathode were made when the anodal source was either the other pole of the bipolar electrode or a skull screw. In hypothalamic areas, medial forebrain bundle electrode tips elicited significantly higher rates than electrode tips of the same bipolar electrodes located in perifornical or far-lateral diencephalic placements. In turn, perifornical electrode tips elicited higher rates than more dorsally or medially placed tips. In dorsal pontine areas, locus coeruleus electrode tips elicited significantly higher rates than more medially or laterally placed tips. In periaqueductal midbrain and substantia nigra placements, tips located along the midline or in the substantia nigra elicited significantly higher rates than tips located lateral to or ventral to those respective structures. Anodal locus did not change these results. These results suggest that ICSS behavior is delimited by and corresponds to neuroanatomically discrete entities and that cathodal, rather than anodal factors seem to most crucially determine ICSS integrity.", "PMID": 318204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6185", "title": "Adrenergic stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus and its effects on ingestive behavior as a function of drug dose and time of injection in the light-dark cycle.", "content": "The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has been identified as the most responsive site in the brain for eliciting feeding and preprandial drinking responses with local injection of norepinephrine (NE) in satiated rats. The present study examined these phenomena as a function of dose and time of injection in the light-dark cycle. The lowest effective doses for producing these ingestive responses with exogenous NE in the PVN are found to be between 5.6 and 16.9 ng for preprandial drinking and between 1.0 and 4.2 ng for feeding. Tests with NE injection into the PVN at different times in the light-dark cycle indicate that an increase in feeding effect can occur in the dark as well as in the light and at varying levels of food intake baseline and with solid and liquid food. Site of injection in the brain is believed to be a crucial factor in determining the nature of NE's effects on feeding behavior.", "contents": "Adrenergic stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus and its effects on ingestive behavior as a function of drug dose and time of injection in the light-dark cycle. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has been identified as the most responsive site in the brain for eliciting feeding and preprandial drinking responses with local injection of norepinephrine (NE) in satiated rats. The present study examined these phenomena as a function of dose and time of injection in the light-dark cycle. The lowest effective doses for producing these ingestive responses with exogenous NE in the PVN are found to be between 5.6 and 16.9 ng for preprandial drinking and between 1.0 and 4.2 ng for feeding. Tests with NE injection into the PVN at different times in the light-dark cycle indicate that an increase in feeding effect can occur in the dark as well as in the light and at varying levels of food intake baseline and with solid and liquid food. Site of injection in the brain is believed to be a crucial factor in determining the nature of NE's effects on feeding behavior.", "PMID": 318205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6186", "title": "DNA synthetic ability in cerebella from temperature and handling stressed neonatal rats.", "content": "DNA synthetic ability of neonatal rat cerebellum was studied in two stressful conditions (cooling and excessive handling) which may be inadvertently imposed during the course of certain experiments. A rate study of the ability of animals handled excessively for 10 min to incorporate 14C-thymidine into the DNA tissue fraction (DNAF) from the acid soluble tissue fraction (ASF) of the cerebellum revealed a decreased DNA synthetic ability which lasted for 1 hr. Animals with very low core temperatures incorporated little 14C into the DNAF from the ASF 2 hr after an IP injection of 14C-thymidine. There was a proportional decrease in the ability to synthesize DNA as core temperature decreased.", "contents": "DNA synthetic ability in cerebella from temperature and handling stressed neonatal rats. DNA synthetic ability of neonatal rat cerebellum was studied in two stressful conditions (cooling and excessive handling) which may be inadvertently imposed during the course of certain experiments. A rate study of the ability of animals handled excessively for 10 min to incorporate 14C-thymidine into the DNA tissue fraction (DNAF) from the acid soluble tissue fraction (ASF) of the cerebellum revealed a decreased DNA synthetic ability which lasted for 1 hr. Animals with very low core temperatures incorporated little 14C into the DNAF from the ASF 2 hr after an IP injection of 14C-thymidine. There was a proportional decrease in the ability to synthesize DNA as core temperature decreased.", "PMID": 318206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6187", "title": "Quantification of cell death in developing cerebellum by a 14C tracer method.", "content": "To study the question of whether or not cell death contributes significantly to normal or stressed postnatal brain development in a way which is biochemically quantifiable, we carried out an experiment to assess the amount of cell death in developing cerebellum. By measuring the loss of DNA content and the loss of 14C from labelled thymidine previously incorporated into the DNA fraction (DNAF) in X-irradiated neonatal animals, shown by histological methods to have cell death to the degree of degranulating the external granular layer (EGL), we showed that when cells die both label and DNA content are greatly decreased in the cerebellum. Experiments on both normal and malnourished animals showed that cell death does not contribute significantly to cerebellar development in either malnutrition-stressed or normal animals. Here, we present a biochemical tool for assessing cell death and evidence that cell death does not contribute significantly to cerebellar development.", "contents": "Quantification of cell death in developing cerebellum by a 14C tracer method. To study the question of whether or not cell death contributes significantly to normal or stressed postnatal brain development in a way which is biochemically quantifiable, we carried out an experiment to assess the amount of cell death in developing cerebellum. By measuring the loss of DNA content and the loss of 14C from labelled thymidine previously incorporated into the DNA fraction (DNAF) in X-irradiated neonatal animals, shown by histological methods to have cell death to the degree of degranulating the external granular layer (EGL), we showed that when cells die both label and DNA content are greatly decreased in the cerebellum. Experiments on both normal and malnourished animals showed that cell death does not contribute significantly to cerebellar development in either malnutrition-stressed or normal animals. Here, we present a biochemical tool for assessing cell death and evidence that cell death does not contribute significantly to cerebellar development.", "PMID": 318207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6188", "title": "The topographic organization of hypothalamic and brain stem projections to the hippocampus.", "content": "Direct projections primarily ipsilateral to hippocampus from medial septal, diagonal band, supramammillary, submammillothalamic, locus coeruleus, and dorsal and medianus raphe nuclei were demonstrated. The locus coeruleus projects primarily through the cingulum and fornix superior to the dorsal posterior hippocampus, with its terminal fields in the stratum lacunosum moleculare of the subiculum and areas CA 1-CA 2 of the dorsal posterior hippocampus. LC projections to the granular layer of the dentate hilus were not found. Raphe nuclei project through the cingulum, fornix superior, and primarily the fimbria, to the dorsal and ventral posterior hippocampus, with their terminal fields in the stratum lacunosum moleculare of the dorsal posterior subicular region, stratum radiatum of CA 1-CA 3 in the dorsal hippocampus, and the stratum polymorph of the dentate gyrus, primarily in its superficial part. Raphe projections to the anterior hippocampal rudiment were found. However, no projection was found to the subiculum of the ventral posterior hippocampus, nor to stratum oriens. Hypothalamic nuclei project through the fornix superior and the fimbria, mainly to the dorsal posterior hippocampus with abundant terminal fibers in the depth of the dentate hilus. Smaller cells in these hypothalamic nuclei appear projecting to the ventral hippocampus. The number of neurons in the entorhinal area, the diagonal band, and the hypothalamic nuclei projecting to the hippocampus suggests these groups as the main sources of the extrinsic hippocampal afferents. In addition, they may also serve as relay stations for inputs from more caudal nuclei, and the topographic organization of their terminal fields as described herein may have important functional implications.", "contents": "The topographic organization of hypothalamic and brain stem projections to the hippocampus. Direct projections primarily ipsilateral to hippocampus from medial septal, diagonal band, supramammillary, submammillothalamic, locus coeruleus, and dorsal and medianus raphe nuclei were demonstrated. The locus coeruleus projects primarily through the cingulum and fornix superior to the dorsal posterior hippocampus, with its terminal fields in the stratum lacunosum moleculare of the subiculum and areas CA 1-CA 2 of the dorsal posterior hippocampus. LC projections to the granular layer of the dentate hilus were not found. Raphe nuclei project through the cingulum, fornix superior, and primarily the fimbria, to the dorsal and ventral posterior hippocampus, with their terminal fields in the stratum lacunosum moleculare of the dorsal posterior subicular region, stratum radiatum of CA 1-CA 3 in the dorsal hippocampus, and the stratum polymorph of the dentate gyrus, primarily in its superficial part. Raphe projections to the anterior hippocampal rudiment were found. However, no projection was found to the subiculum of the ventral posterior hippocampus, nor to stratum oriens. Hypothalamic nuclei project through the fornix superior and the fimbria, mainly to the dorsal posterior hippocampus with abundant terminal fibers in the depth of the dentate hilus. Smaller cells in these hypothalamic nuclei appear projecting to the ventral hippocampus. The number of neurons in the entorhinal area, the diagonal band, and the hypothalamic nuclei projecting to the hippocampus suggests these groups as the main sources of the extrinsic hippocampal afferents. In addition, they may also serve as relay stations for inputs from more caudal nuclei, and the topographic organization of their terminal fields as described herein may have important functional implications.", "PMID": 318208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6189", "title": "Covalent coupling of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase.", "content": "Optimal conditions have been determined for the coupling of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase (Phe H) to cyanogen bromide-Sepharose 4B. When 8 mg of ligand was reacted with 100 mg of matrix, 20 to 30 percent of the initial enzyme activity was covalently bound along with 90 percent of the protein. The coupled enzyme showed greater thermal stability from 40 degrees to 60 degrees, a broader base of optimal pH activity from 5.8 to 10.0, more resistance to proteolysis and less inhibition by various inhibitors. The uncoupled enzyme exhibited greater storage stability at 25 degrees after 24 hr and at 0 degrees after 18 days. Alteration of the microenvironment by introduction of sulfhydryl groups or of carriers having positive or negative charges had variable effects on the hydroxylase activity.", "contents": "Covalent coupling of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase. Optimal conditions have been determined for the coupling of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase (Phe H) to cyanogen bromide-Sepharose 4B. When 8 mg of ligand was reacted with 100 mg of matrix, 20 to 30 percent of the initial enzyme activity was covalently bound along with 90 percent of the protein. The coupled enzyme showed greater thermal stability from 40 degrees to 60 degrees, a broader base of optimal pH activity from 5.8 to 10.0, more resistance to proteolysis and less inhibition by various inhibitors. The uncoupled enzyme exhibited greater storage stability at 25 degrees after 24 hr and at 0 degrees after 18 days. Alteration of the microenvironment by introduction of sulfhydryl groups or of carriers having positive or negative charges had variable effects on the hydroxylase activity.", "PMID": 318209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6190", "title": "Unilateral cortical spreading depression in the rat: effects on feeding, drinking and other behaviors.", "content": "The effects of unilateral cortical spreading depression (CSD) on feeding, drinking and other behaviors were studied in rats. CSD waves were elicited by a microinjection of KC1 solution through an implanted cannula. The animal's behavior and slow potential changes (SPC) accompanying CSD were then simultaneously monitored for 20 min. Intensive face grooming was observed while the CSD wave-front propagated across the sensorimotor cortex. Animals commenced their first feeding or drinking shortly after the invasion of the negative SPC into the frontal cortex of Krieg's area 6 and 10 [14] had reached its maximum height. A two-way switching effect between the first feeding or drinking and quiescence (freezing) and a close relationship between their onsets were observed. The results are discussed specifically in relation to cortico-hypothalamic pathways.", "contents": "Unilateral cortical spreading depression in the rat: effects on feeding, drinking and other behaviors. The effects of unilateral cortical spreading depression (CSD) on feeding, drinking and other behaviors were studied in rats. CSD waves were elicited by a microinjection of KC1 solution through an implanted cannula. The animal's behavior and slow potential changes (SPC) accompanying CSD were then simultaneously monitored for 20 min. Intensive face grooming was observed while the CSD wave-front propagated across the sensorimotor cortex. Animals commenced their first feeding or drinking shortly after the invasion of the negative SPC into the frontal cortex of Krieg's area 6 and 10 [14] had reached its maximum height. A two-way switching effect between the first feeding or drinking and quiescence (freezing) and a close relationship between their onsets were observed. The results are discussed specifically in relation to cortico-hypothalamic pathways.", "PMID": 318210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6191", "title": "Cefoxitin for treatment of infections due to anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with 29 infections due to anaerobic or mixed anaerobic-aerobic bacteria were treated with cefoxitin. From the 27 patients 99 isolates of anaerobic bacteria and 70 isolates of aerobic bacteria were recovered. Twelve pleuropulmonary infections, 12 soft tissue infections, three bone infections, and two intraabdominal infections were treated. Twenty-six of the 29 infections were completely or partially eradicated; the remaining three infections were unchanged. One-third of the patients experienced phlebitis; in two instances severe phlebitis caused discontinuation of therapy. In this study cefoxitin appeared to be an effective single agent for the therapy of infections due to specific anaerobic bacteria or to a mixed flora of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.", "contents": "Cefoxitin for treatment of infections due to anaerobic bacteria. Twenty-seven patients with 29 infections due to anaerobic or mixed anaerobic-aerobic bacteria were treated with cefoxitin. From the 27 patients 99 isolates of anaerobic bacteria and 70 isolates of aerobic bacteria were recovered. Twelve pleuropulmonary infections, 12 soft tissue infections, three bone infections, and two intraabdominal infections were treated. Twenty-six of the 29 infections were completely or partially eradicated; the remaining three infections were unchanged. One-third of the patients experienced phlebitis; in two instances severe phlebitis caused discontinuation of therapy. In this study cefoxitin appeared to be an effective single agent for the therapy of infections due to specific anaerobic bacteria or to a mixed flora of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.", "PMID": 318212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6192", "title": "Penetration of cephalothin and cefoxitin into experimental infections with Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "The in vitro activities of cephalothin and cefoxitin against Bacteroides fragilis were studied by time-kill curves and measurement of residual drugs in culture supernatants. Cefoxitin was bactericidal, causing a decrease of 10(7) in viable counts over 24 hr. Cephalothin caused an initial decrease of 10(2) B. fragilis at 2 hr; this change was followed by growth of the organism within 24 hr back to the number present before addition of cephalothin. The concentration of cephalothin in broth decreased rapidly within 2 hr and was undetectable within 24 hr, whereas the level of cefoxitin decreased only 25% over the 24-hr period. Penetration of these drugs into perforated ping pong balls implanted intraperitoneally in rabbits was studied. Three weeks after implantation the reservoirs were infected with B. fragilis. After intramuscular administration of five doses of antibiotic, the penetration of cephalothin, as measured by bioassay, in uninfected and infected capsules was 16% and 2%, respectively, of the peak serum concentration; similar findings were noted with cefoxitin. For determination of the rate of breakdown within the infected site, radiolabeled antibiotic was injected into the capsule, and the concentrations of bioactive and radioactive drug were determined. With radiolabeled cephalothin there was a rapid decrease in bioactivity during the initial 60 min, and no active drug was measurable after 2 hr. In contrast, only 40% of cefoxitin was inactivated at the end of 6 hr. The results indicate that levels of cephalothin and cefoxitin are reduced significantly in sites infected with B. fragilis. The decrease appears to be mediated by both a decrease in penetration and inactivation at the site of infection.", "contents": "Penetration of cephalothin and cefoxitin into experimental infections with Bacteroides fragilis. The in vitro activities of cephalothin and cefoxitin against Bacteroides fragilis were studied by time-kill curves and measurement of residual drugs in culture supernatants. Cefoxitin was bactericidal, causing a decrease of 10(7) in viable counts over 24 hr. Cephalothin caused an initial decrease of 10(2) B. fragilis at 2 hr; this change was followed by growth of the organism within 24 hr back to the number present before addition of cephalothin. The concentration of cephalothin in broth decreased rapidly within 2 hr and was undetectable within 24 hr, whereas the level of cefoxitin decreased only 25% over the 24-hr period. Penetration of these drugs into perforated ping pong balls implanted intraperitoneally in rabbits was studied. Three weeks after implantation the reservoirs were infected with B. fragilis. After intramuscular administration of five doses of antibiotic, the penetration of cephalothin, as measured by bioassay, in uninfected and infected capsules was 16% and 2%, respectively, of the peak serum concentration; similar findings were noted with cefoxitin. For determination of the rate of breakdown within the infected site, radiolabeled antibiotic was injected into the capsule, and the concentrations of bioactive and radioactive drug were determined. With radiolabeled cephalothin there was a rapid decrease in bioactivity during the initial 60 min, and no active drug was measurable after 2 hr. In contrast, only 40% of cefoxitin was inactivated at the end of 6 hr. The results indicate that levels of cephalothin and cefoxitin are reduced significantly in sites infected with B. fragilis. The decrease appears to be mediated by both a decrease in penetration and inactivation at the site of infection.", "PMID": 318211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6193", "title": "Treatment of significant bacterial infections in adults with cefoxitin.", "content": "Cefoxitin is a new antimicrobial agent derived from cephamycin C. Fifty-four hospitalized patients with 63 clinically significant infections were treated with cefoxitin. Fifty-four infections (86%) were cured by therapy with cefoxitin alone or together with local therapy (i.e., heat, elevation, or surgical drainage). Six infections (10%) were not eradicated by the therapy used. Three patients could not be evaluated. Addition of oral probenecid therapy produced increases in levels of cefoxitin in serum and increased the inhibitory and bactericidal levels of cefoxitin in serum to more favorable ratios. Adverse side effects were seen in 19 patients and included positive direct Coombs' tests, increased eosinophil counts, skin rashes, vasculitis, phlebitis, elevation of liver enzymes, and drug-induced fever.", "contents": "Treatment of significant bacterial infections in adults with cefoxitin. Cefoxitin is a new antimicrobial agent derived from cephamycin C. Fifty-four hospitalized patients with 63 clinically significant infections were treated with cefoxitin. Fifty-four infections (86%) were cured by therapy with cefoxitin alone or together with local therapy (i.e., heat, elevation, or surgical drainage). Six infections (10%) were not eradicated by the therapy used. Three patients could not be evaluated. Addition of oral probenecid therapy produced increases in levels of cefoxitin in serum and increased the inhibitory and bactericidal levels of cefoxitin in serum to more favorable ratios. Adverse side effects were seen in 19 patients and included positive direct Coombs' tests, increased eosinophil counts, skin rashes, vasculitis, phlebitis, elevation of liver enzymes, and drug-induced fever.", "PMID": 318216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6194", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin in normal subjects and in patients with renal insufficiency.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of 30 mg of cefoxitin/kg given to normal subjects and to patients with various degrees of chronic renal insufficiency were studied. The serum half-life of cefoxitin was correlated inversely with the rate of creatinine clearance, and the half-life increased exponentially when the creatinine clearance rate fell below 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The elimination of cefoxitin into urine was rapid and extensive in patients whose creatinine clearance was greater than 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. In patients with more severe degrees of renal impairment, renal clearance of drug was diminished markedly (less than 20% of the administered dose was excreted in 4 hr as compared with greater than 60% in the former group). The clearance of cefoxitin can be increased fivefold by hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin in normal subjects and in patients with renal insufficiency. The pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of 30 mg of cefoxitin/kg given to normal subjects and to patients with various degrees of chronic renal insufficiency were studied. The serum half-life of cefoxitin was correlated inversely with the rate of creatinine clearance, and the half-life increased exponentially when the creatinine clearance rate fell below 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The elimination of cefoxitin into urine was rapid and extensive in patients whose creatinine clearance was greater than 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. In patients with more severe degrees of renal impairment, renal clearance of drug was diminished markedly (less than 20% of the administered dose was excreted in 4 hr as compared with greater than 60% in the former group). The clearance of cefoxitin can be increased fivefold by hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease.", "PMID": 318213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6195", "title": "Penetration of cefoxitin into cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with and without experimental meningitis.", "content": "The penetration of cefoxitin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after slow intravenous infusion of 50-100 mg/kg over 1 hr was studied in normal dogs and in dogs with meningitis experimentally induced by intrathecal injection of 10(9) Staphylococcus aureus. With healthy dogs the peak CSF concentration of 1 microgram of cefoxitin/ml was found to correspond with a serum level of 120 micrograms/ml. With administration of probenecid the CSF level was 1.5 micrograms of cefoxitin/ml. Doubling the dose from 50 to 100 mg/kg resulted in a CSF concentration of 2 micrograms of cefoxitin/ml. In the CSF of animals with meningitis, a peak concentration of 10 micrograms of cefoxitin/ml was obtained 90 min after the start of the infusion, and 5 micrograms/ml was still present at 240 min. The peak level in CSF of animals with meningitis was about 10% of the simultaneous level in serum.", "contents": "Penetration of cefoxitin into cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with and without experimental meningitis. The penetration of cefoxitin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after slow intravenous infusion of 50-100 mg/kg over 1 hr was studied in normal dogs and in dogs with meningitis experimentally induced by intrathecal injection of 10(9) Staphylococcus aureus. With healthy dogs the peak CSF concentration of 1 microgram of cefoxitin/ml was found to correspond with a serum level of 120 micrograms/ml. With administration of probenecid the CSF level was 1.5 micrograms of cefoxitin/ml. Doubling the dose from 50 to 100 mg/kg resulted in a CSF concentration of 2 micrograms of cefoxitin/ml. In the CSF of animals with meningitis, a peak concentration of 10 micrograms of cefoxitin/ml was obtained 90 min after the start of the infusion, and 5 micrograms/ml was still present at 240 min. The peak level in CSF of animals with meningitis was about 10% of the simultaneous level in serum.", "PMID": 318215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6196", "title": "Therapy of skin, soft tissue, and bone infections with cefoxitin sodium.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with skin and soft tissue infections, including three with contiguous osteomyelitis, were given cefoxitin intravenously or intramuscularly; the infections of 25 (93%) were resolved with cefoxitin therapy. Etiologic agents included staphylococci, streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and anaerobes. Susceptible pathogens were inhibited by less than or equal to 8 micrograms of cefoxitin/ml. This level of drug was surpassed by mean peak serum concentrations eight- to 12-fold after intravenous infusions and two- to threefold after intramuscular injections and resulted in eradication of susceptible organisms from lesions during treatment. Intravenously administered cefoxitin was well tolerated, although eosinophilia, phlebitis, elevation of levels of hepatic enzymes, and a positive direct Coombs' test were observed. Intramuscular injections of cefoxitin in 0.5% lidocaine caused pain and induration and thus were poorly tolerated.", "contents": "Therapy of skin, soft tissue, and bone infections with cefoxitin sodium. Twenty-seven patients with skin and soft tissue infections, including three with contiguous osteomyelitis, were given cefoxitin intravenously or intramuscularly; the infections of 25 (93%) were resolved with cefoxitin therapy. Etiologic agents included staphylococci, streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and anaerobes. Susceptible pathogens were inhibited by less than or equal to 8 micrograms of cefoxitin/ml. This level of drug was surpassed by mean peak serum concentrations eight- to 12-fold after intravenous infusions and two- to threefold after intramuscular injections and resulted in eradication of susceptible organisms from lesions during treatment. Intravenously administered cefoxitin was well tolerated, although eosinophilia, phlebitis, elevation of levels of hepatic enzymes, and a positive direct Coombs' test were observed. Intramuscular injections of cefoxitin in 0.5% lidocaine caused pain and induration and thus were poorly tolerated.", "PMID": 318218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6197", "title": "Penetration of cefoxitin into human cerebrospinal fluid: comparison with cefamandole, ampicillin, and penicillin.", "content": "Single, intravenously administered doses of cefoxitin and cefamandole did not penetrate into cerebrospinal fluid of normal humans. Multiple-dose administration with or without probenecid facilitated penetration of both antibiotics into the cerebrospinal fluid. Preliminary data showed that cefoxitin penetrated into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with inflamed meninges even when administered in a single dose without probenecid. However, the concentrations of cefoxitin in the cerebrospinal fluid of the individuals studied were not within the therapeutic range.", "contents": "Penetration of cefoxitin into human cerebrospinal fluid: comparison with cefamandole, ampicillin, and penicillin. Single, intravenously administered doses of cefoxitin and cefamandole did not penetrate into cerebrospinal fluid of normal humans. Multiple-dose administration with or without probenecid facilitated penetration of both antibiotics into the cerebrospinal fluid. Preliminary data showed that cefoxitin penetrated into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with inflamed meninges even when administered in a single dose without probenecid. However, the concentrations of cefoxitin in the cerebrospinal fluid of the individuals studied were not within the therapeutic range.", "PMID": 318214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6198", "title": "Cefoxitin therapy for bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "Of 22 patients who were suspected of having bacterial endocarditis and who were treated with cefoxitin intravenously (8-12 g per day), 12 were evaluated for responses to therapy. Ten patients had infections due to a single pathogen, and two had polymicrobial infections. Staphylococci were isolated from eight patients, and streptococci from four; both of these pathogens were susceptible to 2-16 micrograms of cefoxitin/ml. Staphylococcus aureus and four strains of anaerobic bacteria, including Bacteroides fragilis (minimal inhibitory concentration, 32 micrograms/ml), were isolated from one patient. The average level of cefoxitin in serum was 32.8 micrograms/ml (range, 14.5-64 micrograms/ml) at 1 hr after an intravenous dose of 2 g; after 5 hr the average level in serum was 8.5 micrograms/ml (range, 2-20 micrograms/ml). The mean (+/- SD) level of cefoxitin in myocardial tissues from eight rabbits at 1 hr following a 250-mg/kg dose of the antibiotic was 4 +/- 0.5 micrograms/g. On the average, patients were treated for 29 days (range, 14-40 days), and they became afebrile in 6.2 days (range, three to 20 days). Both clinical and microbiologic responses to cefoxitin therapy were excellent in 10 patients with monobacterial infections. Both patients with polymicrobial infections were not cured. One, who was infected with a mixed flora of anaerobes, died; the other was cured after surgical valvectomy. These results suggest that cefoxitin is effective in the treatment of endocarditis due to a single susceptible organism but that this antibiotic should be used with caution in patients whose endocarditis is caused by a mixed population of bacterial pathogens.", "contents": "Cefoxitin therapy for bacterial endocarditis. Of 22 patients who were suspected of having bacterial endocarditis and who were treated with cefoxitin intravenously (8-12 g per day), 12 were evaluated for responses to therapy. Ten patients had infections due to a single pathogen, and two had polymicrobial infections. Staphylococci were isolated from eight patients, and streptococci from four; both of these pathogens were susceptible to 2-16 micrograms of cefoxitin/ml. Staphylococcus aureus and four strains of anaerobic bacteria, including Bacteroides fragilis (minimal inhibitory concentration, 32 micrograms/ml), were isolated from one patient. The average level of cefoxitin in serum was 32.8 micrograms/ml (range, 14.5-64 micrograms/ml) at 1 hr after an intravenous dose of 2 g; after 5 hr the average level in serum was 8.5 micrograms/ml (range, 2-20 micrograms/ml). The mean (+/- SD) level of cefoxitin in myocardial tissues from eight rabbits at 1 hr following a 250-mg/kg dose of the antibiotic was 4 +/- 0.5 micrograms/g. On the average, patients were treated for 29 days (range, 14-40 days), and they became afebrile in 6.2 days (range, three to 20 days). Both clinical and microbiologic responses to cefoxitin therapy were excellent in 10 patients with monobacterial infections. Both patients with polymicrobial infections were not cured. One, who was infected with a mixed flora of anaerobes, died; the other was cured after surgical valvectomy. These results suggest that cefoxitin is effective in the treatment of endocarditis due to a single susceptible organism but that this antibiotic should be used with caution in patients whose endocarditis is caused by a mixed population of bacterial pathogens.", "PMID": 318219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6199", "title": "Treatment of septicemic patients with cefoxitin: pharmacokinetics in renal insufficiency.", "content": "Experience with cefoxitin in the treatment of septicemia of diverse etiologies in 11 patients is reviewed. Results of a small study of the pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin in patients with renal insufficiency, which was used as a guideline for determining the dosage of cefoxitin for severely ill patients with renal insufficiency, are included. In addition, a summary of data on file at Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories (Rahway, New Jersey) that concern 135 bacteremic patients who were treated with cefoxitin and evaluated is presented. Although information derived from septicemic patients is among the most difficult to interpret in regard to the efficacy of an investigational antibiotic, both our experience and the summary of data confirm that cefoxitin is a potent antibiotic suitable for use in septicemic patients when the etiologic agent is susceptible; the data also demonstrate that cefoxitin has a significantly expanded spectrum of activity as compared with that of cephalothin.", "contents": "Treatment of septicemic patients with cefoxitin: pharmacokinetics in renal insufficiency. Experience with cefoxitin in the treatment of septicemia of diverse etiologies in 11 patients is reviewed. Results of a small study of the pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin in patients with renal insufficiency, which was used as a guideline for determining the dosage of cefoxitin for severely ill patients with renal insufficiency, are included. In addition, a summary of data on file at Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories (Rahway, New Jersey) that concern 135 bacteremic patients who were treated with cefoxitin and evaluated is presented. Although information derived from septicemic patients is among the most difficult to interpret in regard to the efficacy of an investigational antibiotic, both our experience and the summary of data confirm that cefoxitin is a potent antibiotic suitable for use in septicemic patients when the etiologic agent is susceptible; the data also demonstrate that cefoxitin has a significantly expanded spectrum of activity as compared with that of cephalothin.", "PMID": 318220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6200", "title": "Cefoxitin therapy for surgical patients.", "content": "Cefoxitin was administered to 25 patients on a general surgical service. In 16 of these patients, a bacteriologic diagnosis was made: four patients had peritonitis, one had ascending cholangitis, seven had cellulitis, and four had abscess. The dosage of cefoxitin varied from 4 to 8 g per day and was generally well tolerated, although there were three cases of phlebitis and one superinfection. There was no evidence of renal, liver, or bone marrow toxicity. All isolates of Bacteroides (eight), Escherichia coli (six), and Staphylococcus aureus (five) were sensitive to cefoxitin. Two of three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant. All patients recovered with cefoxitin and corrective surgery. The results indicate that cefoxitin has the potential of replacing combination therapy in some surgical patients.", "contents": "Cefoxitin therapy for surgical patients. Cefoxitin was administered to 25 patients on a general surgical service. In 16 of these patients, a bacteriologic diagnosis was made: four patients had peritonitis, one had ascending cholangitis, seven had cellulitis, and four had abscess. The dosage of cefoxitin varied from 4 to 8 g per day and was generally well tolerated, although there were three cases of phlebitis and one superinfection. There was no evidence of renal, liver, or bone marrow toxicity. All isolates of Bacteroides (eight), Escherichia coli (six), and Staphylococcus aureus (five) were sensitive to cefoxitin. Two of three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant. All patients recovered with cefoxitin and corrective surgery. The results indicate that cefoxitin has the potential of replacing combination therapy in some surgical patients.", "PMID": 318221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6201", "title": "Clinical evaluation of cefoxitin in the treatment of respiratory tract and other acute bacterial infections.", "content": "A clinical trial was designed for evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and patient tolerance of cefoxitin. Of 26 patients who could be evaluated clinically, 21 had respiratory tract infections; all but one patient responded satisfactorily to therapy with cefoxitin. There were no adverse systemic reactions, nor was any renal or hematologic toxicity noted. In two instances levels of hepatic enzymes became slightly elevated; these changes were possibly related to administration of cefoxitin. About one-third of patients receiving cefoxitin developed minor local reactions at the site of intravenous administration; however, there was only a single instance of true thrombophlebitis. Results of this study suggest that cefoxitin is a safe and well-tolerated antibiotic that is efficacious in therapy of acute respiratory tract infections caused by bacteria that are sensitive to this drug.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of cefoxitin in the treatment of respiratory tract and other acute bacterial infections. A clinical trial was designed for evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and patient tolerance of cefoxitin. Of 26 patients who could be evaluated clinically, 21 had respiratory tract infections; all but one patient responded satisfactorily to therapy with cefoxitin. There were no adverse systemic reactions, nor was any renal or hematologic toxicity noted. In two instances levels of hepatic enzymes became slightly elevated; these changes were possibly related to administration of cefoxitin. About one-third of patients receiving cefoxitin developed minor local reactions at the site of intravenous administration; however, there was only a single instance of true thrombophlebitis. Results of this study suggest that cefoxitin is a safe and well-tolerated antibiotic that is efficacious in therapy of acute respiratory tract infections caused by bacteria that are sensitive to this drug.", "PMID": 318217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6202", "title": "Cefoxitin in obstetric and gynecologic infections.", "content": "The use of cefoxitin sodium in 178 patients with a wide variety of obstetric and gynecologic infections was studied. Clinical cure occurred in 94% of the study population, and two women with serious underlying medical problems died. These good results with cefoxitin should stimulate prospective studies comparing this drug to currently employed antibiotic regimens.", "contents": "Cefoxitin in obstetric and gynecologic infections. The use of cefoxitin sodium in 178 patients with a wide variety of obstetric and gynecologic infections was studied. Clinical cure occurred in 94% of the study population, and two women with serious underlying medical problems died. These good results with cefoxitin should stimulate prospective studies comparing this drug to currently employed antibiotic regimens.", "PMID": 318222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6203", "title": "A comparison of the effects of prior cold incubation on cerebral cortex function in a hibernator (Cricetus auratus) and a non-hibernator (Cavia porcellus)--II. High energy phosphate levels in cerebral cortex slices after in vitro cold incubation.", "content": "1. ATP and CP levels were measured in brain slices from golden hamster and guinea pig after varying periods of cold storage and subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C in the presence and absence of K+ salts. 2. ATP and CP levels were maintained at higher levels in hamster tissue. 3. The results are discussed in relation to the ability of a hibernator to transform and transport chemical energy at low temperatures.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of prior cold incubation on cerebral cortex function in a hibernator (Cricetus auratus) and a non-hibernator (Cavia porcellus)--II. High energy phosphate levels in cerebral cortex slices after in vitro cold incubation. 1. ATP and CP levels were measured in brain slices from golden hamster and guinea pig after varying periods of cold storage and subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C in the presence and absence of K+ salts. 2. ATP and CP levels were maintained at higher levels in hamster tissue. 3. The results are discussed in relation to the ability of a hibernator to transform and transport chemical energy at low temperatures.", "PMID": 318228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6204", "title": "Cefoxitin in treatment of obstetric and gynecologic infections.", "content": "Cefoxitin was found to be an effective and safe agent for the treatment of infections of the female genital tract that were associated with a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides species. The overall clinical response was 91%. The major cause of failure was the presence of an abscess requiring surgical drainage. Both the intravenous and the intramuscular routes of administration for cefoxitin were tolerated well or moderately well by most patients.", "contents": "Cefoxitin in treatment of obstetric and gynecologic infections. Cefoxitin was found to be an effective and safe agent for the treatment of infections of the female genital tract that were associated with a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides species. The overall clinical response was 91%. The major cause of failure was the presence of an abscess requiring surgical drainage. Both the intravenous and the intramuscular routes of administration for cefoxitin were tolerated well or moderately well by most patients.", "PMID": 318223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6205", "title": "Clinical evaluation of cefoxitin in treatment of infections in 47 orthopedic patients.", "content": "Cefoxitin was administered to 47 patients on an orthopedic service; 1 or 2 g of the drug was given intravenously every 4-8 hr. Thirty-one evaluated patients with acute or chronic infections of bone, joint, or muscle and tendon had an overall rate of cure of 84%. Ten patients with spinal cord injuries who had urinary tract infections due to Serratia or indole-positive Proteus were treated, and all 10 were cured. Significant adverse effects of cefoxitin included one case of fever due to the drug and three cases of superinfection. Cefoxitin therapy was successful in a variety of difficult-to-treat infections, including some of polymicrobial etiology.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of cefoxitin in treatment of infections in 47 orthopedic patients. Cefoxitin was administered to 47 patients on an orthopedic service; 1 or 2 g of the drug was given intravenously every 4-8 hr. Thirty-one evaluated patients with acute or chronic infections of bone, joint, or muscle and tendon had an overall rate of cure of 84%. Ten patients with spinal cord injuries who had urinary tract infections due to Serratia or indole-positive Proteus were treated, and all 10 were cured. Significant adverse effects of cefoxitin included one case of fever due to the drug and three cases of superinfection. Cefoxitin therapy was successful in a variety of difficult-to-treat infections, including some of polymicrobial etiology.", "PMID": 318224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6206", "title": "Galactose utilization by the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta.", "content": "1. Hymenolepis diminuta incorporated label from 14C-galactose into glycogen, but the sugar would not support net glycogen synthesis. Glucose stimulated the incorporation of label from 14C-galactose into glycogen, while glycerol did not. 2. During incubations in galactose, large internal pools of galactose and galactose 1-P accumulated, while the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate remained unchanged. 3. In vitro culture experiments indicated that galactose would not support worm growth. Therefore, while galactose can be metabolized to a limited extent, it cannot substitute for glucose as a nutrient source.", "contents": "Galactose utilization by the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. 1. Hymenolepis diminuta incorporated label from 14C-galactose into glycogen, but the sugar would not support net glycogen synthesis. Glucose stimulated the incorporation of label from 14C-galactose into glycogen, while glycerol did not. 2. During incubations in galactose, large internal pools of galactose and galactose 1-P accumulated, while the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate remained unchanged. 3. In vitro culture experiments indicated that galactose would not support worm growth. Therefore, while galactose can be metabolized to a limited extent, it cannot substitute for glucose as a nutrient source.", "PMID": 318229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6207", "title": "Some properties of pancreatic lipase in Salmo gairdnerii Rich.:Km, effects of bile salts and Ca2+, gel filtrations.", "content": "1. The Michaelis constant (Km) of the trout pancreatic lipase is 1.3 x 10(-6) M tributyrin, calculated by the interface concentration of the emulsion. This value is lower than that of porcine pancreatic lipase. 2. The lipase hydrolyses tributyrin in a Ca2+ free medium. Conversely, Ca2+ is essential for the lipolysis of triolein. The cation might be an effector of the reaction, but it seems to remove the inhibition of the enzyme by its product. 3. The curves of the lipase activity according to bile salt concentration seem to suggest the existence of a colipase, that we have not evidenced yet by direct procedures. 4. The apparent molecular weight of the lipase seems to be lower in the trout than in the species studied so far.", "contents": "Some properties of pancreatic lipase in Salmo gairdnerii Rich.:Km, effects of bile salts and Ca2+, gel filtrations. 1. The Michaelis constant (Km) of the trout pancreatic lipase is 1.3 x 10(-6) M tributyrin, calculated by the interface concentration of the emulsion. This value is lower than that of porcine pancreatic lipase. 2. The lipase hydrolyses tributyrin in a Ca2+ free medium. Conversely, Ca2+ is essential for the lipolysis of triolein. The cation might be an effector of the reaction, but it seems to remove the inhibition of the enzyme by its product. 3. The curves of the lipase activity according to bile salt concentration seem to suggest the existence of a colipase, that we have not evidenced yet by direct procedures. 4. The apparent molecular weight of the lipase seems to be lower in the trout than in the species studied so far.", "PMID": 318230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6208", "title": "In vitro activity of cefoxitin and parenterally administered cephalosporins against anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "The in vitro activity of cefoxitin against 221 recent isolates of anaerobic bacteria was compared with that of cefamandole and cefuroxime by the agar dilution technique. At achievable serum levels of 32 micrograms/ml, all three drugs were active against most groups of anaerobic bacteria tested. Cefoxitin was active against most strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group, whereas cefamandole and cefuroxime were relatively ineffective. Cefoxitin was least active against Clostridium species other than Clostridium perfringens, whereas cefamandole was very active and cefuroxime moderately active. A review of recent in vitro studies with cefoxitin and parenterally administered cephalosporins indicates that cefoxitin is the most active compound against the B. fragilis group and is least active against Clostridium species other than C. perfringens.", "contents": "In vitro activity of cefoxitin and parenterally administered cephalosporins against anaerobic bacteria. The in vitro activity of cefoxitin against 221 recent isolates of anaerobic bacteria was compared with that of cefamandole and cefuroxime by the agar dilution technique. At achievable serum levels of 32 micrograms/ml, all three drugs were active against most groups of anaerobic bacteria tested. Cefoxitin was active against most strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group, whereas cefamandole and cefuroxime were relatively ineffective. Cefoxitin was least active against Clostridium species other than Clostridium perfringens, whereas cefamandole was very active and cefuroxime moderately active. A review of recent in vitro studies with cefoxitin and parenterally administered cephalosporins indicates that cefoxitin is the most active compound against the B. fragilis group and is least active against Clostridium species other than C. perfringens.", "PMID": 318226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6209", "title": "The fetid foot: lower-extremity infections in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Infections of the lower extremities in patients with diabetes mellitus have been attributed to Staphylococcus aureus and other facultatively anaerobic bacteria. However, a review of 30 consecutive diabetics who required surgery for lower-extremity infections revealed that 17 had mixed infections due to both obligate and facultative anaerobes; only six had infections due to S. aureus. Mixed infections often had characteristics of anaerobic suppuration and responded poorly to therapy. Patients with mixed infections required more operations than did those with staphylococcal infections, and their surgical wounds healed more slowly. Seven patients had infections with mixed enteric bacteria (neither anaerobes nor S. aureus), and their response to therapy was intermediate between that of the patients with mixed anaerobic infections and those with staphylococcal infections. Nine additional patients with mixed anaerobic infections were treated with cefoxitin; three required amputations at a level above the ankle, but six patients improved and required only limited surgery that preserved foot function. Bacteroides fragilis was the anaerobe isolated most often. Cefoxitin (less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml) inhibited all of the anaerobes isolated from the nine patients and 97% of an additional 135 consecutive clinical isolates of B. fragilis; 98% of 54 strains of Bacteroides oralis and all of 34 strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus were also inhibited. These in vitro results and the results of our clinical study show that cefoxitin is a promising antibiotic for therapy of foot infections due to a mixed flora of anaerobes in diabetics.", "contents": "The fetid foot: lower-extremity infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. Infections of the lower extremities in patients with diabetes mellitus have been attributed to Staphylococcus aureus and other facultatively anaerobic bacteria. However, a review of 30 consecutive diabetics who required surgery for lower-extremity infections revealed that 17 had mixed infections due to both obligate and facultative anaerobes; only six had infections due to S. aureus. Mixed infections often had characteristics of anaerobic suppuration and responded poorly to therapy. Patients with mixed infections required more operations than did those with staphylococcal infections, and their surgical wounds healed more slowly. Seven patients had infections with mixed enteric bacteria (neither anaerobes nor S. aureus), and their response to therapy was intermediate between that of the patients with mixed anaerobic infections and those with staphylococcal infections. Nine additional patients with mixed anaerobic infections were treated with cefoxitin; three required amputations at a level above the ankle, but six patients improved and required only limited surgery that preserved foot function. Bacteroides fragilis was the anaerobe isolated most often. Cefoxitin (less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml) inhibited all of the anaerobes isolated from the nine patients and 97% of an additional 135 consecutive clinical isolates of B. fragilis; 98% of 54 strains of Bacteroides oralis and all of 34 strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus were also inhibited. These in vitro results and the results of our clinical study show that cefoxitin is a promising antibiotic for therapy of foot infections due to a mixed flora of anaerobes in diabetics.", "PMID": 318225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6210", "title": "Rat casein: isolation and characterization of two major fractions.", "content": "1. In rat milk, casein exists as particles of 77 nm mean diameter, similar in appearance to the casein micelles in the milk of other species. 2. The heterogeneity of rat casein was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, both in the presence of 8 M-urea. 3. The chromatography yielded two fractions, D2 and D4. 4. In chemical composition, D2 resembles the kappa-caseins of other species, while D4 resembles the alpha 5-caseins of other species. 5. D2 is soluble in 80 mM-CaCl2 at 37 degrees C, but D4 is insoluble under these conditions. 6. In 80 mM-CaCl2 at 37 degrees C, D2 prevents the precipitation of D4 by the formation of particles similar to those found in rat milk.", "contents": "Rat casein: isolation and characterization of two major fractions. 1. In rat milk, casein exists as particles of 77 nm mean diameter, similar in appearance to the casein micelles in the milk of other species. 2. The heterogeneity of rat casein was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, both in the presence of 8 M-urea. 3. The chromatography yielded two fractions, D2 and D4. 4. In chemical composition, D2 resembles the kappa-caseins of other species, while D4 resembles the alpha 5-caseins of other species. 5. D2 is soluble in 80 mM-CaCl2 at 37 degrees C, but D4 is insoluble under these conditions. 6. In 80 mM-CaCl2 at 37 degrees C, D2 prevents the precipitation of D4 by the formation of particles similar to those found in rat milk.", "PMID": 318231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6211", "title": "Enzymes of heterotherms: LDH of hibernating and normothermic little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus.", "content": "1. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was isolated from pectoral or flight muscle, liver and heart of hibernating and normothermic bats, Myotis lucifugus. 2. Activities at high substrate concentrations and the interactions between substrate and enzyme were studied to evaluate possible adaptations associated with the extended period of depressed metabolism of this bat. 3. Activity levels in all tissues decreased with hibernation, although the magnitude was dependent upon both temperature and substrate concentration. In general, the extent of decrease was in the order pectoral muscle greater than liver much greater than heart. 4. No correlation was found between the temperature sensitivity of the tissue LDHs as estimated by Ea-values, and the physiological state. 5. However, affinity parameters as estimated by Km-values were less temperature sensitive in hibernator tissues in contrast to the marked perturbations exhibited at temperature extremes in the normotherm enzymes. 6. It is suggested that changes in subunit quantities are in part responsible for these kinetic differences, and not major qualitative isozyme changes. 7. The net result of these effects is a reduced carbon flux to lactate during hibernation, but the maintenance of a potential for LDH catalyses during arousal.", "contents": "Enzymes of heterotherms: LDH of hibernating and normothermic little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus. 1. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was isolated from pectoral or flight muscle, liver and heart of hibernating and normothermic bats, Myotis lucifugus. 2. Activities at high substrate concentrations and the interactions between substrate and enzyme were studied to evaluate possible adaptations associated with the extended period of depressed metabolism of this bat. 3. Activity levels in all tissues decreased with hibernation, although the magnitude was dependent upon both temperature and substrate concentration. In general, the extent of decrease was in the order pectoral muscle greater than liver much greater than heart. 4. No correlation was found between the temperature sensitivity of the tissue LDHs as estimated by Ea-values, and the physiological state. 5. However, affinity parameters as estimated by Km-values were less temperature sensitive in hibernator tissues in contrast to the marked perturbations exhibited at temperature extremes in the normotherm enzymes. 6. It is suggested that changes in subunit quantities are in part responsible for these kinetic differences, and not major qualitative isozyme changes. 7. The net result of these effects is a reduced carbon flux to lactate during hibernation, but the maintenance of a potential for LDH catalyses during arousal.", "PMID": 318232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6212", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and comparative pharmacology of cefoxitin and cephalosporins.", "content": "Features of the distribution, metabolism, elimination, and pharmacokinetics of the cephalosporins and cefoxitin must be considered when concentrations of these drugs in biological fluids are interpreted. The extensive (approximately 86%) binding of cefazolin to plasma protein may account for the smaller volume of distribution and slower rate of renal clearance than are observed for cefoxitin, which is less extensively (73%) bound to protein. Results of microbiological assays of drug in urine may be influenced by the extent of metabolism of the drugs, which is 33% for cephalothin but less than 2% for cefoxitin. Elimination of cephalosporins and cefoxitin occurs by both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion and can be inhibited by the concurrent administration of probenecid. The pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin may be described by a linear, two-compartment, open model that has been used to predict levels of drug achieved in serum and urine after various dose regimens, including administration by intravenous bolus or infusion. The bioavailability of intramuscularly administered cefoxitin is equivalent to that of intravenously administered cefoxitin and is 90% complete within 3-4 hr after the dose is given.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and comparative pharmacology of cefoxitin and cephalosporins. Features of the distribution, metabolism, elimination, and pharmacokinetics of the cephalosporins and cefoxitin must be considered when concentrations of these drugs in biological fluids are interpreted. The extensive (approximately 86%) binding of cefazolin to plasma protein may account for the smaller volume of distribution and slower rate of renal clearance than are observed for cefoxitin, which is less extensively (73%) bound to protein. Results of microbiological assays of drug in urine may be influenced by the extent of metabolism of the drugs, which is 33% for cephalothin but less than 2% for cefoxitin. Elimination of cephalosporins and cefoxitin occurs by both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion and can be inhibited by the concurrent administration of probenecid. The pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin may be described by a linear, two-compartment, open model that has been used to predict levels of drug achieved in serum and urine after various dose regimens, including administration by intravenous bolus or infusion. The bioavailability of intramuscularly administered cefoxitin is equivalent to that of intravenously administered cefoxitin and is 90% complete within 3-4 hr after the dose is given.", "PMID": 318227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6213", "title": "Ontogenic development of swine (Sus domesticus) adipose tissue lipases.", "content": "1. The in vitro activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) were examined in adipose tissue preparations from pigs 0-150 days of age. 2. The activities of both LPL and HSL increased 3- to 4-fold between birth and day 2 postpartum, remained at relatively high levels through weaning, and fell sharply in the oldest animals (150 days). 3. The decline in enzyme activities at older ages could partially be attributed to an increase in adipocyte size.", "contents": "Ontogenic development of swine (Sus domesticus) adipose tissue lipases. 1. The in vitro activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) were examined in adipose tissue preparations from pigs 0-150 days of age. 2. The activities of both LPL and HSL increased 3- to 4-fold between birth and day 2 postpartum, remained at relatively high levels through weaning, and fell sharply in the oldest animals (150 days). 3. The decline in enzyme activities at older ages could partially be attributed to an increase in adipocyte size.", "PMID": 318233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6214", "title": "scyllo-inositol and myo-inositol levels in tissues of the skate Raja erinacea.", "content": "1. Many organs of the skate Raja erinacea have been found to contain scyllo-inositol levels that are much higher than myo-inositol, the opposite to that found in mammals. 2. Both inositols were found in all skate organs studied. 3. myo-Inosose-2 was found to accompany the inositols in many of these organs.", "contents": "scyllo-inositol and myo-inositol levels in tissues of the skate Raja erinacea. 1. Many organs of the skate Raja erinacea have been found to contain scyllo-inositol levels that are much higher than myo-inositol, the opposite to that found in mammals. 2. Both inositols were found in all skate organs studied. 3. myo-Inosose-2 was found to accompany the inositols in many of these organs.", "PMID": 318234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6215", "title": "The influence of three days or three weeks of force feeding on the transport of plasma lipids in young female chickens (Gallus gallus L.).", "content": "1. Ten-week old broiler females were force-fed (FF) for 3 days or 3 weeks. 2. Control livers were lighter in weight and contained less total lipid, neutral lipid and phospholipid than either FF group, which did not differ. 3. Radioactivity incorporated into liver neutral lipid fractions from 1-[14C]acetate injection was greater in birds FF 3 weeks than controls. Those FF 3 days were intermediate. In all groups, the triglyceride fraction contained 90-94% of isolated radioactivity, the cholesterol fraction 4-8% and the cholesterol ester fraction 1-2%. 4. Plasma lipids were elevated in the birds FF for 3 weeks, but not in those FF 3 days. After injection of 1-[14C]acetate, plasma lipid specific radioactivities were not different between the 3 groups at 20 and 60 min post injection, but were greater in the controls at 120 min.", "contents": "The influence of three days or three weeks of force feeding on the transport of plasma lipids in young female chickens (Gallus gallus L.). 1. Ten-week old broiler females were force-fed (FF) for 3 days or 3 weeks. 2. Control livers were lighter in weight and contained less total lipid, neutral lipid and phospholipid than either FF group, which did not differ. 3. Radioactivity incorporated into liver neutral lipid fractions from 1-[14C]acetate injection was greater in birds FF 3 weeks than controls. Those FF 3 days were intermediate. In all groups, the triglyceride fraction contained 90-94% of isolated radioactivity, the cholesterol fraction 4-8% and the cholesterol ester fraction 1-2%. 4. Plasma lipids were elevated in the birds FF for 3 weeks, but not in those FF 3 days. After injection of 1-[14C]acetate, plasma lipid specific radioactivities were not different between the 3 groups at 20 and 60 min post injection, but were greater in the controls at 120 min.", "PMID": 318235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6216", "title": "A comparison of selected physical properties of hepatic sorbitol dehydrogenases [L-iditol: NAD oxidoreductases] from four mammalian species.", "content": "1. The sorbitol dehydrogenases [L-iditol: NAD oxidoreductase] from livers of cow, man, rat and sheep each possess molecular weights of about 140,000. The beef, rat and sheep liver enzymes are composed of subunits of molecular weight 40,000. 2. The sorbitol dehydrogenases from livers of these four species each possess an isoelectric point of 7.3. 3. The four enzyme preparations show identical mobilities upon disc-gel electrophoresis and yield a single band of enzymic activity. 4. Sorbitol dehydrogenase activity is activated by the presence of ampholines or by increasing ionic strengths, with maximal activation at about 0.5 M salt concentration. These factors may cause the Km for NAD to be lowered.", "contents": "A comparison of selected physical properties of hepatic sorbitol dehydrogenases [L-iditol: NAD oxidoreductases] from four mammalian species. 1. The sorbitol dehydrogenases [L-iditol: NAD oxidoreductase] from livers of cow, man, rat and sheep each possess molecular weights of about 140,000. The beef, rat and sheep liver enzymes are composed of subunits of molecular weight 40,000. 2. The sorbitol dehydrogenases from livers of these four species each possess an isoelectric point of 7.3. 3. The four enzyme preparations show identical mobilities upon disc-gel electrophoresis and yield a single band of enzymic activity. 4. Sorbitol dehydrogenase activity is activated by the presence of ampholines or by increasing ionic strengths, with maximal activation at about 0.5 M salt concentration. These factors may cause the Km for NAD to be lowered.", "PMID": 318236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6217", "title": "Classical and alternate complement pathway activities in paired dairy cow--newborn calf sera.", "content": "Hemolytic assays were used to compare alternate and classical C pathway activities in sera obtained from clinically normal newborn dairy calves and their mothers at the time of delivery. Mean alternate and classical CH50 concentrations in sera from newborn calves were both significantly lower than in their dams (P less than 0.001). The titer of alternate C pathway activity, expressed as CH50 units/ml, in sera from 17 calves was 12.9 +/- 5.5, whereas for the cows it was 25.8 +/- 6.2. The ratio of cow: calf serum alternate CH50 titers averaged 2.25 +/- 0.80 and ranged from 0.88 to 4.14. Classical CH50 titers were 78.0 +/- 42.7 units/ml in calf sera and 246.0 +/- 44.5 in cow sera. The ratio of cow: calf serum classical CH50 titers averaged 3.71 +/- 1.49 and ranged from 1.19 to 6.87. The wide range of values, noted for both the alternate and classical C pathways, within maternal and neonatal groups was assumed to reflect the biologic variability of complement levels in bovine serum. The possible relationships between deficient levels of alternate and classical CH50 activity in newborn calves and their susceptibility to infections is discussed.", "contents": "Classical and alternate complement pathway activities in paired dairy cow--newborn calf sera. Hemolytic assays were used to compare alternate and classical C pathway activities in sera obtained from clinically normal newborn dairy calves and their mothers at the time of delivery. Mean alternate and classical CH50 concentrations in sera from newborn calves were both significantly lower than in their dams (P less than 0.001). The titer of alternate C pathway activity, expressed as CH50 units/ml, in sera from 17 calves was 12.9 +/- 5.5, whereas for the cows it was 25.8 +/- 6.2. The ratio of cow: calf serum alternate CH50 titers averaged 2.25 +/- 0.80 and ranged from 0.88 to 4.14. Classical CH50 titers were 78.0 +/- 42.7 units/ml in calf sera and 246.0 +/- 44.5 in cow sera. The ratio of cow: calf serum classical CH50 titers averaged 3.71 +/- 1.49 and ranged from 1.19 to 6.87. The wide range of values, noted for both the alternate and classical C pathways, within maternal and neonatal groups was assumed to reflect the biologic variability of complement levels in bovine serum. The possible relationships between deficient levels of alternate and classical CH50 activity in newborn calves and their susceptibility to infections is discussed.", "PMID": 318237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6218", "title": "Experimental studies of chronic pneumonia of sheep.", "content": "Strains of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from sheep affected with chronic pneumonia were inoculated by endobronchial route to conventionally-reared and SPF (Specific Pathogen-Free) lambs. Changes resembling those of the naturally-occurring disease were produced in most lambs given the organisms in combination and in some given M. ovipneumoniae alone. Similar but less extensive changes were seen in SPF lambs and fewer animals were affected. Different strains of M. ovipneumoniae did not affect the extent of changes produced in SPF lambs. M. ovipneumoniae became established in the lungs of both types of sheep; P. haemolytica did so less readily. It was concluded that chronic pneumonia may be reproduced in conventional animals by combined inoculation of M. ovipneumoniae and P. haemolytica. Age and status of immunity to mycoplasmas may account for the different responses of conventional and SPF lambs.", "contents": "Experimental studies of chronic pneumonia of sheep. Strains of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from sheep affected with chronic pneumonia were inoculated by endobronchial route to conventionally-reared and SPF (Specific Pathogen-Free) lambs. Changes resembling those of the naturally-occurring disease were produced in most lambs given the organisms in combination and in some given M. ovipneumoniae alone. Similar but less extensive changes were seen in SPF lambs and fewer animals were affected. Different strains of M. ovipneumoniae did not affect the extent of changes produced in SPF lambs. M. ovipneumoniae became established in the lungs of both types of sheep; P. haemolytica did so less readily. It was concluded that chronic pneumonia may be reproduced in conventional animals by combined inoculation of M. ovipneumoniae and P. haemolytica. Age and status of immunity to mycoplasmas may account for the different responses of conventional and SPF lambs.", "PMID": 318238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6219", "title": "[Potency testing of inactivated rabies vaccines. Problems posed by the use of the Habel test].", "content": "Rabies vaccines containing inactivated virus are often tested for potency by the Habel test. Even though many people use the Habel test, a humpbacked curve of mortality is always observed for the vaccinated mice, with a linear regression for the control animals. This unexpected survival of vaccinated mice given the greatest doses of virus is an artefact since the phenomenon is not observed after a non intracerebral challenge. Since the intracerebral challenge is not a good model for natural infection, the index of protection for the tested vaccines must be evaluated after discarding aberrant values by a graphic method. The use of the Reed and Muench method or K\u00e4rber method leads to an overestimated index of protection. The N.I.H. test gives the best estimation of the effectiveness of rabies vaccines, but does not reproduce the natural conditions of vaccination and infection.", "contents": "[Potency testing of inactivated rabies vaccines. Problems posed by the use of the Habel test]. Rabies vaccines containing inactivated virus are often tested for potency by the Habel test. Even though many people use the Habel test, a humpbacked curve of mortality is always observed for the vaccinated mice, with a linear regression for the control animals. This unexpected survival of vaccinated mice given the greatest doses of virus is an artefact since the phenomenon is not observed after a non intracerebral challenge. Since the intracerebral challenge is not a good model for natural infection, the index of protection for the tested vaccines must be evaluated after discarding aberrant values by a graphic method. The use of the Reed and Muench method or K\u00e4rber method leads to an overestimated index of protection. The N.I.H. test gives the best estimation of the effectiveness of rabies vaccines, but does not reproduce the natural conditions of vaccination and infection.", "PMID": 318239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6220", "title": "Lobster (Homarus americanus) striated muscle myosin.", "content": "1. Myosin from the thin-filament regulated flexor muscle of lobster contains 2 moles of each of 2 light chains. 2. The Lb 1 light chain of 19,000 daltons which can be removed by DTNB is heavier than the DTNB light chain of chicken. The Lb 2 light chain of 17,000 daltons can be removed with urea. 3. On electrophoresis in 8 M urea (pH 8.7) the Lb 2 light chain migrates with a mobility similar to that of chicken A2, but the Lb 1 migrates significantly faster than any of the chicken light chains. 4. In lobster, the DTNB treatment destroys the Ca and K-EDTA ATPase activity of lobster myosin.", "contents": "Lobster (Homarus americanus) striated muscle myosin. 1. Myosin from the thin-filament regulated flexor muscle of lobster contains 2 moles of each of 2 light chains. 2. The Lb 1 light chain of 19,000 daltons which can be removed by DTNB is heavier than the DTNB light chain of chicken. The Lb 2 light chain of 17,000 daltons can be removed with urea. 3. On electrophoresis in 8 M urea (pH 8.7) the Lb 2 light chain migrates with a mobility similar to that of chicken A2, but the Lb 1 migrates significantly faster than any of the chicken light chains. 4. In lobster, the DTNB treatment destroys the Ca and K-EDTA ATPase activity of lobster myosin.", "PMID": 318240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6221", "title": "Bilirubin metabolism in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, and the small skate, Raja erinacea.", "content": "1. The main bilirubin conjugate in bile of spiny dogfish (Squalus Acanthias) and small skate (Raja Erinacea) is bilirubin monoglucuronide. 2. Microsomal preparations from dogfish and small skate liver have similar bilirubin UDPglucuronyltransferase (UDPGT) activity and catalyze the conjugation of bilirubin with glucose from UDPglucose. 3. The activity of bilirubin glucosidation (UDPGT) was 0.5 times UDPG1T activity in dogfish and 0.15 times in skate liver microsomes. 4. Sodium cholate increased UDPGT and UDPG1T activities in dogfish and skate liver microsomal preparations only minimally, but the detergent markedly increased thermolability of UDPGT in skate liver microsomes.", "contents": "Bilirubin metabolism in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, and the small skate, Raja erinacea. 1. The main bilirubin conjugate in bile of spiny dogfish (Squalus Acanthias) and small skate (Raja Erinacea) is bilirubin monoglucuronide. 2. Microsomal preparations from dogfish and small skate liver have similar bilirubin UDPglucuronyltransferase (UDPGT) activity and catalyze the conjugation of bilirubin with glucose from UDPglucose. 3. The activity of bilirubin glucosidation (UDPGT) was 0.5 times UDPG1T activity in dogfish and 0.15 times in skate liver microsomes. 4. Sodium cholate increased UDPGT and UDPG1T activities in dogfish and skate liver microsomal preparations only minimally, but the detergent markedly increased thermolability of UDPGT in skate liver microsomes.", "PMID": 318241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6222", "title": "Effect of photoperiod and cold acclimation upon plasma free fatty acid levels in the white rat.", "content": "1. Animals were acclimated at 3 +/- 1 degrees C and at room temperature (22 degrees C) for 3 weeks. 2. At each acclimation temperature animals were maintained under either an 8:16 L:D cycle or a 16:8 L:D cycle. 3. Blood samples were taken before and after exposure to -38 degrees C for 30 min. 4. Free fatty acid levels were greatest in cold acclimated animals which were maintained on a short light cycle. 5. Interaction between acclimation and photoperiod was apparent.", "contents": "Effect of photoperiod and cold acclimation upon plasma free fatty acid levels in the white rat. 1. Animals were acclimated at 3 +/- 1 degrees C and at room temperature (22 degrees C) for 3 weeks. 2. At each acclimation temperature animals were maintained under either an 8:16 L:D cycle or a 16:8 L:D cycle. 3. Blood samples were taken before and after exposure to -38 degrees C for 30 min. 4. Free fatty acid levels were greatest in cold acclimated animals which were maintained on a short light cycle. 5. Interaction between acclimation and photoperiod was apparent.", "PMID": 318242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6223", "title": "Composition of adrenal lipids from some domestic and wild ruminants.", "content": "1. Lipids from the whole adrenal glands of the ox and the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) were extracted and fractionated into neutral and phospholipids. Both species revealed the presence of considerable quantities of cholesterol but only very small quantities of cholesteryl esters. 2. Fatty acids from various fractions of bovine and buffalo adrenal glands were investigated by gas-chromatography. They showed a remarkably low content of higher unsaturated fatty acids and a very high content of stearic acid. 3. Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were isolated from the adrenal glands of the impala antelope (Aepyceros melampus), their lipids extracted, analyzed and compared with the composition of the mitochondrial lipids from bovine adrenal glands. 4. Subcellular fractions of the bovine and impala adrenal glands contain only very small quantities of esterified cholesterol. Most of the lipid fractions were characterized by the absence of adrenic acid (C22:4 omega 6) and a low content of arachidonic acid.", "contents": "Composition of adrenal lipids from some domestic and wild ruminants. 1. Lipids from the whole adrenal glands of the ox and the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) were extracted and fractionated into neutral and phospholipids. Both species revealed the presence of considerable quantities of cholesterol but only very small quantities of cholesteryl esters. 2. Fatty acids from various fractions of bovine and buffalo adrenal glands were investigated by gas-chromatography. They showed a remarkably low content of higher unsaturated fatty acids and a very high content of stearic acid. 3. Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were isolated from the adrenal glands of the impala antelope (Aepyceros melampus), their lipids extracted, analyzed and compared with the composition of the mitochondrial lipids from bovine adrenal glands. 4. Subcellular fractions of the bovine and impala adrenal glands contain only very small quantities of esterified cholesterol. Most of the lipid fractions were characterized by the absence of adrenic acid (C22:4 omega 6) and a low content of arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 318243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6224", "title": "Chicken secretory immunoglobulin: chemical and immunological characterization of chicken IgA.", "content": "1. Chicken IgA purified from biliary fluids was chemically and immunologically characterized. 2. Chicken IgA was determined to be the only immunoglobulin class present in bile. Gel filtration studies reveal polymeric IgA e.g. 17-19S. 3. Antigenically, chicken IgA is distinct from chicken IgG, and IgM. 4. Chicken IgA does not show antigenic homology to human IgA. 5. SDS poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed IgA to possess heavy chains of 60,000 and light chains of 24,000 mol. wt, respectively. 6. Peptide mapping of tryptic digests of chicken alpha chains reveals approximately 35 peptides. The peptide map pattern is distinct from chicken gamma chains.", "contents": "Chicken secretory immunoglobulin: chemical and immunological characterization of chicken IgA. 1. Chicken IgA purified from biliary fluids was chemically and immunologically characterized. 2. Chicken IgA was determined to be the only immunoglobulin class present in bile. Gel filtration studies reveal polymeric IgA e.g. 17-19S. 3. Antigenically, chicken IgA is distinct from chicken IgG, and IgM. 4. Chicken IgA does not show antigenic homology to human IgA. 5. SDS poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed IgA to possess heavy chains of 60,000 and light chains of 24,000 mol. wt, respectively. 6. Peptide mapping of tryptic digests of chicken alpha chains reveals approximately 35 peptides. The peptide map pattern is distinct from chicken gamma chains.", "PMID": 318244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6225", "title": "Immunogenicities of haemocyanins from the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) and the keyhole limpet (Megathura crenulata).", "content": "1. The immunogenicities of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) haemocyanin (AFH) and the keyhole limpet (Megathura crenulata) haemocyanin (KLH) were compared by determining their capacities to induce humoral and cell-mediated immune response in rats. 2. KLH was found to be more immunogenic than AFH, and this was attributed to the fact that KLH contains more moieties, and probably more antigenic determinants than AFH. 3. Since AFH was found capable of stimulating both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, it was suggested that it could be used as an antigen for the investigation of immune responses.", "contents": "Immunogenicities of haemocyanins from the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) and the keyhole limpet (Megathura crenulata). 1. The immunogenicities of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) haemocyanin (AFH) and the keyhole limpet (Megathura crenulata) haemocyanin (KLH) were compared by determining their capacities to induce humoral and cell-mediated immune response in rats. 2. KLH was found to be more immunogenic than AFH, and this was attributed to the fact that KLH contains more moieties, and probably more antigenic determinants than AFH. 3. Since AFH was found capable of stimulating both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, it was suggested that it could be used as an antigen for the investigation of immune responses.", "PMID": 318245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6226", "title": "Cobalamin binding proteins in stomach and serum from various animal species data for B12 binding capacities and molecular sizes of the binding proteins.", "content": "1. The unsaturated cobalamin-binding capacity of stomach mucosa and serum from 37 animals and the size of the binders have been measured. 2. The binding capacity in stomach mucosa was from 1 to 600 nmole kg-1 wet wt, the highest values occurring in pig, guinea pig, porpoise and earthworm. In serum it varied from 0.4 to 270 nmole 1(-1), the highest values occurring in duck, grass snake, toad and spiny dogfish. 3. The size in terms of Stokes radius of the cobalamin binders in stomach mucosa varied from 1 nm in hagfish (Mr approximately 14,000) to 7 nm in lamprey (Mr approximately 210,000). In serum it was from 1.4 nm (Mr approximately 17,000) to 7.4 nm (Mr approximately 240,000) both in frog.", "contents": "Cobalamin binding proteins in stomach and serum from various animal species data for B12 binding capacities and molecular sizes of the binding proteins. 1. The unsaturated cobalamin-binding capacity of stomach mucosa and serum from 37 animals and the size of the binders have been measured. 2. The binding capacity in stomach mucosa was from 1 to 600 nmole kg-1 wet wt, the highest values occurring in pig, guinea pig, porpoise and earthworm. In serum it varied from 0.4 to 270 nmole 1(-1), the highest values occurring in duck, grass snake, toad and spiny dogfish. 3. The size in terms of Stokes radius of the cobalamin binders in stomach mucosa varied from 1 nm in hagfish (Mr approximately 14,000) to 7 nm in lamprey (Mr approximately 210,000). In serum it was from 1.4 nm (Mr approximately 17,000) to 7.4 nm (Mr approximately 240,000) both in frog.", "PMID": 318246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6227", "title": "Sources of normal variation of plasma lactate dehydrogenase in range cattle.", "content": "1. Plasma levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) were estimated in Hereford cattle of 1 month to 12 yr of age kept under range conditions. 2. Plasma levels of LD were estimated in a group of confined cows and their calves fed a constant diet and kept in individual pens in the same geographic area as the range Herefords. 3. Large seasonal changes in mean plasma LD were observed in the range cattle but not in the confined, constant diet group. The seasonal changes corresponded with the appearance of new growth on the range. 4. Changes in plasma LD were observed at weaning time in the range cattle but not in the confined group. 5. Sex had no effect upon plasma LD levels in the juvenile animals of either group. No comparison of adult animals could be made. 6. Mean plasma LD levels did not change with age but the seasonal effect decreased in magnitude as the animals matured. 7. An increase in plasma LD was observed around the first ovulation in the confined animals. 8. A decrease in plasma LD was observed during parturition in the confined group.", "contents": "Sources of normal variation of plasma lactate dehydrogenase in range cattle. 1. Plasma levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) were estimated in Hereford cattle of 1 month to 12 yr of age kept under range conditions. 2. Plasma levels of LD were estimated in a group of confined cows and their calves fed a constant diet and kept in individual pens in the same geographic area as the range Herefords. 3. Large seasonal changes in mean plasma LD were observed in the range cattle but not in the confined, constant diet group. The seasonal changes corresponded with the appearance of new growth on the range. 4. Changes in plasma LD were observed at weaning time in the range cattle but not in the confined group. 5. Sex had no effect upon plasma LD levels in the juvenile animals of either group. No comparison of adult animals could be made. 6. Mean plasma LD levels did not change with age but the seasonal effect decreased in magnitude as the animals matured. 7. An increase in plasma LD was observed around the first ovulation in the confined animals. 8. A decrease in plasma LD was observed during parturition in the confined group.", "PMID": 318247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6228", "title": "A comparative study of haemoglobins from the Artiodactyla by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "1. Isoelectric focusing on 7% acrylamide gels in 2% ampholyte of pH range 6-8 was used to fractionate the haemoglobins of 81 animals, representing 30 species from 4 families of the Order Artiodactyla. 2. Isoelectric points of the major haemoglobins were determined and the relative distribution of minor haemoglobins compared. 3. Marked haemoglobin heterogeneity was observed, with polymorphic and multiple haemoglobins. No one haemoglobin was common to all species.", "contents": "A comparative study of haemoglobins from the Artiodactyla by isoelectric focusing. 1. Isoelectric focusing on 7% acrylamide gels in 2% ampholyte of pH range 6-8 was used to fractionate the haemoglobins of 81 animals, representing 30 species from 4 families of the Order Artiodactyla. 2. Isoelectric points of the major haemoglobins were determined and the relative distribution of minor haemoglobins compared. 3. Marked haemoglobin heterogeneity was observed, with polymorphic and multiple haemoglobins. No one haemoglobin was common to all species.", "PMID": 318248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6229", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum: comparison of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities in adults.", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in paired adult Schistosoma mansoni is about twice as great as in paired adult Schistosoma japonicum. 2. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity accounts for 25.8% of the measured production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in S. japonicum but only 8.6% of the measured production of NADPH in S. mansoni. 3. These data suggest a species difference in 6-phosphogluconate metabolism.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum: comparison of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities in adults. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in paired adult Schistosoma mansoni is about twice as great as in paired adult Schistosoma japonicum. 2. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity accounts for 25.8% of the measured production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in S. japonicum but only 8.6% of the measured production of NADPH in S. mansoni. 3. These data suggest a species difference in 6-phosphogluconate metabolism.", "PMID": 318249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6230", "title": "Anserine and carnosine in chicks (Gallus gallus) rat pups (Rattus rattus) and ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos): comparative ontogenetic observations.", "content": "1. Muscle and brain from developing chick embryos, as well as from day-old chicks, rats, and ducks were analyzed for the histidine-containing dipeptides, anserine and carnosine. 2. Anserine was found in the brain of all species studied, whereas in muscle, anserine was found only in chicks. 3. At 15 days, the muscle of developing chick embryo contained 41 +/- 9 mumoles/100 g anserine while carnosine was present at a level of less than 3 mumoles/100 g. 4. In day-old chicks the anserine level in muscle was 100 +/- 35 mumoles/100 g while the carnosine level was 22.5 +/- 1 mumoles/100 g. 5. These findings cast doubt on earlier hypotheses relating anserine and carnosine to muscle activity.", "contents": "Anserine and carnosine in chicks (Gallus gallus) rat pups (Rattus rattus) and ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos): comparative ontogenetic observations. 1. Muscle and brain from developing chick embryos, as well as from day-old chicks, rats, and ducks were analyzed for the histidine-containing dipeptides, anserine and carnosine. 2. Anserine was found in the brain of all species studied, whereas in muscle, anserine was found only in chicks. 3. At 15 days, the muscle of developing chick embryo contained 41 +/- 9 mumoles/100 g anserine while carnosine was present at a level of less than 3 mumoles/100 g. 4. In day-old chicks the anserine level in muscle was 100 +/- 35 mumoles/100 g while the carnosine level was 22.5 +/- 1 mumoles/100 g. 5. These findings cast doubt on earlier hypotheses relating anserine and carnosine to muscle activity.", "PMID": 318250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6231", "title": "Comparative studies on the nonprotein but nondialysable sugar-peptide fraction isolated from the plasma of various classes of vertebrates.", "content": "1. The nonprotein but nondialysable ninhydrin-positive substances isolated from plasma of some species belonging to four classes of vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, birds and mammals) were studied. 2. In all species studied (Cyprinus carpio, Salmo gairdneri, Rana esculenta, Rana temporaria, Gallus domestica and Rattus rattus) a similar group of nondialysable ninhydrin-positive substances may be isolated from the plasma by Sephadex G-25 filtration followed by dialysis. 3. Thin-layer Sephadex G-25 electrophoresis disclosed in birds (Gallus domestica) the lack of one ninhydrin-positive band contrary to the species of other classes of vertebrates. 4. Electrochromatography showed in all species studied an alteration in the composition of the basic peptide fractions and in birds the lack of one neutral peptide.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the nonprotein but nondialysable sugar-peptide fraction isolated from the plasma of various classes of vertebrates. 1. The nonprotein but nondialysable ninhydrin-positive substances isolated from plasma of some species belonging to four classes of vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, birds and mammals) were studied. 2. In all species studied (Cyprinus carpio, Salmo gairdneri, Rana esculenta, Rana temporaria, Gallus domestica and Rattus rattus) a similar group of nondialysable ninhydrin-positive substances may be isolated from the plasma by Sephadex G-25 filtration followed by dialysis. 3. Thin-layer Sephadex G-25 electrophoresis disclosed in birds (Gallus domestica) the lack of one ninhydrin-positive band contrary to the species of other classes of vertebrates. 4. Electrochromatography showed in all species studied an alteration in the composition of the basic peptide fractions and in birds the lack of one neutral peptide.", "PMID": 318251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6232", "title": "Comparative studies on the glycoprotein composition of mammalian platelets.", "content": "1. The membrane glycoprotein composition of the blood platelets of 13 mammalian species has been compared by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. A basic pattern of 2-3 predominant high molecular weight glycoprotein bands was observed, however species differences in their relative rates of migration and abundance were apparent. 3. Wide species differences in the number and rate of migration of the acidic glycopeptides released by trypsin digestion of washed platelet suspensions were observed following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of SDS.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the glycoprotein composition of mammalian platelets. 1. The membrane glycoprotein composition of the blood platelets of 13 mammalian species has been compared by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. A basic pattern of 2-3 predominant high molecular weight glycoprotein bands was observed, however species differences in their relative rates of migration and abundance were apparent. 3. Wide species differences in the number and rate of migration of the acidic glycopeptides released by trypsin digestion of washed platelet suspensions were observed following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of SDS.", "PMID": 318252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6233", "title": "Glucose turnover in the young chicken (Gallus domesticus) using variously labeled (3H, U-14C) glucose tracers.", "content": "1. Various parameters of glucose metabolism--glucose replacement rate, percent recycling, mean transit time, and glucose mass were examined using various double labeled glucose tracers--2T-, U-14C; 3T-, U-14C; 4T-, U-14C; 5T-, U14C; and 6T-, U-14C. 2. Estimates of replacement rate were greatest for 2T-glucose (21.4 mg/min/kg), with 3T-, 4T-, 5T-, and 6T-glucose all having similar values (15.8, 15.6, 17.0, 16.0 mg/min/kg, respectively). 3. Calculated glucose mass based on all tritiated tracers (734-1086 mg/kg body weight) agreed closely with a direct determination of body glucose (969 mg/kg). 4. Reincorporation of tritium from 3H2O into glucose did not occur to any significant degree. 5. The young chick was found to have a very rapid rate of glucose turnover and high percent recycling compared to mammals.", "contents": "Glucose turnover in the young chicken (Gallus domesticus) using variously labeled (3H, U-14C) glucose tracers. 1. Various parameters of glucose metabolism--glucose replacement rate, percent recycling, mean transit time, and glucose mass were examined using various double labeled glucose tracers--2T-, U-14C; 3T-, U-14C; 4T-, U-14C; 5T-, U14C; and 6T-, U-14C. 2. Estimates of replacement rate were greatest for 2T-glucose (21.4 mg/min/kg), with 3T-, 4T-, 5T-, and 6T-glucose all having similar values (15.8, 15.6, 17.0, 16.0 mg/min/kg, respectively). 3. Calculated glucose mass based on all tritiated tracers (734-1086 mg/kg body weight) agreed closely with a direct determination of body glucose (969 mg/kg). 4. Reincorporation of tritium from 3H2O into glucose did not occur to any significant degree. 5. The young chick was found to have a very rapid rate of glucose turnover and high percent recycling compared to mammals.", "PMID": 318253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6234", "title": "Lactic acid formation in crustaceans and the liver function of the midgut gland questioned.", "content": "1. The possibility of the midgut gland of the crustacean (Cherax destructor) functioning as a liver has been investigated. 2. Seven species of crustaceans accumulate lactic acid in the haemolymph when exercised. The rate of disappearance of lactate in Homarus gammarus and in C. destructor is very slow when compared with man. 3. In the midgut gland of C. destructor no firm evidence was obtained for gluconeogenesis from lactate and for ketogenesis from fatty acids. 4. It is concluded that there is at present no justification for the common practice of calling the midgut gland an hepatopancreas.", "contents": "Lactic acid formation in crustaceans and the liver function of the midgut gland questioned. 1. The possibility of the midgut gland of the crustacean (Cherax destructor) functioning as a liver has been investigated. 2. Seven species of crustaceans accumulate lactic acid in the haemolymph when exercised. The rate of disappearance of lactate in Homarus gammarus and in C. destructor is very slow when compared with man. 3. In the midgut gland of C. destructor no firm evidence was obtained for gluconeogenesis from lactate and for ketogenesis from fatty acids. 4. It is concluded that there is at present no justification for the common practice of calling the midgut gland an hepatopancreas.", "PMID": 318254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6235", "title": "Utilization of a differential hemoglobin elution procedure as a rapid assay for identification of embryonic and adult chicken red blood cells.", "content": "1. A hemoglobin elution-staining procedure has been developed for distinguishing embryonic chick red blood cells from adult chicken red blood cells. 2. Adult hemoglobin is eluted from red blood cells with 1.9 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2; whereas, embryonic hemoglobin is retained within the cells and gives positive staining with erythrosin B. 3. The hemoglobin elution-staining pattern during development can be correlated with two embryonic hemoglobins as detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 4. The series of red blood cells staining with erythrosin B correspond to the primary erythrocyte series suggesting that hemoglobin expression during development is correlated with different cell populations.", "contents": "Utilization of a differential hemoglobin elution procedure as a rapid assay for identification of embryonic and adult chicken red blood cells. 1. A hemoglobin elution-staining procedure has been developed for distinguishing embryonic chick red blood cells from adult chicken red blood cells. 2. Adult hemoglobin is eluted from red blood cells with 1.9 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2; whereas, embryonic hemoglobin is retained within the cells and gives positive staining with erythrosin B. 3. The hemoglobin elution-staining pattern during development can be correlated with two embryonic hemoglobins as detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 4. The series of red blood cells staining with erythrosin B correspond to the primary erythrocyte series suggesting that hemoglobin expression during development is correlated with different cell populations.", "PMID": 318255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6236", "title": "Temperature induced isozyme variants in individuals of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata.", "content": "1. The technique of microacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis was used to repeatedly monitor the qualitative isozyme composition in the tube feet of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata exposed to different temperature regimes. 2. Four enzyme systems were assayed. Three (MDH, HK, and ACPH) were monomorphic for each animal studied and no change in band migration pattern was observed. Banding patterns for the fourth system (EST) were observed to vary in the same individual. 3. The reversible induction of esterase variants in the tube feet of the same individual is reported. 4. The change was temperature dependent, and a period of 7-14 days acclimation was required to induce the pattern alteration.", "contents": "Temperature induced isozyme variants in individuals of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. 1. The technique of microacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis was used to repeatedly monitor the qualitative isozyme composition in the tube feet of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata exposed to different temperature regimes. 2. Four enzyme systems were assayed. Three (MDH, HK, and ACPH) were monomorphic for each animal studied and no change in band migration pattern was observed. Banding patterns for the fourth system (EST) were observed to vary in the same individual. 3. The reversible induction of esterase variants in the tube feet of the same individual is reported. 4. The change was temperature dependent, and a period of 7-14 days acclimation was required to induce the pattern alteration.", "PMID": 318256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6237", "title": "Variance in LDH isozyme patterns in a Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) colony.", "content": "1. LDH activity and isozyme pattern were examined in the liver and epididymal fat pad of animals in 12 different sublines of the Upjohn Chinese hamster colony, which was established to produce animals with spontaneous diabetes. 2. Considerable divergence was observed and the animals could be divided into 3 groups according to LDH-H activity. Each group was significantly different from the other in epididymal fat pad LDH-1, 2,3 and 5 and liver LDH-3, 4 and 5. 3. The variance in LDH isozyme pattern bore no relationship to the state of diabetes but appeared to arise from other genetic determinants. However, within a single subline, a significant correlation between blood sugar and epididymal fat pad LDH-5 was observed.", "contents": "Variance in LDH isozyme patterns in a Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) colony. 1. LDH activity and isozyme pattern were examined in the liver and epididymal fat pad of animals in 12 different sublines of the Upjohn Chinese hamster colony, which was established to produce animals with spontaneous diabetes. 2. Considerable divergence was observed and the animals could be divided into 3 groups according to LDH-H activity. Each group was significantly different from the other in epididymal fat pad LDH-1, 2,3 and 5 and liver LDH-3, 4 and 5. 3. The variance in LDH isozyme pattern bore no relationship to the state of diabetes but appeared to arise from other genetic determinants. However, within a single subline, a significant correlation between blood sugar and epididymal fat pad LDH-5 was observed.", "PMID": 318257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6238", "title": "Metabolism of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in gourami (Trichogaster cosby) fry and mature females.", "content": "1. Female gouramis incorporated pulse-fed [U-14C]oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids more readily into roe than body lipids. Labeling was highest in eggs spawned 20-30 days after feeding. 2. In the fry, linoleic and linolenic were catabolized more slowly than oleic acid, indicating conservation of the polyunsaturated acids in the early stage of life. 3. In the mature female, metabolism of linolenic was distinct from that of the other acids by more extensive conversions and greater use of 14C for de novo synthesis of fatty acids.", "contents": "Metabolism of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in gourami (Trichogaster cosby) fry and mature females. 1. Female gouramis incorporated pulse-fed [U-14C]oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids more readily into roe than body lipids. Labeling was highest in eggs spawned 20-30 days after feeding. 2. In the fry, linoleic and linolenic were catabolized more slowly than oleic acid, indicating conservation of the polyunsaturated acids in the early stage of life. 3. In the mature female, metabolism of linolenic was distinct from that of the other acids by more extensive conversions and greater use of 14C for de novo synthesis of fatty acids.", "PMID": 318258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6239", "title": "Plasma lipid levels and lipoprotein ratios in ten rodent species.", "content": "Cholesterol, triglyceride, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns in blood plasma of ten species of wild rodents are compared with those of the laboratory mouse and man under standard conditions. 1. Average plasma lipid levels for the mouse and man appear in the middle of the wide ranges of 0.6-1.8 g/l. for cholesterol, 0.4 to 2.4 g/l. for triglyceride and 0.32-0.68 m-equiv/l. for NEFA found in these rodents suggesting species may vary in their ability to utilize these lipids. 2. Some universal relationship between levels of cholesterol and triglyceride, but not with NEFA, are suggested by a comparison between average levels in these 12 species. 3. Lack of correlation between the typical four component human lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern with any of the uniquely different patterns of rodents indicate using this method it is not feasible to compare the blood lipid transport system amongst species.", "contents": "Plasma lipid levels and lipoprotein ratios in ten rodent species. Cholesterol, triglyceride, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns in blood plasma of ten species of wild rodents are compared with those of the laboratory mouse and man under standard conditions. 1. Average plasma lipid levels for the mouse and man appear in the middle of the wide ranges of 0.6-1.8 g/l. for cholesterol, 0.4 to 2.4 g/l. for triglyceride and 0.32-0.68 m-equiv/l. for NEFA found in these rodents suggesting species may vary in their ability to utilize these lipids. 2. Some universal relationship between levels of cholesterol and triglyceride, but not with NEFA, are suggested by a comparison between average levels in these 12 species. 3. Lack of correlation between the typical four component human lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern with any of the uniquely different patterns of rodents indicate using this method it is not feasible to compare the blood lipid transport system amongst species.", "PMID": 318259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6240", "title": "The effects of starvation on the sodium, potassium, water and free amino acid content of parietal muscle from Agonus cataphractus.", "content": "1. The levels of the individual free amino acids, K, Na and water present in parietal muscle were measured in fish starved for periods of 3-115 days. 2. The Na and water content progressively increased relative to dry weight of tissue during the starvation period whereas an initial increase in the K content up to 67 days was followed by a decrease to near the normal fed level by 115 days. The ammonia content remained essentially stable over the same period. 3. The essential free amino acid content tended to follow the muscle sodium pattern while the non-essential amino acids and taurine gave results somewhat similar to those of potassium. 4. The net result of these changes is that the Na, K and total free amino acid concentration is maintained within fairly narrow limits relative to the tissue water content during 11-67 days of the starvation period under the experimental conditions used.", "contents": "The effects of starvation on the sodium, potassium, water and free amino acid content of parietal muscle from Agonus cataphractus. 1. The levels of the individual free amino acids, K, Na and water present in parietal muscle were measured in fish starved for periods of 3-115 days. 2. The Na and water content progressively increased relative to dry weight of tissue during the starvation period whereas an initial increase in the K content up to 67 days was followed by a decrease to near the normal fed level by 115 days. The ammonia content remained essentially stable over the same period. 3. The essential free amino acid content tended to follow the muscle sodium pattern while the non-essential amino acids and taurine gave results somewhat similar to those of potassium. 4. The net result of these changes is that the Na, K and total free amino acid concentration is maintained within fairly narrow limits relative to the tissue water content during 11-67 days of the starvation period under the experimental conditions used.", "PMID": 318260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6241", "title": "Regulation of purine metabolism: a comparative study of the kinetic properties of adenylosuccinate synthetases from various sources.", "content": "1. Adenylosuccinate synthetase has been partially purified from rat liver, fetal rat liver, Novikoff ascites cells, Walker carcinoma 256 solid tumors, chicken liver and muscle, rabbit muscle and pig brain. 2. Considerable differences exist in Michaelis constants among the various species and the changes possibly reflect differences in regulation. 3. The kinetic properties of the enzyme are generally consistent with proposed metabolic roles in various tissues.", "contents": "Regulation of purine metabolism: a comparative study of the kinetic properties of adenylosuccinate synthetases from various sources. 1. Adenylosuccinate synthetase has been partially purified from rat liver, fetal rat liver, Novikoff ascites cells, Walker carcinoma 256 solid tumors, chicken liver and muscle, rabbit muscle and pig brain. 2. Considerable differences exist in Michaelis constants among the various species and the changes possibly reflect differences in regulation. 3. The kinetic properties of the enzyme are generally consistent with proposed metabolic roles in various tissues.", "PMID": 318261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6242", "title": "Expression of serum proteins in the developing chick embryo.", "content": "1. Sera from different embryonic stages of development and adult chickens were examined for embryonic-adult differences. 2. An antisera prepared in rabbits to 14 day embryonic chick sera revealed an antigen present in the early stages of embryonic development. The antigen reached a peak on day 14 and was not detectable 5 days post hatching. 3. Gel filtration studies in conjunction with immunodiffusion studies revealed the serum antigen to be in the 160,000 mol wt range. 4. Immunoelectrophoretic analyses of embryonic and adult sera revealed the sera components to increase in quantity and in numbers with development. The serum immunoelectrophoretic profile of newly hatch chick serum closely resembled sera from adult chickens. 5. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic comparisons of the sera of the developing chicks and the adult chickens revealed proteins specific to certain developmental stages as well as proteins specific to the adult serum. Qualitative and quantitative serum protein differences were found.", "contents": "Expression of serum proteins in the developing chick embryo. 1. Sera from different embryonic stages of development and adult chickens were examined for embryonic-adult differences. 2. An antisera prepared in rabbits to 14 day embryonic chick sera revealed an antigen present in the early stages of embryonic development. The antigen reached a peak on day 14 and was not detectable 5 days post hatching. 3. Gel filtration studies in conjunction with immunodiffusion studies revealed the serum antigen to be in the 160,000 mol wt range. 4. Immunoelectrophoretic analyses of embryonic and adult sera revealed the sera components to increase in quantity and in numbers with development. The serum immunoelectrophoretic profile of newly hatch chick serum closely resembled sera from adult chickens. 5. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic comparisons of the sera of the developing chicks and the adult chickens revealed proteins specific to certain developmental stages as well as proteins specific to the adult serum. Qualitative and quantitative serum protein differences were found.", "PMID": 318262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6243", "title": "Comparative studies on the gastric glycopeptide in eleven animal species.", "content": "1. Glycopeptides in the stomachs of eleven mammalian species, including human, rabbit, horse, cow, pig, goat, sheep, dog, cat, guinea pig and rat were assayed by determining the carbohydrate content of materials which remained after proteolysis. 2. The glycopeptide content was higher in the mucosa than in the muscular layer including serosa, especially in the porcine stomach and the fourth stomachs of the ruminants than in the stomachs of any other animals. 3. The glycopeptide, which was stained with both alcian blue and PAS, was absent or sparingly present in the mucosae of the human, rabbit, horse stomachs and in the mucosae of the first to third stomachs of the cow, goat and sheep, whereas in the mucosae of the pig, dog, cat, guinea pig and rat stomachs and in the mucosae of the fourth stomachs of the cow, goat and sheep, it was found in noticeable extents.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the gastric glycopeptide in eleven animal species. 1. Glycopeptides in the stomachs of eleven mammalian species, including human, rabbit, horse, cow, pig, goat, sheep, dog, cat, guinea pig and rat were assayed by determining the carbohydrate content of materials which remained after proteolysis. 2. The glycopeptide content was higher in the mucosa than in the muscular layer including serosa, especially in the porcine stomach and the fourth stomachs of the ruminants than in the stomachs of any other animals. 3. The glycopeptide, which was stained with both alcian blue and PAS, was absent or sparingly present in the mucosae of the human, rabbit, horse stomachs and in the mucosae of the first to third stomachs of the cow, goat and sheep, whereas in the mucosae of the pig, dog, cat, guinea pig and rat stomachs and in the mucosae of the fourth stomachs of the cow, goat and sheep, it was found in noticeable extents.", "PMID": 318263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6244", "title": "Changes in serum glucose and lipids, and liver glycogen and phosphorylase during vitellogenesis in nature in the flounder (Platichtys flesus, L.).", "content": "1. During vitellogenesis in nature the concentration of phospholipid in serum of female flounders is correlated to the concentration of vitellogenin. 2. High levels of glucose and total lipid in blood occur before the onset of vitellogenesis. During early vitellogenesis the values decrease. At spawning they reach maximum levels. After spawning they decrease to low levels. 3. The concentration of glycogen in the liver oscillates during the period August to May. The phosphorylase activity shows peak activities with high concentrations of glycogen in the liver. There is no simple correlation between glycogen concentration in the liver and glucose concentration in the blood.", "contents": "Changes in serum glucose and lipids, and liver glycogen and phosphorylase during vitellogenesis in nature in the flounder (Platichtys flesus, L.). 1. During vitellogenesis in nature the concentration of phospholipid in serum of female flounders is correlated to the concentration of vitellogenin. 2. High levels of glucose and total lipid in blood occur before the onset of vitellogenesis. During early vitellogenesis the values decrease. At spawning they reach maximum levels. After spawning they decrease to low levels. 3. The concentration of glycogen in the liver oscillates during the period August to May. The phosphorylase activity shows peak activities with high concentrations of glycogen in the liver. There is no simple correlation between glycogen concentration in the liver and glucose concentration in the blood.", "PMID": 318264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6245", "title": "Fatty acid composition of hump triglycerides of the camel Camelus dromedarius.", "content": "1. Hump lipids of Camelus dromedarius (single-humped camel) were extracted and fractionated by thin-layer chromatography. 2. The hump lipids were found to be mainly triglycerides with a trace of phospholipids. 3. The fatty acid methyl esters of the triglycerides were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. 4. The major fatty acids were found to be palmitate (35%), stearate (26%), oleate (24%) and myristate (12%). Hexadecenoic (2%) and pentadecanoic acids were minor components.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of hump triglycerides of the camel Camelus dromedarius. 1. Hump lipids of Camelus dromedarius (single-humped camel) were extracted and fractionated by thin-layer chromatography. 2. The hump lipids were found to be mainly triglycerides with a trace of phospholipids. 3. The fatty acid methyl esters of the triglycerides were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. 4. The major fatty acids were found to be palmitate (35%), stearate (26%), oleate (24%) and myristate (12%). Hexadecenoic (2%) and pentadecanoic acids were minor components.", "PMID": 318265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6246", "title": "Differential response of rat brown and white adipose tissue to environmental or nutritional stress.", "content": "1. In vivo fatty acid synthesis by brown adipose tissue was enhanced in rats exposed to cold (5 degrees C) or altitude (4300 m) for 7 days but was unaltered in rats exposed to heat (35 degrees C) for an equivalent period. In vivo fatty acid synthesis by white adipose tissue was depressed by cold exposure while altitude and heat exposure had no effect. 2. In vitro, CO2 production and lipid synthesis were elevated in brown adipose tissue from rats fasted for 4 days. Refeeding (4 days) such rats reversed these effects, leading to depressed values relative to those of control rats. In contrast, these metabolic events in white adipose tissue were decreased by fasting and increased compared to controls during subsequent refeeding.", "contents": "Differential response of rat brown and white adipose tissue to environmental or nutritional stress. 1. In vivo fatty acid synthesis by brown adipose tissue was enhanced in rats exposed to cold (5 degrees C) or altitude (4300 m) for 7 days but was unaltered in rats exposed to heat (35 degrees C) for an equivalent period. In vivo fatty acid synthesis by white adipose tissue was depressed by cold exposure while altitude and heat exposure had no effect. 2. In vitro, CO2 production and lipid synthesis were elevated in brown adipose tissue from rats fasted for 4 days. Refeeding (4 days) such rats reversed these effects, leading to depressed values relative to those of control rats. In contrast, these metabolic events in white adipose tissue were decreased by fasting and increased compared to controls during subsequent refeeding.", "PMID": 318266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6247", "title": "Temperature acclimation in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): biochemical and organ weight changes.", "content": "1. Adult Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were acclimated to 5 +/- 1, 24 +/- 1 and 34 +/- 1 degrees C for 6-8 weeks. 2. Body weights of temperature acclimated gerbils did not differ significantly from controls. Organ wt/body wt ratios of liver, kidney and heart increased in cold-acclimated and decreased in heat-acclimated gerbils. Adrenal wt/body wt ratio increased in the cold and was unchanged in the heat. Relative weights of brain, spleen, lungs, brown fat and ovaries + uterus did not change with temperature acclimation. 3. Cold acclimation produced significant increases in specific and total activity of brown fat alpha GPO and liver SO and AAO and in total activity of kidney SO; a significant decrease in liver mitochondrial ADP/O ratio with succinate as substrate; and no change in brown fat SO or liver alpha KGO. 4. Heat acclimation produced significant decreases in specific and total activity of liver and kidney SO, and in total activity of brown fat SO and alpha GPO, and liver AAO and alpha KGO. 5. The combined biochemical and organ wt changes seen in temperature-acclimated gerbils suggest that this species is capable of altering its metabolic thermogenic potential in response to a wide range of ambient temperatures.", "contents": "Temperature acclimation in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): biochemical and organ weight changes. 1. Adult Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were acclimated to 5 +/- 1, 24 +/- 1 and 34 +/- 1 degrees C for 6-8 weeks. 2. Body weights of temperature acclimated gerbils did not differ significantly from controls. Organ wt/body wt ratios of liver, kidney and heart increased in cold-acclimated and decreased in heat-acclimated gerbils. Adrenal wt/body wt ratio increased in the cold and was unchanged in the heat. Relative weights of brain, spleen, lungs, brown fat and ovaries + uterus did not change with temperature acclimation. 3. Cold acclimation produced significant increases in specific and total activity of brown fat alpha GPO and liver SO and AAO and in total activity of kidney SO; a significant decrease in liver mitochondrial ADP/O ratio with succinate as substrate; and no change in brown fat SO or liver alpha KGO. 4. Heat acclimation produced significant decreases in specific and total activity of liver and kidney SO, and in total activity of brown fat SO and alpha GPO, and liver AAO and alpha KGO. 5. The combined biochemical and organ wt changes seen in temperature-acclimated gerbils suggest that this species is capable of altering its metabolic thermogenic potential in response to a wide range of ambient temperatures.", "PMID": 318267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6248", "title": "Occurrence and properties of low molecular weight RNA components from cells at different taxonomic levels.", "content": "1. The occurrence and gel electrophoretic properties of low molecular weight RNA components (LMW RNA) have been studied in species at different taxonomic levels. The LMW RNA components apart from tRNA, 5S RNA and 5.5S RNA are called LMW*RNA. 2. The major components of LMW*RNA in mammalian cells are L, A, C and D, accounting for 0.1-0.7% of cellular RNA. The gel electrophoretic migration of components L, C, and D is similar in different mammals but the migration of component A shows differences. 3. Amphibia, reptiles and birds contain L, A, C and D in about the same amounts as mammals but slight differences in migration are seen for L, C and D. Component A is absent from the nucleated red blood cells of the chicken and the frog. 4. Sea urchins contain three LMW*RNA components with migrations different from L, A, C and D. These components account for about 0.1% of the cellular RNA. 5. Insects contain only one LMW*RNA component, migrating as component L. 6. Tetrahymena, Physarum and Mycoplasmas have one component which may be a counterpart to component L in higher cells. Yeast shows no LMW*RNA components. 7. In the multicellular species the occurrence and gel electrophoretic migration of LMW*RNA components are not related to tumorigenicity, developmental stage or origin of tissue.", "contents": "Occurrence and properties of low molecular weight RNA components from cells at different taxonomic levels. 1. The occurrence and gel electrophoretic properties of low molecular weight RNA components (LMW RNA) have been studied in species at different taxonomic levels. The LMW RNA components apart from tRNA, 5S RNA and 5.5S RNA are called LMW*RNA. 2. The major components of LMW*RNA in mammalian cells are L, A, C and D, accounting for 0.1-0.7% of cellular RNA. The gel electrophoretic migration of components L, C, and D is similar in different mammals but the migration of component A shows differences. 3. Amphibia, reptiles and birds contain L, A, C and D in about the same amounts as mammals but slight differences in migration are seen for L, C and D. Component A is absent from the nucleated red blood cells of the chicken and the frog. 4. Sea urchins contain three LMW*RNA components with migrations different from L, A, C and D. These components account for about 0.1% of the cellular RNA. 5. Insects contain only one LMW*RNA component, migrating as component L. 6. Tetrahymena, Physarum and Mycoplasmas have one component which may be a counterpart to component L in higher cells. Yeast shows no LMW*RNA components. 7. In the multicellular species the occurrence and gel electrophoretic migration of LMW*RNA components are not related to tumorigenicity, developmental stage or origin of tissue.", "PMID": 318268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6249", "title": "An electrophoretic description of five species of squirrel.", "content": "1. The blood serum proteins of five species of Nearctic squirrels were electrophoretically examined. 2. Protein polymorphism was detected in all the species described. 3. The use of the mean relative mobility of specific proteins was shown to be a valuable aid in distinguishing species.", "contents": "An electrophoretic description of five species of squirrel. 1. The blood serum proteins of five species of Nearctic squirrels were electrophoretically examined. 2. Protein polymorphism was detected in all the species described. 3. The use of the mean relative mobility of specific proteins was shown to be a valuable aid in distinguishing species.", "PMID": 318269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6250", "title": "Influence of diet on adiposal lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triacylglyceride synthetase activities in the developing pullet (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "1. Lipoprotein lipase activity of the abdominal fat pad and hepatic triacylglyceride synthetase activity were determined at 2, 7.5, 9, 12.5 and 20 weeks of age. 2. Specific activity of lipoprotein lipase in fat pad was constant at 2-9 weeks, decreasing until 20 weeks. Hepatic triacylglyceride synthetase activity decreased from 2 to 12.5 weeks, increasing by 20 weeks. 3. Lipoprotein lipase activity was higher throughout 20 weeks and triacylglyceride synthetase activity was higher at 7.5 weeks with energy restricted diet. 4. An inverse relationship existed between fat pad weight and specific activity of lipoprotein lipase; higher activity in adipose tissue of energy restricted pullets may have been a function of smaller fat pad size.", "contents": "Influence of diet on adiposal lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triacylglyceride synthetase activities in the developing pullet (Gallus domesticus). 1. Lipoprotein lipase activity of the abdominal fat pad and hepatic triacylglyceride synthetase activity were determined at 2, 7.5, 9, 12.5 and 20 weeks of age. 2. Specific activity of lipoprotein lipase in fat pad was constant at 2-9 weeks, decreasing until 20 weeks. Hepatic triacylglyceride synthetase activity decreased from 2 to 12.5 weeks, increasing by 20 weeks. 3. Lipoprotein lipase activity was higher throughout 20 weeks and triacylglyceride synthetase activity was higher at 7.5 weeks with energy restricted diet. 4. An inverse relationship existed between fat pad weight and specific activity of lipoprotein lipase; higher activity in adipose tissue of energy restricted pullets may have been a function of smaller fat pad size.", "PMID": 318270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6251", "title": "Some comparative aspects of the organ distribution of superoxide dismutase activity in the freshwater turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans.", "content": "1. Superoxide dismutase activities in five tissues of the relatively anaerobic freshwater turtle were compared with SOD activities in the same tissues of two mammalian species (mouse and rabbit) with a more usual pattern of dependence on O2 availability. 2. SOD activities in brain, lung and skeletal muscle, but not liver or cardiac muscle, are significantly lower in the turtle. The turtle also shows differences in the pattern of relative SOD activities in various tissues as compared to the two mammalian species. 3. The data indicate that a relationship does exist between SOD activities and O2 exposure in intact vertebrate systems, and is consistent with a physiological role for SOD in tissue O2 metabolism.", "contents": "Some comparative aspects of the organ distribution of superoxide dismutase activity in the freshwater turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. 1. Superoxide dismutase activities in five tissues of the relatively anaerobic freshwater turtle were compared with SOD activities in the same tissues of two mammalian species (mouse and rabbit) with a more usual pattern of dependence on O2 availability. 2. SOD activities in brain, lung and skeletal muscle, but not liver or cardiac muscle, are significantly lower in the turtle. The turtle also shows differences in the pattern of relative SOD activities in various tissues as compared to the two mammalian species. 3. The data indicate that a relationship does exist between SOD activities and O2 exposure in intact vertebrate systems, and is consistent with a physiological role for SOD in tissue O2 metabolism.", "PMID": 318271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6252", "title": "Some biochemical similarities and differences between two jack mackerel species, Trachurus declivis and T. novaezelandiae.", "content": "1. Six proteins, haemoglobin (two loci), serum esterase (two loci) and lactate dehydrogenuase (two loci) from two species of jack mackerel, Trachurus declivis and T. novaeselandiae, were compared electrophoretically. All six loci were found to be monomorphic. 2. LDH from red and white skeletal muscle tissue were electrophoretically different, but the red form and the white form were found to be identical in both species. 3. Both species share an electrophoretically identical serum esterase, but each species also has an electrophoretically distinct serum esterase. 4. Both species share an electrophoretically identical haemoglobin, but each species also has an electrophoretically distinct haemoglobin. 5. The otolith iron contents of the two species were compared and found to be identical.", "contents": "Some biochemical similarities and differences between two jack mackerel species, Trachurus declivis and T. novaezelandiae. 1. Six proteins, haemoglobin (two loci), serum esterase (two loci) and lactate dehydrogenuase (two loci) from two species of jack mackerel, Trachurus declivis and T. novaeselandiae, were compared electrophoretically. All six loci were found to be monomorphic. 2. LDH from red and white skeletal muscle tissue were electrophoretically different, but the red form and the white form were found to be identical in both species. 3. Both species share an electrophoretically identical serum esterase, but each species also has an electrophoretically distinct serum esterase. 4. Both species share an electrophoretically identical haemoglobin, but each species also has an electrophoretically distinct haemoglobin. 5. The otolith iron contents of the two species were compared and found to be identical.", "PMID": 318272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6253", "title": "[The fine structure of trout liver glycogen].", "content": "1. The fine structure of trout liver glycogen has been investigated using an enzymatic method. 2. The total conversion of glycogen into glucose under the action of amyloglucosidase and the percentage of beta-amylolysis before (37.4%) and after (97.8%) isoamylase debranching are similar to the mammalian glycogen. 3. However, the resistance to beta-amylase of certain debranched material leads to an hypothesis during glycogenolysis.", "contents": "[The fine structure of trout liver glycogen]. 1. The fine structure of trout liver glycogen has been investigated using an enzymatic method. 2. The total conversion of glycogen into glucose under the action of amyloglucosidase and the percentage of beta-amylolysis before (37.4%) and after (97.8%) isoamylase debranching are similar to the mammalian glycogen. 3. However, the resistance to beta-amylase of certain debranched material leads to an hypothesis during glycogenolysis.", "PMID": 318273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6254", "title": "Muscle esterases of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis.", "content": "1. Muscle esterases of Gambusia affinis were separable into 14 electrophoretic bands that formed five groups according to differential physical and chemical properties. 2. Nine phenotypic patterns were observed among the populations sampled, based on variation within the EST-3 group of carboxylesterases. 3. A model for the molecular and genetic bases of the EST-3 polymorphism was proposed on the basis of phenotypic patterns and physicochemical characterization. 4. The isozymes of EST-3 are inferred to be dimeric molecules on the basis of electrophoretic patterns observed following incubation of the EST-3 enzymes with neuraminidase. 5. The binding of sialic acid is believed to be an epigenetic mechanism which operates to maintain the structural integrity of these enzymes.", "contents": "Muscle esterases of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. 1. Muscle esterases of Gambusia affinis were separable into 14 electrophoretic bands that formed five groups according to differential physical and chemical properties. 2. Nine phenotypic patterns were observed among the populations sampled, based on variation within the EST-3 group of carboxylesterases. 3. A model for the molecular and genetic bases of the EST-3 polymorphism was proposed on the basis of phenotypic patterns and physicochemical characterization. 4. The isozymes of EST-3 are inferred to be dimeric molecules on the basis of electrophoretic patterns observed following incubation of the EST-3 enzymes with neuraminidase. 5. The binding of sialic acid is believed to be an epigenetic mechanism which operates to maintain the structural integrity of these enzymes.", "PMID": 318274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6255", "title": "The lipid content of epididymal spermatozoa of Rattus norvegicus.", "content": "1. Seven major lipids of rat spermatozoa from the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis were separated and quantitated by TLC. 2. Spermatozoa from the caput epididymidis had a significantly greater (P less than 0.05) content of phospholipid, cholesterol, cholesterol ester and free fatty acid than those from the cauda epididymidis. 3. Spermatozoa from the corpus epididymidis had a significantly greater (P less than 0.05) content of monoglyceride than those from the caput epididymidis and a greater content of phospholipid, cholesterol, free fatty acids and monoglyceride than those from the cauda epididymidis.", "contents": "The lipid content of epididymal spermatozoa of Rattus norvegicus. 1. Seven major lipids of rat spermatozoa from the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis were separated and quantitated by TLC. 2. Spermatozoa from the caput epididymidis had a significantly greater (P less than 0.05) content of phospholipid, cholesterol, cholesterol ester and free fatty acid than those from the cauda epididymidis. 3. Spermatozoa from the corpus epididymidis had a significantly greater (P less than 0.05) content of monoglyceride than those from the caput epididymidis and a greater content of phospholipid, cholesterol, free fatty acids and monoglyceride than those from the cauda epididymidis.", "PMID": 318275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6256", "title": "Role of thyroid hormones in the normal and glucocorticosteroid hormone-induced evolution of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) activity in axolotl liver.", "content": "1. In axolotl liver, the activity of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia), expressed per mg liver protein, decreases to a minimum at 5 months of age, then increases to a maximum at 8 months of age which is followed by a decrease again. The initial decrease between 3 and 5 months of age appears to be largely due to an increase in non-carbamoyl-phosphate synthase protein and the following increase between 5 and 8 months of age to a relative increase of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase protein. 2. Treatment of the animals with triiodothyronine causes an increase in carbamoyl-phosphate synthase activity, the extent of which is dependent upon hormone concentration and age of the animal. After 8 months of age no increase of enzyme occurs upon thyroid hormone treatment, although metamorphosis occurs. 3. Glucocorticosteroid hormones stimulate carbamoyl-phosphate synthase activity 2-to 3-fold in animals older than 6 months. However, in animals younger than 6 months, low concentrations of thyroid hormone, insufficient to induce metamorphosis, are necessary as permissive agents. 4. The stimulatory effects of high concentrations of thyroid hormones (T3) on carbamoyl-phosphate synthase appear to be mediated via a stimulatory effect on glucocorticosteroid biosynthesis. 5. The natural rise in enzyme activity between 5 and 8 months of age seems to be due to a rise in the concentration of circulating glucocorticosteroid hormones.", "contents": "Role of thyroid hormones in the normal and glucocorticosteroid hormone-induced evolution of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) activity in axolotl liver. 1. In axolotl liver, the activity of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia), expressed per mg liver protein, decreases to a minimum at 5 months of age, then increases to a maximum at 8 months of age which is followed by a decrease again. The initial decrease between 3 and 5 months of age appears to be largely due to an increase in non-carbamoyl-phosphate synthase protein and the following increase between 5 and 8 months of age to a relative increase of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase protein. 2. Treatment of the animals with triiodothyronine causes an increase in carbamoyl-phosphate synthase activity, the extent of which is dependent upon hormone concentration and age of the animal. After 8 months of age no increase of enzyme occurs upon thyroid hormone treatment, although metamorphosis occurs. 3. Glucocorticosteroid hormones stimulate carbamoyl-phosphate synthase activity 2-to 3-fold in animals older than 6 months. However, in animals younger than 6 months, low concentrations of thyroid hormone, insufficient to induce metamorphosis, are necessary as permissive agents. 4. The stimulatory effects of high concentrations of thyroid hormones (T3) on carbamoyl-phosphate synthase appear to be mediated via a stimulatory effect on glucocorticosteroid biosynthesis. 5. The natural rise in enzyme activity between 5 and 8 months of age seems to be due to a rise in the concentration of circulating glucocorticosteroid hormones.", "PMID": 318276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6257", "title": "25-Hydroxycholecalciferol levels in camel, sheep and goat.", "content": "1. The plasma levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were measured in female dromedary camels, female sheep and Sinai desert goats. 2. The camels had levels of 443 +/- 96 ng/ml in summer, and 267 +/- 113 ng/ml in winter. 3. The sheep had levels of 40.7 +/- 9.09 ng/ml in summer and 37.1 +/- 8.82 ng/ml in winter, i.e. roughly the same as man in that region. 4. The goats had lower levels: 23.9 +/- 5.67 ng/ml in summer.", "contents": "25-Hydroxycholecalciferol levels in camel, sheep and goat. 1. The plasma levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were measured in female dromedary camels, female sheep and Sinai desert goats. 2. The camels had levels of 443 +/- 96 ng/ml in summer, and 267 +/- 113 ng/ml in winter. 3. The sheep had levels of 40.7 +/- 9.09 ng/ml in summer and 37.1 +/- 8.82 ng/ml in winter, i.e. roughly the same as man in that region. 4. The goats had lower levels: 23.9 +/- 5.67 ng/ml in summer.", "PMID": 318277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6258", "title": "Glutathione levels in the red blood cells of cattle.", "content": "1. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured in the red blood cells of 259 cattle of two diverse populations consisting of various breeds. 2. There was a uniform distribution of GSH values ranging from 40.0 to 113.0 mg/100 ml red cells with a mean value of 72.0 mg +/- 1.26 (S.E.). 3. An absence of bimodal distribution was, thus, shown in the cattle breeds examined.", "contents": "Glutathione levels in the red blood cells of cattle. 1. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured in the red blood cells of 259 cattle of two diverse populations consisting of various breeds. 2. There was a uniform distribution of GSH values ranging from 40.0 to 113.0 mg/100 ml red cells with a mean value of 72.0 mg +/- 1.26 (S.E.). 3. An absence of bimodal distribution was, thus, shown in the cattle breeds examined.", "PMID": 318278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6259", "title": "Diurnal variation in circulating levels of free fatty acids and growth hormone during crop gland activity in the pigeon (Columba livia).", "content": "1. Circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and growth hormone (GH) were measured over a 24 hr period during the crop gland cycle of domestic pigeons (Columba livia). 2. Plasma FFA levels showed a marked circadian rhythm (p less than 0.004) with the peak level (considerably higher than that previously reported in nonbreeding pigeons) occurring at approximately 2400 hr. 3. It is suggested that these elevated levels reflect the increased demands for energy during incubation and crop \"curd\" production. 4. Diurnal fluctuations of plasma GH synchronizing with those of plasma FFA were not significant though peak concentrations were noted 4 hr previous to those of FFA. 5. Pigeons studied 12 days after hatching of young had the lowest levels of both plasma GH (p less than 0.06) and FFA (p less than 0.02) indicating their interacting relationship. 6. A consistently higher FFA level (p less than 0.02) was observed in the crop glands of male pigeons.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in circulating levels of free fatty acids and growth hormone during crop gland activity in the pigeon (Columba livia). 1. Circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and growth hormone (GH) were measured over a 24 hr period during the crop gland cycle of domestic pigeons (Columba livia). 2. Plasma FFA levels showed a marked circadian rhythm (p less than 0.004) with the peak level (considerably higher than that previously reported in nonbreeding pigeons) occurring at approximately 2400 hr. 3. It is suggested that these elevated levels reflect the increased demands for energy during incubation and crop \"curd\" production. 4. Diurnal fluctuations of plasma GH synchronizing with those of plasma FFA were not significant though peak concentrations were noted 4 hr previous to those of FFA. 5. Pigeons studied 12 days after hatching of young had the lowest levels of both plasma GH (p less than 0.06) and FFA (p less than 0.02) indicating their interacting relationship. 6. A consistently higher FFA level (p less than 0.02) was observed in the crop glands of male pigeons.", "PMID": 318279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6260", "title": "The use of electrophoresis of the water-soluble (sarcoplasmic) proteins of fish muscle to differentiate the closely related species of hake (Merluccius sp.).", "content": "1. Electrophoretic separation patterns of water-soluble proteins of five species of hake, Merluccius merluccius; M. australis; M. productus; M. bilinearis and M. angustimanus, have been examined. 2. The patterns were reproducible within each species and distinguishable from one another. 3. The frequency distribution of numbers of vertebrae and of gillrakers were obtained for the same fish. 4. Only the electrophoretic patterns gave an unequivocal identification of the species.", "contents": "The use of electrophoresis of the water-soluble (sarcoplasmic) proteins of fish muscle to differentiate the closely related species of hake (Merluccius sp.). 1. Electrophoretic separation patterns of water-soluble proteins of five species of hake, Merluccius merluccius; M. australis; M. productus; M. bilinearis and M. angustimanus, have been examined. 2. The patterns were reproducible within each species and distinguishable from one another. 3. The frequency distribution of numbers of vertebrae and of gillrakers were obtained for the same fish. 4. Only the electrophoretic patterns gave an unequivocal identification of the species.", "PMID": 318280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6261", "title": "Muscle metabolic profiles and fiber-type composition in some marine mammals.", "content": "1. Hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase activities as well as fiber type composition were determined in skeletal muscles of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), and the Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). 2. The subcutaneous muscle of the sea lion had intermediate glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities. 3. The locomotory muscles examined in the otter and porpoise did not contain a single predominant fiber type, but did have a well developed oxidative as well as glycolytic metabolic capacity.", "contents": "Muscle metabolic profiles and fiber-type composition in some marine mammals. 1. Hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase activities as well as fiber type composition were determined in skeletal muscles of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), and the Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). 2. The subcutaneous muscle of the sea lion had intermediate glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities. 3. The locomotory muscles examined in the otter and porpoise did not contain a single predominant fiber type, but did have a well developed oxidative as well as glycolytic metabolic capacity.", "PMID": 318281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6262", "title": "The Pasteur effect in rat jejunum and the influence of nematode infections.", "content": "1. The Pasteur effect was shown after 15 min but not after 30 min incubation of jejunal rings from normal rats. 2. During 15-30 min incubation, the rate of anaerobic lactate production decreased, while aerobic lactate production remained unchanged. Thus oxygen was necessary to maintain the functional integrity of the tissue during this period. 3. After infection with either Nematospiroides dubius or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, the Pasteur effect could not usually be shown, mainly due to a reduced rate of anaerobic lactate production. 4. The possible relationship of the loss of the Pasteur effect to the immune response is discussed.", "contents": "The Pasteur effect in rat jejunum and the influence of nematode infections. 1. The Pasteur effect was shown after 15 min but not after 30 min incubation of jejunal rings from normal rats. 2. During 15-30 min incubation, the rate of anaerobic lactate production decreased, while aerobic lactate production remained unchanged. Thus oxygen was necessary to maintain the functional integrity of the tissue during this period. 3. After infection with either Nematospiroides dubius or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, the Pasteur effect could not usually be shown, mainly due to a reduced rate of anaerobic lactate production. 4. The possible relationship of the loss of the Pasteur effect to the immune response is discussed.", "PMID": 318282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6263", "title": "Distribution and homologies of subunits in the LDH isoenzyme pattern of urodeles.", "content": "1. The subunit distribution and homologies of LDH isoenzymes are investigated in the species Triturus vulgaris, cristatus, alpestris and helveticus, and Ambystoma mexicanum by means of immunoprecipitation and starch gel electrophoresis. 2. Fresh tissue extracts contain the following patterns: (a) Trit. vulgaris--Two isoenzymes: the M4 and H4 tetramers. No hybrid formation is observed between H and M subunits. (b) Trit. cristatus--Two isoenzymes: the M4 and H4 tetramers. Occasional hybrid formation between H and M subunits takes place. (c) Trit. alpestris--Six isoenzymes: the M4, H4, H3H', H2H'2, HH'3 and H'4 tetramers. No hybrid formation between the M and the H and H' subunits is detected. (d) Trit. helveticus--Six isoenzymes: the M4, H4, H3H', H2H'2, HH'3, and H'4 tetramers; the H' subunit is more positively charged than the M subunit, which leads to pattern reversal in heart and skeletal muscle tissues. No hybrid formation between the M and the H and H' subunits is observed. (e) Ambyst. mex.--Eleven isoenzymes in heart, eye and brain, six isoenzymes in all other tissues tested. The presence of two M subunits, which form hybrids with the H subunit in a restricted way, is suggested. 3. In tissue extracts of the tested species the tendency of all present LDH subunits to form hybrids with each other without restriction is increased after prolonged storage at 2 degrees C. 4. The most acidic of the major isoenzymes (LDH1) in Trit. vulgaris, cristatus and helveticus tends to split into a series of sub-bands which migrate faster to the anode than the original main band.", "contents": "Distribution and homologies of subunits in the LDH isoenzyme pattern of urodeles. 1. The subunit distribution and homologies of LDH isoenzymes are investigated in the species Triturus vulgaris, cristatus, alpestris and helveticus, and Ambystoma mexicanum by means of immunoprecipitation and starch gel electrophoresis. 2. Fresh tissue extracts contain the following patterns: (a) Trit. vulgaris--Two isoenzymes: the M4 and H4 tetramers. No hybrid formation is observed between H and M subunits. (b) Trit. cristatus--Two isoenzymes: the M4 and H4 tetramers. Occasional hybrid formation between H and M subunits takes place. (c) Trit. alpestris--Six isoenzymes: the M4, H4, H3H', H2H'2, HH'3 and H'4 tetramers. No hybrid formation between the M and the H and H' subunits is detected. (d) Trit. helveticus--Six isoenzymes: the M4, H4, H3H', H2H'2, HH'3, and H'4 tetramers; the H' subunit is more positively charged than the M subunit, which leads to pattern reversal in heart and skeletal muscle tissues. No hybrid formation between the M and the H and H' subunits is observed. (e) Ambyst. mex.--Eleven isoenzymes in heart, eye and brain, six isoenzymes in all other tissues tested. The presence of two M subunits, which form hybrids with the H subunit in a restricted way, is suggested. 3. In tissue extracts of the tested species the tendency of all present LDH subunits to form hybrids with each other without restriction is increased after prolonged storage at 2 degrees C. 4. The most acidic of the major isoenzymes (LDH1) in Trit. vulgaris, cristatus and helveticus tends to split into a series of sub-bands which migrate faster to the anode than the original main band.", "PMID": 318283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6264", "title": "Mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in active and torpid ground squirrels, Spermophilus richardsoni.", "content": "1. Mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) activity was assayed in liver homogenates from active and torpid ground squirrels. 2. Arrhenius plots of GPD activity were linear in non-hibernating animals and discontinuous in hibernators. Compared with non-hibernators, the energy of activation in hibernators was reduced between 37 and 25 degrees C, but increased between 25 and 6 degrees C. 3. A dose-response relation between GPD activity and injected thyroxine was determined in active animals. No correlation was found between enzyme activity at 37 or 6 degrees C and circulating titres of thyroid hormones, in ground squirrels sampled during the preparative and hibernating phases.", "contents": "Mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in active and torpid ground squirrels, Spermophilus richardsoni. 1. Mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) activity was assayed in liver homogenates from active and torpid ground squirrels. 2. Arrhenius plots of GPD activity were linear in non-hibernating animals and discontinuous in hibernators. Compared with non-hibernators, the energy of activation in hibernators was reduced between 37 and 25 degrees C, but increased between 25 and 6 degrees C. 3. A dose-response relation between GPD activity and injected thyroxine was determined in active animals. No correlation was found between enzyme activity at 37 or 6 degrees C and circulating titres of thyroid hormones, in ground squirrels sampled during the preparative and hibernating phases.", "PMID": 318284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6265", "title": "Protein variation and systematics in Malayan rats of the subgenus Lenothrix (Rodentia: Muridae, genus Rattus Fischer).", "content": "1. Electrophoretic variations of 9 erythrocyte proteins, coded by a separate gene locus each, were analysed in and among the 5 Malayan species of Rattus belonging to the subgenus Lenothrix. 2. The average proportion of loci heterozygous per individual for the taxa analysed is 0.037. 3. The results obtained confirm the specific status of the 5 taxa studied. With respect to the relative affinities among the species studied, the present results could resolve the discrepancies between conclusions based on morphological evidence and those based on cytological evidence. 4. The 5 species of Rattus studied may be assigned to 4 groups and comparative data suggest that these groups are relatively distantly related to one another.", "contents": "Protein variation and systematics in Malayan rats of the subgenus Lenothrix (Rodentia: Muridae, genus Rattus Fischer). 1. Electrophoretic variations of 9 erythrocyte proteins, coded by a separate gene locus each, were analysed in and among the 5 Malayan species of Rattus belonging to the subgenus Lenothrix. 2. The average proportion of loci heterozygous per individual for the taxa analysed is 0.037. 3. The results obtained confirm the specific status of the 5 taxa studied. With respect to the relative affinities among the species studied, the present results could resolve the discrepancies between conclusions based on morphological evidence and those based on cytological evidence. 4. The 5 species of Rattus studied may be assigned to 4 groups and comparative data suggest that these groups are relatively distantly related to one another.", "PMID": 318285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6266", "title": "Fingerprint correspondence of hemoglobins and the relationships of sea snakes.", "content": "1. Peptide fingerprints of tryptic digests of the globins of sea snake species of Hydrophis, Pelamis, Aipysurus, Laticauda and the terrestrial elapid Naja were compared. 2. Globin divergence, as estimated from peptide fingerprints, paralleled closely transferrin divergence, as measured immunologically. 3. Taxonomic affinities, suggested by the fingerprint data, are concordant with McDowell's taxonomic system for sea snakes with the following exceptions: (a) Laticauda shows a closer affinity to the true sea snakes than to the terrestrial elapid Naja. (b) Sea snakes appear to be more widely divergent from terrestrial elapids than his scheme suggests.", "contents": "Fingerprint correspondence of hemoglobins and the relationships of sea snakes. 1. Peptide fingerprints of tryptic digests of the globins of sea snake species of Hydrophis, Pelamis, Aipysurus, Laticauda and the terrestrial elapid Naja were compared. 2. Globin divergence, as estimated from peptide fingerprints, paralleled closely transferrin divergence, as measured immunologically. 3. Taxonomic affinities, suggested by the fingerprint data, are concordant with McDowell's taxonomic system for sea snakes with the following exceptions: (a) Laticauda shows a closer affinity to the true sea snakes than to the terrestrial elapid Naja. (b) Sea snakes appear to be more widely divergent from terrestrial elapids than his scheme suggests.", "PMID": 318286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6267", "title": "Seasonal variation in steroid biosynthesis by the testis of the lizard Tiliqua Rugosa.", "content": "1. Seasonal change in the biosynthesis of androgens by testicular tissue from a scincid lizard Tiliqua rugosa has been studied in vitro using [7-3H]pregnenolone and [4-14C]progesterone as substrates. 2. Evidence is presented for the synthesis of epitestosterone, testosterone, androstenedione, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 20 beta-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, and 17 alpha, 20 beta-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. 3. Epitestosterone was the major conversion product. Its yield was highest (68%) during summer and lowest (14%) during spring. The yield of testosterone was maximal (10%) during spring (mating season). The production of 20 beta-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one was highest during spring and undetectable during summer. 4. Histological evidence and changes in testicular weight indicated that spermatogenic activity was greatest during spring. Pronounced regression of the testis occurred immediately after the breeding season and lasted until autumn.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in steroid biosynthesis by the testis of the lizard Tiliqua Rugosa. 1. Seasonal change in the biosynthesis of androgens by testicular tissue from a scincid lizard Tiliqua rugosa has been studied in vitro using [7-3H]pregnenolone and [4-14C]progesterone as substrates. 2. Evidence is presented for the synthesis of epitestosterone, testosterone, androstenedione, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 20 beta-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, and 17 alpha, 20 beta-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. 3. Epitestosterone was the major conversion product. Its yield was highest (68%) during summer and lowest (14%) during spring. The yield of testosterone was maximal (10%) during spring (mating season). The production of 20 beta-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one was highest during spring and undetectable during summer. 4. Histological evidence and changes in testicular weight indicated that spermatogenic activity was greatest during spring. Pronounced regression of the testis occurred immediately after the breeding season and lasted until autumn.", "PMID": 318287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6268", "title": "Kinetic investigations on the behaviour of free amino acids in the plasma and of two aminotransferases in the liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson) after feeding on a synthetic composition containing pure amino acids.", "content": "1. Growing rainbow trout were fed at 8 a.m. daily with a composition conforming with their requirements. 2. The free amino acids in the plasma exhibit no uniform behaviour after feeding. The concentrations of the indispensable amino acids rise. The dispensable amino acids behave indifferently. The aspartate and glutamate concentrations are also high 3 and 12 hr after feeding with pure amino acids, their variability also rising to 80-100% of their mean values. 3. The GOT reaches its maximum activity 6 hr after feeding; the GPT does not change. The amount of soluble protein in the liver fluctuates after feeding. 4. When comparing fish and mammals, the behaviour of the dispensable amino acids in the former may be ascribable to their relatively high amino acid requirement. However, the behaviour of the GOT and the soluble proteins in the liver appears to follow a rhythmic activity pattern.", "contents": "Kinetic investigations on the behaviour of free amino acids in the plasma and of two aminotransferases in the liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson) after feeding on a synthetic composition containing pure amino acids. 1. Growing rainbow trout were fed at 8 a.m. daily with a composition conforming with their requirements. 2. The free amino acids in the plasma exhibit no uniform behaviour after feeding. The concentrations of the indispensable amino acids rise. The dispensable amino acids behave indifferently. The aspartate and glutamate concentrations are also high 3 and 12 hr after feeding with pure amino acids, their variability also rising to 80-100% of their mean values. 3. The GOT reaches its maximum activity 6 hr after feeding; the GPT does not change. The amount of soluble protein in the liver fluctuates after feeding. 4. When comparing fish and mammals, the behaviour of the dispensable amino acids in the former may be ascribable to their relatively high amino acid requirement. However, the behaviour of the GOT and the soluble proteins in the liver appears to follow a rhythmic activity pattern.", "PMID": 318288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6269", "title": "A comparative study of ketone body metabolism between the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and the sheep (Ovis aries).", "content": "1. Plasma levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and acetoacetate (AcAc) have been measured in camels (Camelus dromedarius) and sheep (Ovis aries). The activity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BHB-deH2) (E.C. 1.1.1.30) was studied in the rumen epithelium and the liver of these animals. 2. Concentrations of plasma BHB and AcAc in the camel were in respective order 33 and 4 times lower than that of the sheep. The ratios of BHB to AcAc were 0.61 and 4.8 for the camel and sheep, respectively. 3. The activity of BHB-deH2 in the rumen epithelium of the camel and sheep were 7.15 and 66 mumol/hr/g wet wt tissue, respectively. The activity in both species was higher in the rumen epithelium than in the liver.", "contents": "A comparative study of ketone body metabolism between the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and the sheep (Ovis aries). 1. Plasma levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and acetoacetate (AcAc) have been measured in camels (Camelus dromedarius) and sheep (Ovis aries). The activity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BHB-deH2) (E.C. 1.1.1.30) was studied in the rumen epithelium and the liver of these animals. 2. Concentrations of plasma BHB and AcAc in the camel were in respective order 33 and 4 times lower than that of the sheep. The ratios of BHB to AcAc were 0.61 and 4.8 for the camel and sheep, respectively. 3. The activity of BHB-deH2 in the rumen epithelium of the camel and sheep were 7.15 and 66 mumol/hr/g wet wt tissue, respectively. The activity in both species was higher in the rumen epithelium than in the liver.", "PMID": 318289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6270", "title": "Metamorphic variations in the hemoglobins of Bombina variegata (L.).", "content": "1. The electrophoretic pattern of the anuran Bombina variegata presents one band only until the end of premetamorphosis. Afterwards three new bands appear which substitute the larval band within 15-18 days of metamorphosis. 2. The gradual change of larval and adult hemoglobin, correlated with the development, has been reported in a diagram. 3. In Bombina variegata the hemoglobin change is total, like in most amphibians, but starts earlier and develops slower than in most other species.", "contents": "Metamorphic variations in the hemoglobins of Bombina variegata (L.). 1. The electrophoretic pattern of the anuran Bombina variegata presents one band only until the end of premetamorphosis. Afterwards three new bands appear which substitute the larval band within 15-18 days of metamorphosis. 2. The gradual change of larval and adult hemoglobin, correlated with the development, has been reported in a diagram. 3. In Bombina variegata the hemoglobin change is total, like in most amphibians, but starts earlier and develops slower than in most other species.", "PMID": 318290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6271", "title": "Amount of repeated and non-repeated DNA in the genomes of closely related fish species with varying genome sizes.", "content": "1. Within the teleostean family Cyprinidae, diploid species occur with wide variation in genome size. There also exist species which were anciently tetraploid. 2. The quantitative changes of DNA content in the diploids are primarily due to differences in the amount of intermediately repeated DNA. DNA sequence composition of the ancient tetraploid genomes suggests that the species derived from diploid ancestors of small genome size. 3. The average base composition and the base compositional heterogeneity are similar in all the species examined.", "contents": "Amount of repeated and non-repeated DNA in the genomes of closely related fish species with varying genome sizes. 1. Within the teleostean family Cyprinidae, diploid species occur with wide variation in genome size. There also exist species which were anciently tetraploid. 2. The quantitative changes of DNA content in the diploids are primarily due to differences in the amount of intermediately repeated DNA. DNA sequence composition of the ancient tetraploid genomes suggests that the species derived from diploid ancestors of small genome size. 3. The average base composition and the base compositional heterogeneity are similar in all the species examined.", "PMID": 318291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6272", "title": "The hepatic cytochrome level in the cat (Felis catus): normal value and variations in relation to some biological parameters.", "content": "1. The average level of the hepatic hydroxylating cytochrome was determined in the cat (0.380 +/- 0.085 nmol.mg-1 proteins). 2. Great individual differences were noted. 3. The level of cytochrome increases with age in the immature (age less than or equal to 8.5 months) and young adults (age: 10-18 months). It is diminished in the older animals. 4. The measured average level is lower than that in other species, and approaches the human one. 5. The induction capacity of phenobarbital is lower in the cat than in other mammals, for example the rat or the mouse.", "contents": "The hepatic cytochrome level in the cat (Felis catus): normal value and variations in relation to some biological parameters. 1. The average level of the hepatic hydroxylating cytochrome was determined in the cat (0.380 +/- 0.085 nmol.mg-1 proteins). 2. Great individual differences were noted. 3. The level of cytochrome increases with age in the immature (age less than or equal to 8.5 months) and young adults (age: 10-18 months). It is diminished in the older animals. 4. The measured average level is lower than that in other species, and approaches the human one. 5. The induction capacity of phenobarbital is lower in the cat than in other mammals, for example the rat or the mouse.", "PMID": 318292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6273", "title": "The sarcoplasmic proteins of white muscle of an antarctic hemoglobin-free fish, Champsocephalus gunnari.", "content": "1. The protein composition of the sarcoplasm of Champsocephalus gunnari white muscle has been examined by ultracentrifugation and starch-gel electrophoresis. 2. The extracts have been fractionated by several methods in order to compare them more closely to similar extracts of other fish species and to isolate creatine kinase and the parvalbumins IV and V. 3. The creatine kinase does not appear to differ from other fish creatine kinases. Both parvalbumins are also very similar to other parvalbumins except that they are more easily oxidized than all the parvalbumins described so far.", "contents": "The sarcoplasmic proteins of white muscle of an antarctic hemoglobin-free fish, Champsocephalus gunnari. 1. The protein composition of the sarcoplasm of Champsocephalus gunnari white muscle has been examined by ultracentrifugation and starch-gel electrophoresis. 2. The extracts have been fractionated by several methods in order to compare them more closely to similar extracts of other fish species and to isolate creatine kinase and the parvalbumins IV and V. 3. The creatine kinase does not appear to differ from other fish creatine kinases. Both parvalbumins are also very similar to other parvalbumins except that they are more easily oxidized than all the parvalbumins described so far.", "PMID": 318293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6274", "title": "A comparative study of vitamin D binding globulins in milk.", "content": "1. The occurrence of 25-hydroxy vitamin D binding protein in human, bovine, monkey and porcine milk was investigated. 2. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation revealed the presence of 4.2 S and 5.7 S binding globulins in the whey of human, monkey and porcine milk. 3. Although bovine plasma also contains a 4.2 S globulin only a 5.7 S protein was found in bovine milk. 4. The 4.2 S and 5.7 S globulins in milk could not be resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or by isoelectric focusing. 5. Plasma and whey binding proteins of any one species had the same isoelectric point but there were small differences among species (4.5-4.8). 6. Competitive displacement studies showed that the binding proteins in milk have high affinity for 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "A comparative study of vitamin D binding globulins in milk. 1. The occurrence of 25-hydroxy vitamin D binding protein in human, bovine, monkey and porcine milk was investigated. 2. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation revealed the presence of 4.2 S and 5.7 S binding globulins in the whey of human, monkey and porcine milk. 3. Although bovine plasma also contains a 4.2 S globulin only a 5.7 S protein was found in bovine milk. 4. The 4.2 S and 5.7 S globulins in milk could not be resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or by isoelectric focusing. 5. Plasma and whey binding proteins of any one species had the same isoelectric point but there were small differences among species (4.5-4.8). 6. Competitive displacement studies showed that the binding proteins in milk have high affinity for 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 318294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6275", "title": "Intestinal peroxisomes of goldfish (Carassius auratus)--examination for hydrolase, dehydrogenase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities.", "content": "1. Rate sedimentation and isopycnic centrifugation were used to analyse the subcellular sites of enzymes in homogenates of goldfish intestinal mucosa. 2. The results allowed the following allocations to be made: carnitine acetyl transferase-mitochondrial and peroxisomal, xanthine dehydrogenase and NAD: alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase soluble phase, NADP: isocitrate dehydrogenase soluble phase and mitochondrial, and 2-naphthyl laurate hydrolase microsomal and/or brush border. 3. Histochemistry confirmed the use of alkaline phosphatase and 1-naphthyl acetate esterase as brush border and microsome markers respectively. 4. Urate oxidase, allantoinase, allantoicase, xanthine oxidase and glycollate/lactate oxidase, activities were undetectable, and 1-naphthyl palmitate hydrolase was present only as a contaminant from pancreas.", "contents": "Intestinal peroxisomes of goldfish (Carassius auratus)--examination for hydrolase, dehydrogenase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities. 1. Rate sedimentation and isopycnic centrifugation were used to analyse the subcellular sites of enzymes in homogenates of goldfish intestinal mucosa. 2. The results allowed the following allocations to be made: carnitine acetyl transferase-mitochondrial and peroxisomal, xanthine dehydrogenase and NAD: alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase soluble phase, NADP: isocitrate dehydrogenase soluble phase and mitochondrial, and 2-naphthyl laurate hydrolase microsomal and/or brush border. 3. Histochemistry confirmed the use of alkaline phosphatase and 1-naphthyl acetate esterase as brush border and microsome markers respectively. 4. Urate oxidase, allantoinase, allantoicase, xanthine oxidase and glycollate/lactate oxidase, activities were undetectable, and 1-naphthyl palmitate hydrolase was present only as a contaminant from pancreas.", "PMID": 318295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6276", "title": "Patterns of purine nucleotides in fish erythrocytes.", "content": "1. The purine nucleotides were determined in the whole blood of 9 fresh water teleosts and 2 marine selachians. 2. GTP and ATP accounted for 88-99% of the total erythrocytes purines. 3. The ATP/ADP ratio ranged from 11 to 60 in the erythrocytes of the fish examined. 4. GTP is widely distributed in fish erythrocytes but its level ranged from 1 to 33 nmol/mg Hb (0.4 to 9 mumol/ml erythrocyte). 5. Lepomis and Esox exhibited a GTP/ATP ratio as elevated as in Anguilla; moreover the concentration of GTP per mol of Hb (physiologically most indicative) is higher in Lepomis, Esox, Ictalurus and Silurus than in Anguilla.", "contents": "Patterns of purine nucleotides in fish erythrocytes. 1. The purine nucleotides were determined in the whole blood of 9 fresh water teleosts and 2 marine selachians. 2. GTP and ATP accounted for 88-99% of the total erythrocytes purines. 3. The ATP/ADP ratio ranged from 11 to 60 in the erythrocytes of the fish examined. 4. GTP is widely distributed in fish erythrocytes but its level ranged from 1 to 33 nmol/mg Hb (0.4 to 9 mumol/ml erythrocyte). 5. Lepomis and Esox exhibited a GTP/ATP ratio as elevated as in Anguilla; moreover the concentration of GTP per mol of Hb (physiologically most indicative) is higher in Lepomis, Esox, Ictalurus and Silurus than in Anguilla.", "PMID": 318296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6277", "title": "Effect of temperature on protein synthesis in fish of the Galapagos and Perlas Islands.", "content": "1. The temperature dependency of protein synthesis was studied in vivo in five species of Pacific fish collected in the Galapagos and Perlas Islands: batfish (Ogcocephalus darwini), groupers (Epinephelus labriformis), catfish (Netuma platypogan), puffers (Arothron hispidus) and triggerfish (Sufflamen verres). 2. Liver protein synthesis, assayed by a rapid pulse injection technique, showed a moderate temperature dependency (Q10 = 2-3) in the 15-30 degree C range for all species except puffers (Q10 = 10-20). Synthesis was inhibited above 32 degrees C. 3. Protein synthesis in triggerfish was measured by the constant-infusion technique. Synthetic rates (% of tissue protein synthesized per day) at 25 degrees C were 20% for liver, 10% for gill, 1.8% for red muscle and 0.6% for white muscle. Q10 in the 20 degrees-30 degrees C range was 3.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C for all tissues.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on protein synthesis in fish of the Galapagos and Perlas Islands. 1. The temperature dependency of protein synthesis was studied in vivo in five species of Pacific fish collected in the Galapagos and Perlas Islands: batfish (Ogcocephalus darwini), groupers (Epinephelus labriformis), catfish (Netuma platypogan), puffers (Arothron hispidus) and triggerfish (Sufflamen verres). 2. Liver protein synthesis, assayed by a rapid pulse injection technique, showed a moderate temperature dependency (Q10 = 2-3) in the 15-30 degree C range for all species except puffers (Q10 = 10-20). Synthesis was inhibited above 32 degrees C. 3. Protein synthesis in triggerfish was measured by the constant-infusion technique. Synthetic rates (% of tissue protein synthesized per day) at 25 degrees C were 20% for liver, 10% for gill, 1.8% for red muscle and 0.6% for white muscle. Q10 in the 20 degrees-30 degrees C range was 3.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C for all tissues.", "PMID": 318297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6278", "title": "Influence of dietary amino acid patterns on the free amino acid contents of blood and muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii R.).", "content": "1. Groups of rainbow trout were given one or other of two diets that differed in amino acid profile for two months; concentrations of free amino acids in whole blood and latero-dorsal muscle were then measured. The effects of temperature (12 and 18 degrees C in freshwater) and salinity on the concentrations of free amino acids in these tissues were also observed. 2. Although both diets apparently met the essential amino acid requirements of the trout and were isoenergetic, they nevertheless had different nutritional values for trout. 3. Patterns of free amino acids in tissues of trout given the two diets were different. Blood and muscle amino acid fractions were affected differently by changes in dietary amino acids.", "contents": "Influence of dietary amino acid patterns on the free amino acid contents of blood and muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii R.). 1. Groups of rainbow trout were given one or other of two diets that differed in amino acid profile for two months; concentrations of free amino acids in whole blood and latero-dorsal muscle were then measured. The effects of temperature (12 and 18 degrees C in freshwater) and salinity on the concentrations of free amino acids in these tissues were also observed. 2. Although both diets apparently met the essential amino acid requirements of the trout and were isoenergetic, they nevertheless had different nutritional values for trout. 3. Patterns of free amino acids in tissues of trout given the two diets were different. Blood and muscle amino acid fractions were affected differently by changes in dietary amino acids.", "PMID": 318298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6279", "title": "Regulation of glucose formation from lactate and pyruvate in isolated tubules of chicken kidney.", "content": "1. Isolated kidney tubules from chicken have been used to study the actions of ethanol, ouabain and aminooxyacetate on glucose formation from lactate and pyruvate. 2. In kidney tubules from well-fed chickens the rate of glucose production from lactate was higher than from pyruvate. Ethanol (10 mM) and ouabain (0.1 mM) were found to increase glucose formation from pyruvate but not from lactate. 3. It is concluded that in the presence of ethanol the fluxes of pyruvate through pyruvate dehydrogenase are in favour of the pyruvate carboxylase reaction restricted. 4. Glucose formation from lactate is decreased by aminooxyacetate (0.1 mM) and ouabain (0.1 mM). 5. Aminooxyacetate inhibited glucose formation from lactate, although chicken phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is located intramitochondrially. 6. The results indicate that the effect of aminooxyacetate like that of ouabain is caused by the restricted formation of pyruvate.", "contents": "Regulation of glucose formation from lactate and pyruvate in isolated tubules of chicken kidney. 1. Isolated kidney tubules from chicken have been used to study the actions of ethanol, ouabain and aminooxyacetate on glucose formation from lactate and pyruvate. 2. In kidney tubules from well-fed chickens the rate of glucose production from lactate was higher than from pyruvate. Ethanol (10 mM) and ouabain (0.1 mM) were found to increase glucose formation from pyruvate but not from lactate. 3. It is concluded that in the presence of ethanol the fluxes of pyruvate through pyruvate dehydrogenase are in favour of the pyruvate carboxylase reaction restricted. 4. Glucose formation from lactate is decreased by aminooxyacetate (0.1 mM) and ouabain (0.1 mM). 5. Aminooxyacetate inhibited glucose formation from lactate, although chicken phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is located intramitochondrially. 6. The results indicate that the effect of aminooxyacetate like that of ouabain is caused by the restricted formation of pyruvate.", "PMID": 318299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6280", "title": "Alaskan malamute chondrodysplasia--VII. Isolation and characterization of copper, zinc and iron binding proteins in Canis familiaris.", "content": "1. Three low molecular weight (12,000, 10,000 and 7,000) metal binding proteins have been isolated from the livers of normal and chondrodysplastic Alaskan Malamutes. 2. Comparison studies between kennel (mixed breed) dogs and both adult and immature Alaskan Malamutes suggested that the disturbance in trace mineral metabolism found in the Malamutes is almost entirely reflected in the 12,000 mol. wt species. 3. The major copper-inducible protein (10,000 mol. wt) observed in kennel dogs was not found to be inducible in Malamutes and contained constant ratios of both copper and zinc to protein in metal binding proteins isolated from the livers of both normal and dwarf Malamutes. 4. The copper and zinc found in the UM2 concentrates (mol. wt greater than 2000) of immature Malamutes showed very little affinity to the proteins and these metals were found chiefly in a peptide fraction which apparently serves as a reservoir from which the storage proteins obtain the metals that they bind. 5. Regression analysis indicated a statistically significant correlation between both copper and zinc concentrations and the carbohydrate concentration in the proteins investigated.", "contents": "Alaskan malamute chondrodysplasia--VII. Isolation and characterization of copper, zinc and iron binding proteins in Canis familiaris. 1. Three low molecular weight (12,000, 10,000 and 7,000) metal binding proteins have been isolated from the livers of normal and chondrodysplastic Alaskan Malamutes. 2. Comparison studies between kennel (mixed breed) dogs and both adult and immature Alaskan Malamutes suggested that the disturbance in trace mineral metabolism found in the Malamutes is almost entirely reflected in the 12,000 mol. wt species. 3. The major copper-inducible protein (10,000 mol. wt) observed in kennel dogs was not found to be inducible in Malamutes and contained constant ratios of both copper and zinc to protein in metal binding proteins isolated from the livers of both normal and dwarf Malamutes. 4. The copper and zinc found in the UM2 concentrates (mol. wt greater than 2000) of immature Malamutes showed very little affinity to the proteins and these metals were found chiefly in a peptide fraction which apparently serves as a reservoir from which the storage proteins obtain the metals that they bind. 5. Regression analysis indicated a statistically significant correlation between both copper and zinc concentrations and the carbohydrate concentration in the proteins investigated.", "PMID": 318300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6281", "title": "Subspecific variations in Agkistrodon contortrix venoms.", "content": "1. Commercially available preparations of venoms of three subspecies of copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix) were compared as to toxicity, enzymatic activities, effect on a nerve-muscle preparation and capacity to induce clotting of a fibrinogen solution or plasma. 2. Northern copperhead venom contained apparent neurotoxic activities that were not present in broadbanded copperhead venom and only partially present in southern copperhead venom. 3. Procoagulant activity was demonstrated in whole northern copperhead venom in the absence of exogenous calcium. Procoagulant activity was present in certain isolated fractions of southern and broadbanded copperhead venoms, but was not apparent in the whole venoms. 4. Differences were noted in the levels of enzyme activities and electrophoretic patterns of the three venoms.", "contents": "Subspecific variations in Agkistrodon contortrix venoms. 1. Commercially available preparations of venoms of three subspecies of copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix) were compared as to toxicity, enzymatic activities, effect on a nerve-muscle preparation and capacity to induce clotting of a fibrinogen solution or plasma. 2. Northern copperhead venom contained apparent neurotoxic activities that were not present in broadbanded copperhead venom and only partially present in southern copperhead venom. 3. Procoagulant activity was demonstrated in whole northern copperhead venom in the absence of exogenous calcium. Procoagulant activity was present in certain isolated fractions of southern and broadbanded copperhead venoms, but was not apparent in the whole venoms. 4. Differences were noted in the levels of enzyme activities and electrophoretic patterns of the three venoms.", "PMID": 318301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6282", "title": "Hemoglobin alterations of the 13-lined ground squirrel while in various activity states.", "content": "1. Characterization of fetal, winter-hibernating, winter-active, summer-active and summer-induced hibernating hemoglobins of 13-lined ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) by isoelectric focusing (IEF) pH 7.0-9.0 indicated that this molecule is extremely responsive to the various activity states of this hibernator. 2. Major alterations of ground squirrel hemoglobin occur with the varying activity states as evidenced by the distinctive changes in the isoelectric points (pIs) of these protein components. 3. Hemoglobin from winter-hibernating or summer-induced hibernating ground squirrels does not revert to a fetal type of hemoglobin. 4. The presence of an additional hemoglobin peak pI 6.55 in the summer-induced hibernator may serve as a possible assay for hibernation inducing trigger(s) (HIT) molecules under study in our laboratory.", "contents": "Hemoglobin alterations of the 13-lined ground squirrel while in various activity states. 1. Characterization of fetal, winter-hibernating, winter-active, summer-active and summer-induced hibernating hemoglobins of 13-lined ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) by isoelectric focusing (IEF) pH 7.0-9.0 indicated that this molecule is extremely responsive to the various activity states of this hibernator. 2. Major alterations of ground squirrel hemoglobin occur with the varying activity states as evidenced by the distinctive changes in the isoelectric points (pIs) of these protein components. 3. Hemoglobin from winter-hibernating or summer-induced hibernating ground squirrels does not revert to a fetal type of hemoglobin. 4. The presence of an additional hemoglobin peak pI 6.55 in the summer-induced hibernator may serve as a possible assay for hibernation inducing trigger(s) (HIT) molecules under study in our laboratory.", "PMID": 318302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6283", "title": "Effects of temperature, salinity, and feeding on aminotransferase activity in the liver and white muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson).", "content": "1. The liver-somatic index of rainbow trout is governed by temperature and salinity, and by the interaction of these two factors. 2. The overall liver-alanine aminotransferase activity (in units/100 g body weight) increases slightly with increasing salinity of the surroundings in the case of rainbow trout. 3. The overall liver-aspartate aminotransferase activity (in units/100 g body weight) in rainbow trout depends on their food and the temperature at which they are kept. 4. Salinity adaptation leads to reductions in the specific alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the liver of rainbow trout. 5. The specific alanine aminotransferase activity in the muscle of starving rainbow trout kept in diluted seawater (580 mOsm/l, 18 degrees C) is clearly higher than in control animals kept in tapwater.", "contents": "Effects of temperature, salinity, and feeding on aminotransferase activity in the liver and white muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). 1. The liver-somatic index of rainbow trout is governed by temperature and salinity, and by the interaction of these two factors. 2. The overall liver-alanine aminotransferase activity (in units/100 g body weight) increases slightly with increasing salinity of the surroundings in the case of rainbow trout. 3. The overall liver-aspartate aminotransferase activity (in units/100 g body weight) in rainbow trout depends on their food and the temperature at which they are kept. 4. Salinity adaptation leads to reductions in the specific alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the liver of rainbow trout. 5. The specific alanine aminotransferase activity in the muscle of starving rainbow trout kept in diluted seawater (580 mOsm/l, 18 degrees C) is clearly higher than in control animals kept in tapwater.", "PMID": 318303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6284", "title": "Fossil reptilian gelatins.", "content": "1. Studies have been made of products obtained by treating several reptilian fossil bones with dilute formic acid. 2. Their amounts and compositions have been compared with those of similarly treated fresh and Pleistocene bones. 3. Fewer and small peptides are obtained from the older fossils but in only one instance was the composition significantly different from that of the total protein. 4. For the collagenous proteins aspartic acid was the most readily freed by hydrolysis; for these older proteins it is alanine. 5. Unlike the Pleistocene proteins, the chromatograms from these older proteins have always had peaks in the position of beta-alanine, and usually others of unidentified origin.", "contents": "Fossil reptilian gelatins. 1. Studies have been made of products obtained by treating several reptilian fossil bones with dilute formic acid. 2. Their amounts and compositions have been compared with those of similarly treated fresh and Pleistocene bones. 3. Fewer and small peptides are obtained from the older fossils but in only one instance was the composition significantly different from that of the total protein. 4. For the collagenous proteins aspartic acid was the most readily freed by hydrolysis; for these older proteins it is alanine. 5. Unlike the Pleistocene proteins, the chromatograms from these older proteins have always had peaks in the position of beta-alanine, and usually others of unidentified origin.", "PMID": 318304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6285", "title": "Comparison of phospholipase activity with direct and indirect lytic effects of animal venoms upon human red cells.", "content": "1. The venoms of 22 species of arthropods, saurians, elapids and crotalids were studied concerning the phospholipase activity and the presence of a direct and an indirect lytic effect upon human red cells. 2. The venoms from the spiders Latrodectus and \"tarantula\", and the venoms from the scorpions of the genus Centruroides are not haemolytic and do not have phospholipase activity. 3. Only the venoms of Apis mellifera and Naja naja siamensis have shown direct lytic effect. 4. All other venoms studied have an indirect haemolytic effect associated to a phospholipase activity, but there is indication that other agents might be implicated in the haemolytic processes.", "contents": "Comparison of phospholipase activity with direct and indirect lytic effects of animal venoms upon human red cells. 1. The venoms of 22 species of arthropods, saurians, elapids and crotalids were studied concerning the phospholipase activity and the presence of a direct and an indirect lytic effect upon human red cells. 2. The venoms from the spiders Latrodectus and \"tarantula\", and the venoms from the scorpions of the genus Centruroides are not haemolytic and do not have phospholipase activity. 3. Only the venoms of Apis mellifera and Naja naja siamensis have shown direct lytic effect. 4. All other venoms studied have an indirect haemolytic effect associated to a phospholipase activity, but there is indication that other agents might be implicated in the haemolytic processes.", "PMID": 318305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6286", "title": "Red cell enzymes--V. Enzyme activities in the red blood cells of Saanen and Angora goats.", "content": "1. Activities of several enzymes associated with glucose metabolism were measured in the red blood cells of Saanen and Angora breed of goat. 2. No significant breed differences were observed in any enzyme activity.", "contents": "Red cell enzymes--V. Enzyme activities in the red blood cells of Saanen and Angora goats. 1. Activities of several enzymes associated with glucose metabolism were measured in the red blood cells of Saanen and Angora breed of goat. 2. No significant breed differences were observed in any enzyme activity.", "PMID": 318306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6287", "title": "Plasma lipid concentrations for some Brazilian lizards.", "content": "1. Plasma concentrations of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids and triglycerides were determined for ten species of Brazilian lizards, Iguana iguana, Tropidurus torquatos and T. semitaeniatus (Iguanidae), Tupinambis teguixin, Ameiva ameiva and Cnemidophorus ocellifer (Teiidae), Mabuya maculata (Scincidae), Hemidactylus mabouia (Gekkonidae), Amphisbaenia vermicularis and Leposternon polystegum (Amphisbaenidae). 2. Considerable inter- and intra-species variations in plasma lipid concentrations were observed. 3. The percentage of total cholesterol esterified and the individual phospholipid composition of plasma were relatively constant for each species. 4. Over 60% of the cholesteryl esters present in plasma from three species each of iguanid and teiid lizards were polyenoic.", "contents": "Plasma lipid concentrations for some Brazilian lizards. 1. Plasma concentrations of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids and triglycerides were determined for ten species of Brazilian lizards, Iguana iguana, Tropidurus torquatos and T. semitaeniatus (Iguanidae), Tupinambis teguixin, Ameiva ameiva and Cnemidophorus ocellifer (Teiidae), Mabuya maculata (Scincidae), Hemidactylus mabouia (Gekkonidae), Amphisbaenia vermicularis and Leposternon polystegum (Amphisbaenidae). 2. Considerable inter- and intra-species variations in plasma lipid concentrations were observed. 3. The percentage of total cholesterol esterified and the individual phospholipid composition of plasma were relatively constant for each species. 4. Over 60% of the cholesteryl esters present in plasma from three species each of iguanid and teiid lizards were polyenoic.", "PMID": 318307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6288", "title": "Arylsulfatase of sea urchin sperm--distribution of arylsulfatase in the gonads and gametes of echinoderms.", "content": "1. Fairly high activities of arylsulfatase are found in the sperm and mature testes of all the sea urchins studied; Strongylocentrotus intermedius, Strongylocentrotus nudus, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Anthocidaris crassispina, whereas the activities in the ovaries and eggs of these animals are low. 2. Neither the sand dollar, Clypeaster japonicus nor the starfishes, Asterias amurensis and Asterina pectinifera prove to have considerable activities of the enzyme in their gonads and gametes. 3. Most of the activity of arylsulfatase in the sperm of S. intermedius is found in the seminal plasma, but the significant activity is bound to the spermatozoa. 4. Part, if not all, of the spermatozoa-borne arylsulfatase is suggested to exist on the surface of spermatozoa or in the acrosome or both. 5. The ubiquitous distribution of sperm arylsulfatase in sea urchins on the contrary to its absence in starfish or sand dollar is discussed in connection with the penetration of sperm through egg investments.", "contents": "Arylsulfatase of sea urchin sperm--distribution of arylsulfatase in the gonads and gametes of echinoderms. 1. Fairly high activities of arylsulfatase are found in the sperm and mature testes of all the sea urchins studied; Strongylocentrotus intermedius, Strongylocentrotus nudus, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Anthocidaris crassispina, whereas the activities in the ovaries and eggs of these animals are low. 2. Neither the sand dollar, Clypeaster japonicus nor the starfishes, Asterias amurensis and Asterina pectinifera prove to have considerable activities of the enzyme in their gonads and gametes. 3. Most of the activity of arylsulfatase in the sperm of S. intermedius is found in the seminal plasma, but the significant activity is bound to the spermatozoa. 4. Part, if not all, of the spermatozoa-borne arylsulfatase is suggested to exist on the surface of spermatozoa or in the acrosome or both. 5. The ubiquitous distribution of sperm arylsulfatase in sea urchins on the contrary to its absence in starfish or sand dollar is discussed in connection with the penetration of sperm through egg investments.", "PMID": 318308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6289", "title": "The binding of zinc to the soluble proteins of intestinal mucosa in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus).", "content": "1. The binding of Zn2+ to soluble proteins of intestinal mucosa of winter flounder was examined using an equilibrium dialysis technique. 2. There appeared to be more than one binding system present for Zn2+ in the mucosal cytosol. 3. It required four times the normal endogenous Zn2+ level found in the mucosal cytosol to saturate the highest affinity (K1 = 2.42 x 10(7] binding system. 4. Of 10 metals tested Cu2+ was the only one which interfered with Zn2+ binding to the mucosal cytosol proteins. 5. It is postulated that binding proteins in the mucosal cytosol of winter flounder may play a role in the transport of Zn2+.", "contents": "The binding of zinc to the soluble proteins of intestinal mucosa in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). 1. The binding of Zn2+ to soluble proteins of intestinal mucosa of winter flounder was examined using an equilibrium dialysis technique. 2. There appeared to be more than one binding system present for Zn2+ in the mucosal cytosol. 3. It required four times the normal endogenous Zn2+ level found in the mucosal cytosol to saturate the highest affinity (K1 = 2.42 x 10(7] binding system. 4. Of 10 metals tested Cu2+ was the only one which interfered with Zn2+ binding to the mucosal cytosol proteins. 5. It is postulated that binding proteins in the mucosal cytosol of winter flounder may play a role in the transport of Zn2+.", "PMID": 318309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6290", "title": "Metabolism of hibernating reptiles. Changes of free amino acids in blood, liver and brain.", "content": "1. Glutamic acid showed a significant decrease during hibernation in brain cortex. This is attributed to: (a) Transformation to glutamine to detoxicate ammonia. (b) The synthesis of GABA from glutamic acid. (c) It is suggested that the enzyme GAD is active during hibernation. 2. GABA showed a significant increase in liver and brain cortex. It was absent in the blood serum. (a) The present results show that non-neural tissues contain lower GABA than neural tissues. (b) GABA may be formed locally in tissues by decarboxylation of glutamate as well as from pathways connected with tricarboxylic acid cycle. 3. Aspartic acid showed increased levels in blood serum, liver and brain cortex, the greatest increase was observed in liver. 4. A significant increase was recorded in the level of arginine in brain cortex and liver, whilst a smaller percentage increase was recorded in ornithine level. It is assumed that transformation of arginine to ornithine was depressed during hibernation.", "contents": "Metabolism of hibernating reptiles. Changes of free amino acids in blood, liver and brain. 1. Glutamic acid showed a significant decrease during hibernation in brain cortex. This is attributed to: (a) Transformation to glutamine to detoxicate ammonia. (b) The synthesis of GABA from glutamic acid. (c) It is suggested that the enzyme GAD is active during hibernation. 2. GABA showed a significant increase in liver and brain cortex. It was absent in the blood serum. (a) The present results show that non-neural tissues contain lower GABA than neural tissues. (b) GABA may be formed locally in tissues by decarboxylation of glutamate as well as from pathways connected with tricarboxylic acid cycle. 3. Aspartic acid showed increased levels in blood serum, liver and brain cortex, the greatest increase was observed in liver. 4. A significant increase was recorded in the level of arginine in brain cortex and liver, whilst a smaller percentage increase was recorded in ornithine level. It is assumed that transformation of arginine to ornithine was depressed during hibernation.", "PMID": 318310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6291", "title": "Enzymes of steroid hormone metabolism in ovarian tissue of teleosts.", "content": "1. Substrate-velocity kinetics and some other characteristics of three enzymes involved in steroid hormone metabolism in the ovary of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio and of the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus were determined. 2. Labeled steroid products of the enzyme reactions were identified by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographies, as well as by formation of derivatives. 3. 5 alpha-Steroid reductase of carp ovary was found to have a Michaelis-Menten constant undistinguishable from that of rat ovarian tissue, while the Km of the enzyme in mullet ovarian tissue was found to be different. 4. The Km of 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of mullet ovarian tissue was similar to the value reported for mammalian gonadal tissue, but the constant for 17 beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase in the carp ovary was different. 5. It is for the first time that these enzymes of steroid hormone metabolism have been quantitatively determined in teleost ovarian tissue.", "contents": "Enzymes of steroid hormone metabolism in ovarian tissue of teleosts. 1. Substrate-velocity kinetics and some other characteristics of three enzymes involved in steroid hormone metabolism in the ovary of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio and of the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus were determined. 2. Labeled steroid products of the enzyme reactions were identified by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographies, as well as by formation of derivatives. 3. 5 alpha-Steroid reductase of carp ovary was found to have a Michaelis-Menten constant undistinguishable from that of rat ovarian tissue, while the Km of the enzyme in mullet ovarian tissue was found to be different. 4. The Km of 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of mullet ovarian tissue was similar to the value reported for mammalian gonadal tissue, but the constant for 17 beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase in the carp ovary was different. 5. It is for the first time that these enzymes of steroid hormone metabolism have been quantitatively determined in teleost ovarian tissue.", "PMID": 318311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6292", "title": "Studies on the evolution of elastin--I. Phylogenetic distribution.", "content": "1. Aortae and other tissues from numerous animals were examined for the presence of the rubbery protein elastin by (a) chemical purification and amino acid analysis, (b) presence of the cross-linking amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine and (c) histological staining. 2. Elastin was found in all vertebrates examined (42 species) with the exception of cyclostomes (3 species). It was absent from all invertebrates tested (14 species). 3. The amino acid compositions of vertebrate elastins showed marked and interesting interspecies variations.", "contents": "Studies on the evolution of elastin--I. Phylogenetic distribution. 1. Aortae and other tissues from numerous animals were examined for the presence of the rubbery protein elastin by (a) chemical purification and amino acid analysis, (b) presence of the cross-linking amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine and (c) histological staining. 2. Elastin was found in all vertebrates examined (42 species) with the exception of cyclostomes (3 species). It was absent from all invertebrates tested (14 species). 3. The amino acid compositions of vertebrate elastins showed marked and interesting interspecies variations.", "PMID": 318312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6293", "title": "Protein variation and systematics of three subgenera of Malayan rats (Rodentia: Muridae, genus Rattus Fischer).", "content": "1. Nine erythrocyte proteins coded by a separate locus each were analysed in and among seven Malayan species of Rattus belonging to three subgenera. 2. Electrophoretic data obtained confirm the specific status of the seven taxa and divide the seven species into three groups which correspond with Ellerman's (1949) subgenera Stenomys, Maxomys and Leopoldamys. 3. A comparative study together with 11 other species of Malayan Rattus previously analysed show that, with few exceptions, the overall relationships among the 18 species based on electrophoretic data correspond well with conclusions based on morphological evidence. 4. Malayan species of Rattus are relatively very diverse genetically (S = 0.27, range 0.01-0.94).", "contents": "Protein variation and systematics of three subgenera of Malayan rats (Rodentia: Muridae, genus Rattus Fischer). 1. Nine erythrocyte proteins coded by a separate locus each were analysed in and among seven Malayan species of Rattus belonging to three subgenera. 2. Electrophoretic data obtained confirm the specific status of the seven taxa and divide the seven species into three groups which correspond with Ellerman's (1949) subgenera Stenomys, Maxomys and Leopoldamys. 3. A comparative study together with 11 other species of Malayan Rattus previously analysed show that, with few exceptions, the overall relationships among the 18 species based on electrophoretic data correspond well with conclusions based on morphological evidence. 4. Malayan species of Rattus are relatively very diverse genetically (S = 0.27, range 0.01-0.94).", "PMID": 318313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6294", "title": "Effect of dietary fatty acids differing by chain lengths and omega series on the growth and lipid composition of turbot Scophthalmus maximus L.", "content": "1. A previous paper (Gatesoupe et al., 1977) showed that turbot had a specific requirement for omega 3HPUFA since equivalent dietary amounts of 18:3 omega 3 or omega 3HPUFA (0.55% of the diet) did not lead to the same growth performances. 2. In the present paper, we demonstrated that fish given a high level of dietary 18:3 omega 3 (3.7% of the diet), without omega 3HPUFA, presented better growth than those offered a lower level of 18:3 omega 3, and almost the same performances as fish receiving 0.57% omega 3HPUFA. 3. This suggested that turbot, like trout, might be able to use the 18:3 omega 3 as a precursor of the omega 3 series. Furthermore, according to the present relatively short-term experiment, elongation-desaturation reactions of the omega 3FA did not appear to be reduced with low dietary omega 3FA levels. 4. On the other hand, these types of reactions seemed to be totally missing with the 18:2 omega 6. Thus, it may be assumed that there was no direct relationship between growth and omega 3 elongating-desaturating activities, and that omega 3 lowering fish body content was not the cause, or at least not the only cause, of poor growth in long-term experiments.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fatty acids differing by chain lengths and omega series on the growth and lipid composition of turbot Scophthalmus maximus L. 1. A previous paper (Gatesoupe et al., 1977) showed that turbot had a specific requirement for omega 3HPUFA since equivalent dietary amounts of 18:3 omega 3 or omega 3HPUFA (0.55% of the diet) did not lead to the same growth performances. 2. In the present paper, we demonstrated that fish given a high level of dietary 18:3 omega 3 (3.7% of the diet), without omega 3HPUFA, presented better growth than those offered a lower level of 18:3 omega 3, and almost the same performances as fish receiving 0.57% omega 3HPUFA. 3. This suggested that turbot, like trout, might be able to use the 18:3 omega 3 as a precursor of the omega 3 series. Furthermore, according to the present relatively short-term experiment, elongation-desaturation reactions of the omega 3FA did not appear to be reduced with low dietary omega 3FA levels. 4. On the other hand, these types of reactions seemed to be totally missing with the 18:2 omega 6. Thus, it may be assumed that there was no direct relationship between growth and omega 3 elongating-desaturating activities, and that omega 3 lowering fish body content was not the cause, or at least not the only cause, of poor growth in long-term experiments.", "PMID": 318314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6295", "title": "Lipids from nerve tissues of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus.", "content": "1. The predominant lipids of nerve cords, ganglion and brain from horseshoe crabs were cholesterol (11% of lipid) and phospholipid (81% of lipid). 2. Major phospholipids were phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline with lesser amounts of phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin. 3. The phospholipid fraction was characterized by a high content of plasmalogen, i.e. alk-1-enyl acyl phosphatides, so that 42% of the ethanolamine phosphatides were the plasmalogen, phosphatidal ethanolamine. 4. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were high in polyunsaturation with 20:4 and 20:5 major fatty acids. Sphingomyelin had predominantly long chain saturated fatty acids. 5. Cerebrosides and gangliosides, which are associated with vertebrate nerve tissues, were absent from nerves of horseshoe crabs.", "contents": "Lipids from nerve tissues of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. 1. The predominant lipids of nerve cords, ganglion and brain from horseshoe crabs were cholesterol (11% of lipid) and phospholipid (81% of lipid). 2. Major phospholipids were phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline with lesser amounts of phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin. 3. The phospholipid fraction was characterized by a high content of plasmalogen, i.e. alk-1-enyl acyl phosphatides, so that 42% of the ethanolamine phosphatides were the plasmalogen, phosphatidal ethanolamine. 4. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were high in polyunsaturation with 20:4 and 20:5 major fatty acids. Sphingomyelin had predominantly long chain saturated fatty acids. 5. Cerebrosides and gangliosides, which are associated with vertebrate nerve tissues, were absent from nerves of horseshoe crabs.", "PMID": 318315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6296", "title": "Electrophoretic variation in muscle lactate dehydrogenase in Snake Valley cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki subsp.", "content": "1. Electrophoretic variation observed in muscle A group lactate dehydrogenase in Snake Valley cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki subsp.) suggested the presence of two variant alleles at the A1 locus and a null allele at the A2 locus. 2. The taxonomic status of the Snake Valley cutthroat trout was reviewed.", "contents": "Electrophoretic variation in muscle lactate dehydrogenase in Snake Valley cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki subsp. 1. Electrophoretic variation observed in muscle A group lactate dehydrogenase in Snake Valley cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki subsp.) suggested the presence of two variant alleles at the A1 locus and a null allele at the A2 locus. 2. The taxonomic status of the Snake Valley cutthroat trout was reviewed.", "PMID": 318316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6297", "title": "Glycerol metabolism in the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis.", "content": "1. When adult Dirofilaria immitis were incubated up to 60 min in a medium containing physiological concentrations of glycerol and glucose, the mean amount of free glycerol present did not change significantly. 2. [14C]2-glycerol disappeared from media in which 1 g heartworms were incubated at a linear rate of about 0.7 mumol/hr/g during the first hour. 3. 85-95% of the radioactivity in the Folch extract remained in the aqueous phase. 4. Phosphoglycerides and diacylglycerols accounted for better than 90% of the 14C in the lipids. 5. The rate of glycerol conversion to lactate was only about 0.02% of the rate of glucose conversion under experimental conditions. 6. The data indicate that, although dog heartworms do utilize glycerol as a substrate in glycolysis, it is probably of more importance in lipid synthesis.", "contents": "Glycerol metabolism in the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis. 1. When adult Dirofilaria immitis were incubated up to 60 min in a medium containing physiological concentrations of glycerol and glucose, the mean amount of free glycerol present did not change significantly. 2. [14C]2-glycerol disappeared from media in which 1 g heartworms were incubated at a linear rate of about 0.7 mumol/hr/g during the first hour. 3. 85-95% of the radioactivity in the Folch extract remained in the aqueous phase. 4. Phosphoglycerides and diacylglycerols accounted for better than 90% of the 14C in the lipids. 5. The rate of glycerol conversion to lactate was only about 0.02% of the rate of glucose conversion under experimental conditions. 6. The data indicate that, although dog heartworms do utilize glycerol as a substrate in glycolysis, it is probably of more importance in lipid synthesis.", "PMID": 318317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6298", "title": "Lipid synthesis in the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis.", "content": "1. Incorporation studies with three labelled substrates--[14C]2-glycerol, [14C]1-acetate and [14C]1-oleic acid--demonstrated that adult dog heartworms can synthesize all classes of complex lipids present, including free cholesterol. 2. Diacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides were most rapidly labelled regardless of the precursor employed. 3. 14C from glycerol was found in the aqueous phase of saponified lipids, whereas that from oleic acid was in the fatty acid portion. 4. Tag from acetate was predominantly in the fatty acid portion of saponified lipids and also occurred in the unesterified fatty acids. 5. Acetate and unesterified fatty acids, as represented by oleic acid, were more readily used for lipid synthesis than was glycerol.", "contents": "Lipid synthesis in the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis. 1. Incorporation studies with three labelled substrates--[14C]2-glycerol, [14C]1-acetate and [14C]1-oleic acid--demonstrated that adult dog heartworms can synthesize all classes of complex lipids present, including free cholesterol. 2. Diacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides were most rapidly labelled regardless of the precursor employed. 3. 14C from glycerol was found in the aqueous phase of saponified lipids, whereas that from oleic acid was in the fatty acid portion. 4. Tag from acetate was predominantly in the fatty acid portion of saponified lipids and also occurred in the unesterified fatty acids. 5. Acetate and unesterified fatty acids, as represented by oleic acid, were more readily used for lipid synthesis than was glycerol.", "PMID": 318318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6299", "title": "Phospholipid composition of hibernating ground squirrel (Citellus lateralis) kidney and low-temperature membrane function.", "content": "1. Phospholipid analysis of kidney lipids from active and hibernating ground squirrels (Citellus lateralis) indicate that molar quantities of phosphatidyl choline increase, while sphingomyelin decreases in hibernating animals. 2. Both of these changes are in such a direction as to enhance membrane fluidity and possibly contribute to low-temperature membrane function in these organisms.", "contents": "Phospholipid composition of hibernating ground squirrel (Citellus lateralis) kidney and low-temperature membrane function. 1. Phospholipid analysis of kidney lipids from active and hibernating ground squirrels (Citellus lateralis) indicate that molar quantities of phosphatidyl choline increase, while sphingomyelin decreases in hibernating animals. 2. Both of these changes are in such a direction as to enhance membrane fluidity and possibly contribute to low-temperature membrane function in these organisms.", "PMID": 318319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6300", "title": "The central role of phosphorylcholine in the metabolism of epidermis in the guinea-pig, Cavia porcellus.", "content": "1. CDP-choline, which has been identified for the first time in epidermis, accumulates when skin is deprived of glucose. 2. ATP and fatty acids depress uptake of [32P]orthophosphate into phosphorylcholine in skin maintained in vitro.", "contents": "The central role of phosphorylcholine in the metabolism of epidermis in the guinea-pig, Cavia porcellus. 1. CDP-choline, which has been identified for the first time in epidermis, accumulates when skin is deprived of glucose. 2. ATP and fatty acids depress uptake of [32P]orthophosphate into phosphorylcholine in skin maintained in vitro.", "PMID": 318320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6301", "title": "Oxygen uptake and lactate production by Schistosoma mansoni cercaria, cercarial body and tail, and schistosomule.", "content": "1. Oxygen consumption by Schistosoma mansoni cercarial bodies varies, with the batch of organisms, the incubation media and the temperature (27-37 degrees C), from 27.4 +/- 3.4 to 55.0 +/- 4.8 microliters O2/mg larval protein per hr. It is proportional to the concentration of organisms incubated, up to 25,000/ml, as calculated from whole protein. 2. Oxygen uptake by cercariae is inhibited by 5.6 mM glucose in the incubation media, a concentration that stimulates the respiration of cercarial bodies. 3. No significant differences in the oxygen uptake were presented by cercarial bodies with and without glycocalyx or glandular secretions, or devoid of all of them. 4. Inhibitors of the Krebs cycle and the respiratory chain, and uncoupling agents influence the oxygen uptake by cercariae, cercarial bodies and schistosomules to the same extent. 5. The permeability change presented by transformed larvae had no influence on the excretion of lactate by cercarial bodies, which is about 0.3 mumoles/mg protein per hr and remains constant for 5 hr; under nitrogen, this amount increased 70%. Cercariae in anaerobiosis, however, excreted as much as 15 times more lactate than under air. 6. Lactic dehydrogenases of cercariae, cercarial bodies and tails, and schistosomules are of the muscle type and do not change during the transformation.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake and lactate production by Schistosoma mansoni cercaria, cercarial body and tail, and schistosomule. 1. Oxygen consumption by Schistosoma mansoni cercarial bodies varies, with the batch of organisms, the incubation media and the temperature (27-37 degrees C), from 27.4 +/- 3.4 to 55.0 +/- 4.8 microliters O2/mg larval protein per hr. It is proportional to the concentration of organisms incubated, up to 25,000/ml, as calculated from whole protein. 2. Oxygen uptake by cercariae is inhibited by 5.6 mM glucose in the incubation media, a concentration that stimulates the respiration of cercarial bodies. 3. No significant differences in the oxygen uptake were presented by cercarial bodies with and without glycocalyx or glandular secretions, or devoid of all of them. 4. Inhibitors of the Krebs cycle and the respiratory chain, and uncoupling agents influence the oxygen uptake by cercariae, cercarial bodies and schistosomules to the same extent. 5. The permeability change presented by transformed larvae had no influence on the excretion of lactate by cercarial bodies, which is about 0.3 mumoles/mg protein per hr and remains constant for 5 hr; under nitrogen, this amount increased 70%. Cercariae in anaerobiosis, however, excreted as much as 15 times more lactate than under air. 6. Lactic dehydrogenases of cercariae, cercarial bodies and tails, and schistosomules are of the muscle type and do not change during the transformation.", "PMID": 318321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6302", "title": "Serum lipoprotein profiles of young atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau and atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons.", "content": "1. Newly-hatched atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau and atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons (Columba livia) had significantly lower (P less than 0.01) alpha/beta serum lipoprotein ratios than 6-week, 3-month, or 6-month old pigeons of the corresponding breed, as determined by densitometric analysis of polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoretic profiles. 2. Differences in alpha/beta serum lipoprotein ratios were not observed between the two breeds at any age studied.", "contents": "Serum lipoprotein profiles of young atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau and atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons. 1. Newly-hatched atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau and atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons (Columba livia) had significantly lower (P less than 0.01) alpha/beta serum lipoprotein ratios than 6-week, 3-month, or 6-month old pigeons of the corresponding breed, as determined by densitometric analysis of polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoretic profiles. 2. Differences in alpha/beta serum lipoprotein ratios were not observed between the two breeds at any age studied.", "PMID": 318322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6303", "title": "Thyroglobulin biosynthesis in a larval (ammocoete) and adult freshwater lamprey (Lampetra planeri Bl.).", "content": "1. The biosynthesis of 18-19S thyroglobulin has been studied in a larval and adult freshwater lamprey (Lampetra planeri Bl.). 2. In vivo and in vitro experiments have been performed by injecting into the coelomic cavity or by incubating branchial region labeled constituents of Tg of higher vertebrates (125I, [3H]leucine and various [3H]carbohydrates). 3. Larvae (ammocoetes) and adults incorporate all labels into thyroglobulin (18-19S Tg), containing a small proportion of labeled T3 and T4, as identified by paper chromatography, and very minute amounts of stable iodine. 4. In adults, the biosynthesis of 18-19S Tg proceeds much more rapidly and the labels are incorporated in higher percentage than in larvae. 5. The demonstration of the biosynthesis of the specific thyroid protein, 18-19S Tg, in larvae indicates that the biochemical mechanism of hormonogenesis is present in larval endostyle before the morphological differentiation of thyroid cells and follicles occurring during metamorphosis. 6. Some 18-19S Tg is apparently stored in the endostyle.", "contents": "Thyroglobulin biosynthesis in a larval (ammocoete) and adult freshwater lamprey (Lampetra planeri Bl.). 1. The biosynthesis of 18-19S thyroglobulin has been studied in a larval and adult freshwater lamprey (Lampetra planeri Bl.). 2. In vivo and in vitro experiments have been performed by injecting into the coelomic cavity or by incubating branchial region labeled constituents of Tg of higher vertebrates (125I, [3H]leucine and various [3H]carbohydrates). 3. Larvae (ammocoetes) and adults incorporate all labels into thyroglobulin (18-19S Tg), containing a small proportion of labeled T3 and T4, as identified by paper chromatography, and very minute amounts of stable iodine. 4. In adults, the biosynthesis of 18-19S Tg proceeds much more rapidly and the labels are incorporated in higher percentage than in larvae. 5. The demonstration of the biosynthesis of the specific thyroid protein, 18-19S Tg, in larvae indicates that the biochemical mechanism of hormonogenesis is present in larval endostyle before the morphological differentiation of thyroid cells and follicles occurring during metamorphosis. 6. Some 18-19S Tg is apparently stored in the endostyle.", "PMID": 318323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6304", "title": "The action of ATP on natural actomyosin.", "content": "1. When ATP is added to Limulus myosin B and the mixture is centrifuged at 50,000 rev/min for 3 hr to dissociate it into a supernatant of myosin and a pellet of actin, the results are contrary to expectation. The pellet does contain actin but no more than one obtains if the ATP is omitted. The supernatant also contains actin. 2. If this is done in the Model E centrifuge, the major peak disappears upon ATP addition and a new peak, sedimenting at a rate typical of myosin, appears. When only this slow moving peak is run on SDS gels, actin is clearly seen. 3. It is concluded that ATP does not dissociate this actomyosin but rather causes a conformational change.", "contents": "The action of ATP on natural actomyosin. 1. When ATP is added to Limulus myosin B and the mixture is centrifuged at 50,000 rev/min for 3 hr to dissociate it into a supernatant of myosin and a pellet of actin, the results are contrary to expectation. The pellet does contain actin but no more than one obtains if the ATP is omitted. The supernatant also contains actin. 2. If this is done in the Model E centrifuge, the major peak disappears upon ATP addition and a new peak, sedimenting at a rate typical of myosin, appears. When only this slow moving peak is run on SDS gels, actin is clearly seen. 3. It is concluded that ATP does not dissociate this actomyosin but rather causes a conformational change.", "PMID": 318324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6305", "title": "A comparison of the isoenzymes, soluble proteins, polypeptides and free amino acids from ten isolates of Trypanosoma evansi.", "content": "1. Soluble extracts from different strains of Trypanosoma evansi were compared by several analytical procedures. 2. No isoenzymic differences were detected. 3. Some clear intraspecies differences in protein isoelectric points, in polypeptide sizes and in free amino acid contents were found.", "contents": "A comparison of the isoenzymes, soluble proteins, polypeptides and free amino acids from ten isolates of Trypanosoma evansi. 1. Soluble extracts from different strains of Trypanosoma evansi were compared by several analytical procedures. 2. No isoenzymic differences were detected. 3. Some clear intraspecies differences in protein isoelectric points, in polypeptide sizes and in free amino acid contents were found.", "PMID": 318325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6306", "title": "Comparative levels of muscle glycolytic enzymes in mammals, fish, echinoderm and molluscs.", "content": "1. Levels of glycolytic enzymes were determined in terms of units of enzyme/mg protein in rat striated muscle, carp lateral muscle, holothuria longitudinal muscle of the body wall, and a snail foot muscle. 2. An attempt has been made to correlate levels of glycolytic enzymes as a parameter to establish a \"biochemical distance\" at molecular level and correlate this with the phylogenetic position in animals sufficiently separated in the animal tree of evolution. 3. The possibility of a peculiar kinetic behaviour of the glycolytic pathway in each muscle tissue studied, has been analyzed as the profiles of the ratios of pairs of enzymes bearing a substrate-product dependence. 4. A possible \"futile synthesis\" of some glycolytic enzymes, such as FDP-aldolase in the case of fish muscle, is proposed.", "contents": "Comparative levels of muscle glycolytic enzymes in mammals, fish, echinoderm and molluscs. 1. Levels of glycolytic enzymes were determined in terms of units of enzyme/mg protein in rat striated muscle, carp lateral muscle, holothuria longitudinal muscle of the body wall, and a snail foot muscle. 2. An attempt has been made to correlate levels of glycolytic enzymes as a parameter to establish a \"biochemical distance\" at molecular level and correlate this with the phylogenetic position in animals sufficiently separated in the animal tree of evolution. 3. The possibility of a peculiar kinetic behaviour of the glycolytic pathway in each muscle tissue studied, has been analyzed as the profiles of the ratios of pairs of enzymes bearing a substrate-product dependence. 4. A possible \"futile synthesis\" of some glycolytic enzymes, such as FDP-aldolase in the case of fish muscle, is proposed.", "PMID": 318326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6307", "title": "Comparison of peroxide metabolism enzymes in organs of congenic mice.", "content": "1. A study was made of the SOD, P and C activities and the protein contents of the tissue homogenates in the five most important organs of six inbred mouse strains. 2. From the results of comparative examinations it emerges that the above PME's exhibit substantial differences in the various inbred mouse strains. 3. Accordingly, only pure inbred mice or rats raised under identical conditions can be used for PME comparisons. 4. The examinations also reveal that the PME levels of the inbred strains are genetically determined.", "contents": "Comparison of peroxide metabolism enzymes in organs of congenic mice. 1. A study was made of the SOD, P and C activities and the protein contents of the tissue homogenates in the five most important organs of six inbred mouse strains. 2. From the results of comparative examinations it emerges that the above PME's exhibit substantial differences in the various inbred mouse strains. 3. Accordingly, only pure inbred mice or rats raised under identical conditions can be used for PME comparisons. 4. The examinations also reveal that the PME levels of the inbred strains are genetically determined.", "PMID": 318327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6308", "title": "An electrophoretic analysis of selected enzymes of the coconut crab, Birgus latro.", "content": "1. Employing starch gel electrophoresis at pH 8.6, a single anodal band of L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase activity was found in skeletal muscle of Birgus latro. 2. Two anodal malate dehydrogenase isozymes were observed in heart, skeletal muscle and pericardial gland tissue. Lung and gill exhibited the faster moving band only. 3. Multiple bands of esterase activity were detected in all tissues examined employing alpha-naphthylacetate or alpha-butyrate as substrate. 4. Multiple molecular forms of superoxide dismutase were observed in all tissues examined. 5. Lung exhibited a single cathodal band of carbonic anhydrase activity.", "contents": "An electrophoretic analysis of selected enzymes of the coconut crab, Birgus latro. 1. Employing starch gel electrophoresis at pH 8.6, a single anodal band of L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase activity was found in skeletal muscle of Birgus latro. 2. Two anodal malate dehydrogenase isozymes were observed in heart, skeletal muscle and pericardial gland tissue. Lung and gill exhibited the faster moving band only. 3. Multiple bands of esterase activity were detected in all tissues examined employing alpha-naphthylacetate or alpha-butyrate as substrate. 4. Multiple molecular forms of superoxide dismutase were observed in all tissues examined. 5. Lung exhibited a single cathodal band of carbonic anhydrase activity.", "PMID": 318328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6309", "title": "The influence of elevated environmental temperature and nutrient intake on thyroid status and hepatic enzyme activities in immature male chicks.", "content": "1. Increases in hepatic ATP citrate lyase specific activity and in serum thyroxine levels were observed in immature chicks in response to either controlled food and water intakes at 22 degrees C, or an elevation in environmental temperature to 30 degrees C. Hepatic phosphofructokinase specific activity was reduced at the higher temperature. 2. Over a 4-week experimental period thyroid function and hepatic enzyme activities adapted to the controlled nutrient intake but not to the temperature stressor.", "contents": "The influence of elevated environmental temperature and nutrient intake on thyroid status and hepatic enzyme activities in immature male chicks. 1. Increases in hepatic ATP citrate lyase specific activity and in serum thyroxine levels were observed in immature chicks in response to either controlled food and water intakes at 22 degrees C, or an elevation in environmental temperature to 30 degrees C. Hepatic phosphofructokinase specific activity was reduced at the higher temperature. 2. Over a 4-week experimental period thyroid function and hepatic enzyme activities adapted to the controlled nutrient intake but not to the temperature stressor.", "PMID": 318329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6310", "title": "Heterosis in the codominance model: electrophoretic studies of proteins in the chicken-quail hybrid.", "content": "1. Electrophoretical comparisons was carried out on qualitative and quantitative differences of three proteins in the cock-quail hybrid: albumin, immunoglobulin and hemoglobin. All three components correspond to situations of codominance. 2. Heterosis was demonstrated twice: the immunological potentialities of the hybrid are increased by its possession of two types of Ig G; the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen can be better regulated in the hybrid than in both parental species. 3. Proportions of the codominant parental components in the hybrid are different in the case of the three investigated proteins; this fact probably reflects the relative importance of the quantitative regulation of gene products in the hybrid.", "contents": "Heterosis in the codominance model: electrophoretic studies of proteins in the chicken-quail hybrid. 1. Electrophoretical comparisons was carried out on qualitative and quantitative differences of three proteins in the cock-quail hybrid: albumin, immunoglobulin and hemoglobin. All three components correspond to situations of codominance. 2. Heterosis was demonstrated twice: the immunological potentialities of the hybrid are increased by its possession of two types of Ig G; the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen can be better regulated in the hybrid than in both parental species. 3. Proportions of the codominant parental components in the hybrid are different in the case of the three investigated proteins; this fact probably reflects the relative importance of the quantitative regulation of gene products in the hybrid.", "PMID": 318330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6311", "title": "The phosphoglucose isomerases of the bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma vivax.", "content": "1. The phosphoglucose isomerases (PGI's) of the bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei and T. vivax have been purified some 150-fold, using cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and isoelectric focussing. 2. The two trypanosome enzymes showed many similarities in kinetic properties, but differed from each other somewhat in thermal stability and in isoelectric point. 3. Both trypanosome enzymes differ from PGI's from other sources in having a higher Ki for the competitive inhibitor 6-phosphogluconate.", "contents": "The phosphoglucose isomerases of the bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma vivax. 1. The phosphoglucose isomerases (PGI's) of the bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei and T. vivax have been purified some 150-fold, using cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and isoelectric focussing. 2. The two trypanosome enzymes showed many similarities in kinetic properties, but differed from each other somewhat in thermal stability and in isoelectric point. 3. Both trypanosome enzymes differ from PGI's from other sources in having a higher Ki for the competitive inhibitor 6-phosphogluconate.", "PMID": 318331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6312", "title": "Translation of Taenia crassiceps mRNA in cell-free heterologous systems.", "content": "1. mRNA isolated from larval Taenia crassiceps directs efficiently the synthesis of proteins in cell-free heterologous systems. 2. Part of the newly synthesized proteins in a reticulocyte system are precipitable by a rabbit antiserum against T. crassiceps proteins. 3. Analysis of the antiserum-protein dissociated complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that most of the proteins synthesized are of low molecular weight (13,000-22,000) although a protein of mol. wt. 260,000 is also produced. 4. Whether the newly synthesized proteins which are precipitable by specific antisera correspond to parasite antigens or to proteins with closely antigenic similarities remains to be established.", "contents": "Translation of Taenia crassiceps mRNA in cell-free heterologous systems. 1. mRNA isolated from larval Taenia crassiceps directs efficiently the synthesis of proteins in cell-free heterologous systems. 2. Part of the newly synthesized proteins in a reticulocyte system are precipitable by a rabbit antiserum against T. crassiceps proteins. 3. Analysis of the antiserum-protein dissociated complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that most of the proteins synthesized are of low molecular weight (13,000-22,000) although a protein of mol. wt. 260,000 is also produced. 4. Whether the newly synthesized proteins which are precipitable by specific antisera correspond to parasite antigens or to proteins with closely antigenic similarities remains to be established.", "PMID": 318332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6313", "title": "The hemoglobin of the common sting-ray, Dasyatis sabina: structural and functional properties.", "content": "1. The hemoglobin of the sting-ray, Dasyatis sabina, is both polymorphic and heterogeneous; three components predominate. 2. One major component has two kinds of polypeptide chain, of which one, presumably an alpha-chain, has a blocked NH2-terminus and an arginyl COOH-terminus, whereas carboxypeptidases A and B release tyrosine and histidine from the COOH-terminus of the beta-chain. 3. The amino acid sequence of the beginning NH2-terminal segment of the beta-chain of the major component has been determined. 4. The hemoglobin of the sting-ray, Dasyatis sabina, is highly resistant to urea and does not dissociate readily into subunits. 5. Oxygen binding by the hemoglobin is not affected by organic phosphates or high concentrations of either NaCl or urea. 6. The hemoglobin does not polymerize beyond tetramers. 7. Cooperativity, as monitored by n in the Hill equation, is pH-dependent and maximal between pH 8.5 and 9.0. 8. The hemoglobin has a large Bohr effect; the oxygen affinity is 16 times higher at pH 10 than at pH 6.5.", "contents": "The hemoglobin of the common sting-ray, Dasyatis sabina: structural and functional properties. 1. The hemoglobin of the sting-ray, Dasyatis sabina, is both polymorphic and heterogeneous; three components predominate. 2. One major component has two kinds of polypeptide chain, of which one, presumably an alpha-chain, has a blocked NH2-terminus and an arginyl COOH-terminus, whereas carboxypeptidases A and B release tyrosine and histidine from the COOH-terminus of the beta-chain. 3. The amino acid sequence of the beginning NH2-terminal segment of the beta-chain of the major component has been determined. 4. The hemoglobin of the sting-ray, Dasyatis sabina, is highly resistant to urea and does not dissociate readily into subunits. 5. Oxygen binding by the hemoglobin is not affected by organic phosphates or high concentrations of either NaCl or urea. 6. The hemoglobin does not polymerize beyond tetramers. 7. Cooperativity, as monitored by n in the Hill equation, is pH-dependent and maximal between pH 8.5 and 9.0. 8. The hemoglobin has a large Bohr effect; the oxygen affinity is 16 times higher at pH 10 than at pH 6.5.", "PMID": 318333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6314", "title": "Amino acid composition and physico-chemical properties of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) myoglobin.", "content": "1. The heart ventricle myoglobin of Atlantic bluefin tuna has been purified and its amino acid composition has been determined. 2. The perturbing effect of guanidine hydrochloride on the molecular structure of tuna ferrimyoglobin and its corresponding apoprotein has been investigated by Soret absorbance and ultraviolet fluorescence. 3. The conformation-free energy of unfolding delta G0 has been calculated by thermodynamic treatments of the data concerning guanidine unfolding. 4. The results have been compared with other known myoglobins, particularly those of yellowfin tuna.", "contents": "Amino acid composition and physico-chemical properties of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) myoglobin. 1. The heart ventricle myoglobin of Atlantic bluefin tuna has been purified and its amino acid composition has been determined. 2. The perturbing effect of guanidine hydrochloride on the molecular structure of tuna ferrimyoglobin and its corresponding apoprotein has been investigated by Soret absorbance and ultraviolet fluorescence. 3. The conformation-free energy of unfolding delta G0 has been calculated by thermodynamic treatments of the data concerning guanidine unfolding. 4. The results have been compared with other known myoglobins, particularly those of yellowfin tuna.", "PMID": 318334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6315", "title": "Specific properties of brown adipose tissue mitochondrial membrane.", "content": "1. Mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue compared to that of liver possesses a very high activity of oxidative enzymes but a low activity of ATPase. 2. The polypeptide composition of the mitochondrial membranes proves that the above differences in enzyme activities are due to increased content of oxidative enzymes and decreased content of ATPase in brown adipose tissue. 3. The inhibition of ATPase of brown adipose tissue mitochondria by aurovertin, oligomycin and DCCD indicates modified proportions between the components of the ATPase complex. 4. The organization of brown adipose tissue mitochondrial membrane in relation to its thermogenic function is discussed.", "contents": "Specific properties of brown adipose tissue mitochondrial membrane. 1. Mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue compared to that of liver possesses a very high activity of oxidative enzymes but a low activity of ATPase. 2. The polypeptide composition of the mitochondrial membranes proves that the above differences in enzyme activities are due to increased content of oxidative enzymes and decreased content of ATPase in brown adipose tissue. 3. The inhibition of ATPase of brown adipose tissue mitochondria by aurovertin, oligomycin and DCCD indicates modified proportions between the components of the ATPase complex. 4. The organization of brown adipose tissue mitochondrial membrane in relation to its thermogenic function is discussed.", "PMID": 318335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6316", "title": "Comparative chemical studies on the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) egg ovalbumin.", "content": "1. Three components of quail ovalbumin were fractionated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. 2. These were A1, A2, and A3, of which the major is A2. They contained phosphorus of 3, 2 and 1 residues, respectively. 3. The amino acid composition were higher in Lys, Asp, Ser, Thr and Gly, and lower in Arg, Glu and Ile than chicken ovalbumin. 4. The carbohydrate compositions were slightly higher in hexose and lower in hexosamine than chicken ovalbumin. 5. The molecular weight was determined to be 43,000, and the isoelectric point was pI 4.70.", "contents": "Comparative chemical studies on the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) egg ovalbumin. 1. Three components of quail ovalbumin were fractionated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. 2. These were A1, A2, and A3, of which the major is A2. They contained phosphorus of 3, 2 and 1 residues, respectively. 3. The amino acid composition were higher in Lys, Asp, Ser, Thr and Gly, and lower in Arg, Glu and Ile than chicken ovalbumin. 4. The carbohydrate compositions were slightly higher in hexose and lower in hexosamine than chicken ovalbumin. 5. The molecular weight was determined to be 43,000, and the isoelectric point was pI 4.70.", "PMID": 318336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6317", "title": "Tissue alkaline phosphatase activity in selected freshwater teleosts.", "content": "1. Kinetic studies of tissue alkaline phosphatase activity were carried out on eight species of teleost fishes taken from the Mississippi River. 2. Liver alkaline phosphatase activity expressed in mumoles of p-nitrophenol released per minute per gram of protein were as follows: Micropterus salmoides, 20.31; Stizostedion vitreum, 19.22; Pomoxis nigromaculatus, 18.76; Lepisosteus platostomus, 16.26; Esox lucius, 16.14; Hiodon tergisus, 13.83; Ictalurus punctatus, 10.87; Aplodinotus grunniens, 7.94. 3. Specific activity of the kidney alkaline phosphatase was about ten times the level of liver alkaline phosphatase for the species examined.", "contents": "Tissue alkaline phosphatase activity in selected freshwater teleosts. 1. Kinetic studies of tissue alkaline phosphatase activity were carried out on eight species of teleost fishes taken from the Mississippi River. 2. Liver alkaline phosphatase activity expressed in mumoles of p-nitrophenol released per minute per gram of protein were as follows: Micropterus salmoides, 20.31; Stizostedion vitreum, 19.22; Pomoxis nigromaculatus, 18.76; Lepisosteus platostomus, 16.26; Esox lucius, 16.14; Hiodon tergisus, 13.83; Ictalurus punctatus, 10.87; Aplodinotus grunniens, 7.94. 3. Specific activity of the kidney alkaline phosphatase was about ten times the level of liver alkaline phosphatase for the species examined.", "PMID": 318337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6318", "title": "Radiorespirometric studies of carbohydrate metabolism by washed spermatozoa of various species.", "content": "1. The patterns of 14CO2 evolution from specifically labeled glucose substrates by washed bull, ram, boar, rabbit, dog, rooster and turkey spermatozoa were similar and indicated the Embden-Meyerhof and Kreb's cycle pathways as the major route of energy metabolism. 2. Honey bee spermatozoa metabolized glucose-3,4-[14C], glucose-[U-14C] or fructose-[U-14C], but not glucose-1-[14C], glucose-2-[14C]or glucose-6-[14C], indicating the presence of the glycolytic pathway, but the absence of respiration via the Kreb's cycle. 3. The rate of glycolysis exceeded the rate of respiration in the spermatozoa of all the species studied. 4. A preferential utilization of glucose-1-[14C] over glucose-6-[14C] was evident in some sperm samples, but no consistent indication of pentose cycle metabolism was observed, due to considerable variability between samples within each group. 5. Fructose metabolism was greater than glucose metabolism in the rooster, less in the dog, boar and turkey, and similar in the spermatozoa from the other species examined. 6. Only ram and bull spermatozoa metabolized acetate-1-[14C] to any extent.", "contents": "Radiorespirometric studies of carbohydrate metabolism by washed spermatozoa of various species. 1. The patterns of 14CO2 evolution from specifically labeled glucose substrates by washed bull, ram, boar, rabbit, dog, rooster and turkey spermatozoa were similar and indicated the Embden-Meyerhof and Kreb's cycle pathways as the major route of energy metabolism. 2. Honey bee spermatozoa metabolized glucose-3,4-[14C], glucose-[U-14C] or fructose-[U-14C], but not glucose-1-[14C], glucose-2-[14C]or glucose-6-[14C], indicating the presence of the glycolytic pathway, but the absence of respiration via the Kreb's cycle. 3. The rate of glycolysis exceeded the rate of respiration in the spermatozoa of all the species studied. 4. A preferential utilization of glucose-1-[14C] over glucose-6-[14C] was evident in some sperm samples, but no consistent indication of pentose cycle metabolism was observed, due to considerable variability between samples within each group. 5. Fructose metabolism was greater than glucose metabolism in the rooster, less in the dog, boar and turkey, and similar in the spermatozoa from the other species examined. 6. Only ram and bull spermatozoa metabolized acetate-1-[14C] to any extent.", "PMID": 318338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6319", "title": "Isolation and chemical composition of the leucocytes from donkey, horse, mule and pig.", "content": "1. Leucocytes from the blood of adult and young donkeys (Equus asinus L.), adult horses (Equus caballus L.), adult mules (Equus asinus x Equus caballus) and adult pigs (Sus scrofa L.) were obtained in a high degree of purity (99.9%) using Na2-EDTA-dextrans mixtures. 2. Sialic acids were released, purified, identified and determined from both non-delipided and delipided leucocytes. 3. N-glycolylneuraminic was the predominant sialic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid and N,O-diacetyl-neuraminic acid were also found in all materials. Except in pig, other unidentified sialic acid(s) were also detected. 4. The concentration of total sialic acids (microgram/mg protein) is different according to the species, and in donkey species according to the age. 5. Galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose and (in a less amount) ribose were determined. Their total content is about 2-3-fold that of hexosamines. 6. There is a higher cholesterol content in adult donkey leucocytes than in those of young ones. 7. Total lipids, cholesterol or phospholipid contents are similar among the leucocytes of the above-mentioned species. 8. The similarities are marked in the electrophoresis patterns of proteins and glycoproteins for the donkey, mule and horse samples. 9. The molecular weights for leucocytes proteins were estimated as ranging between 230,000 and 20,000; and for the main protein bands, between 120,000 and 22,000.", "contents": "Isolation and chemical composition of the leucocytes from donkey, horse, mule and pig. 1. Leucocytes from the blood of adult and young donkeys (Equus asinus L.), adult horses (Equus caballus L.), adult mules (Equus asinus x Equus caballus) and adult pigs (Sus scrofa L.) were obtained in a high degree of purity (99.9%) using Na2-EDTA-dextrans mixtures. 2. Sialic acids were released, purified, identified and determined from both non-delipided and delipided leucocytes. 3. N-glycolylneuraminic was the predominant sialic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid and N,O-diacetyl-neuraminic acid were also found in all materials. Except in pig, other unidentified sialic acid(s) were also detected. 4. The concentration of total sialic acids (microgram/mg protein) is different according to the species, and in donkey species according to the age. 5. Galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose and (in a less amount) ribose were determined. Their total content is about 2-3-fold that of hexosamines. 6. There is a higher cholesterol content in adult donkey leucocytes than in those of young ones. 7. Total lipids, cholesterol or phospholipid contents are similar among the leucocytes of the above-mentioned species. 8. The similarities are marked in the electrophoresis patterns of proteins and glycoproteins for the donkey, mule and horse samples. 9. The molecular weights for leucocytes proteins were estimated as ranging between 230,000 and 20,000; and for the main protein bands, between 120,000 and 22,000.", "PMID": 318339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6320", "title": "Structural cuticular proteins in termite queens.", "content": "The abdominal cuticle from queens of two termite species, Cubitermes fungifaber and Macrotermes bellicosus, has been investigated with respect to changes occurring during development of physogastry. The following properties have been determined: 1. Relative content of protein and chitin and the percentage of easily extracted protein. 2. Number of proteins separated by electrophoresis and their molecular weights. 3. Amino acid compositions of the intertergal and pleural membranes and of the neosclerites in M. bellicosus. The intertergal and pleural membranes appear to be typical \"soft\" cuticles, and the neosclerites must also be considered \"soft\" cuticles, although they are rather rigid.", "contents": "Structural cuticular proteins in termite queens. The abdominal cuticle from queens of two termite species, Cubitermes fungifaber and Macrotermes bellicosus, has been investigated with respect to changes occurring during development of physogastry. The following properties have been determined: 1. Relative content of protein and chitin and the percentage of easily extracted protein. 2. Number of proteins separated by electrophoresis and their molecular weights. 3. Amino acid compositions of the intertergal and pleural membranes and of the neosclerites in M. bellicosus. The intertergal and pleural membranes appear to be typical \"soft\" cuticles, and the neosclerites must also be considered \"soft\" cuticles, although they are rather rigid.", "PMID": 318340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6321", "title": "Serological comparison of three strains of Aedes aegypti.", "content": "Young adults of three strains of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, were compared serologically by means of the double-immunodiffusion technique. 1. Strains and sexes were serologically distinguishable. 2. Differences in antigenic composition were evident among the strains and sexes. 3. Degree of intraspecific serological relationship varied with sex.", "contents": "Serological comparison of three strains of Aedes aegypti. Young adults of three strains of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, were compared serologically by means of the double-immunodiffusion technique. 1. Strains and sexes were serologically distinguishable. 2. Differences in antigenic composition were evident among the strains and sexes. 3. Degree of intraspecific serological relationship varied with sex.", "PMID": 318341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6322", "title": "The effects of magnesium on state 3 respiration of liver mitochondria from control and cold-acclimated rats and hamsters.", "content": "1. Increasing the Mg2+ concentration results in a depression of succinoxidase-linked state 3 respiration of liver mitochondria from both control and cold-acclimated rats and hamsters. 2. It appears that in the cold-acclimated hamster, liver mitochondrial respiration is more sensitive to changes in Mg2+ levels than that of the rat.", "contents": "The effects of magnesium on state 3 respiration of liver mitochondria from control and cold-acclimated rats and hamsters. 1. Increasing the Mg2+ concentration results in a depression of succinoxidase-linked state 3 respiration of liver mitochondria from both control and cold-acclimated rats and hamsters. 2. It appears that in the cold-acclimated hamster, liver mitochondrial respiration is more sensitive to changes in Mg2+ levels than that of the rat.", "PMID": 318342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6323", "title": "Electrophoretic separation of esterases of Alaria marcianae (La Rue, 1917) (Trematoda).", "content": "1. Disc electrophoresis was used to determine the esterase isoenzymes present in adults of the strigeoid trematode Alaria marcianae (La Rue, 1917). 2. Eight esterase bands were found with alpha-naphthyl acetate as the substrate and Fast Blue RR as the dye. 3. From results obtained with inhibitors, four different types of esterases were tentatively identified; cholinesterase (one band), ali-esterase or B-type (one band), arylesterase or A-type (2 bands) and acetylesterase or C-type (4 bands).", "contents": "Electrophoretic separation of esterases of Alaria marcianae (La Rue, 1917) (Trematoda). 1. Disc electrophoresis was used to determine the esterase isoenzymes present in adults of the strigeoid trematode Alaria marcianae (La Rue, 1917). 2. Eight esterase bands were found with alpha-naphthyl acetate as the substrate and Fast Blue RR as the dye. 3. From results obtained with inhibitors, four different types of esterases were tentatively identified; cholinesterase (one band), ali-esterase or B-type (one band), arylesterase or A-type (2 bands) and acetylesterase or C-type (4 bands).", "PMID": 318343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6324", "title": "A comparison of the malate dehydrogenase of the propionic acid bacteria with the mammalian soluble and mitochondrial isoenzymes.", "content": "1. Like the malate dehydrogenases of eucaryotic cells, the Propionibacterium shermanii enzyme is a dimer consisting of two 35,000 molecular weight subunits. 2. In electrophoretic behavior, resistance to substrate inhibition and stability to heating and dilution the P. shermanii MDH is more similar to the s-MDH than to the m-MDH of pig heart. 3. The P. shermanii MDH has a high turnover number (ca. 140,000) as well as Km values for both L-malate and oxalacetate which are four times higher than the mammalian isoenzymes. 4. A coupled assay for MDH using the malate-lactate transhydrogenase and diaphorase is described in which both substrates, L-malate and NAD, are regenerated.", "contents": "A comparison of the malate dehydrogenase of the propionic acid bacteria with the mammalian soluble and mitochondrial isoenzymes. 1. Like the malate dehydrogenases of eucaryotic cells, the Propionibacterium shermanii enzyme is a dimer consisting of two 35,000 molecular weight subunits. 2. In electrophoretic behavior, resistance to substrate inhibition and stability to heating and dilution the P. shermanii MDH is more similar to the s-MDH than to the m-MDH of pig heart. 3. The P. shermanii MDH has a high turnover number (ca. 140,000) as well as Km values for both L-malate and oxalacetate which are four times higher than the mammalian isoenzymes. 4. A coupled assay for MDH using the malate-lactate transhydrogenase and diaphorase is described in which both substrates, L-malate and NAD, are regenerated.", "PMID": 318344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6325", "title": "Further studies on the properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the coccidium Eimeria stiedai (Protozoa).", "content": "1. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Eimeria stiedai does not reduce NAD or any of its analogs tested. It does reduce NADP and its thionicotinamide and 3-acetylpyridine analogs. 2. It will accept D-glucose as substrate, but not 2-deoxy-D-glucose, glucose 1-phosphate, or 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate. 3. Its response to a number of compounds that activate or inhibit the enzyme from other organisms has been determined. 4. The molecular weight is ca. 240,000 by gel chromatography, and only one isoenzyme could be detected by disc electrophoresis. 5. The enzyme resists conditions that commonly cause dissociation to lighter weight active forms.", "contents": "Further studies on the properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the coccidium Eimeria stiedai (Protozoa). 1. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Eimeria stiedai does not reduce NAD or any of its analogs tested. It does reduce NADP and its thionicotinamide and 3-acetylpyridine analogs. 2. It will accept D-glucose as substrate, but not 2-deoxy-D-glucose, glucose 1-phosphate, or 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate. 3. Its response to a number of compounds that activate or inhibit the enzyme from other organisms has been determined. 4. The molecular weight is ca. 240,000 by gel chromatography, and only one isoenzyme could be detected by disc electrophoresis. 5. The enzyme resists conditions that commonly cause dissociation to lighter weight active forms.", "PMID": 318345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6326", "title": "Guanosine triphosphate (GTP): the major organic phosphate in the erythrocytes of the elasmobranch Mustelus canis (smooth dogfish).", "content": "1. Ion exchange column chromatography of red cell extracts from the smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) reveals a phosphate pool which includes inorganic phosphate, AMP, ADP and ATP. 2. GTP and an iron complex of this nucleotide (Fe-GTP) account for approximately 40% of the principal organic phosphates. 3. ATP accounts for 30%, and AMP and ADP approximately 10% each. 4. 2,3-DPG is not detectable by either enzymatic or chromatographic analysis. 5. The use of a \"purified\" buffer system consisting of redistilled formic acid and de novo synthesized ammonium formate increases the ratio of GTP to Fe-GTP from approximately 1.4:1 to 10:1. This suggests that all of the iron nucleotide complexes (ATP and GTP) previously reported in red cells may not represent a normally occurring intraerythrocyte complex.", "contents": "Guanosine triphosphate (GTP): the major organic phosphate in the erythrocytes of the elasmobranch Mustelus canis (smooth dogfish). 1. Ion exchange column chromatography of red cell extracts from the smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) reveals a phosphate pool which includes inorganic phosphate, AMP, ADP and ATP. 2. GTP and an iron complex of this nucleotide (Fe-GTP) account for approximately 40% of the principal organic phosphates. 3. ATP accounts for 30%, and AMP and ADP approximately 10% each. 4. 2,3-DPG is not detectable by either enzymatic or chromatographic analysis. 5. The use of a \"purified\" buffer system consisting of redistilled formic acid and de novo synthesized ammonium formate increases the ratio of GTP to Fe-GTP from approximately 1.4:1 to 10:1. This suggests that all of the iron nucleotide complexes (ATP and GTP) previously reported in red cells may not represent a normally occurring intraerythrocyte complex.", "PMID": 318346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6327", "title": "Comparative studies on red blood cell glucose phosphorylating activities of mammals.", "content": "1. ATP-D-hexose-6-phosphotransferase activity was measured in red blood cells of man, rabbit, pig and cow. Mean values ranged from 0.60 to 1.06 units/g haemoglobin and no significant difference was obtained with different glucose concentrations. 2. The characteristics of glucose phosphorylating activities in red blood cells of the species studied were similar. 3. Chromatography on DEAE column revealed two different glucose phosphorylating activities in red cells of man, rabbit and pig, and only one in cow red cells. 4. The first hexokinase activity is the predominant form and is saturated with low glucose concentrations; the second is noticeably marked at high glucose concentrations.", "contents": "Comparative studies on red blood cell glucose phosphorylating activities of mammals. 1. ATP-D-hexose-6-phosphotransferase activity was measured in red blood cells of man, rabbit, pig and cow. Mean values ranged from 0.60 to 1.06 units/g haemoglobin and no significant difference was obtained with different glucose concentrations. 2. The characteristics of glucose phosphorylating activities in red blood cells of the species studied were similar. 3. Chromatography on DEAE column revealed two different glucose phosphorylating activities in red cells of man, rabbit and pig, and only one in cow red cells. 4. The first hexokinase activity is the predominant form and is saturated with low glucose concentrations; the second is noticeably marked at high glucose concentrations.", "PMID": 318347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6328", "title": "A molting rhythm for serum proteins of the cockroach, Blatta orientalis.", "content": "1. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in 4% gels of Blatta orientalis larval hemolymph revealed 4 major proteins. 2. Maximum incorporation of [14C]-leucine into total hemolymph protein occurs within 24 hr and is followed by negligible turnover in the next 24 hr. 3. Quantitative PAGE was used to monitor concentration changes during the molting cycle in synchronously molting cultures. 4. All 4 proteins show the same temporal rhythm of variation but different amplitudes. 5. The widely differing concentrations achieved are accounted for by different rates of synthesis.", "contents": "A molting rhythm for serum proteins of the cockroach, Blatta orientalis. 1. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in 4% gels of Blatta orientalis larval hemolymph revealed 4 major proteins. 2. Maximum incorporation of [14C]-leucine into total hemolymph protein occurs within 24 hr and is followed by negligible turnover in the next 24 hr. 3. Quantitative PAGE was used to monitor concentration changes during the molting cycle in synchronously molting cultures. 4. All 4 proteins show the same temporal rhythm of variation but different amplitudes. 5. The widely differing concentrations achieved are accounted for by different rates of synthesis.", "PMID": 318348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6329", "title": "Comparative studies of canine colipase and lipases from bovine, porcine, canine, human and rat pancreases.", "content": "1. Colipase was purified from canine pancreatic juice and found to have certain specificity in its reaction with various pancreatic lipases. 2. This colipase will stimulate the lipolytic activities of lipases isolated from canine, bovine and porcine pancreas but not lipases from a fungus, or from human and rat pancreases. 3. Characterization of these lipases showed (a) the molecular dimension of rat lipase is very different from the other lipases; (b) the pIs of canine, porcine and bovine lipases are almost identical but different from the pIs of rat, human and Candida (a fungus) lipases; and (c) the antiserum prepared against canine lipase will also react with lipases from human, hog and cow pancreases but not with rat and Candida lipases. 4. These physical differences can explain partly the difference in reaction between the various lipases and the canine colipase.", "contents": "Comparative studies of canine colipase and lipases from bovine, porcine, canine, human and rat pancreases. 1. Colipase was purified from canine pancreatic juice and found to have certain specificity in its reaction with various pancreatic lipases. 2. This colipase will stimulate the lipolytic activities of lipases isolated from canine, bovine and porcine pancreas but not lipases from a fungus, or from human and rat pancreases. 3. Characterization of these lipases showed (a) the molecular dimension of rat lipase is very different from the other lipases; (b) the pIs of canine, porcine and bovine lipases are almost identical but different from the pIs of rat, human and Candida (a fungus) lipases; and (c) the antiserum prepared against canine lipase will also react with lipases from human, hog and cow pancreases but not with rat and Candida lipases. 4. These physical differences can explain partly the difference in reaction between the various lipases and the canine colipase.", "PMID": 318349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6330", "title": "Enolase isozymes in Coho salmon.", "content": "1. Analysis of the enolase isozymic distribution has been performed in tissues of the Coho salmon, using electrophoretic separation on cellulose acetate strips followed by localization of enzymatic activity. 2. A total of six electrophoretically distinct forms are seen in Coho salmon in patterns that differ both qualitatively and quantitatively from one tissue to another. 3. The isozymes in skeletal muscle and liver are sufficiently similar to one another that a purification procedure previously developed for trout muscle enolase by Cory & Wold (1966) can be used to partially purify enolase from either of the above-mentioned Coho tissues. The main form of enolase in Coho muscle has an isoelectric point of 7.57. 4. Both liver and skeletal muscle enolases can be reversibly denatured in guanidine HCl and subsequently renatured. Liver enolase appeared to renature somewhat faster than muscle enolase under the same conditions. 5. While polyploidy among salmonids may contribute to the complexity of enolase patterns in fish, the differences in isozymic patterns seen from one tissue to another indicate the presence of distinct, nonallelic genes, probably arising through gene duplication.", "contents": "Enolase isozymes in Coho salmon. 1. Analysis of the enolase isozymic distribution has been performed in tissues of the Coho salmon, using electrophoretic separation on cellulose acetate strips followed by localization of enzymatic activity. 2. A total of six electrophoretically distinct forms are seen in Coho salmon in patterns that differ both qualitatively and quantitatively from one tissue to another. 3. The isozymes in skeletal muscle and liver are sufficiently similar to one another that a purification procedure previously developed for trout muscle enolase by Cory & Wold (1966) can be used to partially purify enolase from either of the above-mentioned Coho tissues. The main form of enolase in Coho muscle has an isoelectric point of 7.57. 4. Both liver and skeletal muscle enolases can be reversibly denatured in guanidine HCl and subsequently renatured. Liver enolase appeared to renature somewhat faster than muscle enolase under the same conditions. 5. While polyploidy among salmonids may contribute to the complexity of enolase patterns in fish, the differences in isozymic patterns seen from one tissue to another indicate the presence of distinct, nonallelic genes, probably arising through gene duplication.", "PMID": 318350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6331", "title": "Structure and evolution of artiodactyla haptoglobins.", "content": "1. Artiodactyla haptoglobins (Hps), goat, sheep and cattle (family Bovidae), and pig (family Suidae) were structurally characterized. 2. The polymeric Hp systems of goat, sheep and cattle were similar to the polymeric human Hp system, while the monomeric system of pig was more comparable to the monomeric human form. 3. All members of the Artiodactyla (family Bovidae) examined exhibited a large polypeptide subunit, comparable to that of the beta subunit of human Hp. 4. In addition, a small subunit, similar in molecular weight to the human alpha 2 subunit, was demonstrated. Pig Hp was shown to have two subunits, one slightly larger than the human beta subunit and the other intermediate in size to the human alpha 1 and alpha 2 subunits. 5. Immunoelectrophoretic and immunodiffusion studies indicated complete cross reactivity among the polymeric Artiodactyla Hps. 6. The polymeric Hps do not, however, cross react with the monomeric pig Hp.", "contents": "Structure and evolution of artiodactyla haptoglobins. 1. Artiodactyla haptoglobins (Hps), goat, sheep and cattle (family Bovidae), and pig (family Suidae) were structurally characterized. 2. The polymeric Hp systems of goat, sheep and cattle were similar to the polymeric human Hp system, while the monomeric system of pig was more comparable to the monomeric human form. 3. All members of the Artiodactyla (family Bovidae) examined exhibited a large polypeptide subunit, comparable to that of the beta subunit of human Hp. 4. In addition, a small subunit, similar in molecular weight to the human alpha 2 subunit, was demonstrated. Pig Hp was shown to have two subunits, one slightly larger than the human beta subunit and the other intermediate in size to the human alpha 1 and alpha 2 subunits. 5. Immunoelectrophoretic and immunodiffusion studies indicated complete cross reactivity among the polymeric Artiodactyla Hps. 6. The polymeric Hps do not, however, cross react with the monomeric pig Hp.", "PMID": 318351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6332", "title": "Biochemical and immunological comparison of monkey (Macaca arctoides) and human salivary secretions.", "content": "1. Salivary secretions of the stumptail monkey (Macaca arctoides) were compared biochemically and immunologically with human salivas. 2. Similarities in biochemical composition and antigenic profiles as seen by immunoelectrophoresis indicate that monkey salivas can provide an excellent model system to study the role of saliva in the oral ecology of man.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological comparison of monkey (Macaca arctoides) and human salivary secretions. 1. Salivary secretions of the stumptail monkey (Macaca arctoides) were compared biochemically and immunologically with human salivas. 2. Similarities in biochemical composition and antigenic profiles as seen by immunoelectrophoresis indicate that monkey salivas can provide an excellent model system to study the role of saliva in the oral ecology of man.", "PMID": 318352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6333", "title": "Comparative studies on blood serum alpha-L-fucosidases from several mammalian species.", "content": "1. Peripheral blood serum alpha-L-fucosidases have been studied from various mammalian species: Sus scropha var domestica L. (pig), Capra hircus L. (goat), Bos taurus L. (bull, races Morucha and Charolais), Equus caballus L. (horse) and Equus asinus L. (donkey). 2. Fluorimetric and spectrophotometric procedures were used for determination of alpha-L-fucosidases. 3. alpha-L-Fucosidases were more active towards fluorescent substrates than towards chromogenic substrates. 4. pH optima values of the enzymes are: (A) 5.5 for sera from all above-mentioned species when fluorescent substrates were employed; (B) 4.0 for goat, 4.5 for bull, 5.0 for pig and 4.5-5.0 for horse and donkey sera when chromogenic substrates were used. 5. pH activity profiles are very similar for two races (Morucha and Charolais) of the same species (Bos taurus L.) and also for two species of the same genus (Equus caballus and Equus asinus L.). 6. These serum alpha-L-fucosidases are very labile under heat treatment, even at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Comparative studies on blood serum alpha-L-fucosidases from several mammalian species. 1. Peripheral blood serum alpha-L-fucosidases have been studied from various mammalian species: Sus scropha var domestica L. (pig), Capra hircus L. (goat), Bos taurus L. (bull, races Morucha and Charolais), Equus caballus L. (horse) and Equus asinus L. (donkey). 2. Fluorimetric and spectrophotometric procedures were used for determination of alpha-L-fucosidases. 3. alpha-L-Fucosidases were more active towards fluorescent substrates than towards chromogenic substrates. 4. pH optima values of the enzymes are: (A) 5.5 for sera from all above-mentioned species when fluorescent substrates were employed; (B) 4.0 for goat, 4.5 for bull, 5.0 for pig and 4.5-5.0 for horse and donkey sera when chromogenic substrates were used. 5. pH activity profiles are very similar for two races (Morucha and Charolais) of the same species (Bos taurus L.) and also for two species of the same genus (Equus caballus and Equus asinus L.). 6. These serum alpha-L-fucosidases are very labile under heat treatment, even at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 318353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6334", "title": "Immunological cross-reactions between heterologous hemopexins.", "content": "1. The degree of immunological identity of the hemopexin of 64 mammals and non-mammals is determined by double diffusion in agar and two radioimmunoassays, employing antisera produced with the human or the rabbit protein. 2. Antigenic determinants are shared by the Eutherian mammals but not by the non-Eutherian mammals and lower animals. 3. The hemopexins of man and apes appear to be identical, whereas those of Old World monkeys lack one antigenic determinant, and New World monkeys lack at least two antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Immunological cross-reactions between heterologous hemopexins. 1. The degree of immunological identity of the hemopexin of 64 mammals and non-mammals is determined by double diffusion in agar and two radioimmunoassays, employing antisera produced with the human or the rabbit protein. 2. Antigenic determinants are shared by the Eutherian mammals but not by the non-Eutherian mammals and lower animals. 3. The hemopexins of man and apes appear to be identical, whereas those of Old World monkeys lack one antigenic determinant, and New World monkeys lack at least two antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 318354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6335", "title": "Immunological, electrophoretic and kinetic properties of cardiac myosins from various species.", "content": "1. In a homologous radioimmunoassay for canine ventricular myosin light chains, the following percentages of cross-reactivities were obtained using the dog as a reference: human, 28%; sheep, 21%; cat, 8%; guinea-pig, 7%; rabbit, 5%; and rat, 4%. 2. In a homologous double diffusion immunoassay using specific gamma G to canine cardiac myosin heavy chains, dog cardiac myosin showed immunological identity with human and sheep cardiac myosin but partial identity with myosins of other species. 3. On a 5-20% polyacrylamide gradient, light chain C1 was electrophoretically distinct in some species; light chain C2 was electrophoretically identical in all species. 4. The K+-activated myosin ATPase of small animals was higher than that of larger animals at an alkaline pH; the same was true for Ca2+-activated myosin when assayed at pH 6.3.", "contents": "Immunological, electrophoretic and kinetic properties of cardiac myosins from various species. 1. In a homologous radioimmunoassay for canine ventricular myosin light chains, the following percentages of cross-reactivities were obtained using the dog as a reference: human, 28%; sheep, 21%; cat, 8%; guinea-pig, 7%; rabbit, 5%; and rat, 4%. 2. In a homologous double diffusion immunoassay using specific gamma G to canine cardiac myosin heavy chains, dog cardiac myosin showed immunological identity with human and sheep cardiac myosin but partial identity with myosins of other species. 3. On a 5-20% polyacrylamide gradient, light chain C1 was electrophoretically distinct in some species; light chain C2 was electrophoretically identical in all species. 4. The K+-activated myosin ATPase of small animals was higher than that of larger animals at an alkaline pH; the same was true for Ca2+-activated myosin when assayed at pH 6.3.", "PMID": 318355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6336", "title": "Separation of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase isoenzymes from liver and plasma of six mammalian species by DEAE-cellulose chromatography.", "content": "1. The beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) activities of human, pig, calf, lamb, rat and rabbit liver and plasma have been investigated. 2. All preparations had maximum activity between pH 4.0 and 4.5 and Km values with the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside ranged from 0.54 to 2.54 mM. 3. The isoenzyme profiles of liver and plasma beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity were compared using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. In all species the major anionic component of liver (beta-N-acetylglucsaminidase A) was eluted at a higher salt concentration than the most anionic plasma isoenzyme. 4. The plasma beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase A isoenzyme of all species contained sialic acid residues whereas only the rabbit, pig and calf liver isoenzymes were sialylated.", "contents": "Separation of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase isoenzymes from liver and plasma of six mammalian species by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. 1. The beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) activities of human, pig, calf, lamb, rat and rabbit liver and plasma have been investigated. 2. All preparations had maximum activity between pH 4.0 and 4.5 and Km values with the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside ranged from 0.54 to 2.54 mM. 3. The isoenzyme profiles of liver and plasma beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity were compared using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. In all species the major anionic component of liver (beta-N-acetylglucsaminidase A) was eluted at a higher salt concentration than the most anionic plasma isoenzyme. 4. The plasma beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase A isoenzyme of all species contained sialic acid residues whereas only the rabbit, pig and calf liver isoenzymes were sialylated.", "PMID": 318356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6337", "title": "Isolation of trimethyl amine oxide and other bases from the hydroid Tubularia larynx.", "content": "1. Trimethyl amine oxide, dimethyl amine and choline chloride have been isolated from the marine hydroid Tubularia larynx and identified using physical constants and spectral data. 2. The presence of two guanidine molecules has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Isolation of trimethyl amine oxide and other bases from the hydroid Tubularia larynx. 1. Trimethyl amine oxide, dimethyl amine and choline chloride have been isolated from the marine hydroid Tubularia larynx and identified using physical constants and spectral data. 2. The presence of two guanidine molecules has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 318357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6338", "title": "Biochemical studies of the chicken vitreous in light-induced avian glaucoma.", "content": "Changes in several macromolecular species of the vitreous are traced during post-hatching development in normal and glaucomatous avian eyes. 1. Total gel vitreous, and its hydroxyproline content, change little during development. 2. Sol vitreous increases parallel eye growth, the concentrations of hexosamine and hexuronic acid remaining constant. 3. In light-induced avian glaucoma, the sol, but not the gel, is further increased, although the hyaluronic acid components are not diluted in the pathologically enlarged eye.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of the chicken vitreous in light-induced avian glaucoma. Changes in several macromolecular species of the vitreous are traced during post-hatching development in normal and glaucomatous avian eyes. 1. Total gel vitreous, and its hydroxyproline content, change little during development. 2. Sol vitreous increases parallel eye growth, the concentrations of hexosamine and hexuronic acid remaining constant. 3. In light-induced avian glaucoma, the sol, but not the gel, is further increased, although the hyaluronic acid components are not diluted in the pathologically enlarged eye.", "PMID": 318358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6339", "title": "A comparison of the composition and apolipoprotein content of the lipoproteins isolated from human and ferret (Mustela putorius furo L.) serum.", "content": "1. The lipoproteins isolated at densities of less than 1.006, 1.006-1.063 and 1.063-1.21 g/ml from human and ferret (Mustela putorius furo L.) serum were compared. 2. Ferret very low density lipoprotein contained proportionately less triglyceride and more phospholipid than human. 3. Ferret low density lipoprotein contained proportionately more triglyceride and less cholesterol than human. 4. High density lipoprotein was the major lipoprotein in ferret serum. 5. The gel electrophoretic patterns of lipoprotein apoproteins and the pattern of apoprotein solubility in tetramethylurea were similar for human and ferret fractions. 6. The ferret may provide a convenient animal for the study of serum lipoprotein structure, function and metabolism.", "contents": "A comparison of the composition and apolipoprotein content of the lipoproteins isolated from human and ferret (Mustela putorius furo L.) serum. 1. The lipoproteins isolated at densities of less than 1.006, 1.006-1.063 and 1.063-1.21 g/ml from human and ferret (Mustela putorius furo L.) serum were compared. 2. Ferret very low density lipoprotein contained proportionately less triglyceride and more phospholipid than human. 3. Ferret low density lipoprotein contained proportionately more triglyceride and less cholesterol than human. 4. High density lipoprotein was the major lipoprotein in ferret serum. 5. The gel electrophoretic patterns of lipoprotein apoproteins and the pattern of apoprotein solubility in tetramethylurea were similar for human and ferret fractions. 6. The ferret may provide a convenient animal for the study of serum lipoprotein structure, function and metabolism.", "PMID": 318359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6340", "title": "Species-related difference in calcium accumulation by cardiac mitochondria.", "content": "1. Mitochondria isolated from the ventricles of Cavia porcellus, Mesocricetus auratus, Rattus rattus and Mus musculus accumulate calcium in an energy-linked process. 2. Measurements of the initial velocity of accumulation by dual-wavelength spectrophotometry show species-dependent variation, with Cavia demonstrating the fastest rate and Rattus the slowest rate of accumulation. 3. Total amount of calcium accumulated per unit protein varied in a manner similar to rate of accumulation, with Cavia accumulating the greatest amount of calcium and Rattus the least.", "contents": "Species-related difference in calcium accumulation by cardiac mitochondria. 1. Mitochondria isolated from the ventricles of Cavia porcellus, Mesocricetus auratus, Rattus rattus and Mus musculus accumulate calcium in an energy-linked process. 2. Measurements of the initial velocity of accumulation by dual-wavelength spectrophotometry show species-dependent variation, with Cavia demonstrating the fastest rate and Rattus the slowest rate of accumulation. 3. Total amount of calcium accumulated per unit protein varied in a manner similar to rate of accumulation, with Cavia accumulating the greatest amount of calcium and Rattus the least.", "PMID": 318360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6341", "title": "The maintenance of respiratory control at 25 degrees C by mitochondria from various animal and plant sources.", "content": "1. Mitochondria from four different animal and five different plant sources exhibit a wide variation in their capacity to maintain respiratory control at 25 degrees C. 2. Beef heart mitochondria, and pear and avocado fruit mitochondria exhibit the longest retention of respiratory control extending to periods of approximately 80 and 40 hr, respectively.", "contents": "The maintenance of respiratory control at 25 degrees C by mitochondria from various animal and plant sources. 1. Mitochondria from four different animal and five different plant sources exhibit a wide variation in their capacity to maintain respiratory control at 25 degrees C. 2. Beef heart mitochondria, and pear and avocado fruit mitochondria exhibit the longest retention of respiratory control extending to periods of approximately 80 and 40 hr, respectively.", "PMID": 318361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6342", "title": "The effects of denervation on protein turnover of the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of adult mice.", "content": "1. Changes in protein turnover of the soleus and EDL muscles of adult mice have been studied 1, 7 and 80 days after denervation. 2. Increased rates of protein degradation 7 and 80 days post-denervation correlated with the atrophy and loss of protein from these muscles. 3. Rates of protein synthesis in the EDL decreased 24 hr after nerve section. However, these synthetic rates increased again to become higher in the 7 day denervated muscles compared with their controls. These latter anabolic changes are inconsistent with the concept of a denervated muscle being inactive. 4. These findings have been compared with a similar study on muscles of growing rats. Any passive stretching of the denervated muscles by continued bone growth appears unlikely to be a crucial factor explaining the increased rates of protein synthesis 7 days after denervation.", "contents": "The effects of denervation on protein turnover of the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of adult mice. 1. Changes in protein turnover of the soleus and EDL muscles of adult mice have been studied 1, 7 and 80 days after denervation. 2. Increased rates of protein degradation 7 and 80 days post-denervation correlated with the atrophy and loss of protein from these muscles. 3. Rates of protein synthesis in the EDL decreased 24 hr after nerve section. However, these synthetic rates increased again to become higher in the 7 day denervated muscles compared with their controls. These latter anabolic changes are inconsistent with the concept of a denervated muscle being inactive. 4. These findings have been compared with a similar study on muscles of growing rats. Any passive stretching of the denervated muscles by continued bone growth appears unlikely to be a crucial factor explaining the increased rates of protein synthesis 7 days after denervation.", "PMID": 318362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6343", "title": "Utilization of 3-hydroxybutyrate by chick cerebral hemispheres during postnatal maturation.", "content": "1. The utilization of 3-hydroxybutyrate has been studied in the chick telencephalon during its post-hatching maturation. 2. In the 1-day-old chick the blood concentration of 3-hydroxybutyrate appears to be relatively high and its value is 5 times that estimated in the 4- and 30-day-old chicks. 3. The determination of the cerebral arteriovenous differences of 3-hydroxybutyrate shows that the brain of the newly-hatched chick takes up 3 times more actively this ketone body than the brain of the 4-day-old bird does. 4. During incubation in a non-oxygenated and an oxygenated physiological medium, in the presence of 3-hydroxy [3-14C]butyrate, the specific radioactivity of the dicarboxylic amino acids in the 1-day-old chick brain slices is higher than in those of the 30-day-old chick, particularly in the oxygenated medium. 5. Thirty minutes after a subcutaneous injection of 3-hydroxy [3-14C]butyrate, the specific radioactivity of the dicarboxylic amino acids in the 1-day-old chick telencephalon is 3-4 times higher than that in the 4- and 30-day-old chick. 6. In conclusion, in the brain of the newly hatched chick, 3-hydroxybutyrate is an efficient precursor in the biosynthesis of dicarboxylic amino acids, particularly glutamate, and, as glucose, it is metabolically related to the \"large compartment\" of glutamate. 7. These results have been discussed comparatively to those previously obtained in the developing rodent brain.", "contents": "Utilization of 3-hydroxybutyrate by chick cerebral hemispheres during postnatal maturation. 1. The utilization of 3-hydroxybutyrate has been studied in the chick telencephalon during its post-hatching maturation. 2. In the 1-day-old chick the blood concentration of 3-hydroxybutyrate appears to be relatively high and its value is 5 times that estimated in the 4- and 30-day-old chicks. 3. The determination of the cerebral arteriovenous differences of 3-hydroxybutyrate shows that the brain of the newly-hatched chick takes up 3 times more actively this ketone body than the brain of the 4-day-old bird does. 4. During incubation in a non-oxygenated and an oxygenated physiological medium, in the presence of 3-hydroxy [3-14C]butyrate, the specific radioactivity of the dicarboxylic amino acids in the 1-day-old chick brain slices is higher than in those of the 30-day-old chick, particularly in the oxygenated medium. 5. Thirty minutes after a subcutaneous injection of 3-hydroxy [3-14C]butyrate, the specific radioactivity of the dicarboxylic amino acids in the 1-day-old chick telencephalon is 3-4 times higher than that in the 4- and 30-day-old chick. 6. In conclusion, in the brain of the newly hatched chick, 3-hydroxybutyrate is an efficient precursor in the biosynthesis of dicarboxylic amino acids, particularly glutamate, and, as glucose, it is metabolically related to the \"large compartment\" of glutamate. 7. These results have been discussed comparatively to those previously obtained in the developing rodent brain.", "PMID": 318363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6344", "title": "Glutaminase activity in the chick central nervous system during postnatal growth.", "content": "1. Glutaminase activity was evaluated in the chick cerebral hemispheres, optic lobes and cerebellum between the 1st and 30th day of postnatal growth. 2. Glutaminase activity is higher in the cerebral hemispheres than in the optic lobes and is lowest in the cerebellum. 3. It seems to be inversely related to the magnitude of the variations of glutamine concentration in the three areas. 4. No direct relation exists between enzyme activity and glutamate concentration in the three tissues.", "contents": "Glutaminase activity in the chick central nervous system during postnatal growth. 1. Glutaminase activity was evaluated in the chick cerebral hemispheres, optic lobes and cerebellum between the 1st and 30th day of postnatal growth. 2. Glutaminase activity is higher in the cerebral hemispheres than in the optic lobes and is lowest in the cerebellum. 3. It seems to be inversely related to the magnitude of the variations of glutamine concentration in the three areas. 4. No direct relation exists between enzyme activity and glutamate concentration in the three tissues.", "PMID": 318364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6345", "title": "Electrophoretic characterization of the hemoglobins in pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys.", "content": "1. Hemoglobin phenotypes have been determined for closely related pocket gopher subspecies in the genus Thomomys from sea level and high altitude. 2. A single hemoglobin band was demonstrated for each gopher population with cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis, with a mobility of 73% relative to human Hb-A. 3. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a major Hb component (94% of the total Hb) showed a relative mobility of 68-69%; the minor Hb component showed a relative mobility of 74-75%. 4. The electrophoretic and physiological similarities of the gopher hemoglobins have persisted despite extreme differences in ambient PO2 in the habitats of each subspecies.", "contents": "Electrophoretic characterization of the hemoglobins in pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys. 1. Hemoglobin phenotypes have been determined for closely related pocket gopher subspecies in the genus Thomomys from sea level and high altitude. 2. A single hemoglobin band was demonstrated for each gopher population with cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis, with a mobility of 73% relative to human Hb-A. 3. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a major Hb component (94% of the total Hb) showed a relative mobility of 68-69%; the minor Hb component showed a relative mobility of 74-75%. 4. The electrophoretic and physiological similarities of the gopher hemoglobins have persisted despite extreme differences in ambient PO2 in the habitats of each subspecies.", "PMID": 318365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6346", "title": "Comparative aspects of lipid metabolism in two shrews (Suncus etruscus and Crocidura russula).", "content": "1. The amounts of tissue lipids were higher in S. etruscus than in C. russula. 2. The level of liver phospholipids was specially low in C. russula, 2650 mg/100 g as opposed to 3725 g in S. etruscus. 3. This is in good agreement with a reduced rate of the labelled acetate incorporation into the lipids of C. russula. 4. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids was greater in the liver of S. etruscus; however, the percentage of arachidonic acid was higher in C. russula--15% as opposed to 8%.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of lipid metabolism in two shrews (Suncus etruscus and Crocidura russula). 1. The amounts of tissue lipids were higher in S. etruscus than in C. russula. 2. The level of liver phospholipids was specially low in C. russula, 2650 mg/100 g as opposed to 3725 g in S. etruscus. 3. This is in good agreement with a reduced rate of the labelled acetate incorporation into the lipids of C. russula. 4. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids was greater in the liver of S. etruscus; however, the percentage of arachidonic acid was higher in C. russula--15% as opposed to 8%.", "PMID": 318366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6347", "title": "Comparative studies of vertebrate and invertebrate pyruvate kinases.", "content": "1. Electrophoretic patterns showed that among the vertebrates studied, L isozyme was present in rat and frog liver and also in rat kidney. 2. M2 is a frequent component in vertebrate tissues, giving support to the proposal that M2 is the ancestral form differentiating to other isozymes. 3. The above trend cannot simply apply to invertebrates. 4. Muscle pyruvate kinases from various animals were inhibited by the particular phosphagen present in their muscle. 5. The inhibition may have an important role in the regulation of glycolysis in muscle.", "contents": "Comparative studies of vertebrate and invertebrate pyruvate kinases. 1. Electrophoretic patterns showed that among the vertebrates studied, L isozyme was present in rat and frog liver and also in rat kidney. 2. M2 is a frequent component in vertebrate tissues, giving support to the proposal that M2 is the ancestral form differentiating to other isozymes. 3. The above trend cannot simply apply to invertebrates. 4. Muscle pyruvate kinases from various animals were inhibited by the particular phosphagen present in their muscle. 5. The inhibition may have an important role in the regulation of glycolysis in muscle.", "PMID": 318367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6348", "title": "Nutritional factors and conditions for the axenic culture of free-living nematodes.", "content": "1. Soy-peptone has been fractionated to yield a series of increasingly purified components which sharply increase the populations of Caenorhabditis briggsae and Caenorhabditis elegans when added to the basal medium. The nutritionally active material appears to be a small polypeptide. 2. C. briggsae and C. elegans routinely reach populations of 150,000/ml or greater in 9 days in still culture, starting from an inoculum of only 500 organisms per ml. C. elegans is particularly sensitive to the depth of the medium. However, large populations can be achieved in deep cultures if continuous shaking is carried out. 3. Panagrellus silusiae shows improved populations if the basal medium is supplemented with the nutritional factor from soy-peptone. However, 0.5% acetic acid or 1% ethanol added to the medium serves equally well. There is no additive effect of ethanol and the factor.", "contents": "Nutritional factors and conditions for the axenic culture of free-living nematodes. 1. Soy-peptone has been fractionated to yield a series of increasingly purified components which sharply increase the populations of Caenorhabditis briggsae and Caenorhabditis elegans when added to the basal medium. The nutritionally active material appears to be a small polypeptide. 2. C. briggsae and C. elegans routinely reach populations of 150,000/ml or greater in 9 days in still culture, starting from an inoculum of only 500 organisms per ml. C. elegans is particularly sensitive to the depth of the medium. However, large populations can be achieved in deep cultures if continuous shaking is carried out. 3. Panagrellus silusiae shows improved populations if the basal medium is supplemented with the nutritional factor from soy-peptone. However, 0.5% acetic acid or 1% ethanol added to the medium serves equally well. There is no additive effect of ethanol and the factor.", "PMID": 318368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6349", "title": "Comparative aspects of adenylic acid deaminase and aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase.", "content": "1. The content of adenylic acid deaminase and of aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase of skeletal muscle tissue from a variety of animals has been determined. 2. White (fast) muscle contained large amounts of adenylic acid deaminase and red (slow) muscle contained large amounts of aspartate aminotransferase. There was a general inverse relationship between the adenylic acid deaminase and the aspartate aminotransferase content of muscles from various vertebrates. Thus, there is no simple correlation between the capacity to produce inosinic acid and ammonia from adenylic acid and the capacity to catalyse the formation of aspartate for conversion of inosinic acid back to adenylic acid. 3. The absence of adenylic acid deaminase from the tail muscles of the yabbie and other invertebrates indicates a marked difference in the Animal Kingdom.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of adenylic acid deaminase and aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. 1. The content of adenylic acid deaminase and of aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase of skeletal muscle tissue from a variety of animals has been determined. 2. White (fast) muscle contained large amounts of adenylic acid deaminase and red (slow) muscle contained large amounts of aspartate aminotransferase. There was a general inverse relationship between the adenylic acid deaminase and the aspartate aminotransferase content of muscles from various vertebrates. Thus, there is no simple correlation between the capacity to produce inosinic acid and ammonia from adenylic acid and the capacity to catalyse the formation of aspartate for conversion of inosinic acid back to adenylic acid. 3. The absence of adenylic acid deaminase from the tail muscles of the yabbie and other invertebrates indicates a marked difference in the Animal Kingdom.", "PMID": 318369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6350", "title": "Adaptation of Drosophila enzymes to temperature--I. Acetylcholinesterase and NADP-dependent isocitrate-dehydrogenase.", "content": "1. The relationship between Km and assay temperature was examined in three tropical and two temperate Drosophila species, and in the cosmopolitan species, D. melanogaster, for isocitrate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase. 2. For both enzymes Km patterns were similar among species from the same habitat, and different between habitats. No such parallelism was seen with respect to thermal inactivation. 3. The Q10 values in general reflected temperature dependent changes in Km, but exceptions were noted.", "contents": "Adaptation of Drosophila enzymes to temperature--I. Acetylcholinesterase and NADP-dependent isocitrate-dehydrogenase. 1. The relationship between Km and assay temperature was examined in three tropical and two temperate Drosophila species, and in the cosmopolitan species, D. melanogaster, for isocitrate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase. 2. For both enzymes Km patterns were similar among species from the same habitat, and different between habitats. No such parallelism was seen with respect to thermal inactivation. 3. The Q10 values in general reflected temperature dependent changes in Km, but exceptions were noted.", "PMID": 318370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6351", "title": "Comparative study of triacylglycerol fatty acids in milk from two Leporidae species: rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and hare (Lepus europaeus).", "content": "1. Fatty-acid composition of hare milk triacylglycerols markedly differed from that of rabbit milk and was essentially characterized by a 2.1 times lower concentration of medium-chain fatty-acids (M.C.F.A.). 2. Consequently, very high levels (greater than 70 moles %) of M.C.F.A., previously reported for rabbit milk, cannot be considered as a general characteristic of the Leporidae. 3. General tendencies recorded for intramolecular fatty acid distribution in hare milk triacylglycerols agreed with those reported for other animal species.", "contents": "Comparative study of triacylglycerol fatty acids in milk from two Leporidae species: rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and hare (Lepus europaeus). 1. Fatty-acid composition of hare milk triacylglycerols markedly differed from that of rabbit milk and was essentially characterized by a 2.1 times lower concentration of medium-chain fatty-acids (M.C.F.A.). 2. Consequently, very high levels (greater than 70 moles %) of M.C.F.A., previously reported for rabbit milk, cannot be considered as a general characteristic of the Leporidae. 3. General tendencies recorded for intramolecular fatty acid distribution in hare milk triacylglycerols agreed with those reported for other animal species.", "PMID": 318371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6352", "title": "Some properties of liver alkaline phosphatase from the goat Capra hircus.", "content": "1. Gel-filtration of an extract from the liver of the local Hausa goat Capra hircus indicated the presence of two molecular forms of alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.1.3.1.). 2. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis showed that the lower-molecular-weight form had a similar electrophoretic mobility to alpha 2-globulin from goat serum, whereas the higher-molecular-weight form had a similar electrophoretic mobility to gamma-globulin. 3. Only the lower-molecular-weight form was detected on electrophoresis of a liver extract which contained some residual n-butanol used in the extraction procedure, whereas dialysed acetone powder obtained from the liver extract contained both molecular-weight forms. 4. The partially purified enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 9.8, and was stimulated by Mg2+. 5. The enzyme was heat-labile, and was competitively inhibited by phosphate ions but uncompetitively inhibited by L-phenylalanine. 6. These results are discussed in terms of the properties of the enzyme from other sources.", "contents": "Some properties of liver alkaline phosphatase from the goat Capra hircus. 1. Gel-filtration of an extract from the liver of the local Hausa goat Capra hircus indicated the presence of two molecular forms of alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.1.3.1.). 2. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis showed that the lower-molecular-weight form had a similar electrophoretic mobility to alpha 2-globulin from goat serum, whereas the higher-molecular-weight form had a similar electrophoretic mobility to gamma-globulin. 3. Only the lower-molecular-weight form was detected on electrophoresis of a liver extract which contained some residual n-butanol used in the extraction procedure, whereas dialysed acetone powder obtained from the liver extract contained both molecular-weight forms. 4. The partially purified enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 9.8, and was stimulated by Mg2+. 5. The enzyme was heat-labile, and was competitively inhibited by phosphate ions but uncompetitively inhibited by L-phenylalanine. 6. These results are discussed in terms of the properties of the enzyme from other sources.", "PMID": 318372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6353", "title": "Relationships between spontaneous food intake and metabolic activities in the dormouse (Glis glis L.).", "content": "1. The relationships between food intake self-selection and liver substrates (glycogen, fat) or activities of pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, acetyl CoA carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were determined during the spontaneous variations of body weight in the dormouse. 2. The results show that during the phase of increasing body weight, carbohydrate intake and enzyme activities involved in lipogenesis are on a high level. 3. On the last part of the body weight increasing phase, when lipid intake occurs, lipogenesis is depressed and a gluconeogenetic activity is set on, while total caloric intake is important and body weight is still increasing. 4. These metabolic changes are interpreted as a preparation to hibernating conditions in the dormouse.", "contents": "Relationships between spontaneous food intake and metabolic activities in the dormouse (Glis glis L.). 1. The relationships between food intake self-selection and liver substrates (glycogen, fat) or activities of pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, acetyl CoA carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were determined during the spontaneous variations of body weight in the dormouse. 2. The results show that during the phase of increasing body weight, carbohydrate intake and enzyme activities involved in lipogenesis are on a high level. 3. On the last part of the body weight increasing phase, when lipid intake occurs, lipogenesis is depressed and a gluconeogenetic activity is set on, while total caloric intake is important and body weight is still increasing. 4. These metabolic changes are interpreted as a preparation to hibernating conditions in the dormouse.", "PMID": 318373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6354", "title": "Similarity of tuna N-acetylhistidine deacetylase and cod fish anserinase.", "content": "1. The brain and ocular fluid of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) contained high levels of N-acetylhistidine deacetylase. 2. This enzyme had a molecular weight of about 120,000 and was activated by zinc or cobaltous ions. 3. Cod (Gadus callarias) brain, ocular fluid and muscle contained a similar metal-activated thiol hydrolase, the muscle enzyme being known as anserinase. 4. The purified enzymes hydrolyzed N-acetylhistidine, carnosine, homocarnosine, anserine and certain other dipeptides. 5. Their specificity resembled that of hog kidney homocarnosinase. 6. In both fish, brain and ocular fluid were rich sources of this hydrolase, whereas muscle contained only trace amounts.", "contents": "Similarity of tuna N-acetylhistidine deacetylase and cod fish anserinase. 1. The brain and ocular fluid of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) contained high levels of N-acetylhistidine deacetylase. 2. This enzyme had a molecular weight of about 120,000 and was activated by zinc or cobaltous ions. 3. Cod (Gadus callarias) brain, ocular fluid and muscle contained a similar metal-activated thiol hydrolase, the muscle enzyme being known as anserinase. 4. The purified enzymes hydrolyzed N-acetylhistidine, carnosine, homocarnosine, anserine and certain other dipeptides. 5. Their specificity resembled that of hog kidney homocarnosinase. 6. In both fish, brain and ocular fluid were rich sources of this hydrolase, whereas muscle contained only trace amounts.", "PMID": 318374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6355", "title": "An assay for arginase in chicken kidney.", "content": "1. The enzyme arginase in chicken kidney is associated with mitochondria and the mitochondrial membranes must be disrupted to obtain maximum activity. 2. When the membranes were disrupted by sonication, approximately 30% higher 2. When the membranes were disrupted by sonication, approximately 30% higher arginase activity was observed than with the nonsonicated samples. 3. The optimum pH for assay of chick kidney arginase was 9.7-9.8. Prior heat treatment with Mn2+ decreased arginase activity. 4. Highest enzyme activity was obtained by using sonicated preparations and measuring initial reaction velocity during the first 1-2 min of incubation.", "contents": "An assay for arginase in chicken kidney. 1. The enzyme arginase in chicken kidney is associated with mitochondria and the mitochondrial membranes must be disrupted to obtain maximum activity. 2. When the membranes were disrupted by sonication, approximately 30% higher 2. When the membranes were disrupted by sonication, approximately 30% higher arginase activity was observed than with the nonsonicated samples. 3. The optimum pH for assay of chick kidney arginase was 9.7-9.8. Prior heat treatment with Mn2+ decreased arginase activity. 4. Highest enzyme activity was obtained by using sonicated preparations and measuring initial reaction velocity during the first 1-2 min of incubation.", "PMID": 318375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6356", "title": "Studies on enzymes of nitrogen metabolism, and nitrogen end products in the developing chick (Gallus domesticus) embryo.", "content": "1. A total of 450 fertilized eggs were used to study the concentrations of uric acid, urea and ammonia in allantoic and amniotic fluids, and some enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in the liver and kidney during the development of the chick embryo from the 5th to 21st day of incubation. 2. Concentrations of the compounds studied were higher in allantoic fluid. The molar concentration of allantoic uric acid increased steadily with time. The pattern of urea and ammonia in both allantoic and amniotic fluids were the same. 3. Arginase (E.C.3.5.3.1) activity in both embryonic kidney and definitive kidney was higher than that in the liver. The specific activity of arginase (mumole urea formed/hr per g wet wt kidney) dropped during development. 4. Little arginine synthetase activity (argininosuccinate synthetase, E.C.6.3.4.5; and argininosuccinate lyase, E.C.4.3.2.1) was found in kidney, but none in the liver. 5. The complete urea cycle function was absent in both the liver and the kidney of the chick embryo.", "contents": "Studies on enzymes of nitrogen metabolism, and nitrogen end products in the developing chick (Gallus domesticus) embryo. 1. A total of 450 fertilized eggs were used to study the concentrations of uric acid, urea and ammonia in allantoic and amniotic fluids, and some enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in the liver and kidney during the development of the chick embryo from the 5th to 21st day of incubation. 2. Concentrations of the compounds studied were higher in allantoic fluid. The molar concentration of allantoic uric acid increased steadily with time. The pattern of urea and ammonia in both allantoic and amniotic fluids were the same. 3. Arginase (E.C.3.5.3.1) activity in both embryonic kidney and definitive kidney was higher than that in the liver. The specific activity of arginase (mumole urea formed/hr per g wet wt kidney) dropped during development. 4. Little arginine synthetase activity (argininosuccinate synthetase, E.C.6.3.4.5; and argininosuccinate lyase, E.C.4.3.2.1) was found in kidney, but none in the liver. 5. The complete urea cycle function was absent in both the liver and the kidney of the chick embryo.", "PMID": 318376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6357", "title": "Electrophoretic characterization of the nonspecific esterases of the mosquito, Culex tarsalis: conventional and isoelectric focused acrylamide gels.", "content": "1. The nonspecific esterases of the mosquito, Culex tarsalis, were examined through conventional and isoelectric focusing acrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. Conventional acrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved five components. These were characterized as: three carboxylesterases, one acetylcholinesterase and one acetylesterase. 3. Isoelectric focusing resolved 18 components. These were characterized as: 14 carboxylesterases, two acetylcholinesterases, one acetylesterase and one arylesterase. 4. The reproducibility and reliability of isoelectric focusing is discussed and compared to conventional acrylamide gel electrophoresis for the examination of multi-component isozyme systems such as non-specific esterases.", "contents": "Electrophoretic characterization of the nonspecific esterases of the mosquito, Culex tarsalis: conventional and isoelectric focused acrylamide gels. 1. The nonspecific esterases of the mosquito, Culex tarsalis, were examined through conventional and isoelectric focusing acrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. Conventional acrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved five components. These were characterized as: three carboxylesterases, one acetylcholinesterase and one acetylesterase. 3. Isoelectric focusing resolved 18 components. These were characterized as: 14 carboxylesterases, two acetylcholinesterases, one acetylesterase and one arylesterase. 4. The reproducibility and reliability of isoelectric focusing is discussed and compared to conventional acrylamide gel electrophoresis for the examination of multi-component isozyme systems such as non-specific esterases.", "PMID": 318377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6358", "title": "Induction of multiple cytochrome P-450 species in housefly microsomes--SDS-gel electrophoresis studies.", "content": "1. Microsomal fractions isolated from various housefly strains have been characterized with respect to multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. Susceptible NAIDM houseflies were pretreated with known inducers of cytochrome P-450, and their microsomal electrophoretic profiles were compared to control NAIDM microsomes, using as standards partially purified cytochrome P-450s from noninduced NAIDM houseflies. 3. Tentatively, at least five different species of cytochrome P-450 may exist in the NAIDM housefly strain. 4. A comparison of the microsomal electrophoretic profile of different housefly strains also indicates the presence of at least two additional cytochrome P-450 species. 5. Induction with alpha-pinene and phenobarbital was expressed by a shift of the maximum absorbance at 452 nm in the CO-difference spectrum to lower wavelengths in the NAIDM strain; whereas, beta-naphthoflavone, although increasing the amount of cytochrome P-450, did not change the wavelength of maximum absorbance. 6. Cytochromes of the P-452 type appear to predominate in the susceptible NAIDM strain, while cytochromes of the P-450 and P-448 types predominate in resistant strains.", "contents": "Induction of multiple cytochrome P-450 species in housefly microsomes--SDS-gel electrophoresis studies. 1. Microsomal fractions isolated from various housefly strains have been characterized with respect to multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. Susceptible NAIDM houseflies were pretreated with known inducers of cytochrome P-450, and their microsomal electrophoretic profiles were compared to control NAIDM microsomes, using as standards partially purified cytochrome P-450s from noninduced NAIDM houseflies. 3. Tentatively, at least five different species of cytochrome P-450 may exist in the NAIDM housefly strain. 4. A comparison of the microsomal electrophoretic profile of different housefly strains also indicates the presence of at least two additional cytochrome P-450 species. 5. Induction with alpha-pinene and phenobarbital was expressed by a shift of the maximum absorbance at 452 nm in the CO-difference spectrum to lower wavelengths in the NAIDM strain; whereas, beta-naphthoflavone, although increasing the amount of cytochrome P-450, did not change the wavelength of maximum absorbance. 6. Cytochromes of the P-452 type appear to predominate in the susceptible NAIDM strain, while cytochromes of the P-450 and P-448 types predominate in resistant strains.", "PMID": 318378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6359", "title": "Electrophoretic analyses of alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase from mouse tissues.", "content": "1. Cellulose acetate zymograms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, \"phenazine\" oxidase and xanthine oxidase extracted from tissues of inbred mice were examined. 2. ADH isozymes were differentially distributed in mouse tissues: A2--liver, kidney, adrenals and intestine; B2--all tissues examined; C2--stomach, adrenals, epididymis, ovary, uterus, lung. 3. Two NAD+-specific aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes were observed in liver and kidney and differentially distributed in other tissues. Alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, \"phenazine\" oxidase and xanthine oxidase were also stained when aldehyde dehydrogenase was being examined. 4. Two aldehyde oxidase isozymes exhibited highest activities in liver. 5. \"Phenazine oxidase\" was widely distributed in mouse tissues whereas xanthine oxidase exhibited highest activity in intestine and liver extracts. 6. Genetic variants for ADH-C2 established its identity with a second form of sorbitol dehydrogenase observed in stomach and other tissues. The major sorbitol dehydrogenase was found in high activity in liver, kidney, pancreas and male reproductive tissues.", "contents": "Electrophoretic analyses of alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase from mouse tissues. 1. Cellulose acetate zymograms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, \"phenazine\" oxidase and xanthine oxidase extracted from tissues of inbred mice were examined. 2. ADH isozymes were differentially distributed in mouse tissues: A2--liver, kidney, adrenals and intestine; B2--all tissues examined; C2--stomach, adrenals, epididymis, ovary, uterus, lung. 3. Two NAD+-specific aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes were observed in liver and kidney and differentially distributed in other tissues. Alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, \"phenazine\" oxidase and xanthine oxidase were also stained when aldehyde dehydrogenase was being examined. 4. Two aldehyde oxidase isozymes exhibited highest activities in liver. 5. \"Phenazine oxidase\" was widely distributed in mouse tissues whereas xanthine oxidase exhibited highest activity in intestine and liver extracts. 6. Genetic variants for ADH-C2 established its identity with a second form of sorbitol dehydrogenase observed in stomach and other tissues. The major sorbitol dehydrogenase was found in high activity in liver, kidney, pancreas and male reproductive tissues.", "PMID": 318379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6360", "title": "Some properties of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat and chick brain: a comparative study.", "content": "1. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) has been purified to homogeneity from rat and chick brain by affinity chromatography with Sepharose bound 2',5' ADP. 2. Some properties of the two enzymes are studied and the effects of hydrogen ion concentration, Mg2+ ions, temperature and urea on the initial rate of enzyme are described. 3. G6PDH from chick brain differs from the rat enzyme in affinity for 2',5' ADP Sepharose, in pH optimum, in heat stability and it is differently affected by Mg2+ ions. No effect is detectable after urea treatment on enzymes from both sources.", "contents": "Some properties of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat and chick brain: a comparative study. 1. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) has been purified to homogeneity from rat and chick brain by affinity chromatography with Sepharose bound 2',5' ADP. 2. Some properties of the two enzymes are studied and the effects of hydrogen ion concentration, Mg2+ ions, temperature and urea on the initial rate of enzyme are described. 3. G6PDH from chick brain differs from the rat enzyme in affinity for 2',5' ADP Sepharose, in pH optimum, in heat stability and it is differently affected by Mg2+ ions. No effect is detectable after urea treatment on enzymes from both sources.", "PMID": 318380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6361", "title": "Common and species-specific esterases of Equidae--IV. Horse of przewalski, onager and Zebra hartmannae.", "content": "1. Among several species of Equidae only E. przewalskii possesses a serum esterase identical with that of E. caballus. 2. The esterases of Hemionidae differ slightly from that of domestic horse by electrophoretic migration and by antigenic structure. 3. Zebras (grevyi, burchelli) appear devoid of this component but Z. hartmannae possesses an esterase of high enzymatic activity, differing notably from that of horse by electrophoretic and antigenic properties.", "contents": "Common and species-specific esterases of Equidae--IV. Horse of przewalski, onager and Zebra hartmannae. 1. Among several species of Equidae only E. przewalskii possesses a serum esterase identical with that of E. caballus. 2. The esterases of Hemionidae differ slightly from that of domestic horse by electrophoretic migration and by antigenic structure. 3. Zebras (grevyi, burchelli) appear devoid of this component but Z. hartmannae possesses an esterase of high enzymatic activity, differing notably from that of horse by electrophoretic and antigenic properties.", "PMID": 318381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6362", "title": "Comparative biochemistry of mammalian epididymal plasma.", "content": "1. A comparison has been made of the chemical composition of epididymal plasma from the cauda epididymidis of nine mammalian species. 2. Results have shown that epididymal plasma contains low concentrations of inorganic ions and high levels of several unusual organic constituents, among which may be mentioned glycerylphosphorylcholine, hypotaurine, carnitine and several glycosidases and phosphatases. 3. The influence of this milieu on the motility and survival of spermatozoa is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative biochemistry of mammalian epididymal plasma. 1. A comparison has been made of the chemical composition of epididymal plasma from the cauda epididymidis of nine mammalian species. 2. Results have shown that epididymal plasma contains low concentrations of inorganic ions and high levels of several unusual organic constituents, among which may be mentioned glycerylphosphorylcholine, hypotaurine, carnitine and several glycosidases and phosphatases. 3. The influence of this milieu on the motility and survival of spermatozoa is discussed.", "PMID": 318382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6363", "title": "Comparative aspects of aminotransferases in the rat, pigeon and rainbow trout.", "content": "1. The activities of aminotransferases catalysing the transfer of amino groups from aspartate, alanine and leucine to 2-oxoglutarate in different tissues of the rat, pigeon and trout have been determined. 2. Alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase was high in the liver of the rat and trout and low in that of the pigeon. 3. Aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase was usually the dominant aminotransferase in all tissues and was highest in oxidative tissues where the TCA cycle is active. Its activity in the various livers is not correlated with the function of aspartate in nitrogen excretion. 4. The activity of aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase in oxidative tissues argues that aspartate in conjunction with this enzyme serves as a buffer of oxaloacetate to keep the TCA cycle running and/or to mediate the transfer of reducing equivalents across mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of aminotransferases in the rat, pigeon and rainbow trout. 1. The activities of aminotransferases catalysing the transfer of amino groups from aspartate, alanine and leucine to 2-oxoglutarate in different tissues of the rat, pigeon and trout have been determined. 2. Alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase was high in the liver of the rat and trout and low in that of the pigeon. 3. Aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase was usually the dominant aminotransferase in all tissues and was highest in oxidative tissues where the TCA cycle is active. Its activity in the various livers is not correlated with the function of aspartate in nitrogen excretion. 4. The activity of aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase in oxidative tissues argues that aspartate in conjunction with this enzyme serves as a buffer of oxaloacetate to keep the TCA cycle running and/or to mediate the transfer of reducing equivalents across mitochondrial membranes.", "PMID": 318383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6364", "title": "Ascorbic acid and L-gulonolactone oxidase in lagomorphs.", "content": "1. The activity of L-gulonolactone oxidase (EC 1.1.3.8) in the liver of eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) is about 10-fold greater in winter than in summer. 2. L-gulonolactone oxidase activity is low and tissue ascorbate high during all seasons in snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). 3. Liver contents of ascorbate fall to low levels in L. americanus fed on rabbit chow in the laboratory. 4. The activity of L-gulonolactone oxidase in liver of Sylvilagus and Oryctolagus is depressed by feeding high levels of L-ascorbic acid. 5. The New Zealand White breed of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has considerably higher levels of L-gulonolactone oxidase and liver ascorbate than does the Dutch breed. 6. In a wild population of Oryctolagus sampled in Australia L-gulonolactone oxidase levels were intermediate between those of the two domestic breeds and more variable than either.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid and L-gulonolactone oxidase in lagomorphs. 1. The activity of L-gulonolactone oxidase (EC 1.1.3.8) in the liver of eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) is about 10-fold greater in winter than in summer. 2. L-gulonolactone oxidase activity is low and tissue ascorbate high during all seasons in snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). 3. Liver contents of ascorbate fall to low levels in L. americanus fed on rabbit chow in the laboratory. 4. The activity of L-gulonolactone oxidase in liver of Sylvilagus and Oryctolagus is depressed by feeding high levels of L-ascorbic acid. 5. The New Zealand White breed of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has considerably higher levels of L-gulonolactone oxidase and liver ascorbate than does the Dutch breed. 6. In a wild population of Oryctolagus sampled in Australia L-gulonolactone oxidase levels were intermediate between those of the two domestic breeds and more variable than either.", "PMID": 318384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6365", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in the spermatozoa of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus and turkey, Meleagris gallopavo.", "content": "1. Electrophoresis of extracts of turkey spermatozoa for lactate dehydrogenase activity revealed the usual five tissue LDHs (LDH-1 to LDH-5). 2. The presence of LDH-X (the spermatozoan-specific isozyme) was not obvious. 3. Only one band was present on electrophoresis of fowl spermatozoan extracts and it coincided with LDH-1 (heart type). 4. Kinetic investigations, the use of inhibitors and the heat-stability test confirmed that the fowl spermatozoan LDH was probably LDH-1 and not LDH-X.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in the spermatozoa of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus and turkey, Meleagris gallopavo. 1. Electrophoresis of extracts of turkey spermatozoa for lactate dehydrogenase activity revealed the usual five tissue LDHs (LDH-1 to LDH-5). 2. The presence of LDH-X (the spermatozoan-specific isozyme) was not obvious. 3. Only one band was present on electrophoresis of fowl spermatozoan extracts and it coincided with LDH-1 (heart type). 4. Kinetic investigations, the use of inhibitors and the heat-stability test confirmed that the fowl spermatozoan LDH was probably LDH-1 and not LDH-X.", "PMID": 318385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6366", "title": "A comparison of gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from neonatal and adult rats.", "content": "1. A method for the preparation of hepatocytes from livers of 11-15-day old rats is described. These cells in general behave similarly to hepatocytes made from adult rats with respect to stimulation of gluconeogenesis by glucagon and adrenaline and the effects of added oleate. 2. Significant differences in the behaviour of hepatocytes from neonatal and adult rats were nevertheless seen in certain situations, e.g. with alanine as gluconeogenic substrate, and appeared to be related to the redox state of the cells. 3. The importance of redox state upon gluconeogenesis was examined in more detail by determining the effects of oleate, ethanol and DL-3-hydroxybutyrate alone and in combinations. Major differences between neonatal and adult hepatocytes were again observed with alanine as substrate. 4. A discussion concludes that, while some relevant differences in the enzyme complements of neonatal and adult rat livers are known, it is the high capacity of the neonatal liver to generate reducing power by oxidation of fatty acid that can explain the observed differences.", "contents": "A comparison of gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from neonatal and adult rats. 1. A method for the preparation of hepatocytes from livers of 11-15-day old rats is described. These cells in general behave similarly to hepatocytes made from adult rats with respect to stimulation of gluconeogenesis by glucagon and adrenaline and the effects of added oleate. 2. Significant differences in the behaviour of hepatocytes from neonatal and adult rats were nevertheless seen in certain situations, e.g. with alanine as gluconeogenic substrate, and appeared to be related to the redox state of the cells. 3. The importance of redox state upon gluconeogenesis was examined in more detail by determining the effects of oleate, ethanol and DL-3-hydroxybutyrate alone and in combinations. Major differences between neonatal and adult hepatocytes were again observed with alanine as substrate. 4. A discussion concludes that, while some relevant differences in the enzyme complements of neonatal and adult rat livers are known, it is the high capacity of the neonatal liver to generate reducing power by oxidation of fatty acid that can explain the observed differences.", "PMID": 318386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6367", "title": "Soluble 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase from kidney mitochondria of rachitic pigs.", "content": "1. Mitochondria isolated from the kidneys of rachitic pigs have been shown to contain an active 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase. From these mitochondria a cytochrome P-450 has been solubilized with a specific content of 0.02-0.04 nmol/mg protein. 2. In the presence of a bovine adrenal NADPH-ferredoxin reductase, bovine adrenal ferredoxin and NADPH, the cytochrome P-450 supported the formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. 3. The hydroxylation reaction was linear with time up to 40 min, and with the amount of enzyme up to 0.03 nmol cytochrome P-450. The pH optimum for the reaction was 7.4, and the apparent Km was 3 x 10(-10) mol/mg protein. 4. The results show that 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is metabolized in mammals by the same enzyme system as has been demonstrated in birds.", "contents": "Soluble 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase from kidney mitochondria of rachitic pigs. 1. Mitochondria isolated from the kidneys of rachitic pigs have been shown to contain an active 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase. From these mitochondria a cytochrome P-450 has been solubilized with a specific content of 0.02-0.04 nmol/mg protein. 2. In the presence of a bovine adrenal NADPH-ferredoxin reductase, bovine adrenal ferredoxin and NADPH, the cytochrome P-450 supported the formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. 3. The hydroxylation reaction was linear with time up to 40 min, and with the amount of enzyme up to 0.03 nmol cytochrome P-450. The pH optimum for the reaction was 7.4, and the apparent Km was 3 x 10(-10) mol/mg protein. 4. The results show that 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is metabolized in mammals by the same enzyme system as has been demonstrated in birds.", "PMID": 318387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6368", "title": "A comparison of lipid metabolism in hepatocytes isolated from fed and starved neonatal and adult rats.", "content": "1. The utilization of [1-14C]palmitate by hepatocytes prepared from fed and starved neonatal and adult rats has been examined by measuring isotopic incorporation into various products. 2. In cells from fed adult rats the principal products were esters (triglycerides and phospholipids) but ketone bodies were the main metabolic end products in cells from starved adult and fed and starved neonatal rats. Production of triglycerides exceeded that of phospholipids in fed adult cells whereas phospholipid formation always predominated in neonatal cells. 3. The high rate of fatty acid oxidation and hence NADH formation by neonatal cells is reflected by a lower acetoacetate--3-hydroxybutyrate ratio at the earlier stages of incubation of neonatal cells. 4. The addition of glycerol modified quantitatively the products of palmitate metabolism by adult hepatocytes but no such effects were observed with neonatal cells. 5. Compared with adult cells, neonatal hepatocytes showed very low rates of lipogenesis that were only enhanced a little by addition of lactate/pyruvate and did not show any effects of glucose concentration upon incorporation of tritium from 3H2O into lipids.", "contents": "A comparison of lipid metabolism in hepatocytes isolated from fed and starved neonatal and adult rats. 1. The utilization of [1-14C]palmitate by hepatocytes prepared from fed and starved neonatal and adult rats has been examined by measuring isotopic incorporation into various products. 2. In cells from fed adult rats the principal products were esters (triglycerides and phospholipids) but ketone bodies were the main metabolic end products in cells from starved adult and fed and starved neonatal rats. Production of triglycerides exceeded that of phospholipids in fed adult cells whereas phospholipid formation always predominated in neonatal cells. 3. The high rate of fatty acid oxidation and hence NADH formation by neonatal cells is reflected by a lower acetoacetate--3-hydroxybutyrate ratio at the earlier stages of incubation of neonatal cells. 4. The addition of glycerol modified quantitatively the products of palmitate metabolism by adult hepatocytes but no such effects were observed with neonatal cells. 5. Compared with adult cells, neonatal hepatocytes showed very low rates of lipogenesis that were only enhanced a little by addition of lactate/pyruvate and did not show any effects of glucose concentration upon incorporation of tritium from 3H2O into lipids.", "PMID": 318388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6369", "title": "Intestinal arginase in vertebrates and invertebrates.", "content": "1. Arginase was found to be present in the intestine in all species of Annelida, Arthropoda and Chordata studied. 2. The activity of intestinal arginase differs from species to species, the differences reaching two orders of magnitude (100 x). 3. The highest activity of intestinal arginase was observed in the rodents (mouse, rat, hamster). 4. In animals in which the enzyme activity was high or moderately high, arginase activity showed topographical differentiation along the long axis of the intestine.", "contents": "Intestinal arginase in vertebrates and invertebrates. 1. Arginase was found to be present in the intestine in all species of Annelida, Arthropoda and Chordata studied. 2. The activity of intestinal arginase differs from species to species, the differences reaching two orders of magnitude (100 x). 3. The highest activity of intestinal arginase was observed in the rodents (mouse, rat, hamster). 4. In animals in which the enzyme activity was high or moderately high, arginase activity showed topographical differentiation along the long axis of the intestine.", "PMID": 318389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6370", "title": "Erythrocyte AMP-deaminase: an investigation of the increase in activity during chick maturation.", "content": "1. AMP-deaminase activity in erythrocytes increases gradually during chick (Gallus domesticus) maturation, reaching the adult level of enzymatic activity at about 16 weeks after hatching. 2. Adenosine deaminase activity increases approximately two-fold during this period. 3. Substrate specificity and immunoinhibition studies indicate that erythrocytes from adult chickens and newly-hatched chicks contain the same AMP-deaminase isozyme. 4. Comparison of temporal changes in RBC AMP-deaminase with those previously described for this enzyme in muscle and brain suggests that the level of this enzyme is regulated differently in these tissues.", "contents": "Erythrocyte AMP-deaminase: an investigation of the increase in activity during chick maturation. 1. AMP-deaminase activity in erythrocytes increases gradually during chick (Gallus domesticus) maturation, reaching the adult level of enzymatic activity at about 16 weeks after hatching. 2. Adenosine deaminase activity increases approximately two-fold during this period. 3. Substrate specificity and immunoinhibition studies indicate that erythrocytes from adult chickens and newly-hatched chicks contain the same AMP-deaminase isozyme. 4. Comparison of temporal changes in RBC AMP-deaminase with those previously described for this enzyme in muscle and brain suggests that the level of this enzyme is regulated differently in these tissues.", "PMID": 318390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6371", "title": "Studies on blood serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases from several mammalian species--separation of different enzyme forms.", "content": "1. The beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases studied from peripheral blood sera have the following activities: 55.6 mU/ml in Bos taurus L. (bull, \"Morucha\" race), 31.3 mU/ml in Sus scropha var. domestica L. (pig) and 3.7 mU/ml in Capra hircus L. (goat). 2. The pH optima of the enzymes are 4.5 for Bos taurus L. and Sus scropha L., and 5.0 for Capra hircus L. 3. Two enzyme forms, A and B, have been separated from Bos taurus L. and Capra hircus L. sera by DEAE-cellulose chromatography; and three forms, A, B and S, from Sus scropha L. serum. 4. The B forms are more heat-stable than the A and the S forms. The S form has intermediate heat-stability between the A and the B forms.", "contents": "Studies on blood serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases from several mammalian species--separation of different enzyme forms. 1. The beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases studied from peripheral blood sera have the following activities: 55.6 mU/ml in Bos taurus L. (bull, \"Morucha\" race), 31.3 mU/ml in Sus scropha var. domestica L. (pig) and 3.7 mU/ml in Capra hircus L. (goat). 2. The pH optima of the enzymes are 4.5 for Bos taurus L. and Sus scropha L., and 5.0 for Capra hircus L. 3. Two enzyme forms, A and B, have been separated from Bos taurus L. and Capra hircus L. sera by DEAE-cellulose chromatography; and three forms, A, B and S, from Sus scropha L. serum. 4. The B forms are more heat-stable than the A and the S forms. The S form has intermediate heat-stability between the A and the B forms.", "PMID": 318391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6372", "title": "Esterase and malate dehydrogenase isozyme polymorphisms in 15 Artemia populations.", "content": "1. Starch gel electrophoresis of adult brine shrimps from 15 populations revealed little intrapopulation polymorphism in NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozymes or in the two fastest esterases (demonstrated with alpha-naphthyl propionate as substrate). 2. Interpopulation differences could be summarized as three different electrophoresis band patterns for the five- to seven-banded MDH isozymes and another three patterns for the two fastest esterases. 3. These differences in electrophoresis patterns divide the 15 Artemia populations into four categories (each containing one to seven populations) which may be distinguished by isozyme content and which are congruent with categories established by the criterion of reproductive isolation in an earlier study.", "contents": "Esterase and malate dehydrogenase isozyme polymorphisms in 15 Artemia populations. 1. Starch gel electrophoresis of adult brine shrimps from 15 populations revealed little intrapopulation polymorphism in NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozymes or in the two fastest esterases (demonstrated with alpha-naphthyl propionate as substrate). 2. Interpopulation differences could be summarized as three different electrophoresis band patterns for the five- to seven-banded MDH isozymes and another three patterns for the two fastest esterases. 3. These differences in electrophoresis patterns divide the 15 Artemia populations into four categories (each containing one to seven populations) which may be distinguished by isozyme content and which are congruent with categories established by the criterion of reproductive isolation in an earlier study.", "PMID": 318392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6373", "title": "Urease from a sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus: partial purification and kinetics.", "content": "1. Urease from a sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, was purified 300-fold, using heat precipitation, ethanol precipitation and gel filtration. 2. The pH optimum is 8.0. 3. The apparent Michaelis constant for urea is 0.13 mM at pH 8.0. 4. The inhibitory effects of seven reagents on urease were evaluated. The pattern of inhibition is similar to other invertebrate ureases. 5. L. variegatus urease is compared with that of several other invertebrates, and its possible significance in CaCO3 formation is discussed.", "contents": "Urease from a sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus: partial purification and kinetics. 1. Urease from a sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, was purified 300-fold, using heat precipitation, ethanol precipitation and gel filtration. 2. The pH optimum is 8.0. 3. The apparent Michaelis constant for urea is 0.13 mM at pH 8.0. 4. The inhibitory effects of seven reagents on urease were evaluated. The pattern of inhibition is similar to other invertebrate ureases. 5. L. variegatus urease is compared with that of several other invertebrates, and its possible significance in CaCO3 formation is discussed.", "PMID": 318393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6374", "title": "Photodynamic action of bonellin, an integumentary chlorin of Bonellia viridis, Rolando (Echiura, Bonelliidae).", "content": "1. The photodynamic activity of bonellin, an integumentary chlorin of Bonellia viridis, is investigated. 2. 10(-6) M bonellin solutions haemolyze erythrocytes only in the presence of light. Previous illumination (tungsten lamp 2000-4000 lux for 1 hr) of the bonellin solutions does not affect the results. Under lowered oxygen tensions the bioactivity is depressed. Benzoquinone and singlet oxygen quenchers delay the photodynamic effect. 3. Bonellin (2 x 10(-6) M) destroys echinoid gamete function, depresses oxygen uptake of spermatozoa, and arrests development of echinoid and Bonellia eggs. These effects are produced only in the presence of light. 4. Copper bonellin is not photodynamically active. The role of copper may be to protect against photosensitization.", "contents": "Photodynamic action of bonellin, an integumentary chlorin of Bonellia viridis, Rolando (Echiura, Bonelliidae). 1. The photodynamic activity of bonellin, an integumentary chlorin of Bonellia viridis, is investigated. 2. 10(-6) M bonellin solutions haemolyze erythrocytes only in the presence of light. Previous illumination (tungsten lamp 2000-4000 lux for 1 hr) of the bonellin solutions does not affect the results. Under lowered oxygen tensions the bioactivity is depressed. Benzoquinone and singlet oxygen quenchers delay the photodynamic effect. 3. Bonellin (2 x 10(-6) M) destroys echinoid gamete function, depresses oxygen uptake of spermatozoa, and arrests development of echinoid and Bonellia eggs. These effects are produced only in the presence of light. 4. Copper bonellin is not photodynamically active. The role of copper may be to protect against photosensitization.", "PMID": 318394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6375", "title": "Different Tridacnins in different Tridacnid clams: a comparative study.", "content": "1. Haemolymph samples from different Tridacnid clams were tested for haemagglutinin activity, using normal and enzyme-treated red cells from different sources. 2. Precipitin reactions with these haemolymph fluids were performed in agar gel, using several defined glycosubstances of different origin. 3. In several experiments it could be demonstrated that in all Tridacnid haemolymph samples anti-galactosyl (\"anti-galactan\") specific lectins do occur, however, they definitely differ from each other.", "contents": "Different Tridacnins in different Tridacnid clams: a comparative study. 1. Haemolymph samples from different Tridacnid clams were tested for haemagglutinin activity, using normal and enzyme-treated red cells from different sources. 2. Precipitin reactions with these haemolymph fluids were performed in agar gel, using several defined glycosubstances of different origin. 3. In several experiments it could be demonstrated that in all Tridacnid haemolymph samples anti-galactosyl (\"anti-galactan\") specific lectins do occur, however, they definitely differ from each other.", "PMID": 318395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6376", "title": "Comparison of lectin receptor and membrane coat-associated glycoproteins of milk lipid globule membranes.", "content": "1. Glycoproteins of bovine (Bos taurus) and human (Homo sapiens) milk lipid globule membranes were characterized by ability to bind lectins after electrophoretic separation. 2. Seven lectin receptor glycoproteins were detected in bovine and five in human milk lipid globule membranes. Bovine and human globule membrane glycoproteins differed in ability to interact with certain lectins. 3. Two major nonionic detergent insoluble glycoproteins were present in bovine and human lipid globule membrane; these constituents had apparent molecular weights of 155,000 and 69,000. Detergent-insoluble polypeptides with similar or identical electrophoretic mobilities were found in milk lipid globule membranes from four other species, rat (Rattus norvegicus), sheep (Ovis aries), pig (Sus scrofa) and goat (Capra hircus). Tryptic peptide mapping revealed these polypeptides to be nonidentical among species.", "contents": "Comparison of lectin receptor and membrane coat-associated glycoproteins of milk lipid globule membranes. 1. Glycoproteins of bovine (Bos taurus) and human (Homo sapiens) milk lipid globule membranes were characterized by ability to bind lectins after electrophoretic separation. 2. Seven lectin receptor glycoproteins were detected in bovine and five in human milk lipid globule membranes. Bovine and human globule membrane glycoproteins differed in ability to interact with certain lectins. 3. Two major nonionic detergent insoluble glycoproteins were present in bovine and human lipid globule membrane; these constituents had apparent molecular weights of 155,000 and 69,000. Detergent-insoluble polypeptides with similar or identical electrophoretic mobilities were found in milk lipid globule membranes from four other species, rat (Rattus norvegicus), sheep (Ovis aries), pig (Sus scrofa) and goat (Capra hircus). Tryptic peptide mapping revealed these polypeptides to be nonidentical among species.", "PMID": 318396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6377", "title": "Comparative studies on six blood serum glycosidases from several mammalian species.", "content": "1. Peripheral blood serum alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-glucosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, beta-D-xylosidase and beta-D-glucuronidase have been studied with a comparative point of view from several mammalian species: Bos taurus L. (bull), Capra hircus L. (goat), Sus scropha var. domestica L. (pig) and man. 2. Fluorimetric and spectrophotometric procedures were used for determination of enzyme activities and pH optima. 3. Glycosidase activity was generally higher with fluorescent substrates than with chromogenic substrates. 4. alpha-D-mannosidase was the most active with both fluorescent and chromogenic substrates. 5. All the studied enzymes had the same pH optimum (4.0) when the chromogenic substrates were used. 6. pH optima of these glycosidases ranged from 3.0 to 5.5 when the fluorescent substrates were used.", "contents": "Comparative studies on six blood serum glycosidases from several mammalian species. 1. Peripheral blood serum alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-glucosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, beta-D-xylosidase and beta-D-glucuronidase have been studied with a comparative point of view from several mammalian species: Bos taurus L. (bull), Capra hircus L. (goat), Sus scropha var. domestica L. (pig) and man. 2. Fluorimetric and spectrophotometric procedures were used for determination of enzyme activities and pH optima. 3. Glycosidase activity was generally higher with fluorescent substrates than with chromogenic substrates. 4. alpha-D-mannosidase was the most active with both fluorescent and chromogenic substrates. 5. All the studied enzymes had the same pH optimum (4.0) when the chromogenic substrates were used. 6. pH optima of these glycosidases ranged from 3.0 to 5.5 when the fluorescent substrates were used.", "PMID": 318397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6378", "title": "Apparent inhibition of pyruvate kinase by phosphocreatine and phosphoarginine.", "content": "1. Addition of a non-dialysable, heat-labile and acid-precipitable factor which was not absorbed on DEAE-cellulose column, could restore the sensitivity of the chromatographed muscle pyruvate kinase from Marphysa sanguinea towards phosphocreatine inhibition. 2. This factor, being non-specific as it acts on pyruvate kinase isozymes from different sources, demonstrated high creatine kinase activity. 3. High concentrations of ADP, creatine or replacement of ADP with IDP/UDP or high pH abolished the inhibition indicating that the inhibition was mediated through creatine kinase by depleting ADP. 4. Apparent inhibition of phosphocreatine was related to the relative activities of 3 intracellular enzymes--pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase and adenosine triphosphatase.", "contents": "Apparent inhibition of pyruvate kinase by phosphocreatine and phosphoarginine. 1. Addition of a non-dialysable, heat-labile and acid-precipitable factor which was not absorbed on DEAE-cellulose column, could restore the sensitivity of the chromatographed muscle pyruvate kinase from Marphysa sanguinea towards phosphocreatine inhibition. 2. This factor, being non-specific as it acts on pyruvate kinase isozymes from different sources, demonstrated high creatine kinase activity. 3. High concentrations of ADP, creatine or replacement of ADP with IDP/UDP or high pH abolished the inhibition indicating that the inhibition was mediated through creatine kinase by depleting ADP. 4. Apparent inhibition of phosphocreatine was related to the relative activities of 3 intracellular enzymes--pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase and adenosine triphosphatase.", "PMID": 318398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6379", "title": "Hydrogen shuttles in air versus water breathing fishes.", "content": "1. The malate-aspartate cycle was demonstrable in subcellular preparations of hearts from Arapaima, Lepidosiren, and Synbranchus (obligate air breathers), Hoplerythriunus (facultative air breather), and Osteoglossum and Hoplias (obligate water breathers). 2. Although no respiratory evidence for significant alpha-glycerophosphate cycle participation could be shown in the air breathers, this cycle was demonstrable in hearts of water breathers. 3. In agreement with the O2 uptake studies, it was possible to reconstruct the malate-aspartate, but not the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle, in isolated mitochondria from air breathers, while both shuttles could be reconstructed with heart mitochondria in the case of water breathing fishes.", "contents": "Hydrogen shuttles in air versus water breathing fishes. 1. The malate-aspartate cycle was demonstrable in subcellular preparations of hearts from Arapaima, Lepidosiren, and Synbranchus (obligate air breathers), Hoplerythriunus (facultative air breather), and Osteoglossum and Hoplias (obligate water breathers). 2. Although no respiratory evidence for significant alpha-glycerophosphate cycle participation could be shown in the air breathers, this cycle was demonstrable in hearts of water breathers. 3. In agreement with the O2 uptake studies, it was possible to reconstruct the malate-aspartate, but not the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle, in isolated mitochondria from air breathers, while both shuttles could be reconstructed with heart mitochondria in the case of water breathing fishes.", "PMID": 318399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6380", "title": "Hydrogen shuttles in gills of water versus air breathing osteoglossids.", "content": "1. Using subcellular preparations of gills from Arapaima, an obligate air breather, and aruana, a related osteoglossid that is an obligate water breather, a comparison was made of the relative roles of the malate-aspartate cycle and the alpha-glycerophosphate (alpha-GP) cycle in transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 2. In aruana gill preparations, the alpha-GP cycle could be most clearly demonstrated by reconstructing it with purified isolated mitochondria, using the oxidation rate of exogenous NADH as a measure of the cycling activity. 3. Subcellular preparations of Arapaima gill, in contrast to the aruana gill, were not responsive to exogenous alpha-glycerophosphate, but a glutamate-malate stimulated O2 uptake was sensitive to aminooxyacetate, an aminotransferase inhibitor, a result that would be expected if the respiration were based on malate-aspartate cycling. 4. It was concluded that, compared to the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle, the malate-aspartate cycle was relatively more active in Arapaima gill than in aruana gill, and possible implications were discussed.", "contents": "Hydrogen shuttles in gills of water versus air breathing osteoglossids. 1. Using subcellular preparations of gills from Arapaima, an obligate air breather, and aruana, a related osteoglossid that is an obligate water breather, a comparison was made of the relative roles of the malate-aspartate cycle and the alpha-glycerophosphate (alpha-GP) cycle in transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the mitochondria. 2. In aruana gill preparations, the alpha-GP cycle could be most clearly demonstrated by reconstructing it with purified isolated mitochondria, using the oxidation rate of exogenous NADH as a measure of the cycling activity. 3. Subcellular preparations of Arapaima gill, in contrast to the aruana gill, were not responsive to exogenous alpha-glycerophosphate, but a glutamate-malate stimulated O2 uptake was sensitive to aminooxyacetate, an aminotransferase inhibitor, a result that would be expected if the respiration were based on malate-aspartate cycling. 4. It was concluded that, compared to the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle, the malate-aspartate cycle was relatively more active in Arapaima gill than in aruana gill, and possible implications were discussed.", "PMID": 318400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6381", "title": "Duplicate gene expression in tetraploid fishes of the tribe Moxostomatini (Cypriniformes, Catostomidae).", "content": "1. Karyotypically tetraploid fishes of the catostomid tribe Moxostomatini were electrophoretically examined to ascertain in the genetic control of 14 enzyme systems (21 loci in dipoid Cypriniformes). 2. The Moxostomatini have become functionally diploid at 50% or more of their loci since the original polyploidization event in the catosomid line. 3. The subgenera Megapharynx and Moxostoma s.s. (genus Moxostoma) are recognized as comprising a single lineage on the basis of synapomorphic diploidization at the G-3-pdh-A locus. 4. Thoburnia s.l. is allied with the genus Hypentelium on the basis of synapomorphic diploidization at the M-Aat-A locus supporting separate generic status for Thorburnia s.l.", "contents": "Duplicate gene expression in tetraploid fishes of the tribe Moxostomatini (Cypriniformes, Catostomidae). 1. Karyotypically tetraploid fishes of the catostomid tribe Moxostomatini were electrophoretically examined to ascertain in the genetic control of 14 enzyme systems (21 loci in dipoid Cypriniformes). 2. The Moxostomatini have become functionally diploid at 50% or more of their loci since the original polyploidization event in the catosomid line. 3. The subgenera Megapharynx and Moxostoma s.s. (genus Moxostoma) are recognized as comprising a single lineage on the basis of synapomorphic diploidization at the G-3-pdh-A locus. 4. Thoburnia s.l. is allied with the genus Hypentelium on the basis of synapomorphic diploidization at the M-Aat-A locus supporting separate generic status for Thorburnia s.l.", "PMID": 318401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6382", "title": "Photoreactivating enzyme in the blind cave fish, Anoptichthys jordani.", "content": "1. Exposure of cells to ultraviolet light induces molecular changes in DNA which may lead to cellular death. 2. One product, pyrimidine dimers, is reversed during subsequent exposure to visible light by photoreactivating enzyme. 3. Photoreactivating enzyme has been recorded in different organisms, but inconsistencies in its distribution suggest it may have other functions. 4. We have found photoreactivating enzyme in the blind cave dwelling fish, Anoptichthys jordani. 5. Sufficient time has elapsed in the cave environment to allow loss of features of importance to epigean fish, including the eyes and pigmentation. 6. The continued presence of the enzyme indicates that it may have other functions.", "contents": "Photoreactivating enzyme in the blind cave fish, Anoptichthys jordani. 1. Exposure of cells to ultraviolet light induces molecular changes in DNA which may lead to cellular death. 2. One product, pyrimidine dimers, is reversed during subsequent exposure to visible light by photoreactivating enzyme. 3. Photoreactivating enzyme has been recorded in different organisms, but inconsistencies in its distribution suggest it may have other functions. 4. We have found photoreactivating enzyme in the blind cave dwelling fish, Anoptichthys jordani. 5. Sufficient time has elapsed in the cave environment to allow loss of features of importance to epigean fish, including the eyes and pigmentation. 6. The continued presence of the enzyme indicates that it may have other functions.", "PMID": 318402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6383", "title": "Alterations in membrane proteins of mouse erythrocytes infected with different species and strains of malaria parasites.", "content": "1. The membrane fraction, prepared by hypotonic lysis, of mouse red cells infected with Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii YM, P. yoelii 17 X, P. yoelii 33 X, P. vinckei or P. chabaudi shows significant alterations from normal in protein composition as observed by dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. There is a reduction in intensity of various protein bands, notably bands I and II (spectrin), of membranes prepared from infected red cells. 3. New bands are observed as a result of infection, the intensity and location of which depend on the parasite species and strain. A new band of apparent molecular weight 150,000 appears with a strong intensity in P. yoelii YM infection, with a moderate intensity in P. berghei infection, and with a weak intensity in P. vinckei and P. chabaudi infection. In P. yoelii 17X and 33X infection, multiple weak bands are seen in the molecular weight range 120,000-210,000.", "contents": "Alterations in membrane proteins of mouse erythrocytes infected with different species and strains of malaria parasites. 1. The membrane fraction, prepared by hypotonic lysis, of mouse red cells infected with Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii YM, P. yoelii 17 X, P. yoelii 33 X, P. vinckei or P. chabaudi shows significant alterations from normal in protein composition as observed by dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. There is a reduction in intensity of various protein bands, notably bands I and II (spectrin), of membranes prepared from infected red cells. 3. New bands are observed as a result of infection, the intensity and location of which depend on the parasite species and strain. A new band of apparent molecular weight 150,000 appears with a strong intensity in P. yoelii YM infection, with a moderate intensity in P. berghei infection, and with a weak intensity in P. vinckei and P. chabaudi infection. In P. yoelii 17X and 33X infection, multiple weak bands are seen in the molecular weight range 120,000-210,000.", "PMID": 318403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6384", "title": "Multiple hemoglobins in Triturus cristatus: their degradation by sulfhydryl compounds.", "content": "1. Hemolysates of newt (Triturus cristatus) red cells contain four distinct hemoglobin species which have been observed consistently both in individual animals and pooled samples. 2. Hemoglobin heterogeneity in the species arises from existence of multiple hemoglobulins, with no indication of genetic polymorphism. 3. While the relative proportions of the different hemoglobins may vary in different samples, HbII is usually the most abundant, with HbIII and HbIV constituting most of the remainder of the total hemoglobin complement. HbI never exceeds 3-5% of the total hemoglobin. 4. Neither the electrophoretic migration nor the anion exchange properties of the four hemoglobin species are altered by conversion of oxyhemoglobin to the cyanmet derivative, excluding artifacts due to different oxidation states of iron. 5. The average molecular weight of newt total hemoglobulin is 67,182 with no indication of hemoglobin polymers. 6. The use of sulfhydryl-reducing agents (mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol) as a precaution against aggregation results in extensive degradation of newt hemoglobin through a process similar to \"coupled oxidation\" by ascorbate. 7. The degradative effects of sulfhydryl-reducing agents on newt hemoglobin suggest that these reagents be used cautiously in any hemoglobin analysis.", "contents": "Multiple hemoglobins in Triturus cristatus: their degradation by sulfhydryl compounds. 1. Hemolysates of newt (Triturus cristatus) red cells contain four distinct hemoglobin species which have been observed consistently both in individual animals and pooled samples. 2. Hemoglobin heterogeneity in the species arises from existence of multiple hemoglobulins, with no indication of genetic polymorphism. 3. While the relative proportions of the different hemoglobins may vary in different samples, HbII is usually the most abundant, with HbIII and HbIV constituting most of the remainder of the total hemoglobin complement. HbI never exceeds 3-5% of the total hemoglobin. 4. Neither the electrophoretic migration nor the anion exchange properties of the four hemoglobin species are altered by conversion of oxyhemoglobin to the cyanmet derivative, excluding artifacts due to different oxidation states of iron. 5. The average molecular weight of newt total hemoglobulin is 67,182 with no indication of hemoglobin polymers. 6. The use of sulfhydryl-reducing agents (mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol) as a precaution against aggregation results in extensive degradation of newt hemoglobin through a process similar to \"coupled oxidation\" by ascorbate. 7. The degradative effects of sulfhydryl-reducing agents on newt hemoglobin suggest that these reagents be used cautiously in any hemoglobin analysis.", "PMID": 318404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6385", "title": "The light chain composition of embryonic myosin.", "content": "1. Myosins from an adult individual and embryos of Salmo trutta L. in different stages of development were isolated. Their light chain composition was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using two systems: tris-glycine buffer, pH 8.6, containing 8 M urea and 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.1% SDS. 2. Both types of myosin are composed of three light chains with mol. wt 26200 D, 18300 D, 16800 D. 3. Almost no changes in electrophoretic patterns were discovered between the separate stages of development, except for the intensity of the light chain lc3, which increased gradually during miogenesis.", "contents": "The light chain composition of embryonic myosin. 1. Myosins from an adult individual and embryos of Salmo trutta L. in different stages of development were isolated. Their light chain composition was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using two systems: tris-glycine buffer, pH 8.6, containing 8 M urea and 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.1% SDS. 2. Both types of myosin are composed of three light chains with mol. wt 26200 D, 18300 D, 16800 D. 3. Almost no changes in electrophoretic patterns were discovered between the separate stages of development, except for the intensity of the light chain lc3, which increased gradually during miogenesis.", "PMID": 318405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6386", "title": "Gluconeogenesis in isolated chicken (Gallus domesticus) liver cells.", "content": "1. Gluconeogenesis was studied in isolated avian hepatocytes. The highest rate of glucose production obtained was from lactate, followed by dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, and fructose. Alanine was converted to glucose at only about 4% the rate of lactate. 2. Addition of 10 mM sorbitol, xylitol, or ethanol to the hepatocytes increased glucose production from pyruvate 25-40%, while glycerol addition increased it only 9%. 3. Addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate had no effect on glucose production from lactate or pyruvate. 4. Addition of octanoate had no effect on glucose production from pyruvate, but depressed it from lactate at 5 mM. 5. Differences in the formation of glucose from various substrates suggest some basic differences in the mode of glucose production between the chick and the rat and guinea-pig.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis in isolated chicken (Gallus domesticus) liver cells. 1. Gluconeogenesis was studied in isolated avian hepatocytes. The highest rate of glucose production obtained was from lactate, followed by dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, and fructose. Alanine was converted to glucose at only about 4% the rate of lactate. 2. Addition of 10 mM sorbitol, xylitol, or ethanol to the hepatocytes increased glucose production from pyruvate 25-40%, while glycerol addition increased it only 9%. 3. Addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate had no effect on glucose production from lactate or pyruvate. 4. Addition of octanoate had no effect on glucose production from pyruvate, but depressed it from lactate at 5 mM. 5. Differences in the formation of glucose from various substrates suggest some basic differences in the mode of glucose production between the chick and the rat and guinea-pig.", "PMID": 318406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6387", "title": "An isoelectric focusing study of acid phosphohydrolases in liver lysosomes of higher vertebrates.", "content": "1. The multiple forms of acid phosphohydrolases in liver lysosomes of Sus scrofa domesticus and Gallus gallus domesticus were studied by use of isoelectric focusing. 2. Acid phosphatase was resolved into two forms in G. gallus domesticus and three forms in S. scrofa domesticus. Especially, two forms of G. gallus domesticus were different from each other in their enzymatic properties. 3. The pI values of acid ATPase agreed with those of acid phosphodiesterase in G. gallus domesticus. According to the data on activity ratios, however, these enzymes seemed not to be identical. 4. Except acid deoxyribonuclease, extraction by Triton X-100 of lysosomes increased the proportions of acidic forms of these enzymes. In particular, a new form of acid ribonuclease with pI 4.5 or 4.9 appeared in both cases of G. gallus domesticus and S. scrofa domesticus.", "contents": "An isoelectric focusing study of acid phosphohydrolases in liver lysosomes of higher vertebrates. 1. The multiple forms of acid phosphohydrolases in liver lysosomes of Sus scrofa domesticus and Gallus gallus domesticus were studied by use of isoelectric focusing. 2. Acid phosphatase was resolved into two forms in G. gallus domesticus and three forms in S. scrofa domesticus. Especially, two forms of G. gallus domesticus were different from each other in their enzymatic properties. 3. The pI values of acid ATPase agreed with those of acid phosphodiesterase in G. gallus domesticus. According to the data on activity ratios, however, these enzymes seemed not to be identical. 4. Except acid deoxyribonuclease, extraction by Triton X-100 of lysosomes increased the proportions of acidic forms of these enzymes. In particular, a new form of acid ribonuclease with pI 4.5 or 4.9 appeared in both cases of G. gallus domesticus and S. scrofa domesticus.", "PMID": 318407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6388", "title": "Vitellogenin, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism during vitellogenesis and pregnancy, and after hormonal induction in the blenny Zoarces viviparus (L.).", "content": "1. Ovarian vitellogenic growth in Zoarces viviparus lasts about 2 months. Vitellogenesis is immediately followed by ovulation, fertilization and a pregnancy period of 4 months. Vitellogenin is observed in the blood during vitellogenesis, but declines during the first month of pregnancy. 2. The largest amount of liver lipid is found before vitellogenesis is initiated. During pregnancy the liver is depleted of lipid and glycogen, and total lipid and phospholipid is accumulating in the blood. 3. Estradiol treatment during pregnancy results in a dose-dependent increase in vitellogenin and lipids of the blood. 4. In late pregnancy, birth can be provoked with progesterone alone, or with combined progesterone and estradiol treatment.", "contents": "Vitellogenin, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism during vitellogenesis and pregnancy, and after hormonal induction in the blenny Zoarces viviparus (L.). 1. Ovarian vitellogenic growth in Zoarces viviparus lasts about 2 months. Vitellogenesis is immediately followed by ovulation, fertilization and a pregnancy period of 4 months. Vitellogenin is observed in the blood during vitellogenesis, but declines during the first month of pregnancy. 2. The largest amount of liver lipid is found before vitellogenesis is initiated. During pregnancy the liver is depleted of lipid and glycogen, and total lipid and phospholipid is accumulating in the blood. 3. Estradiol treatment during pregnancy results in a dose-dependent increase in vitellogenin and lipids of the blood. 4. In late pregnancy, birth can be provoked with progesterone alone, or with combined progesterone and estradiol treatment.", "PMID": 318408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6389", "title": "Perch muscle parvalbumin: general characterization and magnesium-binding properties.", "content": "1. Parvalbumin exists in two major forms, amounting to 2.5 and 3.2 g per kg of fresh muscle. 2. The composition divergence index between both forms, calculated from their amino acid composition, indicates 81% sequence identity; however both isoparvalbumins are immunologically distinct. 3. Beside Ca2+, perch parvalbumin binds 2 g atoms Mg2+ per mol with a dissociation constant of 10(-5) M. 4. Determination of the affinity for magnesium is of particular importance as there are indications that, in vivo, parvalbumin can remain in the Mg2+-state during the contraction-relaxation cycle instead of switching from the Ca2+-to the Mg2+-state and vice versa.", "contents": "Perch muscle parvalbumin: general characterization and magnesium-binding properties. 1. Parvalbumin exists in two major forms, amounting to 2.5 and 3.2 g per kg of fresh muscle. 2. The composition divergence index between both forms, calculated from their amino acid composition, indicates 81% sequence identity; however both isoparvalbumins are immunologically distinct. 3. Beside Ca2+, perch parvalbumin binds 2 g atoms Mg2+ per mol with a dissociation constant of 10(-5) M. 4. Determination of the affinity for magnesium is of particular importance as there are indications that, in vivo, parvalbumin can remain in the Mg2+-state during the contraction-relaxation cycle instead of switching from the Ca2+-to the Mg2+-state and vice versa.", "PMID": 318409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6390", "title": "Determination of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransfer in mouse plasma and the influence of mercaptoethanol and sulphydryl blocking agents on its activity.", "content": "1. The cholesterol esterifying activity in mouse plasma has been identified as lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) on the basis of stoichiometric data, predominant transfer of polyunsaturated fatty acids, wide pH optimum and inhibition of esterification by phospholipase A2 and sulphydryl blocking agents. The esterifying activity differed from that present in plasma of man, rat and other species since it was partially inhibited by mercaptoethanol and other thiols. 2. Stoichiometric correlations between unesterified cholesterol, lecithin and lysolecithin were not exact, suggesting possible involvement of other enzymes in the overall esterification process during in vitro incubation of mouse plasma. 3. The initial rate of cholesterol esterification was determined by in vitro incubation of mouse plasma, whose cholesterol had been labelled by prior in vivo injection of 3H-mevalonic acid. The mean rate was 281 +/- 74 nmol/ml/hr (mean +/- S.D., n = 12) and correlated with unesterified cholesterol concentration (r = 0.73, P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Determination of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransfer in mouse plasma and the influence of mercaptoethanol and sulphydryl blocking agents on its activity. 1. The cholesterol esterifying activity in mouse plasma has been identified as lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) on the basis of stoichiometric data, predominant transfer of polyunsaturated fatty acids, wide pH optimum and inhibition of esterification by phospholipase A2 and sulphydryl blocking agents. The esterifying activity differed from that present in plasma of man, rat and other species since it was partially inhibited by mercaptoethanol and other thiols. 2. Stoichiometric correlations between unesterified cholesterol, lecithin and lysolecithin were not exact, suggesting possible involvement of other enzymes in the overall esterification process during in vitro incubation of mouse plasma. 3. The initial rate of cholesterol esterification was determined by in vitro incubation of mouse plasma, whose cholesterol had been labelled by prior in vivo injection of 3H-mevalonic acid. The mean rate was 281 +/- 74 nmol/ml/hr (mean +/- S.D., n = 12) and correlated with unesterified cholesterol concentration (r = 0.73, P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 318410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6391", "title": "Utilization in vivo of glucose carbon in the optic lobes and the cerebellum of the chick during postnatal growth.", "content": "1. The incorporation of glucose carbon in vivo into amino acids was studied in the chick optic lobes and cerebellum during postnatal growth after subcutaneous injection of [U-14C]glucose. 2. The rapid incorporation of glucose carbon into free amino acids appears between the 1st and the 2nd day of postnatal growth in the optic lobes and between the 1st and the 4th day after hatching in the cerebellum. 3. The period during which the properties of mature brain metabolism are obtained is characterized in both structures during the first 48 hr of postnatal growth by changes in the specific radioactivity of some amino acids such as aspartate and alpha-alanine, and also by transient increases of glucose and glutamine concentrations. 4. The gamma-aminobutyrate content in the optic lobes is very high; the cerebellum on the contrary is characterized by its low gamma-aminobutyrate concentration linked to a very fast metabolism of this amino acid.", "contents": "Utilization in vivo of glucose carbon in the optic lobes and the cerebellum of the chick during postnatal growth. 1. The incorporation of glucose carbon in vivo into amino acids was studied in the chick optic lobes and cerebellum during postnatal growth after subcutaneous injection of [U-14C]glucose. 2. The rapid incorporation of glucose carbon into free amino acids appears between the 1st and the 2nd day of postnatal growth in the optic lobes and between the 1st and the 4th day after hatching in the cerebellum. 3. The period during which the properties of mature brain metabolism are obtained is characterized in both structures during the first 48 hr of postnatal growth by changes in the specific radioactivity of some amino acids such as aspartate and alpha-alanine, and also by transient increases of glucose and glutamine concentrations. 4. The gamma-aminobutyrate content in the optic lobes is very high; the cerebellum on the contrary is characterized by its low gamma-aminobutyrate concentration linked to a very fast metabolism of this amino acid.", "PMID": 318411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6392", "title": "Plasma lipids and lipoproteins of some members of the order Perissodactyla.", "content": "1. The plasma lipoproteins of various members of the order Perissodactyla have been examined by electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. 2. In the Equidae, high density (alpha) lipoprotein was the major component (80-90%) and low density (beta) lipoprotein (10-20%) the minor component. 3. In the Tapiridae represented by the Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), high density and low density lipoproteins were present in approximately equal amounts. 4. In the Rhinocerotidae, the high density lipoprotein characteristic of the Equidae and Tapiridae was absent, and the plasma lipoproteins consisted of a complex group having beta mobility on electrophoresis and a flotation pattern usually associated with low density lipoprotein. 5. The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids was remarkably similar in all members of the Perissodactyla examined, with very high percentages of linoleic acid (greater than 70%) being found in the cholesteryl esters.", "contents": "Plasma lipids and lipoproteins of some members of the order Perissodactyla. 1. The plasma lipoproteins of various members of the order Perissodactyla have been examined by electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. 2. In the Equidae, high density (alpha) lipoprotein was the major component (80-90%) and low density (beta) lipoprotein (10-20%) the minor component. 3. In the Tapiridae represented by the Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), high density and low density lipoproteins were present in approximately equal amounts. 4. In the Rhinocerotidae, the high density lipoprotein characteristic of the Equidae and Tapiridae was absent, and the plasma lipoproteins consisted of a complex group having beta mobility on electrophoresis and a flotation pattern usually associated with low density lipoprotein. 5. The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids was remarkably similar in all members of the Perissodactyla examined, with very high percentages of linoleic acid (greater than 70%) being found in the cholesteryl esters.", "PMID": 318412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6393", "title": "Effects of sustained oxygen depletion on tissue pyruvate kinase activities in the freshwater turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans.", "content": "1. The effect of sustained (48 hr) oxygen depletion on tissue (brain, heart, skeletal muscle) pyruvate kinase (PyKi) activities was examined in the pond turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans). 2. PyKi activities in skeletal muscle are significantly increased (from 322 +/- 84 to 450 +/- 95) following 48 hr of tissue hypoxia. PyKi activities in brain may already be elevated under ambient conditions but do not change following prolonged submersion (334 +/- 75 vs 325 +/- 77). Cardiac muscle PyKi is actually decreased (from 135 +/- 35 to 94 +/- 18) under anaerobic conditions. 3. The data suggest that prolonged O2 depletion may increase PyKi biosynthesis in turtle skeletal muscle (subserving enhanced glycolysis), but also demonstrate that factors other than oxygen availability are involved in the regulation of tissue PyKi activities in intact vertebrates.", "contents": "Effects of sustained oxygen depletion on tissue pyruvate kinase activities in the freshwater turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. 1. The effect of sustained (48 hr) oxygen depletion on tissue (brain, heart, skeletal muscle) pyruvate kinase (PyKi) activities was examined in the pond turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans). 2. PyKi activities in skeletal muscle are significantly increased (from 322 +/- 84 to 450 +/- 95) following 48 hr of tissue hypoxia. PyKi activities in brain may already be elevated under ambient conditions but do not change following prolonged submersion (334 +/- 75 vs 325 +/- 77). Cardiac muscle PyKi is actually decreased (from 135 +/- 35 to 94 +/- 18) under anaerobic conditions. 3. The data suggest that prolonged O2 depletion may increase PyKi biosynthesis in turtle skeletal muscle (subserving enhanced glycolysis), but also demonstrate that factors other than oxygen availability are involved in the regulation of tissue PyKi activities in intact vertebrates.", "PMID": 318413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6394", "title": "Demonstration of multiple forms of acid phosphatase in hemolymph of the African snail, Archachatina marginata.", "content": "1. Hemolymph from the giant African snail Archachatina marginata has been analyzed for its content of certain lysosomal hydrolases and shown to contain substantial quantities of acid phosphatase (285 units/ml) hexosaminidase (512 units per ml) and beta-glucuronidase (28 units/ml). 2. Hemolymph acid phosphatase can be fractionated into 6 active components by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. 3. Some of the acid phosphatase species can be distinguished on the basis of heat stability, pH dependency and sensitivity to inhibitors including phosphate, L(+) tartrate, fluoride, formaldehyde and 1.10 phenanthroline.", "contents": "Demonstration of multiple forms of acid phosphatase in hemolymph of the African snail, Archachatina marginata. 1. Hemolymph from the giant African snail Archachatina marginata has been analyzed for its content of certain lysosomal hydrolases and shown to contain substantial quantities of acid phosphatase (285 units/ml) hexosaminidase (512 units per ml) and beta-glucuronidase (28 units/ml). 2. Hemolymph acid phosphatase can be fractionated into 6 active components by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. 3. Some of the acid phosphatase species can be distinguished on the basis of heat stability, pH dependency and sensitivity to inhibitors including phosphate, L(+) tartrate, fluoride, formaldehyde and 1.10 phenanthroline.", "PMID": 318414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6395", "title": "Hexokinase of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: presence of a glucokinase.", "content": "1. Angiostrongylus cantonensis contains a glucokinase which was isolated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. 2. This enzyme has a much higher affinity toward glucose (apparent Km, 0.2 mM) than fructose (apparent Km, 85 mM). Glucose-6-phosphate (10 mM) does not inhibit glucose phosphorylation. 3. Molecular weight obtained by a molecular sieve chromatography (60,000) is also close to the value of mammalian glucokinase. 4. While Vmax value for mannose is one-third smaller than that for glucose, Km for mannose is rather lower than that for glucose. 5. In addition to the cytosol enzyme, a particle bound hexokinase is found in the worm.", "contents": "Hexokinase of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: presence of a glucokinase. 1. Angiostrongylus cantonensis contains a glucokinase which was isolated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. 2. This enzyme has a much higher affinity toward glucose (apparent Km, 0.2 mM) than fructose (apparent Km, 85 mM). Glucose-6-phosphate (10 mM) does not inhibit glucose phosphorylation. 3. Molecular weight obtained by a molecular sieve chromatography (60,000) is also close to the value of mammalian glucokinase. 4. While Vmax value for mannose is one-third smaller than that for glucose, Km for mannose is rather lower than that for glucose. 5. In addition to the cytosol enzyme, a particle bound hexokinase is found in the worm.", "PMID": 318415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6396", "title": "Alterations in glycohydrolase activities in streptozotocin-diabetic Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus).", "content": "1. Six weeks after the injection of streptozotocin at 125 mg/kg i.p. in the AV line nondiabetic Chinese hamsters, the animals showed hyperglycemia, increased kidney, pancreas and stomach weights and stomach glucagon contents and depletion of insulin and glucagon in the pancreas. 2. Plasma beta-D-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were elevated; whereas alpha-D-glucosidase was decreased and alpha-D-galactosidase remained unchanged in the plasma. 3. In the kidney, streptozotocin-diabetes led to depression of alpha-D-mannosidase, beta-D-fucosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities in both 12,000 g supernatant and precipitate fractions, decreases in alpha-D-glucosidase in the supernatant only and no change in alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D-galactosidase and beta-D-glucuronidase. 4. In the liver, significant increases in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-fucosidase, beta-D-glucosidase and alpha-D-mannosidase were found in either the supernatant or the precipitate fraction of the diabetic animals. The data indicate diabetes-dependent tissue-specific changes in glycohydrolases in the Chinese hamster.", "contents": "Alterations in glycohydrolase activities in streptozotocin-diabetic Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus). 1. Six weeks after the injection of streptozotocin at 125 mg/kg i.p. in the AV line nondiabetic Chinese hamsters, the animals showed hyperglycemia, increased kidney, pancreas and stomach weights and stomach glucagon contents and depletion of insulin and glucagon in the pancreas. 2. Plasma beta-D-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were elevated; whereas alpha-D-glucosidase was decreased and alpha-D-galactosidase remained unchanged in the plasma. 3. In the kidney, streptozotocin-diabetes led to depression of alpha-D-mannosidase, beta-D-fucosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities in both 12,000 g supernatant and precipitate fractions, decreases in alpha-D-glucosidase in the supernatant only and no change in alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D-galactosidase and beta-D-glucuronidase. 4. In the liver, significant increases in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-fucosidase, beta-D-glucosidase and alpha-D-mannosidase were found in either the supernatant or the precipitate fraction of the diabetic animals. The data indicate diabetes-dependent tissue-specific changes in glycohydrolases in the Chinese hamster.", "PMID": 318416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6397", "title": "Eye lens ageing in the dogfish (Mustelus canis).", "content": "1. Age-related alterations in the distribution of water-soluble, high molecular weight (colloidal), and water-insoluble proteins of the lens of smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) were measured. 2. The ages of these animals ranged approx from 2 to 50 yr, during which time the lenses grew from 100 to 1500 mg (wet wt). The lenses contained approx 50% water. 3. Water-insoluble protein accumulated to a level greater than 50% of the total proteins by the time the animals reached maturity. The lenses of other animals, such as mammals and humans, would be opaque if they had a similar insoluble protein content. 4. Each protein fraction contained the same protein chains (mol. et 1900-25,000 daltons), as observed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, except the water-insoluble fraction, which seemed to contain several extra protein chains with higher molecular weights, which represent fiber cell membrane components. 5. Further purification of these fiber cell membranes indicated that their protein chain makeup was mainly from the same low molecular weight chains present in the soluble and high molecular weight colloidal proteins.", "contents": "Eye lens ageing in the dogfish (Mustelus canis). 1. Age-related alterations in the distribution of water-soluble, high molecular weight (colloidal), and water-insoluble proteins of the lens of smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) were measured. 2. The ages of these animals ranged approx from 2 to 50 yr, during which time the lenses grew from 100 to 1500 mg (wet wt). The lenses contained approx 50% water. 3. Water-insoluble protein accumulated to a level greater than 50% of the total proteins by the time the animals reached maturity. The lenses of other animals, such as mammals and humans, would be opaque if they had a similar insoluble protein content. 4. Each protein fraction contained the same protein chains (mol. et 1900-25,000 daltons), as observed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, except the water-insoluble fraction, which seemed to contain several extra protein chains with higher molecular weights, which represent fiber cell membrane components. 5. Further purification of these fiber cell membranes indicated that their protein chain makeup was mainly from the same low molecular weight chains present in the soluble and high molecular weight colloidal proteins.", "PMID": 318417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6398", "title": "Ubiquinone analyses in fish tissues and in some marine invertebrates.", "content": "1. Ubiquinone contents were determined in species of marine invertebrates, and in heart, red and white muscle and liver of three species of fish. 2. Three different methods of determination were compared, based on spectrophotometry, reduction and a reaction with the dimethoxy groups of ubiquinone. 3. Using ubiquinone homologues 6-10 prepared from beef heart and commercially available microorganisms (SCP) as standards, ubiquinone 10 was found in all samples. In addition were found minor amounts of Q-9 in samples of saithe heart and red muscle. 4. Less than 10 mg/kg wet wt of ubiquinone was found in the samples of marine invertebrates and in white muscle and liver of the fish samples, with one exception: 40 mg/kg in a sample of mackerel liver. 5. Higher contents of ubiquinone were found in fish heart and red muscle tissues, ranging from 24 to 116 mg/kg wet wt. The ubiquinone contents were comparable in the two tissues. 6. A test on cellular fragments of red muscle tissue of saithe showed that the ubiquinone was concentrated in the mitochondria fraction.", "contents": "Ubiquinone analyses in fish tissues and in some marine invertebrates. 1. Ubiquinone contents were determined in species of marine invertebrates, and in heart, red and white muscle and liver of three species of fish. 2. Three different methods of determination were compared, based on spectrophotometry, reduction and a reaction with the dimethoxy groups of ubiquinone. 3. Using ubiquinone homologues 6-10 prepared from beef heart and commercially available microorganisms (SCP) as standards, ubiquinone 10 was found in all samples. In addition were found minor amounts of Q-9 in samples of saithe heart and red muscle. 4. Less than 10 mg/kg wet wt of ubiquinone was found in the samples of marine invertebrates and in white muscle and liver of the fish samples, with one exception: 40 mg/kg in a sample of mackerel liver. 5. Higher contents of ubiquinone were found in fish heart and red muscle tissues, ranging from 24 to 116 mg/kg wet wt. The ubiquinone contents were comparable in the two tissues. 6. A test on cellular fragments of red muscle tissue of saithe showed that the ubiquinone was concentrated in the mitochondria fraction.", "PMID": 318418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6399", "title": "Evidence for glycosyltransferases in trout liver microsomes (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "1. Trout (Salmo gairdneri) serum is rich in glycoproteins which are synthetized in liver. 2. An attempt to localize glycosyltransferases in hepatocytes is described, using cellular fractionation and marker enzyme determination. 3. Galactosyltransferase, mannosyltransferase, N-acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase, glucosyltransferase, sialyltransferase (on exogenous acceptor) are found in a microsomal fraction obtained by centrifugation at 117 X 10(5) g min of the post-mitochondrial supernatant. 4. Mannose is transferred to endogenous lipids and proteins.", "contents": "Evidence for glycosyltransferases in trout liver microsomes (Salmo gairdneri). 1. Trout (Salmo gairdneri) serum is rich in glycoproteins which are synthetized in liver. 2. An attempt to localize glycosyltransferases in hepatocytes is described, using cellular fractionation and marker enzyme determination. 3. Galactosyltransferase, mannosyltransferase, N-acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase, glucosyltransferase, sialyltransferase (on exogenous acceptor) are found in a microsomal fraction obtained by centrifugation at 117 X 10(5) g min of the post-mitochondrial supernatant. 4. Mannose is transferred to endogenous lipids and proteins.", "PMID": 318419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6400", "title": "A comparison of the glutathione S-transferases of trout and rat liver.", "content": "1. Cytosol from trout liver, gills and intestinal caeca has substantial glutathione S-transferase activity. 2. Gel-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography suggest that trout liver has several glutathione S-transferases with different molecular weights and ionic charges. 3. A component capable of binding lithocholic acid eluted together with glutathione S-transferase activity. Some of the transferase activity did not elute together with binding activity. 4. The enzymic activity from trout liver was less stable at 37 degrees C than that from rat liver. 5. The glutathione S-transferases of fish liver have a similar specific activity to those of rat liver but different molecular properties.", "contents": "A comparison of the glutathione S-transferases of trout and rat liver. 1. Cytosol from trout liver, gills and intestinal caeca has substantial glutathione S-transferase activity. 2. Gel-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography suggest that trout liver has several glutathione S-transferases with different molecular weights and ionic charges. 3. A component capable of binding lithocholic acid eluted together with glutathione S-transferase activity. Some of the transferase activity did not elute together with binding activity. 4. The enzymic activity from trout liver was less stable at 37 degrees C than that from rat liver. 5. The glutathione S-transferases of fish liver have a similar specific activity to those of rat liver but different molecular properties.", "PMID": 318420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6401", "title": "Lipid composition and cholesterol esterification in serum lipoprotein fraction of the horse, Equus caballus.", "content": "1. Changes in lipid components of lipoproteins during incubation of horse serum at 37 degrees C were investigated. In non-incubated serum, cholesterol and lecithin existed predominantly in alpha-lipoprotein or in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Lysolecithin was mainly associated with the fraction with density above 1.21. 2. When serum was separated into alpha- and beta-lipoproteins by the heparin precipitation method after 1 hr incubation, the decrease in alpha-lipoprotein free cholesterol and lecithin was about four times that in beta-lipoprotein counterparts. 3. When serum lipoproteins were separated by ultracentrifugation, the decrease in each lipoprotein free cholesterol was closely paralleled with that in lecithin. 4. HDL appeared to be a preferential substrate for the lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase reaction. 5. Disc electrophoretic patterns indicated significant differences in the composition of horse serum lipoproteins from those of human and rat.", "contents": "Lipid composition and cholesterol esterification in serum lipoprotein fraction of the horse, Equus caballus. 1. Changes in lipid components of lipoproteins during incubation of horse serum at 37 degrees C were investigated. In non-incubated serum, cholesterol and lecithin existed predominantly in alpha-lipoprotein or in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Lysolecithin was mainly associated with the fraction with density above 1.21. 2. When serum was separated into alpha- and beta-lipoproteins by the heparin precipitation method after 1 hr incubation, the decrease in alpha-lipoprotein free cholesterol and lecithin was about four times that in beta-lipoprotein counterparts. 3. When serum lipoproteins were separated by ultracentrifugation, the decrease in each lipoprotein free cholesterol was closely paralleled with that in lecithin. 4. HDL appeared to be a preferential substrate for the lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase reaction. 5. Disc electrophoretic patterns indicated significant differences in the composition of horse serum lipoproteins from those of human and rat.", "PMID": 318421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6402", "title": "Comparative studies on the molecular weight of glutathione S-transferases from mammalian livers and an insect.", "content": "1. A comparative study was conducted on the molecular weights of glutathione S-transferases in the housefly and liver of the mouse and rat using Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography. 2. The values varied depending upon the buffers used in gel filtration. Molecular weights of 44,600, 53,600 and 43,000 daltons respectively were obtained with 0.01 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.7; 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0; and 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.1 M KCl, pH 8.0, respectively. 3. There was no difference in the molecular weights of the enzymes obtained from the insect and from the mammalian livers. Purified enzymes eluted in the same fractions as those from the crude extracts, suggesting little modification in the molecular size of the enzymes during purification. 4. The presence of a large volume of stabilizer(s) in the enzyme solutions applied to the column delayed the elution of the activity peaks and resulted in erroneous values. Therefore, different literature values of molecular weights for glutathione S-transferases may be the result of different buffers and stabilizers used in gel filtration and probably do not represent a real difference in molecular size.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the molecular weight of glutathione S-transferases from mammalian livers and an insect. 1. A comparative study was conducted on the molecular weights of glutathione S-transferases in the housefly and liver of the mouse and rat using Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography. 2. The values varied depending upon the buffers used in gel filtration. Molecular weights of 44,600, 53,600 and 43,000 daltons respectively were obtained with 0.01 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.7; 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0; and 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.1 M KCl, pH 8.0, respectively. 3. There was no difference in the molecular weights of the enzymes obtained from the insect and from the mammalian livers. Purified enzymes eluted in the same fractions as those from the crude extracts, suggesting little modification in the molecular size of the enzymes during purification. 4. The presence of a large volume of stabilizer(s) in the enzyme solutions applied to the column delayed the elution of the activity peaks and resulted in erroneous values. Therefore, different literature values of molecular weights for glutathione S-transferases may be the result of different buffers and stabilizers used in gel filtration and probably do not represent a real difference in molecular size.", "PMID": 318422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6403", "title": "Genome analysis of Amphioxus and speculation as to the origin of contrasting vertebrate genome organization patterns.", "content": "1. The genome of Amphioxus was investigated by DNA reassociation techniques for the amount of repetitive and non-repetitive sequences and its pattern of organization. 2. A comparison of the amount of non-repetitive DNA between Amphioxus and the tunicate Ciona intestinalis does not support the hypothesis that the Cephalochordates have arisen from the Tunicates by polyploidy. 3. In the Amphioxus genome repetitive and non-repetitive elements are predominantly arranged in a short period interspersion pattern. Conclusions are presented as to the evolution of contrasting genome organization patterns among vertebrates.", "contents": "Genome analysis of Amphioxus and speculation as to the origin of contrasting vertebrate genome organization patterns. 1. The genome of Amphioxus was investigated by DNA reassociation techniques for the amount of repetitive and non-repetitive sequences and its pattern of organization. 2. A comparison of the amount of non-repetitive DNA between Amphioxus and the tunicate Ciona intestinalis does not support the hypothesis that the Cephalochordates have arisen from the Tunicates by polyploidy. 3. In the Amphioxus genome repetitive and non-repetitive elements are predominantly arranged in a short period interspersion pattern. Conclusions are presented as to the evolution of contrasting genome organization patterns among vertebrates.", "PMID": 318423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6404", "title": "Physical and chemical characterization of vitellogenin from the hemolymph and eggs of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.", "content": "1. Vitellogenin has been purified from mature eggs and the hemolymph of adult females of Manduca sexta by a combination of gel permeation chromatography and sodium bromide density gradient centrifugation. 2. It has a molecular weight of 2.6 x 10(5) and is a glycolipoprotein containing approx 11% lipids and 3% carbohydrates. 3. The carbohydrate moiety is comprised entirely of mannose and N-acetyl glucosamine. 4. Two polypeptide chains are present with molecular weights of 1.8 x 10(5) and 5.0 x 10(4). 5. Partial proteolytic hydrolysis of vitellogenin resulted in the degradation of the large polypeptide but did not affect the small one, suggesting that the small polypeptide is located in the interior of the particle. 6. The proteolytic hydrolysis products of the large polypeptide differed from one another by approx 12.5 x 10(3) daltons.", "contents": "Physical and chemical characterization of vitellogenin from the hemolymph and eggs of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. 1. Vitellogenin has been purified from mature eggs and the hemolymph of adult females of Manduca sexta by a combination of gel permeation chromatography and sodium bromide density gradient centrifugation. 2. It has a molecular weight of 2.6 x 10(5) and is a glycolipoprotein containing approx 11% lipids and 3% carbohydrates. 3. The carbohydrate moiety is comprised entirely of mannose and N-acetyl glucosamine. 4. Two polypeptide chains are present with molecular weights of 1.8 x 10(5) and 5.0 x 10(4). 5. Partial proteolytic hydrolysis of vitellogenin resulted in the degradation of the large polypeptide but did not affect the small one, suggesting that the small polypeptide is located in the interior of the particle. 6. The proteolytic hydrolysis products of the large polypeptide differed from one another by approx 12.5 x 10(3) daltons.", "PMID": 318424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6405", "title": "Alterations of the free amino acid content in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata) in starvation and after infection with Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda).", "content": "1. Analysing the free amino acid content of the hemolymph of normally fed, starved and schistosome-infected Biomphalaria glabrata we identified 22 amino acids and amines, respectively. 2. In comparison with normally fed snails the free amino acid content of starved and infected snails was significantly reduced. 3. However, only slight differences between the ornithine and citrulline content occurred in the three test groups.", "contents": "Alterations of the free amino acid content in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata) in starvation and after infection with Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda). 1. Analysing the free amino acid content of the hemolymph of normally fed, starved and schistosome-infected Biomphalaria glabrata we identified 22 amino acids and amines, respectively. 2. In comparison with normally fed snails the free amino acid content of starved and infected snails was significantly reduced. 3. However, only slight differences between the ornithine and citrulline content occurred in the three test groups.", "PMID": 318425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6406", "title": "The influence of environmental salinity, temperature, ionizing irradiation and yellow or silver stage on lipid metabolism in the gills of the european eel (Anguilla anguilla).", "content": "1. The influence of temperature on the incorporation of [32P]phosphate and [14C]acetate into gill lipids in vivo depends also on environmental salinity. 2. Ionizing irradiation (1000 r) results in a relatively enhanced incorporation of [32P]phosphate into phosphatidyl choline and of [14C]acetate into triglycerides and wax esters in vivo. 3. When gill tissue is removed from the animal and incubated in vitro, a pronounced dependence of lipid metabolism on previous environmental salinity is not observed.", "contents": "The influence of environmental salinity, temperature, ionizing irradiation and yellow or silver stage on lipid metabolism in the gills of the european eel (Anguilla anguilla). 1. The influence of temperature on the incorporation of [32P]phosphate and [14C]acetate into gill lipids in vivo depends also on environmental salinity. 2. Ionizing irradiation (1000 r) results in a relatively enhanced incorporation of [32P]phosphate into phosphatidyl choline and of [14C]acetate into triglycerides and wax esters in vivo. 3. When gill tissue is removed from the animal and incubated in vitro, a pronounced dependence of lipid metabolism on previous environmental salinity is not observed.", "PMID": 318426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6407", "title": "Activity of some dehydrogenase enzymes in mitochondria from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "1. Coupled mitochondria were isolated from exponentially growing Physarum polycephalum. 2. Activity of malate dehydrogenase (oxalacetate reduction) was 10.9 mumol/min/mg protein; the apparent Km was 64 microM. 3. The activity of NADP-isocitric dehydrogenase (IDH) was 110 nmol/min/mg with apparent Km of 35 microM. 4. NAD-IDH showed allosteric properties with AMP as a positive modulator. The apparent Km for the unmodulated activity, 2 mM, was decreased to 0.95 mM by 0.13 mM AMP. 5. Succinic dehydrogenase activity was estimated as three times higher than that of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. 6. Mitochondria contained significant amounts of phenolic compounds. Protein estimation by the Bradford method is recommended.", "contents": "Activity of some dehydrogenase enzymes in mitochondria from Physarum polycephalum. 1. Coupled mitochondria were isolated from exponentially growing Physarum polycephalum. 2. Activity of malate dehydrogenase (oxalacetate reduction) was 10.9 mumol/min/mg protein; the apparent Km was 64 microM. 3. The activity of NADP-isocitric dehydrogenase (IDH) was 110 nmol/min/mg with apparent Km of 35 microM. 4. NAD-IDH showed allosteric properties with AMP as a positive modulator. The apparent Km for the unmodulated activity, 2 mM, was decreased to 0.95 mM by 0.13 mM AMP. 5. Succinic dehydrogenase activity was estimated as three times higher than that of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. 6. Mitochondria contained significant amounts of phenolic compounds. Protein estimation by the Bradford method is recommended.", "PMID": 318427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6408", "title": "The distribution of lipoprotein lipase (clearing factor lipase) activity in the adiposal, muscular and lung tissues of ten animal species.", "content": "1. The lipoprotein lipase activity of white adipose tissue from a variety of sites, muscular tissue from the heart, limb and diaphragm and lung tissue was determined in samples from nine mammalian and one avian species. 2. The effect of 24 hr starvation on these activities was studied in five of the mammalian and the avian species.", "contents": "The distribution of lipoprotein lipase (clearing factor lipase) activity in the adiposal, muscular and lung tissues of ten animal species. 1. The lipoprotein lipase activity of white adipose tissue from a variety of sites, muscular tissue from the heart, limb and diaphragm and lung tissue was determined in samples from nine mammalian and one avian species. 2. The effect of 24 hr starvation on these activities was studied in five of the mammalian and the avian species.", "PMID": 318428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6409", "title": "Quantitative immunological studies of the albumins of several species of fire bellied toads, genus Bombina.", "content": "1. Rabbit antisera against purified serum albumin of Bombina bombina were used to study relationships between B. bombina, B. variegata, and B. orientalis. 2. Quantitative micro-complement fixation tests indicated the albumins of B. bombina from central Poland and Bulgaria were indistinguishable. The albumins from several populations of B. variegata differed very slightly from that of B. bombina. The albumin of B. orientalis was quite distinct from that of B. bombina. 3. Using albumin as a molecular clock, we estimated B. bombina and B. variegata diverged within the last million years, whereas the B. orientalis lineage diverged roughly 10-12 mil yr ago.", "contents": "Quantitative immunological studies of the albumins of several species of fire bellied toads, genus Bombina. 1. Rabbit antisera against purified serum albumin of Bombina bombina were used to study relationships between B. bombina, B. variegata, and B. orientalis. 2. Quantitative micro-complement fixation tests indicated the albumins of B. bombina from central Poland and Bulgaria were indistinguishable. The albumins from several populations of B. variegata differed very slightly from that of B. bombina. The albumin of B. orientalis was quite distinct from that of B. bombina. 3. Using albumin as a molecular clock, we estimated B. bombina and B. variegata diverged within the last million years, whereas the B. orientalis lineage diverged roughly 10-12 mil yr ago.", "PMID": 318429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6410", "title": "Subcellular distribution of newly synthesized glycerolipids in intact and homogenized rat adipocytes.", "content": "1. Homogenization of rat adipocytes was found to inhibit the transfer of newly synthesized phospholipids and glycerides from the membranes to the storage lipids. 2. In intact adipocytes, only 23 +/- 3.4% of the phospholipids and 0.44 +/- 0.12% of the glycerides remained bound to the membranes, while for the homogenate, the comparable values obtained were 74 +/- 5.2% and 90 +/- 0.3% respectively. 3. Various factors that might be involved in the liberation of the glycerolipids from the adipocyte esterification sites are discussed.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of newly synthesized glycerolipids in intact and homogenized rat adipocytes. 1. Homogenization of rat adipocytes was found to inhibit the transfer of newly synthesized phospholipids and glycerides from the membranes to the storage lipids. 2. In intact adipocytes, only 23 +/- 3.4% of the phospholipids and 0.44 +/- 0.12% of the glycerides remained bound to the membranes, while for the homogenate, the comparable values obtained were 74 +/- 5.2% and 90 +/- 0.3% respectively. 3. Various factors that might be involved in the liberation of the glycerolipids from the adipocyte esterification sites are discussed.", "PMID": 318430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6411", "title": "Utilization of acetate by chick brain during postnatal maturation.", "content": "1. The study of the compartmentation of glutamate metabolism has been performed in the chick brain in vivo and in vitro in the presence of [U-14C]acetate between day 1 and day 30 of postnatal maturation. 2. The compartmentation of glutamate metabolism in vivo appears between day 1 and day 4 after hatching in the cerebral hemispheres and optic lobes. It is however more precocious in the optic lobes. In the cerebellum, it appears later, at about day 4 after hatching. The compartmentation of glutamate metabolism appears at the same time as the rapid incorporation of glucose into amino acids takes place in the cerebral hemispheres and the optic lobes. 3. In the chick telencephalon in vitro, the compartmentation of glutamate metabolism is visible from day 1 after hatching onwards. This difference is undoubtedly linked to the absence of an interference of glucose metabolism with acetate metabolism in vitro, and to the presence of a third compartment in the cerebral slices.", "contents": "Utilization of acetate by chick brain during postnatal maturation. 1. The study of the compartmentation of glutamate metabolism has been performed in the chick brain in vivo and in vitro in the presence of [U-14C]acetate between day 1 and day 30 of postnatal maturation. 2. The compartmentation of glutamate metabolism in vivo appears between day 1 and day 4 after hatching in the cerebral hemispheres and optic lobes. It is however more precocious in the optic lobes. In the cerebellum, it appears later, at about day 4 after hatching. The compartmentation of glutamate metabolism appears at the same time as the rapid incorporation of glucose into amino acids takes place in the cerebral hemispheres and the optic lobes. 3. In the chick telencephalon in vitro, the compartmentation of glutamate metabolism is visible from day 1 after hatching onwards. This difference is undoubtedly linked to the absence of an interference of glucose metabolism with acetate metabolism in vitro, and to the presence of a third compartment in the cerebral slices.", "PMID": 318431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6412", "title": "Esterification of cholesterol in fish plasma: studies on the cholesterol esterifying enzyme in plasma of char (Salmo alpinus L.).", "content": "1. Plasma of sea char (Salmo alpinus L.) has the ability to esterify cholesterol in vitro. Heat inactivation of the plasma totally inhibited the esterification. 2. Arrhenius plot of the esterification of [3H]cholesterol was linear in the temperature range 5-35 degrees C. 3. Cholesterol esterification in sea char plasma could not be reversibly inhibited by sulphydryl-blocking agents. Total equilibration of the added [3H]cholesterol and the endogenous cholesterol could therefore not be obtained. 4. Comparison of esterification of endogenous and labelled cholesterol revealed that the isotopic method was valid only in qualitative measurements.", "contents": "Esterification of cholesterol in fish plasma: studies on the cholesterol esterifying enzyme in plasma of char (Salmo alpinus L.). 1. Plasma of sea char (Salmo alpinus L.) has the ability to esterify cholesterol in vitro. Heat inactivation of the plasma totally inhibited the esterification. 2. Arrhenius plot of the esterification of [3H]cholesterol was linear in the temperature range 5-35 degrees C. 3. Cholesterol esterification in sea char plasma could not be reversibly inhibited by sulphydryl-blocking agents. Total equilibration of the added [3H]cholesterol and the endogenous cholesterol could therefore not be obtained. 4. Comparison of esterification of endogenous and labelled cholesterol revealed that the isotopic method was valid only in qualitative measurements.", "PMID": 318432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6413", "title": "L-serine dehydratase and L-serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activities in different animal species.", "content": "1. A rough inverse correlation between liver serine dehydratase activity and species body size was observed with mammals. This was not found for glutamate, malate or lactate dehydrogenase, fumarase or aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Serine dehydratase (and certain liver aminotransferases showing a similar species-size dependence) may have a role in the stimulation of heat production. 2. Cold-exposed rats showed a 3-4 fold increase in serine dehydratase activity. 3. No liver serine dehydratase was measurable in amphibia. 4. In mammals high liver serine-pyruvate aminotransferase is associated with a flesh-eating dietary habit. High activity was found in amphibia and goldfish. A gluconeogenic role is suggested.", "contents": "L-serine dehydratase and L-serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activities in different animal species. 1. A rough inverse correlation between liver serine dehydratase activity and species body size was observed with mammals. This was not found for glutamate, malate or lactate dehydrogenase, fumarase or aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Serine dehydratase (and certain liver aminotransferases showing a similar species-size dependence) may have a role in the stimulation of heat production. 2. Cold-exposed rats showed a 3-4 fold increase in serine dehydratase activity. 3. No liver serine dehydratase was measurable in amphibia. 4. In mammals high liver serine-pyruvate aminotransferase is associated with a flesh-eating dietary habit. High activity was found in amphibia and goldfish. A gluconeogenic role is suggested.", "PMID": 318433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6414", "title": "Ketogenesis in vertebrate livers.", "content": "1. The hypothesis is advanced that a gluconeogenic organ such as the liver would evolve to oxidise fatty acids as its source of ATP for gluconeogenesis. It is also argued that such an organ might, in the light of current knowledge, be expected to be ketogenic. The animals investigated were lamprey, rainbow trout, eel, toad, axolotl, lizard and rat. 2. The respiratory quotients of liver slices from all animals was close to 0.74. Ketone bodies were produced from butyrate by all livers excepting the lamprey and ketone bodies were present in all blood samples examined. 3. There was no convincing evidence that direct deacylation of acetoacetyl CoA was important in any liver. HMGCoA synthase activity could not be found in the livers of the lamprey and eel. This enzyme was present in livers of the other animals. There was a large amount of acetoacetyl CoA-succinate transferase in the livers of the rainbow trout and eel, but only small amounts in the higher animals. 4. It is suggested that, initially the transferase was the important ketogenic pathway and the HMGCoA pathway evolved later.", "contents": "Ketogenesis in vertebrate livers. 1. The hypothesis is advanced that a gluconeogenic organ such as the liver would evolve to oxidise fatty acids as its source of ATP for gluconeogenesis. It is also argued that such an organ might, in the light of current knowledge, be expected to be ketogenic. The animals investigated were lamprey, rainbow trout, eel, toad, axolotl, lizard and rat. 2. The respiratory quotients of liver slices from all animals was close to 0.74. Ketone bodies were produced from butyrate by all livers excepting the lamprey and ketone bodies were present in all blood samples examined. 3. There was no convincing evidence that direct deacylation of acetoacetyl CoA was important in any liver. HMGCoA synthase activity could not be found in the livers of the lamprey and eel. This enzyme was present in livers of the other animals. There was a large amount of acetoacetyl CoA-succinate transferase in the livers of the rainbow trout and eel, but only small amounts in the higher animals. 4. It is suggested that, initially the transferase was the important ketogenic pathway and the HMGCoA pathway evolved later.", "PMID": 318434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6415", "title": "The amino acid sequence of the major parvalbumin of the whiting (Gadus merlangus).", "content": "1. The amino acid sequence of the major parvalbumin of the Whiting has been determined; the polypeptide chain is made of 108 residues, the terminal amino acid group is acetylated, there is no disulfide bridges, the structure of the two calcium binding sites is preserved and the distribution along the polypeptide chain of the hydrophobic residues implicated in the compact hydrophobic core of the protein is also maintained. 2. The comparison of this amino acid sequence with other parvalbumins indicates that it belongs to the beta type and that within the Gadidae family two types of parvalbumins also occur.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of the major parvalbumin of the whiting (Gadus merlangus). 1. The amino acid sequence of the major parvalbumin of the Whiting has been determined; the polypeptide chain is made of 108 residues, the terminal amino acid group is acetylated, there is no disulfide bridges, the structure of the two calcium binding sites is preserved and the distribution along the polypeptide chain of the hydrophobic residues implicated in the compact hydrophobic core of the protein is also maintained. 2. The comparison of this amino acid sequence with other parvalbumins indicates that it belongs to the beta type and that within the Gadidae family two types of parvalbumins also occur.", "PMID": 318435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6416", "title": "A comparison of the uptake of [1-14C]palmitate into cell fractions of the perfused toad, chick and guinea-pig heart.", "content": "1. The incorporation and washout of [1-14C]palmitate in the subcellular fractions of toad, chick and guinea-pig hearts has been studied at warm and cold temperatures. 2. Maximal FFA radioactivity generally occurred in the microsomal fraction. Washout of radioactivity in chick and guinea-pig hearts virtually ceased in the cold, while in the toad it was only moderately affected. 3. The microsomal esterification process was temperature dependent. It was most active in the guinea-pig and least active in the toad.", "contents": "A comparison of the uptake of [1-14C]palmitate into cell fractions of the perfused toad, chick and guinea-pig heart. 1. The incorporation and washout of [1-14C]palmitate in the subcellular fractions of toad, chick and guinea-pig hearts has been studied at warm and cold temperatures. 2. Maximal FFA radioactivity generally occurred in the microsomal fraction. Washout of radioactivity in chick and guinea-pig hearts virtually ceased in the cold, while in the toad it was only moderately affected. 3. The microsomal esterification process was temperature dependent. It was most active in the guinea-pig and least active in the toad.", "PMID": 318436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6417", "title": "Aspects of purine metabolism in the gill epithelium of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson.", "content": "1. Enzymes interconnecting the adenylate pool were present in high concentration. 2. AMP and adenosine were easily deaminated by the corresponding enzymes whose high levels were detected. 3. Adenylate was hydrolyzed either by deamination to yield IMP which was further dephosphorylated to inosine or by dephosphorylation to adenosine followed by deamination to inosine. 4. Incubation of gill extract with [-14C]-AMP in the presence and absence of ATP but with adenosine deaminase inhibitors allowed demonstration that ATP controlled the balance between these pathways. 5. Some biochemical properties of 5'-nucleotidase. AMP deaminase and adenosine deaminase were defined. 6. Purine salvage enzymes were also estimated.", "contents": "Aspects of purine metabolism in the gill epithelium of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. 1. Enzymes interconnecting the adenylate pool were present in high concentration. 2. AMP and adenosine were easily deaminated by the corresponding enzymes whose high levels were detected. 3. Adenylate was hydrolyzed either by deamination to yield IMP which was further dephosphorylated to inosine or by dephosphorylation to adenosine followed by deamination to inosine. 4. Incubation of gill extract with [-14C]-AMP in the presence and absence of ATP but with adenosine deaminase inhibitors allowed demonstration that ATP controlled the balance between these pathways. 5. Some biochemical properties of 5'-nucleotidase. AMP deaminase and adenosine deaminase were defined. 6. Purine salvage enzymes were also estimated.", "PMID": 318437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6418", "title": "Erythrocyte enzymes in groups of Rattus norvegicus with genetic differences in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels.", "content": "1. A major locus with two alleles is responsible for large differences in erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) levels in Rattus norvegicus. Blood from homozygous High-DPG, homozygous Low-DPG and heterozygous animals was used to measure blood indices and red cell enzyme activities. 2. Significant differences between groups were found in DPG levels, white blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels. 3. The results suggest that none of the red cell enzymes assayed is structurally or quantitatively different in the three groups.", "contents": "Erythrocyte enzymes in groups of Rattus norvegicus with genetic differences in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels. 1. A major locus with two alleles is responsible for large differences in erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) levels in Rattus norvegicus. Blood from homozygous High-DPG, homozygous Low-DPG and heterozygous animals was used to measure blood indices and red cell enzyme activities. 2. Significant differences between groups were found in DPG levels, white blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels. 3. The results suggest that none of the red cell enzymes assayed is structurally or quantitatively different in the three groups.", "PMID": 318438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6419", "title": "Significance of the variation in isozymes of liver lactate dehydrogenase with thermal acclimation in goldfish--I. Thermostability and temperature dependency.", "content": "1. Total and isozyme properties as well as isozyme pattern were examined in liver lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from goldfish acclimated to different temperatures. 2. LDH of warm-acclimated fish were thermostable and exhibited higher Q10 in low temperature range as compared with that of co ld-acclimated fish. 3. The relative activities of LDH-1, LDH-2 and LDH-3, which were more thermostable, increased and LDH-4 and LDH-5, which were more heat sensitive, decreased during warm acclimation. Q10 in the low temperature range for LDH-5 was lower than that for LDH-1.", "contents": "Significance of the variation in isozymes of liver lactate dehydrogenase with thermal acclimation in goldfish--I. Thermostability and temperature dependency. 1. Total and isozyme properties as well as isozyme pattern were examined in liver lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from goldfish acclimated to different temperatures. 2. LDH of warm-acclimated fish were thermostable and exhibited higher Q10 in low temperature range as compared with that of co ld-acclimated fish. 3. The relative activities of LDH-1, LDH-2 and LDH-3, which were more thermostable, increased and LDH-4 and LDH-5, which were more heat sensitive, decreased during warm acclimation. Q10 in the low temperature range for LDH-5 was lower than that for LDH-1.", "PMID": 318439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6420", "title": "De novo purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis in adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea).", "content": "1. Radioactivity was found to be associated with purine ribonucleotides in extracts of gravid adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis from the lungs of rats when the parasite was incubated in a medium containing [14C]glycine. 2. The rate of incorporation was at least 0.2 pmole/min per mg of parasite and approximately equal amounts of adenine and guanine ribonucleotides were synthesized. 3. This is the first demonstration of the capacity for a mammalian parasitic helminth to synthesize purines de novo.", "contents": "De novo purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis in adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea). 1. Radioactivity was found to be associated with purine ribonucleotides in extracts of gravid adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis from the lungs of rats when the parasite was incubated in a medium containing [14C]glycine. 2. The rate of incorporation was at least 0.2 pmole/min per mg of parasite and approximately equal amounts of adenine and guanine ribonucleotides were synthesized. 3. This is the first demonstration of the capacity for a mammalian parasitic helminth to synthesize purines de novo.", "PMID": 318440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6421", "title": "Amino terminal sequence of hog intrinsic factor.", "content": "1. Hog intrinsic factor has been purified from gastric mucosa by labile ligand affinity chromatography. 2. The following N-terminal amino acid sequence has been determined: Thr-Arg-Ser-Ser-Cys-Ser-Val-Pro-Ser-Ala-Glu-Gln-Pro-Leu-Val-Asn-Gly-Ile- Gln-Val - Leu-Met. 3. However, approx 60% of the preparation lacked the first two residues. 4. A high degree of homology between the amino terminal sequence of human and hog intrinsic factor exists.", "contents": "Amino terminal sequence of hog intrinsic factor. 1. Hog intrinsic factor has been purified from gastric mucosa by labile ligand affinity chromatography. 2. The following N-terminal amino acid sequence has been determined: Thr-Arg-Ser-Ser-Cys-Ser-Val-Pro-Ser-Ala-Glu-Gln-Pro-Leu-Val-Asn-Gly-Ile- Gln-Val - Leu-Met. 3. However, approx 60% of the preparation lacked the first two residues. 4. A high degree of homology between the amino terminal sequence of human and hog intrinsic factor exists.", "PMID": 318441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6422", "title": "Serum and liver lipid composition and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in horses, Equus caballus.", "content": "1. The lipid composition of serum and liver and some properties of serum lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase of the horse were investigated. 2. Phospholipids and cholesterol were the major components of serum lipids and the concentration of triglyceride was considerably low. The concentration of liver lipids was comparable with that of other mammals. 3. Fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol ester resembled that of the 2-position of lecithin, except palmitic acid. 4. The activity of serum cholesterol esterifying enzyme was found to be 0.03-0.09 mumol/hr per ml. There was an equimolar decrease in free cholesterol and lecithin during incubation, and changes in unsaturated fatty acids in these two components were in good agreement. 5. Cholesterol esterification was reversibly inhibited by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The acyl-transferase had a specificity for linoleic acid.", "contents": "Serum and liver lipid composition and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in horses, Equus caballus. 1. The lipid composition of serum and liver and some properties of serum lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase of the horse were investigated. 2. Phospholipids and cholesterol were the major components of serum lipids and the concentration of triglyceride was considerably low. The concentration of liver lipids was comparable with that of other mammals. 3. Fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol ester resembled that of the 2-position of lecithin, except palmitic acid. 4. The activity of serum cholesterol esterifying enzyme was found to be 0.03-0.09 mumol/hr per ml. There was an equimolar decrease in free cholesterol and lecithin during incubation, and changes in unsaturated fatty acids in these two components were in good agreement. 5. Cholesterol esterification was reversibly inhibited by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The acyl-transferase had a specificity for linoleic acid.", "PMID": 318442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6423", "title": "Avidin induction by tissue injury and inflammation in male and female chickens.", "content": "1. The occurrence and inducibility of the biotin-binding egg white protein (avidin) in the chicken is not restricted to the oviduct. 2. Inflammatory treatments (intestinal injury, actinomycin D) induced avidin in a number of tissues of young and adult hens and roosters, but not of female rats and mice. Highest avidin concentrations were found in the organs containing epithelial cells and serous membrane. 3. The expression of the avidin gene by tissue injury and inflammation suggests that avidin has a significant function in the injured and inflamed chicken tissues.", "contents": "Avidin induction by tissue injury and inflammation in male and female chickens. 1. The occurrence and inducibility of the biotin-binding egg white protein (avidin) in the chicken is not restricted to the oviduct. 2. Inflammatory treatments (intestinal injury, actinomycin D) induced avidin in a number of tissues of young and adult hens and roosters, but not of female rats and mice. Highest avidin concentrations were found in the organs containing epithelial cells and serous membrane. 3. The expression of the avidin gene by tissue injury and inflammation suggests that avidin has a significant function in the injured and inflamed chicken tissues.", "PMID": 318443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6424", "title": "Identification of haptoglobin in chicken serum and specificity of the chicken haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex formation.", "content": "1. The presence of haptoglobin in chicken serum has been demonstrated by three different techniques: gel filtration, cellulose acetate electrophoresis and fluorescence quenching. 2. Chicken haptoglobin shows a narrow species specificity; it binds only avian and reptilian but not mammalian hemoglobins. 3. Haptoglobin seems to have been subjected to profound changes during the course of evolution.", "contents": "Identification of haptoglobin in chicken serum and specificity of the chicken haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex formation. 1. The presence of haptoglobin in chicken serum has been demonstrated by three different techniques: gel filtration, cellulose acetate electrophoresis and fluorescence quenching. 2. Chicken haptoglobin shows a narrow species specificity; it binds only avian and reptilian but not mammalian hemoglobins. 3. Haptoglobin seems to have been subjected to profound changes during the course of evolution.", "PMID": 318444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6425", "title": "Superoxide dismutase in normal and malignant tissues in different species.", "content": "1. Superoxide dismutase (superoxide: superoxide oxido-reductase, E.C. 1.15.1.1) in different species was determined quantitatively and qualitatively. Although quantitative differences were minor, there were significant differences in the isoenzyme patterns among the species. 2. No quantitative differences were found in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the brains of mice between 1 and 23 days of age. The mitochondrial isoenzyme increased with age, attaining maximal levels between 9 and 12 days. In the six, regions of adult rat brain studied, highest values of SOD were found in the hypothalamus and lowest in the cortex. 3. SOD levels generally were lower in several transplantable mouse and rat tumors than in normal tissues of these species. Mn-SOD was not detected in the tumors studied by the methods employed.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase in normal and malignant tissues in different species. 1. Superoxide dismutase (superoxide: superoxide oxido-reductase, E.C. 1.15.1.1) in different species was determined quantitatively and qualitatively. Although quantitative differences were minor, there were significant differences in the isoenzyme patterns among the species. 2. No quantitative differences were found in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the brains of mice between 1 and 23 days of age. The mitochondrial isoenzyme increased with age, attaining maximal levels between 9 and 12 days. In the six, regions of adult rat brain studied, highest values of SOD were found in the hypothalamus and lowest in the cortex. 3. SOD levels generally were lower in several transplantable mouse and rat tumors than in normal tissues of these species. Mn-SOD was not detected in the tumors studied by the methods employed.", "PMID": 318445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6426", "title": "Differences in microtubule stability to colchicine in extracts of guinea pig, rat and rabbit brain.", "content": "1. Microtubules (MT) from a guinea pig brain 25,000 g supernatant are not depolymerized by colchicine in contrast to MT from similar preparations of rat and rabbit. 2. The colchicine-stability was lost if the guinea pig brain homogenate was centrifuged at a higher g-level, further purified or if only the grey matter was used. 3. The association constant of colchicine to tubulin did not differ between a stable and a labile guinea pig brain preparation. 4. The GTP-hydrolysis was higher in the guinea pig preparation containing stable MT, than in the preparation containing labile MT. Additional GTP added to the polymerized MT before colchicine exposure, labilized the MT. Preincubation with NaF decreased the GTP-hydrolysis and caused a colchicine depolymerization. 5. The results indicate species differences in colchicine sensitivity of in vitro polymerized MT, probably depending on differences in GTP-hydrolysis.", "contents": "Differences in microtubule stability to colchicine in extracts of guinea pig, rat and rabbit brain. 1. Microtubules (MT) from a guinea pig brain 25,000 g supernatant are not depolymerized by colchicine in contrast to MT from similar preparations of rat and rabbit. 2. The colchicine-stability was lost if the guinea pig brain homogenate was centrifuged at a higher g-level, further purified or if only the grey matter was used. 3. The association constant of colchicine to tubulin did not differ between a stable and a labile guinea pig brain preparation. 4. The GTP-hydrolysis was higher in the guinea pig preparation containing stable MT, than in the preparation containing labile MT. Additional GTP added to the polymerized MT before colchicine exposure, labilized the MT. Preincubation with NaF decreased the GTP-hydrolysis and caused a colchicine depolymerization. 5. The results indicate species differences in colchicine sensitivity of in vitro polymerized MT, probably depending on differences in GTP-hydrolysis.", "PMID": 318446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6427", "title": "Occurrence and possible adaptive significance of some histochemically demonstrable dehydrogenases in two entosymbiotic rhabdocoels (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria).", "content": "1. The occurrence and distribution of twelve dehydrogenases have been studied histochemically in two species of rhabdocoel turbellarians entosymbiotic in marine bivalves. 2. Both species (Paravortex scrobiculariae in Scrobicularia plana and P. cardii in Cerastoderma edule) possess dehydrogenases concerned with the three major energy-producing pathways. 3. P. scrobiculariae shows a much greater emphasis on glycolysis than does P. cardii. 4. It is suggested that the emphasis on glycolysis in P. scrobiculariae is an adaptation to regular variations in oxygen supply in its habitat; this adaptation facilitates feeding and associated migrations within the host which occur at times when the host is not submerged by the tide and when oxygen is likely to be in short supply. 5. Dehydrogenases associated with the pentose phosphate shunt are especially evident in the developing embryos of both species and are probably concerned with synthesis of nucleotides and nucleoproteins.", "contents": "Occurrence and possible adaptive significance of some histochemically demonstrable dehydrogenases in two entosymbiotic rhabdocoels (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). 1. The occurrence and distribution of twelve dehydrogenases have been studied histochemically in two species of rhabdocoel turbellarians entosymbiotic in marine bivalves. 2. Both species (Paravortex scrobiculariae in Scrobicularia plana and P. cardii in Cerastoderma edule) possess dehydrogenases concerned with the three major energy-producing pathways. 3. P. scrobiculariae shows a much greater emphasis on glycolysis than does P. cardii. 4. It is suggested that the emphasis on glycolysis in P. scrobiculariae is an adaptation to regular variations in oxygen supply in its habitat; this adaptation facilitates feeding and associated migrations within the host which occur at times when the host is not submerged by the tide and when oxygen is likely to be in short supply. 5. Dehydrogenases associated with the pentose phosphate shunt are especially evident in the developing embryos of both species and are probably concerned with synthesis of nucleotides and nucleoproteins.", "PMID": 318447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6428", "title": "Hemoglobin polymorphism in Equus przewalskii and E. caballus analyzed by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "1. Through the use of isoelectric focusing and peptide analysis, the hemoglobins of Przewalski's horse. Equus przewalskii and the domestic horse, E. caballus have been compared. 2. Przewalski's horses have two separate alpha-globin chain polymorphisms similar to domestic horses. Each hemoglobin phenotype could be accurately determined by isoelectric focusing. 3. Confirmation of the electrofocusing hemoglobin determinations was made by comparison to amino acid composition analyses of purified tryptic peptides and by analysis of the rare hemoglobins phenotypes observed in a family of Norwegian trotting horses. 4. Hemoglobin genotypes of fifteen Przewalski's horses were determined and inheritance of hemoglobin haplotypes has been observed.", "contents": "Hemoglobin polymorphism in Equus przewalskii and E. caballus analyzed by isoelectric focusing. 1. Through the use of isoelectric focusing and peptide analysis, the hemoglobins of Przewalski's horse. Equus przewalskii and the domestic horse, E. caballus have been compared. 2. Przewalski's horses have two separate alpha-globin chain polymorphisms similar to domestic horses. Each hemoglobin phenotype could be accurately determined by isoelectric focusing. 3. Confirmation of the electrofocusing hemoglobin determinations was made by comparison to amino acid composition analyses of purified tryptic peptides and by analysis of the rare hemoglobins phenotypes observed in a family of Norwegian trotting horses. 4. Hemoglobin genotypes of fifteen Przewalski's horses were determined and inheritance of hemoglobin haplotypes has been observed.", "PMID": 318448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6429", "title": "Canine haptoglobin: a unique haptoglobin subunit arrangement.", "content": "1. Isolated canine haptoglobin behaved identically to the alpha 2 beta 2 structure typical of human haptoglobin type 1-1 on alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and on gel filtration. 2. In the presence of urea or sodium dodecyl sulphate canine haptoglobin dissociated into alpha beta subunits that separated into alpha and beta chains after reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol. 3. Compositional analysis identified one less half-cystine in canine alpha chain when compared to human alpha 1 chain. 4. These results provide evidence that there is no inter alpha chain disulphide in canine haptoglobin comparable to the alpha 1 20-alpha 1 20 disulphide in human haptoglobin that links the two alpha beta subunits.", "contents": "Canine haptoglobin: a unique haptoglobin subunit arrangement. 1. Isolated canine haptoglobin behaved identically to the alpha 2 beta 2 structure typical of human haptoglobin type 1-1 on alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and on gel filtration. 2. In the presence of urea or sodium dodecyl sulphate canine haptoglobin dissociated into alpha beta subunits that separated into alpha and beta chains after reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol. 3. Compositional analysis identified one less half-cystine in canine alpha chain when compared to human alpha 1 chain. 4. These results provide evidence that there is no inter alpha chain disulphide in canine haptoglobin comparable to the alpha 1 20-alpha 1 20 disulphide in human haptoglobin that links the two alpha beta subunits.", "PMID": 318449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6430", "title": "Purification and characterization of the myoglobins of Paramecium tetraurelia.", "content": "1. The molecular variants of the myoglobins of Paramecium tetraurelia have been purified as five separate components and designated Mb 1 to Mb 5. 2. The five molecular forms are homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and isoelectric focusing (IF). 3. The myoglobin species appear to have identical molecular weights and amino acid compositions and differ only in their isoelectric points and relative concentrations in vivo. 4. The myoglobin species have an apparent molecular weight of 15,000 +/- 500 and possess a single heme group per mole which appears to be protoporphyrin IX. 5. The amino acid composition of the five species is: lys12, his3, arg4, asp17, thr9, ser6, glu16, pro4, gly11, ala15, cys0, val8, met2, ile7, leu10, tyr5, phe7. 6. The spectra of several ferrous and ferric derivatives of the mixture Mb 1-Mb 5 are presented.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the myoglobins of Paramecium tetraurelia. 1. The molecular variants of the myoglobins of Paramecium tetraurelia have been purified as five separate components and designated Mb 1 to Mb 5. 2. The five molecular forms are homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and isoelectric focusing (IF). 3. The myoglobin species appear to have identical molecular weights and amino acid compositions and differ only in their isoelectric points and relative concentrations in vivo. 4. The myoglobin species have an apparent molecular weight of 15,000 +/- 500 and possess a single heme group per mole which appears to be protoporphyrin IX. 5. The amino acid composition of the five species is: lys12, his3, arg4, asp17, thr9, ser6, glu16, pro4, gly11, ala15, cys0, val8, met2, ile7, leu10, tyr5, phe7. 6. The spectra of several ferrous and ferric derivatives of the mixture Mb 1-Mb 5 are presented.", "PMID": 318450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6431", "title": "Dual sites of occurrence of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase and their possible functional significance in avian tissues.", "content": "1. Uropygial glands of domestic goose and mallard which synthesize methyl-branched fatty acids, contain large quantities of cytosolic malonyl-CoA decarboxylase and a small quantity of mitochondrial enzyme. 2. Uropygial glands of chicken and the liver of geese which generate little methyl-branched acids, contain only small quantities of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase and in such cases the enzyme is in the mitochondria. 3. The mitochondrial decarboxylase from the uropygial gland and liver of goose is immunologically similar to the cytosolic decarboxylase of the uropygial gland. 4. The mitochondrial enzyme probably protects the mitochondrial enzymes which are susceptible to inhibition by malonyl-CoA, whereas the cytosolic enzyme promotes the synthesis of methyl-branched acids.", "contents": "Dual sites of occurrence of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase and their possible functional significance in avian tissues. 1. Uropygial glands of domestic goose and mallard which synthesize methyl-branched fatty acids, contain large quantities of cytosolic malonyl-CoA decarboxylase and a small quantity of mitochondrial enzyme. 2. Uropygial glands of chicken and the liver of geese which generate little methyl-branched acids, contain only small quantities of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase and in such cases the enzyme is in the mitochondria. 3. The mitochondrial decarboxylase from the uropygial gland and liver of goose is immunologically similar to the cytosolic decarboxylase of the uropygial gland. 4. The mitochondrial enzyme probably protects the mitochondrial enzymes which are susceptible to inhibition by malonyl-CoA, whereas the cytosolic enzyme promotes the synthesis of methyl-branched acids.", "PMID": 318451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6432", "title": "The effect of rumen epithelial development on metabolic activities and ketogenesis by the tissue in vitro.", "content": "1. An investigation was made on oxygen consumption, glucose and lactate uptake and ketogenesis from butyrate by rumen epithelium in vitro from lambs at various stages of development. 2. Oxygen uptake was decreased by about 35% and glucose uptake by about 90% between 2 weeks and 1/2 year of age. 3. The uptake of L-lactate and the utilization of butyrate as a substrate for respiration were increased during epithelial development. 4. The production of D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate from butyrate by the epithelium was largely increased between 4 to 10 weeks of age, independently of rumen fermentation. 5. A synergistic effect of glucose on the production of D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and on total ketone bodies from butyrate by the epithelium was observed. It accounted to 40-80% over butyrate depending on the stage of epithelial development.", "contents": "The effect of rumen epithelial development on metabolic activities and ketogenesis by the tissue in vitro. 1. An investigation was made on oxygen consumption, glucose and lactate uptake and ketogenesis from butyrate by rumen epithelium in vitro from lambs at various stages of development. 2. Oxygen uptake was decreased by about 35% and glucose uptake by about 90% between 2 weeks and 1/2 year of age. 3. The uptake of L-lactate and the utilization of butyrate as a substrate for respiration were increased during epithelial development. 4. The production of D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate from butyrate by the epithelium was largely increased between 4 to 10 weeks of age, independently of rumen fermentation. 5. A synergistic effect of glucose on the production of D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and on total ketone bodies from butyrate by the epithelium was observed. It accounted to 40-80% over butyrate depending on the stage of epithelial development.", "PMID": 318452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6433", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the erythrocyte surface membrane of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis.", "content": "1. The plasma membrane of the dogfish erythrocyte is characterized. 2. Surface membranes were isolated from dogfish red cells. 3. Cells suspended in a hypotonic zinc chloride buffer (0.5 mM ZnCl2, 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) tended to enucleate spontaneously. 4. By gentle homogenization relatively high yields of red cell \"ghosts\" were formed; these were purified using discontinuous gradients of sucrose and of glycerol solutions. Analyses of protein, carbohydrates and lipids were carried out. 5. There did not appear to be marked overall differences in the composition of the surface membrane of the nucleated dogfish erythrocyte compared to those of other species.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the erythrocyte surface membrane of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis. 1. The plasma membrane of the dogfish erythrocyte is characterized. 2. Surface membranes were isolated from dogfish red cells. 3. Cells suspended in a hypotonic zinc chloride buffer (0.5 mM ZnCl2, 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) tended to enucleate spontaneously. 4. By gentle homogenization relatively high yields of red cell \"ghosts\" were formed; these were purified using discontinuous gradients of sucrose and of glycerol solutions. Analyses of protein, carbohydrates and lipids were carried out. 5. There did not appear to be marked overall differences in the composition of the surface membrane of the nucleated dogfish erythrocyte compared to those of other species.", "PMID": 318453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6434", "title": "Sequences of the soluble tryptic peptides from myoglobin of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares).", "content": "1. Amino acid sequences of the soluble tryptic peptides of yellowfin tuna myoglobin, comprising 60% of the total residues, are presented. 2. The amino terminus is acetylated as shown by Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of an N-terminal dipeptide. 3. Comparison of peptide sequences from yellowfin tuna myoglobin with corresponding regions of mammalian myoglobins shows obvious homology around the heme-attachment site and the carboxyl terminus, but marked dissimilarity is evident at other locations, such as the amino terminal region.", "contents": "Sequences of the soluble tryptic peptides from myoglobin of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). 1. Amino acid sequences of the soluble tryptic peptides of yellowfin tuna myoglobin, comprising 60% of the total residues, are presented. 2. The amino terminus is acetylated as shown by Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of an N-terminal dipeptide. 3. Comparison of peptide sequences from yellowfin tuna myoglobin with corresponding regions of mammalian myoglobins shows obvious homology around the heme-attachment site and the carboxyl terminus, but marked dissimilarity is evident at other locations, such as the amino terminal region.", "PMID": 318454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6435", "title": "Kidney and liver carnosinase activity and carnosine level in goose.", "content": "Activity of kidney and liver carnosinase and concentration of carnosine in leg muscles were determined for 8 weeks in old geese of three races: Italian white, Bilgoraj and Lublin. significant differences were noted between the three races with respect to all parameters under study. the following correlations were found: 1. Between live goose weight and carnosine concentration in muscles (r= 0.5276). 2. Between weight of leg muscles and carnosine level in these muscles (r=0.4912). 3. Between liver weight and carnosine level in muscles (r= 0.3292). 4. Between kidney carnosinase activity and liver carnosinase activity (r= .2104). 5. Between liver carnosinase activity and carnosine level (r= 0.2280). 6. Between kidney carnosinase activity and carnosine level (r= -0.1675). 7. Between the ratio of kidney:liver carnosinase activity and carnosine level in muscles (r =0.1816).", "contents": "Kidney and liver carnosinase activity and carnosine level in goose. Activity of kidney and liver carnosinase and concentration of carnosine in leg muscles were determined for 8 weeks in old geese of three races: Italian white, Bilgoraj and Lublin. significant differences were noted between the three races with respect to all parameters under study. the following correlations were found: 1. Between live goose weight and carnosine concentration in muscles (r= 0.5276). 2. Between weight of leg muscles and carnosine level in these muscles (r=0.4912). 3. Between liver weight and carnosine level in muscles (r= 0.3292). 4. Between kidney carnosinase activity and liver carnosinase activity (r= .2104). 5. Between liver carnosinase activity and carnosine level (r= 0.2280). 6. Between kidney carnosinase activity and carnosine level (r= -0.1675). 7. Between the ratio of kidney:liver carnosinase activity and carnosine level in muscles (r =0.1816).", "PMID": 318455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6436", "title": "Changes in brain ganglioside composition of normothermic and hibernating golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "1. Brain ganglioside patterns of normothermic and hibernating golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and laboratory mice had been investigated. 2. The ganglioside pattern of normothermic golden hamsters in comparison to that of mice is characterized by an unusual high amount of the polar trisialoganglioside GT1. 3. In the hibernating golden hamster in contrast to normothermic counterparts the brain gangliosides are more polar (polysialization-effect). 4. The results are discussed with regard to the hypothesis that neuronal membranes provided with more polar gangliosides at lower environmental temperatures might be more efficient with respect to the high complexation ability of gangliosides with Ca2+-ions.", "contents": "Changes in brain ganglioside composition of normothermic and hibernating golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). 1. Brain ganglioside patterns of normothermic and hibernating golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and laboratory mice had been investigated. 2. The ganglioside pattern of normothermic golden hamsters in comparison to that of mice is characterized by an unusual high amount of the polar trisialoganglioside GT1. 3. In the hibernating golden hamster in contrast to normothermic counterparts the brain gangliosides are more polar (polysialization-effect). 4. The results are discussed with regard to the hypothesis that neuronal membranes provided with more polar gangliosides at lower environmental temperatures might be more efficient with respect to the high complexation ability of gangliosides with Ca2+-ions.", "PMID": 318456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6437", "title": "Gelatinization with formic acid.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the gelatins obtained by treating a number of fresh and fossil collagens with dilute formic acid. 2. Compositions of their peptides separated by filtration through polyacrylamide gels has been established. 3. Solubilization results in the freeing of much aspartic acid and less glycine, the amounts being determined for the collagens investigated.", "contents": "Gelatinization with formic acid. 1. A study has been made of the gelatins obtained by treating a number of fresh and fossil collagens with dilute formic acid. 2. Compositions of their peptides separated by filtration through polyacrylamide gels has been established. 3. Solubilization results in the freeing of much aspartic acid and less glycine, the amounts being determined for the collagens investigated.", "PMID": 318457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6438", "title": "Kynurenine hydroxylase in Musca domestica L.", "content": "1. Kynurenine hydroxylase activity was assayed in extracts of Musca domestica L. 2. During the life cycle of the fly, there is a peak of enzyme activity shortly after pupation. 3. Eye-color mutants, rb2, rb1; rb2 and cm, show reduced activity during pupal stages. 4. An ocra mutant lacks this activity. 5. The rb1 and rb2 mutations were separated from the rb1; rb2 strain. From measurements of the xanthommatin content, the rb1 mutation was suggested to enhance the expression of the rb2 gene.", "contents": "Kynurenine hydroxylase in Musca domestica L. 1. Kynurenine hydroxylase activity was assayed in extracts of Musca domestica L. 2. During the life cycle of the fly, there is a peak of enzyme activity shortly after pupation. 3. Eye-color mutants, rb2, rb1; rb2 and cm, show reduced activity during pupal stages. 4. An ocra mutant lacks this activity. 5. The rb1 and rb2 mutations were separated from the rb1; rb2 strain. From measurements of the xanthommatin content, the rb1 mutation was suggested to enhance the expression of the rb2 gene.", "PMID": 318458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6439", "title": "Polymorphic tetrameric superoxide dismutase in the pike Esox lucius L. (Pisces; Esocidae).", "content": "1. Heart muscle extracts of northern pike from Lake Malaren in Sweden exhibited two electophoretic types of superoxide dismutase, one of which was identified as the cytoplasmic enzyme (s-SOD) and the other as the mitochondrial form (m-SOD). 2. Individual analysis of 51 pike indicated that s-SOD was invariant while m-SOD displayed a pattern of variation which was explicable by a single-locus polymorphism. 3. The observed m-SOD phenotype patterns suggested that the enzyme is a tetramer. This interpretation is supported by in vitro molecular hybridization studies.", "contents": "Polymorphic tetrameric superoxide dismutase in the pike Esox lucius L. (Pisces; Esocidae). 1. Heart muscle extracts of northern pike from Lake Malaren in Sweden exhibited two electophoretic types of superoxide dismutase, one of which was identified as the cytoplasmic enzyme (s-SOD) and the other as the mitochondrial form (m-SOD). 2. Individual analysis of 51 pike indicated that s-SOD was invariant while m-SOD displayed a pattern of variation which was explicable by a single-locus polymorphism. 3. The observed m-SOD phenotype patterns suggested that the enzyme is a tetramer. This interpretation is supported by in vitro molecular hybridization studies.", "PMID": 318459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6440", "title": "Improved survival from stroke. An effect of antihypertensive therapy?", "content": "A major improvement in the case/fatality ratio of patients who were admitted to the Royal Melbourne Hospital with a first stroke was observed between 1974, and 1978. Reference to a current population-based stroke-incidence study enabled the most likely cause, changing selection criteria, to be discounted and there have been no improvements in acute hospital care to which this improvement may be attributed. The hypothesis is advanced that the marked improvement in survival after a first stroke, particularly in older patients, observed between the hospital series may be related to the high and increasing prevalence of treatment for hypertension in the community.", "contents": "Improved survival from stroke. An effect of antihypertensive therapy? A major improvement in the case/fatality ratio of patients who were admitted to the Royal Melbourne Hospital with a first stroke was observed between 1974, and 1978. Reference to a current population-based stroke-incidence study enabled the most likely cause, changing selection criteria, to be discounted and there have been no improvements in acute hospital care to which this improvement may be attributed. The hypothesis is advanced that the marked improvement in survival after a first stroke, particularly in older patients, observed between the hospital series may be related to the high and increasing prevalence of treatment for hypertension in the community.", "PMID": 318460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6441", "title": "Intermittent peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of end-stage renal failure.", "content": "Our experience of 54 patients with end-stage renal failure, who were treated with intermittent peritoneal dialysis and compared with patients maintained by haemodialysis over the years 1972 to 1978, has been reviewed. All patients received peritoneal dialysis for more than six weeks. The total experience was 32.8 patient dialysis-years, 48% as home dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis was used as an interim procedure in 19 patients who were waiting for haemodialysis. However, in 35 patients (particularly in the very young and elderly, and in situations of poor social support), recurrent peritoneal dialysis was chosen as the definitive dialysis therapy. Dialysis was assessed as \"adequate\" in all, but two, patients. The major complication of peritoneal dialysis was peritonitis, although its over-all incidence of 1.31 episodes per patient dialysis-year was low. An attack of peritonitis occurred every nine months of patient exposure, though the incidence of bacterial peritonitis averaged only once every 26 months. Fifty per cent of patients never had an episode of peritonitis. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis was associated with greater morbidity and mortality than haemodialysis, perhaps due, in part, to the older age of the peritoneal dialysis group. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis is a valuable adjunct to haemodialysis and transplantation in the treatment of end-stage renal failure.", "contents": "Intermittent peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of end-stage renal failure. Our experience of 54 patients with end-stage renal failure, who were treated with intermittent peritoneal dialysis and compared with patients maintained by haemodialysis over the years 1972 to 1978, has been reviewed. All patients received peritoneal dialysis for more than six weeks. The total experience was 32.8 patient dialysis-years, 48% as home dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis was used as an interim procedure in 19 patients who were waiting for haemodialysis. However, in 35 patients (particularly in the very young and elderly, and in situations of poor social support), recurrent peritoneal dialysis was chosen as the definitive dialysis therapy. Dialysis was assessed as \"adequate\" in all, but two, patients. The major complication of peritoneal dialysis was peritonitis, although its over-all incidence of 1.31 episodes per patient dialysis-year was low. An attack of peritonitis occurred every nine months of patient exposure, though the incidence of bacterial peritonitis averaged only once every 26 months. Fifty per cent of patients never had an episode of peritonitis. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis was associated with greater morbidity and mortality than haemodialysis, perhaps due, in part, to the older age of the peritoneal dialysis group. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis is a valuable adjunct to haemodialysis and transplantation in the treatment of end-stage renal failure.", "PMID": 318461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6442", "title": "Psychiatric disorders in obstetrics.", "content": "The incidence of serious psychiatric illness in 27,376 patients during pregnancy and the puerperium was one in 138 (0.7%). The puerperal-onset group comprised 64 of the 198 cases (32%) and, of these, 22% required admission to a psychiatric institution. Moreover, this group of patients had a recurrence rate of 45% in subsequent pregnancies. Clinical, ethnic and socioeconomic factors were analysed and compared with the same factors in a control group to seek significant associations that might indicate impending psychiatric disorders in obstetric patients.", "contents": "Psychiatric disorders in obstetrics. The incidence of serious psychiatric illness in 27,376 patients during pregnancy and the puerperium was one in 138 (0.7%). The puerperal-onset group comprised 64 of the 198 cases (32%) and, of these, 22% required admission to a psychiatric institution. Moreover, this group of patients had a recurrence rate of 45% in subsequent pregnancies. Clinical, ethnic and socioeconomic factors were analysed and compared with the same factors in a control group to seek significant associations that might indicate impending psychiatric disorders in obstetric patients.", "PMID": 318462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6443", "title": "Measurement of serum levels of oestriol and human placental lactogen in the management of pre-eclamptic pregnancies.", "content": "Maternal serum levels of total oestriol and human placental lactogen (HPL) were measured in 280 normal and 87 pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Normal levels of HPL, but significantly reduced total oestriol values were obtained when pre-eclampsia was present. However, when fetal complications developed, both hormone levels were further significantly reduced. The severity of pre-eclampsia had no effect on the serum levels of oestriol and HPL. An analysis of the 18 pregnancies with significant fetal-placental dysfunction showed that 13 (72%) were predicted by unfavourable levels of total oestriol, nine (50%) by unfavourable levels of HPL, and 14 (78%) by the use of both assays. The present study supports the value of antenatal measurement both of serum total oestriol and of HPL in the management of pre-eclamptic pregnancies.", "contents": "Measurement of serum levels of oestriol and human placental lactogen in the management of pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Maternal serum levels of total oestriol and human placental lactogen (HPL) were measured in 280 normal and 87 pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Normal levels of HPL, but significantly reduced total oestriol values were obtained when pre-eclampsia was present. However, when fetal complications developed, both hormone levels were further significantly reduced. The severity of pre-eclampsia had no effect on the serum levels of oestriol and HPL. An analysis of the 18 pregnancies with significant fetal-placental dysfunction showed that 13 (72%) were predicted by unfavourable levels of total oestriol, nine (50%) by unfavourable levels of HPL, and 14 (78%) by the use of both assays. The present study supports the value of antenatal measurement both of serum total oestriol and of HPL in the management of pre-eclamptic pregnancies.", "PMID": 318463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6444", "title": "Haemoglobin Bart's hydrops fetalis syndrome in an infant of Greek origin and prenatal diagnosis of alpha-thalassaemia.", "content": "An unusual case of Bart's hydrops fetalis is reported where the patient was born to parents of Greek origin. An exchange transfusion was given. Adult haemoglobin (HbA) was present in addition to HbBart's and HbPortland. A low level of synthesis of alpha-chains was evident. The mother presented again in a subsequent pregnancy for prenatal diagnosis of thalassaemia. The fetus was diagnosed as an alpha-thalassaemia carrier, a diagnosis which was confirmed at birth. The nature of alpha-thalassaemia in the family is discussed.", "contents": "Haemoglobin Bart's hydrops fetalis syndrome in an infant of Greek origin and prenatal diagnosis of alpha-thalassaemia. An unusual case of Bart's hydrops fetalis is reported where the patient was born to parents of Greek origin. An exchange transfusion was given. Adult haemoglobin (HbA) was present in addition to HbBart's and HbPortland. A low level of synthesis of alpha-chains was evident. The mother presented again in a subsequent pregnancy for prenatal diagnosis of thalassaemia. The fetus was diagnosed as an alpha-thalassaemia carrier, a diagnosis which was confirmed at birth. The nature of alpha-thalassaemia in the family is discussed.", "PMID": 318464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6445", "title": "Inversion of the uterus. Replacement without general anaesthesia.", "content": "Three cases of acute inversion of the uterus were managed by immediate manual replacement without general anesthesia. They are recorded to emphasize that recognition and prompt action prevent the onset of serious complications and the problems with reduction usually reported with this condition.", "contents": "Inversion of the uterus. Replacement without general anaesthesia. Three cases of acute inversion of the uterus were managed by immediate manual replacement without general anesthesia. They are recorded to emphasize that recognition and prompt action prevent the onset of serious complications and the problems with reduction usually reported with this condition.", "PMID": 318491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6446", "title": "A survey of cephalosporin use. Monitoring use in a hospital setting.", "content": "A survey of cephalosporin use was conducted at Flinders Medical Centre, a teaching hospital incorporating most specialty services. All in-patients who were prescribed cephalosporins over a seven-week period were monitored, and an evaluation of appropriateness of use was made by means of defined criteria. The cost of usage was also determined. During the study, 55 patients were given 57 courses of cephalosporins. In 59% of courses a cephalosporin was not the drug of choice; this figure comprised 42% of 33 therapeutic and 71% of 24 prophylactic courses. In most cases, the appropriate drug would have been a penicillin, usually a penicillinase-resistant penicillin. Prophylactic courses were often longer than normal recommendations. Each course cost approximately $25, about twice that of more appropriate drugs. It is suggested that future criteria-based reviews should be conducted to identify practice deficiencies, and that guidelines for antibiotic use be created.", "contents": "A survey of cephalosporin use. Monitoring use in a hospital setting. A survey of cephalosporin use was conducted at Flinders Medical Centre, a teaching hospital incorporating most specialty services. All in-patients who were prescribed cephalosporins over a seven-week period were monitored, and an evaluation of appropriateness of use was made by means of defined criteria. The cost of usage was also determined. During the study, 55 patients were given 57 courses of cephalosporins. In 59% of courses a cephalosporin was not the drug of choice; this figure comprised 42% of 33 therapeutic and 71% of 24 prophylactic courses. In most cases, the appropriate drug would have been a penicillin, usually a penicillinase-resistant penicillin. Prophylactic courses were often longer than normal recommendations. Each course cost approximately $25, about twice that of more appropriate drugs. It is suggested that future criteria-based reviews should be conducted to identify practice deficiencies, and that guidelines for antibiotic use be created.", "PMID": 318492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6447", "title": "Hydrallazine with beta-blocker and diuretic in the treatment of hypertension. A double-blind crossover study.", "content": "Thirty-seven hypertensive patients were treated with cyclopenthiazide, oxprenolol and hydrallazine. Blood pressure was controlled in 31 patients and a subsequent double-blind crossover study in 27 patients comparing hydrallazine with placebo confirmed the efficacy of hydrallazine in combination with diuretic and beta-adrenergic-blocking agent. The combination was effective in patients with renal hypertension and renal impairment. No adverse effects on renal function were observed. Patients who were slow acetylators had significantly better blood pressure control and more side effects. In view of the frequency of hydrallazine related side effects, prior institution of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs is desirable.", "contents": "Hydrallazine with beta-blocker and diuretic in the treatment of hypertension. A double-blind crossover study. Thirty-seven hypertensive patients were treated with cyclopenthiazide, oxprenolol and hydrallazine. Blood pressure was controlled in 31 patients and a subsequent double-blind crossover study in 27 patients comparing hydrallazine with placebo confirmed the efficacy of hydrallazine in combination with diuretic and beta-adrenergic-blocking agent. The combination was effective in patients with renal hypertension and renal impairment. No adverse effects on renal function were observed. Patients who were slow acetylators had significantly better blood pressure control and more side effects. In view of the frequency of hydrallazine related side effects, prior institution of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs is desirable.", "PMID": 318493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6448", "title": "Injection treatment for vascular flares.", "content": "Small or minor varicosities pose a considerable cosmetic problem to women afflicted with them. Previous methods of treatment have been either painful, or ineffective, or both. A simplified method of injection of these varices is described.", "contents": "Injection treatment for vascular flares. Small or minor varicosities pose a considerable cosmetic problem to women afflicted with them. Previous methods of treatment have been either painful, or ineffective, or both. A simplified method of injection of these varices is described.", "PMID": 318494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6449", "title": "Nissen fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux were treated by Nissen fundoplication over a three-year period. In 22 patients the symptoms of heartburn, reflux, or dysphagia were abolished or dramatically improved. The operative technique, complications, and reasons for the less successful outcome in the remaining two cases are discussed.", "contents": "Nissen fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux. Twenty-four patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux were treated by Nissen fundoplication over a three-year period. In 22 patients the symptoms of heartburn, reflux, or dysphagia were abolished or dramatically improved. The operative technique, complications, and reasons for the less successful outcome in the remaining two cases are discussed.", "PMID": 318495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6450", "title": "Treatment of osteosarcoma.", "content": "Hippocrates has been credited with the statement 'for extreme diseases, extreme methods of care are most suitable'. This statement is very applicable to the disease osteosarcoma and especially to its treatment with high dose methotrexate. This paper will present the experience of the Department of Clinical Haematology and Oncology in the treatment of osteosarcoma with high dose methotrexate and summarize other groups' experiences with various chemotherapy regimes.", "contents": "Treatment of osteosarcoma. Hippocrates has been credited with the statement 'for extreme diseases, extreme methods of care are most suitable'. This statement is very applicable to the disease osteosarcoma and especially to its treatment with high dose methotrexate. This paper will present the experience of the Department of Clinical Haematology and Oncology in the treatment of osteosarcoma with high dose methotrexate and summarize other groups' experiences with various chemotherapy regimes.", "PMID": 318496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6451", "title": "Toxic rash associated with high dose methotrexate therapy.", "content": "Fifteen rashes were observed in thirteen patients in association with high dose methotrexate therapy. The lack of recurrence of the rash with further treatment courses and the association of the rash with other toxic manifestations and with larger doses of methotrexate suggests a toxic mechanism. Rashes have frequently been reported in association with dose methotrexate therapy (Van Scott, Auerbach & Weinstein, 1964; Leone, Albala & Rege, 1968; Mitchell et al., 1968; Capizzi et al., 1970; Jaffe et al., 1973; Rosen, Suwansirikul & Kwon, 1974; Pratt et al., 1975; Jaffe & Traggis, 1975; Ensminger & Frei, 1977; Stoller et al., 1977). They include perifolliculitis, transient erythema progressing to maculopapular eruptions, occasionally desquamating, sloughing over pressure areas, reactions confined to radiation portals, exacerbation of acne, photosensitivity and rarely urticaria. Relatively few reports sufficiently document the incidence or types of rash. It has been suggested that the rash is allergic in nature (Mitchell et al., 1968) or a toxic phenomenon (Djerassi et al., 1972; Djerassi & Kim, 1976), possibly related to drug effects on small vessels (Van Scott, 1963).", "contents": "Toxic rash associated with high dose methotrexate therapy. Fifteen rashes were observed in thirteen patients in association with high dose methotrexate therapy. The lack of recurrence of the rash with further treatment courses and the association of the rash with other toxic manifestations and with larger doses of methotrexate suggests a toxic mechanism. Rashes have frequently been reported in association with dose methotrexate therapy (Van Scott, Auerbach & Weinstein, 1964; Leone, Albala & Rege, 1968; Mitchell et al., 1968; Capizzi et al., 1970; Jaffe et al., 1973; Rosen, Suwansirikul & Kwon, 1974; Pratt et al., 1975; Jaffe & Traggis, 1975; Ensminger & Frei, 1977; Stoller et al., 1977). They include perifolliculitis, transient erythema progressing to maculopapular eruptions, occasionally desquamating, sloughing over pressure areas, reactions confined to radiation portals, exacerbation of acne, photosensitivity and rarely urticaria. Relatively few reports sufficiently document the incidence or types of rash. It has been suggested that the rash is allergic in nature (Mitchell et al., 1968) or a toxic phenomenon (Djerassi et al., 1972; Djerassi & Kim, 1976), possibly related to drug effects on small vessels (Van Scott, 1963).", "PMID": 318498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6452", "title": "Panel studies of acute health effects of air pollution. II. A methodologic study of linear regression analysis of asthma panel data.", "content": "Panel studies relating illness, such as asthma attacks, cardiopulmonary symptoms, and acute respiratory symptoms, to daily air pollution and weather are important in environmental epidemiology. A study of the practical robustness of multiple linear regression procedures, which have been the preferred statistical models in analyses, is presented. The study is based on data from three asthma panels in Chattanooga, Tennessee, collected in 1972-1973. Linear regression models, commonly used, which incorporate only minimum temperature and an air pollutant were found to be potentially misleading; such models are highly sensitive to reporting trends in the data and do not correct adequately for weather variables. Temporal and spatial control strategies were employed and proved to be useful in detecting problems in the data due to undiscovered intervening variables. True day-to-day relationships estimated by a pair-day analysis were frequently inconsistent with \"daily\" effects estimated by the usual regression models and suggested that, in fact, the asthma panel data contained no useful information concerning day-to-day relationships.", "contents": "Panel studies of acute health effects of air pollution. II. A methodologic study of linear regression analysis of asthma panel data. Panel studies relating illness, such as asthma attacks, cardiopulmonary symptoms, and acute respiratory symptoms, to daily air pollution and weather are important in environmental epidemiology. A study of the practical robustness of multiple linear regression procedures, which have been the preferred statistical models in analyses, is presented. The study is based on data from three asthma panels in Chattanooga, Tennessee, collected in 1972-1973. Linear regression models, commonly used, which incorporate only minimum temperature and an air pollutant were found to be potentially misleading; such models are highly sensitive to reporting trends in the data and do not correct adequately for weather variables. Temporal and spatial control strategies were employed and proved to be useful in detecting problems in the data due to undiscovered intervening variables. True day-to-day relationships estimated by a pair-day analysis were frequently inconsistent with \"daily\" effects estimated by the usual regression models and suggested that, in fact, the asthma panel data contained no useful information concerning day-to-day relationships.", "PMID": 318499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6453", "title": "Heat wave mortality in nursing homes.", "content": "Patterns of mortality in 11 air-conditioned and 9 un-air-conditioned nursing homes in New York City have been investigated to determine the impacts of heat waves on nursing home occupants and the efficacy of air conditioning in reducing these impacts. During each of four heat waves in 1972 and 1973, the number of deaths in un-air-conditioned nursing homes was significantly greater than the number of deaths expected on the basis of mortality during cooler control periods. In contrast, deaths in air-conditioned nursing homes were not significantly different from expected. The age- and sex-adjusted ratio of relative death rates was 2.29 (95% confidence interval = 1.75-2.98). Approximately 94 excess deaths occurred in the un-air-conditioned nursing homes. On the basis of this research, it is recommended that nursing homes and other institutions for the elderly located in climates like that of New York City be required to provide air conditioning.", "contents": "Heat wave mortality in nursing homes. Patterns of mortality in 11 air-conditioned and 9 un-air-conditioned nursing homes in New York City have been investigated to determine the impacts of heat waves on nursing home occupants and the efficacy of air conditioning in reducing these impacts. During each of four heat waves in 1972 and 1973, the number of deaths in un-air-conditioned nursing homes was significantly greater than the number of deaths expected on the basis of mortality during cooler control periods. In contrast, deaths in air-conditioned nursing homes were not significantly different from expected. The age- and sex-adjusted ratio of relative death rates was 2.29 (95% confidence interval = 1.75-2.98). Approximately 94 excess deaths occurred in the un-air-conditioned nursing homes. On the basis of this research, it is recommended that nursing homes and other institutions for the elderly located in climates like that of New York City be required to provide air conditioning.", "PMID": 318500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6454", "title": "The effect of dietary vitamin A on NO2 exposure on the hamster lung.", "content": "The effect of dietary vitamin A and NO2 exposure on the hamster lung was evaluated by histopathology, electron microscopy, and thymidine uptake studies. Hamsters were maintained on deficient (0 micrograms), adequate (100 micrograms), and high (200 micrograms) dose levels of vitamin A while being exposed repeatedly to 10 ppm of NO2 for 5 hours once a week over an 8-week period. Hamsters of the deficient group exhibited clinical and morphologic changes characteristic of vitamin A deficiency. Animals maintained on adequate and high dose levels of vitamin A were not affected by vitamin A deficiency. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the epithelial cells of the terminal bronchiolar alveolar region of lungs of adequately and highly dosed animals were greater than those observed in the deficient animals, when NO2 exposure was given. However, the extent of the lesions observed in all three groups was less than that seen in normal hamsters given a single, 5-hour NO2 exposure. Ultrastructural changes observed in vitamin A-deficient hamsters exposed to NO2 were hypertrophy and hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelial cells, diffuse loss of cilia, membrane damage, and mitochondrial damage manifested by calcium deposition. Tritiated thymidine uptake studies of lungs of animals exposed repeatedly revealed a rather erratic cell renewal pattern following NO2 exposure in comparison to the group of animals exposed singly.", "contents": "The effect of dietary vitamin A on NO2 exposure on the hamster lung. The effect of dietary vitamin A and NO2 exposure on the hamster lung was evaluated by histopathology, electron microscopy, and thymidine uptake studies. Hamsters were maintained on deficient (0 micrograms), adequate (100 micrograms), and high (200 micrograms) dose levels of vitamin A while being exposed repeatedly to 10 ppm of NO2 for 5 hours once a week over an 8-week period. Hamsters of the deficient group exhibited clinical and morphologic changes characteristic of vitamin A deficiency. Animals maintained on adequate and high dose levels of vitamin A were not affected by vitamin A deficiency. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the epithelial cells of the terminal bronchiolar alveolar region of lungs of adequately and highly dosed animals were greater than those observed in the deficient animals, when NO2 exposure was given. However, the extent of the lesions observed in all three groups was less than that seen in normal hamsters given a single, 5-hour NO2 exposure. Ultrastructural changes observed in vitamin A-deficient hamsters exposed to NO2 were hypertrophy and hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelial cells, diffuse loss of cilia, membrane damage, and mitochondrial damage manifested by calcium deposition. Tritiated thymidine uptake studies of lungs of animals exposed repeatedly revealed a rather erratic cell renewal pattern following NO2 exposure in comparison to the group of animals exposed singly.", "PMID": 318501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6455", "title": "CNS lead toxicity in rabbit offspring.", "content": "An animal model for asymptomatic and overt lead toxicity is presented in which rabbit pups, 1 to 30 days of age, were fed a milk supplement containing Pb(NO3)2. Reduced body growth, increased mortality, hematologic abnormalities, kidney and liver histopathology, as well as encephalopathy, were observed in rabbits 2 to 30 days of age ingesting more than 2.8 mg of Pb/day. At the highest dose, brain lesions were widespread, involving the frontal and occipital cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. At moderate doses, the region most affected was the cerebellum. At the lowest dose no alteration in body, brain growth, mortality, or tissue histology was evident; however, basophilic stippling was observed. As a group, these asymptomatic rabbits generally exhibited higher activity than non-lead-fed littermates. The rabbit model presented here should provide many advantages in the study of lead toxicity on the developing nervous system, since (a) maximum brain development in the rabbit, like that in rhesus monkey and man, occurs perinatally, and (b) the effects of lead toxicity in the rabbit closely parallel those in man.", "contents": "CNS lead toxicity in rabbit offspring. An animal model for asymptomatic and overt lead toxicity is presented in which rabbit pups, 1 to 30 days of age, were fed a milk supplement containing Pb(NO3)2. Reduced body growth, increased mortality, hematologic abnormalities, kidney and liver histopathology, as well as encephalopathy, were observed in rabbits 2 to 30 days of age ingesting more than 2.8 mg of Pb/day. At the highest dose, brain lesions were widespread, involving the frontal and occipital cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. At moderate doses, the region most affected was the cerebellum. At the lowest dose no alteration in body, brain growth, mortality, or tissue histology was evident; however, basophilic stippling was observed. As a group, these asymptomatic rabbits generally exhibited higher activity than non-lead-fed littermates. The rabbit model presented here should provide many advantages in the study of lead toxicity on the developing nervous system, since (a) maximum brain development in the rabbit, like that in rhesus monkey and man, occurs perinatally, and (b) the effects of lead toxicity in the rabbit closely parallel those in man.", "PMID": 318502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6456", "title": "A plant indicator of air pollution and human health in Japanese rural communities.", "content": "An investigation of the effects of air pollution on vegetation and human health was conducted in a low-degree air-polluted Japanese rural area. The validity of the criteria, which were expressed as Bi-band ratios (R/B, R/G) in leaves of Japanese cedars based on infrared air photography, has been proved worthwhile for estimating the injury to the cedars. The degree of injury to the cedars by field survey showed a significant positive correlation with the concentration of sulfur oxide in the air for the last 3 years. The quantity of water-soluble sulfur in leaves of the cedar was less in the leaves of the less-injured cedars. In school children with positive skin reactions in the area, \"subacute cough\" (la and/or 3a by BMRC) and \"phlegm\" (6a and/or 8a by BMRC) had a significant positive correlation with the degree of injury to the cedars.", "contents": "A plant indicator of air pollution and human health in Japanese rural communities. An investigation of the effects of air pollution on vegetation and human health was conducted in a low-degree air-polluted Japanese rural area. The validity of the criteria, which were expressed as Bi-band ratios (R/B, R/G) in leaves of Japanese cedars based on infrared air photography, has been proved worthwhile for estimating the injury to the cedars. The degree of injury to the cedars by field survey showed a significant positive correlation with the concentration of sulfur oxide in the air for the last 3 years. The quantity of water-soluble sulfur in leaves of the cedar was less in the leaves of the less-injured cedars. In school children with positive skin reactions in the area, \"subacute cough\" (la and/or 3a by BMRC) and \"phlegm\" (6a and/or 8a by BMRC) had a significant positive correlation with the degree of injury to the cedars.", "PMID": 318503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6457", "title": "X-ray fluorescence analysis of lead in teeth of urban children in situ: correlation between the tooth lead level and the concentration of blood lead and free erythroporphyrins.", "content": "The tooth lead level of 30 lead-exposed children was measured in situ using an X-ray fluorescence technique. The tooth lead concentration divided by the child's age correlated with the free erythroporphyrin (FEP) (r = 0.51) and the blood lead levels (r = 0.31). The mean tooth lead concentrations of 10 Class IV children (FEP greater than or equal to 190 micrograms/100 ml; blood lead 30-80 micrograms/ml) was 14.5 +/- 5.5 ppm/year. Reexamination of the histories of children who had been classified as Class II or III, but who had tooth lead concentrations within 1 SD of the Class IV level, indicated that many of these children could also be considered to be Class IV children. When the x-ray fluorescence technique was used to screen an urban population of 300 children, the tooth lead values indicated that 72% of the children had been exposed to low levels of environmental lead. Six percent of the children were found to have tooth lead concentrations in excess of 9 ppm/year and within 1 SD of the mean value exhibited by Class IV children. These children were considered to have a high body lead burden. The percentage of children having an elevated tooth lead level is similar to the number previously reported using exfoliated deciduous teeth.", "contents": "X-ray fluorescence analysis of lead in teeth of urban children in situ: correlation between the tooth lead level and the concentration of blood lead and free erythroporphyrins. The tooth lead level of 30 lead-exposed children was measured in situ using an X-ray fluorescence technique. The tooth lead concentration divided by the child's age correlated with the free erythroporphyrin (FEP) (r = 0.51) and the blood lead levels (r = 0.31). The mean tooth lead concentrations of 10 Class IV children (FEP greater than or equal to 190 micrograms/100 ml; blood lead 30-80 micrograms/ml) was 14.5 +/- 5.5 ppm/year. Reexamination of the histories of children who had been classified as Class II or III, but who had tooth lead concentrations within 1 SD of the Class IV level, indicated that many of these children could also be considered to be Class IV children. When the x-ray fluorescence technique was used to screen an urban population of 300 children, the tooth lead values indicated that 72% of the children had been exposed to low levels of environmental lead. Six percent of the children were found to have tooth lead concentrations in excess of 9 ppm/year and within 1 SD of the mean value exhibited by Class IV children. These children were considered to have a high body lead burden. The percentage of children having an elevated tooth lead level is similar to the number previously reported using exfoliated deciduous teeth.", "PMID": 318504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6458", "title": "Uptake and retention of dietary cadmium in mallard ducks.", "content": "Adult mallard ducks fed 0, 2, 20, or 200 ppm of cadmium chloride in the diet were sacrificed at 30-day intervals and tissues were analyzed for cadmium. No birds died during the study and body weights did not change. The liver and kidney accumulated the highest levels of cadmium. Tissue residues were significantly correlated in all treatment groups and residues increased with treatment level. Hematocrits and hemoglobin concentrations were normal in all groups throughout the study. Little cadmium accumulated in eggs of laying hens, but egg production was suppressed in the group fed 200 ppm.", "contents": "Uptake and retention of dietary cadmium in mallard ducks. Adult mallard ducks fed 0, 2, 20, or 200 ppm of cadmium chloride in the diet were sacrificed at 30-day intervals and tissues were analyzed for cadmium. No birds died during the study and body weights did not change. The liver and kidney accumulated the highest levels of cadmium. Tissue residues were significantly correlated in all treatment groups and residues increased with treatment level. Hematocrits and hemoglobin concentrations were normal in all groups throughout the study. Little cadmium accumulated in eggs of laying hens, but egg production was suppressed in the group fed 200 ppm.", "PMID": 318505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6459", "title": "The influence of high dietary calcium and phosphate on lead uptake and release.", "content": "The effects of calcium and phosphate supplements on the retention of dietary lead and the loss of lead from the body were studied in young rats. There were three experiments in which rats were given a diet containing 200 or 400 micrograms of lead/g for 3 or 6 weeks. The diet contained adequate calcium and phosphate. Calcium and phosphate supplements were given alone or together. Lead uptake after a period of lead feeding was measured by analysis of the whole gut-free carcass. Lead loss was measured by a similar analysis after the rats had received diets containing lead and then diets free of lead. The uptake of lead from the diet was reduced by about half when either dietary calcium or phosphate or both was doubled. The rate of release of body lead was decreased by calcium supplementation.", "contents": "The influence of high dietary calcium and phosphate on lead uptake and release. The effects of calcium and phosphate supplements on the retention of dietary lead and the loss of lead from the body were studied in young rats. There were three experiments in which rats were given a diet containing 200 or 400 micrograms of lead/g for 3 or 6 weeks. The diet contained adequate calcium and phosphate. Calcium and phosphate supplements were given alone or together. Lead uptake after a period of lead feeding was measured by analysis of the whole gut-free carcass. Lead loss was measured by a similar analysis after the rats had received diets containing lead and then diets free of lead. The uptake of lead from the diet was reduced by about half when either dietary calcium or phosphate or both was doubled. The rate of release of body lead was decreased by calcium supplementation.", "PMID": 318506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6460", "title": "Dietary protein and lead retention.", "content": "The effects of dietary protein content on lead retention were studied in young rats. In experiments lasting between 3 and 6 weeks, rats given diets containing lead and 20% casein were fed ad libitum or were pair fed with rats given diets containing 6.5 or 7.5% casein. Among rats given 20% casein, lead retention was inversely related to growth rate. A reduction of dietary protein either had no effect or reduced lead retention. In other experiments lasting 4 days and using 203Pb, given orally or intraperitoneally, the recovery of isotope in the gutfree carcass was unaffected or reduced by a reduction in dietary protein. Blood and liver lead often increased when kidney and carcass lead decreased in response to a reduction of dietary protein. Conflicting observations on the effect of low-protein diets on lead retention may thus be due to opposing effects of low dietary protein and decreases of growth rate and to different responses of different tissues.", "contents": "Dietary protein and lead retention. The effects of dietary protein content on lead retention were studied in young rats. In experiments lasting between 3 and 6 weeks, rats given diets containing lead and 20% casein were fed ad libitum or were pair fed with rats given diets containing 6.5 or 7.5% casein. Among rats given 20% casein, lead retention was inversely related to growth rate. A reduction of dietary protein either had no effect or reduced lead retention. In other experiments lasting 4 days and using 203Pb, given orally or intraperitoneally, the recovery of isotope in the gutfree carcass was unaffected or reduced by a reduction in dietary protein. Blood and liver lead often increased when kidney and carcass lead decreased in response to a reduction of dietary protein. Conflicting observations on the effect of low-protein diets on lead retention may thus be due to opposing effects of low dietary protein and decreases of growth rate and to different responses of different tissues.", "PMID": 318507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6461", "title": "The effect of age on the absorption and excretion of lead.", "content": "The retention (the proportion of ingested or administered lead found in the carcass at slaughter) of lead in the carcass and tissues of rats given 203Pb intraperitoneally or by mouth was measured over a period of a few days at 3-month intervals for 9 months from weaning. Total carcass retention of 203Pb administered intraperitoneally reached a minimum at 6 months of age, but the retention of 203Pb in blood, liver, and kidney changed little with time. When 203Pb was given by mouth, the fraction of the dose absorbed and the fraction retained in the carcass reached a minimum at 6 months, but the recovery in the tissues continued to decrease up to the end of the experiment. The addition of 20 mg of lead/kg of diet had no consistent effect on the metabolism of 203Pb.", "contents": "The effect of age on the absorption and excretion of lead. The retention (the proportion of ingested or administered lead found in the carcass at slaughter) of lead in the carcass and tissues of rats given 203Pb intraperitoneally or by mouth was measured over a period of a few days at 3-month intervals for 9 months from weaning. Total carcass retention of 203Pb administered intraperitoneally reached a minimum at 6 months of age, but the retention of 203Pb in blood, liver, and kidney changed little with time. When 203Pb was given by mouth, the fraction of the dose absorbed and the fraction retained in the carcass reached a minimum at 6 months, but the recovery in the tissues continued to decrease up to the end of the experiment. The addition of 20 mg of lead/kg of diet had no consistent effect on the metabolism of 203Pb.", "PMID": 318508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6462", "title": "Similarity between man and laboratory animals in regional pulmonary deposition of ozone.", "content": "Predicted pulmonary ozone (O3) dose curves obtained by model analysis of the transport and removal of O3 in the lungs of guinea pigs, rabbits, and man indicate that a general similarity exists among these species in the shapes of the dose curves. An overview of the major features of the lower airway mathematical model used is presented. This model predicts that the respiratory bronchioles receive the maximum O3 dose. For exposures corresponding to tracheal O3 concentrations greater than 100 micrograms/m3 (0.05 ppm), the predicted respiratory bronchiolar dose for rabbits was found to be twice that for guinea pigs and 80% of that for man. Sensitivity analyses are presented for model parameters relating to the treatment of the chemical reactions of O3 with the mucous layer. The role of tidal volume in the determination of pulmonary uptake of O3 in man is examined. The consistency and similarity of the dose curves for the three species lend strong support to the validity of extrapolating to man the results obtained on animals exposed to O3.", "contents": "Similarity between man and laboratory animals in regional pulmonary deposition of ozone. Predicted pulmonary ozone (O3) dose curves obtained by model analysis of the transport and removal of O3 in the lungs of guinea pigs, rabbits, and man indicate that a general similarity exists among these species in the shapes of the dose curves. An overview of the major features of the lower airway mathematical model used is presented. This model predicts that the respiratory bronchioles receive the maximum O3 dose. For exposures corresponding to tracheal O3 concentrations greater than 100 micrograms/m3 (0.05 ppm), the predicted respiratory bronchiolar dose for rabbits was found to be twice that for guinea pigs and 80% of that for man. Sensitivity analyses are presented for model parameters relating to the treatment of the chemical reactions of O3 with the mucous layer. The role of tidal volume in the determination of pulmonary uptake of O3 in man is examined. The consistency and similarity of the dose curves for the three species lend strong support to the validity of extrapolating to man the results obtained on animals exposed to O3.", "PMID": 318509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6463", "title": "A pesticide (dieldrin)-induced immunohemolytic anemia.", "content": "The unusual presentation of a factory worker with severe hemolytic anemia which remitted following splenectomy prompted a search for an environmental cause for red cell injury. The investigation showed the presence of an immunoglobulin in the patient's serum and on the red cells and small amounts of complement on red cells. The patient's serum caused agglutination of a normal person's red cells only when dieldrin-coated, a reaction blocked by first reacting the serum with dieldrin. The spleen of the patient had a greater than normal concentration of dieldrin, the source of dieldrin being dietary. It is concluded that dieldrin became immunogenic and provoked a chemical immunohemolytic anemia. The spleen played a major role in destruction of red cells injured by the immunopathic process and in accumulation of the antigenic substance dieldrin.", "contents": "A pesticide (dieldrin)-induced immunohemolytic anemia. The unusual presentation of a factory worker with severe hemolytic anemia which remitted following splenectomy prompted a search for an environmental cause for red cell injury. The investigation showed the presence of an immunoglobulin in the patient's serum and on the red cells and small amounts of complement on red cells. The patient's serum caused agglutination of a normal person's red cells only when dieldrin-coated, a reaction blocked by first reacting the serum with dieldrin. The spleen of the patient had a greater than normal concentration of dieldrin, the source of dieldrin being dietary. It is concluded that dieldrin became immunogenic and provoked a chemical immunohemolytic anemia. The spleen played a major role in destruction of red cells injured by the immunopathic process and in accumulation of the antigenic substance dieldrin.", "PMID": 318510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6464", "title": "Teratology study in mice subjected to inhalation of diethylhydroxylamine, nitroethane, and diethylamine hydrogen sulfite.", "content": "Pregnant female mice were exposed from Days 6 to 17 of pregnancy to 8.9 +/- 2.0 ppm of diethylhydroxylamine and 14.3 +/- 2.0 ppm of nitroethane. Exposures were for 8.25 +/- 2.25 hours/day including weekends. The mice were also exposed continuously for 24 hours a day to the vapor of diethylamine hydrogen sulfite. The exposure produced no effect on the dams compared to the control group. There was no evidence of compound-induced terata, variation in sex ratio, embryotoxicity, or inhibition of fetal growth and development.", "contents": "Teratology study in mice subjected to inhalation of diethylhydroxylamine, nitroethane, and diethylamine hydrogen sulfite. Pregnant female mice were exposed from Days 6 to 17 of pregnancy to 8.9 +/- 2.0 ppm of diethylhydroxylamine and 14.3 +/- 2.0 ppm of nitroethane. Exposures were for 8.25 +/- 2.25 hours/day including weekends. The mice were also exposed continuously for 24 hours a day to the vapor of diethylamine hydrogen sulfite. The exposure produced no effect on the dams compared to the control group. There was no evidence of compound-induced terata, variation in sex ratio, embryotoxicity, or inhibition of fetal growth and development.", "PMID": 318511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6465", "title": "Some effects of ingested petroleum on seawater-adapted ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).", "content": "Male Pekin ducks adapted to seawater and maintained under sheltered conditions (27 degrees C) in the laboratory may consume considerable volumes of petroleum without showing overt symptoms of distress. Under these conditions, birds consuming petroleum-contaminated food have shown a persistent hyperphagia; this was most apparent among those given food contaminated with South Louisiana crude oil, least apparent among birds given No. 2 fuel oil, and intermediate among those that consumed food contaminated with Kuwait crude oil. When maintained at 27 degrees C, some mortality occurred among the birds given South Louisiana crude oil (22.2%) and No. 2 fuel oil (35.7%), whereas none of the freshwater- and seawater-maintained birds given uncontaminated food and none of the birds given Kuwait crude oil died during this period. Following their exposure to chronic mild cold stress (3 degrees C), mortality occurred in all groups of birds; the birds that had consumed petroleum-contaminated food tended to die earlier and in larger numbers than either the seawater- or freshwater-maintained control birds. These effects suggest that the mortality in all groups of birds was due primarily to the additive effects of a series of nonspecific stressors. Thus, at autopsy, birds that had succumbed to the effects of these stressors frequently showed adrenal hypertrophy and severe involution of the lymphoepithelial tissues. The consumption of petroleum-contaminated food seemed to constitute only one of a series of environmental stressors, and, among birds that were already exposed to stressors such as hypertonic drinking water and persistent cold, the ingestion of petroleum seemed to render them more vulnerable and death frequently ensued.", "contents": "Some effects of ingested petroleum on seawater-adapted ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Male Pekin ducks adapted to seawater and maintained under sheltered conditions (27 degrees C) in the laboratory may consume considerable volumes of petroleum without showing overt symptoms of distress. Under these conditions, birds consuming petroleum-contaminated food have shown a persistent hyperphagia; this was most apparent among those given food contaminated with South Louisiana crude oil, least apparent among birds given No. 2 fuel oil, and intermediate among those that consumed food contaminated with Kuwait crude oil. When maintained at 27 degrees C, some mortality occurred among the birds given South Louisiana crude oil (22.2%) and No. 2 fuel oil (35.7%), whereas none of the freshwater- and seawater-maintained birds given uncontaminated food and none of the birds given Kuwait crude oil died during this period. Following their exposure to chronic mild cold stress (3 degrees C), mortality occurred in all groups of birds; the birds that had consumed petroleum-contaminated food tended to die earlier and in larger numbers than either the seawater- or freshwater-maintained control birds. These effects suggest that the mortality in all groups of birds was due primarily to the additive effects of a series of nonspecific stressors. Thus, at autopsy, birds that had succumbed to the effects of these stressors frequently showed adrenal hypertrophy and severe involution of the lymphoepithelial tissues. The consumption of petroleum-contaminated food seemed to constitute only one of a series of environmental stressors, and, among birds that were already exposed to stressors such as hypertonic drinking water and persistent cold, the ingestion of petroleum seemed to render them more vulnerable and death frequently ensued.", "PMID": 318512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6466", "title": "The effect of cadmium on the hematology and on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in blood and hematopoietic tissues of the flounder, Pleuronectes flesus L.", "content": "Flounders (Pleuronectes flesus) were exposed to sublethal levels of cadmium (5, 50, and 500 micrograms of Cd2+/liter) for periods of 4 and 9 weeks, and the hematological response as well as the effect on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in blood and blood-forming tissues were investigated. Significant reductions of hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count were found in the cadmium-exposed fish. This anemic response was apparent even in flounders exposed to the lowest cadmium concentration, approximately corresponding to 1/4000 of the 96-hr LC50 value. The anemia was accompanied by a significant increase of the ALA-D activity in renal tissues. This indicates a compensatory stimulation of the introductory steps of the hemoglobin biosynthesis. However, the formation of hemoglobin does not seem to be accomplished, which might be due to a disturbed iron metabolism. The cadmium exposure also resulted in a significant increase of the number of lymphocytes, indicating an action on the immunological defense of the fish.", "contents": "The effect of cadmium on the hematology and on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in blood and hematopoietic tissues of the flounder, Pleuronectes flesus L. Flounders (Pleuronectes flesus) were exposed to sublethal levels of cadmium (5, 50, and 500 micrograms of Cd2+/liter) for periods of 4 and 9 weeks, and the hematological response as well as the effect on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in blood and blood-forming tissues were investigated. Significant reductions of hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count were found in the cadmium-exposed fish. This anemic response was apparent even in flounders exposed to the lowest cadmium concentration, approximately corresponding to 1/4000 of the 96-hr LC50 value. The anemia was accompanied by a significant increase of the ALA-D activity in renal tissues. This indicates a compensatory stimulation of the introductory steps of the hemoglobin biosynthesis. However, the formation of hemoglobin does not seem to be accomplished, which might be due to a disturbed iron metabolism. The cadmium exposure also resulted in a significant increase of the number of lymphocytes, indicating an action on the immunological defense of the fish.", "PMID": 318513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6467", "title": "Collagen and non-collagen protein synthesis in developing lung exposed to tobacco smoke.", "content": "The present investigation was conducted to determine the rate of collagen and non-collagen protein synthesis by rat lung under in vitro conditions. The rate of synthesis of non-collagen protein was greater than the rate of collagen synthesis in animals between 1 and 95 days of age. Synthesis of both types of proteins was highest in 1-day-old animals. Rate of synthesis of non-collagen protein was markedly diminished after 7 days of age and that of collagen decreased after 14 days. Per gram lung, the total amount of collagen increased 3.5-fold between Day 7 and 95 whereas total protein was relatively constant. When lung was exposed to smoke under in vitro conditions synthesis of collagen and non-collagen protein was almost completely depressed.", "contents": "Collagen and non-collagen protein synthesis in developing lung exposed to tobacco smoke. The present investigation was conducted to determine the rate of collagen and non-collagen protein synthesis by rat lung under in vitro conditions. The rate of synthesis of non-collagen protein was greater than the rate of collagen synthesis in animals between 1 and 95 days of age. Synthesis of both types of proteins was highest in 1-day-old animals. Rate of synthesis of non-collagen protein was markedly diminished after 7 days of age and that of collagen decreased after 14 days. Per gram lung, the total amount of collagen increased 3.5-fold between Day 7 and 95 whereas total protein was relatively constant. When lung was exposed to smoke under in vitro conditions synthesis of collagen and non-collagen protein was almost completely depressed.", "PMID": 318514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6468", "title": "Distribution of 238Pu in tissues of fish from the canal in Miamisburg, Ohio.", "content": "The 238Pu concentrations of various tissues were measured for seven species of freshwater fish from an ecosystem containing elevated levels of 238Pu. The highest levels of 238Pu were found in the gastrointestinal tracts and gills, while the lowest levels were found in muscle tissue. A rapid uptake of 238Pu was observed for hatchery bluegills introduced into this system. High plutonium concentrations in the gastrointestinal tracts and gills suggest that these organs are potential uptake sites. The presence of 238Pu in certain tissues (liver, gonads, bone, and muscle) indicates that there is translocation of 238Pu from the uptake sites.", "contents": "Distribution of 238Pu in tissues of fish from the canal in Miamisburg, Ohio. The 238Pu concentrations of various tissues were measured for seven species of freshwater fish from an ecosystem containing elevated levels of 238Pu. The highest levels of 238Pu were found in the gastrointestinal tracts and gills, while the lowest levels were found in muscle tissue. A rapid uptake of 238Pu was observed for hatchery bluegills introduced into this system. High plutonium concentrations in the gastrointestinal tracts and gills suggest that these organs are potential uptake sites. The presence of 238Pu in certain tissues (liver, gonads, bone, and muscle) indicates that there is translocation of 238Pu from the uptake sites.", "PMID": 318515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6469", "title": "Cadmium concentrations in human liver, blood, and bile: comparison with a metabolic model.", "content": "Cadmium concentrations in liver biopsies, blood, and bile were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 23 patients in connection with routine gallstone operations. On a group basis cadmium in blood was a good indicator of cadmium in liver, and the estimated linear relationship agreed well with calculations from a formerly proposed metabolic model. Cadmium in bile was also analyzed, and an average of about 2.5 ng of Cd/g wet weight was found. This is about 10 times more than would have been expected form the metabolic model and suggests that bile might be an important excretion route for cadmium. Definite conclusions cannot be drawn, however, since the results could not be cross-checked with neutron activation analysis, due to insufficient sensitivity of the latter method.", "contents": "Cadmium concentrations in human liver, blood, and bile: comparison with a metabolic model. Cadmium concentrations in liver biopsies, blood, and bile were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 23 patients in connection with routine gallstone operations. On a group basis cadmium in blood was a good indicator of cadmium in liver, and the estimated linear relationship agreed well with calculations from a formerly proposed metabolic model. Cadmium in bile was also analyzed, and an average of about 2.5 ng of Cd/g wet weight was found. This is about 10 times more than would have been expected form the metabolic model and suggests that bile might be an important excretion route for cadmium. Definite conclusions cannot be drawn, however, since the results could not be cross-checked with neutron activation analysis, due to insufficient sensitivity of the latter method.", "PMID": 318516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6470", "title": "The neuropathology of leptophos in the hen: a chronologic study.", "content": "Recent investigation into a possible association between exposure to Leptophos and neurological symptoms in insecticide factory workers makes study of the neurological effects of Leptophos in the experimental situation particularly important. The present study utilizes a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg of Leptophos in 20 chickens which are sacrificed in pairs to define the temporal sequence of changes in the sciatic nerve, its major branches, and the spinal cord and to correlate these findings with the clinical symptoms of the animals. At this dose Leptophos produces degeneration of the spinal cord in a pattern similar to that seen with tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP). The ataxia seen in these birds is probably due to the posterior and lateral column involvement. At this dose onset of paralysis correlates roughly with both the degeneration of the anterior descending tract of the spinal cord and degeneration of the peripheral nerve. The minimal degree of nerve involvement suggests that the cord lesion is more significant at this dose in the hen. Using TOCP, spinal cord lesions predominate in the hen while the peripheral nervous system appears more sensitive in the human and non-human primate. Assuming that Leptophos resembles TOCP in this regard, peripheral nerve damage would be the expected earliest change, especially in the low-dose situation in the human.", "contents": "The neuropathology of leptophos in the hen: a chronologic study. Recent investigation into a possible association between exposure to Leptophos and neurological symptoms in insecticide factory workers makes study of the neurological effects of Leptophos in the experimental situation particularly important. The present study utilizes a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg of Leptophos in 20 chickens which are sacrificed in pairs to define the temporal sequence of changes in the sciatic nerve, its major branches, and the spinal cord and to correlate these findings with the clinical symptoms of the animals. At this dose Leptophos produces degeneration of the spinal cord in a pattern similar to that seen with tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP). The ataxia seen in these birds is probably due to the posterior and lateral column involvement. At this dose onset of paralysis correlates roughly with both the degeneration of the anterior descending tract of the spinal cord and degeneration of the peripheral nerve. The minimal degree of nerve involvement suggests that the cord lesion is more significant at this dose in the hen. Using TOCP, spinal cord lesions predominate in the hen while the peripheral nervous system appears more sensitive in the human and non-human primate. Assuming that Leptophos resembles TOCP in this regard, peripheral nerve damage would be the expected earliest change, especially in the low-dose situation in the human.", "PMID": 318517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6471", "title": "Time series analysis of morbidity data for assessment of acute environmental health effects.", "content": "We present a method we developed to overcome some of the problems that are encountered in the attempts to identify acute health effects of environmental stimuli such as air pollution. To illustrate this method we have used daily records of asthmatic attacks in New York City. We also review some of the shortcomings of the presently used regression techniques, where a health variable is regressed on one or more environmental variables.", "contents": "Time series analysis of morbidity data for assessment of acute environmental health effects. We present a method we developed to overcome some of the problems that are encountered in the attempts to identify acute health effects of environmental stimuli such as air pollution. To illustrate this method we have used daily records of asthmatic attacks in New York City. We also review some of the shortcomings of the presently used regression techniques, where a health variable is regressed on one or more environmental variables.", "PMID": 318518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6472", "title": "Dust from carbon fibre.", "content": "Carbon fibre, manufactured from a polyacrylonitrile fibre precursor, is used to reinforce plastic in the aircraft industry. When carbon fibre was fed into a hammer mill, only low concentrations of dust of respirable size could be produced and less than 1% of the respirable carbon particles were fibrous. The dust cloud contained a few transparent fibres, probably glass, of respirable size. When the dust was inhaled by guinea pigs nonfibrous particles were phagocytosed. The few carbon fibres found in the lung that were longer than 5 microns were still extracellular after 27 weeks and they were uncoated. No free transparent fibres were found in the lungs but fibre bodies with a ferruginous coating were probably derived from the transparent fibres. No pathological effects were observed.", "contents": "Dust from carbon fibre. Carbon fibre, manufactured from a polyacrylonitrile fibre precursor, is used to reinforce plastic in the aircraft industry. When carbon fibre was fed into a hammer mill, only low concentrations of dust of respirable size could be produced and less than 1% of the respirable carbon particles were fibrous. The dust cloud contained a few transparent fibres, probably glass, of respirable size. When the dust was inhaled by guinea pigs nonfibrous particles were phagocytosed. The few carbon fibres found in the lung that were longer than 5 microns were still extracellular after 27 weeks and they were uncoated. No free transparent fibres were found in the lungs but fibre bodies with a ferruginous coating were probably derived from the transparent fibres. No pathological effects were observed.", "PMID": 318519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6473", "title": "Hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity in rainbow trout exposed to several polycyclic aromatic compounds.", "content": "The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on microsomal liver enzymes were examined in rainbow trout. Various PAHs (naphthalene through benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]) were injected ip to screen for mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity. Chrysene, B(a)P, and Aroclor 1254 caused MFO induction. When fish were also exposed to solubilized pyrene, fluoranthene, and B(a)P in water, bioaccumulation of B(a)P resulted in MFO induction, whereas bioaccumulation of pyrene and fluoranthene did not. Based on water and injection exposure to B(a)P, it was predicted that tissue concentrations in excess of 300 micrograms/kg B(a)P would be accompanied by MFO induction in rainbow trout.", "contents": "Hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity in rainbow trout exposed to several polycyclic aromatic compounds. The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on microsomal liver enzymes were examined in rainbow trout. Various PAHs (naphthalene through benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]) were injected ip to screen for mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity. Chrysene, B(a)P, and Aroclor 1254 caused MFO induction. When fish were also exposed to solubilized pyrene, fluoranthene, and B(a)P in water, bioaccumulation of B(a)P resulted in MFO induction, whereas bioaccumulation of pyrene and fluoranthene did not. Based on water and injection exposure to B(a)P, it was predicted that tissue concentrations in excess of 300 micrograms/kg B(a)P would be accompanied by MFO induction in rainbow trout.", "PMID": 318520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6474", "title": "A variable embryotoxic response to lead in different strains of hamsters.", "content": "Lead nitrate was administered intravenously at 50 mg/kg to five inbred strains (MHA, LSH, LHC, CB, and P)4) and the non-inbred LVG strain of pregnant hamsters early on the 8th gestation day. All fetuses from treated and control hamsters were collected on the 15th gestation day and examined for the frequency and kinds of external, internal, and skeletal abnormalities. The major embryotoxic effects included resorptions, tail bud abnormalities, hydrocephalus, and skeletal defects. It is concluded that the LSH, LHC, LVG, and PD4 strains are susceptible while the MHA and CB strains are relatively resistant to the lead exposure.", "contents": "A variable embryotoxic response to lead in different strains of hamsters. Lead nitrate was administered intravenously at 50 mg/kg to five inbred strains (MHA, LSH, LHC, CB, and P)4) and the non-inbred LVG strain of pregnant hamsters early on the 8th gestation day. All fetuses from treated and control hamsters were collected on the 15th gestation day and examined for the frequency and kinds of external, internal, and skeletal abnormalities. The major embryotoxic effects included resorptions, tail bud abnormalities, hydrocephalus, and skeletal defects. It is concluded that the LSH, LHC, LVG, and PD4 strains are susceptible while the MHA and CB strains are relatively resistant to the lead exposure.", "PMID": 318521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6475", "title": "Particulate concentrations in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.", "content": "Quantitative birefringent particle counts per 10 high-power fields in lung tissue were correlated with age, sex, and occupational exposure in 37 cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Counts were significantly higher in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis cases in both regions of alveolar proteinosis (47 +/- 11) and perivascular and peribronchiolar areas (dust retention areas) (275 +/- 65) than in 13 controls (5 +/- 3 and 79 +/- 23, respectively). Of a total of 8619 particles, 4817 were less than 1 micron, and 3771 were 1 to 10 microns in diameter. Fifty-nine percent were round, 19% fibrous, and 22% irregular. When analyzed individually, 20 of 37 cases (78%) had alveolar particle counts significantly higher than controls, and 10 of 26 cases had dust-retention area counts greater than controls (P less than 0.050). Known or possible occupational exposure was ascertained in 13 cases. In the remaining 24 cases insufficient occupational information was available. The mean age of the pulmonary alveolar proteinosis patients was 33 +/- 4 years, and of the controls, 40 +/- 7 years, and there was a male-to-female ratio of approximately 3:1. We propose that many cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis will ultimately be shown to be associated with environmental exposures to fine dusts or fumes.", "contents": "Particulate concentrations in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Quantitative birefringent particle counts per 10 high-power fields in lung tissue were correlated with age, sex, and occupational exposure in 37 cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Counts were significantly higher in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis cases in both regions of alveolar proteinosis (47 +/- 11) and perivascular and peribronchiolar areas (dust retention areas) (275 +/- 65) than in 13 controls (5 +/- 3 and 79 +/- 23, respectively). Of a total of 8619 particles, 4817 were less than 1 micron, and 3771 were 1 to 10 microns in diameter. Fifty-nine percent were round, 19% fibrous, and 22% irregular. When analyzed individually, 20 of 37 cases (78%) had alveolar particle counts significantly higher than controls, and 10 of 26 cases had dust-retention area counts greater than controls (P less than 0.050). Known or possible occupational exposure was ascertained in 13 cases. In the remaining 24 cases insufficient occupational information was available. The mean age of the pulmonary alveolar proteinosis patients was 33 +/- 4 years, and of the controls, 40 +/- 7 years, and there was a male-to-female ratio of approximately 3:1. We propose that many cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis will ultimately be shown to be associated with environmental exposures to fine dusts or fumes.", "PMID": 318522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6476", "title": "Selenium levels in human blood, urine, and hair in response to exposure via drinking water.", "content": "Blood, hair, urine, and tap water samples were obtained from participants in a population exposed to varying amounts of selenium via water from home wells. Concentrations of selenium in urine and hair produced significant positive correlations with well-water selenium levels. Blood selenium with well-water selenium did not produce a significant correlation. Urine selenium correlation with hair selenium and urine selenium correlation with blood selenium were found to be significant. No significant correlation for hair selenium with blood selenium was found. We conclude that blood selenium alone is not an adequate monitor of selenium exposure or body burden at levels below chronic toxicity.", "contents": "Selenium levels in human blood, urine, and hair in response to exposure via drinking water. Blood, hair, urine, and tap water samples were obtained from participants in a population exposed to varying amounts of selenium via water from home wells. Concentrations of selenium in urine and hair produced significant positive correlations with well-water selenium levels. Blood selenium with well-water selenium did not produce a significant correlation. Urine selenium correlation with hair selenium and urine selenium correlation with blood selenium were found to be significant. No significant correlation for hair selenium with blood selenium was found. We conclude that blood selenium alone is not an adequate monitor of selenium exposure or body burden at levels below chronic toxicity.", "PMID": 318523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6477", "title": "Modification of methylmercury neurotoxicity by vitamin E.", "content": "The protective effect of vitamin E on the neurotoxicity of methylmercury was investigated by means of light and electron microscopy. Young male golden hamsters were exposed to 2.0 ppm methylmercury chloride with or without concurrent administration of vitamin E (2.0 ppm). No toxic symptoms were observed in the vitamin E-protected animals while all the animals given methylmercury alone developed severe symptoms of methylmercury poisoning. Light microscopy revealed no significant neural damage by mercury in those animals exposed to methylmercury/vitamin E while significant neuronal necrosis could be demonstrated in both the cerebellum and calcarine cortex of the methylmercury-treated animals. Besides some accumulation of lysosomes, electron microscopy also demonstrated remarkable intactness of the cellular organelles in the nerve cells without neuronal necrosis. It appears that vitamin E has a strong protective potential against the toxicity of methylmercury.", "contents": "Modification of methylmercury neurotoxicity by vitamin E. The protective effect of vitamin E on the neurotoxicity of methylmercury was investigated by means of light and electron microscopy. Young male golden hamsters were exposed to 2.0 ppm methylmercury chloride with or without concurrent administration of vitamin E (2.0 ppm). No toxic symptoms were observed in the vitamin E-protected animals while all the animals given methylmercury alone developed severe symptoms of methylmercury poisoning. Light microscopy revealed no significant neural damage by mercury in those animals exposed to methylmercury/vitamin E while significant neuronal necrosis could be demonstrated in both the cerebellum and calcarine cortex of the methylmercury-treated animals. Besides some accumulation of lysosomes, electron microscopy also demonstrated remarkable intactness of the cellular organelles in the nerve cells without neuronal necrosis. It appears that vitamin E has a strong protective potential against the toxicity of methylmercury.", "PMID": 318524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6478", "title": "Asbestos cement dust inhalation by hamsters.", "content": "Two groups of 96 male Syrian golden hamsters were exposed to respirable asbestos cement aerosol at concentrations of approximately 1 and approximately 10 micrograms/liter, respectively, 3 hours/day, 5 days/week. Average fiber counts ranged from 5 to about 120 fibers/cm3. Each group was randomly divided into six subgroups of 16 animals. The first subgroup was sacrificed after 3 months of exposure, the second after 6 months, and the third after 15 months. The fourth subgroup was withdrawn from exposure after 3 months, observed for an additional 3 months, and then sacrificed. The fifth and sixth subgroups were withdrawn after 3 and 6 months of exposure, respectively, and maintained for observation up to the 15-month exposure point of the third subgroup at which time all surviving animals were sacrificed. All other experimental procedures were similar to those delineated in a previous publication describing the development of an animal model, techniques, and an exposure system for asbestos cement dust inhalation (A. P. Wehner, G. E. Dagle, and W. C. Cannon, 1978, Environ. Res. 16, 393-407). The asbestos cement exposures had no significant effect on body weight and mortality of the animals. Higher aerosol concentration and longer exposure times increased the number of macrophages and ferruginous bodies found in the lungs of the exposed animals. Recovery periods had no effect on the incidence of macrophages and ferruginous bodies. The incidence of very slight to slight fibrosis in the animals sacrificed after 15 months of exposure shows a significant (P less than 0.01) trend when the untreated control group and the 1 and 10 microgram/liter dose level groups are compared, indicating a dose-response relationship. Development of minimal fibrosis continued in animals withdrawn from exposure. No primary carcinomas of the lung and respiratory tract and no mesotheliomas were found.", "contents": "Asbestos cement dust inhalation by hamsters. Two groups of 96 male Syrian golden hamsters were exposed to respirable asbestos cement aerosol at concentrations of approximately 1 and approximately 10 micrograms/liter, respectively, 3 hours/day, 5 days/week. Average fiber counts ranged from 5 to about 120 fibers/cm3. Each group was randomly divided into six subgroups of 16 animals. The first subgroup was sacrificed after 3 months of exposure, the second after 6 months, and the third after 15 months. The fourth subgroup was withdrawn from exposure after 3 months, observed for an additional 3 months, and then sacrificed. The fifth and sixth subgroups were withdrawn after 3 and 6 months of exposure, respectively, and maintained for observation up to the 15-month exposure point of the third subgroup at which time all surviving animals were sacrificed. All other experimental procedures were similar to those delineated in a previous publication describing the development of an animal model, techniques, and an exposure system for asbestos cement dust inhalation (A. P. Wehner, G. E. Dagle, and W. C. Cannon, 1978, Environ. Res. 16, 393-407). The asbestos cement exposures had no significant effect on body weight and mortality of the animals. Higher aerosol concentration and longer exposure times increased the number of macrophages and ferruginous bodies found in the lungs of the exposed animals. Recovery periods had no effect on the incidence of macrophages and ferruginous bodies. The incidence of very slight to slight fibrosis in the animals sacrificed after 15 months of exposure shows a significant (P less than 0.01) trend when the untreated control group and the 1 and 10 microgram/liter dose level groups are compared, indicating a dose-response relationship. Development of minimal fibrosis continued in animals withdrawn from exposure. No primary carcinomas of the lung and respiratory tract and no mesotheliomas were found.", "PMID": 318525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6479", "title": "Lead in red blood cells and in plasma of pregnant women and their offspring.", "content": "Lead levels were measured in red blood cells and plasma of 75 pregnant women and their infants at delivery. No significant differences were found by comparing maternal and fetal values and a statistically significant positive correlation was evidenced, higher for plasma levels. The results suggest that the diffusible form of maternal lead in plasma influences the lead transferred to the fetus more directly. The highly significant correlation found between the maternal and fetal ratio of lead in plasma to lead in erythrocytes seems to be in favor of inborn factors influencing the equilibrium between the two compartments in which lead is distributed.", "contents": "Lead in red blood cells and in plasma of pregnant women and their offspring. Lead levels were measured in red blood cells and plasma of 75 pregnant women and their infants at delivery. No significant differences were found by comparing maternal and fetal values and a statistically significant positive correlation was evidenced, higher for plasma levels. The results suggest that the diffusible form of maternal lead in plasma influences the lead transferred to the fetus more directly. The highly significant correlation found between the maternal and fetal ratio of lead in plasma to lead in erythrocytes seems to be in favor of inborn factors influencing the equilibrium between the two compartments in which lead is distributed.", "PMID": 318526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6480", "title": "Geophagic lead nephropathy: case report.", "content": "An adult presenting with anemia and seizures was found to have lead poisoning. Chelation therapy undertaken before the source of exposure was known was accompanied by clinical improvement. Recurrence of an excessive body lead burden despite chelation led to the discovery of pica for lead-contaminated garden soil. Lead nephropathy progressed when the geophagia was resumed.", "contents": "Geophagic lead nephropathy: case report. An adult presenting with anemia and seizures was found to have lead poisoning. Chelation therapy undertaken before the source of exposure was known was accompanied by clinical improvement. Recurrence of an excessive body lead burden despite chelation led to the discovery of pica for lead-contaminated garden soil. Lead nephropathy progressed when the geophagia was resumed.", "PMID": 318527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6481", "title": "Effects of chronic ingestion of south Louisiana crude oil on mallard ducklings.", "content": "South Louisiana crude oil was fed to duckling mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in concentrations of 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, and 5.0% of the diet from hatching to 8 weeks of age to assess the effects of chronic oil ingestion during early development. Growth was depressed in birds receiving a diet containing 5% oil but there was no oil-related mortality. Diets containing 0.25, 2.5, and 5.0% oil impaired avoidance behavior of 6-day-old mallard ducklings when compared with controls or ducklings fed 0.025% oil, but had no effect on open-field behavior of 7-day-old ducklings. Liver hypertrophy and splenic atrophy were gross evidence of the pathological effects of oil in birds on the 2.5 and 5.0% oil diets. Biochemical lesions that occurred included elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase and ornithine carbamyl transferase activity. Hepatocyte hypertrophy and bile duct proliferation in the liver were noted in birds fed the 2.5 and 5.0% oil diets and tubular inflammation and degeneration in the kidney were noted in birds fed the 5.0% oil diet.", "contents": "Effects of chronic ingestion of south Louisiana crude oil on mallard ducklings. South Louisiana crude oil was fed to duckling mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in concentrations of 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, and 5.0% of the diet from hatching to 8 weeks of age to assess the effects of chronic oil ingestion during early development. Growth was depressed in birds receiving a diet containing 5% oil but there was no oil-related mortality. Diets containing 0.25, 2.5, and 5.0% oil impaired avoidance behavior of 6-day-old mallard ducklings when compared with controls or ducklings fed 0.025% oil, but had no effect on open-field behavior of 7-day-old ducklings. Liver hypertrophy and splenic atrophy were gross evidence of the pathological effects of oil in birds on the 2.5 and 5.0% oil diets. Biochemical lesions that occurred included elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase and ornithine carbamyl transferase activity. Hepatocyte hypertrophy and bile duct proliferation in the liver were noted in birds fed the 2.5 and 5.0% oil diets and tubular inflammation and degeneration in the kidney were noted in birds fed the 5.0% oil diet.", "PMID": 318528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6482", "title": "Effects of methylmercury on mitotic mouse glioma cells.", "content": "The effects of methylmercury on cultured mammalian cells were studied by light and electron microscopy. At 5 x 10(-6) M concentration methylmercury depressed the proliferation of mouse glioma cells almost completely and increased the mitotic indices. In the electron micrographs of the cells treated with 5 x 10(-6) M methylmercury for 4 hr, microtubules as mitotic spindle fiber were absent and chromosomes were scattered in a disorderly fashion in the cytoplasm. From these observations we concluded that exposure to methylmercury inhibits the cell mitosis by blocking the polymerization of tubulin to microtubules and results in the accumulation of the cells on the way of mitosis. Changes in behaviors of other mitotic apparatus and of fibrillar structures other than microtubules are also described.", "contents": "Effects of methylmercury on mitotic mouse glioma cells. The effects of methylmercury on cultured mammalian cells were studied by light and electron microscopy. At 5 x 10(-6) M concentration methylmercury depressed the proliferation of mouse glioma cells almost completely and increased the mitotic indices. In the electron micrographs of the cells treated with 5 x 10(-6) M methylmercury for 4 hr, microtubules as mitotic spindle fiber were absent and chromosomes were scattered in a disorderly fashion in the cytoplasm. From these observations we concluded that exposure to methylmercury inhibits the cell mitosis by blocking the polymerization of tubulin to microtubules and results in the accumulation of the cells on the way of mitosis. Changes in behaviors of other mitotic apparatus and of fibrillar structures other than microtubules are also described.", "PMID": 318529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6483", "title": "Sodium and potassium fluxes across the dialyzed giant axon of Myxicola.", "content": "Resting and stimulated fluxes of sodium and potassium across the giant axon of the marine annelid, Myxicola infundibulum, have been characterized using the technique of internal dialysis. In most respects the ion movements were found to be similar to those in squid axons. Sodium efflux and potassium influx were found to be active, cardiac glycoside-sensitive fluxes, with a variable coupling ratio. However, when [ATP]i was lowered to less than 20 microM by treatment with cyanide and continuous dialysis, or to less than 2 microM by dialysis with glucose following injection of hexokinase, Na efflux and K influx were unaltered. The maintained fluxes were not accounted for by an increased passive permeability of the axolemma, although 30-60% of the Na efflux appeared to be due to Na-Na exchange. An altered form of Na pump operation at low [ATP]i is a more likely explanation than an alternate energy source, or an ATP source proximate to the axolemma. The transient response of 22Na efflux to a change in [22Na]i was found to be much slower than in squid, tau = 360 sec. The efflux delay could only be accounted for by an extra-axonal diffusion barrier, which is probably the basement membrane surrounding the ventral nerve cord.", "contents": "Sodium and potassium fluxes across the dialyzed giant axon of Myxicola. Resting and stimulated fluxes of sodium and potassium across the giant axon of the marine annelid, Myxicola infundibulum, have been characterized using the technique of internal dialysis. In most respects the ion movements were found to be similar to those in squid axons. Sodium efflux and potassium influx were found to be active, cardiac glycoside-sensitive fluxes, with a variable coupling ratio. However, when [ATP]i was lowered to less than 20 microM by treatment with cyanide and continuous dialysis, or to less than 2 microM by dialysis with glucose following injection of hexokinase, Na efflux and K influx were unaltered. The maintained fluxes were not accounted for by an increased passive permeability of the axolemma, although 30-60% of the Na efflux appeared to be due to Na-Na exchange. An altered form of Na pump operation at low [ATP]i is a more likely explanation than an alternate energy source, or an ATP source proximate to the axolemma. The transient response of 22Na efflux to a change in [22Na]i was found to be much slower than in squid, tau = 360 sec. The efflux delay could only be accounted for by an extra-axonal diffusion barrier, which is probably the basement membrane surrounding the ventral nerve cord.", "PMID": 318530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6484", "title": "Ion transport and displacement currents with membrane-bound carriers: the theory for voltage-clamp currents, charge-pulse transients and admittance for symmetrical systems.", "content": "The standard carrier model for ion transport by a one-to-one mechanism is developed to predict the time-dependent currents for systems that are symmetrical at zero applied potential. The complete solution for ions and carriers bearing any charge is derived by assuming that the concentration of ions in the membrane is low and either that the applied potential is small or that the applied potential affects equally all of the association and dissociation reactions between the ions and the carriers. The response to an abruptly applied potential is then given by the sum of a constant and two declining exponential terms. The time constants of these relaxations are described by the equations derived for neutral carriers by Stark, Ketterer, Benz and L\u00fcger in 1971 (Biophys. J. 11:981). The sum of the amplitudes of the exponentials for small applied potentials obeys a relation like that first derived by Markin and Liberman in 1973 (Biofizika 18:453). For small applied potentials expressions are also provided for the voltage transients in charge-pulse experiments and for the membrane admittance.", "contents": "Ion transport and displacement currents with membrane-bound carriers: the theory for voltage-clamp currents, charge-pulse transients and admittance for symmetrical systems. The standard carrier model for ion transport by a one-to-one mechanism is developed to predict the time-dependent currents for systems that are symmetrical at zero applied potential. The complete solution for ions and carriers bearing any charge is derived by assuming that the concentration of ions in the membrane is low and either that the applied potential is small or that the applied potential affects equally all of the association and dissociation reactions between the ions and the carriers. The response to an abruptly applied potential is then given by the sum of a constant and two declining exponential terms. The time constants of these relaxations are described by the equations derived for neutral carriers by Stark, Ketterer, Benz and L\u00fcger in 1971 (Biophys. J. 11:981). The sum of the amplitudes of the exponentials for small applied potentials obeys a relation like that first derived by Markin and Liberman in 1973 (Biofizika 18:453). For small applied potentials expressions are also provided for the voltage transients in charge-pulse experiments and for the membrane admittance.", "PMID": 318531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6485", "title": "Linear dichroism of rhodopsin in air-water interface films.", "content": "Air-water interface films of purified cattle rhodopsin and defined phospholipids are formed by the osmotic lysis of reconstituted membrane vesicles. The interface films thus formed consist of a phospholipid monolayer containing vesicle membrane fragments. Rhodopsin molecules at the interface are restricted within the membrane fragments where they are spectrophotometrically intact and capable of undergoing photoregeneration and chemical regeneration. Multilayers of up to 8 layers can be built from these interface films. The visible absorption band of rhodopsin in these multilayers is linearly dichroic. Quantitative analysis of the linear dichroism reveals that the dipole moment of transition of the retinal chromophore in rhodopsin forms an angle of 15 degrees +/- 4 degrees with the plane of the membrane fragments in the interface film. This orientation of the chromophore relative to the plane of the membrane is essentially the same as that observed in the intact retina. Thus, the orientation of rhodopsin in the interface films is similar to that in the intact disc membranes.", "contents": "Linear dichroism of rhodopsin in air-water interface films. Air-water interface films of purified cattle rhodopsin and defined phospholipids are formed by the osmotic lysis of reconstituted membrane vesicles. The interface films thus formed consist of a phospholipid monolayer containing vesicle membrane fragments. Rhodopsin molecules at the interface are restricted within the membrane fragments where they are spectrophotometrically intact and capable of undergoing photoregeneration and chemical regeneration. Multilayers of up to 8 layers can be built from these interface films. The visible absorption band of rhodopsin in these multilayers is linearly dichroic. Quantitative analysis of the linear dichroism reveals that the dipole moment of transition of the retinal chromophore in rhodopsin forms an angle of 15 degrees +/- 4 degrees with the plane of the membrane fragments in the interface film. This orientation of the chromophore relative to the plane of the membrane is essentially the same as that observed in the intact retina. Thus, the orientation of rhodopsin in the interface films is similar to that in the intact disc membranes.", "PMID": 318532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6486", "title": "Host immune responses after administration of inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccines--III. Kinetics for neutralizing antibody immunoglobulin class responses in donors and adoptively-immunized recipients.", "content": "C57B16 mice were immunized with either live, attenuated TC-83 strain VEE virus vaccine or formalin-inactivated VEE vaccine combined with Bordetella pertussis. The kinetics of specific donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE neutralizing antibody responses were studied. Donor mice immunized with either live or inactivated VEE virus vaccine combined with potent adjuvants develop specific anti-VEE IgM and IgG responses as early as 7 days post-immunization. Anti-VEE IgM antibody responses comprise the majority of anti-VEE neutralizing antibody at this early time period. By 14 to 21 days post-immunization, anti-VEE IgG responses predominated. When adoptively-immunized recipients were studied, the anti-VEE IgM to IgG predominance seen in donors early after administration was reversed, and for each time-period studied, recipients' serum anti-VEE antibody class responses consisted principally of IgG rather than IgM antibody. Since T-cells cooperation with B-cells is critical in the IgM-IgG antibody shift, these studies support the critical role T-cells exert in adoptive transfer in a murine model of experimental VEE infection. Furthermore, immunization with either live or inactivated VEE vaccine coupled to a potent adjuvant induce comparable donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE antibody class responses.", "contents": "Host immune responses after administration of inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccines--III. Kinetics for neutralizing antibody immunoglobulin class responses in donors and adoptively-immunized recipients. C57B16 mice were immunized with either live, attenuated TC-83 strain VEE virus vaccine or formalin-inactivated VEE vaccine combined with Bordetella pertussis. The kinetics of specific donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE neutralizing antibody responses were studied. Donor mice immunized with either live or inactivated VEE virus vaccine combined with potent adjuvants develop specific anti-VEE IgM and IgG responses as early as 7 days post-immunization. Anti-VEE IgM antibody responses comprise the majority of anti-VEE neutralizing antibody at this early time period. By 14 to 21 days post-immunization, anti-VEE IgG responses predominated. When adoptively-immunized recipients were studied, the anti-VEE IgM to IgG predominance seen in donors early after administration was reversed, and for each time-period studied, recipients' serum anti-VEE antibody class responses consisted principally of IgG rather than IgM antibody. Since T-cells cooperation with B-cells is critical in the IgM-IgG antibody shift, these studies support the critical role T-cells exert in adoptive transfer in a murine model of experimental VEE infection. Furthermore, immunization with either live or inactivated VEE vaccine coupled to a potent adjuvant induce comparable donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE antibody class responses.", "PMID": 318539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6487", "title": "Vitamin D2 in vertebrate evolution.", "content": "1. The affinities of the specific vitamin D plasma transport proteins for 25-hydroxyergocalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were studied in sixty three vertebrate species. 2. Fish, reptile, bird and monotreme plasma proteins bound 25-hydroxyergocalciferol considerably less efficiently than 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. 3. Vitamin D transport proteins from twenty-two placental mammals bound 25-hydroxyergocalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol with equal efficiency. 4. Proteins from nine mammals bound 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 10-30% more efficiently than 25-hydroxyergocalciferol.", "contents": "Vitamin D2 in vertebrate evolution. 1. The affinities of the specific vitamin D plasma transport proteins for 25-hydroxyergocalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were studied in sixty three vertebrate species. 2. Fish, reptile, bird and monotreme plasma proteins bound 25-hydroxyergocalciferol considerably less efficiently than 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. 3. Vitamin D transport proteins from twenty-two placental mammals bound 25-hydroxyergocalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol with equal efficiency. 4. Proteins from nine mammals bound 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 10-30% more efficiently than 25-hydroxyergocalciferol.", "PMID": 318540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6488", "title": "Binding properties of serum vitamin D transport proteins in vertebrates for 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24S, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in vitro.", "content": "1. The affinities of the specific vitamin D plasma transport proteins for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24S, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol were studied in 34 vertebrate species. 2. Fish plasma proteins bound 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24S, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol with equal efficiency. 3. Vitamin D transport proteins in birds and a monotreme bound 25-hydroxycholecalciferol more efficiently than 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; in one bird the two seco-steroids were bound with equal efficiency. 4. Transport proteins from marsupial and placental mammals bound 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol more efficiently than 24S, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. 5. Twelve mammal transport proteins bound 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol with equal efficiency, however, in six mammals 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was more efficiently bound.", "contents": "Binding properties of serum vitamin D transport proteins in vertebrates for 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24S, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in vitro. 1. The affinities of the specific vitamin D plasma transport proteins for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24S, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol were studied in 34 vertebrate species. 2. Fish plasma proteins bound 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24S, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol with equal efficiency. 3. Vitamin D transport proteins in birds and a monotreme bound 25-hydroxycholecalciferol more efficiently than 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; in one bird the two seco-steroids were bound with equal efficiency. 4. Transport proteins from marsupial and placental mammals bound 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol more efficiently than 24S, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. 5. Twelve mammal transport proteins bound 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 24R, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol with equal efficiency, however, in six mammals 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was more efficiently bound.", "PMID": 318541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6489", "title": "Phylogenetic and regional variations in brain gangliosides of tetrapods.", "content": "1. Ganglioside patterns were analyzed from four neural tissues (medulla, midbrain, forebrain and retina) in a representative from each of the four tetrapod classes. 2. Regional variations in ganglioside patterns were noted within some species, but differences were greater across phylogenetic lines. 3. These results suggest that evolutionary history plays a greater role than neural differentiation in the expression of brain ganglioside patterns.", "contents": "Phylogenetic and regional variations in brain gangliosides of tetrapods. 1. Ganglioside patterns were analyzed from four neural tissues (medulla, midbrain, forebrain and retina) in a representative from each of the four tetrapod classes. 2. Regional variations in ganglioside patterns were noted within some species, but differences were greater across phylogenetic lines. 3. These results suggest that evolutionary history plays a greater role than neural differentiation in the expression of brain ganglioside patterns.", "PMID": 318542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6490", "title": "Amphibian intestinal brush border membranes-I. Isolation from Rana catesbeiana tadpole.", "content": "1. Intestinal brush border membrane vesicles have been isolated form Rana catesbeiana tadpole. 2. Electron microscopy of brush border membrane vesicles demonstrates a fairly homogenous preparation of vesicles, some of them still containing electron dense material. 3. The dense vesicles probably comprise both microvillus core and membrane. 4. Negative staining of vesicles reveals the presence of knob-like structures (particles) covering the outer surface of the membrane. 5. The membranous fraction is characterized by a high specific activity of alkaline phosphatase, trehalase, glucoamylase, maltase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase.", "contents": "Amphibian intestinal brush border membranes-I. Isolation from Rana catesbeiana tadpole. 1. Intestinal brush border membrane vesicles have been isolated form Rana catesbeiana tadpole. 2. Electron microscopy of brush border membrane vesicles demonstrates a fairly homogenous preparation of vesicles, some of them still containing electron dense material. 3. The dense vesicles probably comprise both microvillus core and membrane. 4. Negative staining of vesicles reveals the presence of knob-like structures (particles) covering the outer surface of the membrane. 5. The membranous fraction is characterized by a high specific activity of alkaline phosphatase, trehalase, glucoamylase, maltase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase.", "PMID": 318543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6491", "title": "Hexokinase III from Rana catesbeiana.", "content": "1. Hexokinase III was partially purified from the liver of the American bullfrong, Rana catesbeiana, using DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. 2. It was inhibited by glucose concentrations above 5 x 10(-5) M (pH 5.9), 10(-4) M (pH 6.7) or 10(-3) M (pH 7.5). 3. There was virtually no inhibition by excess glucose at pH 8.7. 4. The maximum velocity of the reaction increased with increasing pH. 5. Galactose could not be utilized as a substrate. 6. Classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics were obtained with respect to ATP, with no evidence of allostery. 7. The apparent Michaelis constant for ATP was 0.23 +/- 0.013 mM in the presence of 0.2 mM glucose at pH 7.5.", "contents": "Hexokinase III from Rana catesbeiana. 1. Hexokinase III was partially purified from the liver of the American bullfrong, Rana catesbeiana, using DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. 2. It was inhibited by glucose concentrations above 5 x 10(-5) M (pH 5.9), 10(-4) M (pH 6.7) or 10(-3) M (pH 7.5). 3. There was virtually no inhibition by excess glucose at pH 8.7. 4. The maximum velocity of the reaction increased with increasing pH. 5. Galactose could not be utilized as a substrate. 6. Classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics were obtained with respect to ATP, with no evidence of allostery. 7. The apparent Michaelis constant for ATP was 0.23 +/- 0.013 mM in the presence of 0.2 mM glucose at pH 7.5.", "PMID": 318544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6492", "title": "Specificity of carbohydrate inhibition on leopard frog (Rana pipiens) erythrocyte agglutinating activity by concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "1. Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) erythrocytes are agglutinated by the plant lectins concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. 2. Concanavalin A hemagglutination can be specifically inhibited by the sugars mannose, glucose, arabohexulose, alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, maltose, sucrose, trehalose and melezitose. 3. Sugars inhibiting concanavalin A hemagglutination are structurally composed of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl, alpha-D-mannopyranosyl or beta-D-fructofuranosyl residues with the same hydroxyl groups at carbons 3, 4 and 6. 4. Phytohemagglutinin hemagglutination can only be inhibited by the sugar N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. 5. Sugar inhibition of concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin leopard frog erythrocyte agglutination is the same as that observed in many mammalian species.", "contents": "Specificity of carbohydrate inhibition on leopard frog (Rana pipiens) erythrocyte agglutinating activity by concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. 1. Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) erythrocytes are agglutinated by the plant lectins concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. 2. Concanavalin A hemagglutination can be specifically inhibited by the sugars mannose, glucose, arabohexulose, alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, maltose, sucrose, trehalose and melezitose. 3. Sugars inhibiting concanavalin A hemagglutination are structurally composed of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl, alpha-D-mannopyranosyl or beta-D-fructofuranosyl residues with the same hydroxyl groups at carbons 3, 4 and 6. 4. Phytohemagglutinin hemagglutination can only be inhibited by the sugar N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. 5. Sugar inhibition of concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin leopard frog erythrocyte agglutination is the same as that observed in many mammalian species.", "PMID": 318545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6493", "title": "Solubilization of frog brain and retina cholinesterase and studies of different molecular forms.", "content": "1. The cholinesterase (ChE) of frog brain and retina could be easily solubilized. About 10% of the brain and 20% of the retina ChE were found to be soluble in 0.05 M phosphate buffer. After treatment with 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100, about 30% of the total ChE activity of the brain and only 10% for retina was left particle bound. NaCl by itself did not solubilize ChE. Use of higher NaCl concentrations in combination with Triton X-100 as well as higher detergent concentrations alone seemed to cause an inhibiting effect of the solubilized ChE from retina. 2. The solubilized ChE from brain as well as retina were electrofocused as one main activity peak, corresponding to isoelectric points of pH 6.1 and 6.0, respectively. A second molecular form at pH 5.9 was distinguishable for the brain, but not for retina ChE. 3. Sucrose gradient centrifugation indicated that the ChE solubilized from the brain and retina consists of two molecular forms exhibiting S values of 5.1 +/- 0.24, 10.9 +/- 0.33 and 6.1 +/- 0.30, 10.9 +/- 0.43, respectively. After solubilization by higher Triton X-100 concentrations the soluble extracts from brain and retina seemed to contain the activity of these forms in different proportions. 4. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separated three molecular forms of the brain ChE. One of these forms was found to have a molecular weight of 394,000 +/- 20,000. The others were found to have an identical molecular weight of 550,000 +/- 10,000. Two molecular forms exhibiting molecular weights of 292,000 +/- 10,000 and 470,000 +/- 10,000, could be separated for retina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "Solubilization of frog brain and retina cholinesterase and studies of different molecular forms. 1. The cholinesterase (ChE) of frog brain and retina could be easily solubilized. About 10% of the brain and 20% of the retina ChE were found to be soluble in 0.05 M phosphate buffer. After treatment with 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100, about 30% of the total ChE activity of the brain and only 10% for retina was left particle bound. NaCl by itself did not solubilize ChE. Use of higher NaCl concentrations in combination with Triton X-100 as well as higher detergent concentrations alone seemed to cause an inhibiting effect of the solubilized ChE from retina. 2. The solubilized ChE from brain as well as retina were electrofocused as one main activity peak, corresponding to isoelectric points of pH 6.1 and 6.0, respectively. A second molecular form at pH 5.9 was distinguishable for the brain, but not for retina ChE. 3. Sucrose gradient centrifugation indicated that the ChE solubilized from the brain and retina consists of two molecular forms exhibiting S values of 5.1 +/- 0.24, 10.9 +/- 0.33 and 6.1 +/- 0.30, 10.9 +/- 0.43, respectively. After solubilization by higher Triton X-100 concentrations the soluble extracts from brain and retina seemed to contain the activity of these forms in different proportions. 4. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separated three molecular forms of the brain ChE. One of these forms was found to have a molecular weight of 394,000 +/- 20,000. The others were found to have an identical molecular weight of 550,000 +/- 10,000. Two molecular forms exhibiting molecular weights of 292,000 +/- 10,000 and 470,000 +/- 10,000, could be separated for retina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "PMID": 318546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6494", "title": "Folinic acid: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.", "content": "In this paper I will attempt to focus attention on the uncertainties of folinic acid rescue therapy, as well as what is known.", "contents": "Folinic acid: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In this paper I will attempt to focus attention on the uncertainties of folinic acid rescue therapy, as well as what is known.", "PMID": 318548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6495", "title": "Fracture-separation of the distal humeral epiphysis in young children.", "content": "Fracture-separation of the distal humeral epiphysis in young children is frequently misdiagnosed as a fracture of the lateral humeral condyle or a dislocation of the elbow. The roentgenographic relationships between the ossification center of the capitulum humeri and the radius are important in distinguishing between the three conditions. Arthrographic studies in our patients showed that this is an extracapsular supracondylar fracture. In six fracture-separations treated either by open reduction and wire fixation or in overhead traction, the results were excellent.", "contents": "Fracture-separation of the distal humeral epiphysis in young children. Fracture-separation of the distal humeral epiphysis in young children is frequently misdiagnosed as a fracture of the lateral humeral condyle or a dislocation of the elbow. The roentgenographic relationships between the ossification center of the capitulum humeri and the radius are important in distinguishing between the three conditions. Arthrographic studies in our patients showed that this is an extracapsular supracondylar fracture. In six fracture-separations treated either by open reduction and wire fixation or in overhead traction, the results were excellent.", "PMID": 318560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6496", "title": "Laval implant sutdies with Lucilia cuprina.", "content": "Semi-field studies, using the larval implant technique, show that sheep may be protected against resistant larvae of Lucilia cuprina by thorough jetting with chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dichlofenthion and fenthion ethyl, but not bromophos ethyl, for the normal duration of waves of bodystrike in New South Wales. The standard method of assessing implant data is to be preferred to analyses based on average protection due to the extra time required for the latter procedure.", "contents": "Laval implant sutdies with Lucilia cuprina. Semi-field studies, using the larval implant technique, show that sheep may be protected against resistant larvae of Lucilia cuprina by thorough jetting with chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dichlofenthion and fenthion ethyl, but not bromophos ethyl, for the normal duration of waves of bodystrike in New South Wales. The standard method of assessing implant data is to be preferred to analyses based on average protection due to the extra time required for the latter procedure.", "PMID": 318562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6497", "title": "Sampling rates required for digital recording of intracellular and extracellular cardiac potentials.", "content": "Electrocardiograms and cardiac electrograms now frequently are measured for both clinical and experimental purposes by direct digital sampling, with no recording of the signal in analog form. This study examined the question of what sampling rates were required to measure accurately the continuous waveforms from the digital samples. Body surface waveforms and intracellular and extracellular waveforms measured directly from cardiac tissues were evaluated. Cardiac measurements included waveforms from the atrium, ventricle, atrioventricular transmission system and individual Purkinje strands. Sampling rates as high as 15,000 samples/sec were required to record accurately extracellular waveforms of the ventricular conduction system. Decreasing sampling rates were required as the recording site shifted through the ventricle to the body surface, where sampling rates as high as 1500 samples/sec were necessary.", "contents": "Sampling rates required for digital recording of intracellular and extracellular cardiac potentials. Electrocardiograms and cardiac electrograms now frequently are measured for both clinical and experimental purposes by direct digital sampling, with no recording of the signal in analog form. This study examined the question of what sampling rates were required to measure accurately the continuous waveforms from the digital samples. Body surface waveforms and intracellular and extracellular waveforms measured directly from cardiac tissues were evaluated. Cardiac measurements included waveforms from the atrium, ventricle, atrioventricular transmission system and individual Purkinje strands. Sampling rates as high as 15,000 samples/sec were required to record accurately extracellular waveforms of the ventricular conduction system. Decreasing sampling rates were required as the recording site shifted through the ventricle to the body surface, where sampling rates as high as 1500 samples/sec were necessary.", "PMID": 318576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6498", "title": "Antacid and placebo produced similar pain relief in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "The effectiveness of antacid and placebo in relieving single episodes of spontaneous duodenal ulcer pain were compared in two double blind, controlled, randomized trials. The trials compared the effects on ulcer pain of individual doses of a liquid antacid and placebo, rather than the effects of therapeutic regimens with antacid or placebo. Thirty patients were studied. There were no significant differences between antacid and placebo in time to onset, degree, or duration of pain relief. These results suggest that factors other than gastric acid neutralization are important in acute relief of spontaneous duodenal ulcer pain.", "contents": "Antacid and placebo produced similar pain relief in duodenal ulcer patients. The effectiveness of antacid and placebo in relieving single episodes of spontaneous duodenal ulcer pain were compared in two double blind, controlled, randomized trials. The trials compared the effects on ulcer pain of individual doses of a liquid antacid and placebo, rather than the effects of therapeutic regimens with antacid or placebo. Thirty patients were studied. There were no significant differences between antacid and placebo in time to onset, degree, or duration of pain relief. These results suggest that factors other than gastric acid neutralization are important in acute relief of spontaneous duodenal ulcer pain.", "PMID": 318577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6499", "title": "A randomized, double blind controlled trial of the efficacy of immune serum globulin for the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. A Veterans Administration cooperative study.", "content": "A double blind, randomized, controlled trial has been conducted in 11 Veterans Administration hospitals during a 49-month period to compare the relative efficacies of immune serum globulin (ISG) and an albumin placebo for the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH). A total of 2204 patients, of whom 1094 received ISG, participated in the study. The results indicate that ISG significantly reduced the incidence of icteric type non-B hepatitis only (inferred to be also type non-A hepatitis). Adverse reactions were rare, and the ISG did not significantly alter the incubation period or duration of the disease. The data suggest, however, that a similar reduction in type non-A, non-B hepatitis would have occurred had commercial blood been excluded from use. Analysis of the 241 patients who developed hepatitis indicates that type B hepatitis constituted less than 20% of the cases each year of the study. Furthermore, the efficacy of the ISG, manufactured in 1944, against apparent type non-A, non-B hepatitis suggests that this overlooked disease has existed from at least that time. Host- and transfusion-related factors that might have modified the development of PTH were examined. The use of commercial blood was observed to be the most important risk factor. It is concluded that the PTH incidence can be most effectively reduced by eliminating commercial donor blood, and continuing to screen volunteer donors for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by sensitive procedures. Of prime importance is the need to define the agent(s) responsible for type non-A, non-B hepatitis.", "contents": "A randomized, double blind controlled trial of the efficacy of immune serum globulin for the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. A Veterans Administration cooperative study. A double blind, randomized, controlled trial has been conducted in 11 Veterans Administration hospitals during a 49-month period to compare the relative efficacies of immune serum globulin (ISG) and an albumin placebo for the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH). A total of 2204 patients, of whom 1094 received ISG, participated in the study. The results indicate that ISG significantly reduced the incidence of icteric type non-B hepatitis only (inferred to be also type non-A hepatitis). Adverse reactions were rare, and the ISG did not significantly alter the incubation period or duration of the disease. The data suggest, however, that a similar reduction in type non-A, non-B hepatitis would have occurred had commercial blood been excluded from use. Analysis of the 241 patients who developed hepatitis indicates that type B hepatitis constituted less than 20% of the cases each year of the study. Furthermore, the efficacy of the ISG, manufactured in 1944, against apparent type non-A, non-B hepatitis suggests that this overlooked disease has existed from at least that time. Host- and transfusion-related factors that might have modified the development of PTH were examined. The use of commercial blood was observed to be the most important risk factor. It is concluded that the PTH incidence can be most effectively reduced by eliminating commercial donor blood, and continuing to screen volunteer donors for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by sensitive procedures. Of prime importance is the need to define the agent(s) responsible for type non-A, non-B hepatitis.", "PMID": 318578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6500", "title": "Hepatic artery hypertrophy and sinusoidal hypertension in advanced schistosomiasis.", "content": "In 5 patients with portal hypertension caused by schistosomiasis, the sinusoidal pressure (wedged hepatic pressure) varied from 20.7 to 35.4 mm Hg. While the catheter was in an occluded position within the hepatic vein and the patients were undergoing splenectomy, the main trunk of the hepatic artery was clamped. The sinusoidal pressures then fell to levels that varied from 3.7 to 7.4 mm Hg but returned to previous levels when  the clamping was released. Wedged hepatic venous pressure levels, which were  significantly greater than portal venous pressure values, decreased minimally after splenectomy. Portal venous pressure levels, however, fell to 63% of presplenectomy levels. In a control case with an enlarged spleen (cavernous hemangioma, but with a normal liver, the wedged hepatic pressure was 7.4 mm Hg and showed no alteration after clamping of hepatic artery. These data point out the importance of hepatic artery hypertrophy, that has already been demonstrated in other studies, in causing elevation of the wedged hepatic pressure in advanced hepatic schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Hepatic artery hypertrophy and sinusoidal hypertension in advanced schistosomiasis. In 5 patients with portal hypertension caused by schistosomiasis, the sinusoidal pressure (wedged hepatic pressure) varied from 20.7 to 35.4 mm Hg. While the catheter was in an occluded position within the hepatic vein and the patients were undergoing splenectomy, the main trunk of the hepatic artery was clamped. The sinusoidal pressures then fell to levels that varied from 3.7 to 7.4 mm Hg but returned to previous levels when  the clamping was released. Wedged hepatic venous pressure levels, which were  significantly greater than portal venous pressure values, decreased minimally after splenectomy. Portal venous pressure levels, however, fell to 63% of presplenectomy levels. In a control case with an enlarged spleen (cavernous hemangioma, but with a normal liver, the wedged hepatic pressure was 7.4 mm Hg and showed no alteration after clamping of hepatic artery. These data point out the importance of hepatic artery hypertrophy, that has already been demonstrated in other studies, in causing elevation of the wedged hepatic pressure in advanced hepatic schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 318579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6501", "title": "Effect of deoxycholic acid ingestion on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid secretion in normal subjects.", "content": "The effect of deoxycholate ingestion, 750 mg per day, on bile acid kinetics, biliary bile acid composition, and biliary lipid secretion was studied in 7 healthy volunteers. Bile acid kinetics were measured by isotope dilution, and hourly outputs of bile acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid were quantitated by a duodenal perfusion technique during a 24-hr period which included three liquid meals and an overnight fast. Biliary bile acid composition was assessed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After deoxycholic acid ingestion, biliary bile acids became composed of predominantly deoxycholyl conjugates, and deoxycholic acid pools increased 4-fold. Both chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid pools decreased, and daily synthesis of each of the primary bile acids was inhibited by 50%. Total bile acid pools did not change in any consistent manner. Daily bile acid secretion increased slightly during deoxycholic acid ingestion, and recycling frequency varied reciprocally with the total bile acid pool both before and during deoxycholic acid treatment. Deoxycholic acid ingestion caused no change in either the daily secretion of cholesterol or lecithin, or the cholesterol saturation of fasting-state bile, which remained unsaturated throughout the study. SGOT levels increased to 4 times the upper limits of normal in 2 of 7 subjects, but these levels promptly returned to normal when deoxycholate feeding was stopped. Serum cholesterol levels decreased in every subject (average 15%) during deoxycholic acid administration. No evidence for a direct role of deoxycholate in the pathogenesis of cholesterol cholelithiasis was obtained in these studies.", "contents": "Effect of deoxycholic acid ingestion on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid secretion in normal subjects. The effect of deoxycholate ingestion, 750 mg per day, on bile acid kinetics, biliary bile acid composition, and biliary lipid secretion was studied in 7 healthy volunteers. Bile acid kinetics were measured by isotope dilution, and hourly outputs of bile acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid were quantitated by a duodenal perfusion technique during a 24-hr period which included three liquid meals and an overnight fast. Biliary bile acid composition was assessed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After deoxycholic acid ingestion, biliary bile acids became composed of predominantly deoxycholyl conjugates, and deoxycholic acid pools increased 4-fold. Both chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid pools decreased, and daily synthesis of each of the primary bile acids was inhibited by 50%. Total bile acid pools did not change in any consistent manner. Daily bile acid secretion increased slightly during deoxycholic acid ingestion, and recycling frequency varied reciprocally with the total bile acid pool both before and during deoxycholic acid treatment. Deoxycholic acid ingestion caused no change in either the daily secretion of cholesterol or lecithin, or the cholesterol saturation of fasting-state bile, which remained unsaturated throughout the study. SGOT levels increased to 4 times the upper limits of normal in 2 of 7 subjects, but these levels promptly returned to normal when deoxycholate feeding was stopped. Serum cholesterol levels decreased in every subject (average 15%) during deoxycholic acid administration. No evidence for a direct role of deoxycholate in the pathogenesis of cholesterol cholelithiasis was obtained in these studies.", "PMID": 318580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6502", "title": "Pigment gallstones.", "content": "Pigment gallstones are defined as any dark brown-to-black stone, consisting of calcium salts of bilirubin, phosphate, carbonate and other anions, and can be separated into carbonate- and noncarbonate-containing groups. Pigment stones predominate in the rural Orient, in cirrhosis, and in elderly United States patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Clinical associations include bile duct obstruction, stasis, and possibly hemolysis. Of pigment stones, 50% are radioopaque and account for two-thirds of all opaque stones. The concentrations of bile salts, phospholipids,, cholesterol, and total bilirubin in bile are similar to normal levels, but the concentration of unconjugated bilirubin is increased in the bile of some patients. Increased unconjugated bilirubin in bile may be caused by increased hydrolysis of excreted conjugated bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin is solubilized by bile salts, but the interaction is primarily nonmicellar. Ionized calcium and pH are important determinants of solubility. Sulfated glycoproteins, excreted in increased amounts in patients with cholelithiasis, may be the site of pigment stone precipitation because these compounds bind calcium salts tightly. E coli is frequently cultured from pigment stones in Japan but not in the United States; thus, bacterial beta-glucuronidase may be important in stone formation in Japan but probably not in the West. Stasis leads to increased calcium secretion and to increases in the concentration of sparingly soluble compounds that may then precipitate. Incomplete emptying of the gallbladder may result in the same concentration process. Unsaturated fats and chronic vagal stimulation cause pigment stone formation in animals. At present, surgery is the only treatment for pigment lithiasis.", "contents": "Pigment gallstones. Pigment gallstones are defined as any dark brown-to-black stone, consisting of calcium salts of bilirubin, phosphate, carbonate and other anions, and can be separated into carbonate- and noncarbonate-containing groups. Pigment stones predominate in the rural Orient, in cirrhosis, and in elderly United States patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Clinical associations include bile duct obstruction, stasis, and possibly hemolysis. Of pigment stones, 50% are radioopaque and account for two-thirds of all opaque stones. The concentrations of bile salts, phospholipids,, cholesterol, and total bilirubin in bile are similar to normal levels, but the concentration of unconjugated bilirubin is increased in the bile of some patients. Increased unconjugated bilirubin in bile may be caused by increased hydrolysis of excreted conjugated bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin is solubilized by bile salts, but the interaction is primarily nonmicellar. Ionized calcium and pH are important determinants of solubility. Sulfated glycoproteins, excreted in increased amounts in patients with cholelithiasis, may be the site of pigment stone precipitation because these compounds bind calcium salts tightly. E coli is frequently cultured from pigment stones in Japan but not in the United States; thus, bacterial beta-glucuronidase may be important in stone formation in Japan but probably not in the West. Stasis leads to increased calcium secretion and to increases in the concentration of sparingly soluble compounds that may then precipitate. Incomplete emptying of the gallbladder may result in the same concentration process. Unsaturated fats and chronic vagal stimulation cause pigment stone formation in animals. At present, surgery is the only treatment for pigment lithiasis.", "PMID": 318581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6503", "title": "Evidence that pancreatic proteases enhance vitamin B12 absorption by acting on curde preparations of hog gastric intrinsic factor and human gastric juice.", "content": "Crude preparations of hog gastric intrinsic factor or their own previously collected gastric juices administered with labeled vitamin B12 did not enhance vitamin B12 absorption in patients with vitamin B12 malabsorption secondary to pancreatic insufficiency. However, when these sources of gastric intrinsic factor were incubated with three times crystallized preparations of insolubilized bovine trypsin or chymotrypsin, the proteolytic enzymes were removed by centrifugation, and the preparations of gastric intrinsic factor were readministered to these patients, the absorption of vitamin B12 was markedly enhanced. Studies of hog gastric intrinsic factor before and after exposure to proteolytic enzymes failed to show any difference on Sephadex chromatography or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or on its affinity for vitamin B12 or the ileal receptor in guinea pigs. These investigations demonstrate that: (1) gastric intrinsic factor as secreted by subjects with pancreatic insufficiency or obtained from hog pyloric mucosal extracts is ineffective in promoting vitamin B12 absorption in patients with pancreatic insufficiency, (2) incubation of crude preparations of gastric intrinsic factor with insolubilized pancreatic proteases modified these preparations of gastric intrinsic factor in an as yet undefined manner, allowing them to enhance vitamin B12 absorption, and (3) in vitro studies using gut sacs or brush border preparations do not reflect the abnormality in vitamin B12 absorption associated with pancreatic dysfunction.", "contents": "Evidence that pancreatic proteases enhance vitamin B12 absorption by acting on curde preparations of hog gastric intrinsic factor and human gastric juice. Crude preparations of hog gastric intrinsic factor or their own previously collected gastric juices administered with labeled vitamin B12 did not enhance vitamin B12 absorption in patients with vitamin B12 malabsorption secondary to pancreatic insufficiency. However, when these sources of gastric intrinsic factor were incubated with three times crystallized preparations of insolubilized bovine trypsin or chymotrypsin, the proteolytic enzymes were removed by centrifugation, and the preparations of gastric intrinsic factor were readministered to these patients, the absorption of vitamin B12 was markedly enhanced. Studies of hog gastric intrinsic factor before and after exposure to proteolytic enzymes failed to show any difference on Sephadex chromatography or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or on its affinity for vitamin B12 or the ileal receptor in guinea pigs. These investigations demonstrate that: (1) gastric intrinsic factor as secreted by subjects with pancreatic insufficiency or obtained from hog pyloric mucosal extracts is ineffective in promoting vitamin B12 absorption in patients with pancreatic insufficiency, (2) incubation of crude preparations of gastric intrinsic factor with insolubilized pancreatic proteases modified these preparations of gastric intrinsic factor in an as yet undefined manner, allowing them to enhance vitamin B12 absorption, and (3) in vitro studies using gut sacs or brush border preparations do not reflect the abnormality in vitamin B12 absorption associated with pancreatic dysfunction.", "PMID": 318582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6504", "title": "Effect of graded amounts of acid instilled into the duodenum on pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and plasma secretin in duodenal ulcer patients and normal subjects.", "content": "Pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and plasma secretin were measured in response to graded amounts of hydrochloric acid (0.94, 1.88, 3.75, and 7.5 mEq per 5 min) instilled directly into the duodenum in duodenal ulcer patients and in normal subjects. These graded amounts of acid produced graded increases in pancreatic bicarbonate in both groups. Mean bicarbonate secretion was significantly greater in the duodenal ulcer patients than in the normal subjects basally and after the lowest dose of hydrochloric acid. Mean (+/- SE) peak 30-min bicarbonate output (in milliequivalents) after duodenal acidification was 3.0 +/- 1.0 in the duodenal ulcer patients and 2.1 +/- 0.6 in the normal subjects (P less than 0.5). A significant (P less than 0.05) increase in plasma secretin occurred after duodenal acidification, but the increase in the duodenal ulcer and normal subjects was not significantly different (P less than 0.2). These results indicate that pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and increase in plasma secretin in response to graded amounts of duodenal acid are at least as great in patients with duodenal ulcer as in normal subjects.", "contents": "Effect of graded amounts of acid instilled into the duodenum on pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and plasma secretin in duodenal ulcer patients and normal subjects. Pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and plasma secretin were measured in response to graded amounts of hydrochloric acid (0.94, 1.88, 3.75, and 7.5 mEq per 5 min) instilled directly into the duodenum in duodenal ulcer patients and in normal subjects. These graded amounts of acid produced graded increases in pancreatic bicarbonate in both groups. Mean bicarbonate secretion was significantly greater in the duodenal ulcer patients than in the normal subjects basally and after the lowest dose of hydrochloric acid. Mean (+/- SE) peak 30-min bicarbonate output (in milliequivalents) after duodenal acidification was 3.0 +/- 1.0 in the duodenal ulcer patients and 2.1 +/- 0.6 in the normal subjects (P less than 0.5). A significant (P less than 0.05) increase in plasma secretin occurred after duodenal acidification, but the increase in the duodenal ulcer and normal subjects was not significantly different (P less than 0.2). These results indicate that pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and increase in plasma secretin in response to graded amounts of duodenal acid are at least as great in patients with duodenal ulcer as in normal subjects.", "PMID": 318583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6505", "title": "Histological localization of two dipeptidases in the pig small intestine and liver, using immunofluorescence.", "content": "Antibodies were raised in rabbits against glycylleucine dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.2) and proline dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.9) purified from the pig. IgG fractions were isolated and purified by affinity chromatography on Sepharose (dipeptidase) columns and then used in histological studies on the small intestine and the liver from pig, using the double layer immunofluorescence-staining technique. In the small intestine the dipeptidases were predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of the enterocytes. A reaction was also seen in the leukocyte cytoplasm in the stroma of the small intestine. The dipeptidases were present in the villi but not in the crypts. In the liver the dipeptidases were localized in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte, but strong fluorescence was also obtained in the epithelium of the bile ducts. Glycylleucine dipeptidase and proline dipeptidase have been isolated from liver tissue and they were shown to be immunologically identical with the purified intestinal dipeptidases.", "contents": "Histological localization of two dipeptidases in the pig small intestine and liver, using immunofluorescence. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against glycylleucine dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.2) and proline dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.9) purified from the pig. IgG fractions were isolated and purified by affinity chromatography on Sepharose (dipeptidase) columns and then used in histological studies on the small intestine and the liver from pig, using the double layer immunofluorescence-staining technique. In the small intestine the dipeptidases were predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of the enterocytes. A reaction was also seen in the leukocyte cytoplasm in the stroma of the small intestine. The dipeptidases were present in the villi but not in the crypts. In the liver the dipeptidases were localized in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte, but strong fluorescence was also obtained in the epithelium of the bile ducts. Glycylleucine dipeptidase and proline dipeptidase have been isolated from liver tissue and they were shown to be immunologically identical with the purified intestinal dipeptidases.", "PMID": 318584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6506", "title": "Antibody-forming potential of lymph nodes in aged mice, with special reference to the influence of adjuvant.", "content": "The secondary antibody-forming potential of non-splenic lymphatic tissues during senescence was investigated in NMRI/Han mice, both at the cellular and humoral levels. The mean life span of conventionally reared NMRI/Han mice amounts to 19.86 months. After primary immunization of aged (20-month-old) NMRI mice with 4 X 10(8) sheep erythrocytes (SE) by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route, the primary antibody-forming potential of both spleen and lymph nodes was significantly reduced, as compared to young adult (3-month-old) controls. In contrast, the anamnestic response elicited by an i.p. booster injection of 4 X 10(8) SE at the 44th day after primary immunization was not significantly diminished in comparison to the controls. When killed cells of Bordetella pertussis were found to be significantly increased in young adult as well as in aged mice. These data obtained at the cellular level were in accordance with corresponding serological findings. The impressive restitution of the antibody-forming potential evident after secondary antigenic stimulation was associated with a remarkable restitution of the lymph node morphology. This was particularly pronounced in the pronounced in the parathymic lymph nodes which represent the draining nodes for the peritoneal cavity. These findings indicate that the lymph nodes of the senescent individual also possess remarkable reserves in immunocompetence.", "contents": "Antibody-forming potential of lymph nodes in aged mice, with special reference to the influence of adjuvant. The secondary antibody-forming potential of non-splenic lymphatic tissues during senescence was investigated in NMRI/Han mice, both at the cellular and humoral levels. The mean life span of conventionally reared NMRI/Han mice amounts to 19.86 months. After primary immunization of aged (20-month-old) NMRI mice with 4 X 10(8) sheep erythrocytes (SE) by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route, the primary antibody-forming potential of both spleen and lymph nodes was significantly reduced, as compared to young adult (3-month-old) controls. In contrast, the anamnestic response elicited by an i.p. booster injection of 4 X 10(8) SE at the 44th day after primary immunization was not significantly diminished in comparison to the controls. When killed cells of Bordetella pertussis were found to be significantly increased in young adult as well as in aged mice. These data obtained at the cellular level were in accordance with corresponding serological findings. The impressive restitution of the antibody-forming potential evident after secondary antigenic stimulation was associated with a remarkable restitution of the lymph node morphology. This was particularly pronounced in the pronounced in the parathymic lymph nodes which represent the draining nodes for the peritoneal cavity. These findings indicate that the lymph nodes of the senescent individual also possess remarkable reserves in immunocompetence.", "PMID": 318586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6507", "title": "Possible molecular mechanisms of ageing.", "content": "While the error theory of ageing has attracted most interest in recent times it cannot yet be regarded as being demonstrated. Posttranslational modifications of proteins genetic theory appears loical but has little in vivo evidence to prove it. Basic mechanisms of ageing probably involve the interaction of several processes.", "contents": "Possible molecular mechanisms of ageing. While the error theory of ageing has attracted most interest in recent times it cannot yet be regarded as being demonstrated. Posttranslational modifications of proteins genetic theory appears loical but has little in vivo evidence to prove it. Basic mechanisms of ageing probably involve the interaction of several processes.", "PMID": 318587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6508", "title": "Clinical applications of biofeedback: implications for psychiatry.", "content": "The authors briefly describe biofeedback techniques such as EMG feedback, temperature feedback, and heart rate feedback, along with reports from the literature about their application to specific problems such as subvocalization while reading, Raynaud's disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and epilepsy. Many clinical applications of biofeedback are aimed at inducing relaxation, a state that has important psychotherapeutic potential. The authors suggest that biofeedback could be used to reduce a patient's general level of arousal or as an adjunct to behavior therapy or insight therapy. While there have been no reports in the literature of any harmful effects secondary to feedback training, the authors caution that some patients may respond negatively to an objectively measured state of relaxation.", "contents": "Clinical applications of biofeedback: implications for psychiatry. The authors briefly describe biofeedback techniques such as EMG feedback, temperature feedback, and heart rate feedback, along with reports from the literature about their application to specific problems such as subvocalization while reading, Raynaud's disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and epilepsy. Many clinical applications of biofeedback are aimed at inducing relaxation, a state that has important psychotherapeutic potential. The authors suggest that biofeedback could be used to reduce a patient's general level of arousal or as an adjunct to behavior therapy or insight therapy. While there have been no reports in the literature of any harmful effects secondary to feedback training, the authors caution that some patients may respond negatively to an objectively measured state of relaxation.", "PMID": 318588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6509", "title": "Hypothalamic hamartoma: a source of luteinizing-hormone-releasing factor in precocious puberty.", "content": "The presence of a hypothalamic hamartoma and precocious puberty in a 19-month-old boy provided an opportunity to study their relation. Excised tissue had the ultrastructural characteristics of an independent neuroendocrine unit -- i.e., neurons containing neurosecretory granules and blood vessels with fenestrated endothelium and double basement membranes. Immunofluorescence studies using specific antibody to luteinizing-hormone-releasing factor showed antigenicity to the factor in the hamartoma. The testicular-hypothalamic-pituitary axis was tested. Clomiphene unresponsiveness suggested a lack of maturation of central-nervous-system events characteristic of normal puberty. The negative feedback system between gonad and brain was intact but partially resistant to steroid suppression. These studies suggest that hypothalamic hamartomas may cause precocious puberty by autonomous production and release of luteinizing-hormone-releasing factor into vessels that communicate with the pituitary portal blood system.", "contents": "Hypothalamic hamartoma: a source of luteinizing-hormone-releasing factor in precocious puberty. The presence of a hypothalamic hamartoma and precocious puberty in a 19-month-old boy provided an opportunity to study their relation. Excised tissue had the ultrastructural characteristics of an independent neuroendocrine unit -- i.e., neurons containing neurosecretory granules and blood vessels with fenestrated endothelium and double basement membranes. Immunofluorescence studies using specific antibody to luteinizing-hormone-releasing factor showed antigenicity to the factor in the hamartoma. The testicular-hypothalamic-pituitary axis was tested. Clomiphene unresponsiveness suggested a lack of maturation of central-nervous-system events characteristic of normal puberty. The negative feedback system between gonad and brain was intact but partially resistant to steroid suppression. These studies suggest that hypothalamic hamartomas may cause precocious puberty by autonomous production and release of luteinizing-hormone-releasing factor into vessels that communicate with the pituitary portal blood system.", "PMID": 318592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6510", "title": "Transperitoneal percutaneous retroperitoneal lymph node aspiration biopsy.", "content": "Percutaneous aspiration biopsies of opacified retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal and paraspinal masses were successfully accomplished in 14 of 17 patients. A 23-guage needle was utilized for the procedure which is performed under fluoroscopic guidance. Metastatic carcinoma, sarcoma and melanoma were readily identified by aspiration biopsy while the diagnosis of lymphoma, especially as to type, was more difficult. No significant complications have resulted from the passage of the needle through the peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "Transperitoneal percutaneous retroperitoneal lymph node aspiration biopsy. Percutaneous aspiration biopsies of opacified retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal and paraspinal masses were successfully accomplished in 14 of 17 patients. A 23-guage needle was utilized for the procedure which is performed under fluoroscopic guidance. Metastatic carcinoma, sarcoma and melanoma were readily identified by aspiration biopsy while the diagnosis of lymphoma, especially as to type, was more difficult. No significant complications have resulted from the passage of the needle through the peritoneal cavity.", "PMID": 318596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6511", "title": "Radiography of gynecomastia and other disorders of the male breast.", "content": "Mammographic features of 22 pathologically proved cases reflecting disorders of the male breast are described. Two patterns of gynecomastia were observed: a dendritic pattern seen in association with breast enlargement for 6 months or more, and a more florid triangular pattern, seen in association with breast enlargement of recent onset. Male breast carcinoma may be distinguished from gynecomastia by its eccentric location, spiculation, and, in some cases, calcification or involvement of the skin and nipple. Benign conditions simulating carcinoma included a case of drug-induced gynecomastia and a case of inflamed inclusion cyst.", "contents": "Radiography of gynecomastia and other disorders of the male breast. Mammographic features of 22 pathologically proved cases reflecting disorders of the male breast are described. Two patterns of gynecomastia were observed: a dendritic pattern seen in association with breast enlargement for 6 months or more, and a more florid triangular pattern, seen in association with breast enlargement of recent onset. Male breast carcinoma may be distinguished from gynecomastia by its eccentric location, spiculation, and, in some cases, calcification or involvement of the skin and nipple. Benign conditions simulating carcinoma included a case of drug-induced gynecomastia and a case of inflamed inclusion cyst.", "PMID": 318597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6512", "title": "Automated diagnosis of congenital dislocation of the hip.", "content": "A study of the automated diagnosis of luxatio coxae congenita (LCC) was performed to establish an automated screening system for hip radiographs. A specific parameter with high diagnostic accuracy was selected by the use of information theory. Pattern recognition programs were written to extract the parameter from digitized hip radiographs. Parameter measurement was performed on 10 radiographs and compared with manual measurements. Results showed good agreement with measurements obtained by specialists. This study confirms the possibilities of automated diagnosis of LCC.", "contents": "Automated diagnosis of congenital dislocation of the hip. A study of the automated diagnosis of luxatio coxae congenita (LCC) was performed to establish an automated screening system for hip radiographs. A specific parameter with high diagnostic accuracy was selected by the use of information theory. Pattern recognition programs were written to extract the parameter from digitized hip radiographs. Parameter measurement was performed on 10 radiographs and compared with manual measurements. Results showed good agreement with measurements obtained by specialists. This study confirms the possibilities of automated diagnosis of LCC.", "PMID": 318598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6513", "title": "The pear-shaped bladder.", "content": "The tear-drop or pear-shaped bladder was originally described in cases of pelvic hematoma. It may also be seen, however, with a variety of other entities, including pelvic lipomatosis, inferior vena cava occlusion, lymphocysts, and enlarged pelvic lymph nodes. Pertinent radiographic findings of these conditions are reviewed.", "contents": "The pear-shaped bladder. The tear-drop or pear-shaped bladder was originally described in cases of pelvic hematoma. It may also be seen, however, with a variety of other entities, including pelvic lipomatosis, inferior vena cava occlusion, lymphocysts, and enlarged pelvic lymph nodes. Pertinent radiographic findings of these conditions are reviewed.", "PMID": 318601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6514", "title": "The effect of respiratory carcinogenesis on systemic humoral and cell-mediated immunity of Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "The effect of intratracheal instillation of benzo(a)pyrene and its noncarcinogenic analog benzo(a)pyrene on the systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune response of Syrian golden hamsters was evaluated. Hamsters treated with the carcinogen had a transient suppression of the splenic plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes, compared with analog-treated controls. The numbers of direct (immunoglobulin M) and indirect (immunoglobulin G) plaque-forming cells were suppressed at the 9th week of treatment and then recovered to control levels. No suppression in the cell-mediated immune response, as assessed by the rejection of Chinese hamster skin grafts, was found.", "contents": "The effect of respiratory carcinogenesis on systemic humoral and cell-mediated immunity of Syrian golden hamsters. The effect of intratracheal instillation of benzo(a)pyrene and its noncarcinogenic analog benzo(a)pyrene on the systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune response of Syrian golden hamsters was evaluated. Hamsters treated with the carcinogen had a transient suppression of the splenic plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes, compared with analog-treated controls. The numbers of direct (immunoglobulin M) and indirect (immunoglobulin G) plaque-forming cells were suppressed at the 9th week of treatment and then recovered to control levels. No suppression in the cell-mediated immune response, as assessed by the rejection of Chinese hamster skin grafts, was found.", "PMID": 318605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6515", "title": "Induction of gene mutations and gene conversions by vinyl chloride metabolites in yeast.", "content": "Chloroethylene oxide and 2-chloroacetaldehyde, two metabolites of vinyl chloride, and 2-chloroethanol, a putative metabolic intermediate, were assayed for their genetic activity in the yeasts Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chloroethylene oxide was found to be the most effective in inducing forward mutations in Sch. pombe and gene conversions in S. cerevisiae, increasing the mutation and conversion frequencies 340 and 50 times, respectively, over those of the controls. In either the presence or the absence of mouse liver microsomes, 2-chloroacetaldehyde showed only feeble genetic activity, and 2-chloroethanol was completely inactive in both yeast strains. In contrast to vinyl chloride, 2-chloroacetaldehyde did not induce forward mutations in Sch. pombe inthe host-mediated assay in mice. The results strongly support the hypothesis that chloroethylene oxide is one of the principal mutagenic agents formed from vinyl chloride in the presence of mouse liver enzymes.", "contents": "Induction of gene mutations and gene conversions by vinyl chloride metabolites in yeast. Chloroethylene oxide and 2-chloroacetaldehyde, two metabolites of vinyl chloride, and 2-chloroethanol, a putative metabolic intermediate, were assayed for their genetic activity in the yeasts Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chloroethylene oxide was found to be the most effective in inducing forward mutations in Sch. pombe and gene conversions in S. cerevisiae, increasing the mutation and conversion frequencies 340 and 50 times, respectively, over those of the controls. In either the presence or the absence of mouse liver microsomes, 2-chloroacetaldehyde showed only feeble genetic activity, and 2-chloroethanol was completely inactive in both yeast strains. In contrast to vinyl chloride, 2-chloroacetaldehyde did not induce forward mutations in Sch. pombe inthe host-mediated assay in mice. The results strongly support the hypothesis that chloroethylene oxide is one of the principal mutagenic agents formed from vinyl chloride in the presence of mouse liver enzymes.", "PMID": 318606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6516", "title": "Changes in distribution of human malignant melanoma membrane antigens in the presence of human antibody by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Four viable human melanoma cell lines demonstrated full-surface fluorescence (FSF) after incubation at room temperature with antisera from three melanoma patients receiving autologous or homologous immunization with irradiated cultured melanoma cells and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. By sequential immuno-fluorescent staining, it had been shown that FSF was followed by capping and extrusion of antigen-antibody complexes. One melanoma cell line was tested against its autologous antiserum. In the presence of excess antigen, FSF cells peaked to 25% of the total cell population at 30 min. Maximum capping (20%) was noted at 3 hr. When excess antibody was present, FSF cells were 30% at 2 min and capped cells peaked to 25% at 1.5 hr. Capping ceased at 4 degrees under both conditions. When the serum-treated cells were reincubated after fixation with methanol, 80 to 85% of the cells showed FSF at 2 min to 13.5 hr. Negative controls were preimmune sera and skin fibroblasts. These experimental data suggest the presence of embedded and protruding melanoma membrane antigens in the phospholipid layer. Methanol amy dissolve the lipid layer and expose the embedded antigens. The extrusion of melanoma antigen-human antibody complexes in vitro seems to be a possible mechanism of antigen shedding by melanoma cells in vivo.", "contents": "Changes in distribution of human malignant melanoma membrane antigens in the presence of human antibody by immunofluorescence. Four viable human melanoma cell lines demonstrated full-surface fluorescence (FSF) after incubation at room temperature with antisera from three melanoma patients receiving autologous or homologous immunization with irradiated cultured melanoma cells and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. By sequential immuno-fluorescent staining, it had been shown that FSF was followed by capping and extrusion of antigen-antibody complexes. One melanoma cell line was tested against its autologous antiserum. In the presence of excess antigen, FSF cells peaked to 25% of the total cell population at 30 min. Maximum capping (20%) was noted at 3 hr. When excess antibody was present, FSF cells were 30% at 2 min and capped cells peaked to 25% at 1.5 hr. Capping ceased at 4 degrees under both conditions. When the serum-treated cells were reincubated after fixation with methanol, 80 to 85% of the cells showed FSF at 2 min to 13.5 hr. Negative controls were preimmune sera and skin fibroblasts. These experimental data suggest the presence of embedded and protruding melanoma membrane antigens in the phospholipid layer. Methanol amy dissolve the lipid layer and expose the embedded antigens. The extrusion of melanoma antigen-human antibody complexes in vitro seems to be a possible mechanism of antigen shedding by melanoma cells in vivo.", "PMID": 318607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6517", "title": "Novel method for estimating the labeling index in clinical specimens with the use of immunoperoxidase-labeled.", "content": "The labeling index determined by [3H]thymidine autoradiography in cells from clinical specimens was compared with the percentage of the cells showing nuclear reactivity to immunoperoxidase-labeled antinucleoside antibodies. This nuclear immunoreactivity is specific for denatured or single-stranded DNA's and is detectable almost exclusively during DNA synthesis. Results with the two methods showed excellent agreement. The new method allowed rapid accurate assessment of S phase in the tumor cells from freshly isolated aspirated specimens as well as frozen sections, suggesting general applicability to estimation of the labeling index without autoradiography.", "contents": "Novel method for estimating the labeling index in clinical specimens with the use of immunoperoxidase-labeled. The labeling index determined by [3H]thymidine autoradiography in cells from clinical specimens was compared with the percentage of the cells showing nuclear reactivity to immunoperoxidase-labeled antinucleoside antibodies. This nuclear immunoreactivity is specific for denatured or single-stranded DNA's and is detectable almost exclusively during DNA synthesis. Results with the two methods showed excellent agreement. The new method allowed rapid accurate assessment of S phase in the tumor cells from freshly isolated aspirated specimens as well as frozen sections, suggesting general applicability to estimation of the labeling index without autoradiography.", "PMID": 318608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6518", "title": "The comparative efficacy of cephalexin and sulfisoxazole in acute urinary tract infection in children.", "content": "A double blind, comparative study of the efficacy of cephalexin versus sulfisoxazole was conducted on 100 children with initial episodes of urinary tract infections. The overall bacteriologic and clinical cure rates were comparable for both antimicrobials. Children treated with cephalexin had a clinical cure rate of 86 per cent and a bacterial cure rate of 84 per cent, while those given sulfisoxazole were found to have rates of 82 and 92 per cent respectively. However, cephalexin was noted to have a rather high rate of failure in the therapy of Proteus micrabilis infections (4/8), casting some doubt on its use in urinary infections caused by the organism. Untoward effects associated with either medication were minimal.", "contents": "The comparative efficacy of cephalexin and sulfisoxazole in acute urinary tract infection in children. A double blind, comparative study of the efficacy of cephalexin versus sulfisoxazole was conducted on 100 children with initial episodes of urinary tract infections. The overall bacteriologic and clinical cure rates were comparable for both antimicrobials. Children treated with cephalexin had a clinical cure rate of 86 per cent and a bacterial cure rate of 84 per cent, while those given sulfisoxazole were found to have rates of 82 and 92 per cent respectively. However, cephalexin was noted to have a rather high rate of failure in the therapy of Proteus micrabilis infections (4/8), casting some doubt on its use in urinary infections caused by the organism. Untoward effects associated with either medication were minimal.", "PMID": 318609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6519", "title": "Pulmonary function following severe acute respiratory failure and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "In an 18-month period, we treated 561 patients with mechanical ventilation. Fifty-four (10 percent) of these patients had acute respiratory failure, requiring treatment with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in excess of 20 mm Hg (range, 20 to 40 mm Hg). All patients were allowed to breathe spontaneously between volume-limited mechanical breaths delivered at a rate sufficient to maintain an arterial pH greater than or equal to 7.35. PEEP was applied until calculated pulmonary venous admixture was minimized. Forty-three (80 percent) of these 54 patients were alive and asymptomatic three months after dischage from the hospital, and tests of pulmonary function were performed on ten patients within one year after hospitalization. Abnormalities in pulmonary function appeared to be reversible, and pulmonary function gradually approached normal within one year. It appears that neither acute respiratory failure nor exposure to high airway pressures caused significant permanent pulmonary damage in the ten patients studied.", "contents": "Pulmonary function following severe acute respiratory failure and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure. In an 18-month period, we treated 561 patients with mechanical ventilation. Fifty-four (10 percent) of these patients had acute respiratory failure, requiring treatment with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in excess of 20 mm Hg (range, 20 to 40 mm Hg). All patients were allowed to breathe spontaneously between volume-limited mechanical breaths delivered at a rate sufficient to maintain an arterial pH greater than or equal to 7.35. PEEP was applied until calculated pulmonary venous admixture was minimized. Forty-three (80 percent) of these 54 patients were alive and asymptomatic three months after dischage from the hospital, and tests of pulmonary function were performed on ten patients within one year after hospitalization. Abnormalities in pulmonary function appeared to be reversible, and pulmonary function gradually approached normal within one year. It appears that neither acute respiratory failure nor exposure to high airway pressures caused significant permanent pulmonary damage in the ten patients studied.", "PMID": 318613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6520", "title": "[Computed tomography of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "The computed tomography gives direct visualisation of the pancreas in a transverse section. Form, size, and changed consistency of the organ can be diagnosed. Being a non-invasive technique it does not stress the patient, and can be applied to the severly ill with acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis. Other indications are chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic abscess, pseudo-cyst and cancer. The differential diagnosis of cancer, especially from chronic pancreatitis, may be difficult. Further methods of investigation such as arteriography or endoscopic retrograde pancreatography may also have to be used.", "contents": "[Computed tomography of the pancreas (author's transl)]. The computed tomography gives direct visualisation of the pancreas in a transverse section. Form, size, and changed consistency of the organ can be diagnosed. Being a non-invasive technique it does not stress the patient, and can be applied to the severly ill with acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis. Other indications are chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic abscess, pseudo-cyst and cancer. The differential diagnosis of cancer, especially from chronic pancreatitis, may be difficult. Further methods of investigation such as arteriography or endoscopic retrograde pancreatography may also have to be used.", "PMID": 318619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6521", "title": "Sequential analysis of the releasing and fuel function of glucose in isolated perifused pancreatic islets.", "content": "Isolated islets were continuously perifused with glucose to test their secretory capacity in a dynamic fashion, and were subsequently transferred to an incubation vial to measure their capacity for metabolizing glucose. Insulin release was measured by radioimmunoassay and metabolism of glucose by determining the rate of 3H2O formation from glucose tritiated on carbon atom 2 or 5 and by lactate accumulation. Insulin release was induced by glucose at a threshold of 5 mM, was half maximal at 8 mM, maximal at 15 mM and showed biphasic kinetics, which is consistent with published data. However, in contrast to most previous reports, utilization of glucose and lactate formation showed hyperbolic concentration dependency curves. Maximal and half maximal rates of glucose use were obtained at 30 and 8 mM, respectively, and lactate formation reached highest rates at 8 mM glucose. Physiological changes of glucose levels (from 5 to 10 mM) increased hormone release 4-fold (from 0.49 to 1.94 muU/islet/min) whereas glucose use was changed only slightly (from 52 to 75 pmol/islet/h), and lactate formation not at all. These data show that there is only limited association between metabolic and insulin releasing efficiency of glucose in pancreatic islets in vitro and also implicate and threshold phenomenon triggered by either a glucose metabolite or glucose itself.", "contents": "Sequential analysis of the releasing and fuel function of glucose in isolated perifused pancreatic islets. Isolated islets were continuously perifused with glucose to test their secretory capacity in a dynamic fashion, and were subsequently transferred to an incubation vial to measure their capacity for metabolizing glucose. Insulin release was measured by radioimmunoassay and metabolism of glucose by determining the rate of 3H2O formation from glucose tritiated on carbon atom 2 or 5 and by lactate accumulation. Insulin release was induced by glucose at a threshold of 5 mM, was half maximal at 8 mM, maximal at 15 mM and showed biphasic kinetics, which is consistent with published data. However, in contrast to most previous reports, utilization of glucose and lactate formation showed hyperbolic concentration dependency curves. Maximal and half maximal rates of glucose use were obtained at 30 and 8 mM, respectively, and lactate formation reached highest rates at 8 mM glucose. Physiological changes of glucose levels (from 5 to 10 mM) increased hormone release 4-fold (from 0.49 to 1.94 muU/islet/min) whereas glucose use was changed only slightly (from 52 to 75 pmol/islet/h), and lactate formation not at all. These data show that there is only limited association between metabolic and insulin releasing efficiency of glucose in pancreatic islets in vitro and also implicate and threshold phenomenon triggered by either a glucose metabolite or glucose itself.", "PMID": 318621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6522", "title": "Progesterone production by cultured preantral rat granulosa cells? Stimulation by androgens.", "content": "Progesterone (P) production by isolated rat granulosa cells from preantral follicles was enhanced by addition of androgens to the tissue culture medium. Testosterone (T) at 10(-7), 10(-6), and 10(-4)M as well as 10(-6)M dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased P production 400 to 700% over paired control cultures. Human chorionic gonadotropin (100 mIU/ml) and 17beta-estradiol (7.8 X 10(-10M) had no effect on P production. P was identified by both a specific radioimmunoassay and sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The stimulatory influence of T and DHT on these preantral follicular cells is consistent with a direct role for androgens in granulosa cell differentiation.", "contents": "Progesterone production by cultured preantral rat granulosa cells? Stimulation by androgens. Progesterone (P) production by isolated rat granulosa cells from preantral follicles was enhanced by addition of androgens to the tissue culture medium. Testosterone (T) at 10(-7), 10(-6), and 10(-4)M as well as 10(-6)M dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased P production 400 to 700% over paired control cultures. Human chorionic gonadotropin (100 mIU/ml) and 17beta-estradiol (7.8 X 10(-10M) had no effect on P production. P was identified by both a specific radioimmunoassay and sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The stimulatory influence of T and DHT on these preantral follicular cells is consistent with a direct role for androgens in granulosa cell differentiation.", "PMID": 318622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6523", "title": "Differential response of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the basal hypothalamus and the preoptic area following anterior hypothalamic deafferentation and/or castration in male rats.", "content": "Serum LH, FSH and LHRH concentrations and the LHRH content in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and the preoptic area (POA) were measured by radioimmunoassay in male rats 33 days after anterior hypothalamic deafferentation (AHD) and/or castration. In castrate rats following AHD, there was a significant decrease in serum LH, FSH, and LHRH concentrations, whereas, in intact rats, serum LH was elevated in AHD over the sham AHD rats. Castration and AHD each caused a significant fall in the LHRH levels in the MBH; the decline was more pronounced in rats undergoing both castration and AHD. In contrast, deafferentation in intact and castrate rats resulted in the accumulation of LHRH activity in the POA. These studies support the suggestion that a) a substantial amount of LHRH normally found in the MBH of intact and castrate male rats originates in the rostral regions and, b) the LHRH-containing neural elements within the MBH have the competence to respond to a loss in the circulating testicular steroids.", "contents": "Differential response of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the basal hypothalamus and the preoptic area following anterior hypothalamic deafferentation and/or castration in male rats. Serum LH, FSH and LHRH concentrations and the LHRH content in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and the preoptic area (POA) were measured by radioimmunoassay in male rats 33 days after anterior hypothalamic deafferentation (AHD) and/or castration. In castrate rats following AHD, there was a significant decrease in serum LH, FSH, and LHRH concentrations, whereas, in intact rats, serum LH was elevated in AHD over the sham AHD rats. Castration and AHD each caused a significant fall in the LHRH levels in the MBH; the decline was more pronounced in rats undergoing both castration and AHD. In contrast, deafferentation in intact and castrate rats resulted in the accumulation of LHRH activity in the POA. These studies support the suggestion that a) a substantial amount of LHRH normally found in the MBH of intact and castrate male rats originates in the rostral regions and, b) the LHRH-containing neural elements within the MBH have the competence to respond to a loss in the circulating testicular steroids.", "PMID": 318623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6524", "title": "Quantitation of human pancreatic beta-cell function by immunoassay of C-peptide in urine.", "content": "Human proinsulin connecting peptide (C-peptide) was measured by immunoassay in urine from 25 normal subjects, 18 patients with diabetes mellitus, and 34 patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency. Assay validation studies showed that pancreatic C-peptide was quantitatively recovered when added to urine. Fractionation of urine by gel filtration indicated that most endogenous C-peptide eluted in fractions that corresponded to the C-peptide standard. In 34 nondiabetic subjects with normal kidney function or various renal diseases, C-peptide clearance was independent of creatinine clearance over a range of 6 to 190 ml./min. Urine C-peptide clearance (5.1 +/- 0.6 ml./min.) is greater than that of insulin (1.1 +/- 0.2 ml./min.), and the total quantity of C-peptide excreted in the urine per day represents 5 per cent of pancreatic secretion, as against only 0.1 per cent of secreted insulin. Healthy subjects excreted 36 +/- 4 mug. C-peptide per 24 hours, while this value in juvenile-onset diabetics was only 1.1 +/- 0.5 mug. Adult-onset diabetics excreted 24 +/- 7 mug./24 hr., the range overlapping the excretory rates of both normal subjects and juvenile-onset diabetics. Two insulin-requiring adult-onset diabetics showed significant beta-cell reserve during the course of acute infections. These results suggest that urine C-peptide provides a useful means of assessing beta-cell secretory capacity over a period of time and is especially advantageous when frequent blood sampling is not feasible.", "contents": "Quantitation of human pancreatic beta-cell function by immunoassay of C-peptide in urine. Human proinsulin connecting peptide (C-peptide) was measured by immunoassay in urine from 25 normal subjects, 18 patients with diabetes mellitus, and 34 patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency. Assay validation studies showed that pancreatic C-peptide was quantitatively recovered when added to urine. Fractionation of urine by gel filtration indicated that most endogenous C-peptide eluted in fractions that corresponded to the C-peptide standard. In 34 nondiabetic subjects with normal kidney function or various renal diseases, C-peptide clearance was independent of creatinine clearance over a range of 6 to 190 ml./min. Urine C-peptide clearance (5.1 +/- 0.6 ml./min.) is greater than that of insulin (1.1 +/- 0.2 ml./min.), and the total quantity of C-peptide excreted in the urine per day represents 5 per cent of pancreatic secretion, as against only 0.1 per cent of secreted insulin. Healthy subjects excreted 36 +/- 4 mug. C-peptide per 24 hours, while this value in juvenile-onset diabetics was only 1.1 +/- 0.5 mug. Adult-onset diabetics excreted 24 +/- 7 mug./24 hr., the range overlapping the excretory rates of both normal subjects and juvenile-onset diabetics. Two insulin-requiring adult-onset diabetics showed significant beta-cell reserve during the course of acute infections. These results suggest that urine C-peptide provides a useful means of assessing beta-cell secretory capacity over a period of time and is especially advantageous when frequent blood sampling is not feasible.", "PMID": 318625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6525", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli K-12 F- mutants defective in conjugation with an I-type donor.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 F- mutants defective in conjugation with an I-type donor (ConI-) were isolated and characterized. These mutants are specific in that they are conjugation proficient with other types of donor strains. They have an altered susceptibility to phages and detergents. Chemical analysis of the cell envelopes of mutant strains has shown that the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is altered and that one major outer-membrane protein is absent. Conjugation experiments in which LPS from wild-type cells was added to a mating mixture, made up with wild-type donor and recipient cells, showed inhibition in transconjugant formation when an I-type donor, but not an F-type donor, was used. This strongly suggests that LPS of the recipient cell is directly involved in the ability to mate with an I-type donor but not with an F-type donor. The mutations are located in the 78- to 82-min region of the E. coli map, with one exception where the mutation maps near or in the galactose operon.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli K-12 F- mutants defective in conjugation with an I-type donor. Escherichia coli K-12 F- mutants defective in conjugation with an I-type donor (ConI-) were isolated and characterized. These mutants are specific in that they are conjugation proficient with other types of donor strains. They have an altered susceptibility to phages and detergents. Chemical analysis of the cell envelopes of mutant strains has shown that the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is altered and that one major outer-membrane protein is absent. Conjugation experiments in which LPS from wild-type cells was added to a mating mixture, made up with wild-type donor and recipient cells, showed inhibition in transconjugant formation when an I-type donor, but not an F-type donor, was used. This strongly suggests that LPS of the recipient cell is directly involved in the ability to mate with an I-type donor but not with an F-type donor. The mutations are located in the 78- to 82-min region of the E. coli map, with one exception where the mutation maps near or in the galactose operon.", "PMID": 318634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6526", "title": "Biosynthesis of prodigiosin by non-proliferating wild-type Serratia marcescens and mutants deficient in catabolism of alanine, histidine, and proline.", "content": "Mutants of Serratia marcescens Nima, designated as Aut, Hut, or Put, did not utilize L-alanine, L-histidine, or L-proline, respectively, as a sole carbon source but did utilize other amino acids or glycerol as carbon sources. The bacteria were permeable to alanine, histidine, and proline but lacked the enzymes responsible for degradation of these amino acids. The Aut mutant contained no L-alanine dehydrogenase activity, whereas the Hut and Put mutants contained only 7 and 4% of the histidase and proline oxidase activities, respectively, found in the wild-type strain. Rates of oxygen uptake and protein synthesis were significantly lower when the mutants were incubated in the presence of amino acids they could not degrade. Studies of L-[14C]alanine, L-[14C]histidine, and L-[14C]proline incorporation into prodigiosin synthesized by these mutants and the wild-type strain revealed that proline was incorporated intact, whereas all of alanine except the carboxyl group was incorporated into the pigment molecule. Histidine did not enter prodigiosin directly. These data suggested that the presence of unique biosynthetic pathways, independent of primary metabolism, leads to formation of prodigiosin from specific amino acids.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of prodigiosin by non-proliferating wild-type Serratia marcescens and mutants deficient in catabolism of alanine, histidine, and proline. Mutants of Serratia marcescens Nima, designated as Aut, Hut, or Put, did not utilize L-alanine, L-histidine, or L-proline, respectively, as a sole carbon source but did utilize other amino acids or glycerol as carbon sources. The bacteria were permeable to alanine, histidine, and proline but lacked the enzymes responsible for degradation of these amino acids. The Aut mutant contained no L-alanine dehydrogenase activity, whereas the Hut and Put mutants contained only 7 and 4% of the histidase and proline oxidase activities, respectively, found in the wild-type strain. Rates of oxygen uptake and protein synthesis were significantly lower when the mutants were incubated in the presence of amino acids they could not degrade. Studies of L-[14C]alanine, L-[14C]histidine, and L-[14C]proline incorporation into prodigiosin synthesized by these mutants and the wild-type strain revealed that proline was incorporated intact, whereas all of alanine except the carboxyl group was incorporated into the pigment molecule. Histidine did not enter prodigiosin directly. These data suggested that the presence of unique biosynthetic pathways, independent of primary metabolism, leads to formation of prodigiosin from specific amino acids.", "PMID": 318635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6527", "title": "Effect of entry exclusion on mating aggregates and transconjugants.", "content": "Mating aggregates during conjugation directed by an F-like R factor in Escherichia coli were measured as the number of Lac+-Lac- sectored colonies present in a mating mixture. There is a high degree of correlation between the concentration of transconjugants produced in a mating mixture and the concentration of mating aggregates observed at several different concentrations of donor and recipient cells. The mating aggregates are sex pilus specific as demonstrated by the ability of donor-specific ribonucleic acid phage MS-2 to decrease both mating aggregates and transconjugants in a mating mixture. During entry exclusion by either a derepressed or a repressed F-like R factor, isogenic to the superinfecting R factor except for a resistance determinant, the number of transconjugants was markedly reduced, but the number of mating aggregates was not decreased. Entry exclusion by F-Gal toward the donor HfrH resembled that of the F-like R factor in that there was a reduction in the number of recombinants but no significant decrease in mating aggregates. These results suggest that entry exclusion inhibits conjugation at a stage after the formation of mating aggregates.", "contents": "Effect of entry exclusion on mating aggregates and transconjugants. Mating aggregates during conjugation directed by an F-like R factor in Escherichia coli were measured as the number of Lac+-Lac- sectored colonies present in a mating mixture. There is a high degree of correlation between the concentration of transconjugants produced in a mating mixture and the concentration of mating aggregates observed at several different concentrations of donor and recipient cells. The mating aggregates are sex pilus specific as demonstrated by the ability of donor-specific ribonucleic acid phage MS-2 to decrease both mating aggregates and transconjugants in a mating mixture. During entry exclusion by either a derepressed or a repressed F-like R factor, isogenic to the superinfecting R factor except for a resistance determinant, the number of transconjugants was markedly reduced, but the number of mating aggregates was not decreased. Entry exclusion by F-Gal toward the donor HfrH resembled that of the F-like R factor in that there was a reduction in the number of recombinants but no significant decrease in mating aggregates. These results suggest that entry exclusion inhibits conjugation at a stage after the formation of mating aggregates.", "PMID": 318636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6528", "title": "Phospholipid composition and phenotypic correction of an envC division mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The cytoplasmic and outer membranes of a nonconditional chain-forming mutant, Escherichia coli PM61 envC, were separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The phosphatidylglycerol/cardiolipin ratio in both membrane fractions was about one-third as high as in the parental strain P678. The increased level of cardiolipin in PM61 membranes is the result of an alteration of the polyglycerophosphatide cycle. It was found that the turnover rate of phosphatidylglycerol is more rapid in PM61 than in the parental strain but that its cardiolipin turnover is not significantly different. The envC mutation can be corrected phenotypically by increasing the osmolarity of the medium. In the presence of 0.6 M sucrose, the population of PM61 is composed of short rods, and the phosphatidylglycerol/cardiolipin ratio is shifted to that of the parent. The phosphatidylglycerol turns over more slowly, whereas the cardiolipin turns over more rapidly in both strains. Thus, the increase of external osmolarity acts on phospholipid metabolism as well as on an unknown step involved in the mechanism of cell division of the envC mutant.", "contents": "Phospholipid composition and phenotypic correction of an envC division mutant of Escherichia coli. The cytoplasmic and outer membranes of a nonconditional chain-forming mutant, Escherichia coli PM61 envC, were separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The phosphatidylglycerol/cardiolipin ratio in both membrane fractions was about one-third as high as in the parental strain P678. The increased level of cardiolipin in PM61 membranes is the result of an alteration of the polyglycerophosphatide cycle. It was found that the turnover rate of phosphatidylglycerol is more rapid in PM61 than in the parental strain but that its cardiolipin turnover is not significantly different. The envC mutation can be corrected phenotypically by increasing the osmolarity of the medium. In the presence of 0.6 M sucrose, the population of PM61 is composed of short rods, and the phosphatidylglycerol/cardiolipin ratio is shifted to that of the parent. The phosphatidylglycerol turns over more slowly, whereas the cardiolipin turns over more rapidly in both strains. Thus, the increase of external osmolarity acts on phospholipid metabolism as well as on an unknown step involved in the mechanism of cell division of the envC mutant.", "PMID": 318637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6529", "title": "Tetrahydrofolate-dependent biosynthesis of ribothymidine in transfer ribonucleic acids of Gram-positive bacteria.", "content": "Trimethoprim, an inhibitor that prevents tetrahydrofolate-dependent transmethylation reactions inbacteria, was used in a comparative study to discriminate between two possible biosynthetic pathways, either the S-adenosylmethionine or the tetrahydrofolate-dependent formation of ribothymidine (rT) in transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA's) of several strains of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. rT-deficient tRNA's accumulate in trimethoprim-treated gram-positive Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium bovis, Arthrobacter albidus, and all examined Bacillaceae, except Bacillus stearothermophilus. The rT-deficient rT-deficient tRNA's accept the methyl moiety from S-adenosylmethionine in vitro, with extracts from Escherichia coli (wild type) as a source of methylating enzymes; 90% of the incorporated methyl groups are present in rT. Trimethoprim does not inhibit the biosynthesis of rT in tRNA of gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, Rhizobium lupini, and Pseudomonadaceae, suggesting that the rT-specific tRNA methyltransferases of these gram-negative strains use S-adenosylmethionine as coenzyme.", "contents": "Tetrahydrofolate-dependent biosynthesis of ribothymidine in transfer ribonucleic acids of Gram-positive bacteria. Trimethoprim, an inhibitor that prevents tetrahydrofolate-dependent transmethylation reactions inbacteria, was used in a comparative study to discriminate between two possible biosynthetic pathways, either the S-adenosylmethionine or the tetrahydrofolate-dependent formation of ribothymidine (rT) in transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA's) of several strains of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. rT-deficient tRNA's accumulate in trimethoprim-treated gram-positive Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium bovis, Arthrobacter albidus, and all examined Bacillaceae, except Bacillus stearothermophilus. The rT-deficient rT-deficient tRNA's accept the methyl moiety from S-adenosylmethionine in vitro, with extracts from Escherichia coli (wild type) as a source of methylating enzymes; 90% of the incorporated methyl groups are present in rT. Trimethoprim does not inhibit the biosynthesis of rT in tRNA of gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, Rhizobium lupini, and Pseudomonadaceae, suggesting that the rT-specific tRNA methyltransferases of these gram-negative strains use S-adenosylmethionine as coenzyme.", "PMID": 318638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6530", "title": "Transport and utilization of D-methionine and other methionine sources in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The transport and utilization of D-methionine was investigated in several strains of Escherichia coli K-12. Wild-type cells exhibit a single transport system with a Km of 1.16 muM. This activity exhibits a specificity similar to that of the uptake of L-methionine. The activity toward the D-isomer and the high-affinity uptake of L-methionine are lost in strains mutant in metD, along with the ability to utilize D-methionine as methionine source. Both activities respond identically to gene dosage of metD and are both restored in revertants or transductants. However, although L-methionine is a potent inhibitor of D-methionine uptake, D-methionine has little or no effect on the uptake of the L-isomer. No mutants altered in the uptake of only one of the two isomers were found in a screening. Regulation of both activities was similar in their response to the internal methionine pool, and some evidence was suggestive of partial repressive control of these activities. The evidence is most consistent with the role of the metD product as a common step for two methionine-specific uptake systems, but other gene products may represent the initial substrate binding sites. This system also appears to be involved in the uptake of N-acetyl methionine and methionine sulfoxide and methionine sulfoximine. The uptake of the keto analogue of methionine, alpha-keto-gamma-methiol butyrate, appears to be mediated by a separate system specific for alpha-keto straight-chain acids 5- to 6-carbon units in length.", "contents": "Transport and utilization of D-methionine and other methionine sources in Escherichia coli. The transport and utilization of D-methionine was investigated in several strains of Escherichia coli K-12. Wild-type cells exhibit a single transport system with a Km of 1.16 muM. This activity exhibits a specificity similar to that of the uptake of L-methionine. The activity toward the D-isomer and the high-affinity uptake of L-methionine are lost in strains mutant in metD, along with the ability to utilize D-methionine as methionine source. Both activities respond identically to gene dosage of metD and are both restored in revertants or transductants. However, although L-methionine is a potent inhibitor of D-methionine uptake, D-methionine has little or no effect on the uptake of the L-isomer. No mutants altered in the uptake of only one of the two isomers were found in a screening. Regulation of both activities was similar in their response to the internal methionine pool, and some evidence was suggestive of partial repressive control of these activities. The evidence is most consistent with the role of the metD product as a common step for two methionine-specific uptake systems, but other gene products may represent the initial substrate binding sites. This system also appears to be involved in the uptake of N-acetyl methionine and methionine sulfoxide and methionine sulfoximine. The uptake of the keto analogue of methionine, alpha-keto-gamma-methiol butyrate, appears to be mediated by a separate system specific for alpha-keto straight-chain acids 5- to 6-carbon units in length.", "PMID": 318639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6531", "title": "Role of a sugar-lipid intermediate in colanic acid synthesis by Escherichia coli.", "content": "Membrane fractions from a lon strain of Escherichia coli but not a wild-type strain catalyze the incorporation of fucose from guanosine 5'-diphosphate-fucose into a lipid and into polymeric material. Both incorporation reactions specifically require only uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose. The sugar lipid was shown to be an intermediate in the synthesis of the polymer which was related to colanic acid. The sugar lipid had the structure (fucose3, glucose2)-glucose P-P-lipid. Its behavior on column and thin-layer chromatography, the rates of its hydrolysis in acid and base, and the response of its synthesis to inhibitors are all identical to the other sugar-lipid intermediates which have been shown to contain sugars attached to the C55-polyisoprenol, undecaprenol, by a pyrophosphate linkage. The membrane fractions from both the lon strain and the wild-type strain also catalyzed the incorporation of either glucose from UDP-glucose or galactose from UDP-galactose into a lipid fraction which was shown to contain the free sugar attached by a monophosphate linkage to an undecaprenol-like lipid. This lipid was isolated and its nuclear magnetic resonance spectra was identical to undecaprenol. The membrane fractions from both strains also incorporated glucose from UDP-glucose into glycogen and into a polymer that behaved like Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Conditions were found where the incorporation of glucose could be directed specifically into each compound by adding the appropriate inhibitors.", "contents": "Role of a sugar-lipid intermediate in colanic acid synthesis by Escherichia coli. Membrane fractions from a lon strain of Escherichia coli but not a wild-type strain catalyze the incorporation of fucose from guanosine 5'-diphosphate-fucose into a lipid and into polymeric material. Both incorporation reactions specifically require only uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose. The sugar lipid was shown to be an intermediate in the synthesis of the polymer which was related to colanic acid. The sugar lipid had the structure (fucose3, glucose2)-glucose P-P-lipid. Its behavior on column and thin-layer chromatography, the rates of its hydrolysis in acid and base, and the response of its synthesis to inhibitors are all identical to the other sugar-lipid intermediates which have been shown to contain sugars attached to the C55-polyisoprenol, undecaprenol, by a pyrophosphate linkage. The membrane fractions from both the lon strain and the wild-type strain also catalyzed the incorporation of either glucose from UDP-glucose or galactose from UDP-galactose into a lipid fraction which was shown to contain the free sugar attached by a monophosphate linkage to an undecaprenol-like lipid. This lipid was isolated and its nuclear magnetic resonance spectra was identical to undecaprenol. The membrane fractions from both strains also incorporated glucose from UDP-glucose into glycogen and into a polymer that behaved like Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Conditions were found where the incorporation of glucose could be directed specifically into each compound by adding the appropriate inhibitors.", "PMID": 318640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6532", "title": "Relation of cell growth and colicin tolerance to vitamin B12 uptake in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The uptake of vitamin B12 was measured in cells of Escherichia coli whose growth had been inhibited by any of a variety of treatments. In all cases, the secondary, energy-dependent phase of B12 uptake was depressed in proportion to the decrease in growth rate, but uptake was constant in cells growing logarithmically at different rates. The depression of B12 uptake activity was independent of the site of cell metabolism affected by the inhibitor or by its effect on cell viability, and was both more rapid and of greater degree than the effects on the uptake of any of the six amino acids tested. The decline was not affected by inhibitors of either cell division or proteolysis and was manifested without any apparent decrease in the surface B12 binding activity. Transport activity was rapidly regained upon reversal of the inhibition of protein synthesis. Prompted by this response, the uptake of B12 was contrasted to the apparent uptake of the E colicins, which share the same outer membrane receptor. Sensitivity to colicin E1, measured by its inhibition of proline uptake, was not affected by growth inhibition by antibiotic treatment. Finally, there was no specific depression of B12 uptake in cells rendered colicin tolerant either by mutation or as a consequence of phage f1 infection.", "contents": "Relation of cell growth and colicin tolerance to vitamin B12 uptake in Escherichia coli. The uptake of vitamin B12 was measured in cells of Escherichia coli whose growth had been inhibited by any of a variety of treatments. In all cases, the secondary, energy-dependent phase of B12 uptake was depressed in proportion to the decrease in growth rate, but uptake was constant in cells growing logarithmically at different rates. The depression of B12 uptake activity was independent of the site of cell metabolism affected by the inhibitor or by its effect on cell viability, and was both more rapid and of greater degree than the effects on the uptake of any of the six amino acids tested. The decline was not affected by inhibitors of either cell division or proteolysis and was manifested without any apparent decrease in the surface B12 binding activity. Transport activity was rapidly regained upon reversal of the inhibition of protein synthesis. Prompted by this response, the uptake of B12 was contrasted to the apparent uptake of the E colicins, which share the same outer membrane receptor. Sensitivity to colicin E1, measured by its inhibition of proline uptake, was not affected by growth inhibition by antibiotic treatment. Finally, there was no specific depression of B12 uptake in cells rendered colicin tolerant either by mutation or as a consequence of phage f1 infection.", "PMID": 318641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6533", "title": "Genetic inversion in the formation of an Hfr strain from a temperature-sensitive F' gal strain.", "content": "An Hfr strain (PB15) that carries a duplicated copy of the galactose operon genes flanking the integrated sex factor is unusually stable since it does not show excision of the repeated deoxyribonucleic acid segment. The right-hand galactose operon is in the normal orientation. Deletion mutations that eliminate the right-hand galactose genes, the sex factor, and some of the left-hand operon have been isolated. Mutants believed to have their left-hand galactose operon inverted were able to be induced for galactose epimerase synthesis by D-fucose but did not show escape synthesis on induction of bacteriophage lambda. Ribonucleic acid specific for the galactose operon was isolated after induction of lysogenic strains presumed to carry the galactose operon in the normal and inverted orientation. Hybridization to the isolated left and right strands of lambdapgal showed that the noninformational strand of the left-hand galactose operon of the deletion mutant of PB15 was transcribed on escape induction. These results show that inversion has occurred.", "contents": "Genetic inversion in the formation of an Hfr strain from a temperature-sensitive F' gal strain. An Hfr strain (PB15) that carries a duplicated copy of the galactose operon genes flanking the integrated sex factor is unusually stable since it does not show excision of the repeated deoxyribonucleic acid segment. The right-hand galactose operon is in the normal orientation. Deletion mutations that eliminate the right-hand galactose genes, the sex factor, and some of the left-hand operon have been isolated. Mutants believed to have their left-hand galactose operon inverted were able to be induced for galactose epimerase synthesis by D-fucose but did not show escape synthesis on induction of bacteriophage lambda. Ribonucleic acid specific for the galactose operon was isolated after induction of lysogenic strains presumed to carry the galactose operon in the normal and inverted orientation. Hybridization to the isolated left and right strands of lambdapgal showed that the noninformational strand of the left-hand galactose operon of the deletion mutant of PB15 was transcribed on escape induction. These results show that inversion has occurred.", "PMID": 318642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6534", "title": "Thymidine-requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium that are defective in deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate synthesis.", "content": "In a Salmonella typhimurium strain made diploid for the thy region by introduction of the Escherichia coli episome, F'15, mutants resistant to trimethoprim in the presence of thymidine were selected. One was shown to be defective in deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (dUMP) synthesis; it requires deoxyuridine or thymidine for growth and is sensitive to trimethoprim in the presence of deoxyuridine. Genetic studies showed that the mutant is mutated in two genes, dcd and dum, located at 70 and 18 min, respectively, on the Salmonella linkage map. The dcd gene cotransduces 95% with udk, the structural gene for uridine kinase. Both mutations are necessary to create a deoxyuridine requirement, providing evidence for the existence of two independent pathways for dUMP synthesis. Pool studies showed that a dum mutation by itself causes a small decrease in the deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate (dTTP) pool of the cells, whereas a dcd mutation results in a much more marked decrease. The double mutant dcd dum, when incubated in the absence of deoxyuridine, contains barely detectable levels of dTTP. Enzyme analysis revealed that dcd encodes deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate deaminase. The gene product of the dum gene has not yet been identified; it does not encode either subunit of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase or deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate pyrophosphatase. Mutants deleted for the dcd-udk region of the S. typhimurium chromosome were isolated.", "contents": "Thymidine-requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium that are defective in deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate synthesis. In a Salmonella typhimurium strain made diploid for the thy region by introduction of the Escherichia coli episome, F'15, mutants resistant to trimethoprim in the presence of thymidine were selected. One was shown to be defective in deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (dUMP) synthesis; it requires deoxyuridine or thymidine for growth and is sensitive to trimethoprim in the presence of deoxyuridine. Genetic studies showed that the mutant is mutated in two genes, dcd and dum, located at 70 and 18 min, respectively, on the Salmonella linkage map. The dcd gene cotransduces 95% with udk, the structural gene for uridine kinase. Both mutations are necessary to create a deoxyuridine requirement, providing evidence for the existence of two independent pathways for dUMP synthesis. Pool studies showed that a dum mutation by itself causes a small decrease in the deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate (dTTP) pool of the cells, whereas a dcd mutation results in a much more marked decrease. The double mutant dcd dum, when incubated in the absence of deoxyuridine, contains barely detectable levels of dTTP. Enzyme analysis revealed that dcd encodes deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate deaminase. The gene product of the dum gene has not yet been identified; it does not encode either subunit of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase or deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate pyrophosphatase. Mutants deleted for the dcd-udk region of the S. typhimurium chromosome were isolated.", "PMID": 318643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6535", "title": "New mini-ColE1 as a molecular cloning vehicle.", "content": "A new mini-ColE1 plasmid, designated pAC105, was isolated. It has a molecular weight of 1.6 X 10(6) and carries information for its self-replication as well as information for conferring colicin E1 immunity upon its host. Furthermore, pAC105 undergoes replication in the presence of chloramphenicol even when a foreign deoxyribonucleic acid (pSC101) is inserted into its single EcoRI restriction site. Studies in minicell-producing strains demonstrate that pAC105 codes for only two or three polypeptides of low molecular weight. The advantages of using it as a molecular cloning vehicle are discussed.", "contents": "New mini-ColE1 as a molecular cloning vehicle. A new mini-ColE1 plasmid, designated pAC105, was isolated. It has a molecular weight of 1.6 X 10(6) and carries information for its self-replication as well as information for conferring colicin E1 immunity upon its host. Furthermore, pAC105 undergoes replication in the presence of chloramphenicol even when a foreign deoxyribonucleic acid (pSC101) is inserted into its single EcoRI restriction site. Studies in minicell-producing strains demonstrate that pAC105 codes for only two or three polypeptides of low molecular weight. The advantages of using it as a molecular cloning vehicle are discussed.", "PMID": 318644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6536", "title": "Chemical measurement of steady-state levels of ten aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Polypeptide chains of 10 aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases (those for arginine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine) have been identified in lysates of Escherichia coli resolved by the O'Farrell two-dimensional gel system. By labeling cells uniformly with [14C]glucose and by measuring the total amounts of these polypeptides by their radioactivity, estimations of the steady-state, molecular amounts of these enzymes were made and compared to the number of ribosomes and elongation factors in these cells. Portions of a reference culture grown on glucose and labeled with [14C]leucine or [35S]sulfate were mixed with four cultures grown in widely different media containing [3H]leucine or [3H]leucine plus [3H]isoleucine. From the isotope ratios of the total protein and of the spots containing the synthetase chains, the chemical amount of each synthetase relative to that of the reference culture was determined. The results, where comparable, show reasonable agreement with enzyme activity measurements. In general, these synthetases each exhibit a positive correlation with growth rate in unrestricted media, indicating a strong tendency for the levels of transfer ribonucleic acid, synthetases, elongation factors, and ribosomes to remain approximately, though not exactly, in balance at different growth rates.", "contents": "Chemical measurement of steady-state levels of ten aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases in Escherichia coli. Polypeptide chains of 10 aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases (those for arginine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine) have been identified in lysates of Escherichia coli resolved by the O'Farrell two-dimensional gel system. By labeling cells uniformly with [14C]glucose and by measuring the total amounts of these polypeptides by their radioactivity, estimations of the steady-state, molecular amounts of these enzymes were made and compared to the number of ribosomes and elongation factors in these cells. Portions of a reference culture grown on glucose and labeled with [14C]leucine or [35S]sulfate were mixed with four cultures grown in widely different media containing [3H]leucine or [3H]leucine plus [3H]isoleucine. From the isotope ratios of the total protein and of the spots containing the synthetase chains, the chemical amount of each synthetase relative to that of the reference culture was determined. The results, where comparable, show reasonable agreement with enzyme activity measurements. In general, these synthetases each exhibit a positive correlation with growth rate in unrestricted media, indicating a strong tendency for the levels of transfer ribonucleic acid, synthetases, elongation factors, and ribosomes to remain approximately, though not exactly, in balance at different growth rates.", "PMID": 318645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6537", "title": "Mitomycin C-induced expression of trpA of Salmonella typhimurium inserted into the plasmid ColE1.", "content": "EcoRI endonuclease digestion of the deoxyribonucleic acid of a phi80 transducing phage carrying the entire tryptophan (trp) operon of Salmonella typhimurium (phi80 S.t.trpE-A) yielded a 4.3 X 10(6)-dalton fragment containing intact trpE, trpD, and trpC and a 3.35 X 10(6)-dalton fragment containing intact trpA. The trpA fragment inserted into EcoRI-cleaved plasmids ColE1 and CR1 was expressed regardless of its orientation of insertion. Mitomycin C, a compound that induces colicin E1 production in ColE1-containing bacteria, stimulated tryptophan synthetase alpha production in cells containing ColE1-TRPA plasmids with the trpA fragment inserted in one orientation but not the other. We conclude that in the inducible plasmids trpA can be expressed from the colicin E1 promoter.", "contents": "Mitomycin C-induced expression of trpA of Salmonella typhimurium inserted into the plasmid ColE1. EcoRI endonuclease digestion of the deoxyribonucleic acid of a phi80 transducing phage carrying the entire tryptophan (trp) operon of Salmonella typhimurium (phi80 S.t.trpE-A) yielded a 4.3 X 10(6)-dalton fragment containing intact trpE, trpD, and trpC and a 3.35 X 10(6)-dalton fragment containing intact trpA. The trpA fragment inserted into EcoRI-cleaved plasmids ColE1 and CR1 was expressed regardless of its orientation of insertion. Mitomycin C, a compound that induces colicin E1 production in ColE1-containing bacteria, stimulated tryptophan synthetase alpha production in cells containing ColE1-TRPA plasmids with the trpA fragment inserted in one orientation but not the other. We conclude that in the inducible plasmids trpA can be expressed from the colicin E1 promoter.", "PMID": 318646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6538", "title": "Inhibition of TnA translocation by TnA.", "content": "Plasmids already containing TnA showed decreased susceptibility to the translocation of a further TnA unit when compared with related plasmids that did not contain TnA. The translocation immunity imposed by TnA is exerted only on the plasmid of which it is part. It is suggested that this desensitization by a translocation unit is a general phenomenon that reduces the mutational effects of translocation.", "contents": "Inhibition of TnA translocation by TnA. Plasmids already containing TnA showed decreased susceptibility to the translocation of a further TnA unit when compared with related plasmids that did not contain TnA. The translocation immunity imposed by TnA is exerted only on the plasmid of which it is part. It is suggested that this desensitization by a translocation unit is a general phenomenon that reduces the mutational effects of translocation.", "PMID": 318647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6539", "title": "Initiation of protein synthesis without formylation in a mutant of Escherichia coli that grows in the absence of tetrahydrofolate.", "content": "Starting from a p-aminobenzoate-requiring strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli K-12 AB3292), we have isolated mutants that can grow in the absence of p-aminobenzoate (and thus tetrahydrofolate). The following lines of evidence suggest that at least one of these mutants is capable of initiating protein synthesis without formylation of methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (methionyl-tRNA(fMet)). (i) tRNA isolated (and charged in vivo with [(35)S]methionine) from this mutant grown in a p-aminobenzoate-free medium contained less than 0.4% of the total methionine charged to the tRNA as formylmethionine. However, when the mutant was grown in the presence of p-aminobenzoate, 40 to 50% of the total [(35)S]methionine was detected as formylmethionine. (ii) Extracts of the mutant grown in the absence of p-aminobenzoate contained no formyl-tetrahydrofolate, but such extracts did contain formylatable methionyl-tRNA and a functional transformylase. (iii) Tetrahydrofolate-free extracts of the mutant were capable of supporting protein synthesis with viral RNA (from f2) as messenger, but the resulting synthesized proteins contained no formylmethionine, and methionine residues were detected where formylmethionine residues are normally found. In the presence of formyl-tetrahydrofolate, use of a similar extract resulted in the detection of 30 to 40% of the total polypeptide methionine as formylmethionine. (iv) Initiation of protein synthesis in vitro occurred more readily with formyl-tetrahydrofolate-free extracts of the mutant than with similar extracts prepared from the parent strain. However, in the presence of formyl-tetrahydrofolate, initiation of protein synthesis proceeded equally well with both kinds of extracts. tRNA from this mutant and another spontaneously derived mutant was found to be partially deficient in the modified nucleoside ribothymidine (rT). Analysis of extracts showed that the mutants contained decreased levels of the methylase that results in the formation of ribothymidine. In vivo studies with an independently isolated rT(-) strain suggest that the lack of rT in tRNA facilitates the growth of E. coli under conditions where protein synthesis is forced to take place without formylation.", "contents": "Initiation of protein synthesis without formylation in a mutant of Escherichia coli that grows in the absence of tetrahydrofolate. Starting from a p-aminobenzoate-requiring strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli K-12 AB3292), we have isolated mutants that can grow in the absence of p-aminobenzoate (and thus tetrahydrofolate). The following lines of evidence suggest that at least one of these mutants is capable of initiating protein synthesis without formylation of methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (methionyl-tRNA(fMet)). (i) tRNA isolated (and charged in vivo with [(35)S]methionine) from this mutant grown in a p-aminobenzoate-free medium contained less than 0.4% of the total methionine charged to the tRNA as formylmethionine. However, when the mutant was grown in the presence of p-aminobenzoate, 40 to 50% of the total [(35)S]methionine was detected as formylmethionine. (ii) Extracts of the mutant grown in the absence of p-aminobenzoate contained no formyl-tetrahydrofolate, but such extracts did contain formylatable methionyl-tRNA and a functional transformylase. (iii) Tetrahydrofolate-free extracts of the mutant were capable of supporting protein synthesis with viral RNA (from f2) as messenger, but the resulting synthesized proteins contained no formylmethionine, and methionine residues were detected where formylmethionine residues are normally found. In the presence of formyl-tetrahydrofolate, use of a similar extract resulted in the detection of 30 to 40% of the total polypeptide methionine as formylmethionine. (iv) Initiation of protein synthesis in vitro occurred more readily with formyl-tetrahydrofolate-free extracts of the mutant than with similar extracts prepared from the parent strain. However, in the presence of formyl-tetrahydrofolate, initiation of protein synthesis proceeded equally well with both kinds of extracts. tRNA from this mutant and another spontaneously derived mutant was found to be partially deficient in the modified nucleoside ribothymidine (rT). Analysis of extracts showed that the mutants contained decreased levels of the methylase that results in the formation of ribothymidine. In vivo studies with an independently isolated rT(-) strain suggest that the lack of rT in tRNA facilitates the growth of E. coli under conditions where protein synthesis is forced to take place without formylation.", "PMID": 318648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6540", "title": "Size and turnover of polyadenylic acid-containing ribonucleic acids in a fragile mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Ribonucleic acid-containing polyadenylic acid [poly(A)+-RNA] was studied in lysates from an osmotic-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae characterized by low nuclease activity. The poly(A)+-RNA fraction, analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-formamide gels, constitutes a heterogeneous population of molecules, with molecular weights ranging from 0.2 X 10(6) to 3 X 10(6) and having an average of 1.2 X 10(6). The turnover rate of poly(A)+-RNA was determined by the decay of radioactivity after a cold uracil chase, and the observed half-life of 21 min corresponds to about 10% of the cell doubling time. Poly(A)+-RNA was analyzed by gel electrophoresis under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. A correlation was established between the apparent secondary structure and the turnover rate of poly(A)+-RNA species.", "contents": "Size and turnover of polyadenylic acid-containing ribonucleic acids in a fragile mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ribonucleic acid-containing polyadenylic acid [poly(A)+-RNA] was studied in lysates from an osmotic-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae characterized by low nuclease activity. The poly(A)+-RNA fraction, analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-formamide gels, constitutes a heterogeneous population of molecules, with molecular weights ranging from 0.2 X 10(6) to 3 X 10(6) and having an average of 1.2 X 10(6). The turnover rate of poly(A)+-RNA was determined by the decay of radioactivity after a cold uracil chase, and the observed half-life of 21 min corresponds to about 10% of the cell doubling time. Poly(A)+-RNA was analyzed by gel electrophoresis under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. A correlation was established between the apparent secondary structure and the turnover rate of poly(A)+-RNA species.", "PMID": 318649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6541", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence organization of a yeast plasmid.", "content": "Two-micrometer deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a circular plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains two nontandem repeated sequences which are inverted with respect to one another. These repeated sequences together account for 21% of the molecule length. Restriction endonuclease analysis and electron microscopy demonstrated the existence of two forms of 2-mum DNA differing in the orientation of the interstitial segments bounded by the inverted repeated sequences. The two forms of 2-mum DNA could result from an intramolecular reciprocal recombination between inverted repeat elements. A map containing the restriction endonuclease sites and the units of the inverted repeat has been constructed.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence organization of a yeast plasmid. Two-micrometer deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a circular plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains two nontandem repeated sequences which are inverted with respect to one another. These repeated sequences together account for 21% of the molecule length. Restriction endonuclease analysis and electron microscopy demonstrated the existence of two forms of 2-mum DNA differing in the orientation of the interstitial segments bounded by the inverted repeated sequences. The two forms of 2-mum DNA could result from an intramolecular reciprocal recombination between inverted repeat elements. A map containing the restriction endonuclease sites and the units of the inverted repeat has been constructed.", "PMID": 318650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6542", "title": "Isolation, mapping, and examination of effects of TnA insertions in ColE1 plasmids.", "content": "Twelve TnA insertions of ColE1 deoxyribonucleic acid have been isolated and mapped by electron microscopic studies of heteroduplex molecules. Insertions only blocking the production of active colicin clustered in one region of the map, whereas insertions only blocking the expression of deoxyribonucleic acid nicking activity associated with the plasmid \"relaxation complex\" clustered in another region of the map. The location of one insertion that blocks both the expression of colicin immunity and the production of active colicin suggests that the expression of both characteristics are coordinately controlled.", "contents": "Isolation, mapping, and examination of effects of TnA insertions in ColE1 plasmids. Twelve TnA insertions of ColE1 deoxyribonucleic acid have been isolated and mapped by electron microscopic studies of heteroduplex molecules. Insertions only blocking the production of active colicin clustered in one region of the map, whereas insertions only blocking the expression of deoxyribonucleic acid nicking activity associated with the plasmid \"relaxation complex\" clustered in another region of the map. The location of one insertion that blocks both the expression of colicin immunity and the production of active colicin suggests that the expression of both characteristics are coordinately controlled.", "PMID": 318651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6543", "title": "Fine-structure mapping of the rts, rplK, rplL, and rpoB genes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The specialized transducing phage lambdacI857S7drifd18 was used as a donor in a transductional mapping of four genes in the rif region of the Escherichia coli genome. The gene order was rts-2.9-rplL-0.8-rpoB, where the numbers indicate intermarker distances in kilobases. The possible orientation of these genes with respect to each other and to neighboring genes is discussed.", "contents": "Fine-structure mapping of the rts, rplK, rplL, and rpoB genes of Escherichia coli. The specialized transducing phage lambdacI857S7drifd18 was used as a donor in a transductional mapping of four genes in the rif region of the Escherichia coli genome. The gene order was rts-2.9-rplL-0.8-rpoB, where the numbers indicate intermarker distances in kilobases. The possible orientation of these genes with respect to each other and to neighboring genes is discussed.", "PMID": 318652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6544", "title": "Number of mutations required to evolve a new lactase function in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The frequency of mutation of the ebgAo allele to ebgA+ was compared with the frequency of mutation of strA+ to strA-. The observation that both spontaneous and ethyl methane sulfonate-induced mutations to ebgA+ occurred more frequently than mutations to strA- suggests that ebgA+ mutants arise as the result of single-point mutations.", "contents": "Number of mutations required to evolve a new lactase function in Escherichia coli. The frequency of mutation of the ebgAo allele to ebgA+ was compared with the frequency of mutation of strA+ to strA-. The observation that both spontaneous and ethyl methane sulfonate-induced mutations to ebgA+ occurred more frequently than mutations to strA- suggests that ebgA+ mutants arise as the result of single-point mutations.", "PMID": 318653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6545", "title": "Threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and the regulation of the threonine operon in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Two threonine-requiring mutants with derepressed expression of the threonine operon were isolated from an Escherichia coli K-12 strain containing two copies of the thr operon. One of them carries a leaky mutation in ilvA (the structural gene for threonine deaminase), which creates an isoleucine limitation and therefore derepression of the thr operon. In the second mutant, the enzymes of the thr operon were not repressed by threonine plus isoleucine; the threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid(tRNA) synthetase from this mutant shows an apparent Km for threonine 200-fold higher than that of the parental strain. The gene, called thrS, coding for threonyl-tRNA synthetase was located around 30 min on the E. coli map. The regulatory properties of this mutant imply the involvement of charged threonyl-tRNA or threonyl-tRNA synthetase in the regulation of the thr operon.", "contents": "Threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and the regulation of the threonine operon in Escherichia coli. Two threonine-requiring mutants with derepressed expression of the threonine operon were isolated from an Escherichia coli K-12 strain containing two copies of the thr operon. One of them carries a leaky mutation in ilvA (the structural gene for threonine deaminase), which creates an isoleucine limitation and therefore derepression of the thr operon. In the second mutant, the enzymes of the thr operon were not repressed by threonine plus isoleucine; the threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid(tRNA) synthetase from this mutant shows an apparent Km for threonine 200-fold higher than that of the parental strain. The gene, called thrS, coding for threonyl-tRNA synthetase was located around 30 min on the E. coli map. The regulatory properties of this mutant imply the involvement of charged threonyl-tRNA or threonyl-tRNA synthetase in the regulation of the thr operon.", "PMID": 318654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6546", "title": "Fractionation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell populations by centrifugal elutriation.", "content": "An exponential population of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was fractionated by centrifugal elutriation, using water as the elutriating liquid. Evidence that the population had been fractionated according to age in the cell cycle was obtained by examining the fractions for their size distribution, their microscopic appearance after Giemsa staining, and their ability to initiate synchronous growth.", "contents": "Fractionation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell populations by centrifugal elutriation. An exponential population of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was fractionated by centrifugal elutriation, using water as the elutriating liquid. Evidence that the population had been fractionated according to age in the cell cycle was obtained by examining the fractions for their size distribution, their microscopic appearance after Giemsa staining, and their ability to initiate synchronous growth.", "PMID": 318655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6547", "title": "Antinuclear antibody with distinct specificity for polymyositis.", "content": "In the course of studying antinuclear antibodies in the rheumatic diseases, a new precipitin reaction (provisionally referred to as PM-1) was observed between calf thymus nuclear extract and polymyositis sera. Objectives of this study were to further define the immunologic nature of this reaction and to determine its specificity for polymyositis. Immunodiffusion studies using calf thymus nuclear extract revealed the PM-1 precipitin line in 17 of 28 patients with polymyositis. This reaction was not produced by sera of 460 patients with other diseases. Enzyme and heat treatments of the nuclear extract showed that PM-1 was distinct from native DNA, ribonucleoprotein, and Sm antigens. Fractionation of PM-1-positive serum by 30% ammonium sulphate and Sephadex G-200 chromatography revealed that the factor producing the PM-1 precipitin reaction was in a serum fraction which showed only IgG by immunoelectrphoresis against anti-whole human serum. Because of the apparent strong specificity, the PM-1 system may represent a marker antibody for polymyositis.", "contents": "Antinuclear antibody with distinct specificity for polymyositis. In the course of studying antinuclear antibodies in the rheumatic diseases, a new precipitin reaction (provisionally referred to as PM-1) was observed between calf thymus nuclear extract and polymyositis sera. Objectives of this study were to further define the immunologic nature of this reaction and to determine its specificity for polymyositis. Immunodiffusion studies using calf thymus nuclear extract revealed the PM-1 precipitin line in 17 of 28 patients with polymyositis. This reaction was not produced by sera of 460 patients with other diseases. Enzyme and heat treatments of the nuclear extract showed that PM-1 was distinct from native DNA, ribonucleoprotein, and Sm antigens. Fractionation of PM-1-positive serum by 30% ammonium sulphate and Sephadex G-200 chromatography revealed that the factor producing the PM-1 precipitin reaction was in a serum fraction which showed only IgG by immunoelectrphoresis against anti-whole human serum. Because of the apparent strong specificity, the PM-1 system may represent a marker antibody for polymyositis.", "PMID": 318657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6548", "title": "Properties of two nickel-chromium crown-and-bridge alloys for porcelain veneering.", "content": "Composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, and alloy-porcelain bond strength of two proprietary nickel-chromium-based crown-and-bridge alloys were studied. The materials exhibited compositional as well as microstructural differences. Wiron-S was significantly stronger and harder than Microbond-NP. Microbond-NP yielded alloy-porcelain bond strength values comparable to those of precious alloy-porce-lain combinations.", "contents": "Properties of two nickel-chromium crown-and-bridge alloys for porcelain veneering. Composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, and alloy-porcelain bond strength of two proprietary nickel-chromium-based crown-and-bridge alloys were studied. The materials exhibited compositional as well as microstructural differences. Wiron-S was significantly stronger and harder than Microbond-NP. Microbond-NP yielded alloy-porcelain bond strength values comparable to those of precious alloy-porce-lain combinations.", "PMID": 318663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6549", "title": "Monocyte function in man.", "content": "The monocyte-macrophage cell line is an important member of the host defense system. This report describes a series of assays that can be applied routinely in the evaluation of human monocyte function and gives information as to the activity of normal monocytes in these systems. Tests were chosen to assess various aspects of monocyte function that give some insight into the host defense status and the degree of \"activation\" of the monocyte. The assays outlined in this report are relatively simple to perform and include measurements of human monocyte chemotaxis, phagocytosis, fungal and bacterial killing, adhesion, and spreading.", "contents": "Monocyte function in man. The monocyte-macrophage cell line is an important member of the host defense system. This report describes a series of assays that can be applied routinely in the evaluation of human monocyte function and gives information as to the activity of normal monocytes in these systems. Tests were chosen to assess various aspects of monocyte function that give some insight into the host defense status and the degree of \"activation\" of the monocyte. The assays outlined in this report are relatively simple to perform and include measurements of human monocyte chemotaxis, phagocytosis, fungal and bacterial killing, adhesion, and spreading.", "PMID": 318668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6550", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) antigens detected with antisera to E rosette-froming and non-E rosette-forming ALL blasts.", "content": "Based on the presence or absence of erythrocyte receptors(E) a T cell marker, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), can be divided into E+ALL and E-ALL. We studied cell surface antigens on blasts from 12 children with untreated ALL: eight with E-ALL and four with E+ALL. Heterologous antisera were raised against thymus cells, E+ and E-ALL blasts, appropriately absorbed and tested by immunofluorescence and a radiolabeled antibody assay with normal and leukemic lymphoid cells. By both methods, anti-thymus and anti-E+ALL sera reacted with human thymocytes. Specific binding of anti-E+ALL serum to T antigens was indicated by the fact that a single absorption with thymocytes abolished its binding to allogenic thymocytes, and the reactivity of anti-E+ALL serum with thymus, blood and bone marrow lymphocytes was similar to that of anti-thymus serum. After exhaustive absorption with blood leukocytes, anti-E+ALL and E-ALL sera were negative against normal lymphocytes and bone marrow cells from children with ALL in remission. Anti-thymus and anti-E+ALL sera reacted with blasts from patients with E+ALL, but not with E-ALL. In contrast, anti-E+ALL serum reacted with 40 to 96% of blasts from all children with E-ALL, whereas of the four patients with E+ALL, two were negative and two had the lowest percentage of immunofluorescent cells (10 to 22%). These results were confirmed with the radiolabeled antibody assay. Patients with active E-ALL had cells bearing E-ALL antigen(s) in the peripheral blood and bone marrow, but the number of immunofluorescent cells was lower in blood. Cells reactive with anti-E-ALL serum did not react with thymus cells, blood lymphocytes, remission bone marrow cells, Raji cells, PWM and PHA-induced blasts and CLL cells bearing mIg (uk). These data suggest that the antigen detected on E-ALL blasts by anti-E-ALL serum is neither a HLA-related nor a cell differentiation antigen. Thus, by using antiserum to E+ALL blasts, we have confirmed the presence of a T cell-specific antigen(s) on E+ALL cells. This antiserum did not recognize other leukemia-associated antigens common to E+ and E-ALL. We have also demonstrated an antigen(s) which is regularly expressed on E-ALL blasts and is either not detectable or is present in a lower proportion of E+ALL blasts.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) antigens detected with antisera to E rosette-froming and non-E rosette-forming ALL blasts. Based on the presence or absence of erythrocyte receptors(E) a T cell marker, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), can be divided into E+ALL and E-ALL. We studied cell surface antigens on blasts from 12 children with untreated ALL: eight with E-ALL and four with E+ALL. Heterologous antisera were raised against thymus cells, E+ and E-ALL blasts, appropriately absorbed and tested by immunofluorescence and a radiolabeled antibody assay with normal and leukemic lymphoid cells. By both methods, anti-thymus and anti-E+ALL sera reacted with human thymocytes. Specific binding of anti-E+ALL serum to T antigens was indicated by the fact that a single absorption with thymocytes abolished its binding to allogenic thymocytes, and the reactivity of anti-E+ALL serum with thymus, blood and bone marrow lymphocytes was similar to that of anti-thymus serum. After exhaustive absorption with blood leukocytes, anti-E+ALL and E-ALL sera were negative against normal lymphocytes and bone marrow cells from children with ALL in remission. Anti-thymus and anti-E+ALL sera reacted with blasts from patients with E+ALL, but not with E-ALL. In contrast, anti-E+ALL serum reacted with 40 to 96% of blasts from all children with E-ALL, whereas of the four patients with E+ALL, two were negative and two had the lowest percentage of immunofluorescent cells (10 to 22%). These results were confirmed with the radiolabeled antibody assay. Patients with active E-ALL had cells bearing E-ALL antigen(s) in the peripheral blood and bone marrow, but the number of immunofluorescent cells was lower in blood. Cells reactive with anti-E-ALL serum did not react with thymus cells, blood lymphocytes, remission bone marrow cells, Raji cells, PWM and PHA-induced blasts and CLL cells bearing mIg (uk). These data suggest that the antigen detected on E-ALL blasts by anti-E-ALL serum is neither a HLA-related nor a cell differentiation antigen. Thus, by using antiserum to E+ALL blasts, we have confirmed the presence of a T cell-specific antigen(s) on E+ALL cells. This antiserum did not recognize other leukemia-associated antigens common to E+ and E-ALL. We have also demonstrated an antigen(s) which is regularly expressed on E-ALL blasts and is either not detectable or is present in a lower proportion of E+ALL blasts.", "PMID": 318669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6551", "title": "Activation of the classical and properdin pathways of complement by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS).", "content": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been demonstrated to activate both the classical and the properdin pathways of complement. The lipid A region of the LPS is responsible for classical pathway activation and the polysaccharide region responsible for properdin pathway activation. Classical pathway activation by lipid A does not depend upon antibody to the lipid A and properdin pathway activation proceeds by a lipid A-independent mechanism. The polysaccharide portion of the LPS molecule exerts a modifying influence on the potential anticomplementary activity of the lipid A.", "contents": "Activation of the classical and properdin pathways of complement by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been demonstrated to activate both the classical and the properdin pathways of complement. The lipid A region of the LPS is responsible for classical pathway activation and the polysaccharide region responsible for properdin pathway activation. Classical pathway activation by lipid A does not depend upon antibody to the lipid A and properdin pathway activation proceeds by a lipid A-independent mechanism. The polysaccharide portion of the LPS molecule exerts a modifying influence on the potential anticomplementary activity of the lipid A.", "PMID": 318670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6552", "title": "Clinical study of a patient with lupus vulgaris before and after injection of dialyzable transfer factor.", "content": "This report describes the clinical improvement and acquisition of tuberculin skin-test sensitivity by a tuberculin-negative, drug-resistant patient with lupus vulgaris after a single injection of dialyzable transfer factor (TFd) from a tuberculin-positive healthy donor. The patient's lymphocytes showed a slight response to tuberculin in the leukocyte migration inhibition test and in the lymphocyte transformation test before TFd injection. The acquisition of cellular immunity to tuberculin was demonstrated in vitro by enhanced tuberculin-induced blast transformation. A good correlation between skin test and in vitro tuberculin sensitivity and clinical improvement was seen during the three years that the patient was observed.", "contents": "Clinical study of a patient with lupus vulgaris before and after injection of dialyzable transfer factor. This report describes the clinical improvement and acquisition of tuberculin skin-test sensitivity by a tuberculin-negative, drug-resistant patient with lupus vulgaris after a single injection of dialyzable transfer factor (TFd) from a tuberculin-positive healthy donor. The patient's lymphocytes showed a slight response to tuberculin in the leukocyte migration inhibition test and in the lymphocyte transformation test before TFd injection. The acquisition of cellular immunity to tuberculin was demonstrated in vitro by enhanced tuberculin-induced blast transformation. A good correlation between skin test and in vitro tuberculin sensitivity and clinical improvement was seen during the three years that the patient was observed.", "PMID": 318672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6553", "title": "Separation of epidermis from dermis with sodium thiocyanate.", "content": "After human skin is treated with 2 N sodium thiocyanate, epidermis is easily separated from dermis. The level of cleavage occurs at the lamina lucida of the basement membrane zone. Bullous pemphigoid antigen remains attached to the epidermis.", "contents": "Separation of epidermis from dermis with sodium thiocyanate. After human skin is treated with 2 N sodium thiocyanate, epidermis is easily separated from dermis. The level of cleavage occurs at the lamina lucida of the basement membrane zone. Bullous pemphigoid antigen remains attached to the epidermis.", "PMID": 318673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6554", "title": "Immunopathology of cicatricial pemphigoid: studies of complement deposition.", "content": "Immunopathologic investigations were conducted on the sera and oral mucosal tissue specimens of 23 patients with cicatricial pemphigoid. A linear, continuous basement membrane zone pattern was noted in 83% of oral mucosal biopsy specimens studied. This pattern is indistinguishable from the pattern noted in immunofluorescence studies of bullous pemphigoid, herpes gestationis, and some cases of desquamative gingivitis. Complement studies provided data supportive of classical pathway activation in cicatricial pemphigoid tissue. Deposition of IgA with Factor B, properdin, and C3 raised the possibility of alternative pathway activation, a question requiring further study. Circulating antibasement membrane zone antibodies were noted in the sera of two patients with cicatricial pemphigoid.", "contents": "Immunopathology of cicatricial pemphigoid: studies of complement deposition. Immunopathologic investigations were conducted on the sera and oral mucosal tissue specimens of 23 patients with cicatricial pemphigoid. A linear, continuous basement membrane zone pattern was noted in 83% of oral mucosal biopsy specimens studied. This pattern is indistinguishable from the pattern noted in immunofluorescence studies of bullous pemphigoid, herpes gestationis, and some cases of desquamative gingivitis. Complement studies provided data supportive of classical pathway activation in cicatricial pemphigoid tissue. Deposition of IgA with Factor B, properdin, and C3 raised the possibility of alternative pathway activation, a question requiring further study. Circulating antibasement membrane zone antibodies were noted in the sera of two patients with cicatricial pemphigoid.", "PMID": 318674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6555", "title": "Alteration of effectiveness of antibiotics by anaerobiosis.", "content": "In vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests of facultative organisms are routinely performed under aerobic conditions, despite the fact that many infections caused by these organisms occur in anaerobic areas, i.e., intra-abdominal absess. Experiments were performed aerobically and anaerobically to determine the susceptibility of E. coli, P. mirabilis, and K. pneumoniae to gentamicin, tobramycin, cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefamandole. Antibiotic sensitivities were determined by disc and agar dilution techniques in air and in anaerobic jars with CO2 absorbed. Tube dilution studies were performed in air and anaerobically and time-kill studies were done in aerobic and anaerobic broth. The amount of aminoglycoside required to inhibit bacterial growth was increased 4 to 20 times by anaerobiosis in 20 of 25 strains tested. Time-kill curves showed that bacterial killing by aminoglycosides was markedly impaired by anaerobiosis. Anaerobic conditions had no effect on the rate or extent of killing by cephalosporins. These data may have significance in determination of antibiotic susceptibility of facultative organisms under anaerobic tissue conditions. Antibiotic sensitivity testing done on these organisms in air may not reflect the actual state of antibiotic-bacterial interaction under conditions of the infection.", "contents": "Alteration of effectiveness of antibiotics by anaerobiosis. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests of facultative organisms are routinely performed under aerobic conditions, despite the fact that many infections caused by these organisms occur in anaerobic areas, i.e., intra-abdominal absess. Experiments were performed aerobically and anaerobically to determine the susceptibility of E. coli, P. mirabilis, and K. pneumoniae to gentamicin, tobramycin, cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefamandole. Antibiotic sensitivities were determined by disc and agar dilution techniques in air and in anaerobic jars with CO2 absorbed. Tube dilution studies were performed in air and anaerobically and time-kill studies were done in aerobic and anaerobic broth. The amount of aminoglycoside required to inhibit bacterial growth was increased 4 to 20 times by anaerobiosis in 20 of 25 strains tested. Time-kill curves showed that bacterial killing by aminoglycosides was markedly impaired by anaerobiosis. Anaerobic conditions had no effect on the rate or extent of killing by cephalosporins. These data may have significance in determination of antibiotic susceptibility of facultative organisms under anaerobic tissue conditions. Antibiotic sensitivity testing done on these organisms in air may not reflect the actual state of antibiotic-bacterial interaction under conditions of the infection.", "PMID": 318675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6556", "title": "Verbal auditory hallucinations: mind, self, and society.", "content": "Verbal auditory hallucinations of schizophrenic patients are usually sensed as coming from m-ltiple voices. The voices are usually not recognized by patients; they are anonymous. They are expressed mainly in the second person (as if directed to the patient by others), occasionally in the third person (as if two or more persons are overheard talking about the patient), very rarely in the first person. They are sensed as separate from the self and out of the patient's control. All of these characteristics can be said to describe how a person generalizes from his social experiences a societal evaluation of himself. In addition, the voices of schizophrenic patients are predominantly disparaging, call approbrious names, or are accusatory. Schizophrenics tend to come from and be of low socioeconomic status. The hallucinations appear to be related to the schizophrenic's sense of society's disparagement of him because of his low socioeconomic status and achievement.", "contents": "Verbal auditory hallucinations: mind, self, and society. Verbal auditory hallucinations of schizophrenic patients are usually sensed as coming from m-ltiple voices. The voices are usually not recognized by patients; they are anonymous. They are expressed mainly in the second person (as if directed to the patient by others), occasionally in the third person (as if two or more persons are overheard talking about the patient), very rarely in the first person. They are sensed as separate from the self and out of the patient's control. All of these characteristics can be said to describe how a person generalizes from his social experiences a societal evaluation of himself. In addition, the voices of schizophrenic patients are predominantly disparaging, call approbrious names, or are accusatory. Schizophrenics tend to come from and be of low socioeconomic status. The hallucinations appear to be related to the schizophrenic's sense of society's disparagement of him because of his low socioeconomic status and achievement.", "PMID": 318677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6557", "title": "Stereotaxic clipping of arterial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "In carefully selected cases of arterial aneurysms and deep-seated arteriovenous malformations (AVM), when direct attack may be dangerous or impossible, the authors advocate stereotaxic clipping. A special device and technique for its application are described. The instrument is introduced through a trephine opening and clipping is monitored by angiography. Successful results have been obtained in 10 operations performed on eight patients, three of whom had arterial aneurysms (two internal carotid and one anterior cerebral-anterior communicating) and five with AVM's.", "contents": "Stereotaxic clipping of arterial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. In carefully selected cases of arterial aneurysms and deep-seated arteriovenous malformations (AVM), when direct attack may be dangerous or impossible, the authors advocate stereotaxic clipping. A special device and technique for its application are described. The instrument is introduced through a trephine opening and clipping is monitored by angiography. Successful results have been obtained in 10 operations performed on eight patients, three of whom had arterial aneurysms (two internal carotid and one anterior cerebral-anterior communicating) and five with AVM's.", "PMID": 318678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6558", "title": "Jugular--dural sinuses--jugular reflux in dynamic brain-flow imaging as a sign of unilateral innominate vein obstruction: case report.", "content": "Unilateral innominate vein obstruction with patency of the superior vena cava was suspected when early jugular--sinuses--jugular reflux of tracer occurred during brain-flow imaging. Radiographic venography confirmed this pattern of venous obstruction.", "contents": "Jugular--dural sinuses--jugular reflux in dynamic brain-flow imaging as a sign of unilateral innominate vein obstruction: case report. Unilateral innominate vein obstruction with patency of the superior vena cava was suspected when early jugular--sinuses--jugular reflux of tracer occurred during brain-flow imaging. Radiographic venography confirmed this pattern of venous obstruction.", "PMID": 318679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6559", "title": "The effect of the stimulant drugs, dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate, on secretion of growth hormone in hyperactive children.", "content": "The stimulant effect of L-dopa (125 to 500 mg) was compared to dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate, 15, and 20 mg, respectively, on growth hormone secretion in 20 hyperactive children. All three stimulants were responsible for peak GH concentration in serum at 60 minutes after drug ingestion; there was no significant difference between the mean GH level at any time of sampling. Seven of the children were retested with L-dopa and dextroamphetamine after six to eight months of treatment with methylphenidate. After treatment, there was a tendency to higher zero time levels of GH, and to delayed and/or paradoxical response to dextroamphetamine. The findings indicate an acute and a probably long-term effect of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate on the homeostasis of growth hormone. The possible long-term adverse effects of these drugs on the growth of children indicates the need for caution to the widespread use of these agents.", "contents": "The effect of the stimulant drugs, dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate, on secretion of growth hormone in hyperactive children. The stimulant effect of L-dopa (125 to 500 mg) was compared to dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate, 15, and 20 mg, respectively, on growth hormone secretion in 20 hyperactive children. All three stimulants were responsible for peak GH concentration in serum at 60 minutes after drug ingestion; there was no significant difference between the mean GH level at any time of sampling. Seven of the children were retested with L-dopa and dextroamphetamine after six to eight months of treatment with methylphenidate. After treatment, there was a tendency to higher zero time levels of GH, and to delayed and/or paradoxical response to dextroamphetamine. The findings indicate an acute and a probably long-term effect of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate on the homeostasis of growth hormone. The possible long-term adverse effects of these drugs on the growth of children indicates the need for caution to the widespread use of these agents.", "PMID": 318680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6560", "title": "Influence of the heat treatment of human milk on some of its protective constituents.", "content": "Human milk was subjected to heat treatments of graded severity and examined for its content of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12-and folate-binder proteins, and lactoperoxidase. Holder pasteurization (62.5degrees C 30 minutes) reduced the IgA titer by 20%, and destroyed the small content of IgM and most of the lactoferrin. Lysozyme was stable to this treatment, but with an increase in temperature there was progressive destruction, to near 100% at 100degrees C. The same was broadly true of the capacity of milk to bind folic acid and potect it against bacterial uptake; with vitamin B12 the binder was more labile at 75degrees C than at 100degrees C. The milk contained no detectable lactoperoxidase.", "contents": "Influence of the heat treatment of human milk on some of its protective constituents. Human milk was subjected to heat treatments of graded severity and examined for its content of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12-and folate-binder proteins, and lactoperoxidase. Holder pasteurization (62.5degrees C 30 minutes) reduced the IgA titer by 20%, and destroyed the small content of IgM and most of the lactoferrin. Lysozyme was stable to this treatment, but with an increase in temperature there was progressive destruction, to near 100% at 100degrees C. The same was broadly true of the capacity of milk to bind folic acid and potect it against bacterial uptake; with vitamin B12 the binder was more labile at 75degrees C than at 100degrees C. The milk contained no detectable lactoperoxidase.", "PMID": 318682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6561", "title": "Outbreak of meningitis in a newborn intensive care unit caused by a single Escherichia coli K1 serotype.", "content": "Three cases of meningitis that occurred during a nine-day period in a newborn intensive care unit were caused by a single E. coli serotype 07:K1:H-. A single organism outbreak was suspected when the three spinal fluid isolates all possessed the same two unusual bacteriologic and biochemical characteristics: nonmotile and ornithine negative. Culture surveillance identified eight infants colonized with the same strain of E. coli; three of these infants are described. Clusters of cases of E. coli meningitis in newborn intensive care units should be evaluated and managed as potential outbreaks.", "contents": "Outbreak of meningitis in a newborn intensive care unit caused by a single Escherichia coli K1 serotype. Three cases of meningitis that occurred during a nine-day period in a newborn intensive care unit were caused by a single E. coli serotype 07:K1:H-. A single organism outbreak was suspected when the three spinal fluid isolates all possessed the same two unusual bacteriologic and biochemical characteristics: nonmotile and ornithine negative. Culture surveillance identified eight infants colonized with the same strain of E. coli; three of these infants are described. Clusters of cases of E. coli meningitis in newborn intensive care units should be evaluated and managed as potential outbreaks.", "PMID": 318683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6562", "title": "Hereditary deficiency of the third component of complement in a child with fever, skin rash, and arthralgias: response to transfusion of whole blood.", "content": "A previously well 34-month-old male presenting with fever, skin rash, and arthralgias was found to lack C3 by immunochemical (undetectable) and hemolytic (1% normal) assays. No infectious agent could be demonstrated. Protein levels of Clq. C4, C5, properdin, and C3b-INA and hemolytic activities of complement components C1 to C9 except C3 were normal or elevated; total hemolytic complement activity was 13% of normal and was reconstituted by purified C3. Properdin factor B was 702 (normal 175 to 275) mug/ml, and was not cleaver upon addition of zymosan or cobra venom factor. The serum had normal immune adherence activity, but was deficient in ability to opsonize Candida albicans for uptake and Escherichia coli for killing by neurophils, generate neutrophil chemotactic factors and inhibit the growth of E. coli; these activities were restored by purified C3. A transfusion of 320 ml 1-hour-old normal whole blood on the fifty-second day resulted in transitory elevation of the C3 level to 25 mg/dl with a fall-off (approximately 2 1/2% per hour) to undetectable levels by 69 hours; it was followed by disappearance of the skin rash and arthralgias and return to normal of the previously elevated temperature and CRP levels. C3 levels in family members (seven of 24 half-normal), lack of anti-C3 activity, normal C3b-INA levels and a normal rate of catabolism of transfused C3 indicated that the deficiency was inherited with autosomal codominance and involved decreased synthesis of C3. Thus, this child is a unique individual with inherited C3 deficiency presenting with absence of repeated infections, whose symptoms of fever, skin rash, and arthralgia were abated by whole blood transfusion.", "contents": "Hereditary deficiency of the third component of complement in a child with fever, skin rash, and arthralgias: response to transfusion of whole blood. A previously well 34-month-old male presenting with fever, skin rash, and arthralgias was found to lack C3 by immunochemical (undetectable) and hemolytic (1% normal) assays. No infectious agent could be demonstrated. Protein levels of Clq. C4, C5, properdin, and C3b-INA and hemolytic activities of complement components C1 to C9 except C3 were normal or elevated; total hemolytic complement activity was 13% of normal and was reconstituted by purified C3. Properdin factor B was 702 (normal 175 to 275) mug/ml, and was not cleaver upon addition of zymosan or cobra venom factor. The serum had normal immune adherence activity, but was deficient in ability to opsonize Candida albicans for uptake and Escherichia coli for killing by neurophils, generate neutrophil chemotactic factors and inhibit the growth of E. coli; these activities were restored by purified C3. A transfusion of 320 ml 1-hour-old normal whole blood on the fifty-second day resulted in transitory elevation of the C3 level to 25 mg/dl with a fall-off (approximately 2 1/2% per hour) to undetectable levels by 69 hours; it was followed by disappearance of the skin rash and arthralgias and return to normal of the previously elevated temperature and CRP levels. C3 levels in family members (seven of 24 half-normal), lack of anti-C3 activity, normal C3b-INA levels and a normal rate of catabolism of transfused C3 indicated that the deficiency was inherited with autosomal codominance and involved decreased synthesis of C3. Thus, this child is a unique individual with inherited C3 deficiency presenting with absence of repeated infections, whose symptoms of fever, skin rash, and arthralgia were abated by whole blood transfusion.", "PMID": 318684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6563", "title": "Treatment of high-renin hypertension with propranolol in children after renal transplantation.", "content": "Ten children with hypertension poorly controlled with other drugs and high peripheral plasma renin activity after renal transplantation were treated with propranolol. The mean systolic pressure decreased from 139 to 127 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and the mean diastolic pressure from 98 to 83 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). Eight children had an antihypertensive response; two did not respond. The maximum dose of propranolol in responders varied from 1.0 to 6.2 mg/kg/day and duration of treatment until response varied from four to 49 days. PRA, repeated in seven responders, decreased in all (p less than 0.01). There was no correlation between changes in PRA and blood pressure. Propranolol was well tolerated and was a valuable antihypertensive drug in these children.", "contents": "Treatment of high-renin hypertension with propranolol in children after renal transplantation. Ten children with hypertension poorly controlled with other drugs and high peripheral plasma renin activity after renal transplantation were treated with propranolol. The mean systolic pressure decreased from 139 to 127 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and the mean diastolic pressure from 98 to 83 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). Eight children had an antihypertensive response; two did not respond. The maximum dose of propranolol in responders varied from 1.0 to 6.2 mg/kg/day and duration of treatment until response varied from four to 49 days. PRA, repeated in seven responders, decreased in all (p less than 0.01). There was no correlation between changes in PRA and blood pressure. Propranolol was well tolerated and was a valuable antihypertensive drug in these children.", "PMID": 318685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6564", "title": "An evaluation of terminal hinge position and neuromuscular position in edentulous patients. Part II. Duplicate mandibular dentures.", "content": "The purpose of Part II of this study was to determine whether or not a denture fabricated to the neuromuscular position (NMP) could be as functional as one fabricated to the terminal hinge position (THP). Two mandibular dentures were fabricated for each of six edentulous subjects, one to the THP and one to the NMP, along with only one maxillary denture each. The subjects had no prior knowledge of the two mandibular dentures in order to determine the clinical significance of a difference in the two positions. These results were evaluated by clinical methods. It was concluded that the NMP is clinically acceptable for intercuspation of artificial teeth on complete dentures.", "contents": "An evaluation of terminal hinge position and neuromuscular position in edentulous patients. Part II. Duplicate mandibular dentures. The purpose of Part II of this study was to determine whether or not a denture fabricated to the neuromuscular position (NMP) could be as functional as one fabricated to the terminal hinge position (THP). Two mandibular dentures were fabricated for each of six edentulous subjects, one to the THP and one to the NMP, along with only one maxillary denture each. The subjects had no prior knowledge of the two mandibular dentures in order to determine the clinical significance of a difference in the two positions. These results were evaluated by clinical methods. It was concluded that the NMP is clinically acceptable for intercuspation of artificial teeth on complete dentures.", "PMID": 318691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6565", "title": "A theoretical analysis of the mechanics of the Thompson dowel semiprecision intracoronal retainer.", "content": "An analysis has been made of the mechanics of the Thompson dowel retainer. The analysis locates the center of rotation during function and identifies the factors that affect its position. The degree to which the dowel should be relieved to permit unrestricted rotation has been established. The rationale of an occlusal bevel and the limits of its positioning have been analyzed. The importance of aligning the shelves of the dowel wells in two planes is emphasized and ways of handling the problem of disparity of shelf heights are given.", "contents": "A theoretical analysis of the mechanics of the Thompson dowel semiprecision intracoronal retainer. An analysis has been made of the mechanics of the Thompson dowel retainer. The analysis locates the center of rotation during function and identifies the factors that affect its position. The degree to which the dowel should be relieved to permit unrestricted rotation has been established. The rationale of an occlusal bevel and the limits of its positioning have been analyzed. The importance of aligning the shelves of the dowel wells in two planes is emphasized and ways of handling the problem of disparity of shelf heights are given.", "PMID": 318692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6566", "title": "Anterior fixed partial dentures utilizing the acid-etch technique and a cast metal framework.", "content": "A technique has been described which permits the fabrication and attachment of an anterior fixed partial denture without tooth preparation. The fixed partial denture is attached to the lingual surfaces of the abutment teeth utilizing a composite resin and acid-etched enamel. Conservation of tooth structure and minimal chair time and patient expense are the primary advantages of this technique.", "contents": "Anterior fixed partial dentures utilizing the acid-etch technique and a cast metal framework. A technique has been described which permits the fabrication and attachment of an anterior fixed partial denture without tooth preparation. The fixed partial denture is attached to the lingual surfaces of the abutment teeth utilizing a composite resin and acid-etched enamel. Conservation of tooth structure and minimal chair time and patient expense are the primary advantages of this technique.", "PMID": 318693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6567", "title": "A simplified method for constructing a core following endodontic treatment.", "content": "This report described use of a core form. The principal objectives of the method are (1) the provision of a form of proper size and (2) to allow formation of the core portion of the dowel and core directly in the mouth in much less time than has heretofore been needed.", "contents": "A simplified method for constructing a core following endodontic treatment. This report described use of a core form. The principal objectives of the method are (1) the provision of a form of proper size and (2) to allow formation of the core portion of the dowel and core directly in the mouth in much less time than has heretofore been needed.", "PMID": 318694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6568", "title": "The pin-amalgam restoration. Part 1. A review.", "content": "A review of the literature indicates that the use of pins to support amalgam or cast gold restorations in advanced caries in posterior teeth is a quick and relatively inexpensive method of restoring teeth otherwise doomed to extraction. However, the use of pins demands a careful and skillful dentist who understands the morphology of these teeth and the proper use of the materials if injury to the pulp, accidental perforations, crazing of the dentin, and splitting of teeth are to be prevented. Until more objective and controlled studies are completed, the use of cemented pins vs. self-threading pins remains a matter of empirical and personal preference. It is clear that success in the use of any pin or pins depends more on the dentist's skill and judgment than on the particular type of pin technique used. In order to more objectively evaluate the use of pin-amalgam restorations, Part 11 of this study will analyze the results obtained in the Clinic at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine.", "contents": "The pin-amalgam restoration. Part 1. A review. A review of the literature indicates that the use of pins to support amalgam or cast gold restorations in advanced caries in posterior teeth is a quick and relatively inexpensive method of restoring teeth otherwise doomed to extraction. However, the use of pins demands a careful and skillful dentist who understands the morphology of these teeth and the proper use of the materials if injury to the pulp, accidental perforations, crazing of the dentin, and splitting of teeth are to be prevented. Until more objective and controlled studies are completed, the use of cemented pins vs. self-threading pins remains a matter of empirical and personal preference. It is clear that success in the use of any pin or pins depends more on the dentist's skill and judgment than on the particular type of pin technique used. In order to more objectively evaluate the use of pin-amalgam restorations, Part 11 of this study will analyze the results obtained in the Clinic at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine.", "PMID": 318695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6569", "title": "Changes in physical properties of joined gypsum fragments.", "content": "(1) The dimensional change in joined fragments of gypsum models was small. The highest percentage occurred with zinc phosphate cement. (2) The cyanoacrylate cements produced the strongest bonds. Mendent Formula VI and the epoxy cement were least effective. (3) The bond strength was generally greater after 24 hours. The exceptions were Mendent Formula VI and zinc phosphate cement. (4) Different gypsum products responded differently to bonding agents. Some are superior for plaster of Paris; others for artificial dental stone.", "contents": "Changes in physical properties of joined gypsum fragments. (1) The dimensional change in joined fragments of gypsum models was small. The highest percentage occurred with zinc phosphate cement. (2) The cyanoacrylate cements produced the strongest bonds. Mendent Formula VI and the epoxy cement were least effective. (3) The bond strength was generally greater after 24 hours. The exceptions were Mendent Formula VI and zinc phosphate cement. (4) Different gypsum products responded differently to bonding agents. Some are superior for plaster of Paris; others for artificial dental stone.", "PMID": 318697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6570", "title": "The use of wax and self-curing acrylic resin in border molding.", "content": "A procedure for border molding of impression trays with border wax and cold-curing acrylic resin has been described. The use of modeling compound, the water bath, and the alcohol torch has been eliminated.", "contents": "The use of wax and self-curing acrylic resin in border molding. A procedure for border molding of impression trays with border wax and cold-curing acrylic resin has been described. The use of modeling compound, the water bath, and the alcohol torch has been eliminated.", "PMID": 318698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6571", "title": "The surgical approach to urological complications in renal allotransplant recipients.", "content": "Urinary extravasation or ureteral obstruction occurred in 22 patients who received 30 transplants in a series of 290 renal transplants. This incidence represent 10.3 per cent of the entire transplant experience at The Johns Hopkins Hospital and Baltimore City Hospitals from 1968 to the present time. Ureteroneocystostomy was used as the primary form of urinary tract reconstruction in all but 1 patient who had urinary complications. These 22 patients received 30 renal transplants: 6 from living related donors and 24 from cadaver sources. There were 15 instances of urinary extravasation and 14 instances of obstruction. All but 2 fistulas were diagnosed within 30 days of the original transplant. Obstruction occurred later, with 4 cases of ureterovesical obstruction being diagnosed 3 to 5 years after the transplant procedure. The ureterovesical junction or bladder was the site of complication in 17 of the 29 instances. Surgical management in these cases was highly individualized, with successful outcomes more commonly attained in those cases characterized by obstruction. Ureteral stents were used in all but 1 secondary procedure involving the ureter and these stents were not associated with an increased incidence of urinary tract infection. Death directly related to the urological complications occurred in 2 cases, 5 patients underwent transplant nephrectomy and 2 patients died of rejection and infection more than 6 months after the urinary fistulas were successfully managed. From the original series, there are 15 of the 22 patients who have stable renal function after secondary or tertiary urological procedures on the transplanted kidney. Four patients underwent surgical correction of hydronephrosis associated with infection or diminishing renal function more than 3 years after the transplantation and 3 of these had good results.", "contents": "The surgical approach to urological complications in renal allotransplant recipients. Urinary extravasation or ureteral obstruction occurred in 22 patients who received 30 transplants in a series of 290 renal transplants. This incidence represent 10.3 per cent of the entire transplant experience at The Johns Hopkins Hospital and Baltimore City Hospitals from 1968 to the present time. Ureteroneocystostomy was used as the primary form of urinary tract reconstruction in all but 1 patient who had urinary complications. These 22 patients received 30 renal transplants: 6 from living related donors and 24 from cadaver sources. There were 15 instances of urinary extravasation and 14 instances of obstruction. All but 2 fistulas were diagnosed within 30 days of the original transplant. Obstruction occurred later, with 4 cases of ureterovesical obstruction being diagnosed 3 to 5 years after the transplant procedure. The ureterovesical junction or bladder was the site of complication in 17 of the 29 instances. Surgical management in these cases was highly individualized, with successful outcomes more commonly attained in those cases characterized by obstruction. Ureteral stents were used in all but 1 secondary procedure involving the ureter and these stents were not associated with an increased incidence of urinary tract infection. Death directly related to the urological complications occurred in 2 cases, 5 patients underwent transplant nephrectomy and 2 patients died of rejection and infection more than 6 months after the urinary fistulas were successfully managed. From the original series, there are 15 of the 22 patients who have stable renal function after secondary or tertiary urological procedures on the transplanted kidney. Four patients underwent surgical correction of hydronephrosis associated with infection or diminishing renal function more than 3 years after the transplantation and 3 of these had good results.", "PMID": 318703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6572", "title": "Fibrosis of a renal transplant ureter.", "content": "Ureteral obstruction following renal transplantation, although not a common occurrence, is a serious complication because of the single functioning kidney. Obstruction may be caused by ureterovesical stenosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis or adhesions, clot formation, pelvic lymphoceles or kinking of the ureter. A case is presented in which there was progressive partial ureteral obstruction caused by fibrosis and stricture of the transplant ureter, which were probably owing to rejection episodes.", "contents": "Fibrosis of a renal transplant ureter. Ureteral obstruction following renal transplantation, although not a common occurrence, is a serious complication because of the single functioning kidney. Obstruction may be caused by ureterovesical stenosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis or adhesions, clot formation, pelvic lymphoceles or kinking of the ureter. A case is presented in which there was progressive partial ureteral obstruction caused by fibrosis and stricture of the transplant ureter, which were probably owing to rejection episodes.", "PMID": 318705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6573", "title": "Gray scale nephrosonography: current status.", "content": "Gray scale ultrasound evaluation of the kidney permits visualization of the texture of renal and hepatic parenchyma. This fact has led to more specific diagnoses in renal disease by non-invasive techniques. Current applications of gray scale ultrasound are presented. Ultrasound serves as a significant complementary technique to other modalities and is useful in some situations as a primary study.", "contents": "Gray scale nephrosonography: current status. Gray scale ultrasound evaluation of the kidney permits visualization of the texture of renal and hepatic parenchyma. This fact has led to more specific diagnoses in renal disease by non-invasive techniques. Current applications of gray scale ultrasound are presented. Ultrasound serves as a significant complementary technique to other modalities and is useful in some situations as a primary study.", "PMID": 318706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6574", "title": "Tumors of the bladder in renal transplant patients: report of a case of adenocarcinoma and review of known cases.", "content": "A case is presented of adenocarcinoma of the bladder in a 36-year-old man who had undergone renal transplantation 4 years previously. Treatment was cystectomy and ileal loop diversion. A review of the known cases of bladder tumors obtained from the literature and from the Human Renal Transplant Registry is discussed. The 8 cases presented include 4 transitional cell carcinomas, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 nephrogenic adenoma and 2 adenocarcinomas. The unusual occurrence of adenocarcinoma in young male subjects is noted.", "contents": "Tumors of the bladder in renal transplant patients: report of a case of adenocarcinoma and review of known cases. A case is presented of adenocarcinoma of the bladder in a 36-year-old man who had undergone renal transplantation 4 years previously. Treatment was cystectomy and ileal loop diversion. A review of the known cases of bladder tumors obtained from the literature and from the Human Renal Transplant Registry is discussed. The 8 cases presented include 4 transitional cell carcinomas, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 nephrogenic adenoma and 2 adenocarcinomas. The unusual occurrence of adenocarcinoma in young male subjects is noted.", "PMID": 318707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6575", "title": "Urethral pressure profile during the spinal shock stage in man: a preliminary report.", "content": "The functional state of the proximal urethra in the spinal shock stage in man is not fully understood. We studied patients with spinal cord injuries during spinal shock and found that the urethral pressure profile had a normal configuration, the peak profile pressure increased with bladder filling and phentolamine (10 mg. intravenously) reduced the peak pressure, with empty and full bladders.", "contents": "Urethral pressure profile during the spinal shock stage in man: a preliminary report. The functional state of the proximal urethra in the spinal shock stage in man is not fully understood. We studied patients with spinal cord injuries during spinal shock and found that the urethral pressure profile had a normal configuration, the peak profile pressure increased with bladder filling and phentolamine (10 mg. intravenously) reduced the peak pressure, with empty and full bladders.", "PMID": 318708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6576", "title": "Methadyl acetate and methadone. An open comparison.", "content": "Heroin addicts were recruited for a 14-week open clinical comparison of methadone hydrochloride and methadyl acetate. Patients were randomly assigned to a methadyl acetate clinic in which methadyl acetate was dispensed to patients three times per week or to a methadone clinic in which methadone was dispensed six days per week. No statistically significant differences were observed between groups in retention rates, illicit drug use, employment rates, or arrest rates. The group treated with methadyl acetate had more dropouts in the first seven weeks than the second seven weeks: this pattern was reversed for the methadone-treated group. The differences were significant (P = .01). Spontaneously reported symptoms suggest that induction with methadyl acetate may be a more clinically variable phenomenon than induction with methadone. The reduction of number of clinic visits in the group treated with methadyl acetate was not a source of variance in treatment effectiveness.", "contents": "Methadyl acetate and methadone. An open comparison. Heroin addicts were recruited for a 14-week open clinical comparison of methadone hydrochloride and methadyl acetate. Patients were randomly assigned to a methadyl acetate clinic in which methadyl acetate was dispensed to patients three times per week or to a methadone clinic in which methadone was dispensed six days per week. No statistically significant differences were observed between groups in retention rates, illicit drug use, employment rates, or arrest rates. The group treated with methadyl acetate had more dropouts in the first seven weeks than the second seven weeks: this pattern was reversed for the methadone-treated group. The differences were significant (P = .01). Spontaneously reported symptoms suggest that induction with methadyl acetate may be a more clinically variable phenomenon than induction with methadone. The reduction of number of clinic visits in the group treated with methadyl acetate was not a source of variance in treatment effectiveness.", "PMID": 318710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6577", "title": "Radiotherapy after definitive surgery for breast cancer.", "content": "(1) Radiotherapy after definitive surgery for breast cancer has not been proved to have a deleterious effect on patient survival. (2) The beneficial effect of radiation therapy is to decrease significantly local recurrences (P less than .001), which are very difficult to control once they develop. (3) In the hands of experienced radiotherapists, the incidence of complications is quite low. (4) Adjuvant chemotherapy effects on the prevention of local recurrence are most encouraging but still experimental and should at this stage be used mainly in study situations. (5) Until more detailed information is obtained, radiation therapy remains the most effective, least toxic method for the control of local disease.", "contents": "Radiotherapy after definitive surgery for breast cancer. (1) Radiotherapy after definitive surgery for breast cancer has not been proved to have a deleterious effect on patient survival. (2) The beneficial effect of radiation therapy is to decrease significantly local recurrences (P less than .001), which are very difficult to control once they develop. (3) In the hands of experienced radiotherapists, the incidence of complications is quite low. (4) Adjuvant chemotherapy effects on the prevention of local recurrence are most encouraging but still experimental and should at this stage be used mainly in study situations. (5) Until more detailed information is obtained, radiation therapy remains the most effective, least toxic method for the control of local disease.", "PMID": 318713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6578", "title": "Therapeutic effect of vitamin C. A co-twin control study.", "content": "Three different dosages of vitamin C, dependent on body weight, were administered to 44 school-aged monozygotic twins for five months using a double-blind, co-twin control study design. The mothers recorded daily observations of cold symptoms, and multiple biochemical, anthropometric, and psychological measurements were made at the beginning and end of the study. Paired comparisons showed no significant overall treatment effect on cold symptoms, but the response was not uniform in all sub-groups. Treated girls in the youngest two groups had significantly shorter and less severe illness episodes, and an effect on severity was also observed in the youngest group of boys. The seven treated twins in the latter group also grew an average of 1.3 cm more than their untreated co-twins during the five-minth period of the study.", "contents": "Therapeutic effect of vitamin C. A co-twin control study. Three different dosages of vitamin C, dependent on body weight, were administered to 44 school-aged monozygotic twins for five months using a double-blind, co-twin control study design. The mothers recorded daily observations of cold symptoms, and multiple biochemical, anthropometric, and psychological measurements were made at the beginning and end of the study. Paired comparisons showed no significant overall treatment effect on cold symptoms, but the response was not uniform in all sub-groups. Treated girls in the youngest two groups had significantly shorter and less severe illness episodes, and an effect on severity was also observed in the youngest group of boys. The seven treated twins in the latter group also grew an average of 1.3 cm more than their untreated co-twins during the five-minth period of the study.", "PMID": 318715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6579", "title": "The emergency physician and organ donation.", "content": "The introduction of public funding for treatment of patients with endstage renal disease has greatly increased the number of patients who can benefit from kidney transplantation. The emergency physician should be alert for the type of trauma victim suitable for organ donation. Moreover, it is important that the physician understand the concept of brain death so that the removal of organs can take place as soon as possible. Certain aspects of kidney maintenance can begin before death has been declared but the total care of the patient must remain foremost. Management of the precadaveric organ donor is identical to that of any patient in a life-threatening situation. In the cadaver stage, the main difference is an increase in fluid input. The emergency physician should be aware of state laws regarding brain death and permission from the next of kin to harvest an organ.", "contents": "The emergency physician and organ donation. The introduction of public funding for treatment of patients with endstage renal disease has greatly increased the number of patients who can benefit from kidney transplantation. The emergency physician should be alert for the type of trauma victim suitable for organ donation. Moreover, it is important that the physician understand the concept of brain death so that the removal of organs can take place as soon as possible. Certain aspects of kidney maintenance can begin before death has been declared but the total care of the patient must remain foremost. Management of the precadaveric organ donor is identical to that of any patient in a life-threatening situation. In the cadaver stage, the main difference is an increase in fluid input. The emergency physician should be aware of state laws regarding brain death and permission from the next of kin to harvest an organ.", "PMID": 318717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6580", "title": "Ultrastructural study of human synovial membrane with immunoperoxidase.", "content": "An ultrastructural immunoperoxidase study of human synovial membrane biopsies performed in 16 patients with rheumatoid synovitis and in 14 control patients showed that: (1) plasma immunoglobulins have an intercellular distribution and seem to diffuse mainly by an intercellular rather than by a transcellular pathway; and (2) there is a difference in the distribution of plasma IgG and IgM. IgG was found in intravascular and extravascular spaces in all biopsies. IgM was found only in intravascular spaces in control biopsies, but in rheumatoid synovitis it was present in both intravascular and extravascular spaces. This difference in distribution may be due to increased vascular permeability in inflammatory synovitis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of human synovial membrane with immunoperoxidase. An ultrastructural immunoperoxidase study of human synovial membrane biopsies performed in 16 patients with rheumatoid synovitis and in 14 control patients showed that: (1) plasma immunoglobulins have an intercellular distribution and seem to diffuse mainly by an intercellular rather than by a transcellular pathway; and (2) there is a difference in the distribution of plasma IgG and IgM. IgG was found in intravascular and extravascular spaces in all biopsies. IgM was found only in intravascular spaces in control biopsies, but in rheumatoid synovitis it was present in both intravascular and extravascular spaces. This difference in distribution may be due to increased vascular permeability in inflammatory synovitis.", "PMID": 318718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6581", "title": "Current practice of coronary artery bypass surgery. Results of a national survey.", "content": "A survey of techniques used in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery by 400 experienced cardiac surgeons is presented. These surgeons performed 41,000 CABG operations in 1975. A seventy-question survey form was answered by each surgeon on their techniques for cardiopulmonary bypass and myocardial preservation, choice of bypass conduit, and grafting techniques. We found that extracorporeal circulation is almost always used in CABG surgery. A wide divergence of practice exists in the use of left ventricular vents and in methods of myocardial protection during coronary artery grafting. A spectrum of graft suture techniques is employed, the most common being a running double-ended suture anastomosis with the end of the vein initially fixed only at its heel to the coronary artery. Only 23 surgeons (6 per cent) prefer the internal mammary artery (IMA) rather than saphenous vein, when feasible, as the bypass conduit of choice for CABG surgery.", "contents": "Current practice of coronary artery bypass surgery. Results of a national survey. A survey of techniques used in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery by 400 experienced cardiac surgeons is presented. These surgeons performed 41,000 CABG operations in 1975. A seventy-question survey form was answered by each surgeon on their techniques for cardiopulmonary bypass and myocardial preservation, choice of bypass conduit, and grafting techniques. We found that extracorporeal circulation is almost always used in CABG surgery. A wide divergence of practice exists in the use of left ventricular vents and in methods of myocardial protection during coronary artery grafting. A spectrum of graft suture techniques is employed, the most common being a running double-ended suture anastomosis with the end of the vein initially fixed only at its heel to the coronary artery. Only 23 surgeons (6 per cent) prefer the internal mammary artery (IMA) rather than saphenous vein, when feasible, as the bypass conduit of choice for CABG surgery.", "PMID": 318720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6582", "title": "Rhinoscleroma of the lower respiratory tract.", "content": "Rhinoscleroma is a chronic granulomatous disease of the respiratory tract endemic to Eastern Europe and Central America which is being recognized with increasing frequency in other countries, including the United States. It was initially described as a lesion of the nose and upper respiratory tract, but is now known to involve the larynx, trachea and bronchi as well to cause slowly progressive asphyxia. Eleven cases of rhinoscleroma with varying degrees of involvement of the lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea and bronchi) are presented. Present day treatment is both medical, consisting primarily of streptomycin and tetracycline, and endoscopic dilatation. Prolonged medication with careful dose control is necessary. Lower respiratory tract involvement should be considered in patients with chronic destructive granulomatous nasal pathology. This should be especially emphasized if they have an Eastern European or Central American background, or have travelled in these areas in which rhinoscleroma is endemic.", "contents": "Rhinoscleroma of the lower respiratory tract. Rhinoscleroma is a chronic granulomatous disease of the respiratory tract endemic to Eastern Europe and Central America which is being recognized with increasing frequency in other countries, including the United States. It was initially described as a lesion of the nose and upper respiratory tract, but is now known to involve the larynx, trachea and bronchi as well to cause slowly progressive asphyxia. Eleven cases of rhinoscleroma with varying degrees of involvement of the lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea and bronchi) are presented. Present day treatment is both medical, consisting primarily of streptomycin and tetracycline, and endoscopic dilatation. Prolonged medication with careful dose control is necessary. Lower respiratory tract involvement should be considered in patients with chronic destructive granulomatous nasal pathology. This should be especially emphasized if they have an Eastern European or Central American background, or have travelled in these areas in which rhinoscleroma is endemic.", "PMID": 318724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6583", "title": "The lateral conchal resection otoplasty.", "content": "A procedure for surgical correction of protruding ears has been utilized in 118 cases. The technique incorporates steps to correct the most common deformities found on preoperative evaluation. The lateral conchal resection com bined with mattress sutures is not complex and thus readily learned by residents. It has yielded consistently excellent cosmetic results combined with an exceedingly low complication rate. The procedure is adaptable to well over 90 percent of patients seeking an otoplasty procedure.", "contents": "The lateral conchal resection otoplasty. A procedure for surgical correction of protruding ears has been utilized in 118 cases. The technique incorporates steps to correct the most common deformities found on preoperative evaluation. The lateral conchal resection com bined with mattress sutures is not complex and thus readily learned by residents. It has yielded consistently excellent cosmetic results combined with an exceedingly low complication rate. The procedure is adaptable to well over 90 percent of patients seeking an otoplasty procedure.", "PMID": 318726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6584", "title": "Long-term effect of hbs antigenemia on patient survival after renal transplantation.", "content": "We studied 121 renal-graft recipients to delineate the effects of HBs antigenemia on patient and graft survival. Grafts had functioned for at least six months; follow-up periods averaged 37 months. Mortality was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the HBs Ag-positive (17 deaths among 61 patients) than in the HBs Ag-negative group (eight of 60 patients). Patient and graft survivals, from six months onwards, were significantly lower at four years in the positive (64 and 60 per cent respectively) than in the negative group (87 and 80 per cent respectively). These differences resulted solely from a fivefold increase in mortality from liver disease in the positive group and were unrelated to graft rejection. HBs antigenemia did not improve graft tolerance during the first 24 months in 129 patients in whom repeated HBs Ag determinations had been obtained before operation. We conclude that HBs antigenemia has an unfavorable effect on transplant and patient survival.", "contents": "Long-term effect of hbs antigenemia on patient survival after renal transplantation. We studied 121 renal-graft recipients to delineate the effects of HBs antigenemia on patient and graft survival. Grafts had functioned for at least six months; follow-up periods averaged 37 months. Mortality was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the HBs Ag-positive (17 deaths among 61 patients) than in the HBs Ag-negative group (eight of 60 patients). Patient and graft survivals, from six months onwards, were significantly lower at four years in the positive (64 and 60 per cent respectively) than in the negative group (87 and 80 per cent respectively). These differences resulted solely from a fivefold increase in mortality from liver disease in the positive group and were unrelated to graft rejection. HBs antigenemia did not improve graft tolerance during the first 24 months in 129 patients in whom repeated HBs Ag determinations had been obtained before operation. We conclude that HBs antigenemia has an unfavorable effect on transplant and patient survival.", "PMID": 318729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6585", "title": "Association of graft survival with host response to hepatitis B infection in patients with kidney transplants.", "content": "We studied the relation of host response to hepatitis B infection before transplantation with survival of kidney grafts in 79 patients receiving 87 transplants. Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) signaled early graft rejection (median survival congruent to two months), whereas hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) signaled delayed rejection (greater than 22 months). Patients with neither HBsAg nor anti-HBs had graft survival times (median congruent to 16 months) similar to the HBsAg carriers but significantly longer than the anti-HBs-positive patients (p less than 0.01). Similar results were observed when patients who received HLA-identical kidneys or had anti-HLA antibodies before transplantation were excluded. The highest probability of graft rejection was in patients with anti-HBs who received kidneys from male donors. The probability that such grafts would survive for four months was less than 20 per cent. HLA-nonidentical kidneys transplanted into patients with anti-HBs have a poor prognosis, whereas such grafts in HBsAg carriers have as good a prognosis as grafts in uninfected recipients.", "contents": "Association of graft survival with host response to hepatitis B infection in patients with kidney transplants. We studied the relation of host response to hepatitis B infection before transplantation with survival of kidney grafts in 79 patients receiving 87 transplants. Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) signaled early graft rejection (median survival congruent to two months), whereas hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) signaled delayed rejection (greater than 22 months). Patients with neither HBsAg nor anti-HBs had graft survival times (median congruent to 16 months) similar to the HBsAg carriers but significantly longer than the anti-HBs-positive patients (p less than 0.01). Similar results were observed when patients who received HLA-identical kidneys or had anti-HLA antibodies before transplantation were excluded. The highest probability of graft rejection was in patients with anti-HBs who received kidneys from male donors. The probability that such grafts would survive for four months was less than 20 per cent. HLA-nonidentical kidneys transplanted into patients with anti-HBs have a poor prognosis, whereas such grafts in HBsAg carriers have as good a prognosis as grafts in uninfected recipients.", "PMID": 318732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6586", "title": "Watching the monitors: \"PAID\" prescriptions, fiscal intermediaries and drug-utilization review.", "content": "Prescription monitoring evolved from the need of drug firms to obtain marketing information. Today, extensive monitoring is also done by fiscal intermediaries who administer prepaid drug benefit plans, both private and governmental, particularly Medicaid. The most important such agent is PAID Prescriptions. Under various contracts, PAID monitors physician, pharmacy, and patient behavior related to prescriptions and uses review processes that evaluate certain kinds of behavior for appropriateness. The criteria of appropriateness are essentially those that save money. PAID negotiates a program fee with the insurer (public or private) and applies constraints so that prescription and administrative costs do not overrun that fee. PAID and other monitors have contemplated expansion into the realm of defining and encouraging appropriate prescribing under the concept of \"drugutilization review.\" The actual practices of PAID, particularly the background of fiscal enforcement, may impede the development of an actual drug-utilization review process.", "contents": "Watching the monitors: \"PAID\" prescriptions, fiscal intermediaries and drug-utilization review. Prescription monitoring evolved from the need of drug firms to obtain marketing information. Today, extensive monitoring is also done by fiscal intermediaries who administer prepaid drug benefit plans, both private and governmental, particularly Medicaid. The most important such agent is PAID Prescriptions. Under various contracts, PAID monitors physician, pharmacy, and patient behavior related to prescriptions and uses review processes that evaluate certain kinds of behavior for appropriateness. The criteria of appropriateness are essentially those that save money. PAID negotiates a program fee with the insurer (public or private) and applies constraints so that prescription and administrative costs do not overrun that fee. PAID and other monitors have contemplated expansion into the realm of defining and encouraging appropriate prescribing under the concept of \"drugutilization review.\" The actual practices of PAID, particularly the background of fiscal enforcement, may impede the development of an actual drug-utilization review process.", "PMID": 318733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6587", "title": "Follow-up study of male and female offspring of DES-exposed mothers.", "content": "This follow-up study presents the effects of DES on the genital tract of male and female offspring of mothers who were part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation during 1951 and 1952 aimed at determining the effect of DES on pregnancy. Epididymal cysts, hypotrophic testes, and capsular induration were the more common genital lesions found in 25% of 163 DES-exposed males as compared to 6% in 168 control males. Semen analysis data on 39 subjects of the DES-exposed group and 25 subjects of the control group showed that 26% of the DES-exposed group produced an ejaculate volume under 1.5 ml; no such cases were observed in the control group. The average values for sperm density ant total motile spermatozoa per ejaculate, although in the normal range, were more than two times lower in the DES-exposed group as compared to the controls. A quality score of greater than 10 (\"severely pathologic semen\") was found in 28% of the DES-exposed group as compared to 0 in the control group. An association of pathologic semen quality with physical abnormalities was found only in the DES-exposed group. Two cases of azoospermia, one without genital abnormalities on physical examination and one with bilateral hypotrophic testes were observed so far in the DES-exposed group. Eighteen percent of 229 DES-exposed female patients had irregular menstrual cycles (oligomenorrhea) as compared to 10% of 136 controls. The history of pregnancy revealed a lower incidence of pregnancy in the DES-exposed group (18%) than in the control group (33%). Circumferential ridges of the vagina and cervix were seen in 40% of 229 DES-exposed females but in none of 136 controls. Colposcopic findings in the vagina revealed adenosis in 66.8% of the DES-exposed females and in 3.6% of the control group. Dysplastic lesions were more prevalent in the vagina and cervix of the DES-exposed subjects. No cases of cancer were observed in either the male or female offspring.", "contents": "Follow-up study of male and female offspring of DES-exposed mothers. This follow-up study presents the effects of DES on the genital tract of male and female offspring of mothers who were part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation during 1951 and 1952 aimed at determining the effect of DES on pregnancy. Epididymal cysts, hypotrophic testes, and capsular induration were the more common genital lesions found in 25% of 163 DES-exposed males as compared to 6% in 168 control males. Semen analysis data on 39 subjects of the DES-exposed group and 25 subjects of the control group showed that 26% of the DES-exposed group produced an ejaculate volume under 1.5 ml; no such cases were observed in the control group. The average values for sperm density ant total motile spermatozoa per ejaculate, although in the normal range, were more than two times lower in the DES-exposed group as compared to the controls. A quality score of greater than 10 (\"severely pathologic semen\") was found in 28% of the DES-exposed group as compared to 0 in the control group. An association of pathologic semen quality with physical abnormalities was found only in the DES-exposed group. Two cases of azoospermia, one without genital abnormalities on physical examination and one with bilateral hypotrophic testes were observed so far in the DES-exposed group. Eighteen percent of 229 DES-exposed female patients had irregular menstrual cycles (oligomenorrhea) as compared to 10% of 136 controls. The history of pregnancy revealed a lower incidence of pregnancy in the DES-exposed group (18%) than in the control group (33%). Circumferential ridges of the vagina and cervix were seen in 40% of 229 DES-exposed females but in none of 136 controls. Colposcopic findings in the vagina revealed adenosis in 66.8% of the DES-exposed females and in 3.6% of the control group. Dysplastic lesions were more prevalent in the vagina and cervix of the DES-exposed subjects. No cases of cancer were observed in either the male or female offspring.", "PMID": 318736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6588", "title": "Sex preselection.", "content": "There have been attempts to select the sex of a child prior to conception in both animals and humans. Centrifugation, microelectrophoresis and density gradient sedimentation have been used to separate X and Y sperm in animals. Only the latter technic has produced a change in sex ratio. In the human, timing of coitus or artificial insemination in relation to ovulation has been the popular method for influencing the sex of a child. This review suggests caution in accepting the claims of success for coital timing. Sperm bearing the Y chromosome can now be identified by quinacrine staining. Using this marker, Ericsson showed that when sperm are allowed to swin into columns of liquid albumin a high percentage of Y-bearing sperm are found in the most distal portion of the column. At this time it has not been shown whether the fraction enriched with Y sperm can produce a preponderance of males.", "contents": "Sex preselection. There have been attempts to select the sex of a child prior to conception in both animals and humans. Centrifugation, microelectrophoresis and density gradient sedimentation have been used to separate X and Y sperm in animals. Only the latter technic has produced a change in sex ratio. In the human, timing of coitus or artificial insemination in relation to ovulation has been the popular method for influencing the sex of a child. This review suggests caution in accepting the claims of success for coital timing. Sperm bearing the Y chromosome can now be identified by quinacrine staining. Using this marker, Ericsson showed that when sperm are allowed to swin into columns of liquid albumin a high percentage of Y-bearing sperm are found in the most distal portion of the column. At this time it has not been shown whether the fraction enriched with Y sperm can produce a preponderance of males.", "PMID": 318737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6589", "title": "In utero diagnosis of agnathia, microstomia, and synotia.", "content": "A rare case of the in utero observation of agnathia, microstomia, and synotia associated with hydramnios is presented. The correct diagnosis is made by observing an absent mandible in a patient with hydraminios.", "contents": "In utero diagnosis of agnathia, microstomia, and synotia. A rare case of the in utero observation of agnathia, microstomia, and synotia associated with hydramnios is presented. The correct diagnosis is made by observing an absent mandible in a patient with hydraminios.", "PMID": 318738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6590", "title": "Repair of postextraction sockets: influence of homogeneous bone implants preserved by formaldehyde. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "Small bone sticks from a dog, fixed in formaldehyde from 1 to 4 weeks, were used as homoimplants in the left postextraction sockets of dogs, and the right sockets were allowed to heal as ungrafted controls. The animals were killed 5, 11, 22, and 60 days after implantation. No obvious differences were discovered, either clinically or radiographically, between the repair of the control sockets and that of the experimental sockets. However, appreciable histologic differences could be noted. The presence of the implant disturbed and retarded both the organization of the granulation tissue and the process of intra-alveolar ossification. The attempt to use homogeneous bone implants that had been preserved in formaldehyde in order to stimulate osteogenesis in the host produced unsatisfactory results, since it retarded the process of postextraction alveolar repair.", "contents": "Repair of postextraction sockets: influence of homogeneous bone implants preserved by formaldehyde. An experimental study in dogs. Small bone sticks from a dog, fixed in formaldehyde from 1 to 4 weeks, were used as homoimplants in the left postextraction sockets of dogs, and the right sockets were allowed to heal as ungrafted controls. The animals were killed 5, 11, 22, and 60 days after implantation. No obvious differences were discovered, either clinically or radiographically, between the repair of the control sockets and that of the experimental sockets. However, appreciable histologic differences could be noted. The presence of the implant disturbed and retarded both the organization of the granulation tissue and the process of intra-alveolar ossification. The attempt to use homogeneous bone implants that had been preserved in formaldehyde in order to stimulate osteogenesis in the host produced unsatisfactory results, since it retarded the process of postextraction alveolar repair.", "PMID": 318740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6591", "title": "The prophylactic use of propylic ester of p-hydrobenzoic acid on alveolitis sicca dolorosa. A preliminary report.", "content": "A double-blind experiment was performed to test the possible prophylactic effect of the antifibrinolytically active propylic ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PEPH) on alveolitis sicca dolorosa (dry socket). Tablets containing PEPH or placebo were inserted at random selection into the alveoli of forty-five consecutive patients, each of whom had had an impacted mandibular third molar removed. The prophylactic effect of PEPH in this study was found to be highly significant as compared to that of placebo, and no patients in the experimental group developed alveolitis sicca dolorosa.", "contents": "The prophylactic use of propylic ester of p-hydrobenzoic acid on alveolitis sicca dolorosa. A preliminary report. A double-blind experiment was performed to test the possible prophylactic effect of the antifibrinolytically active propylic ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PEPH) on alveolitis sicca dolorosa (dry socket). Tablets containing PEPH or placebo were inserted at random selection into the alveoli of forty-five consecutive patients, each of whom had had an impacted mandibular third molar removed. The prophylactic effect of PEPH in this study was found to be highly significant as compared to that of placebo, and no patients in the experimental group developed alveolitis sicca dolorosa.", "PMID": 318741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6592", "title": "Insulin, obesity, and triglyceride interrelationships in sixteen children with familial hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "Sixteen children with familial hypertriglyceridemia were studied to determine whether there were any distinctive insulintriglycerid-obesity relationships in pediatric familial hypertriglyceridemia. Eleven of 16 children had calculated fat mass greater than the 97th percentile for age, height, and sex. When compared with 16 normal control subjects matched for degree of obesity immunoreactive insulin and glucose response during oral glucose tolerance was similar for normal and hypertriglyceridemic children. By either simple correlation or multiple regression analysis, plasma, triglycerides did not correlate significantly with measurements of insulin or obesity in hypertriglyceridemic or normal children. Within the limits of a small sample size, and in the presence of obesity, insulin does not appear to play a predominant role in the genesis of hypertriglyceridemia in children with familial hypertriglyceridemia. With a small mean weight loss of 1.8 kg and adherence to a diet with 20% of calories as protein, 40% each as fat and carbohydrate, polyunsaturate to saturate ratio of 1.5:1, mean plasma triglycerides were reduced from 238 to 140 mg/100 ml in the 11 obese children with familial hypertriglyceridemia (P less than 0.02). Speculation In spite of the complicating role of obesity, adolescence, and the small sample size, it is interesting to note that the correlation coefficients between triglyceride and insulin/glucose area (0.36), and insulin area (0.30), although not significant (P less than 0.1), were considerably higher in hypertriglyceridemic children than in normal subjects in whom comparable correlation coefficients were 0.08 and 0.08. This infers that the potential role of insulin in triglyceride metabolism in children with familial hypertriglyceridemia might be discerned with longitudinal follow-up into adulthood.", "contents": "Insulin, obesity, and triglyceride interrelationships in sixteen children with familial hypertriglyceridemia. Sixteen children with familial hypertriglyceridemia were studied to determine whether there were any distinctive insulintriglycerid-obesity relationships in pediatric familial hypertriglyceridemia. Eleven of 16 children had calculated fat mass greater than the 97th percentile for age, height, and sex. When compared with 16 normal control subjects matched for degree of obesity immunoreactive insulin and glucose response during oral glucose tolerance was similar for normal and hypertriglyceridemic children. By either simple correlation or multiple regression analysis, plasma, triglycerides did not correlate significantly with measurements of insulin or obesity in hypertriglyceridemic or normal children. Within the limits of a small sample size, and in the presence of obesity, insulin does not appear to play a predominant role in the genesis of hypertriglyceridemia in children with familial hypertriglyceridemia. With a small mean weight loss of 1.8 kg and adherence to a diet with 20% of calories as protein, 40% each as fat and carbohydrate, polyunsaturate to saturate ratio of 1.5:1, mean plasma triglycerides were reduced from 238 to 140 mg/100 ml in the 11 obese children with familial hypertriglyceridemia (P less than 0.02). Speculation In spite of the complicating role of obesity, adolescence, and the small sample size, it is interesting to note that the correlation coefficients between triglyceride and insulin/glucose area (0.36), and insulin area (0.30), although not significant (P less than 0.1), were considerably higher in hypertriglyceridemic children than in normal subjects in whom comparable correlation coefficients were 0.08 and 0.08. This infers that the potential role of insulin in triglyceride metabolism in children with familial hypertriglyceridemia might be discerned with longitudinal follow-up into adulthood.", "PMID": 318742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6593", "title": "Management of the burned hand.", "content": "Current concepts in the management of acute and chronic injury to hands due to thermal burns are presented. A review of relevant functional anatomy and its alteration by the burn process is outlined. The maintenance of wrist extension, metacarpophalangeal flexion, and an open thumb web is critical in the acute phase. The physical therapist, using splints and regular exercise, is the key person in maintaining this position. The use of antibacterial agents, surgical debridement, and skin grafting is discussed. Surgical methods of reconstruction in chronic burns, the long-term role of the physical therapist, and the use of compression garments to minimize scar are stressed.", "contents": "Management of the burned hand. Current concepts in the management of acute and chronic injury to hands due to thermal burns are presented. A review of relevant functional anatomy and its alteration by the burn process is outlined. The maintenance of wrist extension, metacarpophalangeal flexion, and an open thumb web is critical in the acute phase. The physical therapist, using splints and regular exercise, is the key person in maintaining this position. The use of antibacterial agents, surgical debridement, and skin grafting is discussed. Surgical methods of reconstruction in chronic burns, the long-term role of the physical therapist, and the use of compression garments to minimize scar are stressed.", "PMID": 318744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6594", "title": "Reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy.", "content": "We have described our techniques for reconstruction of the breast after a simple mastectomy, a modified radical mastectomy, and a radical mastectomy. Inadequate skin cover must be relieved, preferably by transposition of a thoracoepigastric flap. Not only must a mound be created, but also a nipple-areola complex. The areola can be constructed by nipple-sharing techniques from the opposite breast or by the use of the labia minora and/or the labia majora. However, we advise preservation and banking of the nipple-areola (or areola) by the ablative surgeon, when possible. The remaining breast usually requires some modification to match the reconstructed one.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy. We have described our techniques for reconstruction of the breast after a simple mastectomy, a modified radical mastectomy, and a radical mastectomy. Inadequate skin cover must be relieved, preferably by transposition of a thoracoepigastric flap. Not only must a mound be created, but also a nipple-areola complex. The areola can be constructed by nipple-sharing techniques from the opposite breast or by the use of the labia minora and/or the labia majora. However, we advise preservation and banking of the nipple-areola (or areola) by the ablative surgeon, when possible. The remaining breast usually requires some modification to match the reconstructed one.", "PMID": 318745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6595", "title": "Use of the united suture in microvascular anastomoses.", "content": "A technique for microvascular anastomoses is described. It leaves one suture united until the last, a maneuver which helps to avoid picking up the posterior wall with the anterior wall.", "contents": "Use of the united suture in microvascular anastomoses. A technique for microvascular anastomoses is described. It leaves one suture united until the last, a maneuver which helps to avoid picking up the posterior wall with the anterior wall.", "PMID": 318750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6596", "title": "Experimental study of tissue response to ruptured gel-filled mammary prostheses.", "content": "Miniature \"soft gel\" filled breast prostheses were implanted into rats, and half of these were purposefully ruptured upon insertion. At sacrifice of the animals later, the position of the exuded gel, the variability of the capsule thickness, and the extent of the capsule formation were evaluated. The capsule thickness was significantly increased around the ruptured prostheses, in response to the exuded gel. Also, the gel migrated through the fibrous capsule and into the surrounding tissue, eliciting an inflammatory response there to produce capsule thickening.", "contents": "Experimental study of tissue response to ruptured gel-filled mammary prostheses. Miniature \"soft gel\" filled breast prostheses were implanted into rats, and half of these were purposefully ruptured upon insertion. At sacrifice of the animals later, the position of the exuded gel, the variability of the capsule thickness, and the extent of the capsule formation were evaluated. The capsule thickness was significantly increased around the ruptured prostheses, in response to the exuded gel. Also, the gel migrated through the fibrous capsule and into the surrounding tissue, eliciting an inflammatory response there to produce capsule thickening.", "PMID": 318752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6597", "title": "The closure of defects by using adjacent triangular flaps with subcutaneous pedicles.", "content": "Triangular flaps with subcutaneous pedicles have been consistently reliable for closing many defects in our 12-year experience. Before, we used mainly the lateral subcutaneous pedicles, but now we tend to use central pedicles. One can also leave partial skin bridges in the pedicles to prevent circular scar patterns, where the latter are undesirable.", "contents": "The closure of defects by using adjacent triangular flaps with subcutaneous pedicles. Triangular flaps with subcutaneous pedicles have been consistently reliable for closing many defects in our 12-year experience. Before, we used mainly the lateral subcutaneous pedicles, but now we tend to use central pedicles. One can also leave partial skin bridges in the pedicles to prevent circular scar patterns, where the latter are undesirable.", "PMID": 318753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6598", "title": "Two-point discrimination distances in the normal hand and forearm: application to various methods of fingertip reconstruction.", "content": "Two-point discrimination in the hand and forearm is best during the third decade of life. In the fingertips, the ulnar digits are more discriminating than the radial digits. Males and females have equal two-point discrimination during each age decade. Fingertips are twice as discriminating as the thenar and hypothenar areas, and the thenar and hypothenar areas are twice as discriminating as the volar side of the wrist; the wrist is twice as discriminating as the forearm. The Kleinert and Kutler flaps demonstrated the best two-point discrimination among the repaired fingertips.", "contents": "Two-point discrimination distances in the normal hand and forearm: application to various methods of fingertip reconstruction. Two-point discrimination in the hand and forearm is best during the third decade of life. In the fingertips, the ulnar digits are more discriminating than the radial digits. Males and females have equal two-point discrimination during each age decade. Fingertips are twice as discriminating as the thenar and hypothenar areas, and the thenar and hypothenar areas are twice as discriminating as the volar side of the wrist; the wrist is twice as discriminating as the forearm. The Kleinert and Kutler flaps demonstrated the best two-point discrimination among the repaired fingertips.", "PMID": 318754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6599", "title": "Lymphedema of the penis.", "content": "Lymphangiectomy with primary closure or skin grafting appears to be the treatment of choice for lymphedema of the penis. The method offers good cosmetic and functional results.", "contents": "Lymphedema of the penis. Lymphangiectomy with primary closure or skin grafting appears to be the treatment of choice for lymphedema of the penis. The method offers good cosmetic and functional results.", "PMID": 318755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6600", "title": "Closure of skin defects near the proximal interphalangeal joint--with special reference to the patterns of finger circulation.", "content": "In dealing with skin losses of the proximal segments of the finger, one must be mindful of the vessel arrangements. Preservation of the axial vessels removes the usual restrictions of length to breadth ratios which apply to flaps planned on a random pattern arrangement.", "contents": "Closure of skin defects near the proximal interphalangeal joint--with special reference to the patterns of finger circulation. In dealing with skin losses of the proximal segments of the finger, one must be mindful of the vessel arrangements. Preservation of the axial vessels removes the usual restrictions of length to breadth ratios which apply to flaps planned on a random pattern arrangement.", "PMID": 318756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6601", "title": "Studies on the pigmentation of skin grafts: the ultrastructure of epidermal melanoxytes.", "content": "We carried out ultrastructural studies on the epidermal melanocytes in human skin autografts, before and after transplantation. On comparing the results with those described in our previous paper, the present findings are in accord with those light microscope findings. As we suggested earlier, the degree of pigmentation in a skin graft is probably due not only to quantitative changes in the transfer and formation of melanosomes, but also to the distribution, the degradation pattern, and the size of the melanosomes within the keratinocytes. Rupture of lysosomes, as a consequence of transplantation, may also contribute to the pigmentation of the skin graft.", "contents": "Studies on the pigmentation of skin grafts: the ultrastructure of epidermal melanoxytes. We carried out ultrastructural studies on the epidermal melanocytes in human skin autografts, before and after transplantation. On comparing the results with those described in our previous paper, the present findings are in accord with those light microscope findings. As we suggested earlier, the degree of pigmentation in a skin graft is probably due not only to quantitative changes in the transfer and formation of melanosomes, but also to the distribution, the degradation pattern, and the size of the melanosomes within the keratinocytes. Rupture of lysosomes, as a consequence of transplantation, may also contribute to the pigmentation of the skin graft.", "PMID": 318757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6602", "title": "Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate: mutagenicity of a widely used flame retardant.", "content": "Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, a widely used flame-retardant additive for textiles, is mutagenic to histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Extracts of fabrics treated with this compound are also capable of inducing mutations in these bacterial strains.", "contents": "Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate: mutagenicity of a widely used flame retardant. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, a widely used flame-retardant additive for textiles, is mutagenic to histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Extracts of fabrics treated with this compound are also capable of inducing mutations in these bacterial strains.", "PMID": 318761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6603", "title": "Nucleotide sequences from the rabbit beta globin gene inserted into Escherichia coli plasmids.", "content": "A 169-nucleotide region from the rabbit beta globin gene has been sequenced by analysis of complementary DNA's cloned in bacterial plasmids. Comparison of these sequences with those established for this gene by other techniques provides evidence of a high degree of fidelity and allows the unambiguous establishment that these plasmids do not contain harmful sequences.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences from the rabbit beta globin gene inserted into Escherichia coli plasmids. A 169-nucleotide region from the rabbit beta globin gene has been sequenced by analysis of complementary DNA's cloned in bacterial plasmids. Comparison of these sequences with those established for this gene by other techniques provides evidence of a high degree of fidelity and allows the unambiguous establishment that these plasmids do not contain harmful sequences.", "PMID": 318762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6604", "title": "Novel screening procedure for recombinant plasmids.", "content": "Lysed bacterial colonies containing potential recombinant plasmids were mixed with molten agar and sealed into slots of an agarose gel. After electrophoresis overnight, the gel was stained with ethidium bromide, which clearly reveals recombinant plasmids. Xenopus laevis ribosomal DNA and histone DNA of Psammechinus miliaris were ligated into pCRI plasmids and screened by this method.", "contents": "Novel screening procedure for recombinant plasmids. Lysed bacterial colonies containing potential recombinant plasmids were mixed with molten agar and sealed into slots of an agarose gel. After electrophoresis overnight, the gel was stained with ethidium bromide, which clearly reveals recombinant plasmids. Xenopus laevis ribosomal DNA and histone DNA of Psammechinus miliaris were ligated into pCRI plasmids and screened by this method.", "PMID": 318763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6605", "title": "Plasmid detection and sizing in single colony lysates.", "content": "A simple and contained procedure for the rapid assay of the presence and size of plasmids similar to Col El is described. Bacteria are picked from an agar plate with a toothpick, lysed with dodecyl sulfate and heat, and placed directly on an agarose gel for electrophoresis.", "contents": "Plasmid detection and sizing in single colony lysates. A simple and contained procedure for the rapid assay of the presence and size of plasmids similar to Col El is described. Bacteria are picked from an agar plate with a toothpick, lysed with dodecyl sulfate and heat, and placed directly on an agarose gel for electrophoresis.", "PMID": 318764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6606", "title": "Septic pulmonary embolization.", "content": "Septic pulmonary embolization occurs when an infected thrombus lodges in the pulmonary arterial tree. Pulmonary abscess, empyema, bronchopleural fistula, shock and death may follow. During the preantibiotic era, septic pulmonary embolization was a dread complication of septic thrombophlebitis occurring in the pelvis and after infections of the head and neck. More recently, the multiplicity of long term indwelling catheters has changed the epidemiologic aspect of this disease, pointing toward iatrogenic causes in many instances. The drug addict, however, remains the person at greatest risk of having septic pulmonary embolization develop. A clinical evaluation seeking drug abuse and related stigmata is extremely helpful in suggesting the proper cause, establishing the presence of right-sided endocarditis and directing appropriate therapy. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common offending organism in all patient populations except for the patient with thermal injury in which gram-negative organisms predominate. Early diagnosis and proper therapy, which includes high doses of parenteral antibiotics and control of the inciting septic focus in all instances, are prerequisites for a favorable outcome.", "contents": "Septic pulmonary embolization. Septic pulmonary embolization occurs when an infected thrombus lodges in the pulmonary arterial tree. Pulmonary abscess, empyema, bronchopleural fistula, shock and death may follow. During the preantibiotic era, septic pulmonary embolization was a dread complication of septic thrombophlebitis occurring in the pelvis and after infections of the head and neck. More recently, the multiplicity of long term indwelling catheters has changed the epidemiologic aspect of this disease, pointing toward iatrogenic causes in many instances. The drug addict, however, remains the person at greatest risk of having septic pulmonary embolization develop. A clinical evaluation seeking drug abuse and related stigmata is extremely helpful in suggesting the proper cause, establishing the presence of right-sided endocarditis and directing appropriate therapy. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common offending organism in all patient populations except for the patient with thermal injury in which gram-negative organisms predominate. Early diagnosis and proper therapy, which includes high doses of parenteral antibiotics and control of the inciting septic focus in all instances, are prerequisites for a favorable outcome.", "PMID": 318771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6607", "title": "Body water distribution after operation.", "content": "The effect of a major surgical procedure on the distribution of body water was investigated in two groups of patients. The first group of four patients did not receive any salt during the first 24 hours following operation, while the second group of five patients received a moderate amount of isotoric saline solution during this period. For seven days prior to operation, the patients were maintained by bed rest and a daily intake of 100 milliequivalents of sodium and 100 milliequivalents of potassium. A multiple isotope dilution technique was used, before and after operation, to measure red cell mass, plasma volume, extracellular water, total body water and total exchangeable sodium. In addition, the aldosterone secretion rate was measured, both before and after operation, to assess the physiologic control of the extracellular water volume. In the patients who did not receive any salt, the mean extracellular water volume decreased following operation from 39.7 to 37.5 per cent of the total body water; a mean decrease of 0.9 liter while the aldosterone secretion rate increased significantly, p less than 0.02, by 101 per cent from 206 to 414 micrograms per day. In the second group of patients who received an average of 1.3 liters of isotonic saline solution during the first 24 postoperative hours, the extracellular water increased from 37.9 to 42.8 per cent of total body water; a mean increase of 1.1 liters p less than 0.02. The mean aldosterone secretion rate in this group of patients increased by only 13 per cent from 167 to 188 micrograms per day. The blood volume did not change in either group as a result of operation. These data support the hypothesis that, following operation, sequestration of extracellular water occurs within the injured tissues, necessitating the postoperative infusion of a moderate amount of a balanced salt solution.", "contents": "Body water distribution after operation. The effect of a major surgical procedure on the distribution of body water was investigated in two groups of patients. The first group of four patients did not receive any salt during the first 24 hours following operation, while the second group of five patients received a moderate amount of isotoric saline solution during this period. For seven days prior to operation, the patients were maintained by bed rest and a daily intake of 100 milliequivalents of sodium and 100 milliequivalents of potassium. A multiple isotope dilution technique was used, before and after operation, to measure red cell mass, plasma volume, extracellular water, total body water and total exchangeable sodium. In addition, the aldosterone secretion rate was measured, both before and after operation, to assess the physiologic control of the extracellular water volume. In the patients who did not receive any salt, the mean extracellular water volume decreased following operation from 39.7 to 37.5 per cent of the total body water; a mean decrease of 0.9 liter while the aldosterone secretion rate increased significantly, p less than 0.02, by 101 per cent from 206 to 414 micrograms per day. In the second group of patients who received an average of 1.3 liters of isotonic saline solution during the first 24 postoperative hours, the extracellular water increased from 37.9 to 42.8 per cent of total body water; a mean increase of 1.1 liters p less than 0.02. The mean aldosterone secretion rate in this group of patients increased by only 13 per cent from 167 to 188 micrograms per day. The blood volume did not change in either group as a result of operation. These data support the hypothesis that, following operation, sequestration of extracellular water occurs within the injured tissues, necessitating the postoperative infusion of a moderate amount of a balanced salt solution.", "PMID": 318772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6608", "title": "Effects of intravenous bolus dosages of methylprednisolone and local radiation on renal allograft rejection and patient mortality.", "content": "One hundred and thirty of 179 rejection episodes encountered in 205 transplants were reversed by treatment with a bolus preparation of methylprednisolone. Ninety-six of these episodes also required an increase in oral prednisone dosage. No beneficial effect on over-all graft survival was noted, but a significant rise in the mortality, secondary to sepsis, was noted in those who received more than 5 grams of methylprednisolone. Local radiation to the graft did not contribute to better graft survival or mortality.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous bolus dosages of methylprednisolone and local radiation on renal allograft rejection and patient mortality. One hundred and thirty of 179 rejection episodes encountered in 205 transplants were reversed by treatment with a bolus preparation of methylprednisolone. Ninety-six of these episodes also required an increase in oral prednisone dosage. No beneficial effect on over-all graft survival was noted, but a significant rise in the mortality, secondary to sepsis, was noted in those who received more than 5 grams of methylprednisolone. Local radiation to the graft did not contribute to better graft survival or mortality.", "PMID": 318773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6609", "title": "Lower urinary tract pharmacology. I. Anatomic considerations.", "content": "With this issue Dr. Bissada, Dr. Finkbeiner, and Dr. Welch introduce a series on uropharmacology, starting with the lower urinary tract. Since an understanding of the anatomy, neurophysiology, and basic pharmacology is necessary, Part I is a description of the functional anatomy of the lower urinary tract and the mechanisms of continence and voiding. Part II is a review of the differences between somatic and autonomic reflexes; the afferent and efferent innervation of lower urinary tract; the organization of pelvic ganglionic cells and the spinal and supraspinal control of lower urinary tract function. Subsequent articles will be on basic pharmacology of lower urinary tract and individual drug classes.", "contents": "Lower urinary tract pharmacology. I. Anatomic considerations. With this issue Dr. Bissada, Dr. Finkbeiner, and Dr. Welch introduce a series on uropharmacology, starting with the lower urinary tract. Since an understanding of the anatomy, neurophysiology, and basic pharmacology is necessary, Part I is a description of the functional anatomy of the lower urinary tract and the mechanisms of continence and voiding. Part II is a review of the differences between somatic and autonomic reflexes; the afferent and efferent innervation of lower urinary tract; the organization of pelvic ganglionic cells and the spinal and supraspinal control of lower urinary tract function. Subsequent articles will be on basic pharmacology of lower urinary tract and individual drug classes.", "PMID": 318782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6610", "title": "Renal rupture after transplantation.", "content": "Nine instances of spontaneous allograft rupture have been identified in a series of 325 renal transplantations. Repair of the graft was accomplished in 4 cases. One graft functioned for five and one-half years, one kidney was removed immediately because of uncontrolled hemorrhage, and two grafts were subsequently removed because of rejection. Immediate nephrectomy was performed in 5 cases of irreversible rejection. The duration of ischemia and method of preservation appeared to have no etiologic importance. Evidence of severe acute rejection was present in all 9 cases. The recent increase in graft rupture parallels the increasing frequency of severe early acute rejection reactions.", "contents": "Renal rupture after transplantation. Nine instances of spontaneous allograft rupture have been identified in a series of 325 renal transplantations. Repair of the graft was accomplished in 4 cases. One graft functioned for five and one-half years, one kidney was removed immediately because of uncontrolled hemorrhage, and two grafts were subsequently removed because of rejection. Immediate nephrectomy was performed in 5 cases of irreversible rejection. The duration of ischemia and method of preservation appeared to have no etiologic importance. Evidence of severe acute rejection was present in all 9 cases. The recent increase in graft rupture parallels the increasing frequency of severe early acute rejection reactions.", "PMID": 318785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6611", "title": "The effect of epinephrine and isoproterenol on insulin secretion and glucose utilization in isolated islets of Langerhans from mice.", "content": "The effect of epinephrine and isoproterenol in different concentrations and adrenergic blocking agents on glucose induced insulin secretion and glucose utilization was studied in isolated islets of Langerhans from mice. Epinephrine in physiological concentrations significantly inhibited the glucose induced insulin secretion. This effect was not mediated by a change in glucose utilization but involved alpha-adrenergic stimulation. Isoproterenol significantly stimulated the glucose induced insulin secretion but had no effect on glucose utilization. Beta-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol at low glucose concentration was not sufficient to stimulate insulin secretion. The results are discussed in relation to current therories on the mechanism of glucose induced insulin secretion.", "contents": "The effect of epinephrine and isoproterenol on insulin secretion and glucose utilization in isolated islets of Langerhans from mice. The effect of epinephrine and isoproterenol in different concentrations and adrenergic blocking agents on glucose induced insulin secretion and glucose utilization was studied in isolated islets of Langerhans from mice. Epinephrine in physiological concentrations significantly inhibited the glucose induced insulin secretion. This effect was not mediated by a change in glucose utilization but involved alpha-adrenergic stimulation. Isoproterenol significantly stimulated the glucose induced insulin secretion but had no effect on glucose utilization. Beta-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol at low glucose concentration was not sufficient to stimulate insulin secretion. The results are discussed in relation to current therories on the mechanism of glucose induced insulin secretion.", "PMID": 318787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6612", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity and its role in resistance to infection.", "content": "The recently acquired knowledge of the importance of cell-mediated immunity in many illnesses and the discovery of a variety of substances that can restore certain cell-mediated immune functions has served to focus the attention of physicians on this area of immunity. It is important for practicing physicians to have a clear understanding of current knowledge of the role of cell-mediated immunity in resistance to infection and how this arm of the immune system relates to the diagnosis and therapy of infectious diseases.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity and its role in resistance to infection. The recently acquired knowledge of the importance of cell-mediated immunity in many illnesses and the discovery of a variety of substances that can restore certain cell-mediated immune functions has served to focus the attention of physicians on this area of immunity. It is important for practicing physicians to have a clear understanding of current knowledge of the role of cell-mediated immunity in resistance to infection and how this arm of the immune system relates to the diagnosis and therapy of infectious diseases.", "PMID": 318786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6613", "title": "Seasonal incidence of some congenital malformations in the central nervous system in Sweden, 1965-1972.", "content": "Seasonal trends of some congenital CNS malformations in infants born in Sweden during the years 1965 to 1972 were investigated. The study is based on reports to the Swedish Register of Congenital Malformations, statistics from the National Board of Health, and records from Malm\u00f6 General Hospital and the Hospital of Lund. The malformations analysed in this study are anencephaly, spina bifida aperta (with or without hydrocephalus) and isolated hydrocephalus. Variations in incidence of months of birth and last menstrual period (LMP) were tested statistically in three different ways: standard X2-test for heterogeneity between recorded numbers of infants each calender month, Edwards' method, and a squared sinus function, all with or without correction for variations in general monthly birth rates. Statistical significant seasonal variations were found for anencephaly with an LMP maximum in March and for spina bifida aperta with a maximum in July. Factors which can explain such seasonality are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Seasonal incidence of some congenital malformations in the central nervous system in Sweden, 1965-1972. Seasonal trends of some congenital CNS malformations in infants born in Sweden during the years 1965 to 1972 were investigated. The study is based on reports to the Swedish Register of Congenital Malformations, statistics from the National Board of Health, and records from Malm\u00f6 General Hospital and the Hospital of Lund. The malformations analysed in this study are anencephaly, spina bifida aperta (with or without hydrocephalus) and isolated hydrocephalus. Variations in incidence of months of birth and last menstrual period (LMP) were tested statistically in three different ways: standard X2-test for heterogeneity between recorded numbers of infants each calender month, Edwards' method, and a squared sinus function, all with or without correction for variations in general monthly birth rates. Statistical significant seasonal variations were found for anencephaly with an LMP maximum in March and for spina bifida aperta with a maximum in July. Factors which can explain such seasonality are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 318790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6614", "title": "Streptococcal infection and the chronic carrier state.", "content": "Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis is an extremely common problem for the family physician. Clinical signs are not reliable in making the diagnosis. Infections with few or no symptoms are common. Throat culture is the best aid to diagnosis. One-quarter or more of family contacts harbor the organism. Good mamagement includes accurate bacteriologic diagnosis, adequate use of the appropriate penicillin preparation, repeat cultures, treatment of family members, if indicated, and recognition of the chronic carrier state.", "contents": "Streptococcal infection and the chronic carrier state. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis is an extremely common problem for the family physician. Clinical signs are not reliable in making the diagnosis. Infections with few or no symptoms are common. Throat culture is the best aid to diagnosis. One-quarter or more of family contacts harbor the organism. Good mamagement includes accurate bacteriologic diagnosis, adequate use of the appropriate penicillin preparation, repeat cultures, treatment of family members, if indicated, and recognition of the chronic carrier state.", "PMID": 318793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6615", "title": "Cardiac pathology of transvenous pacemakers in dogs.", "content": "Transvenous right ventricular pacemaker catheters were implanted in 18 mongrel dogs for periods of 2 to 18 months (average 4.9 months). Heart block was produced in 15 of these dogs by injection of 37 per cent formaldehyde into the interatrial septum. In the other three dogs which served as controls, no heart block was produced and no electrical stimulation was applied to the implanted catheters. After the animals had been put to death, gross and microscopic examination of the hearts revealed four categories of morphological changes: (1) connective tissue sheath formation around the catheters, (2) endocardial papillary thickening, (3) interatrial septal changes, and (4) myocardial damage. Changes 1, 2, and 4 occurred in one or more intracardiac locations in all 18 dogs. Change 3 occurred only in the 15 dogs in which heart block was produced. The most striking histologic findings were areas of cartilagenous metaplasia in endocardium an underlying myocardium and areas of marked cellular proliferation of the endocardial cells both in the endothelium and underlying stroma. Chronic implantation of transvenous intracardiac pacemaker catheters in dogs consistently produces morphologic changes which may interfere with cardiac and pacemaker function and may hinder attempts to remove nonfunctional or unneeded catheter electrodes. The changes observed appear to be related to the presence of foreign material per se and not external electrical stimulation of the heart.", "contents": "Cardiac pathology of transvenous pacemakers in dogs. Transvenous right ventricular pacemaker catheters were implanted in 18 mongrel dogs for periods of 2 to 18 months (average 4.9 months). Heart block was produced in 15 of these dogs by injection of 37 per cent formaldehyde into the interatrial septum. In the other three dogs which served as controls, no heart block was produced and no electrical stimulation was applied to the implanted catheters. After the animals had been put to death, gross and microscopic examination of the hearts revealed four categories of morphological changes: (1) connective tissue sheath formation around the catheters, (2) endocardial papillary thickening, (3) interatrial septal changes, and (4) myocardial damage. Changes 1, 2, and 4 occurred in one or more intracardiac locations in all 18 dogs. Change 3 occurred only in the 15 dogs in which heart block was produced. The most striking histologic findings were areas of cartilagenous metaplasia in endocardium an underlying myocardium and areas of marked cellular proliferation of the endocardial cells both in the endothelium and underlying stroma. Chronic implantation of transvenous intracardiac pacemaker catheters in dogs consistently produces morphologic changes which may interfere with cardiac and pacemaker function and may hinder attempts to remove nonfunctional or unneeded catheter electrodes. The changes observed appear to be related to the presence of foreign material per se and not external electrical stimulation of the heart.", "PMID": 318794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6616", "title": "Hemodynamic assessment of oral peripheral vasodilator therapy in chronic congestive heart failure: prolonged effectiveness of isosorbide dinitrate.", "content": "To evaluate the effectiveness of oral vasodilator therapy in chronic congestive heart failure, 20 mg of isosorbide dinitrate or placebo was administered orally in double-blind fashion to 25 patients with congestive heart failure. In 15 patients receiving isosorbide dinitrate, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure decreased 5 minutes to 5 hours after drug administration; the peak reduction was observed at 1 hour (from 23 to 14 mm Hg; P less than 0.001). Wedge pressure decreased to normal (12 mm Hg or less) in 8 of the 15 patients (Group I) but remained greater than 12 mm Hg in 7 (Group II). Reductions in mean systemic arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance and pressure-time per minute also occurred. Indexes of pump output were unchanged in the 15 who received isosorbide dinitrate but tended to decrease slightly in Group I. Stroke index (from 23 to 26 cc/m2) and stroke work index (from 21.4 to 24.1 g-m/m2) increased slightly but significantly (P less than 0.05) in Group II. Thus the prinicpal hemodynamic action of isorbide dinitrate is marked and sustained reduction in left ventricular filling pressure without pronounced effect on cardiac output. This agent should be used in congestive heart failure primarily for relief of congestive symptoms.", "contents": "Hemodynamic assessment of oral peripheral vasodilator therapy in chronic congestive heart failure: prolonged effectiveness of isosorbide dinitrate. To evaluate the effectiveness of oral vasodilator therapy in chronic congestive heart failure, 20 mg of isosorbide dinitrate or placebo was administered orally in double-blind fashion to 25 patients with congestive heart failure. In 15 patients receiving isosorbide dinitrate, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure decreased 5 minutes to 5 hours after drug administration; the peak reduction was observed at 1 hour (from 23 to 14 mm Hg; P less than 0.001). Wedge pressure decreased to normal (12 mm Hg or less) in 8 of the 15 patients (Group I) but remained greater than 12 mm Hg in 7 (Group II). Reductions in mean systemic arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance and pressure-time per minute also occurred. Indexes of pump output were unchanged in the 15 who received isosorbide dinitrate but tended to decrease slightly in Group I. Stroke index (from 23 to 26 cc/m2) and stroke work index (from 21.4 to 24.1 g-m/m2) increased slightly but significantly (P less than 0.05) in Group II. Thus the prinicpal hemodynamic action of isorbide dinitrate is marked and sustained reduction in left ventricular filling pressure without pronounced effect on cardiac output. This agent should be used in congestive heart failure primarily for relief of congestive symptoms.", "PMID": 318795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6617", "title": "Orally administered isosorbide dinitrate in patients with and without left ventricular failure due to acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The oral effectiveness of 10 mg followed by 20 mg of isosorbide dinitrate in 21 patients with acute mycardial infarction was studied over a period of 13 hours. The patients were grouped according to initial left ventricular filling pressure: group I, pressure less than 20 mm Hg, and group II, pressure more than 20 mm Hg. Patients in group II had left ventricular failure. In both groups isosorbide dinitrate resulted in a significant decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure. The left ventricular filling pressure decreased in group I from 13.6 +/- 4.0 to 7.1 +/- 2.6 mm Hg (mean +/- 1 standard deviation) and in group II from 26.9 +/- 4.6 to 19.0 +/- 3.6 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). Cardiac output decreased in group I from 5.1 +/- 1.0 to 4.5 +/- 0.9 liters/min, whereas in group II it increased significantly from 3.5 +/- 0.8 to 4.1 to 0.9 liters/min (P less than 0.001). In both groups, peripheral arterial blood pressure decreased (P less than 0.60). Heart rate remained constant. Whether cardiac output increased or decreased was found to be dependent on the initial left ventricular filling pressure. In patients with an initially high value (above 20 mm Hg), the increase in cardiac output is probably due to the reduction of afterload. An additional factor may be the decrease in left ventricular filling pressure, which leads to an improved blood supply in the affected mural segments as a result of the decrease in the extravascular component of the coronary resistance. Significant changes in cardiac output and left ventricular filling pressure were achieved 3 to 5 hours after oral administration of isosorbide dinitrate. Clinical signs of failure were less pronounced. Isosorbide dinitrate is, therefore, a therapeutic agent in the treatment of left ventricular failure due to acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Orally administered isosorbide dinitrate in patients with and without left ventricular failure due to acute myocardial infarction. The oral effectiveness of 10 mg followed by 20 mg of isosorbide dinitrate in 21 patients with acute mycardial infarction was studied over a period of 13 hours. The patients were grouped according to initial left ventricular filling pressure: group I, pressure less than 20 mm Hg, and group II, pressure more than 20 mm Hg. Patients in group II had left ventricular failure. In both groups isosorbide dinitrate resulted in a significant decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure. The left ventricular filling pressure decreased in group I from 13.6 +/- 4.0 to 7.1 +/- 2.6 mm Hg (mean +/- 1 standard deviation) and in group II from 26.9 +/- 4.6 to 19.0 +/- 3.6 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). Cardiac output decreased in group I from 5.1 +/- 1.0 to 4.5 +/- 0.9 liters/min, whereas in group II it increased significantly from 3.5 +/- 0.8 to 4.1 to 0.9 liters/min (P less than 0.001). In both groups, peripheral arterial blood pressure decreased (P less than 0.60). Heart rate remained constant. Whether cardiac output increased or decreased was found to be dependent on the initial left ventricular filling pressure. In patients with an initially high value (above 20 mm Hg), the increase in cardiac output is probably due to the reduction of afterload. An additional factor may be the decrease in left ventricular filling pressure, which leads to an improved blood supply in the affected mural segments as a result of the decrease in the extravascular component of the coronary resistance. Significant changes in cardiac output and left ventricular filling pressure were achieved 3 to 5 hours after oral administration of isosorbide dinitrate. Clinical signs of failure were less pronounced. Isosorbide dinitrate is, therefore, a therapeutic agent in the treatment of left ventricular failure due to acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 318796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6618", "title": "Quality control of small-volume sterile products.", "content": "A method for bacterial surveillance of small-volume sterile products in hospitals was developed and tested. The criteria for the method of quality control were to: (1) assure detection of contamination associated with touch, which could occur during the filling process; (2) be economically feasible; (3) be simple and easy to implement; and (4) be versatile in adapting to small-volume sterile packages with and without needles. Ten percent of each lot of prepackaged unit dose syringes is tested by filtration through a sterile micropore filter. The filter unit is incubated after fluid thioglycollate medium has been added. If turbidity or color change is found, further testing with blood agar and gram staining is performed to identify the organism. The effectiveness of the method was tested by adding E. coli to one lot within each of several lots tested of six products. The inoculated samples were stored under refrigeration for three days before testing. With one exception, the E. coli was detected in the samples. Growth did not occur in any of the noninoculated units. The apparent false negative result was believed to be caused by the bacteriostatic agent killing the organism during the three-day storage period.", "contents": "Quality control of small-volume sterile products. A method for bacterial surveillance of small-volume sterile products in hospitals was developed and tested. The criteria for the method of quality control were to: (1) assure detection of contamination associated with touch, which could occur during the filling process; (2) be economically feasible; (3) be simple and easy to implement; and (4) be versatile in adapting to small-volume sterile packages with and without needles. Ten percent of each lot of prepackaged unit dose syringes is tested by filtration through a sterile micropore filter. The filter unit is incubated after fluid thioglycollate medium has been added. If turbidity or color change is found, further testing with blood agar and gram staining is performed to identify the organism. The effectiveness of the method was tested by adding E. coli to one lot within each of several lots tested of six products. The inoculated samples were stored under refrigeration for three days before testing. With one exception, the E. coli was detected in the samples. Growth did not occur in any of the noninoculated units. The apparent false negative result was believed to be caused by the bacteriostatic agent killing the organism during the three-day storage period.", "PMID": 318798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6619", "title": "Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology and therapeutic use of antibiotics. Part 1: tetracyclines.", "content": "The mode of action, bacterial resistance, in vitro activity, pharmacology, dosage, adverse reactions, interactions and indications for tetracyclines are reviewed. Suggestions for the selection of a particular tetracycline are provided. It is concluded that there is only one pertinent difference among the tetracyclines, namely, that doxycycline, and probably minocycline, can be given in full dosage and with minimal risk to patients with renal impairment.", "contents": "Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology and therapeutic use of antibiotics. Part 1: tetracyclines. The mode of action, bacterial resistance, in vitro activity, pharmacology, dosage, adverse reactions, interactions and indications for tetracyclines are reviewed. Suggestions for the selection of a particular tetracycline are provided. It is concluded that there is only one pertinent difference among the tetracyclines, namely, that doxycycline, and probably minocycline, can be given in full dosage and with minimal risk to patients with renal impairment.", "PMID": 318799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6620", "title": "Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology and therapeutic use of antibiotics. Part 2: penicillins.", "content": "The mechanism of action, resistance, antibacterial spectrum, clinical pharmacology, adverse effects, and therapeutic and prophylactic use of penicillins are reviewed. The choice of a penicillin is discussed. The only indication for the penicillinase-resistant penicillins is the suspected or demonstrated presence of Staphylococcus aureus. There are no important differences in therapeutic effect among oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin or flucloxacillin by the oral route, or among oxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin or methicillin parenterally. Ampicillin is especially useful for infections due to Haemophilus influenzae and Escherchia coli and for serious disease due to enterococcus and Listeria monocytogenes. Carbenicillin and ticarcillin exhibit unique activity against gram-negative bacilli (except Klebsiella).", "contents": "Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology and therapeutic use of antibiotics. Part 2: penicillins. The mechanism of action, resistance, antibacterial spectrum, clinical pharmacology, adverse effects, and therapeutic and prophylactic use of penicillins are reviewed. The choice of a penicillin is discussed. The only indication for the penicillinase-resistant penicillins is the suspected or demonstrated presence of Staphylococcus aureus. There are no important differences in therapeutic effect among oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin or flucloxacillin by the oral route, or among oxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin or methicillin parenterally. Ampicillin is especially useful for infections due to Haemophilus influenzae and Escherchia coli and for serious disease due to enterococcus and Listeria monocytogenes. Carbenicillin and ticarcillin exhibit unique activity against gram-negative bacilli (except Klebsiella).", "PMID": 318800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6621", "title": "Basal and LRH-stimulated secretion of FSH during early pregnancy.", "content": "The gonadotropin response to 25 mug of LH/FSH releasing hormone (LRH) intravenously was investigated during the very first weeks of pregnancy. It was found progressively to decrease, and no response in FSH was found for more than 5 weeks. The basal levels of FSH showed the same decreasing tendency, and a few weeks after conception they were often close to the sensitivity limit of the assay. With this report we have continued our description of the changing pituitary responsiveness to LRH from conception to the puerperium. During later stages of pregnancy the plasma levels of FSH were markedly reduced, and the response was inhibited even after 500 mug of LRH intervenously. The return of the response during the puerperium showed a specific pattern with a dissociation of the response in FSH and LH. No such dissociation was found during the period of progressive inhibition during the very first weeks of pregnancy.", "contents": "Basal and LRH-stimulated secretion of FSH during early pregnancy. The gonadotropin response to 25 mug of LH/FSH releasing hormone (LRH) intravenously was investigated during the very first weeks of pregnancy. It was found progressively to decrease, and no response in FSH was found for more than 5 weeks. The basal levels of FSH showed the same decreasing tendency, and a few weeks after conception they were often close to the sensitivity limit of the assay. With this report we have continued our description of the changing pituitary responsiveness to LRH from conception to the puerperium. During later stages of pregnancy the plasma levels of FSH were markedly reduced, and the response was inhibited even after 500 mug of LRH intervenously. The return of the response during the puerperium showed a specific pattern with a dissociation of the response in FSH and LH. No such dissociation was found during the period of progressive inhibition during the very first weeks of pregnancy.", "PMID": 318801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6622", "title": "Fetal carbohydrate metabolism: its clinical importance.", "content": "A basic understanding of fetal nutrition and metabolism is essential in the clinical management of the obstetric patient. The fetus depends upon a constant infusion of glucose for energy production and growth. Maternal glucose is the prime source of this nutrient. Alterations in maternal carbohydrate homeostasis will lead to changes in fetal metabolism. In diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia may produce hyperinsulinemia and macrosomia. The growth-retarded fetus may have a decreased supply of maternal glucose and reduced amounts of hepatic glycogen and adipose tissue. The fetus must depend upon these stores for survival during periods of intrauterine hypoxia. In the newborn period, hypothermia and hypoxia may rapidly deplete energy reserves. With this information, the clinician may more knowledgeably manage dietary demands in the antepartum patient, fetal distress during labor, and the immediate newborn period.", "contents": "Fetal carbohydrate metabolism: its clinical importance. A basic understanding of fetal nutrition and metabolism is essential in the clinical management of the obstetric patient. The fetus depends upon a constant infusion of glucose for energy production and growth. Maternal glucose is the prime source of this nutrient. Alterations in maternal carbohydrate homeostasis will lead to changes in fetal metabolism. In diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia may produce hyperinsulinemia and macrosomia. The growth-retarded fetus may have a decreased supply of maternal glucose and reduced amounts of hepatic glycogen and adipose tissue. The fetus must depend upon these stores for survival during periods of intrauterine hypoxia. In the newborn period, hypothermia and hypoxia may rapidly deplete energy reserves. With this information, the clinician may more knowledgeably manage dietary demands in the antepartum patient, fetal distress during labor, and the immediate newborn period.", "PMID": 318803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6623", "title": "Reactivity of anti-human brain serum with human lymphocytes.", "content": "Specific anti-human T-cell serum was prepared in rabbits by multiple subcutaneous injections of human brain homogenates in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The serum was exhaustively absorbed with human RBCs, lyophilized human liver, lyophilized normal human serum, and peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Specificity of the antiserum for human T lymphocytes was tested by indirect immunofluorescence. It stained 70 to 80% of lymphocytes in circulation, 95% of thymus, 27 to 35% of spleen, 5 to 10% of tonsil lymphocytes, and over 90% of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro. Only T-dependent areas of cryostat-sectioned human lymph nodes stained with the antiserum. It did not stain circulating lymphocytes which formed HEAC rosettes, plasma cells in marrows of multiple myeloma patients or macrophages. After removal of HEAC rosettes by centrifugation in Ficoll-Hypaque, 75% of interface cells formed E rosettes and 65 to 75% stained with the antiserum. The antiserum was used in studies of lymphocytes in chronic and acute lymphocytic leukemias, lymphomas, and other lymphoproliferative diseases. Numbers and distribution in the circulation, spleen and nodes of lymphocytes bearing the T marker were significantly altered in patients with these disorders.", "contents": "Reactivity of anti-human brain serum with human lymphocytes. Specific anti-human T-cell serum was prepared in rabbits by multiple subcutaneous injections of human brain homogenates in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The serum was exhaustively absorbed with human RBCs, lyophilized human liver, lyophilized normal human serum, and peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Specificity of the antiserum for human T lymphocytes was tested by indirect immunofluorescence. It stained 70 to 80% of lymphocytes in circulation, 95% of thymus, 27 to 35% of spleen, 5 to 10% of tonsil lymphocytes, and over 90% of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro. Only T-dependent areas of cryostat-sectioned human lymph nodes stained with the antiserum. It did not stain circulating lymphocytes which formed HEAC rosettes, plasma cells in marrows of multiple myeloma patients or macrophages. After removal of HEAC rosettes by centrifugation in Ficoll-Hypaque, 75% of interface cells formed E rosettes and 65 to 75% stained with the antiserum. The antiserum was used in studies of lymphocytes in chronic and acute lymphocytic leukemias, lymphomas, and other lymphoproliferative diseases. Numbers and distribution in the circulation, spleen and nodes of lymphocytes bearing the T marker were significantly altered in patients with these disorders.", "PMID": 318806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6624", "title": "Process and outcome of therapy with depressed women.", "content": "The relationship between the process of psychotherapy and patient outcome, as measured by completion or relapse, was examined in an eight-month trial of therapy with outpatient depressed women. Of four therapy components analyzed, discussion of mental symptoms and overt expression of anxiety were significantly associated with relapse.", "contents": "Process and outcome of therapy with depressed women. The relationship between the process of psychotherapy and patient outcome, as measured by completion or relapse, was examined in an eight-month trial of therapy with outpatient depressed women. Of four therapy components analyzed, discussion of mental symptoms and overt expression of anxiety were significantly associated with relapse.", "PMID": 318807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6625", "title": "Provider expectations and consumer perceptions of the importance and value of dental care.", "content": "Seventy-eight inner city mothers of third and fourth grade children in three racial groups--white, black, and American Indian--known to need dental treatment for disease on permanent teeth, were interviewed at home by a trained community resident interviewer. Sixty-two per cent of the mothers were on public assistance. Information relating to the mothers' perceptions of the importance and value of dental care both for herself and for her children were collected. Utilization data were obtained via two dental examinations conducted one year apart. Data were also collected from a sample of provider dentists via mail questionnaire. A yield of 315 usable questionnaires was obtained, a return rate of 53 per cent. Provider-dentists felt that low socioeconomic consumers do not value dental services, as compared to other types of consumer goods and services, and that they do not believe dental care is important. Low income mothers in the same city reported that they did value dental care and believed it important. Expectations of and orientations toward the importance of dental care were found discongruent between the two groups of respondents. These discongruities on the dentist-patient relationship are discussed as a barrier to utilization. Although financial resources were available to many of the study families, only 49 per cent of these children received the needed care. It is suggested that the psychological cost to a patient of seeking care in inhospitable settings may act as a barrier to utilization.", "contents": "Provider expectations and consumer perceptions of the importance and value of dental care. Seventy-eight inner city mothers of third and fourth grade children in three racial groups--white, black, and American Indian--known to need dental treatment for disease on permanent teeth, were interviewed at home by a trained community resident interviewer. Sixty-two per cent of the mothers were on public assistance. Information relating to the mothers' perceptions of the importance and value of dental care both for herself and for her children were collected. Utilization data were obtained via two dental examinations conducted one year apart. Data were also collected from a sample of provider dentists via mail questionnaire. A yield of 315 usable questionnaires was obtained, a return rate of 53 per cent. Provider-dentists felt that low socioeconomic consumers do not value dental services, as compared to other types of consumer goods and services, and that they do not believe dental care is important. Low income mothers in the same city reported that they did value dental care and believed it important. Expectations of and orientations toward the importance of dental care were found discongruent between the two groups of respondents. These discongruities on the dentist-patient relationship are discussed as a barrier to utilization. Although financial resources were available to many of the study families, only 49 per cent of these children received the needed care. It is suggested that the psychological cost to a patient of seeking care in inhospitable settings may act as a barrier to utilization.", "PMID": 318810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6626", "title": "Histamine and sympathetic blockade in septic shock.", "content": "The relative roles of endogenously released histamine and the sympathetic nervous system in septic shock were indirectly studied by blocking each one separately. Antihistamines in doses of 3-10 mg/kg prevented severe blood pressure drops and improved urinary output in groups treated before and after shock. Release of histamine seems to be important at least in the pathogenesis of early septic shock, although analysis of blood pressure pattern and survival implicates additional factors in late shock. Epidural block in combination with E. coli injection was detrimental, producing severe hypotension and even immediate death. Neural sympathetic tone is essential to survival in shock.", "contents": "Histamine and sympathetic blockade in septic shock. The relative roles of endogenously released histamine and the sympathetic nervous system in septic shock were indirectly studied by blocking each one separately. Antihistamines in doses of 3-10 mg/kg prevented severe blood pressure drops and improved urinary output in groups treated before and after shock. Release of histamine seems to be important at least in the pathogenesis of early septic shock, although analysis of blood pressure pattern and survival implicates additional factors in late shock. Epidural block in combination with E. coli injection was detrimental, producing severe hypotension and even immediate death. Neural sympathetic tone is essential to survival in shock.", "PMID": 318812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6627", "title": "Factors involved in disruption of intestinal anastomoses.", "content": "Bowel anastomoses, as performed on 181 dogs, were studied: (1) by interposing segments of colon into small bowel and vice versa, (2) by comparing clean anastomoses to those contaminated by feces before and after suturing, (3) with and without parenteral preoperative antibiotic, and (4) with and without coaptation of an inverted serosa. All animals with a timed sacrifice as well as an unexplained death had careful autopsy. Results demonstrated no difference in the healing capacity of large (91%) versus small (92%) intestine under identical circumstances. Intraluminal bacteria were of importance only if spillage caused contamination during operation and thereby subsequent infection of the peritoneal surface of the suture line. Peritonitis preceded all 28 leaks, yet the converse never occurred. Likelihood of a complicating peritonitis (67%) and thus an anastomotic leak (24%) was significantly reduced through the preoperative administration of prophylactic cefazolin (19 and 4%, respectively). A \"serosal seal\" also appeared important in obviating suture line disruption. Our data emphasize the value of an inverted and serosal lined anastomosis, bowel preparatory measures, prophylactic antibiotic, and the disruptive action of local bacterial peritonitis.", "contents": "Factors involved in disruption of intestinal anastomoses. Bowel anastomoses, as performed on 181 dogs, were studied: (1) by interposing segments of colon into small bowel and vice versa, (2) by comparing clean anastomoses to those contaminated by feces before and after suturing, (3) with and without parenteral preoperative antibiotic, and (4) with and without coaptation of an inverted serosa. All animals with a timed sacrifice as well as an unexplained death had careful autopsy. Results demonstrated no difference in the healing capacity of large (91%) versus small (92%) intestine under identical circumstances. Intraluminal bacteria were of importance only if spillage caused contamination during operation and thereby subsequent infection of the peritoneal surface of the suture line. Peritonitis preceded all 28 leaks, yet the converse never occurred. Likelihood of a complicating peritonitis (67%) and thus an anastomotic leak (24%) was significantly reduced through the preoperative administration of prophylactic cefazolin (19 and 4%, respectively). A \"serosal seal\" also appeared important in obviating suture line disruption. Our data emphasize the value of an inverted and serosal lined anastomosis, bowel preparatory measures, prophylactic antibiotic, and the disruptive action of local bacterial peritonitis.", "PMID": 318813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6628", "title": "Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood.", "content": "The clinical features, laboratory studies, and therapeutic responses of two boys with chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood are described. Direct immunofluorescent preparations of sections from a lesion, skin adjacent to a lesion, and uninvolved skin demonstrated linear deposition of IgA at the dermoepidermal junction in all three biopsy specimens from one patient. Similar preparations from the second child were negative for staining. No circulating antibodies to skin components were detected in either child by means of multiple substrates. Neither child had clinical manifestations nor laboratory findings suggestive of an associated gastrointestinal lesion; therefore, small bowel biopsies were not performed. Immunologic studies failed to demonstrate any of the abnormalities frequently described in dermatitis herpetiformis. Both boys responded dramatically to sulfapyridine therapy.", "contents": "Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood. The clinical features, laboratory studies, and therapeutic responses of two boys with chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood are described. Direct immunofluorescent preparations of sections from a lesion, skin adjacent to a lesion, and uninvolved skin demonstrated linear deposition of IgA at the dermoepidermal junction in all three biopsy specimens from one patient. Similar preparations from the second child were negative for staining. No circulating antibodies to skin components were detected in either child by means of multiple substrates. Neither child had clinical manifestations nor laboratory findings suggestive of an associated gastrointestinal lesion; therefore, small bowel biopsies were not performed. Immunologic studies failed to demonstrate any of the abnormalities frequently described in dermatitis herpetiformis. Both boys responded dramatically to sulfapyridine therapy.", "PMID": 318816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6629", "title": "Nevus anemicus. Donor-dominant defect.", "content": "Histologic, pharmacologic, and exchange transplant studies were performed on a patient with nevus anemicus. Histologic examination disclosed no abnormalities. The only pharmacologic stimulus that produced erythema within the nevus was the alpha-blocking agent, phentolamine mesylate. Results of the transplant studies demonstrated donor dominance. This suggests that the defect in the nevus anemicus is attributable to increased sensitivity of the blood vessels to catecholamines rather than to increased alpha-adrenergic stimulation.", "contents": "Nevus anemicus. Donor-dominant defect. Histologic, pharmacologic, and exchange transplant studies were performed on a patient with nevus anemicus. Histologic examination disclosed no abnormalities. The only pharmacologic stimulus that produced erythema within the nevus was the alpha-blocking agent, phentolamine mesylate. Results of the transplant studies demonstrated donor dominance. This suggests that the defect in the nevus anemicus is attributable to increased sensitivity of the blood vessels to catecholamines rather than to increased alpha-adrenergic stimulation.", "PMID": 318817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6630", "title": "Clinical effect of allopurinol on preserved kidneys: a randomized double-blind study.", "content": "We investigated the clinical posttransplant effect of allopurinol on preserved kidneys. Thirty-four paired kidneys from brain-dead cadavers were preserved by hypothermic pulsatile perfusion with silica gel fraction in separate cassettes. Allopurinol was added to one perfusate and omitted from the other in a randomized, double-blind, prospective plan. There was no difference in the short-term or long-term function of either group of kidneys. Allopurinol does not appear to have as consistent a beneficial effect on non-ischemically damaged human kidneys as that observed experimentally on ischemically damaged canine organs.", "contents": "Clinical effect of allopurinol on preserved kidneys: a randomized double-blind study. We investigated the clinical posttransplant effect of allopurinol on preserved kidneys. Thirty-four paired kidneys from brain-dead cadavers were preserved by hypothermic pulsatile perfusion with silica gel fraction in separate cassettes. Allopurinol was added to one perfusate and omitted from the other in a randomized, double-blind, prospective plan. There was no difference in the short-term or long-term function of either group of kidneys. Allopurinol does not appear to have as consistent a beneficial effect on non-ischemically damaged human kidneys as that observed experimentally on ischemically damaged canine organs.", "PMID": 318820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6631", "title": "Toothpick perforation of the intestines.", "content": "Toothpicks have been used since antiquity as instruments for mouth cleansing and as eating utensils. Toothpick injury to the gastrointestinal tract is often suspected only at the time of operation because patients rarely relate a history of swallowing toothpicks and most toothpicks are not radiopaque. The spectrum of toothpick injury to the gastrointestinal tract is illustrated by 5 patients who developed toothpick perforation of the gastrointestinal tract. Two patients died as a result of complications of toothpick injury, one of these presenting with recurrent gram negative sepsis with multiple organisms due to a duodenal-inferior vena caval toothpick fistula. In two instances the toothpicks were removed at operation and one that was penetrating the duodenum was removed with a fiberoptic duodenoscope.", "contents": "Toothpick perforation of the intestines. Toothpicks have been used since antiquity as instruments for mouth cleansing and as eating utensils. Toothpick injury to the gastrointestinal tract is often suspected only at the time of operation because patients rarely relate a history of swallowing toothpicks and most toothpicks are not radiopaque. The spectrum of toothpick injury to the gastrointestinal tract is illustrated by 5 patients who developed toothpick perforation of the gastrointestinal tract. Two patients died as a result of complications of toothpick injury, one of these presenting with recurrent gram negative sepsis with multiple organisms due to a duodenal-inferior vena caval toothpick fistula. In two instances the toothpicks were removed at operation and one that was penetrating the duodenum was removed with a fiberoptic duodenoscope.", "PMID": 318821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6632", "title": "Association of a circulating immunosuppressive polypeptide with operative and accidental trauma.", "content": "The serum from 109 traumatized patients was examined for immunosuppressive activity which might explain diminished host immune responsiveness following operative or accidental injury. Twenty-eight fo 31 (90%) severely tralmatized patients, 25 of 60 (42%) moderately traumatized patients, and 0 of 18 minimally traumatized patients developed serum which suppressed the response of normal human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. The degree and duration of serum immunosuppressive activity paralleled the severity of the clinical course but did not correlate with serum cortisol or barbiturate levels. Suppressive sera were not cytotoxic. The immunosuppressive factor(s) was contained in a low molecular weight (less than 10,000 daltons) peptide fraction and was present in 5--10 times the amount recoverable from normal serum. By size and activity the trauma serum factor resembled immunoregulatory alpha globulin, a naturally-occurring serum inhibitor of T-lymphocyte reactions. Thus, depressed immunoreactivity following trauma may be due in part to high concentrations of an endogenous immunosuppressive polypeptide.", "contents": "Association of a circulating immunosuppressive polypeptide with operative and accidental trauma. The serum from 109 traumatized patients was examined for immunosuppressive activity which might explain diminished host immune responsiveness following operative or accidental injury. Twenty-eight fo 31 (90%) severely tralmatized patients, 25 of 60 (42%) moderately traumatized patients, and 0 of 18 minimally traumatized patients developed serum which suppressed the response of normal human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. The degree and duration of serum immunosuppressive activity paralleled the severity of the clinical course but did not correlate with serum cortisol or barbiturate levels. Suppressive sera were not cytotoxic. The immunosuppressive factor(s) was contained in a low molecular weight (less than 10,000 daltons) peptide fraction and was present in 5--10 times the amount recoverable from normal serum. By size and activity the trauma serum factor resembled immunoregulatory alpha globulin, a naturally-occurring serum inhibitor of T-lymphocyte reactions. Thus, depressed immunoreactivity following trauma may be due in part to high concentrations of an endogenous immunosuppressive polypeptide.", "PMID": 318822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6633", "title": "Repair of atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return from the left upper lobe.", "content": "A patient with partial anomalous venous return from the left upper lobe in the presence of a large atrial septal defect is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by selective angiographic studies. Two technical points are emphasized: first, that the exposure through a midsternal incision is excellent, and second, that the anomalous vein must be detached from its connection to the innominate or subclavian artery as high into the left chest as it is technically possible to reach. Postoperative cardiac catheterization and angiograms confirm the completeness of the repair.", "contents": "Repair of atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return from the left upper lobe. A patient with partial anomalous venous return from the left upper lobe in the presence of a large atrial septal defect is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by selective angiographic studies. Two technical points are emphasized: first, that the exposure through a midsternal incision is excellent, and second, that the anomalous vein must be detached from its connection to the innominate or subclavian artery as high into the left chest as it is technically possible to reach. Postoperative cardiac catheterization and angiograms confirm the completeness of the repair.", "PMID": 318823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6634", "title": "Clindamycin and gentamicin for  aerobic and anaerobic sepsis.", "content": "Thirty-eight adult patients with serious pleuropulmonary, soft-tissue, bone, and intra-abdominal infections caused by combinations of aerobic, facultative, and anaerobic bacteria were treated with parenterally given clindamycin phosphate and gentamicin sulfate and surgery when appropriate. Nine had associated bacteremia. In 29, infections failed to respond to other therapeutic regimens, which included penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol. Results with clindamycin and gentamicin were excellent and were attributed primarily to the activity of clindamycin against anaerobes, particularly Bacteroides fragilis. Serum concentrations of clindamycin surpassed by manyfold the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for anaerobes. Serum concentrations of gentamicin did not consistently surpass the MICs for Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, although those organisms were consistently gentamicinsusceptible by disk diffusion susceptibility tests. Persistent colonization with Enterobacteriaceae, P aeruginosa, enterococci, or Candida were common, and occasionally they were significant in prolonging the clinical courses of patients with extensive infections.", "contents": "Clindamycin and gentamicin for  aerobic and anaerobic sepsis. Thirty-eight adult patients with serious pleuropulmonary, soft-tissue, bone, and intra-abdominal infections caused by combinations of aerobic, facultative, and anaerobic bacteria were treated with parenterally given clindamycin phosphate and gentamicin sulfate and surgery when appropriate. Nine had associated bacteremia. In 29, infections failed to respond to other therapeutic regimens, which included penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol. Results with clindamycin and gentamicin were excellent and were attributed primarily to the activity of clindamycin against anaerobes, particularly Bacteroides fragilis. Serum concentrations of clindamycin surpassed by manyfold the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for anaerobes. Serum concentrations of gentamicin did not consistently surpass the MICs for Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, although those organisms were consistently gentamicinsusceptible by disk diffusion susceptibility tests. Persistent colonization with Enterobacteriaceae, P aeruginosa, enterococci, or Candida were common, and occasionally they were significant in prolonging the clinical courses of patients with extensive infections.", "PMID": 318824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6635", "title": "Randomized study of nandrolone therapy for anemias due to bone marrow failure.", "content": "A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was designed to determine the effectiveness and toxicity of nandrolone phenpropionate in the treatment of anemias due to bone marrow failure. Twenty-four patients were initially entered; 21 now may be evaluated: seven with aplastic anemia, six with myelofibrosis, and eight with refractory anemia. Six patients improved, but only three were taking nandrolone, the other three placebo. Response did not correlate with type of anemia. No serious drug toxicity was noted. One patient with myelofibrosis improved dramatically with placebo therapy alone, no longer requiring frequent transfusions because of a hemoglobin level increase from 5.4 to 15.8 gm/100 ml. We conclude that no substantial improvement of anemia due to marrow failure can be ascribed to nandrolone as given, and that clinical trials in these conditions should be controlled to exclude spontaneous remissions as a cause of apparent improvement.", "contents": "Randomized study of nandrolone therapy for anemias due to bone marrow failure. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was designed to determine the effectiveness and toxicity of nandrolone phenpropionate in the treatment of anemias due to bone marrow failure. Twenty-four patients were initially entered; 21 now may be evaluated: seven with aplastic anemia, six with myelofibrosis, and eight with refractory anemia. Six patients improved, but only three were taking nandrolone, the other three placebo. Response did not correlate with type of anemia. No serious drug toxicity was noted. One patient with myelofibrosis improved dramatically with placebo therapy alone, no longer requiring frequent transfusions because of a hemoglobin level increase from 5.4 to 15.8 gm/100 ml. We conclude that no substantial improvement of anemia due to marrow failure can be ascribed to nandrolone as given, and that clinical trials in these conditions should be controlled to exclude spontaneous remissions as a cause of apparent improvement.", "PMID": 318825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6636", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic observations on bone.", "content": "The maceration technique employed in the preparation of specimens of bone for museum purposes has also been found to be of use in the preparation of fresh specimens for study with the scanning electron microscope. The technique requires less technical supervision, permits a greater underprocessing to overprocessing margin, and allows comparability of recent biopsy material with previously macerated bone specimens with no less detail than that found by other authors using other techniques on biopsy material.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic observations on bone. The maceration technique employed in the preparation of specimens of bone for museum purposes has also been found to be of use in the preparation of fresh specimens for study with the scanning electron microscope. The technique requires less technical supervision, permits a greater underprocessing to overprocessing margin, and allows comparability of recent biopsy material with previously macerated bone specimens with no less detail than that found by other authors using other techniques on biopsy material.", "PMID": 318826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6637", "title": "Intrahepatic vascular division in the pig: basis for partial hepatectomies.", "content": "Transplantation of resected hepatic fragments, with the attendant vascular and biliary tract reconstruction, presents difficulties. We have studied the intraparenchymal vascular division in the pig with a view to performing partial hepatectomies with the greastest possible anatomical support. Forty-six molds of the various vascular territories were obtained from the 31 porcine livers. Each segment of the median lobe is dependent on the adjacent lateral lobe. Its intersegmental fissure is the obligatory site for parenchymal section to be continued through horizontal portion of portal vein, hepatic artery, and left hepatic duct. A right hemihepatectomy unfailingly results in the devitalization of the left side of the liver. If the goal of a hepatectomy is the transplantation of the resected fragment, it is recommended that the right side of the liver be utilized, as its more convenient extrahepatic vascular and biliary calibre will permit pedicular conservation and anastomosis.", "contents": "Intrahepatic vascular division in the pig: basis for partial hepatectomies. Transplantation of resected hepatic fragments, with the attendant vascular and biliary tract reconstruction, presents difficulties. We have studied the intraparenchymal vascular division in the pig with a view to performing partial hepatectomies with the greastest possible anatomical support. Forty-six molds of the various vascular territories were obtained from the 31 porcine livers. Each segment of the median lobe is dependent on the adjacent lateral lobe. Its intersegmental fissure is the obligatory site for parenchymal section to be continued through horizontal portion of portal vein, hepatic artery, and left hepatic duct. A right hemihepatectomy unfailingly results in the devitalization of the left side of the liver. If the goal of a hepatectomy is the transplantation of the resected fragment, it is recommended that the right side of the liver be utilized, as its more convenient extrahepatic vascular and biliary calibre will permit pedicular conservation and anastomosis.", "PMID": 318828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6638", "title": "Temporary liver transplantation in acute liver failure.", "content": "The ability of a heterotopic graft to prolong life in animals dying in hepatic coma due to liver necrosis has never been definitely established. Acute hepatic failure was produced in 15 dogs by an hour of total interruption of the hepatic blood supply. Nine dogs received an intrathoracic hepatic homograft concurrently. Nontransplanted dogs died within 21 hours in hepatic coma, while transplanted dogs survived significantly longer (P less than .001). In all transplanted dogs, biological signs of hepatic failure were corrected in 24 hours. In four animals, the graft was removed on the fifth postoperative day. Two of those survived for 10 and 15 days respectively with normal hepatic function. These results demonstrate that a temporary heterotopic liver transplant is able to support life during the acute, normally lethal phase in dogs with massive liver necrosis.", "contents": "Temporary liver transplantation in acute liver failure. The ability of a heterotopic graft to prolong life in animals dying in hepatic coma due to liver necrosis has never been definitely established. Acute hepatic failure was produced in 15 dogs by an hour of total interruption of the hepatic blood supply. Nine dogs received an intrathoracic hepatic homograft concurrently. Nontransplanted dogs died within 21 hours in hepatic coma, while transplanted dogs survived significantly longer (P less than .001). In all transplanted dogs, biological signs of hepatic failure were corrected in 24 hours. In four animals, the graft was removed on the fifth postoperative day. Two of those survived for 10 and 15 days respectively with normal hepatic function. These results demonstrate that a temporary heterotopic liver transplant is able to support life during the acute, normally lethal phase in dogs with massive liver necrosis.", "PMID": 318830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6639", "title": "Bridge method of skin-flap delay.", "content": "Necrosis, a catastrophic complication of skin-falp use, is due to inadequate capillary blood flow. Delay procedures, which are based on newer information regarding skin vasculature and delay dynamics, can augment surviving-flap length. A delay procedure that used multiple skin bridges was studied in 121 flaps in 21 pigs. The result was a considerably greater amount of length augmentation than has previously been reported. This enhanced effect is related to a combination of nearly maximal sympathectomy in a highly ischemic, surgically defined experimental flap.", "contents": "Bridge method of skin-flap delay. Necrosis, a catastrophic complication of skin-falp use, is due to inadequate capillary blood flow. Delay procedures, which are based on newer information regarding skin vasculature and delay dynamics, can augment surviving-flap length. A delay procedure that used multiple skin bridges was studied in 121 flaps in 21 pigs. The result was a considerably greater amount of length augmentation than has previously been reported. This enhanced effect is related to a combination of nearly maximal sympathectomy in a highly ischemic, surgically defined experimental flap.", "PMID": 318832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6640", "title": "Surgical emergencies in the newborn.", "content": "Paediatric surgery is a young specialty whose rapid growth in the United Kingdom has largely been as a result of the development of neonatal surgery in the past 20 years. A decreasing birth rate, and pre-natal diagnosis of some major congenital anormalies with the possibility of termination of pregnancy, are likely to prevent further increases to neonatal surgical units. Expansion of case material is likely to come from earlier attacks on congenital heart disease, and improvement in results is more likely to come from improved respiratory management than from the development of new surgical techniques.", "contents": "Surgical emergencies in the newborn. Paediatric surgery is a young specialty whose rapid growth in the United Kingdom has largely been as a result of the development of neonatal surgery in the past 20 years. A decreasing birth rate, and pre-natal diagnosis of some major congenital anormalies with the possibility of termination of pregnancy, are likely to prevent further increases to neonatal surgical units. Expansion of case material is likely to come from earlier attacks on congenital heart disease, and improvement in results is more likely to come from improved respiratory management than from the development of new surgical techniques.", "PMID": 318847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6641", "title": "Comparative anaesthetic properties of various local anaesthetic agents in extradural block for labour.", "content": "Various concentrations of lignocaine, etidocaine and bupivacaine in 10-ml doses of plain solutions were studied in a double-blind manner as agents for extradural analgesia to relieve the pain of labour. In 67 patients in established labour the onset time and duration of analgesia were assessed by the abolition and recurrence of the pain of uterine contractions, motor block on a 0-2 scale, dermatomal spread by pinprick testing, and arterial pressure by standard sphygmomanometry. Increasing the drug concentration reduced the onset times and increased both the duration of analgesia and the degree of motor block, but had little effect on dermatomal spread or on the frequency of hypotension. Based on the results the agents have been classified with regard to onset and duration of analgesia and degree of motor blockade.", "contents": "Comparative anaesthetic properties of various local anaesthetic agents in extradural block for labour. Various concentrations of lignocaine, etidocaine and bupivacaine in 10-ml doses of plain solutions were studied in a double-blind manner as agents for extradural analgesia to relieve the pain of labour. In 67 patients in established labour the onset time and duration of analgesia were assessed by the abolition and recurrence of the pain of uterine contractions, motor block on a 0-2 scale, dermatomal spread by pinprick testing, and arterial pressure by standard sphygmomanometry. Increasing the drug concentration reduced the onset times and increased both the duration of analgesia and the degree of motor block, but had little effect on dermatomal spread or on the frequency of hypotension. Based on the results the agents have been classified with regard to onset and duration of analgesia and degree of motor blockade.", "PMID": 318849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6642", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in sarcoidosis: effect of corticosteroids.", "content": "The paradoxical skin response in sarcoidosis is a delayed hypersensitivity skin response to an antigen such as PPD which can be elicited only when corticosteroid is present and not when it is absent. Approximately half the tuberculin-negative patients with sarcoidosis are paradoxical responders. In vitro culture of lymphocytes of 10 paradoxical responders with sarcoidosis demonstrated that a response to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) could be elicited in every patient on at least one occasion both by thymidine uptake and by macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) production. The response, when present, was generally at a lower level that that of normal control lymphocytes. No factor was found in the serum which could explain the low activity of the sarcoid lymphocytes in cross-over experiments with normal cells and serum. Hydrocortisone added to the in vitro lymphocyte cultures abolished lymphocyte transformation with respect to both thymidine uptake and MIF production. Varying the conditions of lymphocyte exposure to hydrocortisone, dose, duration of culture and conditions of exposure to hydrocortisone (before and after antigen) failed to enhance lymphocyte stimulation at each and every attempt. Cultures of lymphocytes obtained after oral administration of prednisone were inhibited just as if hydrocortisone had been added in vitro. However, at this time the skin responses of six out of seven patients showed delayed hypersensitivity to previously injected PPD. It is suggested that in addition to the lymphocyte defect paradoxical responders have a defect in their ability to express delayed hypersensitivity. The effect of corticosteroids is to aggravate the lymphocyte defect but in many patients the skin defect is overcome or corrected.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in sarcoidosis: effect of corticosteroids. The paradoxical skin response in sarcoidosis is a delayed hypersensitivity skin response to an antigen such as PPD which can be elicited only when corticosteroid is present and not when it is absent. Approximately half the tuberculin-negative patients with sarcoidosis are paradoxical responders. In vitro culture of lymphocytes of 10 paradoxical responders with sarcoidosis demonstrated that a response to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) could be elicited in every patient on at least one occasion both by thymidine uptake and by macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) production. The response, when present, was generally at a lower level that that of normal control lymphocytes. No factor was found in the serum which could explain the low activity of the sarcoid lymphocytes in cross-over experiments with normal cells and serum. Hydrocortisone added to the in vitro lymphocyte cultures abolished lymphocyte transformation with respect to both thymidine uptake and MIF production. Varying the conditions of lymphocyte exposure to hydrocortisone, dose, duration of culture and conditions of exposure to hydrocortisone (before and after antigen) failed to enhance lymphocyte stimulation at each and every attempt. Cultures of lymphocytes obtained after oral administration of prednisone were inhibited just as if hydrocortisone had been added in vitro. However, at this time the skin responses of six out of seven patients showed delayed hypersensitivity to previously injected PPD. It is suggested that in addition to the lymphocyte defect paradoxical responders have a defect in their ability to express delayed hypersensitivity. The effect of corticosteroids is to aggravate the lymphocyte defect but in many patients the skin defect is overcome or corrected.", "PMID": 318850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6643", "title": "Isolation of ribonucleic acid polymerases I, II, and III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A procedure for the simultaneous purification of RNA polymerases I, II, and III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. High yields of each enzyme activity are obtained, allowing the preparation of approximately 10 mg of polymerase I, 25 mg of polymerase II, and 12 mg of polymerase III from 1.2 kg of cells (wet weight). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates RNA polymerase I contains polypeptides with molecular weights 185 000, 137 000, 41 000, 35 000, 28 000, 24 000, 20 000, 16 000, 14 500, and 12 300; RNA polymerase II contains subunits with molecular weights 170 000, 145 000, 41 000, 33 500, 28 000, 24 000, 18 000, 14 500, and 12 500; and RNA polymerase III contains polypeptides with molecular weights 160 000, 128 000, 82 000, 53 000, 41 000, 37 000, 34 000, 28 000, 24 000, 20 000, 14 500, and 10 700.", "contents": "Isolation of ribonucleic acid polymerases I, II, and III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A procedure for the simultaneous purification of RNA polymerases I, II, and III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. High yields of each enzyme activity are obtained, allowing the preparation of approximately 10 mg of polymerase I, 25 mg of polymerase II, and 12 mg of polymerase III from 1.2 kg of cells (wet weight). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates RNA polymerase I contains polypeptides with molecular weights 185 000, 137 000, 41 000, 35 000, 28 000, 24 000, 20 000, 16 000, 14 500, and 12 300; RNA polymerase II contains subunits with molecular weights 170 000, 145 000, 41 000, 33 500, 28 000, 24 000, 18 000, 14 500, and 12 500; and RNA polymerase III contains polypeptides with molecular weights 160 000, 128 000, 82 000, 53 000, 41 000, 37 000, 34 000, 28 000, 24 000, 20 000, 14 500, and 10 700.", "PMID": 318851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6644", "title": "Transcription of yeast DNA by homologous RNA polymerases I and II: selective transcription of ribosomal genes by RNA polymerase I.", "content": "Purified yeast DNA was transcribed by homologous RNA polymerases I and II and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Transcripts synthesized in vitro were analyzed by molecular hybridization with complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized from yeast poly(A)-containing mRNA with viral reverse transcriptase and ribosomal DNA labeled in vitro by nick translation with E. coli DNA polymerase I. RNA synthesized by polymerase I and II in the presence of Mn2+ contained sequences complementary to cDNA and rDNA at a frequency consistent with random transcription of the template. Similarly, E. coli RNA polymerase synthesized an apparently random transcript in the presence of either Mn2+ or Mg2+. In contrast to these results, RNA polymerase I but not polymerase II transcripts were markedly enriched in sequences complementary to rDNA when transcription was carried out in the presence of Mg2+. The observed enrichment was 15-30-fold higher than observed for polymerase II or E. coli polymerase transcripts and is consistent with the transcript being comprised of 6-10% ribosomal sequences. These data strongly suggest that RNA polymerase I plays a critical role in selective transcription of ribosomal cistrons.", "contents": "Transcription of yeast DNA by homologous RNA polymerases I and II: selective transcription of ribosomal genes by RNA polymerase I. Purified yeast DNA was transcribed by homologous RNA polymerases I and II and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Transcripts synthesized in vitro were analyzed by molecular hybridization with complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized from yeast poly(A)-containing mRNA with viral reverse transcriptase and ribosomal DNA labeled in vitro by nick translation with E. coli DNA polymerase I. RNA synthesized by polymerase I and II in the presence of Mn2+ contained sequences complementary to cDNA and rDNA at a frequency consistent with random transcription of the template. Similarly, E. coli RNA polymerase synthesized an apparently random transcript in the presence of either Mn2+ or Mg2+. In contrast to these results, RNA polymerase I but not polymerase II transcripts were markedly enriched in sequences complementary to rDNA when transcription was carried out in the presence of Mg2+. The observed enrichment was 15-30-fold higher than observed for polymerase II or E. coli polymerase transcripts and is consistent with the transcript being comprised of 6-10% ribosomal sequences. These data strongly suggest that RNA polymerase I plays a critical role in selective transcription of ribosomal cistrons.", "PMID": 318852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6645", "title": "Influence of cationic triphenylmethane dyes upon DNA polymerization and product hydrolysis by Escherichia coli polymerase I.", "content": "The cationic triphenylmethane dyes crystal violet, methyl green, and malachite green inhibited DNA synthesis catalyzed by Escherichia coli B polymerase I (polymerase I). Lower concentrations of the dyes inhibited DNA replication as a direct function of the proportion of AT to GC in the DNA of Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, and Micrococcus lysodeikticus. When the intercalant proflavin was employed, the GC-rich micrococcal DNA was most severely inhibited. In addition, both the triphenylmethanes and proflavin inhibited product hydrolysis catalyzed by polymerase I.", "contents": "Influence of cationic triphenylmethane dyes upon DNA polymerization and product hydrolysis by Escherichia coli polymerase I. The cationic triphenylmethane dyes crystal violet, methyl green, and malachite green inhibited DNA synthesis catalyzed by Escherichia coli B polymerase I (polymerase I). Lower concentrations of the dyes inhibited DNA replication as a direct function of the proportion of AT to GC in the DNA of Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, and Micrococcus lysodeikticus. When the intercalant proflavin was employed, the GC-rich micrococcal DNA was most severely inhibited. In addition, both the triphenylmethanes and proflavin inhibited product hydrolysis catalyzed by polymerase I.", "PMID": 318853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6646", "title": "Characterization of purified poly(adenylic acid)-containing messenger ribonucleic acid from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Yeast poly(adenylic acid)-containing messenger RNA was isolated from total cellular RNA by affinity chromatography on poly(uridylic acid)-cellulose. The relative complexity of the isolated yeast mRNA was assessed by hybridization analysis with complementary DNA synthesized from the isolated messenger RNA (mRNA) with viral reverse transcriptase. Approximately 25% of the mRNA hybridized at an apparent Crt1/2 of 5 X 10(-3) mol sl.(-1), while the remainder hybridized at an average Crt1/2 of 10(-1) mol sl.-1. Poly(adenylic acid)-containing yeast mRNA was translated in vitro in a wheat germ cell-free extract, and the major polypeptides synthesized have the same molecular weight as the major proteins present in the cell. Four of these proteins were identified by coelectrophoresis and immune precipitation to be pyruvate kinase, enolase, aldolase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These data demonstrate in agreement with the hybridization results that yeast contains major mRNA species and that some of the glycolytic enzyme mRNAs make up part of the major fraction. A procedure is outlined for the preparation of yeast mRNA which is essentially free of ribosomal RNA contamination and is further enriched in the major mRNAs present in the cell.", "contents": "Characterization of purified poly(adenylic acid)-containing messenger ribonucleic acid from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast poly(adenylic acid)-containing messenger RNA was isolated from total cellular RNA by affinity chromatography on poly(uridylic acid)-cellulose. The relative complexity of the isolated yeast mRNA was assessed by hybridization analysis with complementary DNA synthesized from the isolated messenger RNA (mRNA) with viral reverse transcriptase. Approximately 25% of the mRNA hybridized at an apparent Crt1/2 of 5 X 10(-3) mol sl.(-1), while the remainder hybridized at an average Crt1/2 of 10(-1) mol sl.-1. Poly(adenylic acid)-containing yeast mRNA was translated in vitro in a wheat germ cell-free extract, and the major polypeptides synthesized have the same molecular weight as the major proteins present in the cell. Four of these proteins were identified by coelectrophoresis and immune precipitation to be pyruvate kinase, enolase, aldolase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These data demonstrate in agreement with the hybridization results that yeast contains major mRNA species and that some of the glycolytic enzyme mRNAs make up part of the major fraction. A procedure is outlined for the preparation of yeast mRNA which is essentially free of ribosomal RNA contamination and is further enriched in the major mRNAs present in the cell.", "PMID": 318854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6647", "title": "Evidence for involvement of the electron transport system at a late step of anaerobic microbial heme synthesis.", "content": "The penultimate step in heme biosynthesis, the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin, can be anaerobically coupled to the reduction of fumarate in extracts of anaerobically-grown Escherichia coli. This coupling is approximately 90% inhibied by 2-heptyl-4-hydroxy quinoline-N-oxide (HQNO), a known inhibitor of the electron transport chain. This observation suggests that the mechanism of the anaerobic oxidation of protoporphyrinogen in E. coli involves a coupling into the anaerobic electron transport system. In contrast, the aerobic oxidation of protoporphyrinogen, which occurs in mammalian and yeast mitochondria, is known to be linked directly to oxygen without the mediation of an electron transport system.", "contents": "Evidence for involvement of the electron transport system at a late step of anaerobic microbial heme synthesis. The penultimate step in heme biosynthesis, the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin, can be anaerobically coupled to the reduction of fumarate in extracts of anaerobically-grown Escherichia coli. This coupling is approximately 90% inhibied by 2-heptyl-4-hydroxy quinoline-N-oxide (HQNO), a known inhibitor of the electron transport chain. This observation suggests that the mechanism of the anaerobic oxidation of protoporphyrinogen in E. coli involves a coupling into the anaerobic electron transport system. In contrast, the aerobic oxidation of protoporphyrinogen, which occurs in mammalian and yeast mitochondria, is known to be linked directly to oxygen without the mediation of an electron transport system.", "PMID": 318855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6648", "title": "Slow fluorescence quenching of type A chloroplasts. Resolution into two components.", "content": "The divalent-cation-specific ionophore A23187 is used to define two components of the slow fluorescence quenching of type a spinach chloroplasts: ionophore-reversible and ionophore-resistant quenching. Ionophore-reversible quenching predominates at relatively low light intensities and approaches saturation as light levels are increased. It is sensitive to uncouplers and to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and is dark reversible. At high light intensities the bulk (greater than 80%) of slow fluorescence quenching is ionophore-resistant. Ionophore-resistant quenching is stimulated by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) at pH 7.6 and by both CCCP and methylamine at pH 9.0. It is insensitive to DCMU and is not reversed in subsequent darkness. Taken together, the two components account for all quenching observed in Type A chloroplasts. Ionophore-reversible quenching is identified with the Mg2+-mediated fluorescence quenching described by Krause (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1974) 333, 301-313) and by Barber and Telfer (in Membrane Transport in Plants (Dainty, J., AND Zimmermann, U., eds.), pp. 281-288, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1974). Ionophore-resistant quenching, a first-order process requiring high light, resembles the quenching reported by Jennings et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1976) 423, 264-274). The resolution of the fluorescence quenching phenomenon into two distinct components reconciles the apparently contradictory observations of these earlier investigations.", "contents": "Slow fluorescence quenching of type A chloroplasts. Resolution into two components. The divalent-cation-specific ionophore A23187 is used to define two components of the slow fluorescence quenching of type a spinach chloroplasts: ionophore-reversible and ionophore-resistant quenching. Ionophore-reversible quenching predominates at relatively low light intensities and approaches saturation as light levels are increased. It is sensitive to uncouplers and to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and is dark reversible. At high light intensities the bulk (greater than 80%) of slow fluorescence quenching is ionophore-resistant. Ionophore-resistant quenching is stimulated by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) at pH 7.6 and by both CCCP and methylamine at pH 9.0. It is insensitive to DCMU and is not reversed in subsequent darkness. Taken together, the two components account for all quenching observed in Type A chloroplasts. Ionophore-reversible quenching is identified with the Mg2+-mediated fluorescence quenching described by Krause (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1974) 333, 301-313) and by Barber and Telfer (in Membrane Transport in Plants (Dainty, J., AND Zimmermann, U., eds.), pp. 281-288, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1974). Ionophore-resistant quenching, a first-order process requiring high light, resembles the quenching reported by Jennings et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1976) 423, 264-274). The resolution of the fluorescence quenching phenomenon into two distinct components reconciles the apparently contradictory observations of these earlier investigations.", "PMID": 318856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6649", "title": "The effects of N-ethylmaleimide on active amino acid transport in Escherichia coli.", "content": "N-Ethylmaleimide (MalNEt) binds covalently and without specificity to accessible sulfhydryl residues in proteins. In some cases specificity has been imposed on this reaction by manipulating reaction conditions, yielding information concerning both enzyme mechanism and the identity of specific proteins (for example C.F. Fox and E.P. Kennedy (1965) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. u.s. 54, 891-899) and R.E. McCarty and J. Fagan (1973) Biochemistry 12, 1503-1507). We have examined the effects of MalNEt on the active accumulation of nine amino acids by Escherichia coli strains ML 308-225 and DL 54. Whole cells have been used in order that transport systems both dependent on and independent of periplasmic binding proteins could be studied under various conditions of energy supply for transport. Our results suggest that the systems transporting ornithine, phenylalanine and proline are those most likely to undergo inactivation by direct reaction of MalNEt with the transport apparatus, rather than merely via side effects such as interruption of their energy supply. The inhibition of proline transport is specifically enhanced by the presence of proline, competitive inhibitors of proline transport, or carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethyoxyphenylhydrazone during MalNEt treatment. The other eight systems tested showed no analogous effects.", "contents": "The effects of N-ethylmaleimide on active amino acid transport in Escherichia coli. N-Ethylmaleimide (MalNEt) binds covalently and without specificity to accessible sulfhydryl residues in proteins. In some cases specificity has been imposed on this reaction by manipulating reaction conditions, yielding information concerning both enzyme mechanism and the identity of specific proteins (for example C.F. Fox and E.P. Kennedy (1965) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. u.s. 54, 891-899) and R.E. McCarty and J. Fagan (1973) Biochemistry 12, 1503-1507). We have examined the effects of MalNEt on the active accumulation of nine amino acids by Escherichia coli strains ML 308-225 and DL 54. Whole cells have been used in order that transport systems both dependent on and independent of periplasmic binding proteins could be studied under various conditions of energy supply for transport. Our results suggest that the systems transporting ornithine, phenylalanine and proline are those most likely to undergo inactivation by direct reaction of MalNEt with the transport apparatus, rather than merely via side effects such as interruption of their energy supply. The inhibition of proline transport is specifically enhanced by the presence of proline, competitive inhibitors of proline transport, or carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethyoxyphenylhydrazone during MalNEt treatment. The other eight systems tested showed no analogous effects.", "PMID": 318857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6650", "title": "Induction of lesions in deoxyribonucleic acid by low molecular weight substances from normal and colicin E2-treated cells of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A fraction containing a variety of low molecular weight substances was extracted into 80% aqueous acetone from both a colicin E2-treated cell culture of Escherichia coli and an untreated one. The extract was divided into five fractions by Sephadex G15 chromatography. One of them, Fraction B, was separated into three subfractions by Sephadex G10 chromatography. Two subfractions, Fraction BI and Fraction BII, were further fractionated by several chromatographic systems. DNA was incubated with an aliquot from each of these fractions and was then analyzed by sedimentation in an alkaline sucrose density gradient. The activity which caused a decrease in the sedimentation coefficient of the DNA was found in some of these fractions. The activity from colicin E2-treated cells was compared with that from untreated ones. It was revealed that colicin E2 induces some increases in the activity toward DNA in one of the subfractions, Fraction BI, and also causes the appearance of a new species in another fraction, Fraction BII, which potentiates the activity in Fraction BI. These colicin E2-induced changes appeared at 5 min after the addition of colicin E2. The possible significance of such reactions for the action of colicin E2 are discussed.", "contents": "Induction of lesions in deoxyribonucleic acid by low molecular weight substances from normal and colicin E2-treated cells of Escherichia coli. A fraction containing a variety of low molecular weight substances was extracted into 80% aqueous acetone from both a colicin E2-treated cell culture of Escherichia coli and an untreated one. The extract was divided into five fractions by Sephadex G15 chromatography. One of them, Fraction B, was separated into three subfractions by Sephadex G10 chromatography. Two subfractions, Fraction BI and Fraction BII, were further fractionated by several chromatographic systems. DNA was incubated with an aliquot from each of these fractions and was then analyzed by sedimentation in an alkaline sucrose density gradient. The activity which caused a decrease in the sedimentation coefficient of the DNA was found in some of these fractions. The activity from colicin E2-treated cells was compared with that from untreated ones. It was revealed that colicin E2 induces some increases in the activity toward DNA in one of the subfractions, Fraction BI, and also causes the appearance of a new species in another fraction, Fraction BII, which potentiates the activity in Fraction BI. These colicin E2-induced changes appeared at 5 min after the addition of colicin E2. The possible significance of such reactions for the action of colicin E2 are discussed.", "PMID": 318858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6651", "title": "The restriction endonuclease cleavage map of rat liver mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA from rat liver contains six sites for cleavage by the restriction endonucleases Hind III and EcoRI. A large stretch of DNA, comprising about 40% of the mitochondrial genome is not cleaved by either of the enzymes; eight cleavage sites are located on a DNA stretch of 35% of the genome length suggestive of an unequal distribution of the A - T baspairs over the molecule. The number of Hind III and Eco R I fragments is much higher than reported for other mammalian mitochondrial DNAs up to now.", "contents": "The restriction endonuclease cleavage map of rat liver mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA from rat liver contains six sites for cleavage by the restriction endonucleases Hind III and EcoRI. A large stretch of DNA, comprising about 40% of the mitochondrial genome is not cleaved by either of the enzymes; eight cleavage sites are located on a DNA stretch of 35% of the genome length suggestive of an unequal distribution of the A - T baspairs over the molecule. The number of Hind III and Eco R I fragments is much higher than reported for other mammalian mitochondrial DNAs up to now.", "PMID": 318859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6652", "title": "Synthesis of guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate in spot mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The synthesis of ppGpp in spoT- mutants of Escherichia coli has been invesitgated. In these mutants the first-order rate constant for ppGpp breakdown is low, and pppGpp is barely detectable. It is shown that the rate of pppGpp, and hence ppGpp, synthesis is strongly reduced compared with that observed in spot+ strains. The low rate of magic spot synthesis satisfactorily explains the low levels of pppGpp in spoT- mutants. The pentaphosphate very probably is the precursor of ppGpp as it is in wild-type, i.e. spoT+, strains.", "contents": "Synthesis of guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate in spot mutants of Escherichia coli. The synthesis of ppGpp in spoT- mutants of Escherichia coli has been invesitgated. In these mutants the first-order rate constant for ppGpp breakdown is low, and pppGpp is barely detectable. It is shown that the rate of pppGpp, and hence ppGpp, synthesis is strongly reduced compared with that observed in spot+ strains. The low rate of magic spot synthesis satisfactorily explains the low levels of pppGpp in spoT- mutants. The pentaphosphate very probably is the precursor of ppGpp as it is in wild-type, i.e. spoT+, strains.", "PMID": 318860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6653", "title": "The specificity of the chemical modification of N6-delta 2-(isopentenyl)adenosine in purified yeast tRNA Ser.", "content": "The specific modification of N6-delta 2-(isopentenyl)adenosine in purified tRNA Ser yeast by mild treatment with KMnO4 and I2 was studied. N6-delta 2-(isopentenyl)adenosine in tRNA SER is specifically modified by iodination, providing us with a suitable method for the quantitative determination of N6-delta 2-(isopentenyl)adenosine in tRNA was found to contain 114 +/- 8 pmol/A260nm unit of N6-delta 2-(isopentenyl)adenosine and gave three labelled fractions on an RPC-5 column. The product obtained after KMnO4 treatment of tRNA Ser was not homogeneous. The enzymatic \"reisopentenylation\" of KMnO4-treated tRNA Ser resulted in the regeneration of only traces of the original molecule(s). Most of them had been damaged either by the KMnO4 treatment or in the incubation mixture used for \"reisopentenylation\".", "contents": "The specificity of the chemical modification of N6-delta 2-(isopentenyl)adenosine in purified yeast tRNA Ser. The specific modification of N6-delta 2-(isopentenyl)adenosine in purified tRNA Ser yeast by mild treatment with KMnO4 and I2 was studied. N6-delta 2-(isopentenyl)adenosine in tRNA SER is specifically modified by iodination, providing us with a suitable method for the quantitative determination of N6-delta 2-(isopentenyl)adenosine in tRNA was found to contain 114 +/- 8 pmol/A260nm unit of N6-delta 2-(isopentenyl)adenosine and gave three labelled fractions on an RPC-5 column. The product obtained after KMnO4 treatment of tRNA Ser was not homogeneous. The enzymatic \"reisopentenylation\" of KMnO4-treated tRNA Ser resulted in the regeneration of only traces of the original molecule(s). Most of them had been damaged either by the KMnO4 treatment or in the incubation mixture used for \"reisopentenylation\".", "PMID": 318861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6654", "title": "Aminoacylation of rat liver transfer RNA with L-penicillamine. On the specificity of the aminoacylation reaction.", "content": "L-]14C]Penicillamine is bound to RNA from rat liver in an in vitro reaction catalyzed by rat liver aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Addition of certain naturally occuring amino acids results in a significant decrease of L-penicillamine binding. The most potent inhibitor of this binding is L-valine, followed by L-isoleucine and L-threonine. Amino acids without structural relationship to L-penicillamine in the non-functional part of the molecule, such as L-phenylalanine, are ineffective. Studies on the competition of L-penicillamine and L-isoleucine, respectively, with L-valine demonstrate the high specificity of the aminoacylation reaction. They show that the change of L-penicillamine binding to tRNA Val is considerably lower than that of L-valine.", "contents": "Aminoacylation of rat liver transfer RNA with L-penicillamine. On the specificity of the aminoacylation reaction. L-]14C]Penicillamine is bound to RNA from rat liver in an in vitro reaction catalyzed by rat liver aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Addition of certain naturally occuring amino acids results in a significant decrease of L-penicillamine binding. The most potent inhibitor of this binding is L-valine, followed by L-isoleucine and L-threonine. Amino acids without structural relationship to L-penicillamine in the non-functional part of the molecule, such as L-phenylalanine, are ineffective. Studies on the competition of L-penicillamine and L-isoleucine, respectively, with L-valine demonstrate the high specificity of the aminoacylation reaction. They show that the change of L-penicillamine binding to tRNA Val is considerably lower than that of L-valine.", "PMID": 318863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6655", "title": "Toyocamycin inhibition of ribosomal ribonucleic acid processing in an osmotic-sensitive adenosine-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant.", "content": "An adenosine-utilizing mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SY 15 ado) is isolated after remutagenesis of an osmotic-sensitive strain, auxotrophic for adenine, with ethyl methanesulfonate. It is shown that the SY15ado mutant can be used to achieve experimental conditions under which cell growth and RNA Synthesis are directly dependent on exogenous adenosine. After starvation for adenosine, toyocamycin is incorporated into pre-rRNA chains of SY15ado cells replacing adenosine residues. The extent of this replacement depends on the concentration of added toyocamycin. Lower doses slow down processing of pre-rRNA into mature rRNA with an accumulation of 27 S and 20 S pre-rRNA. At higher concentrations toyocamycin blocks the last steps of pre-rRNA processing i.e. the conversions 27 S pre-rRNA  leads to 25 S rRNA and 20 S pre-rRNA leads to 18 S rRNA. It appears that the main site of toyocamycin action is at the last steps of ribosome formation, while transcription and the early stages of pre-RNA processing are less affected.", "contents": "Toyocamycin inhibition of ribosomal ribonucleic acid processing in an osmotic-sensitive adenosine-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. An adenosine-utilizing mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SY 15 ado) is isolated after remutagenesis of an osmotic-sensitive strain, auxotrophic for adenine, with ethyl methanesulfonate. It is shown that the SY15ado mutant can be used to achieve experimental conditions under which cell growth and RNA Synthesis are directly dependent on exogenous adenosine. After starvation for adenosine, toyocamycin is incorporated into pre-rRNA chains of SY15ado cells replacing adenosine residues. The extent of this replacement depends on the concentration of added toyocamycin. Lower doses slow down processing of pre-rRNA into mature rRNA with an accumulation of 27 S and 20 S pre-rRNA. At higher concentrations toyocamycin blocks the last steps of pre-rRNA processing i.e. the conversions 27 S pre-rRNA  leads to 25 S rRNA and 20 S pre-rRNA leads to 18 S rRNA. It appears that the main site of toyocamycin action is at the last steps of ribosome formation, while transcription and the early stages of pre-RNA processing are less affected.", "PMID": 318864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6656", "title": "The mechanism of inhibition of bacteriophage T7 RNA synthesis by acridines, diacridines and actinomycin D.", "content": "A homologous series of diacridines, as well as 9-amino acridine, were assayed for their ability to interfere with the synthesis of RNA (bands U-VI) by bacteriophage T7 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribing T7 DNA in vitro; their action was compared to that of actinomycin D. It was found that, in contrast to actinomycin D which inhibits chain elongation, the acridines tested inhibited chain initiation only; no evidence for inhibition of chain elongation was noted. No clear-cut differentiation between single and double intercalators on the mechanism of inhibition of RNA synthesis could be determined, except that the latter are more potent inhibitors. However, it appears that diacridines connected with a diethyldiamine and a butyldiamine chain are less inhibitory to the synthesis of the RNA of Bands III and IV. The results furthermore indicate that the estimation of the number average molecular weight alone, without identification of the product RNA, is a potentially misleading method of determining the mode of action of these drugs.", "contents": "The mechanism of inhibition of bacteriophage T7 RNA synthesis by acridines, diacridines and actinomycin D. A homologous series of diacridines, as well as 9-amino acridine, were assayed for their ability to interfere with the synthesis of RNA (bands U-VI) by bacteriophage T7 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribing T7 DNA in vitro; their action was compared to that of actinomycin D. It was found that, in contrast to actinomycin D which inhibits chain elongation, the acridines tested inhibited chain initiation only; no evidence for inhibition of chain elongation was noted. No clear-cut differentiation between single and double intercalators on the mechanism of inhibition of RNA synthesis could be determined, except that the latter are more potent inhibitors. However, it appears that diacridines connected with a diethyldiamine and a butyldiamine chain are less inhibitory to the synthesis of the RNA of Bands III and IV. The results furthermore indicate that the estimation of the number average molecular weight alone, without identification of the product RNA, is a potentially misleading method of determining the mode of action of these drugs.", "PMID": 318865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6657", "title": "Triton X-100 activates nucleoside triphosphate-dependent, recBC-dependent DNA synthesis in toluene-treated Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli cells whose chromosome replication has been terminated in vivo, either by growth into stationary phase or by incubation of a mutant carrying a temperature-sensitive initiation mutation under restrictive conditions, are inactive in in vitro DNA synthesis as measured in toluene-treated cells. Addition of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 to such inactive systems results in a marked stimulation of ATP-dependent in vitro DNA synthesis. This Triton-stimulated DNA synthesis appears to proceed by a semi-conservative mechanism, in that DNA synthesized in vitro in the presence of a density labeled precursor bands in CsCl equilibrium centrifugation at a hybrid density. Neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation demonstrates that most of this hybrid material exhibits a molecular weight in excess of 1 X 10(7). Triton-stimulated synthesis requires the presence of DNA polymerase III, as does normal in vivo replication. We show here, however, several anomalous properties of the DNA synthesis in the Triton/toluene system. In particular, Triton-stimulated synthesis is absent in cells harboring a recB mutation which lack the ATP-dependent exonuclease V, an enzyme implicated in recombinational repair synthesis in vivo. Furthermore, the ATP requirement for Triton-stimulated synthesis is relatively non-sepcific, and a variety of nucleoside triphosphates can effectively substitute for ATP. Finally, despite their high molecular weight in neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation, Triton-stimulated DNA synthesis generates DNA molecules of low molecular weight (less than 500 000) as determined by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. In contrast, DNA synthesis in the normal toluene-treated cell system is not dependent on recB activity, shows a nearly absolute requirement for ATP which cannot be replaced by other nucleoside triphosphates, and produces molecules of far greater molecular weight as measured on alkaline sucrose gradients. Taken altogether the data strongly suggest that Triton activates an unusual form of DNA synthesis in toluene-treated cells which shows both repair and replicative aspects. These results caution against the use of Triton-activated toluene-treated cells system, for studying simple replicative DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Triton X-100 activates nucleoside triphosphate-dependent, recBC-dependent DNA synthesis in toluene-treated Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli cells whose chromosome replication has been terminated in vivo, either by growth into stationary phase or by incubation of a mutant carrying a temperature-sensitive initiation mutation under restrictive conditions, are inactive in in vitro DNA synthesis as measured in toluene-treated cells. Addition of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 to such inactive systems results in a marked stimulation of ATP-dependent in vitro DNA synthesis. This Triton-stimulated DNA synthesis appears to proceed by a semi-conservative mechanism, in that DNA synthesized in vitro in the presence of a density labeled precursor bands in CsCl equilibrium centrifugation at a hybrid density. Neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation demonstrates that most of this hybrid material exhibits a molecular weight in excess of 1 X 10(7). Triton-stimulated synthesis requires the presence of DNA polymerase III, as does normal in vivo replication. We show here, however, several anomalous properties of the DNA synthesis in the Triton/toluene system. In particular, Triton-stimulated synthesis is absent in cells harboring a recB mutation which lack the ATP-dependent exonuclease V, an enzyme implicated in recombinational repair synthesis in vivo. Furthermore, the ATP requirement for Triton-stimulated synthesis is relatively non-sepcific, and a variety of nucleoside triphosphates can effectively substitute for ATP. Finally, despite their high molecular weight in neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation, Triton-stimulated DNA synthesis generates DNA molecules of low molecular weight (less than 500 000) as determined by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. In contrast, DNA synthesis in the normal toluene-treated cell system is not dependent on recB activity, shows a nearly absolute requirement for ATP which cannot be replaced by other nucleoside triphosphates, and produces molecules of far greater molecular weight as measured on alkaline sucrose gradients. Taken altogether the data strongly suggest that Triton activates an unusual form of DNA synthesis in toluene-treated cells which shows both repair and replicative aspects. These results caution against the use of Triton-activated toluene-treated cells system, for studying simple replicative DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 318867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6658", "title": "The 30 S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome. Topographical model of its component proteins.", "content": "This topographical model of the proteins of the 30 S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome was built to be consistent with the 37 published spectroscopic and chemical experiments that indicate proximity and with the two neutron diffraction experiments that indicate S3 and S7 as well as S2 and S5 to be separated by 110 A. The model is quite consistent with the protein arrangement suggested by assembly pathways, the various RNA binding sites, and the streptomycin-associated proteins, This consistency is encouraging since none of these data were considered during the construction of the model. The model differs significantly from those proposed by Traut et at. ((1974) Ribosomes 271-308) and by Tischendorf et al. ((1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S. 72, 4820-4824).", "contents": "The 30 S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome. Topographical model of its component proteins. This topographical model of the proteins of the 30 S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome was built to be consistent with the 37 published spectroscopic and chemical experiments that indicate proximity and with the two neutron diffraction experiments that indicate S3 and S7 as well as S2 and S5 to be separated by 110 A. The model is quite consistent with the protein arrangement suggested by assembly pathways, the various RNA binding sites, and the streptomycin-associated proteins, This consistency is encouraging since none of these data were considered during the construction of the model. The model differs significantly from those proposed by Traut et at. ((1974) Ribosomes 271-308) and by Tischendorf et al. ((1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S. 72, 4820-4824).", "PMID": 318869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6659", "title": "Spectral studies of the interactions of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase with 4-(4-aminophenylazo)-phenylarsonic acid.", "content": "Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) is reversibly inhibited by a variety of phenylarsonic acids, including some N-haloacetylated derivatives. The inhibition is of the competitive type, and Ki values are reported. The action on the enzyme of one of the arsonate inhibitors, the azo dye, 4-(4-aminophenylazo)-phenylarsonic acid was studied in detail, using spectrophotometric and kinetic methods. The azo dye binds more strongly to E. coli alkaline phosphatase than do the other arsonates. Spectrophotometric titration indicates the presence of a single, strong dye-binding site on the enzyme dimer molecule in the concentration range covered. In 0.1 M Tris - HCl buffer pH 8.0, 25 degrees C K diss for the dye - enzyme complex is 1.50 - 10(-5) M as determined by spectrophotometric titration. This value is in good agreement with the Ki = 1.30 - 10(-5) M obtained from kinetic measurements. The dye can be displaced from alkaline phosphatase by phosphate and competitive inhibitor 2-aminoethyl phosphonate. These results indicate that the dye binds with its arsonic acid group to the anion binding site of the active site of the enzyme. The binding of the dye to the native enzyme is associated with a red shift in the visible spectrum of the dye. It seems that the aromatic portion of the dye interacts with a hydrophobic region close to the anion binding site. The spectrum of the dye is not changed in the presence of the apoenzyme. When zinc is added to an apoenzyme-dye solution, the spectral changes of the dye depend on both the ratio of zinc per apoenzyme and the pH. The presence of Mg2+ had no effect on the observed phenomenon.", "contents": "Spectral studies of the interactions of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase with 4-(4-aminophenylazo)-phenylarsonic acid. Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) is reversibly inhibited by a variety of phenylarsonic acids, including some N-haloacetylated derivatives. The inhibition is of the competitive type, and Ki values are reported. The action on the enzyme of one of the arsonate inhibitors, the azo dye, 4-(4-aminophenylazo)-phenylarsonic acid was studied in detail, using spectrophotometric and kinetic methods. The azo dye binds more strongly to E. coli alkaline phosphatase than do the other arsonates. Spectrophotometric titration indicates the presence of a single, strong dye-binding site on the enzyme dimer molecule in the concentration range covered. In 0.1 M Tris - HCl buffer pH 8.0, 25 degrees C K diss for the dye - enzyme complex is 1.50 - 10(-5) M as determined by spectrophotometric titration. This value is in good agreement with the Ki = 1.30 - 10(-5) M obtained from kinetic measurements. The dye can be displaced from alkaline phosphatase by phosphate and competitive inhibitor 2-aminoethyl phosphonate. These results indicate that the dye binds with its arsonic acid group to the anion binding site of the active site of the enzyme. The binding of the dye to the native enzyme is associated with a red shift in the visible spectrum of the dye. It seems that the aromatic portion of the dye interacts with a hydrophobic region close to the anion binding site. The spectrum of the dye is not changed in the presence of the apoenzyme. When zinc is added to an apoenzyme-dye solution, the spectral changes of the dye depend on both the ratio of zinc per apoenzyme and the pH. The presence of Mg2+ had no effect on the observed phenomenon.", "PMID": 318870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6660", "title": "Effect of propranolol on platelet function.", "content": "Excessive reactivity of blood platelets may contribute to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Hence drugs which alter platelet function may be protective. Prompted by findings that propranolol therapy normalized hyperactive platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease, we studied propranolol in vitro to assess its action on platelets. At concentrations similar to those achieved in vivo (0.1-1 muM), propranolol raised the thresholds for aggregation of some normal paltelets by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). At higher concentrations (10-50 muM), propranolol abolished the second wave of platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine, and inhibited aggregation induced by collagen, thrombin, and the ionophore A23187. Propanolol blocked the release of 14C-serotonin from platelets, inhibited platelet adhesion to collagen, and interfered with clot retraction. Propranolol blocked ionophore-induced uptake of 45Ca by platelets. Inhibition appeared unrelated to beta-adrenergic blockage, as d(+) propranolol (which lacks beta-blocking activity) was equipotent with 1(-) propranolol. Moreover, practolol, a beta-blockading drug which is nonlipophilic, did not inhibit platelet function. These studies suggested that propranolol, like local anesthetics, decreased platelet responsiveness by a direct action on the platelet membrane, possibly by interfering with calcium availability. Modulation of platelet function by propranolol may occur at concentrations achieved at usual clinical doses of the drug.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on platelet function. Excessive reactivity of blood platelets may contribute to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Hence drugs which alter platelet function may be protective. Prompted by findings that propranolol therapy normalized hyperactive platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease, we studied propranolol in vitro to assess its action on platelets. At concentrations similar to those achieved in vivo (0.1-1 muM), propranolol raised the thresholds for aggregation of some normal paltelets by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). At higher concentrations (10-50 muM), propranolol abolished the second wave of platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine, and inhibited aggregation induced by collagen, thrombin, and the ionophore A23187. Propanolol blocked the release of 14C-serotonin from platelets, inhibited platelet adhesion to collagen, and interfered with clot retraction. Propranolol blocked ionophore-induced uptake of 45Ca by platelets. Inhibition appeared unrelated to beta-adrenergic blockage, as d(+) propranolol (which lacks beta-blocking activity) was equipotent with 1(-) propranolol. Moreover, practolol, a beta-blockading drug which is nonlipophilic, did not inhibit platelet function. These studies suggested that propranolol, like local anesthetics, decreased platelet responsiveness by a direct action on the platelet membrane, possibly by interfering with calcium availability. Modulation of platelet function by propranolol may occur at concentrations achieved at usual clinical doses of the drug.", "PMID": 318874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6661", "title": "Hematopoietic stem cells: effect of preirradiation, bleeding, and erythropoietin on thrombopoietic differentiation.", "content": "A method of measuring differentiation of stem cells towards platelets is described using syngeneic bone marrow injected into lethally irradiated mice. Fourteen days after such injection, the platelet counts are found to be proportional to the number of bone marrow cells injected and can be used as a measure of platelet progenitors. Perturbation of the milieu in which the transplanted marrow is placed by host preirradiation, bleeding, or erythropoietin administration leads to enhanced thrombopoiesis. It has been shown previously that similar perturbation favors erythropoiesis at the expense of granulopoiesis. The data from these and other experiments appear to be consistent, with a model of the stem cell compartment as a continuum with proliferative activity increasing as commitment is restricted. These functions vary inversely with the capacity for self-renewal. The various stem cell assays measure different ranges of stem cells, but overlap within this continuum.", "contents": "Hematopoietic stem cells: effect of preirradiation, bleeding, and erythropoietin on thrombopoietic differentiation. A method of measuring differentiation of stem cells towards platelets is described using syngeneic bone marrow injected into lethally irradiated mice. Fourteen days after such injection, the platelet counts are found to be proportional to the number of bone marrow cells injected and can be used as a measure of platelet progenitors. Perturbation of the milieu in which the transplanted marrow is placed by host preirradiation, bleeding, or erythropoietin administration leads to enhanced thrombopoiesis. It has been shown previously that similar perturbation favors erythropoiesis at the expense of granulopoiesis. The data from these and other experiments appear to be consistent, with a model of the stem cell compartment as a continuum with proliferative activity increasing as commitment is restricted. These functions vary inversely with the capacity for self-renewal. The various stem cell assays measure different ranges of stem cells, but overlap within this continuum.", "PMID": 318875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6662", "title": "IgE myeloma with osteoblastic lesions.", "content": "A 69-yr-old man with persistent anemia had multiple myeloma with an IgE-type kappa M component and Bence Jones proteinuria. Bone x-rays revealed occasional lytic lesions associated with a diffuse sclerotic reaction throughout the skeleton. Special bone histologic studies utilizing tetracycline labeling, undercalcified sections, and microradiography confirmed active osteoblastic activity. This case was compared with the four previously reported cases of IgE myeloma, one of which also had osteosclerosis.", "contents": "IgE myeloma with osteoblastic lesions. A 69-yr-old man with persistent anemia had multiple myeloma with an IgE-type kappa M component and Bence Jones proteinuria. Bone x-rays revealed occasional lytic lesions associated with a diffuse sclerotic reaction throughout the skeleton. Special bone histologic studies utilizing tetracycline labeling, undercalcified sections, and microradiography confirmed active osteoblastic activity. This case was compared with the four previously reported cases of IgE myeloma, one of which also had osteosclerosis.", "PMID": 318876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6663", "title": "Prognosis in acquired aplastic anemia. An approach in the selection of patients for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "In a retrospective study, factors influencing the eventual course and outcome of patients suffering from aplastic anaemia were analysed. Of the 62 patients with pancytopenia concomitant with an aplastic or hypoplastic bone marrow, 36 have died during the first 24 months following diagnosis, 27 of these 36 cases within the first six months. 26 patients survived more than two years after presentation, but a further six of these cases succumbed during the following months. Of the 62 cases, 46 had neutrophil counts under 1 X 10(9)/l and platelet counts under 20 X 10(9)/l. These cases were subdivided according to their reticulocyte levels. In the age group of patients between 10 and 35 years, all those patients having more than 10,000/mul reticulocytes survived more than two years with only one exception, whereas only one of the 11 patients having reticulocyte counts below 10,000/mul has survived. In our series, the initial neutrophil and platelet counts were not of predictive value in identifying poor prognosis patients. The initial reticulocyte counts, however, appear to be a valid parameter for selecting patients in two groups, one with a favorable, and the other with an extremely unfavorable prognosis on conservative treatment. Young individuals with a poor predicted prognosis could thus be defined as possible candidates for bone marrow transplantation.", "contents": "Prognosis in acquired aplastic anemia. An approach in the selection of patients for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. In a retrospective study, factors influencing the eventual course and outcome of patients suffering from aplastic anaemia were analysed. Of the 62 patients with pancytopenia concomitant with an aplastic or hypoplastic bone marrow, 36 have died during the first 24 months following diagnosis, 27 of these 36 cases within the first six months. 26 patients survived more than two years after presentation, but a further six of these cases succumbed during the following months. Of the 62 cases, 46 had neutrophil counts under 1 X 10(9)/l and platelet counts under 20 X 10(9)/l. These cases were subdivided according to their reticulocyte levels. In the age group of patients between 10 and 35 years, all those patients having more than 10,000/mul reticulocytes survived more than two years with only one exception, whereas only one of the 11 patients having reticulocyte counts below 10,000/mul has survived. In our series, the initial neutrophil and platelet counts were not of predictive value in identifying poor prognosis patients. The initial reticulocyte counts, however, appear to be a valid parameter for selecting patients in two groups, one with a favorable, and the other with an extremely unfavorable prognosis on conservative treatment. Young individuals with a poor predicted prognosis could thus be defined as possible candidates for bone marrow transplantation.", "PMID": 318877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6664", "title": "The clouded crystal ball and the library profession.", "content": "Growing awareness of the transition from an industrial age to a communication- and knowledge-based economy appears reflected in some changing directions in libraries. Major trends include (1) a change in management practices, (2) a realignment of operational goals away from technical processing activities to client-oriented outreach services, and (3) the identification of educational functions as a primary professional role. The twin concepts of knowledge utilization and information brokering are beginning to have an impact on the definition of the librarian's role.", "contents": "The clouded crystal ball and the library profession. Growing awareness of the transition from an industrial age to a communication- and knowledge-based economy appears reflected in some changing directions in libraries. Major trends include (1) a change in management practices, (2) a realignment of operational goals away from technical processing activities to client-oriented outreach services, and (3) the identification of educational functions as a primary professional role. The twin concepts of knowledge utilization and information brokering are beginning to have an impact on the definition of the librarian's role.", "PMID": 318878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6665", "title": "Dimer X in hysterosalpingography.", "content": "The incidence of abdominal pain during hysterosalpingography was assessed from replies to postal questionnaires completed by 42 patients receiving Diaginol Viscous and 23 patients receiving Dimer X: the questionnaires were analysed using a double-blind technique. In the Diaginol Viscous group, 58.5% of patients experienced moderate or severe pain during the injection as compared with an incidence of only 19% in the group receiving Dimer X. In three of tha patients receiving Diaginol Viscous, there was brief loss of consciousness. Radiographic quality was satisfactory with both contrast media. After effects of hysterosalpingography were relatively common and included: lower abdominal pain; vaginal bleeding; temporary difficulty in walking; menstrual disturbances in subsequent periods. No correlation could be demonstrated between the type of medium used and the incidence of these after effects.", "contents": "Dimer X in hysterosalpingography. The incidence of abdominal pain during hysterosalpingography was assessed from replies to postal questionnaires completed by 42 patients receiving Diaginol Viscous and 23 patients receiving Dimer X: the questionnaires were analysed using a double-blind technique. In the Diaginol Viscous group, 58.5% of patients experienced moderate or severe pain during the injection as compared with an incidence of only 19% in the group receiving Dimer X. In three of tha patients receiving Diaginol Viscous, there was brief loss of consciousness. Radiographic quality was satisfactory with both contrast media. After effects of hysterosalpingography were relatively common and included: lower abdominal pain; vaginal bleeding; temporary difficulty in walking; menstrual disturbances in subsequent periods. No correlation could be demonstrated between the type of medium used and the incidence of these after effects.", "PMID": 318881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6666", "title": "Coagulation changes in sensitized canine renal allografts.", "content": "Coagulation changes within kidney homotransplants to sensitized canine recipients have been studied by assessing the arteriovenous gradients of formed blood elements and coagulation factors across the organ. It is confirmed that hyperacute rejection is accompanied by evidence of intravascular coagulation within the graft, which is maximal during the first 20 minutes after revascularization. Attempts were made to prolong the survival of the grafts by the use of cytotosine arabinoside, methylprednisolone, heparin and azathioprine. In some instances, the severity of the intravascular coagulation was reduced but it did not prove possible to extend the survival of the kidneys beyond 24 hours.", "contents": "Coagulation changes in sensitized canine renal allografts. Coagulation changes within kidney homotransplants to sensitized canine recipients have been studied by assessing the arteriovenous gradients of formed blood elements and coagulation factors across the organ. It is confirmed that hyperacute rejection is accompanied by evidence of intravascular coagulation within the graft, which is maximal during the first 20 minutes after revascularization. Attempts were made to prolong the survival of the grafts by the use of cytotosine arabinoside, methylprednisolone, heparin and azathioprine. In some instances, the severity of the intravascular coagulation was reduced but it did not prove possible to extend the survival of the kidneys beyond 24 hours.", "PMID": 318883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6667", "title": "Increased sensitivity to nitrazepam in old age.", "content": "The effects of a single 10 mg oral dose of nitrazepam were compared with those of a placebo in healthy young and old people. Both the young and the elderly slept better on three successive nights after nitrazepam but they felt less awake at 12 and 36 hours (P less than 0-01). Elderly people made significantly more mistakes in a psychomotor test than did the young, despite similar plasma concentrations of nitrazepam and half lives in the two groups. This difference in response to psychomotor testing is probably explained by an increased sensitivity of the ageing brain to the action of nitrazepam.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity to nitrazepam in old age. The effects of a single 10 mg oral dose of nitrazepam were compared with those of a placebo in healthy young and old people. Both the young and the elderly slept better on three successive nights after nitrazepam but they felt less awake at 12 and 36 hours (P less than 0-01). Elderly people made significantly more mistakes in a psychomotor test than did the young, despite similar plasma concentrations of nitrazepam and half lives in the two groups. This difference in response to psychomotor testing is probably explained by an increased sensitivity of the ageing brain to the action of nitrazepam.", "PMID": 318894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6668", "title": "Acupuncture analgesia: an experimental investigation.", "content": "A study was designed to establish whether acupuncture has any analgesic properties beyond those of suggestion. In three one-hour experimental sessions the increases in detection thresholds and tolerances for thermal pain at six body locations on 12 subjects were compared. A control session (without needles) was followed by one session in which electrically stimulated needles were inserted in accord with Chinese practice, and another in which the needles were inserted to avoid all recognised acupuncture \"points.\" Acupuncture was significantly more effective than suggestion in raising overall body pain thresholds but just below significance for tolerances. A significant disproportionate effect on the epigastrium, predicted by the choice of acupuncture points, was found for tolerances but not thresholds.", "contents": "Acupuncture analgesia: an experimental investigation. A study was designed to establish whether acupuncture has any analgesic properties beyond those of suggestion. In three one-hour experimental sessions the increases in detection thresholds and tolerances for thermal pain at six body locations on 12 subjects were compared. A control session (without needles) was followed by one session in which electrically stimulated needles were inserted in accord with Chinese practice, and another in which the needles were inserted to avoid all recognised acupuncture \"points.\" Acupuncture was significantly more effective than suggestion in raising overall body pain thresholds but just below significance for tolerances. A significant disproportionate effect on the epigastrium, predicted by the choice of acupuncture points, was found for tolerances but not thresholds.", "PMID": 318897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6669", "title": "Dreaming, fenfluramine, and vitamin C.", "content": "The effect of increasing doses of fenfluramine on dream patterns was studied in 20 patients receiving a reducing diet with or without a controlled dietary intake of vitamin C daily. The dream pattern was unchanged in six patients and dreams disappeared in another who normally dreamed often. In 13 patients dreams increased in frequency and intensity, and in five the dreams assumed frightening proportions. There was a significant straight-line relation between response and the size of the dose. When placebo tablets were given to four patients their dreams disappeared or assumed their pretreatment normal pattern. Absence of vitamin C from the diet did not significantly affect the dream pattern. That fenfluramine has dose-related cerebral effects should be remembered in patients with a history of mental illness.", "contents": "Dreaming, fenfluramine, and vitamin C. The effect of increasing doses of fenfluramine on dream patterns was studied in 20 patients receiving a reducing diet with or without a controlled dietary intake of vitamin C daily. The dream pattern was unchanged in six patients and dreams disappeared in another who normally dreamed often. In 13 patients dreams increased in frequency and intensity, and in five the dreams assumed frightening proportions. There was a significant straight-line relation between response and the size of the dose. When placebo tablets were given to four patients their dreams disappeared or assumed their pretreatment normal pattern. Absence of vitamin C from the diet did not significantly affect the dream pattern. That fenfluramine has dose-related cerebral effects should be remembered in patients with a history of mental illness.", "PMID": 318898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6670", "title": "Identification of catecholamine and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-containing neurons in primary cultures of dispersed cells of the basal hypothalamus.", "content": "Primary cultures of dispersed cells were prepared from 3-5 mg pieces of basal hypothalami of 10-12-day-old rats. The tissue included median eminence, arcuate nucleus and variable amounts of adjacent hypothalamus and preoptic area. The dispersion procedure consisted basically of tissue trypsinization and mechanical dissociation of cells. They were cultured in a modified L-15 medium in an air atmosphere. Neurons survived approximately 3 months. On the basis of morphological characteristics, two basic cell types could be distinguished. One was a larger (50 mum diameter) multipolar cell; microspectrofluorometric analysis revealed that a small percentage of these neurons contained a catecholamine. A second type was smaller, fusiform or ovoid and generally bipolar; a significant number of these were immunoreactive for the releasing hormone LHRH.", "contents": "Identification of catecholamine and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-containing neurons in primary cultures of dispersed cells of the basal hypothalamus. Primary cultures of dispersed cells were prepared from 3-5 mg pieces of basal hypothalami of 10-12-day-old rats. The tissue included median eminence, arcuate nucleus and variable amounts of adjacent hypothalamus and preoptic area. The dispersion procedure consisted basically of tissue trypsinization and mechanical dissociation of cells. They were cultured in a modified L-15 medium in an air atmosphere. Neurons survived approximately 3 months. On the basis of morphological characteristics, two basic cell types could be distinguished. One was a larger (50 mum diameter) multipolar cell; microspectrofluorometric analysis revealed that a small percentage of these neurons contained a catecholamine. A second type was smaller, fusiform or ovoid and generally bipolar; a significant number of these were immunoreactive for the releasing hormone LHRH.", "PMID": 318904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6671", "title": "Acute epiglottitis in children: management of 27 consecutive cases with nasotracheal intubation, with special emphasis on anaesthetic considerations.", "content": "Twenty-seven consecutive cases of acute epiglottitis in children were treated by nasotracheal intubation during a 25-month period. The duration of intubation averaged 44.2 hours. No mortality or morbidity occurred. Mean hospitalization was 4.5 days. Anaesthetic techniques are discussed. Ketamine is a somewhat controversial choice for these patients as it can enhance excitement, restlessness, and accidental extubation. This study reconfirms the ease of maintaining an assured airway by nasotracheal intubation in cases of acute epiglottitis.", "contents": "Acute epiglottitis in children: management of 27 consecutive cases with nasotracheal intubation, with special emphasis on anaesthetic considerations. Twenty-seven consecutive cases of acute epiglottitis in children were treated by nasotracheal intubation during a 25-month period. The duration of intubation averaged 44.2 hours. No mortality or morbidity occurred. Mean hospitalization was 4.5 days. Anaesthetic techniques are discussed. Ketamine is a somewhat controversial choice for these patients as it can enhance excitement, restlessness, and accidental extubation. This study reconfirms the ease of maintaining an assured airway by nasotracheal intubation in cases of acute epiglottitis.", "PMID": 318905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6672", "title": "Clinical trial of etomidate. Preliminary observations on a new non-barbiturate induction agent.", "content": "This is a preliminary report of our clinical experience with etomidate, a new intravenous non-barbiturate anaesthetic agent. Thirty-two patients undergoing minor surgical procedures were anaesthetized, induction being with etomidate 0.3 mg/kg body weight. Induction was fast and smooth. Twenty-eight per cent of the patients complained of pain at site of injection but the pain disappeared on flushing with water for injection. Following etomidate injection, 37.5 per cent of patients developed myoclonic movements which were usually mild and self-limiting. We were impressed by the relative stability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Etomidate looks promising and further work is in progress on other aspects of this drug.", "contents": "Clinical trial of etomidate. Preliminary observations on a new non-barbiturate induction agent. This is a preliminary report of our clinical experience with etomidate, a new intravenous non-barbiturate anaesthetic agent. Thirty-two patients undergoing minor surgical procedures were anaesthetized, induction being with etomidate 0.3 mg/kg body weight. Induction was fast and smooth. Twenty-eight per cent of the patients complained of pain at site of injection but the pain disappeared on flushing with water for injection. Following etomidate injection, 37.5 per cent of patients developed myoclonic movements which were usually mild and self-limiting. We were impressed by the relative stability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Etomidate looks promising and further work is in progress on other aspects of this drug.", "PMID": 318906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6673", "title": "Chinese acupuncture.", "content": "Acupuncture has been described as it is practiced in the People's Republic of China. To understand fully the preoccupation of the Chinese with this mode of treatment one must be familiar with its economic, historical and cultural background. Since conditions in Western countries are totally different from those in China it is obvious that acupuncture cannot be transplanted in toto from country to country, but that it requires reassessment of its usefulness as a treatment modality. Although further basic and clinical studies must be carried out, it would appear at the moment that acupuncture may have a useful place as yet and additional means of treating pain, especially in areas in which present treatment is less than satisfactory. At the moment no clear indication is obvious for acupuncture anaesthesia in countries in which this specialty is well developed and where adequate numbers of trained anaesthetists are available.", "contents": "Chinese acupuncture. Acupuncture has been described as it is practiced in the People's Republic of China. To understand fully the preoccupation of the Chinese with this mode of treatment one must be familiar with its economic, historical and cultural background. Since conditions in Western countries are totally different from those in China it is obvious that acupuncture cannot be transplanted in toto from country to country, but that it requires reassessment of its usefulness as a treatment modality. Although further basic and clinical studies must be carried out, it would appear at the moment that acupuncture may have a useful place as yet and additional means of treating pain, especially in areas in which present treatment is less than satisfactory. At the moment no clear indication is obvious for acupuncture anaesthesia in countries in which this specialty is well developed and where adequate numbers of trained anaesthetists are available.", "PMID": 318907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6674", "title": "Comparison of analgesia by intravenous butorphanol and meperidine in patients with post-operative pain.", "content": "Intravenous doses of butorphanol tartrate (0.5 mg, 1.0 mg and 2.0 mg) and meperidine hydrochloride (20 mg and 40 mg) were compared under controlled conditions employing a double blind study design. Informed consent was obtained from all post-operative patients suffering from moderate to severe pain who participated in this study. Approximately 25 patients were included in each group. The data from 125 patients were subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that butorphanol is approximately 40 to 50 times more potent than meperidine. In addition, at most of the time intervals, there were no statistically significant differences between the responses to butorphanol 0.5 mg and 1 mg and meperidine 20 mg and 40 mg; but the response to butorphanol 2 mg was significantly (p less than 0.05) better than the low dose of each agent. The low doses of butorphanol (0.5 mg) and meperidine (20 mg) appear to have an effective duration of action of less than two hours. The larger doses (butorphanol 1.0 mg and 2.0 mg and meperidine 40 mg) appeared to produce a two- to four-hour duration of action. The largest butorphanol dose (2.0 mg) appeared to produce the longest duration of action. A comparison of the test groups with respect to the incidence and type of side effects showed that butorphanol 2.0 mg produced a greater incidence of drowsiness (39 per cent). The overall incidence of drowsiness for patients receiving either the 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg dose of butorphanol was 12 per cent, as compared with an 8 per cent overall incidence in the meperidine group. The incidence of other side effects was relatively low in all test groups. No significant differences were noted among the groups with regard to the onset (usually less than or equal to 30 minutes post-therapy) or the duration (usually less than or equal to 2 hours) of side effects. Butorphanol appears to be a safe and effective analgesic for the relief of moderate to severe post-operative pain.", "contents": "Comparison of analgesia by intravenous butorphanol and meperidine in patients with post-operative pain. Intravenous doses of butorphanol tartrate (0.5 mg, 1.0 mg and 2.0 mg) and meperidine hydrochloride (20 mg and 40 mg) were compared under controlled conditions employing a double blind study design. Informed consent was obtained from all post-operative patients suffering from moderate to severe pain who participated in this study. Approximately 25 patients were included in each group. The data from 125 patients were subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that butorphanol is approximately 40 to 50 times more potent than meperidine. In addition, at most of the time intervals, there were no statistically significant differences between the responses to butorphanol 0.5 mg and 1 mg and meperidine 20 mg and 40 mg; but the response to butorphanol 2 mg was significantly (p less than 0.05) better than the low dose of each agent. The low doses of butorphanol (0.5 mg) and meperidine (20 mg) appear to have an effective duration of action of less than two hours. The larger doses (butorphanol 1.0 mg and 2.0 mg and meperidine 40 mg) appeared to produce a two- to four-hour duration of action. The largest butorphanol dose (2.0 mg) appeared to produce the longest duration of action. A comparison of the test groups with respect to the incidence and type of side effects showed that butorphanol 2.0 mg produced a greater incidence of drowsiness (39 per cent). The overall incidence of drowsiness for patients receiving either the 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg dose of butorphanol was 12 per cent, as compared with an 8 per cent overall incidence in the meperidine group. The incidence of other side effects was relatively low in all test groups. No significant differences were noted among the groups with regard to the onset (usually less than or equal to 30 minutes post-therapy) or the duration (usually less than or equal to 2 hours) of side effects. Butorphanol appears to be a safe and effective analgesic for the relief of moderate to severe post-operative pain.", "PMID": 318908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6675", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates from the broiler chicken industry in Ontario.", "content": "Antibacterial drug resistance among 219 salmonella isolates recovered during 1974 from poultry and poultry environments at the various production stages of broiler chickens in three integrated Ontario companies are recorded. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole complex, furazolidone, cephaloridine and amoxicillin. A relative increase in resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin with an accompanying decrease in resistance to triple sulfa compound was recorded when compared to a previous investigation of avian salmonella isolates in Ontario. The percentage and patterns of antimicrobial resistance were comparable at the various stages of production. Resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin was the most common pattern found among both Salmonella typhimurium and other serotypes. A notably high prevalence of resistance was found among Salmonella enteritidis isolates including some isolates with R factors for chloramphenicol resistance. This latter finding is of particular concern because of the high prevalence of this serotype in poultry and in human salmonellosis.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates from the broiler chicken industry in Ontario. Antibacterial drug resistance among 219 salmonella isolates recovered during 1974 from poultry and poultry environments at the various production stages of broiler chickens in three integrated Ontario companies are recorded. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole complex, furazolidone, cephaloridine and amoxicillin. A relative increase in resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin with an accompanying decrease in resistance to triple sulfa compound was recorded when compared to a previous investigation of avian salmonella isolates in Ontario. The percentage and patterns of antimicrobial resistance were comparable at the various stages of production. Resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin was the most common pattern found among both Salmonella typhimurium and other serotypes. A notably high prevalence of resistance was found among Salmonella enteritidis isolates including some isolates with R factors for chloramphenicol resistance. This latter finding is of particular concern because of the high prevalence of this serotype in poultry and in human salmonellosis.", "PMID": 318909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6676", "title": "Canadian surgery during the French regime, 1608 to 1763.", "content": "The history of medicine in Canada, from the establishment of Quebec by Champlain in 1608 to the ceding of Canada to the British by the French at the Treaty of Paris in 1763, represents one of the most colourful periods in the history of Canadian surgery. Physicians were notable by their absence and what medicine was available in La Nouvelle France was provided almost exclusively by surgeons, or apothecaries, or individuals who posed as such. Sketches from the lives of five surgeons (Bonnerme, Giffard, Goupil, Bouchard and Sarrazin), an apothecary (H\u00e9bert) and a physician; (Gaultier), are presented to highlight various facets of medical care and the leadership role played by medical practitioners in the development of Canada during that period. In addition the study reveals the conflict between the philosophical approach of the physician and the pragmatic approach of the surgeon in 17th century France.", "contents": "Canadian surgery during the French regime, 1608 to 1763. The history of medicine in Canada, from the establishment of Quebec by Champlain in 1608 to the ceding of Canada to the British by the French at the Treaty of Paris in 1763, represents one of the most colourful periods in the history of Canadian surgery. Physicians were notable by their absence and what medicine was available in La Nouvelle France was provided almost exclusively by surgeons, or apothecaries, or individuals who posed as such. Sketches from the lives of five surgeons (Bonnerme, Giffard, Goupil, Bouchard and Sarrazin), an apothecary (H\u00e9bert) and a physician; (Gaultier), are presented to highlight various facets of medical care and the leadership role played by medical practitioners in the development of Canada during that period. In addition the study reveals the conflict between the philosophical approach of the physician and the pragmatic approach of the surgeon in 17th century France.", "PMID": 318910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6677", "title": "Adriamycin in advanced urinary tract cancer: experience in 42 patients and review of the literature.", "content": "Forty-two patients with measureable, advanced, genito-urinary cancer received Adriamycin. Significant clinical responses (CR/PR) occurred in only five (14%) of 35 adequately treated patients. Four additional patients achieved a minimal response anf four others showed stabilization of their disease for 4 to 9 months. Review of the literature suggests an overall response rate of 20%. Patients with a urinary diversion lived significantly longer (P 0.006) than patients who did not have this procedure (42.5 months vs 21.5 months). The need to define various patient characteristics in future chemotherapeutic trials in bladder cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Adriamycin in advanced urinary tract cancer: experience in 42 patients and review of the literature. Forty-two patients with measureable, advanced, genito-urinary cancer received Adriamycin. Significant clinical responses (CR/PR) occurred in only five (14%) of 35 adequately treated patients. Four additional patients achieved a minimal response anf four others showed stabilization of their disease for 4 to 9 months. Review of the literature suggests an overall response rate of 20%. Patients with a urinary diversion lived significantly longer (P 0.006) than patients who did not have this procedure (42.5 months vs 21.5 months). The need to define various patient characteristics in future chemotherapeutic trials in bladder cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 318913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6678", "title": "Spontaneous regression of pulmonary leiomyomas during pregnancy.", "content": "Multiple pulmonary nodular densities simulating metastastic cancer were discovered in a routine chest roentgenogram of a 30-year-old pregnant woman. Lung biopsy revealed nodules composed of smooth muscle and collagenous tissue containing entrapped glandular elements. The lesions were initially interpreted as multiple pulmonary fibroleiomyomatous hamartomas (MPFLH). During pregnancy and the post-partum period, the pulmonary nodules regressed spontaneously. Critical analysis of the published cases as well as our own case indicates that multiple pulmonary fibroleiomyomatous hamartomas (MPFLH) cannot be distinguished from benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) by either clinical, roentgenographic, or pathologic criteria and that all represent pulmonary metastases from a primary uterine neoplasm. The spontaneous regression of the pulmonary nodules in the present case as well as the increased risk for development of progressive pulmonary insufficiency in the pre-menopausal patients indicates an apparent hormonal dependence. Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy appears to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of pulmonary leiomyomas during pregnancy. Multiple pulmonary nodular densities simulating metastastic cancer were discovered in a routine chest roentgenogram of a 30-year-old pregnant woman. Lung biopsy revealed nodules composed of smooth muscle and collagenous tissue containing entrapped glandular elements. The lesions were initially interpreted as multiple pulmonary fibroleiomyomatous hamartomas (MPFLH). During pregnancy and the post-partum period, the pulmonary nodules regressed spontaneously. Critical analysis of the published cases as well as our own case indicates that multiple pulmonary fibroleiomyomatous hamartomas (MPFLH) cannot be distinguished from benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) by either clinical, roentgenographic, or pathologic criteria and that all represent pulmonary metastases from a primary uterine neoplasm. The spontaneous regression of the pulmonary nodules in the present case as well as the increased risk for development of progressive pulmonary insufficiency in the pre-menopausal patients indicates an apparent hormonal dependence. Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy appears to be the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 318914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6679", "title": "Biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma: report of 14 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features and long-term follow-up of eight patients with biliary cystadenoma and six patients with biliary cystadenocarcinoma are reported and the previous literature is reviewed. All the cystadenomas were in middle-aged women, but the six cystadenocarcinomas occurred in both male (4) and female (2) patients. The majority of the patients with cystadenoma and half of those with cystadenocarcinoma presented with an abdominal mass. Four of the patients whose cystadenoma was excised are alive and well for periods of time ranging from 2 1/2 to 13 years. Two of the patients with cystadenocarcinoma have survived for three years and for three years and eight months, respectively, after subtotal hepatic lobectomy. Morphologically the cystadenocarcinomas differ from the cystadenomas in that the former have cellular pleomorphism and anaplasia and infiltration of the underlying fribrous stroma; they can invade adjacent viscera and may occasionally metastasize to distant sites. The presence of benign epithelium in most cystadenocarcinomas supports their origin from cystadenoma.", "contents": "Biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma: report of 14 cases and review of the literature. The clinical and pathologic features and long-term follow-up of eight patients with biliary cystadenoma and six patients with biliary cystadenocarcinoma are reported and the previous literature is reviewed. All the cystadenomas were in middle-aged women, but the six cystadenocarcinomas occurred in both male (4) and female (2) patients. The majority of the patients with cystadenoma and half of those with cystadenocarcinoma presented with an abdominal mass. Four of the patients whose cystadenoma was excised are alive and well for periods of time ranging from 2 1/2 to 13 years. Two of the patients with cystadenocarcinoma have survived for three years and for three years and eight months, respectively, after subtotal hepatic lobectomy. Morphologically the cystadenocarcinomas differ from the cystadenomas in that the former have cellular pleomorphism and anaplasia and infiltration of the underlying fribrous stroma; they can invade adjacent viscera and may occasionally metastasize to distant sites. The presence of benign epithelium in most cystadenocarcinomas supports their origin from cystadenoma.", "PMID": 318915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6680", "title": "A phase III study comparing the clinical utility of four regimens of 5-fluorouracil: a preliminary report.", "content": "A clinical trial involving 462 colon, rectum, and breast cancer patients randomized among four different dosage regimens of 5-FU (an intravenous loading course, a weekly intravenous schedule, a nontoxic schedule, and an oral schedule) has shown a significantly better response among colon-rectum cancer patients for the intravenous loading course. In addition, duration of response and time to progression are also significantly better. Overall survival is approaching significance for the colon rectum group (p value .082). In contrast, breast cancer patients show little difference between treatments. Toxicity is somewhat higher for the loading course.", "contents": "A phase III study comparing the clinical utility of four regimens of 5-fluorouracil: a preliminary report. A clinical trial involving 462 colon, rectum, and breast cancer patients randomized among four different dosage regimens of 5-FU (an intravenous loading course, a weekly intravenous schedule, a nontoxic schedule, and an oral schedule) has shown a significantly better response among colon-rectum cancer patients for the intravenous loading course. In addition, duration of response and time to progression are also significantly better. Overall survival is approaching significance for the colon rectum group (p value .082). In contrast, breast cancer patients show little difference between treatments. Toxicity is somewhat higher for the loading course.", "PMID": 318916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6681", "title": "Idiopathic acquired sideroblastic anemia terminating in acute myelofibrosis: case report and review of leterature.", "content": "Acute myelofibrosis is a rare but distinct accelerated variant of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia that is characterized by marked anemia, peripheral blood myeloblastosis and normoblastosis, a lack of teardrop poikilocytosis, and prominent myelofibrosis. There is usually no palpable hepatosplenomegaly or lymph node enlargement. The clinical course is remarkable short. We describe a 63-year-old man who presented with idiopathic acquired sideroblastic anemia and subsequently developed acute myelofibrosis. Intensive polychemotherapy with vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone and a later trial of oxymetholone therapy were ineffective. He died 134 days after the diagnosis of acute myelofibrosis was established. The 11 previously reported cases of acute myelofibrosis are reviewed, and the relationships of acute myelofibrosis to other myeloproliferative disorders and to idiopathic acquired sideroblastic anemia are discussed.", "contents": "Idiopathic acquired sideroblastic anemia terminating in acute myelofibrosis: case report and review of leterature. Acute myelofibrosis is a rare but distinct accelerated variant of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia that is characterized by marked anemia, peripheral blood myeloblastosis and normoblastosis, a lack of teardrop poikilocytosis, and prominent myelofibrosis. There is usually no palpable hepatosplenomegaly or lymph node enlargement. The clinical course is remarkable short. We describe a 63-year-old man who presented with idiopathic acquired sideroblastic anemia and subsequently developed acute myelofibrosis. Intensive polychemotherapy with vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone and a later trial of oxymetholone therapy were ineffective. He died 134 days after the diagnosis of acute myelofibrosis was established. The 11 previously reported cases of acute myelofibrosis are reviewed, and the relationships of acute myelofibrosis to other myeloproliferative disorders and to idiopathic acquired sideroblastic anemia are discussed.", "PMID": 318917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6682", "title": "Comparison of lymphangiograms and gallium scans in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "A total of 92 lymphangiograms (L.G.) and gallium scans (G.S.) done in 51 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were evaluated to assess their usefulness in detecting infradiaphragmatic disease. It was found that the correlation between both procedures was fairly good before treatment (85%) but decreased considerably after therapy. A significant number of patients persistently had positive L.G. after treatment, with a negative G.S. No histologic examination of tissues was performed, however, to confirm the radiographic findings. A higher number of equivocal G.S. were found both before and after treatment. No significant difference in correlation was found between the histiocytic and lymphocytic lymphomas but the former were found to have a striking frequency of negative L.G. and G.S. in the infradiaphragmatic area.", "contents": "Comparison of lymphangiograms and gallium scans in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. A total of 92 lymphangiograms (L.G.) and gallium scans (G.S.) done in 51 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were evaluated to assess their usefulness in detecting infradiaphragmatic disease. It was found that the correlation between both procedures was fairly good before treatment (85%) but decreased considerably after therapy. A significant number of patients persistently had positive L.G. after treatment, with a negative G.S. No histologic examination of tissues was performed, however, to confirm the radiographic findings. A higher number of equivocal G.S. were found both before and after treatment. No significant difference in correlation was found between the histiocytic and lymphocytic lymphomas but the former were found to have a striking frequency of negative L.G. and G.S. in the infradiaphragmatic area.", "PMID": 318918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6683", "title": "Peter: an infant with a myelomeningocele.", "content": "Caring for a child with a myelomeningocele is not a task that one person can accomplish on his own. An interdisciplinary team approach, early parental involvement in the baby's care, a thorough knowledge of community resources, and parental understanding of the long range implications will greatly influence and affect Peter's early years. With support from both professionals and relatives and friends, it is hoped that they will develop a positive attitude to this challenge and continue to demonstrate their love and concern for Peter.", "contents": "Peter: an infant with a myelomeningocele. Caring for a child with a myelomeningocele is not a task that one person can accomplish on his own. An interdisciplinary team approach, early parental involvement in the baby's care, a thorough knowledge of community resources, and parental understanding of the long range implications will greatly influence and affect Peter's early years. With support from both professionals and relatives and friends, it is hoped that they will develop a positive attitude to this challenge and continue to demonstrate their love and concern for Peter.", "PMID": 318919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6684", "title": "Mutagenicity of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, a bladder carcinogen, and related compounds.", "content": "N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN), which specifically induces bladder tumors, was shown to be mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535 and TA100 in the presence of an S-9 mix prepared from the liver of rats treated with polychlorinated biphenyl. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide was a more effective cofactor than reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in the activation of BBN by the rat liver S-9 fraction, N-Butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine, reported to be the main urinary metabolite of BBN as well as of N,N-dibutylnitrosamine and to induce urinary bladder tumors specifically, was found to be mutagenic without metabolic activation by the S-9 mix. The mutagenicities of 31 compounds related structurally or metabolically to BBN and N,N-dibutylnitrosamine were tested. Of these compounds, 13 have previously been demonstrated to be carcinogenic, and nine have been shown to be noncarcinogenic. All the carcinogenic compounds were found to be mutagenic to strain TA1535 with or without the S-9 mix. Four of the nine noncarcinogenic compounds were also mutagenic. These \"false-positive\" compounds were predicted, in fact, to be carcinogenic.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, a bladder carcinogen, and related compounds. N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN), which specifically induces bladder tumors, was shown to be mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535 and TA100 in the presence of an S-9 mix prepared from the liver of rats treated with polychlorinated biphenyl. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide was a more effective cofactor than reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in the activation of BBN by the rat liver S-9 fraction, N-Butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine, reported to be the main urinary metabolite of BBN as well as of N,N-dibutylnitrosamine and to induce urinary bladder tumors specifically, was found to be mutagenic without metabolic activation by the S-9 mix. The mutagenicities of 31 compounds related structurally or metabolically to BBN and N,N-dibutylnitrosamine were tested. Of these compounds, 13 have previously been demonstrated to be carcinogenic, and nine have been shown to be noncarcinogenic. All the carcinogenic compounds were found to be mutagenic to strain TA1535 with or without the S-9 mix. Four of the nine noncarcinogenic compounds were also mutagenic. These \"false-positive\" compounds were predicted, in fact, to be carcinogenic.", "PMID": 318920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6685", "title": "The effects of additional flora on the response of salmonella mutants lodged in the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "A histidine auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA1538, will lodge for several months in the gastrointestinal tract of otherwise germ-free rats and of rats additionally associated with bacteria characteristic of the normal flora such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacteroides vulgatus. In the presence of the additional flora, the concentration of strain TA1538 is diminished in the stomach but not in the lower gastrointestinal tract or in the feces. Following the ingestion of 2-nitrofluorene, there is an increase in the concentration of revertants in the feces which reflects that observed in the colon and cecum. A dose-response relationship can be demonstrated between the amount of 2-nitrofluorene ingested and the concentration of revertants in the feces. A given dose of 2-nitrofluorene, however, produces fewer revertants in the feces of rats with the additional flora than in the feces of rats associated only with strain TA1538. It is not clear whether the decreased number of revertants in the feces in the presence of the additional flora is a result of metabolic transformations of 2-nitrofluorene by B. vulgatus, which can be demonstrated in vitro, or a result of the displacement of strain TA1538 from the stomach. The rat associated with strain TA1538, or other Ames tester strains, may be useful for detecting carcinogens as mutagens within the gastrointestinal tract and for determining the influence of various constituents of the bacterial flora on the concentration of mutagenic compounds.", "contents": "The effects of additional flora on the response of salmonella mutants lodged in the gastrointestinal tract. A histidine auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA1538, will lodge for several months in the gastrointestinal tract of otherwise germ-free rats and of rats additionally associated with bacteria characteristic of the normal flora such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacteroides vulgatus. In the presence of the additional flora, the concentration of strain TA1538 is diminished in the stomach but not in the lower gastrointestinal tract or in the feces. Following the ingestion of 2-nitrofluorene, there is an increase in the concentration of revertants in the feces which reflects that observed in the colon and cecum. A dose-response relationship can be demonstrated between the amount of 2-nitrofluorene ingested and the concentration of revertants in the feces. A given dose of 2-nitrofluorene, however, produces fewer revertants in the feces of rats with the additional flora than in the feces of rats associated only with strain TA1538. It is not clear whether the decreased number of revertants in the feces in the presence of the additional flora is a result of metabolic transformations of 2-nitrofluorene by B. vulgatus, which can be demonstrated in vitro, or a result of the displacement of strain TA1538 from the stomach. The rat associated with strain TA1538, or other Ames tester strains, may be useful for detecting carcinogens as mutagens within the gastrointestinal tract and for determining the influence of various constituents of the bacterial flora on the concentration of mutagenic compounds.", "PMID": 318921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6686", "title": "Direct toxic effects of immunopotentiators on monocytic, myelomonocytic, and histiocytic or macrophage tumor cells in culture.", "content": "Four murine monocyte, myelomonocyte, and histiocyte or macrophage tumor cell lines adapted to culture were growth inhibited by one or more of the following macrophage-activating substances: Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin strain, zymosan, lipopolysaccharide, and dextran sulfate, as well as tuberculin purified protein derivative, but not latex beads. Lipopolysaccharide was effective with one line at 4 ng/ml. All four lines actively phagocytosed zymosan and latex beads. In many cases the growth inhibition was apparently immediate but only cytostatic, and cell proliferation resumed upon removal of the drug. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, live or boiled, was toxic to some of the tumor lines. Synthesis of lysozyme by all the cell lines in the monocyte series and production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor by the myelomonocytic leukemia were not inhibited during several days of zero growth conditions in the presence of drugs. Since these agents had no direct effect on other hematopoietic tumor types (myeloma, T-lymphoma, mastocytoma) at the same or up to 10(4) higher concentrations, it is proposed that the sensitive tumors retain specific receptors for immunostimulants, either at the cell surface or within the cell in the case of phagocytosable particles. The binding of these agents to physiological receptors leads to stimulation and mitogenesis in normal macrophages and lymphocytes but leads to growth inhibition without affecting differenetiated functions in the corresponding tumor lines.", "contents": "Direct toxic effects of immunopotentiators on monocytic, myelomonocytic, and histiocytic or macrophage tumor cells in culture. Four murine monocyte, myelomonocyte, and histiocyte or macrophage tumor cell lines adapted to culture were growth inhibited by one or more of the following macrophage-activating substances: Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin strain, zymosan, lipopolysaccharide, and dextran sulfate, as well as tuberculin purified protein derivative, but not latex beads. Lipopolysaccharide was effective with one line at 4 ng/ml. All four lines actively phagocytosed zymosan and latex beads. In many cases the growth inhibition was apparently immediate but only cytostatic, and cell proliferation resumed upon removal of the drug. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, live or boiled, was toxic to some of the tumor lines. Synthesis of lysozyme by all the cell lines in the monocyte series and production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor by the myelomonocytic leukemia were not inhibited during several days of zero growth conditions in the presence of drugs. Since these agents had no direct effect on other hematopoietic tumor types (myeloma, T-lymphoma, mastocytoma) at the same or up to 10(4) higher concentrations, it is proposed that the sensitive tumors retain specific receptors for immunostimulants, either at the cell surface or within the cell in the case of phagocytosable particles. The binding of these agents to physiological receptors leads to stimulation and mitogenesis in normal macrophages and lymphocytes but leads to growth inhibition without affecting differenetiated functions in the corresponding tumor lines.", "PMID": 318922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6687", "title": "Stimulation of thymus- and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes by tumor cells in culture.", "content": "In vitro lymphocyte stimulation by mitomycin-blocked tumor cells can be used to measure tumor-specific immune responses. In order to determine the responding cell type(s) in this reaction, lymph node and spleen cell populations were specifically depleted of thymus- or bone marrow-derived cells by the use of the appropriate antisera and complement or by immunoadsorption of the Fc receptor-bearing cells to antibody-coated sheep red blood cell monolayers. The compositions of both the original and the modified lymphocyte populations were determined by (a) viability counting following treatment with antisera and complement, (b) direct and indirect immunofluorescence, (c) antibody-coated erythrocyte rosette formation, and (d) response to thymus- and bone marrow-derived cell mitogens. In the lymph node cell populations, only the thymus-derived cells were stimulated by the tumor cells. However, both bone marrow- and thymus-derived cells from tumor-immune spleens underwent stimulation when exposed to tumor cells in culture.", "contents": "Stimulation of thymus- and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes by tumor cells in culture. In vitro lymphocyte stimulation by mitomycin-blocked tumor cells can be used to measure tumor-specific immune responses. In order to determine the responding cell type(s) in this reaction, lymph node and spleen cell populations were specifically depleted of thymus- or bone marrow-derived cells by the use of the appropriate antisera and complement or by immunoadsorption of the Fc receptor-bearing cells to antibody-coated sheep red blood cell monolayers. The compositions of both the original and the modified lymphocyte populations were determined by (a) viability counting following treatment with antisera and complement, (b) direct and indirect immunofluorescence, (c) antibody-coated erythrocyte rosette formation, and (d) response to thymus- and bone marrow-derived cell mitogens. In the lymph node cell populations, only the thymus-derived cells were stimulated by the tumor cells. However, both bone marrow- and thymus-derived cells from tumor-immune spleens underwent stimulation when exposed to tumor cells in culture.", "PMID": 318923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6688", "title": "The contribution of metronidazole and two metabolites to the mutagenic activity detected in urine of treated humans and mice.", "content": "The urine of two patients receiving therapeutic doses of the trichomonacide, metronidazole, was analyzed for mutagenic activity using the histidine auxotroph TA1535 of Salmonella typhimurium. The activity detected in the urine was significantly higher than could be accounted for by the presence of the administered drug. Chromatographic analysis of the urine indicated the presence of the metabolite 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole, which when tested in vitro with TA1535 was found to be ten times more active than metronidazole. An additional urinary metabolite, 1-acetic acid-2-methyl-5-nitroimadazole, was found to be inactive when similarly tested. The in vitro mutagenic activity of metronidazole and the two metabolites was unchanged by the addition of phenobarbital- or Aroclor-induced rat liver homogenate to the test system. In addition, metronidazole and the hydroxymethyl metabolite reverted S. typhimurium TA100 but not TA1537, TA1538, or TA98, and the acetic acid metabolite failed to revert any of the tester strains. In studies with mice, metronidazole was required in excess of the human dose in order for significant amounts of the hydroxymethyl metabolite to be detected in the urine. Urine from mice pretreated with the hepatotoxin, carbon tetrachloride, prior to the administration of metronidazole demonstrated approximately a 50% reduction in mutagenic activity, and the formation of the urinary metabolites was inhibited. These findings indicate the production of metabolites from the parent compound by the liver of the intact animal which could not be determined by use of the standard in vitro liver homogenate system.", "contents": "The contribution of metronidazole and two metabolites to the mutagenic activity detected in urine of treated humans and mice. The urine of two patients receiving therapeutic doses of the trichomonacide, metronidazole, was analyzed for mutagenic activity using the histidine auxotroph TA1535 of Salmonella typhimurium. The activity detected in the urine was significantly higher than could be accounted for by the presence of the administered drug. Chromatographic analysis of the urine indicated the presence of the metabolite 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole, which when tested in vitro with TA1535 was found to be ten times more active than metronidazole. An additional urinary metabolite, 1-acetic acid-2-methyl-5-nitroimadazole, was found to be inactive when similarly tested. The in vitro mutagenic activity of metronidazole and the two metabolites was unchanged by the addition of phenobarbital- or Aroclor-induced rat liver homogenate to the test system. In addition, metronidazole and the hydroxymethyl metabolite reverted S. typhimurium TA100 but not TA1537, TA1538, or TA98, and the acetic acid metabolite failed to revert any of the tester strains. In studies with mice, metronidazole was required in excess of the human dose in order for significant amounts of the hydroxymethyl metabolite to be detected in the urine. Urine from mice pretreated with the hepatotoxin, carbon tetrachloride, prior to the administration of metronidazole demonstrated approximately a 50% reduction in mutagenic activity, and the formation of the urinary metabolites was inhibited. These findings indicate the production of metabolites from the parent compound by the liver of the intact animal which could not be determined by use of the standard in vitro liver homogenate system.", "PMID": 318924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6689", "title": "Principal cell types in the pancreatic islet of a teleost fish, Xiphorphorus helleri H.", "content": "By means of correlative light and electron microscopy, five pancreatic islet cell categories are described in the teleost fish, Xiphophorus helleri, each of which has specific light microscopic appearance and fine structure. Different histochemical techniques have been used, including immunofluorescence with antiporcine insulin and glucagon sera. In addition to B- and A1-cells, two categories of A2-cells have been observed both reacting with antiporcine glucagon serum: A2-cells with round granules gave a positive reaction for tryptophan; have been observed, both reacting with antiporcine glucagon serum: A2-cells with crystalline granules gave a negative reaction with the same staining technique on the same section. The \"clear cells\", the last category, were not specifically stained by any of the staining methods carried out in this investigation. The influence of fixation on staining affinities and on ultrastructure was shown to be considerable.", "contents": "Principal cell types in the pancreatic islet of a teleost fish, Xiphorphorus helleri H. By means of correlative light and electron microscopy, five pancreatic islet cell categories are described in the teleost fish, Xiphophorus helleri, each of which has specific light microscopic appearance and fine structure. Different histochemical techniques have been used, including immunofluorescence with antiporcine insulin and glucagon sera. In addition to B- and A1-cells, two categories of A2-cells have been observed both reacting with antiporcine glucagon serum: A2-cells with round granules gave a positive reaction for tryptophan; have been observed, both reacting with antiporcine glucagon serum: A2-cells with crystalline granules gave a negative reaction with the same staining technique on the same section. The \"clear cells\", the last category, were not specifically stained by any of the staining methods carried out in this investigation. The influence of fixation on staining affinities and on ultrastructure was shown to be considerable.", "PMID": 318926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6690", "title": "Multiple arrhythmias detected during nocturnal monitoring in patients with congenital complete heart block.", "content": "Twenty patients with congenital complete heart block (CHB) were monitored with ECG tape recordings while awake and asleep. Episodes of marked ventricular slowing during sleep (R-R greater than 3000 msec., i.e. less than 20 beats/min) were noted in 35% (7/20). Most of these sudden R-R prolongations were 2:1 or 3:1 exit block of the junctional focus. Atrial and ventricular rate changes were mostly concordant in 2/3 but the remainder demonstrated fixed ventricular rates while atrial rates varied normally, suggesting a \"sick\" or \"lazy\" junctional focus. Other arrhythmias were found in 60% (12/20), including several types of rhythms in three patients. One child with previously unsuspected superimposed multiple arrhythmias later had a syncopal episode despite proven supra-Hisian block. The multiple patterns of atrial and ventricular rate changes found indicate complex feedback mechanisms, suggesting that congenital CHB is not a single entity. Since a significant number of patients demonstrated one or another of these unexpected and potentially hazardous findings, we recommend that congenital block patients be carefully studied, including Holter monitoring done on a regular basis.", "contents": "Multiple arrhythmias detected during nocturnal monitoring in patients with congenital complete heart block. Twenty patients with congenital complete heart block (CHB) were monitored with ECG tape recordings while awake and asleep. Episodes of marked ventricular slowing during sleep (R-R greater than 3000 msec., i.e. less than 20 beats/min) were noted in 35% (7/20). Most of these sudden R-R prolongations were 2:1 or 3:1 exit block of the junctional focus. Atrial and ventricular rate changes were mostly concordant in 2/3 but the remainder demonstrated fixed ventricular rates while atrial rates varied normally, suggesting a \"sick\" or \"lazy\" junctional focus. Other arrhythmias were found in 60% (12/20), including several types of rhythms in three patients. One child with previously unsuspected superimposed multiple arrhythmias later had a syncopal episode despite proven supra-Hisian block. The multiple patterns of atrial and ventricular rate changes found indicate complex feedback mechanisms, suggesting that congenital CHB is not a single entity. Since a significant number of patients demonstrated one or another of these unexpected and potentially hazardous findings, we recommend that congenital block patients be carefully studied, including Holter monitoring done on a regular basis.", "PMID": 318932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6691", "title": "Automated computer analysis for enzyme-multiplied immunological techniques.", "content": "The dose/response curve in enzyme-multiplied immunoassays (EMIT) and related techniques may be described by the same \"four-parameter logistic function\" as has proven useful in radioimmunoassays, immunoradiometric assays (IRMA), and two-site immunoradiometric (\"sandwhich\") assays. This function provides an empirical description of the dose/response curve by use of an objective least-squares regression analysis, with the advantages of computerization and automation. This facilitates further statistical analyses, quality control, estimation of precision for an unknown, and improved, objective estimation of the sensitivity or minimal detectable dose.", "contents": "Automated computer analysis for enzyme-multiplied immunological techniques. The dose/response curve in enzyme-multiplied immunoassays (EMIT) and related techniques may be described by the same \"four-parameter logistic function\" as has proven useful in radioimmunoassays, immunoradiometric assays (IRMA), and two-site immunoradiometric (\"sandwhich\") assays. This function provides an empirical description of the dose/response curve by use of an objective least-squares regression analysis, with the advantages of computerization and automation. This facilitates further statistical analyses, quality control, estimation of precision for an unknown, and improved, objective estimation of the sensitivity or minimal detectable dose.", "PMID": 318934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6692", "title": "Superiority of dobutamine over dopamine for augmentation of cardiac output in patients with chronic low output cardiac failure.", "content": "Dobutamine is a newly developed catecholamine reported to have minimal direct vascular effects relative to its inotropic activity and to have less chronotropic and arrhythmogenic properties than other catecholamines used in the treatment of low output states. In this study, the acute hemodynamic effects of dobutamine were compared to those of dopamine in 13 patients with chronic low output cardiac failure. At dosages adjusted to achieve similar increments in cardiac output, dobutamine reduced left ventricular filling pressure (LVEP) from 24 +/- 2 mm Hg (SEM) to 17+/- 2 mm Hg, while dopamine increased LVEP to 30 +/- 3 mm Hg and in six patients caused arterial O2 saturation to fall below 90%. This poor response to dopamine was probably the result of its vasoconstrictive effects and illustrates the potential advantages of using a cardioselective agent such as dobutamine when the desired goal of therapy is to improve ventricular function by direct inotropic stimulation.", "contents": "Superiority of dobutamine over dopamine for augmentation of cardiac output in patients with chronic low output cardiac failure. Dobutamine is a newly developed catecholamine reported to have minimal direct vascular effects relative to its inotropic activity and to have less chronotropic and arrhythmogenic properties than other catecholamines used in the treatment of low output states. In this study, the acute hemodynamic effects of dobutamine were compared to those of dopamine in 13 patients with chronic low output cardiac failure. At dosages adjusted to achieve similar increments in cardiac output, dobutamine reduced left ventricular filling pressure (LVEP) from 24 +/- 2 mm Hg (SEM) to 17+/- 2 mm Hg, while dopamine increased LVEP to 30 +/- 3 mm Hg and in six patients caused arterial O2 saturation to fall below 90%. This poor response to dopamine was probably the result of its vasoconstrictive effects and illustrates the potential advantages of using a cardioselective agent such as dobutamine when the desired goal of therapy is to improve ventricular function by direct inotropic stimulation.", "PMID": 318933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6693", "title": "Anticonvulsants in serum, determined with a fully mechanized enzyme analyzer.", "content": "The \"EMIT\" enzyme immunoassay system (Syva) that involves use of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) as the enzyme label has been adapted to a fully mechanized kinetic enzyme analyzer for analysis of phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone. This procedure, compared with the gas-chromatographic procedure of Kupferberg [Clin. Chim. Acta 29, 283 (1970)], gave a weighted regression line--forced through the origin--of y=(1.01+/-0.04) x for phenobarbital, y=(0.95+/-0.04) x for primidone. Within-run coefficients of variation based on single determinations were 9,11, and 22% for primidone, phenobarbital, and phenytoin, respectively. Run-to-run assay CV was 6% for primidone and phenobarbital and 13% for phenytoin, based on the means of triplicate determinations of a sample with a mid-range concentration.", "contents": "Anticonvulsants in serum, determined with a fully mechanized enzyme analyzer. The \"EMIT\" enzyme immunoassay system (Syva) that involves use of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) as the enzyme label has been adapted to a fully mechanized kinetic enzyme analyzer for analysis of phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone. This procedure, compared with the gas-chromatographic procedure of Kupferberg [Clin. Chim. Acta 29, 283 (1970)], gave a weighted regression line--forced through the origin--of y=(1.01+/-0.04) x for phenobarbital, y=(0.95+/-0.04) x for primidone. Within-run coefficients of variation based on single determinations were 9,11, and 22% for primidone, phenobarbital, and phenytoin, respectively. Run-to-run assay CV was 6% for primidone and phenobarbital and 13% for phenytoin, based on the means of triplicate determinations of a sample with a mid-range concentration.", "PMID": 318935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6694", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of serum thyroxine with the \"Autochemist\" multichannel analyzer.", "content": "We have modified the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of thyroxine and have adapted it to the AutoChemist. Both enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunnoassay procedures were performed on 2016 patients' sera on which thyroxine determinations had been ordered. We find the automated enzyme immunoassay to be precise and accurate, and for the first time it permits total automation of an immunoassay on a multichannel biochemical-profiling instrument. More importantly, it represents the first time that a thyroid-function test has been included in a multitest biochemical screening profile performed on a single automated instrument.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of serum thyroxine with the \"Autochemist\" multichannel analyzer. We have modified the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of thyroxine and have adapted it to the AutoChemist. Both enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunnoassay procedures were performed on 2016 patients' sera on which thyroxine determinations had been ordered. We find the automated enzyme immunoassay to be precise and accurate, and for the first time it permits total automation of an immunoassay on a multichannel biochemical-profiling instrument. More importantly, it represents the first time that a thyroid-function test has been included in a multitest biochemical screening profile performed on a single automated instrument.", "PMID": 318936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6695", "title": "Development and use of analytical systems based on mass spectrometry.", "content": "Contemporary analytical systems based on mass spectrometry include as components a gas chromatograph, a mass spectrometer, and a computer. The form of operation is usually in electron impact ionization mode for identification and structural studies, and in chemical ionization mode for quantitative analyses. Important stages in the development of these systems included the design of \"molecule separators\" for the concentration of solutes in the gas phase, the use of mass spectrometers as specific ion detectors, the introduction of chemical ionization techniques, and the development of computer-based operation, data acquisition, and data analysis capabilities. A current line of investigation is concerned with the design and use of systems based on atmospheric pressure ionization. Samples are ionized in a small reaction chamber external to the low-pressure region of a quadrupole mass analyzer. The primary source of electrons is a 63Ni foil or a corona discharge. The ionization process leading to positive ions involves a sequence of ion molecule reactions, usually electrons leads to carrier gas ions leads to reagent ions leads to sample component ions. Negative ions may be formed by direct electron attachment, or by ion molecule reactions that include new types of elimination reactions. The source will accept a variety of gases and solvents. The sample may be introduced in the gas phase without solvents, by probe injection, or in the effluent stream from a gas chromatograph. Samples may be introduced in the liquid phase in solvents by injection after the fashion of gas chromatography or in the effluent stream from a high-performance liquid chromatograph. The novel aspects of atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry lie in its versatility and high sensitivity of detection. Few clinical chemistry laboratories now use these systems. Significant future uses are likely to be in analytical work involving therapeutic drug monitoring and studies of drug metabolism, and in analyses for environmental biohazards including pesticides, herbicides, polyhalobiphenyls, dibenzodioxins, and other toxic compounds.", "contents": "Development and use of analytical systems based on mass spectrometry. Contemporary analytical systems based on mass spectrometry include as components a gas chromatograph, a mass spectrometer, and a computer. The form of operation is usually in electron impact ionization mode for identification and structural studies, and in chemical ionization mode for quantitative analyses. Important stages in the development of these systems included the design of \"molecule separators\" for the concentration of solutes in the gas phase, the use of mass spectrometers as specific ion detectors, the introduction of chemical ionization techniques, and the development of computer-based operation, data acquisition, and data analysis capabilities. A current line of investigation is concerned with the design and use of systems based on atmospheric pressure ionization. Samples are ionized in a small reaction chamber external to the low-pressure region of a quadrupole mass analyzer. The primary source of electrons is a 63Ni foil or a corona discharge. The ionization process leading to positive ions involves a sequence of ion molecule reactions, usually electrons leads to carrier gas ions leads to reagent ions leads to sample component ions. Negative ions may be formed by direct electron attachment, or by ion molecule reactions that include new types of elimination reactions. The source will accept a variety of gases and solvents. The sample may be introduced in the gas phase without solvents, by probe injection, or in the effluent stream from a gas chromatograph. Samples may be introduced in the liquid phase in solvents by injection after the fashion of gas chromatography or in the effluent stream from a high-performance liquid chromatograph. The novel aspects of atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry lie in its versatility and high sensitivity of detection. Few clinical chemistry laboratories now use these systems. Significant future uses are likely to be in analytical work involving therapeutic drug monitoring and studies of drug metabolism, and in analyses for environmental biohazards including pesticides, herbicides, polyhalobiphenyls, dibenzodioxins, and other toxic compounds.", "PMID": 318937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6696", "title": "A list of selected reference materials in clinical chemistry.", "content": "This is a compilation of reference materials suggested for scientists considering a laboratory reference collection in clinical chemistry, or for librarians seeking to develop or add to an up-t-o-date library collection. Nine areas are represented: general clinical chemistry; analytical methods, procedures, and techniques; calculations and statistics; the clinical laboratory; drugs and metabolism; enzymology; instrumentation, interpretation of data; and ready reference.", "contents": "A list of selected reference materials in clinical chemistry. This is a compilation of reference materials suggested for scientists considering a laboratory reference collection in clinical chemistry, or for librarians seeking to develop or add to an up-t-o-date library collection. Nine areas are represented: general clinical chemistry; analytical methods, procedures, and techniques; calculations and statistics; the clinical laboratory; drugs and metabolism; enzymology; instrumentation, interpretation of data; and ready reference.", "PMID": 318938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6697", "title": "Clinical relevance of polyamines as biochemical markers of tumor kinetics.", "content": "The polyamines, spermidine and spermine, and their diamine precursor, putrescine, constitute a unidirectional biosynthetic pathway whose biosynthetic enzymes and accumulation patterns appear to play important roles in the regulation of growth processes. Concentrations of these compounds in physiological fluids are low or undetectable under normal conditions, are elevated in patients with metastatic cancer, and are thought to reflect growth (putrescine concentrations) and cell turnover (spermidine concentrations) of the organism. Cancers are a broad spectrum of diseases in which there are altered growth fractions and cell-turnover fractions, and therefore cancer chemotherapeutic agents have been developed to take tumor kinetics into account. Because changes in polyamines in physiological fluids reflect cell kinetics, this review compiles evidence of their efficacy as biochemical markers of cancer and suggests their possible usefulness to clinicians in rapidly assessing tumor response to chemotherapy or to multimodality therapy.", "contents": "Clinical relevance of polyamines as biochemical markers of tumor kinetics. The polyamines, spermidine and spermine, and their diamine precursor, putrescine, constitute a unidirectional biosynthetic pathway whose biosynthetic enzymes and accumulation patterns appear to play important roles in the regulation of growth processes. Concentrations of these compounds in physiological fluids are low or undetectable under normal conditions, are elevated in patients with metastatic cancer, and are thought to reflect growth (putrescine concentrations) and cell turnover (spermidine concentrations) of the organism. Cancers are a broad spectrum of diseases in which there are altered growth fractions and cell-turnover fractions, and therefore cancer chemotherapeutic agents have been developed to take tumor kinetics into account. Because changes in polyamines in physiological fluids reflect cell kinetics, this review compiles evidence of their efficacy as biochemical markers of cancer and suggests their possible usefulness to clinicians in rapidly assessing tumor response to chemotherapy or to multimodality therapy.", "PMID": 318939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6698", "title": "Serum albumin: recent progress in the understanding of its structure and biosynthesis.", "content": "Major discoveries have been made in the past few years on the structure and mode of biosynthesis of serum albumin. The complete amino acid sequence of this protein has been determined, and its covalent structure shown to be a single peptide chain grouped into a series of nine disulfide-bonded loops. These loops appear to associate into three similar domains. By study of isolated fragments of the molecule it can be demonstrated that the binding of billirubin and the primary binding of long-chain fatty acids are functions of separate domains. The biosynthesis of albumin has been found to involve a precursor form, termed \"proalbumin\", in which a basic hexapeptide is attached to the amino end of the chain. Similar precursor forms are now known to have a role in the formation of other secreted proteins, but in the case of albumin the purpose of the additional peptide is not clear. Clinical methodology for albumin assay has advanced but little despite--or perhaps in part because of--the increasing use of automation. Hope for improvement is foreseen in the advent of immunochemical procedures and in a better understanding of the specificity of dye-binding reactions.", "contents": "Serum albumin: recent progress in the understanding of its structure and biosynthesis. Major discoveries have been made in the past few years on the structure and mode of biosynthesis of serum albumin. The complete amino acid sequence of this protein has been determined, and its covalent structure shown to be a single peptide chain grouped into a series of nine disulfide-bonded loops. These loops appear to associate into three similar domains. By study of isolated fragments of the molecule it can be demonstrated that the binding of billirubin and the primary binding of long-chain fatty acids are functions of separate domains. The biosynthesis of albumin has been found to involve a precursor form, termed \"proalbumin\", in which a basic hexapeptide is attached to the amino end of the chain. Similar precursor forms are now known to have a role in the formation of other secreted proteins, but in the case of albumin the purpose of the additional peptide is not clear. Clinical methodology for albumin assay has advanced but little despite--or perhaps in part because of--the increasing use of automation. Hope for improvement is foreseen in the advent of immunochemical procedures and in a better understanding of the specificity of dye-binding reactions.", "PMID": 318940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6699", "title": "Use of saliva in therapeutic drug monitoring.", "content": "We measured the concentrations of phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, ethosuximide, antipyrine, and caffeine in paired samples of saliva and plasma by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer (GC/MS/COM) and enzyme immunoassay. Mixed saliva was collected for the antipyrine and caffeine studies, parotid saliva for the phenobarbital, primidone, ethosuximide and phenytoin studies. The saliva/plasma (S/P) ratios (by weight) obtained by GC/MS/COM were: phenobarbital, 0.31-0.37; phenytoin, 0.11; ethosuximide, 1.04; antipyrine, 0.83-0.95; caffeine, 0.55. The S/P ratio obtained by enzyme immunoassay were: phenobarbital, 0.32; phenytoin, 0.12; primidone, 0.85. The concentrations of phenytoin, primidone, ethosuximide and antipyrine in saliva correspond to the free fraction of the drug in plasma. When we analyzed samples containing phenobarbital or phenytoin (plasma or saliva) by both techniques, we found that the enzyme immunoassay values were generally higher than GC/MS/COM values, suggesting that the metabolites as well as the parent drug were measured in the immunoassay.", "contents": "Use of saliva in therapeutic drug monitoring. We measured the concentrations of phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, ethosuximide, antipyrine, and caffeine in paired samples of saliva and plasma by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer (GC/MS/COM) and enzyme immunoassay. Mixed saliva was collected for the antipyrine and caffeine studies, parotid saliva for the phenobarbital, primidone, ethosuximide and phenytoin studies. The saliva/plasma (S/P) ratios (by weight) obtained by GC/MS/COM were: phenobarbital, 0.31-0.37; phenytoin, 0.11; ethosuximide, 1.04; antipyrine, 0.83-0.95; caffeine, 0.55. The S/P ratio obtained by enzyme immunoassay were: phenobarbital, 0.32; phenytoin, 0.12; primidone, 0.85. The concentrations of phenytoin, primidone, ethosuximide and antipyrine in saliva correspond to the free fraction of the drug in plasma. When we analyzed samples containing phenobarbital or phenytoin (plasma or saliva) by both techniques, we found that the enzyme immunoassay values were generally higher than GC/MS/COM values, suggesting that the metabolites as well as the parent drug were measured in the immunoassay.", "PMID": 318941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6700", "title": "Urinary excretion of immunologically reactive metabolite(s) after intranasal administration of cocaine, as followed by enzyme immunoassay.", "content": "Using the enzyme immunoassay technique (EMIT), we determined the time course of urinary excretion of benzoylecgonine in 16 surgical patients and three volunteers who received intranasal cocaine. After doses varying from 13 to 130 mg, the test for benzoylecgonine was positive in 1 to 4 h, peaked at about 10 to 12 h, remained positive for 18 to 27 h, and became negative after about 17 h. This information should be considered by drug dependency treatment programs in which the EMIT procedure is used to screen urines for cocaine use.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of immunologically reactive metabolite(s) after intranasal administration of cocaine, as followed by enzyme immunoassay. Using the enzyme immunoassay technique (EMIT), we determined the time course of urinary excretion of benzoylecgonine in 16 surgical patients and three volunteers who received intranasal cocaine. After doses varying from 13 to 130 mg, the test for benzoylecgonine was positive in 1 to 4 h, peaked at about 10 to 12 h, remained positive for 18 to 27 h, and became negative after about 17 h. This information should be considered by drug dependency treatment programs in which the EMIT procedure is used to screen urines for cocaine use.", "PMID": 318942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6701", "title": "Identification of urinary metabolites of sodium dipropylacetate in man; potential sources of interference in organic acid screening procedures.", "content": "Organic acid screening of urine samples from two children with neurological disease demonstrated the presence of two unknown metabolites. The children were receiving an antiepileptic drug, sodium dipropylacetate. The major abnormal compound has been shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to be 3-oxodipropylacetic acid, a previously unidentified metabolite of dipropylacetate in man, while the minor metabolite was indentified as 2-(n-propyl)-glutaric acid.", "contents": "Identification of urinary metabolites of sodium dipropylacetate in man; potential sources of interference in organic acid screening procedures. Organic acid screening of urine samples from two children with neurological disease demonstrated the presence of two unknown metabolites. The children were receiving an antiepileptic drug, sodium dipropylacetate. The major abnormal compound has been shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to be 3-oxodipropylacetic acid, a previously unidentified metabolite of dipropylacetate in man, while the minor metabolite was indentified as 2-(n-propyl)-glutaric acid.", "PMID": 318946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6702", "title": "Glomerular lesions in patients with asymptomatic persistent andorthostatic proteinuria discovered on routine medical examination.", "content": "The incidence of asymptomatic proteinuria in young healthy men entering the army service in Singapore was 0.94%; 0.56% had intermittent orthostatic proteinuria and 0.38% with persistent proteinuria. Renal biopsies from 45 cases with persistent proteinuria and 10 cases with orthostatic proteinuria were studied by light microscopy, electron microscopic and immunofluorescent antibody techniques. Three cases with orthostatic proteinuria showed a minimal lesion ('Nil'), and 7 a minimal lesion with increased centrilobular mesangial matrix and mild focal and segmental mesangial hypercellularity. Focal and segmental capillary loop changes were seen in two cases. No immunoglobulin deposits were found in orthostatic proteinuria. A raised anti-streptolysin O titer was found in 3 cases. 13.3% of cases with persistent proteinuria showed a minimal lesion ('Nil'); 66.6% a minimal lesion with increased centrilobular mesangial matrix and mild focal and segmental mesangial hypercellularity: Focal global sclerosis, focal segmental sclerosing glomerulonephritis and diffuse proliferative GN (mesangial hypercellularity) were each found in 6.7% of patients in this group. Focal and segmental changes in capillary loops were found in 30% of cases. Changes in visceral epithelium such as the appearance of cytoplasmic swelling, vesicles and dense aggregates, and areas of focal foot process fusion were common findings. Mesangial deposits of IgA were found in 34.3%, with an IgA-IgG-beta1C globulin combination in 28.6% of cases. IgM-beta1C globulin was present in 5.7% of cases with persistent proteinuria. Early complement components, C1q and C4, and IgA secretory piece were absent. A raised antistreptolysin O titer was found in 25% of cases. The changes inthe glomeruli may represent the end or healing stages of an early bout of glomerulonephritis. Changed hemodynamic responses on assuming an upright position may play a role in the loss of protein across the glomerular basement membrane in patients with orthostatic proteinuria.", "contents": "Glomerular lesions in patients with asymptomatic persistent andorthostatic proteinuria discovered on routine medical examination. The incidence of asymptomatic proteinuria in young healthy men entering the army service in Singapore was 0.94%; 0.56% had intermittent orthostatic proteinuria and 0.38% with persistent proteinuria. Renal biopsies from 45 cases with persistent proteinuria and 10 cases with orthostatic proteinuria were studied by light microscopy, electron microscopic and immunofluorescent antibody techniques. Three cases with orthostatic proteinuria showed a minimal lesion ('Nil'), and 7 a minimal lesion with increased centrilobular mesangial matrix and mild focal and segmental mesangial hypercellularity. Focal and segmental capillary loop changes were seen in two cases. No immunoglobulin deposits were found in orthostatic proteinuria. A raised anti-streptolysin O titer was found in 3 cases. 13.3% of cases with persistent proteinuria showed a minimal lesion ('Nil'); 66.6% a minimal lesion with increased centrilobular mesangial matrix and mild focal and segmental mesangial hypercellularity: Focal global sclerosis, focal segmental sclerosing glomerulonephritis and diffuse proliferative GN (mesangial hypercellularity) were each found in 6.7% of patients in this group. Focal and segmental changes in capillary loops were found in 30% of cases. Changes in visceral epithelium such as the appearance of cytoplasmic swelling, vesicles and dense aggregates, and areas of focal foot process fusion were common findings. Mesangial deposits of IgA were found in 34.3%, with an IgA-IgG-beta1C globulin combination in 28.6% of cases. IgM-beta1C globulin was present in 5.7% of cases with persistent proteinuria. Early complement components, C1q and C4, and IgA secretory piece were absent. A raised antistreptolysin O titer was found in 25% of cases. The changes inthe glomeruli may represent the end or healing stages of an early bout of glomerulonephritis. Changed hemodynamic responses on assuming an upright position may play a role in the loss of protein across the glomerular basement membrane in patients with orthostatic proteinuria.", "PMID": 318947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6703", "title": "Dense deposit disease: long term follow-up of three cases of recurrence after transplantation.", "content": "The incidence and early recurrence after transplantation prove the specificity of the appearance of an electron dense alteration of kidney basement membrane often called dense intra-membranous deposit disease. Three new cases with dense deposit disease affecting the original kidneys have been followed-up after transplantation for periods ranging from 4 to 8 years and illustrate the natural history of the recurrence. Serial kidney biopsies showed the predominance of dense deposits near the mesangial area and the vascular pole. These deposits were also seen in some tubular basement membranes. Absence of cell proliferation was noted in all biopsies performed. Immunofluorescence studies revealed fixation of C3 alone. Histological signs of recurrence are compatible with the absence of clinical and biological signs. Transient or permanent proteinuria and microhematuria were common findings. Serum complement levels, measured after transplantation, were low in all three cases. Despite recurrence of the original glomerulonephritis, long-term survival of the graft was commonly observed, two cases being followed-up for 7 and 8 years. Patients with dense intra-membranous deposits glomerulonephritis should not be excluded from a transplantation program. One of the three cases reported here illustrates the exceptional association of recurrence of dense intramembranous deposits, de novo membranous glomerulonephritis and chronic rejection.", "contents": "Dense deposit disease: long term follow-up of three cases of recurrence after transplantation. The incidence and early recurrence after transplantation prove the specificity of the appearance of an electron dense alteration of kidney basement membrane often called dense intra-membranous deposit disease. Three new cases with dense deposit disease affecting the original kidneys have been followed-up after transplantation for periods ranging from 4 to 8 years and illustrate the natural history of the recurrence. Serial kidney biopsies showed the predominance of dense deposits near the mesangial area and the vascular pole. These deposits were also seen in some tubular basement membranes. Absence of cell proliferation was noted in all biopsies performed. Immunofluorescence studies revealed fixation of C3 alone. Histological signs of recurrence are compatible with the absence of clinical and biological signs. Transient or permanent proteinuria and microhematuria were common findings. Serum complement levels, measured after transplantation, were low in all three cases. Despite recurrence of the original glomerulonephritis, long-term survival of the graft was commonly observed, two cases being followed-up for 7 and 8 years. Patients with dense intra-membranous deposits glomerulonephritis should not be excluded from a transplantation program. One of the three cases reported here illustrates the exceptional association of recurrence of dense intramembranous deposits, de novo membranous glomerulonephritis and chronic rejection.", "PMID": 318948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6704", "title": "Nephropathy in cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "content": "Three children with cyanotic congenital heart disease who developed transient proteinuria and edema are described. One died of an intercurrent illness but the other two are now well. Renal biopsy findings in all three children demonstrated a mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis on light microscopy. An unusual ultrastructural appearance of localized electron-dense thickening of the basement membrane of the capillary loops was seen in all three and collagen fibers were present in the mesangium of two. There was slight fusion of foot processes in two specimens and marked fusion in the third. Immunofluorescence in two patients demonstrated IgM staining in both and fibrin in one. The cause of the glomerular lesions is unknown but, among the many possible factors involved, anoxia and increased venous pressure may be important.", "contents": "Nephropathy in cyanotic congenital heart disease. Three children with cyanotic congenital heart disease who developed transient proteinuria and edema are described. One died of an intercurrent illness but the other two are now well. Renal biopsy findings in all three children demonstrated a mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis on light microscopy. An unusual ultrastructural appearance of localized electron-dense thickening of the basement membrane of the capillary loops was seen in all three and collagen fibers were present in the mesangium of two. There was slight fusion of foot processes in two specimens and marked fusion in the third. Immunofluorescence in two patients demonstrated IgM staining in both and fibrin in one. The cause of the glomerular lesions is unknown but, among the many possible factors involved, anoxia and increased venous pressure may be important.", "PMID": 318949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6705", "title": "Antihypertensive effects of tolamolol.", "content": "The antihypertensive and renin-lowering efficacy and side effects of tolamolol, a beta adrenergic blocking drug with cardioselectivity, were examined in 10 patients with mild essential hypertension while on regular diet. Tolamol, at a dose of 300 to 900 mg per day, given over a period of 2 to 4 wk significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both the recumbent and standing positions. Normal blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg or less) was attained in 8 subjects. Mean heart rate and ambulatory midday plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased significantly; however, there was no significant correlation between blood pressure decrease and either the pretreatment PRA or decrease in PRA. Body weight did not change significantly. No adverse side effects were detected and no changes in the liver or renal function or in the blood count were observed. It is concluded that tolamolol is effective in lowering blood pressure and PRA in patients with hypertension.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effects of tolamolol. The antihypertensive and renin-lowering efficacy and side effects of tolamolol, a beta adrenergic blocking drug with cardioselectivity, were examined in 10 patients with mild essential hypertension while on regular diet. Tolamol, at a dose of 300 to 900 mg per day, given over a period of 2 to 4 wk significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both the recumbent and standing positions. Normal blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg or less) was attained in 8 subjects. Mean heart rate and ambulatory midday plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased significantly; however, there was no significant correlation between blood pressure decrease and either the pretreatment PRA or decrease in PRA. Body weight did not change significantly. No adverse side effects were detected and no changes in the liver or renal function or in the blood count were observed. It is concluded that tolamolol is effective in lowering blood pressure and PRA in patients with hypertension.", "PMID": 318950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6706", "title": "Analgesic efficacy of an orally administered combination of pentazocine and aspirin. With observations on the use and statistical efficiency of GLOBAL subjective efficacy ratings.", "content": "The analgesic efficacy of a combination of pentazocine and aspirin (PA) in the ration 1:13 was compared with that of 650 mg of aspirin alone (A650) and with placebo (PBO), in 98 patients with postoperative pain. Two dose levels of the combination were compared: the lower dose (PA-L) consisted of pentazocine 25 mg and aspirin 325 mg, while the higher dose (PA-H) consisted of pentazocine 50 mg and aspirin 650 mg. All active treatments performed significantly better than PBO. PA-L performed as well as A650, while PA-H performed significantly better than A650. In addition to the usual subjective measures of analgesia, we obtained in 74 patients an evaluation of the overall (GLOBAL) performance of the treatment. This was rated on an ordinal scale of 1 (\"poor\") to 5 (\"excellent\"). On the GLOBAL scale, PBO had a mean score of 2.4 (fair-good); A650 and PA-L had scores of 3.6 and 3.9 respectively (good-very good): and PA-H had a score of 4.5 (very good-excellent). In five of six comparisons between treatment means, GLOBAL had the best discriminating power of all six measures. In the two comparisons of greatest interest (A650 against PBO and PA-H against A650), GLOBAL was more than twice as efficient as the TOTAL (summed pain score) measure. In comparing the statistical efficiency of different measures of the same analgesic effect, there is a problem in determining what are \"clinically equivalent differences\" on the various analgesic scales employed. We propose the use of the observed sample differences and the safeguard of repeating the comparisons over several studies to minimize the effect of random-origin bias.", "contents": "Analgesic efficacy of an orally administered combination of pentazocine and aspirin. With observations on the use and statistical efficiency of GLOBAL subjective efficacy ratings. The analgesic efficacy of a combination of pentazocine and aspirin (PA) in the ration 1:13 was compared with that of 650 mg of aspirin alone (A650) and with placebo (PBO), in 98 patients with postoperative pain. Two dose levels of the combination were compared: the lower dose (PA-L) consisted of pentazocine 25 mg and aspirin 325 mg, while the higher dose (PA-H) consisted of pentazocine 50 mg and aspirin 650 mg. All active treatments performed significantly better than PBO. PA-L performed as well as A650, while PA-H performed significantly better than A650. In addition to the usual subjective measures of analgesia, we obtained in 74 patients an evaluation of the overall (GLOBAL) performance of the treatment. This was rated on an ordinal scale of 1 (\"poor\") to 5 (\"excellent\"). On the GLOBAL scale, PBO had a mean score of 2.4 (fair-good); A650 and PA-L had scores of 3.6 and 3.9 respectively (good-very good): and PA-H had a score of 4.5 (very good-excellent). In five of six comparisons between treatment means, GLOBAL had the best discriminating power of all six measures. In the two comparisons of greatest interest (A650 against PBO and PA-H against A650), GLOBAL was more than twice as efficient as the TOTAL (summed pain score) measure. In comparing the statistical efficiency of different measures of the same analgesic effect, there is a problem in determining what are \"clinically equivalent differences\" on the various analgesic scales employed. We propose the use of the observed sample differences and the safeguard of repeating the comparisons over several studies to minimize the effect of random-origin bias.", "PMID": 318951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6707", "title": "Spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide in normal-renin and low-renin essential hypertension.", "content": "The relative blood pressure response and side effects of spironolactone (S), 400 mg/day, and hydrochlorothiazide (H), 100 mg/day, were evaluated in a double-masked crossed comparison. Subjects were 24 essential hypertensives, 13 normal and 11 with low renin activity. Upright renin levels were determined in the AM after 3 days of moderately low sodium diet (less than 100 mEq/day) and at the end of each drug treatment period. The values were not revealed to one investigator until completion of the study. After 4-week placebo control periods, either S or H was given in divided doses for 6 weeks. Blood pressure measurements and side effects were evaluated at biweekly intervals. The fall in blood pressure from control was the same for each drug and was independent of renin activity. Side effects occurred more often in patients treated with S, and H was judged superior by risk/benefit analysis. We conclude that S is no more beneficial than H in hypertensive patients with either low or normal renin activity but induces a higher incidence of adverse effects in the dose used in this study. We found no evidence for a greater effectiveness of S in low-renin essential hypertension.", "contents": "Spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide in normal-renin and low-renin essential hypertension. The relative blood pressure response and side effects of spironolactone (S), 400 mg/day, and hydrochlorothiazide (H), 100 mg/day, were evaluated in a double-masked crossed comparison. Subjects were 24 essential hypertensives, 13 normal and 11 with low renin activity. Upright renin levels were determined in the AM after 3 days of moderately low sodium diet (less than 100 mEq/day) and at the end of each drug treatment period. The values were not revealed to one investigator until completion of the study. After 4-week placebo control periods, either S or H was given in divided doses for 6 weeks. Blood pressure measurements and side effects were evaluated at biweekly intervals. The fall in blood pressure from control was the same for each drug and was independent of renin activity. Side effects occurred more often in patients treated with S, and H was judged superior by risk/benefit analysis. We conclude that S is no more beneficial than H in hypertensive patients with either low or normal renin activity but induces a higher incidence of adverse effects in the dose used in this study. We found no evidence for a greater effectiveness of S in low-renin essential hypertension.", "PMID": 318952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6708", "title": "Sealant retention and effects on occlusal caries after 2 years in a public program.", "content": "A clinical trial of one application of Nuva-Seal fissure sealant was conducted under School Dental Service conditions in a low-income area of London. The sealant was applied to one of a cariesfree pair of permanent teeth by schools' dentists, the other tooth being left as a control. One examiner, who did not apply the sealant, conducted examinations at baseline, after 6 months, and after 2 years. There were 118 children, initially aged 5-12, who remained in the trial after 2 years. The sealant was fully retained on 27.4 % of the teeth, partially retained on 40.6 %, and missing on 17.9 %. The remaining 14.1 % of teeth had been restored. There was no statistically significant difference between subjects who had less decay in sealed teeth and those who had less decay in control teeth. The sealant was 13.6 % effective (not significant, P less than 0.4) in preventing caries in sealed teeth. These results are less favorable than those in other trials reported. The potential role of fissure sealants in a School Dental Service is discussed.", "contents": "Sealant retention and effects on occlusal caries after 2 years in a public program. A clinical trial of one application of Nuva-Seal fissure sealant was conducted under School Dental Service conditions in a low-income area of London. The sealant was applied to one of a cariesfree pair of permanent teeth by schools' dentists, the other tooth being left as a control. One examiner, who did not apply the sealant, conducted examinations at baseline, after 6 months, and after 2 years. There were 118 children, initially aged 5-12, who remained in the trial after 2 years. The sealant was fully retained on 27.4 % of the teeth, partially retained on 40.6 %, and missing on 17.9 %. The remaining 14.1 % of teeth had been restored. There was no statistically significant difference between subjects who had less decay in sealed teeth and those who had less decay in control teeth. The sealant was 13.6 % effective (not significant, P less than 0.4) in preventing caries in sealed teeth. These results are less favorable than those in other trials reported. The potential role of fissure sealants in a School Dental Service is discussed.", "PMID": 318957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6709", "title": "Effect of high-concentration ammonium and sodium fluoride rinses on dental caries in schoolchildren.", "content": "A double-blind clinical trial was conducted in a non-fluoridated community to determine the effect on enamel fluoride and caries experience of daily rinsing in school with 1,000 parts/10(6) solutions of ammonium fluoride or sodium fluoride at pH 4.4. Subjects were 10- to 12-year-old children (n approximately equal to 200/group at baseline), about one-half of whom reported the usage of fluoride supplements. Dental caries (DFS index) and enamel fluoride (in vivo biopsy) were evaluated at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Supplement users had higher enamel fluoride levels and less caries experience initially, as well as generally lower caries increments over the study. In year 1, the overall caries reductions (supplement users and non-users combined) were 23 % (ammonium fluoride) and 33 % (sodium fluoride), P less than 0.01. For year 2, treatment effects were significantly greater: 54 % (ammonium fluoride) and 47 % (sodium fluoride). In newly erupted teeth, the effects of the ammonium fluoride (70 % DFS reduction) was significantly greater (P = 0.013) than that of the sodium fluoride (48 % DFS reduction). Enamel fluoride levels at the end of 2 years were 3,124 parts/10(6) (ammonium fluoride), 2,771 parts/10(6) (sodium fluoride), and 2,603 parts/10(6) (placebo), P = 0.025.", "contents": "Effect of high-concentration ammonium and sodium fluoride rinses on dental caries in schoolchildren. A double-blind clinical trial was conducted in a non-fluoridated community to determine the effect on enamel fluoride and caries experience of daily rinsing in school with 1,000 parts/10(6) solutions of ammonium fluoride or sodium fluoride at pH 4.4. Subjects were 10- to 12-year-old children (n approximately equal to 200/group at baseline), about one-half of whom reported the usage of fluoride supplements. Dental caries (DFS index) and enamel fluoride (in vivo biopsy) were evaluated at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Supplement users had higher enamel fluoride levels and less caries experience initially, as well as generally lower caries increments over the study. In year 1, the overall caries reductions (supplement users and non-users combined) were 23 % (ammonium fluoride) and 33 % (sodium fluoride), P less than 0.01. For year 2, treatment effects were significantly greater: 54 % (ammonium fluoride) and 47 % (sodium fluoride). In newly erupted teeth, the effects of the ammonium fluoride (70 % DFS reduction) was significantly greater (P = 0.013) than that of the sodium fluoride (48 % DFS reduction). Enamel fluoride levels at the end of 2 years were 3,124 parts/10(6) (ammonium fluoride), 2,771 parts/10(6) (sodium fluoride), and 2,603 parts/10(6) (placebo), P = 0.025.", "PMID": 318958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6710", "title": "A comparative study of subcutaneously administered terbutaline and epinephrine in the treatment of acute bronchial asthma.", "content": "Terbutaline, a new bronchodilator drug reported to have selective affinity for beta 2-adrenergic receptors, was compared with epinephrine in the treatment of 49 adult subjects with acute bronchial asthma. Under double-blind conditions, 24 subjects received 1.0 mg of terbutaline sulfate, and 25 subjects received 0.5 mg of epinephrine hydrochloride subcutaneously. Spirometric measurements, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as subjective responses, were recorded prior to, and then at 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after administration of the drug. The results indicate that terbutaline is an effective bronchodilator drug in subjects with acute asthma; however, the heart rate rose significantly after administration of terbutaline, with a maximal increase of 25 percent above control. Review of the literature reveals that tachycardia is a consistent finding when subcutaneous doses of terbutaline in excess of 0.25 mg are administered. Stimulation of beta 1-adrenergic receptors in the heart appears to be the most important factor involved in this response. A lesser cardioaccelerator effect was observed after administering epinephrine in a dose producing an equivalent degree of bronchodilatation.", "contents": "A comparative study of subcutaneously administered terbutaline and epinephrine in the treatment of acute bronchial asthma. Terbutaline, a new bronchodilator drug reported to have selective affinity for beta 2-adrenergic receptors, was compared with epinephrine in the treatment of 49 adult subjects with acute bronchial asthma. Under double-blind conditions, 24 subjects received 1.0 mg of terbutaline sulfate, and 25 subjects received 0.5 mg of epinephrine hydrochloride subcutaneously. Spirometric measurements, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as subjective responses, were recorded prior to, and then at 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after administration of the drug. The results indicate that terbutaline is an effective bronchodilator drug in subjects with acute asthma; however, the heart rate rose significantly after administration of terbutaline, with a maximal increase of 25 percent above control. Review of the literature reveals that tachycardia is a consistent finding when subcutaneous doses of terbutaline in excess of 0.25 mg are administered. Stimulation of beta 1-adrenergic receptors in the heart appears to be the most important factor involved in this response. A lesser cardioaccelerator effect was observed after administering epinephrine in a dose producing an equivalent degree of bronchodilatation.", "PMID": 318965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6711", "title": "Response profiles: A method of evaluating the activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against Enterobacteria.", "content": "A method is described which may be used to compare the relative activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against gram-negative bacilli. The method offers several important advantages over conventional methods of evaluation of the antibacterial activity of beta-lactam agents: the bacterial inoculum is simply and accurately standardized; the response of the culture is continuously monitored and information is obtained on both the intrinsic activity of the agent and its susceptibility to enterobacterial beta-lactamases. In this way, differences in the antibacterial activity of compounds which appear similar on the basis of more conventional tests may be revealed.", "contents": "Response profiles: A method of evaluating the activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against Enterobacteria. A method is described which may be used to compare the relative activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against gram-negative bacilli. The method offers several important advantages over conventional methods of evaluation of the antibacterial activity of beta-lactam agents: the bacterial inoculum is simply and accurately standardized; the response of the culture is continuously monitored and information is obtained on both the intrinsic activity of the agent and its susceptibility to enterobacterial beta-lactamases. In this way, differences in the antibacterial activity of compounds which appear similar on the basis of more conventional tests may be revealed.", "PMID": 318970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6712", "title": "Effect of fosfomycin on the fecal microflora of man.", "content": "Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is known to cause changes in the intestinal microflora of man. The present study was initiated to determine the effect of oral fosfomycin calcium on several groups of microorganisms indigenous to the gut. Data from this double-blind study indicate that 2 g of fosfomycin given daily in four divided doses for 28 days increased the incidence of soft stools. No significant changes in numbers of staphylococci or Candida were observed during treatment. Although there was no significant change in total coliforms, the numbers of E. coli decreased markedly from 10(5) to 10(2) organisms/g feces. Concurrent with this decrease, the Klebsiella-Enterobacter counts increased from 10(3) to 10(6) organisms/g feces. Two weeks posttreatment the E. coli and the Klebsiella-Enterobacter counts approached pretreatment levels. These observations are similar to those reported for ampicillin. During the course of treatment when the E. coli dropped precipitously the few surviving E. coli still were suceptible to fosfomycin as determined by an agar diffusion disc test.", "contents": "Effect of fosfomycin on the fecal microflora of man. Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is known to cause changes in the intestinal microflora of man. The present study was initiated to determine the effect of oral fosfomycin calcium on several groups of microorganisms indigenous to the gut. Data from this double-blind study indicate that 2 g of fosfomycin given daily in four divided doses for 28 days increased the incidence of soft stools. No significant changes in numbers of staphylococci or Candida were observed during treatment. Although there was no significant change in total coliforms, the numbers of E. coli decreased markedly from 10(5) to 10(2) organisms/g feces. Concurrent with this decrease, the Klebsiella-Enterobacter counts increased from 10(3) to 10(6) organisms/g feces. Two weeks posttreatment the E. coli and the Klebsiella-Enterobacter counts approached pretreatment levels. These observations are similar to those reported for ampicillin. During the course of treatment when the E. coli dropped precipitously the few surviving E. coli still were suceptible to fosfomycin as determined by an agar diffusion disc test.", "PMID": 318971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6713", "title": "Genetic localization of the resistance to fosfomycin.", "content": "The possible existence of a transferable resistance to fosfomycin was studied in 50 strains of enterobacteria that were isolated in our hospital and which showed a resistance to fosfomycin of more than 256 mug/ml. E. coli K12 E711 was used as a receptor strain in the conjugation -- the times of conjugation were 20 min and 18 h. We found a transferable resistance in 28% of the strains. In all but one of the cases, only the resistance to fosfomycin was transferred. The recombinant which received the resistance to fosfomycin together with three other resistances was used as the donor for the transduction with the phage P1Kc to the receptor strain which was E. coli UTH 1038. A study was carried out on the influence of the radiation of the transducing phages with ultraviolet light on the frequency of transduction. The findings demonstrated a linear decrease in the frequency in proportion to the increase in the time of radiation.", "contents": "Genetic localization of the resistance to fosfomycin. The possible existence of a transferable resistance to fosfomycin was studied in 50 strains of enterobacteria that were isolated in our hospital and which showed a resistance to fosfomycin of more than 256 mug/ml. E. coli K12 E711 was used as a receptor strain in the conjugation -- the times of conjugation were 20 min and 18 h. We found a transferable resistance in 28% of the strains. In all but one of the cases, only the resistance to fosfomycin was transferred. The recombinant which received the resistance to fosfomycin together with three other resistances was used as the donor for the transduction with the phage P1Kc to the receptor strain which was E. coli UTH 1038. A study was carried out on the influence of the radiation of the transducing phages with ultraviolet light on the frequency of transduction. The findings demonstrated a linear decrease in the frequency in proportion to the increase in the time of radiation.", "PMID": 318972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6714", "title": "Fosfomycin and plasmidic resistance.", "content": "60 fosfomycin-resistant strains of gram-negative bacilli are submitted to conjugation experiments using as recipient cell E. coli K12 which is nalidixic acid resistant. After mating, the number of fosfomycin-resistant E. coli K2 colonies growing on selection plates containing nalidixic acid and fosfomycin never surpassed the normal rate of mutation for fosfomycin-resistance of the recipient strain. In 65% of the experiments, plasmidic resistance to other antimicrobials was transferred to E. coli K12, but was never accompanied by demonstrable fosfomycin resistance. High rate of normal mutation of recipient strain is signaled as the main problem for detecting the plasmidic nature of fosfomycin resistance. With our criteria regarding this fact we have been unable to confirm the plasmidic nature of fosfomycin resistance.", "contents": "Fosfomycin and plasmidic resistance. 60 fosfomycin-resistant strains of gram-negative bacilli are submitted to conjugation experiments using as recipient cell E. coli K12 which is nalidixic acid resistant. After mating, the number of fosfomycin-resistant E. coli K2 colonies growing on selection plates containing nalidixic acid and fosfomycin never surpassed the normal rate of mutation for fosfomycin-resistance of the recipient strain. In 65% of the experiments, plasmidic resistance to other antimicrobials was transferred to E. coli K12, but was never accompanied by demonstrable fosfomycin resistance. High rate of normal mutation of recipient strain is signaled as the main problem for detecting the plasmidic nature of fosfomycin resistance. With our criteria regarding this fact we have been unable to confirm the plasmidic nature of fosfomycin resistance.", "PMID": 318973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6715", "title": "Bactericidal activity of tinidazole. An in vitro comparison of the effects of tinidazole and metronidazole against Bacteroides fragilis and other Anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "The new antiprotozoal agent, tinidazole, was found to be bactericidal against all 52 isolates of obligate anaerobic bacteria tested, 42 Bacteroides fragilis, 4 clostridia and 6 peptostreptococci. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of tinidazole for B. fragilis ranged from 0.25 to 4 mug/ml, and those of metronidazole from 0.25 to 8 mug/ml, i.e. several times lower than the serum concentrations achievable after oral administration. In most cases the MIC was identical with MBC or half of it. On the average, tinidazole was slightly more effective against B. fragilis than metronidazole. Although essentially the activities of the two drugs were positively correlated, there was a fourfold difference in their MBC for 10 of the 42 B. fragilis.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of tinidazole. An in vitro comparison of the effects of tinidazole and metronidazole against Bacteroides fragilis and other Anaerobic bacteria. The new antiprotozoal agent, tinidazole, was found to be bactericidal against all 52 isolates of obligate anaerobic bacteria tested, 42 Bacteroides fragilis, 4 clostridia and 6 peptostreptococci. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of tinidazole for B. fragilis ranged from 0.25 to 4 mug/ml, and those of metronidazole from 0.25 to 8 mug/ml, i.e. several times lower than the serum concentrations achievable after oral administration. In most cases the MIC was identical with MBC or half of it. On the average, tinidazole was slightly more effective against B. fragilis than metronidazole. Although essentially the activities of the two drugs were positively correlated, there was a fourfold difference in their MBC for 10 of the 42 B. fragilis.", "PMID": 318974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6716", "title": "Enteropathogenic E. coli gastroenterocolitis in neonates treated with fosfomycin.", "content": "The effect of calcium salt of fosfomycin in the treatment of 43 neonates suffering from acute gastroenterocolitis produced by enteropathogenic E. coli is evaluated. The minimal inhibitory concentration of these E. coli was, generally, lower than 128 mug/ml. Dosages of 150-200 mg/kg body weight/day were administered orally every 8 h. This treatment lasted for 4 days only. Clinical evolution was favorable in 38 (88%) babies and bacteriological evolution in 30 (70%). In eight cases a different flora to the initial was selected during the treatment with fosfomycin. None of the cases treated showed any toxic alteration attributed to the antibiotic.", "contents": "Enteropathogenic E. coli gastroenterocolitis in neonates treated with fosfomycin. The effect of calcium salt of fosfomycin in the treatment of 43 neonates suffering from acute gastroenterocolitis produced by enteropathogenic E. coli is evaluated. The minimal inhibitory concentration of these E. coli was, generally, lower than 128 mug/ml. Dosages of 150-200 mg/kg body weight/day were administered orally every 8 h. This treatment lasted for 4 days only. Clinical evolution was favorable in 38 (88%) babies and bacteriological evolution in 30 (70%). In eight cases a different flora to the initial was selected during the treatment with fosfomycin. None of the cases treated showed any toxic alteration attributed to the antibiotic.", "PMID": 318975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6717", "title": "Neurosurgical infection treated with fosfomycin and 6-methylprednisolone.", "content": "A left parietal parasagittal meningioma was removed in a 67-year-old female patient. In the postoperative period she had a neurosurgical cerebral suppurating infection: subdural, epidural and epicranial, connected to the exterior by several fistulas. In the operative revision and after a culture, the germ causing the infection, E. coli, was isolated. Treatment was begun with 16 g of intravenous fosfomycin and 120 mg daily of 6-methylprednisolone intramuscularly, and this treatment cured the patient.", "contents": "Neurosurgical infection treated with fosfomycin and 6-methylprednisolone. A left parietal parasagittal meningioma was removed in a 67-year-old female patient. In the postoperative period she had a neurosurgical cerebral suppurating infection: subdural, epidural and epicranial, connected to the exterior by several fistulas. In the operative revision and after a culture, the germ causing the infection, E. coli, was isolated. Treatment was begun with 16 g of intravenous fosfomycin and 120 mg daily of 6-methylprednisolone intramuscularly, and this treatment cured the patient.", "PMID": 318976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6718", "title": "Antibiotherapy of Serratia marcescens septicemia in children.", "content": "The clinical and bacteriological response of 38 treatments performed on 24 children (11 of them neonates) carrying out separate treatments with carbenicillin (2 treatments), gentamicin [4], fosfomycin [6], and associated treatments with gentamicin plus carbenicillin [6], fosfomycin plus gentamicin [18] and fosfomycin plus carbenicillin [2] are considered. The clinical cure was obtained in 21 children (87.5%). The most effective treatment was fosfomycin plus gentamicin; both antibiotics showed synergism in vitro on isolated Serratia strains. A dosage of 75 mg/kg fosfomycin enables serum levels of about 32 mug/ml during 4-5 h, being this level higher to the MIC of all isolated strains of S. marcescens.", "contents": "Antibiotherapy of Serratia marcescens septicemia in children. The clinical and bacteriological response of 38 treatments performed on 24 children (11 of them neonates) carrying out separate treatments with carbenicillin (2 treatments), gentamicin [4], fosfomycin [6], and associated treatments with gentamicin plus carbenicillin [6], fosfomycin plus gentamicin [18] and fosfomycin plus carbenicillin [2] are considered. The clinical cure was obtained in 21 children (87.5%). The most effective treatment was fosfomycin plus gentamicin; both antibiotics showed synergism in vitro on isolated Serratia strains. A dosage of 75 mg/kg fosfomycin enables serum levels of about 32 mug/ml during 4-5 h, being this level higher to the MIC of all isolated strains of S. marcescens.", "PMID": 318977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6719", "title": "Amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole in acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.", "content": "100 hospital patients suffered from acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 50 were treated with amoxycillin in a dose of 500 mg, three times a day for 10 days and the results compared with 50 patients treated with co-trimoxazole in a dose up to 480 mg trimethoprim and 2,400 mg of sulphamethoxazole daily in males, and two thirds of this dose in females. The trial was single-blind. During the acute phase of infection, both treatments were equally effective in clinical improvement, conversion of the sputum from purulent to mucoid, diminution of quantity and elimination of pathogenic bacteria. Amoxycillin was quicker in sputum conversion and gave less side effects, but the differences were not significant. During the 2-4 weeks following treatment, only a third of the patients who had received co-trimoxazole remained well and free from purulent relapse, as opposed to 72% who had received amoxycillin, a difference significant at the 2% level.", "contents": "Amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole in acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 100 hospital patients suffered from acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 50 were treated with amoxycillin in a dose of 500 mg, three times a day for 10 days and the results compared with 50 patients treated with co-trimoxazole in a dose up to 480 mg trimethoprim and 2,400 mg of sulphamethoxazole daily in males, and two thirds of this dose in females. The trial was single-blind. During the acute phase of infection, both treatments were equally effective in clinical improvement, conversion of the sputum from purulent to mucoid, diminution of quantity and elimination of pathogenic bacteria. Amoxycillin was quicker in sputum conversion and gave less side effects, but the differences were not significant. During the 2-4 weeks following treatment, only a third of the patients who had received co-trimoxazole remained well and free from purulent relapse, as opposed to 72% who had received amoxycillin, a difference significant at the 2% level.", "PMID": 318978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6720", "title": "Combined action of fosfomycin with beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "The combined action of fosfomycin with penicillin G, ampicillin and streptomycin was investigated. A total of 11 S. aureus and 10 E. coli were included in these studies. It has been shown that a combination of fosfomycin with penicillin G and streptomycin resulted in a synergistic effect. When S. aureus strains were tested, the combination of fosfomycin with penicillin G was more frequently effective than the combination of fosfomycin with streptomycin. The combinations of fosfomycin with ampicillin and streptomycin showed a similar synergistic effect on 7 of 10 E. coli strains. The antagonistic effect never resulted when the above-mentioned combination of antibiotics were used. The authors postulate that a combination of fosfomycin with beta-lactam or aminoglycoside antibiotics may be used in clinical practice and such a procedure should prevent an emergence of fosfomycin-resistant strains.", "contents": "Combined action of fosfomycin with beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics. The combined action of fosfomycin with penicillin G, ampicillin and streptomycin was investigated. A total of 11 S. aureus and 10 E. coli were included in these studies. It has been shown that a combination of fosfomycin with penicillin G and streptomycin resulted in a synergistic effect. When S. aureus strains were tested, the combination of fosfomycin with penicillin G was more frequently effective than the combination of fosfomycin with streptomycin. The combinations of fosfomycin with ampicillin and streptomycin showed a similar synergistic effect on 7 of 10 E. coli strains. The antagonistic effect never resulted when the above-mentioned combination of antibiotics were used. The authors postulate that a combination of fosfomycin with beta-lactam or aminoglycoside antibiotics may be used in clinical practice and such a procedure should prevent an emergence of fosfomycin-resistant strains.", "PMID": 318979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6721", "title": "Treatment of cefazolin in 45 cases of urinary tract infections.", "content": "We have treated 45 cases of urinary tract infection with cefazolin (i.m.) and cure was achieved in 35 (77.77%). 26 of the 28 patients (92.85%) with acute cystitis who received 250 mg every 12 h for 6-10 days were cured. 17 patients with pyelonephritis received 500 mg every 12 h during 10-14 days and therapeutical success was achieved in 9 of them (52.94%). Laboratory control was carried out at the initiation of therapy, at the end, and 1 month after therapy. Tolerance to injections of cefazolin was considered good and only in one case appeared a mild eosinophia.", "contents": "Treatment of cefazolin in 45 cases of urinary tract infections. We have treated 45 cases of urinary tract infection with cefazolin (i.m.) and cure was achieved in 35 (77.77%). 26 of the 28 patients (92.85%) with acute cystitis who received 250 mg every 12 h for 6-10 days were cured. 17 patients with pyelonephritis received 500 mg every 12 h during 10-14 days and therapeutical success was achieved in 9 of them (52.94%). Laboratory control was carried out at the initiation of therapy, at the end, and 1 month after therapy. Tolerance to injections of cefazolin was considered good and only in one case appeared a mild eosinophia.", "PMID": 318980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6722", "title": "Comparative studies on the evaluation of the effect of new anthelminthics on various intestinal helminthiasis in Iran. Effects of anthelminthics on intestinal helminthiasis.", "content": "The effect of pyrantel pamoate, levamisole, mebendazole, thiabendazole and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate on various intestinal helminths were evaluated among the inhabitants of four villages in the Dezful area southwest of Iran. A total number of 328 persons, all infected simultaneously with Ascaris and hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale) and 49.2% with Trichostrongylus spp., were randomly divided into six groups. One group was kept as the control and the other five were each treated with one compound. Follow-up examinations showed that all of the drugs used were highly effective on Ascaris, and the differences in the cure rate were not statistically significant except for bephenium hydroxynaphthoate which showed a lower cure rate. For hookworm, cure rates of 100, 90, and 85% were observed with levamisole, pyrantel pamoate and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, respectively. Cure rates observed with mebendazole and thiabendazole were 35 and 51%, respectively. For Trichostrongylus, the highest cure rate was achieved with levamisole, followed by thiabendazole and mebendazole. While the percentage of people showing side-effects was rather low for all drugs, thiabendazole and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate produced a higher, and levamisole a lower, percentage of side effects.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the evaluation of the effect of new anthelminthics on various intestinal helminthiasis in Iran. Effects of anthelminthics on intestinal helminthiasis. The effect of pyrantel pamoate, levamisole, mebendazole, thiabendazole and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate on various intestinal helminths were evaluated among the inhabitants of four villages in the Dezful area southwest of Iran. A total number of 328 persons, all infected simultaneously with Ascaris and hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale) and 49.2% with Trichostrongylus spp., were randomly divided into six groups. One group was kept as the control and the other five were each treated with one compound. Follow-up examinations showed that all of the drugs used were highly effective on Ascaris, and the differences in the cure rate were not statistically significant except for bephenium hydroxynaphthoate which showed a lower cure rate. For hookworm, cure rates of 100, 90, and 85% were observed with levamisole, pyrantel pamoate and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, respectively. Cure rates observed with mebendazole and thiabendazole were 35 and 51%, respectively. For Trichostrongylus, the highest cure rate was achieved with levamisole, followed by thiabendazole and mebendazole. While the percentage of people showing side-effects was rather low for all drugs, thiabendazole and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate produced a higher, and levamisole a lower, percentage of side effects.", "PMID": 318981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6723", "title": "Evaluation of two dose levels of loxapine succinate in chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "In a double-blind, placebo controlled design in chronic schizophrenic inpatients using 50 mg. and 100 mg. LOX, an attempt was made to replicate the findings of a previous study and to establish the dose-level and duration of treatment optimal for this kind of patient. Multiple regression analysis adjusting for dose, age, duration of illness, and baseline values indicated that 100 mg. LOX was an effective dose as previously shown. In contrast to the previous study, significant response effects were found by the 4th week. In addition, the dose was linearly related to response on nearly all the variables. The principal side effects were drowsiness and extrapyramidal signs.", "contents": "Evaluation of two dose levels of loxapine succinate in chronic schizophrenia. In a double-blind, placebo controlled design in chronic schizophrenic inpatients using 50 mg. and 100 mg. LOX, an attempt was made to replicate the findings of a previous study and to establish the dose-level and duration of treatment optimal for this kind of patient. Multiple regression analysis adjusting for dose, age, duration of illness, and baseline values indicated that 100 mg. LOX was an effective dose as previously shown. In contrast to the previous study, significant response effects were found by the 4th week. In addition, the dose was linearly related to response on nearly all the variables. The principal side effects were drowsiness and extrapyramidal signs.", "PMID": 318984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6724", "title": "[Transferral of Salmonella from mother to newborn infant (author's transl)].", "content": "Two newborn infants were infected with Salmonella originating from their mothers. After infection of a newborn infant with Salmonella typhi from a mother, known for a long time to be a chronic carrier, no pathological findings were observed but the child continued to secrete typhoid bacilli for three years. The infection of the second child with S. panama, from a mother recognized as a carrier post-partum, caused a fulminating diarrhoea accompanied by septicaemia which had a fetal outcome.", "contents": "[Transferral of Salmonella from mother to newborn infant (author's transl)]. Two newborn infants were infected with Salmonella originating from their mothers. After infection of a newborn infant with Salmonella typhi from a mother, known for a long time to be a chronic carrier, no pathological findings were observed but the child continued to secrete typhoid bacilli for three years. The infection of the second child with S. panama, from a mother recognized as a carrier post-partum, caused a fulminating diarrhoea accompanied by septicaemia which had a fetal outcome.", "PMID": 318985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6725", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the rectal ampulla: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Documentation of the seventeenth case of melanoma of the rectum is presented. The world literature is reviewed. The effectiveness of immunotherapy with BCG or BCG in combination with CCNU and DTIC remains to be established.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the rectal ampulla: report of a case and review of the literature. Documentation of the seventeenth case of melanoma of the rectum is presented. The world literature is reviewed. The effectiveness of immunotherapy with BCG or BCG in combination with CCNU and DTIC remains to be established.", "PMID": 318982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6726", "title": "[Immunoblastic sarcoma (reticulum-cell sarcoma) of the gastro-intestinal tract in a case of dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 43-year-old man who for 20 years was known to have dermatitis herpetiformis there co-existed, since 1974, a \"dermatogenic enteropathy\" with gastro-intestional symptoms. Several small-intestine biopsies demonstrated severe partial to subtotal villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia, as seen in gluten-sensitive enteropathy. At post-mortem there was an immunoblastic sarcoma - so-called reticulum-cell sarcoma - in the upper jejunum and abdominal lymph-nodes, which was presumably the immediate complication of the sprue-like lesions of the small intestines.", "contents": "[Immunoblastic sarcoma (reticulum-cell sarcoma) of the gastro-intestinal tract in a case of dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring (author's transl)]. In a 43-year-old man who for 20 years was known to have dermatitis herpetiformis there co-existed, since 1974, a \"dermatogenic enteropathy\" with gastro-intestional symptoms. Several small-intestine biopsies demonstrated severe partial to subtotal villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia, as seen in gluten-sensitive enteropathy. At post-mortem there was an immunoblastic sarcoma - so-called reticulum-cell sarcoma - in the upper jejunum and abdominal lymph-nodes, which was presumably the immediate complication of the sprue-like lesions of the small intestines.", "PMID": 318987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6727", "title": "Heparin Therapy: regimens and management.", "content": "Heparin remains the most effective antithrombotic drug. It acts by combining with plasma antithrombin, thereby accelerating the neurtalisation of thrombin and other acitvated coagulation factors. Full-dose intravenous heparin is indicated in all cases of pulmonary embolism and established deep venous thrombosis, unless there exist compelling contraindications. Continuous intravenous infusion of heparin appears to be safer than intermittent injection. Low-dose subcutaneous heparin is effective in preventing the initial occurrence of thigh vein thrombi and in reducing the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism in general surgical patients over the age of 40. The efficacy of low-dose heparin in preventing pulmonary emboli following hip surgery has not been established. The incidence of severe heparin-induced thrombocytopenia appears to be rising. Platelet counts should be performed in all patients receiving heparin by any mode of administration.", "contents": "Heparin Therapy: regimens and management. Heparin remains the most effective antithrombotic drug. It acts by combining with plasma antithrombin, thereby accelerating the neurtalisation of thrombin and other acitvated coagulation factors. Full-dose intravenous heparin is indicated in all cases of pulmonary embolism and established deep venous thrombosis, unless there exist compelling contraindications. Continuous intravenous infusion of heparin appears to be safer than intermittent injection. Low-dose subcutaneous heparin is effective in preventing the initial occurrence of thigh vein thrombi and in reducing the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism in general surgical patients over the age of 40. The efficacy of low-dose heparin in preventing pulmonary emboli following hip surgery has not been established. The incidence of severe heparin-induced thrombocytopenia appears to be rising. Platelet counts should be performed in all patients receiving heparin by any mode of administration.", "PMID": 318990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6728", "title": "Dantrolene sodium: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in spasticity.", "content": "Dantrolene sodium or dantrolene1 is 1([5-(nitrophenyl)furfurylidend] amino) hydantoin sodium hydrate. It is indicated for use in chronic disorders characterised by skeletal muscle spasticity, such as spinal cord injury, stroke, cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis. Dantrolene is believed to act directly on the contractile mechanism of skeletal muscle to decrease the force of contraction in the absence of any demonstrated effects on neural pathways, on the neuromuscular junction, or on the excitable properties of the muscle fibre membranes. Controlled trials have demonstrated that dantrolene is superior to placebo in adults or children with spasticity from various causes, as evidenced by clinical assessments of disability and daily activities, and by muscle and reflex responses to mechanical and electrical stimulation. It is somewhat less effective in patients with multiple sclerosis than in those with spasticity from other causes. There has been a general clinical impression in controlled trials that dantrolene caused less sedation than would have been expected from therapeutically comparable doses of diazepam. In 2 controlled trials, there was no significant difference between dantrolene and diazepam in terms of reductions in spasticity, clonus, and hyperreflexia, but side-effects such as drowsiness and inco-ordination occurred significantly more frequently on diazepam. Long-term studies have indicated continuing benefit for patients taking dantrolene, though the incidence of side-effects has often been high and there has been a suggestion of exacerbation of seizures in children with cerebral palsy. Dantrolene may be of value in the medical treatment of spasm of the external urethral sphincter due to neurological and non-neurological disease, and animal studies suggest a potential use in the management of malignant hyperpyrexia. Chemical evidence of liver dysfunction may occur in 0.7 to 1% of patients on long-term treatment with dantrolene, with symptomatic hepatitis in 0.35 to 0.5% and fatal hepatitis in 0.1 to 0.2%. The drug commonly causes transient drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, general malaise, fatigue and diarrhoea at the start of therapy. Muscle weakness may be the principal limiting side-effect in ambulant patients, particularly in those with multiple sclerosis, and therapy could be hazardous in patients with pre-existing bulbar or respiratory weakness. The dosage of dantrolene has been fixed in most controlled trials, though long-term studies have indicated the need for individualisation of dosage. The initial dose is usually 25mg once daily, increasing to 25mg two, three or four times daily, and then by increments of 25mg up to as high as 100mg two, three or four times daily. The lowest dose compatible with optimal response is recommended.", "contents": "Dantrolene sodium: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in spasticity. Dantrolene sodium or dantrolene1 is 1([5-(nitrophenyl)furfurylidend] amino) hydantoin sodium hydrate. It is indicated for use in chronic disorders characterised by skeletal muscle spasticity, such as spinal cord injury, stroke, cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis. Dantrolene is believed to act directly on the contractile mechanism of skeletal muscle to decrease the force of contraction in the absence of any demonstrated effects on neural pathways, on the neuromuscular junction, or on the excitable properties of the muscle fibre membranes. Controlled trials have demonstrated that dantrolene is superior to placebo in adults or children with spasticity from various causes, as evidenced by clinical assessments of disability and daily activities, and by muscle and reflex responses to mechanical and electrical stimulation. It is somewhat less effective in patients with multiple sclerosis than in those with spasticity from other causes. There has been a general clinical impression in controlled trials that dantrolene caused less sedation than would have been expected from therapeutically comparable doses of diazepam. In 2 controlled trials, there was no significant difference between dantrolene and diazepam in terms of reductions in spasticity, clonus, and hyperreflexia, but side-effects such as drowsiness and inco-ordination occurred significantly more frequently on diazepam. Long-term studies have indicated continuing benefit for patients taking dantrolene, though the incidence of side-effects has often been high and there has been a suggestion of exacerbation of seizures in children with cerebral palsy. Dantrolene may be of value in the medical treatment of spasm of the external urethral sphincter due to neurological and non-neurological disease, and animal studies suggest a potential use in the management of malignant hyperpyrexia. Chemical evidence of liver dysfunction may occur in 0.7 to 1% of patients on long-term treatment with dantrolene, with symptomatic hepatitis in 0.35 to 0.5% and fatal hepatitis in 0.1 to 0.2%. The drug commonly causes transient drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, general malaise, fatigue and diarrhoea at the start of therapy. Muscle weakness may be the principal limiting side-effect in ambulant patients, particularly in those with multiple sclerosis, and therapy could be hazardous in patients with pre-existing bulbar or respiratory weakness. The dosage of dantrolene has been fixed in most controlled trials, though long-term studies have indicated the need for individualisation of dosage. The initial dose is usually 25mg once daily, increasing to 25mg two, three or four times daily, and then by increments of 25mg up to as high as 100mg two, three or four times daily. The lowest dose compatible with optimal response is recommended.", "PMID": 318989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6729", "title": "[Hormonal contraceptives and periodontium].", "content": "The clinical changes of the gingiva reported in the literature (gingival hyperplasia and new growths like the pregnancy epulis) in connection with oral hormonal contraception as well as the causal connection between sexual hormone activity and the changes of gingiva and oral mucosa are discussed. Our own experiments show that the increase in the sulcus fluid flow rate under administration of combination preparations is largely independent of an increase in the degree of gingival inflammation.", "contents": "[Hormonal contraceptives and periodontium]. The clinical changes of the gingiva reported in the literature (gingival hyperplasia and new growths like the pregnancy epulis) in connection with oral hormonal contraception as well as the causal connection between sexual hormone activity and the changes of gingiva and oral mucosa are discussed. Our own experiments show that the increase in the sulcus fluid flow rate under administration of combination preparations is largely independent of an increase in the degree of gingival inflammation.", "PMID": 318991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6730", "title": "Relationship between luteinizing hormone releasing hormone concentration in hypophysial portal blood and luteinizing hormone release in intact, castrated, and electrochemically-stimulated rats.", "content": "The concentration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in hypophysial portal plasma was determined in pentobarbital anesthetized,intact and castrated rats of both sexes, including proestrous rats following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Mean LHRH levels in portal plasma obtained between 1400--1700 h from estrous and diestrous rats and from rats ovariectomized for 8 weeks were similar and ranged from 50--55 pg/ml, but the LHRH levels in proestrous rats were less than 12 pg/ml. In addition, hypophysial portal plasma collected during 1100 to 1400 h from animals orchidectomized for 8 weeks and from intact male rats contained mean LHRH concentrations that ranged from 50--65 pg/ml and 30--35 pg/ml, respectively. Electrochemical stimulation of the MPOA in the female rat on the afternoon of proestrus resulted in a marked increase in the concentration of LHRH in portal plasma. LHRH levels in portal plasma during the 0 to 30, 30 to 60, 60 to 90, 90 to 120, and 120 to 150-min periods after electrochemical stimulation of the MPOA were 105 +/- 24.2, 61 +/- 10.8, 51 +/- 8.2, 36 +/- 5.3, and 32 +/- 4.1 pg/ml, respectively. LHRH levels in portal plasma from the unstimulated rats were not detectable (less than 12 pg/ml) in most of the animals. In another group of proestrous rats, the effect of rabbit anti-LHRH serum or normal rabbit serum (NRS) on the release of LH after electrochemical stimulation of MPOA was examined. Pretreatment of proestrous rats with anti-LHRH serum blocked the release of LH due to MPOA stimulation, whereas pretreatment with NRS did not inhibit LH release. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that electro-chemical stimulation of the MPOA in proestrous rats increases LHRH levels in portal blood and that the enhanced secretion of LHRH stimulates the release of LH from the pituitary gland.", "contents": "Relationship between luteinizing hormone releasing hormone concentration in hypophysial portal blood and luteinizing hormone release in intact, castrated, and electrochemically-stimulated rats. The concentration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in hypophysial portal plasma was determined in pentobarbital anesthetized,intact and castrated rats of both sexes, including proestrous rats following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Mean LHRH levels in portal plasma obtained between 1400--1700 h from estrous and diestrous rats and from rats ovariectomized for 8 weeks were similar and ranged from 50--55 pg/ml, but the LHRH levels in proestrous rats were less than 12 pg/ml. In addition, hypophysial portal plasma collected during 1100 to 1400 h from animals orchidectomized for 8 weeks and from intact male rats contained mean LHRH concentrations that ranged from 50--65 pg/ml and 30--35 pg/ml, respectively. Electrochemical stimulation of the MPOA in the female rat on the afternoon of proestrus resulted in a marked increase in the concentration of LHRH in portal plasma. LHRH levels in portal plasma during the 0 to 30, 30 to 60, 60 to 90, 90 to 120, and 120 to 150-min periods after electrochemical stimulation of the MPOA were 105 +/- 24.2, 61 +/- 10.8, 51 +/- 8.2, 36 +/- 5.3, and 32 +/- 4.1 pg/ml, respectively. LHRH levels in portal plasma from the unstimulated rats were not detectable (less than 12 pg/ml) in most of the animals. In another group of proestrous rats, the effect of rabbit anti-LHRH serum or normal rabbit serum (NRS) on the release of LH after electrochemical stimulation of MPOA was examined. Pretreatment of proestrous rats with anti-LHRH serum blocked the release of LH due to MPOA stimulation, whereas pretreatment with NRS did not inhibit LH release. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that electro-chemical stimulation of the MPOA in proestrous rats increases LHRH levels in portal blood and that the enhanced secretion of LHRH stimulates the release of LH from the pituitary gland.", "PMID": 318992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6731", "title": "Effects of testosterone implants and hypothalamic lesions on luteinizing hormone regulation in the castrated male rat.", "content": "The effects of intrahypothalamic and subcutaneous implants of testosterone (T) and those of hypothalamic lesions on resting levels of circulating LH and pituitary responsiveness to exogenous LHRH were studied in castrated male rats to elucidate hypothalamic and pituitary regulation of LH secretion. Two hundred mug implants of testosterone propionate (TP) in the median eminence region suppressed plasma LH titers before evidence of direct inhibition of pituitary function (as indicated by testing with LHRH) was found. Such implants release appreciable amounts of T into the peripheral circulation in the immediate post-operative period, and SC Silastic (constant release) capsules containing T have similar effects. The findings suggest that, regardless of the site of implant, the initial negative feedback inhibition of LH by T is not dependent on direct action at the pituitary levels but rather appears to be a hypothalamic effect. In the days following exposure to hypothalamic or peripheral implantation of T, however, a progressively developing decline in the response to exogenous LHRH was observed. In order to determine whether this effect results from suppression of endogenous LHRH release, the median eminence-arcuate region was destroyed to remove the source of LHRH. In these animals, the suppression of plasma LH was evident on the first day after the lesion, but pituitary responsiveness to LHRH was unaffected until after one week. When Sialastic capsules were implanted SC into lesioned animals, a more rapid (less than 1 week) inhibition of pituitary responsivity ensued. Suprachiasmatic lesions did not affect basal LH secretion or pituitary responses to LHRH. The data provide evidence for a dual feedback action of T on LH in castrated male rats: an initial inhibitory effect presumably due to hypothalamic inhibition (commencing at around 6h after hypothalamic of SC implantation of T), and a subsequent suppression of pituitary responisveness (after one day) presumably due to direct action of T on the pituitary. In addition to these phenomena, findings in rats bearing median eminence-arcurate lesions suggest that the removal of endogenous LHRH by itself leads to an eventual decline in pituitary responsiveness (greater than one week postoperatively).", "contents": "Effects of testosterone implants and hypothalamic lesions on luteinizing hormone regulation in the castrated male rat. The effects of intrahypothalamic and subcutaneous implants of testosterone (T) and those of hypothalamic lesions on resting levels of circulating LH and pituitary responsiveness to exogenous LHRH were studied in castrated male rats to elucidate hypothalamic and pituitary regulation of LH secretion. Two hundred mug implants of testosterone propionate (TP) in the median eminence region suppressed plasma LH titers before evidence of direct inhibition of pituitary function (as indicated by testing with LHRH) was found. Such implants release appreciable amounts of T into the peripheral circulation in the immediate post-operative period, and SC Silastic (constant release) capsules containing T have similar effects. The findings suggest that, regardless of the site of implant, the initial negative feedback inhibition of LH by T is not dependent on direct action at the pituitary levels but rather appears to be a hypothalamic effect. In the days following exposure to hypothalamic or peripheral implantation of T, however, a progressively developing decline in the response to exogenous LHRH was observed. In order to determine whether this effect results from suppression of endogenous LHRH release, the median eminence-arcuate region was destroyed to remove the source of LHRH. In these animals, the suppression of plasma LH was evident on the first day after the lesion, but pituitary responsiveness to LHRH was unaffected until after one week. When Sialastic capsules were implanted SC into lesioned animals, a more rapid (less than 1 week) inhibition of pituitary responsivity ensued. Suprachiasmatic lesions did not affect basal LH secretion or pituitary responses to LHRH. The data provide evidence for a dual feedback action of T on LH in castrated male rats: an initial inhibitory effect presumably due to hypothalamic inhibition (commencing at around 6h after hypothalamic of SC implantation of T), and a subsequent suppression of pituitary responisveness (after one day) presumably due to direct action of T on the pituitary. In addition to these phenomena, findings in rats bearing median eminence-arcurate lesions suggest that the removal of endogenous LHRH by itself leads to an eventual decline in pituitary responsiveness (greater than one week postoperatively).", "PMID": 318993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6732", "title": "Developmental changes in pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the female rat: ovarian-adrenal influence during the infantile period.", "content": "Pituitary LH and FSH repsonses to synthetic LHRH as estimated by increases in plasma FSH and LH 15 and 45 min following its iv injection were enhanced during the first 2 weeks of life, reaching a maximum around day 10-15 and declining thereafter. No AM.-PM. variations in pituitary responsiveness were observed at any age studied. The increased pituitary response found in infantile rats did not appear to be caused by a slower rate of disappearance of LHRH in blood of the younger animals. Ovariectomy-adrenalectomy. (Ovx-Adrx) or Ovx at day 10, but not Adrx alone, resulted in elevated LH and FSH levels 5 days later and almost complete obliteration of the FSH response to LHRH. The LH response was not altered. Treatment with 5alha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) but not with estradiol benzoate (EB) or testosterone propionate (TP) suppressed the post-Ovx-Adrx rise in plasma LH and FSH. Progesterone (P) potentiated the effect of DHT. Restoration of basal plasma LH and FSH levels (by DHT and/or P) restored FSH responsiveness to exogenous LHRH. EB and TP were ineffective. The LH response was slightly depressed by EB + DHT. It is concluded that the elevated plasma FSH levels in the infantile female rat may be due at least in part to a high degree of pituitary responsiveness to LHRH and/or FSH-RF brought about by steroidal signal of ovarian origin. DHT and P appear to be the steroids responsible for such a stimulatory action.", "contents": "Developmental changes in pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the female rat: ovarian-adrenal influence during the infantile period. Pituitary LH and FSH repsonses to synthetic LHRH as estimated by increases in plasma FSH and LH 15 and 45 min following its iv injection were enhanced during the first 2 weeks of life, reaching a maximum around day 10-15 and declining thereafter. No AM.-PM. variations in pituitary responsiveness were observed at any age studied. The increased pituitary response found in infantile rats did not appear to be caused by a slower rate of disappearance of LHRH in blood of the younger animals. Ovariectomy-adrenalectomy. (Ovx-Adrx) or Ovx at day 10, but not Adrx alone, resulted in elevated LH and FSH levels 5 days later and almost complete obliteration of the FSH response to LHRH. The LH response was not altered. Treatment with 5alha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) but not with estradiol benzoate (EB) or testosterone propionate (TP) suppressed the post-Ovx-Adrx rise in plasma LH and FSH. Progesterone (P) potentiated the effect of DHT. Restoration of basal plasma LH and FSH levels (by DHT and/or P) restored FSH responsiveness to exogenous LHRH. EB and TP were ineffective. The LH response was slightly depressed by EB + DHT. It is concluded that the elevated plasma FSH levels in the infantile female rat may be due at least in part to a high degree of pituitary responsiveness to LHRH and/or FSH-RF brought about by steroidal signal of ovarian origin. DHT and P appear to be the steroids responsible for such a stimulatory action.", "PMID": 318994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6733", "title": "Assymetry of the myo-inositol transport system in Klebsiella aerogenes. Energy is necessary to create the assymetry of the transport system.", "content": "1. In Klebsiella aerogenes the influx of myo-inositol proceeds during the steady state at a rate equal to that of efflux. 2. The kinetic parameters of influx during the steady state are similar to those observed at the initial time of uptake. 3. Efflux and influx processes share the same transport system. 4. The ability of other cyclitols to chase the accumulated scyllo-inositol is dependent on their affinity for the transport system. 5. A counter transport can be observed in preloaded cells only in poisoned cells and under anaerobiosis. 6. The efflux process is not temperature-dependent. 7. The KT of influx in poisoned cells is larger than that in normal cells. 8. Although no saturation kinetics of efflux could be observed, it can be inferred that the KT of efflux is at least 50-fold larger than the KT of influx; 9. The results suggest that in the transport of myo-inositol by K. aerogenes energy coupling enhances the affinity of the carrier for the substrate at the outer side of the cytolplasmic membrane by lowering the KT.", "contents": "Assymetry of the myo-inositol transport system in Klebsiella aerogenes. Energy is necessary to create the assymetry of the transport system. 1. In Klebsiella aerogenes the influx of myo-inositol proceeds during the steady state at a rate equal to that of efflux. 2. The kinetic parameters of influx during the steady state are similar to those observed at the initial time of uptake. 3. Efflux and influx processes share the same transport system. 4. The ability of other cyclitols to chase the accumulated scyllo-inositol is dependent on their affinity for the transport system. 5. A counter transport can be observed in preloaded cells only in poisoned cells and under anaerobiosis. 6. The efflux process is not temperature-dependent. 7. The KT of influx in poisoned cells is larger than that in normal cells. 8. Although no saturation kinetics of efflux could be observed, it can be inferred that the KT of efflux is at least 50-fold larger than the KT of influx; 9. The results suggest that in the transport of myo-inositol by K. aerogenes energy coupling enhances the affinity of the carrier for the substrate at the outer side of the cytolplasmic membrane by lowering the KT.", "PMID": 318995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6734", "title": "Interactions of yeast tRNAPhe with ribosomes from yeast and Escherichia coli. A fluorescence spectroscopic study.", "content": "The interaction of ethidium-labeled tRNAPhe from yeast with ribosomes from yeast and Escherichia coli was studied by stead-state measurements of fluorescence intensity and polarization. The ethidium label was covalently inserted into either the anticodon or the dihydrouridine loop of the tRNA. The codon-independent formation of a tRNA-ribosome complex led to only a moderate increase of the observed fluorescence polarization indicating a considerable internal mobility of the labeled parts of the tRNA molecule in the ribosome complex. When the ribosome complex was formed in the presence of poly(U), the probes both in the dihydrouridine loop and in the anticodon loop were strongly immobilized, the latter exhibiting a substantial increase in fluorescence intensity. A smaller intensity change was observed when E. coli ribosomes were used, although the extent of immobilization was found to be similar in this case. Competition experiments with non-labeled tRNAPhe showed that the labeled tRNAPheEtd was readily released from the complex with yeast ribosomes when poly(U) was absent, whereas in the presence of poly(U) it was bound practically irreversibly. The finding that the mobility of a probe in the dihydrouridine loop is affected by the codon-anticodon interaction on the ribosome suggests a conformational change of the ribosome-bound tRNA which may involve opening of the tertiary structure interactions between the dihydrouridine and the TpsiC loop.", "contents": "Interactions of yeast tRNAPhe with ribosomes from yeast and Escherichia coli. A fluorescence spectroscopic study. The interaction of ethidium-labeled tRNAPhe from yeast with ribosomes from yeast and Escherichia coli was studied by stead-state measurements of fluorescence intensity and polarization. The ethidium label was covalently inserted into either the anticodon or the dihydrouridine loop of the tRNA. The codon-independent formation of a tRNA-ribosome complex led to only a moderate increase of the observed fluorescence polarization indicating a considerable internal mobility of the labeled parts of the tRNA molecule in the ribosome complex. When the ribosome complex was formed in the presence of poly(U), the probes both in the dihydrouridine loop and in the anticodon loop were strongly immobilized, the latter exhibiting a substantial increase in fluorescence intensity. A smaller intensity change was observed when E. coli ribosomes were used, although the extent of immobilization was found to be similar in this case. Competition experiments with non-labeled tRNAPhe showed that the labeled tRNAPheEtd was readily released from the complex with yeast ribosomes when poly(U) was absent, whereas in the presence of poly(U) it was bound practically irreversibly. The finding that the mobility of a probe in the dihydrouridine loop is affected by the codon-anticodon interaction on the ribosome suggests a conformational change of the ribosome-bound tRNA which may involve opening of the tertiary structure interactions between the dihydrouridine and the TpsiC loop.", "PMID": 318996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6735", "title": "Formate hydrogenlyase system in Salmonella typhimurium LT2.", "content": "Isolation from Salmonella typhimurium of mutants unable to reduce benzyl viologen under anaerobic conditions has allowed the study of the factors involved in the multienzymic formate hydrogenylase system. 1. Depending on the affected activities, different classes of mutants were found: FHL-A mutants have lost formate dehydrogenase 1 and formate dehydrogenase 2 activities; mutations in fdhA (117 min) or fdhB (33 min) lead to such a phenotype. FHL-B and FHL-C mutants have lost formate dehydrogenase 2 activity and part or all of hydrogenase activity, respectively; both types correspond to mutations in the hyd gene (approximately 90 min). FHL-D mutants have lost only formate dehydrogenase 2 activity; fhlD gene maps at 120 min. 2. In some cases, mixtures of extracts from two mutants display formate dehydrogenase 2 and formate hydrogenylase activities. Restoration studies suggest the existence of one factor sensitive to growth conditions and inactivated by oxygen or heating. This factor which is present and active in FHL-C mutants, is probably the one missing in FHL-D mutants. 3. A new scheme for the formate hydrogenylase system is proposed, in which hydrogenase transfers electrons directly to benzyl viologen.", "contents": "Formate hydrogenlyase system in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Isolation from Salmonella typhimurium of mutants unable to reduce benzyl viologen under anaerobic conditions has allowed the study of the factors involved in the multienzymic formate hydrogenylase system. 1. Depending on the affected activities, different classes of mutants were found: FHL-A mutants have lost formate dehydrogenase 1 and formate dehydrogenase 2 activities; mutations in fdhA (117 min) or fdhB (33 min) lead to such a phenotype. FHL-B and FHL-C mutants have lost formate dehydrogenase 2 activity and part or all of hydrogenase activity, respectively; both types correspond to mutations in the hyd gene (approximately 90 min). FHL-D mutants have lost only formate dehydrogenase 2 activity; fhlD gene maps at 120 min. 2. In some cases, mixtures of extracts from two mutants display formate dehydrogenase 2 and formate hydrogenylase activities. Restoration studies suggest the existence of one factor sensitive to growth conditions and inactivated by oxygen or heating. This factor which is present and active in FHL-C mutants, is probably the one missing in FHL-D mutants. 3. A new scheme for the formate hydrogenylase system is proposed, in which hydrogenase transfers electrons directly to benzyl viologen.", "PMID": 318997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6736", "title": "Phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo of ribosomal proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisia.", "content": "Crude ribosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures were phosphorylated in vitro when incubated in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP. Analysis of the ribosomal proteins with two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that of the 29 proteins identified in the small subunit, only protein S6 was phosphorylated. Of the 37 proteins identified in the large subunit, one was highly phosphorylated (L3) and two only slightly phosphorylated (L11 and L14). The protein kinase activity associated with the ribosomes was extracted with 1 M KCl and was not dependent on adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate; it preferentially phosphorylated casein and phosvitin, but was less active on histones. Structural ribosomal proteins were also phosphorylated in vivo when the yeast cultures were incubated with [32P]orthophosphate; the radioactivity resistant to hydrolysis by hot perchloric acid was incorporated into the proteins of the two subunits. Radioactive phosphoserine was found by subjecting hydrolysates of ribosomal proteins to high-voltage electrophoresis. After two-dimensional electrophoresis, one poorly phosphorylated protein (S10) was identified in the small subunit. In the large subunit, one protein (L3) was highly labelled, and two proteins (L11 and L24) only slightly labelled.", "contents": "Phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo of ribosomal proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisia. Crude ribosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures were phosphorylated in vitro when incubated in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP. Analysis of the ribosomal proteins with two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that of the 29 proteins identified in the small subunit, only protein S6 was phosphorylated. Of the 37 proteins identified in the large subunit, one was highly phosphorylated (L3) and two only slightly phosphorylated (L11 and L14). The protein kinase activity associated with the ribosomes was extracted with 1 M KCl and was not dependent on adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate; it preferentially phosphorylated casein and phosvitin, but was less active on histones. Structural ribosomal proteins were also phosphorylated in vivo when the yeast cultures were incubated with [32P]orthophosphate; the radioactivity resistant to hydrolysis by hot perchloric acid was incorporated into the proteins of the two subunits. Radioactive phosphoserine was found by subjecting hydrolysates of ribosomal proteins to high-voltage electrophoresis. After two-dimensional electrophoresis, one poorly phosphorylated protein (S10) was identified in the small subunit. In the large subunit, one protein (L3) was highly labelled, and two proteins (L11 and L24) only slightly labelled.", "PMID": 318998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6737", "title": "Rhodanese-Mediated sulfur transfer to succinate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The interaction of the sulfurtransferase rhodanese (EC 2.8.1.1) with succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) and bovine serum albumin was studied. Succinate dehydrogenase incorporates the sulfane sulfur of [35S]rhodanese and, in the presence of unlabelled rhodanese, also incorporates that of [35S]thiosulfate. Rhodanese releases most of its transferable sulfur and is re-loaded in the presence of thiosulfate. Rhodanese undergoes similar modifications with yeast alcohol dehydrogenase but this latter does not bind 35S in amounts comparable to those incorporated in succinate dehydrogenase: nearly all the 35S released by [35S]rhodanese is with low-molecular-weight compounds. Bovine serum albumin also binds very little sulfur and [35S]rhodanese present in the reaction mixture does not discharge its radioactive sulfur nor does it take up sulfur from thiosulfate. Sulfur release from rhodanese appears to depend on the presence of - SH groups in the acceptor protein. Sulfur incorporated into succinate dehydrogenase was analytically determined as sulfide. A comparison of the optical spectra of succinate dehydrogenase preparations incubated with or without rhodanese indicates that there is an effect of the sulfurtransferase on the iron-sulfur absorption of the flavorprotein. The interaction of rhodanese with succinate dehydrogenase greatly decreases the catalytic activity of rhodanese with respect to thiocyanate formation. This is attributed to modifications in rhodanese associated with the reduction of sulfane sulfur to sulfide. Thiosulfate in part protects from this deactivation. The reconstitutive capacity of succinate dehydrogenase increased in parallel with sulfur incorporated in that enzyme following its interaction with rhodanese.", "contents": "Rhodanese-Mediated sulfur transfer to succinate dehydrogenase. The interaction of the sulfurtransferase rhodanese (EC 2.8.1.1) with succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) and bovine serum albumin was studied. Succinate dehydrogenase incorporates the sulfane sulfur of [35S]rhodanese and, in the presence of unlabelled rhodanese, also incorporates that of [35S]thiosulfate. Rhodanese releases most of its transferable sulfur and is re-loaded in the presence of thiosulfate. Rhodanese undergoes similar modifications with yeast alcohol dehydrogenase but this latter does not bind 35S in amounts comparable to those incorporated in succinate dehydrogenase: nearly all the 35S released by [35S]rhodanese is with low-molecular-weight compounds. Bovine serum albumin also binds very little sulfur and [35S]rhodanese present in the reaction mixture does not discharge its radioactive sulfur nor does it take up sulfur from thiosulfate. Sulfur release from rhodanese appears to depend on the presence of - SH groups in the acceptor protein. Sulfur incorporated into succinate dehydrogenase was analytically determined as sulfide. A comparison of the optical spectra of succinate dehydrogenase preparations incubated with or without rhodanese indicates that there is an effect of the sulfurtransferase on the iron-sulfur absorption of the flavorprotein. The interaction of rhodanese with succinate dehydrogenase greatly decreases the catalytic activity of rhodanese with respect to thiocyanate formation. This is attributed to modifications in rhodanese associated with the reduction of sulfane sulfur to sulfide. Thiosulfate in part protects from this deactivation. The reconstitutive capacity of succinate dehydrogenase increased in parallel with sulfur incorporated in that enzyme following its interaction with rhodanese.", "PMID": 318999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6738", "title": "The stereochemical basis of template function.", "content": "The behavior of nucelotides with thioketo-substituted pyrimidine bases (4-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil and 2-thiocytosine) or amino-analogue purine bases (2-aminopurine and 2,6-diaminopurine) in transcription and translation was investigated. The experimental results obtained led to the following conclusions. 1. The stereochemical basis of substrate selection in transcription is the geometry of Watson-Crick base pairs A-U (or A-T) and G-C between substrate and template bases. 2. The topology of the active site of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is precisely adopted to the geometry of Watson-Crick base pairs. 3. The enzyme active site discriminates between A-U (A-T) and G-C base pairs. An essential feature in this discrimination is the 6-NH2 group of the A-U (A-T) base pair and the 2-keto group of cytosine in the G-C base pair. 4. The codon properties of a nucleic acid base in messenger RNA can be predicted on the basis of its specificity in polynucleotide interactions. There seems to be no evidence for the participation of protein topological sites in the control of the specificity of codon-anticodon interactions in translation.", "contents": "The stereochemical basis of template function. The behavior of nucelotides with thioketo-substituted pyrimidine bases (4-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil and 2-thiocytosine) or amino-analogue purine bases (2-aminopurine and 2,6-diaminopurine) in transcription and translation was investigated. The experimental results obtained led to the following conclusions. 1. The stereochemical basis of substrate selection in transcription is the geometry of Watson-Crick base pairs A-U (or A-T) and G-C between substrate and template bases. 2. The topology of the active site of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is precisely adopted to the geometry of Watson-Crick base pairs. 3. The enzyme active site discriminates between A-U (A-T) and G-C base pairs. An essential feature in this discrimination is the 6-NH2 group of the A-U (A-T) base pair and the 2-keto group of cytosine in the G-C base pair. 4. The codon properties of a nucleic acid base in messenger RNA can be predicted on the basis of its specificity in polynucleotide interactions. There seems to be no evidence for the participation of protein topological sites in the control of the specificity of codon-anticodon interactions in translation.", "PMID": 319000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6739", "title": "Ribitol-containing lipopolysaccharides from Proteus mirabilis and their serological relationship.", "content": "Ribitol phosphate was recently identified as a constituent of lipopolysaccharides obtained from 'proteus mirabilis strain D52 giving 1:4-anhydroribitol during acid hydrolysis (Gmeiner, 1975). Two other Proteus mirabilis strains belonging to serogroups O16 and O33 were shown previously to contain an unknown compoound X as lipopolysaccharide constituent (Kotelko et al., 1975). In this report the identification of compound X as 1:4-anhydroribotol by gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and mass fragmentography is described. Serological investigations using passive hemagglutination, hemagglutination inhbition and semi-quantitative precipitin reactions indicate strongly that ribitol plays a role in the serological specificity of the respective lipopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Ribitol-containing lipopolysaccharides from Proteus mirabilis and their serological relationship. Ribitol phosphate was recently identified as a constituent of lipopolysaccharides obtained from 'proteus mirabilis strain D52 giving 1:4-anhydroribitol during acid hydrolysis (Gmeiner, 1975). Two other Proteus mirabilis strains belonging to serogroups O16 and O33 were shown previously to contain an unknown compoound X as lipopolysaccharide constituent (Kotelko et al., 1975). In this report the identification of compound X as 1:4-anhydroribotol by gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and mass fragmentography is described. Serological investigations using passive hemagglutination, hemagglutination inhbition and semi-quantitative precipitin reactions indicate strongly that ribitol plays a role in the serological specificity of the respective lipopolysaccharides.", "PMID": 319001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6740", "title": "The effect of initiation factor IF-1 on the dissociation of 70-S ribosomes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "By means of exchange studies, in which 3H-labelled 50-S subunits and unlabelled 70-S ribosomes from Escherichia coli MRE 600 were used, it has been demonstrated that the 30-S subunit is the only target for IF-3 in the dissociation of 70-S ribosomes. The interference of IF-3 with the dynamic equilibrium of 70-S in equilibrium 50-S + 30-S occurs by binding of the factor to the 30-S subunit. The 30-S-IF-3 complex in impaired in the association reaction, which implies that IF-3 is acting as an anti-association factor. The action of IF-1 is two-fold. Firstly IF-1 increases the rate of exhcange of the ribosomal subparticles in the 70-S ribosome without changing the position of the equilibrium. Thus the spontaneous equilibrium is attained more rapidly in the presence of IF-1. This kinetic effect of IF-1 is also demonstrated in the IF-3-mediated dissociation of 70-S ribosomes. Secondly IF-1 is able to increase the IF-3-mediated dissociation. It seems likely that the explanation for the latter phenomenon must be sought in the binding of IF-1 to 70-S ribosomes, resulting in a loosening of the ribosomes structure, as well as to 30-S. IF-3 complex, thaereby slowing down the association reactions of the subunits.", "contents": "The effect of initiation factor IF-1 on the dissociation of 70-S ribosomes of Escherichia coli. By means of exchange studies, in which 3H-labelled 50-S subunits and unlabelled 70-S ribosomes from Escherichia coli MRE 600 were used, it has been demonstrated that the 30-S subunit is the only target for IF-3 in the dissociation of 70-S ribosomes. The interference of IF-3 with the dynamic equilibrium of 70-S in equilibrium 50-S + 30-S occurs by binding of the factor to the 30-S subunit. The 30-S-IF-3 complex in impaired in the association reaction, which implies that IF-3 is acting as an anti-association factor. The action of IF-1 is two-fold. Firstly IF-1 increases the rate of exhcange of the ribosomal subparticles in the 70-S ribosome without changing the position of the equilibrium. Thus the spontaneous equilibrium is attained more rapidly in the presence of IF-1. This kinetic effect of IF-1 is also demonstrated in the IF-3-mediated dissociation of 70-S ribosomes. Secondly IF-1 is able to increase the IF-3-mediated dissociation. It seems likely that the explanation for the latter phenomenon must be sought in the binding of IF-1 to 70-S ribosomes, resulting in a loosening of the ribosomes structure, as well as to 30-S. IF-3 complex, thaereby slowing down the association reactions of the subunits.", "PMID": 319002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6741", "title": "Calorimetric studies on melting of tRNA Phe (yeast).", "content": "The heat effects involved in thermal unfolding of tRNAPhe from yeast have been determined in various buffer systems by direct differential scanning calorimetry. Perfect reversibility of the melting process has been demonstrated for measurements in the absence of Mg2+ ions. The overall molar transition enthalpy, delta Ht = 298 +/- 15 kcal mol-1 (1247 +/- 63 kJ mol-1), has been shown to be independent of the NaCl concentration and the nature of the buffers used in this study. Delta Ht is identical in the presence and in the absence of Mg2+ ions within the margin of experimental error. This experimental result implies a vanishing or very small heat capacity change to be associated with melting. Decomposition of the calorimetrically determined complex transition curves, on the assumption that the experimental melting profile represents the sum of independent two-state transitions, results in five transitions which have been assigned to melting of different structural domains of the tRNA.", "contents": "Calorimetric studies on melting of tRNA Phe (yeast). The heat effects involved in thermal unfolding of tRNAPhe from yeast have been determined in various buffer systems by direct differential scanning calorimetry. Perfect reversibility of the melting process has been demonstrated for measurements in the absence of Mg2+ ions. The overall molar transition enthalpy, delta Ht = 298 +/- 15 kcal mol-1 (1247 +/- 63 kJ mol-1), has been shown to be independent of the NaCl concentration and the nature of the buffers used in this study. Delta Ht is identical in the presence and in the absence of Mg2+ ions within the margin of experimental error. This experimental result implies a vanishing or very small heat capacity change to be associated with melting. Decomposition of the calorimetrically determined complex transition curves, on the assumption that the experimental melting profile represents the sum of independent two-state transitions, results in five transitions which have been assigned to melting of different structural domains of the tRNA.", "PMID": 319003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6742", "title": "Myo-Inositol transport in Klebsiella aerogenes. scyllo-Inositol, a non-metabolizable substrate for the study of the myo-inositol transport system.", "content": "1. Scyllo-Inositol is transported against a concentration gradient by Klebsiella aerogenes, but is not metabolized. 2. The apparent KT of scyllo-inositol is 0.05 X 10(-3) M while that of myo-inositol is 0.23 X 10(-3) M. The V values are respectively 32 and 12 nmol min(-1) mg cells(-1) (dry weight). 3. Both cyclitols bind to the same carrier, since typical competitive inhibition kinetics are observed. 4. Neither phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase nor a periplasmic binding protein seems to be involved in the scyllo-inositol transport system. 5. The induction of the transport system is not repressed by malate, furmarate, citrate, succinate or pyruvate; however, acetate represses the induction. The activity of the transport system is increased when the growth medium is supplemented with adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate.", "contents": "Myo-Inositol transport in Klebsiella aerogenes. scyllo-Inositol, a non-metabolizable substrate for the study of the myo-inositol transport system. 1. Scyllo-Inositol is transported against a concentration gradient by Klebsiella aerogenes, but is not metabolized. 2. The apparent KT of scyllo-inositol is 0.05 X 10(-3) M while that of myo-inositol is 0.23 X 10(-3) M. The V values are respectively 32 and 12 nmol min(-1) mg cells(-1) (dry weight). 3. Both cyclitols bind to the same carrier, since typical competitive inhibition kinetics are observed. 4. Neither phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase nor a periplasmic binding protein seems to be involved in the scyllo-inositol transport system. 5. The induction of the transport system is not repressed by malate, furmarate, citrate, succinate or pyruvate; however, acetate represses the induction. The activity of the transport system is increased when the growth medium is supplemented with adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate.", "PMID": 319004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6743", "title": "Progeria: a cell culture study and clinical report of familial incidence.", "content": "This report relates the case histories of two sisters who demonstrated the typical symptoms of progeria at birth. One of these children had died previous to this study. The familial occurrence underlines the thesis that progeria is an autosomal-recessive disorder. The examination of the cultured skin fibroblasts from the younger child showed a clear decrease in cell growth. On the other hand, the immunfluorescent examination of skin biopsies and cultured skin fibroblasts revealed no atypical distribution of collagen types.", "contents": "Progeria: a cell culture study and clinical report of familial incidence. This report relates the case histories of two sisters who demonstrated the typical symptoms of progeria at birth. One of these children had died previous to this study. The familial occurrence underlines the thesis that progeria is an autosomal-recessive disorder. The examination of the cultured skin fibroblasts from the younger child showed a clear decrease in cell growth. On the other hand, the immunfluorescent examination of skin biopsies and cultured skin fibroblasts revealed no atypical distribution of collagen types.", "PMID": 319005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6744", "title": "Effect in bronchial asthma of a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug atenolol (ICI 66, 082).", "content": "The bronchial effect of intravenous atenolol (ICI 66.082) has been studied in a double-blind cross over trial in 10 patients with pronounced, labile bronchial asthama. A single i.v. dose of atenolol 3 mg. sufficient to cause a fall in heart rate and systolic blood pressure at rest, induced only a slight and clincially almost negligible impairment of ventilatory function. An ordinary therapeutic dose of salbutamol by inhalation far outweighed the bronchial effect of atenolol. The drug appears promising with regard to its cardio-selective properties.", "contents": "Effect in bronchial asthma of a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug atenolol (ICI 66, 082). The bronchial effect of intravenous atenolol (ICI 66.082) has been studied in a double-blind cross over trial in 10 patients with pronounced, labile bronchial asthama. A single i.v. dose of atenolol 3 mg. sufficient to cause a fall in heart rate and systolic blood pressure at rest, induced only a slight and clincially almost negligible impairment of ventilatory function. An ordinary therapeutic dose of salbutamol by inhalation far outweighed the bronchial effect of atenolol. The drug appears promising with regard to its cardio-selective properties.", "PMID": 319006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6745", "title": "Effect of an inhibitor of pepsin proteolytic activity in the Exalto-Mann-Williamson ulcer.", "content": "The role of pepsin proteolytic activity in the Exalto-Mann-Williamson ulcer has previously not been established. Our studies show that a potent inhibitor of pepsin activity, when administered orally to E-M-W dogs, reduced both the incidence and severity of jejunal ulceration. These results indicate that pepsin may play a major role in the development of ulceration in this model.", "contents": "Effect of an inhibitor of pepsin proteolytic activity in the Exalto-Mann-Williamson ulcer. The role of pepsin proteolytic activity in the Exalto-Mann-Williamson ulcer has previously not been established. Our studies show that a potent inhibitor of pepsin activity, when administered orally to E-M-W dogs, reduced both the incidence and severity of jejunal ulceration. These results indicate that pepsin may play a major role in the development of ulceration in this model.", "PMID": 319007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6746", "title": "Rosette forming cells in the spleens of mice with lymphoid and myeloid leukemia.", "content": "The kinetics of the appearance of direct (E) or induced (EA and EAC) rosettes in the spleens of mice inoculated with lymphoid and myeloid leukemias were followed under the assumption that leukemic infiltration of the spleens would result in progressive increase of rosette-forming cells if the malignant cells possessed appropriate receptors.", "contents": "Rosette forming cells in the spleens of mice with lymphoid and myeloid leukemia. The kinetics of the appearance of direct (E) or induced (EA and EAC) rosettes in the spleens of mice inoculated with lymphoid and myeloid leukemias were followed under the assumption that leukemic infiltration of the spleens would result in progressive increase of rosette-forming cells if the malignant cells possessed appropriate receptors.", "PMID": 319009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6747", "title": "Recovery of hematologic competence without engraftment following attempted bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia: Report of a case with diffusion chamber studies.", "content": "An 18-year-old male with severe aplastic anemia associated with hepatitis was prepared for bone marrow transplantation with cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg/day) for 4 consecutive days. He then received 3.47 X 10(8) nucleated bone marrow cells per kilogram of body weight from his HL-A identical sister by intravenous infusion. Although subsequent karyotyping showed that engraftment was not achieved, prompt hematologic recovery ensued by the third week post-transplant. Diffusion chamber culture of the patient's bone marrow stroma, obtained prior to cyclophosphamide therapy, was carried out. A prompt increase in the number of cells in the chambers was observed. A differential cell count of the contents was similar to that seen when normal bone marrow is cultured in a similar manner.", "contents": "Recovery of hematologic competence without engraftment following attempted bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia: Report of a case with diffusion chamber studies. An 18-year-old male with severe aplastic anemia associated with hepatitis was prepared for bone marrow transplantation with cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg/day) for 4 consecutive days. He then received 3.47 X 10(8) nucleated bone marrow cells per kilogram of body weight from his HL-A identical sister by intravenous infusion. Although subsequent karyotyping showed that engraftment was not achieved, prompt hematologic recovery ensued by the third week post-transplant. Diffusion chamber culture of the patient's bone marrow stroma, obtained prior to cyclophosphamide therapy, was carried out. A prompt increase in the number of cells in the chambers was observed. A differential cell count of the contents was similar to that seen when normal bone marrow is cultured in a similar manner.", "PMID": 319010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6748", "title": "Predominance of granulocytopoiesis in bone marrow grafts in the omenta of mice treated with erythropoietin.", "content": "The effects of erythropoietin on the differentiation of murine bone marrow injected into the omenta of x-irradiated mice were investigated. Experimental hosts were injected with 2.5 units of erythropoietin on days 0-7 and sacrificed on day 10. Control hosts were injected with saline or sheep serum. After 10 days the grafts were greater than 95% granulocytic regardless of host treatment. Since these grafts contain multipotent hematopoietic stem cells and the experimental hosts were exposed to large doses of erythropoietin, the results of this experiment indicate that a specialized microenvironment is required for murine erythropoiesis in vivo.", "contents": "Predominance of granulocytopoiesis in bone marrow grafts in the omenta of mice treated with erythropoietin. The effects of erythropoietin on the differentiation of murine bone marrow injected into the omenta of x-irradiated mice were investigated. Experimental hosts were injected with 2.5 units of erythropoietin on days 0-7 and sacrificed on day 10. Control hosts were injected with saline or sheep serum. After 10 days the grafts were greater than 95% granulocytic regardless of host treatment. Since these grafts contain multipotent hematopoietic stem cells and the experimental hosts were exposed to large doses of erythropoietin, the results of this experiment indicate that a specialized microenvironment is required for murine erythropoiesis in vivo.", "PMID": 319011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6749", "title": "Changes in the immunocompetence and surface markers of lymphocytes in stored blood.", "content": "Changes in lymphocyte responses to mitogens and other lymphocyte markers were studied during a 14-day period of storage of blood at 4 degrees C and 22 degrees C in plastic bags. The following tests were done: (a) absolute lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, (b) blastogenic response to PHA, PWM, Con-A, and LPS and (c) determination of T and B cells using E-rosette and EAC-rosette techniques. The neutrophils disappeared rapidly at 22 degrees C. The absolute lymphocyte count doubled in a week. The responses to PHA, PWM, and Con-A declined rapidly and were absent by the 6th day. The response to LPS disappeared on day 14. The ability to form E-rosettes and EAC-rosettes was lost by days 4 and 6, respectively. The results obtained at 4 degrees C were similar except that these changes were delayed varying from 1-7 days.", "contents": "Changes in the immunocompetence and surface markers of lymphocytes in stored blood. Changes in lymphocyte responses to mitogens and other lymphocyte markers were studied during a 14-day period of storage of blood at 4 degrees C and 22 degrees C in plastic bags. The following tests were done: (a) absolute lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, (b) blastogenic response to PHA, PWM, Con-A, and LPS and (c) determination of T and B cells using E-rosette and EAC-rosette techniques. The neutrophils disappeared rapidly at 22 degrees C. The absolute lymphocyte count doubled in a week. The responses to PHA, PWM, and Con-A declined rapidly and were absent by the 6th day. The response to LPS disappeared on day 14. The ability to form E-rosettes and EAC-rosettes was lost by days 4 and 6, respectively. The results obtained at 4 degrees C were similar except that these changes were delayed varying from 1-7 days.", "PMID": 319012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6750", "title": "Immuno-electronmicroscopic study of human EA rosettes.", "content": "The immuno-electronmicroscopic study of human EA rosettes, using ferritin-labelled anti-human IgG antiserum, showed clusters of ferritin granules at the points of contact between erythrocytes and lymphoid cells, indicating that the links between Fc fragment of IgG on the surface of erythrocytes and specific receptor on the surface of lymphoid cell correspond to the sites of morphological interaction between the 2 cell types.", "contents": "Immuno-electronmicroscopic study of human EA rosettes. The immuno-electronmicroscopic study of human EA rosettes, using ferritin-labelled anti-human IgG antiserum, showed clusters of ferritin granules at the points of contact between erythrocytes and lymphoid cells, indicating that the links between Fc fragment of IgG on the surface of erythrocytes and specific receptor on the surface of lymphoid cell correspond to the sites of morphological interaction between the 2 cell types.", "PMID": 319017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6751", "title": "On the morphology of live spermatozoa of human semen.", "content": "Live and dead spermatozoa of human semen were distinguished and evaluated separately with respect to their morphology after supravital staining with buffered eosin. This evaluation was shown to be almost as reliable as that of the commonly stained smear. Different samples from the same individual were found to be similar with respect to both the total population and the live population. Different types of abnormalities were not equally common in the live and dead populations. Tapered heads were more common in the live population and abnormal midpieces more common in the dead, whereas abnormal tails and cytoplasmic droplets occurred with the same frequency in both populations. However, neither the frequency of all spermatozoal abnormalities nor that of abnormal heads or midpieces studied separately showed strong correlations in the two populations, in contrast to the frequencies of tapered heads, cytoplasmic droplets, and abnormal tails. No constant relationship was found between the live population and the entire sperm population with respect to numerical differences or quotients between the figures for abnormal cell frequency.Therefore, study of the morphology of the live sperm population gives supplementary information about the qualities of semen not attained by previous methods of study.", "contents": "On the morphology of live spermatozoa of human semen. Live and dead spermatozoa of human semen were distinguished and evaluated separately with respect to their morphology after supravital staining with buffered eosin. This evaluation was shown to be almost as reliable as that of the commonly stained smear. Different samples from the same individual were found to be similar with respect to both the total population and the live population. Different types of abnormalities were not equally common in the live and dead populations. Tapered heads were more common in the live population and abnormal midpieces more common in the dead, whereas abnormal tails and cytoplasmic droplets occurred with the same frequency in both populations. However, neither the frequency of all spermatozoal abnormalities nor that of abnormal heads or midpieces studied separately showed strong correlations in the two populations, in contrast to the frequencies of tapered heads, cytoplasmic droplets, and abnormal tails. No constant relationship was found between the live population and the entire sperm population with respect to numerical differences or quotients between the figures for abnormal cell frequency.Therefore, study of the morphology of the live sperm population gives supplementary information about the qualities of semen not attained by previous methods of study.", "PMID": 319020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6752", "title": "Isolation of a spermatozoal immobilization factor from Escherichia coli filtrates.", "content": "A low-molecular weight spermatozoal immobilization factor (SIF) has been isolated from Escherichia coli cultures. This factor is stable to heating, freezing, and lyophilization, and immobilizes but does not kill spermatozoa. The concentration of spermatozoa influenced the effectiveness of the SIF in immobilizing spermatozoa, indicating that bacterial infections could have a greater influence on the oligospermic ejaculate than on a normal specimen. SIF is a stable factor and binds to spermatozoa via a reversible mechanism.", "contents": "Isolation of a spermatozoal immobilization factor from Escherichia coli filtrates. A low-molecular weight spermatozoal immobilization factor (SIF) has been isolated from Escherichia coli cultures. This factor is stable to heating, freezing, and lyophilization, and immobilizes but does not kill spermatozoa. The concentration of spermatozoa influenced the effectiveness of the SIF in immobilizing spermatozoa, indicating that bacterial infections could have a greater influence on the oligospermic ejaculate than on a normal specimen. SIF is a stable factor and binds to spermatozoa via a reversible mechanism.", "PMID": 319021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6753", "title": "In vitro studies of intestinal endotoxin absorption. I. Kinetics of absorption in the isolated everted gut sac.", "content": "Previous studies have shown in a qualitative manner that endotoxin can cross gut epithelium, but precise quantitation has not been possible. The present studies were undertaken to measure quantitatively the mucosal to serosal unidirectional flux of endotoxin with the use of an in vitro rat gut sac preparation. 51Cr-Labeled endotoxin was placed in the mucosal bath in concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 mg per ml. Over a 2-hr period of time, a small amount of endotoxin was transported transmurally, which was shown chromatographically to be similar to the starting material and which retained its toxic and immunogenic properties. It was first shown that the presence of 2.0 mg per ml of endotoxin in the mucosal bath did not significantly alter the tissue's histology or permeability to 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. When unidirectional fluxes were measured, it was found that the flux was not proportional to the endotoxin concentration as would be expected with a passively permeable solute, but rather its transport system became \"saturated,\" displaying a maximum transport rate of 4.72 (mug per cm) per 2 hr and a Km of 0.425 mg per ml. The isolated gut sac provides an excellent model for the precise study of factors involved in endotoxin absorption.", "contents": "In vitro studies of intestinal endotoxin absorption. I. Kinetics of absorption in the isolated everted gut sac. Previous studies have shown in a qualitative manner that endotoxin can cross gut epithelium, but precise quantitation has not been possible. The present studies were undertaken to measure quantitatively the mucosal to serosal unidirectional flux of endotoxin with the use of an in vitro rat gut sac preparation. 51Cr-Labeled endotoxin was placed in the mucosal bath in concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 mg per ml. Over a 2-hr period of time, a small amount of endotoxin was transported transmurally, which was shown chromatographically to be similar to the starting material and which retained its toxic and immunogenic properties. It was first shown that the presence of 2.0 mg per ml of endotoxin in the mucosal bath did not significantly alter the tissue's histology or permeability to 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. When unidirectional fluxes were measured, it was found that the flux was not proportional to the endotoxin concentration as would be expected with a passively permeable solute, but rather its transport system became \"saturated,\" displaying a maximum transport rate of 4.72 (mug per cm) per 2 hr and a Km of 0.425 mg per ml. The isolated gut sac provides an excellent model for the precise study of factors involved in endotoxin absorption.", "PMID": 319036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6754", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) in the human endocrine pancreas.", "content": "In order to clearly identify the cell type responsible for production of human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), a newly postulated hormone, we have conducted an immunohistochemical detection of this peptide in the human endocrine pancreas at both light and electron microscopy levels. It was shown that HPP containing cells are located both in endocrine and exocrine pancreatic tissue. In the islets, the positive cells are very few in number and are characterized by an elongated shape and the presence of small secretory granules of about 150 nm in diameter. The presence of HPP in an endocrine cell type reinforce the hypothesis that this peptide is a hormone.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) in the human endocrine pancreas. In order to clearly identify the cell type responsible for production of human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), a newly postulated hormone, we have conducted an immunohistochemical detection of this peptide in the human endocrine pancreas at both light and electron microscopy levels. It was shown that HPP containing cells are located both in endocrine and exocrine pancreatic tissue. In the islets, the positive cells are very few in number and are characterized by an elongated shape and the presence of small secretory granules of about 150 nm in diameter. The presence of HPP in an endocrine cell type reinforce the hypothesis that this peptide is a hormone.", "PMID": 319038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6755", "title": "[Two-phase respiration of apnoeic newborn, basic research and clinical value (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies on fetal human and calf lungs proved an 1: 2,5 increase rate of the transpulmonary blood-flow after inflation of the alveolar spaces. The extent of the inflation depends on the function pressure X time. Based on the rupture rate of the pulmonary tissue, the factor pressure is limited to 20-30 ch H2O. Consequently the inflation only can be obtained by increasing the factor time. Conditional on the flow resistance in the variably calibrated branches of the pulmonary system, the maximal pressure of 30 cm H2O has to act repeated continuously at least 10 seconds over an endotracheal tubus. Only then even the periphere alveoles will fully be inflated (phase I equals monotone inflation phase). An intermittend pressure breathing of maximal plus 30 cm H2O respectively-30 cm H2O will be supporting. After the total inflation short pressure waves of plus 30 cm H2O in physiological frequency (equals 30/minute) will do for further ventilation of the alveoles (phase II equals rhythmical ventilation phase).", "contents": "[Two-phase respiration of apnoeic newborn, basic research and clinical value (author's transl)]. Studies on fetal human and calf lungs proved an 1: 2,5 increase rate of the transpulmonary blood-flow after inflation of the alveolar spaces. The extent of the inflation depends on the function pressure X time. Based on the rupture rate of the pulmonary tissue, the factor pressure is limited to 20-30 ch H2O. Consequently the inflation only can be obtained by increasing the factor time. Conditional on the flow resistance in the variably calibrated branches of the pulmonary system, the maximal pressure of 30 cm H2O has to act repeated continuously at least 10 seconds over an endotracheal tubus. Only then even the periphere alveoles will fully be inflated (phase I equals monotone inflation phase). An intermittend pressure breathing of maximal plus 30 cm H2O respectively-30 cm H2O will be supporting. After the total inflation short pressure waves of plus 30 cm H2O in physiological frequency (equals 30/minute) will do for further ventilation of the alveoles (phase II equals rhythmical ventilation phase).", "PMID": 319039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6756", "title": "[Epidemiology and diagnosis of vaginal discharge. First Report (author's transl)].", "content": "In 700 patients, 1336 tests of vaginal discharge were performed by culture, wet mount with the phase contrast microscope and the Papanicolaou stain. The diagnosis of yeast is best done by culture. Yeast was found only in 68% of the culture positive cases by the wet mount method and in 47% of the cases by the Papanicolaou stain. Wet mount and Papanicolaou stain results for yeast are therefore only useful if they are positive. In the diagnosis of trichomonas, culture and wet mount are of the same effeciency. The incidence of yeast and trichomonas was dependant upon the age of the patients. In pregnancy and in cases with diabetes, yeast was found more often but no increase of yeast was found in cases on oral contraception. The diagnosis of bacterial mixed infections poses the most difficult problem and can only be improved by expensive culture methods.", "contents": "[Epidemiology and diagnosis of vaginal discharge. First Report (author's transl)]. In 700 patients, 1336 tests of vaginal discharge were performed by culture, wet mount with the phase contrast microscope and the Papanicolaou stain. The diagnosis of yeast is best done by culture. Yeast was found only in 68% of the culture positive cases by the wet mount method and in 47% of the cases by the Papanicolaou stain. Wet mount and Papanicolaou stain results for yeast are therefore only useful if they are positive. In the diagnosis of trichomonas, culture and wet mount are of the same effeciency. The incidence of yeast and trichomonas was dependant upon the age of the patients. In pregnancy and in cases with diabetes, yeast was found more often but no increase of yeast was found in cases on oral contraception. The diagnosis of bacterial mixed infections poses the most difficult problem and can only be improved by expensive culture methods.", "PMID": 319040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6757", "title": "Homologous and heterologous protection of mice with group A streptococcal M protein vaccines.", "content": "Purified streptococcal M proteins precipitated with alum (APM) were used to immunize mice. A trivalent vaccine of serotypes 1, 3, and 12 protected mice against challenges by homologous live streptococci and also conferred protection against serotypes 6 and 14 but not against a strain of group B streptococci. Monovalent APM vaccines afforded homologous protection and restricted heterologous protection. The extent of heterologous protection was a function of serotype combinations and was also dose dependent. Rabbit antisera exhibiting strong opsonic activities were active in vitro and in passive mouse protection only for homologous serotypes. Mouse antisera did not passively transfer protection and were not bactericidal in vitro. It was concluded that homologous and heterologous active mouse protection was most likely a result of shared antigenic determinants of the various M proteins although protection of mice could not be measured as a function of circulating anti-M antibodies.", "contents": "Homologous and heterologous protection of mice with group A streptococcal M protein vaccines. Purified streptococcal M proteins precipitated with alum (APM) were used to immunize mice. A trivalent vaccine of serotypes 1, 3, and 12 protected mice against challenges by homologous live streptococci and also conferred protection against serotypes 6 and 14 but not against a strain of group B streptococci. Monovalent APM vaccines afforded homologous protection and restricted heterologous protection. The extent of heterologous protection was a function of serotype combinations and was also dose dependent. Rabbit antisera exhibiting strong opsonic activities were active in vitro and in passive mouse protection only for homologous serotypes. Mouse antisera did not passively transfer protection and were not bactericidal in vitro. It was concluded that homologous and heterologous active mouse protection was most likely a result of shared antigenic determinants of the various M proteins although protection of mice could not be measured as a function of circulating anti-M antibodies.", "PMID": 319054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6758", "title": "Induction of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins by an inhibitor of protein synthesis.", "content": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba) grown in the presence of the antibiotic lincomycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, produced elevated levels of heat-labile enterotoxin or choleragen, respectively, as assayed by both vascular permeability factor and capacity to elicit fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops. This induction of enterotoxin did not reflect either a coupling of lincomycin resistance with increased enterotoxigenicity or an effect of lincomycin on cellular release of enterotoxin, since spontaneously isolated lincomycin-resistant mutants of both E. coli and V. cholerae still required lincomycin for induction, and large increases in E. coli permeability factor activity were found intracellularly as well as extracellularly. After the period of exponential growth, E. coli became refractory to induction by lincomycin, although most of the induced enterotoxin activity appeared only after this period. No increase in copy number of the enterotoxin plasmid in E. coli 711 (P307) was found in induced cells by analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation kinetics. These and other data suggest that synthesis of enterotoxin, or at least its accumulation, is normally limited by cellular factors whose synthesis is preferentially inhibited by lincomycin. A possible connection between this phenomenon and lincomycin-associated diarrhea is considered.", "contents": "Induction of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins by an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba) grown in the presence of the antibiotic lincomycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, produced elevated levels of heat-labile enterotoxin or choleragen, respectively, as assayed by both vascular permeability factor and capacity to elicit fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops. This induction of enterotoxin did not reflect either a coupling of lincomycin resistance with increased enterotoxigenicity or an effect of lincomycin on cellular release of enterotoxin, since spontaneously isolated lincomycin-resistant mutants of both E. coli and V. cholerae still required lincomycin for induction, and large increases in E. coli permeability factor activity were found intracellularly as well as extracellularly. After the period of exponential growth, E. coli became refractory to induction by lincomycin, although most of the induced enterotoxin activity appeared only after this period. No increase in copy number of the enterotoxin plasmid in E. coli 711 (P307) was found in induced cells by analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation kinetics. These and other data suggest that synthesis of enterotoxin, or at least its accumulation, is normally limited by cellular factors whose synthesis is preferentially inhibited by lincomycin. A possible connection between this phenomenon and lincomycin-associated diarrhea is considered.", "PMID": 319055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6759", "title": "Plasma-dependent chemotaxis of macrophages toward BCG cell walls and the mycobacterial glycolipid P3.", "content": "BCG cell walls, associated with oil droplets in the form of emulsions in saline, generate macrophage chemotactic activity from fresh guinea pig plasma. Serum and heat-inactivated plasma were inactive, suggesting involvement of complement or fibrinogen-derived chemotactic factors. Suspensions of cell walls and oil droplets each generated chemotactic activity from plasma, and the activity of the cell wall vaccine was due to the additive effects of these two components. A mycobacterial glycolipid (P3), which is a constituent of BCG cell walls, also had plasma-dependent chemotactic activity. The results suggest that macrophage chemotaxis may be an important part of the immunopotentiating activity of these mycobacterial products.", "contents": "Plasma-dependent chemotaxis of macrophages toward BCG cell walls and the mycobacterial glycolipid P3. BCG cell walls, associated with oil droplets in the form of emulsions in saline, generate macrophage chemotactic activity from fresh guinea pig plasma. Serum and heat-inactivated plasma were inactive, suggesting involvement of complement or fibrinogen-derived chemotactic factors. Suspensions of cell walls and oil droplets each generated chemotactic activity from plasma, and the activity of the cell wall vaccine was due to the additive effects of these two components. A mycobacterial glycolipid (P3), which is a constituent of BCG cell walls, also had plasma-dependent chemotactic activity. The results suggest that macrophage chemotaxis may be an important part of the immunopotentiating activity of these mycobacterial products.", "PMID": 319056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6760", "title": "Depressed antibody responses to a thymus-dependent antigen in toxoplasmosis.", "content": "The immunodepressive effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was studied, using sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) as the testing antigen and serum hemagglutinins, hemolysins, and both direct and indirect splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) to SRBC as assays. In the primary antibody response, immunoglobulin M (IgM), hemagglutinins, and hemolysins and both IgM- and IgG-secreting PFC were depressed in animals immunized after infection. Maximum immunodepression occurred during the first 3 weeks of Toxoplasma infection. When the secondary antibody response was studied, results varied. Mice immunized with SRBC after being infected with T. gondii had a depression in both IgM and IgG PFC. Mice immunized with SRBC before being infected with T. gondii and then given a challenge dose of SRBC had a delay, but no an actual depression, in IgG hemagglutinins and hemolysins and IgG-secreting PFC. These studies show that the immunodepression associated with Toxoplasma infection is complicated, and they provide no definitive explanation for the mechanism.", "contents": "Depressed antibody responses to a thymus-dependent antigen in toxoplasmosis. The immunodepressive effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice was studied, using sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) as the testing antigen and serum hemagglutinins, hemolysins, and both direct and indirect splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) to SRBC as assays. In the primary antibody response, immunoglobulin M (IgM), hemagglutinins, and hemolysins and both IgM- and IgG-secreting PFC were depressed in animals immunized after infection. Maximum immunodepression occurred during the first 3 weeks of Toxoplasma infection. When the secondary antibody response was studied, results varied. Mice immunized with SRBC after being infected with T. gondii had a depression in both IgM and IgG PFC. Mice immunized with SRBC before being infected with T. gondii and then given a challenge dose of SRBC had a delay, but no an actual depression, in IgG hemagglutinins and hemolysins and IgG-secreting PFC. These studies show that the immunodepression associated with Toxoplasma infection is complicated, and they provide no definitive explanation for the mechanism.", "PMID": 319057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6761", "title": "Relationship between antigenic stimulation and increased splenic peroxidase levels during the immune response.", "content": "Immunization of mice with either soluble or particulate antigens induced a marked increase in peroxidase activity of spleen cell homogenates. Animals immunized with sheep erythrocytes showed maximum splenic peroxidase activity at 2 days. By the 4th day after immunization, when the hemolytic antibody plaque-forming cell response was maximal, peroxidase activity returned to normal levels. Increased splenic peroxidase activity also occurred in mice immunized with rabbit erythrocytes, as well as with rabbit serum or bovine serum albumin. No change in splenic peroxidase activity occurred in mice injected with syngeneic mouse erythrocytes or serum. Both glass-adherent spleen cell populations, morphologically consisting of 90 to 95% macrophages, as well as nonadherent cells, consisting of more than 90% lymphocytes by the same criteria, showed peroxidase activity. Immunization of mice with sheep erythrocytes resulted in an intracellular redistribution of the peroxidase activity among several distinct subcellular fractions prepared by differential centrifugation. Maximum redistribution occurred with granule-associated enzyme activity. A possible relationship between peroxidase activity with functional activity of lymphocytes and macrophages during humor immune responses seemed likely.", "contents": "Relationship between antigenic stimulation and increased splenic peroxidase levels during the immune response. Immunization of mice with either soluble or particulate antigens induced a marked increase in peroxidase activity of spleen cell homogenates. Animals immunized with sheep erythrocytes showed maximum splenic peroxidase activity at 2 days. By the 4th day after immunization, when the hemolytic antibody plaque-forming cell response was maximal, peroxidase activity returned to normal levels. Increased splenic peroxidase activity also occurred in mice immunized with rabbit erythrocytes, as well as with rabbit serum or bovine serum albumin. No change in splenic peroxidase activity occurred in mice injected with syngeneic mouse erythrocytes or serum. Both glass-adherent spleen cell populations, morphologically consisting of 90 to 95% macrophages, as well as nonadherent cells, consisting of more than 90% lymphocytes by the same criteria, showed peroxidase activity. Immunization of mice with sheep erythrocytes resulted in an intracellular redistribution of the peroxidase activity among several distinct subcellular fractions prepared by differential centrifugation. Maximum redistribution occurred with granule-associated enzyme activity. A possible relationship between peroxidase activity with functional activity of lymphocytes and macrophages during humor immune responses seemed likely.", "PMID": 319058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6762", "title": "Some factors affecting selective adherence of microorganisms in the bovine mammary gland.", "content": "Some parameters affecting the adherence of microbes to the ductular epithelium of the bovine mammary gland were studied. Adherence increased from teat sinus to lactiferous sinus to the large ducts, and cells from the lactiferous sinus to the large ducts, and cells from the lactiferous sinus were used for all other experiments. There was no difference in adherence to cells from different quarters of the same cow, but there were significant differences between cows. Scanning electron microscopy suggested that the cells of the ductular epithelium undergo dynamic changes that probably result in secretion and/or desquamation. Adherence to cells could be demonstrated only at a late stage of these changes. The adherence of organisms associated with mastitis was studied using an in vitro test. Adherence generally paralleled prevalence as cause of disease, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae adhering best. Strain variation suggested that virulence was related to adherence with S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae but not with S. aureus. It is proposed that specific adherence is an important aspect of pathogenesis of mastitis due to S. aureus and S. agalactiae.", "contents": "Some factors affecting selective adherence of microorganisms in the bovine mammary gland. Some parameters affecting the adherence of microbes to the ductular epithelium of the bovine mammary gland were studied. Adherence increased from teat sinus to lactiferous sinus to the large ducts, and cells from the lactiferous sinus to the large ducts, and cells from the lactiferous sinus were used for all other experiments. There was no difference in adherence to cells from different quarters of the same cow, but there were significant differences between cows. Scanning electron microscopy suggested that the cells of the ductular epithelium undergo dynamic changes that probably result in secretion and/or desquamation. Adherence to cells could be demonstrated only at a late stage of these changes. The adherence of organisms associated with mastitis was studied using an in vitro test. Adherence generally paralleled prevalence as cause of disease, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae adhering best. Strain variation suggested that virulence was related to adherence with S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae but not with S. aureus. It is proposed that specific adherence is an important aspect of pathogenesis of mastitis due to S. aureus and S. agalactiae.", "PMID": 319059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6763", "title": "Mitogenic stimulation of murine spleen cells: relation to susceptibility to Salmonella infection.", "content": "The screening of several inbred strains of mice suggested that the capacity of their spleen cells to respond to the mitogenic effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria was correlated with their resistance to intraperitoneal infection with Salmonella typhimurium. An infection of LPS into mice caused changes in the in vitro responsiveness of their spleen cells to the mitogenic effects of LPS and phytohemagglutinin. Pretreatment of mice with whole ultraviolet (UV)-killed bacteria led to a marked rise in the in vitro response of the spleen cells to UV-killed bacteria, but not to LPS or or phytohemagglutinin. This enhanced response to UV-killed bacteria was not specific for the O antigens of the bacteria.", "contents": "Mitogenic stimulation of murine spleen cells: relation to susceptibility to Salmonella infection. The screening of several inbred strains of mice suggested that the capacity of their spleen cells to respond to the mitogenic effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria was correlated with their resistance to intraperitoneal infection with Salmonella typhimurium. An infection of LPS into mice caused changes in the in vitro responsiveness of their spleen cells to the mitogenic effects of LPS and phytohemagglutinin. Pretreatment of mice with whole ultraviolet (UV)-killed bacteria led to a marked rise in the in vitro response of the spleen cells to UV-killed bacteria, but not to LPS or or phytohemagglutinin. This enhanced response to UV-killed bacteria was not specific for the O antigens of the bacteria.", "PMID": 319060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6764", "title": "Humoral immunity in vaginal candidiasis.", "content": "Serum antibody titers to Candida albicans were estimated in 37 women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis and in 148 normal American and Finnish subjects, using the passive-hemagglutination technique. The antibody titers ranged from 0 to 16 in normal individuals and 4 to 256 in vaginal candidiasis patients. Antibodies to C. albicans in the sera of vaginal candidiasis patients were found to be the secretory immunoglobulin A type, as determined by gel filtration and double-diffusion tests. The results were confirmed by the indir-ct fluorescent-antibody technique. Our findings suggest that, in vaginal candidiasis, the antibody response is mainly local, consisting of secretory immunoglobulin A, some of which finds its way into systemic circulation.", "contents": "Humoral immunity in vaginal candidiasis. Serum antibody titers to Candida albicans were estimated in 37 women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis and in 148 normal American and Finnish subjects, using the passive-hemagglutination technique. The antibody titers ranged from 0 to 16 in normal individuals and 4 to 256 in vaginal candidiasis patients. Antibodies to C. albicans in the sera of vaginal candidiasis patients were found to be the secretory immunoglobulin A type, as determined by gel filtration and double-diffusion tests. The results were confirmed by the indir-ct fluorescent-antibody technique. Our findings suggest that, in vaginal candidiasis, the antibody response is mainly local, consisting of secretory immunoglobulin A, some of which finds its way into systemic circulation.", "PMID": 319061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6765", "title": "Repetitive counterelectrophoresis on agar gel for the immunological identification of esterases produced by strains of Lancefield's group A, B, and C streptococci.", "content": "A method, repetitive counterelectrophoresis (RCE), was devised for detecting specific antibody to streptococcal esterase (STE). Reference antisera were prepared by immunizing rabbits with STE of streptococcal strains as follows: SS379 (group A, type 40), 69882 (group A, type 49), and H36B (group B, type Ib). Some human sera, derived from patients with scarlet fever, were also used as references. By this method, we have confirmed the immunological specificity of the STE produced by strains SS379 (STE-AI), 69882 (STE-AII), H36B (STE-B), and Austin (STE-C, group C) and have shown that the STE produced by strain 10706 (group C) is immunologically identical with STE-AI. Each STE presented a distinct colored line with the respective homologous antibody upon development of enzyme activity except for STE-AII, which formed a round spot with the homologous antibody. Horse activating factor (Hayano and Tanaka, 1973) formed a round spot with each STE. The factor in serum that reacted specifically with STE seemed to correspond to gamma globulin.", "contents": "Repetitive counterelectrophoresis on agar gel for the immunological identification of esterases produced by strains of Lancefield's group A, B, and C streptococci. A method, repetitive counterelectrophoresis (RCE), was devised for detecting specific antibody to streptococcal esterase (STE). Reference antisera were prepared by immunizing rabbits with STE of streptococcal strains as follows: SS379 (group A, type 40), 69882 (group A, type 49), and H36B (group B, type Ib). Some human sera, derived from patients with scarlet fever, were also used as references. By this method, we have confirmed the immunological specificity of the STE produced by strains SS379 (STE-AI), 69882 (STE-AII), H36B (STE-B), and Austin (STE-C, group C) and have shown that the STE produced by strain 10706 (group C) is immunologically identical with STE-AI. Each STE presented a distinct colored line with the respective homologous antibody upon development of enzyme activity except for STE-AII, which formed a round spot with the homologous antibody. Horse activating factor (Hayano and Tanaka, 1973) formed a round spot with each STE. The factor in serum that reacted specifically with STE seemed to correspond to gamma globulin.", "PMID": 319062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6766", "title": "Distribution of antibodies to streptococcal esterases in patients with scarlet fever.", "content": "Repetitive counterelectrophoresis (RCE), which has been described (Hayano and Tanaka, 1977), was used to assay the contents of antibodies to streptococcal esterases (STE) in sera from patients with scarlet fever. The levels of antibodies to STE were expressed semiquantitatively by reading the intensity of the colored spot developed by RCE with a densitometer. The present study deals with the determination of anti-STE in sera drawn at intervals from 54 patients diagnosed as suffering from scarlet fever. The STE used in this study were prepared from the streptococcal strains as follows. STE-AI was prepared from SS379 (group A, type 40), STE-AII from strain 69882 (group A, type 49), STE-B from strain H36B (group B, lb), and STE-C from strain Austin (group C). Of the 54 cases studied, 32 (59.3%) showed anti-STE-AI, 24 (44.4%) showed anti-STE-AII, 5 (9.3%) showed anti-STE-B, and 23 (42.6%) showed anti-STE-C. Comparison of the titer of anti-streptolysin O (ASLO) with the type of specific reaction of anti-STE-AI and -AII, determined in the same specimen, showed a marked correlation. Of 20 cases giving ASLO titers of 12 or less, 18 showed no sign of anti-STE-AI and -AII and two showed signs of anti-STE-AI. Of 34 cases giving ASLO titers of more than 12, 33 showed signs of anti-STE-AI and/or -AII, 22 showed signs of anti-STE-AI and -AII, 7 showed signs of anti-STE-AI, and 4 showed signs of anti-STE-AII. Of all the cases, 26 showed coincident rises in titers of ASLO and levels of anti-STE-AI and/or -AII during the course of the disease. One case showed the presence of only anti-STE-B. All of the 23 cases that showed the presence of anti-STE-C showed signs of anti-STE-AI. Some of these cases showed a marked increase in levels of anti-STE-C during the course of the disease.", "contents": "Distribution of antibodies to streptococcal esterases in patients with scarlet fever. Repetitive counterelectrophoresis (RCE), which has been described (Hayano and Tanaka, 1977), was used to assay the contents of antibodies to streptococcal esterases (STE) in sera from patients with scarlet fever. The levels of antibodies to STE were expressed semiquantitatively by reading the intensity of the colored spot developed by RCE with a densitometer. The present study deals with the determination of anti-STE in sera drawn at intervals from 54 patients diagnosed as suffering from scarlet fever. The STE used in this study were prepared from the streptococcal strains as follows. STE-AI was prepared from SS379 (group A, type 40), STE-AII from strain 69882 (group A, type 49), STE-B from strain H36B (group B, lb), and STE-C from strain Austin (group C). Of the 54 cases studied, 32 (59.3%) showed anti-STE-AI, 24 (44.4%) showed anti-STE-AII, 5 (9.3%) showed anti-STE-B, and 23 (42.6%) showed anti-STE-C. Comparison of the titer of anti-streptolysin O (ASLO) with the type of specific reaction of anti-STE-AI and -AII, determined in the same specimen, showed a marked correlation. Of 20 cases giving ASLO titers of 12 or less, 18 showed no sign of anti-STE-AI and -AII and two showed signs of anti-STE-AI. Of 34 cases giving ASLO titers of more than 12, 33 showed signs of anti-STE-AI and/or -AII, 22 showed signs of anti-STE-AI and -AII, 7 showed signs of anti-STE-AI, and 4 showed signs of anti-STE-AII. Of all the cases, 26 showed coincident rises in titers of ASLO and levels of anti-STE-AI and/or -AII during the course of the disease. One case showed the presence of only anti-STE-B. All of the 23 cases that showed the presence of anti-STE-C showed signs of anti-STE-AI. Some of these cases showed a marked increase in levels of anti-STE-C during the course of the disease.", "PMID": 319063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6767", "title": "Autoimmunity induced by injection of virus-modified cell membrane antigens in syngeneic mice.", "content": "C3H/Bi mice developed autoantibodies after repeated inoculations of isolated membranes from primary tissue cultures of a syngeneic ascites lymphoma in which Newcastle disease virus had grown. This was in addition to the tumor transplantation resistance and cytotoxic antibodies previously demonstrated. The complement-fixing antibodies were completely removed from sera by adsorption with ascites tumor cells but only partially by normal mouse liver powder or C3H/Bi erythrocytes. With continued immunization, antibodies to deoxynucleoprotein and heterophile reagins also appeared. After several months, mice showing these serological reactions died with a wasting disease characterized by loss of lymphoid tissue and scarred, atrophied kidneys. No significant antibody response or autoimmune disease occurred in mice receiving membranes from uninfected syngeneic ascites lymphoma.", "contents": "Autoimmunity induced by injection of virus-modified cell membrane antigens in syngeneic mice. C3H/Bi mice developed autoantibodies after repeated inoculations of isolated membranes from primary tissue cultures of a syngeneic ascites lymphoma in which Newcastle disease virus had grown. This was in addition to the tumor transplantation resistance and cytotoxic antibodies previously demonstrated. The complement-fixing antibodies were completely removed from sera by adsorption with ascites tumor cells but only partially by normal mouse liver powder or C3H/Bi erythrocytes. With continued immunization, antibodies to deoxynucleoprotein and heterophile reagins also appeared. After several months, mice showing these serological reactions died with a wasting disease characterized by loss of lymphoid tissue and scarred, atrophied kidneys. No significant antibody response or autoimmune disease occurred in mice receiving membranes from uninfected syngeneic ascites lymphoma.", "PMID": 319064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6768", "title": "A modified leukocyte adherence inhibition test in the laboratory investigation of gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "A modification of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) technique has been used to test 60 hospital patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, for specific immunoreactivity against extracts of tumours of colon, pancreas and stomach. The modified technique employed mononuclear cells and soluble tumour extracts in glass test tubes, the non-adherent cells being enumerated in an electronic counter. Laboratory tests were completed before the eventual diagnosis was known. Groups of patients with adenocarcinoma of colon or rectum (11), carcinoma of pancreas (3) and adenocarcinoma of stomach (6) were clearly distinguished from each other and from patients with non-malignant diseases or with neoplasms of different histological type.", "contents": "A modified leukocyte adherence inhibition test in the laboratory investigation of gastrointestinal cancer. A modification of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) technique has been used to test 60 hospital patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, for specific immunoreactivity against extracts of tumours of colon, pancreas and stomach. The modified technique employed mononuclear cells and soluble tumour extracts in glass test tubes, the non-adherent cells being enumerated in an electronic counter. Laboratory tests were completed before the eventual diagnosis was known. Groups of patients with adenocarcinoma of colon or rectum (11), carcinoma of pancreas (3) and adenocarcinoma of stomach (6) were clearly distinguished from each other and from patients with non-malignant diseases or with neoplasms of different histological type.", "PMID": 319065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6769", "title": "Somatic cell hybrids between human lymphoma lines. III. Surface markers.", "content": "Hybrids between two human lymphoma lines, Raji and Daudi (8A) and Raji BJAB (83) were examined for genetically determined and/or differentiation-related surface markers. HL-A B ce-l alloantigens, Fc and complement receptors, EBV receptors and beta2 microglobulin showed an autonomous (\"co-dominant\") expression in the hybrid. This is in contrast to most previous studies on other differentiation markers, involving as a rule crosses between cells of different lineages, where the differentiated pattern usually became \"eclipsed\" in the hybrid. Staining of activated complement and complement consumption tests showed intermediate or partially suppressed expression in the hybrids. This may be viewed in relation to the fact that these reactions do not merely depend on complement binding to the receptor, but also on subsequent activation and binding of the activated complement. A more complex interaction is also suggested for immunoglobulin production. Surface immunoglobulin showed a suppressive or intermediate pattern in both hybrids, whereas intracellular kappa chain production showed an amplification in the 83 hybrid. The beta2 microglobulin deficiency of the Daudi parent was corrected in the Raji/Daudi hybrid. Two new HL-A specificities,A10 and BW17, appeared on this hybrid which were not present on the parental lines. This suggests that the HL-A deficiency of the Daudi cell is due to its lack of beta2 microglobulin.", "contents": "Somatic cell hybrids between human lymphoma lines. III. Surface markers. Hybrids between two human lymphoma lines, Raji and Daudi (8A) and Raji BJAB (83) were examined for genetically determined and/or differentiation-related surface markers. HL-A B ce-l alloantigens, Fc and complement receptors, EBV receptors and beta2 microglobulin showed an autonomous (\"co-dominant\") expression in the hybrid. This is in contrast to most previous studies on other differentiation markers, involving as a rule crosses between cells of different lineages, where the differentiated pattern usually became \"eclipsed\" in the hybrid. Staining of activated complement and complement consumption tests showed intermediate or partially suppressed expression in the hybrids. This may be viewed in relation to the fact that these reactions do not merely depend on complement binding to the receptor, but also on subsequent activation and binding of the activated complement. A more complex interaction is also suggested for immunoglobulin production. Surface immunoglobulin showed a suppressive or intermediate pattern in both hybrids, whereas intracellular kappa chain production showed an amplification in the 83 hybrid. The beta2 microglobulin deficiency of the Daudi parent was corrected in the Raji/Daudi hybrid. Two new HL-A specificities,A10 and BW17, appeared on this hybrid which were not present on the parental lines. This suggests that the HL-A deficiency of the Daudi cell is due to its lack of beta2 microglobulin.", "PMID": 319066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6770", "title": "Increased prescribing of Valium, Librium, and other drugs--an example of the influence of economic and social factors on the practice of medicine.", "content": "Drug prescriptions per capita in the United States have more than doubled since 1950 without a commensurate improvement in health. Drugs are often prescribed for clinical conditions in which therapeutic benefits do not outweigh the risk of adverse drug reactions. Deaths due to adverse drug reactions are roughly as frequent as deaths due to automobile accidents. Valium and Librium are the first and fourth most commonly prescribed drugs in the U.S., used by one ten adults each year. The rapid rise in use of these drugs has occurred during a period of rising social stress, as indicated by increases in alcohol consumption, suicide, and homicide, Valium and Librium are frequently prescribe for patients who go to doctors with social or other nonmedical problems, often in lieu of attempts to resolve these underlying problems. Overprescribing occurs because the decision to prescribe is influenced not only by consideration of therapeutic benefit, but also by nonmedical factors, for example the widespread expectation by both patient and doctor that the doctor will provide a drug or some other technological treatment. Prescribing decisions are also influenced by the profit-motivated activities of drug companies, including the expenditure of almost one-quarter of every sales dollar on drug promotion. The most widely used source of drug information for doctors is the industry-sponsored Physicians' Desk Reference, which overrates the therapeutic value of Valium and Librium as compared to disinterested medical sources. Drug companies also contribute to overprescribing by introducing numerous minor variants of existing drugs. The therapeutic benefits of such new drugs are often overestimated in the early years of use when adverse side effects are not well known and apparent efficacy is enhanced by placebo effects in uncontrolled observations.", "contents": "Increased prescribing of Valium, Librium, and other drugs--an example of the influence of economic and social factors on the practice of medicine. Drug prescriptions per capita in the United States have more than doubled since 1950 without a commensurate improvement in health. Drugs are often prescribed for clinical conditions in which therapeutic benefits do not outweigh the risk of adverse drug reactions. Deaths due to adverse drug reactions are roughly as frequent as deaths due to automobile accidents. Valium and Librium are the first and fourth most commonly prescribed drugs in the U.S., used by one ten adults each year. The rapid rise in use of these drugs has occurred during a period of rising social stress, as indicated by increases in alcohol consumption, suicide, and homicide, Valium and Librium are frequently prescribe for patients who go to doctors with social or other nonmedical problems, often in lieu of attempts to resolve these underlying problems. Overprescribing occurs because the decision to prescribe is influenced not only by consideration of therapeutic benefit, but also by nonmedical factors, for example the widespread expectation by both patient and doctor that the doctor will provide a drug or some other technological treatment. Prescribing decisions are also influenced by the profit-motivated activities of drug companies, including the expenditure of almost one-quarter of every sales dollar on drug promotion. The most widely used source of drug information for doctors is the industry-sponsored Physicians' Desk Reference, which overrates the therapeutic value of Valium and Librium as compared to disinterested medical sources. Drug companies also contribute to overprescribing by introducing numerous minor variants of existing drugs. The therapeutic benefits of such new drugs are often overestimated in the early years of use when adverse side effects are not well known and apparent efficacy is enhanced by placebo effects in uncontrolled observations.", "PMID": 319068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6771", "title": "The impact of colonialism on health and health services in Tanzania.", "content": "This article is about the problems of malnutrition and disease in a rural area of an underdeveloped country, Tanzania. The particular way in which health problems were conceptualized during the colonial era, the structure of the medical services established, and the effects of health care on the health status and size of the rural population of Songea District in Tanzania are shown in the article to have been determined by the economic, social, and political requirements of German and British colonial rulers rather than by the health needs of the African population. Colonial economic policy emphasized the production of cash crops for export, whether by African peasant farmers or by European plantation owners. To provide workers for the plantations, a system of labor migration was instituted. Songea District became an area that supplied male workers to other parts of the country, with grave consequences to the health and nutrition of the women and children left behind. Domestic food production was neglected by Africans forced to migrate in search of cash to pay taxes and by those enganged in the cultivation of cash crops. Extensive malnutrition and persistent ill health related to poor diet are thus traced directly to capitalist underdevelopment of th Tanzanian economy and the structural distortions of a dependent relationship between Tanzania and the metropolitan power.", "contents": "The impact of colonialism on health and health services in Tanzania. This article is about the problems of malnutrition and disease in a rural area of an underdeveloped country, Tanzania. The particular way in which health problems were conceptualized during the colonial era, the structure of the medical services established, and the effects of health care on the health status and size of the rural population of Songea District in Tanzania are shown in the article to have been determined by the economic, social, and political requirements of German and British colonial rulers rather than by the health needs of the African population. Colonial economic policy emphasized the production of cash crops for export, whether by African peasant farmers or by European plantation owners. To provide workers for the plantations, a system of labor migration was instituted. Songea District became an area that supplied male workers to other parts of the country, with grave consequences to the health and nutrition of the women and children left behind. Domestic food production was neglected by Africans forced to migrate in search of cash to pay taxes and by those enganged in the cultivation of cash crops. Extensive malnutrition and persistent ill health related to poor diet are thus traced directly to capitalist underdevelopment of th Tanzanian economy and the structural distortions of a dependent relationship between Tanzania and the metropolitan power.", "PMID": 319069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6772", "title": "Mechanism of steroid action in ocular inflammation: Inhibition of prostaglandin production.", "content": "Prostaglandin E (PGE) concentration the aqueous humor of an intact rabbit eye was less than 0.1 ng. per milliliter and increased to 19 +/- 3 ng. per milliliter 60 minutes following paracentesis. The rise in PGE level was associated with clinical signs of ocular inflammation. Pretreatment with triamcinolone reduced both the accumulation of PGE  in the aqueous humor and the inflammatory response following paracentesis. intravitreal injection of E. coli endotoxin into rabbit eyes increases PGE level in the anterior chamber to 72 +/- 17 ng. per milliliter and induced acute uveitis. slices of iris and ciliary body (ICB) derived from either rabbit eyes with endotoxin-induced uveitis or normal eyes were incubated for 60 to 240 minutes and the rate of PGE release into the medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. after a 4 hour incubation, the PGE release from inflamed ICB was threefold higher than that of normal ICB. incubation of inflamed ICB with hydrocortisone, or Millicorten (100 mug per milliliter) for 4 hours reduced PGE accumulation in the medium by 50 and 81 per cent, respectively. Aldosterone had no effect on the rate of PGE release from inflamed ICB throughout the incubation period. Hydrocortisone or Millicorten also reduced PGE tissue content of inflamed ICB by about 74 per cent during the period of incubation. Indomethacin (100 mug per milliliter) abolished PGE accumulation. The suppressive action of hydrocortisone on PGE release into the incubation medium was prevented by the addition of arachidonic acid (2 mug per milliliter), a substrate for prostaglandin synthesis. By contrast , the inhibitory action of indomethacin was not affected by provision of arachidonic acid. We suggest that glucocorticosteroids reduce PGE accumulation by limiting the availability of the substrate for prostaglandin biosynthesis and thus suppress the inflammatory response.", "contents": "Mechanism of steroid action in ocular inflammation: Inhibition of prostaglandin production. Prostaglandin E (PGE) concentration the aqueous humor of an intact rabbit eye was less than 0.1 ng. per milliliter and increased to 19 +/- 3 ng. per milliliter 60 minutes following paracentesis. The rise in PGE level was associated with clinical signs of ocular inflammation. Pretreatment with triamcinolone reduced both the accumulation of PGE  in the aqueous humor and the inflammatory response following paracentesis. intravitreal injection of E. coli endotoxin into rabbit eyes increases PGE level in the anterior chamber to 72 +/- 17 ng. per milliliter and induced acute uveitis. slices of iris and ciliary body (ICB) derived from either rabbit eyes with endotoxin-induced uveitis or normal eyes were incubated for 60 to 240 minutes and the rate of PGE release into the medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. after a 4 hour incubation, the PGE release from inflamed ICB was threefold higher than that of normal ICB. incubation of inflamed ICB with hydrocortisone, or Millicorten (100 mug per milliliter) for 4 hours reduced PGE accumulation in the medium by 50 and 81 per cent, respectively. Aldosterone had no effect on the rate of PGE release from inflamed ICB throughout the incubation period. Hydrocortisone or Millicorten also reduced PGE tissue content of inflamed ICB by about 74 per cent during the period of incubation. Indomethacin (100 mug per milliliter) abolished PGE accumulation. The suppressive action of hydrocortisone on PGE release into the incubation medium was prevented by the addition of arachidonic acid (2 mug per milliliter), a substrate for prostaglandin synthesis. By contrast , the inhibitory action of indomethacin was not affected by provision of arachidonic acid. We suggest that glucocorticosteroids reduce PGE accumulation by limiting the availability of the substrate for prostaglandin biosynthesis and thus suppress the inflammatory response.", "PMID": 319076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6773", "title": "Actin filaments in normal and migrating corneal epithelial cells.", "content": "The distribution of actin filaments in the cytoplasm of normal and migrating rat corneal epithelium was studied by in situ labeling with myosin subfragment-one. In normal epithelium, actin filaments are present as an apical network under microplicae of superficial cell layers. This apical actin network is possibly a cytoskeleton responsible for maintenance of the regular array of microplicae. A dramatic difference in distribution of actin filaments was noted between the normal cells and cells migrating to cover an abrasion. In migrating epithelial cells, actin filaments are concentrated is basal regions of the cells. They are present as bundles of parallel filaments near the basal plasmalemma and in networks of filaments in leading edges and cell processes. These basally located actin filaments may play a role in migration of the cells during wound healing.", "contents": "Actin filaments in normal and migrating corneal epithelial cells. The distribution of actin filaments in the cytoplasm of normal and migrating rat corneal epithelium was studied by in situ labeling with myosin subfragment-one. In normal epithelium, actin filaments are present as an apical network under microplicae of superficial cell layers. This apical actin network is possibly a cytoskeleton responsible for maintenance of the regular array of microplicae. A dramatic difference in distribution of actin filaments was noted between the normal cells and cells migrating to cover an abrasion. In migrating epithelial cells, actin filaments are concentrated is basal regions of the cells. They are present as bundles of parallel filaments near the basal plasmalemma and in networks of filaments in leading edges and cell processes. These basally located actin filaments may play a role in migration of the cells during wound healing.", "PMID": 319077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6774", "title": "Pineal reactivity of anti-retina sera.", "content": "Specific immunofluorescence has been demonstrated in the guinea pig pineal gland by homologous sera from guinea pigs injected with an extract of retina homogenate. This fluorescence appears to be in the cytoplasm and is evenly distributed among the cells of the pineal gland. Specific immunofluorescence in the retina has been previously demonstrated by these sera.", "contents": "Pineal reactivity of anti-retina sera. Specific immunofluorescence has been demonstrated in the guinea pig pineal gland by homologous sera from guinea pigs injected with an extract of retina homogenate. This fluorescence appears to be in the cytoplasm and is evenly distributed among the cells of the pineal gland. Specific immunofluorescence in the retina has been previously demonstrated by these sera.", "PMID": 319078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6775", "title": "Significant bacteriuria among the mentally retarded. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity of isolates.", "content": "A study was carried out to determine the prevalence of significant bacteriuria in a mentally retarded population. With 100,000 or more bacteria per ml. of urine used as a criterion for significant bacteriuria, 24 of 665 persons studied were considered to have significant bacteriuria for an overall prevalence rate of 3.6%. Seventeen of the 24 positive urine cultures were either from clean catch or catheter specimens. All patients undergoing catheterization were found to have significant bacteriuria. The individual prevalence rates of significant bacteriuria for males and females were 1.7 and 5.6 respectively. In females, an increasing prevalence of bacteriuria was found primarily in the 55-64 age group. The predominant bacteria isolated from bacteriuric patients were gram-negative bacilli, Escherichia coli, being isolated in 50% of all positive cultures. Antiobiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolates indicated a high degree of in vitro resistance to both ampicillin and cephalothin.", "contents": "Significant bacteriuria among the mentally retarded. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity of isolates. A study was carried out to determine the prevalence of significant bacteriuria in a mentally retarded population. With 100,000 or more bacteria per ml. of urine used as a criterion for significant bacteriuria, 24 of 665 persons studied were considered to have significant bacteriuria for an overall prevalence rate of 3.6%. Seventeen of the 24 positive urine cultures were either from clean catch or catheter specimens. All patients undergoing catheterization were found to have significant bacteriuria. The individual prevalence rates of significant bacteriuria for males and females were 1.7 and 5.6 respectively. In females, an increasing prevalence of bacteriuria was found primarily in the 55-64 age group. The predominant bacteria isolated from bacteriuric patients were gram-negative bacilli, Escherichia coli, being isolated in 50% of all positive cultures. Antiobiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolates indicated a high degree of in vitro resistance to both ampicillin and cephalothin.", "PMID": 319080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6776", "title": "Recovery of Chlamydia and Genital Mycoplasma transported in sucrose phosphate buffer and urease color test medium.", "content": "Urethral swabs from 75 males with urethritis were extracted into tryptose phosphate broth and then equal aliquots were dispensed into vials containing sucrose phosphate buffer (2SP) and urease color test medium (U-9). No antibiotics were present in the media. After transport to the laboratory, the recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum was evaluated after inoculation into McCoy's cell cultures and agar medium, respectively. C. trachomatis was recovered from significantly more patients (17 versus 12, P = 0.03) with higher inclusion counts (P less than 0.01) in specimens transported in 2SP as compared with those in U-9 medium. No significant differences between the isolation rate of U. urealyticum and that of Mycoplasma hominis were found with the two media. The rate of inactivation of C. trachomatis and U. realyticum at 4 C was examined by means of reference strains. The inactivation of C. trachomatis was similar in both 2SP and U-9 media, but the number of inclusions was consistently greater in the 2SP medium. In contrast, the number of colony-forming units of U. urealyticum actually increased over a 24-hour period in both media. We conclude that 2SP is the best medium for the combined recovery of C. trachomatis and genital Mycoplasma. The use of one transport medium and hence a single swab culture has the obvious advantages of saving time and expense for both physician and laboratory, and for the patient it will eliminate the possible discomfort of having multiple cultures taken.", "contents": "Recovery of Chlamydia and Genital Mycoplasma transported in sucrose phosphate buffer and urease color test medium. Urethral swabs from 75 males with urethritis were extracted into tryptose phosphate broth and then equal aliquots were dispensed into vials containing sucrose phosphate buffer (2SP) and urease color test medium (U-9). No antibiotics were present in the media. After transport to the laboratory, the recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum was evaluated after inoculation into McCoy's cell cultures and agar medium, respectively. C. trachomatis was recovered from significantly more patients (17 versus 12, P = 0.03) with higher inclusion counts (P less than 0.01) in specimens transported in 2SP as compared with those in U-9 medium. No significant differences between the isolation rate of U. urealyticum and that of Mycoplasma hominis were found with the two media. The rate of inactivation of C. trachomatis and U. realyticum at 4 C was examined by means of reference strains. The inactivation of C. trachomatis was similar in both 2SP and U-9 media, but the number of inclusions was consistently greater in the 2SP medium. In contrast, the number of colony-forming units of U. urealyticum actually increased over a 24-hour period in both media. We conclude that 2SP is the best medium for the combined recovery of C. trachomatis and genital Mycoplasma. The use of one transport medium and hence a single swab culture has the obvious advantages of saving time and expense for both physician and laboratory, and for the patient it will eliminate the possible discomfort of having multiple cultures taken.", "PMID": 319081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6777", "title": "Comparison of enteric identification systems.", "content": "An evaluation of methods for identification of Enterobacteriaceae was made employing the new commercial Micro-Media Enteric System (MMES) with that of the Analytab Products Incorporated (API) and the Conventional tube media schema as suggested by the Center for Disease Control (CDS). The MMES system employed 20 biochemical tests, the API 21, and the CDC procedure 25. Sixteen of these were identical biochemical tests. Two hundred clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were tested employing procedures recommended by the manufacturers of MMES and API, and methods suggested by CDC. Among the sixteen identical biochemical tests the agreement was 98.0% (Conventional), 98.2% (API), and 97.98% (MMES). Bacteria misidentified by the API system totaled 5 (2.5%), 12 (6%) for the Conventional, and 13 (6.5%) for the MMES. Five of the bacteria misidentified with the MMES procedure were due to false positive citrate tests. This problem was subsequently eliminated. The results of this study indicated that the new MMES method for identification of Enterobacteriaceae compared favorably with both the API and Conventional procedures. However, significant advantages of the MMES method were evident in initial purchase price, utilization of technology time, and less tedium performing the test.", "contents": "Comparison of enteric identification systems. An evaluation of methods for identification of Enterobacteriaceae was made employing the new commercial Micro-Media Enteric System (MMES) with that of the Analytab Products Incorporated (API) and the Conventional tube media schema as suggested by the Center for Disease Control (CDS). The MMES system employed 20 biochemical tests, the API 21, and the CDC procedure 25. Sixteen of these were identical biochemical tests. Two hundred clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were tested employing procedures recommended by the manufacturers of MMES and API, and methods suggested by CDC. Among the sixteen identical biochemical tests the agreement was 98.0% (Conventional), 98.2% (API), and 97.98% (MMES). Bacteria misidentified by the API system totaled 5 (2.5%), 12 (6%) for the Conventional, and 13 (6.5%) for the MMES. Five of the bacteria misidentified with the MMES procedure were due to false positive citrate tests. This problem was subsequently eliminated. The results of this study indicated that the new MMES method for identification of Enterobacteriaceae compared favorably with both the API and Conventional procedures. However, significant advantages of the MMES method were evident in initial purchase price, utilization of technology time, and less tedium performing the test.", "PMID": 319082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6778", "title": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) cells in the pancrease and gastro-intestinal mucosa. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Using antibodies against pure porcine VIP in immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence tests, VIP-immunoreactive cells have been detected in the pancreas-especially in the islets-and gastrointestinal mucosa of the dog, guinea-pig and man. VIP immunoreactive cells were widely distributed in these tissues, never being numerous at any site. Some parallelism has been noted between such cells and ultrastructurally identified D1 cells fo the pancreas and gastrointestinal mucosa. The presence of VIP cells in normal pancreas may help explain the occurrence of pancreatic endocrine tumors producing VIP.", "contents": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) cells in the pancrease and gastro-intestinal mucosa. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Using antibodies against pure porcine VIP in immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence tests, VIP-immunoreactive cells have been detected in the pancreas-especially in the islets-and gastrointestinal mucosa of the dog, guinea-pig and man. VIP immunoreactive cells were widely distributed in these tissues, never being numerous at any site. Some parallelism has been noted between such cells and ultrastructurally identified D1 cells fo the pancreas and gastrointestinal mucosa. The presence of VIP cells in normal pancreas may help explain the occurrence of pancreatic endocrine tumors producing VIP.", "PMID": 319084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6779", "title": "Production of specific antibodies to contractile proteins, and their use in immunofluorescence microscopy. II. Species-specific and species-non-specific antibodies to smooth and striated chicken muscle actin.", "content": "The injection of rabbits with insoluble or soluble G-actin from chicken smooth or striated muscle will produce antibodies that are equally reactive, and species and tissue non-specific in immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase inhibition tests. These antibodies have been used for the identification of actin-containing fibrils in a variety of tissues. When G-actins from chicken smooth or striated muscle are immobilized by chemical linkage to Affi-Gel 702 microbeads, their immunogenicity is increased, but the antibodies obtained against them are species-specific and will only react with actin and actin-containing structures from chicken and are therefore limited in use. It is concluded from this work that insoluble G-actin is the preferable immunogen to obtain precipitating antibodies for wide use.", "contents": "Production of specific antibodies to contractile proteins, and their use in immunofluorescence microscopy. II. Species-specific and species-non-specific antibodies to smooth and striated chicken muscle actin. The injection of rabbits with insoluble or soluble G-actin from chicken smooth or striated muscle will produce antibodies that are equally reactive, and species and tissue non-specific in immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase inhibition tests. These antibodies have been used for the identification of actin-containing fibrils in a variety of tissues. When G-actins from chicken smooth or striated muscle are immobilized by chemical linkage to Affi-Gel 702 microbeads, their immunogenicity is increased, but the antibodies obtained against them are species-specific and will only react with actin and actin-containing structures from chicken and are therefore limited in use. It is concluded from this work that insoluble G-actin is the preferable immunogen to obtain precipitating antibodies for wide use.", "PMID": 319085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6780", "title": "The identification of the F-cell in the dog pancreas as the pancreatic polypeptide producing cell.", "content": "The endocrine cells of the processus uncinatus in the dog pancreas were investigated with special reference to the formerly known F-cell. The F-cell was detected frequently in the periphery of pancreatic islets as well as among exocrine tissue. In both localizations the F-cell shows similar ultrastructural features. Membrane-bound irregularly shaped secretory granules of variable electron density were seen. The cell possesses all features of an endocrine polypeptide secreting cell. Using the immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase technique in the uncinate processus of the dog, we could reveal that the anti-sera against bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) reacts with the cell which is localized at the same sites as the F-cell. We therefore conclude that the pancreatic F-cell is identical to the pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell. The other endocrine cell types of the dog pancreas are glucagon-producing A-cells, insulin-producing B-cells, and somatostatin-producing D-cells, as well as serotonin-producing EC-cells which are regularly present in the dog pancreatic islets and also scattered among exocrine tissue and the duct epithelial cells.", "contents": "The identification of the F-cell in the dog pancreas as the pancreatic polypeptide producing cell. The endocrine cells of the processus uncinatus in the dog pancreas were investigated with special reference to the formerly known F-cell. The F-cell was detected frequently in the periphery of pancreatic islets as well as among exocrine tissue. In both localizations the F-cell shows similar ultrastructural features. Membrane-bound irregularly shaped secretory granules of variable electron density were seen. The cell possesses all features of an endocrine polypeptide secreting cell. Using the immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase technique in the uncinate processus of the dog, we could reveal that the anti-sera against bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) reacts with the cell which is localized at the same sites as the F-cell. We therefore conclude that the pancreatic F-cell is identical to the pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell. The other endocrine cell types of the dog pancreas are glucagon-producing A-cells, insulin-producing B-cells, and somatostatin-producing D-cells, as well as serotonin-producing EC-cells which are regularly present in the dog pancreatic islets and also scattered among exocrine tissue and the duct epithelial cells.", "PMID": 319086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6781", "title": "Immunoelectron cytochemical localization of motilin and substance P in rabbit bile duct enterochromaffin (EC) cells.", "content": "Using an immunoreactive technique the two peptides, motilin and Substance P, have been localized at the ultrastructural level in enterochromaffin (EC) cells. Motilin occurs in cells containing a mixed population of biconcave and round secretory granules whereas Substance P is found in cells with exclusively round granules. These observations confirm the existence of at least two functionally and morphologically different types of EC cell in rabbit bile duct, both of which contain 5-hydroxytryptamine. Classification of the endocrine cells of the gut on a purely morphological basis is clearly impossible, however.", "contents": "Immunoelectron cytochemical localization of motilin and substance P in rabbit bile duct enterochromaffin (EC) cells. Using an immunoreactive technique the two peptides, motilin and Substance P, have been localized at the ultrastructural level in enterochromaffin (EC) cells. Motilin occurs in cells containing a mixed population of biconcave and round secretory granules whereas Substance P is found in cells with exclusively round granules. These observations confirm the existence of at least two functionally and morphologically different types of EC cell in rabbit bile duct, both of which contain 5-hydroxytryptamine. Classification of the endocrine cells of the gut on a purely morphological basis is clearly impossible, however.", "PMID": 319087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6782", "title": "Effect of oral inoculation of Escherichia coli on colostral antibody production in cattle.", "content": "Oral inoculation of approximately 1.2 x 10(9) viable Escherichia coli to pregnant cows resulted in increased blood serum and colostral whey titers to the \"O\" antigen. The antibody titers were more pronounced in colostral whey and were correlated with the inoculum strain of Escherichia coli. There was no correlation between antibody titers of the colostrum ingested and the resulting serum antibody titers of the calves. The incidence of diarrhea in calves did not correlate with the antibody titer in the colostrum. The occurrence of diarrhea was significantly greater in calves that did not ingest colostrum until they were 12 hours old, compared with calves that had free access to their dams and suckled within an hour of birth.", "contents": "Effect of oral inoculation of Escherichia coli on colostral antibody production in cattle. Oral inoculation of approximately 1.2 x 10(9) viable Escherichia coli to pregnant cows resulted in increased blood serum and colostral whey titers to the \"O\" antigen. The antibody titers were more pronounced in colostral whey and were correlated with the inoculum strain of Escherichia coli. There was no correlation between antibody titers of the colostrum ingested and the resulting serum antibody titers of the calves. The incidence of diarrhea in calves did not correlate with the antibody titer in the colostrum. The occurrence of diarrhea was significantly greater in calves that did not ingest colostrum until they were 12 hours old, compared with calves that had free access to their dams and suckled within an hour of birth.", "PMID": 319088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6783", "title": "Stability of patulin to sulfur dioxide and to yeast fermentation.", "content": "The affinity of patulin for sulfur dioxide (SO2) is much less than was previously reported and is of little significance at the SO2 concentrations (below 200 ppm) used in the processing of apple juice and cider. However, at concentrations of 2000 ppm SO2 and 15 ppm patulin, combination was 90% complete in 2 days. Removal of SO2 liberated only part of the patulin, which suggests that 2 mechanisms are involved: one reversible (opening the hemiacetal ring) and one irreversible (SO2 addition at the double bond). Test with 2 yeasts used in English commercial cider making confirmed that patulin is effectively removed during yeast fermentation.", "contents": "Stability of patulin to sulfur dioxide and to yeast fermentation. The affinity of patulin for sulfur dioxide (SO2) is much less than was previously reported and is of little significance at the SO2 concentrations (below 200 ppm) used in the processing of apple juice and cider. However, at concentrations of 2000 ppm SO2 and 15 ppm patulin, combination was 90% complete in 2 days. Removal of SO2 liberated only part of the patulin, which suggests that 2 mechanisms are involved: one reversible (opening the hemiacetal ring) and one irreversible (SO2 addition at the double bond). Test with 2 yeasts used in English commercial cider making confirmed that patulin is effectively removed during yeast fermentation.", "PMID": 319091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6784", "title": "Regulation of phospholipid metabolism in differentiating cells from rat brain cerebral hemispheres in culture. Serine incorporation into serine phosphoglycerides: base exchange and decarboxylation patterns.", "content": "The patterns of serine metabolism into phospholipids of cultured brain cells was examined. Labeled serine was incorporated predominantly into serine- ad ethanolamine-containing phospholipids and sphingolipids. The highest rates of labeling were observed in the (1)acyl-(2)acyl- and (1)alkyl-(2)acyl-serine phosphoglyceride fractions. Serine incorporation into both compounds appears to proceed via a base exchange mechanism. A decrease in the rate of serine phosphoglycerides labeling and a depletion of the ATP levels were observed when oligomycin or the calcium ionophore A23187 was added to the incubation medium. The inhibition of serine incorporation by A23187 could be partially reversed following addition of 10 mM CaCl2. Based on these findings it is suggested that in addition to demonstrating the energy-independent calcium-stimulated pathway, there may also be an energy related pathway. Formation of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, as a result of serine phosphoglycerides decarboxylation, has been analyzed by using a simplified compartmental model. Of the 0.67 nmol/mg of protein turned over per h in the diacylserine phosphoglyceride compartment, 0.14 nmol/mg of protein are converted into the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. In a similar manner, of the 0.09 nmol/mg of protein turned over per h in the (1)alkyl-(2)acyl-serine phosphoglyceride compartment, 0.014 nmol/mg of protein is converted into the (1)alkyl-(2)acyl-ethanolamine phosphoglyceride. These figures provide a first indication that a considerable portion of the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides in cultured brain cells is formed via a direct decarboxylation of the serine phosphoglycerides. In estimating the rates of (1)alkenyl-(2)acyl-ethanolamine phosphoglyceride formation from (1)alkyl-(2)acyl-ethanolamine phosphoglyceride the precursor-product specific activity crossover point could not be established. Mathematical analysis, however, enabled us to estimate the flux from the former into the latter as 0.04 nmol/mg of protein per h. A scheme for the possible metabolic interconversions of the ether bond containing serine and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides is proposed.", "contents": "Regulation of phospholipid metabolism in differentiating cells from rat brain cerebral hemispheres in culture. Serine incorporation into serine phosphoglycerides: base exchange and decarboxylation patterns. The patterns of serine metabolism into phospholipids of cultured brain cells was examined. Labeled serine was incorporated predominantly into serine- ad ethanolamine-containing phospholipids and sphingolipids. The highest rates of labeling were observed in the (1)acyl-(2)acyl- and (1)alkyl-(2)acyl-serine phosphoglyceride fractions. Serine incorporation into both compounds appears to proceed via a base exchange mechanism. A decrease in the rate of serine phosphoglycerides labeling and a depletion of the ATP levels were observed when oligomycin or the calcium ionophore A23187 was added to the incubation medium. The inhibition of serine incorporation by A23187 could be partially reversed following addition of 10 mM CaCl2. Based on these findings it is suggested that in addition to demonstrating the energy-independent calcium-stimulated pathway, there may also be an energy related pathway. Formation of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, as a result of serine phosphoglycerides decarboxylation, has been analyzed by using a simplified compartmental model. Of the 0.67 nmol/mg of protein turned over per h in the diacylserine phosphoglyceride compartment, 0.14 nmol/mg of protein are converted into the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. In a similar manner, of the 0.09 nmol/mg of protein turned over per h in the (1)alkyl-(2)acyl-serine phosphoglyceride compartment, 0.014 nmol/mg of protein is converted into the (1)alkyl-(2)acyl-ethanolamine phosphoglyceride. These figures provide a first indication that a considerable portion of the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides in cultured brain cells is formed via a direct decarboxylation of the serine phosphoglycerides. In estimating the rates of (1)alkenyl-(2)acyl-ethanolamine phosphoglyceride formation from (1)alkyl-(2)acyl-ethanolamine phosphoglyceride the precursor-product specific activity crossover point could not be established. Mathematical analysis, however, enabled us to estimate the flux from the former into the latter as 0.04 nmol/mg of protein per h. A scheme for the possible metabolic interconversions of the ether bond containing serine and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides is proposed.", "PMID": 319093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6785", "title": "Codon-acticodon recognition in the valine codon family.", "content": "An in vitro protein-synthesizing system completely dependent on added valine tRNA (valyl-tRNAval) and programmed with RNA from the phage MS2 has been used to investigate the incorporation into MS2 coat protein of valine from isoaccepting valyl-tRNAsval with the anticodons U AC (U represents 5-oxyacetic acid uridine monophosphate), GAC, and IAC in response to the four valine codons GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG. By examining the incorporation of valine into NH2-terminal and internal positions of three tryptic peptides from the MS2 coat protein it has been established that these anticodons each recognize all four valine codons. We therefore conclude that under our conditions of in vitro protein synthesis the genetic code, as far as the valine codons are concerned, is operationally a two letter code, i.e. the third codon nucleotide has no absolute discriminating function.", "contents": "Codon-acticodon recognition in the valine codon family. An in vitro protein-synthesizing system completely dependent on added valine tRNA (valyl-tRNAval) and programmed with RNA from the phage MS2 has been used to investigate the incorporation into MS2 coat protein of valine from isoaccepting valyl-tRNAsval with the anticodons U AC (U represents 5-oxyacetic acid uridine monophosphate), GAC, and IAC in response to the four valine codons GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG. By examining the incorporation of valine into NH2-terminal and internal positions of three tryptic peptides from the MS2 coat protein it has been established that these anticodons each recognize all four valine codons. We therefore conclude that under our conditions of in vitro protein synthesis the genetic code, as far as the valine codons are concerned, is operationally a two letter code, i.e. the third codon nucleotide has no absolute discriminating function.", "PMID": 319094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6786", "title": "On the role of ATP in phosphodiester bond hydrolysis catalyzed by the recBC deoxyribonuclease of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The deoxyribonuclease specified by the recB and recC genes of Escherichia coli (recBC DNase; exonuclease V) has been purified to near homogeneity by a new procedure. Although hydrolysis of even a single nucleotide from a duplex DNA molecule by the pure enzyme is absolutely dependent upon ATP, the extent of phosphodiester hydrolysis is strongly inhibited by ATP concentrations of 0.2 mm or greater, and the initial rate is unaffected. Under these conditions, the extent of DNA hydrolysis is proportional to enzyme concentration. In contrast, neither the rate nor the extent of hydrolysis of single-stranded DNA nor ATP is affected by high concentrations of ATP. The amount of large single-stranded polynucleotide generated by the action of the recBC DNase increases as the ATP concentration increases and, at 0.5 mM ATP, becomes equivalent to the amount of acid-soluble nucleotide formed. These findings suggest that high intracellular concentrations of ATP affect the mechanism of the recBC DNase so as to limit the extent of hydrolysis of duplex DNA, while at the same time favoring the formation of single-stranded regions within the duplex. Such regions may be essential intermediates in the recombination process.", "contents": "On the role of ATP in phosphodiester bond hydrolysis catalyzed by the recBC deoxyribonuclease of Escherichia coli. The deoxyribonuclease specified by the recB and recC genes of Escherichia coli (recBC DNase; exonuclease V) has been purified to near homogeneity by a new procedure. Although hydrolysis of even a single nucleotide from a duplex DNA molecule by the pure enzyme is absolutely dependent upon ATP, the extent of phosphodiester hydrolysis is strongly inhibited by ATP concentrations of 0.2 mm or greater, and the initial rate is unaffected. Under these conditions, the extent of DNA hydrolysis is proportional to enzyme concentration. In contrast, neither the rate nor the extent of hydrolysis of single-stranded DNA nor ATP is affected by high concentrations of ATP. The amount of large single-stranded polynucleotide generated by the action of the recBC DNase increases as the ATP concentration increases and, at 0.5 mM ATP, becomes equivalent to the amount of acid-soluble nucleotide formed. These findings suggest that high intracellular concentrations of ATP affect the mechanism of the recBC DNase so as to limit the extent of hydrolysis of duplex DNA, while at the same time favoring the formation of single-stranded regions within the duplex. Such regions may be essential intermediates in the recombination process.", "PMID": 319095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6787", "title": "Antagonistic action between spermidine and putrescine on association and dissociation of purified, run-off ribosomes from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effects of polyamines on the equilibrium between prokaryotic ribosomal subunits and 70 S ribosomes have been studied as a function of concentration of Mg2+ from 2.5 to 7.5 mM. Run-off ribosomes were obtained from Escherichia coli and were washed with buffered 1 M NH4C1. Spermidine at 1 mm favors association of subunits at all concentrations of Mg2+. Putrescine, at concentrations above 8 mM, favors net dissociation at concentrations of Mg2+ below 4.5 mM. Streptomycin behaves like spermidine, while putrescine behaves like initiation factor 1 and initiation factor 3. The effect of putrescine on dissociation is time-dependent and appears to have a half-life of about 3.5 min at 30 degrees. When added after the effects of spermidine or streptomycin on association have occurred, putrescine still causes dissociation. The data suggests that putrescine may reduce net formation of vacant 70 S ribosomes. Another possibility is that putrescine and spermidine may act antagonistically to maintain a labile equilibrium between ribosomal subunits and vacant 70 S ribosomes. It may be significant that the putrescine effect is observed at the concentration of Mg2+ found to be optimum for initiation.", "contents": "Antagonistic action between spermidine and putrescine on association and dissociation of purified, run-off ribosomes from Escherichia coli. The effects of polyamines on the equilibrium between prokaryotic ribosomal subunits and 70 S ribosomes have been studied as a function of concentration of Mg2+ from 2.5 to 7.5 mM. Run-off ribosomes were obtained from Escherichia coli and were washed with buffered 1 M NH4C1. Spermidine at 1 mm favors association of subunits at all concentrations of Mg2+. Putrescine, at concentrations above 8 mM, favors net dissociation at concentrations of Mg2+ below 4.5 mM. Streptomycin behaves like spermidine, while putrescine behaves like initiation factor 1 and initiation factor 3. The effect of putrescine on dissociation is time-dependent and appears to have a half-life of about 3.5 min at 30 degrees. When added after the effects of spermidine or streptomycin on association have occurred, putrescine still causes dissociation. The data suggests that putrescine may reduce net formation of vacant 70 S ribosomes. Another possibility is that putrescine and spermidine may act antagonistically to maintain a labile equilibrium between ribosomal subunits and vacant 70 S ribosomes. It may be significant that the putrescine effect is observed at the concentration of Mg2+ found to be optimum for initiation.", "PMID": 319096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6788", "title": "Reaction of bone to the acute chemical trauma of bone cement.", "content": "The acute chemical trauma of bone cement was investigated in the rabbit tibia. With the experimental model used, the surgical trauma and the thermal effects of the cement could be minimized. Each animal received one implant of polymerized cement as a control and one implant of polymerizing dough as the test material. The animals were observed for up to seventy days and the specimens were then studied by various techniques of histology, microangiography, fluorochrome labeling, and microradiography. With this experimental method the monomer trauma did not add to the minimized surgical trauma. Moreover, no detectable influence on bone regeneration was noted. In view of this minor effect, we suggest that the surgical preparation of the implant bed and the very procedure of inserting bone cement are more important for the acute tissue trauma than is monomer leakage alone.", "contents": "Reaction of bone to the acute chemical trauma of bone cement. The acute chemical trauma of bone cement was investigated in the rabbit tibia. With the experimental model used, the surgical trauma and the thermal effects of the cement could be minimized. Each animal received one implant of polymerized cement as a control and one implant of polymerizing dough as the test material. The animals were observed for up to seventy days and the specimens were then studied by various techniques of histology, microangiography, fluorochrome labeling, and microradiography. With this experimental method the monomer trauma did not add to the minimized surgical trauma. Moreover, no detectable influence on bone regeneration was noted. In view of this minor effect, we suggest that the surgical preparation of the implant bed and the very procedure of inserting bone cement are more important for the acute tissue trauma than is monomer leakage alone.", "PMID": 319097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6789", "title": "Molecular events during membrane fusion. A study of exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells.", "content": "We have used thin section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy to study membrane changes occurring during exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells. By labeling degranulating mast cells with ferritin-conjugated lectins and anti-immunoglobulin antibodies, we demonstrate that these ligands do not bind to areas of plasma membrane or granule membrane which have fused with, or are interacting with, granule membrane. Moreover, intramembrane particles are also largely absent from both protoplasmic and external fracture faces of plasma and granule membranes in regions where these membranes appear to be interacting. Both the externally applied ligands and intramembrane particles are sometimes concentrated at the edges of fusion sites. The results indicate that membrane proteins are displaced laterally into adjacent membrane regions before the fusion process and that fusion occurs between protein-depleted lipid bilayers. The finding of protein-depleted blebs in regions of plasma and granule membrane interaction raises the interesting possibility that blebbing may be a process for exposing the granule contents to the extracellular space and for the elimination of excess lipid while conserving membrane proteins.", "contents": "Molecular events during membrane fusion. A study of exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells. We have used thin section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy to study membrane changes occurring during exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells. By labeling degranulating mast cells with ferritin-conjugated lectins and anti-immunoglobulin antibodies, we demonstrate that these ligands do not bind to areas of plasma membrane or granule membrane which have fused with, or are interacting with, granule membrane. Moreover, intramembrane particles are also largely absent from both protoplasmic and external fracture faces of plasma and granule membranes in regions where these membranes appear to be interacting. Both the externally applied ligands and intramembrane particles are sometimes concentrated at the edges of fusion sites. The results indicate that membrane proteins are displaced laterally into adjacent membrane regions before the fusion process and that fusion occurs between protein-depleted lipid bilayers. The finding of protein-depleted blebs in regions of plasma and granule membrane interaction raises the interesting possibility that blebbing may be a process for exposing the granule contents to the extracellular space and for the elimination of excess lipid while conserving membrane proteins.", "PMID": 319098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6790", "title": "Ultrastructure of a periodic protein layer in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Matrix protein (36,500 daltons), one of the major polypeptides of the Escherichia coli cell envelope, is arranged in a periodic monolayer which covers the outer surface of the peptidoglycan. Although its association with the peptidoglycan layer is probably tight, the periodic structure of the peptidoglycan. Although its association with the peptidoglycan later is probably tight, the periodic structure is maintained in the absence of peptidoglycan, and is therefore based on strong protein-protein interactions. A detailed analysis of the ultrastructure of the matrix protein array by electron microscopy and image processing of specimens prepared by negative staining or by freeze-drying and shadowing shows that the molecules are arranged according to three fold symmetry on a hexagonal lattice whose repeat is 7.7 nm. The most pronounced feature of the unit cell, which probably contains three molecules of matrix protein, is a triplet of indentations, each approx. 2 nm in diameter, with a center-to-center spacing of 3nm. They are readily penetrated by stain and may represent channels which span the protein monolayer.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of a periodic protein layer in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Matrix protein (36,500 daltons), one of the major polypeptides of the Escherichia coli cell envelope, is arranged in a periodic monolayer which covers the outer surface of the peptidoglycan. Although its association with the peptidoglycan layer is probably tight, the periodic structure of the peptidoglycan. Although its association with the peptidoglycan later is probably tight, the periodic structure is maintained in the absence of peptidoglycan, and is therefore based on strong protein-protein interactions. A detailed analysis of the ultrastructure of the matrix protein array by electron microscopy and image processing of specimens prepared by negative staining or by freeze-drying and shadowing shows that the molecules are arranged according to three fold symmetry on a hexagonal lattice whose repeat is 7.7 nm. The most pronounced feature of the unit cell, which probably contains three molecules of matrix protein, is a triplet of indentations, each approx. 2 nm in diameter, with a center-to-center spacing of 3nm. They are readily penetrated by stain and may represent channels which span the protein monolayer.", "PMID": 319099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6791", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of secretory proteins in bovine pancreatic exocrine cells.", "content": "The bovine exocrine pancreatic cell produces a variety of enzymes and proenzymes for export. Biochemical studies by Greene L.J., C.H. Hirs, and G.E. Palade (J. Biol. Chem. 1963. 238:2054) have shown that the mass proportions of several of these proteins in resting pancreatic juice and zymogen granule fractions are identical. In this study we have used immunocytochemical techniques at the electron microscope level to determine whether regional differences exist in the bovine gland with regard to production of individual secretory proteins and whether specialization of product handling occurs at the subcellular level. The technique used is a modification of one previously reported (McLean, J.D., and S.J. Singer. 1970. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 69:1771) in which immunocytochemical reagents are applied to thin sections of bovine serum albumin-imbedded tissue and zymogen granule fractions. A double antibody technique was used in which the first step consisted of rabbit F(ab')2 antibovine secretory protein and the detection step consisted of sheep (F(ab')2 antirabbit F(ab')2 conjugated to ferritin. The results showed that all exocrine cells in the gland, and all zymogen granules and Golgi cisternae in each cell, were qualitatively alike with regard to their content of secretory proteins examined (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen A, carboxypeptidase A, RNase, and DNase). The data suggest that these secretory proteins are transported through the cisternae of the Golgi complex where they are intermixed before copackaging in zymogen granules; passage through the Golgi complex is apparently obligatory for these (and likely all) secretory proteins, and is independent of extent of glycosylation, e.g., trypsinogen, a nonglycoprotein vs. DNase, a glycoprotein.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of secretory proteins in bovine pancreatic exocrine cells. The bovine exocrine pancreatic cell produces a variety of enzymes and proenzymes for export. Biochemical studies by Greene L.J., C.H. Hirs, and G.E. Palade (J. Biol. Chem. 1963. 238:2054) have shown that the mass proportions of several of these proteins in resting pancreatic juice and zymogen granule fractions are identical. In this study we have used immunocytochemical techniques at the electron microscope level to determine whether regional differences exist in the bovine gland with regard to production of individual secretory proteins and whether specialization of product handling occurs at the subcellular level. The technique used is a modification of one previously reported (McLean, J.D., and S.J. Singer. 1970. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 69:1771) in which immunocytochemical reagents are applied to thin sections of bovine serum albumin-imbedded tissue and zymogen granule fractions. A double antibody technique was used in which the first step consisted of rabbit F(ab')2 antibovine secretory protein and the detection step consisted of sheep (F(ab')2 antirabbit F(ab')2 conjugated to ferritin. The results showed that all exocrine cells in the gland, and all zymogen granules and Golgi cisternae in each cell, were qualitatively alike with regard to their content of secretory proteins examined (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen A, carboxypeptidase A, RNase, and DNase). The data suggest that these secretory proteins are transported through the cisternae of the Golgi complex where they are intermixed before copackaging in zymogen granules; passage through the Golgi complex is apparently obligatory for these (and likely all) secretory proteins, and is independent of extent of glycosylation, e.g., trypsinogen, a nonglycoprotein vs. DNase, a glycoprotein.", "PMID": 319100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6792", "title": "Ca++ regulation in caffeine-derived microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Caffeine-derived microplasmodia possess a Ca++-sequestering system which can initiate motility. The experiments presented here suggest that this system is membranous and nonmitochondrial in  nature. Therefore, it is proposed that the shuttle streaming in the plasmodium is controlled by the localized release and uptake of free Ca++ from an intracellular storage system analogous to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Ca++ regulation in caffeine-derived microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. Caffeine-derived microplasmodia possess a Ca++-sequestering system which can initiate motility. The experiments presented here suggest that this system is membranous and nonmitochondrial in  nature. Therefore, it is proposed that the shuttle streaming in the plasmodium is controlled by the localized release and uptake of free Ca++ from an intracellular storage system analogous to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 319101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6793", "title": "LH and FSH levels in urine and serum of prepubertal and pubertal children receiving a 3 hour infusion of LH-RH.", "content": "LH-RH was administered to 17 normal prepubertal and 14 pubertal children as well as to 6 GH deficient prepubertal patients. Urinary immunoreactive LH and FSH were measured in acetone extracts of 3 h collections prior to, during, and immediately after a 3 h infusion of 100 mug LH-RH. Peak LH excretion in response to LH-RH was higher in pubertal than prepubertal children. Girls excreted larger quantities of FSH after LH-RH than did boys. Serum LH and FSH increments evoked by LH-RH correlated significantly (P less than 0.01) with peak urinary gonadotropin excretion. These data suggest that measurement of urinary immunoreactive LH and FSH prior to and after LH-RH administration is clinically useful in evaluation of the reproductive endocrine system of young children and of individuals with low basal levels of gonadotropin.", "contents": "LH and FSH levels in urine and serum of prepubertal and pubertal children receiving a 3 hour infusion of LH-RH. LH-RH was administered to 17 normal prepubertal and 14 pubertal children as well as to 6 GH deficient prepubertal patients. Urinary immunoreactive LH and FSH were measured in acetone extracts of 3 h collections prior to, during, and immediately after a 3 h infusion of 100 mug LH-RH. Peak LH excretion in response to LH-RH was higher in pubertal than prepubertal children. Girls excreted larger quantities of FSH after LH-RH than did boys. Serum LH and FSH increments evoked by LH-RH correlated significantly (P less than 0.01) with peak urinary gonadotropin excretion. These data suggest that measurement of urinary immunoreactive LH and FSH prior to and after LH-RH administration is clinically useful in evaluation of the reproductive endocrine system of young children and of individuals with low basal levels of gonadotropin.", "PMID": 319103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6794", "title": "Enzyme-labelled immunoassay for plasma cortisol.", "content": "An enzyme-labelled immunoassay for plasma cortisol was developed. For this alkaline-phosphatase was conjugated through 21-hemisuccinate of cortisol using water-soluble carbodiimide. An antibody was raised in rabbits against corisol-21-hemisuccinate bovine serum albumin. Before assay 10 mul samples of plasma were mixed with glutamate buffer, pH 3.3, and boiled to denature endogenous cortisol-binding globulin and alkaline-phosphatase. Separation of \"bound and free\" cortisol was done by the double antibody method. A linear relationship was obtained between the volume of plasma and the amount of cortisol. The minimal detectable level of plasma cortisol was 1 mug/dl and the coefficients of variation were 2.7%-4.4% (within assays) and 4.7%-6.0% (between assays). Cortisol values determined by the present method correlated well with those determined by radioimmunoassay. The present method of enzyme-labelled immunoassay is suitable for routine clinical analysis of plasma cortisol.", "contents": "Enzyme-labelled immunoassay for plasma cortisol. An enzyme-labelled immunoassay for plasma cortisol was developed. For this alkaline-phosphatase was conjugated through 21-hemisuccinate of cortisol using water-soluble carbodiimide. An antibody was raised in rabbits against corisol-21-hemisuccinate bovine serum albumin. Before assay 10 mul samples of plasma were mixed with glutamate buffer, pH 3.3, and boiled to denature endogenous cortisol-binding globulin and alkaline-phosphatase. Separation of \"bound and free\" cortisol was done by the double antibody method. A linear relationship was obtained between the volume of plasma and the amount of cortisol. The minimal detectable level of plasma cortisol was 1 mug/dl and the coefficients of variation were 2.7%-4.4% (within assays) and 4.7%-6.0% (between assays). Cortisol values determined by the present method correlated well with those determined by radioimmunoassay. The present method of enzyme-labelled immunoassay is suitable for routine clinical analysis of plasma cortisol.", "PMID": 319104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6795", "title": "Inhibition of immune hemolysis: serological assay for the heat-labile enterotoxin of Excherichia coli.", "content": "Sheep erythrocytes sensitized by incubation with the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli are hemolyzed in the presence of anti-LT antiserum and complement. The Microtiter (Cooke Laboratory Products) technique was used to titrate anti-LT antibody in serum by this immune hemolysis reaction. Immune hemolysis was inhibited by preexposure of the anti-LT antiserum to soluble LT before addition of the LT-sensitized sheep cells. E. coli mini-extract preparations were obtained by the polymyxin release technique and assayed for LT by the lysis inhibition test (LIT) and by the adrenal cell assay. All 75 adrenal cell-positive E. coli isolates were positive in the LIT assay. Eight of 318 adrenal cell-negative isolates tested were positive in the LIT assay, possibly indicating the presence of biologically inactive toxin.", "contents": "Inhibition of immune hemolysis: serological assay for the heat-labile enterotoxin of Excherichia coli. Sheep erythrocytes sensitized by incubation with the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli are hemolyzed in the presence of anti-LT antiserum and complement. The Microtiter (Cooke Laboratory Products) technique was used to titrate anti-LT antibody in serum by this immune hemolysis reaction. Immune hemolysis was inhibited by preexposure of the anti-LT antiserum to soluble LT before addition of the LT-sensitized sheep cells. E. coli mini-extract preparations were obtained by the polymyxin release technique and assayed for LT by the lysis inhibition test (LIT) and by the adrenal cell assay. All 75 adrenal cell-positive E. coli isolates were positive in the LIT assay. Eight of 318 adrenal cell-negative isolates tested were positive in the LIT assay, possibly indicating the presence of biologically inactive toxin.", "PMID": 319105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6796", "title": "Reduction of variation in results of rheumatoid factor tests by use of a serum reference preparation.", "content": "Standaridizing test results for rheumatoid factor by comparing results obtained for an unknown with results obtained for a serum reference preparation decreased variance between laboratories, as measured in the Center for Disease Control proficiency testing program, by 77%. The amount of improvement was also estimated by the type of test and by the manufacturer's product. Standardization resulted in an increase in the number of reported results that were within a twofold dilution of the median value. The percentage increased from 50.3 to 93.7% for the slide tests and from 78.1 to 91.2% fro the tube tests. Decrease in variance by manufacturer's product ranged from 94 to 27%. The study demonstrated that adopting a reference serum standard could substantially improve the comparability of rheumatoid factor test results and that proficiency testing programs can be used to estimate improvement which could be expected as a result of standardization.", "contents": "Reduction of variation in results of rheumatoid factor tests by use of a serum reference preparation. Standaridizing test results for rheumatoid factor by comparing results obtained for an unknown with results obtained for a serum reference preparation decreased variance between laboratories, as measured in the Center for Disease Control proficiency testing program, by 77%. The amount of improvement was also estimated by the type of test and by the manufacturer's product. Standardization resulted in an increase in the number of reported results that were within a twofold dilution of the median value. The percentage increased from 50.3 to 93.7% for the slide tests and from 78.1 to 91.2% fro the tube tests. Decrease in variance by manufacturer's product ranged from 94 to 27%. The study demonstrated that adopting a reference serum standard could substantially improve the comparability of rheumatoid factor test results and that proficiency testing programs can be used to estimate improvement which could be expected as a result of standardization.", "PMID": 319107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6797", "title": "Rapid carbohydrate fermentation test for confirmation of the pathogenic Neisseria using a Ba(OH)2 indicator.", "content": "The Ba(OH)2 indicator system was demonstrated to be a practical procedure in assisting clinical bacteriologists in the accurate and rapid identification of the pathogenic Neisseria from clinical specimens. This system measured the release of CO2, resulting from the metabolism of fermentable carbohydrate, as the precipitated BaCO3, by means of a spectrophotometer, The method was uncomplicated and can be performed in most clinical bacteriology laboratories.", "contents": "Rapid carbohydrate fermentation test for confirmation of the pathogenic Neisseria using a Ba(OH)2 indicator. The Ba(OH)2 indicator system was demonstrated to be a practical procedure in assisting clinical bacteriologists in the accurate and rapid identification of the pathogenic Neisseria from clinical specimens. This system measured the release of CO2, resulting from the metabolism of fermentable carbohydrate, as the precipitated BaCO3, by means of a spectrophotometer, The method was uncomplicated and can be performed in most clinical bacteriology laboratories.", "PMID": 319106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6798", "title": "Development of a lysis-filtration blood culture technique.", "content": "A lysed-blood culture system that quickly lyses patients' blood near neutrality and is relatively noninjurious to more delicate pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae and Bacteroides fragilis is reported. The lysing solution includes culture medium, 0.004 M sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, 0.04% Triton X-100,and 0.6% Rhozyme (a mixture of proteases). Most of the pathogens tested multiplied in the lysing solution. The lysed blood normally is immediately filtered. The membrane is transferred to culture broth. The greatest advantage realized from this blood culture technique is separation of pathogens from antibiotics, bactericidal antibodies, complement, opsonins, and phagocytic systems. Another advantage is the concentration of organisms into a small volume of clear medium for faster growth and visualization of growth. It was observed that both gram-negative and -positive organisms were attracted during filtration to the filter material and were not removed from it by backwashing with buffer. Thus, filter membranes with porosities much larger than would nominally be expected to retain bacteria retained all or part of light and heavy Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus suspensions. Advantage may be taken of this phenomenon to use filters with larger pore sizes and avoid filter clogging by poorly lysed specimens. Porr lysis may result from addition of too much blood to the lysing solution, blood with elevated numbers of erythrocytes or leukocytes, or blood from some people whose blood is naturally more resistant to lysis.", "contents": "Development of a lysis-filtration blood culture technique. A lysed-blood culture system that quickly lyses patients' blood near neutrality and is relatively noninjurious to more delicate pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae and Bacteroides fragilis is reported. The lysing solution includes culture medium, 0.004 M sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, 0.04% Triton X-100,and 0.6% Rhozyme (a mixture of proteases). Most of the pathogens tested multiplied in the lysing solution. The lysed blood normally is immediately filtered. The membrane is transferred to culture broth. The greatest advantage realized from this blood culture technique is separation of pathogens from antibiotics, bactericidal antibodies, complement, opsonins, and phagocytic systems. Another advantage is the concentration of organisms into a small volume of clear medium for faster growth and visualization of growth. It was observed that both gram-negative and -positive organisms were attracted during filtration to the filter material and were not removed from it by backwashing with buffer. Thus, filter membranes with porosities much larger than would nominally be expected to retain bacteria retained all or part of light and heavy Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus suspensions. Advantage may be taken of this phenomenon to use filters with larger pore sizes and avoid filter clogging by poorly lysed specimens. Porr lysis may result from addition of too much blood to the lysing solution, blood with elevated numbers of erythrocytes or leukocytes, or blood from some people whose blood is naturally more resistant to lysis.", "PMID": 319108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6799", "title": "Occurrence and significance of Cryptococcus neoformans in the respiratory tract of patients with bronchopulmonary disorders.", "content": "Cryptococcus neoformans was cultured from 13 (3%) of 469 clinical specimens examined from the respiratory tract of patients with bronchopulmonary diseases. These isolations came from 5 (2%) of 207 patients; 11 isolates were from sputum and 1 each were from bronchoscopic aspirate and empyema pus. The fungus was not cultured from the oropharyngeal washings of 101 apparently healthy volunteers. Of the 5 patients, 3 had pulmonary tuberculosis, including one with pyopneumothorax and 2 with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis as the underlying disease. In the tuberculosis patient with pyopneumothorax and C. neoformans in empyema pus, the fungus was presumably a tissue invader, whereas its role could not be unequivocally ascertained in the remaining 4 patients from whom it was isolated from sputum or bronchial aspirate on at least two consecutive occasions. The question of C. neoformans being a transient resident, commensal, or incitant of benign minimal lesions in the tracheobronchial tree is discussed. A comprehensive laboratory and clinical follow-up is warranted in patients from whose sputum or bronchial aspirate C. neoformans may be cultured even though definitive signs of cryptococcosis may be lacking.", "contents": "Occurrence and significance of Cryptococcus neoformans in the respiratory tract of patients with bronchopulmonary disorders. Cryptococcus neoformans was cultured from 13 (3%) of 469 clinical specimens examined from the respiratory tract of patients with bronchopulmonary diseases. These isolations came from 5 (2%) of 207 patients; 11 isolates were from sputum and 1 each were from bronchoscopic aspirate and empyema pus. The fungus was not cultured from the oropharyngeal washings of 101 apparently healthy volunteers. Of the 5 patients, 3 had pulmonary tuberculosis, including one with pyopneumothorax and 2 with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis as the underlying disease. In the tuberculosis patient with pyopneumothorax and C. neoformans in empyema pus, the fungus was presumably a tissue invader, whereas its role could not be unequivocally ascertained in the remaining 4 patients from whom it was isolated from sputum or bronchial aspirate on at least two consecutive occasions. The question of C. neoformans being a transient resident, commensal, or incitant of benign minimal lesions in the tracheobronchial tree is discussed. A comprehensive laboratory and clinical follow-up is warranted in patients from whose sputum or bronchial aspirate C. neoformans may be cultured even though definitive signs of cryptococcosis may be lacking.", "PMID": 319109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6800", "title": "Rapid automated disgnosis of bacteremia by impedance detection.", "content": "Lysis and filtration of blood culture specimens were combined with impedance detection of bacterial growth to facilitate the diagnosis of bacteremia. A blood lysis-filtration technique (Zierdt et al., 1976) was coupled to a simple, inexpensive automated detection system. The practical and technical aspects of the impedance detection system are discussed. This new blood culturing system was compared to a conventional system for 264 aerobic blood cultures. A 30-ml sample of the blood-broth mixture was withdrawn from the conventional aerobic blood culture bottle and processed in parallel. Excluding the isolation of the commonly recognized contaminants, the detection efficiency was 36% greater in the new system. A total of 53 blood cultures from 107 patients were positive by one or both methods. The new system detected 92% of the total number of positive cultures, compared with 56% detected by the routine method. The explanation of the differences is discussed.", "contents": "Rapid automated disgnosis of bacteremia by impedance detection. Lysis and filtration of blood culture specimens were combined with impedance detection of bacterial growth to facilitate the diagnosis of bacteremia. A blood lysis-filtration technique (Zierdt et al., 1976) was coupled to a simple, inexpensive automated detection system. The practical and technical aspects of the impedance detection system are discussed. This new blood culturing system was compared to a conventional system for 264 aerobic blood cultures. A 30-ml sample of the blood-broth mixture was withdrawn from the conventional aerobic blood culture bottle and processed in parallel. Excluding the isolation of the commonly recognized contaminants, the detection efficiency was 36% greater in the new system. A total of 53 blood cultures from 107 patients were positive by one or both methods. The new system detected 92% of the total number of positive cultures, compared with 56% detected by the routine method. The explanation of the differences is discussed.", "PMID": 319110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6801", "title": "Multiple biotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae in single clinical specimens.", "content": "The occurence of multiple biotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae within single specimens was determined in 59 clinical specimens. Biotyping was performed on five colonies of K. pneumoniae from each specimen, using the API 20E system (Analytab, Inc., New York) for identification of Enterobacteriaceae with strict adherence to the manufacturer's instructions. Multiple biotypes of K. pneumoniae were present in 31% (18) of the clinical specimens. Twenty-eight colonies representative of specimens with single and multiple biotypes were tested further for biotype reproducibility. Whereas genus and species identification was 100% reproducible, variation of one or more biochemical tests on serial transfers resulted in biotype reproducibility of only 64%. The greatest variation in biochemical tests occurred with urease (14%), indole production (10%) and citrate utilization (9%). Multiple biotypes in single specimens appear to be due to both inherent differences among the colonies in the specimen and variability in the system used to determine biochemical reactions. The presence of multiple biotypes limits the usefulness of biochemical typing for epidemiological surveilance of K. pneumoniae.", "contents": "Multiple biotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae in single clinical specimens. The occurence of multiple biotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae within single specimens was determined in 59 clinical specimens. Biotyping was performed on five colonies of K. pneumoniae from each specimen, using the API 20E system (Analytab, Inc., New York) for identification of Enterobacteriaceae with strict adherence to the manufacturer's instructions. Multiple biotypes of K. pneumoniae were present in 31% (18) of the clinical specimens. Twenty-eight colonies representative of specimens with single and multiple biotypes were tested further for biotype reproducibility. Whereas genus and species identification was 100% reproducible, variation of one or more biochemical tests on serial transfers resulted in biotype reproducibility of only 64%. The greatest variation in biochemical tests occurred with urease (14%), indole production (10%) and citrate utilization (9%). Multiple biotypes in single specimens appear to be due to both inherent differences among the colonies in the specimen and variability in the system used to determine biochemical reactions. The presence of multiple biotypes limits the usefulness of biochemical typing for epidemiological surveilance of K. pneumoniae.", "PMID": 319111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6802", "title": "Bacteriophage typing of Shigella sonnei.", "content": "A bacteriophage-typing schema was developed for differentiating strains of Shigella sonnei. Sixty-seven bacteriophages were obtained from other collections, and 36 bacteriophages were isolated from sewage. From these 103 bacteriophages, a provisional set of 12 was chosen by computer analysis as being the most sensitive in differentiating strains of S. sonnei isolated in the United States. The provisional schema was used to type 265 strains from different geographical areas. It divided them into 87 different lysis patterns, and all 265 strains were typable. Smooth and rough colonial variants of the same strain had different lysis patterns, so the technique was standardized to type rough colonies only. Reproducibility was difficult to obtain until all conditions were carefully standardized. Changes in results were noted even on different lot numbers of Trypticase soy agar, which was defined as the standard medium. So that the medium would not be a variable, 100 pounds (ca 453.5 kg) of the same lot number was purchased. Bacteriophage typing was very useful in differentiating strains, and work should continue on establishing a standarized schema.", "contents": "Bacteriophage typing of Shigella sonnei. A bacteriophage-typing schema was developed for differentiating strains of Shigella sonnei. Sixty-seven bacteriophages were obtained from other collections, and 36 bacteriophages were isolated from sewage. From these 103 bacteriophages, a provisional set of 12 was chosen by computer analysis as being the most sensitive in differentiating strains of S. sonnei isolated in the United States. The provisional schema was used to type 265 strains from different geographical areas. It divided them into 87 different lysis patterns, and all 265 strains were typable. Smooth and rough colonial variants of the same strain had different lysis patterns, so the technique was standardized to type rough colonies only. Reproducibility was difficult to obtain until all conditions were carefully standardized. Changes in results were noted even on different lot numbers of Trypticase soy agar, which was defined as the standard medium. So that the medium would not be a variable, 100 pounds (ca 453.5 kg) of the same lot number was purchased. Bacteriophage typing was very useful in differentiating strains, and work should continue on establishing a standarized schema.", "PMID": 319112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6803", "title": "Detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens in body fluids, using specific antibody-coated staphylococci.", "content": "Protein A-rich staphylococci coated with Haemophilus influenzae type b antiserum agglutinate specifically with homologous bacterial cells or with cell-free supernatant fluids of cultures of the organism. Antibody-coated staphylococci were used to detect soluble antigens in body fluids of patients infected with H. influenzae type b. Cerebrospinal fluid from 36 cases of meningitis caused by this orgainsm showed positive coagglutination tests in 86% of patients prior to initiation of therapy. Antigens could be detected in 46% of sterile cerebrospinal fluid specimens obtained from the same cases 1 to 10 days after therapy. Soluble antigens were also detectable in sera (58%) and urine specimens (67%) of patients with H. influenzae type b septicemia, when such specimens were tested within 10 days of onset of illness. No antigen could be detected in body fluids beyond 10 days. The coagglutination test was positive in 57% of all body fluids examined; contercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CCIE) was positive in only 27%. All specimens positive by CCIE were also positive by coagglutination. No false-positive reactions were noted by either test in body fluids from controls. The coagglutination test is simple, specific, and more sensitive than the CCIE method and could be a valuable tool for detecting antigens in body fluids of patients with various infections.", "contents": "Detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens in body fluids, using specific antibody-coated staphylococci. Protein A-rich staphylococci coated with Haemophilus influenzae type b antiserum agglutinate specifically with homologous bacterial cells or with cell-free supernatant fluids of cultures of the organism. Antibody-coated staphylococci were used to detect soluble antigens in body fluids of patients infected with H. influenzae type b. Cerebrospinal fluid from 36 cases of meningitis caused by this orgainsm showed positive coagglutination tests in 86% of patients prior to initiation of therapy. Antigens could be detected in 46% of sterile cerebrospinal fluid specimens obtained from the same cases 1 to 10 days after therapy. Soluble antigens were also detectable in sera (58%) and urine specimens (67%) of patients with H. influenzae type b septicemia, when such specimens were tested within 10 days of onset of illness. No antigen could be detected in body fluids beyond 10 days. The coagglutination test was positive in 57% of all body fluids examined; contercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CCIE) was positive in only 27%. All specimens positive by CCIE were also positive by coagglutination. No false-positive reactions were noted by either test in body fluids from controls. The coagglutination test is simple, specific, and more sensitive than the CCIE method and could be a valuable tool for detecting antigens in body fluids of patients with various infections.", "PMID": 319113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6804", "title": "Human figure drawings of sex offenders.", "content": "The D-A-P was administered to 60 male sex offenders from a correctional institution. The drawings of the inmates, taken as a whole, seemed to be indicative of narcissism, assertion, sex disturbance, aggression, and anxiety. Significant differences in the drawings of rapists, child molesters, and incest offenders were found. The following D-A-P aspects appeared to be prominent in the drawings of the Ss, in descending order: reinforcement, long nose, large head, legs wide apart, too much hair, waistline emphasis, slash mouth, long feet, pointy fingers, distorted heads, and opposite sex drawn first.", "contents": "Human figure drawings of sex offenders. The D-A-P was administered to 60 male sex offenders from a correctional institution. The drawings of the inmates, taken as a whole, seemed to be indicative of narcissism, assertion, sex disturbance, aggression, and anxiety. Significant differences in the drawings of rapists, child molesters, and incest offenders were found. The following D-A-P aspects appeared to be prominent in the drawings of the Ss, in descending order: reinforcement, long nose, large head, legs wide apart, too much hair, waistline emphasis, slash mouth, long feet, pointy fingers, distorted heads, and opposite sex drawn first.", "PMID": 319114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6805", "title": "The relationship of A-B, field dependency, and emotional openness in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics.", "content": "The relationship between A-B score, Field dependency (EFT), and paranoid-nonparanoid status in 24 male acute psychiatric inpatients was explored. It was hypothesized that paranoids would score as Bs and extreme field independents (conceptual orientation), while nonparanoids would score as As and field dependents (perceptual orientation). As predicted, nonparanoids were significantly more field dependent than paranoids and controls, but no difference was found between paranoids and controls. Contrary to our hypotheses, nonparanoids were significantly more B than paranoids and controls. The only difference between paranoids and controls was that paranoids were less feeling reactive. The results were interpreted in terms of the \"normality= of the conceptually oriented paranoid S.", "contents": "The relationship of A-B, field dependency, and emotional openness in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics. The relationship between A-B score, Field dependency (EFT), and paranoid-nonparanoid status in 24 male acute psychiatric inpatients was explored. It was hypothesized that paranoids would score as Bs and extreme field independents (conceptual orientation), while nonparanoids would score as As and field dependents (perceptual orientation). As predicted, nonparanoids were significantly more field dependent than paranoids and controls, but no difference was found between paranoids and controls. Contrary to our hypotheses, nonparanoids were significantly more B than paranoids and controls. The only difference between paranoids and controls was that paranoids were less feeling reactive. The results were interpreted in terms of the \"normality= of the conceptually oriented paranoid S.", "PMID": 319115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6806", "title": "Indoprofen in knee joint osteoarthritis: a double-blind, crossover clinical trial.", "content": "A double-blind, crossover clinical trial has been carried out in subjects with knee joint osteoarthritis to assess the activity of two nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Eighteen outpatients with a severe systemic form were given orally indoprofen (800 mg/day), indomethacin (80 mg/day), and placebo for one week without interval between treatment periods. Significant improvement was seen in subjective and objective signs and symptoms after both drugs, which gave similar results. No significant differences between drugs were noted as to patients' opinions and preferences, which were in agreement with clinical indexes. No improvement in most cases and deterioration in a few subjects followed placebo administration, probably because the majority of the sample was made up of placebo non-reactors. Consequently, the activity data of the trial might be interpreted as expression of the pure pharmacologic activity of the tested drugs. Safety was very satisfactory: patients complained only rarely of trivial and clinically unimportant side effects; no variations in laboratory tests were noted.", "contents": "Indoprofen in knee joint osteoarthritis: a double-blind, crossover clinical trial. A double-blind, crossover clinical trial has been carried out in subjects with knee joint osteoarthritis to assess the activity of two nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Eighteen outpatients with a severe systemic form were given orally indoprofen (800 mg/day), indomethacin (80 mg/day), and placebo for one week without interval between treatment periods. Significant improvement was seen in subjective and objective signs and symptoms after both drugs, which gave similar results. No significant differences between drugs were noted as to patients' opinions and preferences, which were in agreement with clinical indexes. No improvement in most cases and deterioration in a few subjects followed placebo administration, probably because the majority of the sample was made up of placebo non-reactors. Consequently, the activity data of the trial might be interpreted as expression of the pure pharmacologic activity of the tested drugs. Safety was very satisfactory: patients complained only rarely of trivial and clinically unimportant side effects; no variations in laboratory tests were noted.", "PMID": 319116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6807", "title": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with flurbiprofen or ibuprofen.", "content": "Flurbiprofen and ibuprofen were compared in a six-week double-blind randomized study in 208 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Daily dosages were 120 mg flurbiprofen and 2400 mg ibuprofen for six weeks. Both drugs were effective in providing partial control of RA symptoms. Either or both drugs produced statistically significant improvement in mean values of time of onset of fatigue, grip strength and tender and swollen joint counts. All other standard endpoints of efficacy (except ESR) were improved but not at a statistically significant level. Slightly more than half of the patients improved during the trial. There was no statistically significant difference in the efficacy of the drugs. The incidence of side effects was low with both drugs. Most side effects were related to gastrointestinal tract irritation.", "contents": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with flurbiprofen or ibuprofen. Flurbiprofen and ibuprofen were compared in a six-week double-blind randomized study in 208 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Daily dosages were 120 mg flurbiprofen and 2400 mg ibuprofen for six weeks. Both drugs were effective in providing partial control of RA symptoms. Either or both drugs produced statistically significant improvement in mean values of time of onset of fatigue, grip strength and tender and swollen joint counts. All other standard endpoints of efficacy (except ESR) were improved but not at a statistically significant level. Slightly more than half of the patients improved during the trial. There was no statistically significant difference in the efficacy of the drugs. The incidence of side effects was low with both drugs. Most side effects were related to gastrointestinal tract irritation.", "PMID": 319117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6808", "title": "Rheoencephalographic and other studies of betahistine in humans. III. Improved methods of diagnosis and selection in arteriosclerotic dementia.", "content": "Thirty-six institutionalized geriatric patients with particularly severe and longstanding dementia were selected by chart review and were studied neurologically. Criteria for clinical diagnosis are derived, and it is shown that arteriosclerosis had caused or contributed to their dementias in 33 patients (91.7%) and probably did so in two others (97.2%). Arteriosclerotic dementia may not be rare and may be much more prevalent than may now be considered the case. As 23 patients (63.9%) showed evidence of carotid and/or vertebrobasilar involvement, large-vessel disease also may be more prevalent in geriatric dementia than is now thought and should be considered in all such patients. The results further confirm that careful review of ward records without reference to psychiatric diagnoses of etiology is a simple, rapid, and reliable method of screening a large institutionalized population for possible arteriosclerotic dementia. The selectees should then be surveyed appropriately to confirm the presence of the disease. Since a careful review of the complete hospital records and a thorough neurologic examination proved sufficient, more definitive but more dangerous invasive diagnostic procedures may not be necessary for clinical pharmacologic and similar investigations.", "contents": "Rheoencephalographic and other studies of betahistine in humans. III. Improved methods of diagnosis and selection in arteriosclerotic dementia. Thirty-six institutionalized geriatric patients with particularly severe and longstanding dementia were selected by chart review and were studied neurologically. Criteria for clinical diagnosis are derived, and it is shown that arteriosclerosis had caused or contributed to their dementias in 33 patients (91.7%) and probably did so in two others (97.2%). Arteriosclerotic dementia may not be rare and may be much more prevalent than may now be considered the case. As 23 patients (63.9%) showed evidence of carotid and/or vertebrobasilar involvement, large-vessel disease also may be more prevalent in geriatric dementia than is now thought and should be considered in all such patients. The results further confirm that careful review of ward records without reference to psychiatric diagnoses of etiology is a simple, rapid, and reliable method of screening a large institutionalized population for possible arteriosclerotic dementia. The selectees should then be surveyed appropriately to confirm the presence of the disease. Since a careful review of the complete hospital records and a thorough neurologic examination proved sufficient, more definitive but more dangerous invasive diagnostic procedures may not be necessary for clinical pharmacologic and similar investigations.", "PMID": 319118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6809", "title": "Aerosolized terbutaline sulfate--an evalution of efficacy and side effects in patients with reversible airway disease.", "content": "Aerosolized terbutaline sulfate at a dose of 0.50 mg has been shown to produce significant bronchodilation in patients with reversible airway disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 0.50 mg terbutaline aerosol used on a regular dosage schedule over a six-week period. Sixteen ambulant patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with a component of reversible airway disease were evaluated. The patients were tested at two-week intervals during a six-week period. The patients abstained from all bronchodilatory medications for at least 10 hours prior to the time of evaluation. The evaluation consisted of baseline pulmonary function tests, ECG, CBC, urinalysis, and renal and liver function tests. After the terbutaline was administered, a rhythm strip and pulmonary function tests were repeated at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Throughout the six-week study, there was a statistically significant increase in FEV1.0 and MMEFR (P less than 0.001): deltaFEV1.0 (ml) 740 (63%) 550 (45%) 340 (25%) 320 (25%) deltaMMEFR (liters/min) 42 (74%) 29 (46%) 28 (43%) 36 (42%). No abnormal laboratory results or paradoxical bronchospasm were noted during the study period; however, sympathomimetic side effects were observed. Aerosolized terbutaline sulfate (0.50 mg) when used on a regular schedule over a six-week period is effective in the treatment of reversible airway disease.", "contents": "Aerosolized terbutaline sulfate--an evalution of efficacy and side effects in patients with reversible airway disease. Aerosolized terbutaline sulfate at a dose of 0.50 mg has been shown to produce significant bronchodilation in patients with reversible airway disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 0.50 mg terbutaline aerosol used on a regular dosage schedule over a six-week period. Sixteen ambulant patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with a component of reversible airway disease were evaluated. The patients were tested at two-week intervals during a six-week period. The patients abstained from all bronchodilatory medications for at least 10 hours prior to the time of evaluation. The evaluation consisted of baseline pulmonary function tests, ECG, CBC, urinalysis, and renal and liver function tests. After the terbutaline was administered, a rhythm strip and pulmonary function tests were repeated at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Throughout the six-week study, there was a statistically significant increase in FEV1.0 and MMEFR (P less than 0.001): deltaFEV1.0 (ml) 740 (63%) 550 (45%) 340 (25%) 320 (25%) deltaMMEFR (liters/min) 42 (74%) 29 (46%) 28 (43%) 36 (42%). No abnormal laboratory results or paradoxical bronchospasm were noted during the study period; however, sympathomimetic side effects were observed. Aerosolized terbutaline sulfate (0.50 mg) when used on a regular schedule over a six-week period is effective in the treatment of reversible airway disease.", "PMID": 319119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6810", "title": "Controlled trial of nomifensin (HOE 984) and viloxazine in the treatment of depression in the elderly.", "content": "The new antidepressant nomifensin (Hoechst 36984), a drug which showed less cardiotoxicity than tricyclics, was compared in a single-blind comparative trial with viloxazine. Forty elderly depressed patients were treated during four weeks. Nomifensin, N=21, 75 mg/day; viloxazine, N=19, 150 mg/day). Antidepressant effects were assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS) for depression, and physical disability, by the Northwestern University Disability Scales. The HRS disclosed statistically significant improvement with both treatments. However, the scores in the nomifensin group fell distinctly form the second week on (P less than 0.01). There were no side effects reported spontaneously by the patients. Sinus tachycardia was recorded in two instances (one viloxazine and one nomifensin patient).", "contents": "Controlled trial of nomifensin (HOE 984) and viloxazine in the treatment of depression in the elderly. The new antidepressant nomifensin (Hoechst 36984), a drug which showed less cardiotoxicity than tricyclics, was compared in a single-blind comparative trial with viloxazine. Forty elderly depressed patients were treated during four weeks. Nomifensin, N=21, 75 mg/day; viloxazine, N=19, 150 mg/day). Antidepressant effects were assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS) for depression, and physical disability, by the Northwestern University Disability Scales. The HRS disclosed statistically significant improvement with both treatments. However, the scores in the nomifensin group fell distinctly form the second week on (P less than 0.01). There were no side effects reported spontaneously by the patients. Sinus tachycardia was recorded in two instances (one viloxazine and one nomifensin patient).", "PMID": 319120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6811", "title": "A Golgi study on the habenular nucleus of the cat.", "content": "The habenular nucleus of kittens was studied using the rapid Golgi and the Golgi-Kopsch silver impregnation methods. The neurons of the medial habenular nucleus (MH) were classified into two types. The type I neurons, the main constituents of the MH, had piriform cell bodies with a mean diameter of 12 mum by 18 mum and two to five primary dendrites; dendrites had many spines. The type II neurons (14 X 23 mum) were fusiform in shape and one to three primary dendrites arose from each pole of the cell bodies; dendrites had few spines. The axons of both types of neurons were traced into the fasciculus retroflexus Meynerti (FR), and intranuclear axon-collaterals arose from axons of the type I neurons. The neurons of the lateral habenular nucleus (LH) were divided into four groups. Type I, II and III neurons were projection neurons of large, medium and small size, respectively. The type I neurons (27 X 43 mum) with four to seven primary dendrites were located mainly in the rostral and ventral areas of the LH. The type II neurons (15 X 33 mum) with two to four primary dendrites, the main constituents of the LH, were distributed throughout the LH. The type III neurons (15 X 25 mum) with two primary dendrites emerging from each pole of the soma were localized to the mediocaudal areas of the LH. The vast majority of axons of these projection neurons passed ventrally or ventrocaudally to enter the FR; only a few axons of these neurons were traced into the stria medullaris thalami (SM). The type IV neurons (12 X 25 mum) were small cells with short axons, suggesting the existence of a neural circuitry intrinsic to the LH. Bundle formation and glomerular arrangement of dendrites were observed in the medium-sized LH neurons. The afferent fibers terminating within the MH coursed in the most part of the SM. These afferents were classified into medium-caliber type I and fine type II fibers; both of these fibers emitted many intranuclear collaterals. There were also observed many fibers of passage which ran between the SM and FR, or between the habenular commissure (HC) and FR. The afferent fibers to the LH were divided into three groups; afferents via the HC, ascending and descending afferents. Most of the descending afferents entered the LH through the SM; some of them traversed the LH to join the FR or HC, or to extend to the pretectal region. The vast majority of the ascending afferents entered the LH via the FR; some of them extended rostrally to enter the SM. Some fibers in the HC also terminated within the LH. In addition to these afferents, many fibers of passage were seen to run through the LH and to bridge over between the SM and FR, or between the SM and HC.", "contents": "A Golgi study on the habenular nucleus of the cat. The habenular nucleus of kittens was studied using the rapid Golgi and the Golgi-Kopsch silver impregnation methods. The neurons of the medial habenular nucleus (MH) were classified into two types. The type I neurons, the main constituents of the MH, had piriform cell bodies with a mean diameter of 12 mum by 18 mum and two to five primary dendrites; dendrites had many spines. The type II neurons (14 X 23 mum) were fusiform in shape and one to three primary dendrites arose from each pole of the cell bodies; dendrites had few spines. The axons of both types of neurons were traced into the fasciculus retroflexus Meynerti (FR), and intranuclear axon-collaterals arose from axons of the type I neurons. The neurons of the lateral habenular nucleus (LH) were divided into four groups. Type I, II and III neurons were projection neurons of large, medium and small size, respectively. The type I neurons (27 X 43 mum) with four to seven primary dendrites were located mainly in the rostral and ventral areas of the LH. The type II neurons (15 X 33 mum) with two to four primary dendrites, the main constituents of the LH, were distributed throughout the LH. The type III neurons (15 X 25 mum) with two primary dendrites emerging from each pole of the soma were localized to the mediocaudal areas of the LH. The vast majority of axons of these projection neurons passed ventrally or ventrocaudally to enter the FR; only a few axons of these neurons were traced into the stria medullaris thalami (SM). The type IV neurons (12 X 25 mum) were small cells with short axons, suggesting the existence of a neural circuitry intrinsic to the LH. Bundle formation and glomerular arrangement of dendrites were observed in the medium-sized LH neurons. The afferent fibers terminating within the MH coursed in the most part of the SM. These afferents were classified into medium-caliber type I and fine type II fibers; both of these fibers emitted many intranuclear collaterals. There were also observed many fibers of passage which ran between the SM and FR, or between the habenular commissure (HC) and FR. The afferent fibers to the LH were divided into three groups; afferents via the HC, ascending and descending afferents. Most of the descending afferents entered the LH through the SM; some of them traversed the LH to join the FR or HC, or to extend to the pretectal region. The vast majority of the ascending afferents entered the LH via the FR; some of them extended rostrally to enter the SM. Some fibers in the HC also terminated within the LH. In addition to these afferents, many fibers of passage were seen to run through the LH and to bridge over between the SM and FR, or between the SM and HC.", "PMID": 319124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6812", "title": "Gastrointestinal blood loss study with a new analgesic compound: nefopam hydrochloride.", "content": "A new analgesic compound, neopam HCl, was studied for possible gastrointestinal blood loss liabilities by Cr-51 red cell tagging. It was compared with aspirin in usual therapeutic doses of 1.8 Gm per day. Dosage of nefopam HCl was 180 mg per day (two tablets t.i.d). Twenty healthy male volunteers had fecal blood loss determined after one-week crossover periods of drug investigation, each preceded by one-week no-drug control periods. Results show a significant (P is less than 0.01) increase in occult bleeding in the aspirin-treated subjects from a mean of 0.5 ml to 1.63 ml per 24 hours, the mean increase for the group being 1.13 ml per 24 hours. Nefopam HCl treated subjects had an insignificant change from a control mean of 0.55 ml per 24 hours to 0.60 ml per 24 hours; a third of this group actually had a decrease in measurable blood loss. Reported side effects were minimal in both drug groups.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal blood loss study with a new analgesic compound: nefopam hydrochloride. A new analgesic compound, neopam HCl, was studied for possible gastrointestinal blood loss liabilities by Cr-51 red cell tagging. It was compared with aspirin in usual therapeutic doses of 1.8 Gm per day. Dosage of nefopam HCl was 180 mg per day (two tablets t.i.d). Twenty healthy male volunteers had fecal blood loss determined after one-week crossover periods of drug investigation, each preceded by one-week no-drug control periods. Results show a significant (P is less than 0.01) increase in occult bleeding in the aspirin-treated subjects from a mean of 0.5 ml to 1.63 ml per 24 hours, the mean increase for the group being 1.13 ml per 24 hours. Nefopam HCl treated subjects had an insignificant change from a control mean of 0.55 ml per 24 hours to 0.60 ml per 24 hours; a third of this group actually had a decrease in measurable blood loss. Reported side effects were minimal in both drug groups.", "PMID": 319121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6813", "title": "A double-blind comparison of meptazinol with placebo in postoperative pain.", "content": "In a double-blind clinical trial, meptazinol (400-mg capsules) was shown to be significantly better than placebo in relieving postoperative pain in patients who had under gone total abdominal hysterectomy operations. Analgesic activity was assessed by patients rating their pain before and 1 hour after the administration of each treatment, by sequential analysis of patient and investigator preference for treatment, and by calculating the time interval between doses of the two treatments.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of meptazinol with placebo in postoperative pain. In a double-blind clinical trial, meptazinol (400-mg capsules) was shown to be significantly better than placebo in relieving postoperative pain in patients who had under gone total abdominal hysterectomy operations. Analgesic activity was assessed by patients rating their pain before and 1 hour after the administration of each treatment, by sequential analysis of patient and investigator preference for treatment, and by calculating the time interval between doses of the two treatments.", "PMID": 319122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6814", "title": "Rheoencephalographic and other studies of betahistine in humans. IV. Prolonged administration with improvement in arteriosclerotic dementia.", "content": "The effects of prolonged betahistine administration were studied in institutionalized geriatric patients with particularly severe and long-standing arteriosclerotic dementia. Thirty received betahistine hydrochloride (SERC) or placebo orally in fixed dosage for six months on a double-blind basis and were followed by ward behavioral and psychometric ratings. Six others received active medication and were additionally followed by intracranial rheoencephalography (IREG). Thirty patients successfully completed the two studies. No adverse effects ascribable to the drug were encountered. The results show that betahistine caused definite, strong, and highly significant cerebral and scalp arterial vasodilation and circulatory improvement and that these caused equally definite, strong, and highly significant global improvement in the patients' dementias. Bethahistine, thus, acts in humans as a  potent and efficacious cerebral and peripheral microcirculatory and arterial vasodilator which can significantly improve cerebrovascular insufficiency and any associated dementia, no matter how severe either may be and despite the possible presence of large-vessel disease. These improvements sometimes were detected within two weeks or less, developed rapidly to maxima by about 90 days, and were sustained quite well there-after by continued therapy, They may, however, be drug dependent as they regressed in two patients following withdrawal. Various mechanisms whereby a microcirculatory vasodilator can cause arterial vasodilation are considered. The evidence apparently favors that prolonged microcirculatory vasodilatation can cause secondary passive arterial responses.  The possibility that the IREG contains external carotid contamination is again examined. Significant discrepancies between the scalp and IREG effects of bethahistine indicate, however, that the response of any such component was negligible within experimental error and that the component, itself, must have comprised but a small percentage of the IREG. Since the circulatory responses detected by the IREG thus arose essentially completely from the effects of betahistine on the cerebral circulation alone, this appears to be the first direct demonstration that cerebral circulatory improvement can cause improvement in mental function in patients with even severe, longstanding, and apparently clinically irreversible arteriosclerotic dementia and that such improvements can be effected pharmacologically.", "contents": "Rheoencephalographic and other studies of betahistine in humans. IV. Prolonged administration with improvement in arteriosclerotic dementia. The effects of prolonged betahistine administration were studied in institutionalized geriatric patients with particularly severe and long-standing arteriosclerotic dementia. Thirty received betahistine hydrochloride (SERC) or placebo orally in fixed dosage for six months on a double-blind basis and were followed by ward behavioral and psychometric ratings. Six others received active medication and were additionally followed by intracranial rheoencephalography (IREG). Thirty patients successfully completed the two studies. No adverse effects ascribable to the drug were encountered. The results show that betahistine caused definite, strong, and highly significant cerebral and scalp arterial vasodilation and circulatory improvement and that these caused equally definite, strong, and highly significant global improvement in the patients' dementias. Bethahistine, thus, acts in humans as a  potent and efficacious cerebral and peripheral microcirculatory and arterial vasodilator which can significantly improve cerebrovascular insufficiency and any associated dementia, no matter how severe either may be and despite the possible presence of large-vessel disease. These improvements sometimes were detected within two weeks or less, developed rapidly to maxima by about 90 days, and were sustained quite well there-after by continued therapy, They may, however, be drug dependent as they regressed in two patients following withdrawal. Various mechanisms whereby a microcirculatory vasodilator can cause arterial vasodilation are considered. The evidence apparently favors that prolonged microcirculatory vasodilatation can cause secondary passive arterial responses.  The possibility that the IREG contains external carotid contamination is again examined. Significant discrepancies between the scalp and IREG effects of bethahistine indicate, however, that the response of any such component was negligible within experimental error and that the component, itself, must have comprised but a small percentage of the IREG. Since the circulatory responses detected by the IREG thus arose essentially completely from the effects of betahistine on the cerebral circulation alone, this appears to be the first direct demonstration that cerebral circulatory improvement can cause improvement in mental function in patients with even severe, longstanding, and apparently clinically irreversible arteriosclerotic dementia and that such improvements can be effected pharmacologically.", "PMID": 319123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6815", "title": "Acid etch and enamel bond composite restoration of permanent anterior teeth affected by enamel hypoplasia.", "content": "We have found that this procedure, using acid etching, can be very successful for providing an intermediate restoration of teeth disfigured by enamel hypoplasia. The technique is easy, relatively inexpensive for the patient, and quite effective for improving the appearance of the tooth.", "contents": "Acid etch and enamel bond composite restoration of permanent anterior teeth affected by enamel hypoplasia. We have found that this procedure, using acid etching, can be very successful for providing an intermediate restoration of teeth disfigured by enamel hypoplasia. The technique is easy, relatively inexpensive for the patient, and quite effective for improving the appearance of the tooth.", "PMID": 319133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6816", "title": "Harmful effects of near-ultraviolet radiation used for polymerization of a sealant and a composite resin.", "content": "An electronic device used to polymerize a sealant and a composite resin has been found to emit 365-nanometer radiation at levels sufficient to kill the bacterium Escherichia coli rapidly (greater than 14,000 ergs per square millimeter per second). Because of the absence of shielding on the probe, significant amounts of energy (up to 45% of that at the probe tip) were measured at the sides of the probe. These findings--supported by the well-documented findings of biological damage caused by near-ultraviolet radiation, including skin cancer, damage to the lens of the eye, and mutagenic effects--suggest that clinicians take appropriate precautions to avoid potential hazards to themselves and their patients.", "contents": "Harmful effects of near-ultraviolet radiation used for polymerization of a sealant and a composite resin. An electronic device used to polymerize a sealant and a composite resin has been found to emit 365-nanometer radiation at levels sufficient to kill the bacterium Escherichia coli rapidly (greater than 14,000 ergs per square millimeter per second). Because of the absence of shielding on the probe, significant amounts of energy (up to 45% of that at the probe tip) were measured at the sides of the probe. These findings--supported by the well-documented findings of biological damage caused by near-ultraviolet radiation, including skin cancer, damage to the lens of the eye, and mutagenic effects--suggest that clinicians take appropriate precautions to avoid potential hazards to themselves and their patients.", "PMID": 319134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6817", "title": "Occlusal migration of a filled root: report of case.", "content": "A mandibular premolar was treated by root canal therapy. The root migrated 11 mm in an occlusal direction beneath the anterior retainer of a fixed partial denture during eight years after treatment. Caries occurred at the junction of the root and the anterior retainer; and, as caries continued, the root apparently migrated to compensate for the lost tooth structure.", "contents": "Occlusal migration of a filled root: report of case. A mandibular premolar was treated by root canal therapy. The root migrated 11 mm in an occlusal direction beneath the anterior retainer of a fixed partial denture during eight years after treatment. Caries occurred at the junction of the root and the anterior retainer; and, as caries continued, the root apparently migrated to compensate for the lost tooth structure.", "PMID": 319135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6818", "title": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in asthmatics.", "content": "Using a 51Cr-labeled, antibody-coated chicken red blood cell assay system, mononuclear cell and granulocyte preparations from infectious asthmatics, noinfectious asthmatics, and normal controls were tested for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) capacity. The corrected cytotoxic indices of mononuclear cell preparations from infectious asthmatics were reduced (34 +/- 10 SD) as compared to noninfectious asthmatiics (47 +/- 7 SD) or normal controls (47 +/- 6 SD). Granulocyte preparations from infectious asthmatics and normal controls had a severity of the disease or in vivo drug treatment.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in asthmatics. Using a 51Cr-labeled, antibody-coated chicken red blood cell assay system, mononuclear cell and granulocyte preparations from infectious asthmatics, noinfectious asthmatics, and normal controls were tested for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) capacity. The corrected cytotoxic indices of mononuclear cell preparations from infectious asthmatics were reduced (34 +/- 10 SD) as compared to noninfectious asthmatiics (47 +/- 7 SD) or normal controls (47 +/- 6 SD). Granulocyte preparations from infectious asthmatics and normal controls had a severity of the disease or in vivo drug treatment.", "PMID": 319137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6819", "title": "Bronchocentric granulomatosis: a complication of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Hypersensitivity to the fungal antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus may result in a spectrum of immune injury collectively known as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). This report describes a 14-yr-old boy who presented clinical findings consistent with ABPA,including a history of asthma, blood eosinophilia, serum precipitins, and IgE antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus. Sputum Aspergillus, pulmonary infiltrates, and dual types I and III skin reactions to Aspergillus fumigatus were observed also. Pathology of the resected right upper lobe revealed severe bronchial destruction with the findings of bronchocentric granulomatosis. Noninvasive septate fungal hyphae compatible with Aspergillus were identified. Cultures from sputum and surgical specimens grew Aspergillus and Mycobacterium intracellulare avium. The PPD-B (purified protein derivative-Batty) intradermal skin test produced a 6 mm induration (PPD-S was negative). The patient's condition has been well controlled with prednisone and several antituberculous drugs. In addition, inflammatory and immunologic parameters have begun to return to normal. The relationship between ABa and the atypical mycobacterial infection is not clear. The association of ABPA with the severe bronchial destruction seen in bronchocentric granulomatosis is emphasized to alert physicans to this serious sequelae of ABa seen in the asthmatic.", "contents": "Bronchocentric granulomatosis: a complication of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Hypersensitivity to the fungal antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus may result in a spectrum of immune injury collectively known as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). This report describes a 14-yr-old boy who presented clinical findings consistent with ABPA,including a history of asthma, blood eosinophilia, serum precipitins, and IgE antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus. Sputum Aspergillus, pulmonary infiltrates, and dual types I and III skin reactions to Aspergillus fumigatus were observed also. Pathology of the resected right upper lobe revealed severe bronchial destruction with the findings of bronchocentric granulomatosis. Noninvasive septate fungal hyphae compatible with Aspergillus were identified. Cultures from sputum and surgical specimens grew Aspergillus and Mycobacterium intracellulare avium. The PPD-B (purified protein derivative-Batty) intradermal skin test produced a 6 mm induration (PPD-S was negative). The patient's condition has been well controlled with prednisone and several antituberculous drugs. In addition, inflammatory and immunologic parameters have begun to return to normal. The relationship between ABa and the atypical mycobacterial infection is not clear. The association of ABPA with the severe bronchial destruction seen in bronchocentric granulomatosis is emphasized to alert physicans to this serious sequelae of ABa seen in the asthmatic.", "PMID": 319138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6820", "title": "Assessing bronchodilator responsiveness.", "content": "This report concerns the difficulty in distinguishing variation due to drug effects from the spontaneous daily variation in baseline levels of pulmonary function in the evaluation of bronchodilator responsiveness in asthmatic children. Both prospective and retrospective studies were employed to assess the importance of the influence of the baseline level of function from which change is measured on the degree of responsiveness observed. It was found that for baseline levels up to approximately 90% of the predicted normal value, all patients had the capacity to respond significantly to a bronchodilator. However, there was no limit of baseline function below which a significant response did not occur.", "contents": "Assessing bronchodilator responsiveness. This report concerns the difficulty in distinguishing variation due to drug effects from the spontaneous daily variation in baseline levels of pulmonary function in the evaluation of bronchodilator responsiveness in asthmatic children. Both prospective and retrospective studies were employed to assess the importance of the influence of the baseline level of function from which change is measured on the degree of responsiveness observed. It was found that for baseline levels up to approximately 90% of the predicted normal value, all patients had the capacity to respond significantly to a bronchodilator. However, there was no limit of baseline function below which a significant response did not occur.", "PMID": 319139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6821", "title": "Comparison of subcutaneous terbutaline with epinephrine in the treatment of asthma in children.", "content": "Comparison of the bronchodilator and cardiovascular effects of subcutaneous terbutaline and epinephrine in the treatment of acute asthmatic attacks in children disclosed that bronchodilation occurred with 5 min after subcutaneous injection of either drug (0.01 mg/kg, maximum 0.25 mg). Bronchodilation was maintained for 4 hr after administration of either drug. Small increases in pulse rate followed administration of terbutaline but not epinephrine. No clinically significant side effects were noted with either drug.", "contents": "Comparison of subcutaneous terbutaline with epinephrine in the treatment of asthma in children. Comparison of the bronchodilator and cardiovascular effects of subcutaneous terbutaline and epinephrine in the treatment of acute asthmatic attacks in children disclosed that bronchodilation occurred with 5 min after subcutaneous injection of either drug (0.01 mg/kg, maximum 0.25 mg). Bronchodilation was maintained for 4 hr after administration of either drug. Small increases in pulse rate followed administration of terbutaline but not epinephrine. No clinically significant side effects were noted with either drug.", "PMID": 319140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6822", "title": "Histologic responses in human skin test reactions to ragweed. IV. Effects of a single intravenous injection of steroids.", "content": "A controlled study has been carried out dealing with the early effects of a single intravenous dose of either methylprednisolone or placebo or newly developed and ongoing cellular inflammatory responses in immediate hypersensitivity skin test reactions. There was no significant difference in the tissue eosinophil responses to ragweed injected 2 hr before and 2 hr after placebo; there was a significant rise (101% +/- 39) from the second to fourth hour after antigen injection. By contrast, there was a marked decrease in the tissue eosinophil response to antigen injected 2 hr after steroids as compared to the pattern seen in the presteroid reaction. In addition, the eosinophil numbers not only did not increase from the second to fourth hour when steroids were injected at the second hour but decreased markedly. These findings suggest early suppressive effects on tissue eosinophil responses within 2 hr after steroid were administered intravenously. Also, there may be trafficking of eosinophils both into and out of these inflammatory sites during the first hours after intradermal antigen injection.", "contents": "Histologic responses in human skin test reactions to ragweed. IV. Effects of a single intravenous injection of steroids. A controlled study has been carried out dealing with the early effects of a single intravenous dose of either methylprednisolone or placebo or newly developed and ongoing cellular inflammatory responses in immediate hypersensitivity skin test reactions. There was no significant difference in the tissue eosinophil responses to ragweed injected 2 hr before and 2 hr after placebo; there was a significant rise (101% +/- 39) from the second to fourth hour after antigen injection. By contrast, there was a marked decrease in the tissue eosinophil response to antigen injected 2 hr after steroids as compared to the pattern seen in the presteroid reaction. In addition, the eosinophil numbers not only did not increase from the second to fourth hour when steroids were injected at the second hour but decreased markedly. These findings suggest early suppressive effects on tissue eosinophil responses within 2 hr after steroid were administered intravenously. Also, there may be trafficking of eosinophils both into and out of these inflammatory sites during the first hours after intradermal antigen injection.", "PMID": 319141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6823", "title": "Severe persistent biphasic local (immediate and late) skin reactions to insulin.", "content": "A patient with adult-onset insulin-requirging diabetes mellitus had persistent severe local reactions to all available insulins of animal origin. Skin reactions were biphasic in nature with both immediate and late characteristics. An extensive immunologic investigation of this problem was undertaken, revealing evidence of reaginic antibody involvement in the reactions. Routine histologic studies suggested the possibility that Arthus-type mechanisms played a part, although this impression was not confirmed by immunofluorescent microscopy. A program of medical management provided some relief of symptoms.", "contents": "Severe persistent biphasic local (immediate and late) skin reactions to insulin. A patient with adult-onset insulin-requirging diabetes mellitus had persistent severe local reactions to all available insulins of animal origin. Skin reactions were biphasic in nature with both immediate and late characteristics. An extensive immunologic investigation of this problem was undertaken, revealing evidence of reaginic antibody involvement in the reactions. Routine histologic studies suggested the possibility that Arthus-type mechanisms played a part, although this impression was not confirmed by immunofluorescent microscopy. A program of medical management provided some relief of symptoms.", "PMID": 319142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6824", "title": "Clinical investigation of fenoterol, a new bronchodilator, in asthma.", "content": "In a randomized, double-blind, noncrossover, study, 28 asthmatic patients received either ephedrine or fenoterol (Th1165a) a new beta 2-sympathomimetic bronchodilator, for 90 days. Forced expiratory flows and volumes and plethysmography were performed after a single test dose on days 1, 45, and 90. The subjects' clinical course was followed for patient acceptance and side effects. Compared to ephedrine, Th1165a was demonstrated to be a potent bronchodilator with a prolonged duration of action. Adrenergic side effects were minimal, and no tolerance or toxicity was demonstrated.", "contents": "Clinical investigation of fenoterol, a new bronchodilator, in asthma. In a randomized, double-blind, noncrossover, study, 28 asthmatic patients received either ephedrine or fenoterol (Th1165a) a new beta 2-sympathomimetic bronchodilator, for 90 days. Forced expiratory flows and volumes and plethysmography were performed after a single test dose on days 1, 45, and 90. The subjects' clinical course was followed for patient acceptance and side effects. Compared to ephedrine, Th1165a was demonstrated to be a potent bronchodilator with a prolonged duration of action. Adrenergic side effects were minimal, and no tolerance or toxicity was demonstrated.", "PMID": 319143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6825", "title": "Precautions in the application of immunohistochemical techniques to tissues of the pig hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.", "content": "Immunohistochemical procedures were used to localize neurophysin in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial axis of the domestic pig. The topographical distribution of neurophysin as revealed by the immunofluorescence \"sandwich\" technique was similar to that found when either the immunoglobulin-peroxidase bridge method or the peroxidase-labeled gamma-globulin technique was employed. However, application of the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) complex procedure resulted in nonspecific staining of the magnocellular structures. This phenomenon was attributed to the action of PAP on the tissue and after screening a number of other vertebrate species was found to be unique to the pig. Minimal nonspecific binding of the PAP could be achieved either by reducing the reaction time of PAP to 5 min or, by the addition of 1% (v/v) normal serum to all reagents and wash solution. That the PAP-binding protein is a component of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial axons is discussed.", "contents": "Precautions in the application of immunohistochemical techniques to tissues of the pig hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Immunohistochemical procedures were used to localize neurophysin in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial axis of the domestic pig. The topographical distribution of neurophysin as revealed by the immunofluorescence \"sandwich\" technique was similar to that found when either the immunoglobulin-peroxidase bridge method or the peroxidase-labeled gamma-globulin technique was employed. However, application of the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) complex procedure resulted in nonspecific staining of the magnocellular structures. This phenomenon was attributed to the action of PAP on the tissue and after screening a number of other vertebrate species was found to be unique to the pig. Minimal nonspecific binding of the PAP could be achieved either by reducing the reaction time of PAP to 5 min or, by the addition of 1% (v/v) normal serum to all reagents and wash solution. That the PAP-binding protein is a component of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial axons is discussed.", "PMID": 319165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6826", "title": "The low prevalence of Clostridium botulinum in the lakes, marshes and waterways of the Camargue.", "content": "Mud samples collected in June 1975 from the lakes, marshes and waterways of the Camargue were examined for Clostridium botulinum. The Grand Rh\u00f4ne and Petit Rh\u00f4ne were shown to contain types B and E, but of 44 samples taken from well distributed sites on the Ile de la Carmargue, only two (4-5%) were positive and these contained type E alone. The survey indicated a much lower prevalence of Cl. botulinum than any encountered in recent surveys of inland aquatic environments elsewhere.", "contents": "The low prevalence of Clostridium botulinum in the lakes, marshes and waterways of the Camargue. Mud samples collected in June 1975 from the lakes, marshes and waterways of the Camargue were examined for Clostridium botulinum. The Grand Rh\u00f4ne and Petit Rh\u00f4ne were shown to contain types B and E, but of 44 samples taken from well distributed sites on the Ile de la Carmargue, only two (4-5%) were positive and these contained type E alone. The survey indicated a much lower prevalence of Cl. botulinum than any encountered in recent surveys of inland aquatic environments elsewhere.", "PMID": 319166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6827", "title": "A comparison of the distribution of Clostridium botulinum in soil and in lake mud.", "content": "In 1975, 25 soil samples were collected from the London area. Of these, 20 were obtained 200-300 yards from 20 lakes that had been shown in 1974 to contain mud contaminated with one or more of types of B, C, D, and E of clostridium botulinum. By means of a technique comparable with that use for the examination of mud, the 20 soil samples were found negative. The remaining 5 soil samples, obtained from sites that were not in close proximity to lakes, were also negative except for one that contained type B.", "contents": "A comparison of the distribution of Clostridium botulinum in soil and in lake mud. In 1975, 25 soil samples were collected from the London area. Of these, 20 were obtained 200-300 yards from 20 lakes that had been shown in 1974 to contain mud contaminated with one or more of types of B, C, D, and E of clostridium botulinum. By means of a technique comparable with that use for the examination of mud, the 20 soil samples were found negative. The remaining 5 soil samples, obtained from sites that were not in close proximity to lakes, were also negative except for one that contained type B.", "PMID": 319167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6828", "title": "Incidence of salmonella infection in animals in England and Wales 1968--1974.", "content": "Of a total of 23,609 incidents of salmonella infection reported during the period 1968--74, 20,326 occurred in cattle, 1744 in poultry and other birds, 675 in sheep, 558 in pigs and 306 in other species of animals. Despite the large number of serotypes isolated (153), 88% of incidents were due to only two stereotypes: S. dublin (15,929 incidents of which 15,446 occurred in cattle ) and S. typhimurium (4842 incidents of which 3785 occurred in cattle and 732 in birds). S. choleraesuis was the third (314 incidents which with only 5 exceptions occurred in pigs) and S. abortusovis (243 incidents all in sheep) was the fourth most commonly isolated serotype. The following six serotypes were each recorded in more than 100 incidents: S. newport (177), S. agona (170), S. virchow (169), S. anatum (152), S. enteritidis (150) and S. montevideo (111). The other 143 serotypes accounted for only 5-8% of total incidents. The trends of annual incidence of salmonella infection in cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry and other birds during the 17-year period 1958-74 and the distribution of the main serotypes in the individual species of animals from 1968 to 1974 are discussed.", "contents": "Incidence of salmonella infection in animals in England and Wales 1968--1974. Of a total of 23,609 incidents of salmonella infection reported during the period 1968--74, 20,326 occurred in cattle, 1744 in poultry and other birds, 675 in sheep, 558 in pigs and 306 in other species of animals. Despite the large number of serotypes isolated (153), 88% of incidents were due to only two stereotypes: S. dublin (15,929 incidents of which 15,446 occurred in cattle ) and S. typhimurium (4842 incidents of which 3785 occurred in cattle and 732 in birds). S. choleraesuis was the third (314 incidents which with only 5 exceptions occurred in pigs) and S. abortusovis (243 incidents all in sheep) was the fourth most commonly isolated serotype. The following six serotypes were each recorded in more than 100 incidents: S. newport (177), S. agona (170), S. virchow (169), S. anatum (152), S. enteritidis (150) and S. montevideo (111). The other 143 serotypes accounted for only 5-8% of total incidents. The trends of annual incidence of salmonella infection in cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry and other birds during the 17-year period 1958-74 and the distribution of the main serotypes in the individual species of animals from 1968 to 1974 are discussed.", "PMID": 319168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6829", "title": "Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. I. Colonization of breast-fed infants by milk resistant organisms.", "content": "Human milk has a bacteriostatic effect on Escherichia coli in vitro. The milks of 40 mothers were tested for this effect against E. coli isolated from their stools, from those of their own babies, and from those of babies not breast-fed. The milks had a direct bacteriostatic effect, not dependent on complement, on some but not all the strains of E. coli. Breast-fed babies receiving supplementary bottle feeds were colonized with milk-resistant strains, whereas bottle-fed babies and, surprisingly, babies completely breast-fed were colonized equally with milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains, as were the mothers. These results suggest that the bacteriostatic effect of human milk, demonstrable in vitro does sometimes operate in vivo. The antibacterial activity of human milk is not infleunced by the O, H, or K antigens of E. coli and is effective against other Gram-negative organisms, e.g. Salmonella, Klebsiella, Proteus.", "contents": "Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. I. Colonization of breast-fed infants by milk resistant organisms. Human milk has a bacteriostatic effect on Escherichia coli in vitro. The milks of 40 mothers were tested for this effect against E. coli isolated from their stools, from those of their own babies, and from those of babies not breast-fed. The milks had a direct bacteriostatic effect, not dependent on complement, on some but not all the strains of E. coli. Breast-fed babies receiving supplementary bottle feeds were colonized with milk-resistant strains, whereas bottle-fed babies and, surprisingly, babies completely breast-fed were colonized equally with milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains, as were the mothers. These results suggest that the bacteriostatic effect of human milk, demonstrable in vitro does sometimes operate in vivo. The antibacterial activity of human milk is not infleunced by the O, H, or K antigens of E. coli and is effective against other Gram-negative organisms, e.g. Salmonella, Klebsiella, Proteus.", "PMID": 319169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6830", "title": "Escherichia coli serotypes in the faeces of healthy adults over a period of several months.", "content": "The faeces of nine subjects eating mainly at home were collected at regular intervals over periods ranging from 2--5 months. Although a large number of serotypes of E. coli were isolated, the variety per subject was lower than is usually found. In most subjects only a limited number of serotypes persisted over most of the periods of study while many serotypes were only isolated on single occasions.", "contents": "Escherichia coli serotypes in the faeces of healthy adults over a period of several months. The faeces of nine subjects eating mainly at home were collected at regular intervals over periods ranging from 2--5 months. Although a large number of serotypes of E. coli were isolated, the variety per subject was lower than is usually found. In most subjects only a limited number of serotypes persisted over most of the periods of study while many serotypes were only isolated on single occasions.", "PMID": 319170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6831", "title": "Phagocytosis measured as inhibition of uridine uptake by Candida albicans.", "content": "Inhibition of 3H-uridine incorporation into Candida albicans can be used as a sensitive index of phagocytic function because: 1) there is a linear correlation between uridine incorporation and yeast number; 2) phagocytic cells do not incorporate significant amounts of uridine in short term cultures; and 3) C. albicans replicating inside phagocytic cells does not take up uridine from culture medium. Appropriate conditions for measuring phagocytic capacity of human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN's) were 5 x 10(5) C. albicans and 5 x 10(4) PMNs in 0.5 ml of medium containing 2.5% AB serum. This mixture was incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Aliquots were then transferred into microtiter wells  and incubated for a further 60 min in the presence of 3H-uridine. Under these conditions PMN leucocytes from 25 healthy individuals caused suppression of uridine incorporation ranging from 33 to 75% (50 +/- 12).", "contents": "Phagocytosis measured as inhibition of uridine uptake by Candida albicans. Inhibition of 3H-uridine incorporation into Candida albicans can be used as a sensitive index of phagocytic function because: 1) there is a linear correlation between uridine incorporation and yeast number; 2) phagocytic cells do not incorporate significant amounts of uridine in short term cultures; and 3) C. albicans replicating inside phagocytic cells does not take up uridine from culture medium. Appropriate conditions for measuring phagocytic capacity of human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN's) were 5 x 10(5) C. albicans and 5 x 10(4) PMNs in 0.5 ml of medium containing 2.5% AB serum. This mixture was incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Aliquots were then transferred into microtiter wells  and incubated for a further 60 min in the presence of 3H-uridine. Under these conditions PMN leucocytes from 25 healthy individuals caused suppression of uridine incorporation ranging from 33 to 75% (50 +/- 12).", "PMID": 319171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6832", "title": "Effects of preincubating human peripheral blood lymphocytes on their ability to bind sheep red blood cells.", "content": "The effect of preincubating human peripheral lymphocytes at 37 degrees C or 4 degrees C various lengths of time on their subsequent ability to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was investigated. Lymphocytes suspended in either medium or medium containing fetal calf serum (FCS) and preincubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min exhibited marked decrease in rosette formation with a return to normal values by 120 min. However, neither lymphocytes suspended in medium and preincubated at 4 degrees C nor lymphocyte suspended in medium containing normal human serum (HS) and preincubated at 37 degrees C exhibited this phenomenon.", "contents": "Effects of preincubating human peripheral blood lymphocytes on their ability to bind sheep red blood cells. The effect of preincubating human peripheral lymphocytes at 37 degrees C or 4 degrees C various lengths of time on their subsequent ability to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was investigated. Lymphocytes suspended in either medium or medium containing fetal calf serum (FCS) and preincubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min exhibited marked decrease in rosette formation with a return to normal values by 120 min. However, neither lymphocytes suspended in medium and preincubated at 4 degrees C nor lymphocyte suspended in medium containing normal human serum (HS) and preincubated at 37 degrees C exhibited this phenomenon.", "PMID": 319172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6833", "title": "Separation of epidermal layers of the newborn rat.", "content": "A method is presented for the separation of epidermal strata by the successive elimination of either the basal or basal and spinous cells with 0.24 M NH4Cl at pH 9.5. Histologic evidence suggests that the residual epidermal strata obtained after incubation of the skin with NH4Cl are reproducible; hence, this technique circumvents loss of granular layer histidine-rich protein inherent with trypsin separation and provides an effective procedure for biochemical analysis of arginine-rich and lysine-rich proteins in the various differentiating epidermal cells.", "contents": "Separation of epidermal layers of the newborn rat. A method is presented for the separation of epidermal strata by the successive elimination of either the basal or basal and spinous cells with 0.24 M NH4Cl at pH 9.5. Histologic evidence suggests that the residual epidermal strata obtained after incubation of the skin with NH4Cl are reproducible; hence, this technique circumvents loss of granular layer histidine-rich protein inherent with trypsin separation and provides an effective procedure for biochemical analysis of arginine-rich and lysine-rich proteins in the various differentiating epidermal cells.", "PMID": 319173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6834", "title": "A new technique for cross sectioning free hairs.", "content": "A new method of sectioning hair specimens has been devised that employs Araldite as an embedding medium. This has greater rigidity than paraffin and eliminates the possibility of compression on sectioning with resultant distortion of the hair shaft. Semithin sections could be sectioned at the perpendicular and examined with phase contrast optics. By correlating the cross section with the longitudinal position of the hair shaft within this translucent medium, exact cross sections of various hair types could be obtained.", "contents": "A new technique for cross sectioning free hairs. A new method of sectioning hair specimens has been devised that employs Araldite as an embedding medium. This has greater rigidity than paraffin and eliminates the possibility of compression on sectioning with resultant distortion of the hair shaft. Semithin sections could be sectioned at the perpendicular and examined with phase contrast optics. By correlating the cross section with the longitudinal position of the hair shaft within this translucent medium, exact cross sections of various hair types could be obtained.", "PMID": 319175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6835", "title": "Ex vivo hemodialysis culture of microbial and mammalian cells.", "content": "A small hemodialysis culture unit was developed which can be attached to an arterial-venous shunt and worn by an animal for days. The unit consists of a blood channel separated by a membrane from a dialysate chamber in which microbial or mammalian cells can be cultured. Bacterial multiplication proceeded first exponentially at the maximal rate and then arithmetically at a lesser, dialysis-limited rate. In a survey of 16 pathogenic microorganisms and five types of mammalian cell, results indicated that most of the aerobes grew well, but none of the obligate anaerobes grew at all. The separation of the culture from cellular and macromolecular host defense mechanisms allowed the cultivation of parasitic cells on an animal that was not naturally susceptible.", "contents": "Ex vivo hemodialysis culture of microbial and mammalian cells. A small hemodialysis culture unit was developed which can be attached to an arterial-venous shunt and worn by an animal for days. The unit consists of a blood channel separated by a membrane from a dialysate chamber in which microbial or mammalian cells can be cultured. Bacterial multiplication proceeded first exponentially at the maximal rate and then arithmetically at a lesser, dialysis-limited rate. In a survey of 16 pathogenic microorganisms and five types of mammalian cell, results indicated that most of the aerobes grew well, but none of the obligate anaerobes grew at all. The separation of the culture from cellular and macromolecular host defense mechanisms allowed the cultivation of parasitic cells on an animal that was not naturally susceptible.", "PMID": 319177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6836", "title": "Patterns of exogenous and endogenous hematopoietic repopulation following radiation injury.", "content": "Patterns of hematopoietic recovery in mice given an LD50/30 radiation exposure were different from those in animals given an LD100/30 exposure and a marrow transplant sufficient to effect 50 per cent 30-day survival. Death occurred later, and recovery of some peripheral blood elements was delayed in the LD50/30 mice. Over the period of study, splenic hematopoiesis and stem cell renewal were insignificant in the LD50/30 mice yet were active in the marrow-transplanted animals. The slow recovery of erythropoiesis in the LD30/30 mice is explained in part by the lack of early splenic hematopoiesis. This effect appeared to be attributable to the splenic microenvironment which, although being suitable for growth of unirradiated hematopoietic cells, was not conducive to repair of radiated splenic hematopoietic cells.", "contents": "Patterns of exogenous and endogenous hematopoietic repopulation following radiation injury. Patterns of hematopoietic recovery in mice given an LD50/30 radiation exposure were different from those in animals given an LD100/30 exposure and a marrow transplant sufficient to effect 50 per cent 30-day survival. Death occurred later, and recovery of some peripheral blood elements was delayed in the LD50/30 mice. Over the period of study, splenic hematopoiesis and stem cell renewal were insignificant in the LD50/30 mice yet were active in the marrow-transplanted animals. The slow recovery of erythropoiesis in the LD30/30 mice is explained in part by the lack of early splenic hematopoiesis. This effect appeared to be attributable to the splenic microenvironment which, although being suitable for growth of unirradiated hematopoietic cells, was not conducive to repair of radiated splenic hematopoietic cells.", "PMID": 319178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6837", "title": "Detection of antilymphocyte antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by indirect immunofluorescence on acetone-fixed lymphocytes.", "content": "Antilymphocyte antibodies in normal and SLE sera were found to react with lymphocytes fixed in acetone at -30 degrees C. for 10 minutes. At a dilution of 1:40, 3.7 per cent of normal and 90.9 per cent of SLE sera were positive with the use of indirect immunofluorescence with a pepsin-digested, FITC-labeled anti-Fab serum. The reaction was independent of temperature between 4 degrees and 37 degrees C. Three patterns of staining were seen in the lymphocyte surface: reticular, ring, and globular. The ring pattern appeared to correlate with IgM, and the reticular and globular patterns with IgG antilymphocyte antibodies. Absorption with lymphocytes, insolubilized extracts of rat liver and kidney, and human brain revealed that antilymphocyte and ANA activity could be independently removed. Variation in reactivity with cells from different normal donors was similar to that seen with the microcytotoxicity test. Acetone-fixed lymphocytes appear to be a much more sensitive target than viable cells in suspencion in IIF tests for antilymphocyte antibodies. The IIF test with fixed cells also appears slightly more sensitive than cytotoxicity testing and has the advantage of allowing storage of target cells.", "contents": "Detection of antilymphocyte antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by indirect immunofluorescence on acetone-fixed lymphocytes. Antilymphocyte antibodies in normal and SLE sera were found to react with lymphocytes fixed in acetone at -30 degrees C. for 10 minutes. At a dilution of 1:40, 3.7 per cent of normal and 90.9 per cent of SLE sera were positive with the use of indirect immunofluorescence with a pepsin-digested, FITC-labeled anti-Fab serum. The reaction was independent of temperature between 4 degrees and 37 degrees C. Three patterns of staining were seen in the lymphocyte surface: reticular, ring, and globular. The ring pattern appeared to correlate with IgM, and the reticular and globular patterns with IgG antilymphocyte antibodies. Absorption with lymphocytes, insolubilized extracts of rat liver and kidney, and human brain revealed that antilymphocyte and ANA activity could be independently removed. Variation in reactivity with cells from different normal donors was similar to that seen with the microcytotoxicity test. Acetone-fixed lymphocytes appear to be a much more sensitive target than viable cells in suspencion in IIF tests for antilymphocyte antibodies. The IIF test with fixed cells also appears slightly more sensitive than cytotoxicity testing and has the advantage of allowing storage of target cells.", "PMID": 319179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6838", "title": "Antitumor antibodies in human breast cancer sera as detected by fixed cell immunofluorescence and living cell membrane immunofluorescence assays.", "content": "The reactions of patients' sera with cultured human breast cancer cells were studied by fixed cell immunofluorescence  (FCF) and living cell membrane immunofluorescence (MF) tests. The results suggested that the FCF reaction detected antibodies that were cell or organ specific, whereas the MF test was more indicative of an antineoplastic immune response.", "contents": "Antitumor antibodies in human breast cancer sera as detected by fixed cell immunofluorescence and living cell membrane immunofluorescence assays. The reactions of patients' sera with cultured human breast cancer cells were studied by fixed cell immunofluorescence  (FCF) and living cell membrane immunofluorescence (MF) tests. The results suggested that the FCF reaction detected antibodies that were cell or organ specific, whereas the MF test was more indicative of an antineoplastic immune response.", "PMID": 319180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6839", "title": "Biological activities of tritiated endotoxins: correlation of the Limulus lysate assay with rabbit pyrogen and complement-activation assays for endotoxin.", "content": "Tritiated endotoxins were prepared by three different methods. The biological activities of the tritiated endotoxins were determined by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay, a rabbit pyrogen assay, and a complement-activation assay and were compared to native, unlabeled endotoxin. All three tritiated endotoxin preparations manifested adequate biological activity in each of the three assay systems, and all three assays ranked the biological activity of the different endotoxin preparations in the same order. Endotoxin tritiated by the Wilzbach procedure retained most of its biological activity and also had the highest specific radioactivity. The good correlation between the Limulus lysate, rabbit pyrogen, and complement-activation assays suggests that the same active site of the endotoxin molecule is identified by the three different assays.", "contents": "Biological activities of tritiated endotoxins: correlation of the Limulus lysate assay with rabbit pyrogen and complement-activation assays for endotoxin. Tritiated endotoxins were prepared by three different methods. The biological activities of the tritiated endotoxins were determined by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay, a rabbit pyrogen assay, and a complement-activation assay and were compared to native, unlabeled endotoxin. All three tritiated endotoxin preparations manifested adequate biological activity in each of the three assay systems, and all three assays ranked the biological activity of the different endotoxin preparations in the same order. Endotoxin tritiated by the Wilzbach procedure retained most of its biological activity and also had the highest specific radioactivity. The good correlation between the Limulus lysate, rabbit pyrogen, and complement-activation assays suggests that the same active site of the endotoxin molecule is identified by the three different assays.", "PMID": 319181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6840", "title": "The platelet factor 3 immunoinjury technique re-evaluated. Development of a rapid test for antiplatelet antibody. Detection in various clinical disorders, including immunologic drug-induced and neonatal thrombocytopenias.", "content": "A modified version of the platelet factor 3 immunoinjury technique for the detection of antiplatelet antibody is described in detail; heat-inactivated sera and frozen platelets are employed. The modification allows the results of the test to be available within 4 to 5 hours after drawing the blood sample, in contrast to the 3 days required in the original method. The technical work involved is significantly reduced. The reproducibility of the technique is improved. Results obtained with the two tests correlate well. Data accumulated in 458 cases of clinical disorders associated with antiplatelet antibody are reported. Drug-dependent antiplatelet antibody was demonstrated in 26 cases of thrombocytopenia associated with 19 different drugs. Data are also presented for 23 cases of neonatal thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "The platelet factor 3 immunoinjury technique re-evaluated. Development of a rapid test for antiplatelet antibody. Detection in various clinical disorders, including immunologic drug-induced and neonatal thrombocytopenias. A modified version of the platelet factor 3 immunoinjury technique for the detection of antiplatelet antibody is described in detail; heat-inactivated sera and frozen platelets are employed. The modification allows the results of the test to be available within 4 to 5 hours after drawing the blood sample, in contrast to the 3 days required in the original method. The technical work involved is significantly reduced. The reproducibility of the technique is improved. Results obtained with the two tests correlate well. Data accumulated in 458 cases of clinical disorders associated with antiplatelet antibody are reported. Drug-dependent antiplatelet antibody was demonstrated in 26 cases of thrombocytopenia associated with 19 different drugs. Data are also presented for 23 cases of neonatal thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 319182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6841", "title": "The treatment of acromegaly by Yttrium implantation.", "content": "Yttrium implantation is one of the many ways of treating acromegaly. The advantages are the minor nature of the procedure and the fact that pituitary replacement is not as commonly required as after hypophysectomy. Thus in young female patients menstruation may be resumed following treatment and pregnancy has occurred. The procedure is not as free from complications as external irradiation but the response is more satisfactory.", "contents": "The treatment of acromegaly by Yttrium implantation. Yttrium implantation is one of the many ways of treating acromegaly. The advantages are the minor nature of the procedure and the fact that pituitary replacement is not as commonly required as after hypophysectomy. Thus in young female patients menstruation may be resumed following treatment and pregnancy has occurred. The procedure is not as free from complications as external irradiation but the response is more satisfactory.", "PMID": 319184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6842", "title": "Hypothalamic, pituitary and testicular function during sexual maturation of the male rat.", "content": "Hypothalamic content of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), serum LH and FSH, capacity of the testis to synthesize testosterone in vitro, and testicular 5-ene-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were measured in groups of rats at approximately 5 day intervals from birth to day 64 and at days 74 and 89. The capacity of the testes to synthesize testosterone in vitro was measured in the presence of a saturating dose of rat LH. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone increased steadily from 0-17 ng per hypothalamus at birth to a maximum of 7 ng at day 52 and then remained constant. LH concentrations were highly variable and often exceeded adult values between days 10 and 32. After day 32 a steady rise was observed which reached adult values between days 37 and 42. FSH concentrations markedly increased from 255 ng/ml observed at birth and day 10 to a peak value of 1000 ng/ml at day 32. Subsequently there was a steady decline in FSH values until day 74 when the concentration returned to values found at birth. 5-ene-3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity exhibited a rapid increase between days 12 and 19 followed by an even greater rate of increase between days 19 and 32 when adult levels were attained. 17 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was very low between birth and day 22. Enzyme activity began to increase at day 22 with a rapid increase in activity observed between days 37 and 58. The increase in capacity to synthesize testosterone closely followed the increase in 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The study demonstrates that during sexual maturation in the male rat, changes in serum LH and FSH do not reflect changes in hypothalamic GnRH. The appearance of Leydig cells as monitored by 5-ene-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity precedes by approximately 20 days the increase in testicular capacity to synthesize testosterone in vitro. The latter coincides with the increase in 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. These results suggest that 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a limiting factor in the ability of the testis to respond to LH stimulation.", "contents": "Hypothalamic, pituitary and testicular function during sexual maturation of the male rat. Hypothalamic content of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), serum LH and FSH, capacity of the testis to synthesize testosterone in vitro, and testicular 5-ene-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were measured in groups of rats at approximately 5 day intervals from birth to day 64 and at days 74 and 89. The capacity of the testes to synthesize testosterone in vitro was measured in the presence of a saturating dose of rat LH. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone increased steadily from 0-17 ng per hypothalamus at birth to a maximum of 7 ng at day 52 and then remained constant. LH concentrations were highly variable and often exceeded adult values between days 10 and 32. After day 32 a steady rise was observed which reached adult values between days 37 and 42. FSH concentrations markedly increased from 255 ng/ml observed at birth and day 10 to a peak value of 1000 ng/ml at day 32. Subsequently there was a steady decline in FSH values until day 74 when the concentration returned to values found at birth. 5-ene-3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity exhibited a rapid increase between days 12 and 19 followed by an even greater rate of increase between days 19 and 32 when adult levels were attained. 17 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was very low between birth and day 22. Enzyme activity began to increase at day 22 with a rapid increase in activity observed between days 37 and 58. The increase in capacity to synthesize testosterone closely followed the increase in 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The study demonstrates that during sexual maturation in the male rat, changes in serum LH and FSH do not reflect changes in hypothalamic GnRH. The appearance of Leydig cells as monitored by 5-ene-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity precedes by approximately 20 days the increase in testicular capacity to synthesize testosterone in vitro. The latter coincides with the increase in 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. These results suggest that 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a limiting factor in the ability of the testis to respond to LH stimulation.", "PMID": 319191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6843", "title": "Luteinizing hormone release after two injections of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the ewe.", "content": "Anoestrous ewes were given two injections of 30 mug synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) separated by one of the following intervals: 1-5, 3, 6, 12 or 24 h. The first injection caused an increase in the plasma LH concentration in each animal. The response to the second injection was dependent on the interval between the injections. When the second injection was administered 1-5 h after the first it caused a further increase in the LH concentration to maximal levels which were significantly greater than those induced in the other anoestrous groups. When the second injection was administered 3 h after the first, there was no significant difference between the responses to the two injections although the time to reach the maximal LH concentration was shorter and the height of the LH peak was greater in each animal following the second injection. When the second injection was administered 6, 12 or 24 h after the first, the LH response was significantly less, in terms of height and area of the induced peak, than following the first injection. The LH response to the second injection was particularly low in the 12 and 24 h groups. Two injections of 30 mug synthetic LH-RH were also administered at 1-5 h intervals to ewes on either day 10 of the oestrous cycle or at onset of oestrus. The pattern of LH responses in all these animals was similar to that observed in anoestrous ewes injected at 1-5 h intervals. The total LH release, as assessed in terms of the induced peaks, was significantly greater in the onset of oestrus group than in the day 10 group or any of the anoestrous groups. Presumably the sensitization-desensitization sequence of the pituitary gland to LH-RH which has been demonstrated, together with the effects of sex steroid hormones, must play an important part in the development and decay of the natural preovulatory LH peak.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone release after two injections of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the ewe. Anoestrous ewes were given two injections of 30 mug synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) separated by one of the following intervals: 1-5, 3, 6, 12 or 24 h. The first injection caused an increase in the plasma LH concentration in each animal. The response to the second injection was dependent on the interval between the injections. When the second injection was administered 1-5 h after the first it caused a further increase in the LH concentration to maximal levels which were significantly greater than those induced in the other anoestrous groups. When the second injection was administered 3 h after the first, there was no significant difference between the responses to the two injections although the time to reach the maximal LH concentration was shorter and the height of the LH peak was greater in each animal following the second injection. When the second injection was administered 6, 12 or 24 h after the first, the LH response was significantly less, in terms of height and area of the induced peak, than following the first injection. The LH response to the second injection was particularly low in the 12 and 24 h groups. Two injections of 30 mug synthetic LH-RH were also administered at 1-5 h intervals to ewes on either day 10 of the oestrous cycle or at onset of oestrus. The pattern of LH responses in all these animals was similar to that observed in anoestrous ewes injected at 1-5 h intervals. The total LH release, as assessed in terms of the induced peaks, was significantly greater in the onset of oestrus group than in the day 10 group or any of the anoestrous groups. Presumably the sensitization-desensitization sequence of the pituitary gland to LH-RH which has been demonstrated, together with the effects of sex steroid hormones, must play an important part in the development and decay of the natural preovulatory LH peak.", "PMID": 319192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6844", "title": "The nature of the proteins in 'chloramphenicol particles' from Escherichia coli A19 (Hfr rel met rns).", "content": "The unusual particles which accumulate in cell-free extracts from Escherichia coli A19 during chloramphenicol inhibition ('chloramphenicol particles') have been isolated by large-scale rate-zonal density gradient ultracentrifugation. The proteins and RNA species composing these particles have been examined. The rRNA species present are precursor and mature forms of 16S and 23S rRNA which accumulate during inhibition. The proteins prepared directly from the particles give strong multiple immunoprecipitates with antisera specific to 30S and 50S ribosomal proteins. The soluble proteins of the cell prepared in the same manner do not give this immunological reaction. Two-dimensional electrophoresis patterns of the proteins from the 'chloramphenicol particles' strongly resemble those for 30S and 50S ribosomal proteins, i.e. they are predominantly basic low molecular weight proteins, and are dissimilar to the patterns for the soluble proteins of the cell. It is concluded that the 'chloramphenicol particles' are a heterogeneous group of ribonucleoproteins comprising the bulk of the rRNA accumulating during inhibition in association with variable amounts of some of their corresponding ribosomal proteins. The particles are therefore not artefacts of preparation, as previously thought, but arrested ribosome precursors.", "contents": "The nature of the proteins in 'chloramphenicol particles' from Escherichia coli A19 (Hfr rel met rns). The unusual particles which accumulate in cell-free extracts from Escherichia coli A19 during chloramphenicol inhibition ('chloramphenicol particles') have been isolated by large-scale rate-zonal density gradient ultracentrifugation. The proteins and RNA species composing these particles have been examined. The rRNA species present are precursor and mature forms of 16S and 23S rRNA which accumulate during inhibition. The proteins prepared directly from the particles give strong multiple immunoprecipitates with antisera specific to 30S and 50S ribosomal proteins. The soluble proteins of the cell prepared in the same manner do not give this immunological reaction. Two-dimensional electrophoresis patterns of the proteins from the 'chloramphenicol particles' strongly resemble those for 30S and 50S ribosomal proteins, i.e. they are predominantly basic low molecular weight proteins, and are dissimilar to the patterns for the soluble proteins of the cell. It is concluded that the 'chloramphenicol particles' are a heterogeneous group of ribonucleoproteins comprising the bulk of the rRNA accumulating during inhibition in association with variable amounts of some of their corresponding ribosomal proteins. The particles are therefore not artefacts of preparation, as previously thought, but arrested ribosome precursors.", "PMID": 319193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6845", "title": "Excystment of axenically prepared cysts of Hartmanella culbertsoni.", "content": "Axenically prepared cysts of Hartmannella culbertsoni readily excysted in the presence of heat stable factors prepared from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium and several fungi. Peptone, proteose peptone, tryptone or amino acids also promoted excystment. Crowding of the cysts and dilution of bacterial extracts adversely affected the excystment. Continual presence of the factors in the medium was essential for excystment.", "contents": "Excystment of axenically prepared cysts of Hartmanella culbertsoni. Axenically prepared cysts of Hartmannella culbertsoni readily excysted in the presence of heat stable factors prepared from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium and several fungi. Peptone, proteose peptone, tryptone or amino acids also promoted excystment. Crowding of the cysts and dilution of bacterial extracts adversely affected the excystment. Continual presence of the factors in the medium was essential for excystment.", "PMID": 319194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6846", "title": "Microbial metabolism of amino alcohols. Control of formation and stability of partially purified ethanolamine ammonia-lyase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Induction of ethanolamine ammonia-lyase formation in Escherichia coli required both the ethanolamine and vitamin B12, and was gratuitous during growth on glycerol. Ethanolamine analogues inhibited enzyme activity and inhibited growth with ethanolamine as the the nitrogen source, but did not act as inducers. Enzyme formation was more rapid when ethanolamine was added to cultures containing vitamin B12 rather than the reverse. Enzyme formation was subject to catabolic repression, glucose and acetate being particularly effective. Chloramphenicol, I-aminopropan 2-01 and 1,3-diaminopropan-2-01 prevented enzyme induction. Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, resolved from its cobamide coenzyme, was purified 35-fold. The apoenzyme was stable for several days in the presence of ethanolamine, dithiothreitol, glycerol and K+ ions. Enzyme formation therefore requires both substrate and cobamide coenzyme to be present simultaneously as inducers.", "contents": "Microbial metabolism of amino alcohols. Control of formation and stability of partially purified ethanolamine ammonia-lyase in Escherichia coli. Induction of ethanolamine ammonia-lyase formation in Escherichia coli required both the ethanolamine and vitamin B12, and was gratuitous during growth on glycerol. Ethanolamine analogues inhibited enzyme activity and inhibited growth with ethanolamine as the the nitrogen source, but did not act as inducers. Enzyme formation was more rapid when ethanolamine was added to cultures containing vitamin B12 rather than the reverse. Enzyme formation was subject to catabolic repression, glucose and acetate being particularly effective. Chloramphenicol, I-aminopropan 2-01 and 1,3-diaminopropan-2-01 prevented enzyme induction. Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, resolved from its cobamide coenzyme, was purified 35-fold. The apoenzyme was stable for several days in the presence of ethanolamine, dithiothreitol, glycerol and K+ ions. Enzyme formation therefore requires both substrate and cobamide coenzyme to be present simultaneously as inducers.", "PMID": 319195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6847", "title": "The nature of the proteins present in the 'relaxed particles' from methionine-starved Escherichia coli A19 (Hfr rel met rns).", "content": "The 'relaxed particles' formed during methionine starvation of Escherichia coli A19 (Hfr rel met rns) have been isolated by large-scale rate-zonal density gradient ultracentrifugation. The proteins and rRNA species associated with these particles have been examined. The rRNA species present are precursor and mature forms of 16S and 23S rRNA. The bulk of the rRNA which accumulates during starvation is found within the particles. The proteins prepared directly from the particles give strong multiple immunoprecipitates with antisera specific to 30S and 50S ribosomal proteins. The soluble proteins, prepared and examined in the same manner, do not give this immunological reaction. Two-dimensional electrophoresis patterns of the proteins from the particles show that the proteins co-migrate with proteins from 30S and 50S ribosomes and are entirely dissimilar to the proteins prepared by the same methods from the soluble fraction of the cells. On the basis of these and other observations, it is concluded that the 'relaxed particles' are not artefacts but are arrested ribosome precursors containing both rRNA and certain ribosomal proteins. The free pool of ribosomal proteins is low in exponential-phase cells and is not significantly increased by a 2 h period of starvation for glucose. The implications of these observations concerning the proteins associated with 'relaxed' and 'chloramphenicol particles' are discussed in raltion to ribosome biogenesis and the stabilization of rRNA.", "contents": "The nature of the proteins present in the 'relaxed particles' from methionine-starved Escherichia coli A19 (Hfr rel met rns). The 'relaxed particles' formed during methionine starvation of Escherichia coli A19 (Hfr rel met rns) have been isolated by large-scale rate-zonal density gradient ultracentrifugation. The proteins and rRNA species associated with these particles have been examined. The rRNA species present are precursor and mature forms of 16S and 23S rRNA. The bulk of the rRNA which accumulates during starvation is found within the particles. The proteins prepared directly from the particles give strong multiple immunoprecipitates with antisera specific to 30S and 50S ribosomal proteins. The soluble proteins, prepared and examined in the same manner, do not give this immunological reaction. Two-dimensional electrophoresis patterns of the proteins from the particles show that the proteins co-migrate with proteins from 30S and 50S ribosomes and are entirely dissimilar to the proteins prepared by the same methods from the soluble fraction of the cells. On the basis of these and other observations, it is concluded that the 'relaxed particles' are not artefacts but are arrested ribosome precursors containing both rRNA and certain ribosomal proteins. The free pool of ribosomal proteins is low in exponential-phase cells and is not significantly increased by a 2 h period of starvation for glucose. The implications of these observations concerning the proteins associated with 'relaxed' and 'chloramphenicol particles' are discussed in raltion to ribosome biogenesis and the stabilization of rRNA.", "PMID": 319197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6848", "title": "Fluctuations in buoyant density during the cell cycle of Escherichia coli K12: significance for the preparation of synchronous cultures by age selection.", "content": "The buoyant densities of Escherichia coli K12 were investigated by isopycnic centrifugation in gradients of colloidal silica (Ludox) and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Bacteria from an exponential culture in a defined medium supplemented with hydrolysed casein banded at densities between 1-060 and 1-115 g ml-1; the mean density was 1-081 g ml-1. At the higher densities, two populations of cells were present: smaller cells were approximately twice as numerous as, and half the modal volume of, the population of larger cells. A homogeneous population of cells of intermediate volume equilibrated in the least dense region of the density band. Synchronous cultures were established by inoculating cells selected from the most or least dense regions of the band into spent growth medium. The results are consistent with a fluctuation between maximal density at cell birth and division, and minimal density near the middle of the cell cycle. In synchronous cultures prepared by continuous-flow age selection, the first division occurred after a period that was significantly shorter than the length of subsequent cell cycles. Cells selected by this procedure were of similar mean density to those in the exponential culture but were more homogeneous with respect to size. The possibility that the smallest (and densest) cells in an exponential culture are retained in the rotor, and are thus excluded from the synchronous culture, is discussed.", "contents": "Fluctuations in buoyant density during the cell cycle of Escherichia coli K12: significance for the preparation of synchronous cultures by age selection. The buoyant densities of Escherichia coli K12 were investigated by isopycnic centrifugation in gradients of colloidal silica (Ludox) and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Bacteria from an exponential culture in a defined medium supplemented with hydrolysed casein banded at densities between 1-060 and 1-115 g ml-1; the mean density was 1-081 g ml-1. At the higher densities, two populations of cells were present: smaller cells were approximately twice as numerous as, and half the modal volume of, the population of larger cells. A homogeneous population of cells of intermediate volume equilibrated in the least dense region of the density band. Synchronous cultures were established by inoculating cells selected from the most or least dense regions of the band into spent growth medium. The results are consistent with a fluctuation between maximal density at cell birth and division, and minimal density near the middle of the cell cycle. In synchronous cultures prepared by continuous-flow age selection, the first division occurred after a period that was significantly shorter than the length of subsequent cell cycles. Cells selected by this procedure were of similar mean density to those in the exponential culture but were more homogeneous with respect to size. The possibility that the smallest (and densest) cells in an exponential culture are retained in the rotor, and are thus excluded from the synchronous culture, is discussed.", "PMID": 319198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6849", "title": "Synthesis of ribosomal and transfer ribonucleic acids in yeast during a nutritional shift-up.", "content": "The growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was increased by adding a mixture of amino acids to cultures containing proline as the sole nitrogen source. The transition from balanced growth in the basal medium (doubling time 4 h) to balanced growth in the enriched medium (doubling time 2 h) took about 2-5 h. The rate of RNA accumulation increased soon after the enrichment to almost its final value. This increase began after a short lag of 10 to 15 min, therefore synthesis of new RNA polymerase molecules may be required before stable RNA production can increase. The different stable RNA species were not stimulated at different times after the enrichment, but all increased continuosly throughout the transition. The rRNA species accumulated in a co-ordinate fashion at a rate faster than the rate of tRNA accumulation.", "contents": "Synthesis of ribosomal and transfer ribonucleic acids in yeast during a nutritional shift-up. The growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was increased by adding a mixture of amino acids to cultures containing proline as the sole nitrogen source. The transition from balanced growth in the basal medium (doubling time 4 h) to balanced growth in the enriched medium (doubling time 2 h) took about 2-5 h. The rate of RNA accumulation increased soon after the enrichment to almost its final value. This increase began after a short lag of 10 to 15 min, therefore synthesis of new RNA polymerase molecules may be required before stable RNA production can increase. The different stable RNA species were not stimulated at different times after the enrichment, but all increased continuosly throughout the transition. The rRNA species accumulated in a co-ordinate fashion at a rate faster than the rate of tRNA accumulation.", "PMID": 319199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6850", "title": "Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial respiration monitored by electrodes.", "content": "A technique is described by which both oxygen and nitrate (or nitrate or chlorate) levels were continuously monitored during bacterial respiration. Paracoccus (Micrococcus) denitrificans and Escherichia coli oxidizing succinate rapidly ceased to reduce nitrate when oxygen was available, and equally rapidly commenced nitrate reduction when all the oxygen had been consumed. By contrast, membrane vesicles isolated from P. denitrificans reduced oxygen and nitrate simultaneously. The respiratory nitrate reductase in intact cells of P. denitrificans appeared to be inacessible to chlorate present in the reaction medium, and it is suggested that the nitrate reductase is orientated on the plasma membrane so that nitrate gains access from the inner (cytosolic) face.", "contents": "Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial respiration monitored by electrodes. A technique is described by which both oxygen and nitrate (or nitrate or chlorate) levels were continuously monitored during bacterial respiration. Paracoccus (Micrococcus) denitrificans and Escherichia coli oxidizing succinate rapidly ceased to reduce nitrate when oxygen was available, and equally rapidly commenced nitrate reduction when all the oxygen had been consumed. By contrast, membrane vesicles isolated from P. denitrificans reduced oxygen and nitrate simultaneously. The respiratory nitrate reductase in intact cells of P. denitrificans appeared to be inacessible to chlorate present in the reaction medium, and it is suggested that the nitrate reductase is orientated on the plasma membrane so that nitrate gains access from the inner (cytosolic) face.", "PMID": 319200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6851", "title": "Introduction of bacteriophage Mu into Pseudomonas solanacearum and Rhizobium meliloti using the R factor RP4.", "content": "Phage Mu-1 and a thermoinducible derivative, Mu-1 cts 62 were inserted into the broad host range R factor RP4. These hybrid plasmids were transferred by conjugation to a phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas solanacearum GMI 1000 and a legume-root nodule bacterium Rhizobium meliloti 2011. The Mu genome is transcribed and tranlated in these new hosts: P. solanacearum (RP4:Mu cts) cultures have a spontaneous production of about 5 X 10(5) plaque-forming units ml-1 which is similar to the frequency of spontaneous Mu production in E. coli; the Mu production of R. meliloti is lower (about 10(2) plaque-forming units ml-1).", "contents": "Introduction of bacteriophage Mu into Pseudomonas solanacearum and Rhizobium meliloti using the R factor RP4. Phage Mu-1 and a thermoinducible derivative, Mu-1 cts 62 were inserted into the broad host range R factor RP4. These hybrid plasmids were transferred by conjugation to a phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas solanacearum GMI 1000 and a legume-root nodule bacterium Rhizobium meliloti 2011. The Mu genome is transcribed and tranlated in these new hosts: P. solanacearum (RP4:Mu cts) cultures have a spontaneous production of about 5 X 10(5) plaque-forming units ml-1 which is similar to the frequency of spontaneous Mu production in E. coli; the Mu production of R. meliloti is lower (about 10(2) plaque-forming units ml-1).", "PMID": 319201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6852", "title": "Taxonomy of the genus Serratia.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-six strains of Serratia and related bacteria including representatives of Enterobacter liquefaciens, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Erwinia carotovora, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Erwinia herbicola and Erwinia nimipressuralis were studied using 223 morphological, physiological, biochemical and carbon source utilization tests. The results were subjected to computer analysis. At the 80% similarity level all strains, except two, grouped into eight phenons representing: (A) Serratia marcescens with the neotype CCM303 (ATCCI3880); (B) S. marinorubra with the monotype NCTC10912 (ATCC27614); (CI) S. liquefaciens with the type ATCCI4460; (C2) S. plymuthica with the monotype CCM640 (ATCC183); (D) Erwinia herbicola with the neotype of Enterobacter agglomerans NCTC9381; (E) Enterobacter cloacae with the neotype NCTCI0005 and Erwinia nimipressuralis; (F) Erwinia carotovora with the type ATCC495, Erwinia atroseptica and Erwinia chrysanthemi; (G) Klebsiella mobilis with the neotype NCTCI0006. At the 70% similarity level the phenons formed two groups: (A, B, CI, C2) and (D, E, F, G). The following conclusions were drawn. (I) There are three species of enterobacteria producing prodigiosin: S. marcescens, S. plymuthica and S. marinorubra. (2) There are four species of Serratia, one colourless (S. liquefaciens). (3) Subphenons (biovars) are described within the four species of Serratia. (4) Non-pigmented wild-type strains of S. marcescens can generally be differentiated from pigmented strains by characters other than pigmentation, because subphenons are homogeneous with respect to pigmentation. This survey raised some problems of nomenclature because old descriptions could be found that could loosely fit the present phenons. Comparison with an authentic culture was considered to be the most objective way of identifying these phenons with earlier named species.", "contents": "Taxonomy of the genus Serratia. One hundred and fifty-six strains of Serratia and related bacteria including representatives of Enterobacter liquefaciens, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Erwinia carotovora, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Erwinia herbicola and Erwinia nimipressuralis were studied using 223 morphological, physiological, biochemical and carbon source utilization tests. The results were subjected to computer analysis. At the 80% similarity level all strains, except two, grouped into eight phenons representing: (A) Serratia marcescens with the neotype CCM303 (ATCCI3880); (B) S. marinorubra with the monotype NCTC10912 (ATCC27614); (CI) S. liquefaciens with the type ATCCI4460; (C2) S. plymuthica with the monotype CCM640 (ATCC183); (D) Erwinia herbicola with the neotype of Enterobacter agglomerans NCTC9381; (E) Enterobacter cloacae with the neotype NCTCI0005 and Erwinia nimipressuralis; (F) Erwinia carotovora with the type ATCC495, Erwinia atroseptica and Erwinia chrysanthemi; (G) Klebsiella mobilis with the neotype NCTCI0006. At the 70% similarity level the phenons formed two groups: (A, B, CI, C2) and (D, E, F, G). The following conclusions were drawn. (I) There are three species of enterobacteria producing prodigiosin: S. marcescens, S. plymuthica and S. marinorubra. (2) There are four species of Serratia, one colourless (S. liquefaciens). (3) Subphenons (biovars) are described within the four species of Serratia. (4) Non-pigmented wild-type strains of S. marcescens can generally be differentiated from pigmented strains by characters other than pigmentation, because subphenons are homogeneous with respect to pigmentation. This survey raised some problems of nomenclature because old descriptions could be found that could loosely fit the present phenons. Comparison with an authentic culture was considered to be the most objective way of identifying these phenons with earlier named species.", "PMID": 319202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6853", "title": "Naloxone-induced reversal of schizophrenic hallucinations.", "content": "In a single-blind pilot study 0.4 mg naloxone i.v. was found temporarily to reduce or abolish auditory hallucinations in four cases of chronic schizophrenia whereas saline was without effect. In one of these patients there was a similar reversal also of her visual hallucinations. Two additional cases who denied hearing voices before the injections, reported no subjective effects.", "contents": "Naloxone-induced reversal of schizophrenic hallucinations. In a single-blind pilot study 0.4 mg naloxone i.v. was found temporarily to reduce or abolish auditory hallucinations in four cases of chronic schizophrenia whereas saline was without effect. In one of these patients there was a similar reversal also of her visual hallucinations. Two additional cases who denied hearing voices before the injections, reported no subjective effects.", "PMID": 319204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6854", "title": "Effect of positive end expiratory pressure ventilation on intracranial pressure in man.", "content": "THsi study was designed to define the effect of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation on intracranial pressure (ICP). In 25 patients with severe head trauma with and without associated pulmonary injury the following parameters were simultaneously monitored under mechanical ventilation with and without PEEP:ICP, arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, arterial blood gases, and cardiac rate. In addition, the volume-pressure response (VPR) was evaluted in each patient to assess cerebral elastance. The results indicate a significant increase in ICP with the application of PEEP only in the 12 patients who manifested increased cerebral elastance by VPR. Half of this latter group manifested impairment of cerebral perfusion pressure to levels less than 60 mm Hg. Return to baseline CIP levels was observed with termination of PEEP. No significantly consistent changes in other parameters were noted.", "contents": "Effect of positive end expiratory pressure ventilation on intracranial pressure in man. THsi study was designed to define the effect of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation on intracranial pressure (ICP). In 25 patients with severe head trauma with and without associated pulmonary injury the following parameters were simultaneously monitored under mechanical ventilation with and without PEEP:ICP, arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, arterial blood gases, and cardiac rate. In addition, the volume-pressure response (VPR) was evaluted in each patient to assess cerebral elastance. The results indicate a significant increase in ICP with the application of PEEP only in the 12 patients who manifested increased cerebral elastance by VPR. Half of this latter group manifested impairment of cerebral perfusion pressure to levels less than 60 mm Hg. Return to baseline CIP levels was observed with termination of PEEP. No significantly consistent changes in other parameters were noted.", "PMID": 319205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6855", "title": "Correction of the short-face syndrome-vertical maxillary deficiency: a preliminary report.", "content": "Careful clinical studies and cephalometric and model analyses are required in the planning for treatment of vertical maxillary deficiency. The maxilla is repositioned inferiorly to elongate the face and to achieve facial balance. Simultaneous Le Fort I osteotomy with bone grafting is a helpful adjunct in the treatment of vertical maxillary deficiency in either dentulous or edentulous patients.", "contents": "Correction of the short-face syndrome-vertical maxillary deficiency: a preliminary report. Careful clinical studies and cephalometric and model analyses are required in the planning for treatment of vertical maxillary deficiency. The maxilla is repositioned inferiorly to elongate the face and to achieve facial balance. Simultaneous Le Fort I osteotomy with bone grafting is a helpful adjunct in the treatment of vertical maxillary deficiency in either dentulous or edentulous patients.", "PMID": 319209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6856", "title": "Oral surgery program university of california, san francisco.", "content": "The two cases presented here demonstrate a successful therapeutic modality with resection followed by immediate reconstruction with bone grafts. At least one of the cases presented seems to indicate that the tumor is relatively less aggressive than the simple ameloblastoma. The histopathology of the two cases suggests that this odontogenic tumor has a wider histologic variation than originally described by Pindborg.", "contents": "Oral surgery program university of california, san francisco. The two cases presented here demonstrate a successful therapeutic modality with resection followed by immediate reconstruction with bone grafts. At least one of the cases presented seems to indicate that the tumor is relatively less aggressive than the simple ameloblastoma. The histopathology of the two cases suggests that this odontogenic tumor has a wider histologic variation than originally described by Pindborg.", "PMID": 319210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6857", "title": "Preventive treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia.", "content": "If an osteotomy is carried out in a child with congenital angulation of the tibia with segmental sclerosis, a pseudarthrosis develops in many cases. This should be prevented by a bone-graft operation along the concave side of the tibia. The results described illustrate this contention.", "contents": "Preventive treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia. If an osteotomy is carried out in a child with congenital angulation of the tibia with segmental sclerosis, a pseudarthrosis develops in many cases. This should be prevented by a bone-graft operation along the concave side of the tibia. The results described illustrate this contention.", "PMID": 319212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6858", "title": "Preserved scleral allografts in periodontal defects in man. I. Preparation, preservation and use.", "content": "A method has been presented for the preparation, preservation and surgical adaptability of sclera as implant material. As a result of the knowledge gained from the use of this material in reconstructive surgery and limited reports in the dental literature, there appears to be a justification for further research on the utilization of this very available material in periodontal and other oral surgical procedures.", "contents": "Preserved scleral allografts in periodontal defects in man. I. Preparation, preservation and use. A method has been presented for the preparation, preservation and surgical adaptability of sclera as implant material. As a result of the knowledge gained from the use of this material in reconstructive surgery and limited reports in the dental literature, there appears to be a justification for further research on the utilization of this very available material in periodontal and other oral surgical procedures.", "PMID": 319214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6859", "title": "Localized hyperplastic lesions of the gingiva: a clinicopathological study of 302 lesions.", "content": "A study was made of a series of 302 consecutive cases of localized hyperplastic lesions of the gingiva (epulides). The lesions were classified into five groups: pyogenic granuloma, calcifying fibroblastic granuloma, fibrous hyperplasia, peripheral giant cell granuloma and denture hyperplasia. The study indicates that there are some differences in age and sex distribution as well as in location between the different histological groups. Pyogenic granuloma was found to be the most common lesion on the gingiva. Pyogenic granuloma and calcifying fibroblastic granuloma occur in younger patients more often than fibrous hyperplasia, and thus may represent a stage in the development of fibrous hyperplasia. Denture hyperplasia occurs predominantly in females and it is suggested that its formation may be affected by hormonal alterations in the menopause.", "contents": "Localized hyperplastic lesions of the gingiva: a clinicopathological study of 302 lesions. A study was made of a series of 302 consecutive cases of localized hyperplastic lesions of the gingiva (epulides). The lesions were classified into five groups: pyogenic granuloma, calcifying fibroblastic granuloma, fibrous hyperplasia, peripheral giant cell granuloma and denture hyperplasia. The study indicates that there are some differences in age and sex distribution as well as in location between the different histological groups. Pyogenic granuloma was found to be the most common lesion on the gingiva. Pyogenic granuloma and calcifying fibroblastic granuloma occur in younger patients more often than fibrous hyperplasia, and thus may represent a stage in the development of fibrous hyperplasia. Denture hyperplasia occurs predominantly in females and it is suggested that its formation may be affected by hormonal alterations in the menopause.", "PMID": 319216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6860", "title": "Antibacterial structure-activity relationships obtained with resistant microorganisms I: Inhibition of R-factor resistant Escherichia coli by tetracyclines.", "content": "Aparent partition coefficients and inhibitory activities against sensitive and resistant Escherichia coli were determined for 14 tetracyclines. The difference in the kinetics of inhibition of the two organisms is discussed in terms of their permeabilities. The partition coefficients were determined in an octanol-buffer system. Values for eight compounds were in general agreement with the literature; values for the remaining six compounds had not been reported previously. Growth of the organisms was determined by a single-point turbidimetric method in the presence and absence of tetracyclines. Inhibitory activities were obtained by a kinetic treatment. Derived rate constants for the sensitive organism were linearly related to antibiotic concentration. For the resistant organism and 12 compounds, the derived rate constants and antibiotic concentration were related in a manner typical of saturation kinetics. These inhibitory activities were related to the partition coefficients, while activities against the sensitive strain were not. These findings suggest that activity against the resistant strain is permeability controlled but that activity against the sensitive strain has a different rate-determining step.", "contents": "Antibacterial structure-activity relationships obtained with resistant microorganisms I: Inhibition of R-factor resistant Escherichia coli by tetracyclines. Aparent partition coefficients and inhibitory activities against sensitive and resistant Escherichia coli were determined for 14 tetracyclines. The difference in the kinetics of inhibition of the two organisms is discussed in terms of their permeabilities. The partition coefficients were determined in an octanol-buffer system. Values for eight compounds were in general agreement with the literature; values for the remaining six compounds had not been reported previously. Growth of the organisms was determined by a single-point turbidimetric method in the presence and absence of tetracyclines. Inhibitory activities were obtained by a kinetic treatment. Derived rate constants for the sensitive organism were linearly related to antibiotic concentration. For the resistant organism and 12 compounds, the derived rate constants and antibiotic concentration were related in a manner typical of saturation kinetics. These inhibitory activities were related to the partition coefficients, while activities against the sensitive strain were not. These findings suggest that activity against the resistant strain is permeability controlled but that activity against the sensitive strain has a different rate-determining step.", "PMID": 319218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6861", "title": "Bioavailability and activity of topical corticosteroids from a novel drug delivery system, the aerosol quick-break foam.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to: (a) compare the bioavailability of betamethasone benzoate in a quick-break aerosol foam and semisolid dosage forms, (b) compare the activity of betamethasone benzoate, betamethasone valerate, clobetasol propionate, triamcinolone acetonide, desonide, flumethasoid reservoir formation in skin, and (d) assess the effect of a natural moisturizer. Efficacy was determined by a graded response 6-hr occluded vasoconstriction test with subsequent reocclusion for reservoir demonstration. Moisturizer effect was assessed by a nonoccluded vasoconstriction test using \"plain\" and sodium 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate-containing concentrates on arms pretreated with water or moisturizer. The activities of betamethasone benzoate concentrate, collapsed foam, ointment, and gel were similar and significantly better than the activity of the cream. Clobetasol propionate was significantly better than the other medicated concentrates, which were equivalent. Steroid-induced blanching decreased in the presence of a moisturizer.", "contents": "Bioavailability and activity of topical corticosteroids from a novel drug delivery system, the aerosol quick-break foam. Experiments were conducted to: (a) compare the bioavailability of betamethasone benzoate in a quick-break aerosol foam and semisolid dosage forms, (b) compare the activity of betamethasone benzoate, betamethasone valerate, clobetasol propionate, triamcinolone acetonide, desonide, flumethasoid reservoir formation in skin, and (d) assess the effect of a natural moisturizer. Efficacy was determined by a graded response 6-hr occluded vasoconstriction test with subsequent reocclusion for reservoir demonstration. Moisturizer effect was assessed by a nonoccluded vasoconstriction test using \"plain\" and sodium 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate-containing concentrates on arms pretreated with water or moisturizer. The activities of betamethasone benzoate concentrate, collapsed foam, ointment, and gel were similar and significantly better than the activity of the cream. Clobetasol propionate was significantly better than the other medicated concentrates, which were equivalent. Steroid-induced blanching decreased in the presence of a moisturizer.", "PMID": 319219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6862", "title": "Mutagenic activities in vitro and in vivo of five antischistosomal compounds.", "content": "Five antischistosomal compounds--hycanthone, two of its chloroindazole analogs (IA-4 and IA-4 N-oxide), oxamniquine, and metrifonate--were tested for mutagenic activity, using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100 under in vitro and in vivo (host-mediated) conditions. In all assay systems hycanthone exhibited by far the highest mutagenic potency. Although oxamniquine and metrifonate had low metagenic activity in vitro and although their administration resulted in urine of low metagenic activity, their host-mediated mutagenic activities on strain TA 100 were fairly high. Confirming earlier studies with a less sensitive Salmonella strain, TA 1535, IA-4 N-oxide was found to be less metagenic than IA-4. Orally administered IA-4 and IA-4-oxide were less mutagenic under in vivo conditions than an equal dose administered intramuscularly. By contrast, the antihistosomal activity of a given dose of each compound was the same, regardless of which of these two routes was used, suggesting that mutagenic and antischistosomal effects are produced by different metabolites. The observations reported in this paper provide additional evidence that mutagenic activities can be dissociated from desired chemotherapeutic effects by suitable structural modifications.", "contents": "Mutagenic activities in vitro and in vivo of five antischistosomal compounds. Five antischistosomal compounds--hycanthone, two of its chloroindazole analogs (IA-4 and IA-4 N-oxide), oxamniquine, and metrifonate--were tested for mutagenic activity, using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100 under in vitro and in vivo (host-mediated) conditions. In all assay systems hycanthone exhibited by far the highest mutagenic potency. Although oxamniquine and metrifonate had low metagenic activity in vitro and although their administration resulted in urine of low metagenic activity, their host-mediated mutagenic activities on strain TA 100 were fairly high. Confirming earlier studies with a less sensitive Salmonella strain, TA 1535, IA-4 N-oxide was found to be less metagenic than IA-4. Orally administered IA-4 and IA-4-oxide were less mutagenic under in vivo conditions than an equal dose administered intramuscularly. By contrast, the antihistosomal activity of a given dose of each compound was the same, regardless of which of these two routes was used, suggesting that mutagenic and antischistosomal effects are produced by different metabolites. The observations reported in this paper provide additional evidence that mutagenic activities can be dissociated from desired chemotherapeutic effects by suitable structural modifications.", "PMID": 319220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6863", "title": "Potentiation of the cytotoxic action of melphalan and \"activated\" cyclophosphamide against cultured tumor cells by centrophenoxine.", "content": "Centrophenoxine, without antitumor activity itself, enhanced the cytotoxic action of melphalan and \"activated\" cyclophosphamide against mouse P388 lymphoma and rat W256 carcinosarcoma cells growing in static suspension culture. The concentration of alkylating agent required for 99% cell-kill was approximately halved when centrophenoxine was also present during exposure to the antitumor drug. Maximum potentiation by centrophenoxine of the cytotoxic action of melphalan occurred when cells were exposed to the two agents simultaneously; little or no potentiation was observed when cells were exposed to centrophenoxine before or after exposure to the alkylating agent.", "contents": "Potentiation of the cytotoxic action of melphalan and \"activated\" cyclophosphamide against cultured tumor cells by centrophenoxine. Centrophenoxine, without antitumor activity itself, enhanced the cytotoxic action of melphalan and \"activated\" cyclophosphamide against mouse P388 lymphoma and rat W256 carcinosarcoma cells growing in static suspension culture. The concentration of alkylating agent required for 99% cell-kill was approximately halved when centrophenoxine was also present during exposure to the antitumor drug. Maximum potentiation by centrophenoxine of the cytotoxic action of melphalan occurred when cells were exposed to the two agents simultaneously; little or no potentiation was observed when cells were exposed to centrophenoxine before or after exposure to the alkylating agent.", "PMID": 319221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6864", "title": "The future of complete prosthodontics.", "content": "An improved elastomer with an optimum balance of mechanical properties, processability, environmental  stability, colorability, and esthetics, for use in fabricating extraoral maxillofacial prostheses, was sought, An arylene silicone polymer, polytetramethylsilphenylenesiloxanedimethylsiloxane, was synthesized and formulated as a pourable, viscous, room-temperature-vulcanizing liquid. Silphenylene polymers are colorless and will accept either intrinsic or extrinsic coloration. When mixed with conventional catalysts, the silphenylene vulcanizates can be easily and reliably cast in closed dental stone molds to give prostheses that are strong and tough yet soft and pliable. Typical values for tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100% elongation, and hardness are, respectively, 1400 psi, 1000 psi, 50 psi, and 35 (Shore A). Since the arylene linkages in the silphenylene polymers impart unusually high values of surface energy to these silicone elastomers, they have an excellent tactual as well as visual resemblance to skin, and they adhere well to tapes and adhesives. A preclinical toxicologic evaluation has been completed, and the materials are currently undergoing clinical evaluation.", "contents": "The future of complete prosthodontics. An improved elastomer with an optimum balance of mechanical properties, processability, environmental  stability, colorability, and esthetics, for use in fabricating extraoral maxillofacial prostheses, was sought, An arylene silicone polymer, polytetramethylsilphenylenesiloxanedimethylsiloxane, was synthesized and formulated as a pourable, viscous, room-temperature-vulcanizing liquid. Silphenylene polymers are colorless and will accept either intrinsic or extrinsic coloration. When mixed with conventional catalysts, the silphenylene vulcanizates can be easily and reliably cast in closed dental stone molds to give prostheses that are strong and tough yet soft and pliable. Typical values for tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100% elongation, and hardness are, respectively, 1400 psi, 1000 psi, 50 psi, and 35 (Shore A). Since the arylene linkages in the silphenylene polymers impart unusually high values of surface energy to these silicone elastomers, they have an excellent tactual as well as visual resemblance to skin, and they adhere well to tapes and adhesives. A preclinical toxicologic evaluation has been completed, and the materials are currently undergoing clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 319222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6865", "title": "Resin registration for interocclusal records.", "content": "An ideal material for registering interocclusal records should (1) have reproductive accuracy, (2) be easy to handle, (3) offer no resistance to closure during the registration, (4) be rigid when set, and (5) have a fair degree of hardness when set. The acrylic resin, Duralay, has these qualities. Techniques for utilizing Duralay to register interocclusal records for unilateral restorations, bilateral restorations, full-arch restorations, as well as fixed and removable restorations in the same arch have been demonstrated.", "contents": "Resin registration for interocclusal records. An ideal material for registering interocclusal records should (1) have reproductive accuracy, (2) be easy to handle, (3) offer no resistance to closure during the registration, (4) be rigid when set, and (5) have a fair degree of hardness when set. The acrylic resin, Duralay, has these qualities. Techniques for utilizing Duralay to register interocclusal records for unilateral restorations, bilateral restorations, full-arch restorations, as well as fixed and removable restorations in the same arch have been demonstrated.", "PMID": 319224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6866", "title": "Kallman's syndrome: effect of repeated stimulation of pituitary-gonadal axis with LH-RH.", "content": "The relative roles of the central nervous system and pituitary in the pathogenesis of olfactory gonadal dysplasia has been the subject of much speculation. Repeated stimulation of the pituitary gonadal axis with LH-RH provoked a moderate release of gonadotropins, insufficient however, to stimulate gonadal incretory function. This study supports the evidence that a hypothalamic defect is the basis for Kallman's syndrome.", "contents": "Kallman's syndrome: effect of repeated stimulation of pituitary-gonadal axis with LH-RH. The relative roles of the central nervous system and pituitary in the pathogenesis of olfactory gonadal dysplasia has been the subject of much speculation. Repeated stimulation of the pituitary gonadal axis with LH-RH provoked a moderate release of gonadotropins, insufficient however, to stimulate gonadal incretory function. This study supports the evidence that a hypothalamic defect is the basis for Kallman's syndrome.", "PMID": 319231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6867", "title": "Conformational studies of a family of related antimalarial phenanthrene amino alcohols.", "content": "A conformational study utilizing quantum chemical methods was performed on a family of antimalarial alpha-(piperidyl)-3,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-9-phenanthrenemethanols whose structures differ by the placement of the substituent on either the 2,3, or 4 position of the piperidyl ring. The antimalarial activity of these 3-substituted compounds has been shown experimentally to be highly stereospecific while the 2-substituted compounds are not and the 4-substituted compounds are inactive. In this study, such observed differences in behavior are correlated with conformational results and a pharmacophore is postulated. The identity of the active racemate of the 3-piperidyl compound is predicted.", "contents": "Conformational studies of a family of related antimalarial phenanthrene amino alcohols. A conformational study utilizing quantum chemical methods was performed on a family of antimalarial alpha-(piperidyl)-3,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-9-phenanthrenemethanols whose structures differ by the placement of the substituent on either the 2,3, or 4 position of the piperidyl ring. The antimalarial activity of these 3-substituted compounds has been shown experimentally to be highly stereospecific while the 2-substituted compounds are not and the 4-substituted compounds are inactive. In this study, such observed differences in behavior are correlated with conformational results and a pharmacophore is postulated. The identity of the active racemate of the 3-piperidyl compound is predicted.", "PMID": 319232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6868", "title": "Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups derived from 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid or 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid and their sulfoxides and sulfones.", "content": "The synthesis and in vitro and in vivo activities of a series of cephalosporins having side chains derived from 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid or 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid and with acetoxymethyl or 3-heterocyclic thiomethyl substituents at the 3 position are described. In both series, increasing the oxidation state of the side-chain sulfur atom from sulfide to sulfoxide/sulfone decreased the in vitro gram-positive activity, but the effect on gram-negative activity was variable and less pronounced. The protective effectiveness in mice infected with Escherichia coli increased as the oxidation level of the side-chain sulfur was raised from sulfied to sulfoxide/sulfone. Replacement of the 3-acetoxymethyl by a 3-heterocyclic thiomethyl group resulted in overall improvement of activity both in vitro and in vivo for all oxidation states.", "contents": "Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups derived from 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid or 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid and their sulfoxides and sulfones. The synthesis and in vitro and in vivo activities of a series of cephalosporins having side chains derived from 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid or 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid and with acetoxymethyl or 3-heterocyclic thiomethyl substituents at the 3 position are described. In both series, increasing the oxidation state of the side-chain sulfur atom from sulfide to sulfoxide/sulfone decreased the in vitro gram-positive activity, but the effect on gram-negative activity was variable and less pronounced. The protective effectiveness in mice infected with Escherichia coli increased as the oxidation level of the side-chain sulfur was raised from sulfied to sulfoxide/sulfone. Replacement of the 3-acetoxymethyl by a 3-heterocyclic thiomethyl group resulted in overall improvement of activity both in vitro and in vivo for all oxidation states.", "PMID": 319233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6869", "title": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships of antimalarial and dihydrofolate reductase inhibition by quinazolines and 5-substituted benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines.", "content": "A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase from S. faecium by quinazolines has been formulated. This is compared with a QSAR for inhibition of E. coli dihydrofolate reductase by 2,4-diamino-5-benzylpyrimidines. The QSAR for inhibition of bacterial enzyme is compared with QSAR for mammalian enzyme inhibition. A QSAR has been formulated for the antimalarial action of quinazolines against P. berghei in mice. The antimalarial QSAR is consistent with that of the in vitro bacterial study.", "contents": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships of antimalarial and dihydrofolate reductase inhibition by quinazolines and 5-substituted benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase from S. faecium by quinazolines has been formulated. This is compared with a QSAR for inhibition of E. coli dihydrofolate reductase by 2,4-diamino-5-benzylpyrimidines. The QSAR for inhibition of bacterial enzyme is compared with QSAR for mammalian enzyme inhibition. A QSAR has been formulated for the antimalarial action of quinazolines against P. berghei in mice. The antimalarial QSAR is consistent with that of the in vitro bacterial study.", "PMID": 319234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6870", "title": "P-Aminobenzoic acid derivatives as inhibitors of the cell-free H2-pteroate synthesizing system of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A heterogeneous series of compounds, derived from p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), has been investigated for their PABA-antagonistic potency in a cell-free H2-pteroate synthesizing system of E. coli. A prerequisite of compounds, other than sulfones or sulfonamides, to compete with PABA for the enzyme H2-pteroate synthetase appeared to be the presence of a p-aminobenzoyl moiety. Substitution of the carboxyl group of PABA by an ester, an amide, or a ketone function, however, strongly reduces the ability to interact with the PABA binding site on the enzyme. This decrease in affinity probably has to be ascribed to the inability to create a sufficient negative charge in the carbonyl part of these p-aminobenzoyl derivatives. The relatively high affinities of L-PABG (16), PABP (22), and the alpha-phenyl derivative of 22, as compared with the other substituted p-aminobenzamides and p-aminobenzene-1-alkanones, are explained by assuming that these compounds, besides interfering with the PABA receptor site, also interact with an accessory area on the enzyme.", "contents": "P-Aminobenzoic acid derivatives as inhibitors of the cell-free H2-pteroate synthesizing system of Escherichia coli. A heterogeneous series of compounds, derived from p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), has been investigated for their PABA-antagonistic potency in a cell-free H2-pteroate synthesizing system of E. coli. A prerequisite of compounds, other than sulfones or sulfonamides, to compete with PABA for the enzyme H2-pteroate synthetase appeared to be the presence of a p-aminobenzoyl moiety. Substitution of the carboxyl group of PABA by an ester, an amide, or a ketone function, however, strongly reduces the ability to interact with the PABA binding site on the enzyme. This decrease in affinity probably has to be ascribed to the inability to create a sufficient negative charge in the carbonyl part of these p-aminobenzoyl derivatives. The relatively high affinities of L-PABG (16), PABP (22), and the alpha-phenyl derivative of 22, as compared with the other substituted p-aminobenzamides and p-aminobenzene-1-alkanones, are explained by assuming that these compounds, besides interfering with the PABA receptor site, also interact with an accessory area on the enzyme.", "PMID": 319235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6871", "title": "Synthesis and antifungal properties of certain 7-alkylaminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines.", "content": "A series of 7-alkylaminopyrazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidines (5-25) and one 7-alkylthiopyrazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidine (4) were synthesized from the corresponding 7-chloro precursors 3, which were prepared in turn from the 7-hydroxy analogues 2, obtained via condensation of 3-aminopyrazoles with acetoacetate esters, malonate esters, or acetylenedicarboxylate ester. Compounds 4-25 were found to inhibit Trichophyton mentagrophytes (in vitro). The degree of inhibition increased with increasing 7-alkylamino chain length up to C8 units and then began to decrease with longer chain lengths. Unsaturated chains were more fungitoxic than saturated chains, 5-methyl-7-oleylaminopyrazolo[1,5alpha]pyrimidine [22, R7=NH(CH2)8CH=CH(CH2)7CH3] being four times more inhibitory and 16 times more fungicidal (against T. mentagrophytes) than 5-methyl-7-n-octylaminopyrazolo[1,5-alpha] pyrimidine [11, R7=NH(CH2)7CH3]. Although 11 and 22 appeared to have some efficacy as topical antifungeal agents, when applied to T. mentagrophytes infections in vivo, both caused irritation (of abraded and unabraded guinea pig skin) as did compound 4 (R5=Me; R7=SC8H17).", "contents": "Synthesis and antifungal properties of certain 7-alkylaminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. A series of 7-alkylaminopyrazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidines (5-25) and one 7-alkylthiopyrazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidine (4) were synthesized from the corresponding 7-chloro precursors 3, which were prepared in turn from the 7-hydroxy analogues 2, obtained via condensation of 3-aminopyrazoles with acetoacetate esters, malonate esters, or acetylenedicarboxylate ester. Compounds 4-25 were found to inhibit Trichophyton mentagrophytes (in vitro). The degree of inhibition increased with increasing 7-alkylamino chain length up to C8 units and then began to decrease with longer chain lengths. Unsaturated chains were more fungitoxic than saturated chains, 5-methyl-7-oleylaminopyrazolo[1,5alpha]pyrimidine [22, R7=NH(CH2)8CH=CH(CH2)7CH3] being four times more inhibitory and 16 times more fungicidal (against T. mentagrophytes) than 5-methyl-7-n-octylaminopyrazolo[1,5-alpha] pyrimidine [11, R7=NH(CH2)7CH3]. Although 11 and 22 appeared to have some efficacy as topical antifungeal agents, when applied to T. mentagrophytes infections in vivo, both caused irritation (of abraded and unabraded guinea pig skin) as did compound 4 (R5=Me; R7=SC8H17).", "PMID": 319236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6872", "title": "Effects of mutant steel alleles on leukemogenesis and life-span in the mouse.", "content": "Mutant alleles at the steel locus produce the pleiotropic effects of congenital anemia, sterility, and lack of hair pigmentation. Strain (WC/Re X C57BL/6)F1 Sl/Sld mice lived only half as long as heterozygotes and homozygous normal controls, differing only at the steel locus. Lymphocytic leukemia developed spontaneously in 37% of mice of the Sl/Sld genotype at an average age of 370 +/- 25 days and in 5% of heterozygotes and homozygous normal controls at 965 +/- 41 days. Severe ulcerative dermatitis occurred in 56% of Sl/Sld mice at an average age o4f 441 +/- 21 days and in 20% of heterozygotes and homozygous normal controls at 722 +/- 50 days. The mutant steel alleles provided an opportunity for study of the role of chronic anemia in life shortening and of a mechanism of gene action in spontaneous leukemogenesis.", "contents": "Effects of mutant steel alleles on leukemogenesis and life-span in the mouse. Mutant alleles at the steel locus produce the pleiotropic effects of congenital anemia, sterility, and lack of hair pigmentation. Strain (WC/Re X C57BL/6)F1 Sl/Sld mice lived only half as long as heterozygotes and homozygous normal controls, differing only at the steel locus. Lymphocytic leukemia developed spontaneously in 37% of mice of the Sl/Sld genotype at an average age of 370 +/- 25 days and in 5% of heterozygotes and homozygous normal controls at 965 +/- 41 days. Severe ulcerative dermatitis occurred in 56% of Sl/Sld mice at an average age o4f 441 +/- 21 days and in 20% of heterozygotes and homozygous normal controls at 722 +/- 50 days. The mutant steel alleles provided an opportunity for study of the role of chronic anemia in life shortening and of a mechanism of gene action in spontaneous leukemogenesis.", "PMID": 319242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6873", "title": "Abnormalitieis of monocyte chemotaxis in patients with melanoma: effects of immunotherapy and tumor removal.", "content": "The chemotactic responsiveness of peripheral blood monocytes was studied before and after immunotherapy was administered to 56 patients with melanoma. Abnormal chemotaxis was found in 36 patients (64%) prior to treatment; this abnormality correlated with severity of disease and prognosis. Immunotherapy with BCG and sensitized autologous lymphocytes and X-irradiated melanoma cells or surgical removal of the neoplasm both reduced the percentage of patients with abnormal chemotactic responses. The best prognosis was found for those patients who had normal chemotaxis prior to therapy. The data support the hypothesis that abnormalities of monocyte function might render the host less likely to destroy developing neoplasms and that malignant tumors themselves might affect monocyte function.", "contents": "Abnormalitieis of monocyte chemotaxis in patients with melanoma: effects of immunotherapy and tumor removal. The chemotactic responsiveness of peripheral blood monocytes was studied before and after immunotherapy was administered to 56 patients with melanoma. Abnormal chemotaxis was found in 36 patients (64%) prior to treatment; this abnormality correlated with severity of disease and prognosis. Immunotherapy with BCG and sensitized autologous lymphocytes and X-irradiated melanoma cells or surgical removal of the neoplasm both reduced the percentage of patients with abnormal chemotactic responses. The best prognosis was found for those patients who had normal chemotaxis prior to therapy. The data support the hypothesis that abnormalities of monocyte function might render the host less likely to destroy developing neoplasms and that malignant tumors themselves might affect monocyte function.", "PMID": 319243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6874", "title": "Effect of isonicotinic acid hydrazide on the intratumor injection of BCG.", "content": "Rats with established subcutaneous tumors were treated by repeated intratumor injections of BCG over a 5-week period. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) was given to some rats to determine if this drug decreased the effect of BCG on local tumor growth. INH alone had no effect on either survival or tumor volume. Rats treated with either BCG or BCG and INH had prolonged survivals and smaller tumor volumes than did controls rats. In these experiments, INH did not decrease the effect of BCG on local tumor growth. However, the intratumor injection of BCG in rats receiving INH systematically was associated with better survival and smaller tumor volumes compared to the intratumor injection of BCG alone.", "contents": "Effect of isonicotinic acid hydrazide on the intratumor injection of BCG. Rats with established subcutaneous tumors were treated by repeated intratumor injections of BCG over a 5-week period. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) was given to some rats to determine if this drug decreased the effect of BCG on local tumor growth. INH alone had no effect on either survival or tumor volume. Rats treated with either BCG or BCG and INH had prolonged survivals and smaller tumor volumes than did controls rats. In these experiments, INH did not decrease the effect of BCG on local tumor growth. However, the intratumor injection of BCG in rats receiving INH systematically was associated with better survival and smaller tumor volumes compared to the intratumor injection of BCG alone.", "PMID": 319244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6875", "title": "Mutagenicity of five cyclic N-nitrosamines: assay with Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The mutagenicity of five cyclic N-nitrosamines was studied with the use of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 in vitro with and without microsomal activation. The carcinogens nitrosopiperidine and nitrosopyrrolidine required metabolic activation before manifesting mutagenic activity. Nitrosoproline and nitrosohydroxyproline, noncarcinogens, were not mutagenic. Nitroso-3-pyrrolidinol was mutagenic in the absence of microsomes, thereby suggesting a role of hydroxylation in the metabolic activation of nitrosopyrrolidine to an ultimate carcinogenic species.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of five cyclic N-nitrosamines: assay with Salmonella typhimurium. The mutagenicity of five cyclic N-nitrosamines was studied with the use of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 in vitro with and without microsomal activation. The carcinogens nitrosopiperidine and nitrosopyrrolidine required metabolic activation before manifesting mutagenic activity. Nitrosoproline and nitrosohydroxyproline, noncarcinogens, were not mutagenic. Nitroso-3-pyrrolidinol was mutagenic in the absence of microsomes, thereby suggesting a role of hydroxylation in the metabolic activation of nitrosopyrrolidine to an ultimate carcinogenic species.", "PMID": 319245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6876", "title": "Airborne mutagens bioassayed in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Particulate airborne pollutants, collected in Buffalo, New York, and Berkeley, California, were asayed for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium test system. Mutagens requiring liver enzymes for activation, as well as direct acting mutagens, were readily detected in the Buffalo sample. By contrast, only direct acting mutagens were detected in the Berkeley sample.", "contents": "Airborne mutagens bioassayed in Salmonella typhimurium. Particulate airborne pollutants, collected in Buffalo, New York, and Berkeley, California, were asayed for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium test system. Mutagens requiring liver enzymes for activation, as well as direct acting mutagens, were readily detected in the Buffalo sample. By contrast, only direct acting mutagens were detected in the Berkeley sample.", "PMID": 319246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6877", "title": "Immediate mobilization following flexor tendon repair. A preliminary report.", "content": "A method of flexor tendon repair and grafting has been described. The advantage of the technique presented is that it allows early tendon excursion, and at the same time allows healing at the tendon-repair or graft site after a 4- or 5-week period. This technique appears to offer the patient with a flexor tendon injury a satisfactory, predictable result with few complications and a relatively short period of disability.", "contents": "Immediate mobilization following flexor tendon repair. A preliminary report. A method of flexor tendon repair and grafting has been described. The advantage of the technique presented is that it allows early tendon excursion, and at the same time allows healing at the tendon-repair or graft site after a 4- or 5-week period. This technique appears to offer the patient with a flexor tendon injury a satisfactory, predictable result with few complications and a relatively short period of disability.", "PMID": 319248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6878", "title": "Management of fractures and fracture complications of femoral shaft using the ASIF compression plate.", "content": "Nnieteen acute fractures and fourteen fracture complications of the femoral shaft were managed with ASIF plate fixation. Two patients having femoral shortening procedures were similarly managed. Most injuries involved the distal femoral shaft, and were judged unacceptable for intramedullary nailing. Single plate fixation and immediate mobilization of the knee joint were possible in most patients. Technical failure, refracture through an end-screw hole, or nonunion occurred in 20% of the injuries. Plate fixation of the femoral shaft is not the surgical procedure of choice for management of femoral shaft injuries. It is an acceptable alternative to intramedullary nailing but carries a higher risk of complication.", "contents": "Management of fractures and fracture complications of femoral shaft using the ASIF compression plate. Nnieteen acute fractures and fourteen fracture complications of the femoral shaft were managed with ASIF plate fixation. Two patients having femoral shortening procedures were similarly managed. Most injuries involved the distal femoral shaft, and were judged unacceptable for intramedullary nailing. Single plate fixation and immediate mobilization of the knee joint were possible in most patients. Technical failure, refracture through an end-screw hole, or nonunion occurred in 20% of the injuries. Plate fixation of the femoral shaft is not the surgical procedure of choice for management of femoral shaft injuries. It is an acceptable alternative to intramedullary nailing but carries a higher risk of complication.", "PMID": 319249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6879", "title": "Streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant temperature sensitive for the production of Qbeta-infective particles.", "content": "A streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant has been isolated that is temperature sensitive for Qbeta phage, but not for the group I RNA phages f2, MS2, and R17. The growth of Qbeta in the mutant at the nonpermissive temperature (42 degrees C) results in the release of a near-normal burst of noninfectious particles that cosediment with Qbeta in a sucrose gradient. It is assumed that the mutant is defective at elevated temperatures in the suppression of nonsense codons, thereby producing Qbeta-like particles which are noninfectious because of the lack of the read-through protein A1.", "contents": "Streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant temperature sensitive for the production of Qbeta-infective particles. A streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli mutant has been isolated that is temperature sensitive for Qbeta phage, but not for the group I RNA phages f2, MS2, and R17. The growth of Qbeta in the mutant at the nonpermissive temperature (42 degrees C) results in the release of a near-normal burst of noninfectious particles that cosediment with Qbeta in a sucrose gradient. It is assumed that the mutant is defective at elevated temperatures in the suppression of nonsense codons, thereby producing Qbeta-like particles which are noninfectious because of the lack of the read-through protein A1.", "PMID": 319250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6880", "title": "Structural studies on the polyhedral inclusion bodies, virions, and DNA of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the cotton bollworm Heliothis zea.", "content": "The polyhedral inclusion body of the cotton bollworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus contains virions occluded in an orthogonal crystalline matrix. The virions appear as rods or, more frequently, as oval structures that form upon bending of the nucleocapsid within the viral membrane. The nucleocapsid consists at least of DNA surrounded by a capsid composed of subunits, possibly helically arranged. The viral DNA is circular and supercoiled. It is heterogenous in size with contour lengths ranging from 15 to 45 mum.", "contents": "Structural studies on the polyhedral inclusion bodies, virions, and DNA of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the cotton bollworm Heliothis zea. The polyhedral inclusion body of the cotton bollworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus contains virions occluded in an orthogonal crystalline matrix. The virions appear as rods or, more frequently, as oval structures that form upon bending of the nucleocapsid within the viral membrane. The nucleocapsid consists at least of DNA surrounded by a capsid composed of subunits, possibly helically arranged. The viral DNA is circular and supercoiled. It is heterogenous in size with contour lengths ranging from 15 to 45 mum.", "PMID": 319251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6881", "title": "Effect of spermidine on the RNA-A protein complex isolated from the RNA bacteriophage MS2.", "content": "The polyamine spermidine has recently been reported to be a substantial component of the RNA phage particle. Its effect on the isolated RNA-A protein complex of the phage MS2 is investigated here. This complex infects intact Escherichia coli cells via F-pili, as does the whole phage. It is shown that the infectivity of the complex on intact E. coli cells was enhanced by incubation with spermidine. Optimal stimulation (20-fold) of the complex infectivity was achieved by incubation with 3 x 10(-4) M spermidine for 20 to 30 min at 37 degrees C. This gave a more compact structure to the complex, as could be seen by its faster sedimentation in sucrose gradients. Although spermidine and Mg2+ are known to partially replace one another in several systems, no enhancement of the infectivity of the complex, but only its considerably faster sedimentation in sucrose gradients, occurred after incubation with 3 x 10(-4) M Mg2+. Only if the Mg2+ concentration was raised by more than one order of magnitude could increased infectivity of the complex be observed. At concentrations of spermidine and Mg2+ that maximally stimulated the infectivity of the complex on intact E. coli cells, no increase in infectivity of phenol-extracted RNA to E. coli spheroplasts was detected. From these in vitro results, the role of the polyamine spermidine in the RNA phage particle for the infecting, RNA-A protein complex molecules in phage infection is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of spermidine on the RNA-A protein complex isolated from the RNA bacteriophage MS2. The polyamine spermidine has recently been reported to be a substantial component of the RNA phage particle. Its effect on the isolated RNA-A protein complex of the phage MS2 is investigated here. This complex infects intact Escherichia coli cells via F-pili, as does the whole phage. It is shown that the infectivity of the complex on intact E. coli cells was enhanced by incubation with spermidine. Optimal stimulation (20-fold) of the complex infectivity was achieved by incubation with 3 x 10(-4) M spermidine for 20 to 30 min at 37 degrees C. This gave a more compact structure to the complex, as could be seen by its faster sedimentation in sucrose gradients. Although spermidine and Mg2+ are known to partially replace one another in several systems, no enhancement of the infectivity of the complex, but only its considerably faster sedimentation in sucrose gradients, occurred after incubation with 3 x 10(-4) M Mg2+. Only if the Mg2+ concentration was raised by more than one order of magnitude could increased infectivity of the complex be observed. At concentrations of spermidine and Mg2+ that maximally stimulated the infectivity of the complex on intact E. coli cells, no increase in infectivity of phenol-extracted RNA to E. coli spheroplasts was detected. From these in vitro results, the role of the polyamine spermidine in the RNA phage particle for the infecting, RNA-A protein complex molecules in phage infection is discussed.", "PMID": 319252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6882", "title": "Gene D of bacteriophage phi X 174: absence of transcriptional and translational regulatory properties.", "content": "The only evidence that a gene product of phi chi 174 is involved in the regulation of phage transcription was presented by Clements and Sinsheimer (1974) for gene D. I. found, in attempting to investigate this possibility further, that the D protein had no regulatory effect. When the D protein was eliminated by various nonsense mutations, all other phage proteins were synthesized at rates nearly identical to the wild-type control. There was also no significant difference in the amount of phage-specific RNA synthesis as a proportion of the total RNA synthesis when the D mutants were compared with wild type. No evidence was detected for a polar effect of gene D nonsense mutants on the expression of genes F, G, and H. The relative molar rates of synthesis of D, F, G, and H, synthesized during a normal infection were 29, 4.9, 3.3, and 1.0, respectively, with an accuracy of +/- 20%.", "contents": "Gene D of bacteriophage phi X 174: absence of transcriptional and translational regulatory properties. The only evidence that a gene product of phi chi 174 is involved in the regulation of phage transcription was presented by Clements and Sinsheimer (1974) for gene D. I. found, in attempting to investigate this possibility further, that the D protein had no regulatory effect. When the D protein was eliminated by various nonsense mutations, all other phage proteins were synthesized at rates nearly identical to the wild-type control. There was also no significant difference in the amount of phage-specific RNA synthesis as a proportion of the total RNA synthesis when the D mutants were compared with wild type. No evidence was detected for a polar effect of gene D nonsense mutants on the expression of genes F, G, and H. The relative molar rates of synthesis of D, F, G, and H, synthesized during a normal infection were 29, 4.9, 3.3, and 1.0, respectively, with an accuracy of +/- 20%.", "PMID": 319253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6883", "title": "Homology between double-stranded RNA and nuclear DNA of yeast.", "content": "The relationship between mycoviral double-stranded (ds) RNA and host cell DNA was investigated. Radiolabeled ds RNA was denatured and reannealed in the presence and absence of denatured DNA. RNA from killer strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from nonkiller derivatives was utilized. The above-mentioned strains, as well as one that lacks all ds RNA, were sources for extracted DNA. Net hybridization of ds RNA to DNA occurred regardless of the strains from which the respective nucleic acids were prepared.", "contents": "Homology between double-stranded RNA and nuclear DNA of yeast. The relationship between mycoviral double-stranded (ds) RNA and host cell DNA was investigated. Radiolabeled ds RNA was denatured and reannealed in the presence and absence of denatured DNA. RNA from killer strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from nonkiller derivatives was utilized. The above-mentioned strains, as well as one that lacks all ds RNA, were sources for extracted DNA. Net hybridization of ds RNA to DNA occurred regardless of the strains from which the respective nucleic acids were prepared.", "PMID": 319254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6884", "title": "Increased reproductive fitness of Escherichia coli lambda lysogens.", "content": "Lambda lysogens of Escherichia coli reproduce more rapidly than nonlysogens during aerobic growth in glucose-limited chemostats. If the environment is changed to anaerobic growth, the situation is reversed, and the lysogen reproduces more slowly than the nonlysogen. Based on a tetrazolium dye assay, the increased fitness of the lambda lysogen during aerobic growth seems to result from a continued high metabolic rate as glucose becomes limiting, whereas the metabolic rate of the nonlysogen declines. The lambda rex gene is required for the growth advantage of lysogens since lack of rex function causes lambda lysogens to lose their reproductive advantage over nonlysogens.", "contents": "Increased reproductive fitness of Escherichia coli lambda lysogens. Lambda lysogens of Escherichia coli reproduce more rapidly than nonlysogens during aerobic growth in glucose-limited chemostats. If the environment is changed to anaerobic growth, the situation is reversed, and the lysogen reproduces more slowly than the nonlysogen. Based on a tetrazolium dye assay, the increased fitness of the lambda lysogen during aerobic growth seems to result from a continued high metabolic rate as glucose becomes limiting, whereas the metabolic rate of the nonlysogen declines. The lambda rex gene is required for the growth advantage of lysogens since lack of rex function causes lambda lysogens to lose their reproductive advantage over nonlysogens.", "PMID": 319255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6885", "title": "Reproductive fitness of P1, P2, and Mu lysogens of Escherichia coli.", "content": "P1, P2, and Mu lysogens of Escherichia coli reproduce more rapidly than nonlysogens during aerobic growth in glucose-limited chemostats. Thus, prophage-containing stains of E. coli are reproductively more fit than the corresponding nonlysogens. If mixed populations are grown by serial dilution under conditions in which growth is not limited, both the lysogen and nonlysogen manifest identical growth rates. The increased fitness of the lysogens in glucose-limited chemostats correlates with a higher metabolic activity of the lysogen as compared with the nonlysogen during glucose exhaustion. We propose that P1, P2, Mu, and lambda prophage all confer an evolutionarily significant reproductive growth advantage to E. coli lysogenic strains.", "contents": "Reproductive fitness of P1, P2, and Mu lysogens of Escherichia coli. P1, P2, and Mu lysogens of Escherichia coli reproduce more rapidly than nonlysogens during aerobic growth in glucose-limited chemostats. Thus, prophage-containing stains of E. coli are reproductively more fit than the corresponding nonlysogens. If mixed populations are grown by serial dilution under conditions in which growth is not limited, both the lysogen and nonlysogen manifest identical growth rates. The increased fitness of the lysogens in glucose-limited chemostats correlates with a higher metabolic activity of the lysogen as compared with the nonlysogen during glucose exhaustion. We propose that P1, P2, Mu, and lambda prophage all confer an evolutionarily significant reproductive growth advantage to E. coli lysogenic strains.", "PMID": 319256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6886", "title": "Envelope antigens of Sindbis virus in cells infected with temperature-sensitive mutants.", "content": "Indirect fluorescent-antibody studies of living and fixed chick cells infected with temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus suggest that functional envelope glycoprotein E1 must be inserted through the plasma membrane before E2. PE2 and E2 do not affect the insertion of E1. The experiments also suggest that normal PE2, a glycosylated precursor to E2, reacts with anti-E2 serum; the abnormal PE2 made by a temperature-sensitive PE2 cleavage-defective mutant did not. Abnormal E1 proteins made by E1-defective mutants also failed to react with anti-E1 serum.", "contents": "Envelope antigens of Sindbis virus in cells infected with temperature-sensitive mutants. Indirect fluorescent-antibody studies of living and fixed chick cells infected with temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus suggest that functional envelope glycoprotein E1 must be inserted through the plasma membrane before E2. PE2 and E2 do not affect the insertion of E1. The experiments also suggest that normal PE2, a glycosylated precursor to E2, reacts with anti-E2 serum; the abnormal PE2 made by a temperature-sensitive PE2 cleavage-defective mutant did not. Abnormal E1 proteins made by E1-defective mutants also failed to react with anti-E1 serum.", "PMID": 319257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6887", "title": "Patterns of transcription in bacteriophage P22-infected Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Two peaks of RNA synthesis (early and late) are directed by bacteriophage P22 in lytic infections of Salmonella typhimurium. Late RNA synthesis is not seen in P22 23- infections; neither early nor late RNA synthesis occurs in P22 24- infections. Genes 23 and 24 of P22 appear to be analogous to genes Q and N of lambda, respectively.", "contents": "Patterns of transcription in bacteriophage P22-infected Salmonella typhimurium. Two peaks of RNA synthesis (early and late) are directed by bacteriophage P22 in lytic infections of Salmonella typhimurium. Late RNA synthesis is not seen in P22 23- infections; neither early nor late RNA synthesis occurs in P22 24- infections. Genes 23 and 24 of P22 appear to be analogous to genes Q and N of lambda, respectively.", "PMID": 319258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6888", "title": "Evaluation of a vented drainage system in prevention of bacteriuria.", "content": "A vented urinary drainage system was compared to an otherwise identical non-vented system in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Among the 316 female patients evaluated there was a significant reduction in the rate of bacteriuria after 10 days using the vented system (66 per cent in the non-vented group versus 26 per cent in the vented group, p less than 0.05), while no significant difference could be demonstrated among the 190 male patients. We used urine hemoglobin as an indicator of mucosal trauma that might predispose to bacteriuria and no significant difference could be shown between the 2 drainage systems.", "contents": "Evaluation of a vented drainage system in prevention of bacteriuria. A vented urinary drainage system was compared to an otherwise identical non-vented system in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Among the 316 female patients evaluated there was a significant reduction in the rate of bacteriuria after 10 days using the vented system (66 per cent in the non-vented group versus 26 per cent in the vented group, p less than 0.05), while no significant difference could be demonstrated among the 190 male patients. We used urine hemoglobin as an indicator of mucosal trauma that might predispose to bacteriuria and no significant difference could be shown between the 2 drainage systems.", "PMID": 319259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6889", "title": "Guidelines for peer review. Veterans Administration Ad Hoc Interdisciplinary Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Drug Usage.", "content": "Eigteen guideline-audits of antimicrobial usage have been prepared for use by hospital staffs for peer review. They may also be used as a national standard to assess the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents in hospitals. It is hoped that the guidelines will stimulate wide discussion and national peer review and will ultimately result in improved care of patients with infectious disease.", "contents": "Guidelines for peer review. Veterans Administration Ad Hoc Interdisciplinary Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Drug Usage. Eigteen guideline-audits of antimicrobial usage have been prepared for use by hospital staffs for peer review. They may also be used as a national standard to assess the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents in hospitals. It is hoped that the guidelines will stimulate wide discussion and national peer review and will ultimately result in improved care of patients with infectious disease.", "PMID": 319260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6890", "title": "An optimal diuretic regimen for cirrhotic ascites. A controlled trial evaluating safety and efficacy of spironolactone and furosemide.", "content": "Previous studies demonstrated the effectiveness of diuretics in mobilizing fluid, but frequent complications occur with their use in treating ascites. To develop an effective but safe regimen for treatment of cirrhotic ascites, a two-part crossover study was done. Subjects with life-threatening complications of cirrhosis were excluded. In part one it was demonstrated that a six-day diuretic regimen with dietary sodium restriction of 10 mEq/day is safe and more effective than sodium restriction alone. In part two the duration of diuretic therapy was safely extended from six to nine days with mobilization of significantly more fluid. Careful selection of subjects, use of diuretics in modest dosages for brief periods of time, and daily monitoring of subjects were important for the success of this study.", "contents": "An optimal diuretic regimen for cirrhotic ascites. A controlled trial evaluating safety and efficacy of spironolactone and furosemide. Previous studies demonstrated the effectiveness of diuretics in mobilizing fluid, but frequent complications occur with their use in treating ascites. To develop an effective but safe regimen for treatment of cirrhotic ascites, a two-part crossover study was done. Subjects with life-threatening complications of cirrhosis were excluded. In part one it was demonstrated that a six-day diuretic regimen with dietary sodium restriction of 10 mEq/day is safe and more effective than sodium restriction alone. In part two the duration of diuretic therapy was safely extended from six to nine days with mobilization of significantly more fluid. Careful selection of subjects, use of diuretics in modest dosages for brief periods of time, and daily monitoring of subjects were important for the success of this study.", "PMID": 319263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6891", "title": "Ephedrine therapy in asthmatic children. Clinical tolerance and absence of side effects.", "content": "Sixteen asthmatic children between the ages of 7 and 13 years, 13 of whom were receiving theophylline orally around-the-clock, were studied for eight weeks in double-blind manner to evaluate efficacy, toxicity, and development of tolerance to the combination of ephedrine sulfate and theophylline. Reactions to the drug combination, assessed by close observation and daily patient questioning by the nursing staff, showed no toxicity or substantial side effects. Pulmonary function was measured hourly for six hours after each morning dose, and the data were analyzed to determine the degree and duration of bronchodilator response. Comparison of data from weeks 1 and 8 showed no evidence of the development of tolerance. Ephedrine is a potent bronchodilator that, in appropriate doses, can be administered safely along with therapeutic doses of theophylline without fear of progressive tolerance or toxicity.", "contents": "Ephedrine therapy in asthmatic children. Clinical tolerance and absence of side effects. Sixteen asthmatic children between the ages of 7 and 13 years, 13 of whom were receiving theophylline orally around-the-clock, were studied for eight weeks in double-blind manner to evaluate efficacy, toxicity, and development of tolerance to the combination of ephedrine sulfate and theophylline. Reactions to the drug combination, assessed by close observation and daily patient questioning by the nursing staff, showed no toxicity or substantial side effects. Pulmonary function was measured hourly for six hours after each morning dose, and the data were analyzed to determine the degree and duration of bronchodilator response. Comparison of data from weeks 1 and 8 showed no evidence of the development of tolerance. Ephedrine is a potent bronchodilator that, in appropriate doses, can be administered safely along with therapeutic doses of theophylline without fear of progressive tolerance or toxicity.", "PMID": 319269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6892", "title": "Clinical study of ticrynafen. A new diuretic, antihypertensive, and uricosuric agent.", "content": "In a double-blind study, 20 hypertensive patients were randomly assigned to a six-week regimen of either ticrynafen or hydrochlorothiazide. Blood pressure was significantly reduced with both medications, although most patients required an increase in dosage from 250 to 500 mg ticrynafen daily. Whereas the serum uric acid level rose moderately in the hydrochlorothiazide-treated patients, it fell strikingly to less than half of the pretreatment level in patients treated with ticryafen. Body weight decreased slightly in both groups, as did serum potassium levels. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels rose slightly in both groups. The magnitude of these changes was not significantly different between the two groups. Use of ticryafen was well tolerated. Ticryafen appears to be a useful new antihypertensive agent because of its unique combination of diuretic, antihypertensive, and hypouricemic effects.", "contents": "Clinical study of ticrynafen. A new diuretic, antihypertensive, and uricosuric agent. In a double-blind study, 20 hypertensive patients were randomly assigned to a six-week regimen of either ticrynafen or hydrochlorothiazide. Blood pressure was significantly reduced with both medications, although most patients required an increase in dosage from 250 to 500 mg ticrynafen daily. Whereas the serum uric acid level rose moderately in the hydrochlorothiazide-treated patients, it fell strikingly to less than half of the pretreatment level in patients treated with ticryafen. Body weight decreased slightly in both groups, as did serum potassium levels. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels rose slightly in both groups. The magnitude of these changes was not significantly different between the two groups. Use of ticryafen was well tolerated. Ticryafen appears to be a useful new antihypertensive agent because of its unique combination of diuretic, antihypertensive, and hypouricemic effects.", "PMID": 319271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6893", "title": "Necrotizing fasciitis: a persistent surgical problem.", "content": "Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare but specific clinical entity which, if not diagnosed early and treated aggressively, is rapidly fatal. The disease was first described during the Civil War and continues to be associated with a 50% mortality. The infectious process is diagnosed by the presence of a widespread fascial necrosis with extensive undermining of the adjacent tissues. The initial mechanism of injury as well as the location and etiologic agent of the suppurative fasciitis may vary. A review of 41 cases of necrotizing fasciitis occurring over a 22-year period disclosed an overall mortality of 39%. Most often, the mortality was related to the severity of the associated diseases and a failure to recognize the disease process promptly. The rate may be lowered by early recognition and prompt surgical intervention coupled with intensive supportive therapy.", "contents": "Necrotizing fasciitis: a persistent surgical problem. Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare but specific clinical entity which, if not diagnosed early and treated aggressively, is rapidly fatal. The disease was first described during the Civil War and continues to be associated with a 50% mortality. The infectious process is diagnosed by the presence of a widespread fascial necrosis with extensive undermining of the adjacent tissues. The initial mechanism of injury as well as the location and etiologic agent of the suppurative fasciitis may vary. A review of 41 cases of necrotizing fasciitis occurring over a 22-year period disclosed an overall mortality of 39%. Most often, the mortality was related to the severity of the associated diseases and a failure to recognize the disease process promptly. The rate may be lowered by early recognition and prompt surgical intervention coupled with intensive supportive therapy.", "PMID": 319280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6894", "title": "Neonatal sepsis at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1969-1975: bacterial isolates and clinical correlates.", "content": "The experience with neonatal sepsis at The Johns Hopkins Hospital during 1969-1975 was reviewed. Major pathogens included Escherichia coli, group B streptococcus, other streptococci, and Klebsiella. Nineteen percent of coliform isolates were kanamycin-resistant. The frequency of recovery of E. coli was increased in early-onset sepsis, and the frequency of recovery of Klebsiella was increased in late-onset sepsis. The mortality rate was 23%. The frequency of recovery of E. coli was increased in fatal cases, and mortality was highly correlated with the presence of gastrointestinal catastrophe. Ampicillin and gentamicin are the initial antibiotics of choice for neonatal sepsis at this institution; a penicillinase-resistant penicillin should be added when Staphylococcus aureus involvement is likely, and addition of chloramphenicol or clindamycin should be considered for infants at increased risk for Bacteroides fragilis sepsis.", "contents": "Neonatal sepsis at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1969-1975: bacterial isolates and clinical correlates. The experience with neonatal sepsis at The Johns Hopkins Hospital during 1969-1975 was reviewed. Major pathogens included Escherichia coli, group B streptococcus, other streptococci, and Klebsiella. Nineteen percent of coliform isolates were kanamycin-resistant. The frequency of recovery of E. coli was increased in early-onset sepsis, and the frequency of recovery of Klebsiella was increased in late-onset sepsis. The mortality rate was 23%. The frequency of recovery of E. coli was increased in fatal cases, and mortality was highly correlated with the presence of gastrointestinal catastrophe. Ampicillin and gentamicin are the initial antibiotics of choice for neonatal sepsis at this institution; a penicillinase-resistant penicillin should be added when Staphylococcus aureus involvement is likely, and addition of chloramphenicol or clindamycin should be considered for infants at increased risk for Bacteroides fragilis sepsis.", "PMID": 319288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6895", "title": "T cell type immunoblastic sarcoma diagnosed primarily by CSF cell membrane features.", "content": "The case of a 65 year-old female with an immunoblastic sarcoma of T cell type (reticulosarcoma) is reported. Post mortem tumor cell infiltrations with the typically histomorphological criteria of an immunoblastic sarcoma were found in the uterus, bone marrow and leptomeninges. With the aid of immunological markers the T cell type of this malignant lymphoma was diagnosed intra vitam on the basis of CSF cells. Until now, only one case of an immunoblastic sarcoma of the T cell type has been described in the literature.", "contents": "T cell type immunoblastic sarcoma diagnosed primarily by CSF cell membrane features. The case of a 65 year-old female with an immunoblastic sarcoma of T cell type (reticulosarcoma) is reported. Post mortem tumor cell infiltrations with the typically histomorphological criteria of an immunoblastic sarcoma were found in the uterus, bone marrow and leptomeninges. With the aid of immunological markers the T cell type of this malignant lymphoma was diagnosed intra vitam on the basis of CSF cells. Until now, only one case of an immunoblastic sarcoma of the T cell type has been described in the literature.", "PMID": 319292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6896", "title": "Digitalis pharmacokinetics and therapy with respect to impaired renal function.", "content": "The various cardiac glycosides differ significantly in their retention as a result of renal failure. In the case of digoxin, digitoxin, and strophanthin the retention is directly related to the normal renal clearance of these cardiac glycosides: Strophanthin has the highest clearance and the most marked prolongation of pharmacological action in renal failure, whereas digitoxin shows the lowest renal clearance and even in uremic patients a total elimination comparable to normal subjects as a result of increased hepatic clearance; digoxin takes an intermediate position. The quantity of a cardiac glycoside and its metabolites excreted by the kidneys depends, besides the renal clearance, on the plasma concentration which increases considerably during the first days after onset of treatment. From the daily dose approximately 90% of strophanthin, 70% of digoxin, 50% of digitoxin plus metabolites are excreted by normal kidneys under steady-state conditions. The efficiency of hemodialysis in the elimination of cardiac glycosides is low (3-5%) if estimated in relation to a single dose injected before dialysis and high (30-50%) if estimated in relation to the excretory capacity of normal kidneys during a period corresponding to the duration of a dialysis. During hemodialysis the plasma concentration of digoxin decreases as rapidly as in patients with normal renal function. Beside the efficiency of dialysis this finding may be explained by the decrease in the apparent volume of distribution of cardiac glycosides in patients with advanced renal failure; a reduced tissue protein binding seems likely to be the main reason for these changes in chronic renal insufficiency. A reduced volume of distribution and a reduced myocardial sensitivity are the main reasons for a very low predictability of the necessary individual maintenance dose of cardiac glycosides from the creatinine clearance. In patients with advanced renal insufficiency the tolerance to cardiac glycosides is reduced with respect to the daily dose, but it is rather increased in relation to the plasma concentration required to maintain the positive inotropic effect. The combination of hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, bypocalcemia and acidosis which is found almost exclusively with chronic renal failure, may explain the reduced myocardial sensitivity. Dosage regimens based on the measurement of creatinine-clearance are of little help in \"effective digitalisation\". Serial measurements of steady-state plasma concentration of cardiac glycosides may be the only way to reduce the risk of under- and overtreatment in patients with impaired renal function.", "contents": "Digitalis pharmacokinetics and therapy with respect to impaired renal function. The various cardiac glycosides differ significantly in their retention as a result of renal failure. In the case of digoxin, digitoxin, and strophanthin the retention is directly related to the normal renal clearance of these cardiac glycosides: Strophanthin has the highest clearance and the most marked prolongation of pharmacological action in renal failure, whereas digitoxin shows the lowest renal clearance and even in uremic patients a total elimination comparable to normal subjects as a result of increased hepatic clearance; digoxin takes an intermediate position. The quantity of a cardiac glycoside and its metabolites excreted by the kidneys depends, besides the renal clearance, on the plasma concentration which increases considerably during the first days after onset of treatment. From the daily dose approximately 90% of strophanthin, 70% of digoxin, 50% of digitoxin plus metabolites are excreted by normal kidneys under steady-state conditions. The efficiency of hemodialysis in the elimination of cardiac glycosides is low (3-5%) if estimated in relation to a single dose injected before dialysis and high (30-50%) if estimated in relation to the excretory capacity of normal kidneys during a period corresponding to the duration of a dialysis. During hemodialysis the plasma concentration of digoxin decreases as rapidly as in patients with normal renal function. Beside the efficiency of dialysis this finding may be explained by the decrease in the apparent volume of distribution of cardiac glycosides in patients with advanced renal failure; a reduced tissue protein binding seems likely to be the main reason for these changes in chronic renal insufficiency. A reduced volume of distribution and a reduced myocardial sensitivity are the main reasons for a very low predictability of the necessary individual maintenance dose of cardiac glycosides from the creatinine clearance. In patients with advanced renal insufficiency the tolerance to cardiac glycosides is reduced with respect to the daily dose, but it is rather increased in relation to the plasma concentration required to maintain the positive inotropic effect. The combination of hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, bypocalcemia and acidosis which is found almost exclusively with chronic renal failure, may explain the reduced myocardial sensitivity. Dosage regimens based on the measurement of creatinine-clearance are of little help in \"effective digitalisation\". Serial measurements of steady-state plasma concentration of cardiac glycosides may be the only way to reduce the risk of under- and overtreatment in patients with impaired renal function.", "PMID": 319291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6897", "title": "[Methylmalonic aciduria. Classification, diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) is a metabolic disorder inherited by an autosomal recessive trait. The metabolic block is located in the catabolic pathway of propionyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. Biochemically, four enzymatic defects have been recognized, i.e.: 1. Methylmalonyl-CoA racemase. 2. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase apoenzyme. 3. Synthesis of desoxyadenosyl-cobalamine. 4. Disturbance at an earlier level of cobalamine metabolism which causes defective synthesis of both vitamin B12-coenzymes. These four enzymatic defects express themselves in three ways: non-vitamin B12-dependent MMA (defects 1 and 2); vitamin B12-dependent MMA (defect 3); MMA associated with homocystinuria (defect 4). The various forms of MMA cannot be distinguished clinically from one another. The disorder manifests itself during the first few days to weeks of life. Principal symptoms and signs are: anorexia, vomiting, muscular hypotonia and metabolic acidosis. The diagnosis is established by determination of methylmalonic acid in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urine, as well as by assay of enzyme activities in leukocytes, liver tissue or cultured fibroblasts (from biopsied skin). A prenatal diagnosis is feasible by the examination of cultured amnion cells, amniotic fluid and maternal urine. Therapy of non vitamin B12-dependent MMA calls for reduction of protein intake, particularly that of precursors of methylmalonic acid, such as methionine, threonine, isoleucine and valine. The treatment of vitamin B12-dependent forms is accomplished by i.m. injection of high doses of vitamin B12. No definite statement can be made as yet with regard to long-term prognosis and normalcy of mental development in treated children.", "contents": "[Methylmalonic aciduria. Classification, diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)]. Congenital methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) is a metabolic disorder inherited by an autosomal recessive trait. The metabolic block is located in the catabolic pathway of propionyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. Biochemically, four enzymatic defects have been recognized, i.e.: 1. Methylmalonyl-CoA racemase. 2. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase apoenzyme. 3. Synthesis of desoxyadenosyl-cobalamine. 4. Disturbance at an earlier level of cobalamine metabolism which causes defective synthesis of both vitamin B12-coenzymes. These four enzymatic defects express themselves in three ways: non-vitamin B12-dependent MMA (defects 1 and 2); vitamin B12-dependent MMA (defect 3); MMA associated with homocystinuria (defect 4). The various forms of MMA cannot be distinguished clinically from one another. The disorder manifests itself during the first few days to weeks of life. Principal symptoms and signs are: anorexia, vomiting, muscular hypotonia and metabolic acidosis. The diagnosis is established by determination of methylmalonic acid in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urine, as well as by assay of enzyme activities in leukocytes, liver tissue or cultured fibroblasts (from biopsied skin). A prenatal diagnosis is feasible by the examination of cultured amnion cells, amniotic fluid and maternal urine. Therapy of non vitamin B12-dependent MMA calls for reduction of protein intake, particularly that of precursors of methylmalonic acid, such as methionine, threonine, isoleucine and valine. The treatment of vitamin B12-dependent forms is accomplished by i.m. injection of high doses of vitamin B12. No definite statement can be made as yet with regard to long-term prognosis and normalcy of mental development in treated children.", "PMID": 319293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6898", "title": "[Biochemical and pathophysiological aspects of hyperammonaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Ammonia liberated continuously in large amounts in muscle, kidney and brain is used immediately for the synthesis of mainly glutamine because of the toxic effects of elevated ammonia concentrations. After glutamine hydrolysis in the liver ammonia serves as substrate for the urea biosynthesis. In ureotelic animals urea is the quantitatively most important product for the elimination of surplus nitrogen. 2. The rate of urea biosynthesis depends on the amount of surplus nitrogen and acts as regulatory factor for the nitrogen balance of the adult organism. 3. Urea cycle abnormalities in liver diseases or inborn enzymatic defects are important factors leading to hyperammonaemia in patients. 4. The hyperammonaemia induces an increase of the rate of hepatic pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis as a consequence of an ineffective feedback inhibition of the glutamine-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. 5. The distribution of ammonia between intra- and extracellular space and the amount of ammonium ions excreted in the urine depend on the pH value. An alkalosis induces an intracellular ammonia load and inhibits the urinary ammonium ion excretion, which is increased in acidosis as one mechanism of protein elimination. 6. The ammonia-induced inhibition of the citric acid cycle by an alpha-ketoglutarate deficiency is one important reason for the neurotoxicity of ammonia, which is the main point in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma.", "contents": "[Biochemical and pathophysiological aspects of hyperammonaemia (author's transl)]. 1. Ammonia liberated continuously in large amounts in muscle, kidney and brain is used immediately for the synthesis of mainly glutamine because of the toxic effects of elevated ammonia concentrations. After glutamine hydrolysis in the liver ammonia serves as substrate for the urea biosynthesis. In ureotelic animals urea is the quantitatively most important product for the elimination of surplus nitrogen. 2. The rate of urea biosynthesis depends on the amount of surplus nitrogen and acts as regulatory factor for the nitrogen balance of the adult organism. 3. Urea cycle abnormalities in liver diseases or inborn enzymatic defects are important factors leading to hyperammonaemia in patients. 4. The hyperammonaemia induces an increase of the rate of hepatic pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis as a consequence of an ineffective feedback inhibition of the glutamine-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. 5. The distribution of ammonia between intra- and extracellular space and the amount of ammonium ions excreted in the urine depend on the pH value. An alkalosis induces an intracellular ammonia load and inhibits the urinary ammonium ion excretion, which is increased in acidosis as one mechanism of protein elimination. 6. The ammonia-induced inhibition of the citric acid cycle by an alpha-ketoglutarate deficiency is one important reason for the neurotoxicity of ammonia, which is the main point in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma.", "PMID": 319294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6899", "title": "Successful retransplantation of the human heart.", "content": "Cardiac retransplantation has been performed in five patients at Stanford University Medical Center. Long-term survival and rehabilitation have been achieved in two cases. In the first case retransplantation was performed 57 days after the initial procedure because of persistent acute graft rejection. The second patient underwent retransplantation 27 months postoperatively because of documented accelerated graft atherosclerosis. The major indications for cardiac retransplantation consist of intractable acute rejection and late postoperative graft atherosclerosis. These complications should prompt consideration of cardiac retransplantation in carefully selected cases.", "contents": "Successful retransplantation of the human heart. Cardiac retransplantation has been performed in five patients at Stanford University Medical Center. Long-term survival and rehabilitation have been achieved in two cases. In the first case retransplantation was performed 57 days after the initial procedure because of persistent acute graft rejection. The second patient underwent retransplantation 27 months postoperatively because of documented accelerated graft atherosclerosis. The major indications for cardiac retransplantation consist of intractable acute rejection and late postoperative graft atherosclerosis. These complications should prompt consideration of cardiac retransplantation in carefully selected cases.", "PMID": 319302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6900", "title": "Aortic arch anomalies in children and infants.", "content": "The authors report their experience in 150 cases of aortic arch anomalies treated surgically in children and infants. The progress achieved over the past few years through improved diagnosis and resuscitative care has made it possible to obtain good results in the vast majority of cases.", "contents": "Aortic arch anomalies in children and infants. The authors report their experience in 150 cases of aortic arch anomalies treated surgically in children and infants. The progress achieved over the past few years through improved diagnosis and resuscitative care has made it possible to obtain good results in the vast majority of cases.", "PMID": 319303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6901", "title": "The prevention and treatment of sternum separation following open-heart surgery.", "content": "A method to prevent and treat sternum separation following open-heart surgery is presented. The procedure consists of passing parasternal continuous sutures placed alternatingly in front and behind the costal cartilages and then including them in the usual parasternal sutures.", "contents": "The prevention and treatment of sternum separation following open-heart surgery. A method to prevent and treat sternum separation following open-heart surgery is presented. The procedure consists of passing parasternal continuous sutures placed alternatingly in front and behind the costal cartilages and then including them in the usual parasternal sutures.", "PMID": 319304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6902", "title": "Hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders in pregnancy.", "content": "The presentation, nonradiologic diagnostic evaluation, and course (including complications and outcome) of gastrointestinal disorders in pregnancy are not substantially different than for the nonpregnant patient. The possible exception is the higher mortality for pancreatitis when it occurs during pregnancy. With the exception of nausea/vomiting and hyperemesis gravidarum, there does not appear to be a gastrointestinal tract disorder that is peculiar to the pregnant state. Hepatic disorders are somewhat different in that the excretory defect-pruritus gravidarum-cholestatic jaundice spectrum and perhaps part of what presents as acute hepatic failure are intimately associated with pregnancy and have an onset and course that are tied to the gestational period. Otherwise, hepatic diseases that occur during pregnancy share the characteristic of gastrointestinal diseases, that their manifestations are not clearly different from the nonpregnant state. As is true for the diagnostic approach to all medical diseases that occur during pregnancy, radiographic procedures are prohibited. Furthermore, therapy must be reconsidered with concern for its effect on the fetus. This leads to elimination of many or all measures used for purely symptomatic or nonspecific benefit. If no harm or potential harm will accrue for the fetus, therapy for hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders preceeds in pregnancy very much as it does in the nongravid individual.", "contents": "Hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders in pregnancy. The presentation, nonradiologic diagnostic evaluation, and course (including complications and outcome) of gastrointestinal disorders in pregnancy are not substantially different than for the nonpregnant patient. The possible exception is the higher mortality for pancreatitis when it occurs during pregnancy. With the exception of nausea/vomiting and hyperemesis gravidarum, there does not appear to be a gastrointestinal tract disorder that is peculiar to the pregnant state. Hepatic disorders are somewhat different in that the excretory defect-pruritus gravidarum-cholestatic jaundice spectrum and perhaps part of what presents as acute hepatic failure are intimately associated with pregnancy and have an onset and course that are tied to the gestational period. Otherwise, hepatic diseases that occur during pregnancy share the characteristic of gastrointestinal diseases, that their manifestations are not clearly different from the nonpregnant state. As is true for the diagnostic approach to all medical diseases that occur during pregnancy, radiographic procedures are prohibited. Furthermore, therapy must be reconsidered with concern for its effect on the fetus. This leads to elimination of many or all measures used for purely symptomatic or nonspecific benefit. If no harm or potential harm will accrue for the fetus, therapy for hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders preceeds in pregnancy very much as it does in the nongravid individual.", "PMID": 319310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6903", "title": "Nutritional influences during pregnancy.", "content": "Maternal nutrition represents one of the important influences on the course and outcome of pregnancy and attention to nutritional factors (i.e., assessment of nutritional status, dietary advice, and follow-up evaluation) properly constitute an essential component of prenatal care. Nearly all nutrients are required in increased amounts during gestation but the magnitude of the increase varies from nutrient to nutrient. Caloric needs increase by 300 kcal per day, representing an addition of 15 per cent, and should be sufficient to support a weight gain averaging 350 to 400 gm per week during the last two trimesters. Total protein intake during pregnancy should be 1.3 gm per kg for the mature woman and somewhat higher for the adolescent. Gestational needs for iron cannot be met by diet and supplementation (in the form of simple ferrous salts, 30 to 60 mg daily) should be provided. Folate requirements are doubled during pregnancy and, while these can be met by diet, supplementation may be considered as an option. Provision of the gestational calcium allowance from food sources is readily possible if (and only if) daily products are consumed. The generally increased need for other nutrients can be provided readily by the properly selected diet. Thus, with respect to supplements, iron and perhaps folate should be advised routinely while other vitamin-mineral supplements are probably neither helpful nor harmful. Prescription of vitamin-mineral supplements cannot be expected to compensate for poor dietary habits. Dietary restriction of nutrients in general, and energy and sodium in particular, has the potential for impairing the maternal capacity to make the required physiologic adjustments of pregnancy and interfering with fetal development. Restriction of any nutrient to levels below the guidelines provided by the Recommended Dietary Allowances is rarely if ever advisable.", "contents": "Nutritional influences during pregnancy. Maternal nutrition represents one of the important influences on the course and outcome of pregnancy and attention to nutritional factors (i.e., assessment of nutritional status, dietary advice, and follow-up evaluation) properly constitute an essential component of prenatal care. Nearly all nutrients are required in increased amounts during gestation but the magnitude of the increase varies from nutrient to nutrient. Caloric needs increase by 300 kcal per day, representing an addition of 15 per cent, and should be sufficient to support a weight gain averaging 350 to 400 gm per week during the last two trimesters. Total protein intake during pregnancy should be 1.3 gm per kg for the mature woman and somewhat higher for the adolescent. Gestational needs for iron cannot be met by diet and supplementation (in the form of simple ferrous salts, 30 to 60 mg daily) should be provided. Folate requirements are doubled during pregnancy and, while these can be met by diet, supplementation may be considered as an option. Provision of the gestational calcium allowance from food sources is readily possible if (and only if) daily products are consumed. The generally increased need for other nutrients can be provided readily by the properly selected diet. Thus, with respect to supplements, iron and perhaps folate should be advised routinely while other vitamin-mineral supplements are probably neither helpful nor harmful. Prescription of vitamin-mineral supplements cannot be expected to compensate for poor dietary habits. Dietary restriction of nutrients in general, and energy and sodium in particular, has the potential for impairing the maternal capacity to make the required physiologic adjustments of pregnancy and interfering with fetal development. Restriction of any nutrient to levels below the guidelines provided by the Recommended Dietary Allowances is rarely if ever advisable.", "PMID": 319312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6904", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of action of halofenate.", "content": "This paper reviews most of the clinical studies on the mode of action of halofenate, an established hypolipidemichypouricemic agent in man. In yeast cutlures and in isolated rat adipocytes, halofenate was found to inhibit the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. While pyruvate dehydrogenase was inhibited in vitro, halofenate also inhibited the activety of various other isolated enzymes. In rats maintained on halofenate in the diet (0.02-0.10%) for 2-14 days, there were 20-40% decreases in plasma cholesterol, trigly cerides, phospholipids, and free fatty acids. Inhibition of liver HMG-CoTA reductase does not appear to account for the hypocholesterolemic effect, and activation of mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase does not explain the hypotriglyceridemic action. Kinetic measurements of the serum appearance and disappearance of triglycerides in drug-treated rats suggest that the hypotriglyceridemic activity is due to a net inhibition of hepatic triglyceride synthesis. Reduction of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in rats with sucrose-induced hyperlipidemia and normalization of the altered apolipoprotein profiles are in accord with the effects of halofenate on plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The reduced insulin-to-glucagon ratio observed in Zucker obese hyperlipemic rats is also consistent with halofenat's hypotriglyceridemic activity. Preliminary experiments in rats on the mechanism of its hypoglycemic activity, observed in some diabetic hyperlipidemic patients, indicate that halofenate acts differently than conventional oral hypoglycemic agents. Some, but not all, of the effects of halofenate were observed with clofibrate at two to ten times higher levels.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of action of halofenate. This paper reviews most of the clinical studies on the mode of action of halofenate, an established hypolipidemichypouricemic agent in man. In yeast cutlures and in isolated rat adipocytes, halofenate was found to inhibit the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. While pyruvate dehydrogenase was inhibited in vitro, halofenate also inhibited the activety of various other isolated enzymes. In rats maintained on halofenate in the diet (0.02-0.10%) for 2-14 days, there were 20-40% decreases in plasma cholesterol, trigly cerides, phospholipids, and free fatty acids. Inhibition of liver HMG-CoTA reductase does not appear to account for the hypocholesterolemic effect, and activation of mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase does not explain the hypotriglyceridemic action. Kinetic measurements of the serum appearance and disappearance of triglycerides in drug-treated rats suggest that the hypotriglyceridemic activity is due to a net inhibition of hepatic triglyceride synthesis. Reduction of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in rats with sucrose-induced hyperlipidemia and normalization of the altered apolipoprotein profiles are in accord with the effects of halofenate on plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The reduced insulin-to-glucagon ratio observed in Zucker obese hyperlipemic rats is also consistent with halofenat's hypotriglyceridemic activity. Preliminary experiments in rats on the mechanism of its hypoglycemic activity, observed in some diabetic hyperlipidemic patients, indicate that halofenate acts differently than conventional oral hypoglycemic agents. Some, but not all, of the effects of halofenate were observed with clofibrate at two to ten times higher levels.", "PMID": 319318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6905", "title": "An intervention study-the aspirin myocardial infarction study.", "content": "The Aspirin Myocaridal Infarction Study is a randomized, double-blind clinical trial designed to study the potential value of aspirin in the reduction of mortality in patients who have had a prior myocardial infarction. This trial is based upon several previously published studies which suggest that aspirin may be valuable iprevention of coronary thrombosis. The requirement of 4200 patients dictates that the study must be multicenter, and good design requires that the study be collaborative with cnetral monitoring and an elaborate committee structure to insure uniformity and comparability.", "contents": "An intervention study-the aspirin myocardial infarction study. The Aspirin Myocaridal Infarction Study is a randomized, double-blind clinical trial designed to study the potential value of aspirin in the reduction of mortality in patients who have had a prior myocardial infarction. This trial is based upon several previously published studies which suggest that aspirin may be valuable iprevention of coronary thrombosis. The requirement of 4200 patients dictates that the study must be multicenter, and good design requires that the study be collaborative with cnetral monitoring and an elaborate committee structure to insure uniformity and comparability.", "PMID": 319319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6906", "title": "The natural history of symptomatic recurrent bacteriuria in women.", "content": "In 23 adult women having uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections treated with 10 days of appropriate antibiotic for each infection, the following findings were noted. 1. The attack rate was 0.17 infections per month. 2. 94% of infections has associated symptoms. 3. 73% of symptomatic episodes had an associated infection. 4. 21% of infections had less than 10(5) bacteria per ml. 5. 34% of all infections were followed by an infection-free interval of at least six months and averaged 12.8 months. All but one patient had at least one infection-free interval. 6. Long infection-free intervals were followed by further infections; a remission is not a cure. 7. Between infection-free intervals the infections tended to occur in clusters with an attack rate of 0.47 infections per month. 8. Prophylaxis is less costly if begun at the second infection within a six-month period.", "contents": "The natural history of symptomatic recurrent bacteriuria in women. In 23 adult women having uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections treated with 10 days of appropriate antibiotic for each infection, the following findings were noted. 1. The attack rate was 0.17 infections per month. 2. 94% of infections has associated symptoms. 3. 73% of symptomatic episodes had an associated infection. 4. 21% of infections had less than 10(5) bacteria per ml. 5. 34% of all infections were followed by an infection-free interval of at least six months and averaged 12.8 months. All but one patient had at least one infection-free interval. 6. Long infection-free intervals were followed by further infections; a remission is not a cure. 7. Between infection-free intervals the infections tended to occur in clusters with an attack rate of 0.47 infections per month. 8. Prophylaxis is less costly if begun at the second infection within a six-month period.", "PMID": 319320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6907", "title": "Onset and reversibility of changes in secretory function and composition of isolated rat pancreatic islets following long-term administrationof high or low tolbutamide doses.", "content": "Chronic administration of a high tolbutamide dose to rats induces islet hypertrophy associated with a decreased insulin content per islet and with a diminished insulin release in response to a glucose or leucine stimulus. These changes are reversible after discontinuation of tolbutamide. Chronic administration of a low tolbutamide dose (effective on islet size, on insulin content per islet, or on leucine-induced insulin release is normal in the presence of glucagon (5 mug/ml) or theophylline (5 mM). Since islet hypertrophy occurs following administration of high tolbutamide doses only and is associated with hypofunction rather than with hyperfunction, it seems hardly conceivable that the therapeutic principle of tolbutamide is based on a beta-cytotrophic effect. B-cell hypofunction seems to be due to at least three factors: the decrease in the insulin content per islet, an impairement in secretory signal recognition, and an interference with the process of signal transmission.", "contents": "Onset and reversibility of changes in secretory function and composition of isolated rat pancreatic islets following long-term administrationof high or low tolbutamide doses. Chronic administration of a high tolbutamide dose to rats induces islet hypertrophy associated with a decreased insulin content per islet and with a diminished insulin release in response to a glucose or leucine stimulus. These changes are reversible after discontinuation of tolbutamide. Chronic administration of a low tolbutamide dose (effective on islet size, on insulin content per islet, or on leucine-induced insulin release is normal in the presence of glucagon (5 mug/ml) or theophylline (5 mM). Since islet hypertrophy occurs following administration of high tolbutamide doses only and is associated with hypofunction rather than with hyperfunction, it seems hardly conceivable that the therapeutic principle of tolbutamide is based on a beta-cytotrophic effect. B-cell hypofunction seems to be due to at least three factors: the decrease in the insulin content per islet, an impairement in secretory signal recognition, and an interference with the process of signal transmission.", "PMID": 319321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6908", "title": "Effect of methandrostenolone on postmenopausal bone wasting as assessed by changes in total bone mineral mass.", "content": "To assess the efficacy of methandrostenolone in the treatment of osteoporosis a 26-mo double-blind study was performed with 13 treated and 13 control (placebo) postmenopausal osteoporotic females. Drug effect was assessed primarily by determinations of total body calcium (TBC) by neutron activation analysis, essentially a measurement of total bone mineral mass. Results in the 16 patients completing the study (10 treated and 6 placebo), as well as in all 26 patients participating in the study, showed significant (p less than 0.01) differences in the change in TBC between treated and control groups. In patients dropping out, TBC changes through the time of dropout were similar to those in patients completing the study. In those patients completing the study, TBC increased 2% in the treated group and decreased 3% in the placebo group. An approximate sixfold difference in extraskeletal calcium balance would be required to explain the magnitude of the observed intergroup TBC difference. The drug effect appeared to persist throughout the 26-mo observation period. Thus these data strongly suggest that long-term use of methandrostenolone in postmenopausal osteoporosis prevented bone loss; the possibility that it increased bone mass above initial values is less certain.", "contents": "Effect of methandrostenolone on postmenopausal bone wasting as assessed by changes in total bone mineral mass. To assess the efficacy of methandrostenolone in the treatment of osteoporosis a 26-mo double-blind study was performed with 13 treated and 13 control (placebo) postmenopausal osteoporotic females. Drug effect was assessed primarily by determinations of total body calcium (TBC) by neutron activation analysis, essentially a measurement of total bone mineral mass. Results in the 16 patients completing the study (10 treated and 6 placebo), as well as in all 26 patients participating in the study, showed significant (p less than 0.01) differences in the change in TBC between treated and control groups. In patients dropping out, TBC changes through the time of dropout were similar to those in patients completing the study. In those patients completing the study, TBC increased 2% in the treated group and decreased 3% in the placebo group. An approximate sixfold difference in extraskeletal calcium balance would be required to explain the magnitude of the observed intergroup TBC difference. The drug effect appeared to persist throughout the 26-mo observation period. Thus these data strongly suggest that long-term use of methandrostenolone in postmenopausal osteoporosis prevented bone loss; the possibility that it increased bone mass above initial values is less certain.", "PMID": 319322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6909", "title": "Correlation of platelet aggregation, plasma factor activity, and megathrombocytes in diabetic subjects with an without vascular disease.", "content": "Second-phase platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and epinephrine was measured in fasting platelet-rich plasma in normals, \"prediabetics,\" and diabetics with or without vascular disease. \"Plasma factor\" potentiation of ADP-induced second-phase platelet aggregation was also estimated, as were megathrombocyte numbers in the same patient groups. There was an increased sensitivity of second-phase platelet aggregation noted with both aggregating agents in all diabetic groups except for the prediabetics. This activity was paralleled by an increase in plasma factor activity. In vivo evidence of an increased turnover of platelets in frank diabetics was suggested by increased numbers of megathrombocytes. These studies demonstrate that platelets from diabetics are sensitive to aggregating agents and that this sensitivity may be related to plasma factor(s) present in diabetics. In vivo platelet aggregation may be present in diabetics. Longitudinal studies will be necessary to establish the relationship of these findings to the genesis of diabetic vascular disease.", "contents": "Correlation of platelet aggregation, plasma factor activity, and megathrombocytes in diabetic subjects with an without vascular disease. Second-phase platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and epinephrine was measured in fasting platelet-rich plasma in normals, \"prediabetics,\" and diabetics with or without vascular disease. \"Plasma factor\" potentiation of ADP-induced second-phase platelet aggregation was also estimated, as were megathrombocyte numbers in the same patient groups. There was an increased sensitivity of second-phase platelet aggregation noted with both aggregating agents in all diabetic groups except for the prediabetics. This activity was paralleled by an increase in plasma factor activity. In vivo evidence of an increased turnover of platelets in frank diabetics was suggested by increased numbers of megathrombocytes. These studies demonstrate that platelets from diabetics are sensitive to aggregating agents and that this sensitivity may be related to plasma factor(s) present in diabetics. In vivo platelet aggregation may be present in diabetics. Longitudinal studies will be necessary to establish the relationship of these findings to the genesis of diabetic vascular disease.", "PMID": 319323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6910", "title": "Improved tolerance to successive glucose loads in acromegaly.", "content": "The mechanism of the Staub-Traugott effect, or facilitated glucose disposal with closely timed successive glucose loads, remains poorly understood. Progressive suppression of growth hormone has been suggested as an explanation. To test this hypothesis, three successive intravenous glucose loads were administered to seven active acromegalic patients and six healthy controls. All subjects showed a clear Staub-Traugott effect despite failure of hyperglycemia to suppress abnormally high growth hormone levels in the acromegalics. Except for higher basal and incremental insulin release in the acromegalic patients, patterns of insulin secretion and suppression of free fatty acids were not substantially different from controls. These studies clearly suggest that hyperglycemia-induced suppression of growth hormone is not the cause of the Staub-Traugott effect.", "contents": "Improved tolerance to successive glucose loads in acromegaly. The mechanism of the Staub-Traugott effect, or facilitated glucose disposal with closely timed successive glucose loads, remains poorly understood. Progressive suppression of growth hormone has been suggested as an explanation. To test this hypothesis, three successive intravenous glucose loads were administered to seven active acromegalic patients and six healthy controls. All subjects showed a clear Staub-Traugott effect despite failure of hyperglycemia to suppress abnormally high growth hormone levels in the acromegalics. Except for higher basal and incremental insulin release in the acromegalic patients, patterns of insulin secretion and suppression of free fatty acids were not substantially different from controls. These studies clearly suggest that hyperglycemia-induced suppression of growth hormone is not the cause of the Staub-Traugott effect.", "PMID": 319324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6911", "title": "The role of vasopressin and prolactin in abnormal salt and water metabolism of obese patients before and after fasting and during refeeding.", "content": "Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations were measured in the plasma of grossly obese subjects to determine if abnormalities in salt and water homeostasis could be related to these hormones. Acute oral water loads and hypertonic saline infusions were administered during baseline obesity, after prolonged fasting, and after hypocaloric refeeding. Only 64.7%, 46.1%, and 70.1% of a water load was excreted during the respective three stages. Pre-water load plasma AVP levels were normal, but after the water load the obese failed to suppress AVP secretion in a normal fashion; this defect was corrected after fasting and with refeeding. Salt loading resulted in appropriate osmolality and AVP responses. Serum prolactin levels, normal at baseline during all phases, rose slightly after water loading during fasting. Hypertonic.saline produced no changes in prolactin levels in the obese or in the normal controls. In the disordered salt and water metabolism of the obese, persistently high AVP values during water loading appeared to be a factor in the delay of water excretion. In the observed water retentionduring dietary restriction and refeeding, secretion of AVP and PRL did not appear to have a major regulatory function.", "contents": "The role of vasopressin and prolactin in abnormal salt and water metabolism of obese patients before and after fasting and during refeeding. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations were measured in the plasma of grossly obese subjects to determine if abnormalities in salt and water homeostasis could be related to these hormones. Acute oral water loads and hypertonic saline infusions were administered during baseline obesity, after prolonged fasting, and after hypocaloric refeeding. Only 64.7%, 46.1%, and 70.1% of a water load was excreted during the respective three stages. Pre-water load plasma AVP levels were normal, but after the water load the obese failed to suppress AVP secretion in a normal fashion; this defect was corrected after fasting and with refeeding. Salt loading resulted in appropriate osmolality and AVP responses. Serum prolactin levels, normal at baseline during all phases, rose slightly after water loading during fasting. Hypertonic.saline produced no changes in prolactin levels in the obese or in the normal controls. In the disordered salt and water metabolism of the obese, persistently high AVP values during water loading appeared to be a factor in the delay of water excretion. In the observed water retentionduring dietary restriction and refeeding, secretion of AVP and PRL did not appear to have a major regulatory function.", "PMID": 319325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6912", "title": "Physical training in human hyperplastic obesity. IV. Effects on the hormonal status.", "content": "Severly obese subjects and sex- and age-matched controls underwnet physical training during a 6-wk period. Evidence of training was shown in all subjects by increased aerobic power. Before training the obese subjects were characterized by the following abberations: decreased glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood glycerol and plasma free fatty acids, and a blunted plasma growth hormone response during glucose tolerance. Noradrenaline output was elevated, a finding of potential interest for the explanation of increased lipolysis, blood pressure, and heart size in obesity. With training the following changes were found:In the controls there was evidence for the beginning of a decrease of adipose tissue mass. In the obese, however, body weight, body fat, or fat cell size did not decrease during training. Plasma insulin decreased, and a corresponding increase of plasma glycerol was seen. Glucose tolerance was not changed, and this, together with decreased plasma insulin, indicated an increase insulin sensitivity of the periphery. Changes in noradrenaline or growth hormone during training could not explain this increased sensitivity. Urinary cortisol output was found to decrease after training in the obese; this might be interpreted as a decrease in cortisol secretion allowing a more effective insulin action on the periphery.", "contents": "Physical training in human hyperplastic obesity. IV. Effects on the hormonal status. Severly obese subjects and sex- and age-matched controls underwnet physical training during a 6-wk period. Evidence of training was shown in all subjects by increased aerobic power. Before training the obese subjects were characterized by the following abberations: decreased glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood glycerol and plasma free fatty acids, and a blunted plasma growth hormone response during glucose tolerance. Noradrenaline output was elevated, a finding of potential interest for the explanation of increased lipolysis, blood pressure, and heart size in obesity. With training the following changes were found:In the controls there was evidence for the beginning of a decrease of adipose tissue mass. In the obese, however, body weight, body fat, or fat cell size did not decrease during training. Plasma insulin decreased, and a corresponding increase of plasma glycerol was seen. Glucose tolerance was not changed, and this, together with decreased plasma insulin, indicated an increase insulin sensitivity of the periphery. Changes in noradrenaline or growth hormone during training could not explain this increased sensitivity. Urinary cortisol output was found to decrease after training in the obese; this might be interpreted as a decrease in cortisol secretion allowing a more effective insulin action on the periphery.", "PMID": 319326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6913", "title": "Excision-repair in mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in DNA polymerase I and/or its associated 5' leads to 3' exonuclease.", "content": "The ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity of Escherichia coli mutants deficient in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I is intermediate between that of pol+ strains and mutants which are deficient in the polymerizing activity of pol I (polA1). Like polA1 mutants, the 5'-exonclease deficient mutants exhibit increased UV-induced DNA degradation and increased repair synthesis compared to a pol+ strain, although the increase is not as great as in polA1 or in the conditionally lethal mutant BT4113ts deficient in both polymerase I activities. When dimer excision was measured at UV doses low enough to avoid interference from extensive DNA degradation, all three classes of polymerase I deficient mutants were found to remove dimers efficiently from their DNA. We conclude that enzymes alternative to polymerase I can operate in both the excision and resynthesis steps of excision repair and that substitution for either of the polymerase I functions results in longer patches of repair. A model is proposed detailing the possible events in the alternative pathways.", "contents": "Excision-repair in mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in DNA polymerase I and/or its associated 5' leads to 3' exonuclease. The ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity of Escherichia coli mutants deficient in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I is intermediate between that of pol+ strains and mutants which are deficient in the polymerizing activity of pol I (polA1). Like polA1 mutants, the 5'-exonclease deficient mutants exhibit increased UV-induced DNA degradation and increased repair synthesis compared to a pol+ strain, although the increase is not as great as in polA1 or in the conditionally lethal mutant BT4113ts deficient in both polymerase I activities. When dimer excision was measured at UV doses low enough to avoid interference from extensive DNA degradation, all three classes of polymerase I deficient mutants were found to remove dimers efficiently from their DNA. We conclude that enzymes alternative to polymerase I can operate in both the excision and resynthesis steps of excision repair and that substitution for either of the polymerase I functions results in longer patches of repair. A model is proposed detailing the possible events in the alternative pathways.", "PMID": 319338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6914", "title": "Mapping of a gene for a major outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli K12 with the aid of a newly isolated bacteriophage.", "content": "A method is described for the enrichment of phages which can adsorb to a specific determinant of bacterial cell surfaces. A phage was isolated which absorbs to E. coli cells containing the \"major outer membrane= protein c but not to strains that are lacking this protein. With the aid of this phage a gene, meoA which is responsible for the lack of protein c was mapped at 48 min on the linkage map of E. coli K12.", "contents": "Mapping of a gene for a major outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli K12 with the aid of a newly isolated bacteriophage. A method is described for the enrichment of phages which can adsorb to a specific determinant of bacterial cell surfaces. A phage was isolated which absorbs to E. coli cells containing the \"major outer membrane= protein c but not to strains that are lacking this protein. With the aid of this phage a gene, meoA which is responsible for the lack of protein c was mapped at 48 min on the linkage map of E. coli K12.", "PMID": 319339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6915", "title": "Effect of the petite mutation on maltose and alpha-methylgucoside fermentation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Several hundred petite mutants were isolated from yeast strains of different genotype to examine the effect of the petite mutation on maltose and alpha-methylglucoside fermentation. In most cases petite mutants isolated retain the ability to ferment maltose and alpha-methylglucoside, although at a slower rate. In one strain (1403-7A), however, the ability to ferment alpha-methylglucoside is completely lost in all petite mutants isolated from this strain. It is suggested that mitochondrial factors may be involved in the utilization of alpha-methylglucoside in strain 1403-7A.", "contents": "Effect of the petite mutation on maltose and alpha-methylgucoside fermentation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Several hundred petite mutants were isolated from yeast strains of different genotype to examine the effect of the petite mutation on maltose and alpha-methylglucoside fermentation. In most cases petite mutants isolated retain the ability to ferment maltose and alpha-methylglucoside, although at a slower rate. In one strain (1403-7A), however, the ability to ferment alpha-methylglucoside is completely lost in all petite mutants isolated from this strain. It is suggested that mitochondrial factors may be involved in the utilization of alpha-methylglucoside in strain 1403-7A.", "PMID": 319340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6916", "title": "Development of E.coli virus T1: the pattern of gene expression.", "content": "T1 infected bacteria exhibit a distinct pattern of gene expression. The control of this expression is accessible to biochemical analysis. T1 induces the synthesis of 31 proteins in E. coli. The virion contains 15 proteins. By means of T1 amber mutants, 10 gene products have been assigned to specific T1 genes. Three classes of T1 proteins are defined by the kinetics of their syntheses: early, early-late and late proteins. The regulation of protein synthesis involes at least three mechanisms: for cessation of host gene expression, for discontinuation of the early class during the late phase and for induction of the late T1 proteins. The positive control of late gene expression is not coupled to replication. The host RNA-polymerase transcribes the viral genome throughout the infectious cycle. No virus coded RNA-polymerase is induced.", "contents": "Development of E.coli virus T1: the pattern of gene expression. T1 infected bacteria exhibit a distinct pattern of gene expression. The control of this expression is accessible to biochemical analysis. T1 induces the synthesis of 31 proteins in E. coli. The virion contains 15 proteins. By means of T1 amber mutants, 10 gene products have been assigned to specific T1 genes. Three classes of T1 proteins are defined by the kinetics of their syntheses: early, early-late and late proteins. The regulation of protein synthesis involes at least three mechanisms: for cessation of host gene expression, for discontinuation of the early class during the late phase and for induction of the late T1 proteins. The positive control of late gene expression is not coupled to replication. The host RNA-polymerase transcribes the viral genome throughout the infectious cycle. No virus coded RNA-polymerase is induced.", "PMID": 319341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6917", "title": "Excision of a DNA sequence determining kanamycin resistance from a ColE1-Km recombinant plasmid.", "content": "A 4.8 X 10(6) dalton ECoRI-generated fragment of the R-factor R6-5 carrying the gene for kanamycin resistance (Km) was joined in vitro to ECoRI-treated ColE1 plasmid DNA. Transformation of E. coli with the ColE1-Km recombinant plasmid yielded clones, which were immune to colicin E1, resistant to kanamycin and failed to produce colicin E1. During multiplication of this recombinant plasmid in the presence of chloramphenicol, cells expressed an increased resistance to kanamycin. Transformation studies with the recombinant DNA molecule showed very frequent loss of Km resistance in those cells harbouring a preexisting F'gal plasmid. Since colicin immunity is not affected and the col- phenotype is still present, one has to test for a remaining DNA sequence further existing in ColE1 DNA by cleaving the plasmid DNA with the ECoRI restriction endonuclease. The full length of ColE1 DNA (6.2 kb) was restored, which confirmed that no deletion of ColE1 DNA sequences had occured. The remaining DNA sequence was identified as a 2.0 or 2.2 kb segment. On the basis of the length of the excised fragment it is proposed that the insertion sequence ISI and a part of the inverted repeat sequence with corrdinates 21.0 to 22.0 of the R6-5 DNA are recognised by a nucleolytic function.", "contents": "Excision of a DNA sequence determining kanamycin resistance from a ColE1-Km recombinant plasmid. A 4.8 X 10(6) dalton ECoRI-generated fragment of the R-factor R6-5 carrying the gene for kanamycin resistance (Km) was joined in vitro to ECoRI-treated ColE1 plasmid DNA. Transformation of E. coli with the ColE1-Km recombinant plasmid yielded clones, which were immune to colicin E1, resistant to kanamycin and failed to produce colicin E1. During multiplication of this recombinant plasmid in the presence of chloramphenicol, cells expressed an increased resistance to kanamycin. Transformation studies with the recombinant DNA molecule showed very frequent loss of Km resistance in those cells harbouring a preexisting F'gal plasmid. Since colicin immunity is not affected and the col- phenotype is still present, one has to test for a remaining DNA sequence further existing in ColE1 DNA by cleaving the plasmid DNA with the ECoRI restriction endonuclease. The full length of ColE1 DNA (6.2 kb) was restored, which confirmed that no deletion of ColE1 DNA sequences had occured. The remaining DNA sequence was identified as a 2.0 or 2.2 kb segment. On the basis of the length of the excised fragment it is proposed that the insertion sequence ISI and a part of the inverted repeat sequence with corrdinates 21.0 to 22.0 of the R6-5 DNA are recognised by a nucleolytic function.", "PMID": 319342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6918", "title": "Joint molecules of lambda DNA as an intermediate of genetic recombination.", "content": "Joint molecules of lambda DNA formed in the absence of DNA replication, which may be involved in the process of genetic recombination can be observed as branched DNA derived from different phage particles. These molecules are associated through base-pair hydrogen bonding in synaptic regions, usually with short single-stranded gaps. Furthermore, joint molecules could be accumulated up to ten fold when lambda was irradiated with ultraviolet light before infection of polI mutant of E. coli. Infection at low multiplicity did not give rise to joint molecules. These results suggest that single-strand breaks and gaps introduced in duplex lambda DNA facilitate the formation of joint molecules.", "contents": "Joint molecules of lambda DNA as an intermediate of genetic recombination. Joint molecules of lambda DNA formed in the absence of DNA replication, which may be involved in the process of genetic recombination can be observed as branched DNA derived from different phage particles. These molecules are associated through base-pair hydrogen bonding in synaptic regions, usually with short single-stranded gaps. Furthermore, joint molecules could be accumulated up to ten fold when lambda was irradiated with ultraviolet light before infection of polI mutant of E. coli. Infection at low multiplicity did not give rise to joint molecules. These results suggest that single-strand breaks and gaps introduced in duplex lambda DNA facilitate the formation of joint molecules.", "PMID": 319343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6919", "title": "Lambdoid phages that simplify the recovery of in vitro recombinants.", "content": "Derivatives of phage lambda are described for use as vectors for fragments of DNA generated with the HindIII and EcoRI restriction enzymes. With some vectors, hybrid molecules are recognised by a change from a turbid to a clear plaque morphology resulting from the insertion of a fragment of DNA into the lambda gene coding for the phage regressor. Other vectors contain a central, replaceable fragment of DNA which imparts a readily recognisable phenotype. This central fragment may include either a gene for a mutant transfer RNA (suppressor) or a part of the lacZ gene of E. coli able to complement a lacZ host. The appropriate lacZ host and indicator plates permit the ready distinction between recombinant and vector phages by the colour of the plaques.", "contents": "Lambdoid phages that simplify the recovery of in vitro recombinants. Derivatives of phage lambda are described for use as vectors for fragments of DNA generated with the HindIII and EcoRI restriction enzymes. With some vectors, hybrid molecules are recognised by a change from a turbid to a clear plaque morphology resulting from the insertion of a fragment of DNA into the lambda gene coding for the phage regressor. Other vectors contain a central, replaceable fragment of DNA which imparts a readily recognisable phenotype. This central fragment may include either a gene for a mutant transfer RNA (suppressor) or a part of the lacZ gene of E. coli able to complement a lacZ host. The appropriate lacZ host and indicator plates permit the ready distinction between recombinant and vector phages by the colour of the plaques.", "PMID": 319344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6920", "title": "Interaction of alleles of the relA, relC and spoT genes in Escherichia coli: analysis of the interconversion of GTP, ppGpp and pppGpp.", "content": "Mutants in the spo T gene have been isolated as stringent second site revertants of the relC mutation. These show varying degrees of the characteristics associated with the spoT1 gene, viz relative amount and absolute levels of both pppGpp and ppGpp and the decay rate of the latter. The entry of 3H-guanosine into GTP and ppGpr pools in spoT+ and spoT1 cells either growing exponentially or during amino acid starvation was determined, and the rate of ppGpp synthesis and its decay constant calculated. During exponential growth the ppGpp pool is 2-fold higher, its decay constant 10-fold lower, and its synthesis rate 5-fold lower in spoT- than in spoT+ cells; during amino acid starvation the ppGpp pool is 2-fold higher, its decay constant 20-fold lower, and its synthesis rate 10-fold lower in spoT than in spoT+ cells. In one of the \"intermediate\" spoT mutants the rate of entry of 3H-guanosine into GTP, ppGpp and pppGpp was measured during amino acid starvation. The data form the basis of a model for the interconversion of the guanosine nucleotides in which the flow is: GDP leads to GTP leads to pppGpp leads to ppGpp leads to Y. Calculations of the rates of synthesis and conversion of pppGpp and ppGpp under various conditions in various spoT+ and spoT- strains indicate that the ppGpp concentration indirectly controls the rate of pppGpp synthesis.", "contents": "Interaction of alleles of the relA, relC and spoT genes in Escherichia coli: analysis of the interconversion of GTP, ppGpp and pppGpp. Mutants in the spo T gene have been isolated as stringent second site revertants of the relC mutation. These show varying degrees of the characteristics associated with the spoT1 gene, viz relative amount and absolute levels of both pppGpp and ppGpp and the decay rate of the latter. The entry of 3H-guanosine into GTP and ppGpr pools in spoT+ and spoT1 cells either growing exponentially or during amino acid starvation was determined, and the rate of ppGpp synthesis and its decay constant calculated. During exponential growth the ppGpp pool is 2-fold higher, its decay constant 10-fold lower, and its synthesis rate 5-fold lower in spoT- than in spoT+ cells; during amino acid starvation the ppGpp pool is 2-fold higher, its decay constant 20-fold lower, and its synthesis rate 10-fold lower in spoT than in spoT+ cells. In one of the \"intermediate\" spoT mutants the rate of entry of 3H-guanosine into GTP, ppGpp and pppGpp was measured during amino acid starvation. The data form the basis of a model for the interconversion of the guanosine nucleotides in which the flow is: GDP leads to GTP leads to pppGpp leads to ppGpp leads to Y. Calculations of the rates of synthesis and conversion of pppGpp and ppGpp under various conditions in various spoT+ and spoT- strains indicate that the ppGpp concentration indirectly controls the rate of pppGpp synthesis.", "PMID": 319345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6921", "title": "[Functional disorders of distal colon in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Functional disorders of the distal part of the colon in neonates and infants should be diagnosed by X-ray investigations (defecograms), double-suction biopsies (Erlanger children suction biopsy apparatus), anorectal and sigmoidal manometry and coloscopic functional investigations. 90% of all disorders of the distal colon can be diagnosed by manometric studies, in 40% X-ray investigations will lead to an exact diagnosis, in 12% double suction biopsies and in 10% coloscopic investigations establish the right diagnosis. The double suction biopsy is important for the exclusion of aganglionosis. Either a conservative or a surgical treatment is necessary, depending on the primary lesion. Wash outs, sphinctertraining, toilet training are necessary in cases of prolonged constipation following sigmaresection with restmegacolon, in cases of rectal inertia syndrom, and in cases of overflow incontinence. A pressure reducing operation (a sphincteromyotomy) is indicated in ultrashort aganglionic segments, in special cases of elongated sigma, in cases of prolonged constipation after sigma resection and with disturbed reflex mechanism, in cases of sphincter inhibition syndrome, and in children with paradox reflex mechanism. A resection is indicated in Hirschsprung disease, mechanical obstruction of the bowel, very large and severe cases of sigma elongatum and in cases of overflow-incontinence.", "contents": "[Functional disorders of distal colon in children (author's transl)]. Functional disorders of the distal part of the colon in neonates and infants should be diagnosed by X-ray investigations (defecograms), double-suction biopsies (Erlanger children suction biopsy apparatus), anorectal and sigmoidal manometry and coloscopic functional investigations. 90% of all disorders of the distal colon can be diagnosed by manometric studies, in 40% X-ray investigations will lead to an exact diagnosis, in 12% double suction biopsies and in 10% coloscopic investigations establish the right diagnosis. The double suction biopsy is important for the exclusion of aganglionosis. Either a conservative or a surgical treatment is necessary, depending on the primary lesion. Wash outs, sphinctertraining, toilet training are necessary in cases of prolonged constipation following sigmaresection with restmegacolon, in cases of rectal inertia syndrom, and in cases of overflow incontinence. A pressure reducing operation (a sphincteromyotomy) is indicated in ultrashort aganglionic segments, in special cases of elongated sigma, in cases of prolonged constipation after sigma resection and with disturbed reflex mechanism, in cases of sphincter inhibition syndrome, and in children with paradox reflex mechanism. A resection is indicated in Hirschsprung disease, mechanical obstruction of the bowel, very large and severe cases of sigma elongatum and in cases of overflow-incontinence.", "PMID": 319346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6922", "title": "Studies on mutagenicity of irradiated sugar solutions in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Irradiated sugar solutions are mutagenic towards Salmonella typhimurium, the effect being dose-dependent up to 2.0 Mrad. At all doses, ribose solution exhibited greater mutagenicity than did sucrose solution. The mutagenic effect was observed only in dividing cells and appears to be directly related to the growth rate. A larger proportion of revertants was observed after incubation with irradiated sugar solution for a period of 4 h than for 24 h. Irradiation of the sugar solutions in the frozen conditions was effective in completely preventing the development of mutagenic potential. Post-irradiation storage of the sugar solutions for a prolonged period (25 weeks) also minimized their mutagenic effect. The irradiated sugar solutions gave rise to both missense and frame-shift (additon as well as deletion) types of mutation; ribose was more effective in inducing the latter type. The irradiated sugar solutions failed to show a mutagenic response in the host-mediated assay with mice as the mammalian host.", "contents": "Studies on mutagenicity of irradiated sugar solutions in Salmonella typhimurium. Irradiated sugar solutions are mutagenic towards Salmonella typhimurium, the effect being dose-dependent up to 2.0 Mrad. At all doses, ribose solution exhibited greater mutagenicity than did sucrose solution. The mutagenic effect was observed only in dividing cells and appears to be directly related to the growth rate. A larger proportion of revertants was observed after incubation with irradiated sugar solution for a period of 4 h than for 24 h. Irradiation of the sugar solutions in the frozen conditions was effective in completely preventing the development of mutagenic potential. Post-irradiation storage of the sugar solutions for a prolonged period (25 weeks) also minimized their mutagenic effect. The irradiated sugar solutions gave rise to both missense and frame-shift (additon as well as deletion) types of mutation; ribose was more effective in inducing the latter type. The irradiated sugar solutions failed to show a mutagenic response in the host-mediated assay with mice as the mammalian host.", "PMID": 319351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6923", "title": "Factors affecting mutagenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate in Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538.", "content": "Smoke condensates from Burley tobacco, bright-type tobacco and various brands of commercial cigarettes were tested for mutagenicity by using a microsomal test system with Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538. Smoke condensate from Burley tobacco had much higher mutagenic activity than that from bright-type tobacco. Increased mutagenic activity was observed with smoke condensates from Burley tobacco grown with increasing amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, and from commercial cigarettes blended with Burley tobacco. There was a significant correlation between nitrate content of cigarette and mutagenic activity of the resulting smoke condensate. The results suggest that nitrate in cigarettes may influence the formation of potential mutagens during the burning of a cigarette.", "contents": "Factors affecting mutagenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate in Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538. Smoke condensates from Burley tobacco, bright-type tobacco and various brands of commercial cigarettes were tested for mutagenicity by using a microsomal test system with Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538. Smoke condensate from Burley tobacco had much higher mutagenic activity than that from bright-type tobacco. Increased mutagenic activity was observed with smoke condensates from Burley tobacco grown with increasing amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, and from commercial cigarettes blended with Burley tobacco. There was a significant correlation between nitrate content of cigarette and mutagenic activity of the resulting smoke condensate. The results suggest that nitrate in cigarettes may influence the formation of potential mutagens during the burning of a cigarette.", "PMID": 319352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6924", "title": "Genetic damage induced by ethyl alcohol in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Heterozygous diploid conidia of Aspergillus nidulans were treated during germination with ethyl alcohol in concentrations ranging from 0.25% to 20% (v/v). The diploid strain carried three recessive conidial color mutations, in addition to genetic markers on all eight pairs of linkage groups. It was thereby possible to detect events of crossing over, non-disjunction, and mutation. An increase in the dose of ethanol was associated with a decrease in conidial viability and an increase in the relative and absolute frequencies of formation of (a) normal colonies which produced colored sectors and (b) phenotypically abnormal colonies, the majority of which (83.1%) produced normal sectors. At a concentration of 5% (v/v) ethanol, the survivors included 17.59% of the former and 44.7% of the latter colonies. Genetic analysis of the various segregants suggested that the frequencies of both mitotic crossing over and non-disjunction or the misdistribution of chromosomes were increased by ethanol. Among 133 abnormal colonies which segregated normal clones, 79 (59.4%) were associated with one of these genetic events. A total of 297 haploids and 130 diploids arose as normal segregants from the abnormal colonies. There were 31 recognizable events of non-disjunction and 14 crossing over in linkage groups I and II, where these events could be distinguished. These data suggested that the predominant effect of ethanol was a disruption of chromosome distribution. A cytological examination of ethanol-treated, germinating conidia revealed an interference with the mitotic spindle apparatus. The frequency of detectable spindles decreased more than 3-fold after 8 h exposure to 5% (v/v) ethanol. This finding supported the conclusion that ethanol disrupted chromosome distribution, and suggested the mechanism by which it does so. Human clinical data on alcohol consumption were examined in light of these findings.", "contents": "Genetic damage induced by ethyl alcohol in Aspergillus nidulans. Heterozygous diploid conidia of Aspergillus nidulans were treated during germination with ethyl alcohol in concentrations ranging from 0.25% to 20% (v/v). The diploid strain carried three recessive conidial color mutations, in addition to genetic markers on all eight pairs of linkage groups. It was thereby possible to detect events of crossing over, non-disjunction, and mutation. An increase in the dose of ethanol was associated with a decrease in conidial viability and an increase in the relative and absolute frequencies of formation of (a) normal colonies which produced colored sectors and (b) phenotypically abnormal colonies, the majority of which (83.1%) produced normal sectors. At a concentration of 5% (v/v) ethanol, the survivors included 17.59% of the former and 44.7% of the latter colonies. Genetic analysis of the various segregants suggested that the frequencies of both mitotic crossing over and non-disjunction or the misdistribution of chromosomes were increased by ethanol. Among 133 abnormal colonies which segregated normal clones, 79 (59.4%) were associated with one of these genetic events. A total of 297 haploids and 130 diploids arose as normal segregants from the abnormal colonies. There were 31 recognizable events of non-disjunction and 14 crossing over in linkage groups I and II, where these events could be distinguished. These data suggested that the predominant effect of ethanol was a disruption of chromosome distribution. A cytological examination of ethanol-treated, germinating conidia revealed an interference with the mitotic spindle apparatus. The frequency of detectable spindles decreased more than 3-fold after 8 h exposure to 5% (v/v) ethanol. This finding supported the conclusion that ethanol disrupted chromosome distribution, and suggested the mechanism by which it does so. Human clinical data on alcohol consumption were examined in light of these findings.", "PMID": 319353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6925", "title": "The in vitro effects of imipramine on human chromosomes.", "content": "The clastogenic effects of imipramine on chromosomes have been investigated in leukocyte cultures from seven healthy blood donors (2 mlae and 5 female), repeat cultures being initiated at intervals of 6 to 12 weeks. At various times prior to harvesting nine different doses of imipramine were added in vitro, the three lowest concentrations being within the range of plasma levels reported in psychiatric patients reveiving the drug therapeutically. In addition, streptonigrin was used as a positive control. No increase in chromosome breaks was found at any concentration for any duration of exposure even in those cultures where high concentration and/or long duration of exposure significantly suppressed cell growth. Only cultures to which streptonigrin had been added showed a significant increase in chromosome breaks.", "contents": "The in vitro effects of imipramine on human chromosomes. The clastogenic effects of imipramine on chromosomes have been investigated in leukocyte cultures from seven healthy blood donors (2 mlae and 5 female), repeat cultures being initiated at intervals of 6 to 12 weeks. At various times prior to harvesting nine different doses of imipramine were added in vitro, the three lowest concentrations being within the range of plasma levels reported in psychiatric patients reveiving the drug therapeutically. In addition, streptonigrin was used as a positive control. No increase in chromosome breaks was found at any concentration for any duration of exposure even in those cultures where high concentration and/or long duration of exposure significantly suppressed cell growth. Only cultures to which streptonigrin had been added showed a significant increase in chromosome breaks.", "PMID": 319354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6926", "title": "Controlled comparison of amikacin and gentamicin.", "content": "Amikacin or gentamicin was used to treat 174 patients with suspected severe gram-negative infections in a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Enteric gram-negative bacilli were pathogenic in 71 cases (39 treated with amikacin, and 32 with gentamicin). Amikacin was effective in 10 to 12 bacteremias, 21 of 24 urinary-tract infections, two of five pneumonias and four of six other serious tissue infections. The toal favorable response rate was 77 per cent for amikacin and 78 per cent for gentamicin. Nephrotoxicity and auditory toxicity could be evaluated in 124 and 67 cases respectively. Definite nephrotoxicity developed in five of 62 (8 per cent) receiving amikacin and seven of 62 (11 per cent) given gentamicin, and possible nephrotoxicity developed in four patients in both groups. Definite ototoxicity developed in four patients in both groups. Definite otoxicity developed in two of 34 (6 per cent) and three of 30 (10 per cent) respectively. These differences were not statistically significant (by chisquare analysis, P greater than 0.05). The results indicate that amikacin is effective against severe gram-negative infections and is not more and not less ototoxic or nephrotoxic than gentamicin.", "contents": "Controlled comparison of amikacin and gentamicin. Amikacin or gentamicin was used to treat 174 patients with suspected severe gram-negative infections in a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Enteric gram-negative bacilli were pathogenic in 71 cases (39 treated with amikacin, and 32 with gentamicin). Amikacin was effective in 10 to 12 bacteremias, 21 of 24 urinary-tract infections, two of five pneumonias and four of six other serious tissue infections. The toal favorable response rate was 77 per cent for amikacin and 78 per cent for gentamicin. Nephrotoxicity and auditory toxicity could be evaluated in 124 and 67 cases respectively. Definite nephrotoxicity developed in five of 62 (8 per cent) receiving amikacin and seven of 62 (11 per cent) given gentamicin, and possible nephrotoxicity developed in four patients in both groups. Definite ototoxicity developed in four patients in both groups. Definite otoxicity developed in two of 34 (6 per cent) and three of 30 (10 per cent) respectively. These differences were not statistically significant (by chisquare analysis, P greater than 0.05). The results indicate that amikacin is effective against severe gram-negative infections and is not more and not less ototoxic or nephrotoxic than gentamicin.", "PMID": 319355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6927", "title": "A controlled trial of metoclopramide in symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "Since metoclopramide increases lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure in patients with gastroesophageal reflux, we compared the effects of metoclopramide, 10 mg four times daily, with those of placebo on symptoms in 31 patients with chronic heartburn. Eighteen patients completed a random-order, double-blind crossover study of two consecutive eight-week periods. The final 13 patients crossed over only if their symptoms were not substantially improved after the first eight weeks. Response of low-esophageal-sphincter pressure to metoclopramide did not correlate significantly with symptomatic improvement. After the metoclopramide treatment period, mean basal pressure was unchanged from values before study. In both treatment periods, metoclopramide-treated patients had significantly more symptomatic improvement than the control group (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "A controlled trial of metoclopramide in symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. Since metoclopramide increases lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure in patients with gastroesophageal reflux, we compared the effects of metoclopramide, 10 mg four times daily, with those of placebo on symptoms in 31 patients with chronic heartburn. Eighteen patients completed a random-order, double-blind crossover study of two consecutive eight-week periods. The final 13 patients crossed over only if their symptoms were not substantially improved after the first eight weeks. Response of low-esophageal-sphincter pressure to metoclopramide did not correlate significantly with symptomatic improvement. After the metoclopramide treatment period, mean basal pressure was unchanged from values before study. In both treatment periods, metoclopramide-treated patients had significantly more symptomatic improvement than the control group (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 319356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6928", "title": "Children as renal donors.", "content": "With the exception of identical twins, preadolescent children have been excluded as renal donors. The justification for this policy appears to be based on a notion that renal donation is an altruistic act, primarily for the benefit of another, and that stringent standards of informed consent must be followed. This paper challenges the present policy on two grounds: consent from adults who donate kidneys is generally not informed, and therefore it is inconsistent to use the consent requirement as a justification for excluding children; and renal donation by adults can be seen as a procedure done for the benefit of the donor (as well as the recipient), and the appropriate rules for using children as donors should therefore be those pertaining to beneficial intrusions on nonconsenting subjects.", "contents": "Children as renal donors. With the exception of identical twins, preadolescent children have been excluded as renal donors. The justification for this policy appears to be based on a notion that renal donation is an altruistic act, primarily for the benefit of another, and that stringent standards of informed consent must be followed. This paper challenges the present policy on two grounds: consent from adults who donate kidneys is generally not informed, and therefore it is inconsistent to use the consent requirement as a justification for excluding children; and renal donation by adults can be seen as a procedure done for the benefit of the donor (as well as the recipient), and the appropriate rules for using children as donors should therefore be those pertaining to beneficial intrusions on nonconsenting subjects.", "PMID": 319357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6929", "title": "Treatment of spasmodic torticollis with amantadine: a double-blind study.", "content": "Ten patients with spasmodic torticollis participated in a double-blind crossover trial of amantadine hydrochloride for a period of 2 months each. A further regimen of combined amantadine and haloperidol was tried with three patients after the conclusion of the double-blind trial. There were no therapeutic benefits of either treatment. Half of the patients reported minor side effects that resolved promptly when amantadine was discontinued.", "contents": "Treatment of spasmodic torticollis with amantadine: a double-blind study. Ten patients with spasmodic torticollis participated in a double-blind crossover trial of amantadine hydrochloride for a period of 2 months each. A further regimen of combined amantadine and haloperidol was tried with three patients after the conclusion of the double-blind trial. There were no therapeutic benefits of either treatment. Half of the patients reported minor side effects that resolved promptly when amantadine was discontinued.", "PMID": 319379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6930", "title": "Transfer factor therapy: clinical experience and the role of the E rosette assay.", "content": "Transfer factor has been administered to 17 patients, most with infectious diseases of various kinds. In 12 patients the therapy was followed by a definite clinical improvement although in most cases conventional chemotherapy was given concomitantly. In all cases where clinical improvement followed the sheep red cell or E rosette assay showed low values initially, with an improvement following therapy. This test of T lymphocyte function may be useful both in predicting patients likely to respond to transfer factor, and in monitoring response to treatment. As no specific assay of transfer factor activity is available, an in vivo rise in E rosette formation following transfer factor administration serves as a crude indicator that the injected material has some biological activity.", "contents": "Transfer factor therapy: clinical experience and the role of the E rosette assay. Transfer factor has been administered to 17 patients, most with infectious diseases of various kinds. In 12 patients the therapy was followed by a definite clinical improvement although in most cases conventional chemotherapy was given concomitantly. In all cases where clinical improvement followed the sheep red cell or E rosette assay showed low values initially, with an improvement following therapy. This test of T lymphocyte function may be useful both in predicting patients likely to respond to transfer factor, and in monitoring response to treatment. As no specific assay of transfer factor activity is available, an in vivo rise in E rosette formation following transfer factor administration serves as a crude indicator that the injected material has some biological activity.", "PMID": 319390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6931", "title": "Menstrual function and renal transplantation.", "content": "Patients with chronic renal insufficiency usually have menstrual dysfunction. Recent methods of managing chronic renal failure include renal transplantation. In a few instances, previously infertile women have become pregnant. We have studied 23 women who have undergone renal transplantation. Our findings support previous contentions that menstrual irregularity is frequent among women with chronic renal insufficiency. Amenorrhea was the prevailing disturbance and it was not reversed by hemodialysis. Renal transplantation was associated with a return of normal menstrual patterns in 60% of our patient population, and 4 patients experienced pregnancy. These findings support our recommendation of reproductive counseling for all women between the ages of 15 and 50 years who are treated by renal transplantation.", "contents": "Menstrual function and renal transplantation. Patients with chronic renal insufficiency usually have menstrual dysfunction. Recent methods of managing chronic renal failure include renal transplantation. In a few instances, previously infertile women have become pregnant. We have studied 23 women who have undergone renal transplantation. Our findings support previous contentions that menstrual irregularity is frequent among women with chronic renal insufficiency. Amenorrhea was the prevailing disturbance and it was not reversed by hemodialysis. Renal transplantation was associated with a return of normal menstrual patterns in 60% of our patient population, and 4 patients experienced pregnancy. These findings support our recommendation of reproductive counseling for all women between the ages of 15 and 50 years who are treated by renal transplantation.", "PMID": 319393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6932", "title": "[The psychotropic effect of beclamid (author's transl)].", "content": "60 boys and girls between 6 and 14 years with the symptoms \"psychomotoric unrest\", \"disturbance of behavior\" and \"disturbed concentration\" with and without epilepsy were treated and observed in hospital during a period of 8 weeks. Group I (20 patients) was given Beclamid, 3--6 tablets a day according to weight. Group II (20 patients) was given placebos in the same dosage. Group III (20 patients) was given Beclamid during 4 weeks and placebo for the following 4 weeks. Compared with the placebo groups the influence on concentration, memory and skill was significantly better after the application of Beclamid. The extent of the improvement depended on the period of medication. The Beclamid-group could be guided more easily, showed a better sense for cooperation and turned out to be more accessable to pedagogic methods. This positive psychotropic effect again increased with the period of medication. The (positive) influence on behaviour also affected the effciency at shcool and learning. Neither a sedative nor other side effects could be seen.", "contents": "[The psychotropic effect of beclamid (author's transl)]. 60 boys and girls between 6 and 14 years with the symptoms \"psychomotoric unrest\", \"disturbance of behavior\" and \"disturbed concentration\" with and without epilepsy were treated and observed in hospital during a period of 8 weeks. Group I (20 patients) was given Beclamid, 3--6 tablets a day according to weight. Group II (20 patients) was given placebos in the same dosage. Group III (20 patients) was given Beclamid during 4 weeks and placebo for the following 4 weeks. Compared with the placebo groups the influence on concentration, memory and skill was significantly better after the application of Beclamid. The extent of the improvement depended on the period of medication. The Beclamid-group could be guided more easily, showed a better sense for cooperation and turned out to be more accessable to pedagogic methods. This positive psychotropic effect again increased with the period of medication. The (positive) influence on behaviour also affected the effciency at shcool and learning. Neither a sedative nor other side effects could be seen.", "PMID": 319408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6933", "title": "Pulmonary pseudocysts in the newborn infant.", "content": "Five neonates who developed a pulmonary pseudocyst are reported. All infants had clinical hyaline membrane disease and were treated with continuous distending airway pressure. The pseudocysts developed between 39 hours and 7 days of age. In all but one pulmonary interstitial emphysema preceded or occurred together with the development of the pseudocyst. All babies went on to complete clinical recovery without surgical intervention. Radiologic documentation of the spontaneous resolution of the pseudocyst was obtained in three infants and occurred over three days, five days, and three months, respectively.", "contents": "Pulmonary pseudocysts in the newborn infant. Five neonates who developed a pulmonary pseudocyst are reported. All infants had clinical hyaline membrane disease and were treated with continuous distending airway pressure. The pseudocysts developed between 39 hours and 7 days of age. In all but one pulmonary interstitial emphysema preceded or occurred together with the development of the pseudocyst. All babies went on to complete clinical recovery without surgical intervention. Radiologic documentation of the spontaneous resolution of the pseudocyst was obtained in three infants and occurred over three days, five days, and three months, respectively.", "PMID": 319415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6934", "title": "Tracheal extubation of the neonate at 2 to 3 cm H2O continuous positive airway pressure.", "content": "To investigate the efficacy of extubation at higher levels of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 49 newborns (0.95 to 4.0 kg) were extubated at 2 to 3  cm H2O following 1 to 47 days of CPAP therapy. Pre- and postextubation measurements of Po2, PCO2, pH, FiO2, and CPAP were made in all infants. No significant differences (P less than.05) were found between pre- and post-extubation arterial blood gas values for all patients. Comparison of pre- and post-extubation blood gas data with respect to birthweight (less than 2.0 kg vs greater than 2.0 kg) and intubation time (less than 8 days vs. greater than 8 days) also indicated no statistical differences. Mean alveolar-arterial oxygen differences and FiO2 for 41 infants showed progressive decreases following extubation. Six of the 49 infants required reintubation within 72 hours following extubation. The results of this study indicate that newborns with respiratory disease requiring CPAP may be extubated at 2 to 3 cm H2O with no significant changes in arterial blood gas values, thus preventing prolonged intubation associated with weaning to 0 cm H2O CPAP.", "contents": "Tracheal extubation of the neonate at 2 to 3 cm H2O continuous positive airway pressure. To investigate the efficacy of extubation at higher levels of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 49 newborns (0.95 to 4.0 kg) were extubated at 2 to 3  cm H2O following 1 to 47 days of CPAP therapy. Pre- and postextubation measurements of Po2, PCO2, pH, FiO2, and CPAP were made in all infants. No significant differences (P less than.05) were found between pre- and post-extubation arterial blood gas values for all patients. Comparison of pre- and post-extubation blood gas data with respect to birthweight (less than 2.0 kg vs greater than 2.0 kg) and intubation time (less than 8 days vs. greater than 8 days) also indicated no statistical differences. Mean alveolar-arterial oxygen differences and FiO2 for 41 infants showed progressive decreases following extubation. Six of the 49 infants required reintubation within 72 hours following extubation. The results of this study indicate that newborns with respiratory disease requiring CPAP may be extubated at 2 to 3 cm H2O with no significant changes in arterial blood gas values, thus preventing prolonged intubation associated with weaning to 0 cm H2O CPAP.", "PMID": 319416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6935", "title": "[Intussusception following renal transplantation in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "In a consecutive and non-selected study of 54 kidney transplanted dogs, 12 cases of intussusception of the small intestine developed in 8 dogs. The patogenesis is still unknown. It has been postulated that the time of the operation (4--7 hours) and the segmental termination of the post-operative atony in the intestine are essential factors in this fatal complication. The last 16 dogs in this material were peroperatively treated with antikolinergics (Mestinon NFN), which was continued until normal function of the intestine. In these dogs there were no evidence of intussusception. The value of this profylaxis is open to discussion and it is essential to solve the problem of intussusception through a \"blind\" and controlled trial.", "contents": "[Intussusception following renal transplantation in dogs (author's transl)]. In a consecutive and non-selected study of 54 kidney transplanted dogs, 12 cases of intussusception of the small intestine developed in 8 dogs. The patogenesis is still unknown. It has been postulated that the time of the operation (4--7 hours) and the segmental termination of the post-operative atony in the intestine are essential factors in this fatal complication. The last 16 dogs in this material were peroperatively treated with antikolinergics (Mestinon NFN), which was continued until normal function of the intestine. In these dogs there were no evidence of intussusception. The value of this profylaxis is open to discussion and it is essential to solve the problem of intussusception through a \"blind\" and controlled trial.", "PMID": 319418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6936", "title": "[Treatment of parkinsonian syndromes by bromocriptin].", "content": "Nine patients suffering from Parkinson's disease and 2 cases of Parkinsonian syndrome were treated with bromocriptine, for 41 to 117 days, with a daily dose of 20 to 40 mg. The results were very good in 4 cases, satisfactory in 6 and nil in one case. Improvement concerned akinesias, rigidity and tremor, and was more marked in patients with more advanced signs. In 2 patients, amantadine was stopped. The dose of L-dopa was decreased by 2/3 without any change in clinical condition and L-dopa could be withdrawn in 5 cases out of 8. Bromocriptine appears to be an interesting development in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "[Treatment of parkinsonian syndromes by bromocriptin]. Nine patients suffering from Parkinson's disease and 2 cases of Parkinsonian syndrome were treated with bromocriptine, for 41 to 117 days, with a daily dose of 20 to 40 mg. The results were very good in 4 cases, satisfactory in 6 and nil in one case. Improvement concerned akinesias, rigidity and tremor, and was more marked in patients with more advanced signs. In 2 patients, amantadine was stopped. The dose of L-dopa was decreased by 2/3 without any change in clinical condition and L-dopa could be withdrawn in 5 cases out of 8. Bromocriptine appears to be an interesting development in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 319421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6937", "title": "[Dynamics of hormonal modifications induced by bromocryptin during hyperprolactinemia].", "content": "In a group of 16 females and 2 males with hypogonadism and hyperprolactinemia, bromocriptine was found to suppress prolactin (PRL) high levels within one day without further significant lowering during a 3 weeks longitudinal survey. The usually effective dosage was 5 mg per day. On the contrary, sex hormones did not vary initially and increased secondarily only in those patients resuming gonadal activity. The changes were either cyclical or heterogenous when the first cycle was anovulatory. This latter situation could sometimes but not always be attributed to persistent hyperprolactinemia. Menstruation resumed in 11 patients. Persistance of hypogonadism in the remainder could be explained by incomplete PRL reduction in one case and probability of previous hypothalamo-pituitary damage in six. The latter hypothesis was based in part on impaired gonadotropins responses to LH RH which were not modified by the treatment.", "contents": "[Dynamics of hormonal modifications induced by bromocryptin during hyperprolactinemia]. In a group of 16 females and 2 males with hypogonadism and hyperprolactinemia, bromocriptine was found to suppress prolactin (PRL) high levels within one day without further significant lowering during a 3 weeks longitudinal survey. The usually effective dosage was 5 mg per day. On the contrary, sex hormones did not vary initially and increased secondarily only in those patients resuming gonadal activity. The changes were either cyclical or heterogenous when the first cycle was anovulatory. This latter situation could sometimes but not always be attributed to persistent hyperprolactinemia. Menstruation resumed in 11 patients. Persistance of hypogonadism in the remainder could be explained by incomplete PRL reduction in one case and probability of previous hypothalamo-pituitary damage in six. The latter hypothesis was based in part on impaired gonadotropins responses to LH RH which were not modified by the treatment.", "PMID": 319422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6938", "title": "[Streptococcal gangrene. Importance of surgical treatment].", "content": "The authors report five cases of streptococcal gangrene and stress the fundamental role of surgical excision. Parenteral anti-streptococcal antibiotics should not lead to this essential step being forgotten, its early application being the most important element in prognosis. It is thus essential to clearly understand the local and general criteria of rapid diagnosis in this condition, which is far from rare.", "contents": "[Streptococcal gangrene. Importance of surgical treatment]. The authors report five cases of streptococcal gangrene and stress the fundamental role of surgical excision. Parenteral anti-streptococcal antibiotics should not lead to this essential step being forgotten, its early application being the most important element in prognosis. It is thus essential to clearly understand the local and general criteria of rapid diagnosis in this condition, which is far from rare.", "PMID": 319423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6939", "title": "[Reduction of the effects of indomethacin by aspirin. Value of measurement of the articular index and sigma ESR].", "content": "Two groups, A and B, were selected at random amongst a total of 31 patients suffering from chronic inflammatory rheumatic disorders. The patients in group A (n = 16) received succesively: Placebo (2d), Indomethacin (5d). Indomethacin + aspirin (5d). The order of the 5 day treatment periods was reversed for the patients in group b (n = 15). The daily dose of indomethacin was 150 mg. That of aspirin was 1500 mg. Four parameters were measured at the end of each period of treatment: total serum indomethacin, articular index (Ritchie), ESR (Westergren) and the sigma ESR - a new technique for the measurement of sedimentation rate. No conclusions could be drawn from the analysis of variations in ESR. Concordant and statistically significnat variations in articular index and the sigma ESR showed a reduction in the activity of indomethacin under the influence of aspirin. The inhibitory effect of aspirin. The inhibitory effect of aspirin continues after the drug stopped. This reduction in indomethacin activity is not related to a decrease in serum concentrations of the medication which are not significantly altered when aspirin is taken.", "contents": "[Reduction of the effects of indomethacin by aspirin. Value of measurement of the articular index and sigma ESR]. Two groups, A and B, were selected at random amongst a total of 31 patients suffering from chronic inflammatory rheumatic disorders. The patients in group A (n = 16) received succesively: Placebo (2d), Indomethacin (5d). Indomethacin + aspirin (5d). The order of the 5 day treatment periods was reversed for the patients in group b (n = 15). The daily dose of indomethacin was 150 mg. That of aspirin was 1500 mg. Four parameters were measured at the end of each period of treatment: total serum indomethacin, articular index (Ritchie), ESR (Westergren) and the sigma ESR - a new technique for the measurement of sedimentation rate. No conclusions could be drawn from the analysis of variations in ESR. Concordant and statistically significnat variations in articular index and the sigma ESR showed a reduction in the activity of indomethacin under the influence of aspirin. The inhibitory effect of aspirin. The inhibitory effect of aspirin continues after the drug stopped. This reduction in indomethacin activity is not related to a decrease in serum concentrations of the medication which are not significantly altered when aspirin is taken.", "PMID": 319424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6940", "title": "An overview of nursing research in the United States.", "content": "In a four-part article, historical perspectives (part I) are reviewed, the development of nursing research in education (part II) is outlined, the contribution of nursing research to practice (part III) is traced, and research resources (part IV) which made the growth possible are described.", "contents": "An overview of nursing research in the United States. In a four-part article, historical perspectives (part I) are reviewed, the development of nursing research in education (part II) is outlined, the contribution of nursing research to practice (part III) is traced, and research resources (part IV) which made the growth possible are described.", "PMID": 319430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6941", "title": "Nursing research: reflection of values.", "content": "Commitment to research is a key predictor of nursing's fulfillment of its potential. This paper identifies indicators of progress toward that goal and points up commitments still to be made.", "contents": "Nursing research: reflection of values. Commitment to research is a key predictor of nursing's fulfillment of its potential. This paper identifies indicators of progress toward that goal and points up commitments still to be made.", "PMID": 319431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6942", "title": "Urinary infection in a remote practice.", "content": "The results of these studies suggest that both the 'N-Labstix' nitrite test and the 'Uriglox' test for hypoglycosuria, although highly convenient, are far too inaccurate in the diagnosis of urinary infections. As yet, methods are still not available for the speedy and accurate diagnosis of urinary-tract infections in remote areas, and, inevitably, treatment will continue to be given on an empirical basis.", "contents": "Urinary infection in a remote practice. The results of these studies suggest that both the 'N-Labstix' nitrite test and the 'Uriglox' test for hypoglycosuria, although highly convenient, are far too inaccurate in the diagnosis of urinary infections. As yet, methods are still not available for the speedy and accurate diagnosis of urinary-tract infections in remote areas, and, inevitably, treatment will continue to be given on an empirical basis.", "PMID": 319445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6943", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the operator-promoter region of the galactose operon of Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have derived the nucleotide sequence of a segment of the operator-promoter region of the galactose operon of E. coli, by using a variety of DNA sequencing analyses. We have previously reported the sequence of the 5' terminal portion of gal mRNA [Musso, R. E., de Crombrugghe, B., Pastan, I., Sklar, J., Yot, P. & Weissman, S. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4940-4944] and of the 59 base pairs preceding the startpoint of gal transcription (J. Sklar, S. Weissman, R. Musso, R. Di Lauro, & B. de Crombrugghe, submitted). In conjunction with those results, the present data provide the sequence of the gal operator-promoter region. This sequence is compared with similar sequences in other promoters and operators. Tentative mechanisms for the regulation of the galactose operon are discussed.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the operator-promoter region of the galactose operon of Escherichia coli. We have derived the nucleotide sequence of a segment of the operator-promoter region of the galactose operon of E. coli, by using a variety of DNA sequencing analyses. We have previously reported the sequence of the 5' terminal portion of gal mRNA [Musso, R. E., de Crombrugghe, B., Pastan, I., Sklar, J., Yot, P. & Weissman, S. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4940-4944] and of the 59 base pairs preceding the startpoint of gal transcription (J. Sklar, S. Weissman, R. Musso, R. Di Lauro, & B. de Crombrugghe, submitted). In conjunction with those results, the present data provide the sequence of the gal operator-promoter region. This sequence is compared with similar sequences in other promoters and operators. Tentative mechanisms for the regulation of the galactose operon are discussed.", "PMID": 319453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6944", "title": "Interaction of tetraiodofluorescein with a modified form of aspartate transcarbamylase.", "content": "Low concentrations of the dye tetraiodofluorescein activate native aspartate transcarbamylase (aspartate carbomoyltransferase, carbomoylphosphate:L-aspartate carbomoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2), while high concentrations inhibit the enzyme's activity [Jacobsberg, L. B., Kantrowitz, E. R. & Lipscomb, W. N. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 9238-9249]. This dye is now shown to produce similar effects upon a modified form of aspartate transcarbamylase produced by Escherichia coli grown in a culture medium supplemented with thiouracil. Significantly, the ATP-induced activation is reduced in the modified form of the enzyme to the same extent as is the tetraiodofluorescein-induced activation. Thus, a relationship is demonstrated between the internal mechanisms by which ATP and tetraiodofluorescein activate aspartate transcarbamylase.", "contents": "Interaction of tetraiodofluorescein with a modified form of aspartate transcarbamylase. Low concentrations of the dye tetraiodofluorescein activate native aspartate transcarbamylase (aspartate carbomoyltransferase, carbomoylphosphate:L-aspartate carbomoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2), while high concentrations inhibit the enzyme's activity [Jacobsberg, L. B., Kantrowitz, E. R. & Lipscomb, W. N. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 9238-9249]. This dye is now shown to produce similar effects upon a modified form of aspartate transcarbamylase produced by Escherichia coli grown in a culture medium supplemented with thiouracil. Significantly, the ATP-induced activation is reduced in the modified form of the enzyme to the same extent as is the tetraiodofluorescein-induced activation. Thus, a relationship is demonstrated between the internal mechanisms by which ATP and tetraiodofluorescein activate aspartate transcarbamylase.", "PMID": 319454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6945", "title": "Transient accumulation of Okazaki fragments as a result of uracil incorporation into nascent DNA.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli with a mutation in the sof (dnaS) locus show a higher than normal frequency of recombination (are hyper rec) and incorporate label into short (4-5S) DNA fragments following brief [3H]thymidine pulses [Konrad and Lehman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 2150 (1975)]. These mutant strains have now been found to be defective in deoxyuridinetriphosphate diphosphohydrolase (dUTPase; deoxyuridinetriphosphatase, EC 3.6.1.23), the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of dUTP to dUMP and PPi. Reversion of one sof- mutation to sof+ restores dUTPase activity and abolishes the accumulation of labeled 4-5S DNA fragments. Mutants initially isolated as defective in dUTPase (dut-) are also hyper rec and show transient accumulation of short DNA fragments. Both the sof and dut mutations are located at 81 min on the E. coli map, closely linked to the pyrE locus. The sof and dut loci thus appear to be identical. A decrease in dUTPase as a consequence of a sof or dut mutation may result in the increased incorporation of uracil into DNA. Rapid removal of the uracil by an excision-repair process could then lead to the transient accumulation of short DNA fragments. It is possible that at least a portion of the Okazaki fragments seen in wild-type cells may originate in this way.", "contents": "Transient accumulation of Okazaki fragments as a result of uracil incorporation into nascent DNA. Strains of Escherichia coli with a mutation in the sof (dnaS) locus show a higher than normal frequency of recombination (are hyper rec) and incorporate label into short (4-5S) DNA fragments following brief [3H]thymidine pulses [Konrad and Lehman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 2150 (1975)]. These mutant strains have now been found to be defective in deoxyuridinetriphosphate diphosphohydrolase (dUTPase; deoxyuridinetriphosphatase, EC 3.6.1.23), the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of dUTP to dUMP and PPi. Reversion of one sof- mutation to sof+ restores dUTPase activity and abolishes the accumulation of labeled 4-5S DNA fragments. Mutants initially isolated as defective in dUTPase (dut-) are also hyper rec and show transient accumulation of short DNA fragments. Both the sof and dut mutations are located at 81 min on the E. coli map, closely linked to the pyrE locus. The sof and dut loci thus appear to be identical. A decrease in dUTPase as a consequence of a sof or dut mutation may result in the increased incorporation of uracil into DNA. Rapid removal of the uracil by an excision-repair process could then lead to the transient accumulation of short DNA fragments. It is possible that at least a portion of the Okazaki fragments seen in wild-type cells may originate in this way.", "PMID": 319455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6946", "title": "Sensory transduction in Escherichia coli: a requirement for methionine in sensory adaptation.", "content": "Chemotaxis of E. coli is a behavioral response to a change in the concentration of a stimulatory compound. The response is transient; thus, E. coli undergoes sensory adaptation. In this communication, we show that L-methionine is required by E. coli for adaptation to increases in the concentration of chemical attractants, but is not required for the maintenance of the adapted state. When the concentration of the attractant is lowered to its initial level, cells regain their sensitivity to the attractant. This process of deadaptation does not require methionine. We suggest that the methylation of a membrane protein, a reaction previously shown to be involved in chemotaxis [Kort, E.N., Goy, M.F., Larsen, S.H. & Adler J. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3939-3943] underlies these phenomena.", "contents": "Sensory transduction in Escherichia coli: a requirement for methionine in sensory adaptation. Chemotaxis of E. coli is a behavioral response to a change in the concentration of a stimulatory compound. The response is transient; thus, E. coli undergoes sensory adaptation. In this communication, we show that L-methionine is required by E. coli for adaptation to increases in the concentration of chemical attractants, but is not required for the maintenance of the adapted state. When the concentration of the attractant is lowered to its initial level, cells regain their sensitivity to the attractant. This process of deadaptation does not require methionine. We suggest that the methylation of a membrane protein, a reaction previously shown to be involved in chemotaxis [Kort, E.N., Goy, M.F., Larsen, S.H. & Adler J. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3939-3943] underlies these phenomena.", "PMID": 319456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6947", "title": "Proofreading of the codon-anticodon interaction on ribosomes.", "content": "The fidelity of protein synthesis is substantially greater than the specificity of codon-anticodon recognition that would be expected from the known energetics of base-pairing in solution. To test the suggestion that the specificity of recognition may be increased by \"kinetic proofreading\" associated with GTP hydrolysis [J. J. Hopfield (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4135-4139], we have studied the interaction of ternary complexes of polypeptide elongation factor Tu, aminoacyl-tRNA, and GTP with poly(U)-programed ribosomes. With most noncognate ternary complexes, including two that pair correctly with the 5' and 3' bases of UUU, rejection occurred without GTP hydrolysis, presumably by the reverse of the initial binding reaction. However, with complexes containing Leu- or Ile-tRNAs, which may pair correctly with the 3' and middle bases, GTP hydrolysis was stimulated though the aa-tRNA was not retained on the ribosome. These results demonstrate the existence of a GTP-dependent proofreading step in aminoacyl-tRNA recognition on ribosomes. They also suggest that the 5' base of the codon is more prone than the middle base to errors that can be corrected by proofreading.", "contents": "Proofreading of the codon-anticodon interaction on ribosomes. The fidelity of protein synthesis is substantially greater than the specificity of codon-anticodon recognition that would be expected from the known energetics of base-pairing in solution. To test the suggestion that the specificity of recognition may be increased by \"kinetic proofreading\" associated with GTP hydrolysis [J. J. Hopfield (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4135-4139], we have studied the interaction of ternary complexes of polypeptide elongation factor Tu, aminoacyl-tRNA, and GTP with poly(U)-programed ribosomes. With most noncognate ternary complexes, including two that pair correctly with the 5' and 3' bases of UUU, rejection occurred without GTP hydrolysis, presumably by the reverse of the initial binding reaction. However, with complexes containing Leu- or Ile-tRNAs, which may pair correctly with the 3' and middle bases, GTP hydrolysis was stimulated though the aa-tRNA was not retained on the ribosome. These results demonstrate the existence of a GTP-dependent proofreading step in aminoacyl-tRNA recognition on ribosomes. They also suggest that the 5' base of the codon is more prone than the middle base to errors that can be corrected by proofreading.", "PMID": 319457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6948", "title": "A mutant of Escherichia coli showing constitutive expression of the lysogenic induction and error-prone DNA repair pathways.", "content": "A mutant of E. coli (designated the STS mutant) has been isolated in which the phage induction and error-prone DNA repair pathways appear to be expressed constitutively without the cells having received an inducing signal. Phage lambda was not able to lysogenize this mutant, whereas a noninducible mutant of lambda, lambdacIind-, known to synthesize a repressor that is insensitive to the induction mechanism, lysogenized it normally. This result suggested that normal phage repressor was synthesized in the STS mutant but was then inactivated by the induction mechanism. The STS strain also had mutator characteristics, and showed spontaneous, error-prone repair of UV-damaged phage lambda. Derived from a lexA tif sfiA parent strain, the STS mutant carried an additional mutation spr at the lexA locus that resulted in a high level of expression of the induction pathways. The properties of this and related strains provide additional evidence that induction of phage and induction of error-prone DNA repair occur by a similar mechanism, and further suggest a model for the regulation of these pathways.", "contents": "A mutant of Escherichia coli showing constitutive expression of the lysogenic induction and error-prone DNA repair pathways. A mutant of E. coli (designated the STS mutant) has been isolated in which the phage induction and error-prone DNA repair pathways appear to be expressed constitutively without the cells having received an inducing signal. Phage lambda was not able to lysogenize this mutant, whereas a noninducible mutant of lambda, lambdacIind-, known to synthesize a repressor that is insensitive to the induction mechanism, lysogenized it normally. This result suggested that normal phage repressor was synthesized in the STS mutant but was then inactivated by the induction mechanism. The STS strain also had mutator characteristics, and showed spontaneous, error-prone repair of UV-damaged phage lambda. Derived from a lexA tif sfiA parent strain, the STS mutant carried an additional mutation spr at the lexA locus that resulted in a high level of expression of the induction pathways. The properties of this and related strains provide additional evidence that induction of phage and induction of error-prone DNA repair occur by a similar mechanism, and further suggest a model for the regulation of these pathways.", "PMID": 319458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6949", "title": "Nonsense suppressors of yeast cause osmotic-sensitive growth.", "content": "Many nonsense suppressors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cause growth inhibition on hypertonic media. Eight tyrosine-inserting UAA (ochre) suppressors, eight tyrosine-inserting UAG (amber) suppressors, a leucine-inserting UAG suppressor, and a serine-inserting recessive lethal UAG suppressor cause osmotic sensitivity, whereas a serine-inserting UAA suppressor does not cause sensitivity. Although the mechanism is not understood, the growth inhibition of specific suppressors on hypertonic media is correlated with their efficiencies of suppression. This heretofore unknown property of nonsense suppressors is useful for mitotic mapping, selecting tRNA mutants, selecting antisuppressors, and scoring nonsense suppressors.", "contents": "Nonsense suppressors of yeast cause osmotic-sensitive growth. Many nonsense suppressors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cause growth inhibition on hypertonic media. Eight tyrosine-inserting UAA (ochre) suppressors, eight tyrosine-inserting UAG (amber) suppressors, a leucine-inserting UAG suppressor, and a serine-inserting recessive lethal UAG suppressor cause osmotic sensitivity, whereas a serine-inserting UAA suppressor does not cause sensitivity. Although the mechanism is not understood, the growth inhibition of specific suppressors on hypertonic media is correlated with their efficiencies of suppression. This heretofore unknown property of nonsense suppressors is useful for mitotic mapping, selecting tRNA mutants, selecting antisuppressors, and scoring nonsense suppressors.", "PMID": 319459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6950", "title": "Immunological defect and its correction in the osteopetrotic mutant rat.", "content": "Congenital osteopetrosis in the mutant rat \"op\" is accompanied by early atrophy of the thymus gland. The response of thymocytes to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin P was greatly diminished at age 28 days, even before pronounced thymic atrophy could be detected. The response of spleen cells to mitogens that stimulate thymus-derived (T) and bone-marrow-derived (B) cells was diminished as early as 35 days of age. A single injection of a suspension of normal bone marrow, which cures osteopetrosis, increased thymus weight and restored the normal responses of both thymus and spleen to various mitogens. These results add further support to the hypothesis that the thymus is involved in the pathogenesis of osteopetrosis.", "contents": "Immunological defect and its correction in the osteopetrotic mutant rat. Congenital osteopetrosis in the mutant rat \"op\" is accompanied by early atrophy of the thymus gland. The response of thymocytes to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin P was greatly diminished at age 28 days, even before pronounced thymic atrophy could be detected. The response of spleen cells to mitogens that stimulate thymus-derived (T) and bone-marrow-derived (B) cells was diminished as early as 35 days of age. A single injection of a suspension of normal bone marrow, which cures osteopetrosis, increased thymus weight and restored the normal responses of both thymus and spleen to various mitogens. These results add further support to the hypothesis that the thymus is involved in the pathogenesis of osteopetrosis.", "PMID": 319460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6951", "title": "Comparative subunit structure of HeLa, yeast, and chicken erythrocyte chromatin.", "content": "We have compared the chromatin subunit structure of yeast, HeLa, and chicken erythrocyte by analyzing the DNA fragments produced by in situ digestion with staphylococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.4.7) and DNase I(EC 3.1.4.5). The repeat size of the chromatin varies among (and within two of) the three organisms but the size and the structure of the most nuclease-resistant \"core\" of the repeat is the same. Thus, the interspecies differences in repeat size are due to different lengths of nuclease-sensitive \"spacer\" DNA between the cores. There also seems to be a difference in the manner of spacing of cores; the transcriptionally active (yeast and HeLa) chromatins have spacings of variable length while the transcriptionally inactive (chicken erythrocyte) has a more regular spacing of cores.", "contents": "Comparative subunit structure of HeLa, yeast, and chicken erythrocyte chromatin. We have compared the chromatin subunit structure of yeast, HeLa, and chicken erythrocyte by analyzing the DNA fragments produced by in situ digestion with staphylococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.4.7) and DNase I(EC 3.1.4.5). The repeat size of the chromatin varies among (and within two of) the three organisms but the size and the structure of the most nuclease-resistant \"core\" of the repeat is the same. Thus, the interspecies differences in repeat size are due to different lengths of nuclease-sensitive \"spacer\" DNA between the cores. There also seems to be a difference in the manner of spacing of cores; the transcriptionally active (yeast and HeLa) chromatins have spacings of variable length while the transcriptionally inactive (chicken erythrocyte) has a more regular spacing of cores.", "PMID": 319461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6952", "title": "Total breast reconstruction with either of two abdominal flaps.", "content": "We describe our experience with 15 cases of total breast reconstruction, using open abdominal flaps. Of these, 13 were mid-abdominal flaps. We believe the latter, an arterial flap(axial pattern flap), is safer.", "contents": "Total breast reconstruction with either of two abdominal flaps. We describe our experience with 15 cases of total breast reconstruction, using open abdominal flaps. Of these, 13 were mid-abdominal flaps. We believe the latter, an arterial flap(axial pattern flap), is safer.", "PMID": 319465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6953", "title": "Use of muscular, musculocutaneous and omental flaps to reconstruct difficult defects.", "content": "These recently popularized flaps make reconstruction of some difficult defects possible in a single operation, with surprisingly good results. They have significant advantage over free flaps (except, perhaps, in the hands ofa few experts) because the chance of failure is considerably less. We do not propose that these flaps be used instead of local tissue (when available), or instead of split-skin grafting (when an appropriate bed exists). Additionally, in some instances, the use of muscle flaps would result in a significant loss of function. However, in suitable cases their use is a rewarding addition to the peviously available methods reconstruction.", "contents": "Use of muscular, musculocutaneous and omental flaps to reconstruct difficult defects. These recently popularized flaps make reconstruction of some difficult defects possible in a single operation, with surprisingly good results. They have significant advantage over free flaps (except, perhaps, in the hands ofa few experts) because the chance of failure is considerably less. We do not propose that these flaps be used instead of local tissue (when available), or instead of split-skin grafting (when an appropriate bed exists). Additionally, in some instances, the use of muscle flaps would result in a significant loss of function. However, in suitable cases their use is a rewarding addition to the peviously available methods reconstruction.", "PMID": 319466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6954", "title": "Iodinated silicone-an antibacterial alloplastic material.", "content": "Iodine is readily miscible in silicones and will pass freely into and out of this material at highly predictable and constant rates. Iodinated silicone is thus an effective, controlled-rate delivery system for molecular iodine. This delivery system was shown to produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects in vitro, and at least bacteriostatic effects in vivo. Iodinated silicone produced a protective effect against the morbidity of infection in the mouse.", "contents": "Iodinated silicone-an antibacterial alloplastic material. Iodine is readily miscible in silicones and will pass freely into and out of this material at highly predictable and constant rates. Iodinated silicone is thus an effective, controlled-rate delivery system for molecular iodine. This delivery system was shown to produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects in vitro, and at least bacteriostatic effects in vivo. Iodinated silicone produced a protective effect against the morbidity of infection in the mouse.", "PMID": 319467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6955", "title": "Correction of severe hemifacial atrophy with a free dermis-flat from the lower abdomen.", "content": "A case of hemifacial atrophy was corrected with a free dermal-fat flap, based on the inferior epigastric vessels. Microvascular anastomosis to the facial vessels was used. Ancillary \"tailoring\" procedures were done later to complete the work.", "contents": "Correction of severe hemifacial atrophy with a free dermis-flat from the lower abdomen. A case of hemifacial atrophy was corrected with a free dermal-fat flap, based on the inferior epigastric vessels. Microvascular anastomosis to the facial vessels was used. Ancillary \"tailoring\" procedures were done later to complete the work.", "PMID": 319468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6956", "title": "Cardiac asystole secondary to carotid sinus compression in the face-lift operation.", "content": "We present 3 cases of carotid sinus compression with cardiac  asystole which occurred in healthy patients undergoing routine rhytidectomies. The mechanism is discussed and suggestions are made regarding preoperative evaluation and operative management.", "contents": "Cardiac asystole secondary to carotid sinus compression in the face-lift operation. We present 3 cases of carotid sinus compression with cardiac  asystole which occurred in healthy patients undergoing routine rhytidectomies. The mechanism is discussed and suggestions are made regarding preoperative evaluation and operative management.", "PMID": 319469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6957", "title": "The psychodynamic determinants of Moses and Monotheism.", "content": "Many writers have commented on the lack of Freud's usual level of logic and powers of persuasion in Moses and Monotheism. The majority attribute it to the significance of dynamic determinants in Freud himself--most notably, identification with Moses. Fromm (1972) says \"one must assume that Freud's preoccupation with Moses was rooted in the deep unconscious identification with him\" (p. 79). Unfortunately, the situation is much more complex. Although many pertinent observations have been made, what is needed is a detailed dissection of the text, a correlation with elements from Freud's personal life, and an overall psychoanalytic synthesis of the data. This paper makes a beginning in that direction, incorporating the ideas of other investigators with those of the author--but it is hoped that much more detailed analysis and biographical correlation will follow. There is a wealth of information about Freud in Moses and Monotheism and no one paper will exhaust it. In this examination no attempt will be made to evaluate Moses and Monotheism for its literary, psychohistorical, or scientific merit. The focus is on the psychodynamic determinants of Freud's essay.", "contents": "The psychodynamic determinants of Moses and Monotheism. Many writers have commented on the lack of Freud's usual level of logic and powers of persuasion in Moses and Monotheism. The majority attribute it to the significance of dynamic determinants in Freud himself--most notably, identification with Moses. Fromm (1972) says \"one must assume that Freud's preoccupation with Moses was rooted in the deep unconscious identification with him\" (p. 79). Unfortunately, the situation is much more complex. Although many pertinent observations have been made, what is needed is a detailed dissection of the text, a correlation with elements from Freud's personal life, and an overall psychoanalytic synthesis of the data. This paper makes a beginning in that direction, incorporating the ideas of other investigators with those of the author--but it is hoped that much more detailed analysis and biographical correlation will follow. There is a wealth of information about Freud in Moses and Monotheism and no one paper will exhaust it. In this examination no attempt will be made to evaluate Moses and Monotheism for its literary, psychohistorical, or scientific merit. The focus is on the psychodynamic determinants of Freud's essay.", "PMID": 319470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6958", "title": "Total-body irradiation with a high-dose-rate linear accelerator for bone-marrow transplantation in aplastic anemia and neoplastic disease.", "content": "Nine children with various hematologic disorders underwent bone-marrow transplantation following total-body irradiation with 750 rads at a rate of 26 rads/min. from a 13-MeV linear accelerator in conjunction with cytotoxic drugs. This treatment was tolerated reasonably well, with acceptable side effects. Three patients were alive and well at 18, 11, and 7 months post-transplantation at the time this paper was written.", "contents": "Total-body irradiation with a high-dose-rate linear accelerator for bone-marrow transplantation in aplastic anemia and neoplastic disease. Nine children with various hematologic disorders underwent bone-marrow transplantation following total-body irradiation with 750 rads at a rate of 26 rads/min. from a 13-MeV linear accelerator in conjunction with cytotoxic drugs. This treatment was tolerated reasonably well, with acceptable side effects. Three patients were alive and well at 18, 11, and 7 months post-transplantation at the time this paper was written.", "PMID": 319482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6959", "title": "Subtraction sialography.", "content": "Subtraction sialography is described and demonstrated to be a simple yet helpful technique in evaluating the salivary glands. The improved visualization of the ductal system is demonstrated.", "contents": "Subtraction sialography. Subtraction sialography is described and demonstrated to be a simple yet helpful technique in evaluating the salivary glands. The improved visualization of the ductal system is demonstrated.", "PMID": 319483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6960", "title": "Hospitalization for fractures and bone loss in adults. Why do we regard these phenomena as dull?", "content": "The epidemiology of serious fractures in adults relates less to the frequency of forceful accidents and more directly to the loss of bone in middle-aged and older people. To support this statement, hospital discharge rates for fractures in recent years are examined from different geographic areas. Rates for the United States rise with age, so that serious fractures form 10 percent of all hospital discharges at 85 years and older. Saskatchewan data suggest that rates for men remain low until 60 years; for women the figures began to rise at 45 years, before many had reached the menopause. Rates are lower among women than men in Saskatchewan until around 50 years, surpassing those of men at age 55 and older. Among Medicare enrollees in 1967 in the United States, women had higher discharge rates for fractures than men of the same age and race. Whites also had higher rates than blacks, so much so that white males had higher rates than black women of the same age. Such data confirm the past impression that blacks who survive into the older ages are a biological elite, more able to maintain bone strength than whites of either sex, although by no means being exempt from bone loss with age. A fractured femur was the most frequent diagnosis, forming a higher percentage of all fractures in women than men, and rising steeply with age in both sexes. The pattern of fractures by sex differs from the epidemiology of forceful accidents, which more often involve men than women. Bone loss with age, or osteoporosis, is perhaps the most powerful host factor to dominate the picture of fractures in the elderly. The existing possibilities for preventing or slowing this change are thus assessed; women may no longer accept as natural the widespread bone loss and accompanying fractures that lower the quality of life in later years.", "contents": "Hospitalization for fractures and bone loss in adults. Why do we regard these phenomena as dull? The epidemiology of serious fractures in adults relates less to the frequency of forceful accidents and more directly to the loss of bone in middle-aged and older people. To support this statement, hospital discharge rates for fractures in recent years are examined from different geographic areas. Rates for the United States rise with age, so that serious fractures form 10 percent of all hospital discharges at 85 years and older. Saskatchewan data suggest that rates for men remain low until 60 years; for women the figures began to rise at 45 years, before many had reached the menopause. Rates are lower among women than men in Saskatchewan until around 50 years, surpassing those of men at age 55 and older. Among Medicare enrollees in 1967 in the United States, women had higher discharge rates for fractures than men of the same age and race. Whites also had higher rates than blacks, so much so that white males had higher rates than black women of the same age. Such data confirm the past impression that blacks who survive into the older ages are a biological elite, more able to maintain bone strength than whites of either sex, although by no means being exempt from bone loss with age. A fractured femur was the most frequent diagnosis, forming a higher percentage of all fractures in women than men, and rising steeply with age in both sexes. The pattern of fractures by sex differs from the epidemiology of forceful accidents, which more often involve men than women. Bone loss with age, or osteoporosis, is perhaps the most powerful host factor to dominate the picture of fractures in the elderly. The existing possibilities for preventing or slowing this change are thus assessed; women may no longer accept as natural the widespread bone loss and accompanying fractures that lower the quality of life in later years.", "PMID": 319479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6961", "title": "Pancreatitis and renal disease.", "content": "Pancreatitis has been described previously following renal transplantation, but not in association with chronic renal failure. Analysis of 168 patients with renal transplants revealed five who developed pancreatitis, three of whom died. All five were on treatment with prednisone and azathioprine. Four patients were seen with definite attacks of pancreatitis and chronic, stable renal failure from a variety of causes. None had received immunosuppressive agents, prednisone nor thiazide diuretics, but two were on regular frusemide. One patient was on maintenance dialysis, which could not be related directly to the pancreatitis. In either group alcohol ingestion, cholethiathiasis, or hypercalcaemia was not a factor. This diagnosis of pancreatitis was established on clinical grounds and serum amylast levels of greater than 900 iu/1. Similar serum amylast elevation was not found ina random group of patients with chronic renal failure. Hyperlipidaemia was not present in any patient with pancreatitis. Although hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism was not found in the transplant and non-transplant subjects, elevated serum parathormone levels have been described in uraemic patients with normocalcaemia. Hyperparathyroidism may be a factor in the development of pancreatitis in reanl failure. Pancreatitis carries a significant mortality risk in renal transplantation. The four non-transplanted patients have survived, despite recurrent attacks of pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreatitis and renal disease. Pancreatitis has been described previously following renal transplantation, but not in association with chronic renal failure. Analysis of 168 patients with renal transplants revealed five who developed pancreatitis, three of whom died. All five were on treatment with prednisone and azathioprine. Four patients were seen with definite attacks of pancreatitis and chronic, stable renal failure from a variety of causes. None had received immunosuppressive agents, prednisone nor thiazide diuretics, but two were on regular frusemide. One patient was on maintenance dialysis, which could not be related directly to the pancreatitis. In either group alcohol ingestion, cholethiathiasis, or hypercalcaemia was not a factor. This diagnosis of pancreatitis was established on clinical grounds and serum amylast levels of greater than 900 iu/1. Similar serum amylast elevation was not found ina random group of patients with chronic renal failure. Hyperlipidaemia was not present in any patient with pancreatitis. Although hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism was not found in the transplant and non-transplant subjects, elevated serum parathormone levels have been described in uraemic patients with normocalcaemia. Hyperparathyroidism may be a factor in the development of pancreatitis in reanl failure. Pancreatitis carries a significant mortality risk in renal transplantation. The four non-transplanted patients have survived, despite recurrent attacks of pancreatitis.", "PMID": 319521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6962", "title": "[The isolation of enteritis causing Salmonellae from the sputum].", "content": "In the light of the author's diagnostic experience, attention is drawn to the fact that enteritis Salmonellae appear to be more frequently present in sputum than in generally supposed. The diagnostic and epidemiologic implications of this observation are discussed.", "contents": "[The isolation of enteritis causing Salmonellae from the sputum]. In the light of the author's diagnostic experience, attention is drawn to the fact that enteritis Salmonellae appear to be more frequently present in sputum than in generally supposed. The diagnostic and epidemiologic implications of this observation are discussed.", "PMID": 319522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6963", "title": "[Current radionuclear methods in the diagnosis of regional myocardial circulation disorders].", "content": "Among nuclear medical diagnostic procedures a distinction can be made between non-invasive and invasive methods. The non-invasive methods serve either to image the still viable myocardium (\"cold spot\" technique) or for direct visualization of recently infarcted myocardial tissue (\"hot spot\" technique). These methods have the advantage of simple handling and good reproducibility. Side effects and risks are thus far unknown. Improvement of local dissolution should be aimed at in the future and wound greatly increase diagnostic and topographic security. The invasive procedures always require catheterization of the coronary arteries. This is the reason why they can be performed only with coronary arteriography. The Xenon \"wash out\" technique permits, with some restrictions, quantitative measurement of the regional flow rate. The \"inflow technique\" permits determination of perfusion distribution. The possibilities of the \"double-radionuclide\" scintigramm are discussed. For measurement of activity distribution, sationary detectors are generally preferred. In the case of the time-activity curves with the Xenon \"wash out\" technique, single detectors offer certain advantages.", "contents": "[Current radionuclear methods in the diagnosis of regional myocardial circulation disorders]. Among nuclear medical diagnostic procedures a distinction can be made between non-invasive and invasive methods. The non-invasive methods serve either to image the still viable myocardium (\"cold spot\" technique) or for direct visualization of recently infarcted myocardial tissue (\"hot spot\" technique). These methods have the advantage of simple handling and good reproducibility. Side effects and risks are thus far unknown. Improvement of local dissolution should be aimed at in the future and wound greatly increase diagnostic and topographic security. The invasive procedures always require catheterization of the coronary arteries. This is the reason why they can be performed only with coronary arteriography. The Xenon \"wash out\" technique permits, with some restrictions, quantitative measurement of the regional flow rate. The \"inflow technique\" permits determination of perfusion distribution. The possibilities of the \"double-radionuclide\" scintigramm are discussed. For measurement of activity distribution, sationary detectors are generally preferred. In the case of the time-activity curves with the Xenon \"wash out\" technique, single detectors offer certain advantages.", "PMID": 319523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6964", "title": "[A physician's everyday life in the Engadin around the year 1700].", "content": "Jachiam Elias Frizzun (1657-1714), a barber-surgeon who practised in his native mountain village of Celerina (Grisons, Switzerland) from 1693 to 1713, has left a case-book written in Rhaeto-Romanic and covering the whole period of his professional activity. This unique source shows, among other things, that this village surgeon treated both medical and surgical conditions, though obstetrics was obviously the exclusive domain of the midwife. In chronic disease leading to death Frizzun was not called for, and only exceptionally did he attend smallpox patients. Some characteristic case histories are quoted in German translation. Frizzun's case-book was at the same time an account-book. The entries prompt the conclusion that he and his family depended for their living on his medical practice and on agiculture, while his barber's trade was of minor economic importance. Furthermore, at least half of the accounts were not settled in cash but by supply of goods or work.", "contents": "[A physician's everyday life in the Engadin around the year 1700]. Jachiam Elias Frizzun (1657-1714), a barber-surgeon who practised in his native mountain village of Celerina (Grisons, Switzerland) from 1693 to 1713, has left a case-book written in Rhaeto-Romanic and covering the whole period of his professional activity. This unique source shows, among other things, that this village surgeon treated both medical and surgical conditions, though obstetrics was obviously the exclusive domain of the midwife. In chronic disease leading to death Frizzun was not called for, and only exceptionally did he attend smallpox patients. Some characteristic case histories are quoted in German translation. Frizzun's case-book was at the same time an account-book. The entries prompt the conclusion that he and his family depended for their living on his medical practice and on agiculture, while his barber's trade was of minor economic importance. Furthermore, at least half of the accounts were not settled in cash but by supply of goods or work.", "PMID": 319524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6965", "title": "[Cellular reactions in the lungs after inhalation of cotton dust and of endotoxin].", "content": "The free lung cell count has been studied in guinea pigs after exposure to extracts of various cotton dusts. A good correlation was found between the increase in leukocyte count in the airways and the number of gram-negative bacteria in the different dusts. The importance of endotoxin in the acute effects following exposure to cotton dust is discussed.", "contents": "[Cellular reactions in the lungs after inhalation of cotton dust and of endotoxin]. The free lung cell count has been studied in guinea pigs after exposure to extracts of various cotton dusts. A good correlation was found between the increase in leukocyte count in the airways and the number of gram-negative bacteria in the different dusts. The importance of endotoxin in the acute effects following exposure to cotton dust is discussed.", "PMID": 319526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6966", "title": "[Respiratory allergy to trichophyton].", "content": "In 8 cases of rhinitis and asthma, the Trichophytons - of which the patient is often unaware as a cutaneous affection - were found to be responsible for the attacks by converging positive cutaneous tests, positive respiratory provocation tests and persevering dermatologic treatment. This infection is on the increase, due to faulty hygiene and use of mass swimming facilities.", "contents": "[Respiratory allergy to trichophyton]. In 8 cases of rhinitis and asthma, the Trichophytons - of which the patient is often unaware as a cutaneous affection - were found to be responsible for the attacks by converging positive cutaneous tests, positive respiratory provocation tests and persevering dermatologic treatment. This infection is on the increase, due to faulty hygiene and use of mass swimming facilities.", "PMID": 319527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6967", "title": "Group B streptococcal endocarditis.", "content": "A retrospective study of group B streptococcal endocarditis during 1965-74 in Aberdeen General Hospitals revealed that group B streptococci how principally affect patients in the older age groups with or without a history of antecedent heart disease. Despite recent reports of increased group G infections in obstetric and perinatal practice there were no cases of post-puerperal endocarditis. Although aortic valve involvement would appear to be increasing, group B streptococci still show a marked predilection for the mitral valve.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal endocarditis. A retrospective study of group B streptococcal endocarditis during 1965-74 in Aberdeen General Hospitals revealed that group B streptococci how principally affect patients in the older age groups with or without a history of antecedent heart disease. Despite recent reports of increased group G infections in obstetric and perinatal practice there were no cases of post-puerperal endocarditis. Although aortic valve involvement would appear to be increasing, group B streptococci still show a marked predilection for the mitral valve.", "PMID": 319529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6968", "title": "The biologic bases for using hair and nail for analyses of trace elements.", "content": "Sampling of human beings for trace element content can be a complex and costly procedure. The use of hair and nails simplifies the process and it is for this reason that such samples are extensively used. The primary consideration, however, is not how easily the samples can be collected nor even how accurately trace elements can be measured in hair and nails; rather, it is what do the values mean, i.e., to what extent does the measured level reflect the concentration and/or activity of the element in other parts of the body? The structure and histogenesis of hair and nails are discussed in relation to mechanisms by which trace elements are incorporated into these tissues. Problems of contamination in vivo are also considered. A r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of current literature is presented, considering the trace elements that are appropriate for measurement in samples of human hair and nail and some of the problems involved in analysis.", "contents": "The biologic bases for using hair and nail for analyses of trace elements. Sampling of human beings for trace element content can be a complex and costly procedure. The use of hair and nails simplifies the process and it is for this reason that such samples are extensively used. The primary consideration, however, is not how easily the samples can be collected nor even how accurately trace elements can be measured in hair and nails; rather, it is what do the values mean, i.e., to what extent does the measured level reflect the concentration and/or activity of the element in other parts of the body? The structure and histogenesis of hair and nails are discussed in relation to mechanisms by which trace elements are incorporated into these tissues. Problems of contamination in vivo are also considered. A r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of current literature is presented, considering the trace elements that are appropriate for measurement in samples of human hair and nail and some of the problems involved in analysis.", "PMID": 319530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6969", "title": "Phenolic plant compounds functioning as reproductive inhibitors in Microtus montanus.", "content": "Naturally occurring cinnamic acids and their related vinylphenols were found to inhibit reproductive function in Microtus montanus. When fed on these compounds, the rodents exhibited decreased uterine weight, inhibition of follicular development, and a cessation of breeding activity. It is suggested that these animals utilize plant compounds as a cue to terminate their reproductive effort in natural populations.", "contents": "Phenolic plant compounds functioning as reproductive inhibitors in Microtus montanus. Naturally occurring cinnamic acids and their related vinylphenols were found to inhibit reproductive function in Microtus montanus. When fed on these compounds, the rodents exhibited decreased uterine weight, inhibition of follicular development, and a cessation of breeding activity. It is suggested that these animals utilize plant compounds as a cue to terminate their reproductive effort in natural populations.", "PMID": 319531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6970", "title": "Lithium: effects on subjective functioning and morphine-induced euphoria.", "content": "The therapeutic usefulness of lithium in decreasing the euphoria and other symptoms associated with manic behavior and the hypothesis of a common final mechanism for elevations in mood have led to speculation that lithium may block the euphoria induced by drugs of abuse. In this study, lithium alone was antieuphoric in drug-free opiate addicts and, further, did not block morphine-induced euphoria.", "contents": "Lithium: effects on subjective functioning and morphine-induced euphoria. The therapeutic usefulness of lithium in decreasing the euphoria and other symptoms associated with manic behavior and the hypothesis of a common final mechanism for elevations in mood have led to speculation that lithium may block the euphoria induced by drugs of abuse. In this study, lithium alone was antieuphoric in drug-free opiate addicts and, further, did not block morphine-induced euphoria.", "PMID": 319532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6971", "title": "Experimental approaches to myocardial function studies: C15 O2 and 81m Kr.", "content": "The role of short-lived gaseous radiotracers in myocardial function studies is reviewed. The evaluation of shunts and ejection fractions characterizing individual chambers is best performed with tracers restricted to those chambers. Classic examples include the C15 O2 inhalation radiocardiogram for probing the left-heart performance, with the right heart illuminated by intravenous 133Xe in saline. A more elegant utilization of rapid physical decay to unravel flow patterns is seen in the use of 81m Kr. Krypton-81m is swept from its parent 81Rb, either confined to an extracorporeal generator or an in vivo rubidium distribution. The steady-state images that result contain a wealth of dynamic information distilled into its most lucid format.", "contents": "Experimental approaches to myocardial function studies: C15 O2 and 81m Kr. The role of short-lived gaseous radiotracers in myocardial function studies is reviewed. The evaluation of shunts and ejection fractions characterizing individual chambers is best performed with tracers restricted to those chambers. Classic examples include the C15 O2 inhalation radiocardiogram for probing the left-heart performance, with the right heart illuminated by intravenous 133Xe in saline. A more elegant utilization of rapid physical decay to unravel flow patterns is seen in the use of 81m Kr. Krypton-81m is swept from its parent 81Rb, either confined to an extracorporeal generator or an in vivo rubidium distribution. The steady-state images that result contain a wealth of dynamic information distilled into its most lucid format.", "PMID": 319534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6972", "title": "Thallium-201 as a myocardial imaging agent.", "content": "The field of myocardial perfusion imaging has made many advances but still is in its infancy. The limitations in the technology at this time include limited instrument resolution of 6-9 mm, intrinsic at the energy of the mercury x-ray; significant Rayleigh scatter, which is particularly distrubing because this scatter cannot be removed by pulse-height analysis; and an effective half-life of thallium in the myocardium, which makes repeated imaging over a short period of time very difficult. Although hopes for the development of a technetium-labeled myocardial imaging tracer have burnt brightly, no new agents are presently in sight. Resolution with a technetium-labeled tracer would almost double that of thallium, and the dose that could be administered to the patient would increase by at least a factor of 4. The effective half-life of the tracer in the myocardium would permit multiple images to be obtained at least in the same day. Even with the limitations of the current techniques, however, myocardial perfusion imaging can make a real contribution to the care of the patients with heart disease. Thallium is now produced commercially and reasonably easily obtained. Extraction of thallium by the myocardium is probably somewhat, but not exactly, analogous to potassium. The tracer has major applications in defining shape and size of the heart, thickness of muscle, and especially myocardial ischemia and infarction. This review is aimed at providing a current perspective of these uses.", "contents": "Thallium-201 as a myocardial imaging agent. The field of myocardial perfusion imaging has made many advances but still is in its infancy. The limitations in the technology at this time include limited instrument resolution of 6-9 mm, intrinsic at the energy of the mercury x-ray; significant Rayleigh scatter, which is particularly distrubing because this scatter cannot be removed by pulse-height analysis; and an effective half-life of thallium in the myocardium, which makes repeated imaging over a short period of time very difficult. Although hopes for the development of a technetium-labeled myocardial imaging tracer have burnt brightly, no new agents are presently in sight. Resolution with a technetium-labeled tracer would almost double that of thallium, and the dose that could be administered to the patient would increase by at least a factor of 4. The effective half-life of the tracer in the myocardium would permit multiple images to be obtained at least in the same day. Even with the limitations of the current techniques, however, myocardial perfusion imaging can make a real contribution to the care of the patients with heart disease. Thallium is now produced commercially and reasonably easily obtained. Extraction of thallium by the myocardium is probably somewhat, but not exactly, analogous to potassium. The tracer has major applications in defining shape and size of the heart, thickness of muscle, and especially myocardial ischemia and infarction. This review is aimed at providing a current perspective of these uses.", "PMID": 319535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6973", "title": "Observations on the diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis in an endemic area.", "content": "This article attempts to evaluate the criteria used in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in an endemic bilharzial area. The discussion deals with the possible value of criteria such as egg recovery, rectal biopsy specimens, eosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and serological and skin tests. A rational approach to the treatment of patients with schistosomiasis is proposed and features such as probability of re-infection are taken into account.", "contents": "Observations on the diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis in an endemic area. This article attempts to evaluate the criteria used in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in an endemic bilharzial area. The discussion deals with the possible value of criteria such as egg recovery, rectal biopsy specimens, eosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and serological and skin tests. A rational approach to the treatment of patients with schistosomiasis is proposed and features such as probability of re-infection are taken into account.", "PMID": 319538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6974", "title": "Studies on a naturally occurring R factor harbouring a chromosomal nutritional marker.", "content": "A naturally occurring R factor which carried resistance determinants to tetracycline and chloramphenicol as well as a marker for lactose fermentation was found in a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from sewage. The TcCmlac+ factor was transferred by conjugation to E. coli K12. It showed no recombination or stable coexistence with R factors of the fi- class. Studies in recombination-deficient (rec-) strains of E. coli K12 showed that the TcCmlac+ factor is an autonomously replicating plasmid. Preparative ultracentrifugation and electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of more than one molecular species. Average contour lengths for two of these species were 11,20 +/- 1,55 mum and 16,14 +/- 1,45 mum, which correspond to molecular weights of about 23,18 X 10(6) and 34,63 X 10(6) daltons, respectively.", "contents": "Studies on a naturally occurring R factor harbouring a chromosomal nutritional marker. A naturally occurring R factor which carried resistance determinants to tetracycline and chloramphenicol as well as a marker for lactose fermentation was found in a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from sewage. The TcCmlac+ factor was transferred by conjugation to E. coli K12. It showed no recombination or stable coexistence with R factors of the fi- class. Studies in recombination-deficient (rec-) strains of E. coli K12 showed that the TcCmlac+ factor is an autonomously replicating plasmid. Preparative ultracentrifugation and electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of more than one molecular species. Average contour lengths for two of these species were 11,20 +/- 1,55 mum and 16,14 +/- 1,45 mum, which correspond to molecular weights of about 23,18 X 10(6) and 34,63 X 10(6) daltons, respectively.", "PMID": 319539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6975", "title": "South African multicentre study of metoprolol and propranolol in essential hypertension.", "content": "Ninety-three patients diagnosed as essential hypertensives, WHO stage I or II, entered this double-blind trial comparing 2 dose levels of CGP 2175-H 93/26 (metoprolol) with 2 doses of propranolol. Treatment on active medication was maintained for 6 weeks and was started after a 2-week washout and a 2-week placebo period. Twelve patients dropped out of the trial for reasons not related to the drugs and 1 patient was regarded as a therapeutic failure. Efficacy was assessed by measuring the diastolic and systolic blood pressure, pulse rate and by noting any significant ECG changes. All treatments reduced and maintained a lower blood pressure. However, a reduction with 360 mg propranolol per day was not statistically significant. Metoprolol 120 mg/d was significantly superior to propranolol 240 mg/d in holding the diastolic supine blood pressure at less than or equal to 90 mmHg. Metoprolol 120 mg/d and 210 mg/d pooled results were significantly superior to the propranolol 240 mg/d and 360 mg/d pooled data in maintaining a diastolic blood pressure of less than or equal to 90 mmHg. All treatments were well tolerated and in no case was it necessary to withdraw owing to adverse effects. No significant difference was detected between the treatments with respect to therapeutic emergent symptoms and signs. Laboratory results remained normal with all treatments.", "contents": "South African multicentre study of metoprolol and propranolol in essential hypertension. Ninety-three patients diagnosed as essential hypertensives, WHO stage I or II, entered this double-blind trial comparing 2 dose levels of CGP 2175-H 93/26 (metoprolol) with 2 doses of propranolol. Treatment on active medication was maintained for 6 weeks and was started after a 2-week washout and a 2-week placebo period. Twelve patients dropped out of the trial for reasons not related to the drugs and 1 patient was regarded as a therapeutic failure. Efficacy was assessed by measuring the diastolic and systolic blood pressure, pulse rate and by noting any significant ECG changes. All treatments reduced and maintained a lower blood pressure. However, a reduction with 360 mg propranolol per day was not statistically significant. Metoprolol 120 mg/d was significantly superior to propranolol 240 mg/d in holding the diastolic supine blood pressure at less than or equal to 90 mmHg. Metoprolol 120 mg/d and 210 mg/d pooled results were significantly superior to the propranolol 240 mg/d and 360 mg/d pooled data in maintaining a diastolic blood pressure of less than or equal to 90 mmHg. All treatments were well tolerated and in no case was it necessary to withdraw owing to adverse effects. No significant difference was detected between the treatments with respect to therapeutic emergent symptoms and signs. Laboratory results remained normal with all treatments.", "PMID": 319541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6976", "title": "Renal revascularization in patients with severe atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta or a previous operation on the abdominal aorta.", "content": "Renal revascularization has been performed in six patients in whom severe atherosclerosis or previous operative procedures on the abdominal aorta precluded the performance of a standard aortorenal bypass graft. Splenorenal anastomoses were performed in three patients, superior mesenterorenal anastomosis in one patient, long saphenous vein iliorenal anastomosis in one patient, and renal autotransplantation in one patient. Successful renal revascularization with preservation of renal function was accomplished in all patients. The natural history of severe atherosclerotic renovascular disease has demonstrated the relatively frequent occurrence of arterial thrombosis and renal failure in patients with solitary kidneys. Occasionally, the presence of severe aortic disease precludes the use of standard aortorenal bypass grafting. Fortunately, as reported herein, alternate methods of revascularization are available whereby renovascular hypertension can be corrected and renal function preserved, with minimal operative risk.", "contents": "Renal revascularization in patients with severe atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta or a previous operation on the abdominal aorta. Renal revascularization has been performed in six patients in whom severe atherosclerosis or previous operative procedures on the abdominal aorta precluded the performance of a standard aortorenal bypass graft. Splenorenal anastomoses were performed in three patients, superior mesenterorenal anastomosis in one patient, long saphenous vein iliorenal anastomosis in one patient, and renal autotransplantation in one patient. Successful renal revascularization with preservation of renal function was accomplished in all patients. The natural history of severe atherosclerotic renovascular disease has demonstrated the relatively frequent occurrence of arterial thrombosis and renal failure in patients with solitary kidneys. Occasionally, the presence of severe aortic disease precludes the use of standard aortorenal bypass grafting. Fortunately, as reported herein, alternate methods of revascularization are available whereby renovascular hypertension can be corrected and renal function preserved, with minimal operative risk.", "PMID": 319544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6977", "title": "Microvascular anastomosis using a blood product sealant-adhesive.", "content": "In this experimental model, we have shown that a four suture repair with a biologic sealant adhesive significantly reduces hemorrhage and reduces operative time, while allowing a flap survival comparable to that obtained with standard techniques in rats undergoing a microvascular anastomosis. In heparinized rats undergoing the same procedure, the sealant adhesive significantly decreases hemorrhage and increases flap survival. Of significance is the fact that the platelet-fibrinogen-thrombin adhesive is biodegradable and does not induce a tissue reaction. We believe that this physiologic adhesive may become a useful adjunct in digital reimplantation. It appears to reduce operative time and heparin-induced bleeding.", "contents": "Microvascular anastomosis using a blood product sealant-adhesive. In this experimental model, we have shown that a four suture repair with a biologic sealant adhesive significantly reduces hemorrhage and reduces operative time, while allowing a flap survival comparable to that obtained with standard techniques in rats undergoing a microvascular anastomosis. In heparinized rats undergoing the same procedure, the sealant adhesive significantly decreases hemorrhage and increases flap survival. Of significance is the fact that the platelet-fibrinogen-thrombin adhesive is biodegradable and does not induce a tissue reaction. We believe that this physiologic adhesive may become a useful adjunct in digital reimplantation. It appears to reduce operative time and heparin-induced bleeding.", "PMID": 319545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6978", "title": "Antivascular endothelial cell antibody--its role in transplantation.", "content": "Sera samples from eight different groups of patients were tested for the presence of circulating antibody (IgG) directed against vascular endothelial cell antigens. The indirect immunofluorescent method which used either whole blood vessels or single endothelial cells as targets was compared to lymphocytotoxicity panels. The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA) consistently detected antibody in sera samples which were negative for lymphocytotoxic activity, and the presence of IFA antibody to vascular endothelial cells had a much better correlation with both clinical course and renal allograft rejection than did the lymphocytotoxicity panels. Single vascular endothelial cells appeared to be a more sensitive target for the detection of IFA antibody than did whole vessels. Preliminary absorption studies suggest that cell-specific as well as HL-A antigens play a role in the immunological response to vascular endothelial cells.", "contents": "Antivascular endothelial cell antibody--its role in transplantation. Sera samples from eight different groups of patients were tested for the presence of circulating antibody (IgG) directed against vascular endothelial cell antigens. The indirect immunofluorescent method which used either whole blood vessels or single endothelial cells as targets was compared to lymphocytotoxicity panels. The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA) consistently detected antibody in sera samples which were negative for lymphocytotoxic activity, and the presence of IFA antibody to vascular endothelial cells had a much better correlation with both clinical course and renal allograft rejection than did the lymphocytotoxicity panels. Single vascular endothelial cells appeared to be a more sensitive target for the detection of IFA antibody than did whole vessels. Preliminary absorption studies suggest that cell-specific as well as HL-A antigens play a role in the immunological response to vascular endothelial cells.", "PMID": 319547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6979", "title": "Host presensitization and renal allograft success at a single institution: First transplants.", "content": "From June, 1970, to January, 1975, 399 first transplants were performed at the University of Minnesota. Of these 399, 52 had performed antibodies against HLA antigens. When the results of transplantation to these recipients were compared with the results of transplantation to a recipient group matched for age, sex, presence of diabetes, time of transplant, and donor type, no differences were observed. Similarly, no differences were observed when either group of transplant recipients were compared with all first transplant recipients during this period of time. When the results were controlled for diabetes, related or cadaver donation, or degree of presensitization, no differences were observed. Four patients developed hyperacute rejection during this period of time. All four were found to have antibodies to the donor on retrospective analysis utilizing the most sensitive antiglobulin technique. In addition, 65 donor:recipient pairs negative by standard National Institutes of Health and cross-matching techniques proved to have positive prospective cross-matches utilizing the new antiglobulin technique. The correlation between the presence of anti-HL-A antibodies and negative antidonor cross-match and early kidney loss cannot be confirmed at a single institution. The results suggest that a highly sensitive antiglobulin cross-matching technique utilizing sera drawn just prior to the scheduled transplant and cross-matching utilizing the sera bearing the greatest number of anti-HL-A antibodies will eliminate correlation between anti-HL-A antibodies and early graft rejection in the presence of a negative cross-match.", "contents": "Host presensitization and renal allograft success at a single institution: First transplants. From June, 1970, to January, 1975, 399 first transplants were performed at the University of Minnesota. Of these 399, 52 had performed antibodies against HLA antigens. When the results of transplantation to these recipients were compared with the results of transplantation to a recipient group matched for age, sex, presence of diabetes, time of transplant, and donor type, no differences were observed. Similarly, no differences were observed when either group of transplant recipients were compared with all first transplant recipients during this period of time. When the results were controlled for diabetes, related or cadaver donation, or degree of presensitization, no differences were observed. Four patients developed hyperacute rejection during this period of time. All four were found to have antibodies to the donor on retrospective analysis utilizing the most sensitive antiglobulin technique. In addition, 65 donor:recipient pairs negative by standard National Institutes of Health and cross-matching techniques proved to have positive prospective cross-matches utilizing the new antiglobulin technique. The correlation between the presence of anti-HL-A antibodies and negative antidonor cross-match and early kidney loss cannot be confirmed at a single institution. The results suggest that a highly sensitive antiglobulin cross-matching technique utilizing sera drawn just prior to the scheduled transplant and cross-matching utilizing the sera bearing the greatest number of anti-HL-A antibodies will eliminate correlation between anti-HL-A antibodies and early graft rejection in the presence of a negative cross-match.", "PMID": 319548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6980", "title": "The influence of presensitization on graft survival rate.", "content": "Graft survival rate was evaluated in 61 recipients with greater than 50 percent frequency of performed antibodies to selected panel cells. This includes recipients of primary cadaver grafts, secondary cadaver grafts, and living related grafts. Graft survival rate also was evaluated in 199 recipients with pretransplant antibodies reacting with 10 to 50 percent of panel cells and in nonsensitized patients. The results show that good graft survival can be obtained in many hyperimmunized patients, particularly in recipients of primary renal allografts (66 percent cadaver graft survival rate at 2 years). However, sensitization following rejection of an allograft appears to confer a less favorable prognosis. The nature of recipient presensitization and the precise specificity of each reactivity cannot always be explained. This is exemplified in three patients in whom broadly reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies were not directed against HL-A antigens. Since the number of sensitized patients who await renal transplantation is increasing, there should be no hesitation in proceeding with transplantation, particularly with primary grafts. Emphasis, however, must be placed on frequent prospective recipient serum sampling so that transient high levels of cytotoxins do not escape detection and therefore can be easily selected out for cross-matching against potential donors.", "contents": "The influence of presensitization on graft survival rate. Graft survival rate was evaluated in 61 recipients with greater than 50 percent frequency of performed antibodies to selected panel cells. This includes recipients of primary cadaver grafts, secondary cadaver grafts, and living related grafts. Graft survival rate also was evaluated in 199 recipients with pretransplant antibodies reacting with 10 to 50 percent of panel cells and in nonsensitized patients. The results show that good graft survival can be obtained in many hyperimmunized patients, particularly in recipients of primary renal allografts (66 percent cadaver graft survival rate at 2 years). However, sensitization following rejection of an allograft appears to confer a less favorable prognosis. The nature of recipient presensitization and the precise specificity of each reactivity cannot always be explained. This is exemplified in three patients in whom broadly reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies were not directed against HL-A antigens. Since the number of sensitized patients who await renal transplantation is increasing, there should be no hesitation in proceeding with transplantation, particularly with primary grafts. Emphasis, however, must be placed on frequent prospective recipient serum sampling so that transient high levels of cytotoxins do not escape detection and therefore can be easily selected out for cross-matching against potential donors.", "PMID": 319549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6981", "title": "Prevention of transplant renal artery stenosis.", "content": "Transplant renal artery stenosis occurred in 17 of 142 consecutive transplants (12 percent). All stenoses were in the renal artery distal to the anastomosis and two separate forms are recognized: angulation and segmental stenosis. Successful surgical correction in 12 of 17 patients relieved the hypertension and resulted in improved renal function. No patients receiving dipyridamole, a drug which inhibits platelet aggregation and intravascular fibrin deposition, developed segmental renal artery stenosis. No other factors could be identified which were important in either causing or preventing renal artery stenosis. Since intrarenal vascular changes are an integral aspect of rejection, the protection afforded by dipyridamole against segmental renal artery stenosis indicates that segmental stenosis is probably a manifestation of rejection.", "contents": "Prevention of transplant renal artery stenosis. Transplant renal artery stenosis occurred in 17 of 142 consecutive transplants (12 percent). All stenoses were in the renal artery distal to the anastomosis and two separate forms are recognized: angulation and segmental stenosis. Successful surgical correction in 12 of 17 patients relieved the hypertension and resulted in improved renal function. No patients receiving dipyridamole, a drug which inhibits platelet aggregation and intravascular fibrin deposition, developed segmental renal artery stenosis. No other factors could be identified which were important in either causing or preventing renal artery stenosis. Since intrarenal vascular changes are an integral aspect of rejection, the protection afforded by dipyridamole against segmental renal artery stenosis indicates that segmental stenosis is probably a manifestation of rejection.", "PMID": 319550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6982", "title": "Biliary complications after liver transplantation: with special reference to the biliary cast syndrome and techniques of secondary duct repair.", "content": "In 93 consecutive cases of orthotopic liver transplantation, there were 24 example of biliary obstruction and eight of bile fistula formation. Six of the obstructed livers developed biliary cast formation so extensive that the smaller intrhepatic ducts became plugged to an extent that they could no longer have been treated by surgical mena. In each of the six cases, the most important causative factor was neglected obstruction of the large bile ducts with the intrahepatic lesions apparently being late and secondary. Stone and/or cast formation also occurred in other obstructed livers in the presence of bile fustulas, but these deposits were limited to the large ducts where they could have been or were removed. Although homograft bile undoubtedly has increased lithogenicity at certain posoperative times, the data from the present study have shown that biliary sludge formation essentially is always associated with defective bile duct reconstruction, and the observations have underscored the urgency with which reoperation must be considered. Techniques of secondary intervention have been described, with emphasis on conversion of cholecystojejunostomy to choledochojejunostomy. This operation has permitted salvage of homografts in eight of nine trials and the survival of seven patients.", "contents": "Biliary complications after liver transplantation: with special reference to the biliary cast syndrome and techniques of secondary duct repair. In 93 consecutive cases of orthotopic liver transplantation, there were 24 example of biliary obstruction and eight of bile fistula formation. Six of the obstructed livers developed biliary cast formation so extensive that the smaller intrhepatic ducts became plugged to an extent that they could no longer have been treated by surgical mena. In each of the six cases, the most important causative factor was neglected obstruction of the large bile ducts with the intrahepatic lesions apparently being late and secondary. Stone and/or cast formation also occurred in other obstructed livers in the presence of bile fustulas, but these deposits were limited to the large ducts where they could have been or were removed. Although homograft bile undoubtedly has increased lithogenicity at certain posoperative times, the data from the present study have shown that biliary sludge formation essentially is always associated with defective bile duct reconstruction, and the observations have underscored the urgency with which reoperation must be considered. Techniques of secondary intervention have been described, with emphasis on conversion of cholecystojejunostomy to choledochojejunostomy. This operation has permitted salvage of homografts in eight of nine trials and the survival of seven patients.", "PMID": 319551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6983", "title": "The prevention of deep vein thrombosis, with particular reference to mechanical methods of prevention.", "content": "Mechanical methods of preventing deep vein thrombosis have been surveyed. The best means of preventing venous stasis has been shown to be by intermittent compression of the legs. Use of intermittent compression will prevent isotopically detectable deep venous thrombosis in 82 percent of patients and in malignancy in 90 percent of patients. The only other prophylactic measure of comparable effectiveness is administration of low-dose subcutaneous heparin. Intermittent compression need only be applied during the operation and is cheap, foolproof, and safe. Intermittent compression acts by squeezing empty the soleal sinuses and large valve pockets in the major veins in which thrombi form while venous flow is slowed during operation. A combination of intermittent compression and administration of low-dose subcutaneous heparin has been found to be no more effective than is intermittent compression alone.", "contents": "The prevention of deep vein thrombosis, with particular reference to mechanical methods of prevention. Mechanical methods of preventing deep vein thrombosis have been surveyed. The best means of preventing venous stasis has been shown to be by intermittent compression of the legs. Use of intermittent compression will prevent isotopically detectable deep venous thrombosis in 82 percent of patients and in malignancy in 90 percent of patients. The only other prophylactic measure of comparable effectiveness is administration of low-dose subcutaneous heparin. Intermittent compression need only be applied during the operation and is cheap, foolproof, and safe. Intermittent compression acts by squeezing empty the soleal sinuses and large valve pockets in the major veins in which thrombi form while venous flow is slowed during operation. A combination of intermittent compression and administration of low-dose subcutaneous heparin has been found to be no more effective than is intermittent compression alone.", "PMID": 319552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6984", "title": "[Involvement of veterinary medicine in, and its responsibility for, the microbiological safety of foods of animal origin (author's transl)].", "content": "Epidemiological data indicate that, in the majority of outbreaks, the aetiology of diseases of microbial origin transmitted by foods is the \"dual failure\": poor sanitary handling in addition to storage of perishable items at temperatures allowing of microbial proliferation. For statistical reasons, sampling and examination of final products is completely ineffective as a means to obtain safe foods and meals. Dependable assurance of microbiological safety of foods should rather be attained by the application of Good Manufacturing Practices. The shared responsibility for reliable, uninterrupted preventive safeguarding of the food chain calls for cooperation between line workers of various disciplines. Microbiological examination of final product samples is still meaningful in order to monitor Good Manufacturing Practices. Reference values (\"standards\" with which data obtained can be compared are essential for this purpose. Theri establishment, based on product sample surveys of factories previously examined for reliable operation of approved procedures, is outlined.", "contents": "[Involvement of veterinary medicine in, and its responsibility for, the microbiological safety of foods of animal origin (author's transl)]. Epidemiological data indicate that, in the majority of outbreaks, the aetiology of diseases of microbial origin transmitted by foods is the \"dual failure\": poor sanitary handling in addition to storage of perishable items at temperatures allowing of microbial proliferation. For statistical reasons, sampling and examination of final products is completely ineffective as a means to obtain safe foods and meals. Dependable assurance of microbiological safety of foods should rather be attained by the application of Good Manufacturing Practices. The shared responsibility for reliable, uninterrupted preventive safeguarding of the food chain calls for cooperation between line workers of various disciplines. Microbiological examination of final product samples is still meaningful in order to monitor Good Manufacturing Practices. Reference values (\"standards\" with which data obtained can be compared are essential for this purpose. Theri establishment, based on product sample surveys of factories previously examined for reliable operation of approved procedures, is outlined.", "PMID": 319560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6985", "title": "Morphological and electrophysiological changes in cultured spinal ganglion cells during development.", "content": "Morphological changes of partially dissociated chick spinal ganglion cells in culture and their intracellular responses were simultaneously observed in an attempt to investigate the correlation between cell structure and function during development in vitro. As the ganglion cells natured, their originally eccentric nuclei assumed more central positions and the surface area of cell body displayed a linear increase accompanied with an increase in cell diameter. Nissl bodies were distributed throughout the cytoplasm after 3 to 4 weeks and myelin was formed at the same period. The bioelectric properties of the ganglion cells changed in parallel with the morphological development. The passive membrane properties such as resting potentials and specific membrane resistance were increased. Action potentials could be elicited from neurons as early as 2 days in vitro, while the complete excitability was accomplished at 8 to 10 days. Moreover, the wave form of the action potenial itself was changed, that is, the amplitude and maximum rate of rise increased and the duration decreased. The alteration rates of these passive and active properties were maximum at 8 to 12 days in culture. Repetitive firing occurred after 3 to 4 weeks, though single responses were displayed by 3 weeks in culture. This changes seemed to correspond with myelin formation in vitro.", "contents": "Morphological and electrophysiological changes in cultured spinal ganglion cells during development. Morphological changes of partially dissociated chick spinal ganglion cells in culture and their intracellular responses were simultaneously observed in an attempt to investigate the correlation between cell structure and function during development in vitro. As the ganglion cells natured, their originally eccentric nuclei assumed more central positions and the surface area of cell body displayed a linear increase accompanied with an increase in cell diameter. Nissl bodies were distributed throughout the cytoplasm after 3 to 4 weeks and myelin was formed at the same period. The bioelectric properties of the ganglion cells changed in parallel with the morphological development. The passive membrane properties such as resting potentials and specific membrane resistance were increased. Action potentials could be elicited from neurons as early as 2 days in vitro, while the complete excitability was accomplished at 8 to 10 days. Moreover, the wave form of the action potenial itself was changed, that is, the amplitude and maximum rate of rise increased and the duration decreased. The alteration rates of these passive and active properties were maximum at 8 to 12 days in culture. Repetitive firing occurred after 3 to 4 weeks, though single responses were displayed by 3 weeks in culture. This changes seemed to correspond with myelin formation in vitro.", "PMID": 319564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6986", "title": "Some properties of rabbit anti-human thymus serum.", "content": "A highly specific anti-human T lymphocyte serum (AHTS) was obtained by sequentially absorbing rabbit anti-human thymocyte serum (ATS) with human red cells, neutrophils, Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Daudi cells), liver, kidney and glutaraldehyde insolubilized human serum. The immunofluorescent staining revealed that the basement membrane of human renal glomeruli reacts with AHTS before being absorbed with kidney. Specificities of AHTS were studied by the cytotoxicity test, inhibition of PHA responses, inhibition of E-resulting and immunofluorescent staining.", "contents": "Some properties of rabbit anti-human thymus serum. A highly specific anti-human T lymphocyte serum (AHTS) was obtained by sequentially absorbing rabbit anti-human thymocyte serum (ATS) with human red cells, neutrophils, Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Daudi cells), liver, kidney and glutaraldehyde insolubilized human serum. The immunofluorescent staining revealed that the basement membrane of human renal glomeruli reacts with AHTS before being absorbed with kidney. Specificities of AHTS were studied by the cytotoxicity test, inhibition of PHA responses, inhibition of E-resulting and immunofluorescent staining.", "PMID": 319565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6987", "title": "Quantitative studies o the activities of anti-human tonsil sera and anti-human spleen sera against B lymphocyte.", "content": "Anti-human B lymphocyte serum (AHBS) was obtained by absorbing rabbit anti-human tonsil serum (ATOS) or rabbit anti-human spleen serum (ASPS) with human red cells, liver, neutrophils, thymocytes and glutaraldehyde insolubilized human serum. Specificities of AHBS were checked by the cytotoxicity test, inhibition test of EAC-rosetting and inhibition of PWM responses. Raji cells of Burkitt's lymphoma originating from B-cells and acknowledged as non-immunoglobulin bearing on the cell surface were stained with AHBS according to the immunofluorescent technique. ATOS showed a higher cytotoxic titer against peripheral B-cells and inhibited EAC-rosetting stronger than ASPS did. On the other hand, macrophages in peripheral blood, Kupffer cells in the liver and certain cells of the thymus-medulla were stained with ASPA, but not with ATOS, even after intensively absorbing ASPS with thymocytes.", "contents": "Quantitative studies o the activities of anti-human tonsil sera and anti-human spleen sera against B lymphocyte. Anti-human B lymphocyte serum (AHBS) was obtained by absorbing rabbit anti-human tonsil serum (ATOS) or rabbit anti-human spleen serum (ASPS) with human red cells, liver, neutrophils, thymocytes and glutaraldehyde insolubilized human serum. Specificities of AHBS were checked by the cytotoxicity test, inhibition test of EAC-rosetting and inhibition of PWM responses. Raji cells of Burkitt's lymphoma originating from B-cells and acknowledged as non-immunoglobulin bearing on the cell surface were stained with AHBS according to the immunofluorescent technique. ATOS showed a higher cytotoxic titer against peripheral B-cells and inhibited EAC-rosetting stronger than ASPS did. On the other hand, macrophages in peripheral blood, Kupffer cells in the liver and certain cells of the thymus-medulla were stained with ASPA, but not with ATOS, even after intensively absorbing ASPS with thymocytes.", "PMID": 319566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6988", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of somatostatin-positive cells in the canine gut.", "content": "Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the canine gut were investigated by an indirect immunofluorescent technique. Somatostatin-positive cells were demonstrated in the neck portion of the pyloric gland and in the bottom of the intestinal crypt, and these cells were distinguished from those in other organs by the presence of a cytoplasmic process reaching the gut lumen (external environment). Possible functional meaning of this cytoplasmic process was discussed.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of somatostatin-positive cells in the canine gut. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the canine gut were investigated by an indirect immunofluorescent technique. Somatostatin-positive cells were demonstrated in the neck portion of the pyloric gland and in the bottom of the intestinal crypt, and these cells were distinguished from those in other organs by the presence of a cytoplasmic process reaching the gut lumen (external environment). Possible functional meaning of this cytoplasmic process was discussed.", "PMID": 319567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6989", "title": "[Radiation therapy and mode of propagation of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of a total number of 123 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas the result of local radiation therapy from 65 patients with lymphosarcomas or reticulosarcomas stage I or II are reported. In stage I, the tumor still being localized, there are good chances for recovery (3 or 4 years of survival without recurrenced in 75%). Already in stage II the percentages of a three-year survival without recurrences are reduced to 40% with lymphosarcomas and to 19% with recitulosarcomas. This most probably is due to an early, occult, already advanced cancerous spread, not having been recognized. More aggressive diagnostic measures for the staging, therefore, are recommandable. There are significant differences between lymphosarcomas and recitulosarcomas concerning their mode of propagation. Lymphosarcomas prefer the propagation into contiguous lymph node stations. With reticulosarcomas the generalisation to stage IV predominates at the first recurrence. For an improvement of the therapeutic results an irradiation is recommended which encompasses the adjacent lymphatics not yet being involved, the so-called \"extended field technic\". Early cytostatic therapy in stage II additionally has to be discussed, particularly for reticulosarcomas.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy and mode of propagation of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (author's transl)]. Out of a total number of 123 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas the result of local radiation therapy from 65 patients with lymphosarcomas or reticulosarcomas stage I or II are reported. In stage I, the tumor still being localized, there are good chances for recovery (3 or 4 years of survival without recurrenced in 75%). Already in stage II the percentages of a three-year survival without recurrences are reduced to 40% with lymphosarcomas and to 19% with recitulosarcomas. This most probably is due to an early, occult, already advanced cancerous spread, not having been recognized. More aggressive diagnostic measures for the staging, therefore, are recommandable. There are significant differences between lymphosarcomas and recitulosarcomas concerning their mode of propagation. Lymphosarcomas prefer the propagation into contiguous lymph node stations. With reticulosarcomas the generalisation to stage IV predominates at the first recurrence. For an improvement of the therapeutic results an irradiation is recommended which encompasses the adjacent lymphatics not yet being involved, the so-called \"extended field technic\". Early cytostatic therapy in stage II additionally has to be discussed, particularly for reticulosarcomas.", "PMID": 319568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6990", "title": "Utility of protease-digested human peripheral blood lymphocytes for the detection of lymphocyte-reactive alloantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were digested briefly with protease prior to application of indirect immunofluorescence techniques for detecting alloantibodies in sera of patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis. Background staining of intrinsic surface IgM and cytophilic IgG bound to Fc receptors was eliminated or greatly reduced, enabling detection of B cell specific antibodies, including cold-reactive types not demonstrable by conventional immunofluorescence or complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity. The antigenicity of HLA and other surface membrane determinants was not decreased by protease, although reactivity with certain sera was enhanced. In experiments comparing indirect immunofluorescence using protease-treated cells with complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity and antibody-dependent, lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity assays, indirect immunofluorescence was more sensitive and comprehensive, but not less specific, in defining alloantibodies of a variety of types.", "contents": "Utility of protease-digested human peripheral blood lymphocytes for the detection of lymphocyte-reactive alloantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were digested briefly with protease prior to application of indirect immunofluorescence techniques for detecting alloantibodies in sera of patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis. Background staining of intrinsic surface IgM and cytophilic IgG bound to Fc receptors was eliminated or greatly reduced, enabling detection of B cell specific antibodies, including cold-reactive types not demonstrable by conventional immunofluorescence or complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity. The antigenicity of HLA and other surface membrane determinants was not decreased by protease, although reactivity with certain sera was enhanced. In experiments comparing indirect immunofluorescence using protease-treated cells with complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity and antibody-dependent, lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity assays, indirect immunofluorescence was more sensitive and comprehensive, but not less specific, in defining alloantibodies of a variety of types.", "PMID": 319572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6991", "title": "Prolonged allograft survival with niridazole, azathioprine, and prednisolone.", "content": "The immunosuppressive properties of niridazole, an antihelminthic drug, have been investigated in rats. When given orally in a dose of 50 mg/kg, it extended the median survival of cardiac allografts from 7 to 20 days. The immunosuppressive effect was not increased by giving either azathioprine or prednisolone concurrently but when all three drugs were combined, immunosuppression was profound and only two of eight grafts were rejected. Drug combinations incorporating niridazole at a lower dosage or for a shorter period were less effective, and azathioprine and prednisolone on their own or used together prolonged graft survival only marginally in this model. It is concluded that niridazole is a powerful immunosuppressive drug in this species and a synergistic effect can be obtained by using it in combination with azathioprine and prednisolone.", "contents": "Prolonged allograft survival with niridazole, azathioprine, and prednisolone. The immunosuppressive properties of niridazole, an antihelminthic drug, have been investigated in rats. When given orally in a dose of 50 mg/kg, it extended the median survival of cardiac allografts from 7 to 20 days. The immunosuppressive effect was not increased by giving either azathioprine or prednisolone concurrently but when all three drugs were combined, immunosuppression was profound and only two of eight grafts were rejected. Drug combinations incorporating niridazole at a lower dosage or for a shorter period were less effective, and azathioprine and prednisolone on their own or used together prolonged graft survival only marginally in this model. It is concluded that niridazole is a powerful immunosuppressive drug in this species and a synergistic effect can be obtained by using it in combination with azathioprine and prednisolone.", "PMID": 319573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6992", "title": "Antilymphocytic antibodies and marrow transplantation. V. Suppression of secondary disease by host-versus-theta-graft reaction.", "content": "An approach to block secondary disease was investigated in mice sensitized against the Th-1.1 (theta-AKR) alloantigen on the marrow donor's T cells. To avoid a concomitant sensitization against the donor's histocompatibility antigens, prospective marrow recipients were sensitized against thymocytes of a third-party strain sharing the donor's Th-1 alloantigen but not his histocompatibility antigens. Advantage was taken of the fact that rats carry a Th-1.1-like theta-antigen which induces anti-Th-1.1 antibodies in Th-1.2 mice. CBA/J and (C57BL/6 x CBA)F1 Th-1.2 mice were sensitized against rat thymocytes and tranfused with spleen and bone marrow of AKR/J Th-1.1 after irradiation with 800 to 900 R. Although unsensitized recipients died within 3 weeks of acute secondary disease, sensitized mice survived the observation period of 50 days as chimaeras. Sensitized recipients were killed by the transplantation of spleen cells from congenic AKR/Cum carrying the Th-1.2 antigen. The host-versus-theta-graft approach suppressed secondary disease following H-2-compatible and -incompatible marrow grafts. Its hemopoietic and Tcell chimaeras tolerated skin grafts of the donor strain while rejecting third-party skin grafts.", "contents": "Antilymphocytic antibodies and marrow transplantation. V. Suppression of secondary disease by host-versus-theta-graft reaction. An approach to block secondary disease was investigated in mice sensitized against the Th-1.1 (theta-AKR) alloantigen on the marrow donor's T cells. To avoid a concomitant sensitization against the donor's histocompatibility antigens, prospective marrow recipients were sensitized against thymocytes of a third-party strain sharing the donor's Th-1 alloantigen but not his histocompatibility antigens. Advantage was taken of the fact that rats carry a Th-1.1-like theta-antigen which induces anti-Th-1.1 antibodies in Th-1.2 mice. CBA/J and (C57BL/6 x CBA)F1 Th-1.2 mice were sensitized against rat thymocytes and tranfused with spleen and bone marrow of AKR/J Th-1.1 after irradiation with 800 to 900 R. Although unsensitized recipients died within 3 weeks of acute secondary disease, sensitized mice survived the observation period of 50 days as chimaeras. Sensitized recipients were killed by the transplantation of spleen cells from congenic AKR/Cum carrying the Th-1.2 antigen. The host-versus-theta-graft approach suppressed secondary disease following H-2-compatible and -incompatible marrow grafts. Its hemopoietic and Tcell chimaeras tolerated skin grafts of the donor strain while rejecting third-party skin grafts.", "PMID": 319574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6993", "title": "The effect of antidonor serum and antigen-antibody complexes on the survival of heart allografts in rats presensitized with donor blood.", "content": "Preimmunization of BN recipients with 1 ml of WAG/Rij blood 7 days before grafting led to accelerated rejection of WAG/Rij hearts in 5 days (normal, 8 to 9 days) and of (WAG/Rij X BN)F1 hearts in 7 to 11 days (normal, 9 to 11 days). Preimmunization with mixtures of 1 ml of WAG/Rij blood and 0.25 ml of BN anti-WAG/Rij serum (antidonor serum) prevented the accelerated rejection in the WAG/Rij to BN combination and even led to prolonged graft survival. However, using the (WAG/Rij X BN)F1 as donor, this pretreatment led to accelerated rejection as well as prolonged graft survival. Preimmunization of BN recipients with 1 ml of WAG/Rij blood and antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complexes gave more consistent results; WAG/Rij hearts were normally rejected, whereas (WAG/Rij X BN)F1 grafts survived for 13 to 16 days. Treatment of preimmunized BN rats with antidonor serum or Ag-Ab complexes after grafting did not abolish the effect of sensitization in the WAG/Rij leads to BN combination. In the (WAG/Rij X BN)F1 to BN combination, these treatments resulted in graft survival times of 4 to 13 and 11 to greater than 50 days, respectively. In most experimental groups, Ag-Ab complexes were more potent as an immunoregulatory agent than was antidonor serum.", "contents": "The effect of antidonor serum and antigen-antibody complexes on the survival of heart allografts in rats presensitized with donor blood. Preimmunization of BN recipients with 1 ml of WAG/Rij blood 7 days before grafting led to accelerated rejection of WAG/Rij hearts in 5 days (normal, 8 to 9 days) and of (WAG/Rij X BN)F1 hearts in 7 to 11 days (normal, 9 to 11 days). Preimmunization with mixtures of 1 ml of WAG/Rij blood and 0.25 ml of BN anti-WAG/Rij serum (antidonor serum) prevented the accelerated rejection in the WAG/Rij to BN combination and even led to prolonged graft survival. However, using the (WAG/Rij X BN)F1 as donor, this pretreatment led to accelerated rejection as well as prolonged graft survival. Preimmunization of BN recipients with 1 ml of WAG/Rij blood and antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complexes gave more consistent results; WAG/Rij hearts were normally rejected, whereas (WAG/Rij X BN)F1 grafts survived for 13 to 16 days. Treatment of preimmunized BN rats with antidonor serum or Ag-Ab complexes after grafting did not abolish the effect of sensitization in the WAG/Rij leads to BN combination. In the (WAG/Rij X BN)F1 to BN combination, these treatments resulted in graft survival times of 4 to 13 and 11 to greater than 50 days, respectively. In most experimental groups, Ag-Ab complexes were more potent as an immunoregulatory agent than was antidonor serum.", "PMID": 319576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6994", "title": "Humoral antibody response in rat renal allotransplantation.", "content": "Female inbred Fischer (F344) rats were grafted with kidneys from female BN rats. Humoral antibodies in some of the recipients were demonstrated as early as 3 days after transplantation: (1) antibodies bound to the graft were detected by mixed agglutination tests with graft sections and erythrocytes of the donor as indicator cells; (2) lytic and agglutinating antibodies against donor strain erythrocytes were demonstrated in the recipients' sera by hemolysis in agar gel and dextran hemagglutination tests; and (3) similar antibodies secreted by a significant number of cells were detected in the recipients' spleens by plaque assay. The antibody response of the recipients was directed against a single antigen, designated N, which was shown to be present on erythrocytes of 57% of Fischer strain rats and was shared by erythrocytes of all rat strains tested (BN, Lewis, Wistar, ACI, MAXX, and Buffalo). The N antigen did not seem to belong to any known rat histocompatibility antigen system. Segregation of the gene coding for this antigen within the Fischer strain would indicate residual genetic heterogeneity. Evidence was presented that this antigen is present not only on erythrocytes, but also on other cells including splenocytes.", "contents": "Humoral antibody response in rat renal allotransplantation. Female inbred Fischer (F344) rats were grafted with kidneys from female BN rats. Humoral antibodies in some of the recipients were demonstrated as early as 3 days after transplantation: (1) antibodies bound to the graft were detected by mixed agglutination tests with graft sections and erythrocytes of the donor as indicator cells; (2) lytic and agglutinating antibodies against donor strain erythrocytes were demonstrated in the recipients' sera by hemolysis in agar gel and dextran hemagglutination tests; and (3) similar antibodies secreted by a significant number of cells were detected in the recipients' spleens by plaque assay. The antibody response of the recipients was directed against a single antigen, designated N, which was shown to be present on erythrocytes of 57% of Fischer strain rats and was shared by erythrocytes of all rat strains tested (BN, Lewis, Wistar, ACI, MAXX, and Buffalo). The N antigen did not seem to belong to any known rat histocompatibility antigen system. Segregation of the gene coding for this antigen within the Fischer strain would indicate residual genetic heterogeneity. Evidence was presented that this antigen is present not only on erythrocytes, but also on other cells including splenocytes.", "PMID": 319577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6995", "title": "Surgical repair of cleft soft palate in the horse.", "content": "A technique for the surgical repair of a cleft soft palate in the horse is described. A symphysiotomy approach was employed to repair the anterior end of the cleft palate, and the posterior part was approached via a pharyingotomy incision.", "contents": "Surgical repair of cleft soft palate in the horse. A technique for the surgical repair of a cleft soft palate in the horse is described. A symphysiotomy approach was employed to repair the anterior end of the cleft palate, and the posterior part was approached via a pharyingotomy incision.", "PMID": 319588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6996", "title": "Anaesthesia of pigs sensitive to malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "During general anaesthesia some pigs develop a hyperthermic response which is often fatal. The syndrome is most common in pigs which are susceptible to stress and have a low proportion of body fat. On the basis of an experimental investigation in Pietrain pigs recommendations are presented for the clinical management and treatment of susceptible animals.", "contents": "Anaesthesia of pigs sensitive to malignant hyperthermia. During general anaesthesia some pigs develop a hyperthermic response which is often fatal. The syndrome is most common in pigs which are susceptible to stress and have a low proportion of body fat. On the basis of an experimental investigation in Pietrain pigs recommendations are presented for the clinical management and treatment of susceptible animals.", "PMID": 319590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6997", "title": "[Complement system and lymphocytotoxic antibodies in presensitized dogs after homologous lung transplantation ].", "content": "Left side orthotopic homotransplantation of the lung was performed in 8 mongrel dogs pre-sensitized by full-thickness skin transplants. The degree of sensitization was assessed by control of the lymphocytotoxic antibody titre. The behaviour of haemolytic complement activity, as well as the alterations in antibody titre were recorded up to 60 minutes after opening of the anastomoses. Evaluation was performed by analyses of significance. A significant decrease in lymphocytotoxic antibody titre (p less than 0.001), as well as a significant diminution in complement activity (p less than 0.01) was observed in blood  samples from the pulmonary vein of the graft during the first five minutes following recirculation. This resulted from an interaction of both systems in the immune reaction. The further complement consumption by the graft in contrast to the constancy of the lymphocytotoxic antibody titre in the subsequent post-transplantation period can be explained by antibody-independent complement activation. Vena cava-- pulmonary vein differences in the lymphocytotoxic antibody titre and complement activity are correlated only five minutes after opening of the anastomoses (r = 0.75), which confirms the independence of both systems during later course of the reaction.", "contents": "[Complement system and lymphocytotoxic antibodies in presensitized dogs after homologous lung transplantation ]. Left side orthotopic homotransplantation of the lung was performed in 8 mongrel dogs pre-sensitized by full-thickness skin transplants. The degree of sensitization was assessed by control of the lymphocytotoxic antibody titre. The behaviour of haemolytic complement activity, as well as the alterations in antibody titre were recorded up to 60 minutes after opening of the anastomoses. Evaluation was performed by analyses of significance. A significant decrease in lymphocytotoxic antibody titre (p less than 0.001), as well as a significant diminution in complement activity (p less than 0.01) was observed in blood  samples from the pulmonary vein of the graft during the first five minutes following recirculation. This resulted from an interaction of both systems in the immune reaction. The further complement consumption by the graft in contrast to the constancy of the lymphocytotoxic antibody titre in the subsequent post-transplantation period can be explained by antibody-independent complement activation. Vena cava-- pulmonary vein differences in the lymphocytotoxic antibody titre and complement activity are correlated only five minutes after opening of the anastomoses (r = 0.75), which confirms the independence of both systems during later course of the reaction.", "PMID": 319602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6998", "title": "[Hyperacute rejection of an HL-A identical renal allograft (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperacute renal allograft rejection is described in a patient suffering from mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis. The transplanted kidney was HL-A identical and the direct cytotoxic cross-match between the recipient's serum and donor lymphocytes was negative. Intrarenal consumption of C 3, but not of C 1 q, C 4, total haemolytic complement, IgG or Igm was demonstrated. Immunofluorescence studies exhibited dense granular deposits of C 3, but not of IgG, IgM C 1q or C 4. These findings together with the observation of beta 1 C-beta 1A converting activity in the patient's serum, raised the possibility that the alternative pathway of complement activation induced by nephritic factor could have operated in this case. Further studies will be necessary to clarify the question whether hyperacute rejection of renal allografts is only antibody mediated or not.", "contents": "[Hyperacute rejection of an HL-A identical renal allograft (author's transl)]. Hyperacute renal allograft rejection is described in a patient suffering from mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis. The transplanted kidney was HL-A identical and the direct cytotoxic cross-match between the recipient's serum and donor lymphocytes was negative. Intrarenal consumption of C 3, but not of C 1 q, C 4, total haemolytic complement, IgG or Igm was demonstrated. Immunofluorescence studies exhibited dense granular deposits of C 3, but not of IgG, IgM C 1q or C 4. These findings together with the observation of beta 1 C-beta 1A converting activity in the patient's serum, raised the possibility that the alternative pathway of complement activation induced by nephritic factor could have operated in this case. Further studies will be necessary to clarify the question whether hyperacute rejection of renal allografts is only antibody mediated or not.", "PMID": 319603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_6999", "title": "[Modern trends in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Adequate control of diabetic patients may not only delay the appearance of diabetic retinopathy, but may, moreover, effect the regression of fundus changes at the pre-retinopathic stage and in cases of commencing non-proliferative retinopathy. Medical treatment is based on the achievement of a decrease in vascular permeability and a lowering of the blood lipid level; a diet enriched with phosphates may influence retinal hypoxia by increasing the 2,3 diphosphoglycerate level in the erythrocytes, thereby leading to an improved free oxygen supply to the tissue. Complete medical and dietetic compensation of hyper-permeability of the retinal capillaries, of the intraretinal exudation of lipoproteins, and of retinal hypoxia belong still today to utopia; hence, conservative treatment is only of auxiliary character. Hypophysectomy has largely been abandoned in view of the mutilation involved and the poor results of this procedure. The most effective active treatment is photocoagulation. The best results are obtained by a combination of generalized unselective coagulation of the peripheral retina by means of a xenon coagulator and the selective elimination of progressive vascular changes seen in the fluorescein angiogram with argon laser.", "contents": "[Modern trends in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)]. Adequate control of diabetic patients may not only delay the appearance of diabetic retinopathy, but may, moreover, effect the regression of fundus changes at the pre-retinopathic stage and in cases of commencing non-proliferative retinopathy. Medical treatment is based on the achievement of a decrease in vascular permeability and a lowering of the blood lipid level; a diet enriched with phosphates may influence retinal hypoxia by increasing the 2,3 diphosphoglycerate level in the erythrocytes, thereby leading to an improved free oxygen supply to the tissue. Complete medical and dietetic compensation of hyper-permeability of the retinal capillaries, of the intraretinal exudation of lipoproteins, and of retinal hypoxia belong still today to utopia; hence, conservative treatment is only of auxiliary character. Hypophysectomy has largely been abandoned in view of the mutilation involved and the poor results of this procedure. The most effective active treatment is photocoagulation. The best results are obtained by a combination of generalized unselective coagulation of the peripheral retina by means of a xenon coagulator and the selective elimination of progressive vascular changes seen in the fluorescein angiogram with argon laser.", "PMID": 319604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7000", "title": "[The value of imprint cytology in neurosurgical diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytological smear techniques have been found valuable in obtaining a rapid histological diagnosis during neurosurgical biopsies, although their accuracy is questioned. This method is particularly appropriate in the case of small pieces of tissue which may be difficult to cut in the cryostat. A method developed to obtain multiple touch preparations was used in 332 consecutive neurosurgical biopsies; these were examined and compared with subsequent paraffin sections of the same biopsies. The correct diagnosis was obtained from the smears in 93.7% of the cases, while the diagnostic accuracy of paraffin sections was 98.2%. The imprints also allowed correct grading of gliomas. Most of the errors or inconclusive cytological diagnoses stemmed from failure to distinguish between primary and secondary anaplastic CNS tumours, between neurinomas and fibroplastic meningiomas, or between glial scar or normal brain tissue and isomorphic astrocytomas. The differentiation of these lesions is, however, often difficult even in paraffin sections. In accordance with the results of other authors it is suggested that the touch cytology is one of the most appropriate techniques available for rapid neurosurgical diagnosis.", "contents": "[The value of imprint cytology in neurosurgical diagnosis (author's transl)]. Cytological smear techniques have been found valuable in obtaining a rapid histological diagnosis during neurosurgical biopsies, although their accuracy is questioned. This method is particularly appropriate in the case of small pieces of tissue which may be difficult to cut in the cryostat. A method developed to obtain multiple touch preparations was used in 332 consecutive neurosurgical biopsies; these were examined and compared with subsequent paraffin sections of the same biopsies. The correct diagnosis was obtained from the smears in 93.7% of the cases, while the diagnostic accuracy of paraffin sections was 98.2%. The imprints also allowed correct grading of gliomas. Most of the errors or inconclusive cytological diagnoses stemmed from failure to distinguish between primary and secondary anaplastic CNS tumours, between neurinomas and fibroplastic meningiomas, or between glial scar or normal brain tissue and isomorphic astrocytomas. The differentiation of these lesions is, however, often difficult even in paraffin sections. In accordance with the results of other authors it is suggested that the touch cytology is one of the most appropriate techniques available for rapid neurosurgical diagnosis.", "PMID": 319605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7001", "title": "Luteinizing hormone responses to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, and growth hormone and cortisol responses to insulin induced hypoglycaemia in functional secondary amenorrhoea.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), and growth hormone (GH) and cortisol responses to insulin induced hypoglycaemia were studied in 56 women classified into 4 distinct groups of functional secondary amenorrhoea. The groups were: I, self-induced weight reduction (20 patients); II, post pill amenorrhoea (14 patients); III, anorexia nervosa (10 patients); and IV, idiopathic secondary amenorrhoea (12 patients). Only patients with no overlapping anamnestic factors were included. Group I patients had the most heavily impaired LHRH-LH responses, and the GH response to hypoglycaemia was smaller than in other groups. Cortisol responses were normal. Group II patients showed blunted LH responses and normal GH and cortisol responses. Group III patients showed normal or exaggerated LH responses in the recovery phase of anorexia nervosa, while those two patients who were in the static phase of the illness had impaired responses. GH responses varied greatly. Group IV patients had normal basal levels of LH and normal LH, GH and cortisol responses. The restoration of LH response is not solely correlated to body mass, since patients recovering from anorexia nervosa showed greater LHRH-LH responses with nutritional rehabilitation at 76% of ideal body weight than patients with self-induced weight reduction at 87% of ideal body weight. In idiopathic amenorrhoea the hypothalamic pituitary axis seems to be practically intact. The function of hypothalamic-pituitary axis may be impaired selectively in functional amenorrhoea. Corticotrophin releasing hormone function remains intact, and GH-response may be impaired or normal independently of the LH-response to LHRH. In self-induced weight reduction both functions were impaired. These tests are easily carried out with out-patients, and they give more information about the functional state of hypothalamic-pituitary axis than basal analyses of hypothalamic-pituitary axis than basal analyses of gonadotrophins and oestrogens. However, a single pathologic reading in the LH response is not specific enough to indicate to which group of amenorrhoea the patients belong, but these tests together elucidate the severity of lesion in hypothalamic pituitary axis.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone responses to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, and growth hormone and cortisol responses to insulin induced hypoglycaemia in functional secondary amenorrhoea. Luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), and growth hormone (GH) and cortisol responses to insulin induced hypoglycaemia were studied in 56 women classified into 4 distinct groups of functional secondary amenorrhoea. The groups were: I, self-induced weight reduction (20 patients); II, post pill amenorrhoea (14 patients); III, anorexia nervosa (10 patients); and IV, idiopathic secondary amenorrhoea (12 patients). Only patients with no overlapping anamnestic factors were included. Group I patients had the most heavily impaired LHRH-LH responses, and the GH response to hypoglycaemia was smaller than in other groups. Cortisol responses were normal. Group II patients showed blunted LH responses and normal GH and cortisol responses. Group III patients showed normal or exaggerated LH responses in the recovery phase of anorexia nervosa, while those two patients who were in the static phase of the illness had impaired responses. GH responses varied greatly. Group IV patients had normal basal levels of LH and normal LH, GH and cortisol responses. The restoration of LH response is not solely correlated to body mass, since patients recovering from anorexia nervosa showed greater LHRH-LH responses with nutritional rehabilitation at 76% of ideal body weight than patients with self-induced weight reduction at 87% of ideal body weight. In idiopathic amenorrhoea the hypothalamic pituitary axis seems to be practically intact. The function of hypothalamic-pituitary axis may be impaired selectively in functional amenorrhoea. Corticotrophin releasing hormone function remains intact, and GH-response may be impaired or normal independently of the LH-response to LHRH. In self-induced weight reduction both functions were impaired. These tests are easily carried out with out-patients, and they give more information about the functional state of hypothalamic-pituitary axis than basal analyses of hypothalamic-pituitary axis than basal analyses of gonadotrophins and oestrogens. However, a single pathologic reading in the LH response is not specific enough to indicate to which group of amenorrhoea the patients belong, but these tests together elucidate the severity of lesion in hypothalamic pituitary axis.", "PMID": 319613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7002", "title": "Familial idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.", "content": "A new case of familial idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism is presented: 3 males and 2 females among 9 siblings are affected. Very low to non-detectable levels of plasma LH and FSH levels were found in each patient. LH-RH stimulation test gave in one male a slight increase in plasma LH levels while no change was observed in the others. Prolonged treatment with gonadotrophins or testosterone gave poor results in the males while evidence of ovulation was obtained in the two females during a unique induced artificial cycle with combined HMG and HCG treatment; rapid feminization was also obtained in the females with oestrogen therapy. The striking difference in the results of the substitution treatments between males and females suggest that some degree of acquired insensitivity of the testes to gonadotrophins and of peripheral tissues to male sex hormones are present in male hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. This may be the consequence of a lack of hormonal stimulation or impregnation during infancy and childhood", "contents": "Familial idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. A new case of familial idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism is presented: 3 males and 2 females among 9 siblings are affected. Very low to non-detectable levels of plasma LH and FSH levels were found in each patient. LH-RH stimulation test gave in one male a slight increase in plasma LH levels while no change was observed in the others. Prolonged treatment with gonadotrophins or testosterone gave poor results in the males while evidence of ovulation was obtained in the two females during a unique induced artificial cycle with combined HMG and HCG treatment; rapid feminization was also obtained in the females with oestrogen therapy. The striking difference in the results of the substitution treatments between males and females suggest that some degree of acquired insensitivity of the testes to gonadotrophins and of peripheral tissues to male sex hormones are present in male hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. This may be the consequence of a lack of hormonal stimulation or impregnation during infancy and childhood", "PMID": 319614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7003", "title": "A method for concentrating cerebrospinal fluid cells.", "content": "The morphology of CSF cells changes in vitro rapidly. An optimal cytologic evaluation therefore requires special demands for the cell preparation. The cell concentration by means of the forced spontaneous sedimentation yields the best cytomorphologic results. A simple method for cell concentration has been described. Its application in two variations is determined by the cell content. In the first version the cells sediment spontaneously on the microscopic slide and in the second version on the membrane filter. The sedimentation is facilitated by the absorbent paper. This method is particularly suited for concentrating cultured cells and CSF cells, which have been incubated in the presence of tracer.", "contents": "A method for concentrating cerebrospinal fluid cells. The morphology of CSF cells changes in vitro rapidly. An optimal cytologic evaluation therefore requires special demands for the cell preparation. The cell concentration by means of the forced spontaneous sedimentation yields the best cytomorphologic results. A simple method for cell concentration has been described. Its application in two variations is determined by the cell content. In the first version the cells sediment spontaneously on the microscopic slide and in the second version on the membrane filter. The sedimentation is facilitated by the absorbent paper. This method is particularly suited for concentrating cultured cells and CSF cells, which have been incubated in the presence of tracer.", "PMID": 319610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7004", "title": "Response of the pituitary-testicular axis to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the immature male rat.", "content": "Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and androstenedione were measured by radioimmunoassays in the sera of immature male rats treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). A single dose of 10, 20, 40 or 80 ng of LH-RH produced a prompt increase in serum LH: signfiicant changes in FSH were found only with the two larger doses. Serum testosterone increased to peak levels in 20 to 40 min and returned to control level by 120 min. Changes in androstenedione were temporally similar but smaller in magnitude. Four doses of 20 or 40 ng LH-RH given at 20 min intervals did not increase serum LH or testosterone concentrations above those found with a single injection; FSH was slightly higher after the fourth dose. However, 40 ng LH-RH given every 20 min for 2 h produced a dramatic increase in serum LH and FSH: serum and testicular androgens were also much higher during the second hour. A 2 h stimulation with 80 ng LH-RH given ip at 30 min intervals did not alter the response to the same treatment given 24 h later; i.e., neither the pituitary nor the gonad was primed by previous exposure to increased levels of LH-RH or gonadotrophins. These results suggest that a single pulse of LH-RH produces a predictable response in the animal, but multiple episodic stimuli produce variable responses: testes, on the other hand, produce androgens as long as gonadotrophins are available.", "contents": "Response of the pituitary-testicular axis to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the immature male rat. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and androstenedione were measured by radioimmunoassays in the sera of immature male rats treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). A single dose of 10, 20, 40 or 80 ng of LH-RH produced a prompt increase in serum LH: signfiicant changes in FSH were found only with the two larger doses. Serum testosterone increased to peak levels in 20 to 40 min and returned to control level by 120 min. Changes in androstenedione were temporally similar but smaller in magnitude. Four doses of 20 or 40 ng LH-RH given at 20 min intervals did not increase serum LH or testosterone concentrations above those found with a single injection; FSH was slightly higher after the fourth dose. However, 40 ng LH-RH given every 20 min for 2 h produced a dramatic increase in serum LH and FSH: serum and testicular androgens were also much higher during the second hour. A 2 h stimulation with 80 ng LH-RH given ip at 30 min intervals did not alter the response to the same treatment given 24 h later; i.e., neither the pituitary nor the gonad was primed by previous exposure to increased levels of LH-RH or gonadotrophins. These results suggest that a single pulse of LH-RH produces a predictable response in the animal, but multiple episodic stimuli produce variable responses: testes, on the other hand, produce androgens as long as gonadotrophins are available.", "PMID": 319615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7005", "title": "Pituitary-gonadal function in male patients with myotonic dystrophy- serum luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone levels and histological dmaage of the testis.", "content": "Variations in serum levels of LH and FSH after administration of synthetic LH-RH, and basal levels of serum testosterone were studied in 9 male patients with myotonic dystrophy. The degree of testicular damage, as determined histologically on biopsy specimens, was also studied. Results were as follows: 1) it was observed that both the basal and stimulated (maximal) levels of serum LH and FSH were significantly higher than levels found in 9 sex- and age-matched normal controls. 2) The basal level of serum testosterone was consistently lower in the patient group. One patient, however, showed a low normal level, which represented a statistically significant reciprocal relation to both LH and FSH levels as expressed on a logarithmic scale. 3) There was a significant trend which indicated that the higher the serum LH, FSH levels, or the lower the basal levels of serum testosterone, the more extensive was the damage to the seminiferous tubules. From these findings it was concluded that hypogonadism in patients with myotonic dystrophy, is characterized by the development of lesions in the seminiferous tubules.", "contents": "Pituitary-gonadal function in male patients with myotonic dystrophy- serum luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone levels and histological dmaage of the testis. Variations in serum levels of LH and FSH after administration of synthetic LH-RH, and basal levels of serum testosterone were studied in 9 male patients with myotonic dystrophy. The degree of testicular damage, as determined histologically on biopsy specimens, was also studied. Results were as follows: 1) it was observed that both the basal and stimulated (maximal) levels of serum LH and FSH were significantly higher than levels found in 9 sex- and age-matched normal controls. 2) The basal level of serum testosterone was consistently lower in the patient group. One patient, however, showed a low normal level, which represented a statistically significant reciprocal relation to both LH and FSH levels as expressed on a logarithmic scale. 3) There was a significant trend which indicated that the higher the serum LH, FSH levels, or the lower the basal levels of serum testosterone, the more extensive was the damage to the seminiferous tubules. From these findings it was concluded that hypogonadism in patients with myotonic dystrophy, is characterized by the development of lesions in the seminiferous tubules.", "PMID": 319616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7006", "title": "Fundamental study of automatic cyto-screening for uterine cancer. III. New system of automated apparatus (CYBEST) utilizing the pattern recognition method.", "content": "An investigation was carried out, both from the point of view of combining features which are considered as being of the highest reliability based on pattern analysis of the nuclear structure and cytoplasm of cells, and the complexity of the apparatus. Several features such as \"ambiguity\" function were extracted by mathematical and statistical processing, and these were then made the parameters of a diagnostic logic. Also, a method in which a \"differential histogram\" and a \"threshold value\" are combined was developed for segmentation of cells. It became possible to operate an automatic scanning machine at a speed of about six minutes per slide using two-stage coarse and fine scanning of a flying spot scanner. The advantage of this system is flexibility of diagnostic program logic and speed of algorithms for a determined number of cellular features. An automatic focusing system was also developed and it functions satisfactorily at high speed on a fully extended regular object slide.", "contents": "Fundamental study of automatic cyto-screening for uterine cancer. III. New system of automated apparatus (CYBEST) utilizing the pattern recognition method. An investigation was carried out, both from the point of view of combining features which are considered as being of the highest reliability based on pattern analysis of the nuclear structure and cytoplasm of cells, and the complexity of the apparatus. Several features such as \"ambiguity\" function were extracted by mathematical and statistical processing, and these were then made the parameters of a diagnostic logic. Also, a method in which a \"differential histogram\" and a \"threshold value\" are combined was developed for segmentation of cells. It became possible to operate an automatic scanning machine at a speed of about six minutes per slide using two-stage coarse and fine scanning of a flying spot scanner. The advantage of this system is flexibility of diagnostic program logic and speed of algorithms for a determined number of cellular features. An automatic focusing system was also developed and it functions satisfactorily at high speed on a fully extended regular object slide.", "PMID": 319612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7007", "title": "Osteonecrosis following renal allotransplantation. A quantitative histological study of iliac bone.", "content": "Morphometric and dynamic studies of bone obtained by biopsy from a standard locality on the iliac crest were carried out in 10 patients with and 7 patients without radiological signs of osteonecrosis. All the patients had normally functioning kidney transplants. The results obtained in the two groups were compared and both groups were compared with a series of noraml subjects where the age and sex distribution was the same. In the group of patients with osteonecrosis, the reduction in the amount of cancellous bone was found to be highly significant as compared with that in normal subjects and with that in the other group of patients. Apart from the reduction in bone, changes in all patients were characterized by an increased amount of osteoid and a low rate of mineralization, determined by double labelling with tetracycline. As there were no changes in the width of osteoid seams indicating osteomalacia, it is suggested that these patients suffered from a severe corticosteroid osteopenia.", "contents": "Osteonecrosis following renal allotransplantation. A quantitative histological study of iliac bone. Morphometric and dynamic studies of bone obtained by biopsy from a standard locality on the iliac crest were carried out in 10 patients with and 7 patients without radiological signs of osteonecrosis. All the patients had normally functioning kidney transplants. The results obtained in the two groups were compared and both groups were compared with a series of noraml subjects where the age and sex distribution was the same. In the group of patients with osteonecrosis, the reduction in the amount of cancellous bone was found to be highly significant as compared with that in normal subjects and with that in the other group of patients. Apart from the reduction in bone, changes in all patients were characterized by an increased amount of osteoid and a low rate of mineralization, determined by double labelling with tetracycline. As there were no changes in the width of osteoid seams indicating osteomalacia, it is suggested that these patients suffered from a severe corticosteroid osteopenia.", "PMID": 319620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7008", "title": "Hypercalcemia and parathyroid function after renal transplantation.", "content": "Hypercalcemia after renal transplantation (post-T hypercalcemia) has been detected in 29 (16.7%) of 174 long-term survivors. The mean time of onset of hypercalcemia was 69 days after renal transplantation (range 3-210). In 18 patients the hypercalcemia was mild and resolved spontaneously (transient) from 2-65 months (mean 19) after onset. In 4 patients serum calcium normalized concurrently with rejection episodes. In 7 patients the hypercalcemia was more pronounced (permanent), being terminated by subtotal parathyroidectomy in 5 and persisting in 2 recipients. The hypercalcemia was asymptomatic except in one patient, who developed calculi in the graft and a fall in graft function, all of which disappeared after parathyroidectomy. At operation the parathyroid glands showed hyperplasia, except in one case with an adenoma in one of the hyperplastic glands. Serum phosphorus was markedly decreased, to the same extent in transiently and permanently hypercalcemic recipients. Serum parathyroid hormone (S-PTH) was increased in all of 5 patients with permanent and in 3 of 8 with transient post-T hypercalcemia. In normocalcemic and in transiently hypercalcemic recipients the mean S-PTH was identical, but significantly lower than in the permanently hypercalcemic recipients. S-PTH was suppressed to the same extent during an i.v. calcium infusion in patients with post-T hypercalcemia and with primary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia and parathyroid function after renal transplantation. Hypercalcemia after renal transplantation (post-T hypercalcemia) has been detected in 29 (16.7%) of 174 long-term survivors. The mean time of onset of hypercalcemia was 69 days after renal transplantation (range 3-210). In 18 patients the hypercalcemia was mild and resolved spontaneously (transient) from 2-65 months (mean 19) after onset. In 4 patients serum calcium normalized concurrently with rejection episodes. In 7 patients the hypercalcemia was more pronounced (permanent), being terminated by subtotal parathyroidectomy in 5 and persisting in 2 recipients. The hypercalcemia was asymptomatic except in one patient, who developed calculi in the graft and a fall in graft function, all of which disappeared after parathyroidectomy. At operation the parathyroid glands showed hyperplasia, except in one case with an adenoma in one of the hyperplastic glands. Serum phosphorus was markedly decreased, to the same extent in transiently and permanently hypercalcemic recipients. Serum parathyroid hormone (S-PTH) was increased in all of 5 patients with permanent and in 3 of 8 with transient post-T hypercalcemia. In normocalcemic and in transiently hypercalcemic recipients the mean S-PTH was identical, but significantly lower than in the permanently hypercalcemic recipients. S-PTH was suppressed to the same extent during an i.v. calcium infusion in patients with post-T hypercalcemia and with primary hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 319622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7009", "title": "A new clinical taxonomy for rating change in functional activities of patients with angina pectoris.", "content": "The treatment of patients with angina pectoris is commonly evaluated according to such indexes as the frequency of anginal attacks, quantity of supplemental nitroglycerin, and exercise performance in an ergometric laboratory test. None of these indexes demonstrates the clinical change in ordinary functional limitations that may have been the major reason why a patient sought medical help. The New York Heart Association ratings of functional capacity do not refer to different types of activity and the four categories of the scale are too coarse to show distinct changes that can occur while a patient retains the same rating. A new taxonomy has been devised for rating transitions in functional capacity as noted in three different kinds of functional performance: occupation, customary activities, and sporadic activities. The ratings of change in these three activities can be combined into single global rating. When applied to conventional questionaire data for 309 patients in a randomized double-blind therapeutic trial, the new classifications showed a statistically significant superiority, in each type of functional transition and in the global ratings, for patients receiving timolol maleate rather than placebo. By augmenting the conventional information used for therapeutic evaluation, the new taxonomic indexes can expand the scientific scope of antianginal treatment. Data derived from history-taking can be just as statistically significant as \"harder\" forms of information, while simultaneously being more pertinent for the clinical challenge of choosing and evaluating the agents used in patient care.", "contents": "A new clinical taxonomy for rating change in functional activities of patients with angina pectoris. The treatment of patients with angina pectoris is commonly evaluated according to such indexes as the frequency of anginal attacks, quantity of supplemental nitroglycerin, and exercise performance in an ergometric laboratory test. None of these indexes demonstrates the clinical change in ordinary functional limitations that may have been the major reason why a patient sought medical help. The New York Heart Association ratings of functional capacity do not refer to different types of activity and the four categories of the scale are too coarse to show distinct changes that can occur while a patient retains the same rating. A new taxonomy has been devised for rating transitions in functional capacity as noted in three different kinds of functional performance: occupation, customary activities, and sporadic activities. The ratings of change in these three activities can be combined into single global rating. When applied to conventional questionaire data for 309 patients in a randomized double-blind therapeutic trial, the new classifications showed a statistically significant superiority, in each type of functional transition and in the global ratings, for patients receiving timolol maleate rather than placebo. By augmenting the conventional information used for therapeutic evaluation, the new taxonomic indexes can expand the scientific scope of antianginal treatment. Data derived from history-taking can be just as statistically significant as \"harder\" forms of information, while simultaneously being more pertinent for the clinical challenge of choosing and evaluating the agents used in patient care.", "PMID": 319641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7010", "title": "The effects of oral propranolol, digoxin and combination therapy on the resting and exercise electrocardiogram.", "content": "The effects of propranolol, digoxin and combination therapy (/D) on the resting and exercise ECG were studied in ten normal subjects and 20 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) given a sequence of oral placebo, propranolol, P/D, digoxin and placebo, for two week periods. Digoxin produced a significant decrease in T-wave amplitude and often resulted in ST segment depression in the resting ECG. Propranolol, digoxin, and P/D tended to decrease the QTc interval and prolong the PR interval. However, CAD patients were more sensitive to PR prolongation than normals while receiving propranolol or digoxin alone. Propranolol therapy did not significantly affect the ST segment of the exercise ECG in the normal subjects or the CAD patients without an ischemic control exercise ECG. By contrast, 50 per cent of the normal subjects developed \"false-positive\" ischemic ST segment responses to exercise while receiving digoxin of P/D and three of eight CAD patients without ischemic control exercise ST segments had a similar response to digoxin or P/D. In 12 CAD patients with ischemic control exercise ST segments, propranolol did not affect the amount of ST segment depression at the onset of angina or the maximum amount of ST segment depression. Digoxin or P/D both uniformly increased the maximum amount of ST segment depression which was greater with digoxin than P/D. However, the maximum heart rate on P/D was significantly reduced as compared to that on digoxin. It is concluded that (1) CAD patients are more sensitive to propranolol or digoxin-induced AV block than normals, (2) propranolol does not change the magnitude of ischemic exercise ST segment depression, (3) digoxin increases ischemic exercise ST segment depression and results in a high incidence of false-positive exercise tests, and (4) the addition of propranolol to digoxin attenuates the effects of digoxin on the exercise ST segment.", "contents": "The effects of oral propranolol, digoxin and combination therapy on the resting and exercise electrocardiogram. The effects of propranolol, digoxin and combination therapy (/D) on the resting and exercise ECG were studied in ten normal subjects and 20 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) given a sequence of oral placebo, propranolol, P/D, digoxin and placebo, for two week periods. Digoxin produced a significant decrease in T-wave amplitude and often resulted in ST segment depression in the resting ECG. Propranolol, digoxin, and P/D tended to decrease the QTc interval and prolong the PR interval. However, CAD patients were more sensitive to PR prolongation than normals while receiving propranolol or digoxin alone. Propranolol therapy did not significantly affect the ST segment of the exercise ECG in the normal subjects or the CAD patients without an ischemic control exercise ECG. By contrast, 50 per cent of the normal subjects developed \"false-positive\" ischemic ST segment responses to exercise while receiving digoxin of P/D and three of eight CAD patients without ischemic control exercise ST segments had a similar response to digoxin or P/D. In 12 CAD patients with ischemic control exercise ST segments, propranolol did not affect the amount of ST segment depression at the onset of angina or the maximum amount of ST segment depression. Digoxin or P/D both uniformly increased the maximum amount of ST segment depression which was greater with digoxin than P/D. However, the maximum heart rate on P/D was significantly reduced as compared to that on digoxin. It is concluded that (1) CAD patients are more sensitive to propranolol or digoxin-induced AV block than normals, (2) propranolol does not change the magnitude of ischemic exercise ST segment depression, (3) digoxin increases ischemic exercise ST segment depression and results in a high incidence of false-positive exercise tests, and (4) the addition of propranolol to digoxin attenuates the effects of digoxin on the exercise ST segment.", "PMID": 319642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7011", "title": "Detection of pulmonary edema in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "To evaluate methods for detecting pulmonary edema, pulmonary extravascular water volume was measured at 24 hour intervals (total 72 hours) in 25 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Measured lung water was compared with results of clinical, blood gas, X-ray and hemodynamic methods for detecting pulmonary edema. Increased pulmonary extravascular water volume on one or more measurements was observed in 18 of the 25 patients and was associated with an abnormal chest radiograph and increased pulmonary arterial wedge, pulmonary arterial diastolic and right atrial pressures. It was associated less well with clinical, blood gas and other hemodynamic measurements. Pulmonary arterial diastolic or pulmonary wedge pressure was a significant predictor of lung water 24 hours later. Both \"preclinical pulmonary edema\" and the \"therapeutic phase lag\" could be predicted from the pulmonary wedge pressure. Clinical, blood gas, radiographic and other hemodynamic measurements were not predictive.", "contents": "Detection of pulmonary edema in acute myocardial infarction. To evaluate methods for detecting pulmonary edema, pulmonary extravascular water volume was measured at 24 hour intervals (total 72 hours) in 25 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Measured lung water was compared with results of clinical, blood gas, X-ray and hemodynamic methods for detecting pulmonary edema. Increased pulmonary extravascular water volume on one or more measurements was observed in 18 of the 25 patients and was associated with an abnormal chest radiograph and increased pulmonary arterial wedge, pulmonary arterial diastolic and right atrial pressures. It was associated less well with clinical, blood gas and other hemodynamic measurements. Pulmonary arterial diastolic or pulmonary wedge pressure was a significant predictor of lung water 24 hours later. Both \"preclinical pulmonary edema\" and the \"therapeutic phase lag\" could be predicted from the pulmonary wedge pressure. Clinical, blood gas, radiographic and other hemodynamic measurements were not predictive.", "PMID": 319645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7012", "title": "Permanent pacing of the heart: 1952 to 1976.", "content": "The theory and science of electrical pacing of the heart is scarcely 2 decades old, but developments in these areas have in a way revolutionized modern cardiology. This report, basically a review of the major developments during that time, describes the present state of the art, and calls attention to the many people who have brought us to this point. Results of a recent national survey reveal that about 156,000 patients in the United States are living with implanted pacemakers or about 1 in every 1,300 persons. The rate of new implants is 270/million each year, the highest in the world. The impact of such a volume is considerable, affecting industrial growth, federal legislation and control, insurance plans and a multitude of medical programs. New power sources, some touted to last a lifetime, will have a great impact but will not change the current state of the art materially because 30 percent or more of pacemaker operations are for problems other than routine battery exhaustion. The need for improvements in other pacemaker components is emphasized.", "contents": "Permanent pacing of the heart: 1952 to 1976. The theory and science of electrical pacing of the heart is scarcely 2 decades old, but developments in these areas have in a way revolutionized modern cardiology. This report, basically a review of the major developments during that time, describes the present state of the art, and calls attention to the many people who have brought us to this point. Results of a recent national survey reveal that about 156,000 patients in the United States are living with implanted pacemakers or about 1 in every 1,300 persons. The rate of new implants is 270/million each year, the highest in the world. The impact of such a volume is considerable, affecting industrial growth, federal legislation and control, insurance plans and a multitude of medical programs. New power sources, some touted to last a lifetime, will have a great impact but will not change the current state of the art materially because 30 percent or more of pacemaker operations are for problems other than routine battery exhaustion. The need for improvements in other pacemaker components is emphasized.", "PMID": 319646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7013", "title": "Effect of citrus pectin on blood lipids and fecal steroid excretion in man.", "content": "Citrus pectin (15 g/day) was added for 3 weeks to metabolically controlled diets in nine subjects. Pectin was consumed with fruit and sugar as a gel in divided doses with meals. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were reduced by a mean of 13% (P less than 0.001). Fecal fat excretion increased by 44% (P less than 0.001); neutral steroids by 17% (P less than 0.001) and fecal bile acids by 33% (P less than 0.02). Plasma triglyceride levels did not change.", "contents": "Effect of citrus pectin on blood lipids and fecal steroid excretion in man. Citrus pectin (15 g/day) was added for 3 weeks to metabolically controlled diets in nine subjects. Pectin was consumed with fruit and sugar as a gel in divided doses with meals. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were reduced by a mean of 13% (P less than 0.001). Fecal fat excretion increased by 44% (P less than 0.001); neutral steroids by 17% (P less than 0.001) and fecal bile acids by 33% (P less than 0.02). Plasma triglyceride levels did not change.", "PMID": 319647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7014", "title": "Urinary cytodiagnosis of acute renal allograft rejection using the cytocentrifuge.", "content": "The clinical diagnosis of acute renal allograft rejection in immunosuppressed recipients can often be predicted or confirmed on the basis of characteristic urinary cytologic findings. Use of cytocentrifugation permits a simple, rapid, reproducible and semiquantitative means of preparing cytologic urinary specimens of diagnostic quality from small quantities of urine. The cytodiagnosis of acute renal rejection was established before or on the same day a clinical diagnosis of rejection was made in the majority of renal transplant cases studied over a 12-month period. Renal tubular cells were found to be the exfoliated cells of greatest value in predicting an acute rejection episode, and their persistence has prognostic importance.", "contents": "Urinary cytodiagnosis of acute renal allograft rejection using the cytocentrifuge. The clinical diagnosis of acute renal allograft rejection in immunosuppressed recipients can often be predicted or confirmed on the basis of characteristic urinary cytologic findings. Use of cytocentrifugation permits a simple, rapid, reproducible and semiquantitative means of preparing cytologic urinary specimens of diagnostic quality from small quantities of urine. The cytodiagnosis of acute renal rejection was established before or on the same day a clinical diagnosis of rejection was made in the majority of renal transplant cases studied over a 12-month period. Renal tubular cells were found to be the exfoliated cells of greatest value in predicting an acute rejection episode, and their persistence has prognostic importance.", "PMID": 319648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7015", "title": "Quantitative counterimmunoelectrophoresis for urinary fibrinogen-related antigens.", "content": "A quantitative procedure for urinary fibrinogen-related antigens, applying counterimmunoelectrophoresis to serial dilutions of concentrated samples against standards of known fibrinogen concentrations, is described. It is fast, convenient, sensitive enough (r = 0.8729, p less than 0.001), and can be easily incorporated into routine laboratory work.", "contents": "Quantitative counterimmunoelectrophoresis for urinary fibrinogen-related antigens. A quantitative procedure for urinary fibrinogen-related antigens, applying counterimmunoelectrophoresis to serial dilutions of concentrated samples against standards of known fibrinogen concentrations, is described. It is fast, convenient, sensitive enough (r = 0.8729, p less than 0.001), and can be easily incorporated into routine laboratory work.", "PMID": 319649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7016", "title": "Postmortem bacteriology and pneumonia in a mentally retarded population.", "content": "Postmortem pathologic and bacteriologic reports were analyzed for 237 deaths occurring at a large institution for the mentally retarded from 1958 to 1973. Bronchopneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, and lipid pneumonia were frequently reported at autopsy, and in a total of 146 cases (61.6%) at least one type of pneumonia was reported. Postmortem bacteriologic cultures in a smaller group revealed high recovery rates of staphylococci (coagulase-positive), hemolytic streptococci, and gram-negative bacilli in throat and lung cultures. Enteric aerobic gram-negative bacilli were particularly frequent along with yeast (Candida albicans). The institutionalized retarded appear similar to other hospitalized populations, in that a large proportion of hospital-acquired respiratory infections is related to aerobic gram-negative bacilli. The high frequency of aspiration and its sequelae in this population is unusual, however, and post-mortem bacteriologic findings appear consistent with those of antemortem studies of cases of aspiration pneumonia.", "contents": "Postmortem bacteriology and pneumonia in a mentally retarded population. Postmortem pathologic and bacteriologic reports were analyzed for 237 deaths occurring at a large institution for the mentally retarded from 1958 to 1973. Bronchopneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, and lipid pneumonia were frequently reported at autopsy, and in a total of 146 cases (61.6%) at least one type of pneumonia was reported. Postmortem bacteriologic cultures in a smaller group revealed high recovery rates of staphylococci (coagulase-positive), hemolytic streptococci, and gram-negative bacilli in throat and lung cultures. Enteric aerobic gram-negative bacilli were particularly frequent along with yeast (Candida albicans). The institutionalized retarded appear similar to other hospitalized populations, in that a large proportion of hospital-acquired respiratory infections is related to aerobic gram-negative bacilli. The high frequency of aspiration and its sequelae in this population is unusual, however, and post-mortem bacteriologic findings appear consistent with those of antemortem studies of cases of aspiration pneumonia.", "PMID": 319650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7017", "title": "Oxolinic acid therapy for urinary tract infections in children.", "content": "Thirty hospitalized children with Gram-negative bacillary urinary tract infections were treated with oxolinic acid for 14 to 21 dyas. Fifteen of 17 patients with uncomplicated and 11 of 13 with complicated urinary infections had favorable bacteriologic responses. Resistant organisms developed in four treatment failures. Oxolinic acid urine concentrations were well above the minimal inhibitory concentration for most strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, P vulgaris, P morganii, and P rettgeri. Approximately half of these patients experienced mild symptoms possibly related to oxolinic acid therapy; in no instance did they require cessation of therapy. Our experience indicates that if the urine is not sterile by the end of five days of treatment, bacterial resistance to oxolinic acid is likely to have developed, and therapy with another agent should be considered and antibiotic susceptibility tests repeated.", "contents": "Oxolinic acid therapy for urinary tract infections in children. Thirty hospitalized children with Gram-negative bacillary urinary tract infections were treated with oxolinic acid for 14 to 21 dyas. Fifteen of 17 patients with uncomplicated and 11 of 13 with complicated urinary infections had favorable bacteriologic responses. Resistant organisms developed in four treatment failures. Oxolinic acid urine concentrations were well above the minimal inhibitory concentration for most strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, P vulgaris, P morganii, and P rettgeri. Approximately half of these patients experienced mild symptoms possibly related to oxolinic acid therapy; in no instance did they require cessation of therapy. Our experience indicates that if the urine is not sterile by the end of five days of treatment, bacterial resistance to oxolinic acid is likely to have developed, and therapy with another agent should be considered and antibiotic susceptibility tests repeated.", "PMID": 319651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7018", "title": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal colonization. Acquisition, persistence, and effect of umbilical cord treatment with triple dye.", "content": "Following an outbreak of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal neonatal infection (GBS), a prevalence survey of GBS colonization was performed on 238 infants. No important differences were noted in the prevalence of colonization when the infants were grouped according to age. Follow-up of 24 colonized babies for three months disclosed that most had persistence of GBS at the rectum and pharynx. Local umbilical cord care with triple dye (TD) or hexachlorophene skin cleanser was compared with untreated controls with respect to rates of GBS colonization. At birth the colonization rates of the three groups were similar. The rate of acquisition of colonization with GBS was 1.0% in the TD group, 6.3% in the hexachlorophene group, and 8.3% in the control group. Triple dye was much more effective than no specific cord care or hexachlorophene in preventing acquisition of GBS colonization.", "contents": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal colonization. Acquisition, persistence, and effect of umbilical cord treatment with triple dye. Following an outbreak of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal neonatal infection (GBS), a prevalence survey of GBS colonization was performed on 238 infants. No important differences were noted in the prevalence of colonization when the infants were grouped according to age. Follow-up of 24 colonized babies for three months disclosed that most had persistence of GBS at the rectum and pharynx. Local umbilical cord care with triple dye (TD) or hexachlorophene skin cleanser was compared with untreated controls with respect to rates of GBS colonization. At birth the colonization rates of the three groups were similar. The rate of acquisition of colonization with GBS was 1.0% in the TD group, 6.3% in the hexachlorophene group, and 8.3% in the control group. Triple dye was much more effective than no specific cord care or hexachlorophene in preventing acquisition of GBS colonization.", "PMID": 319653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7019", "title": "Intellectual and perceptual-motor characteristics of treated myelomeningocele children.", "content": "We studied 173 children with myelomeningocele, 133 of whom developed hydrocephalus (and had shunt procedures) and 40 of whom did not. Eighty siblings were tested as a control group. Sixty-three percent of children with hydrocephalus had IQs above 80; 87% of those without hydrocephalus had IQs above 80. Children who had associated hydrocephalus were significantly less intelligent than their siblings, whereas those without hydrocephalus were not. When patients and siblings were not. When patients and siblings were matched by age and IQ, the former scored significantly lower on a perceptual-motor functioning test. When patients with and without hydrocephalus were similarly matched, those with hydrocephalus scored lower. Inverse relationships between sac location and IQ, and sensory level and IQ, were found to be dependent on the association of higher sac levels and of sensory loss with hydrocephalus. Patient IQ was related to family income and education.", "contents": "Intellectual and perceptual-motor characteristics of treated myelomeningocele children. We studied 173 children with myelomeningocele, 133 of whom developed hydrocephalus (and had shunt procedures) and 40 of whom did not. Eighty siblings were tested as a control group. Sixty-three percent of children with hydrocephalus had IQs above 80; 87% of those without hydrocephalus had IQs above 80. Children who had associated hydrocephalus were significantly less intelligent than their siblings, whereas those without hydrocephalus were not. When patients and siblings were not. When patients and siblings were matched by age and IQ, the former scored significantly lower on a perceptual-motor functioning test. When patients with and without hydrocephalus were similarly matched, those with hydrocephalus scored lower. Inverse relationships between sac location and IQ, and sensory level and IQ, were found to be dependent on the association of higher sac levels and of sensory loss with hydrocephalus. Patient IQ was related to family income and education.", "PMID": 319654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7020", "title": "Meningitis due to two serotypes of Escherichia coli. An infant who recovered.", "content": "A newborn infant with hyaline membrane disease and aspiration pneumonia developed purulent meningitis on day 19, three days after discontinuation of ampicillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate therapy. Therapy with gentamicin, both systemically and intrathecally, for two weeks was ineffective. During this time each of four specimens of cerebrospinal fluid contained two serotypes of Escherichia coli, namely, O83:H4 and O75:H5. The antibiograms of the two strains were identical, both being susceptible to gentamicin and ampicillin. Treatment with ampicillin resulted in prompt disappearance of the infecting microorganisms and recovery from the infection. One of the strains (O75:H5) produced an antigen cross-reacting with the capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type B; the other did not. The patient developed O antibodies in substantial titers against E coli O83 but not against E coli O75.", "contents": "Meningitis due to two serotypes of Escherichia coli. An infant who recovered. A newborn infant with hyaline membrane disease and aspiration pneumonia developed purulent meningitis on day 19, three days after discontinuation of ampicillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate therapy. Therapy with gentamicin, both systemically and intrathecally, for two weeks was ineffective. During this time each of four specimens of cerebrospinal fluid contained two serotypes of Escherichia coli, namely, O83:H4 and O75:H5. The antibiograms of the two strains were identical, both being susceptible to gentamicin and ampicillin. Treatment with ampicillin resulted in prompt disappearance of the infecting microorganisms and recovery from the infection. One of the strains (O75:H5) produced an antigen cross-reacting with the capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type B; the other did not. The patient developed O antibodies in substantial titers against E coli O83 but not against E coli O75.", "PMID": 319655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7021", "title": "Ascites following renal transplantation.", "content": "Idiopathic ascites has been described in patients on maintenance peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. The mechanism responsible for ascites formation in these patients is unknown, and therapy has been generaly unsuccessful. However, renal transplantation has been associated with resolution of this form of ascites. We describe a patient who was free of ascites during maintenance dialysis, in whom ascites developed following renal transplantation associated with transient impairment of renal function. No specific cause of the ascites was found. Resolution of ascited occurred as renal function improved. This experience extends the spectrum of idiopathic ascites in uremic patients to the transplant recipient.", "contents": "Ascites following renal transplantation. Idiopathic ascites has been described in patients on maintenance peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. The mechanism responsible for ascites formation in these patients is unknown, and therapy has been generaly unsuccessful. However, renal transplantation has been associated with resolution of this form of ascites. We describe a patient who was free of ascites during maintenance dialysis, in whom ascites developed following renal transplantation associated with transient impairment of renal function. No specific cause of the ascites was found. Resolution of ascited occurred as renal function improved. This experience extends the spectrum of idiopathic ascites in uremic patients to the transplant recipient.", "PMID": 319657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7022", "title": "Long-term effects of highly selective vagotomy (HSV) in dogs on acid and pepsin secretion.", "content": "Gastric H+ and pepsin studies before and at intervals for 4o months after fundic vagotomy (HSV) in 3 fistula dogs were done with the vagal stimulant 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), and blocked the secretory response to 2-DG, but secretion began to recover by 5-6 months, and from 16 months on stabilized at 60% H+ and 13-17% pepsin (preoperative = 100%). After HSV the stomach showed hypersensitivity to urecholine with a lower threshold and lower Km, but unchanged Vm, while with histamine the curves were shifted to the right, with Vm unchanged and Km increased. With pentagastrin there was also a small decrease in Vm. Pepsin responses to urecholine recovered and exceeded control by 16 months, but remained relatively unresponsive to histamine or pentagastrin. A cholinergic background provided by urecholine at subthreshold doses (less than 10 mug/kg-hr) restored both pentagastrin and histamine responses to prevagotomy levels. Gastrin release from the innervated antrum by 2-DG was several times greater than in controls and was atropine sensitive. The results indicate that denervation of the secretory mucosa, especially of the peptic cells, is never more than partially reversed even after 3 years. Even though the response to vagal stimulation is partial, the mucosa remains capable of normal response, ie, there is no atrophy, and therefore, the vagus is not directly trophic to the gastric fundus. Moreover, vagotomy was followed by some hypersensitivity to urecholine, indicating changes in cholinergic receptors like those seen in denervated muscle cells.", "contents": "Long-term effects of highly selective vagotomy (HSV) in dogs on acid and pepsin secretion. Gastric H+ and pepsin studies before and at intervals for 4o months after fundic vagotomy (HSV) in 3 fistula dogs were done with the vagal stimulant 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), and blocked the secretory response to 2-DG, but secretion began to recover by 5-6 months, and from 16 months on stabilized at 60% H+ and 13-17% pepsin (preoperative = 100%). After HSV the stomach showed hypersensitivity to urecholine with a lower threshold and lower Km, but unchanged Vm, while with histamine the curves were shifted to the right, with Vm unchanged and Km increased. With pentagastrin there was also a small decrease in Vm. Pepsin responses to urecholine recovered and exceeded control by 16 months, but remained relatively unresponsive to histamine or pentagastrin. A cholinergic background provided by urecholine at subthreshold doses (less than 10 mug/kg-hr) restored both pentagastrin and histamine responses to prevagotomy levels. Gastrin release from the innervated antrum by 2-DG was several times greater than in controls and was atropine sensitive. The results indicate that denervation of the secretory mucosa, especially of the peptic cells, is never more than partially reversed even after 3 years. Even though the response to vagal stimulation is partial, the mucosa remains capable of normal response, ie, there is no atrophy, and therefore, the vagus is not directly trophic to the gastric fundus. Moreover, vagotomy was followed by some hypersensitivity to urecholine, indicating changes in cholinergic receptors like those seen in denervated muscle cells.", "PMID": 319658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7023", "title": "Kinetics of atropine inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated H+, electrolyte, and pepsin secretion in the dog.", "content": "The effects of atropine on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion of water, H, Cl, Na, K, and pepsin were determined by kinetic analysis of dose-response studies in 5 dogs with esophagostomy and gastric cannula. First a dose-response study was done using 7 doses of pentagastrin (1-6 mug/kg hr), each dose given by I.V. infusion for 4 hr at a separate time. The same series of doses was used with atropine sulfate 10 mug/kg hr as background. Atropine inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated secretion competively with a dose ratio change of 20. In a third set of studies pentagastrin was infused alone for 4 hrs in the dose of 1.5 mug/kg hr and then with each of 7 doses of atropine (0.625-40 mug/kg hr), each dose used separately. Atropine competitively inhibited water, H, Cl, and K secretion, with Ki (dose of atropine giving 50% inhibition) of 1.0 mug/kg hr. Pepsin secretion was much more strongly inhibited than acid secretion by atropine with Ki 0.27 mug/kg hr and the inhibition was uncompetitive. Calculated maximal inhibition of H+ secretion by atropine was 89% and of pepsin 95%. Furthermore the shape of the response to pentagastrin was altered by atropine so that the peak response was delayed to the third and fourth hour of pentagastrin infusion.", "contents": "Kinetics of atropine inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated H+, electrolyte, and pepsin secretion in the dog. The effects of atropine on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion of water, H, Cl, Na, K, and pepsin were determined by kinetic analysis of dose-response studies in 5 dogs with esophagostomy and gastric cannula. First a dose-response study was done using 7 doses of pentagastrin (1-6 mug/kg hr), each dose given by I.V. infusion for 4 hr at a separate time. The same series of doses was used with atropine sulfate 10 mug/kg hr as background. Atropine inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated secretion competively with a dose ratio change of 20. In a third set of studies pentagastrin was infused alone for 4 hrs in the dose of 1.5 mug/kg hr and then with each of 7 doses of atropine (0.625-40 mug/kg hr), each dose used separately. Atropine competitively inhibited water, H, Cl, and K secretion, with Ki (dose of atropine giving 50% inhibition) of 1.0 mug/kg hr. Pepsin secretion was much more strongly inhibited than acid secretion by atropine with Ki 0.27 mug/kg hr and the inhibition was uncompetitive. Calculated maximal inhibition of H+ secretion by atropine was 89% and of pepsin 95%. Furthermore the shape of the response to pentagastrin was altered by atropine so that the peak response was delayed to the third and fourth hour of pentagastrin infusion.", "PMID": 319659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7024", "title": "Effect of swallowed isosorbide dinitrate on blood pressure, heart rate and exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Blood pressures and heart rates were measured with the patients supine and standing after a placebo and small (5 to 10 mg) and large (10 to 30 mg) doses of isosorbide dinitrate were given orally in double-blind fashion to six patients. Compared to the findings after the placebo, the blood pressure level fell and the heart rate increased after the ingestion of isosorbide dinitrate. The changes were more striking with the patients standing than with them supine, and the larger dose of the drug produced greater changes than the smaller dose. The hemodynamic effects were usually apparent at 15 minutes, peaked between 30 and 120 minutes, and were still present at 240 minutes. Two hours after swallowing a 7.5 to 20 mg dose of isosorbide dinitrate or placebo, administered in random fashion, 10 patients with coronary artery disease and angina pectoris underwent graded, treadmill, exercise testing designed to provoke angina only after 3 minutes or more. Nine of them exercised longer and achieved higher maximal heart rates after taking the isosorbide dinitrate. Thus, in man, swallowed isosorbide dinitrate has a dose-related, \"long-acting,\" pharmacologic effect, and when tested by properly designed protocols, it improves exercise capacity. However, because the problems of nitrate tolerance and dependence have not been resolved, the place of oral nitrates in the management of patients with angina pectoris remains uncertain.", "contents": "Effect of swallowed isosorbide dinitrate on blood pressure, heart rate and exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. Blood pressures and heart rates were measured with the patients supine and standing after a placebo and small (5 to 10 mg) and large (10 to 30 mg) doses of isosorbide dinitrate were given orally in double-blind fashion to six patients. Compared to the findings after the placebo, the blood pressure level fell and the heart rate increased after the ingestion of isosorbide dinitrate. The changes were more striking with the patients standing than with them supine, and the larger dose of the drug produced greater changes than the smaller dose. The hemodynamic effects were usually apparent at 15 minutes, peaked between 30 and 120 minutes, and were still present at 240 minutes. Two hours after swallowing a 7.5 to 20 mg dose of isosorbide dinitrate or placebo, administered in random fashion, 10 patients with coronary artery disease and angina pectoris underwent graded, treadmill, exercise testing designed to provoke angina only after 3 minutes or more. Nine of them exercised longer and achieved higher maximal heart rates after taking the isosorbide dinitrate. Thus, in man, swallowed isosorbide dinitrate has a dose-related, \"long-acting,\" pharmacologic effect, and when tested by properly designed protocols, it improves exercise capacity. However, because the problems of nitrate tolerance and dependence have not been resolved, the place of oral nitrates in the management of patients with angina pectoris remains uncertain.", "PMID": 319662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7025", "title": "115 patients with first cadaver kidney transplants followed two to seven and a half years. A multifactorial analysis.", "content": "One hundred fifteen consecutive patients received first transplants from cadaver donors at the University of Minnesota between January 1, 1968, and May 31, 1973. All patients have been followed for at least two years. The two-year survival rate is 70 per cent and the two-year transplant function rate is 58 per cent. Considerable improvement in both patient survival and transplant function has been noted since 1971. The success of transplantation appears to depend to a large degree on the age of the transplant recipient, the number of HLA antigens matched between donor and recipient, and the dose of antilymphoblast globulin (ALG) administered to the recipient during the first two weeks after transplantation. Each of these factors appears to be important even when the other factors are controlled, and when patients with diabetes, suffering technical failure or hyperacute rejection, are excluded. The results utilizing well-matched cadaver kidneys plus large doses of ALG appear to be equivalent to those obtained with the use of mismatched kidneys from relatives, but further analysis will be required to draw a definite conclusion. Patients receiving poorly-matched cadaver kidneys do far less well than patients receiving mismatched related grafts, however, even when ALG is utilized.", "contents": "115 patients with first cadaver kidney transplants followed two to seven and a half years. A multifactorial analysis. One hundred fifteen consecutive patients received first transplants from cadaver donors at the University of Minnesota between January 1, 1968, and May 31, 1973. All patients have been followed for at least two years. The two-year survival rate is 70 per cent and the two-year transplant function rate is 58 per cent. Considerable improvement in both patient survival and transplant function has been noted since 1971. The success of transplantation appears to depend to a large degree on the age of the transplant recipient, the number of HLA antigens matched between donor and recipient, and the dose of antilymphoblast globulin (ALG) administered to the recipient during the first two weeks after transplantation. Each of these factors appears to be important even when the other factors are controlled, and when patients with diabetes, suffering technical failure or hyperacute rejection, are excluded. The results utilizing well-matched cadaver kidneys plus large doses of ALG appear to be equivalent to those obtained with the use of mismatched kidneys from relatives, but further analysis will be required to draw a definite conclusion. Patients receiving poorly-matched cadaver kidneys do far less well than patients receiving mismatched related grafts, however, even when ALG is utilized.", "PMID": 319663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7026", "title": "Routine processing of ophthalmic tissue for light microscopy.", "content": "The techniques for processing ophthalmic tissue in our laboratory are described in detail. The procedure for grossing of specimens, and the different time tables for processing are given. We have been able to achieve easily reproducible results using the methods described.", "contents": "Routine processing of ophthalmic tissue for light microscopy. The techniques for processing ophthalmic tissue in our laboratory are described in detail. The procedure for grossing of specimens, and the different time tables for processing are given. We have been able to achieve easily reproducible results using the methods described.", "PMID": 319664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7027", "title": "The acute effect of hysterectomy on ovarian blood flow.", "content": "Ovarian stromal blood flow was measured by 133xenon-clearance technique in five women before and immediately after abdominal hysterectomy preserving the adnexae. The interval  between the two measurements ranged from 35 to 76 minutes. The rate of xenon clearance was reduced by 52 to 89 percent in four of the women who were in the fertile age and by 29 percent in one postmenopausal subject. These findings indicate that acute reductions in ovarina blood flow may be responsible for the postoperative transient drop in ovarina steroid levels in peripheral plasma reported earlier.", "contents": "The acute effect of hysterectomy on ovarian blood flow. Ovarian stromal blood flow was measured by 133xenon-clearance technique in five women before and immediately after abdominal hysterectomy preserving the adnexae. The interval  between the two measurements ranged from 35 to 76 minutes. The rate of xenon clearance was reduced by 52 to 89 percent in four of the women who were in the fertile age and by 29 percent in one postmenopausal subject. These findings indicate that acute reductions in ovarina blood flow may be responsible for the postoperative transient drop in ovarina steroid levels in peripheral plasma reported earlier.", "PMID": 319669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7028", "title": "Successful treatment of Candida endophthalmitis with a synergistic combination of amphotericin B and rifampin.", "content": "Candida endophthalmitis, caused by transient candidemia, developed in a 14-year-old white girl receiving intravenous hyperalimentation. Antifungal synergism was established in vitro for the combination of amphotericin B and rifampin against the C. albicans isolate. A combined ten-day course of intravenous amphotericin B and oral rifampin was followed by the elimination of the infection and the preservation of good visual acuity.", "contents": "Successful treatment of Candida endophthalmitis with a synergistic combination of amphotericin B and rifampin. Candida endophthalmitis, caused by transient candidemia, developed in a 14-year-old white girl receiving intravenous hyperalimentation. Antifungal synergism was established in vitro for the combination of amphotericin B and rifampin against the C. albicans isolate. A combined ten-day course of intravenous amphotericin B and oral rifampin was followed by the elimination of the infection and the preservation of good visual acuity.", "PMID": 319671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7029", "title": "A method to correct the contracted socket.", "content": "In four patients, rotation of the inferior tarsus around the tarsal-tendon horizontal axis caused a contracted socket with loss of lower fornix and the inability to retain an artificial eye. Exposure of the lower border of the inferior tarsus through a skin incision, separating the tarsus from the overlying orbicularis oculi muscle, and suturing its lower margin to the skin corrected the abnormality.", "contents": "A method to correct the contracted socket. In four patients, rotation of the inferior tarsus around the tarsal-tendon horizontal axis caused a contracted socket with loss of lower fornix and the inability to retain an artificial eye. Exposure of the lower border of the inferior tarsus through a skin incision, separating the tarsus from the overlying orbicularis oculi muscle, and suturing its lower margin to the skin corrected the abnormality.", "PMID": 319674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7030", "title": "Corneal endothelium under various storage conditions.", "content": "Three rabbit corneas each were stored in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium, rabbit serum, and in a moist chamber at 4 degrees C refrigeration for various lengths of observation. The endothelial cells appeared normal under all conditions for the first 24 hours as compared with control corneas processed concurrently with each experimental group. After 48 hours of storage the specimens in the moist chamber showed isolated endothelial cell damage. The endothelia in M-K medium or rabbit serum appeared viable up to six days without significant differences although those stored in rabbit serum showed a better preservation of microvilli on individual endothelial cells. Under all conditions a mild shrinkage of the cells seemed to have taken place as indicated by the more pronounced cell boundaries. We incubated an equal number of control rabbit corneas at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2 and moist air in M-K medium, serum, and minimal essential medium (MEM) with 10% fetal calf serum and 100 units/ml of a penicillin and streptomycin mixture. In serum, the endothelia showed rapid destruction with swelling of the entire cornea. Those stored in M-K medium maintained a normal endothelial covering of the cornea up to six days. At nine days of storage, marked cellular changes were observed with dehiscence of the cellular layer. When stored in the MEM mixture, the endothelial cells showed a normal layer without obvious cell damage when compared with those stored in M-K medium up to four days. However, after six and nine days of storage, cellular destruction was greater in these specimens than in those stored in M-K medium. In addition, there was considerable swelling of the whole cornea under this storage condition.", "contents": "Corneal endothelium under various storage conditions. Three rabbit corneas each were stored in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium, rabbit serum, and in a moist chamber at 4 degrees C refrigeration for various lengths of observation. The endothelial cells appeared normal under all conditions for the first 24 hours as compared with control corneas processed concurrently with each experimental group. After 48 hours of storage the specimens in the moist chamber showed isolated endothelial cell damage. The endothelia in M-K medium or rabbit serum appeared viable up to six days without significant differences although those stored in rabbit serum showed a better preservation of microvilli on individual endothelial cells. Under all conditions a mild shrinkage of the cells seemed to have taken place as indicated by the more pronounced cell boundaries. We incubated an equal number of control rabbit corneas at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2 and moist air in M-K medium, serum, and minimal essential medium (MEM) with 10% fetal calf serum and 100 units/ml of a penicillin and streptomycin mixture. In serum, the endothelia showed rapid destruction with swelling of the entire cornea. Those stored in M-K medium maintained a normal endothelial covering of the cornea up to six days. At nine days of storage, marked cellular changes were observed with dehiscence of the cellular layer. When stored in the MEM mixture, the endothelial cells showed a normal layer without obvious cell damage when compared with those stored in M-K medium up to four days. However, after six and nine days of storage, cellular destruction was greater in these specimens than in those stored in M-K medium. In addition, there was considerable swelling of the whole cornea under this storage condition.", "PMID": 319675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7031", "title": "John Dewey: implications for schooling.", "content": "Propositions, whether great and lasting or insignificant and passing, reside in the \"guts of the living.\" Each age rediscovers its Plato, Dickens, Newton, or Dewey. Each age rewrites history, redefines science, develops its own theoretical perspectives. Propositions are tentative, conditional, or relative. They depend on contemporary priorities, and on a personal space and time context. At any future moment propositions may change, perspectives alter, new choices emerge. John Dewey provided for constructive innovation in schooling and the battles about his suggested criteria continue unabated. The purpose here, however, is only to examine some of Dewey's theoretical propositions and their probable implications (1).", "contents": "John Dewey: implications for schooling. Propositions, whether great and lasting or insignificant and passing, reside in the \"guts of the living.\" Each age rediscovers its Plato, Dickens, Newton, or Dewey. Each age rewrites history, redefines science, develops its own theoretical perspectives. Propositions are tentative, conditional, or relative. They depend on contemporary priorities, and on a personal space and time context. At any future moment propositions may change, perspectives alter, new choices emerge. John Dewey provided for constructive innovation in schooling and the battles about his suggested criteria continue unabated. The purpose here, however, is only to examine some of Dewey's theoretical propositions and their probable implications (1).", "PMID": 319676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7032", "title": "A posttreatment evaluation of direct bonding in orthodontics.", "content": "A long-term evaluation was made of results achieved in direct bonding of metal attachments with a chemically polymerized composite material. A total of 705 attachments were bonded to different teeth, including premolars and molars, in forty-six children. Slim bracket bases, small quantities of adhesive paste, and trimming of the excess material were used to improve esthetics and to benefit in respect of gingival condition. The same person bonded all brackets and performed the orthodontic treatment by a friction-free edgewise light-wire technique. Mean treatment time was 17 months. The clinical appearance before, during, and after treatment is shown in Figs. 3 to 5. The failure rates for the whole treatment period were 4 to 10 per cent for central and lateral incisors, canines, and first premolars in both dental arches. The second premolars, which were often in various stages of eruption at the time of bonding, and the molars had higher failure rates (Table I). An evident individual variation was noted, as a few children had a high number of loose brackets. Clinical and scanning electron microscopic studies of tooth surfaces following removal of the brackets demonstrated normal surface appearance when plain-cut tungsten carbide burs rotated at low speed were used to remove remnants of adhesive that could not easily be scraped off. Precoating etched enamel with sealant, in combination with daily fluoride mouth rinses and good oral hygiene, virtually eliminated the caries problem, but regular inspection for interproximal cavities was needed. There were no signs of enamel damage or discoloration for periods of up to 12 months subsequent to bracket removal. Further details of the technical operative procedure, failure analysis, bracket type and design, gingival health, and other aspects of direct bonding were also discussed.", "contents": "A posttreatment evaluation of direct bonding in orthodontics. A long-term evaluation was made of results achieved in direct bonding of metal attachments with a chemically polymerized composite material. A total of 705 attachments were bonded to different teeth, including premolars and molars, in forty-six children. Slim bracket bases, small quantities of adhesive paste, and trimming of the excess material were used to improve esthetics and to benefit in respect of gingival condition. The same person bonded all brackets and performed the orthodontic treatment by a friction-free edgewise light-wire technique. Mean treatment time was 17 months. The clinical appearance before, during, and after treatment is shown in Figs. 3 to 5. The failure rates for the whole treatment period were 4 to 10 per cent for central and lateral incisors, canines, and first premolars in both dental arches. The second premolars, which were often in various stages of eruption at the time of bonding, and the molars had higher failure rates (Table I). An evident individual variation was noted, as a few children had a high number of loose brackets. Clinical and scanning electron microscopic studies of tooth surfaces following removal of the brackets demonstrated normal surface appearance when plain-cut tungsten carbide burs rotated at low speed were used to remove remnants of adhesive that could not easily be scraped off. Precoating etched enamel with sealant, in combination with daily fluoride mouth rinses and good oral hygiene, virtually eliminated the caries problem, but regular inspection for interproximal cavities was needed. There were no signs of enamel damage or discoloration for periods of up to 12 months subsequent to bracket removal. Further details of the technical operative procedure, failure analysis, bracket type and design, gingival health, and other aspects of direct bonding were also discussed.", "PMID": 319678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7033", "title": "On the meaning of increased fluctuating dental asymmetry: a cross populational study.", "content": "Suarez reports a greater magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry for Neandertal sample when compared with a sample of modern Ohio whites. He postulates that this greater antimeric variance could be due to a greater degree of inbreeding in the Neandertal populations. In the present investigation, the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry is evaluated for Eskimo and Pueblo populations. These populations were found to exhibit dental variance of equal magnitude to that of the Neandertal population. As these populations are not highly inbred, a stress related mechanism is suggested to explain these observations and the inbreeding hypothesis is rejected. The implications of this mechanism to Brace's Probable Mutation Effect are discussed.", "contents": "On the meaning of increased fluctuating dental asymmetry: a cross populational study. Suarez reports a greater magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry for Neandertal sample when compared with a sample of modern Ohio whites. He postulates that this greater antimeric variance could be due to a greater degree of inbreeding in the Neandertal populations. In the present investigation, the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry is evaluated for Eskimo and Pueblo populations. These populations were found to exhibit dental variance of equal magnitude to that of the Neandertal population. As these populations are not highly inbred, a stress related mechanism is suggested to explain these observations and the inbreeding hypothesis is rejected. The implications of this mechanism to Brace's Probable Mutation Effect are discussed.", "PMID": 319679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7034", "title": "A comparative study on the dental health status of five precolumbian Peruvian cultures.", "content": "In a survey of dental health status of ancient Southern Peru, 101 skeletal remains were studied from five cultures: Paracas, Nazca, Tiahuanaco, Ica, and Inca. The Paracas and Ica cultures exhibited more missing antemortem teeth per mandible than the other cultures. Frequency of missing one or more third molars was less than expected and not as high as reported in peoples of Mongoloid heritage. The Paracas, Ica and Nazca, \"coastal\" cultures had a higher caries incidence than the \"inland\" cultures. Whether this relates to some difference in diet or water supply remains unresolved and warrants further investigation. Moderate attrition was noted in all the Precolumbian cultures but pulpal involvement was not observed. Osteitis, noted in all the cultures, was more pronounced in the Nazca, Paracas and Ica cultures. There appeared to be a direct relationship between caries involvement and the number of missing antemortem teeth to osteitis. Calculus was heavier in the Paracas and Ica cultures. In addition, the Paracas culture exhibited a dark brown stain on the teeth which may imply some difference between the cultures in either the food, water or social habits.", "contents": "A comparative study on the dental health status of five precolumbian Peruvian cultures. In a survey of dental health status of ancient Southern Peru, 101 skeletal remains were studied from five cultures: Paracas, Nazca, Tiahuanaco, Ica, and Inca. The Paracas and Ica cultures exhibited more missing antemortem teeth per mandible than the other cultures. Frequency of missing one or more third molars was less than expected and not as high as reported in peoples of Mongoloid heritage. The Paracas, Ica and Nazca, \"coastal\" cultures had a higher caries incidence than the \"inland\" cultures. Whether this relates to some difference in diet or water supply remains unresolved and warrants further investigation. Moderate attrition was noted in all the Precolumbian cultures but pulpal involvement was not observed. Osteitis, noted in all the cultures, was more pronounced in the Nazca, Paracas and Ica cultures. There appeared to be a direct relationship between caries involvement and the number of missing antemortem teeth to osteitis. Calculus was heavier in the Paracas and Ica cultures. In addition, the Paracas culture exhibited a dark brown stain on the teeth which may imply some difference between the cultures in either the food, water or social habits.", "PMID": 319680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7035", "title": "The Alto Salaverry child: a case of anemia from the Peruvian preceramic.", "content": "Excavations during 1974 at the Peruvian Preceramic site of Alto Salaverry led to the discovery of a child's skeleton. The fragmentary skeleton exhibits cribra orbitalia, a pitting of the orbital roof associated with anemia. This specimen provides the first evidence of anemia in a population of the predominantly non-agricultural Peruvian Preceramic and extends the antiquity of the pathology among Precolumbian Peruvians.", "contents": "The Alto Salaverry child: a case of anemia from the Peruvian preceramic. Excavations during 1974 at the Peruvian Preceramic site of Alto Salaverry led to the discovery of a child's skeleton. The fragmentary skeleton exhibits cribra orbitalia, a pitting of the orbital roof associated with anemia. This specimen provides the first evidence of anemia in a population of the predominantly non-agricultural Peruvian Preceramic and extends the antiquity of the pathology among Precolumbian Peruvians.", "PMID": 319681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7036", "title": "Morphometrics of the Neandertal talus.", "content": "A number of morphometric analyses of Neandertal tali since the turn of the century have failed to reach a consensus on the functional affinities of these fossil foot bones. To clarify the problem a univariate and multivariate analysis of the available Neandertal and Skh\u016bl tali in relation to those of modern humans was performed using nine linear dimensions and four angles. Our analysis indicates that Neandertal tali are indistinguishable from modern human tali in the implied locomotor capabilities and similar in overall size and proportions. The primary differences between the fossil and modern tali involve the greater articular robustness of the fossils, probably to compensate for higher levels of biomechanical stress.", "contents": "Morphometrics of the Neandertal talus. A number of morphometric analyses of Neandertal tali since the turn of the century have failed to reach a consensus on the functional affinities of these fossil foot bones. To clarify the problem a univariate and multivariate analysis of the available Neandertal and Skh\u016bl tali in relation to those of modern humans was performed using nine linear dimensions and four angles. Our analysis indicates that Neandertal tali are indistinguishable from modern human tali in the implied locomotor capabilities and similar in overall size and proportions. The primary differences between the fossil and modern tali involve the greater articular robustness of the fossils, probably to compensate for higher levels of biomechanical stress.", "PMID": 319682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7037", "title": "Skeletal growth of the protohistoric Arikara.", "content": "The longitudinal growth of the long bones and growth in breadth of the ilium are assessed for a population of protohistoric Arikara Indians from South Dakota through the correlation of skeletal measurements with estimates of chronological age at death. Comparison of the Arikara growth data with those from other Indian samples (Indian Knoll and Late Woodland, Illinois) reveals similar rates of bone growth, when compensation is made for methodological variation. As predicted from documented variation in adult statures, the Indian samples indicate slower growth rates than those of Whites but faster than those of Eskimos.", "contents": "Skeletal growth of the protohistoric Arikara. The longitudinal growth of the long bones and growth in breadth of the ilium are assessed for a population of protohistoric Arikara Indians from South Dakota through the correlation of skeletal measurements with estimates of chronological age at death. Comparison of the Arikara growth data with those from other Indian samples (Indian Knoll and Late Woodland, Illinois) reveals similar rates of bone growth, when compensation is made for methodological variation. As predicted from documented variation in adult statures, the Indian samples indicate slower growth rates than those of Whites but faster than those of Eskimos.", "PMID": 319684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7038", "title": "Task activity and anterior tooth grooving in prehistoric California indians.", "content": "Abraded grooves have been observed on the anterior teeth of all the adults in a small population of prehistoric California Indians. These dental effects show considerable variety, appearing on maxillary and mandibular teeth, on approximal and occulusal surfaces, and either isolated or bilaterally aligned. Although many of the grooves are indistinguishable from those reported for other prehistoric populations, their variety illustrates the limited applicability of etiological hypotheses previously proposed to account for such effects. It is suggested that the grooves represent traces of a task activity involving the pulling of fibrous materials across the teeth.", "contents": "Task activity and anterior tooth grooving in prehistoric California indians. Abraded grooves have been observed on the anterior teeth of all the adults in a small population of prehistoric California Indians. These dental effects show considerable variety, appearing on maxillary and mandibular teeth, on approximal and occulusal surfaces, and either isolated or bilaterally aligned. Although many of the grooves are indistinguishable from those reported for other prehistoric populations, their variety illustrates the limited applicability of etiological hypotheses previously proposed to account for such effects. It is suggested that the grooves represent traces of a task activity involving the pulling of fibrous materials across the teeth.", "PMID": 319685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7039", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of increasing airway pressure in the dog.", "content": "In paralyzed anesthetized dogs the cardiovascular effects of increasing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were explored under two conditions: a) end-expiratory lung volume increasing, b) end-expiratory lung volume kept nearly constant by matching pleural pressure rise to end-expiratory airway pressure rise. Two series of experiments were done: I) xenous return was allowed to fall, II) venous return was kept constant by infusion of volume. Right atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and left atrial pressure increased under all conditions when measured relative to atmospheric pressure, but increased relative to pleural pressure only under condition a. The rise in left atrial relative to pleural pressure may indicate a degree of left ventricular dysfunction associated with increasing end-expiratory lung volume. Furthermore, when end-expiratory lung volume increased, inequality of the rise in pulmonary artery wedge pressure exceeded the rise in left atrial pressure in series I. From plots of cardiac output as a function of right atrial pressure it was possible to conclude that the decrease in venous return is partially offset by an increase in mean circulatory pressure.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of increasing airway pressure in the dog. In paralyzed anesthetized dogs the cardiovascular effects of increasing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were explored under two conditions: a) end-expiratory lung volume increasing, b) end-expiratory lung volume kept nearly constant by matching pleural pressure rise to end-expiratory airway pressure rise. Two series of experiments were done: I) xenous return was allowed to fall, II) venous return was kept constant by infusion of volume. Right atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and left atrial pressure increased under all conditions when measured relative to atmospheric pressure, but increased relative to pleural pressure only under condition a. The rise in left atrial relative to pleural pressure may indicate a degree of left ventricular dysfunction associated with increasing end-expiratory lung volume. Furthermore, when end-expiratory lung volume increased, inequality of the rise in pulmonary artery wedge pressure exceeded the rise in left atrial pressure in series I. From plots of cardiac output as a function of right atrial pressure it was possible to conclude that the decrease in venous return is partially offset by an increase in mean circulatory pressure.", "PMID": 319686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7040", "title": "An implantable semiconductor beta-radiation detector.", "content": "An implantable beta-radiation detector suitable for the measurement of reginal blood flow in the experimental animal by the indicator clearance principle is described. A lithium-drifted silicon diode encapsulated in a stainless steel case is sutured over the site of interest. A suitable beta-emitting isotope, such as 85Kr in saline solution, is injected into the arterial supply and its calibrated against a mechanical system and showed excellent agreement up to 600 ml/100 g per min. At very high rates beyond the physiological range, flow was underestimated by a maximum of 10%. In vivo comparisons of myocardial blood flow assessed by the beta detector did not agree well with estimates of flow from a precordial counter or by the microsphere technique. Possible reasons are spatial heterogeneity of regional myocardial blood flow, the greatly different masses of tissue involved, or our inability to achieve sufficient numbers of spheres for accuracy in a 50-mg mass of tissue. The unit was still functional after 50 days in a chronic animal.", "contents": "An implantable semiconductor beta-radiation detector. An implantable beta-radiation detector suitable for the measurement of reginal blood flow in the experimental animal by the indicator clearance principle is described. A lithium-drifted silicon diode encapsulated in a stainless steel case is sutured over the site of interest. A suitable beta-emitting isotope, such as 85Kr in saline solution, is injected into the arterial supply and its calibrated against a mechanical system and showed excellent agreement up to 600 ml/100 g per min. At very high rates beyond the physiological range, flow was underestimated by a maximum of 10%. In vivo comparisons of myocardial blood flow assessed by the beta detector did not agree well with estimates of flow from a precordial counter or by the microsphere technique. Possible reasons are spatial heterogeneity of regional myocardial blood flow, the greatly different masses of tissue involved, or our inability to achieve sufficient numbers of spheres for accuracy in a 50-mg mass of tissue. The unit was still functional after 50 days in a chronic animal.", "PMID": 319687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7041", "title": "Total body water and the exchangeable hydrogen. I. Theoretical calculation of nonaqueous exchangeable hydrogen in man.", "content": "A theoretical calculation of the total nonaqueous exchangeable hydrogen in protein, carbohydrates, and fat in man has been made. It shows that of the total exchangeable hydrogen in the body 5.22% is located in biochemical components, soluble in body water, containing hydrogen that is exchangeable with the isotope. This value represents a maximum upward distortion of total body water measurements by isotope dilution, due to the maximum possible exchangeability in these molecular conformations. From comparative measurements reported in the literature it is clear that this maximum is not achieved during the short period of time during which tritium-dilution studies are performed. It is the authors' belief that the hard-to-exchange amide hydrogens described by Blout in the protein conformations account for this failure of the isotope to achieve complete exchange in the short time allowed.", "contents": "Total body water and the exchangeable hydrogen. I. Theoretical calculation of nonaqueous exchangeable hydrogen in man. A theoretical calculation of the total nonaqueous exchangeable hydrogen in protein, carbohydrates, and fat in man has been made. It shows that of the total exchangeable hydrogen in the body 5.22% is located in biochemical components, soluble in body water, containing hydrogen that is exchangeable with the isotope. This value represents a maximum upward distortion of total body water measurements by isotope dilution, due to the maximum possible exchangeability in these molecular conformations. From comparative measurements reported in the literature it is clear that this maximum is not achieved during the short period of time during which tritium-dilution studies are performed. It is the authors' belief that the hard-to-exchange amide hydrogens described by Blout in the protein conformations account for this failure of the isotope to achieve complete exchange in the short time allowed.", "PMID": 319688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7042", "title": "Total body water and the exchangeable hydrogen. II. A review of comparative data from animals based on isotope dilution and desiccation, with a report of new data from the rat.", "content": "Total body water (TBW) determination by tritium space could be factitiously elevated by exchangeable H+ contained within water-soluble chemical configurations. Should this nonaqueous (molecular) exchangeable H+ turn out to be a large fraction of total exchangeable H+, TBW measurement by tritiated water (THO) dilution would display a systematic upward and non-random error. TBW was measured by THO dilution and subsequently by total body desiccation in 21 rats (weight 227+/-83 g, mean+/-SD). TBW was 71.38+/-2.4% by THO dilution and 70.20+/-1.5% by body desiccation. Analysis of variance of TBW vs. body weight showed a highly significant correlation both with desiccation (P less than 0.0005, r=-0.78) and dilution (P less than 0.03, r= -0.50). Convariance analysis of both methods showed no difference in slope (P greater than 0.9). There was a difference in variance (P less than 0.001) and means (P less than 0.03). Tritium space is 1.2% of body weight larger than TBW measured by desiccation. TBW measured by THO dilution gives a 1.71% overestimation of TBW as measured by desiccation. TBW measurement by THO dilution is accurate within less than 2% error. These findings have particular significance in the light of our theoretical model of the total nonaqueous exchangeable H+ in fat, protein, and carbodhydrate in the living vertebrate.", "contents": "Total body water and the exchangeable hydrogen. II. A review of comparative data from animals based on isotope dilution and desiccation, with a report of new data from the rat. Total body water (TBW) determination by tritium space could be factitiously elevated by exchangeable H+ contained within water-soluble chemical configurations. Should this nonaqueous (molecular) exchangeable H+ turn out to be a large fraction of total exchangeable H+, TBW measurement by tritiated water (THO) dilution would display a systematic upward and non-random error. TBW was measured by THO dilution and subsequently by total body desiccation in 21 rats (weight 227+/-83 g, mean+/-SD). TBW was 71.38+/-2.4% by THO dilution and 70.20+/-1.5% by body desiccation. Analysis of variance of TBW vs. body weight showed a highly significant correlation both with desiccation (P less than 0.0005, r=-0.78) and dilution (P less than 0.03, r= -0.50). Convariance analysis of both methods showed no difference in slope (P greater than 0.9). There was a difference in variance (P less than 0.001) and means (P less than 0.03). Tritium space is 1.2% of body weight larger than TBW measured by desiccation. TBW measured by THO dilution gives a 1.71% overestimation of TBW as measured by desiccation. TBW measurement by THO dilution is accurate within less than 2% error. These findings have particular significance in the light of our theoretical model of the total nonaqueous exchangeable H+ in fat, protein, and carbodhydrate in the living vertebrate.", "PMID": 319689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7043", "title": "The crisis in mental health research.", "content": "The author states that the mental health research program of the United States is facing a threat to its survival as a force for public health. He describes the antecedents of this crisis, which include the separation of the National Institute of Mental Health from the National Institutes of Health and other organizational changes, the public's disappointment that overly great expectations were not met, and monetary inflation coupled with budgetary cutbacks. He concludes that, because research cannot be separated from the goals of service and training, the success of the total mental health program in the United States depends on resolving the research support crisis.", "contents": "The crisis in mental health research. The author states that the mental health research program of the United States is facing a threat to its survival as a force for public health. He describes the antecedents of this crisis, which include the separation of the National Institute of Mental Health from the National Institutes of Health and other organizational changes, the public's disappointment that overly great expectations were not met, and monetary inflation coupled with budgetary cutbacks. He concludes that, because research cannot be separated from the goals of service and training, the success of the total mental health program in the United States depends on resolving the research support crisis.", "PMID": 319690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7044", "title": "Whom to refer for group psychotherapy.", "content": "The authors believe that group psychotherapy is a useful modality in terms of both economic use of resources and manpower and effective treatment for many common problems. Three major indications for group therapy are inappropriate patterns of interpersonal relationships, the tendency to act immediately on feelings, and the potential or existence of a transference that impedes individual therapy. Patients in these categories who are also in crisis or have a neurotic problem for which the development of a transference neurosis is indicated may require individual therapy instead of or in addition to group therapy. The attitude of the referring physician is crucial; he/she must provide support during the transition and must believe that group therapy can substantially benefit the patient.", "contents": "Whom to refer for group psychotherapy. The authors believe that group psychotherapy is a useful modality in terms of both economic use of resources and manpower and effective treatment for many common problems. Three major indications for group therapy are inappropriate patterns of interpersonal relationships, the tendency to act immediately on feelings, and the potential or existence of a transference that impedes individual therapy. Patients in these categories who are also in crisis or have a neurotic problem for which the development of a transference neurosis is indicated may require individual therapy instead of or in addition to group therapy. The attitude of the referring physician is crucial; he/she must provide support during the transition and must believe that group therapy can substantially benefit the patient.", "PMID": 319691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7045", "title": "The effects of caffeine on reaction time in hyperkinetic and normal children.", "content": "Using a double-blind design, the authors investigated 1) caffeine's effect in hyperkinetic children on a choice reaction time task, 2) whether caffeine has different effects on simple reaction time and choice reaction time, and 3) whether its effects in the hyperkinetic compared with the normal group of children are best described by the law of initial values or as a \"paradoxical effect.\" The results indicate that caffeine produced an increase in the accuracy of stimulus identification and processing and a decrease in lapses of attention for the hyperkinetic group. The law of initial values best represented the phenomena observed.", "contents": "The effects of caffeine on reaction time in hyperkinetic and normal children. Using a double-blind design, the authors investigated 1) caffeine's effect in hyperkinetic children on a choice reaction time task, 2) whether caffeine has different effects on simple reaction time and choice reaction time, and 3) whether its effects in the hyperkinetic compared with the normal group of children are best described by the law of initial values or as a \"paradoxical effect.\" The results indicate that caffeine produced an increase in the accuracy of stimulus identification and processing and a decrease in lapses of attention for the hyperkinetic group. The law of initial values best represented the phenomena observed.", "PMID": 319692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7046", "title": "Current status of pancreatojejunostomy in the management of chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Thirty patients with chronic pancreatitis were treated by pancreatojejunostomy, six caudal and twenty-four longitudinal anastomoses. Follow-up data up to twenty years are reported and the early and long-term results compared. There were no deaths. Long-term results with caudal pancreatojejunostomy were 50 per cent excellent or improved and with longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy, 70 per cent excellent or improved. The best results were obtained when intraductal calcification was present. Longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy is recommended as the initial treatment of choice for chronic pancreatitis in patients with ductal obstruction, particularly when calcification is present.", "contents": "Current status of pancreatojejunostomy in the management of chronic pancreatitis. Thirty patients with chronic pancreatitis were treated by pancreatojejunostomy, six caudal and twenty-four longitudinal anastomoses. Follow-up data up to twenty years are reported and the early and long-term results compared. There were no deaths. Long-term results with caudal pancreatojejunostomy were 50 per cent excellent or improved and with longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy, 70 per cent excellent or improved. The best results were obtained when intraductal calcification was present. Longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy is recommended as the initial treatment of choice for chronic pancreatitis in patients with ductal obstruction, particularly when calcification is present.", "PMID": 319695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7047", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in human renal transplantation.", "content": "After transplantation Hodgkin's disease developed in two recipients of related donor renal allografts. Only one case of Hodgkin's disease had previously been reported in this specific patient population and these two cases demonstrate the very atypical biologic behavior of Hodgkin's disease in the immunosuppressed renal transplant patient.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in human renal transplantation. After transplantation Hodgkin's disease developed in two recipients of related donor renal allografts. Only one case of Hodgkin's disease had previously been reported in this specific patient population and these two cases demonstrate the very atypical biologic behavior of Hodgkin's disease in the immunosuppressed renal transplant patient.", "PMID": 319696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7048", "title": "Use of transcutaneous electrical stimulation in the control of postoperative pain.", "content": "Perception and relief of pain were studied in a varied group of fifty patients who had undergone laparotomy with upper abdominal midline incisions. Twenty-six patients were supplied with functioning transcutaneous electrical stimulators. Twenty-four received nonfunctioning machines. The controls were randomized by a nurse not otherwise involved in this study. Only seventeen of the total study group were judged failures and six of the patients had been receiving preoperative narcotics. Patient response was very favorable and pain relief was good to excellent, especially in one group with working stimulators (p is less than 0.008). Patients with known malignant disease did not respond as well as those with benign disease although anxiety may have been an important factor here. Use of the transcutaneous electrical stimulator would seem particularly worthwhile for patients undergoing elective abdominal operations for benign disease with no history of narcotic usage. Briefing the patient preoperatively on the potential value of transcutaneous electrical stimulation as a method of pain relief may improve end-results.", "contents": "Use of transcutaneous electrical stimulation in the control of postoperative pain. Perception and relief of pain were studied in a varied group of fifty patients who had undergone laparotomy with upper abdominal midline incisions. Twenty-six patients were supplied with functioning transcutaneous electrical stimulators. Twenty-four received nonfunctioning machines. The controls were randomized by a nurse not otherwise involved in this study. Only seventeen of the total study group were judged failures and six of the patients had been receiving preoperative narcotics. Patient response was very favorable and pain relief was good to excellent, especially in one group with working stimulators (p is less than 0.008). Patients with known malignant disease did not respond as well as those with benign disease although anxiety may have been an important factor here. Use of the transcutaneous electrical stimulator would seem particularly worthwhile for patients undergoing elective abdominal operations for benign disease with no history of narcotic usage. Briefing the patient preoperatively on the potential value of transcutaneous electrical stimulation as a method of pain relief may improve end-results.", "PMID": 319697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7049", "title": "Influence of subcuticular sutures on scar formation.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of nonabsorbable and absorbable subcuticular sutures on the width of scars of the human skin. This study included seventeen patients undergoing partial laminectomy for radiculopathy secondary to herniated nucleus pulposis. The scar of each patient served as its only control with its superior and inferior portions being subjected to different closure technics. The most important determinant of scar width was the patient himself. The width of the scar varied from an almost imperceptible scar in one patient to a very wide scar in another. An additional determinant of scar width was the location of the scar. The width of the inferior half of the scar was wider than the width of the superior half of the scar. Subcuticular closure of the laminectomy scar did not alter the magnitude of scar formation.", "contents": "Influence of subcuticular sutures on scar formation. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of nonabsorbable and absorbable subcuticular sutures on the width of scars of the human skin. This study included seventeen patients undergoing partial laminectomy for radiculopathy secondary to herniated nucleus pulposis. The scar of each patient served as its only control with its superior and inferior portions being subjected to different closure technics. The most important determinant of scar width was the patient himself. The width of the scar varied from an almost imperceptible scar in one patient to a very wide scar in another. An additional determinant of scar width was the location of the scar. The width of the inferior half of the scar was wider than the width of the superior half of the scar. Subcuticular closure of the laminectomy scar did not alter the magnitude of scar formation.", "PMID": 319698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7050", "title": "A simple trocar tor transcutaneous interosseous wiring in limited exposure sites.", "content": "A simple trocar with inner canula is used in limited exposure sites for transcutaneous drilling. The trocar has an outer cannula which allows the special \"air-powered\" drill tip to pass through for transcutaneous interosseous drilling. No complications have been encountered by its use on numerous occasions.", "contents": "A simple trocar tor transcutaneous interosseous wiring in limited exposure sites. A simple trocar with inner canula is used in limited exposure sites for transcutaneous drilling. The trocar has an outer cannula which allows the special \"air-powered\" drill tip to pass through for transcutaneous interosseous drilling. No complications have been encountered by its use on numerous occasions.", "PMID": 319699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7051", "title": "Intermittent positive pressure inflation during microscopic endolaryngeal surgery.", "content": "We describe a technique of anaesthesia for microlaryngeal surgery which we have found satisfactory. Inflation of oxygen through a noso-tracheal catheter provided very satisfactory ventilation with high oxygen levels in contrast to other reports. The intratracheal pressure was intermittently monitored to ensure safety. Continuous infusion of Methohexitone and suxamethonium provided adequate safe anaesthesia, prompt recovery, and absence of awareness. The results of pulmonary function tests undertaken preoperatively and postoperatively were mainly identical, showing no gross deleterious effect with this method of anaesthesia.", "contents": "Intermittent positive pressure inflation during microscopic endolaryngeal surgery. We describe a technique of anaesthesia for microlaryngeal surgery which we have found satisfactory. Inflation of oxygen through a noso-tracheal catheter provided very satisfactory ventilation with high oxygen levels in contrast to other reports. The intratracheal pressure was intermittently monitored to ensure safety. Continuous infusion of Methohexitone and suxamethonium provided adequate safe anaesthesia, prompt recovery, and absence of awareness. The results of pulmonary function tests undertaken preoperatively and postoperatively were mainly identical, showing no gross deleterious effect with this method of anaesthesia.", "PMID": 319700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7052", "title": "Treatment of diffuse metastatic cancer pain by instillation of alcohol into the sella turcica.", "content": "The technique of \"chemical hypophysectomy\" was modified for the management of pain due to metastatic cancer. Using stereotaxic control, a needle is introduced via the nose into the sella turcica. Absolute alcohol is then injected into the pituitary. Of 13 patients who had severe uncontrollable pain, 11 obtained marked symptomatic relief. The longest follow-up period to date is seven months, with results persisting. Sequelae are those associated with destruction of the pituitary gland, the most significant being diabetes insipidus. Several cerebrospinal fluid leaks prompted us routinely to instill alpha-ethyl cyanoacrylate to seal the sella floor. Three patients had slight extraocular nerve palsies. There was no death related to the procedure.", "contents": "Treatment of diffuse metastatic cancer pain by instillation of alcohol into the sella turcica. The technique of \"chemical hypophysectomy\" was modified for the management of pain due to metastatic cancer. Using stereotaxic control, a needle is introduced via the nose into the sella turcica. Absolute alcohol is then injected into the pituitary. Of 13 patients who had severe uncontrollable pain, 11 obtained marked symptomatic relief. The longest follow-up period to date is seven months, with results persisting. Sequelae are those associated with destruction of the pituitary gland, the most significant being diabetes insipidus. Several cerebrospinal fluid leaks prompted us routinely to instill alpha-ethyl cyanoacrylate to seal the sella floor. Three patients had slight extraocular nerve palsies. There was no death related to the procedure.", "PMID": 319706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7053", "title": "Improved oxygenation during thoractomy with selective PEEP to the dependent lung.", "content": "In 22 patients during thoracotomy in the lateral position, the effects of selective positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to the dependent lung while simultaneously ventilating the non-dependent lung at zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) on (1) inspired O2 concentration required to maintain adequate Pao2 during thoractomy and 2) alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (AaO2D) while breathing 100 percent O2 at the end of thoractomy were examined and compared to ventilation of both lungs at ZEEP, Selective PEEP to the dependent lung resulted in adequate PaO2 with a lower inspired O2 concentration (44 +/- SD 6% versus 70 +/- SD 21%), and a smaller AsO2D while breathing 100 percent O2 189 +/- SD 31 versus 342 +/- SD 69 torr) at the end of thoracotomy.", "contents": "Improved oxygenation during thoractomy with selective PEEP to the dependent lung. In 22 patients during thoracotomy in the lateral position, the effects of selective positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to the dependent lung while simultaneously ventilating the non-dependent lung at zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) on (1) inspired O2 concentration required to maintain adequate Pao2 during thoractomy and 2) alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (AaO2D) while breathing 100 percent O2 at the end of thoractomy were examined and compared to ventilation of both lungs at ZEEP, Selective PEEP to the dependent lung resulted in adequate PaO2 with a lower inspired O2 concentration (44 +/- SD 6% versus 70 +/- SD 21%), and a smaller AsO2D while breathing 100 percent O2 189 +/- SD 31 versus 342 +/- SD 69 torr) at the end of thoracotomy.", "PMID": 319703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7054", "title": "The Bela Schick Memorial Lecture. Toward measurement of success: from diphtheria to allergy.", "content": "Schick's skin test identifies persons immune to diphtheria and those successfully immunized. No test enables comparable judgment of hyposensitization (immunotherapy), long used for treatment of diseases of allergic origin. Efforts made to measure the successful immunologic conquest of diphtheria are compared and contrasted with efforts being made to conquer diseases of allergic origin.", "contents": "The Bela Schick Memorial Lecture. Toward measurement of success: from diphtheria to allergy. Schick's skin test identifies persons immune to diphtheria and those successfully immunized. No test enables comparable judgment of hyposensitization (immunotherapy), long used for treatment of diseases of allergic origin. Efforts made to measure the successful immunologic conquest of diphtheria are compared and contrasted with efforts being made to conquer diseases of allergic origin.", "PMID": 319710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7055", "title": "Ventilatory pattern, intrapleural pressure, and cardiac output.", "content": "Continuous positive-pressure ventilation may decrease cardiac output. However, a few reports have separated the effects of positive and end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) from those of mechanical ventilation. Ten surgical patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support had catheters inserted for measurement of right atrial pressure (RAP), pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP), intrapleural, radial artery, airway, and atrial filling pressures, and cardiac output. All patients breathed spontaneously between mechanical breaths delivered every 30 seconds by intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). Measurements were made with 0, 5, and 10 cm H2O PEEP, and during intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) with 12 breaths/min without PEEP. Airway pressure (Paw), intrapleural pressure, RAP, and PAOP were increased by PEEP and IPPV. Intrapleural pressure increased most during IPPV (p less than 0.001). Atrial filling pressures and cardiac output were unaffected by PEEP but decreased during IPPV (p less than 0.001). Patients receiving IMV maintained negative intrapleural pressure, atrial filling pressure, cardiac output and, therefore, O2 delivery, regardless of PEEP level. The authors conclude that patients requiring mechanical respiratory support, with or without PEEP, may maintain better cardiopulmonary function when allowed some spontaneous ventilatory activity.", "contents": "Ventilatory pattern, intrapleural pressure, and cardiac output. Continuous positive-pressure ventilation may decrease cardiac output. However, a few reports have separated the effects of positive and end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) from those of mechanical ventilation. Ten surgical patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support had catheters inserted for measurement of right atrial pressure (RAP), pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP), intrapleural, radial artery, airway, and atrial filling pressures, and cardiac output. All patients breathed spontaneously between mechanical breaths delivered every 30 seconds by intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). Measurements were made with 0, 5, and 10 cm H2O PEEP, and during intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) with 12 breaths/min without PEEP. Airway pressure (Paw), intrapleural pressure, RAP, and PAOP were increased by PEEP and IPPV. Intrapleural pressure increased most during IPPV (p less than 0.001). Atrial filling pressures and cardiac output were unaffected by PEEP but decreased during IPPV (p less than 0.001). Patients receiving IMV maintained negative intrapleural pressure, atrial filling pressure, cardiac output and, therefore, O2 delivery, regardless of PEEP level. The authors conclude that patients requiring mechanical respiratory support, with or without PEEP, may maintain better cardiopulmonary function when allowed some spontaneous ventilatory activity.", "PMID": 319705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7056", "title": "A comparative study of the aerosolized bronchodilators, isoproterenol, metaproterenol and terbutaline in asthma.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with asthma were studied in a double-blind manner for the effects of three aerosolized bronchodilators (isoproterenol, metaproterenol and terbutaline) on small, large and mixed airways, blood pressure, heart rate and various blood chemistries. Favorable responses were measured within 30 seconds for each drug. However, only the newer, selective beta-2 agonists, metaproterenol and terbutaline, produced significantly prolonged action upon small as well as large airways and lung volumes. Of the two, terbutaline tended to have an earlier and higher peak activity and longer duration of action, especially on large airways. Such prolonged activity by the newer agents suggests a safer and more effective alternative to isoproterenol inhalation.", "contents": "A comparative study of the aerosolized bronchodilators, isoproterenol, metaproterenol and terbutaline in asthma. Twenty-one patients with asthma were studied in a double-blind manner for the effects of three aerosolized bronchodilators (isoproterenol, metaproterenol and terbutaline) on small, large and mixed airways, blood pressure, heart rate and various blood chemistries. Favorable responses were measured within 30 seconds for each drug. However, only the newer, selective beta-2 agonists, metaproterenol and terbutaline, produced significantly prolonged action upon small as well as large airways and lung volumes. Of the two, terbutaline tended to have an earlier and higher peak activity and longer duration of action, especially on large airways. Such prolonged activity by the newer agents suggests a safer and more effective alternative to isoproterenol inhalation.", "PMID": 319711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7057", "title": "A computerized approach to closing volume determination.", "content": "A computer program was designed to analyze the single-breath nitrogen curve and calculate closing volume. The program solved simultaneously the two regression equations of phases III and IV with the intersection representing the point of closing volume. Thirty volunteers were asked to perform three consecutive single-breath nitrogen tests, all administered by an experienced laboratory technician. The tracings were also analyzed independently by two experienced observers. Correlation between visual and computer determination was excellent (r = 0.84), indicating that the computer method is as accurate in its closing volume analysis as is the present day method of visual determination. The results of this study suggest that widespread use of such a program could prove timesaving and eliminate the problems of interobserver and intraobserver variation, which presently impair the reliability of the SB N2 test.", "contents": "A computerized approach to closing volume determination. A computer program was designed to analyze the single-breath nitrogen curve and calculate closing volume. The program solved simultaneously the two regression equations of phases III and IV with the intersection representing the point of closing volume. Thirty volunteers were asked to perform three consecutive single-breath nitrogen tests, all administered by an experienced laboratory technician. The tracings were also analyzed independently by two experienced observers. Correlation between visual and computer determination was excellent (r = 0.84), indicating that the computer method is as accurate in its closing volume analysis as is the present day method of visual determination. The results of this study suggest that widespread use of such a program could prove timesaving and eliminate the problems of interobserver and intraobserver variation, which presently impair the reliability of the SB N2 test.", "PMID": 319712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7058", "title": "Autonomic blockade and the cardiovascular and catecholamine response to electroshock.", "content": "From a study on the interrelationship between electroshock-induced convulsions, autonomic function, catecholamines, and cardiovascular homeostasis in dogs, the authors found that: (1) the asystole of electroshock (ES) was significnatly prolonged by high spinal anesthesia but not by relative alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade; (2) increased levels of circulating catecholamines were solely responsible for the marked hypertensive response to ES, since the pressor effect could be blocked by preventing the release of catecholamines with high spinal anesthesia or by inhibiting alpha-adrenergic receptors with phenoxybenzamine; (3) the adrenal medulla appeared to be the source of most of the ES-induced increase in circulating catecholamines; (4) the asystole and arrhythmias of ES were a cholinergic effect, since they were blocked by atropine; (5) there was a dose-response relationship between the coulombs of electricity administered and the catecholamine and cardiovascular responses; and (6) that the adverse cardiovascular effects of ES therapy could be ameliorated pharmacologically.", "contents": "Autonomic blockade and the cardiovascular and catecholamine response to electroshock. From a study on the interrelationship between electroshock-induced convulsions, autonomic function, catecholamines, and cardiovascular homeostasis in dogs, the authors found that: (1) the asystole of electroshock (ES) was significnatly prolonged by high spinal anesthesia but not by relative alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade; (2) increased levels of circulating catecholamines were solely responsible for the marked hypertensive response to ES, since the pressor effect could be blocked by preventing the release of catecholamines with high spinal anesthesia or by inhibiting alpha-adrenergic receptors with phenoxybenzamine; (3) the adrenal medulla appeared to be the source of most of the ES-induced increase in circulating catecholamines; (4) the asystole and arrhythmias of ES were a cholinergic effect, since they were blocked by atropine; (5) there was a dose-response relationship between the coulombs of electricity administered and the catecholamine and cardiovascular responses; and (6) that the adverse cardiovascular effects of ES therapy could be ameliorated pharmacologically.", "PMID": 319704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7059", "title": "Oral atropine in the treatment of chronic asthma.", "content": "Six adult patients with chronic asthma were treated with oral atropine sulfate 0.5 mg or placebo four times a day in a double-blind, crossover trial lasting eight weeks. Subjects returned at weekly intervals for spirometry and clinical evaluation. The baseline pulmonary functions did not differ significantly between the atropine and placebo periods. The only side effects noted were slight dryness of the mouth in three patients. The three patients who complained of mouth dryness felt that they were better while they were taking oral atropine in that they had fewer acute episodes of asthma. The administration of 0.5 mg oral atropine four times a day is ineffective in improving baseline pulmonary functions in chronic asthmatics, although it may decrease the incidence and severity of acute asthmatic episodes.", "contents": "Oral atropine in the treatment of chronic asthma. Six adult patients with chronic asthma were treated with oral atropine sulfate 0.5 mg or placebo four times a day in a double-blind, crossover trial lasting eight weeks. Subjects returned at weekly intervals for spirometry and clinical evaluation. The baseline pulmonary functions did not differ significantly between the atropine and placebo periods. The only side effects noted were slight dryness of the mouth in three patients. The three patients who complained of mouth dryness felt that they were better while they were taking oral atropine in that they had fewer acute episodes of asthma. The administration of 0.5 mg oral atropine four times a day is ineffective in improving baseline pulmonary functions in chronic asthmatics, although it may decrease the incidence and severity of acute asthmatic episodes.", "PMID": 319713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7060", "title": "Comparison of techniques for measuring the local and systemic responses to tuberculin in cattle.", "content": "Thermography of tuberculin skin reactions in cattle sensitized with Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, or Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was rapid and sensitive, but was not as specifically related to the homologous sensitization as was increased skin thickness at 48 and 72 hours. Systemic temperature responses were more completely monitored by radiotelemetry of intraperitoneally located temperature transmitters than by rectal thermometry, but the temperatures indicated by the 2 methods were nearly identical. The intraperitoneal transmitters showed that the systemic responses consisted of 1, 2, or 3 temperature peaks, and in 1 animal which had previously been exposed to a heterologous tuberculin, a hypothermic response developed. The systemic temperature responses were more specifically related to homologous sensitization than were dermal responses, but were more cumbersome to measure.", "contents": "Comparison of techniques for measuring the local and systemic responses to tuberculin in cattle. Thermography of tuberculin skin reactions in cattle sensitized with Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, or Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was rapid and sensitive, but was not as specifically related to the homologous sensitization as was increased skin thickness at 48 and 72 hours. Systemic temperature responses were more completely monitored by radiotelemetry of intraperitoneally located temperature transmitters than by rectal thermometry, but the temperatures indicated by the 2 methods were nearly identical. The intraperitoneal transmitters showed that the systemic responses consisted of 1, 2, or 3 temperature peaks, and in 1 animal which had previously been exposed to a heterologous tuberculin, a hypothermic response developed. The systemic temperature responses were more specifically related to homologous sensitization than were dermal responses, but were more cumbersome to measure.", "PMID": 319714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7061", "title": "Development and evaluation of an enzyme-labeled antibody test for the rapid detection of hog cholera antibodies.", "content": "A rapid enzyme-labeled antibody (ELA) microtechnique for the screening of swine for hog cholera antibodies was developed and evaluated with a blind study, using a 640-sample hog cholera serum bank. The total time to run a group of 22 samples was approximately 1 hour. The ELA test results correlated greater than 99% with hog cholera serum-neutralization test results on the same serums. Test results also indicated that the ELA test shares with the hog cholera serum-neutralization test the problem of cross reactions between the antibodies of hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea.", "contents": "Development and evaluation of an enzyme-labeled antibody test for the rapid detection of hog cholera antibodies. A rapid enzyme-labeled antibody (ELA) microtechnique for the screening of swine for hog cholera antibodies was developed and evaluated with a blind study, using a 640-sample hog cholera serum bank. The total time to run a group of 22 samples was approximately 1 hour. The ELA test results correlated greater than 99% with hog cholera serum-neutralization test results on the same serums. Test results also indicated that the ELA test shares with the hog cholera serum-neutralization test the problem of cross reactions between the antibodies of hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea.", "PMID": 319715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7062", "title": "Comparison of the effects of continuous negative external chest pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure on cardiac index in dogs.", "content": "Continuous negative external chest pressure was used to increase the functional residual capacity in 6 dogs, and the effects were compared with the effects of increasing functional residual capacity using positive end-expiratory pressure. Cardiac index and mixed venous O2 stauration each decreased from control values during positive end-expiratory pressure, but did not decrease with continuous negative external chest pressure. Continuous negative external chest pressure may provide an alternative to positive end-expiratory pressure for increasing the functional residual capacity of patients in whom the latter causes unacceptable decreases in venous return and cardiac output.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of continuous negative external chest pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure on cardiac index in dogs. Continuous negative external chest pressure was used to increase the functional residual capacity in 6 dogs, and the effects were compared with the effects of increasing functional residual capacity using positive end-expiratory pressure. Cardiac index and mixed venous O2 stauration each decreased from control values during positive end-expiratory pressure, but did not decrease with continuous negative external chest pressure. Continuous negative external chest pressure may provide an alternative to positive end-expiratory pressure for increasing the functional residual capacity of patients in whom the latter causes unacceptable decreases in venous return and cardiac output.", "PMID": 319716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7063", "title": "Bronchial effects of aerosolized delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy and asthmatic subjects.", "content": "Effects on airway dynamics, heart rate, and the central nervous system of various doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol administered in a random, double blind fashion using a Freon-propelled, metered-dose nebulizer were evaluated in 11 healthy men and 5 asthmatic subjects. Effects of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol were compared with aerosolized placebo and isoproterenol and with 20 mg of oral and smoked delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. In the normal subjects, after 5 to 20 mg of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, specific airway conductance increased immediately, reached a maximum (33 to 41 per cent increase) after 1 to 2 hours, and remained significantly greater than placebo values for 2 to 3 hours. The bronchodilator effect of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol was less than that of isoproterenol after 5 min, but significantly greater than that of isoproterenol after 1 to 3 hours. The magnitude of bronchodilatation after all doses of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol was comparable, but 5 mg of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol caused a significantly smaller increase in heart rate and level of intoxication than the 20-mg dose. Smoked delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol produced greater cardiac and intoxicating effects than either aerosolized or oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Side effects of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol included slight cough and/or chest discomfort in 3 of the 11 normal subjects. Aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol caused significant bronchodilatation in 3 of 5 asthmatic subjects, but caused moderate to severe bronchoconstriction associated with cough and chest discomfort in the other 2. These findings indicate that aerosolized delat9-tetrahydrocannabinol, although capable of causing significant bronchodilatation with minimal systemic side effects, has a local irritating effect on the airways, which may make it unsuitable for therapeutic use.", "contents": "Bronchial effects of aerosolized delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy and asthmatic subjects. Effects on airway dynamics, heart rate, and the central nervous system of various doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol administered in a random, double blind fashion using a Freon-propelled, metered-dose nebulizer were evaluated in 11 healthy men and 5 asthmatic subjects. Effects of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol were compared with aerosolized placebo and isoproterenol and with 20 mg of oral and smoked delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. In the normal subjects, after 5 to 20 mg of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, specific airway conductance increased immediately, reached a maximum (33 to 41 per cent increase) after 1 to 2 hours, and remained significantly greater than placebo values for 2 to 3 hours. The bronchodilator effect of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol was less than that of isoproterenol after 5 min, but significantly greater than that of isoproterenol after 1 to 3 hours. The magnitude of bronchodilatation after all doses of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol was comparable, but 5 mg of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol caused a significantly smaller increase in heart rate and level of intoxication than the 20-mg dose. Smoked delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol produced greater cardiac and intoxicating effects than either aerosolized or oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Side effects of aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol included slight cough and/or chest discomfort in 3 of the 11 normal subjects. Aerosolized delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol caused significant bronchodilatation in 3 of 5 asthmatic subjects, but caused moderate to severe bronchoconstriction associated with cough and chest discomfort in the other 2. These findings indicate that aerosolized delat9-tetrahydrocannabinol, although capable of causing significant bronchodilatation with minimal systemic side effects, has a local irritating effect on the airways, which may make it unsuitable for therapeutic use.", "PMID": 319717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7064", "title": "Prevention and treatment of tracheal injuries in children.", "content": "Endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy, both procedures used to treat life-threatening respiratory problems, may in themselves produce internal tracheal or laryngeal injury and subsequent airway obstruction. A knowledge of the anatomy of the larynx and trachea in children and the proper techniques and equipment which are available for infants and small children is mandatory if complications are to be prevented. It is essential that all physicians who deal with respiratory problems in children be aware of the differences between children and adults and knowledgeable of special techniques and equipment necessary for children.", "contents": "Prevention and treatment of tracheal injuries in children. Endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy, both procedures used to treat life-threatening respiratory problems, may in themselves produce internal tracheal or laryngeal injury and subsequent airway obstruction. A knowledge of the anatomy of the larynx and trachea in children and the proper techniques and equipment which are available for infants and small children is mandatory if complications are to be prevented. It is essential that all physicians who deal with respiratory problems in children be aware of the differences between children and adults and knowledgeable of special techniques and equipment necessary for children.", "PMID": 319719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7065", "title": "Granulocyte adherence changes induced by hemodialysis, endotoxin, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids.", "content": "Granulocyte adherence was studied in several situations of altered granulycyte kinetics. During the transient granulocytopenia of hemodialysis, adherence increased to 481.7% of baseline by 15 min and was normal by 60 min. One hour after endotoxin administration, adherence was 160.5% of control as granulocyte counts fell to 21.4%; conversely, the 24-h postdose granulocytosis was associated with a 43.0% decrease in adherence. Epinephrine produced a 25.8% decrease in adhereence, with demargination granulocytosis 146.1% of control period. Alternate-day prednisone administration inhibited adhereence by 38.9% on the \"on\" day, concomitant with prolonged granulocyte intravascular half-life, but adherence returned to normal on the \"off\" day when intravascular half-life is normal. In each situation, a plasma factor not present in serum was responsible for the modified adherence; if these factors produce the sameadherence changes in vivo, they may be responsible for the alterations noted in granulocyte kinetics.", "contents": "Granulocyte adherence changes induced by hemodialysis, endotoxin, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids. Granulocyte adherence was studied in several situations of altered granulycyte kinetics. During the transient granulocytopenia of hemodialysis, adherence increased to 481.7% of baseline by 15 min and was normal by 60 min. One hour after endotoxin administration, adherence was 160.5% of control as granulocyte counts fell to 21.4%; conversely, the 24-h postdose granulocytosis was associated with a 43.0% decrease in adherence. Epinephrine produced a 25.8% decrease in adhereence, with demargination granulocytosis 146.1% of control period. Alternate-day prednisone administration inhibited adhereence by 38.9% on the \"on\" day, concomitant with prolonged granulocyte intravascular half-life, but adherence returned to normal on the \"off\" day when intravascular half-life is normal. In each situation, a plasma factor not present in serum was responsible for the modified adherence; if these factors produce the sameadherence changes in vivo, they may be responsible for the alterations noted in granulocyte kinetics.", "PMID": 319721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7066", "title": "Pulmonary effects of radiation therapy.", "content": "The cellular effects of irradiating the lungs are rleated to the histologic and clinical sequelae. The occurrence and severity of damage rare semiquantitatively related to the volume of lung irradiated, and the dose rate of irradiation. The clinical syndrome occurs in up to about 10% of patients and consists of an acute transient phase, radiation pneumonitis, usually occurring 6 to 12 weeks after radiation therapy. This is followed by clinical remission except in the most severe cases and gradula radiologic progression to the stage of radiation fibrosis over the next 6 to 12 months. Concommittant chemotherapy, repeat courses of radiation, and steroid wihtdrawal are exacerbating factors. Characteristic changes in pulmonary function and radiographic appearance are described, and management is reviewed.", "contents": "Pulmonary effects of radiation therapy. The cellular effects of irradiating the lungs are rleated to the histologic and clinical sequelae. The occurrence and severity of damage rare semiquantitatively related to the volume of lung irradiated, and the dose rate of irradiation. The clinical syndrome occurs in up to about 10% of patients and consists of an acute transient phase, radiation pneumonitis, usually occurring 6 to 12 weeks after radiation therapy. This is followed by clinical remission except in the most severe cases and gradula radiologic progression to the stage of radiation fibrosis over the next 6 to 12 months. Concommittant chemotherapy, repeat courses of radiation, and steroid wihtdrawal are exacerbating factors. Characteristic changes in pulmonary function and radiographic appearance are described, and management is reviewed.", "PMID": 319723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7067", "title": "Efficacy of intermittent colchicine therapy in familial Mediterranean fever.", "content": "Nine patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) were admitted to a controlled, double-blind trial to determine if there are patients with this disease who are able to abort their acute episodes of pain and fever with short courses of colchicine taken at the onset of attacks. Five patients completed their treatment assignments, and colchicine was significantly effective in aborting the attacks of three but was ineffective in two. The remaining four patients could not be assessed because of insufficient numbers of courses. During the 10 months of the trial, 28 courses of colchicine and 31 of placebo were taken during the early stages of FMF attacks. Twenty-one (75%) colchicine courses were followed by attacks considered to have been aborted, compared to only three (10%) placebo courses. This trial shows that patients can recognize the prodrome of their FMF attacks and that some patients can consistently abort their attacks with short courses of colchicine taken at the very onset of symptoms.", "contents": "Efficacy of intermittent colchicine therapy in familial Mediterranean fever. Nine patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) were admitted to a controlled, double-blind trial to determine if there are patients with this disease who are able to abort their acute episodes of pain and fever with short courses of colchicine taken at the onset of attacks. Five patients completed their treatment assignments, and colchicine was significantly effective in aborting the attacks of three but was ineffective in two. The remaining four patients could not be assessed because of insufficient numbers of courses. During the 10 months of the trial, 28 courses of colchicine and 31 of placebo were taken during the early stages of FMF attacks. Twenty-one (75%) colchicine courses were followed by attacks considered to have been aborted, compared to only three (10%) placebo courses. This trial shows that patients can recognize the prodrome of their FMF attacks and that some patients can consistently abort their attacks with short courses of colchicine taken at the very onset of symptoms.", "PMID": 319724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7068", "title": "Methotrexate.", "content": "The folic acid antagonists, aminopterin and then methotrexate, have been the primary systemically administered drugs for the treatment of severe psoriasis for 25 years. Methotrexate was finally approved by the FDA 5 years ago and was recently estimated to be used for approximately 25,000 psoriatic patients annually. With the small but chronic doses used for psoriasis, methotrexate has been relatively safe, except for a limited occurrence of significant hepatotoxicity. The good to excellent results obtained in most patients must, therefore, be weighted against the small risk of liver damage. Methotrexate has also been used with some effectiveness in several other dermatologic conditions, including mycosis fungoides, dermatomyositis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and others, although they are not yet FDA-approved indications. The recent successful introduction of photochemotherapy (psoralen and ultraviolet light) for moderate and severely affected psoriatics will probably lead to a substantial decrease in the number of patients requiring methotrexate.", "contents": "Methotrexate. The folic acid antagonists, aminopterin and then methotrexate, have been the primary systemically administered drugs for the treatment of severe psoriasis for 25 years. Methotrexate was finally approved by the FDA 5 years ago and was recently estimated to be used for approximately 25,000 psoriatic patients annually. With the small but chronic doses used for psoriasis, methotrexate has been relatively safe, except for a limited occurrence of significant hepatotoxicity. The good to excellent results obtained in most patients must, therefore, be weighted against the small risk of liver damage. Methotrexate has also been used with some effectiveness in several other dermatologic conditions, including mycosis fungoides, dermatomyositis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and others, although they are not yet FDA-approved indications. The recent successful introduction of photochemotherapy (psoralen and ultraviolet light) for moderate and severely affected psoriatics will probably lead to a substantial decrease in the number of patients requiring methotrexate.", "PMID": 319725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7069", "title": "The pathogenesis of podagra.", "content": "Precipitation of crystals from solution is a relatively simple phenomenon that should be explained by changes in concentration, temperature, pH, or other local factors. Which of these factors determines the preferential precipitation of urate crystals at the base of the big toe? Podagra correlates with degenerative joint disease of the toe, often follows abuse of the feet, and classically occurs in the middle of the night. These characteristics suggest that crystals may form in resolving synovial effusions. The urate concentration must transiently rise in such an effusion because water will leave the joint space twice as fast as urate. If the local concentration surpasses the solubility of urate, crystals will form that may than induce acute podagra.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of podagra. Precipitation of crystals from solution is a relatively simple phenomenon that should be explained by changes in concentration, temperature, pH, or other local factors. Which of these factors determines the preferential precipitation of urate crystals at the base of the big toe? Podagra correlates with degenerative joint disease of the toe, often follows abuse of the feet, and classically occurs in the middle of the night. These characteristics suggest that crystals may form in resolving synovial effusions. The urate concentration must transiently rise in such an effusion because water will leave the joint space twice as fast as urate. If the local concentration surpasses the solubility of urate, crystals will form that may than induce acute podagra.", "PMID": 319726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7070", "title": "Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on ocular inflammation.", "content": "The anti-inflammatory properties of topical ocular dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were investigated using a standard experimental model of an acute inflammatory ocular inflammation. Ninety percent and 100% DMSO aggravated the inflammatory response, 50% to 70% DMSO had similar responses as the control eye; however, 30% DMSO had definite anti-inflammatory properties. Dexamethasone 0.1% was superior to 30% DMSO as an anti-inflammatory agent. From this study it is evident that high concentrations of DMSO are irritating to the inflammatory ocular model used while lower concentrations have anti-inflammatory properties. The two side effects of skin irritation at the site of application and breath odor may be the subjective influence that leads certain patients to report a beneficial effect of DMSO treatment in ocular inflammation.", "contents": "Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on ocular inflammation. The anti-inflammatory properties of topical ocular dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were investigated using a standard experimental model of an acute inflammatory ocular inflammation. Ninety percent and 100% DMSO aggravated the inflammatory response, 50% to 70% DMSO had similar responses as the control eye; however, 30% DMSO had definite anti-inflammatory properties. Dexamethasone 0.1% was superior to 30% DMSO as an anti-inflammatory agent. From this study it is evident that high concentrations of DMSO are irritating to the inflammatory ocular model used while lower concentrations have anti-inflammatory properties. The two side effects of skin irritation at the site of application and breath odor may be the subjective influence that leads certain patients to report a beneficial effect of DMSO treatment in ocular inflammation.", "PMID": 319730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7071", "title": "Digital flexor tendon repair and return of function.", "content": "It is widely accepted that all divided tendons other than the digital flexors, when sutured and with appropriate postoperative treatment, heal well and that a good return of function can be expected. Clinical and experimental evidence is presented. which indicates that digital flexor tendons also have the ability to heal well, with a good return of function, if suitably treated. The results of repair of 275 divided digital flexor tendons in man are presented.", "contents": "Digital flexor tendon repair and return of function. It is widely accepted that all divided tendons other than the digital flexors, when sutured and with appropriate postoperative treatment, heal well and that a good return of function can be expected. Clinical and experimental evidence is presented. which indicates that digital flexor tendons also have the ability to heal well, with a good return of function, if suitably treated. The results of repair of 275 divided digital flexor tendons in man are presented.", "PMID": 319734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7072", "title": "Malleus fixed (ossified) to the tegmen tympani in an ancient skeleton in Israel.", "content": "A right malleus fixed to the roof of the tympanic cavity in a 1,600-year-old skull is described. The possible etiolgy of this condition is examined and the literature concerning recent and paleopathology of the middle ear ossicles is reviewed.", "contents": "Malleus fixed (ossified) to the tegmen tympani in an ancient skeleton in Israel. A right malleus fixed to the roof of the tympanic cavity in a 1,600-year-old skull is described. The possible etiolgy of this condition is examined and the literature concerning recent and paleopathology of the middle ear ossicles is reviewed.", "PMID": 319732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7073", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a hemagglutination method for microsomal and thyroglobulin antibodies in autoimmune thyroid disease.", "content": "A simple and reproducible hemagglutination technique for detecting microsomal and thyroglobulin antibodies has been evaluated in normal subjects and in patients with thyroid disease. Microsomal antibodies were detected in 89 percent of all patients with autoimmune thyroid disease and in 97 percent of patients with biopsy proven Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In contrast, thyroglobulin antibodies were present in only 55 percent of patients with biopsy proven Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in 44 percent of all patients with suspected autoimmune thyroid disease. It is suggested, therefore, that measurement of microsomal antibodies by a simple hemagglutination techniques be carried out in all patients with suspected thyroid disorders.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a hemagglutination method for microsomal and thyroglobulin antibodies in autoimmune thyroid disease. A simple and reproducible hemagglutination technique for detecting microsomal and thyroglobulin antibodies has been evaluated in normal subjects and in patients with thyroid disease. Microsomal antibodies were detected in 89 percent of all patients with autoimmune thyroid disease and in 97 percent of patients with biopsy proven Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In contrast, thyroglobulin antibodies were present in only 55 percent of patients with biopsy proven Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in 44 percent of all patients with suspected autoimmune thyroid disease. It is suggested, therefore, that measurement of microsomal antibodies by a simple hemagglutination techniques be carried out in all patients with suspected thyroid disorders.", "PMID": 319737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7074", "title": "Inhibition of multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid.", "content": "Contrary to the results of an earlier study in which polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] administered intraperitoneally to mice had no effect on multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae in the mouse footpad, the local administration of poly(I:C) every 12 h for 15 doses during logarithmic multiplication was found both to inhibit bacterial multiplication and to produce high tissue levels of interferon (IF). Local administration of poly(I) alone inhibited multiplication of M. leprae to almost as great a degree without at the same time producing a measurable IF titer in the footpad tissues. Mouse IF and \"mock\" IF both inhibited bacterial multiplication to the same degree, but administration of only the former resulted in a measurable IF titer. Polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid administered locally neither inhibited multiplication nor induced IF; fetal calf serum, administered in the same concentration as found in the preparations of IF and mock IF, was modestly inhibitory, without inducing IF. Thus, the local administration of poly(I:C) appears to have inhibited multiplication of M. leprae independently of IF induction.", "contents": "Inhibition of multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Contrary to the results of an earlier study in which polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] administered intraperitoneally to mice had no effect on multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae in the mouse footpad, the local administration of poly(I:C) every 12 h for 15 doses during logarithmic multiplication was found both to inhibit bacterial multiplication and to produce high tissue levels of interferon (IF). Local administration of poly(I) alone inhibited multiplication of M. leprae to almost as great a degree without at the same time producing a measurable IF titer in the footpad tissues. Mouse IF and \"mock\" IF both inhibited bacterial multiplication to the same degree, but administration of only the former resulted in a measurable IF titer. Polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid administered locally neither inhibited multiplication nor induced IF; fetal calf serum, administered in the same concentration as found in the preparations of IF and mock IF, was modestly inhibitory, without inducing IF. Thus, the local administration of poly(I:C) appears to have inhibited multiplication of M. leprae independently of IF induction.", "PMID": 319745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7075", "title": "Temperature-sensitive R plasmid obtained from naturally isolated drug-resistant Vibrio cholerae (biotype El Tor).", "content": "A temperature-sensitive fi(-) R plasmid, pJY1, which confers resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfonamide, was found in a drug-resistant strain of Vibrio cholerae (biotype El Tor) isolated in the Philippines in 1973. The R plasmid is temperature sensitive for transferability but not for stability in the hosts. pJY1 is stably maintained either in V. cholerae or in Escherichia coli at a range of culture temperatures from 27 to 42 degrees C. Compatibility tests with reference R plasmids revealed that pJY1 belongs to the J group. Growth of V. cholerae carrying pJY1 is poor on TCBS (thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose) selective plates when the microbe is subcultured in nutrient broth at temperatures higher than 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive R plasmid obtained from naturally isolated drug-resistant Vibrio cholerae (biotype El Tor). A temperature-sensitive fi(-) R plasmid, pJY1, which confers resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfonamide, was found in a drug-resistant strain of Vibrio cholerae (biotype El Tor) isolated in the Philippines in 1973. The R plasmid is temperature sensitive for transferability but not for stability in the hosts. pJY1 is stably maintained either in V. cholerae or in Escherichia coli at a range of culture temperatures from 27 to 42 degrees C. Compatibility tests with reference R plasmids revealed that pJY1 belongs to the J group. Growth of V. cholerae carrying pJY1 is poor on TCBS (thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose) selective plates when the microbe is subcultured in nutrient broth at temperatures higher than 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 319746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7076", "title": "L-Glyceraldehude 3-phosphate, a bactericidal agent.", "content": "At a concentration of 2.5 mM, dl-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate has a bactericidal effect upon Escherichia coli. The glycerol 3-phosphate transport system is required for the entry of the biologically active l-enantiomer. l-Glyceraldehyde must be phosphorylated by the cell to exert its full effect upon growth. The addition of dl-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to a culture of E. coli caused no preferential inhibition of the accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, or phosphoglycerides, although protein accumulation was less affected. Studies with mutant strains ruled out catabolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, anabolic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate):sn-glycerol 3-phosphate oxidoreductase, and fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase as the primary sites of action. l-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is a competitive inhibitor of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in the reactions catalyzed by acyl coenzyme A:sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (K(i) of 1.8 mM) and cytidine 5'-diphosphate-diglyceride:sn-glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase (K(i) of 2.7 mM). A K(m) mutant for the former enzyme was susceptible to the inhibitor. l-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate does not affect acyl coenzyme A:lysophosphatidate acyltransferase activity. In vivo, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol accumulation are inhibited to the same extent by the addition of dl-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to a culture of E. coli.", "contents": "L-Glyceraldehude 3-phosphate, a bactericidal agent. At a concentration of 2.5 mM, dl-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate has a bactericidal effect upon Escherichia coli. The glycerol 3-phosphate transport system is required for the entry of the biologically active l-enantiomer. l-Glyceraldehyde must be phosphorylated by the cell to exert its full effect upon growth. The addition of dl-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to a culture of E. coli caused no preferential inhibition of the accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, or phosphoglycerides, although protein accumulation was less affected. Studies with mutant strains ruled out catabolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, anabolic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate):sn-glycerol 3-phosphate oxidoreductase, and fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase as the primary sites of action. l-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is a competitive inhibitor of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in the reactions catalyzed by acyl coenzyme A:sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (K(i) of 1.8 mM) and cytidine 5'-diphosphate-diglyceride:sn-glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase (K(i) of 2.7 mM). A K(m) mutant for the former enzyme was susceptible to the inhibitor. l-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate does not affect acyl coenzyme A:lysophosphatidate acyltransferase activity. In vivo, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol accumulation are inhibited to the same extent by the addition of dl-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to a culture of E. coli.", "PMID": 319747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7077", "title": "Nalidixic acid-induced protein alterations in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of nalidixic acid on pulse-labeled protein patterns was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The drug was found to alter protein patterns in a drug-sensitive strain but not in the isogenic drug-resistant strain of Escherichia coli. The drug-induced alteration of protein patterns was demonstrated by the appearance of some and the disappearance of other pulse-labeled peptides elicited by the drug.", "contents": "Nalidixic acid-induced protein alterations in Escherichia coli. The effect of nalidixic acid on pulse-labeled protein patterns was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The drug was found to alter protein patterns in a drug-sensitive strain but not in the isogenic drug-resistant strain of Escherichia coli. The drug-induced alteration of protein patterns was demonstrated by the appearance of some and the disappearance of other pulse-labeled peptides elicited by the drug.", "PMID": 319748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7078", "title": "Bactericidal effects of combinations of ampicillin with anti-R-plasmid compounds on Salmonella typhimurium R1+.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium R1(+), resistant to 2,500 mug of ampicillin per ml, was rapidly killed by combinations of 60 mug of ampicillin per ml with quinacrine (4 x 10(-4) M), ethidium bromide (10(-4) M), tilorone (10(-4) M), or Nitroakridin 3582 (5 x 10(-6) M).", "contents": "Bactericidal effects of combinations of ampicillin with anti-R-plasmid compounds on Salmonella typhimurium R1+. Salmonella typhimurium R1(+), resistant to 2,500 mug of ampicillin per ml, was rapidly killed by combinations of 60 mug of ampicillin per ml with quinacrine (4 x 10(-4) M), ethidium bromide (10(-4) M), tilorone (10(-4) M), or Nitroakridin 3582 (5 x 10(-6) M).", "PMID": 319749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7079", "title": "Therapy of murine aspergillosis with amphotericin B in combination with rifampin of 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "Suboptimal doses of amphotericin B in combination with either rifampin or 5-fluorocytosine were better than single-drug therapy in the treatment of disseminated Aspergillus fumigatus infection in mice. Despite the increased effectiveness of combination therapy, none of the therapeutic regimens we used completely eradicated infections in the mice when evaluated by mycological culture, even in long-term survivors.", "contents": "Therapy of murine aspergillosis with amphotericin B in combination with rifampin of 5-fluorocytosine. Suboptimal doses of amphotericin B in combination with either rifampin or 5-fluorocytosine were better than single-drug therapy in the treatment of disseminated Aspergillus fumigatus infection in mice. Despite the increased effectiveness of combination therapy, none of the therapeutic regimens we used completely eradicated infections in the mice when evaluated by mycological culture, even in long-term survivors.", "PMID": 319750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7080", "title": "Lysis if enterobacteria by cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cephalothin.", "content": "Cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cephalothin were added to dense populations of beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria, and the subsequent turbidity changes were monitored continuously. Viable counts and antibiotic assays were made at intervals after the addition of antibiotic, and the morphological appearances of the organisms were observed. Cephalothin caused lysis of most of the organisms tested, but even at high concentrations, after a few hours the antibiotic was destroyed and the organisms recommenced logarithmic growth. Cefoxitin produced lysis of all the strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species tested, with supression of regrowth. With cephalothin and cefoxitin the viable counts after the addition of antibiotic correlated with the turbidity measurements. Cefuroxime infrequently caused lysis that suppressed multiplication, and the organisms became long and filamentous while the turbidity readings increased; the viable counts did not correlate with the turbidity measurements. Cefuroxime and cefoxitin were not destroyed by the beta-lactamases of any of the strains of enterobacteria that were studied.", "contents": "Lysis if enterobacteria by cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cephalothin. Cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cephalothin were added to dense populations of beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria, and the subsequent turbidity changes were monitored continuously. Viable counts and antibiotic assays were made at intervals after the addition of antibiotic, and the morphological appearances of the organisms were observed. Cephalothin caused lysis of most of the organisms tested, but even at high concentrations, after a few hours the antibiotic was destroyed and the organisms recommenced logarithmic growth. Cefoxitin produced lysis of all the strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species tested, with supression of regrowth. With cephalothin and cefoxitin the viable counts after the addition of antibiotic correlated with the turbidity measurements. Cefuroxime infrequently caused lysis that suppressed multiplication, and the organisms became long and filamentous while the turbidity readings increased; the viable counts did not correlate with the turbidity measurements. Cefuroxime and cefoxitin were not destroyed by the beta-lactamases of any of the strains of enterobacteria that were studied.", "PMID": 319751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7081", "title": "Bioassay method for polyene antibiotics based on the measurement of rubidium efflux from rubidium-loaded yeast cells.", "content": "A bioassay method for the polyene antibiotics nystatin and amphotericin B is proposed based on the measurement of the efflux of rubidium ions from a rubidium-loaded yeast culture challenged with the antibiotics. For this purpose a major proportion of the intracellular K(+) ions in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture has been substituted by Rb(+) ions. The rubidium leakage is measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and a straight-line, dose-response correlation has been obtained for both antibiotics.", "contents": "Bioassay method for polyene antibiotics based on the measurement of rubidium efflux from rubidium-loaded yeast cells. A bioassay method for the polyene antibiotics nystatin and amphotericin B is proposed based on the measurement of the efflux of rubidium ions from a rubidium-loaded yeast culture challenged with the antibiotics. For this purpose a major proportion of the intracellular K(+) ions in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture has been substituted by Rb(+) ions. The rubidium leakage is measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and a straight-line, dose-response correlation has been obtained for both antibiotics.", "PMID": 319752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7082", "title": "Cefoxitin activity against multiply antibiotic-resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro.", "content": "Due to the emergence of cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae at this institution, we investigated the in vitro activity of two new cephalosporin compounds-cefoxitin and cefamandole. Whereas both drugs were active against cephalothin- and gentamicin-susceptible isolates of Klebsiella, only cefoxitin exhibited significant activity against cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates. Seventeen of 20 (85%) of the cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates were inhibited by </=12.5 mug of cefoxitin per ml. The minimum bactericidal concentration in broth of representative isolates equaled the agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentration. Kirby-Bauer disk susceptibility testing correlated well with the agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentration. Cephalothin and cefamandole resistance of isolates could be correlated with antibiotic degradation by beta-lactamase. Cephalothin and cefamandole evoked only a transient decrease in viable bacterial cell count with rapid inactivation of antibiotics, and full regrowth of the organisms. Cefoxitin, on the other hand, was quite effective in vitro against multiply resistant Klebsiella. No beta-lactamase degradation of cefoxitin was detected. Growth curves with antibiotics indicated rapid killing of cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates by cefoxitin.", "contents": "Cefoxitin activity against multiply antibiotic-resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro. Due to the emergence of cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae at this institution, we investigated the in vitro activity of two new cephalosporin compounds-cefoxitin and cefamandole. Whereas both drugs were active against cephalothin- and gentamicin-susceptible isolates of Klebsiella, only cefoxitin exhibited significant activity against cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates. Seventeen of 20 (85%) of the cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates were inhibited by </=12.5 mug of cefoxitin per ml. The minimum bactericidal concentration in broth of representative isolates equaled the agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentration. Kirby-Bauer disk susceptibility testing correlated well with the agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentration. Cephalothin and cefamandole resistance of isolates could be correlated with antibiotic degradation by beta-lactamase. Cephalothin and cefamandole evoked only a transient decrease in viable bacterial cell count with rapid inactivation of antibiotics, and full regrowth of the organisms. Cefoxitin, on the other hand, was quite effective in vitro against multiply resistant Klebsiella. No beta-lactamase degradation of cefoxitin was detected. Growth curves with antibiotics indicated rapid killing of cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates by cefoxitin.", "PMID": 319753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7083", "title": "Coliforms from hides and meat.", "content": "Coliform tests were performed on 85 hide and 75 meat samples. IMViC reactions were determined on isolates from positive confirmed and fecal tests, and strains other than Escherichia coli were identified. Strains typed as Aerobacter aerogenes types I and II were identified as Enterobacter cloacae (51.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.5%), Enterobacter aerogenes (15%), and Enterobacter liquefaciens, Serratia, and unidentified coliforms (12.1%). K. pneumoniae appeared to be responsible for less than 1% positive fecal tests.", "contents": "Coliforms from hides and meat. Coliform tests were performed on 85 hide and 75 meat samples. IMViC reactions were determined on isolates from positive confirmed and fecal tests, and strains other than Escherichia coli were identified. Strains typed as Aerobacter aerogenes types I and II were identified as Enterobacter cloacae (51.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.5%), Enterobacter aerogenes (15%), and Enterobacter liquefaciens, Serratia, and unidentified coliforms (12.1%). K. pneumoniae appeared to be responsible for less than 1% positive fecal tests.", "PMID": 319754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7084", "title": "Comparison of microbial counts on beef carcasses by using the moist-swab contact method and secondary tissue removal technique.", "content": "When a tissue removal rinse technique was compared to the moist-swab contact method, significantly greater numbers of bacteria were recovered from beef carcasses, especially when the flora exceeded log10 4.5/6.45 cm2. Secondary treatment of the removed surface tissue by blending resulted in a significantly greater number of bacteria being recovered than when the same sample was swabbed and/or rinsed. Data indicate that blending of the carcass surface tissue provides a more representative value of the true microbial flora.", "contents": "Comparison of microbial counts on beef carcasses by using the moist-swab contact method and secondary tissue removal technique. When a tissue removal rinse technique was compared to the moist-swab contact method, significantly greater numbers of bacteria were recovered from beef carcasses, especially when the flora exceeded log10 4.5/6.45 cm2. Secondary treatment of the removed surface tissue by blending resulted in a significantly greater number of bacteria being recovered than when the same sample was swabbed and/or rinsed. Data indicate that blending of the carcass surface tissue provides a more representative value of the true microbial flora.", "PMID": 319755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7085", "title": "Comparison of methods for the isolation of Salmonella from imported frog legs.", "content": "Four methods of sample preparation were compared for their relative efficiency in recovering Salmonella from imported frog legs. No significant difference (P greater than 0.10) was observed in the efficiency of submersion, blending, and stomaching methods, but rinsing recovered significantly fewer (P less than 0.01) Salmonella-positive frog legs than the other three methods. No significant difference (P less than 0.25) was observed in the number of positive frog legs recovered by selenite cystine or tetrathionate broth. Salmonella-Shigella agar, when streaked from either of these broths, gave significantly fewer (P less than 0.01) Salmonella-positive frog legs than brilliant green, bismuth sulfite, xylose lysine deoxycholate, and Hektoen-enteric agars. Use selective agars, resulted in detection of an additional 11 and 6 Salmonella-positive frog legs, respectively. A variety of serotypes, mostly uncommon, was recovered. One Salmonella serotype (6,14,24:r,i:e,n,z15), possessing a heretofore unreported antigenic formula, was isolated.", "contents": "Comparison of methods for the isolation of Salmonella from imported frog legs. Four methods of sample preparation were compared for their relative efficiency in recovering Salmonella from imported frog legs. No significant difference (P greater than 0.10) was observed in the efficiency of submersion, blending, and stomaching methods, but rinsing recovered significantly fewer (P less than 0.01) Salmonella-positive frog legs than the other three methods. No significant difference (P less than 0.25) was observed in the number of positive frog legs recovered by selenite cystine or tetrathionate broth. Salmonella-Shigella agar, when streaked from either of these broths, gave significantly fewer (P less than 0.01) Salmonella-positive frog legs than brilliant green, bismuth sulfite, xylose lysine deoxycholate, and Hektoen-enteric agars. Use selective agars, resulted in detection of an additional 11 and 6 Salmonella-positive frog legs, respectively. A variety of serotypes, mostly uncommon, was recovered. One Salmonella serotype (6,14,24:r,i:e,n,z15), possessing a heretofore unreported antigenic formula, was isolated.", "PMID": 319756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7086", "title": "Cutaneous manifestations of Wegener granulomatosis.", "content": "In a series of 19 patients (15 male and 4 female) who had Wegener granulomatosis with specific cutaneous histopathologic findings, the skin was only involved at onset in two. Four distinct histologic subgroups were defined as follows: necrotizing vasculitis (11 patients); necrotizing palisading granuloma (Churg-Strauss lesion) 2 patients); granulomatous vasculitis (2 patients); and lymphomatoid granulomatosis (4 patients). The 11 patients with necrotizing vasculitis had purpuric and hemorrhagic lesions, and the presence of vesicles and ulceration correlated with the severity of onset and extent of disease. The remaining eight patients had papular and nodular lesions. The patients with necrotizing vasculitis and lymphomatoid granulomatosis had a worse prognosis that did those with a predominant granulomatous reaction.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestations of Wegener granulomatosis. In a series of 19 patients (15 male and 4 female) who had Wegener granulomatosis with specific cutaneous histopathologic findings, the skin was only involved at onset in two. Four distinct histologic subgroups were defined as follows: necrotizing vasculitis (11 patients); necrotizing palisading granuloma (Churg-Strauss lesion) 2 patients); granulomatous vasculitis (2 patients); and lymphomatoid granulomatosis (4 patients). The 11 patients with necrotizing vasculitis had purpuric and hemorrhagic lesions, and the presence of vesicles and ulceration correlated with the severity of onset and extent of disease. The remaining eight patients had papular and nodular lesions. The patients with necrotizing vasculitis and lymphomatoid granulomatosis had a worse prognosis that did those with a predominant granulomatous reaction.", "PMID": 319762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7087", "title": "Influence of folic acid on birthweight and growth of the erythroblastotic infant. I. Birthweight.", "content": "The birthweights of 100 infants with erythroblastosis were carefully matched as to sex, gestational age, and parity with the birthweights of 200 control infants born during the same period. At all gestational ages the average birthweight of the affected infants was below that of the controls, the average reduction being 227 g. The more severely affected infants tended to be at a lower centile for birthweight than were the mildly affected ones. The relationships between maternal serum folate, cord blood serum folate, and centile for birthweight among affected infants were also studied. There was a strong correlation between low maternal serum folate and the incidence of small-for-dates babies among the affected infants. There was also a strong correlation between maternal and cord blood serum folate values. There was a lack of correlation between maternal serum folate and cord blood haemoglobin. It is concluded that infants with erythroblastosis are lighter than controls and that the reason for this may be a shortage of folic acid available for fetal growth.", "contents": "Influence of folic acid on birthweight and growth of the erythroblastotic infant. I. Birthweight. The birthweights of 100 infants with erythroblastosis were carefully matched as to sex, gestational age, and parity with the birthweights of 200 control infants born during the same period. At all gestational ages the average birthweight of the affected infants was below that of the controls, the average reduction being 227 g. The more severely affected infants tended to be at a lower centile for birthweight than were the mildly affected ones. The relationships between maternal serum folate, cord blood serum folate, and centile for birthweight among affected infants were also studied. There was a strong correlation between low maternal serum folate and the incidence of small-for-dates babies among the affected infants. There was also a strong correlation between maternal and cord blood serum folate values. There was a lack of correlation between maternal serum folate and cord blood haemoglobin. It is concluded that infants with erythroblastosis are lighter than controls and that the reason for this may be a shortage of folic acid available for fetal growth.", "PMID": 319765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7088", "title": "Relapsing E. coli K1 antigen meningitis in a newborn.", "content": "A male infant of 32 weeks' gestational age who presented with recurrent apnoea on the second day of life was shown to have an Escherichia coli K1 antigen meningitis. Relapse occurred 6 days after an adequate systemic course of gentamicin and chloramphenicol and intrathecal gentamicin. This was successfully treated with intraventricular gentamicin and systemic cotrimoxazole. The need to maintain a high index of suspicion for meningitis in the newborn period and to treat adequately the frequently accompanying ventriculitis is emphasized.", "contents": "Relapsing E. coli K1 antigen meningitis in a newborn. A male infant of 32 weeks' gestational age who presented with recurrent apnoea on the second day of life was shown to have an Escherichia coli K1 antigen meningitis. Relapse occurred 6 days after an adequate systemic course of gentamicin and chloramphenicol and intrathecal gentamicin. This was successfully treated with intraventricular gentamicin and systemic cotrimoxazole. The need to maintain a high index of suspicion for meningitis in the newborn period and to treat adequately the frequently accompanying ventriculitis is emphasized.", "PMID": 319766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7089", "title": "\"Keratolytic\" effect of salicylic acid.", "content": "The \"keratolytic\" effect of salicylic acid was examined in guinea-pig skin. Using a fluorescent staining method the str. corneum cells could be seen to rapidly become detached. The cellular walls remained unchanged. This drug therefore appears to primarily reduce the intercellular cohesiveness of the horny cells.", "contents": "\"Keratolytic\" effect of salicylic acid. The \"keratolytic\" effect of salicylic acid was examined in guinea-pig skin. Using a fluorescent staining method the str. corneum cells could be seen to rapidly become detached. The cellular walls remained unchanged. This drug therefore appears to primarily reduce the intercellular cohesiveness of the horny cells.", "PMID": 319767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7090", "title": "Management of carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Greater precision has developed in recent decades in the selection of patients for operation for thyroid nodules suspicious for malignancy and in adapting operative procedures to the extent and pathologic variety of the individual thyroid carcinoma, when present. A thyroid lobectomy is considered to be the minimal operative procedure usually indicated for a suspicious thyroid nodule or carcinoma involving one lobe of the thyroid gland. Factors determining the extent of operation for thyroid carcinoma include the pathologic variety, gross distribution of the malignancy, and health status of the individual patient. Total or near total thyroidectomy should be considered for all patients with thyroid carcinoma except for single occult carcinomas and unilateral low grade angio-invasive carcinomas. Removal of lymph nodes in regions adjacent to the thyroid carcinoma is advisable, lateral neck dissections being reserved for patients with palpable lymphadenopathy, demonstrated metastases to lateral cervical lymph nodes, or a poorly differentiated carcinoma likely to metastasize to these lymph nodes. A modified radical lymph node dissection is satisfactory except for those carcinomas invading muscles in the neck. Anatomic neck dissections provide a better prognosis than incomplete lymph node procedures for patients with regional lymph node metastases. Following operation, patients should receive thyroid hormone therapy, be evaluated for possible treatment with radioactive iodine or other therapeutic measures, and be followed for evidence of recurrent disease as well as thyroid and parathyroid function. Adequate early operation is preferred to late ultraradical procedures, from standpoints of morbidity and prognosis. Unfavorable prognostic factors include extensive gross disease, poorly differentiated carcinoma present as the entire lesion or as foci in a differentiated carcinoma, and age over 40. With adequate surgical treatment, the prognosis for operable thyroid carcinoma is good.", "contents": "Management of carcinoma of the thyroid. Greater precision has developed in recent decades in the selection of patients for operation for thyroid nodules suspicious for malignancy and in adapting operative procedures to the extent and pathologic variety of the individual thyroid carcinoma, when present. A thyroid lobectomy is considered to be the minimal operative procedure usually indicated for a suspicious thyroid nodule or carcinoma involving one lobe of the thyroid gland. Factors determining the extent of operation for thyroid carcinoma include the pathologic variety, gross distribution of the malignancy, and health status of the individual patient. Total or near total thyroidectomy should be considered for all patients with thyroid carcinoma except for single occult carcinomas and unilateral low grade angio-invasive carcinomas. Removal of lymph nodes in regions adjacent to the thyroid carcinoma is advisable, lateral neck dissections being reserved for patients with palpable lymphadenopathy, demonstrated metastases to lateral cervical lymph nodes, or a poorly differentiated carcinoma likely to metastasize to these lymph nodes. A modified radical lymph node dissection is satisfactory except for those carcinomas invading muscles in the neck. Anatomic neck dissections provide a better prognosis than incomplete lymph node procedures for patients with regional lymph node metastases. Following operation, patients should receive thyroid hormone therapy, be evaluated for possible treatment with radioactive iodine or other therapeutic measures, and be followed for evidence of recurrent disease as well as thyroid and parathyroid function. Adequate early operation is preferred to late ultraradical procedures, from standpoints of morbidity and prognosis. Unfavorable prognostic factors include extensive gross disease, poorly differentiated carcinoma present as the entire lesion or as foci in a differentiated carcinoma, and age over 40. With adequate surgical treatment, the prognosis for operable thyroid carcinoma is good.", "PMID": 319768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7091", "title": "100 sibling kidney transplants followed 2 to 7 1/2 years: a multifactorial analysis.", "content": "From January 1, 1968 to May 31, 1973, 100 patients received first kidney transplants from sibling donors. All recipients have been followed for at least two years and several as long as 7.5 years. One hundred per cent follow-up information is available. The absolute two-year patient survival is 85% and the absolute two-year kidney function survival is 76%. Patients with diabetes (especially males) have less success following transplantation than do patients without diabetes. When diabetic patients are excluded, older patients appear to do slightly less well than younger patients. Patients with phenotypically identical HL-A matches with the donor do better than patients without such matches. In the nondiabetic technically perfect transplant recepient, better than 90% long-term transplant function can be expectedwith no kidney losses after the first few months. In contrast, the less well-matched transplant demonstrated both an increased early rejection rate and a high rate of loss after the third to fifth year. Increasing doses of anti-lymphoblast globulin (ALG) had beneficial results in HL-A mismatched sibling transplants, but were slightly detrimental in phenotypically identical HL-A donor-recipient pairs because of an increased rate of infection. The results are compared with the results of transplants from other related donors and from cadavers performed during the same period.", "contents": "100 sibling kidney transplants followed 2 to 7 1/2 years: a multifactorial analysis. From January 1, 1968 to May 31, 1973, 100 patients received first kidney transplants from sibling donors. All recipients have been followed for at least two years and several as long as 7.5 years. One hundred per cent follow-up information is available. The absolute two-year patient survival is 85% and the absolute two-year kidney function survival is 76%. Patients with diabetes (especially males) have less success following transplantation than do patients without diabetes. When diabetic patients are excluded, older patients appear to do slightly less well than younger patients. Patients with phenotypically identical HL-A matches with the donor do better than patients without such matches. In the nondiabetic technically perfect transplant recepient, better than 90% long-term transplant function can be expectedwith no kidney losses after the first few months. In contrast, the less well-matched transplant demonstrated both an increased early rejection rate and a high rate of loss after the third to fifth year. Increasing doses of anti-lymphoblast globulin (ALG) had beneficial results in HL-A mismatched sibling transplants, but were slightly detrimental in phenotypically identical HL-A donor-recipient pairs because of an increased rate of infection. The results are compared with the results of transplants from other related donors and from cadavers performed during the same period.", "PMID": 319769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7092", "title": "The technique of ventricular septal defect closure in L-transposition of the great vessels.", "content": "Heart block has been a frequent complication of ventricular septal defect closure in L-transposition of the great vessels. Intraoperative mapping of the conduction tissue combined with accurate suture placement should significantly reduce the incidence of heart block produced by direct injury to the conduction tissue.", "contents": "The technique of ventricular septal defect closure in L-transposition of the great vessels. Heart block has been a frequent complication of ventricular septal defect closure in L-transposition of the great vessels. Intraoperative mapping of the conduction tissue combined with accurate suture placement should significantly reduce the incidence of heart block produced by direct injury to the conduction tissue.", "PMID": 319770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7093", "title": "[Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Klebsiella pneumoniae. 1. Formation, purification and properties of the enzyme from Klebsiella pneumoniae M 5 al (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The strain M 5 al of Klebsiella pneumoniae grows excellently with starches. We were able to show that besides the pullulanase associated with the external membrane of the cells the bacterium produces an inducible, extracellular cyclodextrin glucanotransferase [1,4-alpha-D-glucan-4-alpha-(1,4-alpha-glucano)-transferase (cyclising) (EC 2.4.1.19)]. Potato starch and cyclohexaamylose or cycloheptaamylose were found to be the best \"inducing\" carbon sources for the synthesis of the enzyme. When the bacteria are grown batchwise, maltose is a poorly \"inducing\" carbon source; larger quantities of the enzyme are synthesized by continuous cultivation with maltose as growth limiting factor. 2. For the determination of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase-activity an assay method wsa worked out. 3. The enzyme could be separated from the culture filtrate and purified to more than 90% in few steps. At a total yield of 61.2% related to the activity of the culture filtrate employed we received an enzyme solution with the specific activity of 26.6 units/mg protein. Some properties of the enzyme are described. 4. The products formed from amylopectin by the enzyme were analyzed. Somewhat more than half the amylopectin was found as cyclodextrins. 29.3% of the cyclodextrin fraction were cycloheptaamylose, 47.2% cyclohexaamylose and 10.7% exo-branched cyclohexaamylose. 12.8% of cyclohexaamylose were obtained from a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase-limit dextrin after debranching by pullulanase and exposing the product to the action of the glucanotransferase again. 5. The importance of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase for the utilization of starches by this strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae is discussed. After a first characterization the enzyme is compared to the amylase of Bacillus macerans.", "contents": "[Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Klebsiella pneumoniae. 1. Formation, purification and properties of the enzyme from Klebsiella pneumoniae M 5 al (author's transl)]. 1. The strain M 5 al of Klebsiella pneumoniae grows excellently with starches. We were able to show that besides the pullulanase associated with the external membrane of the cells the bacterium produces an inducible, extracellular cyclodextrin glucanotransferase [1,4-alpha-D-glucan-4-alpha-(1,4-alpha-glucano)-transferase (cyclising) (EC 2.4.1.19)]. Potato starch and cyclohexaamylose or cycloheptaamylose were found to be the best \"inducing\" carbon sources for the synthesis of the enzyme. When the bacteria are grown batchwise, maltose is a poorly \"inducing\" carbon source; larger quantities of the enzyme are synthesized by continuous cultivation with maltose as growth limiting factor. 2. For the determination of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase-activity an assay method wsa worked out. 3. The enzyme could be separated from the culture filtrate and purified to more than 90% in few steps. At a total yield of 61.2% related to the activity of the culture filtrate employed we received an enzyme solution with the specific activity of 26.6 units/mg protein. Some properties of the enzyme are described. 4. The products formed from amylopectin by the enzyme were analyzed. Somewhat more than half the amylopectin was found as cyclodextrins. 29.3% of the cyclodextrin fraction were cycloheptaamylose, 47.2% cyclohexaamylose and 10.7% exo-branched cyclohexaamylose. 12.8% of cyclohexaamylose were obtained from a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase-limit dextrin after debranching by pullulanase and exposing the product to the action of the glucanotransferase again. 5. The importance of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase for the utilization of starches by this strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae is discussed. After a first characterization the enzyme is compared to the amylase of Bacillus macerans.", "PMID": 319771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7094", "title": "Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression.", "content": "This article reviews the evidence for differing rates of depression between the sexes in the United States and elsewhere during the last 40 years, and then critically analyzes the various explanations offered. These explanations include the possibility that the trends are spurious because of artifacts produced by methods of reporting symptoms, or that they are real because of biological susceptibility (possibly genetic or female endocrine), psychosocial factors such as social discrimination, or female-learned helplessness.", "contents": "Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. This article reviews the evidence for differing rates of depression between the sexes in the United States and elsewhere during the last 40 years, and then critically analyzes the various explanations offered. These explanations include the possibility that the trends are spurious because of artifacts produced by methods of reporting symptoms, or that they are real because of biological susceptibility (possibly genetic or female endocrine), psychosocial factors such as social discrimination, or female-learned helplessness.", "PMID": 319772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7095", "title": "The endothelium: roles in thrombosis and hemostasis.", "content": "The renewed interest in endothelial function is based partly on success with tissue culture of endothelial cells. Endothelium functions primarily in the control of blood vessel wall permeability and in the provision of a blood-compatible lining surface. Recent findings indicate that endothelial cells are active metabolically in ways that may help prevent thrombosis. Endothelium actively degrades several different vasoactive compounds that circulate in blood and that can serve as platelet-aggregating agents. Endothelium also contains an inhibitor of platelet function and an activator of plasminogen, both of which can be released from the cell in response to appropriate stimuli. While intact endothelium functions primarily in prevention of thrombosis, damaged endothelium can contribute greatly to thrombus formation. Release of prostaglandins, adenine nucleotides, and other intracellular components from damaged endothelium can enhance platelet aggregation. Damaged endothelium may not function effectively in removal of vasoactive agents and may not release effective quantities of the inhibitor of platelet function or the activator of plasminogen. Altered endothelium exhibits tissue-factor activity, which can activate the extrinsic blood coagulation-system cascade. Finally, altered endothelial cells may contract and expose basement membrane to blood, thus enhancing thrombosis.", "contents": "The endothelium: roles in thrombosis and hemostasis. The renewed interest in endothelial function is based partly on success with tissue culture of endothelial cells. Endothelium functions primarily in the control of blood vessel wall permeability and in the provision of a blood-compatible lining surface. Recent findings indicate that endothelial cells are active metabolically in ways that may help prevent thrombosis. Endothelium actively degrades several different vasoactive compounds that circulate in blood and that can serve as platelet-aggregating agents. Endothelium also contains an inhibitor of platelet function and an activator of plasminogen, both of which can be released from the cell in response to appropriate stimuli. While intact endothelium functions primarily in prevention of thrombosis, damaged endothelium can contribute greatly to thrombus formation. Release of prostaglandins, adenine nucleotides, and other intracellular components from damaged endothelium can enhance platelet aggregation. Damaged endothelium may not function effectively in removal of vasoactive agents and may not release effective quantities of the inhibitor of platelet function or the activator of plasminogen. Altered endothelium exhibits tissue-factor activity, which can activate the extrinsic blood coagulation-system cascade. Finally, altered endothelial cells may contract and expose basement membrane to blood, thus enhancing thrombosis.", "PMID": 319773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7096", "title": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis by opportunistic pathogens.", "content": "The incidence of endocarditis produced by the so-called \"opportunists\" as a complication of prosthetic valve surgery is progressively increasing in frequency and gradually transforming the clinical picture habitually associated with this disease. We report six cases of endocarditis produced by opportunistic microorganisms (two cases by Candida, and the remaining by Serratia, Actinobacillus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Bacteroides fragilis, and by Corynebacterium diphtheriae) in four male and two female patients, making special comment on our findings, diagnostic criteria, and treatment. The patients' ages ranged from 9 to 54 years, and all six patients had long-term complications, with symptoms appearing between 45 days and four years after prosthetic valve surgery. The progressive increase of this new type of prosthesis infection is favored by the indiscriminate use of certain drugs and especially by the prophylactic use of antibiotics.", "contents": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis by opportunistic pathogens. The incidence of endocarditis produced by the so-called \"opportunists\" as a complication of prosthetic valve surgery is progressively increasing in frequency and gradually transforming the clinical picture habitually associated with this disease. We report six cases of endocarditis produced by opportunistic microorganisms (two cases by Candida, and the remaining by Serratia, Actinobacillus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Bacteroides fragilis, and by Corynebacterium diphtheriae) in four male and two female patients, making special comment on our findings, diagnostic criteria, and treatment. The patients' ages ranged from 9 to 54 years, and all six patients had long-term complications, with symptoms appearing between 45 days and four years after prosthetic valve surgery. The progressive increase of this new type of prosthesis infection is favored by the indiscriminate use of certain drugs and especially by the prophylactic use of antibiotics.", "PMID": 319774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7097", "title": "Role of pepsin in species differences in erosive gastritis.", "content": "This controlled study shows that the rabbit is more vulnerable to erosive gastritis after stress of operation, weight loss, and hypersecretion or acute ischemia than is the cat. Rabbit gastric juice also produces more erosions in the Shay rat preparation after four hours than does cat gastric juice (P less than .05). In vitro, rabbit pepsin has 1.5 times greater specific activity and possesses other kinetic differences. The deleterious effect of these qualitative differences on gastric mucosa may also be augmented by quantitative differences. Hypersecretion of pepsin has been reported once the mucosa is damaged. We conclude that demonstration of species-related differences in pepsin activity helps to explain an apparent discrepancy noted by others--namely, why the rabbit is so much more susceptible to stress-produced erosions than the cat or other experimental animals.", "contents": "Role of pepsin in species differences in erosive gastritis. This controlled study shows that the rabbit is more vulnerable to erosive gastritis after stress of operation, weight loss, and hypersecretion or acute ischemia than is the cat. Rabbit gastric juice also produces more erosions in the Shay rat preparation after four hours than does cat gastric juice (P less than .05). In vitro, rabbit pepsin has 1.5 times greater specific activity and possesses other kinetic differences. The deleterious effect of these qualitative differences on gastric mucosa may also be augmented by quantitative differences. Hypersecretion of pepsin has been reported once the mucosa is damaged. We conclude that demonstration of species-related differences in pepsin activity helps to explain an apparent discrepancy noted by others--namely, why the rabbit is so much more susceptible to stress-produced erosions than the cat or other experimental animals.", "PMID": 319775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7098", "title": "Historical notes on hemispheric dominance.", "content": "The evolution of knowledge of hemispheric cerebral dominance is sketched and some possible reasons for the relatively late recognition of asymmetry in hemispheric function are considered. The early clinical contributions pointing to the distinctive functional properties of the right hemisphere are described.", "contents": "Historical notes on hemispheric dominance. The evolution of knowledge of hemispheric cerebral dominance is sketched and some possible reasons for the relatively late recognition of asymmetry in hemispheric function are considered. The early clinical contributions pointing to the distinctive functional properties of the right hemisphere are described.", "PMID": 319777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7099", "title": "Thermokeratoplasty in the treatment of persistent corneal hydrops.", "content": "Thermokeratoplasty (TKP) was used to treat six cases of chronic corneal hydrops previously refractory to traditional therapy. In all instances TKP resulted in a clearing of the hydrops within three weeks. In four cases the resultnat comfort and clarity precluded the necessity for transplantation, while in the remaining two cases subsequent penetrating keratoplasty was successfully performed. Thermokeratoplasty is advocated in chronic hydrops refractive to standard therapy, in acute hydrops to accelerate recovery, in recurrent hydrops to assist in healing of breaks in Descemet membrane, thus preventing recurrences, in cases with extensive hydrops to deturgesce the peripheral cornea prior to transplantation, and as definitive therapy in cases where transplantation is contraindicated.", "contents": "Thermokeratoplasty in the treatment of persistent corneal hydrops. Thermokeratoplasty (TKP) was used to treat six cases of chronic corneal hydrops previously refractory to traditional therapy. In all instances TKP resulted in a clearing of the hydrops within three weeks. In four cases the resultnat comfort and clarity precluded the necessity for transplantation, while in the remaining two cases subsequent penetrating keratoplasty was successfully performed. Thermokeratoplasty is advocated in chronic hydrops refractive to standard therapy, in acute hydrops to accelerate recovery, in recurrent hydrops to assist in healing of breaks in Descemet membrane, thus preventing recurrences, in cases with extensive hydrops to deturgesce the peripheral cornea prior to transplantation, and as definitive therapy in cases where transplantation is contraindicated.", "PMID": 319778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7100", "title": "Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: electron-microscopic and immunofluorescence studies of formalin-fixed tissue.", "content": "An 82-year-old white man had bilateral, chronic recurrent uveitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. In spite of extensive therapy for toxoplasmosis, the left eye became painful and blind and was enucleated. Histopathologically, the retina disclosed unusually large numbers of necrotic cysts and a few presumably viable cysts containing crescent-shaped organisms and scanty free forms of T gondii. Electron-microscopic studies confirmed the presence of a true wall of the cysts as well as additional ultrastructural features highly characteristic of the parasite. Immunofluorescent studies of the formalin-fixed tissue demonstrated quite vividly the cysts, which stained variably according to the stage of viability of the organisms. In cases in which toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis has been suspected clinically but routine histologic preparations fail to reveal the organisms, the remaining formalin-fixed tissue should be examined by specific immunofluorescent methods to demonstrate antigenic material of the causative parasite.", "contents": "Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: electron-microscopic and immunofluorescence studies of formalin-fixed tissue. An 82-year-old white man had bilateral, chronic recurrent uveitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. In spite of extensive therapy for toxoplasmosis, the left eye became painful and blind and was enucleated. Histopathologically, the retina disclosed unusually large numbers of necrotic cysts and a few presumably viable cysts containing crescent-shaped organisms and scanty free forms of T gondii. Electron-microscopic studies confirmed the presence of a true wall of the cysts as well as additional ultrastructural features highly characteristic of the parasite. Immunofluorescent studies of the formalin-fixed tissue demonstrated quite vividly the cysts, which stained variably according to the stage of viability of the organisms. In cases in which toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis has been suspected clinically but routine histologic preparations fail to reveal the organisms, the remaining formalin-fixed tissue should be examined by specific immunofluorescent methods to demonstrate antigenic material of the causative parasite.", "PMID": 319779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7101", "title": "Retinal blood flow derived from dye dilution curves: Televised fluorescein angiography.", "content": "A television system was used to record retinal fluorescein dilution curves. In pigs, fluorescein was injected intravenously (IV), into the left ventricle (ILV), and ILV during bilateral carotid occlusion (ILVco). Dye dilution curves from points on a retinal-artery-vein pair, from two points on a single artery, and from two points on a single vein were recorded by a storage oscilloscope, using two photodetectors positioned over the television image of the vessels. Dye curves were less dispersed following ILV than following IV injections, and were irregular following ILVco injection. The dye appearance time was shortest after injection with ILV and progressively longer with ILVco and IV. The artery-vein mean transit time was greatest during carotid occlusion. Retinal blood flow in a venous segment was calculated to be 0.149 +/- 0.037 mi/min. This value was reproducible following both IV and ILV injections but could not be obtained following ILVco due to irregularity of the curves. It was in the same range as that found (0.095 +/- 0.011 ml/min), using the radioactively labeled microsphere technique. The system was subsequently tested in humans and was found to give reproducible dye curves. The usefulness of the system as a clinical tool is presently being explored.", "contents": "Retinal blood flow derived from dye dilution curves: Televised fluorescein angiography. A television system was used to record retinal fluorescein dilution curves. In pigs, fluorescein was injected intravenously (IV), into the left ventricle (ILV), and ILV during bilateral carotid occlusion (ILVco). Dye dilution curves from points on a retinal-artery-vein pair, from two points on a single artery, and from two points on a single vein were recorded by a storage oscilloscope, using two photodetectors positioned over the television image of the vessels. Dye curves were less dispersed following ILV than following IV injections, and were irregular following ILVco injection. The dye appearance time was shortest after injection with ILV and progressively longer with ILVco and IV. The artery-vein mean transit time was greatest during carotid occlusion. Retinal blood flow in a venous segment was calculated to be 0.149 +/- 0.037 mi/min. This value was reproducible following both IV and ILV injections but could not be obtained following ILVco due to irregularity of the curves. It was in the same range as that found (0.095 +/- 0.011 ml/min), using the radioactively labeled microsphere technique. The system was subsequently tested in humans and was found to give reproducible dye curves. The usefulness of the system as a clinical tool is presently being explored.", "PMID": 319780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7102", "title": "Relative photometric measurements of retinal circulation (dromofluorograms): a televison technique.", "content": "Television fluoroangiography is used in order to obtain fluorescein dilution curves (dromofluorograms [From the Greek word: epsilon rho omicron mu omicron, which means flowing. We coined this word because dilution curves do not afford a true measurement of the blood circulation, or simply of a dilution, but of the fluorescein transport in the circulation!] from single retinal vessels. An optical fiber conveys the light from a single retinal artery, vein, or any other retinal area on the video screen to a photomultiplier. After low-pass electronic filtration, the dilution curves are recorded on a strip-chart recorder. The measurements considered are all related to time: the time interval between initial instants of the arterial and venous curve; the time interval between maximum instants; the arterial and venous curve rising times. It is seen that (1) the method is sensitive enough to enable variations in the quantities in pathologic cases to be detected; (2) owing to the great variability from part to part of the vessels, it is important to specify where the retinal dromofluorogram has been recorded.", "contents": "Relative photometric measurements of retinal circulation (dromofluorograms): a televison technique. Television fluoroangiography is used in order to obtain fluorescein dilution curves (dromofluorograms [From the Greek word: epsilon rho omicron mu omicron, which means flowing. We coined this word because dilution curves do not afford a true measurement of the blood circulation, or simply of a dilution, but of the fluorescein transport in the circulation!] from single retinal vessels. An optical fiber conveys the light from a single retinal artery, vein, or any other retinal area on the video screen to a photomultiplier. After low-pass electronic filtration, the dilution curves are recorded on a strip-chart recorder. The measurements considered are all related to time: the time interval between initial instants of the arterial and venous curve; the time interval between maximum instants; the arterial and venous curve rising times. It is seen that (1) the method is sensitive enough to enable variations in the quantities in pathologic cases to be detected; (2) owing to the great variability from part to part of the vessels, it is important to specify where the retinal dromofluorogram has been recorded.", "PMID": 319781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7103", "title": "[Can bone growth be stimulated (author's transl)].", "content": "Stimulation of bone growth by heterologous (bovine) bone grafts may help in leg length discrepancies. Arrest of epiphyseal growth plates or leg lengthenning by osteotomy may be necessary to a lesser extent or be entirely unnecessory. 72 cases, 88 stimulations in 16 years.", "contents": "[Can bone growth be stimulated (author's transl)]. Stimulation of bone growth by heterologous (bovine) bone grafts may help in leg length discrepancies. Arrest of epiphyseal growth plates or leg lengthenning by osteotomy may be necessary to a lesser extent or be entirely unnecessory. 72 cases, 88 stimulations in 16 years.", "PMID": 319783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7104", "title": "[Experimental experience with autologous nerve-transplantation in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Autologous nerve transplantations of the tibial nerve were carried out in 15 rabbits. In an average period of 19 weeks a return of function could be observed in 13 of the animals. Neuro-physiological, histological and scanning-electron microscopic examinations were done. A comparison was performed with results after simple nerve suture, done under equal circumstances. Nerve suture leads to a relative better regeneration. To explain this result the formation of a scar in the distal suture was discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental experience with autologous nerve-transplantation in rabbits (author's transl)]. Autologous nerve transplantations of the tibial nerve were carried out in 15 rabbits. In an average period of 19 weeks a return of function could be observed in 13 of the animals. Neuro-physiological, histological and scanning-electron microscopic examinations were done. A comparison was performed with results after simple nerve suture, done under equal circumstances. Nerve suture leads to a relative better regeneration. To explain this result the formation of a scar in the distal suture was discussed.", "PMID": 319784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7105", "title": "Reconstruction of intraoral defects with the free groin flap.", "content": "A free flap has been defined as an island flap that has been completely detached from the body and transferred to a distant recipient site, where microvascular anastomoses are done to reestablish its essential intravascular circulation. The groin flap, based on its superficial circumflex iliac artery and venae comitantes, was utilized as a free flap to close large intraoral defects in six patients following ablative cancer operations. All patients received preoperative or postoperative irradiation therapy. Four of the six free groin flap operations were clinically successful. One flap became necrotic unexpectedly after 3 1/2 weeks. Infection played a major part in necrosis of the other flap. The use of the free flap in oral cavity reconstruction offers certain advantages over regional vascular flaps but definite limitations exist.", "contents": "Reconstruction of intraoral defects with the free groin flap. A free flap has been defined as an island flap that has been completely detached from the body and transferred to a distant recipient site, where microvascular anastomoses are done to reestablish its essential intravascular circulation. The groin flap, based on its superficial circumflex iliac artery and venae comitantes, was utilized as a free flap to close large intraoral defects in six patients following ablative cancer operations. All patients received preoperative or postoperative irradiation therapy. Four of the six free groin flap operations were clinically successful. One flap became necrotic unexpectedly after 3 1/2 weeks. Infection played a major part in necrosis of the other flap. The use of the free flap in oral cavity reconstruction offers certain advantages over regional vascular flaps but definite limitations exist.", "PMID": 319785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7106", "title": "[On the correction of protruding ears (author's transl)].", "content": "After the definition of the naturally-looking auricle, a combination of the well-known excision-suture, incision-suture, and scraping-technique is described. The crus inferior and the corpus of the anthelix are built by a bridge of cartilage, whereas the crus superior is formed by scratching the cartilage on the front side. The concha is made smaller by excision. This technique can be applied almost always: it is leading to a good cosmetic result and it is time-sparing.", "contents": "[On the correction of protruding ears (author's transl)]. After the definition of the naturally-looking auricle, a combination of the well-known excision-suture, incision-suture, and scraping-technique is described. The crus inferior and the corpus of the anthelix are built by a bridge of cartilage, whereas the crus superior is formed by scratching the cartilage on the front side. The concha is made smaller by excision. This technique can be applied almost always: it is leading to a good cosmetic result and it is time-sparing.", "PMID": 319786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7107", "title": "Reiter's syndrome following Shigella flexneri 2a: a sequel to traveler's diarrhea. Report of a case with hepatitis.", "content": "Shigella flexneri 2a was isolated from a patient with Reiter's syndrome (RS) following a family outbreak of traveler's diarrhea. Among 3 members at risk, only the patient was positive for HLA-B27. Data from 3 similar families support the hypothesis that susceptibility to RS is genetically transmitted. It is urged that every effort be made to culture and subtype Shigella and other enteric pathogens in RS following diarrhea. Concurrently, the patient had hepatitis, interpreted as a parallel enteric infection.", "contents": "Reiter's syndrome following Shigella flexneri 2a: a sequel to traveler's diarrhea. Report of a case with hepatitis. Shigella flexneri 2a was isolated from a patient with Reiter's syndrome (RS) following a family outbreak of traveler's diarrhea. Among 3 members at risk, only the patient was positive for HLA-B27. Data from 3 similar families support the hypothesis that susceptibility to RS is genetically transmitted. It is urged that every effort be made to culture and subtype Shigella and other enteric pathogens in RS following diarrhea. Concurrently, the patient had hepatitis, interpreted as a parallel enteric infection.", "PMID": 319805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7108", "title": "Stimulatory effect of metoclopramide on the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter of patients of patients with PSS.", "content": "Metoclopramide has been shown to stimulate motility of the gastrointestinal tract, including the esophagus. The authors therefore tested the effect of intravenous injections of metoclopramide on the sphincteric pressure and esophageal motility in 14 patients with esophageal dysfunction due to progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Isotonic saline similarly injected in a control period in 7 of the patients showed no effect. None of the 14 patients had a detectable pressure zone at the sphincteric area in basal conditions, but following the injection of metoclopramide, one appeared in 7 patients. Metoclopramide also caused the appearance of pressure waves in 5 of 11 patients who had aperistalsis, and caused up to a three fold increase in the amplitude of the pressure waves in the 3 patients who had hypomotility of the esophagus.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of metoclopramide on the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter of patients of patients with PSS. Metoclopramide has been shown to stimulate motility of the gastrointestinal tract, including the esophagus. The authors therefore tested the effect of intravenous injections of metoclopramide on the sphincteric pressure and esophageal motility in 14 patients with esophageal dysfunction due to progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Isotonic saline similarly injected in a control period in 7 of the patients showed no effect. None of the 14 patients had a detectable pressure zone at the sphincteric area in basal conditions, but following the injection of metoclopramide, one appeared in 7 patients. Metoclopramide also caused the appearance of pressure waves in 5 of 11 patients who had aperistalsis, and caused up to a three fold increase in the amplitude of the pressure waves in the 3 patients who had hypomotility of the esophagus.", "PMID": 319806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7109", "title": "[Psychological aspects of renal transplantation].", "content": "Ten adolescents were studied from the psychological viewpoint before and after kidney transplantation. Psychological tests showed that before the transplantation, the patients showed signs of brain damage which did not persist after the operation. IQ was low, especially in areas where fine visual and motor coordination was required. After transplantation, IQ was higher. Perception of the body structure was altered in most patients and it improved after transplantation. The most important content in the projective tests was that of death, before and after the operation, indicating depressive factors that influence personality; other traits were fears and guilt feelings before and after transplantation which leads us to conclude that this type of patients have significant feelings of anxiety when they learn about their disease and which continue indefinitely. In spite of the fact that in the last twenty years the number of patients treated with kidney transplantation has increased, there are not many reports from the psychological viewpoint. It is obvious that in the treatment of this disease, as in any other that is chronic and of an uncertain prognosis, although generally fatal, there thill be a series of emotional factors that cause abrupt changes in all aspects of life in these patients, since they are constantly facing death.", "contents": "[Psychological aspects of renal transplantation]. Ten adolescents were studied from the psychological viewpoint before and after kidney transplantation. Psychological tests showed that before the transplantation, the patients showed signs of brain damage which did not persist after the operation. IQ was low, especially in areas where fine visual and motor coordination was required. After transplantation, IQ was higher. Perception of the body structure was altered in most patients and it improved after transplantation. The most important content in the projective tests was that of death, before and after the operation, indicating depressive factors that influence personality; other traits were fears and guilt feelings before and after transplantation which leads us to conclude that this type of patients have significant feelings of anxiety when they learn about their disease and which continue indefinitely. In spite of the fact that in the last twenty years the number of patients treated with kidney transplantation has increased, there are not many reports from the psychological viewpoint. It is obvious that in the treatment of this disease, as in any other that is chronic and of an uncertain prognosis, although generally fatal, there thill be a series of emotional factors that cause abrupt changes in all aspects of life in these patients, since they are constantly facing death.", "PMID": 319808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7110", "title": "Spatial Frank vectorcardiogram in left posterior fascicular block. Criteria and correlation with clinical and electrocardiographic data.", "content": "Computer processing of spatial QRS parameters (Frank vectorcardiogram) was used to study left posterior fascicular block. The best set of vectorcardiographic criteria was sought in order to characterise the classic pattern of left posterior fascicular block. Using these criteria, 18 cases were selected from a group of 4600 patients and 340 healthy subjects; isolated left posterior fascicular block was seen in 10 cases, and was associated with right bundle-branch block in 8 cases. It is shown that some external factors can influence the aspect of the spatial QRS loop in left posterior fascicular block: cardiomegaly tends to produce a superior displacement of the main QRS forces: right bundle-branch block enhances the superior displacement of the initial forces and shifts the main QRS forces more anteriorly and to the right. The 'masquerading effect' of the left posterior fascicular block on a concomitant inferior myocardial infarct was also shown. The most important diagnostic feature was the opposite direction of the initial forces (left anterosuperior) and the maximal vector (right postero-inferior): the angle between these two vectors averaged 152 degrees. Other criteria, such as the direction of rotation or the axis of the frontal loop, the vertical direction of the spatial loop, the presence of a Q wave in leads II, III, and aVF of the electrocardiogram, are not mandatory for the diagnosis of left posterior fascicular block.", "contents": "Spatial Frank vectorcardiogram in left posterior fascicular block. Criteria and correlation with clinical and electrocardiographic data. Computer processing of spatial QRS parameters (Frank vectorcardiogram) was used to study left posterior fascicular block. The best set of vectorcardiographic criteria was sought in order to characterise the classic pattern of left posterior fascicular block. Using these criteria, 18 cases were selected from a group of 4600 patients and 340 healthy subjects; isolated left posterior fascicular block was seen in 10 cases, and was associated with right bundle-branch block in 8 cases. It is shown that some external factors can influence the aspect of the spatial QRS loop in left posterior fascicular block: cardiomegaly tends to produce a superior displacement of the main QRS forces: right bundle-branch block enhances the superior displacement of the initial forces and shifts the main QRS forces more anteriorly and to the right. The 'masquerading effect' of the left posterior fascicular block on a concomitant inferior myocardial infarct was also shown. The most important diagnostic feature was the opposite direction of the initial forces (left anterosuperior) and the maximal vector (right postero-inferior): the angle between these two vectors averaged 152 degrees. Other criteria, such as the direction of rotation or the axis of the frontal loop, the vertical direction of the spatial loop, the presence of a Q wave in leads II, III, and aVF of the electrocardiogram, are not mandatory for the diagnosis of left posterior fascicular block.", "PMID": 319812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7111", "title": "Evidence of rheumatoid arthritis in ancient India.", "content": "The scarcity of references in ancient medical literature to any disease resembling rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has led many Western rheumatologists to believe that rheumatoid arthritis is a disease of relatively recent origin. In a recent paper on this problem, Short traces the first adequate description of what was probably rheumatoid arthritis to Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) and emphasizes that European and Greek medical literature before Sydenham's time may have confused gout and other forms of polyarthritis as manifestations of the same disease (1). Studies in human paleopathology have as yet produced no convincing evidence for the existenct of RA in ancient human remains, but Short suggested that a study of the ancient medical literature of the Eastern civilizations may provide some new information on the true antiquity of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Evidence of rheumatoid arthritis in ancient India. The scarcity of references in ancient medical literature to any disease resembling rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has led many Western rheumatologists to believe that rheumatoid arthritis is a disease of relatively recent origin. In a recent paper on this problem, Short traces the first adequate description of what was probably rheumatoid arthritis to Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) and emphasizes that European and Greek medical literature before Sydenham's time may have confused gout and other forms of polyarthritis as manifestations of the same disease (1). Studies in human paleopathology have as yet produced no convincing evidence for the existenct of RA in ancient human remains, but Short suggested that a study of the ancient medical literature of the Eastern civilizations may provide some new information on the true antiquity of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 319807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7112", "title": "Clinical value of quantitative analysis of ST slope during exercise.", "content": "The diagnostic performance of automatic analysis of the exercise electrocardiogram in detecting ischaemic heart disease was studied in 147 patients with angiographically documented coronary disease. The results were compared with the results of visual analysis of the same recordings. Using a bicycle ergometer we tried to reach at least 90 per cent of the predicted maximal heart rate of the patient. Two bipolar thoracic leads (CM5, CC5) were used. In the visual analysis the criterion of the so-called ischaemic ST segment was applied. For the automatic analysis the population was divided into a learning group (N=87) and a testing group (N=60). In the learning group first critical values were computed for different ST measurements that provided optimal separation between patients with (CAG POS.) and without (CAG. NEG.) significant coronary stenoses as revealed by coronary arteriography. These critical values were kept unchanged when applied to the testing group. With respect to the visual method an increase of the sensitivity by 0-45 and 0-36 was obtained by the automatic analysis in the learning and testing group, respectively. The best separation between CAG. POS. and CAG. NEG. group was reached using a criterion consisting of a linear combination of the slope of the initial part of the ST segment and the ST depression; the sensitivity being 0-70 and 0-60, respectively, in the learning and testing group. Using a criterion based on the area between the baseline and the ST segment (the SX integral) these values were 0-42 and 0-49, respectively. All specificities were kept to at least 0-90.", "contents": "Clinical value of quantitative analysis of ST slope during exercise. The diagnostic performance of automatic analysis of the exercise electrocardiogram in detecting ischaemic heart disease was studied in 147 patients with angiographically documented coronary disease. The results were compared with the results of visual analysis of the same recordings. Using a bicycle ergometer we tried to reach at least 90 per cent of the predicted maximal heart rate of the patient. Two bipolar thoracic leads (CM5, CC5) were used. In the visual analysis the criterion of the so-called ischaemic ST segment was applied. For the automatic analysis the population was divided into a learning group (N=87) and a testing group (N=60). In the learning group first critical values were computed for different ST measurements that provided optimal separation between patients with (CAG POS.) and without (CAG. NEG.) significant coronary stenoses as revealed by coronary arteriography. These critical values were kept unchanged when applied to the testing group. With respect to the visual method an increase of the sensitivity by 0-45 and 0-36 was obtained by the automatic analysis in the learning and testing group, respectively. The best separation between CAG. POS. and CAG. NEG. group was reached using a criterion consisting of a linear combination of the slope of the initial part of the ST segment and the ST depression; the sensitivity being 0-70 and 0-60, respectively, in the learning and testing group. Using a criterion based on the area between the baseline and the ST segment (the SX integral) these values were 0-42 and 0-49, respectively. All specificities were kept to at least 0-90.", "PMID": 319813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7113", "title": "Evaluation of doxapram for arousal from general anaesthesia in outpatients.", "content": "In a double-blind study of 100 outpatients receiving methohexitone, nitrous oxide and halothane, the administration of doxapram 80 mg i.v. was associated with a significantly more rapid recovery from anaesthesia, the effect being more obvious in women than men. Doxapram produced a reduction of 3-4 min in the time of recovery to a safe level of consciousness. The effect was probably a result of the more rapid elimination of halothane caused by stimulation of respiration. In the patients who received doxapram the incidence of minor complications during recovery was reduced and there was some evidence of an improvement in the quality of recovery.", "contents": "Evaluation of doxapram for arousal from general anaesthesia in outpatients. In a double-blind study of 100 outpatients receiving methohexitone, nitrous oxide and halothane, the administration of doxapram 80 mg i.v. was associated with a significantly more rapid recovery from anaesthesia, the effect being more obvious in women than men. Doxapram produced a reduction of 3-4 min in the time of recovery to a safe level of consciousness. The effect was probably a result of the more rapid elimination of halothane caused by stimulation of respiration. In the patients who received doxapram the incidence of minor complications during recovery was reduced and there was some evidence of an improvement in the quality of recovery.", "PMID": 319815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7114", "title": "Naloxone: dose-dependent antagonism of respiratory depression by fentanyl in anaesthetized patients.", "content": "Naloxone was used to antagonize the respiratory depression caused by the administration of fentanyl 0.05 mg to patients anaesthetized with 0.5% halothane in 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Four groups of at least 10 patients each were studied. Doses of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg of naloxone were given, and an effect proportional to the logarithm of the dose was demonstrated.", "contents": "Naloxone: dose-dependent antagonism of respiratory depression by fentanyl in anaesthetized patients. Naloxone was used to antagonize the respiratory depression caused by the administration of fentanyl 0.05 mg to patients anaesthetized with 0.5% halothane in 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Four groups of at least 10 patients each were studied. Doses of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg of naloxone were given, and an effect proportional to the logarithm of the dose was demonstrated.", "PMID": 319816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7115", "title": "Arterial pressure studies during carotid angiography.", "content": "In a study of 92 patients undergoing carotid angiography under general anaesthesia, marked changes in arterial pressure were infrequent. Possible reasons for this include fewer poor-risk patients, a lighter level of anaesthesia involving controlled ventilation, and the replacement of uriodone (Diodone) by less toxic contrast media.", "contents": "Arterial pressure studies during carotid angiography. In a study of 92 patients undergoing carotid angiography under general anaesthesia, marked changes in arterial pressure were infrequent. Possible reasons for this include fewer poor-risk patients, a lighter level of anaesthesia involving controlled ventilation, and the replacement of uriodone (Diodone) by less toxic contrast media.", "PMID": 319817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7116", "title": "Localization by immunoperoxidase and estimation by radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen in colonic polyps.", "content": "A 3-layer immunoperoxidase technique was used to demonstrate carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in colonic polyps from patients with or without previous or concurrent malignancy. CEA was demonstrated in a higher percentage of the polyps received as fresh specimens that were rapidly frozen and fixed in ethanol, than in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. Tissue CEA content of both colonic carcinomas and polyps was determined by radioimmunoassay, and it was found that benign colonic tumours had levels of tissue CEA comparable to colonic cancer, indicating that CEA concentration in a tumour does not reflect its grade of malignancy. In fact, in one case in which both colonic cancer and polyps were removed, the polyps had the higher quantities of tissue CEA. Further, tissue CEA concentration of a polyp was not dependent on its size or location. Studying the titres of circulating CEA in these patients revealed an elevation of plasma CEA in one-third of the patients with only colonic polyps, whilst the patients with cancer all had increased titres.", "contents": "Localization by immunoperoxidase and estimation by radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen in colonic polyps. A 3-layer immunoperoxidase technique was used to demonstrate carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in colonic polyps from patients with or without previous or concurrent malignancy. CEA was demonstrated in a higher percentage of the polyps received as fresh specimens that were rapidly frozen and fixed in ethanol, than in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. Tissue CEA content of both colonic carcinomas and polyps was determined by radioimmunoassay, and it was found that benign colonic tumours had levels of tissue CEA comparable to colonic cancer, indicating that CEA concentration in a tumour does not reflect its grade of malignancy. In fact, in one case in which both colonic cancer and polyps were removed, the polyps had the higher quantities of tissue CEA. Further, tissue CEA concentration of a polyp was not dependent on its size or location. Studying the titres of circulating CEA in these patients revealed an elevation of plasma CEA in one-third of the patients with only colonic polyps, whilst the patients with cancer all had increased titres.", "PMID": 319818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7117", "title": "Rauscher virus-induced reticulum-cell sarcomas: Their growth in vitro and erythropoietic differentiation.", "content": "A transplantable reticulum-cell sarcoma induced by Rauscher virus (RV) in (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 (BDF1) mice was grown in tissue culture. Four separate cell lines were established, all of which grew predominantly in suspension. The doubling time of the cells from these cultures ranged from 17 to 32 h. Each culture continued to replicate RV, as indicated by the infectivity in newborn mice of all fluids tested up to the 75th passage. Since the morphological appearance of the cells in vitro was consistent with that of proerythroblasts, all cultures were tested for their ability to differentiate along the erythrocytic line under the influence of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). One of the cultures produced small quantities of haemoglobin independently of DMSO. Another was shown to produce haemoglobin, as well as to take up 59Fe and incorporate it into haem, only in the presence of DMSO. The 2 remaining cultures failed to produce haemoglobin, either spontaneously or in the presence of DMSO. Cells from each of the RV-induced cultures, when inoculated back into BDF1 mice, induced typical reticulum-cell sarcomas, without in vivo evidence of erythroid differentiation. In contrast, 2 morphologically identical but non-infectious cell lines derived from Friend virus-induced reticulum-cell sarcomas did not show erythroid differentiation in vivo or in vitro, either in the absence or presence of DMSO.", "contents": "Rauscher virus-induced reticulum-cell sarcomas: Their growth in vitro and erythropoietic differentiation. A transplantable reticulum-cell sarcoma induced by Rauscher virus (RV) in (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 (BDF1) mice was grown in tissue culture. Four separate cell lines were established, all of which grew predominantly in suspension. The doubling time of the cells from these cultures ranged from 17 to 32 h. Each culture continued to replicate RV, as indicated by the infectivity in newborn mice of all fluids tested up to the 75th passage. Since the morphological appearance of the cells in vitro was consistent with that of proerythroblasts, all cultures were tested for their ability to differentiate along the erythrocytic line under the influence of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). One of the cultures produced small quantities of haemoglobin independently of DMSO. Another was shown to produce haemoglobin, as well as to take up 59Fe and incorporate it into haem, only in the presence of DMSO. The 2 remaining cultures failed to produce haemoglobin, either spontaneously or in the presence of DMSO. Cells from each of the RV-induced cultures, when inoculated back into BDF1 mice, induced typical reticulum-cell sarcomas, without in vivo evidence of erythroid differentiation. In contrast, 2 morphologically identical but non-infectious cell lines derived from Friend virus-induced reticulum-cell sarcomas did not show erythroid differentiation in vivo or in vitro, either in the absence or presence of DMSO.", "PMID": 319819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7118", "title": "Late reoperations for squint.", "content": "Ten patients in the age range 2 to 22 years are described who had operations initially for squint in childhood. Nine had had concomitant convergent strabismus and one divergent. All presented again in adult life with a cosmetic complaint, but two also had diplopia. Reoperations were done, age range 14 to 43. These ten were all the \"late reoperations\" for squint which were done during the four year period 1972 to 1976 by one consultant (C.I.P.). Technically these late reoperations were not difficult, through the amount of change predictable in position of the eyeball could be only approximate. Recession +/- advancement +/- resection of horizontal recti were done in all cases. In one case no medial rectus was identified attached to the eyeball; a mass of tissue behind the caruncle was mobilised and sutured to the globe with resultant good movement. To avoid tethering of the eye by scarred conjunctiva, vertical conjunctival incisions were often converted at suturing to (see article) shaped wounds. The absence of any new cases of diplopia (the two who had it preoperatively retained it without aggravation) is attributed to the fact that all cases were under-corrected, i.e., no convergent or divergent squint was converted into a divergent or convergent squint respectively, so that the non-corresponding image remained within the area of suppression, which probably extends only to the vertical meridian in a squinting eye.", "contents": "Late reoperations for squint. Ten patients in the age range 2 to 22 years are described who had operations initially for squint in childhood. Nine had had concomitant convergent strabismus and one divergent. All presented again in adult life with a cosmetic complaint, but two also had diplopia. Reoperations were done, age range 14 to 43. These ten were all the \"late reoperations\" for squint which were done during the four year period 1972 to 1976 by one consultant (C.I.P.). Technically these late reoperations were not difficult, through the amount of change predictable in position of the eyeball could be only approximate. Recession +/- advancement +/- resection of horizontal recti were done in all cases. In one case no medial rectus was identified attached to the eyeball; a mass of tissue behind the caruncle was mobilised and sutured to the globe with resultant good movement. To avoid tethering of the eye by scarred conjunctiva, vertical conjunctival incisions were often converted at suturing to (see article) shaped wounds. The absence of any new cases of diplopia (the two who had it preoperatively retained it without aggravation) is attributed to the fact that all cases were under-corrected, i.e., no convergent or divergent squint was converted into a divergent or convergent squint respectively, so that the non-corresponding image remained within the area of suppression, which probably extends only to the vertical meridian in a squinting eye.", "PMID": 319820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7119", "title": "Hydrophilic lenses for \"continuous\" wear in aphakia: fitting at operation.", "content": "This system of soft lens fitting in conjenction with the backward sloping corneal incision proved satisfactory in 84% of cases and provided good fill-in vision during the postoperative period--that is, until a decision about the type of long-term optical correction was made in each case.", "contents": "Hydrophilic lenses for \"continuous\" wear in aphakia: fitting at operation. This system of soft lens fitting in conjenction with the backward sloping corneal incision proved satisfactory in 84% of cases and provided good fill-in vision during the postoperative period--that is, until a decision about the type of long-term optical correction was made in each case.", "PMID": 319821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7120", "title": "Immunological measurements of conformational motility in regions of the myoglobin molecule.", "content": "The conformational motilities of three regions of the sperm whale myoglobin molecule and of an isolated peptide of myoglobin have been examined by measuring the equilibrium constant for the native equilibrium nonnative transition. The immunological approach of Furie et al. (Furie, B., Schechter, A.N., Sachs D., and Anfinsen, C.B. (1975), J. Mol. Biol.92, 497-506) was used with convenient modifications. Antibodies specific to the nonnative conformations were used in assaying for competition between the radioactively labeled peptide and native myoglobin. Labeling was by 125I iodination of the peptide or its 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl derivative, and separation of the immune complex from the free peptide was either by ammonium sulfate precipitation or by centrifugation of the antibodies immobilized on Agarose beads. For the antigenic regions of the sequence (1-55), the measured conformational equilibrium constant was 840 +/- 200 at 22 degrees C; the value for the C-terminal region (132-153) was 280 +/- 120 at 25 degrees C, while that for the region (66-76) adjacent to the heme group was greater than 2.5 x 10(6). Measurements on the isolated peptide (132-153) indicated that 1% of the molecules adopt native-type folding in aqueous solution at 36 degrees C.", "contents": "Immunological measurements of conformational motility in regions of the myoglobin molecule. The conformational motilities of three regions of the sperm whale myoglobin molecule and of an isolated peptide of myoglobin have been examined by measuring the equilibrium constant for the native equilibrium nonnative transition. The immunological approach of Furie et al. (Furie, B., Schechter, A.N., Sachs D., and Anfinsen, C.B. (1975), J. Mol. Biol.92, 497-506) was used with convenient modifications. Antibodies specific to the nonnative conformations were used in assaying for competition between the radioactively labeled peptide and native myoglobin. Labeling was by 125I iodination of the peptide or its 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl derivative, and separation of the immune complex from the free peptide was either by ammonium sulfate precipitation or by centrifugation of the antibodies immobilized on Agarose beads. For the antigenic regions of the sequence (1-55), the measured conformational equilibrium constant was 840 +/- 200 at 22 degrees C; the value for the C-terminal region (132-153) was 280 +/- 120 at 25 degrees C, while that for the region (66-76) adjacent to the heme group was greater than 2.5 x 10(6). Measurements on the isolated peptide (132-153) indicated that 1% of the molecules adopt native-type folding in aqueous solution at 36 degrees C.", "PMID": 319822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7121", "title": "Properties of the galactose binding protein of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli.", "content": "The galactose binding protein implicated in transport and in chemotaxis has been purified to homogeneity from the shock fluids of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Both proteins are monomers of molecular weight 33 000 and exhibit cross-reactivity with antibody. The Salmonella galactose receptor showed binding of 1 mol of [14C]galactose or 1 mol of [14C]glucose at saturation. The dissociation constants were 0.38 and 0.17 muM, respectively. In light of the previously published report that the E. coli protein contains two binding sites with two different affinities, the binding characteristics of this protein were reexamined. Using highly purified radiolabeled substrate and homogeneous protein, a single binding site and single binding affinity were seen galactose (KD = 0.48 muM) or for glucose (KD = 0.21 muM). The competition between glucose and galactose for the same site is intriguing in view of the competition between ribose and galactose at the receptor level.", "contents": "Properties of the galactose binding protein of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. The galactose binding protein implicated in transport and in chemotaxis has been purified to homogeneity from the shock fluids of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Both proteins are monomers of molecular weight 33 000 and exhibit cross-reactivity with antibody. The Salmonella galactose receptor showed binding of 1 mol of [14C]galactose or 1 mol of [14C]glucose at saturation. The dissociation constants were 0.38 and 0.17 muM, respectively. In light of the previously published report that the E. coli protein contains two binding sites with two different affinities, the binding characteristics of this protein were reexamined. Using highly purified radiolabeled substrate and homogeneous protein, a single binding site and single binding affinity were seen galactose (KD = 0.48 muM) or for glucose (KD = 0.21 muM). The competition between glucose and galactose for the same site is intriguing in view of the competition between ribose and galactose at the receptor level.", "PMID": 319823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7122", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the digestion of yeast chromatin by staphylococcal nuclease.", "content": "The DNA in intranuclear yeast chromatin is protected from rapid staphylococcal nuclease degradation so as to yield an oligomeric series of DNA sizes. The course of production and disappearance of the various oligomers agrees  quantitatively with a theory of random cleavage by the enzyme at uniformly susceptible sites. The sizes of the oligomers are integral repeats of a basic size, about 160 base pairs, and 80-90% of the yeast genome is involved in this repeating structure. Within this repeat there exists a 140 base pair core of more nuclease-resistant DNA. During the course of digestion, the sizes of the oligomers decrease continuously. The widths of the distribution of DNA sizes increase in order: monomer (1 X repeat size, half width = 5-7 base pairs) less than dimer (2 X repeat size, half width = 30 base pairs) less than trimer (3 X repeat size, half width = 40-45 base pairs). The yeast genome thus seems to have variable spacing of the nucleaseresistant cores, to produce the average repeat size of about 160 base pairs. Also, the presence of more than one species of monomer and dimer at certain times of digestion suggests a possible heterogeneity in the subunit structure.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the digestion of yeast chromatin by staphylococcal nuclease. The DNA in intranuclear yeast chromatin is protected from rapid staphylococcal nuclease degradation so as to yield an oligomeric series of DNA sizes. The course of production and disappearance of the various oligomers agrees  quantitatively with a theory of random cleavage by the enzyme at uniformly susceptible sites. The sizes of the oligomers are integral repeats of a basic size, about 160 base pairs, and 80-90% of the yeast genome is involved in this repeating structure. Within this repeat there exists a 140 base pair core of more nuclease-resistant DNA. During the course of digestion, the sizes of the oligomers decrease continuously. The widths of the distribution of DNA sizes increase in order: monomer (1 X repeat size, half width = 5-7 base pairs) less than dimer (2 X repeat size, half width = 30 base pairs) less than trimer (3 X repeat size, half width = 40-45 base pairs). The yeast genome thus seems to have variable spacing of the nucleaseresistant cores, to produce the average repeat size of about 160 base pairs. Also, the presence of more than one species of monomer and dimer at certain times of digestion suggests a possible heterogeneity in the subunit structure.", "PMID": 319824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7123", "title": "Preparation of Escherichia coli tRNAs terminating of modified nucleosides by the use of CTP(ATP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase and polynucleotide phosphorylase.", "content": "Two procedures were investigated for the modification of tRNAs at the 3'-terminal nucleoside. The first involved the incubation of an enzymatically abreviated tRNA (tRNA-C-COH) with appropriate nucleoside triphosphates in the presence of CTP(ATP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from Escherichia coli and yeast. The E. coli enzyme did not utilize 2'- or 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate as substrates, but affected incorporation of the 2'- and 3'-O-methyladenosine triphosphates onto tRNA-C-Cou to the extent of 30 and 37%, respectively. Although incorporation of the deoxynucleotides could not be effected using the E. coli enzyme, yeast CTP(ATP:tRNA nucleotidyltransferase produced the desired tRNAs in yields of 45-65%. The second modification procedure involved incubation of tRNA-C-COH with (appropriately blocked) nucleoside diphosphates in the presence of polynucleotide phosphorylase. This procedure afforded the tRNAs terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine in yields of 4% (and the yield of the former was increased to 36% when the incubation was carried out in the presence of 20% methanol). The yields of tRNAs terminating in 2'- and 3'-O-methyladenosing produced by this procedure were 55 and 17%, respectively. Because only single isomers of most of the tRNAs terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxy- and O-methyladenosine are aminoacylated, attempts were made to obtain the other isomericaminoacyl-tRNA by enzymatic introduction of chemically preaminoacylated nucleotides onto tRNA-C-COH. Although incubation of tRNA-C-COH with three aminoacylated nucleoside 5'-triphosphates and E. coli CTP(ATP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase did not result in production of the desired tRNAs to a detectable extent, incubation with 2'-deoxy-3'-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine 5'-diphosphate and polynucleotide phosphorylase afforded E. coli tRNA terminating with the corresponding aminoacylated deoxynucleoside.", "contents": "Preparation of Escherichia coli tRNAs terminating of modified nucleosides by the use of CTP(ATP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase and polynucleotide phosphorylase. Two procedures were investigated for the modification of tRNAs at the 3'-terminal nucleoside. The first involved the incubation of an enzymatically abreviated tRNA (tRNA-C-COH) with appropriate nucleoside triphosphates in the presence of CTP(ATP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from Escherichia coli and yeast. The E. coli enzyme did not utilize 2'- or 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate as substrates, but affected incorporation of the 2'- and 3'-O-methyladenosine triphosphates onto tRNA-C-Cou to the extent of 30 and 37%, respectively. Although incorporation of the deoxynucleotides could not be effected using the E. coli enzyme, yeast CTP(ATP:tRNA nucleotidyltransferase produced the desired tRNAs in yields of 45-65%. The second modification procedure involved incubation of tRNA-C-COH with (appropriately blocked) nucleoside diphosphates in the presence of polynucleotide phosphorylase. This procedure afforded the tRNAs terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine in yields of 4% (and the yield of the former was increased to 36% when the incubation was carried out in the presence of 20% methanol). The yields of tRNAs terminating in 2'- and 3'-O-methyladenosing produced by this procedure were 55 and 17%, respectively. Because only single isomers of most of the tRNAs terminating in 2'- and 3'-deoxy- and O-methyladenosine are aminoacylated, attempts were made to obtain the other isomericaminoacyl-tRNA by enzymatic introduction of chemically preaminoacylated nucleotides onto tRNA-C-COH. Although incubation of tRNA-C-COH with three aminoacylated nucleoside 5'-triphosphates and E. coli CTP(ATP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase did not result in production of the desired tRNAs to a detectable extent, incubation with 2'-deoxy-3'-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine 5'-diphosphate and polynucleotide phosphorylase afforded E. coli tRNA terminating with the corresponding aminoacylated deoxynucleoside.", "PMID": 319825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7124", "title": "Initial position of aminoacylation of individual Escherichia coli, yeast, and calf liver transfer RNAs.", "content": "Transfer RNAs from Escherichia coli, yeast (Sacharomyces cerevisiae), and calf liver were subjected to controlled hydrolysis with venom exonuclease to remove 3'-terminal nucleotides, and then reconstructed successively with cytosine triphosphate (CTP) and 2'- or 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate in the presence of yeast CTP(ATP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. The modified tRNAs were purified by chromatography on DBAE-cellulose or acetylated DBAE-cellulose and then utilized in tRNA aminoacylation experiments in the presence of the homologous aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities. The E. coli, yeast, and calf liver aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for alanine, glycine, histidine, lysine, serine, and threonine, as well as the E. coli and yeast prolyl-tRNA synthetases and the yeast glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase utilized only those homologous modified tRNAs terminating in 2'-deoxyadenosine (i.e., having an available 3'-OH group). This is interpreted as evidence that these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases normally aminoacylate their unmodified cognate tRNAs on the 3'-OH group. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from all three sources specific argining, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine, as well as the E. coli and yeast enzymes specific for methionine and the E. coli glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, used as substrates exclusively those tRNAs terminating in 3'-deoxyadenosine. Certain aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, including the E. coli, yeast, and calf liver asparagine and tyrosine activating enzymes, the E. coli and yeast cysteinyl-tRNA synthetases, and the aspartyl-tRNA synthetase from yeast, utilized both isomeric tRNAs as substrates, although generally not at the same rate. While the calf liver aspartyl- and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetases utilized only the corresponding modified tRNA species terminating in 2'-deoxyadenosine, the use of a more concentrated enzyme preparation might well result in aminoacylation of the isomeric species. The one tRNA for which positional specificity does seem to have changed during evolution is tryptophan, whose E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase utilized predominantly the cognate tRNA terminating in 3'-deoxyadenosine, while the corresponding yeast and calf liver enzymes were found to utilize predominantly the isomeric tRNAs terminating in 2'-deoxyadenosine. The data presented indicate that while there is considerable diversity in the initial position of aminoacylation of individual tRNA isoacceptors derived from a single source, positional specificity has generally been conserved during the evolution from a prokaryotic to mammalian organism.", "contents": "Initial position of aminoacylation of individual Escherichia coli, yeast, and calf liver transfer RNAs. Transfer RNAs from Escherichia coli, yeast (Sacharomyces cerevisiae), and calf liver were subjected to controlled hydrolysis with venom exonuclease to remove 3'-terminal nucleotides, and then reconstructed successively with cytosine triphosphate (CTP) and 2'- or 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate in the presence of yeast CTP(ATP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. The modified tRNAs were purified by chromatography on DBAE-cellulose or acetylated DBAE-cellulose and then utilized in tRNA aminoacylation experiments in the presence of the homologous aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities. The E. coli, yeast, and calf liver aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for alanine, glycine, histidine, lysine, serine, and threonine, as well as the E. coli and yeast prolyl-tRNA synthetases and the yeast glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase utilized only those homologous modified tRNAs terminating in 2'-deoxyadenosine (i.e., having an available 3'-OH group). This is interpreted as evidence that these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases normally aminoacylate their unmodified cognate tRNAs on the 3'-OH group. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from all three sources specific argining, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine, as well as the E. coli and yeast enzymes specific for methionine and the E. coli glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, used as substrates exclusively those tRNAs terminating in 3'-deoxyadenosine. Certain aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, including the E. coli, yeast, and calf liver asparagine and tyrosine activating enzymes, the E. coli and yeast cysteinyl-tRNA synthetases, and the aspartyl-tRNA synthetase from yeast, utilized both isomeric tRNAs as substrates, although generally not at the same rate. While the calf liver aspartyl- and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetases utilized only the corresponding modified tRNA species terminating in 2'-deoxyadenosine, the use of a more concentrated enzyme preparation might well result in aminoacylation of the isomeric species. The one tRNA for which positional specificity does seem to have changed during evolution is tryptophan, whose E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase utilized predominantly the cognate tRNA terminating in 3'-deoxyadenosine, while the corresponding yeast and calf liver enzymes were found to utilize predominantly the isomeric tRNAs terminating in 2'-deoxyadenosine. The data presented indicate that while there is considerable diversity in the initial position of aminoacylation of individual tRNA isoacceptors derived from a single source, positional specificity has generally been conserved during the evolution from a prokaryotic to mammalian organism.", "PMID": 319826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7125", "title": "Transport of pyruvate and lactate in yeast mitochondria.", "content": "Evidence for the existence of mediated transport of pyruvate and lactate in isolated mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. 1. The mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate is specifically inhibited by the monocarboxylic oxoacids alpha-ketoisocaproate and by alpha-cyano-3-hydroxycinnamate, while pyruvate and malate dehydrogenases activities are not inhibited. 2. The stimulation of the mitochondrial oxidations of succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate by pyruvate are also inhibited by alpha-cyano-3-hydroxycinnamate. 3. The [14C]pyruvate uptake by yeast mitochondria follows saturation kinetics and is completely inhibited by alpha-cyano-3-hydroxycinnamate. 4. Large amplitude passive swellings of mitochondria of the wild type and of cytoplasmic rho- and rho-n mutants are induced by isoosmotic ammonium pyruvate and lactate. These pH-dependent swellings are inhibited by alpha-cyano-3-hydroxycinnamate suggesting that the carrier system is not coded by mitochondrial DNA.", "contents": "Transport of pyruvate and lactate in yeast mitochondria. Evidence for the existence of mediated transport of pyruvate and lactate in isolated mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. 1. The mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate is specifically inhibited by the monocarboxylic oxoacids alpha-ketoisocaproate and by alpha-cyano-3-hydroxycinnamate, while pyruvate and malate dehydrogenases activities are not inhibited. 2. The stimulation of the mitochondrial oxidations of succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate by pyruvate are also inhibited by alpha-cyano-3-hydroxycinnamate. 3. The [14C]pyruvate uptake by yeast mitochondria follows saturation kinetics and is completely inhibited by alpha-cyano-3-hydroxycinnamate. 4. Large amplitude passive swellings of mitochondria of the wild type and of cytoplasmic rho- and rho-n mutants are induced by isoosmotic ammonium pyruvate and lactate. These pH-dependent swellings are inhibited by alpha-cyano-3-hydroxycinnamate suggesting that the carrier system is not coded by mitochondrial DNA.", "PMID": 319827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7126", "title": "Outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium. Identification of proteins exposed on cell surface.", "content": "Proteins exposed on the outer surface of the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium were identified by reacting intact cells with a covalent labeling reagent. Since the outer membrane permitted the free diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules, we used a macromolecular reagent, CNBr-activated dextran, as the non-penetrating labeling agent. We also used a mutant producing a lipopolysaccharide with a very short (i.e. hexasaccharide) carbohydrate chain, in order to avoid steric hindrance by the carbohydrates on membrane surface. Results showed that out of the four \"major\" proteins of molecular weight around 35 000, three were exposed, and that at least six other proteins were also exposed on cell surface. Only two or three outer membrane proteins consistently did not react with the reagent in intact cells.", "contents": "Outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium. Identification of proteins exposed on cell surface. Proteins exposed on the outer surface of the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium were identified by reacting intact cells with a covalent labeling reagent. Since the outer membrane permitted the free diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules, we used a macromolecular reagent, CNBr-activated dextran, as the non-penetrating labeling agent. We also used a mutant producing a lipopolysaccharide with a very short (i.e. hexasaccharide) carbohydrate chain, in order to avoid steric hindrance by the carbohydrates on membrane surface. Results showed that out of the four \"major\" proteins of molecular weight around 35 000, three were exposed, and that at least six other proteins were also exposed on cell surface. Only two or three outer membrane proteins consistently did not react with the reagent in intact cells.", "PMID": 319828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7127", "title": "Unmasking of an essential thiol during function of the membrane bound enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate glucose phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The addition of N-ethylmaleimide (MalNEt), or of fluoro dinitrobenzene to a suspension of Escherichia coli during the phosphorylating uptake of methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (Me-Glc), a glucose analog, stops uptake and phosphorylation and causes the loss of previously accumulated sugar and of its phosphate ester. After removal of the reagents, the phosphotransferase system remains irreversibly inactive. Pretreatment of the bacteria with the same reagents under the same conditions of concentration, pH, temperature and for the same length of time causes very little inactivation. Mercuric chloride, a reversible inactivator, prevents the phosphotransferase system from reacting simultaneously with MaINEt or with fluorodinitrobenzene. This protection strongly suggests that all three reagents react with the same site, presumably an -SH group. The change which makes this site available to the reagents depends on the phosphorylative uptake of Me-Glc. Preload of the cells and efflux of Me-Glc do not achieve the same change. The rate of inactivation is directly proportional to the rate of phosphorylative uptake. When the Km of phosphorylative uptake is modified by an uncoupling agent, the substrate concentration allowing half maximal rate of inactivation by MaINEt changes accordingly. The reactive sites of the phosphotransferase system can also be made accessible to the -SH group reagents by fluoride inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis. This suggests that the inactivator resistent form is an \"energized form\" of the enzyme. The unmasking of the reactive site is not due to a change in transmembrane penetration of the reagents since incubation of toluene treated cells with MaINEt in the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate fails to inactivate the phosphotransferase activity, while incubation with MaINEt plus Me-Glc causes fast inactivation.", "contents": "Unmasking of an essential thiol during function of the membrane bound enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate glucose phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli. The addition of N-ethylmaleimide (MalNEt), or of fluoro dinitrobenzene to a suspension of Escherichia coli during the phosphorylating uptake of methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (Me-Glc), a glucose analog, stops uptake and phosphorylation and causes the loss of previously accumulated sugar and of its phosphate ester. After removal of the reagents, the phosphotransferase system remains irreversibly inactive. Pretreatment of the bacteria with the same reagents under the same conditions of concentration, pH, temperature and for the same length of time causes very little inactivation. Mercuric chloride, a reversible inactivator, prevents the phosphotransferase system from reacting simultaneously with MaINEt or with fluorodinitrobenzene. This protection strongly suggests that all three reagents react with the same site, presumably an -SH group. The change which makes this site available to the reagents depends on the phosphorylative uptake of Me-Glc. Preload of the cells and efflux of Me-Glc do not achieve the same change. The rate of inactivation is directly proportional to the rate of phosphorylative uptake. When the Km of phosphorylative uptake is modified by an uncoupling agent, the substrate concentration allowing half maximal rate of inactivation by MaINEt changes accordingly. The reactive sites of the phosphotransferase system can also be made accessible to the -SH group reagents by fluoride inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis. This suggests that the inactivator resistent form is an \"energized form\" of the enzyme. The unmasking of the reactive site is not due to a change in transmembrane penetration of the reagents since incubation of toluene treated cells with MaINEt in the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate fails to inactivate the phosphotransferase activity, while incubation with MaINEt plus Me-Glc causes fast inactivation.", "PMID": 319829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7128", "title": "A comparative study of the effect of modification of the surface of human platelets on the receptors for aggregated immunoglobulins and for ristocentin-von Willebrand factor.", "content": "The receptors for aggregated immunoglobulin G (IgG) (an Fc receptor) and for ristocetin-von Willebrand factor on human platelets were studied by means of various modifications of the platelet surface. The expression of these receptors was measured by the agglutination of platelets to ristocetin in the presence of von Willebrand factor, which is part of the factor VIII complex, and by the binding of aggregated IgG coupled to 3H-labelled diazobenzene. Treatment of platelets with chymotrypsin, trypsin, papain and pronase which removed protein and glycoprotein from the platelet under conditions where the release reaction was inhibited caused loss of the expression of the receptor for ristocetin-von Willebrand factor and an enhancement of that for aggregated IgG. Induction of membrane changes with ADP and of the release reaction with the ionophore A23187 abolished agglutination to ristocentin-von Willebrand factor but did not alter the receptor for aggregated IgC. Possible contributions of unspecific membrane changes, produced by protease treatment of platelets, to the modification of receptor expression were eliminated by the use of formaldehyde-treated platelets. Trypsin, papain and pronase destroyed the ability of these platelets to agglutinate to ristocetin-von Willebrand factor but produced no change in the binding of aggregated IgC. Therefore, the receptor for ristocetin-von Willebrand factor is truly sensitive to proteolysis while the Fc receptor is not, but is partially masked by protease-sensitive material.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effect of modification of the surface of human platelets on the receptors for aggregated immunoglobulins and for ristocentin-von Willebrand factor. The receptors for aggregated immunoglobulin G (IgG) (an Fc receptor) and for ristocetin-von Willebrand factor on human platelets were studied by means of various modifications of the platelet surface. The expression of these receptors was measured by the agglutination of platelets to ristocetin in the presence of von Willebrand factor, which is part of the factor VIII complex, and by the binding of aggregated IgG coupled to 3H-labelled diazobenzene. Treatment of platelets with chymotrypsin, trypsin, papain and pronase which removed protein and glycoprotein from the platelet under conditions where the release reaction was inhibited caused loss of the expression of the receptor for ristocetin-von Willebrand factor and an enhancement of that for aggregated IgG. Induction of membrane changes with ADP and of the release reaction with the ionophore A23187 abolished agglutination to ristocentin-von Willebrand factor but did not alter the receptor for aggregated IgC. Possible contributions of unspecific membrane changes, produced by protease treatment of platelets, to the modification of receptor expression were eliminated by the use of formaldehyde-treated platelets. Trypsin, papain and pronase destroyed the ability of these platelets to agglutinate to ristocetin-von Willebrand factor but produced no change in the binding of aggregated IgC. Therefore, the receptor for ristocetin-von Willebrand factor is truly sensitive to proteolysis while the Fc receptor is not, but is partially masked by protease-sensitive material.", "PMID": 319830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7129", "title": "Optical properties of an outer membrane lipoprotein from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The infrared spectrum of a structural lipoprotein from the Escherichia coli outer membrane indicated the lipoprotein had an alpha-helical conformation but no sign for the existence of beta-structures. From circular dichroism spectra of the lipoprotein, the alpha-helical content of the protein was found to be as high as 88% in 0.01-0.03% sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of 10(-5) M Mg2+ at pH 7.1 and 23 degrees C. When sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration increased higher than 0.1%, the alpha-helical content of the lipoprotein decreased to about 57%. Divalent cations, such as Mg2+ and Mn2+, were found to increase the helical content of the lipoprotein. The high alpha-helical content of the lipoprotein was observed in a wide range of temperatures (23 to 55 degrees C). The significance of the high alpha-helical content of the lipoprotein is discussed in light of the three-dimensional molecular models of the lipoprotein proposed previously.", "contents": "Optical properties of an outer membrane lipoprotein from Escherichia coli. The infrared spectrum of a structural lipoprotein from the Escherichia coli outer membrane indicated the lipoprotein had an alpha-helical conformation but no sign for the existence of beta-structures. From circular dichroism spectra of the lipoprotein, the alpha-helical content of the protein was found to be as high as 88% in 0.01-0.03% sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of 10(-5) M Mg2+ at pH 7.1 and 23 degrees C. When sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration increased higher than 0.1%, the alpha-helical content of the lipoprotein decreased to about 57%. Divalent cations, such as Mg2+ and Mn2+, were found to increase the helical content of the lipoprotein. The high alpha-helical content of the lipoprotein was observed in a wide range of temperatures (23 to 55 degrees C). The significance of the high alpha-helical content of the lipoprotein is discussed in light of the three-dimensional molecular models of the lipoprotein proposed previously.", "PMID": 319831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7130", "title": "Characterization of ribonucleoprotein particles released from isolated nuclei of regenerating rat liver in two different in vitro systems.", "content": "The ribonucleoprotein particles released from isolated nuclei of regenerating rat liver in two in vitro systems were studied and the following results were obtained. 1. When the isolated nuclei of regenerating rat liver labeled in vivo with [14C] orotic acid were incubated in medium containing ATP and an energy-regenerating system (medium I) release of labeled 40-S particles was observed. Analysis of these 40-S particles showed that they contained heterogeneous RNA but no 18 S or 28 S ribosomal RNAs and their buoyant density in CsCl was 1.42-1.45 g/cm3, suggesting that they were nuclear informosome-like particles released during incubation. 2. When the same nuclei were incubated in the same medium fortified with dialyzed cytosol, spermidine and yeast RNA (medium II), release of labeled 60-S and 40-S particles was observed. Using CsCl buoyant density gradient centrifugation, two components were found in the labeled ribonucleoprotein particles released from nuclei in this medium. The labeled 60-S particles were found to contain 28-S RNA as the main component and their buoyant density in CsCl was 1.61 g/cm3, suggesting that they were labeled large ribosomal subunits. The labeled 40-S particles contained both 18 S RNA and heterogeneous RNA and they formed two discrete bands in CsCl, at 1.40 and 1.56 g/cm3, suggesting that they contained small ribosomal subunits and nuclear informosome-like particles. 3. These results clearly indicate that addition of dialyzed cytosol, spermidine and low molecular yeast RNA to medium I causes the release of ribosomal subunits or their precursors from isolated nuclei in the in vitro system.", "contents": "Characterization of ribonucleoprotein particles released from isolated nuclei of regenerating rat liver in two different in vitro systems. The ribonucleoprotein particles released from isolated nuclei of regenerating rat liver in two in vitro systems were studied and the following results were obtained. 1. When the isolated nuclei of regenerating rat liver labeled in vivo with [14C] orotic acid were incubated in medium containing ATP and an energy-regenerating system (medium I) release of labeled 40-S particles was observed. Analysis of these 40-S particles showed that they contained heterogeneous RNA but no 18 S or 28 S ribosomal RNAs and their buoyant density in CsCl was 1.42-1.45 g/cm3, suggesting that they were nuclear informosome-like particles released during incubation. 2. When the same nuclei were incubated in the same medium fortified with dialyzed cytosol, spermidine and yeast RNA (medium II), release of labeled 60-S and 40-S particles was observed. Using CsCl buoyant density gradient centrifugation, two components were found in the labeled ribonucleoprotein particles released from nuclei in this medium. The labeled 60-S particles were found to contain 28-S RNA as the main component and their buoyant density in CsCl was 1.61 g/cm3, suggesting that they were labeled large ribosomal subunits. The labeled 40-S particles contained both 18 S RNA and heterogeneous RNA and they formed two discrete bands in CsCl, at 1.40 and 1.56 g/cm3, suggesting that they contained small ribosomal subunits and nuclear informosome-like particles. 3. These results clearly indicate that addition of dialyzed cytosol, spermidine and low molecular yeast RNA to medium I causes the release of ribosomal subunits or their precursors from isolated nuclei in the in vitro system.", "PMID": 319832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7131", "title": "Factors causing release of ribosomal subunits from isolated nuclei of regenerating rat liver in vitro.", "content": "Incubation medium II causes release of ribosomal subunits from isolated prelabeled nuclei of regenerating rat liver in vitro (Sato, T., Ishikawa, K. and Ogato, K. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 000, 000-000). The effects of individual components of this medium on release of subunits were studied and the following results were obtained. 1. Dialyzed cytosol was effective in causing release of total labeled RNA, but its effect on release of labeled ribosomal subunits was rather lower than that of low molecular yeast RNA. Spermidine inhibited the release of total labeled RNA as well as that of labeled ribosomal subunits. 2. Low molecular yeast RNA was the most effective component for inducing release of labeled ribosomal subunits. Homologous ribosomal RNA was as effective as yeast RNA. Cytoplasmic ribosomes, prepared by washing with solution of  high salt concentration, and their subunits were also effective. 3. Transfer RNA was not so effective as yeast RNA and ribosomal RNA and even after heat treatment it had little effect. 4. Among the homopolyribonucleotides tested, polyuridylic acid had a strong effect but polyadenylic acid, polycytidylic acid and polyinosinic acid had no effect. 5. The effects of yeast RNA and polyuridylic acid in causing release of labeled ribosomal subunits were dependent upon their concentrations in the reaction mixture. The characteristics of the factors which cause release of labeled ribosomal subunits in vitro are discussed on the basis of the results.", "contents": "Factors causing release of ribosomal subunits from isolated nuclei of regenerating rat liver in vitro. Incubation medium II causes release of ribosomal subunits from isolated prelabeled nuclei of regenerating rat liver in vitro (Sato, T., Ishikawa, K. and Ogato, K. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 000, 000-000). The effects of individual components of this medium on release of subunits were studied and the following results were obtained. 1. Dialyzed cytosol was effective in causing release of total labeled RNA, but its effect on release of labeled ribosomal subunits was rather lower than that of low molecular yeast RNA. Spermidine inhibited the release of total labeled RNA as well as that of labeled ribosomal subunits. 2. Low molecular yeast RNA was the most effective component for inducing release of labeled ribosomal subunits. Homologous ribosomal RNA was as effective as yeast RNA. Cytoplasmic ribosomes, prepared by washing with solution of  high salt concentration, and their subunits were also effective. 3. Transfer RNA was not so effective as yeast RNA and ribosomal RNA and even after heat treatment it had little effect. 4. Among the homopolyribonucleotides tested, polyuridylic acid had a strong effect but polyadenylic acid, polycytidylic acid and polyinosinic acid had no effect. 5. The effects of yeast RNA and polyuridylic acid in causing release of labeled ribosomal subunits were dependent upon their concentrations in the reaction mixture. The characteristics of the factors which cause release of labeled ribosomal subunits in vitro are discussed on the basis of the results.", "PMID": 319833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7132", "title": "A factor affecting stimulation of aminocylation in plants.", "content": "The presence of a factor stimulating the reaction of aminoacylation tRNAs was found in the seeds of lupin, with a molecular weight of 950 as estimated by gel filtration. The influence of this factor on the kinetics of the aminoacylation reactions of lupin, Escherichia coli, Baker's yeast and heterogeneous systems was investigated. This factor inhibits the esterification reaction of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from bacteria and yeast. Its influence on the optimum pH activity of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from lupin was determined.", "contents": "A factor affecting stimulation of aminocylation in plants. The presence of a factor stimulating the reaction of aminoacylation tRNAs was found in the seeds of lupin, with a molecular weight of 950 as estimated by gel filtration. The influence of this factor on the kinetics of the aminoacylation reactions of lupin, Escherichia coli, Baker's yeast and heterogeneous systems was investigated. This factor inhibits the esterification reaction of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from bacteria and yeast. Its influence on the optimum pH activity of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from lupin was determined.", "PMID": 319834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7133", "title": "Interaction of DNA with DNA binding proteins. II. Displacement of Escherichia coli DNA unwinding protein and the condensed structure of DNA complexed with protein HD.", "content": "Three DNA binding proteins from Escherichia coli cells have been complexed with single-stranded phage fd DNA. Electron microscopy reveals granular substructures in the complexes formed with protein HD. In complexes of DNA unwinding protein with fd DNA both protein HD and phage-coded gene 5 protein partially displace the unwinding protein which results in the formation of structures characteristic for the DNA complexes formed with either protein HD or gene 5 protein alone. Combination of protein HD with double-stranded phage T7 DNA leads to a progressive folding and condensing of the genome. The structures observed are discussed in relation to current concepts of the packing of DNA in protein complexes.", "contents": "Interaction of DNA with DNA binding proteins. II. Displacement of Escherichia coli DNA unwinding protein and the condensed structure of DNA complexed with protein HD. Three DNA binding proteins from Escherichia coli cells have been complexed with single-stranded phage fd DNA. Electron microscopy reveals granular substructures in the complexes formed with protein HD. In complexes of DNA unwinding protein with fd DNA both protein HD and phage-coded gene 5 protein partially displace the unwinding protein which results in the formation of structures characteristic for the DNA complexes formed with either protein HD or gene 5 protein alone. Combination of protein HD with double-stranded phage T7 DNA leads to a progressive folding and condensing of the genome. The structures observed are discussed in relation to current concepts of the packing of DNA in protein complexes.", "PMID": 319835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7134", "title": "Interaction of DNA with DNA binding proteins. III. Infectivity of protein-complexed phage fd DNA in Escherichia coli spheroplasts.", "content": "Complex formation of circular, single-stranded phage fd DNA with Escherichia coli DNA binding protein HD or phage fd gene 5 protein keeps infection of E. coli spheroplasts at the level of free phage DNA, whereas complexes of this DNA with E. coli DNA unwinding protein show a strongly reduced efficiency of transfection. Displacement of the unwinding protein by HD protein or gene 5 protein also maintains the poor adsorption of the complexes to spheroplasts. Free E. coli DNA unwinding protein and residual amounts of this protein bound to the DNA may interfere with the adsorption and the uptake of the phage genome.", "contents": "Interaction of DNA with DNA binding proteins. III. Infectivity of protein-complexed phage fd DNA in Escherichia coli spheroplasts. Complex formation of circular, single-stranded phage fd DNA with Escherichia coli DNA binding protein HD or phage fd gene 5 protein keeps infection of E. coli spheroplasts at the level of free phage DNA, whereas complexes of this DNA with E. coli DNA unwinding protein show a strongly reduced efficiency of transfection. Displacement of the unwinding protein by HD protein or gene 5 protein also maintains the poor adsorption of the complexes to spheroplasts. Free E. coli DNA unwinding protein and residual amounts of this protein bound to the DNA may interfere with the adsorption and the uptake of the phage genome.", "PMID": 319836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7135", "title": "Effects of glucose and nitrogen source on the levels of proteinases, peptidases, and proteinase inhibitors in yeast.", "content": "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae harvested from early exponential growth on glucose-containing media, the specifc activities of proteinases A and B, carboxypeptidase Y, and the inhibitors IA, IB, IC of these three proteinases, respectively, are found to be 10-30% of the specific activities observed in media without glucose, containing acetate as a carbon source; the activities of two aminopeptidases in glucose-grown cells were 30-50% of those in acetate-grown cells. In contrast to fructose-biphosphatase, phosoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, which are inactivated after the addition of glucose to derepressed cells, the proteinases and inhibitors are not inactivated after glucose addition, but appear to be repressed. Growth of the yeast on poor nitrogen sources or starvation for nitrogen results in 2-3 fold increases in the levels of most proteinases and peptidases, but this effect is not observed with glucose as the carbon source.", "contents": "Effects of glucose and nitrogen source on the levels of proteinases, peptidases, and proteinase inhibitors in yeast. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae harvested from early exponential growth on glucose-containing media, the specifc activities of proteinases A and B, carboxypeptidase Y, and the inhibitors IA, IB, IC of these three proteinases, respectively, are found to be 10-30% of the specific activities observed in media without glucose, containing acetate as a carbon source; the activities of two aminopeptidases in glucose-grown cells were 30-50% of those in acetate-grown cells. In contrast to fructose-biphosphatase, phosoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, which are inactivated after the addition of glucose to derepressed cells, the proteinases and inhibitors are not inactivated after glucose addition, but appear to be repressed. Growth of the yeast on poor nitrogen sources or starvation for nitrogen results in 2-3 fold increases in the levels of most proteinases and peptidases, but this effect is not observed with glucose as the carbon source.", "PMID": 319838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7136", "title": "Metabolic characteristics of pancreatic beta-cells exposed to calcium-transporting ionophores.", "content": "The effects of the ionophores A-23187 and X-537 A on glucose metabolism, ATP content and sucrose permeability in pancreatic islets microdissected from obese-hyperglycemic mice were studied. The formation of 14CO2 from 10 mM D-[U-14C] GLUCOSE WAS INHIBITED BY OMISSION OF Ca2+ from the medium. A-23187 (10 muM) induced a further decrease of 14CO2 formation whereas X-537 A (10 muM) had no effect. At 20 mM glucose both A-23187 (48 muM) and X-537 A (43 muM) decreased the 14CO2 formation in the absence of Ca2+ whereas only X-537 A inhibited in the presence of Ca2+. X-537 A (43 muM) also decreased the formation of 3H2O from 20 mM D-[5-3H] glucose. The islet content of ATP was not changed after incubation in media deficient in either Mg2+ or Ca2+. However, omission of both Mg2+ and Ca2+ resulted in about 50% decrease of the ATP content. A-23187 and X-537 A induced dose-dependent decreases of the islet ATP content. X-537 A was much more potent than A-23187. Both ionophores induced stronger depression of the ATP content when Ca2+ was omitted. X-537 A (43 muM) but not A-23187 (48 muM) increased the beta-cell membrane permeability as indicated by an increased sucrose space in relation to the urea space of islets. Such an effect was not obtained with X-537 A at 1 muM or by omission of Ca2+. It is suggested that the marked metabolic effects of the ionophores reflect an impaired mitochondrial metabolism. These metabolic changes should be considered in interpretations of ionophore action on insulin secretion.", "contents": "Metabolic characteristics of pancreatic beta-cells exposed to calcium-transporting ionophores. The effects of the ionophores A-23187 and X-537 A on glucose metabolism, ATP content and sucrose permeability in pancreatic islets microdissected from obese-hyperglycemic mice were studied. The formation of 14CO2 from 10 mM D-[U-14C] GLUCOSE WAS INHIBITED BY OMISSION OF Ca2+ from the medium. A-23187 (10 muM) induced a further decrease of 14CO2 formation whereas X-537 A (10 muM) had no effect. At 20 mM glucose both A-23187 (48 muM) and X-537 A (43 muM) decreased the 14CO2 formation in the absence of Ca2+ whereas only X-537 A inhibited in the presence of Ca2+. X-537 A (43 muM) also decreased the formation of 3H2O from 20 mM D-[5-3H] glucose. The islet content of ATP was not changed after incubation in media deficient in either Mg2+ or Ca2+. However, omission of both Mg2+ and Ca2+ resulted in about 50% decrease of the ATP content. A-23187 and X-537 A induced dose-dependent decreases of the islet ATP content. X-537 A was much more potent than A-23187. Both ionophores induced stronger depression of the ATP content when Ca2+ was omitted. X-537 A (43 muM) but not A-23187 (48 muM) increased the beta-cell membrane permeability as indicated by an increased sucrose space in relation to the urea space of islets. Such an effect was not obtained with X-537 A at 1 muM or by omission of Ca2+. It is suggested that the marked metabolic effects of the ionophores reflect an impaired mitochondrial metabolism. These metabolic changes should be considered in interpretations of ionophore action on insulin secretion.", "PMID": 319839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7137", "title": "Regulation of enzyme turnover during tissue differentiation. Studies on 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in rabbit mammary gland in organ culture.", "content": "(1) Explants of mammary gland from mid-pregnant rabbits were cultured in Medium 199 in the presence or absence of insulin, prolactin and cortisol. (2) Antiserum to 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was raised in sheep and used to titrate the amount of enzyme activity present in explant extracts. Changes in enzyme activity were found to be due to corresponding changes in amount of the enzyme. The greatest increases in the amount of the enzyme were only brought about by culture of explants in the presence of hormones (insulin, prolactin and cortisol) in Medium 199 which contained glucose. (3) The increases in the amount of the enzyme were similar in explants cultured with hormones in Medium 199 which contained 1.39 mM, 5.55 mM or 55.5 mM glucose. (4) When explants were cultured with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glucose (5.55 mM) for 24 h and then cultured with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glycerol (10.9 mM), a decrease in the amount of the enzyme occurred. In contrast, the culture of explants with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glycerol (10.9 mM) for 24 h followed by transfer of the explants to medium which contained glucose (5.55 mM) resulted in an increase in the amount of the enzyme to reach values which were not different from those found in explants cultured throughout with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glucose.", "contents": "Regulation of enzyme turnover during tissue differentiation. Studies on 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in rabbit mammary gland in organ culture. (1) Explants of mammary gland from mid-pregnant rabbits were cultured in Medium 199 in the presence or absence of insulin, prolactin and cortisol. (2) Antiserum to 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was raised in sheep and used to titrate the amount of enzyme activity present in explant extracts. Changes in enzyme activity were found to be due to corresponding changes in amount of the enzyme. The greatest increases in the amount of the enzyme were only brought about by culture of explants in the presence of hormones (insulin, prolactin and cortisol) in Medium 199 which contained glucose. (3) The increases in the amount of the enzyme were similar in explants cultured with hormones in Medium 199 which contained 1.39 mM, 5.55 mM or 55.5 mM glucose. (4) When explants were cultured with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glucose (5.55 mM) for 24 h and then cultured with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glycerol (10.9 mM), a decrease in the amount of the enzyme occurred. In contrast, the culture of explants with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glycerol (10.9 mM) for 24 h followed by transfer of the explants to medium which contained glucose (5.55 mM) resulted in an increase in the amount of the enzyme to reach values which were not different from those found in explants cultured throughout with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glucose.", "PMID": 319840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7138", "title": "The mitogenic effect of A23187 in human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "The mitogenic action of the divalent ionophore A23187 was confirmed and shown to be very sensitive to changes in extracellular calcium ion concentration. At optimal calcium and ionophore concentrations, an increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation was seen that was similar to that seen after phytohemagglutinin addition. A calcium-dependent stimulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport was also seen after A23187 addition. Studies with three inhibitors demonstrate a similarity between proliferation induced by phytohemagglutinin and by A23187. Isoproterenol (10(-4) M) and ouabain (10(-7) M) blocked the effects of phytohemagglutinin and A23187. A drug, D-600 that has been shown to block calcium channels in cardiac muscle, inhibited proliferation induced by either phytohemagglutinin or A23187. This concentration of D600 had no effect on either phytohemagglutinin- or A23187-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. Furthermore, the (+) and (-) isomers separated from racemic D600, which have been shown to block sodium and calcium channels respectively in smooth muscle, had equal potency in blocking lymphocyte proliferation.", "contents": "The mitogenic effect of A23187 in human peripheral lymphocytes. The mitogenic action of the divalent ionophore A23187 was confirmed and shown to be very sensitive to changes in extracellular calcium ion concentration. At optimal calcium and ionophore concentrations, an increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation was seen that was similar to that seen after phytohemagglutinin addition. A calcium-dependent stimulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport was also seen after A23187 addition. Studies with three inhibitors demonstrate a similarity between proliferation induced by phytohemagglutinin and by A23187. Isoproterenol (10(-4) M) and ouabain (10(-7) M) blocked the effects of phytohemagglutinin and A23187. A drug, D-600 that has been shown to block calcium channels in cardiac muscle, inhibited proliferation induced by either phytohemagglutinin or A23187. This concentration of D600 had no effect on either phytohemagglutinin- or A23187-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. Furthermore, the (+) and (-) isomers separated from racemic D600, which have been shown to block sodium and calcium channels respectively in smooth muscle, had equal potency in blocking lymphocyte proliferation.", "PMID": 319841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7139", "title": "Environmental applications of mass spectrometry.", "content": "The 1975 publications reporting organic and spark source mass spectrometric studies on environmental samples were compiled. Emphasis was placed on pollutants identified rather than methods and techniques used, and reports that did not incorporate data obtained by a technique's application were not included. The 272 reports cited vary from those reporting hundreds of identified pollutants to those describing the analysis of only one sample containing one or a few pollutants. The following sample types were not considered to be environmental samples: forensic samples, synthetic or 'standard' samples, and samples analyzed for drug residues.", "contents": "Environmental applications of mass spectrometry. The 1975 publications reporting organic and spark source mass spectrometric studies on environmental samples were compiled. Emphasis was placed on pollutants identified rather than methods and techniques used, and reports that did not incorporate data obtained by a technique's application were not included. The 272 reports cited vary from those reporting hundreds of identified pollutants to those describing the analysis of only one sample containing one or a few pollutants. The following sample types were not considered to be environmental samples: forensic samples, synthetic or 'standard' samples, and samples analyzed for drug residues.", "PMID": 319844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7140", "title": "Immunodeficiency in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas.", "content": "Seventy-one previously untreated patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas were studied with several readilyvailable tests of immune function: number of peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins, and delayed hypersensitivity to six recall antigens. The results were correlated to histology (Rappaport classification), stage (Ann Arbor classification), the presence of symptoms, and survival. As a group, 38 patients with diffuse lymphomas exhibited marked impairment in reactivity to five of six antigens (p less than 0.03 to p less than 0.001). In addition, lymphopenia and reduced levels of serum IgA were found in association with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Among patients with diffuse lymphoma, lymphocyte number and skin test reactivity tended to be greater in those with localized disease or without constitutional symptoms, and survival was superior for patients free of symptoms (p less than 0.01). As a group, 33 patients with nodular lymphoma had normal numbers of lymphocytes, lower levels of serum IgG and IgA, and significant impairment of reactivity to two antigens (streptokinase-streptodornase and mumps; p less than 0.01); reactivity to three other antigens (Candida albicans, coccidiodin, and tuberculin) was normal. Survival for patients with nodular lymphoma was superior (p less than 0.01) compared to those with diffuse lymphomas. In summary, severe immunodeficiency was found in patients with diffuse lymphoma (particularly diffuse histiocytic lymphoma), and definite but much less severe immunodeficiency was characteristic of patients with nodular lymphoma.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Seventy-one previously untreated patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas were studied with several readilyvailable tests of immune function: number of peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins, and delayed hypersensitivity to six recall antigens. The results were correlated to histology (Rappaport classification), stage (Ann Arbor classification), the presence of symptoms, and survival. As a group, 38 patients with diffuse lymphomas exhibited marked impairment in reactivity to five of six antigens (p less than 0.03 to p less than 0.001). In addition, lymphopenia and reduced levels of serum IgA were found in association with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Among patients with diffuse lymphoma, lymphocyte number and skin test reactivity tended to be greater in those with localized disease or without constitutional symptoms, and survival was superior for patients free of symptoms (p less than 0.01). As a group, 33 patients with nodular lymphoma had normal numbers of lymphocytes, lower levels of serum IgG and IgA, and significant impairment of reactivity to two antigens (streptokinase-streptodornase and mumps; p less than 0.01); reactivity to three other antigens (Candida albicans, coccidiodin, and tuberculin) was normal. Survival for patients with nodular lymphoma was superior (p less than 0.01) compared to those with diffuse lymphomas. In summary, severe immunodeficiency was found in patients with diffuse lymphoma (particularly diffuse histiocytic lymphoma), and definite but much less severe immunodeficiency was characteristic of patients with nodular lymphoma.", "PMID": 319845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7141", "title": "Growth kinetics by scanning of granulocytic cell colonies in glass capillaries.", "content": "Pure granulocytic colonies were cultivated from mouse bone marrow cells in agar contained in glass capillary tubes using mouse embryo conditioned medium as colony stimulating activity. A random distribution of colonies along the agar gels was achieved under controlled conditions. Only 3 capillaries were needed for a coefficient of variation around 5% provided at least 104 cells were seeded per capillary. The daily growth of single colonies within an agar capillary was followed, using the light scattering properties of the colonies for automatic scanning. The position of the colonies in the capillary greatly affected the scan signal; the consequences of positional changes were studied in detail. Using the mean peak height as growth parameter, the onset of measureable granulocytic colony growth was found between day 2 and 3, the maximum colony size was reached between day 7 and 9, after which the colonies decayed. Other parameters such as colony count and total peak are were determined and their sinificance discussed.", "contents": "Growth kinetics by scanning of granulocytic cell colonies in glass capillaries. Pure granulocytic colonies were cultivated from mouse bone marrow cells in agar contained in glass capillary tubes using mouse embryo conditioned medium as colony stimulating activity. A random distribution of colonies along the agar gels was achieved under controlled conditions. Only 3 capillaries were needed for a coefficient of variation around 5% provided at least 104 cells were seeded per capillary. The daily growth of single colonies within an agar capillary was followed, using the light scattering properties of the colonies for automatic scanning. The position of the colonies in the capillary greatly affected the scan signal; the consequences of positional changes were studied in detail. Using the mean peak height as growth parameter, the onset of measureable granulocytic colony growth was found between day 2 and 3, the maximum colony size was reached between day 7 and 9, after which the colonies decayed. Other parameters such as colony count and total peak are were determined and their sinificance discussed.", "PMID": 319846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7142", "title": "The pig as an experimental model for skin flap behaviour: a reappraisal of previous studies.", "content": "Skin flaps in the pig raised superficial to the panniculus carnosus are random pattern flaps. The surviving length of such flaps increases with their width until a certain length is reached after which widening the base has no further effect. The statement by Milton reinforced by that of Daniel and Williams that the surviving length is not related to its width is only true of the larger flaps. When the surface area of the pig is compared with that of man, flaps in the pig comparable in size with those in use clinically, are within the range where the surviving length is dependent on the base width.", "contents": "The pig as an experimental model for skin flap behaviour: a reappraisal of previous studies. Skin flaps in the pig raised superficial to the panniculus carnosus are random pattern flaps. The surviving length of such flaps increases with their width until a certain length is reached after which widening the base has no further effect. The statement by Milton reinforced by that of Daniel and Williams that the surviving length is not related to its width is only true of the larger flaps. When the surface area of the pig is compared with that of man, flaps in the pig comparable in size with those in use clinically, are within the range where the surviving length is dependent on the base width.", "PMID": 319848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7143", "title": "Maxillo-facial and palatal reconstructions with the deltopectoral flap.", "content": "A flexible method for reconstruction of the defects resulting from radical orbito-maxillary resections is described with 7 illustrative case reports, using the deltopectoral flap.", "contents": "Maxillo-facial and palatal reconstructions with the deltopectoral flap. A flexible method for reconstruction of the defects resulting from radical orbito-maxillary resections is described with 7 illustrative case reports, using the deltopectoral flap.", "PMID": 319850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7144", "title": "Monoamine oxidase in chronic schizophrenia: Studies of hormonal and other factors affecting enzyme activity.", "content": "Reported reductions in the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) in chronic schizophrenic patients might be contributed to by alterations in hormones, platelet numbers or other non-specific factors thought to affect enzyme activity. In this study, MAO activity in 27 patients with chronic schizophrenia was measured, using benzylamine as the substrate in an assay based on platelet counts instead of platelet protein, and was found to be markedly lower than mean MAO activity in 375 normal controls. These results were similar to those previously reported with tryptamine as a substrate for the enzyme. Serum testosterone, triiodothyronine, iron and iron-binding capacity were within normal ranges in individuals with reduced MAO activities. Platelet MAO activity remained stable over time in patients and controls.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase in chronic schizophrenia: Studies of hormonal and other factors affecting enzyme activity. Reported reductions in the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) in chronic schizophrenic patients might be contributed to by alterations in hormones, platelet numbers or other non-specific factors thought to affect enzyme activity. In this study, MAO activity in 27 patients with chronic schizophrenia was measured, using benzylamine as the substrate in an assay based on platelet counts instead of platelet protein, and was found to be markedly lower than mean MAO activity in 375 normal controls. These results were similar to those previously reported with tryptamine as a substrate for the enzyme. Serum testosterone, triiodothyronine, iron and iron-binding capacity were within normal ranges in individuals with reduced MAO activities. Platelet MAO activity remained stable over time in patients and controls.", "PMID": 319862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7145", "title": "Seasonal variations in urinary excretion of calcium and oxalate in normal subjects in patients with idiopathic hyperclaciuria.", "content": "A longitudinal 9-year retrospective study of 24-hour urinary calcium values has been made in a metabolic stone clinic amongst patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. No seasonal variations could be observed in contrast ot a previous study from Leeds, A prospective longitudinal study was made of 24-hour urinary calcium values in a small group of normal subjects. No seasonal variation could be ovserved. In the prospective study no seasonal variations in urinary oxalate could be observed. In a 2-year longitudinal study of stone patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, urinary oxalate was found to be higher in the summer than in the winter. This was attributed to the combination of a higher intake of oxalate-rich foods in the summer, and the low calcium diet with which they were treated.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in urinary excretion of calcium and oxalate in normal subjects in patients with idiopathic hyperclaciuria. A longitudinal 9-year retrospective study of 24-hour urinary calcium values has been made in a metabolic stone clinic amongst patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. No seasonal variations could be observed in contrast ot a previous study from Leeds, A prospective longitudinal study was made of 24-hour urinary calcium values in a small group of normal subjects. No seasonal variation could be ovserved. In the prospective study no seasonal variations in urinary oxalate could be observed. In a 2-year longitudinal study of stone patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, urinary oxalate was found to be higher in the summer than in the winter. This was attributed to the combination of a higher intake of oxalate-rich foods in the summer, and the low calcium diet with which they were treated.", "PMID": 319863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7146", "title": "Centralised interpretation of electrocardiograms.", "content": "A system was devised so that a peripheral hospital could transmit electrocardiograms (ECGs) to a central computer for interpretation. The link that transmits both ECGs and reports is provided by the telephone network. Initial results showed that telephone transmission did not significantly affect the accuracy of the ECG interpretation. The centralised computer programme could be much more widely used to provide ECG interpretations. A telephone link would not be justified in health centres, where the demand for ECGs is fairly small, but ECGs recorded at a health centre can be sent to the computer for interpretation and returned the next day. The most cost-effective method of providing computer interpretation for several health centres in a large city would be to have a portable electrocardiograph and transmission facilities, which could be moved from centre to centre.", "contents": "Centralised interpretation of electrocardiograms. A system was devised so that a peripheral hospital could transmit electrocardiograms (ECGs) to a central computer for interpretation. The link that transmits both ECGs and reports is provided by the telephone network. Initial results showed that telephone transmission did not significantly affect the accuracy of the ECG interpretation. The centralised computer programme could be much more widely used to provide ECG interpretations. A telephone link would not be justified in health centres, where the demand for ECGs is fairly small, but ECGs recorded at a health centre can be sent to the computer for interpretation and returned the next day. The most cost-effective method of providing computer interpretation for several health centres in a large city would be to have a portable electrocardiograph and transmission facilities, which could be moved from centre to centre.", "PMID": 319866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7147", "title": "Survival in 200 patients treated by haemodialysis and renal transplantation.", "content": "The survival rates in 200 patients with terminal renal failure treated by maintenance haemodialysis and renal transplantation were analysed. The overall survival rate (+/- SE) was 81-4 +/- 3% at two years, 68-4 +/- 4% at five years, and 60-8 +/- 4-8% at eight years. Survival was inversely related to age: in those aged 15-34 years overall survival was 89-7 +/- 3-7% at two years, 87-8 +/- 4-1% at five years, and 83-9 +/- 5-5% at eight years. Eighty per cent of the surviving patients were able to work full time. The survival rate in patients returned to dialysis after graft rejection was 87-5% +/- 8-3 at three years.", "contents": "Survival in 200 patients treated by haemodialysis and renal transplantation. The survival rates in 200 patients with terminal renal failure treated by maintenance haemodialysis and renal transplantation were analysed. The overall survival rate (+/- SE) was 81-4 +/- 3% at two years, 68-4 +/- 4% at five years, and 60-8 +/- 4-8% at eight years. Survival was inversely related to age: in those aged 15-34 years overall survival was 89-7 +/- 3-7% at two years, 87-8 +/- 4-1% at five years, and 83-9 +/- 5-5% at eight years. Eighty per cent of the surviving patients were able to work full time. The survival rate in patients returned to dialysis after graft rejection was 87-5% +/- 8-3 at three years.", "PMID": 319870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7148", "title": "Metabolic effects of salbutamol: comparison of aerosol and intravenous administration.", "content": "The effects of intravenous salbutamol (4 mug/kg) were compared with those of aerosol salbutamol (200 mug) in 10 asthmatic patients in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Both methods of administration produced equal bronchodilatation. Intravenous salbutamol caused significant increases in plasma insulin and glucose levels and a fall in serum potassium concentration in addition to tachycardia and tremor, whereas aerosol salbutamol produced only a small transient increase in the plasma glucose level. The initially raised non-esterified fatty acid levels decreased significantly after aerosol and placebo but not after intravenous salbutamol.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of salbutamol: comparison of aerosol and intravenous administration. The effects of intravenous salbutamol (4 mug/kg) were compared with those of aerosol salbutamol (200 mug) in 10 asthmatic patients in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Both methods of administration produced equal bronchodilatation. Intravenous salbutamol caused significant increases in plasma insulin and glucose levels and a fall in serum potassium concentration in addition to tachycardia and tremor, whereas aerosol salbutamol produced only a small transient increase in the plasma glucose level. The initially raised non-esterified fatty acid levels decreased significantly after aerosol and placebo but not after intravenous salbutamol.", "PMID": 319871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7149", "title": "Successful bone marrow transplant for Fanconi's anaemia.", "content": "A 15-year-old boy with Fanconi's anaemia, who required four units of blood each month, received a bone marrow graft from his 9-year-old brother, who has HLA identical and compatible on mixed lymphocyte reaction. Considerable immunosuppression was used and bacterial infection was prevented by vigorous decontamination in a Vickers-Trexler isolator. After the graft the patient's blood counts remained satisfactory for nine months, but it took six months before qualitative immune function was normal.", "contents": "Successful bone marrow transplant for Fanconi's anaemia. A 15-year-old boy with Fanconi's anaemia, who required four units of blood each month, received a bone marrow graft from his 9-year-old brother, who has HLA identical and compatible on mixed lymphocyte reaction. Considerable immunosuppression was used and bacterial infection was prevented by vigorous decontamination in a Vickers-Trexler isolator. After the graft the patient's blood counts remained satisfactory for nine months, but it took six months before qualitative immune function was normal.", "PMID": 319872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7150", "title": "Orthotopic liver transplantation: the first 60 patients.", "content": "Between May 1968 and 31 December 1976 60 orthotopic liver allografts were transplanted by the Cambridge-King's College Hospital team. During this period there were changes in the selection of patients and their management. Initially some patients were operated on when they were too ill, often because of a prolonged wait for a donor. There was a high incidence of fatal complications of biliary drainage in patients who survived longer than the first week after operation. Improved results have been due to the development of a simple method of preserving the liver, thereby increasing the pool of potential donors, and by a new technique of biliary drainage, which allows well-vascularised anastomoses without tension, retains the sphincter of Oddi, and leaves access for radiological examination of the biliary tree. Uncontrollable rejection of the liver has occurred in less than 10% of cases. This contrasts strongly with the incidence of rejection among kidney transplants. Six patients have lived for over a year, the longest surviving for more than five years, and 13 patients were still alive at the beginning of 1977.", "contents": "Orthotopic liver transplantation: the first 60 patients. Between May 1968 and 31 December 1976 60 orthotopic liver allografts were transplanted by the Cambridge-King's College Hospital team. During this period there were changes in the selection of patients and their management. Initially some patients were operated on when they were too ill, often because of a prolonged wait for a donor. There was a high incidence of fatal complications of biliary drainage in patients who survived longer than the first week after operation. Improved results have been due to the development of a simple method of preserving the liver, thereby increasing the pool of potential donors, and by a new technique of biliary drainage, which allows well-vascularised anastomoses without tension, retains the sphincter of Oddi, and leaves access for radiological examination of the biliary tree. Uncontrollable rejection of the liver has occurred in less than 10% of cases. This contrasts strongly with the incidence of rejection among kidney transplants. Six patients have lived for over a year, the longest surviving for more than five years, and 13 patients were still alive at the beginning of 1977.", "PMID": 319875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7151", "title": "Effects of electrical stimulation of brain.", "content": "The use of implantable neural prostheses activated by radiofrequency transmission requires that the materials in the device and the stimulation techniques are not injurious to neural tissue, particularly the neurons. In this report, we discuss our experiences in the search for safe stimulation techniques. Acute and chronic experiments have been performed to evaluate electrode design and materials and to observe the effects of various stimulus protocols on the blood-brain barrier and brain. Neural tissue underlying the stimulated and control electrodes has been examined with both light and electron microscopy. Observations up to the present time indicate that the charge per phase is the most relevant stimulus parameter although the importance of charge density and current density cannot be underestimated.", "contents": "Effects of electrical stimulation of brain. The use of implantable neural prostheses activated by radiofrequency transmission requires that the materials in the device and the stimulation techniques are not injurious to neural tissue, particularly the neurons. In this report, we discuss our experiences in the search for safe stimulation techniques. Acute and chronic experiments have been performed to evaluate electrode design and materials and to observe the effects of various stimulus protocols on the blood-brain barrier and brain. Neural tissue underlying the stimulated and control electrodes has been examined with both light and electron microscopy. Observations up to the present time indicate that the charge per phase is the most relevant stimulus parameter although the importance of charge density and current density cannot be underestimated.", "PMID": 319877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7152", "title": "Cortical histopathology following stimulation with metallic and carbon electrodes.", "content": "Stimulation of the cat striate cortex with polished 1 mm2 gold, platinum, rhodium or carbon electrodes for 40h, at 50 Hz, and 0.5 msec duration, results in tissue damage at current densities of 0.6 A/cm2. At 0.1 A/cm2 rhodium and carbon were toxic to brain. In vitro gold and platinum corroded after 1,500-2,300 h of testing in simulated cerebrospinal fluid. The materials utilized are not suitable for long-term chronic electrodes for neural prosthetics.", "contents": "Cortical histopathology following stimulation with metallic and carbon electrodes. Stimulation of the cat striate cortex with polished 1 mm2 gold, platinum, rhodium or carbon electrodes for 40h, at 50 Hz, and 0.5 msec duration, results in tissue damage at current densities of 0.6 A/cm2. At 0.1 A/cm2 rhodium and carbon were toxic to brain. In vitro gold and platinum corroded after 1,500-2,300 h of testing in simulated cerebrospinal fluid. The materials utilized are not suitable for long-term chronic electrodes for neural prosthetics.", "PMID": 319878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7153", "title": "Brain protein metabolism and the acquisition of new behaviors. II. Immunological studies of the alpha, beta and gamma proteins of goldfish brain.", "content": "In a previous study, the labeling pattern of three proteins (alpha, beta and gamma) in goldfish brain was found to change after the animals successfully acquired a new pattern of behavior. In the present study, these proteins were isolated from the brain cytoplasmic fraction, purified by successive gel electrophoresis and used as antigent to immunize rabbits. Antisera containing antibodies to two of the proteins (beta and gamma) were obtained. These gave single precipitin bands when plated against the antigens and a mixture of the total cytoplasmic proteins. The distribution of beta and gamma in brain subcellular fractions and in a variety of goldfish tissues was determined by immunodiffusion methods. gamma was specific to brain. The beta protein cross-reacted but was not identical to a widely distributed substance in plasma, liver and kidney. Both beta and gamma appear to be species specific in that no cross-reactivity was obtained with mouse, chick or rat brain proteins. Immunological methods, in combination with double labeling experiments were used to establish that the beta and gamma antigens were proteins which were normally present in goldfish brain. Both the beta and gamma antisera were equally capable of specifically precipitating the proteins which were differentially labeled after training as well as purified proteins of the same molecular weight present in the brains of control animals. These results suggest that the acquisition of a new pattern of behavior can increase the demand for the synthesis of specific proteins (beta and gamma) normally present in goldfish brain.", "contents": "Brain protein metabolism and the acquisition of new behaviors. II. Immunological studies of the alpha, beta and gamma proteins of goldfish brain. In a previous study, the labeling pattern of three proteins (alpha, beta and gamma) in goldfish brain was found to change after the animals successfully acquired a new pattern of behavior. In the present study, these proteins were isolated from the brain cytoplasmic fraction, purified by successive gel electrophoresis and used as antigent to immunize rabbits. Antisera containing antibodies to two of the proteins (beta and gamma) were obtained. These gave single precipitin bands when plated against the antigens and a mixture of the total cytoplasmic proteins. The distribution of beta and gamma in brain subcellular fractions and in a variety of goldfish tissues was determined by immunodiffusion methods. gamma was specific to brain. The beta protein cross-reacted but was not identical to a widely distributed substance in plasma, liver and kidney. Both beta and gamma appear to be species specific in that no cross-reactivity was obtained with mouse, chick or rat brain proteins. Immunological methods, in combination with double labeling experiments were used to establish that the beta and gamma antigens were proteins which were normally present in goldfish brain. Both the beta and gamma antisera were equally capable of specifically precipitating the proteins which were differentially labeled after training as well as purified proteins of the same molecular weight present in the brains of control animals. These results suggest that the acquisition of a new pattern of behavior can increase the demand for the synthesis of specific proteins (beta and gamma) normally present in goldfish brain.", "PMID": 319879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7154", "title": "Application of the fluorescent antibody technique to the study of an isolate of Beijerinckia in soil.", "content": "Fluorescent antibody was prepared against a temperate-soil isolate of Beijerinckia obtained from a rhizosphere of rice growing in Camargue (France). The antibody did not cross-react with any of 6 species of Azotobacter, 4 species of Beijerinckia, or 44 unidentified soil bacteria isolated from a spectrum of rhizospheres, but strongly stained the homologous Beijerinckia isolate. The isolate grew well in autoclave Camargue soil, but increased in numbers only slightly in nonsterile soil during 9 days. Preliminary examination of rice plants grown in the laboratory in soil from which the Beijerinckia was originally isolated did not show detectable Beijerinckia in the rhizosphere. The fluorescent antibody was sufficiently sensitive and specific to permit more extensive study of Beijerinckia in relation to nitrogen fixation in the rhizospher of rice.", "contents": "Application of the fluorescent antibody technique to the study of an isolate of Beijerinckia in soil. Fluorescent antibody was prepared against a temperate-soil isolate of Beijerinckia obtained from a rhizosphere of rice growing in Camargue (France). The antibody did not cross-react with any of 6 species of Azotobacter, 4 species of Beijerinckia, or 44 unidentified soil bacteria isolated from a spectrum of rhizospheres, but strongly stained the homologous Beijerinckia isolate. The isolate grew well in autoclave Camargue soil, but increased in numbers only slightly in nonsterile soil during 9 days. Preliminary examination of rice plants grown in the laboratory in soil from which the Beijerinckia was originally isolated did not show detectable Beijerinckia in the rhizosphere. The fluorescent antibody was sufficiently sensitive and specific to permit more extensive study of Beijerinckia in relation to nitrogen fixation in the rhizospher of rice.", "PMID": 319880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7155", "title": "[Effect of open heart surgery on the defense mechanisms against bacterial infections].", "content": "Extracorporeal circulation during open-heart surgery may damage cellular and humoral factors in the blood. Phagocytic functions of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes were investigated in 10 patients 1 day before, then 1 hour, 2, 4 and 10 days after open-heart surgery. Transient diminutions in the phagocytic capacity of polymorphs was found for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in one patient, and E. coli only in two patients up to the 4th postsurgical day. A positive correlation was found between the duration of extracorporeal circulation and the transient diminutions in phagocytic capacity for these three patients. However, the bactericidal capacity of polymorphs and their capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium were normal in all patients. The serum concentrations of total hemolytic complement, C3, IgG and IgM were generally diminished up to the 4th day after surgery, but the opsonic power of the serum was almost normal in all the patients.", "contents": "[Effect of open heart surgery on the defense mechanisms against bacterial infections]. Extracorporeal circulation during open-heart surgery may damage cellular and humoral factors in the blood. Phagocytic functions of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes were investigated in 10 patients 1 day before, then 1 hour, 2, 4 and 10 days after open-heart surgery. Transient diminutions in the phagocytic capacity of polymorphs was found for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in one patient, and E. coli only in two patients up to the 4th postsurgical day. A positive correlation was found between the duration of extracorporeal circulation and the transient diminutions in phagocytic capacity for these three patients. However, the bactericidal capacity of polymorphs and their capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium were normal in all patients. The serum concentrations of total hemolytic complement, C3, IgG and IgM were generally diminished up to the 4th day after surgery, but the opsonic power of the serum was almost normal in all the patients.", "PMID": 319885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7156", "title": "Bladder cancer as seen in giant histologic sections.", "content": "Giant sections from cystectomy specimens in 45 cases of bladder cancer were examined microscopically after en bloc fixation and processing. There were 35 transitional cell, seven squamous cell, and three mixed transitional cell and squamous carcinomas. Broad front invasion was associated with papillary and superficial tumors while tentacular invasion was associated with solid tumors and a generally poorer prognosis. Carcinoma in situ merged with the invasive cancer in 33 cases, and neoplasia in these cases tended to be multifocal. In 10 cases there was no carcinoma in situ next to the invasive lesion, and the cancer was unifocal. These findings support the concept that there may be two pathogenetic types of bladder cancer, one arising in an extensive field of abnormal epithelium and one arising in a focal area of abnormality. The findings also underscore the importance in clinical management of selected mucosal biopsies adjacent to the site of any visible bladder tumors.", "contents": "Bladder cancer as seen in giant histologic sections. Giant sections from cystectomy specimens in 45 cases of bladder cancer were examined microscopically after en bloc fixation and processing. There were 35 transitional cell, seven squamous cell, and three mixed transitional cell and squamous carcinomas. Broad front invasion was associated with papillary and superficial tumors while tentacular invasion was associated with solid tumors and a generally poorer prognosis. Carcinoma in situ merged with the invasive cancer in 33 cases, and neoplasia in these cases tended to be multifocal. In 10 cases there was no carcinoma in situ next to the invasive lesion, and the cancer was unifocal. These findings support the concept that there may be two pathogenetic types of bladder cancer, one arising in an extensive field of abnormal epithelium and one arising in a focal area of abnormality. The findings also underscore the importance in clinical management of selected mucosal biopsies adjacent to the site of any visible bladder tumors.", "PMID": 319890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7157", "title": "An overview: antitumor immunity in breast cancer assayed by tube leukocyte adherence inhibition.", "content": "The adherence to glass of human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) incubated with tumor antigen in vitro, is specifically inhibited if the PBL are sensitized to the antigen. The presence of leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) to tumor extracts indicates the presence of systemic antitumor immunity. By the tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay (tube LAI), it was shown that 85% (191 of 223) Stage I and II, 45% (15 of 34) Stage III and 29% (30 of 103) Stage IV breast cancer patients had LAI reactivity. LAI responsiveness diminished with an increased tumor burden and most patients with advanced cancer exhibited no LAI reactivity. When LAI reactivity was monitored for 1 to 6 months after surgery, 13 of 25 Stage I and II breast cancer patients were negative on the first repeat assay. In general, 7 months after mastectomy most patients clinically free of cancer showed no LAI reactivity. Of thirty-five patients tested between 7 and 18 months after mastectomy, 6 were positive and 4 of the positives had local recurrence. The phenomenon of tube LAI appears to be mediated by monocytes armed with cytophilic antitumor antibody. The serum of patients whose leukocytes responded in the tube LAI assay had free cytophilic antitumor antibody that \"armed\" or sensitized normal leukocytes to respond in the LAI assay. Serum arming paralleled leukocyte reactivity before and after surgery. Patients with advanced cancer whose leukocytes failed to react in the LAI assay had serum blocking factors (excess tumor antigen) that abrogated the LAI reactivity of leukocytes from reactive patients.", "contents": "An overview: antitumor immunity in breast cancer assayed by tube leukocyte adherence inhibition. The adherence to glass of human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) incubated with tumor antigen in vitro, is specifically inhibited if the PBL are sensitized to the antigen. The presence of leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) to tumor extracts indicates the presence of systemic antitumor immunity. By the tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay (tube LAI), it was shown that 85% (191 of 223) Stage I and II, 45% (15 of 34) Stage III and 29% (30 of 103) Stage IV breast cancer patients had LAI reactivity. LAI responsiveness diminished with an increased tumor burden and most patients with advanced cancer exhibited no LAI reactivity. When LAI reactivity was monitored for 1 to 6 months after surgery, 13 of 25 Stage I and II breast cancer patients were negative on the first repeat assay. In general, 7 months after mastectomy most patients clinically free of cancer showed no LAI reactivity. Of thirty-five patients tested between 7 and 18 months after mastectomy, 6 were positive and 4 of the positives had local recurrence. The phenomenon of tube LAI appears to be mediated by monocytes armed with cytophilic antitumor antibody. The serum of patients whose leukocytes responded in the tube LAI assay had free cytophilic antitumor antibody that \"armed\" or sensitized normal leukocytes to respond in the LAI assay. Serum arming paralleled leukocyte reactivity before and after surgery. Patients with advanced cancer whose leukocytes failed to react in the LAI assay had serum blocking factors (excess tumor antigen) that abrogated the LAI reactivity of leukocytes from reactive patients.", "PMID": 319891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7158", "title": "Randomized sequential hormonal therapy vs adrenalectomy for metastatic breast carcinoma.", "content": "One hundred sixty-one postmenopausal and 65 premenopausal women, a total of 226 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, were included in this randomized study to evaluate the merits of adrenalectomy as the primary mode of therapy as compared to the customary sequential hormonal manipulation. The 145 evaluable postmenopausal patients were randomized as follows: (1) primary additive hormone therapy first followed by adrenalectomy and (2) primary adrenalectomy followed by chemotherapy and/or additive hormone therapy. When 76 patients in group 1 were compared with 70 patients in group 2 regarding their survival time, there was no essential difference, but the response rate was 20% vs 38.6%, a significant difference. The 55 evaluable premenopausal women were randomized into two groups: (1) oophorectomy followed by adrenalectomy; (2) adrenalectomy-oophorectomy as primary mode of therapy. The response rate in group 1 was 17.4% as compared with 41.9% in group 2, but again there was no difference in the survival time among these two groups. When sequential hormonal manipulation was utilized, only one-third of these patients were subjected to adrenalectomy because of their rapidly deteriorating condition. Adrenalectomy performed as a secondary procedure showed a lower response rate but the total survival time was comparable with primary adrenalectomy patients.", "contents": "Randomized sequential hormonal therapy vs adrenalectomy for metastatic breast carcinoma. One hundred sixty-one postmenopausal and 65 premenopausal women, a total of 226 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, were included in this randomized study to evaluate the merits of adrenalectomy as the primary mode of therapy as compared to the customary sequential hormonal manipulation. The 145 evaluable postmenopausal patients were randomized as follows: (1) primary additive hormone therapy first followed by adrenalectomy and (2) primary adrenalectomy followed by chemotherapy and/or additive hormone therapy. When 76 patients in group 1 were compared with 70 patients in group 2 regarding their survival time, there was no essential difference, but the response rate was 20% vs 38.6%, a significant difference. The 55 evaluable premenopausal women were randomized into two groups: (1) oophorectomy followed by adrenalectomy; (2) adrenalectomy-oophorectomy as primary mode of therapy. The response rate in group 1 was 17.4% as compared with 41.9% in group 2, but again there was no difference in the survival time among these two groups. When sequential hormonal manipulation was utilized, only one-third of these patients were subjected to adrenalectomy because of their rapidly deteriorating condition. Adrenalectomy performed as a secondary procedure showed a lower response rate but the total survival time was comparable with primary adrenalectomy patients.", "PMID": 319892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7159", "title": "Effect of dose, route, and schedule of BCG on antibody titer and survival of murine skin grafts across a weak histocompatibility barrier.", "content": "Skin was transplanted from male to female C57BL/6JRC mice. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) was administered once subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intraperitoneally either 14 days prior to grafting or on the day of grafting in a dose of 5 X 10(5), 5 X 10(6), or 5 X 10(7) microorganisms. Serum antibody to BCG was assayed using complement fixation. There was a linear inverse relation between skin graft rejection and dose of BCG (p less than .01) such that the lowest dose of BCG was the most effective. The IM and SQ routes were more effective than the IP route. Schedule did not have significant effect on skin graft survival. Time to appearance of antibody correlated directly with dose. The prolonged survival of skin grafts combined with early appearance of antibody to BCG suggested that high doses of BCG could result in antigenic competition.", "contents": "Effect of dose, route, and schedule of BCG on antibody titer and survival of murine skin grafts across a weak histocompatibility barrier. Skin was transplanted from male to female C57BL/6JRC mice. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) was administered once subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intraperitoneally either 14 days prior to grafting or on the day of grafting in a dose of 5 X 10(5), 5 X 10(6), or 5 X 10(7) microorganisms. Serum antibody to BCG was assayed using complement fixation. There was a linear inverse relation between skin graft rejection and dose of BCG (p less than .01) such that the lowest dose of BCG was the most effective. The IM and SQ routes were more effective than the IP route. Schedule did not have significant effect on skin graft survival. Time to appearance of antibody correlated directly with dose. The prolonged survival of skin grafts combined with early appearance of antibody to BCG suggested that high doses of BCG could result in antigenic competition.", "PMID": 319893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7160", "title": "Growth of human tumors in lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic fetal liver cells.", "content": "Transplantation into lethally irradiated mice of hematopoietic and lymphoid cells from immature donors which hypothetically will not mount a cell mediated attack against simultaneously inoculated human tumor cells has resulted in tumor engraftment and growth in long-term surviving radiation chimeras. Twenty-four hours after lethal irradiation, A or CBA mice were given iv injections of 2 X 10(7) fetal liver cells from syngeneic donors of 14, 16, or 18 days of embryonation and sc injections of 1, 3, or 6 X 10(6) human choriocarcinoma (C-1, C-2, and C-3) cells or human breast carcinoma (B-1) cells that had been maintained in culture. Palpable tumors greater than or equal to 5 mm were noted in 18/22 mice injected with C-1, 9/16 with C-2, 10/10 with C-3, and 18/30 with B-1. Tumors of 17 (31%) of mice remained palpable until death of the animal or until termination of the experiment 100 days post inoculation. Histologic study of autopsy specimens revealed malignant tumors with occasional pulmonary metastases. Human chorionic gonadotropin was found in the serum of mice that received choriocarcinoma cells.", "contents": "Growth of human tumors in lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic fetal liver cells. Transplantation into lethally irradiated mice of hematopoietic and lymphoid cells from immature donors which hypothetically will not mount a cell mediated attack against simultaneously inoculated human tumor cells has resulted in tumor engraftment and growth in long-term surviving radiation chimeras. Twenty-four hours after lethal irradiation, A or CBA mice were given iv injections of 2 X 10(7) fetal liver cells from syngeneic donors of 14, 16, or 18 days of embryonation and sc injections of 1, 3, or 6 X 10(6) human choriocarcinoma (C-1, C-2, and C-3) cells or human breast carcinoma (B-1) cells that had been maintained in culture. Palpable tumors greater than or equal to 5 mm were noted in 18/22 mice injected with C-1, 9/16 with C-2, 10/10 with C-3, and 18/30 with B-1. Tumors of 17 (31%) of mice remained palpable until death of the animal or until termination of the experiment 100 days post inoculation. Histologic study of autopsy specimens revealed malignant tumors with occasional pulmonary metastases. Human chorionic gonadotropin was found in the serum of mice that received choriocarcinoma cells.", "PMID": 319894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7161", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma: response with chemotherapy prior to radiation in patients with gross residual disease.", "content": "One hundred and ten Group III patients enrolled in the IRS Study have been reviewed. Of these, 39 are fully and 56 are partially evaluable. Combining the data for both groups 77/95 (81%) have shown complete or partial response/no measurable disease and this has been maintained in 53/95 (56%). No patient received premature RT for local progression during the time of pre-radiation chemotherapy. However, 15/95 patients have shown local recurrence or direct extension to neighboring tissues; 13/15 could be reviewed. Only 3/13 have recurred at a time related to the delay in starting radiation. Overall survival for Group III patients is 72%-85% (Regimen F and Regimen E respectively).", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma: response with chemotherapy prior to radiation in patients with gross residual disease. One hundred and ten Group III patients enrolled in the IRS Study have been reviewed. Of these, 39 are fully and 56 are partially evaluable. Combining the data for both groups 77/95 (81%) have shown complete or partial response/no measurable disease and this has been maintained in 53/95 (56%). No patient received premature RT for local progression during the time of pre-radiation chemotherapy. However, 15/95 patients have shown local recurrence or direct extension to neighboring tissues; 13/15 could be reviewed. Only 3/13 have recurred at a time related to the delay in starting radiation. Overall survival for Group III patients is 72%-85% (Regimen F and Regimen E respectively).", "PMID": 319895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7162", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen in radiation therapy.", "content": "The importance of oxygen with low LET radiations has been established beyond any doubt in many different systems, both plant and animal. While some studies, especially head and neck tumors, are impressive, it has not been demonstrated unequivocally that radiation under hyperbaric conditions is superior to well fractionated, well conceived, conventional radiotherapy. Any resulting gain in survival from the addition of hyperbaric oxygen will be limited, especially with more advanced stages of disease. Well controlled studies, especially with earlier stage disease, are still necessary. It would be worthwhile to undertake such trials, especially with tumors of the head and neck constituting the most promising site of study, as others have noted, since even a 5% to 10% improvement in survival would mean many lives saved. Continued trials with hyperbaric oxygen, oxygen in other forms, neutrons and other particles, and radiation sensitizing drugs are all justified in an attempt to overcome the oxygen effect on human tumors.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen in radiation therapy. The importance of oxygen with low LET radiations has been established beyond any doubt in many different systems, both plant and animal. While some studies, especially head and neck tumors, are impressive, it has not been demonstrated unequivocally that radiation under hyperbaric conditions is superior to well fractionated, well conceived, conventional radiotherapy. Any resulting gain in survival from the addition of hyperbaric oxygen will be limited, especially with more advanced stages of disease. Well controlled studies, especially with earlier stage disease, are still necessary. It would be worthwhile to undertake such trials, especially with tumors of the head and neck constituting the most promising site of study, as others have noted, since even a 5% to 10% improvement in survival would mean many lives saved. Continued trials with hyperbaric oxygen, oxygen in other forms, neutrons and other particles, and radiation sensitizing drugs are all justified in an attempt to overcome the oxygen effect on human tumors.", "PMID": 319896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7163", "title": "Hyperthermic potentiation: biological aspects and applications to radiation therapy.", "content": "Experimental studies have provided evidence that hyperthermia may be an effective agent, either alone or in combination with ionizing radiation, in the treatment of cancer. Results have shown that temperatures in the range of 42 degrees to 45 degrees C: 1) are cytotoxic, with cell lethality showing little or no dependence on levels of oxygenation; 2) inhibit the recovery of cells from sub-lethal and potentially lethal radiation damage while enhancing the levels of lethal damage; and 3) may be combined with x-irradiation in a manner to improve therapeutic ratios. The observed interaction between hyperthermia and x-rays may in part be due to differences in the Age Response Functions and reassortment of cycling cells to these two agents. Hyperthermia may also greatly change repopulation and re-oxygenation parameters in irradiated tumor and normal tissue volumes. An overall consideration of these and other factors is essential in the design of optimal schedules of combined hyperthermia and x-irradiation treatments in the management of malignant disease.", "contents": "Hyperthermic potentiation: biological aspects and applications to radiation therapy. Experimental studies have provided evidence that hyperthermia may be an effective agent, either alone or in combination with ionizing radiation, in the treatment of cancer. Results have shown that temperatures in the range of 42 degrees to 45 degrees C: 1) are cytotoxic, with cell lethality showing little or no dependence on levels of oxygenation; 2) inhibit the recovery of cells from sub-lethal and potentially lethal radiation damage while enhancing the levels of lethal damage; and 3) may be combined with x-irradiation in a manner to improve therapeutic ratios. The observed interaction between hyperthermia and x-rays may in part be due to differences in the Age Response Functions and reassortment of cycling cells to these two agents. Hyperthermia may also greatly change repopulation and re-oxygenation parameters in irradiated tumor and normal tissue volumes. An overall consideration of these and other factors is essential in the design of optimal schedules of combined hyperthermia and x-irradiation treatments in the management of malignant disease.", "PMID": 319897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7164", "title": "Radiotherapy in the postoperative treatment of operable cancer of the breast. Part II. A re-examination of Stjernsw\u00e4rd's application of the Mantel-Haenszel statistical method. Evaluation of the effect of the radiation on immune response and suggestions for postoperative radiotherapy.", "content": "A re-examination of the statistical methods used to develop the claim that radiation postoperatively decreases survival was carried out. This study demonstrates that a) when correct figures are used, statistical significance is not demonstrated, i.e. there is not statistically significant evidence that irradiation of the peripheral lymphatics and/or chest wall following mastectomy has a deleterious effect on survival, b) the use of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure was inappropriate for the purpose for which it was used. A survey of the available evidence fails to substatiate the claim that the immunological system effects of local irradiation relate in any way to decreased survival. Recommendations for the use of irradiation postoperatively in the treatment of breast cancer are made.", "contents": "Radiotherapy in the postoperative treatment of operable cancer of the breast. Part II. A re-examination of Stjernsw\u00e4rd's application of the Mantel-Haenszel statistical method. Evaluation of the effect of the radiation on immune response and suggestions for postoperative radiotherapy. A re-examination of the statistical methods used to develop the claim that radiation postoperatively decreases survival was carried out. This study demonstrates that a) when correct figures are used, statistical significance is not demonstrated, i.e. there is not statistically significant evidence that irradiation of the peripheral lymphatics and/or chest wall following mastectomy has a deleterious effect on survival, b) the use of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure was inappropriate for the purpose for which it was used. A survey of the available evidence fails to substatiate the claim that the immunological system effects of local irradiation relate in any way to decreased survival. Recommendations for the use of irradiation postoperatively in the treatment of breast cancer are made.", "PMID": 319898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7165", "title": "Clinical trials of adjuvant radiation therapy for breast cancer.", "content": "Years ago, radiation therapists conducted randomized clinical trials which showed that regional irradiation significantly reduces local recurrence of breast cancer but does not often affect life span. No new findings challenge these conclusions. Controlled trials in general have lost some credibility, however, as it has become more widely recognized that they are very vulnerable to fallacious reasoning and to simple human error. There is serious concern that some physicians may be unwisely abandoning well tested treatment methods because of the premature dissemination of early results of some trials. Still, many important questions remain that can only be answered by clinical trials, some including radiation therapy. This paper suggests that randomization schemes be incorporated into \"routine\" medical practice, although only after the most careful deliberation, in order to hasten fuller understanding of old therapeutic methods as well as new ones.", "contents": "Clinical trials of adjuvant radiation therapy for breast cancer. Years ago, radiation therapists conducted randomized clinical trials which showed that regional irradiation significantly reduces local recurrence of breast cancer but does not often affect life span. No new findings challenge these conclusions. Controlled trials in general have lost some credibility, however, as it has become more widely recognized that they are very vulnerable to fallacious reasoning and to simple human error. There is serious concern that some physicians may be unwisely abandoning well tested treatment methods because of the premature dissemination of early results of some trials. Still, many important questions remain that can only be answered by clinical trials, some including radiation therapy. This paper suggests that randomization schemes be incorporated into \"routine\" medical practice, although only after the most careful deliberation, in order to hasten fuller understanding of old therapeutic methods as well as new ones.", "PMID": 319899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7166", "title": "Endometrial cancer: therapeutic decision and the staging process in \"early\" disease.", "content": "An all inclusive, widely accepted system for correlation of indices of pathophysiology in endometrial cancer with a spectrum of therapeutic management has yet to be developed. Improved understanding of tumor growth should lead to more logical, individualized treatment especially in terms of irradiation. To support these philosophies a brief review of past reports and studies, especially the Endometrial Adjuvant Study is provided. From an analysis of 574 patients in this study, it is apparent that prognostic factors could be separated as major, differentiation, and tumor penetration and minor, number of capsules of radium and depth of uterus. A pilot study under the Gynecologic Oncology Group suggests the correlation of the major factors with lymph node involvement. Since depth of penetration and lymph node involvement are most accurately determined by surgery and pathology, surgical staging is suggested as a guide for therapeutic decision.", "contents": "Endometrial cancer: therapeutic decision and the staging process in \"early\" disease. An all inclusive, widely accepted system for correlation of indices of pathophysiology in endometrial cancer with a spectrum of therapeutic management has yet to be developed. Improved understanding of tumor growth should lead to more logical, individualized treatment especially in terms of irradiation. To support these philosophies a brief review of past reports and studies, especially the Endometrial Adjuvant Study is provided. From an analysis of 574 patients in this study, it is apparent that prognostic factors could be separated as major, differentiation, and tumor penetration and minor, number of capsules of radium and depth of uterus. A pilot study under the Gynecologic Oncology Group suggests the correlation of the major factors with lymph node involvement. Since depth of penetration and lymph node involvement are most accurately determined by surgery and pathology, surgical staging is suggested as a guide for therapeutic decision.", "PMID": 319900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7167", "title": "Chemical modification of radiation effects.", "content": "A number of powerful chemical compounds that modify radiation effects have been discovered and tested both in the laboratory and clinically over the past 25 years. There are four major classes of compounds: aminothiol radio-protectors which act on well vascularized euoxic cells and concentrate in tissues such as skin, gut and marrow; nitromidazole radiosensitizers which act on hypoxic tumor cells; pyrimidine analogues which are incorporated into the DNA of cycling cells and cause radiosensitization; and cancer themotherapy agents which, in addition to their ability to kill tumor cells directly, also may sensitize tumor and normal cells to radiation. The mechanism of action, experimental activity, and clinical results or the potential for each of these agents are reviewed.", "contents": "Chemical modification of radiation effects. A number of powerful chemical compounds that modify radiation effects have been discovered and tested both in the laboratory and clinically over the past 25 years. There are four major classes of compounds: aminothiol radio-protectors which act on well vascularized euoxic cells and concentrate in tissues such as skin, gut and marrow; nitromidazole radiosensitizers which act on hypoxic tumor cells; pyrimidine analogues which are incorporated into the DNA of cycling cells and cause radiosensitization; and cancer themotherapy agents which, in addition to their ability to kill tumor cells directly, also may sensitize tumor and normal cells to radiation. The mechanism of action, experimental activity, and clinical results or the potential for each of these agents are reviewed.", "PMID": 319901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7168", "title": "Relationship of glucagon-somatostatin and gastrin-somatostatin cells in the stomach of the monkey.", "content": "The stomach of the monkey Tupaia belangeri was investigated by serial sections utilizing the indirect immunoperoxidase reaction to demonstrate the distribution of glucagon, gastrin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells. A striking topographical distribution was found. Glucagon and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were located in the upper parts, whereas gastrin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were situated in the lower parts of the stomach. The remaining regions of the stomach did not contain cells immunoreactive to the antisera applied. Similarly, the ultrastructural study revealed the same distribution of endocrine cell types identified as A-cells, D-cells, and G-cells. Thus, there may be a glucagon-somatostatin area in the upper part and a gastrin-somatostatin endocrine surface in the lower part of the stomach. This spatial relationship of the endocrine cells suggests a functional cell interaction between glucagon and somatostatin cells in the cranial stomach and between gastrin and somatostatin in the caudal parts of the stomach.", "contents": "Relationship of glucagon-somatostatin and gastrin-somatostatin cells in the stomach of the monkey. The stomach of the monkey Tupaia belangeri was investigated by serial sections utilizing the indirect immunoperoxidase reaction to demonstrate the distribution of glucagon, gastrin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells. A striking topographical distribution was found. Glucagon and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were located in the upper parts, whereas gastrin and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were situated in the lower parts of the stomach. The remaining regions of the stomach did not contain cells immunoreactive to the antisera applied. Similarly, the ultrastructural study revealed the same distribution of endocrine cell types identified as A-cells, D-cells, and G-cells. Thus, there may be a glucagon-somatostatin area in the upper part and a gastrin-somatostatin endocrine surface in the lower part of the stomach. This spatial relationship of the endocrine cells suggests a functional cell interaction between glucagon and somatostatin cells in the cranial stomach and between gastrin and somatostatin in the caudal parts of the stomach.", "PMID": 319903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7169", "title": "Electron dense plaques (calcium binding sites) in the plasma membrane of the endocrine cells in rodent pancreatic islets and parathyroid glands.", "content": "Small electron dense plaques (EDP) were found in the plasma membrane of pancreatic islet A-, B- and D-cells and parathyroid chief cells of mice and gerbils. The identification of the EDP was facilitated by the use of special fixation techniques. The EDP may represent sites of calcium binding in the cell membranes.", "contents": "Electron dense plaques (calcium binding sites) in the plasma membrane of the endocrine cells in rodent pancreatic islets and parathyroid glands. Small electron dense plaques (EDP) were found in the plasma membrane of pancreatic islet A-, B- and D-cells and parathyroid chief cells of mice and gerbils. The identification of the EDP was facilitated by the use of special fixation techniques. The EDP may represent sites of calcium binding in the cell membranes.", "PMID": 319904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7170", "title": "Growth characteristics of postnatal rat adrenal medulla in culture. A study correlating phase contrast, microcinematographic, histochemical, and electron microscopical observations.", "content": "Explants and enzyme-dispersed cells of adrenal medulla from 10-12 day old rats were studied in culture for up to 3 weeks. Adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, nerve cells and satellite cells were clearly discernible. The nerve cells were few in number and did not show catecholaminespecific fluorescence. Chromaffin cells stored catecholamines, as judged by the Falck and Hillarp method, in varying amounts decreasing with age of the cultures and the distance from the explants. Exocytosis profiles observed with the electron microscope suggested that cultured chromaffin cells also released catecholamines. Moreover, the cells formed processes and frequently migrated into the outgrowth. After 6 days in culture, the great majority of chromaffin cells stored noradrenaline as revealed by electron microscopy with few adrenaline-storing cells being visible. Granular vesicles (approximately 80-240 nm in diameter) with cores of different electron densities were occasionally present in the same cell suggesting the occurrence of mixtures of primary and secondary amines. Apart from \"chromaffin\" granules, small clear and dense-cored vesicles (approximately 40-60 nm) were found both in the somata and cell processes. Chromaffin cells and their processes were often closely apposed and occasionally formed specialized attachment zones. As a whole, chromaffin cells in culture resembled small granule-containing cells in sympathetic ganglia. 0.5 mM dbcAMP prevented dedifferentiation of chromaffin cells as judged by the lack of processes, the size and amount of \"chromaffin\" granules and the high number of adrenaline-storing cells present after 6 days in culture. NGF caused a striking increase in the number of axons growing out from explants.", "contents": "Growth characteristics of postnatal rat adrenal medulla in culture. A study correlating phase contrast, microcinematographic, histochemical, and electron microscopical observations. Explants and enzyme-dispersed cells of adrenal medulla from 10-12 day old rats were studied in culture for up to 3 weeks. Adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, nerve cells and satellite cells were clearly discernible. The nerve cells were few in number and did not show catecholaminespecific fluorescence. Chromaffin cells stored catecholamines, as judged by the Falck and Hillarp method, in varying amounts decreasing with age of the cultures and the distance from the explants. Exocytosis profiles observed with the electron microscope suggested that cultured chromaffin cells also released catecholamines. Moreover, the cells formed processes and frequently migrated into the outgrowth. After 6 days in culture, the great majority of chromaffin cells stored noradrenaline as revealed by electron microscopy with few adrenaline-storing cells being visible. Granular vesicles (approximately 80-240 nm in diameter) with cores of different electron densities were occasionally present in the same cell suggesting the occurrence of mixtures of primary and secondary amines. Apart from \"chromaffin\" granules, small clear and dense-cored vesicles (approximately 40-60 nm) were found both in the somata and cell processes. Chromaffin cells and their processes were often closely apposed and occasionally formed specialized attachment zones. As a whole, chromaffin cells in culture resembled small granule-containing cells in sympathetic ganglia. 0.5 mM dbcAMP prevented dedifferentiation of chromaffin cells as judged by the lack of processes, the size and amount of \"chromaffin\" granules and the high number of adrenaline-storing cells present after 6 days in culture. NGF caused a striking increase in the number of axons growing out from explants.", "PMID": 319905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7171", "title": "Localization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the pancreatic islets of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa and the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis.", "content": "Somatostatin-like immunofluorescence has been found by immunostaining in cells of the bile duct mucosa and pancreatic islet parenchyma of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, and the islet lobules of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis.", "contents": "Localization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the pancreatic islets of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa and the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. Somatostatin-like immunofluorescence has been found by immunostaining in cells of the bile duct mucosa and pancreatic islet parenchyma of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, and the islet lobules of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis.", "PMID": 319906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7172", "title": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of thehypothalamo-hypophysial vasotocinergic system of Lampetra fluviatilis.", "content": "With the use of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level, it was shown that the preoptico-hypophysial neurosecretory system of the adult migrating Lampetra fluviatilis is a vasotocinergic system. It does not synthesize vasopressin. The results are entirely consistent with earlier chromatographic and pharmacological indications thatit produces little or no oxytocin-like peptide hormone. In the adenohypophysis, immunoreactive neurohypophysial peptidergic fibres are absent.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical demonstration of thehypothalamo-hypophysial vasotocinergic system of Lampetra fluviatilis. With the use of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique at the light microscopic level, it was shown that the preoptico-hypophysial neurosecretory system of the adult migrating Lampetra fluviatilis is a vasotocinergic system. It does not synthesize vasopressin. The results are entirely consistent with earlier chromatographic and pharmacological indications thatit produces little or no oxytocin-like peptide hormone. In the adenohypophysis, immunoreactive neurohypophysial peptidergic fibres are absent.", "PMID": 319907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7173", "title": "Distinction between smooth muscle, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in culture by the use of fluoresceinated antibodies against smooth muscle actin.", "content": "FITC-labelled antibodies against native actin from chicken gizzard smooth muscle (Gr\u00f6schel-Stewart et al., 1976) have been used to stain cultures of guinea-pig vas deferens and taenia coli, rabbit thoracic aorta, rat ventricle and chick skeletal muscle. The I-band of myofibrils of cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle myotubes stains intensely. In isolated smooth muscle cells, the staining is located exclusively on long, straight, non-interrupted fibrils which almost fill the cell. Smooth muscle cells which have undergone morphological \"dedifferentiation\" to resemble fibroblasts with both phase-contrast microscopy and electronmicroscopy still stain intensely with the actin antibody. In those muscle cultures which contain some fibroblasts or endothelial cells, the non-muscle cells are not stained with the actin antibody even when the reactions are carried out at 37 degrees C for 1 h or after glycerination. Prefusion skeletal muscle myoblasts also do not stain with this antibody. It is concluded that the actin antibody described in this report is directed against a particular sequence of amino acids in muscle actin which is not homologous with non-muscle actin. The usefulness of this antibody in determining the origin of cells in certain pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis is discussed.", "contents": "Distinction between smooth muscle, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in culture by the use of fluoresceinated antibodies against smooth muscle actin. FITC-labelled antibodies against native actin from chicken gizzard smooth muscle (Gr\u00f6schel-Stewart et al., 1976) have been used to stain cultures of guinea-pig vas deferens and taenia coli, rabbit thoracic aorta, rat ventricle and chick skeletal muscle. The I-band of myofibrils of cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle myotubes stains intensely. In isolated smooth muscle cells, the staining is located exclusively on long, straight, non-interrupted fibrils which almost fill the cell. Smooth muscle cells which have undergone morphological \"dedifferentiation\" to resemble fibroblasts with both phase-contrast microscopy and electronmicroscopy still stain intensely with the actin antibody. In those muscle cultures which contain some fibroblasts or endothelial cells, the non-muscle cells are not stained with the actin antibody even when the reactions are carried out at 37 degrees C for 1 h or after glycerination. Prefusion skeletal muscle myoblasts also do not stain with this antibody. It is concluded that the actin antibody described in this report is directed against a particular sequence of amino acids in muscle actin which is not homologous with non-muscle actin. The usefulness of this antibody in determining the origin of cells in certain pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis is discussed.", "PMID": 319908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7174", "title": "Specific immunoelectronmicroscopic localization of vasopressin and oxytocin in the neurohypophysis of the rat.", "content": "An immunoelectronmicroscopic method for the specific localization of neurohypophyseal hormones was developed in neurohypophyses of Wistar and Brattleboro rats, the latter strain being homozygous for diabetes insipidus. If the proper precautions were omitted, a marked cross reactivity between anti-vasopressin and anti-oxytocin preparations was found. Cross reaction of an anti-vasopressin plasma with oxytocin, at a dilution of less than 1:1600, resulted in electron density of all granules within neurosecretory fibres of the Brattleboro and Wistar neurohypophyses. However, this cross reactivity could be eliminated either by sufficient dilution of the anti-plasma, or by its purification. Purification of the antibodies was performed by absorption to agarose beads coated with the cross reacting component. Upon incubation with anti-vasopressin (diluted unpurified 1:1600 or purified 1:80) and unpurified anti-oxytocin (1:400) plasma, sections of a Wistar neurohypophysis revealed two types of neurosecretory fibres, containing either electron dense or lucent granules. Oxytocin and vasopressin containing neurosecretory fibres were found as clusters in the neurohypophysis. The specificity of both unpurified anti-vasopressin (1:1600) and anti-oxytocin (1:400) plasma was confirmed on serial sections of a Wistar neurohypophysis, alternately incubated with the solutions of the two antibodies. These data prove that the one-cell-one-hormone hypothesis holds true for the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system.", "contents": "Specific immunoelectronmicroscopic localization of vasopressin and oxytocin in the neurohypophysis of the rat. An immunoelectronmicroscopic method for the specific localization of neurohypophyseal hormones was developed in neurohypophyses of Wistar and Brattleboro rats, the latter strain being homozygous for diabetes insipidus. If the proper precautions were omitted, a marked cross reactivity between anti-vasopressin and anti-oxytocin preparations was found. Cross reaction of an anti-vasopressin plasma with oxytocin, at a dilution of less than 1:1600, resulted in electron density of all granules within neurosecretory fibres of the Brattleboro and Wistar neurohypophyses. However, this cross reactivity could be eliminated either by sufficient dilution of the anti-plasma, or by its purification. Purification of the antibodies was performed by absorption to agarose beads coated with the cross reacting component. Upon incubation with anti-vasopressin (diluted unpurified 1:1600 or purified 1:80) and unpurified anti-oxytocin (1:400) plasma, sections of a Wistar neurohypophysis revealed two types of neurosecretory fibres, containing either electron dense or lucent granules. Oxytocin and vasopressin containing neurosecretory fibres were found as clusters in the neurohypophysis. The specificity of both unpurified anti-vasopressin (1:1600) and anti-oxytocin (1:400) plasma was confirmed on serial sections of a Wistar neurohypophysis, alternately incubated with the solutions of the two antibodies. These data prove that the one-cell-one-hormone hypothesis holds true for the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system.", "PMID": 319909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7175", "title": "The hypothalamo-choroidal tract. I. Immunohistochemical demonstration of neurophysin pathways to telencephalic choroid plexuses and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Neurosecretory pathways were examined in normal male rats by the use of the immunoperoxidase technique for the localization of neurophysin in Bouin-fixed, deparaffinized sections. Using this technique two projections of extrahypothalamic neuorosecretory fibers can be traced to the sites of origin of the choid plexuses of both horns of the lateral ventricles. Neurophysin-containing axons originating primarily from the paraventricular field course dorsolaterad to enter the choroid fissure of the dorsal horn. A caudally direced group of fibers course ventrolaterad to enter the ventral horn choroid fissures. The supraoptic nuclear field is the primary contributor to the latter group. Scattered neurosecretory neurons are found in association with both pathways, usually in contact with blood vessels supplying the choroid plexuses, or in the telencephalic subependymal stroma. Neurosecretory fibers and terminals occur within the choroid fissures and juxtaventricular neuropil. The neurosecretory terminals in the choroid fissures appear as Herring-body type neurohemal organs; in the neuropil they appear as punctate peri-neuronal desities suggestive of synaptic contacts. Thes morphologic findings are discussed in relation to reports indicating the presence of antidiuretic, vasopressin-like activity in cerebrospinal fluid and choroid plexus extraxts together with ultrastructural evidence supportive of vasopressin-mediated transchoroidal cerebrospinal fluid absorption. These results and those of others indicated the possible involvement of the neurosecretory system in the regulation of brain interstitial-ventricular cerebrospinal fluid dynamics.", "contents": "The hypothalamo-choroidal tract. I. Immunohistochemical demonstration of neurophysin pathways to telencephalic choroid plexuses and cerebrospinal fluid. Neurosecretory pathways were examined in normal male rats by the use of the immunoperoxidase technique for the localization of neurophysin in Bouin-fixed, deparaffinized sections. Using this technique two projections of extrahypothalamic neuorosecretory fibers can be traced to the sites of origin of the choid plexuses of both horns of the lateral ventricles. Neurophysin-containing axons originating primarily from the paraventricular field course dorsolaterad to enter the choroid fissure of the dorsal horn. A caudally direced group of fibers course ventrolaterad to enter the ventral horn choroid fissures. The supraoptic nuclear field is the primary contributor to the latter group. Scattered neurosecretory neurons are found in association with both pathways, usually in contact with blood vessels supplying the choroid plexuses, or in the telencephalic subependymal stroma. Neurosecretory fibers and terminals occur within the choroid fissures and juxtaventricular neuropil. The neurosecretory terminals in the choroid fissures appear as Herring-body type neurohemal organs; in the neuropil they appear as punctate peri-neuronal desities suggestive of synaptic contacts. Thes morphologic findings are discussed in relation to reports indicating the presence of antidiuretic, vasopressin-like activity in cerebrospinal fluid and choroid plexus extraxts together with ultrastructural evidence supportive of vasopressin-mediated transchoroidal cerebrospinal fluid absorption. These results and those of others indicated the possible involvement of the neurosecretory system in the regulation of brain interstitial-ventricular cerebrospinal fluid dynamics.", "PMID": 319910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7176", "title": "Capacity of ribosomal RNA promoters of E. coli to bind RNA polymerase.", "content": "The rate of in vitro transcription of the rRNA genes of E. coli is more than 20 fold higher than the averaged transcription rate of other genome segments of the same size. This \"preferential transcription\" of rRNA genes reflects a high efficiency of their promoters in chain initiation. We show that the high initiation rate at rRNA promoters results from a high rate of RNA polymerase binding to these promoters as measured by the formation of heparin-resistant RNA polymerase-DNA complexes. The results indicate that the preferential binding of RNA polymerase to rRNA promoters is mainly due to their large binding capacity rather than to a high rate constant of polymerase binding to a single binding site. The polymerase binding capcity of rRNA promoters was estimated from the number of rRNA chains initiated by heparin-resistant complexes under conditions of template saturation and from the number of rRNA transcription units participating in the binding reaction. At least 30 RNA polymerase molecules were found to be protected from heparin per rRNA transcription unit. The rest of the genome (99.4%; possibly sufficient to encode 4000 nonribosomal RNA species) protects under these conditions 2000 enzyme molecules. These results suggest that a high multiplicity of RNA polymerase binding may be responsible for the high efficiency of rRNA promoters. The validity of this hypothesis is discussed.", "contents": "Capacity of ribosomal RNA promoters of E. coli to bind RNA polymerase. The rate of in vitro transcription of the rRNA genes of E. coli is more than 20 fold higher than the averaged transcription rate of other genome segments of the same size. This \"preferential transcription\" of rRNA genes reflects a high efficiency of their promoters in chain initiation. We show that the high initiation rate at rRNA promoters results from a high rate of RNA polymerase binding to these promoters as measured by the formation of heparin-resistant RNA polymerase-DNA complexes. The results indicate that the preferential binding of RNA polymerase to rRNA promoters is mainly due to their large binding capacity rather than to a high rate constant of polymerase binding to a single binding site. The polymerase binding capcity of rRNA promoters was estimated from the number of rRNA chains initiated by heparin-resistant complexes under conditions of template saturation and from the number of rRNA transcription units participating in the binding reaction. At least 30 RNA polymerase molecules were found to be protected from heparin per rRNA transcription unit. The rest of the genome (99.4%; possibly sufficient to encode 4000 nonribosomal RNA species) protects under these conditions 2000 enzyme molecules. These results suggest that a high multiplicity of RNA polymerase binding may be responsible for the high efficiency of rRNA promoters. The validity of this hypothesis is discussed.", "PMID": 319911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7177", "title": "Clonal growth and maturation to immunoglobulin secretion in vitro of every growth-inducible B lymphocyte.", "content": "The frequency of normal murine B lymphocytes initiating growth in diluted suspension cultures in the presence of a B cell mitogen, such as lipopolysaccharide, can be increased approximately 10(4) fold by the addition of 2 X 10(6) normal thymus cells per ml. This increase in the frequency of growing cells by thymus cells can also be observed with X63-AG8 myeloma tumor cells secreting IgG1. Thus thymus cells may not contribute growth-stimulating factors, but may supply growth-supporting factors. Culture medium and plastic dishes can be conditioned by preincubation with thymus cells for a day after which the thymus cells may be omitted from further culture for maximal B cell growth. Irradiation of thymus cell abolishes their growth-enhancing properties. Thymus cells can be syngeneic and allogeneic with the growing B cells. The frequency of growing LPS-reactive, normal B cells in spleen of 6-8 week old C3H/Tif mice was determined by limiting dilution analysis to be one of three splenic B cells. With this limiting dilution analysis, it was also shown that the cloning efficiency of XB3-AG8 myeloma tumor cells in suspension culture in the presence of thymus cells is practically 100%. Analysis of the growth kinetics of single clones of LPS-reactive, normal B cells shown that these B cells divide every 18 hr. Within the first 126 hr of growth, every B cell in the clone divides, and every dividing B cell in this clone secretes sufficient immonoglobulin to form a hemolytic plaque. The conditions of in vitro suspension cultures of murine B lymphocytes are therefore perfect to the extent that every B cell capable of growth will grow as a single clone.", "contents": "Clonal growth and maturation to immunoglobulin secretion in vitro of every growth-inducible B lymphocyte. The frequency of normal murine B lymphocytes initiating growth in diluted suspension cultures in the presence of a B cell mitogen, such as lipopolysaccharide, can be increased approximately 10(4) fold by the addition of 2 X 10(6) normal thymus cells per ml. This increase in the frequency of growing cells by thymus cells can also be observed with X63-AG8 myeloma tumor cells secreting IgG1. Thus thymus cells may not contribute growth-stimulating factors, but may supply growth-supporting factors. Culture medium and plastic dishes can be conditioned by preincubation with thymus cells for a day after which the thymus cells may be omitted from further culture for maximal B cell growth. Irradiation of thymus cell abolishes their growth-enhancing properties. Thymus cells can be syngeneic and allogeneic with the growing B cells. The frequency of growing LPS-reactive, normal B cells in spleen of 6-8 week old C3H/Tif mice was determined by limiting dilution analysis to be one of three splenic B cells. With this limiting dilution analysis, it was also shown that the cloning efficiency of XB3-AG8 myeloma tumor cells in suspension culture in the presence of thymus cells is practically 100%. Analysis of the growth kinetics of single clones of LPS-reactive, normal B cells shown that these B cells divide every 18 hr. Within the first 126 hr of growth, every B cell in the clone divides, and every dividing B cell in this clone secretes sufficient immonoglobulin to form a hemolytic plaque. The conditions of in vitro suspension cultures of murine B lymphocytes are therefore perfect to the extent that every B cell capable of growth will grow as a single clone.", "PMID": 319912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7178", "title": "Evolutionary drift of the argF and argl genes. Coding for isoenzyme forms of ornithine transcarbamylase in E. coli K12.", "content": "Considerable genetic drift has occurred during the evolution of the two genes, argF and argl, which individually code for isoenzyme forms of ornithine transcarbamylase in E. coli K12. The use of the experimental protocol described in this work established that between 25-40% of the base pairs in the genes argF and argl have changed since they diverged from a hypothetical ancestral gene. The extent of divergence of the genes was determined by mRNA-DNA hybridization utilizing arginine transducing DNA as a hybridization probe and mRNA prepared in vivo from appropriate bacterial strains and with mRNA synthesized in vitro using template DNA isolated from the specialized transducing phages gammacI857dargl and phi80dargF.", "contents": "Evolutionary drift of the argF and argl genes. Coding for isoenzyme forms of ornithine transcarbamylase in E. coli K12. Considerable genetic drift has occurred during the evolution of the two genes, argF and argl, which individually code for isoenzyme forms of ornithine transcarbamylase in E. coli K12. The use of the experimental protocol described in this work established that between 25-40% of the base pairs in the genes argF and argl have changed since they diverged from a hypothetical ancestral gene. The extent of divergence of the genes was determined by mRNA-DNA hybridization utilizing arginine transducing DNA as a hybridization probe and mRNA prepared in vivo from appropriate bacterial strains and with mRNA synthesized in vitro using template DNA isolated from the specialized transducing phages gammacI857dargl and phi80dargF.", "PMID": 319913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7179", "title": "Sequential biochemical and morphological events during assembly of the fertilization membrane of the sea urchin.", "content": "The fertilization membrane of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus undergoes changes in morphology, solubility, and permeability during the process of hardening. As the fertilization membrane elevates from the egg surface, it retains casts of the tips of the microvillous processes of the plasma membrane. The dome-shaped microvillar casts become angular at the same time that the fertilization membrane becomes resistant to solubilization in mercaptan solutions. 2-4 min after this morphological and chemical transition, the fertilization membrane becomes impermeable to the lectin conconavalin A, as monitored by binding of 125I- or fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A. Glycine ethyl ester inhibits the changes in morphology, solubility, and permeability, whereas sodium sulfite inhibits only the permeability block and resistance to solubilization by mercaptans. Parthenogenetic activation with the divalent ionophore, A23187, elicits fertilization membrane elevation more rapidly than does activation by fertilization; however, the morphological and permeability changes characteristic of hardening proceed more slowly. Elevation and hardening of the fertilization membrane thus appear to be discrete, multiple-step assembly processes that occur in fixed sequence, with kinetics that are affected by the mechanism of cortical granule exocytosis.", "contents": "Sequential biochemical and morphological events during assembly of the fertilization membrane of the sea urchin. The fertilization membrane of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus undergoes changes in morphology, solubility, and permeability during the process of hardening. As the fertilization membrane elevates from the egg surface, it retains casts of the tips of the microvillous processes of the plasma membrane. The dome-shaped microvillar casts become angular at the same time that the fertilization membrane becomes resistant to solubilization in mercaptan solutions. 2-4 min after this morphological and chemical transition, the fertilization membrane becomes impermeable to the lectin conconavalin A, as monitored by binding of 125I- or fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A. Glycine ethyl ester inhibits the changes in morphology, solubility, and permeability, whereas sodium sulfite inhibits only the permeability block and resistance to solubilization by mercaptans. Parthenogenetic activation with the divalent ionophore, A23187, elicits fertilization membrane elevation more rapidly than does activation by fertilization; however, the morphological and permeability changes characteristic of hardening proceed more slowly. Elevation and hardening of the fertilization membrane thus appear to be discrete, multiple-step assembly processes that occur in fixed sequence, with kinetics that are affected by the mechanism of cortical granule exocytosis.", "PMID": 319914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7180", "title": "The interaction of an anti-tumour platinum complex with DNA.", "content": "The interaction of the anti-tumour active cis platinum (II) complexes with DNA has been investigated using dichloro(ethylenediamine)platinum(II) and E. coli DNA. Equilibrium dialysis studies indicate that Pt(en)Cl2 binds reversibly to DNA to a saturation value of 0.57 Pt: P, which is consistent with the platinum being bound both monofunctionally and bifunctionally. Pt(en)Cl2 inhibits the intercalation of 9-aminoacridine (9AA) by cross-linking the bases of the double helix, but at no stage does all the bound platinum cross-link. It is suggested that this inhibition of intercalation is due to intrastrand cross-linking.", "contents": "The interaction of an anti-tumour platinum complex with DNA. The interaction of the anti-tumour active cis platinum (II) complexes with DNA has been investigated using dichloro(ethylenediamine)platinum(II) and E. coli DNA. Equilibrium dialysis studies indicate that Pt(en)Cl2 binds reversibly to DNA to a saturation value of 0.57 Pt: P, which is consistent with the platinum being bound both monofunctionally and bifunctionally. Pt(en)Cl2 inhibits the intercalation of 9-aminoacridine (9AA) by cross-linking the bases of the double helix, but at no stage does all the bound platinum cross-link. It is suggested that this inhibition of intercalation is due to intrastrand cross-linking.", "PMID": 319919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7181", "title": "Regional myocardial perfusion in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, at rest and during angina pectoris induced by tachycardia.", "content": "We studied regional myocardial perfusion by scintigraphic computer-assisted analysis of initial distribution, washout rates, and residual activity of 133Xe injected into the left coronary artery of four patients with normal arteriograms and 14 patients with coronary stenosis. At rest, residual activity in poststenotic regions was always greater than in control regions, but initial washout rates were not slower. During angina, following xenon injections, the amount of indicator distributed to the poststenotic regions was markedly reduced; the increase of the initial washout rates was smaller than in control regions relative to rest, and residual activity was higher. Initial washout rates did not differ as much as from those of normal myocardium because in severe ischemia too little indicator is deposited initially in these regions to produce a change of any magnitude. Indeed, when angina was induced immediately after the xenon injection, poststenotic washout rates became much slower during angina than at rest, a finding that implicates functional factors in impairing poststenotic myocardial perfusion during angina.", "contents": "Regional myocardial perfusion in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, at rest and during angina pectoris induced by tachycardia. We studied regional myocardial perfusion by scintigraphic computer-assisted analysis of initial distribution, washout rates, and residual activity of 133Xe injected into the left coronary artery of four patients with normal arteriograms and 14 patients with coronary stenosis. At rest, residual activity in poststenotic regions was always greater than in control regions, but initial washout rates were not slower. During angina, following xenon injections, the amount of indicator distributed to the poststenotic regions was markedly reduced; the increase of the initial washout rates was smaller than in control regions relative to rest, and residual activity was higher. Initial washout rates did not differ as much as from those of normal myocardium because in severe ischemia too little indicator is deposited initially in these regions to produce a change of any magnitude. Indeed, when angina was induced immediately after the xenon injection, poststenotic washout rates became much slower during angina than at rest, a finding that implicates functional factors in impairing poststenotic myocardial perfusion during angina.", "PMID": 319920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7182", "title": "Evaluation of the CO2 rebreathing cardiac output method in seriously ill patients.", "content": "The CO2 rebreathing cardiac output method is a totally noninvasive Fick procedure needing validation in various disease states to become clinically applicable. Simultaneous measurements of cardiac output by CO2 rebreathing and dye-dilution or direct Fick techniques were performed in 53 patients. In nine patients with pulmonary disease rebreathing cardiac output averaged 4.85 L/min compared to 5.18 L/min by dye-dilution or Fick (r = 0.16). In 14 instances of acute myocardial infarction cardiac output was 5.53 L/min by rebreathing and 5.87 L/min by dye-dilution (r = 0.95), while in nine shock cases it averaged 3.98 L/min by dye-dilution or Fick and 3.75 L/min by CO2 rebreathing (r = 0.94). In five heart failure cases with mitral insufficiency, which may distort dye durves, correlation between standard and rebreathing methods was r = 0.09, but in 16 cases without mitral regurgitation, r = 0.89. Acute interventions in ten patients increased dye-dilution cardiac output by 0.92 L/min and rebreathing outputs by 0.60 L/min (r = 0.87). The data suggest that the CO2 rebreathing cardiac output method may be useful in the CCU-MICU setting.", "contents": "Evaluation of the CO2 rebreathing cardiac output method in seriously ill patients. The CO2 rebreathing cardiac output method is a totally noninvasive Fick procedure needing validation in various disease states to become clinically applicable. Simultaneous measurements of cardiac output by CO2 rebreathing and dye-dilution or direct Fick techniques were performed in 53 patients. In nine patients with pulmonary disease rebreathing cardiac output averaged 4.85 L/min compared to 5.18 L/min by dye-dilution or Fick (r = 0.16). In 14 instances of acute myocardial infarction cardiac output was 5.53 L/min by rebreathing and 5.87 L/min by dye-dilution (r = 0.95), while in nine shock cases it averaged 3.98 L/min by dye-dilution or Fick and 3.75 L/min by CO2 rebreathing (r = 0.94). In five heart failure cases with mitral insufficiency, which may distort dye durves, correlation between standard and rebreathing methods was r = 0.09, but in 16 cases without mitral regurgitation, r = 0.89. Acute interventions in ten patients increased dye-dilution cardiac output by 0.92 L/min and rebreathing outputs by 0.60 L/min (r = 0.87). The data suggest that the CO2 rebreathing cardiac output method may be useful in the CCU-MICU setting.", "PMID": 319921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7183", "title": "Multiclinic controlled trial of bethanidine and guanethidine in severe hypertension.", "content": "One hundred and eight patients with initial diastolic blood pressure in the range of 100-124 mm Hg while taking hydrochlorothiazide were assigned randomly and double-blind to hydrochlorothiazide plus either bethanidine or guanethidine. The average reduction of the fifth and sixth months' diastolic blood pressure was 18.4 mm Hg for guanethidine and 13.6 mm Hg for bethanidine (P less than 0.01). The distribution of the individual values was such that 68.8% of guanethidine treated patients achieved a diastolic level below 90 mm Hg, compared to only 45.5% of the bethanidine treated group (P less than 0.025). The degree of orthostatic fall in blood pressure was greater with bethanidine than with guanethidine (P less than 0.05). The diurnal variation of blood pressure was slightly greater with bethanidine than with guanethidine. The results significantly favor guanethidine. This  study failed to demonstrate that the shorter action of bethanidine confers significantly better control of blood pressure than the longer action of guanethidine.", "contents": "Multiclinic controlled trial of bethanidine and guanethidine in severe hypertension. One hundred and eight patients with initial diastolic blood pressure in the range of 100-124 mm Hg while taking hydrochlorothiazide were assigned randomly and double-blind to hydrochlorothiazide plus either bethanidine or guanethidine. The average reduction of the fifth and sixth months' diastolic blood pressure was 18.4 mm Hg for guanethidine and 13.6 mm Hg for bethanidine (P less than 0.01). The distribution of the individual values was such that 68.8% of guanethidine treated patients achieved a diastolic level below 90 mm Hg, compared to only 45.5% of the bethanidine treated group (P less than 0.025). The degree of orthostatic fall in blood pressure was greater with bethanidine than with guanethidine (P less than 0.05). The diurnal variation of blood pressure was slightly greater with bethanidine than with guanethidine. The results significantly favor guanethidine. This  study failed to demonstrate that the shorter action of bethanidine confers significantly better control of blood pressure than the longer action of guanethidine.", "PMID": 319922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7184", "title": "Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. Treatment with bone grafts of doubtful value.", "content": "A heterogeneous group of 17 patients with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head had treatment of 23 hips by bone grafting. Phemister-type tibial grafts were used in 20 and iliac grafts in 3. All hips were evaluated before and after grafting according to roentgenographic stage of disease and the Hospital for Special Surgery Rating System. We found no exact correlation between roentgenographic stage and clinical manifestations. It is concluded that bone grafting treatment of this condition is warranted in only the very earliest stage of the disease when roentgenographic examination shows that normal femoral head contour is preserved and there are only subtle mottled densities scattered throughout the anterosuperior region. In this series, no benefit was derived from bone grafting in later stages of the disease.", "contents": "Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. Treatment with bone grafts of doubtful value. A heterogeneous group of 17 patients with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head had treatment of 23 hips by bone grafting. Phemister-type tibial grafts were used in 20 and iliac grafts in 3. All hips were evaluated before and after grafting according to roentgenographic stage of disease and the Hospital for Special Surgery Rating System. We found no exact correlation between roentgenographic stage and clinical manifestations. It is concluded that bone grafting treatment of this condition is warranted in only the very earliest stage of the disease when roentgenographic examination shows that normal femoral head contour is preserved and there are only subtle mottled densities scattered throughout the anterosuperior region. In this series, no benefit was derived from bone grafting in later stages of the disease.", "PMID": 319930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7185", "title": "Serratia marcescens arthritis in heroin addicts.", "content": "Serratia appears as a pathogen of increasing frequency and clinical significance in bone and joint infections in heroin users. This is the fifth case report of septic arthritis due to Serratia marcescens in intravenous heroin users. The clinical and laboratory features were not different from other acute pyogenic arthritides. Signs of infection were obscure even in the presence of debilitating disease. Although Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus are more common organism in bone and joint infections of heroin users, Serratia should be considered as a possible pathogen in such patients. In the present case, immediate open drainage followed by systemic Gentamicin treatment gave rapid relief of pain and restoration of full range of motion of the joint.", "contents": "Serratia marcescens arthritis in heroin addicts. Serratia appears as a pathogen of increasing frequency and clinical significance in bone and joint infections in heroin users. This is the fifth case report of septic arthritis due to Serratia marcescens in intravenous heroin users. The clinical and laboratory features were not different from other acute pyogenic arthritides. Signs of infection were obscure even in the presence of debilitating disease. Although Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus are more common organism in bone and joint infections of heroin users, Serratia should be considered as a possible pathogen in such patients. In the present case, immediate open drainage followed by systemic Gentamicin treatment gave rapid relief of pain and restoration of full range of motion of the joint.", "PMID": 319929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7186", "title": "Treatment of steroid induced osteocartilagenous separation of the distal femur. A case report.", "content": "A 20-year-old Negro man, with a history of febrile disease, was diagnosed to have noncaseating granulomatous inflammatory disease. He was placed on Prednisone therapy for several years. Subsequently, he was found to have osteocartilagenous separation of the lateral condyle of the right femur. This was preceded by symptoms of recurrent pain and swelling of the knee. The surgical treatment employed was anatomic repositioning of the osteocartilagenous fragment with an interposed corticocancellous graft. The postoperative management was non weight-bearing for a 6 months' period and a cast brace. The patient was symptom free at 20 months' follow-up.", "contents": "Treatment of steroid induced osteocartilagenous separation of the distal femur. A case report. A 20-year-old Negro man, with a history of febrile disease, was diagnosed to have noncaseating granulomatous inflammatory disease. He was placed on Prednisone therapy for several years. Subsequently, he was found to have osteocartilagenous separation of the lateral condyle of the right femur. This was preceded by symptoms of recurrent pain and swelling of the knee. The surgical treatment employed was anatomic repositioning of the osteocartilagenous fragment with an interposed corticocancellous graft. The postoperative management was non weight-bearing for a 6 months' period and a cast brace. The patient was symptom free at 20 months' follow-up.", "PMID": 319928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7187", "title": "Meralgia paresthetica. An anatomical interpretation.", "content": "One hundred and ten lateral femoral cutaneous nerves of the thigh were dissected in 90 adult and 20 fetal cadavers. In 51 per cent of adult cases a significant enlargement or pseudoganglion was present in the area of the nerve where it passed under the guinal ligament to turn sharply downward onto the thigh. The histological examination of these pseudoganglions showed a thickened epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium. No pseudoganglions and no histological abnormalities were found in the fetal nerves. It is proposed that erect human posture, combined with the particular course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve are the causes of tension, mechanical friction, and irritation of the nerve, and contribute to the development of the pseudoganglion and play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic meralgia paresthetica.", "contents": "Meralgia paresthetica. An anatomical interpretation. One hundred and ten lateral femoral cutaneous nerves of the thigh were dissected in 90 adult and 20 fetal cadavers. In 51 per cent of adult cases a significant enlargement or pseudoganglion was present in the area of the nerve where it passed under the guinal ligament to turn sharply downward onto the thigh. The histological examination of these pseudoganglions showed a thickened epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium. No pseudoganglions and no histological abnormalities were found in the fetal nerves. It is proposed that erect human posture, combined with the particular course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve are the causes of tension, mechanical friction, and irritation of the nerve, and contribute to the development of the pseudoganglion and play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic meralgia paresthetica.", "PMID": 319931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7188", "title": "Reduction in plasma norepinephrine during fenfluramine treatment.", "content": "Plasma norepinephrine levels were reduced to 30% of placebo levels during the administration of fenfluramine, 120 mg/day, for 10 or more days. There was also a significant reduction in plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity during fenfluramine treatment, suggesting that chronic administration may induce antiadrenergic effects which may be useful in the treatment of disorders affected by circulating catecholamines.", "contents": "Reduction in plasma norepinephrine during fenfluramine treatment. Plasma norepinephrine levels were reduced to 30% of placebo levels during the administration of fenfluramine, 120 mg/day, for 10 or more days. There was also a significant reduction in plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity during fenfluramine treatment, suggesting that chronic administration may induce antiadrenergic effects which may be useful in the treatment of disorders affected by circulating catecholamines.", "PMID": 319936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7189", "title": "Electrically stimulated bone growth in animals and man. Review of the literature.", "content": "The literature on the electrical stimulation of bone growth and fracture healing has been increasing exponentially in recent years. About 95 per cent are positive reports despite an extraordinarily wide selection of experimental techniques and models. Fourteen research groups report that electrical currents stimulated fracture healing with few if any complications in a total of 595 patients. The mechanisms of action and ideal technique for applying stimulation has yet to be determined.", "contents": "Electrically stimulated bone growth in animals and man. Review of the literature. The literature on the electrical stimulation of bone growth and fracture healing has been increasing exponentially in recent years. About 95 per cent are positive reports despite an extraordinarily wide selection of experimental techniques and models. Fourteen research groups report that electrical currents stimulated fracture healing with few if any complications in a total of 595 patients. The mechanisms of action and ideal technique for applying stimulation has yet to be determined.", "PMID": 319932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7190", "title": "Metolazone and spironolactone in cirrhosis and the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Eighteen patients with hepatic cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome and having edema and/or ascites were treated during successive periods with metolazone 5 to 40 mg/day, spironolactone 100 mg/day, and with both diuretics concurrently. Metolazone alone produced a marked diuresis, natriuresis, and weight loss in 8 patients. Spironolactone alone had little effect, but the addition of metolazone renewed diuresis and natriuresis and resulted in additional substantial weight losses in all patients responsive to metolazone alone. Concurrent spironolactone and metolazone also induced moderate diuretic effects in some patients who failed to respond to either drug alone. The drugs were well tolerated; the administration of spironolactone with metolazone prevented decreases in serum potassium, which had occurred during treatment with metolazone alone.", "contents": "Metolazone and spironolactone in cirrhosis and the nephrotic syndrome. Eighteen patients with hepatic cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome and having edema and/or ascites were treated during successive periods with metolazone 5 to 40 mg/day, spironolactone 100 mg/day, and with both diuretics concurrently. Metolazone alone produced a marked diuresis, natriuresis, and weight loss in 8 patients. Spironolactone alone had little effect, but the addition of metolazone renewed diuresis and natriuresis and resulted in additional substantial weight losses in all patients responsive to metolazone alone. Concurrent spironolactone and metolazone also induced moderate diuretic effects in some patients who failed to respond to either drug alone. The drugs were well tolerated; the administration of spironolactone with metolazone prevented decreases in serum potassium, which had occurred during treatment with metolazone alone.", "PMID": 319937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7191", "title": "Guanabenz in essential hypertension.", "content": "Fifty-five patients with mild to moderately severe essential hypertension were treated with guanabenz (2, 6-dichlorobenzylidene aminoguanidine acetate) in doses from 4 to 16 mg twice daily in a randomized, placebo-controlled study. The patients treated with placebo in the initial phase of the study were subsequently treated with guanabenz. The mean arterial pressure in the guanabenz group decreased from 130.6 to 107.6; that in the placebo group decreased from 129.6 to 126.6 standing and from 126.6 tp 109.9 and 128.8 to 120.5, respectively, supine. The principle adverse effects included sedation, dry mouth, weakness, and tiredness. Of the guanabenz-treated patients 84% had sustained decrease in supine diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg or more, whereas in the placebo-treated patients only 32% had such a response. There was no significant orthostatic hypotension. Guanabenz thus appears to be an effective antihypertensive drug in patients with mild to moderately severe hypertension.", "contents": "Guanabenz in essential hypertension. Fifty-five patients with mild to moderately severe essential hypertension were treated with guanabenz (2, 6-dichlorobenzylidene aminoguanidine acetate) in doses from 4 to 16 mg twice daily in a randomized, placebo-controlled study. The patients treated with placebo in the initial phase of the study were subsequently treated with guanabenz. The mean arterial pressure in the guanabenz group decreased from 130.6 to 107.6; that in the placebo group decreased from 129.6 to 126.6 standing and from 126.6 tp 109.9 and 128.8 to 120.5, respectively, supine. The principle adverse effects included sedation, dry mouth, weakness, and tiredness. Of the guanabenz-treated patients 84% had sustained decrease in supine diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg or more, whereas in the placebo-treated patients only 32% had such a response. There was no significant orthostatic hypotension. Guanabenz thus appears to be an effective antihypertensive drug in patients with mild to moderately severe hypertension.", "PMID": 319938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7192", "title": "Absorption of rifampin from various preparations and pharmaceutic forms.", "content": "The absorption of 9 rifampin preparations was measured in two seaparate crossover studies on 10 healthy female volunteers. In the first set of experiments, one of the three capsule preparations was absorbed more slowly than the other ones. The absorption of two syrup preparations was nearly twice that of the best capsule preparation. In the second set, the absorption of the commercial tablets appeared to be somewhat faster than that of the reference capsule preparation. One tablet dissolved slowly in vitro and yielded very low serum concentrations. On the basis of these results the equiactive dose of rifampin in syrup form may be 25% to 50% lower than that of the other forms.", "contents": "Absorption of rifampin from various preparations and pharmaceutic forms. The absorption of 9 rifampin preparations was measured in two seaparate crossover studies on 10 healthy female volunteers. In the first set of experiments, one of the three capsule preparations was absorbed more slowly than the other ones. The absorption of two syrup preparations was nearly twice that of the best capsule preparation. In the second set, the absorption of the commercial tablets appeared to be somewhat faster than that of the reference capsule preparation. One tablet dissolved slowly in vitro and yielded very low serum concentrations. On the basis of these results the equiactive dose of rifampin in syrup form may be 25% to 50% lower than that of the other forms.", "PMID": 319939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7193", "title": "The classic. Arthrodesing operations on the feet: Edwin W. Ryerson,M. D.", "content": "The concept of stabilizing paralytic or otherwise deformed joints by surgical fusion started with Eduard Albert of Vienna in the latter 19th century. His classic paper on arthrodesis of the knee appeared in its first English translation in this journal in 1946 (No. 34) (see Classics of Orthopaedics, Phila. J. B. Lippincott Co., 1976). However before his success in the knee in 1882, he had attempted fusion of the tarsus. Immediately following Albert's publication, attempts at fusion of the tarsus were published by Golding-Bird in England, Ogston of Scotland, and many others up to Gwilyn G. Davis of Philadelphia in 1913 whose subtalar arthrodesis became the popular procedure for a decade and seriously competed with Royal Whitman's astragelectomy. In 1923 Edwin W. Ryerson of Chicago (1872-1961) designed a surgical procedure for which he used the term triple arthrodesis. This operation, with minor modifications, became standard and except for the basic concept of Albert, remains among the classics in this subject. It was a relatively frequent procedure when polio was a world-wide orthopedic problem, but has continued a valuable part of the armamentarium of foot surgery whenever trauma or other cause leaves a painful deformed foot.", "contents": "The classic. Arthrodesing operations on the feet: Edwin W. Ryerson,M. D. The concept of stabilizing paralytic or otherwise deformed joints by surgical fusion started with Eduard Albert of Vienna in the latter 19th century. His classic paper on arthrodesis of the knee appeared in its first English translation in this journal in 1946 (No. 34) (see Classics of Orthopaedics, Phila. J. B. Lippincott Co., 1976). However before his success in the knee in 1882, he had attempted fusion of the tarsus. Immediately following Albert's publication, attempts at fusion of the tarsus were published by Golding-Bird in England, Ogston of Scotland, and many others up to Gwilyn G. Davis of Philadelphia in 1913 whose subtalar arthrodesis became the popular procedure for a decade and seriously competed with Royal Whitman's astragelectomy. In 1923 Edwin W. Ryerson of Chicago (1872-1961) designed a surgical procedure for which he used the term triple arthrodesis. This operation, with minor modifications, became standard and except for the basic concept of Albert, remains among the classics in this subject. It was a relatively frequent procedure when polio was a world-wide orthopedic problem, but has continued a valuable part of the armamentarium of foot surgery whenever trauma or other cause leaves a painful deformed foot.", "PMID": 319934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7194", "title": "Chymopapain--past and present, future?", "content": "Clinical experience with Chymopapain casts doubts upon the reported results of the limited double blind studies done mainly by surgeons and their residents, relatively inexperienced in the disc injection technique. Chymopapain is a useful drug when used properly for lumbar disc disease and has the potential of eliminating three-fourths of lumbar disc surgery. Chymopapain should have been released by the FDA on a Phase IV basis. In the mean-time the drug is available in Canada and England but not in the U.S.", "contents": "Chymopapain--past and present, future? Clinical experience with Chymopapain casts doubts upon the reported results of the limited double blind studies done mainly by surgeons and their residents, relatively inexperienced in the disc injection technique. Chymopapain is a useful drug when used properly for lumbar disc disease and has the potential of eliminating three-fourths of lumbar disc surgery. Chymopapain should have been released by the FDA on a Phase IV basis. In the mean-time the drug is available in Canada and England but not in the U.S.", "PMID": 319933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7195", "title": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation in the neonate.", "content": "Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) provides an alternative method of support to assisted and controlled mechanical ventilation in neonates with acute respiratory failure. Specific advantages include the use of only the level of mechanical support which is required on an individual basis. Because intrapleural pressure ventilation (IPPV), venous return and cardiac output are maintained at more nearly normal levels, with or without positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Duration of mechanical ventilatory support is reduced, weaning enhanced, and the incidence of pulmonary barotrauma decreased with IMV. Physiological homeostasis in terms of acid-base changes is more readily maintained as a result of precise regulation of alveolar ventilation. Newer concepts in mechanical support, such as \"reversed\" inspiratory:expiratory ratio (I:E ratio) ventilation, are possible with IMV because of the lower ventilator rates employed compared to IPPV.", "contents": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation in the neonate. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) provides an alternative method of support to assisted and controlled mechanical ventilation in neonates with acute respiratory failure. Specific advantages include the use of only the level of mechanical support which is required on an individual basis. Because intrapleural pressure ventilation (IPPV), venous return and cardiac output are maintained at more nearly normal levels, with or without positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Duration of mechanical ventilatory support is reduced, weaning enhanced, and the incidence of pulmonary barotrauma decreased with IMV. Physiological homeostasis in terms of acid-base changes is more readily maintained as a result of precise regulation of alveolar ventilation. Newer concepts in mechanical support, such as \"reversed\" inspiratory:expiratory ratio (I:E ratio) ventilation, are possible with IMV because of the lower ventilator rates employed compared to IPPV.", "PMID": 319950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7196", "title": "Cutaneous candidiasis: treatment with miconazole nitrate.", "content": "In a well-controlled, double-blind, randomized study, 30 patients with cutaneous candidiasis were treated with a 2% miconazole nitrate lotion or its placebo control. By the 14th day, 13 of the 15 patients [87%] treated with miconazole nitrate achieved clinical and mycologic cures. Only a single patient treated with the placebo lotion would be classified as a therapeutic cure. In a second portion of the study those patients judged to be therapeutic failures were treated with the lotion containing 2% miconazole nitrate. By combining the results of both portions of the study we find that miconazole nitrate lotion produced both a clinical and mycologic cure in all patients receiving the active lotion. The miconazole lotion formula was well tolerated by all patients and no side effects were noted. The fact that miconazole nitrate acts rapidly in relieving symptoms, is well tolerated, and is highly effective against dermatophytes, yeasts and gram-positive bacteria, makes it a welcome addition to available topical therapy of skin infections.", "contents": "Cutaneous candidiasis: treatment with miconazole nitrate. In a well-controlled, double-blind, randomized study, 30 patients with cutaneous candidiasis were treated with a 2% miconazole nitrate lotion or its placebo control. By the 14th day, 13 of the 15 patients [87%] treated with miconazole nitrate achieved clinical and mycologic cures. Only a single patient treated with the placebo lotion would be classified as a therapeutic cure. In a second portion of the study those patients judged to be therapeutic failures were treated with the lotion containing 2% miconazole nitrate. By combining the results of both portions of the study we find that miconazole nitrate lotion produced both a clinical and mycologic cure in all patients receiving the active lotion. The miconazole lotion formula was well tolerated by all patients and no side effects were noted. The fact that miconazole nitrate acts rapidly in relieving symptoms, is well tolerated, and is highly effective against dermatophytes, yeasts and gram-positive bacteria, makes it a welcome addition to available topical therapy of skin infections.", "PMID": 319956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7197", "title": "Candidiasis seminar.", "content": "This is a review of candidiasis from its historical, epidemiologic aspect through the laboratory diagnoses, precipitating factors and the more common diseases caused by Candida. Therapeutic modalities available are listed and specific guidelines for therapy are demonstrated.", "contents": "Candidiasis seminar. This is a review of candidiasis from its historical, epidemiologic aspect through the laboratory diagnoses, precipitating factors and the more common diseases caused by Candida. Therapeutic modalities available are listed and specific guidelines for therapy are demonstrated.", "PMID": 319957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7198", "title": "Widespread cutaneous herpes simplex type II infection.", "content": "The case of an adult who survived a widespread culture-proven cutaneous herpes simplex type II infection is presented. The authors believe it is the first such case. The virus was demonstrated by its cytopathic effect in Vero cell culture. Large, swollen syncytial cells and holes in the cell sheet, typical of the changes produced by the herpes simplex virus type II, were noted. Photodynamic inactivation therapy with acriflavine dye and fluorescent light was employed.", "contents": "Widespread cutaneous herpes simplex type II infection. The case of an adult who survived a widespread culture-proven cutaneous herpes simplex type II infection is presented. The authors believe it is the first such case. The virus was demonstrated by its cytopathic effect in Vero cell culture. Large, swollen syncytial cells and holes in the cell sheet, typical of the changes produced by the herpes simplex virus type II, were noted. Photodynamic inactivation therapy with acriflavine dye and fluorescent light was employed.", "PMID": 319958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7199", "title": "Plasma levels of lidocaine following nebulized aerosol administration.", "content": "The venous (plasma) levels of lidocaine were measured in five subjects following nebulization of a 280-mg dose via intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) and nebulization of a 400-mg dose via ultrasound. Even though a lower dose of lidocaine was given by IPPB, this system of delivery produced higher plasma concentrations of the drug than ultrasound and also was more effective in eliminating the gag reflex. In the entire study, plasma concentrations of lidocaine did not exceed 1.1 mug/ml, which is far below toxic levels. Aerosolized lidocaine, administered by IPPB, is a safe and effective topical anesthetic agent which may be useful for instrumentation of the upper airway.", "contents": "Plasma levels of lidocaine following nebulized aerosol administration. The venous (plasma) levels of lidocaine were measured in five subjects following nebulization of a 280-mg dose via intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) and nebulization of a 400-mg dose via ultrasound. Even though a lower dose of lidocaine was given by IPPB, this system of delivery produced higher plasma concentrations of the drug than ultrasound and also was more effective in eliminating the gag reflex. In the entire study, plasma concentrations of lidocaine did not exceed 1.1 mug/ml, which is far below toxic levels. Aerosolized lidocaine, administered by IPPB, is a safe and effective topical anesthetic agent which may be useful for instrumentation of the upper airway.", "PMID": 319962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7200", "title": "Treatment of chronic salmonella carriers. Study with 40 cases of S. typhi, 19 cases of S. paratyphi b and 28 cases of S. enteritidis strains.", "content": "The present stage of our studies suggests that, provided a highly effective combined therapy is, and can be, carried out correctly, all excreters can be cured of their chronic carrier state by chemotherapy within 8-12 weeks. Although we cannot recommend a universal therapeutic regimen for all patients, a highly effective 'basic therapy' (RMP+TSP) is available for the majority of the cases, needing occasional modification, depending on the specific requirements of the individual patient as shown by the result of the serum activity determination. This method saves the patient from toxic inconveniences caused by inadequate treatment, it shortens the treatment time and makes cholecystectomy superfluous - unless it is considered necessary out of a different indication in which case it should certainly be done. We cannot share the often expressed view that Salmonella enteritidis excreters cannot be cured, a view which is found even in the most recent manuals. The same applies to the view that therapy is not necessary because it would delay cure. It is indispensable to establish a close cooperation between the public health authorities and the private physician, and we therefore wish to sincerely thank all colleagues and Public Health Officers for their collaboration.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic salmonella carriers. Study with 40 cases of S. typhi, 19 cases of S. paratyphi b and 28 cases of S. enteritidis strains. The present stage of our studies suggests that, provided a highly effective combined therapy is, and can be, carried out correctly, all excreters can be cured of their chronic carrier state by chemotherapy within 8-12 weeks. Although we cannot recommend a universal therapeutic regimen for all patients, a highly effective 'basic therapy' (RMP+TSP) is available for the majority of the cases, needing occasional modification, depending on the specific requirements of the individual patient as shown by the result of the serum activity determination. This method saves the patient from toxic inconveniences caused by inadequate treatment, it shortens the treatment time and makes cholecystectomy superfluous - unless it is considered necessary out of a different indication in which case it should certainly be done. We cannot share the often expressed view that Salmonella enteritidis excreters cannot be cured, a view which is found even in the most recent manuals. The same applies to the view that therapy is not necessary because it would delay cure. It is indispensable to establish a close cooperation between the public health authorities and the private physician, and we therefore wish to sincerely thank all colleagues and Public Health Officers for their collaboration.", "PMID": 319963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7201", "title": "[Choice of transplant in cranial defects. Analysis of 73 cases].", "content": "In many of the increasing number of primary or secondary calotte defects resulting from traumatic cranial injuries, plastic reconstruction of the cranium is required. Between 1965 and 1975 in the Surgical Department of Lucerne's Canton Hospital 73 posttraumatic defects of the cranium were repaired. In 69 cases autoplastic transplants and in 4 cases alloplastic transplants were used. The calotte plate (Elliot and Scott), pieces of pelvic bone (Converse), rib (Longacre and De Stefano), as well as costal cartilage (Peer) provided autoplastic material. Alloplasty for the cranium was carried out only in selected cases where special indications were present. Our results in the selection of autologous transplants for the reconstruction of secondary cranial defects is discussed and the surgical procedure is presented.", "contents": "[Choice of transplant in cranial defects. Analysis of 73 cases]. In many of the increasing number of primary or secondary calotte defects resulting from traumatic cranial injuries, plastic reconstruction of the cranium is required. Between 1965 and 1975 in the Surgical Department of Lucerne's Canton Hospital 73 posttraumatic defects of the cranium were repaired. In 69 cases autoplastic transplants and in 4 cases alloplastic transplants were used. The calotte plate (Elliot and Scott), pieces of pelvic bone (Converse), rib (Longacre and De Stefano), as well as costal cartilage (Peer) provided autoplastic material. Alloplasty for the cranium was carried out only in selected cases where special indications were present. Our results in the selection of autologous transplants for the reconstruction of secondary cranial defects is discussed and the surgical procedure is presented.", "PMID": 319965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7202", "title": "[Treatment of flail chest from the general surgical view. Experience with 20 cases].", "content": "Flail chest is a serious complication of multiple fractures of the ribs that needs immediate management in order to avoid its disastrous respiratory and circulatory consequences. The authors present their experience with 20 cases of flail chest injury and discuss especially some practical aspects of its treatment. Skeletal traction was used frequently to stabilize the chest wall, while intermittent positive pressure respiration was reserved only for patients with uncompensated respiratory disturbances. The authors urge that a well-organized surgical unit should be able to provide appropriate management in such cases, since most of these patients have multiple injuries that need general surgical together with more specialized treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of flail chest from the general surgical view. Experience with 20 cases]. Flail chest is a serious complication of multiple fractures of the ribs that needs immediate management in order to avoid its disastrous respiratory and circulatory consequences. The authors present their experience with 20 cases of flail chest injury and discuss especially some practical aspects of its treatment. Skeletal traction was used frequently to stabilize the chest wall, while intermittent positive pressure respiration was reserved only for patients with uncompensated respiratory disturbances. The authors urge that a well-organized surgical unit should be able to provide appropriate management in such cases, since most of these patients have multiple injuries that need general surgical together with more specialized treatment.", "PMID": 319966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7203", "title": "Pimozide versus fluphenazine in ambulatory schizophrenics: A 12-month comparison study.", "content": "In this study, chronic schizophrenic outpatients who had been maintained on various neuroleptics for an average of about 4 years had their previous medications (approximately equivalent to 695 mg of chlorpromazine per day) changed abruptly to either pimozide or fluphenazine given in single daily oral doses on a double-blind basis for a period of 52 weeks. Average daily doses were pimozide 9.6 mg and fluphenazine 12.5 mg. Measurements of the therapeutic effects of the two drugs were made immediately prior to starting the study, at the end of the 2nd and 4th weeks, and thereafter every 4th week to the end of the study. Three psychometric scales were used for evaluation: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS); Evaluation of Social Functioning (ESFR); and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI). In addition, patients participated in a Social Adjustment Inventory (SAI) evaluation. Statistical analysis with the use of several statistical techniques for between- and within-drug group comparisons revealed that pimozide and fluphenazine were equally effective in maintaining control of symptomatology of chronic schizophrenics at a level commensurate with or better than that provided by their previous medication. Side effects were characteristic of marketed neuroleptics, similar in severity and occurrence between study-drug groups, mainly extrapyramidal symptoms, and readily controlled with antiparkinsonian medication. Pimozide, slightly more potent than fluphenazine, proved to be equally effective for the long-term management of chronic schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Pimozide versus fluphenazine in ambulatory schizophrenics: A 12-month comparison study. In this study, chronic schizophrenic outpatients who had been maintained on various neuroleptics for an average of about 4 years had their previous medications (approximately equivalent to 695 mg of chlorpromazine per day) changed abruptly to either pimozide or fluphenazine given in single daily oral doses on a double-blind basis for a period of 52 weeks. Average daily doses were pimozide 9.6 mg and fluphenazine 12.5 mg. Measurements of the therapeutic effects of the two drugs were made immediately prior to starting the study, at the end of the 2nd and 4th weeks, and thereafter every 4th week to the end of the study. Three psychometric scales were used for evaluation: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS); Evaluation of Social Functioning (ESFR); and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI). In addition, patients participated in a Social Adjustment Inventory (SAI) evaluation. Statistical analysis with the use of several statistical techniques for between- and within-drug group comparisons revealed that pimozide and fluphenazine were equally effective in maintaining control of symptomatology of chronic schizophrenics at a level commensurate with or better than that provided by their previous medication. Side effects were characteristic of marketed neuroleptics, similar in severity and occurrence between study-drug groups, mainly extrapyramidal symptoms, and readily controlled with antiparkinsonian medication. Pimozide, slightly more potent than fluphenazine, proved to be equally effective for the long-term management of chronic schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 319967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7204", "title": "[Is cytarabine an effective drug against herpes zoster? (author's transl)].", "content": "Although herpes zoster is a viral infection with spontaneous healing, the skin eruption is painful and there may be serious complications. Cytarabine was administered to 91 patients with the disease. It was given by quick infusion or intravenously twice daily for five days. An open, uncontrolled study of 61 patients suggested that the drug was beneficial without serious side effects. But in a double-blind randomised study of 30 patients there was no significant effect on the course of the disease. The mean healing time for skin blisters in segmental uncomplicated zoster was 8.4 days with cytarabine and 6.5 days with a placebo.", "contents": "[Is cytarabine an effective drug against herpes zoster? (author's transl)]. Although herpes zoster is a viral infection with spontaneous healing, the skin eruption is painful and there may be serious complications. Cytarabine was administered to 91 patients with the disease. It was given by quick infusion or intravenously twice daily for five days. An open, uncontrolled study of 61 patients suggested that the drug was beneficial without serious side effects. But in a double-blind randomised study of 30 patients there was no significant effect on the course of the disease. The mean healing time for skin blisters in segmental uncomplicated zoster was 8.4 days with cytarabine and 6.5 days with a placebo.", "PMID": 319973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7205", "title": "Anthelmintics.", "content": "This article describes the drugs used in helminthic infections and their therapeutic indications, mode of action, toxicity and other details of each of the recommended drugs, and discusses the nature and treatment of infection by helminths important in human medicine. Infestation due to the roundworms Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides and the hookworms, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus can all be treated effectively with pyrantel pamoate. For Enterobius vermicularis, however, a newer drug, mebendazole, is equally as effective. The advantage of these drugs in the indicated circumstances is that they can be administered in a single dose. Unfortunately, pyrantel pamoate is not a panacea and in the case of Necator it is not as effective as in the other roundworms. In that situation the use of tetrachlorethylene is preferable. For treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis, and important human parasite, because it can become disseminated and lead to fatal infections in immunoincompetent hosts, the only effective drug is thiabendazole. In treatment of Trichuris trichiura infection, mebendazole, administered over a period of 3 days, is the most effective available drug. For the roundworms inhabiting tissues--either as aberrant infections of man or as the normal part of their life cycle in man--therapy tends to be largely non-specific. For example, in visceral larva migrans, caused by the dog roundworm Toxocara canis, only palliative therapy with systemic anti-inflammatory agents and corticosteroids may be helpful. Cutaneous larva migrans, caused by the dog hookworms Ancylostoma brasiliensis and Ancylostoma caninum, is also treated primarily with symptomatic measures, but there is a suggestion that thiabendazole may kill the larvae and thus be effective. Trichinella spiralis may cause severe, even fatal infections in man, but only symptomatic therapy can be offered. Therapy for filarial infections is regrettably complicated and not completely effective. Diethylcarbamazine remains the best available drug, but in some of these infections local surgical excision may also be used. It is important to bear in mind that release of antigens from dying or dead worms may cause systemic inflammatory and allergic reactions that may require therapy with corticosteroids. Therapy for Cestodes is achieved most effectively with niclosamide, but the antimicrobial agent paromomycin has also been effective. For the aberrant cestode infections of man, such as echinococcal cysts or Taenia solium cycticerci, treatment is surgical if the affected areas are accessible. Treatment of schistosomal infections is quite toxic and, therefore, it is mandatory to determine viability of the worms before recommending therapy. If therapy is required, then Schistosoma mansoni infections are treated with stibophen and S. japonicum with antimony potassium tartrate, taking care in both of these instances to watch for the early signs of antimony toxicity; therapy of S. haematobium infections is based on administration of niridazole...", "contents": "Anthelmintics. This article describes the drugs used in helminthic infections and their therapeutic indications, mode of action, toxicity and other details of each of the recommended drugs, and discusses the nature and treatment of infection by helminths important in human medicine. Infestation due to the roundworms Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides and the hookworms, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus can all be treated effectively with pyrantel pamoate. For Enterobius vermicularis, however, a newer drug, mebendazole, is equally as effective. The advantage of these drugs in the indicated circumstances is that they can be administered in a single dose. Unfortunately, pyrantel pamoate is not a panacea and in the case of Necator it is not as effective as in the other roundworms. In that situation the use of tetrachlorethylene is preferable. For treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis, and important human parasite, because it can become disseminated and lead to fatal infections in immunoincompetent hosts, the only effective drug is thiabendazole. In treatment of Trichuris trichiura infection, mebendazole, administered over a period of 3 days, is the most effective available drug. For the roundworms inhabiting tissues--either as aberrant infections of man or as the normal part of their life cycle in man--therapy tends to be largely non-specific. For example, in visceral larva migrans, caused by the dog roundworm Toxocara canis, only palliative therapy with systemic anti-inflammatory agents and corticosteroids may be helpful. Cutaneous larva migrans, caused by the dog hookworms Ancylostoma brasiliensis and Ancylostoma caninum, is also treated primarily with symptomatic measures, but there is a suggestion that thiabendazole may kill the larvae and thus be effective. Trichinella spiralis may cause severe, even fatal infections in man, but only symptomatic therapy can be offered. Therapy for filarial infections is regrettably complicated and not completely effective. Diethylcarbamazine remains the best available drug, but in some of these infections local surgical excision may also be used. It is important to bear in mind that release of antigens from dying or dead worms may cause systemic inflammatory and allergic reactions that may require therapy with corticosteroids. Therapy for Cestodes is achieved most effectively with niclosamide, but the antimicrobial agent paromomycin has also been effective. For the aberrant cestode infections of man, such as echinococcal cysts or Taenia solium cycticerci, treatment is surgical if the affected areas are accessible. Treatment of schistosomal infections is quite toxic and, therefore, it is mandatory to determine viability of the worms before recommending therapy. If therapy is required, then Schistosoma mansoni infections are treated with stibophen and S. japonicum with antimony potassium tartrate, taking care in both of these instances to watch for the early signs of antimony toxicity; therapy of S. haematobium infections is based on administration of niridazole...", "PMID": 319991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7206", "title": "Digitalis in pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale).", "content": "The use of digitalis in pulmonary heart disease has been a topic of great interest for a number of years. The physician's decision to use or not to use digitalis in pulmonary disease has often been an emotional rather than a reasoned one. The diagnostic difficulties from a clinical point of view in separation of pulmonary from cardiac symptoms and findings have also been confusing. The fact that small doses of digitalis may have an inotropic effect on the cardiac muscle has been a difficult concept for many physicians to adopt. On the other hand, the larger doses of digitalis that are often necessary to control the ventricular response in supraventricular arrhythmias sometimes gives rise to confusion. We shall attempt to review the subject in detail and examine indications, contraindications, toxicity, dosage, assessment of benefit, and role of digitalis serum levels in patient management.", "contents": "Digitalis in pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale). The use of digitalis in pulmonary heart disease has been a topic of great interest for a number of years. The physician's decision to use or not to use digitalis in pulmonary disease has often been an emotional rather than a reasoned one. The diagnostic difficulties from a clinical point of view in separation of pulmonary from cardiac symptoms and findings have also been confusing. The fact that small doses of digitalis may have an inotropic effect on the cardiac muscle has been a difficult concept for many physicians to adopt. On the other hand, the larger doses of digitalis that are often necessary to control the ventricular response in supraventricular arrhythmias sometimes gives rise to confusion. We shall attempt to review the subject in detail and examine indications, contraindications, toxicity, dosage, assessment of benefit, and role of digitalis serum levels in patient management.", "PMID": 319992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7207", "title": "Inhibition of in vivo pituitary release of luteinizing hormone in lactating rats by exogenous prolactin.", "content": "The mechanism whereby the reciprocal relationship between the plasma levels of prolactin and HL is maintained in lactating rats under different degrees of suckling stimulus has been investigated in the present study. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in lactating rats suckling two pups could be reduced significantly by injecting prolactin (PRL). This reduction was also evident in ovariectomized and ovariectomized-adrenalectomized lactating rats, thus excluding mediation of the inhibitory effect by steroids from end-organs. The in vivo response of the pituitary to exogenous LHRH was lower in rats suckling eight pups than those suckling two pups. Prolactin administered prior to LHRH caused an inhibition of the response of the pituitary to exogenous LHRH in rats suckling two pups. These data provide evidence for the hypothesis that in the lactating rat, in the presence of minimal suckling stimulus, the causative factor for reducing serum LH levels is prolactin, which acts by altering the pituitary responsiveness to LHRH.", "contents": "Inhibition of in vivo pituitary release of luteinizing hormone in lactating rats by exogenous prolactin. The mechanism whereby the reciprocal relationship between the plasma levels of prolactin and HL is maintained in lactating rats under different degrees of suckling stimulus has been investigated in the present study. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in lactating rats suckling two pups could be reduced significantly by injecting prolactin (PRL). This reduction was also evident in ovariectomized and ovariectomized-adrenalectomized lactating rats, thus excluding mediation of the inhibitory effect by steroids from end-organs. The in vivo response of the pituitary to exogenous LHRH was lower in rats suckling eight pups than those suckling two pups. Prolactin administered prior to LHRH caused an inhibition of the response of the pituitary to exogenous LHRH in rats suckling two pups. These data provide evidence for the hypothesis that in the lactating rat, in the presence of minimal suckling stimulus, the causative factor for reducing serum LH levels is prolactin, which acts by altering the pituitary responsiveness to LHRH.", "PMID": 319994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7208", "title": "Stimulation of proinsulin biosynthesis by purine-ribonucleosides and D-ribose.", "content": "Inosine and guanosine were potent stimuli of proinsulin biosynthesis ([3H]leucine incorporation) in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat. The effect was nearly abolished by formycin B, an inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, but not by D-mannoheptulose. The corresponding bases had no effect on the rate of proinsulin biosynthesis. D-ribose enhance proinsulin biosynthesis at low concentrations )0.3-0.6mM) but concentrations above 5 mM were ineffective. The effect of all three compounds was highly specific for proinsulin biosynthesis, since incorporation of [3H]leucine into other islet proteins was not significantly stimulated. The data strongly indicate that metabolic signals regulate modulation of proinsulin biosynthesis in the beta cells.", "contents": "Stimulation of proinsulin biosynthesis by purine-ribonucleosides and D-ribose. Inosine and guanosine were potent stimuli of proinsulin biosynthesis ([3H]leucine incorporation) in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat. The effect was nearly abolished by formycin B, an inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, but not by D-mannoheptulose. The corresponding bases had no effect on the rate of proinsulin biosynthesis. D-ribose enhance proinsulin biosynthesis at low concentrations )0.3-0.6mM) but concentrations above 5 mM were ineffective. The effect of all three compounds was highly specific for proinsulin biosynthesis, since incorporation of [3H]leucine into other islet proteins was not significantly stimulated. The data strongly indicate that metabolic signals regulate modulation of proinsulin biosynthesis in the beta cells.", "PMID": 319995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7209", "title": "A general survey of tumours in the horse.", "content": "Published figures from veterinary schools indicate that tumours may account for about 1 to 3 per cent of surgical cases. In this paper an account is given of clinical and pathological aspects of the tumours that are most likely to be encountered in practice, either as visibly or palpably detectable masses of tissue, or as internal tumours responsible for clinical signs. Amongst the common and important tumours dealt with, the most prominent are \"equine sarcoid\", squamous-cell carcinoma (of eye region and of glans penis), granulosa-cell tumours and melanomas. Well over a hundred references provide entry to the relevant literature. The need for further pathological and clinical studies of equine tumours is stressed.", "contents": "A general survey of tumours in the horse. Published figures from veterinary schools indicate that tumours may account for about 1 to 3 per cent of surgical cases. In this paper an account is given of clinical and pathological aspects of the tumours that are most likely to be encountered in practice, either as visibly or palpably detectable masses of tissue, or as internal tumours responsible for clinical signs. Amongst the common and important tumours dealt with, the most prominent are \"equine sarcoid\", squamous-cell carcinoma (of eye region and of glans penis), granulosa-cell tumours and melanomas. Well over a hundred references provide entry to the relevant literature. The need for further pathological and clinical studies of equine tumours is stressed.", "PMID": 319996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7210", "title": "Coughing in horses--an historical aspect.", "content": "A brief historical review is given of the incidence and types of respiratory disease that occurred in Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries. The significance of poor stabling and overcrowding in the causation and spread of coughing is emphasised and its dramatic reduction by simple methods of hygiene and ventilation.", "contents": "Coughing in horses--an historical aspect. A brief historical review is given of the incidence and types of respiratory disease that occurred in Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries. The significance of poor stabling and overcrowding in the causation and spread of coughing is emphasised and its dramatic reduction by simple methods of hygiene and ventilation.", "PMID": 319997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7211", "title": "Inhibition of translation in eukaryotic systems by harringtonine.", "content": "The Cephalotaxus alkaloids harringtonine, homoharringtonine and isoharringtonine inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. The alkaloids do not inhibit, in model systems, any of the steps of the initiation process but block poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis as well as peptide bond formation in the fragment reaction assay, the sparsomycin-induced binding of (C)U-A-C-C-A-[3H]Leu-Ac, and the enzymic and the non-enzymic binding of Phe-tRNA to ribosomes. These results suggest that the Cephalotaxus alkaloids inhibit the elongation phase of translation by preventing substrate binding to the acceptor site on the 60-S ribosome subunit and therefore block aminoacyl-tRNA binding and peptide bond formation. However, the Cephalotaxus alkaloids do not inhibit polypeptide synthesis and peptidyl[3H]puromycin formation in polysomes. Furthermore, these alkaloids strongly inhibit [14C]trichlodermin binding to free ribosomes but hardly affect the interaction of the antibiotic with yeast polysomot interact with polysomes and therefore only inhibit cycles of elongation. This explains the polysome run off that has been observed by some workers in the presence of harringtonine.", "contents": "Inhibition of translation in eukaryotic systems by harringtonine. The Cephalotaxus alkaloids harringtonine, homoharringtonine and isoharringtonine inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. The alkaloids do not inhibit, in model systems, any of the steps of the initiation process but block poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis as well as peptide bond formation in the fragment reaction assay, the sparsomycin-induced binding of (C)U-A-C-C-A-[3H]Leu-Ac, and the enzymic and the non-enzymic binding of Phe-tRNA to ribosomes. These results suggest that the Cephalotaxus alkaloids inhibit the elongation phase of translation by preventing substrate binding to the acceptor site on the 60-S ribosome subunit and therefore block aminoacyl-tRNA binding and peptide bond formation. However, the Cephalotaxus alkaloids do not inhibit polypeptide synthesis and peptidyl[3H]puromycin formation in polysomes. Furthermore, these alkaloids strongly inhibit [14C]trichlodermin binding to free ribosomes but hardly affect the interaction of the antibiotic with yeast polysomot interact with polysomes and therefore only inhibit cycles of elongation. This explains the polysome run off that has been observed by some workers in the presence of harringtonine.", "PMID": 319998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7212", "title": "Properties of the penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli K12,.", "content": "Benzyl[14C]penicillin binds to six proteins with molecular weights between 40000 and 91000 in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli. Two additional binding proteins with molecular weights of 29000 and 32000 were sometimes detected. All proteins were accessible to benzyl[14C]penicillin in whole cells. Proteins 5 and 6 released bound benzyl[14C]penicillin with half times of 5 and 19 min at 30 degrees C but the other binding proteins showed less than 50% release during a 60-min period at 30 degrees C. The rate of release of bound penicillin from some of the proteins was greatly stimulated by 2-mercaptoethanol and neutral hydroxylamine. Release of benzyl[14C]penicillin did not occur if the binding proteins were denatured in anionic detergent and so was probably enzymic. No additional binding proteins were detected with two [14C]cephalosporins. These beta-lactams bound to either all or some of those proteins to which benzyl[14C]penicillin bound. No binding proteins have been detected in the outer membrane of E coli with any beta-[14C]lactam. The binding of a range of unlabelled penicillins and cephalosporins were studied by measuring their competition for the binding of benzyl[14C]penicillin to the six penicillin-binding proteins. These results, together with those obtained by direct binding experiments with beta-[14C]lactams, showed that penicillins bind to all six proteins but that at least some cephalosporins fail to bind, or bind very slowly, to proteins 2, 5 and 6, although they bind to the other proteins. Since these cephalosporins inhibited cell division and caused cell lysis at concentrations where we could detect no binding to proteins 2, 5 and 6, we believe that these latter proteins are not the target at which beta-lactams bind to elicit the above physiological responses. The binding properties of proteins 1, 3, and 4 correlate reasonably well with those expected for the above killing targets.", "contents": "Properties of the penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli K12,. Benzyl[14C]penicillin binds to six proteins with molecular weights between 40000 and 91000 in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli. Two additional binding proteins with molecular weights of 29000 and 32000 were sometimes detected. All proteins were accessible to benzyl[14C]penicillin in whole cells. Proteins 5 and 6 released bound benzyl[14C]penicillin with half times of 5 and 19 min at 30 degrees C but the other binding proteins showed less than 50% release during a 60-min period at 30 degrees C. The rate of release of bound penicillin from some of the proteins was greatly stimulated by 2-mercaptoethanol and neutral hydroxylamine. Release of benzyl[14C]penicillin did not occur if the binding proteins were denatured in anionic detergent and so was probably enzymic. No additional binding proteins were detected with two [14C]cephalosporins. These beta-lactams bound to either all or some of those proteins to which benzyl[14C]penicillin bound. No binding proteins have been detected in the outer membrane of E coli with any beta-[14C]lactam. The binding of a range of unlabelled penicillins and cephalosporins were studied by measuring their competition for the binding of benzyl[14C]penicillin to the six penicillin-binding proteins. These results, together with those obtained by direct binding experiments with beta-[14C]lactams, showed that penicillins bind to all six proteins but that at least some cephalosporins fail to bind, or bind very slowly, to proteins 2, 5 and 6, although they bind to the other proteins. Since these cephalosporins inhibited cell division and caused cell lysis at concentrations where we could detect no binding to proteins 2, 5 and 6, we believe that these latter proteins are not the target at which beta-lactams bind to elicit the above physiological responses. The binding properties of proteins 1, 3, and 4 correlate reasonably well with those expected for the above killing targets.", "PMID": 319999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7213", "title": "The primary structure of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "Eight different types of peptide mixtures from [14C]carboxymethylated yeast alcohol dehydrogenase were obtained using trypsin with or without prior maleylation of the substrate, chymotrypsin, pepsin, microbial proteases or CNBr. Each mixture was fractionated by exclusion chromatography and peptides were further purified on paper. From results of analyses of all fragments it seems possible to to deduce a primary structure of 347 unique residues in three segments. Together, the segments can account for the whole protein monomer with the exception of a small connecting region. Many unfavourable structures complicated the determination and made single sequence conclusions tentative, but known data are consistent and for most segments of the monomer results are abundant. Several microheterogeneities in the protein are indicated and one apparent amino acid exchange is characterized, suggesting that different types of subunits occur. This may probably be correlated with genetic polymorphism in yeast. Multiple desamidations are also characterized and a few of these affect particularly labile structures. Many residues are unevenly distributed and unexpected patterns are shown. Elements of repetitive sequences occur, reducing the uniqueness of structures. Hydrophobic segments are found, and the uncharacterized region is, at least in some subunits, in a core-like tryptic segment. These and other aspects of the structure may explain some properties of the monomer, and form the background for evolutionary, structural and functional correlations with related enzymes.", "contents": "The primary structure of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. Eight different types of peptide mixtures from [14C]carboxymethylated yeast alcohol dehydrogenase were obtained using trypsin with or without prior maleylation of the substrate, chymotrypsin, pepsin, microbial proteases or CNBr. Each mixture was fractionated by exclusion chromatography and peptides were further purified on paper. From results of analyses of all fragments it seems possible to to deduce a primary structure of 347 unique residues in three segments. Together, the segments can account for the whole protein monomer with the exception of a small connecting region. Many unfavourable structures complicated the determination and made single sequence conclusions tentative, but known data are consistent and for most segments of the monomer results are abundant. Several microheterogeneities in the protein are indicated and one apparent amino acid exchange is characterized, suggesting that different types of subunits occur. This may probably be correlated with genetic polymorphism in yeast. Multiple desamidations are also characterized and a few of these affect particularly labile structures. Many residues are unevenly distributed and unexpected patterns are shown. Elements of repetitive sequences occur, reducing the uniqueness of structures. Hydrophobic segments are found, and the uncharacterized region is, at least in some subunits, in a core-like tryptic segment. These and other aspects of the structure may explain some properties of the monomer, and form the background for evolutionary, structural and functional correlations with related enzymes.", "PMID": 320000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7214", "title": "Differences between alcohol dehydrogenases. Structural properties and evolutionary aspects.", "content": "Comparisons of the primary structures of yeast and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenases reveal that the enzymes are homologous but distantly related. The overall positional identity is 25% between common regions, and several deletions/insertions occur in either enzyme, the longest apparently corresponding to 21 residues, showing that the different subunit sizes are largely explained by internal differences. Variabilities in the structural similarities can be coupled with functional requirements but not directly with whole domains in the previously known tertiary structure of the horse protein. The two most similar regions of the enzymes affect active-site segments and the two most dissimilar regions seem to affect a loop structure without known function, and a segment participating in subunit interactions. The dissimilarities may probably be correlated with changes in zinc-binding properties and quaternary structures. The extra region corresponding to the large internal chain-length difference shows an apparent coincidence in sequence to a following segment of the horse enzyme, and additional elements of internal coincidences, or superficial similarities with other dehydrogenases, are noticed. These characteristics are not fully distinguishable from chance distributions but in view of the extensive species variations in alcohol dehydrogenases some evolutionary considerations may not be excluded, in which case a model relating all regions of these and associated enzymes to a common ancestor is shown to be compatible with all known observations.", "contents": "Differences between alcohol dehydrogenases. Structural properties and evolutionary aspects. Comparisons of the primary structures of yeast and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenases reveal that the enzymes are homologous but distantly related. The overall positional identity is 25% between common regions, and several deletions/insertions occur in either enzyme, the longest apparently corresponding to 21 residues, showing that the different subunit sizes are largely explained by internal differences. Variabilities in the structural similarities can be coupled with functional requirements but not directly with whole domains in the previously known tertiary structure of the horse protein. The two most similar regions of the enzymes affect active-site segments and the two most dissimilar regions seem to affect a loop structure without known function, and a segment participating in subunit interactions. The dissimilarities may probably be correlated with changes in zinc-binding properties and quaternary structures. The extra region corresponding to the large internal chain-length difference shows an apparent coincidence in sequence to a following segment of the horse enzyme, and additional elements of internal coincidences, or superficial similarities with other dehydrogenases, are noticed. These characteristics are not fully distinguishable from chance distributions but in view of the extensive species variations in alcohol dehydrogenases some evolutionary considerations may not be excluded, in which case a model relating all regions of these and associated enzymes to a common ancestor is shown to be compatible with all known observations.", "PMID": 320001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7215", "title": "Selective inhibition of tRNATyr transcription by guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate.", "content": "Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) selectively reduces the synthesis of su+III tRNA from omega 80 psu+III DNA relative to the synthesis of omega 80 RNA in a system in vitro containing DNA and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme as the sole macromolecular components. The response of su+III tRNA synthesis to increasing salt and to temperature in the presence of ppGpp suggests that the nucleotide may reduce the affinity of the enzyme for su+III promoters. The Ki for the selective inhibition of tRNA synthesis by ppGpp is 4 muM in contrast to the value of 150 muM for the inhibition of rRNA synthesis.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of tRNATyr transcription by guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate. Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) selectively reduces the synthesis of su+III tRNA from omega 80 psu+III DNA relative to the synthesis of omega 80 RNA in a system in vitro containing DNA and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme as the sole macromolecular components. The response of su+III tRNA synthesis to increasing salt and to temperature in the presence of ppGpp suggests that the nucleotide may reduce the affinity of the enzyme for su+III promoters. The Ki for the selective inhibition of tRNA synthesis by ppGpp is 4 muM in contrast to the value of 150 muM for the inhibition of rRNA synthesis.", "PMID": 320002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7216", "title": "Bacteriophage-T7-induced DNA-priming protein. A novel enzyme involved in DNA replication.", "content": "The T7gene-4 protein has been purified to near homogeneity using a complementation assay in vitro, and it is designated T7 DNA-priming protein (DNA primase). The purified enzyme enables T7 DNA polymerase to initate DNA synthesis on various circular single-stranded DNA templates by a mechanism which involes the synthesis of a very short RNA primer. The oligoribonucleotide, which is linked to the product DNA via a 3':5'-phosphodiester bond, starts with pppA-C and terminates predominantly with AMP. When only ATP and CPT are precursors, the RNA primer is found to be primarily a tetranucleotide of the sequence pppA-C-C-A. Using oligoribonucleotides in place of ribonucleoside triphosphates as chain initators, T7 DNA-priming protein drastically  increases the efficiency with which T7 DNA polymerase can utilize particular tetranucleotide primers containing A and C residues. T7 DNA-priming protein also enables T7 DNA polymerase to make use of native or nicked duplex T7 DNA as template-primer. This reaction does not require ribonucleoside triphosphates, although their addition enhances DNA synthesis 2--4 fold. The product formed in their absence is covalently attached to the template DNA and is found to contain a few long branches when examined by electron microscopy. In the presence of ribonucleoside triphosphates most of the newly made product arises from imitation of DNA chains de novo. Incubation of three proteins: T7 DNA-priming protein, T7 DNA polymerase, and T7 DNA-binding protein, with ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, and with phiX174DNA as template leads to the generation of 'rolling circle-like' structures as visualized in the electron microscope. Single-stranded regions at the tail-circle junction indicate that initations can occur de novo on the displaced complementary strand. This is consistent with a discontinuous mode of 'lagging' strand synthesis and suggests that the same proteins may also be responsible for fork propagation in vivo.", "contents": "Bacteriophage-T7-induced DNA-priming protein. A novel enzyme involved in DNA replication. The T7gene-4 protein has been purified to near homogeneity using a complementation assay in vitro, and it is designated T7 DNA-priming protein (DNA primase). The purified enzyme enables T7 DNA polymerase to initate DNA synthesis on various circular single-stranded DNA templates by a mechanism which involes the synthesis of a very short RNA primer. The oligoribonucleotide, which is linked to the product DNA via a 3':5'-phosphodiester bond, starts with pppA-C and terminates predominantly with AMP. When only ATP and CPT are precursors, the RNA primer is found to be primarily a tetranucleotide of the sequence pppA-C-C-A. Using oligoribonucleotides in place of ribonucleoside triphosphates as chain initators, T7 DNA-priming protein drastically  increases the efficiency with which T7 DNA polymerase can utilize particular tetranucleotide primers containing A and C residues. T7 DNA-priming protein also enables T7 DNA polymerase to make use of native or nicked duplex T7 DNA as template-primer. This reaction does not require ribonucleoside triphosphates, although their addition enhances DNA synthesis 2--4 fold. The product formed in their absence is covalently attached to the template DNA and is found to contain a few long branches when examined by electron microscopy. In the presence of ribonucleoside triphosphates most of the newly made product arises from imitation of DNA chains de novo. Incubation of three proteins: T7 DNA-priming protein, T7 DNA polymerase, and T7 DNA-binding protein, with ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, and with phiX174DNA as template leads to the generation of 'rolling circle-like' structures as visualized in the electron microscope. Single-stranded regions at the tail-circle junction indicate that initations can occur de novo on the displaced complementary strand. This is consistent with a discontinuous mode of 'lagging' strand synthesis and suggests that the same proteins may also be responsible for fork propagation in vivo.", "PMID": 320003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7217", "title": "The functional and fluorescence properties of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase reacted with fluorescamine.", "content": "1. Fluorescamine (4-phenylspiro[furan-2,(3)1'-phthalan]-3,3'-dione) reacts rapidly with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and produces a fluorescent derivative which is inactivated to an extent dependent upon reagent concentration. Excess fluorescamine is rapidly hydrolysed. Reaction is with xi-amino gruops of lysine residues in all subunits as revealed by gel electrophoresis and fluorescence scanning. 2. The extent of inactivation and fluorescence yield are diminished in the presence of added template, a finding which provides evidence for the existence of reactive and essential amino groups which can be at least partially shielded by DNA in the binary complexes. The relative decrease of fluorescence is greatest in the betabeta' subunits. Holoenzyme and core enzyme show essentially the same behavior. 3. The inactivation of activity by fluorescamine is primarily at the level of initiation. Template binding and chain propagation are less affected. 4. The enzyme derivatized by fluorescamine shows an intense fluorescence with a peak at 490 nm and an excitation maximum at 390 nm. The fluorescence lifetime is in the range of 3-8 ns and the emission is highly polarized. In reactions carried out at high ionic strength the fluorescence yield is approximately double that at low ionic strength and insensitive to the presence of template. 5. Energy transfer is observed between the derivatized enzyme as donor and ethidium bromide as acceptor in the presence of template to which both the enzyme and intercalating dye are bound. The transfer efficiency is a function of the relative concentrations and of the conditions of reaction with fluorescamine. An average transfer distance of approx. 4-5 nm has been calculated suggesting a close proximity between bound polymerase and helical regions of the template.", "contents": "The functional and fluorescence properties of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase reacted with fluorescamine. 1. Fluorescamine (4-phenylspiro[furan-2,(3)1'-phthalan]-3,3'-dione) reacts rapidly with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and produces a fluorescent derivative which is inactivated to an extent dependent upon reagent concentration. Excess fluorescamine is rapidly hydrolysed. Reaction is with xi-amino gruops of lysine residues in all subunits as revealed by gel electrophoresis and fluorescence scanning. 2. The extent of inactivation and fluorescence yield are diminished in the presence of added template, a finding which provides evidence for the existence of reactive and essential amino groups which can be at least partially shielded by DNA in the binary complexes. The relative decrease of fluorescence is greatest in the betabeta' subunits. Holoenzyme and core enzyme show essentially the same behavior. 3. The inactivation of activity by fluorescamine is primarily at the level of initiation. Template binding and chain propagation are less affected. 4. The enzyme derivatized by fluorescamine shows an intense fluorescence with a peak at 490 nm and an excitation maximum at 390 nm. The fluorescence lifetime is in the range of 3-8 ns and the emission is highly polarized. In reactions carried out at high ionic strength the fluorescence yield is approximately double that at low ionic strength and insensitive to the presence of template. 5. Energy transfer is observed between the derivatized enzyme as donor and ethidium bromide as acceptor in the presence of template to which both the enzyme and intercalating dye are bound. The transfer efficiency is a function of the relative concentrations and of the conditions of reaction with fluorescamine. An average transfer distance of approx. 4-5 nm has been calculated suggesting a close proximity between bound polymerase and helical regions of the template.", "PMID": 320004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7218", "title": "The amino-acid sequence of the dihydrofolate reductase of a trimethoprim-resistant strain of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The determination of the amino acid sequence of the dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli RT500 is described. The sequence, comprising 159 residues, has been derived from automatic sequencing of the intact protein in conjunction with manual sequencing of lysine-blocked tryptic peptides, Staphylococcus aureus protease peptides, and alpha-lytic protease peptides. Comparison of the sequence with that of the dihydrofolate reductase from a methotrexate-resistant strain of E. coli (MB1428) shows that 145 of the residues are identical. The distribution of the differences along the length of the molecule is discussed.", "contents": "The amino-acid sequence of the dihydrofolate reductase of a trimethoprim-resistant strain of Escherichia coli. The determination of the amino acid sequence of the dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli RT500 is described. The sequence, comprising 159 residues, has been derived from automatic sequencing of the intact protein in conjunction with manual sequencing of lysine-blocked tryptic peptides, Staphylococcus aureus protease peptides, and alpha-lytic protease peptides. Comparison of the sequence with that of the dihydrofolate reductase from a methotrexate-resistant strain of E. coli (MB1428) shows that 145 of the residues are identical. The distribution of the differences along the length of the molecule is discussed.", "PMID": 320005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7219", "title": "Transcription of double-stranded RNA by Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.", "content": "Double-stranded RNA of some virus genomes can be used as template for the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase purified from Escherichia coli. The RNA synthesis requires all four nucleoside triphosphates and manganese ions and is dependent on the presence of sigma subunit. The reaction is inhibited by rifampicin, streptolydigin and ethidium bromide, but not by DNase and actinomycin D which does not bind to double-stranded RNA. The template activity of double-stranded RNA from various viruses is different in each case. The order of template efficiency is Penicillum chrysogenum virus greater than cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus greater than rice dwarf virus greater than reovirus. The product obtained using cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus double-stranded RNA as template is single-stranded and hybridizes specifically to the denatured template RNA. One of the major 5'-starting nucleotide sequences of the product RNA is pppA-A-Y--. These results indicate that transcription in vitro of double-stranded RNA by E. Coli RNA polymerase is initiated at specific sites on the template.", "contents": "Transcription of double-stranded RNA by Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Double-stranded RNA of some virus genomes can be used as template for the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase purified from Escherichia coli. The RNA synthesis requires all four nucleoside triphosphates and manganese ions and is dependent on the presence of sigma subunit. The reaction is inhibited by rifampicin, streptolydigin and ethidium bromide, but not by DNase and actinomycin D which does not bind to double-stranded RNA. The template activity of double-stranded RNA from various viruses is different in each case. The order of template efficiency is Penicillum chrysogenum virus greater than cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus greater than rice dwarf virus greater than reovirus. The product obtained using cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus double-stranded RNA as template is single-stranded and hybridizes specifically to the denatured template RNA. One of the major 5'-starting nucleotide sequences of the product RNA is pppA-A-Y--. These results indicate that transcription in vitro of double-stranded RNA by E. Coli RNA polymerase is initiated at specific sites on the template.", "PMID": 320006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7220", "title": "Processing by ribonuclease II of the tRNATyr precursor of Escherichia coli synthesized in vitro.", "content": "The tRNATyr precursor molecule, synthesized from phi 80 psu3+ DNA (containing a single tRNA gene) by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and q factor, was about 205 nucleotides long. The main product of its digestion with a ribonuclease tii preparation from Escherichia coli showed the same electrophoretic mobility as tRNAtyr precursor isolated in vivo and was found to be identical to it when analysed using fingerprint techniques. This intermediate precursor synthesized in vitro was converted further by processing with ribonuclease P into an RNA identical size to mature tRNATyr. It was concluded that the initiation of transcription of the tRNATyr gene in vitro occurs at the same site as that of transcription in vivo and a termination occurs at about 80 nucleotides beyond the CCA end of tRNATyr.", "contents": "Processing by ribonuclease II of the tRNATyr precursor of Escherichia coli synthesized in vitro. The tRNATyr precursor molecule, synthesized from phi 80 psu3+ DNA (containing a single tRNA gene) by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and q factor, was about 205 nucleotides long. The main product of its digestion with a ribonuclease tii preparation from Escherichia coli showed the same electrophoretic mobility as tRNAtyr precursor isolated in vivo and was found to be identical to it when analysed using fingerprint techniques. This intermediate precursor synthesized in vitro was converted further by processing with ribonuclease P into an RNA identical size to mature tRNATyr. It was concluded that the initiation of transcription of the tRNATyr gene in vitro occurs at the same site as that of transcription in vivo and a termination occurs at about 80 nucleotides beyond the CCA end of tRNATyr.", "PMID": 320007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7221", "title": "Simple isolation method and assay for T4 DNA ligase and characterization of the purified enzyme.", "content": "A method for the isolation of T4-amber-N82-induced DNA ligase is described which results in a nearly homogeneous enzyme preparation after two column chromatographic steps. The enzyme is detected during the purification by its ability to form a stable acid-precipitable enzyme-adenylate complex. Some properties of the assay, such as the effect of salt, temperature and incubation time, are presented. The isolated enzyme and its adenylate complex are characterized by acrylamide gel electrophoresis under native and denaturing conditions, as well as by isoelectric focusing. The purified enzyme exhibits a molecular weight of approximatel 60000. Isoelectric focusing yields at least 5 protein components, which are able to form an enzyme-adenylate complex. The main activity possesses a p1 of 6. The enzyme preparation is capable of repairing T5+ DNA known to contain about 4 or 5 single-strand breaks, to circularize lambda DNA and to join Hind111 and EcoR1 fragments.", "contents": "Simple isolation method and assay for T4 DNA ligase and characterization of the purified enzyme. A method for the isolation of T4-amber-N82-induced DNA ligase is described which results in a nearly homogeneous enzyme preparation after two column chromatographic steps. The enzyme is detected during the purification by its ability to form a stable acid-precipitable enzyme-adenylate complex. Some properties of the assay, such as the effect of salt, temperature and incubation time, are presented. The isolated enzyme and its adenylate complex are characterized by acrylamide gel electrophoresis under native and denaturing conditions, as well as by isoelectric focusing. The purified enzyme exhibits a molecular weight of approximatel 60000. Isoelectric focusing yields at least 5 protein components, which are able to form an enzyme-adenylate complex. The main activity possesses a p1 of 6. The enzyme preparation is capable of repairing T5+ DNA known to contain about 4 or 5 single-strand breaks, to circularize lambda DNA and to join Hind111 and EcoR1 fragments.", "PMID": 320008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7222", "title": "Non-equivalence of the sites of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase during catalysis.", "content": "Yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, an enzyme with an alpha2beta2 structure, has two active sites for phenylalanine, tRNAphe, phenylalanyladenylate and phenylalanyl-tRNAphe. Determination of phenylalanine binding properties to the free enzyme by equilibrium dialysis shows that only one mole of amino acid binds per mole of enzyme, i.e. absolute negative cooperativity. Binding of the amino acid in the presence of tRNA or of ATP and PPi unmasks the second phenylalanine binding site. The difference between the affinities at the tight and loose binding sites under such conditions is about 10--15. Titration of phenylalanyladenylate sites by the burst of ATP consumption shows the formation of a (enzyme-phenylalanyladenylate)2 complex in the presence of pyrophosphatase; however, the two sites differ widely in their affinity as shown by dialysis experiments. Measurements of hydrolysis rates of enzyme-bound phenylalanyladenylate suggests that when only the high-affinity adenylate site is occupied, the other protomer can still bind phenylalanine and ATP (in the presence of phenylalanine). Two moles of Phe-tRNAphe bind to the enzyme with a very high affinity (Kd less than 48 nM). The presence of millimolar concentrations of ATP, phenylalanine and pyrophosphate triggers negative cooperativity and under these conditions only one mole of Phe-tRNAphe is bound per mole of enzyme with a Kd value of 0.15 muM. The present results give support to interprotomer catalytic cooperativity in the mechanism of action of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase.", "contents": "Non-equivalence of the sites of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase during catalysis. Yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, an enzyme with an alpha2beta2 structure, has two active sites for phenylalanine, tRNAphe, phenylalanyladenylate and phenylalanyl-tRNAphe. Determination of phenylalanine binding properties to the free enzyme by equilibrium dialysis shows that only one mole of amino acid binds per mole of enzyme, i.e. absolute negative cooperativity. Binding of the amino acid in the presence of tRNA or of ATP and PPi unmasks the second phenylalanine binding site. The difference between the affinities at the tight and loose binding sites under such conditions is about 10--15. Titration of phenylalanyladenylate sites by the burst of ATP consumption shows the formation of a (enzyme-phenylalanyladenylate)2 complex in the presence of pyrophosphatase; however, the two sites differ widely in their affinity as shown by dialysis experiments. Measurements of hydrolysis rates of enzyme-bound phenylalanyladenylate suggests that when only the high-affinity adenylate site is occupied, the other protomer can still bind phenylalanine and ATP (in the presence of phenylalanine). Two moles of Phe-tRNAphe bind to the enzyme with a very high affinity (Kd less than 48 nM). The presence of millimolar concentrations of ATP, phenylalanine and pyrophosphate triggers negative cooperativity and under these conditions only one mole of Phe-tRNAphe is bound per mole of enzyme with a Kd value of 0.15 muM. The present results give support to interprotomer catalytic cooperativity in the mechanism of action of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase.", "PMID": 320009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7223", "title": "The importance of adrenergic receptors in disorders of micturition.", "content": "A review is presented of the adrenoreceptors in the lower urinary tract, and their relationship to disorders of micturition. It is suggested that they may be of importance of neurogenic bladder disease, bladder neck obstruction, benign enlargement of the prostate, and certain drug and hormonal effects on the lower urinary tract, and that modification of their activity can be of benefit in the management of these conditions.", "contents": "The importance of adrenergic receptors in disorders of micturition. A review is presented of the adrenoreceptors in the lower urinary tract, and their relationship to disorders of micturition. It is suggested that they may be of importance of neurogenic bladder disease, bladder neck obstruction, benign enlargement of the prostate, and certain drug and hormonal effects on the lower urinary tract, and that modification of their activity can be of benefit in the management of these conditions.", "PMID": 320011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7224", "title": "A method for counting ectopic beats by computer analysis of R-R intervals.", "content": "A method is described for detecting and counting ectopic beats using a small computer. The occurrence of an ectopic beat is identified by the relative duration of adjacent pulse intervals as demonstrated by simple arithmetical procedures. The method was validated by manual counting  of records from 18 patients. 89% of 1474 ectopics were correctly identified. There were few false positive identifications 42. Although the method is unsuitable for the diagnosis of arrhythmias it is likely to be of value in epidemiological studies of such disturbances.", "contents": "A method for counting ectopic beats by computer analysis of R-R intervals. A method is described for detecting and counting ectopic beats using a small computer. The occurrence of an ectopic beat is identified by the relative duration of adjacent pulse intervals as demonstrated by simple arithmetical procedures. The method was validated by manual counting  of records from 18 patients. 89% of 1474 ectopics were correctly identified. There were few false positive identifications 42. Although the method is unsuitable for the diagnosis of arrhythmias it is likely to be of value in epidemiological studies of such disturbances.", "PMID": 320012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7225", "title": "Plasma levels and half lives of thioridazine and some of its metabolites. I. High doses in young acute schizophrenics.", "content": "Plasma levels of thioridazine and four of its metabolites were determined in a series of fifteen young acute schizophrenics; Consistent individually different metabolic patterns were detected in a group of patients who had the same value for the sum of thioridazine plus metabolites. The apparent volume of distribution and half life were calculated. Clinical evolution tended to correlate best with the level of mesoridazine.", "contents": "Plasma levels and half lives of thioridazine and some of its metabolites. I. High doses in young acute schizophrenics. Plasma levels of thioridazine and four of its metabolites were determined in a series of fifteen young acute schizophrenics; Consistent individually different metabolic patterns were detected in a group of patients who had the same value for the sum of thioridazine plus metabolites. The apparent volume of distribution and half life were calculated. Clinical evolution tended to correlate best with the level of mesoridazine.", "PMID": 320014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7226", "title": "Antiarrhythmic and electrocardiographic effects of single oral doses of disopyramide.", "content": "Ten patients with various heart diseases and ventricular arrhythmia received a single oral dose of disopyramide (DE) 200 mg. The ECG was recorded continuously for about 50 h from 2-4 h before drug administration. A statistically significant reduction in the number of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) was seen 1.0-3.5 h after drug intake; the average number of VEBs per 30 min decreased from 317 during the control period to 92 by 1.0-3.5 h after treatment and if one patient who did not respond is excluded, the corresponding figures were 272 and 14, respectively. Consecutive VEBs were seen in seven patients before DE was given and decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) 1.5-5.5 h after drug administration. There was no change in the PQ interval, the QRS interval showed a slight increase, whereas the QT interval was prolonged 0.5-4 h after administration of DE. A specific gas chromatographic method was used for DE assay in plasma and urine. Absorption was rapid in all patients. Urinary excretion during the first 48 h after drug intake varied between 35 and 75%. The lowest effective antiarrhythmic concentration estimated in six patients ranged from 1.4 to 7.0 mug/ml. beta-Phase half-life in five patients was between 10.3 and 22.1 h.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic and electrocardiographic effects of single oral doses of disopyramide. Ten patients with various heart diseases and ventricular arrhythmia received a single oral dose of disopyramide (DE) 200 mg. The ECG was recorded continuously for about 50 h from 2-4 h before drug administration. A statistically significant reduction in the number of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) was seen 1.0-3.5 h after drug intake; the average number of VEBs per 30 min decreased from 317 during the control period to 92 by 1.0-3.5 h after treatment and if one patient who did not respond is excluded, the corresponding figures were 272 and 14, respectively. Consecutive VEBs were seen in seven patients before DE was given and decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) 1.5-5.5 h after drug administration. There was no change in the PQ interval, the QRS interval showed a slight increase, whereas the QT interval was prolonged 0.5-4 h after administration of DE. A specific gas chromatographic method was used for DE assay in plasma and urine. Absorption was rapid in all patients. Urinary excretion during the first 48 h after drug intake varied between 35 and 75%. The lowest effective antiarrhythmic concentration estimated in six patients ranged from 1.4 to 7.0 mug/ml. beta-Phase half-life in five patients was between 10.3 and 22.1 h.", "PMID": 320015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7227", "title": "The hypothalamic syndrome in rats.", "content": "The original conception of the hypothalamus controlling feeding by the activity of two specific and reciprocally inhibitory centers has now been largely abandoned. Detailed neural research using a wide variety of methods has demonstrated the complex morphological and functional organization of this part of the brain and has modified the earlier simplistic approach. However, examination of the feeding responses to a variety of stimuli that represent components of control of feeding indicates that much or even most feeding control is extrahypothalamic. As demonstrated by the obesity or aphagia resulting from hypothalamic damage or from reversible hypothalamic interference, the hypothalamus influences or modulates feeding control, possibly by an enabling action, but it does not itself substantially control food intake either in the short or the long term. In the cachaxia of cancer, which can tentatively be regarded as a negative obesity, and which is closely reproducible in a rat model, the decline of food intake can be attributed to failure of control components that are all extrahypothalamic, and the deterioration of control of feeding appears to be quite independent of the hypothalamus. The very detailed reconstruction of intrahypothalamic circuitry that has been developed in recent years has not yet had any real impact on the problem of where or how the active control of food intake is generated or the way in which the hypothalamus influences this control.", "contents": "The hypothalamic syndrome in rats. The original conception of the hypothalamus controlling feeding by the activity of two specific and reciprocally inhibitory centers has now been largely abandoned. Detailed neural research using a wide variety of methods has demonstrated the complex morphological and functional organization of this part of the brain and has modified the earlier simplistic approach. However, examination of the feeding responses to a variety of stimuli that represent components of control of feeding indicates that much or even most feeding control is extrahypothalamic. As demonstrated by the obesity or aphagia resulting from hypothalamic damage or from reversible hypothalamic interference, the hypothalamus influences or modulates feeding control, possibly by an enabling action, but it does not itself substantially control food intake either in the short or the long term. In the cachaxia of cancer, which can tentatively be regarded as a negative obesity, and which is closely reproducible in a rat model, the decline of food intake can be attributed to failure of control components that are all extrahypothalamic, and the deterioration of control of feeding appears to be quite independent of the hypothalamus. The very detailed reconstruction of intrahypothalamic circuitry that has been developed in recent years has not yet had any real impact on the problem of where or how the active control of food intake is generated or the way in which the hypothalamus influences this control.", "PMID": 320049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7228", "title": "Gold thioglucose obesity syndrome.", "content": "Parenteral administration of gold thioglucose to mice produces an area or necrosis in the ventromedial portion of the hypothalamus. The lesion, like lesions produced by electrocautery of this area, causes hyperphagia and consequent obesity. The glucose moiety of gold thioglucose is essential for production of the lesion. Glucose analogues (2-deoxy-glucose, sodium thioglucose and phlorizin) prevent the gold thioglucose-induced lesion, and by themselves produce a transient hyperphagia. Insulin deficiency prevents the lesion. Either adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy counteracts the effect of insulin deficiency. Electron microscopic studies, in which general necrosis is avoided by administration of aspirin before gold thioglucose or by administration of subnecrotic doses of gold thioglucose, reveal that gold thioglucose primarily affects neural elements contiguous with capillaries in the ventromedial hypothalamus. The experimental observations indicate the presence of special glucoreceptor cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus that are involved in the regulation of food intake.", "contents": "Gold thioglucose obesity syndrome. Parenteral administration of gold thioglucose to mice produces an area or necrosis in the ventromedial portion of the hypothalamus. The lesion, like lesions produced by electrocautery of this area, causes hyperphagia and consequent obesity. The glucose moiety of gold thioglucose is essential for production of the lesion. Glucose analogues (2-deoxy-glucose, sodium thioglucose and phlorizin) prevent the gold thioglucose-induced lesion, and by themselves produce a transient hyperphagia. Insulin deficiency prevents the lesion. Either adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy counteracts the effect of insulin deficiency. Electron microscopic studies, in which general necrosis is avoided by administration of aspirin before gold thioglucose or by administration of subnecrotic doses of gold thioglucose, reveal that gold thioglucose primarily affects neural elements contiguous with capillaries in the ventromedial hypothalamus. The experimental observations indicate the presence of special glucoreceptor cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus that are involved in the regulation of food intake.", "PMID": 320050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7229", "title": "The Zucker-fatty rat: a review.", "content": "The Zucker (fatty) rat is one of a group of animals that inherit obesity as an autosomal Mendelian recessive trait. These rats are obese, hyperphagic, and hyperinsulinemic, but blood glucose remains at normal levels. Although these rats eat more than normal rats, their response to the addition of adulterants to the food or after exposure to the cold is more like that of normal rats than rats with hypothalamic obesity. The hypertriglyceridemia which characterized these animals is due to the increased hepatic production of a very low density lipoproteins. Adipocytes are increased in size and in number with the subcutaneous fat depot showing the largest increase in the number of fat cells. Lipogenesis from glucose is brisk in the young animals but declines with age. Enzymatic patterns of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis appear to reflect the altered internal milieu rather than specific defects. Endocrine changes in the fatty rat include hyperinsulinemia, reduced levels of glucagon, hypothyroidis, and impaired reproductive function. A model is presented in which the features of the genetically obese (Zucker) fatty rat are compared with those of animals with hypothalamic obesity.", "contents": "The Zucker-fatty rat: a review. The Zucker (fatty) rat is one of a group of animals that inherit obesity as an autosomal Mendelian recessive trait. These rats are obese, hyperphagic, and hyperinsulinemic, but blood glucose remains at normal levels. Although these rats eat more than normal rats, their response to the addition of adulterants to the food or after exposure to the cold is more like that of normal rats than rats with hypothalamic obesity. The hypertriglyceridemia which characterized these animals is due to the increased hepatic production of a very low density lipoproteins. Adipocytes are increased in size and in number with the subcutaneous fat depot showing the largest increase in the number of fat cells. Lipogenesis from glucose is brisk in the young animals but declines with age. Enzymatic patterns of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis appear to reflect the altered internal milieu rather than specific defects. Endocrine changes in the fatty rat include hyperinsulinemia, reduced levels of glucagon, hypothyroidis, and impaired reproductive function. A model is presented in which the features of the genetically obese (Zucker) fatty rat are compared with those of animals with hypothalamic obesity.", "PMID": 320051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7230", "title": "Gluconeogenesis: methodological approaches in vivo.", "content": "The complexity of the process of gluconeogenesis makes it very difficult to study in vivo. Of the many approaches used to study this process, none have proven ideal. The arterial-hepatic venous catheterization technique can provide accurate determination of the net splanchnic uptake of the various gluconeogenic precursors but gives no information as to their fate once extracted. The infusion of a labeled precursor, such as [14C]alanine, will provide qualitative information about the fate of the labeled substrate but, without complicated kinetic analysis, will not provide quantitative information on the conversion of the precursor to glucose. Though each of these individual techniques has major limitations in the study of gluconeogenesis, various combinations of these methods can provide further insight into the regulation of this complicated process. By combining the arterial-hepatic venous catheterization technique with the infusion of a labeled precursor, the splanchnic extraction of the precursor can be measured as well as the amount of the extracted precursor that is converted to glucose. The concomitant infusion of two isotopes (a 14C-labeled gluconeogenic precursor to assess substrate conversion to glucose and 3H-labeled glucose to measure glucose turnover) can also provide an accurate determination of the amount of circulating precursor that is converted to glucose. The latter technique provides no information on the splanchnic extraction of the precursor but has the advantage of being less invasive and, therefore, more applicable to man. The last two techniques measure accurately the direct conversion of the circulating precursor to glucose and, therefore, provide reliable index of gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis: methodological approaches in vivo. The complexity of the process of gluconeogenesis makes it very difficult to study in vivo. Of the many approaches used to study this process, none have proven ideal. The arterial-hepatic venous catheterization technique can provide accurate determination of the net splanchnic uptake of the various gluconeogenic precursors but gives no information as to their fate once extracted. The infusion of a labeled precursor, such as [14C]alanine, will provide qualitative information about the fate of the labeled substrate but, without complicated kinetic analysis, will not provide quantitative information on the conversion of the precursor to glucose. Though each of these individual techniques has major limitations in the study of gluconeogenesis, various combinations of these methods can provide further insight into the regulation of this complicated process. By combining the arterial-hepatic venous catheterization technique with the infusion of a labeled precursor, the splanchnic extraction of the precursor can be measured as well as the amount of the extracted precursor that is converted to glucose. The concomitant infusion of two isotopes (a 14C-labeled gluconeogenic precursor to assess substrate conversion to glucose and 3H-labeled glucose to measure glucose turnover) can also provide an accurate determination of the amount of circulating precursor that is converted to glucose. The latter technique provides no information on the splanchnic extraction of the precursor but has the advantage of being less invasive and, therefore, more applicable to man. The last two techniques measure accurately the direct conversion of the circulating precursor to glucose and, therefore, provide reliable index of gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 320052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7231", "title": "Stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone by (D-Leu6, des-Gly10-NH2)-LH-releasing hormone ethylamide after subcutaneous, intravaginal, and intrarectal administration to women.", "content": "Women, most of whom had regular menstrual cycles, were administered D-Leu6,des-Gly10-NH2)-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) ethylamide (D-Leu6-LH-RH-EA)via different routes during the early or midfollicular phase of the cycle. Plasma LH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estrogen levels were determined by radioimmunoassay before and after administration of D-Leu6-LH-RH-EA. plasma LH and FSH increased and reached peak levels 3 to 4 hours and 3 to 6 hours, respectively, after subcutaneous injection of 25 mug of the analog of LH-RH. Intravaginal or intrarectal application of 2 mg of D-Leu6-LH-RH-EA also increased plasma LH and FSH levels in most of the women, but the magnitude of the rise, the time of initiation of response, and the peak level varied among the women. The plasma estrogen level also rose after administration via either route.", "contents": "Stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone by (D-Leu6, des-Gly10-NH2)-LH-releasing hormone ethylamide after subcutaneous, intravaginal, and intrarectal administration to women. Women, most of whom had regular menstrual cycles, were administered D-Leu6,des-Gly10-NH2)-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) ethylamide (D-Leu6-LH-RH-EA)via different routes during the early or midfollicular phase of the cycle. Plasma LH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estrogen levels were determined by radioimmunoassay before and after administration of D-Leu6-LH-RH-EA. plasma LH and FSH increased and reached peak levels 3 to 4 hours and 3 to 6 hours, respectively, after subcutaneous injection of 25 mug of the analog of LH-RH. Intravaginal or intrarectal application of 2 mg of D-Leu6-LH-RH-EA also increased plasma LH and FSH levels in most of the women, but the magnitude of the rise, the time of initiation of response, and the peak level varied among the women. The plasma estrogen level also rose after administration via either route.", "PMID": 320053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7232", "title": "Diftalone: a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent: comparative study with phenylbutazone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind study was carried out to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of diftalone and phenylbutazone in thirty patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis, randomly distributed between the two treatment groups. Both drugs were administered according to a progressively decreasing daily dosage schedule: 1,000 mg during the 1st week; 750 mg the 2nd week and 500 mg from the 3rd week on for diftalone; 400 mg, 300 mg, and 200 mg daily for the 1st, 2nd and from the 3rd week on respectively for phenylbutazone. The study lasted twelve weeks. The clinical controls and laboratory tests were performed weekly up to the 8th week, while the final evaluation was made at the end of the 3rd month. Twelve patients in the group receiving diftalone and fourteen in the phenylbutazone group completed the trial. Clinical improvement was observed in both groups. Effectiveness was somewhat more evident in the diftalone group. Tolerability was acceptable for both drugs, althoug the diftalone patients showed less frequent and intense side-effects than those treated with phyenylbutazone. No significant differences were found as regards the laboratory parameters, except a significant fall of the E.S.R. (less than 0-05) in the diftalone group. Diftalone seems to be an effective and safe anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Diftalone: a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent: comparative study with phenylbutazone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind study was carried out to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of diftalone and phenylbutazone in thirty patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis, randomly distributed between the two treatment groups. Both drugs were administered according to a progressively decreasing daily dosage schedule: 1,000 mg during the 1st week; 750 mg the 2nd week and 500 mg from the 3rd week on for diftalone; 400 mg, 300 mg, and 200 mg daily for the 1st, 2nd and from the 3rd week on respectively for phenylbutazone. The study lasted twelve weeks. The clinical controls and laboratory tests were performed weekly up to the 8th week, while the final evaluation was made at the end of the 3rd month. Twelve patients in the group receiving diftalone and fourteen in the phenylbutazone group completed the trial. Clinical improvement was observed in both groups. Effectiveness was somewhat more evident in the diftalone group. Tolerability was acceptable for both drugs, althoug the diftalone patients showed less frequent and intense side-effects than those treated with phyenylbutazone. No significant differences were found as regards the laboratory parameters, except a significant fall of the E.S.R. (less than 0-05) in the diftalone group. Diftalone seems to be an effective and safe anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 320061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7233", "title": "An investigation into the effect on cigarette smoking of a new anti-smoking chewing gum.", "content": "A preparation claimed to help patients to break the habit of smoking has recently been introduced. Material released in the mouth from a chewing gum causes an unpleasant taste when tobacco smoke is inhaled. This claim has been investigated in a double-blind trial on sixty subjects, thirty of whom took the active chewing gum and thirty the placebo chewing gum. The subjects each used one piece of chewing gum four times a day over a period of two weeks. This investigation clearly indicates that the active chewing gum is effective as an anti-smoking preparation, when used over a period of two weeks and the effect is still demonstrable one month later, although to a lesser extent.", "contents": "An investigation into the effect on cigarette smoking of a new anti-smoking chewing gum. A preparation claimed to help patients to break the habit of smoking has recently been introduced. Material released in the mouth from a chewing gum causes an unpleasant taste when tobacco smoke is inhaled. This claim has been investigated in a double-blind trial on sixty subjects, thirty of whom took the active chewing gum and thirty the placebo chewing gum. The subjects each used one piece of chewing gum four times a day over a period of two weeks. This investigation clearly indicates that the active chewing gum is effective as an anti-smoking preparation, when used over a period of two weeks and the effect is still demonstrable one month later, although to a lesser extent.", "PMID": 320062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7234", "title": "Stimulated release of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing activity by morphine and pentobarbital.", "content": "Two minutes after the intravenous administration of 1 ml of sheep somatostatin antiserum in the rat, plasma growth hormone (GH) levels had reached a maximal 10-15-fold increase which remained approximately constant up to 90 min. The injection of sodium pentobarbital (2 mg/100 g body wt) led to a rapid and transient rise of plasma GH levels of similar magnitude (10-fold) reached 20 to 40 min after injection of the narcotic. The important finding is, however, that the combined administration of somatostatin antiserum and pentobarbital or morphine led to an almost exact additive effect on the plasma GH concentrations. These data, beside providing additional evidence for the existence of GH-releasing activity (GH-RH), indicate that morphine and pentobarbital stimulate GH secretion through increased release of GH-RH.", "contents": "Stimulated release of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing activity by morphine and pentobarbital. Two minutes after the intravenous administration of 1 ml of sheep somatostatin antiserum in the rat, plasma growth hormone (GH) levels had reached a maximal 10-15-fold increase which remained approximately constant up to 90 min. The injection of sodium pentobarbital (2 mg/100 g body wt) led to a rapid and transient rise of plasma GH levels of similar magnitude (10-fold) reached 20 to 40 min after injection of the narcotic. The important finding is, however, that the combined administration of somatostatin antiserum and pentobarbital or morphine led to an almost exact additive effect on the plasma GH concentrations. These data, beside providing additional evidence for the existence of GH-releasing activity (GH-RH), indicate that morphine and pentobarbital stimulate GH secretion through increased release of GH-RH.", "PMID": 320063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7235", "title": "A comparison of pyrogenicity and related properties seen in a suspension of Corynebacterium parvum and a gramnegative organism.", "content": "When the pyrogenic properties of C. parvum and a gramnegative organism, S. typhimurium, were compared it was found that the onset of the pyrogenic response to C. parvum was delayed relative to that of S. typhimurium and that secondary responses rarely occurred. In further experiments the interaction of C. parvum and S. typhimurium was studied. Although synergism was not demonstrated, the kinetics of the response to mixtures of the two vaccines was anomalous while pre-treatment of rabbits with C. parvum resulted in the elimination of the secondary pyrogenic response to S. typhimurium suspension. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the known characteristics of endogenous pyrogen, lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan.", "contents": "A comparison of pyrogenicity and related properties seen in a suspension of Corynebacterium parvum and a gramnegative organism. When the pyrogenic properties of C. parvum and a gramnegative organism, S. typhimurium, were compared it was found that the onset of the pyrogenic response to C. parvum was delayed relative to that of S. typhimurium and that secondary responses rarely occurred. In further experiments the interaction of C. parvum and S. typhimurium was studied. Although synergism was not demonstrated, the kinetics of the response to mixtures of the two vaccines was anomalous while pre-treatment of rabbits with C. parvum resulted in the elimination of the secondary pyrogenic response to S. typhimurium suspension. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the known characteristics of endogenous pyrogen, lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan.", "PMID": 320069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7236", "title": "Factors affecting pyrogen testing in rabbits.", "content": "A response of rabbits to toxins causing fever and originating from microorganisms may be related to different factors. In this respect the race and the age of the animals were examined as variables. Three rabbit strains of local origin were used: New Zealand White, White of Dendermonde and Holland race. As pyrogen preparations sterile surface water and preparations of E. coli strains were used. A bacterial count, as for ordinary drinking water examination, was carried out in order to evaluate the presence of bacteria to pyrogenicity. An attempt was made to remove the pyrogens by absorption on charcoal and by filtration through asbestos filters. A decrease of pyrogenicity was obtained but the fever toxins did not completely disappear with the simple procedure. The stability of the toxins found in surface waters was examined over a short range of preservation. Only a slow decrease in pyrogenic activity was seen. Pyrogens of E. coli were prepared in vitro, but used unpurified. A slight difference in the strains was observed, but all E. coli's were pyrogenic.", "contents": "Factors affecting pyrogen testing in rabbits. A response of rabbits to toxins causing fever and originating from microorganisms may be related to different factors. In this respect the race and the age of the animals were examined as variables. Three rabbit strains of local origin were used: New Zealand White, White of Dendermonde and Holland race. As pyrogen preparations sterile surface water and preparations of E. coli strains were used. A bacterial count, as for ordinary drinking water examination, was carried out in order to evaluate the presence of bacteria to pyrogenicity. An attempt was made to remove the pyrogens by absorption on charcoal and by filtration through asbestos filters. A decrease of pyrogenicity was obtained but the fever toxins did not completely disappear with the simple procedure. The stability of the toxins found in surface waters was examined over a short range of preservation. Only a slow decrease in pyrogenic activity was seen. Pyrogens of E. coli were prepared in vitro, but used unpurified. A slight difference in the strains was observed, but all E. coli's were pyrogenic.", "PMID": 320070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7237", "title": "Effect of maternal vitamin A excess on S-100 in neonatal rat cerebellum: a preliminary study.", "content": "Pregnant rats were administered a teratogenic dose of vitamin A excess on Days 17 and 18 of gestation and intubation controls received the vehicle alone. Pups were sacrificed at birth or on postnatal Days 5 or 10; the cerebellum was removed, frozen, and fixed in preparation for immunohistochemical localization of the brain specific protein, S-100. Vitamin A produced a transient delay in the appearance of S-100 in the external granular layer which was no longer evident on Days 5 and 10. These findings corroborate autoradiographic evidence that vitamin A temporarily interferes with neurogenesis. However, the early damage results in permanent behavioral deficits in adulthood despite apparent cytochemical repair.", "contents": "Effect of maternal vitamin A excess on S-100 in neonatal rat cerebellum: a preliminary study. Pregnant rats were administered a teratogenic dose of vitamin A excess on Days 17 and 18 of gestation and intubation controls received the vehicle alone. Pups were sacrificed at birth or on postnatal Days 5 or 10; the cerebellum was removed, frozen, and fixed in preparation for immunohistochemical localization of the brain specific protein, S-100. Vitamin A produced a transient delay in the appearance of S-100 in the external granular layer which was no longer evident on Days 5 and 10. These findings corroborate autoradiographic evidence that vitamin A temporarily interferes with neurogenesis. However, the early damage results in permanent behavioral deficits in adulthood despite apparent cytochemical repair.", "PMID": 320071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7238", "title": "The spontaneously diabetic Wistar rat. Metabolic and morphologic studies.", "content": "A new, spontaneously diabetic syndrome has been recognized in nonobese outbred Wistar rats of both sexes. The age at detection of first glycosuria has varied from 48 to 120 days, with a mean of 67 days. Eighteen rats have been studied, 14 untreated and four during and after cessation of insulin treatment. The affected animals have demonstrated a spectrum of severity, with hyperglycemia (252-732 mg./dl.), hypoinsulinemia (0-1 ng./ml.), and hyperketonemia. The severely ketotic rats, with total blood ketone body levels between 6 and 13 mM, showed rapid loss in weight and dehydration over one to six days. The moderately ketotic (1-5 mM) declined gradually in weight over 15 days, with marked polyuria and glycosuria. The stable rats, with ketonemia less than 1 mM, sustained their weights, polyuria, and glycosuria for longer than 40 days. A relative or absolute increase in plasma immunoreactive glucagon and elevated levels of free fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids were observed in relation to the severity of the syndrome. Intraperitoneal arginine or tolbutamide elicited no insulin response, but the glucagon response to arginine was exaggerated. Pancreatic insulin content was normal or moderately decreased. Light-microscopic examination of pancreases of ketotic animals at the end stage of the disease showed islets to be very small and rare, consisting virtually of non-beta cells. In stable and earlier ketotic rats, the islets were small, with reduction in beta-cell number and a striking inflammatory cell infiltration. Surviving beta cells showed variable degranulation. This model of spontaneous diabetes in nonobese rats displays insulin deficiency, glucagon excess, and ketosis, with a dramatic inflammatory lesion during active beta-cell destruction.", "contents": "The spontaneously diabetic Wistar rat. Metabolic and morphologic studies. A new, spontaneously diabetic syndrome has been recognized in nonobese outbred Wistar rats of both sexes. The age at detection of first glycosuria has varied from 48 to 120 days, with a mean of 67 days. Eighteen rats have been studied, 14 untreated and four during and after cessation of insulin treatment. The affected animals have demonstrated a spectrum of severity, with hyperglycemia (252-732 mg./dl.), hypoinsulinemia (0-1 ng./ml.), and hyperketonemia. The severely ketotic rats, with total blood ketone body levels between 6 and 13 mM, showed rapid loss in weight and dehydration over one to six days. The moderately ketotic (1-5 mM) declined gradually in weight over 15 days, with marked polyuria and glycosuria. The stable rats, with ketonemia less than 1 mM, sustained their weights, polyuria, and glycosuria for longer than 40 days. A relative or absolute increase in plasma immunoreactive glucagon and elevated levels of free fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids were observed in relation to the severity of the syndrome. Intraperitoneal arginine or tolbutamide elicited no insulin response, but the glucagon response to arginine was exaggerated. Pancreatic insulin content was normal or moderately decreased. Light-microscopic examination of pancreases of ketotic animals at the end stage of the disease showed islets to be very small and rare, consisting virtually of non-beta cells. In stable and earlier ketotic rats, the islets were small, with reduction in beta-cell number and a striking inflammatory cell infiltration. Surviving beta cells showed variable degranulation. This model of spontaneous diabetes in nonobese rats displays insulin deficiency, glucagon excess, and ketosis, with a dramatic inflammatory lesion during active beta-cell destruction.", "PMID": 320072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7239", "title": "Pancreatic islet-cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus correlated with the duration and type of diabetes, coexistent autoimmune disease, and HLA type.", "content": "In a study of 972 patients with diabetes mellitus, humoral pancreatic islet-cell antibodies (I.C.Ab.) were detected in highest prevalence in insulin-treated diabetics with (38 per cent) and without (22 per cent) associated overt organ-specific autoimmune disease (A.I.D.) where consideration was not given to the duration of diabetes. They were also detected in 8 per cent of diabetics treated with oral hypoglycemic agents (O.H.A.), but not in diabetics requiring diet alone and in only 0.5 per cent of 434 control subjects. Six per cent of 522 patients with overt organ-specific A.I.D. but not diagnosed to be diabetic had I.C.Ab.s. I.C.Ab.s were present in the sera of 2 per cent of 157 first-degree relatives of I.C.Ab.-positive subjects. In insulin-treated diabetics and, to a lesser extent, in diabetics not requiring insulin, the prevalence of humoral I.C.Ab. was strongly dependent of the duration of the diabetes, being 60 per cent during the first year from diagnosis in the insulin-treated group and falling to 20 per cent at two to five years and to 5 per cent at 10-20 years. The prevalence of I.C.Ab. in insulin-treated diabetics showed no correlation with the patient's age at the time of testing when the duration of diabetes was taken into account. Diabetics who did not require insulin for treatment but who were I.C.Ab.-positive showed a significant tendency to subsequently require insulin and to have a higher prevalence of other autoantibodies than insulin-independent diabetics who were I.C.Ab.-negative. Persistence of I.C.Ab. for more than five years from diagnosis of diabetes was associated with coexistent overt organ-specific A.I.D. and with HLA-B8, A1, and A1 + B8.", "contents": "Pancreatic islet-cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus correlated with the duration and type of diabetes, coexistent autoimmune disease, and HLA type. In a study of 972 patients with diabetes mellitus, humoral pancreatic islet-cell antibodies (I.C.Ab.) were detected in highest prevalence in insulin-treated diabetics with (38 per cent) and without (22 per cent) associated overt organ-specific autoimmune disease (A.I.D.) where consideration was not given to the duration of diabetes. They were also detected in 8 per cent of diabetics treated with oral hypoglycemic agents (O.H.A.), but not in diabetics requiring diet alone and in only 0.5 per cent of 434 control subjects. Six per cent of 522 patients with overt organ-specific A.I.D. but not diagnosed to be diabetic had I.C.Ab.s. I.C.Ab.s were present in the sera of 2 per cent of 157 first-degree relatives of I.C.Ab.-positive subjects. In insulin-treated diabetics and, to a lesser extent, in diabetics not requiring insulin, the prevalence of humoral I.C.Ab. was strongly dependent of the duration of the diabetes, being 60 per cent during the first year from diagnosis in the insulin-treated group and falling to 20 per cent at two to five years and to 5 per cent at 10-20 years. The prevalence of I.C.Ab. in insulin-treated diabetics showed no correlation with the patient's age at the time of testing when the duration of diabetes was taken into account. Diabetics who did not require insulin for treatment but who were I.C.Ab.-positive showed a significant tendency to subsequently require insulin and to have a higher prevalence of other autoantibodies than insulin-independent diabetics who were I.C.Ab.-negative. Persistence of I.C.Ab. for more than five years from diagnosis of diabetes was associated with coexistent overt organ-specific A.I.D. and with HLA-B8, A1, and A1 + B8.", "PMID": 320073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7240", "title": "Does insulin need a second messenger?", "content": "It is well established that specific binding sites for insulin are present on the plasma membranes of target tissues. In order to explain how insulin regulates a wide variety of biologic functions both on the surface of the cell as well as in its interior, it has been postulated that insulin generates a second messenger at the cell surface. To date, however, no second messenger for insulin has been identified that can carry out all of insulin's known actions. Recent studies have demonstrated that, in addition to the plasma membrane, other subcellular organelles, such as the nucleus, have specific binding sites for insulin. There is also evidence indicating that large serum proteins such as albumin, large protein hormones such as prolactin, and small protein hormones such as insulin can enter intact cells. It is hypothesized, therefore, that insulin has at least two mechanisms of action on target tissues. One mechanism entails the direct binding of insulin to the plasma membrane, which in turn leads to its well-known effects on membrane transport. The other mechanism requires the entry of insulin itself into the interior of the cell and its subsequent direct binding to subcellular organelles. This latter process then serves to mediate many of the known intracellular functions of insulin.", "contents": "Does insulin need a second messenger? It is well established that specific binding sites for insulin are present on the plasma membranes of target tissues. In order to explain how insulin regulates a wide variety of biologic functions both on the surface of the cell as well as in its interior, it has been postulated that insulin generates a second messenger at the cell surface. To date, however, no second messenger for insulin has been identified that can carry out all of insulin's known actions. Recent studies have demonstrated that, in addition to the plasma membrane, other subcellular organelles, such as the nucleus, have specific binding sites for insulin. There is also evidence indicating that large serum proteins such as albumin, large protein hormones such as prolactin, and small protein hormones such as insulin can enter intact cells. It is hypothesized, therefore, that insulin has at least two mechanisms of action on target tissues. One mechanism entails the direct binding of insulin to the plasma membrane, which in turn leads to its well-known effects on membrane transport. The other mechanism requires the entry of insulin itself into the interior of the cell and its subsequent direct binding to subcellular organelles. This latter process then serves to mediate many of the known intracellular functions of insulin.", "PMID": 320074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7241", "title": "Long-term survival of adult rat islets of langerhans in artificial capillary culture units.", "content": "Pancreatic islets from adult rats were cultured in artificial capillary cultury units that were perfused with nutrient medium. In this in-vitro culture system, islets remain functional for at least 97 days. As determined by insulin radioimmunoassay of the culture medium, islets continue to secrete insulin. Furthermore, islets responded to high glucose concentration in the perifusion medium by increased insulin release throughout the duration of the culture period. A normal appearance of individual epitheloid islet cells and the presence of aldehyde-fuchsin-positive granules were observed in islets fixed in medium. As indicated by the prolonged maintenance of tissue-specific function, the present simple technique for organ culture of intact islets should be useful for providing new information on the long-term effects in vitro of various factors on islet function and a means for the preservation of islets for transplantation.", "contents": "Long-term survival of adult rat islets of langerhans in artificial capillary culture units. Pancreatic islets from adult rats were cultured in artificial capillary cultury units that were perfused with nutrient medium. In this in-vitro culture system, islets remain functional for at least 97 days. As determined by insulin radioimmunoassay of the culture medium, islets continue to secrete insulin. Furthermore, islets responded to high glucose concentration in the perifusion medium by increased insulin release throughout the duration of the culture period. A normal appearance of individual epitheloid islet cells and the presence of aldehyde-fuchsin-positive granules were observed in islets fixed in medium. As indicated by the prolonged maintenance of tissue-specific function, the present simple technique for organ culture of intact islets should be useful for providing new information on the long-term effects in vitro of various factors on islet function and a means for the preservation of islets for transplantation.", "PMID": 320075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7242", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism and pancreatic islet-cell function in thalassemia major.", "content": "To investigate the development of diabetes mellitus in patients with thalassemia major, plasma glucose and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels following oral glucose and intravenous tolbutamide and glucose disappearance rates following intravenous insulin were measured in 10 patients before and during five years on a high transfusion program (HTP). Plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) levels following oral glucose, intravenous insulin, and arginine were measured during the sixth year. Serial percutaneous liver biopsies were performed on seven patients. The oral glucose tolerance tests (OGAT) and mean peak IRI levels were normal in nine of 10 patients before HTP. After HTP was begun a progressive deterioration of OGTT occurred despite normal IRI levels. Following tolbutamide, the mean per cent fall in plasma glucose in the patients before HTP was significantly less than in controls (p less than 0.01) and similar to that of controls during five years of HTP in spite of higher than normal peak IRI levels. Of seven survivors after six years of HTP, three had normal OGTT and four had chemical diabetes; mean peak IRI levels were normal, but fasting IRG levels were significantly higher than in controls (p less than 0.05). In all seven patients, plasma IRG failed to increase following insulin-induced hypoglycemia and was significantly higher than in controls after arginine (p less than 0.01); after oral glucose, plasma IRG fell significantly below that of fasting only in the patients with chemical diabetes (p less than 0.03). Following intravenous insulin, the mean per cent fall in glucose before and during HTP was significantly less than in controls (p less than 0.01). Hemosiderosis and cirrhosis were present in all biopsied patients. Four patients died; two had chemical and two had nonketotic insulin-dependent diabetes. These data suggest that diabetes mellitus occurs frequently in patients with thalassemia on HTP and that insulin resistance and hyperglucagonemia, possibly due to cirrhosis, are important etiologic factors.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism and pancreatic islet-cell function in thalassemia major. To investigate the development of diabetes mellitus in patients with thalassemia major, plasma glucose and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels following oral glucose and intravenous tolbutamide and glucose disappearance rates following intravenous insulin were measured in 10 patients before and during five years on a high transfusion program (HTP). Plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) levels following oral glucose, intravenous insulin, and arginine were measured during the sixth year. Serial percutaneous liver biopsies were performed on seven patients. The oral glucose tolerance tests (OGAT) and mean peak IRI levels were normal in nine of 10 patients before HTP. After HTP was begun a progressive deterioration of OGTT occurred despite normal IRI levels. Following tolbutamide, the mean per cent fall in plasma glucose in the patients before HTP was significantly less than in controls (p less than 0.01) and similar to that of controls during five years of HTP in spite of higher than normal peak IRI levels. Of seven survivors after six years of HTP, three had normal OGTT and four had chemical diabetes; mean peak IRI levels were normal, but fasting IRG levels were significantly higher than in controls (p less than 0.05). In all seven patients, plasma IRG failed to increase following insulin-induced hypoglycemia and was significantly higher than in controls after arginine (p less than 0.01); after oral glucose, plasma IRG fell significantly below that of fasting only in the patients with chemical diabetes (p less than 0.03). Following intravenous insulin, the mean per cent fall in glucose before and during HTP was significantly less than in controls (p less than 0.01). Hemosiderosis and cirrhosis were present in all biopsied patients. Four patients died; two had chemical and two had nonketotic insulin-dependent diabetes. These data suggest that diabetes mellitus occurs frequently in patients with thalassemia on HTP and that insulin resistance and hyperglucagonemia, possibly due to cirrhosis, are important etiologic factors.", "PMID": 320076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7243", "title": "Possible roles of the pancreatic D-cell in the normal and diabetic states.", "content": "The A-, D-, and B-cells--the islet cells that contain, respectively, immunoreactive glucagon, somatostatin, and insulin--are distributed within a specialized heterocellular region of the islets of Langerhans as if to permit heterologous contacts between all three cell types. Inasmuch as each one of the three secretory products of these three cell types influences the secretion of at least one of its neighboring cells, \"paracrine\" influence on islet hormone secretion becomes a reasonable hypothesis. Glucagon stimulates both insulin and somatostatin release, while insulin and somatostatin both inhibit glucagon release, providing the basis for a feedback relationship through which A-cell secretion may be restrained. In addition, glucagon-mediated insulin secretion may be estrained by glucagon-stimulated somatostatin release. Such intercellular relationships could help determine the composition of the insulin and glucagon mistures released within a given metabolic setting.", "contents": "Possible roles of the pancreatic D-cell in the normal and diabetic states. The A-, D-, and B-cells--the islet cells that contain, respectively, immunoreactive glucagon, somatostatin, and insulin--are distributed within a specialized heterocellular region of the islets of Langerhans as if to permit heterologous contacts between all three cell types. Inasmuch as each one of the three secretory products of these three cell types influences the secretion of at least one of its neighboring cells, \"paracrine\" influence on islet hormone secretion becomes a reasonable hypothesis. Glucagon stimulates both insulin and somatostatin release, while insulin and somatostatin both inhibit glucagon release, providing the basis for a feedback relationship through which A-cell secretion may be restrained. In addition, glucagon-mediated insulin secretion may be estrained by glucagon-stimulated somatostatin release. Such intercellular relationships could help determine the composition of the insulin and glucagon mistures released within a given metabolic setting.", "PMID": 320077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7244", "title": "Contractile proteins and pancreatic beta-cell secretion.", "content": "Much indirect evidence suggests, but does not prove, that insulin secretion depends on contractile proteins similar to those of skeletal muscle and cilia. Such proteins constitute a molecular basis for the emiocytotic extrusion of insulin granules. It is likely that the secretory machinery is complex, requiring over eight proteins. The available evidence is consistent with a model of saltatory granule movement oriented by microtubules and powered by actomyosin contraction in response to elevations in cytosol calcium. Because most diabetics secrete some insulin and because relatively little of the stored B-cell insulin is released in response to hyperglycemia, further research into the molecular mechanism of insulin granule release is needed.", "contents": "Contractile proteins and pancreatic beta-cell secretion. Much indirect evidence suggests, but does not prove, that insulin secretion depends on contractile proteins similar to those of skeletal muscle and cilia. Such proteins constitute a molecular basis for the emiocytotic extrusion of insulin granules. It is likely that the secretory machinery is complex, requiring over eight proteins. The available evidence is consistent with a model of saltatory granule movement oriented by microtubules and powered by actomyosin contraction in response to elevations in cytosol calcium. Because most diabetics secrete some insulin and because relatively little of the stored B-cell insulin is released in response to hyperglycemia, further research into the molecular mechanism of insulin granule release is needed.", "PMID": 320078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7245", "title": "Hyperplasia of \"pancreatic polypeptide\"-cells in the pancreas of juvenile diabetics.", "content": "The cellular composition of the pancreatic islets of juvenile diabetics was studied, using recently developed immunocytochemical methods. B-cells were identified only in juvenile diabetics with a disease of short duration. In chronic juvenile diabetics, the islets which are classically viewed as \"atrophic\", were shown to be composed of glucagon- and of somatostatin-cells. Another type of islets which commonly occurs in the pancreas of juvenile diabetics, i.e. the ribbon-like type first described by Cecil in 1911, appeared to be composed almost exclusively of \"pancreatic polypeptide\" (HPP)-cells. It is suggested that hyperplasia of the HPP-cells in the pancreas of juvenile diabetics results from an atypical type of islet regeneration induced by a severe and prolonged injury to the pancreatic endocrine tissue.", "contents": "Hyperplasia of \"pancreatic polypeptide\"-cells in the pancreas of juvenile diabetics. The cellular composition of the pancreatic islets of juvenile diabetics was studied, using recently developed immunocytochemical methods. B-cells were identified only in juvenile diabetics with a disease of short duration. In chronic juvenile diabetics, the islets which are classically viewed as \"atrophic\", were shown to be composed of glucagon- and of somatostatin-cells. Another type of islets which commonly occurs in the pancreas of juvenile diabetics, i.e. the ribbon-like type first described by Cecil in 1911, appeared to be composed almost exclusively of \"pancreatic polypeptide\" (HPP)-cells. It is suggested that hyperplasia of the HPP-cells in the pancreas of juvenile diabetics results from an atypical type of islet regeneration induced by a severe and prolonged injury to the pancreatic endocrine tissue.", "PMID": 320079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7246", "title": "Effects of L-leucine on the insulin production, oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial ultrastructure of isolated mouse pancreatic islets in tissue culture.", "content": "This study was performed to evaluate whether L-leucine is able to relieve the structural and functional alterations previously described in pancreatic islets exposed in vitro for a prolonged time to a subnormal glucose concentration (3.3 mM). It was found that both the impairment of secretion and the decreased rate of biosynthesis of insulin characteristic of islets cultured for one week in 3.3 mM glucose were prevented by adding 15 mM L-leucine to the culture medium. Further more, the rates of tritiated water production and glucose or leucine oxidation were significantly enhanced after culture in the presence of L-leucine. The rate of DNA synthesis as estimated by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine was, however, unchanged by the presence of L-leucine in the culture medium. Leucine cultured islet cells displayed ultrastructural signs of high functional activity. A detailed morphometric examination revealed fewer but hypertrophic mitochondria. The present results suggest that L-leucine can replace glucose in several respects as a long-term stimulus of the pancreatic B-cells, possibly by acting as a metabolic substrate.", "contents": "Effects of L-leucine on the insulin production, oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial ultrastructure of isolated mouse pancreatic islets in tissue culture. This study was performed to evaluate whether L-leucine is able to relieve the structural and functional alterations previously described in pancreatic islets exposed in vitro for a prolonged time to a subnormal glucose concentration (3.3 mM). It was found that both the impairment of secretion and the decreased rate of biosynthesis of insulin characteristic of islets cultured for one week in 3.3 mM glucose were prevented by adding 15 mM L-leucine to the culture medium. Further more, the rates of tritiated water production and glucose or leucine oxidation were significantly enhanced after culture in the presence of L-leucine. The rate of DNA synthesis as estimated by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine was, however, unchanged by the presence of L-leucine in the culture medium. Leucine cultured islet cells displayed ultrastructural signs of high functional activity. A detailed morphometric examination revealed fewer but hypertrophic mitochondria. The present results suggest that L-leucine can replace glucose in several respects as a long-term stimulus of the pancreatic B-cells, possibly by acting as a metabolic substrate.", "PMID": 320080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7247", "title": "An apparent inhibition of insulin biosynthesis resulting from inhibition of transport of neutral amino acids by arginine.", "content": "At concentrations higher than 10 mM, the cationic amino acid, arginine, inhibited the incorporation of neutral amino acids such as alanine, threonine, valine and leucine into insulin in the presence of glucose. This inhibitory effect probably did not result from the stimulatory effect of argnine on insulin release because, in the absence of glucose, arginine failed to stimulate insulin release but nevertheless inhibited the incorporation of leucine into insulin. This inhibitory effect of arginine was shared by another basic amino acid, histidine, but not by lysine. Arginine inhibited the incorporation of leucine not only into insulin but also into other islet proteins. This inhibition was not accompanied by any disturbance of glucose metabolism in the islet cells. Further studies indicated that the inhibition of incorporation resulted primarily from the interference of uptake of the neutral amino acids by arginine.", "contents": "An apparent inhibition of insulin biosynthesis resulting from inhibition of transport of neutral amino acids by arginine. At concentrations higher than 10 mM, the cationic amino acid, arginine, inhibited the incorporation of neutral amino acids such as alanine, threonine, valine and leucine into insulin in the presence of glucose. This inhibitory effect probably did not result from the stimulatory effect of argnine on insulin release because, in the absence of glucose, arginine failed to stimulate insulin release but nevertheless inhibited the incorporation of leucine into insulin. This inhibitory effect of arginine was shared by another basic amino acid, histidine, but not by lysine. Arginine inhibited the incorporation of leucine not only into insulin but also into other islet proteins. This inhibition was not accompanied by any disturbance of glucose metabolism in the islet cells. Further studies indicated that the inhibition of incorporation resulted primarily from the interference of uptake of the neutral amino acids by arginine.", "PMID": 320081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7248", "title": "Developmental studies of vitellogenesis in a dipteran insect, Chironomus thummi.", "content": "Vitellogenesis of developing oocytes of a Dipteran insect Chironomus thummi has been investigated. The onset of yolk deposition is marked by the differentiation of the oolemma including the formation of microvilli and endocytosis. These changes are accompanied by the appearance of small electron dense granules, similar in density to the yolk platelets, arising through the sequential accumulation of material into the matrices of the multivesicular bodies (MVBs). These latter structures are produced in the previtellogenic oocytes of the pharate pupae and early pharate adults. Often the limiting membrane of the MVBs bears bristle coats resembling those of the coated vesicles of pinocytotic origin, suggesting that it is through the fusion with the pinocytotic vesicles that the accumulation of dense material in the MVBs results. That the Mvbs transform into structures resembling yolk granules is supported by statistical analysis which indicates that the decrease in the number of electron-dense MVBs coincides with the increase in the occurrence of small dense yolk granules. In the late pharate adult stage the yolk granules are considerably larger than those of earlier stages. It is during this period that at least one type of electron-dense granule occurs at the oocyte follicle cell border, and that these apparently contribute to the formation of the vitelline envelope. The results of the present study indicate that preformed oocytic elements, the MVBs, play a strategic role in the formation and arrangement of the yolk granules in Chironomus. Since these structures account for the bulk of the ooplasm, it appears that the MVBs are at least partly responsible for the correct ordering of the cytoplasmic constituents of the oocytes, which is critical for the proper development and differentiation of the embryo.", "contents": "Developmental studies of vitellogenesis in a dipteran insect, Chironomus thummi. Vitellogenesis of developing oocytes of a Dipteran insect Chironomus thummi has been investigated. The onset of yolk deposition is marked by the differentiation of the oolemma including the formation of microvilli and endocytosis. These changes are accompanied by the appearance of small electron dense granules, similar in density to the yolk platelets, arising through the sequential accumulation of material into the matrices of the multivesicular bodies (MVBs). These latter structures are produced in the previtellogenic oocytes of the pharate pupae and early pharate adults. Often the limiting membrane of the MVBs bears bristle coats resembling those of the coated vesicles of pinocytotic origin, suggesting that it is through the fusion with the pinocytotic vesicles that the accumulation of dense material in the MVBs results. That the Mvbs transform into structures resembling yolk granules is supported by statistical analysis which indicates that the decrease in the number of electron-dense MVBs coincides with the increase in the occurrence of small dense yolk granules. In the late pharate adult stage the yolk granules are considerably larger than those of earlier stages. It is during this period that at least one type of electron-dense granule occurs at the oocyte follicle cell border, and that these apparently contribute to the formation of the vitelline envelope. The results of the present study indicate that preformed oocytic elements, the MVBs, play a strategic role in the formation and arrangement of the yolk granules in Chironomus. Since these structures account for the bulk of the ooplasm, it appears that the MVBs are at least partly responsible for the correct ordering of the cytoplasmic constituents of the oocytes, which is critical for the proper development and differentiation of the embryo.", "PMID": 320082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7249", "title": "Effects of diet on glucaric acid concentration in bile and the formation of calcium bilirubinate gallstones.", "content": "The authors reported previously that beta-glucuronidase in bile, especially during biliary infection with Escherichia coli, plays a substantial role in producing cium bilirubinate gallstones. In the present study, bile levels of glucaro-1:4-lactone (measured as glucaric acid) the leading inhibitor of beta-glucuronidase, were measured in both man and in rats fed high, medium, and low protein-fat diets. Glucaric acid and total bilirubin in bile correlated well in human controls but not in gallstone patients. In animal experiments, the levels of these substances in bile were high in rats on high protein-high fat and low in those on low protein-low diets. These data suggest that when bile is infected with E. coli, calcium bilirubinate gallstones seemed to form more easily in patients on low protein-low fat diet than in those consuming food rich in protein and fat. On the other hand, the ratio of lecithin to cholesterol was higher in low protein-low fat rats than in high protein-high fat rats, suggesting that cholesterol gallstones were more likely to form on the latter diet. The animal, clinical, epidemiological, and dietary data are consistent with the known trend to a decreased incidence of calcium bilirubinate and an increased incidence of cholesterol gallstones in Japan.", "contents": "Effects of diet on glucaric acid concentration in bile and the formation of calcium bilirubinate gallstones. The authors reported previously that beta-glucuronidase in bile, especially during biliary infection with Escherichia coli, plays a substantial role in producing cium bilirubinate gallstones. In the present study, bile levels of glucaro-1:4-lactone (measured as glucaric acid) the leading inhibitor of beta-glucuronidase, were measured in both man and in rats fed high, medium, and low protein-fat diets. Glucaric acid and total bilirubin in bile correlated well in human controls but not in gallstone patients. In animal experiments, the levels of these substances in bile were high in rats on high protein-high fat and low in those on low protein-low diets. These data suggest that when bile is infected with E. coli, calcium bilirubinate gallstones seemed to form more easily in patients on low protein-low fat diet than in those consuming food rich in protein and fat. On the other hand, the ratio of lecithin to cholesterol was higher in low protein-low fat rats than in high protein-high fat rats, suggesting that cholesterol gallstones were more likely to form on the latter diet. The animal, clinical, epidemiological, and dietary data are consistent with the known trend to a decreased incidence of calcium bilirubinate and an increased incidence of cholesterol gallstones in Japan.", "PMID": 320083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7250", "title": "Unusual complication of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube.", "content": "Reported here is the first description of innominate vein obstruction by esophageal tamponade. The syndrome is characterized by local edema of the area drained by the vein. The diagnosis can be made by phlebography. Deflation of the balloon corrects the problem.", "contents": "Unusual complication of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube. Reported here is the first description of innominate vein obstruction by esophageal tamponade. The syndrome is characterized by local edema of the area drained by the vein. The diagnosis can be made by phlebography. Deflation of the balloon corrects the problem.", "PMID": 320084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7251", "title": "[Investigations on the contraceptive action of the Graefenberg ring. Historical review (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological activity of 2 Graefenberg rings was tested in vitro by electrone microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The investigation showed that Graefenberg rings made of silver contain a varying amount of copper. The Graefenberg rings showed dissociation of copper in vitro which probably also occurred in the uterine cavity. The effect of the copper on the endometrium was probably a factor in the good contraceptive effectiveness of the Graefenberg silver ring compared for the silk thread intrauterine pessaries.", "contents": "[Investigations on the contraceptive action of the Graefenberg ring. Historical review (author's transl)]. The biological activity of 2 Graefenberg rings was tested in vitro by electrone microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The investigation showed that Graefenberg rings made of silver contain a varying amount of copper. The Graefenberg rings showed dissociation of copper in vitro which probably also occurred in the uterine cavity. The effect of the copper on the endometrium was probably a factor in the good contraceptive effectiveness of the Graefenberg silver ring compared for the silk thread intrauterine pessaries.", "PMID": 320089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7252", "title": "[The treatment of threatened abortion (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prospective study 265 patients with threatened abortions were divided into 2 groups. One group of 134 patients received treatment with Oestradiol benzoat and hydroxyprogesterone capronat. The other group of 131 patients received no hormonal treatment. Of the group treated with hormones 40.7% of the women had an abortion. Of the group treated with placebos 39.7% of the patients had an abortion. There was therefore no difference in the success rate of the treatment of threatened abortion irrespective of the administration of hormones or placebos. The value of hormonal therapy in the treatment of threatened abortion is therefore questionable.", "contents": "[The treatment of threatened abortion (author's transl)]. In a prospective study 265 patients with threatened abortions were divided into 2 groups. One group of 134 patients received treatment with Oestradiol benzoat and hydroxyprogesterone capronat. The other group of 131 patients received no hormonal treatment. Of the group treated with hormones 40.7% of the women had an abortion. Of the group treated with placebos 39.7% of the patients had an abortion. There was therefore no difference in the success rate of the treatment of threatened abortion irrespective of the administration of hormones or placebos. The value of hormonal therapy in the treatment of threatened abortion is therefore questionable.", "PMID": 320090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7253", "title": "Variation in the number of genes coding for salivary amylase in the bank vole, clethrionomys glareola.", "content": "A Danish population of bank voles is polymorphic for three electrophoretically different salivary amylases; A, H and S, of which A is the most common. Both single-, double- and triple banded phenotypes were observed, and in several crosses two electrophoretic forms cosegregated. In addition to the qualitative variation, some individuals show consistent quantitative variation in the relative activities of their amylase bands. This variation has been qualified by spectrophotometrical measurements of the relative amounts of amylase protein in the various bands. --Seventy wild chromosomes were analyzed by determining the amounts of amylase they produced when heterozygous with a laboratory stock chromosome known to carry two closely linked amylase genes, both coding for a fourth electrophoretic variant, B. The amount of A-protein divided by half the amount of B-protein was used as an estimate of the number of A-genes on the tested chromosomes. The wild chromosomes fell into three clearly distinguishable classes: 9 clustered around a gene number estimate of one, 45 chromosomes yielded estimates around two genes, and the gene number estimate of the remaining 16 was close to three. The integer values of the gene number estimates and the cosegregation of electrophoretically different salivary amylases are consistent with the model that the population is polymorphic for chromosomes with either one, two, or three closely linked amylase genes. It is suggested that such gene number variation may be more common than generally recognized, and some other reported cases of quantitative enzyme variation, for instance that of human red cell acid phosphatase, are interpreted in terms of variation in the number of genes involved.", "contents": "Variation in the number of genes coding for salivary amylase in the bank vole, clethrionomys glareola. A Danish population of bank voles is polymorphic for three electrophoretically different salivary amylases; A, H and S, of which A is the most common. Both single-, double- and triple banded phenotypes were observed, and in several crosses two electrophoretic forms cosegregated. In addition to the qualitative variation, some individuals show consistent quantitative variation in the relative activities of their amylase bands. This variation has been qualified by spectrophotometrical measurements of the relative amounts of amylase protein in the various bands. --Seventy wild chromosomes were analyzed by determining the amounts of amylase they produced when heterozygous with a laboratory stock chromosome known to carry two closely linked amylase genes, both coding for a fourth electrophoretic variant, B. The amount of A-protein divided by half the amount of B-protein was used as an estimate of the number of A-genes on the tested chromosomes. The wild chromosomes fell into three clearly distinguishable classes: 9 clustered around a gene number estimate of one, 45 chromosomes yielded estimates around two genes, and the gene number estimate of the remaining 16 was close to three. The integer values of the gene number estimates and the cosegregation of electrophoretically different salivary amylases are consistent with the model that the population is polymorphic for chromosomes with either one, two, or three closely linked amylase genes. It is suggested that such gene number variation may be more common than generally recognized, and some other reported cases of quantitative enzyme variation, for instance that of human red cell acid phosphatase, are interpreted in terms of variation in the number of genes involved.", "PMID": 320091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7254", "title": "Proteinase mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Fifty-nine mutants with reduced ability to cleave the chymotrypsin substrate N-acetyl-DL-phenylalanine beta-naphthyl ester have been isolated in S. cerevisiae. All have reduced levels of one or more of the three well-characterized proteinases in yeast. All have reduced levels of proteinase C (carboxy-peptidase Y). These mutations define 16 complementation groups.", "contents": "Proteinase mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fifty-nine mutants with reduced ability to cleave the chymotrypsin substrate N-acetyl-DL-phenylalanine beta-naphthyl ester have been isolated in S. cerevisiae. All have reduced levels of one or more of the three well-characterized proteinases in yeast. All have reduced levels of proteinase C (carboxy-peptidase Y). These mutations define 16 complementation groups.", "PMID": 320092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7255", "title": "The effect of ochre suppression on meiosis and ascospore formation in Saccharomyces.", "content": "The effect of altered tyrosyl-tRNAs on the developmental process of sporulation was examined. Mutations in eight independent loci resulting in tyrosine-inserting nonsense suppressor were tested for their effects on sporulation. Different levels of inhibition were found ranging from SUP3-omicron, which caused the greatest reduction of sporulation (7-17% of wild type), to SUP11-omicron which caused no reduction in sporulation. Since the SUP3-omicron mutation exhibited the greatest effect, it was studied in detail. Although SUP3-omicron is a dominant nonsense suppressor, its effect on sporulation is recessive. Expression of the sporulation deficiency is dependent upon the stage of transfer from glucose growth medium (i.e., log, early stationary, etc.) to sporulation medium. SUP3-omicron/SUP3-omicron diploid cells transferred from log or early stationary phase are capable of sporulation, whereas cells transferred after early stationary phase (i.e., after adaptation to respiration) exhibit poor sporulative ability. Sporulation events were examined under restrictive conditions to observe those events completed by SUP3-omicron/SUP3-omicron diploids. The early events of sporulation occur in these cells. Later events are completed by progressively fewer cells. Premeiotic DNA synthesis occurred in approximately 40% of the cells, nuclear segregation occurred in 20%, and finally, only 2% formed asci. The fact that fewer late-sporulation events occur under restrictive conditions can be explained by increased efficiency of suppression.", "contents": "The effect of ochre suppression on meiosis and ascospore formation in Saccharomyces. The effect of altered tyrosyl-tRNAs on the developmental process of sporulation was examined. Mutations in eight independent loci resulting in tyrosine-inserting nonsense suppressor were tested for their effects on sporulation. Different levels of inhibition were found ranging from SUP3-omicron, which caused the greatest reduction of sporulation (7-17% of wild type), to SUP11-omicron which caused no reduction in sporulation. Since the SUP3-omicron mutation exhibited the greatest effect, it was studied in detail. Although SUP3-omicron is a dominant nonsense suppressor, its effect on sporulation is recessive. Expression of the sporulation deficiency is dependent upon the stage of transfer from glucose growth medium (i.e., log, early stationary, etc.) to sporulation medium. SUP3-omicron/SUP3-omicron diploid cells transferred from log or early stationary phase are capable of sporulation, whereas cells transferred after early stationary phase (i.e., after adaptation to respiration) exhibit poor sporulative ability. Sporulation events were examined under restrictive conditions to observe those events completed by SUP3-omicron/SUP3-omicron diploids. The early events of sporulation occur in these cells. Later events are completed by progressively fewer cells. Premeiotic DNA synthesis occurred in approximately 40% of the cells, nuclear segregation occurred in 20%, and finally, only 2% formed asci. The fact that fewer late-sporulation events occur under restrictive conditions can be explained by increased efficiency of suppression.", "PMID": 320093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7256", "title": "A genetic fine structure analysis of the suppressor 3 locus in Saccharomyces.", "content": "A meiotic fine structure map of a yeast tyrosine-inserting ochre suppressor, SUP3-omicron, was constructed. This was accomplished by examining ten intragenic suppressor-inactive revertants for their relationship to each other and to the original SUP3-omicron mutation. The second-site revertants map on both sides of the SUP3-omicron mutation. The meiotic map length based on the summation of short intervals is 45+/10(5) asci.", "contents": "A genetic fine structure analysis of the suppressor 3 locus in Saccharomyces. A meiotic fine structure map of a yeast tyrosine-inserting ochre suppressor, SUP3-omicron, was constructed. This was accomplished by examining ten intragenic suppressor-inactive revertants for their relationship to each other and to the original SUP3-omicron mutation. The second-site revertants map on both sides of the SUP3-omicron mutation. The meiotic map length based on the summation of short intervals is 45+/10(5) asci.", "PMID": 320094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7257", "title": "Controlled trial of synthetic D-penicillamine and prednisone in maintenance therapy for active chronic hepatitis.", "content": "In view of promising, but uncontrolled, reports of the use of D-penicillamine in active chronic hepatitis, a randomised, prospective, controlled trial of this drug against prednisone was carried out. Of the 35 patients entered, 18 received D-penicillamine (increasing to 1-2 g daily) and 17 prednisone (15 mg daily). In all patients the disease had already been brought under biochemical control with corticosteroids. During the first year of the trial, the treatment of nine patients in the D-penicillamine group was discontinued (two because of lack of disease control and seven because of side-effects) compared with six patients in the prednisone group (four because of lack of disease control, one because of side-effects, and one because of the development of carcinomatosis. Detailed statistical analysis of the liver function tests in the patients remaining in the trial at the end of the year showed no significant differences. D-penicillamine is associated with a higher frequency of side-effects than is prednisone. However, in some patients it is as satisfactory as prednisone in keeping the disease under control.", "contents": "Controlled trial of synthetic D-penicillamine and prednisone in maintenance therapy for active chronic hepatitis. In view of promising, but uncontrolled, reports of the use of D-penicillamine in active chronic hepatitis, a randomised, prospective, controlled trial of this drug against prednisone was carried out. Of the 35 patients entered, 18 received D-penicillamine (increasing to 1-2 g daily) and 17 prednisone (15 mg daily). In all patients the disease had already been brought under biochemical control with corticosteroids. During the first year of the trial, the treatment of nine patients in the D-penicillamine group was discontinued (two because of lack of disease control and seven because of side-effects) compared with six patients in the prednisone group (four because of lack of disease control, one because of side-effects, and one because of the development of carcinomatosis. Detailed statistical analysis of the liver function tests in the patients remaining in the trial at the end of the year showed no significant differences. D-penicillamine is associated with a higher frequency of side-effects than is prednisone. However, in some patients it is as satisfactory as prednisone in keeping the disease under control.", "PMID": 320109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7258", "title": "Correlation between hepatic morphology and immunoglobulins and antibodies to Escherichia coli in cirrhosis.", "content": "Increased antibody production and hypergammaglobulinaemia in cirrhosis are probably to a large extent due to decreased hepatic extraction of antigens. The deceased extraction is presumably related to changed microcirculation caused by damaged anatomical structure of the liver. It is therefore to be expected that immunoglobulin and antibody levels in serum in cirrhotic patients are related to the degree of certain morphological changes of the liver. This hypothesis has been tested. In 50 patients with cirrhosis, 28 alcoholics and 22 non-alcoholics, the degree of architectural destruction, the degree of fibrosis, the degree of fatty infiltration, and the degree of \"activity\" were compared with immunoglobulins G, A, and M and E. coli O antibody levels. The comparison was carried out within each of the aetiological groups. Identical relationships were found in both groups. Patients with completely destroyed lobular architecture had higher levels of E. coli O antibodies than patients with partly destroyed architecture. Patients with severe fibrosis had higher IgA and E. coli O antibody levels than patients with moderate or slight fibrosis. Patients with moderate and severe steatosis and patients with no or slight steatosis had the same immunoglobulin and E. coli O antibody levels. Patients with active cirrhosis had higher IgG levels than patients with inactive cirrhosis. When architectural destruction and fibrosis were combined significantly higher IgG, IgA, IgM, and E. coli antibodies were found in the group with the most severe changes. These findings support the hypothesis that immunoglobulin and antibody levels are related to the degree of morphological changes in the liver--namely, destruction of lobular architecture, fibrosis, and \"activity\".", "contents": "Correlation between hepatic morphology and immunoglobulins and antibodies to Escherichia coli in cirrhosis. Increased antibody production and hypergammaglobulinaemia in cirrhosis are probably to a large extent due to decreased hepatic extraction of antigens. The deceased extraction is presumably related to changed microcirculation caused by damaged anatomical structure of the liver. It is therefore to be expected that immunoglobulin and antibody levels in serum in cirrhotic patients are related to the degree of certain morphological changes of the liver. This hypothesis has been tested. In 50 patients with cirrhosis, 28 alcoholics and 22 non-alcoholics, the degree of architectural destruction, the degree of fibrosis, the degree of fatty infiltration, and the degree of \"activity\" were compared with immunoglobulins G, A, and M and E. coli O antibody levels. The comparison was carried out within each of the aetiological groups. Identical relationships were found in both groups. Patients with completely destroyed lobular architecture had higher levels of E. coli O antibodies than patients with partly destroyed architecture. Patients with severe fibrosis had higher IgA and E. coli O antibody levels than patients with moderate or slight fibrosis. Patients with moderate and severe steatosis and patients with no or slight steatosis had the same immunoglobulin and E. coli O antibody levels. Patients with active cirrhosis had higher IgG levels than patients with inactive cirrhosis. When architectural destruction and fibrosis were combined significantly higher IgG, IgA, IgM, and E. coli antibodies were found in the group with the most severe changes. These findings support the hypothesis that immunoglobulin and antibody levels are related to the degree of morphological changes in the liver--namely, destruction of lobular architecture, fibrosis, and \"activity\".", "PMID": 320110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7259", "title": "Zinc in ulcerative colitis: a therapeutic trial and report on plasma levels.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial of oral zinc sulphate as adjuvant treatment in idiopathic ulcerative colitis or proctitis in relapse is reported. Fifty-one patients were treated, and the clinical and sigmoidoscopic improvement in the zinc treated patients was similar to that in patients receiving placebo. No difference was found between plasma zinc levels in a further 46 patients with idiopathic ulcerative colitis or proctitis and those obtained in a group of healthy controls.", "contents": "Zinc in ulcerative colitis: a therapeutic trial and report on plasma levels. A double-blind controlled trial of oral zinc sulphate as adjuvant treatment in idiopathic ulcerative colitis or proctitis in relapse is reported. Fifty-one patients were treated, and the clinical and sigmoidoscopic improvement in the zinc treated patients was similar to that in patients receiving placebo. No difference was found between plasma zinc levels in a further 46 patients with idiopathic ulcerative colitis or proctitis and those obtained in a group of healthy controls.", "PMID": 320111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7260", "title": "Controlled trial of Duogastrone in duodenal ulcer.", "content": "A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of carbenoxolone, as 50 mg Duogastrone capsules, and in a dose of 200 mg daily for 12 weeks, was carried out in 40 ambulant subjects with endoscopically diganosed duodenal ulceration, of whom 34 were available for final analysis. Each patient was seen every two weeks and endoscoped at four, eight and 12 weeks. Serum carbenoxolone was measured at each visit. Complete ulcer healing occurred in a significantly greater number of patients receiving Duogastrone than placebo, the significance being greater after four and eight weeks treatment (P less than 0-01) than at 12 weeks (P less than 0-02). While significant symptomatic improvement also was achieved (P less than 0-05), but only after 12 weeks on Duogastrone, there was much closer correlation between ulcer healing and symptom relief, 69% on Duogastrone returning to normal, compared with 22% of controls (P less than 0-02). Rise of systolic blood pressure and reduction in serum potassium levels, especially during the last four treatment weeks, were the most common effects noted in patients taking Duogastrone, and five patients required thiazide diuretics and potassium supplements. Higher serum carbenoxolone levels were found in patients with healed ulcers as well as in those with more marked side-effects.", "contents": "Controlled trial of Duogastrone in duodenal ulcer. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of carbenoxolone, as 50 mg Duogastrone capsules, and in a dose of 200 mg daily for 12 weeks, was carried out in 40 ambulant subjects with endoscopically diganosed duodenal ulceration, of whom 34 were available for final analysis. Each patient was seen every two weeks and endoscoped at four, eight and 12 weeks. Serum carbenoxolone was measured at each visit. Complete ulcer healing occurred in a significantly greater number of patients receiving Duogastrone than placebo, the significance being greater after four and eight weeks treatment (P less than 0-01) than at 12 weeks (P less than 0-02). While significant symptomatic improvement also was achieved (P less than 0-05), but only after 12 weeks on Duogastrone, there was much closer correlation between ulcer healing and symptom relief, 69% on Duogastrone returning to normal, compared with 22% of controls (P less than 0-02). Rise of systolic blood pressure and reduction in serum potassium levels, especially during the last four treatment weeks, were the most common effects noted in patients taking Duogastrone, and five patients required thiazide diuretics and potassium supplements. Higher serum carbenoxolone levels were found in patients with healed ulcers as well as in those with more marked side-effects.", "PMID": 320112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7261", "title": "Correlation between survival, ability to rejoin DNA and stability of DNA after preirradiation inhibition of protein synthesis in a rec mutant of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "A 90 min inhibition of protein synthesis induced by starvation for amino acids (AA-) or by treatment with chloramphenicol (CAP) prior to UV irradiation (2.5 Jm-2) increased the resistance of the strain Escherichia coli K12 SR19 to UV radiation more than ten-fold. Under these conditions, cultures in which protein synthesis was inhibited before the UV irradiation rejoin short regions of DNA synthesized after the irradiation to a normal-size molecule, whereas an exponentially growing culture does not rejoin DNA synthesized after UV irradiation to a molecule of a normal size. In the exponentially growing culture both the parental and the newly synthesized DNA are unstable after the irradiation. In cultures with inhibited protein synthesis only the parental DNA is somewhat unstable. In Escherichia coli K12 SR19 where protein synthesis was inhibited before the irradiation, a correlation between the survival of cells, the ability to rejoin short regions of DNA synthesized after UV irradiation and a higher stability of both parental and newly synthesized DNAs could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Correlation between survival, ability to rejoin DNA and stability of DNA after preirradiation inhibition of protein synthesis in a rec mutant of Escherichia coli K12. A 90 min inhibition of protein synthesis induced by starvation for amino acids (AA-) or by treatment with chloramphenicol (CAP) prior to UV irradiation (2.5 Jm-2) increased the resistance of the strain Escherichia coli K12 SR19 to UV radiation more than ten-fold. Under these conditions, cultures in which protein synthesis was inhibited before the UV irradiation rejoin short regions of DNA synthesized after the irradiation to a normal-size molecule, whereas an exponentially growing culture does not rejoin DNA synthesized after UV irradiation to a molecule of a normal size. In the exponentially growing culture both the parental and the newly synthesized DNA are unstable after the irradiation. In cultures with inhibited protein synthesis only the parental DNA is somewhat unstable. In Escherichia coli K12 SR19 where protein synthesis was inhibited before the irradiation, a correlation between the survival of cells, the ability to rejoin short regions of DNA synthesized after UV irradiation and a higher stability of both parental and newly synthesized DNAs could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 320114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7262", "title": "[Problems and tasks of psychology in terminal kidney failure in childhood].", "content": "After a review on aspects of the role of the chronically ill the social competence of psychological prossess of adaptation and effects of the disease on the family of the child with chronic renal failure are reported. Futhermore, psychological aspects of renal transplantation as well as tasks and structures of psychological management are discussed.", "contents": "[Problems and tasks of psychology in terminal kidney failure in childhood]. After a review on aspects of the role of the chronically ill the social competence of psychological prossess of adaptation and effects of the disease on the family of the child with chronic renal failure are reported. Futhermore, psychological aspects of renal transplantation as well as tasks and structures of psychological management are discussed.", "PMID": 320115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7263", "title": "Inhibition of protein kinase activity from Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma gambiense by 3'-deoxyadenosine.", "content": "3'-Deoxydadenosine was found to be a potent inhibitor of nucleoside-stimulated protein kinase activity from culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma gambiense. The type of inhibition by 3'-deoxyadenosine was competitive with respect to ATP. The inhibition constants for 3'-deoxyadenosine were determined to be 0.11mM and 0.085mM for the enzyme from T. cruzi and T. gambiense, respectively. The apparent Km value for ATP was 0.2mM for both enzymes. 2'-Deoxyadenosine was less effective as inhibitor of the protein kinase activity. The inhibition constants were calculated to be 0.8mM and 0.67mM, respectively.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein kinase activity from Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma gambiense by 3'-deoxyadenosine. 3'-Deoxydadenosine was found to be a potent inhibitor of nucleoside-stimulated protein kinase activity from culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma gambiense. The type of inhibition by 3'-deoxyadenosine was competitive with respect to ATP. The inhibition constants for 3'-deoxyadenosine were determined to be 0.11mM and 0.085mM for the enzyme from T. cruzi and T. gambiense, respectively. The apparent Km value for ATP was 0.2mM for both enzymes. 2'-Deoxyadenosine was less effective as inhibitor of the protein kinase activity. The inhibition constants were calculated to be 0.8mM and 0.67mM, respectively.", "PMID": 320116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7264", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of position 1 analogs of LH-RH.", "content": "(Formyl-sarcosine)1-LH-RH (I), (acetyl-sarcosine)1-LH-RH (II), (2-pyrrolidone-4-carboxylic acid)1-LH-RH (III), (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone-4-carboxylic acid)1-LH-RH (IV, hydroxyproline1-LH-RH (V) and (cylcopentane-carboxylic acid)1-LH-RH (VI) were synthesized by solid phase methods on a benzhydrylamine resin support. Peptides I-IV were assayed for LH- and FSH-releasing activity over a 4-h period after subcutaneous infection into immature male rats in order to detect any prolongation ofactivity. The peptides were found to have the following integrated LH-releasing activities compared with LH-RH: I, 64%; II, 72%; III, 19%; IV, 58%. None of the peptides were found to be longer acting than LH-RH. Peptides V and VI were far less active, 0.001% and 1.4%, respectively.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of position 1 analogs of LH-RH. (Formyl-sarcosine)1-LH-RH (I), (acetyl-sarcosine)1-LH-RH (II), (2-pyrrolidone-4-carboxylic acid)1-LH-RH (III), (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone-4-carboxylic acid)1-LH-RH (IV, hydroxyproline1-LH-RH (V) and (cylcopentane-carboxylic acid)1-LH-RH (VI) were synthesized by solid phase methods on a benzhydrylamine resin support. Peptides I-IV were assayed for LH- and FSH-releasing activity over a 4-h period after subcutaneous infection into immature male rats in order to detect any prolongation ofactivity. The peptides were found to have the following integrated LH-releasing activities compared with LH-RH: I, 64%; II, 72%; III, 19%; IV, 58%. None of the peptides were found to be longer acting than LH-RH. Peptides V and VI were far less active, 0.001% and 1.4%, respectively.", "PMID": 320124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7265", "title": "Morphology and physiology of salivary myoepithelial cells.", "content": "Myoepithelial cells, which occur in many but not all exocrine glands, are usually quite conspicuous in salivary glands. Their contractile nature seems established beyond doubt, and the morphological similarities to smooth muscle cells are close enough to suggest that they contract by a similar, if not the same, mechanism. Morphologically speaking, they seem to possess a dual autonomic innervation, but, functionally speaking, the sympathetic control seems usually to be more important that the parasympathetic. While their contraction undoubtedly causes a transitory increase in the rate of delivery of saliva to the oral cavity, the principal function of the cells seems to be to prevent distension of the endpieces during secretion. This is achieved partly by providing support for the endpiece and partly by a widening and shortening of the intercalated ducts, which has the effect of lowering the outflow resistance.", "contents": "Morphology and physiology of salivary myoepithelial cells. Myoepithelial cells, which occur in many but not all exocrine glands, are usually quite conspicuous in salivary glands. Their contractile nature seems established beyond doubt, and the morphological similarities to smooth muscle cells are close enough to suggest that they contract by a similar, if not the same, mechanism. Morphologically speaking, they seem to possess a dual autonomic innervation, but, functionally speaking, the sympathetic control seems usually to be more important that the parasympathetic. While their contraction undoubtedly causes a transitory increase in the rate of delivery of saliva to the oral cavity, the principal function of the cells seems to be to prevent distension of the endpieces during secretion. This is achieved partly by providing support for the endpiece and partly by a widening and shortening of the intercalated ducts, which has the effect of lowering the outflow resistance.", "PMID": 320128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7266", "title": "Microvascular changes in canine renal allograft rejection: a correlative microangiographic and histologic study.", "content": "The progressive microvascular changes occurring during unmodified renal allograft rejection were studied in 22 dogs utilizing post-mortem barium sulfate perfusion microangiography. Sixteen dogs (7 autografts, 8 ischemia controls and 1 hydronephrotic animal) made up a control group. The microradiographic findings were correlated with intravenous urography, coagulation profiles and histopathologic studies. Vascular obstruction and obliteration occur from the outer cortex inward and involve sequentially, capillaries, efferent arterioles, glomeruli, afferent arterioles and interlobular arteries. A-V communications develop late and are due to a loss in vascular integrity. Medullary vascular obliteration occurs subsequent to cortical changes. The microangiographic changes mirror the hstologically evident cellular infiltrate, vascular damage and eventual hemorrhagic necrosis. The appearance of fibrin split products in the plasma late in rejection and the dramatic vascular occlusive changes seen microangiographically suggest that localized intravascular coagulation occurs during rejection.", "contents": "Microvascular changes in canine renal allograft rejection: a correlative microangiographic and histologic study. The progressive microvascular changes occurring during unmodified renal allograft rejection were studied in 22 dogs utilizing post-mortem barium sulfate perfusion microangiography. Sixteen dogs (7 autografts, 8 ischemia controls and 1 hydronephrotic animal) made up a control group. The microradiographic findings were correlated with intravenous urography, coagulation profiles and histopathologic studies. Vascular obstruction and obliteration occur from the outer cortex inward and involve sequentially, capillaries, efferent arterioles, glomeruli, afferent arterioles and interlobular arteries. A-V communications develop late and are due to a loss in vascular integrity. Medullary vascular obliteration occurs subsequent to cortical changes. The microangiographic changes mirror the hstologically evident cellular infiltrate, vascular damage and eventual hemorrhagic necrosis. The appearance of fibrin split products in the plasma late in rejection and the dramatic vascular occlusive changes seen microangiographically suggest that localized intravascular coagulation occurs during rejection.", "PMID": 320151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7267", "title": "Microangiography of rejected human kidney transplants.", "content": "A microangiographic study of 17 rejected and surgically removed human kidney transplants, three transplants removed for other reasons and two adequately perfused and preserved but not transplanted cadaver kidneys was performed. Transplants rejected with acute clinical course showed poor or variable glomerular filling and tapering cortical arteries with no impairment of medullary perfusion, more extensively in those transplants showing poor initial function. Chronic rejection, independent of other parameters showed lack of cortical perfusion, and glomerular filling; impaired perfusion of whole segments, arterial wall narrowing and changes secondary to kidney shrinkage. The radiographic patterns of chronic and acute rejection were distinguishable from each other and from nonrejected specimens.", "contents": "Microangiography of rejected human kidney transplants. A microangiographic study of 17 rejected and surgically removed human kidney transplants, three transplants removed for other reasons and two adequately perfused and preserved but not transplanted cadaver kidneys was performed. Transplants rejected with acute clinical course showed poor or variable glomerular filling and tapering cortical arteries with no impairment of medullary perfusion, more extensively in those transplants showing poor initial function. Chronic rejection, independent of other parameters showed lack of cortical perfusion, and glomerular filling; impaired perfusion of whole segments, arterial wall narrowing and changes secondary to kidney shrinkage. The radiographic patterns of chronic and acute rejection were distinguishable from each other and from nonrejected specimens.", "PMID": 320152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7268", "title": "The effect of intravenous sodium diatrizoate on the function of the transplanted canine kidney.", "content": "The response of the canine renal autograft and allograft was measured following intravenous injection of 1 cc/kg 50% sodium diatrizoate (50% Hypaque). There was no significant effect on glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow immediately after injection; likewise there was no significant change in GFR 24 hours following injection compared to control animals.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous sodium diatrizoate on the function of the transplanted canine kidney. The response of the canine renal autograft and allograft was measured following intravenous injection of 1 cc/kg 50% sodium diatrizoate (50% Hypaque). There was no significant effect on glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow immediately after injection; likewise there was no significant change in GFR 24 hours following injection compared to control animals.", "PMID": 320153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7269", "title": "Probability of survival in hypertensive and nonhypertensive patients on maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "The actuarial survival rate for 58 unselected patients who entered a program of maintenance hemodialysis and transplantation was found to be 43.0 +/- 8.3 (SE)% for the six-year period of observation. The survival rate was considerably lower in hypertensive patients as well as in patients with familial Mediterranean fever with amyloidosis, all of whom were nonhypertensive. When the patients with familial Mediterranean fever were excluded from the non-hypertensive group, the expected survival rate of this group became greater than that of the hypertensive group, the difference being about 25% in five years and about 50% in six years. This difference in the survival rate approaches that between normotensive subjects and untreated severely hypertensive patients in the general population. It is concluded that hypertension is a serious limiting factor in the survival of patients on chronic hemodialysis, and that the difference in survival between the hypertensive and the non-hypertensive patients is attributable to hypertension.", "contents": "Probability of survival in hypertensive and nonhypertensive patients on maintenance hemodialysis. The actuarial survival rate for 58 unselected patients who entered a program of maintenance hemodialysis and transplantation was found to be 43.0 +/- 8.3 (SE)% for the six-year period of observation. The survival rate was considerably lower in hypertensive patients as well as in patients with familial Mediterranean fever with amyloidosis, all of whom were nonhypertensive. When the patients with familial Mediterranean fever were excluded from the non-hypertensive group, the expected survival rate of this group became greater than that of the hypertensive group, the difference being about 25% in five years and about 50% in six years. This difference in the survival rate approaches that between normotensive subjects and untreated severely hypertensive patients in the general population. It is concluded that hypertension is a serious limiting factor in the survival of patients on chronic hemodialysis, and that the difference in survival between the hypertensive and the non-hypertensive patients is attributable to hypertension.", "PMID": 320159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7270", "title": "Rhinoscleroma.", "content": "Rhinoscleroma may present a diagnostic problem when encountered outside endemic region. Two young men from Gaza with tumor-like masses of scleroma in the nasal cavities and the nasopharynx are described. Histological examination of biopsy material from the nasal lesions showed pathognomonic Mikulicz cells, and cultures grew Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis. Both patients responded well to antibiotic treatment.", "contents": "Rhinoscleroma. Rhinoscleroma may present a diagnostic problem when encountered outside endemic region. Two young men from Gaza with tumor-like masses of scleroma in the nasal cavities and the nasopharynx are described. Histological examination of biopsy material from the nasal lesions showed pathognomonic Mikulicz cells, and cultures grew Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis. Both patients responded well to antibiotic treatment.", "PMID": 320160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7271", "title": "[Description of human hair and skin by Martin Frobenius Lederm\u00fcller (1719-1769)].", "content": "As a result of his research extended over several years the lawyer and naturalist Martin Frobenius Lederm\u00fcller published in 1761 the \"Mikroskopische Gem\u00fcths- und Augen-Erg\u00f6tzung\". His book contains 100 coloured copper etchings dealing with all aspects of nature and a detailed accompanying text. Two copper etchings which depict human hair and skin will be reproduced here along with excerpts of the original descriptions.", "contents": "[Description of human hair and skin by Martin Frobenius Lederm\u00fcller (1719-1769)]. As a result of his research extended over several years the lawyer and naturalist Martin Frobenius Lederm\u00fcller published in 1761 the \"Mikroskopische Gem\u00fcths- und Augen-Erg\u00f6tzung\". His book contains 100 coloured copper etchings dealing with all aspects of nature and a detailed accompanying text. Two copper etchings which depict human hair and skin will be reproduced here along with excerpts of the original descriptions.", "PMID": 320162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7272", "title": "[The present status of vestibular testing (author's transl)].", "content": "Proceeding from the standard aims of every vestibular test, modern fine-quantitative investigatory methods with or without electronystagmographic recording in opposition to the systematic search for spontaneous and provoked nystagmus are presented with a view to their value for medical practice. Examination of spontaneous nystagmus and provoked nystagmus including the fistula symptom and coarse-quantitative excitability tests still represents the most important and most profitable part of the vestibular investigation. For modern research methods standardization of nomenclature and restriction of their plurality are as necessary as a method, which takes in not only single parameters but the whole data contents of vestibular reactions. The practicability of the method is documented by the author's own research work in this field.", "contents": "[The present status of vestibular testing (author's transl)]. Proceeding from the standard aims of every vestibular test, modern fine-quantitative investigatory methods with or without electronystagmographic recording in opposition to the systematic search for spontaneous and provoked nystagmus are presented with a view to their value for medical practice. Examination of spontaneous nystagmus and provoked nystagmus including the fistula symptom and coarse-quantitative excitability tests still represents the most important and most profitable part of the vestibular investigation. For modern research methods standardization of nomenclature and restriction of their plurality are as necessary as a method, which takes in not only single parameters but the whole data contents of vestibular reactions. The practicability of the method is documented by the author's own research work in this field.", "PMID": 320167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7273", "title": "The pig synovium, II. Some properties of isolated intimal cells.", "content": "I. The effect of trypsinization. Certain physiological and immunological properties of isolated intimal synoviocytes were studied in various in vitro systems. Suspensions of the synoviocytes were obtained by incubating sheets of joint capsule in a solution of trypsin and then scraping off the intimal cells with a small knife. Synovium was examined immediately after trypsinization, but before scraping, by light and electron microscopy. The intimal cells had withdrawn many of their long processes, acquired lamelliform pseudopodia, and somewhat resembled cells of the A-type (Barland et al. 1962). To test the viability of the trypsinized synovium, fragments of trypsinized joint capsule were explanted in organ culture with the intima in contact with a Millipore substrate (Fell et al. 1976). After two days the intimal synoviocytes had become branched and, as in untreated control explants, now resembled B-cells. II. Phagocytosis and opsonic adherence. In a freshly prepared suspension of synoviocytes scraped from trypsinized synovial tissue many cells were still branched, but during 1 1/4 hours' incubation in serum-containing medium the majority had withdrawn their processes and become rounded. Cells in the branched form had little capacity for phagocytosis, but most of those in the rounded form were actively phagocytic. After suspensions of intimal cells had been incubated with opsonized sheep erythrocytes, most of the rounded, but none of the few remaining branched cells, had formed rosettes. Intimal cells from scraped synovial tissue were maintained in Sykes-Moore chambers for periods of up to 48 hours. Although the young pig synovium contains only a small proportion of macrophage-like (A-type) cells, in the cultures the cell population consisted of cells indistinguishable from macrophages, with a few small colonies of typical fibroblasts. In marked contrast to the fibroblasts, the macrophage-like cells in the Sykes-Moore cultures were highly phagocytic and formed conspicuous opsonic rosettes. Excessive phagocytosis inhibited subsequent rosetting by the macrophage-like cells. III. The effect of antiserum, with and without complement, on synovial cells. In view of earlier work by Fell & Barratt (1973) the effect of rabbit antiserum to pig erythrocytes (AS) with and without serum complement (C') on intimal synoviocytes in a Sykes-Moore chamber was investigated. AS+C' either lysed the macrophage-like cells or caused them to fuse into multinucleate giant cells. In the presence of AS without C', the macrophage-like cells formed large lakes of multinucleated cytoplasm. Fibroblasts in the same cultures were much more resistant to lysis by AS+C' and did not form multinucleate giant cells when exposed to AS either with or without C'.", "contents": "The pig synovium, II. Some properties of isolated intimal cells. I. The effect of trypsinization. Certain physiological and immunological properties of isolated intimal synoviocytes were studied in various in vitro systems. Suspensions of the synoviocytes were obtained by incubating sheets of joint capsule in a solution of trypsin and then scraping off the intimal cells with a small knife. Synovium was examined immediately after trypsinization, but before scraping, by light and electron microscopy. The intimal cells had withdrawn many of their long processes, acquired lamelliform pseudopodia, and somewhat resembled cells of the A-type (Barland et al. 1962). To test the viability of the trypsinized synovium, fragments of trypsinized joint capsule were explanted in organ culture with the intima in contact with a Millipore substrate (Fell et al. 1976). After two days the intimal synoviocytes had become branched and, as in untreated control explants, now resembled B-cells. II. Phagocytosis and opsonic adherence. In a freshly prepared suspension of synoviocytes scraped from trypsinized synovial tissue many cells were still branched, but during 1 1/4 hours' incubation in serum-containing medium the majority had withdrawn their processes and become rounded. Cells in the branched form had little capacity for phagocytosis, but most of those in the rounded form were actively phagocytic. After suspensions of intimal cells had been incubated with opsonized sheep erythrocytes, most of the rounded, but none of the few remaining branched cells, had formed rosettes. Intimal cells from scraped synovial tissue were maintained in Sykes-Moore chambers for periods of up to 48 hours. Although the young pig synovium contains only a small proportion of macrophage-like (A-type) cells, in the cultures the cell population consisted of cells indistinguishable from macrophages, with a few small colonies of typical fibroblasts. In marked contrast to the fibroblasts, the macrophage-like cells in the Sykes-Moore cultures were highly phagocytic and formed conspicuous opsonic rosettes. Excessive phagocytosis inhibited subsequent rosetting by the macrophage-like cells. III. The effect of antiserum, with and without complement, on synovial cells. In view of earlier work by Fell & Barratt (1973) the effect of rabbit antiserum to pig erythrocytes (AS) with and without serum complement (C') on intimal synoviocytes in a Sykes-Moore chamber was investigated. AS+C' either lysed the macrophage-like cells or caused them to fuse into multinucleate giant cells. In the presence of AS without C', the macrophage-like cells formed large lakes of multinucleated cytoplasm. Fibroblasts in the same cultures were much more resistant to lysis by AS+C' and did not form multinucleate giant cells when exposed to AS either with or without C'.", "PMID": 320168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7274", "title": "Norvaline accumulation by regulatory mutants of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "A gene coding for desensitized L-threonine dehydratase was transduced with phage PS20 into a leucine accumulator of Serratia marcescens Sr41. The transductant converted L-threonine to alpha-ketobutyrate, a precursor of both norvaline and isoleucine. An isoleucine-valine auxotroph of the transductant accumulated large amount of norvaline from L-threonine as well as from D-threonine.", "contents": "Norvaline accumulation by regulatory mutants of Serratia marcescens. A gene coding for desensitized L-threonine dehydratase was transduced with phage PS20 into a leucine accumulator of Serratia marcescens Sr41. The transductant converted L-threonine to alpha-ketobutyrate, a precursor of both norvaline and isoleucine. An isoleucine-valine auxotroph of the transductant accumulated large amount of norvaline from L-threonine as well as from D-threonine.", "PMID": 320169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7275", "title": "Mutational biosynthesis by idiotrophs of Micromonospora purpurea. I. Conversion of aminocyclitols to new aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "By mutation and strain improvement techniques idiotrophs of Micromonospora purpurea, the gentamicin-producing organism, were obtained which require an exogenous source of 2-deoxystreptamine in order to produce gentamicin. Streptamine incorporation afforded a mixture of 2-hydroxygentamicin C as a complex of essentially the C1 and C2 components whereas 2-deoxystreptamine when incorporated by the same idiotroph afforded the same mixture of C1, C2 and C1a gentamicins as the parent (m1) organism. The 2-hydroxygentamicin C complex exhibited broad-spectrum antibiotic activity with an in vitro potency less than that for the gentamicin C complex, but with greater activity against selected gentamicin C resistant organisms. The LD 50 (i.v.) in mice of the 2-hydroxygentamicin C complex indicated that it had approximately half the toxicity of the gentamicin C complex. 2, 5-Dideoxystreptamine affordeda C1, C2, and C1a mixture of 5-deoxygentamicins, which also had broad spectrum activity, and exhibited improved activity against several gentamicin-acetylating strains of resistant bacteria. The LD50 (i.v.) in mice of the 5-deoxygentamicin C complex indicated that it was about 2.5 times more toxic than the gentamicin C complex. Two derivatives of 2,5-dideoxystreptamine afforded the same mixture of 5-deoxygentamicins. 2-Epistreptamine upon supplementation to a broth containing growing cultures of these idiotrophs also produced antibiotic.", "contents": "Mutational biosynthesis by idiotrophs of Micromonospora purpurea. I. Conversion of aminocyclitols to new aminoglycoside antibiotics. By mutation and strain improvement techniques idiotrophs of Micromonospora purpurea, the gentamicin-producing organism, were obtained which require an exogenous source of 2-deoxystreptamine in order to produce gentamicin. Streptamine incorporation afforded a mixture of 2-hydroxygentamicin C as a complex of essentially the C1 and C2 components whereas 2-deoxystreptamine when incorporated by the same idiotroph afforded the same mixture of C1, C2 and C1a gentamicins as the parent (m1) organism. The 2-hydroxygentamicin C complex exhibited broad-spectrum antibiotic activity with an in vitro potency less than that for the gentamicin C complex, but with greater activity against selected gentamicin C resistant organisms. The LD 50 (i.v.) in mice of the 2-hydroxygentamicin C complex indicated that it had approximately half the toxicity of the gentamicin C complex. 2, 5-Dideoxystreptamine affordeda C1, C2, and C1a mixture of 5-deoxygentamicins, which also had broad spectrum activity, and exhibited improved activity against several gentamicin-acetylating strains of resistant bacteria. The LD50 (i.v.) in mice of the 5-deoxygentamicin C complex indicated that it was about 2.5 times more toxic than the gentamicin C complex. Two derivatives of 2,5-dideoxystreptamine afforded the same mixture of 5-deoxygentamicins. 2-Epistreptamine upon supplementation to a broth containing growing cultures of these idiotrophs also produced antibiotic.", "PMID": 320170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7276", "title": "Comparison of endotoxin and leukocytic pyrogen pyrogenicity in newborn guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs under 8 days of age generally are unable to develop fever (viz., deltaTre greater than 0.5 degrees C) in response to a standardized dose of endotoxin (2 mug/kg iv of Salmonella enteritidis [SE]). This study was undertaken to determine whether this lack of responsiveness might be due to an incapacity of leukocytes from young neonates to produce sufficient leukocytic pyrogen (LP). Three series of experiments were performed at Ta = 27 degrees C: guinea pigs aged 0-2, 4, and 8 days were injected iv with: a) 2, 4, 8, or 16 mug/kg of SE, b) 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 ml of LP generated by 8 mug of SE/25 X 10(6) leukocytes from adult guinea pigs (LPa), or c) 0.1 or 1.0 ml of LP generated by 8 mug of SE/25 X 10(6) leukocytes from 0-5-, 6-12-, and 13-16-day-old guinea pigs (LPn). Adult guinea pigs received iv 1.0 ml of LPa or LPn. The results revealed that fever could be induced in these animals from birth, but the required doses of SE, LPa and LPn were greater the younger the guinea pigs. Under these conditions, LPn, regardless of the donors' ages, produced fever in all the recipients. It is concluded that the pyrogenic unresponsiveness of newborn guinea pigs to endotoxin may be related not to an inability of leukocytes from these neonates to elaborate LP, but rather to an insensitivity of, presumably, their hypothalamic febrogenic mechanisms to low levels of LP.", "contents": "Comparison of endotoxin and leukocytic pyrogen pyrogenicity in newborn guinea pigs. Guinea pigs under 8 days of age generally are unable to develop fever (viz., deltaTre greater than 0.5 degrees C) in response to a standardized dose of endotoxin (2 mug/kg iv of Salmonella enteritidis [SE]). This study was undertaken to determine whether this lack of responsiveness might be due to an incapacity of leukocytes from young neonates to produce sufficient leukocytic pyrogen (LP). Three series of experiments were performed at Ta = 27 degrees C: guinea pigs aged 0-2, 4, and 8 days were injected iv with: a) 2, 4, 8, or 16 mug/kg of SE, b) 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 ml of LP generated by 8 mug of SE/25 X 10(6) leukocytes from adult guinea pigs (LPa), or c) 0.1 or 1.0 ml of LP generated by 8 mug of SE/25 X 10(6) leukocytes from 0-5-, 6-12-, and 13-16-day-old guinea pigs (LPn). Adult guinea pigs received iv 1.0 ml of LPa or LPn. The results revealed that fever could be induced in these animals from birth, but the required doses of SE, LPa and LPn were greater the younger the guinea pigs. Under these conditions, LPn, regardless of the donors' ages, produced fever in all the recipients. It is concluded that the pyrogenic unresponsiveness of newborn guinea pigs to endotoxin may be related not to an inability of leukocytes from these neonates to elaborate LP, but rather to an insensitivity of, presumably, their hypothalamic febrogenic mechanisms to low levels of LP.", "PMID": 320171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7277", "title": "Air embolism with positive-pressure ventilation of rats.", "content": "Although air embolism is known to occur in humans and animals when the lung is overdistended, very few cases have been reported to be associated with positive-pressure ventilation. We have observed that air embolism occurs in rats ventilated with high inspiratory pressures (70 cmH2O) associated with high end-expiratory pressures (10 cmH2O). However, it does not occur in normal rats if the end-expiratory pressure is less than 5 cmH2O or the peak inspiratory pressure is below 60 cmH2O when the frequency of ventilation is 30. Hemorrhagic shock predisposes to air embolism, whereas conditions with pulmonary edema (fluid overloading, lung injury from ventilation with high inspiratory and low expiratory pressures, or oxygen toxicity) decrease the probability of its occurrence.", "contents": "Air embolism with positive-pressure ventilation of rats. Although air embolism is known to occur in humans and animals when the lung is overdistended, very few cases have been reported to be associated with positive-pressure ventilation. We have observed that air embolism occurs in rats ventilated with high inspiratory pressures (70 cmH2O) associated with high end-expiratory pressures (10 cmH2O). However, it does not occur in normal rats if the end-expiratory pressure is less than 5 cmH2O or the peak inspiratory pressure is below 60 cmH2O when the frequency of ventilation is 30. Hemorrhagic shock predisposes to air embolism, whereas conditions with pulmonary edema (fluid overloading, lung injury from ventilation with high inspiratory and low expiratory pressures, or oxygen toxicity) decrease the probability of its occurrence.", "PMID": 320172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7278", "title": "Use of three optical systems to obtain a microscopic profile of asbestos and other nonopaque particulate matter larger than 5 mum in parenteral drugs.", "content": "A comparative microscopic study of chrysotile fibers was conducted, using 3 sequential optical systems: plane polarized light (PL), phase contrast (PC), and Nomarski differential interference contrast (NDIC) for complementary image analyses. The introduction of NDIC for qualitative and quantitative analyses of particulate matter greater than 5 mum resolves the problem of diffraction halos encountered in PC microscopy. High optical contrast, the instrumental characteristic of NDIC, is particularly useful for the detection of chrysotile fibers at a magnification of 500 X.", "contents": "Use of three optical systems to obtain a microscopic profile of asbestos and other nonopaque particulate matter larger than 5 mum in parenteral drugs. A comparative microscopic study of chrysotile fibers was conducted, using 3 sequential optical systems: plane polarized light (PL), phase contrast (PC), and Nomarski differential interference contrast (NDIC) for complementary image analyses. The introduction of NDIC for qualitative and quantitative analyses of particulate matter greater than 5 mum resolves the problem of diffraction halos encountered in PC microscopy. High optical contrast, the instrumental characteristic of NDIC, is particularly useful for the detection of chrysotile fibers at a magnification of 500 X.", "PMID": 320173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7279", "title": "Establishment of exponential growth after a nutritional shift-up in Escherichia coli B/r: accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein.", "content": "The accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein was followed in cultures of Escherichia coli B/r during exponential growth in different media and for 2 h after a nutritional shift-up from succinate minimal medium (growth rate [mu1] = 0.67 doublings per h) to glucose plus amino acids medium (mu2 = 3.14 doublings per h). During postshift growth of the culture, the amounts of RNA (R), DNA (D), and protein (P) increased such that the ratios of the increments (delta R/delta P; delta D/delta P) were constants (k1, k2). This implies that the rates of accumulation of nuclei1:k2:1. These constants change from their preshift value to their final postshift value (i.e., k1 and k2) within a few minutes after the shift. k1 is a function of the activity of ribosomes, whereas k2 is related to the initiation of rounds of DNA replication. These parameters and the observed change in the doubling time of RNA (= mu2/mu1) were used to derive kinetic equations that describe the accumulation of DNA, RNA, protein, and cell mass during the 2- to 3-h transition period after a shift-up. The calculated kinetics agree closely with the observed kinetics.", "contents": "Establishment of exponential growth after a nutritional shift-up in Escherichia coli B/r: accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein. The accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein was followed in cultures of Escherichia coli B/r during exponential growth in different media and for 2 h after a nutritional shift-up from succinate minimal medium (growth rate [mu1] = 0.67 doublings per h) to glucose plus amino acids medium (mu2 = 3.14 doublings per h). During postshift growth of the culture, the amounts of RNA (R), DNA (D), and protein (P) increased such that the ratios of the increments (delta R/delta P; delta D/delta P) were constants (k1, k2). This implies that the rates of accumulation of nuclei1:k2:1. These constants change from their preshift value to their final postshift value (i.e., k1 and k2) within a few minutes after the shift. k1 is a function of the activity of ribosomes, whereas k2 is related to the initiation of rounds of DNA replication. These parameters and the observed change in the doubling time of RNA (= mu2/mu1) were used to derive kinetic equations that describe the accumulation of DNA, RNA, protein, and cell mass during the 2- to 3-h transition period after a shift-up. The calculated kinetics agree closely with the observed kinetics.", "PMID": 320174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7280", "title": "Mutants of Escherichia coli \"cryptic\" for certain periplasmic enzymes: evidence for an alteration of the outer membrane.", "content": "Mutants in which the expression of periplasmic enzymes by whole cells is reduced (termed \"cryptic\") are also found to show greatly reduced uptake of labeled adenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-AMP), providing a rapid assay for crypticity. The crypticity of 3'- and 5'-nucleotidase has been examined as a function of substrate concentration. The Km for 3'- or 5'-AMP increases in the cryptic mutants when whole cells are used as the enzyme source. The Vmax is not altered. Electrophoretic analysis of protein prepared from cell envelopes showed that three cryptic mutants have a polypeptide absent from the outer membrane and a relatively high proportion of a polypeptide in the inner membrane. Analysis of the molar ratios of constituent sugars of the lipopolysaccharides showed no differences between three cryptic mutants and the parent strain. One cryptic mutant (3--41), however, has altered sensitivity to phage T4. By selection for phage resistance, derivatives of the cryptic mutants that are deoxycholate sensitive have been obtained. These mutants are no longer cryptic. We suggest that cryptic mutants have an altered outer membrane, with decreased permeability to 3'- and 5'-AMP, as a result of an altered polypeptide.", "contents": "Mutants of Escherichia coli \"cryptic\" for certain periplasmic enzymes: evidence for an alteration of the outer membrane. Mutants in which the expression of periplasmic enzymes by whole cells is reduced (termed \"cryptic\") are also found to show greatly reduced uptake of labeled adenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-AMP), providing a rapid assay for crypticity. The crypticity of 3'- and 5'-nucleotidase has been examined as a function of substrate concentration. The Km for 3'- or 5'-AMP increases in the cryptic mutants when whole cells are used as the enzyme source. The Vmax is not altered. Electrophoretic analysis of protein prepared from cell envelopes showed that three cryptic mutants have a polypeptide absent from the outer membrane and a relatively high proportion of a polypeptide in the inner membrane. Analysis of the molar ratios of constituent sugars of the lipopolysaccharides showed no differences between three cryptic mutants and the parent strain. One cryptic mutant (3--41), however, has altered sensitivity to phage T4. By selection for phage resistance, derivatives of the cryptic mutants that are deoxycholate sensitive have been obtained. These mutants are no longer cryptic. We suggest that cryptic mutants have an altered outer membrane, with decreased permeability to 3'- and 5'-AMP, as a result of an altered polypeptide.", "PMID": 320175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7281", "title": "Volume-related mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in zygotes and vegetative cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The synthesis of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells has been examined during conjugation, in preconjugal conditions, and in control cultures that were not exposed to obverse diffusible sex factors. The ratios of mitochondrial to nuclear DNA varied from about 0.1 in control cells, to about 0.3 in alpha cells exposed for 180 min to cell-free culture medium from a cells, and to about 0.4 in conjugating cells 150 min after mixing. The enhanced levels of mitochondrial DNA during preconjugal and conjugal conditions seem correlated with enhanced cell volumes. Likewise, amounts of mitochondrial DNA in vegetative cells were found to be correlated with cytoplasmic volumes.", "contents": "Volume-related mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in zygotes and vegetative cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The synthesis of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells has been examined during conjugation, in preconjugal conditions, and in control cultures that were not exposed to obverse diffusible sex factors. The ratios of mitochondrial to nuclear DNA varied from about 0.1 in control cells, to about 0.3 in alpha cells exposed for 180 min to cell-free culture medium from a cells, and to about 0.4 in conjugating cells 150 min after mixing. The enhanced levels of mitochondrial DNA during preconjugal and conjugal conditions seem correlated with enhanced cell volumes. Likewise, amounts of mitochondrial DNA in vegetative cells were found to be correlated with cytoplasmic volumes.", "PMID": 320176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7282", "title": "EcoRI cleavage sites in the argECBH region of the Escherichia coli chromosome.", "content": "The EcoRI cleavage of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) from lambdadarg phages, carrying argECBH, has been examined. The phages are derived from the heat-inducible, lysis-defective strain lambda y199,  and their bacterial DNA, including argECBH, is derived from Escherichia coli K-12. Such cleavage of the phage DNAs, in each case, produces the D, E, and F segments of lambda. Additionally, these DNAs yield segments, ordered from left to right, of length (in kilobases [kb]) determined by electron microscopy and 0.7% agarose slab gel electrophoresis as follows: lambdadarg13 (ppc argECBH bfe), 13.9, 2.8, 1.5, and 5.6; lambdadarg14 (ppc argECBH), 3.0, 2.0, 17.3, and 6.2; and lambdadarg23 (argECBH), 18.4 and 6.2. For lambdadarg13 sup102 DNA, the segment analogous to the 13.9-kb segment measures 12.2 kb. The direction from left to right corresponds to the clockwise orientation of the E. coli genetic map. The EcoRI segments define five cleavage sites near the arg region of the E. coli chromosome. For each of the DNAs, the arg genes occur on the largest segment produced. The 17.3-kb segment, being entirely bacterial, represents the argECBH-bearing EcoRI segment of the E. coli chromosome. The location of the arg genes was demonstrated electron microscopically in heteroduplex experiments.", "contents": "EcoRI cleavage sites in the argECBH region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. The EcoRI cleavage of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) from lambdadarg phages, carrying argECBH, has been examined. The phages are derived from the heat-inducible, lysis-defective strain lambda y199,  and their bacterial DNA, including argECBH, is derived from Escherichia coli K-12. Such cleavage of the phage DNAs, in each case, produces the D, E, and F segments of lambda. Additionally, these DNAs yield segments, ordered from left to right, of length (in kilobases [kb]) determined by electron microscopy and 0.7% agarose slab gel electrophoresis as follows: lambdadarg13 (ppc argECBH bfe), 13.9, 2.8, 1.5, and 5.6; lambdadarg14 (ppc argECBH), 3.0, 2.0, 17.3, and 6.2; and lambdadarg23 (argECBH), 18.4 and 6.2. For lambdadarg13 sup102 DNA, the segment analogous to the 13.9-kb segment measures 12.2 kb. The direction from left to right corresponds to the clockwise orientation of the E. coli genetic map. The EcoRI segments define five cleavage sites near the arg region of the E. coli chromosome. For each of the DNAs, the arg genes occur on the largest segment produced. The 17.3-kb segment, being entirely bacterial, represents the argECBH-bearing EcoRI segment of the E. coli chromosome. The location of the arg genes was demonstrated electron microscopically in heteroduplex experiments.", "PMID": 320177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7283", "title": "Isolation and characterization of lambda pleu bacteriophages.", "content": "In the Escherichia coli lysogen HfrH73 described by Shimada et al. (1973), none of the enzymes coded for by the leucine operon is synthesized due to an insertion of phage lambda into cistron leuA. The orientation of lambda in the chromosome is ara leuDCB lambda JAN leuA. After heat induction of the lysogen, plaque-forming transducing phages of two types are formed at low frequency. One type (e.g., lambda pleu9) transduces leuD, leuC, and leuB strains to prototrophy. The other type (e.g., lambda pleu 13) transduces leuA strains to prototrophy. lambda pleu 13 forms lysogens at low frequency (about 0.2%) by integration into the leucine operon. These lysogens are unstable, segregating phage-sensitive clones at high frequency (about 1%). Phages carrying different portions of the leucine operon were formed by aberrant excision after heat induction of strain CV437 (leuA371 lambda pleu13). A phage carrying the entire leucine operon (lambda K2) was constructed by a cross between lambda pleu9 and lambda pleu13. An analysis of leucine-forming enzyme levels in strains lysogenized with lambdaK2 indicated that leuO and leuP are present and functional in lambda K2. leu-specific messenger ribonucleic acid from E. coli hybridizes to the heavy (r) strand of lambdaK2. The leucine operon of lambda G4 pleuABCD (an S7 derivative of lambda K2) exists intact on a 7.3 x 10(6)-dalton fragment (lambdaG4EcoRI-B) generated by cleavage with endonuclease EcoRI. Heteroduplexes formed between lambda G4 and lambda show a 5.4 x 10(6)-dalton piece of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replacing a 4.5 x 10(6)-dalton piece of lambda DNA starting at 0.46 fractional unit on the map of lambda. Fragment lambda G4EcoRI-B has about 0.6 x 10(6) daltons of lambda DNA from the b2 region at one end and about 1.4 x 10(6) daltons of lambda DNA from the int region at the other end.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of lambda pleu bacteriophages. In the Escherichia coli lysogen HfrH73 described by Shimada et al. (1973), none of the enzymes coded for by the leucine operon is synthesized due to an insertion of phage lambda into cistron leuA. The orientation of lambda in the chromosome is ara leuDCB lambda JAN leuA. After heat induction of the lysogen, plaque-forming transducing phages of two types are formed at low frequency. One type (e.g., lambda pleu9) transduces leuD, leuC, and leuB strains to prototrophy. The other type (e.g., lambda pleu 13) transduces leuA strains to prototrophy. lambda pleu 13 forms lysogens at low frequency (about 0.2%) by integration into the leucine operon. These lysogens are unstable, segregating phage-sensitive clones at high frequency (about 1%). Phages carrying different portions of the leucine operon were formed by aberrant excision after heat induction of strain CV437 (leuA371 lambda pleu13). A phage carrying the entire leucine operon (lambda K2) was constructed by a cross between lambda pleu9 and lambda pleu13. An analysis of leucine-forming enzyme levels in strains lysogenized with lambdaK2 indicated that leuO and leuP are present and functional in lambda K2. leu-specific messenger ribonucleic acid from E. coli hybridizes to the heavy (r) strand of lambdaK2. The leucine operon of lambda G4 pleuABCD (an S7 derivative of lambda K2) exists intact on a 7.3 x 10(6)-dalton fragment (lambdaG4EcoRI-B) generated by cleavage with endonuclease EcoRI. Heteroduplexes formed between lambda G4 and lambda show a 5.4 x 10(6)-dalton piece of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replacing a 4.5 x 10(6)-dalton piece of lambda DNA starting at 0.46 fractional unit on the map of lambda. Fragment lambda G4EcoRI-B has about 0.6 x 10(6) daltons of lambda DNA from the b2 region at one end and about 1.4 x 10(6) daltons of lambda DNA from the int region at the other end.", "PMID": 320178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7284", "title": "Further mapping of IS2 and IS3 in the lac-purE region of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome: structure of the F-prime ORF203.", "content": "The sequence organization of the F-prime ORF203 was determined by heteroduplex analysis. This large, type II F-prime (Scaife, 1967) contains lac, proC, and purE genes derived from the W1485 subline of Escherichia coli K-12. The IS3 and IS2 elements previously found in the lac-proC-purE region derived from the 58-161 subline (Hu et al., 1975) are also present in the same locations in the bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the W1485 subline. Recombination between the IS2 region of F and an IS2 element located between lac and proC on the bacterial DNA apparently led to the formation of the perental Hfr, OR21. IS2 is thus directly repeated, with one copy of each element appearing at each of the two junctions between F and the bacterial sequences on ORF203. The F plasmid is found together with ORF203 in the plasmid DNA, and this probably forms from ORF203 by recombination between the directly repeated IS2 elements. ORF203 appears to have been excised from the Hfr chromosome by recombination between the IS3 sequence alpha3beta3 located counterclockwise of lac and the directly repeated IS3 sequence alpha4beta4 located clockwise of purE.", "contents": "Further mapping of IS2 and IS3 in the lac-purE region of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome: structure of the F-prime ORF203. The sequence organization of the F-prime ORF203 was determined by heteroduplex analysis. This large, type II F-prime (Scaife, 1967) contains lac, proC, and purE genes derived from the W1485 subline of Escherichia coli K-12. The IS3 and IS2 elements previously found in the lac-proC-purE region derived from the 58-161 subline (Hu et al., 1975) are also present in the same locations in the bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the W1485 subline. Recombination between the IS2 region of F and an IS2 element located between lac and proC on the bacterial DNA apparently led to the formation of the perental Hfr, OR21. IS2 is thus directly repeated, with one copy of each element appearing at each of the two junctions between F and the bacterial sequences on ORF203. The F plasmid is found together with ORF203 in the plasmid DNA, and this probably forms from ORF203 by recombination between the directly repeated IS2 elements. ORF203 appears to have been excised from the Hfr chromosome by recombination between the IS3 sequence alpha3beta3 located counterclockwise of lac and the directly repeated IS3 sequence alpha4beta4 located clockwise of purE.", "PMID": 320179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7285", "title": "Genetic characterization of the temperature-sensitive and suppression phenotypes of Escherichia coli mutant N4316.", "content": "Escherichia coli mutant N4316 is temperature sensitive and exhibits temperature-dependent suppression. These phenotypes are due to separate genes, as shown by reversion and mapping studies. The suppressor mutation was mapped and lies near argF.", "contents": "Genetic characterization of the temperature-sensitive and suppression phenotypes of Escherichia coli mutant N4316. Escherichia coli mutant N4316 is temperature sensitive and exhibits temperature-dependent suppression. These phenotypes are due to separate genes, as shown by reversion and mapping studies. The suppressor mutation was mapped and lies near argF.", "PMID": 320180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7286", "title": "Stability of the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enriched with phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine.", "content": "Spheroplasts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 366, enriched in phosphatidylethanolamine after growth in medium supplemented with 1 mM ethanolamine, were more resistant to osmotic lysis than were spheroplasts from cells grown in the presence of 1 mM choline and enriched in phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "Stability of the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enriched with phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine. Spheroplasts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 366, enriched in phosphatidylethanolamine after growth in medium supplemented with 1 mM ethanolamine, were more resistant to osmotic lysis than were spheroplasts from cells grown in the presence of 1 mM choline and enriched in phosphatidylcholine.", "PMID": 320181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7287", "title": "Carnitine acetyltransferase: candidate for the transfer of acetyl groups through the mitochondrial membrane of yeast.", "content": "On the basis of its specific activity and its affinity for acetyl-coenzyme A, carnitine acetyltransferase appears to be the most likely candidate for acetyl group transfer out of yeast mitochondria.", "contents": "Carnitine acetyltransferase: candidate for the transfer of acetyl groups through the mitochondrial membrane of yeast. On the basis of its specific activity and its affinity for acetyl-coenzyme A, carnitine acetyltransferase appears to be the most likely candidate for acetyl group transfer out of yeast mitochondria.", "PMID": 320182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7288", "title": "Genetics of expression of asparaginase II activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Expression of asparaginase II activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the participation of the products of at least two cistrons, asp2 and asp3, which are unlinked on the yeast genetic map.", "contents": "Genetics of expression of asparaginase II activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of asparaginase II activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the participation of the products of at least two cistrons, asp2 and asp3, which are unlinked on the yeast genetic map.", "PMID": 320183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7289", "title": "Control of cell division in Escherichia coli: effect of amino acid starvation.", "content": "The effect of amino acid starvation on cell division was studied in cells of Escherichia coli B. In this bacterial strain, deprivation of a required amino acid resulted in synchronous cell division upon restoration of the amino acid. This synchronization was apparently due to a shift forward in the cell cycle during the starvation. As a consequence, the cells divided at a size that was smaller than normal.", "contents": "Control of cell division in Escherichia coli: effect of amino acid starvation. The effect of amino acid starvation on cell division was studied in cells of Escherichia coli B. In this bacterial strain, deprivation of a required amino acid resulted in synchronous cell division upon restoration of the amino acid. This synchronization was apparently due to a shift forward in the cell cycle during the starvation. As a consequence, the cells divided at a size that was smaller than normal.", "PMID": 320184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7290", "title": "Influence of the stringent control system on the transcription of ribosomal ribonucleic acid and ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The fraction of the total ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis rate that is messenger RNA (mRNA) for ribosomal protein (r-protein) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has been estimated in valS(Ts) rel+ stringent and valS(Ts) relA1 relaxed strains of Escherichia coli during a partial inhibition of valyl-transfer RNA aminoacylation. The partial inhibition was accomplished by shifting the strains from the permissive growth temperature of 29.5 degrees C to the semipermissive temperature of 35.5 degrees C. The RNA synthesized at the elevated temperature was pulse labeled with [3H]uracil. The fraction of the total incorpoarted 3H radioactivity in r-protein mRNA or in rRNA was estimated by specific hybridization to the transducing phages gammaspc1, which carries about 15 r-protein genes and lambdailv5, which carries an rRNA transcription unit. The results clearly demonstrate that the rel gene influences the fraction of the total RNA synthesis rate that is r protein mRNA and rRNA; in the rel+ strain they are significantly increased relative to control cultures. This indicates that the expression of the genes coding for the RNA and protein component of the ribosome are most likely regulated at the level of transcription. Furthermore, it appears that the distribution of functioning RNA polymerase between rRNA genes, r-protein genes, and other types of genes is influenced by the rel gene control system; presumably this influence is mediated through the unusual nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate.", "contents": "Influence of the stringent control system on the transcription of ribosomal ribonucleic acid and ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli. The fraction of the total ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis rate that is messenger RNA (mRNA) for ribosomal protein (r-protein) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has been estimated in valS(Ts) rel+ stringent and valS(Ts) relA1 relaxed strains of Escherichia coli during a partial inhibition of valyl-transfer RNA aminoacylation. The partial inhibition was accomplished by shifting the strains from the permissive growth temperature of 29.5 degrees C to the semipermissive temperature of 35.5 degrees C. The RNA synthesized at the elevated temperature was pulse labeled with [3H]uracil. The fraction of the total incorpoarted 3H radioactivity in r-protein mRNA or in rRNA was estimated by specific hybridization to the transducing phages gammaspc1, which carries about 15 r-protein genes and lambdailv5, which carries an rRNA transcription unit. The results clearly demonstrate that the rel gene influences the fraction of the total RNA synthesis rate that is r protein mRNA and rRNA; in the rel+ strain they are significantly increased relative to control cultures. This indicates that the expression of the genes coding for the RNA and protein component of the ribosome are most likely regulated at the level of transcription. Furthermore, it appears that the distribution of functioning RNA polymerase between rRNA genes, r-protein genes, and other types of genes is influenced by the rel gene control system; presumably this influence is mediated through the unusual nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate.", "PMID": 320185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7291", "title": "Repression and inhibition of transport systems for branched-chain amino acids in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Kinetics of the transport systems common for entry of L-isoleucine, L-leucine, and L-valine in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 have been analyzed as a function of substrateconcentration in the range of 0.5 to 45 muM. The systems of transport mutants, KA203 (ilvT3) and KA204 (ilvT4), are composed of two components; apparent Km values for uptake of isoleucine, leucine, and valine by the low Km component are 2 muM, 2 to 3 muM, and 1 muM, respectively, and by the high Km component 30 muM, 20 to 40 muM, and 0.1 mM, respectively. The transport system(s) of the wild type has not been separated into components but rather displays single Km values of 9 muM for isoleucine, 10 muM for leucine, and 30 muM for valine. The transport activity of the wild type was repressed by L-leucine, alpha ketoisocaproate, glycyl-L-isoleucine, glycyl-L-leucine, and glycyl-L-methionine. That for the transport mutants was repressed by L-alanine, L-isoleucine, L-methionine, L-valine, alpha-ketoisovalerate, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, glycyl-L-alanine, glycyl-L-threonine, and glycyl-L-valine, in addition to the compounds described above. Repression of the mutant transport systems resulted in disappearance of the low Km component for valine uptake, together with a decrease in Vmax of the high Km component; the kinetic analysis with isoleucine and leucine as substrates was not possible because of poor uptake. The maximum reduction of the transport activity for isoleucine was obtained after growing cells for two to three generations in a medium supplemented with repressor, and for the depression, protein synthesis was essential after removal of the repressor. The transport activity for labeled isoleucine in the transport mutant and wild-type strains was inhibited by unlabeled L-alanine, L-cysteine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-methionine, L-threonine, and L-valine. D-Amino acids neither repressed nor inhibited the transport activity of cells for entry of isoleucine.", "contents": "Repression and inhibition of transport systems for branched-chain amino acids in Salmonella typhimurium. Kinetics of the transport systems common for entry of L-isoleucine, L-leucine, and L-valine in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 have been analyzed as a function of substrateconcentration in the range of 0.5 to 45 muM. The systems of transport mutants, KA203 (ilvT3) and KA204 (ilvT4), are composed of two components; apparent Km values for uptake of isoleucine, leucine, and valine by the low Km component are 2 muM, 2 to 3 muM, and 1 muM, respectively, and by the high Km component 30 muM, 20 to 40 muM, and 0.1 mM, respectively. The transport system(s) of the wild type has not been separated into components but rather displays single Km values of 9 muM for isoleucine, 10 muM for leucine, and 30 muM for valine. The transport activity of the wild type was repressed by L-leucine, alpha ketoisocaproate, glycyl-L-isoleucine, glycyl-L-leucine, and glycyl-L-methionine. That for the transport mutants was repressed by L-alanine, L-isoleucine, L-methionine, L-valine, alpha-ketoisovalerate, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, glycyl-L-alanine, glycyl-L-threonine, and glycyl-L-valine, in addition to the compounds described above. Repression of the mutant transport systems resulted in disappearance of the low Km component for valine uptake, together with a decrease in Vmax of the high Km component; the kinetic analysis with isoleucine and leucine as substrates was not possible because of poor uptake. The maximum reduction of the transport activity for isoleucine was obtained after growing cells for two to three generations in a medium supplemented with repressor, and for the depression, protein synthesis was essential after removal of the repressor. The transport activity for labeled isoleucine in the transport mutant and wild-type strains was inhibited by unlabeled L-alanine, L-cysteine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-methionine, L-threonine, and L-valine. D-Amino acids neither repressed nor inhibited the transport activity of cells for entry of isoleucine.", "PMID": 320186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7292", "title": "Escherichia coli K-12 structural kdgT mutants exhibiting thermosensitive 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate uptake.", "content": "A specific method is described for selecting thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 able to grow on 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate (KDG) and D-glucuronate at 2, but not at 42 degrees C. The extensive analysis of one such mutant is consistent with the conclusion that the carrier molecule responsible for KDG and glucuronate uptake becomes thermolabile. (i) Growth on a variety of carbon sources is perfectly normal at 28 and 42 degrees C, whereas in the same temperature range it gradually diminishes on KDG and glucuronate. (ii) The apparent Km value for KDG is about twofold in the range 25 to 40 degrees C. In the same temperature range, the Vmax values for KDG influx are higher for the mutant compared with those of the wild-type strain, but the optimum temperature is 34 degrees C instead of 38 degrees C. On the contrary, the Vmax values for glucuronate influx are lower for the mutant than for the parental strain, and the optimum temperature for both strains is shifted beyond 40 degrees C. (iii) The activation energies for KDG and glucuronate uptake are about twofold higher in the mutant than in the wild-type strain. (iv) Kinetics of counterflow under deenergized conditions (overshoot) at different temperatures indicate that the defect is located in the translocation step rather than in the processes involved in energy coupling. (v) The first-order rate constants for thermal denaturation are, respectively, 2.5- and 5-fold higher at 40 and 30 degrees C in the mutant than in the wild-type strain, and the activation energy for thermal denaturation is lower. (vi) The carrier molecule in the mutant is also much more sensitive to denaturation by N-ethylmaleimide. (vii) Four independent thermosensitive mutations and one revertatn were located by transduction in or near the kdgT locus, defined previously as the site of nonconditional KDG transport-negative mutations. These results support the conclusion that kdgT represents the structural gene coding for the KDG transport system.", "contents": "Escherichia coli K-12 structural kdgT mutants exhibiting thermosensitive 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate uptake. A specific method is described for selecting thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 able to grow on 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate (KDG) and D-glucuronate at 2, but not at 42 degrees C. The extensive analysis of one such mutant is consistent with the conclusion that the carrier molecule responsible for KDG and glucuronate uptake becomes thermolabile. (i) Growth on a variety of carbon sources is perfectly normal at 28 and 42 degrees C, whereas in the same temperature range it gradually diminishes on KDG and glucuronate. (ii) The apparent Km value for KDG is about twofold in the range 25 to 40 degrees C. In the same temperature range, the Vmax values for KDG influx are higher for the mutant compared with those of the wild-type strain, but the optimum temperature is 34 degrees C instead of 38 degrees C. On the contrary, the Vmax values for glucuronate influx are lower for the mutant than for the parental strain, and the optimum temperature for both strains is shifted beyond 40 degrees C. (iii) The activation energies for KDG and glucuronate uptake are about twofold higher in the mutant than in the wild-type strain. (iv) Kinetics of counterflow under deenergized conditions (overshoot) at different temperatures indicate that the defect is located in the translocation step rather than in the processes involved in energy coupling. (v) The first-order rate constants for thermal denaturation are, respectively, 2.5- and 5-fold higher at 40 and 30 degrees C in the mutant than in the wild-type strain, and the activation energy for thermal denaturation is lower. (vi) The carrier molecule in the mutant is also much more sensitive to denaturation by N-ethylmaleimide. (vii) Four independent thermosensitive mutations and one revertatn were located by transduction in or near the kdgT locus, defined previously as the site of nonconditional KDG transport-negative mutations. These results support the conclusion that kdgT represents the structural gene coding for the KDG transport system.", "PMID": 320187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7293", "title": "Accumulation of nucleotides by starved Escherichia coli cells as a probe for the involvement of ribonucleases in ribonucleic acid degradation.", "content": "The acid-soluble ribonucleic acid degradation products formed by Escherichia coli cells starved for a carbon source have been identified. They comprise oligonucleotides, nucleoside diphosphates, 5'- and 3'-nucleoside monophosphates, nucleosides, and free bases. The majority of these products are excreted phates, nucleosides, and free bases. The majority of these products are excreted into the medium, and only small and constant amounts are kept in the pool. During carbon starvation at elevated temperatures, mutants deficient in ribonuclease I do not form oligonucleotides and 3'-nucleoside monophosphates, and mutants that contain a modified form of polynucleotide phosphorylase do not accumulate nucleoside diphosphates. 5'-Nucleoside monophosphates do accumulate, however, in a mutant containing thermoabile ribonuclease II, under conditions where more than 95% of all enzyme activity had been destroyed. The data presented confirm the participation of ribonuclease I and polynucleotide phosphorylase in the final steps of ribonucleic acid degradation and indicate that an exonuclease forming 5'-nucleoside monophosphates is also involved.", "contents": "Accumulation of nucleotides by starved Escherichia coli cells as a probe for the involvement of ribonucleases in ribonucleic acid degradation. The acid-soluble ribonucleic acid degradation products formed by Escherichia coli cells starved for a carbon source have been identified. They comprise oligonucleotides, nucleoside diphosphates, 5'- and 3'-nucleoside monophosphates, nucleosides, and free bases. The majority of these products are excreted phates, nucleosides, and free bases. The majority of these products are excreted into the medium, and only small and constant amounts are kept in the pool. During carbon starvation at elevated temperatures, mutants deficient in ribonuclease I do not form oligonucleotides and 3'-nucleoside monophosphates, and mutants that contain a modified form of polynucleotide phosphorylase do not accumulate nucleoside diphosphates. 5'-Nucleoside monophosphates do accumulate, however, in a mutant containing thermoabile ribonuclease II, under conditions where more than 95% of all enzyme activity had been destroyed. The data presented confirm the participation of ribonuclease I and polynucleotide phosphorylase in the final steps of ribonucleic acid degradation and indicate that an exonuclease forming 5'-nucleoside monophosphates is also involved.", "PMID": 320188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7294", "title": "Escherichia coli membrane proteins with an affinity for deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "From the membrane fraction of Escherichia coli K-12 strain, four protein fractions (peaks I, IIa, IIb, and III) which have affinity for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) have been isolated. The molecular weights of these proteins are between 12,000 and 8,000. Only the peak III fraction contains a protein that binds preferentially to single-stranded DNA, whereas the others contain proteins that bind also to double-stranded DNA. The binding activity of the peak IIb protein is inhibited in the presence of polyuridylic acid. Peak I and peak IIa protein fractions behave like hydrophobic proteins.", "contents": "Escherichia coli membrane proteins with an affinity for deoxyribonucleic acid. From the membrane fraction of Escherichia coli K-12 strain, four protein fractions (peaks I, IIa, IIb, and III) which have affinity for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) have been isolated. The molecular weights of these proteins are between 12,000 and 8,000. Only the peak III fraction contains a protein that binds preferentially to single-stranded DNA, whereas the others contain proteins that bind also to double-stranded DNA. The binding activity of the peak IIb protein is inhibited in the presence of polyuridylic acid. Peak I and peak IIa protein fractions behave like hydrophobic proteins.", "PMID": 320189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7295", "title": "Mode of action of yeast toxins: energy requirement for Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer toxin.", "content": "The role of the energy status of the yeast cell in the sensitivity of cultures to two yeast toxins was examined by using 12K release from cells as a measure of toxin action. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer toxin bound to sensitive cells in the presence of drugs that interfered with the generation or use of energy, but it was unable to efflux 12K from the cells under these conditions. In direct contrast, the Torulopsis glabrata pool efflux-stimulating toxin induced efflux of the yeast 42K pool was insensitive to the presence of energy poisons in cultures. The results indicate that an energized state, maintained at the expense of adenosine 5'-triphosphate from either glycolytic or mitochondrial reactions, is required for the action of the killer toxin on the yeast cell.", "contents": "Mode of action of yeast toxins: energy requirement for Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer toxin. The role of the energy status of the yeast cell in the sensitivity of cultures to two yeast toxins was examined by using 12K release from cells as a measure of toxin action. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer toxin bound to sensitive cells in the presence of drugs that interfered with the generation or use of energy, but it was unable to efflux 12K from the cells under these conditions. In direct contrast, the Torulopsis glabrata pool efflux-stimulating toxin induced efflux of the yeast 42K pool was insensitive to the presence of energy poisons in cultures. The results indicate that an energized state, maintained at the expense of adenosine 5'-triphosphate from either glycolytic or mitochondrial reactions, is required for the action of the killer toxin on the yeast cell.", "PMID": 320190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7296", "title": "Ultraviolet induction of prophage lambda during inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by hydroxyurea.", "content": "Hydroxyurea inhibited synthesis of certain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) precursors and causes the cessation of DNA synthesis. It did not cause induction of lambda. Superinfection of an irradiated lysogen with lambdaind- could prevent induction, but the percentage of cells protected decreased as the time between irradiation and superinfection increased. The presence of hydroxyurea did not increase the time during which cells could be rescued by superinfection. The accumulation of DNA precursors after ultraviolet or ionizing radiation was not necessary for the induction of lambda prophage to occur.", "contents": "Ultraviolet induction of prophage lambda during inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by hydroxyurea. Hydroxyurea inhibited synthesis of certain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) precursors and causes the cessation of DNA synthesis. It did not cause induction of lambda. Superinfection of an irradiated lysogen with lambdaind- could prevent induction, but the percentage of cells protected decreased as the time between irradiation and superinfection increased. The presence of hydroxyurea did not increase the time during which cells could be rescued by superinfection. The accumulation of DNA precursors after ultraviolet or ionizing radiation was not necessary for the induction of lambda prophage to occur.", "PMID": 320191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7297", "title": "Transient rates of synthesis of five amionacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases during a shift-up of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The steady-state levels of a number of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases are known to be positively correlated with growth rate in Escherichia coli. To describe the regulation of these enzymes during a nutritional shift-up, use was made of the recent identification of polypeptide chains of several synthetases in whole cell lysates resolved by the O'Farrell two-dimensional gel system. A culture growing in acetate minimal medium was shifted to glucose-rich medium and pulse labeled with [3H]leucine and [3H]isoleucine for 30- or 6-s intervals during the 20 min after the shift. After mixing with a uniformly [35S]sulfate-labeled reference culture, the samples were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The 3H/35S ratio in the resolved synthetase polypeptides provided an accurate estimation of their transient rates of synthesis. Five aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases (those for argnine, glycine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and valine) exhibited an increase in formation within 30 to 90 s after the shift-up. The magnitude of the increases corresponded to the final steady-state values and were reached within 2 to 3 min. The addition to rifampin revealed that the increase in the differential rate of valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase formation was the result of increased messenger ribonucleic acid transcription and not of a relaxation of some translation restriction.", "contents": "Transient rates of synthesis of five amionacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases during a shift-up of Escherichia coli. The steady-state levels of a number of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases are known to be positively correlated with growth rate in Escherichia coli. To describe the regulation of these enzymes during a nutritional shift-up, use was made of the recent identification of polypeptide chains of several synthetases in whole cell lysates resolved by the O'Farrell two-dimensional gel system. A culture growing in acetate minimal medium was shifted to glucose-rich medium and pulse labeled with [3H]leucine and [3H]isoleucine for 30- or 6-s intervals during the 20 min after the shift. After mixing with a uniformly [35S]sulfate-labeled reference culture, the samples were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The 3H/35S ratio in the resolved synthetase polypeptides provided an accurate estimation of their transient rates of synthesis. Five aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases (those for argnine, glycine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and valine) exhibited an increase in formation within 30 to 90 s after the shift-up. The magnitude of the increases corresponded to the final steady-state values and were reached within 2 to 3 min. The addition to rifampin revealed that the increase in the differential rate of valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase formation was the result of increased messenger ribonucleic acid transcription and not of a relaxation of some translation restriction.", "PMID": 320192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7298", "title": "Delayed ultraviolet light-induced cessation of respiration by inadequate aeration of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Inadequately aerated Escherichia coli B/r cultures did not shut their respiration off 60 min after ultraviolet light (52 M/m2 at 254 nm) as they did when well supplied with oxygen. Since cessation of respiaration is associated with cell death, the result suggested that oxygen toxicity by superoxide radicals generated by cell metabolism might be responsible for cell death. The specific activity of superoxide dismutase, which scavenges O2- radicals, increased twofold after 90 min of adequate aeration, but the specific activity of catalase remained constant. Respiration and viability of irradiated cells were affected not at all by the presence of superoxide dismutase and only slightly by the presence of catalase. Metal ions such as Mn2+ and Fe2+ inducers of superoxide dismutase, had no effect on respiration and viability. When irradiated cells were incubated under N2 for 90 min, the respiration, growth, and viability time-course responses were the same as for the cells not exposed to anareobiosis. We conclude that superoxide anions generated at the time of irradiation play no part in cessation delays the ultraviolet light-induced synthesis of proteins responsible for the irreversible cessation of respiration.", "contents": "Delayed ultraviolet light-induced cessation of respiration by inadequate aeration of Escherichia coli. Inadequately aerated Escherichia coli B/r cultures did not shut their respiration off 60 min after ultraviolet light (52 M/m2 at 254 nm) as they did when well supplied with oxygen. Since cessation of respiaration is associated with cell death, the result suggested that oxygen toxicity by superoxide radicals generated by cell metabolism might be responsible for cell death. The specific activity of superoxide dismutase, which scavenges O2- radicals, increased twofold after 90 min of adequate aeration, but the specific activity of catalase remained constant. Respiration and viability of irradiated cells were affected not at all by the presence of superoxide dismutase and only slightly by the presence of catalase. Metal ions such as Mn2+ and Fe2+ inducers of superoxide dismutase, had no effect on respiration and viability. When irradiated cells were incubated under N2 for 90 min, the respiration, growth, and viability time-course responses were the same as for the cells not exposed to anareobiosis. We conclude that superoxide anions generated at the time of irradiation play no part in cessation delays the ultraviolet light-induced synthesis of proteins responsible for the irreversible cessation of respiration.", "PMID": 320193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7299", "title": "Influence of methionine biosynthesis on serine transhydroxymethylase regulation in Salmonella typhimurium LT2.", "content": "The enzyme serine transhydroxymethylase (EC 2.1.2.1; L-serine:tetrahydrofolate-5,10-hydroxymethyltransferase) is responsible both for the synthesis of glycine from serine and production of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate necessary as a methyl donor for methionine synthesis. Two mutants selected for alteration in serine transhydroxymethylase regulation also have phenotypes characteristic of metK (methionine regulatory) mutants, including ethionine, norleucine, and alpha-methylmethionine resistance and reduced levels of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (EC 2.5.1.6; adenosine 5'-triphosphate:L-methionine S-adenosyltransferase) activity. Because this suggested the existence of a common regulatory component, the regulation of serine transhydroxymethylase was examined in other methionine regulatory mutants (metK and metJ mutants). Normally, serine transhydroxymethylase levels are repressed three- to sixfold in cells grown in the presence of serine, glycine, methionine, adenine, guanine, and thymine. This does not occur in metK and metJ mutants; thus, these mutations do affect the regulation of both serine transhydroxymethylase and the methionine biosynthetic enzymes. Lesions in the metK gene have been reported to reduce S-adenosylmethionine synthetase levels. To determine whether the metK gene actually encodes for S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, a mutant was characterized in which this enzyme has a 26-fold increased apparent Km for methionine. This mutation causes a phenotype associated with metK mutants and is cotransducible with the serA locus at the same frequency as metK lesions. Thus, the affect of metK mutations on the regulation of glycine and methionine synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium appears to be due to either an altered S-adenosylmethionine synthetase or altered S-adenosylmethionine pools.", "contents": "Influence of methionine biosynthesis on serine transhydroxymethylase regulation in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. The enzyme serine transhydroxymethylase (EC 2.1.2.1; L-serine:tetrahydrofolate-5,10-hydroxymethyltransferase) is responsible both for the synthesis of glycine from serine and production of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate necessary as a methyl donor for methionine synthesis. Two mutants selected for alteration in serine transhydroxymethylase regulation also have phenotypes characteristic of metK (methionine regulatory) mutants, including ethionine, norleucine, and alpha-methylmethionine resistance and reduced levels of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (EC 2.5.1.6; adenosine 5'-triphosphate:L-methionine S-adenosyltransferase) activity. Because this suggested the existence of a common regulatory component, the regulation of serine transhydroxymethylase was examined in other methionine regulatory mutants (metK and metJ mutants). Normally, serine transhydroxymethylase levels are repressed three- to sixfold in cells grown in the presence of serine, glycine, methionine, adenine, guanine, and thymine. This does not occur in metK and metJ mutants; thus, these mutations do affect the regulation of both serine transhydroxymethylase and the methionine biosynthetic enzymes. Lesions in the metK gene have been reported to reduce S-adenosylmethionine synthetase levels. To determine whether the metK gene actually encodes for S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, a mutant was characterized in which this enzyme has a 26-fold increased apparent Km for methionine. This mutation causes a phenotype associated with metK mutants and is cotransducible with the serA locus at the same frequency as metK lesions. Thus, the affect of metK mutations on the regulation of glycine and methionine synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium appears to be due to either an altered S-adenosylmethionine synthetase or altered S-adenosylmethionine pools.", "PMID": 320194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7300", "title": "Effects of galU mutation on flagellar formation in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Two mutants of Escherichia coli strictly deficient in uridine-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase activity (galU) were found to have very small numbers of flagellar filaments and hooks. In these mutants, both the rate of flagellin (flagellar protein) synthesis and the amount of messenger ribonucleic acid specific for flagellin were considerably lower than in the parental strains. Motile revertants from the galU mutants were isolated and were found to carry a suppressor mutation, which was mapped in the flaH cistron. These strains formed swarms under conditions of catabolite repression; their intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate was the same as that in the parental strains. These results suggest that the outer membrane affects flagellar formation through the flaH gene product.", "contents": "Effects of galU mutation on flagellar formation in Escherichia coli. Two mutants of Escherichia coli strictly deficient in uridine-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase activity (galU) were found to have very small numbers of flagellar filaments and hooks. In these mutants, both the rate of flagellin (flagellar protein) synthesis and the amount of messenger ribonucleic acid specific for flagellin were considerably lower than in the parental strains. Motile revertants from the galU mutants were isolated and were found to carry a suppressor mutation, which was mapped in the flaH cistron. These strains formed swarms under conditions of catabolite repression; their intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate was the same as that in the parental strains. These results suggest that the outer membrane affects flagellar formation through the flaH gene product.", "PMID": 320195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7301", "title": "Spermidine-Deoxyribonucleic acid interaction in vitro and in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The binding of spermidine to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was studied by equilibrium dialysis in a wide range of salt concentrations. The association constants ranged from 6 x 10(5) M-1 in 1 mM sodium cacodylate, pH 7.5, to 3 x 10(2) M-1 in 0.3 M NaCl. MgCl2 reduced spermidine-DNA interaction even more than NaCl so that in moderate-ionic-strength solutions (0.3 M NaCl, 0.002 M MgCl2) there was little detectable binding. Low-ionic-strength media were used to isolate DNA from Escherichia coli by a method shown to minimize loss of spermidine from the DNA. Considerable spermidine was associated with E. coli DNA, but control experiments indicated that complex formation had taken place during or after lysis of the cells. Exogenous DNA or ribonucleic acid added to spheroplasts at the time of their lysis caused most of the cellular spermidine to be scavenged by the extra nucleic acid. The data suggest that spermidine is relatively free in the cell and thereby capable of strong (high-affinity) associations with nucleic acids only after the ionic strength of the cell environment is lowered.", "contents": "Spermidine-Deoxyribonucleic acid interaction in vitro and in Escherichia coli. The binding of spermidine to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was studied by equilibrium dialysis in a wide range of salt concentrations. The association constants ranged from 6 x 10(5) M-1 in 1 mM sodium cacodylate, pH 7.5, to 3 x 10(2) M-1 in 0.3 M NaCl. MgCl2 reduced spermidine-DNA interaction even more than NaCl so that in moderate-ionic-strength solutions (0.3 M NaCl, 0.002 M MgCl2) there was little detectable binding. Low-ionic-strength media were used to isolate DNA from Escherichia coli by a method shown to minimize loss of spermidine from the DNA. Considerable spermidine was associated with E. coli DNA, but control experiments indicated that complex formation had taken place during or after lysis of the cells. Exogenous DNA or ribonucleic acid added to spheroplasts at the time of their lysis caused most of the cellular spermidine to be scavenged by the extra nucleic acid. The data suggest that spermidine is relatively free in the cell and thereby capable of strong (high-affinity) associations with nucleic acids only after the ionic strength of the cell environment is lowered.", "PMID": 320196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7302", "title": "\"Active\" one-carbon generation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A new mutation introducing a one-carbon requirement (e.g., formate) for the glycine-supplemented growth of a serine-glycine auxotroph (ser1) was correlated with a lack of glycine decarboxylase activity. The presence of oxalate decarboxylase activity or glyoxylate decarboxylase activity did not overcome the one-carbon requirement. Another mutation characterized by the absence of oxalate decarboxylase activity did not introduce a one-carbon requirement. The presence and physiological significance of glycine decarboxylase activity in Saccharomyces are thus inferred.", "contents": "\"Active\" one-carbon generation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A new mutation introducing a one-carbon requirement (e.g., formate) for the glycine-supplemented growth of a serine-glycine auxotroph (ser1) was correlated with a lack of glycine decarboxylase activity. The presence of oxalate decarboxylase activity or glyoxylate decarboxylase activity did not overcome the one-carbon requirement. Another mutation characterized by the absence of oxalate decarboxylase activity did not introduce a one-carbon requirement. The presence and physiological significance of glycine decarboxylase activity in Saccharomyces are thus inferred.", "PMID": 320197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7303", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants deficient in exonuclease VII.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli having reduced levels of exonuclease VII activity have been isolated by a mass screening procedure. Nine mutants, five of which are known to be of independent origin, were obtained and designated xse. The defects in these strains lie at two or more loci. One of these loci, xseA, lies in the interval between purG and purC; it is 93 to 97% co-transducible with guaA. The order of the genes in this region is purG-xseA guaA,B-purC. The available data do not allow xseA to be ordered with respect to guaA,B. Exonuclease VII purified from E. coli KLC3 xseA3 is more heat labile than exonuclease VII purified from the parent, E. coli PA610 xse+. Therefore, xseA is the structural gene for exonuclease VII. Mutants with defects in the xseA gene show increased sensitivity to nalidixic acid and have an abnormally high frequency of recombination (hyper-Rec phenotype) as measured by the procedure of Konrad and Lehlman (1974). The hyper-Rec character of xseA strains is approximately one-half that of the polAex1 mutant defective in the 5' leads to 3' hydrolytic activity of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I. The double mutant, polAex1 xseA7, is twice as hyper-Rec as the polAex1 mutant alone. The xseA- strains are slightly more sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation than the parent strain. Bacteriophages T7, fd, and lambdared grow normally in xseA- strains.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants deficient in exonuclease VII. Mutants of Escherichia coli having reduced levels of exonuclease VII activity have been isolated by a mass screening procedure. Nine mutants, five of which are known to be of independent origin, were obtained and designated xse. The defects in these strains lie at two or more loci. One of these loci, xseA, lies in the interval between purG and purC; it is 93 to 97% co-transducible with guaA. The order of the genes in this region is purG-xseA guaA,B-purC. The available data do not allow xseA to be ordered with respect to guaA,B. Exonuclease VII purified from E. coli KLC3 xseA3 is more heat labile than exonuclease VII purified from the parent, E. coli PA610 xse+. Therefore, xseA is the structural gene for exonuclease VII. Mutants with defects in the xseA gene show increased sensitivity to nalidixic acid and have an abnormally high frequency of recombination (hyper-Rec phenotype) as measured by the procedure of Konrad and Lehlman (1974). The hyper-Rec character of xseA strains is approximately one-half that of the polAex1 mutant defective in the 5' leads to 3' hydrolytic activity of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I. The double mutant, polAex1 xseA7, is twice as hyper-Rec as the polAex1 mutant alone. The xseA- strains are slightly more sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation than the parent strain. Bacteriophages T7, fd, and lambdared grow normally in xseA- strains.", "PMID": 320198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7304", "title": "Aminoacyl adenylate, a normal intermediate or a dead end in aminoacylation of transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "The shape of the time curve for the aminoacylation of tRNA has been investigated using five different amino acid:tRNA ligases. Four of these enzymes showed a lag in the time curve during the early phase of the first catalytic turnover of the enzyme. In each case, the lag period could be abolished by preincubating the ligase with amino acid, ATP, and Mg2+ under conditions known to give an aminoacyl adenylate-enzyme complex. With all five ligases the steady state rate of transfer from the preformed aminoacyl-adenylate complex to tRNA was approximately the same as that of the overall reaction.", "contents": "Aminoacyl adenylate, a normal intermediate or a dead end in aminoacylation of transfer ribonucleic acid. The shape of the time curve for the aminoacylation of tRNA has been investigated using five different amino acid:tRNA ligases. Four of these enzymes showed a lag in the time curve during the early phase of the first catalytic turnover of the enzyme. In each case, the lag period could be abolished by preincubating the ligase with amino acid, ATP, and Mg2+ under conditions known to give an aminoacyl adenylate-enzyme complex. With all five ligases the steady state rate of transfer from the preformed aminoacyl-adenylate complex to tRNA was approximately the same as that of the overall reaction.", "PMID": 320199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7305", "title": "Peptide mapping by limited proteolysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and analysis by gel electrophoresis.", "content": "A rapid and convenient method for peptide mapping of proteins has been developed. The technique, which is especially suitable for analysis of proteins that have been isolated from gels containg sodium dodecyl sulfate, involves partial enzymatic proteolysis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and analysis of the cleavage products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pattern of peptide fragments produced is characteristic of the protein substrate and the proteolytic enzyme and is highly reproducible. Several common proteases have been used including chymotrypsin, Staphylococcus aureus protease, and papain.", "contents": "Peptide mapping by limited proteolysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and analysis by gel electrophoresis. A rapid and convenient method for peptide mapping of proteins has been developed. The technique, which is especially suitable for analysis of proteins that have been isolated from gels containg sodium dodecyl sulfate, involves partial enzymatic proteolysis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and analysis of the cleavage products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pattern of peptide fragments produced is characteristic of the protein substrate and the proteolytic enzyme and is highly reproducible. Several common proteases have been used including chymotrypsin, Staphylococcus aureus protease, and papain.", "PMID": 320200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7306", "title": "Isolation of wheat germ agglutinin-resistant clones of Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in membrane sialic acid and galactose.", "content": "Several clones of Chinese hamster ovary cells have been selected for their resistance to the toxic effects of wheat germ agglutinin. The clones do not bind wheat germ agglutinin as well as parent cells and are 5- to 250-fold more resistant to the toxic effects of the lectin. Of three clones studied in detail, all exhibit a decrease in wheat germ agglutinin binding affinity. Two have normal numbers of wheat germ agglutinin binding sites, while one (Clone 13) has a 65% decrease in binding sites. Crude membrane preparations of the clones have a decrease in sialic acid content relative to parent cells, and Clone 13 membranes are also deficient in galactose, while the mannose and hexosamine contents of all three clones are normal. The membrane sugar deficiencies affect both glycoproteins and glycolipids. Sialyl-lactosylceramide is the major glycolipid in parent cells, while Clones 1 and 1021 have lactosylceramide and Clone 13 has glucosylceramide as the predominant glycolipid. Labeling experiments with N-[G-3H]acetylmannosamine suggest that Clone 1021 cells have a block in the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to glycoprotein and glycolipid acceptors. Yet CMP-sialic acid:glycoprotein sialyl-transferase activity in cell lysates of Clone 1021 cells is 80% of normal. While CMP-sialic acid:lactosylceramide sialyl-transferase activity is only 25% of normal, it can be restored to normal or elevated levels by sodium butyrate induction without an associated increase in cellular sialyl-lactosylceramide content. Similarly, the galactose-deficient Clone 13 can synthesize UDP-galactose and has normal levels of UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyltransferase and UDP-galactose:glucosylceramide galactosyltransferase when assayed in vitro. The glycosyltransferases of both these clones can utilize their own glycoproteins as sugar acceptors in in vitro assays. These data suggest that the variant cells fail to carry out specific glycosyltransferase reactions in vivo despite the fact that they possess the appropriate nucleotide sugars, glycoprotein and glycolipid acceptors, and glycosyltransferases.", "contents": "Isolation of wheat germ agglutinin-resistant clones of Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in membrane sialic acid and galactose. Several clones of Chinese hamster ovary cells have been selected for their resistance to the toxic effects of wheat germ agglutinin. The clones do not bind wheat germ agglutinin as well as parent cells and are 5- to 250-fold more resistant to the toxic effects of the lectin. Of three clones studied in detail, all exhibit a decrease in wheat germ agglutinin binding affinity. Two have normal numbers of wheat germ agglutinin binding sites, while one (Clone 13) has a 65% decrease in binding sites. Crude membrane preparations of the clones have a decrease in sialic acid content relative to parent cells, and Clone 13 membranes are also deficient in galactose, while the mannose and hexosamine contents of all three clones are normal. The membrane sugar deficiencies affect both glycoproteins and glycolipids. Sialyl-lactosylceramide is the major glycolipid in parent cells, while Clones 1 and 1021 have lactosylceramide and Clone 13 has glucosylceramide as the predominant glycolipid. Labeling experiments with N-[G-3H]acetylmannosamine suggest that Clone 1021 cells have a block in the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to glycoprotein and glycolipid acceptors. Yet CMP-sialic acid:glycoprotein sialyl-transferase activity in cell lysates of Clone 1021 cells is 80% of normal. While CMP-sialic acid:lactosylceramide sialyl-transferase activity is only 25% of normal, it can be restored to normal or elevated levels by sodium butyrate induction without an associated increase in cellular sialyl-lactosylceramide content. Similarly, the galactose-deficient Clone 13 can synthesize UDP-galactose and has normal levels of UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyltransferase and UDP-galactose:glucosylceramide galactosyltransferase when assayed in vitro. The glycosyltransferases of both these clones can utilize their own glycoproteins as sugar acceptors in in vitro assays. These data suggest that the variant cells fail to carry out specific glycosyltransferase reactions in vivo despite the fact that they possess the appropriate nucleotide sugars, glycoprotein and glycolipid acceptors, and glycosyltransferases.", "PMID": 320201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7307", "title": "Metabolic regulation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase biosynthesis in bakers' yeast.", "content": "The specific activities of 15 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were measured after growth under a variety of conditions that produced a range of cell-doubling times. The specific activity of each synthetase increased as cell-doubling time decreased. Control experiments eliminate the possibility that these results are due to preferential recovery of synthetases, or to the presence of activators in the faster growing cultures or inhibitors in the slower growing ones. These observations run counter to the expectation that synthetases in bacteria and yeast are negatively regulated by free amino acids, or, more likely, by aminoacyl-tRNA. In fact, as the growth medium was enriched, generation times decreased, and synthetase and aminoacyl-tRNA levels increased. It is suggested that cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases may be more or less coordinately controlled such that their response to growth follows the pattern observed for ribosome production and RNA synthesis. This suggests the possibility of coordinated response of genes for components of the protein synthetic apparatus.", "contents": "Metabolic regulation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase biosynthesis in bakers' yeast. The specific activities of 15 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were measured after growth under a variety of conditions that produced a range of cell-doubling times. The specific activity of each synthetase increased as cell-doubling time decreased. Control experiments eliminate the possibility that these results are due to preferential recovery of synthetases, or to the presence of activators in the faster growing cultures or inhibitors in the slower growing ones. These observations run counter to the expectation that synthetases in bacteria and yeast are negatively regulated by free amino acids, or, more likely, by aminoacyl-tRNA. In fact, as the growth medium was enriched, generation times decreased, and synthetase and aminoacyl-tRNA levels increased. It is suggested that cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases may be more or less coordinately controlled such that their response to growth follows the pattern observed for ribosome production and RNA synthesis. This suggests the possibility of coordinated response of genes for components of the protein synthetic apparatus.", "PMID": 320202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7308", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of the adenosylcobalamin-dependent diol dehydrase reaction by the use of analogs of the coenzyme.", "content": "A series of 16 analogs of 5'-deoxy-5'-adenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin) were examined for their effects on the diol dehydrase system of Klebsiella pneumoniae (Aerobacter Aerogenes). Four analogs, ara-adenosyl-, aristeromycyl-, 3-isoadenosyl-, and nebularylcobalamin, were able to function as coenzymes in the diol dehydrase reaction, coenzyme activity decreasing in that order. Like the native holoenzyme, complexes of the enzyme with these four analogs show a cob(II)alamin-like absorption peak or shoulder in the presence of 1,2-propanediol. Analogs containing hypoxanthine, cytosine, or benzimidazole do not function as coenzymes, but are weak competitive inhibitors in the presence of adenosylcobalamin. Analogs in which the D-ribosyl moiety is replaced by L-ribose or by an alkyl chain of 2 to 6 carbons are inactive as coenzymes, but act as competitive inhibitors with extremely high affinity for the apoenzyme. Complexes with the inactive analogs showed visible spectra similar to those of the corresponding free cobalamins. Upon anaerobic photolysis and subsequent aeration, complexes with the first group of inactive analogs produced unusually stabilized cob(II)alamin, while complexes with the second group of inactive analogs were readily photolyzed to a hydroxocobalamin-enzyme complex. Complexes with adeninylpentyl- and L-adenosylcobalamin were stable to light under the same conditions. These findings suggest that both the ribose and the adenine moiety of the nucleoside participate in enzyme-coenzyme interaction, involving not only the binding to the apoenzyme but also the activation of the carbon-cobalt bond.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of the adenosylcobalamin-dependent diol dehydrase reaction by the use of analogs of the coenzyme. A series of 16 analogs of 5'-deoxy-5'-adenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin) were examined for their effects on the diol dehydrase system of Klebsiella pneumoniae (Aerobacter Aerogenes). Four analogs, ara-adenosyl-, aristeromycyl-, 3-isoadenosyl-, and nebularylcobalamin, were able to function as coenzymes in the diol dehydrase reaction, coenzyme activity decreasing in that order. Like the native holoenzyme, complexes of the enzyme with these four analogs show a cob(II)alamin-like absorption peak or shoulder in the presence of 1,2-propanediol. Analogs containing hypoxanthine, cytosine, or benzimidazole do not function as coenzymes, but are weak competitive inhibitors in the presence of adenosylcobalamin. Analogs in which the D-ribosyl moiety is replaced by L-ribose or by an alkyl chain of 2 to 6 carbons are inactive as coenzymes, but act as competitive inhibitors with extremely high affinity for the apoenzyme. Complexes with the inactive analogs showed visible spectra similar to those of the corresponding free cobalamins. Upon anaerobic photolysis and subsequent aeration, complexes with the first group of inactive analogs produced unusually stabilized cob(II)alamin, while complexes with the second group of inactive analogs were readily photolyzed to a hydroxocobalamin-enzyme complex. Complexes with adeninylpentyl- and L-adenosylcobalamin were stable to light under the same conditions. These findings suggest that both the ribose and the adenine moiety of the nucleoside participate in enzyme-coenzyme interaction, involving not only the binding to the apoenzyme but also the activation of the carbon-cobalt bond.", "PMID": 320203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7309", "title": "Primary structure of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin-T. Sequence determination of the NH2-terminal fragment CB3 and the complete sequence of troponin-T.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of CB3, the NH2-terminal fragment of troponin-T, and the alignment of all six cyanogen bromide (CB) fragments are reported. Fragment CB3, comprised of 70 residues, has eight of the nine prolines of troponin-T. As observed in other proteins of the myofibrillar system, its NH2 terminus is blocked by an acetyl group. Methionine-containing \"overlap\" peptides isolated from a peptic digest of troponin-T as well as 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine cleavage of the protein were used to order the fragments as CB3-CB2-CB5-CB4-CB7-CB6. The complete sequence of troponin-T, a single polypeptide chain of 259 amino acids having a molecular weight of 30,500, is presented.", "contents": "Primary structure of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin-T. Sequence determination of the NH2-terminal fragment CB3 and the complete sequence of troponin-T. The amino acid sequence of CB3, the NH2-terminal fragment of troponin-T, and the alignment of all six cyanogen bromide (CB) fragments are reported. Fragment CB3, comprised of 70 residues, has eight of the nine prolines of troponin-T. As observed in other proteins of the myofibrillar system, its NH2 terminus is blocked by an acetyl group. Methionine-containing \"overlap\" peptides isolated from a peptic digest of troponin-T as well as 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine cleavage of the protein were used to order the fragments as CB3-CB2-CB5-CB4-CB7-CB6. The complete sequence of troponin-T, a single polypeptide chain of 259 amino acids having a molecular weight of 30,500, is presented.", "PMID": 320204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7310", "title": "Inhibition of DNA replication in Escherichia coli by dibromophenol and other uncouplers.", "content": "DNA replication in Escherichia coli is inhibited by uncouplers such as 2,4-dibromophenol and 3,3'4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide. Inhibition occurs in either aerobically or anaerobically growing cells or in cells made permeable by toluene. With anaerobically growing cells, inhibition by dibromophenol is reversible and occurs under conditions in which there is no change in pools of ATP or deoxynucleoside triphosphates. With toluenized cells, inhibition is not due to breakdown of deoxynucleoside triphosphates. The rates of protein and RNA synthesis are not inhibited either in vivo or in toluenized cells by concentrations of dibromophenol or tetrachlorosalicylanilide which inhibit replication. It is generally believed that uncouplers inhibit many other cellular processes by collapsing a proton gradient across a membrane. However, the relative effectiveness of eight uncouplers and related compounds to inhibit replication did not parallel their ability to transport protons into E. coli cells. Therefore, the inhibition by uncouplers does not suggest that replication depends on a chemiosmotic process. A possible explanation for the uncoupler sensitivity is provided by the finding that many of the purified enzymes tested, including DNA polymerases II and III, are inhibited by dibromophenol and tetrachlorosalicylanilide.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA replication in Escherichia coli by dibromophenol and other uncouplers. DNA replication in Escherichia coli is inhibited by uncouplers such as 2,4-dibromophenol and 3,3'4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide. Inhibition occurs in either aerobically or anaerobically growing cells or in cells made permeable by toluene. With anaerobically growing cells, inhibition by dibromophenol is reversible and occurs under conditions in which there is no change in pools of ATP or deoxynucleoside triphosphates. With toluenized cells, inhibition is not due to breakdown of deoxynucleoside triphosphates. The rates of protein and RNA synthesis are not inhibited either in vivo or in toluenized cells by concentrations of dibromophenol or tetrachlorosalicylanilide which inhibit replication. It is generally believed that uncouplers inhibit many other cellular processes by collapsing a proton gradient across a membrane. However, the relative effectiveness of eight uncouplers and related compounds to inhibit replication did not parallel their ability to transport protons into E. coli cells. Therefore, the inhibition by uncouplers does not suggest that replication depends on a chemiosmotic process. A possible explanation for the uncoupler sensitivity is provided by the finding that many of the purified enzymes tested, including DNA polymerases II and III, are inhibited by dibromophenol and tetrachlorosalicylanilide.", "PMID": 320205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7311", "title": "Noncoordinated transcription in the absence of protein synthesis in yeast.", "content": "In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae we have carried out a detailed study of the response of transcription to the inhibition of translation. Measurement of the incorporation of labeled bases and nucleosides into the nucleoside triphosphate pools revealed that amino acid deprivation brings about a 10- to 50-fold inhibition of such labeling. Therefore accurate comparisons of RNA synthesis using such precursors are difficult to obtain. To overcome this problem we have turned to the use of L-[methyl-3H] methionine as a precursor, because the labeling of the S-adenosylmethionine pool is relatively unaffected by the rate of protein synthesis. Using this precursor, we have observed that in the absence of protein synthesis the transcription of ribosomal RNA is reduced by 80%, the transcription of messenger RNA is reduced by about 25%, and the transcription of transfer RNA is reduced by less than 20%. These results are obtained when protein synthesis is inhibited either by deprivation of an amino acid or by the addition of cycloheximide. Ribosomal precursor RNA synthesized in the absence of protein synthesis is fully methylated. We conclude that the transcription of rRNA is the primary target of stringent control. Furthermore the inhibition of protein synthesis, itself, may be the trigger for this response.", "contents": "Noncoordinated transcription in the absence of protein synthesis in yeast. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae we have carried out a detailed study of the response of transcription to the inhibition of translation. Measurement of the incorporation of labeled bases and nucleosides into the nucleoside triphosphate pools revealed that amino acid deprivation brings about a 10- to 50-fold inhibition of such labeling. Therefore accurate comparisons of RNA synthesis using such precursors are difficult to obtain. To overcome this problem we have turned to the use of L-[methyl-3H] methionine as a precursor, because the labeling of the S-adenosylmethionine pool is relatively unaffected by the rate of protein synthesis. Using this precursor, we have observed that in the absence of protein synthesis the transcription of ribosomal RNA is reduced by 80%, the transcription of messenger RNA is reduced by about 25%, and the transcription of transfer RNA is reduced by less than 20%. These results are obtained when protein synthesis is inhibited either by deprivation of an amino acid or by the addition of cycloheximide. Ribosomal precursor RNA synthesized in the absence of protein synthesis is fully methylated. We conclude that the transcription of rRNA is the primary target of stringent control. Furthermore the inhibition of protein synthesis, itself, may be the trigger for this response.", "PMID": 320206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7312", "title": "Energy coupling to net K+ transport in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Energy coupling for three K+ transport systems of Escherichia coli K-12 was studied by examining effects of selected energy sources and inhibitors in strains with either a wild type or a defective (Ca2+, Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase. This approach allows discrimination between transport systems coupled to the proton motive force from those coupled to the hydrolysis of a high energy phosphate compound (ATP-driven). The three K+ transport systems here studied are: (a) the Kdp system, a repressible high affinity (Km=2 muM) system probably coded for by four linked Kdp genes; (b) the Trka system, a constitutive system with high rate and modest affinity (Km=1.5 mM) defined by mutations in the single trkA gene; and (c) the TrkF system, a nonsaturable system with a low rate of uptake (Rhoads, D.B., Waters, F.B., and Epstein, W. (1976) J. Gen. Physiol. 67, 325-341). Each of these systems has a different mode of energy coupling: (a) the Kdp system is ATP-driven and has a periplasmic protein component; (b) the TrkF system is proton motive force-driven; and (c) the TrkA system is unique among bacterial transport systems described to date in requiring both the proton motive force and ATP for activity. We suggest that this dual requirement represents energy fueling by ATP and regulation by the proton motive force. Absence of ATP-driven systems in membrane vesicles is usually attributed to the requirement of such systems for a periplasmic protein. This cannot explain the failure to demonstrate the TrkA system in vesicles, since this system does not require a periplasmic protein. Our findings indicate that membrane vesicles cannot couple energy to ATP-driven transport systems. Since vesicles can generate a proton motive force, the inability of vesicles to generate ATP or couple ATP to transport (or both) must be invoked to explain the absence of TrkA in vesicles. The TrkF system should function in vesicles, but its very low rate may make it difficult to identify.", "contents": "Energy coupling to net K+ transport in Escherichia coli K-12. Energy coupling for three K+ transport systems of Escherichia coli K-12 was studied by examining effects of selected energy sources and inhibitors in strains with either a wild type or a defective (Ca2+, Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase. This approach allows discrimination between transport systems coupled to the proton motive force from those coupled to the hydrolysis of a high energy phosphate compound (ATP-driven). The three K+ transport systems here studied are: (a) the Kdp system, a repressible high affinity (Km=2 muM) system probably coded for by four linked Kdp genes; (b) the Trka system, a constitutive system with high rate and modest affinity (Km=1.5 mM) defined by mutations in the single trkA gene; and (c) the TrkF system, a nonsaturable system with a low rate of uptake (Rhoads, D.B., Waters, F.B., and Epstein, W. (1976) J. Gen. Physiol. 67, 325-341). Each of these systems has a different mode of energy coupling: (a) the Kdp system is ATP-driven and has a periplasmic protein component; (b) the TrkF system is proton motive force-driven; and (c) the TrkA system is unique among bacterial transport systems described to date in requiring both the proton motive force and ATP for activity. We suggest that this dual requirement represents energy fueling by ATP and regulation by the proton motive force. Absence of ATP-driven systems in membrane vesicles is usually attributed to the requirement of such systems for a periplasmic protein. This cannot explain the failure to demonstrate the TrkA system in vesicles, since this system does not require a periplasmic protein. Our findings indicate that membrane vesicles cannot couple energy to ATP-driven transport systems. Since vesicles can generate a proton motive force, the inability of vesicles to generate ATP or couple ATP to transport (or both) must be invoked to explain the absence of TrkA in vesicles. The TrkF system should function in vesicles, but its very low rate may make it difficult to identify.", "PMID": 320207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7313", "title": "Dissimilarity in protein chain elongation factor requirements between yeast and rat liver ribosomes.", "content": "Factor requirements for yeast and rat liver ribosomes were determined in several different reactions using either yeast or liver factors. In polymerization assays yeast ribosomes required a factor in addition to elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and elongation factor 2 (EP-2). The third factor (EF-3) requirement was observed with EFs from either yeast or liver for both poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis and elongation of endogenous peptidyl-tRNA. No significant effect of EF-3 was observed with liver risomes in either assay. In contrast to results with polypeptide synthesis EF-3 was not required for EF-1 dependent binding of [3H]Phe-tRNA or the translocation-dependent formation of N-acetylphenylalanylpuromycin. Up to 2-fold stimulation of the binding reaction was observed with saturating levels of either yeast or liver EF-1. No effect of EF-3 was observed on ribosome-EF-2-GDP-fusidic acid complex formation. The data suggest that the yeast EF-3 may be a loosely bound ribosomal protein which is not required for a specific step in the elongation cycle but is involved in the coordination of the partial reactions required for polymerization.", "contents": "Dissimilarity in protein chain elongation factor requirements between yeast and rat liver ribosomes. Factor requirements for yeast and rat liver ribosomes were determined in several different reactions using either yeast or liver factors. In polymerization assays yeast ribosomes required a factor in addition to elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and elongation factor 2 (EP-2). The third factor (EF-3) requirement was observed with EFs from either yeast or liver for both poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis and elongation of endogenous peptidyl-tRNA. No significant effect of EF-3 was observed with liver risomes in either assay. In contrast to results with polypeptide synthesis EF-3 was not required for EF-1 dependent binding of [3H]Phe-tRNA or the translocation-dependent formation of N-acetylphenylalanylpuromycin. Up to 2-fold stimulation of the binding reaction was observed with saturating levels of either yeast or liver EF-1. No effect of EF-3 was observed on ribosome-EF-2-GDP-fusidic acid complex formation. The data suggest that the yeast EF-3 may be a loosely bound ribosomal protein which is not required for a specific step in the elongation cycle but is involved in the coordination of the partial reactions required for polymerization.", "PMID": 320208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7314", "title": "Transient kinetic studies on the allosteric transition of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Stopped flow spectrophotometry was used to investigate the kinetics of the transition of the phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-phosphoglycerate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.95) reaction from the active to the inhibited rate upon the addition of the physiological inhibitor serine. The transition was characterized by a single first order rate constant (kobs,i) which was independent of enzyme concentration. At pH 8.5, kobs,i increased in a hyperbolic manner with serine concentration from 2 to 8 s-1. The increase in kobs,i occurred at serine concentrations where the steady state inhibition was virtually complete. These results indicate that serine inhibition is an allosteric process involving a conformational change in the enzyme. A model is presented in which serine at low concentrations binds exclusively to the inhibited state of the enzyme and shifts the equilibrium toward that state; at high serine concentrations, serine binds to the active state, facilitating its conversion to the inhibited state. An alternative model, which we favor, proposes two classes of inhibitor binding sites. The kinetics of the fluorescence quenching of enzyme-bound NADH by serine (Sugimoto, E., and Pizer, L.I. (1968) J. Biol. Chem. 243, 2090-2098), measured by stopped flow fluorimetry, was also characterized by a single first order rate constant (kobs,f.q.) which was independent of enzyme concentration. At pH 8.5, kobs,f.q. ranged from 0.4 s-1 at low serine concentrations to 1.1 s-1 at high serine concentrations. These results indicate that the fluorescence quenching induced by serine is a manifestation of a structural change in the enzyme. Enzyme and excess NADH were mixed with substrate and serine in the stopped flow instrument, and enzyme-bound NADH fluorescence was monitored by exciting through the protein at 285 nm. A rapid fluorescence quenching process, which occurred within the mixing time, was followed by a slower fluorescence enhancement process which terminated in a steady state level corresponding to the quenched fluorescence of the enzyme NADH serine complex. The rapid quenching was the result of substrate binding (Dubrow, R., and Pizer, L.I. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 1539-1551). The fluorescence enhancement was characterized by a single first order rate constant whose value for a given serine concentration corresponded with Kobs,j. This data shows that the quenched state of the enzyme-NADH-complex is the state which is directly responsible for the inhibition of enzyme activity. During catalysis the quenched state is achieved from a different initial conformation, and consequently at a different rate, than in the absence of substrate. kobs,j and kobs,f.q. were also measured using glycine, another inhibitor. The ultraviolet difference spectrum between enzyme and enzyme plus serine was determined and proposed to be the result of the same structural change which is responsible for the fluorescence quenching by serine.", "contents": "Transient kinetic studies on the allosteric transition of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. Stopped flow spectrophotometry was used to investigate the kinetics of the transition of the phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-phosphoglycerate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.95) reaction from the active to the inhibited rate upon the addition of the physiological inhibitor serine. The transition was characterized by a single first order rate constant (kobs,i) which was independent of enzyme concentration. At pH 8.5, kobs,i increased in a hyperbolic manner with serine concentration from 2 to 8 s-1. The increase in kobs,i occurred at serine concentrations where the steady state inhibition was virtually complete. These results indicate that serine inhibition is an allosteric process involving a conformational change in the enzyme. A model is presented in which serine at low concentrations binds exclusively to the inhibited state of the enzyme and shifts the equilibrium toward that state; at high serine concentrations, serine binds to the active state, facilitating its conversion to the inhibited state. An alternative model, which we favor, proposes two classes of inhibitor binding sites. The kinetics of the fluorescence quenching of enzyme-bound NADH by serine (Sugimoto, E., and Pizer, L.I. (1968) J. Biol. Chem. 243, 2090-2098), measured by stopped flow fluorimetry, was also characterized by a single first order rate constant (kobs,f.q.) which was independent of enzyme concentration. At pH 8.5, kobs,f.q. ranged from 0.4 s-1 at low serine concentrations to 1.1 s-1 at high serine concentrations. These results indicate that the fluorescence quenching induced by serine is a manifestation of a structural change in the enzyme. Enzyme and excess NADH were mixed with substrate and serine in the stopped flow instrument, and enzyme-bound NADH fluorescence was monitored by exciting through the protein at 285 nm. A rapid fluorescence quenching process, which occurred within the mixing time, was followed by a slower fluorescence enhancement process which terminated in a steady state level corresponding to the quenched fluorescence of the enzyme NADH serine complex. The rapid quenching was the result of substrate binding (Dubrow, R., and Pizer, L.I. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 1539-1551). The fluorescence enhancement was characterized by a single first order rate constant whose value for a given serine concentration corresponded with Kobs,j. This data shows that the quenched state of the enzyme-NADH-complex is the state which is directly responsible for the inhibition of enzyme activity. During catalysis the quenched state is achieved from a different initial conformation, and consequently at a different rate, than in the absence of substrate. kobs,j and kobs,f.q. were also measured using glycine, another inhibitor. The ultraviolet difference spectrum between enzyme and enzyme plus serine was determined and proposed to be the result of the same structural change which is responsible for the fluorescence quenching by serine.", "PMID": 320209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7315", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins and oxytocin on calcium release from a uterine microsomal fraction.", "content": "A microsomal fraction resembling striated muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was isolated from uterine smooth muscle. ATP induces calcium accumulation in this fraction. Increased temperature enhances calcium accumulation and calcium-activated ATPase. In the absence of ATP, approximately 35% of the intrinsic calcium exchanges with the 45Ca in the incubation medium. In the presence of ATP, exchange of intrinsic calcium with 45Ca increases by an amount which equals the ATP-dependent calcium binding. In preparations partially preloaded with calcium, a steady state of bound calcium is reached when the ATP is exhausted. Calcium is released under these conditions by prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, but not by PGF1beta. The antibiotic ionophores X537A and A23187, as well as oxytocin, also release calcium previously accumulated under ATP stimulation. None of these agents, with the exception of oxytocin, release intrinsic calcium. Thus, the effect of prostaglandins resembles that of the ionophores, suggesting an ionophoretic action of these prostaglandins. The release of calcium conforms with the in vivo smooth muscle contracting action of these agents.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins and oxytocin on calcium release from a uterine microsomal fraction. A microsomal fraction resembling striated muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was isolated from uterine smooth muscle. ATP induces calcium accumulation in this fraction. Increased temperature enhances calcium accumulation and calcium-activated ATPase. In the absence of ATP, approximately 35% of the intrinsic calcium exchanges with the 45Ca in the incubation medium. In the presence of ATP, exchange of intrinsic calcium with 45Ca increases by an amount which equals the ATP-dependent calcium binding. In preparations partially preloaded with calcium, a steady state of bound calcium is reached when the ATP is exhausted. Calcium is released under these conditions by prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, but not by PGF1beta. The antibiotic ionophores X537A and A23187, as well as oxytocin, also release calcium previously accumulated under ATP stimulation. None of these agents, with the exception of oxytocin, release intrinsic calcium. Thus, the effect of prostaglandins resembles that of the ionophores, suggesting an ionophoretic action of these prostaglandins. The release of calcium conforms with the in vivo smooth muscle contracting action of these agents.", "PMID": 320210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7316", "title": "Limited proteolysis of nitrate reductase purified from membranes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The heterogeneous form of nitrate reductase released from the membrane fraction of Escherichia coli by heat treatment was converted to a new electrophoretic form by incubation with trypsin. As a result of the trypsin treatment, the heat-released enzyme was converted from an associating-dissociating system to a nonassociating monomer (Mr approximately 200,000) which retained full enzymatic activity. Several distinct subunits in the 47,000- to 59,000-dalton range were converted to a single 43,000-dalton subunit during the trypsin treatment, while the other major subunit (155,000 daltons) was unaffected. Nitrate reductase extracted from the membrane fraction with deoxycholate and ammonium sulfate was composed of two apparently homogeneous subunits (155,000 and 59,000 daltons). The detergent-extracted enzyme preparation was converted by trypsin to an electrophoretic form very similar to the product of trypsin treatment of the heat-released enzyme with an identical subunit composition (155,000 and 43,000 daltons). These results demonstrate that the heterogeneous subunits present in the heat-released enzyme are produced during heat treatment by proteolytic cleavage of a single 59,000-dalton subunit. The fragments removed by trypsin treatment are implicated in the self-associating properties of the heat-released enzyme.", "contents": "Limited proteolysis of nitrate reductase purified from membranes of Escherichia coli. The heterogeneous form of nitrate reductase released from the membrane fraction of Escherichia coli by heat treatment was converted to a new electrophoretic form by incubation with trypsin. As a result of the trypsin treatment, the heat-released enzyme was converted from an associating-dissociating system to a nonassociating monomer (Mr approximately 200,000) which retained full enzymatic activity. Several distinct subunits in the 47,000- to 59,000-dalton range were converted to a single 43,000-dalton subunit during the trypsin treatment, while the other major subunit (155,000 daltons) was unaffected. Nitrate reductase extracted from the membrane fraction with deoxycholate and ammonium sulfate was composed of two apparently homogeneous subunits (155,000 and 59,000 daltons). The detergent-extracted enzyme preparation was converted by trypsin to an electrophoretic form very similar to the product of trypsin treatment of the heat-released enzyme with an identical subunit composition (155,000 and 43,000 daltons). These results demonstrate that the heterogeneous subunits present in the heat-released enzyme are produced during heat treatment by proteolytic cleavage of a single 59,000-dalton subunit. The fragments removed by trypsin treatment are implicated in the self-associating properties of the heat-released enzyme.", "PMID": 320211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7317", "title": "Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase. Reaction intermediates and interaction of substrates.", "content": "Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of a 5'-phosphoryl-terminated nucleic acid donor to a 3'-hydroxyl-terminated nucleic acid acceptor. We have identified adenylylated DNA and RNA reaction intermediates in which the AMP moiety is attached by a pyrophosphate bond to the 5'-phosphoryl group of the donor. A large amount of DNA-adenylate accumulates during the reaction and the dependence of joining and adenylylation on chain length are similar. The adenylylated donor is joined by ligase to an acceptor in the absence of ATP, and AMP is released stoichiometrically in this reaction. The acceptor is not only a substrate in the reaction but also a cofactor for adenylylation of the donor; in the absence of a 3'-hydroxyl group the activated intermediate does not form. The activated DNA need not join to the acceptor that initially stimulated activation but can also join to another acceptor. This process of acceptor exchanges has proven useful for promoting the cyclization of small DNA substrates and the synthesis of DNA co-polymers.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase. Reaction intermediates and interaction of substrates. Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of a 5'-phosphoryl-terminated nucleic acid donor to a 3'-hydroxyl-terminated nucleic acid acceptor. We have identified adenylylated DNA and RNA reaction intermediates in which the AMP moiety is attached by a pyrophosphate bond to the 5'-phosphoryl group of the donor. A large amount of DNA-adenylate accumulates during the reaction and the dependence of joining and adenylylation on chain length are similar. The adenylylated donor is joined by ligase to an acceptor in the absence of ATP, and AMP is released stoichiometrically in this reaction. The acceptor is not only a substrate in the reaction but also a cofactor for adenylylation of the donor; in the absence of a 3'-hydroxyl group the activated intermediate does not form. The activated DNA need not join to the acceptor that initially stimulated activation but can also join to another acceptor. This process of acceptor exchanges has proven useful for promoting the cyclization of small DNA substrates and the synthesis of DNA co-polymers.", "PMID": 320212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7318", "title": "Function of initiation factor 1 in the binding and release of initiation factor 2 from ribosomal initiation complexes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "1. Studies on the function of initiation factor 1 (IF-1) in the formation of 30 S initiation complexes have been carried out. IF-1 appears to prevent the dissociation of initiation factor 2 (IF-2) from the 30 S initiation complex. The factor has no effect on either the initial binding of IF-2 nor does it increase the amount of IF-2 dependent fMet-tRNA and GTP bound to the 30 S subunit. Bound fMet-tRNA remains stable to sucrose gradient centrifugation even in the absence of IF-1. 2. It is postulated that the presence of IF-2 on the 30 S complex is necessary so that at the time of junction with the 50 S subunit to form a 70 S complex, the 70 S-dependent GTPase activity of IF-2 can hydrolyze GTP. This hydrolysis provides a means by which GTP can be removed to facilitate formation of a 70 S initiation complex active in peptidyl transfer. In support of this postulate, it was observed that 30 S initiation complexes formed in the absence of IF-1 could be depleted of their complexes were still able to accept 50 S subunits to form 70 S complexes which could still donate fMet-tRNA into peptide linkages. These results indicate that 30 S complexes lacking GTP do not require IF-2 for formation of active 70 S complexes. 3. IF-1, which is required to prevent dissociation of IF-2 from the 30 S initiation complex, is also required for release of IF-2 from ribosomes following 70 S initiation complex formation. The mechanisms of the release of IF-2 has been studied in greater detail. Evidence is presented which rules out the presence of a stable IF-2 GDP complex on the surface of the 70 S ribosome following GTP hydrolysis and of any exchange reactions between IF-1 and guanine nucleotides necessary for effecting the release of IF-2. IF-2 remains on the 70 S initiation complexes after release of guanine nucleotides and can be liberated solely by addition of IF-1.", "contents": "Function of initiation factor 1 in the binding and release of initiation factor 2 from ribosomal initiation complexes in Escherichia coli. 1. Studies on the function of initiation factor 1 (IF-1) in the formation of 30 S initiation complexes have been carried out. IF-1 appears to prevent the dissociation of initiation factor 2 (IF-2) from the 30 S initiation complex. The factor has no effect on either the initial binding of IF-2 nor does it increase the amount of IF-2 dependent fMet-tRNA and GTP bound to the 30 S subunit. Bound fMet-tRNA remains stable to sucrose gradient centrifugation even in the absence of IF-1. 2. It is postulated that the presence of IF-2 on the 30 S complex is necessary so that at the time of junction with the 50 S subunit to form a 70 S complex, the 70 S-dependent GTPase activity of IF-2 can hydrolyze GTP. This hydrolysis provides a means by which GTP can be removed to facilitate formation of a 70 S initiation complex active in peptidyl transfer. In support of this postulate, it was observed that 30 S initiation complexes formed in the absence of IF-1 could be depleted of their complexes were still able to accept 50 S subunits to form 70 S complexes which could still donate fMet-tRNA into peptide linkages. These results indicate that 30 S complexes lacking GTP do not require IF-2 for formation of active 70 S complexes. 3. IF-1, which is required to prevent dissociation of IF-2 from the 30 S initiation complex, is also required for release of IF-2 from ribosomes following 70 S initiation complex formation. The mechanisms of the release of IF-2 has been studied in greater detail. Evidence is presented which rules out the presence of a stable IF-2 GDP complex on the surface of the 70 S ribosome following GTP hydrolysis and of any exchange reactions between IF-1 and guanine nucleotides necessary for effecting the release of IF-2. IF-2 remains on the 70 S initiation complexes after release of guanine nucleotides and can be liberated solely by addition of IF-1.", "PMID": 320213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7319", "title": "Early acute rejection in renal homotransplantation. Angiographic-pathologic correlation.", "content": "Early acute rejection occurs between two and ten days after renal homotransplantation and has been recognized in eight of 156 renal transplants. Four of the eight patients developed spontaneous renal rupture unrelated to biopsies. Pathologically, there was acute passive congestion with areas of tubular necrosis, venous thrombi and perivenous lymphoplasia. Glomerular and arterial immunogenic injury was slight. Radiologically, the kidneys were enlarged with stretching of the interlobar and segmental arteries, decreased peripheral filling and a homogeneous nephrogram. Renal vein filling defects were a frequent feature.", "contents": "Early acute rejection in renal homotransplantation. Angiographic-pathologic correlation. Early acute rejection occurs between two and ten days after renal homotransplantation and has been recognized in eight of 156 renal transplants. Four of the eight patients developed spontaneous renal rupture unrelated to biopsies. Pathologically, there was acute passive congestion with areas of tubular necrosis, venous thrombi and perivenous lymphoplasia. Glomerular and arterial immunogenic injury was slight. Radiologically, the kidneys were enlarged with stretching of the interlobar and segmental arteries, decreased peripheral filling and a homogeneous nephrogram. Renal vein filling defects were a frequent feature.", "PMID": 320215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7320", "title": "Potential hazards of diagnostic radiation.", "content": "There are no precise data for determining the extent of somatic damage from small doses of radiation used in diagnostic radiology. Diagnostic radiation given to pregnant women, knowingly or unknowingly, should rarely reach teratogenic levels causing brain and eye abnormalities. Evidence suggests that it does increase the risk of childhood malignancy, especially leukemia. Although rapidly growing tissues seem most susceptible, all radiation probably carries a very small risk of carcinogenesis. Genetic damage is equally difficult to estimate. Diagnostic radiation of females, even in childhood, may be related to an increased incidence of Down's syndrome in older mothers. Radiation also causes point mutations, which may explain the increase of some genetic abnormalities in progeny of older fathers. Whenever an abdominal or pelvic radiograph is ordered before the end of the reproductive period, there must be a potential benefit to balance the small risk involved.", "contents": "Potential hazards of diagnostic radiation. There are no precise data for determining the extent of somatic damage from small doses of radiation used in diagnostic radiology. Diagnostic radiation given to pregnant women, knowingly or unknowingly, should rarely reach teratogenic levels causing brain and eye abnormalities. Evidence suggests that it does increase the risk of childhood malignancy, especially leukemia. Although rapidly growing tissues seem most susceptible, all radiation probably carries a very small risk of carcinogenesis. Genetic damage is equally difficult to estimate. Diagnostic radiation of females, even in childhood, may be related to an increased incidence of Down's syndrome in older mothers. Radiation also causes point mutations, which may explain the increase of some genetic abnormalities in progeny of older fathers. Whenever an abdominal or pelvic radiograph is ordered before the end of the reproductive period, there must be a potential benefit to balance the small risk involved.", "PMID": 320216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7321", "title": "A comparison of the distribution of actin and tubulin in the mammalian mitotic spindle as seen by indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "Rabbit antibodies against actin and tubulin were used in an indirect immunofluorescence study of the structure of the mitotic spindle of PtK1 cells after lysis under conditions that preserve anaphase chromosome movement. During early prophase there is no antiactin staining associated with the mitotic centers, but by late prophase, as the spindle is beginning to form, a small ball of actin antigenicity is found beside the nucleus; After nuclear envelope breakdown, the actiactin stains the region around each mitotic center, and becomes organized into fibers that run between the chromosomes and the poles. Colchicine blocks this organization, but does not disrupt the staining at the poles. At metaphase the antiactin reveals a halo of ill-defined radius around each spindle pole and fibers that run from the poles to the metaphase plate. Antitubulin shows astral rays, fibers running from chromosomes to poles, and some fibers that run across the metaphase plate. At anaphase, there is a shortening of the antiactin-stained fibers, leaving a zone which is essentially free of actin-staining fluorescence between the separating chromosomes. Antitubulin stains the region between chromosomes and poles, but also reveals substantial fibers running through the zone between separating chromosomes. Cells fixed during cytokinesis show actin in the region of the cleavage furrow, while antitubulin reveals the fibrous spindle remnant that runs between daughter cells. These results suggest that actin is  a component of the mammalian mitotic spindle, that the distribution of actin differs from that of tubulin and that the distributions of these two fibrous proteins change in different ways during anaphase.", "contents": "A comparison of the distribution of actin and tubulin in the mammalian mitotic spindle as seen by indirect immunofluorescence. Rabbit antibodies against actin and tubulin were used in an indirect immunofluorescence study of the structure of the mitotic spindle of PtK1 cells after lysis under conditions that preserve anaphase chromosome movement. During early prophase there is no antiactin staining associated with the mitotic centers, but by late prophase, as the spindle is beginning to form, a small ball of actin antigenicity is found beside the nucleus; After nuclear envelope breakdown, the actiactin stains the region around each mitotic center, and becomes organized into fibers that run between the chromosomes and the poles. Colchicine blocks this organization, but does not disrupt the staining at the poles. At metaphase the antiactin reveals a halo of ill-defined radius around each spindle pole and fibers that run from the poles to the metaphase plate. Antitubulin shows astral rays, fibers running from chromosomes to poles, and some fibers that run across the metaphase plate. At anaphase, there is a shortening of the antiactin-stained fibers, leaving a zone which is essentially free of actin-staining fluorescence between the separating chromosomes. Antitubulin stains the region between chromosomes and poles, but also reveals substantial fibers running through the zone between separating chromosomes. Cells fixed during cytokinesis show actin in the region of the cleavage furrow, while antitubulin reveals the fibrous spindle remnant that runs between daughter cells. These results suggest that actin is  a component of the mammalian mitotic spindle, that the distribution of actin differs from that of tubulin and that the distributions of these two fibrous proteins change in different ways during anaphase.", "PMID": 320217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7322", "title": "Ultrastructural study of spontaneous bone marrow rosette-forming cells.", "content": "Mouse bone marrow contains spontaneous rosette-forming cells (RFC) which include more than 70% T-cell precursors, as assessed by their transformation into theta-positive cells after incubation with thymic hormone. Such spontaneous RFC, examined in C57B1/6 mouse bone marrow by electron and scanning electron microscopy, have consistently been shown to be small, inactive mouse lymphocytes when macrophages have been eliminated by cell preincubation. These data suggest that thymic hormone target cells include small quiescent lymphocytes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of spontaneous bone marrow rosette-forming cells. Mouse bone marrow contains spontaneous rosette-forming cells (RFC) which include more than 70% T-cell precursors, as assessed by their transformation into theta-positive cells after incubation with thymic hormone. Such spontaneous RFC, examined in C57B1/6 mouse bone marrow by electron and scanning electron microscopy, have consistently been shown to be small, inactive mouse lymphocytes when macrophages have been eliminated by cell preincubation. These data suggest that thymic hormone target cells include small quiescent lymphocytes.", "PMID": 320218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7323", "title": "The two pools of pituitary gonadotropin: regulation during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Information on the relative activity and on the functional relationships between the acutely releasable (1st) and reserve (2nd) pools of pituitary LH during the course of the normal menstrual cycle was obtained via a 4 h LRF infusion (0.2 mug/min X 4 h). This was immediately followed by 3 pulses of LRF (10 mug at 2 h intervals) to assess further the size of the acutely releasable pool after activation of the reserve pool by the infusion. Our observations indicate that two functional pools of LH are present in all phases of the menstrual cycle and that comparative pool size or activity is influenced profoundly by ovarian steroid feedback as well as by the pattern of input of hypothalamic LRF. From the early to the late follicular phase, in synchrony with the rising levels of E2, the size of the 2nd pool is preferentially augmented. A small increase in the 1st pool activity is not apparent until the late follicular phase when a 5-fold increase in the size of the 2nd pool is also attained. During the mid-luteal phase and in association with relatively high progesterone (P) and E2, th large 2nd pool is maintained as in the late follicular phase but the 1st pool is strikingly smaller. Activation of the 2nd pool of LH by the LRF infusion (priming) increases the acutely releasable LH (1st pool) in all three phases of the cycle, as evidenced by an enhanced response to the 1st but not subsequent pulses of LRF at the end of the infusion as compared with non-infused controls. This priming effect is likely a reflection of activation or \"shifting\" of LH from the larger 2nd pool to the smaller 1st pool. It is found that this priming effect is greatest during the mid-luteal phase as compared to other phases of the cycle. During the days of mid-cycle LH surge, a dramatic reversal of the relative activity of the two pools in observed and this is manifested by an enormous increase in the activity of the 1st relative to the 2nd pool. In contrast to other phases of the cycle, the release of LH from the 2nd pool is not sustained and this premature decline in LH release despite continuous LRF infusion appears to be due to pituitary depletion of LH as evidenced by the failure of the pituitary response to pulses of LRF immediately following the infusion...", "contents": "The two pools of pituitary gonadotropin: regulation during the menstrual cycle. Information on the relative activity and on the functional relationships between the acutely releasable (1st) and reserve (2nd) pools of pituitary LH during the course of the normal menstrual cycle was obtained via a 4 h LRF infusion (0.2 mug/min X 4 h). This was immediately followed by 3 pulses of LRF (10 mug at 2 h intervals) to assess further the size of the acutely releasable pool after activation of the reserve pool by the infusion. Our observations indicate that two functional pools of LH are present in all phases of the menstrual cycle and that comparative pool size or activity is influenced profoundly by ovarian steroid feedback as well as by the pattern of input of hypothalamic LRF. From the early to the late follicular phase, in synchrony with the rising levels of E2, the size of the 2nd pool is preferentially augmented. A small increase in the 1st pool activity is not apparent until the late follicular phase when a 5-fold increase in the size of the 2nd pool is also attained. During the mid-luteal phase and in association with relatively high progesterone (P) and E2, th large 2nd pool is maintained as in the late follicular phase but the 1st pool is strikingly smaller. Activation of the 2nd pool of LH by the LRF infusion (priming) increases the acutely releasable LH (1st pool) in all three phases of the cycle, as evidenced by an enhanced response to the 1st but not subsequent pulses of LRF at the end of the infusion as compared with non-infused controls. This priming effect is likely a reflection of activation or \"shifting\" of LH from the larger 2nd pool to the smaller 1st pool. It is found that this priming effect is greatest during the mid-luteal phase as compared to other phases of the cycle. During the days of mid-cycle LH surge, a dramatic reversal of the relative activity of the two pools in observed and this is manifested by an enormous increase in the activity of the 1st relative to the 2nd pool. In contrast to other phases of the cycle, the release of LH from the 2nd pool is not sustained and this premature decline in LH release despite continuous LRF infusion appears to be due to pituitary depletion of LH as evidenced by the failure of the pituitary response to pulses of LRF immediately following the infusion...", "PMID": 320220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7324", "title": "Usefulness of urinary gonadotropin measurements to assess luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) responsiveness in hypogonadotropic states.", "content": "Multiple blood sampling techniques and short-term, timed urine collections were employed before and after luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) administration to 51 individuals on 58 occasions. Correlation of blood and urine per cent responses to LRF were significant for LH (P less than .05) and FSH (P less than .001), indicating that urine measurements provide an adequate means of assessing response to LRF. In 7 patients with basal blood gonadotropin levels below assay sensitivity, urine measurements provided the only means of accurately determining a response to LRF. Per cent response to LRF was negatively correlated with basal LH levels in the urine (P less than .02) but not in the blood. A significant negative correlation between basal levels and per cent response was demonstrated for FSH in blood and urine (P less than .01). Accurate measurement of basal gonadotropins and the expression of LRF responses as per cent increments aided in distinguishing between patients with hypothalamic and pituitary diseases. A marked response to LRF in the presence of very low basal LH levels was found in patients with hypothalamic disorders, a finding revealed only by using urine determinations. Low per cent responses to LRF were seen primarily in patients with pituitary disease, a situation most clearly delineated by blood FSH measurements.", "contents": "Usefulness of urinary gonadotropin measurements to assess luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) responsiveness in hypogonadotropic states. Multiple blood sampling techniques and short-term, timed urine collections were employed before and after luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) administration to 51 individuals on 58 occasions. Correlation of blood and urine per cent responses to LRF were significant for LH (P less than .05) and FSH (P less than .001), indicating that urine measurements provide an adequate means of assessing response to LRF. In 7 patients with basal blood gonadotropin levels below assay sensitivity, urine measurements provided the only means of accurately determining a response to LRF. Per cent response to LRF was negatively correlated with basal LH levels in the urine (P less than .02) but not in the blood. A significant negative correlation between basal levels and per cent response was demonstrated for FSH in blood and urine (P less than .01). Accurate measurement of basal gonadotropins and the expression of LRF responses as per cent increments aided in distinguishing between patients with hypothalamic and pituitary diseases. A marked response to LRF in the presence of very low basal LH levels was found in patients with hypothalamic disorders, a finding revealed only by using urine determinations. Low per cent responses to LRF were seen primarily in patients with pituitary disease, a situation most clearly delineated by blood FSH measurements.", "PMID": 320221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7325", "title": "Endocrine and cytogenetic studies in a patient with Turner's phenotype and a ring chromosome.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman with secondary amenorrhea and some of the somatic stigmata of Turner's syndrome was found to have a ring chromosome. Laparoscopy and ovarian biopsy showed hypoplastic ovaries and an absence of primordial follicles. Endocrine evaluation showed a normal 24-h mean LH level (12.5 mIU/ml), an elevated FSH level (28 mIU/ml) and a normal plasma estradiol level (64 pg/ml). The augmented FSH and normal  LH response to LH-RH is similar to what is found in men with germinal cell aplasia (Sertoli-cell only). The synchronous initiations of normal LH and abnormally augmented FSH secretory episodes in this patient suggests the absence or decrease of some factor normally produced by the ovarian follicle which modulates the release of FSH in response to LH-RH.", "contents": "Endocrine and cytogenetic studies in a patient with Turner's phenotype and a ring chromosome. A 27-year-old woman with secondary amenorrhea and some of the somatic stigmata of Turner's syndrome was found to have a ring chromosome. Laparoscopy and ovarian biopsy showed hypoplastic ovaries and an absence of primordial follicles. Endocrine evaluation showed a normal 24-h mean LH level (12.5 mIU/ml), an elevated FSH level (28 mIU/ml) and a normal plasma estradiol level (64 pg/ml). The augmented FSH and normal  LH response to LH-RH is similar to what is found in men with germinal cell aplasia (Sertoli-cell only). The synchronous initiations of normal LH and abnormally augmented FSH secretory episodes in this patient suggests the absence or decrease of some factor normally produced by the ovarian follicle which modulates the release of FSH in response to LH-RH.", "PMID": 320222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7326", "title": "Metabolic clearance and plasma half disappearance time of exogenous gonadotropin releasing hormone in normal subjects and in patients with liver disease and chronic renal failure.", "content": "The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and half disappearance time (t 1/2) of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) has been measured during and after cessation of constant infusion of exogenous GnRH. Studies were performed on normal subjects and patients with severe renal and liver disease. GnRH was quantified by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay which does not measure GnRH fragments. The MCR of GnRH in normal subjects was 1640+/-59.7 ml/min (23.7+/-1.8 ml/min/kg), similar to values found in 4 patients with liver disease. However in chronic renal failure an MCR of only 631+/-62 ml/min (9.1+/-0.7 ml/min/kg) was obtained. The t1/2 of GnRH after infusion was linear for 8-10 min, after which a much slower component was observed. The t1/2 of the first component ranged from 5.5 to 8 min in normal subjects, 6.5-8 min in patients with liver disease but prolonged (12-16.5 min) in patients with renal failure. It would appear that GnRH is cleared rapidly in normal subjects, that moderate liver dysfunction does not alter this, but that impaired renal function significantly prolongs the t1/2 and lowers the MCR. The kidney might be an important catabolic organ for infused GnRH; alternatively, uremia might impair catabolism non-specifically.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance and plasma half disappearance time of exogenous gonadotropin releasing hormone in normal subjects and in patients with liver disease and chronic renal failure. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and half disappearance time (t 1/2) of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) has been measured during and after cessation of constant infusion of exogenous GnRH. Studies were performed on normal subjects and patients with severe renal and liver disease. GnRH was quantified by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay which does not measure GnRH fragments. The MCR of GnRH in normal subjects was 1640+/-59.7 ml/min (23.7+/-1.8 ml/min/kg), similar to values found in 4 patients with liver disease. However in chronic renal failure an MCR of only 631+/-62 ml/min (9.1+/-0.7 ml/min/kg) was obtained. The t1/2 of GnRH after infusion was linear for 8-10 min, after which a much slower component was observed. The t1/2 of the first component ranged from 5.5 to 8 min in normal subjects, 6.5-8 min in patients with liver disease but prolonged (12-16.5 min) in patients with renal failure. It would appear that GnRH is cleared rapidly in normal subjects, that moderate liver dysfunction does not alter this, but that impaired renal function significantly prolongs the t1/2 and lowers the MCR. The kidney might be an important catabolic organ for infused GnRH; alternatively, uremia might impair catabolism non-specifically.", "PMID": 320223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7327", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance in myotonia dystrophica.", "content": "Carbohydrate metabolism was studied in fourteen patients with myotonia dystrophica (MD) using oral glucose, fructose and galactose tolerance tests. Insulin responses to tolbutamide, glucagon, arginine and leucine were determined and insulin resistance was measured with exogenous iv insulin. Glucose tolerance was impaired in twelve of the four teen subjects while hyperinsulinism was found in all patients studied. Insulin response to the various substances was excessive. The insulin tolerance test revealed insulin resistance in all patients and this generally correlated well with the degree of hyperinsulinism to provocative tests. Serum galactose levels after an oral load were much lower in MD compared to normal subjects and were associated with a correspondingly greater rise in glucose, indicating an increased conversion of galactose to glucose. A similar response to oral galactose was found in diabetics. The hyperinsulinism seen with the fructose and galactose tests corresponded well to the rise in glucose during the test. Urinary sorbitol excretion was normal. It is concluded that the impaired carbohydrate metabolism seen in MD is due to peripheral insulin resistance affecting various organs including the liver and it is suggested that the excessive beta-cell response is secondayr to the peripheral resistance.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance in myotonia dystrophica. Carbohydrate metabolism was studied in fourteen patients with myotonia dystrophica (MD) using oral glucose, fructose and galactose tolerance tests. Insulin responses to tolbutamide, glucagon, arginine and leucine were determined and insulin resistance was measured with exogenous iv insulin. Glucose tolerance was impaired in twelve of the four teen subjects while hyperinsulinism was found in all patients studied. Insulin response to the various substances was excessive. The insulin tolerance test revealed insulin resistance in all patients and this generally correlated well with the degree of hyperinsulinism to provocative tests. Serum galactose levels after an oral load were much lower in MD compared to normal subjects and were associated with a correspondingly greater rise in glucose, indicating an increased conversion of galactose to glucose. A similar response to oral galactose was found in diabetics. The hyperinsulinism seen with the fructose and galactose tests corresponded well to the rise in glucose during the test. Urinary sorbitol excretion was normal. It is concluded that the impaired carbohydrate metabolism seen in MD is due to peripheral insulin resistance affecting various organs including the liver and it is suggested that the excessive beta-cell response is secondayr to the peripheral resistance.", "PMID": 320224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7328", "title": "Differential response of serum LH in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and delayed puberty to LH-RH stimulation before and after clomiphene citrate administration.", "content": "The differential diagnosis between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and delayed puberty is facilitated by comparing the response of gonadotropins to LH-RH stimulation before and after administration of clomiphene citrate 200 mg daily during 7 days. Premedication of clomiphene citrate depresses peak values of LH and FSH on LH-RH in delayed puberty. In hypogonadotropic hypogonadism clomiphene citrate raises LH-RH induced peak LH while FSH does not change.", "contents": "Differential response of serum LH in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and delayed puberty to LH-RH stimulation before and after clomiphene citrate administration. The differential diagnosis between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and delayed puberty is facilitated by comparing the response of gonadotropins to LH-RH stimulation before and after administration of clomiphene citrate 200 mg daily during 7 days. Premedication of clomiphene citrate depresses peak values of LH and FSH on LH-RH in delayed puberty. In hypogonadotropic hypogonadism clomiphene citrate raises LH-RH induced peak LH while FSH does not change.", "PMID": 320225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7329", "title": "Immunohistochemical changes in morphologically involved and uninvolved colonic mucosa of patients with idiopathic proctitis.", "content": "Alterations in secretory component, IgA, IgG, and IgM were studied by immunofluorescent techniques in mucosal biopsy specimens obtained at colonoscopy from inflamed and grossly uninvolved colonic mucosa from 12 patients with idiopathic proctitis. Parotid-salivary secretory component and IgA and serum immunoglobulins were also investigated. Decreased secretory IgA was observed in the epithelium of all grossly involved rectal mucosa and in 40% of proximal normal mucosa. Salivary secretory IgA was not diminished. These observations suggest that a local immune defect may be pathogenetically related to idiopathic proctitis.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical changes in morphologically involved and uninvolved colonic mucosa of patients with idiopathic proctitis. Alterations in secretory component, IgA, IgG, and IgM were studied by immunofluorescent techniques in mucosal biopsy specimens obtained at colonoscopy from inflamed and grossly uninvolved colonic mucosa from 12 patients with idiopathic proctitis. Parotid-salivary secretory component and IgA and serum immunoglobulins were also investigated. Decreased secretory IgA was observed in the epithelium of all grossly involved rectal mucosa and in 40% of proximal normal mucosa. Salivary secretory IgA was not diminished. These observations suggest that a local immune defect may be pathogenetically related to idiopathic proctitis.", "PMID": 320226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7330", "title": "The electrophysiologic effects of quinidine in the transplanted human heart.", "content": "Using His bundle recording techniques, we examined direct and autonomically mediated conduction system effects of quinidine in five cardiac transplant recipients who have anatomically denervated hearts. We made control conduction interval and refractory period measurements, and then infused 10 mg/kg quinidine gluconate over a 20-min period. At 30 min, we determined the electrophysiologic changes induced by quinidine. Quinidine significantly increased the atrial-His (AH) interval (from 97+/-9 [SEM] to 108+/-7 ms, P less than 0.001), the His-ventricular (HV) inteval (from 43.9 +/- 1 to 52.8 +/- 3 ms, P less than 0.01), the donor heart sinus cycle length (from 599 +/- 38 to 630 +/- 56 ms, P less than 0.08), and the atrial effective refractory period (from 214 +/- 14 to 241 +/- 11 ms, P less than 0.01). Quinidine significantly decreased the innervated, remnant atrial sinus cycle length (from 847 +/- 104 to 660 +/- 96 ms, P less than 0.01) and the blood pressure. The mean plasma concentration of quinidine at the time that electrophysiologic measurements were repeated was 4.37 +/- 0.449 micrograms/ml. We conclude that quinidine's predominant sinus nodal and atrioventricular nodal effects in man are autonomically mediated and opposite to its direct actions upon these structures. On the other hand, quinidine's prevailing effect on atrial refractoriness and His-Purkinje conduction in man is direct.", "contents": "The electrophysiologic effects of quinidine in the transplanted human heart. Using His bundle recording techniques, we examined direct and autonomically mediated conduction system effects of quinidine in five cardiac transplant recipients who have anatomically denervated hearts. We made control conduction interval and refractory period measurements, and then infused 10 mg/kg quinidine gluconate over a 20-min period. At 30 min, we determined the electrophysiologic changes induced by quinidine. Quinidine significantly increased the atrial-His (AH) interval (from 97+/-9 [SEM] to 108+/-7 ms, P less than 0.001), the His-ventricular (HV) inteval (from 43.9 +/- 1 to 52.8 +/- 3 ms, P less than 0.01), the donor heart sinus cycle length (from 599 +/- 38 to 630 +/- 56 ms, P less than 0.08), and the atrial effective refractory period (from 214 +/- 14 to 241 +/- 11 ms, P less than 0.01). Quinidine significantly decreased the innervated, remnant atrial sinus cycle length (from 847 +/- 104 to 660 +/- 96 ms, P less than 0.01) and the blood pressure. The mean plasma concentration of quinidine at the time that electrophysiologic measurements were repeated was 4.37 +/- 0.449 micrograms/ml. We conclude that quinidine's predominant sinus nodal and atrioventricular nodal effects in man are autonomically mediated and opposite to its direct actions upon these structures. On the other hand, quinidine's prevailing effect on atrial refractoriness and His-Purkinje conduction in man is direct.", "PMID": 320227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7331", "title": "Role of in vitro and in vivo tests of hypersensitivity in beryllium workers.", "content": "The value of the beryllium macrophage migration inhibition (Be MIF) and Mantoux tests in the diagnosis of chronic beryllium disease and in the detection of hypersensitivity in healthy beryllium workers is demonstrated. In the absence of steroid treatment the Be MIF test is positive in chronic beryllium disease patients. Seven of 50 (14%) helathy beryllium workers were Be MIF positive, while all the control subjects, normal and sarcoidosis patients, were negative. Healthy beryllium workers tend to be more often Mantoux negative than a comparable group of non-exposed workers, and although not conclusive this finding correlates with a positive Be MIF test. Although the detection of hypersensitivity is not diagnostic of disease, the Be MIF test can be used as an additional method for monitoring the health of beryllium workers. The full significance of our results should be assessed by a long-term study.", "contents": "Role of in vitro and in vivo tests of hypersensitivity in beryllium workers. The value of the beryllium macrophage migration inhibition (Be MIF) and Mantoux tests in the diagnosis of chronic beryllium disease and in the detection of hypersensitivity in healthy beryllium workers is demonstrated. In the absence of steroid treatment the Be MIF test is positive in chronic beryllium disease patients. Seven of 50 (14%) helathy beryllium workers were Be MIF positive, while all the control subjects, normal and sarcoidosis patients, were negative. Healthy beryllium workers tend to be more often Mantoux negative than a comparable group of non-exposed workers, and although not conclusive this finding correlates with a positive Be MIF test. Although the detection of hypersensitivity is not diagnostic of disease, the Be MIF test can be used as an additional method for monitoring the health of beryllium workers. The full significance of our results should be assessed by a long-term study.", "PMID": 320228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7332", "title": "Complementary use of aesculin hydrolysis and inositol fermentation in the characterisation of Klebsielleae.", "content": "Rates of aesculin hydrolysis and inositol fermentation adequately differentiate Klebsielleae from other Enterobacteriaceae. In combination with tests for motility and growth in potassium cyanide medium, presumptive differentiation between Klebsielleae, and confirmation of Klebsiella pneumoniae, is obtained.", "contents": "Complementary use of aesculin hydrolysis and inositol fermentation in the characterisation of Klebsielleae. Rates of aesculin hydrolysis and inositol fermentation adequately differentiate Klebsielleae from other Enterobacteriaceae. In combination with tests for motility and growth in potassium cyanide medium, presumptive differentiation between Klebsielleae, and confirmation of Klebsiella pneumoniae, is obtained.", "PMID": 320229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7333", "title": "Twice weekly prophylactic therapy in haemophilia A.", "content": "Factor VIII-containing materials were administered to four severely affected haemophiliacs twice weekly in doses calculated to raise the factor VIII level to either 15% or 30% of average normal. The pooled results from those patients with statistically similar baseline bleeding frequencies showed a significant reduction in bleeding frequency on both doses in the first 48 hours. The 30% dose produced a more significant reduction than the 15% dose in the first 24 hours, but there was no significant difference between the two doses in the second 24 hours. It appears that to reduce the bleeding frequency of severely affected haemophiliacs by 60% would require a two-and-a-half-fold increase in therapeutic materials. A 90% reduction would need nine times the amount of material currently in use.", "contents": "Twice weekly prophylactic therapy in haemophilia A. Factor VIII-containing materials were administered to four severely affected haemophiliacs twice weekly in doses calculated to raise the factor VIII level to either 15% or 30% of average normal. The pooled results from those patients with statistically similar baseline bleeding frequencies showed a significant reduction in bleeding frequency on both doses in the first 48 hours. The 30% dose produced a more significant reduction than the 15% dose in the first 24 hours, but there was no significant difference between the two doses in the second 24 hours. It appears that to reduce the bleeding frequency of severely affected haemophiliacs by 60% would require a two-and-a-half-fold increase in therapeutic materials. A 90% reduction would need nine times the amount of material currently in use.", "PMID": 320230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7334", "title": "Colony-forming ability of marrow from patients receiving immunotherapy during chemotherapy-induced remission in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "An in vivo culture system, the agar diffusion chamber technique, has been used to measure the population of colony-forming precursor cells in the bone marrow of patients receiving immunotherapy during acute myeloid leukaemia in remission. The results of these assays indicate that (1) the level of committed granulocytic stem cells usually remains below the range found in normal marrow throughout remission, and (2) the maintenance of adequate cell counts in the blood may be due to increased cell production by these early granulocytic precursor cells. The relevance of these findings to the possible protective effect of immunotherapy against cytotoxic chemotherapy is discussed.", "contents": "Colony-forming ability of marrow from patients receiving immunotherapy during chemotherapy-induced remission in acute myeloid leukaemia. An in vivo culture system, the agar diffusion chamber technique, has been used to measure the population of colony-forming precursor cells in the bone marrow of patients receiving immunotherapy during acute myeloid leukaemia in remission. The results of these assays indicate that (1) the level of committed granulocytic stem cells usually remains below the range found in normal marrow throughout remission, and (2) the maintenance of adequate cell counts in the blood may be due to increased cell production by these early granulocytic precursor cells. The relevance of these findings to the possible protective effect of immunotherapy against cytotoxic chemotherapy is discussed.", "PMID": 320231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7335", "title": "The 15 g D-xylose absorption test: its application to the study of coeliac disease.", "content": "The absorption of xylose following an oral load of 15 g D-xylose has been studied by serial blood levels in 17 untreated adult coeliac patients, 21 treated coeliac patients, and 30 non-coeliac patients. A statistically significant difference in xylose blood levels was found between untreated coeliac and non-coeliac patients at all the times studied, but a complete separation between these two groups occurred only at the 75 minute stage. The reproducibility of absorption was assessed by repeating the test in 16 subjects. The 95% confidence limits of the standard error of estimate are narrowest at 75 and 90 minutes.", "contents": "The 15 g D-xylose absorption test: its application to the study of coeliac disease. The absorption of xylose following an oral load of 15 g D-xylose has been studied by serial blood levels in 17 untreated adult coeliac patients, 21 treated coeliac patients, and 30 non-coeliac patients. A statistically significant difference in xylose blood levels was found between untreated coeliac and non-coeliac patients at all the times studied, but a complete separation between these two groups occurred only at the 75 minute stage. The reproducibility of absorption was assessed by repeating the test in 16 subjects. The 95% confidence limits of the standard error of estimate are narrowest at 75 and 90 minutes.", "PMID": 320232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7336", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog. V. Macrophages challenged by bacillus Calmette-Guerin.", "content": "Mongrel dogs were anesthetized intraperitoneally with pentobarbitol. One cc of cerebrospinal fluid was drawn through a needle inserted into the cisterna magna and mixed with 1 cc (4-9 million viable BCG organisms) of freeze-dried bacillus Calmette-Guerin. One minute later this mixture was injected by the same needle into the cisterna magna. At 1 and 12 days postinjection, experimental animals were perfused with buffered aldehydes. Samples of the leptomeninges were post-fixed in OsO4 and routinely prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Leptomeningeal samples of untreated, control animals were similarly prepared. Scanning and transmission microscopy confirm that free cells resting on the subarachnoid linings and within the subpial connective tissue space of control animals possess the morphology of macrophages (Malloy and Low, '76). Viable BCG in the subarachnoid space produces a 3-fold increase in the free cell population of the leptomeninges in 24 hours and a 10-fold increase in 12 days. These cells tend to form associations varying from loose aggregates to tight clusters. Approximately 80% of these free cells express macrophage morphology, with abundant plasma-lemmal microappendages and cytoplasmic vacuoles. Transmission electron microscopy of the free cell population of BCG-stimulated animals reveals at least two other members of the leukocyte series on the leptomeningeal linings.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog. V. Macrophages challenged by bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Mongrel dogs were anesthetized intraperitoneally with pentobarbitol. One cc of cerebrospinal fluid was drawn through a needle inserted into the cisterna magna and mixed with 1 cc (4-9 million viable BCG organisms) of freeze-dried bacillus Calmette-Guerin. One minute later this mixture was injected by the same needle into the cisterna magna. At 1 and 12 days postinjection, experimental animals were perfused with buffered aldehydes. Samples of the leptomeninges were post-fixed in OsO4 and routinely prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Leptomeningeal samples of untreated, control animals were similarly prepared. Scanning and transmission microscopy confirm that free cells resting on the subarachnoid linings and within the subpial connective tissue space of control animals possess the morphology of macrophages (Malloy and Low, '76). Viable BCG in the subarachnoid space produces a 3-fold increase in the free cell population of the leptomeninges in 24 hours and a 10-fold increase in 12 days. These cells tend to form associations varying from loose aggregates to tight clusters. Approximately 80% of these free cells express macrophage morphology, with abundant plasma-lemmal microappendages and cytoplasmic vacuoles. Transmission electron microscopy of the free cell population of BCG-stimulated animals reveals at least two other members of the leukocyte series on the leptomeningeal linings.", "PMID": 320233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7337", "title": "Gluconeogenesis in cattle: significance and methodology.", "content": "Gluconeogenesis is a continual process that is of great importance in ruminants because almost all dietary carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty acids in the rumen. In turn, propionate is the only major volatile fatty acid that contributes to gluconeogenesis. Many different techniques and analytical procedures are involved in studying ruminant gluconeogenesis. Glucose kinetics can be examined by single-injection or continuous-infusion isotope dilution techniques with a variety of glucose labels. Correcting for recycling of label is an important consideration. Absorption of glucose from the gut can be measured by combining arterial-venous differences and flow rates of portal blood or can be estimated by determining the amount of glucose plus alpha-glucose polymers passing into the small intestine. Production of propionate in the ruminoreticulum can be measured by isotope dilution techniques. Quantitating the conversion of propionate to glucose requires the use of [carbon-14]propionate with careful corrections for propionate carbon entering the citric acid cycle before incorporation into glucose; The same fundamental techniques used with propionate are required to quantitate the contributions of amino acids and other precursors to glucose. In vitro studies of gluconeogenic enzymes, and cellular, tissue, or organ preparations provide valuable insights into the gluconeogenic processes and controls but must be validated by in vivo experiments. Progress has been considerable in understanding some aspects of ruminant gluconeogenesis, but many more studies will be required to obtain a complete understanding.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis in cattle: significance and methodology. Gluconeogenesis is a continual process that is of great importance in ruminants because almost all dietary carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty acids in the rumen. In turn, propionate is the only major volatile fatty acid that contributes to gluconeogenesis. Many different techniques and analytical procedures are involved in studying ruminant gluconeogenesis. Glucose kinetics can be examined by single-injection or continuous-infusion isotope dilution techniques with a variety of glucose labels. Correcting for recycling of label is an important consideration. Absorption of glucose from the gut can be measured by combining arterial-venous differences and flow rates of portal blood or can be estimated by determining the amount of glucose plus alpha-glucose polymers passing into the small intestine. Production of propionate in the ruminoreticulum can be measured by isotope dilution techniques. Quantitating the conversion of propionate to glucose requires the use of [carbon-14]propionate with careful corrections for propionate carbon entering the citric acid cycle before incorporation into glucose; The same fundamental techniques used with propionate are required to quantitate the contributions of amino acids and other precursors to glucose. In vitro studies of gluconeogenic enzymes, and cellular, tissue, or organ preparations provide valuable insights into the gluconeogenic processes and controls but must be validated by in vivo experiments. Progress has been considerable in understanding some aspects of ruminant gluconeogenesis, but many more studies will be required to obtain a complete understanding.", "PMID": 320235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7338", "title": "Parasitism and calfhood diseases.", "content": "That animals can and do acquire an effective immunity against helminth parasites has been demonstrated extensively experimentally, and the fact that domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, and horses become adults while maintaining good health in spite of constant exposure to reinfection long has suggested that immunity must be important to such survival. Although our attempts to date to vaccinate calves against helminth parasites have either failed or been unsatisfactory because of the pathosis induced by the experimental vaccines, the results are not surprising or discouraging. In contrast to the long history of immunization research on bacterial and viral diseases, only within a relatively short time have serious efforts been directed at exploiting hostal immunity for prevention and control of helminthic diseases. Unlike the comparatively simple structures of viruses and bacteria, helminths are complex multicellular animals with vast arrays of antigens and complicated physiological and immunological interactions with their hosts. Much more fundamental information on helminth-bovine interactions, on helminth antigens, and on cattle antibody systems must be developed before progress on control of cattle helminths by vaccination can be meaningful.", "contents": "Parasitism and calfhood diseases. That animals can and do acquire an effective immunity against helminth parasites has been demonstrated extensively experimentally, and the fact that domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, and horses become adults while maintaining good health in spite of constant exposure to reinfection long has suggested that immunity must be important to such survival. Although our attempts to date to vaccinate calves against helminth parasites have either failed or been unsatisfactory because of the pathosis induced by the experimental vaccines, the results are not surprising or discouraging. In contrast to the long history of immunization research on bacterial and viral diseases, only within a relatively short time have serious efforts been directed at exploiting hostal immunity for prevention and control of helminthic diseases. Unlike the comparatively simple structures of viruses and bacteria, helminths are complex multicellular animals with vast arrays of antigens and complicated physiological and immunological interactions with their hosts. Much more fundamental information on helminth-bovine interactions, on helminth antigens, and on cattle antibody systems must be developed before progress on control of cattle helminths by vaccination can be meaningful.", "PMID": 320236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7339", "title": "Influence of the topical application of fluoride on the in vitro adhesion of fissure sealants.", "content": "The adhesion of four polymeric sealant materials to enamel treated with a topical application of fluoride has been assessed by tensile bond strength tests. The ultraviolet light-activated resin, Nuva Seal, was found to bond adequately to stannous fluoride-treated teeth. The tensile bond strength of Espe 71730, Alpha Seal, and Epoxylite 9075 to enamel was reduced by treatment of the enamel with stannous fluoride. Treatment of the etched enamel with acidulated phosphate fluoride reduced the bond strength of all four fissure sealants.", "contents": "Influence of the topical application of fluoride on the in vitro adhesion of fissure sealants. The adhesion of four polymeric sealant materials to enamel treated with a topical application of fluoride has been assessed by tensile bond strength tests. The ultraviolet light-activated resin, Nuva Seal, was found to bond adequately to stannous fluoride-treated teeth. The tensile bond strength of Espe 71730, Alpha Seal, and Epoxylite 9075 to enamel was reduced by treatment of the enamel with stannous fluoride. Treatment of the etched enamel with acidulated phosphate fluoride reduced the bond strength of all four fissure sealants.", "PMID": 320238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7340", "title": "Immune responses of the bovine fetus.", "content": "The bovine fetus is capable of mounting an antibody response when a bacterial antigen (killed Escherichia coli) or viral antigen (live reovirus) is deposited into the amniotic fluid. Time required for the fetus to respond to bacterial antigen given orally (amniotic fluid) is approximately 10 to 14 days and 8 to 10 days for viral antigen. Calves vaccinated prenatally with E. coli from 9 to 102 days before birth and deprived of colostrum survived oral challenge doses of viable E. coli which killed calves not vaccinated prenatally. One mechanism of protection was the local production of antibody in the gastrointestinal mucosa where immunofluorescent techniques showed immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and anti-E. coli antibody in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum as well as in the jejunal lymph node. Prenatal vaccination has been used in the field for prevention of colibacillosis. However, the occurrence of some stillbirths and premature births indicates the need for further research before there can be widespread field application of the technique.", "contents": "Immune responses of the bovine fetus. The bovine fetus is capable of mounting an antibody response when a bacterial antigen (killed Escherichia coli) or viral antigen (live reovirus) is deposited into the amniotic fluid. Time required for the fetus to respond to bacterial antigen given orally (amniotic fluid) is approximately 10 to 14 days and 8 to 10 days for viral antigen. Calves vaccinated prenatally with E. coli from 9 to 102 days before birth and deprived of colostrum survived oral challenge doses of viable E. coli which killed calves not vaccinated prenatally. One mechanism of protection was the local production of antibody in the gastrointestinal mucosa where immunofluorescent techniques showed immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and anti-E. coli antibody in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum as well as in the jejunal lymph node. Prenatal vaccination has been used in the field for prevention of colibacillosis. However, the occurrence of some stillbirths and premature births indicates the need for further research before there can be widespread field application of the technique.", "PMID": 320237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7341", "title": "Comparison of gingival health and gingival crevicular fluid flow in children with and without diabetes.", "content": "GCF flow measurements and a clinical scoring of gingival health were both recorded for a group of 56 children with diabetes and 41 children without diabets. The children with diabetes  had significantly more  gingival disease than the children without diabetes when compared with either measure. A small but significant correlation was found between the GCF flow and the clinical scores with the children with diabetes but not with the children without diabetes.", "contents": "Comparison of gingival health and gingival crevicular fluid flow in children with and without diabetes. GCF flow measurements and a clinical scoring of gingival health were both recorded for a group of 56 children with diabetes and 41 children without diabets. The children with diabetes  had significantly more  gingival disease than the children without diabetes when compared with either measure. A small but significant correlation was found between the GCF flow and the clinical scores with the children with diabetes but not with the children without diabetes.", "PMID": 320239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7342", "title": "High incidence of horse serum protein allergy in various autoimmune disorders.", "content": "In 186 persons (68 patients suffering from different so-called autoimmune diseases, 30 kidney recipients, 38 control patients from a surgical ward, and 50 healthy volunteers) the immune response to horse IgG was examined. The lowest rate of sensitization was found in kidney transplant recipients (3%) and the highest in autoimmune patients (33%). After excluding 39 patient who had received horse serum treatment prior to the examination, it was found that without previous injection of horse serum, 27% of the patients with autoimmune disease were sensitized to horse IgG. Compared to the other groups (kidney transplant recipients, 4%: surgical controls, 0%; healthy volunteers, 3%), this difference was statistically significant (p is less than 0.01).", "contents": "High incidence of horse serum protein allergy in various autoimmune disorders. In 186 persons (68 patients suffering from different so-called autoimmune diseases, 30 kidney recipients, 38 control patients from a surgical ward, and 50 healthy volunteers) the immune response to horse IgG was examined. The lowest rate of sensitization was found in kidney transplant recipients (3%) and the highest in autoimmune patients (33%). After excluding 39 patient who had received horse serum treatment prior to the examination, it was found that without previous injection of horse serum, 27% of the patients with autoimmune disease were sensitized to horse IgG. Compared to the other groups (kidney transplant recipients, 4%: surgical controls, 0%; healthy volunteers, 3%), this difference was statistically significant (p is less than 0.01).", "PMID": 320246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7343", "title": "Job enrichment in job design.", "content": "For optimal operation in labor-intensive industries, such as foodservice, not only scientific management principles but also behavioral aspects (the people) must be considered in designing job content. Three psychologic states--work that is meaningful, responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of outcomes--are critical in motivating people. These, in turn encompass the core dimensions of skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. Job enrichment and job enlargement--related but not identical means of expanding job content--when combined, offer the likelihood of redesigned jobs in the core dimensions. Effective implementation of a job enrichment program hinges on diagnosing problems in the work system, actual changes in the work, and systematic evaluation of the changes. The importance of the contribution of the behavioral sciences to management cannot be neglected.", "contents": "Job enrichment in job design. For optimal operation in labor-intensive industries, such as foodservice, not only scientific management principles but also behavioral aspects (the people) must be considered in designing job content. Three psychologic states--work that is meaningful, responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of outcomes--are critical in motivating people. These, in turn encompass the core dimensions of skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. Job enrichment and job enlargement--related but not identical means of expanding job content--when combined, offer the likelihood of redesigned jobs in the core dimensions. Effective implementation of a job enrichment program hinges on diagnosing problems in the work system, actual changes in the work, and systematic evaluation of the changes. The importance of the contribution of the behavioral sciences to management cannot be neglected.", "PMID": 320247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7344", "title": "Geriatric profile of Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826).", "content": "This geriatric profile specifically reflects the impressive achievements of Thomas Jefferson during the years of his retirement (ages 66-83) following a distinguished political career culminating in the Presidency. President Monroe sought his advice even after the age of 80, and Jefferson's reasoning was instrumental in the formulation of the Monroe Doctrine. Education was a foremost priority in retirement. He was responsible for the establishment of the University of Virginia, in which his versatility was manifested as architect, builder, and fund raiser. Jefferson was a man of breadth and extraordinary vision for his time, and has come to be known as the \"Father of American Democracy.\" The basic concepts of his philosophy, including the realm of aging, remain valid today-150 years after his passing.", "contents": "Geriatric profile of Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826). This geriatric profile specifically reflects the impressive achievements of Thomas Jefferson during the years of his retirement (ages 66-83) following a distinguished political career culminating in the Presidency. President Monroe sought his advice even after the age of 80, and Jefferson's reasoning was instrumental in the formulation of the Monroe Doctrine. Education was a foremost priority in retirement. He was responsible for the establishment of the University of Virginia, in which his versatility was manifested as architect, builder, and fund raiser. Jefferson was a man of breadth and extraordinary vision for his time, and has come to be known as the \"Father of American Democracy.\" The basic concepts of his philosophy, including the realm of aging, remain valid today-150 years after his passing.", "PMID": 320248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7345", "title": "Lloyd Morgan's theory of instinct: from Darwinism to neo-Darwinism.", "content": "Darwin's proposal of two sources of instinct--natural selection and inherited habit--fostered among late nineteenth century evolutionists a variety of conflicting notions concerning the mechanisms of evolution. The British comparative psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan was a cardinal figure in restructuring the orthodox Darwinian conception to relieve the confusion besetting it and to meet the demands of the new biology of Weismann. This paper traces the development of Morgan's ideas about instinct against the background of his philosophic assumptions and the views of instinct theorists from Darwin and Romanes to McDougall and Lorenz.", "contents": "Lloyd Morgan's theory of instinct: from Darwinism to neo-Darwinism. Darwin's proposal of two sources of instinct--natural selection and inherited habit--fostered among late nineteenth century evolutionists a variety of conflicting notions concerning the mechanisms of evolution. The British comparative psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan was a cardinal figure in restructuring the orthodox Darwinian conception to relieve the confusion besetting it and to meet the demands of the new biology of Weismann. This paper traces the development of Morgan's ideas about instinct against the background of his philosophic assumptions and the views of instinct theorists from Darwin and Romanes to McDougall and Lorenz.", "PMID": 320250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7346", "title": "Contemporary historiography of psychology: Italy.", "content": "In the context of a world-wide coverage of contemporary historiography of psychology, a descriptive account is presented of major recent events and of publications, grouped into five categories: original works, new editions, editions of the classics of science, readings, and translations. The younger generation tends to combine historical analysis with critical assessment (studio storico-critico), taking into account significance for psychological theory and implications for human affairs.", "contents": "Contemporary historiography of psychology: Italy. In the context of a world-wide coverage of contemporary historiography of psychology, a descriptive account is presented of major recent events and of publications, grouped into five categories: original works, new editions, editions of the classics of science, readings, and translations. The younger generation tends to combine historical analysis with critical assessment (studio storico-critico), taking into account significance for psychological theory and implications for human affairs.", "PMID": 320252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7347", "title": "History of psychology: a review of the last decade.", "content": "A review of the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences revealed that all of the author's opinions on historiography have been well represented. Warning against the development of the history of psychology as a parochial superspecialty, the author proposes an interactional conceptualization of historical work which explicates the historian's presuppositions and deals with issues relevant to contemporary psychology.", "contents": "History of psychology: a review of the last decade. A review of the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences revealed that all of the author's opinions on historiography have been well represented. Warning against the development of the history of psychology as a parochial superspecialty, the author proposes an interactional conceptualization of historical work which explicates the historian's presuppositions and deals with issues relevant to contemporary psychology.", "PMID": 320253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7348", "title": "Hermann von Helmholtz and the empiricist vision.", "content": "The philosophical convictions of Hermann von Helmholtz and the empiricist psychology he developed have been extensively discussed in historical literature. This literature has not usually emphasized the tacti assumptions about human physiology that underlaid these convictions nor the way in which Helmholtz's epistemology served as a methodological directive in his research. Helmholtz assumed nerve transmission between sense organs and the mind to be a passive process. Distortion in stimulus patterns occurs physically in the sense organs, which can therefore be treated through mechanical analogies. Stimuli become converted to the perceptions of consciousness through mental processes that are essentially analogous to conscious, inductive inference and that are therefore susceptible, in principle, to introspective investigation. This view of mental function reflected Helmholtz's intellectual debt to German idealism, especially to the philosophical views of J.G. Fichte.", "contents": "Hermann von Helmholtz and the empiricist vision. The philosophical convictions of Hermann von Helmholtz and the empiricist psychology he developed have been extensively discussed in historical literature. This literature has not usually emphasized the tacti assumptions about human physiology that underlaid these convictions nor the way in which Helmholtz's epistemology served as a methodological directive in his research. Helmholtz assumed nerve transmission between sense organs and the mind to be a passive process. Distortion in stimulus patterns occurs physically in the sense organs, which can therefore be treated through mechanical analogies. Stimuli become converted to the perceptions of consciousness through mental processes that are essentially analogous to conscious, inductive inference and that are therefore susceptible, in principle, to introspective investigation. This view of mental function reflected Helmholtz's intellectual debt to German idealism, especially to the philosophical views of J.G. Fichte.", "PMID": 320254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7349", "title": "The case records of the Psychological Clinic at the University of Pennsylvania (1896-1961).", "content": "The case records of the Psychological Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania the first established in this country, have been transferred to microfilm to save them from desctruction. A survey of the records indicate that they may be valuable in both historical and follow-up research. The microfilms can be made available to qualified investigators with worthy projects.", "contents": "The case records of the Psychological Clinic at the University of Pennsylvania (1896-1961). The case records of the Psychological Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania the first established in this country, have been transferred to microfilm to save them from desctruction. A survey of the records indicate that they may be valuable in both historical and follow-up research. The microfilms can be made available to qualified investigators with worthy projects.", "PMID": 320255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7350", "title": "Cytochemical localization of NADH oxidase in Candida albicans.", "content": "The application of a recently published technique to localize reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activity is described in glutaraldehyde-fixed Candida albicans. The reaction product appears as a finely granular precipitate on the mitochondrial cristae and on the central vacuolar membrane, and, if present, on the vacuolar contents. Fixation should be kept to a minimum and prolonged incubation times up to 2 hr are necessary to show these reactive sites. The reaction appears to be strongly substrate-dependent and not affected by cyanide. Exposure of C. albicans cells to the antimycotic miconazole resulted in a strong increase in reduced nicotinamide, adenine dinucleotide and oxidase activity. The hypothesis is put forward that this enzyme, together with peroxidative and catalatic enzymes, may be implicated in the mechanism by which miconazole exerts its lethal effect on C. albicans.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of NADH oxidase in Candida albicans. The application of a recently published technique to localize reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activity is described in glutaraldehyde-fixed Candida albicans. The reaction product appears as a finely granular precipitate on the mitochondrial cristae and on the central vacuolar membrane, and, if present, on the vacuolar contents. Fixation should be kept to a minimum and prolonged incubation times up to 2 hr are necessary to show these reactive sites. The reaction appears to be strongly substrate-dependent and not affected by cyanide. Exposure of C. albicans cells to the antimycotic miconazole resulted in a strong increase in reduced nicotinamide, adenine dinucleotide and oxidase activity. The hypothesis is put forward that this enzyme, together with peroxidative and catalatic enzymes, may be implicated in the mechanism by which miconazole exerts its lethal effect on C. albicans.", "PMID": 320256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7351", "title": "Catabolism and biologic properties of two species of rat IgG2a Fc fragments.", "content": "Prolonged papain digestion of rat IgG2a has recently been shown to yield two species of Fc fragments, termed Fc(I) AND Fc(II). The results of structural studies indicated that Fc(II) fragment was 15 to 20% smaller than Fc(I), probably secondary to loss of a carboxy-terminal peptide. The effects of these structural laterations on the catabolism and biologic properties of the Fc fragments were determined. The results of catabolic experiments indicated that after injection into normal rats Fc(I) fragments were retained in the circulation and slowly catabolized whereas Fc(II) fragments rapidly underwent filtration in the kidneys. In nephrectomized rats, however, both Fc(I) and Fc(II) fragments possessed identical slow rates of catabolism, as determined by serum disappearance and whole body catabolic experiments. Fragment pFc, corresponding to Cgamma3 domain, was different from either of the Fc fragments in exhibiting rapid rates of catabolism in both normal and nephrectomized rats. Fc(I) was more active in complement fixation and in adherence to the Fc receptor on monocytes in comparison with Fc(II). These results support the conclusion that catabolism of Fc and maintenance in circulation are separate processes influenced by different structures in the Fc fragment. The catabolism of Fc is controlled by structures in the Cgamma2 domain. This process probably is not related either to complement fixation or to adherence to the Fc receptor on monocytes. Some correlations between the structure and biologic properties of these Fc fragments are discussed.", "contents": "Catabolism and biologic properties of two species of rat IgG2a Fc fragments. Prolonged papain digestion of rat IgG2a has recently been shown to yield two species of Fc fragments, termed Fc(I) AND Fc(II). The results of structural studies indicated that Fc(II) fragment was 15 to 20% smaller than Fc(I), probably secondary to loss of a carboxy-terminal peptide. The effects of these structural laterations on the catabolism and biologic properties of the Fc fragments were determined. The results of catabolic experiments indicated that after injection into normal rats Fc(I) fragments were retained in the circulation and slowly catabolized whereas Fc(II) fragments rapidly underwent filtration in the kidneys. In nephrectomized rats, however, both Fc(I) and Fc(II) fragments possessed identical slow rates of catabolism, as determined by serum disappearance and whole body catabolic experiments. Fragment pFc, corresponding to Cgamma3 domain, was different from either of the Fc fragments in exhibiting rapid rates of catabolism in both normal and nephrectomized rats. Fc(I) was more active in complement fixation and in adherence to the Fc receptor on monocytes in comparison with Fc(II). These results support the conclusion that catabolism of Fc and maintenance in circulation are separate processes influenced by different structures in the Fc fragment. The catabolism of Fc is controlled by structures in the Cgamma2 domain. This process probably is not related either to complement fixation or to adherence to the Fc receptor on monocytes. Some correlations between the structure and biologic properties of these Fc fragments are discussed.", "PMID": 320257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7352", "title": "Identification and purification of immunosuppressive activity in the urine of rats and a human patient treated with niridazole.", "content": "Administration of the antischistosomal compound niridazole to mice, guinea pigs, and humans results in the suppression of several manifestations of cell-mediated immunity. Sera from animals treated with niridazole blocked the in vitro production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) while niridazole itself was inactive, suggesting that these effects are caused by water soluble mediators. We now report that crude extracts prepared from the urine of rats and a patient receiving nirdazole, but not from pretreatment control urine, similarly suppress antigen-induced inhibition of migration of peritoneal exudate cells from sensitized guinea pigs. With immunosuppressive activity monitored by the direct MIF assay, combined solvent extraction and chromatographic techniques were used to fractionate immunosuppressive activity from the urine of niridazole-treated rats and the patient; the most active fractions, purified about 100-to 1000-fold as compared to methanol-water extracts of dried voided urine, inhibited MIF production at 0.1 to 0.01 ng/ml of assay mixture. These purified fractions also showed immunosuppressive activity by an in vivo assay wherein doses as low as 1 mug/kg injected intravenously (i.v.) into mice suppressed cell-mediated granuloma formation around Schistosoma manisoni eggs. Identically purified fractions prepared from urine of rats and the patient before they received niridazole showed no immunosuppressive activity either in the MIF or in the granuloma assay systems.", "contents": "Identification and purification of immunosuppressive activity in the urine of rats and a human patient treated with niridazole. Administration of the antischistosomal compound niridazole to mice, guinea pigs, and humans results in the suppression of several manifestations of cell-mediated immunity. Sera from animals treated with niridazole blocked the in vitro production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) while niridazole itself was inactive, suggesting that these effects are caused by water soluble mediators. We now report that crude extracts prepared from the urine of rats and a patient receiving nirdazole, but not from pretreatment control urine, similarly suppress antigen-induced inhibition of migration of peritoneal exudate cells from sensitized guinea pigs. With immunosuppressive activity monitored by the direct MIF assay, combined solvent extraction and chromatographic techniques were used to fractionate immunosuppressive activity from the urine of niridazole-treated rats and the patient; the most active fractions, purified about 100-to 1000-fold as compared to methanol-water extracts of dried voided urine, inhibited MIF production at 0.1 to 0.01 ng/ml of assay mixture. These purified fractions also showed immunosuppressive activity by an in vivo assay wherein doses as low as 1 mug/kg injected intravenously (i.v.) into mice suppressed cell-mediated granuloma formation around Schistosoma manisoni eggs. Identically purified fractions prepared from urine of rats and the patient before they received niridazole showed no immunosuppressive activity either in the MIF or in the granuloma assay systems.", "PMID": 320258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7353", "title": "A new histogenetic method for minor histocompatability antigen typing.", "content": "A new method for typing minor H antigens is described. The method is based on the observation that effector T cells, sensitized in vivo to minor H mitigens and then rechallenged in vitro, will lyse labeled target cells in the CML assay, provided that the target, the sensitizing, and the responding cells share the same allele at H-2K or H-2D loci. In this method, two congenic lines differing at a minor H locus are cross-immunized (by skin grafting, injection of lymphoid cells, or, preferably, by a combination of both treatments), rechallenged in vitro, and tested against a panel of strains carrying the same H-2 haplotype as the two lines. Target cells of the panel carrying the same minor H antigens as the strain against which the effector cells were sensitized are lysed; target cells not carrying these antigens are unaffected. The feasibility of the method was demonstrated by testing for H-3 antigens of a panel fo H-2b-bearing strains. The new method is faster and more economical than the classicial F1 method which has been used until recently.", "contents": "A new histogenetic method for minor histocompatability antigen typing. A new method for typing minor H antigens is described. The method is based on the observation that effector T cells, sensitized in vivo to minor H mitigens and then rechallenged in vitro, will lyse labeled target cells in the CML assay, provided that the target, the sensitizing, and the responding cells share the same allele at H-2K or H-2D loci. In this method, two congenic lines differing at a minor H locus are cross-immunized (by skin grafting, injection of lymphoid cells, or, preferably, by a combination of both treatments), rechallenged in vitro, and tested against a panel of strains carrying the same H-2 haplotype as the two lines. Target cells of the panel carrying the same minor H antigens as the strain against which the effector cells were sensitized are lysed; target cells not carrying these antigens are unaffected. The feasibility of the method was demonstrated by testing for H-3 antigens of a panel fo H-2b-bearing strains. The new method is faster and more economical than the classicial F1 method which has been used until recently.", "PMID": 320259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7354", "title": "Inhibition of C1s-induced vascular leakage in guinea pigs by substituted benzamidine and pyridinium compounds.", "content": "A variety of benzamidine and pyridinium compounds were examined for their ability to inhibit irreversibly C1s-induced vascular leakage in guinea pig skin. Vascular leakage was compared with esterolysis of N-Z-L-Tyr-Np and catalysis of EAC42 formation by C1s. Vascular leakage correlated significantly better with esterolytic activity than with EAC42 formation. The presence of a sulfonyl fluoride moiety in the compounds is important in the inhibition of C1s-induced vascular leakage.", "contents": "Inhibition of C1s-induced vascular leakage in guinea pigs by substituted benzamidine and pyridinium compounds. A variety of benzamidine and pyridinium compounds were examined for their ability to inhibit irreversibly C1s-induced vascular leakage in guinea pig skin. Vascular leakage was compared with esterolysis of N-Z-L-Tyr-Np and catalysis of EAC42 formation by C1s. Vascular leakage correlated significantly better with esterolytic activity than with EAC42 formation. The presence of a sulfonyl fluoride moiety in the compounds is important in the inhibition of C1s-induced vascular leakage.", "PMID": 320260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7355", "title": "Immunologic characteristics in relation to high and low leukemogenic activity of radiation leukemia virus variants. I. Cellular analysis of immunosuppression.", "content": "Infection of adult C57BL/6 mice with variants of the radiation leukemia virus resulted in variable leukemia incidence. One variant, designated D-RadLV, induced lymphatic leukemia in 0 to 25% of mice after virus inoculation directly into the thymus of young adult mice. The leukemia incidence could be increased to 80 to 100% by host exposure to x-rays. The second variant, A-RadLV, induced lymphatic leukemia in 80 to 100% of similarly inoculated mice without the need for additional radiation treatment. Adult mice were inoculated with D-radLV or A-RadLV. Both variants reduced the immune response to sheep erythrocytes whereas only D-RadLV had an immunosuppressive effect after immunization with a thymus-independent immunogen polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP). Results of transfer experiments indicated that the immunosuppressive effects were expressed at the immunocompetent cell level. Thymus-derived cells were affected by A-RadLV since their immunocompetent function was impaired, whereas D-RadLV affected the marrow cell population of immunocytes. Exposure of D-RadLV-inoculated mice to x-rays induced functional impairment of both thymus and marrow cells. Since the radiation leukemia virus induces \"T\" lymphatic leukemia it could be proposed that the initial tropism of the virus to thymocytes would lead to high leukemia induction potential, whereas virus tropism to bone marrow cells would yield a low leukemia incidence. The coleukemogenic effect of x-rays could perhaps be related with its capacity to alter and introduce a change in virus-lymphoid cells interaction.", "contents": "Immunologic characteristics in relation to high and low leukemogenic activity of radiation leukemia virus variants. I. Cellular analysis of immunosuppression. Infection of adult C57BL/6 mice with variants of the radiation leukemia virus resulted in variable leukemia incidence. One variant, designated D-RadLV, induced lymphatic leukemia in 0 to 25% of mice after virus inoculation directly into the thymus of young adult mice. The leukemia incidence could be increased to 80 to 100% by host exposure to x-rays. The second variant, A-RadLV, induced lymphatic leukemia in 80 to 100% of similarly inoculated mice without the need for additional radiation treatment. Adult mice were inoculated with D-radLV or A-RadLV. Both variants reduced the immune response to sheep erythrocytes whereas only D-RadLV had an immunosuppressive effect after immunization with a thymus-independent immunogen polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP). Results of transfer experiments indicated that the immunosuppressive effects were expressed at the immunocompetent cell level. Thymus-derived cells were affected by A-RadLV since their immunocompetent function was impaired, whereas D-RadLV affected the marrow cell population of immunocytes. Exposure of D-RadLV-inoculated mice to x-rays induced functional impairment of both thymus and marrow cells. Since the radiation leukemia virus induces \"T\" lymphatic leukemia it could be proposed that the initial tropism of the virus to thymocytes would lead to high leukemia induction potential, whereas virus tropism to bone marrow cells would yield a low leukemia incidence. The coleukemogenic effect of x-rays could perhaps be related with its capacity to alter and introduce a change in virus-lymphoid cells interaction.", "PMID": 320261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7356", "title": "Ontogeny of the antibody-forming cell line in mice. IV. Appearance of cells bearing Fc receptors, complement receptors, and surface immunoglobulin.", "content": "The ontogeny of Ig, FcR, and CR-bearing cells in liver and spleen has been followed by using rosetting procedures. These studies demonstrated a sequential appearance of surface receptors during development. Two types of Ig+ cells could be distinguished according to their rosette morphology and adherence to carbonyl iron: 1) an adherent cell which bound few erythrocytes was found predominantly in fetal liver from 13 days gestation and 2) a nonadherent cell which bound larger numbers of erythrocytes appeared in small numbers in fetal liver from day-16 gestation but represented the major Ig+ cell type after birth. Changes in the proportions of receptor-bearing populations occurred at two particular periods during ontogeny. The first was at birth, where an increase in the proportion of FcR+ cells occurred and the proportion of type 2 Ig+ cells rose rapidly. This probably represented the first appearance of FcR+ B lymphocytes even though cells bearing FcR were detected in fetal liver of all ages (days 12 to 18). The second period was around 10 days after birth when the proportion of Ig+ cells again increased concomitant with the appearance of CR+ nonadherent cells.", "contents": "Ontogeny of the antibody-forming cell line in mice. IV. Appearance of cells bearing Fc receptors, complement receptors, and surface immunoglobulin. The ontogeny of Ig, FcR, and CR-bearing cells in liver and spleen has been followed by using rosetting procedures. These studies demonstrated a sequential appearance of surface receptors during development. Two types of Ig+ cells could be distinguished according to their rosette morphology and adherence to carbonyl iron: 1) an adherent cell which bound few erythrocytes was found predominantly in fetal liver from 13 days gestation and 2) a nonadherent cell which bound larger numbers of erythrocytes appeared in small numbers in fetal liver from day-16 gestation but represented the major Ig+ cell type after birth. Changes in the proportions of receptor-bearing populations occurred at two particular periods during ontogeny. The first was at birth, where an increase in the proportion of FcR+ cells occurred and the proportion of type 2 Ig+ cells rose rapidly. This probably represented the first appearance of FcR+ B lymphocytes even though cells bearing FcR were detected in fetal liver of all ages (days 12 to 18). The second period was around 10 days after birth when the proportion of Ig+ cells again increased concomitant with the appearance of CR+ nonadherent cells.", "PMID": 320262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7357", "title": "Identification of human peripheral T cell antigens.", "content": "A new type of differentiation antigens on human T cells was demonstrated by using a heterologous anti-human T cell serum (ATS). This type of antigen, referred to as human peripheral T cell antigen (HPTA), was found on peripheral T cells and medullary thymocytes, but not on cortical thymocytes and B cells. The percentage of ATS-reactive lymphocytes in human peripheral lymphoid organs was correlated with that of cells rosetting with sheep erythrocytes, but contrasted with the number of B cells defined by the presence of a complement (C) receptor or by rabbit anti-human B cell serum (ABS). ATS also reacted with T cells purified by nylon fiber column filtration but ABS did not. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells rosetted with either sheep erythrocytes or erythrocyte-antibody-complement complexes were lysed by ATS and ABS, respectively. Mitogenic responses of blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin-A (Con A) were abrogated by treating them with ATS and C, whereas ABS suppressed only their response to Con A. Although numerous thymus cells rosetted with SRBC, only 14% were reactive with ATS. Quantitative absorption studies demonstrated that HPTA content of the thymus cells was much lower than that of lymph node cells. Anatomical localization of ATS-reactive lymphocytes in human lymphoid organs studied by immunofluorescence indicated that they were present in the thymus-dependent paracortical areas of lymph node and in the medullary region of thymus. ABS, on the other hand, did not stain thymocytes but reacted selectively with the cells located in the lymphoid follicles of lymph node. These data, together with that from cell suspension studies, confirmed that HPTA were shared between medullary thymocytes and peripheral T cells.", "contents": "Identification of human peripheral T cell antigens. A new type of differentiation antigens on human T cells was demonstrated by using a heterologous anti-human T cell serum (ATS). This type of antigen, referred to as human peripheral T cell antigen (HPTA), was found on peripheral T cells and medullary thymocytes, but not on cortical thymocytes and B cells. The percentage of ATS-reactive lymphocytes in human peripheral lymphoid organs was correlated with that of cells rosetting with sheep erythrocytes, but contrasted with the number of B cells defined by the presence of a complement (C) receptor or by rabbit anti-human B cell serum (ABS). ATS also reacted with T cells purified by nylon fiber column filtration but ABS did not. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells rosetted with either sheep erythrocytes or erythrocyte-antibody-complement complexes were lysed by ATS and ABS, respectively. Mitogenic responses of blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin-A (Con A) were abrogated by treating them with ATS and C, whereas ABS suppressed only their response to Con A. Although numerous thymus cells rosetted with SRBC, only 14% were reactive with ATS. Quantitative absorption studies demonstrated that HPTA content of the thymus cells was much lower than that of lymph node cells. Anatomical localization of ATS-reactive lymphocytes in human lymphoid organs studied by immunofluorescence indicated that they were present in the thymus-dependent paracortical areas of lymph node and in the medullary region of thymus. ABS, on the other hand, did not stain thymocytes but reacted selectively with the cells located in the lymphoid follicles of lymph node. These data, together with that from cell suspension studies, confirmed that HPTA were shared between medullary thymocytes and peripheral T cells.", "PMID": 320263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7358", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of class-specific antibodies (RIACA): chicken antibodies to DNP.", "content": "A radioimmunological method for the quantitation of class-specific antibodies has been developed. The method allows the quantitation of nanogram per ml concentrations of IgG- and IgM-anti-DNP antibodies without any physical or chemicadioimmunoassay of class-specific antibodies (RIACA) against BSA (Viljanen et al., 1975) developed recently by us. DNP was coupled covalently to a cyanogen bromide activated paper disk with the augmentation of lysine molecule. Anti-DNP antibodies were allowed to react with the coupled DNP and then quantitated by their capacity to bind 125I-labeled anti-chicken-mu or anti-chicken-gamma. The inter-assay variation coefficients ranged from 8.1 to 14.7% and the mean standard deviations of duplicate determinations were about 11%. The combination of this method with the exact immunoradiometric quantitation of the total serum IgM and IgG, and with an immunoabsorption technique, makes possible to quantitate class-specific antibodies in weight units.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of class-specific antibodies (RIACA): chicken antibodies to DNP. A radioimmunological method for the quantitation of class-specific antibodies has been developed. The method allows the quantitation of nanogram per ml concentrations of IgG- and IgM-anti-DNP antibodies without any physical or chemicadioimmunoassay of class-specific antibodies (RIACA) against BSA (Viljanen et al., 1975) developed recently by us. DNP was coupled covalently to a cyanogen bromide activated paper disk with the augmentation of lysine molecule. Anti-DNP antibodies were allowed to react with the coupled DNP and then quantitated by their capacity to bind 125I-labeled anti-chicken-mu or anti-chicken-gamma. The inter-assay variation coefficients ranged from 8.1 to 14.7% and the mean standard deviations of duplicate determinations were about 11%. The combination of this method with the exact immunoradiometric quantitation of the total serum IgM and IgG, and with an immunoabsorption technique, makes possible to quantitate class-specific antibodies in weight units.", "PMID": 320264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7359", "title": "A simple method for the production of migration inhibitory factor by concanavalin A - stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "A simple method for preparing culture supernatants containing macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by pulse exposure to guinea pig lymphocytes to concanavalin A (ConA), is described. The method is based on the property of originally nonadherent lymphocytes to attach to the flask surface in the presence of Con A. The Con A-induced lymphocyte 'monolayer' can be easily rinsed, allowing the removal of free Con A without repeated, cell damaging centrifugation. The Con A-pulsed lymphocytes are cultured for 24 h in medium and supernatants containing MIF but free of undesired Con A are regularly obtained.", "contents": "A simple method for the production of migration inhibitory factor by concanavalin A - stimulated lymphocytes. A simple method for preparing culture supernatants containing macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by pulse exposure to guinea pig lymphocytes to concanavalin A (ConA), is described. The method is based on the property of originally nonadherent lymphocytes to attach to the flask surface in the presence of Con A. The Con A-induced lymphocyte 'monolayer' can be easily rinsed, allowing the removal of free Con A without repeated, cell damaging centrifugation. The Con A-pulsed lymphocytes are cultured for 24 h in medium and supernatants containing MIF but free of undesired Con A are regularly obtained.", "PMID": 320265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7360", "title": "Application of the soluble antigen fluorescent antibody (SAFA) test to the serodiagnosis of rabies.", "content": "The adaptation and evaluation of the Soluble Antigen Fluorescent Antibody (SAFA) test for the serologic diagnosis of rabies is described. Evaluation of the SAFA test was based on a comparison between serum titers obtained in the SAFA test, the mouse Serum Neutralization (SN) test and in the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFAT) test. Dog, fox, raccoon and skunk sera were used for the comparison with mouse SN titers. Human serum was used for the comparison with the IFAT titer. The purity and concentration of the test antigen is a crucial factor in determining the efficiency of the SAFA test for rabies serodiagnosis. Viral antigen obtained by the AIPO4 gel method for rabies virus purification and concentration was found to be sufficiently purified and concentrated for use in the SAFA test. Conjugate dilution decreased the level of non-specific staining. Although specific activity was also decreased, there was a statistically significant difference (P less than or equal to 0.05; Student's t test) between the rabies positive and the rabies negative serum samples at all conjugate dilutions for all species studied. In three cases (fox, raccoon, skunk) SAFA titers were greater than mouse SN titers. In one case (dog) the SAFA titer was less than the mouse SN titer. The IFAT titer of the human serum sample was greater than the SAFA titer. Comparison of Fluorometer Dial Readings (FDR) of sera obtained in separate protocols demonstrated satisfactory reproducibility of the SAFA test for rabies serodiagnosis.", "contents": "Application of the soluble antigen fluorescent antibody (SAFA) test to the serodiagnosis of rabies. The adaptation and evaluation of the Soluble Antigen Fluorescent Antibody (SAFA) test for the serologic diagnosis of rabies is described. Evaluation of the SAFA test was based on a comparison between serum titers obtained in the SAFA test, the mouse Serum Neutralization (SN) test and in the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFAT) test. Dog, fox, raccoon and skunk sera were used for the comparison with mouse SN titers. Human serum was used for the comparison with the IFAT titer. The purity and concentration of the test antigen is a crucial factor in determining the efficiency of the SAFA test for rabies serodiagnosis. Viral antigen obtained by the AIPO4 gel method for rabies virus purification and concentration was found to be sufficiently purified and concentrated for use in the SAFA test. Conjugate dilution decreased the level of non-specific staining. Although specific activity was also decreased, there was a statistically significant difference (P less than or equal to 0.05; Student's t test) between the rabies positive and the rabies negative serum samples at all conjugate dilutions for all species studied. In three cases (fox, raccoon, skunk) SAFA titers were greater than mouse SN titers. In one case (dog) the SAFA titer was less than the mouse SN titer. The IFAT titer of the human serum sample was greater than the SAFA titer. Comparison of Fluorometer Dial Readings (FDR) of sera obtained in separate protocols demonstrated satisfactory reproducibility of the SAFA test for rabies serodiagnosis.", "PMID": 320266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7361", "title": "A microfluorometric assay for immunoglobulin class and subclass levels in murine serum.", "content": "The IgG fractions of rabbit antisera specific for the Fc part of mouse IgA, IgM, and the four subclasses of IgG (1, 2a, 2b, and 3) were coupled covalently to Sepharose beads by the cyanogen bromide method. The beads were then incubated with different dilutions of mouse serum. The mouse immunoglobulins (Ig) binding to the beads were demonstrated by the use of a fluorescent goat anti-mouse/Ig conjugate. Incubations were done in flat bottom of the plates with an inverted microfluorometer. The logarithm of the fluorescence was linearly related to the logarithm of the serum dilution for serum dilutions between 10(3) and 10(5). Ig levels of individual samples can be determined with as little as 1 mul of serum. The sensitivity of the method for IgM was estimated with MOPC 104E plasmacytoma IgM. Five ng of IgM per sample was easily detected. The method offers an attractive alternative to radioimmunoassay techniques.", "contents": "A microfluorometric assay for immunoglobulin class and subclass levels in murine serum. The IgG fractions of rabbit antisera specific for the Fc part of mouse IgA, IgM, and the four subclasses of IgG (1, 2a, 2b, and 3) were coupled covalently to Sepharose beads by the cyanogen bromide method. The beads were then incubated with different dilutions of mouse serum. The mouse immunoglobulins (Ig) binding to the beads were demonstrated by the use of a fluorescent goat anti-mouse/Ig conjugate. Incubations were done in flat bottom of the plates with an inverted microfluorometer. The logarithm of the fluorescence was linearly related to the logarithm of the serum dilution for serum dilutions between 10(3) and 10(5). Ig levels of individual samples can be determined with as little as 1 mul of serum. The sensitivity of the method for IgM was estimated with MOPC 104E plasmacytoma IgM. Five ng of IgM per sample was easily detected. The method offers an attractive alternative to radioimmunoassay techniques.", "PMID": 320267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7362", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for human antibody specific for microbial antigens.", "content": "A simple and sensitive method for detecting and quantitating antibody specific for microbial antigens is described. Bacterial, fungal, parasitic or viral antigens attached to bromoacetyl cellulose or the intact cells themselves were added to a series of two-fold dilutions of human serum. After a short incubation period, which allowed human antibody to attach to the antigens, the complex was thoroughly washed and carbon-14 labeled anti-human light chain antibody was added to each dilution. The resulting complex was washed, collected on a filter pad, placed in a scintillation vial and radioassayed. The relationship between radioactivity bound and --log2 of the serum dilution was linear. The endpoint for each assay and a confidence interval was calculated by doing inverse prediction from simple linear regression. Results obtained using this assay indicated the presence of antibody in a pool of normal human sera specific for herpes virus and for both cell surface and intracellular antigens of Streptococcus mutans, Naegleria fowleri, and Cryptococcus neoformans. In general the dominant response was against the intracellular antigens rather than cell surface antigens.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for human antibody specific for microbial antigens. A simple and sensitive method for detecting and quantitating antibody specific for microbial antigens is described. Bacterial, fungal, parasitic or viral antigens attached to bromoacetyl cellulose or the intact cells themselves were added to a series of two-fold dilutions of human serum. After a short incubation period, which allowed human antibody to attach to the antigens, the complex was thoroughly washed and carbon-14 labeled anti-human light chain antibody was added to each dilution. The resulting complex was washed, collected on a filter pad, placed in a scintillation vial and radioassayed. The relationship between radioactivity bound and --log2 of the serum dilution was linear. The endpoint for each assay and a confidence interval was calculated by doing inverse prediction from simple linear regression. Results obtained using this assay indicated the presence of antibody in a pool of normal human sera specific for herpes virus and for both cell surface and intracellular antigens of Streptococcus mutans, Naegleria fowleri, and Cryptococcus neoformans. In general the dominant response was against the intracellular antigens rather than cell surface antigens.", "PMID": 320268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7363", "title": "Methods for producing T- and B-lymphocyte receptor-specific antisera.", "content": "Spent tissue culture medium from two continuous lymphoblastoid cell lines, FL-74 and CT45-S, expressing the T-lymphocyte receptor for guinea pig E and the B-lymphocyte receptor for EAC respectively were used to produce receptor-specific antisera. Anti-E receptor sera blocked E rosette formation on FL-74 cells, canine and feline lymphocytes and canine and feline thymocytes but not EAC rosette formation by CT45-S cells or canine and feline lymphocytes. Anti-EAC receptor sera blocked EAC rosette formation on CT45-S cells and canine or feline lymphocytes. Absorption of antisera will the appropriate lymphoblastoid cell line removed E or EAC-blocking activity. The results of this study suggest that similar methods may be used to produce lymphocyte subpopulation-specific antisera in other species including man.", "contents": "Methods for producing T- and B-lymphocyte receptor-specific antisera. Spent tissue culture medium from two continuous lymphoblastoid cell lines, FL-74 and CT45-S, expressing the T-lymphocyte receptor for guinea pig E and the B-lymphocyte receptor for EAC respectively were used to produce receptor-specific antisera. Anti-E receptor sera blocked E rosette formation on FL-74 cells, canine and feline lymphocytes and canine and feline thymocytes but not EAC rosette formation by CT45-S cells or canine and feline lymphocytes. Anti-EAC receptor sera blocked EAC rosette formation on CT45-S cells and canine or feline lymphocytes. Absorption of antisera will the appropriate lymphoblastoid cell line removed E or EAC-blocking activity. The results of this study suggest that similar methods may be used to produce lymphocyte subpopulation-specific antisera in other species including man.", "PMID": 320269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7364", "title": "Quantification of in vitro antibody secretion by immune spleen cells.", "content": "A simple method to study 19S anti-SRBC antibody production is described. This technique, performed by incubation of immune spleen cells, SRBC and C in the fluid phase, utilises photomeric estimation of antibody mediated haemoglobin release. The test is quicker and more accurate than the two-step haemolytic plaque assay (Jerne technique). In combination with the Jerne technique this method gives information about haemolysin production per PFC. This was maximal on day 2 and on day 6 after immunisation, and least on day 4. The steady state value was reached again at day 9. In principle this method is suitable for the estimation of IgG production.", "contents": "Quantification of in vitro antibody secretion by immune spleen cells. A simple method to study 19S anti-SRBC antibody production is described. This technique, performed by incubation of immune spleen cells, SRBC and C in the fluid phase, utilises photomeric estimation of antibody mediated haemoglobin release. The test is quicker and more accurate than the two-step haemolytic plaque assay (Jerne technique). In combination with the Jerne technique this method gives information about haemolysin production per PFC. This was maximal on day 2 and on day 6 after immunisation, and least on day 4. The steady state value was reached again at day 9. In principle this method is suitable for the estimation of IgG production.", "PMID": 320270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7365", "title": "Specific separation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes on immunoadsorptive films.", "content": "A method for the specific separation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) on immunoadsorptive films is described. The films were prepared by polymerizing a mixture of gelatine and polyethyleneimine with glutaraldehyde on the bottom of plastic tissue culture flasks. By using an excess of glutaraldehyde unsaturated aldehyde groups on the film surface can react with other chemical groups predominantly with aliphatic amino groups. In this study detergent solubilized H-2 antigens were conjugated covalently to the films CTL, prepared by filtering spleen cells from alloimmunized mice through nylon wool columns, were incubated on immunoadsorptive films and the adsorbed cells were quantitatively recovered by mechanical detachment. The cells were functionally intact and tested in a microcytotoxicity assay using embryonic fibroblasts as target cells. Specificity adsorbed cells were enriched in specific cytotoxic cells up to 100 fold compared to the original fraction. Depending on the cell density per film area the non-adsorbed cells could be quantitatively depleted of CTL. The immunoadsorptive films are stabile at 37 degrees C and can be reused.", "contents": "Specific separation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes on immunoadsorptive films. A method for the specific separation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) on immunoadsorptive films is described. The films were prepared by polymerizing a mixture of gelatine and polyethyleneimine with glutaraldehyde on the bottom of plastic tissue culture flasks. By using an excess of glutaraldehyde unsaturated aldehyde groups on the film surface can react with other chemical groups predominantly with aliphatic amino groups. In this study detergent solubilized H-2 antigens were conjugated covalently to the films CTL, prepared by filtering spleen cells from alloimmunized mice through nylon wool columns, were incubated on immunoadsorptive films and the adsorbed cells were quantitatively recovered by mechanical detachment. The cells were functionally intact and tested in a microcytotoxicity assay using embryonic fibroblasts as target cells. Specificity adsorbed cells were enriched in specific cytotoxic cells up to 100 fold compared to the original fraction. Depending on the cell density per film area the non-adsorbed cells could be quantitatively depleted of CTL. The immunoadsorptive films are stabile at 37 degrees C and can be reused.", "PMID": 320271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7366", "title": "Role of Candida albicans in granulomatous tissue reactions. I. In vitro degradation of C. albicans and immunospecificity of split products.", "content": "Several mannan-containing fractions were obtained from whole cells, cell walls, and cytoplasm of Candida albicans by means of treatment with hot formamide or precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. The immunological and chemical characteristics of the fractions were compared with those of C. albicans mannan prepared by standard procedures. Antisera to C. albicans from rabbits immunized with whole cells of the organism were found to be primarily directed against the mannan content. With use of such antisera, mannan was localized in both the inner and outer layers of the cell wall, whereas the middle layer was found in all likelihood to represent the glucan polymer. Stepwise removal of mannan from whole cells or cell walls resulted in increasing loss of periodic acid-Schiff staining, immunofluorescence, and peroxidase reactivity. Thus, it appears that mannan is responsible for the ability of cell walls of C. albicans to be stained by periodic acid-Schiff or labeled with fluorescent antibody. The component of the pathogen most resistant to physical or chemical treatment was the glucan, which lacked all immunological reactivity.", "contents": "Role of Candida albicans in granulomatous tissue reactions. I. In vitro degradation of C. albicans and immunospecificity of split products. Several mannan-containing fractions were obtained from whole cells, cell walls, and cytoplasm of Candida albicans by means of treatment with hot formamide or precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. The immunological and chemical characteristics of the fractions were compared with those of C. albicans mannan prepared by standard procedures. Antisera to C. albicans from rabbits immunized with whole cells of the organism were found to be primarily directed against the mannan content. With use of such antisera, mannan was localized in both the inner and outer layers of the cell wall, whereas the middle layer was found in all likelihood to represent the glucan polymer. Stepwise removal of mannan from whole cells or cell walls resulted in increasing loss of periodic acid-Schiff staining, immunofluorescence, and peroxidase reactivity. Thus, it appears that mannan is responsible for the ability of cell walls of C. albicans to be stained by periodic acid-Schiff or labeled with fluorescent antibody. The component of the pathogen most resistant to physical or chemical treatment was the glucan, which lacked all immunological reactivity.", "PMID": 320273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7367", "title": "Role of Candida albicans in granulomatous tissue reactions. II. In vivo degradation of C. albicans in hepatic macrophages of mice.", "content": "Hepatic granulomas were induced in mice by injection of blastospores, cell walls, and glucan of Candida albicans. Granulomatous reactions in liver tissue initially multiplied but later decreased. A dose-response relationship was apparent with up to 3 mg of inoculum. Shortly after injection of C. albicans spores, fungal elements appeared in liver macrophages and were detectable in granuloma and Kupffer cells for 20 days. Gram-stain, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and immunofluorescence reactions soon vanished, and the organisms could no longer be seen. Glucan of C. albicans, which lacked PAS and immunofluorescence reactivity, proved active in initiation of granulomas. Degradation of phagocytized spores of C. albicans, reductions of cytoplasm, and cell wall deformation and collapse support the premise that loss of PAS and immunofluorescence reactivity was caused by enzymatic breakdown of candida cell wall mannan in macrophages. We conclude that C. albicans can induce granulomatous reactions in mouse liver when the glucan that forms the cell wall matrix in Candida persists in identifiable residues.", "contents": "Role of Candida albicans in granulomatous tissue reactions. II. In vivo degradation of C. albicans in hepatic macrophages of mice. Hepatic granulomas were induced in mice by injection of blastospores, cell walls, and glucan of Candida albicans. Granulomatous reactions in liver tissue initially multiplied but later decreased. A dose-response relationship was apparent with up to 3 mg of inoculum. Shortly after injection of C. albicans spores, fungal elements appeared in liver macrophages and were detectable in granuloma and Kupffer cells for 20 days. Gram-stain, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and immunofluorescence reactions soon vanished, and the organisms could no longer be seen. Glucan of C. albicans, which lacked PAS and immunofluorescence reactivity, proved active in initiation of granulomas. Degradation of phagocytized spores of C. albicans, reductions of cytoplasm, and cell wall deformation and collapse support the premise that loss of PAS and immunofluorescence reactivity was caused by enzymatic breakdown of candida cell wall mannan in macrophages. We conclude that C. albicans can induce granulomatous reactions in mouse liver when the glucan that forms the cell wall matrix in Candida persists in identifiable residues.", "PMID": 320274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7368", "title": "Postnatal development of binding of streptococci and lipoteichoic acid by oral mucosal cells of humans.", "content": "The colonization of mucosal cells in the oral cavity of newborn infants was studied at various intervals after birth in an attempt to define the nature of the epithelial binding sites for group A streptococci and their lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Stained smears of buccal mucosal cells showed that the average number of naturally acquired bacteria/cell was zero to one in infants less than one day old, one to four in infants one day old, and 11-19 in infants two days old. Samples of the same mucosal cells were incubated with group A streptococci, and the average number of streptococci bound per cell was 10-31 in infants less than one day old, 33-62 in one-day-old infants, and 75-100 in two-day-old infants. Experiments that were repeated with group B streptococci type III produced similar results. LTA, the substance that mediates the binding of streptococci to epithelial cells, was similarly bound by fewer buccal mucosal cells obtained within 6 hr of birth than cells obtained during the next 48 hr. Streptococcal and LTA binding reached adult levels between 48 and 72 hr after birth. No difference was shown in the streptococcal binding capacity of oral epithelial cell obtained from mothers at term and cells obtained from other normal adults. Preincubation of adult buccal cells with amniotic fluid did not decrease streptococcal binding. These studies demonstrated a scant capacity of the oral mucosal cells of neonates to bind LTA and streptococci and suggest that LTA-binding sites are developed or unmasked during the first few days after birth.", "contents": "Postnatal development of binding of streptococci and lipoteichoic acid by oral mucosal cells of humans. The colonization of mucosal cells in the oral cavity of newborn infants was studied at various intervals after birth in an attempt to define the nature of the epithelial binding sites for group A streptococci and their lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Stained smears of buccal mucosal cells showed that the average number of naturally acquired bacteria/cell was zero to one in infants less than one day old, one to four in infants one day old, and 11-19 in infants two days old. Samples of the same mucosal cells were incubated with group A streptococci, and the average number of streptococci bound per cell was 10-31 in infants less than one day old, 33-62 in one-day-old infants, and 75-100 in two-day-old infants. Experiments that were repeated with group B streptococci type III produced similar results. LTA, the substance that mediates the binding of streptococci to epithelial cells, was similarly bound by fewer buccal mucosal cells obtained within 6 hr of birth than cells obtained during the next 48 hr. Streptococcal and LTA binding reached adult levels between 48 and 72 hr after birth. No difference was shown in the streptococcal binding capacity of oral epithelial cell obtained from mothers at term and cells obtained from other normal adults. Preincubation of adult buccal cells with amniotic fluid did not decrease streptococcal binding. These studies demonstrated a scant capacity of the oral mucosal cells of neonates to bind LTA and streptococci and suggest that LTA-binding sites are developed or unmasked during the first few days after birth.", "PMID": 320275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7369", "title": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients at a hospital in Dacca.", "content": "Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli, a significant cause of acute, watery, cholera-like diarrhea, were isolated from 23 of 65 patients with diarrhea in whom no other enteric pathogens were found during one week (November 1974) at the Cholera Research Hospital, Dacca, Bangladesh. Diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli occurred primarily in adults but affected persons of all age groups and could not be distinguished from cholera or from other cholera-like diarrhea on clinical grounds. Routine bacteriologic methods were inadequate for identification of enterotoxigenic E. coli as the etiologic agent of the diarrhea. The enterotoxigenic E. coli, producing heat-stable and/or heat-labile enterotoxin, were detected by use of assays in the Y1 adrenal cell, the Chinese hamster ovary cell, the rabbit ileal loop, and the infant mouse. The two tissue culture assays yielded comparable results in tests with 640 (193 positive, 447 negative) of 643 isolates of E. coli. The results of this study support the idea that enterotoxigenic E. coli play a significant role as pathogens in the etiology of acute watery diarrhea.", "contents": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients at a hospital in Dacca. Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli, a significant cause of acute, watery, cholera-like diarrhea, were isolated from 23 of 65 patients with diarrhea in whom no other enteric pathogens were found during one week (November 1974) at the Cholera Research Hospital, Dacca, Bangladesh. Diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli occurred primarily in adults but affected persons of all age groups and could not be distinguished from cholera or from other cholera-like diarrhea on clinical grounds. Routine bacteriologic methods were inadequate for identification of enterotoxigenic E. coli as the etiologic agent of the diarrhea. The enterotoxigenic E. coli, producing heat-stable and/or heat-labile enterotoxin, were detected by use of assays in the Y1 adrenal cell, the Chinese hamster ovary cell, the rabbit ileal loop, and the infant mouse. The two tissue culture assays yielded comparable results in tests with 640 (193 positive, 447 negative) of 643 isolates of E. coli. The results of this study support the idea that enterotoxigenic E. coli play a significant role as pathogens in the etiology of acute watery diarrhea.", "PMID": 320276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7370", "title": "Experimental hematogenous endophthalmitis due to Candida: species variation in ocular pathogenicity.", "content": "The ocular pathogenicity of species of Candida other than albicans was studied in the rabbit model of hematogenous candida endophthalmitis by injection of 10(5)-10(8) colony-forming units of Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida tropicalis, Candida stellateoidea, and Candida albicans (control). At one and three weeks after infection, rabbits were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy and were sacrificed for culture of eyes and kidneys. With an inoculum of 10(8) organisms, C. tropicalis and C. stellatoidea infected the kidneys but only occasionally infected the chorioretina and never infected the vitreous. Organisms were cultured only rarely from the kidneys of rabbits infected with C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, and C. parapsilosis; these species were never isolated from eyes. The C. albicans control consistently infected the kidney, chorioretina, and vitreous; approximately equal numbers of C. albicans were isolated from these organs. These data suggest a relative resistance of ocular tissues to hematogenous candida infections with species other than C. albicans.", "contents": "Experimental hematogenous endophthalmitis due to Candida: species variation in ocular pathogenicity. The ocular pathogenicity of species of Candida other than albicans was studied in the rabbit model of hematogenous candida endophthalmitis by injection of 10(5)-10(8) colony-forming units of Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida tropicalis, Candida stellateoidea, and Candida albicans (control). At one and three weeks after infection, rabbits were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy and were sacrificed for culture of eyes and kidneys. With an inoculum of 10(8) organisms, C. tropicalis and C. stellatoidea infected the kidneys but only occasionally infected the chorioretina and never infected the vitreous. Organisms were cultured only rarely from the kidneys of rabbits infected with C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, and C. parapsilosis; these species were never isolated from eyes. The C. albicans control consistently infected the kidney, chorioretina, and vitreous; approximately equal numbers of C. albicans were isolated from these organs. These data suggest a relative resistance of ocular tissues to hematogenous candida infections with species other than C. albicans.", "PMID": 320277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7371", "title": "Rectal colonization with group B streptococcus: relation to vaginal colonization of pregnant women.", "content": "Anorectal carriage as a possible primary source of vaginal colonization by group B Streptococcus was investigated. The study was performed during two separate periods and included 789 pregnant women and 422 neonates. Specimens from multiple sites were obtained for culture from all women and infants and were streaked onto blood agar plates containing 8 mug of gentamicin sulfate/ml and 15 mug of nalidixic acid/ml, which allow selective growth of streptococci. Cultures positive for group B streptococci were obtained from 162 (20.5%) of the pregnant women and from 50 (11.8%) of the neonates. Rectal cultures were positive for streptococci in 142 (17.9%) of the women, and vaginal cultures gave positive results in 81 (10.2%). The higher incidence of positive results in rectal as opposed to vaginal cultures (ratio of 2:1) was encountered during all phases of the study. This finding suggests that the gastrointestinal tract may be the primary site of colonization by group B Streptococcus and that vaginal colonization may represent contamination from this source.", "contents": "Rectal colonization with group B streptococcus: relation to vaginal colonization of pregnant women. Anorectal carriage as a possible primary source of vaginal colonization by group B Streptococcus was investigated. The study was performed during two separate periods and included 789 pregnant women and 422 neonates. Specimens from multiple sites were obtained for culture from all women and infants and were streaked onto blood agar plates containing 8 mug of gentamicin sulfate/ml and 15 mug of nalidixic acid/ml, which allow selective growth of streptococci. Cultures positive for group B streptococci were obtained from 162 (20.5%) of the pregnant women and from 50 (11.8%) of the neonates. Rectal cultures were positive for streptococci in 142 (17.9%) of the women, and vaginal cultures gave positive results in 81 (10.2%). The higher incidence of positive results in rectal as opposed to vaginal cultures (ratio of 2:1) was encountered during all phases of the study. This finding suggests that the gastrointestinal tract may be the primary site of colonization by group B Streptococcus and that vaginal colonization may represent contamination from this source.", "PMID": 320278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7372", "title": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from food.", "content": "Approximately 8% of 240 isolates of Escherichia coli obtained from food of animal origin in the United States were found to be enterotoxigenic, as determined in adrenal cells, rabbit ileal loops, and assays in infant mice. These organisms were of diverse serotypes that are not included among the so-called enteropathogenic serotypes and would not have been identified by usual laboratory methods. These enterotoxigenic E. coli are of potential importance to public health.", "contents": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from food. Approximately 8% of 240 isolates of Escherichia coli obtained from food of animal origin in the United States were found to be enterotoxigenic, as determined in adrenal cells, rabbit ileal loops, and assays in infant mice. These organisms were of diverse serotypes that are not included among the so-called enteropathogenic serotypes and would not have been identified by usual laboratory methods. These enterotoxigenic E. coli are of potential importance to public health.", "PMID": 320279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7373", "title": "Studies on the effects of C. coli endotoxin on canalicular bile formation in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The impairment of biliary excretory function induced by E. coli endotoxin  in the isolated perfused rat liver was studied by investigating its effects on canalicular bile formation. In experiments where no bile salt was infused, endotoxin administration resulted in significant decreases in bile salt-independent bile flow (BSIF) and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) excretion. It also caused dose-dependent decreases in the transport maximum of BSP but did not alter the ability of the liver to concentrate BSP in the bile. At 2 mg./100 ml. it decreased the hepatic removal rate but increased the hepatic storage of the dye. Measurement of 14 C-erythritol clearance and bile salt secretion also revealed that endotoxin significantly reduced the BSIF fraction of bile. The results indicated that the primary effects of endotoxin were on BSIF and BSP excretion.", "contents": "Studies on the effects of C. coli endotoxin on canalicular bile formation in the isolated perfused rat liver. The impairment of biliary excretory function induced by E. coli endotoxin  in the isolated perfused rat liver was studied by investigating its effects on canalicular bile formation. In experiments where no bile salt was infused, endotoxin administration resulted in significant decreases in bile salt-independent bile flow (BSIF) and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) excretion. It also caused dose-dependent decreases in the transport maximum of BSP but did not alter the ability of the liver to concentrate BSP in the bile. At 2 mg./100 ml. it decreased the hepatic removal rate but increased the hepatic storage of the dye. Measurement of 14 C-erythritol clearance and bile salt secretion also revealed that endotoxin significantly reduced the BSIF fraction of bile. The results indicated that the primary effects of endotoxin were on BSIF and BSP excretion.", "PMID": 320281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7374", "title": "Infectious pneumonias: a review.", "content": "Diplococcus pneumoniae remains the most frequent cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Other frequently isolated bacterial pathogens are Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella organisms, and Staphylococcus aureus. The etiologic agents most commonly implicated in hopsital-acquired pneumonias are gram-negative bacilli including E. coli, proteus organisms, and species of Klebsiella-Enterobacter, pseudomonas, and Serratia. Among older children and young-adults, Myocoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of penumonia. Influenza is the most important cause of viral pneumonia in adults, but there is increasing concern about pulmonary infection due to adenoviruses. In those with a history of travel to endemic areas, the diagnosis of fungal pneumonia due to Histoplasma capsulatrum, Blastomyces dermatitides, or Coccidioides immitis, should be considered. Penumonias due to opportunistic fungi (including species of Candida, Aspergillus, and Phycomycetes) and higher bacteria such as Nocardia asteroides are also on the increase, and these arise mostly in compromised hosts. Treatment of pneumonia almost always must be started before culture results are known and in the overwhelming majority of cases, appropriate regimens can be selected after taking an adquate history, doing a careful physical examination, evaluating expectorated sputum for cells and organisms, and examining the chest x-ray. Although anti-infective agents are the mainstay of treatment for most infectious pneumonias, supportive therapy, including adequate tracheobronchial toilet, drainage of abscesses, oxygen inhalation, maintenance of adequate nutrition, and monitoring for super-infection and anti-infective side effects may be life-saving in certain situations.", "contents": "Infectious pneumonias: a review. Diplococcus pneumoniae remains the most frequent cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Other frequently isolated bacterial pathogens are Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella organisms, and Staphylococcus aureus. The etiologic agents most commonly implicated in hopsital-acquired pneumonias are gram-negative bacilli including E. coli, proteus organisms, and species of Klebsiella-Enterobacter, pseudomonas, and Serratia. Among older children and young-adults, Myocoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of penumonia. Influenza is the most important cause of viral pneumonia in adults, but there is increasing concern about pulmonary infection due to adenoviruses. In those with a history of travel to endemic areas, the diagnosis of fungal pneumonia due to Histoplasma capsulatrum, Blastomyces dermatitides, or Coccidioides immitis, should be considered. Penumonias due to opportunistic fungi (including species of Candida, Aspergillus, and Phycomycetes) and higher bacteria such as Nocardia asteroides are also on the increase, and these arise mostly in compromised hosts. Treatment of pneumonia almost always must be started before culture results are known and in the overwhelming majority of cases, appropriate regimens can be selected after taking an adquate history, doing a careful physical examination, evaluating expectorated sputum for cells and organisms, and examining the chest x-ray. Although anti-infective agents are the mainstay of treatment for most infectious pneumonias, supportive therapy, including adequate tracheobronchial toilet, drainage of abscesses, oxygen inhalation, maintenance of adequate nutrition, and monitoring for super-infection and anti-infective side effects may be life-saving in certain situations.", "PMID": 320285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7375", "title": "The kinetics of rosette-forming cell response against sheep erythrocytes in the lizard.", "content": "The immune response of the lizard Calotes versicolor to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) has been studied in terms of the appearance of rosette-forming cells (RFC) and plaque-forming cells (PFC). Two distinct RFC peaks were observed in the spleen, one within three days and the other, between six and ten days after immunization with 0.1 ml of 2.5%, 0.25% or 0.025% SRBC. Lower doses of antigen induced greater and quicker first RFC peaks, whereas higher doses stimulated increasing numbers of PFC as well as quicker appearance of second RFC peak. The early increase in RFC response is suggested to be due to \"helper\" activity and the second peak to the proliferation of precursors of antibody producing cells. Formalinised SRBC induced the formation of the first RFC peak but not the second, thus supporting the above suggestion. The interesting possibilities with regard to the dissociation of various cellular events during the development of antibody response in the lizard immune system are discussed.", "contents": "The kinetics of rosette-forming cell response against sheep erythrocytes in the lizard. The immune response of the lizard Calotes versicolor to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) has been studied in terms of the appearance of rosette-forming cells (RFC) and plaque-forming cells (PFC). Two distinct RFC peaks were observed in the spleen, one within three days and the other, between six and ten days after immunization with 0.1 ml of 2.5%, 0.25% or 0.025% SRBC. Lower doses of antigen induced greater and quicker first RFC peaks, whereas higher doses stimulated increasing numbers of PFC as well as quicker appearance of second RFC peak. The early increase in RFC response is suggested to be due to \"helper\" activity and the second peak to the proliferation of precursors of antibody producing cells. Formalinised SRBC induced the formation of the first RFC peak but not the second, thus supporting the above suggestion. The interesting possibilities with regard to the dissociation of various cellular events during the development of antibody response in the lizard immune system are discussed.", "PMID": 320286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7376", "title": "A review of directionality trends in the horizontal dimension as a function of innate and environmental factors.", "content": "This report reviews research on directionality trends in the horizontal dimension. The literature reviewed shows that such trends are predominantly a function of handedness and acquired reading-writing habits and that innate directional tendencies of left-handers are more influenced by acquired habits than those of right-handers. It is suggested that these trends may reflect some aspect of lateralization of cerebral function and that in mature adults the mixed-dominance left-handers are more influenced by environmental factors than are right-handers. Suggestions for future research include utilization of larger samples of left-handers and employment of longitudinal studies which systematically vary handedness and reading and writing habits. It is also suggested that controls for lateral dominance should be established. In addition it is suggested that reading and writing habits can be broken down into component parts and that their influence on directionality should be examined.", "contents": "A review of directionality trends in the horizontal dimension as a function of innate and environmental factors. This report reviews research on directionality trends in the horizontal dimension. The literature reviewed shows that such trends are predominantly a function of handedness and acquired reading-writing habits and that innate directional tendencies of left-handers are more influenced by acquired habits than those of right-handers. It is suggested that these trends may reflect some aspect of lateralization of cerebral function and that in mature adults the mixed-dominance left-handers are more influenced by environmental factors than are right-handers. Suggestions for future research include utilization of larger samples of left-handers and employment of longitudinal studies which systematically vary handedness and reading and writing habits. It is also suggested that controls for lateral dominance should be established. In addition it is suggested that reading and writing habits can be broken down into component parts and that their influence on directionality should be examined.", "PMID": 320287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7377", "title": "Genetic and other factors in schizophrenic, manic-depressive, and schizo-affective psychoses.", "content": "The major psychoses have been investigated for genetic and environmental etiological factors for over two centuries. Recent emphasis has been placed on a genetic (diathesis) environmental stress model. For schizophrenia, manic-depressive, and schizo-affective psychoses, research evidence from psycho-biological studies, family, pedigree, twin, and adoptee studies has provided sufficient data from diagnostic and follow-up studies and new psychopharmacological research that for these three major psychoses a strong necessary but not sufficient basis for genetic causation exists. This review attempts to summarize existing data into a hypothesis that suggests that two separate gene pools of polygenic nature relate to the development of schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness and that schizo-affective illness may result from genetic transmission from each of these separate gene pools. The hypothetical model for each psychosis proposes that polygenetic inheritance affects different central nervous system neuroanatomical sites in the human which are in homeostasis as to catecholamine neurotransmitter regulation of the psyche. With sufficient environmental stress, an \"imbalance\" occurs in the neural integrative systems which produces phenotypically the three separate psychotic behavioral syndromes of schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, and schizo-affective psychosis.", "contents": "Genetic and other factors in schizophrenic, manic-depressive, and schizo-affective psychoses. The major psychoses have been investigated for genetic and environmental etiological factors for over two centuries. Recent emphasis has been placed on a genetic (diathesis) environmental stress model. For schizophrenia, manic-depressive, and schizo-affective psychoses, research evidence from psycho-biological studies, family, pedigree, twin, and adoptee studies has provided sufficient data from diagnostic and follow-up studies and new psychopharmacological research that for these three major psychoses a strong necessary but not sufficient basis for genetic causation exists. This review attempts to summarize existing data into a hypothesis that suggests that two separate gene pools of polygenic nature relate to the development of schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness and that schizo-affective illness may result from genetic transmission from each of these separate gene pools. The hypothetical model for each psychosis proposes that polygenetic inheritance affects different central nervous system neuroanatomical sites in the human which are in homeostasis as to catecholamine neurotransmitter regulation of the psyche. With sufficient environmental stress, an \"imbalance\" occurs in the neural integrative systems which produces phenotypically the three separate psychotic behavioral syndromes of schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, and schizo-affective psychosis.", "PMID": 320288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7378", "title": "Art and recovery style from psychosis.", "content": "The concepts of integration and sealing-over as recover styles from acute psychosis are common clinical parlance. Our experience with acute schizophrenic patients has led to specific operational definitions and a scale which can reliably assign patients to these two categories. All acutely schizophrenic patients on an NIH Clinical Center research ward participated in individual art sessions during drug-free periods at admission, at discharge, and at 1-year follow-up. In each session, the patient drew: a) a picture of his choice; b) a self-portrat; and c) a picture of his psychiatric illness. We hypothesized that integrators would pictorially represent themselves and their illness with greater expression, ideational fullness, and affective force than patients who sealed-over. Twenty-four patients were divided equally into integrator and sealing-over groups (based upon ratings at follow-up) and matched for age, sex, and race. Their art productions were presented randomly to two independent raters unfamiliar with the patients. They scored pictures quantitatively for color, motion, detail, empty space, and global expressiveness. Inter-rater reliability was satisfactory. A mean rating was obtained for all pictures from each patient on each of the five art variables. Paired t-tests (two-tailed) were applied to contrast the two groups on each of the five art variables. The results were that the integrators used more color (p less than .05), drew with greater detail (p less than .01), and more globally more expressive (p less than .05). Integrators also tended to depict more motion (p less than .10), but were not different from the sealing-over patients in amount of space left empty. These results support the validity of integration and sealing-over as defined and support the use of art as a medium through which differences in individual styles of coping with the psychosis can be discriminated. Slides of the patients' artwork illustrate the findings.", "contents": "Art and recovery style from psychosis. The concepts of integration and sealing-over as recover styles from acute psychosis are common clinical parlance. Our experience with acute schizophrenic patients has led to specific operational definitions and a scale which can reliably assign patients to these two categories. All acutely schizophrenic patients on an NIH Clinical Center research ward participated in individual art sessions during drug-free periods at admission, at discharge, and at 1-year follow-up. In each session, the patient drew: a) a picture of his choice; b) a self-portrat; and c) a picture of his psychiatric illness. We hypothesized that integrators would pictorially represent themselves and their illness with greater expression, ideational fullness, and affective force than patients who sealed-over. Twenty-four patients were divided equally into integrator and sealing-over groups (based upon ratings at follow-up) and matched for age, sex, and race. Their art productions were presented randomly to two independent raters unfamiliar with the patients. They scored pictures quantitatively for color, motion, detail, empty space, and global expressiveness. Inter-rater reliability was satisfactory. A mean rating was obtained for all pictures from each patient on each of the five art variables. Paired t-tests (two-tailed) were applied to contrast the two groups on each of the five art variables. The results were that the integrators used more color (p less than .05), drew with greater detail (p less than .01), and more globally more expressive (p less than .05). Integrators also tended to depict more motion (p less than .10), but were not different from the sealing-over patients in amount of space left empty. These results support the validity of integration and sealing-over as defined and support the use of art as a medium through which differences in individual styles of coping with the psychosis can be discriminated. Slides of the patients' artwork illustrate the findings.", "PMID": 320289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7379", "title": "Lithium carbonate in personality disorders: a case of hysteria.", "content": "A growing literature--most uncontrolled--suggests that lithium may be useful in the treatment of some non-manic-depressive personality disorders. The diabolical behavior, conversion symptoms, and diffuse violence and cruelty of a young woman responded remarkably to treatment with lithium. Blind substitution of a placebo confirmed a lithium effect. Patients with the DSM-II diagnosis of explosive, antisocial, and hysterical personalities would appear to be the best candidates for a trial of lithium.", "contents": "Lithium carbonate in personality disorders: a case of hysteria. A growing literature--most uncontrolled--suggests that lithium may be useful in the treatment of some non-manic-depressive personality disorders. The diabolical behavior, conversion symptoms, and diffuse violence and cruelty of a young woman responded remarkably to treatment with lithium. Blind substitution of a placebo confirmed a lithium effect. Patients with the DSM-II diagnosis of explosive, antisocial, and hysterical personalities would appear to be the best candidates for a trial of lithium.", "PMID": 320290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7380", "title": "Preprosthetic bone graft augmentation with allogeneic bone: a preliminary report.", "content": "Allogeneic bone biologically interacts with host tissues at a graft site. Addition of autogenous cancellous bone and marrow to allogeneic bone enhances the osteogenic activity of the graft. These observations have been confirmed by noninvasive, quantitative radionuclide methods. The process of freeze-drying greatly reduces and, from the standpoint of clinical significance, essentially eliminates the antigenicity of allogeneic bone. Judged by the results of 14 cases that are under continuous follow-up, allogeneic bone graft augmentation of the denture-bearing area is a possible alternative to autogenous grafting. The process of obtaining and preparing the blanked bone for surgery is reasonable although some questions remain, such as the desirable length of time for tissue reconstitution and the need for culturing or adding antibiotics to the reconstitution solution, or both. It appears that the addition of autogenous cancellous bone and marrow is desirable in most instances unless the dimension of the area to be augmented is quite small or an iliac osteotomy is precluded for medical reasons. The occurrence of complications such as infection and dehiscence during the postoperative course is similar to that in patients with autogenous grafts. Dehiscence can be expected although it appears that if the graft has been supplemented with autogenous cancellous marrow the incidence and extent are dminished. It should be emphasized that dehiscence does not signify failure of the graft-allogeneic bone is not sloughed in toto after being exposed to the oral cavity. Secondary soft tissue procedures can be used in patients with allogeneic grafts; additional cases with long-term follow-up are still needed to establish this method.", "contents": "Preprosthetic bone graft augmentation with allogeneic bone: a preliminary report. Allogeneic bone biologically interacts with host tissues at a graft site. Addition of autogenous cancellous bone and marrow to allogeneic bone enhances the osteogenic activity of the graft. These observations have been confirmed by noninvasive, quantitative radionuclide methods. The process of freeze-drying greatly reduces and, from the standpoint of clinical significance, essentially eliminates the antigenicity of allogeneic bone. Judged by the results of 14 cases that are under continuous follow-up, allogeneic bone graft augmentation of the denture-bearing area is a possible alternative to autogenous grafting. The process of obtaining and preparing the blanked bone for surgery is reasonable although some questions remain, such as the desirable length of time for tissue reconstitution and the need for culturing or adding antibiotics to the reconstitution solution, or both. It appears that the addition of autogenous cancellous bone and marrow is desirable in most instances unless the dimension of the area to be augmented is quite small or an iliac osteotomy is precluded for medical reasons. The occurrence of complications such as infection and dehiscence during the postoperative course is similar to that in patients with autogenous grafts. Dehiscence can be expected although it appears that if the graft has been supplemented with autogenous cancellous marrow the incidence and extent are dminished. It should be emphasized that dehiscence does not signify failure of the graft-allogeneic bone is not sloughed in toto after being exposed to the oral cavity. Secondary soft tissue procedures can be used in patients with allogeneic grafts; additional cases with long-term follow-up are still needed to establish this method.", "PMID": 320295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7381", "title": "Bone grafts with surface decalcified allogeneic and particulate autologous bone: report of cases.", "content": "A method for mandibular bone grafting that uses a combination of SDAB and particulate autologous cancellous bone and marrow is presented. The results of this treatment in four patients are described. Two additional maxillary bone grafts that use only SDAB are also reported. Grafts that are a combination of SDAB and cancellous autologous bone and marrow are biocompatible, anatomically contoured, easily adapted at surgery, and the allogeneic component is biodegradable. They do not require elaborate internal metallic devices for structural support.", "contents": "Bone grafts with surface decalcified allogeneic and particulate autologous bone: report of cases. A method for mandibular bone grafting that uses a combination of SDAB and particulate autologous cancellous bone and marrow is presented. The results of this treatment in four patients are described. Two additional maxillary bone grafts that use only SDAB are also reported. Grafts that are a combination of SDAB and cancellous autologous bone and marrow are biocompatible, anatomically contoured, easily adapted at surgery, and the allogeneic component is biodegradable. They do not require elaborate internal metallic devices for structural support.", "PMID": 320296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7382", "title": "Scarlet fever and group A streptococcal surgical wound infection traced to an anal carrier.", "content": "Four patients developed group A streptococcal wound infections shortly following orthopedic surgery. Two of these patients developed scarlet fever which provided an early indication of the presence of a streptococcal epidemic. A single antigenically characteristic strain of group A streptococci was recovered from the wounds of all four patients and from the anus of one surgeon who had participated in the surgery on three of the patients.", "contents": "Scarlet fever and group A streptococcal surgical wound infection traced to an anal carrier. Four patients developed group A streptococcal wound infections shortly following orthopedic surgery. Two of these patients developed scarlet fever which provided an early indication of the presence of a streptococcal epidemic. A single antigenically characteristic strain of group A streptococci was recovered from the wounds of all four patients and from the anus of one surgeon who had participated in the surgery on three of the patients.", "PMID": 320297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7383", "title": "Further characterization of brain actin by electron microscopy.", "content": "The physical state of actin in nerve ending preparations and its relationship to the membranes was studied at the ultrastructural level by negative staining with uranyl acetate before and after treatment with muscle heaving meromyosin (HMM). Actin prepared from synaptosomal or synaptic membrane preparations did not polymerize to fiber formation as readily as striated muscle actin under the same conditions. Treatment of these brain actin preparations with HMM, however, resulted in formation of fibers characteristically decorated with arrowheads which were quite similar to those formed with muscle actin. Treatment of the synaptosomal or synaptic membrane fractions themselves with HMM caused the formation of numerous decorated fibers although fibers were not evident before HMM treatment. This did not occur with the presynaptic vesicle fraction. The studies suggest that at least part of the actin is associated with synaptic membranes and is in a partially polymerized or non-polymerized state; polymerization can be induced by HMM.", "contents": "Further characterization of brain actin by electron microscopy. The physical state of actin in nerve ending preparations and its relationship to the membranes was studied at the ultrastructural level by negative staining with uranyl acetate before and after treatment with muscle heaving meromyosin (HMM). Actin prepared from synaptosomal or synaptic membrane preparations did not polymerize to fiber formation as readily as striated muscle actin under the same conditions. Treatment of these brain actin preparations with HMM, however, resulted in formation of fibers characteristically decorated with arrowheads which were quite similar to those formed with muscle actin. Treatment of the synaptosomal or synaptic membrane fractions themselves with HMM caused the formation of numerous decorated fibers although fibers were not evident before HMM treatment. This did not occur with the presynaptic vesicle fraction. The studies suggest that at least part of the actin is associated with synaptic membranes and is in a partially polymerized or non-polymerized state; polymerization can be induced by HMM.", "PMID": 320293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7384", "title": "Abnormalities of the immune system in children with neuroblastoma related to the neoplasm and chemotherapy.", "content": "Children with localized and metastatic neuroblastoma were studies to determine their immune status at the time of diagnosis and while they were receiving intensive intermittent chemotherapy; Investigations included leukocyte and differential counts, delayed hypersensitivity response, quantitative serum immunoglobulins, percentages of T and Fc receptor lymphocytes, PHA-induced mitogenesis, and antibody-and PHA-dependent cellular cytoxicity. Abnormalities related to the neoplasm at diagnosis were limited to depressed leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and increased concentrations of serum IgM in patients with metastases to bone marrow and other sites. No abnormalities were observed in those with localized tumors. Intermittent chemotherapy of metastatic neuroblastoma caused immunosuppression. Effects were most marked during five-day courses of chemotherapy; they included abrogation of DH and decreased leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and percentages of Fc receptor lymphocytes. Recovery of DH with partial recovery of leukocyte and lymphocyte counts was observed three weeks, later, prior to the next course, We conclude that both metastatic tumor and chemotherapy cause abnormalities of the immune system in children with neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Abnormalities of the immune system in children with neuroblastoma related to the neoplasm and chemotherapy. Children with localized and metastatic neuroblastoma were studies to determine their immune status at the time of diagnosis and while they were receiving intensive intermittent chemotherapy; Investigations included leukocyte and differential counts, delayed hypersensitivity response, quantitative serum immunoglobulins, percentages of T and Fc receptor lymphocytes, PHA-induced mitogenesis, and antibody-and PHA-dependent cellular cytoxicity. Abnormalities related to the neoplasm at diagnosis were limited to depressed leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and increased concentrations of serum IgM in patients with metastases to bone marrow and other sites. No abnormalities were observed in those with localized tumors. Intermittent chemotherapy of metastatic neuroblastoma caused immunosuppression. Effects were most marked during five-day courses of chemotherapy; they included abrogation of DH and decreased leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and percentages of Fc receptor lymphocytes. Recovery of DH with partial recovery of leukocyte and lymphocyte counts was observed three weeks, later, prior to the next course, We conclude that both metastatic tumor and chemotherapy cause abnormalities of the immune system in children with neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 320298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7385", "title": "Sepsis and congenital asplenia.", "content": "Fifty-nine children with congenital asplenia were reviewed for episodes of severe infection. Seven children had isolated asplenia and 52 had asplenia associated with complex congenital heart disease (asplenia syndrome). A control group of eusplenic children with comparable cardiac lesions were assembled and used for comparative statistical analysis. There were 16 instances of documented sepsis among 59 children (27%). In those less than six months of age, the invading organism was usually gram-negative (Escherichia coli or Klebsiella). In children six months of age or older, the infecting organism was usually a pneumococcus or H. influenzae. When those with asplenia syndrome were compared to the control population, the former group had a significantly greater incidence of sepsis. Children with asplenia syndrome who survived the first month of life were at greater risk of dying from sepsis than from their heart disease. It is recommended that prophylactic antibiotics be administered to children with congenital absence of the spleen, commencing at three months of age, to be continued indefinitely.", "contents": "Sepsis and congenital asplenia. Fifty-nine children with congenital asplenia were reviewed for episodes of severe infection. Seven children had isolated asplenia and 52 had asplenia associated with complex congenital heart disease (asplenia syndrome). A control group of eusplenic children with comparable cardiac lesions were assembled and used for comparative statistical analysis. There were 16 instances of documented sepsis among 59 children (27%). In those less than six months of age, the invading organism was usually gram-negative (Escherichia coli or Klebsiella). In children six months of age or older, the infecting organism was usually a pneumococcus or H. influenzae. When those with asplenia syndrome were compared to the control population, the former group had a significantly greater incidence of sepsis. Children with asplenia syndrome who survived the first month of life were at greater risk of dying from sepsis than from their heart disease. It is recommended that prophylactic antibiotics be administered to children with congenital absence of the spleen, commencing at three months of age, to be continued indefinitely.", "PMID": 320299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7386", "title": "A comparison of tooth accumulated materials from quadrants treated surgically or nonsurgically.", "content": "The objective of this study was to test the validity of the clinical concept that periodontal surgery is beneficial in aiding the patient to reduce the amount of tooth accumulated materials in moderate to advanced cases of periodontal disease. Twelve arches in eight patients with moderate to severe bone loss were selected for this investigation. Using a split-mouth technique, 12 quadrants were subjected to pocket elimination by the use of osseous and soft tissue recontouring, and 12 quadrants received thorough deep scaling, root planing, and polishing. These patients were seen at 1,2, and 4 weeks after surgery for root planing and more oral hygiene instructions. At 6 weeks they received a prophylaxis, including root planing if indicated, throughout the mouth. The patients returned in 2 weeks, at which time plaque accumulations were then removed and collected by quadrant to be subjected to analysis using wet weights, dry weights and ash weights. The quantity of tooth accumulated debris on the surgically-treated quadrants was significantly greater than on those treated nonsurgically, as determined by the wet weight (P less than 0.01) and dry weight (P less than 0.05). There was, however, no significant difference with ash weight comparisons. The dry weight was the more accurate indicator of tooth accumulated materials. The mean ash weight on the surgically-treated mandibular quadrants (2.21 mg) was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than from those treated nonsurgically (1.35 mg). The investigators' hypothesis that there would be more accretions on the side not involved in osseous surgery and pocket eradication was not supported in this study. Several possible reasons for this were elucidated and discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of tooth accumulated materials from quadrants treated surgically or nonsurgically. The objective of this study was to test the validity of the clinical concept that periodontal surgery is beneficial in aiding the patient to reduce the amount of tooth accumulated materials in moderate to advanced cases of periodontal disease. Twelve arches in eight patients with moderate to severe bone loss were selected for this investigation. Using a split-mouth technique, 12 quadrants were subjected to pocket elimination by the use of osseous and soft tissue recontouring, and 12 quadrants received thorough deep scaling, root planing, and polishing. These patients were seen at 1,2, and 4 weeks after surgery for root planing and more oral hygiene instructions. At 6 weeks they received a prophylaxis, including root planing if indicated, throughout the mouth. The patients returned in 2 weeks, at which time plaque accumulations were then removed and collected by quadrant to be subjected to analysis using wet weights, dry weights and ash weights. The quantity of tooth accumulated debris on the surgically-treated quadrants was significantly greater than on those treated nonsurgically, as determined by the wet weight (P less than 0.01) and dry weight (P less than 0.05). There was, however, no significant difference with ash weight comparisons. The dry weight was the more accurate indicator of tooth accumulated materials. The mean ash weight on the surgically-treated mandibular quadrants (2.21 mg) was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than from those treated nonsurgically (1.35 mg). The investigators' hypothesis that there would be more accretions on the side not involved in osseous surgery and pocket eradication was not supported in this study. Several possible reasons for this were elucidated and discussed.", "PMID": 320304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7387", "title": "The sharpening of scaling instruments: I. An examination of principles.", "content": "The theory and practice of sharpening with particular emphasis upon dental scalers and periodontal curettes have been discussed in Part I of this series. Various cutting modes and edge characteristics are described together with the special requirements they present in sharpening. Different approaches to sharpening are examined. Stressed are the advantages of using powered rotary stones on the sides of the blade instead of the blade face in sharpening scalers and curettes. Part II will describe the sharpening procedure--materials and technique--used and preferred by the authors.", "contents": "The sharpening of scaling instruments: I. An examination of principles. The theory and practice of sharpening with particular emphasis upon dental scalers and periodontal curettes have been discussed in Part I of this series. Various cutting modes and edge characteristics are described together with the special requirements they present in sharpening. Different approaches to sharpening are examined. Stressed are the advantages of using powered rotary stones on the sides of the blade instead of the blade face in sharpening scalers and curettes. Part II will describe the sharpening procedure--materials and technique--used and preferred by the authors.", "PMID": 320305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7388", "title": "The sharpening of scaling instruments: II. A preferred technique.", "content": "The authors' preferred procedure for sharpening scalers and curettes is described in detail; powered rotary stones are used in grinding the sides of the blade. Selected sharpening materials are discussed and evaluated and the control and removal of edge burrs are described. A regular sharpening schedule is recommended, both to simplify sharpening and to extend the useful life of the armamentarium.", "contents": "The sharpening of scaling instruments: II. A preferred technique. The authors' preferred procedure for sharpening scalers and curettes is described in detail; powered rotary stones are used in grinding the sides of the blade. Selected sharpening materials are discussed and evaluated and the control and removal of edge burrs are described. A regular sharpening schedule is recommended, both to simplify sharpening and to extend the useful life of the armamentarium.", "PMID": 320306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7389", "title": "Acid and pepsin secretion of separated gastric pouches during perfusion of antral pouches with cholinergic stimulating and blocking agents and lignocaine.", "content": "1. Secretion of HCl and pepsin from abomasal fundic pouches was studied in sheep during perfusion of antral pouches with cholinergic blocking and stimulating agents and lignocaine. 2. Resting secretion was reduced to about 50% of control levels and secretory responses to feeding were largely or completely blocked during antral pouch perfusions with atropine (0-01-0-16%) and hexamethonium (1%). 3. Antral pouch perfusions with lignocaine (2%) reduced fundic pouch resting secretion to about 60% of control values but did not block secretory responses to feeding. 4. Perfusions of acetylcholine (0-1%) and carbachol (0-0037 and 0-005%) through antral pouches characteristically stimulated increases in the concentration of acid, outputs of acid and pepsin, but not concentration of pepsin. 5. The mechanisms involved in the release of gastrin in the sheep are discussed. 6. It is concluded that antral secretion of gastrin contributes both to the maintenance of resting secretion of acid and the secretory responses of fundic pouches of sheep when they eat freshly provided food.", "contents": "Acid and pepsin secretion of separated gastric pouches during perfusion of antral pouches with cholinergic stimulating and blocking agents and lignocaine. 1. Secretion of HCl and pepsin from abomasal fundic pouches was studied in sheep during perfusion of antral pouches with cholinergic blocking and stimulating agents and lignocaine. 2. Resting secretion was reduced to about 50% of control levels and secretory responses to feeding were largely or completely blocked during antral pouch perfusions with atropine (0-01-0-16%) and hexamethonium (1%). 3. Antral pouch perfusions with lignocaine (2%) reduced fundic pouch resting secretion to about 60% of control values but did not block secretory responses to feeding. 4. Perfusions of acetylcholine (0-1%) and carbachol (0-0037 and 0-005%) through antral pouches characteristically stimulated increases in the concentration of acid, outputs of acid and pepsin, but not concentration of pepsin. 5. The mechanisms involved in the release of gastrin in the sheep are discussed. 6. It is concluded that antral secretion of gastrin contributes both to the maintenance of resting secretion of acid and the secretory responses of fundic pouches of sheep when they eat freshly provided food.", "PMID": 320308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7390", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the loss of human platelet dense bodies following stimulation by thrombin or A23187.", "content": "1. Distributions of dense bodies per platelet were evaluated in unstimulated human platelets and in platelets stimulated to secrete by the addition of varying amounts of thrombin or the ionophore A23187. Since distributions were not Gaussian, they were compared by non-parametric methods. 2. Most distribution obtained following varying levels of dense-body release differed significantly from the control (unstimulated) distribution. In general, distribution from points widely separated in terms of per cent release of total dense-body content also differed significantly. Distributions obtained at points where the total number of dense bodies lost was approximately the same did not differ significantly, regardless of the drug and incubation conditions used to produce the dense-body loss. 3. Dense bodies were lose from platelets during the secretory process (measured as the release of either calcium or ATP), and the number of dense bodies lost correlated at a significant level with the amounts of both substances secreted. 4. Following maximal secretion produced by either thrombin or A23187, a population of dense bodies (refractory dense bodies) remained in platelets. The refractory dense bodies could not have been distributed uniformly among the control populations of either platelets or dense bodies. The distribution of refractory dense bodies could, however, be described by a model in which platelets containing large numbers of dense bodies had a greater proportion of their dense-body complement refractory than did platelets containing fewer dense bodies.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the loss of human platelet dense bodies following stimulation by thrombin or A23187. 1. Distributions of dense bodies per platelet were evaluated in unstimulated human platelets and in platelets stimulated to secrete by the addition of varying amounts of thrombin or the ionophore A23187. Since distributions were not Gaussian, they were compared by non-parametric methods. 2. Most distribution obtained following varying levels of dense-body release differed significantly from the control (unstimulated) distribution. In general, distribution from points widely separated in terms of per cent release of total dense-body content also differed significantly. Distributions obtained at points where the total number of dense bodies lost was approximately the same did not differ significantly, regardless of the drug and incubation conditions used to produce the dense-body loss. 3. Dense bodies were lose from platelets during the secretory process (measured as the release of either calcium or ATP), and the number of dense bodies lost correlated at a significant level with the amounts of both substances secreted. 4. Following maximal secretion produced by either thrombin or A23187, a population of dense bodies (refractory dense bodies) remained in platelets. The refractory dense bodies could not have been distributed uniformly among the control populations of either platelets or dense bodies. The distribution of refractory dense bodies could, however, be described by a model in which platelets containing large numbers of dense bodies had a greater proportion of their dense-body complement refractory than did platelets containing fewer dense bodies.", "PMID": 320309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7391", "title": "Effects of the calcium ionophore A23187 on pancreatic acinar cell membrane potentials and amylase release.", "content": "1. The effects of the Ca2+-ionophore A23187 and the non-metabolizable cholinergic agonist bethanechol on acinar cell membrane potentials and amylase release from the superfused mouse pancreas were studied. 2. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+ (2.56 mM), A23187 (10(-5)M) and bethanechol (3 X 10(-5)M) caused an equal increase in the release of amylase. Both stimulants depolarized theacinar cells, A23187 by 6-0 mV and bethanechol by 12-3 mV. 3. When Ca2+ and Mg2+ were removed from the superfusate, the ability of A23187 to increase the rate of amylase release was virtually abolished, while the effect of bethanechol remained unaltered. Similarly, in the absence of these divalent cations, A23187 did not cause depolarization of the acinar cells, while depolarization in response to bethanechol was largely normal. Consequently it is unlikely that cholinergic agonists initiate secretion by activating a Ca2+-ionophore-like mechanism in the cell membrane. 4. When the concentration of Ca2+ in the medium was raised to 10 mM was the only extracellular divalent cation present, the depolarization in response to A23187 was increased to 11-8 mV. When Mg2+ in a concentration of 10 mM was the only extracellular divalent cation, the depolarization was only 2-1 mV. 5. The Ca2+ dependent, A23187-induced depolarization was abolished in the absence of Na+ (Tris substitution). Addition of Na+ to the superfusate caused an immediate depolarization. 6. It is concluded that the Ca2+ dependent depolarization of pancreatic acinar cells induced by A23187 is not directly due to an increased divalent cation conductance. Our findings are consistent with the view that the depolarization is due to an increased influx of Na+ resulting from a Ca2+ mediated increase in Na+ permeability.", "contents": "Effects of the calcium ionophore A23187 on pancreatic acinar cell membrane potentials and amylase release. 1. The effects of the Ca2+-ionophore A23187 and the non-metabolizable cholinergic agonist bethanechol on acinar cell membrane potentials and amylase release from the superfused mouse pancreas were studied. 2. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+ (2.56 mM), A23187 (10(-5)M) and bethanechol (3 X 10(-5)M) caused an equal increase in the release of amylase. Both stimulants depolarized theacinar cells, A23187 by 6-0 mV and bethanechol by 12-3 mV. 3. When Ca2+ and Mg2+ were removed from the superfusate, the ability of A23187 to increase the rate of amylase release was virtually abolished, while the effect of bethanechol remained unaltered. Similarly, in the absence of these divalent cations, A23187 did not cause depolarization of the acinar cells, while depolarization in response to bethanechol was largely normal. Consequently it is unlikely that cholinergic agonists initiate secretion by activating a Ca2+-ionophore-like mechanism in the cell membrane. 4. When the concentration of Ca2+ in the medium was raised to 10 mM was the only extracellular divalent cation present, the depolarization in response to A23187 was increased to 11-8 mV. When Mg2+ in a concentration of 10 mM was the only extracellular divalent cation, the depolarization was only 2-1 mV. 5. The Ca2+ dependent, A23187-induced depolarization was abolished in the absence of Na+ (Tris substitution). Addition of Na+ to the superfusate caused an immediate depolarization. 6. It is concluded that the Ca2+ dependent depolarization of pancreatic acinar cells induced by A23187 is not directly due to an increased divalent cation conductance. Our findings are consistent with the view that the depolarization is due to an increased influx of Na+ resulting from a Ca2+ mediated increase in Na+ permeability.", "PMID": 320310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7392", "title": "An overdenture survey: preliminary report.", "content": "The preliminary conclusions from this survey are listed: 1. The exceedingly high incidence of periodontal pathology seems to be the major problem in the long-term use of overdentures. 2. The incidence of caries is fairly low, but it remains a potential problem. 3. Subjective evaluations by the patients are favorable. 4. The overdenture technique as described by Lord and Teel seems to be practical and advantageous. 5. Additional research to find the most effective agent for inhibiting caries in overdenture support roots should be initiated. 6. Need exists for more surveys by other schools, institutions, or prosthodontists. 7. The overdenture is a valid alternative to complete denture therapy.", "contents": "An overdenture survey: preliminary report. The preliminary conclusions from this survey are listed: 1. The exceedingly high incidence of periodontal pathology seems to be the major problem in the long-term use of overdentures. 2. The incidence of caries is fairly low, but it remains a potential problem. 3. Subjective evaluations by the patients are favorable. 4. The overdenture technique as described by Lord and Teel seems to be practical and advantageous. 5. Additional research to find the most effective agent for inhibiting caries in overdenture support roots should be initiated. 6. Need exists for more surveys by other schools, institutions, or prosthodontists. 7. The overdenture is a valid alternative to complete denture therapy.", "PMID": 320311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7393", "title": "Behavioral factors and denture status.", "content": "The experiences and impressions for most of the 64 patients who entered the project in 1968 reveal that the opportunity to obtain new dentures, prepared according to the best available technology by highly skilled dentists and dental laboratory technicians, has had an identifiable impact on each of the several behavioral variables for which changes were predicted before the study began. There has been general improvement in self-image, confidence, and relaxation, and these changes often were associated with perceived improvement in fit of dentures, ability to eat, ability to talk, and general health. Although some patients experienced serious health problems during the 6 year study period, neither were these attributed to nor did they appear associated in any way with denture status. The patient population, in general, was very cooperative. Fifty-three patients stayed with the study for 6 years. Most kept their appointments and followed the instructions and advice of their dentists on all matters but one--that of removing their dentures at night. In explaining why they did not remove their dentures at night, most of the patients gave evidence of a high degree of sexual symbolism associated with teeth and denture status.", "contents": "Behavioral factors and denture status. The experiences and impressions for most of the 64 patients who entered the project in 1968 reveal that the opportunity to obtain new dentures, prepared according to the best available technology by highly skilled dentists and dental laboratory technicians, has had an identifiable impact on each of the several behavioral variables for which changes were predicted before the study began. There has been general improvement in self-image, confidence, and relaxation, and these changes often were associated with perceived improvement in fit of dentures, ability to eat, ability to talk, and general health. Although some patients experienced serious health problems during the 6 year study period, neither were these attributed to nor did they appear associated in any way with denture status. The patient population, in general, was very cooperative. Fifty-three patients stayed with the study for 6 years. Most kept their appointments and followed the instructions and advice of their dentists on all matters but one--that of removing their dentures at night. In explaining why they did not remove their dentures at night, most of the patients gave evidence of a high degree of sexual symbolism associated with teeth and denture status.", "PMID": 320313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7394", "title": "Prosthodontic techniques and the timing of complete denture procedures--a survey.", "content": "This survey has attempted to show some of the differences in techniques and materials used by three groups of dentists involved in prosthodontic work in the United States. Some contrasting features between dentistry performed by the NHS and that in the United States have been illustrated, but fair comparisons between the two systems could not be made because of the basic difference in the number of patients and completed treatments and the fee schedules.", "contents": "Prosthodontic techniques and the timing of complete denture procedures--a survey. This survey has attempted to show some of the differences in techniques and materials used by three groups of dentists involved in prosthodontic work in the United States. Some contrasting features between dentistry performed by the NHS and that in the United States have been illustrated, but fair comparisons between the two systems could not be made because of the basic difference in the number of patients and completed treatments and the fee schedules.", "PMID": 320314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7395", "title": "The role of coronal contour in gingival health.", "content": "1. Total clinical crown contour is related to gingival health. 2. The subgingival convexity of a tooth or a restoration should extend facially or lingually no more than one half of the thickness of the gingiva. This protects the gingival crevice and promotes a knifelike free gingival margin, important in plaque control. 3. The facial and lingual surface contours should have gradual curvatures in all directions to facilitate the rubbing and cleaning function of the lips, cheeks, and tongue. 4. The interproximal contour of adjacent teeth, of the tooth contact areas, and of the teeth in relation to the gingival papilla must be such that moving tissues can rub or the patient can perform oral hygiene easily. The requirements may vary depending on the degree of gingival recession and cosmetic needs. 5. Undercontour is better than overcontour where clinical judgment is vague.", "contents": "The role of coronal contour in gingival health. 1. Total clinical crown contour is related to gingival health. 2. The subgingival convexity of a tooth or a restoration should extend facially or lingually no more than one half of the thickness of the gingiva. This protects the gingival crevice and promotes a knifelike free gingival margin, important in plaque control. 3. The facial and lingual surface contours should have gradual curvatures in all directions to facilitate the rubbing and cleaning function of the lips, cheeks, and tongue. 4. The interproximal contour of adjacent teeth, of the tooth contact areas, and of the teeth in relation to the gingival papilla must be such that moving tissues can rub or the patient can perform oral hygiene easily. The requirements may vary depending on the degree of gingival recession and cosmetic needs. 5. Undercontour is better than overcontour where clinical judgment is vague.", "PMID": 320315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7396", "title": "Bond strength studies of precious, semiprecious, and nonprecious ceramic-metal alloys with two porcelains.", "content": "One-hundred cylindrical pull-through ceramic-metal test specimens were subjected to shear loading forces. Two porcelain systems were treated in association with five ceramic alloys--one precious, one semiprecious, and three nonprecious alloys. 1. There was no significant difference in bond strength between Ceramco and Vita porcelains. 2. The various alloys tested demonstrated significantly different bond strengths. 3. Differential statistical tests suggested that nonprecious alloys performed better with Ceramco porcelain than with Vita porcelain. 4. The bond strength of Ceramco porcelain fused to nonprecious alloy N-C2 was significantly greater than that of Ceramic and traditional gold-based alloys. 5. Nonprecious alloy N-C1 produced significantly less bond strength than the traditional gold-based alloys. 6. Semiprecious alloy W produced high bond strengths with both Ceramco and Vita porcelains. 7. The cylindrical pull-through test was a reliable, reproducible method of testing ceramic-metal bond shear strength. 8. The surface roughness appears to be the one common factor in nonprecious alloys that relates to large differences in bond strength. Additional tests must be made to verify this hypothesis.", "contents": "Bond strength studies of precious, semiprecious, and nonprecious ceramic-metal alloys with two porcelains. One-hundred cylindrical pull-through ceramic-metal test specimens were subjected to shear loading forces. Two porcelain systems were treated in association with five ceramic alloys--one precious, one semiprecious, and three nonprecious alloys. 1. There was no significant difference in bond strength between Ceramco and Vita porcelains. 2. The various alloys tested demonstrated significantly different bond strengths. 3. Differential statistical tests suggested that nonprecious alloys performed better with Ceramco porcelain than with Vita porcelain. 4. The bond strength of Ceramco porcelain fused to nonprecious alloy N-C2 was significantly greater than that of Ceramic and traditional gold-based alloys. 5. Nonprecious alloy N-C1 produced significantly less bond strength than the traditional gold-based alloys. 6. Semiprecious alloy W produced high bond strengths with both Ceramco and Vita porcelains. 7. The cylindrical pull-through test was a reliable, reproducible method of testing ceramic-metal bond shear strength. 8. The surface roughness appears to be the one common factor in nonprecious alloys that relates to large differences in bond strength. Additional tests must be made to verify this hypothesis.", "PMID": 320316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7397", "title": "The comparison of denture-base processing techniques. Part I. Material characteristics.", "content": "Some of the physical properties for three techniques for processing acrylic resin were tested. Tests included: (1) thickness changes from a standard die which simulated the palatal and flange regions of a denture, (2) relative Rockwell surface hardness, (3) color stability, and (4) surface detail. The three processing techniques under investigation were: (1) an all-stone investing technique, (2) a silicone-gypsum investing technique, and (3) a fluid-resin technique.", "contents": "The comparison of denture-base processing techniques. Part I. Material characteristics. Some of the physical properties for three techniques for processing acrylic resin were tested. Tests included: (1) thickness changes from a standard die which simulated the palatal and flange regions of a denture, (2) relative Rockwell surface hardness, (3) color stability, and (4) surface detail. The three processing techniques under investigation were: (1) an all-stone investing technique, (2) a silicone-gypsum investing technique, and (3) a fluid-resin technique.", "PMID": 320318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7398", "title": "Proplast-coated high-strength magnets as potential denture stabilization devices.", "content": "This study was designed to determine if a samarium-cobalt magnet could be effectively sealed from the in vivo environment and be physically stablized in bone under similated functional stress. The following conclusions can be made from this study. (1) It is possible to effectively seal a samarium-cobalt magnet from the in vivo environment. Clinical observation, radiographs, and photomicrographs on all samples showed good healing and dense tissue over the surgical sites. The samples showed that connective tissue penetrated the Proplast, and clinically, the magnets appeared to be well stabilized in bone. (2) It follows that if magnets are properly coated and good surgical techniques are used, Proplast can be an effective sealant. Samarium or cobalt appeared in the surrounding tissues only where the coating was faulty. Further studies are being conducted which will cover a 2 year period as opposed to the original 5 month study. It is hoped that with specific tests, we will be able to demonstrate absolute fixation and no migration of the magnets.", "contents": "Proplast-coated high-strength magnets as potential denture stabilization devices. This study was designed to determine if a samarium-cobalt magnet could be effectively sealed from the in vivo environment and be physically stablized in bone under similated functional stress. The following conclusions can be made from this study. (1) It is possible to effectively seal a samarium-cobalt magnet from the in vivo environment. Clinical observation, radiographs, and photomicrographs on all samples showed good healing and dense tissue over the surgical sites. The samples showed that connective tissue penetrated the Proplast, and clinically, the magnets appeared to be well stabilized in bone. (2) It follows that if magnets are properly coated and good surgical techniques are used, Proplast can be an effective sealant. Samarium or cobalt appeared in the surrounding tissues only where the coating was faulty. Further studies are being conducted which will cover a 2 year period as opposed to the original 5 month study. It is hoped that with specific tests, we will be able to demonstrate absolute fixation and no migration of the magnets.", "PMID": 320319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7399", "title": "Making complete dentures for research purposes.", "content": "A method for construction of complete dentures for research purposes has been described. According to this method, a baseplate is fabricated of hard acrylic resin in combination with resilient denture liner. These dentures can be repeatedly used by interchanging denture teeth of the same mold.", "contents": "Making complete dentures for research purposes. A method for construction of complete dentures for research purposes has been described. According to this method, a baseplate is fabricated of hard acrylic resin in combination with resilient denture liner. These dentures can be repeatedly used by interchanging denture teeth of the same mold.", "PMID": 320321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7400", "title": "Communication systems for deaf people: a review of possibilities.", "content": "This article reviews the possibilities for communication in deaf people. The various types of deafness are categorised and their associated problems briefly discussed. Communication aids are then described in greater detail in terms of the three possible modes of transmission and reception: speech, the written word and coded signals.", "contents": "Communication systems for deaf people: a review of possibilities. This article reviews the possibilities for communication in deaf people. The various types of deafness are categorised and their associated problems briefly discussed. Communication aids are then described in greater detail in terms of the three possible modes of transmission and reception: speech, the written word and coded signals.", "PMID": 320334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7401", "title": "Epidemiology of group-B streptococcal carriage in pregnant women and newborn infants.", "content": "In a population of pregnant women, the prevalence of group-B streptococcal carriage was relatively low. During the 3rd trimester of pregnancy 5-6% of women haboured group-B streptococci and 8-3% were positive at the onset of labour. Some 42% of women who gave positive cultures in labour had given negative cultures during the 3rd trimester and 19% of women who were positive during late pregnancy were culture-negative in labour. The conversion of culture status observed in these women suggests that carriage may be intermittent or that new acquisition of genital-tract streptococci may occur in late pregnancy. The unpredictability of conversion diminishes the reliability of a single culture taken during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy.", "contents": "Epidemiology of group-B streptococcal carriage in pregnant women and newborn infants. In a population of pregnant women, the prevalence of group-B streptococcal carriage was relatively low. During the 3rd trimester of pregnancy 5-6% of women haboured group-B streptococci and 8-3% were positive at the onset of labour. Some 42% of women who gave positive cultures in labour had given negative cultures during the 3rd trimester and 19% of women who were positive during late pregnancy were culture-negative in labour. The conversion of culture status observed in these women suggests that carriage may be intermittent or that new acquisition of genital-tract streptococci may occur in late pregnancy. The unpredictability of conversion diminishes the reliability of a single culture taken during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy.", "PMID": 320335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7402", "title": "Transfer of R factors from Escherichia coli to salmonellas in the rumen of sheep.", "content": "Adult sheep were given into the rumen c. 10(8) cells each of donor strains of E. coli containing an R factor and prospective salmonella-recipient organisms and were maintained on a diet of lucerne chaff; the animals excreted the organisms, remained healthy, and no transfer of the R factor was detected. When the animals were starved for 48 h before inoculation, the ruminal environment was altered so that, on resumption of feeding, small numbers (c. 10(2)-10(4) cells--less than one cell per ml of rumen fluid) of the introduced organisms were able to multiply and reach sufficient numbers for the transfer of R factors to occur within the rumen. One animal, given 7-8 X 10(3) cells of recipient S. lomita after starvation for 48 h, became a carrier of this organism. A second animal, given 4-4 X 10(2) cells of S. typhimurium after starvation for 48 h, developed acute, fatal salmonellosis 5 days later; at the time of death, large numbers of salmonella organisms (c. 10(9) cells per g) were present in the faeces; these included many (c. 10(6) cells per g) that had received the R factor by transfer in vivo. These results indicate that short periods of starvation may enhance the transfer of R factors and possibly other plasmids between suitable micro-organisms in vivo, and may increase the susceptibility of animals to pathogenic micro-organisms.", "contents": "Transfer of R factors from Escherichia coli to salmonellas in the rumen of sheep. Adult sheep were given into the rumen c. 10(8) cells each of donor strains of E. coli containing an R factor and prospective salmonella-recipient organisms and were maintained on a diet of lucerne chaff; the animals excreted the organisms, remained healthy, and no transfer of the R factor was detected. When the animals were starved for 48 h before inoculation, the ruminal environment was altered so that, on resumption of feeding, small numbers (c. 10(2)-10(4) cells--less than one cell per ml of rumen fluid) of the introduced organisms were able to multiply and reach sufficient numbers for the transfer of R factors to occur within the rumen. One animal, given 7-8 X 10(3) cells of recipient S. lomita after starvation for 48 h, became a carrier of this organism. A second animal, given 4-4 X 10(2) cells of S. typhimurium after starvation for 48 h, developed acute, fatal salmonellosis 5 days later; at the time of death, large numbers of salmonella organisms (c. 10(9) cells per g) were present in the faeces; these included many (c. 10(6) cells per g) that had received the R factor by transfer in vivo. These results indicate that short periods of starvation may enhance the transfer of R factors and possibly other plasmids between suitable micro-organisms in vivo, and may increase the susceptibility of animals to pathogenic micro-organisms.", "PMID": 320337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7403", "title": "The anaerobic culture of clinical specimens: a 14-month study.", "content": "This paper presents the results of the examination of routine clinical specimens for anaerobes and gives details of the revised anaerobic cultures techniques recently introduced into this laboratory. The species of anaerobic bacteria isolated from lesions in different sites of the body are described and recommendations are made concerning methods of identification and culture.", "contents": "The anaerobic culture of clinical specimens: a 14-month study. This paper presents the results of the examination of routine clinical specimens for anaerobes and gives details of the revised anaerobic cultures techniques recently introduced into this laboratory. The species of anaerobic bacteria isolated from lesions in different sites of the body are described and recommendations are made concerning methods of identification and culture.", "PMID": 320338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7404", "title": "Airborne infection with Mycobacterium leprae in mice.", "content": "Although the portal of entry and mode of spread of M. leprae in human leprosy are still uncertain, it is widely held that direct person-to-person skin contact is important. This assumption has ignored the fact that patients with highly bacilliferous leprosy have nasal as well as dermal infection and that, since M. leprae is shed predominantly from the nose, leprosy might be an airborne infection. The present study was designed to investigate this possibility with mice exposed to airborne infection with M. leprae. The conditions are described in which thymectomised-irradiated CBA strain mice exposed to M. leprae aerosols sustained an immediate lung retention of 1 X 10(5) bacteria. Fourteen to 24 months later, 33% (10 of 30) of the mice had countable numbers of acid-fast bacilli (greater than 2 X 10(4)) with the characteristics of M. leprae in one or more homogenates prepared from ears, foot pads, nose or lungs. Evidence is presented from the distribution of M. leprae that the infection had arisen from systemic spresd of bacilli initially entering the lungs rather than from multiplication of organisms locally retained there, or in the nose, at the time of airborne infection. The relevance of these results to the possible route of infection of leprosy in man is discussed.", "contents": "Airborne infection with Mycobacterium leprae in mice. Although the portal of entry and mode of spread of M. leprae in human leprosy are still uncertain, it is widely held that direct person-to-person skin contact is important. This assumption has ignored the fact that patients with highly bacilliferous leprosy have nasal as well as dermal infection and that, since M. leprae is shed predominantly from the nose, leprosy might be an airborne infection. The present study was designed to investigate this possibility with mice exposed to airborne infection with M. leprae. The conditions are described in which thymectomised-irradiated CBA strain mice exposed to M. leprae aerosols sustained an immediate lung retention of 1 X 10(5) bacteria. Fourteen to 24 months later, 33% (10 of 30) of the mice had countable numbers of acid-fast bacilli (greater than 2 X 10(4)) with the characteristics of M. leprae in one or more homogenates prepared from ears, foot pads, nose or lungs. Evidence is presented from the distribution of M. leprae that the infection had arisen from systemic spresd of bacilli initially entering the lungs rather than from multiplication of organisms locally retained there, or in the nose, at the time of airborne infection. The relevance of these results to the possible route of infection of leprosy in man is discussed.", "PMID": 320339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7405", "title": "The isolation of Streptococcus pyogenes from throat swabs.", "content": "Simulated throat swabs were prepared with known numbers of Streptococcus pyogenes; some were suspended in pasteurised human saliva and an equal number in saline. Two types of commercially available swabs were tested; these were composed of (1) plain, buffered, cotton wool, and (2) albumen-coated cotton wool. The mean recovery rates of first platings on solid media from albumen-coated and plain cotton-wool swabs were similar (8-2% and 8-3%) and the mean recovery rates from platings 1-4 were also similar (6-6% and 6-5%). The greater the delay in plating, the less were the chances of recovery of streptococci, although the viability of these was significantly prolonged on swabs held at 4 degrees C. Similar results were again produced by both types of swabs; processing swabs in saliva, however, produced by both types of swabs; processing swabs in saliva, however, produced a recovery rate that was 1-2% greater than the rate for the saline series. Swabs were also agitated or squeezed by forceps in nutrient broth to release any organisms they contained, and standard samples of the broth were then plated on solid media. Counts thus obtained indicated that about 50% of the original inoculum was still viable and could be recovered from the broth; in comparison, recoveries from initial direct plating of the swabs were low. No demonstrable toxic effect was produced by the cotton wool in these experiments.", "contents": "The isolation of Streptococcus pyogenes from throat swabs. Simulated throat swabs were prepared with known numbers of Streptococcus pyogenes; some were suspended in pasteurised human saliva and an equal number in saline. Two types of commercially available swabs were tested; these were composed of (1) plain, buffered, cotton wool, and (2) albumen-coated cotton wool. The mean recovery rates of first platings on solid media from albumen-coated and plain cotton-wool swabs were similar (8-2% and 8-3%) and the mean recovery rates from platings 1-4 were also similar (6-6% and 6-5%). The greater the delay in plating, the less were the chances of recovery of streptococci, although the viability of these was significantly prolonged on swabs held at 4 degrees C. Similar results were again produced by both types of swabs; processing swabs in saliva, however, produced by both types of swabs; processing swabs in saliva, however, produced a recovery rate that was 1-2% greater than the rate for the saline series. Swabs were also agitated or squeezed by forceps in nutrient broth to release any organisms they contained, and standard samples of the broth were then plated on solid media. Counts thus obtained indicated that about 50% of the original inoculum was still viable and could be recovered from the broth; in comparison, recoveries from initial direct plating of the swabs were low. No demonstrable toxic effect was produced by the cotton wool in these experiments.", "PMID": 320340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7406", "title": "Typing of Proteus strains by proticine production and sensitivity.", "content": "A simple, reliable and highly discriminating scheme for the bacteriocine typing of Proteus has been developed. Strains are typed on MacConkey's agar according to their ability to produce a proticine active against one of 14 indicator strains having a single and specific proticine sensitivity and also according to their sensitivity to the different proticines of 13 proticine-producing strains. This new scheme of combined production and sensitivity typing was formulated after 250 strains of Proteus from clinical material had been examined for the production of proticines active against the 24 indicator strains of Cradock-Watson's proticine typing scheme and for proticine activity and sensitivity towards each other. Three new types of proticinogenic strains were discovered and defined. Strains producing proticines of types 1, 2 and 3 were isolated frequently. These common proticines could be subtyped by their different actions on newly characterised indicator strains. By means of this production/sensitivity (P/S) typing scheme, 250 Proteus strains were differentiated into 90 distinct types, whereas typing by sensitivity alone distinguished only 40 types and typing by production alone distinguished only 20 types (including subtypes).", "contents": "Typing of Proteus strains by proticine production and sensitivity. A simple, reliable and highly discriminating scheme for the bacteriocine typing of Proteus has been developed. Strains are typed on MacConkey's agar according to their ability to produce a proticine active against one of 14 indicator strains having a single and specific proticine sensitivity and also according to their sensitivity to the different proticines of 13 proticine-producing strains. This new scheme of combined production and sensitivity typing was formulated after 250 strains of Proteus from clinical material had been examined for the production of proticines active against the 24 indicator strains of Cradock-Watson's proticine typing scheme and for proticine activity and sensitivity towards each other. Three new types of proticinogenic strains were discovered and defined. Strains producing proticines of types 1, 2 and 3 were isolated frequently. These common proticines could be subtyped by their different actions on newly characterised indicator strains. By means of this production/sensitivity (P/S) typing scheme, 250 Proteus strains were differentiated into 90 distinct types, whereas typing by sensitivity alone distinguished only 40 types and typing by production alone distinguished only 20 types (including subtypes).", "PMID": 320341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7407", "title": "Immunosuppression studies in foreign body tumorigenesis: no evidence for tumor-specific antigenicity.", "content": "Sarcomas were induced in CBA/H mice by sc implantation of 15 X 22 X 0.2-mm polyvinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymer films. The animals were immunosuppressed with azathoprine, antilymphocyte globulin, or thymectomy. Sarcoma development was not accelerated in comparison to nonimmunosuppressed demonstrated in sarcomas of immunosuppressed mice. It was concluded that foreign body tumorigenesis in mice in neither associated with nor dependent on the emergence of tumor-specific transplantation antigens.", "contents": "Immunosuppression studies in foreign body tumorigenesis: no evidence for tumor-specific antigenicity. Sarcomas were induced in CBA/H mice by sc implantation of 15 X 22 X 0.2-mm polyvinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymer films. The animals were immunosuppressed with azathoprine, antilymphocyte globulin, or thymectomy. Sarcoma development was not accelerated in comparison to nonimmunosuppressed demonstrated in sarcomas of immunosuppressed mice. It was concluded that foreign body tumorigenesis in mice in neither associated with nor dependent on the emergence of tumor-specific transplantation antigens.", "PMID": 320346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7408", "title": "Responses of tumors induced in inbred guinea pig strain JY=1 and strain Hartley/F to BCG.", "content": "A transplantable fibrosarcoma induced in inbred JY-1 guinea pig strain by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) and designated J4, an allotransplantable subline of J4 (JH4) which was obtained by the transplantation of J4 into the inbred Hartley/F guinea pig strain and maintained by passages in this strain, and a syngeneic liposarcoma H10 induced in a Hartley/F guinea pig by MCA were tested for their immunotherapeutic response with BCG. The growth of J4 and H10 tumors was suppressed in most of the animals when tumor cells were mixed with BCG before being injected sc into BCG-immune or BCG-nonimmune recipients. The growth of the JH4 tumor was suppressed at the sites of injection with a mixture of tumor cells and BCG in BCG-immune recipients but not in nonimmune animals. All guinea pigs surviving the injection of a tumor cell-BCG mixture resisted a second tumor cell challenge. When subcutaneous sarcomas grew to about 8-15 mm in diameter, BCG was injected into the tumors. The growth of JH4 tumor was not influenced by the injection in either BCG-immune or BCG-nonimmune animals, while the regression of the established J4 transplants was produced in 2 of 3 nonimmune recipients. The growth of the H10 tumor was not inhibited with an intratumor injection into nonimmune guinea pigs, while the H10 tumor regressed in BCG-immune animals for 4-5 weeks after intratumor injection and thereafter grew progressively. Skin reactions in animals that received repeated intradermal injections of the tumor cells and BCG were tested with 10(6) viable tumor cells as eliciting antigens. Typical delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions that were specific to the homologous antigens were observed. The possible reasons for the different responses to BCG among the guinea pig tumors, including line-10 hepatocarcinoma in strain-2 guinea pigs, were discussed.", "contents": "Responses of tumors induced in inbred guinea pig strain JY=1 and strain Hartley/F to BCG. A transplantable fibrosarcoma induced in inbred JY-1 guinea pig strain by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) and designated J4, an allotransplantable subline of J4 (JH4) which was obtained by the transplantation of J4 into the inbred Hartley/F guinea pig strain and maintained by passages in this strain, and a syngeneic liposarcoma H10 induced in a Hartley/F guinea pig by MCA were tested for their immunotherapeutic response with BCG. The growth of J4 and H10 tumors was suppressed in most of the animals when tumor cells were mixed with BCG before being injected sc into BCG-immune or BCG-nonimmune recipients. The growth of the JH4 tumor was suppressed at the sites of injection with a mixture of tumor cells and BCG in BCG-immune recipients but not in nonimmune animals. All guinea pigs surviving the injection of a tumor cell-BCG mixture resisted a second tumor cell challenge. When subcutaneous sarcomas grew to about 8-15 mm in diameter, BCG was injected into the tumors. The growth of JH4 tumor was not influenced by the injection in either BCG-immune or BCG-nonimmune animals, while the regression of the established J4 transplants was produced in 2 of 3 nonimmune recipients. The growth of the H10 tumor was not inhibited with an intratumor injection into nonimmune guinea pigs, while the H10 tumor regressed in BCG-immune animals for 4-5 weeks after intratumor injection and thereafter grew progressively. Skin reactions in animals that received repeated intradermal injections of the tumor cells and BCG were tested with 10(6) viable tumor cells as eliciting antigens. Typical delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions that were specific to the homologous antigens were observed. The possible reasons for the different responses to BCG among the guinea pig tumors, including line-10 hepatocarcinoma in strain-2 guinea pigs, were discussed.", "PMID": 320348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7409", "title": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children.", "content": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children, contrary to adult onset, rarely is associated with non-function or calcification. The lesion is predominantly on the left side in children. There appears to be a normal humoral but temporarily impaired cellular immune response in addition to sustained depression of polymorphonuclear chemotaxis. The etiology of this is uncertain but may be attributed partially to hyperosmolarity of serum and urine, and to leukocyte specific antinuclear antibodies. The presence of leukocyte specific antinuclear antibody or cold agglutining may interfere with normal phagocyte chemotaxis requiring tissue macrophages to produce a xanthogranulomatous reaction to bacterial invasion.", "contents": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children, contrary to adult onset, rarely is associated with non-function or calcification. The lesion is predominantly on the left side in children. There appears to be a normal humoral but temporarily impaired cellular immune response in addition to sustained depression of polymorphonuclear chemotaxis. The etiology of this is uncertain but may be attributed partially to hyperosmolarity of serum and urine, and to leukocyte specific antinuclear antibodies. The presence of leukocyte specific antinuclear antibody or cold agglutining may interfere with normal phagocyte chemotaxis requiring tissue macrophages to produce a xanthogranulomatous reaction to bacterial invasion.", "PMID": 320349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7410", "title": "Chyluria: a case report and brief literature review.", "content": "A case of chyluria presumably caused by Filaria bancrofti is presented. The radiographic and urologic presentation as well as a brief review of the natural history, diagnosis and treatment is included.", "contents": "Chyluria: a case report and brief literature review. A case of chyluria presumably caused by Filaria bancrofti is presented. The radiographic and urologic presentation as well as a brief review of the natural history, diagnosis and treatment is included.", "PMID": 320350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7411", "title": "Renal transplantation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Forty patients  (including 37 juvenile diabetic patients) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal failure received 42 renal allografts during the interval from June 1970 to December 1975. Of the 30 patients who are alive (between six and 72 months after transplantation; average, 29 months), 19 have been fully rehabilitated. Gangrene of peripheral extremities occurred in 30% of the survivors. The use of \"pretreated\" cadaveric kidneys in the diabetic patient may become an attractive alternative to grafts from living related donors. Renal transplantation with living related and pretreated cadaveric donor kidneys is the treatment of choice and is superior to dialysis in the insulin-dependent diabetic patient with end-stage renal disease.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Forty patients  (including 37 juvenile diabetic patients) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal failure received 42 renal allografts during the interval from June 1970 to December 1975. Of the 30 patients who are alive (between six and 72 months after transplantation; average, 29 months), 19 have been fully rehabilitated. Gangrene of peripheral extremities occurred in 30% of the survivors. The use of \"pretreated\" cadaveric kidneys in the diabetic patient may become an attractive alternative to grafts from living related donors. Renal transplantation with living related and pretreated cadaveric donor kidneys is the treatment of choice and is superior to dialysis in the insulin-dependent diabetic patient with end-stage renal disease.", "PMID": 320353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7412", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of clindamycin-2-phosphate in infectious diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Clindamycin-2-phosphate (7(S)-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin-2-phosphate) is a new semi-synthetic antibiotic. It is recognized that the drug itself is inactive against bacteria in vitro but it is hydrolyzed rapidly to active clindamycin, drug intramuscular or intravenous administration. Clindamycin-2-phosphate was administrated intravenously to seven patients with infections, except one intramuscularly, 300 approximately 600 mg, every 8 or 12 hours a day, for 2 approximately 12 days. Three patients (1 bacterial pneumonia, 1 chronic bronchitis and 1 urinary tract infection due to E. coli) recovered from their infection; one patient (bacterial infection in bronchiectasis) partially responded; and three patients (1 urinary tract infection due to E. coli, 1 pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae and 1 patient with mycoplasmal pneumonia and acute biliary tract infection) failed to respond to the drug. No remarkable side effect was noted except pain at intramuscular injection site in one patient.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of clindamycin-2-phosphate in infectious diseases (author's transl)]. Clindamycin-2-phosphate (7(S)-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin-2-phosphate) is a new semi-synthetic antibiotic. It is recognized that the drug itself is inactive against bacteria in vitro but it is hydrolyzed rapidly to active clindamycin, drug intramuscular or intravenous administration. Clindamycin-2-phosphate was administrated intravenously to seven patients with infections, except one intramuscularly, 300 approximately 600 mg, every 8 or 12 hours a day, for 2 approximately 12 days. Three patients (1 bacterial pneumonia, 1 chronic bronchitis and 1 urinary tract infection due to E. coli) recovered from their infection; one patient (bacterial infection in bronchiectasis) partially responded; and three patients (1 urinary tract infection due to E. coli, 1 pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae and 1 patient with mycoplasmal pneumonia and acute biliary tract infection) failed to respond to the drug. No remarkable side effect was noted except pain at intramuscular injection site in one patient.", "PMID": 320361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7413", "title": "[Clindamycin-2-phosphate and surgical infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood levels of clindamycin-2-phosphate in dog at dosis of 10 mg/kg body weight showed the maximum of 21 mug/ml 30 seconds after one-shot i.v. administration. Continuous infusion of the antibiotic at the infusion speed of 150 and 300 ml/hour/10 kg b.w. with 6 mg/ml solution maintained blood levels of 30 and 170 mug/ml respectively. It may be recommended clinically to use lower concentration than 6 mg/ml to avoid cardiocirculatory disturbances. Four cases of surgical mixed infections with gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacilli and anaerobes were treated with clindamycin-2-phosphate at a daily dosis of 1,200 mg intravenously and 2 of 4 cases revealed good clinical response. There was none of the haematological, hepatic, nephrontic, cardiocirculatory and allergic side effects.", "contents": "[Clindamycin-2-phosphate and surgical infections (author's transl)]. Blood levels of clindamycin-2-phosphate in dog at dosis of 10 mg/kg body weight showed the maximum of 21 mug/ml 30 seconds after one-shot i.v. administration. Continuous infusion of the antibiotic at the infusion speed of 150 and 300 ml/hour/10 kg b.w. with 6 mg/ml solution maintained blood levels of 30 and 170 mug/ml respectively. It may be recommended clinically to use lower concentration than 6 mg/ml to avoid cardiocirculatory disturbances. Four cases of surgical mixed infections with gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacilli and anaerobes were treated with clindamycin-2-phosphate at a daily dosis of 1,200 mg intravenously and 2 of 4 cases revealed good clinical response. There was none of the haematological, hepatic, nephrontic, cardiocirculatory and allergic side effects.", "PMID": 320362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7414", "title": "Application of the free vascularized bone graft in the treatment of malignant or aggressive bone tumors.", "content": "Although recent advances in clinical microsurgery have made free tissue transfer a clinical reality, the value of free bone transfers in the reconstructive tumor surgery of long bones has not been reported to our knowledge. Two patients with malignant or aggressive bone tumors who underwent en bloc resection of their tumors and reconstruction with free vascularized bone grafts are presented. In the first case, a giant cell tumor of the distal radius was resected, and a 10 cm free vascularized fibular graft was performed as a reconstructive procedure; in the second case a chondrosarcoma of the femur was excised and replaced by a 20 cm segment of free vascularized fibula. Postoperatively, these patients were followed with arteriograms and sequential bone scans. The indications for the procedure and the operative technique are discussed. A comparison of the merits of free rib versus free fibular transfers is presented with emphasis on bony architecture, vessel characteristics, dissection required and the options available for reconstructive surgery. The advantages and disadvantages of free vascularized bone grafts with respect to conventional methods and the potential applicability of this technique are discussed.", "contents": "Application of the free vascularized bone graft in the treatment of malignant or aggressive bone tumors. Although recent advances in clinical microsurgery have made free tissue transfer a clinical reality, the value of free bone transfers in the reconstructive tumor surgery of long bones has not been reported to our knowledge. Two patients with malignant or aggressive bone tumors who underwent en bloc resection of their tumors and reconstruction with free vascularized bone grafts are presented. In the first case, a giant cell tumor of the distal radius was resected, and a 10 cm free vascularized fibular graft was performed as a reconstructive procedure; in the second case a chondrosarcoma of the femur was excised and replaced by a 20 cm segment of free vascularized fibula. Postoperatively, these patients were followed with arteriograms and sequential bone scans. The indications for the procedure and the operative technique are discussed. A comparison of the merits of free rib versus free fibular transfers is presented with emphasis on bony architecture, vessel characteristics, dissection required and the options available for reconstructive surgery. The advantages and disadvantages of free vascularized bone grafts with respect to conventional methods and the potential applicability of this technique are discussed.", "PMID": 320369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7415", "title": "[Treatment of aplastic anemia in children by bone marrow transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "The course of a successful bone marrow transplantation in a 8 year old boy with severe aplastic anemia is presented. The boy lives now 22 months after bone marrow transplantation with normal bone marrow function and an essentially undisturbed performance; The indication for bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia in children is discussed. Despite improved intensive supportive care (antibiotics, infectious prophylaxis, substitution of blood components) and the treatment with corticosteroids and/or androgens the mortality of sever aplastic anemia in childhood is still high. The advantages of early bone marrow transplantation in severe cases are stressed.", "contents": "[Treatment of aplastic anemia in children by bone marrow transplantation (author's transl)]. The course of a successful bone marrow transplantation in a 8 year old boy with severe aplastic anemia is presented. The boy lives now 22 months after bone marrow transplantation with normal bone marrow function and an essentially undisturbed performance; The indication for bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia in children is discussed. Despite improved intensive supportive care (antibiotics, infectious prophylaxis, substitution of blood components) and the treatment with corticosteroids and/or androgens the mortality of sever aplastic anemia in childhood is still high. The advantages of early bone marrow transplantation in severe cases are stressed.", "PMID": 320373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7416", "title": "[Bone marrow transplantation in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 6-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, pericardial effusion and mediastinal mass remission lasted for 7 wks. only in spite of intensive chemotherapy. Bone marrow transplantation for a HL-A-identical, MLC-negative sister was attempted after antipleukemic therapy (Cytosin-arabinoside, BCNU, Cyclophosphamide) and total body irradiation, After uneventful course of engraftment complete remission was achieved for 5 1/2 months.", "contents": "[Bone marrow transplantation in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)]. In a 6-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, pericardial effusion and mediastinal mass remission lasted for 7 wks. only in spite of intensive chemotherapy. Bone marrow transplantation for a HL-A-identical, MLC-negative sister was attempted after antipleukemic therapy (Cytosin-arabinoside, BCNU, Cyclophosphamide) and total body irradiation, After uneventful course of engraftment complete remission was achieved for 5 1/2 months.", "PMID": 320374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7417", "title": "[Classiciation of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of childhood are of highgrade malignancy only. There are lymphoblastic and immunoblastic forms. The lymphoblastic lymphomas can be of the Burkitt type (B-cell-derived) or of the \"convoluted\" or acid phosphatase type (T-cell-derived). A larger number of the lymphoblastic lymphomas are \"unclassified\" and usually do not belong to either the B-or the T-cell system (stem-cell-derived?). Most of the immunoblastic lymphomas (previously called \"reticulosarcomas\") are derived from the B-cell series. Besides the lymphomas in the actual sense, there are also true histiocytic reticulosarcomas of childhood. Hodgkin's disease is probably more common in childhood than all of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas combined.", "contents": "[Classiciation of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of childhood (author's transl)]. The malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of childhood are of highgrade malignancy only. There are lymphoblastic and immunoblastic forms. The lymphoblastic lymphomas can be of the Burkitt type (B-cell-derived) or of the \"convoluted\" or acid phosphatase type (T-cell-derived). A larger number of the lymphoblastic lymphomas are \"unclassified\" and usually do not belong to either the B-or the T-cell system (stem-cell-derived?). Most of the immunoblastic lymphomas (previously called \"reticulosarcomas\") are derived from the B-cell series. Besides the lymphomas in the actual sense, there are also true histiocytic reticulosarcomas of childhood. Hodgkin's disease is probably more common in childhood than all of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas combined.", "PMID": 320375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7418", "title": "[Bone marrow transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Bone marrow transplantation is an experimental therapy, which has been used with success in patients with aplastic anemia, severe combined immunodeficiency and leukemia. We report here on the procedure of transplantation and the possible difficulties which can be encountered.", "contents": "[Bone marrow transplantation (author's transl)]. Bone marrow transplantation is an experimental therapy, which has been used with success in patients with aplastic anemia, severe combined immunodeficiency and leukemia. We report here on the procedure of transplantation and the possible difficulties which can be encountered.", "PMID": 320376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7419", "title": "[The west-berlin therapy study of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood--report after 6 years (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last 6 years 73 previously untreated children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were enrolled on a non-randomized therapy protocol. In this longitudinal sutdy the specific accent was put on the intensified induction treatment of 8 weeks' duration which was thought to achieve a higher remission quality. In this phase 8 effective drugs were applied up to the patient's tolerance limits; in addition prophylactic irradiation to the central nervous system was given in two modifications. After 4 weeks all patients were in complete remission. During the first 4 months 6 children died due to complications for which therapy must be at least partially responsible. 17 out of 67 patients relapsed between 4 and 59 months after diagnosis, which corresponds to a remission rate according to the life table analysis of 62% (50 out of 67 patients in first remission). The majority of patients with relapse is characterized at diagnosis by a specific pattern of clinical findings. 2 therapy groups, differently treated in respect to central nervous system irradaiation and duration of continuation therapy, do not at present statistically differ from each other. According to statistics 8 more children may be expected to suffer from relapse. The improved results are due to a lower incidence of bone marrow relapses; it seems that there is a direct relation between intensity of treatment during the induction phase and the occurrence of bone marrow relapses. The specific problems of the presented study take place during the induction phase, which, due to toxicity, regularly results in a number of side effects and severe complications. In order to realize the induction therapy, the use of prophylactic and supportive procedures is of utmost importance. Profound knowledge of possible side effects and complications is most essential as well as the knowledge of how to cope with these problems. It is the authors' opinion that the induction phase can only be performed in specialized institutions, because only at these places enough information may be obtained from an adequate number of patients and only there pediatric oncologists may share in the decisions and responsibilities. Only by using every kind of medical service this method of therapy may be justified at present, according to the results of this study, for the benefit of children with leukemia.", "contents": "[The west-berlin therapy study of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood--report after 6 years (author's transl)]. During the last 6 years 73 previously untreated children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were enrolled on a non-randomized therapy protocol. In this longitudinal sutdy the specific accent was put on the intensified induction treatment of 8 weeks' duration which was thought to achieve a higher remission quality. In this phase 8 effective drugs were applied up to the patient's tolerance limits; in addition prophylactic irradiation to the central nervous system was given in two modifications. After 4 weeks all patients were in complete remission. During the first 4 months 6 children died due to complications for which therapy must be at least partially responsible. 17 out of 67 patients relapsed between 4 and 59 months after diagnosis, which corresponds to a remission rate according to the life table analysis of 62% (50 out of 67 patients in first remission). The majority of patients with relapse is characterized at diagnosis by a specific pattern of clinical findings. 2 therapy groups, differently treated in respect to central nervous system irradaiation and duration of continuation therapy, do not at present statistically differ from each other. According to statistics 8 more children may be expected to suffer from relapse. The improved results are due to a lower incidence of bone marrow relapses; it seems that there is a direct relation between intensity of treatment during the induction phase and the occurrence of bone marrow relapses. The specific problems of the presented study take place during the induction phase, which, due to toxicity, regularly results in a number of side effects and severe complications. In order to realize the induction therapy, the use of prophylactic and supportive procedures is of utmost importance. Profound knowledge of possible side effects and complications is most essential as well as the knowledge of how to cope with these problems. It is the authors' opinion that the induction phase can only be performed in specialized institutions, because only at these places enough information may be obtained from an adequate number of patients and only there pediatric oncologists may share in the decisions and responsibilities. Only by using every kind of medical service this method of therapy may be justified at present, according to the results of this study, for the benefit of children with leukemia.", "PMID": 320377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7420", "title": "[Lipid-protein-interactions of human apolipoproteins-structural aspects and models of lipoproteins (author's transl)].", "content": "The plasma lipoproteins are complex macromolecular structures which play an essential role in fat transport and in energy and membrane metabolism of higher organized organisms. Much has been learned in the last decade about the structural and functional interrelationships of the different lipoprotein classes. Their protein moieties, the so-called apolipoproteins, have been purified and characterized, the primary structure of four of them is known. Initial recombination experiments showed a considerable potential of the (unfractionated) lipoprotein protein to bind to lipids and to form particles similar to native lipoproteins. Further binding experiments performed in several laboratories with the purified A-  and C-apolipoproteins and different physico-chemically well defined lipids have lead to the identification of lipid binding sites within the protein molecules and the formation of amphipathic helices upon and during lipid binding. This possible common mechanism of lipid-protein fractions forms the basis of a recently proposed model of one lipoprotein class, namely the high density lipoproteins (HDL). The significance of protein-protein-interactions in the formation and maintenance of these lipoprotein particles is still unknown. Whether disturbed lipid protein interactions lead to structural and/or functional alterations of the corresponding lipoproteins is a topic of discussion. The pertinent literature is listed in this paper and the physiological relevance of these studies and their clinical aspects will be presented.", "contents": "[Lipid-protein-interactions of human apolipoproteins-structural aspects and models of lipoproteins (author's transl)]. The plasma lipoproteins are complex macromolecular structures which play an essential role in fat transport and in energy and membrane metabolism of higher organized organisms. Much has been learned in the last decade about the structural and functional interrelationships of the different lipoprotein classes. Their protein moieties, the so-called apolipoproteins, have been purified and characterized, the primary structure of four of them is known. Initial recombination experiments showed a considerable potential of the (unfractionated) lipoprotein protein to bind to lipids and to form particles similar to native lipoproteins. Further binding experiments performed in several laboratories with the purified A-  and C-apolipoproteins and different physico-chemically well defined lipids have lead to the identification of lipid binding sites within the protein molecules and the formation of amphipathic helices upon and during lipid binding. This possible common mechanism of lipid-protein fractions forms the basis of a recently proposed model of one lipoprotein class, namely the high density lipoproteins (HDL). The significance of protein-protein-interactions in the formation and maintenance of these lipoprotein particles is still unknown. Whether disturbed lipid protein interactions lead to structural and/or functional alterations of the corresponding lipoproteins is a topic of discussion. The pertinent literature is listed in this paper and the physiological relevance of these studies and their clinical aspects will be presented.", "PMID": 320378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7421", "title": "Measles virus meningoencephalitis. Immunofluorescence study of brains infected with virus mutants.", "content": "The localization of measles virus antigens in hamster brains inoculated with a temperature-sensitive mutant of measles virus r its revertant was studied by immunofluorescence. We found significantly less virus antigen in mutant-inoculated than in revertant-inoculated brains. In mutant-inoculated brains the virus antigens were very often found in the meninges. Possible mechanisms for the development of experimental hydrocephalus and meningoencephalitis are discussed.", "contents": "Measles virus meningoencephalitis. Immunofluorescence study of brains infected with virus mutants. The localization of measles virus antigens in hamster brains inoculated with a temperature-sensitive mutant of measles virus r its revertant was studied by immunofluorescence. We found significantly less virus antigen in mutant-inoculated than in revertant-inoculated brains. In mutant-inoculated brains the virus antigens were very often found in the meninges. Possible mechanisms for the development of experimental hydrocephalus and meningoencephalitis are discussed.", "PMID": 320383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7422", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of lysozymes in respiratory and other tissues.", "content": "Immunostaining paraffin sections of appropriately fixed tissues with an antiserum to human urinary lysozyme as the primary step in an immunoglobulin-peroxidase bridge method has localized lysozyme in previously recognized sites such as Paneth cells, renal tubules, and lymph node macrophages in several species. In addition, lysozyme was demonstrated in the ciliary layer of the trachea, and type II pneumocytes, as well as cells of presumed mucoid nature in laryngotracheal glands. Large stellate cells in follicle centers in the lymph nodes and spleen and in the medulla of the thymus evidenced strong lysozyme reactivity. Granular pneumocytes disclosed immunoreactivity for lysozyme also at the ultrastructural level. Lysoplate assay demonstrated lysozyme in abundance in both the cellular pellet and acellular supernatant of rat alveolar wash fluid and in rat lung after repeated washing of alveoli. Hamster lung differed from the others in failing to immunostain for lysozyme and affording no evidence for content of lysozyme as determined by lysoplate assay. Sites stained with antiserum to human urinary lysozyme failed to stain with antiserum to egg white lysozyme. However, the pyloric glands, Golgi elements in intestinal epithelium, the surface of the colon, and the proximal straight renal tubule of the mouse stained exclusively with the antiserum to hen egg white lysozyme. Many sites staining with antiserum to urinary lysozyme in respiratory, renal, and lymphoid tissue lacked reactivity in control sections exposed to this antiserum after it was absorbed with purified urinary lysozyme. However, mucous acini in submandibular glands, although failing to stain with other control procedures, retained towared the absorbed antiserum, possibly through reacting with an antibody other than that for human urinary lysozyme. A number of cell types containing proteinaceous cytoplasmic granules stained in control sections exposed to normal serum in place of antilysozyme serum in the immunoglobulin-peroxidase bridge procedure and, thus, possessed selective, but nonimmunospecific affinity for immunoglobulin. Cell types that stained with antiserum to hen egg white lysozyme lost affinity for the antiserum after its absorption with egg white lysozyme but retained the affinity after absorption with urinary lysozyme.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of lysozymes in respiratory and other tissues. Immunostaining paraffin sections of appropriately fixed tissues with an antiserum to human urinary lysozyme as the primary step in an immunoglobulin-peroxidase bridge method has localized lysozyme in previously recognized sites such as Paneth cells, renal tubules, and lymph node macrophages in several species. In addition, lysozyme was demonstrated in the ciliary layer of the trachea, and type II pneumocytes, as well as cells of presumed mucoid nature in laryngotracheal glands. Large stellate cells in follicle centers in the lymph nodes and spleen and in the medulla of the thymus evidenced strong lysozyme reactivity. Granular pneumocytes disclosed immunoreactivity for lysozyme also at the ultrastructural level. Lysoplate assay demonstrated lysozyme in abundance in both the cellular pellet and acellular supernatant of rat alveolar wash fluid and in rat lung after repeated washing of alveoli. Hamster lung differed from the others in failing to immunostain for lysozyme and affording no evidence for content of lysozyme as determined by lysoplate assay. Sites stained with antiserum to human urinary lysozyme failed to stain with antiserum to egg white lysozyme. However, the pyloric glands, Golgi elements in intestinal epithelium, the surface of the colon, and the proximal straight renal tubule of the mouse stained exclusively with the antiserum to hen egg white lysozyme. Many sites staining with antiserum to urinary lysozyme in respiratory, renal, and lymphoid tissue lacked reactivity in control sections exposed to this antiserum after it was absorbed with purified urinary lysozyme. However, mucous acini in submandibular glands, although failing to stain with other control procedures, retained towared the absorbed antiserum, possibly through reacting with an antibody other than that for human urinary lysozyme. A number of cell types containing proteinaceous cytoplasmic granules stained in control sections exposed to normal serum in place of antilysozyme serum in the immunoglobulin-peroxidase bridge procedure and, thus, possessed selective, but nonimmunospecific affinity for immunoglobulin. Cell types that stained with antiserum to hen egg white lysozyme lost affinity for the antiserum after its absorption with egg white lysozyme but retained the affinity after absorption with urinary lysozyme.", "PMID": 320384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7423", "title": "Antigenic and morphologic regeneration of epidermal basement membrane in short term organ culture of human skin.", "content": "In fetal life the development of bullous pemphigoid antigen is preceded by a morphologically detectable basement membrane zone (BMZ). The present study investigated the possibility that similar morphologic and antigenic changes of the BMZ occur in short term organ culture of human skin. Twenty small pieces from each of four neonatal foreskin specimens were cultured under standard conditions. At regular intervals two pieces from each specimen were removed. One piece was frozen and cryostat sections were processed for indirect immunofluorescence using a patient's serum that was proven to have circulating pemphigoid IgG antibodies. Additional sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff and hematoxylin and eosin. The other piece was processed for electron microscopic examination. Morphologically the BMZ started degenerating after 24 hours. Regeneration started on the 4th day and reached an optimal level on the 5th day. Chance of the immunofluorescence line at the BMZ began with a slight weakening at 24 hours followed by progressive widening and breakage until the 4th day when fluorescence was no longer detectable. Except for a few punctate areas immunofluorescence remained absent on the 5th day. Sixth day specimens, however, revealed reappearance of the immunofluorescence line in a continuous pattern. By the 7th day a second morphologic and antigenic degeneration started at the BMZ. This lag between the morphologic and antigenic regeneration of the BMZ in organ culture although shorter is comparable to the one observed during the development of the BMZ in fetal life.", "contents": "Antigenic and morphologic regeneration of epidermal basement membrane in short term organ culture of human skin. In fetal life the development of bullous pemphigoid antigen is preceded by a morphologically detectable basement membrane zone (BMZ). The present study investigated the possibility that similar morphologic and antigenic changes of the BMZ occur in short term organ culture of human skin. Twenty small pieces from each of four neonatal foreskin specimens were cultured under standard conditions. At regular intervals two pieces from each specimen were removed. One piece was frozen and cryostat sections were processed for indirect immunofluorescence using a patient's serum that was proven to have circulating pemphigoid IgG antibodies. Additional sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff and hematoxylin and eosin. The other piece was processed for electron microscopic examination. Morphologically the BMZ started degenerating after 24 hours. Regeneration started on the 4th day and reached an optimal level on the 5th day. Chance of the immunofluorescence line at the BMZ began with a slight weakening at 24 hours followed by progressive widening and breakage until the 4th day when fluorescence was no longer detectable. Except for a few punctate areas immunofluorescence remained absent on the 5th day. Sixth day specimens, however, revealed reappearance of the immunofluorescence line in a continuous pattern. By the 7th day a second morphologic and antigenic degeneration started at the BMZ. This lag between the morphologic and antigenic regeneration of the BMZ in organ culture although shorter is comparable to the one observed during the development of the BMZ in fetal life.", "PMID": 320385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7424", "title": "The functional capacity of guinea pig megakaryocytes. II. The uptake of particles and macromolecules and the effect of rabbit antiguinea pig platelet antiserum.", "content": "The capacity of megakaryocytes to take up particles and macromolecules was tested by exposing them to homologous erythrocytes, latex particles, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, and horseradish peroxidase. Uptake of particles 1.1 to 7 mum. in size was extensive under the experimental conditions employed. After uptake of each of the three particles the addition of tannic acid and calcium to the fixative produced electron-dense deposits within the vacuole surrounding the particle; therefore, the vacuole was not closed off. This finding indicates that many of the particles could be actually trapped within the preformed elements of the demarcating membrane system. Horseradish peroxidase was concentrated within cytoplasmic vacuoles after 2 hours of exposure to 0.1 mg. per ml. The presence of surface membrane receptors was determined by the sheep cell rosette method. The presence of the C3b receptor for complement was determined by the sheep cell rosette method. The presence of the C3b receptor for complement produced rosette formation. The functional capacity of megakaryocytes to react like platelets was also tested by observing cell lytic changes and determining that there was approximately 40% release of 3H-serotonin produced by specific rabbit antiguinea pig platelet antiserum in the presence of complement. These studies demonstrate several functional capacities of megakaryocytes: the uptake of particles, pinocytosis, and the cell lytic response to specific antibody.", "contents": "The functional capacity of guinea pig megakaryocytes. II. The uptake of particles and macromolecules and the effect of rabbit antiguinea pig platelet antiserum. The capacity of megakaryocytes to take up particles and macromolecules was tested by exposing them to homologous erythrocytes, latex particles, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, and horseradish peroxidase. Uptake of particles 1.1 to 7 mum. in size was extensive under the experimental conditions employed. After uptake of each of the three particles the addition of tannic acid and calcium to the fixative produced electron-dense deposits within the vacuole surrounding the particle; therefore, the vacuole was not closed off. This finding indicates that many of the particles could be actually trapped within the preformed elements of the demarcating membrane system. Horseradish peroxidase was concentrated within cytoplasmic vacuoles after 2 hours of exposure to 0.1 mg. per ml. The presence of surface membrane receptors was determined by the sheep cell rosette method. The presence of the C3b receptor for complement was determined by the sheep cell rosette method. The presence of the C3b receptor for complement produced rosette formation. The functional capacity of megakaryocytes to react like platelets was also tested by observing cell lytic changes and determining that there was approximately 40% release of 3H-serotonin produced by specific rabbit antiguinea pig platelet antiserum in the presence of complement. These studies demonstrate several functional capacities of megakaryocytes: the uptake of particles, pinocytosis, and the cell lytic response to specific antibody.", "PMID": 320386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7425", "title": "[Nutritional hygiene of flight personnel on long flights].", "content": "Progress in the adequate nutrition of pilots during long-term flights since 1935 is discussed. Special attention is given to the arrangement of meals inflight. The nutritive value of the flight rations and methods of maintaining high quality of diets inflight are described. The hygienic estimate of diets and their efficiency is given. Attention is paid to the development of the main method of nutrition in long-term flights--diets consumed by pilots with an oxygen mask on. Nutrition in high altitude flights is discussed. The development of flight diets from \"sandwich rations\" (1935-1958) to up-to-date food products and polyvitamins (since 1958) is described. Further pathways for the study and improvement of flight rations are outlined.", "contents": "[Nutritional hygiene of flight personnel on long flights]. Progress in the adequate nutrition of pilots during long-term flights since 1935 is discussed. Special attention is given to the arrangement of meals inflight. The nutritive value of the flight rations and methods of maintaining high quality of diets inflight are described. The hygienic estimate of diets and their efficiency is given. Attention is paid to the development of the main method of nutrition in long-term flights--diets consumed by pilots with an oxygen mask on. Nutrition in high altitude flights is discussed. The development of flight diets from \"sandwich rations\" (1935-1958) to up-to-date food products and polyvitamins (since 1958) is described. Further pathways for the study and improvement of flight rations are outlined.", "PMID": 320382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7426", "title": "Trans--pulmonary artery repair of ventricular septal defect associated with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "This report documents successful trans-pulmonary artery repair of ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 2 patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, one patient having associated subpulmonic stenosis. In selected cases, the method of repair that is described offers significant advantages over techniques employing transventricular or transatrial access to the VSD.", "contents": "Trans--pulmonary artery repair of ventricular septal defect associated with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. This report documents successful trans-pulmonary artery repair of ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 2 patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, one patient having associated subpulmonic stenosis. In selected cases, the method of repair that is described offers significant advantages over techniques employing transventricular or transatrial access to the VSD.", "PMID": 320393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7427", "title": "Ventricular septal defect and aortic insufficiency. Surgical treatment.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) associated with aortic insufficiency (AI) have been since 1964. Of these patients, one died suddenly without operation; in 2 patients, AI developed in the late postoperative period following VSD closure; and in 3 others, AI developed shortly after VSD closure. The remaining 19 patients are discussed in detail. The VSD was subpulmonic in 13 (68 per cent) and subcristal in 6 (32 per cent). Primary suture of the VSD was undertaken in 13 patients and patch closure in 6. Seven patients had aortic valvuloplasty and 2 had aortic valve replacement. There were no surgical deaths, and the long-term follow-up shows that VSD closure alone has been sufficient to arrest progression of AI in patients with mild insufficiency, particularly in those with subpulmonic VSD. Valvuloplasty, when necessary, was more effective when done at an early age.", "contents": "Ventricular septal defect and aortic insufficiency. Surgical treatment. Twenty-five patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) associated with aortic insufficiency (AI) have been since 1964. Of these patients, one died suddenly without operation; in 2 patients, AI developed in the late postoperative period following VSD closure; and in 3 others, AI developed shortly after VSD closure. The remaining 19 patients are discussed in detail. The VSD was subpulmonic in 13 (68 per cent) and subcristal in 6 (32 per cent). Primary suture of the VSD was undertaken in 13 patients and patch closure in 6. Seven patients had aortic valvuloplasty and 2 had aortic valve replacement. There were no surgical deaths, and the long-term follow-up shows that VSD closure alone has been sufficient to arrest progression of AI in patients with mild insufficiency, particularly in those with subpulmonic VSD. Valvuloplasty, when necessary, was more effective when done at an early age.", "PMID": 320394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7428", "title": "Results of the use of the TDMAC-heparin shung in the surgery of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta.", "content": "Results in 23 patients operated upon for the repair of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta with a TDMAC-heparin-bonded shunt are reported. The results with particular reference to paraplegia are compared with those in 365 patients operated upon by members of The Samson Thoracic Surgical Society utilizing this and other techniques. No technique completely prevented paraplegia.", "contents": "Results of the use of the TDMAC-heparin shung in the surgery of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta. Results in 23 patients operated upon for the repair of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta with a TDMAC-heparin-bonded shunt are reported. The results with particular reference to paraplegia are compared with those in 365 patients operated upon by members of The Samson Thoracic Surgical Society utilizing this and other techniques. No technique completely prevented paraplegia.", "PMID": 320395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7429", "title": "Surgical correction of double-outlet right ventricule with noncommitted ventricular septal defect.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy underwent successful surgical correction of double-outlet right ventricle (S, D, D), noncommitted ventricular septal defect (VSD) of the endocardial cushion type, and pulmonary stenosis. The operation consisted of an internal baffle connecting the left ventricle to the aorta through the VSD. The pulmonary outflow tract was widened with a Dacron patch. Surgical options in this and other subsets of DORV are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical correction of double-outlet right ventricule with noncommitted ventricular septal defect. A 3-year-old boy underwent successful surgical correction of double-outlet right ventricle (S, D, D), noncommitted ventricular septal defect (VSD) of the endocardial cushion type, and pulmonary stenosis. The operation consisted of an internal baffle connecting the left ventricle to the aorta through the VSD. The pulmonary outflow tract was widened with a Dacron patch. Surgical options in this and other subsets of DORV are discussed.", "PMID": 320396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7430", "title": "Retention of pacemaker electrode complicated by Serratia marcescens septicemia. Removal with total cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "A case in which Serratia marcescens septicemia complicated the insertion of a transvernous pacemaker unit is reported. Appropriate antibiotic therapy and removal of the pacemaker electrode are two essential steps to achieve a complete cure in this stimulation. Open cardiotomy with total cardiopulmonary bypass provides a safe approach for withdrawal of an incarcerated electrode and is justified because of the lethal potential of systemic Serratia infections, particularly those superimposed on intracardiac prostheses.", "contents": "Retention of pacemaker electrode complicated by Serratia marcescens septicemia. Removal with total cardiopulmonary bypass. A case in which Serratia marcescens septicemia complicated the insertion of a transvernous pacemaker unit is reported. Appropriate antibiotic therapy and removal of the pacemaker electrode are two essential steps to achieve a complete cure in this stimulation. Open cardiotomy with total cardiopulmonary bypass provides a safe approach for withdrawal of an incarcerated electrode and is justified because of the lethal potential of systemic Serratia infections, particularly those superimposed on intracardiac prostheses.", "PMID": 320397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7431", "title": "Patterns of patency of 596 vein grafts up to seven years after aorta-coronary bypass.", "content": "The long-term behavior of vein grafts and their effect on the native circulation were studied by examining 596 vein grafts in 343 patients at a mean follow-up of 15.4 months, range zero to 84 months. Serial studies were performed on 27 patients with 38 grafts. The over-all graft patency rate was 84 per cent, and the rate after more than 5 years was 89 per cent. The patency rate in asymptomatic patients was 91 per cent compared with 81 per cent in the remainder. The patency of grafts attached distal to total occlusions was 82 per cent (78/82). The angle of origin of the grafts from the aorta did not appear to influence patency or the severity of intimal proliferative changes. In 76 patients with 126 grafts, pre- and postoperative cineangiograms were compared, and changes in the graft and underlying coronary artery classified as Groups 1 to to 6: Group 1, patent graft, bidirectional flow in the grafted vessel, proximal lesion unchanged; Group 2, patent graft, bidirectional flow, proximal lesion progressed to occlusion locally; Group 3; patent graft, distal flow only, occlusion of lesion and segment between graft and lesion; Group 4, graft occluded, native artery unaltered; Group 5, graft occluded, native artery now occluded at lesion and region of anastomosis; Group 6, new distal lesion. Results were as follows; Group 1, 58 per cent; Group 2, 21.2 per cent; Group 3, 5 per cent, Group 4, 12.5 per cent; Group 5, 2.5 per cent; and Group 6, 0.8 per cent. Native coronary arteries undergoing closure (Group 2) had lesions 95 per cent or greater in 93 per cent of patients. The rate of closure of ungrafted lesions was 2 per cent. We believe these results encourage the continued used of vein bypass grafts.", "contents": "Patterns of patency of 596 vein grafts up to seven years after aorta-coronary bypass. The long-term behavior of vein grafts and their effect on the native circulation were studied by examining 596 vein grafts in 343 patients at a mean follow-up of 15.4 months, range zero to 84 months. Serial studies were performed on 27 patients with 38 grafts. The over-all graft patency rate was 84 per cent, and the rate after more than 5 years was 89 per cent. The patency rate in asymptomatic patients was 91 per cent compared with 81 per cent in the remainder. The patency of grafts attached distal to total occlusions was 82 per cent (78/82). The angle of origin of the grafts from the aorta did not appear to influence patency or the severity of intimal proliferative changes. In 76 patients with 126 grafts, pre- and postoperative cineangiograms were compared, and changes in the graft and underlying coronary artery classified as Groups 1 to to 6: Group 1, patent graft, bidirectional flow in the grafted vessel, proximal lesion unchanged; Group 2, patent graft, bidirectional flow, proximal lesion progressed to occlusion locally; Group 3; patent graft, distal flow only, occlusion of lesion and segment between graft and lesion; Group 4, graft occluded, native artery unaltered; Group 5, graft occluded, native artery now occluded at lesion and region of anastomosis; Group 6, new distal lesion. Results were as follows; Group 1, 58 per cent; Group 2, 21.2 per cent; Group 3, 5 per cent, Group 4, 12.5 per cent; Group 5, 2.5 per cent; and Group 6, 0.8 per cent. Native coronary arteries undergoing closure (Group 2) had lesions 95 per cent or greater in 93 per cent of patients. The rate of closure of ungrafted lesions was 2 per cent. We believe these results encourage the continued used of vein bypass grafts.", "PMID": 320398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7432", "title": "Monitoring of cardiac output by thermodilution after open-heart surgery.", "content": "One hundred twenty-five separate cardiac output determinations were obtained after open-heart surgery in 10 patients by simultaneous use of thermodilution and dye-dilution techniques. Mean thermodilution cardiac output was 1.6 per cent greater than mean dye-dilution cardiac output (5.24 versus 5.16 L. per minute). Reproducibility of thermodilution cardiac output (coefficient of variation, 8.6 per cent) was superior to that of dye-dilution cardiac output (coefficient of variation, 12.3 per cent) for outputs ranging from 2.5 to 8.7 L. per minute (p less than 0.001). Linear regression analysis revealed a correlation showing that COtd = 0.86 COdye + 0.80 (r = 0.9, p less than 0.001) and indicating a similarity between thermodilution and dye-dilution output figures except in extremely low output states. In such cases, thermodilution cardiac output becomes progressively larger than dye-dilution cardiac output. The results indicate that thermodilution cardiac output is a valid method for determining cardiac output in the rapidly changing clinical setting following cardiopulmonary bypass. Clinical applications of this technique include evaluation of the efficacy of inotropic agents, effectiveness of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, and status of the low output syndrome postoperatively. Routine use in patients with Class III or IV cardiac disease appears justified.", "contents": "Monitoring of cardiac output by thermodilution after open-heart surgery. One hundred twenty-five separate cardiac output determinations were obtained after open-heart surgery in 10 patients by simultaneous use of thermodilution and dye-dilution techniques. Mean thermodilution cardiac output was 1.6 per cent greater than mean dye-dilution cardiac output (5.24 versus 5.16 L. per minute). Reproducibility of thermodilution cardiac output (coefficient of variation, 8.6 per cent) was superior to that of dye-dilution cardiac output (coefficient of variation, 12.3 per cent) for outputs ranging from 2.5 to 8.7 L. per minute (p less than 0.001). Linear regression analysis revealed a correlation showing that COtd = 0.86 COdye + 0.80 (r = 0.9, p less than 0.001) and indicating a similarity between thermodilution and dye-dilution output figures except in extremely low output states. In such cases, thermodilution cardiac output becomes progressively larger than dye-dilution cardiac output. The results indicate that thermodilution cardiac output is a valid method for determining cardiac output in the rapidly changing clinical setting following cardiopulmonary bypass. Clinical applications of this technique include evaluation of the efficacy of inotropic agents, effectiveness of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, and status of the low output syndrome postoperatively. Routine use in patients with Class III or IV cardiac disease appears justified.", "PMID": 320399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7433", "title": "Surgical treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "content": "In this report, we have outlined our experiences with the direct surgical treatment of 16 patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVTA). Re-entry supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) was demonstrated by the 4 patients who had retrograde-conducting Kent pathways. The SVT was corrected by the successful division of the Kent bundle in 3 and a partially successful His bundle division in one patient. The remaining 9 patients with re-entry, which included 6 with Kent pathways and WPW, all had His bundle section. The remaining 3 with His interruption had focal tachycardias associated with dysfunction of the atrioventricular (AV) node. Of the 13 His bundle interruptions, nine were successful, three resulted in questionable AV conduction, and one failed. Problems with suture ligation and cautery explained the failures. Cryothermia was the most successful procedure used. However, excision of that portion of the atrium containing the AV node shows promise of being satisfactory. The possibility is discussed of using measures much more precise and less destructive than His bundle interruption for SVTA.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. In this report, we have outlined our experiences with the direct surgical treatment of 16 patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVTA). Re-entry supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) was demonstrated by the 4 patients who had retrograde-conducting Kent pathways. The SVT was corrected by the successful division of the Kent bundle in 3 and a partially successful His bundle division in one patient. The remaining 9 patients with re-entry, which included 6 with Kent pathways and WPW, all had His bundle section. The remaining 3 with His interruption had focal tachycardias associated with dysfunction of the atrioventricular (AV) node. Of the 13 His bundle interruptions, nine were successful, three resulted in questionable AV conduction, and one failed. Problems with suture ligation and cautery explained the failures. Cryothermia was the most successful procedure used. However, excision of that portion of the atrium containing the AV node shows promise of being satisfactory. The possibility is discussed of using measures much more precise and less destructive than His bundle interruption for SVTA.", "PMID": 320400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7434", "title": "Pulmonary blood volume and its significance in pulmonary hemodynamics immediately after mitral commissurotomy.", "content": "Immediately after mitral commissurotomy, we measured pulmonary blood volume by dye-dilution method and investigated the relationships between pulmonary blood volume and other hemodynamic parameters. Pulmonary blood volume correlated directly to pulmonary mean transit time, cardiac index, stroke volume index, and mean left atrial pressure. Pulmonary blood volume increased with mean pulmonary arterial pressures up to 35 mm. Hg but decreased with elevation above this level. The same patterns were observed in the correlations between pulmonary blood volume and both pulmonary distending pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. These observations suggest that the changes of the pulmonary vessels begin with the elevation of mean pulmonary arterial pressure above 35 mm. Hg, pulmonary distending pressure above 25 mm. Hg or pulmonary vascular resistance above 5 units. Therefore, it is desirable to maintain mean pulmonary arterial pressure below 35 mm. Hg in patients immediately after mitral commissurotomy.", "contents": "Pulmonary blood volume and its significance in pulmonary hemodynamics immediately after mitral commissurotomy. Immediately after mitral commissurotomy, we measured pulmonary blood volume by dye-dilution method and investigated the relationships between pulmonary blood volume and other hemodynamic parameters. Pulmonary blood volume correlated directly to pulmonary mean transit time, cardiac index, stroke volume index, and mean left atrial pressure. Pulmonary blood volume increased with mean pulmonary arterial pressures up to 35 mm. Hg but decreased with elevation above this level. The same patterns were observed in the correlations between pulmonary blood volume and both pulmonary distending pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. These observations suggest that the changes of the pulmonary vessels begin with the elevation of mean pulmonary arterial pressure above 35 mm. Hg, pulmonary distending pressure above 25 mm. Hg or pulmonary vascular resistance above 5 units. Therefore, it is desirable to maintain mean pulmonary arterial pressure below 35 mm. Hg in patients immediately after mitral commissurotomy.", "PMID": 320401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7435", "title": "The mitral plication suture: a new technique of mitral valve repair.", "content": "During 1975, 67 patients underwent attempted repair of mixed mitral valve disease by use of the new mitral plication suture (MPS) technique. Ninety per cent had successful repair and 10 par cent required valve replacement. The MPS is a double, semicircular, buttressed annuloplasty suture that constricts the enlarged mitral annulus to correct mitral regurgitation (MR), supports mitral subunit repair procedures, and yet maintains the flexibility of the mitral annulus. The hospital mortality rate was 6 per cent. There were no late deaths during 10.4 months of follow-up. Six per cent of the patients who had valve repair required subsequent MVR. Their repair operations are considered late failures. Echocardiography, a useful technique for assessing the status of the patients postoperatively, demonstrated normal mitral valve and left ventricular function in the majority of patients; comparisons with replacement valves are documented. Death and morbidity was less frequent than in patients with MVR, both in the hospital and during follow-up. The aggressive policy of mitral valve repair has reduced the number of MVR's from 95 during 1974 to 52 in 1975. Although follow-up is short, we conclude that the new MPS is a valid surgical adjunct to the complete repair of the mitral valve.", "contents": "The mitral plication suture: a new technique of mitral valve repair. During 1975, 67 patients underwent attempted repair of mixed mitral valve disease by use of the new mitral plication suture (MPS) technique. Ninety per cent had successful repair and 10 par cent required valve replacement. The MPS is a double, semicircular, buttressed annuloplasty suture that constricts the enlarged mitral annulus to correct mitral regurgitation (MR), supports mitral subunit repair procedures, and yet maintains the flexibility of the mitral annulus. The hospital mortality rate was 6 per cent. There were no late deaths during 10.4 months of follow-up. Six per cent of the patients who had valve repair required subsequent MVR. Their repair operations are considered late failures. Echocardiography, a useful technique for assessing the status of the patients postoperatively, demonstrated normal mitral valve and left ventricular function in the majority of patients; comparisons with replacement valves are documented. Death and morbidity was less frequent than in patients with MVR, both in the hospital and during follow-up. The aggressive policy of mitral valve repair has reduced the number of MVR's from 95 during 1974 to 52 in 1975. Although follow-up is short, we conclude that the new MPS is a valid surgical adjunct to the complete repair of the mitral valve.", "PMID": 320402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7436", "title": "Clinical evaluation of computerized tomographic mammography.", "content": "This is an initial report of the first clinical study using computerized tomographic mammography (CTM). A study is being conducted comparing CTM and conventional mammographic techniques in patients who subsequently undergo breast biopsy. This report analyzes the experience with 160 breast lesions found in patients who were examined using CTM without contrast material. One hundred lesions were benign and 60 were malignant. Mammography correctly identified 54 of the malignant lesions while CTM identified 41. Five lesions were missed by both modalities. The report also analyzes results experienced with 79 lesions found in patients who were examined with CTM both before and after the intravenous injection of contrast material. Forty-six of these lesions were benign and 33 were malignant. Mammography correctly identified 28 of the malignant lesions while CTM identified 27. Only one lesion was missed by both modalities. It is planned to continue this study, especially to enlarge our experience with the use of contrast material in breast scanning.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of computerized tomographic mammography. This is an initial report of the first clinical study using computerized tomographic mammography (CTM). A study is being conducted comparing CTM and conventional mammographic techniques in patients who subsequently undergo breast biopsy. This report analyzes the experience with 160 breast lesions found in patients who were examined using CTM without contrast material. One hundred lesions were benign and 60 were malignant. Mammography correctly identified 54 of the malignant lesions while CTM identified 41. Five lesions were missed by both modalities. The report also analyzes results experienced with 79 lesions found in patients who were examined with CTM both before and after the intravenous injection of contrast material. Forty-six of these lesions were benign and 33 were malignant. Mammography correctly identified 28 of the malignant lesions while CTM identified 27. Only one lesion was missed by both modalities. It is planned to continue this study, especially to enlarge our experience with the use of contrast material in breast scanning.", "PMID": 320404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7437", "title": "Malignant melanoma in the resident population of Rochester, Minnesota.", "content": "The incidence of malignant melanoma in the population of Rochester, Minnesota, was studied through use of the countywide diagnostic indexing system at the Mayo Clinic. The average annual incidence of cutaneous melanoma (4.0/100,000 creude, 4.2 adjusted to the age structure of the US 1950 population) was similar to that reported by the Third National Cancer Survey for 1969 through 1971 for locations in the United States at the approximate latitude of Rochester. Unlike reports from other studies, no change in incidence rate during the 25 years 1950 through 1974 was detjected in Rochester. The crude annual incidence of malignant melanoma of the eye, also determined for the same period, was 1.3/100,000.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma in the resident population of Rochester, Minnesota. The incidence of malignant melanoma in the population of Rochester, Minnesota, was studied through use of the countywide diagnostic indexing system at the Mayo Clinic. The average annual incidence of cutaneous melanoma (4.0/100,000 creude, 4.2 adjusted to the age structure of the US 1950 population) was similar to that reported by the Third National Cancer Survey for 1969 through 1971 for locations in the United States at the approximate latitude of Rochester. Unlike reports from other studies, no change in incidence rate during the 25 years 1950 through 1974 was detjected in Rochester. The crude annual incidence of malignant melanoma of the eye, also determined for the same period, was 1.3/100,000.", "PMID": 320405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7438", "title": "The middle cranial fossa approach to the internal auditory canal -- an anatomical study stressing critical distances between surgical landmarks.", "content": "The middle cranial fossa approach to the internal auditory canal and petrous apex has proven to be an extremely useful otologic surgical procedure. Ths historical evolution of this approach and its present day application were reviewed. The purpose of the study was to describe the normal anatomical variations encountered during the course of the middle cranial fossa approach to the internal auditory canal. Measurements between surgical landmarks were made on 20 dissected, and 41 histologically sectioned temporal bones. The values obtained were statistically analyzed. Finally, the practical implication of the observed anatomical measurements and of the statistical evaluations were discussed.", "contents": "The middle cranial fossa approach to the internal auditory canal -- an anatomical study stressing critical distances between surgical landmarks. The middle cranial fossa approach to the internal auditory canal and petrous apex has proven to be an extremely useful otologic surgical procedure. Ths historical evolution of this approach and its present day application were reviewed. The purpose of the study was to describe the normal anatomical variations encountered during the course of the middle cranial fossa approach to the internal auditory canal. Measurements between surgical landmarks were made on 20 dissected, and 41 histologically sectioned temporal bones. The values obtained were statistically analyzed. Finally, the practical implication of the observed anatomical measurements and of the statistical evaluations were discussed.", "PMID": 320414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7439", "title": "[Current concepts in the pathophysiology of the diarrhea (author's transl)].", "content": "Diarrhea can be defined as increased frequency of bowel movements (greater than 3 per day) plus decreased consistency of stools (volume greater than 200 ml per defecation). Two pathogenetic mechanisms have been intensively investigated and partially elucidated within the last years: 1. Secretion of electrolytes and water by way of induction of an augmented synthesis of cAMP in the mucosa cell. Cholera enterotoxin and other bacterial toxins as well as VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) cause diarrhea by this mechanism. 2. Certain substances such as dihydroxylated bile acids, diphenolic laxatives and probably fatty acids cause leakage of the tight junctions between mucosal cells and cause leakage of electrolytes and water back into the intestinal lumen.", "contents": "[Current concepts in the pathophysiology of the diarrhea (author's transl)]. Diarrhea can be defined as increased frequency of bowel movements (greater than 3 per day) plus decreased consistency of stools (volume greater than 200 ml per defecation). Two pathogenetic mechanisms have been intensively investigated and partially elucidated within the last years: 1. Secretion of electrolytes and water by way of induction of an augmented synthesis of cAMP in the mucosa cell. Cholera enterotoxin and other bacterial toxins as well as VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) cause diarrhea by this mechanism. 2. Certain substances such as dihydroxylated bile acids, diphenolic laxatives and probably fatty acids cause leakage of the tight junctions between mucosal cells and cause leakage of electrolytes and water back into the intestinal lumen.", "PMID": 320415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7440", "title": "The use of porous plastic filters in the preparation of cell suspensions.", "content": "Suspensions of cells were prepared by dissociation of various tissues with the proteolytic enzyme pronase. Debris, undisrupted tissue and cell clumps were effectively removed from the suspensions by passage through VYON F porous plastic filters whereas isolated cells were recovered without significant losses. The viability of the cells, as judged by dye exclusion and subsequent behavior in tissue culture, was not affected by the treatment.", "contents": "The use of porous plastic filters in the preparation of cell suspensions. Suspensions of cells were prepared by dissociation of various tissues with the proteolytic enzyme pronase. Debris, undisrupted tissue and cell clumps were effectively removed from the suspensions by passage through VYON F porous plastic filters whereas isolated cells were recovered without significant losses. The viability of the cells, as judged by dye exclusion and subsequent behavior in tissue culture, was not affected by the treatment.", "PMID": 320430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7441", "title": "[Comparison of the antibacterial efficacy of doxycycline and tetracycline (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to explain the mechanism of resistance within the tetracycline group, the minimal inhibitory concentration of tetracycline HCl was compared with that of doxycycline in the micro dilution test for bacterial collectives of 48 strains each from the groups of gram-negative and gram-positive cocci, resp. There was no significant difference between the inhibitory effect of doxycycline and tetracycline HCl for the bacterial collectives of E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus and Staphylococcus aureus heamolyticus strains which were inhibited by a relatively low concentration of tetracycline HCl and doxycycline, respectively. On the other hand a significant difference in inhibitory effect was observed the calculation was made according to the Kolmogoroff-Smirnov test for the bacterial collectives of Enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus strains which were tetracycline resistant or only inhibited by higher concentrations. These results also have a practical importance, because a further testing against doxycycline can bring about a sensitivity to this substance in case of tetracycline resistant grampositive cocci. Possible explanations for the higher efficacy of doxycycline on these bacterial collectives will be discussed.", "contents": "[Comparison of the antibacterial efficacy of doxycycline and tetracycline (author's transl)]. In order to explain the mechanism of resistance within the tetracycline group, the minimal inhibitory concentration of tetracycline HCl was compared with that of doxycycline in the micro dilution test for bacterial collectives of 48 strains each from the groups of gram-negative and gram-positive cocci, resp. There was no significant difference between the inhibitory effect of doxycycline and tetracycline HCl for the bacterial collectives of E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus and Staphylococcus aureus heamolyticus strains which were inhibited by a relatively low concentration of tetracycline HCl and doxycycline, respectively. On the other hand a significant difference in inhibitory effect was observed the calculation was made according to the Kolmogoroff-Smirnov test for the bacterial collectives of Enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus strains which were tetracycline resistant or only inhibited by higher concentrations. These results also have a practical importance, because a further testing against doxycycline can bring about a sensitivity to this substance in case of tetracycline resistant grampositive cocci. Possible explanations for the higher efficacy of doxycycline on these bacterial collectives will be discussed.", "PMID": 320436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7442", "title": "The emergence of gentamicin-resistant klebsiellae in a large general hospital.", "content": "Between March and December, 1975, an outbreak of infection with gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (klebsiella (Gmr)) occurred at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. The klebsiellae were considered to be causing significant infection in 24 of 42 patients harbouring the microorganism. Commonest culture sources were urine and sputum, all but one of the significant urinary infections being associated with indwelling bladder catheters. Antibiotic therapy had been given to 40 patients before the isolation of klebsiella (Gmr), and of these 22 had received gentamicin. Cross infection was a major factor in the outbreak, and control measures (to limit this aspect and curtail the usage of gentamicin) have prevented wider spread within the hospital; at the time of writing the microorganism had been eradicated from all but one of the infected patients. It was shown that klebsiella (Gmr) carry an R-factor capable of transferring gentamicin resistance. Of 22 isolates tested quantitatively, 20 were resistant to 10 mug/ml of gentamicin.", "contents": "The emergence of gentamicin-resistant klebsiellae in a large general hospital. Between March and December, 1975, an outbreak of infection with gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (klebsiella (Gmr)) occurred at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. The klebsiellae were considered to be causing significant infection in 24 of 42 patients harbouring the microorganism. Commonest culture sources were urine and sputum, all but one of the significant urinary infections being associated with indwelling bladder catheters. Antibiotic therapy had been given to 40 patients before the isolation of klebsiella (Gmr), and of these 22 had received gentamicin. Cross infection was a major factor in the outbreak, and control measures (to limit this aspect and curtail the usage of gentamicin) have prevented wider spread within the hospital; at the time of writing the microorganism had been eradicated from all but one of the infected patients. It was shown that klebsiella (Gmr) carry an R-factor capable of transferring gentamicin resistance. Of 22 isolates tested quantitatively, 20 were resistant to 10 mug/ml of gentamicin.", "PMID": 320432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7443", "title": "Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria from Papua New Guinea and its implications for Australia.", "content": "There is need for effective chemoprophylaxis against chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria, and for a safe and effective drug to be readily available for the treatment of that condition. Experience with the cases cited in this study indicates that Fansidar should be made available for treatment and it is suggested that Maloprim be made available as a prophylactic agent.", "contents": "Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria from Papua New Guinea and its implications for Australia. There is need for effective chemoprophylaxis against chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria, and for a safe and effective drug to be readily available for the treatment of that condition. Experience with the cases cited in this study indicates that Fansidar should be made available for treatment and it is suggested that Maloprim be made available as a prophylactic agent.", "PMID": 320435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7444", "title": "[Use of pocket calculators in stereotactic operations (author's transl)].", "content": "We report a pocket calculator program which performs the calculation of the target parameters for a stereotactic apparatus (System Riechert-Mundinger).", "contents": "[Use of pocket calculators in stereotactic operations (author's transl)]. We report a pocket calculator program which performs the calculation of the target parameters for a stereotactic apparatus (System Riechert-Mundinger).", "PMID": 320444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7445", "title": "Combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone, followed by maintenance chemotherapy, with and without radiotherapy, in the management of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Sixty patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were treated with a cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) induction regimen, either alone (stage IV) or in combination with radiotherapy (stages I, II, III). The response rates for lymphocytic and histiocytic lymphomas were 82 and 86%. The complete remission (CR) rates were 66 and 71% with a median duration of 13 and 5.5 months respectively. Nodular types responded better than diffuse ones in both lymphocytic (CR rate 85% vs 45%; median duration 24+ months vs 2.5 months) and histiocytic lymphoma (CR rate 100% vs 0%). In lymphocytic lymphomas, survival in the responder group was 90% at 24 months vs only 20% in the nonresponder group (median survival 14.2 months). In the group with nodular lymphocytic lymphoma responding to therapy, there was a 100% survival rate at 24 months. The median survival for patients treated with chemotherapy alone (stage IV) and not responding to therapy, was 22 months vs 14.5 months in the whole nonresponder group (stages I, II, III, IV), suggesting a detremental effect of rediotherapy in the nonresponder group. In histiocytic lymphomas, the median survivals in the responder and nonresponder groups were 19 months and 3 months respectively. These results corroborate the excellent efficacy of the CVP regimen. They also indicate that, after CVP induction, 2 major prognostic factors are the histologic type and the nature of the response to therapy.", "contents": "Combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone, followed by maintenance chemotherapy, with and without radiotherapy, in the management of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Sixty patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were treated with a cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) induction regimen, either alone (stage IV) or in combination with radiotherapy (stages I, II, III). The response rates for lymphocytic and histiocytic lymphomas were 82 and 86%. The complete remission (CR) rates were 66 and 71% with a median duration of 13 and 5.5 months respectively. Nodular types responded better than diffuse ones in both lymphocytic (CR rate 85% vs 45%; median duration 24+ months vs 2.5 months) and histiocytic lymphoma (CR rate 100% vs 0%). In lymphocytic lymphomas, survival in the responder group was 90% at 24 months vs only 20% in the nonresponder group (median survival 14.2 months). In the group with nodular lymphocytic lymphoma responding to therapy, there was a 100% survival rate at 24 months. The median survival for patients treated with chemotherapy alone (stage IV) and not responding to therapy, was 22 months vs 14.5 months in the whole nonresponder group (stages I, II, III, IV), suggesting a detremental effect of rediotherapy in the nonresponder group. In histiocytic lymphomas, the median survivals in the responder and nonresponder groups were 19 months and 3 months respectively. These results corroborate the excellent efficacy of the CVP regimen. They also indicate that, after CVP induction, 2 major prognostic factors are the histologic type and the nature of the response to therapy.", "PMID": 320448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7446", "title": "Evidence for joint genic control of spontaneous mutation and genetic recombination during mitosis in Saccharomyces.", "content": "A procedure for detection of mutants exhibiting either enhanced or reduced spontaneous mutation during mitosis and/or meiosis has been developed to probe the joint genic control of spontaneous mutation and recombination in yeast. A semidominant mutator, rem1-1, recovered by this technique, exhibits enhanced spontaneous mutation,intragenic recombination, and intergenic recombination during mitosis. Diploids homozygous for rem1-1 exhibit normal levels of meiotic intragenic and intergenic recombination and diminished ascospore viability.", "contents": "Evidence for joint genic control of spontaneous mutation and genetic recombination during mitosis in Saccharomyces. A procedure for detection of mutants exhibiting either enhanced or reduced spontaneous mutation during mitosis and/or meiosis has been developed to probe the joint genic control of spontaneous mutation and recombination in yeast. A semidominant mutator, rem1-1, recovered by this technique, exhibits enhanced spontaneous mutation,intragenic recombination, and intergenic recombination during mitosis. Diploids homozygous for rem1-1 exhibit normal levels of meiotic intragenic and intergenic recombination and diminished ascospore viability.", "PMID": 320451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7447", "title": "Role of dnaB43 in F'-plasmid incompatibility.", "content": "In order to perform complementation tests with mutations of DNA replication of F'-plasmids incompatibility must overcome. We report out in ability to duplicate the results presented by Palchoudhury and Iyer (1971) and Bezanson and Iyer (1975) who have claimed to demonstrate the autonomous replication two incompatible F'-plasmids in a strain carrying the temperature sensitive dna B43 allele. In addition, we describe experiments designed to measured complementation using transient heterozygotes and compatible plasmids. Assessment of our data and those of others in the light of a recent report by Uhlin and Nordstr\u00f6m (1975) suggests that new approaches will have to be developed for the successful employment of complementation analysis in F-plasmid genetics.", "contents": "Role of dnaB43 in F'-plasmid incompatibility. In order to perform complementation tests with mutations of DNA replication of F'-plasmids incompatibility must overcome. We report out in ability to duplicate the results presented by Palchoudhury and Iyer (1971) and Bezanson and Iyer (1975) who have claimed to demonstrate the autonomous replication two incompatible F'-plasmids in a strain carrying the temperature sensitive dna B43 allele. In addition, we describe experiments designed to measured complementation using transient heterozygotes and compatible plasmids. Assessment of our data and those of others in the light of a recent report by Uhlin and Nordstr\u00f6m (1975) suggests that new approaches will have to be developed for the successful employment of complementation analysis in F-plasmid genetics.", "PMID": 320452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7448", "title": "Plasmid replication and Hfr formation in strains of Escherichia coli carrying seg mutations.", "content": "Several conditional-lethal mutantions that do not permit the replication of F-factors of Escherichia coli K-12 are located at a site called seg. This gene is located on the E. coli chromosome between ser B and thr. It is unrelated to other known genes involved in DNA replication. Strains carrying seg mutations were unable to replicate F'-lac+, several F'-gal+s, F'-his+ and bacteriophage gamma at 42 degrees. However, neither phage T4, ColE1, nor any of the R factors tested were prevented from replicating at 42 degrees C. When the kinetics of the loss of F-primes is studied in seg strains, it is found that the rate of curing depends on the size of the plasmid, larger F factors curing faster than smaller ones, and that Hfrs are formed at high frequencies. The Hfrs showed both F-genote enlargement and normal transfer of chromosomal markers. The F-genotes are unstable and segregate chromosomal markers at high frequencies. Some orthodox Hfrs were examined, and two that were known to revert to the F+ condition relatively frequently were found to generate enlarged F-genotes on mating, whereas two strains that were very stable with respect to the F+ state did not show F-genote formation. F-genote formation from seg Hfr stains is dependent on a functional recA gene, as F-genote formation was not seen with a seg-2, recA-1 Hfr. This is in contrast to F-genote enlargement shown by both orthodox Hfrs and an Hfr strain constructed by integration of a temperature-sensitive F'-gal+, whose F-genote enlargement is Rec-independent. Thus there may be more than one mechanism for the formation of enlarged F-genotes.", "contents": "Plasmid replication and Hfr formation in strains of Escherichia coli carrying seg mutations. Several conditional-lethal mutantions that do not permit the replication of F-factors of Escherichia coli K-12 are located at a site called seg. This gene is located on the E. coli chromosome between ser B and thr. It is unrelated to other known genes involved in DNA replication. Strains carrying seg mutations were unable to replicate F'-lac+, several F'-gal+s, F'-his+ and bacteriophage gamma at 42 degrees. However, neither phage T4, ColE1, nor any of the R factors tested were prevented from replicating at 42 degrees C. When the kinetics of the loss of F-primes is studied in seg strains, it is found that the rate of curing depends on the size of the plasmid, larger F factors curing faster than smaller ones, and that Hfrs are formed at high frequencies. The Hfrs showed both F-genote enlargement and normal transfer of chromosomal markers. The F-genotes are unstable and segregate chromosomal markers at high frequencies. Some orthodox Hfrs were examined, and two that were known to revert to the F+ condition relatively frequently were found to generate enlarged F-genotes on mating, whereas two strains that were very stable with respect to the F+ state did not show F-genote formation. F-genote formation from seg Hfr stains is dependent on a functional recA gene, as F-genote formation was not seen with a seg-2, recA-1 Hfr. This is in contrast to F-genote enlargement shown by both orthodox Hfrs and an Hfr strain constructed by integration of a temperature-sensitive F'-gal+, whose F-genote enlargement is Rec-independent. Thus there may be more than one mechanism for the formation of enlarged F-genotes.", "PMID": 320453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7449", "title": "Transcription of ribosomal protein genes carried on F' plasmids of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The transcriptional activity of the DNA sequences coding for certain ribosomal proteins has been measured in Escherichia coli. Two partial diploid strains were isolated from mating of a recA, argD, aroE recipient and an Hfr with an origin at 69.5 min. One contained an F' element carrying the genes from 69.5 to 72.7 min including the rpsL locus (72.4) and the second was diploid for the genes from 69.5 to 71.5 min but did not include any mapped ribosomal protein loci. The molecular weights of the plasmids were estimated to be 140 and 110 x 10(6) daltons, respectively. The extent of in vivo transcription of the chromosomal genes on the plasmid and the ribosomal protein mRNA fraction of the total cellular RNA weer calculated from DNA-RNA liquid hybridization experiments using both DNA and RNA excess procedures. The results indicated a high degree of transcriptional activity concentrated in the ribosomal protein sequences with 83% of the F' chromosomal sequences transcribed into mRNA products representing about 0.12% of the total cellular RNA.", "contents": "Transcription of ribosomal protein genes carried on F' plasmids of Escherichia coli. The transcriptional activity of the DNA sequences coding for certain ribosomal proteins has been measured in Escherichia coli. Two partial diploid strains were isolated from mating of a recA, argD, aroE recipient and an Hfr with an origin at 69.5 min. One contained an F' element carrying the genes from 69.5 to 72.7 min including the rpsL locus (72.4) and the second was diploid for the genes from 69.5 to 71.5 min but did not include any mapped ribosomal protein loci. The molecular weights of the plasmids were estimated to be 140 and 110 x 10(6) daltons, respectively. The extent of in vivo transcription of the chromosomal genes on the plasmid and the ribosomal protein mRNA fraction of the total cellular RNA weer calculated from DNA-RNA liquid hybridization experiments using both DNA and RNA excess procedures. The results indicated a high degree of transcriptional activity concentrated in the ribosomal protein sequences with 83% of the F' chromosomal sequences transcribed into mRNA products representing about 0.12% of the total cellular RNA.", "PMID": 320454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7450", "title": "Pleiotropic mutants of Aspergillus nidulans altered in carbon metabolism.", "content": "Mutants altered in carbon catabolite regulation have been isolated by selecting for mutants of the areA217 strain capable of using acetamide as the sole nitrogen source in the presence of sucrose. In addition to creA mutants described previously be Arst and Cove, strains with mutations in two new genes, creB and cre C, have been found. The creB and creC mutants grow poorly on some sole carbon sources and have low levels of some enzymes of carbon catabolism e.g. beta-galactosidase and D-quinate dehydrogenase. The creB and creC mutants are hypersensitive to fluoroacetate, fluoroacetamide and allyl alcohol in the presence of glucose or sucrose but not glycerol; and the enzymes, acetamidase and alcohol dehydrogenase, are less sensitive to carbon catabolite repression than the wild-type strain. Extracellular protease and alpha-glucosidase enzyme activities are elevated in creB and creC mutants, while L-proline and L-glutamate uptake capacities are lower in both the presence and absence of glucose. Interactions between creA, B and C mutations have been investigated in double mutants, and the dominance properties of creB and creC mutants determined. The results indicate that the creB and creC genes may have a regulatory role in the control of carbon catabolism.", "contents": "Pleiotropic mutants of Aspergillus nidulans altered in carbon metabolism. Mutants altered in carbon catabolite regulation have been isolated by selecting for mutants of the areA217 strain capable of using acetamide as the sole nitrogen source in the presence of sucrose. In addition to creA mutants described previously be Arst and Cove, strains with mutations in two new genes, creB and cre C, have been found. The creB and creC mutants grow poorly on some sole carbon sources and have low levels of some enzymes of carbon catabolism e.g. beta-galactosidase and D-quinate dehydrogenase. The creB and creC mutants are hypersensitive to fluoroacetate, fluoroacetamide and allyl alcohol in the presence of glucose or sucrose but not glycerol; and the enzymes, acetamidase and alcohol dehydrogenase, are less sensitive to carbon catabolite repression than the wild-type strain. Extracellular protease and alpha-glucosidase enzyme activities are elevated in creB and creC mutants, while L-proline and L-glutamate uptake capacities are lower in both the presence and absence of glucose. Interactions between creA, B and C mutations have been investigated in double mutants, and the dominance properties of creB and creC mutants determined. The results indicate that the creB and creC genes may have a regulatory role in the control of carbon catabolism.", "PMID": 320455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7451", "title": "Isolation and characterization of catalase deficient mutants of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Catalase deficient mutants (kat) of Salmonella typhimurium have been isolated. The mutantions katA1, katC6 and katD9 appear to map at about minute 10 on the Salmonella chromosome. The katC6 and katD9 lesions are complemented by the E. coli F'128 (lac + pro +) episome but the katA1 lesion is not. KatB2 maps at about minute 100. None of the mutants are oxygen sensitive; they grow as well as wild bacteria, even when aerated.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of catalase deficient mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Catalase deficient mutants (kat) of Salmonella typhimurium have been isolated. The mutantions katA1, katC6 and katD9 appear to map at about minute 10 on the Salmonella chromosome. The katC6 and katD9 lesions are complemented by the E. coli F'128 (lac + pro +) episome but the katA1 lesion is not. KatB2 maps at about minute 100. None of the mutants are oxygen sensitive; they grow as well as wild bacteria, even when aerated.", "PMID": 320456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7452", "title": "A suitable method for construction and cloning hybrid plasmids containing EcoRI-fragments of E. coli genome.", "content": "A convenient procedure for the isolation of specific EcoRI-fragments of E. coli genome and their amplification on Km-resistance plasmid victor CK delta11 is described. The hybrid molecules were constructued in vitro using EcoRI-digestion, followed by ligation. Then appropriated E. coli strain was transformed with ligated DNA mixture and hybrid plasmids CK delta11-arg+, CK delta11-his+, CK delta11-thr+ and CK delta11-leu+ containing loci of E. coli genome were selected by molecular cloning. The hybrid plasmids obtained consisted of one EcoRI-fragment of initial plasmid CK delta11 and one respective specific portion of E. coli genome.", "contents": "A suitable method for construction and cloning hybrid plasmids containing EcoRI-fragments of E. coli genome. A convenient procedure for the isolation of specific EcoRI-fragments of E. coli genome and their amplification on Km-resistance plasmid victor CK delta11 is described. The hybrid molecules were constructued in vitro using EcoRI-digestion, followed by ligation. Then appropriated E. coli strain was transformed with ligated DNA mixture and hybrid plasmids CK delta11-arg+, CK delta11-his+, CK delta11-thr+ and CK delta11-leu+ containing loci of E. coli genome were selected by molecular cloning. The hybrid plasmids obtained consisted of one EcoRI-fragment of initial plasmid CK delta11 and one respective specific portion of E. coli genome.", "PMID": 320457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7453", "title": "[Alternative ways of fluoride supplementation in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Fluorine is a nutritionally essential trace element. Fluoride concentration in drinking water of West Germany is very low, with rare exceptions. Fluoride intake with food therefore is inadequate. Consequently, for maintenance of normal dental health, fluoride has to be supplemented by some way. A number of methods of fluoride supplementation are being discussed in this paper and compared to drinking waster fluoridation.", "contents": "[Alternative ways of fluoride supplementation in childhood (author's transl)]. Fluorine is a nutritionally essential trace element. Fluoride concentration in drinking water of West Germany is very low, with rare exceptions. Fluoride intake with food therefore is inadequate. Consequently, for maintenance of normal dental health, fluoride has to be supplemented by some way. A number of methods of fluoride supplementation are being discussed in this paper and compared to drinking waster fluoridation.", "PMID": 320458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7454", "title": "[Monitoring of side effects in patients treated with corticosteroids of cytotoxic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Side effects have to be monitored carefully in all patients receiving drugs profoundly affecting their metabolism. Corticosteroids produce the well-known Cushing's syndrome. Children rarely develop gastric ulcers or disturbances of haemostasis. If steroids are administered for more than one year, the eyes have to be examined for signs of cataract. Rarely, the pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (increased intracranial pressure) may be observed. A monitoring schedule adapted from adult medicine for paediatric purposes is proposed in the text. Nowadays, mostly combinations of cytotoxic drugs are used. Often, doses are as high as the patient can tolerate them. Effects of these drugs are especially marked upon rapidly proliferating tissues such as the haematopoietic system and gastrointestinal mucosa. Immunosuppression may have very serious consequences. Infections caused by organisms usually considered as little pathogenic (e.g., pneumocystis carinii) may become deleterious; some infections may remain concealed or produce fever as the only symptom. Particular side effects of certain cytotoxic drugs are described in the text. Many therapeutic regimens are now standardized, as are monitoring schedules. Frequency and nature of the necessary controls depend upon the disease treated and the kind of therapy applied, as well as on its intensity. Both hospital and family doctors are indispensable for this surveillance; they must remain in close contact with each other.", "contents": "[Monitoring of side effects in patients treated with corticosteroids of cytotoxic drugs (author's transl)]. Side effects have to be monitored carefully in all patients receiving drugs profoundly affecting their metabolism. Corticosteroids produce the well-known Cushing's syndrome. Children rarely develop gastric ulcers or disturbances of haemostasis. If steroids are administered for more than one year, the eyes have to be examined for signs of cataract. Rarely, the pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (increased intracranial pressure) may be observed. A monitoring schedule adapted from adult medicine for paediatric purposes is proposed in the text. Nowadays, mostly combinations of cytotoxic drugs are used. Often, doses are as high as the patient can tolerate them. Effects of these drugs are especially marked upon rapidly proliferating tissues such as the haematopoietic system and gastrointestinal mucosa. Immunosuppression may have very serious consequences. Infections caused by organisms usually considered as little pathogenic (e.g., pneumocystis carinii) may become deleterious; some infections may remain concealed or produce fever as the only symptom. Particular side effects of certain cytotoxic drugs are described in the text. Many therapeutic regimens are now standardized, as are monitoring schedules. Frequency and nature of the necessary controls depend upon the disease treated and the kind of therapy applied, as well as on its intensity. Both hospital and family doctors are indispensable for this surveillance; they must remain in close contact with each other.", "PMID": 320459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7455", "title": "[The importance of early recognition of impeded cranial migration of the spinal cord].", "content": "Impeded cranial migration of the spinal cord is described in five cases which initially were not recognized. The aetiology, symptomatology and differential diagnosis are presented. The clinical manifestations are signaled by skin lesions typical for dysraphic lesions, signs of urinary and rectal incontinence, deformity or weakness of the feet, impaired gait, motor reflex and sensory changes, and occasionally trophic changes. The restriction in cranial migration of the spinal cord can only be proved by myelography. The importance of early neurosurgical intervention to prevent irreversible deterioration of the motor, sensory or urinary system is particularly emphasized. Improvement after surgery can be achieved in at least 30% of the patients who already developed neurological deficits.", "contents": "[The importance of early recognition of impeded cranial migration of the spinal cord]. Impeded cranial migration of the spinal cord is described in five cases which initially were not recognized. The aetiology, symptomatology and differential diagnosis are presented. The clinical manifestations are signaled by skin lesions typical for dysraphic lesions, signs of urinary and rectal incontinence, deformity or weakness of the feet, impaired gait, motor reflex and sensory changes, and occasionally trophic changes. The restriction in cranial migration of the spinal cord can only be proved by myelography. The importance of early neurosurgical intervention to prevent irreversible deterioration of the motor, sensory or urinary system is particularly emphasized. Improvement after surgery can be achieved in at least 30% of the patients who already developed neurological deficits.", "PMID": 320460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7456", "title": "Sulphydryl-mediated DNA breakage by phlemomycin in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Sulphydryl-mediated DNA breakage, which is induced by the antibiotic phleomycin in vitro, has been found to contribute significantly to the DNA damage produced by phleomycin in Escherichia coli. The effect of pleomycin was inhibited in vivo, as in vitro, by chelating agents, sulphydryl blocking agents and antioxidants. An increase in the intracellular concentration of free sulphydryl resulted in an increased response to phleomycin, while mutants containing very low levels of free sulphydryl due to a defect in glutathione synthesis showed greatly reduced DNA breakage, particularly at low phleomycin concentrations. In spheroplasts of these gshA mutants, restoration of the response to phleomycin of dithiothreitol. Sulphydryl-mediated breakage appears to be the principal mechanism for DNA damage in E. coli at libly enzymic, operates at higher phleomycin concentrations.", "contents": "Sulphydryl-mediated DNA breakage by phlemomycin in Escherichia coli. Sulphydryl-mediated DNA breakage, which is induced by the antibiotic phleomycin in vitro, has been found to contribute significantly to the DNA damage produced by phleomycin in Escherichia coli. The effect of pleomycin was inhibited in vivo, as in vitro, by chelating agents, sulphydryl blocking agents and antioxidants. An increase in the intracellular concentration of free sulphydryl resulted in an increased response to phleomycin, while mutants containing very low levels of free sulphydryl due to a defect in glutathione synthesis showed greatly reduced DNA breakage, particularly at low phleomycin concentrations. In spheroplasts of these gshA mutants, restoration of the response to phleomycin of dithiothreitol. Sulphydryl-mediated breakage appears to be the principal mechanism for DNA damage in E. coli at libly enzymic, operates at higher phleomycin concentrations.", "PMID": 320461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7457", "title": "Lethla effect of nitrous acid on Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of nitrous acid (NA) on viability, integrity of cellular DNA and on membrane transport were studied in 5 strains of Escherichia coli. Stationary phase cells, grown on mineral salts medium, were exposed to NA. The viability of strains decreased in thefollowing order: W3110 wild-type greater than WP2 wild-type, WP2 uvrA greater than NG30 recA greater than P3478 polA. Alterations were found in the DNA sedimentation profile in alkaline sucrose gradient. Disturbance of DNA synthesis was measured by 3H-labelled thymidine ([3H]Thd) incorporation. No degradation of DNA was found after NA treatment. Low doses of NA caused significant inhibition of leucine and glucose transport into whole cells. The results are interpreted in terms of the multi-target action of NA causing the death of cells.", "contents": "Lethla effect of nitrous acid on Escherichia coli. The effect of nitrous acid (NA) on viability, integrity of cellular DNA and on membrane transport were studied in 5 strains of Escherichia coli. Stationary phase cells, grown on mineral salts medium, were exposed to NA. The viability of strains decreased in thefollowing order: W3110 wild-type greater than WP2 wild-type, WP2 uvrA greater than NG30 recA greater than P3478 polA. Alterations were found in the DNA sedimentation profile in alkaline sucrose gradient. Disturbance of DNA synthesis was measured by 3H-labelled thymidine ([3H]Thd) incorporation. No degradation of DNA was found after NA treatment. Low doses of NA caused significant inhibition of leucine and glucose transport into whole cells. The results are interpreted in terms of the multi-target action of NA causing the death of cells.", "PMID": 320462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7458", "title": "Induced reactivity of UV-damaged phage gamma in E. coli K12 host cells treated with aflatoxin B1 metabolites.", "content": "The metabolites of aflatoxin B1, the most potent hepatocarcinogen so far known, promote in E. coli K12 cells the reactivation of phage lambda damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This reactivation process is error prone; 25% of the phage DNA lesions are repaired, but mutagenesis, scored as clear plaque formation, is increased as much as 10-fold. Such reactivation of UV-damaged phage lambda, which occurs in wild-type and in uvrA but not in recA bacteria, is inducible: phage reactivation is obtained even after a long delay following treatment of the host by the short-lived metabolites. This induced reactivation of UV-damaged phage in hosts treated with metabolites of aflatoxin B1 is similar to direct of indirect UV reactivation. Metabolites of aflatoxin B1 produce induced phage reactivation as well as prophage lambda induction in lysogens and cell filamentation in non-lysogens. These cellular events are also triggered by DNA lesions caused by UV radiation and result from the induction of a metabolic pathway (SOS functions). We postulate that, in eucaryotes, carcinogens may induce cellular SOS functions similar to those in E. coli. Induction of such functions might be responsible for the transformation of mammalian cells.", "contents": "Induced reactivity of UV-damaged phage gamma in E. coli K12 host cells treated with aflatoxin B1 metabolites. The metabolites of aflatoxin B1, the most potent hepatocarcinogen so far known, promote in E. coli K12 cells the reactivation of phage lambda damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This reactivation process is error prone; 25% of the phage DNA lesions are repaired, but mutagenesis, scored as clear plaque formation, is increased as much as 10-fold. Such reactivation of UV-damaged phage lambda, which occurs in wild-type and in uvrA but not in recA bacteria, is inducible: phage reactivation is obtained even after a long delay following treatment of the host by the short-lived metabolites. This induced reactivation of UV-damaged phage in hosts treated with metabolites of aflatoxin B1 is similar to direct of indirect UV reactivation. Metabolites of aflatoxin B1 produce induced phage reactivation as well as prophage lambda induction in lysogens and cell filamentation in non-lysogens. These cellular events are also triggered by DNA lesions caused by UV radiation and result from the induction of a metabolic pathway (SOS functions). We postulate that, in eucaryotes, carcinogens may induce cellular SOS functions similar to those in E. coli. Induction of such functions might be responsible for the transformation of mammalian cells.", "PMID": 320463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7459", "title": "Optimal conditions for selecting specific auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using temperature-sensitive suicide mutants.", "content": "Of 48 temperature-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae examined, five belonging to the same complementation group were found to undergo extensive loss of viability at the restrictive temperature. These mutants were protected from the lethal effects of exposure to a non-permissive temperature by starving for an auxotrophic requirement. By analogy with the method described by Littlewood [6] for selecting antibiotic-sensitive mutants, these temperature-sensitive mutants were found suitable in enriching for specific auxotrophs. Optimal conditions have been determined for selecting specific auxotrophs after mutagenesis by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. These enable 20-fold enrichment and at least in the case of mutation to adenine dependence the method does not appear to favour mutations at any particular locus.", "contents": "Optimal conditions for selecting specific auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using temperature-sensitive suicide mutants. Of 48 temperature-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae examined, five belonging to the same complementation group were found to undergo extensive loss of viability at the restrictive temperature. These mutants were protected from the lethal effects of exposure to a non-permissive temperature by starving for an auxotrophic requirement. By analogy with the method described by Littlewood [6] for selecting antibiotic-sensitive mutants, these temperature-sensitive mutants were found suitable in enriching for specific auxotrophs. Optimal conditions have been determined for selecting specific auxotrophs after mutagenesis by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. These enable 20-fold enrichment and at least in the case of mutation to adenine dependence the method does not appear to favour mutations at any particular locus.", "PMID": 320464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7460", "title": "Molecular specificity of x-radiation and its repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Molecular specificity of soft X-radiation has been studied in yeast by analyzing the transitions UAA in equilibrium UAG and nonsense leads to sense mutations in the codon tyr7-1. Synchronized cell populations in the most radiosensitive and radioresistant stages were compared: they did not show any qualitative or quantitative differences in their sensitivities to the mutagenic action of X-rays. We conclude that repair mechanisms, which remain unexpressed in the sensitive cells, do not affect point mutations of the base-substitution type.", "contents": "Molecular specificity of x-radiation and its repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular specificity of soft X-radiation has been studied in yeast by analyzing the transitions UAA in equilibrium UAG and nonsense leads to sense mutations in the codon tyr7-1. Synchronized cell populations in the most radiosensitive and radioresistant stages were compared: they did not show any qualitative or quantitative differences in their sensitivities to the mutagenic action of X-rays. We conclude that repair mechanisms, which remain unexpressed in the sensitive cells, do not affect point mutations of the base-substitution type.", "PMID": 320465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7461", "title": "Physiological modification of alkylating-agent induced mutagenesis. I. Effect of growth rate and repair capacity on nitrosomethylurea-induced mutation of Escharichia coli.", "content": "The effects of repair capacity and growth rate on the induction of mutations by N-methyl-N-nitosourea (MNUA) was investigated using the trpE reversion system of Escherichia coli WP2 and some repair-deficient derivatives isogenic for this gene. In all these strains reducing the growth rate prior to MNUA-treatment caused a reduction in the mutational response, however major differences were observed between strains. In exrA and recA- bacteria stationary phase cells were 100 times less mutable than cells grown at a mean generation time (m.g.t.) of 30 min, whereas reductions of 12 and 25 times were observed in the uvrA- and wild-type strains respectively. In contrast the mutational response of the polA- mutant varied only slightly with growth rate; the increases at high MNUA concentrations being equal to the increase in the trpE gene number. These results show the increasing importance of the error-prone exrA+/recA+-dependent repair system in mutation-induction by MNUA as the growth rate of the culture is reduced and its relative unimportance for mutation induction in nutrient broth-grown cells (m.g.t. 30 min).", "contents": "Physiological modification of alkylating-agent induced mutagenesis. I. Effect of growth rate and repair capacity on nitrosomethylurea-induced mutation of Escharichia coli. The effects of repair capacity and growth rate on the induction of mutations by N-methyl-N-nitosourea (MNUA) was investigated using the trpE reversion system of Escherichia coli WP2 and some repair-deficient derivatives isogenic for this gene. In all these strains reducing the growth rate prior to MNUA-treatment caused a reduction in the mutational response, however major differences were observed between strains. In exrA and recA- bacteria stationary phase cells were 100 times less mutable than cells grown at a mean generation time (m.g.t.) of 30 min, whereas reductions of 12 and 25 times were observed in the uvrA- and wild-type strains respectively. In contrast the mutational response of the polA- mutant varied only slightly with growth rate; the increases at high MNUA concentrations being equal to the increase in the trpE gene number. These results show the increasing importance of the error-prone exrA+/recA+-dependent repair system in mutation-induction by MNUA as the growth rate of the culture is reduced and its relative unimportance for mutation induction in nutrient broth-grown cells (m.g.t. 30 min).", "PMID": 320467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7462", "title": "Comparative mutagenicity of ICR-191 to S. typhimurium and diploid human lymphoblasts.", "content": "Concentration-dependent mutagenicity of ICR-191 has been measured in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 and in a diploid human cell line. In both cell systems, approximately equigenerational exposure produced mutation linearly related to concentration in the lower range of ICR-191 concentrations tested. Saturation behavior was observed in the human cell assay but not in the bacterial assay. However, a 25-fold greater concentration of ICR-191 was required to induce a significant rise in the mutant fraction in the S. typhimurium assay than in the human cell assay. These differences may be linked to the differences in the biochemical events required for mutation or in the time of exposure to ICR-191.", "contents": "Comparative mutagenicity of ICR-191 to S. typhimurium and diploid human lymphoblasts. Concentration-dependent mutagenicity of ICR-191 has been measured in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 and in a diploid human cell line. In both cell systems, approximately equigenerational exposure produced mutation linearly related to concentration in the lower range of ICR-191 concentrations tested. Saturation behavior was observed in the human cell assay but not in the bacterial assay. However, a 25-fold greater concentration of ICR-191 was required to induce a significant rise in the mutant fraction in the S. typhimurium assay than in the human cell assay. These differences may be linked to the differences in the biochemical events required for mutation or in the time of exposure to ICR-191.", "PMID": 320468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7463", "title": "Successful granulocyte transfusion therapy for gram-negative septicemia. A prospectively randomized controlled study.", "content": "We prospectively randomized 27 granulocytopenic patients who experienced a total of 30 episodes of gram-negative septicemia. The control group received an appropriate antibiotic regimen alone, whereas the \"transfusion\" group received infusions of granulocytes in addition to the antibiotics. Five of 14 controls survived, and 12 of 16 in the transfusion group survived, and 12 of 16 in the transfusion group survived (P less than 0.04). An important factor in the outcome of treatment was the recovery of bone-marrow function (return of peripheral granulocyte count greater than or equal to 1000 per microliter). Eighty-three per cent (five of six) of the control group and all (four of four) of the transfusion group with recovery of granulocyte levels survived the episode of sepsis. In contrast, none of the eight control patients, as compared to 67 per cent (eight of 12) of the transfusion group, survived persistent granulocytopenia (P less than 0.005). Granulocyte transfusions appear to complement appropriate antibiotic treatment of gram-negative-septicemia due to granulocytopenia.", "contents": "Successful granulocyte transfusion therapy for gram-negative septicemia. A prospectively randomized controlled study. We prospectively randomized 27 granulocytopenic patients who experienced a total of 30 episodes of gram-negative septicemia. The control group received an appropriate antibiotic regimen alone, whereas the \"transfusion\" group received infusions of granulocytes in addition to the antibiotics. Five of 14 controls survived, and 12 of 16 in the transfusion group survived, and 12 of 16 in the transfusion group survived (P less than 0.04). An important factor in the outcome of treatment was the recovery of bone-marrow function (return of peripheral granulocyte count greater than or equal to 1000 per microliter). Eighty-three per cent (five of six) of the control group and all (four of four) of the transfusion group with recovery of granulocyte levels survived the episode of sepsis. In contrast, none of the eight control patients, as compared to 67 per cent (eight of 12) of the transfusion group, survived persistent granulocytopenia (P less than 0.005). Granulocyte transfusions appear to complement appropriate antibiotic treatment of gram-negative-septicemia due to granulocytopenia.", "PMID": 320476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7464", "title": "A randomized clinical trial of granulocyte transfusions for infection in acute leukemia.", "content": "In a prospective, controlled, randomized study to evaluate the efficacy of filtration-leukapheresis granulocytes in granulocytopenic, febrile patients with leukemia, 19 patients received antibiotics alone, and 12 received antibiotics plus daily granulocyte transfusions from ABO-matched donors. In skin-chamber studies the granulocytes appeared at sites of inflammation for at least six hours after transfusion. Infected subjects survived longer if they received granulocytes. Differences between control and transfused patients were greatest in patients with persistent bone-marrow failure, the 21-day survival being 20 per cent in controls, and 75 per cent in transfused patients. Granulocytes appeared to have no effect on the outcome of febrile episodes in which infection was not documented, the 21-day survival being 79 per cent for controls and 88 per cent for transfused patients. The transfusion of granulocytes thus appears to offer a survival advantage to infected, persistently granulocytopenic patients.", "contents": "A randomized clinical trial of granulocyte transfusions for infection in acute leukemia. In a prospective, controlled, randomized study to evaluate the efficacy of filtration-leukapheresis granulocytes in granulocytopenic, febrile patients with leukemia, 19 patients received antibiotics alone, and 12 received antibiotics plus daily granulocyte transfusions from ABO-matched donors. In skin-chamber studies the granulocytes appeared at sites of inflammation for at least six hours after transfusion. Infected subjects survived longer if they received granulocytes. Differences between control and transfused patients were greatest in patients with persistent bone-marrow failure, the 21-day survival being 20 per cent in controls, and 75 per cent in transfused patients. Granulocytes appeared to have no effect on the outcome of febrile episodes in which infection was not documented, the 21-day survival being 79 per cent for controls and 88 per cent for transfused patients. The transfusion of granulocytes thus appears to offer a survival advantage to infected, persistently granulocytopenic patients.", "PMID": 320477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7465", "title": "Dextroamphetamine with morphine for the treatment of postoperative pain.", "content": "In a double-blind, single-dose study, dextroamphetamine combined with morphine was compared with morphine alone to determine the relative efficacy of the combination given intramuscularly for postoperative pain. Each of 450 patients received one treatment of morphine sulfate (3, 6 or 12 mg) with dextroamphetamine (0, 5 or 10 mg). Analgesia, as measured by the patients' subjective responses to questions about relief of pain, was augmented when dextroamphetamine was given with morphine; the combination of dextroamphetamine, 10 mg, with morphine was twice as potent as morphine alone, and the combination with 5 mg was 1 1/2 times as potent as morphine. In simple performance tests, and in measures of side effects, dextroamphetamine generally offset undesirable effects of morphine (sedation and loss of alertness) while increasing analgesia. Effects on blood pressure, pulse and respiratory rate were minimal.", "contents": "Dextroamphetamine with morphine for the treatment of postoperative pain. In a double-blind, single-dose study, dextroamphetamine combined with morphine was compared with morphine alone to determine the relative efficacy of the combination given intramuscularly for postoperative pain. Each of 450 patients received one treatment of morphine sulfate (3, 6 or 12 mg) with dextroamphetamine (0, 5 or 10 mg). Analgesia, as measured by the patients' subjective responses to questions about relief of pain, was augmented when dextroamphetamine was given with morphine; the combination of dextroamphetamine, 10 mg, with morphine was twice as potent as morphine alone, and the combination with 5 mg was 1 1/2 times as potent as morphine. In simple performance tests, and in measures of side effects, dextroamphetamine generally offset undesirable effects of morphine (sedation and loss of alertness) while increasing analgesia. Effects on blood pressure, pulse and respiratory rate were minimal.", "PMID": 320478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7466", "title": "Prophylactic efficacy of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in urinary infections. Biologic effects on the vaginal and rectal flora.", "content": "We examined bacterial persistence and resistance in the vaginal and fecal flora of 28 women who received a total of 253 months of daily low-dosage prophylaxis with nitrofurantoin macrocystals (100 mg per day) or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (40 and 200 mg respectively). During trimethoprim-sulfamehtoxazole prophylaxis, 8.5% of monthly vaginal and 27% of monthly fecal cultures grew Escherichia coli, as compared to 36 and 96%, respectively for nitrofurantoin macrocrystals. Esch. coli resistant to nitrofurantoin occurred in two of 95 fecal cultures during therapy, and Esch. coli resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 16 of 182 (8.8%) fecal cultures. In the 12 months before treatment, 92 episodes of recurrent urinary infection occurred, as compared to six during treatment (none occurred on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). These results confirm the value of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis for high-risk patient with recurrent urinary infections. Prophylaxis with nitrofurantoin macrocrystals seems adequate for less severe problems of reinfection.", "contents": "Prophylactic efficacy of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in urinary infections. Biologic effects on the vaginal and rectal flora. We examined bacterial persistence and resistance in the vaginal and fecal flora of 28 women who received a total of 253 months of daily low-dosage prophylaxis with nitrofurantoin macrocystals (100 mg per day) or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (40 and 200 mg respectively). During trimethoprim-sulfamehtoxazole prophylaxis, 8.5% of monthly vaginal and 27% of monthly fecal cultures grew Escherichia coli, as compared to 36 and 96%, respectively for nitrofurantoin macrocrystals. Esch. coli resistant to nitrofurantoin occurred in two of 95 fecal cultures during therapy, and Esch. coli resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 16 of 182 (8.8%) fecal cultures. In the 12 months before treatment, 92 episodes of recurrent urinary infection occurred, as compared to six during treatment (none occurred on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). These results confirm the value of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis for high-risk patient with recurrent urinary infections. Prophylaxis with nitrofurantoin macrocrystals seems adequate for less severe problems of reinfection.", "PMID": 320482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7467", "title": "Interaction of tetanus toxin and toxoid with cultured neuroblastoma cells. Analysis by immunofluorescence.", "content": "The primary interaction of tetanus toxin and toxoid with mouse neuroblastoma cells (C 1300, clone NB2A) in tissue culture was studied using direct immunofluorescence. Experiments were done in standard routine cultures and also those influenced by chemical modulators. There is a difference in the characteristic binding response between the growth culture cells (grown in presence of fetal calf serum) and differentiating culture cells (grown in absence of serum). Exposure to the toxin gives no visible effect on the cell division or viability in growth cultures; whereas in differentiating cells the processes are shortened and the adherence to the glass is diminished without involving significant cell death. The toxoid did not bind at all under the same experimental conditions. Since there was no biological effect in growth cultures we have called this binding ineffective, and in the case of the differentiating cells, effective binding. Stimulation of pinocytosis increases the uptake of toxin in both cultures. Presence of some surface bound toxin still remaining on the differentiating cells indicates the possibility of another sort of mechanism for internalization. Pre-treatment of the cells with neuraminidase or beta-galactosidase to alter the membrane gangliosides eliminates binding in growth cultures but not in differentiating cultures. From these results we suggest that even though the toxin may well bind to gangliosides, at least in the differentiating cultures they are not solely responsible for the fixation. The morphologically observed effective binding is probably that not related to gangliosides.", "contents": "Interaction of tetanus toxin and toxoid with cultured neuroblastoma cells. Analysis by immunofluorescence. The primary interaction of tetanus toxin and toxoid with mouse neuroblastoma cells (C 1300, clone NB2A) in tissue culture was studied using direct immunofluorescence. Experiments were done in standard routine cultures and also those influenced by chemical modulators. There is a difference in the characteristic binding response between the growth culture cells (grown in presence of fetal calf serum) and differentiating culture cells (grown in absence of serum). Exposure to the toxin gives no visible effect on the cell division or viability in growth cultures; whereas in differentiating cells the processes are shortened and the adherence to the glass is diminished without involving significant cell death. The toxoid did not bind at all under the same experimental conditions. Since there was no biological effect in growth cultures we have called this binding ineffective, and in the case of the differentiating cells, effective binding. Stimulation of pinocytosis increases the uptake of toxin in both cultures. Presence of some surface bound toxin still remaining on the differentiating cells indicates the possibility of another sort of mechanism for internalization. Pre-treatment of the cells with neuraminidase or beta-galactosidase to alter the membrane gangliosides eliminates binding in growth cultures but not in differentiating cultures. From these results we suggest that even though the toxin may well bind to gangliosides, at least in the differentiating cultures they are not solely responsible for the fixation. The morphologically observed effective binding is probably that not related to gangliosides.", "PMID": 320489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7468", "title": "Immunological response of patients with tumors of the urogenital tract: a follow-up of cell-mediated antitumor immunity by the LAI test.", "content": "Antigen-induced inhibition of leukocyte adherence is a suitable method providing information on immunological response of the tumor bearers. Leukocytes from patients' blood were tested by an in vitro method to detect cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Positive reactions of leukocytes to the specific antigen were found in carcinoma of the uterine cervix, vulva and ovary in 13 patients. The modified LAI test evaluated on the basis of free cells in Eagle's medium using the specific antigen is a simplified reversed method which, however, keeps the specificity.", "contents": "Immunological response of patients with tumors of the urogenital tract: a follow-up of cell-mediated antitumor immunity by the LAI test. Antigen-induced inhibition of leukocyte adherence is a suitable method providing information on immunological response of the tumor bearers. Leukocytes from patients' blood were tested by an in vitro method to detect cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Positive reactions of leukocytes to the specific antigen were found in carcinoma of the uterine cervix, vulva and ovary in 13 patients. The modified LAI test evaluated on the basis of free cells in Eagle's medium using the specific antigen is a simplified reversed method which, however, keeps the specificity.", "PMID": 320490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7469", "title": "[Physical and mental development after early surgery of myeloceles].", "content": "These investigations are based on 143 myelocele operations (=93 % spina bifida cystica), with a follow-up period of 3-15 years. There was an associated hydrocephalus in 88%. In 114 (89%) of the children with hydrocephalus a ventriculo-atrial shunt was inserted. In three quarters of the cases this was done within the first three months of life. In general the chindren remained \"shunt-dependent\" and only in 9% was it possible to remove it later. Of the surviving children about 25% were restricted to a wheel-chair and of them 7% had severe mental defects. Their physical state as regards head growth,height and weight showed about 70% of average values. Neurogenic disturbances of bladder emptying were present in 90% of the children. The expectation of survival to age 13 was 65%. Using the Hamburg Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (Hawik) the intellectual development showed an average of 97 +/- 15-219 With only a trifling deviation this corresponds to the normal mean. The B\u00fchler-Hetzer test also showed normal values in 70%. All the children are able to receive some training, which ranged from special schools right up to grammar school. We have particularly gone into the problem of the social rehabilitation of these children.", "contents": "[Physical and mental development after early surgery of myeloceles]. These investigations are based on 143 myelocele operations (=93 % spina bifida cystica), with a follow-up period of 3-15 years. There was an associated hydrocephalus in 88%. In 114 (89%) of the children with hydrocephalus a ventriculo-atrial shunt was inserted. In three quarters of the cases this was done within the first three months of life. In general the chindren remained \"shunt-dependent\" and only in 9% was it possible to remove it later. Of the surviving children about 25% were restricted to a wheel-chair and of them 7% had severe mental defects. Their physical state as regards head growth,height and weight showed about 70% of average values. Neurogenic disturbances of bladder emptying were present in 90% of the children. The expectation of survival to age 13 was 65%. Using the Hamburg Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (Hawik) the intellectual development showed an average of 97 +/- 15-219 With only a trifling deviation this corresponds to the normal mean. The B\u00fchler-Hetzer test also showed normal values in 70%. All the children are able to receive some training, which ranged from special schools right up to grammar school. We have particularly gone into the problem of the social rehabilitation of these children.", "PMID": 320491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7470", "title": "[Dantrium in the treatment of increased muscle tonus in patients with multiple sclerosis].", "content": "In 19 patients with multiple sclerosis and 1 with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis the mean increase in muscle tonus was found to be 3.1 (range 1--4 according to Burke-Ashwort). In 10 controls with multiple sclerosis the mean spasticity was 2.4. Dantrium was given in doses up to 800 mg for 14--16 days and it caused a greater reduction of spasticity than placebo (p less than 0.05). In 12 patients (60%) varying degrees of muscle tonus reduction was observed. In 11 patients the efect of Dantrium was compared with that of other drugs (Clonazepam, Tetradiazepam, Carisoprodol and Lyoresal). In 6 cases Dantrium was a more effective drug than other muscle relaxants and in 5 cases no difference was observed or other drugs were superior to Dantrium.", "contents": "[Dantrium in the treatment of increased muscle tonus in patients with multiple sclerosis]. In 19 patients with multiple sclerosis and 1 with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis the mean increase in muscle tonus was found to be 3.1 (range 1--4 according to Burke-Ashwort). In 10 controls with multiple sclerosis the mean spasticity was 2.4. Dantrium was given in doses up to 800 mg for 14--16 days and it caused a greater reduction of spasticity than placebo (p less than 0.05). In 12 patients (60%) varying degrees of muscle tonus reduction was observed. In 11 patients the efect of Dantrium was compared with that of other drugs (Clonazepam, Tetradiazepam, Carisoprodol and Lyoresal). In 6 cases Dantrium was a more effective drug than other muscle relaxants and in 5 cases no difference was observed or other drugs were superior to Dantrium.", "PMID": 320494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7471", "title": "[Hormonal therapy with androgenic steroids in diffuse malignant neoplasms of the breast].", "content": "2-alpha-methyl-17-beta hydroxy-androstan-3-one was given to advanced breast cancer patients whose general condition (preterminal in many cases) or haematological picture precluded other cytostatic management. Rapid progression of the tumour was noted in 65%, improvement in 15% and no change in 20%. It is felt that androgens alone should only be given where other more effective treatments are contraindicated. They can be associated with polychemotherapeutic courses to exploit their anabolising and antianaemic activity.", "contents": "[Hormonal therapy with androgenic steroids in diffuse malignant neoplasms of the breast]. 2-alpha-methyl-17-beta hydroxy-androstan-3-one was given to advanced breast cancer patients whose general condition (preterminal in many cases) or haematological picture precluded other cytostatic management. Rapid progression of the tumour was noted in 65%, improvement in 15% and no change in 20%. It is felt that androgens alone should only be given where other more effective treatments are contraindicated. They can be associated with polychemotherapeutic courses to exploit their anabolising and antianaemic activity.", "PMID": 320501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7472", "title": "[25 years of caring for epileptics in the Greater Poland region].", "content": "On the basis of an analysis of experiences in 25 years of health care of epileptic patients in the Great Poland region the author discusses the mean elements of outpatient health care and resocialization treatment which include the classification concept and the therapeutic system. The author describes a schema of selective treatment in various clinical syndromes, results of conservative and surgical treatment, prophylactic management and most frequent sociomedical problems. The schema is outlined in form of theses with a list of papers in which they had been discussed in more detail. Conclusions have been put forward for further organization of treatment of epileptic patients.", "contents": "[25 years of caring for epileptics in the Greater Poland region]. On the basis of an analysis of experiences in 25 years of health care of epileptic patients in the Great Poland region the author discusses the mean elements of outpatient health care and resocialization treatment which include the classification concept and the therapeutic system. The author describes a schema of selective treatment in various clinical syndromes, results of conservative and surgical treatment, prophylactic management and most frequent sociomedical problems. The schema is outlined in form of theses with a list of papers in which they had been discussed in more detail. Conclusions have been put forward for further organization of treatment of epileptic patients.", "PMID": 320497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7473", "title": "[Depletive treatment of uncompensated liver cirrhosis with high doses of spirolactone only].", "content": "In most regimens proposed for the depletive management of cirrhosis of the liver, spirolactone is associated with other diuretics. Treatment of 28 patients with uncompensated forms by means of spirolactone only, using high, protracted doses determined essentially in accordance with the depletion obtained, is described. The disappearance of signs of water retention was gradual and unattended by difficulties. Normalisation of the urinary Na/K ratio preceded the diuretic response; Increased diuresis led to a slight increase in urinary potassium/day. Higher doses were used in patients with lower urinary Na/K ratios. Here a critical diuretic response was only obtained around the 5th day. Transient low blood sodium and chlorine and high blood potassium were noted; the last parameter was not related to the drug dose, nor to changes in Bun; No marked changes in blood uric acid, calcium, ammonium, bilirubin or sugar were observed.", "contents": "[Depletive treatment of uncompensated liver cirrhosis with high doses of spirolactone only]. In most regimens proposed for the depletive management of cirrhosis of the liver, spirolactone is associated with other diuretics. Treatment of 28 patients with uncompensated forms by means of spirolactone only, using high, protracted doses determined essentially in accordance with the depletion obtained, is described. The disappearance of signs of water retention was gradual and unattended by difficulties. Normalisation of the urinary Na/K ratio preceded the diuretic response; Increased diuresis led to a slight increase in urinary potassium/day. Higher doses were used in patients with lower urinary Na/K ratios. Here a critical diuretic response was only obtained around the 5th day. Transient low blood sodium and chlorine and high blood potassium were noted; the last parameter was not related to the drug dose, nor to changes in Bun; No marked changes in blood uric acid, calcium, ammonium, bilirubin or sugar were observed.", "PMID": 320504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7474", "title": "Short-term versus continuous antimicrobial therapy for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy.", "content": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria was identified in 300 pregnant women prior to the 28th week of gestation. In one group of 200 women short-term treatment with either nitrofurantoin or sulfamethizole was given for 14 days, and in another group of 100 women continuous therapy with one of these drugs was given for the remainder of gestation. Weekly urine cultures were obtained from all the women. Of the women treated with short-term therapy, 65% were abacteriuric for the remainder of pregnancy following one course of therapy, 24% became abacteriuric but subsequently relapsed, 2% had reinfection after becoming abacteriuric, and 9% demonstrated no response. Following treatment with a second course of short-term therapy, another 19% of these women were cured for the remainder of their pregnancy, and 3.5% responded to a third course. In the continuous therapy group, 88% of the women became abacteriuric for the remainder of the gestation, 3% demonstrated relapse, 2% developed reinfection, and 7% had no response to the first drug given. These data demonstrate that short-term administration of antimicrobials, when combined with surveillance for recurrent bacteriuria, is effective for the management of the pregnant woman with asymptomatic bacteriuria.", "contents": "Short-term versus continuous antimicrobial therapy for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was identified in 300 pregnant women prior to the 28th week of gestation. In one group of 200 women short-term treatment with either nitrofurantoin or sulfamethizole was given for 14 days, and in another group of 100 women continuous therapy with one of these drugs was given for the remainder of gestation. Weekly urine cultures were obtained from all the women. Of the women treated with short-term therapy, 65% were abacteriuric for the remainder of pregnancy following one course of therapy, 24% became abacteriuric but subsequently relapsed, 2% had reinfection after becoming abacteriuric, and 9% demonstrated no response. Following treatment with a second course of short-term therapy, another 19% of these women were cured for the remainder of their pregnancy, and 3.5% responded to a third course. In the continuous therapy group, 88% of the women became abacteriuric for the remainder of the gestation, 3% demonstrated relapse, 2% developed reinfection, and 7% had no response to the first drug given. These data demonstrate that short-term administration of antimicrobials, when combined with surveillance for recurrent bacteriuria, is effective for the management of the pregnant woman with asymptomatic bacteriuria.", "PMID": 320525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7475", "title": "The split thickness graft technic for vaginal agenesis.", "content": "A heterogenous group of patients with agenesis of the vagina treated at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1956 and 1975 is reported. The split thickness autogenous skin graft technic of McIndoe was used in 44 patients with Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, 9 male hermaphrodites, 7 patients with the testicular feminization syndrome, and in 4 male transsexual patients. Urinary tract abnormalities were found in 49% of patients with the Rokitansky syndrome. The functional results were quite satisfactory. The graft was satisfactory in all but 3 patients who required a partial second skin graft. Rectovaginal fistula with spontaneous closure occurred in 1 patient, and a transsexual patient developed a urethrovaginal fistula which was repaired surgically. Better results with the take of the skin graft have been obtained since a foam rubber vaginal form has been used and routine prophylactic antibiotics administered. Severe condylomata acuminata of the neovagina developed in 3 patients.", "contents": "The split thickness graft technic for vaginal agenesis. A heterogenous group of patients with agenesis of the vagina treated at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1956 and 1975 is reported. The split thickness autogenous skin graft technic of McIndoe was used in 44 patients with Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, 9 male hermaphrodites, 7 patients with the testicular feminization syndrome, and in 4 male transsexual patients. Urinary tract abnormalities were found in 49% of patients with the Rokitansky syndrome. The functional results were quite satisfactory. The graft was satisfactory in all but 3 patients who required a partial second skin graft. Rectovaginal fistula with spontaneous closure occurred in 1 patient, and a transsexual patient developed a urethrovaginal fistula which was repaired surgically. Better results with the take of the skin graft have been obtained since a foam rubber vaginal form has been used and routine prophylactic antibiotics administered. Severe condylomata acuminata of the neovagina developed in 3 patients.", "PMID": 320526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7476", "title": "Dermal graft--a versatile technique for oral surgery.", "content": "This is the first report of dermal grafting to the oral cavity for vestibuloplasty and lingual reconstruction. A 3 1/2-year follow-up of patients suggests that it is a useful, well-tolerated technique. The method of obtaining the dermal graft is simple and results in much less morbidity to the patient than does the split-thickness skin graft. It survives as a true tissue transplant and undergoes self-epithelization. Histologic sections show that metaplasia of the graft leads to tissue resembling normal mucosa.", "contents": "Dermal graft--a versatile technique for oral surgery. This is the first report of dermal grafting to the oral cavity for vestibuloplasty and lingual reconstruction. A 3 1/2-year follow-up of patients suggests that it is a useful, well-tolerated technique. The method of obtaining the dermal graft is simple and results in much less morbidity to the patient than does the split-thickness skin graft. It survives as a true tissue transplant and undergoes self-epithelization. Histologic sections show that metaplasia of the graft leads to tissue resembling normal mucosa.", "PMID": 320528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7477", "title": "Autogenous cancellous-marrow bone grafts in irradiated dog mandibles.", "content": "A pilot study was conducted to investigate the osteogenic potential of autogenous cancellous-marrow grafts placed in irradiated tissue. Three dogs received 4,100 rads in ten treatments ooer 32 days. Postirradiation discontinuity mandibular defects were created. These defects were restored with cancellous-marrow autogenous bone supported in position by a titanium mesh basket. Bony union occurred in all the mandibles. The titanium mesh partially eroded through the oral mucosa in two animals. The quantity of new bone formed in the surgical defect varied. Two dogs had complete restoration of the resected mandible. Histologic observations were documented in both the graft area and the surgically uninvolved contralateral side of the mandible.", "contents": "Autogenous cancellous-marrow bone grafts in irradiated dog mandibles. A pilot study was conducted to investigate the osteogenic potential of autogenous cancellous-marrow grafts placed in irradiated tissue. Three dogs received 4,100 rads in ten treatments ooer 32 days. Postirradiation discontinuity mandibular defects were created. These defects were restored with cancellous-marrow autogenous bone supported in position by a titanium mesh basket. Bony union occurred in all the mandibles. The titanium mesh partially eroded through the oral mucosa in two animals. The quantity of new bone formed in the surgical defect varied. Two dogs had complete restoration of the resected mandible. Histologic observations were documented in both the graft area and the surgically uninvolved contralateral side of the mandible.", "PMID": 320529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7478", "title": "Histiocytic lymphoma (reticulum-cell sarcoma). Report of five cases.", "content": "The subject of lymphomas is discussed and five cases seen in our Oral Surgery Department are Presented. Histiocytic lymphoma, especially of the oral regions, can present with a variety of clinical manifestations. The signs and symptoms, diagnostic modalities, and treatment are discussed and the most recent classification is included.", "contents": "Histiocytic lymphoma (reticulum-cell sarcoma). Report of five cases. The subject of lymphomas is discussed and five cases seen in our Oral Surgery Department are Presented. Histiocytic lymphoma, especially of the oral regions, can present with a variety of clinical manifestations. The signs and symptoms, diagnostic modalities, and treatment are discussed and the most recent classification is included.", "PMID": 320530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7479", "title": "Immunologic aspects of pulpal-periapical diseases. A review.", "content": "The relationship of immunologic concepts to endodontic diseases is discussed. Immunologic mechanisms are considered, including antigens, haptens, antibodies, and cell-mediated responses. Studies of immunologic manifestations in endodontic diseases are given. These include (1) localization of plasma proteins in inflammed human dental pulp, (2) introduction of microbes into animal root canals, (3) introduction of non-microbial antigens into animal root canals, (4) introduction of root canal antigens into human beings, (5) introduction of root canal antigens into animals, (6) studies of \"focal\" infection, (7) examination of serum antibodies, (8) examination of periapical lesions, and (9) a cell-mediated study. Next, immunologic concepts related to periapical pathosis are considered. Finally, preventive and treatment concepts are reviewed.", "contents": "Immunologic aspects of pulpal-periapical diseases. A review. The relationship of immunologic concepts to endodontic diseases is discussed. Immunologic mechanisms are considered, including antigens, haptens, antibodies, and cell-mediated responses. Studies of immunologic manifestations in endodontic diseases are given. These include (1) localization of plasma proteins in inflammed human dental pulp, (2) introduction of microbes into animal root canals, (3) introduction of non-microbial antigens into animal root canals, (4) introduction of root canal antigens into human beings, (5) introduction of root canal antigens into animals, (6) studies of \"focal\" infection, (7) examination of serum antibodies, (8) examination of periapical lesions, and (9) a cell-mediated study. Next, immunologic concepts related to periapical pathosis are considered. Finally, preventive and treatment concepts are reviewed.", "PMID": 320531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7480", "title": "Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: their longevity and infectivity.", "content": "The longevity and infectivity of isolated populations of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes were studied. Following chloroquine treatment gametocyte numbers fell with a constant rate of loss over a period of 16-24 days; the populations had a half-life of 2-4 days. The sex ratio stayed constant throughout at 4 female: 1 male. The ability of the microgametocytes to exflagellate and the infectivity of the population to mosquitoes persisted for 3 weeks. Antibodies to the gametocytes were detected but not in every patient studied. It was concluded that the gametocytes of P. falciparum are both long-lived and show persistent infectivity to mosquitoes. They can stimulate antibody production but the immune response appears to play no part in their elimination, which probably takes place in the spleen as a part of the normal process of removing old, damaged and malformed red cells.", "contents": "Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: their longevity and infectivity. The longevity and infectivity of isolated populations of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes were studied. Following chloroquine treatment gametocyte numbers fell with a constant rate of loss over a period of 16-24 days; the populations had a half-life of 2-4 days. The sex ratio stayed constant throughout at 4 female: 1 male. The ability of the microgametocytes to exflagellate and the infectivity of the population to mosquitoes persisted for 3 weeks. Antibodies to the gametocytes were detected but not in every patient studied. It was concluded that the gametocytes of P. falciparum are both long-lived and show persistent infectivity to mosquitoes. They can stimulate antibody production but the immune response appears to play no part in their elimination, which probably takes place in the spleen as a part of the normal process of removing old, damaged and malformed red cells.", "PMID": 320542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7481", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: a comparative study of artificially transformed schistosomula and schistosomula recovered after cercarial penetration of isolated skin.", "content": "A comparison was made of the ultrastructure, development and antigenic nature of the surfaces and of the viability of three types of Schistosoma mansoni: schistosomula formed after cercariae had penetrated isolated skin (SS) schistosomula produced after mechanical separation of cercarial tails from bodies (MS), and schistosomula transformed from cercariae after incubation in fresh rat serum (RS). Within 2h of transformation, the surface membranes of all three types of schistosomula had changed from trilaminate to heptalaminate structures and SS and MS had lost their cercarial glycocalyx. Initially a dense amorphous material was demonstrated on the surfaces of RS, which was thought to be the result of an interaction between a factor in rat serum and the glycocalyx; this material was greatly reduced within 2 h of transformation. The pre-acetabular glands of SS were emptied while those of MS and RS retained their contents. Immunofluorescent studies showed that all schistosomula bound serum from mice immune to S. mansoni, but the binding was stronger with MS and RS. The mixed agglutination reaction demonstrated the presence of human A and B blood group-like antigenic determinants on approximately 30% of 3h old SS; these determinants were not detected on MS or RS. In vitro, the development of MS and RS was similar to SS; the first schistosomula reached the \"gut-closed\" stage by day 10; 50-70% of SS reached this stage by day 12, in contrast to only 25-50% of MS and RS. Between 28 and 45% of all schistosomula developed to maturity when injected intravenously into mice. It was concluded that the two types of artificially prepared schistosomula fulfil the main criteria of transformation from cercaria to schistosomulum. Further, it is suggested that MS are the most appropriate source of material for immunochemical and physiological studies.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: a comparative study of artificially transformed schistosomula and schistosomula recovered after cercarial penetration of isolated skin. A comparison was made of the ultrastructure, development and antigenic nature of the surfaces and of the viability of three types of Schistosoma mansoni: schistosomula formed after cercariae had penetrated isolated skin (SS) schistosomula produced after mechanical separation of cercarial tails from bodies (MS), and schistosomula transformed from cercariae after incubation in fresh rat serum (RS). Within 2h of transformation, the surface membranes of all three types of schistosomula had changed from trilaminate to heptalaminate structures and SS and MS had lost their cercarial glycocalyx. Initially a dense amorphous material was demonstrated on the surfaces of RS, which was thought to be the result of an interaction between a factor in rat serum and the glycocalyx; this material was greatly reduced within 2 h of transformation. The pre-acetabular glands of SS were emptied while those of MS and RS retained their contents. Immunofluorescent studies showed that all schistosomula bound serum from mice immune to S. mansoni, but the binding was stronger with MS and RS. The mixed agglutination reaction demonstrated the presence of human A and B blood group-like antigenic determinants on approximately 30% of 3h old SS; these determinants were not detected on MS or RS. In vitro, the development of MS and RS was similar to SS; the first schistosomula reached the \"gut-closed\" stage by day 10; 50-70% of SS reached this stage by day 12, in contrast to only 25-50% of MS and RS. Between 28 and 45% of all schistosomula developed to maturity when injected intravenously into mice. It was concluded that the two types of artificially prepared schistosomula fulfil the main criteria of transformation from cercaria to schistosomulum. Further, it is suggested that MS are the most appropriate source of material for immunochemical and physiological studies.", "PMID": 320543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7482", "title": "Protection of mice against Babesia spp. and Plasmodium spp. with killed Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Mice which had been pre-treated with killed Corynebacterium parvum given intravenously or intraperitoneally, but not subcutaneously, were completely resistant to infection with Babesia microti or B. rodhaini, and were protected from death caused by Plasmodium vinckei or P. chabaudi infection. There is evidence that the parasites died within circulating erythrocytes. This occurred much too soon for a specific antibody response to be evoked, and no antibody could be detected by the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique. Thus it is suggested that a non-specific soluble mediator may play an important role in the protection observed.", "contents": "Protection of mice against Babesia spp. and Plasmodium spp. with killed Corynebacterium parvum. Mice which had been pre-treated with killed Corynebacterium parvum given intravenously or intraperitoneally, but not subcutaneously, were completely resistant to infection with Babesia microti or B. rodhaini, and were protected from death caused by Plasmodium vinckei or P. chabaudi infection. There is evidence that the parasites died within circulating erythrocytes. This occurred much too soon for a specific antibody response to be evoked, and no antibody could be detected by the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique. Thus it is suggested that a non-specific soluble mediator may play an important role in the protection observed.", "PMID": 320544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7483", "title": "Complement and Fc receptors on cord blood and adult neutrophils.", "content": "The percentage of neutrophils forming erythrocyte-antibody-complement complex (EAC) and with erythrocyte-antibody complex (EAG) was determined for 30 normal newborns and 10 normal adults. The cord values ranged from 84-100% EAC binding cells with a mean of 95%. The adult values ranged from 89-100% EAG binding cells with a mean of 96% rosetted neutrophils. The mean percentage of EAG binding cells in the cord samples was 81%, whereas in the seven adult samples the mean was 87%.", "contents": "Complement and Fc receptors on cord blood and adult neutrophils. The percentage of neutrophils forming erythrocyte-antibody-complement complex (EAC) and with erythrocyte-antibody complex (EAG) was determined for 30 normal newborns and 10 normal adults. The cord values ranged from 84-100% EAC binding cells with a mean of 95%. The adult values ranged from 89-100% EAG binding cells with a mean of 96% rosetted neutrophils. The mean percentage of EAG binding cells in the cord samples was 81%, whereas in the seven adult samples the mean was 87%.", "PMID": 320545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7484", "title": "Focal glomerular sclerosis.", "content": "There seems to be little doubt that FGS is a nonspecific lesion that represents one way in which the renal glomerulus responds to a variety of injuries. This is illustrated by the large number of diverse conditions with which the lesion is associated including various forms of glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, hereditary nephritis, and heroin usage. Nevertheless, there remains a relatively large isiopathic group which, though possibly heterogeneous, displays a number of characteristic clinical and pathologic features including the following: 1. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; 2. Hematuria and hypertension; 3. Normal serum complement; 4. Progressive renal insufficiency; 5. Typical pathologic lesion most common in or restricted to juxtamedullary cortex; 6. Absence of clearly defined evidence of immune complex deposition by immunofluorescent or electron microscopic studies; 7. Recurrence of the lesion following renal transplantation. The pathogenesis of these changes is unclear, the evidence for an immune complex mechanism meager, and the suggestion that the disease is mediated by a humoral mechanism remains to be explored. The potential recurrence of this lesion in the transplanted kidney affords a unique opportunity to study the disease early in its course by a variety of techniques that may help to clarify this still poorly understood entity.", "contents": "Focal glomerular sclerosis. There seems to be little doubt that FGS is a nonspecific lesion that represents one way in which the renal glomerulus responds to a variety of injuries. This is illustrated by the large number of diverse conditions with which the lesion is associated including various forms of glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, hereditary nephritis, and heroin usage. Nevertheless, there remains a relatively large isiopathic group which, though possibly heterogeneous, displays a number of characteristic clinical and pathologic features including the following: 1. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; 2. Hematuria and hypertension; 3. Normal serum complement; 4. Progressive renal insufficiency; 5. Typical pathologic lesion most common in or restricted to juxtamedullary cortex; 6. Absence of clearly defined evidence of immune complex deposition by immunofluorescent or electron microscopic studies; 7. Recurrence of the lesion following renal transplantation. The pathogenesis of these changes is unclear, the evidence for an immune complex mechanism meager, and the suggestion that the disease is mediated by a humoral mechanism remains to be explored. The potential recurrence of this lesion in the transplanted kidney affords a unique opportunity to study the disease early in its course by a variety of techniques that may help to clarify this still poorly understood entity.", "PMID": 320551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7485", "title": "[Reimplantation and autotransplantation of teeth. Review of the literature].", "content": "The most important factor for a favorable long-time prognosis of replanted and autotransplanted teeth is a short extra-alveolar periode. Implanted teeth should be followed radiographically with special attention to external resorptions as these correspond well with the histological picture. Avulsed teeth replanted within 30 minutes have a fairly good long-time prognosis. A little less than half of the teeth are still in place after five years. In international replantation the procedure can be performed with a short extraalveolar periode. By using the methods giving the shortest extraalveolar periods during autotransplantation a favorable long-time prognosis is to be expected in most of the cases. Implantation can be performed with all teeth at any developmental stage. However, a favorable long-time prognosis can only be expected where the teeth are removed from their alveoli without severe damage to the periodontal membrane. Compared to the altenative treatments which often are removable or fixed appliances or artificial implants, the prognosis for implanted teeth is sufficient good to accept the treatment as lege artis.", "contents": "[Reimplantation and autotransplantation of teeth. Review of the literature]. The most important factor for a favorable long-time prognosis of replanted and autotransplanted teeth is a short extra-alveolar periode. Implanted teeth should be followed radiographically with special attention to external resorptions as these correspond well with the histological picture. Avulsed teeth replanted within 30 minutes have a fairly good long-time prognosis. A little less than half of the teeth are still in place after five years. In international replantation the procedure can be performed with a short extraalveolar periode. By using the methods giving the shortest extraalveolar periods during autotransplantation a favorable long-time prognosis is to be expected in most of the cases. Implantation can be performed with all teeth at any developmental stage. However, a favorable long-time prognosis can only be expected where the teeth are removed from their alveoli without severe damage to the periodontal membrane. Compared to the altenative treatments which often are removable or fixed appliances or artificial implants, the prognosis for implanted teeth is sufficient good to accept the treatment as lege artis.", "PMID": 320556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7486", "title": "[Antigonadotropic actions of prolactin. Study of 10 cases of women with hyperprolactinemia].", "content": "In order to determine the pituitary or ovarian site of the anti-gonadotrophic action of prolactin (PRL), ten women with hyperprolactinaemia were studied in the following way: 1) Repeated estimations of PRL, gonadotrophins (LH and FSH), plasma estradiol and progesterone during six weeks of treatment with bromocriptine. 2) Verification of the effects of estradiol benzoate on LH and FSH levels before and after normalisation of prolactin. 3) Exploration of the ovarian response to the administration of human menopausal gonadotrophin. Without it being possible to exclude any direct effect of prolactin on the ovary, it may be affirmed that the hormone decreases the sensitivity of the gonadotrophic cells to the positive feedback mechanism exerted by plasma estradiol.", "contents": "[Antigonadotropic actions of prolactin. Study of 10 cases of women with hyperprolactinemia]. In order to determine the pituitary or ovarian site of the anti-gonadotrophic action of prolactin (PRL), ten women with hyperprolactinaemia were studied in the following way: 1) Repeated estimations of PRL, gonadotrophins (LH and FSH), plasma estradiol and progesterone during six weeks of treatment with bromocriptine. 2) Verification of the effects of estradiol benzoate on LH and FSH levels before and after normalisation of prolactin. 3) Exploration of the ovarian response to the administration of human menopausal gonadotrophin. Without it being possible to exclude any direct effect of prolactin on the ovary, it may be affirmed that the hormone decreases the sensitivity of the gonadotrophic cells to the positive feedback mechanism exerted by plasma estradiol.", "PMID": 320558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7487", "title": "On the mechanism of oligonucleotide-primed RNA synthesis. I. Model studies with deoxyhomopolymer templates and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "We have studied the effect of temperature, primer chain length and primer concentration on the oligonucleotide-primed transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Our experiments with the homopolymer model systems poly(dT) .oligo(A)n, poly(dA) .oligo(U)n and poly(dA) .oligo(dT)n lead to three main conclusions. First, de novo chain initiation on single-stranded templates is preferentially suppressed at higher temperatures. Second, stable annealing of template and primer is neither a prerequisite nor does it stimulate the primer-dependent transcription. Third, formation of the ternary enzyme-template-primer complex is a rate-limiting step in the oligonucleotide-primed RNA synthesis. The maximal rate of primer-stimulated RNA synthesis, moreover, is strongly dependent on the nature of the primer and decreases in the order oligo(A)-primed poly(A) synthesis greater than oligo(U)-primed poly(U) synthesis greater than oligo(dT)-primed poly(U) synthesis. We attribute this to differences in the rate at which the first nucleotide is added to the primer. Raising temperature and primer concentration renders transcription in the model systems almost completely primer-dependent. This can be useful in a transcription approach to DNA sequence analysis.", "contents": "On the mechanism of oligonucleotide-primed RNA synthesis. I. Model studies with deoxyhomopolymer templates and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. We have studied the effect of temperature, primer chain length and primer concentration on the oligonucleotide-primed transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Our experiments with the homopolymer model systems poly(dT) .oligo(A)n, poly(dA) .oligo(U)n and poly(dA) .oligo(dT)n lead to three main conclusions. First, de novo chain initiation on single-stranded templates is preferentially suppressed at higher temperatures. Second, stable annealing of template and primer is neither a prerequisite nor does it stimulate the primer-dependent transcription. Third, formation of the ternary enzyme-template-primer complex is a rate-limiting step in the oligonucleotide-primed RNA synthesis. The maximal rate of primer-stimulated RNA synthesis, moreover, is strongly dependent on the nature of the primer and decreases in the order oligo(A)-primed poly(A) synthesis greater than oligo(U)-primed poly(U) synthesis greater than oligo(dT)-primed poly(U) synthesis. We attribute this to differences in the rate at which the first nucleotide is added to the primer. Raising temperature and primer concentration renders transcription in the model systems almost completely primer-dependent. This can be useful in a transcription approach to DNA sequence analysis.", "PMID": 320559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7488", "title": "On the mechanism of oligonucleotide-primed RNA synthesis. II. Synthesis of specific primer-initiated RNA copies suitable for DNA sequence analysis.", "content": "The effect of temperature and primer concentration on oligonucleotide-primed transcription has been studied using the separated strands of a well-defined natural DNA as template. Results were similar to those obtained in the homopolymer-directed model systems. At high temperature and excess primer concentration mainly primer-initiated RNA copies are synthesized. Omission of one ribonucleoside triphosphate also makes the termination specific. The unique RNA fragments thus obtained have been used to determine the perfectly-repeated sequence of 68 base pairs in this DNA.", "contents": "On the mechanism of oligonucleotide-primed RNA synthesis. II. Synthesis of specific primer-initiated RNA copies suitable for DNA sequence analysis. The effect of temperature and primer concentration on oligonucleotide-primed transcription has been studied using the separated strands of a well-defined natural DNA as template. Results were similar to those obtained in the homopolymer-directed model systems. At high temperature and excess primer concentration mainly primer-initiated RNA copies are synthesized. Omission of one ribonucleoside triphosphate also makes the termination specific. The unique RNA fragments thus obtained have been used to determine the perfectly-repeated sequence of 68 base pairs in this DNA.", "PMID": 320560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7489", "title": "Isolation of ribosomal protein-RNA complexes by nitrocellulose membrane filtration: equilibrium binding studies.", "content": "E. coli ribosomal proteins are retained by nitrocellulose filters. In contrast, 16S RNA passes through nitrocellulose filters. We have found that specific protein-RNA complexes involving single proteins also pass through nitrocellulose filters. Thus, by utilizing radioactively labeled r-proteins, nitrocellulose filtration can be used to study directly and sensitively the stoichiometry of r-protein-RNA association. The filtration process maintains near equilibrium conditions, making it applicable to weak as well as strong protein-RNA associations. We have used nitrocellulose filtration to obtain saturation binding curves for the association of proteins S4, S7, S8 and S20 with 16S RNA. In each case, the stoichiometry of binding was one mole of protein or less per mole of RNA. The stoichiometry of protein S8 binding to 16S RNA measured by filtration is comparable to that observed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Association constants for the binding of proteins S4, S8 and S20 to 16S RNA have been determined by analysis of the saturation binding curves and were found to range from .3-6 X 10(7)M-1.", "contents": "Isolation of ribosomal protein-RNA complexes by nitrocellulose membrane filtration: equilibrium binding studies. E. coli ribosomal proteins are retained by nitrocellulose filters. In contrast, 16S RNA passes through nitrocellulose filters. We have found that specific protein-RNA complexes involving single proteins also pass through nitrocellulose filters. Thus, by utilizing radioactively labeled r-proteins, nitrocellulose filtration can be used to study directly and sensitively the stoichiometry of r-protein-RNA association. The filtration process maintains near equilibrium conditions, making it applicable to weak as well as strong protein-RNA associations. We have used nitrocellulose filtration to obtain saturation binding curves for the association of proteins S4, S7, S8 and S20 with 16S RNA. In each case, the stoichiometry of binding was one mole of protein or less per mole of RNA. The stoichiometry of protein S8 binding to 16S RNA measured by filtration is comparable to that observed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Association constants for the binding of proteins S4, S8 and S20 to 16S RNA have been determined by analysis of the saturation binding curves and were found to range from .3-6 X 10(7)M-1.", "PMID": 320562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7490", "title": "Florence Nightingale: reformer, reactionary, researcher.", "content": "This article discusses the development and significant aspects of Florence Nightingale's beliefs and philosophy as they contributed to her character formation and the roles through which she has been historically recognized. Her beliefs about God and man, explored against a backdrop of the Victorian world, are shown as the essence of her philosophy out of which she initiated major changes in the social life of England. Nightingale's substantive corrective reforms, reflected in attitudinal, educational, organizational, and sociopolitical changes, and her system for effecting them are presented. Chief among these reforms were the system of initiation of nursing as a service and an education: constructive social utilization of women; education for women; national health, hospital and military medical reform for the British Empire, including India. Nightingale's ability to react to and obstruct progressive movement with which she disagreed is also review. The research capacities and contributions of Nightingale as an avenue through which she advocated and documented the changes and reforms proposed and executed are also discussed.", "contents": "Florence Nightingale: reformer, reactionary, researcher. This article discusses the development and significant aspects of Florence Nightingale's beliefs and philosophy as they contributed to her character formation and the roles through which she has been historically recognized. Her beliefs about God and man, explored against a backdrop of the Victorian world, are shown as the essence of her philosophy out of which she initiated major changes in the social life of England. Nightingale's substantive corrective reforms, reflected in attitudinal, educational, organizational, and sociopolitical changes, and her system for effecting them are presented. Chief among these reforms were the system of initiation of nursing as a service and an education: constructive social utilization of women; education for women; national health, hospital and military medical reform for the British Empire, including India. Nightingale's ability to react to and obstruct progressive movement with which she disagreed is also review. The research capacities and contributions of Nightingale as an avenue through which she advocated and documented the changes and reforms proposed and executed are also discussed.", "PMID": 320564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7491", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological screening of certain spiro compounds.", "content": "The synthesis of certain azaspirodione, azaspirane and bis-azaspirodione derivatives is described. Fusing equimolecular amounts of 3-oxaspiro[5.5]undecane-2.4-dione with certain amino compounds afforded the corresponding N-substituted azaspirodiones. Reduction of the N-harolaryl azaspirodiones gave the oxygen-free analogues. Reacting 3-azaspiro[5.5]undecane-2.4-dione with certain secondary amines under the Mannich conditions yielded the expected bases. Reacting one equivalent of ethylene-diamine with two equivalents of 2-oxaspiro[4.4]nonane-1.3-dione and the next higher homologues, viz, the decane and undecane afforded the respective ethylene bis-azaspirodiones. Likewise, on applying the Mannich conditions to the nitrogen analogues of the before-mentioned oxaspirodiones using piperazine as the secondary amine, bis-azaspirodions were obtained. The result of the pharmacological screening of some of the synthesized spiro compounds is included.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological screening of certain spiro compounds. The synthesis of certain azaspirodione, azaspirane and bis-azaspirodione derivatives is described. Fusing equimolecular amounts of 3-oxaspiro[5.5]undecane-2.4-dione with certain amino compounds afforded the corresponding N-substituted azaspirodiones. Reduction of the N-harolaryl azaspirodiones gave the oxygen-free analogues. Reacting 3-azaspiro[5.5]undecane-2.4-dione with certain secondary amines under the Mannich conditions yielded the expected bases. Reacting one equivalent of ethylene-diamine with two equivalents of 2-oxaspiro[4.4]nonane-1.3-dione and the next higher homologues, viz, the decane and undecane afforded the respective ethylene bis-azaspirodiones. Likewise, on applying the Mannich conditions to the nitrogen analogues of the before-mentioned oxaspirodiones using piperazine as the secondary amine, bis-azaspirodions were obtained. The result of the pharmacological screening of some of the synthesized spiro compounds is included.", "PMID": 320606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7492", "title": "Interaction between thiamine hydrochloride and lipoic acid.", "content": "An interaction between thiamine hydrochloride and DL-alpha-lipoic acid in aqueous solution was depicted. Evidence is presented through spectrophotometric as well as vapour pressure measurements to show that thiamine hydrochloride and DL-alpha-lipoic acid form a single 1:1 complex. The stability constant and the molar extinction coefficient of the complex (at 244 nm) were determined at 25 degrees C and found to be 3.1-10(4) and 970, respectively. Vapour pressure measurements at 60 degrees C reveal that more or less complete dissociation of the complete takes place at this temperature.", "contents": "Interaction between thiamine hydrochloride and lipoic acid. An interaction between thiamine hydrochloride and DL-alpha-lipoic acid in aqueous solution was depicted. Evidence is presented through spectrophotometric as well as vapour pressure measurements to show that thiamine hydrochloride and DL-alpha-lipoic acid form a single 1:1 complex. The stability constant and the molar extinction coefficient of the complex (at 244 nm) were determined at 25 degrees C and found to be 3.1-10(4) and 970, respectively. Vapour pressure measurements at 60 degrees C reveal that more or less complete dissociation of the complete takes place at this temperature.", "PMID": 320607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7493", "title": "delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol effects on the immune response of mice.", "content": "delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) elicited a dose-dependent (1, 5, 10 mg/kg) depression of the immune response, of immature mice, stimulated with sheep red blood cells. The impairment of humoral immunity was specific for THC but not for cannabidiol at 25 mg/kg or cannabinol at 25 mg/kg. The mice were given four daily doses (i.p.) of either drug or vehicle (Tween 80-propylene glycol in 1% saline) or a single injection (i.p.) of sheep red blood cells in addition to four daily doses (i.p.) of drug or vehicle. Suppression of the antigenic response by THC was reflected as a reduction of splenic weight, reduction in the number of splenic antibody-forming cells, lowered hemagglutination titer and reduction in the percentage of splenic white pulp of total spleen volume.", "contents": "delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol effects on the immune response of mice. delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) elicited a dose-dependent (1, 5, 10 mg/kg) depression of the immune response, of immature mice, stimulated with sheep red blood cells. The impairment of humoral immunity was specific for THC but not for cannabidiol at 25 mg/kg or cannabinol at 25 mg/kg. The mice were given four daily doses (i.p.) of either drug or vehicle (Tween 80-propylene glycol in 1% saline) or a single injection (i.p.) of sheep red blood cells in addition to four daily doses (i.p.) of drug or vehicle. Suppression of the antigenic response by THC was reflected as a reduction of splenic weight, reduction in the number of splenic antibody-forming cells, lowered hemagglutination titer and reduction in the percentage of splenic white pulp of total spleen volume.", "PMID": 320608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7494", "title": "The epigastric island flap.", "content": "We describe a paramedian epigastric island flap fed by the perforators of the superior-inferior epigastric vessels. It is transferred with an intervening strip of muscle and fascia. A case is reported and the future possibilities of the flap are discussed.", "contents": "The epigastric island flap. We describe a paramedian epigastric island flap fed by the perforators of the superior-inferior epigastric vessels. It is transferred with an intervening strip of muscle and fascia. A case is reported and the future possibilities of the flap are discussed.", "PMID": 320611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7495", "title": "Severe traumatic oculo-orbital displacement. Diagnosis and secondary treatment.", "content": "We have treated 12 patients with severe oculo-orbital trauma during the past 3 years. The structural problems, produced by disruption or displacement of the orbital cone, were treated effectively (and, on occasion, preferentially) with onlay bone grafts. For an effective correction, we advise radical mobilization of the soft tissue and simultaneous correction on the ocular adnexal deformities. Ocular muscle problems are produced by direct injury to the extraocular muscles, or oculomotor nerve, and were possible these should be corrected early. The structural damage to the eye and orbit falls into certain patterns, related to weak points about the orbit. These have been described.", "contents": "Severe traumatic oculo-orbital displacement. Diagnosis and secondary treatment. We have treated 12 patients with severe oculo-orbital trauma during the past 3 years. The structural problems, produced by disruption or displacement of the orbital cone, were treated effectively (and, on occasion, preferentially) with onlay bone grafts. For an effective correction, we advise radical mobilization of the soft tissue and simultaneous correction on the ocular adnexal deformities. Ocular muscle problems are produced by direct injury to the extraocular muscles, or oculomotor nerve, and were possible these should be corrected early. The structural damage to the eye and orbit falls into certain patterns, related to weak points about the orbit. These have been described.", "PMID": 320612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7496", "title": "Experience with the deltopectoral flap.", "content": "The deltopectoral flap is a most versatile source of skin coverage or mucosal lining (or both). There is remarkable safety in the use of this flap in relation to its size, and there is only limited need for delay--because it pedicle is an axial flap. Nonetheless, the terminal part requires the attention to detail which any random flap requires--such as the avoidance of hematoma and infection and the prevention of tension, kinking, and angulation. This not only will ensure the safety of the flap, but also will prevent the rather common and annoying minor complications that delay the patient's convalescence.", "contents": "Experience with the deltopectoral flap. The deltopectoral flap is a most versatile source of skin coverage or mucosal lining (or both). There is remarkable safety in the use of this flap in relation to its size, and there is only limited need for delay--because it pedicle is an axial flap. Nonetheless, the terminal part requires the attention to detail which any random flap requires--such as the avoidance of hematoma and infection and the prevention of tension, kinking, and angulation. This not only will ensure the safety of the flap, but also will prevent the rather common and annoying minor complications that delay the patient's convalescence.", "PMID": 320613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7497", "title": "Reconstruction of the floor of the mouth with a free Dorsalis pedis flap.", "content": "The dorsalis pedis flap used for immediate reconstruction in two patients after resection of cancers of the floor of the mouth. The procedure has much to recommend it in the immediate repair of such defects.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the floor of the mouth with a free Dorsalis pedis flap. The dorsalis pedis flap used for immediate reconstruction in two patients after resection of cancers of the floor of the mouth. The procedure has much to recommend it in the immediate repair of such defects.", "PMID": 320614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7498", "title": "Experimental use of a gastric flap on an omental pedicle to close defects in the trachea, pharynx, or cervical esophagus.", "content": "The use of local or regional skin flaps for repairs after head and neck cancer surgery often increases the deformity of the patient. We present a new procedure using a gastric flap on an omental pedicle. It has been successful in dog experiments where we transferred it to the head and neck region, to serve as a substitute for the standard skin flaps.", "contents": "Experimental use of a gastric flap on an omental pedicle to close defects in the trachea, pharynx, or cervical esophagus. The use of local or regional skin flaps for repairs after head and neck cancer surgery often increases the deformity of the patient. We present a new procedure using a gastric flap on an omental pedicle. It has been successful in dog experiments where we transferred it to the head and neck region, to serve as a substitute for the standard skin flaps.", "PMID": 320615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7499", "title": "Exposed cranial implants--a salvage operation.", "content": "We present our rationale for attempting to cover some exposed cranial implants by tissue transfers. We have tried this in 9 patients, and we have had success in 5.", "contents": "Exposed cranial implants--a salvage operation. We present our rationale for attempting to cover some exposed cranial implants by tissue transfers. We have tried this in 9 patients, and we have had success in 5.", "PMID": 320616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7500", "title": "A psychoanalytic view of mental health. Samuel Pepys and his diary.", "content": "It has been difficult to illustrate specific criteria for mental health, largely because of the lack of adequately documented examples. The Diary of Samuel Pepys is a unique soure of data about a man who was not only exceptionally interesting, but was relatively healthy as well.", "contents": "A psychoanalytic view of mental health. Samuel Pepys and his diary. It has been difficult to illustrate specific criteria for mental health, largely because of the lack of adequately documented examples. The Diary of Samuel Pepys is a unique soure of data about a man who was not only exceptionally interesting, but was relatively healthy as well.", "PMID": 320617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7501", "title": "Anomalous pulmonary venous connection of entire left lung with intact atrial septum.", "content": "Three cases of total unilateral pulmonary venous connection of the left lung with intact atrial septum are described. All patients were acyanotic and had findings of volume overload of the right side of the heart. An anomalous vertical vein in the superior mediastinum and large pulmonary arteries were visible on the plain chest radiograph, similar to what is seen in cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Selective pulmonary angiography delineated the anomalous connection of the left pulmonary veins and documented the absence of an atrial septal defect.", "contents": "Anomalous pulmonary venous connection of entire left lung with intact atrial septum. Three cases of total unilateral pulmonary venous connection of the left lung with intact atrial septum are described. All patients were acyanotic and had findings of volume overload of the right side of the heart. An anomalous vertical vein in the superior mediastinum and large pulmonary arteries were visible on the plain chest radiograph, similar to what is seen in cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Selective pulmonary angiography delineated the anomalous connection of the left pulmonary veins and documented the absence of an atrial septal defect.", "PMID": 320626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7502", "title": "The effect of naproxen-sodium on the intrauterine pressure and menstrual pain of dysmenorrheic patients.", "content": "The Prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor: Naproxen-Sodium (NS) (an analgesic agent) very significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced the \"resting\" and \"active\" pressures and the frequency of cyclic uterine activity of 10 dysmenorrheic patients. It also highly significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) menstrual pain. Since these effects were observed after a single oral dose of 1100 mg NS, without side effects or complications, extensive field trials are recommended for assessing therapeutic benefits of this treatment.", "contents": "The effect of naproxen-sodium on the intrauterine pressure and menstrual pain of dysmenorrheic patients. The Prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor: Naproxen-Sodium (NS) (an analgesic agent) very significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced the \"resting\" and \"active\" pressures and the frequency of cyclic uterine activity of 10 dysmenorrheic patients. It also highly significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) menstrual pain. Since these effects were observed after a single oral dose of 1100 mg NS, without side effects or complications, extensive field trials are recommended for assessing therapeutic benefits of this treatment.", "PMID": 320630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7503", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of hepatitis associated antigen (HAA).", "content": "Due to its high sensitivity, radioimmunoassay has become of great importance in the detection and measurement of levels of proteins and steroids in body fluids. However, this method involves the use of expensive equipment and radioactive material. Herein is described an alternate method to radioimmunoassay, which uses an enzyme-labeled rather than a radioactively-labeled antibody. An enzyme immunoassay procedure, the Cordia HAA-enzyme Immunoassay, for the detection of hepatitis-associated antigen has been evaluated. With this technique a sandwich type immunoassay with an alkaline phosphatase tagged second antibody is used. The presence of antigen is detected by the p-nitrophenyl phosphotase activity of the bound enzyme. In 1083 clinical samples from patients of Jackson Memorial Hospital, only 19 discrepant results were found when tested by both the Cordia and the Ausria II methods. Eight had sufficient sera for retesting, yielding two positive Cordia, negative Austia; one negative Cordia, positive Ausria; one borderline positive; and four unconfirmed false positives by Cordia.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of hepatitis associated antigen (HAA). Due to its high sensitivity, radioimmunoassay has become of great importance in the detection and measurement of levels of proteins and steroids in body fluids. However, this method involves the use of expensive equipment and radioactive material. Herein is described an alternate method to radioimmunoassay, which uses an enzyme-labeled rather than a radioactively-labeled antibody. An enzyme immunoassay procedure, the Cordia HAA-enzyme Immunoassay, for the detection of hepatitis-associated antigen has been evaluated. With this technique a sandwich type immunoassay with an alkaline phosphatase tagged second antibody is used. The presence of antigen is detected by the p-nitrophenyl phosphotase activity of the bound enzyme. In 1083 clinical samples from patients of Jackson Memorial Hospital, only 19 discrepant results were found when tested by both the Cordia and the Ausria II methods. Eight had sufficient sera for retesting, yielding two positive Cordia, negative Austia; one negative Cordia, positive Ausria; one borderline positive; and four unconfirmed false positives by Cordia.", "PMID": 320636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7504", "title": "[Immunsuppression under vitamin B6 deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of a Vitamin B6 free diet and the effect of Desoxipyridoxin (a potent Vitamin B6 Antagonist) on the immunesystem of mice was investigated in several experimental setups. Rejection times of skintransplants from inbred strains (129 J) on C57bl/6J mice served as a model for immunosuppression. Rejection times under alimentary Vitamin B6 deficiency did not exceed those under hypocaloric nutrition associated with comparable weight loss. Immunosuppression with the Vitamin B6 antagonist Desoxipyridoxin was much more pronounced. The effect was related to the duration of treatment. Desoxipyridoxin offers the possibility of effective immunsuppression, which is readily reversible.", "contents": "[Immunsuppression under vitamin B6 deficiency (author's transl)]. The influence of a Vitamin B6 free diet and the effect of Desoxipyridoxin (a potent Vitamin B6 Antagonist) on the immunesystem of mice was investigated in several experimental setups. Rejection times of skintransplants from inbred strains (129 J) on C57bl/6J mice served as a model for immunosuppression. Rejection times under alimentary Vitamin B6 deficiency did not exceed those under hypocaloric nutrition associated with comparable weight loss. Immunosuppression with the Vitamin B6 antagonist Desoxipyridoxin was much more pronounced. The effect was related to the duration of treatment. Desoxipyridoxin offers the possibility of effective immunsuppression, which is readily reversible.", "PMID": 320637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7505", "title": "[High-voltage electrophoresis of dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli W 3110 (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for the high-voltage electrophoresis of dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli W 3110 is described. Dihydrofolate reductase catalyses the reduction of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid. By addition of a tetrazolium salt, tetrahydrofolic acid reacts by formation of a violet water insoluble formazane which is an indicator for the enzyme. Besides several unspecific bands, two isoenzymes of the dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli W 3110 are found which are specificially inhibited by the folate antagonists methotrexate and trimethoprime in a concentration of 0, 1muM, 1 muM respectively.", "contents": "[High-voltage electrophoresis of dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli W 3110 (author's transl)]. A method for the high-voltage electrophoresis of dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli W 3110 is described. Dihydrofolate reductase catalyses the reduction of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid. By addition of a tetrazolium salt, tetrahydrofolic acid reacts by formation of a violet water insoluble formazane which is an indicator for the enzyme. Besides several unspecific bands, two isoenzymes of the dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli W 3110 are found which are specificially inhibited by the folate antagonists methotrexate and trimethoprime in a concentration of 0, 1muM, 1 muM respectively.", "PMID": 320638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7506", "title": "Leptospires isolated from wild mammals caught in the south west of England.", "content": "Leptospires of the serogroups Australis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis, Javanica and Pomona were isolated from wildlife caught in the south west of England.", "contents": "Leptospires isolated from wild mammals caught in the south west of England. Leptospires of the serogroups Australis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis, Javanica and Pomona were isolated from wildlife caught in the south west of England.", "PMID": 320639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7507", "title": "Preventive practices in schoolchildren in Oppegard, Norway, related to some background factors.", "content": "As part of a clinical trial among schoolchildren in a suburban community just outside Oslo, dental preventive behavior was studied by means of mailed questionnaires. In all, 340 mothers, i.e. 95% of the sample, filled out and returned the forms. The results indicate a distinct and improving preventive attitude in the target population. The age of the family was the most influential background variable.", "contents": "Preventive practices in schoolchildren in Oppegard, Norway, related to some background factors. As part of a clinical trial among schoolchildren in a suburban community just outside Oslo, dental preventive behavior was studied by means of mailed questionnaires. In all, 340 mothers, i.e. 95% of the sample, filled out and returned the forms. The results indicate a distinct and improving preventive attitude in the target population. The age of the family was the most influential background variable.", "PMID": 320646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7508", "title": "Metabolic disturbances of the lymphoid cells and their significance for clinical pathology.", "content": "The presentation and discussion of the metabolic disturbances of lymphoid cells is preceded by some brief data on their nomenclature, philogeny, morphology and methodology (some regarding T and B lymphocytes). The most noteworthy results of cytochemical investigations are those concerning cellular biochemical components such as DNA, RNA, glycogen and lipids. Emphasis is layed on the results of optic and electronic cytoautoradiographic investigations. The cytoenzymologic explorations have shown the necessity of determining the activity of certain enzymes such as acid phosphatases, beta-glucuronidase, aryl-sulphatase, succin-dehydrogenase (SDH), lactic and malate dehydrogenases (LDH and MDH), glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), DNA- and RNA-polymerases, certain proteases, dihydrofolate-reductase, a.o. The author insists on the value of the data obtained by the above mentioned investigations for the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of acute and chronic leukemias, various lymphomas, Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, a.o.", "contents": "Metabolic disturbances of the lymphoid cells and their significance for clinical pathology. The presentation and discussion of the metabolic disturbances of lymphoid cells is preceded by some brief data on their nomenclature, philogeny, morphology and methodology (some regarding T and B lymphocytes). The most noteworthy results of cytochemical investigations are those concerning cellular biochemical components such as DNA, RNA, glycogen and lipids. Emphasis is layed on the results of optic and electronic cytoautoradiographic investigations. The cytoenzymologic explorations have shown the necessity of determining the activity of certain enzymes such as acid phosphatases, beta-glucuronidase, aryl-sulphatase, succin-dehydrogenase (SDH), lactic and malate dehydrogenases (LDH and MDH), glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), DNA- and RNA-polymerases, certain proteases, dihydrofolate-reductase, a.o. The author insists on the value of the data obtained by the above mentioned investigations for the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of acute and chronic leukemias, various lymphomas, Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, a.o.", "PMID": 320644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7509", "title": "DNA synthesis in unstimulated blood lymphocytes of patients with untreated malignant lymphomas or other malignant tumors.", "content": "Blood lymphocyte DNA synthesis, as expressed by 24-h uptake of 3H-thymidine in culture of mononuclear peripheral blood leucocytes has been reduced prior to treatment in 18 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 11 with non-leukaemic lymphosarcoma, 13 with reticulosarcoma and 20 with various solid tumors, and compared to 37 normal control subjects.The 3H-thymidine uptake was significantly increased in all the patient groups, but no significant difference existed between them. Increased uptake of 3H-thymidine did not appear to correlate with the degree of dissemination in any of the patient groups or with the presence or absence of general symptoms in malignant lymphoma. It is concluded that increased DNA synthesis in peripheral blood lymphocytes is a feature not limited to Hodgkin's disease, but found in non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas and other malignancies to about the same extent.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in unstimulated blood lymphocytes of patients with untreated malignant lymphomas or other malignant tumors. Blood lymphocyte DNA synthesis, as expressed by 24-h uptake of 3H-thymidine in culture of mononuclear peripheral blood leucocytes has been reduced prior to treatment in 18 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 11 with non-leukaemic lymphosarcoma, 13 with reticulosarcoma and 20 with various solid tumors, and compared to 37 normal control subjects.The 3H-thymidine uptake was significantly increased in all the patient groups, but no significant difference existed between them. Increased uptake of 3H-thymidine did not appear to correlate with the degree of dissemination in any of the patient groups or with the presence or absence of general symptoms in malignant lymphoma. It is concluded that increased DNA synthesis in peripheral blood lymphocytes is a feature not limited to Hodgkin's disease, but found in non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas and other malignancies to about the same extent.", "PMID": 320650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7510", "title": "Peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in influenza patients.", "content": "The peripheral blood lymphocyte populations were determined in 10 patients during the acute phase of influenza and 6-8 weeks after recovery. The percentage of T-lymphocytes, demonstrated by their binding sheep erythrocytes non-specifically (E-rosette forming cells), was decreased during influenza. A relative and absolute increase of non-T-lymphocytes could be shown by the determination on these cells of receptors for activiated C'3 (EAC-rosette forming cells).", "contents": "Peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in influenza patients. The peripheral blood lymphocyte populations were determined in 10 patients during the acute phase of influenza and 6-8 weeks after recovery. The percentage of T-lymphocytes, demonstrated by their binding sheep erythrocytes non-specifically (E-rosette forming cells), was decreased during influenza. A relative and absolute increase of non-T-lymphocytes could be shown by the determination on these cells of receptors for activiated C'3 (EAC-rosette forming cells).", "PMID": 320651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7511", "title": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci as an important cause of perinatal mortality.", "content": "Bacteriological and pathological examinations of all 73 stillborn infants and 96 infants dying soon after delivery in V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden during the period 1971-1974 are reported. 35 infants had a severe infection. Beta-hemolytic streptococci group B were isolated in 7 cases from different organs. Intrauterine death occurred in 2 cases; 4 liveborn infants showed early signs of respiratory distress, apneic episodes and cyanosis; 1 infant showed signs of intrauterine asphyxia and was severely asphyctic at birth. Thus, infection with group B streptococci occurred in 20% of the infants who succumbed to infections during this period.", "contents": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci as an important cause of perinatal mortality. Bacteriological and pathological examinations of all 73 stillborn infants and 96 infants dying soon after delivery in V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden during the period 1971-1974 are reported. 35 infants had a severe infection. Beta-hemolytic streptococci group B were isolated in 7 cases from different organs. Intrauterine death occurred in 2 cases; 4 liveborn infants showed early signs of respiratory distress, apneic episodes and cyanosis; 1 infant showed signs of intrauterine asphyxia and was severely asphyctic at birth. Thus, infection with group B streptococci occurred in 20% of the infants who succumbed to infections during this period.", "PMID": 320652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7512", "title": "Serum antibodies to plaque bacteria in subjects with dental caries and gingivitis.", "content": "Correlations were sought between indices of gingival inflammation and dental caries experience and serum antibody titers to five species of oral bacteria. The material comprised 53 young adult males. A statistically significant, negative correlation was observed between the antibody titer to a pool of Veillonella strains and dental caries experience. Multiple regression analyses failed to reveal significant associations between periodontal disease and serum antibody titers. However, the data suggested a combined association of the titers to the strains of Veillonella and a strain of Fusobacterium with the periodontal index.", "contents": "Serum antibodies to plaque bacteria in subjects with dental caries and gingivitis. Correlations were sought between indices of gingival inflammation and dental caries experience and serum antibody titers to five species of oral bacteria. The material comprised 53 young adult males. A statistically significant, negative correlation was observed between the antibody titer to a pool of Veillonella strains and dental caries experience. Multiple regression analyses failed to reveal significant associations between periodontal disease and serum antibody titers. However, the data suggested a combined association of the titers to the strains of Veillonella and a strain of Fusobacterium with the periodontal index.", "PMID": 320647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7513", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus in the throat: A saprophyte or a pathogen?", "content": "144 industrial workers were investigated for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the upper respiratory tract because 53 of them had complained of chronic throat discomfort. Significantly more patients with subjective throat complaints harboured Staph. aureus in the nose (49.1%) and throat (32.1%) than patients without such symptoms (27.4% and 9.9%, respectively). No Staph. aureus were found in throat swab cultures from 21 randomly selected individuals working in a similar factory where no chronic throat discomfort was reported and only 2 throat carriers of Staph. aureus were found among 66 medical undergraduates investigated. The staphylocci belonged to several different phage type patterns and could not be recovered on sedimentation plates or from machines or products. In the light of these and other findings it was suggested that the staphylocci accentuated an already existing damage of the mucous membrane of the throat, but seemed not to be the primary cause of the discomfort.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus in the throat: A saprophyte or a pathogen? 144 industrial workers were investigated for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the upper respiratory tract because 53 of them had complained of chronic throat discomfort. Significantly more patients with subjective throat complaints harboured Staph. aureus in the nose (49.1%) and throat (32.1%) than patients without such symptoms (27.4% and 9.9%, respectively). No Staph. aureus were found in throat swab cultures from 21 randomly selected individuals working in a similar factory where no chronic throat discomfort was reported and only 2 throat carriers of Staph. aureus were found among 66 medical undergraduates investigated. The staphylocci belonged to several different phage type patterns and could not be recovered on sedimentation plates or from machines or products. In the light of these and other findings it was suggested that the staphylocci accentuated an already existing damage of the mucous membrane of the throat, but seemed not to be the primary cause of the discomfort.", "PMID": 320653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7514", "title": "The predominant cultivable microflora of advanced periodontitis.", "content": "A study on the predominant cultivable microorganisms harbored in the base of deep periodontal pockets of eight patients aged 34-48 years was carried out using the roll tube culture technique. From a total of 475 isolates, 425 (89.5%) were obligate anaerobes, 356(74.9%) were Gram-negative, and 441(92.8%) were categorized as rods. Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Fusobacterium nucleatum constituted the majority of the isolates in seven samples, but their mutual proportions differed considerably between the samples. One sample was dominated by Actinomyces species. Some periodontopathic potentials of the predominating Gram-negative rods are summarized.", "contents": "The predominant cultivable microflora of advanced periodontitis. A study on the predominant cultivable microorganisms harbored in the base of deep periodontal pockets of eight patients aged 34-48 years was carried out using the roll tube culture technique. From a total of 475 isolates, 425 (89.5%) were obligate anaerobes, 356(74.9%) were Gram-negative, and 441(92.8%) were categorized as rods. Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Fusobacterium nucleatum constituted the majority of the isolates in seven samples, but their mutual proportions differed considerably between the samples. One sample was dominated by Actinomyces species. Some periodontopathic potentials of the predominating Gram-negative rods are summarized.", "PMID": 320648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7515", "title": "Ampicillin and pivampicillin in the treatment of urinary tract infection in children.", "content": "16 children, aged 1-10 years, suffering from urinary tract infection were randomly divided into two groups. Ten children were treated with ampicillin pediatric suspension in a dose of 100 mg ampicillin/kg/24 hours divided in 4 doses, and 6 children with pivampicillin base pediatric suspension in a dose of 64.8 mg/kg/24 hours divided in 4 doses (approximately 50 mg ampicillin/kg). The treatment period was 14 days with all infections being cured. Despite the fact that pivampicillin was administered in half of the dosage of ampicillin the resulting peak serum concentration was 65% higher and was achieved more rapidly. The bioavailability and urine concentration were also greater. A marked change in the rectal aerobic bacterial flora occurred during both treatment regimens. In 13 children (81%) a shift took place from ampicillin-sensitive E. coli to ampicillin-resistant Klebsiella strains as the predominating microbe, equally often in both groups of treatment. Ampicillin-resistant E. coli appeared in one child in each group.", "contents": "Ampicillin and pivampicillin in the treatment of urinary tract infection in children. 16 children, aged 1-10 years, suffering from urinary tract infection were randomly divided into two groups. Ten children were treated with ampicillin pediatric suspension in a dose of 100 mg ampicillin/kg/24 hours divided in 4 doses, and 6 children with pivampicillin base pediatric suspension in a dose of 64.8 mg/kg/24 hours divided in 4 doses (approximately 50 mg ampicillin/kg). The treatment period was 14 days with all infections being cured. Despite the fact that pivampicillin was administered in half of the dosage of ampicillin the resulting peak serum concentration was 65% higher and was achieved more rapidly. The bioavailability and urine concentration were also greater. A marked change in the rectal aerobic bacterial flora occurred during both treatment regimens. In 13 children (81%) a shift took place from ampicillin-sensitive E. coli to ampicillin-resistant Klebsiella strains as the predominating microbe, equally often in both groups of treatment. Ampicillin-resistant E. coli appeared in one child in each group.", "PMID": 320654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7516", "title": "Ubiquity of R factor-mediated antibiotic resistance in the healthy population.", "content": "An attempt was made to assess the occurrence of R factor-mediated antibiotic resistance in the healthy population. Samples of aerobic, gram-negative intestinal bacteria from men from various parts of the country at military conscription were analysed for transferable drug resistance. The obtained frequency, about 15% of R factor carriers in the studied group, was interpreted to reflect the existence of a reservoir of R factors, from which resistant, pathogenic bacteria could be selected under antibiotic therapy. Resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin and sulfonamides dominated among the identified R factor-borne resistance traits.", "contents": "Ubiquity of R factor-mediated antibiotic resistance in the healthy population. An attempt was made to assess the occurrence of R factor-mediated antibiotic resistance in the healthy population. Samples of aerobic, gram-negative intestinal bacteria from men from various parts of the country at military conscription were analysed for transferable drug resistance. The obtained frequency, about 15% of R factor carriers in the studied group, was interpreted to reflect the existence of a reservoir of R factors, from which resistant, pathogenic bacteria could be selected under antibiotic therapy. Resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin and sulfonamides dominated among the identified R factor-borne resistance traits.", "PMID": 320655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7517", "title": "The effect of eight antibacterial agents on the phagocytosis of 32P-labelled Escherichia coli by rat polymorphonuclear cells.", "content": "Using 32P-labelled Escherichia coli, the effect of 8 antibacterial agents on the ability of rat polymorphonuclear cells to ingest the labelled bacteria was studied with and without serum present during the ingestion phase. No impairment of ingestion was observed when testing gentamicin, cephalothin and trimethoprim. High doses of oxytetracycline, doxycycline, colistin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol seemed to impair ingestion. The effect was most pronounced when applying 100 mug/ml of doxycycline: the ingestive capability was reduced to 25% without serum and 24% with serum present compared to untreated controls. 83 mug/ml of colistin reduced theingestion to 39% without serum present, this effect being totally eliminated when serum was present during the ingestion phase.", "contents": "The effect of eight antibacterial agents on the phagocytosis of 32P-labelled Escherichia coli by rat polymorphonuclear cells. Using 32P-labelled Escherichia coli, the effect of 8 antibacterial agents on the ability of rat polymorphonuclear cells to ingest the labelled bacteria was studied with and without serum present during the ingestion phase. No impairment of ingestion was observed when testing gentamicin, cephalothin and trimethoprim. High doses of oxytetracycline, doxycycline, colistin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol seemed to impair ingestion. The effect was most pronounced when applying 100 mug/ml of doxycycline: the ingestive capability was reduced to 25% without serum and 24% with serum present compared to untreated controls. 83 mug/ml of colistin reduced theingestion to 39% without serum present, this effect being totally eliminated when serum was present during the ingestion phase.", "PMID": 320656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7518", "title": "Chromosome analysis and cell cytology in effusions. A comparative study.", "content": "Chromosome analysis and conventional cytology have been done on serous effusions from 35 patients, 21 of whom had a final clinical diagnosis of malignant disease and 14 of non-malignant disease. Sixteen of the malignant cases were previously untreated. Cytology disclosed nine cases as malignant, three as suspect malignant and nine as normal. The comparable figures for chromosome analysis were 14 malignant, two suspect malignant, and five normal. Neither of the methods gave false positive results in the small series of non-malignant disease. In the present study chromosome analysis has thus provided greater diagnostic accuracy than cytology on serous effusions of malignant disorders.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis and cell cytology in effusions. A comparative study. Chromosome analysis and conventional cytology have been done on serous effusions from 35 patients, 21 of whom had a final clinical diagnosis of malignant disease and 14 of non-malignant disease. Sixteen of the malignant cases were previously untreated. Cytology disclosed nine cases as malignant, three as suspect malignant and nine as normal. The comparable figures for chromosome analysis were 14 malignant, two suspect malignant, and five normal. Neither of the methods gave false positive results in the small series of non-malignant disease. In the present study chromosome analysis has thus provided greater diagnostic accuracy than cytology on serous effusions of malignant disorders.", "PMID": 320660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7519", "title": "Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines.", "content": "The requirements for inducing immunity against an infectious disease are outlined, and the application of these requirements to the development of effective vaccines (vaccinology) is discussed. Influenza and poliomyelitis are examined from this viewpoint, and data are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of killed virus vaccines against these diseases. A comparison between live and killed poliovirus vaccines suggests the desirability of returning to the use of a killed virus vaccine for the eradication of polio. The natural history of influenza and experience with vaccination suggest that influenza might be brought under effective control by routine immunization in childhood with a polyvalent killed virus vaccine potentiated by an immunologic adjuvant.", "contents": "Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines. The requirements for inducing immunity against an infectious disease are outlined, and the application of these requirements to the development of effective vaccines (vaccinology) is discussed. Influenza and poliomyelitis are examined from this viewpoint, and data are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of killed virus vaccines against these diseases. A comparison between live and killed poliovirus vaccines suggests the desirability of returning to the use of a killed virus vaccine for the eradication of polio. The natural history of influenza and experience with vaccination suggest that influenza might be brought under effective control by routine immunization in childhood with a polyvalent killed virus vaccine potentiated by an immunologic adjuvant.", "PMID": 320661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7520", "title": "H-Y antigen: behavior and function.", "content": "The factors are reviewed which affect the expression of H-Y antigen, a cell surface component that has been extensively analyzed in mice but which may be ubiquitous in all vertebrates. The phylogenetic stability of this antigen and its association with the Y chromosome indicate an important role in primary sex determination.", "contents": "H-Y antigen: behavior and function. The factors are reviewed which affect the expression of H-Y antigen, a cell surface component that has been extensively analyzed in mice but which may be ubiquitous in all vertebrates. The phylogenetic stability of this antigen and its association with the Y chromosome indicate an important role in primary sex determination.", "PMID": 320662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7521", "title": "Functional specificity of thymus- dependent lymphocytes.", "content": "Thymus-dependent lymphocytes display a restricted range of specificity when compared to thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes. They react particularly to thymus-dependent protein and cell surface antigens and to products of genes encoded in the MHC. In addition, T lymphocytes have important functions in regulating the immune response and in discriminating of self from nonself. Recent work indicates that individual T lymphocytes possess receptors that interact with both thymus-dependent antigens and MHC gene products, either independently or as associated structures. We attempt to relate this complex specificity pattern to the regulatory and surveillance functions of T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Functional specificity of thymus- dependent lymphocytes. Thymus-dependent lymphocytes display a restricted range of specificity when compared to thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes. They react particularly to thymus-dependent protein and cell surface antigens and to products of genes encoded in the MHC. In addition, T lymphocytes have important functions in regulating the immune response and in discriminating of self from nonself. Recent work indicates that individual T lymphocytes possess receptors that interact with both thymus-dependent antigens and MHC gene products, either independently or as associated structures. We attempt to relate this complex specificity pattern to the regulatory and surveillance functions of T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 320663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7522", "title": "Nosocomial Klebsiella infections in an intensive care nursery.", "content": "Nosocomial infections in an intensive care nursery (ICN) due to kanamycin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae during a four-month period with an infection rate of 12% and mortality of 47% are reported. Emergence of this organism was thought to be due to the widespread use of kanamycin. Transmission probably occurred via hands of personnel contaminated during care of colonized or infected infants. Control measures advocated are better handwashing technic and discriminate use of antibiotics. This report emphasizes the need for awareness of this continuous threat and for infection surveillance in an ICN.", "contents": "Nosocomial Klebsiella infections in an intensive care nursery. Nosocomial infections in an intensive care nursery (ICN) due to kanamycin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae during a four-month period with an infection rate of 12% and mortality of 47% are reported. Emergence of this organism was thought to be due to the widespread use of kanamycin. Transmission probably occurred via hands of personnel contaminated during care of colonized or infected infants. Control measures advocated are better handwashing technic and discriminate use of antibiotics. This report emphasizes the need for awareness of this continuous threat and for infection surveillance in an ICN.", "PMID": 320669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7523", "title": "Topical clotrimazole in tinea pedis.", "content": "Clotrimazole is a new antifungal agent which is effective topically in dermatophytosis, cutaneous candidiasis, and tinea vesicolor. The authors performed a controlled double-blind clinical trial comparing topical clotrimazole with its vehicle in the treatment of 66 patients with dermatophytic infections of the skin of the feet. Clotrimazole proved to be effective in the treatment of tinea pedis of both the interdigital and the plantar hyperkeratotic types.", "contents": "Topical clotrimazole in tinea pedis. Clotrimazole is a new antifungal agent which is effective topically in dermatophytosis, cutaneous candidiasis, and tinea vesicolor. The authors performed a controlled double-blind clinical trial comparing topical clotrimazole with its vehicle in the treatment of 66 patients with dermatophytic infections of the skin of the feet. Clotrimazole proved to be effective in the treatment of tinea pedis of both the interdigital and the plantar hyperkeratotic types.", "PMID": 320670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7524", "title": "Ibuprofen in osteoarthritis.", "content": "In a double-blind, multiclinic study, 437 patients with osteoarthritis were treated sequentially with ibuprofen, 1,800 mg/day, and placebo, or with aspirin, 3,600 mg/day, and placebo. Each treatment was given for four weeks. Considering relief of pain, ability to function, and general well-being, the patients preferred drug to placebo, usually by a statistically significant margin. Combined results showed no significant differences between ibuprofen and aspirin. Patients' evaluations of exercise-related pain, ability to perform a selected activity, and total discomfort and disability, and physicians' evaluations of discomfort and disability, all favored drug over placebo, and the differences were significant for a number of endpoints. The results indicated ibuprofen, 1,800 mg/day, offers about the same antiarthritic benefit as aspirin, 3,600 mg/day. Both drugs are superior to placebo. The incidence of gastrointestinal complaints with ibuprofen was similar to that with placebo and significantly lower than that with aspirin.", "contents": "Ibuprofen in osteoarthritis. In a double-blind, multiclinic study, 437 patients with osteoarthritis were treated sequentially with ibuprofen, 1,800 mg/day, and placebo, or with aspirin, 3,600 mg/day, and placebo. Each treatment was given for four weeks. Considering relief of pain, ability to function, and general well-being, the patients preferred drug to placebo, usually by a statistically significant margin. Combined results showed no significant differences between ibuprofen and aspirin. Patients' evaluations of exercise-related pain, ability to perform a selected activity, and total discomfort and disability, and physicians' evaluations of discomfort and disability, all favored drug over placebo, and the differences were significant for a number of endpoints. The results indicated ibuprofen, 1,800 mg/day, offers about the same antiarthritic benefit as aspirin, 3,600 mg/day. Both drugs are superior to placebo. The incidence of gastrointestinal complaints with ibuprofen was similar to that with placebo and significantly lower than that with aspirin.", "PMID": 320671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7525", "title": "Type A botulism from commercially canned beef stew.", "content": "Two of three persons who ate lunch together became ill with symptoms characteristic of botulism. One died before botulism was suspected and before specimens could be collected for laboratory testing, but a serum specimen from the other patient, who survived, yielded botulinal toxin, type A. The third person remained asymptomatic, but Clostridium botulinum type A was cultured from his stool. The three persons had shared two canned foods: home-canned green beans and commercially canned beef stew. The green beans were initially assumed to be the cause of the outbreak. However, the empty stew can was recovered from the garbage, and washings from the can yielded C botulinum, type A, and its toxin.", "contents": "Type A botulism from commercially canned beef stew. Two of three persons who ate lunch together became ill with symptoms characteristic of botulism. One died before botulism was suspected and before specimens could be collected for laboratory testing, but a serum specimen from the other patient, who survived, yielded botulinal toxin, type A. The third person remained asymptomatic, but Clostridium botulinum type A was cultured from his stool. The three persons had shared two canned foods: home-canned green beans and commercially canned beef stew. The green beans were initially assumed to be the cause of the outbreak. However, the empty stew can was recovered from the garbage, and washings from the can yielded C botulinum, type A, and its toxin.", "PMID": 320672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7526", "title": "Coal workers' pneumoconiosis.", "content": "Pathologic features and pathogenesis of coal workers' pneumoconiosis are reviewed. Roentenographic aspects of CWP have been examined; it is concluded that there is little or no correlation with physiologic abnormalities, and no abnormality is pathognomonic of this condition. It is suggested that coal workers who are physiologically disabled by any condition, usually heart disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or both, be retired via an industry-government compensation plan. Chest roentgenograms should serve only to identify and retire those miners who have progressive massive fibrosis, and to identify those who have simple CWP; thus they may be moved to jobs in areas of the mine where dust concentrations are lower.", "contents": "Coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Pathologic features and pathogenesis of coal workers' pneumoconiosis are reviewed. Roentenographic aspects of CWP have been examined; it is concluded that there is little or no correlation with physiologic abnormalities, and no abnormality is pathognomonic of this condition. It is suggested that coal workers who are physiologically disabled by any condition, usually heart disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or both, be retired via an industry-government compensation plan. Chest roentgenograms should serve only to identify and retire those miners who have progressive massive fibrosis, and to identify those who have simple CWP; thus they may be moved to jobs in areas of the mine where dust concentrations are lower.", "PMID": 320673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7527", "title": "Clinical use of echocardiography: a review.", "content": "The clinical usefulness of echocardiography can be considered under a few broad categories: (a) measurement of internal structures and their changing relationships to each other throughout the cardiac cycle; (b) demonstration of abnormalities of function which are dependent on motion--for example, the prolapsing mitral leaflet or the paradoxical septal motion in right ventricular volume overload; and (c) changes within the heart such as pericardial effusion which lead to the development of echo-free spaces or the appearance of echo within a normally echo-free chamber as in myxoma.", "contents": "Clinical use of echocardiography: a review. The clinical usefulness of echocardiography can be considered under a few broad categories: (a) measurement of internal structures and their changing relationships to each other throughout the cardiac cycle; (b) demonstration of abnormalities of function which are dependent on motion--for example, the prolapsing mitral leaflet or the paradoxical septal motion in right ventricular volume overload; and (c) changes within the heart such as pericardial effusion which lead to the development of echo-free spaces or the appearance of echo within a normally echo-free chamber as in myxoma.", "PMID": 320674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7528", "title": "Pancreatic encephalopathy.", "content": "Cerebral fat embolism was established as the cause of death in a 34-year-old man with acute pancreatitis. Encephalopathy complicating pancreatitis may be due to hypoxia secondary to pulmonary fat embolism, cerebral fat embolism, or the complicating syndromes of disseminated intravascular coagulation or hyperosmolality.", "contents": "Pancreatic encephalopathy. Cerebral fat embolism was established as the cause of death in a 34-year-old man with acute pancreatitis. Encephalopathy complicating pancreatitis may be due to hypoxia secondary to pulmonary fat embolism, cerebral fat embolism, or the complicating syndromes of disseminated intravascular coagulation or hyperosmolality.", "PMID": 320676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7529", "title": "Medical education: retrospective and prospective observations.", "content": "Significant advances in medicine have occurred in the past 50 years. Medical education, too, has undergone many changes, and is due for an in-depth study and appraisal similar to that of the 1910 Flexner report. Some of the changes in medical education discussed include excessive emphasis on incurable diseases and scientific minutiae instead of practical clinical problems, changes in the roles and images of clinical teachers, importance placed on faculty research, decline in actual patient care, and a new and welcome proliferation of training programs for family physicians. Suggestions are offered for reducing the duration of medical training, and for improving the curriculum and the education of students in medical schools today.", "contents": "Medical education: retrospective and prospective observations. Significant advances in medicine have occurred in the past 50 years. Medical education, too, has undergone many changes, and is due for an in-depth study and appraisal similar to that of the 1910 Flexner report. Some of the changes in medical education discussed include excessive emphasis on incurable diseases and scientific minutiae instead of practical clinical problems, changes in the roles and images of clinical teachers, importance placed on faculty research, decline in actual patient care, and a new and welcome proliferation of training programs for family physicians. Suggestions are offered for reducing the duration of medical training, and for improving the curriculum and the education of students in medical schools today.", "PMID": 320677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7530", "title": "Evaluation of autosutures in gastrointestinal surgery.", "content": "Autosuture surgical instruments were used in over 300 gastrointestinal operations including 60 gastric resections. The technic and its advantages and disadvantages are reviewed, specifically for gastric surgery. Operating time required has been decreased, and results have been good. The instruments have wide application, and their safety has been proved.", "contents": "Evaluation of autosutures in gastrointestinal surgery. Autosuture surgical instruments were used in over 300 gastrointestinal operations including 60 gastric resections. The technic and its advantages and disadvantages are reviewed, specifically for gastric surgery. Operating time required has been decreased, and results have been good. The instruments have wide application, and their safety has been proved.", "PMID": 320678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7531", "title": "Fatal sepsis associated with an intrauterine device and pregnancy.", "content": "The 15th case of maternal death associated with sepsis in pregnancy in a patient using the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device is reported. Intrauterine sepsis appears to be a complication of the use of this device. B acteria enter the uterus during pregnancy through the multifilament tail of the device. The management of sepsis during pregnancy associated with an in situ IUD often requires a combined medical and obstetrical approach. The removal of all Dalkon Shields is strongly recomended.", "contents": "Fatal sepsis associated with an intrauterine device and pregnancy. The 15th case of maternal death associated with sepsis in pregnancy in a patient using the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device is reported. Intrauterine sepsis appears to be a complication of the use of this device. B acteria enter the uterus during pregnancy through the multifilament tail of the device. The management of sepsis during pregnancy associated with an in situ IUD often requires a combined medical and obstetrical approach. The removal of all Dalkon Shields is strongly recomended.", "PMID": 320680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7532", "title": "An alternative approach to lesions in the proximal segments of the brachiocephalic arterial system.", "content": "Tolerance of a cerebral hemisphere to permanent interruption of the ipsilateral carotid artery or to prolonged operative clamping of this vessel, can be determined preoperatively by a noninvasive technique combining the use of the ocular pneumoplethysmograph with compression of the proximal part of the common carotid artery. This technique is essential for the management of proximal lesions of the brachiocephalic arterial system to avoid the use of bypass grafts and to permit a supraclavicular approach rather than thoracotomy or a median plane sternotomy.", "contents": "An alternative approach to lesions in the proximal segments of the brachiocephalic arterial system. Tolerance of a cerebral hemisphere to permanent interruption of the ipsilateral carotid artery or to prolonged operative clamping of this vessel, can be determined preoperatively by a noninvasive technique combining the use of the ocular pneumoplethysmograph with compression of the proximal part of the common carotid artery. This technique is essential for the management of proximal lesions of the brachiocephalic arterial system to avoid the use of bypass grafts and to permit a supraclavicular approach rather than thoracotomy or a median plane sternotomy.", "PMID": 320689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7533", "title": "A study of the critical bacterial inoculum to cause a stimulus to wound healing.", "content": "Results of previous work have shown that wounds infected with gram-negative bacteria may be stronger than uninfected wounds. The inoculum in these studies was about 2 X 10(7) organisms. Laparotomy wounds were swabbed with inocula of from 10(2) to 10(9) organisms, Escherichia coli. Only with inocula of 10(6) or greater were all parts of all wounds infected by gross inspection. All wounds inoculated with 10(7) organisms, or more, were significantly stronger than the wounds of the control group on the 14th day. A smaller inoculum--10(3) to 10(6)--also resulted in stronger wounds, but not consistently so.", "contents": "A study of the critical bacterial inoculum to cause a stimulus to wound healing. Results of previous work have shown that wounds infected with gram-negative bacteria may be stronger than uninfected wounds. The inoculum in these studies was about 2 X 10(7) organisms. Laparotomy wounds were swabbed with inocula of from 10(2) to 10(9) organisms, Escherichia coli. Only with inocula of 10(6) or greater were all parts of all wounds infected by gross inspection. All wounds inoculated with 10(7) organisms, or more, were significantly stronger than the wounds of the control group on the 14th day. A smaller inoculum--10(3) to 10(6)--also resulted in stronger wounds, but not consistently so.", "PMID": 320690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7534", "title": "Evaluation of the painful hip by aspiration and arthrography.", "content": "The preoperative or postoperative painful hip can present a difficult diagnostic problem. In a series of 46 aspirations on such hips, one instance of Staphylococcus aureus, three instances of Staphylococcus albus, one instance of Escherichia coli and one instance of tuberculous infections were diagnosed. In addition, in a series of 22 fluoroscopically controlled arthrograms performed on patients with painful total hip replacements, six instances of loose acetabular components and one instance of a broken femoral stem were found.", "contents": "Evaluation of the painful hip by aspiration and arthrography. The preoperative or postoperative painful hip can present a difficult diagnostic problem. In a series of 46 aspirations on such hips, one instance of Staphylococcus aureus, three instances of Staphylococcus albus, one instance of Escherichia coli and one instance of tuberculous infections were diagnosed. In addition, in a series of 22 fluoroscopically controlled arthrograms performed on patients with painful total hip replacements, six instances of loose acetabular components and one instance of a broken femoral stem were found.", "PMID": 320691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7535", "title": "A technique for closure of the lesser curvature of the stomach used in the von Eiselberg-Hofmeister reconstruction after subtotal gastrectomy.", "content": "A technique for closing the lesser curvature of the stomach after subtotal gastrectomy has been used in 847 subtotal gastrectomies. In this group, one patient had transient postoperative bleeding and none had anastomotic leakage. The technique is recommended as a simple method of obtaining a secure and hemostatic closure which can be accomplished rapidly and which does not require the use of special instruments or material.", "contents": "A technique for closure of the lesser curvature of the stomach used in the von Eiselberg-Hofmeister reconstruction after subtotal gastrectomy. A technique for closing the lesser curvature of the stomach after subtotal gastrectomy has been used in 847 subtotal gastrectomies. In this group, one patient had transient postoperative bleeding and none had anastomotic leakage. The technique is recommended as a simple method of obtaining a secure and hemostatic closure which can be accomplished rapidly and which does not require the use of special instruments or material.", "PMID": 320692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7536", "title": "Liver replacement for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency.", "content": "A 16-year-old girl with advanced cirrhosis and severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency of the homozygous Pi ZZ phenotype was treated by orthotopic liver transplantation. After replacement of the liver with a homograft from a donor with the normal Pi MM phenotype, the alpha 1-antitrypsin concentration in the recipient's serum rose to normal; it had the Pi MM phenotype. Two and a third years later, chronic rejection necessitated retransplantation. Insertion of a homograft from a heterozygous Pi MZ donor was followed by the identification of that phenotype in the recipient's serum. Neither liver graft developed the alpha 1-antitrypsin glycoprotein deposits seen with the deficiency state. These observations confirm that this hepatic-based inborn error of metabolism is metabolically cured by liver replacement.", "contents": "Liver replacement for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. A 16-year-old girl with advanced cirrhosis and severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency of the homozygous Pi ZZ phenotype was treated by orthotopic liver transplantation. After replacement of the liver with a homograft from a donor with the normal Pi MM phenotype, the alpha 1-antitrypsin concentration in the recipient's serum rose to normal; it had the Pi MM phenotype. Two and a third years later, chronic rejection necessitated retransplantation. Insertion of a homograft from a heterozygous Pi MZ donor was followed by the identification of that phenotype in the recipient's serum. Neither liver graft developed the alpha 1-antitrypsin glycoprotein deposits seen with the deficiency state. These observations confirm that this hepatic-based inborn error of metabolism is metabolically cured by liver replacement.", "PMID": 320694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7537", "title": "Tissue culture isolation and preservation of human cadaveric pancreatic islets.", "content": "Six specimens of human cadaveric pancreas were collagenase-dispersed and placed in tissue culture. Media were changed at 2 day intervals and assayed for insulin and amylase. Experiments were terminated after 8 days, and phase-contrast and light microscopy were performed on cultured tissue. Insulin content in media remained high for 6 days in five cases and for 8 days in four experiments; this correlated directly with morphologic viability of cultured tissue. Media amylase fell to zero after 4 days in four cases and after 6 days in two cases. These data support the concept that tissue culture may be an efficient method for (1) islet cell purification, since acinar tissue and amylase activity disappear, and (2) islet preservation.", "contents": "Tissue culture isolation and preservation of human cadaveric pancreatic islets. Six specimens of human cadaveric pancreas were collagenase-dispersed and placed in tissue culture. Media were changed at 2 day intervals and assayed for insulin and amylase. Experiments were terminated after 8 days, and phase-contrast and light microscopy were performed on cultured tissue. Insulin content in media remained high for 6 days in five cases and for 8 days in four experiments; this correlated directly with morphologic viability of cultured tissue. Media amylase fell to zero after 4 days in four cases and after 6 days in two cases. These data support the concept that tissue culture may be an efficient method for (1) islet cell purification, since acinar tissue and amylase activity disappear, and (2) islet preservation.", "PMID": 320696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7538", "title": "Long-term results with forty-five living related renal allograft recipients genotypically identical for HLA.", "content": "During the past decade 45 living related renal allografts have been performed between siblings genotypically identical for HLA. In each case all available family members were serotyped and haplotype analysis was performed. Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of standard azathioprine and prednisone regimens. Only one instance of HLA-D incompatibility was documented. HLA-A, -B haplotypes were identical in each case. Histopathological evaluation by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy was completed. Four patients experienced acute cellular rejection with mild long-term impaired renal function. Five patients had acute cellular rejection but subsequently experienced long-term normal renal function. Twenty-three patients had little or no rejection documented and half of these patients are being maintained without steroid therapy. Five patients had histologically proven acute humoral rejection and, of these, three subsequently lost their allografts whereas two regained relatively normal renal function. Recurrent glomerulonephritis was documented in six cases. One was lobular, one crescentic, and one dense-deposit membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Three cases of IgA nephropathy were diagnosed. In each case the recurrent glomerulonephritis reflected the same histopathology and clinical course as the disease realized in the host kidneys. Eighty-seven percent of the 40 surviving patients have been rehabilitated completely and are fully employed.", "contents": "Long-term results with forty-five living related renal allograft recipients genotypically identical for HLA. During the past decade 45 living related renal allografts have been performed between siblings genotypically identical for HLA. In each case all available family members were serotyped and haplotype analysis was performed. Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of standard azathioprine and prednisone regimens. Only one instance of HLA-D incompatibility was documented. HLA-A, -B haplotypes were identical in each case. Histopathological evaluation by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy was completed. Four patients experienced acute cellular rejection with mild long-term impaired renal function. Five patients had acute cellular rejection but subsequently experienced long-term normal renal function. Twenty-three patients had little or no rejection documented and half of these patients are being maintained without steroid therapy. Five patients had histologically proven acute humoral rejection and, of these, three subsequently lost their allografts whereas two regained relatively normal renal function. Recurrent glomerulonephritis was documented in six cases. One was lobular, one crescentic, and one dense-deposit membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Three cases of IgA nephropathy were diagnosed. In each case the recurrent glomerulonephritis reflected the same histopathology and clinical course as the disease realized in the host kidneys. Eighty-seven percent of the 40 surviving patients have been rehabilitated completely and are fully employed.", "PMID": 320697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7539", "title": "Harvey Cushing: \"From tallow dip to television\".", "content": "Harvey Cushing was not only a leading founder of neurosurgery, but his work in general surgery provoked research which advanced medical knowledge, and he made substantial contributions to medical education and general literature. He discovered (with L.E. Livinggood) that the stomach and small intestine could be rendered sterile by fasting before operations; he successfully sutured the cervical thoracic duct without subsequent leakage; he suggested, after attempted repair of chronic valvular lesions in the dog, the possibility of surgery on cardiac valves in man; he demonstrated the relation of intracranial pressure to blood pressure; he devised one of the first charts for recording pulse and respiration and introduced routine blood pressure determinations during operation; and he stimulated continuing research by internists and endocrinologists through his work on the pituitary body and its disorders-work which was crowned by his discovery of pituitary basophilism. His unique course in operative surgery for medical students at the Johns Hopkins was adopted by other medical schools and he advanced other provocative theories concerning the organization and content of the medical curriculum. He provided elective clinics at Harvard Medical School for students and established postgraduate fellowships at the Hopkins, Harvard, and Yale schools of medicine. Cushing brought distinction upon himself and the medical profession through his books and essays of high literary quality and originality, most notably his biography of Sir William Osler, which was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 1926.", "contents": "Harvey Cushing: \"From tallow dip to television\". Harvey Cushing was not only a leading founder of neurosurgery, but his work in general surgery provoked research which advanced medical knowledge, and he made substantial contributions to medical education and general literature. He discovered (with L.E. Livinggood) that the stomach and small intestine could be rendered sterile by fasting before operations; he successfully sutured the cervical thoracic duct without subsequent leakage; he suggested, after attempted repair of chronic valvular lesions in the dog, the possibility of surgery on cardiac valves in man; he demonstrated the relation of intracranial pressure to blood pressure; he devised one of the first charts for recording pulse and respiration and introduced routine blood pressure determinations during operation; and he stimulated continuing research by internists and endocrinologists through his work on the pituitary body and its disorders-work which was crowned by his discovery of pituitary basophilism. His unique course in operative surgery for medical students at the Johns Hopkins was adopted by other medical schools and he advanced other provocative theories concerning the organization and content of the medical curriculum. He provided elective clinics at Harvard Medical School for students and established postgraduate fellowships at the Hopkins, Harvard, and Yale schools of medicine. Cushing brought distinction upon himself and the medical profession through his books and essays of high literary quality and originality, most notably his biography of Sir William Osler, which was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 1926.", "PMID": 320698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7540", "title": "Cholinomimetic teratogens. V. The effect of oximes and related cholinesterase reactivators.", "content": "Pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide and pyridine-2-aldoxime methyl methane sulfonate (P2S) used as supplements to carbachol or neostigmine, greatly lowered the incidence of chicken embryos of vertebral defects and muscular hypoplasia. With 4-pyridine aldoxime the effect of the teratogens was less reduced. Supplementation of carbachol or neostigmine with either ambenonium or toxogonin lessened the occurrence of muscular hypoplasia, but did little, if anything, to prevent malformation of the neck vertebrae. In tests with physostigmine P2S as supplement reduced or prevented cervical defects, but failed to protect the nicotinamide-sensitive parts of the embryo.", "contents": "Cholinomimetic teratogens. V. The effect of oximes and related cholinesterase reactivators. Pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide and pyridine-2-aldoxime methyl methane sulfonate (P2S) used as supplements to carbachol or neostigmine, greatly lowered the incidence of chicken embryos of vertebral defects and muscular hypoplasia. With 4-pyridine aldoxime the effect of the teratogens was less reduced. Supplementation of carbachol or neostigmine with either ambenonium or toxogonin lessened the occurrence of muscular hypoplasia, but did little, if anything, to prevent malformation of the neck vertebrae. In tests with physostigmine P2S as supplement reduced or prevented cervical defects, but failed to protect the nicotinamide-sensitive parts of the embryo.", "PMID": 320703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7541", "title": "Time course of bronchoconstrictive response in asthmatic subjects to reduced temperature.", "content": "Thirteen young adults with bronchial asthma and a like number of controls were subjected for 45 minutes to a temperature of 2 degrees C after leaving a temperature of 24 degrees C to which they subsequently returned. Pre-exposure examination included VC, FEV1, MMEF, FEV1/VC%, and urinary catecholamines. The pulmonary measurements were repeated at 15, 80, and 200 minutes after exposure. Catecholamines were measured from a second urine sample, the collection of which corresponded to the period during and after the stress. Controls showed no significant pulmonary changes throughout the time of study, but 15 minutes after exposure the asthmatic subjects showed a significant mean decrease of all pulmonary measurements from pre-exposure values. The controls showed a significant mean increase in urinary catecholamines after the stress, whereas those with asthma showed no significant increase.", "contents": "Time course of bronchoconstrictive response in asthmatic subjects to reduced temperature. Thirteen young adults with bronchial asthma and a like number of controls were subjected for 45 minutes to a temperature of 2 degrees C after leaving a temperature of 24 degrees C to which they subsequently returned. Pre-exposure examination included VC, FEV1, MMEF, FEV1/VC%, and urinary catecholamines. The pulmonary measurements were repeated at 15, 80, and 200 minutes after exposure. Catecholamines were measured from a second urine sample, the collection of which corresponded to the period during and after the stress. Controls showed no significant pulmonary changes throughout the time of study, but 15 minutes after exposure the asthmatic subjects showed a significant mean decrease of all pulmonary measurements from pre-exposure values. The controls showed a significant mean increase in urinary catecholamines after the stress, whereas those with asthma showed no significant increase.", "PMID": 320708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7542", "title": "Surgery of isolated patent ductus arteriosus: a new technique of suture and division.", "content": "Since mid-1973 29 cases of isolated patent ductus arteriosus were treated in the Hong Kong University surgical unit with a new technique of suture and division. This technique has almost eliminated the problem of intraoperative haemorrhage and its consequences.", "contents": "Surgery of isolated patent ductus arteriosus: a new technique of suture and division. Since mid-1973 29 cases of isolated patent ductus arteriosus were treated in the Hong Kong University surgical unit with a new technique of suture and division. This technique has almost eliminated the problem of intraoperative haemorrhage and its consequences.", "PMID": 320709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7543", "title": "Morphology and pathogenesis of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis.", "content": "Thirty human lung biopsy specimens have been diagnoses as desquamative interstitial pneumonitis. Six cases had intraalveolar lesions, believed to be early, while 20 had advanced disease characterised by intraalveolar cellular clumps, alveolar wall fibrosis, distortion, and loss of pulmonary parenchyma. Electron microscopy, high resolution light microscopy, and cytological examination have shown that the characteristic clumps in the alveolar air spaces are formed predominantly by enlarged and aggregated macrophages. Lymphocytes and eosinophils are also present in the intraalveolar clumps and in alveolar walls. Inflammation and immunological mechanisms are suggested as causes of the cellular clumping. Interstitial pneumonitis, alveolar wall fibrosis, changes in the alveolar epithelium, and loss of lung parenchyma are believed to be secondary events.", "contents": "Morphology and pathogenesis of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis. Thirty human lung biopsy specimens have been diagnoses as desquamative interstitial pneumonitis. Six cases had intraalveolar lesions, believed to be early, while 20 had advanced disease characterised by intraalveolar cellular clumps, alveolar wall fibrosis, distortion, and loss of pulmonary parenchyma. Electron microscopy, high resolution light microscopy, and cytological examination have shown that the characteristic clumps in the alveolar air spaces are formed predominantly by enlarged and aggregated macrophages. Lymphocytes and eosinophils are also present in the intraalveolar clumps and in alveolar walls. Inflammation and immunological mechanisms are suggested as causes of the cellular clumping. Interstitial pneumonitis, alveolar wall fibrosis, changes in the alveolar epithelium, and loss of lung parenchyma are believed to be secondary events.", "PMID": 320710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7544", "title": "A comparison of coagulation factor replacement with and without prednisolone in the treatment of haematuria in haemophilia and Christmas disease.", "content": "A double-blind controlled study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of treatment with factor VIII or factor IX concentrate and a reducing dose of prednisolone in contolling haematuria in patients with haemophilia and Christmas disease.  41 episodes of haematuria were studied in 30 different patients. No appreciable benefit was observed in the treated, as compared with the control group and this is at variance with the results of the few studies reported elsewhere.", "contents": "A comparison of coagulation factor replacement with and without prednisolone in the treatment of haematuria in haemophilia and Christmas disease. A double-blind controlled study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of treatment with factor VIII or factor IX concentrate and a reducing dose of prednisolone in contolling haematuria in patients with haemophilia and Christmas disease.  41 episodes of haematuria were studied in 30 different patients. No appreciable benefit was observed in the treated, as compared with the control group and this is at variance with the results of the few studies reported elsewhere.", "PMID": 320712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7545", "title": "Heat illness. I. Epidemiology.", "content": "Reliable information on the epidemiology of heat illness has come, until recently, mainly from the armed forces and, to a lesser extent, from some industries and civil communities. Data from the records of the British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Indian Armed Forces, U.S. Army and forces engaged in the Arab-Israeli wars, from the South African gold mining corporations and Persian Gulf oil tankers, and from civilian communities, mainly in the U.S.A., are reviewed and discussed with particular reference to the classification of heat illness and definition of the terms used, and the effects on acclimatized and non-acclimatized personnel and on other sections of the civilian communities most at risk, i.e. the old and very young. This section concludes with an outline of the classification of acute heat illnesses from 1899 to the eighth revision of the WHO International Classification of Diseases in 1967.", "contents": "Heat illness. I. Epidemiology. Reliable information on the epidemiology of heat illness has come, until recently, mainly from the armed forces and, to a lesser extent, from some industries and civil communities. Data from the records of the British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Indian Armed Forces, U.S. Army and forces engaged in the Arab-Israeli wars, from the South African gold mining corporations and Persian Gulf oil tankers, and from civilian communities, mainly in the U.S.A., are reviewed and discussed with particular reference to the classification of heat illness and definition of the terms used, and the effects on acclimatized and non-acclimatized personnel and on other sections of the civilian communities most at risk, i.e. the old and very young. This section concludes with an outline of the classification of acute heat illnesses from 1899 to the eighth revision of the WHO International Classification of Diseases in 1967.", "PMID": 320723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7546", "title": "Heat illness. II. Pathogenesis.", "content": "The effects of elevated temperatures and the time-temperature combinations for irreversible damage are outlined. Coagulation abnormalities and the effects on the kidney, liver, heart, brain and serum enzymes, the role of electrolytes and water, including salt deficiency and the controversial question of salt supplements, potassium deficiency, changes in other electrolytes and sweat solutes, and rhabdomyolysis (including a discussion of experimental work on dogs) are reviewed. The section ends with a discussion of the effects of drugs and an account of a recent fatal case of heat stroke which may have been triggered by chlorpromazine therapy.", "contents": "Heat illness. II. Pathogenesis. The effects of elevated temperatures and the time-temperature combinations for irreversible damage are outlined. Coagulation abnormalities and the effects on the kidney, liver, heart, brain and serum enzymes, the role of electrolytes and water, including salt deficiency and the controversial question of salt supplements, potassium deficiency, changes in other electrolytes and sweat solutes, and rhabdomyolysis (including a discussion of experimental work on dogs) are reviewed. The section ends with a discussion of the effects of drugs and an account of a recent fatal case of heat stroke which may have been triggered by chlorpromazine therapy.", "PMID": 320724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7547", "title": "Heat illness. III. Acclimatization.", "content": "In this third paper on heat illness, the position of acclimatization in prevention of heat illness is reviewed. Both short and long-term acclimatization are considered, the former in more detail with discussion of present knowledge of the differences arising from artificial and natural acclimatization, the effects of training, water intake and increasing salt intake, and climatic chamber and vapour-barrier suit acclimatization. The possibility of the development of a safe drug to accelerate acclimatization is considered remote. The effects of age and acclimatization in the healthy and unhealthy elderly and the very young are reviewed briefly as is also the possibility that air conditioning may have an adverse effect on acclimatization.", "contents": "Heat illness. III. Acclimatization. In this third paper on heat illness, the position of acclimatization in prevention of heat illness is reviewed. Both short and long-term acclimatization are considered, the former in more detail with discussion of present knowledge of the differences arising from artificial and natural acclimatization, the effects of training, water intake and increasing salt intake, and climatic chamber and vapour-barrier suit acclimatization. The possibility of the development of a safe drug to accelerate acclimatization is considered remote. The effects of age and acclimatization in the healthy and unhealthy elderly and the very young are reviewed briefly as is also the possibility that air conditioning may have an adverse effect on acclimatization.", "PMID": 320725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7548", "title": "A strain of Plasmodium vivax characterized by prolonged incubation: the effect of numbers of sporozoites on the length of the prepatent period.", "content": "The North Korean strain of Plasmodium vivax was characterized by its extraordinarily prolonged incubation period in certain circumstances. It was clearly demonstrated by quantitative observations that the phenomenon may be elicited by the inoculation of small numbers of sporozoites. After the intradermal inoculation of 10 or 100 sporozoites, the incubation period was delayed for periods varying between 262 and 628 days; after u,000 sporozoites, with one exception, the same delay occurred; after 100,000 sporozoites, the incubation period was always of normal duration (13--16 days). Two laboratory-acquired infections in workers who had taken a prophylactic drug showed incubation periods of 315 and 329 days, respectively. Various theories for the phenomenon of prolonged prepatent periods are examined, and the most satisfactory one is based on the presumed existence of two populations of sporozoites in P. vivax. In temperate strains, sporozoites requiring long prepatent periods (LPP) for development are present in great excess over a much smaller proportion of sporozoites characterized by short prepatent periods (SPP); thus small doses will elicit the phenomenon, though doses of over 1,000 sporozoites will mask the effect as the few SPP sporozoites will produce an infection with a normal (i.e. short) prepatent period. In tropical strains, the relative proportions are different, perhaps in equal numbers, and even in small doses some SPP sporozoites will be present and normal prepatent periods should ensure whatever the dosage.\"", "contents": "A strain of Plasmodium vivax characterized by prolonged incubation: the effect of numbers of sporozoites on the length of the prepatent period. The North Korean strain of Plasmodium vivax was characterized by its extraordinarily prolonged incubation period in certain circumstances. It was clearly demonstrated by quantitative observations that the phenomenon may be elicited by the inoculation of small numbers of sporozoites. After the intradermal inoculation of 10 or 100 sporozoites, the incubation period was delayed for periods varying between 262 and 628 days; after u,000 sporozoites, with one exception, the same delay occurred; after 100,000 sporozoites, the incubation period was always of normal duration (13--16 days). Two laboratory-acquired infections in workers who had taken a prophylactic drug showed incubation periods of 315 and 329 days, respectively. Various theories for the phenomenon of prolonged prepatent periods are examined, and the most satisfactory one is based on the presumed existence of two populations of sporozoites in P. vivax. In temperate strains, sporozoites requiring long prepatent periods (LPP) for development are present in great excess over a much smaller proportion of sporozoites characterized by short prepatent periods (SPP); thus small doses will elicit the phenomenon, though doses of over 1,000 sporozoites will mask the effect as the few SPP sporozoites will produce an infection with a normal (i.e. short) prepatent period. In tropical strains, the relative proportions are different, perhaps in equal numbers, and even in small doses some SPP sporozoites will be present and normal prepatent periods should ensure whatever the dosage.\"", "PMID": 320726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7549", "title": "Prepatent periods of a tropical strain of Plasmodium vivax after inoculations of tenfold dilutions of sporozoites.", "content": "Eleven patients requiring malaria therapy were inoculated intradermally with graded doses of sporozoites of the Chesson strain of Plasmodium vivax. Estimated doses of 10 sporozoites were given to four patients, of 100 to three patients, of 1,000 to two patients, and of 10,000 to two patients. Parasitaemia was detected in all patients 12 to 17 days after inoculation; fever began on the 14th to 19th days. The results of the trials are compared with earlier work on a temperate strain of P. vivax in which patients given small doses of sporozoites exhibited long prepatent periods of 257 days or more. It is concluded that the differences in the two strains can be explained by the assumption that, in varying proportions, all strains of P. vivax produce two types of sporozoites, one eliciting short prepatent periods (Type I), and the other lying dormant or developing slowly to give rise to long prepatent periods (Type II). The latter type greatly predominates in temperate strains, but not in tropical strains; at high dilutions, therefore, pure suspensions of Type II sporozoites of temperate strains can be prepared. It is thought that relapses of P. vivax are in reality a dalyed parasitaemia arising from Type II sporozoites.", "contents": "Prepatent periods of a tropical strain of Plasmodium vivax after inoculations of tenfold dilutions of sporozoites. Eleven patients requiring malaria therapy were inoculated intradermally with graded doses of sporozoites of the Chesson strain of Plasmodium vivax. Estimated doses of 10 sporozoites were given to four patients, of 100 to three patients, of 1,000 to two patients, and of 10,000 to two patients. Parasitaemia was detected in all patients 12 to 17 days after inoculation; fever began on the 14th to 19th days. The results of the trials are compared with earlier work on a temperate strain of P. vivax in which patients given small doses of sporozoites exhibited long prepatent periods of 257 days or more. It is concluded that the differences in the two strains can be explained by the assumption that, in varying proportions, all strains of P. vivax produce two types of sporozoites, one eliciting short prepatent periods (Type I), and the other lying dormant or developing slowly to give rise to long prepatent periods (Type II). The latter type greatly predominates in temperate strains, but not in tropical strains; at high dilutions, therefore, pure suspensions of Type II sporozoites of temperate strains can be prepared. It is thought that relapses of P. vivax are in reality a dalyed parasitaemia arising from Type II sporozoites.", "PMID": 320727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7550", "title": "Urinary infection in kidney transplantation.", "content": "Urinary tract infection is the most frequent complication following renal transplantation and is important in the etiology of post-transplantation sepsis. The 87 renal homografts done in 1974 at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center were reviewed retrospectively, with at least one year follow-up, in all cases, with particular attention to factors relating urinary tract infection to ultimate success or failure of the renal graft. The over-all incidence of urinary tract infection was 61%. Early infection was associated with a particularly poor prognosis for graft survival. Most patients with urinary infections after successful transplantation experience a combination of both early and late infections. Anatomic factors constitute a remediable cause of urinary infections after transplantation and should be searched for in cases of multiple, recurrent infections, de novo hypertension, or deterioration of previously stable graft function. There were significant differences in the bacteriologic spectrum of urinary tract infections associated with successful transplants as opposed to unsuccessful transplants.", "contents": "Urinary infection in kidney transplantation. Urinary tract infection is the most frequent complication following renal transplantation and is important in the etiology of post-transplantation sepsis. The 87 renal homografts done in 1974 at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center were reviewed retrospectively, with at least one year follow-up, in all cases, with particular attention to factors relating urinary tract infection to ultimate success or failure of the renal graft. The over-all incidence of urinary tract infection was 61%. Early infection was associated with a particularly poor prognosis for graft survival. Most patients with urinary infections after successful transplantation experience a combination of both early and late infections. Anatomic factors constitute a remediable cause of urinary infections after transplantation and should be searched for in cases of multiple, recurrent infections, de novo hypertension, or deterioration of previously stable graft function. There were significant differences in the bacteriologic spectrum of urinary tract infections associated with successful transplants as opposed to unsuccessful transplants.", "PMID": 320744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7551", "title": "Surgical treatment of male genital lymphedema.", "content": "The etiologic classification and history of the surgical treatment of male genital lymphedema are presented. Two case reports and their results illustrate the surgical technique of skin flaps and split thickness skin grafting.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of male genital lymphedema. The etiologic classification and history of the surgical treatment of male genital lymphedema are presented. Two case reports and their results illustrate the surgical technique of skin flaps and split thickness skin grafting.", "PMID": 320747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7552", "title": "Avian botulism and the high prevalence of Clostridium botulinum in the Norflok Broads.", "content": "An account is given of a severe outbreak of type C botulism in waterfowl that occurred on the Norfolk Broads during the exceptionally warm summer of 1975. Forty-five mud samples were collected from 22 well distributed aquatic sites representing a considerable proportion of the total number of Broads. All samples except one (ie, 97-8 per cent) were shown to contain Clostridium botulinum and 58 per cent contained more than one type of the organism. Types B, C and E were demonstrated in 62-2 per cent, 51-1 per cent and 60 per cent of samples respectively. Recent surveys, made by identical methods, of aquatic environments in the London area and the Camargue (France) showed prevalences of Cl botulinum of 72-5 per cent and 4-5 per cent respectively. It seems likely that the Norfolk Broads will continue to present a risk to waterfowl from botulism in future hot summers.", "contents": "Avian botulism and the high prevalence of Clostridium botulinum in the Norflok Broads. An account is given of a severe outbreak of type C botulism in waterfowl that occurred on the Norfolk Broads during the exceptionally warm summer of 1975. Forty-five mud samples were collected from 22 well distributed aquatic sites representing a considerable proportion of the total number of Broads. All samples except one (ie, 97-8 per cent) were shown to contain Clostridium botulinum and 58 per cent contained more than one type of the organism. Types B, C and E were demonstrated in 62-2 per cent, 51-1 per cent and 60 per cent of samples respectively. Recent surveys, made by identical methods, of aquatic environments in the London area and the Camargue (France) showed prevalences of Cl botulinum of 72-5 per cent and 4-5 per cent respectively. It seems likely that the Norfolk Broads will continue to present a risk to waterfowl from botulism in future hot summers.", "PMID": 320751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7553", "title": "Immunological injury in \"shipping fever\" pneumonia of cattle.", "content": "Electron opaque deposits were found on the alveolar capillary walls, luminia of alveolar capillaries, subendothelium and interstitium of four out of 10 Holstein dairy cattle with past shipping histories. The deposits were positive for anti-IgG bovine immunoglobulin by fluorescent antibody technique. Evidence is presented that antigen antibody complexes may play an important role in bovine respiratory diseases.", "contents": "Immunological injury in \"shipping fever\" pneumonia of cattle. Electron opaque deposits were found on the alveolar capillary walls, luminia of alveolar capillaries, subendothelium and interstitium of four out of 10 Holstein dairy cattle with past shipping histories. The deposits were positive for anti-IgG bovine immunoglobulin by fluorescent antibody technique. Evidence is presented that antigen antibody complexes may play an important role in bovine respiratory diseases.", "PMID": 320752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7554", "title": "Volume limitations of plasmapheresis.", "content": "The published specifications of the acceptable limits of the maximum plasma volume to be \"harvested\" by plasmapheresis from one individual per year vary from 10-15 liters in Europe to 50-60 liters in the United States. To answer the question which of these widely diverging precepts is appropriate, the effects of plasmapheresis on serum protein levels and their relationship to albumin metabolism, the accepted safeguards for the donation of whole blood, and the disease known as the nephrotic syndrome are considered. A living person who cosents to his bodily integrity being violated for the benefit of others must be protected not only against the generation of manifest illness by such violation, but also against any prolonged deviation from the normal state of his body. It is concluded that plasmapheresis donors should not deliver more than 10 to 15 liters of plasma per year, as now recommended by European authorities. Not more than 500 ml of plasma should be withdrawn per session, and the interval between two such sessions should not be less than 2 weeks.", "contents": "Volume limitations of plasmapheresis. The published specifications of the acceptable limits of the maximum plasma volume to be \"harvested\" by plasmapheresis from one individual per year vary from 10-15 liters in Europe to 50-60 liters in the United States. To answer the question which of these widely diverging precepts is appropriate, the effects of plasmapheresis on serum protein levels and their relationship to albumin metabolism, the accepted safeguards for the donation of whole blood, and the disease known as the nephrotic syndrome are considered. A living person who cosents to his bodily integrity being violated for the benefit of others must be protected not only against the generation of manifest illness by such violation, but also against any prolonged deviation from the normal state of his body. It is concluded that plasmapheresis donors should not deliver more than 10 to 15 liters of plasma per year, as now recommended by European authorities. Not more than 500 ml of plasma should be withdrawn per session, and the interval between two such sessions should not be less than 2 weeks.", "PMID": 320764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7555", "title": "Increase in strength of red cell Bga antigen following infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Following an attack of infectious mononucleosis, the red cells of HLA B7 patients may show a greatly increased reactivity with anti-Bga antibodies. This occurs from about the 3rd week of the disease, the reactivity then slowly decreasing over a period of months or years. Both specific and nonspecific reactions to other HLA antisera may also occur. Five patients were followed in detail and the reason for the increase in antigen strength was investigated without a conclusive result.", "contents": "Increase in strength of red cell Bga antigen following infectious mononucleosis. Following an attack of infectious mononucleosis, the red cells of HLA B7 patients may show a greatly increased reactivity with anti-Bga antibodies. This occurs from about the 3rd week of the disease, the reactivity then slowly decreasing over a period of months or years. Both specific and nonspecific reactions to other HLA antisera may also occur. Five patients were followed in detail and the reason for the increase in antigen strength was investigated without a conclusive result.", "PMID": 320765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7556", "title": "[Tubular involvement in glomerular diseases of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt is made in this study to provide an answer to the question whether glomerular diseases are accompanied by tubular disorders. The urinary lysozyme activity was determined by means of a turbidimetric assay method in 10 healthy children as controls, 10 patients with glomerulonephritis, 8 patients with Alport's syndrome (hereditary glomerulonephritis with deafness) and 12 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. In most of the cases a significant increase in urinary lysozyme excretion, indicative of tubular damage, was found and this finding correlates well with the tubular morphology of the patients.", "contents": "[Tubular involvement in glomerular diseases of the kidney (author's transl)]. An attempt is made in this study to provide an answer to the question whether glomerular diseases are accompanied by tubular disorders. The urinary lysozyme activity was determined by means of a turbidimetric assay method in 10 healthy children as controls, 10 patients with glomerulonephritis, 8 patients with Alport's syndrome (hereditary glomerulonephritis with deafness) and 12 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. In most of the cases a significant increase in urinary lysozyme excretion, indicative of tubular damage, was found and this finding correlates well with the tubular morphology of the patients.", "PMID": 320767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7557", "title": "Fluoro-immuno-cytoadherence (FICA): A new method for the identification and enumeration of antigen-binding cells.", "content": "Antigen-coated particles of cross-linked dextran may be used for affinity chromatography of antibodies and for the fractionation of lymphoid cells with appropriate surface receptors. Furthermore, such particles serve as convenient substrates for quantitative immunofluorescence tests. The fluoro-immuno-cyto-adherence (FICA) is a simple technique which combines affinity chromatography and immunofluorescence, provides durable antigen-coated substrates and allows the identification, enumeration and characterization of lymphoid cells capable of binding an antigen, covalently linked via a spacer onto the surface of dextran beads. In the present study chicken thyroglobulin (TG) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) were coupled onto fluorescein and rhodamin-labelled or unlabelled Sephadex G-25 beads by means of spacer molecules. The specificity and degree of antigen-coating were controlled by indirect immunoflourescence. For the study of antigen-binding cells the different antigen-coated beads were mixed with suspensions of peripheral blood lymphoid cells from Obese strain (OS) chickens with spontaneous hereditary autoimmune thyroiditis, or with cells from BSA-immunized or unimmunized normal White Leghron chickens. Specific adherence of OS lymphocytes to TG-coated beads and of lymphocytes from BSA-immunized chickens to BSA-beads was found. The test and control preparations are observed simultaneously under the fluorescence microscope where the distinction of beads coated with different antigens can be made on the basis of the color of their fluorescence. Results obtained with the FICA technique are in good agreement with those of conventional rosette tests.", "contents": "Fluoro-immuno-cytoadherence (FICA): A new method for the identification and enumeration of antigen-binding cells. Antigen-coated particles of cross-linked dextran may be used for affinity chromatography of antibodies and for the fractionation of lymphoid cells with appropriate surface receptors. Furthermore, such particles serve as convenient substrates for quantitative immunofluorescence tests. The fluoro-immuno-cyto-adherence (FICA) is a simple technique which combines affinity chromatography and immunofluorescence, provides durable antigen-coated substrates and allows the identification, enumeration and characterization of lymphoid cells capable of binding an antigen, covalently linked via a spacer onto the surface of dextran beads. In the present study chicken thyroglobulin (TG) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) were coupled onto fluorescein and rhodamin-labelled or unlabelled Sephadex G-25 beads by means of spacer molecules. The specificity and degree of antigen-coating were controlled by indirect immunoflourescence. For the study of antigen-binding cells the different antigen-coated beads were mixed with suspensions of peripheral blood lymphoid cells from Obese strain (OS) chickens with spontaneous hereditary autoimmune thyroiditis, or with cells from BSA-immunized or unimmunized normal White Leghron chickens. Specific adherence of OS lymphocytes to TG-coated beads and of lymphocytes from BSA-immunized chickens to BSA-beads was found. The test and control preparations are observed simultaneously under the fluorescence microscope where the distinction of beads coated with different antigens can be made on the basis of the color of their fluorescence. Results obtained with the FICA technique are in good agreement with those of conventional rosette tests.", "PMID": 320768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7558", "title": "Changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte nucleoli in a follow-up of renal allograft recipients. Correlation with the response to PHA.", "content": "Changes in the morphology of nucleoli in peripheral blood lymphocytes and the reactivity to PHA were used in the immunological follow-up of renal allograft recipients. The increased numbers of \"active\" lymphocytes containing compact nucleoli or nucleoli with nucleolonemas, characteristic for cells actively synthesizing RNA, preceded 21 out of 28 rejection episodes. The results of the nucleolar test mathematically correlated with the results of the test of lymphocyte transformation to PHA. The described testing of lymphocyte activation according to the morphology of the nucleoli may serve as a rapid and economical method for the prediction of impending allograft rejection crises in the clinic.", "contents": "Changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte nucleoli in a follow-up of renal allograft recipients. Correlation with the response to PHA. Changes in the morphology of nucleoli in peripheral blood lymphocytes and the reactivity to PHA were used in the immunological follow-up of renal allograft recipients. The increased numbers of \"active\" lymphocytes containing compact nucleoli or nucleoli with nucleolonemas, characteristic for cells actively synthesizing RNA, preceded 21 out of 28 rejection episodes. The results of the nucleolar test mathematically correlated with the results of the test of lymphocyte transformation to PHA. The described testing of lymphocyte activation according to the morphology of the nucleoli may serve as a rapid and economical method for the prediction of impending allograft rejection crises in the clinic.", "PMID": 320769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7559", "title": "Rosette formation of pig peripheral blood lymphocytes with sheep red blood cells.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal young pigs formed spontaneous and EAC rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Pretreatment of the SRBC with a sulphydryl reagent increased the percentage of spontaneous rosettes and the number of SRBC bound by the lymphocytes. The influence of an incubation period prior to centrifugation and the duration and temperature of the following incubation were tested for spontaneous and EAC rosettes. The importance is stressed to define the number of bound SRBC to call a lymphocyte a \"rosette-forming cell\". Rosette formation is interpreted as a quantitative rather than a qualitative marker.", "contents": "Rosette formation of pig peripheral blood lymphocytes with sheep red blood cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal young pigs formed spontaneous and EAC rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Pretreatment of the SRBC with a sulphydryl reagent increased the percentage of spontaneous rosettes and the number of SRBC bound by the lymphocytes. The influence of an incubation period prior to centrifugation and the duration and temperature of the following incubation were tested for spontaneous and EAC rosettes. The importance is stressed to define the number of bound SRBC to call a lymphocyte a \"rosette-forming cell\". Rosette formation is interpreted as a quantitative rather than a qualitative marker.", "PMID": 320770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7560", "title": "[Arthordesis of foot joints with the Cloward-technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The Cloward instruments can be used not only for the interbody cervical fusion, but also for the arthrodesis of the talo-crural and talo-navicular joints. By exact pinning with autolog spongiosa pins while the joints are distracted further internal is not necessary. In contrast to other methods the arthrodesis of the talo-crural joint is not accompanied by a shortening of the leg. Technical details of the method are described and the first results of 15 cases are reported.", "contents": "[Arthordesis of foot joints with the Cloward-technique (author's transl)]. The Cloward instruments can be used not only for the interbody cervical fusion, but also for the arthrodesis of the talo-crural and talo-navicular joints. By exact pinning with autolog spongiosa pins while the joints are distracted further internal is not necessary. In contrast to other methods the arthrodesis of the talo-crural joint is not accompanied by a shortening of the leg. Technical details of the method are described and the first results of 15 cases are reported.", "PMID": 320771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7561", "title": "[Spondylitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium (author's transl)].", "content": "Described is a case of spondylitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium. According to literature osteomyelitis and spondylitis are rare as local manifestation of a salmonella infection. Spondylitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium, the most common species, is almost unknown. The problems in diagnosis and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Spondylitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium (author's transl)]. Described is a case of spondylitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium. According to literature osteomyelitis and spondylitis are rare as local manifestation of a salmonella infection. Spondylitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium, the most common species, is almost unknown. The problems in diagnosis and therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 320772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7562", "title": "[Congenital rocker-bottom foot (author's transl)].", "content": "A report was made of 19 patients with rocker-bottom foot operated on during the last 10 years in the Orthopedic Hospital and Out-Patient Clinic of the University of Heidelberg. No additional bone anomalies were present in 6 cases. The remaining malformations occurred together with multiple contractures and in the context of spina bifida cystica. The various malformations of the foot were divided into three groups. This study is particularly concerned with therapy for rocker-bottom foot. Conservative measures are not suitable for types I and Ia while conservative therapy should be attempted in type II. The surgical procedure involves 4 steps: development of the calcancal part of the foot, repositioning of the navicular bone, new adjustment of the ankle and various stabilization measures including the Grice operation and transposition of various tendons. The surgical procedure and the results were discussed.", "contents": "[Congenital rocker-bottom foot (author's transl)]. A report was made of 19 patients with rocker-bottom foot operated on during the last 10 years in the Orthopedic Hospital and Out-Patient Clinic of the University of Heidelberg. No additional bone anomalies were present in 6 cases. The remaining malformations occurred together with multiple contractures and in the context of spina bifida cystica. The various malformations of the foot were divided into three groups. This study is particularly concerned with therapy for rocker-bottom foot. Conservative measures are not suitable for types I and Ia while conservative therapy should be attempted in type II. The surgical procedure involves 4 steps: development of the calcancal part of the foot, repositioning of the navicular bone, new adjustment of the ankle and various stabilization measures including the Grice operation and transposition of various tendons. The surgical procedure and the results were discussed.", "PMID": 320773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7563", "title": "The management of gonorrhea in an emergency room.", "content": "This study reviews the experience with gonorrhea and \"pelvic inflammatory disease\" in an emergency room of a university hospital. In spite of the large volume of critically ill patients seen in the emergency room, proper diagnostic methods and appropriate treatment for gonococcal disease were used by these physicians in over 90% of the cases. However, performance of serologic tests for detection of latent syphilis and the reporting of the disease to the Health Department were often overlooked. Two other problems in the management of these diseases were identified. One was the discovery of a low yield of organisms by culture, and the other was the failure of most patients to return for followup. This study indicates that periodic retrospective analysis is a useful method of ascertaining the effectiveness of diagnosis and management of gonococcal infections in a setting not specifically oriented to venereal disease. This analysis indicates that better mechanisms can be instituted in treating these infections to assure high quality care.", "contents": "The management of gonorrhea in an emergency room. This study reviews the experience with gonorrhea and \"pelvic inflammatory disease\" in an emergency room of a university hospital. In spite of the large volume of critically ill patients seen in the emergency room, proper diagnostic methods and appropriate treatment for gonococcal disease were used by these physicians in over 90% of the cases. However, performance of serologic tests for detection of latent syphilis and the reporting of the disease to the Health Department were often overlooked. Two other problems in the management of these diseases were identified. One was the discovery of a low yield of organisms by culture, and the other was the failure of most patients to return for followup. This study indicates that periodic retrospective analysis is a useful method of ascertaining the effectiveness of diagnosis and management of gonococcal infections in a setting not specifically oriented to venereal disease. This analysis indicates that better mechanisms can be instituted in treating these infections to assure high quality care.", "PMID": 320778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7564", "title": "[Amniofetography in antenatal diagnosis of fetal abnormalities].", "content": "The authors report the application of the amniofetography in the field of the antenatal diagnostic of fetale deformities. All pregnant women were investigated by Ultrasonic-B-scan. In cases of unambiguous hydramnios and in cases of pathological findings or findings which are not clear in Ultrasonic-B-scan an amniofetography was made. This method was carried out in 14 patients between the 28th and 37th week of pregnancy. It was found changes in 8 cases which in control of pregnancy and delivery were important.", "contents": "[Amniofetography in antenatal diagnosis of fetal abnormalities]. The authors report the application of the amniofetography in the field of the antenatal diagnostic of fetale deformities. All pregnant women were investigated by Ultrasonic-B-scan. In cases of unambiguous hydramnios and in cases of pathological findings or findings which are not clear in Ultrasonic-B-scan an amniofetography was made. This method was carried out in 14 patients between the 28th and 37th week of pregnancy. It was found changes in 8 cases which in control of pregnancy and delivery were important.", "PMID": 320789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7565", "title": "[Comparative studies on the antimicrobial activity of S-alkylthiuroniumhalides (author's transl)].", "content": "S-alkylthiuroniumhalides according to formula I (table 1) have been tested under standardized conditions with respect to their antimicrobial activity against bacteria, yeasts and fungi. In table 2 the bacteriostatic and fungistatic efficiency and in table 3 the microbicidal efficiency of 8 different S-alkylthiuronium compounds are compared with the efficiency of N,N-dimethyl-coconutoilalkyl-benzyl-ammonium-chloride. The germ inhibitory effect of the quaternary ammonium compound has been superior to the S-alkylthiuronium salts in almost all respects. The germicidal effect of the S-alkylthiuroniumhalides depends on the alkyl chain length bound to the S-atom and gets the optimum with S-dodecylthiuronium-chloride. Already a 0.0005% concentration is sufficient to kill all test germs within 30 minutes. S-dodecylthiuroniumchloride proved to be just as effective as the known well effective quaternary ammonium compounds. It seems to be possible to increase the microbicidal efficiency by additional alkylating - specially methylating - of both nitrogen atoms.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the antimicrobial activity of S-alkylthiuroniumhalides (author's transl)]. S-alkylthiuroniumhalides according to formula I (table 1) have been tested under standardized conditions with respect to their antimicrobial activity against bacteria, yeasts and fungi. In table 2 the bacteriostatic and fungistatic efficiency and in table 3 the microbicidal efficiency of 8 different S-alkylthiuronium compounds are compared with the efficiency of N,N-dimethyl-coconutoilalkyl-benzyl-ammonium-chloride. The germ inhibitory effect of the quaternary ammonium compound has been superior to the S-alkylthiuronium salts in almost all respects. The germicidal effect of the S-alkylthiuroniumhalides depends on the alkyl chain length bound to the S-atom and gets the optimum with S-dodecylthiuronium-chloride. Already a 0.0005% concentration is sufficient to kill all test germs within 30 minutes. S-dodecylthiuroniumchloride proved to be just as effective as the known well effective quaternary ammonium compounds. It seems to be possible to increase the microbicidal efficiency by additional alkylating - specially methylating - of both nitrogen atoms.", "PMID": 320790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7566", "title": "[Drug resistance of phage types of Salmonella typhimurium (author's transl)].", "content": "Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (disk diffusion test) and phage typing (method according to Anderson, performed by Prof. Brandis, Bonn) of 703 strains of Salmonella typhimurium from humans, isolated in Essen and surrounding during 1972 to 1975, was performed to dertermine whether characteristic patterns of drug resistance were associated with a single phage type or not. The most frequently isolated phage types are phage type 17 (12.2%), 12 (10.1%), 49 (8.1%), 15a (5.7%), 2 (3,3%) and the untypable phage type (46.7%). Resistance to tetracycline (45%) was most common, followed by resistance to sulfanilamide (19%), ampicillin (9%), and chloramphenicol (7%). Resistance to other antimicrobial agents (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol, gentamicin, colistin) was quite rare. Antibiograms of different phage types were found to be different, not only as far as the ratio of sensitive to resistant strains is concerned, but also for the ratio single-resistant to multiple-resistant strains. These differences were found to be statistically significant (chi-square-test, table 2). Comparison of antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline showed, that the portion of resistant strains was about 70% for the untypable phage types, 40% for phage type 17 and 7% for phage type 12. Among isolates of the phage type 49 multiple resistance was most common. The combination of resistance determinants is specified in figure 3. A possible interrelation between resistance pattern and the presence of R-plasmids in isolated strains is discussed.", "contents": "[Drug resistance of phage types of Salmonella typhimurium (author's transl)]. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (disk diffusion test) and phage typing (method according to Anderson, performed by Prof. Brandis, Bonn) of 703 strains of Salmonella typhimurium from humans, isolated in Essen and surrounding during 1972 to 1975, was performed to dertermine whether characteristic patterns of drug resistance were associated with a single phage type or not. The most frequently isolated phage types are phage type 17 (12.2%), 12 (10.1%), 49 (8.1%), 15a (5.7%), 2 (3,3%) and the untypable phage type (46.7%). Resistance to tetracycline (45%) was most common, followed by resistance to sulfanilamide (19%), ampicillin (9%), and chloramphenicol (7%). Resistance to other antimicrobial agents (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol, gentamicin, colistin) was quite rare. Antibiograms of different phage types were found to be different, not only as far as the ratio of sensitive to resistant strains is concerned, but also for the ratio single-resistant to multiple-resistant strains. These differences were found to be statistically significant (chi-square-test, table 2). Comparison of antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline showed, that the portion of resistant strains was about 70% for the untypable phage types, 40% for phage type 17 and 7% for phage type 12. Among isolates of the phage type 49 multiple resistance was most common. The combination of resistance determinants is specified in figure 3. A possible interrelation between resistance pattern and the presence of R-plasmids in isolated strains is discussed.", "PMID": 320791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7567", "title": "[Epidemiologic relationship of infections with Salmonella typhimurium in Switzerland studied by phage typing (author's transl)].", "content": "In the area, controlled by the Institute of Microbiology of St. Gall, 262 S. typhi murium strains could be isolated during 1973. By means of phage typing, according to GUINEE, 20 different phage types as well as 6 additional atypically reacting strains, with characteristic atypical pattern, were recognized. The phage type 650 was most frequently encountered (37.0%) folowed by types 61 (20.2%) and 505 (10.3%). An intensive change in phage types was noted among 114 cases, observed over 7 months, in the region of Wil SG. In the beginning, 5 different phage types were determined, but in the following 2 months, they were replaced by the type 650, and, finally, by the type 61. Phage typing enabled the understanding of epidemiologic relationship of two outbreaks occurring in Kirchberg (type 650) and B\u00fctschwil (type 61) by consumption of infected slaughtered beef. Also, an outbreak of the infection in Wil, transmitted by an infected butcher, could be cleared. Testing of the resistance against tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol showed that 80.1% of the strains were sensitive and 18.3% were resistent against tetracycline; some phage types were sensitive (2, 3, 4, 61 etc.), predominantly sensitive (650) or resistent (330, 450, 504, 505 ARS-12). Four strains were resistent against one or more chemotherapeutic agents used.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic relationship of infections with Salmonella typhimurium in Switzerland studied by phage typing (author's transl)]. In the area, controlled by the Institute of Microbiology of St. Gall, 262 S. typhi murium strains could be isolated during 1973. By means of phage typing, according to GUINEE, 20 different phage types as well as 6 additional atypically reacting strains, with characteristic atypical pattern, were recognized. The phage type 650 was most frequently encountered (37.0%) folowed by types 61 (20.2%) and 505 (10.3%). An intensive change in phage types was noted among 114 cases, observed over 7 months, in the region of Wil SG. In the beginning, 5 different phage types were determined, but in the following 2 months, they were replaced by the type 650, and, finally, by the type 61. Phage typing enabled the understanding of epidemiologic relationship of two outbreaks occurring in Kirchberg (type 650) and B\u00fctschwil (type 61) by consumption of infected slaughtered beef. Also, an outbreak of the infection in Wil, transmitted by an infected butcher, could be cleared. Testing of the resistance against tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol showed that 80.1% of the strains were sensitive and 18.3% were resistent against tetracycline; some phage types were sensitive (2, 3, 4, 61 etc.), predominantly sensitive (650) or resistent (330, 450, 504, 505 ARS-12). Four strains were resistent against one or more chemotherapeutic agents used.", "PMID": 320792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7568", "title": "[The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms (Escherichia coli type I and coliforms) in some foods (author's transl)].", "content": "96 specimens of minced beef, ice cream, soft ice and lettuce were tested for their contamination with E. coli and/or coliforms. Colonies of these contaminants were checked for their antibiotic resistance pattern and it was found that many of the E. coli and coliforms proved to be resistant to up to six different antibiotics. The possible public health consequences of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "[The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms (Escherichia coli type I and coliforms) in some foods (author's transl)]. 96 specimens of minced beef, ice cream, soft ice and lettuce were tested for their contamination with E. coli and/or coliforms. Colonies of these contaminants were checked for their antibiotic resistance pattern and it was found that many of the E. coli and coliforms proved to be resistant to up to six different antibiotics. The possible public health consequences of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 320793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7569", "title": "[Aspects of rudimentary psychology, psychopathyology and psychotherapy].", "content": "The critical study tries to show systematical conception of the psychic phenomena and abnormal manners described in the work of Seneca after having illustrated the principal terms within the framework of the stoic philosophy according to the imagination of the healthy soul including the demonstration of examples relating to the psychology of feelings. Among other things the study shows the annaeic opinions of the fear of death, the suicide and of getting old; furthermore, it points to the psychotherapeutic activity by laymen at that time.", "contents": "[Aspects of rudimentary psychology, psychopathyology and psychotherapy]. The critical study tries to show systematical conception of the psychic phenomena and abnormal manners described in the work of Seneca after having illustrated the principal terms within the framework of the stoic philosophy according to the imagination of the healthy soul including the demonstration of examples relating to the psychology of feelings. Among other things the study shows the annaeic opinions of the fear of death, the suicide and of getting old; furthermore, it points to the psychotherapeutic activity by laymen at that time.", "PMID": 320786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7570", "title": "[Relationship between the presence of K- and O-antigens and the behavior of salmonellae in a culture of macrophages].", "content": "It was shown on experimental models (mice and in kerato-conjunctival reaction) in comparative study of spontaneous stable salmonella mutants that disturbances in the process of synthesis of K- or O-antigens led to the weakening or the loss of the bacterial virulence. In the study of the behavior of the salmonella mutants it was revealed in the culture of phagocytizing macrophages that a reduction of the cytotoxic action of bacteria was connected with the changes of the somatic O-antigen, whereas the capacity of salmonella to reproduction inside the macrophages correlated with the presence of surface K-antigen.", "contents": "[Relationship between the presence of K- and O-antigens and the behavior of salmonellae in a culture of macrophages]. It was shown on experimental models (mice and in kerato-conjunctival reaction) in comparative study of spontaneous stable salmonella mutants that disturbances in the process of synthesis of K- or O-antigens led to the weakening or the loss of the bacterial virulence. In the study of the behavior of the salmonella mutants it was revealed in the culture of phagocytizing macrophages that a reduction of the cytotoxic action of bacteria was connected with the changes of the somatic O-antigen, whereas the capacity of salmonella to reproduction inside the macrophages correlated with the presence of surface K-antigen.", "PMID": 320796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7571", "title": "[Psychoanalysis and suggestion].", "content": "In the history of psychoanalysis the problem of suggestion has been a central one. At first it involved the necessity to establish the psychoanalytic technique as independent scientific paradigm in contrast to persuasion and hypnosis. However, it was not only the symptom-oriented suggestion that had to be given up for scientific reasons and reasons of treatment technique. Since professional and human factors as well could have influenced the psychoanalytic situation to revert to the traditional \"suggestion\", Freud has given some technical considerations (e.g. the mirror-analogy), that were meant to counteract the confusion of the psychoanalytic technique with the persuasive one that had to come up to late. The discovery of the transference phenomena has further complicated the problem. It became obvious that the capacity of the analyst to exert an influence and to have impact, originated in very basic human categories and their specific psychogenetic developments and distortions. This understanding contributed to the development of psychoanalytic theories of suggestibility. Until the present day the discovery of the transference phenomena has determined the discussions of psychoanalytic technique in term of the relationship between the special and general therapeutic factors (i.e. interpretation versus relationship). The departure from the therapeutic mode of persuasive suggestion and the introduction of psychoanalytic technique signaled the revolutionary paradigm of Sigmund Freud, i.e. the active participation of the patient and the process of observation. Often scientific problems related to this pradigm and suggestion are discussed concurrently.", "contents": "[Psychoanalysis and suggestion]. In the history of psychoanalysis the problem of suggestion has been a central one. At first it involved the necessity to establish the psychoanalytic technique as independent scientific paradigm in contrast to persuasion and hypnosis. However, it was not only the symptom-oriented suggestion that had to be given up for scientific reasons and reasons of treatment technique. Since professional and human factors as well could have influenced the psychoanalytic situation to revert to the traditional \"suggestion\", Freud has given some technical considerations (e.g. the mirror-analogy), that were meant to counteract the confusion of the psychoanalytic technique with the persuasive one that had to come up to late. The discovery of the transference phenomena has further complicated the problem. It became obvious that the capacity of the analyst to exert an influence and to have impact, originated in very basic human categories and their specific psychogenetic developments and distortions. This understanding contributed to the development of psychoanalytic theories of suggestibility. Until the present day the discovery of the transference phenomena has determined the discussions of psychoanalytic technique in term of the relationship between the special and general therapeutic factors (i.e. interpretation versus relationship). The departure from the therapeutic mode of persuasive suggestion and the introduction of psychoanalytic technique signaled the revolutionary paradigm of Sigmund Freud, i.e. the active participation of the patient and the process of observation. Often scientific problems related to this pradigm and suggestion are discussed concurrently.", "PMID": 320787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7572", "title": "[Formation of the dysentery epidemic process in three small towns].", "content": "Data are presented concerning the epidemiological analysis of Sonnei dysentery outbreaks in three towns connected by common nutrition and water supply. The epidemic processes in these populated localites were strongly interrelated. Possibilities of the effect of the water factor on the extent of Sonnei dysentery incidence were studied as well. The results of studies led to the conclusion on the presence of numerous action forms of the water factor which should be taken into consideration in carrying out prophylactic and antiepidemic measures in Sonnei dysentery.", "contents": "[Formation of the dysentery epidemic process in three small towns]. Data are presented concerning the epidemiological analysis of Sonnei dysentery outbreaks in three towns connected by common nutrition and water supply. The epidemic processes in these populated localites were strongly interrelated. Possibilities of the effect of the water factor on the extent of Sonnei dysentery incidence were studied as well. The results of studies led to the conclusion on the presence of numerous action forms of the water factor which should be taken into consideration in carrying out prophylactic and antiepidemic measures in Sonnei dysentery.", "PMID": 320797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7573", "title": "[Preliminary results of a bacteriologic study of the blood and urine of children with nephritis].", "content": "Single examination of the urine and blood by the method described in this paper was carried out in 14 children suffering from glomerulonephritis. L-form cultures were isolated in 11 cases. The cultures were isolated both at the active phase and during the remission. Three L-form cultures reverted into streptococci spontaneously. The revertants showed a sharp difference from the L-forms by the cell morphology and also by the colour and morphology of the colonies.", "contents": "[Preliminary results of a bacteriologic study of the blood and urine of children with nephritis]. Single examination of the urine and blood by the method described in this paper was carried out in 14 children suffering from glomerulonephritis. L-form cultures were isolated in 11 cases. The cultures were isolated both at the active phase and during the remission. Three L-form cultures reverted into streptococci spontaneously. The revertants showed a sharp difference from the L-forms by the cell morphology and also by the colour and morphology of the colonies.", "PMID": 320798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7574", "title": "[Test of the safety, reactogeneity and immunogeneity of live Flexner 2a and Sonne dysentery vaccine from spontaneous mutants, prepared in dragee form, in a controlled experiment on adults].", "content": "Controlled experiment was conducted on 428 adult persons. A study was made of the reaktogenic properties and the immunological activity of live enteral dysentery vaccine Flexner 2a and Sonne from the spontaneous mutants developed at the N.F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. The vaccine is prepared in the form of sugar-coated pills covered with an acid-fast substance protecting from the gastric juice action. A single administration of the vaccine in a dose of up to 4 pills (6 to 8 X 10(9) live microbial cells) induced no general or local reactions. At the same time enteral administration of such low vaccine doses of the vaccine caused a significant accretion of specific hemagglutinins, including IgA, IgG, IgM antibodies in the serum, this pointing to the marked general and local immunological activity of the vaccine. Vaccine strains Flexner 2a and Sonne were isolated from 16 to 40% of the persons vaccinated, for the maximum period of 5 to 8 days. The isolated strains were avirulent when checked by the keratoconjuctival test.", "contents": "[Test of the safety, reactogeneity and immunogeneity of live Flexner 2a and Sonne dysentery vaccine from spontaneous mutants, prepared in dragee form, in a controlled experiment on adults]. Controlled experiment was conducted on 428 adult persons. A study was made of the reaktogenic properties and the immunological activity of live enteral dysentery vaccine Flexner 2a and Sonne from the spontaneous mutants developed at the N.F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. The vaccine is prepared in the form of sugar-coated pills covered with an acid-fast substance protecting from the gastric juice action. A single administration of the vaccine in a dose of up to 4 pills (6 to 8 X 10(9) live microbial cells) induced no general or local reactions. At the same time enteral administration of such low vaccine doses of the vaccine caused a significant accretion of specific hemagglutinins, including IgA, IgG, IgM antibodies in the serum, this pointing to the marked general and local immunological activity of the vaccine. Vaccine strains Flexner 2a and Sonne were isolated from 16 to 40% of the persons vaccinated, for the maximum period of 5 to 8 days. The isolated strains were avirulent when checked by the keratoconjuctival test.", "PMID": 320801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7575", "title": "[Determination of the concentration of antibody reactive centers using a standard antigen and erythrocytic antigen].", "content": "The concentration of the reactive centres of the antibodies in the preparation under study can be determined with the aid of an antibody erythrocytic diagnostic agent. A mathematical substantiation of the suggested method and definite examples of its use are presented. The sensitivity of the serological method of determination of the concentration of the reactive centres of the antibodies largely depended on the valency of the antibody erythrocytes and the heterogeneity of the antibodies. This method permits to determine the sum of the reactive antibody centres equivalent to the definite concentration of the molecules of the standard antigen whose valency remains unknown.", "contents": "[Determination of the concentration of antibody reactive centers using a standard antigen and erythrocytic antigen]. The concentration of the reactive centres of the antibodies in the preparation under study can be determined with the aid of an antibody erythrocytic diagnostic agent. A mathematical substantiation of the suggested method and definite examples of its use are presented. The sensitivity of the serological method of determination of the concentration of the reactive centres of the antibodies largely depended on the valency of the antibody erythrocytes and the heterogeneity of the antibodies. This method permits to determine the sum of the reactive antibody centres equivalent to the definite concentration of the molecules of the standard antigen whose valency remains unknown.", "PMID": 320802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7576", "title": "[Ultrastructure of LLR-mutants of E. coli K12].", "content": "The author studied the ultrastructure of two spherical E. coli K12 mutants (llr) obtained under the effect of N-nitroso-N-methylurea. Seven morphological types of cells differing from one another by shape, size and cytoarchitectonics were distinguished. Superficial structures of the majority of the cells were represented by the membranes of the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane of common structure. Some of the cells had only one membrane coat and a high electron optic density of the cytoplasm. Transitional forms of cells were also encountered. The ultrastructure of each morphological type in the population of the llr-mutants was described in detail. The capacity of the mutants to vacuolization, to the intra- and extracellular budding, and also the ability to form multiple membrane structures resembled analogous structures of stable L-forms of the Gram-negative microbes. The problems of morphological differentiation of the L-forms and of the llr-mutants, and also problems connected with the formation of the multiple membrane structures and small elemental bodies in the cells of the llr-mutants are discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of LLR-mutants of E. coli K12]. The author studied the ultrastructure of two spherical E. coli K12 mutants (llr) obtained under the effect of N-nitroso-N-methylurea. Seven morphological types of cells differing from one another by shape, size and cytoarchitectonics were distinguished. Superficial structures of the majority of the cells were represented by the membranes of the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane of common structure. Some of the cells had only one membrane coat and a high electron optic density of the cytoplasm. Transitional forms of cells were also encountered. The ultrastructure of each morphological type in the population of the llr-mutants was described in detail. The capacity of the mutants to vacuolization, to the intra- and extracellular budding, and also the ability to form multiple membrane structures resembled analogous structures of stable L-forms of the Gram-negative microbes. The problems of morphological differentiation of the L-forms and of the llr-mutants, and also problems connected with the formation of the multiple membrane structures and small elemental bodies in the cells of the llr-mutants are discussed.", "PMID": 320803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7577", "title": "[Entobacterial transformation by R6K plasmid DNA].", "content": "Preparations of DNA of R6K plasmide obtained by various methods on the basis of the \"clarified\" lysate: by gel filtration on sepharose 4B, centrifugation in cesium chloride with ethidium bromide gradient, were analysed in the E. coli C600. S. typhimurium AG37, Pr. vulgaris 4636, S. marcescens 20-10 transformation. The frequency of transformation proved to depend on the extent of DNA purification. Factors influencing the E. coli C600 competence and the transformation efficacy (the phase of the culture growth, the concentration of cells in the mixture with DNA, theCaCl2 concentration, the time of the cell incubation at 42 degrees C) were studied. Kinetics of the phenotypical expression of the plasmide signs of ampicillin and streptomycin resistance in transformation was also studied in this work.", "contents": "[Entobacterial transformation by R6K plasmid DNA]. Preparations of DNA of R6K plasmide obtained by various methods on the basis of the \"clarified\" lysate: by gel filtration on sepharose 4B, centrifugation in cesium chloride with ethidium bromide gradient, were analysed in the E. coli C600. S. typhimurium AG37, Pr. vulgaris 4636, S. marcescens 20-10 transformation. The frequency of transformation proved to depend on the extent of DNA purification. Factors influencing the E. coli C600 competence and the transformation efficacy (the phase of the culture growth, the concentration of cells in the mixture with DNA, theCaCl2 concentration, the time of the cell incubation at 42 degrees C) were studied. Kinetics of the phenotypical expression of the plasmide signs of ampicillin and streptomycin resistance in transformation was also studied in this work.", "PMID": 320804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7578", "title": "Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "To evaluate the glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in hyperthyroidism patients were examined in the toxic state and after they had been made euthyroid. Fasting values: In 42 untreated patients the glucose- and insulin concentrations in serum were significantly elevated. In 24 treated patients the glucose concentrations became normal, while the insulin concentrations remained elevated. Oral-glucose-tolerance test: In 20 untreated patients the glucose- and insulin responses were significantly increased. In 8 treated patients the glucose response became normal, while the insulin response remained unchanged. Intravenous-glucose-tolerance test: In 28 untreated patients the K-values were significantly decreased and the insulin response increased. In 23 treated patients the K-values rose significantly, but the insulin response remained unchanged. Intravenous-tolbutamide test: In 41 untreated patients the glucose concentration decreased significantly compared with the controls, and the insulin responses were significantly increased. In 23 treated patients the glucose concentrations decreased even more, while the insulin response remained unchanged. The results indicate enhanced sensitivity or an increase in the mass of beta-cells in hyperthyroidism. The glucose tolerance tests point to an increased peripheral insulin resistance. The normalized glucose tolerance and still enhanced insulin secretion during treatment support the assumption, that hyperthyroidism causes an increase in the beta-cell mass.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in hyperthyroidism. To evaluate the glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in hyperthyroidism patients were examined in the toxic state and after they had been made euthyroid. Fasting values: In 42 untreated patients the glucose- and insulin concentrations in serum were significantly elevated. In 24 treated patients the glucose concentrations became normal, while the insulin concentrations remained elevated. Oral-glucose-tolerance test: In 20 untreated patients the glucose- and insulin responses were significantly increased. In 8 treated patients the glucose response became normal, while the insulin response remained unchanged. Intravenous-glucose-tolerance test: In 28 untreated patients the K-values were significantly decreased and the insulin response increased. In 23 treated patients the K-values rose significantly, but the insulin response remained unchanged. Intravenous-tolbutamide test: In 41 untreated patients the glucose concentration decreased significantly compared with the controls, and the insulin responses were significantly increased. In 23 treated patients the glucose concentrations decreased even more, while the insulin response remained unchanged. The results indicate enhanced sensitivity or an increase in the mass of beta-cells in hyperthyroidism. The glucose tolerance tests point to an increased peripheral insulin resistance. The normalized glucose tolerance and still enhanced insulin secretion during treatment support the assumption, that hyperthyroidism causes an increase in the beta-cell mass.", "PMID": 320805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7579", "title": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration by the agarose plate technique. Application to antigen from Candida albicans and Fusobacterium nucleatum.", "content": "Leukocyte migration inhibition by antigen from Candida albicans and Fusobacterium nucleatum was studied in man by means of the direct leukocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT). Antigens were prepared by prolonged ultrasonication and were added to the leukocyte cultures in the original as well as in the concentrated solutions. Significant inhibition of migration with a 10-fold concentrated solution of candida antigen was demonstrated in subjects showing apositive intracutaneous reaction to candida. With the fusobacterial antigen, inhibition of migration or stimulation of migration were demonstrated in subjects with slight peridontal inflammation. A 5-fold increase in the concentration of fusobacterial antigen resulted in increased stimulation of migration or inhibition of migration. Preincubation of the leukocytes with puromycin abolished both inhibition and  stimulation of migration by candidal or fusobacterial antigen. The study confirms that it is important to study dose-related effects when applying the LMAT to test cell-mediated immunity. The study is in support of stimulation of migration being an immunologic reaction.", "contents": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration by the agarose plate technique. Application to antigen from Candida albicans and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Leukocyte migration inhibition by antigen from Candida albicans and Fusobacterium nucleatum was studied in man by means of the direct leukocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT). Antigens were prepared by prolonged ultrasonication and were added to the leukocyte cultures in the original as well as in the concentrated solutions. Significant inhibition of migration with a 10-fold concentrated solution of candida antigen was demonstrated in subjects showing apositive intracutaneous reaction to candida. With the fusobacterial antigen, inhibition of migration or stimulation of migration were demonstrated in subjects with slight peridontal inflammation. A 5-fold increase in the concentration of fusobacterial antigen resulted in increased stimulation of migration or inhibition of migration. Preincubation of the leukocytes with puromycin abolished both inhibition and  stimulation of migration by candidal or fusobacterial antigen. The study confirms that it is important to study dose-related effects when applying the LMAT to test cell-mediated immunity. The study is in support of stimulation of migration being an immunologic reaction.", "PMID": 320806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7580", "title": "Anti-asthmatic properties of a new peroral drug (HC 20-5II).", "content": "A clinical trial was performed with a new substance (HC 20-511) derived from the cycloheptothiophene group used in the management of asthma. Twenty-four asthma patients were treated at random, with HC 20-511 or placebo or the antihistaminic substance, clemastin (Tavegyl). A statistical evaluation of the results unequivocally demonstrates good protection with a single dose of 2.0 mg or two times 1.0 mg for 3 days against a challenging antigen, compared with the placebo or the antihistaminic agent. Tolerance was excellent.", "contents": "Anti-asthmatic properties of a new peroral drug (HC 20-5II). A clinical trial was performed with a new substance (HC 20-511) derived from the cycloheptothiophene group used in the management of asthma. Twenty-four asthma patients were treated at random, with HC 20-511 or placebo or the antihistaminic substance, clemastin (Tavegyl). A statistical evaluation of the results unequivocally demonstrates good protection with a single dose of 2.0 mg or two times 1.0 mg for 3 days against a challenging antigen, compared with the placebo or the antihistaminic agent. Tolerance was excellent.", "PMID": 320807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7581", "title": "Lack of impairment in skills related to driving after intramuscular administration of prilocaine or mepivacaine.", "content": "A saline placebo, 3 mg/kg of 2% plain prilocaine, and 3 mg/kg of 2% plain mepivacaine were injected into the deltoid muscles of 10 healthy subjects in a doubleblind, cross-over trial. Before and at 0.5, 1.5 and 3 h after injection, psychomotor skills related to driving were measured. When compared to the saline placebo, neither prilocaine nor mepivacaine impaired the parameters of psychomotor function measured. Blood concentrations of prilocaine were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than those of mepivacaine during the whole observation period. It was concluded that in comparison to lidocaine, bupivacaine, or etidocaine, which have been tested previously and found to impair psychomotor performance, mepivacaine and, especially, prilocaine are the anaesthetic agents to be preferred when effects on central nervous system should be avoided, e.g. in outpatient practice.", "contents": "Lack of impairment in skills related to driving after intramuscular administration of prilocaine or mepivacaine. A saline placebo, 3 mg/kg of 2% plain prilocaine, and 3 mg/kg of 2% plain mepivacaine were injected into the deltoid muscles of 10 healthy subjects in a doubleblind, cross-over trial. Before and at 0.5, 1.5 and 3 h after injection, psychomotor skills related to driving were measured. When compared to the saline placebo, neither prilocaine nor mepivacaine impaired the parameters of psychomotor function measured. Blood concentrations of prilocaine were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than those of mepivacaine during the whole observation period. It was concluded that in comparison to lidocaine, bupivacaine, or etidocaine, which have been tested previously and found to impair psychomotor performance, mepivacaine and, especially, prilocaine are the anaesthetic agents to be preferred when effects on central nervous system should be avoided, e.g. in outpatient practice.", "PMID": 320808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7582", "title": "Ketamine and diazepam as anaesthesia for forceps delivery. A comparative study.", "content": "In a clinically controlled trial in forceps delivery, a comparison was made between the general anaesthesia induced by ketamine and that by a combination of diazepam and N2O. Local anaesthesia was added in the diazepam group for episiotomy and suturation. The indication for operative delivery was in all cases a prolonged second stage of labour. In the katamine group, awareness was noted in four cases out of 13, even if the analgesic effect was found to be good. Four patients showed marked, short-lasting elevation of blood pressure and seven had unpleasant dreams. All thirteen mothers in the diazepam group found the anesthesia effective and the recovery pleasant. The blood pressure was stable. One mother in each group required ventilation with oxygen due to respiratory depression of short duration. Three of the children in the ketamine group and two in the diazepam group had subnormal Apgar score with slight acidosis. This was probably not attributable to the anaesthesia.", "contents": "Ketamine and diazepam as anaesthesia for forceps delivery. A comparative study. In a clinically controlled trial in forceps delivery, a comparison was made between the general anaesthesia induced by ketamine and that by a combination of diazepam and N2O. Local anaesthesia was added in the diazepam group for episiotomy and suturation. The indication for operative delivery was in all cases a prolonged second stage of labour. In the katamine group, awareness was noted in four cases out of 13, even if the analgesic effect was found to be good. Four patients showed marked, short-lasting elevation of blood pressure and seven had unpleasant dreams. All thirteen mothers in the diazepam group found the anesthesia effective and the recovery pleasant. The blood pressure was stable. One mother in each group required ventilation with oxygen due to respiratory depression of short duration. Three of the children in the ketamine group and two in the diazepam group had subnormal Apgar score with slight acidosis. This was probably not attributable to the anaesthesia.", "PMID": 320809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7583", "title": "Clinical effects of carticaine, a new local anesthetic. A survey and a double-blind investigation comparing carticaine with lidocaine in epidural analgesia.", "content": "Carticaine, a new local anesthetic of the amide type, differs from those previously known in that it contains a thiophene ring. The physico-chemical properties of the compound, its pharmacology and its toxicology are reviewed from the litererture. A controlled, double-blind investigation in which carticaine was compared with lidocaine for the purpose of throwing light on the effect of the new local anesthetic in epidural analgesia is presented. Carticaine and lidocaine 2% with adrenaline 1:200 000 were used in the investigation. It was not possible to show any stastically significant difference as regards latency, spread, duration, or motor blockade obtained with the two substances. Marked differences in the type of side effects or their frequency were not noted. From this investigation and a scrutiny of the published clinical studies on the effect of carticaine, it is concluded that its clinical properties are comparable to those of lidocaine.", "contents": "Clinical effects of carticaine, a new local anesthetic. A survey and a double-blind investigation comparing carticaine with lidocaine in epidural analgesia. Carticaine, a new local anesthetic of the amide type, differs from those previously known in that it contains a thiophene ring. The physico-chemical properties of the compound, its pharmacology and its toxicology are reviewed from the litererture. A controlled, double-blind investigation in which carticaine was compared with lidocaine for the purpose of throwing light on the effect of the new local anesthetic in epidural analgesia is presented. Carticaine and lidocaine 2% with adrenaline 1:200 000 were used in the investigation. It was not possible to show any stastically significant difference as regards latency, spread, duration, or motor blockade obtained with the two substances. Marked differences in the type of side effects or their frequency were not noted. From this investigation and a scrutiny of the published clinical studies on the effect of carticaine, it is concluded that its clinical properties are comparable to those of lidocaine.", "PMID": 320810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7584", "title": "Effect of exogenous estrogens on LH and FSH secretion in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea.", "content": "The effect of estradiol on FSH and LH secretion in 5 women with hypothalamic amenorrhea are presented. The functional capacity of the pituitary to secrete FSH and LH had been proved by testing with synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) 100 mug i.m. The thyroid and adrenal functions were normal. In 3 patients estrogens were low-normal and in the other 2 extreme hypoestrogenism was found. Twelve days after the appearance of withdrawal bleeding each patient was given 10 mg estradiol benzoat (EB) i.m. In 3 patients a significant increase in the LH and a slightly smaller increase in the FSH concentration were noted, with an LH peak 60 to 84 hours after injection of EB. The first of these 3 patients became pregnant, in the second the biphasic BBT curve, urine pregnanediol excretion above 2.5 mg/24 hr and the histological finding of secretory endometrium indicated that ovulation had been successfully induced, while in the third patient, despite a satisfactory increase in the LH and FSH concentration, ovulation could not be induced. In the remaining 2 patients no increase in the LH and FSH concentrations was noted even as late as 96 hours after the injection of EB. In these women bleeding began on the 18th and 22nd day of the cycle, respectively, when histological examination revealed proliferative endometrium. The first 3 cases are classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea with dysfunction of the cyclic centre and the other 2 as hypothalamic amenorrhea with dysnfunction of the tonic centre. The effect of exogenous estrogens in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea depends both on the functional capacity of the hypophysis and the capacity and condition of the tonic and cyclic centres in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Effect of exogenous estrogens on LH and FSH secretion in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. The effect of estradiol on FSH and LH secretion in 5 women with hypothalamic amenorrhea are presented. The functional capacity of the pituitary to secrete FSH and LH had been proved by testing with synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) 100 mug i.m. The thyroid and adrenal functions were normal. In 3 patients estrogens were low-normal and in the other 2 extreme hypoestrogenism was found. Twelve days after the appearance of withdrawal bleeding each patient was given 10 mg estradiol benzoat (EB) i.m. In 3 patients a significant increase in the LH and a slightly smaller increase in the FSH concentration were noted, with an LH peak 60 to 84 hours after injection of EB. The first of these 3 patients became pregnant, in the second the biphasic BBT curve, urine pregnanediol excretion above 2.5 mg/24 hr and the histological finding of secretory endometrium indicated that ovulation had been successfully induced, while in the third patient, despite a satisfactory increase in the LH and FSH concentration, ovulation could not be induced. In the remaining 2 patients no increase in the LH and FSH concentrations was noted even as late as 96 hours after the injection of EB. In these women bleeding began on the 18th and 22nd day of the cycle, respectively, when histological examination revealed proliferative endometrium. The first 3 cases are classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea with dysfunction of the cyclic centre and the other 2 as hypothalamic amenorrhea with dysnfunction of the tonic centre. The effect of exogenous estrogens in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea depends both on the functional capacity of the hypophysis and the capacity and condition of the tonic and cyclic centres in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 320812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7585", "title": "A simple apparatus for controlled rate corneal freezing.", "content": "The construction and operation of an apparatus for controlled rate corneal freezing is described. The cooling is obtained by close thermal contact between a vial holding the cornea and a metal core. A predetermined cooling rate is achieved by partial immersion of the core in a fixed amount of liquid nitrogen. In a preliminary series greater than or equal to 95% endothelial survival was obtained.", "contents": "A simple apparatus for controlled rate corneal freezing. The construction and operation of an apparatus for controlled rate corneal freezing is described. The cooling is obtained by close thermal contact between a vial holding the cornea and a metal core. A predetermined cooling rate is achieved by partial immersion of the core in a fixed amount of liquid nitrogen. In a preliminary series greater than or equal to 95% endothelial survival was obtained.", "PMID": 320813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7586", "title": "Transfer factor in chronic and recurrent respiratory tract infections in children.", "content": "Five cases with abnormal sensitivity to respiratory tract infections are described. The cases showed a marked impairment in their cell mediated immunity state. Administration of a chromatographically purified transfer factor component increased the skin test sensitivity to common recall antigens. Interestingly, a similar effect in skin reactivity was observed with repeated skin tests alone, when antigen concentrations, initially high enough to cause a positive reaction, were used. Neither the administration of transfer factor nor skin testing with high antigen concentrations had an effect on blast transformation percentages. The therapy with chromatographically purified transfer factor appeared promising on the clinical condition of the patients.", "contents": "Transfer factor in chronic and recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Five cases with abnormal sensitivity to respiratory tract infections are described. The cases showed a marked impairment in their cell mediated immunity state. Administration of a chromatographically purified transfer factor component increased the skin test sensitivity to common recall antigens. Interestingly, a similar effect in skin reactivity was observed with repeated skin tests alone, when antigen concentrations, initially high enough to cause a positive reaction, were used. Neither the administration of transfer factor nor skin testing with high antigen concentrations had an effect on blast transformation percentages. The therapy with chromatographically purified transfer factor appeared promising on the clinical condition of the patients.", "PMID": 320816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7587", "title": "Transfer factor and cellular immune response in urinary tract infections in children.", "content": "Cellular immune responses in vivo and in vitro were studied in 20 children with chronic or relapsing urinary tract infections. Skin tests revealed decreased immune responses to PPD in cases with chronic or recurrent pyelonephritis and to OM, in these cases and in cases of lower urinary tract infections. Blast transformation responses to PPD, OM and PHA were at least as high as in controls. Administration of chromatographically purified fraction from human leucocyte transfer factor resulted in a positive skin reaction with antigen concentration, which before TF administration had caused a negative reaction. The results suggest that the action of the transfer factor component used in this study is based on an immunologically nonspecific stimulation of the cellular immune response.", "contents": "Transfer factor and cellular immune response in urinary tract infections in children. Cellular immune responses in vivo and in vitro were studied in 20 children with chronic or relapsing urinary tract infections. Skin tests revealed decreased immune responses to PPD in cases with chronic or recurrent pyelonephritis and to OM, in these cases and in cases of lower urinary tract infections. Blast transformation responses to PPD, OM and PHA were at least as high as in controls. Administration of chromatographically purified fraction from human leucocyte transfer factor resulted in a positive skin reaction with antigen concentration, which before TF administration had caused a negative reaction. The results suggest that the action of the transfer factor component used in this study is based on an immunologically nonspecific stimulation of the cellular immune response.", "PMID": 320817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7588", "title": "Development of germfree animal characteristics in conventional rats in antibiotics.", "content": "Conventional (CONV) rats were fed by stomach tube for five days with either benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, tetracykline, oxitetracykline, neomycin, bacitracin + neomycin, kanamycin or colistin. On the 2nd-3rd day all the animals developed one or several of the following symptoms or characteristics typical for germfree (GF) rats: no coprostanol formation, no stercobilin production, a GF pattern after gel electrophoresis of fecal supernatant and proteolytic activity in the feces. Under the same conditions succinylsulfathiazole or metronidazole had much less pronounced effects than the antibiotics. When clofibrate, acetylsalicylic acid or ferrous sulphate were administered the effects were none or negligible. The GF characteristics persisted for several weeks after the end of the administration of the drugs. In some instances this was the case up to 7 weeks, when the animals were contaminated by anal route with a suspension of the cecum contents from intact CONV animals. On the 2nd day after this treatment the GF characteristics had disappeared.", "contents": "Development of germfree animal characteristics in conventional rats in antibiotics. Conventional (CONV) rats were fed by stomach tube for five days with either benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, tetracykline, oxitetracykline, neomycin, bacitracin + neomycin, kanamycin or colistin. On the 2nd-3rd day all the animals developed one or several of the following symptoms or characteristics typical for germfree (GF) rats: no coprostanol formation, no stercobilin production, a GF pattern after gel electrophoresis of fecal supernatant and proteolytic activity in the feces. Under the same conditions succinylsulfathiazole or metronidazole had much less pronounced effects than the antibiotics. When clofibrate, acetylsalicylic acid or ferrous sulphate were administered the effects were none or negligible. The GF characteristics persisted for several weeks after the end of the administration of the drugs. In some instances this was the case up to 7 weeks, when the animals were contaminated by anal route with a suspension of the cecum contents from intact CONV animals. On the 2nd day after this treatment the GF characteristics had disappeared.", "PMID": 320818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7589", "title": "[Clinical and experimental use of ATP in internal ear diseases].", "content": "Intra-arterial ATP infusions with glucose and hyaluronidase were successful in 267 patients suffering from various inner ear disturbances but particularly in sudden deafness. Good clinical results were noted not only in early-treated but also in later cases. Recently, we have also used ATP with hyperbaric oxygen, being successful in cases which were previously treated without improvement. Investigations in guinea-pigs, using artificial hypoxia as a model for human sudden deafness failed because the patterns are not the same. So long as an increase of ATP in the cochlear cells cannot be demonstrated after the i.a. infusions, only an unspecific mechanism can be held responsible for the undoubted clinical successes.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental use of ATP in internal ear diseases]. Intra-arterial ATP infusions with glucose and hyaluronidase were successful in 267 patients suffering from various inner ear disturbances but particularly in sudden deafness. Good clinical results were noted not only in early-treated but also in later cases. Recently, we have also used ATP with hyperbaric oxygen, being successful in cases which were previously treated without improvement. Investigations in guinea-pigs, using artificial hypoxia as a model for human sudden deafness failed because the patterns are not the same. So long as an increase of ATP in the cochlear cells cannot be demonstrated after the i.a. infusions, only an unspecific mechanism can be held responsible for the undoubted clinical successes.", "PMID": 320814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7590", "title": "Characterization of Enterobacter agglomerans (Erwinia spp.) from clinical specimens.", "content": "The biochemical reactions of 18 anaerogenic and 45 aerogenic isolates of Enterobacter agglomerans are described and used for subdivision in the biogroups suggested by Ewing & Fife. The presence of special cultural characteristics (symplasmata and biconvex bodies) was also recorded and was found to be unrelated to formation of gas from glucose. Previous authors have reported such structures in anaerogenic cultures only. The amount of gas produced varied to a great extent between strains and also proved to be dependent on incubation temperature. The results do not support the division of E. agglomerans into one anaerogenic and one aerogenic major subgroup. The value of the gelatin liquefaction test for characterization of the species is emphasized.", "contents": "Characterization of Enterobacter agglomerans (Erwinia spp.) from clinical specimens. The biochemical reactions of 18 anaerogenic and 45 aerogenic isolates of Enterobacter agglomerans are described and used for subdivision in the biogroups suggested by Ewing & Fife. The presence of special cultural characteristics (symplasmata and biconvex bodies) was also recorded and was found to be unrelated to formation of gas from glucose. Previous authors have reported such structures in anaerogenic cultures only. The amount of gas produced varied to a great extent between strains and also proved to be dependent on incubation temperature. The results do not support the division of E. agglomerans into one anaerogenic and one aerogenic major subgroup. The value of the gelatin liquefaction test for characterization of the species is emphasized.", "PMID": 320820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7591", "title": "A new rapid method for the in vitro demonstration of tonsillar lymphocyte activation.", "content": "A simple method is presented suitable for the demonstration of the initial stage of lymphocyte activation. The method is based on the evaluation of the intranuclear birefringence of lymphocytes. With this technique, the activation of the cells is detectable after 30 minutes' in vitro activation. Tonsillar lymphocyte activation was demonstrated after phytohemagglutinin, antigen, or anti-mu antibody stimulation. This activation causes an increase in the intranuclear birefringence. A small group of rabbit tonsillar lymphocytes showed an increased birefringence without in vitro stimulation, thus indicating a continuous in vivo activation of the tonsils.", "contents": "A new rapid method for the in vitro demonstration of tonsillar lymphocyte activation. A simple method is presented suitable for the demonstration of the initial stage of lymphocyte activation. The method is based on the evaluation of the intranuclear birefringence of lymphocytes. With this technique, the activation of the cells is detectable after 30 minutes' in vitro activation. Tonsillar lymphocyte activation was demonstrated after phytohemagglutinin, antigen, or anti-mu antibody stimulation. This activation causes an increase in the intranuclear birefringence. A small group of rabbit tonsillar lymphocytes showed an increased birefringence without in vitro stimulation, thus indicating a continuous in vivo activation of the tonsils.", "PMID": 320815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7592", "title": "A simple procedure for determination of bacteriolytic activity in biological fluids.", "content": "A new procedure for spectrophotometric determination of bacteriolytic activity in biological fluids is described. The method uses Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells as substrate. By inactivation of the sample through pre-incubation in ice-water, a large number of samples can be prepared and analysed simultaneously. The necessity of performing the whole analysis in the photometer for one sample at the time is thus eliminated. By measuring the increase in transmission at 570 nm after incubation of the samples at 37 degrees C a relatively long reaction time and wide concentration range is obtained. This makes the results quite precise and reproducible. The method has been used to determine the bacteriolytic activity in serum of healthy adults. Men have significantly higher levels than women.", "contents": "A simple procedure for determination of bacteriolytic activity in biological fluids. A new procedure for spectrophotometric determination of bacteriolytic activity in biological fluids is described. The method uses Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells as substrate. By inactivation of the sample through pre-incubation in ice-water, a large number of samples can be prepared and analysed simultaneously. The necessity of performing the whole analysis in the photometer for one sample at the time is thus eliminated. By measuring the increase in transmission at 570 nm after incubation of the samples at 37 degrees C a relatively long reaction time and wide concentration range is obtained. This makes the results quite precise and reproducible. The method has been used to determine the bacteriolytic activity in serum of healthy adults. Men have significantly higher levels than women.", "PMID": 320821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7593", "title": "Circulating T and B lymphocytes and immunoglobulin containing cells in the liver in chronic active liver disease.", "content": "The number of circulating T and B lymphocytes was estimated in 25 patients with biopsy-verified chronic non alcoholic liver disease. Fifteen of these had circulating HBSAg and/or anti-HBSAg and 10 were without these markers of HB virus infection. In both groups of patients a significant decrease of T cells and a parallel significant increase in null cells was found, but any difference with respect to T and null cells in patients in the two groups was not observed. Liver biopsies from five of the patients with and four without HBSAg and/or anti-HBSAg were studied for the presence of immunoglobulin bearing cells. In three out of five liver biopsies from the HBSAg and/or Ab positive patients and in two out of the four liver biopsies from the HBSAg and anti-HBSAg negative patients, a heavy periportal infiltration with plasma cells was found. However, the number and classes of the immunoglobulin containing cells could not be correlated either to the histological evaluation of the stage of activity of the liver disease or to the markers for HB virus infection. The immunological findings in the two groups of patients with chronic liver disease seem to be of the same nature and are most likely a consequence of the liver disease and not the cause of it.", "contents": "Circulating T and B lymphocytes and immunoglobulin containing cells in the liver in chronic active liver disease. The number of circulating T and B lymphocytes was estimated in 25 patients with biopsy-verified chronic non alcoholic liver disease. Fifteen of these had circulating HBSAg and/or anti-HBSAg and 10 were without these markers of HB virus infection. In both groups of patients a significant decrease of T cells and a parallel significant increase in null cells was found, but any difference with respect to T and null cells in patients in the two groups was not observed. Liver biopsies from five of the patients with and four without HBSAg and/or anti-HBSAg were studied for the presence of immunoglobulin bearing cells. In three out of five liver biopsies from the HBSAg and/or Ab positive patients and in two out of the four liver biopsies from the HBSAg and anti-HBSAg negative patients, a heavy periportal infiltration with plasma cells was found. However, the number and classes of the immunoglobulin containing cells could not be correlated either to the histological evaluation of the stage of activity of the liver disease or to the markers for HB virus infection. The immunological findings in the two groups of patients with chronic liver disease seem to be of the same nature and are most likely a consequence of the liver disease and not the cause of it.", "PMID": 320822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7594", "title": "Immune response in mice to hapten conjugated sepharose.", "content": "Mice were injected intraperitoneally with Sepharose 4B beads coupled with hapten NIP, and their anti-NIP response was studied by counting antibody forming cells and determining serum titers. Mice responded well to doses of 0.7 ml of packed beads but 0.3 and 1.2 doses induced much weaker responses. Anti-NIP titers in recipients of 0.7 ml of the antigen lasted nearly constant for at least 7 weeks. Both T cell status of the recipient and use of adjuvant had an effect on the response. Antigen without adjuvant induced primarily IgM antibodies in normal mice, but IgM and IgG in nude mice. When Hemophilus pertussis or polyacrylic acid was used as adjuvant both normal and nude mice produced IgM and IgG antibodies, and normal mice produced in addittion IgA antibodies.", "contents": "Immune response in mice to hapten conjugated sepharose. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with Sepharose 4B beads coupled with hapten NIP, and their anti-NIP response was studied by counting antibody forming cells and determining serum titers. Mice responded well to doses of 0.7 ml of packed beads but 0.3 and 1.2 doses induced much weaker responses. Anti-NIP titers in recipients of 0.7 ml of the antigen lasted nearly constant for at least 7 weeks. Both T cell status of the recipient and use of adjuvant had an effect on the response. Antigen without adjuvant induced primarily IgM antibodies in normal mice, but IgM and IgG in nude mice. When Hemophilus pertussis or polyacrylic acid was used as adjuvant both normal and nude mice produced IgM and IgG antibodies, and normal mice produced in addittion IgA antibodies.", "PMID": 320823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7595", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in Crohn's disease and chronic ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood were studied by the sheep red blood cell rosette technique for the identification of T-lymphocytes, and immunofluorescence staining with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin sera for the identification of B-lymphocytes. In Crohn's disease, the total number of lymphocytes was found to be reduced and an almost equal reduction in all the lymphocyte subpopulations studied was found. In ulcerative colitis neither the number of T-lymphocytes nor of B-lymphocytes were found to differ significantly from normal values and the same was true of all B-lymphocyte subpopulations. However, the number of lymphocytes carrying neither surface immunoglobulin nor sheep red blood cell receptors was found to be significantly increased. The results were correlated to clinical data.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in Crohn's disease and chronic ulcerative colitis. Lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood were studied by the sheep red blood cell rosette technique for the identification of T-lymphocytes, and immunofluorescence staining with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin sera for the identification of B-lymphocytes. In Crohn's disease, the total number of lymphocytes was found to be reduced and an almost equal reduction in all the lymphocyte subpopulations studied was found. In ulcerative colitis neither the number of T-lymphocytes nor of B-lymphocytes were found to differ significantly from normal values and the same was true of all B-lymphocyte subpopulations. However, the number of lymphocytes carrying neither surface immunoglobulin nor sheep red blood cell receptors was found to be significantly increased. The results were correlated to clinical data.", "PMID": 320824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7596", "title": "Unchanged protein binding and the increase of serum diazepam levels after food intake.", "content": "Seven subjects received diazepam 0.3 mg/kg intravenously twice with a 2-week interval between the doses. The subjects ingested a fatty or carbohydrate meal in a cross-over fashion 4 hours after the injection on both experimental days. Venous blood samples were drawn 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours after the injection of diazepam for measurement of the serum levels of total and free (unbound) diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, and free fatty acids. Serum levels of diazepam decreased progressively with time until the food intake, after which a significant (P less than 0.01) postprandial increase (average 23%) occurred with both diets as compared to the preprandial levels at 4 hours (average 240 ng/ml). Serum levels of free fatty acids decreased significantly both after a fatty (P less than 0.01) and a carbohydrate (P less than 0.05) meal. Diazepam was extensively (96 to 98%) bound to proteins and no changes in its protein binding was found. It is concluded that the late impairment of psychomotor skills that occurs with an increase in the diazepam serum level after its intravenous administration is due rather to its re-mobilization from a storage site than to variations in its protein binding.", "contents": "Unchanged protein binding and the increase of serum diazepam levels after food intake. Seven subjects received diazepam 0.3 mg/kg intravenously twice with a 2-week interval between the doses. The subjects ingested a fatty or carbohydrate meal in a cross-over fashion 4 hours after the injection on both experimental days. Venous blood samples were drawn 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours after the injection of diazepam for measurement of the serum levels of total and free (unbound) diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, and free fatty acids. Serum levels of diazepam decreased progressively with time until the food intake, after which a significant (P less than 0.01) postprandial increase (average 23%) occurred with both diets as compared to the preprandial levels at 4 hours (average 240 ng/ml). Serum levels of free fatty acids decreased significantly both after a fatty (P less than 0.01) and a carbohydrate (P less than 0.05) meal. Diazepam was extensively (96 to 98%) bound to proteins and no changes in its protein binding was found. It is concluded that the late impairment of psychomotor skills that occurs with an increase in the diazepam serum level after its intravenous administration is due rather to its re-mobilization from a storage site than to variations in its protein binding.", "PMID": 320825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7597", "title": "Secretion of human growth hormone and insulin in levodopa test during carbamazepine therapy.", "content": "The effect of oral administration of carbamazepine for a period of three weeks on serum growth hormone, serum immunoreactive insulin, and blood glucose was studied in healthy volunteers using a levodopa stimulation test. Serum growth hormone rose significantly from 1.3 +/- 0.3 ng/ml to 16.3 +/- 3.4 ng/ml in 60 minutes after levodopa administration (1000 mg orally) before carbamazepine, and almost similarly from 2.3 +/- 0.5 ng/ml to 15.1 +/- 4.0 ng/ml after carbamazepine during the test. No consistent changes were found in blood glucose concentrations in the levodopa test before or after carbamazepine. Levels of serum IRI were also normal throughout the test and no impairment in insulin secretion was seen during carbamazepine treatment. It is suggested that carbamazepine does not lead to an altered anterior pituitary function or to an impairment in insulin secretion. This is of advantage when growing children or subjects with a risk factor for diabetes are treated.", "contents": "Secretion of human growth hormone and insulin in levodopa test during carbamazepine therapy. The effect of oral administration of carbamazepine for a period of three weeks on serum growth hormone, serum immunoreactive insulin, and blood glucose was studied in healthy volunteers using a levodopa stimulation test. Serum growth hormone rose significantly from 1.3 +/- 0.3 ng/ml to 16.3 +/- 3.4 ng/ml in 60 minutes after levodopa administration (1000 mg orally) before carbamazepine, and almost similarly from 2.3 +/- 0.5 ng/ml to 15.1 +/- 4.0 ng/ml after carbamazepine during the test. No consistent changes were found in blood glucose concentrations in the levodopa test before or after carbamazepine. Levels of serum IRI were also normal throughout the test and no impairment in insulin secretion was seen during carbamazepine treatment. It is suggested that carbamazepine does not lead to an altered anterior pituitary function or to an impairment in insulin secretion. This is of advantage when growing children or subjects with a risk factor for diabetes are treated.", "PMID": 320826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7598", "title": "Comparative clinical evaluation of lofepramine and imipramine. Psychiatric aspects.", "content": "Lofepramine, an imipramine analogue, was compared with imipramine in a multicentre, double-blind clinical trial. The 62 patients (31 in each of two treatment groups) had a depressive syndrome that normally would have been treated with a tricyclic antidepressant. These patients had not received any adequate treatment for this present depressive episode. After a wash-out period and once a week during treatment (up to 5 weeks), routine laboratory tests and electrocardiograms was done. The dosage was 50 mg t.i.d. for imipramine and 70 mg t.i.d. for lofepramine. Depression ratings with the Cronholm-Ottosson depression rating scale were performed before treatment and once weekly for 3 weeks and then in the 5th week. The last four ratings were combined with rating of side-effects. In the 5th week of treatment 15 out of 31 in the lofepramine group and 18 out of 31 in the imipramine group had recovered. This difference was not significant, nor did the median values of individual symptoms differ between the groups. The side-effects were moderate and the two groups only differed significantly in the items \"dry mouth\" and accommodation disturbances in favour of lofepramine. The drug compliance was checked by plasma levels of desmethylimipramine in the imipramine group, parent compound, and \"apparent\" desmethylimipramine in the lofepramine group. The relationship between plasma drug levels, the effect on noradrenaline uptake in vitro and amelioration  discussed in Siwers et al. (1977) in this issue. The clinical outcome in the two groups did not differ significantly; interpretation of this result is discussed in relation to the reliability and selection of patients.", "contents": "Comparative clinical evaluation of lofepramine and imipramine. Psychiatric aspects. Lofepramine, an imipramine analogue, was compared with imipramine in a multicentre, double-blind clinical trial. The 62 patients (31 in each of two treatment groups) had a depressive syndrome that normally would have been treated with a tricyclic antidepressant. These patients had not received any adequate treatment for this present depressive episode. After a wash-out period and once a week during treatment (up to 5 weeks), routine laboratory tests and electrocardiograms was done. The dosage was 50 mg t.i.d. for imipramine and 70 mg t.i.d. for lofepramine. Depression ratings with the Cronholm-Ottosson depression rating scale were performed before treatment and once weekly for 3 weeks and then in the 5th week. The last four ratings were combined with rating of side-effects. In the 5th week of treatment 15 out of 31 in the lofepramine group and 18 out of 31 in the imipramine group had recovered. This difference was not significant, nor did the median values of individual symptoms differ between the groups. The side-effects were moderate and the two groups only differed significantly in the items \"dry mouth\" and accommodation disturbances in favour of lofepramine. The drug compliance was checked by plasma levels of desmethylimipramine in the imipramine group, parent compound, and \"apparent\" desmethylimipramine in the lofepramine group. The relationship between plasma drug levels, the effect on noradrenaline uptake in vitro and amelioration  discussed in Siwers et al. (1977) in this issue. The clinical outcome in the two groups did not differ significantly; interpretation of this result is discussed in relation to the reliability and selection of patients.", "PMID": 320827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7599", "title": "Comparative clinical evaluation of lofepramine and imipramine. Pharmacological aspects.", "content": "A multicentre comparative clinical evaluation of lofepramine, an imipramine analogue, and imipramine has been made with double-blind technique and fixed dosage (lofepramine 70 mg t.i.d., imipramine 50 mg t.i.d.). Plasma was drawn after 3 weeks for determination of noradrenaline-uptake inhibitory capacity of the parent compound and/or its active metabolites. Plasma concentrations of lofepramine and desmethylimipramine (DMI) were determined in the same samples. The concentrations of lofepramine in the whole material were low (5-27 ng/ml) except for one patient who had a level of 53 ng/ml. In both groups of patients there was an almost 40-fold range in the plasma levels of DMI or apparent DMI. The patients were rated for severity of depression before treatment, then once weekly for 3 weeks and finally during the fifth week. For further information concerning the psychiatric aspects, see d'Elia et al. in this issue (1977). A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of DMI and the noradrenaline-uptake inhibitory capacity in the plasma samples. No correlations were found between uptake inhibitory capacity of plasma samples and the amelioration scores.", "contents": "Comparative clinical evaluation of lofepramine and imipramine. Pharmacological aspects. A multicentre comparative clinical evaluation of lofepramine, an imipramine analogue, and imipramine has been made with double-blind technique and fixed dosage (lofepramine 70 mg t.i.d., imipramine 50 mg t.i.d.). Plasma was drawn after 3 weeks for determination of noradrenaline-uptake inhibitory capacity of the parent compound and/or its active metabolites. Plasma concentrations of lofepramine and desmethylimipramine (DMI) were determined in the same samples. The concentrations of lofepramine in the whole material were low (5-27 ng/ml) except for one patient who had a level of 53 ng/ml. In both groups of patients there was an almost 40-fold range in the plasma levels of DMI or apparent DMI. The patients were rated for severity of depression before treatment, then once weekly for 3 weeks and finally during the fifth week. For further information concerning the psychiatric aspects, see d'Elia et al. in this issue (1977). A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of DMI and the noradrenaline-uptake inhibitory capacity in the plasma samples. No correlations were found between uptake inhibitory capacity of plasma samples and the amelioration scores.", "PMID": 320828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7600", "title": "Gangliosides in the treatment of mental deterioration. A double-blind comparison with placebo.", "content": "Thirty patients showing signs of mental deterioration were submitted to a neuropsychological battery before and after treatment with gangliosides. Their performances were compared, in a double-blind study, with those obtained on the same tests by 30 patients affected by similar degrees of dementia and treated with placebo. The improvement shown on Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and on Immediate Visual Memory by the active group was significantly higher than that shown by the placebo group. Furthermore, an evaluation of the overall effect of gangliosides therapy showed a highly significant difference between the active and placebo group, still in favour of the subjects treated with gangliosides. It is concluded that gangliosides may exert a positive effect in the treatment of demential syndromes.", "contents": "Gangliosides in the treatment of mental deterioration. A double-blind comparison with placebo. Thirty patients showing signs of mental deterioration were submitted to a neuropsychological battery before and after treatment with gangliosides. Their performances were compared, in a double-blind study, with those obtained on the same tests by 30 patients affected by similar degrees of dementia and treated with placebo. The improvement shown on Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and on Immediate Visual Memory by the active group was significantly higher than that shown by the placebo group. Furthermore, an evaluation of the overall effect of gangliosides therapy showed a highly significant difference between the active and placebo group, still in favour of the subjects treated with gangliosides. It is concluded that gangliosides may exert a positive effect in the treatment of demential syndromes.", "PMID": 320829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7601", "title": "Sleep disorders in patients with severe mental depression: double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of the value of pipamperone (Dipiperon).", "content": "Pipamperone was compared double-blindly with placebo to evaluate its capacity to relieve sleep disorders in 40 depressive inpatients. At the end of the 1-week trial, most of the items relating to sleep disturbances had improved significantly in the 24 patients of the pipamperone group whereas only a few items showed such a change in the control group. On the Hamilton depression scale, improvement in the pipamperone patients was also superior to that in the placebo group as regards the items \"depressed mood\" and \"insight\". The adequate median daily dose of pipamperone appeared to be 80 mg (2 tablets).", "contents": "Sleep disorders in patients with severe mental depression: double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of the value of pipamperone (Dipiperon). Pipamperone was compared double-blindly with placebo to evaluate its capacity to relieve sleep disorders in 40 depressive inpatients. At the end of the 1-week trial, most of the items relating to sleep disturbances had improved significantly in the 24 patients of the pipamperone group whereas only a few items showed such a change in the control group. On the Hamilton depression scale, improvement in the pipamperone patients was also superior to that in the placebo group as regards the items \"depressed mood\" and \"insight\". The adequate median daily dose of pipamperone appeared to be 80 mg (2 tablets).", "PMID": 320830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7602", "title": "Comparison of plasma lithium levels and their interindividual variations with coated lithium carbonate tablets and a medium-slow-release lithium sulphate preparation (Lithionit Duretter).", "content": "In a cross-over study in 10 subjects, rapidly dissolving coated lithium carbonate tablets and medium-slow-release lithium sulphate tablets were compared. Both preparations were administered twice a day. They gave similar post-absorptive concentrations of lithium in plasma and similar standard deviations of these concentrations. The medium-slow-release tablets gave smaller increases of lithium in plasma, and postponed the absorption peaks. They also gave less interindividual variation of lithium in plasma during the first few hours after administration.", "contents": "Comparison of plasma lithium levels and their interindividual variations with coated lithium carbonate tablets and a medium-slow-release lithium sulphate preparation (Lithionit Duretter). In a cross-over study in 10 subjects, rapidly dissolving coated lithium carbonate tablets and medium-slow-release lithium sulphate tablets were compared. Both preparations were administered twice a day. They gave similar post-absorptive concentrations of lithium in plasma and similar standard deviations of these concentrations. The medium-slow-release tablets gave smaller increases of lithium in plasma, and postponed the absorption peaks. They also gave less interindividual variation of lithium in plasma during the first few hours after administration.", "PMID": 320831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7603", "title": "Comparison of side effects with coated lithium carbonate tablets and lithium sulphate preparations giving medium-slow and slow-release.", "content": "Side effects with coated, rapidly dissolving lithium carbonate tablets, medium-slow-release and slow release lithium sulphate tablets, all administered twice a day, were compared in a double-blind, cross-over study in 27 patients who had only used lithium carbonate tablets. The relation between medication and meals was not standardized. The repidly dissolving tablets and the medium-slow-release tablets had a similar tendency to produce side effects, while slow-release tablets more often produced purgative side effects than the other two preparations did.", "contents": "Comparison of side effects with coated lithium carbonate tablets and lithium sulphate preparations giving medium-slow and slow-release. Side effects with coated, rapidly dissolving lithium carbonate tablets, medium-slow-release and slow release lithium sulphate tablets, all administered twice a day, were compared in a double-blind, cross-over study in 27 patients who had only used lithium carbonate tablets. The relation between medication and meals was not standardized. The repidly dissolving tablets and the medium-slow-release tablets had a similar tendency to produce side effects, while slow-release tablets more often produced purgative side effects than the other two preparations did.", "PMID": 320832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7604", "title": "Detection of bacterial metabolites in spent culture media and body fluids by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Electron capture gas-liquid chromatography, when used to analyze derivatized extracts of spent culture media and body fluids under specified conditions, holds promise as a tool for use by physicians, hospitals, and clinical laboratories in identifying certain diseases and disease-producing organisms. The detection of certain disease processes and the identification of disease-producing organisms are based on qualitative or large quantitative differences in EC-GLC profiles or a combination of both. Various practical procedures are given for extracting and derivatizing compounds, such as carboxylic acids, hydroxy acids, alcohols, amines, and nitrosamines. The characteristics of the parameters essential for successful analysis are discussed. Species and, in some cases, strains have been differentiated by comparing EC-GLC profiles. Metabolic products are affected by change in substrate. Media that can be reproduced from lot to lot are essential in some studies. The volatile components detected by EC-GLC in spent culture media consist mostly of bacterial metabolites, but the volatile compounds detected in body fluids may be bacterial metabolites, volatile components produced by the host in response to an infection, metabolites of cells associated with host defense, or a combination of two or more of these groups of compounds. The EC-GLC profiles obtained by analysis of synovial and cerebrospinal fluids appear to have good potential for use in diagnosing certain forms of arthritis and meningitis. Well-documented samples are essential to establishing EC-GLC profiles representative of a particular disease. A moderately priced computer would greatly aid in data processing and could be especially useful in compensating for minor changes in the retention times of peaks, which can occur as a result of column aging or when columns are renewed. An approach to the identification of components detected by EC-GLC, which makes use of electron capture gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, is presented.", "contents": "Detection of bacterial metabolites in spent culture media and body fluids by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Electron capture gas-liquid chromatography, when used to analyze derivatized extracts of spent culture media and body fluids under specified conditions, holds promise as a tool for use by physicians, hospitals, and clinical laboratories in identifying certain diseases and disease-producing organisms. The detection of certain disease processes and the identification of disease-producing organisms are based on qualitative or large quantitative differences in EC-GLC profiles or a combination of both. Various practical procedures are given for extracting and derivatizing compounds, such as carboxylic acids, hydroxy acids, alcohols, amines, and nitrosamines. The characteristics of the parameters essential for successful analysis are discussed. Species and, in some cases, strains have been differentiated by comparing EC-GLC profiles. Metabolic products are affected by change in substrate. Media that can be reproduced from lot to lot are essential in some studies. The volatile components detected by EC-GLC in spent culture media consist mostly of bacterial metabolites, but the volatile compounds detected in body fluids may be bacterial metabolites, volatile components produced by the host in response to an infection, metabolites of cells associated with host defense, or a combination of two or more of these groups of compounds. The EC-GLC profiles obtained by analysis of synovial and cerebrospinal fluids appear to have good potential for use in diagnosing certain forms of arthritis and meningitis. Well-documented samples are essential to establishing EC-GLC profiles representative of a particular disease. A moderately priced computer would greatly aid in data processing and could be especially useful in compensating for minor changes in the retention times of peaks, which can occur as a result of column aging or when columns are renewed. An approach to the identification of components detected by EC-GLC, which makes use of electron capture gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, is presented.", "PMID": 320833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7605", "title": "The determination of anticonvulsants in biological samples by use of high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The procedure for anticonvulsant analysis represent use of a relatively new technology. The procedures compare favorably in accuracy and precision with accepted methodology using gas chromatography [14]. It is possible to determine a greater number of anticonvulsants simultaneously with liquid chromatography than with reported gas-chromatographic procedures. This is because gas chromatography necessitates manipulation of the sample to be analyzed, the various components of which may have completely different manipulation requirements. Liquid chromatography is able to effect the analysis without extensive manipulation of the sample. The columns recommended in Sect. III are currently available standard columns. Column technology is developing at an accelerating rate. It is now anticipated that new developments in microparticulate packings and improvements in packing techniques will give the analyst greater column efficiency. This may be used either to shorten overall analysis time or to include more drugs in a simultaneous analysis. There is not yet available to the analyst a variety of different detectors suitable for routine use. This situation will change. In the case of the successful use of ultraviolet spectrophotometric detectors, the technique is not being fully exploited. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry is firmly established in practice, but as yet it is not routine to apply dual-wavelength spectroscopy to the column effluent. Application of this technique may be expected to improve selectivity and quantitation besides permitting optical resolution of some components that are not separated by the column. In the procedures given in this chapter there was no detailed discussion on gradient elution. This technique is potentially of great utility for simultaneous analyses of many compounds. It should be used only where isocratic elution is out of the question because it calls for somewhat stricter requirements of equipment in control of chromatography conditions. An additional time for equilibration between analyses may be considered too high a price to pay for any advantage gradient elution may give the analyst. The problem of fully automatic operation of liquid chromatographs for the type of analysis discussed here remains to be solved. Automatic operation would advance the use of liquid chromatography in the clinical laboratory probably more than any other single improvement. However, regardless of refinements of this type, liquid chromatography in its modern manifestation has versatility and sensitivity in abundance for analyzing compounds of toxicological and clinical interest. It will therefore assume greater importance in these areas.", "contents": "The determination of anticonvulsants in biological samples by use of high-pressure liquid chromatography. The procedure for anticonvulsant analysis represent use of a relatively new technology. The procedures compare favorably in accuracy and precision with accepted methodology using gas chromatography [14]. It is possible to determine a greater number of anticonvulsants simultaneously with liquid chromatography than with reported gas-chromatographic procedures. This is because gas chromatography necessitates manipulation of the sample to be analyzed, the various components of which may have completely different manipulation requirements. Liquid chromatography is able to effect the analysis without extensive manipulation of the sample. The columns recommended in Sect. III are currently available standard columns. Column technology is developing at an accelerating rate. It is now anticipated that new developments in microparticulate packings and improvements in packing techniques will give the analyst greater column efficiency. This may be used either to shorten overall analysis time or to include more drugs in a simultaneous analysis. There is not yet available to the analyst a variety of different detectors suitable for routine use. This situation will change. In the case of the successful use of ultraviolet spectrophotometric detectors, the technique is not being fully exploited. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry is firmly established in practice, but as yet it is not routine to apply dual-wavelength spectroscopy to the column effluent. Application of this technique may be expected to improve selectivity and quantitation besides permitting optical resolution of some components that are not separated by the column. In the procedures given in this chapter there was no detailed discussion on gradient elution. This technique is potentially of great utility for simultaneous analyses of many compounds. It should be used only where isocratic elution is out of the question because it calls for somewhat stricter requirements of equipment in control of chromatography conditions. An additional time for equilibration between analyses may be considered too high a price to pay for any advantage gradient elution may give the analyst. The problem of fully automatic operation of liquid chromatographs for the type of analysis discussed here remains to be solved. Automatic operation would advance the use of liquid chromatography in the clinical laboratory probably more than any other single improvement. However, regardless of refinements of this type, liquid chromatography in its modern manifestation has versatility and sensitivity in abundance for analyzing compounds of toxicological and clinical interest. It will therefore assume greater importance in these areas.", "PMID": 320834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7606", "title": "Some clinical and pharmacological applications of high-speed liquid chromatography.", "content": "Through specific examples, the versatility of HSLC in clinical and pharmacological studies has been demonstrated. These examples are not intended to restrict the vision of the reader, like that of the author, but on the contrary, it is hoped that those not yet familiar with the usefulness of HSLC will gain perspective concerning this technique in their own fields of interest. The virtually unlimited ability to separate cellular metabolites (or other organic compounds for that matter) by HSLC is a reality at this time; however, development of more selective, sensitive means of detection and positive identification of eluting components is needed, similar to that gained by coupling mass spectrometry with gas chromatography.", "contents": "Some clinical and pharmacological applications of high-speed liquid chromatography. Through specific examples, the versatility of HSLC in clinical and pharmacological studies has been demonstrated. These examples are not intended to restrict the vision of the reader, like that of the author, but on the contrary, it is hoped that those not yet familiar with the usefulness of HSLC will gain perspective concerning this technique in their own fields of interest. The virtually unlimited ability to separate cellular metabolites (or other organic compounds for that matter) by HSLC is a reality at this time; however, development of more selective, sensitive means of detection and positive identification of eluting components is needed, similar to that gained by coupling mass spectrometry with gas chromatography.", "PMID": 320837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7607", "title": "Reoperation for dysfunction of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral disc prosthesis: report of eight cases.", "content": "Of 193 patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral valve prostheses, replacement was necessary in 8 (4.1%). The reasons for reoperation were: detachment (4), thrombosis (1), technical error (1), and late disc entrapment (2). Five of these patients died (62.5%), the death being directly related to the need for urgent operation because of low cardiac output. We recommend avoiding the use of the larger sized Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses, since striking of the disc against the ventricle wall, probably consequent to postoperative decrease in heart size, may appear even 1 year after implantation of the prosthesis. An early diagnosis and early reoperation offer these patients a much more favorable prognosis.", "contents": "Reoperation for dysfunction of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral disc prosthesis: report of eight cases. Of 193 patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral valve prostheses, replacement was necessary in 8 (4.1%). The reasons for reoperation were: detachment (4), thrombosis (1), technical error (1), and late disc entrapment (2). Five of these patients died (62.5%), the death being directly related to the need for urgent operation because of low cardiac output. We recommend avoiding the use of the larger sized Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses, since striking of the disc against the ventricle wall, probably consequent to postoperative decrease in heart size, may appear even 1 year after implantation of the prosthesis. An early diagnosis and early reoperation offer these patients a much more favorable prognosis.", "PMID": 320853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7608", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of vitamin E in the treatment of angina pectoris.", "content": "Because of previous reports of the beneficial effect of vitamin E in angina pectoris patients, 48 patients, with both stable angina and positive (chest pain plus ishemic ST depression) maximal exercise treadmill tests, participated in a double-blind cross-over study of 6 months of vitamin E and 6 months of placebo therapy, separated by a 2 month no treatment period. All 48 patients had positive selective coronary arteriograms (75 per cent obstruction of at least a major coronary artery) and/or Q wave ECG evidence of previous myocardial infarction (Minnesota criteria). Evaluation of drug effectiveness was based on performance of serial maximal exercise treadmill tests, serial systolic time interval measurements, and daily angina diaries. No statistically significant differences between the two treatment studied. It is concluded that a large dose of vitamin E (1,600 I.U. of d-alpha-tocopherol succinate daily) for 6 months in patients with stable angina pectoris fails to increase the exercise capacity, improve left ventricular function, or reduce the frequency of chest pain.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of vitamin E in the treatment of angina pectoris. Because of previous reports of the beneficial effect of vitamin E in angina pectoris patients, 48 patients, with both stable angina and positive (chest pain plus ishemic ST depression) maximal exercise treadmill tests, participated in a double-blind cross-over study of 6 months of vitamin E and 6 months of placebo therapy, separated by a 2 month no treatment period. All 48 patients had positive selective coronary arteriograms (75 per cent obstruction of at least a major coronary artery) and/or Q wave ECG evidence of previous myocardial infarction (Minnesota criteria). Evaluation of drug effectiveness was based on performance of serial maximal exercise treadmill tests, serial systolic time interval measurements, and daily angina diaries. No statistically significant differences between the two treatment studied. It is concluded that a large dose of vitamin E (1,600 I.U. of d-alpha-tocopherol succinate daily) for 6 months in patients with stable angina pectoris fails to increase the exercise capacity, improve left ventricular function, or reduce the frequency of chest pain.", "PMID": 320856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7609", "title": "New approach to interpretation of technetium-99m pyrophosphate scintigraphy in detection of acute myocardial infarction: clinical assessment of diagnostic accuracy.", "content": "A modified classification for interpreting technetium-99m pyrophosphate scintigrams defines the 2+ diffuse pattern of tracer uptake as equlvocal rather than positive for acute myocardial infarction. Results of scintigraphy using this classification were compared with results of standard diagnostic tests for myocardial infarction in 235 patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute chest pain. Of 81 patients with acute transmural infarction by standard clinical, electrocardiographic and serum enzyme criteria, 76 had a positive, 5 an equivocal and none a negative scintigram. Of 18 with acute nontransmural infarction by standard criteria, 7 had a positive, 9 an equivocal and 2 a negative scintigram. This it was uncommon for a patient with acute myocardial infarction, transmural or nontransmural, to have a definitely negative technetium-99m pyrophosphate study. Ten patients had equivocal evidence of infarction by standard criteria. Of the remaining 126 patients with no evidence of acute myocardial infarction by standard criteria, 87 had a negative, 35 an equivocal and 4 a definitely positive scintigram. Thus the definitely positive scintigraphic pattern was relatively highly specific for acute myocardial infarction. If the 2+ pattern had been considered positive, the specificity of the technique would have been greatly decreased. Computer processing strengthened observer certainty of the visual impression but changed the scintigraphic evaluation in only eight cases. Thus, use of an equivocal pattern renders technetium-99m pyrophosphate imaging both an extremely sensitive and specific method for detecting acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "New approach to interpretation of technetium-99m pyrophosphate scintigraphy in detection of acute myocardial infarction: clinical assessment of diagnostic accuracy. A modified classification for interpreting technetium-99m pyrophosphate scintigrams defines the 2+ diffuse pattern of tracer uptake as equlvocal rather than positive for acute myocardial infarction. Results of scintigraphy using this classification were compared with results of standard diagnostic tests for myocardial infarction in 235 patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute chest pain. Of 81 patients with acute transmural infarction by standard clinical, electrocardiographic and serum enzyme criteria, 76 had a positive, 5 an equivocal and none a negative scintigram. Of 18 with acute nontransmural infarction by standard criteria, 7 had a positive, 9 an equivocal and 2 a negative scintigram. This it was uncommon for a patient with acute myocardial infarction, transmural or nontransmural, to have a definitely negative technetium-99m pyrophosphate study. Ten patients had equivocal evidence of infarction by standard criteria. Of the remaining 126 patients with no evidence of acute myocardial infarction by standard criteria, 87 had a negative, 35 an equivocal and 4 a definitely positive scintigram. Thus the definitely positive scintigraphic pattern was relatively highly specific for acute myocardial infarction. If the 2+ pattern had been considered positive, the specificity of the technique would have been greatly decreased. Computer processing strengthened observer certainty of the visual impression but changed the scintigraphic evaluation in only eight cases. Thus, use of an equivocal pattern renders technetium-99m pyrophosphate imaging both an extremely sensitive and specific method for detecting acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 320857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7610", "title": "Engelmann and his laddergram.", "content": "Thomas Lewis is alliteratively credited with devising the laddergram. Engelmann, or perhaps Chauveau, truly deserves the honor. Mackenzie and Wenckebach popularized the schema in their books.", "contents": "Engelmann and his laddergram. Thomas Lewis is alliteratively credited with devising the laddergram. Engelmann, or perhaps Chauveau, truly deserves the honor. Mackenzie and Wenckebach popularized the schema in their books.", "PMID": 320858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7611", "title": "Identification of challenged subarachnoid free cells.", "content": "Three distinct types of free cell contours are recognizable in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the leptomeningeal sheaths of dogs twelve days after an intrathecal injection of bacillus of dogs twelve days after an intrathecal injection of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Macrophages posses abundant plasmalemnal blebs which are shown in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to be composed of large membrane-bound vacuoles. Smooth surfaced lymphoblasts exhibit many basal microvilli that rest upon and often indent the plasmalemma of an underlying pial cell. Neutrophils display many microvilli over their rounded, chrysanthemum-like surfaces. The consistency with which these external features are expressed suggests that each cell type possesses characteristic surface topography, at least under these conditions of challenge.", "contents": "Identification of challenged subarachnoid free cells. Three distinct types of free cell contours are recognizable in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the leptomeningeal sheaths of dogs twelve days after an intrathecal injection of bacillus of dogs twelve days after an intrathecal injection of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Macrophages posses abundant plasmalemnal blebs which are shown in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to be composed of large membrane-bound vacuoles. Smooth surfaced lymphoblasts exhibit many basal microvilli that rest upon and often indent the plasmalemma of an underlying pial cell. Neutrophils display many microvilli over their rounded, chrysanthemum-like surfaces. The consistency with which these external features are expressed suggests that each cell type possesses characteristic surface topography, at least under these conditions of challenge.", "PMID": 320859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7612", "title": "The effects of tissue processing on markers for T and B cells from solid tissues.", "content": "Suspensions of lymphoid cells from tissues have been used for the determination of the quantitative relationship between the T and B cell populations. The distribution of the lymphocytes within a given tissue, however, cannot be demonstrated once such a suspension has been prepared. Various methods of characterizing lymphocytes within tissues were evaluated. The method of tissue preparation can alter the capability of detecting the lymphocyte markers. Fluorescein-labeled anti-immunoglobulin sera reacted equally well with lymphocytes in tissue regardless of the method of tissue preparation. Complement-coated sheep erythrocytes were less effective in detecting lymphocyte markers in tissue sections than in cell suspensions. Quantitative assays of lymphocytes could be done in suspensions only. Unaltered sheep erythrocytes did not bind to T lymphocytes in tissue. T lymphocytes could be identified in tissue sections, however, by the use of anti-human T cell serum.", "contents": "The effects of tissue processing on markers for T and B cells from solid tissues. Suspensions of lymphoid cells from tissues have been used for the determination of the quantitative relationship between the T and B cell populations. The distribution of the lymphocytes within a given tissue, however, cannot be demonstrated once such a suspension has been prepared. Various methods of characterizing lymphocytes within tissues were evaluated. The method of tissue preparation can alter the capability of detecting the lymphocyte markers. Fluorescein-labeled anti-immunoglobulin sera reacted equally well with lymphocytes in tissue regardless of the method of tissue preparation. Complement-coated sheep erythrocytes were less effective in detecting lymphocyte markers in tissue sections than in cell suspensions. Quantitative assays of lymphocytes could be done in suspensions only. Unaltered sheep erythrocytes did not bind to T lymphocytes in tissue. T lymphocytes could be identified in tissue sections, however, by the use of anti-human T cell serum.", "PMID": 320860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7613", "title": "Interaction of blood with enterobacteriaceae: hemolysis, hemagglutination, fibrinolysis.", "content": "One thousand eighty enterobacteriaceae, isolated during a period of three months, were tested for the presence of hemolysis, hemagglutination and fibrinolysis on human erythrocytes and plasma. The fibrinolysis on human erythrocytes and plasma. The Escherichia coli have the greatest diversity of action on the blood. Of 481 strains, 32.9% were hemolytic, 21.9% fibrinolytic, and 10.5% hemagglutinating. Of 190 strains of Klebsiella, 95.2% were fibrinolytic. Of 53 strains of Enterobacter, 90.6% were fibrinolytic, and of 53 strains of Enterobacter hafniae, 66% were fibrinolytic. Of seven strains of Serratia, 28.5% were hemolytic and 14.3% fibrinolytic. The Proteae were mostly fibrinolytic: 60.5% of 141 strains, with three strains being hemolytic and fibrinolytic. Of 19 strains of Citrobacter, 52.6% were fibrinolytic only. Providenica, Salmonella and Shigella did not interact with human blood. The patterns of blood interactions with the different species of Enterobacteriaceae are of value in the evaluation of the pathogenesis of the infections and septicemias they cause. Their study is an essential step in the understanding of the sequence of events leading to severe disturbances of the blood-clotting mechanism.", "contents": "Interaction of blood with enterobacteriaceae: hemolysis, hemagglutination, fibrinolysis. One thousand eighty enterobacteriaceae, isolated during a period of three months, were tested for the presence of hemolysis, hemagglutination and fibrinolysis on human erythrocytes and plasma. The fibrinolysis on human erythrocytes and plasma. The Escherichia coli have the greatest diversity of action on the blood. Of 481 strains, 32.9% were hemolytic, 21.9% fibrinolytic, and 10.5% hemagglutinating. Of 190 strains of Klebsiella, 95.2% were fibrinolytic. Of 53 strains of Enterobacter, 90.6% were fibrinolytic, and of 53 strains of Enterobacter hafniae, 66% were fibrinolytic. Of seven strains of Serratia, 28.5% were hemolytic and 14.3% fibrinolytic. The Proteae were mostly fibrinolytic: 60.5% of 141 strains, with three strains being hemolytic and fibrinolytic. Of 19 strains of Citrobacter, 52.6% were fibrinolytic only. Providenica, Salmonella and Shigella did not interact with human blood. The patterns of blood interactions with the different species of Enterobacteriaceae are of value in the evaluation of the pathogenesis of the infections and septicemias they cause. Their study is an essential step in the understanding of the sequence of events leading to severe disturbances of the blood-clotting mechanism.", "PMID": 320861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7614", "title": "Choriocarcinoma in mother and child, identified by immunoenzyme histochemistry.", "content": "A case of metastic choriocarcinoma after term pregnancy, with tumor localization in the kidney of a hydropic stillborn infant, is presented. The primary tumor was found in a scraping four weeks after delivery. The identity and nature of the malignant growth in mother and child were substantiated by identical immunohistochemical patterns for gonadotropin activity. Because of a positive Kleihauer test it was assumed that massive feto-maternal transfusion had caused the hydrops and intrauterine death. Now, four and a half months after starting methotrexate therapy, the mother seems to be free of tumor. Plasma human chorionic gonadotropin titers have decreased to normal.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma in mother and child, identified by immunoenzyme histochemistry. A case of metastic choriocarcinoma after term pregnancy, with tumor localization in the kidney of a hydropic stillborn infant, is presented. The primary tumor was found in a scraping four weeks after delivery. The identity and nature of the malignant growth in mother and child were substantiated by identical immunohistochemical patterns for gonadotropin activity. Because of a positive Kleihauer test it was assumed that massive feto-maternal transfusion had caused the hydrops and intrauterine death. Now, four and a half months after starting methotrexate therapy, the mother seems to be free of tumor. Plasma human chorionic gonadotropin titers have decreased to normal.", "PMID": 320862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7615", "title": "IgA-IgG nephropathy: a clinicopathologic entity with slow evolution and favorable prognosis.", "content": "Renal biopsy specimens were obtained from nine patients with proteinuria and persistent macroscopic or microscopic hematuria. Histologic examination either disclosed no abnormality or showed moderate mesangial thickening and occasionally, evidence of focal segmental glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescent studies revealed diffuse generalized mesangial deposits of IgA, IgG and betalc in all specimens. Fibrinogen deposits were present in the mesangial space in four specimens only, while IgM was uniformly absent. Serial sections of identical glomeruli allowed the localization of betalc within both IgA and IgG deposits. Ultrastructural studies of the renal biopsy specimens showed accumulation of electron-dense material in the subendothelial region of the capillary loops and the mesangium, with thickening of its matrix. Follow-up data indicated a generally good prognosis.", "contents": "IgA-IgG nephropathy: a clinicopathologic entity with slow evolution and favorable prognosis. Renal biopsy specimens were obtained from nine patients with proteinuria and persistent macroscopic or microscopic hematuria. Histologic examination either disclosed no abnormality or showed moderate mesangial thickening and occasionally, evidence of focal segmental glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescent studies revealed diffuse generalized mesangial deposits of IgA, IgG and betalc in all specimens. Fibrinogen deposits were present in the mesangial space in four specimens only, while IgM was uniformly absent. Serial sections of identical glomeruli allowed the localization of betalc within both IgA and IgG deposits. Ultrastructural studies of the renal biopsy specimens showed accumulation of electron-dense material in the subendothelial region of the capillary loops and the mesangium, with thickening of its matrix. Follow-up data indicated a generally good prognosis.", "PMID": 320863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7616", "title": "Individual sensitivity to lactose in lactose malabsorption.", "content": "The clinical significance of lactose malabsorption and the individual sensitivity to lactose were investigated in 20 patients with verified lactose malabsorption. Thirteen patients were relieved of all symptoms while seven improved only on a lactose-free dth lactose-free milk but following provocation with increasing amounts of lactose, the tendency to diarrhea and abdominal discomfort increased considerably. Three patients experienced discomfort after provocation with only 5 gl lactose. On provocation with increasing amounts of lactose the seven patients who had not recovered also developed increased abdominal discomfort but none of them developed increased tendency to diarrhea. It is concluded that, in addition to lactose malabsorption, these patients must suffer from ittitable colon with tendency to constipation.", "contents": "Individual sensitivity to lactose in lactose malabsorption. The clinical significance of lactose malabsorption and the individual sensitivity to lactose were investigated in 20 patients with verified lactose malabsorption. Thirteen patients were relieved of all symptoms while seven improved only on a lactose-free dth lactose-free milk but following provocation with increasing amounts of lactose, the tendency to diarrhea and abdominal discomfort increased considerably. Three patients experienced discomfort after provocation with only 5 gl lactose. On provocation with increasing amounts of lactose the seven patients who had not recovered also developed increased abdominal discomfort but none of them developed increased tendency to diarrhea. It is concluded that, in addition to lactose malabsorption, these patients must suffer from ittitable colon with tendency to constipation.", "PMID": 320865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7617", "title": "Pseudo-obstruction of the bowel. Therapeutic trial of metoclopramide.", "content": "A patient with chronic idiopathic pseudo-obstruction is reported and the results of a double blind therapeutic trial of metoclopramide are described. Within the limits of this trial metoclopramide was ineffective by all clinical criteria.", "contents": "Pseudo-obstruction of the bowel. Therapeutic trial of metoclopramide. A patient with chronic idiopathic pseudo-obstruction is reported and the results of a double blind therapeutic trial of metoclopramide are described. Within the limits of this trial metoclopramide was ineffective by all clinical criteria.", "PMID": 320866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7618", "title": "Pharmacology and clinical use of drugs in hypertensive emergencies.", "content": "The clinical pharmacology and appropriate choice of antihypertensive agents useful in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies are reviewed. The antihypertensive agents discussed are diazoxide, sodium nitroprusside, hydralazine hydrochloride, trimethaphan camsylate, methyldopa, reserpine and phentolamine mesylate.", "contents": "Pharmacology and clinical use of drugs in hypertensive emergencies. The clinical pharmacology and appropriate choice of antihypertensive agents useful in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies are reviewed. The antihypertensive agents discussed are diazoxide, sodium nitroprusside, hydralazine hydrochloride, trimethaphan camsylate, methyldopa, reserpine and phentolamine mesylate.", "PMID": 320867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7619", "title": "Disseminated Nocardia caviae infection.", "content": "Disseminated Nocardia caviae infection occurs only rarely. To date, two cases have been recorded in the literature. We describe a third case of systemic N. caviae infection in a compromised host and compare it with the first two cases. Postmortem, microbiologic and antibiotic sensitivity data are included.", "contents": "Disseminated Nocardia caviae infection. Disseminated Nocardia caviae infection occurs only rarely. To date, two cases have been recorded in the literature. We describe a third case of systemic N. caviae infection in a compromised host and compare it with the first two cases. Postmortem, microbiologic and antibiotic sensitivity data are included.", "PMID": 320868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7620", "title": "Lipids, 1973-1976.", "content": "More and more data are being accumulated on the relationship between triglycerides and cholesterol and atherosclerotic heart disease. Not all of it is positive. Several authors have come out against lipoprotein electrophoresis in the routine laboratory.", "contents": "Lipids, 1973-1976. More and more data are being accumulated on the relationship between triglycerides and cholesterol and atherosclerotic heart disease. Not all of it is positive. Several authors have come out against lipoprotein electrophoresis in the routine laboratory.", "PMID": 320869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7621", "title": "Histochemical studies relating the activation of macrophages to the intracellular destruction of tubercle bacilli.", "content": "Dermal tuberculous lesions, both primary and those of reinfection, were produced in rabbits with 14C-labeled BCG and biopsied once at various times. Macrophage activation was evaluated by the indolyl histochemical test for beta-galatosidase, the number of bacilli in macrophages by acid-fast staining, and the breakdown of bacilli by autoradiography. After the rabbits became tuberculin positive, the stongly activated macrophage population contained a) fewer parasitized cell, b) fewer bacilli in each parasitized cell, and c) more \"free\" 14C-label (not associated with intact bacilli) than the weakly activated macrophage population. These results suggest that the more highly activated macrophages had destroyed many of the bacilli that they once contained and that their power to do so was enhanced by immunologic mechanisms.", "contents": "Histochemical studies relating the activation of macrophages to the intracellular destruction of tubercle bacilli. Dermal tuberculous lesions, both primary and those of reinfection, were produced in rabbits with 14C-labeled BCG and biopsied once at various times. Macrophage activation was evaluated by the indolyl histochemical test for beta-galatosidase, the number of bacilli in macrophages by acid-fast staining, and the breakdown of bacilli by autoradiography. After the rabbits became tuberculin positive, the stongly activated macrophage population contained a) fewer parasitized cell, b) fewer bacilli in each parasitized cell, and c) more \"free\" 14C-label (not associated with intact bacilli) than the weakly activated macrophage population. These results suggest that the more highly activated macrophages had destroyed many of the bacilli that they once contained and that their power to do so was enhanced by immunologic mechanisms.", "PMID": 320876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7622", "title": "Glucose and lactate kinetics after endotoxin administration in dogs.", "content": "We studied the effects of E. coli endotoxin on the glucose and lactate kinetics in dogs by means of the primed constant infusion of [6(-3)H] glucose and Na-L-(+)-[U-14C] lactate. The infusion of endotoxin induced a transient hyperglycemic level, followed by a steady fall in plasma glucose to hypoglycemic levels. The rate of appearance (Ra) and the rate of disappearance (Rd) of glucose were both significantly elevated (P less than .05) for 150 min after endotoxin, after which neither differed from the preinfusion value. The metabolic clearance rate of glucose was significantly elevated at all times 30 min postendotoxin. By 30 min postendotoxin, Ra and Rd of lactate, plasma lactate concentration, and the percent of glucose turnover originating from lactate were significantly elevated and remained so for the duration of the experiment. We concluded that after endotoxin hypoglycemia developed because of an enhanced peripheral uptake of glucose and a failure of the liver to maintain an increased Ra of glucose. We also concluded that lactate became an important precursor for gluconeogenesis and an important metabolic substrate.", "contents": "Glucose and lactate kinetics after endotoxin administration in dogs. We studied the effects of E. coli endotoxin on the glucose and lactate kinetics in dogs by means of the primed constant infusion of [6(-3)H] glucose and Na-L-(+)-[U-14C] lactate. The infusion of endotoxin induced a transient hyperglycemic level, followed by a steady fall in plasma glucose to hypoglycemic levels. The rate of appearance (Ra) and the rate of disappearance (Rd) of glucose were both significantly elevated (P less than .05) for 150 min after endotoxin, after which neither differed from the preinfusion value. The metabolic clearance rate of glucose was significantly elevated at all times 30 min postendotoxin. By 30 min postendotoxin, Ra and Rd of lactate, plasma lactate concentration, and the percent of glucose turnover originating from lactate were significantly elevated and remained so for the duration of the experiment. We concluded that after endotoxin hypoglycemia developed because of an enhanced peripheral uptake of glucose and a failure of the liver to maintain an increased Ra of glucose. We also concluded that lactate became an important precursor for gluconeogenesis and an important metabolic substrate.", "PMID": 320877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7623", "title": "Stimulation of insulin and glucagon secretion by vasoactive intestinal peptide.", "content": "In vivo, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) produces simultaneous increases in blood glucose and insulin levels. In order to determine whether VIP, like its homologues, also stimulates insulin secretion directly, studies were made in controlled glucose media employing the vascularly perfused cat pancreas. VIP stimulated insulin secretion significantly in the presence of constant physiological concentrations of glucose. The highest insulin response to VIP (100.3+/-8.1 muU/min) approached the highest insulin response to glucose (119.9 +/- 12.0 muU/min). In the absence of glucose, the insulin response to VIP was insignificant. Unexpectedly, VIP was found to be a more effective stimulant of glucagon than of insulin secretion. The highest glucagon response to VIP (327+/-51% of control levels) was attained in the presence of physiological concentrations of glucose and equalled the glucagon response obtained upon withdrawal of glucose from the perfusate. The glucagon response to VIP was blocked by increasing the glucose in the perfusate. These studies indicate the VIP present in pancreatic islets might play a role in the local control of pancreatic endocrine function.", "contents": "Stimulation of insulin and glucagon secretion by vasoactive intestinal peptide. In vivo, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) produces simultaneous increases in blood glucose and insulin levels. In order to determine whether VIP, like its homologues, also stimulates insulin secretion directly, studies were made in controlled glucose media employing the vascularly perfused cat pancreas. VIP stimulated insulin secretion significantly in the presence of constant physiological concentrations of glucose. The highest insulin response to VIP (100.3+/-8.1 muU/min) approached the highest insulin response to glucose (119.9 +/- 12.0 muU/min). In the absence of glucose, the insulin response to VIP was insignificant. Unexpectedly, VIP was found to be a more effective stimulant of glucagon than of insulin secretion. The highest glucagon response to VIP (327+/-51% of control levels) was attained in the presence of physiological concentrations of glucose and equalled the glucagon response obtained upon withdrawal of glucose from the perfusate. The glucagon response to VIP was blocked by increasing the glucose in the perfusate. These studies indicate the VIP present in pancreatic islets might play a role in the local control of pancreatic endocrine function.", "PMID": 320878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7624", "title": "Freeze-fracture electron microscopy: relationship of membrane structural features to transport physiology.", "content": "Recent observations utilizing freeze-fracturing electron microscopy are discussed which indicate that the membrane structural features visualized by this technique may in some instances be related to specialized membrane transport properties. The occurrence of organized aggregates of intramembrane particles observed in vasopressin or cAMP-treated toad urinary bladder has been found to be closely correlated with induced changes in the permeability of the luminal membrane. Although a cautious interpretation is considered appropriate, these observations raise the possibility that some aspects of hormone action may be restricted to limited regions of membrane. Difficulties in interpretation and some serious limitations of the freeze-fracture technique are discussed.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture electron microscopy: relationship of membrane structural features to transport physiology. Recent observations utilizing freeze-fracturing electron microscopy are discussed which indicate that the membrane structural features visualized by this technique may in some instances be related to specialized membrane transport properties. The occurrence of organized aggregates of intramembrane particles observed in vasopressin or cAMP-treated toad urinary bladder has been found to be closely correlated with induced changes in the permeability of the luminal membrane. Although a cautious interpretation is considered appropriate, these observations raise the possibility that some aspects of hormone action may be restricted to limited regions of membrane. Difficulties in interpretation and some serious limitations of the freeze-fracture technique are discussed.", "PMID": 320879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7625", "title": "A reinvestigation of the function of the mammalian urinary bladder.", "content": "The function of adult mammalian urinary bladder is evaluated in light of recent in vitro experiments. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro experimental results is examined and a possible solution proposed. Techniques for eliminating edge damage and measuring apical membrane surface area are described. A new chamber design for microelectrode studies is illustrated. The possibility of apical cell membrane damage caused by microelectrodes is critically examined and tested using the polyene antibiotic Nystatin. Using data from transepithelial and microelectrode experiments, a model for net Na+ transport across the bladder is proposed and then critically analyzed. The possible clinical implications of the in vitro experiments are briefly discussed.", "contents": "A reinvestigation of the function of the mammalian urinary bladder. The function of adult mammalian urinary bladder is evaluated in light of recent in vitro experiments. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro experimental results is examined and a possible solution proposed. Techniques for eliminating edge damage and measuring apical membrane surface area are described. A new chamber design for microelectrode studies is illustrated. The possibility of apical cell membrane damage caused by microelectrodes is critically examined and tested using the polyene antibiotic Nystatin. Using data from transepithelial and microelectrode experiments, a model for net Na+ transport across the bladder is proposed and then critically analyzed. The possible clinical implications of the in vitro experiments are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 320880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7626", "title": "An analysis of interstitial fluid pressure in the web of the bat wing.", "content": "A mathematical theory of interstitial fluid motion and capillary exchange is developed in order to understand and explain measurements of capillary and interstitial fluid pressure in the bat wing, in which a high degree of vasomotor activity occurs. As a result of precapillary sphincter activity, fluid is alternately filtered and reabsorbed from the capillary, and previous studies of related steady problems by the author suggest that the interstitial fluid pressure should oscillate with time. Wiederhielm and Weston did not observe such fluctuations when they measured tissue pressures near the capillaries. This apparent paradox is resolved in the present paper by including unsteady effects. It is shown that pressure oscillations are predicted, but because of the very high vasomotor frequency they die out within a very short distance from the capillary wall. The capillary pressure measurements of Wiederhielm and Weston are also explained in terms of precapillary sphincter activity.", "contents": "An analysis of interstitial fluid pressure in the web of the bat wing. A mathematical theory of interstitial fluid motion and capillary exchange is developed in order to understand and explain measurements of capillary and interstitial fluid pressure in the bat wing, in which a high degree of vasomotor activity occurs. As a result of precapillary sphincter activity, fluid is alternately filtered and reabsorbed from the capillary, and previous studies of related steady problems by the author suggest that the interstitial fluid pressure should oscillate with time. Wiederhielm and Weston did not observe such fluctuations when they measured tissue pressures near the capillaries. This apparent paradox is resolved in the present paper by including unsteady effects. It is shown that pressure oscillations are predicted, but because of the very high vasomotor frequency they die out within a very short distance from the capillary wall. The capillary pressure measurements of Wiederhielm and Weston are also explained in terms of precapillary sphincter activity.", "PMID": 320881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7627", "title": "Psychosomatic medicine in the seventies: an overview.", "content": "The author discusses the theoretical, investigative, clinical, and teaching aspects of psychosomatic medicine in the seventies. Major research and clinical developments are discussed in relation to key theoretical postulates and concepts. The rapidly expanding field of psychosomatic medicine is far more divant than ever before. Its hallmarks include a multifactorial approach to the study of health and disease, formulation of testable hypotheses and their careful validation, concern with the clinical applicability of research, and development of integrative theories. Current advances in the field have far-reaching inplications for medicine, psychiatry, and the behavioral sciences.", "contents": "Psychosomatic medicine in the seventies: an overview. The author discusses the theoretical, investigative, clinical, and teaching aspects of psychosomatic medicine in the seventies. Major research and clinical developments are discussed in relation to key theoretical postulates and concepts. The rapidly expanding field of psychosomatic medicine is far more divant than ever before. Its hallmarks include a multifactorial approach to the study of health and disease, formulation of testable hypotheses and their careful validation, concern with the clinical applicability of research, and development of integrative theories. Current advances in the field have far-reaching inplications for medicine, psychiatry, and the behavioral sciences.", "PMID": 320882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7628", "title": "Ten years of change in alcoholism treatment and delivery systems.", "content": "The author reviews the major advances in concepts and methods that have been made in the treatment of alcoholism over the past decade but finds little change in the everyday operation of treatment programs. He examines the ideological differences between professionals and paraprofessionals in the field, the changes in treatment goals that have been made, the different types of alcoholic patients and their different needs and responses to treatment, the uses and misuses of drug therapies, the relatively unexamined values of psychotherapy, the recently successful behavioral therapies, and treatment delivery systems and their evaluation.", "contents": "Ten years of change in alcoholism treatment and delivery systems. The author reviews the major advances in concepts and methods that have been made in the treatment of alcoholism over the past decade but finds little change in the everyday operation of treatment programs. He examines the ideological differences between professionals and paraprofessionals in the field, the changes in treatment goals that have been made, the different types of alcoholic patients and their different needs and responses to treatment, the uses and misuses of drug therapies, the relatively unexamined values of psychotherapy, the recently successful behavioral therapies, and treatment delivery systems and their evaluation.", "PMID": 320883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7629", "title": "Moral therapy and the problem of morale.", "content": "The author reviews the history of moral therapy and the lessons and warnings it holds for modern psychiatry. Custodial management replaced moral therapy in this country in the late 1800s because of inadequate manpower and fiscal resources, a lack of charismatic leaders, the increasing lack of control over admissions and discharge, and other factors. One \"solution\" to the unacceptable conditions of custodial care was an increased faith in science and technology; humanistic medical science became scientism, and patients suffered. Morale is essential to the provision of moral therapy, and the increasing emphasis on somatic therapies has strained the union of morale and moral treatment. The author believes that the profession can reaffirm its identity and distinguish itself through the appropriate provision of humane, psychosocial care--the essence of moral therapy.", "contents": "Moral therapy and the problem of morale. The author reviews the history of moral therapy and the lessons and warnings it holds for modern psychiatry. Custodial management replaced moral therapy in this country in the late 1800s because of inadequate manpower and fiscal resources, a lack of charismatic leaders, the increasing lack of control over admissions and discharge, and other factors. One \"solution\" to the unacceptable conditions of custodial care was an increased faith in science and technology; humanistic medical science became scientism, and patients suffered. Morale is essential to the provision of moral therapy, and the increasing emphasis on somatic therapies has strained the union of morale and moral treatment. The author believes that the profession can reaffirm its identity and distinguish itself through the appropriate provision of humane, psychosocial care--the essence of moral therapy.", "PMID": 320884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7630", "title": "The offspring of alcoholics: a critical review.", "content": "In their review of the literature on the effects of parental alcoholism on the offspring of alcoholics, the authors focus on sample collection, criteria used for the diagnosis of parental alcoholism, and definitions of \"emotional disturbances.\" Studies are grouped according to age of offspring; within each age group, the various approaches to the issue are described. The authors suggest a need for more carefully controlled studies using blind data collection and clear operational definitions. In addition, the \"risk\" status of offspring of alcoholics should be compared to that of children whose parents have other types of serious psychiatric disturbance. Although the literature has focused on the \"casualties,\" the authors note that much could be learned from studies of the \"successes\"--those children who do not seem to be at increased risk for pychosocial illness despite the alcoholism of their parents.", "contents": "The offspring of alcoholics: a critical review. In their review of the literature on the effects of parental alcoholism on the offspring of alcoholics, the authors focus on sample collection, criteria used for the diagnosis of parental alcoholism, and definitions of \"emotional disturbances.\" Studies are grouped according to age of offspring; within each age group, the various approaches to the issue are described. The authors suggest a need for more carefully controlled studies using blind data collection and clear operational definitions. In addition, the \"risk\" status of offspring of alcoholics should be compared to that of children whose parents have other types of serious psychiatric disturbance. Although the literature has focused on the \"casualties,\" the authors note that much could be learned from studies of the \"successes\"--those children who do not seem to be at increased risk for pychosocial illness despite the alcoholism of their parents.", "PMID": 320886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7631", "title": "L-tryptophan: a rational hypnotic with clinical potential.", "content": "The author states that the use of the amino acid L-tryptophan as a hypnotic might avoid the problems of nonspecificity in the currently used CNS depressants because L-tryptophan is chosen on the basis of the chemistry of normal sleep rather than on a purely empirical basis. He reviews nine studies from his laboratory dealing with the effects of L-tryptophan on sleep. Studies in rats, normal human subjects, and subjects with mild insomnia all demonstrate that L-tryptophan reduces sleep latency. Polygraphic studies demonstrate that L-tryptophan, unlike hypnotics, does not produce distortions of sleep physiology when first administered, on long-term administration, or after withdrawal.", "contents": "L-tryptophan: a rational hypnotic with clinical potential. The author states that the use of the amino acid L-tryptophan as a hypnotic might avoid the problems of nonspecificity in the currently used CNS depressants because L-tryptophan is chosen on the basis of the chemistry of normal sleep rather than on a purely empirical basis. He reviews nine studies from his laboratory dealing with the effects of L-tryptophan on sleep. Studies in rats, normal human subjects, and subjects with mild insomnia all demonstrate that L-tryptophan reduces sleep latency. Polygraphic studies demonstrate that L-tryptophan, unlike hypnotics, does not produce distortions of sleep physiology when first administered, on long-term administration, or after withdrawal.", "PMID": 320887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7632", "title": "The psychiatrist: in the mainstream or on the banks of medicine?", "content": "The author discusses psychiatry's historical estrangement from general medicine, beginning with its isolation in mental hospitals, aggravated by a deterioration in medical school teaching of clinical psychiatry and by limited psychiatric training programs, and further alienated by much of psychosomatic theory and practice. He sees hope for reconciliation, however, in the recent progress of psychopharmacology and liaison psychiatry within the general hospital.", "contents": "The psychiatrist: in the mainstream or on the banks of medicine? The author discusses psychiatry's historical estrangement from general medicine, beginning with its isolation in mental hospitals, aggravated by a deterioration in medical school teaching of clinical psychiatry and by limited psychiatric training programs, and further alienated by much of psychosomatic theory and practice. He sees hope for reconciliation, however, in the recent progress of psychopharmacology and liaison psychiatry within the general hospital.", "PMID": 320888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7633", "title": "An outbreak of introduced malaria in California possibly involving secondary transmission.", "content": "During 1974, 12 cases of Plasmodium vivax malaria were reported from an agricultural area in California's Sacramento Valley. At least three of these cases resulted from local mosquito transmission. The imported cases were in Punjabi immigrants except for one in an American-born visitor to the Punjab. This is the 11th reported outbreak of introduced malaria in the United States since 1952, and the first in California since 1957. A unique aspect of this outbreak is the likelihood that secondary transmission occurred. Extensive surveillance activities, including a house-to-house case-finding survey in a 15-square-kilometer area of suspected transmission, yielded no new malaria cases, but the activities may have increased awareness of malaria among both the medical community and the public, and thus facilitated the detection of later cases. The occurrence of local malaria transmission coincided with unusually high numbers of Anopheles freeborni. The increase in imported malaria cases probably reflects a resurgence of malaria in Punjab State, India.", "contents": "An outbreak of introduced malaria in California possibly involving secondary transmission. During 1974, 12 cases of Plasmodium vivax malaria were reported from an agricultural area in California's Sacramento Valley. At least three of these cases resulted from local mosquito transmission. The imported cases were in Punjabi immigrants except for one in an American-born visitor to the Punjab. This is the 11th reported outbreak of introduced malaria in the United States since 1952, and the first in California since 1957. A unique aspect of this outbreak is the likelihood that secondary transmission occurred. Extensive surveillance activities, including a house-to-house case-finding survey in a 15-square-kilometer area of suspected transmission, yielded no new malaria cases, but the activities may have increased awareness of malaria among both the medical community and the public, and thus facilitated the detection of later cases. The occurrence of local malaria transmission coincided with unusually high numbers of Anopheles freeborni. The increase in imported malaria cases probably reflects a resurgence of malaria in Punjab State, India.", "PMID": 320891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7634", "title": "Feeding preferences of Triatoma dimidiata maculipennis in Yucatan, Mexico.", "content": "To determine whether a low preference for human blood by Triatoma dimidiata maculipennis Stal, 1859, the only known vector of Chagas' disease in Yucatan, Mexico, would account for the low prevalence of antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi in man in the area, the intestinal contents of 924 bugs were tested against antisera to blood antigens of chicken, opossum, dog, bat, monkey, pig, goat, rabbit, horse, human, rat, ox, cat, and armadillo. Although the chicken was the primary host, man was fed upon frequently; thus, the hypothesis was rejected. Other explanations must be found for the relative lack of antibodies against T. cruzi in humans in Yucatan.", "contents": "Feeding preferences of Triatoma dimidiata maculipennis in Yucatan, Mexico. To determine whether a low preference for human blood by Triatoma dimidiata maculipennis Stal, 1859, the only known vector of Chagas' disease in Yucatan, Mexico, would account for the low prevalence of antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi in man in the area, the intestinal contents of 924 bugs were tested against antisera to blood antigens of chicken, opossum, dog, bat, monkey, pig, goat, rabbit, horse, human, rat, ox, cat, and armadillo. Although the chicken was the primary host, man was fed upon frequently; thus, the hypothesis was rejected. Other explanations must be found for the relative lack of antibodies against T. cruzi in humans in Yucatan.", "PMID": 320892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7635", "title": "Malarial lung: report of a case from Africa successfully treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation.", "content": "We describe the first recorded case from Africa of malarial lung, acute pulmonary insufficiency in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The patient was successfully treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). There was heavy parasitemia, preceding cerebral complications and rapid onset of pulmonary edema in the absence of fluid overload or cardiac failure. A further complication of polyuria from tubular dysfunction developed whilst the patient was being ventilated. IPPV may have an important place in the management of this rare and usually fatal complication of falciparum malaria.", "contents": "Malarial lung: report of a case from Africa successfully treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation. We describe the first recorded case from Africa of malarial lung, acute pulmonary insufficiency in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The patient was successfully treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). There was heavy parasitemia, preceding cerebral complications and rapid onset of pulmonary edema in the absence of fluid overload or cardiac failure. A further complication of polyuria from tubular dysfunction developed whilst the patient was being ventilated. IPPV may have an important place in the management of this rare and usually fatal complication of falciparum malaria.", "PMID": 320893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7636", "title": "Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests using blood samples collected on filter paper.", "content": "One hundred and eleven (111) blood specimens were collected from patients with known or suspected syphilis by venipuncture and on a small piece of No. 3 grade filter paper. Both specimens from each patient were tested by bluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test. Of the 62 patients whose venipuncture sera were FTA-ABS positive, filter paper blood samples were also positive in 56 (90%) and negative in 6 (10%). Complete agreement was obtained on paired specimens from 49 patients who were FTA-ABS negative. These preliminary results suggest that finger stick blood samples, collected on filter paper, could be used for FTA-ABS testing of remote rural populations--such as in areas where yaws is endemic.", "contents": "Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests using blood samples collected on filter paper. One hundred and eleven (111) blood specimens were collected from patients with known or suspected syphilis by venipuncture and on a small piece of No. 3 grade filter paper. Both specimens from each patient were tested by bluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test. Of the 62 patients whose venipuncture sera were FTA-ABS positive, filter paper blood samples were also positive in 56 (90%) and negative in 6 (10%). Complete agreement was obtained on paired specimens from 49 patients who were FTA-ABS negative. These preliminary results suggest that finger stick blood samples, collected on filter paper, could be used for FTA-ABS testing of remote rural populations--such as in areas where yaws is endemic.", "PMID": 320894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7637", "title": "Application of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is described. A crude extract of a Trypanosoma brucei suspension which was purified from all blood components was used as antigen. In rabbits experimentally infected with T. brucei or T. rhodesiense both homologous (anti-T. brucei) and heterologous (anti-T. rhodesiense) Trypanosoma antibodies could be detected with ELISA using T. brucei as antigen. The sensitivity of ELISA was comparable with that of the immunofluorescence (IF) technique. Sera of patients with sleeping sickness were examined with ELISA and IF. It proved possible to discriminate between groups of individuals with and without trypanosomiasis. Cross reactions were only observed with serum from a patient in which antibodies to Leishmania were detected. No cross reactions were observed in sera from patients with malaria, toxoplasmosis, schistosomiasis, or echinococcosis. ELISA represents a good alternative to IF in the serology of African trypanosomiasis, and may be particularly suitable for mass screening purposes.", "contents": "Application of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is described. A crude extract of a Trypanosoma brucei suspension which was purified from all blood components was used as antigen. In rabbits experimentally infected with T. brucei or T. rhodesiense both homologous (anti-T. brucei) and heterologous (anti-T. rhodesiense) Trypanosoma antibodies could be detected with ELISA using T. brucei as antigen. The sensitivity of ELISA was comparable with that of the immunofluorescence (IF) technique. Sera of patients with sleeping sickness were examined with ELISA and IF. It proved possible to discriminate between groups of individuals with and without trypanosomiasis. Cross reactions were only observed with serum from a patient in which antibodies to Leishmania were detected. No cross reactions were observed in sera from patients with malaria, toxoplasmosis, schistosomiasis, or echinococcosis. ELISA represents a good alternative to IF in the serology of African trypanosomiasis, and may be particularly suitable for mass screening purposes.", "PMID": 320895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7638", "title": "The effects of Lampit (Bayer 2502) on the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with vertebrate cells in vitro.", "content": "The effects of 3-methyl-4-(5'-nitrofurfurylidene-amino)-tetrahydro-4H-1,4-thiazine-1,1-dioxide [Lampit, Bayer 2502] on the intracellular cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi were studied with an in vitro steady-state culture system that permitted the continuous analysis of individual host cell-parasite interactions. Lampit concentrations of 10(-4) and 10(-5) M significantly affected the ability of trypomastigotes to penetrate vertebrate cells. Lampit concentrations above 10(-4) M were toxic to the host cell population and Lampit concentrations below 10(-5) M did not affect the ability of trypomastigotes to penetrate vertebrate cells. Lampit concentrations of 10(-5) M or greater completely inhibited the intracellular cycle of T. cruzi whereas Lampit concentrations of 10(-7) M or less had no effect on the intracellular cycle. Continuous perfusion with 10(-6) M Lampit resulted in a linear increase in intracellular parasite reproduction time. A stable strain of T. cruzi was produced in vitro that was resistant to a 100-fold greater concentration of Lampit that the parent strain.", "contents": "The effects of Lampit (Bayer 2502) on the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with vertebrate cells in vitro. The effects of 3-methyl-4-(5'-nitrofurfurylidene-amino)-tetrahydro-4H-1,4-thiazine-1,1-dioxide [Lampit, Bayer 2502] on the intracellular cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi were studied with an in vitro steady-state culture system that permitted the continuous analysis of individual host cell-parasite interactions. Lampit concentrations of 10(-4) and 10(-5) M significantly affected the ability of trypomastigotes to penetrate vertebrate cells. Lampit concentrations above 10(-4) M were toxic to the host cell population and Lampit concentrations below 10(-5) M did not affect the ability of trypomastigotes to penetrate vertebrate cells. Lampit concentrations of 10(-5) M or greater completely inhibited the intracellular cycle of T. cruzi whereas Lampit concentrations of 10(-7) M or less had no effect on the intracellular cycle. Continuous perfusion with 10(-6) M Lampit resulted in a linear increase in intracellular parasite reproduction time. A stable strain of T. cruzi was produced in vitro that was resistant to a 100-fold greater concentration of Lampit that the parent strain.", "PMID": 320896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7639", "title": "Severe bronchial asthma: factors influencing intensive care management and outcome.", "content": "Over a seven year period 2933 patients were admitted with asthma. Respiratory failure occurred on 106 occasions. A total of 26 patients died including 11 of the 106 who developed respiratory failure. The intra-hospital management of asthma is outlined. The experience is analysed to indicate those patients particularly at risk. These include those who develop pneumothorax, have associated chest infections or have recently ceased steroid therapy.", "contents": "Severe bronchial asthma: factors influencing intensive care management and outcome. Over a seven year period 2933 patients were admitted with asthma. Respiratory failure occurred on 106 occasions. A total of 26 patients died including 11 of the 106 who developed respiratory failure. The intra-hospital management of asthma is outlined. The experience is analysed to indicate those patients particularly at risk. These include those who develop pneumothorax, have associated chest infections or have recently ceased steroid therapy.", "PMID": 320902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7640", "title": "Measurement errors in pneumotachography due to pressure transducer design.", "content": "When pneumotachography is used during intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), the design of some differential pressure transducers can cause measurement errors. These errors may be avoided by using differential pressure transducers which have small, equal chambers free from temperature sensitive electrical elements. Few of the transducers which are sensitive enough for clinical use fulfil these requirements.", "contents": "Measurement errors in pneumotachography due to pressure transducer design. When pneumotachography is used during intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), the design of some differential pressure transducers can cause measurement errors. These errors may be avoided by using differential pressure transducers which have small, equal chambers free from temperature sensitive electrical elements. Few of the transducers which are sensitive enough for clinical use fulfil these requirements.", "PMID": 320903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7641", "title": "Historical note: Drumine--a new Australian local anaesthetic.", "content": "An article in the Australiasian Medical Gazette of October, 1886 indicates the method of extraction, experimentation and therapeutic application of an active principle, prepared from Euphorbia Drummondii. Further correspondence is noted, refining the method of extraction, reporting cases, answering criticisms, and announcing eventually, drumine's commercial preparation. Despite enthusiastic support, the drug soon disappears from the therapeutic scene.", "contents": "Historical note: Drumine--a new Australian local anaesthetic. An article in the Australiasian Medical Gazette of October, 1886 indicates the method of extraction, experimentation and therapeutic application of an active principle, prepared from Euphorbia Drummondii. Further correspondence is noted, refining the method of extraction, reporting cases, answering criticisms, and announcing eventually, drumine's commercial preparation. Despite enthusiastic support, the drug soon disappears from the therapeutic scene.", "PMID": 320904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7642", "title": "Airway pressure changes observable with constant-flow inflation and an end-inspiratory pause.", "content": "Constant-flow inflation and a prolonged end-inspiratory pause were studied, observing the airway pressures in model lungs. The technique demonstrated the changes associated with compliance, resistance and gas redistribution under varying conditions. The studies suggest that when intratracheal pressures indicate a large element of gas redistribution, constant flow inflation and end-inspiratory pause produce pendelluft, and other pressure patterns are preferable for I.P.P.V.", "contents": "Airway pressure changes observable with constant-flow inflation and an end-inspiratory pause. Constant-flow inflation and a prolonged end-inspiratory pause were studied, observing the airway pressures in model lungs. The technique demonstrated the changes associated with compliance, resistance and gas redistribution under varying conditions. The studies suggest that when intratracheal pressures indicate a large element of gas redistribution, constant flow inflation and end-inspiratory pause produce pendelluft, and other pressure patterns are preferable for I.P.P.V.", "PMID": 320905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7643", "title": "Sixty day trial of a new inhalant dosage form of metaproterenol.", "content": "A 5% solution of metaproterenol, 10 whiffs (1.5 mg) q.i.d., was administered from a hand bulb nebulizer to 28 asthmatics for 60 days. Spirometry in double-blind, crossover tests against an 0.5% isoproterenol solution on days 0-1 and 59-60 and global evaluations of response showed that metaproterenol was more effective and longer acting. No tolerance to metaproterenol developed. Side-effects were negligible.", "contents": "Sixty day trial of a new inhalant dosage form of metaproterenol. A 5% solution of metaproterenol, 10 whiffs (1.5 mg) q.i.d., was administered from a hand bulb nebulizer to 28 asthmatics for 60 days. Spirometry in double-blind, crossover tests against an 0.5% isoproterenol solution on days 0-1 and 59-60 and global evaluations of response showed that metaproterenol was more effective and longer acting. No tolerance to metaproterenol developed. Side-effects were negligible.", "PMID": 320913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7644", "title": "Terbutaline: an effective bronchodilator by inhalation.", "content": "Ninety-nine patients with severe bronchial asthma were tested with two inhalations of Terbutaline. The peak expiratory flow rate of each was determined by means of the Wright peak flow meter, and compared with a baseline taken previously and recorded. The final results were compared with those obtained in the same patients who alternately had received two inhalations of Salbutamol. The average improvement with Terbutaline was 20% per patient as compared with 16% with Salbutamol, indicating no statistically significant therapeutic difference between the two drugs.", "contents": "Terbutaline: an effective bronchodilator by inhalation. Ninety-nine patients with severe bronchial asthma were tested with two inhalations of Terbutaline. The peak expiratory flow rate of each was determined by means of the Wright peak flow meter, and compared with a baseline taken previously and recorded. The final results were compared with those obtained in the same patients who alternately had received two inhalations of Salbutamol. The average improvement with Terbutaline was 20% per patient as compared with 16% with Salbutamol, indicating no statistically significant therapeutic difference between the two drugs.", "PMID": 320914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7645", "title": "Double-blind, controlled study of clemastine fumarate, chlorpheniramine and placebo in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.", "content": "A whole body plethysmograph (body box) equipped with a flow meter (see Figure 1) was used for objective quantification of the effects of single doses of clemastine fumarate 2.68 mg, chlorpheniramine 4 mg and placebo in a double-blind study of 48 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. This technique offers an objective means of assessing drug effects on nasal congestion and obstruction. Before the development of whole body plethysmography, only subjective assessments of antihistamines' effects on nasal blockage or congestion were available. These subjective reports usually noted that nasal blockage or congestion was refractory to antihistamines or minimally relieved by them. However, in this study, nasal and oral airway resistances, each measured by whole body plethysmography, were lowered by clemastine fumarate and chlorpheniramine. These results were corroborated by the patients' and physician's assessments of changes in symptom severity and the physician's evaluation of intranasal photographs taken for each patient. Oral airway resistance of patients treated with clemastine fumarate was improved to a significantly greater extent than in patients receiving placebo. At two hours post-drug, patients receiving clemastine fumarate usually showed a greater response in most assessments than those receiving chlorpheniramine, and the trend of most comparisons was clearly in favor of clemastine fumarate. Patients in all three treatment groups experienced drowsiness but both incidence and severity were lower with clemastine fumarate.", "contents": "Double-blind, controlled study of clemastine fumarate, chlorpheniramine and placebo in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. A whole body plethysmograph (body box) equipped with a flow meter (see Figure 1) was used for objective quantification of the effects of single doses of clemastine fumarate 2.68 mg, chlorpheniramine 4 mg and placebo in a double-blind study of 48 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. This technique offers an objective means of assessing drug effects on nasal congestion and obstruction. Before the development of whole body plethysmography, only subjective assessments of antihistamines' effects on nasal blockage or congestion were available. These subjective reports usually noted that nasal blockage or congestion was refractory to antihistamines or minimally relieved by them. However, in this study, nasal and oral airway resistances, each measured by whole body plethysmography, were lowered by clemastine fumarate and chlorpheniramine. These results were corroborated by the patients' and physician's assessments of changes in symptom severity and the physician's evaluation of intranasal photographs taken for each patient. Oral airway resistance of patients treated with clemastine fumarate was improved to a significantly greater extent than in patients receiving placebo. At two hours post-drug, patients receiving clemastine fumarate usually showed a greater response in most assessments than those receiving chlorpheniramine, and the trend of most comparisons was clearly in favor of clemastine fumarate. Patients in all three treatment groups experienced drowsiness but both incidence and severity were lower with clemastine fumarate.", "PMID": 320916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7646", "title": "Double-blind, controlled study of clemastine fumarate, chlorpheniramine and placebo in the symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in desensitized and nondesensitized patients.", "content": "In double-blind trials clemastine fumarate 2.68 mg. chlorpheniramine 4 mg and placebo were randomly assigned to two groups of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Thirty-nine desensitized patients were given one of the three test drugs in a parallel design; 67 nondesensitized patients each received two of the three drugs in a crossover design. Assessment of drug activity in each study was by whole body plethysmography and intranasal color photography as well as by subjective methods. Objective measurements showed clemastine fumarate was significantly superior to placebo and often better than chlorpheniramine in decreasing true nasal resistance and relieving nasal congestion. High placebo responses characterized the subjective evaluations, although the active drugs were clearly better. Responses varied somewhat between desensitized and nondesensitized patients. The number of reports of sedative effect, high in all groups, seemed to be more closely related to these antihistamine conditioned patients than to activity of the drugs themselves, based on previous reports of low sedation with clemastine fumarate. The techniques described proved very useful in distinguishing relative activity of antihistamines. Clemastine fumarate, the new antihistamine studied, appears to offer certain advantages over the older drug, chlorpheniramine.", "contents": "Double-blind, controlled study of clemastine fumarate, chlorpheniramine and placebo in the symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in desensitized and nondesensitized patients. In double-blind trials clemastine fumarate 2.68 mg. chlorpheniramine 4 mg and placebo were randomly assigned to two groups of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Thirty-nine desensitized patients were given one of the three test drugs in a parallel design; 67 nondesensitized patients each received two of the three drugs in a crossover design. Assessment of drug activity in each study was by whole body plethysmography and intranasal color photography as well as by subjective methods. Objective measurements showed clemastine fumarate was significantly superior to placebo and often better than chlorpheniramine in decreasing true nasal resistance and relieving nasal congestion. High placebo responses characterized the subjective evaluations, although the active drugs were clearly better. Responses varied somewhat between desensitized and nondesensitized patients. The number of reports of sedative effect, high in all groups, seemed to be more closely related to these antihistamine conditioned patients than to activity of the drugs themselves, based on previous reports of low sedation with clemastine fumarate. The techniques described proved very useful in distinguishing relative activity of antihistamines. Clemastine fumarate, the new antihistamine studied, appears to offer certain advantages over the older drug, chlorpheniramine.", "PMID": 320917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7647", "title": "A double-blind study of food extract injection therapy: a preliminary report.", "content": "A double-blind, crossover study of food extract injection therapy is reported. There was a significantly better response to food injection therapy than to placebo. In many cases the response of lifelong, severe, intractable syndromes was rapid and dramatic, often beginning in three to four days, and symptoms often returned within three to four days after beginning a course of placebo therapy. In clinical practice this should prove to be a useful practical tool for demonstrating the etiologic role of foods and providing substantial relief in several serious syndromes for which no other satisfactory method of etiologic diagnosis or effective therapy is available.", "contents": "A double-blind study of food extract injection therapy: a preliminary report. A double-blind, crossover study of food extract injection therapy is reported. There was a significantly better response to food injection therapy than to placebo. In many cases the response of lifelong, severe, intractable syndromes was rapid and dramatic, often beginning in three to four days, and symptoms often returned within three to four days after beginning a course of placebo therapy. In clinical practice this should prove to be a useful practical tool for demonstrating the etiologic role of foods and providing substantial relief in several serious syndromes for which no other satisfactory method of etiologic diagnosis or effective therapy is available.", "PMID": 320918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7648", "title": "Treatment of steroid-dependent asthma with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol.", "content": "Corticosteroids, originally developed as topical agents, have proved effective in aerosol form in the treatment of asthma. Of 33 chronic bronchial asthmatic patients dependent on oral corticosteroids, 16 were randomly selected for treatment with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol and 17 for treatment with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol and 17 for treatment with placebo to determine the effectiveness of the active drug and the feasibility of eliminating or reducing oral steroids. Aerosol dosages of 800 g daily continued for 12 weeks. The patients improved about 30, 50 and 60% in mean FVC, FEV1, and FEF25 75, respectively. Their mean oral steroid dose dropped 77%, with 13 of the 16 discontinuing oral steroids entirely, and their asthma symptoms decreased about 30%. Placebo patients showed minimal or no improvement in these areas. The clinical results indicated that 14 of 16 active aerosol and 4 of 17 placebo aerosol patients improved over baseline. No side effects or fungal infections appeared and only two patients experienced oral-steroid withdrawal symptoms.", "contents": "Treatment of steroid-dependent asthma with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol. Corticosteroids, originally developed as topical agents, have proved effective in aerosol form in the treatment of asthma. Of 33 chronic bronchial asthmatic patients dependent on oral corticosteroids, 16 were randomly selected for treatment with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol and 17 for treatment with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol and 17 for treatment with placebo to determine the effectiveness of the active drug and the feasibility of eliminating or reducing oral steroids. Aerosol dosages of 800 g daily continued for 12 weeks. The patients improved about 30, 50 and 60% in mean FVC, FEV1, and FEF25 75, respectively. Their mean oral steroid dose dropped 77%, with 13 of the 16 discontinuing oral steroids entirely, and their asthma symptoms decreased about 30%. Placebo patients showed minimal or no improvement in these areas. The clinical results indicated that 14 of 16 active aerosol and 4 of 17 placebo aerosol patients improved over baseline. No side effects or fungal infections appeared and only two patients experienced oral-steroid withdrawal symptoms.", "PMID": 320919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7649", "title": "Improved methods of producing precipitating aspergillus antigens.", "content": "Improved methods for producing Aspergillus fumigatus antigens capable of giving sensitive and reproducible results by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) are described. Among the factors investigated were the source of casein hydrolysate used for N source, method of incubating the CIEP slide following a run, effect of freeze pressing and lyophilization, age of culture and ratio of C to N source in the medium.", "contents": "Improved methods of producing precipitating aspergillus antigens. Improved methods for producing Aspergillus fumigatus antigens capable of giving sensitive and reproducible results by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) are described. Among the factors investigated were the source of casein hydrolysate used for N source, method of incubating the CIEP slide following a run, effect of freeze pressing and lyophilization, age of culture and ratio of C to N source in the medium.", "PMID": 320920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7650", "title": "Epidemiologic aspects of allergic aspergillosis.", "content": "The incidence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABA) seems much less in the United States than in Great Britain. The suggestion that there are differences in the atmospheric burden of A. fumigatus prompted the authors to evaluate skin reactivity to A. fumigatus in their clinic population. Immediate skin reactivity was found significantly less than to Alternaria, a common Midwest mold. Because of the association of A. fumigatus with decaying vegetation, compost piles in the St. Louis area were cultured. Hot or working piles were extremely rich in A. fumigatus while cold or finished piles were devoid of this organism. A group of nonatopic organic farmers showed no serum precipitating antibody to A. fumigatus. It is suggested that active asthmatics with immediate skin reactivity to A. fumigatus avoid exposure to working compost piles.", "contents": "Epidemiologic aspects of allergic aspergillosis. The incidence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABA) seems much less in the United States than in Great Britain. The suggestion that there are differences in the atmospheric burden of A. fumigatus prompted the authors to evaluate skin reactivity to A. fumigatus in their clinic population. Immediate skin reactivity was found significantly less than to Alternaria, a common Midwest mold. Because of the association of A. fumigatus with decaying vegetation, compost piles in the St. Louis area were cultured. Hot or working piles were extremely rich in A. fumigatus while cold or finished piles were devoid of this organism. A group of nonatopic organic farmers showed no serum precipitating antibody to A. fumigatus. It is suggested that active asthmatics with immediate skin reactivity to A. fumigatus avoid exposure to working compost piles.", "PMID": 320921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7651", "title": "Comparisons of the complement-fixation and indirect fluorescent antibody reactions in the detection of bovine babesiasis.", "content": "Complement-fixation (CF) and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) antigens were prepared from Babesia bigemina isolates obtained in Texas. These serologic procedures were evaluated on 130 serum samples sequentially collected from 5 B bigemina-infected mature cattle, beginning on the day of exposure and continuing for 175 day thereafter. Both tests were effective in detecting specific antibodies for the first 84 days of infection, with 57 of 60 (95%) serums tested being positive on the CF test and 57 of 57 (100%) tests being positive to the IFA test. During the interval from 98 to 175 days, 24 of 60 (40%) of the serums tested were positive with the CF test, and 53 of 56 (95%) were positive with the IFA test. During the first 84 days, a similar linear regression occurred in both CF and IFA serum titers, but after 98 days the IFA regression flattened out, whereas the CF titers decreased below the sensitivity threshold in 60% of the serums tested.", "contents": "Comparisons of the complement-fixation and indirect fluorescent antibody reactions in the detection of bovine babesiasis. Complement-fixation (CF) and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) antigens were prepared from Babesia bigemina isolates obtained in Texas. These serologic procedures were evaluated on 130 serum samples sequentially collected from 5 B bigemina-infected mature cattle, beginning on the day of exposure and continuing for 175 day thereafter. Both tests were effective in detecting specific antibodies for the first 84 days of infection, with 57 of 60 (95%) serums tested being positive on the CF test and 57 of 57 (100%) tests being positive to the IFA test. During the interval from 98 to 175 days, 24 of 60 (40%) of the serums tested were positive with the CF test, and 53 of 56 (95%) were positive with the IFA test. During the first 84 days, a similar linear regression occurred in both CF and IFA serum titers, but after 98 days the IFA regression flattened out, whereas the CF titers decreased below the sensitivity threshold in 60% of the serums tested.", "PMID": 320922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7652", "title": "The upper airways. II. The larynx and trachea.", "content": "The laryngotracheal airway is the bottleneck of the respiratory system. Whereas disease in the nose or in the bronchial airways will affect respiratory airflow in a limited way, laryngotracheal disease must always be considered potentially life threatening. The nasal airway is the normal access to the lungs. As such, it serves vital functions in modifying the condition of ambient air before its access to the lungs. Impairment of the efficacy of nasal function in that regard will inevitably cast an unaccustomed burden on the lower airways and may possibly play a role in the long-term development of small airway disease in the lungs. When the nose is bypassed, acutely, as in orotracheal intubation, or chronically, as in tracheostomy or the laryngectomee, the pulmonary airways inevitably suffer. Attempts to substitute for the nose by humidification of inspired air are essential, but our current methods are not free of hazard and are of questionable efficacy. A better understanding of upper airway function and the injury resulting from malfunction or conducting ambient air directly to the trachea is now within our grasp but is not yet fully realized.", "contents": "The upper airways. II. The larynx and trachea. The laryngotracheal airway is the bottleneck of the respiratory system. Whereas disease in the nose or in the bronchial airways will affect respiratory airflow in a limited way, laryngotracheal disease must always be considered potentially life threatening. The nasal airway is the normal access to the lungs. As such, it serves vital functions in modifying the condition of ambient air before its access to the lungs. Impairment of the efficacy of nasal function in that regard will inevitably cast an unaccustomed burden on the lower airways and may possibly play a role in the long-term development of small airway disease in the lungs. When the nose is bypassed, acutely, as in orotracheal intubation, or chronically, as in tracheostomy or the laryngectomee, the pulmonary airways inevitably suffer. Attempts to substitute for the nose by humidification of inspired air are essential, but our current methods are not free of hazard and are of questionable efficacy. A better understanding of upper airway function and the injury resulting from malfunction or conducting ambient air directly to the trachea is now within our grasp but is not yet fully realized.", "PMID": 320923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7653", "title": "Pulmonary aerosol deposition in chronic bronchitis: intermittent positive pressure breathing versus quiet breathing.", "content": "Quiet breathing by mouth of a 3-mum aerosol was compared with intermittent positive pressure delivery of the same aerosol to the lung in a group of bronchitics. The pattern of lung deposition and the total dose delivered to the lung were measured. The differences between quiet breathing and intermittent positive pressure breathing were found not to be significant (P greater than 0.5). In addition, during similar or greater total ventilation, intermittent positive pressure breathing delivered a mean of 32% less aerosol to the lung than did quiet breathing. These findings suggest that intermittent positive pressure breathing as currently used for aerosol delivery cannot be expected to enhance peripheral deposition of inhaled aerosols in patients with airway obstruction.", "contents": "Pulmonary aerosol deposition in chronic bronchitis: intermittent positive pressure breathing versus quiet breathing. Quiet breathing by mouth of a 3-mum aerosol was compared with intermittent positive pressure delivery of the same aerosol to the lung in a group of bronchitics. The pattern of lung deposition and the total dose delivered to the lung were measured. The differences between quiet breathing and intermittent positive pressure breathing were found not to be significant (P greater than 0.5). In addition, during similar or greater total ventilation, intermittent positive pressure breathing delivered a mean of 32% less aerosol to the lung than did quiet breathing. These findings suggest that intermittent positive pressure breathing as currently used for aerosol delivery cannot be expected to enhance peripheral deposition of inhaled aerosols in patients with airway obstruction.", "PMID": 320924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7654", "title": "Defense mechanisms of the respiratory membrane.", "content": "The success or failure of pulmonary defense mechanisms largely determines the appearance of clinical lung disease. The lung is protected by interlucking systems of nonspecific and specific defenses. Inhaled substrances can be isolated by mechanical barriers or can be physically removed from the lung either by transport up the bronchial mucociliary escalator or by transport through interstitial and lymphatic channels leading to lymph nodes. Substances can be locally detoxified within the lung by interaction with secretory proteins, such as antibodies, or by neutralization and dissolution within phagocytic cells. The pulmonary alveolar macrophage is the central figure in the protection of the respiratory membrane, operating in all 3 of the nonspecific modes of defense and augmented by specific immunologic mechanisms as well. Alterations in macrophage function and physiology may be crucial in determining the effectiveness of pulmonary defense. Recent advances in the cell biology of the alveolar macrophage have led to a greater understanding of its complex funcition. The multiple origins of macrophages from local and circulating cell pools and the variability in their fate and lifespan reflect the multi-faceted role of this cell type. The importance of the interactions between macrophages, orther lung cells, and other defense mechanisms has become increasingly clear. As well as functioning as resident defender of the alveolus, the macrophage is an important effector of the pulmonary immune response and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of inflammatory, destructive, and fibrotic lung diseases. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses amplify and direct lung defenses against infection and may also participate in protection against other agents. Immunoglobulin A and G, microbial neutralizing and opsonizing anti-bodies, and macrophage-stimulating T lymphocytes are the major immunospecific forms of lung defense. Infectious agents, cigarette smoke, air pollutants, industrial dusts, and a spectrum of coexistent disease states may impair pulmonary defense mechanisms and increase susceptibility to asute and chronic respiratory diseases. A thorough understanding of the ways in which the lung protects itself against the daily assault of infectious, toxic, and immunogenic materials should lead to a beter understanding of pathogenesis and consequences of lung disease and to better clinical care of the patient with respiratory disease.", "contents": "Defense mechanisms of the respiratory membrane. The success or failure of pulmonary defense mechanisms largely determines the appearance of clinical lung disease. The lung is protected by interlucking systems of nonspecific and specific defenses. Inhaled substrances can be isolated by mechanical barriers or can be physically removed from the lung either by transport up the bronchial mucociliary escalator or by transport through interstitial and lymphatic channels leading to lymph nodes. Substances can be locally detoxified within the lung by interaction with secretory proteins, such as antibodies, or by neutralization and dissolution within phagocytic cells. The pulmonary alveolar macrophage is the central figure in the protection of the respiratory membrane, operating in all 3 of the nonspecific modes of defense and augmented by specific immunologic mechanisms as well. Alterations in macrophage function and physiology may be crucial in determining the effectiveness of pulmonary defense. Recent advances in the cell biology of the alveolar macrophage have led to a greater understanding of its complex funcition. The multiple origins of macrophages from local and circulating cell pools and the variability in their fate and lifespan reflect the multi-faceted role of this cell type. The importance of the interactions between macrophages, orther lung cells, and other defense mechanisms has become increasingly clear. As well as functioning as resident defender of the alveolus, the macrophage is an important effector of the pulmonary immune response and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of inflammatory, destructive, and fibrotic lung diseases. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses amplify and direct lung defenses against infection and may also participate in protection against other agents. Immunoglobulin A and G, microbial neutralizing and opsonizing anti-bodies, and macrophage-stimulating T lymphocytes are the major immunospecific forms of lung defense. Infectious agents, cigarette smoke, air pollutants, industrial dusts, and a spectrum of coexistent disease states may impair pulmonary defense mechanisms and increase susceptibility to asute and chronic respiratory diseases. A thorough understanding of the ways in which the lung protects itself against the daily assault of infectious, toxic, and immunogenic materials should lead to a beter understanding of pathogenesis and consequences of lung disease and to better clinical care of the patient with respiratory disease.", "PMID": 320925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7655", "title": "Alterations in host responsiveness in patients with prostatic cancer following cryosurgery or transurethral resection.", "content": "Anesthesia, stress, trauma or the operation per se have been reported to result in alterations of host resistance in a wide range of diseases. The effect of such changes on the thymolymphatic system of patients with prostatic cancer is not known. While evaluating in vitro parameters of cellular immunologic responsiveness in patients with prostatic cancer, we have observed a depression two to seven days following cryosurgery or transurethral resection (TUR) of the proliferation of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Contrary to the reduced proliferation of PBL cultured in autologous and homologous serum from patients receiving TUR, patients receiving cryosurgery, while also showing reduction in autologous serum, showed increased responsiveness when cultured in homologous serum. Although transient, depression of lymphocyte proliferation, particularly if involving tumor-cloned T-cells, may provide reduced surveillance to potential metastatic tumor cells leading to an alteration of tumor-host homeostasis. The potential of reduced surveillance, at least in the case of TUR, appears to be supported by observations that patients dying from prostatic cancer at our institution had an antecedent TUR. Identifying those patients with changes in responsiveness before surgery, as well as those prone to develop or undergo further reductions in responsiveness after surgery, would appear to be relevant in the management of patient with prostatic as well as other malignancies. Pre- and/or postoperative immunotherapy in such patients may be indicated.", "contents": "Alterations in host responsiveness in patients with prostatic cancer following cryosurgery or transurethral resection. Anesthesia, stress, trauma or the operation per se have been reported to result in alterations of host resistance in a wide range of diseases. The effect of such changes on the thymolymphatic system of patients with prostatic cancer is not known. While evaluating in vitro parameters of cellular immunologic responsiveness in patients with prostatic cancer, we have observed a depression two to seven days following cryosurgery or transurethral resection (TUR) of the proliferation of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Contrary to the reduced proliferation of PBL cultured in autologous and homologous serum from patients receiving TUR, patients receiving cryosurgery, while also showing reduction in autologous serum, showed increased responsiveness when cultured in homologous serum. Although transient, depression of lymphocyte proliferation, particularly if involving tumor-cloned T-cells, may provide reduced surveillance to potential metastatic tumor cells leading to an alteration of tumor-host homeostasis. The potential of reduced surveillance, at least in the case of TUR, appears to be supported by observations that patients dying from prostatic cancer at our institution had an antecedent TUR. Identifying those patients with changes in responsiveness before surgery, as well as those prone to develop or undergo further reductions in responsiveness after surgery, would appear to be relevant in the management of patient with prostatic as well as other malignancies. Pre- and/or postoperative immunotherapy in such patients may be indicated.", "PMID": 320926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7656", "title": "Renal artery occlusion in transplant recipients.", "content": "Five cases of renal artery occlusion occurring in kidney transplant recipients are reported--an incidence of 1.4%. Two patients recovered moderate renal function after thrombectomy in spite of the estimated occlusion time of four hours and 12 hours, respectively, under normothermic conditions. Three cases of occlusion were associated with pre-existing renal artery stenosis. This experience reinforced the optimistic and aggressive approach to treatment of renal artery thrombosis. Renal artery occlusion may simulate acute rejection in the transplant recipient.", "contents": "Renal artery occlusion in transplant recipients. Five cases of renal artery occlusion occurring in kidney transplant recipients are reported--an incidence of 1.4%. Two patients recovered moderate renal function after thrombectomy in spite of the estimated occlusion time of four hours and 12 hours, respectively, under normothermic conditions. Three cases of occlusion were associated with pre-existing renal artery stenosis. This experience reinforced the optimistic and aggressive approach to treatment of renal artery thrombosis. Renal artery occlusion may simulate acute rejection in the transplant recipient.", "PMID": 320927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7657", "title": "[Bifid sternum. a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A newborn with bifid sternum and early surgical management is reported.", "contents": "[Bifid sternum. a case report (author's transl)]. A newborn with bifid sternum and early surgical management is reported.", "PMID": 320928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7658", "title": "Failure of specific immunotherapy in fulminant type B hepatitis.", "content": "Investigators at 30 centers evaluated an intravenous hepatitis B immune globulin preparation in the therapy of fulminant type B hepatitis. Patients with serum positive for hepatitis B surface antigen were treated at stage II to stage IV of hepatic encephalopathy. A central computer program randomized cases for treatment with hyperimmune globulin or albumin placebo. During the first 6 months, the dose of hepatitis B immune globulin was 1.32 g of immunoglobulin G protein; during the last 7 months, it was 5.28 g. Neither dose eliminated antigenemia. In the placebo group, death occurred in four of eight cases randomized at stage II, five of eight at stage III, and 10 of 12 at stage IV. In the group treated with hyperimmune globulin, death occurred in three of five patients randomized at stage II, seven of 12 at stage III, and six of eight at stage IV. The study, therefore, showed no benefit of treatment with exogenous antibody.", "contents": "Failure of specific immunotherapy in fulminant type B hepatitis. Investigators at 30 centers evaluated an intravenous hepatitis B immune globulin preparation in the therapy of fulminant type B hepatitis. Patients with serum positive for hepatitis B surface antigen were treated at stage II to stage IV of hepatic encephalopathy. A central computer program randomized cases for treatment with hyperimmune globulin or albumin placebo. During the first 6 months, the dose of hepatitis B immune globulin was 1.32 g of immunoglobulin G protein; during the last 7 months, it was 5.28 g. Neither dose eliminated antigenemia. In the placebo group, death occurred in four of eight cases randomized at stage II, five of eight at stage III, and 10 of 12 at stage IV. In the group treated with hyperimmune globulin, death occurred in three of five patients randomized at stage II, seven of 12 at stage III, and six of eight at stage IV. The study, therefore, showed no benefit of treatment with exogenous antibody.", "PMID": 320929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7659", "title": "Methyltestosterone therapy in hereditary angioedema.", "content": "In a double-blind study of four patients with hereditary angioedema, the efficacy of methyltestosterone (taken daily in 10-mg linguet form) in preventing attacks was shown. There were 19 episodes during 11.8 months of placebo administration, compared with only four attacks during the 46 months of cumulative methyltestosterone treatment (P less than 0.001). The mean serum C4 protein level was twice as high in all patients when they were taking the drug (176 +/- 36 mug/ml) as compared with the placebo (84 +/- 21 mug/ml), and rose to normal range in three of four patients.", "contents": "Methyltestosterone therapy in hereditary angioedema. In a double-blind study of four patients with hereditary angioedema, the efficacy of methyltestosterone (taken daily in 10-mg linguet form) in preventing attacks was shown. There were 19 episodes during 11.8 months of placebo administration, compared with only four attacks during the 46 months of cumulative methyltestosterone treatment (P less than 0.001). The mean serum C4 protein level was twice as high in all patients when they were taking the drug (176 +/- 36 mug/ml) as compared with the placebo (84 +/- 21 mug/ml), and rose to normal range in three of four patients.", "PMID": 320930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7660", "title": "Flucytosine.", "content": "Flucytosine is a systemic antifungal drug that is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The most clearly documented therapeutic effect has been in cryptococcosis, candidiasis, and chromomycosis. An important limitation of the use of flucytosine in all three diseases has been drug resistance arising during therapy. The addition of low-dose, intravenous amphotericin B to flucytosine therapy of cryptococcosis has appeared to decrease the frequency of secondary flucytosine resistance. In addition, the two drugs have an additive or slightly synergistic effect against flucytosine susceptible isolates of Cryptococcus and Candida. The combination is probably the treatment of choice in cryptococcal meningitis and offers promise in the therapy of systemic candidiasis and nonmeningeal cryptococcosis.", "contents": "Flucytosine. Flucytosine is a systemic antifungal drug that is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The most clearly documented therapeutic effect has been in cryptococcosis, candidiasis, and chromomycosis. An important limitation of the use of flucytosine in all three diseases has been drug resistance arising during therapy. The addition of low-dose, intravenous amphotericin B to flucytosine therapy of cryptococcosis has appeared to decrease the frequency of secondary flucytosine resistance. In addition, the two drugs have an additive or slightly synergistic effect against flucytosine susceptible isolates of Cryptococcus and Candida. The combination is probably the treatment of choice in cryptococcal meningitis and offers promise in the therapy of systemic candidiasis and nonmeningeal cryptococcosis.", "PMID": 320931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7661", "title": "Cryocoagulation of retinal vessels: an experimental model of intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Various amounts of cryothermy were applied to the posterior pole of rabbit eyes to determine changes in retinal tissue and vasculature. Four consecutive freezing and refreezing applications of -60 degrees was the most effective technique for achieving central retinal vessel occlusion. Electron microscopic observations of sequentially sectioned occlusion. Electron microscopic observations of sequentially sectioned occluded vessels showed that the vessels were occluded by a platelet plug distally and packed erythrocytes proximally. Fibrin formation was not found in the occluded retinal vessels but was seen within platelet plugs in choroidal vessels. Because cryocoagulation simulates the normal physiologic means of coagulation more closely than other vessel occluding techniques, cryocoagulation of the primary retinal vessels is suggested as an experimental model for intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Cryocoagulation of retinal vessels: an experimental model of intravascular coagulation. Various amounts of cryothermy were applied to the posterior pole of rabbit eyes to determine changes in retinal tissue and vasculature. Four consecutive freezing and refreezing applications of -60 degrees was the most effective technique for achieving central retinal vessel occlusion. Electron microscopic observations of sequentially sectioned occlusion. Electron microscopic observations of sequentially sectioned occluded vessels showed that the vessels were occluded by a platelet plug distally and packed erythrocytes proximally. Fibrin formation was not found in the occluded retinal vessels but was seen within platelet plugs in choroidal vessels. Because cryocoagulation simulates the normal physiologic means of coagulation more closely than other vessel occluding techniques, cryocoagulation of the primary retinal vessels is suggested as an experimental model for intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 320932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7662", "title": "A reappraisal of the use of antiseptics in surgical practice.", "content": "The use of antiseptics was reappraised because of the increasing problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A formaldehyde (noxythiolin) and a halogen (povidone-iodine) were investigated, these being the most appropriate antiseptic groups. Povidone-iodine solution significantly reduced the mortality of mice (P less than 0.01) and rats (P less than 0.01) with peritonitis. Noxythiolin (1% and 0.5%) did not. Antiseptic irrigation of the rat colon before and after anastomosis resulted in significantly fewer 'poor' anastomoses (P less than 0.05) without inhibiting healing. Noxythiolin 2.5% and 1% significantly reduced peritoneal adhesion formation in rats, but a newly formulated povidone-iodine solution with increased polyvinylpyrrolidone content was superior to noxythiolin 1% and 0.5%. Povidone-iodine neither inhibited rat abdominal wound healing nor induced bacterial resistance. In 3 subsequent controlled clinical trials a dry-powder povidone-iodine formulation halved wound infection after grid-iron appendicectomy (P less than 0.025), reduced infection in elective 'clean' surgery, and significantly reduced infection after a wide variety of 'potentially contaminated' abdominal procedures (P less than 0.01). A return to the principles of Lister is advocated.", "contents": "A reappraisal of the use of antiseptics in surgical practice. The use of antiseptics was reappraised because of the increasing problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A formaldehyde (noxythiolin) and a halogen (povidone-iodine) were investigated, these being the most appropriate antiseptic groups. Povidone-iodine solution significantly reduced the mortality of mice (P less than 0.01) and rats (P less than 0.01) with peritonitis. Noxythiolin (1% and 0.5%) did not. Antiseptic irrigation of the rat colon before and after anastomosis resulted in significantly fewer 'poor' anastomoses (P less than 0.05) without inhibiting healing. Noxythiolin 2.5% and 1% significantly reduced peritoneal adhesion formation in rats, but a newly formulated povidone-iodine solution with increased polyvinylpyrrolidone content was superior to noxythiolin 1% and 0.5%. Povidone-iodine neither inhibited rat abdominal wound healing nor induced bacterial resistance. In 3 subsequent controlled clinical trials a dry-powder povidone-iodine formulation halved wound infection after grid-iron appendicectomy (P less than 0.025), reduced infection in elective 'clean' surgery, and significantly reduced infection after a wide variety of 'potentially contaminated' abdominal procedures (P less than 0.01). A return to the principles of Lister is advocated.", "PMID": 320934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7663", "title": "[Results of an experimental study of the antitumor activity of 1-asparaginase from E. coli and Erw. carotovora].", "content": "The antitumour activity of the preparations of L-asparaginase from E. coli and Erw. carotovora with respect to lymphadenosis L-5178 and Yorker's carcinosarcoma (ascitic cariants) has been established. No difference in antitumour efficacy of the preparation of L-asparaginase obtained from E. coli and Erw. carotovora was noted.", "contents": "[Results of an experimental study of the antitumor activity of 1-asparaginase from E. coli and Erw. carotovora]. The antitumour activity of the preparations of L-asparaginase from E. coli and Erw. carotovora with respect to lymphadenosis L-5178 and Yorker's carcinosarcoma (ascitic cariants) has been established. No difference in antitumour efficacy of the preparation of L-asparaginase obtained from E. coli and Erw. carotovora was noted.", "PMID": 320935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7664", "title": "Superficial mycoses: treatment with a new, broad-spectrum antifungal agent: 1% clotrimazole solution.", "content": "A 1% clotrimazole solution was used as an antifungal for Tinea versicolor, Cutaneous Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis. All studies were double-blind and controlled, active vs vehicle. The final evaluation was made at a two-week follow-up after the treatment was stopped, which for most of the clinical conditions studied, was 28 days. The 1% clotrimazole solution was found to be effective with no local irritation noted.", "contents": "Superficial mycoses: treatment with a new, broad-spectrum antifungal agent: 1% clotrimazole solution. A 1% clotrimazole solution was used as an antifungal for Tinea versicolor, Cutaneous Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis. All studies were double-blind and controlled, active vs vehicle. The final evaluation was made at a two-week follow-up after the treatment was stopped, which for most of the clinical conditions studied, was 28 days. The 1% clotrimazole solution was found to be effective with no local irritation noted.", "PMID": 320940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7665", "title": "Bullous disease of childhood: report of a case demonstrating antibasal cell antibody.", "content": "This report describes a child with protracted bullous disease responsive only to high doses of steroids, who on immunofluorescent testing, consistently displays antibasal cell antibody. The child had been treated with penicillin a week prior to the development of the bullous disease. The etiologic possibility of this drug history in the evolution of the bullous disease is raised, with particular respect to recent reports of similar circulating antibody in drug reactions.", "contents": "Bullous disease of childhood: report of a case demonstrating antibasal cell antibody. This report describes a child with protracted bullous disease responsive only to high doses of steroids, who on immunofluorescent testing, consistently displays antibasal cell antibody. The child had been treated with penicillin a week prior to the development of the bullous disease. The etiologic possibility of this drug history in the evolution of the bullous disease is raised, with particular respect to recent reports of similar circulating antibody in drug reactions.", "PMID": 320941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7666", "title": "Rubella virus and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A collection of synovial fibroblasts from 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 12 patients with osteoarthrosis or other non-RA disease has been examined for rubella virus antigens by immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay with negative results. Eluates of synovial membrane prepared under conditions likely to dissociate antigen-antibody complexes have shown no rubella antibody. A serological survey of RA patients and those with other forms of arthritis has shown no differences in the frequency or levels of rubella haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody. These results provide little support for various hypotheses that a persistent infection with rubella virus underlies or initiates the rheumatoid process.", "contents": "Rubella virus and rheumatoid arthritis. A collection of synovial fibroblasts from 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 12 patients with osteoarthrosis or other non-RA disease has been examined for rubella virus antigens by immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay with negative results. Eluates of synovial membrane prepared under conditions likely to dissociate antigen-antibody complexes have shown no rubella antibody. A serological survey of RA patients and those with other forms of arthritis has shown no differences in the frequency or levels of rubella haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody. These results provide little support for various hypotheses that a persistent infection with rubella virus underlies or initiates the rheumatoid process.", "PMID": 320944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7667", "title": "Bullous tophi in gout.", "content": "Two gouty patients developed bullae containing massive numbers of monosodium urate crystals. Both patients had had treatment with systemic corticosteroids. A burn precipitated one bulla, showing that local tissue injury can be a factor in tophus localization.", "contents": "Bullous tophi in gout. Two gouty patients developed bullae containing massive numbers of monosodium urate crystals. Both patients had had treatment with systemic corticosteroids. A burn precipitated one bulla, showing that local tissue injury can be a factor in tophus localization.", "PMID": 320945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7668", "title": "Bullet emboli in the pulmonary and systemic arteries.", "content": "Bullet embolization into the systemic and the pulmonary circulation is a rare complication of penetrating wounds. From 1966 to 1975 10 patients with bullet embolus (5 in the systemic and 5 in the pulmonary arteries) were treated at Grady Memorial Hospital. The embolization occurred shortly after the initial injury in all cases except for two in which it occurred within two weeks. The patients with bullet embolus were either asymptomatic or some of those with systemic arterial embolization had symptoms and signs of acute arterial occlusion and some of the patients with pulmonary embolization had symptoms and signs of pulmonary embolus. The diagnosis was suspected in all cases because there was no wound of exit and because of the plain regional xray studies, the missile was not present in the expected area. The diagnosis was strengthened when, on screening xray studies of the rest of the body, the missile was found in a remote area and it was confirmed by arteriography. Embolectomy was performed in all cases of both groups except one with pulmonary embolus, and all patients did well and have no residual disability related to the embolus. This study suggests that bullet embolization to the systemic or pulmonary circulation occasionally occurs following bullet wound injury. The diagnosis should be strongly suspected when there is no exit wound and when roentgenographically the missile is not found in the suspected area. In such cases, screening xray pictures of the rest of the body should be obtained, and, if the bullet is found in a remote area, arteriography should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Embolectomy should be done as soon as feasible and it usually affords very good results.", "contents": "Bullet emboli in the pulmonary and systemic arteries. Bullet embolization into the systemic and the pulmonary circulation is a rare complication of penetrating wounds. From 1966 to 1975 10 patients with bullet embolus (5 in the systemic and 5 in the pulmonary arteries) were treated at Grady Memorial Hospital. The embolization occurred shortly after the initial injury in all cases except for two in which it occurred within two weeks. The patients with bullet embolus were either asymptomatic or some of those with systemic arterial embolization had symptoms and signs of acute arterial occlusion and some of the patients with pulmonary embolization had symptoms and signs of pulmonary embolus. The diagnosis was suspected in all cases because there was no wound of exit and because of the plain regional xray studies, the missile was not present in the expected area. The diagnosis was strengthened when, on screening xray studies of the rest of the body, the missile was found in a remote area and it was confirmed by arteriography. Embolectomy was performed in all cases of both groups except one with pulmonary embolus, and all patients did well and have no residual disability related to the embolus. This study suggests that bullet embolization to the systemic or pulmonary circulation occasionally occurs following bullet wound injury. The diagnosis should be strongly suspected when there is no exit wound and when roentgenographically the missile is not found in the suspected area. In such cases, screening xray pictures of the rest of the body should be obtained, and, if the bullet is found in a remote area, arteriography should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Embolectomy should be done as soon as feasible and it usually affords very good results.", "PMID": 320947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7669", "title": "Lobular carcinoma of the breast: an overview.", "content": "The biologic nature, diagnostic features and therapeutic management of patients with lobular carcinoma in its in situ and invasive forms are discussed. Although recorded studies emphasize that patients with lobular carcinoma in situ are \"at risk\" for the development of invasive cancer, it has not been unequivocally demonstrated whether such an event represents a persistence of cancer due to inadequate excision or a de novo lesion. In support of the latter is the contention that lobular carcinoma exhibits a propensity for multicentricity and bilaterality. The recognition that the histologic types of the subsequent invasive cancers are not universally lobular invasive might also be cited in this regard. This information also bears upon views purporting a stepwise development of lobular invasive carcinoma from its in situ analog. Analysis of our own material fails to confirm any significant association between invasive lobular carcinoma and multicentric lesions. The diagnostic difficulty in distinguishing lobular hyperplasia from in situ lobular carcinoma and the inadvisability of frozen sections for this purpose is noted. Although the results of some electron microscopic studies of the in situ lesion challenge the propriety of its \"pure in situ\" nature; this criticism does not appear valid from both a pathological as well as pragmatic standpoints. The various schemes have been proposed concerning the surgical management of patients with lobular carcinoma in situ are presented and discussed. Certain biologic principles prompt consideration of segmental mastectomy and axillary node sampling as an alternative, commodious form of treatment for such lesions. There does not appear to be any unique reason to invoke any different treatment regimen for lobular invasive carcinoma than has been utilized for other invasive breast cancers.", "contents": "Lobular carcinoma of the breast: an overview. The biologic nature, diagnostic features and therapeutic management of patients with lobular carcinoma in its in situ and invasive forms are discussed. Although recorded studies emphasize that patients with lobular carcinoma in situ are \"at risk\" for the development of invasive cancer, it has not been unequivocally demonstrated whether such an event represents a persistence of cancer due to inadequate excision or a de novo lesion. In support of the latter is the contention that lobular carcinoma exhibits a propensity for multicentricity and bilaterality. The recognition that the histologic types of the subsequent invasive cancers are not universally lobular invasive might also be cited in this regard. This information also bears upon views purporting a stepwise development of lobular invasive carcinoma from its in situ analog. Analysis of our own material fails to confirm any significant association between invasive lobular carcinoma and multicentric lesions. The diagnostic difficulty in distinguishing lobular hyperplasia from in situ lobular carcinoma and the inadvisability of frozen sections for this purpose is noted. Although the results of some electron microscopic studies of the in situ lesion challenge the propriety of its \"pure in situ\" nature; this criticism does not appear valid from both a pathological as well as pragmatic standpoints. The various schemes have been proposed concerning the surgical management of patients with lobular carcinoma in situ are presented and discussed. Certain biologic principles prompt consideration of segmental mastectomy and axillary node sampling as an alternative, commodious form of treatment for such lesions. There does not appear to be any unique reason to invoke any different treatment regimen for lobular invasive carcinoma than has been utilized for other invasive breast cancers.", "PMID": 320948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7670", "title": "HBs antigenemia in renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Serial HBs Ag determinations were performed on 98 renal allograft recipients with functioning grafts for 6 to 108 months, 85 of whom were followed from the initiation of dialysis. Twenty-six (27%) recipients had HBs antigenemia following transplantation. Thirteen (50%) of the 26 recipients were HBs Ag positive during the period of dialysis and 13 developed HBs antigenemia 1 to 44 months following transplantation. Seventeen (65%) of the 26 HBs Ag positive patients had hepatic dysfunction which was detected by biochemical surveillance and not associated with clinical symptomatology. There was no evidence of progressive hepatic insufficiency. HBs Ag persisted in 24 (92%) recipients for 6 to 49 months. Clearing of antigenemia occurred in only two patients, both of whom ultimately rejected their grafts. The presence of HBs Ag had no adverse effect on graft function. Temporary reduction in azathioprine dosage with hepatic dysfunction was not associated with rejection episodes. The major hazard posed by the HBs Ag positive recipient is the potential reservoir for spread to the general population because of the persistence of antigenemia.", "contents": "HBs antigenemia in renal allograft recipients. Serial HBs Ag determinations were performed on 98 renal allograft recipients with functioning grafts for 6 to 108 months, 85 of whom were followed from the initiation of dialysis. Twenty-six (27%) recipients had HBs antigenemia following transplantation. Thirteen (50%) of the 26 recipients were HBs Ag positive during the period of dialysis and 13 developed HBs antigenemia 1 to 44 months following transplantation. Seventeen (65%) of the 26 HBs Ag positive patients had hepatic dysfunction which was detected by biochemical surveillance and not associated with clinical symptomatology. There was no evidence of progressive hepatic insufficiency. HBs Ag persisted in 24 (92%) recipients for 6 to 49 months. Clearing of antigenemia occurred in only two patients, both of whom ultimately rejected their grafts. The presence of HBs Ag had no adverse effect on graft function. Temporary reduction in azathioprine dosage with hepatic dysfunction was not associated with rejection episodes. The major hazard posed by the HBs Ag positive recipient is the potential reservoir for spread to the general population because of the persistence of antigenemia.", "PMID": 320949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7671", "title": "Ultrasound in renal transplantation.", "content": "Because of important differences in prognosis and treatment, prompt and accurate diagnosis of fever, decreasing function, and pain and tenderness around a renal allograft is crucial for differentiation between acute rejection and other post-operative conditions which may give a similar picture. Ultrasound examinations within 24 hours have been performed on all transplant recipients exhibiting symtoms compatible on all transplant recipients exhibiting symptoms compatible with an episode of acute rejection between September 1973 and June 1976 at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. The patients were separated into four groups dependent upon diagnosis by ultrasound; Group I(73 patients); allograft enlargment consistent with acute rejection; Group II (14 patients); dilitation of the collecting system; Group III (14 patients); perinephric fluid collections; Group IV (6 patients); miscellaneous conditions. The accuracy of the ultrasound technique was compared within each group to the results from intravenous pyelography, retrograde pyelography, serial renograms, kidney biopsy and/or surgical exploration. This convenient, non-invasive and reproducible method has been extremely effective in the differential diagnosis of rejection in clinical transplantation.", "contents": "Ultrasound in renal transplantation. Because of important differences in prognosis and treatment, prompt and accurate diagnosis of fever, decreasing function, and pain and tenderness around a renal allograft is crucial for differentiation between acute rejection and other post-operative conditions which may give a similar picture. Ultrasound examinations within 24 hours have been performed on all transplant recipients exhibiting symtoms compatible on all transplant recipients exhibiting symptoms compatible with an episode of acute rejection between September 1973 and June 1976 at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. The patients were separated into four groups dependent upon diagnosis by ultrasound; Group I(73 patients); allograft enlargment consistent with acute rejection; Group II (14 patients); dilitation of the collecting system; Group III (14 patients); perinephric fluid collections; Group IV (6 patients); miscellaneous conditions. The accuracy of the ultrasound technique was compared within each group to the results from intravenous pyelography, retrograde pyelography, serial renograms, kidney biopsy and/or surgical exploration. This convenient, non-invasive and reproducible method has been extremely effective in the differential diagnosis of rejection in clinical transplantation.", "PMID": 320950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7672", "title": "Protracted oral chemotherapy with fluorinated pyrimidines as an adjuvant to surgical treatment for stomach cancer.", "content": "Studies of oral chemotherapy of 5-fluroruracil (5-FU) combined with FT-207, a furanyl analog of 5-FU, as an adjuvant to surgical treatment of stomach cancer have been performed since 1970 in the first department of surgery of Chiba University, Japan. These studies were performed on 107 patients with curative stomach cancer and 22 patients with non-curative stomach cancer. These patients received consecutively 3.5mg/kg/day of 5-FU and 8mg/kg/day of FT-207 for 24 to 36 months and were compared with control patients who had undergone only surgical treatment. A significant higher survival was observed in the curatively resected patients receiving oral 5-FU and FT-207, as compared to the control group. Studies on non-curative stomach cancer patients treated with the same dose schedule gave encouraging results. Because of the limited number of patients treated in this study, the drawing of reliable conclusions must wait the results of further studies.", "contents": "Protracted oral chemotherapy with fluorinated pyrimidines as an adjuvant to surgical treatment for stomach cancer. Studies of oral chemotherapy of 5-fluroruracil (5-FU) combined with FT-207, a furanyl analog of 5-FU, as an adjuvant to surgical treatment of stomach cancer have been performed since 1970 in the first department of surgery of Chiba University, Japan. These studies were performed on 107 patients with curative stomach cancer and 22 patients with non-curative stomach cancer. These patients received consecutively 3.5mg/kg/day of 5-FU and 8mg/kg/day of FT-207 for 24 to 36 months and were compared with control patients who had undergone only surgical treatment. A significant higher survival was observed in the curatively resected patients receiving oral 5-FU and FT-207, as compared to the control group. Studies on non-curative stomach cancer patients treated with the same dose schedule gave encouraging results. Because of the limited number of patients treated in this study, the drawing of reliable conclusions must wait the results of further studies.", "PMID": 320951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7673", "title": "Resolution of breast pain and calcification with renal transplantation.", "content": "Vascular calcification in chronic renal failure and dialysis patients is well-documented and generally considered to be a consequence of decreased phosphorus excretion, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and increased calcium-phosphorus product. Following renal transplantation or parathyroidectomy, gradual resolution of metastatic calcification in the affected areas occurs. The case presented documents the consequence of secondary hyperparathyroidism with calcification of mammary vessels leading to severe breast pain with resolution of the pain and vessel calcification after renal transplantation.", "contents": "Resolution of breast pain and calcification with renal transplantation. Vascular calcification in chronic renal failure and dialysis patients is well-documented and generally considered to be a consequence of decreased phosphorus excretion, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and increased calcium-phosphorus product. Following renal transplantation or parathyroidectomy, gradual resolution of metastatic calcification in the affected areas occurs. The case presented documents the consequence of secondary hyperparathyroidism with calcification of mammary vessels leading to severe breast pain with resolution of the pain and vessel calcification after renal transplantation.", "PMID": 320952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7674", "title": "Alterations of alkaline phosphatase activity during adaptation of Escherichia coli to phosphite and hypophosphite.", "content": "When Escherichia coli cells were grown in media containing either phosphite or hypophosphite as the sole source of phosphorus, the responded to this situation primarily in the same way as phosphate-limited cultures: The activity of alkaline phosphatase increased drastically, which under natural conditions would enable the cells to compensate for the shortage of phosphate. Subsequent transfers, however, resulted in a quite different response: While the phosphatase activity of phosphate-limited cells stays at a high derepressed level, its increase was followed by a gradual decline in organisms grown on phosphite of hypophosphite. After eight to ten transfers on these P-compounds, phosphatase activity was back to its initial, repressed, low level, indicating that the cells were fully adapted to these substrates. Adaptation to either PO3-3 or PO3-2 was completely abolished if the cells were again grown with PO3-3 as P-source, whereafter the entire process of adaptation had to be repeated. The observed adaptation pattern, reflected by the alterations of phosphatase activity, was qualitatively equal with PO3-3 and PO3-2, but quantitatively different, because the response to hypophosphite gave much higher values than the increase obtained with phosphite. Phosphite-adapted cells are not simultaneously adapted to hypophosphite, but their response to the latter was less intense than observed after direct transfers from PO3-4 to PO3-2. Adaptation to hypophosphite, however, led simultaneously to phosphite adaptation, so that these cells can utilize both P-compounds as a substitute for phosphate.", "contents": "Alterations of alkaline phosphatase activity during adaptation of Escherichia coli to phosphite and hypophosphite. When Escherichia coli cells were grown in media containing either phosphite or hypophosphite as the sole source of phosphorus, the responded to this situation primarily in the same way as phosphate-limited cultures: The activity of alkaline phosphatase increased drastically, which under natural conditions would enable the cells to compensate for the shortage of phosphate. Subsequent transfers, however, resulted in a quite different response: While the phosphatase activity of phosphate-limited cells stays at a high derepressed level, its increase was followed by a gradual decline in organisms grown on phosphite of hypophosphite. After eight to ten transfers on these P-compounds, phosphatase activity was back to its initial, repressed, low level, indicating that the cells were fully adapted to these substrates. Adaptation to either PO3-3 or PO3-2 was completely abolished if the cells were again grown with PO3-3 as P-source, whereafter the entire process of adaptation had to be repeated. The observed adaptation pattern, reflected by the alterations of phosphatase activity, was qualitatively equal with PO3-3 and PO3-2, but quantitatively different, because the response to hypophosphite gave much higher values than the increase obtained with phosphite. Phosphite-adapted cells are not simultaneously adapted to hypophosphite, but their response to the latter was less intense than observed after direct transfers from PO3-4 to PO3-2. Adaptation to hypophosphite, however, led simultaneously to phosphite adaptation, so that these cells can utilize both P-compounds as a substitute for phosphate.", "PMID": 320953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7675", "title": "Reliability of psychiatric diagnosis. I. A methodological review.", "content": "This article reviews some methodological aspects of studies of diagnostic reliability in psychiatry. We define and discuss the concept of interrater reliability and review some of the ways in which the design of the reliability study can influence the results. Three basic methodological issues are raised, including: importance of structured interviews and objective diagnostic criteria, the importance of a test/retest vs an interviewer/observer design, and the calculation of reliability in a way that takes chance agreement into account.", "contents": "Reliability of psychiatric diagnosis. I. A methodological review. This article reviews some methodological aspects of studies of diagnostic reliability in psychiatry. We define and discuss the concept of interrater reliability and review some of the ways in which the design of the reliability study can influence the results. Three basic methodological issues are raised, including: importance of structured interviews and objective diagnostic criteria, the importance of a test/retest vs an interviewer/observer design, and the calculation of reliability in a way that takes chance agreement into account.", "PMID": 320954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7676", "title": "Relaxation therapy and high blood pressure.", "content": "Thirty-one patients receiving medical treatment for essential hypertension were randomly distributed into three groups: (1) relaxation therapy, (2) nonspecific therapy, and (3) medical treatment only. The nonspecific therapy group spent the same amount of time with the therapists as the relaxation group but was not given a specific therapy. Blood pressures were measured at a different time and in a different place from the behavioral treatments. The relaxation therapy group showed a significant reduction in blood pressure postreatment compared with the nonspecific therapy and medical treatment only groups, even when those patients whose medication was increased were excluded from the data analysis. At follow-up six months post-treatment, the relaxation group showed a slight decrement in treatment effects, while both the nonspecific therapy and medical treatment only groups showed continued improvement; thus, there was not a significant difference between groups.", "contents": "Relaxation therapy and high blood pressure. Thirty-one patients receiving medical treatment for essential hypertension were randomly distributed into three groups: (1) relaxation therapy, (2) nonspecific therapy, and (3) medical treatment only. The nonspecific therapy group spent the same amount of time with the therapists as the relaxation group but was not given a specific therapy. Blood pressures were measured at a different time and in a different place from the behavioral treatments. The relaxation therapy group showed a significant reduction in blood pressure postreatment compared with the nonspecific therapy and medical treatment only groups, even when those patients whose medication was increased were excluded from the data analysis. At follow-up six months post-treatment, the relaxation group showed a slight decrement in treatment effects, while both the nonspecific therapy and medical treatment only groups showed continued improvement; thus, there was not a significant difference between groups.", "PMID": 320955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7677", "title": "The effect of lithium carbonate on affect, mood, and personality of normal subjects.", "content": "Data reflecting affect, mood, and personality attributes of 23 normal men were compared after two weeks of placebo administration and two weeks of therapeutic serum lithium levels (mean, 0.91 mEq/liter). The study was a placebo-controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. Affect and mood were measured by three self-rating instruments, independent rater observation, and by the subjects' \"significant others.\" Two personality inventories were administered. Substantial affect and mood changes are induced by lithium carbonate. Lethargy, dysphoria, a loss of interest in interacting with others and the environment, and a state of increased mental confusion were reported. No generalized effects were found in the responses to ther personality inventories.", "contents": "The effect of lithium carbonate on affect, mood, and personality of normal subjects. Data reflecting affect, mood, and personality attributes of 23 normal men were compared after two weeks of placebo administration and two weeks of therapeutic serum lithium levels (mean, 0.91 mEq/liter). The study was a placebo-controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. Affect and mood were measured by three self-rating instruments, independent rater observation, and by the subjects' \"significant others.\" Two personality inventories were administered. Substantial affect and mood changes are induced by lithium carbonate. Lethargy, dysphoria, a loss of interest in interacting with others and the environment, and a state of increased mental confusion were reported. No generalized effects were found in the responses to ther personality inventories.", "PMID": 320956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7678", "title": "The effect of lithium carbonate on the cognitive functions of normal subjects.", "content": "The responses of 24 normal male subjects were compared after weeks of placebo administration and two weeks of lithium carbonate administration (mean serum lithium level, 0.9 mEq/liter) on a series of tasks of intellectual function, aesthetic judgement, and semantic creativity. This was a placebo-controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. There were no significant changes on semantic creativity or aesthetic perception measures following lithium carbonate maintenance. There were lithium carbonate-related performance deficits on three of five performance tasks concerned with cognitive and/or motor functions. The deficit is probably due to a lithium carbonate-induced slowing of performance, consistent with our previous report of subjective effects in normal subjects. The implications of slowing on possible behavioral mediating mechanisms by which lithium carbonate exerts its clinical effects are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of lithium carbonate on the cognitive functions of normal subjects. The responses of 24 normal male subjects were compared after weeks of placebo administration and two weeks of lithium carbonate administration (mean serum lithium level, 0.9 mEq/liter) on a series of tasks of intellectual function, aesthetic judgement, and semantic creativity. This was a placebo-controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. There were no significant changes on semantic creativity or aesthetic perception measures following lithium carbonate maintenance. There were lithium carbonate-related performance deficits on three of five performance tasks concerned with cognitive and/or motor functions. The deficit is probably due to a lithium carbonate-induced slowing of performance, consistent with our previous report of subjective effects in normal subjects. The implications of slowing on possible behavioral mediating mechanisms by which lithium carbonate exerts its clinical effects are discussed.", "PMID": 320957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7679", "title": "Ocular immunopathology in murine lupus.", "content": "Immunoglobulin deposits and DNA were identified by use of immunofluorescence microscopy within the ciliary process and choroid of a majority of (NZB X W)F1 mice with murine lupus. The number of animals with such deposits increased from 57% at 36 weeks of age to 90% at one year of age. Ultrastructural examination showed electron-dense deposits between the basement laminae of the endothelium and pigmented epithelium of the ciliary process, accompanied by alterations in the epithelial basement membranes. Similar electron-dense deposits were also identified in the vicinity of the lamina choroidocapillaris. The titer of antibody to DNA did not correlate with the presence of ocular deposits, suggesting that time is an important factor in the development of ocular immunopathology in these animals.", "contents": "Ocular immunopathology in murine lupus. Immunoglobulin deposits and DNA were identified by use of immunofluorescence microscopy within the ciliary process and choroid of a majority of (NZB X W)F1 mice with murine lupus. The number of animals with such deposits increased from 57% at 36 weeks of age to 90% at one year of age. Ultrastructural examination showed electron-dense deposits between the basement laminae of the endothelium and pigmented epithelium of the ciliary process, accompanied by alterations in the epithelial basement membranes. Similar electron-dense deposits were also identified in the vicinity of the lamina choroidocapillaris. The titer of antibody to DNA did not correlate with the presence of ocular deposits, suggesting that time is an important factor in the development of ocular immunopathology in these animals.", "PMID": 320958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7680", "title": "Reference accuracy in articles accepted for publication in the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.", "content": "Error rates and types of errors found in bibliographies of 129 articles accepted for publication by the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation were carefully checked over a 13-month period. Verification is done before publication by the Archives. Of a total of 1.867 reference citations, 1.005 (54%) were incorrect and 115 (6%) could not be verified.", "contents": "Reference accuracy in articles accepted for publication in the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Error rates and types of errors found in bibliographies of 129 articles accepted for publication by the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation were carefully checked over a 13-month period. Verification is done before publication by the Archives. Of a total of 1.867 reference citations, 1.005 (54%) were incorrect and 115 (6%) could not be verified.", "PMID": 320959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7681", "title": "Use of systemic antibiotics for prophylaxis in surgery: a critical review.", "content": "We reviewed the English-language literature over a 16-year period (1960 through 1976) on the subject of prophylaxis with systemic antibiotics in surgery. Trials in genitourinary and cardiovascular surgery were not reviewed. Our definition of prophylaxis is antibiotic administration of the absence of infection or contamination. Of 131 articles reporting clinical trials using systemic antibiotics for prophylaxis, only 24 met the criterion on an appropriately designed study that generated evaluable data. In these, systemic antibiotics were shown to be of value in reducing wound infections after abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy, cesarean section, biliary surgery, total hip replacement, and microneurosurgical craniotomy. Antibiotic prophylaxis was of no value in laparotomy and groin hernia repair. Patients undergoing any of 21 different operations did not benefit from prophylactic antibiotic administration, though study groups were too small or infection rates too low to allow for firm conclusions. In certain patients at high risk of infection, systemic prophylaxis is warranted. Future clinical studies must be designed as randomized, blinded, prospective trials, with antibiotics administered by a parenteral route beginning preoperatively.", "contents": "Use of systemic antibiotics for prophylaxis in surgery: a critical review. We reviewed the English-language literature over a 16-year period (1960 through 1976) on the subject of prophylaxis with systemic antibiotics in surgery. Trials in genitourinary and cardiovascular surgery were not reviewed. Our definition of prophylaxis is antibiotic administration of the absence of infection or contamination. Of 131 articles reporting clinical trials using systemic antibiotics for prophylaxis, only 24 met the criterion on an appropriately designed study that generated evaluable data. In these, systemic antibiotics were shown to be of value in reducing wound infections after abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy, cesarean section, biliary surgery, total hip replacement, and microneurosurgical craniotomy. Antibiotic prophylaxis was of no value in laparotomy and groin hernia repair. Patients undergoing any of 21 different operations did not benefit from prophylactic antibiotic administration, though study groups were too small or infection rates too low to allow for firm conclusions. In certain patients at high risk of infection, systemic prophylaxis is warranted. Future clinical studies must be designed as randomized, blinded, prospective trials, with antibiotics administered by a parenteral route beginning preoperatively.", "PMID": 320960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7682", "title": "Control of lumbar arterial bleeding during aortic aneurysm surgery.", "content": "Lumbar backbleeding from an opened aortic aneurysm may be very troublesome. Suturing of these ostia is occasionally difficult because of an unyielding calcified vessel wall. We describe a new technique utilizing warm bone wax to occlude these ostia.", "contents": "Control of lumbar arterial bleeding during aortic aneurysm surgery. Lumbar backbleeding from an opened aortic aneurysm may be very troublesome. Suturing of these ostia is occasionally difficult because of an unyielding calcified vessel wall. We describe a new technique utilizing warm bone wax to occlude these ostia.", "PMID": 320961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7683", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the lymph node cells in lympho- and reticulosarcomas].", "content": "Electron-microscopic studies of the lymphatic nodes in lympho- and reticulosarcomas of man showed that tumoral cells retained the ultrastructural signs of initial normal cells (lymphoid or reticular) in the degree sufficient for their utilization in differential diagnosis of these two forms of the disease.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the lymph node cells in lympho- and reticulosarcomas]. Electron-microscopic studies of the lymphatic nodes in lympho- and reticulosarcomas of man showed that tumoral cells retained the ultrastructural signs of initial normal cells (lymphoid or reticular) in the degree sufficient for their utilization in differential diagnosis of these two forms of the disease.", "PMID": 320962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7684", "title": "[Morphology and morphogenesis of cancer of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts].", "content": "The article presents a survey of the problems of pathological anatomy, morpho- and histogenesis of cancer of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts. Data on the role of inflammatory epithelial hyperplasias, adenomatous polyps in the subsequent malignancy of the biliary tract mucosa are presented. Problems of squamous-cell carcinoma of this localization are discussed. Results of experimental studies of tumours of the biliary ducts are presented.", "contents": "[Morphology and morphogenesis of cancer of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts]. The article presents a survey of the problems of pathological anatomy, morpho- and histogenesis of cancer of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts. Data on the role of inflammatory epithelial hyperplasias, adenomatous polyps in the subsequent malignancy of the biliary tract mucosa are presented. Problems of squamous-cell carcinoma of this localization are discussed. Results of experimental studies of tumours of the biliary ducts are presented.", "PMID": 320963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7685", "title": "Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, asystole, and seizures.", "content": "Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, asystole, and seizures occurred in a patient with an internal carotid occlusion and external carotid stenosis. Swallowing was the triggering mechanism for these events. Mechanical stimulation of the pharynx failed to reproduce the symptoms. An ischemic injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve in the region of the jugular foramen that resulted in an artificial synapse is the proposed etiology.", "contents": "Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, asystole, and seizures. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, asystole, and seizures occurred in a patient with an internal carotid occlusion and external carotid stenosis. Swallowing was the triggering mechanism for these events. Mechanical stimulation of the pharynx failed to reproduce the symptoms. An ischemic injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve in the region of the jugular foramen that resulted in an artificial synapse is the proposed etiology.", "PMID": 320968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7686", "title": "Acute infantile motor unit disorder. Infantile botulism?", "content": "Eight infants with an acute reversible motor unit disorder are described, including two infants from whom Clostridum botulinum type A was isolated from stool specimens. The clinical spectrum includes constipation, cranial nerve deficits, pupillary involvement, and generalized hypotonic weakness. There were no deaths, and all infants have had complete clinical recovery. A characteristic electromyographic (EMG) pattern was present in part until clinical recovery. This distinctive pattern consisted of brief, small, abundant for power exerted motor unit potentials. This EMG pattern in the context of the clinical syndrome may well be diagnostic for acute infantile motor unit disorder.", "contents": "Acute infantile motor unit disorder. Infantile botulism? Eight infants with an acute reversible motor unit disorder are described, including two infants from whom Clostridum botulinum type A was isolated from stool specimens. The clinical spectrum includes constipation, cranial nerve deficits, pupillary involvement, and generalized hypotonic weakness. There were no deaths, and all infants have had complete clinical recovery. A characteristic electromyographic (EMG) pattern was present in part until clinical recovery. This distinctive pattern consisted of brief, small, abundant for power exerted motor unit potentials. This EMG pattern in the context of the clinical syndrome may well be diagnostic for acute infantile motor unit disorder.", "PMID": 320969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7687", "title": "The rebound phenomenon of Gordon Holmes.", "content": "Contrary to a prevalent belief, the rebound phenomenon of Gordon Holmes is not a sign of cerebellar disease. It is elicited by having the patient attempt to move a limb against resistance. When the resistance is suddenly removed, the limb normally moves a short distance in the desired direction and then rebounds (jerks back in the opposite direction). Gordon Holmes pointed out that the rebound phenomenon is (1) present in normal libs, (2) exaggreated in spastic limbs, and (3) absent in limbs affected by cerebellar disease. An awareness of Holmes's observations may be helpful in the diagnosis of both cerebellar disease and spasticity.", "contents": "The rebound phenomenon of Gordon Holmes. Contrary to a prevalent belief, the rebound phenomenon of Gordon Holmes is not a sign of cerebellar disease. It is elicited by having the patient attempt to move a limb against resistance. When the resistance is suddenly removed, the limb normally moves a short distance in the desired direction and then rebounds (jerks back in the opposite direction). Gordon Holmes pointed out that the rebound phenomenon is (1) present in normal libs, (2) exaggreated in spastic limbs, and (3) absent in limbs affected by cerebellar disease. An awareness of Holmes's observations may be helpful in the diagnosis of both cerebellar disease and spasticity.", "PMID": 320970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7688", "title": "Epithelial downgrowth following penetrating keratoplasty in the aphake.", "content": "Four of approximately 1,500 patients receiving corneal grafts developed epithelial downgrowth following penetrating keratoplasty. All were aphakic prior to grafting and had complicated postoperative courses. Epithelial proliferation over the iris and endothelium was demonstrated in three cases at the time of a repeat keratoplasty. While rare, this complication may occur more frequently than has been previously recognized.", "contents": "Epithelial downgrowth following penetrating keratoplasty in the aphake. Four of approximately 1,500 patients receiving corneal grafts developed epithelial downgrowth following penetrating keratoplasty. All were aphakic prior to grafting and had complicated postoperative courses. Epithelial proliferation over the iris and endothelium was demonstrated in three cases at the time of a repeat keratoplasty. While rare, this complication may occur more frequently than has been previously recognized.", "PMID": 320971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7689", "title": "[Experience in the treatment of pressure sores in congenital and acquired paraplegia (author's transl)].", "content": "We collected experience in 326 operated skin sores. Our successful treatment depends on a special surgical technic and after care.", "contents": "[Experience in the treatment of pressure sores in congenital and acquired paraplegia (author's transl)]. We collected experience in 326 operated skin sores. Our successful treatment depends on a special surgical technic and after care.", "PMID": 320973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7690", "title": "Autoimmune phenomena of the conjunctiva and cornea. A case report.", "content": "A 20-year-old woman had erosions of the corneal and conjunctival epithelium and sterile stromal ulcerations of the cornea necessitating multiple corneal grafts, which were unsuccessful. An immunopathological basis for her disease was suggested by the demonstration of tissue-fixed antibodies and complement in her own conjunctival epithelium by direct immunofluorescence. In addition, circulating antibodies to normal corneal and conjunctival epithelium were demonstrated in the patient's serum by indirect immunofluorescent techniques and the titer of circulating antibodies was found to correlate with disease activity. The involvement of the fellow eye after evisceration of the first eye and reduction of systemic steroids in association with a greatly elevated level of circulating antibodies provided additional evidence for an autoimmune process. A background of immunological susceptibility was found in the patient and her family by history and immunological examination.", "contents": "Autoimmune phenomena of the conjunctiva and cornea. A case report. A 20-year-old woman had erosions of the corneal and conjunctival epithelium and sterile stromal ulcerations of the cornea necessitating multiple corneal grafts, which were unsuccessful. An immunopathological basis for her disease was suggested by the demonstration of tissue-fixed antibodies and complement in her own conjunctival epithelium by direct immunofluorescence. In addition, circulating antibodies to normal corneal and conjunctival epithelium were demonstrated in the patient's serum by indirect immunofluorescent techniques and the titer of circulating antibodies was found to correlate with disease activity. The involvement of the fellow eye after evisceration of the first eye and reduction of systemic steroids in association with a greatly elevated level of circulating antibodies provided additional evidence for an autoimmune process. A background of immunological susceptibility was found in the patient and her family by history and immunological examination.", "PMID": 320972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7691", "title": "[Cortical infantile hyperostosis. Report of a case and revision of the literature].", "content": "We describe a case of infantile cortical hyperostosis or Caffey-Silverman's disease. This is the fourth case reported in the national literature and the third one in our Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda of the National Medical Center. We made an extensive review of the national and international literature and we defined the characteristic findings in this pathologic entity. We analyzed the etiologic possibilities, which are not yet clear and emphasized the role of the genetic factors. We suggest to investigate intentionally the asymptomatic colaterals, on the way to establish the real frequency of the disease.", "contents": "[Cortical infantile hyperostosis. Report of a case and revision of the literature]. We describe a case of infantile cortical hyperostosis or Caffey-Silverman's disease. This is the fourth case reported in the national literature and the third one in our Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda of the National Medical Center. We made an extensive review of the national and international literature and we defined the characteristic findings in this pathologic entity. We analyzed the etiologic possibilities, which are not yet clear and emphasized the role of the genetic factors. We suggest to investigate intentionally the asymptomatic colaterals, on the way to establish the real frequency of the disease.", "PMID": 320982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7692", "title": "[Massive air embolism in a newborn infant treated with a positive-pressure respirator].", "content": "We report a case of gas embolism secondary to the use of positive end respriatory pressure in a newborn with ideopathic respiratory syndrome. The anatomicopathological findings lead to the hypothesis that the gas migrates from the broken alveoli through the lymphatic vessels to the venous circulation.", "contents": "[Massive air embolism in a newborn infant treated with a positive-pressure respirator]. We report a case of gas embolism secondary to the use of positive end respriatory pressure in a newborn with ideopathic respiratory syndrome. The anatomicopathological findings lead to the hypothesis that the gas migrates from the broken alveoli through the lymphatic vessels to the venous circulation.", "PMID": 320983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7693", "title": "[Rosette-forming peripheral lymphocytes, in children with measles].", "content": "During measles infection in human beings, depression of cellular immunity appears. The authors studied several groups of children with measles complaining of various degrees of malnutrition in terms of rosette forming lymphocytes in peripheral blood; marked reduction of T lymphocytes were seen in all of the groups during the acute stage of the disease, that persisted up to two weeks after the exanthematous stage. When comparison was established of eutrophic and 1st degree malnourished children with those affected with 3rd degree malnutrition, differences were found in the recovery of the number of rosett-E forming cells.", "contents": "[Rosette-forming peripheral lymphocytes, in children with measles]. During measles infection in human beings, depression of cellular immunity appears. The authors studied several groups of children with measles complaining of various degrees of malnutrition in terms of rosette forming lymphocytes in peripheral blood; marked reduction of T lymphocytes were seen in all of the groups during the acute stage of the disease, that persisted up to two weeks after the exanthematous stage. When comparison was established of eutrophic and 1st degree malnourished children with those affected with 3rd degree malnutrition, differences were found in the recovery of the number of rosett-E forming cells.", "PMID": 320984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7694", "title": "[Treatment with human colostrum of children with prolonged infectious gastroenteritis].", "content": "The results of treatment with human colostrum in 6 babies with protracted infectious diarrhea from enteropathogenic E. coli and/or Salmonella are reported. Active diarrhea was present in 5 cases and the 6th was a carrier. Remission was obtained in cases with diarrhea and all showed increase in weight. Negativeness of stool cultures was achieved in four cases and in the other two, the bacteriologic control was not complete. One patient died from a secondary pulmonary infectious problem. As an average, all patients showed rise in secretory IgA and in IgG measured at the duodenal fluid level and in comparison with a control group, there were statistically significant differences. Serum immunoglobulins showed no changes following administration of human colostrum. Although the number of patients reported is small, the results obtained may be considered favorable.", "contents": "[Treatment with human colostrum of children with prolonged infectious gastroenteritis]. The results of treatment with human colostrum in 6 babies with protracted infectious diarrhea from enteropathogenic E. coli and/or Salmonella are reported. Active diarrhea was present in 5 cases and the 6th was a carrier. Remission was obtained in cases with diarrhea and all showed increase in weight. Negativeness of stool cultures was achieved in four cases and in the other two, the bacteriologic control was not complete. One patient died from a secondary pulmonary infectious problem. As an average, all patients showed rise in secretory IgA and in IgG measured at the duodenal fluid level and in comparison with a control group, there were statistically significant differences. Serum immunoglobulins showed no changes following administration of human colostrum. Although the number of patients reported is small, the results obtained may be considered favorable.", "PMID": 320985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7695", "title": "The bronchodilator effect of NAB 365.", "content": "1. Dose response relationships for salbutamol and a new bronchodilator drug NAB 365 have been obtained in patients with reversible airways obstruction. These show that the latter is about one hundred times more potent than the former. 2. NAB 365 has a very long half-life. The implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "The bronchodilator effect of NAB 365. 1. Dose response relationships for salbutamol and a new bronchodilator drug NAB 365 have been obtained in patients with reversible airways obstruction. These show that the latter is about one hundred times more potent than the former. 2. NAB 365 has a very long half-life. The implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 320990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7696", "title": "Observations on the antibody rsponses in molluscum contagiosum.", "content": "A survey of the incidence of molluscum contagiosum virion antigens in patients with single or multiple lesions showed that all lesions contain virus antigen. The virion antigens were detected in the prickle cell, granular and keratin layers. Hyperimmune sera against vaccinia, rabbit-pox and mouse-pox failed to stain the inclusion bodies in molluscum contagiosum lesions. Virus-specific antibodies were present in 69% of the patients. Although virus-specific IgG antibody was predominant, virus-specific IgM and virus-specific IgA were found in a few patients. An IgM staining in the prickle cell, granular and keratin layers of normal skin adjoining the molluscum contagiosum lesion was observed. The virus-specific antibody response was induced in a few patients after the treatment.", "contents": "Observations on the antibody rsponses in molluscum contagiosum. A survey of the incidence of molluscum contagiosum virion antigens in patients with single or multiple lesions showed that all lesions contain virus antigen. The virion antigens were detected in the prickle cell, granular and keratin layers. Hyperimmune sera against vaccinia, rabbit-pox and mouse-pox failed to stain the inclusion bodies in molluscum contagiosum lesions. Virus-specific antibodies were present in 69% of the patients. Although virus-specific IgG antibody was predominant, virus-specific IgM and virus-specific IgA were found in a few patients. An IgM staining in the prickle cell, granular and keratin layers of normal skin adjoining the molluscum contagiosum lesion was observed. The virus-specific antibody response was induced in a few patients after the treatment.", "PMID": 320993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7697", "title": "Immunopathological studies in herpes gestationis.", "content": "Four cases of herpes gestationis are reported and the immunopathological findings in these patients described. Complement deposition at the basement membrane zone of the patients' peri-bullous skin was seen in all patients, immunoglobulin deposition in two. A circulating factor capable of fixing complement on the basement membrane zone of normal human skin was present in three patients. These findings are discussed and compared with the immunopathological findings in bullous pemphigoid.", "contents": "Immunopathological studies in herpes gestationis. Four cases of herpes gestationis are reported and the immunopathological findings in these patients described. Complement deposition at the basement membrane zone of the patients' peri-bullous skin was seen in all patients, immunoglobulin deposition in two. A circulating factor capable of fixing complement on the basement membrane zone of normal human skin was present in three patients. These findings are discussed and compared with the immunopathological findings in bullous pemphigoid.", "PMID": 320994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7698", "title": "A separation of clinical from epidermal thinning effect in the topical glucocorticoid clobetasone butyrate.", "content": "Clobetasone butyrate ointment has been shown to be more effective in treating psoriasis and eczema than flurandrenolone ointment yet to cause less epidermal thinning in a human experimental model. This is an indication that the clinical activity of topical glucocorticoids may not necessarily be inseparable from their propensity to cause atrophy of the skin.", "contents": "A separation of clinical from epidermal thinning effect in the topical glucocorticoid clobetasone butyrate. Clobetasone butyrate ointment has been shown to be more effective in treating psoriasis and eczema than flurandrenolone ointment yet to cause less epidermal thinning in a human experimental model. This is an indication that the clinical activity of topical glucocorticoids may not necessarily be inseparable from their propensity to cause atrophy of the skin.", "PMID": 320995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7699", "title": "A double-blind trial of 0-05% clobetasol proprionate in the treatment of vitiligo.", "content": "0-05% clobetasol proprionate (CP) in its proprietary cream base was significantly superior to the cream base alone in the treatment of vitiligo. Twelve of twenty-three patients partially repigmented during 4 months' treatment with CP. All patients showed dermal atrophy with the CP.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of 0-05% clobetasol proprionate in the treatment of vitiligo. 0-05% clobetasol proprionate (CP) in its proprietary cream base was significantly superior to the cream base alone in the treatment of vitiligo. Twelve of twenty-three patients partially repigmented during 4 months' treatment with CP. All patients showed dermal atrophy with the CP.", "PMID": 320996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7700", "title": "Oral non-dystrophic bullous eruption mainly limited to the gingivae: a mechano bullous response. A variant of cicatricial mucous membrane pemphigoid?", "content": "Fourteen patients with recurrent blistering entirely restricted to the mouth have been observed for up to 7 years. Their average age was 52 years, and there was a predilection for females (ratio 2-5:1). Patients presented with thick-roofed blisters and denuded, red, boggy areas of mucosa. The area of maximal involvement with the labial gingiva, and whilst the blisters would arise spontaneously, mechanical trauma was the obvious provocative factor in all patients. Gentle friction on normal looking mucosa would produce a bulla which became blood filled. Re-epithelialization usually occurred within 1-3 weeks, with no scarring. Biopsies showed subepithelial bullae, and direct immunofluorescence was positive in the basement membrane zone of 2 of the 5 cases examined. The most striking feature was the extreme fragility of the epithelial attachment to the underlying corium, as shown by a useful clinical test with a probe. In 10 patients, the condition gradually remitted and the probe test became difficult to perform. The term acquired oral non-dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa was considered for the diagnosis, although a forme fruste of cicatricial mucous membrane pemphigoid remained an alternative.", "contents": "Oral non-dystrophic bullous eruption mainly limited to the gingivae: a mechano bullous response. A variant of cicatricial mucous membrane pemphigoid? Fourteen patients with recurrent blistering entirely restricted to the mouth have been observed for up to 7 years. Their average age was 52 years, and there was a predilection for females (ratio 2-5:1). Patients presented with thick-roofed blisters and denuded, red, boggy areas of mucosa. The area of maximal involvement with the labial gingiva, and whilst the blisters would arise spontaneously, mechanical trauma was the obvious provocative factor in all patients. Gentle friction on normal looking mucosa would produce a bulla which became blood filled. Re-epithelialization usually occurred within 1-3 weeks, with no scarring. Biopsies showed subepithelial bullae, and direct immunofluorescence was positive in the basement membrane zone of 2 of the 5 cases examined. The most striking feature was the extreme fragility of the epithelial attachment to the underlying corium, as shown by a useful clinical test with a probe. In 10 patients, the condition gradually remitted and the probe test became difficult to perform. The term acquired oral non-dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa was considered for the diagnosis, although a forme fruste of cicatricial mucous membrane pemphigoid remained an alternative.", "PMID": 320998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7701", "title": "Methotrexate uptake by psoriatic epidermis.", "content": "Psoriatic epidermis has been shown to be more sensitive to the effects of methotrexate than normal epidermis. One possible explanation for this observation is more rapid active transport of methotrexate into psoriatic cells. This study compares the uptake of methotrexate by normal and psoriatic epidermis and demonstrates the influence of extracellular pH on this process. Methotrexate uptake was not found to be greater in psoriatic epidermis than normal. A possible explanation for this unexpected finding is discussed.", "contents": "Methotrexate uptake by psoriatic epidermis. Psoriatic epidermis has been shown to be more sensitive to the effects of methotrexate than normal epidermis. One possible explanation for this observation is more rapid active transport of methotrexate into psoriatic cells. This study compares the uptake of methotrexate by normal and psoriatic epidermis and demonstrates the influence of extracellular pH on this process. Methotrexate uptake was not found to be greater in psoriatic epidermis than normal. A possible explanation for this unexpected finding is discussed.", "PMID": 320999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7702", "title": "A trial of oral ritodrine for the prevention of premature labour.", "content": "A double blind clinical trial of oral ritodrine for prevention of premature labour was conducted in 38 primigravidae in whom the internal os of the cervix was one or more fingerbreadths dilated at 28 to 32 weeks gestation. The results suggest that oral ritodrine may not be effective in preventing premature labour.", "contents": "A trial of oral ritodrine for the prevention of premature labour. A double blind clinical trial of oral ritodrine for prevention of premature labour was conducted in 38 primigravidae in whom the internal os of the cervix was one or more fingerbreadths dilated at 28 to 32 weeks gestation. The results suggest that oral ritodrine may not be effective in preventing premature labour.", "PMID": 321000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7703", "title": "Selective inhibition by danazol of follicle stimulating hormone during the luteal phase.", "content": "In each of six healthy, normally menstruating women, serum oestradiol, progesterone, basal and post luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) gonadotrophin measurements were made during the luteal phase of a normal cycle and in a subsequent cycle in which 800 mg of danazol was given daily from the fifth day after the presumptive date of ovulation. No differences in the serum oestradiol, progesterone, or basal gonadotrophin levels were detected, but there was a selective impairment of the follicle stimulating hormone response to LHRH. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Selective inhibition by danazol of follicle stimulating hormone during the luteal phase. In each of six healthy, normally menstruating women, serum oestradiol, progesterone, basal and post luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) gonadotrophin measurements were made during the luteal phase of a normal cycle and in a subsequent cycle in which 800 mg of danazol was given daily from the fifth day after the presumptive date of ovulation. No differences in the serum oestradiol, progesterone, or basal gonadotrophin levels were detected, but there was a selective impairment of the follicle stimulating hormone response to LHRH. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 321001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7704", "title": "A randomized controlled trial of bed rest and sedation or normal activity and non-sedation in the management of non-albuminuric hypertension in late pregnancy.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-five patients took part in a randomized controlled trial designed to determine whether bed rest and sedation are of any general benefit to either the mother or the baby in pregnancies complicated by mild non-albuminuric and non-symptomatic hypertension after the 28th week. The results suggest that they are not.", "contents": "A randomized controlled trial of bed rest and sedation or normal activity and non-sedation in the management of non-albuminuric hypertension in late pregnancy. One hundred and thirty-five patients took part in a randomized controlled trial designed to determine whether bed rest and sedation are of any general benefit to either the mother or the baby in pregnancies complicated by mild non-albuminuric and non-symptomatic hypertension after the 28th week. The results suggest that they are not.", "PMID": 321002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7705", "title": "Simultaneous in situ carcinoma of the cervix, vulva and perineum after immunosuppressive therapy for renal transplantation.", "content": "A 31-year-old woman developed multiple synchronous in situ carcinomas of the cervix uteri, vulva and perineal skin, six years after successful renal transplantation for chronic renal failure due to chronic pyelonephritis. During this time she had been continuously treated with immunosuppressive drugs (azathioprine and prednisolone). The lesions were treated by local excision and there was no evidence of recurrence nearly two years after the primary treatment. The case history is compared to others recently described and highlights the risk of epithelial as well as lymphomatous malignancies in renal transplant recipients.", "contents": "Simultaneous in situ carcinoma of the cervix, vulva and perineum after immunosuppressive therapy for renal transplantation. A 31-year-old woman developed multiple synchronous in situ carcinomas of the cervix uteri, vulva and perineal skin, six years after successful renal transplantation for chronic renal failure due to chronic pyelonephritis. During this time she had been continuously treated with immunosuppressive drugs (azathioprine and prednisolone). The lesions were treated by local excision and there was no evidence of recurrence nearly two years after the primary treatment. The case history is compared to others recently described and highlights the risk of epithelial as well as lymphomatous malignancies in renal transplant recipients.", "PMID": 321003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7706", "title": "Management of keratoplasty in the early stages.", "content": "Frequent, if not daily, slit-lamp examination of the patient with a penetrating transplant is indicating for more than one reason: it will lead to the early detection of any defect of the host-graft junction or of the graft's posterior surface; it will permit an early diagnosis of the peripheral cornea-iris touch syndrome with all its potential consequences (acute, irreversible mydriasis, iris atrophy, and now and then secondary glaucoma); it will give an exact clue to when to remove the continuous sutures long after these have been covered by epithelium; and it will alert the surgeon in the event of a localised infection. Early and late opacification of the graft will also be correctly appraised, so that the surgeon will know when to wait and when to take the appropriate action.", "contents": "Management of keratoplasty in the early stages. Frequent, if not daily, slit-lamp examination of the patient with a penetrating transplant is indicating for more than one reason: it will lead to the early detection of any defect of the host-graft junction or of the graft's posterior surface; it will permit an early diagnosis of the peripheral cornea-iris touch syndrome with all its potential consequences (acute, irreversible mydriasis, iris atrophy, and now and then secondary glaucoma); it will give an exact clue to when to remove the continuous sutures long after these have been covered by epithelium; and it will alert the surgeon in the event of a localised infection. Early and late opacification of the graft will also be correctly appraised, so that the surgeon will know when to wait and when to take the appropriate action.", "PMID": 321004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7707", "title": "Metronidazole compared with penicillin in the treatment of acute dental infections.", "content": "The efficacy of metronidazole in the treatment of acute dental infections was investigated and compared with parenteral penicillin in a controlled trial. All 37 patients in the trial responded satisfactorily and metronidazole appeared to be as effective as parenteral penicillin. A further 24 patients treated with metronidazole also responded satisfactorily. Bacteriological studies of pus obtained from 25 patients revealed the presence of many species of obligate anaerobes. Since metronidazole is only active against obligate anaerobic bacteria it is concluded that these organisms are the important pathogens in acute dental infections.", "contents": "Metronidazole compared with penicillin in the treatment of acute dental infections. The efficacy of metronidazole in the treatment of acute dental infections was investigated and compared with parenteral penicillin in a controlled trial. All 37 patients in the trial responded satisfactorily and metronidazole appeared to be as effective as parenteral penicillin. A further 24 patients treated with metronidazole also responded satisfactorily. Bacteriological studies of pus obtained from 25 patients revealed the presence of many species of obligate anaerobes. Since metronidazole is only active against obligate anaerobic bacteria it is concluded that these organisms are the important pathogens in acute dental infections.", "PMID": 321005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7708", "title": "Magnetic resonance studies on manganese-nucleotide complexes of phosphoglycerate kinase.", "content": "Measurements of the relaxation rate of water protons (PRR) have been used to study the interaction of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase with the manganous complexes of a number of nucleotides. The results indicate that phosphoglycerate kinase belongs to the same class of enzymes as creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, and arginine kinase, with maximal binding of metal ion to tne enzyme in the presence of the nucleotide substrate. However, an analysis of titration curves for a number of nucleoside diphosphates (ADP, IDP, GDP) showed that there is a substantial synergism in binding of the metal ion and nucleotide to the enzyme in the ternary complex. The metal-substrate binds to the enzyme approximately two orders of magnitude more tightly than the free nucleotide; Other evidence for an atypical binding scheme for Mn(II)-nucleoside diphosphates was obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies; the EPR spectrum for the bound Mn(II) in the enzyme-MnADP complex differed substantially from those obtained for other kinases. An identical EPR spectrum is observed with the MnADP complex with the rabbit muscle enzyme as with the yeast enzyme. In contrast, the dissociation constant for the enzyme-MnATP complex is approximately fourfold lower than that for enzyme-ATP, and there are no substantial changes in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of MnATP2- when the complex is bound to phosphoglycerate kinase. A small but significant change in the PRR of water is observed on addition of 3-phosphoglycerate (but not 2-phosphoglycerate) to the MnADP-enzyme complex. However, addition of 3-phosphoglycerate to enzyme-MnADP did not influence the EPR spectrum of the enzyme-bound Mn(II).", "contents": "Magnetic resonance studies on manganese-nucleotide complexes of phosphoglycerate kinase. Measurements of the relaxation rate of water protons (PRR) have been used to study the interaction of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase with the manganous complexes of a number of nucleotides. The results indicate that phosphoglycerate kinase belongs to the same class of enzymes as creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, and arginine kinase, with maximal binding of metal ion to tne enzyme in the presence of the nucleotide substrate. However, an analysis of titration curves for a number of nucleoside diphosphates (ADP, IDP, GDP) showed that there is a substantial synergism in binding of the metal ion and nucleotide to the enzyme in the ternary complex. The metal-substrate binds to the enzyme approximately two orders of magnitude more tightly than the free nucleotide; Other evidence for an atypical binding scheme for Mn(II)-nucleoside diphosphates was obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies; the EPR spectrum for the bound Mn(II) in the enzyme-MnADP complex differed substantially from those obtained for other kinases. An identical EPR spectrum is observed with the MnADP complex with the rabbit muscle enzyme as with the yeast enzyme. In contrast, the dissociation constant for the enzyme-MnATP complex is approximately fourfold lower than that for enzyme-ATP, and there are no substantial changes in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of MnATP2- when the complex is bound to phosphoglycerate kinase. A small but significant change in the PRR of water is observed on addition of 3-phosphoglycerate (but not 2-phosphoglycerate) to the MnADP-enzyme complex. However, addition of 3-phosphoglycerate to enzyme-MnADP did not influence the EPR spectrum of the enzyme-bound Mn(II).", "PMID": 321006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7709", "title": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase: isolation and properties of a uridylyl-enzyme intermediate.", "content": "Galactose-1-P uridylyltransferase catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-galactose and galactose-1-P with UDP-galactose and glucose-1-P by a double displacement pathway involving a uridylyl-enzyme intermediate. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into the protein by uracil-labeled UDP-glucose is decreased by the presence of UDP-galactose, which completes with UDP-glucose for uridylylating the enzyme. The amount of glucose-1-P released upon reaction of the enzyme with UDP-glucose indicates that the dimeric enzyme contains more than one active site per molecule, 1.7 on the average for the most active preparation obtained. This suggests that there is one uridylylation site per subunit and that the subunits are similar or identical. The ureidylyl-enzyme is stable to mild alkaline conditions, 0.10 M NaOH at 60 degrees C for 1 h, but is very sensitive to acid, being largely hydrolyzed after 12 h at pH 3.5 and 4 degrees C. The principal radioactive product resulting from hydrolysis of [uracil-2-14C]uridylyl-ens of the uridylyl-enzyme under the latter conditions is [l]ump. The hydrolytic properties of the uridylyl-enzyme show that the uridylyl moiety is bonded to the protein through a phosphoramidate linkage. Complementary studies on the effects of group selective reagents on the activity of the enzyme suggest that the active site nucleophile to which the uridylyl group is bonded may be a histidine residue. The enzyme is rapidly inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate at pH 6 and 0 degrees C and reactivated by NH2OH. UDP-glucose at 0.5 mM fully protects the enzyme against diethyl pyrocarbonate while 70 mM galactose-1-P has only a slight protective effect. Uridylyl-enzyme in inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate at no more than 2% of the rate for free enzyme. The enzyme is not inactivated by NaBH4 or by NaBH4 in the presence of UDP-glucose. It is not inhibited by 1 mM pyridoxal phosphate or by 0.5 mM 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde at pH 8.6 and it is not inactivated by NaBH4 in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate. The enzyme is inactivated by 5 to 50 muM p-hydroxymercuribenzoate at pH 8.5, but substrates exert no detectable protective effect against this reagent. It is concluded that the enzyme contains at least one essential sulfhydryl group which is not located in the active site in such a way as to be shielded by substrates.", "contents": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase: isolation and properties of a uridylyl-enzyme intermediate. Galactose-1-P uridylyltransferase catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-galactose and galactose-1-P with UDP-galactose and glucose-1-P by a double displacement pathway involving a uridylyl-enzyme intermediate. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into the protein by uracil-labeled UDP-glucose is decreased by the presence of UDP-galactose, which completes with UDP-glucose for uridylylating the enzyme. The amount of glucose-1-P released upon reaction of the enzyme with UDP-glucose indicates that the dimeric enzyme contains more than one active site per molecule, 1.7 on the average for the most active preparation obtained. This suggests that there is one uridylylation site per subunit and that the subunits are similar or identical. The ureidylyl-enzyme is stable to mild alkaline conditions, 0.10 M NaOH at 60 degrees C for 1 h, but is very sensitive to acid, being largely hydrolyzed after 12 h at pH 3.5 and 4 degrees C. The principal radioactive product resulting from hydrolysis of [uracil-2-14C]uridylyl-ens of the uridylyl-enzyme under the latter conditions is [l]ump. The hydrolytic properties of the uridylyl-enzyme show that the uridylyl moiety is bonded to the protein through a phosphoramidate linkage. Complementary studies on the effects of group selective reagents on the activity of the enzyme suggest that the active site nucleophile to which the uridylyl group is bonded may be a histidine residue. The enzyme is rapidly inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate at pH 6 and 0 degrees C and reactivated by NH2OH. UDP-glucose at 0.5 mM fully protects the enzyme against diethyl pyrocarbonate while 70 mM galactose-1-P has only a slight protective effect. Uridylyl-enzyme in inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate at no more than 2% of the rate for free enzyme. The enzyme is not inactivated by NaBH4 or by NaBH4 in the presence of UDP-glucose. It is not inhibited by 1 mM pyridoxal phosphate or by 0.5 mM 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde at pH 8.6 and it is not inactivated by NaBH4 in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate. The enzyme is inactivated by 5 to 50 muM p-hydroxymercuribenzoate at pH 8.5, but substrates exert no detectable protective effect against this reagent. It is concluded that the enzyme contains at least one essential sulfhydryl group which is not located in the active site in such a way as to be shielded by substrates.", "PMID": 321007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7710", "title": "Editing mechanisms in protein synthesis. Rejection of valine by the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase.", "content": "Although the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli (IRS) does not catalyze the overall mischarging of tRNAIle with valine, it does undergo the first step of the reaction, the formation of an IRS-Val-AMP complex. The addition of tRNAIle to this complex leads to its quantitative hydrolysis and the IRS acts as an ATP pyrophosphate in the presence of valine and tRNAIle (Baldwin, A.N., and Berg, P. (1966), J. Biol. Chem. 241, 839). It is shown that during the ATP pyrophosphatase reaction: (a) IRS forms an IRS-Val-AMP complex; (b) the turnover number of the ATP pyrophosphatase reaction is the same at the rate constant for the transfer of isoleucine from IRS-Ile-AMP to tRNAIle over a wide range of temperature and pH; (c) mischarged Val-tRNAIle is hydrolyzed by IRS with a turnover number of 10 s-1 at pH 7.78 and 25 degrees C, compared with a value of 1.2 s-1 for the transfer of isoleucine from IRS-Ile-AMP to tRNA or for the ATP pyrophosphatase reaction. Although this appears to be consistent with an editing mechanism in which there is a slow transfer of the valine from the IRS-Val-AMP to tRNAIle follwed by the rapid hydrolytic step, as recently found for the rejection of threonine by the valyl-tRNA synthetase, there is an inconsistency. This scheme predicts that on mixing IRS.[14C]Val-AMP with tRNAIle there should be a transient misacylation of the tRNA such that about 10% of the [14C]Val is present as [14C]Val-tRNAIle at the peak. But 0.8% or less is found. This could possibly be caused by the IRS having a higher hydrolytic activity during the mischarging reaction than is measured on mixing the unligated enzyme with performed Val-tRNAIle. Alternatively, a two-stage editing mechanism must be considered in which the majority of the Val-AMP is destroyed before the transfer to tRNA in the major editing step, while the hydrolytic activity of the IRS towards Val-tRNAIle is a second editing step to mop up any mischarged tRNA formed by the Val-AMP escaping the first editing step. It is shown that the \"kinetic proofreading\" mechanism of Hopfield is not consistent with the experimental data.", "contents": "Editing mechanisms in protein synthesis. Rejection of valine by the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. Although the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli (IRS) does not catalyze the overall mischarging of tRNAIle with valine, it does undergo the first step of the reaction, the formation of an IRS-Val-AMP complex. The addition of tRNAIle to this complex leads to its quantitative hydrolysis and the IRS acts as an ATP pyrophosphate in the presence of valine and tRNAIle (Baldwin, A.N., and Berg, P. (1966), J. Biol. Chem. 241, 839). It is shown that during the ATP pyrophosphatase reaction: (a) IRS forms an IRS-Val-AMP complex; (b) the turnover number of the ATP pyrophosphatase reaction is the same at the rate constant for the transfer of isoleucine from IRS-Ile-AMP to tRNAIle over a wide range of temperature and pH; (c) mischarged Val-tRNAIle is hydrolyzed by IRS with a turnover number of 10 s-1 at pH 7.78 and 25 degrees C, compared with a value of 1.2 s-1 for the transfer of isoleucine from IRS-Ile-AMP to tRNA or for the ATP pyrophosphatase reaction. Although this appears to be consistent with an editing mechanism in which there is a slow transfer of the valine from the IRS-Val-AMP to tRNAIle follwed by the rapid hydrolytic step, as recently found for the rejection of threonine by the valyl-tRNA synthetase, there is an inconsistency. This scheme predicts that on mixing IRS.[14C]Val-AMP with tRNAIle there should be a transient misacylation of the tRNA such that about 10% of the [14C]Val is present as [14C]Val-tRNAIle at the peak. But 0.8% or less is found. This could possibly be caused by the IRS having a higher hydrolytic activity during the mischarging reaction than is measured on mixing the unligated enzyme with performed Val-tRNAIle. Alternatively, a two-stage editing mechanism must be considered in which the majority of the Val-AMP is destroyed before the transfer to tRNA in the major editing step, while the hydrolytic activity of the IRS towards Val-tRNAIle is a second editing step to mop up any mischarged tRNA formed by the Val-AMP escaping the first editing step. It is shown that the \"kinetic proofreading\" mechanism of Hopfield is not consistent with the experimental data.", "PMID": 321008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7711", "title": "Conjugated polyene fatty acids as fluorescent probes: biosynthetic incorporation of parinaric acid by Escherichia coli and studies of phase transitions.", "content": "The use of the fluorescent fatty acid, parinaric acid (9, 11, 13, 15-octadecatetraenoic acid) (PnA), was studied in cells of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli. Growth conditions were found that permitted biosynthetic incorporation of PnA (up to 3%) into membrane phospholipids during growth on oleic or elaidic acid. Fluorescence measurements of incorporated PnA revealed phase transitions in cells, membranes, and phospholipids at temperatures that reflected the fatty acid composition of the sample. Transitions had a well-defined onset from high temperature, while the lower and end point was less well defined. cis- and trans-PnA (cis, trnas, trans, cis, and all trans, respectively) gave comparable results. Similar phase transitions were detected with PnA, which was not biosynthetically incorporated. Fluorescence of tryptophan was measured in E. coli membranes as a function of concentration of PnA. Significant quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by PnA was observed.", "contents": "Conjugated polyene fatty acids as fluorescent probes: biosynthetic incorporation of parinaric acid by Escherichia coli and studies of phase transitions. The use of the fluorescent fatty acid, parinaric acid (9, 11, 13, 15-octadecatetraenoic acid) (PnA), was studied in cells of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli. Growth conditions were found that permitted biosynthetic incorporation of PnA (up to 3%) into membrane phospholipids during growth on oleic or elaidic acid. Fluorescence measurements of incorporated PnA revealed phase transitions in cells, membranes, and phospholipids at temperatures that reflected the fatty acid composition of the sample. Transitions had a well-defined onset from high temperature, while the lower and end point was less well defined. cis- and trans-PnA (cis, trnas, trans, cis, and all trans, respectively) gave comparable results. Similar phase transitions were detected with PnA, which was not biosynthetically incorporated. Fluorescence of tryptophan was measured in E. coli membranes as a function of concentration of PnA. Significant quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by PnA was observed.", "PMID": 321009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7712", "title": "Escherichia coli DNA-directed beta-galactosidase synthesis in presence and absence of Ca2+.", "content": "DNA-dependent synthesis of beta-galactosidase was optimized in extracts made from cells lysed by a standard French pressure cell. Extracts made at 3200 psi synthesized up to 25-fold more beta-galactosidase than extracts made at 7500 psi. beta-Galactosidase synthesis was cyclic 3', 5' AMP dependent, as expected, and in optimal conditions transcription and translation proceeded at 8.6 nucleotides and 2.7 amino acids per s, respectively. The high pressure extracts were stimulated 3- to 5-fold by Ca2+, especially at low Mg2+ concentrations. In contrast, extracts prepared at low pressure were inhibited as much as 50-fold by Ca2+ ions. The inhibition by Ca2+ was analyzed further. Addition of kasugamycin, an antibiotic that acts on ribosomes, to reactions containing Ca2+ stimulated beta-galactosidase synthesis to nearly control levels. Extracts from a kasugamycin resistant mutant were neither inhibited by Ca2+ nor stimulated by the addition of kasugamycin to in vitro reactions containing Ca2+. The change in the mutant was ascribed to the ribosomes by testing combinations of soluble proteins, ribosome wash, and ribosomes from parental and mutant strains. These results suggest that Ca2+ ions inhibit translation by ribosomes, very likely at an initiation step; and that they enhance enzyme synthesis only in conditions where translation is inefficient (high-pressure extracts at low concentrations of Mg2+, for example). This latter effect is probably a consequence of increased RNA stability in the presence of Ca2+ (Cremer, K., and Schlessinger, D. (1974), J. Biol. Chem. 249,4730).", "contents": "Escherichia coli DNA-directed beta-galactosidase synthesis in presence and absence of Ca2+. DNA-dependent synthesis of beta-galactosidase was optimized in extracts made from cells lysed by a standard French pressure cell. Extracts made at 3200 psi synthesized up to 25-fold more beta-galactosidase than extracts made at 7500 psi. beta-Galactosidase synthesis was cyclic 3', 5' AMP dependent, as expected, and in optimal conditions transcription and translation proceeded at 8.6 nucleotides and 2.7 amino acids per s, respectively. The high pressure extracts were stimulated 3- to 5-fold by Ca2+, especially at low Mg2+ concentrations. In contrast, extracts prepared at low pressure were inhibited as much as 50-fold by Ca2+ ions. The inhibition by Ca2+ was analyzed further. Addition of kasugamycin, an antibiotic that acts on ribosomes, to reactions containing Ca2+ stimulated beta-galactosidase synthesis to nearly control levels. Extracts from a kasugamycin resistant mutant were neither inhibited by Ca2+ nor stimulated by the addition of kasugamycin to in vitro reactions containing Ca2+. The change in the mutant was ascribed to the ribosomes by testing combinations of soluble proteins, ribosome wash, and ribosomes from parental and mutant strains. These results suggest that Ca2+ ions inhibit translation by ribosomes, very likely at an initiation step; and that they enhance enzyme synthesis only in conditions where translation is inefficient (high-pressure extracts at low concentrations of Mg2+, for example). This latter effect is probably a consequence of increased RNA stability in the presence of Ca2+ (Cremer, K., and Schlessinger, D. (1974), J. Biol. Chem. 249,4730).", "PMID": 321010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7713", "title": "Photoreactivating enzyme from Escherichia coli: appearance of new absorption on binding to ultraviolet irradiated DNA.", "content": "The photoreactivating enzyme, PRE, monomerizes pyrimidine dimers in DNA in a light requiring reaction (lambda greater than 300 nm). However, the purified PRE from E. coli has no well-defined absorption band for lambda greater than 300 nm. Using absorption difference spectroscopy, we show that when PRE is mixed with ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, new absorption appears in the spectral region required for catalysis. There is a concomitant decrease in the absorption of the mixture for wavelength less than 300 nm. The hyperchromicity for lambda greater than 300 nm is true absorption, not an artifact due to light scattering. Both the hyperchromicity (lambda greater than 300 nm) and hypochromicity (lambda less than 300 nm) can be reversed by irradiation of 365 nm with identical first-order kinetics. We estimate the molar extinction coefficient of the new absorption to be 6900 +/- 1400 at 350 nm. We conclude that the PRE from E. coli does not possess a distinct \"chromophore\" which by itself is entirely responsible for the absorption of photoreactivating light. Instead, new absorption results when PRE binds its substrate, dimer-containing DNA.", "contents": "Photoreactivating enzyme from Escherichia coli: appearance of new absorption on binding to ultraviolet irradiated DNA. The photoreactivating enzyme, PRE, monomerizes pyrimidine dimers in DNA in a light requiring reaction (lambda greater than 300 nm). However, the purified PRE from E. coli has no well-defined absorption band for lambda greater than 300 nm. Using absorption difference spectroscopy, we show that when PRE is mixed with ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, new absorption appears in the spectral region required for catalysis. There is a concomitant decrease in the absorption of the mixture for wavelength less than 300 nm. The hyperchromicity for lambda greater than 300 nm is true absorption, not an artifact due to light scattering. Both the hyperchromicity (lambda greater than 300 nm) and hypochromicity (lambda less than 300 nm) can be reversed by irradiation of 365 nm with identical first-order kinetics. We estimate the molar extinction coefficient of the new absorption to be 6900 +/- 1400 at 350 nm. We conclude that the PRE from E. coli does not possess a distinct \"chromophore\" which by itself is entirely responsible for the absorption of photoreactivating light. Instead, new absorption results when PRE binds its substrate, dimer-containing DNA.", "PMID": 321011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7714", "title": "Isolation of amino-terminal fragment of lactose repressor necessary for DNA binding.", "content": "lac repressor can be dissected by trypsin into a homogenous tetrameric core (accounting for residues 60 to 347), carrying inducer binding activity, and the monomeric amino-terminal peptides (\"headpieces\") accounting for residues 1 to 59 and 1 to 51, respectively. This restriction of the action of trypsin on lac repressor is obtained in 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5)-30% in glycerol at 25 degrees C since only the peptide bonds at lysine-59 and to a lesser extent after at arginine-51 are cleaved under these conditions. The headpieces can be purified by gel filtration. They have ordered secondary structure as revealed by circular dichroism studies. The monomeric headpieces show the relatively weak binding to nonoperator DNA but not the highly specific and strong binding to operator DNA typical for tetrameric lac repressor.", "contents": "Isolation of amino-terminal fragment of lactose repressor necessary for DNA binding. lac repressor can be dissected by trypsin into a homogenous tetrameric core (accounting for residues 60 to 347), carrying inducer binding activity, and the monomeric amino-terminal peptides (\"headpieces\") accounting for residues 1 to 59 and 1 to 51, respectively. This restriction of the action of trypsin on lac repressor is obtained in 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5)-30% in glycerol at 25 degrees C since only the peptide bonds at lysine-59 and to a lesser extent after at arginine-51 are cleaved under these conditions. The headpieces can be purified by gel filtration. They have ordered secondary structure as revealed by circular dichroism studies. The monomeric headpieces show the relatively weak binding to nonoperator DNA but not the highly specific and strong binding to operator DNA typical for tetrameric lac repressor.", "PMID": 321012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7715", "title": "Visualization of ribosome--single-stranded DNA complexes in the electron microscope.", "content": "A procedure is described which allows ribosomes bound to single-stranded DNA to be visualized in the electron microscope. The number of bound ribosomes may be determined and the position of the bound ribosomes may be readily measured along the DNA. The distribution of ribosomes bound to separated l and r strands of lambda DNA was shown to conform to the pattern predicted for binding at specific sites. The procedure should allow mapping of ribosome binding sites for the determination of genetic maps and may also be useful for studying translational control and relative binding affinities for ribosomes.", "contents": "Visualization of ribosome--single-stranded DNA complexes in the electron microscope. A procedure is described which allows ribosomes bound to single-stranded DNA to be visualized in the electron microscope. The number of bound ribosomes may be determined and the position of the bound ribosomes may be readily measured along the DNA. The distribution of ribosomes bound to separated l and r strands of lambda DNA was shown to conform to the pattern predicted for binding at specific sites. The procedure should allow mapping of ribosome binding sites for the determination of genetic maps and may also be useful for studying translational control and relative binding affinities for ribosomes.", "PMID": 321013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7716", "title": "Mechanism of action of adenosylcobalamin: glycerol and other substrate analogues as substrates and inactivators for propanediol dehydratase--kinetics, stereospecificity, and mechanism.", "content": "A number of vicinal diols were found to react with propanediol dehydratase, typically resulting in the conversion of enzyme-bound adenosylcobalamin to cob(II)alamin and formation of aldehyde or ketone derives from substrate. Moreover, all are capable of effecting the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. The kinetics and mechanism of product formation and inactivation were investigated. Glycerol, found to be a very good substrate for diol dehydratase as well as a potent inactivator, atypically, did not induce cob(II)alamin formation to any detectable extent. With glycerol, the inactivation process was accompanied by conversion of enzyme-bound adenosylcobalamin to an alkyl or thiol cobalamin, probably by substitution of an amino acid chain near the active site for the 5'-deoxy-5'-adenosyl ligand on the cobalamin. The inactivation reaction with glycerol as the inactivator exhibits a deuterium isotope effect of 14, strongly implicating hydrogen transfer as an important step in the mechanism of inactivation. The isotope effect on the rate of product formation was found to be 8.0. Experiments with isotopically substituted glycerols indicate that diol dehydrase distinguishes between \"R\" and \"S\" binding conformations, the enzyme-(R)-glycerol complex being predominately responsible for the product-forming reaction, while the enzyme-(S)-glycerol complex results primarily in the activation reaction. Mechanistic implications are discussed. A method for removing enzyme-bound hydroxycobalamin that is nondestructive to the enzyme and a technique for measuring the binding constants of (R)- and (S)-1,2-propanediols are presented.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of adenosylcobalamin: glycerol and other substrate analogues as substrates and inactivators for propanediol dehydratase--kinetics, stereospecificity, and mechanism. A number of vicinal diols were found to react with propanediol dehydratase, typically resulting in the conversion of enzyme-bound adenosylcobalamin to cob(II)alamin and formation of aldehyde or ketone derives from substrate. Moreover, all are capable of effecting the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. The kinetics and mechanism of product formation and inactivation were investigated. Glycerol, found to be a very good substrate for diol dehydratase as well as a potent inactivator, atypically, did not induce cob(II)alamin formation to any detectable extent. With glycerol, the inactivation process was accompanied by conversion of enzyme-bound adenosylcobalamin to an alkyl or thiol cobalamin, probably by substitution of an amino acid chain near the active site for the 5'-deoxy-5'-adenosyl ligand on the cobalamin. The inactivation reaction with glycerol as the inactivator exhibits a deuterium isotope effect of 14, strongly implicating hydrogen transfer as an important step in the mechanism of inactivation. The isotope effect on the rate of product formation was found to be 8.0. Experiments with isotopically substituted glycerols indicate that diol dehydrase distinguishes between \"R\" and \"S\" binding conformations, the enzyme-(R)-glycerol complex being predominately responsible for the product-forming reaction, while the enzyme-(S)-glycerol complex results primarily in the activation reaction. Mechanistic implications are discussed. A method for removing enzyme-bound hydroxycobalamin that is nondestructive to the enzyme and a technique for measuring the binding constants of (R)- and (S)-1,2-propanediols are presented.", "PMID": 321014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7717", "title": "A study of the quaternary structure of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase using bis(imido esters).", "content": "The quaternary structure of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been studied by cross-linking with a periodate-cleavable bis(imido ester), N,N'-bis(2-carboximidoethyl)tartaramide dimethyl ester dihydrochloride (CETD). The cross-linked holoenzyme gives a characteristic five-band pattern after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The components of each band have been unambiguously identified by (a) molecular-weight measurements, (b) comparisons of cross-linking patterns of holoenzyme and core enzyme, and (c) periodate cleavage of cross-links followed by a second dimension sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The bands are (1) alphabeta and alphabeta', (2) sigmabeta and sigmabeta', (3) alphasigmabeta', (4) betabeta', and (5) sigmabetabeta'. Bands 2 and 4 are the most prominent at low reagent concentrations (up to 2.5 mM) but band 5 becomes the most prominent at higher concentrations. There are no bands corresponding to alphaalpha and alphasigma; a faint band has been tentatively identified as alphabetabeta'. Shorter bis(imido esters) are much less effective cross-linking reagents than CETD and they do not give rise to any other cross-linked species. On the basis of these observations, a model for the subunit arrangement of RNA polymerase is proposed.", "contents": "A study of the quaternary structure of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase using bis(imido esters). The quaternary structure of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been studied by cross-linking with a periodate-cleavable bis(imido ester), N,N'-bis(2-carboximidoethyl)tartaramide dimethyl ester dihydrochloride (CETD). The cross-linked holoenzyme gives a characteristic five-band pattern after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The components of each band have been unambiguously identified by (a) molecular-weight measurements, (b) comparisons of cross-linking patterns of holoenzyme and core enzyme, and (c) periodate cleavage of cross-links followed by a second dimension sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The bands are (1) alphabeta and alphabeta', (2) sigmabeta and sigmabeta', (3) alphasigmabeta', (4) betabeta', and (5) sigmabetabeta'. Bands 2 and 4 are the most prominent at low reagent concentrations (up to 2.5 mM) but band 5 becomes the most prominent at higher concentrations. There are no bands corresponding to alphaalpha and alphasigma; a faint band has been tentatively identified as alphabetabeta'. Shorter bis(imido esters) are much less effective cross-linking reagents than CETD and they do not give rise to any other cross-linked species. On the basis of these observations, a model for the subunit arrangement of RNA polymerase is proposed.", "PMID": 321015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7718", "title": "Stabilization by the 30S ribosomal subunit of the interaction of 50S subunits with elongation factor G and guanine nucleotide.", "content": "The role of the 30S ribosomal subunit in the formation of the complex ribosome-guanine nucleotide-elongation factor G (EF-G) has been examined in a great variety of experimental conditions. Our results show that at a large molar excess of EF-G or high concentrations of GTP or GDP, 50S ribosomal subunits are as active alone as with 30S subunits in the formation of the complex, while at lower concentrations of nucleotide or lower amounts of EF-G, addition of the 30S subunit stimulates greatly the reaction. The presence of the 30S ribosomal subunit can also moderate the inhibition of the 50S subunit activity that occurs by increasing moderately the concentrations of K+ and NH4+, and extends upward the concentration range of these monovalent cations in which complex formation is at maximum. The Mg2+ requirement for complex formation with the 50S subunit appears to be slightly less than that needed for association of the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits. Measurement of the reaction rate constants of the complex formation shows that the 30S ribosomal subunit has only little effect on the initial association of EF-G and guanine nucleotide with the 50S subunit; but once this complex is formed, the 30S subunit increases its stability from 10- to 18-fold. It is concluded that stabilization of the interaction between EF-G and ribosome is a major function of the 30S subunit in the ribosome-EF-G GTPase reaction.", "contents": "Stabilization by the 30S ribosomal subunit of the interaction of 50S subunits with elongation factor G and guanine nucleotide. The role of the 30S ribosomal subunit in the formation of the complex ribosome-guanine nucleotide-elongation factor G (EF-G) has been examined in a great variety of experimental conditions. Our results show that at a large molar excess of EF-G or high concentrations of GTP or GDP, 50S ribosomal subunits are as active alone as with 30S subunits in the formation of the complex, while at lower concentrations of nucleotide or lower amounts of EF-G, addition of the 30S subunit stimulates greatly the reaction. The presence of the 30S ribosomal subunit can also moderate the inhibition of the 50S subunit activity that occurs by increasing moderately the concentrations of K+ and NH4+, and extends upward the concentration range of these monovalent cations in which complex formation is at maximum. The Mg2+ requirement for complex formation with the 50S subunit appears to be slightly less than that needed for association of the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits. Measurement of the reaction rate constants of the complex formation shows that the 30S ribosomal subunit has only little effect on the initial association of EF-G and guanine nucleotide with the 50S subunit; but once this complex is formed, the 30S subunit increases its stability from 10- to 18-fold. It is concluded that stabilization of the interaction between EF-G and ribosome is a major function of the 30S subunit in the ribosome-EF-G GTPase reaction.", "PMID": 321016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7719", "title": "Mechanistic interpretation of the influence of lipid phase transitions on transport functions.", "content": "In an attempt to understand the mechanism by which a structural change of membrane lipids affects transport functions, the temperature dependence of transport rate has been measured to below the low temperature end of the fluid in equilibrium ordered phase transition of the membrane lipids. The unsaturated fatty acid requiring Escherichia coli strain T105 was supplemented with either trans-delta9-octadecenoate or trans-delta9-hexadecenoate or supplemented with and subsequently starved for cis-delta9-octadecenoate. Fluid in equilibrium ordered phase transitions measured in whole cells using the fluorescence probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine were compared with the temperature dependence of beta-glucoside and beta-galactoside transport. In addition to the previously observed downward \"break\" in the Arrhenius plot of transport rate which occurred near the middle of the phase transition temperature range, a second upward \"break\" was observed which could be correlated with the low-temperature end of the phase transition. These experiments are interpreted in terms of a partitioning of transport proteins between ordered and fluid domains which is described by a lateral distribution coefficient, k. This distribution coefficient varies with the membrane lipid composition as well as with the transport system. Values for k suggest a 2-20-fold preference for the partitioning of transport proteins into the fluid parts of the membrane.", "contents": "Mechanistic interpretation of the influence of lipid phase transitions on transport functions. In an attempt to understand the mechanism by which a structural change of membrane lipids affects transport functions, the temperature dependence of transport rate has been measured to below the low temperature end of the fluid in equilibrium ordered phase transition of the membrane lipids. The unsaturated fatty acid requiring Escherichia coli strain T105 was supplemented with either trans-delta9-octadecenoate or trans-delta9-hexadecenoate or supplemented with and subsequently starved for cis-delta9-octadecenoate. Fluid in equilibrium ordered phase transitions measured in whole cells using the fluorescence probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine were compared with the temperature dependence of beta-glucoside and beta-galactoside transport. In addition to the previously observed downward \"break\" in the Arrhenius plot of transport rate which occurred near the middle of the phase transition temperature range, a second upward \"break\" was observed which could be correlated with the low-temperature end of the phase transition. These experiments are interpreted in terms of a partitioning of transport proteins between ordered and fluid domains which is described by a lateral distribution coefficient, k. This distribution coefficient varies with the membrane lipid composition as well as with the transport system. Values for k suggest a 2-20-fold preference for the partitioning of transport proteins into the fluid parts of the membrane.", "PMID": 321017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7720", "title": "Evidence for a precursor-product relationship in the biosynthesis of ribosomal protein S20.", "content": "The kinetics of labeling ribosomal protein S20 of Escherichia coli strains H882 and H882 groE44 have been examined using partial reconstitution as a means of binding this and some other 30S subunit proteins selectively to 16S RNA from crude extracts prepared by acetic acid extraction of pulse-labeled whole cells. The rate of labeling of S20 during short pulses at 44 degrees C is less than 20% of that observed at 28 degrees C. S20 can be recovered from the cells labeled at the higher temperature if they are chased at 28 degrees C, but not at 44 degrees C, in the presence of excess sulfate prior to their extraction. These observations suggest that S20 is derived from a precursor whose processing is blocked at 44 degrees C. Among the proteins extracted from cells labeled at 44 degrees C capable of binding to 16S RNA is a novel polypeptide, p2, which is not normally present on the 30S subunit. The kinetics of its appearance at 44 degrees C, and its chasing at 28 degrees C, suggest a precursor-product relationship with S20. p2 contains a tryptic peptide with the chromatographic properties of the peptide Ser-Met-Met-Arg at position 25-28 in S20. A second methionine-containing peptide at positions 49-59 of S20 is missing from p2. In addition, the apparent molecular weight of p2 (8600) is less than that of S20 (9500). p2 may represent the product of degradation of a precursor to S20, yet retains the ability to bind to 16S RNA. It is much less likely that p2 is a bona fide precursor which is converted into S20 by fusion to some other polypeptide.", "contents": "Evidence for a precursor-product relationship in the biosynthesis of ribosomal protein S20. The kinetics of labeling ribosomal protein S20 of Escherichia coli strains H882 and H882 groE44 have been examined using partial reconstitution as a means of binding this and some other 30S subunit proteins selectively to 16S RNA from crude extracts prepared by acetic acid extraction of pulse-labeled whole cells. The rate of labeling of S20 during short pulses at 44 degrees C is less than 20% of that observed at 28 degrees C. S20 can be recovered from the cells labeled at the higher temperature if they are chased at 28 degrees C, but not at 44 degrees C, in the presence of excess sulfate prior to their extraction. These observations suggest that S20 is derived from a precursor whose processing is blocked at 44 degrees C. Among the proteins extracted from cells labeled at 44 degrees C capable of binding to 16S RNA is a novel polypeptide, p2, which is not normally present on the 30S subunit. The kinetics of its appearance at 44 degrees C, and its chasing at 28 degrees C, suggest a precursor-product relationship with S20. p2 contains a tryptic peptide with the chromatographic properties of the peptide Ser-Met-Met-Arg at position 25-28 in S20. A second methionine-containing peptide at positions 49-59 of S20 is missing from p2. In addition, the apparent molecular weight of p2 (8600) is less than that of S20 (9500). p2 may represent the product of degradation of a precursor to S20, yet retains the ability to bind to 16S RNA. It is much less likely that p2 is a bona fide precursor which is converted into S20 by fusion to some other polypeptide.", "PMID": 321018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7721", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence studies of substrate-induced conformational changes of histidine-binding protein J of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The histidine-binding protein J of Salmonella typhimurium binds L-histidine as a first step in the high-affinity active transport of this amino acid across the cytoplasmic membrane. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to monitor the conformation of histidine-binding protein J in the presence and absence of substrate. Evidence is presented to show that this binding protein undergoes a conformational change involving a substantial number of amino-acid residues (including tryptophans) in the presence of L-histidine and that this change is specific for L-histidine. In order to monitor the involvement of tryptophan residues in the substrate-induced conformational change, 5-fluorotryptophan has been incorporated biosynthetically into the histidine-binding protein J using a tryptophan autotroph of Salmonella typhimurium. There are no significant differences in the conformation and binding activity between the 5-fluorotryptophan-labeled and the normal histidine-binding protein J. Proton and fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the 5-fluorotryptophan-labeled binding protein show that at least one (and possibly two) of the tryptophan residues undergo(es) a change toward a more hydrophobic environment in the presence of L-histidine. These observations are supported by fluorescence data and by differences in the reactivity of the tryptophan residues of this protein toward N-bromosuccinimide in the presence and absence of substrate. The present results are consistent with models for the action of periplasmic-binding proteins in shock-sensitive transport systems of gram-negative bacteria which require a substrate-induced conformational change prior to the energy-dependent translocation of substrates.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence studies of substrate-induced conformational changes of histidine-binding protein J of Salmonella typhimurium. The histidine-binding protein J of Salmonella typhimurium binds L-histidine as a first step in the high-affinity active transport of this amino acid across the cytoplasmic membrane. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to monitor the conformation of histidine-binding protein J in the presence and absence of substrate. Evidence is presented to show that this binding protein undergoes a conformational change involving a substantial number of amino-acid residues (including tryptophans) in the presence of L-histidine and that this change is specific for L-histidine. In order to monitor the involvement of tryptophan residues in the substrate-induced conformational change, 5-fluorotryptophan has been incorporated biosynthetically into the histidine-binding protein J using a tryptophan autotroph of Salmonella typhimurium. There are no significant differences in the conformation and binding activity between the 5-fluorotryptophan-labeled and the normal histidine-binding protein J. Proton and fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the 5-fluorotryptophan-labeled binding protein show that at least one (and possibly two) of the tryptophan residues undergo(es) a change toward a more hydrophobic environment in the presence of L-histidine. These observations are supported by fluorescence data and by differences in the reactivity of the tryptophan residues of this protein toward N-bromosuccinimide in the presence and absence of substrate. The present results are consistent with models for the action of periplasmic-binding proteins in shock-sensitive transport systems of gram-negative bacteria which require a substrate-induced conformational change prior to the energy-dependent translocation of substrates.", "PMID": 321019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7722", "title": "Positions of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) histone genes relative to restriction endonuclease sites on the chimeric plasmids pSp2 and pSp17.", "content": "The positions of the several sea urchin histone genes on the eukaryotic fragments of the chimeric plasmids pSp2 and pSp17 have been mapped relative to the Eco RI and Hind III restriction endonuclease sites on the plasmids. Two principal mapping methods using the electron microscope have been used: (a) the R-loop procedure and a new modification thereof to map the genes on duplex DNA; (b) the gene 32-ethidium bromide technique to visualize RNA-DNA hybrids on single strands of DNA. It is known that there are two histone genes, H3 and H2A, on pSp17. There are two Eco RI sites at the two junctions of the procaryotic segment with the eucaryotic segment on the plasmid. We show, by an electron microscope method, that for H2A, with a length of 0.52 kilobases (kb), one end of the gene is situated 0.02 to 0.03 kb from one RI site, and that there is a Hind III site within this gene at about 0.13 kb from the end phe other RI site of this plasmid. The H4 gene lies between H2B and H1. The ms the incubation temperature is raised up to a temperature just below that at which strand dissociation of the duplex DNA occurs.", "contents": "Positions of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) histone genes relative to restriction endonuclease sites on the chimeric plasmids pSp2 and pSp17. The positions of the several sea urchin histone genes on the eukaryotic fragments of the chimeric plasmids pSp2 and pSp17 have been mapped relative to the Eco RI and Hind III restriction endonuclease sites on the plasmids. Two principal mapping methods using the electron microscope have been used: (a) the R-loop procedure and a new modification thereof to map the genes on duplex DNA; (b) the gene 32-ethidium bromide technique to visualize RNA-DNA hybrids on single strands of DNA. It is known that there are two histone genes, H3 and H2A, on pSp17. There are two Eco RI sites at the two junctions of the procaryotic segment with the eucaryotic segment on the plasmid. We show, by an electron microscope method, that for H2A, with a length of 0.52 kilobases (kb), one end of the gene is situated 0.02 to 0.03 kb from one RI site, and that there is a Hind III site within this gene at about 0.13 kb from the end phe other RI site of this plasmid. The H4 gene lies between H2B and H1. The ms the incubation temperature is raised up to a temperature just below that at which strand dissociation of the duplex DNA occurs.", "PMID": 321020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7723", "title": "The mechanism of catabolite inhibition of invertase by glucose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae -136ts synthesized invertase in media containing maltose and sucrose. In the presence of glucose synthesis of enzyme took place when the sugar concentration was lower than 1%. At higher concentrations enzyme formation was repressed. Analysis of the glucose effect before RNA inhibition showed that the hexose interfered with the transcription of DNA into invertase messenger RNA. Translation of invertase messenger already formed was also inhibited and the kinetics of this effect was similar to that produced by cycloheximide. Invertase activity was independent of glucose suggesting that the hexose produces no catabolite inhibition of invertase activity. Inhibition of invertase translation by glucose turned out to be reversible but the amount of enzyme produced was dependent on duration of treatment. It is suggested that the catabolite repression of invertase synthesis produced by glucose operates at the levels of transcription and translation and produces an increase in the rate of mRNA degradation. The catabolite repression has no effect on secretion and does not interfere with the catalytic activity of invertase.", "contents": "The mechanism of catabolite inhibition of invertase by glucose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae -136ts synthesized invertase in media containing maltose and sucrose. In the presence of glucose synthesis of enzyme took place when the sugar concentration was lower than 1%. At higher concentrations enzyme formation was repressed. Analysis of the glucose effect before RNA inhibition showed that the hexose interfered with the transcription of DNA into invertase messenger RNA. Translation of invertase messenger already formed was also inhibited and the kinetics of this effect was similar to that produced by cycloheximide. Invertase activity was independent of glucose suggesting that the hexose produces no catabolite inhibition of invertase activity. Inhibition of invertase translation by glucose turned out to be reversible but the amount of enzyme produced was dependent on duration of treatment. It is suggested that the catabolite repression of invertase synthesis produced by glucose operates at the levels of transcription and translation and produces an increase in the rate of mRNA degradation. The catabolite repression has no effect on secretion and does not interfere with the catalytic activity of invertase.", "PMID": 321021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7724", "title": "Large and small invertases and the yeast cell cycle. Pattern of synthesis and sensitivity to tunicamycin.", "content": "We have examined the pattern of synthesis of the glycoprotein form of invertase and of the smaller carbohydratefree from in synchronous culture to obtain further infromation concerning their biosynthetic relationship. Saccharomyces mutant 1710 was chosen since its invertase production is almost completely derepressed during growth in 0.1 M mannose medium. The large enzyme, unlike the small form, binds to concanavalin A-Sepharose, and on this basis the two types can conveniently be separated for analysis. Large invertase was produced throughout the cell cycle. Synthesis of the small invertase was periodic; the single burst occurred at or close to the budding stage. Tunicamycin, which inhibits the sypthesis of external glycoproteins, halted formation of the large enzyme but not of the small form, and there was no accumulation of invertase activity with the properties of the small enzyme. Hence, it is unlikely that the small form is a precursor of the large one. Despite marked differences in their amino acid compositions, the two enzymes have many similarities. They are probably, in part, the products of the same gene(s), and the differences between them may largely reflect differences in post-translational processing.", "contents": "Large and small invertases and the yeast cell cycle. Pattern of synthesis and sensitivity to tunicamycin. We have examined the pattern of synthesis of the glycoprotein form of invertase and of the smaller carbohydratefree from in synchronous culture to obtain further infromation concerning their biosynthetic relationship. Saccharomyces mutant 1710 was chosen since its invertase production is almost completely derepressed during growth in 0.1 M mannose medium. The large enzyme, unlike the small form, binds to concanavalin A-Sepharose, and on this basis the two types can conveniently be separated for analysis. Large invertase was produced throughout the cell cycle. Synthesis of the small invertase was periodic; the single burst occurred at or close to the budding stage. Tunicamycin, which inhibits the sypthesis of external glycoproteins, halted formation of the large enzyme but not of the small form, and there was no accumulation of invertase activity with the properties of the small enzyme. Hence, it is unlikely that the small form is a precursor of the large one. Despite marked differences in their amino acid compositions, the two enzymes have many similarities. They are probably, in part, the products of the same gene(s), and the differences between them may largely reflect differences in post-translational processing.", "PMID": 321022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7725", "title": "Mapping and length measurements of restriction enzyme fragments by electron microscopy.", "content": "1. We have mapped by electron microscopy the DNA-fragments formed by the action of the restriction endonuclease from Arthrobacter luteus of phi X 174 replicative form DNA. These fragments were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and hybridized to phiX 174 single stranded DNA. The partial duplex molecules were inspected in the electron microscope. In this way the relative order of eleven fragments ranging in size from approximately 100 to 1000 nucleotide pairs has been established and compared with that deduced from reciprocal digestion studies. 2. The measured lengths of the fragments agreed well with the lengths found by gel electrophoresis. 3. The purity of the isolated fragments was checked. Most of the contaminating fragments derive from nearest neighbours in the preparative polyacrylamide gels.", "contents": "Mapping and length measurements of restriction enzyme fragments by electron microscopy. 1. We have mapped by electron microscopy the DNA-fragments formed by the action of the restriction endonuclease from Arthrobacter luteus of phi X 174 replicative form DNA. These fragments were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and hybridized to phiX 174 single stranded DNA. The partial duplex molecules were inspected in the electron microscope. In this way the relative order of eleven fragments ranging in size from approximately 100 to 1000 nucleotide pairs has been established and compared with that deduced from reciprocal digestion studies. 2. The measured lengths of the fragments agreed well with the lengths found by gel electrophoresis. 3. The purity of the isolated fragments was checked. Most of the contaminating fragments derive from nearest neighbours in the preparative polyacrylamide gels.", "PMID": 321023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7726", "title": "Increased synthesis of abundant poly(A)-containing RNA in a DNA defective mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing the \"killer character\".", "content": "A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain which contains both the \"killer character\" and a ts mutation in the initiation of nuclear DNA synthesis (cdc4) was studied. Incubation of this strain at the restrictive temperature caused a 3--4 fold increase in the relative rate of synthesis of abundant RNA which contains poly(A) and a 2--3-fold increase in the relative rate of synthesis of killer dsRNA. Thus, the amount of killer dsRNA found in these cells seems to be correlated to the amount of abundant poly(A)-RNA.", "contents": "Increased synthesis of abundant poly(A)-containing RNA in a DNA defective mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing the \"killer character\". A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain which contains both the \"killer character\" and a ts mutation in the initiation of nuclear DNA synthesis (cdc4) was studied. Incubation of this strain at the restrictive temperature caused a 3--4 fold increase in the relative rate of synthesis of abundant RNA which contains poly(A) and a 2--3-fold increase in the relative rate of synthesis of killer dsRNA. Thus, the amount of killer dsRNA found in these cells seems to be correlated to the amount of abundant poly(A)-RNA.", "PMID": 321025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7727", "title": "On the control of ribosomal protein biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. I. Studies on ribosomal protein biosynthesis in amino acid-starved cells.", "content": "The rate of individual ribosomal protein synthesis relative to total protein synthesis has been determined in Escherichia coli rel+ and rel- cells, under valyltRNA deprivation. These strains have a temperature-sensitive valyl-tRNA synthetase. Starvation was obtained following transfer to the cells to non-permissive temperature. Ribosomal proteins were obtained by treatment of either total lysates of freeze-thawed lysozyme spheroplasts or ammonium sulphate precipitate of ribosomes, with acetic acid. Differential labelling of the ribosomal proteins was observed in both strains: proteins from the rel+ strain appear more labelled than those from the rel- strain, the rate of labelling of individual proteins being about the same in both strains. Moreover ribosomal proteins were found as stable during starvation as total protein. It is thus concluded that in starving cells individual ribosomal proteins are not synthesized at equal rates. This indicates that the synthesis of ribosomal proteins is not only under the control of the rel gene.", "contents": "On the control of ribosomal protein biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. I. Studies on ribosomal protein biosynthesis in amino acid-starved cells. The rate of individual ribosomal protein synthesis relative to total protein synthesis has been determined in Escherichia coli rel+ and rel- cells, under valyltRNA deprivation. These strains have a temperature-sensitive valyl-tRNA synthetase. Starvation was obtained following transfer to the cells to non-permissive temperature. Ribosomal proteins were obtained by treatment of either total lysates of freeze-thawed lysozyme spheroplasts or ammonium sulphate precipitate of ribosomes, with acetic acid. Differential labelling of the ribosomal proteins was observed in both strains: proteins from the rel+ strain appear more labelled than those from the rel- strain, the rate of labelling of individual proteins being about the same in both strains. Moreover ribosomal proteins were found as stable during starvation as total protein. It is thus concluded that in starving cells individual ribosomal proteins are not synthesized at equal rates. This indicates that the synthesis of ribosomal proteins is not only under the control of the rel gene.", "PMID": 321026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7728", "title": "On the control of ribosomal protein biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. II. Studies during recovery from amino acid starvation.", "content": "The rate of synthesis of ribosomal proteins relative to that of total protein was measured at various times during recovery from arginine starvation in isogenic re+ and rel- strains of Escherichia coli K 12. Total ribosomal proteins are preferentially synthesized early during recovery. Higher rates of synthesis are obtained in the rel+ strain than in the rel- strain. Differential rates of synthesis of individual ribosomal proteins are observed at the various times studied. The rate of synthesis of individual proteins increases with time up to maximum values then the rates come down to values similar to those found in exponentially growing cells. The time of restart of synthesis of each protein has been estimated (1) by the time at which the maximum value is reached, and (2) by measuring the rate of synthesis at early time (3 min). Most ribosomal proteins behave similarlly in rel- and rel+ strains. Proteins have been listed from highly labelled (early proteins) to poorly labelled (late proteins). The significance of the order of restart is considered.", "contents": "On the control of ribosomal protein biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. II. Studies during recovery from amino acid starvation. The rate of synthesis of ribosomal proteins relative to that of total protein was measured at various times during recovery from arginine starvation in isogenic re+ and rel- strains of Escherichia coli K 12. Total ribosomal proteins are preferentially synthesized early during recovery. Higher rates of synthesis are obtained in the rel+ strain than in the rel- strain. Differential rates of synthesis of individual ribosomal proteins are observed at the various times studied. The rate of synthesis of individual proteins increases with time up to maximum values then the rates come down to values similar to those found in exponentially growing cells. The time of restart of synthesis of each protein has been estimated (1) by the time at which the maximum value is reached, and (2) by measuring the rate of synthesis at early time (3 min). Most ribosomal proteins behave similarlly in rel- and rel+ strains. Proteins have been listed from highly labelled (early proteins) to poorly labelled (late proteins). The significance of the order of restart is considered.", "PMID": 321027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7729", "title": "Partial derepression of the isoleucine-valine enzymes during methionine starvation is Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Methionine starvation of methionine auxotrophs in the presence of excess branched-chain amino acids results in a partial derepression of the isoleucine and valine enzymes. Reversed-phase chromatography indicated that isoleucine, valine and leucine tRNA were altered during methionine starvation. In addition, the total tRNA isolated from cells under these conditions were undermethylated. The observed derepression may be caused by the inability of methyl-deficient tRNA's to participate adequately in normal regulatory functions.", "contents": "Partial derepression of the isoleucine-valine enzymes during methionine starvation is Salmonella typhimurium. Methionine starvation of methionine auxotrophs in the presence of excess branched-chain amino acids results in a partial derepression of the isoleucine and valine enzymes. Reversed-phase chromatography indicated that isoleucine, valine and leucine tRNA were altered during methionine starvation. In addition, the total tRNA isolated from cells under these conditions were undermethylated. The observed derepression may be caused by the inability of methyl-deficient tRNA's to participate adequately in normal regulatory functions.", "PMID": 321028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7730", "title": "Inactivation of infectivity of phiX174 DNA by menadione and reduced menadione.", "content": "Interaction of menadione and reduced menadione with phage phiX174 DNA was investigated. A concentration of 2-10(-4) M menadione inactivated 60% of the infectivity of phiX174 DNA to spheroplasts of Escherichia coli, while reduced menadione inactivated 97% of the infectivity of phiX174 DNA at the same concentration. Alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed 2-10(-5) M reduced menadione caused approximately 24% of phiX174 DNA to produce strand break under the condition of 80% lethanlity. DNA strand break was not observed even at 4 - 10(-4) M menadione. These results indicated that there were different mechanisms for inactivation of phiX174 DNA between menadione and reduced menadione.", "contents": "Inactivation of infectivity of phiX174 DNA by menadione and reduced menadione. Interaction of menadione and reduced menadione with phage phiX174 DNA was investigated. A concentration of 2-10(-4) M menadione inactivated 60% of the infectivity of phiX174 DNA to spheroplasts of Escherichia coli, while reduced menadione inactivated 97% of the infectivity of phiX174 DNA at the same concentration. Alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed 2-10(-5) M reduced menadione caused approximately 24% of phiX174 DNA to produce strand break under the condition of 80% lethanlity. DNA strand break was not observed even at 4 - 10(-4) M menadione. These results indicated that there were different mechanisms for inactivation of phiX174 DNA between menadione and reduced menadione.", "PMID": 321029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7731", "title": "Peptide substrates for chymosin (rennin). Kinetic studies with bovine kappa-casein-(103-108)-hexapeptide analogues.", "content": "Kinetic parameters have been determined for the reaction between chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) and synthetic peptide analogues of the sequence Leu-Ser-Phe-Met-Ala-Ile around the chymosin-sensitive Phe(105)-Met(106) bond of bovine kappa-casein. From the present and earlier results it is concluded that a minimum length of the molecular backbone with three amino acid units on both sides of the scissile bond is required to make the peptide a good substrate for the enzyme. In addition, hydrophobic side chains in the positions 103 and 108, and particularly the hydroxyl group of Ser-104 contribute to the effectiveness of the enzyme-substrate interactions. The substrate properties are markedly influenced by changes in the steric and/or polar character of the amino acid side chains in the positions 105 and 106.", "contents": "Peptide substrates for chymosin (rennin). Kinetic studies with bovine kappa-casein-(103-108)-hexapeptide analogues. Kinetic parameters have been determined for the reaction between chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) and synthetic peptide analogues of the sequence Leu-Ser-Phe-Met-Ala-Ile around the chymosin-sensitive Phe(105)-Met(106) bond of bovine kappa-casein. From the present and earlier results it is concluded that a minimum length of the molecular backbone with three amino acid units on both sides of the scissile bond is required to make the peptide a good substrate for the enzyme. In addition, hydrophobic side chains in the positions 103 and 108, and particularly the hydroxyl group of Ser-104 contribute to the effectiveness of the enzyme-substrate interactions. The substrate properties are markedly influenced by changes in the steric and/or polar character of the amino acid side chains in the positions 105 and 106.", "PMID": 321030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7732", "title": "Quasi-elastic light scattering studies on pyruvate oxidase.", "content": "Quasi-elastic or dynamic light scattering has been used to examine the translational diffusion properties of the enzyme pyruvate oxidase (pyruvate: ferricytochrome beta 1 oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.2.2.). Controlled proteolysis of the enzyme converts the native form of the enzyme to a protease-activated form which has a specific activity about 20-fold greater than the native oxidase. Light scattering studies indicate no significant change in the size or shape of pyruvate oxidase as a result of this proteolytic activation. In both cases the enzyme may be characterized as a hydrated sphere with a Stokes radius of about 53A. The sedimentation velocity-diffusion technique was used to obtain the molecular weight of this tetrameric enzyme, about 252 000 with a value of f/f0 of 1.25.", "contents": "Quasi-elastic light scattering studies on pyruvate oxidase. Quasi-elastic or dynamic light scattering has been used to examine the translational diffusion properties of the enzyme pyruvate oxidase (pyruvate: ferricytochrome beta 1 oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.2.2.). Controlled proteolysis of the enzyme converts the native form of the enzyme to a protease-activated form which has a specific activity about 20-fold greater than the native oxidase. Light scattering studies indicate no significant change in the size or shape of pyruvate oxidase as a result of this proteolytic activation. In both cases the enzyme may be characterized as a hydrated sphere with a Stokes radius of about 53A. The sedimentation velocity-diffusion technique was used to obtain the molecular weight of this tetrameric enzyme, about 252 000 with a value of f/f0 of 1.25.", "PMID": 321031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7733", "title": "Regulation of aspartate carbamoyltransferase of Escherichia coli by the interrelationship of magnesium and nucleotides.", "content": "Purified aspartate carbamoyltransferase from Escherichia coli K12 (carbamoylphosphate: L-aspartate carbamyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) shows greater activity with nucleotide effectors as the magnesium nucleotide complex than with similar amounts of the sodium nucleotide. Regulation of aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity in vivo may occur by changes in the total concentration of regulatory nucleotides or, under conditions of magnesium-limited growth, by variation of the saturation of the nucleotides with magnesium.", "contents": "Regulation of aspartate carbamoyltransferase of Escherichia coli by the interrelationship of magnesium and nucleotides. Purified aspartate carbamoyltransferase from Escherichia coli K12 (carbamoylphosphate: L-aspartate carbamyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) shows greater activity with nucleotide effectors as the magnesium nucleotide complex than with similar amounts of the sodium nucleotide. Regulation of aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity in vivo may occur by changes in the total concentration of regulatory nucleotides or, under conditions of magnesium-limited growth, by variation of the saturation of the nucleotides with magnesium.", "PMID": 321032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7734", "title": "The solubilization of bone and dentin collagens by pepsin. Effect of cross-linkages and non-collagen components.", "content": "Bone and dentin collagen are less susceptible to solubilization by pepsin digestion then is skin collagen. Digestion at 4 degrees C for 72 h solubilized only 35.3% of bovine cortical bone and 5.6% of bovine dentin compared with nearly 100% dissolution of bovine skin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and molecular sieve chromatography showed that, for bone and dentin, intact alpha chains and cross-linked aggregates of beta, gamma and higher weight remained intact after pepsin solubilization but lower molecular weight fragments also were prevalent indicating chain scission in helical regions. Electron microscopic examination of segment long spacing precipitates of the soluble collagens confirmed the presence of solubilized polymerized collagen. The principal reducible cross-link in both bone and dentin was the precursor of dihydroxylsinonorleucine and this cross-link was also present in the solubilized collagens. Small amounts of non-collagenous proteins and glycosaminoglycans of different compositions in dentin and bone resisted extraction before pepsin digestion. However, the differences in solubilization of the collagens have been related to differences in cross-linkage placement.", "contents": "The solubilization of bone and dentin collagens by pepsin. Effect of cross-linkages and non-collagen components. Bone and dentin collagen are less susceptible to solubilization by pepsin digestion then is skin collagen. Digestion at 4 degrees C for 72 h solubilized only 35.3% of bovine cortical bone and 5.6% of bovine dentin compared with nearly 100% dissolution of bovine skin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and molecular sieve chromatography showed that, for bone and dentin, intact alpha chains and cross-linked aggregates of beta, gamma and higher weight remained intact after pepsin solubilization but lower molecular weight fragments also were prevalent indicating chain scission in helical regions. Electron microscopic examination of segment long spacing precipitates of the soluble collagens confirmed the presence of solubilized polymerized collagen. The principal reducible cross-link in both bone and dentin was the precursor of dihydroxylsinonorleucine and this cross-link was also present in the solubilized collagens. Small amounts of non-collagenous proteins and glycosaminoglycans of different compositions in dentin and bone resisted extraction before pepsin digestion. However, the differences in solubilization of the collagens have been related to differences in cross-linkage placement.", "PMID": 321033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7735", "title": "Penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli. Comparison of a strain carrying an R-factor and the parent strain.", "content": "Both from Escherichia coli K12 W3630 carrying an R-factor, R+75, and from the parent strain at least six penicillin- and cephalosporin-binding proteins were obtained as soluble forms. The molecular weights of the binding proteins of the strain carrying an R-factor were similar to those of the parent strain and not affected by the presence of an R-factor which specified the production of a beta-lactamase. Gel filtration with [14C]benzylpenicillin suggested the equimolar binding of benzylpenicillin to each binding protein. Three binding proteins of E. coli carrying R+75 and two binding proteins of the parent strain were purified by affinity chromatography followed by gel filtration. In fluorescence titration, various penicillins and cephalosporins were shown to bind to the purified binding proteins and their association constants were in the range of 0.4 to 21-10(3) M-1. The binding proteins of both strains did not react with the antibody against the beta-lactamase specified by R+75.", "contents": "Penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli. Comparison of a strain carrying an R-factor and the parent strain. Both from Escherichia coli K12 W3630 carrying an R-factor, R+75, and from the parent strain at least six penicillin- and cephalosporin-binding proteins were obtained as soluble forms. The molecular weights of the binding proteins of the strain carrying an R-factor were similar to those of the parent strain and not affected by the presence of an R-factor which specified the production of a beta-lactamase. Gel filtration with [14C]benzylpenicillin suggested the equimolar binding of benzylpenicillin to each binding protein. Three binding proteins of E. coli carrying R+75 and two binding proteins of the parent strain were purified by affinity chromatography followed by gel filtration. In fluorescence titration, various penicillins and cephalosporins were shown to bind to the purified binding proteins and their association constants were in the range of 0.4 to 21-10(3) M-1. The binding proteins of both strains did not react with the antibody against the beta-lactamase specified by R+75.", "PMID": 321034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7736", "title": "Selectively deuterated amino acid analogues. Synthesis, incorporation into proteins and NMR properties.", "content": "Selectively deuterated analogues of histidine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan have been synthesized by chemical exchange. These analogues have been characterized by NMR spectrometry and used for growth of bacteria. Active lactose repressor protein has been isolated from cells grown on the deuterated amino acids, and denatured 1H and 2H NMR spectra have been determined for the protein.", "contents": "Selectively deuterated amino acid analogues. Synthesis, incorporation into proteins and NMR properties. Selectively deuterated analogues of histidine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan have been synthesized by chemical exchange. These analogues have been characterized by NMR spectrometry and used for growth of bacteria. Active lactose repressor protein has been isolated from cells grown on the deuterated amino acids, and denatured 1H and 2H NMR spectra have been determined for the protein.", "PMID": 321035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7737", "title": "The origin of the sulfur atom in thiamine.", "content": "The mode of biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamine, 4-methyl-5beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole (MHET) was studied using Salmonella typhimurium as test organism. It was shown by isotope incorporation experiments, that the sulfur atom, but not carbon-3, of cysteine is incorporated into MHET, indicating a separation of the sulfur atom of cysteine from the carbon chain during incorporation. Isotope competition experiments revealed that the incorporation of [35S]cysteine is not significantly diluted by the presence of methionine, homocysteine, and glutathione. No incorporation of label from [14C]glutamate and [14C]formate was observed, leaving the origin of the five-carbon unit still in doubt.", "contents": "The origin of the sulfur atom in thiamine. The mode of biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamine, 4-methyl-5beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole (MHET) was studied using Salmonella typhimurium as test organism. It was shown by isotope incorporation experiments, that the sulfur atom, but not carbon-3, of cysteine is incorporated into MHET, indicating a separation of the sulfur atom of cysteine from the carbon chain during incorporation. Isotope competition experiments revealed that the incorporation of [35S]cysteine is not significantly diluted by the presence of methionine, homocysteine, and glutathione. No incorporation of label from [14C]glutamate and [14C]formate was observed, leaving the origin of the five-carbon unit still in doubt.", "PMID": 321036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7738", "title": "Adenine nucleotide metabolism of blood platelets. X. Formaldehyde stops centrifugation-induced secretion after A23187-stimulation and causes breakdown of metabolic ATP.", "content": "A23187 induced shape change, aggregation and secretion of platelets in plasma. When rapid cooling was used to stop secretion and centrifugation to separate the cells from the medium, maximal amounts of storage ATP plus ADP and preadsorbed [14C]serotonin were found in the supernatant immediately (less than 5 s) after A23187 addition. These results suggested that A23187 could cause shape change and aggregation through secreted ADP and not directly. When secretion was stopped with chilling and formaldehyde treatment before centrifugation, the secreted substances appeared after a lag of 60-120 s, i.e. after shape change was terminated and aggregation was well on its way. These two platelet responses thus seemed to be independent of secretion and induced directly by A23187. The absence of a lag period when secretion was stopped by chilling alone was thought to be due to centrifugation-induced secretion of platelets conditioned by A23187. Formaldehyde completely inhibited centrifugation-induced secretion. At 37 degrees C, formaldehyde caused rapid breakdown of metabolic ATP in platelets with a pattern dependent on the formaldehyde concentration: Below 50 mM, ATP was converted to inosine plus hypoxanthine via ADP, AMP and IMP and the adenylate energy charge was preserved. Above 100 mM, AMP was the end product with a drastic reduction in the adenylate energy charge. These changes were not due to lysis of the platelets, but were apparently caused by an formaldehyde-induced increase in cellular ATP consumption. Platelet secretion is usually associated with a conversion of metabolic ATP to hypoxanthine. Formaldehyde had to be used to stop secretion and since it caused breakdown of ATP, additional smaples were taken out for nucleotide determination during stirring of platelet-rich plasma with A23187. It was found that metabolic ATP was converted to inosine plus hypoxanthine only during the secretion step.", "contents": "Adenine nucleotide metabolism of blood platelets. X. Formaldehyde stops centrifugation-induced secretion after A23187-stimulation and causes breakdown of metabolic ATP. A23187 induced shape change, aggregation and secretion of platelets in plasma. When rapid cooling was used to stop secretion and centrifugation to separate the cells from the medium, maximal amounts of storage ATP plus ADP and preadsorbed [14C]serotonin were found in the supernatant immediately (less than 5 s) after A23187 addition. These results suggested that A23187 could cause shape change and aggregation through secreted ADP and not directly. When secretion was stopped with chilling and formaldehyde treatment before centrifugation, the secreted substances appeared after a lag of 60-120 s, i.e. after shape change was terminated and aggregation was well on its way. These two platelet responses thus seemed to be independent of secretion and induced directly by A23187. The absence of a lag period when secretion was stopped by chilling alone was thought to be due to centrifugation-induced secretion of platelets conditioned by A23187. Formaldehyde completely inhibited centrifugation-induced secretion. At 37 degrees C, formaldehyde caused rapid breakdown of metabolic ATP in platelets with a pattern dependent on the formaldehyde concentration: Below 50 mM, ATP was converted to inosine plus hypoxanthine via ADP, AMP and IMP and the adenylate energy charge was preserved. Above 100 mM, AMP was the end product with a drastic reduction in the adenylate energy charge. These changes were not due to lysis of the platelets, but were apparently caused by an formaldehyde-induced increase in cellular ATP consumption. Platelet secretion is usually associated with a conversion of metabolic ATP to hypoxanthine. Formaldehyde had to be used to stop secretion and since it caused breakdown of ATP, additional smaples were taken out for nucleotide determination during stirring of platelet-rich plasma with A23187. It was found that metabolic ATP was converted to inosine plus hypoxanthine only during the secretion step.", "PMID": 321037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7739", "title": "Effects of continuous distending pressure on lung volumes and lung mechanics in the immediate neonatal period.", "content": "The effects of CPAP and CNEP on lung mechanics and lung volumes were investigated in a group of 12 healthy newborn infants. Both resulted in a mild suppression of respiration. The fall in TPR50 was far greater during CPAP than during CNEP. Both led to a one third fall in dynamic compliance. Approximately 50% of the distending pressure was transmitted to the mediastinal structures whether applied as CPAP or CNEP.", "contents": "Effects of continuous distending pressure on lung volumes and lung mechanics in the immediate neonatal period. The effects of CPAP and CNEP on lung mechanics and lung volumes were investigated in a group of 12 healthy newborn infants. Both resulted in a mild suppression of respiration. The fall in TPR50 was far greater during CPAP than during CNEP. Both led to a one third fall in dynamic compliance. Approximately 50% of the distending pressure was transmitted to the mediastinal structures whether applied as CPAP or CNEP.", "PMID": 321039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7740", "title": "Computer-aided material balancing for prediction of fermentation parameters.", "content": "Despite the importance of biomass as a parameter in fermentation processes, there are no commercially available sensors suitable for its measurement. An indirect approach for the assessment of biomass concentration can be based on material balances and on the direct monitoring of fermentation parameters for which there are established sensors (e.g., gaseous oxygen and carbon dioxide). As a consequence, this method requires no assumption of cellular yield coefficients or rate constants. This approach is also readily adaptable to general use since it requires only some knowledge of the compositions of the substrate, cells, and noncellular products.", "contents": "Computer-aided material balancing for prediction of fermentation parameters. Despite the importance of biomass as a parameter in fermentation processes, there are no commercially available sensors suitable for its measurement. An indirect approach for the assessment of biomass concentration can be based on material balances and on the direct monitoring of fermentation parameters for which there are established sensors (e.g., gaseous oxygen and carbon dioxide). As a consequence, this method requires no assumption of cellular yield coefficients or rate constants. This approach is also readily adaptable to general use since it requires only some knowledge of the compositions of the substrate, cells, and noncellular products.", "PMID": 321044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7741", "title": "Computer-aided baker's yeast fermentations.", "content": "The economics of yeast production depend heavily upon the cellular yield coefficient on the carbon source and the volumetric productivity of the process. The application of an on-line computer to maximize these two terms during the fermentation requires a continuous method of measuring cell density and growth rate. Unfortunately, a direct sensor for biomass concentration suitable for use in industrial fermentations is not available. Material balancing, with the aid of on-line computer monitoring, offers an indirect method of measurement. Laboratory results from baker's yeast production in a 14-liter fermentor (with a PDP-11/10 computer for on-line analyses) show this indirect measurement technique to be a viable alternative. From the oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production data, gas flow rate, and ammonia addition rate, the cell density during the fermentation has been estimated and found to compare well with actual fermentation data.", "contents": "Computer-aided baker's yeast fermentations. The economics of yeast production depend heavily upon the cellular yield coefficient on the carbon source and the volumetric productivity of the process. The application of an on-line computer to maximize these two terms during the fermentation requires a continuous method of measuring cell density and growth rate. Unfortunately, a direct sensor for biomass concentration suitable for use in industrial fermentations is not available. Material balancing, with the aid of on-line computer monitoring, offers an indirect method of measurement. Laboratory results from baker's yeast production in a 14-liter fermentor (with a PDP-11/10 computer for on-line analyses) show this indirect measurement technique to be a viable alternative. From the oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production data, gas flow rate, and ammonia addition rate, the cell density during the fermentation has been estimated and found to compare well with actual fermentation data.", "PMID": 321045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7742", "title": "The immobilization of microbial cells, subcellular organelles, and enzymes in calcium alginate gels.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, Kluyveromyces marxianus cells, inulase, glucose oxidase, chloroplasts, and mitochondria were immobilized in calcium alginate gels. Ethanol production from glucose solutions by an immobilized preparation of S. cerevisiae was deomonstrated over a total of twenty-three days, and the half-life of such a preparation was shown to be about ten days. Immobilized K. marxianus, inulase, and glucose oxidase preparations were used to demonstrate the porosity and retraining properties of calcium alginate gels. Calcium alginate-immobilized chloroplasts were shown to perform the Hill reaction. Some experiments with immobilized mitochondria are reported.", "contents": "The immobilization of microbial cells, subcellular organelles, and enzymes in calcium alginate gels. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, Kluyveromyces marxianus cells, inulase, glucose oxidase, chloroplasts, and mitochondria were immobilized in calcium alginate gels. Ethanol production from glucose solutions by an immobilized preparation of S. cerevisiae was deomonstrated over a total of twenty-three days, and the half-life of such a preparation was shown to be about ten days. Immobilized K. marxianus, inulase, and glucose oxidase preparations were used to demonstrate the porosity and retraining properties of calcium alginate gels. Calcium alginate-immobilized chloroplasts were shown to perform the Hill reaction. Some experiments with immobilized mitochondria are reported.", "PMID": 321046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7743", "title": "Aeration without air: oxygen supply by hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "Oxygen has been supplied to suspensions of microorganisms kept under nitrogen by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. If catalase was present in the suspension and the flow was adjusted to the rate of oxygen consumption, the cells grew at rates identical to the controls incubated under air. The applicability of oxygen supply by hydrogen peroxide and its limits are discussed.", "contents": "Aeration without air: oxygen supply by hydrogen peroxide. Oxygen has been supplied to suspensions of microorganisms kept under nitrogen by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. If catalase was present in the suspension and the flow was adjusted to the rate of oxygen consumption, the cells grew at rates identical to the controls incubated under air. The applicability of oxygen supply by hydrogen peroxide and its limits are discussed.", "PMID": 321047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7744", "title": "An analysis of extended and exponentially-fed-batch cultures.", "content": "Under certain conditions it is shown that an extended culture is equivalent to an exponentially-fed-batch culture, that an exponentially-fed-batch culture (and an extended culture) can be maintained at a steady state and that an exponentially-fed-batch culture may be mimicked by a continuous-flow culture with a constant dilution rate. Operational conditions required to maintain steady states are specified.", "contents": "An analysis of extended and exponentially-fed-batch cultures. Under certain conditions it is shown that an extended culture is equivalent to an exponentially-fed-batch culture, that an exponentially-fed-batch culture (and an extended culture) can be maintained at a steady state and that an exponentially-fed-batch culture may be mimicked by a continuous-flow culture with a constant dilution rate. Operational conditions required to maintain steady states are specified.", "PMID": 321048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7745", "title": "Pulmonary defense mechanisms and the interaction between viruses and bacteria in acute respiratory infections.", "content": "Pulmonary virus infections are known to predispose to bacterial infections in the lung. The mechanism by which the virus renders the pulmonary system more susceptible to bacterial infection is reviewed. The bacterial multiplication associated with virus infections is related to defects in in situ bactericidal (phagocytic) mechanisms of the lung. This phagocytic dysfunction is localized to the intracellular killing mechanisms of the alveolar macrophage phagocytic process.", "contents": "Pulmonary defense mechanisms and the interaction between viruses and bacteria in acute respiratory infections. Pulmonary virus infections are known to predispose to bacterial infections in the lung. The mechanism by which the virus renders the pulmonary system more susceptible to bacterial infection is reviewed. The bacterial multiplication associated with virus infections is related to defects in in situ bactericidal (phagocytic) mechanisms of the lung. This phagocytic dysfunction is localized to the intracellular killing mechanisms of the alveolar macrophage phagocytic process.", "PMID": 321050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7746", "title": "Alterations in bacterial defense mechanisms of the lung induced by inhalation of cadmium.", "content": "Exposure to an aerosol of CdCl2 has a marked proclivity to reduce the ability of the lung to defined itself against microbial insults. A significant enhancement of mortality was observed in mice exposed to CdCl2 concentrations ranging from 80 to 1600 mug/m3 prior to being challenged with viable streptococci. The increase in percent mortality above control varied from 15% at the lowest CdCl2 concentration to approximately 70% at the highest concentration. In order to determine the various mechanistic factors which may explain the observed effect of reduced host resistance to infection, a variety of pulmonary defense systems was studied. There was a significant decrease in the total number of alveolar macrophages recoverable from rat lungs immediately after completion of the exposure regimen. The number of macrophages returned to normal (about 5.5 million) within 24 hours after cessation of the exposure. However, total polymorphonuclear leucocytes increased 1.5 million immediately after completion of the exposure and 13 million within 24 hours after cessation of the exposure. Lymphocyte numbers were not affected by these exposure levels. Data concerning clearance of streptococci from the lung following CdCl2 exposure closely correlated with the observed mortality pattern.", "contents": "Alterations in bacterial defense mechanisms of the lung induced by inhalation of cadmium. Exposure to an aerosol of CdCl2 has a marked proclivity to reduce the ability of the lung to defined itself against microbial insults. A significant enhancement of mortality was observed in mice exposed to CdCl2 concentrations ranging from 80 to 1600 mug/m3 prior to being challenged with viable streptococci. The increase in percent mortality above control varied from 15% at the lowest CdCl2 concentration to approximately 70% at the highest concentration. In order to determine the various mechanistic factors which may explain the observed effect of reduced host resistance to infection, a variety of pulmonary defense systems was studied. There was a significant decrease in the total number of alveolar macrophages recoverable from rat lungs immediately after completion of the exposure regimen. The number of macrophages returned to normal (about 5.5 million) within 24 hours after cessation of the exposure. However, total polymorphonuclear leucocytes increased 1.5 million immediately after completion of the exposure and 13 million within 24 hours after cessation of the exposure. Lymphocyte numbers were not affected by these exposure levels. Data concerning clearance of streptococci from the lung following CdCl2 exposure closely correlated with the observed mortality pattern.", "PMID": 321051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7747", "title": "Selected list of books and journals for the small medical library.", "content": "This revised list of 472 books and 138 journals is intended as a selection guide for small or medium-sized hospital libraries or for the small medical library serving a specified clientele. It can also be used as a core list by small hospital library consortia. Books and journals are categorized by subject, with the books being followed by an author index and the journals by an alphabetical title listing. Items suggested for initial purchase by smaller libraries are indicated by an asterisk. To purchase the entire collection of books and to pay for annual subscriptions to all the journals would require an expenditure of about $18,200. The cost of only the asterisked items recommended for first purchase totals approximately $4,500.", "contents": "Selected list of books and journals for the small medical library. This revised list of 472 books and 138 journals is intended as a selection guide for small or medium-sized hospital libraries or for the small medical library serving a specified clientele. It can also be used as a core list by small hospital library consortia. Books and journals are categorized by subject, with the books being followed by an author index and the journals by an alphabetical title listing. Items suggested for initial purchase by smaller libraries are indicated by an asterisk. To purchase the entire collection of books and to pay for annual subscriptions to all the journals would require an expenditure of about $18,200. The cost of only the asterisked items recommended for first purchase totals approximately $4,500.", "PMID": 321057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7748", "title": "[The protein constituents of human bronchial washings. Their relationship to the defenses of the respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "In an attempt to define the composition of normal bronchial secretions, bronchial washings were obtained from normal areas of the lung in six patients. An analysis of proteins in the washings was carried out by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The proteins detected were derived mainly from plasma and a very low content of secretory proteins was found. The composition of bronchial secretions and bronchial washings from a bronchitic patient was established and compared by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration. The most important components were IgA, alpha1-antichymotrypsin and alpha1-antitrypsin, all of which are defense factors for the respiratory tract.", "contents": "[The protein constituents of human bronchial washings. Their relationship to the defenses of the respiratory tract (author's transl)]. In an attempt to define the composition of normal bronchial secretions, bronchial washings were obtained from normal areas of the lung in six patients. An analysis of proteins in the washings was carried out by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The proteins detected were derived mainly from plasma and a very low content of secretory proteins was found. The composition of bronchial secretions and bronchial washings from a bronchitic patient was established and compared by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration. The most important components were IgA, alpha1-antichymotrypsin and alpha1-antitrypsin, all of which are defense factors for the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 321053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7749", "title": "Role of the alveolar macrophage in pulmonary bacterial defense.", "content": "This review concerns the role of the alveolar macrophage as part of the coordinated mucociliary, macrophge and immune bacterial defense mechanisms of the lung. Alveolar macrophages are end-stage phagocytes that are derived from two precursor sources; an uncommitted pleuripotential hematopoietic stem cell, and a committed differentiated pulmonary precursor which can renew itself, as well as mature into functional alveolar macrophages. Sufficient numbers of alveolar macrophages are distributed throughout the lungs to ensure their proximity to any bacteria that penetrates alveolar regions. Studies with rodents have shown that these alveolar macrophages ingest, inactivate, and degrade inhaled microorganisms within eight hours of their entrance into alveolar regions. The biochemical mechanisms responsible for this antibacterial function involve the elaboration of chemotactic factors consequent to the interaction of bacteria, antibody, and complement, and the presence of bactericidal substances within the macrophage itself. Normally, these cellular mechanisms enable the alveolar macrophage system to maintain the lungs bacteria-free. However, if macrophage function is impaired due to pollutant or viral exposure, the host-parasite balance is upset and bacterial proliferation ensues. In such circumstances, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and additional macrophages enter the area of bacterial proliferation to produce the classical inflammatory reaction of pneumonia.", "contents": "Role of the alveolar macrophage in pulmonary bacterial defense. This review concerns the role of the alveolar macrophage as part of the coordinated mucociliary, macrophge and immune bacterial defense mechanisms of the lung. Alveolar macrophages are end-stage phagocytes that are derived from two precursor sources; an uncommitted pleuripotential hematopoietic stem cell, and a committed differentiated pulmonary precursor which can renew itself, as well as mature into functional alveolar macrophages. Sufficient numbers of alveolar macrophages are distributed throughout the lungs to ensure their proximity to any bacteria that penetrates alveolar regions. Studies with rodents have shown that these alveolar macrophages ingest, inactivate, and degrade inhaled microorganisms within eight hours of their entrance into alveolar regions. The biochemical mechanisms responsible for this antibacterial function involve the elaboration of chemotactic factors consequent to the interaction of bacteria, antibody, and complement, and the presence of bactericidal substances within the macrophage itself. Normally, these cellular mechanisms enable the alveolar macrophage system to maintain the lungs bacteria-free. However, if macrophage function is impaired due to pollutant or viral exposure, the host-parasite balance is upset and bacterial proliferation ensues. In such circumstances, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and additional macrophages enter the area of bacterial proliferation to produce the classical inflammatory reaction of pneumonia.", "PMID": 321054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7750", "title": "[Kinetics of pulmonary defense in deep lung (author's transl)].", "content": "The association of different experimental methods using radioactive particulate aerosols with bronchial washing and morphometric techniques reveals the importance of alveolar macrophages in antibacterial defense and the interest of their quantitative evaluation. The study of the kinetics of pulmonary phagocytic systems has shown a \"capillary compartment\", which consists of a reserve of monocytes which are temporarily present in the lung and in transit through it. This reserve represents 4.6% (sigma=1.4) of the cells from deep in the lung and is much larger than the systemic monocytic pool. 0.5% of these monocytes are in a phase of DNA synthesis. This capillary compartment must be clearly separated from interstitial phagocytes, the number of which is insignificant under physiological conditions. The phagocytic relay by polynuclear elements appears during bacterial aggression and is interdependent with macrophagic population. The particularities of the immune defenses of the distal parts of the lung are stressed especially in comparison with systemic defenses.", "contents": "[Kinetics of pulmonary defense in deep lung (author's transl)]. The association of different experimental methods using radioactive particulate aerosols with bronchial washing and morphometric techniques reveals the importance of alveolar macrophages in antibacterial defense and the interest of their quantitative evaluation. The study of the kinetics of pulmonary phagocytic systems has shown a \"capillary compartment\", which consists of a reserve of monocytes which are temporarily present in the lung and in transit through it. This reserve represents 4.6% (sigma=1.4) of the cells from deep in the lung and is much larger than the systemic monocytic pool. 0.5% of these monocytes are in a phase of DNA synthesis. This capillary compartment must be clearly separated from interstitial phagocytes, the number of which is insignificant under physiological conditions. The phagocytic relay by polynuclear elements appears during bacterial aggression and is interdependent with macrophagic population. The particularities of the immune defenses of the distal parts of the lung are stressed especially in comparison with systemic defenses.", "PMID": 321055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7751", "title": "Respiratory tract cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "Cell mediated immunity in the respiratory tract, operating somewhat independently of systemic cell mediated immunity CMI, has been recognized only rather recently. Local CMI has been shown to be more consistently and more potently stimulated following local administration of immunogen. In addition, in the few studies that have been done relative to protection, local immunization has resulted in greater resistance to organisms usually considered protected against by CMI. Thus, like the humoral immune system, CMI appears to operate locally in the respiratory tract, at least partially independent of systemic CMI. This paper deals with the evidence relative to local CMI, as well as a discussion of the role of the pulmonary macrophage, the mechanisms whereby local CMI may operate in protection, and the evidence for the presence of T-cell memory in the respiratory tract.", "contents": "Respiratory tract cell-mediated immunity. Cell mediated immunity in the respiratory tract, operating somewhat independently of systemic cell mediated immunity CMI, has been recognized only rather recently. Local CMI has been shown to be more consistently and more potently stimulated following local administration of immunogen. In addition, in the few studies that have been done relative to protection, local immunization has resulted in greater resistance to organisms usually considered protected against by CMI. Thus, like the humoral immune system, CMI appears to operate locally in the respiratory tract, at least partially independent of systemic CMI. This paper deals with the evidence relative to local CMI, as well as a discussion of the role of the pulmonary macrophage, the mechanisms whereby local CMI may operate in protection, and the evidence for the presence of T-cell memory in the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 321056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7752", "title": "The management of dementia: a review of some possibilities.", "content": "Evidence relating to the effects of therapeutic intervention on the behaviour of elderly demented patients is reviewed. Contrary to common prejudice there is strong evidence that improvements in functioning can be achieved by social and behavioural manipulations although maintaining such gains may be more difficult. There are some indications as to what type of intervention is likely to be most effective and some specific techniques that might be of use are discussed.", "contents": "The management of dementia: a review of some possibilities. Evidence relating to the effects of therapeutic intervention on the behaviour of elderly demented patients is reviewed. Contrary to common prejudice there is strong evidence that improvements in functioning can be achieved by social and behavioural manipulations although maintaining such gains may be more difficult. There are some indications as to what type of intervention is likely to be most effective and some specific techniques that might be of use are discussed.", "PMID": 321065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7753", "title": "Gastro-oesophageal reflux, hiatus hernia and the radiologist, with special reference to children.", "content": "Gastro-oesophageal reflux can lead to peptic oesophagitis and stricture formation. This is particularly true in infants in whom the condition should be suspected if the patient presents with vomiting, anaemia and failure to thrive. The anatomy of the oesophago-gastric junction is described. The inferior oesophageal sphincter is the main barrier to reflux, and marks the functional junction between oesophagus and stomach. It is under nervous and hormonal control. It is weak in the neonate who therefore frequently refluxes. An hiatus hernia can cause problems due to its bulk but the main problem of peptic oesophagitis is due to gastro-oesophageal reflux. The radiological examination should be carried out carefully with the patient swallowing in a prone position. The patient should be put in the Trendenlenberg position and compression applied to the abdomen. Reflux is intermittent and a negative examination should be repeated if the clinical findings suggest a diagnosis of peptic oesophagitis.  Associated pyloric stenosis should always be excluded. Radiological examination of the gastro-oesophageal junction remains the quickest, simplest, and most convenient and safe technique as long as its limitations are appreciated.", "contents": "Gastro-oesophageal reflux, hiatus hernia and the radiologist, with special reference to children. Gastro-oesophageal reflux can lead to peptic oesophagitis and stricture formation. This is particularly true in infants in whom the condition should be suspected if the patient presents with vomiting, anaemia and failure to thrive. The anatomy of the oesophago-gastric junction is described. The inferior oesophageal sphincter is the main barrier to reflux, and marks the functional junction between oesophagus and stomach. It is under nervous and hormonal control. It is weak in the neonate who therefore frequently refluxes. An hiatus hernia can cause problems due to its bulk but the main problem of peptic oesophagitis is due to gastro-oesophageal reflux. The radiological examination should be carried out carefully with the patient swallowing in a prone position. The patient should be put in the Trendenlenberg position and compression applied to the abdomen. Reflux is intermittent and a negative examination should be repeated if the clinical findings suggest a diagnosis of peptic oesophagitis.  Associated pyloric stenosis should always be excluded. Radiological examination of the gastro-oesophageal junction remains the quickest, simplest, and most convenient and safe technique as long as its limitations are appreciated.", "PMID": 321066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7754", "title": "Controlled trial of active immunotherapy in management of stage IIB malignant melanoma.", "content": "The prognosis for patients who undergo surgery for stage IIB malignant melanoma is poor. Animal studies have suggested that BCG and tumour cell vaccines given together may provide effective immunotherapy. To assess the effectiveness of this treatment 15 patients with stage IIB malignant melanoma who had their tumour excised were studied. Seven were treated conservatively, and eight were vaccinated with BCG and autologous irradiated cells. Three vaccinated patients suffered widespread recurrence within three months. All four vaccinated patients who suffered a recurrence within the first year died, while none of the three controls with recurrent disease died. In view of this alarming trend the trial was stopped after a year. BCG and the tumour cells may have enhanced the tumour growth, although there was no apparent reason for this. The results of uncontrolled or unrandomised trials that have suggested that this treatment is beneficial should be treated with scepticism.", "contents": "Controlled trial of active immunotherapy in management of stage IIB malignant melanoma. The prognosis for patients who undergo surgery for stage IIB malignant melanoma is poor. Animal studies have suggested that BCG and tumour cell vaccines given together may provide effective immunotherapy. To assess the effectiveness of this treatment 15 patients with stage IIB malignant melanoma who had their tumour excised were studied. Seven were treated conservatively, and eight were vaccinated with BCG and autologous irradiated cells. Three vaccinated patients suffered widespread recurrence within three months. All four vaccinated patients who suffered a recurrence within the first year died, while none of the three controls with recurrent disease died. In view of this alarming trend the trial was stopped after a year. BCG and the tumour cells may have enhanced the tumour growth, although there was no apparent reason for this. The results of uncontrolled or unrandomised trials that have suggested that this treatment is beneficial should be treated with scepticism.", "PMID": 321067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7755", "title": "Metronidazole in prevention and treatment of bacteroides infections in elective colonic surgery.", "content": "A double-blind randomised trial was carried out among 46 patients undergoing elective colonic surgery; 27 patients received prophylactic metronidazole and 19 received placebo. Anaerobic infections did not develop in any of the metronidazole-treated patients, but did develop in 11 (58%) of 19 controls who were subsequently successfully treated with metronidazole.", "contents": "Metronidazole in prevention and treatment of bacteroides infections in elective colonic surgery. A double-blind randomised trial was carried out among 46 patients undergoing elective colonic surgery; 27 patients received prophylactic metronidazole and 19 received placebo. Anaerobic infections did not develop in any of the metronidazole-treated patients, but did develop in 11 (58%) of 19 controls who were subsequently successfully treated with metronidazole.", "PMID": 321076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7756", "title": "Predicting child abuse: signs of bonding failure in the maternity hospital.", "content": "Fifty children referred to the Park Hospital because of actual or threatened abuse were compared with 50 controls born at the same maternity hospital. Five factors were significantly more common in the abused group than among their controls: (a) mother aged under 20 at birth of first child, (b) evidence of emotional disturbance, (c) referral of family to hospital social worker, (d) baby's admission to special care baby unit, (e) recorded concern over the mother's ability to care for child. Thirty-five of the abused group had two or more of these factors compared with only five of the control group. As these data were collected from information recorded routinely at the maternity hospital, it is possible to identify most abusing families when the child is born. Such identification must lead to a comprehensive assessment of each case followed by constructive preventive action.", "contents": "Predicting child abuse: signs of bonding failure in the maternity hospital. Fifty children referred to the Park Hospital because of actual or threatened abuse were compared with 50 controls born at the same maternity hospital. Five factors were significantly more common in the abused group than among their controls: (a) mother aged under 20 at birth of first child, (b) evidence of emotional disturbance, (c) referral of family to hospital social worker, (d) baby's admission to special care baby unit, (e) recorded concern over the mother's ability to care for child. Thirty-five of the abused group had two or more of these factors compared with only five of the control group. As these data were collected from information recorded routinely at the maternity hospital, it is possible to identify most abusing families when the child is born. Such identification must lead to a comprehensive assessment of each case followed by constructive preventive action.", "PMID": 321078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7757", "title": "Levamisole in aphthous stomatitis: evaluation of three regimens.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-four patients who had had recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) for two to 53 years took part in three studies to assess the effectiveness of levamisole and determine an adequate regimen. In study 1 and the first half of study 2 both of which were double-blind, levamisole 150 mg/day (or placebo) was given on three consecutive days in every fortnight. In the second two months of study 2 and in the open trial (study 3) three-day courses were given only when an episode of RAS occurred. The drug was well tolerated. The signs and symptoms of RAS improved gradually and significantly in those treated with levamisole but not in those on placebo, and intergroup differences were also significantly in favour of the active drug. Improvement occurred earlier in study 3 than in the other two studies. Hence levamisole may prevent new episodes of RAS.", "contents": "Levamisole in aphthous stomatitis: evaluation of three regimens. One hundred and twenty-four patients who had had recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) for two to 53 years took part in three studies to assess the effectiveness of levamisole and determine an adequate regimen. In study 1 and the first half of study 2 both of which were double-blind, levamisole 150 mg/day (or placebo) was given on three consecutive days in every fortnight. In the second two months of study 2 and in the open trial (study 3) three-day courses were given only when an episode of RAS occurred. The drug was well tolerated. The signs and symptoms of RAS improved gradually and significantly in those treated with levamisole but not in those on placebo, and intergroup differences were also significantly in favour of the active drug. Improvement occurred earlier in study 3 than in the other two studies. Hence levamisole may prevent new episodes of RAS.", "PMID": 321087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7758", "title": "Cholestyramine in treatment of postvagotomy diarrhoea--double-blind controlled trial.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial was performed to assess the effectiveness of cholestyramine in treating severe continuous postvagotomy diarrhoea. Each patient and a clinician assessed the results, and those treated with cholestyramine showed a considerable improvement over those given placebo. There were no significant side effects or changes in laboratory values in the cholestyramine group. Although the numbers were too small for statistical analysis, these results suggest that cholestyramine may be of value in the management of some patients with severe continuous postvagotomy diarrhoea who are unresponsive to other forms of treatment.", "contents": "Cholestyramine in treatment of postvagotomy diarrhoea--double-blind controlled trial. A double-blind controlled trial was performed to assess the effectiveness of cholestyramine in treating severe continuous postvagotomy diarrhoea. Each patient and a clinician assessed the results, and those treated with cholestyramine showed a considerable improvement over those given placebo. There were no significant side effects or changes in laboratory values in the cholestyramine group. Although the numbers were too small for statistical analysis, these results suggest that cholestyramine may be of value in the management of some patients with severe continuous postvagotomy diarrhoea who are unresponsive to other forms of treatment.", "PMID": 321088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7759", "title": "Selection of multiresistant coliforms by long-term treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with neomycin.", "content": "Patients with hypercholesterolaemia are often treated with the antimicrobial agent neomycin. Such treatment is potentially dangerous, however, as it may favour the emergence of multiresistant, R-factor-carrying, enteric bacteria among the intestinal flora. In 11 out of 14 patients who had received neomycin for three months to eight years most of the faecal coliforms were resistant to at least four antimicrobial drugs and capable of transferring this resistance to others. In contrast, only one out of nine patients who were treated with other lipid-lowering drugs had resistant bacteria in their faeces. Neomycin may cause multiresistant strains to emerge because, like tetracycline, it forms high concentrations in the gut. Long-term treatment of non-infectious conditions like hypercholesterolaemia with neomycin is potentially dangerous not only to the patient but also to the community because of the creation of a reservoir of multiresistant organisms.", "contents": "Selection of multiresistant coliforms by long-term treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with neomycin. Patients with hypercholesterolaemia are often treated with the antimicrobial agent neomycin. Such treatment is potentially dangerous, however, as it may favour the emergence of multiresistant, R-factor-carrying, enteric bacteria among the intestinal flora. In 11 out of 14 patients who had received neomycin for three months to eight years most of the faecal coliforms were resistant to at least four antimicrobial drugs and capable of transferring this resistance to others. In contrast, only one out of nine patients who were treated with other lipid-lowering drugs had resistant bacteria in their faeces. Neomycin may cause multiresistant strains to emerge because, like tetracycline, it forms high concentrations in the gut. Long-term treatment of non-infectious conditions like hypercholesterolaemia with neomycin is potentially dangerous not only to the patient but also to the community because of the creation of a reservoir of multiresistant organisms.", "PMID": 321089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7760", "title": "The role of tetracyclines in the treatment of non-specific urethritis.", "content": "An asssessment of the clinical findings and treatment in 400 patients with non-specific urethritis (NSU) is reported, and the effect of treating their contacts is analysed. Three tetracyclines were compared ina randomised trial which showed that low-dose oxytetracycline (250 mg twice a day) was as effective as preparations formulated specifically for twice daily administration (triple tetracycline and sustained-release tetracycline hydrochloride). The question of multiple aetiology was explored by testing statistically whether various clinical features such as age, incubation period, severity of symptoms, and previous infection were related to outcome. No subgrouping of the condition could be found. Clinical relapse proved to be independent of empirical treatment of asymptomatic contacts, which therefore appeared not to confer any benefit on either partner. It is suggested that the infective aspect of NSU is readily controlled, and that other factors, probably psychological, determine relapse.", "contents": "The role of tetracyclines in the treatment of non-specific urethritis. An asssessment of the clinical findings and treatment in 400 patients with non-specific urethritis (NSU) is reported, and the effect of treating their contacts is analysed. Three tetracyclines were compared ina randomised trial which showed that low-dose oxytetracycline (250 mg twice a day) was as effective as preparations formulated specifically for twice daily administration (triple tetracycline and sustained-release tetracycline hydrochloride). The question of multiple aetiology was explored by testing statistically whether various clinical features such as age, incubation period, severity of symptoms, and previous infection were related to outcome. No subgrouping of the condition could be found. Clinical relapse proved to be independent of empirical treatment of asymptomatic contacts, which therefore appeared not to confer any benefit on either partner. It is suggested that the infective aspect of NSU is readily controlled, and that other factors, probably psychological, determine relapse.", "PMID": 321094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7761", "title": "Ornidazole: a new antiprotozoal compound for treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection.", "content": "A new anti-protozoal compound, ornidazole, a derivative of nitroimidazole, was given in a single 2 g dose to 20 women with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. All the women were cured, but they suffered some side-effects. Plasma levels of ornidazole reached a peak five to eight times higher than minimum inhibitory concentrations and exceeded this level for at least 36 hours. It is therefore possible that a smaller dose might have had an adequate trichomonicidal effect and fewer side-effects. Further studies are in progress.", "contents": "Ornidazole: a new antiprotozoal compound for treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. A new anti-protozoal compound, ornidazole, a derivative of nitroimidazole, was given in a single 2 g dose to 20 women with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. All the women were cured, but they suffered some side-effects. Plasma levels of ornidazole reached a peak five to eight times higher than minimum inhibitory concentrations and exceeded this level for at least 36 hours. It is therefore possible that a smaller dose might have had an adequate trichomonicidal effect and fewer side-effects. Further studies are in progress.", "PMID": 321095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7762", "title": "S-100 in the central nervous system of rat, rabbit and guinea pig during postnatal development.", "content": "The accumulation of the brain-specific S-100 protein has been studied during postnatal development of rat, rabbit and guinea pig quantitatively, using immunoelectrophoresis, and qualitatively, by immunoelectron microscopy. Newborn guinea pigs show high levels of S-100. The distribution was similar to that of adult animals with an enrichment of S-100 to the postsynaptic membranes and to the astrocytic filaments. The neuronal plasma membranes as well as the neuronal nuclear membranes, astrocytic and oligodendroglial plasma membranes, also showed a specific activity for S-100. The amount of S-100 increased linearly from birth until the 3rd and 4th postnatal week of rabbit and rat, respectively. During the 2nd and 3rd week rabbit and rat nervous systems showed an accumulation of S-100, especially in the postsynaptic membranes and in the astrocytic filaments. In this study we present evidence that the S-100 protein quantitatively and ultrastructurally appears according to a pattern which parallels the muturation of brain, showing adult characteristics already at birth in early developing brains (guinea pig) and a change towards adult pattern after birth in late developing brains (rat and rabbit). In the latter two species change towards an adult S-100 distribution pattern proceeds during the postnatal period concomitant with the enzymatic and electrophysiogical maturation of the brain.", "contents": "S-100 in the central nervous system of rat, rabbit and guinea pig during postnatal development. The accumulation of the brain-specific S-100 protein has been studied during postnatal development of rat, rabbit and guinea pig quantitatively, using immunoelectrophoresis, and qualitatively, by immunoelectron microscopy. Newborn guinea pigs show high levels of S-100. The distribution was similar to that of adult animals with an enrichment of S-100 to the postsynaptic membranes and to the astrocytic filaments. The neuronal plasma membranes as well as the neuronal nuclear membranes, astrocytic and oligodendroglial plasma membranes, also showed a specific activity for S-100. The amount of S-100 increased linearly from birth until the 3rd and 4th postnatal week of rabbit and rat, respectively. During the 2nd and 3rd week rabbit and rat nervous systems showed an accumulation of S-100, especially in the postsynaptic membranes and in the astrocytic filaments. In this study we present evidence that the S-100 protein quantitatively and ultrastructurally appears according to a pattern which parallels the muturation of brain, showing adult characteristics already at birth in early developing brains (guinea pig) and a change towards adult pattern after birth in late developing brains (rat and rabbit). In the latter two species change towards an adult S-100 distribution pattern proceeds during the postnatal period concomitant with the enzymatic and electrophysiogical maturation of the brain.", "PMID": 321097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7763", "title": "On the state of anionic groups of demineralized matrices of bone and dentine.", "content": "Calcium-binding and biochemical studies have been applied to characterize the state of the carboxylate and protein-bound phosphate groups in the EDTA-demineralized matrices of rat bone and dentine. The organic phosphate and carboxylate content of demineralized bone is virtually identical to that of purified steer skin collagen whereas demineralized dentine has a significantly higher phosphate and carboxylate content, presumably due to the presence of an acidic non-collagenous phosphoprotein. Two classes of calcium-binding sites can be detected in demineralized bone, demineralized dentine, and purified, reconstituted collagen. The number of strong calcium-binding sites correlates with the number of protein-bound phosphate groups. Depending on the preparative procedure, seven to nine such sites (per collagen molecule) are present in dentine, and one to two in the purified reconstituted collagen and in bone. The binding constant for the dentinal sites (1.1 X 10(4) M-1), however, is 20 times greater than that for bone or reconstituted collagen fibrils from skin. We tentatively conclude that the strong calcium-binding site in bone and reconstituted collagen is of the form protein-PO-4Ca++ whereas in dentine it is of the form protein (formula: see text); the weak binding sites in bone and dentine are of the form protein-COO-Ca++; and that approximately 160 of the 217 carboxylate groups of the collagen molecules of dentine or bone are present as electrostatic linkages of the form protein-COO-+H3N-protein.", "contents": "On the state of anionic groups of demineralized matrices of bone and dentine. Calcium-binding and biochemical studies have been applied to characterize the state of the carboxylate and protein-bound phosphate groups in the EDTA-demineralized matrices of rat bone and dentine. The organic phosphate and carboxylate content of demineralized bone is virtually identical to that of purified steer skin collagen whereas demineralized dentine has a significantly higher phosphate and carboxylate content, presumably due to the presence of an acidic non-collagenous phosphoprotein. Two classes of calcium-binding sites can be detected in demineralized bone, demineralized dentine, and purified, reconstituted collagen. The number of strong calcium-binding sites correlates with the number of protein-bound phosphate groups. Depending on the preparative procedure, seven to nine such sites (per collagen molecule) are present in dentine, and one to two in the purified reconstituted collagen and in bone. The binding constant for the dentinal sites (1.1 X 10(4) M-1), however, is 20 times greater than that for bone or reconstituted collagen fibrils from skin. We tentatively conclude that the strong calcium-binding site in bone and reconstituted collagen is of the form protein-PO-4Ca++ whereas in dentine it is of the form protein (formula: see text); the weak binding sites in bone and dentine are of the form protein-COO-Ca++; and that approximately 160 of the 217 carboxylate groups of the collagen molecules of dentine or bone are present as electrostatic linkages of the form protein-COO-+H3N-protein.", "PMID": 321100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7764", "title": "The use of aminophylline for correction of haemodynamic repercussions of clamping of the aorta.", "content": "Occlusion of the abdominal aorta induces an increased impedance to ejection, leading to a reduction in cardiac output. The magnitude of the haemodynamic disturbances seemed important enough to justify the use of a vasodilator drug. In that respect the use of aminophylline was evaluated in twelve patients. The potentially dangerous increase in systemic resistance is prevented by aminophylline, which effectively neutralizes the increase in afterload. Moreover, a positive inotropic action can be inferred from the increase in stroke volume and ventricular systolic work. It must be stressed that this drug must be withheld in patients with cardiac irritability, for it has a beta-mimetic action.", "contents": "The use of aminophylline for correction of haemodynamic repercussions of clamping of the aorta. Occlusion of the abdominal aorta induces an increased impedance to ejection, leading to a reduction in cardiac output. The magnitude of the haemodynamic disturbances seemed important enough to justify the use of a vasodilator drug. In that respect the use of aminophylline was evaluated in twelve patients. The potentially dangerous increase in systemic resistance is prevented by aminophylline, which effectively neutralizes the increase in afterload. Moreover, a positive inotropic action can be inferred from the increase in stroke volume and ventricular systolic work. It must be stressed that this drug must be withheld in patients with cardiac irritability, for it has a beta-mimetic action.", "PMID": 321102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7765", "title": "Double-blind evaluation of buprenorphine hydrochloride for post-operative pain.", "content": "In a double-blind, random assignment study of four groups of 40 patients, relief of severe pain with buprenorphine hydrochloride 0.2 mg or 0.4 mg was evaluated and compared with morphine sulphate 5 or 10 mg. Evaluations included pain intensity, pain relief, sedation and other effects for up to 12 hours after drug administration, following recovery of wakefulness from anaesthesia for major abdominal surgery. Analyses of five parameters showed that the four groups were statistically comparable and that buprenorphine hydrochloride is at least 50 times more potent than morphine sulphate and has a substantially longer duration of analgesic action. Further clinical evaluation is, therefore, recommended.", "contents": "Double-blind evaluation of buprenorphine hydrochloride for post-operative pain. In a double-blind, random assignment study of four groups of 40 patients, relief of severe pain with buprenorphine hydrochloride 0.2 mg or 0.4 mg was evaluated and compared with morphine sulphate 5 or 10 mg. Evaluations included pain intensity, pain relief, sedation and other effects for up to 12 hours after drug administration, following recovery of wakefulness from anaesthesia for major abdominal surgery. Analyses of five parameters showed that the four groups were statistically comparable and that buprenorphine hydrochloride is at least 50 times more potent than morphine sulphate and has a substantially longer duration of analgesic action. Further clinical evaluation is, therefore, recommended.", "PMID": 321103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7766", "title": "The prevention of autolysis in stored corneas by lysosome stabilization. A histochemical study.", "content": "We wished to determine if dexamethasome, acting as a lysosome stabilizer, could reduce the release and activation of the lysosomal acid hydrolases, and thus retard autolysis of stored corneas. One cornea (experimental) of a rabbit was soaked in a 2 per cent steroid solution and the other cornea (control) in physiological saline for 3 hours at 23 degrees C. The experimental and control corneas were then processed histochemically to show the localization of the lysosomal marker enzymes beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase. Compared to the controls the steroid treated corneas showed reduced enzyme activity suggesting that autolysis during storage had been retarded.", "contents": "The prevention of autolysis in stored corneas by lysosome stabilization. A histochemical study. We wished to determine if dexamethasome, acting as a lysosome stabilizer, could reduce the release and activation of the lysosomal acid hydrolases, and thus retard autolysis of stored corneas. One cornea (experimental) of a rabbit was soaked in a 2 per cent steroid solution and the other cornea (control) in physiological saline for 3 hours at 23 degrees C. The experimental and control corneas were then processed histochemically to show the localization of the lysosomal marker enzymes beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase. Compared to the controls the steroid treated corneas showed reduced enzyme activity suggesting that autolysis during storage had been retarded.", "PMID": 321104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7767", "title": "Systemic sensitization of corneal allograft recipients before the clinical onset of graft reaction.", "content": "We wished to know if full-thickness corneal allografts placed centrally in clear host corneas would cause systemic sensitization. Keratoplasty was done in 13 rabbits and a leucocyte migration inhibition test was done on their systemic blood five to seven days operation using donor specific corneal antigen. All but two animals had positive results (mean inhibition 27% \"/- 2.2) showing that, following keratoplasty, systemic sensitization does occur. Absence of blood vessels and lymphatics thus does not constitute an absolute barrier to sensitization of the recipient.", "contents": "Systemic sensitization of corneal allograft recipients before the clinical onset of graft reaction. We wished to know if full-thickness corneal allografts placed centrally in clear host corneas would cause systemic sensitization. Keratoplasty was done in 13 rabbits and a leucocyte migration inhibition test was done on their systemic blood five to seven days operation using donor specific corneal antigen. All but two animals had positive results (mean inhibition 27% \"/- 2.2) showing that, following keratoplasty, systemic sensitization does occur. Absence of blood vessels and lymphatics thus does not constitute an absolute barrier to sensitization of the recipient.", "PMID": 321105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7768", "title": "Chronic subphrenic abscess: the missed diagnosis.", "content": "This report of a case of chronic subphrenic abscess, with a brief review and recommendations for diagnosis and prevention, draws attention to this clinical entity as a potential cause of chronic ill health. The clinical presentation and laboratory findings in this case were unremarkable. It is clear that the condition can be easily missed and the patient may be exposed unnecessarily to prolonged illness and to inappropriate investigation and therapy.", "contents": "Chronic subphrenic abscess: the missed diagnosis. This report of a case of chronic subphrenic abscess, with a brief review and recommendations for diagnosis and prevention, draws attention to this clinical entity as a potential cause of chronic ill health. The clinical presentation and laboratory findings in this case were unremarkable. It is clear that the condition can be easily missed and the patient may be exposed unnecessarily to prolonged illness and to inappropriate investigation and therapy.", "PMID": 321108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7769", "title": "Radiolucent urinary calculus in a transplant patient: an unsuspected cause of ureteropelvic obstruction.", "content": "The occurrence of nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in the patient who has undergone a renal transplant is rare and is usually related to parathyroid hypersecretion. A case is presented in which the patient had a radiolucent stone that arose as a result of the use of nonabsorbable sutures. It is clear that nonabsorbable sutures. It is clear that nonabsorbable sutures should be avoided in renal allotransplant recipients.", "contents": "Radiolucent urinary calculus in a transplant patient: an unsuspected cause of ureteropelvic obstruction. The occurrence of nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in the patient who has undergone a renal transplant is rare and is usually related to parathyroid hypersecretion. A case is presented in which the patient had a radiolucent stone that arose as a result of the use of nonabsorbable sutures. It is clear that nonabsorbable sutures. It is clear that nonabsorbable sutures should be avoided in renal allotransplant recipients.", "PMID": 321109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7770", "title": "Lung disease in farmers.", "content": "Lung diseases in farmers attributable to their occupation include (a) farmer's lung, caused by exposure to mouldy hay, (b) the asthma caused by exposure to grain dust and (c) silo-filler's disease. Their prevalence in Canada is unknown. Farmer's lung results from inhalation of mould spores in hay; the mechanism is immunologic. The exact cause and mechanism of grain dust asthma are unknown but may be immunologic. Silo-filler's disease is caused by the toxic effects of inhaled nitrogen dioxide.", "contents": "Lung disease in farmers. Lung diseases in farmers attributable to their occupation include (a) farmer's lung, caused by exposure to mouldy hay, (b) the asthma caused by exposure to grain dust and (c) silo-filler's disease. Their prevalence in Canada is unknown. Farmer's lung results from inhalation of mould spores in hay; the mechanism is immunologic. The exact cause and mechanism of grain dust asthma are unknown but may be immunologic. Silo-filler's disease is caused by the toxic effects of inhaled nitrogen dioxide.", "PMID": 321110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7771", "title": "Microsome-mediated mutagenesis in V79 Chinese hamster cells by various nitrosamines.", "content": "A microsome-mediated mutagenesis system has been established with the V79 Chinese hamster cell line. The cells, grown in monolayer, were treated with various nitrosamines in the presence of a postmitochondrial fraction ((S15) from rat liver and a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-generating system for 1 hr, washed and incubated for 2 to 3 hr in fresh culture medium, and then plated for toxicity and mutagenicity assays. Mutation was determined by resistance to 20mug 8-azaguanine per ml. In this assay system, the S15 fraction and cofactors by themselves were not toxic to the cells; dose-related mutagenicity and cytotoxicity were induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) only in the presence of the S15 fraction and cofactors. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbitone led to an approximately 2-fold increase in the mutation rate over that with tissues from untreated rats with concentrations of DMN from 10 to 50 mM, while aminoacetonitrile pretreatment reduced the mutagenic effect. Methylcholanthrene pretreatment resulted in an increase in the mutation frequency with a higher concentration of DMN (50mM). Various other nitrosamines were also assayed in the presence or absence of the S15 fraction from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats and a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating system. With the exception of N-nitrosomethylphenylamine, the carcinogenic nitrosamines (DMN, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-pentylamine, N-nitrosomethyl-n-propylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitroso-N'-methylpiperazine, and N-nitrosomethylphenylamine) were mutagenic to the V79 Chinese hamster cells in the presence of the S15 fraction and cofactors. Neither N-nitrosodiphenylamine nor N-nitrosomethyl-tert-butylamine had a mutagenic effect. These findings show that chemical carcinogens can be tested for mutagenicity in cultured mammalian cells in the presence of a metabolic activation system. The results are discussed in relation to the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of these compounds in other test systems.", "contents": "Microsome-mediated mutagenesis in V79 Chinese hamster cells by various nitrosamines. A microsome-mediated mutagenesis system has been established with the V79 Chinese hamster cell line. The cells, grown in monolayer, were treated with various nitrosamines in the presence of a postmitochondrial fraction ((S15) from rat liver and a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-generating system for 1 hr, washed and incubated for 2 to 3 hr in fresh culture medium, and then plated for toxicity and mutagenicity assays. Mutation was determined by resistance to 20mug 8-azaguanine per ml. In this assay system, the S15 fraction and cofactors by themselves were not toxic to the cells; dose-related mutagenicity and cytotoxicity were induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) only in the presence of the S15 fraction and cofactors. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbitone led to an approximately 2-fold increase in the mutation rate over that with tissues from untreated rats with concentrations of DMN from 10 to 50 mM, while aminoacetonitrile pretreatment reduced the mutagenic effect. Methylcholanthrene pretreatment resulted in an increase in the mutation frequency with a higher concentration of DMN (50mM). Various other nitrosamines were also assayed in the presence or absence of the S15 fraction from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats and a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating system. With the exception of N-nitrosomethylphenylamine, the carcinogenic nitrosamines (DMN, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-pentylamine, N-nitrosomethyl-n-propylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitroso-N'-methylpiperazine, and N-nitrosomethylphenylamine) were mutagenic to the V79 Chinese hamster cells in the presence of the S15 fraction and cofactors. Neither N-nitrosodiphenylamine nor N-nitrosomethyl-tert-butylamine had a mutagenic effect. These findings show that chemical carcinogens can be tested for mutagenicity in cultured mammalian cells in the presence of a metabolic activation system. The results are discussed in relation to the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of these compounds in other test systems.", "PMID": 321116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7772", "title": "Effects of methanol extraction residue of Bacillus calmette-Gu\u00e9rin in humans.", "content": "Forty patients with histologically confirmed neoplastic diseases were treated with the methanol extraction residue of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (MER). Thirty-six received concomitant chemotherapy. MER was initially given intradermally twice a month, 1 week apart, at a dose of 200 mug into each of five sites draining different lymph node-bearing areas on the anterior body surface. Thirty-seven patients developed local ulcerations at least 0.5 cm in diameter at MER injection sites. Typical lesion evolution was characterized by erythema and induration followed by vesicle formation and central necrosis. Either granulation tissue or a thick nonulcerated eschar preceded healing, leaving a linear, flat scar. Systemic toxicity consisted of malaise, fever, and myalgias on the day of MER administration. No hematological or biochemical changes directly attributable to MER were observed. Dose titrations in decreasing 10-fold dilutions in a linear array in a single anatomical region were carried out on 35 occasions. All patients but three developed at least a 5-mm induration to the 1-mug dose within 2 weeks of titration. Dose reductions were necessary in 19 instances. The minimal dose that produced a 1-cm inflammatory lesion with central necrosis was 0.01 mug. Serial biopsies were performed. These indicated a time-related series of changes from a nonspecific inflammatory lesion to an acute inflammatory response with microabscesses, followed by noncaseating granulomata and ultimately fibrosis. MER is a quantifiable nonviable immunostimulant that obeys dose-response relationships in its cutaneous lesions.", "contents": "Effects of methanol extraction residue of Bacillus calmette-Gu\u00e9rin in humans. Forty patients with histologically confirmed neoplastic diseases were treated with the methanol extraction residue of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (MER). Thirty-six received concomitant chemotherapy. MER was initially given intradermally twice a month, 1 week apart, at a dose of 200 mug into each of five sites draining different lymph node-bearing areas on the anterior body surface. Thirty-seven patients developed local ulcerations at least 0.5 cm in diameter at MER injection sites. Typical lesion evolution was characterized by erythema and induration followed by vesicle formation and central necrosis. Either granulation tissue or a thick nonulcerated eschar preceded healing, leaving a linear, flat scar. Systemic toxicity consisted of malaise, fever, and myalgias on the day of MER administration. No hematological or biochemical changes directly attributable to MER were observed. Dose titrations in decreasing 10-fold dilutions in a linear array in a single anatomical region were carried out on 35 occasions. All patients but three developed at least a 5-mm induration to the 1-mug dose within 2 weeks of titration. Dose reductions were necessary in 19 instances. The minimal dose that produced a 1-cm inflammatory lesion with central necrosis was 0.01 mug. Serial biopsies were performed. These indicated a time-related series of changes from a nonspecific inflammatory lesion to an acute inflammatory response with microabscesses, followed by noncaseating granulomata and ultimately fibrosis. MER is a quantifiable nonviable immunostimulant that obeys dose-response relationships in its cutaneous lesions.", "PMID": 321117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7773", "title": "Effects of cyclophosphamide and of busulfan on spleen colony-forming units and on hematopoietic stroma.", "content": "The effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) and busulfan (BU) on the hematopoietic stromal function (HS-P) of mouse marrow were evaluated. Stromal function of femoral marrow was assessed by implanting the test femur s.c. into an isogeneic host and determining the number of CFU-S in the implant 6 weeks later. Since the CFU-S have been shown previously to be primarily of host origin, this presumably measures the abilit- of donor hematopoietic sites to harbor host CFU-S. After injection of CY, the number of CFU-S in the marrow fell but recovered to normal within 6 weeks. The HS-P function fell to half-normal after 10 mg of CY and did not regenerate detectably in 6 weeks. On the other hand, 2 mg of BU i.p. caused a lesser initial decline in the number of CFU-S, but recovery was still incomplete after 6 weeks. BU given p.o. had a more marked effect on CFU-S and caused a significant decline in the HS-P function. Doses of CY (5 mg/dose) given intermittently appear to cause cumulative damage to HS-P function. HS-P function did not, in any experiment, recover significantly in the 6 weeks following the last dose of CY. This result suggests that large doses of the alkylating agent CY causes prolonged and perhaps permanent HS-P damage. This damage to the HS-P is cumulative when the CY is given at weekly intervals. Despite lack of HS-P recovery, CFU-S regenerate rapidly after CY therapy is stopped. On the other hand, BU also causes damage to the HS-P. However, even when BU is given at a dosage that does not significantly affect the HS-P, CFU-S recovery is delayed, suggesting that BU affects the CFU-S in a manner that differs qualitatively from that of CY.", "contents": "Effects of cyclophosphamide and of busulfan on spleen colony-forming units and on hematopoietic stroma. The effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) and busulfan (BU) on the hematopoietic stromal function (HS-P) of mouse marrow were evaluated. Stromal function of femoral marrow was assessed by implanting the test femur s.c. into an isogeneic host and determining the number of CFU-S in the implant 6 weeks later. Since the CFU-S have been shown previously to be primarily of host origin, this presumably measures the abilit- of donor hematopoietic sites to harbor host CFU-S. After injection of CY, the number of CFU-S in the marrow fell but recovered to normal within 6 weeks. The HS-P function fell to half-normal after 10 mg of CY and did not regenerate detectably in 6 weeks. On the other hand, 2 mg of BU i.p. caused a lesser initial decline in the number of CFU-S, but recovery was still incomplete after 6 weeks. BU given p.o. had a more marked effect on CFU-S and caused a significant decline in the HS-P function. Doses of CY (5 mg/dose) given intermittently appear to cause cumulative damage to HS-P function. HS-P function did not, in any experiment, recover significantly in the 6 weeks following the last dose of CY. This result suggests that large doses of the alkylating agent CY causes prolonged and perhaps permanent HS-P damage. This damage to the HS-P is cumulative when the CY is given at weekly intervals. Despite lack of HS-P recovery, CFU-S regenerate rapidly after CY therapy is stopped. On the other hand, BU also causes damage to the HS-P. However, even when BU is given at a dosage that does not significantly affect the HS-P, CFU-S recovery is delayed, suggesting that BU affects the CFU-S in a manner that differs qualitatively from that of CY.", "PMID": 321118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7774", "title": "Effects on gonadal function by lesioning tanycytes in the median eminence of the rat and Japanese Quail.", "content": "The ependymal linings of the median eminence were destroyed by electric cautery or intraventricular injection of picric acid in the rat and Japanese quail. In these animals the ventricular lumen near the median eminence disappeared due to adhesion of lesioned walls on both sides of the third ventricle. Electric lesions of the ependymal layer containing tanycytes did not induce appreciable disturbance in the estrous cycles. Rats in which tanycytes were lesioned by picric acid displayed 4-day estrous cycles after prolonged diestrus (10-22 days). After destruction of tanycytes in the quail, a photostimulated gonadal growth was observed. It is concluded that the tanycyte transport of the ventricular fluid to capillaries of the portal vessels appears unnecessary for maintenance of adenohypophysial gonadotrophic activities.", "contents": "Effects on gonadal function by lesioning tanycytes in the median eminence of the rat and Japanese Quail. The ependymal linings of the median eminence were destroyed by electric cautery or intraventricular injection of picric acid in the rat and Japanese quail. In these animals the ventricular lumen near the median eminence disappeared due to adhesion of lesioned walls on both sides of the third ventricle. Electric lesions of the ependymal layer containing tanycytes did not induce appreciable disturbance in the estrous cycles. Rats in which tanycytes were lesioned by picric acid displayed 4-day estrous cycles after prolonged diestrus (10-22 days). After destruction of tanycytes in the quail, a photostimulated gonadal growth was observed. It is concluded that the tanycyte transport of the ventricular fluid to capillaries of the portal vessels appears unnecessary for maintenance of adenohypophysial gonadotrophic activities.", "PMID": 321123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7775", "title": "Electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of separate mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic nerve fibres in the pars intermedia of the amphibian hypophysis.", "content": "With the use of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method at the electron microscopic level, it has been shown that the pars intermedia of the hypophysis of Rana temporaria contains a diffuse intercellular network of separate mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic nerve fibres.", "contents": "Electron microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of separate mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic nerve fibres in the pars intermedia of the amphibian hypophysis. With the use of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method at the electron microscopic level, it has been shown that the pars intermedia of the hypophysis of Rana temporaria contains a diffuse intercellular network of separate mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic nerve fibres.", "PMID": 321124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7776", "title": "Ontogeny of rat pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells.", "content": "Cells storing pancreatic polypeptide (PP) appear in rat pancreas at the time of parturition, much later than insulin and glucagon cells. At this stage, the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells occur scattered in the exocrine parenchyma and in the islets. Subsequently, 5-7 days postnatally, an abrupt increase in the number of PP cells occurs. At this stage, they are fairly numerous in the islets and comparatively rare in the exocrine parenchyma. Not until 8-10 days after birth is the number of PP cells similar to that in the adult pancreas. A few PP cells were seen in the antral mucosa during the first 10 days after birth. They were not seen elsewhere in the gut.", "contents": "Ontogeny of rat pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells. Cells storing pancreatic polypeptide (PP) appear in rat pancreas at the time of parturition, much later than insulin and glucagon cells. At this stage, the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells occur scattered in the exocrine parenchyma and in the islets. Subsequently, 5-7 days postnatally, an abrupt increase in the number of PP cells occurs. At this stage, they are fairly numerous in the islets and comparatively rare in the exocrine parenchyma. Not until 8-10 days after birth is the number of PP cells similar to that in the adult pancreas. A few PP cells were seen in the antral mucosa during the first 10 days after birth. They were not seen elsewhere in the gut.", "PMID": 321125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7777", "title": "Effect of alloxan on rat pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells.", "content": "Injection of alloxan caused an almost total disappearance of insulin cells in the rat pancreas. Planimetric analysis revealed a 50 per cent reduction of the mean islet volume. The number of immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells per sectioned islet was significantly increased, and the PP cell volume per islet doubled. Assuming an unchanged number of islets, the results indicate an increase in total PP cell mass following alloxan administration.", "contents": "Effect of alloxan on rat pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells. Injection of alloxan caused an almost total disappearance of insulin cells in the rat pancreas. Planimetric analysis revealed a 50 per cent reduction of the mean islet volume. The number of immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells per sectioned islet was significantly increased, and the PP cell volume per islet doubled. Assuming an unchanged number of islets, the results indicate an increase in total PP cell mass following alloxan administration.", "PMID": 321126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7778", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of neurotensin in endocrine cells of the gut.", "content": "Endocrine cells displaying neurotensin immunoreactivity are found scattered in the jejuno-ileum of all mammals studied, including man. They are rather scarce in rat, guinea pig, rabbit and pig and fairly numerous in cat, dog and man. In most mammals the neurotensin cells predominate on the villi. Only in the dog are they more numerous in the crypts. In the chicken, neurotensin cells occur all along the intestinal tract. They are particularly numerous in the zone that joins the gizzard with the duodenum. The ontogeny of the neurotensin cells in the gut was studied in rats and chickens. In the rat, the cells are first observed in the jejuno-ileum immediately before birth. The adult frequency is reached 4-5 days later. In the chicken, neurotensin cells first appear in the colon in the 18 day old embryo and in the small intestine two days later (i.e. one or two days before hatching). A few days after hatching, the gut has achieved the adult number of neurotensin cells per unit area.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of neurotensin in endocrine cells of the gut. Endocrine cells displaying neurotensin immunoreactivity are found scattered in the jejuno-ileum of all mammals studied, including man. They are rather scarce in rat, guinea pig, rabbit and pig and fairly numerous in cat, dog and man. In most mammals the neurotensin cells predominate on the villi. Only in the dog are they more numerous in the crypts. In the chicken, neurotensin cells occur all along the intestinal tract. They are particularly numerous in the zone that joins the gizzard with the duodenum. The ontogeny of the neurotensin cells in the gut was studied in rats and chickens. In the rat, the cells are first observed in the jejuno-ileum immediately before birth. The adult frequency is reached 4-5 days later. In the chicken, neurotensin cells first appear in the colon in the 18 day old embryo and in the small intestine two days later (i.e. one or two days before hatching). A few days after hatching, the gut has achieved the adult number of neurotensin cells per unit area.", "PMID": 321127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7779", "title": "Alteration in cell surface LETS protein during myogenesis.", "content": "Cell surface alterations during myogenesis have been investigated in Yaffe's myogenic cell line L8, using indirect immunofluorescence with an antibody against the large external transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein. The immunofluorescent technique reveals a susbstantial alteration in the distribution of this surface antigen. With the prefused myoblasts, LETS protein is dispersed all over the cell surface; following myoblast fusion, this pattern is markedly changed. All of the fibril-like surface LETS protein disappears, and in some myotubes, discrete clusters of LETS protein become conspicuous. By use of radioimmunological assay, the total LETS protein is quantitatively reduced upon myoblast fusion.", "contents": "Alteration in cell surface LETS protein during myogenesis. Cell surface alterations during myogenesis have been investigated in Yaffe's myogenic cell line L8, using indirect immunofluorescence with an antibody against the large external transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein. The immunofluorescent technique reveals a susbstantial alteration in the distribution of this surface antigen. With the prefused myoblasts, LETS protein is dispersed all over the cell surface; following myoblast fusion, this pattern is markedly changed. All of the fibril-like surface LETS protein disappears, and in some myotubes, discrete clusters of LETS protein become conspicuous. By use of radioimmunological assay, the total LETS protein is quantitatively reduced upon myoblast fusion.", "PMID": 321128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7780", "title": "Number and distribution of polyadenylated RNA sequences in yeast.", "content": "The poly(A)-containing RNA, isolated from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been characterized with regard to the number and distribution of sequences by a kinetic analysis of RNA-cDNA hybridization. In agreement with results previously obtained on metazoan eucaryotes (Bishop et al., 1974), discrete complexity classes were observed. There exist low, medium, and high complexity classes which contain approximately 20, 400, and 2400 sequences, respectively. This measurements of the number of sequences has been verified by hybridization with single copy DNA. 20% of the single copy fraction of the yeast genome is rendered double-stranded by poly(A)-containing RNA. Assuming asymmetric transcription, this is equivalent to approximately 4000 poly(A)-containing sequences, verifying the results obtained with RNA-cDNA hybridization. In addition, the first-order kinetics of the hybridization with single copy DNA verified the notion that most of the sequence complexity is present at the same intracellular concentration. The same number and distribution of sequences were found in poly(A)-containing polysomal RNA and in total RNA, suggesting that most or all of the sequence complexity is on polysomes and is adenylated. The results indicate that RNA-cDNA hybridization is an accurate method for determining sequence complexity values and that yeast, grown under vegetative conditions, has 3000-4000 different mRNA sequences.", "contents": "Number and distribution of polyadenylated RNA sequences in yeast. The poly(A)-containing RNA, isolated from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been characterized with regard to the number and distribution of sequences by a kinetic analysis of RNA-cDNA hybridization. In agreement with results previously obtained on metazoan eucaryotes (Bishop et al., 1974), discrete complexity classes were observed. There exist low, medium, and high complexity classes which contain approximately 20, 400, and 2400 sequences, respectively. This measurements of the number of sequences has been verified by hybridization with single copy DNA. 20% of the single copy fraction of the yeast genome is rendered double-stranded by poly(A)-containing RNA. Assuming asymmetric transcription, this is equivalent to approximately 4000 poly(A)-containing sequences, verifying the results obtained with RNA-cDNA hybridization. In addition, the first-order kinetics of the hybridization with single copy DNA verified the notion that most of the sequence complexity is present at the same intracellular concentration. The same number and distribution of sequences were found in poly(A)-containing polysomal RNA and in total RNA, suggesting that most or all of the sequence complexity is on polysomes and is adenylated. The results indicate that RNA-cDNA hybridization is an accurate method for determining sequence complexity values and that yeast, grown under vegetative conditions, has 3000-4000 different mRNA sequences.", "PMID": 321129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7781", "title": "Regulation of a set of abundant mRNA sequences.", "content": "The temperature-sensitive mutant of yeast, rna2-, when incubated at the nonpermissive temperature, has a qualitatively distinct distribution of mRNA sequences as compared to wild-type. Quantitative comparison with the wild-type distribution indicates that after 1 hr at the nonpermissive temperature, the concentration of approximately 100-150 abundant sequences is significantly decreased. Control experiments indicate that this effect is not simply a function of the increase in incubation temperature nor a general effect on all mRNAs. Gorenstein and Warner (1976) have shown that the synthesis of ribosomal proteins is preferentially depressed at the non-permissive temperature in rna2-. It is proposed that among these 100-150 sequences are the mRNAs which code for the ribosomal proteins.", "contents": "Regulation of a set of abundant mRNA sequences. The temperature-sensitive mutant of yeast, rna2-, when incubated at the nonpermissive temperature, has a qualitatively distinct distribution of mRNA sequences as compared to wild-type. Quantitative comparison with the wild-type distribution indicates that after 1 hr at the nonpermissive temperature, the concentration of approximately 100-150 abundant sequences is significantly decreased. Control experiments indicate that this effect is not simply a function of the increase in incubation temperature nor a general effect on all mRNAs. Gorenstein and Warner (1976) have shown that the synthesis of ribosomal proteins is preferentially depressed at the non-permissive temperature in rna2-. It is proposed that among these 100-150 sequences are the mRNAs which code for the ribosomal proteins.", "PMID": 321130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7782", "title": "Augmentation of serum CPK activity by digitalis in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effect of acetyl strophanthanin on the rate of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) efflux was evaluated in 59 predominantly class I and II patients randomly allocated between treated and control. Therapy (0.5 mg) was begun 11-15 hours after the onset of symptoms and repeated four hours later (0.25 mg). Accumulated CPK activity (ACA) was determined from serial serum CPK changes sampled every two hours and compared to predicted CPK activity (PCA) determined from the first seven hours of CPK changes. In the control group, ACA was not significantly different from PCA. Digitalis consistently resulted in an augmentation of CPK efflux into serum which was temporally related to drug administration and resulted in a corresponding increase in ACA (P less than 0.001). Thus acetyl strophanthanin appears to increase apparent CPK activity in serum in class I and II patients.", "contents": "Augmentation of serum CPK activity by digitalis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The effect of acetyl strophanthanin on the rate of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) efflux was evaluated in 59 predominantly class I and II patients randomly allocated between treated and control. Therapy (0.5 mg) was begun 11-15 hours after the onset of symptoms and repeated four hours later (0.25 mg). Accumulated CPK activity (ACA) was determined from serial serum CPK changes sampled every two hours and compared to predicted CPK activity (PCA) determined from the first seven hours of CPK changes. In the control group, ACA was not significantly different from PCA. Digitalis consistently resulted in an augmentation of CPK efflux into serum which was temporally related to drug administration and resulted in a corresponding increase in ACA (P less than 0.001). Thus acetyl strophanthanin appears to increase apparent CPK activity in serum in class I and II patients.", "PMID": 321147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7783", "title": "Assay of phenobarbital: adaption of \"EMIT\" to the centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "We have adapted the centrifugal analyzer to the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (\"EMIT\") for phenobarbital. The assay was modified to give greater range and sensitivity, and less reagent is needed. The transfer disc is prepared with totally automatic pipetting. Results are calculated with a micro-computer that provides a logit transformation of absorbance data. Precision and accuracy are excellent, and results correlate well with those by gas-liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Assay of phenobarbital: adaption of \"EMIT\" to the centrifugal analyzer. We have adapted the centrifugal analyzer to the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (\"EMIT\") for phenobarbital. The assay was modified to give greater range and sensitivity, and less reagent is needed. The transfer disc is prepared with totally automatic pipetting. Results are calculated with a micro-computer that provides a logit transformation of absorbance data. Precision and accuracy are excellent, and results correlate well with those by gas-liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 321148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7784", "title": "Specific conductivity of urine and sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay methods of analysis for drugs of abuse.", "content": "We studied the sensitivity of the EMIT assays of amphetamine, benzodiazepines (diazepam), methadone, opiates (morphine), and propoxyphene at different specific conductivities in urine. The specific conductivity was varied by adding NaCl. For a sensitivity of 0.5 mg of drug per liter,  the urine must have a specific conductivity of less than about 35 mS/cm in all these assays except that for benzodiazepine, for which it must be less than about 20 mS/cm.", "contents": "Specific conductivity of urine and sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay methods of analysis for drugs of abuse. We studied the sensitivity of the EMIT assays of amphetamine, benzodiazepines (diazepam), methadone, opiates (morphine), and propoxyphene at different specific conductivities in urine. The specific conductivity was varied by adding NaCl. For a sensitivity of 0.5 mg of drug per liter,  the urine must have a specific conductivity of less than about 35 mS/cm in all these assays except that for benzodiazepine, for which it must be less than about 20 mS/cm.", "PMID": 321149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7785", "title": "Octopamine and ammonia plasma levels in hepatic encephalopathy.", "content": "It has been recently proposed that hepatic encephalopathy could be due to the accumulation of octopamine acting as a false neurotransmitter, and the increase of ammonia might reflect this accumulation. The simultaneous determination of octopamine and ammonia was performed in 88 cases with or without encephalopathy. The correlation between the two substances appeared to be good (P less than 0.01; r = 0.5), except in shunted patients. All the cases with low octopamine and high ammonia were patients who had been submitted to surgical portal-systemic anastomosis. This finding does not seem to be coincidental; in this type of patients, the mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy could involve other beta-hydroxyphenylethanolamines in addition to octopamine. The presence of the inhibition of the reaction of transmethylation constantly observed during octopamine plasma assay is in favour of this hypothesis.", "contents": "Octopamine and ammonia plasma levels in hepatic encephalopathy. It has been recently proposed that hepatic encephalopathy could be due to the accumulation of octopamine acting as a false neurotransmitter, and the increase of ammonia might reflect this accumulation. The simultaneous determination of octopamine and ammonia was performed in 88 cases with or without encephalopathy. The correlation between the two substances appeared to be good (P less than 0.01; r = 0.5), except in shunted patients. All the cases with low octopamine and high ammonia were patients who had been submitted to surgical portal-systemic anastomosis. This finding does not seem to be coincidental; in this type of patients, the mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy could involve other beta-hydroxyphenylethanolamines in addition to octopamine. The presence of the inhibition of the reaction of transmethylation constantly observed during octopamine plasma assay is in favour of this hypothesis.", "PMID": 321153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7786", "title": "Luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone in normal and impotent men following LHRH and HCG stimulation.", "content": "The effect of synthetic LHRH on plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, testosterone and testosterone response to i.v. HCG was studied in fifteen normal men and in fifteen men with impotence. The mean basal concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone in the men with impotence were not significantly different from those of the normal group. A normal response of gonadotrophins and testosterone was also observed. It is concluded that a normal pituitary sensitivity to synthetic LHRH and a normal response to endogenous and exogenous gonadotrophins exist in this particular disorder.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone in normal and impotent men following LHRH and HCG stimulation. The effect of synthetic LHRH on plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, testosterone and testosterone response to i.v. HCG was studied in fifteen normal men and in fifteen men with impotence. The mean basal concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone in the men with impotence were not significantly different from those of the normal group. A normal response of gonadotrophins and testosterone was also observed. It is concluded that a normal pituitary sensitivity to synthetic LHRH and a normal response to endogenous and exogenous gonadotrophins exist in this particular disorder.", "PMID": 321154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7787", "title": "Haemolytic assays in agarose plates for components of the classical complement pathway: interference by the alternative pathway.", "content": "It has been observed that when serum C6 is measured by the haemolytic radial diffusion technique a heat labile factor limits the size of the haemolytic rings. This reduction is haemolysis has been shown to be due to alternative pathway activation of C6 in the agarose plate; and that the heat labile factor is Factor B of the alternative pathway. This phenomenon is of practical importance when assaying for C6; however, it does not explain the observations of a C6 inactivator reported by Nelson & Biro (1968).", "contents": "Haemolytic assays in agarose plates for components of the classical complement pathway: interference by the alternative pathway. It has been observed that when serum C6 is measured by the haemolytic radial diffusion technique a heat labile factor limits the size of the haemolytic rings. This reduction is haemolysis has been shown to be due to alternative pathway activation of C6 in the agarose plate; and that the heat labile factor is Factor B of the alternative pathway. This phenomenon is of practical importance when assaying for C6; however, it does not explain the observations of a C6 inactivator reported by Nelson & Biro (1968).", "PMID": 321155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7788", "title": "A functional comparison of blood and gingival inflammatory polymorphonuclear leucocytes in man.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the human gingival crevice (CREV-PMN) have a defective phagocytic capacity when compared with peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PB-PMN) from the same individual. In a study of fourteen clinically healthy subjects, significantly smaller numbers of CREV-PMN phagocytosed fewer Candida albicans blastospores as compared with PB-PMN. The intracellularkilling capacity of the two cell populations was similar. Removal of specific antibody but not complement significantly depressed blastospore uptake by both cell types. It is postulated that the intrinsic defect of the CREV-PMN is acquired in vivo and may be a general property of PMN from inflammatory sites.", "contents": "A functional comparison of blood and gingival inflammatory polymorphonuclear leucocytes in man. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the human gingival crevice (CREV-PMN) have a defective phagocytic capacity when compared with peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PB-PMN) from the same individual. In a study of fourteen clinically healthy subjects, significantly smaller numbers of CREV-PMN phagocytosed fewer Candida albicans blastospores as compared with PB-PMN. The intracellularkilling capacity of the two cell populations was similar. Removal of specific antibody but not complement significantly depressed blastospore uptake by both cell types. It is postulated that the intrinsic defect of the CREV-PMN is acquired in vivo and may be a general property of PMN from inflammatory sites.", "PMID": 321156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7789", "title": "Drug-induced immunological unresponsiveness: selective inhibition of T-cell 'helper function' by cyclophosphamide in mice pretreated with phytohaemagglutinin.", "content": "Studies involving the combined use of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and cyclophosphamide (CY) indicate that both agents can act together to produce immunological unresponsiveness: following injection of PHA into mice, splenic DNA synthetic responses [14C]thymidine incorporation) and haemolysin plaque formation against sheep red blood cells were determined in daily intervals. Both immunosuppression and DNA synthetic activity were maximally developed 5 days after treatment with PHA. Administration of CY at this time resulted in immunological unresponsiveness lasting for about 18 days. Antibody production could be completely restored with antigen-activated T cells (but not with B cells), thus indicating a selective inhibition of T-cell 'helper function' in mice treated with PHA and CY. This observation is consistent with the general assumption that cells involved in the response to PHA are predominantly T cells. Apparently, these cells are highly sensitive to an inactivation by CY after stimulation with PHA.", "contents": "Drug-induced immunological unresponsiveness: selective inhibition of T-cell 'helper function' by cyclophosphamide in mice pretreated with phytohaemagglutinin. Studies involving the combined use of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and cyclophosphamide (CY) indicate that both agents can act together to produce immunological unresponsiveness: following injection of PHA into mice, splenic DNA synthetic responses [14C]thymidine incorporation) and haemolysin plaque formation against sheep red blood cells were determined in daily intervals. Both immunosuppression and DNA synthetic activity were maximally developed 5 days after treatment with PHA. Administration of CY at this time resulted in immunological unresponsiveness lasting for about 18 days. Antibody production could be completely restored with antigen-activated T cells (but not with B cells), thus indicating a selective inhibition of T-cell 'helper function' in mice treated with PHA and CY. This observation is consistent with the general assumption that cells involved in the response to PHA are predominantly T cells. Apparently, these cells are highly sensitive to an inactivation by CY after stimulation with PHA.", "PMID": 321157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7790", "title": "A defect of the alternative pathway of complement.", "content": "The sera of patients defective at opsonization for yeast phagocytosis fix haemolytic complement poorly following incubation with the alternative pathway complement activators, inulin and bacterial endotoxin. This suggests that the defect lies early in the alternative pathway of complement.", "contents": "A defect of the alternative pathway of complement. The sera of patients defective at opsonization for yeast phagocytosis fix haemolytic complement poorly following incubation with the alternative pathway complement activators, inulin and bacterial endotoxin. This suggests that the defect lies early in the alternative pathway of complement.", "PMID": 321158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7791", "title": "Streptococcal cross-reacting antigen and the bundle of His.", "content": "Five sera raised in rabbits against three strains of Streptococcus pyogenes (grown in semi-synthetic media) were shown by immunofluorescence to have antibodies reacting with both myocardial and conducting fibres. The pattern of staining on the conducting fibres was different to that on myocardial fibres and suggested the presence of larger amounts of cross-reacting antigen. Most work was done on ox heart, but the results were confirmed on human heart and rabbit heart. Absorption studies, carried out with three sera on ox heart only, showed that absorption with the homologous organism abolished in parallel the staining of both types of fibre. Absorption with heterologous organisms was less effective indicating the existence of more than one cardiac cross-reacting antigen. Absorption with myocardium, suggested that the conducting fibres contained streptococcal cross-reacting antigens additional to those found in the contractile fibres.", "contents": "Streptococcal cross-reacting antigen and the bundle of His. Five sera raised in rabbits against three strains of Streptococcus pyogenes (grown in semi-synthetic media) were shown by immunofluorescence to have antibodies reacting with both myocardial and conducting fibres. The pattern of staining on the conducting fibres was different to that on myocardial fibres and suggested the presence of larger amounts of cross-reacting antigen. Most work was done on ox heart, but the results were confirmed on human heart and rabbit heart. Absorption studies, carried out with three sera on ox heart only, showed that absorption with the homologous organism abolished in parallel the staining of both types of fibre. Absorption with heterologous organisms was less effective indicating the existence of more than one cardiac cross-reacting antigen. Absorption with myocardium, suggested that the conducting fibres contained streptococcal cross-reacting antigens additional to those found in the contractile fibres.", "PMID": 321159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7792", "title": "The reactivity of the antistriational antibodies associated with thymoma and myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Using immunofluorescence forty-nine sera giving striational staining of skeletal and cardiac muscle have been tested on glycerinated myofibrils. By comparing immunofluorescence and phase contrast it has been found that these antibodies are rather heterogeneous but at least three different staining patterns can be identified. Some patterns may be associated with the presence of a thymoma or may be induced by penicillamine treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Routine screening for antistriational antibodies may lead to the recognition of undiagnosed myasthenia gravis and thymoma. Antistriational autoantibodies may be useful in the further study of the structure and function of the sarcomere.", "contents": "The reactivity of the antistriational antibodies associated with thymoma and myasthenia gravis. Using immunofluorescence forty-nine sera giving striational staining of skeletal and cardiac muscle have been tested on glycerinated myofibrils. By comparing immunofluorescence and phase contrast it has been found that these antibodies are rather heterogeneous but at least three different staining patterns can be identified. Some patterns may be associated with the presence of a thymoma or may be induced by penicillamine treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Routine screening for antistriational antibodies may lead to the recognition of undiagnosed myasthenia gravis and thymoma. Antistriational autoantibodies may be useful in the further study of the structure and function of the sarcomere.", "PMID": 321160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7793", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in an ageing population.", "content": "Eight hundred and eighty patients hospitalized in a geriatric hospital were routinely tested with 2, 10, 30 and 100 i.u. tuberculin. Among these, fifty-four patients were selected on the basis of negative skin tests and absence of evident diseases interfering with the function of the immune apparatus. A battery of tests analysing cell-mediated immunity was applied to those fifty-four patients. It appears that elderly patients having a negative test to 100 i.u. tuberculin show very infrequent sensitization to three other thymus-dependent antigens. The capacity of this selected population to become sensitized to DNCB is poor (20%). Furthermore they exhibit a low per cent of peripheral blood T cells (36%) and a poor capacity to respond in vitro to mitogens such as PHA. Testing the in vitro response to a battery of antigens demonstrates a good correlation with the results of the skin tests. Finally the leucocytes of 25% of this selected population failed to produce LIF in vitro in the presence of PHA. These results suggest not only an absolute decrease in the population of circulating T lymphocytes in those elderly humans; but very likely, at least in some cases, a functional impairment of T cells.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in an ageing population. Eight hundred and eighty patients hospitalized in a geriatric hospital were routinely tested with 2, 10, 30 and 100 i.u. tuberculin. Among these, fifty-four patients were selected on the basis of negative skin tests and absence of evident diseases interfering with the function of the immune apparatus. A battery of tests analysing cell-mediated immunity was applied to those fifty-four patients. It appears that elderly patients having a negative test to 100 i.u. tuberculin show very infrequent sensitization to three other thymus-dependent antigens. The capacity of this selected population to become sensitized to DNCB is poor (20%). Furthermore they exhibit a low per cent of peripheral blood T cells (36%) and a poor capacity to respond in vitro to mitogens such as PHA. Testing the in vitro response to a battery of antigens demonstrates a good correlation with the results of the skin tests. Finally the leucocytes of 25% of this selected population failed to produce LIF in vitro in the presence of PHA. These results suggest not only an absolute decrease in the population of circulating T lymphocytes in those elderly humans; but very likely, at least in some cases, a functional impairment of T cells.", "PMID": 321161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7794", "title": "Retrospective screening for lymphocyte-dependent antibody in recipients of renal transplants.", "content": "Pretransplant sera from thirty-two patients who had received cadaveric renal transplants were screened retrospectively for lymphocyte-dependent antibody (LDA). An 18-hr 51Cr-release assay, using neat serum and an effector: target ratio of 10:1 was employed, each serum being screened against 10 normal target cells. Ten per cent of all reactions tested were positive, compared with 2% when ten normal sera were screened in the same way. No relationship between the presence of LDA pregraft, and the subsequent course of the renal allograft, was apparent in the group as a whole. Patients who had received blood transfusions and who developed LDA before transplantation, had marginally worse graft courses than transfused patients who did not develop LDA, but the difference was not significant. Eight male patients who had never been transfused, nevertheless were found to have LDA. Twelve patients were screened postoperatively for LDA, but only five out of 433 sera tested were positive. It appears that pregraft LDA do not influence the course of a subsequent renal transplant, nor does the appearance of LDA after transplantation allow prediction of acute rejection episodes,", "contents": "Retrospective screening for lymphocyte-dependent antibody in recipients of renal transplants. Pretransplant sera from thirty-two patients who had received cadaveric renal transplants were screened retrospectively for lymphocyte-dependent antibody (LDA). An 18-hr 51Cr-release assay, using neat serum and an effector: target ratio of 10:1 was employed, each serum being screened against 10 normal target cells. Ten per cent of all reactions tested were positive, compared with 2% when ten normal sera were screened in the same way. No relationship between the presence of LDA pregraft, and the subsequent course of the renal allograft, was apparent in the group as a whole. Patients who had received blood transfusions and who developed LDA before transplantation, had marginally worse graft courses than transfused patients who did not develop LDA, but the difference was not significant. Eight male patients who had never been transfused, nevertheless were found to have LDA. Twelve patients were screened postoperatively for LDA, but only five out of 433 sera tested were positive. It appears that pregraft LDA do not influence the course of a subsequent renal transplant, nor does the appearance of LDA after transplantation allow prediction of acute rejection episodes,", "PMID": 321162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7795", "title": "Experimental smooth muscle antibodies.", "content": "Attempts were made to induce smooth muscle antibody (SMA) in rats by various procedures causing cell necrosis. Ligation of a liver lobe and cryosurgical damage to a liver lobe both resulted in subsequent appearance of SMA, provided the damage tissue was not removed. Transfer of the damaged liver tissue to the peritoneal cavity of a normal rat did not result in SMA production in the recipient. The SMA produced showed anti-actin and anti-heavy meromyosin specificity. Damage induced by hepatotoxic agents failed to give rise to SMA.", "contents": "Experimental smooth muscle antibodies. Attempts were made to induce smooth muscle antibody (SMA) in rats by various procedures causing cell necrosis. Ligation of a liver lobe and cryosurgical damage to a liver lobe both resulted in subsequent appearance of SMA, provided the damage tissue was not removed. Transfer of the damaged liver tissue to the peritoneal cavity of a normal rat did not result in SMA production in the recipient. The SMA produced showed anti-actin and anti-heavy meromyosin specificity. Damage induced by hepatotoxic agents failed to give rise to SMA.", "PMID": 321163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7796", "title": "T lymphocytes bearing complement receptors in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "A patient is described who presented with a disease clinically resembling chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy, pleural and peritoneal effusions, a blood lymphocyte count of 700,000/mul and failure to respond to conventional therapy. At least 95% of these cells formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E) and with erythrocytes coated with 19S antibodies and complement (EAC). All of these cells bound rabbit anti-human thymocyte serum; this serum bound to 0--22% of the lymphocytes from twenty other patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. These unusual cells did not bear surface immunoglobulin detectable by immunofluorescence. The clinical and cellular features of this malignancy are compared to previously reported cases of T cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. As this case illustrates, T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia may present without skin lesions and may be a more aggressive disease than the more common B-cell neoplasm.", "contents": "T lymphocytes bearing complement receptors in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. A patient is described who presented with a disease clinically resembling chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy, pleural and peritoneal effusions, a blood lymphocyte count of 700,000/mul and failure to respond to conventional therapy. At least 95% of these cells formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E) and with erythrocytes coated with 19S antibodies and complement (EAC). All of these cells bound rabbit anti-human thymocyte serum; this serum bound to 0--22% of the lymphocytes from twenty other patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. These unusual cells did not bear surface immunoglobulin detectable by immunofluorescence. The clinical and cellular features of this malignancy are compared to previously reported cases of T cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. As this case illustrates, T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia may present without skin lesions and may be a more aggressive disease than the more common B-cell neoplasm.", "PMID": 321164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7797", "title": "Restoration by levamisole of low E-rosette forming cells in patients suffering from various diseases.", "content": "One hundred and fifteen patients presenting with various clinical conditions (multiple sclerosis, recurrent infections, HBAg-positive chronic hepatitis, Crohn's disease, ataxia-telangiectasia, SSPE and atopic dermatitis) were evaluated for E-rosette formation. Forty-two patients were found to have a low number of E-rosettes. Eighteen patients with low E-rosettes were treated with levamisole, an anti-anergic chemotherapeutic agent, and were compared with an untreated control group of sixteen patients. Levamisole treatment significantly increased low E-rosettes in these patients and this was accompanied by a remarkable clinical improvement and a significant reduction of haemolytic complement activity. Therefore our results suggest the important role of T-cell function in these various clinical conditions, in which cell-mediated immunity is thought to play a major role.", "contents": "Restoration by levamisole of low E-rosette forming cells in patients suffering from various diseases. One hundred and fifteen patients presenting with various clinical conditions (multiple sclerosis, recurrent infections, HBAg-positive chronic hepatitis, Crohn's disease, ataxia-telangiectasia, SSPE and atopic dermatitis) were evaluated for E-rosette formation. Forty-two patients were found to have a low number of E-rosettes. Eighteen patients with low E-rosettes were treated with levamisole, an anti-anergic chemotherapeutic agent, and were compared with an untreated control group of sixteen patients. Levamisole treatment significantly increased low E-rosettes in these patients and this was accompanied by a remarkable clinical improvement and a significant reduction of haemolytic complement activity. Therefore our results suggest the important role of T-cell function in these various clinical conditions, in which cell-mediated immunity is thought to play a major role.", "PMID": 321165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7798", "title": "Levamisole and human lymphocyte surface markers.", "content": "The action of various concentrations of levamisole on normal human lymphocytes was investigated in vitro. The action of levamisole (10(-1) mg-10(-8) mg%) upon rosette formation was studied using two rosette assays with SRBC (the active and the total T-rosette tests) to quantify T cells and the EAC assay to quantify B cells. Levamisole at only 10(-3) mg% significantly increased the percentage of both active and total T cells. In sharp contrast, levamisole between 10(-2) and 10(-7) mg% significantly decreased the EAC percentage. It is concluded that levamisole promotes a better expressivity of T-cell receptor and decreases the expressivity of C3 receptor.", "contents": "Levamisole and human lymphocyte surface markers. The action of various concentrations of levamisole on normal human lymphocytes was investigated in vitro. The action of levamisole (10(-1) mg-10(-8) mg%) upon rosette formation was studied using two rosette assays with SRBC (the active and the total T-rosette tests) to quantify T cells and the EAC assay to quantify B cells. Levamisole at only 10(-3) mg% significantly increased the percentage of both active and total T cells. In sharp contrast, levamisole between 10(-2) and 10(-7) mg% significantly decreased the EAC percentage. It is concluded that levamisole promotes a better expressivity of T-cell receptor and decreases the expressivity of C3 receptor.", "PMID": 321166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7799", "title": "Bovine lymphocytes: recognition of cells forming spontaneous (E) rosettes.", "content": "About 20% of thymus lymphocytes from neonatal calves formed spontaneous (E) rosettes with SRBCs in medium consisting of 50-100% foetal calf serum (FCS); other media were less satisfactory. FCS was necessary both to allow rosette formation to occur and to maintain stability of the rosettes once formed. Rosettes were stable at 0 degrees C but unstable at 18 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Dead thymus cell (sodium azide treated) did not form rosettes. Treatment of thymus cells with antiserum to bovine Ig-inhibited rosette formation, but this inhibition was considered non-specific since it also occurred with normal rabbit serum. Treatment of SRBCs with neuraminidase slightly enhanced rosette formation by thymus cells, but did not induce peripheral blood lymphocytes to form rosettes. Rosette formation did not occur under a variety of conditions with normal or neuraminidase-treated human, horse, pig, rabbit, guinea-pig, chicken or autologous RBCs. SRBC rosette forming cells were also found in lymph nodes (2-14%) and spleen (less than 5%), but rarely or never in peripheral blood and bone marrow of calves and adults. In foetuses at 80 days of gestation, 49% of thymus cells formed E rosettes. Foetal lymph node cells formed E rosettes at 160 days and spleen at 180 days. Cells with membrane-bound Ig were observed by IFT; their distribution did not coincide with the occurrence of E rosettes. E-rosette formation might be a marker for a subpopulation of bovine T cells.", "contents": "Bovine lymphocytes: recognition of cells forming spontaneous (E) rosettes. About 20% of thymus lymphocytes from neonatal calves formed spontaneous (E) rosettes with SRBCs in medium consisting of 50-100% foetal calf serum (FCS); other media were less satisfactory. FCS was necessary both to allow rosette formation to occur and to maintain stability of the rosettes once formed. Rosettes were stable at 0 degrees C but unstable at 18 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Dead thymus cell (sodium azide treated) did not form rosettes. Treatment of thymus cells with antiserum to bovine Ig-inhibited rosette formation, but this inhibition was considered non-specific since it also occurred with normal rabbit serum. Treatment of SRBCs with neuraminidase slightly enhanced rosette formation by thymus cells, but did not induce peripheral blood lymphocytes to form rosettes. Rosette formation did not occur under a variety of conditions with normal or neuraminidase-treated human, horse, pig, rabbit, guinea-pig, chicken or autologous RBCs. SRBC rosette forming cells were also found in lymph nodes (2-14%) and spleen (less than 5%), but rarely or never in peripheral blood and bone marrow of calves and adults. In foetuses at 80 days of gestation, 49% of thymus cells formed E rosettes. Foetal lymph node cells formed E rosettes at 160 days and spleen at 180 days. Cells with membrane-bound Ig were observed by IFT; their distribution did not coincide with the occurrence of E rosettes. E-rosette formation might be a marker for a subpopulation of bovine T cells.", "PMID": 321167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7800", "title": "Immunological studies of human placentae: identification and distribution of proteins in mature chorionic villi.", "content": "Cryostat sections of fifteen full-term, normal, human placentae have been studied by indirect immunofluorescence, using characterized antisera to a large number of proteins, in order to localize particular protein antigens to well-defined anatomical regions. Actin, plasminogen, and transferrin were identified in trophoblasts. Beta-2-microglobulin was uniformly absent from these cells. The complement component C3, the immunoglobulin IgG, and fibrinogen and collagen were identified in trophoblastic basement membranes. Of these IgG was the most sparingly represented, and C3 was not found on all trophoblastic basement membranes. Many proteins were identified within the stroma of chorionic billi, collagen being the most abundant. Many of these persisted following prolonged washing of the tissues. All four IgG subclasses were present in stroma, IgG1 and IgG3 being most prominent. Stromal cells were positive for beta-2-microglobulin, suggesting a unique sequestration of this protein on stromal cells but not on trophoblasts. Placental stem vessels were surrounded by collagen, and the walls of these vessels stained brightly for myosin: the vascular endothelium contained beta-2-microglobulin and actin. Peri- and inter-villous fibrin were faintly positive for several proteins, but these areas stained intensely for fibrinogen, plasminogen, alpha-2-macroglobulin and C4. This approach has proven to be useful in establishing precise definitions of the molecular morphology of normal human placentae.", "contents": "Immunological studies of human placentae: identification and distribution of proteins in mature chorionic villi. Cryostat sections of fifteen full-term, normal, human placentae have been studied by indirect immunofluorescence, using characterized antisera to a large number of proteins, in order to localize particular protein antigens to well-defined anatomical regions. Actin, plasminogen, and transferrin were identified in trophoblasts. Beta-2-microglobulin was uniformly absent from these cells. The complement component C3, the immunoglobulin IgG, and fibrinogen and collagen were identified in trophoblastic basement membranes. Of these IgG was the most sparingly represented, and C3 was not found on all trophoblastic basement membranes. Many proteins were identified within the stroma of chorionic billi, collagen being the most abundant. Many of these persisted following prolonged washing of the tissues. All four IgG subclasses were present in stroma, IgG1 and IgG3 being most prominent. Stromal cells were positive for beta-2-microglobulin, suggesting a unique sequestration of this protein on stromal cells but not on trophoblasts. Placental stem vessels were surrounded by collagen, and the walls of these vessels stained brightly for myosin: the vascular endothelium contained beta-2-microglobulin and actin. Peri- and inter-villous fibrin were faintly positive for several proteins, but these areas stained intensely for fibrinogen, plasminogen, alpha-2-macroglobulin and C4. This approach has proven to be useful in establishing precise definitions of the molecular morphology of normal human placentae.", "PMID": 321168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7801", "title": "The therapeutic equivalence of oral and intravenous iron in renal dialysis patients.", "content": "Oral and intravenous iron were compared in patients treated with renal dialysis by a cross-over trial. Intravenous iron was given over 2 weeks as an iron dextran (equivalent to 100 mg elemental iron). Oral iron was given daily as ferrous sulphate (equivalent to 100 mg elemental iron) in a wax matrix tablet. Each treatment period lasted 26 weeks. There was no significant difference in therapeutic or unwanted effects between the treatments.", "contents": "The therapeutic equivalence of oral and intravenous iron in renal dialysis patients. Oral and intravenous iron were compared in patients treated with renal dialysis by a cross-over trial. Intravenous iron was given over 2 weeks as an iron dextran (equivalent to 100 mg elemental iron). Oral iron was given daily as ferrous sulphate (equivalent to 100 mg elemental iron) in a wax matrix tablet. Each treatment period lasted 26 weeks. There was no significant difference in therapeutic or unwanted effects between the treatments.", "PMID": 321170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7802", "title": "Immune complex glomerulonephritis associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.", "content": "The kidneys of three patients who died of pneumonia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae were studied at autopsy by light and immunofluoerescent microscopy. One had no clinical evidence of renal disease; two had only microscopic hematuria and mild proteinuria. Light microscopy revealed focal proliferative glomerulonephritis in all three cases. Also in all three, immunofluorescent microscopy revealed a granular deposition of capsular polysaccharide antigens of Klebsiella pneumoniae in association with immunoglobulins and complement components in the mesangium and along the glomerular basement membrane. Furthermore, the glomerular bound immunoglobulins were eluted and demonstrated to contain antibodies specific to a capsular polysaccharide antigen of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from each patient. These findings may illustrate that the capsular polysaccharides of Klebsiella pneumoniae are antigenic, and that the immune complex deposition in the kidney during infection with this agent can be associated with renal morphological changes. Whether or not clinical evidence of nephritis occurs may depend on the characteristics of the infection and the host factors.", "contents": "Immune complex glomerulonephritis associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. The kidneys of three patients who died of pneumonia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae were studied at autopsy by light and immunofluoerescent microscopy. One had no clinical evidence of renal disease; two had only microscopic hematuria and mild proteinuria. Light microscopy revealed focal proliferative glomerulonephritis in all three cases. Also in all three, immunofluorescent microscopy revealed a granular deposition of capsular polysaccharide antigens of Klebsiella pneumoniae in association with immunoglobulins and complement components in the mesangium and along the glomerular basement membrane. Furthermore, the glomerular bound immunoglobulins were eluted and demonstrated to contain antibodies specific to a capsular polysaccharide antigen of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from each patient. These findings may illustrate that the capsular polysaccharides of Klebsiella pneumoniae are antigenic, and that the immune complex deposition in the kidney during infection with this agent can be associated with renal morphological changes. Whether or not clinical evidence of nephritis occurs may depend on the characteristics of the infection and the host factors.", "PMID": 321171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7803", "title": "Hexachlorophene in the newborn nursery. A risk-benefit analysis and review.", "content": "A critical review of the available data on the risks and benefits of hexachlorophene suggests that there is ample evidence fror the toxic potential; whereas there is no substantial evidence of its benefit in life-threatening staph 80/81 epidemics, and effective less toxic alternatives are available. In view of its limited usefulness and definite toxicity, the routine use of hexachlorphene is unjustified;", "contents": "Hexachlorophene in the newborn nursery. A risk-benefit analysis and review. A critical review of the available data on the risks and benefits of hexachlorophene suggests that there is ample evidence fror the toxic potential; whereas there is no substantial evidence of its benefit in life-threatening staph 80/81 epidemics, and effective less toxic alternatives are available. In view of its limited usefulness and definite toxicity, the routine use of hexachlorphene is unjustified;", "PMID": 321172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7804", "title": "The central hypotensive effect of clonidine. Studies in tetraplegic subjects.", "content": "A single oral dose of 300 microng of clonidine lowered systolic blood pressure by 20 +/- 4 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 13 +/- 4 mm Hg in five healthy normotensive subjects (controls). Heart rate fell from 56 +/- 2 to 52 +/- 2 beats/min. In six tetraplegic subjects with physiologically complete chronic cervical spinal cord transection above the level of the sympathetic outflow, the same dose of clonidine did not significantly lower either systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Heart rate fell from 67 +/- 4 to 53 +/- 2 beats/min. Peak plasma concentrations of clonidine, measured by mass fragmentography, and elimination of the drug from plasma were similar in tetraplegic and control subjects and there was no difference in the incidence of the principal side effects of clonidine--sedation and dry mouth. Although the number of subjects studied is small, the absence of a fall in blood pressure after clonidine in the tetraplegic subjects suggests that the hypotensive action of clonidine in man is dependent on intact descending bulbospinal pathways and is mediated by withdrawal of sympathetic tone and provides direct evidence that some antihypertensive drugs may lower blood pressure in man by a direct action on the brain.", "contents": "The central hypotensive effect of clonidine. Studies in tetraplegic subjects. A single oral dose of 300 microng of clonidine lowered systolic blood pressure by 20 +/- 4 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 13 +/- 4 mm Hg in five healthy normotensive subjects (controls). Heart rate fell from 56 +/- 2 to 52 +/- 2 beats/min. In six tetraplegic subjects with physiologically complete chronic cervical spinal cord transection above the level of the sympathetic outflow, the same dose of clonidine did not significantly lower either systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Heart rate fell from 67 +/- 4 to 53 +/- 2 beats/min. Peak plasma concentrations of clonidine, measured by mass fragmentography, and elimination of the drug from plasma were similar in tetraplegic and control subjects and there was no difference in the incidence of the principal side effects of clonidine--sedation and dry mouth. Although the number of subjects studied is small, the absence of a fall in blood pressure after clonidine in the tetraplegic subjects suggests that the hypotensive action of clonidine in man is dependent on intact descending bulbospinal pathways and is mediated by withdrawal of sympathetic tone and provides direct evidence that some antihypertensive drugs may lower blood pressure in man by a direct action on the brain.", "PMID": 321174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7805", "title": "Effects of levodopa on the renin-aldosterone system.", "content": "Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone, supine and erect, and urinary aldosterone levels were measured in 18 patients on normal sodium diets and 11 patients on low sodium diets, all of whom also were on long-term levodopa therapy. Of the 230 hormone measurements, 185 were normal, 11 were high, and 34 were low. Most of the low levels were in 3 patients who had recently received fludrocortisone for orthostatic hypotension, and the renin-aldosterone systems might have been suppressed by it. In another phase of this study, 4 subjects were maintained on a constant diet for 6 wk, while the effect of gradually increasing dosages of levodopa on mineral balance and renin-aldosterone was determined. In 3 of the 4 patients there was a mild natriuretic effect of levodopa (previously demonstrated for acute levodopa therapy). There were no significant consistent changes in renin or aldosterone levels while levodopa was being administered. These studies indicate that levodopa does not usually suppress the elements of the renin-aldosterone system and that such a mechanism is unlikely to be the cause of orthostatic hypotension during the course of levodopa therapy. Since levodopa may induce natriuresis, in this situation unchanged lvels of renin and aldosterone may, however, represent an inappropriately low set of this hormonal system.", "contents": "Effects of levodopa on the renin-aldosterone system. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone, supine and erect, and urinary aldosterone levels were measured in 18 patients on normal sodium diets and 11 patients on low sodium diets, all of whom also were on long-term levodopa therapy. Of the 230 hormone measurements, 185 were normal, 11 were high, and 34 were low. Most of the low levels were in 3 patients who had recently received fludrocortisone for orthostatic hypotension, and the renin-aldosterone systems might have been suppressed by it. In another phase of this study, 4 subjects were maintained on a constant diet for 6 wk, while the effect of gradually increasing dosages of levodopa on mineral balance and renin-aldosterone was determined. In 3 of the 4 patients there was a mild natriuretic effect of levodopa (previously demonstrated for acute levodopa therapy). There were no significant consistent changes in renin or aldosterone levels while levodopa was being administered. These studies indicate that levodopa does not usually suppress the elements of the renin-aldosterone system and that such a mechanism is unlikely to be the cause of orthostatic hypotension during the course of levodopa therapy. Since levodopa may induce natriuresis, in this situation unchanged lvels of renin and aldosterone may, however, represent an inappropriately low set of this hormonal system.", "PMID": 321175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7806", "title": "Effect of triamterene on potassium excretion in cirrhotic patients receiving furosemide.", "content": "In a three-way crossover study, 23 patients with hepatic cirrhosis, ascites, and dependent edema received 40 mg/day of furosemide alone and combined with triamterene 50 mg/day and triamterine 100 mg/day. Baseline potassium excretion did not increase when furosemide was given alone, but potassium excretion fell when 50 mg or 100 mg of triamterene was also given. Both doses of triamterene augmented the natriuretic effect of furosemide.", "contents": "Effect of triamterene on potassium excretion in cirrhotic patients receiving furosemide. In a three-way crossover study, 23 patients with hepatic cirrhosis, ascites, and dependent edema received 40 mg/day of furosemide alone and combined with triamterene 50 mg/day and triamterine 100 mg/day. Baseline potassium excretion did not increase when furosemide was given alone, but potassium excretion fell when 50 mg or 100 mg of triamterene was also given. Both doses of triamterene augmented the natriuretic effect of furosemide.", "PMID": 321176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7807", "title": "Naproxen, aspirin, and codeine in postpartum uterine pain.", "content": "The analgesic efficacy of oral naproxen and its sodium salt was compared with that of aspirin and codeine in two separate trials involving 140 and 90 patients, respectively, with postpartum uterine pain in a single-dose, parallel, stratified, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind design. With 300 or 600 mg naproxen and with 275 mg naproxen sodium, significant analgesia, measured subjectively by pain intensity differences (PID), was prolonged at least 7 or 8 hr; onset tended to be delayed 2 hr or more. With 650 mg aspirin analgesia began within 1 hr and continued until the fifth hour, while with 60 mg codeine responses were indistinguishable from placebo responses throughout the 8-hr time course. Although time-effect patterns with naproxen sodium and aspirin were different, summed analgesic effects (SPID) showed equal efficacy and superiority over placebo (p less than 0.005). With each of the 2 doses of naproxen, SPID separation from placebo was comparable to that above (p less than 0.02 and 0.005, respectively), but analgesic dose response, though measurable, was not significant. Side effects were not significant with any of the treatments. It appears that naproxen and naproxen sodium are analgesics with efficacy equal to aspirin and may prove to be rational substitutes for currently available analgesics in some painful states in which longer pain relief would be desireable.", "contents": "Naproxen, aspirin, and codeine in postpartum uterine pain. The analgesic efficacy of oral naproxen and its sodium salt was compared with that of aspirin and codeine in two separate trials involving 140 and 90 patients, respectively, with postpartum uterine pain in a single-dose, parallel, stratified, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind design. With 300 or 600 mg naproxen and with 275 mg naproxen sodium, significant analgesia, measured subjectively by pain intensity differences (PID), was prolonged at least 7 or 8 hr; onset tended to be delayed 2 hr or more. With 650 mg aspirin analgesia began within 1 hr and continued until the fifth hour, while with 60 mg codeine responses were indistinguishable from placebo responses throughout the 8-hr time course. Although time-effect patterns with naproxen sodium and aspirin were different, summed analgesic effects (SPID) showed equal efficacy and superiority over placebo (p less than 0.005). With each of the 2 doses of naproxen, SPID separation from placebo was comparable to that above (p less than 0.02 and 0.005, respectively), but analgesic dose response, though measurable, was not significant. Side effects were not significant with any of the treatments. It appears that naproxen and naproxen sodium are analgesics with efficacy equal to aspirin and may prove to be rational substitutes for currently available analgesics in some painful states in which longer pain relief would be desireable.", "PMID": 321177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7808", "title": "Disposition of diazepam and its major metabolite desmethyldiazepam in patients with liver disease.", "content": "In six patients with cirrhosis and five patients with fibrosis of the liver elimination of diazepam (D) was compared after single and subchronic dosage. The pharmacokinetics of the major metabolite desmethyldiazepam (DD) was investigated in four healthy individuals and four patients with hepatic dysfunction and compared to its parent compound D. In the initial study, 11 patients with liver disease (cirrhosis and fibrosis) had a longer half-life (T 1/2(beta) of 99.2 +/- 23.2 hr after a single intravenous bolus of 0.1 mg/kg of D than to age-matched normal subjects (46.6 +/- 14.2). After subchronic treatment with 10 mg of D for 7 days T 1/2(beta) was prolonged only slightly (p = 0.043) in these patients (107.6 +/- 25.2 hr). Neither total plasma clearance (Cl) nor the apparent volume of distribution (VdSS or VdCl) showed significant changes. After intravenous injection of DD (0.1 mg/kg) plasma levels declined in the same biexponential manner as after D. The cross-over study in the four normal subjects demonstrated that DD was eliminated much more slowly than D. Whereas for D, T 1/2(beta) and Cl were 32.6 +/- 11.3 hr and 32.3 +/- 11.0 ml/min, respectively, the corresponding values for DD were 50.9 +/- 6.2 hr and 11.3 +/- 3.1 ml/min, respectively, the corresponding values for DD were 50.9 +/- 6.2 hr and 11.3 +/- 3.1 ml/min. The accumulation of DD after multiple dosage could be explained by the fact that it is formed faster from D than it is eliminated. In four patients with liver disease the elimination of D and the elimination of DD were altered. In these patients T 1/2(beta) for DD was prolonged (p = 0.015) to 108.2 +/- 40.3 hr. This prolongation was caused by a decrease in Cl of 4.6 +/- 1.1 ml/min, (p = 0.003) whereas Vd(Cl) did not change significantly. This indicates that at least two steps in diazepam metabolism are impaired in patients with liver disease.", "contents": "Disposition of diazepam and its major metabolite desmethyldiazepam in patients with liver disease. In six patients with cirrhosis and five patients with fibrosis of the liver elimination of diazepam (D) was compared after single and subchronic dosage. The pharmacokinetics of the major metabolite desmethyldiazepam (DD) was investigated in four healthy individuals and four patients with hepatic dysfunction and compared to its parent compound D. In the initial study, 11 patients with liver disease (cirrhosis and fibrosis) had a longer half-life (T 1/2(beta) of 99.2 +/- 23.2 hr after a single intravenous bolus of 0.1 mg/kg of D than to age-matched normal subjects (46.6 +/- 14.2). After subchronic treatment with 10 mg of D for 7 days T 1/2(beta) was prolonged only slightly (p = 0.043) in these patients (107.6 +/- 25.2 hr). Neither total plasma clearance (Cl) nor the apparent volume of distribution (VdSS or VdCl) showed significant changes. After intravenous injection of DD (0.1 mg/kg) plasma levels declined in the same biexponential manner as after D. The cross-over study in the four normal subjects demonstrated that DD was eliminated much more slowly than D. Whereas for D, T 1/2(beta) and Cl were 32.6 +/- 11.3 hr and 32.3 +/- 11.0 ml/min, respectively, the corresponding values for DD were 50.9 +/- 6.2 hr and 11.3 +/- 3.1 ml/min, respectively, the corresponding values for DD were 50.9 +/- 6.2 hr and 11.3 +/- 3.1 ml/min. The accumulation of DD after multiple dosage could be explained by the fact that it is formed faster from D than it is eliminated. In four patients with liver disease the elimination of D and the elimination of DD were altered. In these patients T 1/2(beta) for DD was prolonged (p = 0.015) to 108.2 +/- 40.3 hr. This prolongation was caused by a decrease in Cl of 4.6 +/- 1.1 ml/min, (p = 0.003) whereas Vd(Cl) did not change significantly. This indicates that at least two steps in diazepam metabolism are impaired in patients with liver disease.", "PMID": 321178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7809", "title": "The role of the false neurotransmitter octopamine in the hypotension of fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "1. An investigation was carried out into the mechanism of unexplained hypotension in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. The cardiac output and peripheral resistance were compared in normotensive and hypotensive patients. In addition, the serum concentration of the false neurotransmitter octopamine and the pressor response to noradrenaline, and to the indirectly acting sympathomimetic agent tyramine, were measured in hypotensive and normotensive patients with fulminant hepatic failure and in healthy subjects. 2. The cardiac output and the peripheral resistance were decreased in the hypotensive patients, and their mean heart rate was slower than in the normotensive patients. Although the serum octopamine concentration was significantly elevated in the patients compared with the control subjects, the highest octopamine concentrations were unexpectedly found in the normotensive patients and a significant positive correlation could be demonstrated between the resting blood pressure and the serum octopamine concentration. The pressor response to tyramine and noradrenaline were similar in the hypotensive patients, the normotensive patients and control subjects. 3. These results suggest that neither increased serum concentrations of the false neurotransmitter octopamine, nor end-organ insensitivity to released noradrenaline are responsible for the hypotension. A more likely explanation is toxic depression of the vasomotor centre. The opening of peripheral arteriovenous shunts, possibly as a result of endotoxaemia, might be an additional factor.", "contents": "The role of the false neurotransmitter octopamine in the hypotension of fulminant hepatic failure. 1. An investigation was carried out into the mechanism of unexplained hypotension in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. The cardiac output and peripheral resistance were compared in normotensive and hypotensive patients. In addition, the serum concentration of the false neurotransmitter octopamine and the pressor response to noradrenaline, and to the indirectly acting sympathomimetic agent tyramine, were measured in hypotensive and normotensive patients with fulminant hepatic failure and in healthy subjects. 2. The cardiac output and the peripheral resistance were decreased in the hypotensive patients, and their mean heart rate was slower than in the normotensive patients. Although the serum octopamine concentration was significantly elevated in the patients compared with the control subjects, the highest octopamine concentrations were unexpectedly found in the normotensive patients and a significant positive correlation could be demonstrated between the resting blood pressure and the serum octopamine concentration. The pressor response to tyramine and noradrenaline were similar in the hypotensive patients, the normotensive patients and control subjects. 3. These results suggest that neither increased serum concentrations of the false neurotransmitter octopamine, nor end-organ insensitivity to released noradrenaline are responsible for the hypotension. A more likely explanation is toxic depression of the vasomotor centre. The opening of peripheral arteriovenous shunts, possibly as a result of endotoxaemia, might be an additional factor.", "PMID": 321179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7810", "title": "A 3-year clinical trial of the effect on dental caries of a dentifrice containing 2% sodium monoflurophosphate.", "content": "A clinical trial of a dentifrice containing 2% sodium monofluorophosphate was carried out on 782 schoolchildren in Shropshire, England. After 3 years, a reduction of 23.8% was found in the DMFS increment obtained from clinical examination. The reduction was 38.8% using radiographs. The children were divided into three groups according to baseline DMFS. Those with a \"medium\" caries experience were found to benefit most from using the dentifrice. There was a difference in the effect on individual tooth sites; the approximal surfaces of the posterior teeth received the most benefit and the occlusal surfaces the least.", "contents": "A 3-year clinical trial of the effect on dental caries of a dentifrice containing 2% sodium monoflurophosphate. A clinical trial of a dentifrice containing 2% sodium monofluorophosphate was carried out on 782 schoolchildren in Shropshire, England. After 3 years, a reduction of 23.8% was found in the DMFS increment obtained from clinical examination. The reduction was 38.8% using radiographs. The children were divided into three groups according to baseline DMFS. Those with a \"medium\" caries experience were found to benefit most from using the dentifrice. There was a difference in the effect on individual tooth sites; the approximal surfaces of the posterior teeth received the most benefit and the occlusal surfaces the least.", "PMID": 321181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7811", "title": "Effects on plaque and gingivitis of a chlorhexidine dental gel in the mentally retarded.", "content": "The effectiveness of a 1% chlorhexidine-containing dental gel on dental plaque and gingival health was evaluated over a period of 6 months using a double-blind procedure. One hundred and seventeen mentally retarded subjects aged between 10-17 years resident in an institution were divided into two groups. One group was assigned daily brushing with the 1% chlorhexidine gel, the other group a placebo quinine sulfate-containing gel. No other form of oral hygiene was used during the experimental period. Assessment of dental plaque accumulation and gingivitis was made at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months. An assessment was also made 2 months after the gel was withdrawn from use and normal toothbrushing procedures resumed. No clinical or statistical advantage was noted in plaque or gingivitis scores in the group receiving chlorhexidine treatment during the 6-month period. This group showed a higher prevalence of tooth staining. It was concluded that periodontal severity and poor oral hygiene exceeded the plaque- and gingivitis-preventing potential of chlorhexidine.", "contents": "Effects on plaque and gingivitis of a chlorhexidine dental gel in the mentally retarded. The effectiveness of a 1% chlorhexidine-containing dental gel on dental plaque and gingival health was evaluated over a period of 6 months using a double-blind procedure. One hundred and seventeen mentally retarded subjects aged between 10-17 years resident in an institution were divided into two groups. One group was assigned daily brushing with the 1% chlorhexidine gel, the other group a placebo quinine sulfate-containing gel. No other form of oral hygiene was used during the experimental period. Assessment of dental plaque accumulation and gingivitis was made at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months. An assessment was also made 2 months after the gel was withdrawn from use and normal toothbrushing procedures resumed. No clinical or statistical advantage was noted in plaque or gingivitis scores in the group receiving chlorhexidine treatment during the 6-month period. This group showed a higher prevalence of tooth staining. It was concluded that periodontal severity and poor oral hygiene exceeded the plaque- and gingivitis-preventing potential of chlorhexidine.", "PMID": 321182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7812", "title": "Comparison of sulindac and aspirin in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Thirty-one out-patients with rheumatoid arthritis took part in a 10 week double-blind comparison of sulindac (cis-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-[p-(methylsulphinyl)-benzylidene]-indene-3-acetic acid) 200 mg twice daily and aspirin 3.6 g daily, with a 2-week placebo control period. Both drugs were superior to placebo. The incidence of side-effects was approximately the same on the two drugs, but there was a higher drop-out rate due to side-effects on aspirin.", "contents": "Comparison of sulindac and aspirin in rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty-one out-patients with rheumatoid arthritis took part in a 10 week double-blind comparison of sulindac (cis-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-[p-(methylsulphinyl)-benzylidene]-indene-3-acetic acid) 200 mg twice daily and aspirin 3.6 g daily, with a 2-week placebo control period. Both drugs were superior to placebo. The incidence of side-effects was approximately the same on the two drugs, but there was a higher drop-out rate due to side-effects on aspirin.", "PMID": 321183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7813", "title": "The effect of oxpentifylline ('Trental') on fibrinolytic activity and plasma fibrinogen levels.", "content": "Twenty healthy volunteers were treated for 3 months with oxpenifylline (200 mg 3-times a day) or a placebo in a controlled double-blind randomized trial. The volunteers taking the oxpenifylline showed a significant increase in their fibrinolytic activity, as assessed by the dilute blood clot lysis time and fibrin plate lysis area, and a significant reduction in their plasma fibrinogen levels. No change was found in the control group. These findings suggest that oxpentifylline may be valuable in the treatment of small vessel occlusive disease associated with lowered fibrinolytic activity and raised fibrinogen levels.", "contents": "The effect of oxpentifylline ('Trental') on fibrinolytic activity and plasma fibrinogen levels. Twenty healthy volunteers were treated for 3 months with oxpenifylline (200 mg 3-times a day) or a placebo in a controlled double-blind randomized trial. The volunteers taking the oxpenifylline showed a significant increase in their fibrinolytic activity, as assessed by the dilute blood clot lysis time and fibrin plate lysis area, and a significant reduction in their plasma fibrinogen levels. No change was found in the control group. These findings suggest that oxpentifylline may be valuable in the treatment of small vessel occlusive disease associated with lowered fibrinolytic activity and raised fibrinogen levels.", "PMID": 321184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7814", "title": "A multi-centre surgical trial of intravenous doxycycline ('Vibravenous') in the Netherlands.", "content": "One hundred and thirteen surgical patients were included in a trial of the use of doxycycline. The majority of the patients were initially started on intravenous therapy and then switched to oral medication when their condition permitted. The patients were categorized into 5 groups as follows: appendicitis 32, peritonitis 29, infections of the biliary tract 10, other infective processes 9, and prophlactic therapy 33. The efficacy was excellent ant the majority of the patients had a very good (excellent) and good therapeutic response. The mean temperature in most of the groups fell significantly by the fourth or fifth day of therapy. Side-effects were (4.4%) and usually self-limiting.", "contents": "A multi-centre surgical trial of intravenous doxycycline ('Vibravenous') in the Netherlands. One hundred and thirteen surgical patients were included in a trial of the use of doxycycline. The majority of the patients were initially started on intravenous therapy and then switched to oral medication when their condition permitted. The patients were categorized into 5 groups as follows: appendicitis 32, peritonitis 29, infections of the biliary tract 10, other infective processes 9, and prophlactic therapy 33. The efficacy was excellent ant the majority of the patients had a very good (excellent) and good therapeutic response. The mean temperature in most of the groups fell significantly by the fourth or fifth day of therapy. Side-effects were (4.4%) and usually self-limiting.", "PMID": 321185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7815", "title": "Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum in a juvenile diabetic: treatment by excision and skin grafting.", "content": "A fifteen year old female juvenile diabetic had severe ulceration of NLD lesions, which were treated by skin grafting. Twenty-four months postoperatively, she has an excellent cosmetic result.", "contents": "Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum in a juvenile diabetic: treatment by excision and skin grafting. A fifteen year old female juvenile diabetic had severe ulceration of NLD lesions, which were treated by skin grafting. Twenty-four months postoperatively, she has an excellent cosmetic result.", "PMID": 321187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7816", "title": "Meningocoele manqu\u00e9.", "content": "Meningocoele manqu\u00e9 is a congenital anomaly relating to the spinal cord, cauda equina and the filum terminale commonly found on exploration of the spinal cord in cases of spina bifida occulta. The anomalies consist of fibrous bands, aberrant nerve roots and adhesions within the theca which may tether or press on the neural structures so interfering with nerve conduction and causing increasing neurological deficit. Treatment is to free the neural structures from these bands and adhesions surgically. An account is given of 45 cases with a discussion of their similarity to cases of meningocoele, thus justifying the naming of a previously undescribed clinical entity. Meningocoele manqu\u00e9 demonstrates the relation of spina bifida occulta to spina bifida cystica as having a similar origin differing only in degree of severity. All the cases discussed are drawn from a personal series of 200 cases of spina bifida occulta which have had surgical exploration of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Meningocoele manqu\u00e9. Meningocoele manqu\u00e9 is a congenital anomaly relating to the spinal cord, cauda equina and the filum terminale commonly found on exploration of the spinal cord in cases of spina bifida occulta. The anomalies consist of fibrous bands, aberrant nerve roots and adhesions within the theca which may tether or press on the neural structures so interfering with nerve conduction and causing increasing neurological deficit. Treatment is to free the neural structures from these bands and adhesions surgically. An account is given of 45 cases with a discussion of their similarity to cases of meningocoele, thus justifying the naming of a previously undescribed clinical entity. Meningocoele manqu\u00e9 demonstrates the relation of spina bifida occulta to spina bifida cystica as having a similar origin differing only in degree of severity. All the cases discussed are drawn from a personal series of 200 cases of spina bifida occulta which have had surgical exploration of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 321190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7817", "title": "[Surgical treatment of malignant skin epitheliomas. Principles, methods, results].", "content": "From personal experience in the treatment of 655 patients with malignant epitheliomas of the skin, treated from 1966 to 1973 at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the University Hospital, Innsbruck, the basic principles, methods, and results of treatment are reported. An adequate resection and a primary reconstruction is the method of choice. The clinical data and follow-up observations are analyzed and special types of treatment and indications are discussed. With it the 5-year-cure-rate of basal-cell carcinomas was 92%, of squamous-cell carcinomas 83%.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of malignant skin epitheliomas. Principles, methods, results]. From personal experience in the treatment of 655 patients with malignant epitheliomas of the skin, treated from 1966 to 1973 at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the University Hospital, Innsbruck, the basic principles, methods, and results of treatment are reported. An adequate resection and a primary reconstruction is the method of choice. The clinical data and follow-up observations are analyzed and special types of treatment and indications are discussed. With it the 5-year-cure-rate of basal-cell carcinomas was 92%, of squamous-cell carcinomas 83%.", "PMID": 321194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7818", "title": "Mesoridazine (Serentil) in personality disorders--a controlled trial in adolescent patients.", "content": "A double-blind study vs. placebo was carried out over a 6-week period in thirty adolescent patients to determine the efficacy and safety of mesoridazine, in the form of 10 mg tablets, in the treatment of symptoms associated with various personality disorders. The average daily dose for the 15 patients in the mesoridazine group was 27.3 mg in the first and 44.7 mg in the sixth week. Mesoridazine relieved anxiety to a highly significant degree when compared with placebo and proved significantly more effective than placebo also in terms of mean improvement scores for depression and hostility. Significant reductions were likewise achieved in the overall severity of the disorders and in the severity of nearly all the other symptoms. The incidence of adverse reactions did not differ significantly from that following placebo administration. No extrapyramidal symptoms were noted.", "contents": "Mesoridazine (Serentil) in personality disorders--a controlled trial in adolescent patients. A double-blind study vs. placebo was carried out over a 6-week period in thirty adolescent patients to determine the efficacy and safety of mesoridazine, in the form of 10 mg tablets, in the treatment of symptoms associated with various personality disorders. The average daily dose for the 15 patients in the mesoridazine group was 27.3 mg in the first and 44.7 mg in the sixth week. Mesoridazine relieved anxiety to a highly significant degree when compared with placebo and proved significantly more effective than placebo also in terms of mean improvement scores for depression and hostility. Significant reductions were likewise achieved in the overall severity of the disorders and in the severity of nearly all the other symptoms. The incidence of adverse reactions did not differ significantly from that following placebo administration. No extrapyramidal symptoms were noted.", "PMID": 321198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7819", "title": "[Blocking of pancreatic exocrine function in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 6 patients with chronic pancreatitis the exocrine function was inhibited by occlusion of the pancreatic exocrine ducts leading to atrophy of the glands. The function of the pancreatic islets remained intact. This procedure can be combined to advantage with partial resections. Preliminary clinical results are promising and in all cases pancreatic pains disappeared immediately after the operation.", "contents": "[Blocking of pancreatic exocrine function in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. In 6 patients with chronic pancreatitis the exocrine function was inhibited by occlusion of the pancreatic exocrine ducts leading to atrophy of the glands. The function of the pancreatic islets remained intact. This procedure can be combined to advantage with partial resections. Preliminary clinical results are promising and in all cases pancreatic pains disappeared immediately after the operation.", "PMID": 321199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7820", "title": "[Immunodiagnosis of malignant disease. I. The electrophoresis-mobility test in the diagnosis of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrophoresis-mobility test is an in-vitro method for demonstrating specific sensitized lymphocytes. After incubation with the encephalitogenic factor, lymphocytes from patients with malignant disease liberate a factor which causes a decrease in migration velocity of indicator cells (tanned and sulphosalicyl acid-stabilised sheep erythrocytes = ETS) in an electrical field. 84 patients with pulmonary disease and 20 control persons were examined. An inhibition of ETS migration was found only in patients with malignant pulmonary disease, while in the control subjects and those with inflammatory or degenerative pulmonary disease or benign pulmonary tumour ETS migration was accelerated. The difference between the two groups is statistically significant so that it provides a reliable differentiation between benign and malignant disease. False-negative results, however, occur under radiotherapy and chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Immunodiagnosis of malignant disease. I. The electrophoresis-mobility test in the diagnosis of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)]. The electrophoresis-mobility test is an in-vitro method for demonstrating specific sensitized lymphocytes. After incubation with the encephalitogenic factor, lymphocytes from patients with malignant disease liberate a factor which causes a decrease in migration velocity of indicator cells (tanned and sulphosalicyl acid-stabilised sheep erythrocytes = ETS) in an electrical field. 84 patients with pulmonary disease and 20 control persons were examined. An inhibition of ETS migration was found only in patients with malignant pulmonary disease, while in the control subjects and those with inflammatory or degenerative pulmonary disease or benign pulmonary tumour ETS migration was accelerated. The difference between the two groups is statistically significant so that it provides a reliable differentiation between benign and malignant disease. False-negative results, however, occur under radiotherapy and chemotherapy.", "PMID": 321201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7821", "title": "[Rapidly fatal myocarditis due to group B streptococci (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of acute purulent group B streptococcal myocarditis in a 29-year-old Turk is described, no similar case having previously been published. He fell ill suddenly with gastro-intestinal symptoms, high fever and pain in arms and legs. The ECG had low voltage in the limb leads and signs of a large acute myocardial infarct. The sedimentation rate was slightly raised, an initial leukopenia was followed by leukocytosis and high enzyme activity. He died in cardiogenic shock on the third day of illness. The post-mortem examination revealed acute purulent myocarditis, and numerous group B streptococci (Strept. agalactiae) were found in the myocardium.", "contents": "[Rapidly fatal myocarditis due to group B streptococci (author's transl)]. The case of acute purulent group B streptococcal myocarditis in a 29-year-old Turk is described, no similar case having previously been published. He fell ill suddenly with gastro-intestinal symptoms, high fever and pain in arms and legs. The ECG had low voltage in the limb leads and signs of a large acute myocardial infarct. The sedimentation rate was slightly raised, an initial leukopenia was followed by leukocytosis and high enzyme activity. He died in cardiogenic shock on the third day of illness. The post-mortem examination revealed acute purulent myocarditis, and numerous group B streptococci (Strept. agalactiae) were found in the myocardium.", "PMID": 321202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7822", "title": "Doxepin up-to-date: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy with particular reference to depression.", "content": "Doxepin is closely related in structure and general pharmacological properties to other tricyclic antidepressant drugs such as amitriptyline and imipramine. It combines antidepressant activity with a sedative effect and in this respect resembles amitriptyline, with which it shares a similar profile of clinical action. The mood elevating effect of doxepin appears to be similar to that of amitriptyline but is probably less marked than that of imipramine and in some studies has been slower to take effect than imipramine. At dosages which have achieved a similar overall response rate, doxepin tends to cause fewer or less troublesome side-effects than imipramine, amitriptyline or amitriptyline-prephenazine. The more marked sedative properties of doxepin make it more useful than imipramine in depressed patients with sleep distrubances and in depression associated with anxiety. The benzodiazepines remain the drugs of choice in anxiety states. but when anxiety is accompained by significant depression, doxepin is more effective than chlordiazepoxide or diazepam. Doxepin is usually well tolerated, and in particular by the elderly and those with cardiovascular disease. Side-effects are similar in nature to those of other tricyclic antidepressants, with dry mouth, drowsiness and constipation being the most common. Postural hypotension is uncommon. Although doxepin appears to cause fewer cardiovascular side-effects in usual therapeutic doses, it has an intrinsic cardiotoxicity on overdosage similar to other tricyclics.", "contents": "Doxepin up-to-date: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy with particular reference to depression. Doxepin is closely related in structure and general pharmacological properties to other tricyclic antidepressant drugs such as amitriptyline and imipramine. It combines antidepressant activity with a sedative effect and in this respect resembles amitriptyline, with which it shares a similar profile of clinical action. The mood elevating effect of doxepin appears to be similar to that of amitriptyline but is probably less marked than that of imipramine and in some studies has been slower to take effect than imipramine. At dosages which have achieved a similar overall response rate, doxepin tends to cause fewer or less troublesome side-effects than imipramine, amitriptyline or amitriptyline-prephenazine. The more marked sedative properties of doxepin make it more useful than imipramine in depressed patients with sleep distrubances and in depression associated with anxiety. The benzodiazepines remain the drugs of choice in anxiety states. but when anxiety is accompained by significant depression, doxepin is more effective than chlordiazepoxide or diazepam. Doxepin is usually well tolerated, and in particular by the elderly and those with cardiovascular disease. Side-effects are similar in nature to those of other tricyclic antidepressants, with dry mouth, drowsiness and constipation being the most common. Postural hypotension is uncommon. Although doxepin appears to cause fewer cardiovascular side-effects in usual therapeutic doses, it has an intrinsic cardiotoxicity on overdosage similar to other tricyclics.", "PMID": 321205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7823", "title": "[Therapy and treatment results in functional disorders of the masticatory apparatus].", "content": "Thirty-three patients with the tentative diagnosis of a myofacial pain syndrome were treated symptomatically and causally after standardized diagnostic exmaination. Eleven months after the termination of therapy, twelve patients were without symptoms, seventeen showed improvements and the clinical picture of four patients had not changed at all. When supporting the therapeutic success by prosthetic measures the choice of the articulator system (Dentatus, Condylator) was irrelevant.", "contents": "[Therapy and treatment results in functional disorders of the masticatory apparatus]. Thirty-three patients with the tentative diagnosis of a myofacial pain syndrome were treated symptomatically and causally after standardized diagnostic exmaination. Eleven months after the termination of therapy, twelve patients were without symptoms, seventeen showed improvements and the clinical picture of four patients had not changed at all. When supporting the therapeutic success by prosthetic measures the choice of the articulator system (Dentatus, Condylator) was irrelevant.", "PMID": 321208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7824", "title": "[Anatomical and functional results after preprosthetic surgery and prosthetic treatment].", "content": "Within three years, 85 patients underwent surgery prior to prosthetic treatment. In 53 of these patients, the properties of the denture-bearing region and the result of the prosthetic treatment were studied. In all cases the denture-bearing base offered favorable conditions for the prosthetic treatment. 45% of the dentures, however, showed avoidable shortcomings which were detrimental to the newly created base and thus jeopardized the overall success.", "contents": "[Anatomical and functional results after preprosthetic surgery and prosthetic treatment]. Within three years, 85 patients underwent surgery prior to prosthetic treatment. In 53 of these patients, the properties of the denture-bearing region and the result of the prosthetic treatment were studied. In all cases the denture-bearing base offered favorable conditions for the prosthetic treatment. 45% of the dentures, however, showed avoidable shortcomings which were detrimental to the newly created base and thus jeopardized the overall success.", "PMID": 321212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7825", "title": "[Prosthetic measures with reference to the temporomandibular joint and the masticatory pathway].", "content": "The gnathological aims, i.e. consideration of anatomy, histology, physiology and pathology of the stomatognathic system and therapy on the basis of accurate examination, diagnosis and treatment planning, have been known for a long time. To try and achieve such aims is a natural demand in any prosthetical measure.", "contents": "[Prosthetic measures with reference to the temporomandibular joint and the masticatory pathway]. The gnathological aims, i.e. consideration of anatomy, histology, physiology and pathology of the stomatognathic system and therapy on the basis of accurate examination, diagnosis and treatment planning, have been known for a long time. To try and achieve such aims is a natural demand in any prosthetical measure.", "PMID": 321214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7826", "title": "[Comparison of cast and metal-ceramic veneer crowns; results of a follow-up study in wearers of partial prostheses].", "content": "The results of follow-up examinations of 635 gold cast and 359 metal ceramic veneer crowns inserted primarily for caries prophylaxis and static reasons in patients with partial dentures on the average 4 1/2 years ago are reported. All crowns fulfilled their caries-preventing functions well. More than 93% were free of secondary caries, this was especially so when the crown margin was still below the gingiva. The conditions at the crown margins were studied. It was found that margin seal, type of crown as well as interdependent variables like age, periodontal condition and personal oral hygiene had a significant influence on whether the crown margin was still in the gingival sulcus. Metal ceramic veneer crowns were vestibularly exposed more frequently than cast crowns. The reason for this was found to be defective construction. The study showed further that lesions at the baked veneer crown occurred more often than had been expected so far. It is estimated that they amount to 3% with widely used ceramic crowns.", "contents": "[Comparison of cast and metal-ceramic veneer crowns; results of a follow-up study in wearers of partial prostheses]. The results of follow-up examinations of 635 gold cast and 359 metal ceramic veneer crowns inserted primarily for caries prophylaxis and static reasons in patients with partial dentures on the average 4 1/2 years ago are reported. All crowns fulfilled their caries-preventing functions well. More than 93% were free of secondary caries, this was especially so when the crown margin was still below the gingiva. The conditions at the crown margins were studied. It was found that margin seal, type of crown as well as interdependent variables like age, periodontal condition and personal oral hygiene had a significant influence on whether the crown margin was still in the gingival sulcus. Metal ceramic veneer crowns were vestibularly exposed more frequently than cast crowns. The reason for this was found to be defective construction. The study showed further that lesions at the baked veneer crown occurred more often than had been expected so far. It is estimated that they amount to 3% with widely used ceramic crowns.", "PMID": 321215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7827", "title": "[Impression materials and the wettability of dentin surfaces].", "content": "Two reversible hydrocolloidal impression materials as well as two light-bodied polysulfide and silicone impression materials were tested with regard to their properties of coating plain ground dentin surfaces. With a wet surface, hydrocolloids produce flatter contact angles between dentin surfaces and the impression material, i. e. a more effective coating than polysulfide and silicone impression materials. The conditions are reversed with dry dentin surfaces and those pretreated with silicone oil. If the dentin surfaces of which an impression is to be taken are treated with silicone oil, coating is less effective with all impression materials tested.", "contents": "[Impression materials and the wettability of dentin surfaces]. Two reversible hydrocolloidal impression materials as well as two light-bodied polysulfide and silicone impression materials were tested with regard to their properties of coating plain ground dentin surfaces. With a wet surface, hydrocolloids produce flatter contact angles between dentin surfaces and the impression material, i. e. a more effective coating than polysulfide and silicone impression materials. The conditions are reversed with dry dentin surfaces and those pretreated with silicone oil. If the dentin surfaces of which an impression is to be taken are treated with silicone oil, coating is less effective with all impression materials tested.", "PMID": 321216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7828", "title": "[Bacterial count in the sulcus fluid of healthy and inflamed marginal gingiva].", "content": "Even with a plaque index of 1, peak values of germ count per micronl were found which remained almost constant with plaque increasing up to an index of 3. Germ count and degree of inflammation correlated in the range of the gingival indices 0 to 2. A further intensification of the inflammation showed a significant reduction of germ count per micronl. When studying the relationship between germ count and depth of pocket, the same behavior was observed, starting at a pocket depth of 4.5 mm.", "contents": "[Bacterial count in the sulcus fluid of healthy and inflamed marginal gingiva]. Even with a plaque index of 1, peak values of germ count per micronl were found which remained almost constant with plaque increasing up to an index of 3. Germ count and degree of inflammation correlated in the range of the gingival indices 0 to 2. A further intensification of the inflammation showed a significant reduction of germ count per micronl. When studying the relationship between germ count and depth of pocket, the same behavior was observed, starting at a pocket depth of 4.5 mm.", "PMID": 321217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7829", "title": "Effects of iodoacetate, mannoheptulose and 3-O-methyl glucose on the secretory function and metabolism of isolated pancreatic islets.", "content": "The ability of iodoacetate, mannoheptulose, and 3-O-methyl glucose to alter islet cell metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was examined. A method for the sequential analysis of the releasing and fuel function of glucose in isolated islets was applied. Insulin release was measured by radioimmunoassay and the metabolism of glucose by determining the rate of tritiated water production from [5-3H]glucose and lactate accumulation. It was found that iodoacetate, in the range of 0.2-1.0 mM, inhibited the metabolism of glucose linearly while release was not blocked until metabolism was reduced by 30-40%. The KI for both processes, release and metabolism, was the same. Pyruvate did not protect against or reverse the effects of iodoacetate. Mannoheptulose inhibited both release and metabolism half-maximally at about 5 mM when 27.5 mM glucose was used as the stimulatory agent. A mannoheptulose-resistant component of glucose metabolism, amounting to 30% of the maximal rate was observed. 3-O-Methyl glucose had no effect on insulin release but reduced glucose utilization and lactate production from low glucose. The results are discussed in light of the two prevailing hypotheses explaining glucose induced insulin release, i.e., the receptor and the metabolism hypotheses.", "contents": "Effects of iodoacetate, mannoheptulose and 3-O-methyl glucose on the secretory function and metabolism of isolated pancreatic islets. The ability of iodoacetate, mannoheptulose, and 3-O-methyl glucose to alter islet cell metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was examined. A method for the sequential analysis of the releasing and fuel function of glucose in isolated islets was applied. Insulin release was measured by radioimmunoassay and the metabolism of glucose by determining the rate of tritiated water production from [5-3H]glucose and lactate accumulation. It was found that iodoacetate, in the range of 0.2-1.0 mM, inhibited the metabolism of glucose linearly while release was not blocked until metabolism was reduced by 30-40%. The KI for both processes, release and metabolism, was the same. Pyruvate did not protect against or reverse the effects of iodoacetate. Mannoheptulose inhibited both release and metabolism half-maximally at about 5 mM when 27.5 mM glucose was used as the stimulatory agent. A mannoheptulose-resistant component of glucose metabolism, amounting to 30% of the maximal rate was observed. 3-O-Methyl glucose had no effect on insulin release but reduced glucose utilization and lactate production from low glucose. The results are discussed in light of the two prevailing hypotheses explaining glucose induced insulin release, i.e., the receptor and the metabolism hypotheses.", "PMID": 321218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7830", "title": "Effect of in vivo treatment with estrogen on luteinizing hormone synthesis and release by rat pituitaries in vitro.", "content": "The influence of estrogen on uptake of [3H]glucosamine and [14C]alanine and their incorporation into LH and total protein was investigated. Ovariectomized rats were sacrificed 22 h after injection with either oil or estradiol benzoate (EB, 50 microng/rat). Quartered anterior pituitary glands were incubated for 4 h with radioactive precursors in the presence or absence of 3.6 X 10-8M synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Labeled LH was isolated by immunoprecipitation with specific anti-LH-beta serum. Both EB and GnRH significantly elevated the amount of [3H]glucosamine-LH appearing in the medium, the tissue, and the total system (medium + tissue), but they increased the amount of [14C]alanine-LH only in the medium. There was a significant positive interaction between EB and GnRH on the amounts of [3H]glucosamine-LH and [14C]alanine-LH in the medium and of [3H]glucosamine-LH in the tissue and total system. EB enhanced [3H]glucosamine uptake and incorporation into total protein, but GnRH had little or no effect on these parameters. In time course studies rats were injected with either oil or EB at 22, 11, or 5.5 h prior to sacrifice. At all times EB significantly increased synthesis and release of [3H]-glucosamine-LH and release of total immunoreactive LH (IR-LH) by pituitaries incubated with GnRH. The amounts of labeled and IR-LH released into the medium increased linearly with time after EB injection, but the amount of labeled LH in the total system plateaued at 5.5 h after EB injection. In another study, estradiol (E2, 5 microng/rat) dissolved in 1% ethanol-saline was injected at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4 h prior to sacrifice. Incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into tissue protein and release of [3H]glucosamine-LH was stimulated within 2 h after E2 injection. However, incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into LH was not stimulated until 4 h after E2 injection. These results suggest that estrogen and GnRH regulate LH synthesis at different sites, and that the effect of estrogen is non-specific compared to that of GnRH. The synthesis of the carbohydrate moiety of LH appears to be subjected to hormonal regulation more readily than the synthesis of the polypeptide moiety.", "contents": "Effect of in vivo treatment with estrogen on luteinizing hormone synthesis and release by rat pituitaries in vitro. The influence of estrogen on uptake of [3H]glucosamine and [14C]alanine and their incorporation into LH and total protein was investigated. Ovariectomized rats were sacrificed 22 h after injection with either oil or estradiol benzoate (EB, 50 microng/rat). Quartered anterior pituitary glands were incubated for 4 h with radioactive precursors in the presence or absence of 3.6 X 10-8M synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Labeled LH was isolated by immunoprecipitation with specific anti-LH-beta serum. Both EB and GnRH significantly elevated the amount of [3H]glucosamine-LH appearing in the medium, the tissue, and the total system (medium + tissue), but they increased the amount of [14C]alanine-LH only in the medium. There was a significant positive interaction between EB and GnRH on the amounts of [3H]glucosamine-LH and [14C]alanine-LH in the medium and of [3H]glucosamine-LH in the tissue and total system. EB enhanced [3H]glucosamine uptake and incorporation into total protein, but GnRH had little or no effect on these parameters. In time course studies rats were injected with either oil or EB at 22, 11, or 5.5 h prior to sacrifice. At all times EB significantly increased synthesis and release of [3H]-glucosamine-LH and release of total immunoreactive LH (IR-LH) by pituitaries incubated with GnRH. The amounts of labeled and IR-LH released into the medium increased linearly with time after EB injection, but the amount of labeled LH in the total system plateaued at 5.5 h after EB injection. In another study, estradiol (E2, 5 microng/rat) dissolved in 1% ethanol-saline was injected at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4 h prior to sacrifice. Incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into tissue protein and release of [3H]glucosamine-LH was stimulated within 2 h after E2 injection. However, incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into LH was not stimulated until 4 h after E2 injection. These results suggest that estrogen and GnRH regulate LH synthesis at different sites, and that the effect of estrogen is non-specific compared to that of GnRH. The synthesis of the carbohydrate moiety of LH appears to be subjected to hormonal regulation more readily than the synthesis of the polypeptide moiety.", "PMID": 321219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7831", "title": "Characterization of distinct segments in mouse satellite DNA by restriction nucleases.", "content": "The long-range periodicity of mouse satellite DNA has been analyzed by digestion with five restriction nucleases. With all nucleases tested, a major repeat unit approximately 245 nucleotide pairs became apparent. Minor registers of shorter length were also detected. The total number of cleavage sites per haploid genome for each restriction enzyme as well as their positions relative to each other were determined. While endo R-EcoRII was known to cleave all of the satellite DNA, the other four restriction enzymes were found to generate only weak degradation patterns. The results taken together with quantitative analyses of codigestion experiments indicate that the recognition sequences for each of these four nucleases are clustered on separate parts of the satellite DNA. It is concluded that the satellite DNA, which appears homogeneous by digestion with endo R-EcRII, contains distinct segments each susceptible to degradation with one of the other nucleases. These results have certain implications for theories on the evolution of mouse satellite DNA. A simple mechanism of multiplication and divergence by mutation is not sufficient to explain the data. Additional and alternative processes which are relevant to the evolutionary considerations are discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of distinct segments in mouse satellite DNA by restriction nucleases. The long-range periodicity of mouse satellite DNA has been analyzed by digestion with five restriction nucleases. With all nucleases tested, a major repeat unit approximately 245 nucleotide pairs became apparent. Minor registers of shorter length were also detected. The total number of cleavage sites per haploid genome for each restriction enzyme as well as their positions relative to each other were determined. While endo R-EcoRII was known to cleave all of the satellite DNA, the other four restriction enzymes were found to generate only weak degradation patterns. The results taken together with quantitative analyses of codigestion experiments indicate that the recognition sequences for each of these four nucleases are clustered on separate parts of the satellite DNA. It is concluded that the satellite DNA, which appears homogeneous by digestion with endo R-EcRII, contains distinct segments each susceptible to degradation with one of the other nucleases. These results have certain implications for theories on the evolution of mouse satellite DNA. A simple mechanism of multiplication and divergence by mutation is not sufficient to explain the data. Additional and alternative processes which are relevant to the evolutionary considerations are discussed.", "PMID": 321221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7832", "title": "Bromopyruvate as an affinity label for baker's yeast flavocytochrome b2. Kinetic study of the inactivation reaction.", "content": "Bromopyruvate was shown to completely inactivate cytochrome b2 in a reaction that obeyed the kinetic criteria required for affinity labels: it inactivated flavocytochrome b2 according to saturation kinetics, and the inactivation reaction was competitively inhibited by the substrate or competitive inhibitors. Inactivation was irreversible. The behaviour of both forms of flavocytochrome b2 (lintact and proteolytically cleaved) was examined. It was found that the reduced cleaved enzyme was not inactivated by bromopyruvate; this phenomenon can probably be ascribed to a structural change undergone upon reduction. The value of the lactate dissociation constant of intact cytochrome b2 cytochrome b2 was determined in competition experiments with bromopyruvate. By comparison with the divergent published values for the Ks of the cleaved from, it appears that only those that differ from the Km by a factor of two or three are reasonable. This study opens the way for the identification of an active site residue and localization in the peptide chain of the bifunctional enzyme.", "contents": "Bromopyruvate as an affinity label for baker's yeast flavocytochrome b2. Kinetic study of the inactivation reaction. Bromopyruvate was shown to completely inactivate cytochrome b2 in a reaction that obeyed the kinetic criteria required for affinity labels: it inactivated flavocytochrome b2 according to saturation kinetics, and the inactivation reaction was competitively inhibited by the substrate or competitive inhibitors. Inactivation was irreversible. The behaviour of both forms of flavocytochrome b2 (lintact and proteolytically cleaved) was examined. It was found that the reduced cleaved enzyme was not inactivated by bromopyruvate; this phenomenon can probably be ascribed to a structural change undergone upon reduction. The value of the lactate dissociation constant of intact cytochrome b2 cytochrome b2 was determined in competition experiments with bromopyruvate. By comparison with the divergent published values for the Ks of the cleaved from, it appears that only those that differ from the Km by a factor of two or three are reasonable. This study opens the way for the identification of an active site residue and localization in the peptide chain of the bifunctional enzyme.", "PMID": 321222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7833", "title": "beta-D-Galactoside transport in Escherichia coli. Reversible inhibition by Aprotic Solvents and its Reconstitution in transport-negative membrane vesicles.", "content": "At relatively low concentrations (less than 3M) the aprotic solvents: dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, tetramethylurea and hexamethylphosphoric triamide, inhibited beta-D-galactoside transport by whole cells, and the derived membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli. Inhibition was not due to gross leakiness of the membrane and could be largely reversed  by a simple washing procedure...", "contents": "beta-D-Galactoside transport in Escherichia coli. Reversible inhibition by Aprotic Solvents and its Reconstitution in transport-negative membrane vesicles. At relatively low concentrations (less than 3M) the aprotic solvents: dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, tetramethylurea and hexamethylphosphoric triamide, inhibited beta-D-galactoside transport by whole cells, and the derived membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli. Inhibition was not due to gross leakiness of the membrane and could be largely reversed  by a simple washing procedure...", "PMID": 321223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7834", "title": "The reactivity of one essential cysteine as a conformational probe in Escherichia coli tryptophanase. Application to the study of the structural influence of subunit interactions.", "content": "It is first shown that the inactivation of Escherichia coli apotryptophanase byN-ethylmaleimide results from the labeling of a single particularly reactive cysteine per protomer. The reactivity of this cysteine under various conditions is investigated and the results indicate that the protein can exist under two classes of conformation: one, corresponding to inactive protein,in which the cysteine is reactive, and second, corresponding to active enzyme, where the cysteine is masked. The rate of the isomeriation step involved in this change in conformation is measured by the stopped-flow technique(tou = 0.4s). Finally, the reactivity of the cysteine is used to characterize the conformation of dimeric holotryptophanase (i.e. a dissociated form of the enzyme obtained as a transient species between dimeric apoenzyme and the natural tetrameric holoenzyme). By this criterion, it is shown that dimeric holotryptophanase falls in the class of 'inactive' conformations. These results are used to discuss the influence of the quaternary structure on the functional and conformational properties of tryptophanase and the nature of the conformational change involved in the activation of the enzyme by its cofactor and specific cations.", "contents": "The reactivity of one essential cysteine as a conformational probe in Escherichia coli tryptophanase. Application to the study of the structural influence of subunit interactions. It is first shown that the inactivation of Escherichia coli apotryptophanase byN-ethylmaleimide results from the labeling of a single particularly reactive cysteine per protomer. The reactivity of this cysteine under various conditions is investigated and the results indicate that the protein can exist under two classes of conformation: one, corresponding to inactive protein,in which the cysteine is reactive, and second, corresponding to active enzyme, where the cysteine is masked. The rate of the isomeriation step involved in this change in conformation is measured by the stopped-flow technique(tou = 0.4s). Finally, the reactivity of the cysteine is used to characterize the conformation of dimeric holotryptophanase (i.e. a dissociated form of the enzyme obtained as a transient species between dimeric apoenzyme and the natural tetrameric holoenzyme). By this criterion, it is shown that dimeric holotryptophanase falls in the class of 'inactive' conformations. These results are used to discuss the influence of the quaternary structure on the functional and conformational properties of tryptophanase and the nature of the conformational change involved in the activation of the enzyme by its cofactor and specific cations.", "PMID": 321224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7835", "title": "Ultimate fate of heart transplantation. Seven years survival in a dog.", "content": "The morphological study of a canine cardiac transplantation whose survival was 7 years, without treatment for 6 years, is described. The pathological examination demonstrated a right-side heart failure due to pulmonary stenosis. A histological study revealed marks of chronical rejection induced by vascular fibrosis and perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes. This unusual kind of tolerance could be induced by donor blood transfusion at the time of transplantation.", "contents": "Ultimate fate of heart transplantation. Seven years survival in a dog. The morphological study of a canine cardiac transplantation whose survival was 7 years, without treatment for 6 years, is described. The pathological examination demonstrated a right-side heart failure due to pulmonary stenosis. A histological study revealed marks of chronical rejection induced by vascular fibrosis and perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes. This unusual kind of tolerance could be induced by donor blood transfusion at the time of transplantation.", "PMID": 321226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7836", "title": "Antidepressant evaluation and the pharmacological actions of FG4963 in depressive patients.", "content": "FG4963 a phenylpiperidine derivative and potent 5-HT reuptake inhibitor at neuronal sites was investigated in a group of 10 depressive patients, and its effect was compared with that of amitryptyline in a group of 10 depressive patients treated with amitriptyline. FG4963 was found to be significantly inferior as an antidepressant compared to amitryptyline over a 6-week period. FG4963 did not appear to be anticholinergic as judged by its lack of effect on salivary flow. Its effect (in the dosage used) on the tyramine dose--pressor response and NA dose--pressor response tests were less than those of amitryptyline.", "contents": "Antidepressant evaluation and the pharmacological actions of FG4963 in depressive patients. FG4963 a phenylpiperidine derivative and potent 5-HT reuptake inhibitor at neuronal sites was investigated in a group of 10 depressive patients, and its effect was compared with that of amitryptyline in a group of 10 depressive patients treated with amitriptyline. FG4963 was found to be significantly inferior as an antidepressant compared to amitryptyline over a 6-week period. FG4963 did not appear to be anticholinergic as judged by its lack of effect on salivary flow. Its effect (in the dosage used) on the tyramine dose--pressor response and NA dose--pressor response tests were less than those of amitryptyline.", "PMID": 321228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7837", "title": "Stimulation of erythropoiesis in a grafted animal by mouse fetal liver culture media.", "content": "Erythropoietin given to polycythemic, irradiated mice receiving a bone marrow transplant restores the number of erythroid colonies produced. In this study mouse fetal liver culture media administered to polycythemic, irradiated mice also restored the number of erythroid colonies and erythropoiesis as measured by 59Fe incorporation. Thus, mouse fetal liver in culture produces a factor which resembles erythropoietin.", "contents": "Stimulation of erythropoiesis in a grafted animal by mouse fetal liver culture media. Erythropoietin given to polycythemic, irradiated mice receiving a bone marrow transplant restores the number of erythroid colonies produced. In this study mouse fetal liver culture media administered to polycythemic, irradiated mice also restored the number of erythroid colonies and erythropoiesis as measured by 59Fe incorporation. Thus, mouse fetal liver in culture produces a factor which resembles erythropoietin.", "PMID": 321232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7838", "title": "Bone marrow transplantation for an infant with neutrophil dysfunction.", "content": "A child with severe neutrophil dysfunction and intractable infections received bone marrow transplants from histocompatible siblings. After a first transplant preceded by cyclophosphamide (CY), antithymocyte serum (ATS) and procarbazine (PCB) preconditioning, there was no evidence for engraftment and autologous marrow function rapidly returned. Cell mediated lysis showed no evidence of patient sensitization against the marrow donor suggesting that graft rejection did not cause the transplant failure. A second transplant was performed utilizing another matched sibling donor. Total body irradiation was added to CY, ATS, and PCB for preconditioning after in vitro studies of the colony forming capacity (CFUc) of the patient's marrow cells showed normal sensitivity to radiation. Full engraftment ensued with correction of granulocyte function abnormalities. The patient eventually died of intractable pulmonary disease. Our experience with this child suggests that cyclophosphamide alone may be insufficient preparation for marrow transplantation in some patients with non-neoplastic hematologic disorders. Experimental and clinical data supporting this contention are reviewed.", "contents": "Bone marrow transplantation for an infant with neutrophil dysfunction. A child with severe neutrophil dysfunction and intractable infections received bone marrow transplants from histocompatible siblings. After a first transplant preceded by cyclophosphamide (CY), antithymocyte serum (ATS) and procarbazine (PCB) preconditioning, there was no evidence for engraftment and autologous marrow function rapidly returned. Cell mediated lysis showed no evidence of patient sensitization against the marrow donor suggesting that graft rejection did not cause the transplant failure. A second transplant was performed utilizing another matched sibling donor. Total body irradiation was added to CY, ATS, and PCB for preconditioning after in vitro studies of the colony forming capacity (CFUc) of the patient's marrow cells showed normal sensitivity to radiation. Full engraftment ensued with correction of granulocyte function abnormalities. The patient eventually died of intractable pulmonary disease. Our experience with this child suggests that cyclophosphamide alone may be insufficient preparation for marrow transplantation in some patients with non-neoplastic hematologic disorders. Experimental and clinical data supporting this contention are reviewed.", "PMID": 321233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7839", "title": "Isolation and fusion studies on protoplasts from pollen tetrads.", "content": "Different enzymes were tested for isolation of intact protoplasts from pollen tetrads. About 80% isolation was achieved from pollen tetrads of Cajanus cajan and Zea mays and about 60% from Luffa cylindrica and Lycopersicon esculentum after 4 h of treatment with 5% cellulase. When these mononucleate protoplasts were incubated in presence of 0.05 M CaCl2 in 0.3 M glucose at pH 10.5, 70-80% fusion was achieved. Fusion was rare in sodium nitrate solutions.", "contents": "Isolation and fusion studies on protoplasts from pollen tetrads. Different enzymes were tested for isolation of intact protoplasts from pollen tetrads. About 80% isolation was achieved from pollen tetrads of Cajanus cajan and Zea mays and about 60% from Luffa cylindrica and Lycopersicon esculentum after 4 h of treatment with 5% cellulase. When these mononucleate protoplasts were incubated in presence of 0.05 M CaCl2 in 0.3 M glucose at pH 10.5, 70-80% fusion was achieved. Fusion was rare in sodium nitrate solutions.", "PMID": 321241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7840", "title": "Demonstration of a tryptaminergic mechanism in the rat beta-cell.", "content": "Yellow 5-HT fluorescence has been histochemically demonstrated in rat pancreatic islet cells in animals injected with L-5-HTP with or without pretreatment with the monoaminoxidase inhibitor nialamide. This fluorescence was not observed after inhibition of the aromatic amino acid decarobxylase. The results strongly suggest the presence of a tryptaminergic mechanism in the rat islet cells.", "contents": "Demonstration of a tryptaminergic mechanism in the rat beta-cell. Yellow 5-HT fluorescence has been histochemically demonstrated in rat pancreatic islet cells in animals injected with L-5-HTP with or without pretreatment with the monoaminoxidase inhibitor nialamide. This fluorescence was not observed after inhibition of the aromatic amino acid decarobxylase. The results strongly suggest the presence of a tryptaminergic mechanism in the rat islet cells.", "PMID": 321243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7841", "title": "Investigations on the mechanism of action of narciclasine.", "content": "The Authors have investigated the possible interaction between narciclasine and DNA using various physico-chemical techniques useful for demonstrating the complex formation between a small molecule and a marcomolecule. The data obtained clearly indicate that a complex between DNA and narciclasine does not occur. The mechanism of the antimitotic activity of narciclasine must therefore be of a different nature, such as interference with the enzymatic systems involved in the duplication of DNA or with the protein structures involved in nuclear division.", "contents": "Investigations on the mechanism of action of narciclasine. The Authors have investigated the possible interaction between narciclasine and DNA using various physico-chemical techniques useful for demonstrating the complex formation between a small molecule and a marcomolecule. The data obtained clearly indicate that a complex between DNA and narciclasine does not occur. The mechanism of the antimitotic activity of narciclasine must therefore be of a different nature, such as interference with the enzymatic systems involved in the duplication of DNA or with the protein structures involved in nuclear division.", "PMID": 321245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7842", "title": "Environmental agents altering lung biochemistry.", "content": "Environmental agents may enter the lung via the tracheobronchial tree or via the bloodstream. They can interact with lung cell metabolism and set in motion a sequence of events that leads to damage, adaptation, and repair. Biochemical signs of lung damage described include lipid peroxidation, decreased biosynthesis of macromolecules, depressed enzyme activities, and the binding of metabolites of the offending agent to tissue macromolecules. As a response to acute damage, lung can activate several biochemical pathways. The selenium-glutathione peroxidase system affords protection against lipid peroxidation and increased activity of superoxide dismutase provides oxygen tolerance. Biochemical adaptation occasionally occurs very quickly: the herbicides paraquat and diquat produce an acute loss of cellular NADPH in lung. This is accompanied by a sudden increase in pentose phosphate pathway activity. Biochemical events accompanying tissue repair following lung injury are increased synthesis of nucleic acids and of protein and enhanced enzymatic activity. The repair following lung damage caused by drugs may be inhibited by oxygen.", "contents": "Environmental agents altering lung biochemistry. Environmental agents may enter the lung via the tracheobronchial tree or via the bloodstream. They can interact with lung cell metabolism and set in motion a sequence of events that leads to damage, adaptation, and repair. Biochemical signs of lung damage described include lipid peroxidation, decreased biosynthesis of macromolecules, depressed enzyme activities, and the binding of metabolites of the offending agent to tissue macromolecules. As a response to acute damage, lung can activate several biochemical pathways. The selenium-glutathione peroxidase system affords protection against lipid peroxidation and increased activity of superoxide dismutase provides oxygen tolerance. Biochemical adaptation occasionally occurs very quickly: the herbicides paraquat and diquat produce an acute loss of cellular NADPH in lung. This is accompanied by a sudden increase in pentose phosphate pathway activity. Biochemical events accompanying tissue repair following lung injury are increased synthesis of nucleic acids and of protein and enhanced enzymatic activity. The repair following lung damage caused by drugs may be inhibited by oxygen.", "PMID": 321251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7843", "title": "Diet, DDT, and the toxicity of drugs and chemicals.", "content": "The toxic and carcinogenic effects of many compounds depend on their activation to reactive molecules in the cytochrome P-450 system of the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. Changes in dietary input alter P-450 levels in different tissues and so alter toxicity. In this way, low protein diets protect against carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Fats, proteins, and nonnutrients such as flavones, antioxidants, and contaminants like DDT all affect P-450 levels. The activated molecules may be diverted from their target sites by inactivation processes, such as epoxide hydratase or glutathione trappin. This is also under nutritional control. Low protein diets render animals sensitive to acetaminophen by reducing glutathione levels. In the sequence of events leading from initial contact of toxin with organism to eventual cell injury or neoplasm, nutritional factors are of import at every stage. Assessments of the toxicity of chemicals that do not take into account the nutritional variable in man are likely to be incorrect.", "contents": "Diet, DDT, and the toxicity of drugs and chemicals. The toxic and carcinogenic effects of many compounds depend on their activation to reactive molecules in the cytochrome P-450 system of the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. Changes in dietary input alter P-450 levels in different tissues and so alter toxicity. In this way, low protein diets protect against carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Fats, proteins, and nonnutrients such as flavones, antioxidants, and contaminants like DDT all affect P-450 levels. The activated molecules may be diverted from their target sites by inactivation processes, such as epoxide hydratase or glutathione trappin. This is also under nutritional control. Low protein diets render animals sensitive to acetaminophen by reducing glutathione levels. In the sequence of events leading from initial contact of toxin with organism to eventual cell injury or neoplasm, nutritional factors are of import at every stage. Assessments of the toxicity of chemicals that do not take into account the nutritional variable in man are likely to be incorrect.", "PMID": 321252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7844", "title": "Teratogenic effects of environmental chemicals.", "content": "Despite the widespread distribution of a great many chemical substances in the environment, very few have been implicated in human teratogenicity, and most of these are drugs used at relatively high biological effect levels. Although several other types of environmental chemicals such as pesticides, solvents, and metals can be shown under laboratory conditions to have some teratogenic potential, there is little evidence that these, at present ambient concentrations and conditions of exposure, represent significant hazards to human intrauterine development. An exception to the latter generalization is methylmercury which, because of peculiarities in distribution, can reach high concentration in the human diet.", "contents": "Teratogenic effects of environmental chemicals. Despite the widespread distribution of a great many chemical substances in the environment, very few have been implicated in human teratogenicity, and most of these are drugs used at relatively high biological effect levels. Although several other types of environmental chemicals such as pesticides, solvents, and metals can be shown under laboratory conditions to have some teratogenic potential, there is little evidence that these, at present ambient concentrations and conditions of exposure, represent significant hazards to human intrauterine development. An exception to the latter generalization is methylmercury which, because of peculiarities in distribution, can reach high concentration in the human diet.", "PMID": 321253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7845", "title": "Radiation injury: some aspects of the oncogenic effects.", "content": "The late effects or irradiation stem from cell killing, mutation, and malignant transformation. Cancer is the major somatic late effect of exposure to low dose levels of radiation, and estimates of risk of cancer in man after irradiation are based entirely on human experience. The data for dose-response relationships for the induction of tumors by external irradiation in man have been obtained from a single exposure or a small number of exposures delivered at high dose rates. In contrast, exposure to environmental irradiation is mainly protracted over a long period of time and is delivered at a low dose rate. As yet no allowance has been made for the effect of protraction of the exposure time in estimating the risk of cancer, although an adjustment has been made in the case of estimates of genetic risk. Incidence of tumors has been the only parameter used for risk estimates, but latent period and degree of malignancy, which are probably both dose and dose-rate dependent, influence the nature of the risk from radiation. As the knowledge about the effects of low-level radiation has been accumulated and assimilated over the last 70 years, so has the concern for reasonable standards of safety. There are still problems in the estimation of radiation risks, but at least many of the relevant questions can now be framed. The problems of estimating risks for chemical carcinogens are clearly greater, but the experience gained from radiation studies should help in the design of the necessary experiments.", "contents": "Radiation injury: some aspects of the oncogenic effects. The late effects or irradiation stem from cell killing, mutation, and malignant transformation. Cancer is the major somatic late effect of exposure to low dose levels of radiation, and estimates of risk of cancer in man after irradiation are based entirely on human experience. The data for dose-response relationships for the induction of tumors by external irradiation in man have been obtained from a single exposure or a small number of exposures delivered at high dose rates. In contrast, exposure to environmental irradiation is mainly protracted over a long period of time and is delivered at a low dose rate. As yet no allowance has been made for the effect of protraction of the exposure time in estimating the risk of cancer, although an adjustment has been made in the case of estimates of genetic risk. Incidence of tumors has been the only parameter used for risk estimates, but latent period and degree of malignancy, which are probably both dose and dose-rate dependent, influence the nature of the risk from radiation. As the knowledge about the effects of low-level radiation has been accumulated and assimilated over the last 70 years, so has the concern for reasonable standards of safety. There are still problems in the estimation of radiation risks, but at least many of the relevant questions can now be framed. The problems of estimating risks for chemical carcinogens are clearly greater, but the experience gained from radiation studies should help in the design of the necessary experiments.", "PMID": 321254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7846", "title": "Influence of environmental stress on pathogenesis of sudden cardiac death.", "content": "The effects of 20th-century stress on the cardiovascular system are reviewed and correlated with experimental animal models. A classic example of such stress is drawn from a study of the aerospace workers at Cape Kennedy who were shown to be exposed to excessive occupational stress. Surprisingly, the usual risk factors did not predict a greater risk, yet the population exhibited a higher incidence of sudden cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction. Acute myocardial necrosis was much more frequently demonstrated than was acute coronary obstruction of any type. Retrospective coroner's studies revealed two types of myocardial necrosis: 1) elongated, thinned or wavy fibers and 2) anomalous contraction bands. Correlation of these clinical observations with experimental data was duplicated in canine models of myocardial infarcion and/or catecholamine-induced necrosis. Catecholamines can lead to irreversible myocardial necrosis but the underlying mechanisms appear to be complex. Extrapolation of the results from the experimental and clinical studies suggests that environmental stress can lead to myocardial necrosis.", "contents": "Influence of environmental stress on pathogenesis of sudden cardiac death. The effects of 20th-century stress on the cardiovascular system are reviewed and correlated with experimental animal models. A classic example of such stress is drawn from a study of the aerospace workers at Cape Kennedy who were shown to be exposed to excessive occupational stress. Surprisingly, the usual risk factors did not predict a greater risk, yet the population exhibited a higher incidence of sudden cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction. Acute myocardial necrosis was much more frequently demonstrated than was acute coronary obstruction of any type. Retrospective coroner's studies revealed two types of myocardial necrosis: 1) elongated, thinned or wavy fibers and 2) anomalous contraction bands. Correlation of these clinical observations with experimental data was duplicated in canine models of myocardial infarcion and/or catecholamine-induced necrosis. Catecholamines can lead to irreversible myocardial necrosis but the underlying mechanisms appear to be complex. Extrapolation of the results from the experimental and clinical studies suggests that environmental stress can lead to myocardial necrosis.", "PMID": 321255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7847", "title": "Immune responses to environmental antigens that act on the skin: the role of lymphokines in contact dermatitis.", "content": "Immune responses to enviornmental agents affecting the skin may take various clinical forms, among which contact dermatitis is the most prominent representative of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Whereas in industrialized countries a relatively restricted amount of chemical agents is responsible for the majority of contact dermatitis cases, other factors from the environment such as natural flora, seasonal or nutritional factors may also play a role. Like other immune responses, contact dermatitis is strongly influenced by genetic factors and the existence of immune response genes, in part linked to the major histocompatibility complex, has been established in experimental animals. Whereas the formation of conjugates between skin-specific proteins and contactant allergens is held by some to represent an important feature in contact dermatitis, recent experiments suggest that the direct binding of contactants to monocyte and lymphocyte membranes represents the most efficient way in inducing sensitization of the T lymphocytes primarily responsible for contact hypersensitivity. At the effector level, complete inhibition of contact dermatitis and other delayed type hypersensitivity reactions by an antiserum prepared against guinea pig lymphokines (especially migration inhibition factor) offers strong evidence that lymphokines, as products of activated lymphocytes, also play a decisive role in vivo. The properties of antibodies raised against purified lymphokine fractions are reviewed. Localized contact dermatitis reactions, as well as accompanying phenomenons such as flar-up reactions and generalized maculopapular rashes, may, however, still involve other elements than T lymphocytes and lymphokines. The participation of other secondary cell types and of local antibody formation is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Immune responses to environmental antigens that act on the skin: the role of lymphokines in contact dermatitis. Immune responses to enviornmental agents affecting the skin may take various clinical forms, among which contact dermatitis is the most prominent representative of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Whereas in industrialized countries a relatively restricted amount of chemical agents is responsible for the majority of contact dermatitis cases, other factors from the environment such as natural flora, seasonal or nutritional factors may also play a role. Like other immune responses, contact dermatitis is strongly influenced by genetic factors and the existence of immune response genes, in part linked to the major histocompatibility complex, has been established in experimental animals. Whereas the formation of conjugates between skin-specific proteins and contactant allergens is held by some to represent an important feature in contact dermatitis, recent experiments suggest that the direct binding of contactants to monocyte and lymphocyte membranes represents the most efficient way in inducing sensitization of the T lymphocytes primarily responsible for contact hypersensitivity. At the effector level, complete inhibition of contact dermatitis and other delayed type hypersensitivity reactions by an antiserum prepared against guinea pig lymphokines (especially migration inhibition factor) offers strong evidence that lymphokines, as products of activated lymphocytes, also play a decisive role in vivo. The properties of antibodies raised against purified lymphokine fractions are reviewed. Localized contact dermatitis reactions, as well as accompanying phenomenons such as flar-up reactions and generalized maculopapular rashes, may, however, still involve other elements than T lymphocytes and lymphokines. The participation of other secondary cell types and of local antibody formation is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 321256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7848", "title": "[Des-Asp1] angiotensin II: mediator of the renin-angiotensin system?", "content": "Angiotensin II and its C-terminal heptapeptide fragment, [des-Asp1]angiotensin II, influence a variety of angiotensin receptors in a qualitatively similar manner. On the basis of potency studies, angiotensin II appears to be the important mediator of the renin-angiotensin system at the peripheral arteriolar receptors to maintain arterial blood pressure. However, both angiotensin II and the heptapeptide are approximately equally potent at receptor sites in the adrenal cortex, the renal arterioles, and the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys. Adrenal cortical receptor affinity appears to be greater for the heptapeptide than for angiotensin II. Analogues of the heptapeptide are better antagonists than analogues of the octapeptide in blocking the steroidogenic responses to both angiotensin II and heptapeptide. Circulating plasma levels of [des-Asp1]angiotensin II appear to be low in most species; there is strong evidence, however, that local generation of heptapeptide can occur under certain conditions. It seems likely that both peptides act at common receptor sites to mediate the response to the renin-angiotensin system but more data are needed before a definite physiologic role can be assigned to the heptapeptide.", "contents": "[Des-Asp1] angiotensin II: mediator of the renin-angiotensin system? Angiotensin II and its C-terminal heptapeptide fragment, [des-Asp1]angiotensin II, influence a variety of angiotensin receptors in a qualitatively similar manner. On the basis of potency studies, angiotensin II appears to be the important mediator of the renin-angiotensin system at the peripheral arteriolar receptors to maintain arterial blood pressure. However, both angiotensin II and the heptapeptide are approximately equally potent at receptor sites in the adrenal cortex, the renal arterioles, and the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys. Adrenal cortical receptor affinity appears to be greater for the heptapeptide than for angiotensin II. Analogues of the heptapeptide are better antagonists than analogues of the octapeptide in blocking the steroidogenic responses to both angiotensin II and heptapeptide. Circulating plasma levels of [des-Asp1]angiotensin II appear to be low in most species; there is strong evidence, however, that local generation of heptapeptide can occur under certain conditions. It seems likely that both peptides act at common receptor sites to mediate the response to the renin-angiotensin system but more data are needed before a definite physiologic role can be assigned to the heptapeptide.", "PMID": 321257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7849", "title": "Comparative physiology of the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "Renin or a renin-like substance is found in the kidneys of many vertebrate species. It is absent from the kidneys of cyclostomes and elasmobranchs and first appears in holosteans and the bony fishes as well as in all higher vertebrate species. Juxtaglomerular cell granules also appear first in holosteans and the bony fishes while the macula densa first appears in amphibians. In telecost fishes, the corpuscles of Stannius contain Bowie-stainable granules and a renin-like pressor substance. Among classes and, in some cases, species of vertebrates, specificity in the reaction of renin with a substrate has been demonstrated. There is also some species and class variation in the angiotensin molecule since angiotensins of fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds have chemical characteristics different from each other and from those of ammmals. A role for renin in stimulating interrenal gland steroid biosynthesis and in influencing water and ion regulation in nonmammalian vertebrates is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative physiology of the renin-angiotensin system. Renin or a renin-like substance is found in the kidneys of many vertebrate species. It is absent from the kidneys of cyclostomes and elasmobranchs and first appears in holosteans and the bony fishes as well as in all higher vertebrate species. Juxtaglomerular cell granules also appear first in holosteans and the bony fishes while the macula densa first appears in amphibians. In telecost fishes, the corpuscles of Stannius contain Bowie-stainable granules and a renin-like pressor substance. Among classes and, in some cases, species of vertebrates, specificity in the reaction of renin with a substrate has been demonstrated. There is also some species and class variation in the angiotensin molecule since angiotensins of fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds have chemical characteristics different from each other and from those of ammmals. A role for renin in stimulating interrenal gland steroid biosynthesis and in influencing water and ion regulation in nonmammalian vertebrates is discussed.", "PMID": 321258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7850", "title": "Contraceptive and sterilization practices and extrauterine pregnancy: a realistic perspective.", "content": "Comparative data on the incidence of ectopic pregnancy among accidental pregnancies associated with failure of a contraceptive or sterilization procedure are shown in Table 16. The practical clinical significance of the data in this review is predicated upon a number of related factors. One of the most important of these is the realistic failure rate (or success rate) of each contraceptive or sterilization method. The reported efficacy of various contraceptive methods has such a wide range that we have not attempted to calculate the likelihood that a woman may experience an ectopic pregnancy within a particular time period while using a specific method. The success or failure rate of each method is influenced by such variables as (1) the conscientiousness and ability of the patient to follow instructions, (2) the true failure rate of the method itself, (3) the experience of the clinician prescribing a method or performing a surgical procedure, and (4) other factors less clearly defined. Because of these many variables, the data shown in Table 16 were calculated on the basis of the number of reported accidental pregnancies which occurred coincidentally with, or subsequent to, a specific contraceptive or sterilization modality. (formula: see text). These data do not reflect the actual rate of occurrence of ectopic pregnancy with respect to woman-months of experience. We recognize the significant influence that age, race, gravidity, and socioeconomic factors have upon the incidence of ectopic pregnancy, but were unable to control for these factors in the data presented in this review. These data reprresent only what has occurred under specific circumstances and cannot logically be extrapolated to any specific future case or study series. It is important to emphasize the necessity of constant awareness by the medical and paraprofessional personnel of the potentially increased risk to the patient of an extrauterine pregnancy should one or another of these contraceptive or sterilization procedures fail. Complacency or a false sense of security on the part of responsible medical personnel concerning women who are \"protected against conception\" can quickly lead to a life-threatening situation in case of an ectopic pregnancy. Prompt diagnosis and definitive treatment of the extrauterine pregnancy is vital for the successful management of this serious complication of conception.", "contents": "Contraceptive and sterilization practices and extrauterine pregnancy: a realistic perspective. Comparative data on the incidence of ectopic pregnancy among accidental pregnancies associated with failure of a contraceptive or sterilization procedure are shown in Table 16. The practical clinical significance of the data in this review is predicated upon a number of related factors. One of the most important of these is the realistic failure rate (or success rate) of each contraceptive or sterilization method. The reported efficacy of various contraceptive methods has such a wide range that we have not attempted to calculate the likelihood that a woman may experience an ectopic pregnancy within a particular time period while using a specific method. The success or failure rate of each method is influenced by such variables as (1) the conscientiousness and ability of the patient to follow instructions, (2) the true failure rate of the method itself, (3) the experience of the clinician prescribing a method or performing a surgical procedure, and (4) other factors less clearly defined. Because of these many variables, the data shown in Table 16 were calculated on the basis of the number of reported accidental pregnancies which occurred coincidentally with, or subsequent to, a specific contraceptive or sterilization modality. (formula: see text). These data do not reflect the actual rate of occurrence of ectopic pregnancy with respect to woman-months of experience. We recognize the significant influence that age, race, gravidity, and socioeconomic factors have upon the incidence of ectopic pregnancy, but were unable to control for these factors in the data presented in this review. These data reprresent only what has occurred under specific circumstances and cannot logically be extrapolated to any specific future case or study series. It is important to emphasize the necessity of constant awareness by the medical and paraprofessional personnel of the potentially increased risk to the patient of an extrauterine pregnancy should one or another of these contraceptive or sterilization procedures fail. Complacency or a false sense of security on the part of responsible medical personnel concerning women who are \"protected against conception\" can quickly lead to a life-threatening situation in case of an ectopic pregnancy. Prompt diagnosis and definitive treatment of the extrauterine pregnancy is vital for the successful management of this serious complication of conception.", "PMID": 321259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7851", "title": "Treatment of functional amenorrhea-galactorrhea with 2-bromoergocryptine.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to investigate not only the effectiveness of bromoergocryptine therapy in 13 women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia without evidence of organic pathology, but also to assess the value of pretreatment evaluation in predicting the response to therapy. Sella turcica tomography, base line serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4, plasma cortisol levels, and the growth hormone reserve were normal in all patients. The pretreatment administration of LH-releasing factor (LRF) (100 microng subcutaneously) resulted in either a normal or excessive release of LH. On bromoergocryptine therapy, cyclic menses were reintiated in 10 of the women, while conception occurred prior to reinitiation of menses in the remaining three women. The time required for resumption of menses or conception on therapy correlated well with the magnitude of gonadotropin response to LRF. No correlation was seen with pretreatment prolactin levels nor with the degree of suppression of prolactin during bromoergocryptine therapy. In four women the mean prolactin levels during therapy were above normal, and in one patient prolactin levels approached pretreatment values during therapy. The initiation of cyclic menses despite continued hyperprolactinemia may indicate a possible direct effect of bromoergocryptine on hypothalamic LRF secretion as a partial explanation for its therapeutic action. On discontinuation of bromoergocryptine therapy, serum prolactin levels rapidly returned to pretreatment values or higher in all of the patients studied. In contrast to previous studies in which amenorrhea recurred in all patients after discontinuation of therapy, three of our patients maintained cyclic menses despite continued hyperprolactinemia. The recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after discontinuation of bromoergocryptine would indicate a persistent autonomy of the mechanisms involved. Periodic endocrine evaluation will be necessary to substantiate the presence or absence of pituitary microadenoma in these women.", "contents": "Treatment of functional amenorrhea-galactorrhea with 2-bromoergocryptine. The present study was undertaken to investigate not only the effectiveness of bromoergocryptine therapy in 13 women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia without evidence of organic pathology, but also to assess the value of pretreatment evaluation in predicting the response to therapy. Sella turcica tomography, base line serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4, plasma cortisol levels, and the growth hormone reserve were normal in all patients. The pretreatment administration of LH-releasing factor (LRF) (100 microng subcutaneously) resulted in either a normal or excessive release of LH. On bromoergocryptine therapy, cyclic menses were reintiated in 10 of the women, while conception occurred prior to reinitiation of menses in the remaining three women. The time required for resumption of menses or conception on therapy correlated well with the magnitude of gonadotropin response to LRF. No correlation was seen with pretreatment prolactin levels nor with the degree of suppression of prolactin during bromoergocryptine therapy. In four women the mean prolactin levels during therapy were above normal, and in one patient prolactin levels approached pretreatment values during therapy. The initiation of cyclic menses despite continued hyperprolactinemia may indicate a possible direct effect of bromoergocryptine on hypothalamic LRF secretion as a partial explanation for its therapeutic action. On discontinuation of bromoergocryptine therapy, serum prolactin levels rapidly returned to pretreatment values or higher in all of the patients studied. In contrast to previous studies in which amenorrhea recurred in all patients after discontinuation of therapy, three of our patients maintained cyclic menses despite continued hyperprolactinemia. The recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after discontinuation of bromoergocryptine would indicate a persistent autonomy of the mechanisms involved. Periodic endocrine evaluation will be necessary to substantiate the presence or absence of pituitary microadenoma in these women.", "PMID": 321260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7852", "title": "Aberrant uterine response to prostaglandin E2 as a possible etiologic factor in functional infertility.", "content": "The clinical entity of functional infertility still remains unexplained and largely lacking a line of proper management. The uterine response to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2alpha (administered by intravenous and intrauterine routes) was evaluated during different phases of the menstrual cycle in five functionally infertile women. The results (quantitative and qualitative) were compared with those elicited among 20 fertile women. There were no apparent differences between the two groups with respect to either compound (systemic or local) when given during the proliferative or luteal phase of the cycle. However, at midcycle, about the time of ovulation (days 13 to 18), there was a salient deviation in the type of response following local instillation of PGE2; in the normal fertile group there was a definite inhibition of motility, while uteri in the functionally infertile group showed marked stimulation. The possible role of this aberrant uterine response in the etiology of functional infertility is discussed.", "contents": "Aberrant uterine response to prostaglandin E2 as a possible etiologic factor in functional infertility. The clinical entity of functional infertility still remains unexplained and largely lacking a line of proper management. The uterine response to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2alpha (administered by intravenous and intrauterine routes) was evaluated during different phases of the menstrual cycle in five functionally infertile women. The results (quantitative and qualitative) were compared with those elicited among 20 fertile women. There were no apparent differences between the two groups with respect to either compound (systemic or local) when given during the proliferative or luteal phase of the cycle. However, at midcycle, about the time of ovulation (days 13 to 18), there was a salient deviation in the type of response following local instillation of PGE2; in the normal fertile group there was a definite inhibition of motility, while uteri in the functionally infertile group showed marked stimulation. The possible role of this aberrant uterine response in the etiology of functional infertility is discussed.", "PMID": 321261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7853", "title": "A study of the relationship between coitus and the luteinizing hormone surge.", "content": "Twenty-seven wives participating in a study of sexual activity patterns had identifiable shifts in basal body temperature and midcycle surges of serum luteinizing hormone (LH). When sexual activity data were examined using the LH surge as a centering point, it was observed that the day before the LH surge had only an average probability of coitus and organism. These findings suggest that neither coitus nor orgasm often triggers ovulation in humans. This cannot be taken as evidence that coitus-induced ovulation never occurs.", "contents": "A study of the relationship between coitus and the luteinizing hormone surge. Twenty-seven wives participating in a study of sexual activity patterns had identifiable shifts in basal body temperature and midcycle surges of serum luteinizing hormone (LH). When sexual activity data were examined using the LH surge as a centering point, it was observed that the day before the LH surge had only an average probability of coitus and organism. These findings suggest that neither coitus nor orgasm often triggers ovulation in humans. This cannot be taken as evidence that coitus-induced ovulation never occurs.", "PMID": 321262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7854", "title": "Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone responses to consecutive injections of D-leucine-6-LH-releasing hormone ethylamide in normal men.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (T) responses to three consecutive intravenous injections of D-Leu-6-LH-releasing hormone ethylamide (D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA) at 3-hour intervals were studied in six healthy, fertile, male volunteers 34.2+/-1.6 years of age. Each man received three injections of 20 microng of D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA at 6:00 A.M., 9:00 A.M., and 12:00 noon, respectively. Blood samples were obtained before the first injection and at 1, 2, 3 (before the second injection), 4, 5, 6 (before the third injection), 7, 8 and 9 hours after the beginning of the test. Serum levels of LH, FSH, and T were determined by radioimmunoassay with the double-antibody technique. The response to the first injection of D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA confirmed the longer duration of the stimulation of LH and FSH release caused by this compound as compared with that caused by LH-RH. Serum T levels rose significantly, almost paralleling the variations experienced with gonadotropins. The second injection caused a slight increase in LH and T responses in relation to the first injection. Two and three hours after administration, the third stimulus resulted in hormone levels lower than those obtained with the first two injections. Possible explanations for this finding might be a reduction of pituitary responsiveness as a result of multiple stimulation with D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA, or spontaneous circadian variation of the pituitary response, or a combination of factors.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone responses to consecutive injections of D-leucine-6-LH-releasing hormone ethylamide in normal men. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (T) responses to three consecutive intravenous injections of D-Leu-6-LH-releasing hormone ethylamide (D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA) at 3-hour intervals were studied in six healthy, fertile, male volunteers 34.2+/-1.6 years of age. Each man received three injections of 20 microng of D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA at 6:00 A.M., 9:00 A.M., and 12:00 noon, respectively. Blood samples were obtained before the first injection and at 1, 2, 3 (before the second injection), 4, 5, 6 (before the third injection), 7, 8 and 9 hours after the beginning of the test. Serum levels of LH, FSH, and T were determined by radioimmunoassay with the double-antibody technique. The response to the first injection of D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA confirmed the longer duration of the stimulation of LH and FSH release caused by this compound as compared with that caused by LH-RH. Serum T levels rose significantly, almost paralleling the variations experienced with gonadotropins. The second injection caused a slight increase in LH and T responses in relation to the first injection. Two and three hours after administration, the third stimulus resulted in hormone levels lower than those obtained with the first two injections. Possible explanations for this finding might be a reduction of pituitary responsiveness as a result of multiple stimulation with D-Leu-6-LH-RH-EA, or spontaneous circadian variation of the pituitary response, or a combination of factors.", "PMID": 321263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7855", "title": "Volume and shape of normal human spermatozoa.", "content": "An improved apparatus for measuring the electrical size of particles, developed in this laboratory and based on the principle of the Coulter counter, is used to size human spermatozoa. The typical size distribution is unimodel, with a skew to the right. The actual quantity determined by the measuring system is electrical size (i.e., shape factor X volume); in order to extract the volume, it is necessary to obtain an independence measure of particle shape. This is done by estimating the relative contributions of each part of the spermatozoon, and gives a weighted value for the shape factor of 1.28. The mean value of spermatozoa from 25 normal human seminal fluid specimens is found to be 17.4+/-1.46 cu micronm and the modal volume, 15.2+/-1.27 cu micronm. These values are compared with data reported in the literature after correcting the latter for the effects of particle shape. Zaponin does not affect the cell volume distributions, even when used in high concentrations, provided measurements are carried out within the hour.", "contents": "Volume and shape of normal human spermatozoa. An improved apparatus for measuring the electrical size of particles, developed in this laboratory and based on the principle of the Coulter counter, is used to size human spermatozoa. The typical size distribution is unimodel, with a skew to the right. The actual quantity determined by the measuring system is electrical size (i.e., shape factor X volume); in order to extract the volume, it is necessary to obtain an independence measure of particle shape. This is done by estimating the relative contributions of each part of the spermatozoon, and gives a weighted value for the shape factor of 1.28. The mean value of spermatozoa from 25 normal human seminal fluid specimens is found to be 17.4+/-1.46 cu micronm and the modal volume, 15.2+/-1.27 cu micronm. These values are compared with data reported in the literature after correcting the latter for the effects of particle shape. Zaponin does not affect the cell volume distributions, even when used in high concentrations, provided measurements are carried out within the hour.", "PMID": 321264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7856", "title": "Postcoital contraceptive effects of agonist analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.", "content": "Various analogs of synthetic hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) were evaluated for agonistic (ovulation-inducing), postcoital contraceptive, and direct uterotrophic activities. All analogs showing agonistic activity also possessed the ability to terminate pregnancy, as did LH-RH; there appeared to be a direct relationship between agonistic and postcoital potency and activity. The highly potent and active LH-RH agonist, D-[Ala]6-des-[Gly]10-pro9-ethylamide-LH-RH, proved to be the most potent and active postcoital preimplantational and postimplantational antifertility agent. In contrast to LH-RH, none of the analogs tested in the hypophysectomized animal produced a uterotrophic effect, revealing a selective extrapituitary effect of the parent hormone. The collective data demonstrate that peptides derived from LH-RH and bearing agonistic properties can terminate pregnancy postcoitally, via disruption of the pituitary-ovarian reproductive complex. Possible mechanisms are discussed, and the use of members of this neurohormonal class as potential profertility agents should be weighed with caution.", "contents": "Postcoital contraceptive effects of agonist analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Various analogs of synthetic hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) were evaluated for agonistic (ovulation-inducing), postcoital contraceptive, and direct uterotrophic activities. All analogs showing agonistic activity also possessed the ability to terminate pregnancy, as did LH-RH; there appeared to be a direct relationship between agonistic and postcoital potency and activity. The highly potent and active LH-RH agonist, D-[Ala]6-des-[Gly]10-pro9-ethylamide-LH-RH, proved to be the most potent and active postcoital preimplantational and postimplantational antifertility agent. In contrast to LH-RH, none of the analogs tested in the hypophysectomized animal produced a uterotrophic effect, revealing a selective extrapituitary effect of the parent hormone. The collective data demonstrate that peptides derived from LH-RH and bearing agonistic properties can terminate pregnancy postcoitally, via disruption of the pituitary-ovarian reproductive complex. Possible mechanisms are discussed, and the use of members of this neurohormonal class as potential profertility agents should be weighed with caution.", "PMID": 321265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7857", "title": "Specific suppressor cells in rats with neonatally induced transplantation tolerance.", "content": "The presence of suppressor cells was investigated in AVN rats bearing Lewis skin grafts of long standing after neonatal induction of transplantation tolerance. Pooled spleen cells from tolerant rats transferred to sublethally irradiated syngeneic recipients prolonged significantly and specifically the survival of skin allografts. Also, the factor present in the medium after cocultivation of lymphocytes from tolerant rats with Lewis antigens was effective.", "contents": "Specific suppressor cells in rats with neonatally induced transplantation tolerance. The presence of suppressor cells was investigated in AVN rats bearing Lewis skin grafts of long standing after neonatal induction of transplantation tolerance. Pooled spleen cells from tolerant rats transferred to sublethally irradiated syngeneic recipients prolonged significantly and specifically the survival of skin allografts. Also, the factor present in the medium after cocultivation of lymphocytes from tolerant rats with Lewis antigens was effective.", "PMID": 321268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7858", "title": "Strong histocompatibility antigens in Urodela amphibians.", "content": "In 13 experimental groups skin allo- and xenografts were performed from one donor to several hosts of Tirturus alpestris and T. vulgaris. In all but two groups chronic rejection reaction was observed. Extraordinarily quick rejection (MST = 8 days) in the remaining two groups may be explained by the presence of strong histocompatibility antigens.", "contents": "Strong histocompatibility antigens in Urodela amphibians. In 13 experimental groups skin allo- and xenografts were performed from one donor to several hosts of Tirturus alpestris and T. vulgaris. In all but two groups chronic rejection reaction was observed. Extraordinarily quick rejection (MST = 8 days) in the remaining two groups may be explained by the presence of strong histocompatibility antigens.", "PMID": 321269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7859", "title": "Preprosthetic surgery.", "content": "Several of the abnormal conditions existing in the edentulous patient can be corrected surgically, prior to construction of dentures, to enable the patient to function more successfully following prosthetic restoration. The more common problems have been discussed which often require surgical correction. In some instances, articulated diagnostic models of the patient's mouth show that surgery can be avoided, or when surgery is necessary, these models help identify the exact locations of the tissue to be corrected. Alveolectomy has been presented with an eye toward conservatism since this procedure affects the quality of denture foundation and therefore denture stability. Alveolectomy should be performed only when there is a definite indication for the procedure. Correction of soft tissue abnormalities can substantially improve the patient's ability to function with dentures and solve many of the adjustment problems which confront the dentist. It is often better to correct the soft tissue abnormality rather than to circumvent the problem with an inferior prosthetic restoration. Since the introduction of resilient acrylics and tissue conditioning materials, the patient need no longer suffer the discomfort of denture withdrawal after surgery. Electrosurgery has emerged as a successful method of correcting many soft tissue abnormalities. Vestibuloplasty is receiving much emphasis as a possible treatment for atrophic ridges in which there is still enough alveolar bone from which to extend a sulcus. These sulcus extension procedures may offer some help in the future regarding the problem of resorbed ridges, but presently, more research is necessary before widespread use is recommended.", "contents": "Preprosthetic surgery. Several of the abnormal conditions existing in the edentulous patient can be corrected surgically, prior to construction of dentures, to enable the patient to function more successfully following prosthetic restoration. The more common problems have been discussed which often require surgical correction. In some instances, articulated diagnostic models of the patient's mouth show that surgery can be avoided, or when surgery is necessary, these models help identify the exact locations of the tissue to be corrected. Alveolectomy has been presented with an eye toward conservatism since this procedure affects the quality of denture foundation and therefore denture stability. Alveolectomy should be performed only when there is a definite indication for the procedure. Correction of soft tissue abnormalities can substantially improve the patient's ability to function with dentures and solve many of the adjustment problems which confront the dentist. It is often better to correct the soft tissue abnormality rather than to circumvent the problem with an inferior prosthetic restoration. Since the introduction of resilient acrylics and tissue conditioning materials, the patient need no longer suffer the discomfort of denture withdrawal after surgery. Electrosurgery has emerged as a successful method of correcting many soft tissue abnormalities. Vestibuloplasty is receiving much emphasis as a possible treatment for atrophic ridges in which there is still enough alveolar bone from which to extend a sulcus. These sulcus extension procedures may offer some help in the future regarding the problem of resorbed ridges, but presently, more research is necessary before widespread use is recommended.", "PMID": 321273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7860", "title": "Complete denture occlusion.", "content": "The occlusion for complete dentures discussed in this article is based on basic principles and concepts that have been studied, tested, refined, and applied successfully by dentists for years. This should simplify rather than complicate the selection of the proper posterior tooth form for each patient's edentulous condition, the the modification of the teeth, and the use of the many occlusal schemes. The problem of occlusion is the dentist's responsibility and cannot be shared or relegated to nonprofessionals. The motivation for this article has been the hope that it will help the dentist recognize, analyze, and apply sound procedures in managing the problem. Only after this has been skillfully accomplished has the dentist assumed his full professional responsibility to the patient.", "contents": "Complete denture occlusion. The occlusion for complete dentures discussed in this article is based on basic principles and concepts that have been studied, tested, refined, and applied successfully by dentists for years. This should simplify rather than complicate the selection of the proper posterior tooth form for each patient's edentulous condition, the the modification of the teeth, and the use of the many occlusal schemes. The problem of occlusion is the dentist's responsibility and cannot be shared or relegated to nonprofessionals. The motivation for this article has been the hope that it will help the dentist recognize, analyze, and apply sound procedures in managing the problem. Only after this has been skillfully accomplished has the dentist assumed his full professional responsibility to the patient.", "PMID": 321276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7861", "title": "The trial denture.", "content": "1. Many difficult situations can be avoided if the dentist keeps constantly aware of the physiologic, the psychologic, and the artistic factors involved in the construction of dentures, whether they be partial or complete. 2. No one would think of buying an automobile without getting adequate instruction in how to drive; neither should a patient expect to wear artifical restorations without training and practice. 3. The dentist at the try-in should check: a. The bases for fit and extension. b. Thin labial flange at frenum area. c. Posterior palatal seal and length of upper. d. Posterior tooth poisition for height of plane, relation of plane to alatragus line, tongue room, and ridge relation. e. Anterior tooth position for lip support, length, and relation to lower lip. f. Entire setup for vertical dimension of the face, test balance and simultaneous tooth contacts in all desired positions. If discrepancies exist between the articulator and the mouth, make new jaw relation records. g. Check palatal contour and incisor positions in speaking. \"F\" and \"V\" sounds to test the upper incisor, sibilant sounds for vertical dimension and lower-to-upper incisal relationships. h. Wax-up for support and proper external form. If tori exist on upper or lower, be sure there is sufficient thickness to allow relief later on. i. Be sure to repeat and continue instruction of the patient in his understanding and handling of the new dentures. Now, in addition to all these checks to dentist makes, he must constantly anticipate the thoughts and attitudes of the patient and interpret them for better rapport and ultimate patient understanding. No stage in complete dentures is anticipated with such mixed emotions as is the try-in. No stage is so significant to the future success or failure of the patient to take dentures in his stride. No stage has so much potential for making the person happy or sinking him into the depths of despair. The return of self-confidence, the pride in appearance, the sparkle and drive that return to a patient when the restorations are enthusiastically accepted are a wonderful reward for dentistry well done.", "contents": "The trial denture. 1. Many difficult situations can be avoided if the dentist keeps constantly aware of the physiologic, the psychologic, and the artistic factors involved in the construction of dentures, whether they be partial or complete. 2. No one would think of buying an automobile without getting adequate instruction in how to drive; neither should a patient expect to wear artifical restorations without training and practice. 3. The dentist at the try-in should check: a. The bases for fit and extension. b. Thin labial flange at frenum area. c. Posterior palatal seal and length of upper. d. Posterior tooth poisition for height of plane, relation of plane to alatragus line, tongue room, and ridge relation. e. Anterior tooth position for lip support, length, and relation to lower lip. f. Entire setup for vertical dimension of the face, test balance and simultaneous tooth contacts in all desired positions. If discrepancies exist between the articulator and the mouth, make new jaw relation records. g. Check palatal contour and incisor positions in speaking. \"F\" and \"V\" sounds to test the upper incisor, sibilant sounds for vertical dimension and lower-to-upper incisal relationships. h. Wax-up for support and proper external form. If tori exist on upper or lower, be sure there is sufficient thickness to allow relief later on. i. Be sure to repeat and continue instruction of the patient in his understanding and handling of the new dentures. Now, in addition to all these checks to dentist makes, he must constantly anticipate the thoughts and attitudes of the patient and interpret them for better rapport and ultimate patient understanding. No stage in complete dentures is anticipated with such mixed emotions as is the try-in. No stage is so significant to the future success or failure of the patient to take dentures in his stride. No stage has so much potential for making the person happy or sinking him into the depths of despair. The return of self-confidence, the pride in appearance, the sparkle and drive that return to a patient when the restorations are enthusiastically accepted are a wonderful reward for dentistry well done.", "PMID": 321277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7862", "title": "Processing complete dentures.", "content": "The processing of acrylic resin dentures is an exacting art but is relatively simple to carry out to perfection day after day, even when several dentures are processed at the same time. Nine salient factors in the proper processing of acrylic resin dentures were sequentially listed. Unfortunately, a number of these technical procedures are frequently overlooked or shortcuts may be substituted. Herein lie the causes of some hitherto unexplained clinical failures attributed to the acrylic resin denture base material. The acrylic resin denture base materials have been and are currently the best plastic for making dentures. This material has many unique assets and few faults. Its fine properties are often overlooked by the dentist who has several edentulous patients experiencing problems with dentures he made for them. Sore spots, faulty occlusion, looseness, and even breakage are most likely due to inadequate mouth conditioning or poor impressions, incorrect jaw relations, or the dentist's failure to remount the dentures prior to insertion. We have sufficient knowledge and scientific evidence to realize that most, if not all, denture problems are caused by the dentist's technique or by dentist-patient relationship. These problems should not be attributed to the acrylic resin material nor to the hard-working, conscientious dental laboratory technician. I doubt that more than 2 per cent of all complete denture difficulties experienced by frustrated patients would be solved by the introduction and availability of a new perfect denture base material.", "contents": "Processing complete dentures. The processing of acrylic resin dentures is an exacting art but is relatively simple to carry out to perfection day after day, even when several dentures are processed at the same time. Nine salient factors in the proper processing of acrylic resin dentures were sequentially listed. Unfortunately, a number of these technical procedures are frequently overlooked or shortcuts may be substituted. Herein lie the causes of some hitherto unexplained clinical failures attributed to the acrylic resin denture base material. The acrylic resin denture base materials have been and are currently the best plastic for making dentures. This material has many unique assets and few faults. Its fine properties are often overlooked by the dentist who has several edentulous patients experiencing problems with dentures he made for them. Sore spots, faulty occlusion, looseness, and even breakage are most likely due to inadequate mouth conditioning or poor impressions, incorrect jaw relations, or the dentist's failure to remount the dentures prior to insertion. We have sufficient knowledge and scientific evidence to realize that most, if not all, denture problems are caused by the dentist's technique or by dentist-patient relationship. These problems should not be attributed to the acrylic resin material nor to the hard-working, conscientious dental laboratory technician. I doubt that more than 2 per cent of all complete denture difficulties experienced by frustrated patients would be solved by the introduction and availability of a new perfect denture base material.", "PMID": 321278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7863", "title": "Obturators on complete dentures.", "content": "A philosophy and technique for the preparation of removable silicone rubber obturators on complete dentures have been presented. Either of two methods for construction is used depending on whether the defect is large or small. Advantages of the silicone rubber obturator-denture combination were elaborated.", "contents": "Obturators on complete dentures. A philosophy and technique for the preparation of removable silicone rubber obturators on complete dentures have been presented. Either of two methods for construction is used depending on whether the defect is large or small. Advantages of the silicone rubber obturator-denture combination were elaborated.", "PMID": 321283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7864", "title": "Implants for fixed and removable prostheses.", "content": "For those individuals whose oral anatomy contraindicates the use of endosteal implants, there still remains a viable alternative to conventional removable dentures. Both maxillary and mandibular implant dentures of a subperiosteal design will provide a stable implant and a retentive restorative prosthesis. The patient is free from the oral gymnastics required to manipulate such appliances and in the maxilla the dentist is able to eliminate all palatal coverage without compromising the retention of the bridge. The lower subperiosteal implant and the pterygoid extension implant discussed both obtain their stability from accurate fit of the implant substructure to the bone. The implant first becomes more retentive when the periosteum tenaciously reattaches itself to the bone and in turn secures the implant in position (Fig. 13). The restorative procedures follow sound prosthetic prinicples with particular attention on avoiding any impingement of the underlying tissue areas. Implant dentures have truly provided patients a means of exploring alternative treatment modalities other than conventional removable dentures. Literally thousands of patients today are living testimony to the accomplishments of oral implantology when pursued as an exacting science prescribed by colleagues experienced in this revolutionary dental discipline.", "contents": "Implants for fixed and removable prostheses. For those individuals whose oral anatomy contraindicates the use of endosteal implants, there still remains a viable alternative to conventional removable dentures. Both maxillary and mandibular implant dentures of a subperiosteal design will provide a stable implant and a retentive restorative prosthesis. The patient is free from the oral gymnastics required to manipulate such appliances and in the maxilla the dentist is able to eliminate all palatal coverage without compromising the retention of the bridge. The lower subperiosteal implant and the pterygoid extension implant discussed both obtain their stability from accurate fit of the implant substructure to the bone. The implant first becomes more retentive when the periosteum tenaciously reattaches itself to the bone and in turn secures the implant in position (Fig. 13). The restorative procedures follow sound prosthetic prinicples with particular attention on avoiding any impingement of the underlying tissue areas. Implant dentures have truly provided patients a means of exploring alternative treatment modalities other than conventional removable dentures. Literally thousands of patients today are living testimony to the accomplishments of oral implantology when pursued as an exacting science prescribed by colleagues experienced in this revolutionary dental discipline.", "PMID": 321286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7865", "title": "Species variation in pancreatic islet monoamine uptake and action.", "content": "There are conflicting data in the literature regarding the role of monamines in the secretion of insulin. In order to clarify the contribution that species variation may make to these divergent results, the uptake of serotinin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and their precursor amino acids, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and L-dopa, into islets was studied. Islets from golden hamsters, rabbits, guinea pigs, and obese, hyperglycemic mice were isolated by the collagenase technique. The islets were incubated in Krebs-Ringer buffer in the presence of 14C-labeled monamines or their precursors. At 30-minute intervals after initiating the study, the incubation mixture was passed through a Millipore filter. The retained islets were disrupted by sonication and the radioactivity counted. The ratio of the uptake of 5-HTP to 5-HT was at least 3:1 in the hamster, guinea pig, and mouse. In the rabbit the ratio was 1:1. A similar relationship was noted for the uptake of L-dopa and DA. The in-vitro results were confirmed by the in-vivo studies, in which hamsters were injected with 14C5-HT or 5-HTP, followed by isolation of the islets. We conclude that there is significant species variation inthe uptake of these monoamines and their precursors.", "contents": "Species variation in pancreatic islet monoamine uptake and action. There are conflicting data in the literature regarding the role of monamines in the secretion of insulin. In order to clarify the contribution that species variation may make to these divergent results, the uptake of serotinin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and their precursor amino acids, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and L-dopa, into islets was studied. Islets from golden hamsters, rabbits, guinea pigs, and obese, hyperglycemic mice were isolated by the collagenase technique. The islets were incubated in Krebs-Ringer buffer in the presence of 14C-labeled monamines or their precursors. At 30-minute intervals after initiating the study, the incubation mixture was passed through a Millipore filter. The retained islets were disrupted by sonication and the radioactivity counted. The ratio of the uptake of 5-HTP to 5-HT was at least 3:1 in the hamster, guinea pig, and mouse. In the rabbit the ratio was 1:1. A similar relationship was noted for the uptake of L-dopa and DA. The in-vitro results were confirmed by the in-vivo studies, in which hamsters were injected with 14C5-HT or 5-HTP, followed by isolation of the islets. We conclude that there is significant species variation inthe uptake of these monoamines and their precursors.", "PMID": 321287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7866", "title": "Potentiation of hypoglycemic effect of chlorpropamide and phenfromin by halofenate.", "content": "The potentiation of oral hypoglycemic drugs by the antilipemic agent halofenate is reported. Forty-seven diabetic patients were treated for 48 weeks with halofenate, clofibrate, or placebo. Five patients in the halofenate group were taking phenformin plus either chlorpropamide or tolbutamide. Their average initial fasting plasma glucose was 160 mg./dl. All five patients experienced a slow but but substantial fall in fasting plasma glucose. The mean fasting plasma glucose for the five patients after 80 days of halofenate treatment was 63 mg./dl. As oral treatment for diabetes was reduced, the fasting plasma glucose returned to prehalofenate levels. In this study, we did ont detect an effect of halofenate on the fasting plasma glucose of diabetic patients treated with insulin or on the fasting plasma glucose levels of patients treated with diet alone.", "contents": "Potentiation of hypoglycemic effect of chlorpropamide and phenfromin by halofenate. The potentiation of oral hypoglycemic drugs by the antilipemic agent halofenate is reported. Forty-seven diabetic patients were treated for 48 weeks with halofenate, clofibrate, or placebo. Five patients in the halofenate group were taking phenformin plus either chlorpropamide or tolbutamide. Their average initial fasting plasma glucose was 160 mg./dl. All five patients experienced a slow but but substantial fall in fasting plasma glucose. The mean fasting plasma glucose for the five patients after 80 days of halofenate treatment was 63 mg./dl. As oral treatment for diabetes was reduced, the fasting plasma glucose returned to prehalofenate levels. In this study, we did ont detect an effect of halofenate on the fasting plasma glucose of diabetic patients treated with insulin or on the fasting plasma glucose levels of patients treated with diet alone.", "PMID": 321288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7867", "title": "Gastrointestinal cancer studies in the human to nude mouse heterotransplant system.", "content": "Human gastrointestinal cancer xenografts were established in the nude mouse. Grafts were accomplished with gastric adenocarcinomas, gastric leiomyosarcoma, histiocytic lymphoma of the stomach and gallbladder, pancreatic tumors, colonic cancers and cell lines of duodenal (HUTU-80) and pancreatic (HS-766-T) cancers, melanoma (SK-Mel-5), and murine metastasizing Lewis lung carcinoma. The rate of successful xenografting of these tumors varied from virtually 100% with colon and duodenal cancer, 50% for a pancreatic cancer (P-1), to only 17% for gastric adenocarcinoma. Pancreas and colon adenocarcinomas have been maintained by successive xenotransplantation over 16 and 19 months, respectively. Human xenografts retained morphological identity with tissues of origin through several transplant generations and shared some of their ultrastructural characteristics but did not metastasize. Rodent xenografts, of heterogenous origin were characterized by differences in the duration of the latent period and in the rate of their initial development as described by the average doubling times and average slopes (B) of their growth curves. Differences between B of the Lewis lung carcinoma and all of the human xenografts and between B of a pancreatic adenocarcinoma and three other neoplasms were significant (P less than 0.05 to 0.04). Labeling indices determined for 14 cancer transplants were in the range of previously reported data for similar neoplasms in patients or other xenograft systems. These findings suggest that the nude mouse model can be used to evaluate endogenous properties of gastrointestinal cancers and their responses to exogenous agents.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal cancer studies in the human to nude mouse heterotransplant system. Human gastrointestinal cancer xenografts were established in the nude mouse. Grafts were accomplished with gastric adenocarcinomas, gastric leiomyosarcoma, histiocytic lymphoma of the stomach and gallbladder, pancreatic tumors, colonic cancers and cell lines of duodenal (HUTU-80) and pancreatic (HS-766-T) cancers, melanoma (SK-Mel-5), and murine metastasizing Lewis lung carcinoma. The rate of successful xenografting of these tumors varied from virtually 100% with colon and duodenal cancer, 50% for a pancreatic cancer (P-1), to only 17% for gastric adenocarcinoma. Pancreas and colon adenocarcinomas have been maintained by successive xenotransplantation over 16 and 19 months, respectively. Human xenografts retained morphological identity with tissues of origin through several transplant generations and shared some of their ultrastructural characteristics but did not metastasize. Rodent xenografts, of heterogenous origin were characterized by differences in the duration of the latent period and in the rate of their initial development as described by the average doubling times and average slopes (B) of their growth curves. Differences between B of the Lewis lung carcinoma and all of the human xenografts and between B of a pancreatic adenocarcinoma and three other neoplasms were significant (P less than 0.05 to 0.04). Labeling indices determined for 14 cancer transplants were in the range of previously reported data for similar neoplasms in patients or other xenograft systems. These findings suggest that the nude mouse model can be used to evaluate endogenous properties of gastrointestinal cancers and their responses to exogenous agents.", "PMID": 321290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7868", "title": "Septicemia as a complication of percutaneous liver biopsy.", "content": "Three cases of septicemic shock after liver biopsy are reported. Escherichia coli was cultured in 2 patients and in 1 E. coli was cultured with Streptococcus viridans. All 3 patients were afebrile and had normal WBC counts before the procedure. Two had cholangitis and the 3rd had primary hepatoma and cirrhosis of the liver. Septicemic shock should be recognized as a rare complication of liver biopsy in patients with biliary obstruction.", "contents": "Septicemia as a complication of percutaneous liver biopsy. Three cases of septicemic shock after liver biopsy are reported. Escherichia coli was cultured in 2 patients and in 1 E. coli was cultured with Streptococcus viridans. All 3 patients were afebrile and had normal WBC counts before the procedure. Two had cholangitis and the 3rd had primary hepatoma and cirrhosis of the liver. Septicemic shock should be recognized as a rare complication of liver biopsy in patients with biliary obstruction.", "PMID": 321291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7869", "title": "Stimulation of L-asparaginase production in Escherichia coli by organic and amino acids.", "content": "The effect of 18 amino acids and 7 organic acids on the production of L-asparaginase EC-2 by a strain of Escherichia coli in a chemically defined medium was investigated under moderate aeration. All the amino acids and some of the organic acids stimulated the enzyme production. The specific activity without stimulants was about 0.16 nkat per mg dry weight, with stimulants it lay between 1 and 6 nkat per mg dry weight but with L-leucine and L-methionine the values were 12 nkat and 17 nkat per mg, respectively. When two organic or amino acids were added simultaneously at concentrations that were suboptimal for stimulation, the stimulating effects were cumulative in most cases. When cells were grown under conditions approaching anaerobiosis, the specific activity reached, even in the absence of stimulants, values as high as 5 nkat per mg; under these conditions, a further substantial increase in specific activity was only caused by L-leucine and L-methionine. Stimulating effects of DL-lactate and of some amino acids were also found in other strains of Escherichia coli. The ability to grow on a medium with L-asparagine as the sole source of both nitrogen and carbon was found in two strains; growth took place even when there was no measurable activity of L-asparaginase EC-2.", "contents": "Stimulation of L-asparaginase production in Escherichia coli by organic and amino acids. The effect of 18 amino acids and 7 organic acids on the production of L-asparaginase EC-2 by a strain of Escherichia coli in a chemically defined medium was investigated under moderate aeration. All the amino acids and some of the organic acids stimulated the enzyme production. The specific activity without stimulants was about 0.16 nkat per mg dry weight, with stimulants it lay between 1 and 6 nkat per mg dry weight but with L-leucine and L-methionine the values were 12 nkat and 17 nkat per mg, respectively. When two organic or amino acids were added simultaneously at concentrations that were suboptimal for stimulation, the stimulating effects were cumulative in most cases. When cells were grown under conditions approaching anaerobiosis, the specific activity reached, even in the absence of stimulants, values as high as 5 nkat per mg; under these conditions, a further substantial increase in specific activity was only caused by L-leucine and L-methionine. Stimulating effects of DL-lactate and of some amino acids were also found in other strains of Escherichia coli. The ability to grow on a medium with L-asparagine as the sole source of both nitrogen and carbon was found in two strains; growth took place even when there was no measurable activity of L-asparaginase EC-2.", "PMID": 321307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7870", "title": "Physical properties of microbial suspensions. II. Properties of microbial suspensions and their supernatants during fermentation conditions.", "content": "Physical properties of suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis and Escherichia coli (density, viscosity and surface tension) were measured in synthetic suspensions formed of centrifuged biomass and supernatants from various stages of batch cultivation in the range from 0 to 10% w/v for yeasts and from 0 to 0.25% w/v for bacteria. Surface tension was also measured in native suspensions in the range of 0 less than or equal to Cm less than or equal to 2.0% w/v. All single cell suspensions were found to be Newtonian in behaviour. Densities strictly obey the mixing law, viscosities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspensions were correlated by an empirical relation in dependence of Cm and t, surface tensions were correlated graphically for suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, since experiments with both microorganisms have shown that the previously published approximate correlation can safely be used.", "contents": "Physical properties of microbial suspensions. II. Properties of microbial suspensions and their supernatants during fermentation conditions. Physical properties of suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis and Escherichia coli (density, viscosity and surface tension) were measured in synthetic suspensions formed of centrifuged biomass and supernatants from various stages of batch cultivation in the range from 0 to 10% w/v for yeasts and from 0 to 0.25% w/v for bacteria. Surface tension was also measured in native suspensions in the range of 0 less than or equal to Cm less than or equal to 2.0% w/v. All single cell suspensions were found to be Newtonian in behaviour. Densities strictly obey the mixing law, viscosities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspensions were correlated by an empirical relation in dependence of Cm and t, surface tensions were correlated graphically for suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, since experiments with both microorganisms have shown that the previously published approximate correlation can safely be used.", "PMID": 321308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7871", "title": "[Determination of the viability of skin regions in danger of necrosis by means of transcutaneous polarographic measurement of oxygen pressure].", "content": "In 8 patients the method of transcutaneous pO2-monitoring, developed by Huch and L\u00fcbbers, is applied for the determination of the viability of ischemic skin areas of the transplant. Its usefulness is proven. The problem of arterial and tissue pO2-monitoring is explained. According to our experiences of about 6 months this qualitative method seems to be useful in plastic surgery. An important possibility to apply the transcutaneous pO2-monitoring is the postoperative control of free skin flaps transplanted by microvascular anastomoses to indicate early enough the beginning tissue hypoxia by a warning system. Further results with the method shall be reported.", "contents": "[Determination of the viability of skin regions in danger of necrosis by means of transcutaneous polarographic measurement of oxygen pressure]. In 8 patients the method of transcutaneous pO2-monitoring, developed by Huch and L\u00fcbbers, is applied for the determination of the viability of ischemic skin areas of the transplant. Its usefulness is proven. The problem of arterial and tissue pO2-monitoring is explained. According to our experiences of about 6 months this qualitative method seems to be useful in plastic surgery. An important possibility to apply the transcutaneous pO2-monitoring is the postoperative control of free skin flaps transplanted by microvascular anastomoses to indicate early enough the beginning tissue hypoxia by a warning system. Further results with the method shall be reported.", "PMID": 321312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7872", "title": "Repair, replication and survival in uv-irradiated Escherichia coli.", "content": "The influence of dimer removal through excision or photoreactivation on the kinetics of DNA synthesis, sedimentation profiles of DNA molecules and survival of cells was investigated in excision-deficient and excision-proficient Escherichia coli K-12 after a flux of 20 J M-2. In excision-deficient cells photoreactivation did not influence the kinetics of DNA synthesis for a long period and the sedimentation properties of DNA synthesized immediately after photoreactivation were influenced only slightly. However, survival was increased remarkably. In excision-proficient cells where dimers were removed through excision, the kinetics of DNA synthesis increased rapidly, normal-sized DNA molecules were synthesized 60 min after irradiation and survival was substantially higher than in the above-mentioned case. This can hardly be interpreted as a more complete repair of dimers by excision because the persistence of dimers in these cells did not significantly influence either the kinetics of DNA synthesis or normalization of DNA molecules and/or survival of cells. It is concluded that persisting dimers play an important role in excision-deficient but not in excision-proficient cells, that a non-dimer damage to DNA causes inhibition of DNA synthesis after UV and that this damage is of primary importance for excision-proficient cells which can easily cope with persisting dimers.", "contents": "Repair, replication and survival in uv-irradiated Escherichia coli. The influence of dimer removal through excision or photoreactivation on the kinetics of DNA synthesis, sedimentation profiles of DNA molecules and survival of cells was investigated in excision-deficient and excision-proficient Escherichia coli K-12 after a flux of 20 J M-2. In excision-deficient cells photoreactivation did not influence the kinetics of DNA synthesis for a long period and the sedimentation properties of DNA synthesized immediately after photoreactivation were influenced only slightly. However, survival was increased remarkably. In excision-proficient cells where dimers were removed through excision, the kinetics of DNA synthesis increased rapidly, normal-sized DNA molecules were synthesized 60 min after irradiation and survival was substantially higher than in the above-mentioned case. This can hardly be interpreted as a more complete repair of dimers by excision because the persistence of dimers in these cells did not significantly influence either the kinetics of DNA synthesis or normalization of DNA molecules and/or survival of cells. It is concluded that persisting dimers play an important role in excision-deficient but not in excision-proficient cells, that a non-dimer damage to DNA causes inhibition of DNA synthesis after UV and that this damage is of primary importance for excision-proficient cells which can easily cope with persisting dimers.", "PMID": 321311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7873", "title": "[Electronic data processing in the clinical nuclear medicine].", "content": "Computer techniques as introduced into clinical nuclear-medicine 12 years ago, were first exclusively used for scintigraphic purposes. Through the development of a comprehensive pilot system for nuclear medical data processing on the basis of two Siemens Process control computers it could be demonstrated, that besides of scintigraphy there are also other important fields for computer application, e.g. in function diagnostics and therapy planning.", "contents": "[Electronic data processing in the clinical nuclear medicine]. Computer techniques as introduced into clinical nuclear-medicine 12 years ago, were first exclusively used for scintigraphic purposes. Through the development of a comprehensive pilot system for nuclear medical data processing on the basis of two Siemens Process control computers it could be demonstrated, that besides of scintigraphy there are also other important fields for computer application, e.g. in function diagnostics and therapy planning.", "PMID": 321313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7874", "title": "Prolonged intravenous infusions of LH-releasing hormone into normal men.", "content": "Five normal men received constant intravenous infusions of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), 0.2 mug/min, for 14-19 hours. Serum levels ofluteizining hormone (LH) revealed a biphasic pattern of increase, reaching maximal values by 4 hours after the infusions began, then remained near that level until the infusions ceased. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels rose gradually to maximal values by 6-13 hours and maintained this level until the end of the infusions. Testosterone (T) levels revealed gradual increases throughout the infusions. These results confirm an increase in serum T levels with prolonged endogenous gonadotrophin stimulation. This is in contrast to the inability of several previous studies to demonstrate an increase in T levels following the relatively short gonadotrophin elevation produced by single-shot LH-RH administration. The T increases produced, however, were quantitatively much less than those reported during prolonged LH-RH infusions in rams, suggesting that the human testis is less responsive to endogenous gonadotrophin stimulation than is that of the ram. In addition, prolonged LH-RH stimulation did not cause pituitary refractoriness in men as has been described in animals.", "contents": "Prolonged intravenous infusions of LH-releasing hormone into normal men. Five normal men received constant intravenous infusions of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), 0.2 mug/min, for 14-19 hours. Serum levels ofluteizining hormone (LH) revealed a biphasic pattern of increase, reaching maximal values by 4 hours after the infusions began, then remained near that level until the infusions ceased. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels rose gradually to maximal values by 6-13 hours and maintained this level until the end of the infusions. Testosterone (T) levels revealed gradual increases throughout the infusions. These results confirm an increase in serum T levels with prolonged endogenous gonadotrophin stimulation. This is in contrast to the inability of several previous studies to demonstrate an increase in T levels following the relatively short gonadotrophin elevation produced by single-shot LH-RH administration. The T increases produced, however, were quantitatively much less than those reported during prolonged LH-RH infusions in rams, suggesting that the human testis is less responsive to endogenous gonadotrophin stimulation than is that of the ram. In addition, prolonged LH-RH stimulation did not cause pituitary refractoriness in men as has been described in animals.", "PMID": 321315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7875", "title": "Factors influencing insulin and glucagon secretion in lean and genetically obese mice.", "content": "The control of insulin and glucagon secretion from isolated pancreatic islets of lean and genetically obese mice has been compared. The enlarged islets of obese mouse pancreas and islets of obese mouse pancreas and islets of obese mice maintained on a restricted diet manifested a greater response to glucose stimulation of insulin secretion than the lean mice islets. The glucagon content of the islets, the secretion of glucagon in a medium containing 150 mg% glucose and the stimulation of glucagon secretion by arginine did not differ significantly in the two groups. Adrenaline stimulated glucagon secretion in vitro from obese mice but not from lean mice. Antinsulin serum injections into obese mice increased the plasma glucagon levels about twofold and had no effect on glucagon levels in lean mice, although the level of hyperglycaemia was the same in both groups. It is suggested that the suppression of glucagon release by glucose requires a higher concentration of insulin in the obese mouse pancreas than in lean mice.", "contents": "Factors influencing insulin and glucagon secretion in lean and genetically obese mice. The control of insulin and glucagon secretion from isolated pancreatic islets of lean and genetically obese mice has been compared. The enlarged islets of obese mouse pancreas and islets of obese mouse pancreas and islets of obese mice maintained on a restricted diet manifested a greater response to glucose stimulation of insulin secretion than the lean mice islets. The glucagon content of the islets, the secretion of glucagon in a medium containing 150 mg% glucose and the stimulation of glucagon secretion by arginine did not differ significantly in the two groups. Adrenaline stimulated glucagon secretion in vitro from obese mice but not from lean mice. Antinsulin serum injections into obese mice increased the plasma glucagon levels about twofold and had no effect on glucagon levels in lean mice, although the level of hyperglycaemia was the same in both groups. It is suggested that the suppression of glucagon release by glucose requires a higher concentration of insulin in the obese mouse pancreas than in lean mice.", "PMID": 321316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7876", "title": "Immunocytochemical evidence for glucagon-containing cells in the human stomach.", "content": "To determine if glucagon-containing cells could be identified in the human fundus, stomachs attained at autopsy within 4-hours of death from persons previously considered to be in good health were examined by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique using antiglucagon serum 30K. Glucagon-containing cells were demonstrated in one of eight gastric fundi examined. The glucagon content of acid alcohol extracts of the fundi examined. The glucagon content of acid alcohol extracts of the funci was low in all cases. Glucagon content was also low in canine stomach removed 4-hours after death. It is concluded that glucagon-containing cells, demonstrable by immunocytochemical techniques, may be present in the gastric fundus of humans.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical evidence for glucagon-containing cells in the human stomach. To determine if glucagon-containing cells could be identified in the human fundus, stomachs attained at autopsy within 4-hours of death from persons previously considered to be in good health were examined by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique using antiglucagon serum 30K. Glucagon-containing cells were demonstrated in one of eight gastric fundi examined. The glucagon content of acid alcohol extracts of the fundi examined. The glucagon content of acid alcohol extracts of the funci was low in all cases. Glucagon content was also low in canine stomach removed 4-hours after death. It is concluded that glucagon-containing cells, demonstrable by immunocytochemical techniques, may be present in the gastric fundus of humans.", "PMID": 321317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7877", "title": "Immunochemical studies on phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Antibodies against the alpha and beta subunits of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase were fractionated by ion exchange chromatography into different classes and then digested with papain to yield the respective Fab fragments. The preparations obtained were used to investigate (i) whether the alpha and beta polypeptides share any common antigenic determinants and (ii) whether immunological methods are able to resolve the catalytic function of the subunits of this enzyme (or principally of oligomeric enzymes). As to the first problem, immunodiffusion and complement fixation experiments showed that there is no immunological relatedness between the subunits which argues against the existence of sequence homoligies. As to the second question investigated, it was found that any binding of immunoglobulins of Fab fragments to the alpha or the the beta subunit affects enzyme activity either in the direction of activation or inhibition. These results therefore show that the immunological approach is not appropriate for resolving subunit-specific funcitons, possibly as a consequence of conformational changes induced in the enzyme by the binding of the immunoglobulins of Fab fragments.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli. Antibodies against the alpha and beta subunits of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase were fractionated by ion exchange chromatography into different classes and then digested with papain to yield the respective Fab fragments. The preparations obtained were used to investigate (i) whether the alpha and beta polypeptides share any common antigenic determinants and (ii) whether immunological methods are able to resolve the catalytic function of the subunits of this enzyme (or principally of oligomeric enzymes). As to the first problem, immunodiffusion and complement fixation experiments showed that there is no immunological relatedness between the subunits which argues against the existence of sequence homoligies. As to the second question investigated, it was found that any binding of immunoglobulins of Fab fragments to the alpha or the the beta subunit affects enzyme activity either in the direction of activation or inhibition. These results therefore show that the immunological approach is not appropriate for resolving subunit-specific funcitons, possibly as a consequence of conformational changes induced in the enzyme by the binding of the immunoglobulins of Fab fragments.", "PMID": 321320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7878", "title": "Karyotype peculiarities of malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Karyotypes of 30 malignant lymphomas were studied with the aid of G-banding. Frequent occurrence of rearranged chromosomes 14 and 11 was noted. In several tumors, identical acrocentric markers, appearing after translocation of the long arm of chromosome 11 on the long arm of chromosome 14, were revealed. Other common karyotype abnormalities in lymphomas were trisomy 3 and trisomy 18. The chromosomes preferentially involved in karyotype abnormalities of the malignant lymphomas are mostly not altered in other hemoblastoses.", "contents": "Karyotype peculiarities of malignant lymphomas. Karyotypes of 30 malignant lymphomas were studied with the aid of G-banding. Frequent occurrence of rearranged chromosomes 14 and 11 was noted. In several tumors, identical acrocentric markers, appearing after translocation of the long arm of chromosome 11 on the long arm of chromosome 14, were revealed. Other common karyotype abnormalities in lymphomas were trisomy 3 and trisomy 18. The chromosomes preferentially involved in karyotype abnormalities of the malignant lymphomas are mostly not altered in other hemoblastoses.", "PMID": 321328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7879", "title": "[Heterogeneity of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), immunoglobulin- and complement levels in sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (author's transl)].", "content": "ANA typing of RA patients according to the heavy- and light chains, complement fixing ability and immunofluorescent staining pattern was performed by the immunofluorescence technique and partially by qualitative immunoelectrophoresis. In the corresponding sera the immunoglobulins and complement components were quantiatively determined. Dependent on the ANA-immunoglobulin classes we found the following distribution: IgG-ANA; 40/93 (43%), IgM-ANA: 19/93 (20%), IgA-ANA: 2/93 (2%), and Ig-comb.-ANA:17/93 (18%). ANA only positive for polyspecific antimmunoglobulin serum: 15/93 (16%). After L-chain typing we found within a given ANA-Ig-class positivity for both L-chain subclasses (kappa and lambda): IgG-ANA: 19/40 (48%), IgM-ANA: 3/19 (16%), IgA-ANA:1/1 and Ig-comb.-ANA: 14/17 (82%). ANA cases within a given Ig-class only positive for the L-chain/type kappa:IgM-ANA:6/19 (32%), IgG-ANA: 9/40 (23%), Ig-comb.-ANA:2/12 (12%). ANA cases within a given Ig-class only positive for the L-chain type lambda: IgM-ANA: 7/19 (37%), IgG-ANA: 3/40 (8%), Ig-comb.-ANA:1/17 (6%) and IgA-ANA:1/1. In all cases of restricted ANA-positivity (only positive by use of polyspecific anti-immunoglobulin serum) no light chains were detected. In total we found approximatively 25% of complement fixing ANA, predominantly IgG-ANA (70%). Concerning the immunofluorescent nuclear staining we stated the following patterns: homogenous: 34/93 (36.6%), speckled: 29/93 (31.2%), mixed pattern : 22/93 (23.6%) peripheral: 5/93 (5.4%) and nucleolar: 3/93 (3.2%). The quantitative Ig-determination reveals a significant increase of IgG in ANA (single type) positive sera. IgG + IGM + IGA-ANA and IgG + IgM-ANA are found together with a significantly increased IgG- and IgM-serum levels, in the case of IgG + IgM-ANA we could demonstrate an additional relative decrease of the complement component C4. Sera with positive complement fixing ANA compared with non complement fixing ANA are characterized by an absolute increase of IgG and relative decrease of the complement component C4. No differences in serum-immunoglobulin- and -complement concentrations were registered dependent on ANA-immunofluorescent staining patterns.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), immunoglobulin- and complement levels in sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (author's transl)]. ANA typing of RA patients according to the heavy- and light chains, complement fixing ability and immunofluorescent staining pattern was performed by the immunofluorescence technique and partially by qualitative immunoelectrophoresis. In the corresponding sera the immunoglobulins and complement components were quantiatively determined. Dependent on the ANA-immunoglobulin classes we found the following distribution: IgG-ANA; 40/93 (43%), IgM-ANA: 19/93 (20%), IgA-ANA: 2/93 (2%), and Ig-comb.-ANA:17/93 (18%). ANA only positive for polyspecific antimmunoglobulin serum: 15/93 (16%). After L-chain typing we found within a given ANA-Ig-class positivity for both L-chain subclasses (kappa and lambda): IgG-ANA: 19/40 (48%), IgM-ANA: 3/19 (16%), IgA-ANA:1/1 and Ig-comb.-ANA: 14/17 (82%). ANA cases within a given Ig-class only positive for the L-chain/type kappa:IgM-ANA:6/19 (32%), IgG-ANA: 9/40 (23%), Ig-comb.-ANA:2/12 (12%). ANA cases within a given Ig-class only positive for the L-chain type lambda: IgM-ANA: 7/19 (37%), IgG-ANA: 3/40 (8%), Ig-comb.-ANA:1/17 (6%) and IgA-ANA:1/1. In all cases of restricted ANA-positivity (only positive by use of polyspecific anti-immunoglobulin serum) no light chains were detected. In total we found approximatively 25% of complement fixing ANA, predominantly IgG-ANA (70%). Concerning the immunofluorescent nuclear staining we stated the following patterns: homogenous: 34/93 (36.6%), speckled: 29/93 (31.2%), mixed pattern : 22/93 (23.6%) peripheral: 5/93 (5.4%) and nucleolar: 3/93 (3.2%). The quantitative Ig-determination reveals a significant increase of IgG in ANA (single type) positive sera. IgG + IGM + IGA-ANA and IgG + IgM-ANA are found together with a significantly increased IgG- and IgM-serum levels, in the case of IgG + IgM-ANA we could demonstrate an additional relative decrease of the complement component C4. Sera with positive complement fixing ANA compared with non complement fixing ANA are characterized by an absolute increase of IgG and relative decrease of the complement component C4. No differences in serum-immunoglobulin- and -complement concentrations were registered dependent on ANA-immunofluorescent staining patterns.", "PMID": 321331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7880", "title": "[Clinical importance of the complement system (author's transl)].", "content": "It is intended to summarize the latest research in the complement field. After a short comment on the biochemical behaviour of proteins participating in the complement reaction, biochemistry of the complement reaction itself and its biological activities are described. The question of participation of the complement system in disease is examined by specifying the possibilities to analyse the complement system in clinical problems, and, on the other hand, by giving a review on our latest knowledge of modifications of the complement system in disease.", "contents": "[Clinical importance of the complement system (author's transl)]. It is intended to summarize the latest research in the complement field. After a short comment on the biochemical behaviour of proteins participating in the complement reaction, biochemistry of the complement reaction itself and its biological activities are described. The question of participation of the complement system in disease is examined by specifying the possibilities to analyse the complement system in clinical problems, and, on the other hand, by giving a review on our latest knowledge of modifications of the complement system in disease.", "PMID": 321332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7881", "title": "Involvement of T cells in the recall of Salmonella-induced resistance to tumour.", "content": "Immunization of mice with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX (11RX) induces resistance to tumour growth in these animals. The degree and duration of resistance is dependent on the routes used for immunization and tumour challenge. When resistance to tumour growth has declined, it can be recalled using various 11RX antigen preparations. In the present study we have shown that the ability to recall resistance to i.p. challenge with 131I-labelled Ehrlich ascites tumour cells could be transferred to normal mice by i.p. injection of an antigen preparation of 11RX mixed with spleen cells from 11RX-immunized mice. The active cells in this test were apparently sensitized T cells, since spleen cells from normal mice were not effective and the activity of immune spleen cells could be markedly reduced by removing theta antigen-bearing cells but not by removing glass-adherent cells. The induction of in vivo cytotoxicity appeared to depend on the involvement of radiation-sensitive cells derived from the non-immunized recipients, since recall of resistance to tumour challenge was reduced when irradiated mice were used as recipients of spleen cells from immunized mice.", "contents": "Involvement of T cells in the recall of Salmonella-induced resistance to tumour. Immunization of mice with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX (11RX) induces resistance to tumour growth in these animals. The degree and duration of resistance is dependent on the routes used for immunization and tumour challenge. When resistance to tumour growth has declined, it can be recalled using various 11RX antigen preparations. In the present study we have shown that the ability to recall resistance to i.p. challenge with 131I-labelled Ehrlich ascites tumour cells could be transferred to normal mice by i.p. injection of an antigen preparation of 11RX mixed with spleen cells from 11RX-immunized mice. The active cells in this test were apparently sensitized T cells, since spleen cells from normal mice were not effective and the activity of immune spleen cells could be markedly reduced by removing theta antigen-bearing cells but not by removing glass-adherent cells. The induction of in vivo cytotoxicity appeared to depend on the involvement of radiation-sensitive cells derived from the non-immunized recipients, since recall of resistance to tumour challenge was reduced when irradiated mice were used as recipients of spleen cells from immunized mice.", "PMID": 321336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7882", "title": "Physiochemical consequences of opsonization of Salmonella typhimurium with hyperimmune IgG and complement.", "content": "Partition in an aqueous, two-polymer phase system containing dextran and polyethylene glycol was employed to investigate the physico-chemical changes inflicted upon the cell surface of a smooth strain of Salmonella typhimurium by the binding of antibody IgG and complement. The minimum antibody concentration for increased phagocytosis in vitro was approximately the same as that for a significant change in two-phase partition, ca 8000 mol/bacterium, whereas a lower concentration, less than 4000 mol/bacterium, was sufficient to increase clearance in vivo. After pepsin digestion of IgG, larger quantities, ca 35,000 mol/bacterium, was required for opsonization and to influence two-phase partition. Addition of normal rabbit or guinea-pig serum to bacteria sensitized with a low concentration of antibody IgG conspicuously enhanced phagocytosis and affinity for the dextran-rich phase. The results show that binding of 8000 IgG antibody molecules or more to smooth S. typhimurium generates physicochemical changes of the bacterial surface which from studies on S leads to R mutations are known to correlate with hydrophobicity, negative charge and phagocytosis. Such results support the view that one important function of IgG antibody and complement is to decrease the hydrophilic properties of the bacteria which is thought to be a prerequisite for phagocytosis.", "contents": "Physiochemical consequences of opsonization of Salmonella typhimurium with hyperimmune IgG and complement. Partition in an aqueous, two-polymer phase system containing dextran and polyethylene glycol was employed to investigate the physico-chemical changes inflicted upon the cell surface of a smooth strain of Salmonella typhimurium by the binding of antibody IgG and complement. The minimum antibody concentration for increased phagocytosis in vitro was approximately the same as that for a significant change in two-phase partition, ca 8000 mol/bacterium, whereas a lower concentration, less than 4000 mol/bacterium, was sufficient to increase clearance in vivo. After pepsin digestion of IgG, larger quantities, ca 35,000 mol/bacterium, was required for opsonization and to influence two-phase partition. Addition of normal rabbit or guinea-pig serum to bacteria sensitized with a low concentration of antibody IgG conspicuously enhanced phagocytosis and affinity for the dextran-rich phase. The results show that binding of 8000 IgG antibody molecules or more to smooth S. typhimurium generates physicochemical changes of the bacterial surface which from studies on S leads to R mutations are known to correlate with hydrophobicity, negative charge and phagocytosis. Such results support the view that one important function of IgG antibody and complement is to decrease the hydrophilic properties of the bacteria which is thought to be a prerequisite for phagocytosis.", "PMID": 321337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7883", "title": "Effect of human monocytes and macrophages on Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine whether Trypanosoma cruzi can invade and multiply within human monocytes and macrophages cultured in vitro and, if so, whether macrophages can be activated to inhibit the multiplication. A reticulotropic strain of T. cruzi was capable of infecting human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Intracellular multiplication was observed in both cell types when they were examined microscopically. An increase in the number of trypanosomes occurred in the supernatants as well, providing additional evidence of intracellular multiplication and cell disruption by the parasite. Activation of monocyte-derived macrophages was accomplished by incubating the monolayers in the presence of lymphocytes and streptokinase-streptodornase. These activated macrophages inhibited intracellular multiplication of T. cruzi and the number of T. cruzi in the supernatants of these monolayers was markedly decreased as well.", "contents": "Effect of human monocytes and macrophages on Trypanosoma cruzi. Studies were undertaken to determine whether Trypanosoma cruzi can invade and multiply within human monocytes and macrophages cultured in vitro and, if so, whether macrophages can be activated to inhibit the multiplication. A reticulotropic strain of T. cruzi was capable of infecting human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Intracellular multiplication was observed in both cell types when they were examined microscopically. An increase in the number of trypanosomes occurred in the supernatants as well, providing additional evidence of intracellular multiplication and cell disruption by the parasite. Activation of monocyte-derived macrophages was accomplished by incubating the monolayers in the presence of lymphocytes and streptokinase-streptodornase. These activated macrophages inhibited intracellular multiplication of T. cruzi and the number of T. cruzi in the supernatants of these monolayers was markedly decreased as well.", "PMID": 321338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7884", "title": "Mechanism of formation of non-immune rosettes between guinea-pig thymus-derived lymphocytes and rabbit erythrocytes.", "content": "Several observations reported here suggest that spontaneous rosette formation between rabbit erythrocytes and guinea-pig T lymphocytes is mediated by natural anti-guinea-pig T-cell antibodies bound to the surface of the rabbit erythrocyte. First, normal rabbit sera frequently contain antibodies specifically cytotoxic for guinea-pig T lymphocytes. Second, the activity of rabbit erythrocytes in spontaneous rosette formation is reduced after incubation for 5 days at pH 6-1, but can be restored to levels seen with fresh erythrocytes by a brief incubation in normal rabbit serum containing natural anti-guinea-pig antibodies; normal serum absorbed with thymocytes does not restore activity to the erythrocytes. Third, the activity of rabbit erythrocytes in forming spontaneous rosettes can be specifically blocked by treatment with anti-allotype and heterologous anti-Ig sera.", "contents": "Mechanism of formation of non-immune rosettes between guinea-pig thymus-derived lymphocytes and rabbit erythrocytes. Several observations reported here suggest that spontaneous rosette formation between rabbit erythrocytes and guinea-pig T lymphocytes is mediated by natural anti-guinea-pig T-cell antibodies bound to the surface of the rabbit erythrocyte. First, normal rabbit sera frequently contain antibodies specifically cytotoxic for guinea-pig T lymphocytes. Second, the activity of rabbit erythrocytes in spontaneous rosette formation is reduced after incubation for 5 days at pH 6-1, but can be restored to levels seen with fresh erythrocytes by a brief incubation in normal rabbit serum containing natural anti-guinea-pig antibodies; normal serum absorbed with thymocytes does not restore activity to the erythrocytes. Third, the activity of rabbit erythrocytes in forming spontaneous rosettes can be specifically blocked by treatment with anti-allotype and heterologous anti-Ig sera.", "PMID": 321339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7885", "title": "A comparative study on the humoral immune responses in germ-free and conventional mice.", "content": "The plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) dinitrophenyl-lysine-Ficoll (DNP-lys-Ficoll), and dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) have been studied in both germ-free and conventionally reared ICR mice. In germ-free mice, the IgG response to SRBC and the IgM and IgG responses to DNP-BSA were lower than in conventional mice, but no difference was observed in the IgM response to SRBC or the IgM and IgG responses to DNP-lys-Ficoll. Further, the number of 0-bearing cells in the spleen was smaller, and the mitogenic response of spleen cells to PHA was lower in germ-free mice than in conventional mice. These observations suggest that T cells of germ-free mice remain functionally immature.", "contents": "A comparative study on the humoral immune responses in germ-free and conventional mice. The plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) dinitrophenyl-lysine-Ficoll (DNP-lys-Ficoll), and dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) have been studied in both germ-free and conventionally reared ICR mice. In germ-free mice, the IgG response to SRBC and the IgM and IgG responses to DNP-BSA were lower than in conventional mice, but no difference was observed in the IgM response to SRBC or the IgM and IgG responses to DNP-lys-Ficoll. Further, the number of 0-bearing cells in the spleen was smaller, and the mitogenic response of spleen cells to PHA was lower in germ-free mice than in conventional mice. These observations suggest that T cells of germ-free mice remain functionally immature.", "PMID": 321340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7886", "title": "Effect of an acidic polysaccharide produced by Serratia piscatorum on immune responses im mice II. Stimulatory effects in normal and immunologically impaired animals.", "content": "An acidic polysaccharide (PS) of Serratia piscatorum enhances the IgM PFC responses against heterologous erythrocytes in mice. Early and late IgM responses were increased significantly by increasing the number of immunizing erythrocytes and the dose of PS, whereas the IgM PFC response was suppressed by higher dose of PS and antigen. A stimulatory doses of PS significantly increased the secondary IgM and IgG responses against sheep erythrocytes. PS restored the reduced PFC response against sheep erythrocytes in adult-thymectomized, 60Co-irradiated and bone marrow-transferred mice (ATXBM) and nude mice (nu/nu), and thus the stimulatory effect of PS appeared greater in immunologically impaired mice than in normal ones. Spleen cells taken at the time of the peak PFC response from mice treated with higher doses of sheep erythrocytes and PS, suppressed the primary IgM production of normal syngeneic spleen cells against sheep erythrocytes in vitro. The suppressing activity of the spleen cells was increased by prior treatment with anti-theta serum and complement, while it was reduced by treatment with anti-mouse Ig serum and complement. These results suggested that immunoglobulin-bearing cells may have a role on the suppressing activity of spleen cells.", "contents": "Effect of an acidic polysaccharide produced by Serratia piscatorum on immune responses im mice II. Stimulatory effects in normal and immunologically impaired animals. An acidic polysaccharide (PS) of Serratia piscatorum enhances the IgM PFC responses against heterologous erythrocytes in mice. Early and late IgM responses were increased significantly by increasing the number of immunizing erythrocytes and the dose of PS, whereas the IgM PFC response was suppressed by higher dose of PS and antigen. A stimulatory doses of PS significantly increased the secondary IgM and IgG responses against sheep erythrocytes. PS restored the reduced PFC response against sheep erythrocytes in adult-thymectomized, 60Co-irradiated and bone marrow-transferred mice (ATXBM) and nude mice (nu/nu), and thus the stimulatory effect of PS appeared greater in immunologically impaired mice than in normal ones. Spleen cells taken at the time of the peak PFC response from mice treated with higher doses of sheep erythrocytes and PS, suppressed the primary IgM production of normal syngeneic spleen cells against sheep erythrocytes in vitro. The suppressing activity of the spleen cells was increased by prior treatment with anti-theta serum and complement, while it was reduced by treatment with anti-mouse Ig serum and complement. These results suggested that immunoglobulin-bearing cells may have a role on the suppressing activity of spleen cells.", "PMID": 321341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7887", "title": "The effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the bactericidal activity and specific antibody activity of bovine colostrum.", "content": "Digestion of bovine colostral whey with trypsin or chymotrypsin caused a progressive loss of the complement-mediated bactericidal activity of naturally-occurring colostral antibodies of E. coli 0111. Bactericidal activity was associated primarily with IgG1 immunoglobulin and to a lesser extent with IgM. Chymotrypsin preferentially attacked IgM, destroying its antibacterial activity and producing an apparent decrease in its mol wt. Trypsin preferentially attacked IgG1, but loss of antibacterial activity was in this case not accompanied by a decrease in molecular weight. Using colostral whey with antiperoxidase activity it was shown that  the kinetics of loss of specific antibody activity were similar to those of loss of bactericidal activity. It is therefore suggested that trypsin may cause a loss of specific antibody activity of colostral IgG1 without cleaving the immunoglobulin molecule.", "contents": "The effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the bactericidal activity and specific antibody activity of bovine colostrum. Digestion of bovine colostral whey with trypsin or chymotrypsin caused a progressive loss of the complement-mediated bactericidal activity of naturally-occurring colostral antibodies of E. coli 0111. Bactericidal activity was associated primarily with IgG1 immunoglobulin and to a lesser extent with IgM. Chymotrypsin preferentially attacked IgM, destroying its antibacterial activity and producing an apparent decrease in its mol wt. Trypsin preferentially attacked IgG1, but loss of antibacterial activity was in this case not accompanied by a decrease in molecular weight. Using colostral whey with antiperoxidase activity it was shown that  the kinetics of loss of specific antibody activity were similar to those of loss of bactericidal activity. It is therefore suggested that trypsin may cause a loss of specific antibody activity of colostral IgG1 without cleaving the immunoglobulin molecule.", "PMID": 321342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7888", "title": "The effect of limited proteolysis by trypsin and chymotrypsin on bovine colostral IgG1.", "content": "Limited proteolysis of bovine colostral IgG1 by trypsin caused loss of specific antibody activity but column chromatography showed that relatively little cleavage into fragements had occurred. Polyacrlamide-agarose SDS electrophoresis of the 2-mercaptoethanol-treated digest revealed, however, that extensive cleavage of light chains had occurred even though most of the material before reduction had a mol. wt close to that of undigested IgG1. Although a Fab-type fragment was detected in the digest by immunoelectrophoresis it appeared to be only a minor component. Chymotrypsin had little effect upon either the structure or antibody activity of IgG1. These findings may explain the effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the bactericidal activity of colostral antibodies.", "contents": "The effect of limited proteolysis by trypsin and chymotrypsin on bovine colostral IgG1. Limited proteolysis of bovine colostral IgG1 by trypsin caused loss of specific antibody activity but column chromatography showed that relatively little cleavage into fragements had occurred. Polyacrlamide-agarose SDS electrophoresis of the 2-mercaptoethanol-treated digest revealed, however, that extensive cleavage of light chains had occurred even though most of the material before reduction had a mol. wt close to that of undigested IgG1. Although a Fab-type fragment was detected in the digest by immunoelectrophoresis it appeared to be only a minor component. Chymotrypsin had little effect upon either the structure or antibody activity of IgG1. These findings may explain the effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the bactericidal activity of colostral antibodies.", "PMID": 321343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7889", "title": "Receptors for IgM on murine lymphoid cells.", "content": "Murine lymphoid cells from the thymus, lymph node and spleen were shown by indirect immunofluorescence, to bear membrane receptors for purified IgM of human origin. The bond between IgM and the cells took place through the Fc re gion, as demonstrated with isolated fragments of the normal IgM molecule. Two distinct myeloma IgM lacked this biological activity. The cytophilic origin of part of the immunoglobulin usually described on T-cell membranes is discussed.", "contents": "Receptors for IgM on murine lymphoid cells. Murine lymphoid cells from the thymus, lymph node and spleen were shown by indirect immunofluorescence, to bear membrane receptors for purified IgM of human origin. The bond between IgM and the cells took place through the Fc re gion, as demonstrated with isolated fragments of the normal IgM molecule. Two distinct myeloma IgM lacked this biological activity. The cytophilic origin of part of the immunoglobulin usually described on T-cell membranes is discussed.", "PMID": 321344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7890", "title": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mice. IV. Difference of the functional cell population between helper activity and delayed-type hypersensitivity.", "content": "Helper activity in the anti-hapten antibody response was studied in mice in reference to the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the carrier protein. Mice were immunized either by an i.v. injection of alum-precipitated bovine serum albumin (AP-BSA) plus bacterial endotoxin or by a s.c. injection of BSA in Freund's complete adjuvant, the latter being effective in inducing DTH. The helper activity was estimated by the antibody response to the challenge with dinitrophenylated BSA (DNP-BSA) given at varying intervals after the injection of BSA. The results indicated that the helper activity was independent of DTH to the carrier protein, suggesting that these two activities, are mediated by different populations of functional cells. A low dose of tolerogenic soluble BSA (sBSA) was sufficient to abrogate the helper activity in the response to DNP-BSA. In contrast, DTH to BSA was only partially depressed by the pretreatment with a low dose of sBSA and was completely depressed by a high dose. DTH reactivity in mice pretreated with a low dose of tolerogen and followed by the immunization with BSA in Freund's complete adjuvant was substantiated by the microscopic observation of mononuclear cell infiltration at the site of the test antigen injection. These results suggest that cells involved in the helper function and DTH may be derived from different precursors.", "contents": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mice. IV. Difference of the functional cell population between helper activity and delayed-type hypersensitivity. Helper activity in the anti-hapten antibody response was studied in mice in reference to the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the carrier protein. Mice were immunized either by an i.v. injection of alum-precipitated bovine serum albumin (AP-BSA) plus bacterial endotoxin or by a s.c. injection of BSA in Freund's complete adjuvant, the latter being effective in inducing DTH. The helper activity was estimated by the antibody response to the challenge with dinitrophenylated BSA (DNP-BSA) given at varying intervals after the injection of BSA. The results indicated that the helper activity was independent of DTH to the carrier protein, suggesting that these two activities, are mediated by different populations of functional cells. A low dose of tolerogenic soluble BSA (sBSA) was sufficient to abrogate the helper activity in the response to DNP-BSA. In contrast, DTH to BSA was only partially depressed by the pretreatment with a low dose of sBSA and was completely depressed by a high dose. DTH reactivity in mice pretreated with a low dose of tolerogen and followed by the immunization with BSA in Freund's complete adjuvant was substantiated by the microscopic observation of mononuclear cell infiltration at the site of the test antigen injection. These results suggest that cells involved in the helper function and DTH may be derived from different precursors.", "PMID": 321345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7891", "title": "The effects of synthetic polymeric agents on immune responses of nude mice.", "content": "The influence of synthetic polymeric agents on the immune responsiveness of congenitally athymic (nude) mice was investigated by determining the effects of in vivo treatment with polynucleotides and polymeric haptenated antigens on splenic theta-bearing cells, on mitogen stimulation and on plaque-forming cell responses to thymic dependent and thymic independent antigens. Contrary to in vitro data, no evidence was obtained to demonstrate in vivo restoration of these immune parameters by the use of non-specific immune enhancers. Further, despite the continued release of lipopolysaccharide from the bowel, older nude mice (10 months old) demonstrated no acquisition of improved T-cell function. Nude mice responded well to the thymic independent antigen p-azobenzenearsonate-N-acetyl-tyrosylglycylglycine (A-TGG) Ficoll. Finally, the class specific responses to the thymic independent antigen DNP-Ficoll were significantly different from those of nu/+ littermate controls, indicating the importance of thymic influences upon the class switching of immunoglobulin responses.", "contents": "The effects of synthetic polymeric agents on immune responses of nude mice. The influence of synthetic polymeric agents on the immune responsiveness of congenitally athymic (nude) mice was investigated by determining the effects of in vivo treatment with polynucleotides and polymeric haptenated antigens on splenic theta-bearing cells, on mitogen stimulation and on plaque-forming cell responses to thymic dependent and thymic independent antigens. Contrary to in vitro data, no evidence was obtained to demonstrate in vivo restoration of these immune parameters by the use of non-specific immune enhancers. Further, despite the continued release of lipopolysaccharide from the bowel, older nude mice (10 months old) demonstrated no acquisition of improved T-cell function. Nude mice responded well to the thymic independent antigen p-azobenzenearsonate-N-acetyl-tyrosylglycylglycine (A-TGG) Ficoll. Finally, the class specific responses to the thymic independent antigen DNP-Ficoll were significantly different from those of nu/+ littermate controls, indicating the importance of thymic influences upon the class switching of immunoglobulin responses.", "PMID": 321346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7892", "title": "Proteolysis of lymphocytic surface immunoglobulin.", "content": "Limited proteolysis of lymphocytic surface immunoglobulins in guinea-pig, rabbit and man was investigated by immunofluorescence using conjugated antisera specific for immunoglobulin fragments. The cell surface IgM of guinea pig L2C leukaemic lymphocytes and rabbit blood lymphocytes was cleaved in situ at its hinge region by papain. The Fcmicron fragment remained attached to the membrane and could be stained with the appropriate anti-Fc conjugate. The surface IgD and IgM of human chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells was cleared from the cell surface by papain, as shown by reagents directed against both Fab and Fc region determinants. This could be due either to proteolytic degradation of membrane bound Fc or to initial cleavage of Ig from the membrane at some point other than the hinge region.", "contents": "Proteolysis of lymphocytic surface immunoglobulin. Limited proteolysis of lymphocytic surface immunoglobulins in guinea-pig, rabbit and man was investigated by immunofluorescence using conjugated antisera specific for immunoglobulin fragments. The cell surface IgM of guinea pig L2C leukaemic lymphocytes and rabbit blood lymphocytes was cleaved in situ at its hinge region by papain. The Fcmicron fragment remained attached to the membrane and could be stained with the appropriate anti-Fc conjugate. The surface IgD and IgM of human chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells was cleared from the cell surface by papain, as shown by reagents directed against both Fab and Fc region determinants. This could be due either to proteolytic degradation of membrane bound Fc or to initial cleavage of Ig from the membrane at some point other than the hinge region.", "PMID": 321347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7893", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in experimental Nocardia asteroides infection.", "content": "Experimental mycetoma-like lesions developed in guinea pigs after subcutaneous injection of Nocardia asteroides. Although delayed hypersensitivity appeared earlier, increased macrophage migration inhibition and microbicidal activity appeared after 7 weeks. When the lesions healed, high cell-mediated immunity was present. Cell-mediated immunity was transferred to normal recipient guinea pigs from healed donor guinea pigs by spleen cell transfer. Recipient guinea pigs showed marked protection against challenge with N. asteroides.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in experimental Nocardia asteroides infection. Experimental mycetoma-like lesions developed in guinea pigs after subcutaneous injection of Nocardia asteroides. Although delayed hypersensitivity appeared earlier, increased macrophage migration inhibition and microbicidal activity appeared after 7 weeks. When the lesions healed, high cell-mediated immunity was present. Cell-mediated immunity was transferred to normal recipient guinea pigs from healed donor guinea pigs by spleen cell transfer. Recipient guinea pigs showed marked protection against challenge with N. asteroides.", "PMID": 321348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7894", "title": "In vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immune responses to a cell wall antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis.", "content": "An alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall fraction of Blastomyces dermatitidis, designated B-ASWS, was evaluated as an antigen for detecting in vivo (skin tests) and in vitro migration inhibition factor (MIF) production and lymphocyte transformation (LT) responses in Blastomyces-infected guinea pigs. The biological activity of B-ASWS was compared with that of blastomycin KCB-26. The superiority of B-ASWS, in terms of its sensitivity and specificity, was evident in in vivo and in vitro assays. Skin tests responses were obtained in 21 of the 24 Blastomyces-infected guinea pigs, whereas only one of the 14 Histoplasma-infected guinea pigs were significantly greater than those obtained using cell populations from Histoplasma-infected or noninfected guinea pigs. The con-MIF and LT in peritoneal exudate cells and lymph node cells of homologuosly infected animals. In each biological system, the response of the Blastomyces-infected guinea pigs were significantly greater than those obtained using cell populations from Histoplasma-infected or non-infected guinea pigs. The contrasting efficacy of B-ASWS as compared with blastomycin KCB-26, suggests that the cell wall antigen will be a useful tool for detecting cell-mediated immune responses in blastomycosis.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immune responses to a cell wall antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis. An alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall fraction of Blastomyces dermatitidis, designated B-ASWS, was evaluated as an antigen for detecting in vivo (skin tests) and in vitro migration inhibition factor (MIF) production and lymphocyte transformation (LT) responses in Blastomyces-infected guinea pigs. The biological activity of B-ASWS was compared with that of blastomycin KCB-26. The superiority of B-ASWS, in terms of its sensitivity and specificity, was evident in in vivo and in vitro assays. Skin tests responses were obtained in 21 of the 24 Blastomyces-infected guinea pigs, whereas only one of the 14 Histoplasma-infected guinea pigs were significantly greater than those obtained using cell populations from Histoplasma-infected or noninfected guinea pigs. The con-MIF and LT in peritoneal exudate cells and lymph node cells of homologuosly infected animals. In each biological system, the response of the Blastomyces-infected guinea pigs were significantly greater than those obtained using cell populations from Histoplasma-infected or non-infected guinea pigs. The contrasting efficacy of B-ASWS as compared with blastomycin KCB-26, suggests that the cell wall antigen will be a useful tool for detecting cell-mediated immune responses in blastomycosis.", "PMID": 321349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7895", "title": "Interaction of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) with cultured mammalian cells: effects of oxygen, reducing agents, serum supplements, and different cell types.", "content": "Cultured mammalian cells extend the time of survival of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain). Various parameters that have been previously shown to enhance treponemal survival in vitro were examined for influences on the interaction of T. pallidum with cultured cells. With cells derived from normal rabbit testes, the time of retention of treponemal virulence was extended in an atmosphere containing reduced concentrations of oxygen. Glutathione and cysteine, when added to the basal tissue culture medium, prolonged treponemal survival. In an assessment of various tissue culture medium supplements, normal rabbit serum was equivalent to fetal bovine serum and superior to bovine serum albumin fraction V (BSA), fatty acid-poor BSA, and lipid-pooed for TRK-2, HSE, NRK, and C6 cells. Dithiotreitol, as an additional reducing agent, sharply enhanced treponemal survival. With SF1Ep NBL-11 cells and basal tissue culture medium containing glutathione, cysteine, and dithiothreitol, in an atmosphere of approximately 3% oxygen, T. pallidum was maintained without detectable decreases in the number of virulent organisms for 6 days.", "contents": "Interaction of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) with cultured mammalian cells: effects of oxygen, reducing agents, serum supplements, and different cell types. Cultured mammalian cells extend the time of survival of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain). Various parameters that have been previously shown to enhance treponemal survival in vitro were examined for influences on the interaction of T. pallidum with cultured cells. With cells derived from normal rabbit testes, the time of retention of treponemal virulence was extended in an atmosphere containing reduced concentrations of oxygen. Glutathione and cysteine, when added to the basal tissue culture medium, prolonged treponemal survival. In an assessment of various tissue culture medium supplements, normal rabbit serum was equivalent to fetal bovine serum and superior to bovine serum albumin fraction V (BSA), fatty acid-poor BSA, and lipid-pooed for TRK-2, HSE, NRK, and C6 cells. Dithiotreitol, as an additional reducing agent, sharply enhanced treponemal survival. With SF1Ep NBL-11 cells and basal tissue culture medium containing glutathione, cysteine, and dithiothreitol, in an atmosphere of approximately 3% oxygen, T. pallidum was maintained without detectable decreases in the number of virulent organisms for 6 days.", "PMID": 321350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7896", "title": "Comparison of the virulence of O:9,12 and O:4,5,12 Salmonella typhimurium his+ transductants for mice.", "content": "The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether qualitative differences in the O repeat unit of the lipopolysaccharide of pathogenic Salmonella species affected virulence for mice. O:4,5,12 and O:9,12 sister his+ transductants were derived from a virulent Salmonella typhimurium. Fermentation markers were introduced by transduction to differentiate these strains, and the strains were used as mixed challenge to CF1 and C57B1/6J mice. Liver and spleen cultures of the mice of various intervals after challenge indicated that the O:4,5,12 member of the nearly isogenic pair regularly multiplied to a greater extent than the O:9,12 after intraperitoneal challenge for both strains of mice. After oral challenge, there was little difference in the amount of multiplication of the O:4,5,12 and O:9,12 strains in CF1 mice, but the O:4,5,12 was the predominant strain recovered in 8 of 10 instances in the C57B1/6J mice.", "contents": "Comparison of the virulence of O:9,12 and O:4,5,12 Salmonella typhimurium his+ transductants for mice. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether qualitative differences in the O repeat unit of the lipopolysaccharide of pathogenic Salmonella species affected virulence for mice. O:4,5,12 and O:9,12 sister his+ transductants were derived from a virulent Salmonella typhimurium. Fermentation markers were introduced by transduction to differentiate these strains, and the strains were used as mixed challenge to CF1 and C57B1/6J mice. Liver and spleen cultures of the mice of various intervals after challenge indicated that the O:4,5,12 member of the nearly isogenic pair regularly multiplied to a greater extent than the O:9,12 after intraperitoneal challenge for both strains of mice. After oral challenge, there was little difference in the amount of multiplication of the O:4,5,12 and O:9,12 strains in CF1 mice, but the O:4,5,12 was the predominant strain recovered in 8 of 10 instances in the C57B1/6J mice.", "PMID": 321351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7897", "title": "Hyaluronidase activity of bacteriophages of group A streptococci.", "content": "A sensitive dye-binding assay was employed to study the hyaluronidase associated with temperate and virulent phages infected group A streptococci. Some enzyme was detectable in each purified phage preparation examined, but differences of several orders of magnitude separated the lower enzyme levels in virulent phages that required the addition of hyaluronidase for plaque formation and the higher levels in temperate phages that did not. Infection by virulent phage A25 was accompanied by the production of levels of hyaluronidase proportionate to the average burst size. Hyaluronidase was produced during infection by temperate phages at a much higher level than could be accounted for by the number of phage particles formed. The major portion of this hyaluronidase was free and apparently unassociated with phage or phage fragments. The phage-associated enzyme was tightly bound but could be released and solubilized by treatment with urea.", "contents": "Hyaluronidase activity of bacteriophages of group A streptococci. A sensitive dye-binding assay was employed to study the hyaluronidase associated with temperate and virulent phages infected group A streptococci. Some enzyme was detectable in each purified phage preparation examined, but differences of several orders of magnitude separated the lower enzyme levels in virulent phages that required the addition of hyaluronidase for plaque formation and the higher levels in temperate phages that did not. Infection by virulent phage A25 was accompanied by the production of levels of hyaluronidase proportionate to the average burst size. Hyaluronidase was produced during infection by temperate phages at a much higher level than could be accounted for by the number of phage particles formed. The major portion of this hyaluronidase was free and apparently unassociated with phage or phage fragments. The phage-associated enzyme was tightly bound but could be released and solubilized by treatment with urea.", "PMID": 321352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7898", "title": "Use of fluorescent antibody in studies of immunity to cholera in infant mice.", "content": "Infant mice 8 days of age were infected orally with virulent, motile, classical or El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae and with nonmotile mutants of low virulence derived from the same strains. At intervals of 8 and 12 h postinfection, frozen thin sections of the ileum were prepared, stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit anti-vibrio antibody, and examined with the fluorescence microscope. The motile organisms were present in larger numbers, especially at 12h, and had penetrated the intervillous spaces and crypts of Lieberkuhn more completely than nonmotile vibrios. Dilution counts were made on various regions of the intestines of infant mice challenged orally 12 h previously with either motile or nonmotile strains of V. cholerae. Greater numbers of organisms were found, especially in the upper intestinal regions, when motile organisms were used. Low numbers of vibrios, limited mostly to the lumen, were seen in the ileum of infant mice infected with motile organisms when the infants were the offspring of mothers that had been immunized with crude flagellar vaccine or a vesicular preparation derived from the vibrio cell surface. The distribution of vibrios in this case was similar to that found in infected infants of unvaccinated mothers challenged with nonmotile organisms. Motility appears to enable the bacteria to better populate the upper regions of the intestinal tract and to avoid the washing effects of secretions and peristalsis. Antibacterial immunity may function, at least in part, by making it impossible for motile vibrios to accomplish this widespread distribution within the ileum.", "contents": "Use of fluorescent antibody in studies of immunity to cholera in infant mice. Infant mice 8 days of age were infected orally with virulent, motile, classical or El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae and with nonmotile mutants of low virulence derived from the same strains. At intervals of 8 and 12 h postinfection, frozen thin sections of the ileum were prepared, stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit anti-vibrio antibody, and examined with the fluorescence microscope. The motile organisms were present in larger numbers, especially at 12h, and had penetrated the intervillous spaces and crypts of Lieberkuhn more completely than nonmotile vibrios. Dilution counts were made on various regions of the intestines of infant mice challenged orally 12 h previously with either motile or nonmotile strains of V. cholerae. Greater numbers of organisms were found, especially in the upper intestinal regions, when motile organisms were used. Low numbers of vibrios, limited mostly to the lumen, were seen in the ileum of infant mice infected with motile organisms when the infants were the offspring of mothers that had been immunized with crude flagellar vaccine or a vesicular preparation derived from the vibrio cell surface. The distribution of vibrios in this case was similar to that found in infected infants of unvaccinated mothers challenged with nonmotile organisms. Motility appears to enable the bacteria to better populate the upper regions of the intestinal tract and to avoid the washing effects of secretions and peristalsis. Antibacterial immunity may function, at least in part, by making it impossible for motile vibrios to accomplish this widespread distribution within the ileum.", "PMID": 321353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7899", "title": "Serological identification of pig enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains not belonging to the classical serotypes.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs suspected to have succumbed to E. coli enterotoxicosis and not belonging to the commonly incriminated (classical) serotypes (O8:K87:K88, O45:K88, O138:K81:K88, O141:K85:K88, O147:K89:K88, O149:K91;K88, and O157:K88) were tested for enterotoxigenicity in the ligated gut test (LGT) using pig intestine. Of 202 strains tested, 54 strains belonging to 13 different O groups were positive in the LGT. Four of these strains had K88 antigen and one possessed K99 antigen. The majority of the strains was not agglutinated by any of the standard OK antisera. Four new K antigens (\"K200\", \"K442\", \"K2346\" and \"K2347\") were provisionally designated. K200 was found in pig enterotoxigenic strains belonging to O group 8 and carrying flagellar antigen H31 and in non-enterotoxigenic non-motile strains of O group 8, as well as in O group 20 strains isolated from calves succumbing to E. coli septicemia in two countries. The provisional antigen K2346 was encountered in 18 enterotoxigenic strains with various O antigens from two countries. It is proposed to include these two K antigens into the international E. coli antigens scheme. Attempts to demonstrate a common antigen in the nonclassical enterotoxigenic strains lacking K88 and K99 antigens failed.", "contents": "Serological identification of pig enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains not belonging to the classical serotypes. Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs suspected to have succumbed to E. coli enterotoxicosis and not belonging to the commonly incriminated (classical) serotypes (O8:K87:K88, O45:K88, O138:K81:K88, O141:K85:K88, O147:K89:K88, O149:K91;K88, and O157:K88) were tested for enterotoxigenicity in the ligated gut test (LGT) using pig intestine. Of 202 strains tested, 54 strains belonging to 13 different O groups were positive in the LGT. Four of these strains had K88 antigen and one possessed K99 antigen. The majority of the strains was not agglutinated by any of the standard OK antisera. Four new K antigens (\"K200\", \"K442\", \"K2346\" and \"K2347\") were provisionally designated. K200 was found in pig enterotoxigenic strains belonging to O group 8 and carrying flagellar antigen H31 and in non-enterotoxigenic non-motile strains of O group 8, as well as in O group 20 strains isolated from calves succumbing to E. coli septicemia in two countries. The provisional antigen K2346 was encountered in 18 enterotoxigenic strains with various O antigens from two countries. It is proposed to include these two K antigens into the international E. coli antigens scheme. Attempts to demonstrate a common antigen in the nonclassical enterotoxigenic strains lacking K88 and K99 antigens failed.", "PMID": 321354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7900", "title": "Killing of Escherichia coli by a granulocyte fraction occurs without recognizable ultrastructural alterations in the bacterial envelope, as studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy.", "content": "Concentrations of a highly purified rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte fraction that rapidly caused irreversible loss of viability of Escherichia coli (S15) but reversible envelope alterations produced no recognizable morphological changes as studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. These findings support previous evidence that the killing of certain gram-negative microorganisms by granulocyte fractions occurs with minimal structural or functional disorganization of cytoplasmic and outer membranes.", "contents": "Killing of Escherichia coli by a granulocyte fraction occurs without recognizable ultrastructural alterations in the bacterial envelope, as studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Concentrations of a highly purified rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte fraction that rapidly caused irreversible loss of viability of Escherichia coli (S15) but reversible envelope alterations produced no recognizable morphological changes as studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. These findings support previous evidence that the killing of certain gram-negative microorganisms by granulocyte fractions occurs with minimal structural or functional disorganization of cytoplasmic and outer membranes.", "PMID": 321355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7901", "title": "Occurrence of K99 antigen on Escherichia coli isolated from pigs and colonization of pig ileum by K99+ enterotoxigenic E. coli from calves and pigs.", "content": "Several strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolated from pigs were found to have an antigen (K99) previously reported only on strains of calf and lamb origin and which facilitates intestinal colonization in the latter two species. Several human ETEC were also tested for K99; however, none were positive. Each of four K99-positive ETEC strains of calf origin and one of pig origin produced K99 in pig ileum in vivo, adhered to villous epithelium in pig ileum, colonized pig ileum, and caused profuse diarrhea in newborn pigs. In contrast to the K99-positive strains above, four K99-negative ETEC from humans and chickens and one K99-positive ETEC from a calf either did not colonize pig ileum or did so inconsistently. When the K99-negative strains did colonize, they had little or no tendency to adhere to intestinal villi. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that K99 facilitates adhesion to and colonization of pig ileum by some ETEC.", "contents": "Occurrence of K99 antigen on Escherichia coli isolated from pigs and colonization of pig ileum by K99+ enterotoxigenic E. coli from calves and pigs. Several strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolated from pigs were found to have an antigen (K99) previously reported only on strains of calf and lamb origin and which facilitates intestinal colonization in the latter two species. Several human ETEC were also tested for K99; however, none were positive. Each of four K99-positive ETEC strains of calf origin and one of pig origin produced K99 in pig ileum in vivo, adhered to villous epithelium in pig ileum, colonized pig ileum, and caused profuse diarrhea in newborn pigs. In contrast to the K99-positive strains above, four K99-negative ETEC from humans and chickens and one K99-positive ETEC from a calf either did not colonize pig ileum or did so inconsistently. When the K99-negative strains did colonize, they had little or no tendency to adhere to intestinal villi. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that K99 facilitates adhesion to and colonization of pig ileum by some ETEC.", "PMID": 321356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7902", "title": "Escape from antibody-mediated immune suppression in vitro by delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction.", "content": "Anti-sheep erythrocyte antiserum suppressed the in vitro immune response of swine spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes. Inhibition of the in vitro anti-sheep erythrocyte response was also observed in neonatal spleen cells, which were obtained from piglets recently fed colostrum. Addition of purified protein derivative (PPD) to spleen cell cultures prepared from animals previously sensitized to Mycobacterium bovis reversed the immunosuppression caused by passive antibody. Passive antibody regulation was dose dependent; low doses of anti-sheep erythrocyte antiserum caused enhancement, whereas higher doses resulted in complete inhibition of anti-sheep erythrocyte responses. Addition of PPD to cultures of sensitized cells containing passive antibody resulted in progressively increased antibody responses as the dose of anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody increased. PPD addition also reversed maternal antibody suppression of in vitro 2-week-old neonatal spleen cell responses providing these animals were sensitized with M. bovis at the time of birth.", "contents": "Escape from antibody-mediated immune suppression in vitro by delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Anti-sheep erythrocyte antiserum suppressed the in vitro immune response of swine spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes. Inhibition of the in vitro anti-sheep erythrocyte response was also observed in neonatal spleen cells, which were obtained from piglets recently fed colostrum. Addition of purified protein derivative (PPD) to spleen cell cultures prepared from animals previously sensitized to Mycobacterium bovis reversed the immunosuppression caused by passive antibody. Passive antibody regulation was dose dependent; low doses of anti-sheep erythrocyte antiserum caused enhancement, whereas higher doses resulted in complete inhibition of anti-sheep erythrocyte responses. Addition of PPD to cultures of sensitized cells containing passive antibody resulted in progressively increased antibody responses as the dose of anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody increased. PPD addition also reversed maternal antibody suppression of in vitro 2-week-old neonatal spleen cell responses providing these animals were sensitized with M. bovis at the time of birth.", "PMID": 321357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7903", "title": "Improved minca medium for the detection of K99 antigen in calf enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The K99 antigen of Escherichia coli can be detected more readily in cultures grown on Minca medium at 37 degrees C for 6 to 8 h or grown on Minca plus 1% Iso VitaleX for 20 to 24 h.", "contents": "Improved minca medium for the detection of K99 antigen in calf enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. The K99 antigen of Escherichia coli can be detected more readily in cultures grown on Minca medium at 37 degrees C for 6 to 8 h or grown on Minca plus 1% Iso VitaleX for 20 to 24 h.", "PMID": 321358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7904", "title": "Isolation of dinitrophenyl-skin protein conjugates by immunoadsorbent chromatography.", "content": "Immunoadsorbent columns charged with rabbit anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody were used to isolate and concentrate DNP-protein conjugates from the 105,000 g supernate of extracts prepared from guinea pig epidermis previously painted with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Conjugates isolated in this manner elicited positive delayed hypersensitivity skin tests when injected intradermally into DNFB-sensitized animals. Dinitrophenylated epidermal protein conjugates prepared in vitro were capable of specifically inhibiting the migration of peritoneal exudate cells obtained from DNFB-sensitized guinea pigs. These results demonstrate the application of immunoadsorbent chromatography and the migration inhibition assay to the further definition of the epitopes involved in contact sensitivity.", "contents": "Isolation of dinitrophenyl-skin protein conjugates by immunoadsorbent chromatography. Immunoadsorbent columns charged with rabbit anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody were used to isolate and concentrate DNP-protein conjugates from the 105,000 g supernate of extracts prepared from guinea pig epidermis previously painted with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Conjugates isolated in this manner elicited positive delayed hypersensitivity skin tests when injected intradermally into DNFB-sensitized animals. Dinitrophenylated epidermal protein conjugates prepared in vitro were capable of specifically inhibiting the migration of peritoneal exudate cells obtained from DNFB-sensitized guinea pigs. These results demonstrate the application of immunoadsorbent chromatography and the migration inhibition assay to the further definition of the epitopes involved in contact sensitivity.", "PMID": 321363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7905", "title": "Depletion of IgG in rabbit sera by absorption with some group A streptococci.", "content": "Streptococci group A, type M 1 or M 56 were capable to deplete IgG in normal rabbit sera during absorption by means of a surface Fc receptor. One absorption with 8.0 mg (dry weight) M 1 streptococci or two absorptions with 71 mg M 56 streptococci removed all IgG in 0.2 ml rabbit serum diluted 1:10 (containing 1.5 mg IgG/ml). Antibodies to egg albumin and antibodies to sheep red cells were not demonstrable after absorption of 0.2 ml serum diluted 1:10 with 16.0 mg M 1 streptococci. These results are discussed in relation to some reports on immunologic cross-reactions between streptococci and mammalian tissues.", "contents": "Depletion of IgG in rabbit sera by absorption with some group A streptococci. Streptococci group A, type M 1 or M 56 were capable to deplete IgG in normal rabbit sera during absorption by means of a surface Fc receptor. One absorption with 8.0 mg (dry weight) M 1 streptococci or two absorptions with 71 mg M 56 streptococci removed all IgG in 0.2 ml rabbit serum diluted 1:10 (containing 1.5 mg IgG/ml). Antibodies to egg albumin and antibodies to sheep red cells were not demonstrable after absorption of 0.2 ml serum diluted 1:10 with 16.0 mg M 1 streptococci. These results are discussed in relation to some reports on immunologic cross-reactions between streptococci and mammalian tissues.", "PMID": 321364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7906", "title": "Tissue antibodies in malignant and benign urogenital disease.", "content": "The presence of anti-tissue antibodies in sera from patients with genitourinary carcinomas and non-malignant genitourinary diseases was studied by indirect immunofluorescence. An increased incidence of various tissue antibodies was observed in carcinomas of the urinary bladder, prostate and kidney when compared to controls. There was a trend towards association between antinuclear antibodies and metastatic undifferentiated tumors. A low degree of malignancy was associated with antibodies against connective tissue \"reticulin\". A striking similarity between tissue antibody \"patterns\" in carcinoma patients and patients with chronic renal inflammation was seen. This points to inflammation as being an important factor in tissue antibody production.", "contents": "Tissue antibodies in malignant and benign urogenital disease. The presence of anti-tissue antibodies in sera from patients with genitourinary carcinomas and non-malignant genitourinary diseases was studied by indirect immunofluorescence. An increased incidence of various tissue antibodies was observed in carcinomas of the urinary bladder, prostate and kidney when compared to controls. There was a trend towards association between antinuclear antibodies and metastatic undifferentiated tumors. A low degree of malignancy was associated with antibodies against connective tissue \"reticulin\". A striking similarity between tissue antibody \"patterns\" in carcinoma patients and patients with chronic renal inflammation was seen. This points to inflammation as being an important factor in tissue antibody production.", "PMID": 321365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7907", "title": "Characterization of human lymphocyte subpopulations for cytotoxicity against tumor-derived monolayer cultures.", "content": "Lymphocyte fractions of three healthy donors were tested for cytotoxicity in a 48-h assay on several tumor-derived lines. Analysis of surface markers indicated that a non-T non-B fraction comprising about 50% Fc-receptor-positive cells was most potent. The cell yield in this fraction was on the average 6.5% of the non-fractionated population. Elimination of Slg positive cells did not influence the cytotoxic potential. Pure T cells isolated with E-rosetting subsequent to passage on nylon wool column had no or very low low cytotoxicity. We had indications that cells without conventional markers--\"null\" cells--were also cytotoxic.", "contents": "Characterization of human lymphocyte subpopulations for cytotoxicity against tumor-derived monolayer cultures. Lymphocyte fractions of three healthy donors were tested for cytotoxicity in a 48-h assay on several tumor-derived lines. Analysis of surface markers indicated that a non-T non-B fraction comprising about 50% Fc-receptor-positive cells was most potent. The cell yield in this fraction was on the average 6.5% of the non-fractionated population. Elimination of Slg positive cells did not influence the cytotoxic potential. Pure T cells isolated with E-rosetting subsequent to passage on nylon wool column had no or very low low cytotoxicity. We had indications that cells without conventional markers--\"null\" cells--were also cytotoxic.", "PMID": 321366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7908", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid in childhood: report of three cases and a review of literature.", "content": "Three proven cases of bullous pemphigoid in childhood which responded to dapsone are reported. The clinical and immunological criteria for diagnosis were similar to those in the aged. This report emphasizes that the condition is a distinctive clinical entity and entirely different from dermatitis herpetiformis and benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid in childhood: report of three cases and a review of literature. Three proven cases of bullous pemphigoid in childhood which responded to dapsone are reported. The clinical and immunological criteria for diagnosis were similar to those in the aged. This report emphasizes that the condition is a distinctive clinical entity and entirely different from dermatitis herpetiformis and benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood.", "PMID": 321370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7909", "title": "Thiopyronine-sensitized photodynamic inactivation of RNA synthesis in vitro.", "content": "The photodynamic inactivation of a cell-free transcriptional system with yeast components was investigated in vitro. The photodynamic inhibition of the overall synthesis is dependent on the irradiation  time and is due to the photo-oxidation of the DNA as well as of the RNA polymerase. Photodynamic treatment of the polymerase and DNA together leads to a stronger inactivation of their biological activity than photodynamic treatment of both components separately. Also the rate of RNA synthesis is more affected when the complete system is photodynamically treated shortly after beginning than before beginning of RNA synthesis. It is concluded that the polymerase-DNA complex is more sensitive to photo-oxidation than the individual components. Because the steps binding and initiation do not seem very affected photodynamically it is suggested that the Thiopyronine-sensitized inhibition of RNA synthesis is mainly due to an inhibition of elongation.", "contents": "Thiopyronine-sensitized photodynamic inactivation of RNA synthesis in vitro. The photodynamic inactivation of a cell-free transcriptional system with yeast components was investigated in vitro. The photodynamic inhibition of the overall synthesis is dependent on the irradiation  time and is due to the photo-oxidation of the DNA as well as of the RNA polymerase. Photodynamic treatment of the polymerase and DNA together leads to a stronger inactivation of their biological activity than photodynamic treatment of both components separately. Also the rate of RNA synthesis is more affected when the complete system is photodynamically treated shortly after beginning than before beginning of RNA synthesis. It is concluded that the polymerase-DNA complex is more sensitive to photo-oxidation than the individual components. Because the steps binding and initiation do not seem very affected photodynamically it is suggested that the Thiopyronine-sensitized inhibition of RNA synthesis is mainly due to an inhibition of elongation.", "PMID": 321373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7910", "title": "Functional significance of low serum vitamin B12 levels in pregnancy.", "content": "The physiological significance of low levels of vitamin B12 in serum in late pregnancy was assessed by a functional test viz. urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid (MMA) after a valine load. This was normal in all but one subject despite low levels of vitamin B12 in serum in many of these subjects. Assay of serum vitamin B12 levels in pregnant women and control subjects by two different techniques viz. radio isotope dilution and microbiological methods gave essentially similar results for both groups, although the absolute values in both the groups were over-estimated by the former technique. The data presented indicate that there is no evidence of functional inadequacy in pregnant women with low levels of vitamin B12 in serum.", "contents": "Functional significance of low serum vitamin B12 levels in pregnancy. The physiological significance of low levels of vitamin B12 in serum in late pregnancy was assessed by a functional test viz. urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid (MMA) after a valine load. This was normal in all but one subject despite low levels of vitamin B12 in serum in many of these subjects. Assay of serum vitamin B12 levels in pregnant women and control subjects by two different techniques viz. radio isotope dilution and microbiological methods gave essentially similar results for both groups, although the absolute values in both the groups were over-estimated by the former technique. The data presented indicate that there is no evidence of functional inadequacy in pregnant women with low levels of vitamin B12 in serum.", "PMID": 321375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7911", "title": "[Subcorneal pustular dermatosis].", "content": "Subcorneal dermatosis is a chronic relapsing pustular eruption which has been recognised for 20 years. The diagnosis can be made only by combining the clinical features of a recurrent eruption mainly on the trunk which spares the mucosae and has the histological appearance of a subcorneal bullae filled with polymorphonuclear leucocytes situated on the surface of normal epidermis. No immunofluorescence either direct or indirect similar to that seen in pemphigus, pemphigoid or dermatitis herpetiformis has been reported. No jejunal abnormality has been found in any case but some, though not all, patients respond to treatment with Dapsone (DDS; diaminodiphenylsulfone). The condition can be distinguished from other cases of subcorneal pustular eruptions only by combining the clinical and histological features. The etiology remains unknown.", "contents": "[Subcorneal pustular dermatosis]. Subcorneal dermatosis is a chronic relapsing pustular eruption which has been recognised for 20 years. The diagnosis can be made only by combining the clinical features of a recurrent eruption mainly on the trunk which spares the mucosae and has the histological appearance of a subcorneal bullae filled with polymorphonuclear leucocytes situated on the surface of normal epidermis. No immunofluorescence either direct or indirect similar to that seen in pemphigus, pemphigoid or dermatitis herpetiformis has been reported. No jejunal abnormality has been found in any case but some, though not all, patients respond to treatment with Dapsone (DDS; diaminodiphenylsulfone). The condition can be distinguished from other cases of subcorneal pustular eruptions only by combining the clinical and histological features. The etiology remains unknown.", "PMID": 321398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7912", "title": "[Subcutaneous pedicled flap for the reconstruction of the skin mantle following excision of facial tumors].", "content": "A subcutaneous pedicled island flap for closing skin defects in face tumor surgery is presented. Simple design and operative technique of these flaps make them interesting for closing excisional face skin defects especially in the elderly.", "contents": "[Subcutaneous pedicled flap for the reconstruction of the skin mantle following excision of facial tumors]. A subcutaneous pedicled island flap for closing skin defects in face tumor surgery is presented. Simple design and operative technique of these flaps make them interesting for closing excisional face skin defects especially in the elderly.", "PMID": 321399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7913", "title": "Biochemical study of minosaminomycin in relation to the kasugamycin group antibiotics.", "content": "Minosaminomycin is structurally related to kasugamycin and inhibits protein synthesis in mycobacteria. It also inhibits phage f2 RNA-directed protein synthesis in a cell-free system of Escherichia coli by 50% at 2 x 10(-7) M. It is 100-times more potent than kasugamycin in this system. At 10(-7) M minosaminomycin inhibits EF-T dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes by 50%. This effect is markedly diminished if minosaminomycin is added to the assay system after a brief incubation of ribosomes with mRNA. Like kasugamycin, minosaminomycin preferentially inhibits the initiation of protein synthesis directed by phage f2 RNA in vitro and does not cause miscoding. Ribosomes from kasugamycin-resistant mutants Ksg A and Ksg C were as sensitive to minosaminomycin as those from each parent strain. In spite of the strong inhibitory activity of minosaminomycin manifested in cell-free systems of E. coli, this compound inhibits the growth of the organism itself only slightly. This discrepancy could be ascribed to impermeability, as E. coli cells with modified permeability show greater sensitivity to minosaminomycin. There is no indication that the antibiotic is activated in E. coli cells. On the basis of these results, the structural features of these antibiotics is inactivated in E. coli cells. On the basis of these results, the structural features of these antibiotics essential for interaction with ribosomes and for permeability into the cells are discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical study of minosaminomycin in relation to the kasugamycin group antibiotics. Minosaminomycin is structurally related to kasugamycin and inhibits protein synthesis in mycobacteria. It also inhibits phage f2 RNA-directed protein synthesis in a cell-free system of Escherichia coli by 50% at 2 x 10(-7) M. It is 100-times more potent than kasugamycin in this system. At 10(-7) M minosaminomycin inhibits EF-T dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes by 50%. This effect is markedly diminished if minosaminomycin is added to the assay system after a brief incubation of ribosomes with mRNA. Like kasugamycin, minosaminomycin preferentially inhibits the initiation of protein synthesis directed by phage f2 RNA in vitro and does not cause miscoding. Ribosomes from kasugamycin-resistant mutants Ksg A and Ksg C were as sensitive to minosaminomycin as those from each parent strain. In spite of the strong inhibitory activity of minosaminomycin manifested in cell-free systems of E. coli, this compound inhibits the growth of the organism itself only slightly. This discrepancy could be ascribed to impermeability, as E. coli cells with modified permeability show greater sensitivity to minosaminomycin. There is no indication that the antibiotic is activated in E. coli cells. On the basis of these results, the structural features of these antibiotics is inactivated in E. coli cells. On the basis of these results, the structural features of these antibiotics essential for interaction with ribosomes and for permeability into the cells are discussed.", "PMID": 321408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7914", "title": "The relative efficacy of methylphenidate (ritalin) and behavior-modification techniques in the treatment of a hyperactive child.", "content": "Drug versus placebo effects were contrasted with those of contingency management in the treatment of a hyperactive child. Several criterion behaviors were monitored in two different settings to gauge the breadth and generalizability of drug and behavior-management effects. Medication and contingency management effects were both found to be situation specific. No interaction effects were found. Accuracy of task performance, amount of eye contact with the experimenters, frequency of repetitive hand movements, and distractible behavior were apparently unaffected by medication (Ritalin versus placebo) within the clinic. A multiple-baseline design incorporating contingency reversals revealed the reinforcement contingencies to be the crucial variable controlling behavior within the clinic. Medication effects were shown to be significant within the home setting where reinforcement contingencies were not changed. While aggressive behavior decreased as a function of Ritalin, repetitive hand movements increased.", "contents": "The relative efficacy of methylphenidate (ritalin) and behavior-modification techniques in the treatment of a hyperactive child. Drug versus placebo effects were contrasted with those of contingency management in the treatment of a hyperactive child. Several criterion behaviors were monitored in two different settings to gauge the breadth and generalizability of drug and behavior-management effects. Medication and contingency management effects were both found to be situation specific. No interaction effects were found. Accuracy of task performance, amount of eye contact with the experimenters, frequency of repetitive hand movements, and distractible behavior were apparently unaffected by medication (Ritalin versus placebo) within the clinic. A multiple-baseline design incorporating contingency reversals revealed the reinforcement contingencies to be the crucial variable controlling behavior within the clinic. Medication effects were shown to be significant within the home setting where reinforcement contingencies were not changed. While aggressive behavior decreased as a function of Ritalin, repetitive hand movements increased.", "PMID": 321410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7915", "title": "Pyruvate formation during the catabolism of simple hexose sugars by Escherichia coli: studies with pyruvate kinase-negative mutants.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutants lacking the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated pyruvate kinase have been isolated accidentally and used to prepare further mutants additionally devoid of the fructose bisphosphate-activated pyruvate kinase. Such double mutants totally devoid of pyruvate kinase activity still grow well under aerobic conditions on sugars that are catabolized by the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):sugar phosphotransferase system, but they grow poorly on non-phosphotransferase system sugars. This suggests that although pyruvate kinase plays a major role in the formation of pyruvate from PEP during growth on non-phosphotransferase system sugars, the operation of the PEP:sugar phosphotransferase system can contribute significantly to pyruvate production from PEP. In the absence of pyruvate kinase and an active PEP:sugar phosphotransferase system the methylglyoxal glycolytic bypass may also function to some extent for the formation of pyruvate during the catabolism of simple hexose sugars. No unique physiological role can yet be ascribed to the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated pyruvate kinase as a result of these studies.", "contents": "Pyruvate formation during the catabolism of simple hexose sugars by Escherichia coli: studies with pyruvate kinase-negative mutants. Escherichia coli K-12 mutants lacking the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated pyruvate kinase have been isolated accidentally and used to prepare further mutants additionally devoid of the fructose bisphosphate-activated pyruvate kinase. Such double mutants totally devoid of pyruvate kinase activity still grow well under aerobic conditions on sugars that are catabolized by the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):sugar phosphotransferase system, but they grow poorly on non-phosphotransferase system sugars. This suggests that although pyruvate kinase plays a major role in the formation of pyruvate from PEP during growth on non-phosphotransferase system sugars, the operation of the PEP:sugar phosphotransferase system can contribute significantly to pyruvate production from PEP. In the absence of pyruvate kinase and an active PEP:sugar phosphotransferase system the methylglyoxal glycolytic bypass may also function to some extent for the formation of pyruvate during the catabolism of simple hexose sugars. No unique physiological role can yet be ascribed to the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated pyruvate kinase as a result of these studies.", "PMID": 321416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7916", "title": "Two unlinked genes for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "The activity of the overall pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was found to be similar in extracts of Aspergillus nidulans after growth on either sucrose or acetate. Eight mutants lacking the activity of this complex were found among some 200 glycolytic mutants selected for their inability to grow on sucrose. The absence of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity was also confirmed for a mutant, g6 (pdhA1), isolated previously. Studies with the mutants supported the existence of two unlinked genes, pdhA and pdhB, controlling the function of the complex. In vivo and in vitro complementation between mutations at the two loci were shown by the ability of forced heterokaryons to grow on sucrose and by the restoration of overall pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in mixed cell-free extracts. The mutations were recessive to their wild-type alleles, and the pdhA and pdhB loci were assigned to linkage groups I and V, respectively.", "contents": "Two unlinked genes for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Aspergillus nidulans. The activity of the overall pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was found to be similar in extracts of Aspergillus nidulans after growth on either sucrose or acetate. Eight mutants lacking the activity of this complex were found among some 200 glycolytic mutants selected for their inability to grow on sucrose. The absence of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity was also confirmed for a mutant, g6 (pdhA1), isolated previously. Studies with the mutants supported the existence of two unlinked genes, pdhA and pdhB, controlling the function of the complex. In vivo and in vitro complementation between mutations at the two loci were shown by the ability of forced heterokaryons to grow on sucrose and by the restoration of overall pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in mixed cell-free extracts. The mutations were recessive to their wild-type alleles, and the pdhA and pdhB loci were assigned to linkage groups I and V, respectively.", "PMID": 321417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7917", "title": "Oscillations in the synthesis of cell wall components in synchronized cultures of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The rate of cell wall synthesis with respect to both proteins and lipids was determined in synchronized cultures of Escherichia coli B/r. Whereas the rate of total protein synthesis showed an exponential increase with cell age, the rate of incorporation of proteins and lipids into cell wall had a maximum at a cell age of 30 to 35 min, 15 min before cell division. This oscillation was observed in both the cytoplasmic membrane and in the outer membrane of the cell envelope.", "contents": "Oscillations in the synthesis of cell wall components in synchronized cultures of Escherichia coli. The rate of cell wall synthesis with respect to both proteins and lipids was determined in synchronized cultures of Escherichia coli B/r. Whereas the rate of total protein synthesis showed an exponential increase with cell age, the rate of incorporation of proteins and lipids into cell wall had a maximum at a cell age of 30 to 35 min, 15 min before cell division. This oscillation was observed in both the cytoplasmic membrane and in the outer membrane of the cell envelope.", "PMID": 321418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7918", "title": "Activity of murein hydrolases in synchronized cultures of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Murein hydrolase activities were analyzed in synchronized cultures of Escherichia coli B/r. Cell wall-bound murein hydrolase activities, including the penicillin-sensitive endopeptidase, increased discontinuously during the cell cycle and showed maximum activity at a cell age of 30 to 35 min (generation time, 43 min). Maximum activity was observed at the same time that the rate of cell wall synthesis reached its maximum. These oscillations depended on the termination of replication: no increase in hydrolase activity was found if deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was inhibited at an early time in the life cycle. In contrast, the activity of another murein hydrolase that was not tightly bound to the membrane (transglycosylase) increased exponentially with time, even when deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was inhibited.", "contents": "Activity of murein hydrolases in synchronized cultures of Escherichia coli. Murein hydrolase activities were analyzed in synchronized cultures of Escherichia coli B/r. Cell wall-bound murein hydrolase activities, including the penicillin-sensitive endopeptidase, increased discontinuously during the cell cycle and showed maximum activity at a cell age of 30 to 35 min (generation time, 43 min). Maximum activity was observed at the same time that the rate of cell wall synthesis reached its maximum. These oscillations depended on the termination of replication: no increase in hydrolase activity was found if deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was inhibited at an early time in the life cycle. In contrast, the activity of another murein hydrolase that was not tightly bound to the membrane (transglycosylase) increased exponentially with time, even when deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was inhibited.", "PMID": 321419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7919", "title": "Effect of cessation of phospholipid synthesis on the synthesis of a specific membrane-associated bacteriophage protein in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The major coat protein of the bacteriophage f1 is synthesized during infection of Escherichia coli and becomes tightly associated with the host membrane. This synthesis was studied in conjunction with the strain BB26-36, a mutant defective in phospholipid synthesis, to investigate basic questions concerning membrane protein and phospholipid synthesis. Coat protein synthesis is decreased in the absence of net phospholipid synthesis. The coat protein produced under these conditions is still found tightly associated with the membrane. Resumption of phospholipid synthesis leads to an increase in the synthesis and accumulation of the coat protein. Therefore, a correlation between coat protein and phospholipid synthesis seems to exist. However, the packaging of phage deoxyribonucleic acid into phage particles proceeds in the absence of phospholipid synthesis, and the number of phage particles produced appears to depend only on the amount of coat protein in the membrane.", "contents": "Effect of cessation of phospholipid synthesis on the synthesis of a specific membrane-associated bacteriophage protein in Escherichia coli. The major coat protein of the bacteriophage f1 is synthesized during infection of Escherichia coli and becomes tightly associated with the host membrane. This synthesis was studied in conjunction with the strain BB26-36, a mutant defective in phospholipid synthesis, to investigate basic questions concerning membrane protein and phospholipid synthesis. Coat protein synthesis is decreased in the absence of net phospholipid synthesis. The coat protein produced under these conditions is still found tightly associated with the membrane. Resumption of phospholipid synthesis leads to an increase in the synthesis and accumulation of the coat protein. Therefore, a correlation between coat protein and phospholipid synthesis seems to exist. However, the packaging of phage deoxyribonucleic acid into phage particles proceeds in the absence of phospholipid synthesis, and the number of phage particles produced appears to depend only on the amount of coat protein in the membrane.", "PMID": 321420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7920", "title": "Role of transport systems in amino acid metabolism: leucine toxicity and the branched-chain amino acid transport systems.", "content": "The livR locus, which leads to a trans-recessive derepression of branched-chain amino acid transport and periplasmic branched-chain amino acid-binding proteins, is responsible for greatly increased sensitivity toward growth inhibition by leucine, valine, and serine and, as shown previously, for increased sensitivity toward toxicity by branched-chain amino acid analogues, such as 4-azaleucine or 5',5',5'-trifluoroleucine. These phenotypes are similar to those of relA mutants; however, the livR mutants retain the stringent response of ribonucleic acid synthesis. However, an increase in the rate of transport or in the steady-state intracellular level of amino acids in the livR strain cannot completely account for this sensitivity. The ability of the LIV-I transport system to carry out exchange of pool amino acids for extracellular leucine is a major factor in leucine sensitivity. The previous finding that inhibition of threonine deaminase by leucine contributes to growth inhibition is confirmed by simulating the in vivo conditions using a toluene-treated cell preparation with added amino acids at levels corresponding to the internal pool. The relationship between transport systems and corresponding biosynthetic pathways is discussed and the general principle of a coordination in the regulation of transport and biosynthetic pathways is forwarded. The finding that the LIV-I transport system functions well for amino acid exchange in contrast to the LIV-II system provides another feature that distinguishes these systems in addition to previously described differences in regulation and energetics.", "contents": "Role of transport systems in amino acid metabolism: leucine toxicity and the branched-chain amino acid transport systems. The livR locus, which leads to a trans-recessive derepression of branched-chain amino acid transport and periplasmic branched-chain amino acid-binding proteins, is responsible for greatly increased sensitivity toward growth inhibition by leucine, valine, and serine and, as shown previously, for increased sensitivity toward toxicity by branched-chain amino acid analogues, such as 4-azaleucine or 5',5',5'-trifluoroleucine. These phenotypes are similar to those of relA mutants; however, the livR mutants retain the stringent response of ribonucleic acid synthesis. However, an increase in the rate of transport or in the steady-state intracellular level of amino acids in the livR strain cannot completely account for this sensitivity. The ability of the LIV-I transport system to carry out exchange of pool amino acids for extracellular leucine is a major factor in leucine sensitivity. The previous finding that inhibition of threonine deaminase by leucine contributes to growth inhibition is confirmed by simulating the in vivo conditions using a toluene-treated cell preparation with added amino acids at levels corresponding to the internal pool. The relationship between transport systems and corresponding biosynthetic pathways is discussed and the general principle of a coordination in the regulation of transport and biosynthetic pathways is forwarded. The finding that the LIV-I transport system functions well for amino acid exchange in contrast to the LIV-II system provides another feature that distinguishes these systems in addition to previously described differences in regulation and energetics.", "PMID": 321421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7921", "title": "Fine-structure map of the histidine transport genes in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Afine-structure genetic map of the histidine transport region of the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome was constructed. Twenty-five deletion mutants were isolated and used for dividing the hisJ and hisP genes into 8 and 13 regions respectively. A total of 308 mutations, spontaneous and mutagen induced, have been placed in these regions by deletion mapping. The histidine transport operon is presumed to be constituted of genes dhuA, hisJ, and hisP, and the regulation of the hosP and hisJ genes by dhuA  is discussed. The orientation of this operon relative to purF has been established by three-point crosses as being: purF duhA hisJ hisP.", "contents": "Fine-structure map of the histidine transport genes in Salmonella typhimurium. Afine-structure genetic map of the histidine transport region of the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome was constructed. Twenty-five deletion mutants were isolated and used for dividing the hisJ and hisP genes into 8 and 13 regions respectively. A total of 308 mutations, spontaneous and mutagen induced, have been placed in these regions by deletion mapping. The histidine transport operon is presumed to be constituted of genes dhuA, hisJ, and hisP, and the regulation of the hosP and hisJ genes by dhuA  is discussed. The orientation of this operon relative to purF has been established by three-point crosses as being: purF duhA hisJ hisP.", "PMID": 321422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7922", "title": "Role of ribosomal protein S12 in peptide chain elongation: analysis of pleiotropic, streptomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Some of the spontaneous streptomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli strain C600 exhibit pleiotropic effects in addition to the antibiotic resistance. These effects include decreased growth rates, reduced levels of certain enzymes, and poor support of bacteriophage growth. One of these mutants, strain SM3, was studied further. We have examined the question of whether the reduced growth rate of the mutant SM3 is related to the reduction in relative amounts of ribosomes or to the reduction in the efficiency of ribosomes in protein synthesis. Measurements of alpha, the differential synthesis rate of ribosomal protein, revealed that the protein synthesis effeciency of ribosomes from the mutant strain SM3  was reduced about twofold relative to that of the parent strain C600. Measurements of the induction lag for beta-galactosidase and of the synthesis time of several different molecular-weight classes of proteins indicated that the mutation resulted in a marked reduction in the peptide chain growth rate. This reduction in the chain growth rate probably accounted for most of the observed reduction in the growth rate of the mutant strain. These experimental results show that the strA gene product, the S12 protein of the 30S subunit, is involved in some aspect of protein chain elongation. Presumably this involvement occurs during the messenger ribonucleic acid-directed binding of transfer ribonucleic acid to the ribosome.", "contents": "Role of ribosomal protein S12 in peptide chain elongation: analysis of pleiotropic, streptomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli. Some of the spontaneous streptomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli strain C600 exhibit pleiotropic effects in addition to the antibiotic resistance. These effects include decreased growth rates, reduced levels of certain enzymes, and poor support of bacteriophage growth. One of these mutants, strain SM3, was studied further. We have examined the question of whether the reduced growth rate of the mutant SM3 is related to the reduction in relative amounts of ribosomes or to the reduction in the efficiency of ribosomes in protein synthesis. Measurements of alpha, the differential synthesis rate of ribosomal protein, revealed that the protein synthesis effeciency of ribosomes from the mutant strain SM3  was reduced about twofold relative to that of the parent strain C600. Measurements of the induction lag for beta-galactosidase and of the synthesis time of several different molecular-weight classes of proteins indicated that the mutation resulted in a marked reduction in the peptide chain growth rate. This reduction in the chain growth rate probably accounted for most of the observed reduction in the growth rate of the mutant strain. These experimental results show that the strA gene product, the S12 protein of the 30S subunit, is involved in some aspect of protein chain elongation. Presumably this involvement occurs during the messenger ribonucleic acid-directed binding of transfer ribonucleic acid to the ribosome.", "PMID": 321423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7923", "title": "Two-carbon assimilative capacity and the induction of isocitrate lyase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown on 10% glucose medium and subsequently transferred to fresh medium containing 2- and 3-carbon substrates. Under these conditions, the yeast rapidly acquired an oxidative capacity, as evidenced by oxygen uptake rates and 14CO2 evolution rates during respiration on ethanol or (14C)acetate. The assimilative capacity for 2-carbon substrates developed more slowly and followed the induction of isocitrate lyase. Washed yeast transferred to the basic medium containing no added carbon substrate possessed only low levels of isocitrate lyase after a 6-h adaptation. After 6 h, isocitrate lyase was present at high levels in cells transferred to a range of ethanol concentrations but was present in only low amounts in cells transferred to acetate. The role of ethanol as an inducer of isocitrate lyase is discussed.", "contents": "Two-carbon assimilative capacity and the induction of isocitrate lyase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown on 10% glucose medium and subsequently transferred to fresh medium containing 2- and 3-carbon substrates. Under these conditions, the yeast rapidly acquired an oxidative capacity, as evidenced by oxygen uptake rates and 14CO2 evolution rates during respiration on ethanol or (14C)acetate. The assimilative capacity for 2-carbon substrates developed more slowly and followed the induction of isocitrate lyase. Washed yeast transferred to the basic medium containing no added carbon substrate possessed only low levels of isocitrate lyase after a 6-h adaptation. After 6 h, isocitrate lyase was present at high levels in cells transferred to a range of ethanol concentrations but was present in only low amounts in cells transferred to acetate. The role of ethanol as an inducer of isocitrate lyase is discussed.", "PMID": 321424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7924", "title": "Synthesis of \"group polysaccharide\" by membranes from Streptococcus pyogenes and its stabilized L-form.", "content": "Rhamnose and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) are incorporated from thymidine 5'-diphosphorhamnose and uridine 5-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDPGlcNAc) into membrane fragments prepared from Streptococcus pyogenes but not into membrane fragements prepared from a stabilized L-form of this organism. Incorporation from TDPrhamnose is partially dependent upon UDPGlcNAc and vice versa. The oligomeric GlcNAc and rhamonose-containing products are easily extracted from membrane particles by sedimentation through detergent solutions. They are substantially extracted into methanol but not into chloroform-methanol (2:1). When product containing both radioactive rhamnose and GlcNAc is deacetylated and hydrolyzed briefy in acid, glucosaminyl rhamnose is obtained, byt not higher oligomers, suggesting that oligomer synthesis in vitro is terminated because unidentified wnzymatic requirements are not satisfied. The data are consistent with the assembly of group A-specific polysaccharide at the cellular membrane with participation of a lipoid anchor (acceptor) molecule.", "contents": "Synthesis of \"group polysaccharide\" by membranes from Streptococcus pyogenes and its stabilized L-form. Rhamnose and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) are incorporated from thymidine 5'-diphosphorhamnose and uridine 5-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDPGlcNAc) into membrane fragments prepared from Streptococcus pyogenes but not into membrane fragements prepared from a stabilized L-form of this organism. Incorporation from TDPrhamnose is partially dependent upon UDPGlcNAc and vice versa. The oligomeric GlcNAc and rhamonose-containing products are easily extracted from membrane particles by sedimentation through detergent solutions. They are substantially extracted into methanol but not into chloroform-methanol (2:1). When product containing both radioactive rhamnose and GlcNAc is deacetylated and hydrolyzed briefy in acid, glucosaminyl rhamnose is obtained, byt not higher oligomers, suggesting that oligomer synthesis in vitro is terminated because unidentified wnzymatic requirements are not satisfied. The data are consistent with the assembly of group A-specific polysaccharide at the cellular membrane with participation of a lipoid anchor (acceptor) molecule.", "PMID": 321425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7925", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid repair in vitro by extracts of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from bacteriophage T7 has been used to monitor the capacity of gently lysed extracts of Escherichia coli to perform repair resynthesis after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Purified DNA damaged by up to 100 J of UV radiation per m2 was treated with an endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus that introduces single-strand breaks in irradiated DNA. This DNA was then used as a substrate to study repair resynthesis by extracts of E. coli. It was found that incubation with the extract and exogenous nucleoside triphosphates under suitable assay conditions resulted in removal of all pyrimidine dimers and restoration of the substrate DNA to its original molecular weight. Repair resynthesis, detected as nonconservative, UV-stimulated DNA synthesis, was directly proportional tothe number of pyrimidine dimers introduced by radiation. The repair mode described here appears to require DNA polymerase I since it does no occur at the restrictive temperature in polA12 mutants, which contain a thermolabile polymerase. The addition of purified DNA polymerase I to extracts made from a polA mutant restores the ability to complete repair at the restrictive temperature.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid repair in vitro by extracts of Escherichia coli. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from bacteriophage T7 has been used to monitor the capacity of gently lysed extracts of Escherichia coli to perform repair resynthesis after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Purified DNA damaged by up to 100 J of UV radiation per m2 was treated with an endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus that introduces single-strand breaks in irradiated DNA. This DNA was then used as a substrate to study repair resynthesis by extracts of E. coli. It was found that incubation with the extract and exogenous nucleoside triphosphates under suitable assay conditions resulted in removal of all pyrimidine dimers and restoration of the substrate DNA to its original molecular weight. Repair resynthesis, detected as nonconservative, UV-stimulated DNA synthesis, was directly proportional tothe number of pyrimidine dimers introduced by radiation. The repair mode described here appears to require DNA polymerase I since it does no occur at the restrictive temperature in polA12 mutants, which contain a thermolabile polymerase. The addition of purified DNA polymerase I to extracts made from a polA mutant restores the ability to complete repair at the restrictive temperature.", "PMID": 321426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7926", "title": "Expression of cryptopleurine resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "An examination of gene expression in diploids may not always be sufficient for determination of the dominant or recessive character of an allele. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistance to cryptopleurine has been attributed to a single recessive nuclear gene, cryl, located on chromosome III. We found, contrary to expectations, that resistance to cryptopleurine is not expressed in diploids that are monosomic for chromosome III. Examination of strains of different ploidy on gradient plates shows that the presence of the sensitive allele in a cell does not affect the level of resistance, but rather the level of resistance is directly related to the ratio of resistant alleles to the number of chromosome sets.", "contents": "Expression of cryptopleurine resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An examination of gene expression in diploids may not always be sufficient for determination of the dominant or recessive character of an allele. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistance to cryptopleurine has been attributed to a single recessive nuclear gene, cryl, located on chromosome III. We found, contrary to expectations, that resistance to cryptopleurine is not expressed in diploids that are monosomic for chromosome III. Examination of strains of different ploidy on gradient plates shows that the presence of the sensitive allele in a cell does not affect the level of resistance, but rather the level of resistance is directly related to the ratio of resistant alleles to the number of chromosome sets.", "PMID": 321427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7927", "title": "Conservation of transfer ribonucleic acid and 5S ribonucleic acid cistrons in Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The genes for tranfer ribonucleic acid (tDNA) and 5S ribonucleic acid (5SDNA) were isolated from the total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Escherichia coli. The relatedness of tDNA and 5S from E. coli and other species of Enterobacteriaceae was determined by reassociation of the isolated genes labeled with 32PO4 to unlabeled, unfractionated DNA. Double-stranded DNA was separated from unreacted DNA by hydroxyapatite chromatography. Thermal elution profiles were done to determine the amount of unpaired bases present in related DNA sequences. Relative to total DNA, both 5S DNA and tDNA were highly conserved throughout the Enterobacteriaceae, including the genera Yersinia and Proteus.", "contents": "Conservation of transfer ribonucleic acid and 5S ribonucleic acid cistrons in Enterobacteriaceae. The genes for tranfer ribonucleic acid (tDNA) and 5S ribonucleic acid (5SDNA) were isolated from the total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Escherichia coli. The relatedness of tDNA and 5S from E. coli and other species of Enterobacteriaceae was determined by reassociation of the isolated genes labeled with 32PO4 to unlabeled, unfractionated DNA. Double-stranded DNA was separated from unreacted DNA by hydroxyapatite chromatography. Thermal elution profiles were done to determine the amount of unpaired bases present in related DNA sequences. Relative to total DNA, both 5S DNA and tDNA were highly conserved throughout the Enterobacteriaceae, including the genera Yersinia and Proteus.", "PMID": 321428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7928", "title": "Temporal sequence of events during the initiation process in Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid replication: roles of the dnaA and dnaC gene products and ribonucleic acid polymerase.", "content": "Three thermosensitive deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) initiation mutants of Escherichia coli exposed to the restrictive temperature for one to two generations were examined for the ability to reinitiate DNA replication after returning to the permissive temperature in the presence of rifampin, chloramphenicol, or nalidixic acid. Reinitiation in the dnaA mutant was inhibited by rifampin but not by chloramphenicol, whereas renitiation was not inhibited by rifampin but not by chloramphenicol, whereas reinitiation was not inhibited in two dnaC mutants by either rifampin or chloramphenicol. To observe the rifampin inhibition, the antibiotic must be added at least 10 min before return to the permissive temperature. The rifampin inhibition of reinitiation was not observed when a rifampin-resistant ribonucleic acid ((RNA) polymerase gene was introduced into the dnaA mutant, demonstrating that RNA polymerase synthesizes one or more RNA species required for the initation of DNA replication (origin-RNA). Reinitiation at 30 degrees C was not inhibited by streptolydigin in a stretolydigin-sensitive dnaA muntant. Incubation in the presence of nalidixic acid prevented subsequent reinitiation in the dnaC28 mutant but did not inhibit reinitiation in the dnaA5 muntant. These results demonstrate that the dnaA gene product acts before or during the synthesis of an origin-RNA, RNA polymerase synthesizes this origin RNA, and the dnaC gene product is involved in a step after this RNA synthesis event. Furthermore, these results suggest that the dnaC gene product is involved in the first deoxyribounucleotide polymerization event wheareas the dnaA gene product acts prior to this event. A model is presented describing the temporal sequence of events that occur during initiation of a round of DNA replication, based on results in this and the accompanying paper.", "contents": "Temporal sequence of events during the initiation process in Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid replication: roles of the dnaA and dnaC gene products and ribonucleic acid polymerase. Three thermosensitive deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) initiation mutants of Escherichia coli exposed to the restrictive temperature for one to two generations were examined for the ability to reinitiate DNA replication after returning to the permissive temperature in the presence of rifampin, chloramphenicol, or nalidixic acid. Reinitiation in the dnaA mutant was inhibited by rifampin but not by chloramphenicol, whereas renitiation was not inhibited by rifampin but not by chloramphenicol, whereas reinitiation was not inhibited in two dnaC mutants by either rifampin or chloramphenicol. To observe the rifampin inhibition, the antibiotic must be added at least 10 min before return to the permissive temperature. The rifampin inhibition of reinitiation was not observed when a rifampin-resistant ribonucleic acid ((RNA) polymerase gene was introduced into the dnaA mutant, demonstrating that RNA polymerase synthesizes one or more RNA species required for the initation of DNA replication (origin-RNA). Reinitiation at 30 degrees C was not inhibited by streptolydigin in a stretolydigin-sensitive dnaA muntant. Incubation in the presence of nalidixic acid prevented subsequent reinitiation in the dnaC28 mutant but did not inhibit reinitiation in the dnaA5 muntant. These results demonstrate that the dnaA gene product acts before or during the synthesis of an origin-RNA, RNA polymerase synthesizes this origin RNA, and the dnaC gene product is involved in a step after this RNA synthesis event. Furthermore, these results suggest that the dnaC gene product is involved in the first deoxyribounucleotide polymerization event wheareas the dnaA gene product acts prior to this event. A model is presented describing the temporal sequence of events that occur during initiation of a round of DNA replication, based on results in this and the accompanying paper.", "PMID": 321429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7929", "title": "NOVEL Escherichia coli dnaB mutant: direct involvement of the dnaB252 gene product in the synthesis of an origin-ribonucleic acid species during initiaion of a round of deoxyribonucleic acid replication.", "content": "The initiation process of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication in Escherichia coli has been studied using the thermoreversible dna initiation mutant E. coli HfrHl65/120/6 dna-252. This dna mutation was incorrectly classed as a dnaA mutation. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that the dna-252 mutant is a novel dnaB mutant, possessing phenotypic properties which distinguish it from other dnaB mutants. Sensitivity of reinitiation in the dna-252 mutant to specific inhibitors of protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and DNA synthesis was studied. Reinitiation is shown to be sensitive to rifampin and streptolydigin but not to cholramphenicol. Thus, the dna-252 gene product appears to be required during the initiation process for a step occurring either before or during synthesis of an RNA species (origin-RNA). Using reversible inhibition of RNA synthesis by streptolydigin of a streptolydigin-sensitive derivative of the dna-252 mutant, the dna-252 gene product is shown to be directly involved in the synthesis of an orgin-RNA species. These results are included in a schematic model presented in the accompanying paper of the temporal sequence of events occurring during the initiation process.", "contents": "NOVEL Escherichia coli dnaB mutant: direct involvement of the dnaB252 gene product in the synthesis of an origin-ribonucleic acid species during initiaion of a round of deoxyribonucleic acid replication. The initiation process of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication in Escherichia coli has been studied using the thermoreversible dna initiation mutant E. coli HfrHl65/120/6 dna-252. This dna mutation was incorrectly classed as a dnaA mutation. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that the dna-252 mutant is a novel dnaB mutant, possessing phenotypic properties which distinguish it from other dnaB mutants. Sensitivity of reinitiation in the dna-252 mutant to specific inhibitors of protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and DNA synthesis was studied. Reinitiation is shown to be sensitive to rifampin and streptolydigin but not to cholramphenicol. Thus, the dna-252 gene product appears to be required during the initiation process for a step occurring either before or during synthesis of an RNA species (origin-RNA). Using reversible inhibition of RNA synthesis by streptolydigin of a streptolydigin-sensitive derivative of the dna-252 mutant, the dna-252 gene product is shown to be directly involved in the synthesis of an orgin-RNA species. These results are included in a schematic model presented in the accompanying paper of the temporal sequence of events occurring during the initiation process.", "PMID": 321430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7930", "title": "Growth of the Escherichia coli cell surface.", "content": "Phage T6 was used as a label to follow the growth of the outer membrane in a strain of Escherichia coli temperature sensitive for the production of the T6 receptor. Extension of the surface takes place at the cell poles. Small cells extend at only one pole, whereas larger cells grow from both poles. The change from unipolar to bipolar growth appears to depend on the attainment of a particular cell size and not on completion of chromosome replication.", "contents": "Growth of the Escherichia coli cell surface. Phage T6 was used as a label to follow the growth of the outer membrane in a strain of Escherichia coli temperature sensitive for the production of the T6 receptor. Extension of the surface takes place at the cell poles. Small cells extend at only one pole, whereas larger cells grow from both poles. The change from unipolar to bipolar growth appears to depend on the attainment of a particular cell size and not on completion of chromosome replication.", "PMID": 321431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7931", "title": "Effects of lipid phase transition of the freeze-cleaved envelope of Escherichia coli.", "content": "We studied the fine structure of the envelope of Escherichia coli auxotroph K1060 after the cells were grown in the presence of one of the following fatty acids; oleic, palmitelaidic, or elidic acid. The cells were freeze-fractured after exposure to temperatures above and below the lipid phase transition range. As judged by freeze-etching methods, we observed that below the transition range the fracture plane of the inner membrane showed the typical aggregation of intramembranous particles (IMP) and concomitant development of areas devoid of IMP. In these areas we found a regular arrangement of equally spaced ridges, often intersected at 90 degrees by arrays of similar ridges. The ridges were composed of spherical particles measuring 4 to 5 nm in  diameter. Formation and melting of these arrays took place within 15 to 30s after temperature shift-down or shift-up, respectively. Fixation in glutaraldehyde prevented these changes. The outer-membrane fracture plane revealed ordered areas to a lesser degree; these were discernible only by the regular arrangement of the IMP of the concave fracture plane. We interpret the data by suggesting that the pattern of ridges in E. coli K1060 is analogous to the band patterns described for artificial liposomes, and that the particles, possibly  proteins, are lined up or extruded along the ridges during membrane lipid crystallization.", "contents": "Effects of lipid phase transition of the freeze-cleaved envelope of Escherichia coli. We studied the fine structure of the envelope of Escherichia coli auxotroph K1060 after the cells were grown in the presence of one of the following fatty acids; oleic, palmitelaidic, or elidic acid. The cells were freeze-fractured after exposure to temperatures above and below the lipid phase transition range. As judged by freeze-etching methods, we observed that below the transition range the fracture plane of the inner membrane showed the typical aggregation of intramembranous particles (IMP) and concomitant development of areas devoid of IMP. In these areas we found a regular arrangement of equally spaced ridges, often intersected at 90 degrees by arrays of similar ridges. The ridges were composed of spherical particles measuring 4 to 5 nm in  diameter. Formation and melting of these arrays took place within 15 to 30s after temperature shift-down or shift-up, respectively. Fixation in glutaraldehyde prevented these changes. The outer-membrane fracture plane revealed ordered areas to a lesser degree; these were discernible only by the regular arrangement of the IMP of the concave fracture plane. We interpret the data by suggesting that the pattern of ridges in E. coli K1060 is analogous to the band patterns described for artificial liposomes, and that the particles, possibly  proteins, are lined up or extruded along the ridges during membrane lipid crystallization.", "PMID": 321432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7932", "title": "Enzymatic defenses against the toxicity of oxygen and of streptonigrin in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Anaerobically grown Escherichia coli K-12 contain only one superoxide dismutase and that is the iron-containing isozyme found in the periplasmic space. Exposure to oxygen caused the induction of a manganese-containing superoxide dismutase and of another, previously undescribed, superoxide dismutase, as well as of catalase and peroxidase. These inductions differed in their responsiveness towards oxygen. Thus the very low levels of oxygen present in deep, static, aerobic cultures were enough for nearly maximal induction of the manganese-superoxide dismutase. In contrast, induction of the new superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase required the much higher levels of oxygen achieved in vigorously agitated aerobic cultures. Anaerobically grown cells showed a much greater oxygen enhancement of the lethality of streptonigrin than did aerobically grown cells, in accord with the proposal that streptonigrin can serve as an intracellular source of superoxide. Anaerobically grown cells in which enzyme inductions were prevented by puromycin were damaged by exposure to air. This damage was evidenced both as a decline in viable cell count and as structural abnormalities evident under an electron microscope.", "contents": "Enzymatic defenses against the toxicity of oxygen and of streptonigrin in Escherichia coli. Anaerobically grown Escherichia coli K-12 contain only one superoxide dismutase and that is the iron-containing isozyme found in the periplasmic space. Exposure to oxygen caused the induction of a manganese-containing superoxide dismutase and of another, previously undescribed, superoxide dismutase, as well as of catalase and peroxidase. These inductions differed in their responsiveness towards oxygen. Thus the very low levels of oxygen present in deep, static, aerobic cultures were enough for nearly maximal induction of the manganese-superoxide dismutase. In contrast, induction of the new superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase required the much higher levels of oxygen achieved in vigorously agitated aerobic cultures. Anaerobically grown cells showed a much greater oxygen enhancement of the lethality of streptonigrin than did aerobically grown cells, in accord with the proposal that streptonigrin can serve as an intracellular source of superoxide. Anaerobically grown cells in which enzyme inductions were prevented by puromycin were damaged by exposure to air. This damage was evidenced both as a decline in viable cell count and as structural abnormalities evident under an electron microscope.", "PMID": 321433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7933", "title": "Regulation of murein biosynthesis and septum formation in filamentous cells of Escherichia coli PAT 84.", "content": "Both the beta-lactam antibiotic, cephalexin, and the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis inhibitor, nalidixic acid, are known to inhibit cell division in Escherichia coli and induce the formation of filaments. The biosynthesis of murein was investigated in these filaments and compared with the murein synthesized by the normally dividing rods of E. coli PAT 84. Differences were found in the extent of peptide side-chain cross-linkage. Filamentous cells had higher extents of cross-linkages in their newly synthesized murein. Quantitative analyses of the D-alanine carboxypeptidase and transpeptidase reactions in the different cells revealed that the carboxypeptidase activity of the filamentous cells was partially inhibited. These results were similar to those previously found with filaments that were obtained after growth of the thermosensitive division mutant at its restrictive temperature. We conclude that the formation of new cell ends (septa) depends on the proper balance between the activities of the D-alanine carboxypeptidase that regulates the availability of precursor doners and the transpeptidase, which catalyzes cross-linking and attachment of newly synthesized murein.", "contents": "Regulation of murein biosynthesis and septum formation in filamentous cells of Escherichia coli PAT 84. Both the beta-lactam antibiotic, cephalexin, and the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis inhibitor, nalidixic acid, are known to inhibit cell division in Escherichia coli and induce the formation of filaments. The biosynthesis of murein was investigated in these filaments and compared with the murein synthesized by the normally dividing rods of E. coli PAT 84. Differences were found in the extent of peptide side-chain cross-linkage. Filamentous cells had higher extents of cross-linkages in their newly synthesized murein. Quantitative analyses of the D-alanine carboxypeptidase and transpeptidase reactions in the different cells revealed that the carboxypeptidase activity of the filamentous cells was partially inhibited. These results were similar to those previously found with filaments that were obtained after growth of the thermosensitive division mutant at its restrictive temperature. We conclude that the formation of new cell ends (septa) depends on the proper balance between the activities of the D-alanine carboxypeptidase that regulates the availability of precursor doners and the transpeptidase, which catalyzes cross-linking and attachment of newly synthesized murein.", "PMID": 321434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7934", "title": "Physical characterization of a plasmid cointegrate containing an F'his gnd element and the Salmonella typhimurium LT2 cryptic plasmid.", "content": "A recombinant plasmid (pAS19) isolated from a derivative of Salmonella typhimurium LT2, containing the strain LT2 cryptic plasmid and an F'his gnd element, has been physically characterized. The pAS19 plasmid contour length equals the sum of the contour lengths of the cryptic plasmid and F'his gnd element. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization experiments demonstrated that whereas the pAS19 plasmid exhibits extensive DNA homology with both the cryptic plasmid and the F'his gnd element, there is little DNA homology between these latter two plasmids. The DNA fragmentation pattern of the pAS19 plasmid produced by the restriction endonuclease R-EcoRI is consistent with that expected for a composite plasmid cointegrate containing most, if not all, of the DNA sequences present in its two component plasmids.", "contents": "Physical characterization of a plasmid cointegrate containing an F'his gnd element and the Salmonella typhimurium LT2 cryptic plasmid. A recombinant plasmid (pAS19) isolated from a derivative of Salmonella typhimurium LT2, containing the strain LT2 cryptic plasmid and an F'his gnd element, has been physically characterized. The pAS19 plasmid contour length equals the sum of the contour lengths of the cryptic plasmid and F'his gnd element. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization experiments demonstrated that whereas the pAS19 plasmid exhibits extensive DNA homology with both the cryptic plasmid and the F'his gnd element, there is little DNA homology between these latter two plasmids. The DNA fragmentation pattern of the pAS19 plasmid produced by the restriction endonuclease R-EcoRI is consistent with that expected for a composite plasmid cointegrate containing most, if not all, of the DNA sequences present in its two component plasmids.", "PMID": 321435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7935", "title": "Identification of a membrane protein associated with expression of the surface exclusion region of the F transfer operon.", "content": "Membrane preparations from radioactively labeled male and female strains of Escherichia coli K-12 were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. An intensely labeled band corresponding to a protein of molecular weight of 24,000 was readily apparent in preparations from Hfr and F-prime strains but not in those from female strains. When preparations from a series of Hfr strains containing transfer operon deletions were examined, presence of the band was found to be associated with retention of the region of the F transfer operon between ilzA and traD. Thus, the band (\"protein S\") appears to be the product of an F tra operon activity corresponding to traS (the gene for surface or entry exclusion), or an unknown gene in its vicinity. As predicted, protein S was subject to Fin+ control; only a faint band was detectable if the repressed plasmid R100 was also present in the F lac strain. A 24,000-dalton protein was also found in membrane preparations from strains carrying the derepressed plasmids R100-1 and R1-19 but not in those from strains carrying the repressed plasmids R100 or R1. Thus, the appearance of protein S in the membrane may be a general phenomenon resulting from transfer operon expression of F-like plasmids.", "contents": "Identification of a membrane protein associated with expression of the surface exclusion region of the F transfer operon. Membrane preparations from radioactively labeled male and female strains of Escherichia coli K-12 were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. An intensely labeled band corresponding to a protein of molecular weight of 24,000 was readily apparent in preparations from Hfr and F-prime strains but not in those from female strains. When preparations from a series of Hfr strains containing transfer operon deletions were examined, presence of the band was found to be associated with retention of the region of the F transfer operon between ilzA and traD. Thus, the band (\"protein S\") appears to be the product of an F tra operon activity corresponding to traS (the gene for surface or entry exclusion), or an unknown gene in its vicinity. As predicted, protein S was subject to Fin+ control; only a faint band was detectable if the repressed plasmid R100 was also present in the F lac strain. A 24,000-dalton protein was also found in membrane preparations from strains carrying the derepressed plasmids R100-1 and R1-19 but not in those from strains carrying the repressed plasmids R100 or R1. Thus, the appearance of protein S in the membrane may be a general phenomenon resulting from transfer operon expression of F-like plasmids.", "PMID": 321436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7936", "title": "Tn402: a new transposable element determining trimethoprim resistance that inserts in bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "We have found that the trimethoprim resistance determinant of the IncP plasmid R751 (Jacob et al., 1977; Jobanputra and Datta, 1974) transposes to bacteriophage lambda. We call this transposable element Tn402.", "contents": "Tn402: a new transposable element determining trimethoprim resistance that inserts in bacteriophage lambda. We have found that the trimethoprim resistance determinant of the IncP plasmid R751 (Jacob et al., 1977; Jobanputra and Datta, 1974) transposes to bacteriophage lambda. We call this transposable element Tn402.", "PMID": 321437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7937", "title": "Action of a major outer cell envelope membrane protein in conjugation of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Protein II, a major outer cell envelope membrane protein, was found together with lipopolysaccharide to stoichiometrically inhibit conjugation in Escherichia coli K12.", "contents": "Action of a major outer cell envelope membrane protein in conjugation of Escherichia coli K-12. Protein II, a major outer cell envelope membrane protein, was found together with lipopolysaccharide to stoichiometrically inhibit conjugation in Escherichia coli K12.", "PMID": 321438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7938", "title": "I-protein a new regulatory protein from vertebrate skeletal muscle. II. Localization.", "content": "Rabbit antiserum raised agains I-protein was used for immunofluorescent staining of chicken myofibrils. The FITC-conjugated anti-I-protein antibody stained A-band regions except at their middle regions. According to the conditions used, the myofibrils stained by their fluorescent antibody showed slightly different patterns, i.e., the nonstained regions in the center of the A-bands were wider. On fixing with glutaraldehyde, myofibrils were stained in the A-band regions except at their middle regions. Therefore, I-protein may be localized at A-bands except for the center.", "contents": "I-protein a new regulatory protein from vertebrate skeletal muscle. II. Localization. Rabbit antiserum raised agains I-protein was used for immunofluorescent staining of chicken myofibrils. The FITC-conjugated anti-I-protein antibody stained A-band regions except at their middle regions. According to the conditions used, the myofibrils stained by their fluorescent antibody showed slightly different patterns, i.e., the nonstained regions in the center of the A-bands were wider. On fixing with glutaraldehyde, myofibrils were stained in the A-band regions except at their middle regions. Therefore, I-protein may be localized at A-bands except for the center.", "PMID": 321439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7939", "title": "Effects of polyamines on the activities of Escherichia coli ribonuclease I and II.", "content": "The effects of polyamines on the breakdown of synthetic polynucleotides [poly(A), poly(C), and poly(U)] by E. coli ribonuclease I [ribonucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.23] and ribonuclease II [EC 3.1.4.1] have been studied. The degradation of poly(C) by RNase II was stimulated by spermine and spermidine, while that of poly(A) by RNase II was not affected by polyamines. Under our standard experimental conditions, the breakdown of poly(U) by RNase II was inhibited slightly by polyamines. The stimulatory effect of spermine and spermidine on the breakdown of poly(C) occurred in the absence of monovalent cations but not in the absence of divalent cations. When polyamines were used as a stimulant of RNase II, the ratio of poly(C) degradation to poly(U) degradation was greater in the presence of inhibitors such as poly(G) than in their absence. Although the breakdown of all synthetic polynucleotides by RNase I was stimulated by polyamines, the degree of stimulation by polyamines was in the order poly(C)greater than poly(A)(see text)poly(U). However, the difference in degree of stimulation among polynucleotides decreased as monovalent cation concentration was increased.", "contents": "Effects of polyamines on the activities of Escherichia coli ribonuclease I and II. The effects of polyamines on the breakdown of synthetic polynucleotides [poly(A), poly(C), and poly(U)] by E. coli ribonuclease I [ribonucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.23] and ribonuclease II [EC 3.1.4.1] have been studied. The degradation of poly(C) by RNase II was stimulated by spermine and spermidine, while that of poly(A) by RNase II was not affected by polyamines. Under our standard experimental conditions, the breakdown of poly(U) by RNase II was inhibited slightly by polyamines. The stimulatory effect of spermine and spermidine on the breakdown of poly(C) occurred in the absence of monovalent cations but not in the absence of divalent cations. When polyamines were used as a stimulant of RNase II, the ratio of poly(C) degradation to poly(U) degradation was greater in the presence of inhibitors such as poly(G) than in their absence. Although the breakdown of all synthetic polynucleotides by RNase I was stimulated by polyamines, the degree of stimulation by polyamines was in the order poly(C)greater than poly(A)(see text)poly(U). However, the difference in degree of stimulation among polynucleotides decreased as monovalent cation concentration was increased.", "PMID": 321440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7940", "title": "Further studies on the reactions of phenylglyoxal and related reagents with proteins.", "content": "1. The reactivities of phenylglyoxal (PGO), glyoxal (GO), and/or methylglyoxal (MGO) with several proteins, including ribonuclease A [EC 3.1.4.22] and its derivatives, alpha-chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1], trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4], lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17], pepsin [EC 3.4.23.1], rennin [EC 3.4.23.4], thermolysin, and insulin and its B chain, have been examined. From analyses of the reaction products, PGO was shown to be the most specific for arginine residues. GO and MGO also reacted rapidly with arginine residues, but they also reacted with lysine residues to a significant extent. A side reaction with N-terminal alpha-amino groups was observed with each of these reagents. 2. Two arginine residues out of four in ribonuclease A, two out of three in alpha-chymotrypsin, one out of two in trypsin, one out of two in pepsin, and one out of five in rennin appeared to react with PGO fairly rapidly, indicating a difference in the relative accessibility of these residues by the reagent. Extensive modification of the arginine residues by PGO occurred with RCM-derivatives of ribonuclease A and insulin B chain. The N-terminal isoleucine residues of alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin appeared to be unreactive with PGO because of salt bridge formation with an aspartyl residue. The activity of alpha-chymotrypsin toward N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and the lytic activity of lysozyme were lost rapidly on treatment with PGO, as in the case of ribonuclease A. Pepsin and rennin were only partially inactivated by reaction with PGO.", "contents": "Further studies on the reactions of phenylglyoxal and related reagents with proteins. 1. The reactivities of phenylglyoxal (PGO), glyoxal (GO), and/or methylglyoxal (MGO) with several proteins, including ribonuclease A [EC 3.1.4.22] and its derivatives, alpha-chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1], trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4], lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17], pepsin [EC 3.4.23.1], rennin [EC 3.4.23.4], thermolysin, and insulin and its B chain, have been examined. From analyses of the reaction products, PGO was shown to be the most specific for arginine residues. GO and MGO also reacted rapidly with arginine residues, but they also reacted with lysine residues to a significant extent. A side reaction with N-terminal alpha-amino groups was observed with each of these reagents. 2. Two arginine residues out of four in ribonuclease A, two out of three in alpha-chymotrypsin, one out of two in trypsin, one out of two in pepsin, and one out of five in rennin appeared to react with PGO fairly rapidly, indicating a difference in the relative accessibility of these residues by the reagent. Extensive modification of the arginine residues by PGO occurred with RCM-derivatives of ribonuclease A and insulin B chain. The N-terminal isoleucine residues of alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin appeared to be unreactive with PGO because of salt bridge formation with an aspartyl residue. The activity of alpha-chymotrypsin toward N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and the lytic activity of lysozyme were lost rapidly on treatment with PGO, as in the case of ribonuclease A. Pepsin and rennin were only partially inactivated by reaction with PGO.", "PMID": 321441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7941", "title": "[Arrest of dental development in the osteopetrotic rat and the healing effect of normal bone marrow].", "content": "The development of the osteopetrotic \"op\" rat's mandible was examined from birth to 4 months of age. Before birth the growth of incisors is disturbed and after birth the molar growth stops. Bone resorption is severely reduced and enamel formation ceases soon on the inferior aspect of the incisor, due to degeneration of ameloblasts and lack of vascularisation. A single injection or normal bone marrow cured the disorder at the long bone level within 2-3 months and had a beneficial effect in re-establishing the growth of dental tissue, yet without leading to tooth eruption.", "contents": "[Arrest of dental development in the osteopetrotic rat and the healing effect of normal bone marrow]. The development of the osteopetrotic \"op\" rat's mandible was examined from birth to 4 months of age. Before birth the growth of incisors is disturbed and after birth the molar growth stops. Bone resorption is severely reduced and enamel formation ceases soon on the inferior aspect of the incisor, due to degeneration of ameloblasts and lack of vascularisation. A single injection or normal bone marrow cured the disorder at the long bone level within 2-3 months and had a beneficial effect in re-establishing the growth of dental tissue, yet without leading to tooth eruption.", "PMID": 321442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7942", "title": "The ovalbumin gene. Insertion of ovalbumin gene sequences in chimeric bacterial plasmids.", "content": "Double-stranded ovalbumin DNA was amplified and purified by the cloning of bacterial transformants. The double-stranded DNA was synthesized from a complete complementary DNA transcript of ovalbumin mRNA using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and the self-priming ability of the initial transcript. After S. nuclease treatment, poly(dA) was added to the 3' termini with terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase and the ovalbumin gene was hybridized to a linear plasmid DNA, pMB9, containing 3'-poly(dT) termini. This hybrid molecule was used to transform the E. coli strain X1849. The cloned transformants contained from 30 to 53% of the complete ovalbumin DNA as determined by hybridization with full length cDNA. The length of the inserts was confirmed by treatment of the isolated plasmids with the restriction enzyme Hha I. Separation of the fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the amount of inserted DNA in clones tested varied from 680 to 1090 base pairs.", "contents": "The ovalbumin gene. Insertion of ovalbumin gene sequences in chimeric bacterial plasmids. Double-stranded ovalbumin DNA was amplified and purified by the cloning of bacterial transformants. The double-stranded DNA was synthesized from a complete complementary DNA transcript of ovalbumin mRNA using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and the self-priming ability of the initial transcript. After S. nuclease treatment, poly(dA) was added to the 3' termini with terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase and the ovalbumin gene was hybridized to a linear plasmid DNA, pMB9, containing 3'-poly(dT) termini. This hybrid molecule was used to transform the E. coli strain X1849. The cloned transformants contained from 30 to 53% of the complete ovalbumin DNA as determined by hybridization with full length cDNA. The length of the inserts was confirmed by treatment of the isolated plasmids with the restriction enzyme Hha I. Separation of the fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the amount of inserted DNA in clones tested varied from 680 to 1090 base pairs.", "PMID": 321443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7943", "title": "Effect of CrATP on the association of the reacting forms of yeast hexokinase.", "content": "Reacting enzyme sedimentation studies have been performed with yeast hexokinase isozymes A and B in the presence and absence of chromium ATP at pH 6.75. Preincubation of either isozyme with CrATP causes a shift in the monomer-dimer equilibrium toward the monomeric form. The results are consistent with the observed increase in inhibition caused by CrATP (Danenberg, K.D., and Cleland, W.W. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 28-39) being due to a conformational change in the protein which causes a decrease in the association constant for the monomer.", "contents": "Effect of CrATP on the association of the reacting forms of yeast hexokinase. Reacting enzyme sedimentation studies have been performed with yeast hexokinase isozymes A and B in the presence and absence of chromium ATP at pH 6.75. Preincubation of either isozyme with CrATP causes a shift in the monomer-dimer equilibrium toward the monomeric form. The results are consistent with the observed increase in inhibition caused by CrATP (Danenberg, K.D., and Cleland, W.W. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 28-39) being due to a conformational change in the protein which causes a decrease in the association constant for the monomer.", "PMID": 321444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7944", "title": "Monovalent cation activation of tryptophanase.", "content": "The interaction of monovalent cations with holotryptophanase has been examined by spectral and kinetic methods. Using S-orthonitrophenyl-L-cysteine as a substrate, activation by the following monovalent cations was demonstrated; values of KA (mM, in italics) and Vmax (mumol min-1 mg) aare given in parentheses: Li+ (54 +/- 11.6, 4.3 +/- 0.28), Na+ (40 +/- 0.03, 18) K+ (1.44 +/- 0.06, 41.1 +/- 3.5), Tl+ (0.95 +/- 0.1, 39 +/- 4.4), NH4+ (0.23 +/- 0.01, 57.9 +/- 2.6), Rb+ (3.5 +/- 0.3, 33.5 +/- 1.8), Cs+ (14.6 +/- 2.6, 21 +/- 2.3). It was demonstrated by circular dichroic spectra that the competitive inhibitor, ethionine, interacts with the holoenzyme in the absence of activating monovalent cations, although it does not undergo labilization of the alpha proton. On addition of monovalent cation to the holoenzyme-ethionine complex, a marked increase occurs in absorption of 508 nm resulting from labilization of the alpha proton with formation of the quinoid form of the pyridoxal phosphate moiety of the enzyme-substrate complex at the catalytic center (Morino, Y., and Snell, E.E. (1967) J. Biol. Chem; 242, 2800-2809. The extent of formation of this quinoid intermediate was linearly related to the maximum velocity observed with each cation except NH4+, which was anomalously active. When measured at 500 nm, the change in absorption ranged from deltaA = 0.45 mg-1 of tryptophanase for NH4+ to 0.06 mg-1 for Li+. Two moles of thallium (I) were bound per mole of subunit. The data are most consistent with the interaction of monovalent cation at or near the catalytic center in such a way that it either participates directly in the reaction or is required for the critical alignment of one or more functional groups necessary for catalysis.", "contents": "Monovalent cation activation of tryptophanase. The interaction of monovalent cations with holotryptophanase has been examined by spectral and kinetic methods. Using S-orthonitrophenyl-L-cysteine as a substrate, activation by the following monovalent cations was demonstrated; values of KA (mM, in italics) and Vmax (mumol min-1 mg) aare given in parentheses: Li+ (54 +/- 11.6, 4.3 +/- 0.28), Na+ (40 +/- 0.03, 18) K+ (1.44 +/- 0.06, 41.1 +/- 3.5), Tl+ (0.95 +/- 0.1, 39 +/- 4.4), NH4+ (0.23 +/- 0.01, 57.9 +/- 2.6), Rb+ (3.5 +/- 0.3, 33.5 +/- 1.8), Cs+ (14.6 +/- 2.6, 21 +/- 2.3). It was demonstrated by circular dichroic spectra that the competitive inhibitor, ethionine, interacts with the holoenzyme in the absence of activating monovalent cations, although it does not undergo labilization of the alpha proton. On addition of monovalent cation to the holoenzyme-ethionine complex, a marked increase occurs in absorption of 508 nm resulting from labilization of the alpha proton with formation of the quinoid form of the pyridoxal phosphate moiety of the enzyme-substrate complex at the catalytic center (Morino, Y., and Snell, E.E. (1967) J. Biol. Chem; 242, 2800-2809. The extent of formation of this quinoid intermediate was linearly related to the maximum velocity observed with each cation except NH4+, which was anomalously active. When measured at 500 nm, the change in absorption ranged from deltaA = 0.45 mg-1 of tryptophanase for NH4+ to 0.06 mg-1 for Li+. Two moles of thallium (I) were bound per mole of subunit. The data are most consistent with the interaction of monovalent cation at or near the catalytic center in such a way that it either participates directly in the reaction or is required for the critical alignment of one or more functional groups necessary for catalysis.", "PMID": 321445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7945", "title": "Interaction of AMP-aminohydrolase with myosin and its subfragments.", "content": "We have shown that purified rabbit skeletal muscle AMP-aminohydrolase binds to rabbit muscle myosin, heavy meromyosin, and Subfragment 2 but does not bind to light meromyosin nor to Subfragment 1. The dissociation constant for binding to myosin was determined to be 0.14 muM. A new sedimentation boundary, presumably reflecting formation of a complex between AMP-aminohydrolase and heavy meromyosin or Subfragment 2, can be observed using the analytical ultracentrifuge. Binding of AMP-aminohydrolase to myosin, heavy meromyosin, or Subfragment 2 is abolished by phosphate (less than 10 mM), an inhibitor of AMP-aminohydrolase. No other rabbit muscle enzyme tested showed any interaction with myosin under the same conditions and there was no indication of complex formation between AMP-aminohydrolase and phosphofructokinase or phosphocreatine kinase in the analytical ultracentrifuge.", "contents": "Interaction of AMP-aminohydrolase with myosin and its subfragments. We have shown that purified rabbit skeletal muscle AMP-aminohydrolase binds to rabbit muscle myosin, heavy meromyosin, and Subfragment 2 but does not bind to light meromyosin nor to Subfragment 1. The dissociation constant for binding to myosin was determined to be 0.14 muM. A new sedimentation boundary, presumably reflecting formation of a complex between AMP-aminohydrolase and heavy meromyosin or Subfragment 2, can be observed using the analytical ultracentrifuge. Binding of AMP-aminohydrolase to myosin, heavy meromyosin, or Subfragment 2 is abolished by phosphate (less than 10 mM), an inhibitor of AMP-aminohydrolase. No other rabbit muscle enzyme tested showed any interaction with myosin under the same conditions and there was no indication of complex formation between AMP-aminohydrolase and phosphofructokinase or phosphocreatine kinase in the analytical ultracentrifuge.", "PMID": 321446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7946", "title": "DNA polymerases from bakers' yeast.", "content": "Two DNA polymerases are present in extracts of commercial bakers' yeast and wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown aerobically to late log phase. Yeast DNA polymerase I and yeast DNA polymerase II can be separated by DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, and denatured DNA-cellulose chromatography from the postmitochondrial supernatants of yeast lysates. The yeast polymerases are both of high molecular weight (greater than 100,000) but are clearly separate species by the lack of immunological cross-reactivity. Analysis of associated enzyme activities and other reaction properties of yeast DNA polymerases provides additional evidence for distinguishing the two species. Enzyme I has no associated nuclease activity but does carry out pyrophosphate exchange and pyrophosphorolysis reactions, and has an associated 3'-exonuclease activity. Enzyme I does not degrade deoxynucleoside triphosphates and cannot utilize a mismatched template. Enzyme II does carry out a template-dependent deoxynucleoside triphosphate degradation reaction and can excise mismatched 3'-nucleotides from suitable template systems. Earlier studies have shown that both Enzyme I and Enzyme II are inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. The yeast enzymes are not identical to any known eukaryotic or prokaryotic DNA polymerases. In general, Enzyme I appears to be most similar to eukaryotic DNA polymerase alpha and Ezyme II exhibits properties of prokaryotic DNA polymerases II and III.", "contents": "DNA polymerases from bakers' yeast. Two DNA polymerases are present in extracts of commercial bakers' yeast and wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown aerobically to late log phase. Yeast DNA polymerase I and yeast DNA polymerase II can be separated by DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, and denatured DNA-cellulose chromatography from the postmitochondrial supernatants of yeast lysates. The yeast polymerases are both of high molecular weight (greater than 100,000) but are clearly separate species by the lack of immunological cross-reactivity. Analysis of associated enzyme activities and other reaction properties of yeast DNA polymerases provides additional evidence for distinguishing the two species. Enzyme I has no associated nuclease activity but does carry out pyrophosphate exchange and pyrophosphorolysis reactions, and has an associated 3'-exonuclease activity. Enzyme I does not degrade deoxynucleoside triphosphates and cannot utilize a mismatched template. Enzyme II does carry out a template-dependent deoxynucleoside triphosphate degradation reaction and can excise mismatched 3'-nucleotides from suitable template systems. Earlier studies have shown that both Enzyme I and Enzyme II are inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. The yeast enzymes are not identical to any known eukaryotic or prokaryotic DNA polymerases. In general, Enzyme I appears to be most similar to eukaryotic DNA polymerase alpha and Ezyme II exhibits properties of prokaryotic DNA polymerases II and III.", "PMID": 321447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7947", "title": "Interactions of phospho- and dephosphosuccinyl coenzyme A synthetase with manganous ion and substrates. Studies of manganese complexes by NMR relaxation rates of water protons.", "content": "The interactions of substrates with succinyl-CoA synthetase were investigated by measuring the enhancement of the longitudinal water proton relaxation rate (PRR) due to Mn(II) to the enzyme substrate complexes. The binding of Mn(II) to the enzyme was investigated by EPR. The effects of phosphorylating the enzyme on its interactions with Mn(II) and substrates were also examined. Mn(II) binds weakly to dephosphosuccinyl-CoA synthetase (E) at approximately four sites with a KD value of 0.14 mM, and the PRR enhancement of the complex, epsilonb, at 24.3 MHZ and 25 degree is 18.8. The phosphoenzyme (E-P) binds Mn(II) more strongly at approximately four sites with a KD value of 0.74 mM, and only a small change in epsilonb to 18.1. Mm ADP binds to E at one or two sites with K2 = 0.5 muM, the values of epsilont for the ternary E-Mn-ADP complex is 17.0. Free ADP binds about 126 times more weakly to the enzyme than does Mn-ADP. PRR titrations indicated that the values of epsilont for the ternary E-Mn-ADP and (E-P)-Mn-ADP complexes are about the same. Mn-ATP binds very weakly or not at all to (E-P)-Mn. Formation of the ternary complexes of CoA with E-Mn or (E-P)-Mn could be followed by small but significant increases in the PRR enhancement. No ternary complex with succinate could be detected since the addition of succinate had no effect on the PRR enhancement. However, a large decrease in enhancement, at least 2-fold, was observed upon addition of both succinate and CoA. An increase in the PRR enhancement was produced by the interaction of succinyl-CoA with the E-Mn complex. Upper limits of the dissociation constants for CoA from the quaternary E-Mn-ADP-succinate-CoA complex and for succinyl-CoA from the quaternary E-Mn-ADP-succinyl-CoA complex are 390 and 560 muM, respectively. The epsilon values for the quaternary and quinary complexes are 6.4 and 3.1, respectively. The successive occupation of substrate binding sites of succinyl-CoA synthetase produces alterations in the molecular dynamics or in the conformation of the active site (or both), which are accompanied by progressive decreases in the values of epsilon. Thus, the physical parameter used in these studies relects the previously observed catalytic properties of the enzyme system inasmuch as the catalytic function of succinyl-CoA synthetase is potentiated by substrate binding, and catalytic avtivity in partial reactions is maximized as binding sites are successively occupied.", "contents": "Interactions of phospho- and dephosphosuccinyl coenzyme A synthetase with manganous ion and substrates. Studies of manganese complexes by NMR relaxation rates of water protons. The interactions of substrates with succinyl-CoA synthetase were investigated by measuring the enhancement of the longitudinal water proton relaxation rate (PRR) due to Mn(II) to the enzyme substrate complexes. The binding of Mn(II) to the enzyme was investigated by EPR. The effects of phosphorylating the enzyme on its interactions with Mn(II) and substrates were also examined. Mn(II) binds weakly to dephosphosuccinyl-CoA synthetase (E) at approximately four sites with a KD value of 0.14 mM, and the PRR enhancement of the complex, epsilonb, at 24.3 MHZ and 25 degree is 18.8. The phosphoenzyme (E-P) binds Mn(II) more strongly at approximately four sites with a KD value of 0.74 mM, and only a small change in epsilonb to 18.1. Mm ADP binds to E at one or two sites with K2 = 0.5 muM, the values of epsilont for the ternary E-Mn-ADP complex is 17.0. Free ADP binds about 126 times more weakly to the enzyme than does Mn-ADP. PRR titrations indicated that the values of epsilont for the ternary E-Mn-ADP and (E-P)-Mn-ADP complexes are about the same. Mn-ATP binds very weakly or not at all to (E-P)-Mn. Formation of the ternary complexes of CoA with E-Mn or (E-P)-Mn could be followed by small but significant increases in the PRR enhancement. No ternary complex with succinate could be detected since the addition of succinate had no effect on the PRR enhancement. However, a large decrease in enhancement, at least 2-fold, was observed upon addition of both succinate and CoA. An increase in the PRR enhancement was produced by the interaction of succinyl-CoA with the E-Mn complex. Upper limits of the dissociation constants for CoA from the quaternary E-Mn-ADP-succinate-CoA complex and for succinyl-CoA from the quaternary E-Mn-ADP-succinyl-CoA complex are 390 and 560 muM, respectively. The epsilon values for the quaternary and quinary complexes are 6.4 and 3.1, respectively. The successive occupation of substrate binding sites of succinyl-CoA synthetase produces alterations in the molecular dynamics or in the conformation of the active site (or both), which are accompanied by progressive decreases in the values of epsilon. Thus, the physical parameter used in these studies relects the previously observed catalytic properties of the enzyme system inasmuch as the catalytic function of succinyl-CoA synthetase is potentiated by substrate binding, and catalytic avtivity in partial reactions is maximized as binding sites are successively occupied.", "PMID": 321448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7948", "title": "Structure of peptide from active site region of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase.", "content": "The L-asparagine analogue 5-diazo-4-oxo-L-[5-14C]norvaline binds irreversibly to the active site of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase. Conditions for optimal labeling in buffers containing 50% dimethylsulfoxide have been developed and kinetic parameters of the inactivation have been determined. After reduction, alkylation and subsequent degradation of the modified enzyme with alpha-chymotrypsin, the principal radioactive decapeptide of sequence Val-Gly-Ala-Met-Arg-Pro-Ser-Thr-Ser-Met was isolated. A second radioactive hexapeptide Arg-Pro-Ser-Thr-Ser-Met resulting from chymotryptic digestion of the decapeptide was also isolated. Evidence is presented for the attachment of the 5-diazo-4-oxo-L-norvaline residue to serine-9 in the decapeptide via an acid-labile linkage.", "contents": "Structure of peptide from active site region of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase. The L-asparagine analogue 5-diazo-4-oxo-L-[5-14C]norvaline binds irreversibly to the active site of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase. Conditions for optimal labeling in buffers containing 50% dimethylsulfoxide have been developed and kinetic parameters of the inactivation have been determined. After reduction, alkylation and subsequent degradation of the modified enzyme with alpha-chymotrypsin, the principal radioactive decapeptide of sequence Val-Gly-Ala-Met-Arg-Pro-Ser-Thr-Ser-Met was isolated. A second radioactive hexapeptide Arg-Pro-Ser-Thr-Ser-Met resulting from chymotryptic digestion of the decapeptide was also isolated. Evidence is presented for the attachment of the 5-diazo-4-oxo-L-norvaline residue to serine-9 in the decapeptide via an acid-labile linkage.", "PMID": 321449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7949", "title": "The elongation factor Tu coded by the tufA gene of Escherichia coli K-12 is almost identical to that coded by the tufB gene.", "content": "Radioactive elongation factor Tu coded by either the tufA or the tufB gene of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated from cells incubated with a mixture of radioactive amino acids after infection with the defective lambda phage particles that carry either of these genes. Two-dimensional chromatographic analyses of tryptic digests of the tufB gene product revealed about 50 radioactive spots. These same spots plus an additional one were also found in tryptic digests of the tufA gene product. Furthermore, these peptide maps are qualitatively the same as those of the elongation factor Tu obtained from two separate isolates of uninfected E. coli K-12 or from rel+ and relA strains of E. coli B. Because the number of spots recovered is consistent with the number of trypsin-sensitive sites, these analyses indicate that the tufA and tufB genes have not significantly diverged from each other.", "contents": "The elongation factor Tu coded by the tufA gene of Escherichia coli K-12 is almost identical to that coded by the tufB gene. Radioactive elongation factor Tu coded by either the tufA or the tufB gene of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated from cells incubated with a mixture of radioactive amino acids after infection with the defective lambda phage particles that carry either of these genes. Two-dimensional chromatographic analyses of tryptic digests of the tufB gene product revealed about 50 radioactive spots. These same spots plus an additional one were also found in tryptic digests of the tufA gene product. Furthermore, these peptide maps are qualitatively the same as those of the elongation factor Tu obtained from two separate isolates of uninfected E. coli K-12 or from rel+ and relA strains of E. coli B. Because the number of spots recovered is consistent with the number of trypsin-sensitive sites, these analyses indicate that the tufA and tufB genes have not significantly diverged from each other.", "PMID": 321450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7950", "title": "Studies on Limulus amoebocyte lysate. Isolation of pro-clotting enzyme.", "content": "A pro-clotting enzyme capable of causing the gelation of clottable proteins in Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab) has been purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The activation of the pro-clotting enzyme depended on the presence of both Ca+ and endotoxin. It contained gamma-carboxyglutamic acids and gave a single NH2-terminal lysine. The enzyme was inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and soy bean trypsin inhibitor, indicating that it is a serine protease. The molecular weight of the proclotting enzyme was determined to be at least 150,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis under reducing and denaturing conditions. The protein appears to consist of a single peptide chain, since exposure of the reduced and carboxymethylated enzyme to 6 M guanidine hydrochloride failed to dissociate it into any subunits.", "contents": "Studies on Limulus amoebocyte lysate. Isolation of pro-clotting enzyme. A pro-clotting enzyme capable of causing the gelation of clottable proteins in Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab) has been purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The activation of the pro-clotting enzyme depended on the presence of both Ca+ and endotoxin. It contained gamma-carboxyglutamic acids and gave a single NH2-terminal lysine. The enzyme was inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and soy bean trypsin inhibitor, indicating that it is a serine protease. The molecular weight of the proclotting enzyme was determined to be at least 150,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis under reducing and denaturing conditions. The protein appears to consist of a single peptide chain, since exposure of the reduced and carboxymethylated enzyme to 6 M guanidine hydrochloride failed to dissociate it into any subunits.", "PMID": 321451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7951", "title": "Subunit structure of biodegradative threonine deaminase.", "content": "The molecule weight of the biodegradative threonine deaminase from Escherichia coli was determined to be approximately 147,000 by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Similar experiments using 5 M guanidinium chloride gave a value of 39,000 for the molecular weight of the enzyme subunit. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis the enzyme also dissociated into a single subunit with an estimated molecular weight of 38,000. The NH2 terminus of the enzyme was determined to be methionine by the dinitrophenylation procedure. Quantitative analysis revealed that 3.6 mol of methionine were detected per 147,000 g of enzyme. The selective tritium labeling method established alanine as the COOH-terminal residue. The sequence of residues at the NH2 terminus, determined using an automated sequence analyzer, was: (formula: see text). The fact that a single amino acid was released at each degradation step in the above experiment strongly suggests that the subunits in the enzyme contain the same amino acid sequence. Therefore, the native enzyme with a molecular weight of 147,000 appears to be composed of four identical polypeptide subunits.", "contents": "Subunit structure of biodegradative threonine deaminase. The molecule weight of the biodegradative threonine deaminase from Escherichia coli was determined to be approximately 147,000 by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Similar experiments using 5 M guanidinium chloride gave a value of 39,000 for the molecular weight of the enzyme subunit. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis the enzyme also dissociated into a single subunit with an estimated molecular weight of 38,000. The NH2 terminus of the enzyme was determined to be methionine by the dinitrophenylation procedure. Quantitative analysis revealed that 3.6 mol of methionine were detected per 147,000 g of enzyme. The selective tritium labeling method established alanine as the COOH-terminal residue. The sequence of residues at the NH2 terminus, determined using an automated sequence analyzer, was: (formula: see text). The fact that a single amino acid was released at each degradation step in the above experiment strongly suggests that the subunits in the enzyme contain the same amino acid sequence. Therefore, the native enzyme with a molecular weight of 147,000 appears to be composed of four identical polypeptide subunits.", "PMID": 321452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7952", "title": "Cloning and amplification of rabbit alpha- and beta-globin gene sequences into Escherichia coli plasmids.", "content": "cDNA, synthesized from rabbit globin mRNA, was used in a self-priming reaction, with avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase, for the synthesis of double-stranded DNA. Globin DNA ranging from about 400 to 650 base pairs was elongated with dG tails using deoxypolynucleotide transferase and was annealed to linear Escherichia coli plasmic pCR1, elongated with dC tails. Preparation of the plasmid DNA involved an enzymatic reconstruction of one EcoRI-specific site on each side of the molecule. After transformation of E. coli cells to kanamycin resistance with the hybrid molecules, bacterial clones harboring recombinant plasmids were studied for the presence of globin-specific DNA. Plasmids containing either alpha or beta rabbit globin gene sequences were obtained. There was a 4-fold excess of recombinant plasmids containing beta-globin sequences over those with alpha-globin DNA. The longest beta-globin sequences found in plasmids were about 550 to 600 pairs long, and correspond therefore to the entire beta-globin structural gene and to some of the untranslated regions. The alpha-globin sequences were 400 to 450 base pairs long. Treatment of clone pCR1betarG 19 with EcoRI endonuclease released two DNA fragments (410 and 210 base pairs) resulting from cleavage at two reconstructed external EcoRI sites and at one internal EcoRI site within the rabbit globin gene. The same treatment of pCR1alpharG 11 released one fragment. In most other recombinant plasmids studied however, no fragment was released by EcoRI digestion.", "contents": "Cloning and amplification of rabbit alpha- and beta-globin gene sequences into Escherichia coli plasmids. cDNA, synthesized from rabbit globin mRNA, was used in a self-priming reaction, with avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase, for the synthesis of double-stranded DNA. Globin DNA ranging from about 400 to 650 base pairs was elongated with dG tails using deoxypolynucleotide transferase and was annealed to linear Escherichia coli plasmic pCR1, elongated with dC tails. Preparation of the plasmid DNA involved an enzymatic reconstruction of one EcoRI-specific site on each side of the molecule. After transformation of E. coli cells to kanamycin resistance with the hybrid molecules, bacterial clones harboring recombinant plasmids were studied for the presence of globin-specific DNA. Plasmids containing either alpha or beta rabbit globin gene sequences were obtained. There was a 4-fold excess of recombinant plasmids containing beta-globin sequences over those with alpha-globin DNA. The longest beta-globin sequences found in plasmids were about 550 to 600 pairs long, and correspond therefore to the entire beta-globin structural gene and to some of the untranslated regions. The alpha-globin sequences were 400 to 450 base pairs long. Treatment of clone pCR1betarG 19 with EcoRI endonuclease released two DNA fragments (410 and 210 base pairs) resulting from cleavage at two reconstructed external EcoRI sites and at one internal EcoRI site within the rabbit globin gene. The same treatment of pCR1alpharG 11 released one fragment. In most other recombinant plasmids studied however, no fragment was released by EcoRI digestion.", "PMID": 321453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7953", "title": "Automated sequencing of insoluble peptides using detergent. Bacteriophage fl coat protein.", "content": "Peptides which are highly nonpolar and insoluble under moderate conditions of pH and ionic strength cannot be subjected to automated sequence analysis. We report a method for solubilization of one such peptide, bacteriophage fl coat protein, by chemical modification in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Following this treatment the 50-residue peptide was degraded stepwise in an automated sequenator using a single cleavage Quadrol program with high repetitive yield through residue 47. We also report a modified program using detergent incorporated into dimethylallylamine buffer which permitted sequencing with high repetitive yields for at least the first 18 residues of the unmodified and otherwise highly insoluble coat protein. The presence of detergent caused no observable difficulties in detection of residues by gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography, or amino acid analysis.", "contents": "Automated sequencing of insoluble peptides using detergent. Bacteriophage fl coat protein. Peptides which are highly nonpolar and insoluble under moderate conditions of pH and ionic strength cannot be subjected to automated sequence analysis. We report a method for solubilization of one such peptide, bacteriophage fl coat protein, by chemical modification in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Following this treatment the 50-residue peptide was degraded stepwise in an automated sequenator using a single cleavage Quadrol program with high repetitive yield through residue 47. We also report a modified program using detergent incorporated into dimethylallylamine buffer which permitted sequencing with high repetitive yields for at least the first 18 residues of the unmodified and otherwise highly insoluble coat protein. The presence of detergent caused no observable difficulties in detection of residues by gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography, or amino acid analysis.", "PMID": 321454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7954", "title": "Isolation of Escherichia coli precursor tRNAs containing modified nucleoside Q.", "content": "Affinity chromatography based on the complex formation of the modified nucleoside Q with boronic acid has been applied to the isolation of specific tRNA precursors containing this modified nucleoside. When [32P]RNA isolated from an Escherichia coli strain containing a thermolabile ribonuclease P was chromatographed on dihydroxyboryl-substituted cellulose, the precursors for asparagine, aspartate, histidine, and tyrosine tRNA were specifically retained. All precursors were monomeric. The nucleotide sequences of four asparagine tRNA precursors were determined.", "contents": "Isolation of Escherichia coli precursor tRNAs containing modified nucleoside Q. Affinity chromatography based on the complex formation of the modified nucleoside Q with boronic acid has been applied to the isolation of specific tRNA precursors containing this modified nucleoside. When [32P]RNA isolated from an Escherichia coli strain containing a thermolabile ribonuclease P was chromatographed on dihydroxyboryl-substituted cellulose, the precursors for asparagine, aspartate, histidine, and tyrosine tRNA were specifically retained. All precursors were monomeric. The nucleotide sequences of four asparagine tRNA precursors were determined.", "PMID": 321455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7955", "title": "A new form of structural lipoprotein of outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Among the membrane proteins synthesized in toluene-treated cells of Escherichia coli were two distinct membrane proteins of different molecular weights, which were cross-reactive with antiserum against a structural lipoprotein of the outer membrane. One was thought to be the known membrane lipoprotein since it migrated to the same position as that of the lipoprotein (Mr = 7,200) in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, the other protein migrated slower than the lipoprotein. No protein corresponding to the slower-migrating species was detected in the membrane proteins synthesized in vivo. The apparent molecular weight of the protein at the new peak was estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000. Both the new protein and the lipoprotein were found to be synthesized from stable mRNA(s) in the toluene-treated cells. The synthesis of the new protein as well as the lipoprotein was sensitive to chloramphenicol, indicating that both proteins were synthesized on ribosomes. Peptides mapping of the new protein revealed the same COOH-terminal sequence as in the lipoprotein. This indicates that the new protein has an extra sequence at the NH2-terminal end. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that the NH2 terminus of the new lipoprotein is methionine, while that of the lipoprotein is a substituted cysteine. From double label experiments with each of 17 different amino acids and arginine, the amino acid composition of the extra region was deduced. The new protein was found to contain at least 18 to 19 extra amino acid residues over the lipoprotein, if it is assumed that the new protein has no extra arginine residues. It was found that 4 out of the 5 amino acids which were deficient in the lipoprotein (phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, and histidine) were also deficient in the new protein, but the fifth one, glycine, was present in the new protein. From these results, it seems possible that this new form of the lipoprotine is a precursor of the lipoprotein (prolipoprotein) in the process of biosynthesis and assembly of the lipoprotein in the outer membrane.", "contents": "A new form of structural lipoprotein of outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Among the membrane proteins synthesized in toluene-treated cells of Escherichia coli were two distinct membrane proteins of different molecular weights, which were cross-reactive with antiserum against a structural lipoprotein of the outer membrane. One was thought to be the known membrane lipoprotein since it migrated to the same position as that of the lipoprotein (Mr = 7,200) in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, the other protein migrated slower than the lipoprotein. No protein corresponding to the slower-migrating species was detected in the membrane proteins synthesized in vivo. The apparent molecular weight of the protein at the new peak was estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000. Both the new protein and the lipoprotein were found to be synthesized from stable mRNA(s) in the toluene-treated cells. The synthesis of the new protein as well as the lipoprotein was sensitive to chloramphenicol, indicating that both proteins were synthesized on ribosomes. Peptides mapping of the new protein revealed the same COOH-terminal sequence as in the lipoprotein. This indicates that the new protein has an extra sequence at the NH2-terminal end. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that the NH2 terminus of the new lipoprotein is methionine, while that of the lipoprotein is a substituted cysteine. From double label experiments with each of 17 different amino acids and arginine, the amino acid composition of the extra region was deduced. The new protein was found to contain at least 18 to 19 extra amino acid residues over the lipoprotein, if it is assumed that the new protein has no extra arginine residues. It was found that 4 out of the 5 amino acids which were deficient in the lipoprotein (phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, and histidine) were also deficient in the new protein, but the fifth one, glycine, was present in the new protein. From these results, it seems possible that this new form of the lipoprotine is a precursor of the lipoprotein (prolipoprotein) in the process of biosynthesis and assembly of the lipoprotein in the outer membrane.", "PMID": 321456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7956", "title": "Effect of estrogen on gene expression in the chick oviduct.", "content": "Mercurated UTP was used as a substrate for RNA polymerases in the in vitro transcription of chromatin so that newly synthesized RNA could be efficiently separated from endogenous chromatin RNA by means of sulfhydryl-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Utilizing this technique, it was possible to examine the effect of varying enzyme to DNA ratios on the transcription of specific genes from chromatin. For both Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and wheat germ RNA polymerase II, lowering the enzyme to DNA ration resulted in an increase in the percentage of ovalbumin mRNA sequences transcribed from chick oviduct chromatin. Similar results were also obtained for the transcription of the globin gene from chick reticulocyte chromatin. On the other hand, transcription of the globin gene from oviduct chromatin or the ovalbumin gene from reticulocyte chromatin or deproteinized chick DNA was not significantly affected by varying enzyme to DNA ratios. These results indicate that preferential transcription of certain chromatin genes relative to total RNA synthesis can occur and that this process is dependent on the presence of chromosomal proteins. Utilizing a cDNA probe complementary to the anticoding strand of the ovalbumin gene, the degree of asymmetry of the in vitro transcription of this gene was also examined. The percentage of ovalbumin RNA sequences homologous to the anticoding strand was not significantly affected when the enzyme to DNA ratio was lowered 16-fold. Since the percentage of coding ovalbumin mRNA sequences increased more than 6-fold over the same range, the percentage of asymmetric transcription of this gene increased. At the lowest enzyme to DNA ratio tested, the transcription of the ovalbumin gene from oviduct chromatin was almost totally asymmetric and, thus, closely resembled the pattern of gene transcription characteristic of the in vivo state.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on gene expression in the chick oviduct. Mercurated UTP was used as a substrate for RNA polymerases in the in vitro transcription of chromatin so that newly synthesized RNA could be efficiently separated from endogenous chromatin RNA by means of sulfhydryl-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Utilizing this technique, it was possible to examine the effect of varying enzyme to DNA ratios on the transcription of specific genes from chromatin. For both Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and wheat germ RNA polymerase II, lowering the enzyme to DNA ration resulted in an increase in the percentage of ovalbumin mRNA sequences transcribed from chick oviduct chromatin. Similar results were also obtained for the transcription of the globin gene from chick reticulocyte chromatin. On the other hand, transcription of the globin gene from oviduct chromatin or the ovalbumin gene from reticulocyte chromatin or deproteinized chick DNA was not significantly affected by varying enzyme to DNA ratios. These results indicate that preferential transcription of certain chromatin genes relative to total RNA synthesis can occur and that this process is dependent on the presence of chromosomal proteins. Utilizing a cDNA probe complementary to the anticoding strand of the ovalbumin gene, the degree of asymmetry of the in vitro transcription of this gene was also examined. The percentage of ovalbumin RNA sequences homologous to the anticoding strand was not significantly affected when the enzyme to DNA ratio was lowered 16-fold. Since the percentage of coding ovalbumin mRNA sequences increased more than 6-fold over the same range, the percentage of asymmetric transcription of this gene increased. At the lowest enzyme to DNA ratio tested, the transcription of the ovalbumin gene from oviduct chromatin was almost totally asymmetric and, thus, closely resembled the pattern of gene transcription characteristic of the in vivo state.", "PMID": 321457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7957", "title": "Induction of aminolevulinate synthase and porphyrins in cultured liver cells maintained in chemically defined medium. Permissive effects of hormones on induction process.", "content": "Primary liver cells, isolated from 16- 17-day-old chick embryos, were incubated in a serum-free chemically defined medium (Ham's F12) supplemented with hormones for up to 6 days. The culture method also includes the complete removal of contaminating red cells before the initiation of culture. On the 2nd day in cluture, the level of amino-levulinate (ALA) synthase activity in response to allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) was increased 6-fold in cells grown in F12. Insulin, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine alone had no appreciable effects on ALA synthase levels. On the other hand, when added with AIA, insulin, insulin plus hydrocortisone, insulin plus hydrocortisone triiodothyronine increased ALA synthase levels 17-, 50-, 110-fold, respectively. The maximally induced levels of ALA synthase activity by AIA in the presence of insulin, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine were approximately 15 nmol of ALA/mg of protein/h, 37 degrees or 3 micronmol of ALA/g of tissue/h, 37 degrees, a value similar to that found in ovo or at least 5 times greater than that found in rat liver. The morphology of hepatocytes was maintained for at least 6 days in culture, although the induction of ALA synthase was reduced after the 4th day unless triiodothyronine was present. Dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (10(8) M) or glucagon (5x10(8) M) had little effect on the induced as well as noninduced levels of ALA synthase or porphyrins. These data demonstrate a \"permissive\" effect of insulin, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine on the induction of ALA synthase and porphyrins by AIA in cultured chick embryo liver cells. In the absence of insulin hydrocortisone, or triiodothyronine, AIA produces only a slight increase in ALA synthase activity or porphyrins (or both); on the other hand, it produces a marked increase in the enzyme activity and porphyrins when these hormones are added to the culture medium. The term \"permissive\" is applied to these hormone-dependent effects. A sensitive spectrofluorometric method for heme quantitation allowed us to follow changes in the cellular heme content in hemoglobin-free cultured liver cells. Heme content in the cultured liver cells was approximately 250 pmol/mg of protein at the initiation of culture but gradually declined to 175 pmol/mg of protein at the initiation of culture but gradually declined to 175 pmol/mg of protein during 48 h of incubation. The apparent decrease in heme content may be accounted for by the concomitant increase in protein content in these cells.", "contents": "Induction of aminolevulinate synthase and porphyrins in cultured liver cells maintained in chemically defined medium. Permissive effects of hormones on induction process. Primary liver cells, isolated from 16- 17-day-old chick embryos, were incubated in a serum-free chemically defined medium (Ham's F12) supplemented with hormones for up to 6 days. The culture method also includes the complete removal of contaminating red cells before the initiation of culture. On the 2nd day in cluture, the level of amino-levulinate (ALA) synthase activity in response to allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) was increased 6-fold in cells grown in F12. Insulin, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine alone had no appreciable effects on ALA synthase levels. On the other hand, when added with AIA, insulin, insulin plus hydrocortisone, insulin plus hydrocortisone triiodothyronine increased ALA synthase levels 17-, 50-, 110-fold, respectively. The maximally induced levels of ALA synthase activity by AIA in the presence of insulin, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine were approximately 15 nmol of ALA/mg of protein/h, 37 degrees or 3 micronmol of ALA/g of tissue/h, 37 degrees, a value similar to that found in ovo or at least 5 times greater than that found in rat liver. The morphology of hepatocytes was maintained for at least 6 days in culture, although the induction of ALA synthase was reduced after the 4th day unless triiodothyronine was present. Dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (10(8) M) or glucagon (5x10(8) M) had little effect on the induced as well as noninduced levels of ALA synthase or porphyrins. These data demonstrate a \"permissive\" effect of insulin, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine on the induction of ALA synthase and porphyrins by AIA in cultured chick embryo liver cells. In the absence of insulin hydrocortisone, or triiodothyronine, AIA produces only a slight increase in ALA synthase activity or porphyrins (or both); on the other hand, it produces a marked increase in the enzyme activity and porphyrins when these hormones are added to the culture medium. The term \"permissive\" is applied to these hormone-dependent effects. A sensitive spectrofluorometric method for heme quantitation allowed us to follow changes in the cellular heme content in hemoglobin-free cultured liver cells. Heme content in the cultured liver cells was approximately 250 pmol/mg of protein at the initiation of culture but gradually declined to 175 pmol/mg of protein at the initiation of culture but gradually declined to 175 pmol/mg of protein during 48 h of incubation. The apparent decrease in heme content may be accounted for by the concomitant increase in protein content in these cells.", "PMID": 321458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7958", "title": "Non-union of carpal scaphoid fractures in children.", "content": "Fracture of the carpal scaphoid is uncommon in children, but does occur and may fail to unite. Eight patients with established non-union have been reiewed, with an average follow-up of almost four years. All non-unions were grafted with autogenous bone. Excellent clinical and radiological results have been obtained. It is concluded that non-union in children is best managed by bone grafting through the anterior approach. Possible aetiological factors concerned in non-union of scaphoid fractures in this age group are discussed.", "contents": "Non-union of carpal scaphoid fractures in children. Fracture of the carpal scaphoid is uncommon in children, but does occur and may fail to unite. Eight patients with established non-union have been reiewed, with an average follow-up of almost four years. All non-unions were grafted with autogenous bone. Excellent clinical and radiological results have been obtained. It is concluded that non-union in children is best managed by bone grafting through the anterior approach. Possible aetiological factors concerned in non-union of scaphoid fractures in this age group are discussed.", "PMID": 321463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7959", "title": "[65 orthotopic transplantations of the liver in the pig. Clinical and laboratory results (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the clinical and laboratory results of 65 orthotopic allotransplantations of the liver in the pig. The operative mortality (8 cases) was nil in the last 23 transplantations. Vascular filling without blood transfusion, blood alkalinisation and precautions to avoid hypothermia, seem essential to reduce early mortality. The various causes of secondary mortality are studied, using certain preventive measures. Thus, deaths due to gallbladder or hepatic ischemia have become rare by conserving end-to-end anastomosis on the hepatic artery and taking certain precautions. The grafts were rejected only in incompatible pigs in the SLA system, but were not rare in this group (13/43) and sufficient to cause death in one case out of two. Gastric ulcers were frequent, even after vagotomy, but vagotomy protects fairly well against ulcer hemorrhage. However, ulcers almost always accompany a disease which is alone sufficient to cause death. Cholangitis appears less frequent after cholecysto-jejunal anastomosis on an excluded omega loop. The mortality from extra-hepatic causes was severe (12 cases), in particular due to mechanical complications at the level of the small intestine. Laboratory analyses showed a definite rise in SGOT transaminase levels and, above all, alkaline prosphatase levels in cases of rejection compared with cases of biliary obstruction or hepatic necrosis.", "contents": "[65 orthotopic transplantations of the liver in the pig. Clinical and laboratory results (author's transl)]. The authors report the clinical and laboratory results of 65 orthotopic allotransplantations of the liver in the pig. The operative mortality (8 cases) was nil in the last 23 transplantations. Vascular filling without blood transfusion, blood alkalinisation and precautions to avoid hypothermia, seem essential to reduce early mortality. The various causes of secondary mortality are studied, using certain preventive measures. Thus, deaths due to gallbladder or hepatic ischemia have become rare by conserving end-to-end anastomosis on the hepatic artery and taking certain precautions. The grafts were rejected only in incompatible pigs in the SLA system, but were not rare in this group (13/43) and sufficient to cause death in one case out of two. Gastric ulcers were frequent, even after vagotomy, but vagotomy protects fairly well against ulcer hemorrhage. However, ulcers almost always accompany a disease which is alone sufficient to cause death. Cholangitis appears less frequent after cholecysto-jejunal anastomosis on an excluded omega loop. The mortality from extra-hepatic causes was severe (12 cases), in particular due to mechanical complications at the level of the small intestine. Laboratory analyses showed a definite rise in SGOT transaminase levels and, above all, alkaline prosphatase levels in cases of rejection compared with cases of biliary obstruction or hepatic necrosis.", "PMID": 321465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7960", "title": "[Continuous and interrupted intestinal sutures. Experimental and clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a clinical study of 101 cases of continuous digestive suture and an experiment comparing intestinal healing after continuous and interrupted sutures. A certain discrepancy exists between the excellent clinical results and the pathological and microscopic findings with continuous sutures, and in particular the presence of pseudo-diverticular pouches in 20% of cases developing at the expense of a mucosal evagination within the suture. If carefully performed, continuous suture seems excellent, preventing by its watertightness, the onset of early fistula.", "contents": "[Continuous and interrupted intestinal sutures. Experimental and clinical study (author's transl)]. The authors report a clinical study of 101 cases of continuous digestive suture and an experiment comparing intestinal healing after continuous and interrupted sutures. A certain discrepancy exists between the excellent clinical results and the pathological and microscopic findings with continuous sutures, and in particular the presence of pseudo-diverticular pouches in 20% of cases developing at the expense of a mucosal evagination within the suture. If carefully performed, continuous suture seems excellent, preventing by its watertightness, the onset of early fistula.", "PMID": 321466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7961", "title": "Characteristics of antibody produced during chronic treatment with LHRH.", "content": "In a patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism treated with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), secondary failure of both subjective and hormone responses occurred at the time of appearance of binding of 125I-LHRH by the patient's serum. On electrophoresis of the patient's serum with 125I-LHRH, label was found only in the gamma globulin region. 125I-LHRH added to the patient's serum was precipitated by sheep anti-human immunoglobulin G (anti-IgG) but not by sheep anti-human immunoglobulin M (anti-IgM). Competitive displacement of 125I-LHRH by unlabeled LHRH was demonstrated while TSH releasing hormone (TRH), somatostatin and rat pituitary hormones showed no displacement when tested at concentrations 5 X 10(6) greater than that of LHRH. Studies using 14 different analogs of LHRH revealed that those with changes at the carboxy terminus showed binding similar to LHRH. It is concluded that IgG antibody to LHRH was produced in this patient by repeated administration of synthetic LHRH. It is further concluded that antibody specificity is directed toward the N terminus region.", "contents": "Characteristics of antibody produced during chronic treatment with LHRH. In a patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism treated with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), secondary failure of both subjective and hormone responses occurred at the time of appearance of binding of 125I-LHRH by the patient's serum. On electrophoresis of the patient's serum with 125I-LHRH, label was found only in the gamma globulin region. 125I-LHRH added to the patient's serum was precipitated by sheep anti-human immunoglobulin G (anti-IgG) but not by sheep anti-human immunoglobulin M (anti-IgM). Competitive displacement of 125I-LHRH by unlabeled LHRH was demonstrated while TSH releasing hormone (TRH), somatostatin and rat pituitary hormones showed no displacement when tested at concentrations 5 X 10(6) greater than that of LHRH. Studies using 14 different analogs of LHRH revealed that those with changes at the carboxy terminus showed binding similar to LHRH. It is concluded that IgG antibody to LHRH was produced in this patient by repeated administration of synthetic LHRH. It is further concluded that antibody specificity is directed toward the N terminus region.", "PMID": 321467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7962", "title": "Serotyping of Serratia marcescens: evaluation of Le Minor's H-immobilization test and description of three new flagellar H antigens.", "content": "The H-immobilization test of Le Minor for determining flagellar (H) antigens was evaluated and compared with tube and slide H-agglutination tests. The test proved specific and easy to perform, and titration end points were clearly discernible. The degree of serological cross-reactivity between H antigen reference strains of Serratia marcescens was low. Consequently, this test was adopted for routine serological analysis of H antigens, using unabsorbed rabbit immune anti-H sera. As a result of using this procedure, three new provisional H antignes, designated H14, H15, and H16, are proposed.", "contents": "Serotyping of Serratia marcescens: evaluation of Le Minor's H-immobilization test and description of three new flagellar H antigens. The H-immobilization test of Le Minor for determining flagellar (H) antigens was evaluated and compared with tube and slide H-agglutination tests. The test proved specific and easy to perform, and titration end points were clearly discernible. The degree of serological cross-reactivity between H antigen reference strains of Serratia marcescens was low. Consequently, this test was adopted for routine serological analysis of H antigens, using unabsorbed rabbit immune anti-H sera. As a result of using this procedure, three new provisional H antignes, designated H14, H15, and H16, are proposed.", "PMID": 321468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7963", "title": "Effect of storage conditions of the performance of bismuth sulfite agar.", "content": "Refrigerated storage of bismuth sulfite agar plates for up to 4 days did not adversely affect growth and colonial characteristics of selected Salmonella strains. Incubation of inoculated plates for 48 h favored the development of more salmonellae with typical morphology. Inoculated plates of freshly poured medium incubated for 48 h gave recoveries similar to those on refrigerated plates and showed a high selectivity against Citrobacter freundii and Proteus vulgaris, organisms which mimic the colonial characteristics of Salmonella on this medium. The use of bismuth sulfite plates stored at room temperature for more than 2 days should be avoided.", "contents": "Effect of storage conditions of the performance of bismuth sulfite agar. Refrigerated storage of bismuth sulfite agar plates for up to 4 days did not adversely affect growth and colonial characteristics of selected Salmonella strains. Incubation of inoculated plates for 48 h favored the development of more salmonellae with typical morphology. Inoculated plates of freshly poured medium incubated for 48 h gave recoveries similar to those on refrigerated plates and showed a high selectivity against Citrobacter freundii and Proteus vulgaris, organisms which mimic the colonial characteristics of Salmonella on this medium. The use of bismuth sulfite plates stored at room temperature for more than 2 days should be avoided.", "PMID": 321469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7964", "title": "Rapid speciation of Haemophilus with the porphyrin production test versus the satellite test for X.", "content": "The detection of porphyrins produced from omega-aminolevulinic acid was evaluated for use in speciation of the Haemophilus. Two hundred and forty-eight clinical isolates of nonhemolytic Haemophilus were tested concurrently for porphyrin production and for X and V requirements. The porphyrin production test was more rapid (4 h) and more accurate than the satellite test.", "contents": "Rapid speciation of Haemophilus with the porphyrin production test versus the satellite test for X. The detection of porphyrins produced from omega-aminolevulinic acid was evaluated for use in speciation of the Haemophilus. Two hundred and forty-eight clinical isolates of nonhemolytic Haemophilus were tested concurrently for porphyrin production and for X and V requirements. The porphyrin production test was more rapid (4 h) and more accurate than the satellite test.", "PMID": 321470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7965", "title": "Fever of unknown origin: attempts to isolate L-forms and other aberrant bacterial forms.", "content": "An investigation was conducted with 65 selected febrile patients, 33 of whom fulfilled in all respects the classic criteria of \"fever of unknown origin.\" Clinical evaluation included extensive radiological and immunological testing. Multiple blood cultures were examined by conventional methods in control studies. In addition, venous blood was cultured in a variety of hyperosmolar media using the special techniques used to detect L-forms and other cell wall-defective bacterial forms. By the extensive methods used, no bacterial forms were isolated. The use of media containing osmotic stabilizers did not detect L-forms or other aberrant bacterial forms, nor did it contribute to the determination of the etiology of fever of unknown origin in these patients.", "contents": "Fever of unknown origin: attempts to isolate L-forms and other aberrant bacterial forms. An investigation was conducted with 65 selected febrile patients, 33 of whom fulfilled in all respects the classic criteria of \"fever of unknown origin.\" Clinical evaluation included extensive radiological and immunological testing. Multiple blood cultures were examined by conventional methods in control studies. In addition, venous blood was cultured in a variety of hyperosmolar media using the special techniques used to detect L-forms and other cell wall-defective bacterial forms. By the extensive methods used, no bacterial forms were isolated. The use of media containing osmotic stabilizers did not detect L-forms or other aberrant bacterial forms, nor did it contribute to the determination of the etiology of fever of unknown origin in these patients.", "PMID": 321471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7966", "title": "New culture medium for the presumptive identificaion of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "A new medium composed of Tween 80, oxgall, caffeic acid, and Davis agar (TOC) that provides for the rapid presumptive identification of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans is described herein. C. albicans is differentiated from other yeasts by the sequential production of germ tubes and chlamydospores. In a comparison with cormeal agar control plates, there was an increase of chlamydospore-forming strains of C. albicans (97.1% versus 87.2%) and a decrease in the time required for chlamydospore formation (24 h versus 48 h). C. neoformans produced a brown pigment of TOC, which is specific for its identification, thus differentiating it from the other yeasts. A comparison of 24-h pigment production by C. neoformans on TOC with that of birdseed agar showed a dark, coffee brown color in the former cultures and a light brown color in the latter. The change in pigmentation of C. neoformans, as well as morphological changes in C. albicans, can be induced within 3 to 12 h and in not more than 24 h on the TOC medium.", "contents": "New culture medium for the presumptive identificaion of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. A new medium composed of Tween 80, oxgall, caffeic acid, and Davis agar (TOC) that provides for the rapid presumptive identification of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans is described herein. C. albicans is differentiated from other yeasts by the sequential production of germ tubes and chlamydospores. In a comparison with cormeal agar control plates, there was an increase of chlamydospore-forming strains of C. albicans (97.1% versus 87.2%) and a decrease in the time required for chlamydospore formation (24 h versus 48 h). C. neoformans produced a brown pigment of TOC, which is specific for its identification, thus differentiating it from the other yeasts. A comparison of 24-h pigment production by C. neoformans on TOC with that of birdseed agar showed a dark, coffee brown color in the former cultures and a light brown color in the latter. The change in pigmentation of C. neoformans, as well as morphological changes in C. albicans, can be induced within 3 to 12 h and in not more than 24 h on the TOC medium.", "PMID": 321472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7967", "title": "Rapid fluorescent-antibody method with bromelase for identification of group A streptococci.", "content": "This is a preliminary report on a rapid fluorescent-antibody staining method utilizing the enzyme Bromelase that effectively eliminates nonspecific staining of staphylococci. By this simple method, group A streptococci were accurately identified from 2- to 4-h broth cultures.", "contents": "Rapid fluorescent-antibody method with bromelase for identification of group A streptococci. This is a preliminary report on a rapid fluorescent-antibody staining method utilizing the enzyme Bromelase that effectively eliminates nonspecific staining of staphylococci. By this simple method, group A streptococci were accurately identified from 2- to 4-h broth cultures.", "PMID": 321473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7968", "title": "A subpopulation of normal human peripheral B lymphcytes that bind IgE.", "content": "Isolated normal human peripheral lymphocytes were analyzed for their ability to bind IgE as shown by rosette formation with aldehydefixed ox red cells coated with an IgE myeloma protein (Eo'-IgE) as indicator cells. An average of 4.3% of the cells in the lymphocyte preparations of 12 donors formed Eo'-IgE rosettes. The lymphocyte preparations contained an average of 0.36% basophils which also formed Eo'-IgE' rosettes, suggestiing that about 4% of the lymphocytes bound IgE. The rosette formation was inhibited by IgE myeloma protiens or IgE Fc fragments but not by IgE Fab fragments or Ig of the other classes. On the average, the lymphocytes of the 12 donors contained 70.5% cells forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E), 10.6% cells having surface immunoglobulin (SIg), and 15.5% bunding IgG as shown by rosette formation with IgG-coated ox red cells (EoA). Fractionation of the lymphocytes into populations rich in spontaneously E-rosetting cells and cells with SIg indicated that the majority of the lymphocytes forming Eo'-IgE rosettes belonged to the SIg-positive lymphocytes. Analyses of lymphocyte populations lacking cells forming EoA rosettes and of rosetting with mixed indicator cells both demonstrated that over 90% of the lymphocytes forming Eo'-IgE rosettes did not form EoA rosettes and apparently had no Fc receptors for IgG. Pretreatment of the lymphocytes with trypsin in amounts that did not alter the number of EoA-rosetting cells abolished the Eo'-IgE rosette formation. These data indicate that  a subpopulation of normal human peripheral lymphocytes, probably belonging to the B-cell type, binds IgE presumably via trypsin-sensitive receptors specific for the Fc fragment of IgE. The surface markers of these lymphocytes resemble those of cultured human lymphoblastoid cells that have recently been shown to bind IgE.", "contents": "A subpopulation of normal human peripheral B lymphcytes that bind IgE. Isolated normal human peripheral lymphocytes were analyzed for their ability to bind IgE as shown by rosette formation with aldehydefixed ox red cells coated with an IgE myeloma protein (Eo'-IgE) as indicator cells. An average of 4.3% of the cells in the lymphocyte preparations of 12 donors formed Eo'-IgE rosettes. The lymphocyte preparations contained an average of 0.36% basophils which also formed Eo'-IgE' rosettes, suggestiing that about 4% of the lymphocytes bound IgE. The rosette formation was inhibited by IgE myeloma protiens or IgE Fc fragments but not by IgE Fab fragments or Ig of the other classes. On the average, the lymphocytes of the 12 donors contained 70.5% cells forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E), 10.6% cells having surface immunoglobulin (SIg), and 15.5% bunding IgG as shown by rosette formation with IgG-coated ox red cells (EoA). Fractionation of the lymphocytes into populations rich in spontaneously E-rosetting cells and cells with SIg indicated that the majority of the lymphocytes forming Eo'-IgE rosettes belonged to the SIg-positive lymphocytes. Analyses of lymphocyte populations lacking cells forming EoA rosettes and of rosetting with mixed indicator cells both demonstrated that over 90% of the lymphocytes forming Eo'-IgE rosettes did not form EoA rosettes and apparently had no Fc receptors for IgG. Pretreatment of the lymphocytes with trypsin in amounts that did not alter the number of EoA-rosetting cells abolished the Eo'-IgE rosette formation. These data indicate that  a subpopulation of normal human peripheral lymphocytes, probably belonging to the B-cell type, binds IgE presumably via trypsin-sensitive receptors specific for the Fc fragment of IgE. The surface markers of these lymphocytes resemble those of cultured human lymphoblastoid cells that have recently been shown to bind IgE.", "PMID": 321474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7969", "title": "A shorter immunoperoxidase technique for the demonstration of carcinoembryonic antigen and other cell products.", "content": "A reliable immunoperoxidase schedule for the cellular demonstration of tumour and normal cell products which can be completed in well under two hours is described. The preparations are as clear and readable as those stained by routine histological techniques and should form a valuable adjunct in research and diagnostic studies.", "contents": "A shorter immunoperoxidase technique for the demonstration of carcinoembryonic antigen and other cell products. A reliable immunoperoxidase schedule for the cellular demonstration of tumour and normal cell products which can be completed in well under two hours is described. The preparations are as clear and readable as those stained by routine histological techniques and should form a valuable adjunct in research and diagnostic studies.", "PMID": 321475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7970", "title": "An evaluation of the Modified R/B Enteric Differential System for the identification of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-two organisms were identified by conventional methods and by the Modified R/B Enteric Differential System. Two hundred and eighteeen (98-2%) of these organisms were correctly identified by the R/B system. The results of individual tests were also compared. The convenience and general ease of handling of the R/B system are discussed.", "contents": "An evaluation of the Modified R/B Enteric Differential System for the identification of the Enterobacteriaceae. Two hundred and twenty-two organisms were identified by conventional methods and by the Modified R/B Enteric Differential System. Two hundred and eighteeen (98-2%) of these organisms were correctly identified by the R/B system. The results of individual tests were also compared. The convenience and general ease of handling of the R/B system are discussed.", "PMID": 321476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7971", "title": "Improving the performance of anaerobic bacteriology in a hospital laboratory.", "content": "A comparison was made of the performance of a newly established anaerobic section of a clinical laboratory and the routine diagnostic section in terms of isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria. Both sections attempted to isolate obligate anaerobes from the same clinical specimens which were not transported in anaerobic containers. Anaerobic and diagnostic sections isolated anaerobes from 35% and 6% respectively of clinical specimens. The use of antibiograms greatly improved the identification of anaerobic organisms.", "contents": "Improving the performance of anaerobic bacteriology in a hospital laboratory. A comparison was made of the performance of a newly established anaerobic section of a clinical laboratory and the routine diagnostic section in terms of isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria. Both sections attempted to isolate obligate anaerobes from the same clinical specimens which were not transported in anaerobic containers. Anaerobic and diagnostic sections isolated anaerobes from 35% and 6% respectively of clinical specimens. The use of antibiograms greatly improved the identification of anaerobic organisms.", "PMID": 321477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7972", "title": "Automation of the rapid plasma reagin test using the Autotape System.", "content": "The paper describes the Autotape System, a new piece of apparatus which is automated slide testing equipment, and its successful application to the rapid plasma reagin test.", "contents": "Automation of the rapid plasma reagin test using the Autotape System. The paper describes the Autotape System, a new piece of apparatus which is automated slide testing equipment, and its successful application to the rapid plasma reagin test.", "PMID": 321479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7973", "title": "Drug resistance in relation to use of silver sulphadiazine cream in a burns unit.", "content": "Topical chemoprophylaxis of extensive burns with silver sulphadiazine cream led to a large increase in the proportion of sulphadiazine-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in a burns unit. When all sulphonamide treatment in the ward was stopped; the incidence of sulphonamide-resistant strains fell back to levels similar to those recorded when silver sulphadiazine treatment was introduced. This was associated with a large reduction in the incidence of resistance of certain Gram-negative bacilli (especially Klebstella sp) to several antibiotics. Transferable resistance to sulphadiazine, shown by conjugation experiments with Escherichia coli K12, was found in a majority of the strains of Klebsiella sp tested, and in other species. A pattern of transferable resistance to tetracycline, cephaloridine, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and sulphadiazine (T Ce Cl A Ca S) was found in four of the 22 strains of Klebsiella tested, and closely related patterns were transferred by five other strains. These patterns of resistance were commonly found in Klebsiella sp isolated from burns in the period before the withdrawal of sulphonamides from the ward but were found in none of the Klebsiella strains isolated in the first six months after that period. Strains of Acinetobacter and Proteus, in which transferable resistance was not found, showed no appreciable fall or rise in sulphadiazine resistance; there was no fall in resistance of these organisms to tetracycline, cephaloridine, chloramphenicol, ampicillin or carbenicillin on withdrawal of sulphonamides from the ward, but there were substantial falls in resistance of Acinetobacter to kanamycin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and tetracycline which were probably not caused by the withdrawal of sulphonamides.", "contents": "Drug resistance in relation to use of silver sulphadiazine cream in a burns unit. Topical chemoprophylaxis of extensive burns with silver sulphadiazine cream led to a large increase in the proportion of sulphadiazine-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in a burns unit. When all sulphonamide treatment in the ward was stopped; the incidence of sulphonamide-resistant strains fell back to levels similar to those recorded when silver sulphadiazine treatment was introduced. This was associated with a large reduction in the incidence of resistance of certain Gram-negative bacilli (especially Klebstella sp) to several antibiotics. Transferable resistance to sulphadiazine, shown by conjugation experiments with Escherichia coli K12, was found in a majority of the strains of Klebsiella sp tested, and in other species. A pattern of transferable resistance to tetracycline, cephaloridine, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and sulphadiazine (T Ce Cl A Ca S) was found in four of the 22 strains of Klebsiella tested, and closely related patterns were transferred by five other strains. These patterns of resistance were commonly found in Klebsiella sp isolated from burns in the period before the withdrawal of sulphonamides from the ward but were found in none of the Klebsiella strains isolated in the first six months after that period. Strains of Acinetobacter and Proteus, in which transferable resistance was not found, showed no appreciable fall or rise in sulphadiazine resistance; there was no fall in resistance of these organisms to tetracycline, cephaloridine, chloramphenicol, ampicillin or carbenicillin on withdrawal of sulphonamides from the ward, but there were substantial falls in resistance of Acinetobacter to kanamycin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and tetracycline which were probably not caused by the withdrawal of sulphonamides.", "PMID": 321478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7974", "title": "Screening of blood donors for the detection of antitetanus antibodies suitable for the production of human antitetanus immunoglobulin.", "content": "During a 12-month period, 40  146 blood donors were tested for the presence of high titre antitetanus antibodies. An attempt has been made to define the most suitable donors, those with antitetanus antibody titres of 4 IU/ml or above, by virtue of titre, sex, location, and length of time since most recent immunisation. Particular note is made of those donors from university sessions. Towards the end of the series, donors who had an initially acceptable level of antitetanus  antibody were being tested a second time.", "contents": "Screening of blood donors for the detection of antitetanus antibodies suitable for the production of human antitetanus immunoglobulin. During a 12-month period, 40  146 blood donors were tested for the presence of high titre antitetanus antibodies. An attempt has been made to define the most suitable donors, those with antitetanus antibody titres of 4 IU/ml or above, by virtue of titre, sex, location, and length of time since most recent immunisation. Particular note is made of those donors from university sessions. Towards the end of the series, donors who had an initially acceptable level of antitetanus  antibody were being tested a second time.", "PMID": 321480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7975", "title": "Zinc and di-iodohydroxyquinoline therapy in acrodermatitis enteropathica.", "content": "A 25-year-old patient with acrodermatitis enteropathica who had been treated with di-iodohydroxyquinoline for 20 years was changed to zinc sulphate therapy and studied under full metabolic balance control for zinc, calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus. The results obtained indicate that there is only a small overall deficit of body zinc stores in this disease and that the function of di-iodohydroxyquinoline is to increase the amount of zinc absorbed and retained by the body.", "contents": "Zinc and di-iodohydroxyquinoline therapy in acrodermatitis enteropathica. A 25-year-old patient with acrodermatitis enteropathica who had been treated with di-iodohydroxyquinoline for 20 years was changed to zinc sulphate therapy and studied under full metabolic balance control for zinc, calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus. The results obtained indicate that there is only a small overall deficit of body zinc stores in this disease and that the function of di-iodohydroxyquinoline is to increase the amount of zinc absorbed and retained by the body.", "PMID": 321481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7976", "title": "Radiographs in periodontics.", "content": "Intraoral radiographs are widely used in periodontal diagnosis and research. However, accurate radiographic interpretation is only possible with high quality images. Some of the technical and geometric variables to consider have been presented. Early periodontal lesions are not detected in radiographs. The amount of periodontal destruction in more advanced disease is generally underestimated. The accurate topography of periodontal pockets and the buccal and lingual aspects of the teeth cannot be visualized. Clinical probing is therefore a prerequisite for a complete periodontal diagnosis. However, radiographs are a valuable adjunct for the periodontal diagnosis and the diagnosis of trauma from occlusion. With standardized systems, radiographs may furnish additional quantitative data in clinical research.", "contents": "Radiographs in periodontics. Intraoral radiographs are widely used in periodontal diagnosis and research. However, accurate radiographic interpretation is only possible with high quality images. Some of the technical and geometric variables to consider have been presented. Early periodontal lesions are not detected in radiographs. The amount of periodontal destruction in more advanced disease is generally underestimated. The accurate topography of periodontal pockets and the buccal and lingual aspects of the teeth cannot be visualized. Clinical probing is therefore a prerequisite for a complete periodontal diagnosis. However, radiographs are a valuable adjunct for the periodontal diagnosis and the diagnosis of trauma from occlusion. With standardized systems, radiographs may furnish additional quantitative data in clinical research.", "PMID": 321483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7977", "title": "Influence of \"time of day\", pocket depth and scaling on gingival fluid flow.", "content": "Gingival fluid was sampled from the orifices of the gingival crevices in five male subjects with clinically healthy gingiva. The sampling was performed at 0915 h, 1215 h and 1515 h of the same day. Variation in \"time of day\" did not seem to influence the rate of gingival fluid flow. A total of 144 pockets (2-11 mm) in 19 patients were sampled for gingival fluid at the orifices. The adjacent gingiva was evaluated accordingly to the Gingival Index (GI). Gingival fluid flow was much more influenced by the degree of gingival inflammation than by pocket depth. Scaling with curettes was performed in five patients. Gingival fluid was sampled at the orifices immediately before scaling and on days 1, 14 and 28 after scaling. The flow rate decreased to a minimum on day 14 after scaling for all pocket depths and remained at almost the same level until day 28. Pockets less than 5 mm deep were more frequently without measurable amounts of fluid than pockets deeper than 5 mm on days 14 and 28.", "contents": "Influence of \"time of day\", pocket depth and scaling on gingival fluid flow. Gingival fluid was sampled from the orifices of the gingival crevices in five male subjects with clinically healthy gingiva. The sampling was performed at 0915 h, 1215 h and 1515 h of the same day. Variation in \"time of day\" did not seem to influence the rate of gingival fluid flow. A total of 144 pockets (2-11 mm) in 19 patients were sampled for gingival fluid at the orifices. The adjacent gingiva was evaluated accordingly to the Gingival Index (GI). Gingival fluid flow was much more influenced by the degree of gingival inflammation than by pocket depth. Scaling with curettes was performed in five patients. Gingival fluid was sampled at the orifices immediately before scaling and on days 1, 14 and 28 after scaling. The flow rate decreased to a minimum on day 14 after scaling for all pocket depths and remained at almost the same level until day 28. Pockets less than 5 mm deep were more frequently without measurable amounts of fluid than pockets deeper than 5 mm on days 14 and 28.", "PMID": 321484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7978", "title": "The influence of experimental gingivitis on plaque formation.", "content": "The rate of plaque growth was assessed using daily Plaque Index measurements over a 7-day period in eleven dental students with an initial mean Gingival Indes of 1.21 (+/- 0.05). The mean Gingival Index was then reduced to 0.27 (+/- 0.04) and the rate of plaque growth assessed in the same way. Bacterial smears were taken from the teeth at intervals during both experimental periods and percentage counts of various morphological types of bacteria made. The rate of plaque growth was found to be significantly greater when the Gingival Index was high compared with when the Gingival Index was low (P less than 0.001). There was also an earlier development of a complex bacterial flora when the Gingival Index was high. The hypothesis is presented that gingival exudate has no inhibitory action on the formation of dental plaque, but contains substances which enhance bacterial aggregation and the colonization of the tooth surfaces by these aggregates.", "contents": "The influence of experimental gingivitis on plaque formation. The rate of plaque growth was assessed using daily Plaque Index measurements over a 7-day period in eleven dental students with an initial mean Gingival Indes of 1.21 (+/- 0.05). The mean Gingival Index was then reduced to 0.27 (+/- 0.04) and the rate of plaque growth assessed in the same way. Bacterial smears were taken from the teeth at intervals during both experimental periods and percentage counts of various morphological types of bacteria made. The rate of plaque growth was found to be significantly greater when the Gingival Index was high compared with when the Gingival Index was low (P less than 0.001). There was also an earlier development of a complex bacterial flora when the Gingival Index was high. The hypothesis is presented that gingival exudate has no inhibitory action on the formation of dental plaque, but contains substances which enhance bacterial aggregation and the colonization of the tooth surfaces by these aggregates.", "PMID": 321485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7979", "title": "Some antibacterial properties of periodontal dressings.", "content": "Three commercial periodontal dressings were tested for antibacterial activity against salivary microorganisms after having been stored dry or in liquid for 1 and 2 days. Inhibition of growth of mixed salivary flora was evaluated on blood agar dishes. Also, the ability of Strep. mutans to colonize the surface of the dressings was tested. The surface contact test indicated antibacterial activity against salivary microorganisms by freshly made Coe-pak and Wondrpak. Some activity could also be observed after 2 days' storage in about half the experiments. The initial bacteriostatic effect of Peripac was limited to the setting phase. The plaque accumulation test revealed single cells only on the surfaces of Coe-pak and Wondrpak whereas Peripac seemed to be colonized by the test bacteria.", "contents": "Some antibacterial properties of periodontal dressings. Three commercial periodontal dressings were tested for antibacterial activity against salivary microorganisms after having been stored dry or in liquid for 1 and 2 days. Inhibition of growth of mixed salivary flora was evaluated on blood agar dishes. Also, the ability of Strep. mutans to colonize the surface of the dressings was tested. The surface contact test indicated antibacterial activity against salivary microorganisms by freshly made Coe-pak and Wondrpak. Some activity could also be observed after 2 days' storage in about half the experiments. The initial bacteriostatic effect of Peripac was limited to the setting phase. The plaque accumulation test revealed single cells only on the surfaces of Coe-pak and Wondrpak whereas Peripac seemed to be colonized by the test bacteria.", "PMID": 321486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7980", "title": "Application of nonparametric procedure for bioassay data to the evaluation of analgesics in man.", "content": "Parametric tests for bioassay data are commonly applied to scores of pain intensity and relief for the assessment of potency ratios of analgesic drugs. It has been demonstrated, however, that scores derived from semiquantitative scales often deviate from normal distribution. In addition, when scores decrease as a consequence of analgesic treatment, the variances may be nonhomogenous. Both parametric and nonparametric procedures have been employed in this study for the evaluation of results of a double-blind multicenter trial of the analgesic effect of indoprofen and ASA (both drugs at three dose levels) and placebo in episiotomy pain. There was a good agreement between potency ratios obtained with the two assays. Peak PID appeared a less efficient means of estimating potency ratio than other measurements such as SPID and TOTPAR. The nonparametric test for quantitative bioassay appears to be a valid statistical procedure for evaluating results of clinical trials, and it does not imply any assumptions as to the type of distribution of the data.", "contents": "Application of nonparametric procedure for bioassay data to the evaluation of analgesics in man. Parametric tests for bioassay data are commonly applied to scores of pain intensity and relief for the assessment of potency ratios of analgesic drugs. It has been demonstrated, however, that scores derived from semiquantitative scales often deviate from normal distribution. In addition, when scores decrease as a consequence of analgesic treatment, the variances may be nonhomogenous. Both parametric and nonparametric procedures have been employed in this study for the evaluation of results of a double-blind multicenter trial of the analgesic effect of indoprofen and ASA (both drugs at three dose levels) and placebo in episiotomy pain. There was a good agreement between potency ratios obtained with the two assays. Peak PID appeared a less efficient means of estimating potency ratio than other measurements such as SPID and TOTPAR. The nonparametric test for quantitative bioassay appears to be a valid statistical procedure for evaluating results of clinical trials, and it does not imply any assumptions as to the type of distribution of the data.", "PMID": 321487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7981", "title": "Comparative effectiveness of nine hypnotic drugs: sleep laboratory studies.", "content": "The effectiveness of nine hypnotic drugs was compared using a standard protocol in separate sleep laboratory drug evaluation studies. All of these drugs were relatively effective in improving sleep with initial and short-term use. However, with intermediate-term use (two weeks), most of the drugs showed a marked decrease in their effectiveness. Following withdrawal, sleep was similar to baseline with most of the drugs, continued to be improved with flurazepam (Dalmane), 30 mg, and worsened beyond baseline levels with triazolam (U33030), 0.5 mg. The determination of a drug's effectiveness with continued use is most important clinically in enabling the physician to rationally and effectively use hypnotic drugs in the adjunctive treatment of insomnia.", "contents": "Comparative effectiveness of nine hypnotic drugs: sleep laboratory studies. The effectiveness of nine hypnotic drugs was compared using a standard protocol in separate sleep laboratory drug evaluation studies. All of these drugs were relatively effective in improving sleep with initial and short-term use. However, with intermediate-term use (two weeks), most of the drugs showed a marked decrease in their effectiveness. Following withdrawal, sleep was similar to baseline with most of the drugs, continued to be improved with flurazepam (Dalmane), 30 mg, and worsened beyond baseline levels with triazolam (U33030), 0.5 mg. The determination of a drug's effectiveness with continued use is most important clinically in enabling the physician to rationally and effectively use hypnotic drugs in the adjunctive treatment of insomnia.", "PMID": 321488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7982", "title": "Pregastric esterase and other oral lipases--a review.", "content": "The secretion of pregastric esterase and other oral lipases has been detected in 13 species. Research on secretion by the human, calf, kid goat, lamb, and rat of pregastric esterase has been significant. Secretion by calves is little affected by age or diet but is greater when calves are nipple fed than when pail fed. Whole milk sham-fed to calves exhibits immediate, sharp decreases in pH and rennet coagulation time resulting from liberation of free fatty acids by pregastric esterase. Bacterial counts in sham-fed products are higher than in control (nonfed) products, but during subsequent incubation bacterial numbers increase less rapidly in sham-fed products. Calf pregastric esterase is a major fat digestive enzyme in young calves but gradually becomes subsidiary to pancreatic lipase as secretion of the latter develops with age. Calf, kid goat, and lamb pregastric esterase exhibits optimum activity on milk fat but is capable of splitting other dietary fats. Data on oral and \"gastric\" lipases in calves, humans, and rats suggests that gastric lipase is oral lipase. Data on pH and temperature optima as well as activation and inhibition of oral lipases is contradictory but appears to vary considerably between species. Calf pregastric esterase exhibits a unique specificity for fatty acids 4:0 to 10:0 and preferentially hydrolyzes the primary ester position of glycerin. Preparations of calf, kid goat, and lamb pregastric esterase are used commercially to impar typical flavors to Italian-type and Feta cheeses and to accelerate flavor development in other cheeses and cheese-like products. Butterfat modified by pregastric esterase is utilized to impart dairy flavor character to a wide range of processed foods. Treatment with pregastric esterase of calf scours and human malabsorption of syndrome also has been reported.", "contents": "Pregastric esterase and other oral lipases--a review. The secretion of pregastric esterase and other oral lipases has been detected in 13 species. Research on secretion by the human, calf, kid goat, lamb, and rat of pregastric esterase has been significant. Secretion by calves is little affected by age or diet but is greater when calves are nipple fed than when pail fed. Whole milk sham-fed to calves exhibits immediate, sharp decreases in pH and rennet coagulation time resulting from liberation of free fatty acids by pregastric esterase. Bacterial counts in sham-fed products are higher than in control (nonfed) products, but during subsequent incubation bacterial numbers increase less rapidly in sham-fed products. Calf pregastric esterase is a major fat digestive enzyme in young calves but gradually becomes subsidiary to pancreatic lipase as secretion of the latter develops with age. Calf, kid goat, and lamb pregastric esterase exhibits optimum activity on milk fat but is capable of splitting other dietary fats. Data on oral and \"gastric\" lipases in calves, humans, and rats suggests that gastric lipase is oral lipase. Data on pH and temperature optima as well as activation and inhibition of oral lipases is contradictory but appears to vary considerably between species. Calf pregastric esterase exhibits a unique specificity for fatty acids 4:0 to 10:0 and preferentially hydrolyzes the primary ester position of glycerin. Preparations of calf, kid goat, and lamb pregastric esterase are used commercially to impar typical flavors to Italian-type and Feta cheeses and to accelerate flavor development in other cheeses and cheese-like products. Butterfat modified by pregastric esterase is utilized to impart dairy flavor character to a wide range of processed foods. Treatment with pregastric esterase of calf scours and human malabsorption of syndrome also has been reported.", "PMID": 321489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7983", "title": "The effects of a modeling film on social isolation in preschool children: a methodological investigation.", "content": "Children in Headstart program (N=113) were assessed on two occasions using a naturalistic observation system and peer sociometric measures. Thirty-two children were selected by O'Connor's (1969, 1972) convergent criteria of teacher rankings and being below 15% peer interaction frequency. Half of the children saw an experimental modeling film designed to teach children how to initiate entry into peer groups and half of the children saw a control film. The present investigation included methodological elements left uncontrolled in previous investigations. Results indicated no significant multivariate F ratios for treatment main effects, sociometric main effects, or treatment by sociometric interactions. This failure to replicate previous results with the O'Connor film raises serious methodological criticisms of previous work with socially withdrawn children.", "contents": "The effects of a modeling film on social isolation in preschool children: a methodological investigation. Children in Headstart program (N=113) were assessed on two occasions using a naturalistic observation system and peer sociometric measures. Thirty-two children were selected by O'Connor's (1969, 1972) convergent criteria of teacher rankings and being below 15% peer interaction frequency. Half of the children saw an experimental modeling film designed to teach children how to initiate entry into peer groups and half of the children saw a control film. The present investigation included methodological elements left uncontrolled in previous investigations. Results indicated no significant multivariate F ratios for treatment main effects, sociometric main effects, or treatment by sociometric interactions. This failure to replicate previous results with the O'Connor film raises serious methodological criticisms of previous work with socially withdrawn children.", "PMID": 321495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7984", "title": "Comparative study of selected alginate materials and devices.", "content": "Four different brands of alginate impression materials were mixed by hand and ten impressions of each were made of a block for detail reproductions. In addition, two different mechanical devices were used to prepare one of these alginate impression materials. Thus a total of six groups was tested, with ten impressions per group. Stone casts of these 60 impressions were compared by the line study method and the number of surface defects. A statistical analysis was performed on the collected data. The results indicated that the Whip-Mix vacuum mechanical spatulator produced significantly superior results to the Columbus system centrifugal mechanical spatulator, and that among the four alginates hand mixed, the Jeltrate impression material gave better results.", "contents": "Comparative study of selected alginate materials and devices. Four different brands of alginate impression materials were mixed by hand and ten impressions of each were made of a block for detail reproductions. In addition, two different mechanical devices were used to prepare one of these alginate impression materials. Thus a total of six groups was tested, with ten impressions per group. Stone casts of these 60 impressions were compared by the line study method and the number of surface defects. A statistical analysis was performed on the collected data. The results indicated that the Whip-Mix vacuum mechanical spatulator produced significantly superior results to the Columbus system centrifugal mechanical spatulator, and that among the four alginates hand mixed, the Jeltrate impression material gave better results.", "PMID": 321501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7985", "title": "Dose-response effects of albuterol aerosol compared with isoproterenol and placebo aerosols: response to albuterol, isoproterenol, and placebo aerosols.", "content": "Albuterol aerosol was an effective bronchodilator as reflected by indices of pulmonary function obtained from spirometry and flow volume curves; Compared with isoproterenol, there were minimal side effects even at the highest doses, and bronchodilation lasted significantly longer. In addition albuterol was successfully used by a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis who was unable to tolerate isoproterenol, as well as by some patients with idiosyncratic responses to isoproterenol; A few patients appeared to derive little benefit from either albuterol or isoproterenol.", "contents": "Dose-response effects of albuterol aerosol compared with isoproterenol and placebo aerosols: response to albuterol, isoproterenol, and placebo aerosols. Albuterol aerosol was an effective bronchodilator as reflected by indices of pulmonary function obtained from spirometry and flow volume curves; Compared with isoproterenol, there were minimal side effects even at the highest doses, and bronchodilation lasted significantly longer. In addition albuterol was successfully used by a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis who was unable to tolerate isoproterenol, as well as by some patients with idiosyncratic responses to isoproterenol; A few patients appeared to derive little benefit from either albuterol or isoproterenol.", "PMID": 321502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7986", "title": "A graded dose assessment of the efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol for severe chronic asthma.", "content": "In a 26-wk double-blind controlled study of 34 patients whose asthma had been poorly controlled despite oral steroids, valuable clinical and pulmonary function improvement was derived by adding beclomethasone aerosol to the prednisone regimen. The amount of improvement correlated linearly with beclomethasone dosage over the range 200 to 1,600 microng/day. These patients required relatively high dosage. Success in achieving asymptomatic status was only 26% with the conventional 400 microng/day and 60% at 1,600 microng/day. Oropharyngeal candidiasis was also dose-related but did not prohibit the use of high-dosage beclomethasone. Respiratory infections, physical signs, blood glucose, and electrolytes were unaffected by the drug. A dose-related suppression of cortisol secretion was demonstrated, but about 1/4 of the group had normal plasma cortisol even at 1,600 microng/day plus the oral prednisone. An individualized risk-benefit assessment seems a better basis for choosing an optimal beclomethasone regimen for each patient than adherence to a conventionalized fixed dosage of 400 microng/day. This requires definition of: (1) a specific goal of treatment in the individual patient and the beclomethasone dosage required to achieve it; (2) the adrenocortical functional response of that particular patient to the desired dose of beclomethasone; and (3) the presence and degree of any dose-limiting constraints such as preexisting complications of steroid use.", "contents": "A graded dose assessment of the efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol for severe chronic asthma. In a 26-wk double-blind controlled study of 34 patients whose asthma had been poorly controlled despite oral steroids, valuable clinical and pulmonary function improvement was derived by adding beclomethasone aerosol to the prednisone regimen. The amount of improvement correlated linearly with beclomethasone dosage over the range 200 to 1,600 microng/day. These patients required relatively high dosage. Success in achieving asymptomatic status was only 26% with the conventional 400 microng/day and 60% at 1,600 microng/day. Oropharyngeal candidiasis was also dose-related but did not prohibit the use of high-dosage beclomethasone. Respiratory infections, physical signs, blood glucose, and electrolytes were unaffected by the drug. A dose-related suppression of cortisol secretion was demonstrated, but about 1/4 of the group had normal plasma cortisol even at 1,600 microng/day plus the oral prednisone. An individualized risk-benefit assessment seems a better basis for choosing an optimal beclomethasone regimen for each patient than adherence to a conventionalized fixed dosage of 400 microng/day. This requires definition of: (1) a specific goal of treatment in the individual patient and the beclomethasone dosage required to achieve it; (2) the adrenocortical functional response of that particular patient to the desired dose of beclomethasone; and (3) the presence and degree of any dose-limiting constraints such as preexisting complications of steroid use.", "PMID": 321503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7987", "title": "Nutrient intake and stimulant drugs in hyperactive children.", "content": "Recent studies have demonstrated suppressed growth of height and weight in children receiving stimulant drugs for hyperactivity. For approximately twelve months, growth data and food records were collected on two subjects receiving different types and dosages of stimulant drugs. The two cases demonstrated that dextroamphetamine levels of 10 mg. or more and methylphenidate levels of 30 mg. or more decreased caloric intake significantly. This decrease may be limiting for long-term growth. Both subjects had a variety of feeding problems due to poor appetite. Careful nutritional evaluation and planning are important to insure optimal energy and nutrient intake in these children receiving stimulant drugs.", "contents": "Nutrient intake and stimulant drugs in hyperactive children. Recent studies have demonstrated suppressed growth of height and weight in children receiving stimulant drugs for hyperactivity. For approximately twelve months, growth data and food records were collected on two subjects receiving different types and dosages of stimulant drugs. The two cases demonstrated that dextroamphetamine levels of 10 mg. or more and methylphenidate levels of 30 mg. or more decreased caloric intake significantly. This decrease may be limiting for long-term growth. Both subjects had a variety of feeding problems due to poor appetite. Careful nutritional evaluation and planning are important to insure optimal energy and nutrient intake in these children receiving stimulant drugs.", "PMID": 321504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7988", "title": "Computer-simulated clinical encounters. I. Development, utilization, and evaluation of a program.", "content": "Positive findings from the two-year pilot study indicated no significant difference in academic learning and clinical performance when students substituted computer-simulated experiences for hospital-based clinical experiences. There was also strong evidence that the time spent by students in fewer hospital-based clinical experiences was more decisively monitored by faculty. Based on these positive findings, the computer-simulated clinical encounters are being continued as part of the established curriculum in the coordinated undergraduate program in dietetics at The Ohio State University.", "contents": "Computer-simulated clinical encounters. I. Development, utilization, and evaluation of a program. Positive findings from the two-year pilot study indicated no significant difference in academic learning and clinical performance when students substituted computer-simulated experiences for hospital-based clinical experiences. There was also strong evidence that the time spent by students in fewer hospital-based clinical experiences was more decisively monitored by faculty. Based on these positive findings, the computer-simulated clinical encounters are being continued as part of the established curriculum in the coordinated undergraduate program in dietetics at The Ohio State University.", "PMID": 321505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7989", "title": "Computer-simulated clinical encounter. II. Case flow and program content.", "content": "The completed computer-simulated case study provides the student with a written model of all components and steps involved in providing nutritional care to a patient. The completed study provides the instructor with a written record of the student's knowledge, her/his response to the patient's inquiries, and her/his organization of the clinical encounter and patient counseling. It is through this written record that student and instructor can analyze and strengthen the student's clinical skills.", "contents": "Computer-simulated clinical encounter. II. Case flow and program content. The completed computer-simulated case study provides the student with a written model of all components and steps involved in providing nutritional care to a patient. The completed study provides the instructor with a written record of the student's knowledge, her/his response to the patient's inquiries, and her/his organization of the clinical encounter and patient counseling. It is through this written record that student and instructor can analyze and strengthen the student's clinical skills.", "PMID": 321506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7990", "title": "The climacteric disease.", "content": "Evidence is provided to show that the account of \"The Climacteric Disease\" given in 1813 by Sir Henry Halford, Physician to King George III, was his interpretation that the King's illness was due to aging as a disease. This laid foundations upon which are placed the unfavorable attitudes toward Geriatric Medicine today, and which may effect the provision of medical care for the elderly and aged tomorrow.", "contents": "The climacteric disease. Evidence is provided to show that the account of \"The Climacteric Disease\" given in 1813 by Sir Henry Halford, Physician to King George III, was his interpretation that the King's illness was due to aging as a disease. This laid foundations upon which are placed the unfavorable attitudes toward Geriatric Medicine today, and which may effect the provision of medical care for the elderly and aged tomorrow.", "PMID": 321507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7991", "title": "A memory assessment technique for use in geriatric psychopharmacology: drug efficacy trial with naftidrofuryl.", "content": "This study was conducted to compare an automated test of paced stimulus material (Sperling's Perceptual Trace, SPT) with several other standard memory scales. Sixty patients with mild senile organic brain syndrome were divided into two groups of 30; one group was treated for 90 days with 300 mg daily of naftidrofuryl (Praxilene), and the other group received placebo. The patients were tested before treatment and at 30, 60 and 90 days after the beginning of treatment. The data indicated that the SPT indirectly assesses short-term memory, is resistant to practice effects, and is drug-sensitive. It is suggested that the SPT might become the test of choice in the indirect assessment of short-term memory in the elderly.", "contents": "A memory assessment technique for use in geriatric psychopharmacology: drug efficacy trial with naftidrofuryl. This study was conducted to compare an automated test of paced stimulus material (Sperling's Perceptual Trace, SPT) with several other standard memory scales. Sixty patients with mild senile organic brain syndrome were divided into two groups of 30; one group was treated for 90 days with 300 mg daily of naftidrofuryl (Praxilene), and the other group received placebo. The patients were tested before treatment and at 30, 60 and 90 days after the beginning of treatment. The data indicated that the SPT indirectly assesses short-term memory, is resistant to practice effects, and is drug-sensitive. It is suggested that the SPT might become the test of choice in the indirect assessment of short-term memory in the elderly.", "PMID": 321508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7992", "title": "Nocardia asteroides thenar space infection: a case report.", "content": "Nocardia commonly is thought of as producing a chronic pulmonary or granulomatous skin infection, but this report illustrates that it may begin as an acute inflammatory process. In view of the tenosynovitis which followed exploration of the tendon sheath in the patient presented and which required a second operation, it may be better to aspirate the sheath at a distant site to look for pus. Actinomycetes should be suspected and looked for with appropriate methods in any suppurative lesion, especially one not responding to conventional antibiotics.", "contents": "Nocardia asteroides thenar space infection: a case report. Nocardia commonly is thought of as producing a chronic pulmonary or granulomatous skin infection, but this report illustrates that it may begin as an acute inflammatory process. In view of the tenosynovitis which followed exploration of the tendon sheath in the patient presented and which required a second operation, it may be better to aspirate the sheath at a distant site to look for pus. Actinomycetes should be suspected and looked for with appropriate methods in any suppurative lesion, especially one not responding to conventional antibiotics.", "PMID": 321510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7993", "title": "Reconstructive surgery of roller injuries of the hand.", "content": "Eleven patients with roller injuries to the upper extremity are described. Nine were treated initially; two were referred for treatment within 3 weeks after injury. Six patients were injured by kneading machines in bakeries, two by hot dry-cleaning mangles, two by industrial rolling machines, and one by a transmission belt which acted as a roller. The tissue damage depends on (1) the space between the rollers, (2) the speed of the rollers, (3) the hardness of the rollers, (4) the temperature of the rollers, and (5) how violently the patient attempts to withdraw the entrapped part. Lesions may be closed, consisting of a compression of the soft tissues, which may result in skin necrosis, or a tearing and separation of the skin and soft tissues away from the deep fascia (more common on the dorsal surface of the hand), or destruction of skin and deep tissue because of burns. Closed injuries usually respond to conservative care, although decompression sometimes is necessary. Experience gained from treating these 11 patients indicates that the inexperienced surgeon often tries to replace distally based flaps. Such flaps usually die and predispose to deep infection. If the condition of the wound permits, primary skin grafts should be applied; but if the bed is of poor quality, skin grafting can be delayed for several days. If it is necessary to protect exposed deep structures, they should be covered with immediate pedicle flaps. It is better to use skin from an uninjured area for a free skin graft than to use the avulsed skin as a graft. Distant flaps should be used if secondary reconstruction is anticipated. In circumferential skin loss, a combination of pedicle skin and free skin grafts is better than encircling the part with a pedicle flap. The thumb and radial fingers should be preserved, but the ulnar fingers are expendible in severe injuries. By amputating parts of fingers, reconstruction often is simplified.", "contents": "Reconstructive surgery of roller injuries of the hand. Eleven patients with roller injuries to the upper extremity are described. Nine were treated initially; two were referred for treatment within 3 weeks after injury. Six patients were injured by kneading machines in bakeries, two by hot dry-cleaning mangles, two by industrial rolling machines, and one by a transmission belt which acted as a roller. The tissue damage depends on (1) the space between the rollers, (2) the speed of the rollers, (3) the hardness of the rollers, (4) the temperature of the rollers, and (5) how violently the patient attempts to withdraw the entrapped part. Lesions may be closed, consisting of a compression of the soft tissues, which may result in skin necrosis, or a tearing and separation of the skin and soft tissues away from the deep fascia (more common on the dorsal surface of the hand), or destruction of skin and deep tissue because of burns. Closed injuries usually respond to conservative care, although decompression sometimes is necessary. Experience gained from treating these 11 patients indicates that the inexperienced surgeon often tries to replace distally based flaps. Such flaps usually die and predispose to deep infection. If the condition of the wound permits, primary skin grafts should be applied; but if the bed is of poor quality, skin grafting can be delayed for several days. If it is necessary to protect exposed deep structures, they should be covered with immediate pedicle flaps. It is better to use skin from an uninjured area for a free skin graft than to use the avulsed skin as a graft. Distant flaps should be used if secondary reconstruction is anticipated. In circumferential skin loss, a combination of pedicle skin and free skin grafts is better than encircling the part with a pedicle flap. The thumb and radial fingers should be preserved, but the ulnar fingers are expendible in severe injuries. By amputating parts of fingers, reconstruction often is simplified.", "PMID": 321511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7994", "title": "The germicidal effect of the open air in different parts of The Netherlands.", "content": "Using the microthread technique the survival of Escherichia coli MRE 162 in open air was measured in different parts of The Netherlands. The presence of bactericidal compounds (open air factor = OAF) could be demonstrated on several days and quantitated in relative units of OAF concentration. In the absence of ozone the OAF concentration was always low. In the presence of ozone the OAF concentration was dependent on wind direction. At the selected microthread exposure sites air from areas with high traffic intensity contributed more to OAF production than air from industrial areas. OAF production is probably related to the nature of hydrocarbons in the air.", "contents": "The germicidal effect of the open air in different parts of The Netherlands. Using the microthread technique the survival of Escherichia coli MRE 162 in open air was measured in different parts of The Netherlands. The presence of bactericidal compounds (open air factor = OAF) could be demonstrated on several days and quantitated in relative units of OAF concentration. In the absence of ozone the OAF concentration was always low. In the presence of ozone the OAF concentration was dependent on wind direction. At the selected microthread exposure sites air from areas with high traffic intensity contributed more to OAF production than air from industrial areas. OAF production is probably related to the nature of hydrocarbons in the air.", "PMID": 321676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7995", "title": "Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. II. Effect of bicarbonate and transferrin on the activity of infant feeds.", "content": "Fresh human and bovine milk are bacteriostatic in vitro for only some (milk-sensitive) strains of E. coli. The addition of bicarbonate to the test system potentiates the bacteriostasis so that otherwise milk-resistant strains are inhibited. By titration of the bicarbonate in the milk, it is possible to determine the minimum concentration that will activate milk aganinst a milk resistant strain but be ineffective in boiled milk, i.e. it potentiates a heat-labile system in milk and does not merely exert a direct toxic effect. This concentration is lower for human milk than for cow's milk and can be reduced even further by the addition of more iron-binding protein. Lactoferrin and bicarbonate may be present in the gut of the newborn. In an attempt to imitate conditions in the infant gut, we therefore reinvestigated, in vitro and in the presence of added bicarbonate and transferrin, the bacteriostatic activity against E. coli of fresh breast-milk, commercial bottle-milk, and mixtures of these as fed to infants in the study. The results, and information about events in vivo deduced from the ratio of milk-sensitive to milk-resistant strains of E. coli isolated from babies' stool suggest that neonatal intestinal secretions may contribute to the bacteriostatic activity of their feeds so that (1) in fully breastfed babies all strains of E. coli are inhibited to the same extent; there is no selection on the basis of milk sensitivity and equal numbers of strains resistant and sensitive to milk are found in the stools; (2) in fully bottle-fed babies E. coli is not inhibited since the milk is non-bacteriostatic and again there is no selection; (3) in babies fed at the breast but bottle-milk supplemented, only milk-sensitive strains are inhibited; milk-resistant strains are not, and preferentially colonize the large intestines.", "contents": "Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. II. Effect of bicarbonate and transferrin on the activity of infant feeds. Fresh human and bovine milk are bacteriostatic in vitro for only some (milk-sensitive) strains of E. coli. The addition of bicarbonate to the test system potentiates the bacteriostasis so that otherwise milk-resistant strains are inhibited. By titration of the bicarbonate in the milk, it is possible to determine the minimum concentration that will activate milk aganinst a milk resistant strain but be ineffective in boiled milk, i.e. it potentiates a heat-labile system in milk and does not merely exert a direct toxic effect. This concentration is lower for human milk than for cow's milk and can be reduced even further by the addition of more iron-binding protein. Lactoferrin and bicarbonate may be present in the gut of the newborn. In an attempt to imitate conditions in the infant gut, we therefore reinvestigated, in vitro and in the presence of added bicarbonate and transferrin, the bacteriostatic activity against E. coli of fresh breast-milk, commercial bottle-milk, and mixtures of these as fed to infants in the study. The results, and information about events in vivo deduced from the ratio of milk-sensitive to milk-resistant strains of E. coli isolated from babies' stool suggest that neonatal intestinal secretions may contribute to the bacteriostatic activity of their feeds so that (1) in fully breastfed babies all strains of E. coli are inhibited to the same extent; there is no selection on the basis of milk sensitivity and equal numbers of strains resistant and sensitive to milk are found in the stools; (2) in fully bottle-fed babies E. coli is not inhibited since the milk is non-bacteriostatic and again there is no selection; (3) in babies fed at the breast but bottle-milk supplemented, only milk-sensitive strains are inhibited; milk-resistant strains are not, and preferentially colonize the large intestines.", "PMID": 321677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7996", "title": "Serological characterization of group-A streptococci associated with skin sepsis in meat handlers.", "content": "A series of outbreaks of skin sepsis among meat handlers in England during 1974 and 1975 afforded an opportunity to study the group-A streptococci commonly isolated from the lesions. Few of these streptococci could be M typed with existing antisera. Intensive study of strains from two outbreaks of sepsis  in one abattoir in Shropshire led to the recognition of three new provisional M types. The streptococci were first sorted according to T-typing pattern and ability to produce opacity factor. Opacity-factor producing strains with the same T pattern were then screened for inhibition of opacity production by the sera of convalescents from the same outbreak. Finally, M antisera were made in rabbits against representative cultures. Sera against the three new provisional types were used to re-examine streptococci from 20 other outbreaks or incidents of sporadic infection among meat handlers. This increased the proportion of typable strains from 3% to 55%. Two of the new provisional types (nos. 2015 and 1658; both T25/Imp 19, opacity-factor positive) were confined to the Shropshire outbreak, but the third (no. 2681; T14, opacity-factor negative) was found among strains from meat workers in eight other geographically distinct areas. In all, 31% of 131 distinct strains from meat workers, but less than 1% of 2816 strains from other British sources, belonged to provisional type 2681. Thus, in Britain, one M-type of group-A streptococcus appears at present to be almost exclusively associated with sepsis in meat workers.", "contents": "Serological characterization of group-A streptococci associated with skin sepsis in meat handlers. A series of outbreaks of skin sepsis among meat handlers in England during 1974 and 1975 afforded an opportunity to study the group-A streptococci commonly isolated from the lesions. Few of these streptococci could be M typed with existing antisera. Intensive study of strains from two outbreaks of sepsis  in one abattoir in Shropshire led to the recognition of three new provisional M types. The streptococci were first sorted according to T-typing pattern and ability to produce opacity factor. Opacity-factor producing strains with the same T pattern were then screened for inhibition of opacity production by the sera of convalescents from the same outbreak. Finally, M antisera were made in rabbits against representative cultures. Sera against the three new provisional types were used to re-examine streptococci from 20 other outbreaks or incidents of sporadic infection among meat handlers. This increased the proportion of typable strains from 3% to 55%. Two of the new provisional types (nos. 2015 and 1658; both T25/Imp 19, opacity-factor positive) were confined to the Shropshire outbreak, but the third (no. 2681; T14, opacity-factor negative) was found among strains from meat workers in eight other geographically distinct areas. In all, 31% of 131 distinct strains from meat workers, but less than 1% of 2816 strains from other British sources, belonged to provisional type 2681. Thus, in Britain, one M-type of group-A streptococcus appears at present to be almost exclusively associated with sepsis in meat workers.", "PMID": 321678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7997", "title": "Bacteriophage-typing designations of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The phage-typing scheme of Callow (1959) has been extended. The original number of types was 34; this has now risen to 207. Tables are presented which show the provisional type designations and the definitive designations now being introduced.", "contents": "Bacteriophage-typing designations of Salmonella typhimurium. The phage-typing scheme of Callow (1959) has been extended. The original number of types was 34; this has now risen to 207. Tables are presented which show the provisional type designations and the definitive designations now being introduced.", "PMID": 321679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7998", "title": "Properties of tRNA-specific antibodies from NZB/NZW mice.", "content": "Antibodies that bind tRNA are produced spontaneously in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB/NZW) F1 hybrid female mice. An assay for the detection of these antibodies has been developed by using gel filtration and radioactive tRNA. This assay was found superior to the widely used ammonium sulfate precipitation assay because of the nature of the interaction between the protein and the tRNA. The ant-bodies bound native tRNA preferentially to tRNA denatured by cross-linking with formaldehyde. This conformational specificity was confirmed in competition experiments. The antibodies to native tRNA had an average association constant of 5 x 10(7) leter/mole at 4 degrees C and could bind to more than one site per tRNA molecule. Experiments with immunoglobulin class-specific anti-mouse antisera, in solution and by radioimmunoelectrophoresis, showed that the antibodies were heterogeneous, but were predominantly of the IgG class. These antibodies may be useful for detection, localization, and conformational analysis of tRNA in solution as well as for understanding the pathogenesis of the lupus-like syndrome in these mice.", "contents": "Properties of tRNA-specific antibodies from NZB/NZW mice. Antibodies that bind tRNA are produced spontaneously in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB/NZW) F1 hybrid female mice. An assay for the detection of these antibodies has been developed by using gel filtration and radioactive tRNA. This assay was found superior to the widely used ammonium sulfate precipitation assay because of the nature of the interaction between the protein and the tRNA. The ant-bodies bound native tRNA preferentially to tRNA denatured by cross-linking with formaldehyde. This conformational specificity was confirmed in competition experiments. The antibodies to native tRNA had an average association constant of 5 x 10(7) leter/mole at 4 degrees C and could bind to more than one site per tRNA molecule. Experiments with immunoglobulin class-specific anti-mouse antisera, in solution and by radioimmunoelectrophoresis, showed that the antibodies were heterogeneous, but were predominantly of the IgG class. These antibodies may be useful for detection, localization, and conformational analysis of tRNA in solution as well as for understanding the pathogenesis of the lupus-like syndrome in these mice.", "PMID": 321680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_7999", "title": "A simple one-step hemolytic assay for C2 with C2-deficient human serum.", "content": "A simple one-step procedure has been developed for the molecular titration of C2 by utilizing the ability of the test material to restore the hemolytic activity of human serum selectively deficient in C2 (C2D serum). In this assay, equal volumes of EA (10(8) cells/ml), C2D serum (1/20), and a suitable dilution of a source of C2 were incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 min and the fraction of cells lysed was used to calculate the effective molecules of C2/ml test material. The assay can be used to titrate C2 in human, guinea pig, rat, mouse and rabbit sera, but not C2 in dog serum. The assay is simple and reproducible, and comparable in sensitivity to the conventional two-step assay with EAC14 cells and Cgp-EDTA.", "contents": "A simple one-step hemolytic assay for C2 with C2-deficient human serum. A simple one-step procedure has been developed for the molecular titration of C2 by utilizing the ability of the test material to restore the hemolytic activity of human serum selectively deficient in C2 (C2D serum). In this assay, equal volumes of EA (10(8) cells/ml), C2D serum (1/20), and a suitable dilution of a source of C2 were incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 min and the fraction of cells lysed was used to calculate the effective molecules of C2/ml test material. The assay can be used to titrate C2 in human, guinea pig, rat, mouse and rabbit sera, but not C2 in dog serum. The assay is simple and reproducible, and comparable in sensitivity to the conventional two-step assay with EAC14 cells and Cgp-EDTA.", "PMID": 321681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8000", "title": "Immune response to immunization via the anterior chamber of the eye. I. F. lymphocyte-induced immune deviation.", "content": "The immunizing abilities of alloantigens placed within the anterior chamber of the eye have been studied in inbred rats. Although intracameral inoculation of F1 hybrid lymphocytes into parental strain recipients elicited both cell- and antibody-mediated immunity, a delimited interval was identified postinoculation during which the systemic cell-mediated immune response was suppressed as indicated by prolonged acceptance of orthotopic skin allografts. The prompt appearance of hemagglutinating antibodies in the serum of immunized rats followed a time course which coincided with the suppression of cell-mediated immunity and suggested that the two events are casually related. Since exposure to allogeneic antigens on lymphoid cells via the anterior chamber elicits a transient suppression in cell-mediated immunity, where humoral immunity is preserved, the phenomenon resembles immune deviation.", "contents": "Immune response to immunization via the anterior chamber of the eye. I. F. lymphocyte-induced immune deviation. The immunizing abilities of alloantigens placed within the anterior chamber of the eye have been studied in inbred rats. Although intracameral inoculation of F1 hybrid lymphocytes into parental strain recipients elicited both cell- and antibody-mediated immunity, a delimited interval was identified postinoculation during which the systemic cell-mediated immune response was suppressed as indicated by prolonged acceptance of orthotopic skin allografts. The prompt appearance of hemagglutinating antibodies in the serum of immunized rats followed a time course which coincided with the suppression of cell-mediated immunity and suggested that the two events are casually related. Since exposure to allogeneic antigens on lymphoid cells via the anterior chamber elicits a transient suppression in cell-mediated immunity, where humoral immunity is preserved, the phenomenon resembles immune deviation.", "PMID": 321682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8001", "title": "Mitogen induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Mitogen induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) was noted to be markedly increased in patients with multiple myeloma as compared to normal controls and to patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Enhanced MICC was present at various effector-to-target cell ratios and at several mitogen concentrations. Removal of adherent, phagocytic cells by carbonyl iron, glass wool, or rayon columns abolished the MICC response from the peripheral blood of both multiple myeloma patients and normal controls. Thus, the effector cell mediating MICC may be monocytic in origin and closely resembles the suppressor cell for immunoglobulin synthesis described in patients with multiple myeloma. Our data suggest that the MICC assay with chicken red blood cells as targets may provide a convenient method for identifying pathologic conditions where this cytotoxic effector cell population plays an active role.", "contents": "Mitogen induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) in multiple myeloma. Mitogen induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) was noted to be markedly increased in patients with multiple myeloma as compared to normal controls and to patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Enhanced MICC was present at various effector-to-target cell ratios and at several mitogen concentrations. Removal of adherent, phagocytic cells by carbonyl iron, glass wool, or rayon columns abolished the MICC response from the peripheral blood of both multiple myeloma patients and normal controls. Thus, the effector cell mediating MICC may be monocytic in origin and closely resembles the suppressor cell for immunoglobulin synthesis described in patients with multiple myeloma. Our data suggest that the MICC assay with chicken red blood cells as targets may provide a convenient method for identifying pathologic conditions where this cytotoxic effector cell population plays an active role.", "PMID": 321683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8002", "title": "Activity of tumor-associated lymphoid cells at short intervals after administration of irradiated syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells.", "content": "After a single intraperitoneal injection of irradiated tumor cells, host cells capable of responding against syngeneic tumors were detected in peritoneal exudates of mice. Although irradiation of the injected tumor prevented its overgrowth, it did not significantly alter the antigenicity of the tumor. Immunologic activities of tumor-associated host cells in the peritoneal cavity were continuously monitored, starting 48 hr after tumor administration. In vitro cell-mediated lysis of syngeneic tumors appeared as early as 3 days after irradiated tumor administration. In addition, peritoneal exudate cells from inoculated mice were capable of adoptively transferring immunity. Purification of these peritoneal exudate cells on nylon wool columns yielded a nonadherent Ig-negative lymphocyte fraction whose cytolysis was tumor-specific and T cell-associated. The macrophage-free lymphocyte fraction exhibited a higher in vitro activity against tumors than unpurified peritoneal exudates. This tumor-host system allowed the study of cells which directly interact with the tumor cells in vivo, starting shortly after tumor administration. The results reported in this paper show that tumor-associated lymphoid cells capable of mounting anti-tumor response in vivo and in vitro can be demonstrated as early as 3 days after tumor inoculation.", "contents": "Activity of tumor-associated lymphoid cells at short intervals after administration of irradiated syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells. After a single intraperitoneal injection of irradiated tumor cells, host cells capable of responding against syngeneic tumors were detected in peritoneal exudates of mice. Although irradiation of the injected tumor prevented its overgrowth, it did not significantly alter the antigenicity of the tumor. Immunologic activities of tumor-associated host cells in the peritoneal cavity were continuously monitored, starting 48 hr after tumor administration. In vitro cell-mediated lysis of syngeneic tumors appeared as early as 3 days after irradiated tumor administration. In addition, peritoneal exudate cells from inoculated mice were capable of adoptively transferring immunity. Purification of these peritoneal exudate cells on nylon wool columns yielded a nonadherent Ig-negative lymphocyte fraction whose cytolysis was tumor-specific and T cell-associated. The macrophage-free lymphocyte fraction exhibited a higher in vitro activity against tumors than unpurified peritoneal exudates. This tumor-host system allowed the study of cells which directly interact with the tumor cells in vivo, starting shortly after tumor administration. The results reported in this paper show that tumor-associated lymphoid cells capable of mounting anti-tumor response in vivo and in vitro can be demonstrated as early as 3 days after tumor inoculation.", "PMID": 321684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8003", "title": "Human bone marrow lymphocytes. III. Polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes in human bone marrow measured by a direct plaque-forming cell assay.", "content": "Lymphocytes from the bone marrow and peripheral blood of the same normal individuals were assayed simultaneously for blast transformation as well as polyclonal activation with differentiation to antibody-forming cells after stimulation with pokeweed mitogen. Blastogenic responses were measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation and antibody-forming cell assay. There was no significant difference between the blastogenic responses of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood compared to the bone marrow of the same individuals. However, differentiation to antibody-forming cells measured by the plaque-forming cell response was significantly greater in lymphocytes in the bone marrow as compared to peripheral blood of the same individuals. These studies demonstrate that the lymphocytes in human bone marrow are at a stage of differentiation whereby they can be readily induced to differentiation toward antibody production by polyclonal activation, even more so than peripheral blood lymphocytes. This supports the concept that the bone marrow is a major source of immunoglobulin production in man.", "contents": "Human bone marrow lymphocytes. III. Polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes in human bone marrow measured by a direct plaque-forming cell assay. Lymphocytes from the bone marrow and peripheral blood of the same normal individuals were assayed simultaneously for blast transformation as well as polyclonal activation with differentiation to antibody-forming cells after stimulation with pokeweed mitogen. Blastogenic responses were measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation and antibody-forming cell assay. There was no significant difference between the blastogenic responses of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood compared to the bone marrow of the same individuals. However, differentiation to antibody-forming cells measured by the plaque-forming cell response was significantly greater in lymphocytes in the bone marrow as compared to peripheral blood of the same individuals. These studies demonstrate that the lymphocytes in human bone marrow are at a stage of differentiation whereby they can be readily induced to differentiation toward antibody production by polyclonal activation, even more so than peripheral blood lymphocytes. This supports the concept that the bone marrow is a major source of immunoglobulin production in man.", "PMID": 321685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8004", "title": "Cyclic antibody formation to polyglycerophosphate in normal and injected rats.", "content": "Normal adult Sprague-Dawley rats were bled serially over a 30-week period and their sera were examined for antibodies to polyglycerophosphate (PGP) by a standardized passive hemolysis test. Levels of \"natural\" antibodies to PGP fluctuated during this period with a majority of animals exhibiting pronounced cycling of serum antibody levels, however, the individual cycles were not synchronized with each other. Feeding of radiolabeled Gram-positive bacilli to these animals and examination of lymphoid tissue by liquid scintillation counting revealed that the antigen persisted mainly in the mesenteric lymph nodes. A second group of rats was injected i.v. with radiolabeled Gram-positive bacilli and tissues were examined for plaque-forming cells (PFC) of PGP specificity, and the sera were examined by passive hemolysis. Cycling of both anti-PGP antibodies and PFC became synchronized in the injected animals with peaks of serum antibody evident at 16 and 28 days post-injection and splenic PFC peaks at 4 and 16 days post-injection. Cycling was also observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow Examination of lymphoid tissue from the rats injected i.v. revealed that antigen introduced by this route also perisisted mainly in the mesenteric lymph nodes, This report demonstrates individual cycling of natural responses to environmental antigen and to the same determinant in secondary responses, indicating its importance as a regulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Cyclic antibody formation to polyglycerophosphate in normal and injected rats. Normal adult Sprague-Dawley rats were bled serially over a 30-week period and their sera were examined for antibodies to polyglycerophosphate (PGP) by a standardized passive hemolysis test. Levels of \"natural\" antibodies to PGP fluctuated during this period with a majority of animals exhibiting pronounced cycling of serum antibody levels, however, the individual cycles were not synchronized with each other. Feeding of radiolabeled Gram-positive bacilli to these animals and examination of lymphoid tissue by liquid scintillation counting revealed that the antigen persisted mainly in the mesenteric lymph nodes. A second group of rats was injected i.v. with radiolabeled Gram-positive bacilli and tissues were examined for plaque-forming cells (PFC) of PGP specificity, and the sera were examined by passive hemolysis. Cycling of both anti-PGP antibodies and PFC became synchronized in the injected animals with peaks of serum antibody evident at 16 and 28 days post-injection and splenic PFC peaks at 4 and 16 days post-injection. Cycling was also observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow Examination of lymphoid tissue from the rats injected i.v. revealed that antigen introduced by this route also perisisted mainly in the mesenteric lymph nodes, This report demonstrates individual cycling of natural responses to environmental antigen and to the same determinant in secondary responses, indicating its importance as a regulatory mechanism.", "PMID": 321686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8005", "title": "Immunologic release of heparin from purified rat peritoneal mast cells.", "content": "High m.w. [35S]heparin, labeled in vivo or in vitro, was released from purified rat mast cells by challenge with rabbit anti-rat F(ab')2, guinea pig anti-rat IgE, or calcium ionophore. The released and the residual heparin were isolated by Dowex 1 chromatography and were of comparable size by Sepharose 4B gel filtration. The majority of the released heparin was found by differential centrifugation to be granule-associated. Net percentage of mast cell heparin release, quantitated by metachromasia after isolation on Dowex 1 chromatography, correlated in a linear fashion with net percentage of histamine release, with heparin exhibiting a threshold requirement for onset of release. The correlation of histamine and high m.w. heparin release provides chemical support for the conclusion of others from ultrastructural studies that mast cell activation by immunologic means or by the calcium ionophore results in secretion of the whole granule.", "contents": "Immunologic release of heparin from purified rat peritoneal mast cells. High m.w. [35S]heparin, labeled in vivo or in vitro, was released from purified rat mast cells by challenge with rabbit anti-rat F(ab')2, guinea pig anti-rat IgE, or calcium ionophore. The released and the residual heparin were isolated by Dowex 1 chromatography and were of comparable size by Sepharose 4B gel filtration. The majority of the released heparin was found by differential centrifugation to be granule-associated. Net percentage of mast cell heparin release, quantitated by metachromasia after isolation on Dowex 1 chromatography, correlated in a linear fashion with net percentage of histamine release, with heparin exhibiting a threshold requirement for onset of release. The correlation of histamine and high m.w. heparin release provides chemical support for the conclusion of others from ultrastructural studies that mast cell activation by immunologic means or by the calcium ionophore results in secretion of the whole granule.", "PMID": 321687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8006", "title": "A microtiter solid phase radioimmunoassay  for detection of the human reovirus-like agent in stools.", "content": "The development of a microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of the human reovirus-like (RVL) agent is described. The test is simple to perform and uses small amounts of reagents; a large number of specimens can rapidly be tested in a single test. Both filtered and unfiltered stool suspensions can be employed. The test was as sensitive as immune electron microscopy, and with an appropriate blocking test, was specific for the human RVL agent.", "contents": "A microtiter solid phase radioimmunoassay  for detection of the human reovirus-like agent in stools. The development of a microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of the human reovirus-like (RVL) agent is described. The test is simple to perform and uses small amounts of reagents; a large number of specimens can rapidly be tested in a single test. Both filtered and unfiltered stool suspensions can be employed. The test was as sensitive as immune electron microscopy, and with an appropriate blocking test, was specific for the human RVL agent.", "PMID": 321688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8007", "title": "Immunity to sporozoite-induced malaria infeciton in mice. I. The effect of immunization of T and B cell-deficient mice.", "content": "The cellular basis of immunity to sporozoites was investigated by examing the effect of immunization of T and B cell-deficient C57BL/6N X BALB/c AnN F1 (BLCF1) mice compared to immunocompetent controls. Immunization of T cell-deficient (ATX-BM-ATS) BLCF1 mice with x-irradiated sporozoites did not result in the generation of protective immunity. The same immunization protocols protected all immunocompetent controls. In contrast, B cell-deficient (micron-suppressed) BLCF1 mice were protected by immunization in the majority of cases. The absence of detectable serum circumsporozoite precipitins or sporozoite neutralizing activity in the micron-suppressed mice that resisted a sporozoite challenge suggests a minor role for these humoral factors in protection. These data demonstrate a preeminent role for T cells in the induction of protective immunity in BLCF 1 mice against a P. berghei sporozoite infection.", "contents": "Immunity to sporozoite-induced malaria infeciton in mice. I. The effect of immunization of T and B cell-deficient mice. The cellular basis of immunity to sporozoites was investigated by examing the effect of immunization of T and B cell-deficient C57BL/6N X BALB/c AnN F1 (BLCF1) mice compared to immunocompetent controls. Immunization of T cell-deficient (ATX-BM-ATS) BLCF1 mice with x-irradiated sporozoites did not result in the generation of protective immunity. The same immunization protocols protected all immunocompetent controls. In contrast, B cell-deficient (micron-suppressed) BLCF1 mice were protected by immunization in the majority of cases. The absence of detectable serum circumsporozoite precipitins or sporozoite neutralizing activity in the micron-suppressed mice that resisted a sporozoite challenge suggests a minor role for these humoral factors in protection. These data demonstrate a preeminent role for T cells in the induction of protective immunity in BLCF 1 mice against a P. berghei sporozoite infection.", "PMID": 321689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8008", "title": "Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte capping by a chemotactic factor.", "content": "Incubation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes with colchicine and fluorescein-concanavalin A leads to the formation of a polarized cap of fluorescence not seen if cells are incubated with fluorescein-Con A along. When cells are preincubated with a chemotactic factor before colchicine treatment, the capping is inhibited in a dose-related manner. Studies with alpha-methylmannoside indicate that the caps represent extracellular fluorescein-Con A and are not areas of Con A internalization. Experiments utilizing an irreversible inhibitor of serine esterases suggest that a chemotactic factor-activated enzyme is involved in the inhibition of cap formation in the human neutrophil.", "contents": "Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte capping by a chemotactic factor. Incubation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes with colchicine and fluorescein-concanavalin A leads to the formation of a polarized cap of fluorescence not seen if cells are incubated with fluorescein-Con A along. When cells are preincubated with a chemotactic factor before colchicine treatment, the capping is inhibited in a dose-related manner. Studies with alpha-methylmannoside indicate that the caps represent extracellular fluorescein-Con A and are not areas of Con A internalization. Experiments utilizing an irreversible inhibitor of serine esterases suggest that a chemotactic factor-activated enzyme is involved in the inhibition of cap formation in the human neutrophil.", "PMID": 321690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8009", "title": "The effect of cyclophosphamide on the splecific unresponsiveness to skin allografts induced in ALS-treated mice infused with donor bone marrow.", "content": "Specific unresponsiveness to skin allografts can be induced in ALS-treated mice by the injection of bone marrow from the graft-donor strain. Mice bearing long-term grafts in perfect condition have evidence of cell-mediated immunity against donor antigens and also serum-blocking factors. The effect of cyclophosphamide on graft prolongation was investigated in this model. Cyclophosphamide was given either before or after marrow. Cyclophosphamide given before marrow abrogated the enhancing effect of marrow possibly due to a depletion of antibody-forming cells. Cyclophosphamide given after marrow potentiated the effect of marrow probably due to the destruction of immunocompetent cells responding to the challenge of marrow.", "contents": "The effect of cyclophosphamide on the splecific unresponsiveness to skin allografts induced in ALS-treated mice infused with donor bone marrow. Specific unresponsiveness to skin allografts can be induced in ALS-treated mice by the injection of bone marrow from the graft-donor strain. Mice bearing long-term grafts in perfect condition have evidence of cell-mediated immunity against donor antigens and also serum-blocking factors. The effect of cyclophosphamide on graft prolongation was investigated in this model. Cyclophosphamide was given either before or after marrow. Cyclophosphamide given before marrow abrogated the enhancing effect of marrow possibly due to a depletion of antibody-forming cells. Cyclophosphamide given after marrow potentiated the effect of marrow probably due to the destruction of immunocompetent cells responding to the challenge of marrow.", "PMID": 321691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8010", "title": "Detection of plaque-forming cells in the peripheral blood of actively immunized humans.", "content": "Ten adult human volunteers were immunized with Salmonella typhi and their peripheral blood leukocytes were collected for 14 days after immunization. These peripheral blood leukocyted, rich in lymphocytes, were plaqued in a modified Jerne assay against sheep erythrocytes coated with either Salmonella or Escherichia lipopolysaccharide. A specific direct and indirect PFC response developed in immunized individuals by day 7 and peaked at day 10. This vigorous PFC response rapidly declined to normal levels by day 14. This marked and specific PFC response of human peripheral blood leukocytes may be developed as a useful tool for monitoring the humoral immune response of patients with Gram-negative bacterial infections.", "contents": "Detection of plaque-forming cells in the peripheral blood of actively immunized humans. Ten adult human volunteers were immunized with Salmonella typhi and their peripheral blood leukocytes were collected for 14 days after immunization. These peripheral blood leukocyted, rich in lymphocytes, were plaqued in a modified Jerne assay against sheep erythrocytes coated with either Salmonella or Escherichia lipopolysaccharide. A specific direct and indirect PFC response developed in immunized individuals by day 7 and peaked at day 10. This vigorous PFC response rapidly declined to normal levels by day 14. This marked and specific PFC response of human peripheral blood leukocytes may be developed as a useful tool for monitoring the humoral immune response of patients with Gram-negative bacterial infections.", "PMID": 321692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8011", "title": "Drugs as ligands of immunogenic molecules in parasites: an approach to the isolation of target-antigens.", "content": "Schistosomicide drugs are used as ligands to isolate the target antigens of schistosome by affinity chromatography. Anti-target antigens immune sera produced in rabbit permit their localization on the parasite using immunofluorescence. Target antigens of some drugs determine a relatively high immunoprotection in rat or mouse schistosomiasis infection.", "contents": "Drugs as ligands of immunogenic molecules in parasites: an approach to the isolation of target-antigens. Schistosomicide drugs are used as ligands to isolate the target antigens of schistosome by affinity chromatography. Anti-target antigens immune sera produced in rabbit permit their localization on the parasite using immunofluorescence. Target antigens of some drugs determine a relatively high immunoprotection in rat or mouse schistosomiasis infection.", "PMID": 321693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8012", "title": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay for detection of serum autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods for measuring autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients' serum were developed to improve the sensitivity and quantitative precision of these determinations. Two mechanical systems were studied: (1) acetone fixed cell monolayers in glass tubes and (2) antigen coated plastic beads. Both systems were sensitive and reproducible, giving serum dilution end-points between two and four orders of magnitude (100-10,000 times) greater than those obtained by fluorescence microscopy. The most sensitive, versatile system involves the coating of plastic beads with nuclear antigen(s), incubation overnight with sera and labelling with 125I conjugated antihuman globulin. Linear binding of this radioactive tag is obtained over a wide range of SLE serum dilutions and the slopes of the serum dilution titration curves are almost identical for all SLE patients' sera we have tested. Therefore, a standard titration curve can be constructed from the results with a positive serum, and end-point dilutions of unknown sera estimated from results obtained with a single serum dilution. Alternatively, binding ratios of unknown sera can be usefully compared at fixed dilutions with standard positive and negative sera. For example, high binding ratios (greater than 3.0) were obtained with 19/20 SLE sera and 0/20 control sera. Antigens used in these systems include crude, whole-cell lysates and lysates from purified nuclei. These RIA methods appear to provide certain advantages over existing autoantibody assay methods because they are relatively simple, sensitive, reproducible and potentially capable of measuring a variety of autoantibody specificities.", "contents": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay for detection of serum autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods for measuring autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients' serum were developed to improve the sensitivity and quantitative precision of these determinations. Two mechanical systems were studied: (1) acetone fixed cell monolayers in glass tubes and (2) antigen coated plastic beads. Both systems were sensitive and reproducible, giving serum dilution end-points between two and four orders of magnitude (100-10,000 times) greater than those obtained by fluorescence microscopy. The most sensitive, versatile system involves the coating of plastic beads with nuclear antigen(s), incubation overnight with sera and labelling with 125I conjugated antihuman globulin. Linear binding of this radioactive tag is obtained over a wide range of SLE serum dilutions and the slopes of the serum dilution titration curves are almost identical for all SLE patients' sera we have tested. Therefore, a standard titration curve can be constructed from the results with a positive serum, and end-point dilutions of unknown sera estimated from results obtained with a single serum dilution. Alternatively, binding ratios of unknown sera can be usefully compared at fixed dilutions with standard positive and negative sera. For example, high binding ratios (greater than 3.0) were obtained with 19/20 SLE sera and 0/20 control sera. Antigens used in these systems include crude, whole-cell lysates and lysates from purified nuclei. These RIA methods appear to provide certain advantages over existing autoantibody assay methods because they are relatively simple, sensitive, reproducible and potentially capable of measuring a variety of autoantibody specificities.", "PMID": 321694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8013", "title": "Improved methods for separation and purification by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Defined conditions for simplified Affinity Chromatography suitable for instructional and research purposes, were developed. The standard method of activation of polysaccharide gels using BrCN was modified and improved using a highly buffered reaction solution. A batchwise protocol for the immunoadsorbent isolation of anti-BSA was used (with commonly employed dissociation agents) and comparative data were obtained.", "contents": "Improved methods for separation and purification by affinity chromatography. Defined conditions for simplified Affinity Chromatography suitable for instructional and research purposes, were developed. The standard method of activation of polysaccharide gels using BrCN was modified and improved using a highly buffered reaction solution. A batchwise protocol for the immunoadsorbent isolation of anti-BSA was used (with commonly employed dissociation agents) and comparative data were obtained.", "PMID": 321695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8014", "title": "Human lymphocyte subpopulations: giant human red blood cell rosettes.", "content": "Human thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and human red blood cells (HRBC) in vitro. Twenty-four hours after inactivation by the mitogenic enzymes sodium periodate (NaIO4) and neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase (NGAO), rosette-forming cells appeared which could bind greater than or equal to 36 SRBC and greater than or equal to 21 HRBC. These were defined as giant SRBC and giant HRBC rosettes respectively. They were absent in control samples. When lymphocyte responses were assayed by the rates of DNA synthesis, they were almost eliminated by the absence of monocytes. However, the generation of giant SRBC rosettes was unaffected. The generation of giant HRBC rosettes was very significantly depressed. It was concluded that lymphocytes could still be significantly activated in the absence of monocytes. The activated lymphocytes could be recognized by their ability to form giant SRBC rosettes. In the presence of monocytes, the activated lymphocytes have the additional characteristics of being able to form giant HRBC rosettes.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte subpopulations: giant human red blood cell rosettes. Human thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and human red blood cells (HRBC) in vitro. Twenty-four hours after inactivation by the mitogenic enzymes sodium periodate (NaIO4) and neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase (NGAO), rosette-forming cells appeared which could bind greater than or equal to 36 SRBC and greater than or equal to 21 HRBC. These were defined as giant SRBC and giant HRBC rosettes respectively. They were absent in control samples. When lymphocyte responses were assayed by the rates of DNA synthesis, they were almost eliminated by the absence of monocytes. However, the generation of giant SRBC rosettes was unaffected. The generation of giant HRBC rosettes was very significantly depressed. It was concluded that lymphocytes could still be significantly activated in the absence of monocytes. The activated lymphocytes could be recognized by their ability to form giant SRBC rosettes. In the presence of monocytes, the activated lymphocytes have the additional characteristics of being able to form giant HRBC rosettes.", "PMID": 321696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8015", "title": "Procedure for the embedment and ultrastructural visualization of cells cultured on plastic microtest plates.", "content": "The polystyrene Microtest plate has served as an excellent means of quantitation in the interaction of immunological, chemotherapeutic and radiobiological treatments with cultured cells. In order to assess the accompanying ultrastructural changes it was necessary to develop a technique which allowed cells grown in the wells of the plates to be embedded for electron microscopy. Conventional epoxy resin embedding techniques require the use of propylene oxide as a clearing agent. Unfortunately propylene oxide is a solvent of the polystyrene plates. By the substitution of absolute ethanol for propylene oxide, toluidine blue staining during the procedure and other preparative techniques it was feasible to prepare reacted cells grown in Microtest plates for electron microscopy.", "contents": "Procedure for the embedment and ultrastructural visualization of cells cultured on plastic microtest plates. The polystyrene Microtest plate has served as an excellent means of quantitation in the interaction of immunological, chemotherapeutic and radiobiological treatments with cultured cells. In order to assess the accompanying ultrastructural changes it was necessary to develop a technique which allowed cells grown in the wells of the plates to be embedded for electron microscopy. Conventional epoxy resin embedding techniques require the use of propylene oxide as a clearing agent. Unfortunately propylene oxide is a solvent of the polystyrene plates. By the substitution of absolute ethanol for propylene oxide, toluidine blue staining during the procedure and other preparative techniques it was feasible to prepare reacted cells grown in Microtest plates for electron microscopy.", "PMID": 321697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8016", "title": "Immune lysis of spin label loaded liposomes incorporating cardiolipin; a new sensitive method for detecting anticardiolipin antibodies in syphilis serology.", "content": "Liposomes prepared from a mixture of the pure lipids cholesterol, lecithin and cardiolipin (molar ratio 50/45/5), are able to bind antibodies directed against Treponema pallidum. When the liposomes are loaded with the water soluble spin label tempocholine chloride, the release of spin label from the liposomes can be monitored directly by observing changes in the paramagnetic resonance (ESR) spectrum from the spin label. The method offers a convenient technique for monitoring the complement-mediated lysis of liposomes, and may be applied in the serological diagnosis of syphilis, and a method for quantitative measurement of complement.", "contents": "Immune lysis of spin label loaded liposomes incorporating cardiolipin; a new sensitive method for detecting anticardiolipin antibodies in syphilis serology. Liposomes prepared from a mixture of the pure lipids cholesterol, lecithin and cardiolipin (molar ratio 50/45/5), are able to bind antibodies directed against Treponema pallidum. When the liposomes are loaded with the water soluble spin label tempocholine chloride, the release of spin label from the liposomes can be monitored directly by observing changes in the paramagnetic resonance (ESR) spectrum from the spin label. The method offers a convenient technique for monitoring the complement-mediated lysis of liposomes, and may be applied in the serological diagnosis of syphilis, and a method for quantitative measurement of complement.", "PMID": 321698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8017", "title": "Pronase pretreatment of tissue sections enhances sensitivity of the unlabelled antibody-enzyme (PAP) technique.", "content": "Treatment of dewaxed sections of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded material with 0.1% pronase for 15 min at 37 degrees C prior to the performance of the unlabelled antibody-enzyme (PAP) procedure greatly enhanced its sensitivity. This was shown by detection of immunoglobulin within plasma cells in chronic gastritis specimens.", "contents": "Pronase pretreatment of tissue sections enhances sensitivity of the unlabelled antibody-enzyme (PAP) technique. Treatment of dewaxed sections of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded material with 0.1% pronase for 15 min at 37 degrees C prior to the performance of the unlabelled antibody-enzyme (PAP) procedure greatly enhanced its sensitivity. This was shown by detection of immunoglobulin within plasma cells in chronic gastritis specimens.", "PMID": 321699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8018", "title": "Fractionation on lymphocyte surface antigens. I. Rapid method for eliminating labeled lipid from cell surface antigens iodinated by the lactoperoxidase catalysed reaction.", "content": "Fractionation of lactoperoxidase iodinated cell surface material on miniature DEAE-cellulose columns provided a rapid method for separating labeled lipid from cell surface antigens. The procedure also removed poorly solubilized aggregates yielding a labeled preparation which demonstrated stable, reproducible immunoprecipitation results. Using these fractionated antigens components tentatively designated as human 'T' cell specific antigens have been identified.", "contents": "Fractionation on lymphocyte surface antigens. I. Rapid method for eliminating labeled lipid from cell surface antigens iodinated by the lactoperoxidase catalysed reaction. Fractionation of lactoperoxidase iodinated cell surface material on miniature DEAE-cellulose columns provided a rapid method for separating labeled lipid from cell surface antigens. The procedure also removed poorly solubilized aggregates yielding a labeled preparation which demonstrated stable, reproducible immunoprecipitation results. Using these fractionated antigens components tentatively designated as human 'T' cell specific antigens have been identified.", "PMID": 321700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8019", "title": "The human cutaneous basement membrane--anchoring fibril complex: preparation and ultrastructure.", "content": "The human cutaneous basement membrane (CBM) has been isolated together with the anchoring fibrils (AF) of the dermis. These structures are removed from the dermis as a single complex, the CBM-AF complex. The epidermis is first removed from the dermis by immersion of whole, defatted skin in cold 2 n NaSCN for 5 to 6 hr. Subsequently, removal of the CBM-AF complex is effected by focusing high-intensity ultrasonic energy against the dermal surface. Purification of the preparation is achieved by low-speed sedimentation. All stages of the process were monitored by electron microscopy, which demonstrated that the morphology of the CBM-AF complex was well preserved and that this complex represents the principal mass component in the system. In addition, our report describes an ultrasound-induced variation in collagen fibril morphology, which we have called 'disordered collagen.' This altered type of fibril lacks periodicity or recognizable banding and has a frayed appearance. Finally, the experiments provide the basis for an analysis of the relative strengths of certain bonds at the dermal--epidermal junction. The strongest of these appears to be the bond between basement membrane and anchoring fibril.", "contents": "The human cutaneous basement membrane--anchoring fibril complex: preparation and ultrastructure. The human cutaneous basement membrane (CBM) has been isolated together with the anchoring fibrils (AF) of the dermis. These structures are removed from the dermis as a single complex, the CBM-AF complex. The epidermis is first removed from the dermis by immersion of whole, defatted skin in cold 2 n NaSCN for 5 to 6 hr. Subsequently, removal of the CBM-AF complex is effected by focusing high-intensity ultrasonic energy against the dermal surface. Purification of the preparation is achieved by low-speed sedimentation. All stages of the process were monitored by electron microscopy, which demonstrated that the morphology of the CBM-AF complex was well preserved and that this complex represents the principal mass component in the system. In addition, our report describes an ultrasound-induced variation in collagen fibril morphology, which we have called 'disordered collagen.' This altered type of fibril lacks periodicity or recognizable banding and has a frayed appearance. Finally, the experiments provide the basis for an analysis of the relative strengths of certain bonds at the dermal--epidermal junction. The strongest of these appears to be the bond between basement membrane and anchoring fibril.", "PMID": 321701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8020", "title": "Vaginal colonization with group B streptococcus: a study in college women.", "content": "Vaginal specimens for culture of group B Streptococcus and anonymous questionnaires were obtained from 499 college women. Group B Streptococcus was isolated from 90 (18.0%) of the participants. A selective broth medium was more sensitive for detection of vaginal isolates (85 of 493; 17.2%) than was direct inoculation of blood agar plates (44 of 466; 9.4%). The most prevalent serotypes among the isolates were type III (37.9%) and type II (25.3%). Logit analysis identified four factors associated with a higher prevalence of vaginal colonization with group B Streptococcus. These organisms were isolated significantly more often from (1) women who had an intrauterine device (50% vs. 18.6%; P less than 0.001), (2) sexually experienced women (20% vs. 7.1%; P less than 0.02), (3) women studied during the first half of the menstrual cycle (26.5% vs. 14.5%; P less than 0.01), and (4) women 20 years of age or younger (21.4% vs. 14.8%; P less than 0.05). The prevalence of colonization with group B Streptococcus was not related to sexual practices, history of venereal disease, use of oral contraceptives, presence of gynecologic symptoms, use of antibiotics, race, educational level, marital status, or history of pregnancy.", "contents": "Vaginal colonization with group B streptococcus: a study in college women. Vaginal specimens for culture of group B Streptococcus and anonymous questionnaires were obtained from 499 college women. Group B Streptococcus was isolated from 90 (18.0%) of the participants. A selective broth medium was more sensitive for detection of vaginal isolates (85 of 493; 17.2%) than was direct inoculation of blood agar plates (44 of 466; 9.4%). The most prevalent serotypes among the isolates were type III (37.9%) and type II (25.3%). Logit analysis identified four factors associated with a higher prevalence of vaginal colonization with group B Streptococcus. These organisms were isolated significantly more often from (1) women who had an intrauterine device (50% vs. 18.6%; P less than 0.001), (2) sexually experienced women (20% vs. 7.1%; P less than 0.02), (3) women studied during the first half of the menstrual cycle (26.5% vs. 14.5%; P less than 0.01), and (4) women 20 years of age or younger (21.4% vs. 14.8%; P less than 0.05). The prevalence of colonization with group B Streptococcus was not related to sexual practices, history of venereal disease, use of oral contraceptives, presence of gynecologic symptoms, use of antibiotics, race, educational level, marital status, or history of pregnancy.", "PMID": 321702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8021", "title": "Diarrhea due to Escherichia coli in the rabbit: a novel mechanism.", "content": "A strain of Escherichia coli O15 (RDEC-1) isolated from several rabbits with diarrhea was examined to determine (1) whether the strain could produce diarrhea when administered by the orogastric route to other rabbits and (2) whether this strain was invasive or enterotoxigenic. Strain RDEC-1 produced diarrhea in 48 of 62 rabbits when given by the orogastric route in doses that ranged from 1.5 X 10(2) to 4 X 10(10) bacteria. The organism did not give a positive result in the 18-hr ileal loop or Ser\u00e9ny tests and did not invade HeLa cells. Culture supernatants of strain RDEC-1 did not give positive results in the 6- or 18-hr rabbit ileal loop, suckling mouse, Y-1 adrenal cell, or Chinese hamster ovary cell assays. Fluorescent antibody staining of sections of intestine prepared in a cryostat revealed great numbers of E. coli strain RDEC-1 that adhered to the epithelial surface. It is evident that E. coli can produce diarrhea without being able to invade the mucosa or synthesize enterotoxin. Strains of E. coli similar to RDEC-1 may account for some of the E. coli-associated diarrhea that occurs in humans.", "contents": "Diarrhea due to Escherichia coli in the rabbit: a novel mechanism. A strain of Escherichia coli O15 (RDEC-1) isolated from several rabbits with diarrhea was examined to determine (1) whether the strain could produce diarrhea when administered by the orogastric route to other rabbits and (2) whether this strain was invasive or enterotoxigenic. Strain RDEC-1 produced diarrhea in 48 of 62 rabbits when given by the orogastric route in doses that ranged from 1.5 X 10(2) to 4 X 10(10) bacteria. The organism did not give a positive result in the 18-hr ileal loop or Ser\u00e9ny tests and did not invade HeLa cells. Culture supernatants of strain RDEC-1 did not give positive results in the 6- or 18-hr rabbit ileal loop, suckling mouse, Y-1 adrenal cell, or Chinese hamster ovary cell assays. Fluorescent antibody staining of sections of intestine prepared in a cryostat revealed great numbers of E. coli strain RDEC-1 that adhered to the epithelial surface. It is evident that E. coli can produce diarrhea without being able to invade the mucosa or synthesize enterotoxin. Strains of E. coli similar to RDEC-1 may account for some of the E. coli-associated diarrhea that occurs in humans.", "PMID": 321703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8022", "title": "Hepatitis B immune globulin in prevention of hepatitis B among hospital staff members.", "content": "In a double-blind trial of hospital staff members at risk of contracting hepatitis B, 110 subjects received hepatitis B immune globulin or immune serum globulin prophylactically. An additional 125 individuals working in the same locations were unwilling to participate in the trial and received no prophylaxis. During the study period of 28 months, 13 cases of clinical hepatitis B occurred in the untreated group, whereas only three cases occurred among the subjects who received prophylaxis.", "contents": "Hepatitis B immune globulin in prevention of hepatitis B among hospital staff members. In a double-blind trial of hospital staff members at risk of contracting hepatitis B, 110 subjects received hepatitis B immune globulin or immune serum globulin prophylactically. An additional 125 individuals working in the same locations were unwilling to participate in the trial and received no prophylaxis. During the study period of 28 months, 13 cases of clinical hepatitis B occurred in the untreated group, whereas only three cases occurred among the subjects who received prophylaxis.", "PMID": 321704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8023", "title": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and diarrheal disease in Mexican children.", "content": "Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from eight (16%) of 50 Mexican children admitted to the hospital with diarrhea and from one of 50 children hospitalized for nonenteric disorders. All of the toxigenic strains tested elaborated a heat-labile enterotoxin, and in seven of nine patients no E. coli capable of concomitant production of heat-stable enterotoxin were found. None of the strains of E. coli with classical enteropathogenic serotypes isolated from nine patients with diarrhea produced either heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxin. Although the results of this study strongly suggest that enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli are probably responsible for a significant number of cases of diarrhea in an indigenous Mexican pediatric population, further proof will require demonstration of in vivo production of enterotoxin and/or antitoxin.", "contents": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and diarrheal disease in Mexican children. Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from eight (16%) of 50 Mexican children admitted to the hospital with diarrhea and from one of 50 children hospitalized for nonenteric disorders. All of the toxigenic strains tested elaborated a heat-labile enterotoxin, and in seven of nine patients no E. coli capable of concomitant production of heat-stable enterotoxin were found. None of the strains of E. coli with classical enteropathogenic serotypes isolated from nine patients with diarrhea produced either heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxin. Although the results of this study strongly suggest that enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli are probably responsible for a significant number of cases of diarrhea in an indigenous Mexican pediatric population, further proof will require demonstration of in vivo production of enterotoxin and/or antitoxin.", "PMID": 321705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8024", "title": "Bile acids, diarrhea, and antibiotics: data, speculation, and a unifying hypothesis.", "content": "The primary bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and the secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid, when present at a concentration of greater than 3 mM, induce salt and water secretion from the human colon and cause a marked increase in the permeability of the human colon to molecules of a molecular weight of 200-500 daltons. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that this action may be associated with tissue damage in some species. In the healthy individual, the primary bile acids, cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid, are dehydroxylated in the colon and are simultaneously precipitated from solution; at pH less than 7, deoxycholic and lithocholic acid are insoluble. In patients with bile acid diarrhea resulting from bile acid malabsorption, dehydroxylation is decreased, and the concentration of bile acids in the colon is markedly elevated. The major secretory bile acid in solution is chenodeoxycholic acid. Administration of cholestyramine, a resin that binds bile acid, reduces the elevated concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid and abolishes the diarrhea. These facts can be used to develop a unifying hypothesis which proposes that elevated concentrations of primary bile acids in the colon play a role in diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis induced by clindamycin.", "contents": "Bile acids, diarrhea, and antibiotics: data, speculation, and a unifying hypothesis. The primary bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and the secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid, when present at a concentration of greater than 3 mM, induce salt and water secretion from the human colon and cause a marked increase in the permeability of the human colon to molecules of a molecular weight of 200-500 daltons. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that this action may be associated with tissue damage in some species. In the healthy individual, the primary bile acids, cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid, are dehydroxylated in the colon and are simultaneously precipitated from solution; at pH less than 7, deoxycholic and lithocholic acid are insoluble. In patients with bile acid diarrhea resulting from bile acid malabsorption, dehydroxylation is decreased, and the concentration of bile acids in the colon is markedly elevated. The major secretory bile acid in solution is chenodeoxycholic acid. Administration of cholestyramine, a resin that binds bile acid, reduces the elevated concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid and abolishes the diarrhea. These facts can be used to develop a unifying hypothesis which proposes that elevated concentrations of primary bile acids in the colon play a role in diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis induced by clindamycin.", "PMID": 321706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8025", "title": "Therapy for experimental intraabdominal sepsis: comparison of four cephalosporins with clindamycin plus gentamicin.", "content": "An experimental model of intraabdominal sepsis in rats was used for evaluation of treatment with four cephalosporins: cephalothin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole. Doses were 115 mg of each of the cephalosporins/kg and, in additional experiments, 350 mg of cephalothin or cefazolin/kg. Response to treatment was evaluated by mortality rate and the incidence of intraabdominal abscess. All four cephalosporins and gentamicin produced a similar reduction in mortality rates. There was a marked variation in incidence of abscess dependent upon the cephalosporin selected and the dosage tested. Regimens most effective in reducing abscesses were clindamycin, low-dose cefoxitin, or high-dose cephalothin.", "contents": "Therapy for experimental intraabdominal sepsis: comparison of four cephalosporins with clindamycin plus gentamicin. An experimental model of intraabdominal sepsis in rats was used for evaluation of treatment with four cephalosporins: cephalothin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole. Doses were 115 mg of each of the cephalosporins/kg and, in additional experiments, 350 mg of cephalothin or cefazolin/kg. Response to treatment was evaluated by mortality rate and the incidence of intraabdominal abscess. All four cephalosporins and gentamicin produced a similar reduction in mortality rates. There was a marked variation in incidence of abscess dependent upon the cephalosporin selected and the dosage tested. Regimens most effective in reducing abscesses were clindamycin, low-dose cefoxitin, or high-dose cephalothin.", "PMID": 321707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8026", "title": "Therapy for infections due to anaerobic bacteria: an overview.", "content": "Several classes of antimicrobial agents (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and clindamycin) are useful in treatment of infections due to anaerobic bacteria. However, certain anaerobic bacteria have shown a striking resistance to antimicrobial agents. In vitro susceptibility tests are useful for selection of optimal therapy. The choice of agent depends, to some extent, on the organisms responsible for the infection. Bacteroides fragilis is the most commonly encountered anaerobe, and it is also the most resistant to antimicrobial agents. Other factors influencing the selection of therapy include pharmacologic characteristics, degree of bactericidal activity, and toxicity. Proper therapy for anaerobic infections often requires intensive antimicrobial therapy for a prolonged period. Surgical intervention, including drainage of abscesses and excision of necrotic tissue, is important.", "contents": "Therapy for infections due to anaerobic bacteria: an overview. Several classes of antimicrobial agents (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and clindamycin) are useful in treatment of infections due to anaerobic bacteria. However, certain anaerobic bacteria have shown a striking resistance to antimicrobial agents. In vitro susceptibility tests are useful for selection of optimal therapy. The choice of agent depends, to some extent, on the organisms responsible for the infection. Bacteroides fragilis is the most commonly encountered anaerobe, and it is also the most resistant to antimicrobial agents. Other factors influencing the selection of therapy include pharmacologic characteristics, degree of bactericidal activity, and toxicity. Proper therapy for anaerobic infections often requires intensive antimicrobial therapy for a prolonged period. Surgical intervention, including drainage of abscesses and excision of necrotic tissue, is important.", "PMID": 321708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8027", "title": "A double-blind comparison of clindamycin with penicillin plus chloramphenicol in treatment of septic abortion.", "content": "The responses to therapy with either clindamycin alone or penicillin plus chloramphenicol in 77 patients with septic abortions were compared in a randomized, double-blind study. Although fever index and duration of hospitalization were similar for both groups of patients, significantly more patients in the group that received clindamycin developed major complications (P less than 0.05). This is believed to result from clindamycin's lack of activity against aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Aggressive management that included early uterine evacuation and broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was the key to reduced morbidity and mortality rates in treatment of septic abortion. For patients treated with clindamycin, early uterine evacuation appeared more important than antibiotic therapy (P less than 0.005). Bacteremia was documented in a total of 29 patients (38%). Bacteremia was polymicrobial in eight patients (28%) and involved anaerobes exclusively in 18 (62%), aerobes exclusively in nine (31%), and both aerobes and anaerobes in two (7%). The organisms most frequently isolated were Bacteroides (other than Bacteroides fragilis), Peptostreptococcus, and Escherichia coli.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of clindamycin with penicillin plus chloramphenicol in treatment of septic abortion. The responses to therapy with either clindamycin alone or penicillin plus chloramphenicol in 77 patients with septic abortions were compared in a randomized, double-blind study. Although fever index and duration of hospitalization were similar for both groups of patients, significantly more patients in the group that received clindamycin developed major complications (P less than 0.05). This is believed to result from clindamycin's lack of activity against aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Aggressive management that included early uterine evacuation and broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was the key to reduced morbidity and mortality rates in treatment of septic abortion. For patients treated with clindamycin, early uterine evacuation appeared more important than antibiotic therapy (P less than 0.005). Bacteremia was documented in a total of 29 patients (38%). Bacteremia was polymicrobial in eight patients (28%) and involved anaerobes exclusively in 18 (62%), aerobes exclusively in nine (31%), and both aerobes and anaerobes in two (7%). The organisms most frequently isolated were Bacteroides (other than Bacteroides fragilis), Peptostreptococcus, and Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 321709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8028", "title": "Intraabdominal sepsis: characterization and treatment.", "content": "Intraabdominal sepsis is frequently present after trauma, surgical resection, or intrinsic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. When infection occurs it may be generalized or localized in intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal locations as well as in solid organs. The offending microflora is polymicrobial, consisting of both aerobes and anaerobes. Adequate, prompt surgical drainage and the appropriate choice of parenteral antibiotics aimed at both types of bacteria will result in a more favorable postoperative course and will reduce the possibility of local infection and secondary septicemia.", "contents": "Intraabdominal sepsis: characterization and treatment. Intraabdominal sepsis is frequently present after trauma, surgical resection, or intrinsic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. When infection occurs it may be generalized or localized in intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal locations as well as in solid organs. The offending microflora is polymicrobial, consisting of both aerobes and anaerobes. Adequate, prompt surgical drainage and the appropriate choice of parenteral antibiotics aimed at both types of bacteria will result in a more favorable postoperative course and will reduce the possibility of local infection and secondary septicemia.", "PMID": 321710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8029", "title": "Clindamycin and colitis: a review.", "content": "Many studies have shown that clindamycin may cause pseudomembranous colitis, a potentially fatal complication. At present, prevention of this complication depends on (1) prescription of the drug only for specific severe infections, (2) early investigation and discontinuation of clindamycin if diarrhea ensues, and (3) vigorous supportive therapy.", "contents": "Clindamycin and colitis: a review. Many studies have shown that clindamycin may cause pseudomembranous colitis, a potentially fatal complication. At present, prevention of this complication depends on (1) prescription of the drug only for specific severe infections, (2) early investigation and discontinuation of clindamycin if diarrhea ensues, and (3) vigorous supportive therapy.", "PMID": 321712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8030", "title": "Comparison of four aminoglycoside antibiotics in the therapy of experimental E. coli meningitis.", "content": "Tobramycin, sisomicin, and amikacin were compared with gentamicin in the therapy of experimental E. coli meningitis in rabbits. Meningitis was produced in 40 animals by intracisternal injection of 10(5) E. coli. Three dosages of each antibiotic were administered intravenously over 8 hours. Serum and CSF samples were obtained at 0,2,4,6, and 8 hours for determination of aminoglycoside concentrations and CSF bacteria counts. The four aminoglycosides demonstrated comparable penetration into the CSF. The mean percent penetration (CSF conc./serum conc. X 100%) with the three dosages was 10 to 50% for gentamicin, 8 to 23% for tobramycin, 6 to 16% for sisomicin, and 11 to 23% for amikacin. This variation in penetration reflected individual differences in each dosage group and the increase in percent penetration that was observed during therapy. Sisomicin and gentamicin were consistently bactericidal in vivo. Mean CSF bacterial titers gentamicin were consistently bactericidal in vivo. Mean CSF bacterial titers decreased 3.07 logs in rabbits treated with sisomicin and 2.44 logs in animals treated with gentamicin. Even through CSF concentrations were comparable, the group treated with tobramycin demonstrated only a 0.64 log decrease and the amikacin group had a 0.45 log increase in mean CSF titers. The bactericidal effect of sisomicin appeared to be more rapid than that of gentamicin. During the first 2 hours of therapy CSF titers declined 1.02 logs in animals treated with sisomicin as compared to 0.37 log in animals receiving gentamicin even though gentamicin concentrations were higher (mean 7.4 vs. 4.1 gm./ml.). Sisomicin also demonstrated greater bactericidal activity than the other aminoglycosides in normal CSF in vitro. The results of this study suggest that sisomicin may be of value in the therapy of E. coli meningitis.", "contents": "Comparison of four aminoglycoside antibiotics in the therapy of experimental E. coli meningitis. Tobramycin, sisomicin, and amikacin were compared with gentamicin in the therapy of experimental E. coli meningitis in rabbits. Meningitis was produced in 40 animals by intracisternal injection of 10(5) E. coli. Three dosages of each antibiotic were administered intravenously over 8 hours. Serum and CSF samples were obtained at 0,2,4,6, and 8 hours for determination of aminoglycoside concentrations and CSF bacteria counts. The four aminoglycosides demonstrated comparable penetration into the CSF. The mean percent penetration (CSF conc./serum conc. X 100%) with the three dosages was 10 to 50% for gentamicin, 8 to 23% for tobramycin, 6 to 16% for sisomicin, and 11 to 23% for amikacin. This variation in penetration reflected individual differences in each dosage group and the increase in percent penetration that was observed during therapy. Sisomicin and gentamicin were consistently bactericidal in vivo. Mean CSF bacterial titers gentamicin were consistently bactericidal in vivo. Mean CSF bacterial titers decreased 3.07 logs in rabbits treated with sisomicin and 2.44 logs in animals treated with gentamicin. Even through CSF concentrations were comparable, the group treated with tobramycin demonstrated only a 0.64 log decrease and the amikacin group had a 0.45 log increase in mean CSF titers. The bactericidal effect of sisomicin appeared to be more rapid than that of gentamicin. During the first 2 hours of therapy CSF titers declined 1.02 logs in animals treated with sisomicin as compared to 0.37 log in animals receiving gentamicin even though gentamicin concentrations were higher (mean 7.4 vs. 4.1 gm./ml.). Sisomicin also demonstrated greater bactericidal activity than the other aminoglycosides in normal CSF in vitro. The results of this study suggest that sisomicin may be of value in the therapy of E. coli meningitis.", "PMID": 321713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8031", "title": "Tissue factor generation by human mononuclear cells: effects of endotoxin and dissociation of tissue factor generation from mitogenic response.", "content": "The effects of the presence of endotoxin in a mononuclear cell culture system have been assessed. Endotoxin was shown to be mitogenic for human peripheral blood lymphocytes and capable of stimulating the generation of tissue factor. Concentrations of endotoxin, found to contaminate many commercial mitogens and antigens, activated mononuclear cells in a time-dependent manner. Generation of tissue factor was detected in cultures harvested from 2 to 72 hours following stimulation with endotoxin. Dose-response curves relating concentrations of endotoxin to mononuclear cell stimulation were determined; as little as 0.001 microng/ml. of E. coli endotoxin was capable of stimulating the generation of tissue factor in the cell cultures. The mitogenic effect of endotoxin was modest, however, and appeared to be unrelated to the ability of endotoxin to active tissue factor. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in the cell cultures by cytosine arabinoside or nonlethal irradiation failed to impair the generation of tissue factor. Endotoxin contamination of various reagents used in cell culture was evaluated with the Limulus assay, which detected as little as 1 X 10(-4) microng/ml. of endotoxin. Endotoxin was detected in preparations of phytohemagglutinin, purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacillus, mumps vaccine, tetanus toxoid, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen. Because of the broad implications of contamination by endotoxin of various reagents, we assessed the specificity of the Limulus assay for the detection of endotoxin in the lectin, concanavalin A, and determined that the reaction was specific for endotoxin. Contamination by endotoxin of mononuclear cell culture systems should be considered as a possible factor in the production of various biological effects attributed to some commonly used mitogens and antigens.", "contents": "Tissue factor generation by human mononuclear cells: effects of endotoxin and dissociation of tissue factor generation from mitogenic response. The effects of the presence of endotoxin in a mononuclear cell culture system have been assessed. Endotoxin was shown to be mitogenic for human peripheral blood lymphocytes and capable of stimulating the generation of tissue factor. Concentrations of endotoxin, found to contaminate many commercial mitogens and antigens, activated mononuclear cells in a time-dependent manner. Generation of tissue factor was detected in cultures harvested from 2 to 72 hours following stimulation with endotoxin. Dose-response curves relating concentrations of endotoxin to mononuclear cell stimulation were determined; as little as 0.001 microng/ml. of E. coli endotoxin was capable of stimulating the generation of tissue factor in the cell cultures. The mitogenic effect of endotoxin was modest, however, and appeared to be unrelated to the ability of endotoxin to active tissue factor. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in the cell cultures by cytosine arabinoside or nonlethal irradiation failed to impair the generation of tissue factor. Endotoxin contamination of various reagents used in cell culture was evaluated with the Limulus assay, which detected as little as 1 X 10(-4) microng/ml. of endotoxin. Endotoxin was detected in preparations of phytohemagglutinin, purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacillus, mumps vaccine, tetanus toxoid, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen. Because of the broad implications of contamination by endotoxin of various reagents, we assessed the specificity of the Limulus assay for the detection of endotoxin in the lectin, concanavalin A, and determined that the reaction was specific for endotoxin. Contamination by endotoxin of mononuclear cell culture systems should be considered as a possible factor in the production of various biological effects attributed to some commonly used mitogens and antigens.", "PMID": 321714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8032", "title": "An improved in vitro pyrogen test: to detect picograms of endotoxin contamination in intravenous fluids using limulus amoebocyte lysate.", "content": "A method for in vitro pyrogen testing using Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) has been described. The method is based upon the measurement of endotoxin-precipitable protein and can be used to measure picogram quantities equivalent to E. coli endotoxin in unknown solutions. When increasing concentrations of E. coli endotoxin are added to a constant amount of LAL and the reaction is allowed to proceed to completion, there is a proportional increase in the protein precipitated by endotoxin. Therefore, by measuring the amount of protein precipitated from LAL, it is possible to determine the equivalent E. coli endotoxin concentration in unknown solutions, when samples of the unknowns are run simultaneously with E. coli endotoxin standards and negative controls. The endotoxin proportional precipitation of protein occurs in reaction mixture showing gelation as well as in reaction mixture where the levels of endotoxin are lower than required for gelation. Determination of precipitated protein provides greater sensitivity for endotoxin detection than the gelation methods currently in use.", "contents": "An improved in vitro pyrogen test: to detect picograms of endotoxin contamination in intravenous fluids using limulus amoebocyte lysate. A method for in vitro pyrogen testing using Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) has been described. The method is based upon the measurement of endotoxin-precipitable protein and can be used to measure picogram quantities equivalent to E. coli endotoxin in unknown solutions. When increasing concentrations of E. coli endotoxin are added to a constant amount of LAL and the reaction is allowed to proceed to completion, there is a proportional increase in the protein precipitated by endotoxin. Therefore, by measuring the amount of protein precipitated from LAL, it is possible to determine the equivalent E. coli endotoxin concentration in unknown solutions, when samples of the unknowns are run simultaneously with E. coli endotoxin standards and negative controls. The endotoxin proportional precipitation of protein occurs in reaction mixture showing gelation as well as in reaction mixture where the levels of endotoxin are lower than required for gelation. Determination of precipitated protein provides greater sensitivity for endotoxin detection than the gelation methods currently in use.", "PMID": 321715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8033", "title": "The surgical treatment of secretory otitis media in children.", "content": "Two groups of children with secretory otitis media, 100 in each group, were followed after treatment. The first group was treated with adenoidectomy only, the second group was treated with adenoidectomy and bilateral myringotomies with insertion of grommets. The difference in results between the two treatments was found to be statistically not significant.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of secretory otitis media in children. Two groups of children with secretory otitis media, 100 in each group, were followed after treatment. The first group was treated with adenoidectomy only, the second group was treated with adenoidectomy and bilateral myringotomies with insertion of grommets. The difference in results between the two treatments was found to be statistically not significant.", "PMID": 321716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8034", "title": "Treatment of temporo-mandibular ankylosis with particular reference to the interposition of full-thickness skin autotransplant.", "content": "In the treatment of the temporo-mandibular ankylosis, the maintainance of separation between the temporal and mandibular raw surfaces, after osteotomy of the bony fusion, constitutes the key to the prevention of recurrence; the great potential of bone to reform is acknowledged by all those who are experienced in this problem. Analysing 168 temporo-mandibular arthoplasties in which different methods have been used in order to maintain the newly created joint space, the causes of failures have been brought out and the difficulties studied. The conclusion is reached that the best results were obtained by the interposition of autogenous full thickness skin. The surgical technique is briefly presented as well as the records regarding the cases followed-up for a period of 2 to 19 years, illustrating the anatomical and functional conservation of the new joints. The experimental investigations concerning the behaviour and fate of the buried skin autotransplants complete the clinical studies, proving the qualities and the value of full thickness skin as an interposition material in arthroplasties.", "contents": "Treatment of temporo-mandibular ankylosis with particular reference to the interposition of full-thickness skin autotransplant. In the treatment of the temporo-mandibular ankylosis, the maintainance of separation between the temporal and mandibular raw surfaces, after osteotomy of the bony fusion, constitutes the key to the prevention of recurrence; the great potential of bone to reform is acknowledged by all those who are experienced in this problem. Analysing 168 temporo-mandibular arthoplasties in which different methods have been used in order to maintain the newly created joint space, the causes of failures have been brought out and the difficulties studied. The conclusion is reached that the best results were obtained by the interposition of autogenous full thickness skin. The surgical technique is briefly presented as well as the records regarding the cases followed-up for a period of 2 to 19 years, illustrating the anatomical and functional conservation of the new joints. The experimental investigations concerning the behaviour and fate of the buried skin autotransplants complete the clinical studies, proving the qualities and the value of full thickness skin as an interposition material in arthroplasties.", "PMID": 321718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8035", "title": "Oestrogen-induced changes in the secretion of luteinizing hormone caused by continuous infusions of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the long-term ovariectomized rat.", "content": "Oestrogen-induced changes in luteinizing hormone secretion, caused by continuous infusions of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH), appear to depend on the duration of exposure of the pituitary gland to the releasing hormone. The initial oestrogen-induced depression of the potential response of the pituitary gland to LH-RH, which always seems to occur, does not necessarily turn into an enhancement of this potential response. It is suggested that this may be due to the fact that the response of the pituitary gland to LH-RH infusions is a continuously changing parameter influenced by oestrogen.", "contents": "Oestrogen-induced changes in the secretion of luteinizing hormone caused by continuous infusions of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the long-term ovariectomized rat. Oestrogen-induced changes in luteinizing hormone secretion, caused by continuous infusions of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH), appear to depend on the duration of exposure of the pituitary gland to the releasing hormone. The initial oestrogen-induced depression of the potential response of the pituitary gland to LH-RH, which always seems to occur, does not necessarily turn into an enhancement of this potential response. It is suggested that this may be due to the fact that the response of the pituitary gland to LH-RH infusions is a continuously changing parameter influenced by oestrogen.", "PMID": 321721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8036", "title": "Immunochemical characterization of gastrin in pancreatic islets of normal and genetically obese mice.", "content": "Material with gastrin-like immunoreactivity has been extracted from micro-dissected islets and from antral mucosa of normal and genetically obese mice. The islet and antral extracts cross-reacted with antisera specific for the CO2H-terminal portion of human heptadecapeptide gastrin, but did not cross-react with antisera specific for the NH2-terminal region or with an antiserum specific for the entire, intact, molecule. With the antiserum showing highest cross- reactivity, the concentration of immunoreactive gastrin in normal islet tissue (138 pmol/g, standard human G17-I) was approximately 50% that in obese mouse islets (204 pmol/g) and 2% that in normal antral mucosa (6-1 nmol/g). Following fractionation on Sephadex G-50 the principal forms of gastrin in the islet and antral extracts had similar elution volumes to human heptadecapeptide gastrin, although other, probably smaller, forms of gastrin were also noted in the islet extracts.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization of gastrin in pancreatic islets of normal and genetically obese mice. Material with gastrin-like immunoreactivity has been extracted from micro-dissected islets and from antral mucosa of normal and genetically obese mice. The islet and antral extracts cross-reacted with antisera specific for the CO2H-terminal portion of human heptadecapeptide gastrin, but did not cross-react with antisera specific for the NH2-terminal region or with an antiserum specific for the entire, intact, molecule. With the antiserum showing highest cross- reactivity, the concentration of immunoreactive gastrin in normal islet tissue (138 pmol/g, standard human G17-I) was approximately 50% that in obese mouse islets (204 pmol/g) and 2% that in normal antral mucosa (6-1 nmol/g). Following fractionation on Sephadex G-50 the principal forms of gastrin in the islet and antral extracts had similar elution volumes to human heptadecapeptide gastrin, although other, probably smaller, forms of gastrin were also noted in the islet extracts.", "PMID": 321722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8037", "title": "A clinical study of the use of human chorionic gonadotrophin in weight reduction.", "content": "Treatment of obesity with human chorionic gonadotrophin was shown to be of no better value than saline in a double-blind crossover study of weight reduction in obese subjects. There was also no significant difference in mood, hunger, or missed injections, and no apparent difference in adherence to diet when the two agents were compared. In contrast, a significant difference was found in the ability of subjects to lose weight in the first four weeks of the study in contrast with the second four weeks, no matter which agent was used. Thus, the initiation of a new therapeutic program, even using an inert agent, has a temporary benefit--a manifestation both of placebo effect and the Hawthorne effect.", "contents": "A clinical study of the use of human chorionic gonadotrophin in weight reduction. Treatment of obesity with human chorionic gonadotrophin was shown to be of no better value than saline in a double-blind crossover study of weight reduction in obese subjects. There was also no significant difference in mood, hunger, or missed injections, and no apparent difference in adherence to diet when the two agents were compared. In contrast, a significant difference was found in the ability of subjects to lose weight in the first four weeks of the study in contrast with the second four weeks, no matter which agent was used. Thus, the initiation of a new therapeutic program, even using an inert agent, has a temporary benefit--a manifestation both of placebo effect and the Hawthorne effect.", "PMID": 321723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8038", "title": "Conditions predisposing to suicide: a review.", "content": "By reviewing causes of death among cohorts of various major disease entities or conditions, one may infer that a large majority of suicides are associated with a relatively small number of conditions. From the available follow-up studies, we might estimate that the following percentage of affected individuals will die by suicide: primary (endogenous) depression, 15 per cent; reactive (neurotic) depression, 15 per cent; alcoholism, 15 per cent; schizophrenia, 10 per cent; psychopathic personality, 5 per cent; opiate addiction, 10 per cent or more. Rough estimates of the number of suicides per year in the United States attributable to each condition might be as follows (using low incidence figures): depression, 12,900; alcoholism, 6,900; schizophrenia, 3,800; psychopathy, 2,000 (?); drug addiction, 900.", "contents": "Conditions predisposing to suicide: a review. By reviewing causes of death among cohorts of various major disease entities or conditions, one may infer that a large majority of suicides are associated with a relatively small number of conditions. From the available follow-up studies, we might estimate that the following percentage of affected individuals will die by suicide: primary (endogenous) depression, 15 per cent; reactive (neurotic) depression, 15 per cent; alcoholism, 15 per cent; schizophrenia, 10 per cent; psychopathic personality, 5 per cent; opiate addiction, 10 per cent or more. Rough estimates of the number of suicides per year in the United States attributable to each condition might be as follows (using low incidence figures): depression, 12,900; alcoholism, 6,900; schizophrenia, 3,800; psychopathy, 2,000 (?); drug addiction, 900.", "PMID": 321725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8039", "title": "Murder will out.", "content": "A 1974 showing of more than 200 oils and water colors at the Tate Gallery, London, has led to a revival of interest in the 19th century English painter, Richard Dadd (1817 to 1886). In 1843, Dadd killed his father, cutting his throat, because he believed him to be the devil in human form. On a trip to the Near East, Dadd became deluded that the Egyptian god Osiris was directing him to eliminate the devil's influence. Four months after he returned to London he murdered his father, and was institutionalized for the last 43 years of his life. We advance the hypothesis that one particular painting. 'The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke,' symbolically re-enacts the murder and makes talion restitution. The painting shows minute attention to detail and altogether occupied the artist for 9 years. He also made a water color copy of it entirely from memory, and wrote a 22-page poem explaining the picture with the title, 'An Elimination.' We suggest that this hints at the same theme of undoing. Some art critics have seen in Dadd's other art works a projection of his inner feelings, especially a series of more than 30 water colors entitled 'Sketches to Illustrate the Passions,' amongthem 'Murder,' 'Anger,' 'Hatred,' 'Grief,' and 'Melancholy.' We construe these to support the thesis of redoing and undoing following the trauma of murder. We also mention Dadd's reminiscing, visible in his art, and its usefulness in reaffirming his self-identity. In the art work of Dadd's last 25 years, violent scenes are remarkably absent. Instead, imaginary landscapes and seascenes--the subject matter of his earliest adolescent art--reflect an inward absorption in and continuity of lifelong interests. We suggest that the long process of painting 'The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke' recapitulated and made restitution for the murder, encapsulating it so that compulsive expression of violent ideation was largely reduced, allowing other memories and activities to be engaged and expressed.", "contents": "Murder will out. A 1974 showing of more than 200 oils and water colors at the Tate Gallery, London, has led to a revival of interest in the 19th century English painter, Richard Dadd (1817 to 1886). In 1843, Dadd killed his father, cutting his throat, because he believed him to be the devil in human form. On a trip to the Near East, Dadd became deluded that the Egyptian god Osiris was directing him to eliminate the devil's influence. Four months after he returned to London he murdered his father, and was institutionalized for the last 43 years of his life. We advance the hypothesis that one particular painting. 'The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke,' symbolically re-enacts the murder and makes talion restitution. The painting shows minute attention to detail and altogether occupied the artist for 9 years. He also made a water color copy of it entirely from memory, and wrote a 22-page poem explaining the picture with the title, 'An Elimination.' We suggest that this hints at the same theme of undoing. Some art critics have seen in Dadd's other art works a projection of his inner feelings, especially a series of more than 30 water colors entitled 'Sketches to Illustrate the Passions,' amongthem 'Murder,' 'Anger,' 'Hatred,' 'Grief,' and 'Melancholy.' We construe these to support the thesis of redoing and undoing following the trauma of murder. We also mention Dadd's reminiscing, visible in his art, and its usefulness in reaffirming his self-identity. In the art work of Dadd's last 25 years, violent scenes are remarkably absent. Instead, imaginary landscapes and seascenes--the subject matter of his earliest adolescent art--reflect an inward absorption in and continuity of lifelong interests. We suggest that the long process of painting 'The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke' recapitulated and made restitution for the murder, encapsulating it so that compulsive expression of violent ideation was largely reduced, allowing other memories and activities to be engaged and expressed.", "PMID": 321726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8040", "title": "Droperidol in acutely agitated patients. A double-blind placebo-controlled study.", "content": "Forty-one acutely agitated patients received an i.v. injection of 4 ml of a double blind solution containing either 10 mg of droperidol or placebo. The need for further medication (5 mg of haloperidol after 3 minutes or individually adapted psychotropics after 30 minutes) was used as a parameter for the evaluation of the results. Three minutes after the injection, haloperidol was needed by only six out of 19 patients of the droperidol group, but by 19 patients of the control group. Thirty minutes after the first injection, further medication was needed by only four droperidol patients and 10 placebo patients. No side effects could be attributed to the double blind medication.", "contents": "Droperidol in acutely agitated patients. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Forty-one acutely agitated patients received an i.v. injection of 4 ml of a double blind solution containing either 10 mg of droperidol or placebo. The need for further medication (5 mg of haloperidol after 3 minutes or individually adapted psychotropics after 30 minutes) was used as a parameter for the evaluation of the results. Three minutes after the injection, haloperidol was needed by only six out of 19 patients of the droperidol group, but by 19 patients of the control group. Thirty minutes after the first injection, further medication was needed by only four droperidol patients and 10 placebo patients. No side effects could be attributed to the double blind medication.", "PMID": 321727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8041", "title": "Enamel bonding plastic materials in modifying the form of abutment teeth for the better functioning of partial prostheses.", "content": "The potential uses of enamel bonding sealants and composite filling materials in increasing the retentive form of abutment teeth and covering the preparations for the occlusal supports of partial prostheses were studied in laboratory conditions. The materials tested were Nuva and Concise sealants and composite resins. Extracted permanent human molars, premolars and canines were inserted into acrylic blocks, two teeth in each block. An unretentive clasp framework was made on every test block. A retention prominence was built up separately of sealants and of composite materials occlusally to the tip of each clasp arm. The bond strength and wear resistance of the materials was tested in a device designed for this study. The bond of the prominences was very good, only two out of 114 prominences loosened. The retention gained with prominences was, on average, 18 N measured by the force needed for removal. The decrease in the total retention of the four clasp arms was measured by the force needed to remove the clasp framework. The total retention of the prominences made of Nuva and Concise sealants after 5000 removals was 53 and 50% of the original, when long, flexible clasp arms were used. The corresponding figures for composite resins were 56 and 59%. Short rigid clasp arms caused a distinctly faster abrasion. The prominences made of sealants, in particular, were abraded rapidly, one-fifth of retention being left after 3000 removals.", "contents": "Enamel bonding plastic materials in modifying the form of abutment teeth for the better functioning of partial prostheses. The potential uses of enamel bonding sealants and composite filling materials in increasing the retentive form of abutment teeth and covering the preparations for the occlusal supports of partial prostheses were studied in laboratory conditions. The materials tested were Nuva and Concise sealants and composite resins. Extracted permanent human molars, premolars and canines were inserted into acrylic blocks, two teeth in each block. An unretentive clasp framework was made on every test block. A retention prominence was built up separately of sealants and of composite materials occlusally to the tip of each clasp arm. The bond strength and wear resistance of the materials was tested in a device designed for this study. The bond of the prominences was very good, only two out of 114 prominences loosened. The retention gained with prominences was, on average, 18 N measured by the force needed for removal. The decrease in the total retention of the four clasp arms was measured by the force needed to remove the clasp framework. The total retention of the prominences made of Nuva and Concise sealants after 5000 removals was 53 and 50% of the original, when long, flexible clasp arms were used. The corresponding figures for composite resins were 56 and 59%. Short rigid clasp arms caused a distinctly faster abrasion. The prominences made of sealants, in particular, were abraded rapidly, one-fifth of retention being left after 3000 removals.", "PMID": 321728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8042", "title": "Reconstruction of alveolar ridge and jaw defects resulting from gunshot wounds.", "content": "Reconstruction and rehabilitation of acquired defects of the oral cavity is an important dental service. Severe deformities of the jaws may result secondary to gunshot wounds of the oral-facial region. New advances in soft and hard tissue surgical reconstruction can be of great benefit to the patient when coupled with prosthetic rehabilitation. In recent years there has been a significant increase in the incidence of gunshot wounds in the civilian population in the United States, and those of the mouth and jaws are relatively common-place. Gunshot wounds to the face and jaws may cause gross destruction of tissues. Although immediate definitive treatment of wounds reduces the mutilating effect, a significant number of patients require extensive reconstructive procedures. In addition, prosthetic rehabilitation is almost always needed. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review some recent advances in reconstruction of the maxilla and mandible following gunshot injuries.", "contents": "Reconstruction of alveolar ridge and jaw defects resulting from gunshot wounds. Reconstruction and rehabilitation of acquired defects of the oral cavity is an important dental service. Severe deformities of the jaws may result secondary to gunshot wounds of the oral-facial region. New advances in soft and hard tissue surgical reconstruction can be of great benefit to the patient when coupled with prosthetic rehabilitation. In recent years there has been a significant increase in the incidence of gunshot wounds in the civilian population in the United States, and those of the mouth and jaws are relatively common-place. Gunshot wounds to the face and jaws may cause gross destruction of tissues. Although immediate definitive treatment of wounds reduces the mutilating effect, a significant number of patients require extensive reconstructive procedures. In addition, prosthetic rehabilitation is almost always needed. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review some recent advances in reconstruction of the maxilla and mandible following gunshot injuries.", "PMID": 321729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8043", "title": "The construction of a crown for clasp-bearing teeth.", "content": "A method is described for the fabrication of clasp-bearing crowns. The technique involves the preparation of a thin gold transfer coping, on to which the bulk of the crown is cast in a later stage.", "contents": "The construction of a crown for clasp-bearing teeth. A method is described for the fabrication of clasp-bearing crowns. The technique involves the preparation of a thin gold transfer coping, on to which the bulk of the crown is cast in a later stage.", "PMID": 321731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8044", "title": "Quantitative evidence for the helicoid relationship between the maxillary and mandibular occlusal surfaces.", "content": "A method for measuring the transverse inclination of molar teeth is described which enabled significant differences (P less than 0.001) between the three molars to be demonstrated for a sample of English Modern (n 24) and Romano-British (n20) skulls. No significant differences between the transverse molar inclinations were found for the Bronze Age (n 10) or the Neanderthal (n 8) sample.", "contents": "Quantitative evidence for the helicoid relationship between the maxillary and mandibular occlusal surfaces. A method for measuring the transverse inclination of molar teeth is described which enabled significant differences (P less than 0.001) between the three molars to be demonstrated for a sample of English Modern (n 24) and Romano-British (n20) skulls. No significant differences between the transverse molar inclinations were found for the Bronze Age (n 10) or the Neanderthal (n 8) sample.", "PMID": 321732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8045", "title": "Repair of a large anterior maxillary defect with a skin-tube and cartilage graft.", "content": "A case of a traumatic defect of the maxilla is described. The patient sustained an injury in the middle third of his face that involved loss of the anterior portion of the maxilla, the alveolus from the right molar to the left premolar region, and the anterior two thirds of the hard palate with comminuted fractures of the adjacent bones. The resulting defect was successfully closed by means of a skin-tube pedicle and cartilage graft. The discomfort and difficulties in swallowing and speech as well as masticatory disturbance were much improved. The grafted skin took on an appearance similar to oral mucosa and the follow-up examination a year later showed a well-functioning palate. The cartilage, however, seemed to be undergoing resorption.", "contents": "Repair of a large anterior maxillary defect with a skin-tube and cartilage graft. A case of a traumatic defect of the maxilla is described. The patient sustained an injury in the middle third of his face that involved loss of the anterior portion of the maxilla, the alveolus from the right molar to the left premolar region, and the anterior two thirds of the hard palate with comminuted fractures of the adjacent bones. The resulting defect was successfully closed by means of a skin-tube pedicle and cartilage graft. The discomfort and difficulties in swallowing and speech as well as masticatory disturbance were much improved. The grafted skin took on an appearance similar to oral mucosa and the follow-up examination a year later showed a well-functioning palate. The cartilage, however, seemed to be undergoing resorption.", "PMID": 321733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8046", "title": "Replacement of condylar process.", "content": "Three cases of replacement of the condylar process have been presented with their courses and the type of prosthesis that was chosen. Each case has a unique cause with different needs for the use of a prosthesis.", "contents": "Replacement of condylar process. Three cases of replacement of the condylar process have been presented with their courses and the type of prosthesis that was chosen. Each case has a unique cause with different needs for the use of a prosthesis.", "PMID": 321735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8047", "title": "Alteration of free serum amino acids in voles infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.", "content": "Free serum amino acid pools of field voles, Microtus montanus, were determined over a 24 hr period, and compared to values obtained from voles infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. The majority of amino acids in the control animals demonstrated a diurnal variation, peaking predominantly during the dark portion of the photoperiod. This trend was not evident in the infected animals. In addition, infected voles possessed an apparent state of hypoaminoacidemia, with levels of threonine, serine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tryosine, and tryptophan typically below uninfected values. Alanine and proline, in contrast, were markedly increased at certain time points. Tyrosine (reduced by approximately 50%) and tryptophan (reduced to levels below detection) underwent the most pronounced drop in trypanosome-infected animals, indicating the possibility of a related alteration in pools of derivative biogenic amines in other tissues. This suggests a role for the latter 2 amino acids in the neuropsychiatric syndromes of African trypanosomiasis.", "contents": "Alteration of free serum amino acids in voles infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Free serum amino acid pools of field voles, Microtus montanus, were determined over a 24 hr period, and compared to values obtained from voles infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. The majority of amino acids in the control animals demonstrated a diurnal variation, peaking predominantly during the dark portion of the photoperiod. This trend was not evident in the infected animals. In addition, infected voles possessed an apparent state of hypoaminoacidemia, with levels of threonine, serine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tryosine, and tryptophan typically below uninfected values. Alanine and proline, in contrast, were markedly increased at certain time points. Tyrosine (reduced by approximately 50%) and tryptophan (reduced to levels below detection) underwent the most pronounced drop in trypanosome-infected animals, indicating the possibility of a related alteration in pools of derivative biogenic amines in other tissues. This suggests a role for the latter 2 amino acids in the neuropsychiatric syndromes of African trypanosomiasis.", "PMID": 321737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8048", "title": "The \"window\" orchidopexy for prevention of testicular torsion.", "content": "Torsion of the testicle is often due to the \"bell-clapper\" deformity. This deformity is frequently bilateral. Prevention of future episodes of torsion depends upon the creation of a broad area of dense adhesion between the tunica albuginea and the scrotal wall. The results of this study indicate that this may be best accomplished by creating a window in the tunical vaginalis so that during healing a broad area of the tunica albuginea is held in apposition to a raw surface devoid of tunica vaginalis. Simply suturing the testical to the wall of the hemiscrotum does not always result in permanent fixation.", "contents": "The \"window\" orchidopexy for prevention of testicular torsion. Torsion of the testicle is often due to the \"bell-clapper\" deformity. This deformity is frequently bilateral. Prevention of future episodes of torsion depends upon the creation of a broad area of dense adhesion between the tunica albuginea and the scrotal wall. The results of this study indicate that this may be best accomplished by creating a window in the tunical vaginalis so that during healing a broad area of the tunica albuginea is held in apposition to a raw surface devoid of tunica vaginalis. Simply suturing the testical to the wall of the hemiscrotum does not always result in permanent fixation.", "PMID": 321744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8049", "title": "Evaluation of the use of freeze-dried skin allografts in the treatment of human mucogingival problems.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the clinical responses to freeze-dried skin allografts when used to correct mucogingival problems in humans. FDS was obtained by the NMRI Tissue Bank after processing by standard procedures. The recipient sites were prepared using the standard partial thickness dissection with apical periosteal separation. Rehydrated FDS was sutured into place to completely cover the recipient sites. Routine postoperative procedures were performed. Evaluations were made by means of calibrated periodontal probe measurements, Kodachromes, and radiographs preoperatively and up to 12 months postoperatively. Fourteen patients received 24 FDS allografts over a total of 56 tooth sites. All treated teeth showed a substantial increase (greater than 2 mm) in the width of the zone of keratinized gingiva at all postoperative time periods (2.88 +/- 1.57 mm at 12 months). Other findings included a mean gain of attachment of 0.40 +/- 1.08 mm, a mean decrease in recession of 0.12 +/- 0.91 mm, and mean decrease in pocket depth of 0.33 +/- 0.53 mm. Patient comfort was good, and there were no untoward sequelae, even in patients receiving multiple grafts. This study indicates that FDS allografts are an acceptable and beneficial material for treatment of mucogingival problems in humans.", "contents": "Evaluation of the use of freeze-dried skin allografts in the treatment of human mucogingival problems. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the clinical responses to freeze-dried skin allografts when used to correct mucogingival problems in humans. FDS was obtained by the NMRI Tissue Bank after processing by standard procedures. The recipient sites were prepared using the standard partial thickness dissection with apical periosteal separation. Rehydrated FDS was sutured into place to completely cover the recipient sites. Routine postoperative procedures were performed. Evaluations were made by means of calibrated periodontal probe measurements, Kodachromes, and radiographs preoperatively and up to 12 months postoperatively. Fourteen patients received 24 FDS allografts over a total of 56 tooth sites. All treated teeth showed a substantial increase (greater than 2 mm) in the width of the zone of keratinized gingiva at all postoperative time periods (2.88 +/- 1.57 mm at 12 months). Other findings included a mean gain of attachment of 0.40 +/- 1.08 mm, a mean decrease in recession of 0.12 +/- 0.91 mm, and mean decrease in pocket depth of 0.33 +/- 0.53 mm. Patient comfort was good, and there were no untoward sequelae, even in patients receiving multiple grafts. This study indicates that FDS allografts are an acceptable and beneficial material for treatment of mucogingival problems in humans.", "PMID": 321745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8050", "title": "Developmental analysis of human figure drawings in adolescence, young adulthood, and middle age.", "content": "Analyzed 195 human figure drawings (HFDs) of adolescents, young adults, and middle-aged adults in terms of developmental differences in anxiety signs, grouped into aggressive-hostile and insecure-labile categories, and according to sex-role stereotype, as measured by the Broverman Sex-role Stereotype Scale. Adolescent males and females were significantly more likely to obtain more anxiety signs than the two adult groups, although young adults and middle-aged adults did not differ from one another in HFD performance. The most reliable sex difference was that males reveal significantly more aggressive-hostile indices in the HFDs relative to females; no significant sex differences were obtained for number of insecure-labile indices. The degree to which one has adopted a conventional sex-role stereotype was not predictive of anxiety sign differences in HFD performance for either sex or for any age group.", "contents": "Developmental analysis of human figure drawings in adolescence, young adulthood, and middle age. Analyzed 195 human figure drawings (HFDs) of adolescents, young adults, and middle-aged adults in terms of developmental differences in anxiety signs, grouped into aggressive-hostile and insecure-labile categories, and according to sex-role stereotype, as measured by the Broverman Sex-role Stereotype Scale. Adolescent males and females were significantly more likely to obtain more anxiety signs than the two adult groups, although young adults and middle-aged adults did not differ from one another in HFD performance. The most reliable sex difference was that males reveal significantly more aggressive-hostile indices in the HFDs relative to females; no significant sex differences were obtained for number of insecure-labile indices. The degree to which one has adopted a conventional sex-role stereotype was not predictive of anxiety sign differences in HFD performance for either sex or for any age group.", "PMID": 321746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8051", "title": "Nonverbal assessment of interpersonal affect.", "content": "Two nonverbal methods for assessing degree of interpersonal attraction were explored. Twenty children ranging from 11 to 13 years of age were asked to select two liked and two disliked classmates of the same sex. On four different trials, subjects selected one geometric block to represent themselves and one to represent a pre-selected classmate, then placed the figures on a ruled board. Distance between objects was measured and found to be significantly related to degree of peer liking. In addition, subjects were asked to draw each of the four peers. The human figure drawings were rated for total pictorial detail which was found to vary strongly across magnitude of liking for female subjects, and for parts integration which was found to vary with degree of peer liking for both sexes. The degree of rated positive affective tone of drawings was also found to increase with liking. Implications for the use of these two interpersonal assessment techniques in clinical practice were discussed.", "contents": "Nonverbal assessment of interpersonal affect. Two nonverbal methods for assessing degree of interpersonal attraction were explored. Twenty children ranging from 11 to 13 years of age were asked to select two liked and two disliked classmates of the same sex. On four different trials, subjects selected one geometric block to represent themselves and one to represent a pre-selected classmate, then placed the figures on a ruled board. Distance between objects was measured and found to be significantly related to degree of peer liking. In addition, subjects were asked to draw each of the four peers. The human figure drawings were rated for total pictorial detail which was found to vary strongly across magnitude of liking for female subjects, and for parts integration which was found to vary with degree of peer liking for both sexes. The degree of rated positive affective tone of drawings was also found to increase with liking. Implications for the use of these two interpersonal assessment techniques in clinical practice were discussed.", "PMID": 321747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8052", "title": "Internal-external expectancy, maladjustment and psychotherapeutic intervention.", "content": "This paper reviewed research on the relationship between internal-external expectancy, maladjustment and psychotherapeutic intervention. The implications drawn from the studies reviewed were: (a) externality is related to poor psychological adjustment and (b) psychotherapy can be effectively utilized to modify expectancy.", "contents": "Internal-external expectancy, maladjustment and psychotherapeutic intervention. This paper reviewed research on the relationship between internal-external expectancy, maladjustment and psychotherapeutic intervention. The implications drawn from the studies reviewed were: (a) externality is related to poor psychological adjustment and (b) psychotherapy can be effectively utilized to modify expectancy.", "PMID": 321748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8053", "title": "A cognitive style approach to creative thought.", "content": "Creative thinking was explored from several approaches to further understanding of the interrelationship of perception, personality, and cognition. College students (N = 45) were administered the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), the Remote Associates Test (RAT), a questionnaire concerning RAT strategy, and two self-report scales. Field independent subjects were found to be significantly (p less than .001) more creative than field dependents. Correlations between the RAT and GEFT and the self-report measures of conformity and creativity, while largely nonsignificant, were in the predicted directions. Results demonstrated that advanced strategy levels and insightful responses were significantly related to high performance on the RAT. Theoretical links between cognitive style and Piagetian concepts were discussed in regard to creative thought. Overall, these findings support the contention that the creative processes should be studied, not as isolated structures, but with relational and multifaceted emphasis.", "contents": "A cognitive style approach to creative thought. Creative thinking was explored from several approaches to further understanding of the interrelationship of perception, personality, and cognition. College students (N = 45) were administered the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), the Remote Associates Test (RAT), a questionnaire concerning RAT strategy, and two self-report scales. Field independent subjects were found to be significantly (p less than .001) more creative than field dependents. Correlations between the RAT and GEFT and the self-report measures of conformity and creativity, while largely nonsignificant, were in the predicted directions. Results demonstrated that advanced strategy levels and insightful responses were significantly related to high performance on the RAT. Theoretical links between cognitive style and Piagetian concepts were discussed in regard to creative thought. Overall, these findings support the contention that the creative processes should be studied, not as isolated structures, but with relational and multifaceted emphasis.", "PMID": 321749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8054", "title": "Potency of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone preparations in rat anterior pituitary cell cultures.", "content": "Selected synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone preparations were assayed, and their potencies were determined relative to one sample utilizing primary cultures of enzymatically dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells. Preliminary cell culture experiments indicated that luteinizing hormone releasing hormone had to be in constant contact with cells for continued luteinizing hormone secretion. Luteinizing hormone levels in media reached a maximum concentration after 4 hr of continuous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone exposure. Cell culture bioassay was selected over the bioassay employing chronically ovariectomized steroid-blocked rats due to greater sensitivity and economy. The assay of each luteinizing hormone releasing hormone preparation was replicated four to seven times. Preparations from several companies were less potent (p less than 0.05) than the reference product. Contaminants were disclosed by TLC in preparations with potencies lower than the reference product.", "contents": "Potency of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone preparations in rat anterior pituitary cell cultures. Selected synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone preparations were assayed, and their potencies were determined relative to one sample utilizing primary cultures of enzymatically dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells. Preliminary cell culture experiments indicated that luteinizing hormone releasing hormone had to be in constant contact with cells for continued luteinizing hormone secretion. Luteinizing hormone levels in media reached a maximum concentration after 4 hr of continuous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone exposure. Cell culture bioassay was selected over the bioassay employing chronically ovariectomized steroid-blocked rats due to greater sensitivity and economy. The assay of each luteinizing hormone releasing hormone preparation was replicated four to seven times. Preparations from several companies were less potent (p less than 0.05) than the reference product. Contaminants were disclosed by TLC in preparations with potencies lower than the reference product.", "PMID": 321750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8055", "title": "Analysis of sulindac and metabolites by combined isotope dilution-radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Sulindac, a new anti-inflammatory agent, and its sulfone and sulfide metabolites were conjugated to bovine serum albumin by the N-hydroxysuccinimide active ester procedure. Antiserum from rabbits immunized with each of these haptens exhibited extensive cross-reactivity, precluding differential analyses of the three species by displacement assay without prior separation. Therefore, an analytical method based on a combination of isotope dilution and radioimmunoassay was devised. A known mixture of the three chemical species, each labeled with tritium, was equilibrated with plasma or urine samples, reisolated chromatographically, and quantitated by binding to an appropriate immunoglobulin. The radiolabeled materials thus served as recovery standards as well as labeled antigens for each displacement assay. Sulindac and each of its metabolites in plasma or urine at concentrations as low as 500 ng/sample were differentially determined by this procedure. However, since an extraction is required, several milliliters of plasma can be used for each sample, thus increasing the actual sensitivity of the assay.", "contents": "Analysis of sulindac and metabolites by combined isotope dilution-radioimmunoassay. Sulindac, a new anti-inflammatory agent, and its sulfone and sulfide metabolites were conjugated to bovine serum albumin by the N-hydroxysuccinimide active ester procedure. Antiserum from rabbits immunized with each of these haptens exhibited extensive cross-reactivity, precluding differential analyses of the three species by displacement assay without prior separation. Therefore, an analytical method based on a combination of isotope dilution and radioimmunoassay was devised. A known mixture of the three chemical species, each labeled with tritium, was equilibrated with plasma or urine samples, reisolated chromatographically, and quantitated by binding to an appropriate immunoglobulin. The radiolabeled materials thus served as recovery standards as well as labeled antigens for each displacement assay. Sulindac and each of its metabolites in plasma or urine at concentrations as low as 500 ng/sample were differentially determined by this procedure. However, since an extraction is required, several milliliters of plasma can be used for each sample, thus increasing the actual sensitivity of the assay.", "PMID": 321751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8056", "title": "Synthetic acetylenic antifungal agents.", "content": "Several monoamino bis(propynyloxy)benzenes were prepared by a Mannich reaction and tested for antifungal activity against Trichophyton schoenleini, T. mentagraphytes, T. tonsurans, Candida albicans, and Epidermophyton flocossum. In addition, the bis(propynyloxy)benzene intermediates were tested and comparisons were made with standing drugs. The intermediates were found to be the most active, although two Mannich bases possessed considerable activity.", "contents": "Synthetic acetylenic antifungal agents. Several monoamino bis(propynyloxy)benzenes were prepared by a Mannich reaction and tested for antifungal activity against Trichophyton schoenleini, T. mentagraphytes, T. tonsurans, Candida albicans, and Epidermophyton flocossum. In addition, the bis(propynyloxy)benzene intermediates were tested and comparisons were made with standing drugs. The intermediates were found to be the most active, although two Mannich bases possessed considerable activity.", "PMID": 321752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8057", "title": "The mechanism of action of dantrolene sodium.", "content": "Dantrolene sodium is thought to affect some step in the excitation-contraction coupling process. Using a point voltage clamp to determine mechanical thresholds of individual fibers of frog, rat and goat skeletal muscle preparations, we found that dantrolene both raises (moves to more positive potentials) the rheobasic potential and increases the steepness of the strength-duration curve for mechanical threshold. The effect of raising the rheobase reaches a maximum at 1.2 x 10-5M dantrolene whereas the steepness effect occurs only at a saturating concentration (3.8x10-5M),indicating that dantrolene has two sites of action. The rheobase effect is absent below 18 degrees C (suggesting a phase transition) and it is competitively antagnoized by the calcium ionophore A23187 which can release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The data indicate that dantrolene raises the rheobase by directly decreasing the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. We propose that dantrolene inhibits the movement of a natural calcium ionophore. Measurements of the voltage-dependent charge movement associated with excitation-contraction coupling showed that dantrolene did not significantly change the amount of charge moved. The time to peak of the ON current was not significantly changed, but that of the OFF current was significantly shortened. This action of dantrolene on the kinetics of the OFF current may account for its effect on the steepness of the strength-duration curve.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of dantrolene sodium. Dantrolene sodium is thought to affect some step in the excitation-contraction coupling process. Using a point voltage clamp to determine mechanical thresholds of individual fibers of frog, rat and goat skeletal muscle preparations, we found that dantrolene both raises (moves to more positive potentials) the rheobasic potential and increases the steepness of the strength-duration curve for mechanical threshold. The effect of raising the rheobase reaches a maximum at 1.2 x 10-5M dantrolene whereas the steepness effect occurs only at a saturating concentration (3.8x10-5M),indicating that dantrolene has two sites of action. The rheobase effect is absent below 18 degrees C (suggesting a phase transition) and it is competitively antagnoized by the calcium ionophore A23187 which can release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The data indicate that dantrolene raises the rheobase by directly decreasing the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. We propose that dantrolene inhibits the movement of a natural calcium ionophore. Measurements of the voltage-dependent charge movement associated with excitation-contraction coupling showed that dantrolene did not significantly change the amount of charge moved. The time to peak of the ON current was not significantly changed, but that of the OFF current was significantly shortened. This action of dantrolene on the kinetics of the OFF current may account for its effect on the steepness of the strength-duration curve.", "PMID": 321754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8058", "title": "Effect of 13-NLE-motilin on gastric secretion, serum gastrin level and mucosal blood flow in dogs.", "content": "1. In dogs with gastric fistulas and vagally innervated fundic and antral pouches, 13-norleucine-motilin (13-nle-motilin), a synthetic analogue of motilin, infused intravenously in graded doses produced a dose-dependent increase in gastric acid and pepsin outputs. 2. The motilin-induced stimulation of gastric secretion occurred independently of antral pH and was not accompanied by any alteration in the serum gastrin level suggesting that motilin did not affect the release of gastrin. 3. When infused intravenously in a constant dose against a constant background stimulation with pentagastrin or histamine 13-nle-motilin inhibited both acid and pepsin secretion from the main stomach and fundic pouch. 4. The inhibitory effect of 13-nle-motilin was always associated with a marked reduction in mucosal blood flow but without any change in the ratio of aminopyrine concentration in the gastric juice and blood plasma indicating that this peptide primarily affected gastric secretion but did not limit the gastric mucosal microcirculation.", "contents": "Effect of 13-NLE-motilin on gastric secretion, serum gastrin level and mucosal blood flow in dogs. 1. In dogs with gastric fistulas and vagally innervated fundic and antral pouches, 13-norleucine-motilin (13-nle-motilin), a synthetic analogue of motilin, infused intravenously in graded doses produced a dose-dependent increase in gastric acid and pepsin outputs. 2. The motilin-induced stimulation of gastric secretion occurred independently of antral pH and was not accompanied by any alteration in the serum gastrin level suggesting that motilin did not affect the release of gastrin. 3. When infused intravenously in a constant dose against a constant background stimulation with pentagastrin or histamine 13-nle-motilin inhibited both acid and pepsin secretion from the main stomach and fundic pouch. 4. The inhibitory effect of 13-nle-motilin was always associated with a marked reduction in mucosal blood flow but without any change in the ratio of aminopyrine concentration in the gastric juice and blood plasma indicating that this peptide primarily affected gastric secretion but did not limit the gastric mucosal microcirculation.", "PMID": 321755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8059", "title": "Attachment fixation for overdentures. Part I.", "content": "Scientific evidence of both constructive and destructive movements of teeth has influenced the design and selection of attachments for overdentures. Dowel designs that would be acceptable for normal copings must be reconsidered in view of the mechanical effectiveness of parallel-walled dowels and screws. Coping designs for attachment overdentures must provide retention, resistance to rotation, and bulk when joined with the dowel and attachment, without negating the advantage of the reduced crown-root ratio. Splinting with a bar-type attachment (1) has advantages over splinting with a stud-type attachment that outweigh the disadvantages of bulk and (2) provides ease of replacement when one of several remaining teeth is excessively mobile. Part II will consider the various types of bar, stud, and auxillary attachments for the overdenture.", "contents": "Attachment fixation for overdentures. Part I. Scientific evidence of both constructive and destructive movements of teeth has influenced the design and selection of attachments for overdentures. Dowel designs that would be acceptable for normal copings must be reconsidered in view of the mechanical effectiveness of parallel-walled dowels and screws. Coping designs for attachment overdentures must provide retention, resistance to rotation, and bulk when joined with the dowel and attachment, without negating the advantage of the reduced crown-root ratio. Splinting with a bar-type attachment (1) has advantages over splinting with a stud-type attachment that outweigh the disadvantages of bulk and (2) provides ease of replacement when one of several remaining teeth is excessively mobile. Part II will consider the various types of bar, stud, and auxillary attachments for the overdenture.", "PMID": 321756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8060", "title": "Effects of overdentures upon remaining oral structures.", "content": "This study provided the following guidelines in the selection of specific designs for overdenture abutments: 1. The Dolder bar, which exhibits more cross-arch involvement than the Zest anchor, will share the occlusal load across the arch, between the abutments and the supporting structures. 2. The posterior edentulous regions will receive some physiologic stimulation with the Dolder bar, for it shares more stress here than the Zest anchor. 3. The forces on the Dolder bar produce stress directed more apically than that from the Zest anchor. Since this force is better tolerated, use of the Dolder bar may be indicated for a short-rooted tooth with less supporting bone. 4. The greater stress concentrated around the abutment teeth by the Zest anchor makes use of this design in a tooth that is periodontally sound and has a long root structure well imbedded in supporting bone seem logical.", "contents": "Effects of overdentures upon remaining oral structures. This study provided the following guidelines in the selection of specific designs for overdenture abutments: 1. The Dolder bar, which exhibits more cross-arch involvement than the Zest anchor, will share the occlusal load across the arch, between the abutments and the supporting structures. 2. The posterior edentulous regions will receive some physiologic stimulation with the Dolder bar, for it shares more stress here than the Zest anchor. 3. The forces on the Dolder bar produce stress directed more apically than that from the Zest anchor. Since this force is better tolerated, use of the Dolder bar may be indicated for a short-rooted tooth with less supporting bone. 4. The greater stress concentrated around the abutment teeth by the Zest anchor makes use of this design in a tooth that is periodontally sound and has a long root structure well imbedded in supporting bone seem logical.", "PMID": 321757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8061", "title": "A technique for placing names in dentures.", "content": "A simple technique for placing patients' names in their dentures has been described. All dentures made at the prosthodontic clinic of the University of Washington now have names imbedded in the acrylic resin in the hope that problems of denture identification will be eliminated in the future.", "contents": "A technique for placing names in dentures. A simple technique for placing patients' names in their dentures has been described. All dentures made at the prosthodontic clinic of the University of Washington now have names imbedded in the acrylic resin in the hope that problems of denture identification will be eliminated in the future.", "PMID": 321760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8062", "title": "Mylohyoid ridge reductions as an aid to success in complete lower dentures.", "content": "A common problem of the mylohyoid ridge in the resorbed edentulous mandible is discussed. A surgical technique that is simple, though efficient, is described for the elimination of the anomaly in the ambulant patient. A prosthetic technique is suggested for maximum advantage to be gained from the operation.", "contents": "Mylohyoid ridge reductions as an aid to success in complete lower dentures. A common problem of the mylohyoid ridge in the resorbed edentulous mandible is discussed. A surgical technique that is simple, though efficient, is described for the elimination of the anomaly in the ambulant patient. A prosthetic technique is suggested for maximum advantage to be gained from the operation.", "PMID": 321761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8063", "title": "Lingual flange design in complete dentures.", "content": "The lingual design advocated for complete lower dentures involves no changes in current concepts regarding minimum-pressure, functional impression techniques. The sublingual horizontal extension suggested is placed in a biologically acceptable fashion by increasing the area of the denture, which enhances retention and stability.", "contents": "Lingual flange design in complete dentures. The lingual design advocated for complete lower dentures involves no changes in current concepts regarding minimum-pressure, functional impression techniques. The sublingual horizontal extension suggested is placed in a biologically acceptable fashion by increasing the area of the denture, which enhances retention and stability.", "PMID": 321762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8064", "title": "Subjective reactions to major connector designs for removable partial dentures.", "content": "Simlated partial denture frameworks were fabricated for 12 dentists (subjects) who had intact dentitions and who had intact dentitions and who had had no previous experience in wearing partial dentures. The outline of the major connectors was modified during a 1 week interval. The data obtained from questionnaires brought about the following conclusions: 1. Preferences in maxillary major connector design were as follows: (1) broad posterior strap, (2) anteroposterior bar, (3) ring-type design, and (4) full palatal coverage. 2. The mandibular lingual bar was chosen over the lingual plate by a 3:1 ratio. 3. The natural palatal metal finish was perferred to the highly polished finish. 4. Metal borders parallel to tongue movement were better tolerated than those lying transverse. 5. Thickening of the posterior strap to permit its narrowing was not clinically feasible. 6. In general, patients adapted best to major connectors that covered the least amount of soft tissues.", "contents": "Subjective reactions to major connector designs for removable partial dentures. Simlated partial denture frameworks were fabricated for 12 dentists (subjects) who had intact dentitions and who had intact dentitions and who had had no previous experience in wearing partial dentures. The outline of the major connectors was modified during a 1 week interval. The data obtained from questionnaires brought about the following conclusions: 1. Preferences in maxillary major connector design were as follows: (1) broad posterior strap, (2) anteroposterior bar, (3) ring-type design, and (4) full palatal coverage. 2. The mandibular lingual bar was chosen over the lingual plate by a 3:1 ratio. 3. The natural palatal metal finish was perferred to the highly polished finish. 4. Metal borders parallel to tongue movement were better tolerated than those lying transverse. 5. Thickening of the posterior strap to permit its narrowing was not clinically feasible. 6. In general, patients adapted best to major connectors that covered the least amount of soft tissues.", "PMID": 321763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8065", "title": "A comparison of the casting ability of precious and nonprecious alloys for porcelain veneering.", "content": "The alloys tested varied with respect to their castability. This variability is related to density. Problems caused by low density may be solved by increasing the casting force. For all parameters measured in the laboratory, Thermocraft, a precious alloy, proved to be the most satisfactory- Wiron S, a nonprecious alloy, was comparable to Degudent Universal, a gold alloy. The application of Wiron S as a successful gold substitute should, therefore, be further investigated clinically. Equipment, investment, and casting techniques, all designed for the casting of gold alloys, were also used for the nonprecious alloys. These are standard facilities readily available in clinical practice. Modifications or technical improvement to these factors may result in more successful application to the other nonprecious alloys.", "contents": "A comparison of the casting ability of precious and nonprecious alloys for porcelain veneering. The alloys tested varied with respect to their castability. This variability is related to density. Problems caused by low density may be solved by increasing the casting force. For all parameters measured in the laboratory, Thermocraft, a precious alloy, proved to be the most satisfactory- Wiron S, a nonprecious alloy, was comparable to Degudent Universal, a gold alloy. The application of Wiron S as a successful gold substitute should, therefore, be further investigated clinically. Equipment, investment, and casting techniques, all designed for the casting of gold alloys, were also used for the nonprecious alloys. These are standard facilities readily available in clinical practice. Modifications or technical improvement to these factors may result in more successful application to the other nonprecious alloys.", "PMID": 321765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8066", "title": "Repair technique for a fractured crowned tooth.", "content": "A simple technique is presented in which an existing crown can be replaced on a broken endodontically treated tooth in one appointment. This can reduce the working time and expense required for a new crown.", "contents": "Repair technique for a fractured crowned tooth. A simple technique is presented in which an existing crown can be replaced on a broken endodontically treated tooth in one appointment. This can reduce the working time and expense required for a new crown.", "PMID": 321766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8067", "title": "An evaluation of four variables affecting the bond strength of porcelain to nonprecious alloy.", "content": "Four variables that could possibly affect the bond strength of the porcelain to nonprecious alloy were investigated. The variables were directional variations of metal preparation using the Paasch\u00e9 Air Eraser with aluminum oxide fast-cut abrasive, atmosphere variations in the furnace from low to high temperature limits of the degassing cycle, time variations at normal atmosphere of 1,850 degrees F. (degassing upper-limit timing), and firing of the opaque layer of porcelain at different temperatures. A total of 162 Ticon alloy interfaces were prepared, from which 81 paired test samples were constructed. Porcelain was fused to the samples and tested under specified conditions of preparation utilizing an Instron Universal testing machine. It was determined that firing the opaque layer at 1,840 degrees F. at a rate of 75 degrees F. per minute more than doubled the mean bond strength of all samples. The time at the upper limit of the degassing cycle also had a significant effect on the bond. As the time increased, the bond strength decreased. Complete bonds between porcelain and nonprecious metals were demonstrated when the fracture occurred in the porcelain and not at the interface. It is recommended that the opaque firing and degassing be done in accordance with the foregoing findings.", "contents": "An evaluation of four variables affecting the bond strength of porcelain to nonprecious alloy. Four variables that could possibly affect the bond strength of the porcelain to nonprecious alloy were investigated. The variables were directional variations of metal preparation using the Paasch\u00e9 Air Eraser with aluminum oxide fast-cut abrasive, atmosphere variations in the furnace from low to high temperature limits of the degassing cycle, time variations at normal atmosphere of 1,850 degrees F. (degassing upper-limit timing), and firing of the opaque layer of porcelain at different temperatures. A total of 162 Ticon alloy interfaces were prepared, from which 81 paired test samples were constructed. Porcelain was fused to the samples and tested under specified conditions of preparation utilizing an Instron Universal testing machine. It was determined that firing the opaque layer at 1,840 degrees F. at a rate of 75 degrees F. per minute more than doubled the mean bond strength of all samples. The time at the upper limit of the degassing cycle also had a significant effect on the bond. As the time increased, the bond strength decreased. Complete bonds between porcelain and nonprecious metals were demonstrated when the fracture occurred in the porcelain and not at the interface. It is recommended that the opaque firing and degassing be done in accordance with the foregoing findings.", "PMID": 321767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8068", "title": "'Microstix'--a new diagnostic aid.", "content": "The usefulness of ;Microstix' as a diagnostic tool in urinary tract infections in general practice has been evaluated. The nitrite component detected only 53 per cent of cases of significant bacteriuria, and gave rise to a nine per cent false positive result. The culture media correctly detected 93 per cent of cases of significant bacteriuria, but this was associated with a false positive result of nine per cent.", "contents": "'Microstix'--a new diagnostic aid. The usefulness of ;Microstix' as a diagnostic tool in urinary tract infections in general practice has been evaluated. The nitrite component detected only 53 per cent of cases of significant bacteriuria, and gave rise to a nine per cent false positive result. The culture media correctly detected 93 per cent of cases of significant bacteriuria, but this was associated with a false positive result of nine per cent.", "PMID": 321768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8069", "title": "Pituitary responsiveness to synthetic LH-RH and pituitary LH content at various reproductive stages in the sheep.", "content": "In sheep the basal concentration of LH in jugular vein plasma was significantly higher during the first 50 days of gestation in late pregnancy or at parturition. The pituitary response to a single i.v. injection of 200 microng synthetic LH-RH was determined at different stages of gestation and compared with that of anoestrous and cyclic sheep. Pituitary response to LH-RH decreased progressively with advancing gestation: by 56 days after mating the response had declined to 35% and by parturition to 14% of the value in anoestrous sheep. The pituitary response to LH-RH increased after parturition and the pattern of recovery differed in non-lactating and lactating sheep. By 63 days postpartum the response to LH-RH in non-lactating and lactating animals had returned to values similar to those in sheep during anoestrus and sheep during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. A decrease in pituitary responsiveness during pregnancy was associated with a decrease in pituitary content of LH. The quantity of LH released in response to a standard injection of LH-RH was linearly related to pituitary LH content.", "contents": "Pituitary responsiveness to synthetic LH-RH and pituitary LH content at various reproductive stages in the sheep. In sheep the basal concentration of LH in jugular vein plasma was significantly higher during the first 50 days of gestation in late pregnancy or at parturition. The pituitary response to a single i.v. injection of 200 microng synthetic LH-RH was determined at different stages of gestation and compared with that of anoestrous and cyclic sheep. Pituitary response to LH-RH decreased progressively with advancing gestation: by 56 days after mating the response had declined to 35% and by parturition to 14% of the value in anoestrous sheep. The pituitary response to LH-RH increased after parturition and the pattern of recovery differed in non-lactating and lactating sheep. By 63 days postpartum the response to LH-RH in non-lactating and lactating animals had returned to values similar to those in sheep during anoestrus and sheep during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. A decrease in pituitary responsiveness during pregnancy was associated with a decrease in pituitary content of LH. The quantity of LH released in response to a standard injection of LH-RH was linearly related to pituitary LH content.", "PMID": 321770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8070", "title": "Studies of pituitary function in lactating ewes.", "content": "The release of LH from the pituitary of lactating ewes was studied. In Exp. 1, ewes were injected with 50 microng oestradiol benzoate (OB), 2-0 mg testosterone propionate (TP) or oil only (control) on days 5, 10, or 20 after lambing. LH was measured in peripheral plasma samples obtained 20-38 h after treatment, and the ovulations were recorded. The number of ewes in which an LH release was detected, and the amount released, declined between Day 5 and 20 after OB treatment but increased after TP treatment. The releases of LH were not always accompanied by ovulation and the incidence of ovulation was higher in ewes treated with TP. In Exp. 2, lactating ewes were injected with 1 or 5 (at 2-h intervals) doses of 50 microng Gn-RH, on Days 12 or 25 after lambing. LH was measured in peripheral plasma samples collected every 2 h for 10 h and every 3 h for a further 70 h. Release of LH occurred in all ewes, the amount being greater in ewes receiving multiple injections and in ewes treated on Day 25. The incidence of ovulation was higher after treatment on Day 25. Multiple injections of Gn-RH appeared to reduce the incidence of abnormal corpora lutea.", "contents": "Studies of pituitary function in lactating ewes. The release of LH from the pituitary of lactating ewes was studied. In Exp. 1, ewes were injected with 50 microng oestradiol benzoate (OB), 2-0 mg testosterone propionate (TP) or oil only (control) on days 5, 10, or 20 after lambing. LH was measured in peripheral plasma samples obtained 20-38 h after treatment, and the ovulations were recorded. The number of ewes in which an LH release was detected, and the amount released, declined between Day 5 and 20 after OB treatment but increased after TP treatment. The releases of LH were not always accompanied by ovulation and the incidence of ovulation was higher in ewes treated with TP. In Exp. 2, lactating ewes were injected with 1 or 5 (at 2-h intervals) doses of 50 microng Gn-RH, on Days 12 or 25 after lambing. LH was measured in peripheral plasma samples collected every 2 h for 10 h and every 3 h for a further 70 h. Release of LH occurred in all ewes, the amount being greater in ewes receiving multiple injections and in ewes treated on Day 25. The incidence of ovulation was higher after treatment on Day 25. Multiple injections of Gn-RH appeared to reduce the incidence of abnormal corpora lutea.", "PMID": 321771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8071", "title": "Effects of vaginal-cervical stimulation in seven species of muroid rodents.", "content": "Six species of muroid rodents (Peromyscus californicus, P. eremicus, P. gossypinus, Mesocricetus auratus, Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus) were given artificlal vaginal-cervical stimulation in an attempt to induce pseudopregnancy. Some females of each species became pseudopregnant, but it was not clear that stimulation patterns mimicking the copulatory patterns of conspecific males were more effective than other patterns of stimulation. In the non-domesticated species (Peromyscus and R. rattus) a few females responded to a variety of stimulus conditions, and no species differences in responsiveness among the wild species were evident. The established laboratory rodents (R. norvegicus, M. auratusy were markedly more responsive to artificial stimulation, suggesting possible effects of domestication on fecundity and reactions to handling- Microtus ochrogaster, an induced ovulator, ovulated in response to vaginal-cervical stimulation only if one intromission from a male was also provided. No other differences in the responses of reflex and spontaneous ovulators were apparent.", "contents": "Effects of vaginal-cervical stimulation in seven species of muroid rodents. Six species of muroid rodents (Peromyscus californicus, P. eremicus, P. gossypinus, Mesocricetus auratus, Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus) were given artificlal vaginal-cervical stimulation in an attempt to induce pseudopregnancy. Some females of each species became pseudopregnant, but it was not clear that stimulation patterns mimicking the copulatory patterns of conspecific males were more effective than other patterns of stimulation. In the non-domesticated species (Peromyscus and R. rattus) a few females responded to a variety of stimulus conditions, and no species differences in responsiveness among the wild species were evident. The established laboratory rodents (R. norvegicus, M. auratusy were markedly more responsive to artificial stimulation, suggesting possible effects of domestication on fecundity and reactions to handling- Microtus ochrogaster, an induced ovulator, ovulated in response to vaginal-cervical stimulation only if one intromission from a male was also provided. No other differences in the responses of reflex and spontaneous ovulators were apparent.", "PMID": 321772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8072", "title": "Changes in protein synthesis during maturation of sheep oocytes in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The qualitative profiles of the proteins synthesized by sheep oocytes at various stages of maturation were determined by electrophoretic separation in one dimension on polyacrylamide SDS gels. No change in protein synthetic pattern was observed in ooce changes had taken place in at least 12 separate protein bands. Marked alterations in the synthesis of some proteins were apparent 15 h after LH; formation of proteins in 5 of the original bands was either reduced or not detectable, while new synthesis was evident from the appearance of 7 additional bands. The pattern of proteins produced by oocytes cultured within the follicle corresponded closely with that observed in vivo: changes in synthesis were initiated about 9 h after addition of gonadotrophin and were completed by 15 h. Oocytes cultured outside the follicle in a gonadotrophin-containing medium did not exhibit a change in protein synthesis and at 15 h only those proteins produced during the early stages of maturation were being synthesized.", "contents": "Changes in protein synthesis during maturation of sheep oocytes in vivo and in vitro. The qualitative profiles of the proteins synthesized by sheep oocytes at various stages of maturation were determined by electrophoretic separation in one dimension on polyacrylamide SDS gels. No change in protein synthetic pattern was observed in ooce changes had taken place in at least 12 separate protein bands. Marked alterations in the synthesis of some proteins were apparent 15 h after LH; formation of proteins in 5 of the original bands was either reduced or not detectable, while new synthesis was evident from the appearance of 7 additional bands. The pattern of proteins produced by oocytes cultured within the follicle corresponded closely with that observed in vivo: changes in synthesis were initiated about 9 h after addition of gonadotrophin and were completed by 15 h. Oocytes cultured outside the follicle in a gonadotrophin-containing medium did not exhibit a change in protein synthesis and at 15 h only those proteins produced during the early stages of maturation were being synthesized.", "PMID": 321773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8073", "title": "P-Aminobenzoic acid derivatives. Mode of action and structure-activity relationships in a cell-free system (Escherichia coli).", "content": "The agonistic and antagonistic effects of nuclearly substituted p-aminobenzoic acids (PABA) on the folate-synthesizing system of E. coli have been studied in whole cell and cell-free systems. All studied derivatives form dihydropteroic acid analogues in the presence of a cell-free folate-synthesizing enzyme system. A thin-layer chromatographic system has been elaborated to determine the rate of analogue formation in the cell-free system. Physicochemical parameters of the PABA derivatives, such as pKa, pi, and Rm values, have been determined. These values have been used in a structure-activity analysis which revealed that the rate of analogue formation in the absence of PABA is independent of the lipophilic properties. Ionization seems to be the decisive factor for the incorporation. As all studied PABA derivatives are totally ionized under the experimental conditions, the rates of analogue formation are very similar with the exception of compounds bearing bulky groups in the 2 position. The variance in inhibitory power may therefore either be due to differences in the ability of the analogues to serve as metabolites or to competition with PABA.", "contents": "P-Aminobenzoic acid derivatives. Mode of action and structure-activity relationships in a cell-free system (Escherichia coli). The agonistic and antagonistic effects of nuclearly substituted p-aminobenzoic acids (PABA) on the folate-synthesizing system of E. coli have been studied in whole cell and cell-free systems. All studied derivatives form dihydropteroic acid analogues in the presence of a cell-free folate-synthesizing enzyme system. A thin-layer chromatographic system has been elaborated to determine the rate of analogue formation in the cell-free system. Physicochemical parameters of the PABA derivatives, such as pKa, pi, and Rm values, have been determined. These values have been used in a structure-activity analysis which revealed that the rate of analogue formation in the absence of PABA is independent of the lipophilic properties. Ionization seems to be the decisive factor for the incorporation. As all studied PABA derivatives are totally ionized under the experimental conditions, the rates of analogue formation are very similar with the exception of compounds bearing bulky groups in the 2 position. The variance in inhibitory power may therefore either be due to differences in the ability of the analogues to serve as metabolites or to competition with PABA.", "PMID": 321779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8074", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of potential antimetabolites.", "content": "Several known alpha-amino acid analogues and a new compound, N-chloroacetylphosphoramidate, a carbamyl phosphate analogue, were screened as antitumor agents. All gave 50% growth inhibition of cultures of human epidemeroid carcinoma of the nasopharynx at dosage levels of 2-8 mug/ml while showing no activity against L1210 lymphoid leukemia in vivo in BDFi mice.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of potential antimetabolites. Several known alpha-amino acid analogues and a new compound, N-chloroacetylphosphoramidate, a carbamyl phosphate analogue, were screened as antitumor agents. All gave 50% growth inhibition of cultures of human epidemeroid carcinoma of the nasopharynx at dosage levels of 2-8 mug/ml while showing no activity against L1210 lymphoid leukemia in vivo in BDFi mice.", "PMID": 321780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8075", "title": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1,2-dihydro-1-(2-deosy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2-oxo-5-methylpyrazine 4-oxide, a structural analogue of thymidine.", "content": "1,2-Dihydro-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2-oxo-5-methylpyrazine 4-oxide was synthesized by condensation of the silylated pyrazine base with the blocked chloro sugar, followed by removal of the protecting groups. The compound inhibited the growth of leukemia L1210 cells in vitro by 50% at 2 x 10-7 M. At 400 mg/kg/day x 6 it increased the life-span of leukemia L1210 bearing mice by approximately 55%, without apparent toxicity to the host.", "contents": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1,2-dihydro-1-(2-deosy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2-oxo-5-methylpyrazine 4-oxide, a structural analogue of thymidine. 1,2-Dihydro-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2-oxo-5-methylpyrazine 4-oxide was synthesized by condensation of the silylated pyrazine base with the blocked chloro sugar, followed by removal of the protecting groups. The compound inhibited the growth of leukemia L1210 cells in vitro by 50% at 2 x 10-7 M. At 400 mg/kg/day x 6 it increased the life-span of leukemia L1210 bearing mice by approximately 55%, without apparent toxicity to the host.", "PMID": 321781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8076", "title": "A manual method for applying the Hansch approach to drug design.", "content": "A procedure is described in which an initial small group of compounds is selected, tested, and ordered according to potency. The potency order in the group is then compared to the tabulated potency order calculated for various parameter dependencies relating to hydrophobic, electronic, and steric effects. From this activity pattern analysis the probable operative parameters can be deduced and a new substituent selection made for the synthesis of potentially more potent analogues. Application of the method is illustrated with a series of examples. It differs from a previously described decision tree, single compound stepwise approach in that it involves the batchwise analysis of small groups of compounds, usually the preferred procedure for logistical reasons if the compounds are relatively easy to synthesize.", "contents": "A manual method for applying the Hansch approach to drug design. A procedure is described in which an initial small group of compounds is selected, tested, and ordered according to potency. The potency order in the group is then compared to the tabulated potency order calculated for various parameter dependencies relating to hydrophobic, electronic, and steric effects. From this activity pattern analysis the probable operative parameters can be deduced and a new substituent selection made for the synthesis of potentially more potent analogues. Application of the method is illustrated with a series of examples. It differs from a previously described decision tree, single compound stepwise approach in that it involves the batchwise analysis of small groups of compounds, usually the preferred procedure for logistical reasons if the compounds are relatively easy to synthesize.", "PMID": 321782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8077", "title": "Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)furans.", "content": "Eighteen substituted 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)furans and related analogues, including \"masked\" amidines in which the guanyl function is incorporated into a heterocyclic ring, have been synthesized and their antimalarial and antitrypanosomal activity has been evaluated. None of the compounds exhibited high orders of antimalarial activity; however, 11 were very active against Trypanosoma rhodesiense in mice. Six compounds, including 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)furan (4) and its 3-chloro (32), 3,4-dichloro (31), 3-methyl (25), 3,4-dimethyl (20), and 3-chloro-4-methyl (38) derivatives, produced cures in mice at submilligram dosage levels; the 3,4-dimethyl (20) analogue exhibited a prolonged curative effect providing protection for 30 days after a single dose against a challenge by T. rhodesiense. These six compounds are somewhat more active in this screen than stilbamidine, hydroxystilbamidine, and pentamidine. The \"masked\" amidines generally exhibited lower antitrypanosomal activity than their true guanyl counterparts. Compound 4 was synthesized from 1,4-di-p-bromophenyl-1,4-butanedione by cyclodehydrative furanization to 2,5-bis(4-bromophenyl)furan (2) which was allowed to react with Cu2(CN)2 to produce the corresponding bis-nitrile 3. The latter compound was ultimately converted by way of an imidate ester into 4. Similarly, the 3- and/or 4-substituted derivatives of 2 were employed to prepare the other members of the series.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)furans. Eighteen substituted 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)furans and related analogues, including \"masked\" amidines in which the guanyl function is incorporated into a heterocyclic ring, have been synthesized and their antimalarial and antitrypanosomal activity has been evaluated. None of the compounds exhibited high orders of antimalarial activity; however, 11 were very active against Trypanosoma rhodesiense in mice. Six compounds, including 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)furan (4) and its 3-chloro (32), 3,4-dichloro (31), 3-methyl (25), 3,4-dimethyl (20), and 3-chloro-4-methyl (38) derivatives, produced cures in mice at submilligram dosage levels; the 3,4-dimethyl (20) analogue exhibited a prolonged curative effect providing protection for 30 days after a single dose against a challenge by T. rhodesiense. These six compounds are somewhat more active in this screen than stilbamidine, hydroxystilbamidine, and pentamidine. The \"masked\" amidines generally exhibited lower antitrypanosomal activity than their true guanyl counterparts. Compound 4 was synthesized from 1,4-di-p-bromophenyl-1,4-butanedione by cyclodehydrative furanization to 2,5-bis(4-bromophenyl)furan (2) which was allowed to react with Cu2(CN)2 to produce the corresponding bis-nitrile 3. The latter compound was ultimately converted by way of an imidate ester into 4. Similarly, the 3- and/or 4-substituted derivatives of 2 were employed to prepare the other members of the series.", "PMID": 321783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8078", "title": "Correction of prior estimate of the biological activity of an N-trifluoroacetyl analogue of D-threo-chloramphenicol relative to chloramphenicol.", "content": "The inhibitory rate constants, k, for the inhibition of the rate of Escherichia coli generation at various concentrations, C, of chloramphenicol nad its N-trifluoroacetyl analogue were determined in vitro in accordance with kapp = k0 - kC where kapp is the apparent first-order generation rate constant at a drug concentration C and k0 is that constant in the absence of drug. The activity of the analogue was one-tenth that of chloramphenicol in contrast to a previously reported value.", "contents": "Correction of prior estimate of the biological activity of an N-trifluoroacetyl analogue of D-threo-chloramphenicol relative to chloramphenicol. The inhibitory rate constants, k, for the inhibition of the rate of Escherichia coli generation at various concentrations, C, of chloramphenicol nad its N-trifluoroacetyl analogue were determined in vitro in accordance with kapp = k0 - kC where kapp is the apparent first-order generation rate constant at a drug concentration C and k0 is that constant in the absence of drug. The activity of the analogue was one-tenth that of chloramphenicol in contrast to a previously reported value.", "PMID": 321784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8079", "title": "Antifungal properties of 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid esters and related compounds.", "content": "Twelve esters (C1-C6) of erythro- and threo-2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid and related compounds were tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes at pH 5.7 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum in Sabouraud dextrose agar. At pH 7.0 in the presence of 10% beef serum, no consistent pattern in the fungitoxicity of the erythro- and threo-2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinate esters was seen. Increasing the length of the ester function affects fungitoxicity as follows: C2 greater than C1 greater than C3 greater than C4 greater than C5 greater than C6. The most fungitoxic compound in this study was threo-ethyl 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinate (C. albicans, 14 mug/ml; A. niger, 30 mug/ml; M. mucedo, 9 mug/ml; T. mentagrophytes, 5 mug/ml). Due to the ease of dehydrohalogenation, the fungitoxicity of 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid esters may be the result of a mixture composed of the parent compound, the bromo- and fluorofumaric acid esters, and HF and HBr of which part may be formed extracellularly and part within the cell.", "contents": "Antifungal properties of 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid esters and related compounds. Twelve esters (C1-C6) of erythro- and threo-2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid and related compounds were tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes at pH 5.7 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum in Sabouraud dextrose agar. At pH 7.0 in the presence of 10% beef serum, no consistent pattern in the fungitoxicity of the erythro- and threo-2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinate esters was seen. Increasing the length of the ester function affects fungitoxicity as follows: C2 greater than C1 greater than C3 greater than C4 greater than C5 greater than C6. The most fungitoxic compound in this study was threo-ethyl 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinate (C. albicans, 14 mug/ml; A. niger, 30 mug/ml; M. mucedo, 9 mug/ml; T. mentagrophytes, 5 mug/ml). Due to the ease of dehydrohalogenation, the fungitoxicity of 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid esters may be the result of a mixture composed of the parent compound, the bromo- and fluorofumaric acid esters, and HF and HBr of which part may be formed extracellularly and part within the cell.", "PMID": 321785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8080", "title": "Cholesterol Stimulation of Penetration of Unilamellar Liposomes by Hydrophobic Compounds.", "content": "The incorporation of cholesterol into unilamellar liposomes greatly increased the transmembranous movement of hydrophobic ionophores such as nigericin. In reconstituted liposomes containing rhodopsin as the only protein, the presence of cholesterol lowers by 10-fold or more the amount of negericin required to eliminate the light-driven proton gradient. These effects are seen both above and below the transition temperature of the phospholipid used for reconstitution. Cholesterol similarly increases the ability of A-23187, 1799, or NH4SCN to collapse the proton gradient of bacteriorhodopsin vesicles. Cholesterol also lowers the concentration of nigericin or valinomycin required for a rapid translocation of Rb+ into protein-free liposomes. It also lowers the concentration of A-23187 required for the release of Ca45 trapped in protein-free liposomes. In contrast to these observations and in confirmation of previous findings, we observed that cholesterol decreased the permeability of liposomes for glucose. Thus the effects of cholesterol on the permeability of the membrane vary with the chemical nature of the permeating compounds. We have also confirmed that in multilamellar liposomes cholesterol decreases the permeability of Rb+ in the presence of valinomycin. It therefore appears that the effect of cholesterol changes with the size and structural features of the model membranes.", "contents": "Cholesterol Stimulation of Penetration of Unilamellar Liposomes by Hydrophobic Compounds. The incorporation of cholesterol into unilamellar liposomes greatly increased the transmembranous movement of hydrophobic ionophores such as nigericin. In reconstituted liposomes containing rhodopsin as the only protein, the presence of cholesterol lowers by 10-fold or more the amount of negericin required to eliminate the light-driven proton gradient. These effects are seen both above and below the transition temperature of the phospholipid used for reconstitution. Cholesterol similarly increases the ability of A-23187, 1799, or NH4SCN to collapse the proton gradient of bacteriorhodopsin vesicles. Cholesterol also lowers the concentration of nigericin or valinomycin required for a rapid translocation of Rb+ into protein-free liposomes. It also lowers the concentration of A-23187 required for the release of Ca45 trapped in protein-free liposomes. In contrast to these observations and in confirmation of previous findings, we observed that cholesterol decreased the permeability of liposomes for glucose. Thus the effects of cholesterol on the permeability of the membrane vary with the chemical nature of the permeating compounds. We have also confirmed that in multilamellar liposomes cholesterol decreases the permeability of Rb+ in the presence of valinomycin. It therefore appears that the effect of cholesterol changes with the size and structural features of the model membranes.", "PMID": 321787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8081", "title": "Detection of thymus leukemia antigens on the surface membranes of murine leukemia cells resistant to thymus leukemia antibodies and guinea pig complement.", "content": "The thymus leukemia (TL) antigens of ASL-1 murine leukemia reversibly disappeared from the membranes of cells exposed to TL antisera; the cells acquired resistance to fresh TL antiserum and complement (antigenic modulation). Three independent methods, however, indicated that the acquisition of complement resistance preceded the complete disappearance of TL antigens from the cell surface. Modulated cells reduced known titers of TL antisera by absorption; they stained positively in immunofluorescence studies involving TL antibodies and fluorescence-labeled rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin. TL antigens labeled previously with 125I were recovered by immunoprecipitation from cellular extracts prepared with nonionic detergent. Continued exposure of the cells to TL antiserum led to virtually complete disappearance of the antigens. Similar results were obtained for RADA-1 cells, another murine leukemia that forms TL antigens, although in this instance the cells were resistant to the cytolytic effects of TL antisera and guinea pig complement (GPC) without prior exposure to TL antibodies. The density of TL antigens remaining on the surface of different TL(+) cell types failed to correlate with resistance to TL antibodies and GPC. Cells from F, hybrids of TL(+) and TL(-) mouse strains formed TL antigens and were susceptible to TL antibodies and GPC even though the density of TL antigens formed by the susceptible cells was less than the density of TL antigens formed by modulated cells. Stable somatic hybrids of RADA-1 cells and TL(-) cells formed TL antigens at lower density than did RADA-1 cells and lysed in the presence of aliquots of the TL antisera and GPC used in previous tests.", "contents": "Detection of thymus leukemia antigens on the surface membranes of murine leukemia cells resistant to thymus leukemia antibodies and guinea pig complement. The thymus leukemia (TL) antigens of ASL-1 murine leukemia reversibly disappeared from the membranes of cells exposed to TL antisera; the cells acquired resistance to fresh TL antiserum and complement (antigenic modulation). Three independent methods, however, indicated that the acquisition of complement resistance preceded the complete disappearance of TL antigens from the cell surface. Modulated cells reduced known titers of TL antisera by absorption; they stained positively in immunofluorescence studies involving TL antibodies and fluorescence-labeled rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin. TL antigens labeled previously with 125I were recovered by immunoprecipitation from cellular extracts prepared with nonionic detergent. Continued exposure of the cells to TL antiserum led to virtually complete disappearance of the antigens. Similar results were obtained for RADA-1 cells, another murine leukemia that forms TL antigens, although in this instance the cells were resistant to the cytolytic effects of TL antisera and guinea pig complement (GPC) without prior exposure to TL antibodies. The density of TL antigens remaining on the surface of different TL(+) cell types failed to correlate with resistance to TL antibodies and GPC. Cells from F, hybrids of TL(+) and TL(-) mouse strains formed TL antigens and were susceptible to TL antibodies and GPC even though the density of TL antigens formed by the susceptible cells was less than the density of TL antigens formed by modulated cells. Stable somatic hybrids of RADA-1 cells and TL(-) cells formed TL antigens at lower density than did RADA-1 cells and lysed in the presence of aliquots of the TL antisera and GPC used in previous tests.", "PMID": 321793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8082", "title": "Passive local anaphylaxis: demonstration of antitumor activity and complementation of intratumor BCG.", "content": "When an extracellular dye, Lissamine green, or 51Cr-labeled spleen cells were injected iv into C3H mice bearing small, partially necrotic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced transplantable fibrosarcomas (McC3), the tumor content of these circulating elements per unit weight was substantially lower than that of other selected organs. The level of these blood-borne materials was, however, significantly augmented by the intratumor induction of passive local anaphylaxis (PLA). The PLA-induced augmentation was inhibited by administration of the histamine and serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine; comparable increases were also induced by the intratumor injection of a histamine and serotonin mixture or BCG. The weekly intratumor induction of PLA in McC3 tumors resulted in the complete regression of a significant number of the tumors, and this therapeutic effect was eliminated by cyproheptadine treatment. The intratumor injection of BCG induced the regression of approximately 50% of injected tumors, and the combination of this immunostimulant treatment with the generation of PLA was more therapeutically effective than either treatment alone. PLA in the vicinity of solid tumors may, by increasing vascular permeability, potentiate antitumor effector mechanisms, particularly when these are BCG-stimulated. Despite this demonstration of a possible role of anaphylactic reactions in tumor immunity, no definitive evidence was found that active reagin-mediated local anaphylaxis occurred in C3H mice bearing the McC3 tumor, whether or not they were treated with immunostimulants.", "contents": "Passive local anaphylaxis: demonstration of antitumor activity and complementation of intratumor BCG. When an extracellular dye, Lissamine green, or 51Cr-labeled spleen cells were injected iv into C3H mice bearing small, partially necrotic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced transplantable fibrosarcomas (McC3), the tumor content of these circulating elements per unit weight was substantially lower than that of other selected organs. The level of these blood-borne materials was, however, significantly augmented by the intratumor induction of passive local anaphylaxis (PLA). The PLA-induced augmentation was inhibited by administration of the histamine and serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine; comparable increases were also induced by the intratumor injection of a histamine and serotonin mixture or BCG. The weekly intratumor induction of PLA in McC3 tumors resulted in the complete regression of a significant number of the tumors, and this therapeutic effect was eliminated by cyproheptadine treatment. The intratumor injection of BCG induced the regression of approximately 50% of injected tumors, and the combination of this immunostimulant treatment with the generation of PLA was more therapeutically effective than either treatment alone. PLA in the vicinity of solid tumors may, by increasing vascular permeability, potentiate antitumor effector mechanisms, particularly when these are BCG-stimulated. Despite this demonstration of a possible role of anaphylactic reactions in tumor immunity, no definitive evidence was found that active reagin-mediated local anaphylaxis occurred in C3H mice bearing the McC3 tumor, whether or not they were treated with immunostimulants.", "PMID": 321794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8083", "title": "Mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium of urine obtained from humans receiving nitrofurantoin.", "content": "Urine samples from 12 humans receiving oral therapeutic doses of nitrofurantoin were mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 100 and nonmutagenic for strain TA 100-FR1. Mutagenic activity of the urine was not increased by treatment with beta-glucuronidase. Spot mutation assay of the chromatogram of urine revealed that the mutagenic activity of the urine was mainly due to unmetabolized nitrofurantoin.", "contents": "Mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium of urine obtained from humans receiving nitrofurantoin. Urine samples from 12 humans receiving oral therapeutic doses of nitrofurantoin were mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 100 and nonmutagenic for strain TA 100-FR1. Mutagenic activity of the urine was not increased by treatment with beta-glucuronidase. Spot mutation assay of the chromatogram of urine revealed that the mutagenic activity of the urine was mainly due to unmetabolized nitrofurantoin.", "PMID": 321796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8084", "title": "Clinical toxicology of mercury.", "content": "Based on an extensive literature search, general principles of mercury toxicity are outlined with respect to human individuals and populations. For the metal itself, as well as for its most important inorganic and organic compounds, the review discussed behavior in the body, characteristic clinical pictures, assessment of threshold levels, and evaluation as potential environmental hazards. Particular emphasis is placed on those diagnostic signs and symptoms which furnish early warning signals, permitting detection and elimination of overexposures.", "contents": "Clinical toxicology of mercury. Based on an extensive literature search, general principles of mercury toxicity are outlined with respect to human individuals and populations. For the metal itself, as well as for its most important inorganic and organic compounds, the review discussed behavior in the body, characteristic clinical pictures, assessment of threshold levels, and evaluation as potential environmental hazards. Particular emphasis is placed on those diagnostic signs and symptoms which furnish early warning signals, permitting detection and elimination of overexposures.", "PMID": 321797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8085", "title": "Traumatic hemipelvectomy: a case report.", "content": "Traumatic hemipelvectomy is a devasting injury which few patients survive. A survivor of traumatic hemipelvectomy is described. Immediate and long-term management include prompt resuscitation, vascular control, urinary and fecal diversion, wound debridement, wound closure, and physical and psychologic rehabilitation.", "contents": "Traumatic hemipelvectomy: a case report. Traumatic hemipelvectomy is a devasting injury which few patients survive. A survivor of traumatic hemipelvectomy is described. Immediate and long-term management include prompt resuscitation, vascular control, urinary and fecal diversion, wound debridement, wound closure, and physical and psychologic rehabilitation.", "PMID": 321799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8086", "title": "Microbial agents in stools of infants and young children with and without acute diarrhoeal disease.", "content": "A study on the microbial agents in the stools of 344 infants and young children (206 diarrhoeal and 138 nondiarrhoeal) was carried out. The diarrhoeal group comprised of 120 hospitalised cases and 86 from a community. The numbers of nondiarrhoeal subjects of matching age taken from the same hospital and community were 50 and 88 respectively. It was revealed that bacteria (50-9%), parasites (11-7%), and C. albicans (2-4%) accounted for 65 per cent of the diarrhoea cases, 6-8 per cent having mixed infections. The largest number of cases had EEC followed by P. aeruginosa, Shige-la, V. cholerae, and A, hydrophila and of the parasites G. intestinalis was followed by E. histolytica in order of frequency. Enteropathogenic bacteria and parasites were encountered in 13-0 per cent and 34.8 per cent of the nondiarrhoeal subjects respectively, 7-2 per cent having mixed infections. This group also had EEC as the commonest bacteria and A. lumbricoides was the most prevalent parasite. Except for V. cholerae, A. hydrophila and C. albicans no significant difference was observed in the microbial spectra amongst the diarrhoeal cases in the hospital or community. In the nondiarrhoeal subjects both groups showed a similar prevalence pattern. Incidence of bacterial pathogens was significantly higher in children below two years and intestinal parasites were three times more common in older children.", "contents": "Microbial agents in stools of infants and young children with and without acute diarrhoeal disease. A study on the microbial agents in the stools of 344 infants and young children (206 diarrhoeal and 138 nondiarrhoeal) was carried out. The diarrhoeal group comprised of 120 hospitalised cases and 86 from a community. The numbers of nondiarrhoeal subjects of matching age taken from the same hospital and community were 50 and 88 respectively. It was revealed that bacteria (50-9%), parasites (11-7%), and C. albicans (2-4%) accounted for 65 per cent of the diarrhoea cases, 6-8 per cent having mixed infections. The largest number of cases had EEC followed by P. aeruginosa, Shige-la, V. cholerae, and A, hydrophila and of the parasites G. intestinalis was followed by E. histolytica in order of frequency. Enteropathogenic bacteria and parasites were encountered in 13-0 per cent and 34.8 per cent of the nondiarrhoeal subjects respectively, 7-2 per cent having mixed infections. This group also had EEC as the commonest bacteria and A. lumbricoides was the most prevalent parasite. Except for V. cholerae, A. hydrophila and C. albicans no significant difference was observed in the microbial spectra amongst the diarrhoeal cases in the hospital or community. In the nondiarrhoeal subjects both groups showed a similar prevalence pattern. Incidence of bacterial pathogens was significantly higher in children below two years and intestinal parasites were three times more common in older children.", "PMID": 321800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8087", "title": "Shutoff of host RNA synthesis in bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli in the absence of host DNA degradation and nuclear disruption.", "content": "In contrast to its effect on host DNA synthesis, nuclear disruption in phage T4-infected Escherichia coli B/5 cells has no effect on the shutoff of host RNA synthesis. Host RNA synthesis is shut off normally after infection with T4 multiple mutants that fail to induce both nuclear disruption and host DNA degradation.", "contents": "Shutoff of host RNA synthesis in bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli in the absence of host DNA degradation and nuclear disruption. In contrast to its effect on host DNA synthesis, nuclear disruption in phage T4-infected Escherichia coli B/5 cells has no effect on the shutoff of host RNA synthesis. Host RNA synthesis is shut off normally after infection with T4 multiple mutants that fail to induce both nuclear disruption and host DNA degradation.", "PMID": 321802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8088", "title": "UV-induced alleviation of K-specific restriction of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "A partial release of K-specific restriction of phage lambda grown in Escherichia coli C was observed when E. coli K strains AB1157 (having wild-type repair of UV-produced DNA damage) and AB1886 (uvrA) were irradiated with UV light before infection. The effect occurred in AB1886 at lower UV fluences than it did in AB1157. Little or no release of restriction was observed when AB2463 (recA) or AB2494 (lex-1) was used. Such release of restriction appears to be another of the UV-induced phenomena associated with \"SOS\" repair.", "contents": "UV-induced alleviation of K-specific restriction of bacteriophage lambda. A partial release of K-specific restriction of phage lambda grown in Escherichia coli C was observed when E. coli K strains AB1157 (having wild-type repair of UV-produced DNA damage) and AB1886 (uvrA) were irradiated with UV light before infection. The effect occurred in AB1886 at lower UV fluences than it did in AB1157. Little or no release of restriction was observed when AB2463 (recA) or AB2494 (lex-1) was used. Such release of restriction appears to be another of the UV-induced phenomena associated with \"SOS\" repair.", "PMID": 321803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8089", "title": "Stability of the carrier state in bacteriophage M13-infected cells.", "content": "Bacteriophage M13-infected carrier cells were shown to be unstable to prolonged growth under all conditions. Carrier Hfr cells were transferred in dilute culture (10(3) to 10(4)/ml), where reinfection was impossible and the physiology of the cell was minimally altered. After an initial period of about 10 generations, during which all cells in the culture remained infected, there was exponential decay in the proportion of infected cells in the culture. Uninfected cells that appeared were M13 sensitive. Hfr and F' males were also transferred serially at high cell densities (10(7) to 10(9)/ml), where high levels of phage should permit reinfection. The proportion of phage-producing cells in the cultures remained constant for 7 to 15 generations and then dropped exponentially on further growth. Non-phage-producing cells appearing in the culture were refractory to infection by M13; in some cases cells scored as non-phage producers for 20 generations were observed to produce phage on further growth in liquid culture. F'trp+ males infected with M13 lost trp+ function almost immediately; this was not regained in these experiments. Infected cells grown in dilute culture or on plates remained infected longer, produced more PFU per cell for a longer period, and retained trp+ function in F'trp+ males for over 90 generations. Non-phage-producing cells that appeared were sometimes phage resistant, sometimes phage sensitive. The existence of a phage-related material accumulating at high cell densities and affecting expression of free episomes, episomal expression in Hfr males, and phage synthesis itself is suggested.", "contents": "Stability of the carrier state in bacteriophage M13-infected cells. Bacteriophage M13-infected carrier cells were shown to be unstable to prolonged growth under all conditions. Carrier Hfr cells were transferred in dilute culture (10(3) to 10(4)/ml), where reinfection was impossible and the physiology of the cell was minimally altered. After an initial period of about 10 generations, during which all cells in the culture remained infected, there was exponential decay in the proportion of infected cells in the culture. Uninfected cells that appeared were M13 sensitive. Hfr and F' males were also transferred serially at high cell densities (10(7) to 10(9)/ml), where high levels of phage should permit reinfection. The proportion of phage-producing cells in the cultures remained constant for 7 to 15 generations and then dropped exponentially on further growth. Non-phage-producing cells appearing in the culture were refractory to infection by M13; in some cases cells scored as non-phage producers for 20 generations were observed to produce phage on further growth in liquid culture. F'trp+ males infected with M13 lost trp+ function almost immediately; this was not regained in these experiments. Infected cells grown in dilute culture or on plates remained infected longer, produced more PFU per cell for a longer period, and retained trp+ function in F'trp+ males for over 90 generations. Non-phage-producing cells that appeared were sometimes phage resistant, sometimes phage sensitive. The existence of a phage-related material accumulating at high cell densities and affecting expression of free episomes, episomal expression in Hfr males, and phage synthesis itself is suggested.", "PMID": 321804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8090", "title": "In vivo effects of recBC DNase, exonuclease I, and DNA polymerases of Escherichia coli on the infectivity of native and single-stranded DNA of bacteriophage T7.", "content": "The effect of several enzymes of the DNA metabolism of Escherichia coli on the biological activity of native and single-stranded T7 DNA was studied by transfection of lysozyme-EDTA spheroplasts prepared from various E. coli mutants. It is shown that the presence of the recBC DNase in the recipient cells decreases the infectivity of native and denatured DNA by about 100- and 10-fold, respectively. Lack of exonuclease I did not stimulate transfection by single-stranded DNA. Separated light (l) and heavy (r) strands of T7 DNA are fully infective, with a linear dependence on DNA concentrations, whereas heat-denatured DNA shows a two-hit kinetics. Single-stranded DNA was observed to depend on a functional DNA polymerase III for infectivity in polAB cells, whereas transfection with native T7 DNA was independent of the host DNA polymerases. The results are discussed with respect to the mode of T7 DNA replication.", "contents": "In vivo effects of recBC DNase, exonuclease I, and DNA polymerases of Escherichia coli on the infectivity of native and single-stranded DNA of bacteriophage T7. The effect of several enzymes of the DNA metabolism of Escherichia coli on the biological activity of native and single-stranded T7 DNA was studied by transfection of lysozyme-EDTA spheroplasts prepared from various E. coli mutants. It is shown that the presence of the recBC DNase in the recipient cells decreases the infectivity of native and denatured DNA by about 100- and 10-fold, respectively. Lack of exonuclease I did not stimulate transfection by single-stranded DNA. Separated light (l) and heavy (r) strands of T7 DNA are fully infective, with a linear dependence on DNA concentrations, whereas heat-denatured DNA shows a two-hit kinetics. Single-stranded DNA was observed to depend on a functional DNA polymerase III for infectivity in polAB cells, whereas transfection with native T7 DNA was independent of the host DNA polymerases. The results are discussed with respect to the mode of T7 DNA replication.", "PMID": 321805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8091", "title": "Regulation of Bacteriophage P22 DNA synthesis and repressor levels in P22cly infections.", "content": "A rifampin-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium carries an altered RNA polymerase. Wild-type (c+) phage P22 displays clear plaques and a reduced lysogenization frequency on this mutant host. The cly mutants of P22 were isolated on the basis of their ability to lysogenize such mutant hosts. Two classes of regulatory events, both of which are dependent on P22 gene c1 activity, are necessary for the establishment of lysogeny in P22. The positive events culminate in repressor synthesis; the negative events cause a retardation in phage DNA synthesis. Neither the positive nor the negative events are observed in P22c+ infections of the mutant host. Both effects are found in P22cly infections of the mutant host. Observable results of both the negative and the positive events are exaggerated in P22cly infections of wild-type hosts as compared to P22c+ infections. The cly mutation apparently increases the positive and negative regulatory events so that they are detectable in the mutant host and exaggerated in wild-type hosts. Possible mechanisms that result in the high frequency of lysogenization that characterizes the cly mutation and the nature of the cly mutation are discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of Bacteriophage P22 DNA synthesis and repressor levels in P22cly infections. A rifampin-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium carries an altered RNA polymerase. Wild-type (c+) phage P22 displays clear plaques and a reduced lysogenization frequency on this mutant host. The cly mutants of P22 were isolated on the basis of their ability to lysogenize such mutant hosts. Two classes of regulatory events, both of which are dependent on P22 gene c1 activity, are necessary for the establishment of lysogeny in P22. The positive events culminate in repressor synthesis; the negative events cause a retardation in phage DNA synthesis. Neither the positive nor the negative events are observed in P22c+ infections of the mutant host. Both effects are found in P22cly infections of the mutant host. Observable results of both the negative and the positive events are exaggerated in P22cly infections of wild-type hosts as compared to P22c+ infections. The cly mutation apparently increases the positive and negative regulatory events so that they are detectable in the mutant host and exaggerated in wild-type hosts. Possible mechanisms that result in the high frequency of lysogenization that characterizes the cly mutation and the nature of the cly mutation are discussed.", "PMID": 321806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8092", "title": "Urological complications of renal transplantation can be prevented or controlled.", "content": "Our incidence of urological complications in 860 consecutive renal transplants in 3.4 per cent. A further reduction in incidence is demonstrated in the most recent 250 transplants of this series. Urological complications have been kept to a minimum by strict adherence to certain principles in donor nephrectomy, management of multiple and small arteries, and the technique of graft implantation. When urological complications were suspected early and judicious use of 131I hippurate scintiphotographic techniques has proved to be the most helpful method to evaluate patients. If a urological complication did occur prompt recognition and treatment were responsible for a high rate of graft salvage, low incidence of sepsis and absence of patient mortality.", "contents": "Urological complications of renal transplantation can be prevented or controlled. Our incidence of urological complications in 860 consecutive renal transplants in 3.4 per cent. A further reduction in incidence is demonstrated in the most recent 250 transplants of this series. Urological complications have been kept to a minimum by strict adherence to certain principles in donor nephrectomy, management of multiple and small arteries, and the technique of graft implantation. When urological complications were suspected early and judicious use of 131I hippurate scintiphotographic techniques has proved to be the most helpful method to evaluate patients. If a urological complication did occur prompt recognition and treatment were responsible for a high rate of graft salvage, low incidence of sepsis and absence of patient mortality.", "PMID": 321807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8093", "title": "Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. VII. The role of bacterial adherence.", "content": "The susceptibility of the vaginal introitus to colonization by enterobacteria appears to be the biologic defect that separates women who experience recurrent urinary infection from those resistant to recurrent infection. Colonization of a mucosal surface is mediated in part by the ability of an organism to adhere to the surface. We describe an in vitro model that measures the capacity of different bacterial species to adhere to human vaginal epithelial cells. Different bacteria are demonstrated to vary in their adhesive properties. Escherichia coli is shown to adhere more readily to vaginal cells from women with recurrent urinary infection than to similar cells from control women resistant to urinary infection (p less than 0.001). These studies suggest that biologic susceptibility to recurrent urinary infections in women is related to a defect at the cellular level that encourages or favors bacterial adherence.", "contents": "Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. VII. The role of bacterial adherence. The susceptibility of the vaginal introitus to colonization by enterobacteria appears to be the biologic defect that separates women who experience recurrent urinary infection from those resistant to recurrent infection. Colonization of a mucosal surface is mediated in part by the ability of an organism to adhere to the surface. We describe an in vitro model that measures the capacity of different bacterial species to adhere to human vaginal epithelial cells. Different bacteria are demonstrated to vary in their adhesive properties. Escherichia coli is shown to adhere more readily to vaginal cells from women with recurrent urinary infection than to similar cells from control women resistant to urinary infection (p less than 0.001). These studies suggest that biologic susceptibility to recurrent urinary infections in women is related to a defect at the cellular level that encourages or favors bacterial adherence.", "PMID": 321809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8094", "title": "Changing attitudes toward urinary dysfunction in myelodysplasia.", "content": "Alternative methods to supravesical urinary diversion in myelodysplastic children, which protect the upper urinary tracts and provide urinary continence, are now available in the form of prosthetic devices and intermittent clean catheterization with or without ancillary pharmacologic agents. We believe that these alternatives deserve a trial before proceeding to supravesical urinary diversion. Short-term evaluation indicated improvements and stability in most urinary tracts treated by these methods but we recognized that, just as with the ileal conduit diversion, a longer period of followup is required before definite statements can be made about the long-term results. However, if the criteria of sterile urine and bladder emptying at physiological pressure ranges are strictly met we would suspect a favorable outcome.", "contents": "Changing attitudes toward urinary dysfunction in myelodysplasia. Alternative methods to supravesical urinary diversion in myelodysplastic children, which protect the upper urinary tracts and provide urinary continence, are now available in the form of prosthetic devices and intermittent clean catheterization with or without ancillary pharmacologic agents. We believe that these alternatives deserve a trial before proceeding to supravesical urinary diversion. Short-term evaluation indicated improvements and stability in most urinary tracts treated by these methods but we recognized that, just as with the ileal conduit diversion, a longer period of followup is required before definite statements can be made about the long-term results. However, if the criteria of sterile urine and bladder emptying at physiological pressure ranges are strictly met we would suspect a favorable outcome.", "PMID": 321811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8095", "title": "A technique for the correction of bifid scrotum in patients with hypospadias.", "content": "A technique to correct a bifid scrotum in patients with severe hypospadias is described. The operation is used as a second stage procedure to 1) repair the bifid scrotum, 2) add length to the penis and 3) correct the tendency for the erect penis to point into the scrotum, eventually interfering with intromission. The procedure, which advances the penis superiorly, detaches the urethra from the prominent median raphe to correct the bifid scrotum, It has been used successfully in 3 patients.", "contents": "A technique for the correction of bifid scrotum in patients with hypospadias. A technique to correct a bifid scrotum in patients with severe hypospadias is described. The operation is used as a second stage procedure to 1) repair the bifid scrotum, 2) add length to the penis and 3) correct the tendency for the erect penis to point into the scrotum, eventually interfering with intromission. The procedure, which advances the penis superiorly, detaches the urethra from the prominent median raphe to correct the bifid scrotum, It has been used successfully in 3 patients.", "PMID": 321813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8096", "title": "Gamma A myeloma with hyperviscosity and obstructive uropathy.", "content": "A patient with gamma A myeloma, hyperviscosity and an obstructive uropathy is described. Operation revealed a proteinaceous mass obstructing the right renal pelvis. Immunoprecipitin and immunofluorescent analysis of this mass and concentrated urine demonstrated the presence of gamma A myeloma protein, kappa light chains and albumin. This is the first description of an obstructive uropathy in multiple myeloma owing to a proteinaceous matrix containing paraprotein.", "contents": "Gamma A myeloma with hyperviscosity and obstructive uropathy. A patient with gamma A myeloma, hyperviscosity and an obstructive uropathy is described. Operation revealed a proteinaceous mass obstructing the right renal pelvis. Immunoprecipitin and immunofluorescent analysis of this mass and concentrated urine demonstrated the presence of gamma A myeloma protein, kappa light chains and albumin. This is the first description of an obstructive uropathy in multiple myeloma owing to a proteinaceous matrix containing paraprotein.", "PMID": 321814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8097", "title": "Silicone lymphadenopathy and synovitis. Complications of silicone elastomer finger joint prostheses.", "content": "We report two complications of silicone elastomer finger joint prostheses. In one patient, the prostheses broke, with silicone particles present in synovium (\"detritic synovitis\"). In another patient, silicone particles were found in an axillary lymph node five years after insertion of prostheses in the ipsilateral hand (prostheses were intact at the time). Microscopically, silicone particles in synovium and lymph node were identical to particles abraded from a new prosthesis.", "contents": "Silicone lymphadenopathy and synovitis. Complications of silicone elastomer finger joint prostheses. We report two complications of silicone elastomer finger joint prostheses. In one patient, the prostheses broke, with silicone particles present in synovium (\"detritic synovitis\"). In another patient, silicone particles were found in an axillary lymph node five years after insertion of prostheses in the ipsilateral hand (prostheses were intact at the time). Microscopically, silicone particles in synovium and lymph node were identical to particles abraded from a new prosthesis.", "PMID": 321815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8098", "title": "Prevention of hyaline membrane disease with plasminogen. A cooperative study.", "content": "In a double-blind, randomized study, 500 premature infants were treated with plasminogen or placebo intravenously within 60 minutes of birth. There was a substantial decrease in severe clinical respiratory distress, death caused by hyaline membrane disease, and total mortality in the plasminogen-treated infants as compared to the controls.", "contents": "Prevention of hyaline membrane disease with plasminogen. A cooperative study. In a double-blind, randomized study, 500 premature infants were treated with plasminogen or placebo intravenously within 60 minutes of birth. There was a substantial decrease in severe clinical respiratory distress, death caused by hyaline membrane disease, and total mortality in the plasminogen-treated infants as compared to the controls.", "PMID": 321823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8099", "title": "Infant botulism. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects.", "content": "Clostridium botulinum organisms and toxin were identified in the feces of six infants, aged 5 to 20 weeks, who had illnesses clinically consistent with botulism. Five of the infants lived in California and became ill within a six-month period in 1976; one infant became ill in New Jersey in 1975. Three cases were type A botulism, and three were type B. No source of ingested botulinal toxin could be found in any case. However, one infant with type B botulism had ingested a food containing C botulinum type B organisms, and no toxin was found in it. The clinical findings in these cases include constipation, weak sucking and crying ability, pooled oral secretions, cranial nerve deficits, generalized weakness, and, on occasion, sudden apnea. A characteristic electromyographic pattern termed \"brief, small, abundant, motor-unit action potentials\" (BSAP) was observed. The sources of C botulinum toxin for these six infants is thought to have been in vivo (gastrointestinal) production following ingestion of C botulinum organisms. Studies are underway to determine the full clinical spectrum, incidence, and potential public health importance of this infectious disease newly recognized in infants.", "contents": "Infant botulism. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects. Clostridium botulinum organisms and toxin were identified in the feces of six infants, aged 5 to 20 weeks, who had illnesses clinically consistent with botulism. Five of the infants lived in California and became ill within a six-month period in 1976; one infant became ill in New Jersey in 1975. Three cases were type A botulism, and three were type B. No source of ingested botulinal toxin could be found in any case. However, one infant with type B botulism had ingested a food containing C botulinum type B organisms, and no toxin was found in it. The clinical findings in these cases include constipation, weak sucking and crying ability, pooled oral secretions, cranial nerve deficits, generalized weakness, and, on occasion, sudden apnea. A characteristic electromyographic pattern termed \"brief, small, abundant, motor-unit action potentials\" (BSAP) was observed. The sources of C botulinum toxin for these six infants is thought to have been in vivo (gastrointestinal) production following ingestion of C botulinum organisms. Studies are underway to determine the full clinical spectrum, incidence, and potential public health importance of this infectious disease newly recognized in infants.", "PMID": 321825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8100", "title": "Chronic nephritis induced by antibodies reacting with glomerular-bound immune complexes.", "content": "The pathogenesis of chronic membranous glomerulonephritis induced in rats by passive immunization with heterologous antibodies to rat renal tubular epithelial (RTE) antigens was investigated. This model is designated as \"passive Heymann nephritis\" (PHN) in order to contrast it with classical Heymann nephritis induced by active immunization with homologous RTE in adjuvant. A single i.v. injection of heterologous (rabbit) antibody to RTE evoked chronic proteinuria after a latent period of one to three days. The onset of proteinuria was accompanied by the granular deposition of rabbit IgG and rat beta1C globulin along the glomerular capillary wall. Renal isografts developed PHN only when transplanted within the first three days following injection of the heterologous anti-RTE antibodies. The data suggest that the heterologous antibodies form immune complexes with RTE antigens preexisting in the circulation, and these complexes subsequently deposit in the glomerular capillary walls. Chronic proteinuria is then perpetuated by a host reaction to the foreign protein in the deposits (i.e., rabbit IgG), in a fashion analogous to that seen in the autologus phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis. These studies indicate that continued glomerular deposition of preformed circulating immune complexes may not always be a requisite for the perpetuation of glomerular injury in immune complex disease.", "contents": "Chronic nephritis induced by antibodies reacting with glomerular-bound immune complexes. The pathogenesis of chronic membranous glomerulonephritis induced in rats by passive immunization with heterologous antibodies to rat renal tubular epithelial (RTE) antigens was investigated. This model is designated as \"passive Heymann nephritis\" (PHN) in order to contrast it with classical Heymann nephritis induced by active immunization with homologous RTE in adjuvant. A single i.v. injection of heterologous (rabbit) antibody to RTE evoked chronic proteinuria after a latent period of one to three days. The onset of proteinuria was accompanied by the granular deposition of rabbit IgG and rat beta1C globulin along the glomerular capillary wall. Renal isografts developed PHN only when transplanted within the first three days following injection of the heterologous anti-RTE antibodies. The data suggest that the heterologous antibodies form immune complexes with RTE antigens preexisting in the circulation, and these complexes subsequently deposit in the glomerular capillary walls. Chronic proteinuria is then perpetuated by a host reaction to the foreign protein in the deposits (i.e., rabbit IgG), in a fashion analogous to that seen in the autologus phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis. These studies indicate that continued glomerular deposition of preformed circulating immune complexes may not always be a requisite for the perpetuation of glomerular injury in immune complex disease.", "PMID": 321857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8101", "title": "[The action of Berberin-drops on the intraocular pressure (IOP) (author's transl)].", "content": "A double-blind trial was performed on 12 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma with Berberin and Placebo drops. There was no evidence for the hypothesis that Berberin or Placebo cause changes in the bio-regulation of the IOP. The statistical analysis was done by a new procedure (Kannemann 1976). The authors tried to propose generally valid rules for the planning of trials which are supposed to prove or disaprove the connection between various eye-drops and IOP-changes.", "contents": "[The action of Berberin-drops on the intraocular pressure (IOP) (author's transl)]. A double-blind trial was performed on 12 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma with Berberin and Placebo drops. There was no evidence for the hypothesis that Berberin or Placebo cause changes in the bio-regulation of the IOP. The statistical analysis was done by a new procedure (Kannemann 1976). The authors tried to propose generally valid rules for the planning of trials which are supposed to prove or disaprove the connection between various eye-drops and IOP-changes.", "PMID": 321863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8102", "title": "[Historic notices of Louis braille and the development of dot-writing (author's transl)].", "content": "Louis Braille is called by his first biographer to be the \"Johannes Gutenberg for the blind\". Being blind himself--caused by a sympathetic ophthalmia after a perforating hurt to his eye--he invented at the age of 16 years a simple and ingenious method enabling blind people to read and write. His system consisting of six elevated and palpable dots was rejected by the teachers of these days, claiming there could be a distance between blind and fullsighted men. Despite this opposition the Braille system succeeded because of its advantages for the blind: Nowadays this method is used all over the world.", "contents": "[Historic notices of Louis braille and the development of dot-writing (author's transl)]. Louis Braille is called by his first biographer to be the \"Johannes Gutenberg for the blind\". Being blind himself--caused by a sympathetic ophthalmia after a perforating hurt to his eye--he invented at the age of 16 years a simple and ingenious method enabling blind people to read and write. His system consisting of six elevated and palpable dots was rejected by the teachers of these days, claiming there could be a distance between blind and fullsighted men. Despite this opposition the Braille system succeeded because of its advantages for the blind: Nowadays this method is used all over the world.", "PMID": 321864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8103", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the mechanisms of proteinuria in rat nephrotoxic nephritis.", "content": "Nephrotoxic nephritis was induced in Sprague-Dawley and Munich-Wistar rats by the injection of rabbit antirat kidney serum. A biphasic pattern of proteinuria was induced: the heterologous phase with a peak of proteinuria occurring at 10 to 16 hours, and the autologous phase with a peak at 10 to 15 days. For morphologic studies, glomeruli were fixed by perfusion, or by drip-fixation during good blood flow. In the heterologous phase, glomerular endothelial detachment or loss and leukocytic infiltration were prominent. In the autologous phase, focal detachment of glomerular endothelium and epithelium was commonly found. At sites of endothelial loss, in both phases, endogenous albumin (demonstrated by an ultrastructural immunoperoxidase technique), but not intravenously injected ferritin, showed abnormally deep penetration into the glomerular basement membrane. At sites of epithelial loss, found in the autologous phase, both albumin and ferritin were detected throughout the glomerular basement membrane. It is proposed that, in glomerular disease, leakage of plasma proteins may occur across the glomerular basement membrane at sites of endothelial or epithelial detachment.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the mechanisms of proteinuria in rat nephrotoxic nephritis. Nephrotoxic nephritis was induced in Sprague-Dawley and Munich-Wistar rats by the injection of rabbit antirat kidney serum. A biphasic pattern of proteinuria was induced: the heterologous phase with a peak of proteinuria occurring at 10 to 16 hours, and the autologous phase with a peak at 10 to 15 days. For morphologic studies, glomeruli were fixed by perfusion, or by drip-fixation during good blood flow. In the heterologous phase, glomerular endothelial detachment or loss and leukocytic infiltration were prominent. In the autologous phase, focal detachment of glomerular endothelium and epithelium was commonly found. At sites of endothelial loss, in both phases, endogenous albumin (demonstrated by an ultrastructural immunoperoxidase technique), but not intravenously injected ferritin, showed abnormally deep penetration into the glomerular basement membrane. At sites of epithelial loss, found in the autologous phase, both albumin and ferritin were detected throughout the glomerular basement membrane. It is proposed that, in glomerular disease, leakage of plasma proteins may occur across the glomerular basement membrane at sites of endothelial or epithelial detachment.", "PMID": 321869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8104", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of a fenestrated aortic valve. Surgical treatment.", "content": "Fenestration of the aortic valve is a common anatomic finding. Although spontaneous rupture of the semilunar cusps is infrequent, it leads to rapidly progressive heart failure and death. We present, to our knowledge, the first case of successful treatment by valve reconstruction. A 2 year follow-up demonstrates excellent clinical results.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of a fenestrated aortic valve. Surgical treatment. Fenestration of the aortic valve is a common anatomic finding. Although spontaneous rupture of the semilunar cusps is infrequent, it leads to rapidly progressive heart failure and death. We present, to our knowledge, the first case of successful treatment by valve reconstruction. A 2 year follow-up demonstrates excellent clinical results.", "PMID": 321881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8105", "title": "Restoration of bronchial artery circulation after canine lung allotransplantation.", "content": "To evaluate the re-establishment of the bronchial circulation in lung transplantation, we studied 10 immunosuppressed dogs up to 14 weeks after left lung allografting. Selective in vivo bronchial arteriograms were performed repetitively via the transfemoral route. In the early postoperative period, no fillinf og vessels distal of the bronchial anastomosis could be shown. After 12 days, however, continuity of the bronchial arteries across the anastomosis was present, and dye-filled ramifications of these vessels were visualized on the secondary and tertiary bronchi. Reconstitution of the bronchial circulation was also confirmed by postmortem studies after injecting the isolated descending thorasis aorta with colored radiopaque material (microfil). The bronchial mucosa at autopsy was examined microscopically. There was no correlation between its viability and bronchial artery regeneration. Although early ischemia of the transplant bronchus may be after a factor in the bronchial complcations that follow lung transplantation, the present study indicates that this ischemia is not due to failure of bronchial artery regeneration.", "contents": "Restoration of bronchial artery circulation after canine lung allotransplantation. To evaluate the re-establishment of the bronchial circulation in lung transplantation, we studied 10 immunosuppressed dogs up to 14 weeks after left lung allografting. Selective in vivo bronchial arteriograms were performed repetitively via the transfemoral route. In the early postoperative period, no fillinf og vessels distal of the bronchial anastomosis could be shown. After 12 days, however, continuity of the bronchial arteries across the anastomosis was present, and dye-filled ramifications of these vessels were visualized on the secondary and tertiary bronchi. Reconstitution of the bronchial circulation was also confirmed by postmortem studies after injecting the isolated descending thorasis aorta with colored radiopaque material (microfil). The bronchial mucosa at autopsy was examined microscopically. There was no correlation between its viability and bronchial artery regeneration. Although early ischemia of the transplant bronchus may be after a factor in the bronchial complcations that follow lung transplantation, the present study indicates that this ischemia is not due to failure of bronchial artery regeneration.", "PMID": 321882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8106", "title": "Septicemia secondary to impacted infected pacemaker wire. Successful treatment by removal with cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Infection of an intravenous pacemaker electrode developed in a 78-year-old man after multiple replacements and revisions of the pulse generator and the pacemaker lead. Spread of the infective process to the endocardium was followed by septicemia with Serratia marcescens and Staphyloccus epidermids. Failure of medical treatment and external traction on the pacemaker electrode led to thoracotomy and removal of the pacemaker electrode wires with the use of extracorporeal circulation. The tip of one of the pacemaker electrodes was found imbedded in the wall of the right ventricle and attached to the base of the tricuspid valve. Cultures from the endocardium removed with the electrode rendered the same organisms as cultured preoperatively. There has been no recurrence after 2 years following the removal of the infected electrodes. Although the problem described herein is not frequently found, radical treatment becomes necessary whenever infection and septicemia develop.", "contents": "Septicemia secondary to impacted infected pacemaker wire. Successful treatment by removal with cardiopulmonary bypass. Infection of an intravenous pacemaker electrode developed in a 78-year-old man after multiple replacements and revisions of the pulse generator and the pacemaker lead. Spread of the infective process to the endocardium was followed by septicemia with Serratia marcescens and Staphyloccus epidermids. Failure of medical treatment and external traction on the pacemaker electrode led to thoracotomy and removal of the pacemaker electrode wires with the use of extracorporeal circulation. The tip of one of the pacemaker electrodes was found imbedded in the wall of the right ventricle and attached to the base of the tricuspid valve. Cultures from the endocardium removed with the electrode rendered the same organisms as cultured preoperatively. There has been no recurrence after 2 years following the removal of the infected electrodes. Although the problem described herein is not frequently found, radical treatment becomes necessary whenever infection and septicemia develop.", "PMID": 321883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8107", "title": "The effect of alcohol on the developing organism. Genetical, teratological and physiological aspects.", "content": "In discussing the effects of alcohol on infants, children and adolescents, it is common to refer first to sociological data and only secondly to medical and biological information, often with scarce experimental support. Recently, however, the genetic, teratological and physiological aspects of the effects of alcohol on the developing organism have been the subject of several investigations, both in man and in experimental animals. It cannot be excluded that genetic factors influence the metabolism of alcohol. The effects of alcohol on some physiological functions vary between different racial groups. A number of studies have revealed teratological effects of alcohol in man, and investigations have also been performed to demonstrate such effects in experimental animals. The development of liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity both pre- and postnatally has been studied. The metabolic capacity for alcohol varies with age, with a maximum during adolescence. As yet, no clear pattern of the effects of alcohol on developing physiological functions can be distinguished, but hypoglycemia seems to be an effect of alcohol on younger organisms which later disappears, while other metabolic functions are rather insensitive in the early developmental stages. Most central nervous effects of alcohol are less pronounced in young experimental animals. The possibilities of extrapolation between experimental animals and man are limited and further studies are needed.", "contents": "The effect of alcohol on the developing organism. Genetical, teratological and physiological aspects. In discussing the effects of alcohol on infants, children and adolescents, it is common to refer first to sociological data and only secondly to medical and biological information, often with scarce experimental support. Recently, however, the genetic, teratological and physiological aspects of the effects of alcohol on the developing organism have been the subject of several investigations, both in man and in experimental animals. It cannot be excluded that genetic factors influence the metabolism of alcohol. The effects of alcohol on some physiological functions vary between different racial groups. A number of studies have revealed teratological effects of alcohol in man, and investigations have also been performed to demonstrate such effects in experimental animals. The development of liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity both pre- and postnatally has been studied. The metabolic capacity for alcohol varies with age, with a maximum during adolescence. As yet, no clear pattern of the effects of alcohol on developing physiological functions can be distinguished, but hypoglycemia seems to be an effect of alcohol on younger organisms which later disappears, while other metabolic functions are rather insensitive in the early developmental stages. Most central nervous effects of alcohol are less pronounced in young experimental animals. The possibilities of extrapolation between experimental animals and man are limited and further studies are needed.", "PMID": 321891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8108", "title": "The integrity of the noradrenergic innervation of the cardiovascular system in genetically dystrophic hamsters.", "content": "Noradrenergic nerves in dystrophic hamsters did not differ, in fluorescence morphology, from those in control hamsters. The responses to noradrenergic nerve stimulation and the sensitivity to noradrenaline of right atria and hepatic portal veins were similar in control and dystrophic animals. The contractility of left atria and their maximal responses to noradrenaline or noradrenergic nerve stimulation at 4 Hz were depressed relative to control. This reduction in inotropic responsiveness may be due to disturbances of excitation-contraction coupling.", "contents": "The integrity of the noradrenergic innervation of the cardiovascular system in genetically dystrophic hamsters. Noradrenergic nerves in dystrophic hamsters did not differ, in fluorescence morphology, from those in control hamsters. The responses to noradrenergic nerve stimulation and the sensitivity to noradrenaline of right atria and hepatic portal veins were similar in control and dystrophic animals. The contractility of left atria and their maximal responses to noradrenaline or noradrenergic nerve stimulation at 4 Hz were depressed relative to control. This reduction in inotropic responsiveness may be due to disturbances of excitation-contraction coupling.", "PMID": 321892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8109", "title": "Age-related changes in B and T lymphocytes and decline of humoral immune responsiveness in aged mice.", "content": "The activity of the immune system declines in an age-related fashion, after reaching a peak in young-adult animals. Although this pattern has been well documented, the mechanisms responsible for the decline of immune potential in senescence have not been fully elucidated. At the same time, it has become apparent that the immune response depends on complex interactions among different cell types. We review the results of the analyses of B- and T-lymphocyte function and activity in the humoral responsiveness of aged mice that have been performed in a number of laboratories, with a variety of experimental techniques. We conclude that an increase in T-cell suppressor function is the first immunologic lesion of aging in mice. This is followed by a decrease in T-cell helper function and finally by a loss of B-cell function.", "contents": "Age-related changes in B and T lymphocytes and decline of humoral immune responsiveness in aged mice. The activity of the immune system declines in an age-related fashion, after reaching a peak in young-adult animals. Although this pattern has been well documented, the mechanisms responsible for the decline of immune potential in senescence have not been fully elucidated. At the same time, it has become apparent that the immune response depends on complex interactions among different cell types. We review the results of the analyses of B- and T-lymphocyte function and activity in the humoral responsiveness of aged mice that have been performed in a number of laboratories, with a variety of experimental techniques. We conclude that an increase in T-cell suppressor function is the first immunologic lesion of aging in mice. This is followed by a decrease in T-cell helper function and finally by a loss of B-cell function.", "PMID": 321888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8110", "title": "Ribosome editing and the error catastrophe hypothesis of cellular aging.", "content": "Ribosome editing involves the dissociation during protein synthesis of inappropriate peptidyl-tRNA's, ones whose structure does not correctly complement the codon of the mRNA. This process is one of three stages in protein biosynthesis in which the frequency of errors in cellular proteins is controlled. These stages are reviewed and the implications of ribosome editing are described. A model for stability of the translation apparatus is criticized. Calculations using a revision of the model and experimentally reasonable values for the various parameters show varying time courses for error catastrophes.", "contents": "Ribosome editing and the error catastrophe hypothesis of cellular aging. Ribosome editing involves the dissociation during protein synthesis of inappropriate peptidyl-tRNA's, ones whose structure does not correctly complement the codon of the mRNA. This process is one of three stages in protein biosynthesis in which the frequency of errors in cellular proteins is controlled. These stages are reviewed and the implications of ribosome editing are described. A model for stability of the translation apparatus is criticized. Calculations using a revision of the model and experimentally reasonable values for the various parameters show varying time courses for error catastrophes.", "PMID": 321889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8111", "title": "Systems analysis of possible mechanisms of mammalian aging.", "content": "A comparison is made between how bacteria and men use their DNA to accomplish any major biological function. To make this comparison, a modified cybernetic analysis was used. This new type of cybernetic analysis makes a distinction between controlled and regulated systems and may permit an extension of cybernetics into new areas of biology. Prokaryotes have only regulated systems for all major functions, whereas eukaryotes can have both regulated and controlled systems. Several lines of reasoning, including the new cybernetic analysis, suggest that death, as opposed to aging, may be a regulated function in mammals. By analogy with other major regulated developmental functions in mammals, it is also suggested that the hypothalamic-pituitary axis may be the site for the regulation of the time of death. An example of how the pituitary might act on the DNA of peripheral cells to cause possible, severe loss of functional capacity is given by some recent experiments with RNA polymerase activity of liver nuclei from rats of different ages and with different endocrine states.", "contents": "Systems analysis of possible mechanisms of mammalian aging. A comparison is made between how bacteria and men use their DNA to accomplish any major biological function. To make this comparison, a modified cybernetic analysis was used. This new type of cybernetic analysis makes a distinction between controlled and regulated systems and may permit an extension of cybernetics into new areas of biology. Prokaryotes have only regulated systems for all major functions, whereas eukaryotes can have both regulated and controlled systems. Several lines of reasoning, including the new cybernetic analysis, suggest that death, as opposed to aging, may be a regulated function in mammals. By analogy with other major regulated developmental functions in mammals, it is also suggested that the hypothalamic-pituitary axis may be the site for the regulation of the time of death. An example of how the pituitary might act on the DNA of peripheral cells to cause possible, severe loss of functional capacity is given by some recent experiments with RNA polymerase activity of liver nuclei from rats of different ages and with different endocrine states.", "PMID": 321890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8112", "title": "Pylorus-preserving procedure in partial and total gastrectomy.", "content": "1. The operative technique and the postoperative results of the original pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG) and those of the Maki procedure as applied to cases of total gastrectomy are reported briefly. 2. The essence of these operations is to retain the pyloric cuff of 1.0-1.5 cm in length in order to preserve sphincteric function without the use of the drainage procedure. Ingested food was seen to empty gradually and rhythmically through the pyloric ring into the duodenum thereby avoiding dumping syndrome and reflux esophagitis. 3. As gastric acidity is reduced sufficiently by PPG, this method is to be recommended for treatment of intractable gastric ulcer cases and other benign lesions in which the foci are located in the distal half of the stomach. Though the method seems to be also useful in selected cases of duodenal ulcer, stenosis at the level of the pylorus and duodenum may preclude the application of the method. 4. The Maki procedure with jejunal interposition following nearly-total proximal gastrectomy is recommended in patients whose pylorus and its surroundings have remained free of tumor.", "contents": "Pylorus-preserving procedure in partial and total gastrectomy. 1. The operative technique and the postoperative results of the original pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG) and those of the Maki procedure as applied to cases of total gastrectomy are reported briefly. 2. The essence of these operations is to retain the pyloric cuff of 1.0-1.5 cm in length in order to preserve sphincteric function without the use of the drainage procedure. Ingested food was seen to empty gradually and rhythmically through the pyloric ring into the duodenum thereby avoiding dumping syndrome and reflux esophagitis. 3. As gastric acidity is reduced sufficiently by PPG, this method is to be recommended for treatment of intractable gastric ulcer cases and other benign lesions in which the foci are located in the distal half of the stomach. Though the method seems to be also useful in selected cases of duodenal ulcer, stenosis at the level of the pylorus and duodenum may preclude the application of the method. 4. The Maki procedure with jejunal interposition following nearly-total proximal gastrectomy is recommended in patients whose pylorus and its surroundings have remained free of tumor.", "PMID": 321897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8113", "title": "Microsurgical techniques in free flap reconstruction.", "content": "Free flap reconstruction is discussed with emphasis on microsurgical technique utilized in union of blood vessels 1 mm in external diameter. Proper microsurgical instrumentation, magnification and small vessel suture technique are all of importance in achieving a successful microvascular anastomosis. Technical maneuvers employed in identifying and avoiding small vessel thrombosis are presented. Surgical techniques, as presented here, have allowed us to successfully use free flaps to reconstruct large oral cavity defects following ablative cancer operations.", "contents": "Microsurgical techniques in free flap reconstruction. Free flap reconstruction is discussed with emphasis on microsurgical technique utilized in union of blood vessels 1 mm in external diameter. Proper microsurgical instrumentation, magnification and small vessel suture technique are all of importance in achieving a successful microvascular anastomosis. Technical maneuvers employed in identifying and avoiding small vessel thrombosis are presented. Surgical techniques, as presented here, have allowed us to successfully use free flaps to reconstruct large oral cavity defects following ablative cancer operations.", "PMID": 321898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8114", "title": "Tumor immunology and immunotherapy.", "content": "Tumor cells contain a variety of antigens, including tumor associated antigens. The tumor associated antigens can be clinically useful as markers for detection of cancer and some may also mediate host resistance against tumor growth. Much emphasis has been placed on the detection of circulating tumor associated markers, with radioimmunoassays for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) being extensively utilized. At present, CEA does not appear to be promising for initial detection of cancer, but may find an important place in the determination of prognosis and early detection of recurrent disease. Many cancer patients have depressed immunologic competence, yet they frequently have cell-mediated immunity against tumor associated antigens. Several different immunotherapeutic strategies have been developed, to either augment the immunologic responsiveness of the patient or to specifically increase the immune reactivity against tumor associated transplantation antigens.", "contents": "Tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Tumor cells contain a variety of antigens, including tumor associated antigens. The tumor associated antigens can be clinically useful as markers for detection of cancer and some may also mediate host resistance against tumor growth. Much emphasis has been placed on the detection of circulating tumor associated markers, with radioimmunoassays for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) being extensively utilized. At present, CEA does not appear to be promising for initial detection of cancer, but may find an important place in the determination of prognosis and early detection of recurrent disease. Many cancer patients have depressed immunologic competence, yet they frequently have cell-mediated immunity against tumor associated antigens. Several different immunotherapeutic strategies have been developed, to either augment the immunologic responsiveness of the patient or to specifically increase the immune reactivity against tumor associated transplantation antigens.", "PMID": 321899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8115", "title": "Haemophilus parainfluenzae and influenzae endocarditis: a review of forty cases.", "content": "Two cases of bacterial endocarditis caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae are reported with a review of 33 other cases of H. parainfluenzae endocarditis and 5 cases of H. influenzae endocarditis. Although H. parainfluenzae is usually considered a non-pathogenic microorganism, this review firmly establishes its role as a causative agent in endocarditis. Furthermore, several clinical features were noted which were atypical when compared to findings usually present in patients with bacterial endocarditis. The mean age of the patients was only 27 years. Over 60% of the patients had no identifiable predisposing illness, an unexpected finding in view of the low degree of pathogenicity associated with this microorganism. Polymicrobial bacteremia, usually with viridans streptococci, was found in 11% of patients. Major arterial emboli were documented in 57% of patients, an incidence unchanged from the pre-antibiotic era. Diagnosis of the disease is dependent upon an awareness of the fastidious cultural requirements necessary for isolation of Haemophilus species. Culture media must contain a source of X and V factors. Mortality from H. parainfluenzae endocarditis has been reduced from 100 per cent prior to 1940 to about 12 per cent by use of appropriate antimicrobial agents. Awareness that Haemophilus species can cause bacterial endocarditis is important because the diagnosis is dependent upon utilization of special culture methods and the patient may not respond to some of the empiric regimens used for treating bacterial endocarditis. It should be especially considered as a possible cause of \"culture-negative\" or \"abacteremic\" endocarditis.", "contents": "Haemophilus parainfluenzae and influenzae endocarditis: a review of forty cases. Two cases of bacterial endocarditis caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae are reported with a review of 33 other cases of H. parainfluenzae endocarditis and 5 cases of H. influenzae endocarditis. Although H. parainfluenzae is usually considered a non-pathogenic microorganism, this review firmly establishes its role as a causative agent in endocarditis. Furthermore, several clinical features were noted which were atypical when compared to findings usually present in patients with bacterial endocarditis. The mean age of the patients was only 27 years. Over 60% of the patients had no identifiable predisposing illness, an unexpected finding in view of the low degree of pathogenicity associated with this microorganism. Polymicrobial bacteremia, usually with viridans streptococci, was found in 11% of patients. Major arterial emboli were documented in 57% of patients, an incidence unchanged from the pre-antibiotic era. Diagnosis of the disease is dependent upon an awareness of the fastidious cultural requirements necessary for isolation of Haemophilus species. Culture media must contain a source of X and V factors. Mortality from H. parainfluenzae endocarditis has been reduced from 100 per cent prior to 1940 to about 12 per cent by use of appropriate antimicrobial agents. Awareness that Haemophilus species can cause bacterial endocarditis is important because the diagnosis is dependent upon utilization of special culture methods and the patient may not respond to some of the empiric regimens used for treating bacterial endocarditis. It should be especially considered as a possible cause of \"culture-negative\" or \"abacteremic\" endocarditis.", "PMID": 321916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8116", "title": "[Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) -- a new method in the treatment of severe respiratory insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) is a new method of ventilatory support developed in the USA. It allows the patient to breathe spontaneously as desired and also delivers a mechanical hyperinflation at regular preset intervals. IMV is especially effective in cases of severe respiratory insufficiency after conservative management as well as assisted ventilation have failed and helps avoiding the disadvantages of controlled mechanical ventilation. IMV fully utilises and assists the existing though insufficient spontaneous respiration which is integrated into the total ventilation. Patient acceptance and cooperation has been excellent and their weaning from respirator has been facilitated by a gradual reduction of the hyperinflation. Two cases are reported to illustrate technical details and the practical use of the method followed by a discussion of its advantages and indication.", "contents": "[Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) -- a new method in the treatment of severe respiratory insufficiency (author's transl)]. The intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) is a new method of ventilatory support developed in the USA. It allows the patient to breathe spontaneously as desired and also delivers a mechanical hyperinflation at regular preset intervals. IMV is especially effective in cases of severe respiratory insufficiency after conservative management as well as assisted ventilation have failed and helps avoiding the disadvantages of controlled mechanical ventilation. IMV fully utilises and assists the existing though insufficient spontaneous respiration which is integrated into the total ventilation. Patient acceptance and cooperation has been excellent and their weaning from respirator has been facilitated by a gradual reduction of the hyperinflation. Two cases are reported to illustrate technical details and the practical use of the method followed by a discussion of its advantages and indication.", "PMID": 321929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8117", "title": "Induction of protein X in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Certain treatments that damage DNA and/or inhibit replication in E. coli have been reported to induce synthesis of a new protein, termed protein X, in recA+ lexA+ strains. We have examined some of the treatments that might induce protein X and we have, in particular, tested the hypothesis of Gudas and Pardee (1975) that DNA degradation products play an essential role in the induction process. We confirmed that UV irradiation, nalidixic acid treatment, or thymine starvation result in protein X synthesis in wild type strains. However, we found that UV irradiation, unlike nalidixic acid, also induced protein X in recB strains, in which little DNA degradation occurs. Furthermore, we found that the presence of DNA fragments resulting from host-controlled restriction of phage lambda DNA did not affect protein X synthesis. We conclude that no causal relationship exists between the production of DNA fragments and induction of protein X. The presence of the plasmid R46, which confers enhanced mutagenesis and UV resistance on its host, did not affect protein X synthesis. Growth in the presence of 5-bromouracil, which does not result in production of degradation fragments, resulted eventually in a low rate of protein X synthesis. In dnaA mutants, deficient in the initiation of new rounds of replication, UV irradiation induced protein X, again unlike nalidixic acid. Thus, the inhibition of active replication forks is not an essential requirement for protein X induction.", "contents": "Induction of protein X in Escherichia coli. Certain treatments that damage DNA and/or inhibit replication in E. coli have been reported to induce synthesis of a new protein, termed protein X, in recA+ lexA+ strains. We have examined some of the treatments that might induce protein X and we have, in particular, tested the hypothesis of Gudas and Pardee (1975) that DNA degradation products play an essential role in the induction process. We confirmed that UV irradiation, nalidixic acid treatment, or thymine starvation result in protein X synthesis in wild type strains. However, we found that UV irradiation, unlike nalidixic acid, also induced protein X in recB strains, in which little DNA degradation occurs. Furthermore, we found that the presence of DNA fragments resulting from host-controlled restriction of phage lambda DNA did not affect protein X synthesis. We conclude that no causal relationship exists between the production of DNA fragments and induction of protein X. The presence of the plasmid R46, which confers enhanced mutagenesis and UV resistance on its host, did not affect protein X synthesis. Growth in the presence of 5-bromouracil, which does not result in production of degradation fragments, resulted eventually in a low rate of protein X synthesis. In dnaA mutants, deficient in the initiation of new rounds of replication, UV irradiation induced protein X, again unlike nalidixic acid. Thus, the inhibition of active replication forks is not an essential requirement for protein X induction.", "PMID": 321932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8118", "title": "ppGpp cycle in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Kinetics of accumulation and degradation of ppGpp and pppGpp were analysed in spoT+ and spoT strains of Escherichia coli. The experimental data in this paper indicate that on degradation ppGpp is not converted to pppGpp but instead is converted to GDP which is in turn phosphorylated to GTP. In addition the data are consistent with the idea the pppGpp is a direct precursor of ppGpp. We propose that ppGpp is metabolised according to the following pathway: GTP-pppGpp--ppGpp--GDP--GTP, which we call the ppGpp cycle. Coupled with the observations in spot strains we assume that ppGpp blocks its own synthesis by inhibiting the synthesis of pppGpp but not the interconversion of the two nucleotides.", "contents": "ppGpp cycle in Escherichia coli. Kinetics of accumulation and degradation of ppGpp and pppGpp were analysed in spoT+ and spoT strains of Escherichia coli. The experimental data in this paper indicate that on degradation ppGpp is not converted to pppGpp but instead is converted to GDP which is in turn phosphorylated to GTP. In addition the data are consistent with the idea the pppGpp is a direct precursor of ppGpp. We propose that ppGpp is metabolised according to the following pathway: GTP-pppGpp--ppGpp--GDP--GTP, which we call the ppGpp cycle. Coupled with the observations in spot strains we assume that ppGpp blocks its own synthesis by inhibiting the synthesis of pppGpp but not the interconversion of the two nucleotides.", "PMID": 321933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8119", "title": "X-ray-transmission computed tomography.", "content": "The immediate goal of clinically based x-ray-transmission computed tomography (CT) is to provide a measurement of the x-ray linear attenuation coefficient in cross section with the ultimate goal of impacting on patient management and care. To do this with the accuracy needed for clinical goals requires the careful integration of x-ray physics, detector technology, and mathematical reconstruction theory. Performance evaluation and quality assurance are necessary adjuncts to a CT scanning program. A number of investigative studies are underway.", "contents": "X-ray-transmission computed tomography. The immediate goal of clinically based x-ray-transmission computed tomography (CT) is to provide a measurement of the x-ray linear attenuation coefficient in cross section with the ultimate goal of impacting on patient management and care. To do this with the accuracy needed for clinical goals requires the careful integration of x-ray physics, detector technology, and mathematical reconstruction theory. Performance evaluation and quality assurance are necessary adjuncts to a CT scanning program. A number of investigative studies are underway.", "PMID": 321930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8120", "title": "Studies on ribosomal protein biosynthesis in an RNA polymerase temperature sensitive E. coli mutant.", "content": "In E. coli strain XH56 the synthesis of all RNA species is blocked upon shifting the culture to the non-permissive temperature. The decay of specific messenger RNA species coding for individual ribosomal (r) proteins was followed by measuring the rate of r-protein synthesis by pulse labelling at various times after the shift. The half-lives of the average 30S r-protein and 50S r-protein mRNA species are identical (1.75 min) and shorter than those of the average messenger coding for total cell proteins (2.75 min). Most individual r-protein messengers have a half-life in the same range (1.50-2.00). Only a few r-protein messengers have significantly longer half-lives: S1 (2.80 min), S17 (3.29 min), L29 (2.30 min), L31 (2.30 min), L32 (2.33 min) and L16 (2.60 min). The results indicate that the degradation of most individual r-protein mRNA species is not specifically controlled. After a few min at the non-permissive temperature, all protein synthesis is blocked. The restart of r-protein synthesis was followed after shifting the culture back to the permissive temperature. The recovery of cell growth is very slow. During this period preferential r-protein synthesis was observed. Moreover differential rates of bisynthesis of r-proteins was obtained, it may be indicative of specific regulatory process(es).", "contents": "Studies on ribosomal protein biosynthesis in an RNA polymerase temperature sensitive E. coli mutant. In E. coli strain XH56 the synthesis of all RNA species is blocked upon shifting the culture to the non-permissive temperature. The decay of specific messenger RNA species coding for individual ribosomal (r) proteins was followed by measuring the rate of r-protein synthesis by pulse labelling at various times after the shift. The half-lives of the average 30S r-protein and 50S r-protein mRNA species are identical (1.75 min) and shorter than those of the average messenger coding for total cell proteins (2.75 min). Most individual r-protein messengers have a half-life in the same range (1.50-2.00). Only a few r-protein messengers have significantly longer half-lives: S1 (2.80 min), S17 (3.29 min), L29 (2.30 min), L31 (2.30 min), L32 (2.33 min) and L16 (2.60 min). The results indicate that the degradation of most individual r-protein mRNA species is not specifically controlled. After a few min at the non-permissive temperature, all protein synthesis is blocked. The restart of r-protein synthesis was followed after shifting the culture back to the permissive temperature. The recovery of cell growth is very slow. During this period preferential r-protein synthesis was observed. Moreover differential rates of bisynthesis of r-proteins was obtained, it may be indicative of specific regulatory process(es).", "PMID": 321934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8121", "title": "The extrachromosomal control of nonsense suppression in yeast: an analysis of the elimination of [psi+] in the presence of a nuclear gene PNM.", "content": "When a [psi-] strain of yeast mutates to [psi+], the efficiency of suppression by certain ochre suppressors is increased. The [psi+] phenotype is inherited extrachromosomally. There is a nuclear gene, PNM, which, when mutant, causes loss of the [psi+] phenotype. PNM- is dominant to PNM+ and a heterozygous diploid gradually loses the ability over successive generations, to produce PNM+ [psi+] spores. This paper describes the kinetics of this elimination and the data obtained are discussed in relation to two models of the molecular nature of the [psi] genetic determinant--one considering the [psi] determinant as an autonomous nucleic acid, the other treating the possibility that the [psi] nucleic acid is that which codes for rRNA in the nuclear genome.", "contents": "The extrachromosomal control of nonsense suppression in yeast: an analysis of the elimination of [psi+] in the presence of a nuclear gene PNM. When a [psi-] strain of yeast mutates to [psi+], the efficiency of suppression by certain ochre suppressors is increased. The [psi+] phenotype is inherited extrachromosomally. There is a nuclear gene, PNM, which, when mutant, causes loss of the [psi+] phenotype. PNM- is dominant to PNM+ and a heterozygous diploid gradually loses the ability over successive generations, to produce PNM+ [psi+] spores. This paper describes the kinetics of this elimination and the data obtained are discussed in relation to two models of the molecular nature of the [psi] genetic determinant--one considering the [psi] determinant as an autonomous nucleic acid, the other treating the possibility that the [psi] nucleic acid is that which codes for rRNA in the nuclear genome.", "PMID": 321935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8122", "title": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-mum DNA. An analysis of the monomer and its multimers by electron microscopy.", "content": "The non-tandem inverted duplication in the 2-mum DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a length of 0.19 mum and is located asymmetrically along the molecule. The majority of the dumb-bell structures that are formed upon denaturation and self-annealing of the 2-mum monomer consists of the renatured inverted duplication sequences as double stranded stem and two single stranded loops of 0.67mum+/-0.06 mum (S-loop) and 0.86 mum+/-0.05 mum (L-loop) length. Two additional size classes which comprised 5-10% of the measured molecules had contour lengths of around 1.7 mum and 2.1 mum. The smaller dumb-bells contained two S-loops and the larger dumb-bells contained two L-loops as was shown by heteroduplex mapping with an HindIII fragment from the L-loop. Two models which assume illegitimate or site specific recombination, are presented to explain the generation of double S-loop and double L-loop molecules. At least part of the 4-mum and 6-mum circular molecules present in the yeast supercoiled DNA fraction are shown to be dimers and trimers of 2-mum monomers, but often with inverted loop segments most probably due to intramolecular recombination between sequences of the inverted duplication.", "contents": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-mum DNA. An analysis of the monomer and its multimers by electron microscopy. The non-tandem inverted duplication in the 2-mum DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a length of 0.19 mum and is located asymmetrically along the molecule. The majority of the dumb-bell structures that are formed upon denaturation and self-annealing of the 2-mum monomer consists of the renatured inverted duplication sequences as double stranded stem and two single stranded loops of 0.67mum+/-0.06 mum (S-loop) and 0.86 mum+/-0.05 mum (L-loop) length. Two additional size classes which comprised 5-10% of the measured molecules had contour lengths of around 1.7 mum and 2.1 mum. The smaller dumb-bells contained two S-loops and the larger dumb-bells contained two L-loops as was shown by heteroduplex mapping with an HindIII fragment from the L-loop. Two models which assume illegitimate or site specific recombination, are presented to explain the generation of double S-loop and double L-loop molecules. At least part of the 4-mum and 6-mum circular molecules present in the yeast supercoiled DNA fraction are shown to be dimers and trimers of 2-mum monomers, but often with inverted loop segments most probably due to intramolecular recombination between sequences of the inverted duplication.", "PMID": 321936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8123", "title": "Re-examination of F plasmid replication in a dnaC mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The replication of an F' plasmid in a dnaC mutant, thermolabile for initiation of chromosomal replication, has been re-examined using a novel DNA-DNA annealing assay. Plasmid replication ceases rapidly at non-permissive conditions, consistent with a direct role for the dnaC product in the replication of F.", "contents": "Re-examination of F plasmid replication in a dnaC mutant of Escherichia coli. The replication of an F' plasmid in a dnaC mutant, thermolabile for initiation of chromosomal replication, has been re-examined using a novel DNA-DNA annealing assay. Plasmid replication ceases rapidly at non-permissive conditions, consistent with a direct role for the dnaC product in the replication of F.", "PMID": 321937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8124", "title": "A new technique for selection of sensitive and auxotrophic mutants of E. coli: isolation of a strain sensitive to an excess of one-carbon metabolites.", "content": "An E. coli strain deleted in the region malasd is used for the selection of conditional or auxotrophic mutants. Thermosensitive and auxotrophic strains have thus been isolated on plates. After selection in liquid medium, a strain has been isolated which is sensitive to excess one-carbon metabolites. It carries two mutations, smg A1 (near metA and arg H), probably identical to relC, and smgB (between asn and ilv), probably part of the E. coli membrane ATPase.", "contents": "A new technique for selection of sensitive and auxotrophic mutants of E. coli: isolation of a strain sensitive to an excess of one-carbon metabolites. An E. coli strain deleted in the region malasd is used for the selection of conditional or auxotrophic mutants. Thermosensitive and auxotrophic strains have thus been isolated on plates. After selection in liquid medium, a strain has been isolated which is sensitive to excess one-carbon metabolites. It carries two mutations, smg A1 (near metA and arg H), probably identical to relC, and smgB (between asn and ilv), probably part of the E. coli membrane ATPase.", "PMID": 321938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8125", "title": "Escape synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits and termination factor rho following induction of prophage lambda in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits and of transcription termination factor p was studied after thermoinduction of prophage lambdac1857 located at several unusual sites on the chromosome of Escherichia coli. When a lysogen carrying the prophage at the bfe gene was induced at 42 degrees C, the rate of synthesis of core polymerase subunits (alpha, beta and beta') rapidly decreased, followed by a marked increase after about 10 min. The latter increase was observed specifically in the \"bfe lysogen\" and not in any of the other lysogens tested. Similarly, the rate of synthesis of p factor increased appreciably in the induced ilv lysogen carrying the prophage at the ilv gene, and possibly in the bfe lysogen as well, but not in other lysogens examined. Taken together with other evidence, these results suggest that the enhanced syntheses of beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase and of p factor observerd represent \"escape synthesis\", resulting from the close linkage of the prophage genome to the respective structural genes. In contrast, omega factor synthesis was stimulated upon induction of any of the lysogens used without respect to the site of prophage location, suggesting the involvement of an entirely different mechanism.", "contents": "Escape synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits and termination factor rho following induction of prophage lambda in Escherichia coli. Synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits and of transcription termination factor p was studied after thermoinduction of prophage lambdac1857 located at several unusual sites on the chromosome of Escherichia coli. When a lysogen carrying the prophage at the bfe gene was induced at 42 degrees C, the rate of synthesis of core polymerase subunits (alpha, beta and beta') rapidly decreased, followed by a marked increase after about 10 min. The latter increase was observed specifically in the \"bfe lysogen\" and not in any of the other lysogens tested. Similarly, the rate of synthesis of p factor increased appreciably in the induced ilv lysogen carrying the prophage at the ilv gene, and possibly in the bfe lysogen as well, but not in other lysogens examined. Taken together with other evidence, these results suggest that the enhanced syntheses of beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase and of p factor observerd represent \"escape synthesis\", resulting from the close linkage of the prophage genome to the respective structural genes. In contrast, omega factor synthesis was stimulated upon induction of any of the lysogens used without respect to the site of prophage location, suggesting the involvement of an entirely different mechanism.", "PMID": 321939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8126", "title": "Relative order of glg mutations affecting glycogen biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Mutations affecting the glycogen biosynthesis in E. coli can be mapped at three different loci, glg A, glg B and glg C lying between asd and mal A. Transduction tests suggest the following order for the genes in this region: mal A--glg A--glg C--glg B--asd.", "contents": "Relative order of glg mutations affecting glycogen biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K12. Mutations affecting the glycogen biosynthesis in E. coli can be mapped at three different loci, glg A, glg B and glg C lying between asd and mal A. Transduction tests suggest the following order for the genes in this region: mal A--glg A--glg C--glg B--asd.", "PMID": 321940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8127", "title": "Mutagenic DNA repair in escherichia coli. V. Mutation frequency decline and error-free post-replication repair in an excision-proficient strain.", "content": "Mutation frequency decline (MFD) is an irreversible loss of newly-induced suppressor mutations occurring in excision-proficient Escherichia coli during a short period of incubation in minimal medium before plating on broth- or Casamino acids-enriched selective agar. It is known that MFD of UV-induced mutations may occur before DNA containing pre-mutagenic lesions is replicated, but we conclude that MFD can also occur after the damaged DNA has been replicated on the basis of the following evidence. (1) Mutation fixation in rich medium (i.e., loss of susceptibility to mutation frequency decline) with ethyl methanesulphonate mutagenesis begins immediately, whereas with UV it is delayed for 20--30 min. (2) The delay in mutation fixation after UV can be explained neither by inhibition of DNA replication nor by a delay in the appearance of error-prone repair activity in the irradiated population. (3) MFD at later times after UV irradiation is more rapid and is less strongly inhibited by caffeine than is MFD immediately after irradiation. (4) Excision is virtually complete 20 min after 3 J m-2 UV but at that time virtually all mutations are still susceptible to MFD. We have presented evidence elsewhere that in bacteria there is an alternative error-free excision-dependent type of post-replication repair of potentially mutagenic daughter strand gaps. We suggest that this process is inhibited at tRNA loci in the presence of nutrient broth or Casamino acids, possibly because of a broth-dependent change in the structure of the single-stranded region including the tRNA locus.", "contents": "Mutagenic DNA repair in escherichia coli. V. Mutation frequency decline and error-free post-replication repair in an excision-proficient strain. Mutation frequency decline (MFD) is an irreversible loss of newly-induced suppressor mutations occurring in excision-proficient Escherichia coli during a short period of incubation in minimal medium before plating on broth- or Casamino acids-enriched selective agar. It is known that MFD of UV-induced mutations may occur before DNA containing pre-mutagenic lesions is replicated, but we conclude that MFD can also occur after the damaged DNA has been replicated on the basis of the following evidence. (1) Mutation fixation in rich medium (i.e., loss of susceptibility to mutation frequency decline) with ethyl methanesulphonate mutagenesis begins immediately, whereas with UV it is delayed for 20--30 min. (2) The delay in mutation fixation after UV can be explained neither by inhibition of DNA replication nor by a delay in the appearance of error-prone repair activity in the irradiated population. (3) MFD at later times after UV irradiation is more rapid and is less strongly inhibited by caffeine than is MFD immediately after irradiation. (4) Excision is virtually complete 20 min after 3 J m-2 UV but at that time virtually all mutations are still susceptible to MFD. We have presented evidence elsewhere that in bacteria there is an alternative error-free excision-dependent type of post-replication repair of potentially mutagenic daughter strand gaps. We suggest that this process is inhibited at tRNA loci in the presence of nutrient broth or Casamino acids, possibly because of a broth-dependent change in the structure of the single-stranded region including the tRNA locus.", "PMID": 321952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8128", "title": "Genetic effects of some new bifunctional and water-soluble analogs of the anti-cancer agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A series of 1,1'-polymethylenebis-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureas, 1-(omega-hydroxyalkyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureas, 1,1'(4-methyl-m-phenylenebis)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea, 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)]-3-nitrosoureido-2-deoxy-D-glycopyranose (chlorozotocin and 1-(2-methanesulfonyloxyethyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosurea were examined for their genetic activities. BCNU was simultaneously tested as an established, clinically used reference compound. A diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heteroallelic at the gene loci ade2 and trp5, was used as a test system for the induction of mitotic gene conversion (intragenic recombination). All compounds showed strong genetic effects. In the series of aliphatic bifunctional nitrosoureas, 1,1'-ethylenebis-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (1) was the most active compound. The water-soluble derivatives, including chlorozotocin, displayed all genetic effects of the same order of magnitude. There was no correlation between genetic activity and chemotherapeutic potential of the test compounds.", "contents": "Genetic effects of some new bifunctional and water-soluble analogs of the anti-cancer agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A series of 1,1'-polymethylenebis-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureas, 1-(omega-hydroxyalkyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureas, 1,1'(4-methyl-m-phenylenebis)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea, 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)]-3-nitrosoureido-2-deoxy-D-glycopyranose (chlorozotocin and 1-(2-methanesulfonyloxyethyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosurea were examined for their genetic activities. BCNU was simultaneously tested as an established, clinically used reference compound. A diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heteroallelic at the gene loci ade2 and trp5, was used as a test system for the induction of mitotic gene conversion (intragenic recombination). All compounds showed strong genetic effects. In the series of aliphatic bifunctional nitrosoureas, 1,1'-ethylenebis-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (1) was the most active compound. The water-soluble derivatives, including chlorozotocin, displayed all genetic effects of the same order of magnitude. There was no correlation between genetic activity and chemotherapeutic potential of the test compounds.", "PMID": 321953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8129", "title": "Cellular immune responses in familial medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "We studied prospectively 46 members of a kindred with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma to determine the importance of possible cellular immune reactivity to tumor antigen. We evaluated in vitro production of macrophage-migration-inhibitory factor and 3H-thymidine uptake by lymphocytes from patients, family members and normal subjects in response to extracts of medullary thyroid carcinoma and normal thyroid tissue. Lymphocytes from 12 of 18 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and four of seven patients with C-cell hyperplasia produced migration inhibitory factor or proliferated (or both) in response to tumor antigen. In contrast, cells from only two of 25 normal subjects and two of nine family members not genetically at risk for medullary thyroid carcinoma made migration inhibitory factor and proliferated to tumor antigen. Of particular interest, lymphocytes from six of 12 clinically normal family members genetically at risk for medullary thyroid carcinoma exhibited cellular immune reactivity to tumor antigen.", "contents": "Cellular immune responses in familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. We studied prospectively 46 members of a kindred with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma to determine the importance of possible cellular immune reactivity to tumor antigen. We evaluated in vitro production of macrophage-migration-inhibitory factor and 3H-thymidine uptake by lymphocytes from patients, family members and normal subjects in response to extracts of medullary thyroid carcinoma and normal thyroid tissue. Lymphocytes from 12 of 18 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and four of seven patients with C-cell hyperplasia produced migration inhibitory factor or proliferated (or both) in response to tumor antigen. In contrast, cells from only two of 25 normal subjects and two of nine family members not genetically at risk for medullary thyroid carcinoma made migration inhibitory factor and proliferated to tumor antigen. Of particular interest, lymphocytes from six of 12 clinically normal family members genetically at risk for medullary thyroid carcinoma exhibited cellular immune reactivity to tumor antigen.", "PMID": 321956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8130", "title": "\"Somatostatinoma\": a somatostatin-containing tumor of the endocrine pancreas.", "content": "We studied the pancreatic and enteric hormone profile of a 46-year-old woman who had hyperglycemia and a pancreatic tumor. Before operation, there was no evidence of overproduction of glucagon or insulin. The tumor's ultrastructure had a distinctive endocrine morphology, resembling D cells. Prompted by the recent demonstration of somatostatin in D cells of pancreatic islets, we analyzed the tumor and found a large quantity of immunoreactive somatostatin (301 ng per milligram of tissue). Insulin, glucagon, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and human pancreatic polypeptide were present in only trace quantities. The tumor cells were cultured in monolayers, which remained viable up to 51 days and released somatostatin into the culture medium. In seven insulinomas and two glucagonomas, we found the somatostatin content either much lower (less than 0.6 ng per milligram of tissue) or undetectable. After complete resection of the tumor, our patient became euglycemic and has remained so for the past 20 months.", "contents": "\"Somatostatinoma\": a somatostatin-containing tumor of the endocrine pancreas. We studied the pancreatic and enteric hormone profile of a 46-year-old woman who had hyperglycemia and a pancreatic tumor. Before operation, there was no evidence of overproduction of glucagon or insulin. The tumor's ultrastructure had a distinctive endocrine morphology, resembling D cells. Prompted by the recent demonstration of somatostatin in D cells of pancreatic islets, we analyzed the tumor and found a large quantity of immunoreactive somatostatin (301 ng per milligram of tissue). Insulin, glucagon, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and human pancreatic polypeptide were present in only trace quantities. The tumor cells were cultured in monolayers, which remained viable up to 51 days and released somatostatin into the culture medium. In seven insulinomas and two glucagonomas, we found the somatostatin content either much lower (less than 0.6 ng per milligram of tissue) or undetectable. After complete resection of the tumor, our patient became euglycemic and has remained so for the past 20 months.", "PMID": 321960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8131", "title": "Examination of the effect of age and acquired immunity on the susceptibility of mice to infection with Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "Adult CBA mice showed considerably greater resistance to experimental infection with Aspergillus fumigatus than young animals of the same strain (P less than 0.01). Furthermore, in contrast with the young mice, the susceptibility of the adults was only moderately increased by treatment with cortico-steroids. On the other hand, immunosuppressive treatments producing severe depression of lymphocyte function greatly increased susceptibility to lethal infection and promoted fungal growth in a wide range of tissues. These observations suggested a role for specific acquired immunity in the relatively high resistance to experimental aspergillosis shown by older mice.", "contents": "Examination of the effect of age and acquired immunity on the susceptibility of mice to infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. Adult CBA mice showed considerably greater resistance to experimental infection with Aspergillus fumigatus than young animals of the same strain (P less than 0.01). Furthermore, in contrast with the young mice, the susceptibility of the adults was only moderately increased by treatment with cortico-steroids. On the other hand, immunosuppressive treatments producing severe depression of lymphocyte function greatly increased susceptibility to lethal infection and promoted fungal growth in a wide range of tissues. These observations suggested a role for specific acquired immunity in the relatively high resistance to experimental aspergillosis shown by older mice.", "PMID": 321970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8132", "title": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and opportunistic fungal infections.", "content": "Sera from 35 apparently normal humans, 37 compromised human patients, 30 hedgehogs and 30 sheep, were examined for precipitating antibodies to four opportunistic fungi - Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Rhizopus arrhizus-using counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Precipitins to A. fumigatus were almost exclusively confined to specimens obtained from the compromised human group (51% of those examined) while Candida precipitating antibodies were detected in the sera of both normal (26%) and compromised (49%) humans and in 10% of the hedgehog specimens. Serum precipitins against the two phycomycetes included in the investigations were rare. Because of the complexity of most fungal antigen extracts, it appears the two phycomycetes included in the investigations were rare. Beause of the complexity of most fungal antigen extracts, it appears essential that sera be tested against a number of different antigen concentrations if CIE is to be used with confidence in fungal serology.", "contents": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and opportunistic fungal infections. Sera from 35 apparently normal humans, 37 compromised human patients, 30 hedgehogs and 30 sheep, were examined for precipitating antibodies to four opportunistic fungi - Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Rhizopus arrhizus-using counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Precipitins to A. fumigatus were almost exclusively confined to specimens obtained from the compromised human group (51% of those examined) while Candida precipitating antibodies were detected in the sera of both normal (26%) and compromised (49%) humans and in 10% of the hedgehog specimens. Serum precipitins against the two phycomycetes included in the investigations were rare. Because of the complexity of most fungal antigen extracts, it appears the two phycomycetes included in the investigations were rare. Beause of the complexity of most fungal antigen extracts, it appears essential that sera be tested against a number of different antigen concentrations if CIE is to be used with confidence in fungal serology.", "PMID": 321971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8133", "title": "[Membrane permeability and antibiotic resistance in bacteria].", "content": "The resistance of mainly gram-negative bacteria against antibiotics is discussed with respect to new discoveries on the permeability barrier of the outer membrane. Proteins originally characterized as virus receptors have been found to be involved in the translocation of certain substrates across the membrane. Antibiotics can reach their target by the same \"pores\".", "contents": "[Membrane permeability and antibiotic resistance in bacteria]. The resistance of mainly gram-negative bacteria against antibiotics is discussed with respect to new discoveries on the permeability barrier of the outer membrane. Proteins originally characterized as virus receptors have been found to be involved in the translocation of certain substrates across the membrane. Antibiotics can reach their target by the same \"pores\".", "PMID": 321973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8134", "title": "Proteinuria following renal transplantation.", "content": "Proteinuria was studied in ten renal allograft recipients; it was defined as: (a) glomerular--characterized by predominant albumin excretion; (b) tubular--significant excretion of both albumin and low molecular weight (LMW) proteins; and (c) glomerulo-tubular or mixed type, a combination of the two. LMW protein and albumin were quantitated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate. In the immediate posttransplant period, LMW protein and albumin excretion, expressed as a percentage of creatinine clearance, were high, revealing a mixed pattern, and excretion of both protein classes was higher than during both acute tubular necrosis and acute rejection crisis. Tubular proteinuria was observed in acute tubular necrosis; a glomerulo-tubular or mixed pattern of protein excretion in acute rejection crises.", "contents": "Proteinuria following renal transplantation. Proteinuria was studied in ten renal allograft recipients; it was defined as: (a) glomerular--characterized by predominant albumin excretion; (b) tubular--significant excretion of both albumin and low molecular weight (LMW) proteins; and (c) glomerulo-tubular or mixed type, a combination of the two. LMW protein and albumin were quantitated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate. In the immediate posttransplant period, LMW protein and albumin excretion, expressed as a percentage of creatinine clearance, were high, revealing a mixed pattern, and excretion of both protein classes was higher than during both acute tubular necrosis and acute rejection crisis. Tubular proteinuria was observed in acute tubular necrosis; a glomerulo-tubular or mixed pattern of protein excretion in acute rejection crises.", "PMID": 321983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8135", "title": "Electrographic and clinical effects of intracarotid sodium amobarbital on bilateral myoclonic status epilepticus.", "content": "The effects of rapid intracarotid injection of 20 to 100 mg of sodium amobarbital were studied in three patients with bilateral myoclonic status epilepticus due to Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, sequelae to anoxic encephalopathy, and hepatic coma, respectively. In each instance, the drug produced prompt abatement of clonic jerks contralaterally and attenuation of electroencephalographic epileptiform discharges ipsilaterally. These results suggest that the cerebral cortex actively participates in the elaboration of certain types of bilateral myoclonus in human beings.", "contents": "Electrographic and clinical effects of intracarotid sodium amobarbital on bilateral myoclonic status epilepticus. The effects of rapid intracarotid injection of 20 to 100 mg of sodium amobarbital were studied in three patients with bilateral myoclonic status epilepticus due to Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, sequelae to anoxic encephalopathy, and hepatic coma, respectively. In each instance, the drug produced prompt abatement of clonic jerks contralaterally and attenuation of electroencephalographic epileptiform discharges ipsilaterally. These results suggest that the cerebral cortex actively participates in the elaboration of certain types of bilateral myoclonus in human beings.", "PMID": 321984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8136", "title": "Drug interactions during anticonvulsant therapy in childhood: diphenylhydantoin, primidone, phenobarbitone, clonazepam, nitrazepam, carbamazepin and dipropylacetate.", "content": "It is well known that the concomitant use of different drugs may alter the reactions of the body towards the individual components. This is particularly important in long-term anticonvulsant therapy which is frequently a combined therapy. By carrying out statistical analysis of more than 6000 assays of the serum levels of antiepileptic drugs an attempt was made to gain insight into the possible drug interactions. The following results were obtained: 1. There was an increase in serum levels of diphenylhydantoin when either clonazepam or dipropylacetate (short-term therapy) was given concomitantly. 2. There was a decrease in serum levels of diphenylhydantoin when carbamazepine, primidone or dipropylacetate (long-term therapy) were administered concomitantly. 3. There was an increase in the serum level of phenobarbitone when it was administered together with diphenylhydantoin. 4. There was an increase in the serum level of primidone when it was administered together with clonazepam. 5. There was a decrease in the serum level of primidone if it was administered concomitantly with either carbamazepine or dipropylacetate (long-term therapy).", "contents": "Drug interactions during anticonvulsant therapy in childhood: diphenylhydantoin, primidone, phenobarbitone, clonazepam, nitrazepam, carbamazepin and dipropylacetate. It is well known that the concomitant use of different drugs may alter the reactions of the body towards the individual components. This is particularly important in long-term anticonvulsant therapy which is frequently a combined therapy. By carrying out statistical analysis of more than 6000 assays of the serum levels of antiepileptic drugs an attempt was made to gain insight into the possible drug interactions. The following results were obtained: 1. There was an increase in serum levels of diphenylhydantoin when either clonazepam or dipropylacetate (short-term therapy) was given concomitantly. 2. There was a decrease in serum levels of diphenylhydantoin when carbamazepine, primidone or dipropylacetate (long-term therapy) were administered concomitantly. 3. There was an increase in the serum level of phenobarbitone when it was administered together with diphenylhydantoin. 4. There was an increase in the serum level of primidone when it was administered together with clonazepam. 5. There was a decrease in the serum level of primidone if it was administered concomitantly with either carbamazepine or dipropylacetate (long-term therapy).", "PMID": 321985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8137", "title": "[Anamnestic questionnaire of the Italian Diagnostic Center].", "content": "A model of computerized clinical history is presented for physicians and anyone else interested in automatic information processing. The questionnaire should be compiled by the patient, controlled and examined by paramedical and medical staff, processed and managed by computer and organized into an output report. In addition to historiddition to historical data, this report includes the results of fun ctional and laboratory findings. In such a context, the purpose of anamnesis is to provide a complete clinical history in the interests of the better \"classification\" of the patient. Its logic and structure, however, also lends itself well to clinical and statistical uses and to a standardization of the clinical card.", "contents": "[Anamnestic questionnaire of the Italian Diagnostic Center]. A model of computerized clinical history is presented for physicians and anyone else interested in automatic information processing. The questionnaire should be compiled by the patient, controlled and examined by paramedical and medical staff, processed and managed by computer and organized into an output report. In addition to historiddition to historical data, this report includes the results of fun ctional and laboratory findings. In such a context, the purpose of anamnesis is to provide a complete clinical history in the interests of the better \"classification\" of the patient. Its logic and structure, however, also lends itself well to clinical and statistical uses and to a standardization of the clinical card.", "PMID": 321988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8138", "title": "[Combination of antimetabolites and alkylating agents in the treatment of advanced breast cancer].", "content": "An association of 5-fluoruracyl (or methotrexate) and cyclophosphamide was used in the treatment of 20 cases of hormone-resistant breast cancer. Five objective regressions were obtained. Mean survival here was 28.25 (S.D. 2.87) months, as opposed to 12.75 (S.D. 6.93) months in the remainder. Side-effects of various kinds were noted in 9 patients.", "contents": "[Combination of antimetabolites and alkylating agents in the treatment of advanced breast cancer]. An association of 5-fluoruracyl (or methotrexate) and cyclophosphamide was used in the treatment of 20 cases of hormone-resistant breast cancer. Five objective regressions were obtained. Mean survival here was 28.25 (S.D. 2.87) months, as opposed to 12.75 (S.D. 6.93) months in the remainder. Side-effects of various kinds were noted in 9 patients.", "PMID": 321989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8139", "title": "[Combination antimetabolite-alkylating agent-vinblastine in the treatment of advanced breast cancer].", "content": "The results obtained in 14 patients suffering from hormone-resistant metastatic breast cancer treated with the following association: methotrexate (5-fluorouracyl in case of methotrexate intolerance), cyclophosphamide, vinblastin administered i.v. once every 10-13 days, are reported. 4 objective regression (29%) were observed but survival did not very appreciably differing therapy. In 9 cases (65%) intolerance of various types was observed but in 8 these signs regressed in a short time and the therapy was resumed.", "contents": "[Combination antimetabolite-alkylating agent-vinblastine in the treatment of advanced breast cancer]. The results obtained in 14 patients suffering from hormone-resistant metastatic breast cancer treated with the following association: methotrexate (5-fluorouracyl in case of methotrexate intolerance), cyclophosphamide, vinblastin administered i.v. once every 10-13 days, are reported. 4 objective regression (29%) were observed but survival did not very appreciably differing therapy. In 9 cases (65%) intolerance of various types was observed but in 8 these signs regressed in a short time and the therapy was resumed.", "PMID": 321990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8140", "title": "[Use of dimethothiazine in the prevention of hemicrania].", "content": "The best results in the prevention of migraine have so far been obtained with tricyclic antihistamine, anti-5HT drugs. Experimentation of dimethothiazine--already widely employed in the management of essential headache--in this field is reported. Results obtained in a double-blind trial with a placebo on randomised levels and on a large series evaluated with Pearson's scatter index showed that the drug was effective, especially in the prevention of classic migraine. It was also usuable during attacks and in the prevention of cluster headache. Good tolerance and the absence of side-effects suggest the adoption of a standard course of 60 mg/day for not less than 2 to 3-4 months. Other therapeutic courses may be alternated during the year.", "contents": "[Use of dimethothiazine in the prevention of hemicrania]. The best results in the prevention of migraine have so far been obtained with tricyclic antihistamine, anti-5HT drugs. Experimentation of dimethothiazine--already widely employed in the management of essential headache--in this field is reported. Results obtained in a double-blind trial with a placebo on randomised levels and on a large series evaluated with Pearson's scatter index showed that the drug was effective, especially in the prevention of classic migraine. It was also usuable during attacks and in the prevention of cluster headache. Good tolerance and the absence of side-effects suggest the adoption of a standard course of 60 mg/day for not less than 2 to 3-4 months. Other therapeutic courses may be alternated during the year.", "PMID": 321991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8141", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic and clinical research on a new antibiotic combination (amoxicillin and flucloxacillin in equivalent-weight dose)].", "content": "A controlled double-blind biometric and an open clinical trial were conducted to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of a new equal-dose w/w association of amoxicillin and flucloxacillin. The following conclusions were drawn. Both antibiotics were present in high serum levels; those of flucloxacillin were higher and more persistent. Analysis of variance on 89 patients pointed to the superiority of the association by comparison with amoxicillin alone. The clinical study made it clear that the broad and complementary spectrum of the association, its synergy, absence of toxicity and good gastric tolerance make it a valuable and effective therapeutic aid, also in presence of germs that produce beta-lactase.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic and clinical research on a new antibiotic combination (amoxicillin and flucloxacillin in equivalent-weight dose)]. A controlled double-blind biometric and an open clinical trial were conducted to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of a new equal-dose w/w association of amoxicillin and flucloxacillin. The following conclusions were drawn. Both antibiotics were present in high serum levels; those of flucloxacillin were higher and more persistent. Analysis of variance on 89 patients pointed to the superiority of the association by comparison with amoxicillin alone. The clinical study made it clear that the broad and complementary spectrum of the association, its synergy, absence of toxicity and good gastric tolerance make it a valuable and effective therapeutic aid, also in presence of germs that produce beta-lactase.", "PMID": 321992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8142", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and clinical aspects of a new ampicillin].", "content": "The chemical, physical, kinetic features, spectrum and clinical employment of amoxicillin (alpha-amino-p-hydroxbenzylpenicillin) are described. A kinetic study on 48 volunteers indicated its rapid gastroenteric absorption. In addition, the new drug quickly reached serum levels that were able double those obtained with corresponding ampicillin doses of equal weight. A very satisfactory therapeutic response and no more than trivial side-effects were noted in a clinical trial on 106 patients, most of whom presented bacterial infection of the upper and lower airways.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and clinical aspects of a new ampicillin]. The chemical, physical, kinetic features, spectrum and clinical employment of amoxicillin (alpha-amino-p-hydroxbenzylpenicillin) are described. A kinetic study on 48 volunteers indicated its rapid gastroenteric absorption. In addition, the new drug quickly reached serum levels that were able double those obtained with corresponding ampicillin doses of equal weight. A very satisfactory therapeutic response and no more than trivial side-effects were noted in a clinical trial on 106 patients, most of whom presented bacterial infection of the upper and lower airways.", "PMID": 321993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8143", "title": "Pituitary responses in LH secretion to LHRH during pregnancy.", "content": "Thirty-six pregnant women and 15 normally menstruating women were each given 100 microng of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) by a single intravenous injection. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were determined by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) technics. For the determination of the serum LH levels, the LHbeta-RIA method, which is unaffected by hCG at sample levels as high as 500 IU/ml, was used. Serum concentrations of LH and FSH were lower in pregnant women than in the normal women in the follicular and luteal phases. While the release of LH was observed in pregnant women following the administration of LHRH, the average net increase was less than that seen in both the follicular and luteal phases. During pregnancy, there was a progressive decrease in the LH response to LHRH, but no release of FSH.", "contents": "Pituitary responses in LH secretion to LHRH during pregnancy. Thirty-six pregnant women and 15 normally menstruating women were each given 100 microng of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) by a single intravenous injection. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were determined by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) technics. For the determination of the serum LH levels, the LHbeta-RIA method, which is unaffected by hCG at sample levels as high as 500 IU/ml, was used. Serum concentrations of LH and FSH were lower in pregnant women than in the normal women in the follicular and luteal phases. While the release of LH was observed in pregnant women following the administration of LHRH, the average net increase was less than that seen in both the follicular and luteal phases. During pregnancy, there was a progressive decrease in the LH response to LHRH, but no release of FSH.", "PMID": 322005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8144", "title": "A critical review of the frequency of lymph node metastasis and death from microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "The lack of a uniform, specific definition of microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix has made it difficult to extract from the literature a sufficient number of cases similarly defined from which to estimate the risk of nodal metastasis or death from tumor. Factors potentially biasing the frequency of nodal metastasis and death from tumor are examined, and series lacking such factors are used to provide estimates of the risk of metastasis or death from tumor for various specific definitions, but the number of cases fitting each definition are too few at present to give reliable estimates.", "contents": "A critical review of the frequency of lymph node metastasis and death from microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. The lack of a uniform, specific definition of microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix has made it difficult to extract from the literature a sufficient number of cases similarly defined from which to estimate the risk of nodal metastasis or death from tumor. Factors potentially biasing the frequency of nodal metastasis and death from tumor are examined, and series lacking such factors are used to provide estimates of the risk of metastasis or death from tumor for various specific definitions, but the number of cases fitting each definition are too few at present to give reliable estimates.", "PMID": 322006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8145", "title": "[Latticed or dendritic lines on the periphery of the retina].", "content": "Latticed or dendritic lines (true white lines) on the periphery of the retina. Vitreo-retinal adherences between the ora and equator correspond to former embryonal blood vessels to the vitreous (or retinal vessels) attaching to the retina. Between attachments of vitreous consolidations coming from in front and behind as a congenital anomaly of the retina, the latter is either loosened or replaced by connective tissue, or there is a defect, wedge-shaped from within outwards (colobomatous). These are obviously very frequently comgenital. The vitreous between and above the vitreous-retinal attachments is always liquefied and structureless. With increasing age, there is a reactive proliferation of the connective tissue (vessel-vitreous medullary cells) and pigmented epithelium. This new tissue either replaces the retina or rests on it distinctly localized, and has a strong tendency to hyalinization and sclerosis (sclerotic degenerative area). The latticed or dendritic lines (true white lines) on the periphery of the retina which for preference appear in the region of the degenerative sclerotic area sometimes consist of obliterated vessels with hyalinized walls and sometimes of hyaline connective tissue threads which are independent of the vessels. Frequently the vitreous fibre strands (vitreo-retinal adherences) may also continue through the inner retinal layers as far as these dendritic hyaline (white) retinal threads of connective tissue.", "contents": "[Latticed or dendritic lines on the periphery of the retina]. Latticed or dendritic lines (true white lines) on the periphery of the retina. Vitreo-retinal adherences between the ora and equator correspond to former embryonal blood vessels to the vitreous (or retinal vessels) attaching to the retina. Between attachments of vitreous consolidations coming from in front and behind as a congenital anomaly of the retina, the latter is either loosened or replaced by connective tissue, or there is a defect, wedge-shaped from within outwards (colobomatous). These are obviously very frequently comgenital. The vitreous between and above the vitreous-retinal attachments is always liquefied and structureless. With increasing age, there is a reactive proliferation of the connective tissue (vessel-vitreous medullary cells) and pigmented epithelium. This new tissue either replaces the retina or rests on it distinctly localized, and has a strong tendency to hyalinization and sclerosis (sclerotic degenerative area). The latticed or dendritic lines (true white lines) on the periphery of the retina which for preference appear in the region of the degenerative sclerotic area sometimes consist of obliterated vessels with hyalinized walls and sometimes of hyaline connective tissue threads which are independent of the vessels. Frequently the vitreous fibre strands (vitreo-retinal adherences) may also continue through the inner retinal layers as far as these dendritic hyaline (white) retinal threads of connective tissue.", "PMID": 322008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8146", "title": "Assessment of calcium dobesilate in diabetic retinopathy. A double-blind clinical investigation.", "content": "In this double-blind, randomized trial, which lasted for 2 years, the authors investigated the efficacy of calcium dobesilate on diabetic retinopathy. 68 patients (51 on the active substance, 17 on placebo) participated in the study. The statistical analysis of the results indicate that calcium dobesilate acts as a potent angioprotector, capable of preventing both intra and extraretinal hemorrhages. The drug also lowers the incidence of exudate formation and improves visual acuity.", "contents": "Assessment of calcium dobesilate in diabetic retinopathy. A double-blind clinical investigation. In this double-blind, randomized trial, which lasted for 2 years, the authors investigated the efficacy of calcium dobesilate on diabetic retinopathy. 68 patients (51 on the active substance, 17 on placebo) participated in the study. The statistical analysis of the results indicate that calcium dobesilate acts as a potent angioprotector, capable of preventing both intra and extraretinal hemorrhages. The drug also lowers the incidence of exudate formation and improves visual acuity.", "PMID": 322009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8147", "title": "Surgical correction of the atrophic alveolar ridge. A preliminary report on a new concept of treatment.", "content": "Inferior repositioning of the atrophic maxillary edentulous alveolar ridge by LeFort I osteotomy and simulataneous bone grafting, and superior repositioning of the atrophic mandibular edentulous ridge by horizontal osteotomy of the mandibular body and simultaneous bone grafting have been accomplished successfully. These two new surgical procedures add a new dimension to treatment of severe atrophy of the alveolar ridges in edentulous or partially edentulous patients.", "contents": "Surgical correction of the atrophic alveolar ridge. A preliminary report on a new concept of treatment. Inferior repositioning of the atrophic maxillary edentulous alveolar ridge by LeFort I osteotomy and simulataneous bone grafting, and superior repositioning of the atrophic mandibular edentulous ridge by horizontal osteotomy of the mandibular body and simultaneous bone grafting have been accomplished successfully. These two new surgical procedures add a new dimension to treatment of severe atrophy of the alveolar ridges in edentulous or partially edentulous patients.", "PMID": 322010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8148", "title": "A mandibular cystlike lesion in a prehistoric American Indian.", "content": "A possible multilocular cyst or ameloblastoma is reported in a 1,200-year-old prehistoric American Indian. A description of this lesion and its incidence in early populations is reviewed.", "contents": "A mandibular cystlike lesion in a prehistoric American Indian. A possible multilocular cyst or ameloblastoma is reported in a 1,200-year-old prehistoric American Indian. A description of this lesion and its incidence in early populations is reviewed.", "PMID": 322011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8149", "title": "[Short and long term behaviour of pleural effusion cultures. (Report of 200 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Pleural effusions from 200 patients with benign or malignant pleural involvement have been cultured in vitro and observed from 48 hours to 9 months. The morphology and \"social behavior\" of the different types of cells are described. Mesothelial cells settle down quickly and come into contact with each other by long cytoplasmic processes. The tendency of epithelial malignant cells is to clump and grow in clusters. These \"balls\" of varying size are freed into the culture medium. Similar clusters may be found in benign effusions showing mesothelial hyperplasia. In case of malignant primary tumor of the pleura, the morphology of cultured cells is similar to that of mesothelial cells. In 3 cases, typical malignant epithelial cells have allowed us to discard the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Discrepancies between conventional cytology and cell culture were found in 13 cases: in 6 cases, positive for malignant cells using conventional cytology, cell culture was negative. In 7 cases with negative routine techniques, cell culture disclosed malignant cells. Large multinucleated syncytia were observed in 15 cultures. They suggest a cytopathic effect similar to that seen in myxovirus infected cells. Correlation with the etiology of pleural effusions in these cases is described.", "contents": "[Short and long term behaviour of pleural effusion cultures. (Report of 200 cases) (author's transl)]. Pleural effusions from 200 patients with benign or malignant pleural involvement have been cultured in vitro and observed from 48 hours to 9 months. The morphology and \"social behavior\" of the different types of cells are described. Mesothelial cells settle down quickly and come into contact with each other by long cytoplasmic processes. The tendency of epithelial malignant cells is to clump and grow in clusters. These \"balls\" of varying size are freed into the culture medium. Similar clusters may be found in benign effusions showing mesothelial hyperplasia. In case of malignant primary tumor of the pleura, the morphology of cultured cells is similar to that of mesothelial cells. In 3 cases, typical malignant epithelial cells have allowed us to discard the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Discrepancies between conventional cytology and cell culture were found in 13 cases: in 6 cases, positive for malignant cells using conventional cytology, cell culture was negative. In 7 cases with negative routine techniques, cell culture disclosed malignant cells. Large multinucleated syncytia were observed in 15 cultures. They suggest a cytopathic effect similar to that seen in myxovirus infected cells. Correlation with the etiology of pleural effusions in these cases is described.", "PMID": 322031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8150", "title": "[Humoral study of human parasitic diseases. Interest of ELIEDA. (Enzyme--linked--immuno--electro--diffusion--assay) (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to sensitize the reaction of immuno-electro-diffusion (IED) and to define the class of immuno-globulins implied in the antigen-antibody reaction, we have completed the technique of IED by coupling it to an enzymatic technique. In such a way the immune complexes are treated by enzyme labeled antibodies specific to each class of immunoglobulin. This association realizes the technique of ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion-assay). The sensitivity and the specificity of this method allow the follow up of the qualitative evolution of antibodies during natural or experimental parasitic diseases.", "contents": "[Humoral study of human parasitic diseases. Interest of ELIEDA. (Enzyme--linked--immuno--electro--diffusion--assay) (author's transl)]. In order to sensitize the reaction of immuno-electro-diffusion (IED) and to define the class of immuno-globulins implied in the antigen-antibody reaction, we have completed the technique of IED by coupling it to an enzymatic technique. In such a way the immune complexes are treated by enzyme labeled antibodies specific to each class of immunoglobulin. This association realizes the technique of ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion-assay). The sensitivity and the specificity of this method allow the follow up of the qualitative evolution of antibodies during natural or experimental parasitic diseases.", "PMID": 322032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8151", "title": "[The cellularity of fibrillated articular cartilage. A comparative study of age-related and osteoarthrotic cartilage lesions from the human femoral head].", "content": "The cellularity of human femoral head cartilage has been studied in age-related and osteoarthrotic fibrillated samples and control intact samples. Age-related fibrillated cartilage shows a marked increase of the cell density which is directly related to the proliferation of cell clusters and to cartilage thinning. In osteoarthrotic cartilage lesions multicellular clusters are less frequent and cell density is decreased. A smooth aspect of the exposed cartilage surface and an increased subchondral bone mass are only found in osteoar/hrotic samples. The findings suggest that age-related and osteoarthrotic cartilage lesions are due to different mechanical stresses governing the cellularity of the tissue.", "contents": "[The cellularity of fibrillated articular cartilage. A comparative study of age-related and osteoarthrotic cartilage lesions from the human femoral head]. The cellularity of human femoral head cartilage has been studied in age-related and osteoarthrotic fibrillated samples and control intact samples. Age-related fibrillated cartilage shows a marked increase of the cell density which is directly related to the proliferation of cell clusters and to cartilage thinning. In osteoarthrotic cartilage lesions multicellular clusters are less frequent and cell density is decreased. A smooth aspect of the exposed cartilage surface and an increased subchondral bone mass are only found in osteoar/hrotic samples. The findings suggest that age-related and osteoarthrotic cartilage lesions are due to different mechanical stresses governing the cellularity of the tissue.", "PMID": 322033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8152", "title": "[Anticomplementary activity of a polyanion: polyanion: pentosan-poly-sulfoester. I. \"In vitro\" study and \"in vivo\" trial in human glomerulonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "The drug, pentosan-poly-sulfoester (PPS), has an anticomplementary activity (ACA) on human serum both in vitro and in vivo, as judged by a reduction in total hemolytic complement activity (CH 50). In vitro, this ACA is very potent, immediate and temperature independent. In vivo this ACA obtained with a IV dose of 100 mg per 8 hours eg 300 mg/24 h, increases with the duration of treatment (mean time:30 days), suggesting a cumulative effect. Eleven patients with glomerulonephritis (GN) received such a treatment (8 with acute post-streptococcal GN and 3 with mesangio-proliferative GN). In patients with already marked hypocomplementemia, the ACA is difficult to establish, while in patients with normal complement activity or moderate hypocomplementemia, the decrease of CH 50 level in serum is obvious. There was no significant change inthe serum level of C3, C4, properdin factor B as measured by radial immunodiffusion technique. The clinical course of these GN was apparently not affected by this treatment. Neverthless, the in vivo ACA of PPS is firmly established and we can speculate that this functional depletion in complement may prevent or decrease the liberation of humoral mediators of inflammation.", "contents": "[Anticomplementary activity of a polyanion: polyanion: pentosan-poly-sulfoester. I. \"In vitro\" study and \"in vivo\" trial in human glomerulonephritis (author's transl)]. The drug, pentosan-poly-sulfoester (PPS), has an anticomplementary activity (ACA) on human serum both in vitro and in vivo, as judged by a reduction in total hemolytic complement activity (CH 50). In vitro, this ACA is very potent, immediate and temperature independent. In vivo this ACA obtained with a IV dose of 100 mg per 8 hours eg 300 mg/24 h, increases with the duration of treatment (mean time:30 days), suggesting a cumulative effect. Eleven patients with glomerulonephritis (GN) received such a treatment (8 with acute post-streptococcal GN and 3 with mesangio-proliferative GN). In patients with already marked hypocomplementemia, the ACA is difficult to establish, while in patients with normal complement activity or moderate hypocomplementemia, the decrease of CH 50 level in serum is obvious. There was no significant change inthe serum level of C3, C4, properdin factor B as measured by radial immunodiffusion technique. The clinical course of these GN was apparently not affected by this treatment. Neverthless, the in vivo ACA of PPS is firmly established and we can speculate that this functional depletion in complement may prevent or decrease the liberation of humoral mediators of inflammation.", "PMID": 322034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8153", "title": "Crystalloid nature of mineral deposits in Bowman's capsule of the human glomerulus. Study by X-ray microanalysis and electron microdiffraction.", "content": "Abnormal crystalline mineral deposits are often observed in the basement membrane of Bowman's capsule in the human glomerulus. The nature of these deposits has been the subject of much discussion. By means of electron probe microanalysis and electron diffraction techniques, we have identified these abnormal deposits as whitlockite (beta-calcium-orthophosphate).", "contents": "Crystalloid nature of mineral deposits in Bowman's capsule of the human glomerulus. Study by X-ray microanalysis and electron microdiffraction. Abnormal crystalline mineral deposits are often observed in the basement membrane of Bowman's capsule in the human glomerulus. The nature of these deposits has been the subject of much discussion. By means of electron probe microanalysis and electron diffraction techniques, we have identified these abnormal deposits as whitlockite (beta-calcium-orthophosphate).", "PMID": 322035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8154", "title": "[Inherited and familial bisalbuminemia. Acquired transient bisalbuminemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study is a survey of the different types of bisalbuminemia. In the inherited and familial form, the anomaly is fortuitously discovered and not associated with disease. The abnormal albumin fraction only differs from the normal one in a slight alteration in the aminoacid sequence, responsible for increased (\"fast type\") or decreased (\"slow type\") electrophoretic mobility. The anomaly is genetically determined and is transmitted as an autosomal codominant character. The condition is relatively rare, but has been observed in most parts of the world, with some higher incidence in many American Indian tribes. In the acquired transient biaslbuminemia, the abnormal component of the albumin is always of the fast type and occurs in patients either receiving large amounts of beta-lactamine type antibiotics, or suffering from pancreas diseases.", "contents": "[Inherited and familial bisalbuminemia. Acquired transient bisalbuminemia (author's transl)]. The present study is a survey of the different types of bisalbuminemia. In the inherited and familial form, the anomaly is fortuitously discovered and not associated with disease. The abnormal albumin fraction only differs from the normal one in a slight alteration in the aminoacid sequence, responsible for increased (\"fast type\") or decreased (\"slow type\") electrophoretic mobility. The anomaly is genetically determined and is transmitted as an autosomal codominant character. The condition is relatively rare, but has been observed in most parts of the world, with some higher incidence in many American Indian tribes. In the acquired transient biaslbuminemia, the abnormal component of the albumin is always of the fast type and occurs in patients either receiving large amounts of beta-lactamine type antibiotics, or suffering from pancreas diseases.", "PMID": 322036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8155", "title": "[Levamisole, stimulant of the immune system in animal and man (author's transl)].", "content": "Levamisole, a drug initially used for its antihelminthic properties has been recently emphasized when Renoux proved its immunostimulating effects in mice en 1971. Since this date, numerous publications concerned the immunological activity of this drug in animals and men. These come to the conclusion that levamisole is capable of restoring cellular immunity as demonstrated by clinical and biological tests (restoration of delayed skin hypersensitivity, increase of the percentage of rosette forming cells and PHA transformed cells). In men, its seems possible to confirm the therapeutic activity of this molecule in a wide range of disease with suspected or proven immunological deficiency. In different forms of cancer, when most of the tumor volume is first reduced, levamisole therapy significantly increases both remission and survival. In auto immune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), levamisole seems to be strikingly effective. In viral infections (zoster, recurrent herpes, aphthous stomatitis) levamisole is able to reduce the duration of outbreaks and prolong the disease free interval. Finally, encouraging results have been obtained in patients with lepromatous leprosis. Other conditions, where an immunological deficiency is suspected are under study with levamisole therapy. This low molecular weight synthetic drug is perhaps the first pharmacological agent which acts on the host defense mechanisms.", "contents": "[Levamisole, stimulant of the immune system in animal and man (author's transl)]. Levamisole, a drug initially used for its antihelminthic properties has been recently emphasized when Renoux proved its immunostimulating effects in mice en 1971. Since this date, numerous publications concerned the immunological activity of this drug in animals and men. These come to the conclusion that levamisole is capable of restoring cellular immunity as demonstrated by clinical and biological tests (restoration of delayed skin hypersensitivity, increase of the percentage of rosette forming cells and PHA transformed cells). In men, its seems possible to confirm the therapeutic activity of this molecule in a wide range of disease with suspected or proven immunological deficiency. In different forms of cancer, when most of the tumor volume is first reduced, levamisole therapy significantly increases both remission and survival. In auto immune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), levamisole seems to be strikingly effective. In viral infections (zoster, recurrent herpes, aphthous stomatitis) levamisole is able to reduce the duration of outbreaks and prolong the disease free interval. Finally, encouraging results have been obtained in patients with lepromatous leprosis. Other conditions, where an immunological deficiency is suspected are under study with levamisole therapy. This low molecular weight synthetic drug is perhaps the first pharmacological agent which acts on the host defense mechanisms.", "PMID": 322037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8156", "title": "[Serodiagnosis of gram-negative urinary infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors recall the interest of serodiagnosis of urinary infection in children for the diagnosis of pyelonephritis and supervision during treatment. They then give details of the technic of estimation of specific antibodies for Gram negative bacilli isolated during past and present infections.", "contents": "[Serodiagnosis of gram-negative urinary infections (author's transl)]. The authors recall the interest of serodiagnosis of urinary infection in children for the diagnosis of pyelonephritis and supervision during treatment. They then give details of the technic of estimation of specific antibodies for Gram negative bacilli isolated during past and present infections.", "PMID": 322038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8157", "title": "[Study of magnesium level in myocardium and aorta tissues from subjects free of ishemic necrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Before carrying out a study on the levels of magnesium in the myocardium and the aorta in subjects who had died of coronary thrombosis, we determined the reference levels of magnesium in the right and left ventricles and in the aorta of sixteen normal subjects. The samples were homogenized and digested with nitric acid/hydrochloric acid mixture before the measurement itself was made; this was carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The magnesium values are expressed in microng/g of wet tissue, in mg/g of tissular proteins, in mg/ of total lipids in the aortic wall. The differences between the concentrations of proteins or magnesium in the left and right ventricles are significant magnesium in the left and right ventricles are significant (P less than 0,001). They probably derive from anatomic and physiological differences. We have found a correlation which is significantly positive between magnesium level and protein level in the ventricle. In the aorta, the results for proteins, lipids and magnesium are extremely dispersed because of the heterogeneous nature of biochemical composition of this tissue according to age and area which it has been taken from.", "contents": "[Study of magnesium level in myocardium and aorta tissues from subjects free of ishemic necrosis (author's transl)]. Before carrying out a study on the levels of magnesium in the myocardium and the aorta in subjects who had died of coronary thrombosis, we determined the reference levels of magnesium in the right and left ventricles and in the aorta of sixteen normal subjects. The samples were homogenized and digested with nitric acid/hydrochloric acid mixture before the measurement itself was made; this was carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The magnesium values are expressed in microng/g of wet tissue, in mg/g of tissular proteins, in mg/ of total lipids in the aortic wall. The differences between the concentrations of proteins or magnesium in the left and right ventricles are significant magnesium in the left and right ventricles are significant (P less than 0,001). They probably derive from anatomic and physiological differences. We have found a correlation which is significantly positive between magnesium level and protein level in the ventricle. In the aorta, the results for proteins, lipids and magnesium are extremely dispersed because of the heterogeneous nature of biochemical composition of this tissue according to age and area which it has been taken from.", "PMID": 322040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8158", "title": "[Anticomplementary activity of a polyanion: pentosan-poly-sulfoester, II.--Mode of action and \"in vitro \" inhibition of human complement hemolytic activity (author's transl)].", "content": "The drug, pentosan-poly-sulfoester (PPS), is a potent in vitro inhibitor of the human complement hemolytic activity. This CH 50 inhibition represents a real anticomplementary activity (ACA), because this drug has no effect on sensitized sheep red blood cells (EA). The inhibition curve of human serum CH 50, by PPS is sigmoidal. The 50% inhibition is obtained for a 1: 650 dilution of PPS, which corresponds to a concentration of 0.08 mg/ml in normal human serum. Hemolytic titrations of C1, C4, C2, C3, and C5 showed a complete inhibition of C4, C2 and C3, and a partial inhibition of C1 (C1q, C1r, C1s, Ca++) and C5, by this drug. The mechanism of such functional inactivation of the different complement components is not yet elucidated.", "contents": "[Anticomplementary activity of a polyanion: pentosan-poly-sulfoester, II.--Mode of action and \"in vitro \" inhibition of human complement hemolytic activity (author's transl)]. The drug, pentosan-poly-sulfoester (PPS), is a potent in vitro inhibitor of the human complement hemolytic activity. This CH 50 inhibition represents a real anticomplementary activity (ACA), because this drug has no effect on sensitized sheep red blood cells (EA). The inhibition curve of human serum CH 50, by PPS is sigmoidal. The 50% inhibition is obtained for a 1: 650 dilution of PPS, which corresponds to a concentration of 0.08 mg/ml in normal human serum. Hemolytic titrations of C1, C4, C2, C3, and C5 showed a complete inhibition of C4, C2 and C3, and a partial inhibition of C1 (C1q, C1r, C1s, Ca++) and C5, by this drug. The mechanism of such functional inactivation of the different complement components is not yet elucidated.", "PMID": 322041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8159", "title": "[Allogenic bone marrow grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "Bone marrow transplantation is a major therapeutic approach for treatment of patients with severe aplastic anemia or acute leukemia refractory to chemotherapy. It is possible only if an HLA matched sibing is found. ABO compatibility is not necessary. The conditionning regimen includes high doses of cyclophosphamide associated or not with a 1 000 rads total body irradiation. In acute leukemia, the two year percentage survival is 17%, in aplastic anemia it is 40%. Complications are immunologic : rejection, graft versus host disease and persistent severe immune deficiency.", "contents": "[Allogenic bone marrow grafts (author's transl)]. Bone marrow transplantation is a major therapeutic approach for treatment of patients with severe aplastic anemia or acute leukemia refractory to chemotherapy. It is possible only if an HLA matched sibing is found. ABO compatibility is not necessary. The conditionning regimen includes high doses of cyclophosphamide associated or not with a 1 000 rads total body irradiation. In acute leukemia, the two year percentage survival is 17%, in aplastic anemia it is 40%. Complications are immunologic : rejection, graft versus host disease and persistent severe immune deficiency.", "PMID": 322042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8160", "title": "[Regulation of cell renewal in the gastrointestinal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "The renewal of the digestive mucosa is the most efficient process assuming the maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier. The mucous and absorptive cells, born in the proliferative zone, are migrating to the surface and they extrude duirng meals, living 4 to 6 days. Hyperphagia, pregnancy, lactation and intestinal resection induce a hypertrophic state. Fasting, ageing, germ free status provoke a hypoplasia. The ulcerogenic and antimitotic drugs decrease the proliferative activity. The gastrointestinal cell renewal is controlled by hormonal, vitaminic and nervous agents. Gastrin and growth hormone are the major trophic factors, secretom amd cprtocpsteroids act as antitrophic agents. The vitamins A, D and B12, and the nervous transmittors participate in the feed back control assuming a steady state between proliferation and extrusion. Chalones and immunologic factors are probably the most important but unknown inhibitors. The pathological events concerned with abnormal renewal are peptic ulcer, atrophic gastritis, intestinal villous atrophy and digestive cancer.", "contents": "[Regulation of cell renewal in the gastrointestinal mucosa (author's transl)]. The renewal of the digestive mucosa is the most efficient process assuming the maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier. The mucous and absorptive cells, born in the proliferative zone, are migrating to the surface and they extrude duirng meals, living 4 to 6 days. Hyperphagia, pregnancy, lactation and intestinal resection induce a hypertrophic state. Fasting, ageing, germ free status provoke a hypoplasia. The ulcerogenic and antimitotic drugs decrease the proliferative activity. The gastrointestinal cell renewal is controlled by hormonal, vitaminic and nervous agents. Gastrin and growth hormone are the major trophic factors, secretom amd cprtocpsteroids act as antitrophic agents. The vitamins A, D and B12, and the nervous transmittors participate in the feed back control assuming a steady state between proliferation and extrusion. Chalones and immunologic factors are probably the most important but unknown inhibitors. The pathological events concerned with abnormal renewal are peptic ulcer, atrophic gastritis, intestinal villous atrophy and digestive cancer.", "PMID": 322043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8161", "title": "[Sensitivity of \"Haemophilus influenzae\" to 5 antibiotics and rapid detection of its resistance to ampicilin (author's transl)].", "content": "Sensitivity of Haemophilus influenzae to 5 antibiotics has been determined by the agar dilution method. Two strains out of 165 are resistant to ampicillin and 5% to tetracycline. All strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and cefuroxime. A simple test for rapid detection of beta-lactamase with a chromogenic cephalosporin and sensitivity testing by an agar diffusion method were evaluated for Haemophilus.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of \"Haemophilus influenzae\" to 5 antibiotics and rapid detection of its resistance to ampicilin (author's transl)]. Sensitivity of Haemophilus influenzae to 5 antibiotics has been determined by the agar dilution method. Two strains out of 165 are resistant to ampicillin and 5% to tetracycline. All strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and cefuroxime. A simple test for rapid detection of beta-lactamase with a chromogenic cephalosporin and sensitivity testing by an agar diffusion method were evaluated for Haemophilus.", "PMID": 322045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8162", "title": "[Refractory sideroblastic anemia, three cases with the same extra marker chromosome (47, Mar +) (author's transl)].", "content": "Three very similar cases of sideroblastic idiopathic anemia were respectively observed for 105, 57 and 69 months. The cytogenetic blood study was normal. But the medullary genetic findings showed marker extra-chromosome, having the same aspect in each metaphase = 47 Mar +. It was respectively found in 13 mitoses/32, 2/45 and 1/30. The study of chromosome showed that it was not a normal cytogenetic C-chromosome at all, even it seemed to be a C - X type chromosome at first. The long arms had about the same size as the one of the C- type. But the short arms were really shorter. The study on R- bands showed a chromosomic marking unkown so far. The cytogenetic abnormalities described during the sideroblastic idiopathic anemias, the rare sideroblastic idiopathic anemias where were found a C- type chromosome really identified, then the well-defined myeloproliferative disorders having an extra- C chromosome, have been looked over again through the litterature. In each of our three studies we can think that these myelodysplasia are real mysloproliferative disorders because of the same marker extra-chromosome, but even after nine months we did'nt observe any chromosomal sign of blastic transformation.", "contents": "[Refractory sideroblastic anemia, three cases with the same extra marker chromosome (47, Mar +) (author's transl)]. Three very similar cases of sideroblastic idiopathic anemia were respectively observed for 105, 57 and 69 months. The cytogenetic blood study was normal. But the medullary genetic findings showed marker extra-chromosome, having the same aspect in each metaphase = 47 Mar +. It was respectively found in 13 mitoses/32, 2/45 and 1/30. The study of chromosome showed that it was not a normal cytogenetic C-chromosome at all, even it seemed to be a C - X type chromosome at first. The long arms had about the same size as the one of the C- type. But the short arms were really shorter. The study on R- bands showed a chromosomic marking unkown so far. The cytogenetic abnormalities described during the sideroblastic idiopathic anemias, the rare sideroblastic idiopathic anemias where were found a C- type chromosome really identified, then the well-defined myeloproliferative disorders having an extra- C chromosome, have been looked over again through the litterature. In each of our three studies we can think that these myelodysplasia are real mysloproliferative disorders because of the same marker extra-chromosome, but even after nine months we did'nt observe any chromosomal sign of blastic transformation.", "PMID": 322046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8163", "title": "Management of the obese adolescent.", "content": "Obesity as a health problem appears to be increasing in incidence. Adolescent obesity is generally exogenous in type. The teenagers are basically healthy with advanced sexual and bone maturation. They suffer from peer ridicule and exclusion from activities. The weight problem bars them from successful adult adjustment in their social lives and career choice. To the physician who treats the obese adolescent, it would be wise to review the pitfalls of previous programs. The multidisciplinary approach is an attempt to combine dietary restriction and increased physical activity to gradually mobilize fat stores and provide psychologic support. Motivation is reinforced by a committed staff and by the patients' own obese peers with whom they meet weekly. Despite the repeated record of failure in adolescent weight reduction programs, it is hoped that the challenge of obesity management spurs the interest of physicians to increase their knowledge of nutrition and to intervene with early effective preventive measures.", "contents": "Management of the obese adolescent. Obesity as a health problem appears to be increasing in incidence. Adolescent obesity is generally exogenous in type. The teenagers are basically healthy with advanced sexual and bone maturation. They suffer from peer ridicule and exclusion from activities. The weight problem bars them from successful adult adjustment in their social lives and career choice. To the physician who treats the obese adolescent, it would be wise to review the pitfalls of previous programs. The multidisciplinary approach is an attempt to combine dietary restriction and increased physical activity to gradually mobilize fat stores and provide psychologic support. Motivation is reinforced by a committed staff and by the patients' own obese peers with whom they meet weekly. Despite the repeated record of failure in adolescent weight reduction programs, it is hoped that the challenge of obesity management spurs the interest of physicians to increase their knowledge of nutrition and to intervene with early effective preventive measures.", "PMID": 322053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8164", "title": "Nutritional management of the chronically ill child. Congenital heart disease and myelomeningocele.", "content": "We have presented some of the nutritional complications encountered in two major pediatric congenital disorders. Although these conditions represent two more common major defects, it is unlikely that many health care providers will manage large numbers of these patients. Nevertheless, the nutrition principles apply to other nutritional dilemmas of chronically ill children. When an infant consumes a low volume intake, regardless of etiology, concerns such as provision of adequate nutrition, within the confines of the infant's water balance, become paramount. Methods have been discussed for increasing caloric density and for monitoring dietary safety and adequacy. When an infant has a propensity for becoming obese one needs to consider preventive measures such as providing sound nutrition information, support, and follow-up for both patient and family. Nutritional problems can become magnified unless adequate support is provided for total health and social needs of the family. The role of the dietitian must be one active participation within the the framework of an interdisciplianry team so that appropriate innovative nutrition programs can be developed and implemented.", "contents": "Nutritional management of the chronically ill child. Congenital heart disease and myelomeningocele. We have presented some of the nutritional complications encountered in two major pediatric congenital disorders. Although these conditions represent two more common major defects, it is unlikely that many health care providers will manage large numbers of these patients. Nevertheless, the nutrition principles apply to other nutritional dilemmas of chronically ill children. When an infant consumes a low volume intake, regardless of etiology, concerns such as provision of adequate nutrition, within the confines of the infant's water balance, become paramount. Methods have been discussed for increasing caloric density and for monitoring dietary safety and adequacy. When an infant has a propensity for becoming obese one needs to consider preventive measures such as providing sound nutrition information, support, and follow-up for both patient and family. Nutritional problems can become magnified unless adequate support is provided for total health and social needs of the family. The role of the dietitian must be one active participation within the the framework of an interdisciplianry team so that appropriate innovative nutrition programs can be developed and implemented.", "PMID": 322056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8165", "title": "Federal nutrition support programs for children.", "content": "In summary, the physician as a concerned citizen, contributing taxpayer, and key provider of child health care can provide responsible leadership in assuring that nutrition support services for children include assessment of their nutritional status, provision of a safe food supply adequate in quality and quantity, nutrition counseling for specific nutritional problems, and sound nutrition education for children, parents, and all other caretakers of children.", "contents": "Federal nutrition support programs for children. In summary, the physician as a concerned citizen, contributing taxpayer, and key provider of child health care can provide responsible leadership in assuring that nutrition support services for children include assessment of their nutritional status, provision of a safe food supply adequate in quality and quantity, nutrition counseling for specific nutritional problems, and sound nutrition education for children, parents, and all other caretakers of children.", "PMID": 322062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8166", "title": "Office assessment of nutritional status.", "content": "The standard components of nutritional assessment-anthropometry, clinical examination, dietary intake, and biochemical analysis--have been discussed in the context of \"office or clinic practice.\" With appropriate modifications of these tehcniques, nutritional assessment can become a basic and integral part of pediatric care.", "contents": "Office assessment of nutritional status. The standard components of nutritional assessment-anthropometry, clinical examination, dietary intake, and biochemical analysis--have been discussed in the context of \"office or clinic practice.\" With appropriate modifications of these tehcniques, nutritional assessment can become a basic and integral part of pediatric care.", "PMID": 322063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8167", "title": "Commercial infant foods: content and composition.", "content": "The relative contribution of strained foods to total dietary caloric distribution is important when assessing the appropriateness of a particular food choice. Because protein intakes by most infants in the United States are generous, the high carbohydrate content of the typical strained food can be helpful in adjusting the distribution of calories. The fat content of most strained foods is low and those foods higher in fat are also comparatively high in protein content. Therefore it is difficult to find strained foods to contribute greater amounts of dietary fat without also increasing the percentage of calories in the form of protein. For this reason it is not possible to achieve a satisfactory distribution of calories in the diet of an infant fed skim milk. With the exception of home-prepared fruits with low sugar content, baby food prepared in the home will probably have a higher caloric density than commercial products. Care should be taken not to overfeed infants when feeding home-prepared baby foods. The appropriateness of United States baby foods for use in developing countries and a physiological rationale for age of introduction of strained foods were discussed. A basic need is to ensure that the strained foods of the future are formulated with emphasis given to nutritional need and least cost, as well as to mother's taste and to the manufacturer's profit.", "contents": "Commercial infant foods: content and composition. The relative contribution of strained foods to total dietary caloric distribution is important when assessing the appropriateness of a particular food choice. Because protein intakes by most infants in the United States are generous, the high carbohydrate content of the typical strained food can be helpful in adjusting the distribution of calories. The fat content of most strained foods is low and those foods higher in fat are also comparatively high in protein content. Therefore it is difficult to find strained foods to contribute greater amounts of dietary fat without also increasing the percentage of calories in the form of protein. For this reason it is not possible to achieve a satisfactory distribution of calories in the diet of an infant fed skim milk. With the exception of home-prepared fruits with low sugar content, baby food prepared in the home will probably have a higher caloric density than commercial products. Care should be taken not to overfeed infants when feeding home-prepared baby foods. The appropriateness of United States baby foods for use in developing countries and a physiological rationale for age of introduction of strained foods were discussed. A basic need is to ensure that the strained foods of the future are formulated with emphasis given to nutritional need and least cost, as well as to mother's taste and to the manufacturer's profit.", "PMID": 322065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8168", "title": "Decrease in size of intrathoracic meningocele following insertion of a ventriculo-venous shunt.", "content": "A case of spontaneous disappearance of an intrathoracic meningocele following insertion of a ventriculo-venous shunt is reported. The shunt was performed for treatment of hydrocephalus secondary to Arnold-Chiari malformation. The intrathoracic meningocele reappeared when the shunt obstructed and decreased in size when the obstruction was relieved.", "contents": "Decrease in size of intrathoracic meningocele following insertion of a ventriculo-venous shunt. A case of spontaneous disappearance of an intrathoracic meningocele following insertion of a ventriculo-venous shunt is reported. The shunt was performed for treatment of hydrocephalus secondary to Arnold-Chiari malformation. The intrathoracic meningocele reappeared when the shunt obstructed and decreased in size when the obstruction was relieved.", "PMID": 322070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8169", "title": "Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in girls.", "content": "Eighteen girls between the ages of 3 and 13 years--with a history of at least three culture-documented episodes of bacteriuria in the previous year, but without radiologic evidence of major urinary tract abnormality--were placed on a double-blind, crossover study comparing the effectiveness of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals against a placebo in preventing the recurrence of bacteriuria. Each child was placed on a daily low dose of nitrofurantoin (1.2 to 2.4 mg/kg/day) or an identical-appearing placebo for six months. Each child was then placed on the opposite capsule for a similar period. There were 35 episodes of bacteriuria (4.2 episodes/patient/yr) in the patients taking the placebo, which compared with a rate of 3.8 episodes/patient/yr during the year prior to the study. Only two episodes (0.2 episodes/patient/yr) occurred in the patients taking the drug. The difference in the rate of recurrent bacteriuria between the girls on placebo and on medication is significant at the 0.01 level using the Wilcoxin matched-pairs test. There were no adverse reactions to the drug. Nitrofurantoin macrocrystals in a single daily low dose appear to be a safe, effective method of preventing recurrent bacteriuria in girls at high risk.", "contents": "Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in girls. Eighteen girls between the ages of 3 and 13 years--with a history of at least three culture-documented episodes of bacteriuria in the previous year, but without radiologic evidence of major urinary tract abnormality--were placed on a double-blind, crossover study comparing the effectiveness of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals against a placebo in preventing the recurrence of bacteriuria. Each child was placed on a daily low dose of nitrofurantoin (1.2 to 2.4 mg/kg/day) or an identical-appearing placebo for six months. Each child was then placed on the opposite capsule for a similar period. There were 35 episodes of bacteriuria (4.2 episodes/patient/yr) in the patients taking the placebo, which compared with a rate of 3.8 episodes/patient/yr during the year prior to the study. Only two episodes (0.2 episodes/patient/yr) occurred in the patients taking the drug. The difference in the rate of recurrent bacteriuria between the girls on placebo and on medication is significant at the 0.01 level using the Wilcoxin matched-pairs test. There were no adverse reactions to the drug. Nitrofurantoin macrocrystals in a single daily low dose appear to be a safe, effective method of preventing recurrent bacteriuria in girls at high risk.", "PMID": 322082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8170", "title": "Serial neurologic examination of hyperactive children.", "content": "Forty-four of 102 children undergoing pharmacologic treatment of hyperactivity received serial neurologic examinations on five separate occasions. The responses to three of the \"soft\" neurologic signs administered were analyzed: heel gait, toe gait, and diadochokinesis. A high degree of variability of response within individuals was documented. There was no evidence of interaction between treatment and the subjects' responses. The degree of variability was such that to have used these data as measures of \"improvement\" (i.e., drug effect) would have been misleading. The value of these signs for purposes of diagnosis or assessment of therapy is doubtful.", "contents": "Serial neurologic examination of hyperactive children. Forty-four of 102 children undergoing pharmacologic treatment of hyperactivity received serial neurologic examinations on five separate occasions. The responses to three of the \"soft\" neurologic signs administered were analyzed: heel gait, toe gait, and diadochokinesis. A high degree of variability of response within individuals was documented. There was no evidence of interaction between treatment and the subjects' responses. The degree of variability was such that to have used these data as measures of \"improvement\" (i.e., drug effect) would have been misleading. The value of these signs for purposes of diagnosis or assessment of therapy is doubtful.", "PMID": 322083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8171", "title": "[Value of anticonvulsant level determination in the treatment of epilepsies].", "content": "Phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin were estimated in treated epileptics. An initial measurement was made in 457 patients. 96% were taking phenobarbital and 53% diphenylhydantoin. Only 37% of the phenobarbital levels and 18% of the diphenhlhydantoin levels were in a therapeutic range. Correlations between the levels, the stability of the epilepsy and signs of overdosage are discussed. Intolerance to phenobarbital reported in some patients, which appears to be real, is not reflected by \"normal\" or even low blood levels. By contrast, high levels of phenobarbital appear to be well tolerated. Signs of overdosage were quasi-constant when levels of diphenylhydantoin were greater than 15 mg/1. Doses of phenobarbital and of diphenylhydantoin were altered, levels assessed and the clinical condition evaluated in 134 patients. Bringing levels to within the therapeutic range resulted in the disappearance of attacks in 55% of cases for phenobarbital and 30% for diphenylhydantoin. Reduction of doses responsible for excessively high blood concentrations (overdosage) was practically never associated with an increase in the number of attacks. This adjustment is easy for phenobarbital though much more difficult for diphenylhydantoin. In this study, therapeutic levels were 15 to 25 mg/1 for phenobarbital, and 7 to 15 mg/1 for diphenylhydantoin.", "contents": "[Value of anticonvulsant level determination in the treatment of epilepsies]. Phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin were estimated in treated epileptics. An initial measurement was made in 457 patients. 96% were taking phenobarbital and 53% diphenylhydantoin. Only 37% of the phenobarbital levels and 18% of the diphenhlhydantoin levels were in a therapeutic range. Correlations between the levels, the stability of the epilepsy and signs of overdosage are discussed. Intolerance to phenobarbital reported in some patients, which appears to be real, is not reflected by \"normal\" or even low blood levels. By contrast, high levels of phenobarbital appear to be well tolerated. Signs of overdosage were quasi-constant when levels of diphenylhydantoin were greater than 15 mg/1. Doses of phenobarbital and of diphenylhydantoin were altered, levels assessed and the clinical condition evaluated in 134 patients. Bringing levels to within the therapeutic range resulted in the disappearance of attacks in 55% of cases for phenobarbital and 30% for diphenylhydantoin. Reduction of doses responsible for excessively high blood concentrations (overdosage) was practically never associated with an increase in the number of attacks. This adjustment is easy for phenobarbital though much more difficult for diphenylhydantoin. In this study, therapeutic levels were 15 to 25 mg/1 for phenobarbital, and 7 to 15 mg/1 for diphenylhydantoin.", "PMID": 322087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8172", "title": "[Current aspects of human heart transplantation. II. Postoperative surveillance and results].", "content": "The cardiac transplantation program of the Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital has, since October 1973, involved 17 transplants with 15 recipients. Seven patients are alive. Real progress has been achieved in all areas: --selection of the recipient, now more strict is dependent upon precise criteria; --choice of the donor should take into account the best possible tissue and haemodynamic compatibility; --immuno-depressive therapy involves the combination of corticosteroids, azathioprine, antilymphocytic globulins and heparin. It is varied as necessary in relation to episodes of rejection; --the diagnosis of rejection is based upon clinical, radiological and electrical criteria, but also upon new and precise haemodynamic and biological criteria; --long term control is facilitated by regular telephone transmission of the electrocardiogram. The prognosis remains reserved but with socio-professional rehabilitation to help in overcoming the initial slight degree of \"hospitalism\", the sensation of a new life is such that cardiac transplantation represents an acceptable solution in the treatment of certain cardiac diseases.", "contents": "[Current aspects of human heart transplantation. II. Postoperative surveillance and results]. The cardiac transplantation program of the Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital has, since October 1973, involved 17 transplants with 15 recipients. Seven patients are alive. Real progress has been achieved in all areas: --selection of the recipient, now more strict is dependent upon precise criteria; --choice of the donor should take into account the best possible tissue and haemodynamic compatibility; --immuno-depressive therapy involves the combination of corticosteroids, azathioprine, antilymphocytic globulins and heparin. It is varied as necessary in relation to episodes of rejection; --the diagnosis of rejection is based upon clinical, radiological and electrical criteria, but also upon new and precise haemodynamic and biological criteria; --long term control is facilitated by regular telephone transmission of the electrocardiogram. The prognosis remains reserved but with socio-professional rehabilitation to help in overcoming the initial slight degree of \"hospitalism\", the sensation of a new life is such that cardiac transplantation represents an acceptable solution in the treatment of certain cardiac diseases.", "PMID": 322088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8173", "title": "[The relation between anti-hypertensive action and plasmatic concentration of pindolol. Preliminary study].", "content": "A correlation study between the antihypertensive effect and the plasma level of pindolol was performed in 10 patients with permanent essential hypertension. Pindolol was given orally (20 mg/day) during 9 days. The highly significant fall in blood pressure (delta SBP and delta DBP) is directly correlated negatively correlated, to the pretreatment pressure (p less than 0.02 for deltaSBP and p less than 0.05 deltaDBP) and negatively correlated to the pindolol plasma level (P less than 0.001 for delta SBP and p less than 0.05 for delta DBP). Multiple regression analysis shows, for delta SBP, a stronger influence of plasma level than of basal blood pressure. These results suggest that pindolol could have a specific effect in some hypertensive patients.", "contents": "[The relation between anti-hypertensive action and plasmatic concentration of pindolol. Preliminary study]. A correlation study between the antihypertensive effect and the plasma level of pindolol was performed in 10 patients with permanent essential hypertension. Pindolol was given orally (20 mg/day) during 9 days. The highly significant fall in blood pressure (delta SBP and delta DBP) is directly correlated negatively correlated, to the pretreatment pressure (p less than 0.02 for deltaSBP and p less than 0.05 deltaDBP) and negatively correlated to the pindolol plasma level (P less than 0.001 for delta SBP and p less than 0.05 for delta DBP). Multiple regression analysis shows, for delta SBP, a stronger influence of plasma level than of basal blood pressure. These results suggest that pindolol could have a specific effect in some hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 322092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8174", "title": "Complementable fraction and complemented enzyme of mutant M15 from Escherichia coli: partial purification by affinity chromatography.", "content": "The technique of affinity chromatography has been used in the partial purification of complementable fractions and complemented enzyme of beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli mutant M15. The crude extract of mutant M15 was incubated with fragment CM-B. The complemented enzyme and complementable fractions were passed through a small column of p-aminophenyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside to which inhibitors had been covalently attached. A high percentage of the nonspecific protein passed directly through the affinity column while the specific enzymatic protein remained bound to the gel. Phosphate buffer with NaCl was used to elute the complementable fractions from the column. Sodium borate buffer was used to elute the bound complemented enzyme from the affinity support. The results of this study show that 100% of the complemented enzyme was bound to the column. The partially purified enzyme had the same position in disc gel electrophoresis as beta-galactosidase from E. coli.", "contents": "Complementable fraction and complemented enzyme of mutant M15 from Escherichia coli: partial purification by affinity chromatography. The technique of affinity chromatography has been used in the partial purification of complementable fractions and complemented enzyme of beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli mutant M15. The crude extract of mutant M15 was incubated with fragment CM-B. The complemented enzyme and complementable fractions were passed through a small column of p-aminophenyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside to which inhibitors had been covalently attached. A high percentage of the nonspecific protein passed directly through the affinity column while the specific enzymatic protein remained bound to the gel. Phosphate buffer with NaCl was used to elute the complementable fractions from the column. Sodium borate buffer was used to elute the bound complemented enzyme from the affinity support. The results of this study show that 100% of the complemented enzyme was bound to the column. The partially purified enzyme had the same position in disc gel electrophoresis as beta-galactosidase from E. coli.", "PMID": 322118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8175", "title": "[Functional activity of the thyroid gland after immunization with the homologous tissue of the pancreas].", "content": "An insufficiency of the insular apparatus of the pancreas developed in rabbits in response to the immunization with a homologous tissue of the pancreas. A correlation existed between the thyroid gland function and the endocrine portion of the pancreas. The results of study of the functional activity of the thyroid gland under conditions of immunization with a homologous tissue of the pancreas are presented. The data obtained in the course of the experiment pointed to the changes in the thyroid gland characteristic of the intensification of its function: the height of the epithelium increased, the diametre of the follicles and the index of the colloid accumulation diminished. Experimental results confirmed the literature data on the existence of an inverse relationship between the functional activity of the insular apparatus of the pancreas and the thyroid gland function.", "contents": "[Functional activity of the thyroid gland after immunization with the homologous tissue of the pancreas]. An insufficiency of the insular apparatus of the pancreas developed in rabbits in response to the immunization with a homologous tissue of the pancreas. A correlation existed between the thyroid gland function and the endocrine portion of the pancreas. The results of study of the functional activity of the thyroid gland under conditions of immunization with a homologous tissue of the pancreas are presented. The data obtained in the course of the experiment pointed to the changes in the thyroid gland characteristic of the intensification of its function: the height of the epithelium increased, the diametre of the follicles and the index of the colloid accumulation diminished. Experimental results confirmed the literature data on the existence of an inverse relationship between the functional activity of the insular apparatus of the pancreas and the thyroid gland function.", "PMID": 322120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8176", "title": "Isomeric aminoacyl-tRNAs are both bound by elongation factor Tu.", "content": "Recent suggestions that elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) is specific for 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA, as compared with the 3'-isomer, prompted us to assay [3H]aminoacyl-tRNAs from Escherichia coli terminating in 2'- or 3'-deoxyadenosine for binding to EF-Tu to determine the possible positional specificity of the factor. Binding of modified aminaocyl-tRNAs to EF-Tu-GTP was measured both as a function of the ability of EF-Tu-GTP to diminish the rate of chemical deacylation of [3H]aminoacyl-tRNAs and by gel filtration of the individual ternary complexes. Fifteen different tRNA isoacceptors were tested by the deacylation procedure, including three (tRNAAsp, tRNACys, and tRNATyr) for which isomeric modified aminoacyl-tRNAs were available. All of the modified aminoacyl-tRNAs were protected fromdeacylation, although generally to a lesser extent than the corresponding unmodified species. Six modified tRNA isoacceptors (including tRNATrp and tRNATyr, for which both modified aminoacyl-tRNAs were accessible by enzymatic aminoacylation) were used in gel filtration experiments to permit direct measurement of the individual aminoacyl-tRNA-EF-Tu-GTP complexes. These experiments were also done in the presence of equimolar amounts of the corresponding unmodified [14C]aminoacyl-tRNAs, and the relative affinities for a limiting amount of EF-Tu-GTP were measured. The results were completely consistent with those obtained by the deacylation procedure and indicated that EF-Tu can bind to both positional isomers of aminoacyl-tRNA with no obvious preference for either.", "contents": "Isomeric aminoacyl-tRNAs are both bound by elongation factor Tu. Recent suggestions that elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) is specific for 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA, as compared with the 3'-isomer, prompted us to assay [3H]aminoacyl-tRNAs from Escherichia coli terminating in 2'- or 3'-deoxyadenosine for binding to EF-Tu to determine the possible positional specificity of the factor. Binding of modified aminaocyl-tRNAs to EF-Tu-GTP was measured both as a function of the ability of EF-Tu-GTP to diminish the rate of chemical deacylation of [3H]aminoacyl-tRNAs and by gel filtration of the individual ternary complexes. Fifteen different tRNA isoacceptors were tested by the deacylation procedure, including three (tRNAAsp, tRNACys, and tRNATyr) for which isomeric modified aminoacyl-tRNAs were available. All of the modified aminoacyl-tRNAs were protected fromdeacylation, although generally to a lesser extent than the corresponding unmodified species. Six modified tRNA isoacceptors (including tRNATrp and tRNATyr, for which both modified aminoacyl-tRNAs were accessible by enzymatic aminoacylation) were used in gel filtration experiments to permit direct measurement of the individual aminoacyl-tRNA-EF-Tu-GTP complexes. These experiments were also done in the presence of equimolar amounts of the corresponding unmodified [14C]aminoacyl-tRNAs, and the relative affinities for a limiting amount of EF-Tu-GTP were measured. The results were completely consistent with those obtained by the deacylation procedure and indicated that EF-Tu can bind to both positional isomers of aminoacyl-tRNA with no obvious preference for either.", "PMID": 322124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8177", "title": "Preparation and characterization of a modified form of beta2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase suitable for investigating protein folding.", "content": "Globular proteins often appear to consist of distinct compact \"domains,\" and the assumption is frequently implicitly made that these domains correspond to intermediate structures in the folding process. If this assumption is correct, the polypeptide fragment that builds up a domain should be able to spontaneously fold into its native conformation even when isolated. In an attempt to isolate and study such a fragment, the beta2 subunit of tryptophan synthetase [tryptophan synthase, L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indoleglycerol-phosphate), EC 4.2.1.20] has been subjected to controlled proteolysis. The resulting protein is shown to be a dimer, the protomer of which contains two nonoverlapping polypeptide chains of molecular weights 12,000 and 29,000. Though inactive, the nicked protein is shown to be in a conformation that closely resembles that of the original enzyme, since it still can form an enzyme-bound intermediate of the catalytic reactions. The fluorescence of this intermediate is used to characterize the binding sites for the cofactor (pyridoxal-P) and substrates, which are shown to exist on the nicked protein. The possibility is discussed of using the fragments isolated from the nicked protein to study individual steps of the enzymatic reaction, intracistronic complementation, and the folding process in the normal beta2 subunit.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of a modified form of beta2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase suitable for investigating protein folding. Globular proteins often appear to consist of distinct compact \"domains,\" and the assumption is frequently implicitly made that these domains correspond to intermediate structures in the folding process. If this assumption is correct, the polypeptide fragment that builds up a domain should be able to spontaneously fold into its native conformation even when isolated. In an attempt to isolate and study such a fragment, the beta2 subunit of tryptophan synthetase [tryptophan synthase, L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indoleglycerol-phosphate), EC 4.2.1.20] has been subjected to controlled proteolysis. The resulting protein is shown to be a dimer, the protomer of which contains two nonoverlapping polypeptide chains of molecular weights 12,000 and 29,000. Though inactive, the nicked protein is shown to be in a conformation that closely resembles that of the original enzyme, since it still can form an enzyme-bound intermediate of the catalytic reactions. The fluorescence of this intermediate is used to characterize the binding sites for the cofactor (pyridoxal-P) and substrates, which are shown to exist on the nicked protein. The possibility is discussed of using the fragments isolated from the nicked protein to study individual steps of the enzymatic reaction, intracistronic complementation, and the folding process in the normal beta2 subunit.", "PMID": 322125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8178", "title": "[Insulin content in the erythrocytes and blood serum of patients with acromegaly and Sheehan's syndrome].", "content": "Insulin content was studied by radioimmunological and histochemical methods in the erythrocytes and the blood serum of patients with acromegaly and the postpartum panhypopituitrism (Sheehan's syndrome) in comparison with that in healthy persons on fasting stomach and after glucose-tolerance test (GTT). It appeared that the erythrocytes of healthy persons contained 50 times more insulin on fasting stomach than the blood serum. In persons with acromegaly complicated by diabetes mellitus insulin content in the blood serum was almost double that in healthy individuals. But this \"hyperinsulinism\" was only seeming, since the hormone reserves in the organism (erythrocyte insulin content) were sharply diminished. Sheehan's syndrome was characterized by hypoinsulinemia (both in the serum and in the erythrocytes). After the GTT the insulin content rose in the serum, and decreased in the erythrocytes. This indicated that erythrocytes participated in the homeostasis regulation of glycemia.", "contents": "[Insulin content in the erythrocytes and blood serum of patients with acromegaly and Sheehan's syndrome]. Insulin content was studied by radioimmunological and histochemical methods in the erythrocytes and the blood serum of patients with acromegaly and the postpartum panhypopituitrism (Sheehan's syndrome) in comparison with that in healthy persons on fasting stomach and after glucose-tolerance test (GTT). It appeared that the erythrocytes of healthy persons contained 50 times more insulin on fasting stomach than the blood serum. In persons with acromegaly complicated by diabetes mellitus insulin content in the blood serum was almost double that in healthy individuals. But this \"hyperinsulinism\" was only seeming, since the hormone reserves in the organism (erythrocyte insulin content) were sharply diminished. Sheehan's syndrome was characterized by hypoinsulinemia (both in the serum and in the erythrocytes). After the GTT the insulin content rose in the serum, and decreased in the erythrocytes. This indicated that erythrocytes participated in the homeostasis regulation of glycemia.", "PMID": 322122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8179", "title": "Lipid and protein segregation in Escherichia coli membrane: morphological and structural study of different cytoplasmic membrane fractions.", "content": "Lipid and protein segregations can be induced in E. coli cytoplasmic membranes by conformational transitions of their lipid hydrocarbon chains from a disordered to an ordered state. For E. coli strain K 1059 (an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph) supplemented with linolenic acid, the segregation leads to large areas of membrane surfaces having distinctly different morphological characteristics (smooth compared with strongly particulated fracture faces, as visualized by freeze fracture electron microscopy). The different regions are physically separated by osmotic lysis of spheroplasts at temperatures below those of the order-disorder transition of the lipid hydrocarbon chains. The analysis of the different cytoplasmic membrane fractions provides a direct demonstration and allows a direct analysis of the segregation. As compared to the nonfractionated membranes, the membrane regions corresponding to the smooth fracture surfaces are poor in proteins, rich in lipids, and enriched in saturated fatty acids, while the membrane regions corresponding to the strongly particulated fracture surfaces are rich in proteins, poor in lipids, and enriched in unsaturated fatty acids. Quantitative information about the extent of these segregations is obtained from high-angle x-ray diffraction of the different membrane fractions and of the corresponding total lipid extracts.", "contents": "Lipid and protein segregation in Escherichia coli membrane: morphological and structural study of different cytoplasmic membrane fractions. Lipid and protein segregations can be induced in E. coli cytoplasmic membranes by conformational transitions of their lipid hydrocarbon chains from a disordered to an ordered state. For E. coli strain K 1059 (an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph) supplemented with linolenic acid, the segregation leads to large areas of membrane surfaces having distinctly different morphological characteristics (smooth compared with strongly particulated fracture faces, as visualized by freeze fracture electron microscopy). The different regions are physically separated by osmotic lysis of spheroplasts at temperatures below those of the order-disorder transition of the lipid hydrocarbon chains. The analysis of the different cytoplasmic membrane fractions provides a direct demonstration and allows a direct analysis of the segregation. As compared to the nonfractionated membranes, the membrane regions corresponding to the smooth fracture surfaces are poor in proteins, rich in lipids, and enriched in saturated fatty acids, while the membrane regions corresponding to the strongly particulated fracture surfaces are rich in proteins, poor in lipids, and enriched in unsaturated fatty acids. Quantitative information about the extent of these segregations is obtained from high-angle x-ray diffraction of the different membrane fractions and of the corresponding total lipid extracts.", "PMID": 322126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8180", "title": "[Effect of clomiphene on the restoration of ovulation in androgen-sterile rats].", "content": "In the androgen-sterile rats given 10-250 mug of testosterone-propionate there was observed at the early postnatal period a reduction in the LH-RP level in the hypothalamus, of the LH in the hypophysis and the blood, of the weight of the ovaries and of the corporal luteum count in them, as well as an increase in the dopamine level in the anterior portion of the hypothalamus. Klomiphen administration for 5 days in a dose of 20 mug led to the normalization of these indices and to the appearance of ovulation, but failed to restore the capacity to pregnancy. Prolonged klomiphen administration (20 mug every 3 days for a period of 1 month) also failed to restore this capacity.", "contents": "[Effect of clomiphene on the restoration of ovulation in androgen-sterile rats]. In the androgen-sterile rats given 10-250 mug of testosterone-propionate there was observed at the early postnatal period a reduction in the LH-RP level in the hypothalamus, of the LH in the hypophysis and the blood, of the weight of the ovaries and of the corporal luteum count in them, as well as an increase in the dopamine level in the anterior portion of the hypothalamus. Klomiphen administration for 5 days in a dose of 20 mug led to the normalization of these indices and to the appearance of ovulation, but failed to restore the capacity to pregnancy. Prolonged klomiphen administration (20 mug every 3 days for a period of 1 month) also failed to restore this capacity.", "PMID": 322123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8181", "title": "Conditionally lethal ribosomal protein mutants: characterization of a locus required for modification of 50S subunit proteins.", "content": "Mutagenized P1 bacteriophage were used to transduce a marker (aroE) adjacent to the cluster or ribosomal protein genes located at 72 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome. Linked temperature-sensitive transductants were isolated and characterized. A mutant unable to grow at 44 degrees was found to be defective in protein synthesis both in vivo and in vitro. At the restrictive temperature mutant cells lost all polyribosomes. Analysis of the ribosomal proteins revealed alterations in at least four 50S subunit proteins. The mutation (called rimE1, ribosomal protein modification) mapped between rpsE and aroE. It is suggested that the rimE locus is the structural gene for an activity that modifies a selected number of ribosomal proteins.", "contents": "Conditionally lethal ribosomal protein mutants: characterization of a locus required for modification of 50S subunit proteins. Mutagenized P1 bacteriophage were used to transduce a marker (aroE) adjacent to the cluster or ribosomal protein genes located at 72 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome. Linked temperature-sensitive transductants were isolated and characterized. A mutant unable to grow at 44 degrees was found to be defective in protein synthesis both in vivo and in vitro. At the restrictive temperature mutant cells lost all polyribosomes. Analysis of the ribosomal proteins revealed alterations in at least four 50S subunit proteins. The mutation (called rimE1, ribosomal protein modification) mapped between rpsE and aroE. It is suggested that the rimE locus is the structural gene for an activity that modifies a selected number of ribosomal proteins.", "PMID": 322127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8182", "title": "Functional expression of cloned yeast DNA in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A collection of hybrid circular DNAs was constructed in vitro using the poly(dA-dT) \"connector\" method: each hybrid circle contained one molecule of poly(dT)-tailed DNA of plasmid ColE1 (made linear by digestion with EcoRI endonuclease) annealed to a poly(dA)-tailed fragment of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) DNA, produced originally by shearing total yeast DNA to an average size of 8 X 10(6) daltons. This DNA preparation was used to transform E. coli cells, selecting colicin-E1-resistant clones that contain hybrid ColE1-yeast DNA plasmids. Sufficient numbers of transformant clones were obtained to ensure that the hybrid plasmid population was representative of the entire yeast genome. Various hybrid ColE1-yeast DNA plasmids capable of complementing E. coli auxotrophic mutations were selected from this population. Plasmid pYeleu 10 complements several different point or deletion mutations in the E. coli or S. typhimurium leuB gene (beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase); plasmids pYeleu11, pYeleu12, and pYeleu17 are specific suppressors of the leuB6 mutation in E. coli C600. Plasmid pYehis2 complements a deletion in the E. coli hisB gene (imidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase). Complementation of bacterial mutations by yeast DNA segments does not appear to be a rare phenomenon.", "contents": "Functional expression of cloned yeast DNA in Escherichia coli. A collection of hybrid circular DNAs was constructed in vitro using the poly(dA-dT) \"connector\" method: each hybrid circle contained one molecule of poly(dT)-tailed DNA of plasmid ColE1 (made linear by digestion with EcoRI endonuclease) annealed to a poly(dA)-tailed fragment of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) DNA, produced originally by shearing total yeast DNA to an average size of 8 X 10(6) daltons. This DNA preparation was used to transform E. coli cells, selecting colicin-E1-resistant clones that contain hybrid ColE1-yeast DNA plasmids. Sufficient numbers of transformant clones were obtained to ensure that the hybrid plasmid population was representative of the entire yeast genome. Various hybrid ColE1-yeast DNA plasmids capable of complementing E. coli auxotrophic mutations were selected from this population. Plasmid pYeleu 10 complements several different point or deletion mutations in the E. coli or S. typhimurium leuB gene (beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase); plasmids pYeleu11, pYeleu12, and pYeleu17 are specific suppressors of the leuB6 mutation in E. coli C600. Plasmid pYehis2 complements a deletion in the E. coli hisB gene (imidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase). Complementation of bacterial mutations by yeast DNA segments does not appear to be a rare phenomenon.", "PMID": 322128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8183", "title": "Isolation of a multi-enzyme complex of fatty acid oxidation from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A multi-enzyme complex of fatty acid oxidation has been isolated from E. coli B cells and has been purified to near homogeneity by a simple two-step procedure. The complex exhibits thiolase (EC 2.3.1.9), enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17), and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) activities towards short-, medium-, and long-chain substrates. The complex has been estimated to have a molecular weight of approximately 300,000 and is apparently composed of two types of subunits with molecular weights of 78,000 and 42,000.", "contents": "Isolation of a multi-enzyme complex of fatty acid oxidation from Escherichia coli. A multi-enzyme complex of fatty acid oxidation has been isolated from E. coli B cells and has been purified to near homogeneity by a simple two-step procedure. The complex exhibits thiolase (EC 2.3.1.9), enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17), and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) activities towards short-, medium-, and long-chain substrates. The complex has been estimated to have a molecular weight of approximately 300,000 and is apparently composed of two types of subunits with molecular weights of 78,000 and 42,000.", "PMID": 322129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8184", "title": "Virion-associated RNA polymerase required for bacteriophage N4 development.", "content": "Escherichia coli phage N4 transcription is resistant to rifampicin, an inhibitor of the host RNA polymerase, even when the drug is added prior to infection. A rifampicin-resistant RNA polymerase has been detected in disrupted N4 virions. This enzyme shows a requirement for the four ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates and exogenous denatured DNA. With denatured N4 DNA, the preferred template, transcription is asymmetric. The virion RNA polymerase apparently is necessary for phage development because a conditional lethal N4 mutant shows temperature-sensitive RNA synthesis in vivo as well as a temperature-sensitive RNA polymerase in disrupted virions.", "contents": "Virion-associated RNA polymerase required for bacteriophage N4 development. Escherichia coli phage N4 transcription is resistant to rifampicin, an inhibitor of the host RNA polymerase, even when the drug is added prior to infection. A rifampicin-resistant RNA polymerase has been detected in disrupted N4 virions. This enzyme shows a requirement for the four ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates and exogenous denatured DNA. With denatured N4 DNA, the preferred template, transcription is asymmetric. The virion RNA polymerase apparently is necessary for phage development because a conditional lethal N4 mutant shows temperature-sensitive RNA synthesis in vivo as well as a temperature-sensitive RNA polymerase in disrupted virions.", "PMID": 322130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8185", "title": "Identification of a protein methyltransferase as the cheR gene product in the bacterial sensing system.", "content": "Methylation of membrane-bound proteins with apparent molecular weights around 65,000 does not occur in mutants of the generally nonchemotactic cheR class of Salmonella typhimurium. This was shown to be due to the lack of a protein methyltransferase in these mutants by means of an in vitro assay using soluble proteins, membranes, and S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. The methylase from the wild type was purified, characterized, and shown to be of molecular weight 38,000. It is specific for proteins in S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli membranes. The methylase is not required for tumbling but appears to be essential for maintaining the appropriate rate constants and levels of the regulator of the chemotactic response.", "contents": "Identification of a protein methyltransferase as the cheR gene product in the bacterial sensing system. Methylation of membrane-bound proteins with apparent molecular weights around 65,000 does not occur in mutants of the generally nonchemotactic cheR class of Salmonella typhimurium. This was shown to be due to the lack of a protein methyltransferase in these mutants by means of an in vitro assay using soluble proteins, membranes, and S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. The methylase from the wild type was purified, characterized, and shown to be of molecular weight 38,000. It is specific for proteins in S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli membranes. The methylase is not required for tumbling but appears to be essential for maintaining the appropriate rate constants and levels of the regulator of the chemotactic response.", "PMID": 322131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8186", "title": "Homology among acid proteases: comparison of crystal structures at 3A resolution of acid proteases from Rhizopus chinensis and Endothia parasitica.", "content": "The molecular structures of two fungal acid proteases at 3 A resolution have been compared, and found to have similar secondary and tertiary folding. These enzymes are bilobal and have a pronounced cleft between the two lobes. This cleft has been identified as the active site region from inhibitor binding studies. The results of the comparison are discussed in terms of homology among the acid proteases in general.", "contents": "Homology among acid proteases: comparison of crystal structures at 3A resolution of acid proteases from Rhizopus chinensis and Endothia parasitica. The molecular structures of two fungal acid proteases at 3 A resolution have been compared, and found to have similar secondary and tertiary folding. These enzymes are bilobal and have a pronounced cleft between the two lobes. This cleft has been identified as the active site region from inhibitor binding studies. The results of the comparison are discussed in terms of homology among the acid proteases in general.", "PMID": 322132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8187", "title": "Surface differentiation antigens of human mammary epithelial cells carried on the human milk fat globule.", "content": "Rabbit antibodies against components of the human milk fat globule bind specifically to normal human breast epithelial cells and cell lines derived from breast carcinomas, as well as to the outer surface of the human milk fat globule. Variation in indirect immunofluorescence staining in both intensity per cell and percentage of cells stained is observed for the different brest cell lines. Cells derived from other epithelial and other ectodermal tissues, fetal fibroblasts, cells of the blood buffy coat, and even fibroblasts of the breast itself do not bind the antibodies. This suggests that these antibodies are detecting cell-type-specific antigens. These normal breast epithelial cell antigens are on the cell surface and their expression is stable in long-term cultured cell lines, even after much chromosomal variation in a given line. By affinity chromatography, three distinct antigenic components can be isolated from the milk fat globule, one of which contains carbohydrate. These differentiation antigens of the human breast epithelial cell are not only useful as specific cell-type markers, but also can provide a tool to study the role of the cell surface in normal and neoplastic mammary development.", "contents": "Surface differentiation antigens of human mammary epithelial cells carried on the human milk fat globule. Rabbit antibodies against components of the human milk fat globule bind specifically to normal human breast epithelial cells and cell lines derived from breast carcinomas, as well as to the outer surface of the human milk fat globule. Variation in indirect immunofluorescence staining in both intensity per cell and percentage of cells stained is observed for the different brest cell lines. Cells derived from other epithelial and other ectodermal tissues, fetal fibroblasts, cells of the blood buffy coat, and even fibroblasts of the breast itself do not bind the antibodies. This suggests that these antibodies are detecting cell-type-specific antigens. These normal breast epithelial cell antigens are on the cell surface and their expression is stable in long-term cultured cell lines, even after much chromosomal variation in a given line. By affinity chromatography, three distinct antigenic components can be isolated from the milk fat globule, one of which contains carbohydrate. These differentiation antigens of the human breast epithelial cell are not only useful as specific cell-type markers, but also can provide a tool to study the role of the cell surface in normal and neoplastic mammary development.", "PMID": 322133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8188", "title": "Cells reconstituted from cell fragments of two different species multiply and form colonies.", "content": "Nuclei (minicells) prepared by cytochalasin-induced enucleation of rat myoblasts (L6) were fused with inactivated Sendai virus to preparations of cytoplasms from mouse fibroblasts (A9). Cell colonies arising from such fusion mixtures were examined 5 days after fusion. In the presence of virus a new type of colony was obtained. The cells in these colonies were derived from reconstituted cells capable of undergoing repeated cell divisions.", "contents": "Cells reconstituted from cell fragments of two different species multiply and form colonies. Nuclei (minicells) prepared by cytochalasin-induced enucleation of rat myoblasts (L6) were fused with inactivated Sendai virus to preparations of cytoplasms from mouse fibroblasts (A9). Cell colonies arising from such fusion mixtures were examined 5 days after fusion. In the presence of virus a new type of colony was obtained. The cells in these colonies were derived from reconstituted cells capable of undergoing repeated cell divisions.", "PMID": 322134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8189", "title": "Free calcium increases explosively in activating medaka eggs.", "content": "We have used the calcium-specific light-emitting protein aequorin to follow changes in free calcium concentration during fertilization and cleavage of eggs from medaka, a fresh-water fish. Aequorin-injected medaka eggs show a very low resting glow before they are fertilized, indicating a low calcium concentration in the resting state. Upon activation by sperm, the calcium-mediated light emission increases to a level some 10,000 times the resting level with a 1 to 2 sec time constant for an e-fold increase, and then slowly retruns to the resting level. Upon activation by the ionophore A23187, the early rise in luminescence is much slower, but once a threshold has been reached the subsequent  rise becomes as rapid as the normal sperm-induced response. We infer that the explosive rise in calcium involves calcium-stimulated calcium release, and that a sperm normally triggers this rise by somehow inducing a more modest and localized rise in calcium.", "contents": "Free calcium increases explosively in activating medaka eggs. We have used the calcium-specific light-emitting protein aequorin to follow changes in free calcium concentration during fertilization and cleavage of eggs from medaka, a fresh-water fish. Aequorin-injected medaka eggs show a very low resting glow before they are fertilized, indicating a low calcium concentration in the resting state. Upon activation by sperm, the calcium-mediated light emission increases to a level some 10,000 times the resting level with a 1 to 2 sec time constant for an e-fold increase, and then slowly retruns to the resting level. Upon activation by the ionophore A23187, the early rise in luminescence is much slower, but once a threshold has been reached the subsequent  rise becomes as rapid as the normal sperm-induced response. We infer that the explosive rise in calcium involves calcium-stimulated calcium release, and that a sperm normally triggers this rise by somehow inducing a more modest and localized rise in calcium.", "PMID": 322135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8190", "title": "Calcium dependence of glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis.", "content": "A potent glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide (9alpha-fluoro-11beta, 16alpha,17alpha, 21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione-16,17-acetonide) and a divalent cation ionophore (A23187) had similar effects in vitro on [3H]uridine uptake and on lysis of thymocytes of adrenalectomized rats. Removal of Ca2+ from the medium blunted the cytolytic action of triamcinolone acetonide and virtually eliminated that of A23187. In Ca2+-free media, treatment of the thymocytes for 15 hr with triamcinolone acetonide or A23187 followed by re-introduction of Ca2+ resulted in a rapid decrease in cell survival. Based on the time courses of the responses, triamcinolone acetonide and A23187 evoked proportionate increases in 45Ca uptake and lysis of the thymocytes. These findings implicate enhanced Ca2+ uptake in glucocorticoid-dependent lymphocytolysis.", "contents": "Calcium dependence of glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis. A potent glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide (9alpha-fluoro-11beta, 16alpha,17alpha, 21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione-16,17-acetonide) and a divalent cation ionophore (A23187) had similar effects in vitro on [3H]uridine uptake and on lysis of thymocytes of adrenalectomized rats. Removal of Ca2+ from the medium blunted the cytolytic action of triamcinolone acetonide and virtually eliminated that of A23187. In Ca2+-free media, treatment of the thymocytes for 15 hr with triamcinolone acetonide or A23187 followed by re-introduction of Ca2+ resulted in a rapid decrease in cell survival. Based on the time courses of the responses, triamcinolone acetonide and A23187 evoked proportionate increases in 45Ca uptake and lysis of the thymocytes. These findings implicate enhanced Ca2+ uptake in glucocorticoid-dependent lymphocytolysis.", "PMID": 322136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8191", "title": "Localization of bovine brain filament antibody on intermediate (100 A) filaments in guinea pig vascular endothelial cells and chick cardiac muscle cells.", "content": "Guinea pig vascular endothelial cells contain naturally occurring rings of intermediate filaments that completely encircle the nucleus. Indirect immunofluorescence staining showed that these perinuclear rings bound antibody prepared against protein from bovine brain 9-nm filaments. In endothelial cells grown in the presence of 1 muM demecolcine (Colcemid) the perinuclear ring \"coils\" into a juxtanuclear \"cap\". Throughout this process we could demonstrate staining of the intermediate filaments. Chick cardiac muscle cells in culture stained diffusely with the antibody. After treatment for 24 hr with 1 muM demecolcine the cardiac cells accumulated large bands of intermediate filaments. These bands stained intensely with the antibody. Our findings suggest that intermediate filaments in guinea pig endothelial cells and those induced in chick cardiac muscle cells are antigenically similar to bovine brain filaments. The staining of these filaments is not affected by treatment with demecolcine.", "contents": "Localization of bovine brain filament antibody on intermediate (100 A) filaments in guinea pig vascular endothelial cells and chick cardiac muscle cells. Guinea pig vascular endothelial cells contain naturally occurring rings of intermediate filaments that completely encircle the nucleus. Indirect immunofluorescence staining showed that these perinuclear rings bound antibody prepared against protein from bovine brain 9-nm filaments. In endothelial cells grown in the presence of 1 muM demecolcine (Colcemid) the perinuclear ring \"coils\" into a juxtanuclear \"cap\". Throughout this process we could demonstrate staining of the intermediate filaments. Chick cardiac muscle cells in culture stained diffusely with the antibody. After treatment for 24 hr with 1 muM demecolcine the cardiac cells accumulated large bands of intermediate filaments. These bands stained intensely with the antibody. Our findings suggest that intermediate filaments in guinea pig endothelial cells and those induced in chick cardiac muscle cells are antigenically similar to bovine brain filaments. The staining of these filaments is not affected by treatment with demecolcine.", "PMID": 322137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8192", "title": "Biosynthesis of type I and III collagens by cultured smooth muscle cells from human aorta.", "content": "The synthesis of collagen by human aortic smooth muscle cells was studied after incubating the cells with [3H]proline and [3H]glycine for 48 hr. The culture medium and cells were lyophilized and then digested with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) in 70% (wt/vol) formic acid. The resultant peptides were subjected to ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose and gel filtration on agarose. On the basis of the molar ratios of the alpha1(I)-CB8 and alpha1(III)-CB8 peptides of the alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) chains, approximately one quarter of the collagen synthesized by these cells was identified as type III and three quarters as type I. These data indicate that the smooth muscle can synthesize at least two types of collagen found in the arterial wall.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of type I and III collagens by cultured smooth muscle cells from human aorta. The synthesis of collagen by human aortic smooth muscle cells was studied after incubating the cells with [3H]proline and [3H]glycine for 48 hr. The culture medium and cells were lyophilized and then digested with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) in 70% (wt/vol) formic acid. The resultant peptides were subjected to ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose and gel filtration on agarose. On the basis of the molar ratios of the alpha1(I)-CB8 and alpha1(III)-CB8 peptides of the alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) chains, approximately one quarter of the collagen synthesized by these cells was identified as type III and three quarters as type I. These data indicate that the smooth muscle can synthesize at least two types of collagen found in the arterial wall.", "PMID": 322138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8193", "title": "Effects of ribosomal mutations on the read-through of a chain termination signal: studies on the synthesis of bacteriophage lambda O gene protein in vitro.", "content": "In a DNA-dependent protein-synthesizing system that contains streptomycin-sensitive ribosomes, lambda DNA directs the synthesis of two proteins that are products of the O gene. The larger is produced as a result of read-through of a UGA termination codon. In the system containing streptomycin-resistant ribosomes this read-through protein is not synthesized, indicating that the mutational alteration in the ribosomal protein S12 restricts the read-through. The mutant ribosomes also fail to synthesize the read-through coat protein of RNA phage Qbeta. In addition, the mutant ribosomes restrict suppression of amber mutations in vitro, similar to their effect in vivo.", "contents": "Effects of ribosomal mutations on the read-through of a chain termination signal: studies on the synthesis of bacteriophage lambda O gene protein in vitro. In a DNA-dependent protein-synthesizing system that contains streptomycin-sensitive ribosomes, lambda DNA directs the synthesis of two proteins that are products of the O gene. The larger is produced as a result of read-through of a UGA termination codon. In the system containing streptomycin-resistant ribosomes this read-through protein is not synthesized, indicating that the mutational alteration in the ribosomal protein S12 restricts the read-through. The mutant ribosomes also fail to synthesize the read-through coat protein of RNA phage Qbeta. In addition, the mutant ribosomes restrict suppression of amber mutations in vitro, similar to their effect in vivo.", "PMID": 322139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8194", "title": "Deletions affecting the transposition of an antibiotic resistance gene.", "content": "The structural gene for plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance resides upon a 3.2 X 10(6) dalton transposable sequence (TnA) flanked by short inverted repeated sequences that accompany its insertion. TnA was transposed to pMB8, a 1.8 X 10(6) dalton derivative of the colicingenic plasmid ColE1. Random deletions were introduced in the resultant 5 X 10(6) dalton recombinant plasmid by a combination of nuclease treatments in vitro. From this set of deletions a subset was isolated that contained deletions affecting the transposition of TnA. The deletions were mapped by digestion with restriction nucleases and electron microscopic analysis of DNA hetero-duplexes and were found to include one of the inverted repeated sequences or lie in the central portion of TnA. Complementation experiments were attempted between these plasmids and another compatible plasmid carrying a deletion in TnA that abolished its ampicillin resistance. The results of the deletion data indicate that approximately 2 X 10(6) daltons of TnA is required for transposition; the complementation experiments suggest that the terminal inverted repetition and the central region of TnA play different essential roles in TnA transposition.", "contents": "Deletions affecting the transposition of an antibiotic resistance gene. The structural gene for plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance resides upon a 3.2 X 10(6) dalton transposable sequence (TnA) flanked by short inverted repeated sequences that accompany its insertion. TnA was transposed to pMB8, a 1.8 X 10(6) dalton derivative of the colicingenic plasmid ColE1. Random deletions were introduced in the resultant 5 X 10(6) dalton recombinant plasmid by a combination of nuclease treatments in vitro. From this set of deletions a subset was isolated that contained deletions affecting the transposition of TnA. The deletions were mapped by digestion with restriction nucleases and electron microscopic analysis of DNA hetero-duplexes and were found to include one of the inverted repeated sequences or lie in the central portion of TnA. Complementation experiments were attempted between these plasmids and another compatible plasmid carrying a deletion in TnA that abolished its ampicillin resistance. The results of the deletion data indicate that approximately 2 X 10(6) daltons of TnA is required for transposition; the complementation experiments suggest that the terminal inverted repetition and the central region of TnA play different essential roles in TnA transposition.", "PMID": 322140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8195", "title": "Demonstration of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in thymocytes by immunofluorescence.", "content": "The cellular and subcellular distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (DNA nucleotidylexotransferase; nucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidylexotransferase, EC 2.7.7.31) in thymocytes and peripheral lymphocytes from rat, mouse, and calf was studied by immunofluorescence using rabbit antiserum to homogeneous transferase from calf. Terminal transferase was readily detected in approximately 75% of cortical thymocytes, but not in medullary thymocytes or lymph node lymphocytes. The enzyme appeared to be present predominantly in the cytoplasm of positive thymocytes in ethanol-fixed cell smears and frozen sections. The reactivity of anti-terminal-transferase for thymocytes could be neutralized with purified calf enzyme. Results of experiments in which thymocytes were separated on 7-step discontinuous Ficoll density gradients suggested that cortical thymocytes are heterogeneous with respect to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase content.", "contents": "Demonstration of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in thymocytes by immunofluorescence. The cellular and subcellular distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (DNA nucleotidylexotransferase; nucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidylexotransferase, EC 2.7.7.31) in thymocytes and peripheral lymphocytes from rat, mouse, and calf was studied by immunofluorescence using rabbit antiserum to homogeneous transferase from calf. Terminal transferase was readily detected in approximately 75% of cortical thymocytes, but not in medullary thymocytes or lymph node lymphocytes. The enzyme appeared to be present predominantly in the cytoplasm of positive thymocytes in ethanol-fixed cell smears and frozen sections. The reactivity of anti-terminal-transferase for thymocytes could be neutralized with purified calf enzyme. Results of experiments in which thymocytes were separated on 7-step discontinuous Ficoll density gradients suggested that cortical thymocytes are heterogeneous with respect to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase content.", "PMID": 322141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8196", "title": "Amino acid sequence for the peptide extension on the prolipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane.", "content": "The messenger RNA for the lipoprotein of the E. coli outer membrane was found to code for a putative precursor, prolipoprotein, which has 20 additional amino acid residues extending from the amino terminus of the lipoprotein. Using the prolipoprotein synthesized in an E. coli cell-free system directed by purified messenger RNA for the lipoprotein, the complete amino acid sequence of the amino-terminal precursor region was determined to be as follows: (formula: see text). It was also found that the prolipoprotein that accumulates in toluene-treated cells has the same sequence. The significance of the amino acid sequence is discussed in terms of the mechanism of biosynthesis and assembly of the lipoprotein in the E. coli outer membrane.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence for the peptide extension on the prolipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane. The messenger RNA for the lipoprotein of the E. coli outer membrane was found to code for a putative precursor, prolipoprotein, which has 20 additional amino acid residues extending from the amino terminus of the lipoprotein. Using the prolipoprotein synthesized in an E. coli cell-free system directed by purified messenger RNA for the lipoprotein, the complete amino acid sequence of the amino-terminal precursor region was determined to be as follows: (formula: see text). It was also found that the prolipoprotein that accumulates in toluene-treated cells has the same sequence. The significance of the amino acid sequence is discussed in terms of the mechanism of biosynthesis and assembly of the lipoprotein in the E. coli outer membrane.", "PMID": 322142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8197", "title": "High-resolution proton magnetic resonance study of the secondary structure of the 3'-terminal 49-nucleotide fragment of 16S rRNA from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The 3' terminus of 16S rRNA has been implicated in the recognition of mRNA's by the ribosome. A fragment containing the 3'-terminal 49 nucleotides cleaved from the rRNA by cloacin DF13 was isolated in a pure form. The secondary structure of this fragment has been studied by measuring the high-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectra. The resonances observed at low field can be assigned to hydrogen-bonded iminoprotons of base-pairs present in the fragment. From the data we conclude that the rRNA fragment, under the conditions used, exists as a hairpin consisting of eight intramolecular base-pairs, the 3'-terminal dodecanucleotide being unpaired. The implications of these findings with respect to the function of the ribosomal protein S1 are discussed.", "contents": "High-resolution proton magnetic resonance study of the secondary structure of the 3'-terminal 49-nucleotide fragment of 16S rRNA from Escherichia coli. The 3' terminus of 16S rRNA has been implicated in the recognition of mRNA's by the ribosome. A fragment containing the 3'-terminal 49 nucleotides cleaved from the rRNA by cloacin DF13 was isolated in a pure form. The secondary structure of this fragment has been studied by measuring the high-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectra. The resonances observed at low field can be assigned to hydrogen-bonded iminoprotons of base-pairs present in the fragment. From the data we conclude that the rRNA fragment, under the conditions used, exists as a hairpin consisting of eight intramolecular base-pairs, the 3'-terminal dodecanucleotide being unpaired. The implications of these findings with respect to the function of the ribosomal protein S1 are discussed.", "PMID": 322143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8198", "title": "Bidirection replication from a unique origin in a mini-F plasmid.", "content": "Replicating molecules of the mini F-kanamycin resistance plasmid, pML31, derived from F'lac, have been isolated from Escherichia coli as covalently-closed circular DNA molecules. These molecules were examined in the electron microscope after digestion with either EcoRI or BamHI restriction endonuclease. The structure of the majority of the molecules replicating was consistent with a bidirectional mode of replication starting at a unique origin on the F-fragment. This origin is located approximately 2.3 kilobases from one of the EcoRI sites. Orientation of the F-fragment relative to the physical map of F showed the position of the origin to be at 42.6 kilobases. A small proportion of molecules appeared to be replicating unidirectionally in either direction from this origin. Termination of replication of pML31 apparently occurs in the fragment containing the locus for kanamycin resistance in a unique region opposite the origin in the circular DNA molecule.", "contents": "Bidirection replication from a unique origin in a mini-F plasmid. Replicating molecules of the mini F-kanamycin resistance plasmid, pML31, derived from F'lac, have been isolated from Escherichia coli as covalently-closed circular DNA molecules. These molecules were examined in the electron microscope after digestion with either EcoRI or BamHI restriction endonuclease. The structure of the majority of the molecules replicating was consistent with a bidirectional mode of replication starting at a unique origin on the F-fragment. This origin is located approximately 2.3 kilobases from one of the EcoRI sites. Orientation of the F-fragment relative to the physical map of F showed the position of the origin to be at 42.6 kilobases. A small proportion of molecules appeared to be replicating unidirectionally in either direction from this origin. Termination of replication of pML31 apparently occurs in the fragment containing the locus for kanamycin resistance in a unique region opposite the origin in the circular DNA molecule.", "PMID": 322144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8199", "title": "A protease inhibitor blocks SOS functions in Escherichia coli: antipain prevents lambda repressor inactivation, ultraviolet mutagenesis, and filamentous growth.", "content": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis in E. coli by treatment with carcinogenic and mutagenic agents results in the coordinate expression of a group of diverse functions (SOS functions) including lambda prophage induction, filamentous growth, and an error-prone DNA repair activity (SOS repair) believed to be responsible for ultraviolet mutagenesis. It has been proposed that this SOS induction proceeds via irreversible proteolytic inactivation of repressor(s) for SOS functions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of a protease inhibitor, antipain [(1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl-L-arginyl-L-valylargininal], on SOS induction. We found that 0.5 mM antipain (which has no effect on cell growth, overall RNA and protein synthesis, or induction of beta-galactosidase) drastically decreases mutagenesis. Antipain also blocks expression of thermally induced mutator activity (another manifestation of SOS repair) and filamentous growth in a tif-1 mutant that expresses SOS functions at 42 degrees without inhibition of DNA synthesis or detectable DNA damage. Furthermore, antipain inhibits thermal induction of lambda prophage in the tif-1 mutant without affecting the kinetics of thermal induction of lambdacI857 prophage. This lambda mutant codes a temperature-sensitive repressor that is directly destroyed by heat and does not require the SOS induction pathway for inactivation at 42 degrees. From our results we conclude that antipain inhibits lambda prophage induction by blocking proteolytic inactivation of lambda repressor and that it inhibits the induction or expression of SOS repair and filamentous growth. Our results suggest a role for proteolytic cleavage in the regulation of SOS functions.", "contents": "A protease inhibitor blocks SOS functions in Escherichia coli: antipain prevents lambda repressor inactivation, ultraviolet mutagenesis, and filamentous growth. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in E. coli by treatment with carcinogenic and mutagenic agents results in the coordinate expression of a group of diverse functions (SOS functions) including lambda prophage induction, filamentous growth, and an error-prone DNA repair activity (SOS repair) believed to be responsible for ultraviolet mutagenesis. It has been proposed that this SOS induction proceeds via irreversible proteolytic inactivation of repressor(s) for SOS functions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of a protease inhibitor, antipain [(1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl-L-arginyl-L-valylargininal], on SOS induction. We found that 0.5 mM antipain (which has no effect on cell growth, overall RNA and protein synthesis, or induction of beta-galactosidase) drastically decreases mutagenesis. Antipain also blocks expression of thermally induced mutator activity (another manifestation of SOS repair) and filamentous growth in a tif-1 mutant that expresses SOS functions at 42 degrees without inhibition of DNA synthesis or detectable DNA damage. Furthermore, antipain inhibits thermal induction of lambda prophage in the tif-1 mutant without affecting the kinetics of thermal induction of lambdacI857 prophage. This lambda mutant codes a temperature-sensitive repressor that is directly destroyed by heat and does not require the SOS induction pathway for inactivation at 42 degrees. From our results we conclude that antipain inhibits lambda prophage induction by blocking proteolytic inactivation of lambda repressor and that it inhibits the induction or expression of SOS repair and filamentous growth. Our results suggest a role for proteolytic cleavage in the regulation of SOS functions.", "PMID": 322145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8200", "title": "Interaction between mutations of ribosomes and RNA polymerase: a pair of strA and rif mutants individually temperature-insensitive but temperature-sensitive in combination.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive lethal mutant of Escherichia coli has been constructed by combining two temperature-insensitive mutations: a rif180 mutation that modifies RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) and a strA24 mutation that modifies the ribosomal protein S12. The temperature sensitivity is a property of the combination of these two particular alleles; replacement of either of the alleles relieves the temperature sensitivity. An isogenic strain containing a different strA mutation (i.e., rif180 strA11) is not temperature sensitive. Evidently ribosomes modified by the particular strA24 polymerase altered by the rif180 mutation, which suggests that in vivo there may exist some interaction between structures of ribosomes and the RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Interaction between mutations of ribosomes and RNA polymerase: a pair of strA and rif mutants individually temperature-insensitive but temperature-sensitive in combination. A temperature-sensitive lethal mutant of Escherichia coli has been constructed by combining two temperature-insensitive mutations: a rif180 mutation that modifies RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) and a strA24 mutation that modifies the ribosomal protein S12. The temperature sensitivity is a property of the combination of these two particular alleles; replacement of either of the alleles relieves the temperature sensitivity. An isogenic strain containing a different strA mutation (i.e., rif180 strA11) is not temperature sensitive. Evidently ribosomes modified by the particular strA24 polymerase altered by the rif180 mutation, which suggests that in vivo there may exist some interaction between structures of ribosomes and the RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 322146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8201", "title": "Isolation and characterization of conditional-lethal rho mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive nitA (rho) mutants of E. coli were isolated; one of them was characterized as an amber mutant. These strains show the Nit phenotype (transcription of phage lambda DNA independent of the N gene) at low temperatures and are inviable at high temperatures. The mutated sites appear to be between cya and metE on the chromosome. Temperature-sensitive nitA bacteria not only permit leftward transcription of the lambda genome at a high rate in the absence of the lambda N protein, but also allow lambda growth at low temperatures. At high temperatures, phages lambda and T4 are incapable of normal development in these cells, while growth of T7 is not affected. The production of thermally unstable rho by the nitA temperature-sensitive mutant suggests that nitA is the structural gene for rho.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of conditional-lethal rho mutants of Escherichia coli. Temperature-sensitive nitA (rho) mutants of E. coli were isolated; one of them was characterized as an amber mutant. These strains show the Nit phenotype (transcription of phage lambda DNA independent of the N gene) at low temperatures and are inviable at high temperatures. The mutated sites appear to be between cya and metE on the chromosome. Temperature-sensitive nitA bacteria not only permit leftward transcription of the lambda genome at a high rate in the absence of the lambda N protein, but also allow lambda growth at low temperatures. At high temperatures, phages lambda and T4 are incapable of normal development in these cells, while growth of T7 is not affected. The production of thermally unstable rho by the nitA temperature-sensitive mutant suggests that nitA is the structural gene for rho.", "PMID": 322147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8202", "title": "Magnification of genes coding for ribosomal RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "When a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae monosomic for chromosome I and initially deficient for 25% of the genes coding for ribosomal RNA is repeatedly subcultured, the number of these genes increases to and remains stable at the number in the wild type. This strain shows 2:2; viable: inviable first division segregation and hemizygosity for the ade1 gene (a chromosome I marker), evidence that the strain is still monosomic for chromosome I. The increase in the number of genes coding for ribosomal RNA in yeast may be analogous to the magnification of the ribosomal RNA genes in Drosophila melanogaster bobbed mutants.", "contents": "Magnification of genes coding for ribosomal RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae monosomic for chromosome I and initially deficient for 25% of the genes coding for ribosomal RNA is repeatedly subcultured, the number of these genes increases to and remains stable at the number in the wild type. This strain shows 2:2; viable: inviable first division segregation and hemizygosity for the ade1 gene (a chromosome I marker), evidence that the strain is still monosomic for chromosome I. The increase in the number of genes coding for ribosomal RNA in yeast may be analogous to the magnification of the ribosomal RNA genes in Drosophila melanogaster bobbed mutants.", "PMID": 322148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8203", "title": "Physical mapping of a DNA sequence common to plasmids of incompatibility group F I.", "content": "We have mapped a region of homology within a 2.2 kilobase segment of plasmids of incompatibility group F I, WHICH IS CONTAINED IN AN EcoRI restriction enzyme fragment bearing genes for autonomous replication; The coordinates of the 2.2 kilobase segment are 46.4F-48.6F on the physical map of the F plasmid. The orgin of vegetative replication has been mapped at 42.5F, at which site F has no sequence homology with other group F I plasmids. Plasmids belonging to other incompatibility groups have no homology with the 46.4-48.6 F segment. Possible mechanisms underlying incompatibility are discussed. We think that incompatibility is due to either a limitation in a common equipartitioning mechanism or a limitation in a common replication control. In either case, the common mechanism is specific for plasmids belonging to a given incompatibility group.", "contents": "Physical mapping of a DNA sequence common to plasmids of incompatibility group F I. We have mapped a region of homology within a 2.2 kilobase segment of plasmids of incompatibility group F I, WHICH IS CONTAINED IN AN EcoRI restriction enzyme fragment bearing genes for autonomous replication; The coordinates of the 2.2 kilobase segment are 46.4F-48.6F on the physical map of the F plasmid. The orgin of vegetative replication has been mapped at 42.5F, at which site F has no sequence homology with other group F I plasmids. Plasmids belonging to other incompatibility groups have no homology with the 46.4-48.6 F segment. Possible mechanisms underlying incompatibility are discussed. We think that incompatibility is due to either a limitation in a common equipartitioning mechanism or a limitation in a common replication control. In either case, the common mechanism is specific for plasmids belonging to a given incompatibility group.", "PMID": 322149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8204", "title": "Endotoxin-induced serum factor controlling differentiation of bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "Serum from bacillus Calmette-Guerin-infected mice injected with endotoxin induces the appearance of surface immunoglobulin, Ia antigen, and complement receptor on the surface of precursor bone-marrow-derived (B) cells. While endotoxin itself causes phenotypic conversion of both thymus-derived (T) cells and B cells in vitro, the endotoxin-induced serum factor was found to be a selective inducer of B cell differentiation. Spleen cells rendered immunodeficient by removal of B cells bearing the complement receptor regained the capacity to cooperate with helper T cells and to produce antibody against red cell antigens in vitro upon upon addition of the serum factor to the culture medium. Thus, a factor that controls selective phenotypic and functional differentiation of B cells has been identified and can now be characterized,", "contents": "Endotoxin-induced serum factor controlling differentiation of bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes. Serum from bacillus Calmette-Guerin-infected mice injected with endotoxin induces the appearance of surface immunoglobulin, Ia antigen, and complement receptor on the surface of precursor bone-marrow-derived (B) cells. While endotoxin itself causes phenotypic conversion of both thymus-derived (T) cells and B cells in vitro, the endotoxin-induced serum factor was found to be a selective inducer of B cell differentiation. Spleen cells rendered immunodeficient by removal of B cells bearing the complement receptor regained the capacity to cooperate with helper T cells and to produce antibody against red cell antigens in vitro upon upon addition of the serum factor to the culture medium. Thus, a factor that controls selective phenotypic and functional differentiation of B cells has been identified and can now be characterized,", "PMID": 322150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8205", "title": "Thymic activity in severe combined immunodeficiency diseases.", "content": "Thymic function was evaluated by quantitation of circulating thymic factor in patients with several forms of severe infantile immunodeficiency diseases. Direct quantitation of thymic factor in serum of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency revealed heterogeneity of this syndrome by this parameter, as was also shown by study of susceptibility of the marrow cells to differentiation in vitro. Thymic factor was not detectable in one patient with severe combined immunodeficiency, but was present in normal or near-normal concentrations in three others. Circulating levels of this hormonal activity were also not detectable in a patient with DiGeorge athymic syndrome. Following marrow or fetal liver transplantation, which corrected the severe combined immunodeficiency thymic factor levels either increased slightly or did not change appreciably. Fetal thymic transplantation, which together with fetal liver transplantation corrected the immunodeficiency in one patient with severe combined immunodeficiency, was associated with increase of thymic factor to normal levels. Fetal thymus transplantation alone, which was employed to correct the immunodeficiency of DiGeorge athymic syndrome, caused an increase in thymic factor activity to normal or near normal levels in this patient.", "contents": "Thymic activity in severe combined immunodeficiency diseases. Thymic function was evaluated by quantitation of circulating thymic factor in patients with several forms of severe infantile immunodeficiency diseases. Direct quantitation of thymic factor in serum of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency revealed heterogeneity of this syndrome by this parameter, as was also shown by study of susceptibility of the marrow cells to differentiation in vitro. Thymic factor was not detectable in one patient with severe combined immunodeficiency, but was present in normal or near-normal concentrations in three others. Circulating levels of this hormonal activity were also not detectable in a patient with DiGeorge athymic syndrome. Following marrow or fetal liver transplantation, which corrected the severe combined immunodeficiency thymic factor levels either increased slightly or did not change appreciably. Fetal thymic transplantation, which together with fetal liver transplantation corrected the immunodeficiency in one patient with severe combined immunodeficiency, was associated with increase of thymic factor to normal levels. Fetal thymus transplantation alone, which was employed to correct the immunodeficiency of DiGeorge athymic syndrome, caused an increase in thymic factor activity to normal or near normal levels in this patient.", "PMID": 322151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8206", "title": "Effects of naloxone on experimentally induced ischemic pain and on mood in human subjects.", "content": "The hypothesis that painful stimuli activate the endogenous opioid (endorphin) system in humans was tested by examining the effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on experimentally induced ischemic pain and on subjective mood ratings. Intravenous injections of saline or naloxone hydrochloride (2 and 10 mg) were administered under double-blind conditions to 12 subjects. Naloxone did not affect the pain ratings. However, a significant dose-related effect of naloxone on tension-anxiety was found, suggesting that the endorphins. like exogenously administered opiates, may have antianxiety properties.", "contents": "Effects of naloxone on experimentally induced ischemic pain and on mood in human subjects. The hypothesis that painful stimuli activate the endogenous opioid (endorphin) system in humans was tested by examining the effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on experimentally induced ischemic pain and on subjective mood ratings. Intravenous injections of saline or naloxone hydrochloride (2 and 10 mg) were administered under double-blind conditions to 12 subjects. Naloxone did not affect the pain ratings. However, a significant dose-related effect of naloxone on tension-anxiety was found, suggesting that the endorphins. like exogenously administered opiates, may have antianxiety properties.", "PMID": 322152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8207", "title": "Eukaryote ribosomes possess a binding site for concanavalin A.", "content": "Ribosomes prepared from chicken liver or rabbit reticulocytes bound concanavalin A in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1. This binding is to the large subunit of the eukaryote ribosomes with a dissociation constant of 5 X 10(-7) M (0 degrees). The binding of concanavalin A to Escherichia coli ribosomes was much less. Binding to the RNA or to possible membrane contaminants was ruled out in control experiments. Chicken liver ribosomes were labeled in vivo with 3H-labeled amino acids, purified, and dissociated in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Affinity chromatography of this preparation made it possible to isolate the small proportion of the ribosomal proteins (about 1.5%) containing the concanavalin A binding site. This protein moved as a single band during electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and showed an apparent molecular weight of 31,000.", "contents": "Eukaryote ribosomes possess a binding site for concanavalin A. Ribosomes prepared from chicken liver or rabbit reticulocytes bound concanavalin A in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1. This binding is to the large subunit of the eukaryote ribosomes with a dissociation constant of 5 X 10(-7) M (0 degrees). The binding of concanavalin A to Escherichia coli ribosomes was much less. Binding to the RNA or to possible membrane contaminants was ruled out in control experiments. Chicken liver ribosomes were labeled in vivo with 3H-labeled amino acids, purified, and dissociated in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Affinity chromatography of this preparation made it possible to isolate the small proportion of the ribosomal proteins (about 1.5%) containing the concanavalin A binding site. This protein moved as a single band during electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and showed an apparent molecular weight of 31,000.", "PMID": 322153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8208", "title": "Aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme of an antibiotic-producing bacterium acts as a determinant of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Bacillus circulans NRRL B-3312, a nonpathogenic bacterium that produces the aminoglycoside antibiotic butirosin, is known to contain an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase that is similar to the neomycin phosphotransferases of clinically isolated antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Purified DNAs from B. circulans and the plasmid ColE1-ApR were digested with EcoRI endonuclease and the resulting fragments covalently joined with polynucleotide ligase. The recombined DNA was used to transform E. coli and ampicillin-neomycin resistant colonies were selected. Analysis of several clones indicated that neomycin resistance in the E. coli transformants was due to the presence of the B. circulans phosphotransferase gene. This observation is consistent with the notion that anitbiotic-modifying enzymes from antibiotic-producing organisms may be the sources of antibiotic resistance in plasmid-containing bacteria.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme of an antibiotic-producing bacterium acts as a determinant of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Bacillus circulans NRRL B-3312, a nonpathogenic bacterium that produces the aminoglycoside antibiotic butirosin, is known to contain an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase that is similar to the neomycin phosphotransferases of clinically isolated antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Purified DNAs from B. circulans and the plasmid ColE1-ApR were digested with EcoRI endonuclease and the resulting fragments covalently joined with polynucleotide ligase. The recombined DNA was used to transform E. coli and ampicillin-neomycin resistant colonies were selected. Analysis of several clones indicated that neomycin resistance in the E. coli transformants was due to the presence of the B. circulans phosphotransferase gene. This observation is consistent with the notion that anitbiotic-modifying enzymes from antibiotic-producing organisms may be the sources of antibiotic resistance in plasmid-containing bacteria.", "PMID": 322154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8209", "title": "Schedule dependent changes in operant responding after lesions of the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic projection.", "content": "The present experiments examined the role of the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic bundle (DTNB) in operant responding for food under various schedules of reinforcement. This catecholaminergic neuronal system originates in the nucleus locus coeruleus and has diffuse projections to hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Bilateral stereotaxic injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the DTNB of rats reduced hippocampal-cortical noradrenaline to less than 5% of control levels. Animals with these lesions acquired a continuously reinforced (CRF) bar-press response at the same rate as controls. Compared to controls rats with DTNB lesions responded at significantly lower rates on a variable interval 30 (VI 30) schedule. Extinction after VI 30 responding did not differ significantly between control and lesioned animals. In another experiment no significant difference was observed between DTNB lesioned and control groups on the rate of responding on a fixed ratio 30 (FR 30) schedule. The results are discussed with reference to previous reports indicating changes in operant responding after intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. The data failed to support the hypothesis that the DTNB is critically involved in learning and memory.", "contents": "Schedule dependent changes in operant responding after lesions of the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic projection. The present experiments examined the role of the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic bundle (DTNB) in operant responding for food under various schedules of reinforcement. This catecholaminergic neuronal system originates in the nucleus locus coeruleus and has diffuse projections to hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Bilateral stereotaxic injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the DTNB of rats reduced hippocampal-cortical noradrenaline to less than 5% of control levels. Animals with these lesions acquired a continuously reinforced (CRF) bar-press response at the same rate as controls. Compared to controls rats with DTNB lesions responded at significantly lower rates on a variable interval 30 (VI 30) schedule. Extinction after VI 30 responding did not differ significantly between control and lesioned animals. In another experiment no significant difference was observed between DTNB lesioned and control groups on the rate of responding on a fixed ratio 30 (FR 30) schedule. The results are discussed with reference to previous reports indicating changes in operant responding after intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. The data failed to support the hypothesis that the DTNB is critically involved in learning and memory.", "PMID": 322157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8210", "title": "Behavioral and biochemical effects of knife cuts that preferentially interrupt principal afferent and efferent connections of the striatum in the rat.", "content": "Knife cuts were made that preferentially interrupted (a) the nigrostriatal pathway; (b) pallidofugal projections to the lower brainstem; (c) caudate-pallidal interconnections; and (d) fibers entering or leaving the striatum ventrally. The effects of these cuts on conditioned (shuttle box) avoidance, passive avoidance, swimming escape, sucrose-rewarded alley running, locomotor activity, and various measures of sensory-motor function were examined. The norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin content of the striatum, residual forebrain and hypothalamus were determined following the completion of behavioral testing. The pattern of results suggests that striatal functions which are significantly influenced by several afferent and efferent connections are essential for the acquisition and, perhaps, execution of complex behavior in appetitive as well as aversive test paradigms. A special role for the dopaminergic afferents to the striatum was not established in these tests.", "contents": "Behavioral and biochemical effects of knife cuts that preferentially interrupt principal afferent and efferent connections of the striatum in the rat. Knife cuts were made that preferentially interrupted (a) the nigrostriatal pathway; (b) pallidofugal projections to the lower brainstem; (c) caudate-pallidal interconnections; and (d) fibers entering or leaving the striatum ventrally. The effects of these cuts on conditioned (shuttle box) avoidance, passive avoidance, swimming escape, sucrose-rewarded alley running, locomotor activity, and various measures of sensory-motor function were examined. The norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin content of the striatum, residual forebrain and hypothalamus were determined following the completion of behavioral testing. The pattern of results suggests that striatal functions which are significantly influenced by several afferent and efferent connections are essential for the acquisition and, perhaps, execution of complex behavior in appetitive as well as aversive test paradigms. A special role for the dopaminergic afferents to the striatum was not established in these tests.", "PMID": 322158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8211", "title": "Spasticity: its physiology and management. Part IV. Current and projected treatment procedures for spasticity.", "content": "Today's prescriptions for treating spasticity may include pharmacological, surgical, or physical procedures. All derive their rationale from the classical concepts of decerebrate rigidity and of brain organization as discussed in Part I. This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of these current treatment procedures and proposes that recent discoveries about the \"recovery\" capabilities of the central nervous system may influence the means for managing spasticity in the future.", "contents": "Spasticity: its physiology and management. Part IV. Current and projected treatment procedures for spasticity. Today's prescriptions for treating spasticity may include pharmacological, surgical, or physical procedures. All derive their rationale from the classical concepts of decerebrate rigidity and of brain organization as discussed in Part I. This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of these current treatment procedures and proposes that recent discoveries about the \"recovery\" capabilities of the central nervous system may influence the means for managing spasticity in the future.", "PMID": 322159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8212", "title": "The acquired auricular deformity. A systematic approach to its analysis and reconstruction.", "content": "Acquired ear deformities present unique and varied problems which tax the ingenuity of the plastic surgeon. Case individualization is necessary, and a systematic assessment of the residual tissues is a requisite when planning an appropriate reconstruction. Cases performed by one surgeon have been used to demonstrate the basic principles of these repairs. A systematic approach to the reconstruction of these acquired deformities is presented.", "contents": "The acquired auricular deformity. A systematic approach to its analysis and reconstruction. Acquired ear deformities present unique and varied problems which tax the ingenuity of the plastic surgeon. Case individualization is necessary, and a systematic assessment of the residual tissues is a requisite when planning an appropriate reconstruction. Cases performed by one surgeon have been used to demonstrate the basic principles of these repairs. A systematic approach to the reconstruction of these acquired deformities is presented.", "PMID": 322165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8213", "title": "Comparison of free flaps with pedicled flaps for coverage of defects of the leg or foot.", "content": "The use of free flaps to repair defects of the leg or foot is a viable alternative to cross-leg flaps because (1) the total time of immobilization and hospitalization is less, (2) the total number of general anesthetics is less, and (3) the morbidity and cost are less. Increased experience will enhance the survival statistics for free flaps, making their use the method of choice for the reconstruction of defects in the distal part of the lower extremity.", "contents": "Comparison of free flaps with pedicled flaps for coverage of defects of the leg or foot. The use of free flaps to repair defects of the leg or foot is a viable alternative to cross-leg flaps because (1) the total time of immobilization and hospitalization is less, (2) the total number of general anesthetics is less, and (3) the morbidity and cost are less. Increased experience will enhance the survival statistics for free flaps, making their use the method of choice for the reconstruction of defects in the distal part of the lower extremity.", "PMID": 322166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8214", "title": "Surgical treatment of erythroplasia of Queyrat.", "content": "An operative technique is described for the treatment of large lesions of erythroplasia of the penis. The defect on the glans and on the coronary sulcus is covered by a flap prepared from the external part of the prepuce. This therapy has been effective and has given a good functional result.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of erythroplasia of Queyrat. An operative technique is described for the treatment of large lesions of erythroplasia of the penis. The defect on the glans and on the coronary sulcus is covered by a flap prepared from the external part of the prepuce. This therapy has been effective and has given a good functional result.", "PMID": 322170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8215", "title": "Myocutaneous flaps in lip reconstruction. Applications of the Karapandzic principle.", "content": "Our experiences with the reconstruction of lips by the use of innervated myocutaneous flaps is described. We present the technique and some illustrative cases.", "contents": "Myocutaneous flaps in lip reconstruction. Applications of the Karapandzic principle. Our experiences with the reconstruction of lips by the use of innervated myocutaneous flaps is described. We present the technique and some illustrative cases.", "PMID": 322171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8216", "title": "Repairing defects of the lower eyelid with a free chondromucosal graft.", "content": "A method is presented for the repair of full-thickness defects of the eyelid. The lining and tarsal plate are replaced by a free chondromucosal graft from the nasal septum, in which the cartilage is thinned and perforated. Cover is provided by a compound, bipedicled flap of skin and muscle from the opposite lid.", "contents": "Repairing defects of the lower eyelid with a free chondromucosal graft. A method is presented for the repair of full-thickness defects of the eyelid. The lining and tarsal plate are replaced by a free chondromucosal graft from the nasal septum, in which the cartilage is thinned and perforated. Cover is provided by a compound, bipedicled flap of skin and muscle from the opposite lid.", "PMID": 322172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8217", "title": "Effects of crowding of mice on humoral antibody formation and protection to lethal antigenic challenge.", "content": "The effects of grouping (crowding) on humoral antibody response to typhoid paratyphoid vaccine and subsequent protection from a minimal lethal challenge dose of Salmonella typhimurium were studied in white Swiss-Webster mice. The data show a trend between the degree of crowding and antibody response. Geometric mean titers of high density grouped mice were significantly lower than the geometric mean titers of the less crowded mice. Also, there were significantly less antibody responders in the high density grouped mice than in the less crowded mice. However, challenged with a minimal LD50 dose of Salmonella thphimurium, no deaths occurred in the immunized study group, regardless of measurable antibody level. In the nonimmunized controls, which were under the same stressor conditions, there was a significant difference between the level of crowding and death to challenge. The data show that nonimmunized mice in this study exhibited a marked increase in susceptibility to an infectious agent when under the stressor effect of crowding.", "contents": "Effects of crowding of mice on humoral antibody formation and protection to lethal antigenic challenge. The effects of grouping (crowding) on humoral antibody response to typhoid paratyphoid vaccine and subsequent protection from a minimal lethal challenge dose of Salmonella typhimurium were studied in white Swiss-Webster mice. The data show a trend between the degree of crowding and antibody response. Geometric mean titers of high density grouped mice were significantly lower than the geometric mean titers of the less crowded mice. Also, there were significantly less antibody responders in the high density grouped mice than in the less crowded mice. However, challenged with a minimal LD50 dose of Salmonella thphimurium, no deaths occurred in the immunized study group, regardless of measurable antibody level. In the nonimmunized controls, which were under the same stressor conditions, there was a significant difference between the level of crowding and death to challenge. The data show that nonimmunized mice in this study exhibited a marked increase in susceptibility to an infectious agent when under the stressor effect of crowding.", "PMID": 322186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8218", "title": "Recurrent urinary tract infections in infants and children.", "content": "Urinary tract infection is the most common abnormality found in the urinary tract of children, and it is as dangerous as it is common. The infections usually commence in infancy, especially in neonates. Of special interest to the radiologist is the fact that radiologic examination is the only way to assess damage to the kidneys and to determine the long term risk to the child.", "contents": "Recurrent urinary tract infections in infants and children. Urinary tract infection is the most common abnormality found in the urinary tract of children, and it is as dangerous as it is common. The infections usually commence in infancy, especially in neonates. Of special interest to the radiologist is the fact that radiologic examination is the only way to assess damage to the kidneys and to determine the long term risk to the child.", "PMID": 322194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8219", "title": "[Problems and experiences with computerized coding of radiological findings in pneumoconioses (author's transl)].", "content": "For medical surveillance of dust workers, correlation of anatomical and radiological findings in silicosis and asbestosis is an assumption for computerized application of the ILO U/C 1971 classification of pneumoconiosis. The new regulations of insurance companies for preventive examinations in workers exposed to asbestos are described, and their results presented. Practicability and preliminary data suggest important information for the future.", "contents": "[Problems and experiences with computerized coding of radiological findings in pneumoconioses (author's transl)]. For medical surveillance of dust workers, correlation of anatomical and radiological findings in silicosis and asbestosis is an assumption for computerized application of the ILO U/C 1971 classification of pneumoconiosis. The new regulations of insurance companies for preventive examinations in workers exposed to asbestos are described, and their results presented. Practicability and preliminary data suggest important information for the future.", "PMID": 322195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8220", "title": "[Physiology of bile formation (author's transl)].", "content": "Generation of bile flow in humans depends mainly on two transport mechanisms of the hepatocyte. One of these is responsible for secretion of bile acids, the other for transport of sodium into the bile canaliculi. Accordingly, a bile acid dependent fraction of hepatocytic bile can be distinguished from a bile acid independent fraction. Many endogenous and exogenous substances, including x-ray contrast media, are secreted into hepatocytic bile by more or less specific transport systems. The bile produced by the liver cells is then modified by admixture of ductular bile and by reabsorptive processes in the biliary passages and in the gallbladder. Increased knowledge about these mechanisms represents one of the requirements for progress in oral and intravenous cholangiography.", "contents": "[Physiology of bile formation (author's transl)]. Generation of bile flow in humans depends mainly on two transport mechanisms of the hepatocyte. One of these is responsible for secretion of bile acids, the other for transport of sodium into the bile canaliculi. Accordingly, a bile acid dependent fraction of hepatocytic bile can be distinguished from a bile acid independent fraction. Many endogenous and exogenous substances, including x-ray contrast media, are secreted into hepatocytic bile by more or less specific transport systems. The bile produced by the liver cells is then modified by admixture of ductular bile and by reabsorptive processes in the biliary passages and in the gallbladder. Increased knowledge about these mechanisms represents one of the requirements for progress in oral and intravenous cholangiography.", "PMID": 322196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8221", "title": "[Physiology of biliary excretion of roentgenographic contrast media (author's transl)].", "content": "Contrast agents for oral and intravenous cholecysto-cholangiography are iodinized lipophilic compounds with marked albumin binding. Their selective uptake by the liver occurs because of the presence of a membrane transport system and preferential binding to the hepatic cytoplasmatic proteins. Peroral contrast agents are conjugated. The canalicular excretion is an active carrier-mediated process limited by a transport maximum. Intravenous contrast agents are potent choleretics. Bile salts are important for intestinal absorption and hepatic excretion of the contrast agents. Pharmacological agents do not improve the biliary excretion of contrast compounds. The value of various investigation techniques is discussed.", "contents": "[Physiology of biliary excretion of roentgenographic contrast media (author's transl)]. Contrast agents for oral and intravenous cholecysto-cholangiography are iodinized lipophilic compounds with marked albumin binding. Their selective uptake by the liver occurs because of the presence of a membrane transport system and preferential binding to the hepatic cytoplasmatic proteins. Peroral contrast agents are conjugated. The canalicular excretion is an active carrier-mediated process limited by a transport maximum. Intravenous contrast agents are potent choleretics. Bile salts are important for intestinal absorption and hepatic excretion of the contrast agents. Pharmacological agents do not improve the biliary excretion of contrast compounds. The value of various investigation techniques is discussed.", "PMID": 322197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8222", "title": "[A contribution to the rate of side-effects of hepatotropic contrast media. A clinical comparative study of iodoxamate (Endomirabil) and ioglycamid (Bilivistan) (author's transl)].", "content": "The new substance Iodoxamate (Endomirabil) is a hepatotropic contrast medium. In a clinical comparative study, the contrast of the biliary ducts and gall bladder is equivalent compared with Ioglycamid (Bilivistan). Assuming equal conditions of injection and in conformity with animal experimental studies, the rate of side effects of Iodoxamate is distinctly lower than that of the referring substance Iolgycamid (Bilivistan).", "contents": "[A contribution to the rate of side-effects of hepatotropic contrast media. A clinical comparative study of iodoxamate (Endomirabil) and ioglycamid (Bilivistan) (author's transl)]. The new substance Iodoxamate (Endomirabil) is a hepatotropic contrast medium. In a clinical comparative study, the contrast of the biliary ducts and gall bladder is equivalent compared with Ioglycamid (Bilivistan). Assuming equal conditions of injection and in conformity with animal experimental studies, the rate of side effects of Iodoxamate is distinctly lower than that of the referring substance Iolgycamid (Bilivistan).", "PMID": 322198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8223", "title": "Subtraction technique in intravenous aortography.", "content": "Excretory urography using the subtraction technique (100 ml of 60% urographic media injected in 10-12 seconds) demonstrated the aorta and its major branches well enough to prove useful clinically. The method is fast and graphic, and risk seems no greater than that associated with the standard urographic examination.", "contents": "Subtraction technique in intravenous aortography. Excretory urography using the subtraction technique (100 ml of 60% urographic media injected in 10-12 seconds) demonstrated the aorta and its major branches well enough to prove useful clinically. The method is fast and graphic, and risk seems no greater than that associated with the standard urographic examination.", "PMID": 322199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8224", "title": "Occult malignant tumors in dermatologic disease. The futility of radiological search.", "content": "Analysis of 102 patients with dermatomyositis, polymyositis, bullous pemphigoid, and dermatitis herpetiformis was undertaken to determine: (a) the incidence of occult malignant tumors in these diseases, and (b) the value of radiological screening to detect unsuspected malignant neoplasms. The incidence of internal malignant disease was no higher than that encountered in a control population. Radiological screening procedures routinely performed for patients with these disorders failed to disclose any occult neoplasms. A radiological tumor search has no place in the evaluation of these patients unless specific clinical findings suggest carcinoma in a particular organ system.", "contents": "Occult malignant tumors in dermatologic disease. The futility of radiological search. Analysis of 102 patients with dermatomyositis, polymyositis, bullous pemphigoid, and dermatitis herpetiformis was undertaken to determine: (a) the incidence of occult malignant tumors in these diseases, and (b) the value of radiological screening to detect unsuspected malignant neoplasms. The incidence of internal malignant disease was no higher than that encountered in a control population. Radiological screening procedures routinely performed for patients with these disorders failed to disclose any occult neoplasms. A radiological tumor search has no place in the evaluation of these patients unless specific clinical findings suggest carcinoma in a particular organ system.", "PMID": 322202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8225", "title": "Computer-aided medical decision making in radiotherapy.", "content": "Radiotherapy departments are becoming sophisticated in working with computers for isodose computations, treatment machine verifications and administrative and medical records. The next step lies in computer-assisted medical decision making. The logic for a patient's diagnostic work-up and treatment protocol can be stored in a computer. It can then be used as an aid in making the diagnosis, in prescribing the treatment and for quality control. For patients who fit established protocols the computer can select and list treatment using the logic of that protocol. Such a system has been implemented for the postoperative radiotherapy of breast cancer on a trial basis. Its potential usefulness is illustrated by results in 25 consecutive patients. Physician acceptance and costs of the program are under investigation.", "contents": "Computer-aided medical decision making in radiotherapy. Radiotherapy departments are becoming sophisticated in working with computers for isodose computations, treatment machine verifications and administrative and medical records. The next step lies in computer-assisted medical decision making. The logic for a patient's diagnostic work-up and treatment protocol can be stored in a computer. It can then be used as an aid in making the diagnosis, in prescribing the treatment and for quality control. For patients who fit established protocols the computer can select and list treatment using the logic of that protocol. Such a system has been implemented for the postoperative radiotherapy of breast cancer on a trial basis. Its potential usefulness is illustrated by results in 25 consecutive patients. Physician acceptance and costs of the program are under investigation.", "PMID": 322204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8226", "title": "Cellular responses to combinations of hyperthermia and radiation.", "content": "The two principal rationales for applying hyperthermia in cancer therapy are that: (a) the S phase, which is relatively radioresistant, is the most sensitive phase to hyperthermia, and can be selectively radiosensitized by combining hyperthermia with x-irradiation; the cycling tumor cells in S phase which would normally survive an x-ray dose could thus be killed by subjecting these cells to hyperthermia; and (b) the relatively radioresistant hypoxic cells in the tumor may be selectively destroyed by combinations of hyperthermia and x-irradiation. Both of these rationales have been mentioned as reasons for using high LET irradiation in cancer therapy; therefore where such irradiation may be of use, hyperthermia may also be advantageous.", "contents": "Cellular responses to combinations of hyperthermia and radiation. The two principal rationales for applying hyperthermia in cancer therapy are that: (a) the S phase, which is relatively radioresistant, is the most sensitive phase to hyperthermia, and can be selectively radiosensitized by combining hyperthermia with x-irradiation; the cycling tumor cells in S phase which would normally survive an x-ray dose could thus be killed by subjecting these cells to hyperthermia; and (b) the relatively radioresistant hypoxic cells in the tumor may be selectively destroyed by combinations of hyperthermia and x-irradiation. Both of these rationales have been mentioned as reasons for using high LET irradiation in cancer therapy; therefore where such irradiation may be of use, hyperthermia may also be advantageous.", "PMID": 322205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8227", "title": "Hyperthermic effects on animal tissues.", "content": "TCD50 values for thermally resistant tumors have been significantly reduced. The therapeutic ratio has been improved for some tumor-normal tissue situations and treatment protocols, but not for others. The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) for hyperthermic damage may be congruent to 1; if this is true for tumor cells in vivo, the combination of hyperthermia and radiation should improve the therapeutic ratio to the extent that hypoxic cells are critical. There does not appear to be a differential response to hyperthermia by the normal foot or tumor growing in the foot pad for the following two parameters: (a) relationship between heating time to produce the specified response and the level of heating, and (b) effect of fractionation of hyperthermia.", "contents": "Hyperthermic effects on animal tissues. TCD50 values for thermally resistant tumors have been significantly reduced. The therapeutic ratio has been improved for some tumor-normal tissue situations and treatment protocols, but not for others. The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) for hyperthermic damage may be congruent to 1; if this is true for tumor cells in vivo, the combination of hyperthermia and radiation should improve the therapeutic ratio to the extent that hypoxic cells are critical. There does not appear to be a differential response to hyperthermia by the normal foot or tumor growing in the foot pad for the following two parameters: (a) relationship between heating time to produce the specified response and the level of heating, and (b) effect of fractionation of hyperthermia.", "PMID": 322206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8228", "title": "Prospects for hyperthermia in human cancer therapy. Part I: hyperthermic effects in man and spontaneous animal tumors.", "content": "Systemic hyperthermia in man may occur by accident, as in heat stroke or malignant hyperthermia during general anesthesia, or it may be therapeutically induced (fever therapy). The latter has been used infrequently since the advent of antibiotics, except recently for treatment of cancer. Local or regional heating combined with x irradiation for human cancer therapy has been sporadically reported for over 60 years, but has not found its place in clinical medicine possibly due to technical limitations in heat production and dosimetry. Preliminary results are reported for treatment of spontaneous animal tumors with radiofrequency current fields and x irradiation.", "contents": "Prospects for hyperthermia in human cancer therapy. Part I: hyperthermic effects in man and spontaneous animal tumors. Systemic hyperthermia in man may occur by accident, as in heat stroke or malignant hyperthermia during general anesthesia, or it may be therapeutically induced (fever therapy). The latter has been used infrequently since the advent of antibiotics, except recently for treatment of cancer. Local or regional heating combined with x irradiation for human cancer therapy has been sporadically reported for over 60 years, but has not found its place in clinical medicine possibly due to technical limitations in heat production and dosimetry. Preliminary results are reported for treatment of spontaneous animal tumors with radiofrequency current fields and x irradiation.", "PMID": 322207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8229", "title": "Prospects for hyperthermia in human cancer therapy. Part II: implications of biological and physical data for applications of hyperthermia to man.", "content": "Laboratory data from studies of hyperthermia as a potential antitumor agent indicate that: (a) tumor cells may be more sensitive to heat than normal tissue; (b) hyperthermia enhances response to irradiation and can increase the therapeutic ratio; (c) cells are most sensitive to hyperthermia during the S-phase, when they are resistant to ionizing radiations; (d) the oxygen effect is absent for hyperthermic cell killing, and radiation effects are less oxygen-dependent when potentiated by heat treatment; and (e) biological damage changes more rapidly at temperatures above 43 degrees C. Methods of heat production and dosimetry need to be refined further before these findings can be put to practical use in tumor therapy.", "contents": "Prospects for hyperthermia in human cancer therapy. Part II: implications of biological and physical data for applications of hyperthermia to man. Laboratory data from studies of hyperthermia as a potential antitumor agent indicate that: (a) tumor cells may be more sensitive to heat than normal tissue; (b) hyperthermia enhances response to irradiation and can increase the therapeutic ratio; (c) cells are most sensitive to hyperthermia during the S-phase, when they are resistant to ionizing radiations; (d) the oxygen effect is absent for hyperthermic cell killing, and radiation effects are less oxygen-dependent when potentiated by heat treatment; and (e) biological damage changes more rapidly at temperatures above 43 degrees C. Methods of heat production and dosimetry need to be refined further before these findings can be put to practical use in tumor therapy.", "PMID": 322208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8230", "title": "Stop-action cardiac computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomographic (CT) cardiac imaging in vivo has been hampered by motion of the heart during its cardiac cycle. A technique of post data-acquisition correlation of the angular projection data using the electrocardiogram as a reference signal is described. This method produced seven \"stop action\" images of the heart and resulted in delineating morphological detail not recognizable on the conventional CT scan.", "contents": "Stop-action cardiac computed tomography. Computed tomographic (CT) cardiac imaging in vivo has been hampered by motion of the heart during its cardiac cycle. A technique of post data-acquisition correlation of the angular projection data using the electrocardiogram as a reference signal is described. This method produced seven \"stop action\" images of the heart and resulted in delineating morphological detail not recognizable on the conventional CT scan.", "PMID": 322209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8231", "title": "Radioimmunoassays of drugs of abuse in humans: a review.", "content": "Only recently has radioimmunoassay been used for the detection of drugs of abuse in body fluids. While conventional assay methods are time-consuming, relatively insensitive, and require a larger sample volume, the radioimmunoassay method is rapid, sensitive, specific, and can be performed with a minimum of sample. Performance of individual assays is identical, and requires about 1 hour to complete. Herein are reviewed the radioimmunoassays which have been developed for measurement of drugs of abuse in humans. These new techniques are of importance in screening and in further research into the effect of these drugs on the functions of the human body.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays of drugs of abuse in humans: a review. Only recently has radioimmunoassay been used for the detection of drugs of abuse in body fluids. While conventional assay methods are time-consuming, relatively insensitive, and require a larger sample volume, the radioimmunoassay method is rapid, sensitive, specific, and can be performed with a minimum of sample. Performance of individual assays is identical, and requires about 1 hour to complete. Herein are reviewed the radioimmunoassays which have been developed for measurement of drugs of abuse in humans. These new techniques are of importance in screening and in further research into the effect of these drugs on the functions of the human body.", "PMID": 322225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8232", "title": "Detection of chemical mutagens use of concentration gradient plates in a high capacity screen.", "content": "A method is described which makes possible the rapid screening of chemicals for mutagenic potential. Ten fold concentration gradients of test compound in agar are prepared in square petri dishes. Ten strains of bacteria including both histidine auxotrophs and tryptophane auxotrophs are then streaked on the surface. In the activated phase of the test an overlay of 9000 g liver homogenate in agar is applied to the gradient plate before the organisms are streaked. After incubation, the plates are scored by observing the concentration range over which the test compound produces mutant colonies in each of the ten organisms. With this technique it is possible to determine on only eight plates the mutagenic potential of a substance against ten different bacterial strains, both with and without microsomal activation and over a 10,000 fold concentration range. The minimum concentration at which growth of the auxotroph is inhibited is also noted. The method has been found to be very useful for preliminary screening of large numbers of chemicals.", "contents": "Detection of chemical mutagens use of concentration gradient plates in a high capacity screen. A method is described which makes possible the rapid screening of chemicals for mutagenic potential. Ten fold concentration gradients of test compound in agar are prepared in square petri dishes. Ten strains of bacteria including both histidine auxotrophs and tryptophane auxotrophs are then streaked on the surface. In the activated phase of the test an overlay of 9000 g liver homogenate in agar is applied to the gradient plate before the organisms are streaked. After incubation, the plates are scored by observing the concentration range over which the test compound produces mutant colonies in each of the ten organisms. With this technique it is possible to determine on only eight plates the mutagenic potential of a substance against ten different bacterial strains, both with and without microsomal activation and over a 10,000 fold concentration range. The minimum concentration at which growth of the auxotroph is inhibited is also noted. The method has been found to be very useful for preliminary screening of large numbers of chemicals.", "PMID": 322226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8233", "title": "Floctafenine: a new analgesic for use in rheumatic diseases.", "content": "In a double-blind, single-dose, multiple cross-over study, floctafenine (200 mg) was shown to be an active analgesic and similar in potency to aspirin (600 mg). A graphic rating scale was used to measure pain relief. The use of such a scale without cut-off points at each end led to problems in the distribution of results.", "contents": "Floctafenine: a new analgesic for use in rheumatic diseases. In a double-blind, single-dose, multiple cross-over study, floctafenine (200 mg) was shown to be an active analgesic and similar in potency to aspirin (600 mg). A graphic rating scale was used to measure pain relief. The use of such a scale without cut-off points at each end led to problems in the distribution of results.", "PMID": 322242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8234", "title": "A double-blind trial of flurbiprofen and aspirin in soft-tissue trauma.", "content": "A double-blind trial of flurbiprofen (150 mg daily) and aspirin (3.6 g daily) for six days was carried out in 52 soft-tissue injuries in 28 professional footballers. An analysis of daily pain scores in both injury categories (trauma and sprains) showed that players taking flurbiprofen had significantly lower pain scores from day 2 onwards compared to the aspirin group (P less than 0.01), the effect being more marked in the trauma subgroup. Flurbiprofen was significantly better than aspirin in reducing the time taken to achieve both training and match fitness, and 65% of the players taking flurbiprofen were able to train within three days of injury compared to 35% taking aspirin (P less than 0.05). The possible effects of both anti-inflammatory agents on prostaglandin metabolism are discussed, and their role in soft-tissue trauma outlined.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of flurbiprofen and aspirin in soft-tissue trauma. A double-blind trial of flurbiprofen (150 mg daily) and aspirin (3.6 g daily) for six days was carried out in 52 soft-tissue injuries in 28 professional footballers. An analysis of daily pain scores in both injury categories (trauma and sprains) showed that players taking flurbiprofen had significantly lower pain scores from day 2 onwards compared to the aspirin group (P less than 0.01), the effect being more marked in the trauma subgroup. Flurbiprofen was significantly better than aspirin in reducing the time taken to achieve both training and match fitness, and 65% of the players taking flurbiprofen were able to train within three days of injury compared to 35% taking aspirin (P less than 0.05). The possible effects of both anti-inflammatory agents on prostaglandin metabolism are discussed, and their role in soft-tissue trauma outlined.", "PMID": 322243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8235", "title": "[Anti-deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies: comparison of results provided by 3 research methods].", "content": "Three methods of determination of anti-DNA antibodies were compared. The indirect immunofluorescence method after exposure to animal DNA (IF) and Farr's radio-immunological method with bacterial DNA labelled with C14, gave highly similar results, although there were some cases in which Farr's method gave a negative and the IF method a positive result. In part, this discordance appears to be accounted for by the variable affinity of the anti-DNA antibodies for DNA. The counter-immuno-electrophoresis method (CIEP) on the other hand, gave very different results: positive reactions in a large proportion of normal sera and a considerable proportion of false-positive and false-negative results in disseminated lupus erythematosus. It is concluded that until the CIEP method is made more reliable by technical refinement, determination of anti-DNA antibodies may be carried out by either the IF or the radio-immunological method, but a double-check, by application of the two methods at the same time, is highly advisable.", "contents": "[Anti-deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies: comparison of results provided by 3 research methods]. Three methods of determination of anti-DNA antibodies were compared. The indirect immunofluorescence method after exposure to animal DNA (IF) and Farr's radio-immunological method with bacterial DNA labelled with C14, gave highly similar results, although there were some cases in which Farr's method gave a negative and the IF method a positive result. In part, this discordance appears to be accounted for by the variable affinity of the anti-DNA antibodies for DNA. The counter-immuno-electrophoresis method (CIEP) on the other hand, gave very different results: positive reactions in a large proportion of normal sera and a considerable proportion of false-positive and false-negative results in disseminated lupus erythematosus. It is concluded that until the CIEP method is made more reliable by technical refinement, determination of anti-DNA antibodies may be carried out by either the IF or the radio-immunological method, but a double-check, by application of the two methods at the same time, is highly advisable.", "PMID": 322246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8236", "title": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by levamisole. First results].", "content": "Twenty selected patients suffering from severe, long-standing rhumatoid arthritis (RA) not controlled by anti-inflammatory drugs (19 cases) and from disseminated lupus erythematosis (DLE) (1 case) were treated with levamisole. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: Group I comprised fourteen patients (13 RA and 1 DLE) treated continuously by levamisole 150 mg/day for 3 or 6 months then on an intermittent regime (150 mg/day-3 days per week). Group II comprised 6 RA patients treated on the intermittent regime from the beginning. In Group I, following average treatment of 9 months (5-12 months), clinical results assessed according to precise clinical criteria were favorable in 9 out of eleven cases. In the other 2 cases no change was noted. Side effects included reversible agranulocytosis in 9 cases, on 3 occasions this necessitated the discontinuation of treatment. A signifcant reduction in sedimentation rate was noticed in 5 cases out of eleven and in 3 patients the Rose-Waller test turned negative. A monoclonal disglobulinemia of IgG lambda appeared under treatment in 1 patient who was deficient in IgA. Skin tests carried out periodically showed a significant augmentation of the response to candida. Lymphocyte culture in the presence of mitogens gave highly variable results from one control to the other in the same subject, as well as in the treated subjects as in the group of RA not receiving levamisole. These results are compared with those previously published; the mechanism of action and possible indications for levamisole in RA are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by levamisole. First results]. Twenty selected patients suffering from severe, long-standing rhumatoid arthritis (RA) not controlled by anti-inflammatory drugs (19 cases) and from disseminated lupus erythematosis (DLE) (1 case) were treated with levamisole. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: Group I comprised fourteen patients (13 RA and 1 DLE) treated continuously by levamisole 150 mg/day for 3 or 6 months then on an intermittent regime (150 mg/day-3 days per week). Group II comprised 6 RA patients treated on the intermittent regime from the beginning. In Group I, following average treatment of 9 months (5-12 months), clinical results assessed according to precise clinical criteria were favorable in 9 out of eleven cases. In the other 2 cases no change was noted. Side effects included reversible agranulocytosis in 9 cases, on 3 occasions this necessitated the discontinuation of treatment. A signifcant reduction in sedimentation rate was noticed in 5 cases out of eleven and in 3 patients the Rose-Waller test turned negative. A monoclonal disglobulinemia of IgG lambda appeared under treatment in 1 patient who was deficient in IgA. Skin tests carried out periodically showed a significant augmentation of the response to candida. Lymphocyte culture in the presence of mitogens gave highly variable results from one control to the other in the same subject, as well as in the treated subjects as in the group of RA not receiving levamisole. These results are compared with those previously published; the mechanism of action and possible indications for levamisole in RA are discussed.", "PMID": 322247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8237", "title": "Enzymes as denture cleansers.", "content": "It was the purpose of the study to test the efficiency of dextranase, mutanase, and protease in removing denture plaque. The study group comprised 100 denture-wearers with denture stomatitis. The enzymes were dispensed as dissolvent tablets either in pure or in mixed preparations. Placebo tablets and Steradent, a commercial denture cleanser, were used as control tablets. The following parameters were studied: the amount of denture plaque, the degree of palatal erythema, and the concentration of yeast cells and inflammatory cells in mucosal and denture smears. The study was designed and carried out as a double-blind study. The dissolvent tablets containing the enzymes in mixed preparations were more effective than the tablets containing the pure enzymes, the placebo tablets, or the Steradent tablets. The beneficial effect of the mixed enzyme preparations included a significant reduction of the amount of denture plaque and an improvement of the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa.", "contents": "Enzymes as denture cleansers. It was the purpose of the study to test the efficiency of dextranase, mutanase, and protease in removing denture plaque. The study group comprised 100 denture-wearers with denture stomatitis. The enzymes were dispensed as dissolvent tablets either in pure or in mixed preparations. Placebo tablets and Steradent, a commercial denture cleanser, were used as control tablets. The following parameters were studied: the amount of denture plaque, the degree of palatal erythema, and the concentration of yeast cells and inflammatory cells in mucosal and denture smears. The study was designed and carried out as a double-blind study. The dissolvent tablets containing the enzymes in mixed preparations were more effective than the tablets containing the pure enzymes, the placebo tablets, or the Steradent tablets. The beneficial effect of the mixed enzyme preparations included a significant reduction of the amount of denture plaque and an improvement of the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa.", "PMID": 322251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8238", "title": "Immunoglobulins in jejunal mucosa and serum from patients with adult coeliac disease.", "content": "Immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing cells were quantitated immunohistochemically in biopsy specimens from the proximal jejunal mucosa. The numbers of IgA, IgM, and IgG immunocytes in a defined \"mucosal tissue unit\" were, on the average, raised 2.4, 4.6, and 6.5 times, respectively, when 13 adult patients with untreated coeliac disease (CD) were compared with 15 patients who had a histologically normal mucosa. The IgA-:IgM-:IgG-cell ratios averaged 66:28:6 in untreated CD and 79:18:2.6 in the controls. Similar quantitative data in 10 patients with treated CD were intermediate. IgD- and IgE-containing cells were rare in all patient groups. Most patients in a heterogeneous malabsorption group showed a jejunal Ig-containing cell population similar to that seen in CD, indicating that the local immunocyte pattern may not be specific for the latter disease. The only significant alteration in serum Ig levels related to CD was a raised concentration of IgA compared with normal. This was consistent with the increased amounts of extracellular IgA revealed in the mucosa. However, there was no indication of a defect in the transport of dimeric IgA and IgM through SC-producing cells, which in the CD mucosa were present in both crypt and surface epithelium.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in jejunal mucosa and serum from patients with adult coeliac disease. Immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing cells were quantitated immunohistochemically in biopsy specimens from the proximal jejunal mucosa. The numbers of IgA, IgM, and IgG immunocytes in a defined \"mucosal tissue unit\" were, on the average, raised 2.4, 4.6, and 6.5 times, respectively, when 13 adult patients with untreated coeliac disease (CD) were compared with 15 patients who had a histologically normal mucosa. The IgA-:IgM-:IgG-cell ratios averaged 66:28:6 in untreated CD and 79:18:2.6 in the controls. Similar quantitative data in 10 patients with treated CD were intermediate. IgD- and IgE-containing cells were rare in all patient groups. Most patients in a heterogeneous malabsorption group showed a jejunal Ig-containing cell population similar to that seen in CD, indicating that the local immunocyte pattern may not be specific for the latter disease. The only significant alteration in serum Ig levels related to CD was a raised concentration of IgA compared with normal. This was consistent with the increased amounts of extracellular IgA revealed in the mucosa. However, there was no indication of a defect in the transport of dimeric IgA and IgM through SC-producing cells, which in the CD mucosa were present in both crypt and surface epithelium.", "PMID": 322252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8239", "title": "Immunoglobulins in jejunal mucosa and serum from patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "The quantitative distribution of immunoglobulin-(Ig)-producing cells of the major classes was determined by paired immunohistochemistry in the proximal jejunal mucosa of 29 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). The specimens were categorized stereomicroscopically in three groups. Compared with controls, the total number of Ig-producing cells in a defined \"mucosal tissue unit\" was for group I (normal or minor abnormality) found to be raised by a factor of 1.4, but the class ratios remained normal. In group II (major abnormality) the total immunocyte number was raised 2.6 times; IgA, IgM, and IgG cells showed a 2.4-, 3.5-, and 5.1-fold increase, respectively. Group II (intermediate abnormality) fell between the two other groups with regard to changes in the immunocyte population. Altogether the local immunocyte pattern was very similar to that previously found in coeliac disease (CD) specimens of comparable mucosal abnormalities. IgD cells were few, and showed no increase compared with controls. Also IgE cells were few, but were encountered more frequently than in controls. As in CD, staining for extracellular Ig in the lamina propria tended to be more intense than in controls. Normal or increased staining for SC, IgA and IgM in the crypt epithelium indicated a normal external transfer of these components. DH differed from DC in showing no significant rise in the level of serum IgA. Serum IgM was reduced in group III, and IgG was increased in group I.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in jejunal mucosa and serum from patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. The quantitative distribution of immunoglobulin-(Ig)-producing cells of the major classes was determined by paired immunohistochemistry in the proximal jejunal mucosa of 29 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). The specimens were categorized stereomicroscopically in three groups. Compared with controls, the total number of Ig-producing cells in a defined \"mucosal tissue unit\" was for group I (normal or minor abnormality) found to be raised by a factor of 1.4, but the class ratios remained normal. In group II (major abnormality) the total immunocyte number was raised 2.6 times; IgA, IgM, and IgG cells showed a 2.4-, 3.5-, and 5.1-fold increase, respectively. Group II (intermediate abnormality) fell between the two other groups with regard to changes in the immunocyte population. Altogether the local immunocyte pattern was very similar to that previously found in coeliac disease (CD) specimens of comparable mucosal abnormalities. IgD cells were few, and showed no increase compared with controls. Also IgE cells were few, but were encountered more frequently than in controls. As in CD, staining for extracellular Ig in the lamina propria tended to be more intense than in controls. Normal or increased staining for SC, IgA and IgM in the crypt epithelium indicated a normal external transfer of these components. DH differed from DC in showing no significant rise in the level of serum IgA. Serum IgM was reduced in group III, and IgG was increased in group I.", "PMID": 322253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8240", "title": "Plasma follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones and the macrosopic characteristics of the ovaries in patients with stein-leventhal syndrome. Response to LH-RH in Stein-Leventhal syndrome.", "content": "Synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was administered intravenously to 50 women with Stein-Leventhal syndrome and to 15 women with normal menstrual cycle. The patients with Stein-Leventhal syndrome were divided into two groups on the basis of the macroscopic characteristics of the ovaries: group I-with enlarged ovaries--and group II--with normal or diminished ovaries. The basal levels of FSH and LH in group I were greater as compared with those of group II. The maximal increase of both gonadotropins after a LH-RH stimulation was also greater in group I women. On the basis of the results obtained, the elevated basal levels and gonadotropin response to LH-RH test may be used in the differential diagnosis between the two forms of the disease.", "contents": "Plasma follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones and the macrosopic characteristics of the ovaries in patients with stein-leventhal syndrome. Response to LH-RH in Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was administered intravenously to 50 women with Stein-Leventhal syndrome and to 15 women with normal menstrual cycle. The patients with Stein-Leventhal syndrome were divided into two groups on the basis of the macroscopic characteristics of the ovaries: group I-with enlarged ovaries--and group II--with normal or diminished ovaries. The basal levels of FSH and LH in group I were greater as compared with those of group II. The maximal increase of both gonadotropins after a LH-RH stimulation was also greater in group I women. On the basis of the results obtained, the elevated basal levels and gonadotropin response to LH-RH test may be used in the differential diagnosis between the two forms of the disease.", "PMID": 322249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8241", "title": "Antral gastrin cells and serum gastrin in achlorhydria.", "content": "Forty-five patients with achlorhydria due to severe atrophic corpus gastritis or gastric atrophy were studied by determination of serum gastrin, histological examination of multiple biopsy from the antrum, and quantitation of gastrin cells revealed by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. In a reference group of 12 persons with normal gastric secretion and without atrophic antral gastritis the mean number of gastrin cells per field of vision was 52 +/- 6.5 (S.E.M.). In a group of achlorhydric patients having normal antral mucosa (n = 24), the serum gastrin levels was 324 +/- 56 pmol/l and the number of gastrin cells was 79.6 +/- 7.5 cells/field of vision. The corresponding values for a group of achlorhydric patients with chronic superficial antral gastritis (n = 11) were 361 +/- 186 pmol/l and 88.0 +/- 14.4 cells/field of vision. In a group of achlorhydric patients with atrophic antral gastritis (n = 10) serum gastrin was 15.0 +/- 3.3 pmol/l, and the number of gastrin cells was 6.2 +/- 3.3 cells/field of vision. Compared to the subjects in the reference group, the number of gastrin cells was significantly higher in the groups of achlorhydric patients with normal or superficially inflamed antral mucosa and significantly lower in achlorhydric patients with atrophic antral gastritis. It is concluded that serum gastrin in general is a good indicator for the presence or absence of antral atrophic gastritis in achlorhydria.", "contents": "Antral gastrin cells and serum gastrin in achlorhydria. Forty-five patients with achlorhydria due to severe atrophic corpus gastritis or gastric atrophy were studied by determination of serum gastrin, histological examination of multiple biopsy from the antrum, and quantitation of gastrin cells revealed by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. In a reference group of 12 persons with normal gastric secretion and without atrophic antral gastritis the mean number of gastrin cells per field of vision was 52 +/- 6.5 (S.E.M.). In a group of achlorhydric patients having normal antral mucosa (n = 24), the serum gastrin levels was 324 +/- 56 pmol/l and the number of gastrin cells was 79.6 +/- 7.5 cells/field of vision. The corresponding values for a group of achlorhydric patients with chronic superficial antral gastritis (n = 11) were 361 +/- 186 pmol/l and 88.0 +/- 14.4 cells/field of vision. In a group of achlorhydric patients with atrophic antral gastritis (n = 10) serum gastrin was 15.0 +/- 3.3 pmol/l, and the number of gastrin cells was 6.2 +/- 3.3 cells/field of vision. Compared to the subjects in the reference group, the number of gastrin cells was significantly higher in the groups of achlorhydric patients with normal or superficially inflamed antral mucosa and significantly lower in achlorhydric patients with atrophic antral gastritis. It is concluded that serum gastrin in general is a good indicator for the presence or absence of antral atrophic gastritis in achlorhydria.", "PMID": 322254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8242", "title": "Effects of hydroxyurea pretreatment of donor rats on growth of haematopoietic diffusion chamber colonies in mice.", "content": "A single dose of hydroxyurea (HU) (400 mg/kg body weight) was injected i.p. into rats. Hydroxyurea, a potent DNA synthesis inhibitor, killed bone marrow cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. 9-10 h after HU administration, the rat bone marrow contained large numbers of necrotic cells and appeared predominantly lymphoid. Within 24-48 h of HU injection, resumption of normal haematopoiesis was observed. Rat bone marrow, 9-10 h following HU administration, was implanted in peritoneal diffusion chambers (DC) in irradiated mice. The results obtained suggest that pretreatment of donor rats with HU increases the bone marrow content of progenitor cells. The stem cell-enriched marrow was conductive to enhanced growth of DC colonies in irradiated mice.", "contents": "Effects of hydroxyurea pretreatment of donor rats on growth of haematopoietic diffusion chamber colonies in mice. A single dose of hydroxyurea (HU) (400 mg/kg body weight) was injected i.p. into rats. Hydroxyurea, a potent DNA synthesis inhibitor, killed bone marrow cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. 9-10 h after HU administration, the rat bone marrow contained large numbers of necrotic cells and appeared predominantly lymphoid. Within 24-48 h of HU injection, resumption of normal haematopoiesis was observed. Rat bone marrow, 9-10 h following HU administration, was implanted in peritoneal diffusion chambers (DC) in irradiated mice. The results obtained suggest that pretreatment of donor rats with HU increases the bone marrow content of progenitor cells. The stem cell-enriched marrow was conductive to enhanced growth of DC colonies in irradiated mice.", "PMID": 322255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8243", "title": "Constant post-irradiation repopulation rates and linear relationship between cellular blood response and number of transplanted bone marrow cells in inbred mice.", "content": "Graded doses of syngeneic bone marrow cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated mice. Repopulation curves of peripheral blood granulocytes and platelets were apparently exponential and parallel after doses larger than 5 X 10(5) cells. The blood platelet Td was reduced from 111 h to 53-57 h, and granulocyte Td from 57 to 40 h in transplanted groups. The mean blood cell counts were reproducible enough to be used as a biological assay of the amount of bone marrow cells transplanted. Linear relationship between increment of blood cells up to day 16 and number of bone marrow cells transplanted on day 1 was demonstrated (1,200 granulocytes and 14,300 platelets/mul blood per 10(5) bone marrow cells). The linearity suggested a mean Td less than 22.5 h of proliferating bone marrow cells, and allowed a rough estimation of mouse bone marrow stem cell radiosensitivity (Do 76 rad).", "contents": "Constant post-irradiation repopulation rates and linear relationship between cellular blood response and number of transplanted bone marrow cells in inbred mice. Graded doses of syngeneic bone marrow cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated mice. Repopulation curves of peripheral blood granulocytes and platelets were apparently exponential and parallel after doses larger than 5 X 10(5) cells. The blood platelet Td was reduced from 111 h to 53-57 h, and granulocyte Td from 57 to 40 h in transplanted groups. The mean blood cell counts were reproducible enough to be used as a biological assay of the amount of bone marrow cells transplanted. Linear relationship between increment of blood cells up to day 16 and number of bone marrow cells transplanted on day 1 was demonstrated (1,200 granulocytes and 14,300 platelets/mul blood per 10(5) bone marrow cells). The linearity suggested a mean Td less than 22.5 h of proliferating bone marrow cells, and allowed a rough estimation of mouse bone marrow stem cell radiosensitivity (Do 76 rad).", "PMID": 322256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8244", "title": "Human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). I. Effect of synthetic and naturally occurring esterase and protease inhibitors.", "content": "The activity of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) obtained from Sephadex-G-100-chromatographed supernatants of concanavalin-A-stimulated human lymphocytes was suppressed by two synthetic serine esterase and serine protease inhibitors (di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and phenylmethylfulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)). LIF activity was also reduced by the naturally occurring protease inhibitors soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin. The observed effect of DFP and PMSF was irreversible, since elimination of the inhibitors by dialysis did not restore LIF activity. The effect of PMSF was dose-, time-, and temperature-dependent, and hydrolytic products of PMSF as well as sodium fluoride were inactive in blocking LIF. These results suggest that LIF may act as a serine esterase or a serine protease, or both of these, and that this putative enzyme is present in an activated form in supernatants from mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cells.", "contents": "Human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). I. Effect of synthetic and naturally occurring esterase and protease inhibitors. The activity of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) obtained from Sephadex-G-100-chromatographed supernatants of concanavalin-A-stimulated human lymphocytes was suppressed by two synthetic serine esterase and serine protease inhibitors (di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and phenylmethylfulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)). LIF activity was also reduced by the naturally occurring protease inhibitors soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin. The observed effect of DFP and PMSF was irreversible, since elimination of the inhibitors by dialysis did not restore LIF activity. The effect of PMSF was dose-, time-, and temperature-dependent, and hydrolytic products of PMSF as well as sodium fluoride were inactive in blocking LIF. These results suggest that LIF may act as a serine esterase or a serine protease, or both of these, and that this putative enzyme is present in an activated form in supernatants from mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cells.", "PMID": 322257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8245", "title": "Human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). I. Effect of synthetic and naturally occurring esterase and protease inhibitors.", "content": "The activity of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) obtained from Sephadex-G-100-chromatographed supernatants of concanavalin-A-stimulated human lymphocytes was suppressed by two synthetic serine esterase and serine protease inhibitors (di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DEP) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)). LIF activity was also reduced by the naturally occurring protease inhibitors soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin. The observed effect of DFP and PMSF was irreversible, since elimination of the inhibitors by dialysis did not restore LIF activity. The effect of PMSF was dose-, time-, and temperature dependent, and hydrolytic products of PMSF as well as sodium fluoride were inactive in blocking LIF. These results suggest that LIF may act as a serine esterse or a serine protease, or both of these, and that this putative enzyme is present in an activated form in supernatants from mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cells.", "contents": "Human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). I. Effect of synthetic and naturally occurring esterase and protease inhibitors. The activity of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) obtained from Sephadex-G-100-chromatographed supernatants of concanavalin-A-stimulated human lymphocytes was suppressed by two synthetic serine esterase and serine protease inhibitors (di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DEP) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)). LIF activity was also reduced by the naturally occurring protease inhibitors soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin. The observed effect of DFP and PMSF was irreversible, since elimination of the inhibitors by dialysis did not restore LIF activity. The effect of PMSF was dose-, time-, and temperature dependent, and hydrolytic products of PMSF as well as sodium fluoride were inactive in blocking LIF. These results suggest that LIF may act as a serine esterse or a serine protease, or both of these, and that this putative enzyme is present in an activated form in supernatants from mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cells.", "PMID": 322258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8246", "title": "Human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). II. Partial biochemical characterization of the substrate specificities for this lymphokine.", "content": "Previously reported experiments suggested that an esterase or a protease, or both, might participate in the expression of human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). To clarify this further, a wide variety of simple ester were tested for the ability to protect LIF against inactivation by the serine esterase inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). alpha-N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethylester (BAEE), a typical trypsin substrate, and bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (BNPP), a phosphodiester, were the only esters capable of retaining LIF activity in the presence of PMSF. Agents chemically closely related to these esters were inactive. Moreover, the protection afforded by BAEE and BNPP was the king that would be anticipated if the esters and irreversible inhibitor competed for the same site on LIF. Baee and BNPP also protected against inactivation by di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), another irreversible serine esterase inhibitor. In addition, LIF-treated leukocytes partly escaped migration inhibition in the presence of BAEE and BNPP, respectively. These results indicate that human LIF contains a serine residue necessary for lymphokine activity. It is still not proved, however, that LIF as an enzyme is capable of hydrolyzing BAEE and BNPP, although it seems highly possible. The substrate specificities of a putative LIF enzyme are discussed on the basis of the chemical structure of BAEE and BNPP.", "contents": "Human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). II. Partial biochemical characterization of the substrate specificities for this lymphokine. Previously reported experiments suggested that an esterase or a protease, or both, might participate in the expression of human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). To clarify this further, a wide variety of simple ester were tested for the ability to protect LIF against inactivation by the serine esterase inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). alpha-N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethylester (BAEE), a typical trypsin substrate, and bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (BNPP), a phosphodiester, were the only esters capable of retaining LIF activity in the presence of PMSF. Agents chemically closely related to these esters were inactive. Moreover, the protection afforded by BAEE and BNPP was the king that would be anticipated if the esters and irreversible inhibitor competed for the same site on LIF. Baee and BNPP also protected against inactivation by di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), another irreversible serine esterase inhibitor. In addition, LIF-treated leukocytes partly escaped migration inhibition in the presence of BAEE and BNPP, respectively. These results indicate that human LIF contains a serine residue necessary for lymphokine activity. It is still not proved, however, that LIF as an enzyme is capable of hydrolyzing BAEE and BNPP, although it seems highly possible. The substrate specificities of a putative LIF enzyme are discussed on the basis of the chemical structure of BAEE and BNPP.", "PMID": 322260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8247", "title": "The absence of a human thymus lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) on bosophils and mast cells.", "content": "Basophilic granulocytes and mast cells of different species have been reported to originate from thymocytes and other lymphocytes. These observations were recently confirmed when evidence was given that thymic antigen is present on rabbit basophilic granulocytes. In the study reported here, human leukocytes were tested by the immunofluorescence technique and the immunoelectron-microscopy technique to ascertain whether a human thymus lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) could be detected on their surface. We could demonstrate the presence of HTLA on T lymphocytes but not on basophilic granulocytes, nor on mast cells in Cryostat sections of various tissues.", "contents": "The absence of a human thymus lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) on bosophils and mast cells. Basophilic granulocytes and mast cells of different species have been reported to originate from thymocytes and other lymphocytes. These observations were recently confirmed when evidence was given that thymic antigen is present on rabbit basophilic granulocytes. In the study reported here, human leukocytes were tested by the immunofluorescence technique and the immunoelectron-microscopy technique to ascertain whether a human thymus lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) could be detected on their surface. We could demonstrate the presence of HTLA on T lymphocytes but not on basophilic granulocytes, nor on mast cells in Cryostat sections of various tissues.", "PMID": 322262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8248", "title": "The effect of levamisole on gingival inflammation in man.", "content": "The effects of levamisole on gingival inflammation and on cell-mediated immunity were examined in patients with gingivitis and in subjects with clinically healthy gingiva. Treatment with levamisole promoted the development of gingivitis and aggravated the severity of established gingivitis, although the amount of bacterial plaque at the gingival margin was not significantly increased. This effect was short-lasting, as the gingival indices returned almost to base-line values by the end of the fifth month after treatment with levamisole. The development of gingivitis was associated with increased in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by antigens from oral bacteria. The role of cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of gingival inflammation is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of levamisole on gingival inflammation in man. The effects of levamisole on gingival inflammation and on cell-mediated immunity were examined in patients with gingivitis and in subjects with clinically healthy gingiva. Treatment with levamisole promoted the development of gingivitis and aggravated the severity of established gingivitis, although the amount of bacterial plaque at the gingival margin was not significantly increased. This effect was short-lasting, as the gingival indices returned almost to base-line values by the end of the fifth month after treatment with levamisole. The development of gingivitis was associated with increased in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by antigens from oral bacteria. The role of cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of gingival inflammation is discussed.", "PMID": 322263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8249", "title": "A new rat lymphocyte surface marker: characterization and separation of cells with receptors for Helix pomatia hemagglutinin.", "content": "Thirty-two percent of neuraminidase-treated DA rat spleen lymphocytes and 48% of lymph node lymphocytes possess receptors for Helix pomatia hemagglutinin (HP). Moreover, these HP-receptor-bearing cells can be separated from B cells by affinity chromatography on HP-Sepharose columns. The virtual absence of immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors and the close correlation with reported T-cell content of these lymphoid tissues suggest that HP-receptor lymphocytes are probably T cells and that HP may provide a convenient marker, for both the identification and the purification of rat T lymphocytes.", "contents": "A new rat lymphocyte surface marker: characterization and separation of cells with receptors for Helix pomatia hemagglutinin. Thirty-two percent of neuraminidase-treated DA rat spleen lymphocytes and 48% of lymph node lymphocytes possess receptors for Helix pomatia hemagglutinin (HP). Moreover, these HP-receptor-bearing cells can be separated from B cells by affinity chromatography on HP-Sepharose columns. The virtual absence of immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors and the close correlation with reported T-cell content of these lymphoid tissues suggest that HP-receptor lymphocytes are probably T cells and that HP may provide a convenient marker, for both the identification and the purification of rat T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 322264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8250", "title": "The diagnosis of urinary extravasation using gammacamera scintigraphy.", "content": "Gammacamera scintigraphy studies in three patients with urinary extravasation following renal transplantation are presented. Images were obtained using 131I-orthoiodohippurate. Urinary leakage were detected in each case. The diagnosis were in all three cases confirmed at surgery.", "contents": "The diagnosis of urinary extravasation using gammacamera scintigraphy. Gammacamera scintigraphy studies in three patients with urinary extravasation following renal transplantation are presented. Images were obtained using 131I-orthoiodohippurate. Urinary leakage were detected in each case. The diagnosis were in all three cases confirmed at surgery.", "PMID": 322265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8251", "title": "Malacoplakia in a renal transplant. Report of a case studied by light and electron microscopy.", "content": "A case of malacoplakia in a transplanted patient is reported. Several months after the operation typical lesions with numerous Michaelis-Gutmann bodies were found by biopsies from the urinary bladder and the renal transplant, the latter being ultimately destroyed by the process. Recurrent urinary infections with Escherichia coli might have contributed to the development of the process in combination with an altered macrophage function owing to the immunosuppressive regimen, which was considered mainly responsible for the progressive course of an otherwise benign inflammatory reaction. If malacoplakia occurs in a renal transplant and the renal function deteriorates despite adequate antibiotic therapy, transplantectomy should not be delayed.", "contents": "Malacoplakia in a renal transplant. Report of a case studied by light and electron microscopy. A case of malacoplakia in a transplanted patient is reported. Several months after the operation typical lesions with numerous Michaelis-Gutmann bodies were found by biopsies from the urinary bladder and the renal transplant, the latter being ultimately destroyed by the process. Recurrent urinary infections with Escherichia coli might have contributed to the development of the process in combination with an altered macrophage function owing to the immunosuppressive regimen, which was considered mainly responsible for the progressive course of an otherwise benign inflammatory reaction. If malacoplakia occurs in a renal transplant and the renal function deteriorates despite adequate antibiotic therapy, transplantectomy should not be delayed.", "PMID": 322266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8252", "title": "Immune deposits in the dermo-epidermal junction in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Skin biopsies from forty patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied for presence of immune deposits in the dermo-epidermal junction zone. In about half of these unselected patients with classical and definite rheumatoid arthritis, IgM, complement components and fibrinogen antigenic material were found. A positive correlation is demonstrated between immune deposits and the presence of cryoglobulins in serum. The presence of complement components in the skin deposits was found to be clearly related to the clinical activity of the disease, as judged by Lansbury's index.", "contents": "Immune deposits in the dermo-epidermal junction in rheumatoid arthritis. Skin biopsies from forty patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied for presence of immune deposits in the dermo-epidermal junction zone. In about half of these unselected patients with classical and definite rheumatoid arthritis, IgM, complement components and fibrinogen antigenic material were found. A positive correlation is demonstrated between immune deposits and the presence of cryoglobulins in serum. The presence of complement components in the skin deposits was found to be clearly related to the clinical activity of the disease, as judged by Lansbury's index.", "PMID": 322268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8253", "title": "Comparative effects of tolfenamic acid and acetylsalicylic acid on human gastric mucosa. A double-blind crossover trial employing gastroscopy, extern gastrocamera and multiple biopsies.", "content": "A comparative study has been made of the effects of tolfenamic acid (Clotam) and acetylsalicyclic acid on the gastric mucosa in 10 healthy volunteers. The effects were evaluated by means of gastroscopy, photography of the gastric mucosa, and multiple biopsies. The schedule was for a randomized, double-blind crossover trial involving two drug-administered periods of one week's duration separated by an interval of at least 3 weeks. On each day of the drug-administration weeks either tolfenamic acid 600 mg or acetylsalicyclic acid 3 g was administered as three divided doses, taken with meals. Gastroscopy was performed prior to and after each week of drug administration. Subjective side effects were recorded during the therapy periods; haematemesis occurred in 2 volunteers taking acetylsalicyclic acid. The absence of gastritis in each subject during treatment with tolfenamic acid was confirmed both gastroscopically and histologically. In contrast, 6 out of 10 volunteers developed mild superficial acute gastritis after ingestion of acetylsalicyclic acid. The difference in effect between the two treatments on the gastric mucosa was statistically significant(p less than 0.05). The findings of this study are comparable to those of other studies and it is concluded that tolfenamic acid, in the relatively high dosage employed in this trial, is free from any irritant effect on the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Comparative effects of tolfenamic acid and acetylsalicylic acid on human gastric mucosa. A double-blind crossover trial employing gastroscopy, extern gastrocamera and multiple biopsies. A comparative study has been made of the effects of tolfenamic acid (Clotam) and acetylsalicyclic acid on the gastric mucosa in 10 healthy volunteers. The effects were evaluated by means of gastroscopy, photography of the gastric mucosa, and multiple biopsies. The schedule was for a randomized, double-blind crossover trial involving two drug-administered periods of one week's duration separated by an interval of at least 3 weeks. On each day of the drug-administration weeks either tolfenamic acid 600 mg or acetylsalicyclic acid 3 g was administered as three divided doses, taken with meals. Gastroscopy was performed prior to and after each week of drug administration. Subjective side effects were recorded during the therapy periods; haematemesis occurred in 2 volunteers taking acetylsalicyclic acid. The absence of gastritis in each subject during treatment with tolfenamic acid was confirmed both gastroscopically and histologically. In contrast, 6 out of 10 volunteers developed mild superficial acute gastritis after ingestion of acetylsalicyclic acid. The difference in effect between the two treatments on the gastric mucosa was statistically significant(p less than 0.05). The findings of this study are comparable to those of other studies and it is concluded that tolfenamic acid, in the relatively high dosage employed in this trial, is free from any irritant effect on the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 322267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8254", "title": "A comparative study of gastrointestinal bleeding during administration of ketoprofen and naproxen.", "content": "The gastrointestinal blood losses arising after ketoprofen and naproxen therapy were studied in 12 male volunteers. A 51Cr-technique was used and the study was carried out using a double-blind crossover design. The median daily blood losses were 3.3 and 1.2 ml after ketoprofen and naproxen, respectively. Both preparations caused significantly increased gastrointestinal blood losses compared with preceding control periods, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two preparations.", "contents": "A comparative study of gastrointestinal bleeding during administration of ketoprofen and naproxen. The gastrointestinal blood losses arising after ketoprofen and naproxen therapy were studied in 12 male volunteers. A 51Cr-technique was used and the study was carried out using a double-blind crossover design. The median daily blood losses were 3.3 and 1.2 ml after ketoprofen and naproxen, respectively. Both preparations caused significantly increased gastrointestinal blood losses compared with preceding control periods, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two preparations.", "PMID": 322269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8255", "title": "Synthetic arterial grafts. II. infection complications.", "content": "A retrospective study of 91 patients with synthetic arterial grafts was made. The investigation showed that infection of synthetic arterial grafts is a serious and life-threatening complication. Of our 14 infected cases, 5 patients were amputated and 4 patients died. The incidence of infection is significantly increased when the anastomosis is performed through a groin incision. In addition the management of patients with infected graft is discussed and two cases are reported.", "contents": "Synthetic arterial grafts. II. infection complications. A retrospective study of 91 patients with synthetic arterial grafts was made. The investigation showed that infection of synthetic arterial grafts is a serious and life-threatening complication. Of our 14 infected cases, 5 patients were amputated and 4 patients died. The incidence of infection is significantly increased when the anastomosis is performed through a groin incision. In addition the management of patients with infected graft is discussed and two cases are reported.", "PMID": 322270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8256", "title": "Repair of stricture and fistula of the antethoracic oesophagogastrostoma using a reversed pectoralis skin pedicle flap.", "content": "A 68-year-old male patient with oesophageal cancer was treated by oesophageal resection and the antethoracic reconstruction was made by using the ventricle. The oesophagogastrostoma developed a necrosis and later a 5 cm stricture and a gastrocutaneous fistula. Both the stricture and the fistula were treated by plastic surgery using a reversed pectoralis skin pedicle flap and free skin graft.", "contents": "Repair of stricture and fistula of the antethoracic oesophagogastrostoma using a reversed pectoralis skin pedicle flap. A 68-year-old male patient with oesophageal cancer was treated by oesophageal resection and the antethoracic reconstruction was made by using the ventricle. The oesophagogastrostoma developed a necrosis and later a 5 cm stricture and a gastrocutaneous fistula. Both the stricture and the fistula were treated by plastic surgery using a reversed pectoralis skin pedicle flap and free skin graft.", "PMID": 322271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8257", "title": "Natural history of vascular ring with clinical manifestations. A follow-up study of eleven unoperated cases.", "content": "A clinical follow-up study was performed in 11 unoperated patients with symptoms due to vascular ring. The age at diagnosis was 2-48 months (mean 13 months); 7 of the patients were less than 12 months old. The follow-up time varied between 1 and 22 years (median 7 years). Nine patients were entirely free of symptoms, which they had outgrown in the course of 1-2 years after the diagnosis was made; none of these 9 had symptoms after the age of 4 years. Two patients had symptoms due to either oesophageal compression or to severe associated neuromuscular lesions; the follow-up time was 3 and 1 years, respectively. Our findings lead us to support a conservative attitude regarding surgery, at least if only mild symptoms are present, If the patients can be satisfactorily treated medically, they seem to outgrow their symptoms in early childhood.", "contents": "Natural history of vascular ring with clinical manifestations. A follow-up study of eleven unoperated cases. A clinical follow-up study was performed in 11 unoperated patients with symptoms due to vascular ring. The age at diagnosis was 2-48 months (mean 13 months); 7 of the patients were less than 12 months old. The follow-up time varied between 1 and 22 years (median 7 years). Nine patients were entirely free of symptoms, which they had outgrown in the course of 1-2 years after the diagnosis was made; none of these 9 had symptoms after the age of 4 years. Two patients had symptoms due to either oesophageal compression or to severe associated neuromuscular lesions; the follow-up time was 3 and 1 years, respectively. Our findings lead us to support a conservative attitude regarding surgery, at least if only mild symptoms are present, If the patients can be satisfactorily treated medically, they seem to outgrow their symptoms in early childhood.", "PMID": 322272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8258", "title": "[Postoperative stress hemorrhage: ineffective prevention with pepsin inhibitor and deglycyrrhizinized licorice extract. Prospective study].", "content": "A double blind controlled study on prophylaxis of postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding from stress lesions was performed. Both tragant sulfate, a pepsin inhibitor, and deglycyrrhizinized liquorice extract proved to be without prophylactic effect.", "contents": "[Postoperative stress hemorrhage: ineffective prevention with pepsin inhibitor and deglycyrrhizinized licorice extract. Prospective study]. A double blind controlled study on prophylaxis of postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding from stress lesions was performed. Both tragant sulfate, a pepsin inhibitor, and deglycyrrhizinized liquorice extract proved to be without prophylactic effect.", "PMID": 322273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8259", "title": "Recombinational switch for gene expression.", "content": "Flagellar antigens are specified by two genes, H1 and H2. The expression of these genes is regulated such that only one gene activity, or phase, is expressed at a given time. Molecular cloning techniques were used to isolate the segments of Salmonella DNA which contain these genetic loci. Heteroduplex analyses revealed an anomaly in the cloned fragment, that is, and apparent inversion, which was shown to be adjacent to the H2 gene. A correlation was demonstrated between the phase state of the H2 gene and the sequence of the adjacent segment. We propose that an inversion of this region is the phase-determining event in flagellar gene expression in Salmonella.", "contents": "Recombinational switch for gene expression. Flagellar antigens are specified by two genes, H1 and H2. The expression of these genes is regulated such that only one gene activity, or phase, is expressed at a given time. Molecular cloning techniques were used to isolate the segments of Salmonella DNA which contain these genetic loci. Heteroduplex analyses revealed an anomaly in the cloned fragment, that is, and apparent inversion, which was shown to be adjacent to the H2 gene. A correlation was demonstrated between the phase state of the H2 gene and the sequence of the adjacent segment. We propose that an inversion of this region is the phase-determining event in flagellar gene expression in Salmonella.", "PMID": 322276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8260", "title": "Gene cloning and containment properties of plasmid Col E1 and its derivatives.", "content": "Colicinogenic plasmid E1 (Col E1) and Col E1 derivatives offer advantages as plasmid cloning vehicles with regard to both utility and biological containment. The Col E1 derivative pCR1 does not alter those essential characteristics of the enfeebled Escherichia coli strain x1776 that make this strain particularly useful as a host-vehicle system for recombinant DNA research.", "contents": "Gene cloning and containment properties of plasmid Col E1 and its derivatives. Colicinogenic plasmid E1 (Col E1) and Col E1 derivatives offer advantages as plasmid cloning vehicles with regard to both utility and biological containment. The Col E1 derivative pCR1 does not alter those essential characteristics of the enfeebled Escherichia coli strain x1776 that make this strain particularly useful as a host-vehicle system for recombinant DNA research.", "PMID": 322277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8261", "title": "EK2 derivatives of bacteriophage lambda useful in the cloning of DNA from higher organisms: the lambdagtWES system.", "content": "A derivative of bacteriophage lambda has been modified and tested together with an appropriate host system to meet the criteria of EK2 biologic containment for cloning DNA from higher organisms. In this report certain of the safety features are summarized and some of the tests carried out to confirm the containment properties of the vector are described. The cloning efficiency of this system, together with available gene purification and hybrid screening technology, indicate that it can be used to clone DNA fragments carrying specific, unique mammalian genes.", "contents": "EK2 derivatives of bacteriophage lambda useful in the cloning of DNA from higher organisms: the lambdagtWES system. A derivative of bacteriophage lambda has been modified and tested together with an appropriate host system to meet the criteria of EK2 biologic containment for cloning DNA from higher organisms. In this report certain of the safety features are summarized and some of the tests carried out to confirm the containment properties of the vector are described. The cloning efficiency of this system, together with available gene purification and hybrid screening technology, indicate that it can be used to clone DNA fragments carrying specific, unique mammalian genes.", "PMID": 322278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8262", "title": "Screening lambdagt recombinant clones by hybridization to single plaques in situ.", "content": "A rapid, direct method for screening single plaques of Agt recombinant phage is described. The method allows at least 10(6) clones to be screened per day and simplifies physical containment of recombinants.", "contents": "Screening lambdagt recombinant clones by hybridization to single plaques in situ. A rapid, direct method for screening single plaques of Agt recombinant phage is described. The method allows at least 10(6) clones to be screened per day and simplifies physical containment of recombinants.", "PMID": 322279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8263", "title": "Increase in conjugational transmission frequency of nonconjugative plasmids.", "content": "Addition of Eco RI fragment 6 of the Escherichia coli sex factor F to pSC101 increases the frequency of its transmission by RI-19 and ColVB. Transmission frequencies of pSC101 and two pSC101 chimeras are also increased after the putative transposition of drug resistance element Tn3 from RI-19. These increases may result from addition of an origin of conjugatinal transfer to the plasmids.", "contents": "Increase in conjugational transmission frequency of nonconjugative plasmids. Addition of Eco RI fragment 6 of the Escherichia coli sex factor F to pSC101 increases the frequency of its transmission by RI-19 and ColVB. Transmission frequencies of pSC101 and two pSC101 chimeras are also increased after the putative transposition of drug resistance element Tn3 from RI-19. These increases may result from addition of an origin of conjugatinal transfer to the plasmids.", "PMID": 322280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8264", "title": "Five hundredfold overproduction of DNA ligase after induction of a hybrid lambda lysogen constructed in vitro.", "content": "A lambda vector that contains the gene for Escherichia coli DNA ligase (lambdagt4-lop-11 lig+) has been modified to achieve overproduction of this enzyme. The third Eco RI site in the lambda chromosome has been altered by mutation, and the left-hand Eco RI fragment has been shortened. The new vector, lambdagt4-lop-11 lig+, forms a stable lysogen which, upon induction, produces a 100-fold increase in DNA ligase activity. Introduction of a phage mutation (S7) that prevents cell lysis results in an even greater increase (500-fold).", "contents": "Five hundredfold overproduction of DNA ligase after induction of a hybrid lambda lysogen constructed in vitro. A lambda vector that contains the gene for Escherichia coli DNA ligase (lambdagt4-lop-11 lig+) has been modified to achieve overproduction of this enzyme. The third Eco RI site in the lambda chromosome has been altered by mutation, and the left-hand Eco RI fragment has been shortened. The new vector, lambdagt4-lop-11 lig+, forms a stable lysogen which, upon induction, produces a 100-fold increase in DNA ligase activity. Introduction of a phage mutation (S7) that prevents cell lysis results in an even greater increase (500-fold).", "PMID": 322281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8265", "title": "Cloning of yeast transfer RNA genes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Four thousand Escherichia coli clones containing yeast DNA inserted into the plasmid pBR313 have been isolated. Of these, 175 clones were identified as carrying yeast transfer RNA genes. The initial analysis of the inserted transfer RNA genes via the colony hybridization technique with individual radioactive transfer RNA species is reported. The data indicate that yeast transfer RNA genes are not highly clustered, although some clustering exists. In addition, it was observed that the reiteration number of different transfer RNA genes may vary extensively.", "contents": "Cloning of yeast transfer RNA genes in Escherichia coli. Four thousand Escherichia coli clones containing yeast DNA inserted into the plasmid pBR313 have been isolated. Of these, 175 clones were identified as carrying yeast transfer RNA genes. The initial analysis of the inserted transfer RNA genes via the colony hybridization technique with individual radioactive transfer RNA species is reported. The data indicate that yeast transfer RNA genes are not highly clustered, although some clustering exists. In addition, it was observed that the reiteration number of different transfer RNA genes may vary extensively.", "PMID": 322282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8266", "title": "Cloning of cauliflower mosaic virus (CLMV) DNA in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A plasmid containing cauliflower mosaic virus DNA can be faithfully cloned in Escherichia coli, but proved to be noninfective in test plants.", "contents": "Cloning of cauliflower mosaic virus (CLMV) DNA in Escherichia coli. A plasmid containing cauliflower mosaic virus DNA can be faithfully cloned in Escherichia coli, but proved to be noninfective in test plants.", "PMID": 322284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8267", "title": "The effects of Escherichia coli and yeast DNA insertions on the growth of lambda bacteriophage.", "content": "The effects of Eco RI endonuclease-cleaved Escherichia coli and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) DNA fragments on the propagation of the lambda bacteriophage vectors containing them were determined on a nonmutanted and a PolA E. coli K12 host. Observable alterations in the growth of hybrids containing yeast DNA insertions were less frequent and less extreme than those seen in hybrids containing E. coli DNA. A lambda-E. coli hybrid was selected after extensive growth on the Pol A (deficient in polymerase I) host which also grew very well on the PolA+ host and may have resulted from some alteration in the hybrid. Hybrids selected on the PolA host gave no evidence for the expression of polymerase I activity. No lambda-yeast hybrid made from the lambdagt vector lacking lambda-specific recombination (red-) had a yield of viable bacteriophage on infection greater than two-thirds that of \"wild-type\" lambda.", "contents": "The effects of Escherichia coli and yeast DNA insertions on the growth of lambda bacteriophage. The effects of Eco RI endonuclease-cleaved Escherichia coli and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) DNA fragments on the propagation of the lambda bacteriophage vectors containing them were determined on a nonmutanted and a PolA E. coli K12 host. Observable alterations in the growth of hybrids containing yeast DNA insertions were less frequent and less extreme than those seen in hybrids containing E. coli DNA. A lambda-E. coli hybrid was selected after extensive growth on the Pol A (deficient in polymerase I) host which also grew very well on the PolA+ host and may have resulted from some alteration in the hybrid. Hybrids selected on the PolA host gave no evidence for the expression of polymerase I activity. No lambda-yeast hybrid made from the lambdagt vector lacking lambda-specific recombination (red-) had a yield of viable bacteriophage on infection greater than two-thirds that of \"wild-type\" lambda.", "PMID": 322285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8268", "title": "Degradation of DNA by nucleases in intestinal tract of rats.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli K12 have been constructed as safer hosts for use in recombinant DNA research, These strains are unable to survive passage through the intestinal tracts of rats because of a constellation of mutations conferring bile sensitivity and requirements for diaminopimelic acid and thymine. Since death caused by diaminopimelic acid deprivation could release recombinant DNA before DNA is degraded because of thymine starvation, it is important to determine the \"survival potential\" of the released DNA's. Bacterial and plasmid DNA's extracted from bacterial cells are rapidly degraded when added to low dilutions of rat intestinal contents. This observation, coupled with the stringent requirements necessary for in vitro transformation or transfection, make in vivo transmission of naked recombinant DNA in the rat intestinal tract highly improbable.", "contents": "Degradation of DNA by nucleases in intestinal tract of rats. Strains of Escherichia coli K12 have been constructed as safer hosts for use in recombinant DNA research, These strains are unable to survive passage through the intestinal tracts of rats because of a constellation of mutations conferring bile sensitivity and requirements for diaminopimelic acid and thymine. Since death caused by diaminopimelic acid deprivation could release recombinant DNA before DNA is degraded because of thymine starvation, it is important to determine the \"survival potential\" of the released DNA's. Bacterial and plasmid DNA's extracted from bacterial cells are rapidly degraded when added to low dilutions of rat intestinal contents. This observation, coupled with the stringent requirements necessary for in vitro transformation or transfection, make in vivo transmission of naked recombinant DNA in the rat intestinal tract highly improbable.", "PMID": 322286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8269", "title": "Theta-sensitive cell and erythropoiesis: identification of a defect in W/Wv anemic mice.", "content": "Nonirradiated mice of the W/WV genotype were injected with normal (+/+) bone marrow cells that had been treated with antiserum to Thy 1.2 and complement (C'). Such bone marrow cells had no effect on the number of macroscopic colonies formed in the spleens of these mice, but did not cure the anemia. The addition of +/+ thymocytes to these bone marrow cells restored their ability to cure the anemia in W/WV mice. These data suggest that a theat-sensitive cell is required in the promotion of differentiation of murine hematopoietic stem cells into erythrocytes, and that there is a deficiency of such a cell in the W/WV mouse.", "contents": "Theta-sensitive cell and erythropoiesis: identification of a defect in W/Wv anemic mice. Nonirradiated mice of the W/WV genotype were injected with normal (+/+) bone marrow cells that had been treated with antiserum to Thy 1.2 and complement (C'). Such bone marrow cells had no effect on the number of macroscopic colonies formed in the spleens of these mice, but did not cure the anemia. The addition of +/+ thymocytes to these bone marrow cells restored their ability to cure the anemia in W/WV mice. These data suggest that a theat-sensitive cell is required in the promotion of differentiation of murine hematopoietic stem cells into erythrocytes, and that there is a deficiency of such a cell in the W/WV mouse.", "PMID": 322288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8270", "title": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children.", "content": "ITP in childhood is most often of the acute, self-limited variety, with spontaneous recovery occurring within a matter of days or weeks. In many of these children, acute thrombopenic purpura follows in the wake of a viral infection. While the pathogenesis is not entirely clear, it seem probable that the platelet membrane is altered by virus or by soluble viral antigen-antibody complexes; platelets thus damaged become susceptible to rapid destruction by the RES. Management remains somewhat controversial. While almost all agree that corticosteroid should not be used in all cases of acute childhood purpura, there are still no clear-cut indications for their use, and no real evidence that they are of benefit in reducing the risk of the one rare but serious complication of childhood ITP, namely, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). In approximately 5-10% of children, ITP ultimately proves to be of the chronic variety, and is in all probability the same condition that is seen in adults. Splenectomy is the treatment of choice, Another small subgroup of children have ITP of the recurrent acute variety; there is some evidence that this entity may also have an autoimmune pathogenesis. Infants born to mothers who have (or have had) ITP often manifest thrombopenia, with or without purpura and other bleeding. While this is generally a benign, self-limited process, requiring no treatment, ICH occurs in a small but significant number of affected infants and probably results from head trauma during delivery.", "contents": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. ITP in childhood is most often of the acute, self-limited variety, with spontaneous recovery occurring within a matter of days or weeks. In many of these children, acute thrombopenic purpura follows in the wake of a viral infection. While the pathogenesis is not entirely clear, it seem probable that the platelet membrane is altered by virus or by soluble viral antigen-antibody complexes; platelets thus damaged become susceptible to rapid destruction by the RES. Management remains somewhat controversial. While almost all agree that corticosteroid should not be used in all cases of acute childhood purpura, there are still no clear-cut indications for their use, and no real evidence that they are of benefit in reducing the risk of the one rare but serious complication of childhood ITP, namely, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). In approximately 5-10% of children, ITP ultimately proves to be of the chronic variety, and is in all probability the same condition that is seen in adults. Splenectomy is the treatment of choice, Another small subgroup of children have ITP of the recurrent acute variety; there is some evidence that this entity may also have an autoimmune pathogenesis. Infants born to mothers who have (or have had) ITP often manifest thrombopenia, with or without purpura and other bleeding. While this is generally a benign, self-limited process, requiring no treatment, ICH occurs in a small but significant number of affected infants and probably results from head trauma during delivery.", "PMID": 322291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8271", "title": "Joint surgery for rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The state of the art in the surgery of rheumatoid joint disease is discussed with emphasis on guidelines for choosing the patients and the types of procedures available. Strong-willed, strong-boned, strong-muscled, and well-informed patients are the best candidates. Synovectomy is particularly useful in the minimally erosive stages of the disease when the active synovitis is not suppressed by one or more steroid injections or other modalities of therapy. Arthrodeses and arthroplasties are midstage procedures that are now being supplanted by total joint replacement. This is especially true of the knee, but new prostheses for elbows, shoulders, wrists, and ankles are on the horizon.", "contents": "Joint surgery for rheumatoid arthritis. The state of the art in the surgery of rheumatoid joint disease is discussed with emphasis on guidelines for choosing the patients and the types of procedures available. Strong-willed, strong-boned, strong-muscled, and well-informed patients are the best candidates. Synovectomy is particularly useful in the minimally erosive stages of the disease when the active synovitis is not suppressed by one or more steroid injections or other modalities of therapy. Arthrodeses and arthroplasties are midstage procedures that are now being supplanted by total joint replacement. This is especially true of the knee, but new prostheses for elbows, shoulders, wrists, and ankles are on the horizon.", "PMID": 322292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8272", "title": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation.", "content": "The introduction of the concept of intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) has meant that for the first time weaning is controlled. The abrupt cessation of ventilatory support, even for short periods, as was obligatory before IMV, is no longer necessary. The frequency of positive pressure inflations can be gradually and progressively decreased as indicated, leading to spontaneous ventilation in a planned, controlled program. The ease with which other artificial ventilation technics may be incorporated into this system adds to its usefulness. IMV should be considered whenever ventilatory support is to be discontinued.", "contents": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation. The introduction of the concept of intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) has meant that for the first time weaning is controlled. The abrupt cessation of ventilatory support, even for short periods, as was obligatory before IMV, is no longer necessary. The frequency of positive pressure inflations can be gradually and progressively decreased as indicated, leading to spontaneous ventilation in a planned, controlled program. The ease with which other artificial ventilation technics may be incorporated into this system adds to its usefulness. IMV should be considered whenever ventilatory support is to be discontinued.", "PMID": 322293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8273", "title": "Resistance to gentamicin: a growing concern.", "content": "Gentaminic was introduced in 1969 as a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside effective in vitro against a majority of aerobic gram-negative bacilli. In recent years gentamicin-resistant clinical isolates have become more prevalent. In our laboratory in 1975, 32% of Pseudomonas sp and 44% of indole-negative Proteus sp isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Resistance to tobramycin is also increasing; 24% of Escherichia coli and 28% of indole-negative Proteus sp isolates were found to be tobramycin-resistant. In addition, isolation of previously uncommon gentamicin-resistant species, ie, Proteus rettgeri and other indole-positive Proteus sp, from clinical specimens has increased dramatically in the past five years. This increase in gentamicin and tobramycin-resistant gram-negative bacilli serves as a constant stimulus for the development of new antimicrobial agents.", "contents": "Resistance to gentamicin: a growing concern. Gentaminic was introduced in 1969 as a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside effective in vitro against a majority of aerobic gram-negative bacilli. In recent years gentamicin-resistant clinical isolates have become more prevalent. In our laboratory in 1975, 32% of Pseudomonas sp and 44% of indole-negative Proteus sp isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Resistance to tobramycin is also increasing; 24% of Escherichia coli and 28% of indole-negative Proteus sp isolates were found to be tobramycin-resistant. In addition, isolation of previously uncommon gentamicin-resistant species, ie, Proteus rettgeri and other indole-positive Proteus sp, from clinical specimens has increased dramatically in the past five years. This increase in gentamicin and tobramycin-resistant gram-negative bacilli serves as a constant stimulus for the development of new antimicrobial agents.", "PMID": 322294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8274", "title": "Prevention of inherited multifactorial diseases.", "content": "Among the inherited multifactorial diseases are included a number of the common chronic diseases of adults. Assignment of risks within high-risk families, based on both genetic and environmental factors, offers opportunity for prevention of a portion of the present chronic disease burden. The most realistic option for prevention must be assessed for each disease, since this varies from no options to a relatively simple decision to avoid a specific environmental risk factor. Attention to specific options for prevention is an aid to identifying areas of high priority research, such as (1) factors which influence compliance with preventive management, (2) the quality of the physician-patient relationship, (3) environmental monitoring and technics for assessing genetic susceptibility to environmental risks, and (4) education of physicians in the art of chronic disease prevention.", "contents": "Prevention of inherited multifactorial diseases. Among the inherited multifactorial diseases are included a number of the common chronic diseases of adults. Assignment of risks within high-risk families, based on both genetic and environmental factors, offers opportunity for prevention of a portion of the present chronic disease burden. The most realistic option for prevention must be assessed for each disease, since this varies from no options to a relatively simple decision to avoid a specific environmental risk factor. Attention to specific options for prevention is an aid to identifying areas of high priority research, such as (1) factors which influence compliance with preventive management, (2) the quality of the physician-patient relationship, (3) environmental monitoring and technics for assessing genetic susceptibility to environmental risks, and (4) education of physicians in the art of chronic disease prevention.", "PMID": 322295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8275", "title": "Spinal syphilis: the problem of fluorescent treponemal antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Spinal manifestations of syphilis are now uncommon. Three adults with presumptive nontabetic spinal syphilis are presented. This paper should serve as a reminder to physicians that cases of late syphilis continue to occur and may be manifested as obscure spinal syndromes and be misdiagnosed unless the possibility of syphilis is constantly kept in mind. Some of the clinical dilemmas associated with the reactivity of fluorescent treponemal antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid are discussed,", "contents": "Spinal syphilis: the problem of fluorescent treponemal antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid. Spinal manifestations of syphilis are now uncommon. Three adults with presumptive nontabetic spinal syphilis are presented. This paper should serve as a reminder to physicians that cases of late syphilis continue to occur and may be manifested as obscure spinal syndromes and be misdiagnosed unless the possibility of syphilis is constantly kept in mind. Some of the clinical dilemmas associated with the reactivity of fluorescent treponemal antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid are discussed,", "PMID": 322296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8276", "title": "Malacoplakia of the prostate.", "content": "Malacoplakia is a granulomatous disease of unknown cause often associated with a coliform urinary infection. It is occasionally a self-limiting disease with diverse clinical presentations and roentgenographic appearances. The importance of a differential diagnosis which considers malignancy is emphasized. A rare instance of malacoplakia involving prostatic tissue is reported.", "contents": "Malacoplakia of the prostate. Malacoplakia is a granulomatous disease of unknown cause often associated with a coliform urinary infection. It is occasionally a self-limiting disease with diverse clinical presentations and roentgenographic appearances. The importance of a differential diagnosis which considers malignancy is emphasized. A rare instance of malacoplakia involving prostatic tissue is reported.", "PMID": 322300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8277", "title": "Diagnosis of lymphoma from a cholecystectomy specimen: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 31-year-old woman had cholecystectomy for recurrent acute cholecystitis. Pathologic examination of the resected gallbladder revealed unsuspected histiocytic lymphoma. A staging laparotomy seven weeks after cholecystectomy revealed disseminated disease. Lymphomatous involvement of the gallbladder is rarely diagnosed antemortem and indicates disseminated disease until proved otherwise.", "contents": "Diagnosis of lymphoma from a cholecystectomy specimen: case report and review of the literature. A 31-year-old woman had cholecystectomy for recurrent acute cholecystitis. Pathologic examination of the resected gallbladder revealed unsuspected histiocytic lymphoma. A staging laparotomy seven weeks after cholecystectomy revealed disseminated disease. Lymphomatous involvement of the gallbladder is rarely diagnosed antemortem and indicates disseminated disease until proved otherwise.", "PMID": 322301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8278", "title": "Disseminated histoplasmosis in an immunosuppressed patient.", "content": "A renal transplant recipient was receiving prednisone and azathioprine therapy when he developed fever, cough, and erythema-nodosum-like lesions on the extremities. Disseminated histoplasmosis was diagnosed by skin biopsy. Disseminated histoplasmosis should be considered when a patient under immunosuppressive therapy develops a lesion similar to erythema nodosum or erysipelas with panniculitis.", "contents": "Disseminated histoplasmosis in an immunosuppressed patient. A renal transplant recipient was receiving prednisone and azathioprine therapy when he developed fever, cough, and erythema-nodosum-like lesions on the extremities. Disseminated histoplasmosis was diagnosed by skin biopsy. Disseminated histoplasmosis should be considered when a patient under immunosuppressive therapy develops a lesion similar to erythema nodosum or erysipelas with panniculitis.", "PMID": 322302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8279", "title": "Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism after renal transplantation.", "content": "Hyperkalemic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis developed in a patient with posttransplantation renal insufficiency presumably related to allograft rejection. The diagnosis of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism was confirmed by finding normal plasma cortisol levels and inappropriately low plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in response to stimulating maneuvers.", "contents": "Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism after renal transplantation. Hyperkalemic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis developed in a patient with posttransplantation renal insufficiency presumably related to allograft rejection. The diagnosis of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism was confirmed by finding normal plasma cortisol levels and inappropriately low plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in response to stimulating maneuvers.", "PMID": 322303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8280", "title": "Nonhealing myelomeningecele in an adult.", "content": "A case of myelomeningocele in a 20-year-old woman is presented. The partially healed scar continued to produce infected debris despite vigorous local therapy. She died because of eventual local and retroperitoneal invasion of squamous cell carcinoma. The possible benefits of decisive planning are discussed.", "contents": "Nonhealing myelomeningecele in an adult. A case of myelomeningocele in a 20-year-old woman is presented. The partially healed scar continued to produce infected debris despite vigorous local therapy. She died because of eventual local and retroperitoneal invasion of squamous cell carcinoma. The possible benefits of decisive planning are discussed.", "PMID": 322304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8281", "title": "Salmonella empyema: a review.", "content": "A 35-year-old man developed salmonella pleural empyema during a three-month illness. Cultures of the empyema fluid yielded S enteritidis, serotype typhimurium. Cure was achieved by decortication and obliteration of the pleural empyema space, in combination with chloramphenicol therapy given parenterally. Review of the published reports revealed eight similar instances of salmonella empyema. Manifestations and treatment of this group are reviewed.", "contents": "Salmonella empyema: a review. A 35-year-old man developed salmonella pleural empyema during a three-month illness. Cultures of the empyema fluid yielded S enteritidis, serotype typhimurium. Cure was achieved by decortication and obliteration of the pleural empyema space, in combination with chloramphenicol therapy given parenterally. Review of the published reports revealed eight similar instances of salmonella empyema. Manifestations and treatment of this group are reviewed.", "PMID": 322305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8282", "title": "The use of the carbon dioxide laser in plastic surgery.", "content": "For centuries, surgical technics have included sharp metal instruments for incisions and dissections together with time-consuming clamping and tying of vessels with associated blood loss. The CO2 laser presents the first major change in these basic technics. Our brief experience with the Sharplan 791 indicates consistently marked reduced blood loss, less postoperative edema, and less postoperative pain with no increased risk to the patient and no compromise in the end results. Admittedly, much more investigation is necessary to determine its full potential, and perhaps its contraindications. However, it would appear at this time that the proper use of this new modality should be incorporated into our armamentarium of tools for plastic surgical advantages consistent with sound surgical judgment.", "contents": "The use of the carbon dioxide laser in plastic surgery. For centuries, surgical technics have included sharp metal instruments for incisions and dissections together with time-consuming clamping and tying of vessels with associated blood loss. The CO2 laser presents the first major change in these basic technics. Our brief experience with the Sharplan 791 indicates consistently marked reduced blood loss, less postoperative edema, and less postoperative pain with no increased risk to the patient and no compromise in the end results. Admittedly, much more investigation is necessary to determine its full potential, and perhaps its contraindications. However, it would appear at this time that the proper use of this new modality should be incorporated into our armamentarium of tools for plastic surgical advantages consistent with sound surgical judgment.", "PMID": 322307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8283", "title": "Unsterile intermittent catheterization for meningomyelocele.", "content": "Twenty-five children with meningomyelocele have been managed by clean unsterile intermittent catheterization (UIC). There were 17 satisfactory results, three total failures, and three partial failures under this regimen. Experience, problems, and causes of failure are discussed. UIC offers a definitive form of management for some types of neurogenic bladder.", "contents": "Unsterile intermittent catheterization for meningomyelocele. Twenty-five children with meningomyelocele have been managed by clean unsterile intermittent catheterization (UIC). There were 17 satisfactory results, three total failures, and three partial failures under this regimen. Experience, problems, and causes of failure are discussed. UIC offers a definitive form of management for some types of neurogenic bladder.", "PMID": 322308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8284", "title": "Myotonic muscular dystrophy in pregnancy.", "content": "Myotonic muscular dystrophy is an autosomal dominant disease inherited with variable penetrance. With pregnancy, the myotonia and muscle weakness may increase. There is also an increased incidence of abortion, prematurity, fetal death, labor dysfunction, and postpartum hemorrhage. A description of two pregnant patients and a review of the literature illustrate the interaction of the disease and pregnancy.", "contents": "Myotonic muscular dystrophy in pregnancy. Myotonic muscular dystrophy is an autosomal dominant disease inherited with variable penetrance. With pregnancy, the myotonia and muscle weakness may increase. There is also an increased incidence of abortion, prematurity, fetal death, labor dysfunction, and postpartum hemorrhage. A description of two pregnant patients and a review of the literature illustrate the interaction of the disease and pregnancy.", "PMID": 322309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8285", "title": "Glucagon levels in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Blood glucagon levels were found to be elevated in patients with acute pancreatitis. The significance of this in the individual patient is obscure, and there was a marked variability from patient to patient.", "contents": "Glucagon levels in acute pancreatitis. Blood glucagon levels were found to be elevated in patients with acute pancreatitis. The significance of this in the individual patient is obscure, and there was a marked variability from patient to patient.", "PMID": 322321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8286", "title": "An evaluation of the effects of some sulphonylureas on platelet function.", "content": "The effect of the sulphonylureas gliclazide (S 852) and glibenese on platelet function, blood lipid levels and the control of diabetes, was prospectively evaluated in 12 maturity-onset diabetic subjects by means of a double-blind crossover study. Including the pretrial period, platelet aggregation in response to collagen was uniformly lower than in matched normal controls, but neither drug produced any additional effect on platelet function. Control of blood glucose levels was no better than with comparable agents, and no measurable changes occurred in blood lipid levels. The drugs had no significant side-effects and were well tolerated. It is concluded that neither agent offers special advantages over other sulphonylureas, particularly in regard to platelet function.", "contents": "An evaluation of the effects of some sulphonylureas on platelet function. The effect of the sulphonylureas gliclazide (S 852) and glibenese on platelet function, blood lipid levels and the control of diabetes, was prospectively evaluated in 12 maturity-onset diabetic subjects by means of a double-blind crossover study. Including the pretrial period, platelet aggregation in response to collagen was uniformly lower than in matched normal controls, but neither drug produced any additional effect on platelet function. Control of blood glucose levels was no better than with comparable agents, and no measurable changes occurred in blood lipid levels. The drugs had no significant side-effects and were well tolerated. It is concluded that neither agent offers special advantages over other sulphonylureas, particularly in regard to platelet function.", "PMID": 322325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8287", "title": "History of mental health services in South Africa. Part XIV. Psychiatric education.", "content": "The history of psychiatric education for undergraduates and postgraduates is described and related to the different stages in the development of psychiatry. Nursing education is reviewed from the stage of totally uneducated 'lunatic keeper' to the present highly trained Black and White psychiatric nurses who are capable of taking an active part in the treatment and rehabilitation of the mental patient.", "contents": "History of mental health services in South Africa. Part XIV. Psychiatric education. The history of psychiatric education for undergraduates and postgraduates is described and related to the different stages in the development of psychiatry. Nursing education is reviewed from the stage of totally uneducated 'lunatic keeper' to the present highly trained Black and White psychiatric nurses who are capable of taking an active part in the treatment and rehabilitation of the mental patient.", "PMID": 322327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8288", "title": "New retirees and the stability of the retirement decision.", "content": "Examination of the benefit awards data under the social security program may furnish at least partial answers to two questions: What is the estimated number retiring each year? How long do they stay retired? The calculation presented here of the number retiring in 1971 takes into account the fact that the date of the award is not necessarily the actual date of retirement. The difference has been accentuated since Medicare began and individuals have been filing for benefits solely to obtain hospital insurance protection, continuing to earn at a level that precludes receipt of benefits under the earnings test. This study of the data on payable benefits indicates that only a small proportion of retirees lose benefits because of their return to work within 3 years after award.", "contents": "New retirees and the stability of the retirement decision. Examination of the benefit awards data under the social security program may furnish at least partial answers to two questions: What is the estimated number retiring each year? How long do they stay retired? The calculation presented here of the number retiring in 1971 takes into account the fact that the date of the award is not necessarily the actual date of retirement. The difference has been accentuated since Medicare began and individuals have been filing for benefits solely to obtain hospital insurance protection, continuing to earn at a level that precludes receipt of benefits under the earnings test. This study of the data on payable benefits indicates that only a small proportion of retirees lose benefits because of their return to work within 3 years after award.", "PMID": 322331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8289", "title": "Rapid antibiotic disk sensitivities of burn eschar and infected wounds.", "content": "This study was undertaken to develop a more rapid antibiotic sensitivity test of the pathogens in soft tissue infections and burn wound eschar. The proposed rapid antibiotic sensitivity test was performed directly on the clinical specimen rather than on single strains of bacteria isolated from the tissue. By performing the antibiotic sensitivity tests directly on the tissue sample, the physician obtains the test results within seven hours after receiving the specimen rather than 38 to 52 hours later, the time delay encountered with the conventional technique. The modification used did not alter most of the standards advised by the Food and Drug Administration (3), since there was no inclusive change in medium, agar depth or antibiotic sensitivity disk. The changes in the Kirby-Bauer (1) test necessitated by using the clinical specimen did not alter significantly the interpretation of the antibiotic susceptibility. If clinically significant numbers of bacteria, 10(6)-10(9), were present, variations in the inoculum size did not appreciably change the results of the antibiotic susceptibility tests. If the incubation requirement for the standard Kirby-Bauer (1) antibiotic susceptibility test was reduced to seven hours, it also did not significantly limit the accuracy of the test. As expected, the variable most difficult to standardize was the heterogeneous inoculum containing large numbers, 10(7), of different organisms. A zone of inhibition interpreted as sensitive with one organism was occasionally masked by the presence of the confluent growth of an organism in which the zone of inhibition was considered resistant. However, even in this instance, it is possible that mixed culture sensitivities may provide the most valid information in mixed infections, since they more closely simulate the real clinical situation.", "contents": "Rapid antibiotic disk sensitivities of burn eschar and infected wounds. This study was undertaken to develop a more rapid antibiotic sensitivity test of the pathogens in soft tissue infections and burn wound eschar. The proposed rapid antibiotic sensitivity test was performed directly on the clinical specimen rather than on single strains of bacteria isolated from the tissue. By performing the antibiotic sensitivity tests directly on the tissue sample, the physician obtains the test results within seven hours after receiving the specimen rather than 38 to 52 hours later, the time delay encountered with the conventional technique. The modification used did not alter most of the standards advised by the Food and Drug Administration (3), since there was no inclusive change in medium, agar depth or antibiotic sensitivity disk. The changes in the Kirby-Bauer (1) test necessitated by using the clinical specimen did not alter significantly the interpretation of the antibiotic susceptibility. If clinically significant numbers of bacteria, 10(6)-10(9), were present, variations in the inoculum size did not appreciably change the results of the antibiotic susceptibility tests. If the incubation requirement for the standard Kirby-Bauer (1) antibiotic susceptibility test was reduced to seven hours, it also did not significantly limit the accuracy of the test. As expected, the variable most difficult to standardize was the heterogeneous inoculum containing large numbers, 10(7), of different organisms. A zone of inhibition interpreted as sensitive with one organism was occasionally masked by the presence of the confluent growth of an organism in which the zone of inhibition was considered resistant. However, even in this instance, it is possible that mixed culture sensitivities may provide the most valid information in mixed infections, since they more closely simulate the real clinical situation.", "PMID": 322343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8290", "title": "Placement of retention sutures.", "content": "A retention suture using the buried technique has been developed. This retention suture encompasses fascia, muscle and subcutaneous tissue and remains extraperitoneally and just below the skin. Since the suture material is not in contact with the skin, complications, such as skin damage, stich abscesses and infection at exit points, are avoided. Severe postoperative pain related to retention sutures is minimized.", "contents": "Placement of retention sutures. A retention suture using the buried technique has been developed. This retention suture encompasses fascia, muscle and subcutaneous tissue and remains extraperitoneally and just below the skin. Since the suture material is not in contact with the skin, complications, such as skin damage, stich abscesses and infection at exit points, are avoided. Severe postoperative pain related to retention sutures is minimized.", "PMID": 322344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8291", "title": "An upper extremity skin flap for coverage of thoracic defects.", "content": "A skin flap based on the medical surface of the upper extremity can be effectively used to close large defects of the chest wall when other lesser procedures prove to be ineffective or inappropriate.", "contents": "An upper extremity skin flap for coverage of thoracic defects. A skin flap based on the medical surface of the upper extremity can be effectively used to close large defects of the chest wall when other lesser procedures prove to be ineffective or inappropriate.", "PMID": 322345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8292", "title": "Splenorraphy for the treatment of splenic rupture in infants and children.", "content": "An 18-month-old black male child who had a successful hepatorraphy and splenorraphy for lacerations of each organ secondary to a six story fall is presented. Splenectomy has been performed in the past 50 years for essentially all splenic trauma. Recent reports have indicated the important role of the spleen in the immunologic defense mechanism, especially in the infant and child. The significance of the loss of the phagocytic activity and antibody response mechanisms iwth an asplenic infant or child are appreciated when one considers the increased morbidity and mortality rates in these asplenic patients. If one further studies the anatomic configuration of the spleen in the infant and child, one may repair a laceration of the spleen successfully in the laboratory as well as in the clinical situation. Although not advocated at this time for general use, a selective approach should be considered for the use of splenorraphy instead of splenectomy in traumatic lacerations of the spleen.", "contents": "Splenorraphy for the treatment of splenic rupture in infants and children. An 18-month-old black male child who had a successful hepatorraphy and splenorraphy for lacerations of each organ secondary to a six story fall is presented. Splenectomy has been performed in the past 50 years for essentially all splenic trauma. Recent reports have indicated the important role of the spleen in the immunologic defense mechanism, especially in the infant and child. The significance of the loss of the phagocytic activity and antibody response mechanisms iwth an asplenic infant or child are appreciated when one considers the increased morbidity and mortality rates in these asplenic patients. If one further studies the anatomic configuration of the spleen in the infant and child, one may repair a laceration of the spleen successfully in the laboratory as well as in the clinical situation. Although not advocated at this time for general use, a selective approach should be considered for the use of splenorraphy instead of splenectomy in traumatic lacerations of the spleen.", "PMID": 322353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8293", "title": "The endothelial damage of pulsatile renal preservation and its relationship to perfusion pressure and colloid osmotic pressure.", "content": "To evaluate the effects of pulsatile preservation, 34 heterotopic renal autografts with immediate contralateral nephrectomy were divided into four groups with either the pulsatile preservation or cold storage technique. Group I had pulsatile preservation with plasma-albumin perfusate at a mean pressure of 60 mm. Hg and a colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of 20 to 50 cm. H2O. Group II had pusatile preservation with the same plasma-albumin perfusates as in Group I, but at a mean pressure of 30 mm. Hg. Group III had pulsatile preservation with albumin-phosphate buffer solution at a mean pressure of 30 mm. Hg. Group IV used cold storage technique. Group I demonstrated severe endothelial destruction and denuding of basement membrane. The changes were inversely related to COP. None of these kidneys functioned and, following transplantation, had persistent severe tubular damage and plugging of glomerular capillary loops with platelets, fibrinogen, and white cells. In Groups II and III, there were minimal changes, consisting of widening of the endothelial pores and focal endothelial damage. All of these kidneys functioned following reimplantation with minimal ultrastructural alterations. Group IV had no glomerular changes following preservation or following transplantation. All preservation techniques produced proximal tubular damage. There is a definite mechanical lesion associated with pulsatile preservation, which can be minimized by utilizing low perfusion pressures and solutions of high colloid osmotic pressure and which has the potential of producing a picture resembling hyperacute rejection following transplantation.", "contents": "The endothelial damage of pulsatile renal preservation and its relationship to perfusion pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. To evaluate the effects of pulsatile preservation, 34 heterotopic renal autografts with immediate contralateral nephrectomy were divided into four groups with either the pulsatile preservation or cold storage technique. Group I had pulsatile preservation with plasma-albumin perfusate at a mean pressure of 60 mm. Hg and a colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of 20 to 50 cm. H2O. Group II had pusatile preservation with the same plasma-albumin perfusates as in Group I, but at a mean pressure of 30 mm. Hg. Group III had pulsatile preservation with albumin-phosphate buffer solution at a mean pressure of 30 mm. Hg. Group IV used cold storage technique. Group I demonstrated severe endothelial destruction and denuding of basement membrane. The changes were inversely related to COP. None of these kidneys functioned and, following transplantation, had persistent severe tubular damage and plugging of glomerular capillary loops with platelets, fibrinogen, and white cells. In Groups II and III, there were minimal changes, consisting of widening of the endothelial pores and focal endothelial damage. All of these kidneys functioned following reimplantation with minimal ultrastructural alterations. Group IV had no glomerular changes following preservation or following transplantation. All preservation techniques produced proximal tubular damage. There is a definite mechanical lesion associated with pulsatile preservation, which can be minimized by utilizing low perfusion pressures and solutions of high colloid osmotic pressure and which has the potential of producing a picture resembling hyperacute rejection following transplantation.", "PMID": 322354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8294", "title": "Venous revascularization of the arm: report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients with disabling sequelae of venous obstruction in the upper extremity were treated surgically. In one, direct venous repair was used, whereas in the other two, the internal jugular vein was used to bypass the area of obstruction. Restoration of adequate venous return was associated with permanent symptomatic relief.", "contents": "Venous revascularization of the arm: report of three cases. Three patients with disabling sequelae of venous obstruction in the upper extremity were treated surgically. In one, direct venous repair was used, whereas in the other two, the internal jugular vein was used to bypass the area of obstruction. Restoration of adequate venous return was associated with permanent symptomatic relief.", "PMID": 322355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8295", "title": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in birds.", "content": "245 Avian strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were isolated over a period of 18 years (1958-1975. Toucans appear to be highly susceptible to pseudotuberculosis. The number of isolates was highest in the colder months (December-March). Serotype 1 was isolated most frequently. There were no essential differences among the five serotypes in sensitivity to chemotherapeutics.", "contents": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in birds. 245 Avian strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were isolated over a period of 18 years (1958-1975. Toucans appear to be highly susceptible to pseudotuberculosis. The number of isolates was highest in the colder months (December-March). Serotype 1 was isolated most frequently. There were no essential differences among the five serotypes in sensitivity to chemotherapeutics.", "PMID": 322360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8296", "title": "[Epidemiological studies on salmonella in a particular area (\"Walcheren Project\"). III. The incidence of salmonella in man, insects, gulls as well as foods scrapings from butcher's blocks, effluents of sewage treatment plants and drains from butcher's shops (author's transl)].", "content": "In continuation of  previous studies, various materials (meat and meat products, insects, gull droppings, scrapings from butcher's blocks, effluents of sewage treatment plants, drains from butcher's shops and faeces of patients) were examined again at the same time for the presence of Salmonella in a relatively small are (Walcheren) over a period of three months. As was also the case in previous studies, S. typhi murium (27.5 per cent), S. panama (22.2 per cent) and S. brandenburg (9.2 per cent) were the three serotypes most frequently isolated. The three most frequently isolated phage types of S. typhi murium were II 505 (62.1 per cent), II 502 (5.3 per cent) and I 650 (4.2 per cent). The serotypes and phage types were present in nearly all the materials studied which again emphasizes the fact that there are contamination cycles of Salmonella. These studies showed that the route of contamination divides in the butcher's shop. Salmonella ogranisms carried with the meat frome the slaughter-house find their way into the drains on the one hand, and, by meat and meat products, to consumers on the other. Moreover, the high degree of contamination of effluents is not in accordance with the small number of cases of salmonellosis.", "contents": "[Epidemiological studies on salmonella in a particular area (\"Walcheren Project\"). III. The incidence of salmonella in man, insects, gulls as well as foods scrapings from butcher's blocks, effluents of sewage treatment plants and drains from butcher's shops (author's transl)]. In continuation of  previous studies, various materials (meat and meat products, insects, gull droppings, scrapings from butcher's blocks, effluents of sewage treatment plants, drains from butcher's shops and faeces of patients) were examined again at the same time for the presence of Salmonella in a relatively small are (Walcheren) over a period of three months. As was also the case in previous studies, S. typhi murium (27.5 per cent), S. panama (22.2 per cent) and S. brandenburg (9.2 per cent) were the three serotypes most frequently isolated. The three most frequently isolated phage types of S. typhi murium were II 505 (62.1 per cent), II 502 (5.3 per cent) and I 650 (4.2 per cent). The serotypes and phage types were present in nearly all the materials studied which again emphasizes the fact that there are contamination cycles of Salmonella. These studies showed that the route of contamination divides in the butcher's shop. Salmonella ogranisms carried with the meat frome the slaughter-house find their way into the drains on the one hand, and, by meat and meat products, to consumers on the other. Moreover, the high degree of contamination of effluents is not in accordance with the small number of cases of salmonellosis.", "PMID": 322361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8297", "title": "[Assessment of bacterial counts in the meat-processing industry. I. A review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Frequent examination of large numbers of samples of the surface of carcasses and apparatus is essential to gain a clear insight into the hygiene of the meat-processing line. To make this possible, efforts should be made te reduce the number of sampling sites of each carcass as well as the number of groups of bacteria to the studied, and to save time and material. Methods so far developed to the assessment of bacterial counts are reviewed in the present paper. It is concluded that the spray-pistol method, the Stomacher method, the drop method, the membrane filter method, microcolony counts and the spiral method are particularly eligible for closer examination. The methods referred  to should be tested by the following criteria: (1) simplicity; (2) reliability and reproducibility and (3) saving of time and material.", "contents": "[Assessment of bacterial counts in the meat-processing industry. I. A review of the literature (author's transl)]. Frequent examination of large numbers of samples of the surface of carcasses and apparatus is essential to gain a clear insight into the hygiene of the meat-processing line. To make this possible, efforts should be made te reduce the number of sampling sites of each carcass as well as the number of groups of bacteria to the studied, and to save time and material. Methods so far developed to the assessment of bacterial counts are reviewed in the present paper. It is concluded that the spray-pistol method, the Stomacher method, the drop method, the membrane filter method, microcolony counts and the spiral method are particularly eligible for closer examination. The methods referred  to should be tested by the following criteria: (1) simplicity; (2) reliability and reproducibility and (3) saving of time and material.", "PMID": 322362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8298", "title": "[Contribution to the aetiology and epidemiology of botulism in broiler chickens (authors transl)].", "content": "The second outbreak of botulism in broiler chickens diagnosed in the Netherlands is reported. In this case, the source of botulinum toxin was positively located. Despite the fact that the owner had emphatically assured that all sick and dead broilers had been carefully removed, several carcasses of broilers, almost unrecognizable at first sight, were found to be present in the litter covering the floor, particularly at the rear of the fowl house. The concentration of toxin in the carcasses in the area surrounding this source of infection averaged well over 1,000,000 LD50 per gram of tissue. This is more than sufficient to account for the outbreak of botulism as the oral MLD of the strain of Cl. botulinum type C isolated in previous studied had been found to be well over 4,000,000 LD50 per kg of body weight for chickens, the oral MLD of the strain of Cl. botulinum type C isolated in the second outbreak being found to be 2,000,000 LD50 per kg. of body weight. In discussing the origin of the infection, attention is finally drawn to the possible relationship with the fact that botulism has become increasingly common among waterfowl in the Netherlands since 1970.", "contents": "[Contribution to the aetiology and epidemiology of botulism in broiler chickens (authors transl)]. The second outbreak of botulism in broiler chickens diagnosed in the Netherlands is reported. In this case, the source of botulinum toxin was positively located. Despite the fact that the owner had emphatically assured that all sick and dead broilers had been carefully removed, several carcasses of broilers, almost unrecognizable at first sight, were found to be present in the litter covering the floor, particularly at the rear of the fowl house. The concentration of toxin in the carcasses in the area surrounding this source of infection averaged well over 1,000,000 LD50 per gram of tissue. This is more than sufficient to account for the outbreak of botulism as the oral MLD of the strain of Cl. botulinum type C isolated in previous studied had been found to be well over 4,000,000 LD50 per kg of body weight for chickens, the oral MLD of the strain of Cl. botulinum type C isolated in the second outbreak being found to be 2,000,000 LD50 per kg. of body weight. In discussing the origin of the infection, attention is finally drawn to the possible relationship with the fact that botulism has become increasingly common among waterfowl in the Netherlands since 1970.", "PMID": 322364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8299", "title": "[Studies on the problem of a composite anchoring post and core].", "content": "The authors conclude from the results of preliminary model experiments that the composite resins Noracryl 100 and Evicrol are suited as materials for stump restoration after the loss of the natural tooth crown in case of primarily shortened root.", "contents": "[Studies on the problem of a composite anchoring post and core]. The authors conclude from the results of preliminary model experiments that the composite resins Noracryl 100 and Evicrol are suited as materials for stump restoration after the loss of the natural tooth crown in case of primarily shortened root.", "PMID": 322365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8300", "title": "A rapid method for the preparation of high potency auto and alloantibody eluates.", "content": "The present report describes a modified, rapid acid-stromal method for elution of erythrocyte antibodies. With this method, potent crystal clear auto and alloantibody eluates can be produced. The simplicity of the method makes it readily adaptable to the routine serological laboratory or blood bank. In semiquantitative and quantitative studies, we have found that this method compares favorably with other antibody elution methods. With alloantibodies, the rapid acid elution method and the ether method produced the strongest eluates with the ether eluates being slightly more potent than the rapid eluated. By contrast, with autoantibodies the rapid method was clearly superior, producing much stronger IgG erythrocyte coating as judged by the 125I antiglobulin test.", "contents": "A rapid method for the preparation of high potency auto and alloantibody eluates. The present report describes a modified, rapid acid-stromal method for elution of erythrocyte antibodies. With this method, potent crystal clear auto and alloantibody eluates can be produced. The simplicity of the method makes it readily adaptable to the routine serological laboratory or blood bank. In semiquantitative and quantitative studies, we have found that this method compares favorably with other antibody elution methods. With alloantibodies, the rapid acid elution method and the ether method produced the strongest eluates with the ether eluates being slightly more potent than the rapid eluated. By contrast, with autoantibodies the rapid method was clearly superior, producing much stronger IgG erythrocyte coating as judged by the 125I antiglobulin test.", "PMID": 322366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8301", "title": "[Adrenal gland cysts. Case reports and potential complications--review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Adrenal cysts are rare, mostly harmless, processes, either congenital inborn or acquired by regression, bleeding, infection and tumor. In the case of endocrine dysfunction with arterial hypertension and local expansion with perforation into the retroperitoneal, peritoneal and pleural cavity, purulence, bleeding and vasal obstruction complications are serious. In the differential diagnosis carcinoma of the kidney and the adrenal gland should be excluded.", "contents": "[Adrenal gland cysts. Case reports and potential complications--review of the literature (author's transl)]. Adrenal cysts are rare, mostly harmless, processes, either congenital inborn or acquired by regression, bleeding, infection and tumor. In the case of endocrine dysfunction with arterial hypertension and local expansion with perforation into the retroperitoneal, peritoneal and pleural cavity, purulence, bleeding and vasal obstruction complications are serious. In the differential diagnosis carcinoma of the kidney and the adrenal gland should be excluded.", "PMID": 322374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8302", "title": "Immunotherapy of cancer.", "content": "Clinical studies have indicated a close relationship between immunological competency and the growth of human cancer. Studies in animal systems have indicated that immunological mechanisms are important in host-tumor existence. A number of agents are in the process of being evaluated for their immunotherapeutic potential in patients with cancer. These include levamisole, bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and Corynebacterium parvum. While the precise role of these agents in the treatment of human malignancy remains to be clearly defined, they do appear to be useful as adjuncts to other forms of cancer therapy such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgical operation.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of cancer. Clinical studies have indicated a close relationship between immunological competency and the growth of human cancer. Studies in animal systems have indicated that immunological mechanisms are important in host-tumor existence. A number of agents are in the process of being evaluated for their immunotherapeutic potential in patients with cancer. These include levamisole, bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and Corynebacterium parvum. While the precise role of these agents in the treatment of human malignancy remains to be clearly defined, they do appear to be useful as adjuncts to other forms of cancer therapy such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgical operation.", "PMID": 322390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8303", "title": "The effect of dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate on tartrazine azo reduction by intestinal bacteria.", "content": "1. Washed whole-cell suspensions of Proteus vulgaris and micro-organisms from rat faeces, reductively cleave the azo bond of the food dye tartrazine under anaerobic conditions. 2. Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate, a common faecal softening laxative, when added to incubations in vitro at concentrations greater than 0.005%, increases tartrazine azo reduction in P. vulgaris whole-cell suspensions. 3. By contrast, concentrations of dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate greater than 0.005% when added to incubations in vitro of rat faecal preparations, resulted in an inhibition of tartrazine azo reduction.", "contents": "The effect of dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate on tartrazine azo reduction by intestinal bacteria. 1. Washed whole-cell suspensions of Proteus vulgaris and micro-organisms from rat faeces, reductively cleave the azo bond of the food dye tartrazine under anaerobic conditions. 2. Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate, a common faecal softening laxative, when added to incubations in vitro at concentrations greater than 0.005%, increases tartrazine azo reduction in P. vulgaris whole-cell suspensions. 3. By contrast, concentrations of dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate greater than 0.005% when added to incubations in vitro of rat faecal preparations, resulted in an inhibition of tartrazine azo reduction.", "PMID": 322398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8304", "title": "[Influence of centrophenoxine on the effect of cyclophosphamide and chloramphenicol in teratological experiment].", "content": "Cyclophosphamide and chloramphenicol underwent a teralogical test in the animal experiment. The prenatal changes in the application of cyclophosphamide reveal the cytostatic remedy as a strong teratogenic remedy, whereas chloramphenicol in the first place has an embryotoxic effect and only a weak teratogenic one. The possibility of an influence on the prenatal changes caused by cyclophosphamide and chloramphenicol was tried with centrophenoxin. Apart from the weight of the foetuses the induced changes remained without influence in cyclophosphamide, whereas in chloramphenicol even in increase of the toxic effect could be observed.", "contents": "[Influence of centrophenoxine on the effect of cyclophosphamide and chloramphenicol in teratological experiment]. Cyclophosphamide and chloramphenicol underwent a teralogical test in the animal experiment. The prenatal changes in the application of cyclophosphamide reveal the cytostatic remedy as a strong teratogenic remedy, whereas chloramphenicol in the first place has an embryotoxic effect and only a weak teratogenic one. The possibility of an influence on the prenatal changes caused by cyclophosphamide and chloramphenicol was tried with centrophenoxin. Apart from the weight of the foetuses the induced changes remained without influence in cyclophosphamide, whereas in chloramphenicol even in increase of the toxic effect could be observed.", "PMID": 322402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8305", "title": "[Morphological studies of experimental lung transplantation. I. Light microscopic and histochemical findings in autotransplants of dog lungs].", "content": "Morphological investigations (light microscopy, semithin sections, histochemistry) on autografted lungs showed two changes with mifferent regional distributions. In the upper lobes were found focal areas of slight fibrosis, in the upper and lower lobes degenerative changes especially of the small bronchi and bronchioles with a focal loss of activity of alkaline phosphatase, nonspecific esterase and some dehydrogenase. Possible reasons for these morphological changes are discussed in connection with functional and biochemical results.", "contents": "[Morphological studies of experimental lung transplantation. I. Light microscopic and histochemical findings in autotransplants of dog lungs]. Morphological investigations (light microscopy, semithin sections, histochemistry) on autografted lungs showed two changes with mifferent regional distributions. In the upper lobes were found focal areas of slight fibrosis, in the upper and lower lobes degenerative changes especially of the small bronchi and bronchioles with a focal loss of activity of alkaline phosphatase, nonspecific esterase and some dehydrogenase. Possible reasons for these morphological changes are discussed in connection with functional and biochemical results.", "PMID": 322403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8306", "title": "[Results and current status of experimental lung transplantation].", "content": "The most important findings of autogenous and allogenous lung transplantations in this article. The balance of clinic lung transplantation so far are not encouraging. However they gave new impulses to the animal experiments while they demonstrated that patients with disseminated pathologic pulmonary alterations principally are an another basis for lung transplantation than pulmonary healthy animals. It is tried to derive the next problems of the experimental lung transplantation from the abundance of open questions. Simultaneous it is pointed to that only in ingenious division of labour between many scientic and medical disciplines it is possible to get decisive results with these the risk of further clinical transplantations can be diminished.", "contents": "[Results and current status of experimental lung transplantation]. The most important findings of autogenous and allogenous lung transplantations in this article. The balance of clinic lung transplantation so far are not encouraging. However they gave new impulses to the animal experiments while they demonstrated that patients with disseminated pathologic pulmonary alterations principally are an another basis for lung transplantation than pulmonary healthy animals. It is tried to derive the next problems of the experimental lung transplantation from the abundance of open questions. Simultaneous it is pointed to that only in ingenious division of labour between many scientic and medical disciplines it is possible to get decisive results with these the risk of further clinical transplantations can be diminished.", "PMID": 322404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8307", "title": "Treatment of Gram-negative bacillary meningitis with intrathecal gentamicin.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effect of intrathecal gentamicin on gram-negative bacillary meningitis, twenty-eight patients were treated with intralumbar or intraventricular gentamicin in combination with systemic gentamicin and with other antibiotics. Sterile cerebrospinal fluid was achieved in 21/22 (95%) episodes of documented gram-negative bacillary meningitis in patients who received more than one day of therapy. Seventy-seven percent of these patients survived their infection. The mean cerebrospinal fluid gentamicin level measured 24 hours after intrathecal administration was 5.9 ug/ml following intralumbar administration and 11.1 ug/ml following intraventricular administration. Toxic side effects due to intrathecal administration of gentamicin were not noted. These findings suggest that both intralumbar and intraventricular administration of gentamicin are safe and efficacious in the treatment of gram-negative bacillary meningitis.", "contents": "Treatment of Gram-negative bacillary meningitis with intrathecal gentamicin. In order to evaluate the effect of intrathecal gentamicin on gram-negative bacillary meningitis, twenty-eight patients were treated with intralumbar or intraventricular gentamicin in combination with systemic gentamicin and with other antibiotics. Sterile cerebrospinal fluid was achieved in 21/22 (95%) episodes of documented gram-negative bacillary meningitis in patients who received more than one day of therapy. Seventy-seven percent of these patients survived their infection. The mean cerebrospinal fluid gentamicin level measured 24 hours after intrathecal administration was 5.9 ug/ml following intralumbar administration and 11.1 ug/ml following intraventricular administration. Toxic side effects due to intrathecal administration of gentamicin were not noted. These findings suggest that both intralumbar and intraventricular administration of gentamicin are safe and efficacious in the treatment of gram-negative bacillary meningitis.", "PMID": 322399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8308", "title": "[Severe infections in the newborn after direct kardiototography during delivery (author's transl)].", "content": "In a total of 720 CTG-controlled newborns two cases of severe septic general infections were observed; a full-term baby showed an extensive skin of the head phlegmone and meningitis purulenta, both conditions caused by Bacteria coli. A pre-term baby developed suppuration at the site of the CTG-wound and a pulmonary abscess under a general septic condition. The tracheal secretion culture of the patient contained Bacteria pyozyanea. In the case of the full-term child histologic evidence of a chorion infection was established. Both children recovered. Therefore, as we see it, the application of direct cardiotokography makes extensive antiseptic measures and thorough examination of the newborn for infectious complications imperative, a general antibiotic treatment, however, is not considered indicated.", "contents": "[Severe infections in the newborn after direct kardiototography during delivery (author's transl)]. In a total of 720 CTG-controlled newborns two cases of severe septic general infections were observed; a full-term baby showed an extensive skin of the head phlegmone and meningitis purulenta, both conditions caused by Bacteria coli. A pre-term baby developed suppuration at the site of the CTG-wound and a pulmonary abscess under a general septic condition. The tracheal secretion culture of the patient contained Bacteria pyozyanea. In the case of the full-term child histologic evidence of a chorion infection was established. Both children recovered. Therefore, as we see it, the application of direct cardiotokography makes extensive antiseptic measures and thorough examination of the newborn for infectious complications imperative, a general antibiotic treatment, however, is not considered indicated.", "PMID": 322405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8309", "title": "The sequential external counter pulsator: a circulatory assist device.", "content": "THE THREE GOALS OF CARDIAC ASSISTANCE ARE: (1) To maintain systemic blood flow; (2) To reduce cardiac work and tension development; and (3) To increase oxygen availability to the heart. Toward these ends, various devices and techniques have been developed, including several different types of vascular shunts in combination with or without extracorporeal oxygenation of blood, implantable auxiliary ventricle and augmentation of diastolic pressure by direct counter pulsation of blood through femoral cannulae or intra-aortic balloon.The sequenced counter pulsator is an external cardiac assist device being developed for the therapy of low output syndromes. Investigation in the laboratory has shown that it is capable of increasing cardiac output and diastolic systemic pressure with concomitant reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Therefore, it appears to be clinically useful in patients with low cardiac output syndromes.", "contents": "The sequential external counter pulsator: a circulatory assist device. THE THREE GOALS OF CARDIAC ASSISTANCE ARE: (1) To maintain systemic blood flow; (2) To reduce cardiac work and tension development; and (3) To increase oxygen availability to the heart. Toward these ends, various devices and techniques have been developed, including several different types of vascular shunts in combination with or without extracorporeal oxygenation of blood, implantable auxiliary ventricle and augmentation of diastolic pressure by direct counter pulsation of blood through femoral cannulae or intra-aortic balloon.The sequenced counter pulsator is an external cardiac assist device being developed for the therapy of low output syndromes. Investigation in the laboratory has shown that it is capable of increasing cardiac output and diastolic systemic pressure with concomitant reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Therefore, it appears to be clinically useful in patients with low cardiac output syndromes.", "PMID": 322400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8310", "title": "Drug metabolism under pathological and abnormal physiological states in animals and man.", "content": "The activity of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes is altered by several pathological or abnormal physiological states, such as changes in nutritional status, liver, heart or kidney diseases, hormonal disturbances, pregnancy, tumour-bearing state, adjuvant arthritis, changes in reticuloendothelial system and environmental factors (stress, irradiation, heavy metals). The activities of other metabolic pathways, such as glucuronidation, sulphate conjugation, acetylation and alcohol oxidation are generally affected to lesser extents. Rats are most commonly used in drug metabolism studies, and it is important to know that the activity of most of the microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes is higher in males than in females through androgen action which is readily impaire drug-metabolizing enzymes in male rats are thus manifested by two mechanisms; one is by impairment of androgen action and the other is by depression of the basic enzymic activity. Therefore, those effects of pathological states, observed only in male rats but not in females, are generally not seen in other species of animals, including man. The effects of starvation, hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, diabetes and morphine administration are cases where changes in metabolism are due solely to impairment of androgen action. In other pathological cases, those drug-metabolizing enzymes showing sex differences are depressed more markedly in male rats than those showing no clear sex difference. The author therefore recommends the use of female rats in the evaluation of the effects of pathological states on hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. Generally, changes in activity of the hepatic enzymes reflect closely the changes in the rates of drug metabolism in vivo. However, the protein-binding of drugs, hepatic blood flow and renal function are also known to affect the rate of drug metabolism and excretion in vivo, and therefore changes of these factors in pathological states should also be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Drug metabolism under pathological and abnormal physiological states in animals and man. The activity of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes is altered by several pathological or abnormal physiological states, such as changes in nutritional status, liver, heart or kidney diseases, hormonal disturbances, pregnancy, tumour-bearing state, adjuvant arthritis, changes in reticuloendothelial system and environmental factors (stress, irradiation, heavy metals). The activities of other metabolic pathways, such as glucuronidation, sulphate conjugation, acetylation and alcohol oxidation are generally affected to lesser extents. Rats are most commonly used in drug metabolism studies, and it is important to know that the activity of most of the microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes is higher in males than in females through androgen action which is readily impaire drug-metabolizing enzymes in male rats are thus manifested by two mechanisms; one is by impairment of androgen action and the other is by depression of the basic enzymic activity. Therefore, those effects of pathological states, observed only in male rats but not in females, are generally not seen in other species of animals, including man. The effects of starvation, hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, diabetes and morphine administration are cases where changes in metabolism are due solely to impairment of androgen action. In other pathological cases, those drug-metabolizing enzymes showing sex differences are depressed more markedly in male rats than those showing no clear sex difference. The author therefore recommends the use of female rats in the evaluation of the effects of pathological states on hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. Generally, changes in activity of the hepatic enzymes reflect closely the changes in the rates of drug metabolism in vivo. However, the protein-binding of drugs, hepatic blood flow and renal function are also known to affect the rate of drug metabolism and excretion in vivo, and therefore changes of these factors in pathological states should also be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 322397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8311", "title": "[Ourexperiences with clinical methods for localization of urinary tract infections].", "content": "On 35 patients with chronical relapsing urinary tact infections with different forms of the clinical course 3 localisation methods for the differentiation of infections of the upper and lower urinary tract, respectively, were evaluated. The results have shown that the bladder washout method was more reliable than the new kidney washout method. The latter method has, however, certain advantages, such as its simplicity and the catheterless accomplishment. The simplest method is the immunofluorescence investigation of the urinary sediment on the germs coated with antibodies. This method, however, still contains several unclear sources of error.", "contents": "[Ourexperiences with clinical methods for localization of urinary tract infections]. On 35 patients with chronical relapsing urinary tact infections with different forms of the clinical course 3 localisation methods for the differentiation of infections of the upper and lower urinary tract, respectively, were evaluated. The results have shown that the bladder washout method was more reliable than the new kidney washout method. The latter method has, however, certain advantages, such as its simplicity and the catheterless accomplishment. The simplest method is the immunofluorescence investigation of the urinary sediment on the germs coated with antibodies. This method, however, still contains several unclear sources of error.", "PMID": 322416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8312", "title": "[Aplasia of the pancreas with diabetes mellitus, aplasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts, and additional malformations in a small for date baby (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on a 4 days old female small for date baby with a birth weight of 1210 g and a length of 37 cm. Beside other malformations (common arterial trunk,ventricular septal defect) it revealed an aplasia of the excretory pancreas and of Langerhan's islets with diabetes mellitus as well as intrahepatic aplasia of bile ducts. The malformations of the pancreas and the liver are discussed. Special emphasis is laid on the rarity of these findings.", "contents": "[Aplasia of the pancreas with diabetes mellitus, aplasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts, and additional malformations in a small for date baby (author's transl)]. A report is given on a 4 days old female small for date baby with a birth weight of 1210 g and a length of 37 cm. Beside other malformations (common arterial trunk,ventricular septal defect) it revealed an aplasia of the excretory pancreas and of Langerhan's islets with diabetes mellitus as well as intrahepatic aplasia of bile ducts. The malformations of the pancreas and the liver are discussed. Special emphasis is laid on the rarity of these findings.", "PMID": 322419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8313", "title": "[The multifocal progressive leukoencephalopathy--a papova-virus-encephalitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of multifocal progressive leukoencephalopathy are reported. A 62 years old patient suffering from lymphosarcomatosis for more than 5 years developed neurological symptoms and died 7 weeks after their onset. In a 44 years old patient a kidney transplantation was performed. 6 months after that operation he developed a disorder of the central nervous system and died 3 weeks later. Post-mortem examinations revealed the characteristic morphological findings of multifocal leukoencephalopathy in both the cases. Electron microscopic examination of the brain tissue obtained at autopsy demonstrated virions in paracristalline arrangement within the nuclei of oligodendrocytes. These findings are identical with those reported in literature, that were regarded as papova-viruses. Therefore, it is suggested to name the disease a papova-virus-encephalitis.", "contents": "[The multifocal progressive leukoencephalopathy--a papova-virus-encephalitis (author's transl)]. Two cases of multifocal progressive leukoencephalopathy are reported. A 62 years old patient suffering from lymphosarcomatosis for more than 5 years developed neurological symptoms and died 7 weeks after their onset. In a 44 years old patient a kidney transplantation was performed. 6 months after that operation he developed a disorder of the central nervous system and died 3 weeks later. Post-mortem examinations revealed the characteristic morphological findings of multifocal leukoencephalopathy in both the cases. Electron microscopic examination of the brain tissue obtained at autopsy demonstrated virions in paracristalline arrangement within the nuclei of oligodendrocytes. These findings are identical with those reported in literature, that were regarded as papova-viruses. Therefore, it is suggested to name the disease a papova-virus-encephalitis.", "PMID": 322420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8314", "title": "[Induction of tumours by different endogenously formed N-nitroso-ureas in the hooded rat (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of application of methyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, iso-propyl- and n-butylurea together with sodium nitrite the formation of corresponding carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds is demonstrated. The transplacental action of endogenously formed ethylnitrosourea led to a characteristic spectrum of tumours in the offspring comprising mainly neurogenic neoplasms of the brain and Nn. trigemini. The tumour incidence is especially high after application of precursors (ethylurea and nitrite) with the food. In postnatal experiments with methylurea and nitrite, there were induced mostly neurogenic tumours and reticulum cell sarcomas of the paracoecal region. A similar spectrum of tumours was found after postnatal application of iso-propylurea and nitrite by gastric tube. After a single dose of iso-propylurea and nitrite at day 21 of pregnancy there seems to be a slight carcinogenic effect in a small group of animals. The application of n-propylurea and n-butylurea, resp., together with nitrite led mainly to reticulum cell sarcomas of the paracoecal region after formation of corresponding alkylnitrosoureas. The spectrum of tumours is compared with that after the action of complete carcinogen and with the results obtained by other authors.", "contents": "[Induction of tumours by different endogenously formed N-nitroso-ureas in the hooded rat (author's transl)]. By means of application of methyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, iso-propyl- and n-butylurea together with sodium nitrite the formation of corresponding carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds is demonstrated. The transplacental action of endogenously formed ethylnitrosourea led to a characteristic spectrum of tumours in the offspring comprising mainly neurogenic neoplasms of the brain and Nn. trigemini. The tumour incidence is especially high after application of precursors (ethylurea and nitrite) with the food. In postnatal experiments with methylurea and nitrite, there were induced mostly neurogenic tumours and reticulum cell sarcomas of the paracoecal region. A similar spectrum of tumours was found after postnatal application of iso-propylurea and nitrite by gastric tube. After a single dose of iso-propylurea and nitrite at day 21 of pregnancy there seems to be a slight carcinogenic effect in a small group of animals. The application of n-propylurea and n-butylurea, resp., together with nitrite led mainly to reticulum cell sarcomas of the paracoecal region after formation of corresponding alkylnitrosoureas. The spectrum of tumours is compared with that after the action of complete carcinogen and with the results obtained by other authors.", "PMID": 322421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8315", "title": "[Some remarks on recent trends in pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "The present situation of pathology is analysed. Concerning the German Democratic Republic the situation is characterized by a consequent separation of the pathology into the special branches of pathomorphology, pathophysiology, and pathobiochemistry.", "contents": "[Some remarks on recent trends in pathology (author's transl)]. The present situation of pathology is analysed. Concerning the German Democratic Republic the situation is characterized by a consequent separation of the pathology into the special branches of pathomorphology, pathophysiology, and pathobiochemistry.", "PMID": 322422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8316", "title": "[Surgery and therapeutic pathomorphosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Th. Billroth was the symbol of a biological awakening out of the only technically stamped surgery of the 19. century. The second half of our century faces a completely new problem: the pitfalls of medical progress.", "contents": "[Surgery and therapeutic pathomorphosis (author's transl)]. Th. Billroth was the symbol of a biological awakening out of the only technically stamped surgery of the 19. century. The second half of our century faces a completely new problem: the pitfalls of medical progress.", "PMID": 322423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8317", "title": "[The Billroth I-reesection and its pitfalls (author's transl)].", "content": "Provided the indication is correct, the Billroth I-method yields very good results. The surgical procedure is presented in detail, also its early and late complications and their treatment. The author performed 552 end-to-and end-to-side gastroduodenal anastomoses with a lethality rate of 0,9%.", "contents": "[The Billroth I-reesection and its pitfalls (author's transl)]. Provided the indication is correct, the Billroth I-method yields very good results. The surgical procedure is presented in detail, also its early and late complications and their treatment. The author performed 552 end-to-and end-to-side gastroduodenal anastomoses with a lethality rate of 0,9%.", "PMID": 322424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8318", "title": "[Characterization of staphylococci in microtiter-plates (author's transl)].", "content": "The conventional methods for the demonstration of coagulase, clumping-factor, fermentation of mannitol, protein A, alpha-, beta-, and delta-hemolysins and acid phosphatase were adapted to a microtitersystem (MTS). This led to a considerable saving in working-time and reagents. The biochemical reactions could be distinctly evaluated in the MTS (fig. 1). In all qualitative determinations there was complete agreement between the results obtained by MTS and the conventional procedures. In the quantitative endpoints there were only minor deviations (fig. 2,3,4). Thus, the MTS appeared to be a suitable procedure for the characterization of pathogenic staphylococci at a large scale.", "contents": "[Characterization of staphylococci in microtiter-plates (author's transl)]. The conventional methods for the demonstration of coagulase, clumping-factor, fermentation of mannitol, protein A, alpha-, beta-, and delta-hemolysins and acid phosphatase were adapted to a microtitersystem (MTS). This led to a considerable saving in working-time and reagents. The biochemical reactions could be distinctly evaluated in the MTS (fig. 1). In all qualitative determinations there was complete agreement between the results obtained by MTS and the conventional procedures. In the quantitative endpoints there were only minor deviations (fig. 2,3,4). Thus, the MTS appeared to be a suitable procedure for the characterization of pathogenic staphylococci at a large scale.", "PMID": 322425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8319", "title": "Transfer of invertase production from a wild strain of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A wild type strain of E. coli which produced an invertase capable of hydrolysing sucrose and raffinose transmitted this ability at high frequency to a recipient strain. E. coli C. The ability to ferment both sucrose and raffinose was lost both in the wild type parent and recombinant strains by treatment with ethidium bromide.", "contents": "Transfer of invertase production from a wild strain of Escherichia coli. A wild type strain of E. coli which produced an invertase capable of hydrolysing sucrose and raffinose transmitted this ability at high frequency to a recipient strain. E. coli C. The ability to ferment both sucrose and raffinose was lost both in the wild type parent and recombinant strains by treatment with ethidium bromide.", "PMID": 322426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8320", "title": "Production of precipitating antibodies in chickens infected with Salmonella gallinarum.", "content": "Vaccination of 10 days old chicken with a live relatively avirulent S. gallinarum induced antibodies against the main antigens of the pathogen, namely, its proteins. Precipitations in agar gel were obtained against the free proteins and the protein conjugated in the somatic antigen of S. gallinarum and against antigens from the related S. enteritidis. Antipolysaccharide antibodies were induced in small quantities which were however sufficient to allow their identification with the agar-gel-diffusion technique.", "contents": "Production of precipitating antibodies in chickens infected with Salmonella gallinarum. Vaccination of 10 days old chicken with a live relatively avirulent S. gallinarum induced antibodies against the main antigens of the pathogen, namely, its proteins. Precipitations in agar gel were obtained against the free proteins and the protein conjugated in the somatic antigen of S. gallinarum and against antigens from the related S. enteritidis. Antipolysaccharide antibodies were induced in small quantities which were however sufficient to allow their identification with the agar-gel-diffusion technique.", "PMID": 322427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8321", "title": "Rapid surface colony counts determination with three new miniaturised techniques.", "content": "Three different miniaturised methods for the rapid surface viable counting are described. The methods were tried in parallel to seven different existing methods (Table 1) for viable counts and were found to be easier, quicker and insome cases more accurate. The techniques require about 10% of the material and time needed for conventional spread-plates method and the results were in no way inferior to that (Table 1 and 2). Mini agar discs were cut aseptically with an especially designed stainless steel agar disc cutter (25 mm internal and 28 mm external diameter, Fig. 1b) or with a test tube of similar diameter. The area of the resulted mini-agar-disc of 25 mm diameter was kept such (about 1/10th of the normal plate) that the ratio of the colony-bearing area to the inoculm remained the same as on big plates in spread-plate-method (Table 2). In normal Petri dishes (about 90 mm diameter) up to seven mini agar discs were possible to cut. Each small agar disc was seperated from the other mini-disc by a distance of at least 6 mm (Fig. 1a). The empty place around the disc was still enlarged during over drying of the plates and during incubation. This created complete isolation from the neighbouring disc. For micro-determination of surface viable counts 10 micronl from each dilution was delivered on a well-dired mini-disc with a piston micropipette. The inoculm was immediately spread on the whole mini-disc with a specially designed flame sterilizable platinum-Mini-spreader (Fig. 2a). No spinning of the plate was needed. Alternatively the dropping pipette and spreader was replaced by a calibrated platinum wire Loop-spreader (Fig. 2b). A loop of 3 mm internal diameter made from a platinum-iridium wire of 0.75 mm thickness proved most useful and carried a drop of 10 micronl. Differences especially in surface tension of various diluting fluids did not influence to drop of this size and no recalibration was needed for water and nutrient broth. The loop was further shaped to Loop-spreader form. From each bacterial suspension 10 micronl were carried and spread on each mini-disc. The method is useful for pathogenic organisms as the loop can readily be flame sterilized. For routine purposes where only approximate numbers of bacteria need to be known a still rapid semiquantitative method was deviced making use of a calibrated stainless steel Stamping-disc (Fig. 2c). A disc of 25mm diameter and 1 mm thickness delivered approximateyl 10 microlitres of supensions and was found to be most useful to stamp seven dilutions on a single plate. In collections and bacteriology laboratories where by conventional methods large number of plates are to be plated and counted the presented techniques could prove most convenient, rapid and economical.", "contents": "Rapid surface colony counts determination with three new miniaturised techniques. Three different miniaturised methods for the rapid surface viable counting are described. The methods were tried in parallel to seven different existing methods (Table 1) for viable counts and were found to be easier, quicker and insome cases more accurate. The techniques require about 10% of the material and time needed for conventional spread-plates method and the results were in no way inferior to that (Table 1 and 2). Mini agar discs were cut aseptically with an especially designed stainless steel agar disc cutter (25 mm internal and 28 mm external diameter, Fig. 1b) or with a test tube of similar diameter. The area of the resulted mini-agar-disc of 25 mm diameter was kept such (about 1/10th of the normal plate) that the ratio of the colony-bearing area to the inoculm remained the same as on big plates in spread-plate-method (Table 2). In normal Petri dishes (about 90 mm diameter) up to seven mini agar discs were possible to cut. Each small agar disc was seperated from the other mini-disc by a distance of at least 6 mm (Fig. 1a). The empty place around the disc was still enlarged during over drying of the plates and during incubation. This created complete isolation from the neighbouring disc. For micro-determination of surface viable counts 10 micronl from each dilution was delivered on a well-dired mini-disc with a piston micropipette. The inoculm was immediately spread on the whole mini-disc with a specially designed flame sterilizable platinum-Mini-spreader (Fig. 2a). No spinning of the plate was needed. Alternatively the dropping pipette and spreader was replaced by a calibrated platinum wire Loop-spreader (Fig. 2b). A loop of 3 mm internal diameter made from a platinum-iridium wire of 0.75 mm thickness proved most useful and carried a drop of 10 micronl. Differences especially in surface tension of various diluting fluids did not influence to drop of this size and no recalibration was needed for water and nutrient broth. The loop was further shaped to Loop-spreader form. From each bacterial suspension 10 micronl were carried and spread on each mini-disc. The method is useful for pathogenic organisms as the loop can readily be flame sterilized. For routine purposes where only approximate numbers of bacteria need to be known a still rapid semiquantitative method was deviced making use of a calibrated stainless steel Stamping-disc (Fig. 2c). A disc of 25mm diameter and 1 mm thickness delivered approximateyl 10 microlitres of supensions and was found to be most useful to stamp seven dilutions on a single plate. In collections and bacteriology laboratories where by conventional methods large number of plates are to be plated and counted the presented techniques could prove most convenient, rapid and economical.", "PMID": 322428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8322", "title": "Comparison of the proteolytic specificities of bovine and porcine pepsin A.", "content": "Bovine pepsin A inactivates pancreatic ribonuclease through a limited proteolysis the same way as does porcine pepsin A. The specific activity is lower and more dependent on the ionic strength. The proteolytic specificity of bovine pepsin A has been investigated with B-chain of oxidized porcine insulin as the substrate. The specificity resembles qualitatively that of porcine pepsin but with quantitative differences.", "contents": "Comparison of the proteolytic specificities of bovine and porcine pepsin A. Bovine pepsin A inactivates pancreatic ribonuclease through a limited proteolysis the same way as does porcine pepsin A. The specific activity is lower and more dependent on the ionic strength. The proteolytic specificity of bovine pepsin A has been investigated with B-chain of oxidized porcine insulin as the substrate. The specificity resembles qualitatively that of porcine pepsin but with quantitative differences.", "PMID": 322429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8323", "title": "[History of lumbar sympathectomy from its origin to the present].", "content": "The author first recalls the origins of the words \"sympathetic\" and \"neurovegetative system\" and then outlines the beginnings of surgery on the autonomic nervous system in general. This started with the section of the rami communicantes introduced by the Australians Royle and Hunter in surgery of the muscle tone. Then nearly at the same time in 1924. Adson in USA and J. Diez in Argentina resected the lumbar sympathetic chains; the latter mainly for treatment of thromboangeitis obliterans. From 1924 on, lumbar sympathectomy met with rapid success as shown at the Cairo Congress of 1935. Physiologic and pathologic effects of lumbar sympathectomy are analysed and the usual techniques are reviewed. The author then lists the specific postoperative complications, including the pain symdroms and the functional sexual disorders in males. Finally the principal indications where lumbar sympathectomy proved useful are named. Chronic obliterative arteriopathies are the first. For these lumbar sympathectomy still holds a palliative, supportive or absolute role. A scheme illustrates its beneficial actions.", "contents": "[History of lumbar sympathectomy from its origin to the present]. The author first recalls the origins of the words \"sympathetic\" and \"neurovegetative system\" and then outlines the beginnings of surgery on the autonomic nervous system in general. This started with the section of the rami communicantes introduced by the Australians Royle and Hunter in surgery of the muscle tone. Then nearly at the same time in 1924. Adson in USA and J. Diez in Argentina resected the lumbar sympathetic chains; the latter mainly for treatment of thromboangeitis obliterans. From 1924 on, lumbar sympathectomy met with rapid success as shown at the Cairo Congress of 1935. Physiologic and pathologic effects of lumbar sympathectomy are analysed and the usual techniques are reviewed. The author then lists the specific postoperative complications, including the pain symdroms and the functional sexual disorders in males. Finally the principal indications where lumbar sympathectomy proved useful are named. Chronic obliterative arteriopathies are the first. For these lumbar sympathectomy still holds a palliative, supportive or absolute role. A scheme illustrates its beneficial actions.", "PMID": 322430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8324", "title": "Influence of LH/FSH releasing hormone (LRH) on the basal secretion of gonadotrophins in relation to plasma levels of oestradiol, progesterone and prolactin during the post-partum period in lactating and in non-lactating women.", "content": "The pituitary responsiveness to LH/FSH releasing hormone (LRH) was studied in the puerperium in lactating and in non-lactating women. The response of both groups of patients to 25 mug LRH iv was tested 8-10 days, 15-17 days, and 29-32 days after a normal delivery at full term. The basal levels of FSH were low during the first 10 days after delivery. A rise was then observed, and about 4 weeks after delivery levels above or in the upper normal range of a normal follicular phase were recorded. The levels were significantly higher in the lactating group. When compared with the normal follicular phase, the relative increase in FSH basal levels was higher than the increase in LH basal levels in both groups of patients. The period of non-responsiveness of the pituitary to LRH was found to be of equal length in the two groups. In both groups the FSH response returned more rapidly than the LH response. About 2 weeks after delivery a reverse pattern of gonadotrophin response to LRH was seen with a FSH response that was greater than the LH response compared with what is generally observed in the various phases of the menstrual cycle in eumenorrhoeic women. This pattern was more pronounced in the lactating group about 4 weeks after delivery. Oestradiol levels were low and roughly equal on the three test occasions in each group, but in the non-lactating group there was a tendency to higher concentrations. Prolactin levels were highest about one week after delivery and then showed a tendency to decrease, and this was more pronounced in the non-lactating group. Progesterone levels were invariably low in both groups.", "contents": "Influence of LH/FSH releasing hormone (LRH) on the basal secretion of gonadotrophins in relation to plasma levels of oestradiol, progesterone and prolactin during the post-partum period in lactating and in non-lactating women. The pituitary responsiveness to LH/FSH releasing hormone (LRH) was studied in the puerperium in lactating and in non-lactating women. The response of both groups of patients to 25 mug LRH iv was tested 8-10 days, 15-17 days, and 29-32 days after a normal delivery at full term. The basal levels of FSH were low during the first 10 days after delivery. A rise was then observed, and about 4 weeks after delivery levels above or in the upper normal range of a normal follicular phase were recorded. The levels were significantly higher in the lactating group. When compared with the normal follicular phase, the relative increase in FSH basal levels was higher than the increase in LH basal levels in both groups of patients. The period of non-responsiveness of the pituitary to LRH was found to be of equal length in the two groups. In both groups the FSH response returned more rapidly than the LH response. About 2 weeks after delivery a reverse pattern of gonadotrophin response to LRH was seen with a FSH response that was greater than the LH response compared with what is generally observed in the various phases of the menstrual cycle in eumenorrhoeic women. This pattern was more pronounced in the lactating group about 4 weeks after delivery. Oestradiol levels were low and roughly equal on the three test occasions in each group, but in the non-lactating group there was a tendency to higher concentrations. Prolactin levels were highest about one week after delivery and then showed a tendency to decrease, and this was more pronounced in the non-lactating group. Progesterone levels were invariably low in both groups.", "PMID": 322431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8325", "title": "Hypogonadism, galactorrhoea and hyper-prolactinaemia: Evaluation of pituitary gonadotrophins reserve before and under bromocriptine.", "content": "Twenty patients with hypogonadism (19 women with amenorrhoea and 1 man with impotence and infertility), galactorrhoea and hyper-prolactinaemia (range: 36 to 344 ng/ml) were studied. The radiological study of the sella turcica, including in all cases hypocycloidal tomograms, allowed classification of the patients into 3 groups: group I (n = 4) had a grossly enlarged sella turcica, group II (n = 12) had localized alterations indicating the probable existence of a prolactin-secreting microadenoma (\"microdeformation\") while group III patients presented no radiological abnormality. Before treatment, all the patients were submitted to a complete evaluation of the function of their anterior pituitary, including the LH and FSH responses to iv administration of Gn-RH. All the group I patients had low basal LH levels and a blunted response to Gn-RH. The basal LH and in response to Gn-RH were normal in most of the group II patients and in all of the group III patients. An exaggerated FSH response to Gn-RH was observed in 6/12 patients with microdeformation (group II) but not in groups I and III patients. A low LH and a blunted LH response to Gn-RH is highly suggestive of the existence of a pituitary prolactin-secreting adenoma in case of amenorrhoea and hyper-prolactinaemia patients; a normal response does not however rule out such a diagnosis. The reasons for a exaggerated FSH response to Gn-RH in patients with suspected prolactin-secreting microadenoma remain to be investigated though this pattern can also occur in other cases of amenorrhoea. Hence the Gn-RH test might contribute to the assessment of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis of patients with hyper-prolactinaemia. Six patients treated for 4 months with bromocriptine (CB-154) were submitted to re-evaluation of their pituitary gonadotrophins reserve. All the women experienced restoration of menses with 39 days of treatment and the male patient regained potency. It was observed that bromocriptine treatment and subsequent normalized prolactin levels in the 4 group II women tested were associated with normalization of their previously exaggerated FSH response to Gn-RH; LH responses were also diminished in these cases. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that hyper-prolactinaemia per se could interfere with the endogenous secretion of Gn-RH at the hypothalamic level. In one patient with grossly enlarged sella turcica and a previous lack of an LH and FSH response to Gn-RH, bromocriptine treatment restored a normal gonadotrophins response, confirming that, in this case, the alteration of this response was indeed due to a prolonged lack of endogenous Gn-RH secretion.", "contents": "Hypogonadism, galactorrhoea and hyper-prolactinaemia: Evaluation of pituitary gonadotrophins reserve before and under bromocriptine. Twenty patients with hypogonadism (19 women with amenorrhoea and 1 man with impotence and infertility), galactorrhoea and hyper-prolactinaemia (range: 36 to 344 ng/ml) were studied. The radiological study of the sella turcica, including in all cases hypocycloidal tomograms, allowed classification of the patients into 3 groups: group I (n = 4) had a grossly enlarged sella turcica, group II (n = 12) had localized alterations indicating the probable existence of a prolactin-secreting microadenoma (\"microdeformation\") while group III patients presented no radiological abnormality. Before treatment, all the patients were submitted to a complete evaluation of the function of their anterior pituitary, including the LH and FSH responses to iv administration of Gn-RH. All the group I patients had low basal LH levels and a blunted response to Gn-RH. The basal LH and in response to Gn-RH were normal in most of the group II patients and in all of the group III patients. An exaggerated FSH response to Gn-RH was observed in 6/12 patients with microdeformation (group II) but not in groups I and III patients. A low LH and a blunted LH response to Gn-RH is highly suggestive of the existence of a pituitary prolactin-secreting adenoma in case of amenorrhoea and hyper-prolactinaemia patients; a normal response does not however rule out such a diagnosis. The reasons for a exaggerated FSH response to Gn-RH in patients with suspected prolactin-secreting microadenoma remain to be investigated though this pattern can also occur in other cases of amenorrhoea. Hence the Gn-RH test might contribute to the assessment of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis of patients with hyper-prolactinaemia. Six patients treated for 4 months with bromocriptine (CB-154) were submitted to re-evaluation of their pituitary gonadotrophins reserve. All the women experienced restoration of menses with 39 days of treatment and the male patient regained potency. It was observed that bromocriptine treatment and subsequent normalized prolactin levels in the 4 group II women tested were associated with normalization of their previously exaggerated FSH response to Gn-RH; LH responses were also diminished in these cases. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that hyper-prolactinaemia per se could interfere with the endogenous secretion of Gn-RH at the hypothalamic level. In one patient with grossly enlarged sella turcica and a previous lack of an LH and FSH response to Gn-RH, bromocriptine treatment restored a normal gonadotrophins response, confirming that, in this case, the alteration of this response was indeed due to a prolonged lack of endogenous Gn-RH secretion.", "PMID": 322432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8326", "title": "Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid actions on gastric secretion in man.", "content": "The effects of a 6-day course of treatment with a glucocorticoid (prednisolone, 1 g per day i.v.), a mineralocorticoid (9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone, 0.3 mg per day orraly), or both the drugs on gastric secretion of acid, protein, pepsin, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) containing glycoproteins were investigated in 22 volunteers. None of the treatments produced any statistically significant changes in gastric secretion of aggressive factors, acid and pepsin. However, the output of protective NANA bound to glycoproteins was found to be decreased following prednisolone. The prednisolone effect was not prevented by 9-alpha-fluorhydrocortisone given concomitantly. Gastroduodenoscopy did not reveal any lesions attributable to drug adminstration.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid actions on gastric secretion in man. The effects of a 6-day course of treatment with a glucocorticoid (prednisolone, 1 g per day i.v.), a mineralocorticoid (9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone, 0.3 mg per day orraly), or both the drugs on gastric secretion of acid, protein, pepsin, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) containing glycoproteins were investigated in 22 volunteers. None of the treatments produced any statistically significant changes in gastric secretion of aggressive factors, acid and pepsin. However, the output of protective NANA bound to glycoproteins was found to be decreased following prednisolone. The prednisolone effect was not prevented by 9-alpha-fluorhydrocortisone given concomitantly. Gastroduodenoscopy did not reveal any lesions attributable to drug adminstration.", "PMID": 322433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8327", "title": "Human hepatic blood flow and its relation to systemic circulation during intravenous infusion of lidocaine.", "content": "Twelve healthy young volunteers were studied before and during intravenous administration of lidocaine at a dose rate of 2 or 4 mg/min. Five additional volunteers, who did not receive lidocaine solution but were given the same amount of physiological saline, were studied in the same manner. Heart rate, cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure, mean right atrial blood pressure, estimated hepatic blood flow and plasma concentration of lidocaine were measured repeatedly. The results showed an increase in heart rate, cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure, the latter two variables in relation to the plasma concentration of lidocaine. The estimated hepatic blood flow increased, partly as a result of the reduction of splanchnic vascular resistance and partly due to the stimulation of cardiac output. The decrease in splanchnic vascular resistance was proportional to the plasma concentration of lidocaine.", "contents": "Human hepatic blood flow and its relation to systemic circulation during intravenous infusion of lidocaine. Twelve healthy young volunteers were studied before and during intravenous administration of lidocaine at a dose rate of 2 or 4 mg/min. Five additional volunteers, who did not receive lidocaine solution but were given the same amount of physiological saline, were studied in the same manner. Heart rate, cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure, mean right atrial blood pressure, estimated hepatic blood flow and plasma concentration of lidocaine were measured repeatedly. The results showed an increase in heart rate, cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure, the latter two variables in relation to the plasma concentration of lidocaine. The estimated hepatic blood flow increased, partly as a result of the reduction of splanchnic vascular resistance and partly due to the stimulation of cardiac output. The decrease in splanchnic vascular resistance was proportional to the plasma concentration of lidocaine.", "PMID": 322438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8328", "title": "Observations on physiological and psychological functions of the ventral oral internal nucleus of the human thalamus.", "content": "Eight patients underwent VOI thalamotomy for spasmodic torticollis or choreoathetosis. The clinical results were disappointing: at follow-up examination 8 months postoperatively, on average, none of the seven patients with torticollis regarded the effect as good. In two there was some long-lasting improvement, but in five the results was nil. One patient with choreoathetosis did not benefit from surgery. Side-effects were frequent but not serious; they included excessive sleepiness, drowsiness, weight increase, deterioration of memory and loss of general activity. Electrical stimulation of the VOI nucleus caused subjective sensations in the neck and shoulder muscles without movements of the head, and autonomic or emotional reactions. An evoked scalp response was recorded in contralateral frontal area 8. As shown by psychological tests, in visuospatial performances there is a preoperative defect, which seems to be specific to spasmodic torticollis. After left VOI thalamotomy both receptive and expressive verbal efficiency were impaired. Visual perception and memory were almost unaffected by VOI thalamotomy.", "contents": "Observations on physiological and psychological functions of the ventral oral internal nucleus of the human thalamus. Eight patients underwent VOI thalamotomy for spasmodic torticollis or choreoathetosis. The clinical results were disappointing: at follow-up examination 8 months postoperatively, on average, none of the seven patients with torticollis regarded the effect as good. In two there was some long-lasting improvement, but in five the results was nil. One patient with choreoathetosis did not benefit from surgery. Side-effects were frequent but not serious; they included excessive sleepiness, drowsiness, weight increase, deterioration of memory and loss of general activity. Electrical stimulation of the VOI nucleus caused subjective sensations in the neck and shoulder muscles without movements of the head, and autonomic or emotional reactions. An evoked scalp response was recorded in contralateral frontal area 8. As shown by psychological tests, in visuospatial performances there is a preoperative defect, which seems to be specific to spasmodic torticollis. After left VOI thalamotomy both receptive and expressive verbal efficiency were impaired. Visual perception and memory were almost unaffected by VOI thalamotomy.", "PMID": 322439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8329", "title": "[T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of subjects receiving atropine].", "content": "Using the rosette test E and EAC and determining presence of immunoglobulins on the surface of cells T and B lymphocyte counts were calculated in peripheral blood of 10 healthy subjects receiving atropine for some days. Parallely the activity of T cells was evaluated on the basis of blastic transformation degree after PHA stimulation. No differences were observed in the counts of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood before and during atropine administration. T lymphocytes showed, however, functional defects manifested with impairment of PHA-stimulated transformation.", "contents": "[T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of subjects receiving atropine]. Using the rosette test E and EAC and determining presence of immunoglobulins on the surface of cells T and B lymphocyte counts were calculated in peripheral blood of 10 healthy subjects receiving atropine for some days. Parallely the activity of T cells was evaluated on the basis of blastic transformation degree after PHA stimulation. No differences were observed in the counts of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood before and during atropine administration. T lymphocytes showed, however, functional defects manifested with impairment of PHA-stimulated transformation.", "PMID": 322435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8330", "title": "An ultrastructure study on antibody production of the lymph nodes of rats with special reference to the role of germinal centers.", "content": "Antibody-containing cells in lymph nodes, expecially in germinal centers, and in thoracic duct of rats sensitized by injection of horseradish peroxidase were studied with the immunoperoxidase method. In the primary response the large germinal center cells began to produce antibody on the 9th day and predominated thereafter in germinal centers ,added by intercellular antibody deposition in its late stage. The \"ordinary\" medium-sized germinal center cells were a minor component. In the secondary response, the intracellular antibody positivity disappeared immediately after the antigenic rechallenge but reappeared from 6 hours later in the large germinal center cells which further transformed from 48 to 72 hours into the \"specifically differentiated\" medium-sized germinal center cells that disappeared by 96 hours after the secondary injection to enter the thoracic duct. Antibody-containing cells outside the germinal centers appeared 5 to 6 days after the primary injection and were mainly comprised of plasmocytic cell series which was classified into interfollicular large cells, proplasmocytes and plasmocytes. Some results conflicting with the cytological identity of both cell series were presented.", "contents": "An ultrastructure study on antibody production of the lymph nodes of rats with special reference to the role of germinal centers. Antibody-containing cells in lymph nodes, expecially in germinal centers, and in thoracic duct of rats sensitized by injection of horseradish peroxidase were studied with the immunoperoxidase method. In the primary response the large germinal center cells began to produce antibody on the 9th day and predominated thereafter in germinal centers ,added by intercellular antibody deposition in its late stage. The \"ordinary\" medium-sized germinal center cells were a minor component. In the secondary response, the intracellular antibody positivity disappeared immediately after the antigenic rechallenge but reappeared from 6 hours later in the large germinal center cells which further transformed from 48 to 72 hours into the \"specifically differentiated\" medium-sized germinal center cells that disappeared by 96 hours after the secondary injection to enter the thoracic duct. Antibody-containing cells outside the germinal centers appeared 5 to 6 days after the primary injection and were mainly comprised of plasmocytic cell series which was classified into interfollicular large cells, proplasmocytes and plasmocytes. Some results conflicting with the cytological identity of both cell series were presented.", "PMID": 322442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8331", "title": "The endocrine pancreas in early alloxan diabetes. Including study of the alloxan inhibitory effect of feeding and some hexoses.", "content": "Starved animals were sensitive to alloxan, whereas a more or less inhibitory effect towards alloxan was observed in fed animals, and in starved animals pretreated with glucose, mannose or fructose, but not in those pretreated with galactose. The islets of starved controls possessed larger B-cell mitochondria than those of fed ones. The earliest B-cell changes in the alloxan-treated animals were localized to the mitochondria which showed swelling, and disruption of inner and occasionally outer membranes. Later, many mitochondria were disintegrated, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex disorganized. The secretory granules were preserved, although sometimes with atypical configuration, in degenerating but non-necrotic B-cells, suggesting that insulin stored in granules is not released until the cells are necrotic. Finally, frank necrosis was seen in some B-cells, whereas others were unaffected. The Ca2+-precipitation studied by pyroantimonate technique and x-ray analysis differed in the B-cells of the alloxan-treated animals from that in the controls; the former animals exhibited no or only sparse precipitation in mitochondria and secretory granules, but a rich precipitation in the cytoplasmic ground substance, whereas the precipitation in the controls mainly was localized to mitochondria and secretory granules. The primary site of alloxan action in the B-cells is believed to be localized to the mitochondria.", "contents": "The endocrine pancreas in early alloxan diabetes. Including study of the alloxan inhibitory effect of feeding and some hexoses. Starved animals were sensitive to alloxan, whereas a more or less inhibitory effect towards alloxan was observed in fed animals, and in starved animals pretreated with glucose, mannose or fructose, but not in those pretreated with galactose. The islets of starved controls possessed larger B-cell mitochondria than those of fed ones. The earliest B-cell changes in the alloxan-treated animals were localized to the mitochondria which showed swelling, and disruption of inner and occasionally outer membranes. Later, many mitochondria were disintegrated, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex disorganized. The secretory granules were preserved, although sometimes with atypical configuration, in degenerating but non-necrotic B-cells, suggesting that insulin stored in granules is not released until the cells are necrotic. Finally, frank necrosis was seen in some B-cells, whereas others were unaffected. The Ca2+-precipitation studied by pyroantimonate technique and x-ray analysis differed in the B-cells of the alloxan-treated animals from that in the controls; the former animals exhibited no or only sparse precipitation in mitochondria and secretory granules, but a rich precipitation in the cytoplasmic ground substance, whereas the precipitation in the controls mainly was localized to mitochondria and secretory granules. The primary site of alloxan action in the B-cells is believed to be localized to the mitochondria.", "PMID": 322443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8332", "title": "Comparative bioavailability of oral dosage forms of oxazepam--correlation with in vitro dissolution rate.", "content": "Four oxazepam tablet preparations and a suspension of micronized oxazepam in water were given to healthy, fasting volunteers in a comparative bioavailability study using a partial cross-over design. Urinary recovery (0-72 hours) was used as a measure of extent of absorption. Peak serum concentration was used as a measure of rate of absorption. The three dosage forms having the highest dissolution rate in vitro were absorbed to the same extent, while slower dissolving tablets were not as fully absorbed. Peak serum concentration correlated linearly with in vitro dissolution rate. Single oral doses of oxazepam tablets containing 10, 15 and 25 mg showed equal rates and extents of absorption and produced serum concentrations linearly correlated with dose.", "contents": "Comparative bioavailability of oral dosage forms of oxazepam--correlation with in vitro dissolution rate. Four oxazepam tablet preparations and a suspension of micronized oxazepam in water were given to healthy, fasting volunteers in a comparative bioavailability study using a partial cross-over design. Urinary recovery (0-72 hours) was used as a measure of extent of absorption. Peak serum concentration was used as a measure of rate of absorption. The three dosage forms having the highest dissolution rate in vitro were absorbed to the same extent, while slower dissolving tablets were not as fully absorbed. Peak serum concentration correlated linearly with in vitro dissolution rate. Single oral doses of oxazepam tablets containing 10, 15 and 25 mg showed equal rates and extents of absorption and produced serum concentrations linearly correlated with dose.", "PMID": 322447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8333", "title": "S-tryptophan concentrations after intestinal bypass in extreme obesity.", "content": "Treatment of extreme obesity with jejunoileostomy was followed by a decreased level of S-tryptophan; permanently low concentrations were recorded postoperatively in 29 out of 52 patients. Patients in the low tryptophan group had a higher rate of weight loss and a hgiehr incidecnce of electrolyte disturbances and signs of liver injury. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were slightly more common in patients with low S-tryptophan. The influence of a decreased S-albumin and a deranged amino acid pattern on the non-protein-bound fraction of S-tryptophan needs further investigation. Serum levels of tryptophan rose significantly after rwo weeks' oral supplementation with 1.2 g L-tryptophan daily; this dosage was insufficient to normalize a low S-tryptophan level in patients who have undergone jejunoileostomy.", "contents": "S-tryptophan concentrations after intestinal bypass in extreme obesity. Treatment of extreme obesity with jejunoileostomy was followed by a decreased level of S-tryptophan; permanently low concentrations were recorded postoperatively in 29 out of 52 patients. Patients in the low tryptophan group had a higher rate of weight loss and a hgiehr incidecnce of electrolyte disturbances and signs of liver injury. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were slightly more common in patients with low S-tryptophan. The influence of a decreased S-albumin and a deranged amino acid pattern on the non-protein-bound fraction of S-tryptophan needs further investigation. Serum levels of tryptophan rose significantly after rwo weeks' oral supplementation with 1.2 g L-tryptophan daily; this dosage was insufficient to normalize a low S-tryptophan level in patients who have undergone jejunoileostomy.", "PMID": 322448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8334", "title": "The clinical significance of retinitis pigmentosa without pigment: a computer assisted analysis.", "content": "Sixty-eight consecutive patients with retinitis pigmentosa were studied to determine the frequency of the non-pigmented form of the disease. There was an overall incidence of 22%. Fifty percent of all cases had no characteristic pigmentation, if the duration of night vision difficulty was three years or less. The study lends statistical support to the concept that the non-pigmented form of retinitis pigmentosa is frequently an early stage of the disease and not an unusual or atypical variant. Patient without the pigmentary changes characteristic of the disorder also showed less functional impairment: the ERG b-wave was more apt to be recordable, although impaired; and the rod threshold, as determined by dark adaptation measurement, was less elevated. The clinician should suspect retinitis pigmentosa, even in the absence of pigmentary changes, if there is a family history of the disorder, night blindness, peripheral field loss, and an impaired or non-recordable electroretinographic response.", "contents": "The clinical significance of retinitis pigmentosa without pigment: a computer assisted analysis. Sixty-eight consecutive patients with retinitis pigmentosa were studied to determine the frequency of the non-pigmented form of the disease. There was an overall incidence of 22%. Fifty percent of all cases had no characteristic pigmentation, if the duration of night vision difficulty was three years or less. The study lends statistical support to the concept that the non-pigmented form of retinitis pigmentosa is frequently an early stage of the disease and not an unusual or atypical variant. Patient without the pigmentary changes characteristic of the disorder also showed less functional impairment: the ERG b-wave was more apt to be recordable, although impaired; and the rod threshold, as determined by dark adaptation measurement, was less elevated. The clinician should suspect retinitis pigmentosa, even in the absence of pigmentary changes, if there is a family history of the disorder, night blindness, peripheral field loss, and an impaired or non-recordable electroretinographic response.", "PMID": 322461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8335", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the fetal and early postnatal mouse brain.", "content": "The objectives were to (a) determine the age in development when GnRH is first detectable in the brain and (b) observe the distribution of GnRH throughout the fetal and early postnatal period. GnRH was localized immunohistochemically in fetal (15, 16, 17 and 19 days of gestation) and early postnatal (1- and 7-day-old) mice with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method of Sternberger. In the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and in the median eminence of the fetus, GnRH was first detected at 17 days of gestation. In the OVLT, GnRH was found ventral to the preoptic recess of the third ventricle near the ventral surface of the brain. In addition, GnRH was located adjacent to the superficial portal capillaries near the surface of the median eminence. At 19 days of gestation, the distribution of GnRH was similar to that observed at 17 days and there was a marked increase in amount. In the newborn mouse, GnRH was undetectable in the OVLT and its content in the median eminence was decreased as compared to that observed in the fetus. By the seventh postnatal day, a considerable accumulation of GnRH had occurred in the OVLT and median eminence. In the OVLT, it was associated with capillaries ventral to the preoptic recess, and its distribution in the median eminence was similar to that in the adult mouse. In both the OVLT and median eminence of the fetal and early postnatal mouse GnRH appeared to be stored in axons and axon endings, but was not detectable in nerve cell bodies or ependymal cells. These observations suggest that the potential for neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin secretion exists in the fetal mouse early as 17 days of gestation.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the fetal and early postnatal mouse brain. The objectives were to (a) determine the age in development when GnRH is first detectable in the brain and (b) observe the distribution of GnRH throughout the fetal and early postnatal period. GnRH was localized immunohistochemically in fetal (15, 16, 17 and 19 days of gestation) and early postnatal (1- and 7-day-old) mice with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method of Sternberger. In the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and in the median eminence of the fetus, GnRH was first detected at 17 days of gestation. In the OVLT, GnRH was found ventral to the preoptic recess of the third ventricle near the ventral surface of the brain. In addition, GnRH was located adjacent to the superficial portal capillaries near the surface of the median eminence. At 19 days of gestation, the distribution of GnRH was similar to that observed at 17 days and there was a marked increase in amount. In the newborn mouse, GnRH was undetectable in the OVLT and its content in the median eminence was decreased as compared to that observed in the fetus. By the seventh postnatal day, a considerable accumulation of GnRH had occurred in the OVLT and median eminence. In the OVLT, it was associated with capillaries ventral to the preoptic recess, and its distribution in the median eminence was similar to that in the adult mouse. In both the OVLT and median eminence of the fetal and early postnatal mouse GnRH appeared to be stored in axons and axon endings, but was not detectable in nerve cell bodies or ependymal cells. These observations suggest that the potential for neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin secretion exists in the fetal mouse early as 17 days of gestation.", "PMID": 322467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8336", "title": "An immunocytochemical study of human pituitary mammotropes from fetal life to old age.", "content": "The objectives were to (a) describe the cytology and distribution of mammotropes in the human pituitary gland, (b) determine whether the mammotrope is a distinctive secretory cell type and (c) ascertain when it first appears in the fetal hypophysis. Identification of mammotropes was based primarily on the Sternberger peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method used with an antiserum to human prolactin. Hypophyses from 25 male and 6 female adults, and 21 fetuses ranging in gestational age from 6 to 23 weeks were studied. In the adult two morphological forms of mammotropes were observed. Mammotrope I possessed a small perikaryon that commonly was located centrally in parenchymal cell cords. From the perikaryon long cytoplasmic processes extended toward neighboring capillaries. Mammotrope I reached its highest incidence in the posterolateral zones of the pars distalis. Mammotrope II possessed a larger perikaryon with short processes; cells of this form were fewer and occurred chiefly in the anteromedian zone. Mammotropes with intermediate morphological features that prevented classification into categories I or II were common in some hypophyses. Both forms of mammotropes were present prepuberally (one 6-week and one 9-year-old male) and in adult males and females. Mammotropes were only slightly more prominent in females than males. Regression of mammotropes was evident in old age. Mammotropes were distinctly different from somatotropes, corticotropes, gonadotropes and thyrotropes. In the fetal hypophysis mammotropes appeared first at 14 weeks of gestational age and remaind few through 16.5 weeks. Their number increased greatly at 23 weeks.", "contents": "An immunocytochemical study of human pituitary mammotropes from fetal life to old age. The objectives were to (a) describe the cytology and distribution of mammotropes in the human pituitary gland, (b) determine whether the mammotrope is a distinctive secretory cell type and (c) ascertain when it first appears in the fetal hypophysis. Identification of mammotropes was based primarily on the Sternberger peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method used with an antiserum to human prolactin. Hypophyses from 25 male and 6 female adults, and 21 fetuses ranging in gestational age from 6 to 23 weeks were studied. In the adult two morphological forms of mammotropes were observed. Mammotrope I possessed a small perikaryon that commonly was located centrally in parenchymal cell cords. From the perikaryon long cytoplasmic processes extended toward neighboring capillaries. Mammotrope I reached its highest incidence in the posterolateral zones of the pars distalis. Mammotrope II possessed a larger perikaryon with short processes; cells of this form were fewer and occurred chiefly in the anteromedian zone. Mammotropes with intermediate morphological features that prevented classification into categories I or II were common in some hypophyses. Both forms of mammotropes were present prepuberally (one 6-week and one 9-year-old male) and in adult males and females. Mammotropes were only slightly more prominent in females than males. Regression of mammotropes was evident in old age. Mammotropes were distinctly different from somatotropes, corticotropes, gonadotropes and thyrotropes. In the fetal hypophysis mammotropes appeared first at 14 weeks of gestational age and remaind few through 16.5 weeks. Their number increased greatly at 23 weeks.", "PMID": 322468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8337", "title": "A contribution to our knowledge of ginseng.", "content": "The Chinese people discovered ginseng and used it as a revitalizing agent since time immemorial. They are still the world's major consumers of this plant drug. The commercial product of ginseng comes from two species of the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae. These species are P. ginseng C. A. Meyer which is the source plant of the Chinese, Korean and Japanese brands of ginseng, and P. quinquefolius L., which is the source of American ginseng. Phytogeographically, ginseng demonstrates the classical bicentric pattern of plant distribution, with closely related species in eastern Asia and in eastern North America. Ecologically, ginseng is an undergrowth of hardwood mixed deciduous forest. It prefers the northern or the northeastern slope of a hill. Species of the genus Tilia are good indicators of the proper environmental condition for the growth of ginseng. Morphologically, ginseng is a perennial herb with fleshy root, a single annual stem bearing a whorl of palmately compound leaves, and a terminal simple umbel of small 5-merous flowers. The flowers are soon followed by pea-sized fruits developed from inferior ovaries. The fruits are red when ripe. Ginseng is propagated by seed. The commercial products of ginseng consist primarily of roots 2-20 years old. Within this age range, the older the root the higher the market value, provided they are grown in proper conditions. The methods of curing the roots change the color and shape of the products. Chinese ginseng is prepared from roots bleached, boiled, steamed, or sugared in curing. The cultural background for the uses of ginseng by the Chinese people is explained. Ginseng may be used alone in the form of tea, powder, or as a masticatory. It is also used in combination with other drugs of animal, mineral, or plant origin. Forty-two recipes are selected from Pen-ts'oa kang-mu and translated into English for the first time to show the various ways by which ginseng is used in traditional Chinese medicine. A systematic summary of the companion plant drugs of ginseng is presented in the form of a table, showing the distribution of the species in the plant kingdom. The scientific names of the species are given in full.", "contents": "A contribution to our knowledge of ginseng. The Chinese people discovered ginseng and used it as a revitalizing agent since time immemorial. They are still the world's major consumers of this plant drug. The commercial product of ginseng comes from two species of the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae. These species are P. ginseng C. A. Meyer which is the source plant of the Chinese, Korean and Japanese brands of ginseng, and P. quinquefolius L., which is the source of American ginseng. Phytogeographically, ginseng demonstrates the classical bicentric pattern of plant distribution, with closely related species in eastern Asia and in eastern North America. Ecologically, ginseng is an undergrowth of hardwood mixed deciduous forest. It prefers the northern or the northeastern slope of a hill. Species of the genus Tilia are good indicators of the proper environmental condition for the growth of ginseng. Morphologically, ginseng is a perennial herb with fleshy root, a single annual stem bearing a whorl of palmately compound leaves, and a terminal simple umbel of small 5-merous flowers. The flowers are soon followed by pea-sized fruits developed from inferior ovaries. The fruits are red when ripe. Ginseng is propagated by seed. The commercial products of ginseng consist primarily of roots 2-20 years old. Within this age range, the older the root the higher the market value, provided they are grown in proper conditions. The methods of curing the roots change the color and shape of the products. Chinese ginseng is prepared from roots bleached, boiled, steamed, or sugared in curing. The cultural background for the uses of ginseng by the Chinese people is explained. Ginseng may be used alone in the form of tea, powder, or as a masticatory. It is also used in combination with other drugs of animal, mineral, or plant origin. Forty-two recipes are selected from Pen-ts'oa kang-mu and translated into English for the first time to show the various ways by which ginseng is used in traditional Chinese medicine. A systematic summary of the companion plant drugs of ginseng is presented in the form of a table, showing the distribution of the species in the plant kingdom. The scientific names of the species are given in full.", "PMID": 322469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8338", "title": "An unsuccessful attempt to treat hypertension with acupuncture.", "content": "The effectiveness of 5 sets of acupuncture loci in decreasing systemic blood pressure was compared with chlorthalidone and propranolol in patients with essential hypertension. No statistically significant acute or long-term changes in plasma catecholamines, renin activity, or blood pressure and pulse rate were observed as a result of acupuncture treatment. The decrease in blood pressure was significantly less than that observed with propranolol, but not significantly less than that produced by chlorthalidone. Because of the poor patient acceptance of acupuncture and in the absence of a beneficial response, we feel acupuncture as employed in this study is of limited value in the management of patients with essential hypertension.", "contents": "An unsuccessful attempt to treat hypertension with acupuncture. The effectiveness of 5 sets of acupuncture loci in decreasing systemic blood pressure was compared with chlorthalidone and propranolol in patients with essential hypertension. No statistically significant acute or long-term changes in plasma catecholamines, renin activity, or blood pressure and pulse rate were observed as a result of acupuncture treatment. The decrease in blood pressure was significantly less than that observed with propranolol, but not significantly less than that produced by chlorthalidone. Because of the poor patient acceptance of acupuncture and in the absence of a beneficial response, we feel acupuncture as employed in this study is of limited value in the management of patients with essential hypertension.", "PMID": 322470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8339", "title": "Correlation of the serial-dilution protamine sulfate test with models of \"hypercoagulability\" and thrombosis in dogs.", "content": "In a dog model, combinations of venous-injury thrombosis, homologous serum-induced \"hypercoagulability,\" and fibrinolytic blockade were evaluated to determine the factors involved in the generation of a positive serial-dilution protamine sulfate test. Stasis and operative procedures did not produce a positive test. Small local thrombi induced by electrical current produced a positive test that tended to persist only during the initial formation and propagation of the thrombus, and was blocked by pretreatment with epsilon-aminocaproic acid, suggesting in this model that the test was detecting mainly early fibrin degradation products. Homologous serum infusion without venous-injury thrombosis also produced positive serial-dilution protamine sulfate test results that could not be blocked with epsilon-aminocaproic acid suggesting here that the serial-dilution protamine sulfate test was detecting mainly soluble complexes of fibrin monomer rather than early fibrin degradation products. The serial-dilution protamine sulfate test is therefore capable of detecting both small local thrombi and serum-induced \"hypercoagulability\" without thrombosis in the dog model.", "contents": "Correlation of the serial-dilution protamine sulfate test with models of \"hypercoagulability\" and thrombosis in dogs. In a dog model, combinations of venous-injury thrombosis, homologous serum-induced \"hypercoagulability,\" and fibrinolytic blockade were evaluated to determine the factors involved in the generation of a positive serial-dilution protamine sulfate test. Stasis and operative procedures did not produce a positive test. Small local thrombi induced by electrical current produced a positive test that tended to persist only during the initial formation and propagation of the thrombus, and was blocked by pretreatment with epsilon-aminocaproic acid, suggesting in this model that the test was detecting mainly early fibrin degradation products. Homologous serum infusion without venous-injury thrombosis also produced positive serial-dilution protamine sulfate test results that could not be blocked with epsilon-aminocaproic acid suggesting here that the serial-dilution protamine sulfate test was detecting mainly soluble complexes of fibrin monomer rather than early fibrin degradation products. The serial-dilution protamine sulfate test is therefore capable of detecting both small local thrombi and serum-induced \"hypercoagulability\" without thrombosis in the dog model.", "PMID": 322471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8340", "title": "A comparative study of technics for the detection of antibodies to native deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "Antibodies to native DNA have been assessed by three separate radioimmunoassay methods: the Millipore filter technic, the Farr ammonium sulfate precipitation test, and a commercially available kit method. Although each method was found to be reliably reproducible, the different units by which results are expressed made comparison difficult because of the technical variations inherent in each test. The correlation between tests was, however, high. To allow for interlaboratory standardization, it is suggested that the assay method used be clearly specified. Results are best expressed in terms of mg of DNA bound per deciliter of test serum. It appears that the centrally standardized radioimmunoassay kit is the most convenient method by which these antibodies can be measured in routine laboratories.", "contents": "A comparative study of technics for the detection of antibodies to native deoxyribonucleic acid. Antibodies to native DNA have been assessed by three separate radioimmunoassay methods: the Millipore filter technic, the Farr ammonium sulfate precipitation test, and a commercially available kit method. Although each method was found to be reliably reproducible, the different units by which results are expressed made comparison difficult because of the technical variations inherent in each test. The correlation between tests was, however, high. To allow for interlaboratory standardization, it is suggested that the assay method used be clearly specified. Results are best expressed in terms of mg of DNA bound per deciliter of test serum. It appears that the centrally standardized radioimmunoassay kit is the most convenient method by which these antibodies can be measured in routine laboratories.", "PMID": 322472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8341", "title": "Infection in infants and children.", "content": "Infection with Listeria monocytogenes is demonstrated over a 141/2 year period in 24 newborns, three infants 1 to 2 months of age, and two children. Comparison of the 22 cases of Listeria meningitis in newborns with 118 cases of neonatal meningitis due to other bacteria indicates a later onset of symptoms in cases of Listeria meningitis with a more favorable outcome than with most other agents. Treatment with ampicillin sodium appears effective. Monocytic cell increases in peripheral blood or CSF may be helpful in suspecting this diagnosis. The cases of Listeria meningitis in the older children were unusual. In one child it occurred as a concomitant infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis of a ventricular shunt. In the second case in an otherwise healthy child the acquisition of the bacteria from gerbils was suggested, but could not be confirmed.", "contents": "Infection in infants and children. Infection with Listeria monocytogenes is demonstrated over a 141/2 year period in 24 newborns, three infants 1 to 2 months of age, and two children. Comparison of the 22 cases of Listeria meningitis in newborns with 118 cases of neonatal meningitis due to other bacteria indicates a later onset of symptoms in cases of Listeria meningitis with a more favorable outcome than with most other agents. Treatment with ampicillin sodium appears effective. Monocytic cell increases in peripheral blood or CSF may be helpful in suspecting this diagnosis. The cases of Listeria meningitis in the older children were unusual. In one child it occurred as a concomitant infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis of a ventricular shunt. In the second case in an otherwise healthy child the acquisition of the bacteria from gerbils was suggested, but could not be confirmed.", "PMID": 322473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8342", "title": "Neonatal listeriosis.", "content": "Five cases of neonatal listeriosis were diagnosed and treated in a 13-month period. Maternal fever and \"greenish discoloration\" or meconium staining of amniotic fluid complicated all deliveries. Amniotic membranes were intact until artificial rupture shortly before delivery. One infant, with the \"granulomatous\" form of the disease, died. Four infants required mechanical ventilation. Two survivors with pneumonia, who required mechanical ventilation and 100% inspired oxygen for persistent hypoxemia, responded to tolazoline hydrochloride therapy. Early institution of antibiotics and aggressive ventilatory and pharmacological support were considered to be important factors in survival.", "contents": "Neonatal listeriosis. Five cases of neonatal listeriosis were diagnosed and treated in a 13-month period. Maternal fever and \"greenish discoloration\" or meconium staining of amniotic fluid complicated all deliveries. Amniotic membranes were intact until artificial rupture shortly before delivery. One infant, with the \"granulomatous\" form of the disease, died. Four infants required mechanical ventilation. Two survivors with pneumonia, who required mechanical ventilation and 100% inspired oxygen for persistent hypoxemia, responded to tolazoline hydrochloride therapy. Early institution of antibiotics and aggressive ventilatory and pharmacological support were considered to be important factors in survival.", "PMID": 322474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8343", "title": "Otogenous tetanus: a sequelae of chronic ear infections.", "content": "Eight patients had bacteriologically confirmed otogenous tetanus and all survived, suggesting that this may be a less severe form of the disease. Clostridium organisms most probably secondarily infect the purulent ear discharge after contamination by dirty cloth or fingers. Since most cases of tetanus are seen first by pediatricians or family physicians, they should be familiar with this potential source. Adequate tetanus immunization predisposed to chronic otorrhea.", "contents": "Otogenous tetanus: a sequelae of chronic ear infections. Eight patients had bacteriologically confirmed otogenous tetanus and all survived, suggesting that this may be a less severe form of the disease. Clostridium organisms most probably secondarily infect the purulent ear discharge after contamination by dirty cloth or fingers. Since most cases of tetanus are seen first by pediatricians or family physicians, they should be familiar with this potential source. Adequate tetanus immunization predisposed to chronic otorrhea.", "PMID": 322475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8344", "title": "Systemic reactions to influenza B vaccine.", "content": "Standard whole virus influenza vaccine (1974-1976) containing 700 chicken cell agglutinating (CCA) units of type A (Port Chalmers/1/75) or Port Chalmers plus Scotland/840/74) and 500 units of type B (HK/8/73) antigens was found to produce excessive systemic toxicity in adult volunteers. Using experimental monovalent A and B vaccines, most of the observed toxicity was shown to be associated with the B antigen. Injection of 500 CCA units or more of B vaccine was followed within 10-16 hours by malaise and chills in approximately one-third of vaccines. Chills, malaise, and local pain were more common in volunteers lacking prevaccination serum HI antibody than in those in whom this antibody was present. Toxicity was not related to the presence of endotoxin or bacterial contamination of vaccine; it appeared to be \"intrinsic\" to the viral antigen. The mechanism for the toxicity in man may be the same as the direct pyrogenic effect of influenza antigen for rabbits previously observed by others. Detoxification of the B antigen by prolonged exposure to formalin reduced the side effects of a 500 CCA unit dose to acceptable levels without impairing its antigenicity.", "contents": "Systemic reactions to influenza B vaccine. Standard whole virus influenza vaccine (1974-1976) containing 700 chicken cell agglutinating (CCA) units of type A (Port Chalmers/1/75) or Port Chalmers plus Scotland/840/74) and 500 units of type B (HK/8/73) antigens was found to produce excessive systemic toxicity in adult volunteers. Using experimental monovalent A and B vaccines, most of the observed toxicity was shown to be associated with the B antigen. Injection of 500 CCA units or more of B vaccine was followed within 10-16 hours by malaise and chills in approximately one-third of vaccines. Chills, malaise, and local pain were more common in volunteers lacking prevaccination serum HI antibody than in those in whom this antibody was present. Toxicity was not related to the presence of endotoxin or bacterial contamination of vaccine; it appeared to be \"intrinsic\" to the viral antigen. The mechanism for the toxicity in man may be the same as the direct pyrogenic effect of influenza antigen for rabbits previously observed by others. Detoxification of the B antigen by prolonged exposure to formalin reduced the side effects of a 500 CCA unit dose to acceptable levels without impairing its antigenicity.", "PMID": 322477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8345", "title": "Nature of the mutation in adult beta-galactosidase deficient patients.", "content": "Fibroblasts from three chronically affected, beta-galactosidase deficient adults were shown to synthesize nearly normal quantities of immunologically reactive catalytically deficient beta-galactosidase, indicating that they are CRM + structural mutants.", "contents": "Nature of the mutation in adult beta-galactosidase deficient patients. Fibroblasts from three chronically affected, beta-galactosidase deficient adults were shown to synthesize nearly normal quantities of immunologically reactive catalytically deficient beta-galactosidase, indicating that they are CRM + structural mutants.", "PMID": 322478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8346", "title": "Evaluation of a self-instructional unit for use in educational programs in histologic technique.", "content": "A linear programmed instructional booklet was developed and used to evaluate the acceptability of this learning strategy to histologic technique instructors and their students. Comparisons of students' cognitive knowledge of the relevant topics before and after using the booklet indicated that most were achieving the booklet's objectives. The post-test score was not significantly affected either by prior experience with programmed materials or by the way the booklet was used. The verbal attitude responses of the students were encouraging, and most indicated the booklet was an efficient way for them to learn, and it was helpful in clarifying concepts. The verbal attitudes of the instructors were also favorable. The indications were that booklet use shortened subsequent lecture time and that the booklet was most valuable as a supplement to conventional instructional methods.", "contents": "Evaluation of a self-instructional unit for use in educational programs in histologic technique. A linear programmed instructional booklet was developed and used to evaluate the acceptability of this learning strategy to histologic technique instructors and their students. Comparisons of students' cognitive knowledge of the relevant topics before and after using the booklet indicated that most were achieving the booklet's objectives. The post-test score was not significantly affected either by prior experience with programmed materials or by the way the booklet was used. The verbal attitude responses of the students were encouraging, and most indicated the booklet was an efficient way for them to learn, and it was helpful in clarifying concepts. The verbal attitudes of the instructors were also favorable. The indications were that booklet use shortened subsequent lecture time and that the booklet was most valuable as a supplement to conventional instructional methods.", "PMID": 322482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8347", "title": "The evolution of a computer-assisted hematology system.", "content": "Over a one-year period, the York Hospital customized and refined an existing software package and developed a computerized hematology system which solved many of the problems encountered while implementing the computer in the routine hematology laboratory. These problems included: developing an efficient system of internal organization and work flow patterns; finding a method for accurate and rapid test result entry; and ensuring the compatibility between the system and existing instrumentation.", "contents": "The evolution of a computer-assisted hematology system. Over a one-year period, the York Hospital customized and refined an existing software package and developed a computerized hematology system which solved many of the problems encountered while implementing the computer in the routine hematology laboratory. These problems included: developing an efficient system of internal organization and work flow patterns; finding a method for accurate and rapid test result entry; and ensuring the compatibility between the system and existing instrumentation.", "PMID": 322483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8348", "title": "Behavioral research on severe and profound mental retardation (1955--1974).", "content": "A bibliography of behavioral research on severe and profound mental retardation was presented and briefly summarized. The review documented a dramatic shift in thinking about this population that has occurred in the last 20 years.", "contents": "Behavioral research on severe and profound mental retardation (1955--1974). A bibliography of behavioral research on severe and profound mental retardation was presented and briefly summarized. The review documented a dramatic shift in thinking about this population that has occurred in the last 20 years.", "PMID": 322486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8349", "title": "Simultaneous left ventricular echocardiography and aortic blood velocity during rapid right ventricular pacing in man.", "content": "Left ventricular echocardiograms and phasic instantaneous Doppler aortic blood velocities were simultaneously recorded during short paroxysms of rapid right ventricular pacing in 20 conscious subjects. Right ventricular pacing at rates of 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180/min produced stepwise reductions of mean estimates for diastolic (D) and systolic (S) left ventricular internal dimensions (LVID) along with a diminution of aortic blood velocity. Mean (X +/- 1 standard deviation) per cent decline of LVID-D, LVID-S and peak aortic blood velocities for the study group ranged from 8.9 +/- 6.1, 8.5 +/- 5.7 and 13.7 +/- 7.7 at 100 beats/min to 29.3 +/- 10.6, 25.2 +/- 10.5 and 55.2 +/- 13.1 at 180 beats/min, respectively. When LVID-D, LVID-S, and aortic blood velocity X % reductions were plotted for all heart rates there was a high degree of positive correlation (r = 0.99). Two types of abnormal septal motion were observed during rapid pacing: Type I--paradoxical septal motion at all pacing rates (n = 7, 6/7 with left coronary artery disease); Type II--hypokinetic septal motion at lower pacing rates with flat or paradoxical motion at rates greater than 140/min (n = 13, 10/13 with normal coronary arteries). It is concluded that short episodes of rapid right ventricular pacing result in reduced LVID and abnormal septal motion with the latter possibly related to septal ischemia. Such study provides insight into the untoward influence of rapid ventricular rhythms on cardiac performance.", "contents": "Simultaneous left ventricular echocardiography and aortic blood velocity during rapid right ventricular pacing in man. Left ventricular echocardiograms and phasic instantaneous Doppler aortic blood velocities were simultaneously recorded during short paroxysms of rapid right ventricular pacing in 20 conscious subjects. Right ventricular pacing at rates of 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180/min produced stepwise reductions of mean estimates for diastolic (D) and systolic (S) left ventricular internal dimensions (LVID) along with a diminution of aortic blood velocity. Mean (X +/- 1 standard deviation) per cent decline of LVID-D, LVID-S and peak aortic blood velocities for the study group ranged from 8.9 +/- 6.1, 8.5 +/- 5.7 and 13.7 +/- 7.7 at 100 beats/min to 29.3 +/- 10.6, 25.2 +/- 10.5 and 55.2 +/- 13.1 at 180 beats/min, respectively. When LVID-D, LVID-S, and aortic blood velocity X % reductions were plotted for all heart rates there was a high degree of positive correlation (r = 0.99). Two types of abnormal septal motion were observed during rapid pacing: Type I--paradoxical septal motion at all pacing rates (n = 7, 6/7 with left coronary artery disease); Type II--hypokinetic septal motion at lower pacing rates with flat or paradoxical motion at rates greater than 140/min (n = 13, 10/13 with normal coronary arteries). It is concluded that short episodes of rapid right ventricular pacing result in reduced LVID and abnormal septal motion with the latter possibly related to septal ischemia. Such study provides insight into the untoward influence of rapid ventricular rhythms on cardiac performance.", "PMID": 322484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8350", "title": "Pituitary responses to synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in thirty-four cases of amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea associated with galactorrhea.", "content": "Pituitary responses to 100 mcg. of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) administered subcutaneously were studied in 34 cases of amenorrhea or anovulatory oligomenorrhea associated with galactorrhea. Twenty-six patients had pituitary prolactin-secreting tumors (group I); eight patients had a normal sella turcica and remission of the syndrome either spontaneously or after thyroid replacement therapy (group 2). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to LH-RH were variable in each group of patients, ranging from poor to exaggerated, and no statistically significant difference could be observed between the groups. A positive correlation was found between FSH pituitary responses and basal FSH levels (r=0.50; P less than 0.01). No positive correlation was observed between either LH responses and basal LH levels or the gonadotropin responses and plasma estradiol levels, serum prolactin concentrations, duration of amenorrhea, or size of the tumor.", "contents": "Pituitary responses to synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in thirty-four cases of amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea associated with galactorrhea. Pituitary responses to 100 mcg. of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) administered subcutaneously were studied in 34 cases of amenorrhea or anovulatory oligomenorrhea associated with galactorrhea. Twenty-six patients had pituitary prolactin-secreting tumors (group I); eight patients had a normal sella turcica and remission of the syndrome either spontaneously or after thyroid replacement therapy (group 2). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to LH-RH were variable in each group of patients, ranging from poor to exaggerated, and no statistically significant difference could be observed between the groups. A positive correlation was found between FSH pituitary responses and basal FSH levels (r=0.50; P less than 0.01). No positive correlation was observed between either LH responses and basal LH levels or the gonadotropin responses and plasma estradiol levels, serum prolactin concentrations, duration of amenorrhea, or size of the tumor.", "PMID": 322489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8351", "title": "Cardiac performance and beta-adrenergic blockade in arterial hypertension.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to evaluate the functional changes which may occur in the human hypertensive heart following treatment with beta-blocking agents. In 54 primary hypertensive men investigated in the control state and after three weeks of treatment with propranolol (320 mg/day) it was seen that: (a) beta-adrenergic blockade depresses the pre-ejection, and probably the ejection left ventricular function; (b) the former effect is unrelated to changes in peripheral circulation, while the latter result may be either potentiated or overcome, depending on the direction to which treatment shifts the vascular resistance; (c) variations of impedance, rather than of blood pressure, influence the ejection left ventricular function; and (d) withdrawal of the adrenergic support to the heart, due to beta-blockade, is probably the primary factor responsible for the abnormal ventricular adaptation to an augmented impedance.", "contents": "Cardiac performance and beta-adrenergic blockade in arterial hypertension. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the functional changes which may occur in the human hypertensive heart following treatment with beta-blocking agents. In 54 primary hypertensive men investigated in the control state and after three weeks of treatment with propranolol (320 mg/day) it was seen that: (a) beta-adrenergic blockade depresses the pre-ejection, and probably the ejection left ventricular function; (b) the former effect is unrelated to changes in peripheral circulation, while the latter result may be either potentiated or overcome, depending on the direction to which treatment shifts the vascular resistance; (c) variations of impedance, rather than of blood pressure, influence the ejection left ventricular function; and (d) withdrawal of the adrenergic support to the heart, due to beta-blockade, is probably the primary factor responsible for the abnormal ventricular adaptation to an augmented impedance.", "PMID": 322485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8352", "title": "The treatment of dysmenorrhea with naproxen sodium: a report on two independent double-blind trials.", "content": "The efficacy of naproxen sodium (naproxen-Na) in dysmenorrhea has been established in two independent double-blind (placebo-controlled) studies. An initial dose of 550 mg. of naproxen-Na was followed by 275 mg. every six hours for a maximum of five days. Twenty patients were included in Study I (10 treated with naproxen-Na) and 23 patients in Study II (12 treated with naproxen-Na). Each patient received the medication during four dysmenorrheic episodes. Thus, a total of 172 treatment courses could be evaluated. A variety of efficacy criteria were measured: frequency of pill intake, changes in pain intensity, the degree of relief achieved by the medication, and need for additional analgesics. In both studies naproxen-Na was demonstrated to be superior to the placebo treatment with high statistical significance in each of these parameters.", "contents": "The treatment of dysmenorrhea with naproxen sodium: a report on two independent double-blind trials. The efficacy of naproxen sodium (naproxen-Na) in dysmenorrhea has been established in two independent double-blind (placebo-controlled) studies. An initial dose of 550 mg. of naproxen-Na was followed by 275 mg. every six hours for a maximum of five days. Twenty patients were included in Study I (10 treated with naproxen-Na) and 23 patients in Study II (12 treated with naproxen-Na). Each patient received the medication during four dysmenorrheic episodes. Thus, a total of 172 treatment courses could be evaluated. A variety of efficacy criteria were measured: frequency of pill intake, changes in pain intensity, the degree of relief achieved by the medication, and need for additional analgesics. In both studies naproxen-Na was demonstrated to be superior to the placebo treatment with high statistical significance in each of these parameters.", "PMID": 322491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8353", "title": "Pupil size after use of marijuana and alcohol.", "content": "In an experiment using ten subjects, marijuana produced a dose-related constriction of the pupil at low photopic light levels; alcohol produced no effect on pupil size. The two drugs in combination produced no change in pupil size.", "contents": "Pupil size after use of marijuana and alcohol. In an experiment using ten subjects, marijuana produced a dose-related constriction of the pupil at low photopic light levels; alcohol produced no effect on pupil size. The two drugs in combination produced no change in pupil size.", "PMID": 322494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8354", "title": "Damage to epithelial basement membrane by thermokeratoplasty.", "content": "To determine the effects of thermokeratoplasty (TKP) on the basement membrane complexes of the corneal epithelium, transmission electron microscopy was performed on the corneal buttons of five patients with failed TKP and on two normal corneas and five corneas with keratoconus that were immediately treated by TKP (acute TKP). The consistent findings of thermal dissolution of basement membrane after acute TKP and persistent defects of basement membrane complexes many months after therapeutic thermokeratoplasty were significant. Given the potentially damaging effects of thermokeratoplasty on the epithelial basement membrane, faulty epithelial adhesion should be anticipated after thermokeratoplasty and should be treated aggressively, possibly with careful prophylactic use of bandage hydrophilic contact lenses.", "contents": "Damage to epithelial basement membrane by thermokeratoplasty. To determine the effects of thermokeratoplasty (TKP) on the basement membrane complexes of the corneal epithelium, transmission electron microscopy was performed on the corneal buttons of five patients with failed TKP and on two normal corneas and five corneas with keratoconus that were immediately treated by TKP (acute TKP). The consistent findings of thermal dissolution of basement membrane after acute TKP and persistent defects of basement membrane complexes many months after therapeutic thermokeratoplasty were significant. Given the potentially damaging effects of thermokeratoplasty on the epithelial basement membrane, faulty epithelial adhesion should be anticipated after thermokeratoplasty and should be treated aggressively, possibly with careful prophylactic use of bandage hydrophilic contact lenses.", "PMID": 322495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8355", "title": "The magazine picture collage: development of an objective scoring system.", "content": "A system for objectively scoring the magazine picture collage was developed and applied to the collages of 12 psychiatric inpatients and 12 paired controls. As a group, the patient collages had fewer cuttings, tended to lack an overall balance and central theme, and contained fewer pictures of people and more of animals. The results are consistent with those reported by other researchers as well as with general clinical experience, and as such, lend support to the construct validity of the scoring system.", "contents": "The magazine picture collage: development of an objective scoring system. A system for objectively scoring the magazine picture collage was developed and applied to the collages of 12 psychiatric inpatients and 12 paired controls. As a group, the patient collages had fewer cuttings, tended to lack an overall balance and central theme, and contained fewer pictures of people and more of animals. The results are consistent with those reported by other researchers as well as with general clinical experience, and as such, lend support to the construct validity of the scoring system.", "PMID": 322497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8356", "title": "The derailment of occupational therapy.", "content": "The derailment of occupational therapy, exemplified by the profession's symbiosis with the medical model, its alignment with the rehabilitation movement, and its devaluation of the arts and crafts is the central theme of this article. The occupational behavior paradigm, which represents a recommitment to the values and beliefs of the profession's founders, has emerged to arrest the derailment process and thereby reinstate the substantive goals of occupational therapy.", "contents": "The derailment of occupational therapy. The derailment of occupational therapy, exemplified by the profession's symbiosis with the medical model, its alignment with the rehabilitation movement, and its devaluation of the arts and crafts is the central theme of this article. The occupational behavior paradigm, which represents a recommitment to the values and beliefs of the profession's founders, has emerged to arrest the derailment process and thereby reinstate the substantive goals of occupational therapy.", "PMID": 322498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8357", "title": "Midpalatal suture opening: a normative study.", "content": "This study of the average response to midpalatal suture opening revealed the following significant results: 1. Maxillary expansion was effected in all fifty-six cases, but the older patients with more rigid skeletal components experienced little orthopedic change. 2. The maxilla always moves downward and moves varying degrees, from slightly backward to sometimes significantly forward during suture opening. Full recovery usually occurs during stabilization. 3. Maxillary skeletal width can be expanded with no relapse in younger patients. However, older patients often lose much of the width increase that is achieved through palatal expansion. 4. In younger patients, the mandible permanently rotates open less than 1 degree.", "contents": "Midpalatal suture opening: a normative study. This study of the average response to midpalatal suture opening revealed the following significant results: 1. Maxillary expansion was effected in all fifty-six cases, but the older patients with more rigid skeletal components experienced little orthopedic change. 2. The maxilla always moves downward and moves varying degrees, from slightly backward to sometimes significantly forward during suture opening. Full recovery usually occurs during stabilization. 3. Maxillary skeletal width can be expanded with no relapse in younger patients. However, older patients often lose much of the width increase that is achieved through palatal expansion. 4. In younger patients, the mandible permanently rotates open less than 1 degree.", "PMID": 322499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8358", "title": "Clinical experience with direct-bonded orthodontic retainers.", "content": "The experience obtained in clinical evaluation of forty-three direct-bonded mandibular canine-to-canine retainers after a minimum observation period of 1 year (range, 1 to 2.5 years) is summarized. Results indicate that the bonded retainer has all the advantages of a fixed soldered retainer, in addition to being invisible. Patient acceptance was excellent, and the failure rate in terms of loose retainers was low. Also, for a number of other retention problems, direct bonding with different types of lingual wire seems to open up a range of promising new possibilities.", "contents": "Clinical experience with direct-bonded orthodontic retainers. The experience obtained in clinical evaluation of forty-three direct-bonded mandibular canine-to-canine retainers after a minimum observation period of 1 year (range, 1 to 2.5 years) is summarized. Results indicate that the bonded retainer has all the advantages of a fixed soldered retainer, in addition to being invisible. Patient acceptance was excellent, and the failure rate in terms of loose retainers was low. Also, for a number of other retention problems, direct bonding with different types of lingual wire seems to open up a range of promising new possibilities.", "PMID": 322500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8359", "title": "Mineralization in the midpalatal suture after orthodontic expansion.", "content": "A new method is described for an objective measurement of the mineralization in the anterior part of the midpalatal suture after its orthodontic expansion. The radioisotope 125I is used as radiation source and is placed intraorally in the same position on each measurement occasion. The extraoral part of the apparatus consisted of a scintillation crystal and a pulse-height analyzer to determine the number of roentgen quanta transmitted. The measurements showed that the mineral content within the suture rose rapidly during the first month after the completion of suture opening. In the bone beside the suture, the mineral content decreased sharply during the first month of measurement; later it returned to the initial level.", "contents": "Mineralization in the midpalatal suture after orthodontic expansion. A new method is described for an objective measurement of the mineralization in the anterior part of the midpalatal suture after its orthodontic expansion. The radioisotope 125I is used as radiation source and is placed intraorally in the same position on each measurement occasion. The extraoral part of the apparatus consisted of a scintillation crystal and a pulse-height analyzer to determine the number of roentgen quanta transmitted. The measurements showed that the mineral content within the suture rose rapidly during the first month after the completion of suture opening. In the bone beside the suture, the mineral content decreased sharply during the first month of measurement; later it returned to the initial level.", "PMID": 322501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8360", "title": "Immunopathology of early and clinically silent lupus nephropathy.", "content": "Detailed immunopathologic studies of early or silent renal alterations in systemic lupus erythematosus have been sparse. The renal biopsies of 16 lupus patients with normal renal function, including 8 with hematuria and/or proteinuria of recent onset, and 8 without clinically detectable renal disease were investigated by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Immunoglobulins, complement components, and electron-dense deposits were detected in glomeruli of all patients, regardless of morphologic appearance or lack of clinical evidence of renal involvement. Features of membranous glomerulonepritis were observed in 4 patients with substantial proteinuria. In the remaining 12 patients, including 3 with hematuria and 4 with slight proteinuria, either minimal glomerular alterations or features of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis were seen. Transformation of the original disease was demonstrated in 3 of 3 patients rebiopsied within 2 years. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to a) the spectrum of clinical and immunopathologic alterations in lupus nephritis and b) transformation of the original disease.", "contents": "Immunopathology of early and clinically silent lupus nephropathy. Detailed immunopathologic studies of early or silent renal alterations in systemic lupus erythematosus have been sparse. The renal biopsies of 16 lupus patients with normal renal function, including 8 with hematuria and/or proteinuria of recent onset, and 8 without clinically detectable renal disease were investigated by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Immunoglobulins, complement components, and electron-dense deposits were detected in glomeruli of all patients, regardless of morphologic appearance or lack of clinical evidence of renal involvement. Features of membranous glomerulonepritis were observed in 4 patients with substantial proteinuria. In the remaining 12 patients, including 3 with hematuria and 4 with slight proteinuria, either minimal glomerular alterations or features of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis were seen. Transformation of the original disease was demonstrated in 3 of 3 patients rebiopsied within 2 years. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to a) the spectrum of clinical and immunopathologic alterations in lupus nephritis and b) transformation of the original disease.", "PMID": 322502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8361", "title": "Intimal healing. The pattern of reendothelialization and intimal thickening.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to investigate further the basis of intimal proliferation and the identity of the surface lining cell in rabbit aortas subjected to extensive deendothelialization. Endothelial cells were selectively removed by passage of an inflated balloon catheter through the arterial lumen. The healing response was evaluated at intervals up to 36 weeks by several techniques: 1) permeability to Evans blue, 2) reappearance of endothelial cells as indicated by the specific marker, adsorbed goat anti-rabbit tissue factor-horseradish peroxidase, 3) planimetric measurements of intimal thickness, and 4) electron microscopy. The results indicate that endothelial cell recovery progressed slowly and that it extended only from areas spared denudation. The regions not covered by endothelial cells were lined by cells of smooth muscle cell origin. Such areas were permeable to Evans blue-protein complex, and their luminal smooth muscle cells were associated with connective tissue-like material at their luminal surface; this material apparently acted as a base for platelet accumulation. The present findings indicate that the lumen of the extensively denuded vessel is lined by either endothelial or smooth muscle cells and that intimal healing is related to restoration of endothelial cell cover. In addition, intimal thickening reached a maximum well before reendothelialization was complete.", "contents": "Intimal healing. The pattern of reendothelialization and intimal thickening. Studies were undertaken to investigate further the basis of intimal proliferation and the identity of the surface lining cell in rabbit aortas subjected to extensive deendothelialization. Endothelial cells were selectively removed by passage of an inflated balloon catheter through the arterial lumen. The healing response was evaluated at intervals up to 36 weeks by several techniques: 1) permeability to Evans blue, 2) reappearance of endothelial cells as indicated by the specific marker, adsorbed goat anti-rabbit tissue factor-horseradish peroxidase, 3) planimetric measurements of intimal thickness, and 4) electron microscopy. The results indicate that endothelial cell recovery progressed slowly and that it extended only from areas spared denudation. The regions not covered by endothelial cells were lined by cells of smooth muscle cell origin. Such areas were permeable to Evans blue-protein complex, and their luminal smooth muscle cells were associated with connective tissue-like material at their luminal surface; this material apparently acted as a base for platelet accumulation. The present findings indicate that the lumen of the extensively denuded vessel is lined by either endothelial or smooth muscle cells and that intimal healing is related to restoration of endothelial cell cover. In addition, intimal thickening reached a maximum well before reendothelialization was complete.", "PMID": 322503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8362", "title": "Immunologic surface markers in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Tissues from 21 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were examined for immunologic cell surface markers. Patterns of distribution of complement receptor (CR) B lymphocytes and Fc receptor (FcR)-bearing histiocytes in tumor tissue were evaluated and compared to routine histologic preparations of the tumors and to normal tissue. The lymphomatous infiltrates from all 6 cases of nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (NPDLL) consisted of dense populations of CR B lymphocytes. Involved tissue from 7 of 8 patients with diffuse, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (DPDLL) was predominately comprised of CR B lymphocytes. Discrete nodules of CR B cells were present in a lymph node replaced by DPDLL. FcR were identified on the cells from 1 of 3 cases of histiocytic lymphoma. None of the 4 cases of undifferentiated lymphoma possessed demonstrable surface markers in tissue section; however, the cell suspension from 1 case contained a high percentage of CR B cells. Both CR and T cell markers were present on the cells of DPDLL of childhood.", "contents": "Immunologic surface markers in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Tissues from 21 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were examined for immunologic cell surface markers. Patterns of distribution of complement receptor (CR) B lymphocytes and Fc receptor (FcR)-bearing histiocytes in tumor tissue were evaluated and compared to routine histologic preparations of the tumors and to normal tissue. The lymphomatous infiltrates from all 6 cases of nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (NPDLL) consisted of dense populations of CR B lymphocytes. Involved tissue from 7 of 8 patients with diffuse, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (DPDLL) was predominately comprised of CR B lymphocytes. Discrete nodules of CR B cells were present in a lymph node replaced by DPDLL. FcR were identified on the cells from 1 of 3 cases of histiocytic lymphoma. None of the 4 cases of undifferentiated lymphoma possessed demonstrable surface markers in tissue section; however, the cell suspension from 1 case contained a high percentage of CR B cells. Both CR and T cell markers were present on the cells of DPDLL of childhood.", "PMID": 322504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8363", "title": "Reassortment of lymphocytes in lymph from normal and allografted sheep.", "content": "The distribution and nature of surface immunoglobulin-bearing (SIg) cells were studied in various sources of lymph from normal sheep and from sheep bearing renal autografts and renal allografts. In normal sheep, 12.2% +/- 1.5 of all mononuclear cells in peripheral lymph SIg and, of these, more than 50% were monocytes and macrophages. Less than 6% of the lymphocytes in peripheral lymph carried SIg. In contrast, 24.7% +/- 1.3 of the mononuclear cells in central lymph had SIg, and all of the labeled cells were lymphocytes. The frequencies of SIg cells in peripheral lymph issuing from renal autografts and from renal allografts were 6.7% +/- 1.3 and 6.9% +/- 0.8, respectively, and the labeled cells were predominantly lymphocytes. The proportion of SIg cells in central lymph from graft-bearing sheep was similar to that from normal sheep. The differences between central lymph and peripheral lymph from both normal and graft-bearing sheep are thought to reflect a restriction on the passage of SIg cells through capillary endothelium in nonlymphoid tissues.", "contents": "Reassortment of lymphocytes in lymph from normal and allografted sheep. The distribution and nature of surface immunoglobulin-bearing (SIg) cells were studied in various sources of lymph from normal sheep and from sheep bearing renal autografts and renal allografts. In normal sheep, 12.2% +/- 1.5 of all mononuclear cells in peripheral lymph SIg and, of these, more than 50% were monocytes and macrophages. Less than 6% of the lymphocytes in peripheral lymph carried SIg. In contrast, 24.7% +/- 1.3 of the mononuclear cells in central lymph had SIg, and all of the labeled cells were lymphocytes. The frequencies of SIg cells in peripheral lymph issuing from renal autografts and from renal allografts were 6.7% +/- 1.3 and 6.9% +/- 0.8, respectively, and the labeled cells were predominantly lymphocytes. The proportion of SIg cells in central lymph from graft-bearing sheep was similar to that from normal sheep. The differences between central lymph and peripheral lymph from both normal and graft-bearing sheep are thought to reflect a restriction on the passage of SIg cells through capillary endothelium in nonlymphoid tissues.", "PMID": 322506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8364", "title": "The differential mobilization of human neutrophil granules. Effects of phorbol myristate acetate and ionophore A23187.", "content": "Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 2 to 100 ng/ml) and ionophore A23187 (10(-7) to 10(-6) M) cause human neutrophils to release up to 50% of the granule-associated enzyme lysozyme extracellularly without release of beta-glucuronidase or the cytoplasmic enzyme LDH. When azurophil and specific granules are separated from neutrophil lysates by sucrose density centrifugation, it is found that lysozyme release from neutrophils exposed to PMA or to A23187 reflects a selective disappearance of the small, peroxidase-negative (specific) granules from the cells. These studies demonstrate that neutrophils can mobilize the specific and azurophil granules independently. These studies also demonstrate that under certain conditions the specific granules of human neutrophils behave like the storage granules of secretory cells. Finally, these studies show that techniques of separating neutrophil granules according to their sedimentation characteristics successfully divide these granules into populations that are distinct not only by cytochemical and morphologic criteria but also according to their availability for mobilization and extracellular release. (APM J Pathol 87:273-284, 1977).", "contents": "The differential mobilization of human neutrophil granules. Effects of phorbol myristate acetate and ionophore A23187. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 2 to 100 ng/ml) and ionophore A23187 (10(-7) to 10(-6) M) cause human neutrophils to release up to 50% of the granule-associated enzyme lysozyme extracellularly without release of beta-glucuronidase or the cytoplasmic enzyme LDH. When azurophil and specific granules are separated from neutrophil lysates by sucrose density centrifugation, it is found that lysozyme release from neutrophils exposed to PMA or to A23187 reflects a selective disappearance of the small, peroxidase-negative (specific) granules from the cells. These studies demonstrate that neutrophils can mobilize the specific and azurophil granules independently. These studies also demonstrate that under certain conditions the specific granules of human neutrophils behave like the storage granules of secretory cells. Finally, these studies show that techniques of separating neutrophil granules according to their sedimentation characteristics successfully divide these granules into populations that are distinct not only by cytochemical and morphologic criteria but also according to their availability for mobilization and extracellular release. (APM J Pathol 87:273-284, 1977).", "PMID": 322507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8365", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of atheroarteriosclerosis induced in rabbit cardiac allografts by the synergy of graft rejection and hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Heterotopic cardiac allografts were placed in the necks of 48 rabbits. In rabbits that were not immunosuppressed, allografts beat as long as 12 days, while in immunosuppressed rabbits allografts beat as long as 101 days. Coronary arterial lesions in donor hearts of rabbits fed a lipid-poor diet were found in arteries of all sizes and were mainly proliferative without fatty change. In cholesterol-fed rabbits, arterial lesions were similarly distributed, but the majority of lesions in longer surviving transplants were fatty-proliferative and some bore close resemblance to chronic human coronary atheroselerosis. In contrast to findings in cardiac homotransplants, only occasional predominantly fatty lesions were induced in small intramyocardial arteries of cholesterol-fed recipients. By electron microscopy, early arterial lesions in allografts were characterized by platelet aggregates in widened junctions between endothelial cells, sloughing of endothelium without intimal thickening but with adherence of platelets to the denuded arterial wall, and platelets deep within essentially normal media. Platelets were also seen adhering to the lining cells overlying the thickened intima of more advanced arterial lesions. Results indicate that immunologic arterial injury due to allograft rejection acting in synergy with hypercholesterolemia resulting from a dietary supplement of cholesterol can lead to rapidly developing atherosclerosis. Observations of early and evolving lesions indicate that endothelial injury and platelet interaction with the arterial wall are early and continuing events and may be of primary importance in the pathogenesis of experimental graft-induced atheroarteriosclerosis. In man, similar mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of graft-induced athererosclerosis and in other instances of atherosclerosis. (Am J Pathol 87:415-442, 1977).", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of atheroarteriosclerosis induced in rabbit cardiac allografts by the synergy of graft rejection and hypercholesterolemia. Heterotopic cardiac allografts were placed in the necks of 48 rabbits. In rabbits that were not immunosuppressed, allografts beat as long as 12 days, while in immunosuppressed rabbits allografts beat as long as 101 days. Coronary arterial lesions in donor hearts of rabbits fed a lipid-poor diet were found in arteries of all sizes and were mainly proliferative without fatty change. In cholesterol-fed rabbits, arterial lesions were similarly distributed, but the majority of lesions in longer surviving transplants were fatty-proliferative and some bore close resemblance to chronic human coronary atheroselerosis. In contrast to findings in cardiac homotransplants, only occasional predominantly fatty lesions were induced in small intramyocardial arteries of cholesterol-fed recipients. By electron microscopy, early arterial lesions in allografts were characterized by platelet aggregates in widened junctions between endothelial cells, sloughing of endothelium without intimal thickening but with adherence of platelets to the denuded arterial wall, and platelets deep within essentially normal media. Platelets were also seen adhering to the lining cells overlying the thickened intima of more advanced arterial lesions. Results indicate that immunologic arterial injury due to allograft rejection acting in synergy with hypercholesterolemia resulting from a dietary supplement of cholesterol can lead to rapidly developing atherosclerosis. Observations of early and evolving lesions indicate that endothelial injury and platelet interaction with the arterial wall are early and continuing events and may be of primary importance in the pathogenesis of experimental graft-induced atheroarteriosclerosis. In man, similar mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of graft-induced athererosclerosis and in other instances of atherosclerosis. (Am J Pathol 87:415-442, 1977).", "PMID": 322508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8366", "title": "Sensitivity and specificity of skin reactivity to Brugia malayi and Dirofilaria immitis antigens in Bancroftian and Malayan filariasis in the Philippines.", "content": "Saline antigen extracts of microfilariae, adult worms and third-stage larvae of subperiodic Brugia malayi maintained in gerbils were prepared for use as skin test reagents. Patients were studied on three different islands in the Philippines, one endemic for Bancroftian filariasis (Sorsogon, Luzon), another endemic for Malayan filariasis (Palawan) and the third without endemic filariasis (Cebu). A dose-response curve was established initially in patients with Bancroftian filariasis: thereafter 1.0 microng of the B. malayi antigens and 0.05 microng of Dirofilaria immitis FST antigen (obtained from Dr. T. Sawada) were used. Sizes of reactions were measured by recording the diameters of wheals at 20 minutes, 24 and 48 hours. There was a very high correlation in immediate hypersensitivity reactions among the three B. malayi antigens. Reaction sizes followed a normal distribution. When an area of an antigen-induced wheal 3 X that of the saline control was considered a positive reaction, 99% of 150 patients with Bancroftian filariasis and 96% of 45 subjects with Malayan filariasis reacted to B. malayi larval antigen. Only 68% of patients with Bancroftian filariasis but 90% of those with Malayan filariasis reacted to D. immitis FST antigen. There was no relationship between skin reactivity and age, sex, microfilaremia or severity of clinical disease. Approximately half of 50 patients who lived in an endemic area for W. bancrofti but had neither patent infection nor clinical disease reacted to B. malayi antigens. A maximum of 7% of 120 age- and sex-matched controls from Cebu gave false positive reactions with any of the antigens. Only a small proportion of patients gave 24- and 48-hour reactions. It is concluded that the use of antigens prepared from a human parasite, subperiodic B. malayi, which is easily maintained in a laboratory animal host, improves the ability to diagnose filarial infections by immunological means.", "contents": "Sensitivity and specificity of skin reactivity to Brugia malayi and Dirofilaria immitis antigens in Bancroftian and Malayan filariasis in the Philippines. Saline antigen extracts of microfilariae, adult worms and third-stage larvae of subperiodic Brugia malayi maintained in gerbils were prepared for use as skin test reagents. Patients were studied on three different islands in the Philippines, one endemic for Bancroftian filariasis (Sorsogon, Luzon), another endemic for Malayan filariasis (Palawan) and the third without endemic filariasis (Cebu). A dose-response curve was established initially in patients with Bancroftian filariasis: thereafter 1.0 microng of the B. malayi antigens and 0.05 microng of Dirofilaria immitis FST antigen (obtained from Dr. T. Sawada) were used. Sizes of reactions were measured by recording the diameters of wheals at 20 minutes, 24 and 48 hours. There was a very high correlation in immediate hypersensitivity reactions among the three B. malayi antigens. Reaction sizes followed a normal distribution. When an area of an antigen-induced wheal 3 X that of the saline control was considered a positive reaction, 99% of 150 patients with Bancroftian filariasis and 96% of 45 subjects with Malayan filariasis reacted to B. malayi larval antigen. Only 68% of patients with Bancroftian filariasis but 90% of those with Malayan filariasis reacted to D. immitis FST antigen. There was no relationship between skin reactivity and age, sex, microfilaremia or severity of clinical disease. Approximately half of 50 patients who lived in an endemic area for W. bancrofti but had neither patent infection nor clinical disease reacted to B. malayi antigens. A maximum of 7% of 120 age- and sex-matched controls from Cebu gave false positive reactions with any of the antigens. Only a small proportion of patients gave 24- and 48-hour reactions. It is concluded that the use of antigens prepared from a human parasite, subperiodic B. malayi, which is easily maintained in a laboratory animal host, improves the ability to diagnose filarial infections by immunological means.", "PMID": 322516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8367", "title": "Asymptomatic transient hyperamylasemia after a large intravenous dose of steroid hormone.", "content": "Asymptomatic transient hyperamylasemia accompanied with hyperamylasuria immediately after an intravenous dose of 1 gm methylprednisolone has been observed in renal homotransplantation patients. Similar phenomena have also been seen in the other operative patients who received certain amounts of steroid hormone intravenously during their procedure. These cases of hyperamylasemia and hyperamylasuria were studied in detail including time-sequence observation, amylase-creatinine clearance ratio, and amylase isoenzyme analysis. The hyperamylasemia is not due to the general anesthesia or the surgical procedure. It is apparently not due to simple retention of enzyme from poor kidney function. The source of hyperamylasemia is the pancreas mediated by large intravenous doses of steroid hormone.", "contents": "Asymptomatic transient hyperamylasemia after a large intravenous dose of steroid hormone. Asymptomatic transient hyperamylasemia accompanied with hyperamylasuria immediately after an intravenous dose of 1 gm methylprednisolone has been observed in renal homotransplantation patients. Similar phenomena have also been seen in the other operative patients who received certain amounts of steroid hormone intravenously during their procedure. These cases of hyperamylasemia and hyperamylasuria were studied in detail including time-sequence observation, amylase-creatinine clearance ratio, and amylase isoenzyme analysis. The hyperamylasemia is not due to the general anesthesia or the surgical procedure. It is apparently not due to simple retention of enzyme from poor kidney function. The source of hyperamylasemia is the pancreas mediated by large intravenous doses of steroid hormone.", "PMID": 322517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8368", "title": "Finding the missing information in cancer statistics.", "content": "The current cancer literature is imprecise and confusing. This hampers the ability to draw meaningful conclusions regarding diagnosis and treatment. It is suggested that all future reporting of statistics contain the following features: (1) discussion of case selection criteria; (2) use of TNM system for case classification; (3) listing of minimal treatment details; (4) explanation for length of follow-up used; (5) standardized terms for evaluation (relating these to individual TNM classification); and (6) listing of all failures by standardized terms. It is proposed that editors of journals and organizers of meetings reject all papers that do not meet these criteria.", "contents": "Finding the missing information in cancer statistics. The current cancer literature is imprecise and confusing. This hampers the ability to draw meaningful conclusions regarding diagnosis and treatment. It is suggested that all future reporting of statistics contain the following features: (1) discussion of case selection criteria; (2) use of TNM system for case classification; (3) listing of minimal treatment details; (4) explanation for length of follow-up used; (5) standardized terms for evaluation (relating these to individual TNM classification); and (6) listing of all failures by standardized terms. It is proposed that editors of journals and organizers of meetings reject all papers that do not meet these criteria.", "PMID": 322518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8369", "title": "Peritoneal lavage.", "content": "The concept of lavage as an effective means for detecting intraperitoneal injury secondary to trauma has been adequately demonstrated. The value of peritoneal lavage is especially reflected in the statistics reporting approximately 20 per cent incidence of unnecessary celiotomies when physical examination findings alone are used; whereas the number of false-positives and false-negatives may be lowered significantly. Not only does peritoneal lavage decrease the number of unnecessary celiotomies, but it also provides for a more rapid diagnosis that can prevent greater blood loss, thereby reducing the number of subsequent transfusions, minimizing chances of hepatitis, and lowering the incidence of shock with its coincident complications.", "contents": "Peritoneal lavage. The concept of lavage as an effective means for detecting intraperitoneal injury secondary to trauma has been adequately demonstrated. The value of peritoneal lavage is especially reflected in the statistics reporting approximately 20 per cent incidence of unnecessary celiotomies when physical examination findings alone are used; whereas the number of false-positives and false-negatives may be lowered significantly. Not only does peritoneal lavage decrease the number of unnecessary celiotomies, but it also provides for a more rapid diagnosis that can prevent greater blood loss, thereby reducing the number of subsequent transfusions, minimizing chances of hepatitis, and lowering the incidence of shock with its coincident complications.", "PMID": 322519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8370", "title": "Prevention of postoperative thrombosis by aspirin.", "content": "In a random double-blind trial monitored by 125I-fibrinogen leg scan, impedance plethysmography, and contrast phleobograms if impedance became abnormal, hydroxycholoroquine was shown to be no more effective than placebo for prevention of venous thrombosis after total hip replacement. Subsequently, the combination of hydroxychloroquine with aspirin was shown to be not significantly better than aspirin alone. Although the two parts of the trial were performed in an identical manner, comparison of the two sequential parts of this investigation, which provided a significant tread favoring aspirin, must be interpreted with caution. Further study including concurrent controls is needed.", "contents": "Prevention of postoperative thrombosis by aspirin. In a random double-blind trial monitored by 125I-fibrinogen leg scan, impedance plethysmography, and contrast phleobograms if impedance became abnormal, hydroxycholoroquine was shown to be no more effective than placebo for prevention of venous thrombosis after total hip replacement. Subsequently, the combination of hydroxychloroquine with aspirin was shown to be not significantly better than aspirin alone. Although the two parts of the trial were performed in an identical manner, comparison of the two sequential parts of this investigation, which provided a significant tread favoring aspirin, must be interpreted with caution. Further study including concurrent controls is needed.", "PMID": 322520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8371", "title": "Primary perineal closure after proctocolectomy for inflammatory bowel disease. Prevention of the persistent perineal sinus.", "content": "In seventeen patients who had a proctocolectomy for ulcerative or granulomatous colitis, the levator muscles and perineal tissues were sutured primarily. In all patients the pelvic peritoneum was left open to allow the remaining intestine to fill the pelvic space. In eight patients in whom the pelvic space was not drained, uncomplicated healing occurred in five, but the other three patients developed infected pelvic collections leading to delayed perineal would healing. In the subsequent nine patients in whom the pelvic space was drained, all patients had uncomplicated healing. There has been no instance of perineal hernia or intestinal obstruction during four years' observation. This method of managing the pelvic space and perineal would, based upon obviating all blood or serum collections, has been simple, safe, comfortable, and effective in eliminating the prolonged morbidity of an unhealed perineal would.", "contents": "Primary perineal closure after proctocolectomy for inflammatory bowel disease. Prevention of the persistent perineal sinus. In seventeen patients who had a proctocolectomy for ulcerative or granulomatous colitis, the levator muscles and perineal tissues were sutured primarily. In all patients the pelvic peritoneum was left open to allow the remaining intestine to fill the pelvic space. In eight patients in whom the pelvic space was not drained, uncomplicated healing occurred in five, but the other three patients developed infected pelvic collections leading to delayed perineal would healing. In the subsequent nine patients in whom the pelvic space was drained, all patients had uncomplicated healing. There has been no instance of perineal hernia or intestinal obstruction during four years' observation. This method of managing the pelvic space and perineal would, based upon obviating all blood or serum collections, has been simple, safe, comfortable, and effective in eliminating the prolonged morbidity of an unhealed perineal would.", "PMID": 322521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8372", "title": "Patterns of high tension electrical injury in children and adolescents and their management.", "content": "High tension electrical burn injury occurred in twenty-nine patients over a period of seven years, causing two deaths, and demonstrating two reasonably distinct patterns. Major surface thermal burns from involvement in an electric arc, augmented by flame burns of ignited clothing, occurred in eleven patients. By contrast, eighteen children demonstrated wounds of entrance and exit of current and varying effects of deep thermal injury along the path of the maximally conductive blood vessels and nerves of extremities. An aggressive surgical approach was taken in patients with both types of injury, with the objective of prompt identification and excision of devitalized tissues and closure of thw wound. In the deep condictuve type of injury, frozen section and subsequent histologic study served as a guide to adequacy of excision and preservation of viable tissue. Even so, amputation of fifteen extremities and four other major excisions were required in twelve patients.", "contents": "Patterns of high tension electrical injury in children and adolescents and their management. High tension electrical burn injury occurred in twenty-nine patients over a period of seven years, causing two deaths, and demonstrating two reasonably distinct patterns. Major surface thermal burns from involvement in an electric arc, augmented by flame burns of ignited clothing, occurred in eleven patients. By contrast, eighteen children demonstrated wounds of entrance and exit of current and varying effects of deep thermal injury along the path of the maximally conductive blood vessels and nerves of extremities. An aggressive surgical approach was taken in patients with both types of injury, with the objective of prompt identification and excision of devitalized tissues and closure of thw wound. In the deep condictuve type of injury, frozen section and subsequent histologic study served as a guide to adequacy of excision and preservation of viable tissue. Even so, amputation of fifteen extremities and four other major excisions were required in twelve patients.", "PMID": 322522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8373", "title": "Surgical induction of corneal astigmatism. An experimental study.", "content": "The aim of all ocular surgery is to preserve or restore optimal visual function. Reduction of excessive postoperative astigmatism after keratoplasty, cataract extraction, or other anterior segment operations has been obtained in clinical surgery by corneal wedge resection. The purpose of this experimental investigation was to quantify and evaluate the results of different microsurgical techniques in crescentic resection of a corneal wedge. Twenty-five rabbits were operated and the induced changes of corneal curvature measured by keratometry. The immediate and long-term results are presented. The effect of wedge resection was a steepening of the meridian perpendicular to the resection and a flattening of the meridian parallel to the resection. The astigmatism induced was less pronounced than the changes obtained in human surgery. There were no postoperative ocular complications and all corneas remained clear. It is suggested that the operation be performed in all cases of severe corneal astigmatism uncorrected by lenses.", "contents": "Surgical induction of corneal astigmatism. An experimental study. The aim of all ocular surgery is to preserve or restore optimal visual function. Reduction of excessive postoperative astigmatism after keratoplasty, cataract extraction, or other anterior segment operations has been obtained in clinical surgery by corneal wedge resection. The purpose of this experimental investigation was to quantify and evaluate the results of different microsurgical techniques in crescentic resection of a corneal wedge. Twenty-five rabbits were operated and the induced changes of corneal curvature measured by keratometry. The immediate and long-term results are presented. The effect of wedge resection was a steepening of the meridian perpendicular to the resection and a flattening of the meridian parallel to the resection. The astigmatism induced was less pronounced than the changes obtained in human surgery. There were no postoperative ocular complications and all corneas remained clear. It is suggested that the operation be performed in all cases of severe corneal astigmatism uncorrected by lenses.", "PMID": 322526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8374", "title": "[Experimentally induced immonological reaction of the eye after keratoplasty. I. Lightmicroscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "After sensitization of a rabbit with soluble human cornea proteins a hetero-keratoplasty (man-rabbit) is performed with exactly determined antibody titer. Light-microscopic investigations showed that the epithelium of the transplant is involved in this severe humoral immune-reaction mainly. In the area between receptor's and donor's cornea impressive changes could be observed.", "contents": "[Experimentally induced immonological reaction of the eye after keratoplasty. I. Lightmicroscopy (author's transl)]. After sensitization of a rabbit with soluble human cornea proteins a hetero-keratoplasty (man-rabbit) is performed with exactly determined antibody titer. Light-microscopic investigations showed that the epithelium of the transplant is involved in this severe humoral immune-reaction mainly. In the area between receptor's and donor's cornea impressive changes could be observed.", "PMID": 322527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8375", "title": "[Experimentally induced immunological reaction of the eye after keratoplasty. II. Ultrastructural changes of the receptor's cornea (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes of the receptor's cornea of a rabbit by experimentally induced immune-reaction were communicated. The finding of plasma-cells proves the generation of humoral antibodies. Granulocytic elements are shown in the transplant or react with diffusing antigen-antibody-complexes already in the stroma of the receptor's cornea.", "contents": "[Experimentally induced immunological reaction of the eye after keratoplasty. II. Ultrastructural changes of the receptor's cornea (author's transl)]. Ultrastructural changes of the receptor's cornea of a rabbit by experimentally induced immune-reaction were communicated. The finding of plasma-cells proves the generation of humoral antibodies. Granulocytic elements are shown in the transplant or react with diffusing antigen-antibody-complexes already in the stroma of the receptor's cornea.", "PMID": 322528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8376", "title": "Vitamin C and post-suxamethonium pains.", "content": "A double-blind trial of the effects of vitamin C on the frequency, severity and duration of post-suxamethonium pains was performed. Fifty-three patients undergone bronchoscopy received either a placebo or 10 g of vitamin C. No beneficial effect was demonstrated. In 18 patients no relationship was found between pre-anaesthetic buffy layer vitamin C levels and the subsequent pains. Measurement of buffy layer and plasma vitamin C levels before and after anaesthesia did not suggest that vitamin C deficiency occurs during or immediately after administration of suxamethonium. It is concluded that the administration of vitamin C cannot be recommended as a means for prevention of suxamethonium pains.", "contents": "Vitamin C and post-suxamethonium pains. A double-blind trial of the effects of vitamin C on the frequency, severity and duration of post-suxamethonium pains was performed. Fifty-three patients undergone bronchoscopy received either a placebo or 10 g of vitamin C. No beneficial effect was demonstrated. In 18 patients no relationship was found between pre-anaesthetic buffy layer vitamin C levels and the subsequent pains. Measurement of buffy layer and plasma vitamin C levels before and after anaesthesia did not suggest that vitamin C deficiency occurs during or immediately after administration of suxamethonium. It is concluded that the administration of vitamin C cannot be recommended as a means for prevention of suxamethonium pains.", "PMID": 322529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8377", "title": "Unrecognized tracheo-oesophageal fistula.", "content": "A patient with a retropharyngeal carcinoma was anaesthetized for laryngoscopy, oesophagoscopy and biopsy. Suggestive symptoms of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula were absent and a barium swallow did not demonstrate its presence. Sign of an abnormal communication appeared for the first time after the patient had been intubated and positive airway pressure applied. Measures which might be taken to overcome this problem are suggested.", "contents": "Unrecognized tracheo-oesophageal fistula. A patient with a retropharyngeal carcinoma was anaesthetized for laryngoscopy, oesophagoscopy and biopsy. Suggestive symptoms of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula were absent and a barium swallow did not demonstrate its presence. Sign of an abnormal communication appeared for the first time after the patient had been intubated and positive airway pressure applied. Measures which might be taken to overcome this problem are suggested.", "PMID": 322530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8378", "title": "A ventilation monitor during demand flow CPAP.", "content": "A commercially available pressure alarm monitor has been suitably modifed to provide audible warning of significant and critical changes in the respiratory patterns during demand flow spontaneous ventilation with CPAP. The alarm retains its originally intended function, i.e. detection of ventilation failure during controlled or assisted ventilation or both, with or without PEPP.", "contents": "A ventilation monitor during demand flow CPAP. A commercially available pressure alarm monitor has been suitably modifed to provide audible warning of significant and critical changes in the respiratory patterns during demand flow spontaneous ventilation with CPAP. The alarm retains its originally intended function, i.e. detection of ventilation failure during controlled or assisted ventilation or both, with or without PEPP.", "PMID": 322531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8379", "title": "Intravenous sedation and regional analgesia.", "content": "A double-blind study of 229 patients with the use of intravenous diazepam as compared with a placebo to produce sedation during local analgesia showed that significantly improved sedation occurred when diazepam was used. The diazepam was dissolved in cremophor and this reduced the pain of intravenous injection of the diazepam. One patient who received Cremophor only, showed a moderately severe allergic reaction. It is suggested that a small test dose should always be given before giving any drug which is dissolved in Cremophor.", "contents": "Intravenous sedation and regional analgesia. A double-blind study of 229 patients with the use of intravenous diazepam as compared with a placebo to produce sedation during local analgesia showed that significantly improved sedation occurred when diazepam was used. The diazepam was dissolved in cremophor and this reduced the pain of intravenous injection of the diazepam. One patient who received Cremophor only, showed a moderately severe allergic reaction. It is suggested that a small test dose should always be given before giving any drug which is dissolved in Cremophor.", "PMID": 322533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8380", "title": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation. A discussion and a description of necessary modifications to the Brompton Manley ventilator.", "content": "The history and development of IMV have been reviewed. Special attention has been paid to the problems associated with the use of PEEP in combination with IMV. We have described a modification of the Brompton Manley ventilator for use with IMV and PEEP and we have investigated the performance of different types of inspiratory reservoirs.", "contents": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation. A discussion and a description of necessary modifications to the Brompton Manley ventilator. The history and development of IMV have been reviewed. Special attention has been paid to the problems associated with the use of PEEP in combination with IMV. We have described a modification of the Brompton Manley ventilator for use with IMV and PEEP and we have investigated the performance of different types of inspiratory reservoirs.", "PMID": 322534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8381", "title": "Mandatory minute volume. A new concept in weaning from mechanical ventilation.", "content": "The new concept of mandatory minute volume (MMV) is described. The system provides a preset minute volume to the patient, who breathes spontaneously from it as much as he is able, the remainder being delivered to him via a ventilator. The necessary apparatus has been constructed and has the additional facility of PEEP and/or CPAP up to a level of 15 cmH2O pressure. With possible exceptions, the apparatus allows simpler and more direct control over the patient's PaCO2 than with the IMV system and it ensures, without adjustment, a constant minute volume of fresh gas breathed by the patient, despite minute-to-minute changes in his ability to breathe. Use of the system in conjunction with two commonly used ventilators is described. It should not be difficult to build the facility for MMV into new versions of artificial ventilators.", "contents": "Mandatory minute volume. A new concept in weaning from mechanical ventilation. The new concept of mandatory minute volume (MMV) is described. The system provides a preset minute volume to the patient, who breathes spontaneously from it as much as he is able, the remainder being delivered to him via a ventilator. The necessary apparatus has been constructed and has the additional facility of PEEP and/or CPAP up to a level of 15 cmH2O pressure. With possible exceptions, the apparatus allows simpler and more direct control over the patient's PaCO2 than with the IMV system and it ensures, without adjustment, a constant minute volume of fresh gas breathed by the patient, despite minute-to-minute changes in his ability to breathe. Use of the system in conjunction with two commonly used ventilators is described. It should not be difficult to build the facility for MMV into new versions of artificial ventilators.", "PMID": 322535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8382", "title": "The introduction of ether anaesthesia to Great Britain. 2. A biographical sketch of Dr. Francis Boott.", "content": "The life of Francis Boott, instigator of the first ether anaesthetics in England is described. The reasons for his settling in Britain are explored and his friendship with Jacob Bigelow and his links with Robert Liston are explained.", "contents": "The introduction of ether anaesthesia to Great Britain. 2. A biographical sketch of Dr. Francis Boott. The life of Francis Boott, instigator of the first ether anaesthetics in England is described. The reasons for his settling in Britain are explored and his friendship with Jacob Bigelow and his links with Robert Liston are explained.", "PMID": 322536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8383", "title": "Acute liver failure. Experience in a special unit.", "content": "Acute liver failure involves disturbances of all major organ systems. The pathophysiology of these disturbances are reviewed and details of management for each system is discussed in clinical work in a special Liver Failure Unit is used to derive principles of treatment, and the use of extracorporeal charcoal haemoperfusion is outlined.", "contents": "Acute liver failure. Experience in a special unit. Acute liver failure involves disturbances of all major organ systems. The pathophysiology of these disturbances are reviewed and details of management for each system is discussed in clinical work in a special Liver Failure Unit is used to derive principles of treatment, and the use of extracorporeal charcoal haemoperfusion is outlined.", "PMID": 322537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8384", "title": "Prolonged curarisation following renal transplantation. A retrospective study.", "content": "A retrospective study of postoperative respiratory morbidity in 247 patients requiring renal transplantation between 1955 and 1973 showed that 7 patients required postoperative controlled ventilation for up to 6 days. The nondepolarising relaxants tubocurarine and pancuronium were used in only 65 patients, but all 7 cases of respiratory failure occurred in this group. This suggests that the use of these drugsin anephric patients is potentially hazardous so far as postoperative respiratory insufficiency is concerned.", "contents": "Prolonged curarisation following renal transplantation. A retrospective study. A retrospective study of postoperative respiratory morbidity in 247 patients requiring renal transplantation between 1955 and 1973 showed that 7 patients required postoperative controlled ventilation for up to 6 days. The nondepolarising relaxants tubocurarine and pancuronium were used in only 65 patients, but all 7 cases of respiratory failure occurred in this group. This suggests that the use of these drugsin anephric patients is potentially hazardous so far as postoperative respiratory insufficiency is concerned.", "PMID": 322538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8385", "title": "Postoperative analgesia with ketamine and pethidine.", "content": "A double-blind trial compared ketamine with pethidine, pethidine alone at two dose levels and a placebo, in patients with postoperative pain. By assessment of pain intensity, observed relief and side-effects, the active drugs were clearly distinguishable from the placebo. With the doses used, however, the combination of ketamine with pethidine showed no advantage over pethidine alone.", "contents": "Postoperative analgesia with ketamine and pethidine. A double-blind trial compared ketamine with pethidine, pethidine alone at two dose levels and a placebo, in patients with postoperative pain. By assessment of pain intensity, observed relief and side-effects, the active drugs were clearly distinguishable from the placebo. With the doses used, however, the combination of ketamine with pethidine showed no advantage over pethidine alone.", "PMID": 322539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8386", "title": "Stimulation of cell division in ectopic kidney grafts following unilateral removal of the lung.", "content": "Small fragments of kidney tissue were grafted into the right lung (Xenopus laevis) and the left lung was subsequently removed. This stimulated compensatory hyperplasia (increased mitotic rate) in alveolar tissue of the right lung and in the kidney graft. This suggests that the stimulus to compensatory hyperplasia is location-specific rather than tissue- or organ-specific. After implantation into the lung the kidney  grafts are revascularized by the surrounding pulmonary supply. Damage or functional impairment of an organ usually produces a localized increase in the rate of blood flow and we therefore propose that this may lead to an increased rate of cell division in one of two ways: by permitting an increased functional capacity in the tissue concerned, or by causing a more rapid local clearance of mitotic control factors.", "contents": "Stimulation of cell division in ectopic kidney grafts following unilateral removal of the lung. Small fragments of kidney tissue were grafted into the right lung (Xenopus laevis) and the left lung was subsequently removed. This stimulated compensatory hyperplasia (increased mitotic rate) in alveolar tissue of the right lung and in the kidney graft. This suggests that the stimulus to compensatory hyperplasia is location-specific rather than tissue- or organ-specific. After implantation into the lung the kidney  grafts are revascularized by the surrounding pulmonary supply. Damage or functional impairment of an organ usually produces a localized increase in the rate of blood flow and we therefore propose that this may lead to an increased rate of cell division in one of two ways: by permitting an increased functional capacity in the tissue concerned, or by causing a more rapid local clearance of mitotic control factors.", "PMID": 322542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8387", "title": "Localization of actin and myosin in the rat oocyte and follicular wall by immunofluorescence.", "content": "The distribution of actin and myosin in the rat ovary at different stages of postnatal development was studied by examination of cryostat sections treated with antibodies to chicken smooth muscle (gizzard) myosin or to chicken (pectoral muscle) actin and subsequently with fluoresceinated goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulins. Staining with either antiserum revealed several layers of intensely fluorescent elongated cells within the theca externa, forming a coherent band around the larger Graafian follicles. In smaller follicles, this band of fluorescent cells was incomplete, and ovaries of immature (6-day-old) rats were devoid of strongly fluorescent cells. Corpora lutea contained only scattered fluorescent cells at their circumference. Sections of mature ovaries incubated with antibodies raised against striated (pigeon pectoral) muscle myosin generated no significant fluorescence. Large oocytes stained with either anti-actin or anti-smooth muscle myosin showed a thin fluorescent band just beneath the zona pellucida, suggesting that actin and myosin are associated with the oolemma. The distribution of the two antigens in serial sections of follicles coincided, suggesting that the same cells contained both actin and myosin. It is suggested that follicular growth and maturation is attended by the development of a smooth muscle layer in the theca and that contraction of this layer in response to catecholamines and/or prostaglandins may play a role in the extrusion of the oocyte. The role of contractile elements in the oocyte remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Localization of actin and myosin in the rat oocyte and follicular wall by immunofluorescence. The distribution of actin and myosin in the rat ovary at different stages of postnatal development was studied by examination of cryostat sections treated with antibodies to chicken smooth muscle (gizzard) myosin or to chicken (pectoral muscle) actin and subsequently with fluoresceinated goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulins. Staining with either antiserum revealed several layers of intensely fluorescent elongated cells within the theca externa, forming a coherent band around the larger Graafian follicles. In smaller follicles, this band of fluorescent cells was incomplete, and ovaries of immature (6-day-old) rats were devoid of strongly fluorescent cells. Corpora lutea contained only scattered fluorescent cells at their circumference. Sections of mature ovaries incubated with antibodies raised against striated (pigeon pectoral) muscle myosin generated no significant fluorescence. Large oocytes stained with either anti-actin or anti-smooth muscle myosin showed a thin fluorescent band just beneath the zona pellucida, suggesting that actin and myosin are associated with the oolemma. The distribution of the two antigens in serial sections of follicles coincided, suggesting that the same cells contained both actin and myosin. It is suggested that follicular growth and maturation is attended by the development of a smooth muscle layer in the theca and that contraction of this layer in response to catecholamines and/or prostaglandins may play a role in the extrusion of the oocyte. The role of contractile elements in the oocyte remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 322543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8388", "title": "The localization of articular cartilage proteoglycan by electron microscopy.", "content": "Rabbit articular cartilage was fixed with glutaraldehyde containing Ruthenium Red or Safranin O proteoglycan localization is easily obtained. Ruthenium Red stained proteoglycan is easily visualized by electron microscopy. Previous digestion with papain prevented staining by either technique confirming that the material was indeed proteoglycan. Using these methods of proteoglycan identification the sites of attachment to collagen are shown as well as the deposition of proteoglycan about cells of differing vitality and the relationship of proteoglycan to cell membranes.", "contents": "The localization of articular cartilage proteoglycan by electron microscopy. Rabbit articular cartilage was fixed with glutaraldehyde containing Ruthenium Red or Safranin O proteoglycan localization is easily obtained. Ruthenium Red stained proteoglycan is easily visualized by electron microscopy. Previous digestion with papain prevented staining by either technique confirming that the material was indeed proteoglycan. Using these methods of proteoglycan identification the sites of attachment to collagen are shown as well as the deposition of proteoglycan about cells of differing vitality and the relationship of proteoglycan to cell membranes.", "PMID": 322544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8389", "title": "Where pulmonary arterial catheters go: intrathoracic distribution.", "content": "Recent experimental evidence indicates that the position of a pulmonary arterial catheter within the thorax is important because vertical height gradients from catheter tip to main pulmonary artery and left atrium may alter the validity of the pressure measured. The authors therefore examined the intrathoracic distribution of 314 pulmonary arterial catheters which at insertion were advanced to the most proximal position from which pulmonary wedge pressure could be obtained. Five catheters (1.8 per cent) were 6 cm or more cephalad to the carina, and 16 (5.1 per cent) were 9 cm or more lateral to the midline. With peripheral catheters recordings of pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures may be erroneous because future patient position, initiation of positive end-expiratory pressure, and occurrence of low pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures may convert the region of lung in which the catheter tip lies to a Zone 1 of the lung.", "contents": "Where pulmonary arterial catheters go: intrathoracic distribution. Recent experimental evidence indicates that the position of a pulmonary arterial catheter within the thorax is important because vertical height gradients from catheter tip to main pulmonary artery and left atrium may alter the validity of the pressure measured. The authors therefore examined the intrathoracic distribution of 314 pulmonary arterial catheters which at insertion were advanced to the most proximal position from which pulmonary wedge pressure could be obtained. Five catheters (1.8 per cent) were 6 cm or more cephalad to the carina, and 16 (5.1 per cent) were 9 cm or more lateral to the midline. With peripheral catheters recordings of pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures may be erroneous because future patient position, initiation of positive end-expiratory pressure, and occurrence of low pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures may convert the region of lung in which the catheter tip lies to a Zone 1 of the lung.", "PMID": 322549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8390", "title": "Pulmonary shunt and cardiovascular responses to CPAP during nitroprusside-induced hypotension.", "content": "The effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on cardiovascular dynamics and pulmonary shunt (QS/QT) were investigated in 12 dogs before and during sodium nitroprusside infusion that decreased mean arterial blood pressure 40-50 per cent. Before nitroprusside infusion, 5 cm H2O CPAP significantly, P less than .05, decreased arterial blood pressure, but did not significantly alter heart rate, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, or QS/QT. Ten cm H2O CPAP  before nitroprusside infusion produced a further decrease in arterial blood pressure and significantly increased heart rate and decreased cardiac output and QS/QT. Nitroprusside caused significant decreases in arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance and increases in heart rate, but did not change cardiac output or QS/QT. Five cm H2O CPAP during nitroprusside did not further alter any of the above-mentioned variables. However, 10 cm H2O CPAP decreased arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and QS/QT. These data indicate that nitroprusside infusion rates that decrease mean arterial blood pressure by 40-50 per cent do not change cardiac output or QS/QT. During nitroprusside infusion low levels of CPAP do not markedly alter cardiovascular dynamics, but high levels of CPAP (10 cm H2O), while decreasing QS/QT, produce marked decreases in arterial blood pressure and cardiac output.", "contents": "Pulmonary shunt and cardiovascular responses to CPAP during nitroprusside-induced hypotension. The effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on cardiovascular dynamics and pulmonary shunt (QS/QT) were investigated in 12 dogs before and during sodium nitroprusside infusion that decreased mean arterial blood pressure 40-50 per cent. Before nitroprusside infusion, 5 cm H2O CPAP significantly, P less than .05, decreased arterial blood pressure, but did not significantly alter heart rate, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, or QS/QT. Ten cm H2O CPAP  before nitroprusside infusion produced a further decrease in arterial blood pressure and significantly increased heart rate and decreased cardiac output and QS/QT. Nitroprusside caused significant decreases in arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance and increases in heart rate, but did not change cardiac output or QS/QT. Five cm H2O CPAP during nitroprusside did not further alter any of the above-mentioned variables. However, 10 cm H2O CPAP decreased arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and QS/QT. These data indicate that nitroprusside infusion rates that decrease mean arterial blood pressure by 40-50 per cent do not change cardiac output or QS/QT. During nitroprusside infusion low levels of CPAP do not markedly alter cardiovascular dynamics, but high levels of CPAP (10 cm H2O), while decreasing QS/QT, produce marked decreases in arterial blood pressure and cardiac output.", "PMID": 322550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8391", "title": "A comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine during reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular block with neostigmine.", "content": "Glycopyrrolate and atropine were compared as to their effects on heart rate, arrhythmias, blood pressure, and volume of oropharyngeal secretions. Glycopyrrolate protects against neostigmine-induced bradycardia, produces less initial tachycardia, causes a lower incidence of cardiac arrhythmias, and is a superior oropharyngeal drying agent. Use of this drug instead of atropine should be considered during reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular block.", "contents": "A comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine during reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular block with neostigmine. Glycopyrrolate and atropine were compared as to their effects on heart rate, arrhythmias, blood pressure, and volume of oropharyngeal secretions. Glycopyrrolate protects against neostigmine-induced bradycardia, produces less initial tachycardia, causes a lower incidence of cardiac arrhythmias, and is a superior oropharyngeal drying agent. Use of this drug instead of atropine should be considered during reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular block.", "PMID": 322545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8392", "title": "Evaluation of intravenous diazepam as a surgical premedicant.", "content": "Intravenous diazepam was administered to 4 groups of 35 patients as a surgical premedicant, double blind and according to a randomized sequence. Four dosages were used: 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg. Amnesia, relief of anxiety, sedation, and patient acceptance were primarily evaluated. While a significant linear dose effect was found for sedation, anxiety releief, and patient acceptance, this was not true for anmesia, which was clinically present only with doses of 10 and 20 mg. No significant adverse effects were noted at any dosage, and vital signs remained stable in all patients studied.", "contents": "Evaluation of intravenous diazepam as a surgical premedicant. Intravenous diazepam was administered to 4 groups of 35 patients as a surgical premedicant, double blind and according to a randomized sequence. Four dosages were used: 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg. Amnesia, relief of anxiety, sedation, and patient acceptance were primarily evaluated. While a significant linear dose effect was found for sedation, anxiety releief, and patient acceptance, this was not true for anmesia, which was clinically present only with doses of 10 and 20 mg. No significant adverse effects were noted at any dosage, and vital signs remained stable in all patients studied.", "PMID": 322546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8393", "title": "Environmentally triggered small vessel vasculitis.", "content": "Ten randomly selected patients with recurrent non-specific small vessel vasculitis (edema, petechiae, spontaneous bruising, peripheral cyanosis) were studied under rigid environmental control. All cleared their symptoms without medications. All patients had their vasculitis reproduced after direct challenge with numerous individual foods and chemicals. Multiple incitants were found in each patient.", "contents": "Environmentally triggered small vessel vasculitis. Ten randomly selected patients with recurrent non-specific small vessel vasculitis (edema, petechiae, spontaneous bruising, peripheral cyanosis) were studied under rigid environmental control. All cleared their symptoms without medications. All patients had their vasculitis reproduced after direct challenge with numerous individual foods and chemicals. Multiple incitants were found in each patient.", "PMID": 322552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8394", "title": "Administration of ketamine or Innovar by the microdrip technic: a double blind study.", "content": "This study of 40 healthy adults undergoing elective gynecologic procedures was undertaken to evaluate the microdrip technic of administering ketamine or Innovar slowly to induce anesthesia and to supplement N2O anesthesia. All patients were managed by the same anesthetist and surgeons and received 10 mg of diazepam and 0.4 mg of atropine IM for premedication. After injection of 10 mg of diazepam, anesthesia was induced by infusions containing either ketamine (2 mg/ml) or Innovar (0.1 ml/ml), at an average rate of 10 ml/min. The infusions were assigned to the patients randomly and their nature was disguised from the staff. After tracheal intubation, ventilation was mechanically supported and anesthesia maintained with N2O-O2 (2:1), by drip at a rate adjusted to the patient's vital signs, and by intermitten injections of 3 to 6 mg of d-tubocurarine. Special forms coded to suit computer use were used to collect data during induction, maintenance, and recovery, and standard mathematical tests were used for analysis. Results showed that (a) ketamine effects could not be differentiated clinically from those of Innovar; (b) ketamine dosage could be reduced to 0.3 to 0.5 the recommended bolus dosage; (c) pulse rates and incidence of mental aberrations during induction or recovery were equal in both groups; (d) blood pressure showed a modest but significant increase (10% from basal values) until 20 minutes of tracheal intubation only in the ketamine group; (e) mean Pao2 determined 30 minutes after tracheal intubation was significantly higher in the ketamine group; (f) ketamine administration by the slow (20 mg/min) microdrip technic reduces the incidence of side effects.", "contents": "Administration of ketamine or Innovar by the microdrip technic: a double blind study. This study of 40 healthy adults undergoing elective gynecologic procedures was undertaken to evaluate the microdrip technic of administering ketamine or Innovar slowly to induce anesthesia and to supplement N2O anesthesia. All patients were managed by the same anesthetist and surgeons and received 10 mg of diazepam and 0.4 mg of atropine IM for premedication. After injection of 10 mg of diazepam, anesthesia was induced by infusions containing either ketamine (2 mg/ml) or Innovar (0.1 ml/ml), at an average rate of 10 ml/min. The infusions were assigned to the patients randomly and their nature was disguised from the staff. After tracheal intubation, ventilation was mechanically supported and anesthesia maintained with N2O-O2 (2:1), by drip at a rate adjusted to the patient's vital signs, and by intermitten injections of 3 to 6 mg of d-tubocurarine. Special forms coded to suit computer use were used to collect data during induction, maintenance, and recovery, and standard mathematical tests were used for analysis. Results showed that (a) ketamine effects could not be differentiated clinically from those of Innovar; (b) ketamine dosage could be reduced to 0.3 to 0.5 the recommended bolus dosage; (c) pulse rates and incidence of mental aberrations during induction or recovery were equal in both groups; (d) blood pressure showed a modest but significant increase (10% from basal values) until 20 minutes of tracheal intubation only in the ketamine group; (e) mean Pao2 determined 30 minutes after tracheal intubation was significantly higher in the ketamine group; (f) ketamine administration by the slow (20 mg/min) microdrip technic reduces the incidence of side effects.", "PMID": 322547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8395", "title": "Lesions of experimentally induced colibacillosis in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Scanning electron and light microscopy were used in studies of stomach, duodenum, cranial, and caudal portions of the jejunum, ileum, cecum, and spiral colon from 18 gnotobiotic pigs. Five pigs were raised as controls and 13 were exposed at 6 days of age by oral administration of 1.6 X 10(6) colony-forming units of Escherichia coli O138:K81:NM. Infiltration of leukocytes into the mucosa of the stomach seen with the light microscope has not been previously reported. The irregular pattern of the mucosal surface of the stomach formed by the gastric pits and the mucosal extensions on the individual rugae revealed with scanning electron microscopy was different than anticipated. Sections of the ileum from control and infected pigs contained collapsed cells around the extrusion zone at the tips of the villi. These collapsed cells were more numerous in infected pigs and appeared to have sloughed from the area of the extrusion zone resulting in exposure of the lamina propria. Cecum and spinal colon were free of changes. Alterations of the mucosa of the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic pigs infected with E coli as visualized by scanning electron microscopy were considered too inconsistent to be of diagnostic significance.", "contents": "Lesions of experimentally induced colibacillosis in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs: a scanning electron microscopic study. Scanning electron and light microscopy were used in studies of stomach, duodenum, cranial, and caudal portions of the jejunum, ileum, cecum, and spiral colon from 18 gnotobiotic pigs. Five pigs were raised as controls and 13 were exposed at 6 days of age by oral administration of 1.6 X 10(6) colony-forming units of Escherichia coli O138:K81:NM. Infiltration of leukocytes into the mucosa of the stomach seen with the light microscope has not been previously reported. The irregular pattern of the mucosal surface of the stomach formed by the gastric pits and the mucosal extensions on the individual rugae revealed with scanning electron microscopy was different than anticipated. Sections of the ileum from control and infected pigs contained collapsed cells around the extrusion zone at the tips of the villi. These collapsed cells were more numerous in infected pigs and appeared to have sloughed from the area of the extrusion zone resulting in exposure of the lamina propria. Cecum and spinal colon were free of changes. Alterations of the mucosa of the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic pigs infected with E coli as visualized by scanning electron microscopy were considered too inconsistent to be of diagnostic significance.", "PMID": 322553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8396", "title": "Immunologic surface markers on nonhuman primate lymphocytes.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 37 healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and thymocytes from 10 fetal and neonatal rhesus macaques were studied for membrane characteristics. Spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes, a characteristic of human T lymphocytes, was evaluated. The presence of membrane-bound immunoglobulin and surface receptors for fixed complement was measured, using fluorescent antibody techniques and erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosettes, respectively. The mean percentages +/- 1 standard error of the lymphocyte markers in the peripheral blood lymphocytes from the macaques were: spontaneous rosettes, 63 +/- 1.0; erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosettes, 14.9 +/- 1.2; and membrane immunoglobulin-positive cells, 21.9 +/- 2.2. These values are very similar to values reported for human beings.", "contents": "Immunologic surface markers on nonhuman primate lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 37 healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and thymocytes from 10 fetal and neonatal rhesus macaques were studied for membrane characteristics. Spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes, a characteristic of human T lymphocytes, was evaluated. The presence of membrane-bound immunoglobulin and surface receptors for fixed complement was measured, using fluorescent antibody techniques and erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosettes, respectively. The mean percentages +/- 1 standard error of the lymphocyte markers in the peripheral blood lymphocytes from the macaques were: spontaneous rosettes, 63 +/- 1.0; erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosettes, 14.9 +/- 1.2; and membrane immunoglobulin-positive cells, 21.9 +/- 2.2. These values are very similar to values reported for human beings.", "PMID": 322554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8397", "title": "Chronology of development of serum antispirochete antibody in swine experimentally exposed to swine dysentery: preliminary report.", "content": "By using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (with immunofluorescence of large spirochetes as positive), serum antispirochete antibodies were detected initially at 4 weeks after onset of diarrhea in swine exposed to infective swine dysentery inoculum. Antibodies continued to be present in serum of swine tested 5 months after onset of diarrhea.", "contents": "Chronology of development of serum antispirochete antibody in swine experimentally exposed to swine dysentery: preliminary report. By using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (with immunofluorescence of large spirochetes as positive), serum antispirochete antibodies were detected initially at 4 weeks after onset of diarrhea in swine exposed to infective swine dysentery inoculum. Antibodies continued to be present in serum of swine tested 5 months after onset of diarrhea.", "PMID": 322555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8398", "title": "Improved oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory failure: the prone position.", "content": "To assess the potential benefits of the prone position for gas exchange in patients with acute respiratory failure, we turned 6 patients from supine to prone, supporting the upper thorax and pelvis and allowing the abdomen to protrude. Arterial PO2 increased by a mean of 69 mm Hg (range, 2 to 178 mm Hg) at the same tidal volume, same inspired oxygen concentration, and same level of positive end-expiratory pressure. The maneuver made it possible to reduce the inspired oxygen concentration in 4 of the 5 patients who required mechanical ventilation of the lungs and to defer intubation in the patient who was breathing spontaneously. After subsequent turns from supine to prone, arterial PO2 increased by a mean of 35 mm Hg (range, 4 to 110 mm Hg), permitting a decrease in inspired oxygen concentration or positive end-expiratory pressure when prone (4 patients); arterial PO2 decreased in 12 of 14 instances after the patient was turned from prone to supine. No significant change in mean arterial carbon dioxide tension, respiratory frequency, or effective compliance was observed.", "contents": "Improved oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory failure: the prone position. To assess the potential benefits of the prone position for gas exchange in patients with acute respiratory failure, we turned 6 patients from supine to prone, supporting the upper thorax and pelvis and allowing the abdomen to protrude. Arterial PO2 increased by a mean of 69 mm Hg (range, 2 to 178 mm Hg) at the same tidal volume, same inspired oxygen concentration, and same level of positive end-expiratory pressure. The maneuver made it possible to reduce the inspired oxygen concentration in 4 of the 5 patients who required mechanical ventilation of the lungs and to defer intubation in the patient who was breathing spontaneously. After subsequent turns from supine to prone, arterial PO2 increased by a mean of 35 mm Hg (range, 4 to 110 mm Hg), permitting a decrease in inspired oxygen concentration or positive end-expiratory pressure when prone (4 patients); arterial PO2 decreased in 12 of 14 instances after the patient was turned from prone to supine. No significant change in mean arterial carbon dioxide tension, respiratory frequency, or effective compliance was observed.", "PMID": 322557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8399", "title": "Primary closure of pilonidal cystectomy.", "content": "A method of primary closure following excision of pilonidal cysts and sinus was used in 38 cases. The criteria for patient selection are described as is the technique and procedure. Special attention must be placed on the obliteration of all \"dead spaces\" to eliminate accumulation of serum and blood. The dressing is not changed for a minimum of eight days, and pressure must be maintained for that time to assure success. In all cases complete closure was obtained. The advantages of this technique over the open procedure is explained.", "contents": "Primary closure of pilonidal cystectomy. A method of primary closure following excision of pilonidal cysts and sinus was used in 38 cases. The criteria for patient selection are described as is the technique and procedure. Special attention must be placed on the obliteration of all \"dead spaces\" to eliminate accumulation of serum and blood. The dressing is not changed for a minimum of eight days, and pressure must be maintained for that time to assure success. In all cases complete closure was obtained. The advantages of this technique over the open procedure is explained.", "PMID": 322559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8400", "title": "The subclavian steal syndrome: a review.", "content": "Proximal occlusions of the subclavian and innominate arteries may create a cerebrovascular insufficiency syndrome. The syndrome is generally characterized by neurologic symptoms of the vertebral-basilar arterial distribution. Blood is siphoned along the vertebral artery because of the low pressures distal to the occlusion. The clinical syndrome is best confirmed by a thoracic arch aortogram. Treatment is reserved for symptomatic patients. An extra-thoracic revascularization of the distal subclavian artery is the preferred operation.", "contents": "The subclavian steal syndrome: a review. Proximal occlusions of the subclavian and innominate arteries may create a cerebrovascular insufficiency syndrome. The syndrome is generally characterized by neurologic symptoms of the vertebral-basilar arterial distribution. Blood is siphoned along the vertebral artery because of the low pressures distal to the occlusion. The clinical syndrome is best confirmed by a thoracic arch aortogram. Treatment is reserved for symptomatic patients. An extra-thoracic revascularization of the distal subclavian artery is the preferred operation.", "PMID": 322560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8401", "title": "Pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle: an unusual echocardiographic presentation. Review of the literature.", "content": "Echocardiography showed a large anterior chamber communicating with the left ventricle cavity through the interventricular septum in a patient with a previous left ventricular aneurysmectomy. At postmortem examination this chamber proved to be an 11-cm diameter pseudoaneurysm that opened into the left ventricle through a 3-cm orifice. A review of the literature showed 67 cases of histologically proven left ventricular pseudoaneurysm, most of which occurred after myocardial infarction and cardiac surgery. Twenty-six of 32 left ventricular pseudoaneurysms were successfully operated upon.  Among 35 patients with pseudoaneurysms not operated upon, rupture was a cause of death in 11.", "contents": "Pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle: an unusual echocardiographic presentation. Review of the literature. Echocardiography showed a large anterior chamber communicating with the left ventricle cavity through the interventricular septum in a patient with a previous left ventricular aneurysmectomy. At postmortem examination this chamber proved to be an 11-cm diameter pseudoaneurysm that opened into the left ventricle through a 3-cm orifice. A review of the literature showed 67 cases of histologically proven left ventricular pseudoaneurysm, most of which occurred after myocardial infarction and cardiac surgery. Twenty-six of 32 left ventricular pseudoaneurysms were successfully operated upon.  Among 35 patients with pseudoaneurysms not operated upon, rupture was a cause of death in 11.", "PMID": 322561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8402", "title": "Steroid-dependent asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. A long-term study.", "content": "The efficacy of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate has been examined in 44 steroid-dependent asthmatics observed for 9 months to 2 years. A 3-month double-blind trial found that subjects treated with beclomethasone had a significant diminution in symptoms, were able to reduce their use of medication, and had improved maximum expiratory flow rates. Approximately one half were able to discontinue the use of oral prednisone within 9 months after starting beclomethasone, and a further one third reduced their dose by at least 50%. No characteristics could be defined to predict responsiveness to beclomethasone. The effectiveness of beclomethasone was sustained for as long as 2 years and was not associated with any abnormal urine, blood, or serum values or chest X-ray findings. Candidiasis of the palate appeared in approximately one third of the subjects and was usually transient. The chronic use of beclomethasone did not result in endocrine suppression.", "contents": "Steroid-dependent asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. A long-term study. The efficacy of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate has been examined in 44 steroid-dependent asthmatics observed for 9 months to 2 years. A 3-month double-blind trial found that subjects treated with beclomethasone had a significant diminution in symptoms, were able to reduce their use of medication, and had improved maximum expiratory flow rates. Approximately one half were able to discontinue the use of oral prednisone within 9 months after starting beclomethasone, and a further one third reduced their dose by at least 50%. No characteristics could be defined to predict responsiveness to beclomethasone. The effectiveness of beclomethasone was sustained for as long as 2 years and was not associated with any abnormal urine, blood, or serum values or chest X-ray findings. Candidiasis of the palate appeared in approximately one third of the subjects and was usually transient. The chronic use of beclomethasone did not result in endocrine suppression.", "PMID": 322562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8403", "title": "Bacteroides fragilis subspecies in clinical isolates.", "content": "Isolates of Bacteroides fragilis from 83 infected patients were collected during 2 years. Of 103 isolates, 68% were subspecies fragilis. This was the single most common subspecies isolated from blood (12/17), intra-abdominal (11/28), wound (17/20), perirectal (11/16), pelvic (6/10), and other (8/11) sites. Sixteen patients had B. fragilis isolated in pure culture. Of these, 9/12 blood cultures and 4/4 cultures from other sites were ss. fragilis. The recent observation that ss. fragilis organisms are encapsulated whereas the other subspecies are generally unencapsulated was supported by indirect fluorescent antibody studies using antibodies prepared to the capsular material of ss. fragilis. All 33 strains of ss. fragilis and none of 13 strains of other subspecies were positive. The predominance of ss. fragilis in clinical isolates compared to its relative infrequency in normal fecal flora and its predominance in pure cultures, especially of blood, indicate that this is the most virulent of B. fragilis subspecies. This virulence may be related to encapsulation.", "contents": "Bacteroides fragilis subspecies in clinical isolates. Isolates of Bacteroides fragilis from 83 infected patients were collected during 2 years. Of 103 isolates, 68% were subspecies fragilis. This was the single most common subspecies isolated from blood (12/17), intra-abdominal (11/28), wound (17/20), perirectal (11/16), pelvic (6/10), and other (8/11) sites. Sixteen patients had B. fragilis isolated in pure culture. Of these, 9/12 blood cultures and 4/4 cultures from other sites were ss. fragilis. The recent observation that ss. fragilis organisms are encapsulated whereas the other subspecies are generally unencapsulated was supported by indirect fluorescent antibody studies using antibodies prepared to the capsular material of ss. fragilis. All 33 strains of ss. fragilis and none of 13 strains of other subspecies were positive. The predominance of ss. fragilis in clinical isolates compared to its relative infrequency in normal fecal flora and its predominance in pure cultures, especially of blood, indicate that this is the most virulent of B. fragilis subspecies. This virulence may be related to encapsulation.", "PMID": 322563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8404", "title": "Marital sexual dysfunction: female dysfunctions.", "content": "The diagnosis, treatment, and referral of married women with sexual dysfunctions require information about the current physiologic deficit, previous sexual capacity, level of sexual desire, masturbatory experience, means of orgasmic attainment, preferred sexual partner, quality of marriage, husband's sexual capacities, and method of contraception. For classification purposes, the three basic physiologic deficits--excitement phase dysfunction, orgasmic phase dysfunction, and vaginismus--are subdivided into primary and secondary types. Primary dysfunctions represent longstanding developmental problems and are usually purely psychological in origin. Secondary dysfunctions occur after a period of normal sexual functioning and may be organic or psychological in origin. The actual determinants of dysfunctions are not well understood, but those factors commonly associated are discussed. The lack of knowledge about the nature of sexual desire, prevalence of dysfunctions, and significance of the inability to attain orgasm with coitus is emphasized. The physician's role in giving advice and treatment is defined.", "contents": "Marital sexual dysfunction: female dysfunctions. The diagnosis, treatment, and referral of married women with sexual dysfunctions require information about the current physiologic deficit, previous sexual capacity, level of sexual desire, masturbatory experience, means of orgasmic attainment, preferred sexual partner, quality of marriage, husband's sexual capacities, and method of contraception. For classification purposes, the three basic physiologic deficits--excitement phase dysfunction, orgasmic phase dysfunction, and vaginismus--are subdivided into primary and secondary types. Primary dysfunctions represent longstanding developmental problems and are usually purely psychological in origin. Secondary dysfunctions occur after a period of normal sexual functioning and may be organic or psychological in origin. The actual determinants of dysfunctions are not well understood, but those factors commonly associated are discussed. The lack of knowledge about the nature of sexual desire, prevalence of dysfunctions, and significance of the inability to attain orgasm with coitus is emphasized. The physician's role in giving advice and treatment is defined.", "PMID": 322565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8405", "title": "Behavioral methods in the treatment of hypertension. A review of their clinical status.", "content": "Behavioral methods to lower blood pressure include biofeedback, relaxation, psychotherapy, suggestion and placebo, and environmental modification. Reported data for each method have been examined applying the clinical pharmacologic format used to study other therapeutic agents. Most studies have been Phase I type, small numbers of subjects in acute (short-term) treatment situations. Phase II studies, controlled trials with comparison with known effective agents, are sparse, and Phase III studies are not yet appropriate. These Phase I studies indicate blood pressure effects that are small, with minimal data about their duration and their relation to the use of pharmacologic agents. The methods are adjunctive and not alternative, while the compliance problem is similar to that with pharmacologic agents. The major differences between the methods are the ease with which they can be used. Widespread application of the nonpharmacologic methods cannot currently be recommended, but further basic and clinical research into mechanisms and outcomes is encouraged.", "contents": "Behavioral methods in the treatment of hypertension. A review of their clinical status. Behavioral methods to lower blood pressure include biofeedback, relaxation, psychotherapy, suggestion and placebo, and environmental modification. Reported data for each method have been examined applying the clinical pharmacologic format used to study other therapeutic agents. Most studies have been Phase I type, small numbers of subjects in acute (short-term) treatment situations. Phase II studies, controlled trials with comparison with known effective agents, are sparse, and Phase III studies are not yet appropriate. These Phase I studies indicate blood pressure effects that are small, with minimal data about their duration and their relation to the use of pharmacologic agents. The methods are adjunctive and not alternative, while the compliance problem is similar to that with pharmacologic agents. The major differences between the methods are the ease with which they can be used. Widespread application of the nonpharmacologic methods cannot currently be recommended, but further basic and clinical research into mechanisms and outcomes is encouraged.", "PMID": 322566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8406", "title": "Nasal decongestant activity of pseudoephedrine.", "content": "The effectiveness of orally administered pseudoephedrine in patients with acute or chronic nonsuppurative rhinitis was evaluated under double-blind conditions. Intranasally administered ephedrine which was given to all patients at the end of this study served as the positive control. Marked nasal decongestant effects of a single oral dose of pseudoephedrine (60 mg tablet), as determined by a modified passive anterior, rhinometric technique occurred within 30 minutes and were maintained for at least four hours. The mean nasal decongestant response (delta % of baseline) of 57.2% was associated with a mean peak, plasma pseudoephedrine level of 274 ng/ml. In addition, the maximum response to oral pseudoephedrine treatment was equivalent to the response produced by ephedrine nasal spray. These results suggest that pseudoephedrine is an orally, effective nasal decongestant.", "contents": "Nasal decongestant activity of pseudoephedrine. The effectiveness of orally administered pseudoephedrine in patients with acute or chronic nonsuppurative rhinitis was evaluated under double-blind conditions. Intranasally administered ephedrine which was given to all patients at the end of this study served as the positive control. Marked nasal decongestant effects of a single oral dose of pseudoephedrine (60 mg tablet), as determined by a modified passive anterior, rhinometric technique occurred within 30 minutes and were maintained for at least four hours. The mean nasal decongestant response (delta % of baseline) of 57.2% was associated with a mean peak, plasma pseudoephedrine level of 274 ng/ml. In addition, the maximum response to oral pseudoephedrine treatment was equivalent to the response produced by ephedrine nasal spray. These results suggest that pseudoephedrine is an orally, effective nasal decongestant.", "PMID": 322570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8407", "title": "Enzyme patterns in cancer.", "content": "The recent reports of the use of serum and tissue enzyme assays in primary diagnosis and then in following the course of the disease have been reviewed. These include use of bone marrow acid phosphatase, isoenzymes of both acid and alkaline phosphatase, LDH5/LDH1 ratios, sialyltransferase and the combination of carcinoembryonic antigen with serum enzyme assays to help in prediction of the occurrence of hepatic metastases.", "contents": "Enzyme patterns in cancer. The recent reports of the use of serum and tissue enzyme assays in primary diagnosis and then in following the course of the disease have been reviewed. These include use of bone marrow acid phosphatase, isoenzymes of both acid and alkaline phosphatase, LDH5/LDH1 ratios, sialyltransferase and the combination of carcinoembryonic antigen with serum enzyme assays to help in prediction of the occurrence of hepatic metastases.", "PMID": 322572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8408", "title": "[Immunological and immunocytochemical studies of the inflammatory infiltrating cells of cutaneous tumors].", "content": "The identication of mononuclear cells extracted from various inflammatory infiltrates of cutaneous tumours has been investigated and the relative amount of B and T cells determinated according to various assays. It has been found that there were two different patterns of distribution of the cells in the infiltrates: one with a E/EAC ratio similar 5 (squamous and basalcell carcinomas), the other with a E/EAC ratio similar 1(malignant melanoma). The identification in situ of Ig-producing cells has been developed in the same tissues fixed in Bouin's solution. The relative frequency of these cells has been determinated and appears very low in the malignant melanoma.", "contents": "[Immunological and immunocytochemical studies of the inflammatory infiltrating cells of cutaneous tumors]. The identication of mononuclear cells extracted from various inflammatory infiltrates of cutaneous tumours has been investigated and the relative amount of B and T cells determinated according to various assays. It has been found that there were two different patterns of distribution of the cells in the infiltrates: one with a E/EAC ratio similar 5 (squamous and basalcell carcinomas), the other with a E/EAC ratio similar 1(malignant melanoma). The identification in situ of Ig-producing cells has been developed in the same tissues fixed in Bouin's solution. The relative frequency of these cells has been determinated and appears very low in the malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 322573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8409", "title": "[Treatment of solid tumours by intratumoral injection of immunostimulants].", "content": "Intra-lesional injections of immunostimulants--BCG or Corynebacterium parpum--induced a local cure of the McFiFj2(S) tumour and a remote therapeutic effect. When applied to rats multigrafted with the McFiFi2(S) tumour, local and distant cures were obtained in some situations. This indicates the likely intervention of a specific immune mechanism. Quantilating the pulmonary metastasis in combination with local treatment of Lewis mouse tumours showed that BCG plus C. parvum injected into the tumour and followed by surgical resection was more efficient than either of these individual or otherwise associated antitumoural procedures.", "contents": "[Treatment of solid tumours by intratumoral injection of immunostimulants]. Intra-lesional injections of immunostimulants--BCG or Corynebacterium parpum--induced a local cure of the McFiFj2(S) tumour and a remote therapeutic effect. When applied to rats multigrafted with the McFiFi2(S) tumour, local and distant cures were obtained in some situations. This indicates the likely intervention of a specific immune mechanism. Quantilating the pulmonary metastasis in combination with local treatment of Lewis mouse tumours showed that BCG plus C. parvum injected into the tumour and followed by surgical resection was more efficient than either of these individual or otherwise associated antitumoural procedures.", "PMID": 322574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8410", "title": "[Immunotherapy of chemically induced rat colon cancer].", "content": "An experimental model of chemically induced or transplanted rat colon carcinoma has been used to test the effects of specific (cancer cells) or non specific (BCG) immunotherapy. According to the immunization technique and schedule experiemnts resulted in a partial inhibition or definite enhancement of tumour growth. These experimental data emphasize the possible hazards of human colon cancer immunotherapy.", "contents": "[Immunotherapy of chemically induced rat colon cancer]. An experimental model of chemically induced or transplanted rat colon carcinoma has been used to test the effects of specific (cancer cells) or non specific (BCG) immunotherapy. According to the immunization technique and schedule experiemnts resulted in a partial inhibition or definite enhancement of tumour growth. These experimental data emphasize the possible hazards of human colon cancer immunotherapy.", "PMID": 322575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8411", "title": "[Asynchronism in the synthesis of antibodies directed against different antigenic sites of a macromolecule].", "content": "\"Activating\" and \"precipitating\" antibodies elicited by Escherichia coli beta-D-galactosidase can be isolated by assortment of the respective antibody-forming cells in vitro, showing that the two antibodies have different specificities. Both populations also segregate in vivo and are synthesized asynchronously. The interplay of different antibody species with the same immunogenic molecule and the role of these expected to be complex interactions in the regulation of the immune response is an area for further investigation.", "contents": "[Asynchronism in the synthesis of antibodies directed against different antigenic sites of a macromolecule]. \"Activating\" and \"precipitating\" antibodies elicited by Escherichia coli beta-D-galactosidase can be isolated by assortment of the respective antibody-forming cells in vitro, showing that the two antibodies have different specificities. Both populations also segregate in vivo and are synthesized asynchronously. The interplay of different antibody species with the same immunogenic molecule and the role of these expected to be complex interactions in the regulation of the immune response is an area for further investigation.", "PMID": 322577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8412", "title": "[Two new peptic fragments of human IgA: F(abc)'2Alpha and [F(abc)'2]2alpha (author's transl)].", "content": "These experiments were undertaken to study the nature of the fragments produced by pepsin digestion of seric IgA. We describe a new fragment with a MW of 140,000 daltons. This fragment, the first produced during pepsin hydrolysis of monomeric IgA, corresponds to an IgA molecule which has lost its CH3 domain. We propose to call this fragment F(abc)'2alpha. It is gradually digested and transformed into an F(ab)'2alpha fragment. When polymeric IgA are digested, an extra fragment with a MW of 290,000 daltons is produced, which has kept its polymeric structure. It corresponds to a covalent [F(abc)'2]2alpha fragment. These findings suggest that there is an intersubunit disulfide bridge in the Calpha2 domain. These results also indicate that polymeric IgA proteins are more resistant to pepsin digestion than monomeric IgA proteins.", "contents": "[Two new peptic fragments of human IgA: F(abc)'2Alpha and [F(abc)'2]2alpha (author's transl)]. These experiments were undertaken to study the nature of the fragments produced by pepsin digestion of seric IgA. We describe a new fragment with a MW of 140,000 daltons. This fragment, the first produced during pepsin hydrolysis of monomeric IgA, corresponds to an IgA molecule which has lost its CH3 domain. We propose to call this fragment F(abc)'2alpha. It is gradually digested and transformed into an F(ab)'2alpha fragment. When polymeric IgA are digested, an extra fragment with a MW of 290,000 daltons is produced, which has kept its polymeric structure. It corresponds to a covalent [F(abc)'2]2alpha fragment. These findings suggest that there is an intersubunit disulfide bridge in the Calpha2 domain. These results also indicate that polymeric IgA proteins are more resistant to pepsin digestion than monomeric IgA proteins.", "PMID": 322578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8413", "title": "[Antigenic sites implicated in tumour allograft enhancement].", "content": "Allo-immune sera were prepared by injecting CBA mice with spleen or thymus cells, or by two consecutive skin grafts of A/Jax origin. When absorbed 6 to 8 times on glutaradahyde treated A/Jax red blood cells (RBC), these sera lost all their haemagglutinating activity (anti- \"SD\" antibodies, predominantly H-2D) While their cytotoxic activities on A/Jax lymphocytes (anti-LD antibodies, perdominantly Ia, H-2IC) were partially preserved. Antibodies (anti-\"XD\") eluted form A/Jax RBC treated with an 0.5 M NaCl--HCL glycincing activity of these preparations was tested using SaI (A/Jax) grafts in CBA mice. Our results suggest that SD antigens are the main target of the enhancing effect. Further results obtained with DBA/2 anti-EL4 (C57Bl/6) sera confirmed this interpretation. Experiments performed with anti-idiotype and anti-recognition structure sera using tumor allograft targets, did not reveal any clear cut effect. Their relevance in tumor enhancement appears therefore doubtful.", "contents": "[Antigenic sites implicated in tumour allograft enhancement]. Allo-immune sera were prepared by injecting CBA mice with spleen or thymus cells, or by two consecutive skin grafts of A/Jax origin. When absorbed 6 to 8 times on glutaradahyde treated A/Jax red blood cells (RBC), these sera lost all their haemagglutinating activity (anti- \"SD\" antibodies, predominantly H-2D) While their cytotoxic activities on A/Jax lymphocytes (anti-LD antibodies, perdominantly Ia, H-2IC) were partially preserved. Antibodies (anti-\"XD\") eluted form A/Jax RBC treated with an 0.5 M NaCl--HCL glycincing activity of these preparations was tested using SaI (A/Jax) grafts in CBA mice. Our results suggest that SD antigens are the main target of the enhancing effect. Further results obtained with DBA/2 anti-EL4 (C57Bl/6) sera confirmed this interpretation. Experiments performed with anti-idiotype and anti-recognition structure sera using tumor allograft targets, did not reveal any clear cut effect. Their relevance in tumor enhancement appears therefore doubtful.", "PMID": 322579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8414", "title": "[Albumin secreting hepatocytes detected as plaque-forming cells in liquid medium].", "content": "Albumin-secretins hepatocytes were detected as plaque-forming cells when incubated in a complete culture medium containing sheep eythrocytes coated  with purified anti-albumin, plus anti-albumin serum and complement added at appropriate dilutions. Plaque-formation is observed after incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 h 1/2 between two properly spaced microscope slides sealed with paraffin. Plaque enumeration revealed that 17-18% of normal adult rat lover cells secreted albumin. The assay which is reproductible and highly sensitive is also done in a single step.", "contents": "[Albumin secreting hepatocytes detected as plaque-forming cells in liquid medium]. Albumin-secretins hepatocytes were detected as plaque-forming cells when incubated in a complete culture medium containing sheep eythrocytes coated  with purified anti-albumin, plus anti-albumin serum and complement added at appropriate dilutions. Plaque-formation is observed after incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 h 1/2 between two properly spaced microscope slides sealed with paraffin. Plaque enumeration revealed that 17-18% of normal adult rat lover cells secreted albumin. The assay which is reproductible and highly sensitive is also done in a single step.", "PMID": 322580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8415", "title": "[Autoantigen T in guinea pig germinal cells: fine localization and ultrastructural lesions induced in vitro by specific anti-T autoantibody and complement].", "content": "Four autoantigens (S, P, T, Z), are known to be present in guinea pig spermatozoa. The only anti-T antibody is able to fix complement and is spermotoxic. Using immunoenzymatic technics, autoantigen T has been localized on the plasma membrane of spermatozoa and spermatids. A quantitative ultrastructural study has shown the anti-T induced irreversible, specific lesions on the germinal cells in presence of complement. A few minutes after addition of complement, almost all the cells are injured. Control sere (normal serum, anti-ova or anti-S or anti-P sera are inefficient. These findings are related to the mechanisms of autoimmune aspermatogenetic orchitis.", "contents": "[Autoantigen T in guinea pig germinal cells: fine localization and ultrastructural lesions induced in vitro by specific anti-T autoantibody and complement]. Four autoantigens (S, P, T, Z), are known to be present in guinea pig spermatozoa. The only anti-T antibody is able to fix complement and is spermotoxic. Using immunoenzymatic technics, autoantigen T has been localized on the plasma membrane of spermatozoa and spermatids. A quantitative ultrastructural study has shown the anti-T induced irreversible, specific lesions on the germinal cells in presence of complement. A few minutes after addition of complement, almost all the cells are injured. Control sere (normal serum, anti-ova or anti-S or anti-P sera are inefficient. These findings are related to the mechanisms of autoimmune aspermatogenetic orchitis.", "PMID": 322581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8416", "title": "[Immunostimulating activities in vivo of extract from Klebsiella pneumoniae].", "content": "The adjuvant and immunostimulating activities of a glycoprotein preparation (GP) extracted from Klebsiella pneumoniae have been studied. When injeted with an ovalbumin in incomplet Freund adjuvant emulsion, the GP induces delayed hypersensitivity to the antigen and increases the level of antibody developed. When it is injected before the antigen to C57Bl/6 mice, the GP provokes an increase of plaque forming cells, rosette forming cells, and antibody responses. With the doses that are used, no mechanism can be detected which could be due to an antigenic activity of the GP. The immunostimulating properties decribed cannot be due to a lipopolysaccharide since the preparation contains less than 1 p. 100 of endotoxin.", "contents": "[Immunostimulating activities in vivo of extract from Klebsiella pneumoniae]. The adjuvant and immunostimulating activities of a glycoprotein preparation (GP) extracted from Klebsiella pneumoniae have been studied. When injeted with an ovalbumin in incomplet Freund adjuvant emulsion, the GP induces delayed hypersensitivity to the antigen and increases the level of antibody developed. When it is injected before the antigen to C57Bl/6 mice, the GP provokes an increase of plaque forming cells, rosette forming cells, and antibody responses. With the doses that are used, no mechanism can be detected which could be due to an antigenic activity of the GP. The immunostimulating properties decribed cannot be due to a lipopolysaccharide since the preparation contains less than 1 p. 100 of endotoxin.", "PMID": 322582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8417", "title": "[Mechanisms of action of levamisole, stimulating cellular immune responses].", "content": "Since LMS possesses a thiazole and an imidazole (IMZ) moiety, we compared in vivo activities of LMS and of IMZ on immune responses of mice, IMZ was unable to increase the number of direct or indirect plaque-forming spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), the magnitude of delayed hypersensitivity to SRBC, and did not evoke the production of a serum factor which passively transferred the immune stimulation. LMS was repeatedly active in these three tests. In vivo activities of LMS appear to be linked to its sulphur moiety able to recruit and activate a new population of T cells, through serum mediators.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of action of levamisole, stimulating cellular immune responses]. Since LMS possesses a thiazole and an imidazole (IMZ) moiety, we compared in vivo activities of LMS and of IMZ on immune responses of mice, IMZ was unable to increase the number of direct or indirect plaque-forming spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), the magnitude of delayed hypersensitivity to SRBC, and did not evoke the production of a serum factor which passively transferred the immune stimulation. LMS was repeatedly active in these three tests. In vivo activities of LMS appear to be linked to its sulphur moiety able to recruit and activate a new population of T cells, through serum mediators.", "PMID": 322583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8418", "title": "[Clinical significance of circulating autoantibodies].", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescence on cryostat sections of rat, baboon and human organs is the best technique for routin detection of organ specific antibodies. Most of these antibodies (antinuclear, antinucleolar, anti-mitochondria, anti-parietal cells, anti-microsomes, anti-reticulin, anti-thyroglobulin, anti-salivary gland) are detected in less than 1% of normal adults ar a titer of 1/5. Their detection at high titers is of high clinical significance.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of circulating autoantibodies]. Indirect immunofluorescence on cryostat sections of rat, baboon and human organs is the best technique for routin detection of organ specific antibodies. Most of these antibodies (antinuclear, antinucleolar, anti-mitochondria, anti-parietal cells, anti-microsomes, anti-reticulin, anti-thyroglobulin, anti-salivary gland) are detected in less than 1% of normal adults ar a titer of 1/5. Their detection at high titers is of high clinical significance.", "PMID": 322584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8419", "title": "[Involvement of lymphocyte populations in rheumatoid synovial lesions].", "content": "T and B lymphocyte proportions have been studied in synovial fluid and peripheral blood from 70 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The results have shown that T-cell numbers assessed by E-rosettes and anti-HTLA antiserum, B-cell numbers detected by membrane immunofluorescence and EAC-rosettes from peripheral blood were similar in RA and in a control group. Conversely, \"active\" E-rosettes which detected a subset of mature T cells, were decreased in blood and very increased in synovial fluid. Furthermore, the percentages of mononuclear cells bearing a Fc-receptor for IgG (EA-rosettes) were higher in synovial fluid than in RA peripheral blood. These data could be in favour of the cell-mediated immunity in rheumatoid arthritis lesions.", "contents": "[Involvement of lymphocyte populations in rheumatoid synovial lesions]. T and B lymphocyte proportions have been studied in synovial fluid and peripheral blood from 70 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The results have shown that T-cell numbers assessed by E-rosettes and anti-HTLA antiserum, B-cell numbers detected by membrane immunofluorescence and EAC-rosettes from peripheral blood were similar in RA and in a control group. Conversely, \"active\" E-rosettes which detected a subset of mature T cells, were decreased in blood and very increased in synovial fluid. Furthermore, the percentages of mononuclear cells bearing a Fc-receptor for IgG (EA-rosettes) were higher in synovial fluid than in RA peripheral blood. These data could be in favour of the cell-mediated immunity in rheumatoid arthritis lesions.", "PMID": 322585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8420", "title": "[Immunofluorescent deposits in normal rheumatoid skin].", "content": "Predominantly IgM immunofluorescent deposits have been found in 30% of normal, non exposed skin in a group of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Neither clinical nor biological correlation have been found. Because one case with cryoglobulinemia was positive, study of other non lupus, cryoglobulinemic, immune complexe type of diseases has been done. The results were negative. Further investigations are needed to explain this observation.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescent deposits in normal rheumatoid skin]. Predominantly IgM immunofluorescent deposits have been found in 30% of normal, non exposed skin in a group of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Neither clinical nor biological correlation have been found. Because one case with cryoglobulinemia was positive, study of other non lupus, cryoglobulinemic, immune complexe type of diseases has been done. The results were negative. Further investigations are needed to explain this observation.", "PMID": 322586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8421", "title": "[Purification and properties of non-specific streptococcal extracellular mitogens].", "content": "Two immunologically different mitogens have been purified from culture fluid of growingStreptococcus pyogenes (group A). These substances were shown to be highly active on human and rabbit lymphocytes from peripheral blood, thymus and spleen, and less active on AKR mice thymocytes and splenocytes as well as on Nude mice splenocytes. These substances therefore appear as T-cell mitogens. Their effect on B cells remains to be investigated.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of non-specific streptococcal extracellular mitogens]. Two immunologically different mitogens have been purified from culture fluid of growingStreptococcus pyogenes (group A). These substances were shown to be highly active on human and rabbit lymphocytes from peripheral blood, thymus and spleen, and less active on AKR mice thymocytes and splenocytes as well as on Nude mice splenocytes. These substances therefore appear as T-cell mitogens. Their effect on B cells remains to be investigated.", "PMID": 322587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8422", "title": "[Functional studies of T and B lymphocytes].", "content": "The means for analysing T-cell activities are very limited. Indeed, the numerical estimation of the changes which take place in human T lymphocytes had to rely solely on the observation of transformed cells (blasts). However, even if various mitogens appear selective for either T of B cells, we know that both types of lymphocytes are ultimately transformed into blasts. This is particularly true in studies conducted on mixtures of T and B cells where stimulated T cells can release substances which act on B cells. On the other hand, studies with purified populations of T or B cells do not express the cellular interactions that occur naturally between these two types of lymphocytes. For all these reasons, it seemed that the estimation of \" quanta \" of activity unique to T lymphocytes would contribute significantly to our knowledge of this line of cells. We describe a new method of detecting the in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes based on the appearance of cells having the property to cluster several layers of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) around themselves, forming multilayer rosettes (CFC). This formation is temperature-dependent and requires trypanblue-excluding, metabolically active blastoid cells. Non-separated cells as well as purified T cells stimulated with allogeneic leucocytes (MLR), specific antigens or polyclonal mitogens (PWM, ConA) gave rise to CFC. Such multilayer rosettes were not formed by separated B cells. In the MLR, CFC were detected 48 h after beginning of cultures and increased in number thereafter just like thymidine incorporation. The response to ConA and PWM was detected earlier and gave rise to two or three peaks, the first rise in the number of CFC coinciding with the peak of thymidine incorporation, but the maximal increase occurring two or three days later. Treatment of blastoid cells with a serum specific for T cells--but not with an anti-immunoglobulin serum--abolished their ability to form ordinary or multilayer rosettes. When separated, however, on a nylon wool column, CFC were more adherent than the bulk of T cells. It is suggested that CFC form a subpopulation of T cells with distinct characteristics, allowing a direct assessment of membrane changes which take place when T lymphocytes are activated in vitro.", "contents": "[Functional studies of T and B lymphocytes]. The means for analysing T-cell activities are very limited. Indeed, the numerical estimation of the changes which take place in human T lymphocytes had to rely solely on the observation of transformed cells (blasts). However, even if various mitogens appear selective for either T of B cells, we know that both types of lymphocytes are ultimately transformed into blasts. This is particularly true in studies conducted on mixtures of T and B cells where stimulated T cells can release substances which act on B cells. On the other hand, studies with purified populations of T or B cells do not express the cellular interactions that occur naturally between these two types of lymphocytes. For all these reasons, it seemed that the estimation of \" quanta \" of activity unique to T lymphocytes would contribute significantly to our knowledge of this line of cells. We describe a new method of detecting the in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes based on the appearance of cells having the property to cluster several layers of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) around themselves, forming multilayer rosettes (CFC). This formation is temperature-dependent and requires trypanblue-excluding, metabolically active blastoid cells. Non-separated cells as well as purified T cells stimulated with allogeneic leucocytes (MLR), specific antigens or polyclonal mitogens (PWM, ConA) gave rise to CFC. Such multilayer rosettes were not formed by separated B cells. In the MLR, CFC were detected 48 h after beginning of cultures and increased in number thereafter just like thymidine incorporation. The response to ConA and PWM was detected earlier and gave rise to two or three peaks, the first rise in the number of CFC coinciding with the peak of thymidine incorporation, but the maximal increase occurring two or three days later. Treatment of blastoid cells with a serum specific for T cells--but not with an anti-immunoglobulin serum--abolished their ability to form ordinary or multilayer rosettes. When separated, however, on a nylon wool column, CFC were more adherent than the bulk of T cells. It is suggested that CFC form a subpopulation of T cells with distinct characteristics, allowing a direct assessment of membrane changes which take place when T lymphocytes are activated in vitro.", "PMID": 322589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8423", "title": "[Evaluation of thymic hormone and E-rosettes in patients with IgA deficiency].", "content": "We have investigated lymphocyte subpopulations and T cell functions, in particular E rosettes and serum level of thymic factor in ten young patients (aged 6 to 20) with partial and selective IgA deficiency. The control group included ten age-matched healthy subjects. Significantly depressed levels of serum thymic factor were found in six patients. These results were correlated with the decreased number of E rosettes found in five of them, and support a T-cell involvement in IgA deficiency.", "contents": "[Evaluation of thymic hormone and E-rosettes in patients with IgA deficiency]. We have investigated lymphocyte subpopulations and T cell functions, in particular E rosettes and serum level of thymic factor in ten young patients (aged 6 to 20) with partial and selective IgA deficiency. The control group included ten age-matched healthy subjects. Significantly depressed levels of serum thymic factor were found in six patients. These results were correlated with the decreased number of E rosettes found in five of them, and support a T-cell involvement in IgA deficiency.", "PMID": 322590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8424", "title": "[Increased autorosette levels with aging].", "content": "The autorosette levels studied in human peripheral blood of 115 normal subjects are shown to be higher in women than in men and to increase along with the age in both sexes. These autorosettes could belong to immature T-cells as they stick to nylon wool and they decreased after E-rosette depletion. The T-cell origin of autorosettes is confirmed by the existence of mixed rosettes using autologous erythrocytes and sheep red blood cells.", "contents": "[Increased autorosette levels with aging]. The autorosette levels studied in human peripheral blood of 115 normal subjects are shown to be higher in women than in men and to increase along with the age in both sexes. These autorosettes could belong to immature T-cells as they stick to nylon wool and they decreased after E-rosette depletion. The T-cell origin of autorosettes is confirmed by the existence of mixed rosettes using autologous erythrocytes and sheep red blood cells.", "PMID": 322593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8425", "title": "E1Cold cytotoxic antibodies in kidney graft recipients.", "content": "Serial serum samples from 39 renal allograft recipients were screened for cold and warm cytotoxic antibodies before and after grafting. In the group of patients who developed antibodies only after grafting, 6 had cytotoxins reactive at 37 degree C and 5 had cytotoxins reactive at 15 degree. At one year, all the patients with cold alloantibodies has functioning grafts, but none of the patients with warm antibodies had kept their graft. In three patients with cold antibodies, the cytotoxins reacted with a subpopulation of cells enriched in B lymphocytes but not with T cells eluted from nylon wool columns. This suggests that certain kinds of antibodies which appear in the blood after grafting may have enhancing properties.", "contents": "E1Cold cytotoxic antibodies in kidney graft recipients. Serial serum samples from 39 renal allograft recipients were screened for cold and warm cytotoxic antibodies before and after grafting. In the group of patients who developed antibodies only after grafting, 6 had cytotoxins reactive at 37 degree C and 5 had cytotoxins reactive at 15 degree. At one year, all the patients with cold alloantibodies has functioning grafts, but none of the patients with warm antibodies had kept their graft. In three patients with cold antibodies, the cytotoxins reacted with a subpopulation of cells enriched in B lymphocytes but not with T cells eluted from nylon wool columns. This suggests that certain kinds of antibodies which appear in the blood after grafting may have enhancing properties.", "PMID": 322591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8426", "title": "Heart: excitation-contraction coupling.", "content": "The study of E-C coupling in heart muscle has been facilitated by the recent availability of reasonably reliable voltage clamp techniques and a method of \"skinning\" cardiac cells. We have also had the introduction of several new ideas, including a Na:Ca exchange pump, metabolically controlled Ca storage capacity of the SR, and length dependence of Ca release. Consideration of the mechanism of E-C coupling in striated muscle as a general model has enabled transfer of insights gained studying fast skeletal muscle to heart muscle. On the other hand, many of the complexities of regulation of heart muscle contraction are manifested in fast skeletal muscle, as investigators explore the details of E-C coupling. On the whole, it is interesting to be an investigator in this field, as the E-C coupling mechanisms under investigation are being located in many nonmuscle cells, for such varied functions as control of cell shape during growth and excitation-secretion coupling. The last few years have seen the establishment of the existence and importance of a channel in the membrane that admits Ca as a function of electric field. We remain uncertain, however, of the details of relation of this current to the size of contraction. We have begun to explore the characteristics and role of the Na:Ca exchange mechanism in regulating the magnitude of intracellular Ca stores. Most investigators feel that this finally represents the necessary link in understanding digitalis action. A powerful but technically demanding tool is available in the \"skinned\" cardiac cell, permitting direct studies of Ca release from the SR in more-or-less intact cells. One dramatic finding with that technique is the demonstration of length-dependence of Ca release. On the horizon are methods of monitoring any possible transient potentials across subcellular organelle membranes and directly determining transient changes in free Ca in the sarcoplasm. This reviewer cannot help but feel that the next three or four years will be exciting ones in this field, and that the next review of E-C coupling will make interesting reading.", "contents": "Heart: excitation-contraction coupling. The study of E-C coupling in heart muscle has been facilitated by the recent availability of reasonably reliable voltage clamp techniques and a method of \"skinning\" cardiac cells. We have also had the introduction of several new ideas, including a Na:Ca exchange pump, metabolically controlled Ca storage capacity of the SR, and length dependence of Ca release. Consideration of the mechanism of E-C coupling in striated muscle as a general model has enabled transfer of insights gained studying fast skeletal muscle to heart muscle. On the other hand, many of the complexities of regulation of heart muscle contraction are manifested in fast skeletal muscle, as investigators explore the details of E-C coupling. On the whole, it is interesting to be an investigator in this field, as the E-C coupling mechanisms under investigation are being located in many nonmuscle cells, for such varied functions as control of cell shape during growth and excitation-secretion coupling. The last few years have seen the establishment of the existence and importance of a channel in the membrane that admits Ca as a function of electric field. We remain uncertain, however, of the details of relation of this current to the size of contraction. We have begun to explore the characteristics and role of the Na:Ca exchange mechanism in regulating the magnitude of intracellular Ca stores. Most investigators feel that this finally represents the necessary link in understanding digitalis action. A powerful but technically demanding tool is available in the \"skinned\" cardiac cell, permitting direct studies of Ca release from the SR in more-or-less intact cells. One dramatic finding with that technique is the demonstration of length-dependence of Ca release. On the horizon are methods of monitoring any possible transient potentials across subcellular organelle membranes and directly determining transient changes in free Ca in the sarcoplasm. This reviewer cannot help but feel that the next three or four years will be exciting ones in this field, and that the next review of E-C coupling will make interesting reading.", "PMID": 322598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8427", "title": "[Polymorphic secretory antigens (WZ) of the human adult and fetal colon].", "content": "The present paper concerns further data about the WZ polymorphic antigens of the human colon. A population study conducted with the immunofluorescence technique on rectal biopsies from 150 subjects, confirmed the frequency of the three phenotypes : W+Z (0.65), W-Z+ (0;25), W-Z- (0.10). The same three phenotypes were observed with the immunofluorescence technique in the colon goblet cells of 20 foetuses ranging in ages from 20 to 36 weeks. In these foetuses a comparative study of the WZ and ABH antigens along the length of the gastrointestinal tract showed the same reverse distribution of the two kinds of antigens as previusly reported in the adult. The comparison of the inhibition activity of adult or foetal colon mucosa extracts in a radioimmunoassay test showed that the WZ antigens are similarly present in heated water, phenolalcohol, and perchloric acid extracts. The WZ antigens are present in the meconium.", "contents": "[Polymorphic secretory antigens (WZ) of the human adult and fetal colon]. The present paper concerns further data about the WZ polymorphic antigens of the human colon. A population study conducted with the immunofluorescence technique on rectal biopsies from 150 subjects, confirmed the frequency of the three phenotypes : W+Z (0.65), W-Z+ (0;25), W-Z- (0.10). The same three phenotypes were observed with the immunofluorescence technique in the colon goblet cells of 20 foetuses ranging in ages from 20 to 36 weeks. In these foetuses a comparative study of the WZ and ABH antigens along the length of the gastrointestinal tract showed the same reverse distribution of the two kinds of antigens as previusly reported in the adult. The comparison of the inhibition activity of adult or foetal colon mucosa extracts in a radioimmunoassay test showed that the WZ antigens are similarly present in heated water, phenolalcohol, and perchloric acid extracts. The WZ antigens are present in the meconium.", "PMID": 322592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8428", "title": "Cardiac dynamics.", "content": "The studies reported here were selected because of renewed interest in these areas, particularly as they relate to the evaluation and management of patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure. The first section emphasized a new conceptual approach to changes in the diastolic pressure-volume relation of the left ventricle. Although previous studies have concentrated on mathematical models which describe wall stress and stiffness as derived from the pressure-volume relationship, this review emphasizes that hemodynamic factors are very important in acutely altering the pressure-volume relationship of the left ventricle. This is partly due to alterations in right ventricular pressure, which subsequently influence the left ventricular pressure-volume relationship. In addition, recent studies have pointed out that compliance indices measured at low end-diastolic pressures differ from the indices measured at high end-diastolic pressures, so that limited information from one portion of the curve may not be generalized to describe the entire curve. The section on afterload emphasized the importance of this factor in influencing cardiac function, particularly in the presence of heart failure. In patients with both acute and chronic heart failure, vasodilator drugs which reduce ventricular afterload have produced substantial hemodynamic benefit by reducing the filling pressures of the right and left ventricles and increasing forward cardiac output. This hemodynamic improvement in response to afterload reduction is predictable from the different quantitative descriptions of ventricular afterload. Nevertheless, it is still unclear which method best describes afterload. Although wall stress, impedance, vascular resistance, and aortic pressure have all been utilized as a measure of afterload, each has some shortcomings which may limit its applicability. The final section reviewed approaches to the measurement of regionally ischemic myocardium. Since current studies have emphasized the importance of identifying and preserving ischemic, but viable, myocardium, this section has reviewed techniques for measuring local mechanical performance. Previous studies with the Walton-Brodie strain gauge and epicardial length gauge did not appear to be as satisfactory as more recent measurements with ultrasonic crystals, which can simultaneously measure wall thickness and segment length. These methods form the basis for ongoing experiments designed to evaluate approaches for preserving ischemic myocardium in the setting of experimental myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Cardiac dynamics. The studies reported here were selected because of renewed interest in these areas, particularly as they relate to the evaluation and management of patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure. The first section emphasized a new conceptual approach to changes in the diastolic pressure-volume relation of the left ventricle. Although previous studies have concentrated on mathematical models which describe wall stress and stiffness as derived from the pressure-volume relationship, this review emphasizes that hemodynamic factors are very important in acutely altering the pressure-volume relationship of the left ventricle. This is partly due to alterations in right ventricular pressure, which subsequently influence the left ventricular pressure-volume relationship. In addition, recent studies have pointed out that compliance indices measured at low end-diastolic pressures differ from the indices measured at high end-diastolic pressures, so that limited information from one portion of the curve may not be generalized to describe the entire curve. The section on afterload emphasized the importance of this factor in influencing cardiac function, particularly in the presence of heart failure. In patients with both acute and chronic heart failure, vasodilator drugs which reduce ventricular afterload have produced substantial hemodynamic benefit by reducing the filling pressures of the right and left ventricles and increasing forward cardiac output. This hemodynamic improvement in response to afterload reduction is predictable from the different quantitative descriptions of ventricular afterload. Nevertheless, it is still unclear which method best describes afterload. Although wall stress, impedance, vascular resistance, and aortic pressure have all been utilized as a measure of afterload, each has some shortcomings which may limit its applicability. The final section reviewed approaches to the measurement of regionally ischemic myocardium. Since current studies have emphasized the importance of identifying and preserving ischemic, but viable, myocardium, this section has reviewed techniques for measuring local mechanical performance. Previous studies with the Walton-Brodie strain gauge and epicardial length gauge did not appear to be as satisfactory as more recent measurements with ultrasonic crystals, which can simultaneously measure wall thickness and segment length. These methods form the basis for ongoing experiments designed to evaluate approaches for preserving ischemic myocardium in the setting of experimental myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 322599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8429", "title": "[Properties of a collagen and monomycin complex].", "content": "The prolonged effect of  a single application of a collagen-monomycin sponge was studied experimentally on albino rats on a model of a skin flat wound. The monomycin levels in the blood and tissues in  the area of the sponge application for 14 days were determined by the biological method. The therapeutically effective concentration of monomycin, i.e. 3.8 gemma/ml was maintained in the general blood flow for 2 weeks. During this period the local antibiotic concentration was almost 5 times higher. The toxic effect of the collagen-monomycin complex was studied on rabbits and albino rats for 2 months with respect to the indices of the protein metabolism and the content of residual nitrogen and urea. The activity of cholinestrerase and the content of histamine in the blood were determined. No significant changes in the studied tests were observed during the period of the chronic experiment. The microstructure of the organs of the test animals did not differ from that of the intact animals. The collagen-monomycin complex had a prolonged antibacterial effect and was not toxic with respect to the the test animal.", "contents": "[Properties of a collagen and monomycin complex]. The prolonged effect of  a single application of a collagen-monomycin sponge was studied experimentally on albino rats on a model of a skin flat wound. The monomycin levels in the blood and tissues in  the area of the sponge application for 14 days were determined by the biological method. The therapeutically effective concentration of monomycin, i.e. 3.8 gemma/ml was maintained in the general blood flow for 2 weeks. During this period the local antibiotic concentration was almost 5 times higher. The toxic effect of the collagen-monomycin complex was studied on rabbits and albino rats for 2 months with respect to the indices of the protein metabolism and the content of residual nitrogen and urea. The activity of cholinestrerase and the content of histamine in the blood were determined. No significant changes in the studied tests were observed during the period of the chronic experiment. The microstructure of the organs of the test animals did not differ from that of the intact animals. The collagen-monomycin complex had a prolonged antibacterial effect and was not toxic with respect to the the test animal.", "PMID": 322605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8430", "title": "Pharmacological and clinical study of bacampicillin in acute peritonsillitis--a comparison with ampicillin.", "content": "The pharmacological and clinical properties of bacampicillin in three dosage groups were studied in 66 hospitalized patients with unilateral acute peritonsillitis in a comparison with ampicillin. Bacampicillin is a new semisynthetic aminopenicillin which is rapidly converted to ampicillin but is better absorbed. Both drugs were given orally. The mean individual peak serum levels achieved with 200, 400, and 800 mg of bacampicillin in the first morning dose were 4.9, 6.8, and 11.9 mg/liter, respectively, with an almost linear dose response. The peak level of 800 mg of bacampicillin was significantly higher than the 6.8 mg/liter noted after a nearly equimolar dose of 500 mg of ampicillin. A linear relationship was also seen between dose and area under the serum concentration-time curve. Preliminary antibiotic concentration studies in five patients indicated therapeutic levels in peritonsillar pus. Beta-streptococci alone or in combination with anaerobes were isolated from about half of the abscesses, whereas anaerobes were isolated from the other half. Treatment was supplemented by surgical procedures in the majority of cases. The clinical effect was good in all treatment groups, with only one relapse. All beta-streptococci were eliminated during therapy. The total number of gastrointestinal side effects was significantly lower in patients treated with bacampicillin, although the difference in frequency of diarrhea alone was not significant.", "contents": "Pharmacological and clinical study of bacampicillin in acute peritonsillitis--a comparison with ampicillin. The pharmacological and clinical properties of bacampicillin in three dosage groups were studied in 66 hospitalized patients with unilateral acute peritonsillitis in a comparison with ampicillin. Bacampicillin is a new semisynthetic aminopenicillin which is rapidly converted to ampicillin but is better absorbed. Both drugs were given orally. The mean individual peak serum levels achieved with 200, 400, and 800 mg of bacampicillin in the first morning dose were 4.9, 6.8, and 11.9 mg/liter, respectively, with an almost linear dose response. The peak level of 800 mg of bacampicillin was significantly higher than the 6.8 mg/liter noted after a nearly equimolar dose of 500 mg of ampicillin. A linear relationship was also seen between dose and area under the serum concentration-time curve. Preliminary antibiotic concentration studies in five patients indicated therapeutic levels in peritonsillar pus. Beta-streptococci alone or in combination with anaerobes were isolated from about half of the abscesses, whereas anaerobes were isolated from the other half. Treatment was supplemented by surgical procedures in the majority of cases. The clinical effect was good in all treatment groups, with only one relapse. All beta-streptococci were eliminated during therapy. The total number of gastrointestinal side effects was significantly lower in patients treated with bacampicillin, although the difference in frequency of diarrhea alone was not significant.", "PMID": 322607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8431", "title": "Requirements of glucose and incubation under static conditions for optimal colicin E1 induction.", "content": "A rapid rate and large amounts of colicin E1 synthesis were induced by incubating colicinogenic cells without aeration in the presence of glucose. The decrease in ability of colicin induction by aeration was not due to an ample supply of oxygen, but to the simple agitation of the bacterial suspension. Sugars other than glucose that support colicin synthesis were mannose, fructose, glucose-6-phosphate, and mannitol. The effect of sugars in mutants deficient in enzymes of glucose metabolism suggested that some intermediary metabolites between glucose and pyruvate are closely related to the stimulation of colicin synthesis under these conditions. Analyses of deoxyribonucleic acid replication indicated that the induced replication of the colicin E1 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid occurred even under conditions in which colicin was not actively synthesized.", "contents": "Requirements of glucose and incubation under static conditions for optimal colicin E1 induction. A rapid rate and large amounts of colicin E1 synthesis were induced by incubating colicinogenic cells without aeration in the presence of glucose. The decrease in ability of colicin induction by aeration was not due to an ample supply of oxygen, but to the simple agitation of the bacterial suspension. Sugars other than glucose that support colicin synthesis were mannose, fructose, glucose-6-phosphate, and mannitol. The effect of sugars in mutants deficient in enzymes of glucose metabolism suggested that some intermediary metabolites between glucose and pyruvate are closely related to the stimulation of colicin synthesis under these conditions. Analyses of deoxyribonucleic acid replication indicated that the induced replication of the colicin E1 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid occurred even under conditions in which colicin was not actively synthesized.", "PMID": 322608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8432", "title": "Rapid method for detection of urea hydrolysis by yeasts.", "content": "A method is described for the rapid detection of urea hydrolysis by yeasts, using the Berthelot color reaction. The results could be determined within 30 to 50 min with this method, compared with 8 to 72 h usually required with Christensen urea agar.", "contents": "Rapid method for detection of urea hydrolysis by yeasts. A method is described for the rapid detection of urea hydrolysis by yeasts, using the Berthelot color reaction. The results could be determined within 30 to 50 min with this method, compared with 8 to 72 h usually required with Christensen urea agar.", "PMID": 322609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8433", "title": "Occurrence of human-associated yeasts in bivalve shellfish from Long Island Sound.", "content": "Candida parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata were the human-associated yeasts most frequently isolated from quahogs, oysters, and mussels collected from four estuarine areas along the northern shore of Long Island Sound. Some inconsistency and seasonal variation in the occurrence of these and other yeast species were noted. In particular, C. albicans densities were greatest during colder months in the more heavily polluted waters. A total of 347 yeasts were isolated and cultured at 37 degrees C and, of these, 219 of 62% were human-associated forms. Generally, these yeasts in the animals sampled reflected the overall pollution status of the estuary from which they were taken. This study represents a clear demonstration of potentially pathogenic yeasts in a valuable marine resource.", "contents": "Occurrence of human-associated yeasts in bivalve shellfish from Long Island Sound. Candida parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata were the human-associated yeasts most frequently isolated from quahogs, oysters, and mussels collected from four estuarine areas along the northern shore of Long Island Sound. Some inconsistency and seasonal variation in the occurrence of these and other yeast species were noted. In particular, C. albicans densities were greatest during colder months in the more heavily polluted waters. A total of 347 yeasts were isolated and cultured at 37 degrees C and, of these, 219 of 62% were human-associated forms. Generally, these yeasts in the animals sampled reflected the overall pollution status of the estuary from which they were taken. This study represents a clear demonstration of potentially pathogenic yeasts in a valuable marine resource.", "PMID": 322610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8434", "title": "Generalized indicator plate for genetic, metabolic, and taxonomic studies with microorganisms.", "content": "We have developed an indicator plate that works well for diverse types of substrates and microorganisms. The plates are inexpensive and easy to prepare. The essential components are agar, buffer, growth-supporting nutrients, a test substrate, and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). Using various strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, we have studied and defined the contribution of each component to the satisfactory function of the plate. Colonies capable of catabolizing the test substrate reduce TTC and produce a deep red formazan, whereas colonies failing to catabolize the substrate remain uncoloured. Those with intermediate rates of catabolism differ in rate and/or extent of color formation. In all cases the color is stable because TTC reduction is essentially irreversible. Since the mode of action of these plates is fairly well understood, alternative formulations can be devised to meet specific needs. The general applicability of this TTC indicator system makes it an extremely useful tool in microbial genetics, metabolism, and taxonomy.", "contents": "Generalized indicator plate for genetic, metabolic, and taxonomic studies with microorganisms. We have developed an indicator plate that works well for diverse types of substrates and microorganisms. The plates are inexpensive and easy to prepare. The essential components are agar, buffer, growth-supporting nutrients, a test substrate, and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). Using various strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, we have studied and defined the contribution of each component to the satisfactory function of the plate. Colonies capable of catabolizing the test substrate reduce TTC and produce a deep red formazan, whereas colonies failing to catabolize the substrate remain uncoloured. Those with intermediate rates of catabolism differ in rate and/or extent of color formation. In all cases the color is stable because TTC reduction is essentially irreversible. Since the mode of action of these plates is fairly well understood, alternative formulations can be devised to meet specific needs. The general applicability of this TTC indicator system makes it an extremely useful tool in microbial genetics, metabolism, and taxonomy.", "PMID": 322611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8435", "title": "Continuous culture of mixed oral flora on hydroxyapatite-coated glass beads.", "content": "Methods for initiating and perpetuating a culture of mixed oral flora on hydroxyapatite (HT)-coated glass beads are described. Preliminary characterization of the resultant flora showed that species common in human dental plaque were present. The composition of the flora could be manipulated by altering cultural conditions. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated that the microbes grew in densely packed microcolonies on the surface of the HT bead. A procedure for continuous culture of colonized HT beads in glass columns is described. This technique should make it possible to utilize experimental protocols employing continuous or interrupted flow of materials.", "contents": "Continuous culture of mixed oral flora on hydroxyapatite-coated glass beads. Methods for initiating and perpetuating a culture of mixed oral flora on hydroxyapatite (HT)-coated glass beads are described. Preliminary characterization of the resultant flora showed that species common in human dental plaque were present. The composition of the flora could be manipulated by altering cultural conditions. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated that the microbes grew in densely packed microcolonies on the surface of the HT bead. A procedure for continuous culture of colonized HT beads in glass columns is described. This technique should make it possible to utilize experimental protocols employing continuous or interrupted flow of materials.", "PMID": 322612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8436", "title": "Stable gas-liquid chromatography column for fatty acid analysis.", "content": "A mixed gas-liquid chromatography column of FFAP and Apolar-7CP has excelelnt thermal stability and shows excellent characteristics for the separation of the methylesters of fatty acids from Salmonella enteritidis call wall lipids.", "contents": "Stable gas-liquid chromatography column for fatty acid analysis. A mixed gas-liquid chromatography column of FFAP and Apolar-7CP has excelelnt thermal stability and shows excellent characteristics for the separation of the methylesters of fatty acids from Salmonella enteritidis call wall lipids.", "PMID": 322613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8437", "title": "Correction for the inherent error in optical density readings.", "content": "Except at very low levels, uncorrected photometric determination of bacterial cell densities showed a decreasing proportionally to actual cell density or dry weight. A standard curve was prepared to convert photometric readings to truly proportional optical density values. With one dry weight determination, optical density values may be converted to absolute dry weight values.", "contents": "Correction for the inherent error in optical density readings. Except at very low levels, uncorrected photometric determination of bacterial cell densities showed a decreasing proportionally to actual cell density or dry weight. A standard curve was prepared to convert photometric readings to truly proportional optical density values. With one dry weight determination, optical density values may be converted to absolute dry weight values.", "PMID": 322614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8438", "title": "Ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with kidney autografting.", "content": "The treatment is described of a man aged 54 with a ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta extending to above the junction of the renal arteries. The procedure selected was introduction of a prosthetic aortic bifurcation, followed by autografting of one kidney after is extracorporeal refrigeration. The procedure is explained.", "contents": "Ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with kidney autografting. The treatment is described of a man aged 54 with a ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta extending to above the junction of the renal arteries. The procedure selected was introduction of a prosthetic aortic bifurcation, followed by autografting of one kidney after is extracorporeal refrigeration. The procedure is explained.", "PMID": 322617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8439", "title": "A new treatment of split-skin graft donor sites.", "content": "Skin-graft donor sites covered with a sterile polyurethane drape that is permeable to water vapor, but not to bacteria, heal under a fluid exudate. Re-epithelialization occurs more rapidly and with less pain than under the conventional paraffin gauze dressing.", "contents": "A new treatment of split-skin graft donor sites. Skin-graft donor sites covered with a sterile polyurethane drape that is permeable to water vapor, but not to bacteria, heal under a fluid exudate. Re-epithelialization occurs more rapidly and with less pain than under the conventional paraffin gauze dressing.", "PMID": 322618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8440", "title": "An early 19th century case of ameloblastoma of the jaw.", "content": "A detailed case history and macroscopical description is given of a destructive tumour of the lower jaw, treated by the Utecht prosector Petrus Koning in the years 1811-1813. The macerated skull demonstrating the enormous cystic tumour is still preserved in the Pathological Institute of the State University, Utrecht, and shows unmistakable ameloblastoma. This case is one of the first-if not th\u0115 first-proven cases of ameloblastoma recorded in history. Some remarks on the conservative treatment which was used, the incidence of ameloblastoma in history and its nomenclature are included in this article.", "contents": "An early 19th century case of ameloblastoma of the jaw. A detailed case history and macroscopical description is given of a destructive tumour of the lower jaw, treated by the Utecht prosector Petrus Koning in the years 1811-1813. The macerated skull demonstrating the enormous cystic tumour is still preserved in the Pathological Institute of the State University, Utrecht, and shows unmistakable ameloblastoma. This case is one of the first-if not th\u0115 first-proven cases of ameloblastoma recorded in history. Some remarks on the conservative treatment which was used, the incidence of ameloblastoma in history and its nomenclature are included in this article.", "PMID": 322619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8441", "title": "Incidence of skin carcinoma after renal transplantation.", "content": "The development of de novo malignant neoplasms after renal transplantation continues to be of importance. The incidence of skin cancer in the renal transplant population at the University of Minnesota Hospital is compared with that expected on the basis of rates from the special nonmelanoma part of the Third National Cancer Survey. Overall, the risk of skin cancer in the renal transplant population was 7.1 times that expected. This excess was due primarily to squamous cell carcinomas, which were 36.4 times as frequent as expected.", "contents": "Incidence of skin carcinoma after renal transplantation. The development of de novo malignant neoplasms after renal transplantation continues to be of importance. The incidence of skin cancer in the renal transplant population at the University of Minnesota Hospital is compared with that expected on the basis of rates from the special nonmelanoma part of the Third National Cancer Survey. Overall, the risk of skin cancer in the renal transplant population was 7.1 times that expected. This excess was due primarily to squamous cell carcinomas, which were 36.4 times as frequent as expected.", "PMID": 322620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8442", "title": "Vasculitis in granuloma annulare: histopathology and direct immunofluorescence.", "content": "Biopsy specimens from patients with granuloma annulare were studied by conventional light and immunofluorescence microscopy. In six of 20 patients, IgM was present in blood vessels of involved skin, and C3 was present in blood vessels in ten of 20 patients. In addition, IgM, C3, or fibrinogen were observed at the dermal-epidermal junction of eight patients. Necrobiotic areas contained fibrinogen. A retrospective histopathologic study of 38 biopsy specimens from other patients with granuloma annulare showed blood vessels with vessel wall necrosis, fibrinoid change, thickening, or occlusion in most specimens. Nuclear dust and extravasation of RBCs were also noted. These findings suggest that an immunoglobulin-mediated vasculitis may be involved in the pathogenesis of granuloma annulare.", "contents": "Vasculitis in granuloma annulare: histopathology and direct immunofluorescence. Biopsy specimens from patients with granuloma annulare were studied by conventional light and immunofluorescence microscopy. In six of 20 patients, IgM was present in blood vessels of involved skin, and C3 was present in blood vessels in ten of 20 patients. In addition, IgM, C3, or fibrinogen were observed at the dermal-epidermal junction of eight patients. Necrobiotic areas contained fibrinogen. A retrospective histopathologic study of 38 biopsy specimens from other patients with granuloma annulare showed blood vessels with vessel wall necrosis, fibrinoid change, thickening, or occlusion in most specimens. Nuclear dust and extravasation of RBCs were also noted. These findings suggest that an immunoglobulin-mediated vasculitis may be involved in the pathogenesis of granuloma annulare.", "PMID": 322621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8443", "title": "Serological studies on strains of Theileria mutans isolated in East Africa using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique.", "content": "The serological response of cattle infected with Theileria mutans (Aitong) by cyclical and mechanical transmission was studied using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique with T. mutans piroplasm and schizont antigens. Cattle infected by either method show high antibody titres against piroplasm antigens which persist for periods of over one year. Only cattle with tick-induced infections had an antibody response to schizont antigen. The serological cross-reactions of T. mutans (Ationg) with other strains of T. mutans isolated in East and South Africa sere investigated as were the serological cross-reaction of T, mutans (Aitong) and other species of Theileria. It was concluded that isolated of Theileria in East Africa which behaved like T. mutans were serologically indistinguishable using the IFA technique while other species of Theileria were easily distinguishable from T. mutans.", "contents": "Serological studies on strains of Theileria mutans isolated in East Africa using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. The serological response of cattle infected with Theileria mutans (Aitong) by cyclical and mechanical transmission was studied using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique with T. mutans piroplasm and schizont antigens. Cattle infected by either method show high antibody titres against piroplasm antigens which persist for periods of over one year. Only cattle with tick-induced infections had an antibody response to schizont antigen. The serological cross-reactions of T. mutans (Ationg) with other strains of T. mutans isolated in East and South Africa sere investigated as were the serological cross-reaction of T, mutans (Aitong) and other species of Theileria. It was concluded that isolated of Theileria in East Africa which behaved like T. mutans were serologically indistinguishable using the IFA technique while other species of Theileria were easily distinguishable from T. mutans.", "PMID": 322622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8444", "title": "Establishment and characterization of a cell line (BTC-32) from the triatomine bug, Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).", "content": "The establishment of a cell line from embryonic tissues of the triatomine bug, Triatoma infestans is described. The cell line consists of three cell types which are described, and has a population doubling time of 48 hours during the logarithmic phase of growth. A proportion of the cells remain in the medium as floaters. Of the chromosome preparations that could be counted, the majority contained the diploid (2n = 22) number. The cell line has undergone 129 subcultures and has been maintained for over three years. The potential use of these cells in the study of Trypanosoma cruzi is described.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of a cell line (BTC-32) from the triatomine bug, Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). The establishment of a cell line from embryonic tissues of the triatomine bug, Triatoma infestans is described. The cell line consists of three cell types which are described, and has a population doubling time of 48 hours during the logarithmic phase of growth. A proportion of the cells remain in the medium as floaters. Of the chromosome preparations that could be counted, the majority contained the diploid (2n = 22) number. The cell line has undergone 129 subcultures and has been maintained for over three years. The potential use of these cells in the study of Trypanosoma cruzi is described.", "PMID": 322623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8445", "title": "Teflon embolization to pulmonary arteries.", "content": "A previously unreported complication of cardiac surgery, embolization to the lungs from Teflon pledgets, is presented. The pathological changes found in the pulmonary arteries postmortem are described and their possible clinical significance is discussed. Properties inherent in Teflon are implication in the origin of the embolization.", "contents": "Teflon embolization to pulmonary arteries. A previously unreported complication of cardiac surgery, embolization to the lungs from Teflon pledgets, is presented. The pathological changes found in the pulmonary arteries postmortem are described and their possible clinical significance is discussed. Properties inherent in Teflon are implication in the origin of the embolization.", "PMID": 322626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8446", "title": "Effects of antipyretic agents on fever and ruminal stasis induced by endotoxins in conscious goats.", "content": "Intravenous injection of endotoxin (LPS) from S. typhimurium (3,3 microng per kg body weight) or E. coli O111B4 (0,1 microng per kg body weight) caused fever and stasis of the forestomach contractions in conscious goats. Pretreatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents only had a partial antagonistic influence upon endotoxin induced ruminal stasis. In this respect, acetaminophen was the most potent drug of all agents tested. In dependence of the doses used, the following rank order of potency can be given in relation to the antipyretic activity: sodium flurbiprofen, sodium meclofenamate, acetaminophen, sodium novaminsulphonum and phenylbutazone. In the goat, sodium flurbiprofen (2 mg per kg i.v.) is a very potent and long acting antipyretic agent. It seems unlikely that the inhibition of forestomach motility by endotoxins is simple due to a release of prostaglandins. Since the inhibition also occurred in absence of a febrile response, it is concluded that the inhibition is not primarily due to hyperthermia.", "contents": "Effects of antipyretic agents on fever and ruminal stasis induced by endotoxins in conscious goats. Intravenous injection of endotoxin (LPS) from S. typhimurium (3,3 microng per kg body weight) or E. coli O111B4 (0,1 microng per kg body weight) caused fever and stasis of the forestomach contractions in conscious goats. Pretreatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents only had a partial antagonistic influence upon endotoxin induced ruminal stasis. In this respect, acetaminophen was the most potent drug of all agents tested. In dependence of the doses used, the following rank order of potency can be given in relation to the antipyretic activity: sodium flurbiprofen, sodium meclofenamate, acetaminophen, sodium novaminsulphonum and phenylbutazone. In the goat, sodium flurbiprofen (2 mg per kg i.v.) is a very potent and long acting antipyretic agent. It seems unlikely that the inhibition of forestomach motility by endotoxins is simple due to a release of prostaglandins. Since the inhibition also occurred in absence of a febrile response, it is concluded that the inhibition is not primarily due to hyperthermia.", "PMID": 322627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8447", "title": "On-line computerized data handling system for treating patients with renal disease.", "content": "Some patients with renal disease accrue 6,000 to 8,000 individual data items relating to symptoms, signs, laboratory information, and treatment in one year. To deal with the problem of handling so many data items, the following steps were taken: (1) a dictionary of terms peculiar to nephrology was created; (2) manual time-oriented records for nephrology were constructed; and (3) an on-line data processing system, using a PDP-11/70 computer and remote teleprocessing terminal, was developed. On the terminal screen, up to 11 consecutive patient visits can be displayed horizontally, with 18 data items displayed vertically. Up to 30 of the most recent patient visits are easily accessible. For patient treatment, a special feature allows a rearrangement and instantaneous display of any combination of data, thus permitting review of essential feedback relationships between clinical events and treatment.", "contents": "On-line computerized data handling system for treating patients with renal disease. Some patients with renal disease accrue 6,000 to 8,000 individual data items relating to symptoms, signs, laboratory information, and treatment in one year. To deal with the problem of handling so many data items, the following steps were taken: (1) a dictionary of terms peculiar to nephrology was created; (2) manual time-oriented records for nephrology were constructed; and (3) an on-line data processing system, using a PDP-11/70 computer and remote teleprocessing terminal, was developed. On the terminal screen, up to 11 consecutive patient visits can be displayed horizontally, with 18 data items displayed vertically. Up to 30 of the most recent patient visits are easily accessible. For patient treatment, a special feature allows a rearrangement and instantaneous display of any combination of data, thus permitting review of essential feedback relationships between clinical events and treatment.", "PMID": 322628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8448", "title": "Genetic, acquired, and related factors in the etiology of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease entity, but a heterogenous group of disorders with a striking diversity of etiopathogenetic mechanisms as well as clinical manifestations. Lack of a known genetic marker for the disease(s) and variable influences of environmental factors on the expression of a putative diabetic genome have resulted in considerable debate over its etiology. Over the past few years, systematic epidemiologic studies, along with knowledge gained from a close association of certain human-leukocyte-antigens with the diabetic diathesis and possible role of host-immune factors, and gene-virus interaction have led to considerable advancement in the understanding of the disease-complex. Pending the availability of definite genetic marker(s), we propose a new, tentative classification based on the etiologic mechanisms. We also suggest that the term \"prediabetes\" be abandoned as a prospective entity, since as presently employed, this connotation carries a risk probability no different than the terms like prehypertension or precoronary thrombosis.", "contents": "Genetic, acquired, and related factors in the etiology of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease entity, but a heterogenous group of disorders with a striking diversity of etiopathogenetic mechanisms as well as clinical manifestations. Lack of a known genetic marker for the disease(s) and variable influences of environmental factors on the expression of a putative diabetic genome have resulted in considerable debate over its etiology. Over the past few years, systematic epidemiologic studies, along with knowledge gained from a close association of certain human-leukocyte-antigens with the diabetic diathesis and possible role of host-immune factors, and gene-virus interaction have led to considerable advancement in the understanding of the disease-complex. Pending the availability of definite genetic marker(s), we propose a new, tentative classification based on the etiologic mechanisms. We also suggest that the term \"prediabetes\" be abandoned as a prospective entity, since as presently employed, this connotation carries a risk probability no different than the terms like prehypertension or precoronary thrombosis.", "PMID": 322629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8449", "title": "[Ultramicroscopic study of the colonic mucosa infected by E. histolytica].", "content": "In eight guinea pigs, trophozoites of E. histolytica HM-2 IMSS strain grown in plurixenic conditions were inoculated in their cecum. Two died two days after inoculation; the remaining si- were sacrificed six days afterwards. Tissue samples were obtained from amebic lesions and nearby areas. At ultramicroscopic level it was observed that epithelial cells in contact with the parasite had short and/or scanty microvilli, swollen mitochondria, ER dilatation and absence of the terminal bar. When trophozoite was within the epithelium, cells in contact with it were destroyed; basement membrane was elongated before it was broken up by the parasite. In the lamina propria trophozoites were found close to glands, blood capillaries and in contact with macrophages, lymphocytes, and most cells. No polymorphonuclear cells were identified in all samples studied. Capillaries were congestive, lacking polymorphonuclear cells. It was postulated that probably initial colonic mucosa lesion in amebiasis depends solely upon parasite action.", "contents": "[Ultramicroscopic study of the colonic mucosa infected by E. histolytica]. In eight guinea pigs, trophozoites of E. histolytica HM-2 IMSS strain grown in plurixenic conditions were inoculated in their cecum. Two died two days after inoculation; the remaining si- were sacrificed six days afterwards. Tissue samples were obtained from amebic lesions and nearby areas. At ultramicroscopic level it was observed that epithelial cells in contact with the parasite had short and/or scanty microvilli, swollen mitochondria, ER dilatation and absence of the terminal bar. When trophozoite was within the epithelium, cells in contact with it were destroyed; basement membrane was elongated before it was broken up by the parasite. In the lamina propria trophozoites were found close to glands, blood capillaries and in contact with macrophages, lymphocytes, and most cells. No polymorphonuclear cells were identified in all samples studied. Capillaries were congestive, lacking polymorphonuclear cells. It was postulated that probably initial colonic mucosa lesion in amebiasis depends solely upon parasite action.", "PMID": 322630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8450", "title": "[Coagulation analytical studies in coli enterotoxemia in swine].", "content": "Store pigs with spontaneous outbreaks and experimental endotoxin shock were kept under observation in the context of coagulation analysis. Heparin was applied to some of the animals to disrupt the plasmatic coagulation system. The thrombocyte count in animals with endotoxin infusion declined by some 50 to 65 percent of the original level. No statistically secured difference was found to exist between heparinised animals, on the one hand, and non-heparinised, on the other. The aggregation and adhesion of thrombocytes in all shock animals was more pronounced than that in the controls. The fibrinogen levels were lowered in both the animals with spontaneous outbreaks and the experimental animals. Thrombocyte alteration was not found to have been dependent on activation of the plasmatic coagulation system. In endotoxin shock cases activation of plasmatic coagulation proteins was found to be preceded by rise in thrombocyte aggregation.", "contents": "[Coagulation analytical studies in coli enterotoxemia in swine]. Store pigs with spontaneous outbreaks and experimental endotoxin shock were kept under observation in the context of coagulation analysis. Heparin was applied to some of the animals to disrupt the plasmatic coagulation system. The thrombocyte count in animals with endotoxin infusion declined by some 50 to 65 percent of the original level. No statistically secured difference was found to exist between heparinised animals, on the one hand, and non-heparinised, on the other. The aggregation and adhesion of thrombocytes in all shock animals was more pronounced than that in the controls. The fibrinogen levels were lowered in both the animals with spontaneous outbreaks and the experimental animals. Thrombocyte alteration was not found to have been dependent on activation of the plasmatic coagulation system. In endotoxin shock cases activation of plasmatic coagulation proteins was found to be preceded by rise in thrombocyte aggregation.", "PMID": 322631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8451", "title": "[The evaluation of principles for the prevention and control of animal epidemics during the second half of the 18th century according to a contemporary monograph, from a current viewpoint].", "content": "Reference is made to the third edition of a handbook published 1800 in which experience in preventing and controlling animal diseases is given in the form of standards together with conclusions, the latter being related primarily to the incidence of cattle plague in the second half of the 18th century. The points made in the handbook are related to the history of veterinary medicine, with particular emphasis being laid on today's national veterinary services and the legal provisions which are now in effect for the prevention and control of high risk. Since production relations and productive forces were on a different level then, both the consequences of high-risk animal diseases and action for protection often had deterimental impact upon agricultural production and led to the ruin of many poorer farmers and dependent peasants. The substance of the prevention and control principles was not only adequate, but to some extent is valid even today, notwithstanding the much higher scientific basis on which many problems are tackled in our days. A set of strict rules had been established, and offenders had to expert severe punishment. Yet, in the class society of that time penalty rules differed for 'masters' and 'inferiors'. The handbook is of enlightening importance as a basisfor deliberate application of codes and standards.", "contents": "[The evaluation of principles for the prevention and control of animal epidemics during the second half of the 18th century according to a contemporary monograph, from a current viewpoint]. Reference is made to the third edition of a handbook published 1800 in which experience in preventing and controlling animal diseases is given in the form of standards together with conclusions, the latter being related primarily to the incidence of cattle plague in the second half of the 18th century. The points made in the handbook are related to the history of veterinary medicine, with particular emphasis being laid on today's national veterinary services and the legal provisions which are now in effect for the prevention and control of high risk. Since production relations and productive forces were on a different level then, both the consequences of high-risk animal diseases and action for protection often had deterimental impact upon agricultural production and led to the ruin of many poorer farmers and dependent peasants. The substance of the prevention and control principles was not only adequate, but to some extent is valid even today, notwithstanding the much higher scientific basis on which many problems are tackled in our days. A set of strict rules had been established, and offenders had to expert severe punishment. Yet, in the class society of that time penalty rules differed for 'masters' and 'inferiors'. The handbook is of enlightening importance as a basisfor deliberate application of codes and standards.", "PMID": 322632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8452", "title": "[Chemically defined and partially defined media for pasteurella multocida and pateurella hemolytica].", "content": "Two culturing recipes were suggested for Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica, one partialy defined nutritive defined nutritive medium with 0.5 per cent yeast extract and one chemically defined medium. Both had been composed on the basis of studies into nutrient demand and into the effects of complex nutritive substrates. Both nutritive media are applicable also to culturing other bacterial species. (Among the strains tested so far were streptococci, staphylococci, Escherichia coli, pseudomonas, protest, Salmonella,, Shigella, and Haemophilus.)", "contents": "[Chemically defined and partially defined media for pasteurella multocida and pateurella hemolytica]. Two culturing recipes were suggested for Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica, one partialy defined nutritive defined nutritive medium with 0.5 per cent yeast extract and one chemically defined medium. Both had been composed on the basis of studies into nutrient demand and into the effects of complex nutritive substrates. Both nutritive media are applicable also to culturing other bacterial species. (Among the strains tested so far were streptococci, staphylococci, Escherichia coli, pseudomonas, protest, Salmonella,, Shigella, and Haemophilus.)", "PMID": 322633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8453", "title": "The impact of a weekend group experience on individual therapy.", "content": "Thirty-three patients in long-term individual therapy were referred to one of three weekend groups: two experimental (affect-arousing, gestalt therapy) groups and one control (meditation-Tai Chi) group. The impact of the weekend group experience (WGE) on individual therapy was examined six and 12 weeks later. At six weeks the patients in the experimental groups showed, on some measures, a significantly greater improvement in their individual therapy than did controls. By 12 weeks, there were no demonstrable differences. The WGE was not without risk: even though the group leaders were highly trained, responsible clinicians, two patients suffered considerable psychological damage. The control (meditation-Tai Chi) group offered a relatively innocuous experience; there was no risk, but few members found the specific procedures useful in their lives. Intense affect arousal in the WGE was not related to positive change in subsequent individual therapy. Those expressing the greatest affect in either experimental group were no more likely to have had a measurable positive impact on their subsequent individual therapy than patients expressing little or no measurable affect.", "contents": "The impact of a weekend group experience on individual therapy. Thirty-three patients in long-term individual therapy were referred to one of three weekend groups: two experimental (affect-arousing, gestalt therapy) groups and one control (meditation-Tai Chi) group. The impact of the weekend group experience (WGE) on individual therapy was examined six and 12 weeks later. At six weeks the patients in the experimental groups showed, on some measures, a significantly greater improvement in their individual therapy than did controls. By 12 weeks, there were no demonstrable differences. The WGE was not without risk: even though the group leaders were highly trained, responsible clinicians, two patients suffered considerable psychological damage. The control (meditation-Tai Chi) group offered a relatively innocuous experience; there was no risk, but few members found the specific procedures useful in their lives. Intense affect arousal in the WGE was not related to positive change in subsequent individual therapy. Those expressing the greatest affect in either experimental group were no more likely to have had a measurable positive impact on their subsequent individual therapy than patients expressing little or no measurable affect.", "PMID": 322634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8454", "title": "Lithium carbonate and ethanol induced \"highs\" in normal subjects.", "content": "The responses of twenty-three normal male subjects to a standardized dose of 95% ethanol (1.32 ml/kg of body weight) were compared after two weeks of placebo and two weeks of therapeutic serum lithium ion levels (mean 0.91 mEq/liter). The study was a placebo controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. Prealcohol and postalcohol responses were assessed by self-rating scales of affect and mood, independent rater observation, perceptual-motor, and cognitive performance tasks. Pretreatment by lithium carbonate neither blocked nor dampened an alcohol-induced subjective \"high\" in normal subjects. A complex reciprocal interaction may exist between the effects of lithium and alcohol upon other behavioral attributes. Alcohol was seen to reverse aspects of lithium-induced dysphoria and there is a suggestion that lithium may attenuate alcohol-induced cognitive inefficiency.", "contents": "Lithium carbonate and ethanol induced \"highs\" in normal subjects. The responses of twenty-three normal male subjects to a standardized dose of 95% ethanol (1.32 ml/kg of body weight) were compared after two weeks of placebo and two weeks of therapeutic serum lithium ion levels (mean 0.91 mEq/liter). The study was a placebo controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. Prealcohol and postalcohol responses were assessed by self-rating scales of affect and mood, independent rater observation, perceptual-motor, and cognitive performance tasks. Pretreatment by lithium carbonate neither blocked nor dampened an alcohol-induced subjective \"high\" in normal subjects. A complex reciprocal interaction may exist between the effects of lithium and alcohol upon other behavioral attributes. Alcohol was seen to reverse aspects of lithium-induced dysphoria and there is a suggestion that lithium may attenuate alcohol-induced cognitive inefficiency.", "PMID": 322635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8455", "title": "The sudden infant death syndrome: a review of recent advances.", "content": "When deaths during the first year of life are sudden, unexpected, and unexplained by any clinical or routine postmortem finding, they are placed in the category of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The syndrome may have many causes, but there are probably only a few final pathways to death. Much recent evidence supports sleep apnea as the most common of these final pathways. Several SIDS victims have had reccurent episodes of sleep apnea prior to death. Such episodes are associated with chronic underventilation of the lungs in other disorders, and more than half of SIDS victims have postmortem markers of antecedent chronic underventilation and hypoxemia. The hypoventilation-apnea hypothesis is also attractive because it fits most of the unique epidemiologic features of SIDS.", "contents": "The sudden infant death syndrome: a review of recent advances. When deaths during the first year of life are sudden, unexpected, and unexplained by any clinical or routine postmortem finding, they are placed in the category of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The syndrome may have many causes, but there are probably only a few final pathways to death. Much recent evidence supports sleep apnea as the most common of these final pathways. Several SIDS victims have had reccurent episodes of sleep apnea prior to death. Such episodes are associated with chronic underventilation of the lungs in other disorders, and more than half of SIDS victims have postmortem markers of antecedent chronic underventilation and hypoxemia. The hypoventilation-apnea hypothesis is also attractive because it fits most of the unique epidemiologic features of SIDS.", "PMID": 322636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8456", "title": "Pancreatic islets of malnourished rats: quantitative histologic and electron microscopic findings.", "content": "Young rats were maintained for three weeks on a low-protein diet. These animals developed many of the features of human protein-calorie deficiency, including dextrose intolerance and diminished insulin release. Quantitative histologic and ultrastructural studies showed that malnourished rats had (1) a reduced total pancreatic islet volume, and (2) a preponderance of pale granules in the B cells. It is suggested that pale B granules may contain increased amounts of insulin, which accumulate in the cells because of defective insulin release. The mechanism responsible for this has not been elucidated.", "contents": "Pancreatic islets of malnourished rats: quantitative histologic and electron microscopic findings. Young rats were maintained for three weeks on a low-protein diet. These animals developed many of the features of human protein-calorie deficiency, including dextrose intolerance and diminished insulin release. Quantitative histologic and ultrastructural studies showed that malnourished rats had (1) a reduced total pancreatic islet volume, and (2) a preponderance of pale granules in the B cells. It is suggested that pale B granules may contain increased amounts of insulin, which accumulate in the cells because of defective insulin release. The mechanism responsible for this has not been elucidated.", "PMID": 322638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8457", "title": "Aneurysm contents as a source of graft infection.", "content": "During the past 5 1/2 years, cultures were taken from 68 to 151 surgically treated aortic aneurysms. These cultures were made from nonblood fluids, laminated clot, necrotic areas of the aneurysm wall, or ulcerated atheromatous plaques. Organisms were harvested from seven of the 68 cultures, including Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, and hemolytic Streptococcus. Prophylactic antibiotics were used in all patients; however, the organisms cultured, excepting Streptococcus, were not sensitive to the chosen antibiotics. Three of the seven patients with a positive aneurysm culture died of causes unrelated to infection. Evidence of graft infection has not developed in four surviving patients with positive cultures. Knowledge of the presence of bacteria permitted massive antibiotic therapy based on organism sensitivity.", "contents": "Aneurysm contents as a source of graft infection. During the past 5 1/2 years, cultures were taken from 68 to 151 surgically treated aortic aneurysms. These cultures were made from nonblood fluids, laminated clot, necrotic areas of the aneurysm wall, or ulcerated atheromatous plaques. Organisms were harvested from seven of the 68 cultures, including Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, and hemolytic Streptococcus. Prophylactic antibiotics were used in all patients; however, the organisms cultured, excepting Streptococcus, were not sensitive to the chosen antibiotics. Three of the seven patients with a positive aneurysm culture died of causes unrelated to infection. Evidence of graft infection has not developed in four surviving patients with positive cultures. Knowledge of the presence of bacteria permitted massive antibiotic therapy based on organism sensitivity.", "PMID": 322642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8458", "title": "Surgical repair of a ruptured spleen in children: report of eight cases.", "content": "Ten consecutive children with clinical evidence of splenic rupture underwent surgical exploration. In eight patients, all or part of the spleen could be preserved. The two patients requiring splenectomy had associated injury to the tail of the pancreas. Surgical techniques employed to preserve the injured spleen were those in common use to repair equivalent hepatic or renal injuries. There was no morbidity or mortality associated with the procedure. Splenic salvage protects the child from increased susceptibility to sepsis associated with splenectomy.", "contents": "Surgical repair of a ruptured spleen in children: report of eight cases. Ten consecutive children with clinical evidence of splenic rupture underwent surgical exploration. In eight patients, all or part of the spleen could be preserved. The two patients requiring splenectomy had associated injury to the tail of the pancreas. Surgical techniques employed to preserve the injured spleen were those in common use to repair equivalent hepatic or renal injuries. There was no morbidity or mortality associated with the procedure. Splenic salvage protects the child from increased susceptibility to sepsis associated with splenectomy.", "PMID": 322643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8459", "title": "Incidence and outcome of posttraumatic respiratory failure.", "content": "From 1972 through 1975, a total of 6,196 patients were admitted to San Francisco General Hospital Trauma Service, of whom 908 required admission to an intensive care unit and 390 required mechanical ventilation. Duration of mechanical ventilation was one week or less for 76%, two weeks or less for 90%, and four weeks or less for 97%. Survival in patients ventilated seven days or less was 64%, in patients ventilated 8 to 14 days it was 55%, and in patients ventilated 15 to 30 days it was 55%. The mortality for ventilated patients aged 20 to 49 years was 23% while for ventilated patients older than age 60 it was 53%. The average age of ventilated patients was 43. Use of controlled-pressure soft-cuff endotracheal tubes has eliminated tracheal-esophageal fistula and tracheal stenosis as causes of morbidity and mortality. Appropriate ventilator alarms have minimized fatalities due to mechanical equipment failure. Complications related to positive pressure ventilation, such as pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema, still occur in 12% to 18% of patients. In our patients who survived the acute respiratory distress syndrome, recovery of lung function was universal, and permanent disability was less than 1%.", "contents": "Incidence and outcome of posttraumatic respiratory failure. From 1972 through 1975, a total of 6,196 patients were admitted to San Francisco General Hospital Trauma Service, of whom 908 required admission to an intensive care unit and 390 required mechanical ventilation. Duration of mechanical ventilation was one week or less for 76%, two weeks or less for 90%, and four weeks or less for 97%. Survival in patients ventilated seven days or less was 64%, in patients ventilated 8 to 14 days it was 55%, and in patients ventilated 15 to 30 days it was 55%. The mortality for ventilated patients aged 20 to 49 years was 23% while for ventilated patients older than age 60 it was 53%. The average age of ventilated patients was 43. Use of controlled-pressure soft-cuff endotracheal tubes has eliminated tracheal-esophageal fistula and tracheal stenosis as causes of morbidity and mortality. Appropriate ventilator alarms have minimized fatalities due to mechanical equipment failure. Complications related to positive pressure ventilation, such as pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema, still occur in 12% to 18% of patients. In our patients who survived the acute respiratory distress syndrome, recovery of lung function was universal, and permanent disability was less than 1%.", "PMID": 322644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8460", "title": "Effects of interferon preparations on rabbit corneal xenograft.", "content": "High doses of rabbit interferon (2 X 10(6) and 2 X 10(5) units/ml, a drop of about 0.1 ml administered topically into the eye twice daily) suppressed the rejection of rabbit corneal xenograft, whereas a low dose (2 X 10(3) units/ml) enhanced it, However, neither heat-inactivated rabbit interferon nor mouse L cell interferon showed any effects on rabbit corneal grafts.", "contents": "Effects of interferon preparations on rabbit corneal xenograft. High doses of rabbit interferon (2 X 10(6) and 2 X 10(5) units/ml, a drop of about 0.1 ml administered topically into the eye twice daily) suppressed the rejection of rabbit corneal xenograft, whereas a low dose (2 X 10(3) units/ml) enhanced it, However, neither heat-inactivated rabbit interferon nor mouse L cell interferon showed any effects on rabbit corneal grafts.", "PMID": 322645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8461", "title": "Supercoiled DNA of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Galleria mellonella L.", "content": "Supercoiled infectious DNA was isolated from nuclear polyhedrosis virus infecting great wax moth Galleria mellonella L.) Covalently closed DNA molecules constitute approximately 10--30 per cent in our preparations. These molecules dissappear during storage. Electron micrographs of supercoiled and open circular molecules are presented. Length of the open rings is about 50--52 micron. Infectivity of different DNA forms is discussed.", "contents": "Supercoiled DNA of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Galleria mellonella L. Supercoiled infectious DNA was isolated from nuclear polyhedrosis virus infecting great wax moth Galleria mellonella L.) Covalently closed DNA molecules constitute approximately 10--30 per cent in our preparations. These molecules dissappear during storage. Electron micrographs of supercoiled and open circular molecules are presented. Length of the open rings is about 50--52 micron. Infectivity of different DNA forms is discussed.", "PMID": 322646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8462", "title": "Timolol. A beta-adrenergic blocking agent for the treatment of glaucoma.", "content": "Timolol maleate, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was studied in 30 patients with glaucoma. Significant intraocular pressure lowering was achieved with 0.5% and 1.5% solution of the drug. At seven hours following treatment, the IOP was lowered 50% from the pretreatment pressure with both strengths of timolol. There were no subjective or objective ocular or systemic side effects detected. Visual acuity and pupil response were unchanged from pretreatment levels throughout the study. beta-Adrenergic blocking agents and specifically timolol may be an important breakthrough for the medical management of glaucoma.", "contents": "Timolol. A beta-adrenergic blocking agent for the treatment of glaucoma. Timolol maleate, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was studied in 30 patients with glaucoma. Significant intraocular pressure lowering was achieved with 0.5% and 1.5% solution of the drug. At seven hours following treatment, the IOP was lowered 50% from the pretreatment pressure with both strengths of timolol. There were no subjective or objective ocular or systemic side effects detected. Visual acuity and pupil response were unchanged from pretreatment levels throughout the study. beta-Adrenergic blocking agents and specifically timolol may be an important breakthrough for the medical management of glaucoma.", "PMID": 322648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8463", "title": "Timolol, dose response and duration of action.", "content": "Timolol maleate, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was used in a study of 20 adult patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma. This single-dose study demonstrated a dose response for this drug using concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. Timolol, 0.5%, appears to give the maximal ocular hypotensive effect; however, each concentration of the drug produced an ocular hypotensive effect for at least 24 hours. No local or systemic side effects were discovered throughout the study. Timolol may be an effective, innocuous, once-a-day, topical agent for the treatment of glaucoma.", "contents": "Timolol, dose response and duration of action. Timolol maleate, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was used in a study of 20 adult patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma. This single-dose study demonstrated a dose response for this drug using concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. Timolol, 0.5%, appears to give the maximal ocular hypotensive effect; however, each concentration of the drug produced an ocular hypotensive effect for at least 24 hours. No local or systemic side effects were discovered throughout the study. Timolol may be an effective, innocuous, once-a-day, topical agent for the treatment of glaucoma.", "PMID": 322649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8464", "title": "Penetrating keratoplasty in herpes simplex keratitis. Recurrence in grafts.", "content": "A review of 231 penetrating keratoplasties performed for corneal disease due to herpes simplex keratitis shows that clear grafts may be obtained in 75% and satisfactory visual results in about 70% during a long-term follow-up. Over a three-year follow-up period, recurrence of the herpetic disease in the graft was observed in 12%. Over a longer period of follow-up, up to 15 years, the rate of recurrence increased to 47%. About half of the corneas with recurrence achieved clear grafts with treatment. Recurrence did not appear to be less frequent in those cases which circumscribed scars as compared with those in which there was diffuse scarring. The state of activity of the disease preoperatively could not be demonstrated to influence greatly the results of the keratoplasty.", "contents": "Penetrating keratoplasty in herpes simplex keratitis. Recurrence in grafts. A review of 231 penetrating keratoplasties performed for corneal disease due to herpes simplex keratitis shows that clear grafts may be obtained in 75% and satisfactory visual results in about 70% during a long-term follow-up. Over a three-year follow-up period, recurrence of the herpetic disease in the graft was observed in 12%. Over a longer period of follow-up, up to 15 years, the rate of recurrence increased to 47%. About half of the corneas with recurrence achieved clear grafts with treatment. Recurrence did not appear to be less frequent in those cases which circumscribed scars as compared with those in which there was diffuse scarring. The state of activity of the disease preoperatively could not be demonstrated to influence greatly the results of the keratoplasty.", "PMID": 322650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8465", "title": "Blepharoptosis correction with the sutureless Fasanella-Servat operation.", "content": "The Fasanella-Servat operation for correction of blepharoptosis in cases where the function of the levator muscle is good can be performed effectively without the use of sutures, thus eliminating the possible complication of corneal abrasion in the postoperative period. The author has performed 12 sutureless operations with satisfactory correction in 11 cases.", "contents": "Blepharoptosis correction with the sutureless Fasanella-Servat operation. The Fasanella-Servat operation for correction of blepharoptosis in cases where the function of the levator muscle is good can be performed effectively without the use of sutures, thus eliminating the possible complication of corneal abrasion in the postoperative period. The author has performed 12 sutureless operations with satisfactory correction in 11 cases.", "PMID": 322651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8466", "title": "Rhomboid flap.", "content": "The rhomboid flap is a practical and efficient method of repairing small- to moderate-size surface defects of the head and neck. This flap has the advantage of combining the lateral shift and rotational methods of transfer that aid in the closure of the donor site as the flap is transposed. A description of this flap, the principle of its design, its clinical application, and potential pitfalls are presented.", "contents": "Rhomboid flap. The rhomboid flap is a practical and efficient method of repairing small- to moderate-size surface defects of the head and neck. This flap has the advantage of combining the lateral shift and rotational methods of transfer that aid in the closure of the donor site as the flap is transposed. A description of this flap, the principle of its design, its clinical application, and potential pitfalls are presented.", "PMID": 322652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8467", "title": "Pyrimidine biosynthesis in Serratia marcescens: polypeptide interactions of three nonsequential enzymes.", "content": "Orotidine-5'-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase (OMPppase, E.C. 2.4.2.10) and orotidylate decarboxylase (OMPdecase, E.C. 4.1.1.23) were purified from Serratia marcescens HY. These enzymes required physical association for maximal catalytic activities and formed a fragile complex with dihydroorotase (DHOase, E.C. 3.5.2.3). OMPppase reversibly lost 50% of its activity upon separation from DHOase. The kinetic characteristics of OMPppase were modified by this separation. In the presence of DHOase, the Kms for PRPP and orotate were stoichiometric: 2.3 X 10(-6) M and 2.6 X 10(-6) M, respectively. Following separation, the Kms were significantly different: 1.3 X 10(-6) M for PRPP and 4.1 X 10(-6) M for orotate. OMPppase and OMPdecase could be reversibly separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, but the separation was accompanied by a loss of catalytic efficiency for both enzymes. DHOase readily associated into multiple molecular forms and could not be purified. The DHOase-OMPppase-OMPdecase interactions demonstrate that a weakly aggregated, multifunctional enzyme complex participates in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides in S. marcescens. This unique association of non-sequential biosynthetic enzymes may represent a larger complex which provides a channeling or regulatory unit.", "contents": "Pyrimidine biosynthesis in Serratia marcescens: polypeptide interactions of three nonsequential enzymes. Orotidine-5'-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase (OMPppase, E.C. 2.4.2.10) and orotidylate decarboxylase (OMPdecase, E.C. 4.1.1.23) were purified from Serratia marcescens HY. These enzymes required physical association for maximal catalytic activities and formed a fragile complex with dihydroorotase (DHOase, E.C. 3.5.2.3). OMPppase reversibly lost 50% of its activity upon separation from DHOase. The kinetic characteristics of OMPppase were modified by this separation. In the presence of DHOase, the Kms for PRPP and orotate were stoichiometric: 2.3 X 10(-6) M and 2.6 X 10(-6) M, respectively. Following separation, the Kms were significantly different: 1.3 X 10(-6) M for PRPP and 4.1 X 10(-6) M for orotate. OMPppase and OMPdecase could be reversibly separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, but the separation was accompanied by a loss of catalytic efficiency for both enzymes. DHOase readily associated into multiple molecular forms and could not be purified. The DHOase-OMPppase-OMPdecase interactions demonstrate that a weakly aggregated, multifunctional enzyme complex participates in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides in S. marcescens. This unique association of non-sequential biosynthetic enzymes may represent a larger complex which provides a channeling or regulatory unit.", "PMID": 322653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8468", "title": "The catalytic activity of monomeric yeast hexokinase A.", "content": "It has been suggested [Williams, D.C. & Jones, J.G. (1976) Biochem. J. 155, 661-667] that monomeric hexokinase isoenzyme A is not catalytically active. We here present data from reacting-enzyme sedimentation, dissociation experiments and from previous studies which are consistent with the monomeric form possessing catalytic activity.", "contents": "The catalytic activity of monomeric yeast hexokinase A. It has been suggested [Williams, D.C. & Jones, J.G. (1976) Biochem. J. 155, 661-667] that monomeric hexokinase isoenzyme A is not catalytically active. We here present data from reacting-enzyme sedimentation, dissociation experiments and from previous studies which are consistent with the monomeric form possessing catalytic activity.", "PMID": 322654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8469", "title": "Inhibition of the reconstitution of the haemolytic activity of the first component of human complement by a pepsin-derived fragment of subcomponent C1q.", "content": "1. A fragment of subcomponent C1q, which contained all the collagen-like features present in the intact molecule, was isolated by pepsin digestion as described by Reid [Biochem. J. (1976) 155, 5-17]. 2. The pepsin-derived fragment of subcomponent C1q did not bind to antibody-coated erythrocytes under conditions where complete binding of sub-component C1q took place. 3. The peptic fragment blocked the reconstitution of C1 haemolytic activity by competing with intact subcomponent C1q in the utilization of a mixture of the other two subcomponents, C1r and C1s. 4. Reduction and alkylation of the interchain disulphide bonds in the pepsin fragment did not markedly affect its inhibitory effect, whereas heating at 56 degrees C for 30min completely abolished the effect. 5. Lathyritic rat skin collagen and CNBr-derived peptides of pig type II collagen showed no ability to mimic the inhibitory effect of the pepsin fragment when tested over the same concentration range as used for the peptic fragment. 6. The peptic fragment was unable to block efficiently the reconstitution of C1 haemolytic activity unless it was added to the mixture of subcomponents C1r and C1s before the attempt to reconstitute C1 haemolytic activity, in solution, or on the surface of antibody-coated erythrocytes. 7. Evidence was obtained that suggested that subcomponent C1q bound the subcomponent C1r-C1s complex more efficiently when the subcomponent C1q was bound to antibody than when it was free in solution.", "contents": "Inhibition of the reconstitution of the haemolytic activity of the first component of human complement by a pepsin-derived fragment of subcomponent C1q. 1. A fragment of subcomponent C1q, which contained all the collagen-like features present in the intact molecule, was isolated by pepsin digestion as described by Reid [Biochem. J. (1976) 155, 5-17]. 2. The pepsin-derived fragment of subcomponent C1q did not bind to antibody-coated erythrocytes under conditions where complete binding of sub-component C1q took place. 3. The peptic fragment blocked the reconstitution of C1 haemolytic activity by competing with intact subcomponent C1q in the utilization of a mixture of the other two subcomponents, C1r and C1s. 4. Reduction and alkylation of the interchain disulphide bonds in the pepsin fragment did not markedly affect its inhibitory effect, whereas heating at 56 degrees C for 30min completely abolished the effect. 5. Lathyritic rat skin collagen and CNBr-derived peptides of pig type II collagen showed no ability to mimic the inhibitory effect of the pepsin fragment when tested over the same concentration range as used for the peptic fragment. 6. The peptic fragment was unable to block efficiently the reconstitution of C1 haemolytic activity unless it was added to the mixture of subcomponents C1r and C1s before the attempt to reconstitute C1 haemolytic activity, in solution, or on the surface of antibody-coated erythrocytes. 7. Evidence was obtained that suggested that subcomponent C1q bound the subcomponent C1r-C1s complex more efficiently when the subcomponent C1q was bound to antibody than when it was free in solution.", "PMID": 322655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8470", "title": "Biochemical and physiochemical characterization of pepsin-solubilized type-II collagen from bovine articular cartilage.", "content": "Solubilization of collagen from bovine articular with pepsin requires the preliminary extraction of proteoglycans from the ground substance. Biochemical and physiochemical properties of this pepsin-solubilized collagen are independent of the pretreatment (extraction with 1.5M-CaCl2, 5M-guanidinium chloride or 0.2M-NaOH) and of the age range (2-4-year-old and 2-month-old animals). Characterization of the de-natured components, of the CNBr peptides and of the amino acid and cross-link composition shows that the collagen of the hyaline cartilage is all type II. Electrical birefringence measurements showed the presence of tropocollagen molecules (length 280nm) and molecules whose length is slightly less than twice that of the tropocollagen molecules. This latter molecule may be a dimer composed of two monomers linked by intermolecular head-to-tail bonds and whose theoretical length (530nm), according to the quarter-stagger theory, is in good agreement with our measured values (510-530nm). We have verified that the beta-components of this collagen are formed of two alpha-chains linked by the stable intermolecular bond, dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine. These dimeric molecules are absent from solutions of skin collagen whose beta-components possess only aldol-type intramolecular cross-links. Although reconstituted fibres from solutions of skin and cartilage collagen are similar, the segment-long spacing crystallites formed with pepsin-solubilized cartilage collagen present a symmetrical and dimeric form corresponding to the lateral aggregation of two monomers with an overlap (90nm) of the C-terminal ends.", "contents": "Biochemical and physiochemical characterization of pepsin-solubilized type-II collagen from bovine articular cartilage. Solubilization of collagen from bovine articular with pepsin requires the preliminary extraction of proteoglycans from the ground substance. Biochemical and physiochemical properties of this pepsin-solubilized collagen are independent of the pretreatment (extraction with 1.5M-CaCl2, 5M-guanidinium chloride or 0.2M-NaOH) and of the age range (2-4-year-old and 2-month-old animals). Characterization of the de-natured components, of the CNBr peptides and of the amino acid and cross-link composition shows that the collagen of the hyaline cartilage is all type II. Electrical birefringence measurements showed the presence of tropocollagen molecules (length 280nm) and molecules whose length is slightly less than twice that of the tropocollagen molecules. This latter molecule may be a dimer composed of two monomers linked by intermolecular head-to-tail bonds and whose theoretical length (530nm), according to the quarter-stagger theory, is in good agreement with our measured values (510-530nm). We have verified that the beta-components of this collagen are formed of two alpha-chains linked by the stable intermolecular bond, dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine. These dimeric molecules are absent from solutions of skin collagen whose beta-components possess only aldol-type intramolecular cross-links. Although reconstituted fibres from solutions of skin and cartilage collagen are similar, the segment-long spacing crystallites formed with pepsin-solubilized cartilage collagen present a symmetrical and dimeric form corresponding to the lateral aggregation of two monomers with an overlap (90nm) of the C-terminal ends.", "PMID": 322656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8471", "title": "L-serine dehydratase from Arthrobacter globiformis.", "content": "1. L-Serine dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.13) was purified 970-fold from glycine-grown Arthrobacter globiformis to a final specific activity of 660micronmol of pyruvate formed/min per mg of protein. 2. The enzyme is specific for L-serine; D-serine, L-threonine and L-cysteine are not attacked. 3. The time-course of pyruvate formation by the purified enzyme, in common with enzyme in crude extracts and throughout the purification, is non-linear. The reaction rate increases progressively for several minutes before becoming constant. The enzyme is activated by preincubation with L-serine and a linear time-course is then obtained. 4. The substrate-saturation curve for L-serine is sigmoid. The value of [S]0.5 varies with protein concentration, from 6.5mM at 23microng/ml to 20mM at 0.23microng/ml. The Hill coefficient remains constant at 2.9.5 The enzyme shows a non-specific requirement for a univalent or bivalent cation. Half-maximal activity is produced by 1.0mM-MgCl2 or by 22.5mM-KCl. 6. L-Cysteine and D-serine act as competitive inhibitors of L-serine dehydratase, with Ki values of 1.2 and 4.9mM respectively. L-Cysteine, at higher concentrations, also causes a slowly developing irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. 7. Inhibition by HgCl2 (5micronM)can be partially reversed in its initial phase by 1mM-L-cysteine, but after 10 min it becomes irreversible. 8. In contrast with the situation in all cell-free preparations, toluene-treated cells of A. globiformis form pyruvate from L-serine at a constant rate from the initiation of the reaction, show a hyperbolic substrate-saturation curve with an apparent Km of 7mM and do not require a cation for activity.", "contents": "L-serine dehydratase from Arthrobacter globiformis. 1. L-Serine dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.13) was purified 970-fold from glycine-grown Arthrobacter globiformis to a final specific activity of 660micronmol of pyruvate formed/min per mg of protein. 2. The enzyme is specific for L-serine; D-serine, L-threonine and L-cysteine are not attacked. 3. The time-course of pyruvate formation by the purified enzyme, in common with enzyme in crude extracts and throughout the purification, is non-linear. The reaction rate increases progressively for several minutes before becoming constant. The enzyme is activated by preincubation with L-serine and a linear time-course is then obtained. 4. The substrate-saturation curve for L-serine is sigmoid. The value of [S]0.5 varies with protein concentration, from 6.5mM at 23microng/ml to 20mM at 0.23microng/ml. The Hill coefficient remains constant at 2.9.5 The enzyme shows a non-specific requirement for a univalent or bivalent cation. Half-maximal activity is produced by 1.0mM-MgCl2 or by 22.5mM-KCl. 6. L-Cysteine and D-serine act as competitive inhibitors of L-serine dehydratase, with Ki values of 1.2 and 4.9mM respectively. L-Cysteine, at higher concentrations, also causes a slowly developing irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. 7. Inhibition by HgCl2 (5micronM)can be partially reversed in its initial phase by 1mM-L-cysteine, but after 10 min it becomes irreversible. 8. In contrast with the situation in all cell-free preparations, toluene-treated cells of A. globiformis form pyruvate from L-serine at a constant rate from the initiation of the reaction, show a hyperbolic substrate-saturation curve with an apparent Km of 7mM and do not require a cation for activity.", "PMID": 322657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8472", "title": "Alloxan cytotoxicity in vitro. Microscope photometric analyses of Trypan Blue uptake by pancreatic islet cells in suspension.", "content": "Suspensions of islet cells were prepared by shaking pancreatic islets from non-inbred ob/ob mice in a Ca2+-free buffer. The cells were incubated with or without 20 mM-alloxan, and subsequently with Trypan Blue. The uptake of Trypan Blue by cell nuclei was analysed by microscope photometry and by counting the frequency of cells appearing stained on visual inspection. Cells classified as stained or unstained by inspection showed no overlap in nuclear absorbance. Suspensions not exposed to alloxan contained 70-80% of unstained cells. Alloxan markedly decreased the frequency of unstained cells, an effect counteracted by 5 or 20 mM-D-glucose. The spectrum of Trypan Blue in islet-cell nuclei was red-shifted by about 20 nm. A similar red-shift was observed on adding the dye to solutions of albumin or histones, but not on mixing the dye with DNA. Binding to basic proteins may explain the concentrative uptake of Trypan Blue in dead cells and contribute to the oncogenic transformation of phagocytotically active cells. Beta-Cells in vitro are killed by alloxan and hence represent a valid model for studying the diabetogenic action of the drug.", "contents": "Alloxan cytotoxicity in vitro. Microscope photometric analyses of Trypan Blue uptake by pancreatic islet cells in suspension. Suspensions of islet cells were prepared by shaking pancreatic islets from non-inbred ob/ob mice in a Ca2+-free buffer. The cells were incubated with or without 20 mM-alloxan, and subsequently with Trypan Blue. The uptake of Trypan Blue by cell nuclei was analysed by microscope photometry and by counting the frequency of cells appearing stained on visual inspection. Cells classified as stained or unstained by inspection showed no overlap in nuclear absorbance. Suspensions not exposed to alloxan contained 70-80% of unstained cells. Alloxan markedly decreased the frequency of unstained cells, an effect counteracted by 5 or 20 mM-D-glucose. The spectrum of Trypan Blue in islet-cell nuclei was red-shifted by about 20 nm. A similar red-shift was observed on adding the dye to solutions of albumin or histones, but not on mixing the dye with DNA. Binding to basic proteins may explain the concentrative uptake of Trypan Blue in dead cells and contribute to the oncogenic transformation of phagocytotically active cells. Beta-Cells in vitro are killed by alloxan and hence represent a valid model for studying the diabetogenic action of the drug.", "PMID": 322658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8473", "title": "Pathways of complement activation in chronic discoid lupus: serologic and immunofluorescence studies.", "content": "To assess the relative roles of the classic and alternative pathways of complement activation in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (CDLE), serum levels of properdin, C3, and C4, and deposition of these proteins in the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) of 20 CDLE patients were compared to the findings in patients with clinically active and inactive SLE. Properdin was demonstrated in the DEJ of 10 of 14 (71%) histologically typical skin lesions from patients with CDLE, usually in association with deposits of immunoglobulin, C3, and C4. Properdin levels in CDLE patients were significantly increased (137 +/- 34%) (P less than 0.05) when compared to normal controls (101 +/- 18%) or to patients with clinically active SLE (89 +/- 32%). C3, C4, DNA-binding, and antinuclear antibody tests in CDLE were indistinguishable from those in normals, but significantly different from patients with active SLE (P less than 0.05). The complement profiles of patients with clinically inactive SLE resembled those of CDLE patients more closely than those of active SLE patients.", "contents": "Pathways of complement activation in chronic discoid lupus: serologic and immunofluorescence studies. To assess the relative roles of the classic and alternative pathways of complement activation in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (CDLE), serum levels of properdin, C3, and C4, and deposition of these proteins in the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) of 20 CDLE patients were compared to the findings in patients with clinically active and inactive SLE. Properdin was demonstrated in the DEJ of 10 of 14 (71%) histologically typical skin lesions from patients with CDLE, usually in association with deposits of immunoglobulin, C3, and C4. Properdin levels in CDLE patients were significantly increased (137 +/- 34%) (P less than 0.05) when compared to normal controls (101 +/- 18%) or to patients with clinically active SLE (89 +/- 32%). C3, C4, DNA-binding, and antinuclear antibody tests in CDLE were indistinguishable from those in normals, but significantly different from patients with active SLE (P less than 0.05). The complement profiles of patients with clinically inactive SLE resembled those of CDLE patients more closely than those of active SLE patients.", "PMID": 322668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8474", "title": "Skin basement membrane immunofluorescence in rheumatoid arthritis: lack of diagnostic correlation.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied for the presence of skin basement membrane immunofluorescence. Punch biopsies from normal sun-exposed skin of the forearm were negative for basement membrane immunofluorescence in all cases, except one which was read as questionable. No correlation with serum antinuclear antibody or lupus erythematosus cells was observed. Skin immunofluorescence studies are helpful in differential diagnosis when patients with a clinical picture of rheumatoid arthritis present with serum antinuclear antibodies and lupus erythematosus cells. Positive basement membrane immunofluorescence is strong evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Skin basement membrane immunofluorescence in rheumatoid arthritis: lack of diagnostic correlation. Thirty-nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied for the presence of skin basement membrane immunofluorescence. Punch biopsies from normal sun-exposed skin of the forearm were negative for basement membrane immunofluorescence in all cases, except one which was read as questionable. No correlation with serum antinuclear antibody or lupus erythematosus cells was observed. Skin immunofluorescence studies are helpful in differential diagnosis when patients with a clinical picture of rheumatoid arthritis present with serum antinuclear antibodies and lupus erythematosus cells. Positive basement membrane immunofluorescence is strong evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 322669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8475", "title": "Antiglobulins in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "With initial hopes of establishing a diagnostic test for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), five types of immunoadsorbents were used to search for occult antiglobulins in sera from children. The immunoadsorbents included glutaraldehyde-aggregated globulin, heat- and glutaraldehyde-aggregated globulin, Affi-Gel-bound globulin, Sepharose-bound globulin, and bromozcetyl cellulose-bound globulin. The glutaraldehyde-aggregated immunoadsorbents retained nonspecific protein. The Affi-Gel, Sepharose, and bromoacetyl cellulose absorbents were effective and specific, but the Affi-Gel and bromoacetyl cellulose were impractical for routine use. Separose-bound globulin was selected for use in a survey of 52 patients with JRA and 8 normal children. Materials resembling occult antiglobulins, measured as acid elutable protein, were found in normal children as well as in children with JRA. Only a small proportion of children with JRA had statistically elevated levels of such occult anti-globulin consisted of IgM, IgG, and IgA, and had latex fixation activity in 2 of 5 tested sera from normal children and in 27 of 52 sera from children with JRA. Thus the presence of antiglobulins per se is not diagnostically helpful in distinguishing children with JRA.", "contents": "Antiglobulins in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. With initial hopes of establishing a diagnostic test for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), five types of immunoadsorbents were used to search for occult antiglobulins in sera from children. The immunoadsorbents included glutaraldehyde-aggregated globulin, heat- and glutaraldehyde-aggregated globulin, Affi-Gel-bound globulin, Sepharose-bound globulin, and bromozcetyl cellulose-bound globulin. The glutaraldehyde-aggregated immunoadsorbents retained nonspecific protein. The Affi-Gel, Sepharose, and bromoacetyl cellulose absorbents were effective and specific, but the Affi-Gel and bromoacetyl cellulose were impractical for routine use. Separose-bound globulin was selected for use in a survey of 52 patients with JRA and 8 normal children. Materials resembling occult antiglobulins, measured as acid elutable protein, were found in normal children as well as in children with JRA. Only a small proportion of children with JRA had statistically elevated levels of such occult anti-globulin consisted of IgM, IgG, and IgA, and had latex fixation activity in 2 of 5 tested sera from normal children and in 27 of 52 sera from children with JRA. Thus the presence of antiglobulins per se is not diagnostically helpful in distinguishing children with JRA.", "PMID": 322670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8476", "title": "Single-blind evaluation of hypnotic activity of chlordesmethyldiazepam in No-placebo-reactor medical patients.", "content": "69 patients hospitalized for chronic respiratory diseases and complaining of moderate to severe insomnia were treated with placebo for 2 days, 36 subjects (52.17%) were discarded for their placebo responsiveness. To the remaining patients who suffered from severe insomnia, 7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (chlordesmethyldiazepam, 2 mg orally) was administered for 7 consecutive evenings. The onset, duration, quality of sleep and the state on awakening were scored on the basis of patient subjective measurements. High scores of the four considered parameters were obtained during chlordesmethyldiazepam administration. Three treated patients complained of diurnal drowsiness. Results are discussed with regard to methodological problems in the evaluation of hypnotics.", "contents": "Single-blind evaluation of hypnotic activity of chlordesmethyldiazepam in No-placebo-reactor medical patients. 69 patients hospitalized for chronic respiratory diseases and complaining of moderate to severe insomnia were treated with placebo for 2 days, 36 subjects (52.17%) were discarded for their placebo responsiveness. To the remaining patients who suffered from severe insomnia, 7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (chlordesmethyldiazepam, 2 mg orally) was administered for 7 consecutive evenings. The onset, duration, quality of sleep and the state on awakening were scored on the basis of patient subjective measurements. High scores of the four considered parameters were obtained during chlordesmethyldiazepam administration. Three treated patients complained of diurnal drowsiness. Results are discussed with regard to methodological problems in the evaluation of hypnotics.", "PMID": 322671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8477", "title": "[Studies on cardio-circulatory effects of carpipramine. Results of a double-blind study (author's transl)].", "content": "For eight weeks 30 psychotic patients with a healthy cardiovascular system received 3 X 50 mg 1-[3-(10,11-dihydro=5H-dibenz[b,f]-azepin-5-yl]-propyl]-4-piperidiono-piperdine-4-carboxamide dihydrochloride-monohydrate (carpipramine) per day with a placebo phase of three weeks either previous to the medication of succeeding it. In addition there was a group of similar patients without any medication. From this study it was concluded that carpipramide has no depressive effect on the cardiovascular system. The differences in blood pressure and heart rate after the change from medication to placebo indicate a certain vegetative lability in this phase. In the ECG, no irregularities of the atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction and its repolarisation in form of a lengthening were observed; only the WPW-syndrome noticed with one patient might be related to the medication since it occurred at the end of the three weeks during which carpipramine had been administered.", "contents": "[Studies on cardio-circulatory effects of carpipramine. Results of a double-blind study (author's transl)]. For eight weeks 30 psychotic patients with a healthy cardiovascular system received 3 X 50 mg 1-[3-(10,11-dihydro=5H-dibenz[b,f]-azepin-5-yl]-propyl]-4-piperidiono-piperdine-4-carboxamide dihydrochloride-monohydrate (carpipramine) per day with a placebo phase of three weeks either previous to the medication of succeeding it. In addition there was a group of similar patients without any medication. From this study it was concluded that carpipramide has no depressive effect on the cardiovascular system. The differences in blood pressure and heart rate after the change from medication to placebo indicate a certain vegetative lability in this phase. In the ECG, no irregularities of the atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction and its repolarisation in form of a lengthening were observed; only the WPW-syndrome noticed with one patient might be related to the medication since it occurred at the end of the three weeks during which carpipramine had been administered.", "PMID": 322672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8478", "title": "[Regulation of DNA replication (author's transl)].", "content": "Two aspects of the regulatory mechanisms of DNA replication are discussed: 1. When resting mammalian cells are stimulated to proliferate a genetic program is expressed which provides proteins and other replication factors; 2. the interaction of proteins with specific sections on the DNA leads to initiation; most probably, structural changes in chromatin are also involved. Once initiated, replication proceeds almost automatically through the elongation phase. Lymphocytes stimulated to proliferate by concanavalin A are used as an example to demonstrate the relative importance of the two aspects of DNA replication.", "contents": "[Regulation of DNA replication (author's transl)]. Two aspects of the regulatory mechanisms of DNA replication are discussed: 1. When resting mammalian cells are stimulated to proliferate a genetic program is expressed which provides proteins and other replication factors; 2. the interaction of proteins with specific sections on the DNA leads to initiation; most probably, structural changes in chromatin are also involved. Once initiated, replication proceeds almost automatically through the elongation phase. Lymphocytes stimulated to proliferate by concanavalin A are used as an example to demonstrate the relative importance of the two aspects of DNA replication.", "PMID": 322673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8479", "title": "[IS-elements and transposons: new linkage of genes within bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "IS-Elements are unique DNA sequences occurring in the DNA of E. coli and its chromosomes. They can be transposed within or between chromosomes in the same cell. Integration into a gene causes mutations and polar effects on adjacent genes. IS-Elements are integration sites for plasmids into chromosomes. IS-Elements also serve as parts of transposons (DNA structures capable to be transposed from one chromosome to another and carrying a gene for the resistance to an antibiotic or heavy metals).", "contents": "[IS-elements and transposons: new linkage of genes within bacteria (author's transl)]. IS-Elements are unique DNA sequences occurring in the DNA of E. coli and its chromosomes. They can be transposed within or between chromosomes in the same cell. Integration into a gene causes mutations and polar effects on adjacent genes. IS-Elements are integration sites for plasmids into chromosomes. IS-Elements also serve as parts of transposons (DNA structures capable to be transposed from one chromosome to another and carrying a gene for the resistance to an antibiotic or heavy metals).", "PMID": 322674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8480", "title": "[Genetic surgery: results of a new technique (author's transl)].", "content": "New techniques for cleaving DNA molecules at precisely defined points, and for successful DNA-transformation of E. coli have allowed genetic engineers to ligate DNA fragments of all possible origins and to convert them into replicating molecules sustained within bacterial cells. For this purpose, typically, segments of eukaryotic DNA are linked to bacterial \"vectors\", in particular plasmids carring their own replication machinery. This procedure allows to study the genetic organization of eukaryotic DNA and to detect whether or not the eukaryotic genes will function in a foreign environment. Work has just been initiated aiming at the complementary procedure, i.e., at introducing prokaryotic or foreign eukaryotic genes into eukaryotic cells which may carry hereditary defects.", "contents": "[Genetic surgery: results of a new technique (author's transl)]. New techniques for cleaving DNA molecules at precisely defined points, and for successful DNA-transformation of E. coli have allowed genetic engineers to ligate DNA fragments of all possible origins and to convert them into replicating molecules sustained within bacterial cells. For this purpose, typically, segments of eukaryotic DNA are linked to bacterial \"vectors\", in particular plasmids carring their own replication machinery. This procedure allows to study the genetic organization of eukaryotic DNA and to detect whether or not the eukaryotic genes will function in a foreign environment. Work has just been initiated aiming at the complementary procedure, i.e., at introducing prokaryotic or foreign eukaryotic genes into eukaryotic cells which may carry hereditary defects.", "PMID": 322675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8481", "title": "[Gene expression in eucaryotic cells and its regulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Principles of 1. the organisation and compartmentalisation of the eukaryotic nuclear genome and 2. of the different processes involved in controlling its activity are outlined and the basic differences to prokaryotic cell systems are emphasized. The special composition and arrangement of the nuclear DNA of eukaryotes is demonstrated in terms of both redundancy classes (unique sequences, sequences of intermediate degrees of repetition, highly repetitive sequences, i.e., \"simple sequences\") and chromatin and chromosome organisation. The role of the nuclear envelope as an ubiquitous and characteristic structure involved in the compartmentalisation of the nuclear genome and its transcriptional machinery is illustrated. The diversity of the mechanisms of the controls of gene expression in the eukaryotic cells is discussed at different levels: a) chromatin elimination, b) polyploidisation, c) polytenisation, d) gene amplification, e) gene magnification, f) inactivation of genes by complexing with specific proteins and/or protamines, g) transcription, h) complex formation of transcriptional products with specific proteins, i) release of the transcriptional products from the template containing strands, j) processing of newly formed RNA's k) intranuclear degradation of newly formed RNA's, l) nucleocytoplasmic translocation, and m) various forms of RNA containing structures, including masked messenger RNA's and ribosome storages, in the cytoplasm. It is demonstrated that differences in transcriptional activity can be directly visualized and that a direct trnascriptional control of gene activity is indicated to exist at least in some specific cell systems.", "contents": "[Gene expression in eucaryotic cells and its regulation (author's transl)]. Principles of 1. the organisation and compartmentalisation of the eukaryotic nuclear genome and 2. of the different processes involved in controlling its activity are outlined and the basic differences to prokaryotic cell systems are emphasized. The special composition and arrangement of the nuclear DNA of eukaryotes is demonstrated in terms of both redundancy classes (unique sequences, sequences of intermediate degrees of repetition, highly repetitive sequences, i.e., \"simple sequences\") and chromatin and chromosome organisation. The role of the nuclear envelope as an ubiquitous and characteristic structure involved in the compartmentalisation of the nuclear genome and its transcriptional machinery is illustrated. The diversity of the mechanisms of the controls of gene expression in the eukaryotic cells is discussed at different levels: a) chromatin elimination, b) polyploidisation, c) polytenisation, d) gene amplification, e) gene magnification, f) inactivation of genes by complexing with specific proteins and/or protamines, g) transcription, h) complex formation of transcriptional products with specific proteins, i) release of the transcriptional products from the template containing strands, j) processing of newly formed RNA's k) intranuclear degradation of newly formed RNA's, l) nucleocytoplasmic translocation, and m) various forms of RNA containing structures, including masked messenger RNA's and ribosome storages, in the cytoplasm. It is demonstrated that differences in transcriptional activity can be directly visualized and that a direct trnascriptional control of gene activity is indicated to exist at least in some specific cell systems.", "PMID": 322676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8482", "title": "[On the bronchodilatory effect of reproterol (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of an intra-individual double-blind study between placebo, orciprenaline and 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin) were compared in 16 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis by means of the findings of objective measurements as well as patients' comments. It was shown that the new monosubstance reproterol, a phenylethyl-aminoalkyl-xanthine, is a very potent bronchodilator whose effect persists for at least 6 h. This bronchlysis could be proven on the basis of total and specific airways resistance as having a significantly superior and longer-lasting effect when compared with placebo. Also, when compared with orciprenaline the total broncholytic effect (areas of Raw and SRaw for effect covering time) was significantly better. No essential cardiovascular or subjective side-effects were caused by any of the three preparations inhaled in from of an aerosol equipped with metering valve. Because of its assured broncholytic efficacy and good tolerance, as well as its different forms of application (ampoules, tablets, aerosol, inhalation-solution), reproterol is a recommendable alternative in recent beta2-adrenergic achievements.", "contents": "[On the bronchodilatory effect of reproterol (author's transl)]. The results of an intra-individual double-blind study between placebo, orciprenaline and 7-(3-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethylamino]-propyl)-theophylline (reproterol, Bronchospasmin) were compared in 16 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis by means of the findings of objective measurements as well as patients' comments. It was shown that the new monosubstance reproterol, a phenylethyl-aminoalkyl-xanthine, is a very potent bronchodilator whose effect persists for at least 6 h. This bronchlysis could be proven on the basis of total and specific airways resistance as having a significantly superior and longer-lasting effect when compared with placebo. Also, when compared with orciprenaline the total broncholytic effect (areas of Raw and SRaw for effect covering time) was significantly better. No essential cardiovascular or subjective side-effects were caused by any of the three preparations inhaled in from of an aerosol equipped with metering valve. Because of its assured broncholytic efficacy and good tolerance, as well as its different forms of application (ampoules, tablets, aerosol, inhalation-solution), reproterol is a recommendable alternative in recent beta2-adrenergic achievements.", "PMID": 322677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8483", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy: morphology of aortic endothelium following injury by endotoxin and during subsequent repair.", "content": "A single injection of endotoxin P45 Poly Serratia marcescens was used to induce endothelial injury in rabbits. The aortic endothelium was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), at various times after administration of endotoxin, using the technique of silver staining and pressure fixation. Within one hour after injection, some endothelial cells were curled-up and spindle-shaped in appearance. Areas of aorta devoid of endothelial cover were occasionally observed and platelets were sometimes found adhering to these sites. Two and four weeks after initial injury no spindle-shaped cells were found. Instead, some endothelial cells were heavily stained with silver. Small denuded zones were still found and these were surrounded by brightly silver-stained cells. This study confirms that endotoxin rapidly causes endothelial injury and suggests that regenerating endothelial cells which were formed following injury are avidly stained by silver salts and appear as bright cells by SEM.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy: morphology of aortic endothelium following injury by endotoxin and during subsequent repair. A single injection of endotoxin P45 Poly Serratia marcescens was used to induce endothelial injury in rabbits. The aortic endothelium was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), at various times after administration of endotoxin, using the technique of silver staining and pressure fixation. Within one hour after injection, some endothelial cells were curled-up and spindle-shaped in appearance. Areas of aorta devoid of endothelial cover were occasionally observed and platelets were sometimes found adhering to these sites. Two and four weeks after initial injury no spindle-shaped cells were found. Instead, some endothelial cells were heavily stained with silver. Small denuded zones were still found and these were surrounded by brightly silver-stained cells. This study confirms that endotoxin rapidly causes endothelial injury and suggests that regenerating endothelial cells which were formed following injury are avidly stained by silver salts and appear as bright cells by SEM.", "PMID": 322678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8484", "title": "Postextrasystolic T wave changes and angiographic coronary disease.", "content": "The significance of postextrasystolic T wave changes in beats following induced extrasystoles was assessed by angiography in 55 patients. These T wave changes were found in 81 per cent of coronary artery disease patients but also in 68 per cent of patients with normal coronary arteries (PNS). All patients with normal baseline electrocardiograms and normal coronary arteries showed postextrasystolic T wave changes. In electrocardiographic leads corresponding to the distribution of major coronary arteries, T wave changes occurred just as frequently when the artery was normal (54%) as when the artery was stenosed (55%). Left ventricular asynergy was not associated with an increased frequency of postextrasystolic T wave changes and in fact ejection fraction was greater end-diastolic pressure lower in patients with T wave changes. Thus, postextrasystolic T wave changes appear not to be useful in diagnosing or localising coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Postextrasystolic T wave changes and angiographic coronary disease. The significance of postextrasystolic T wave changes in beats following induced extrasystoles was assessed by angiography in 55 patients. These T wave changes were found in 81 per cent of coronary artery disease patients but also in 68 per cent of patients with normal coronary arteries (PNS). All patients with normal baseline electrocardiograms and normal coronary arteries showed postextrasystolic T wave changes. In electrocardiographic leads corresponding to the distribution of major coronary arteries, T wave changes occurred just as frequently when the artery was normal (54%) as when the artery was stenosed (55%). Left ventricular asynergy was not associated with an increased frequency of postextrasystolic T wave changes and in fact ejection fraction was greater end-diastolic pressure lower in patients with T wave changes. Thus, postextrasystolic T wave changes appear not to be useful in diagnosing or localising coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 322686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8485", "title": "Fibreoptic studies of the aortic valve in dogs.", "content": "The study describes a method for visualisation of the aortic valve in the intact animal using a non-obstructive endoscopic system. Clearing of blood from the field of vision is achieved by the rapid injection of saline during a period of asystole.", "contents": "Fibreoptic studies of the aortic valve in dogs. The study describes a method for visualisation of the aortic valve in the intact animal using a non-obstructive endoscopic system. Clearing of blood from the field of vision is achieved by the rapid injection of saline during a period of asystole.", "PMID": 322687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8486", "title": "Immunotherapy for acute myelogenous leukaemia: a controlled clinical study 2 1/2 years after entry of the last patient.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-nine untreated patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) were admitted between August 1970 and December 1973 and allocated into two remission treatment regimens: one to receive chemotherapy alone and the other chemotherapy with immunotherapy. Of the patients who attained remission. 22 were in the chemotherapy group and in September 1975 2 remained alive, the median survival time being 270 days and after relapse 75 days. Twenty-eight patients received immunotherapy during remission, and 5 remained alive; the median survival time of the group being 510 days and after relapse 165 days. Ongoing acturial analysis precisely predicted early in the study the median survival of the two groups, but it took a 2-year follow-up after entry of the last patient before it became clear that there were very few long-term survivors. The increase in survival time produced by the immunotherapy is apparently made up of two components: prolongation of the first remission and length of survival after the first relapse. It must be notted that the chemotherapy for this study was devised 6 years ago and the results of the control arm (chemotherapy alone) may be poorer than those obtained in contemporary studies.", "contents": "Immunotherapy for acute myelogenous leukaemia: a controlled clinical study 2 1/2 years after entry of the last patient. One hundred and thirty-nine untreated patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) were admitted between August 1970 and December 1973 and allocated into two remission treatment regimens: one to receive chemotherapy alone and the other chemotherapy with immunotherapy. Of the patients who attained remission. 22 were in the chemotherapy group and in September 1975 2 remained alive, the median survival time being 270 days and after relapse 75 days. Twenty-eight patients received immunotherapy during remission, and 5 remained alive; the median survival time of the group being 510 days and after relapse 165 days. Ongoing acturial analysis precisely predicted early in the study the median survival of the two groups, but it took a 2-year follow-up after entry of the last patient before it became clear that there were very few long-term survivors. The increase in survival time produced by the immunotherapy is apparently made up of two components: prolongation of the first remission and length of survival after the first relapse. It must be notted that the chemotherapy for this study was devised 6 years ago and the results of the control arm (chemotherapy alone) may be poorer than those obtained in contemporary studies.", "PMID": 322689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8487", "title": "Direct immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of scleroderma syndromes.", "content": "Immunofluorescent study of the skin of nine patients with mesenchymal, inflammatory scleroderma (mixed connective tissue disease) revealed immunoglobulin and complement deposition at the basement membrane or within blood vessel walls. The skin specimens of ten patients with systemic scleroderma were negative for immunofluorescence. It is proposed that basement membrane or vascular (or both) immunofluorescence is an excellent means of identifying the infrequent patient who has scleroderma and myositis or lupus erythematosus in whom a corticosteroid response may occur.", "contents": "Direct immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of scleroderma syndromes. Immunofluorescent study of the skin of nine patients with mesenchymal, inflammatory scleroderma (mixed connective tissue disease) revealed immunoglobulin and complement deposition at the basement membrane or within blood vessel walls. The skin specimens of ten patients with systemic scleroderma were negative for immunofluorescence. It is proposed that basement membrane or vascular (or both) immunofluorescence is an excellent means of identifying the infrequent patient who has scleroderma and myositis or lupus erythematosus in whom a corticosteroid response may occur.", "PMID": 322691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8488", "title": "An organ culture model for the study of pemphigus acantholysis.", "content": "An in vitro model for the study of pemphigus acantholysis has been developed. The histological changes of pemphigus vulgaris were reproduced in vitro in organ culture by growing normal human skin in the presence of pemphigus vulgaris or pemphigus foliaceus sera. At 24 h a suprabasilar split was noted and at 72 h extensive suprabasilar acantholysis developed. Direct immunofluorescent tests demonstrated that pemphigus antibody became bound to the epidermal intercellular space antigen(s) during the first 6-12 h. As acantholysis increased the presence of tissue-fixed antibody decreased. The fixation of the pemphigus antibody to the skin prior to the development of acantholysis provides strong evidence for the pathogenetic role of this antibody in the production of acantholysis. The data suggest that complement is not required in this model for the production of the acantholytic changes of pemphigus since heating the serum for 30 min at 56 degrees C did not destroy the acantholytic activity and no complement (C3) could be detected by DIF of organ culture explants.", "contents": "An organ culture model for the study of pemphigus acantholysis. An in vitro model for the study of pemphigus acantholysis has been developed. The histological changes of pemphigus vulgaris were reproduced in vitro in organ culture by growing normal human skin in the presence of pemphigus vulgaris or pemphigus foliaceus sera. At 24 h a suprabasilar split was noted and at 72 h extensive suprabasilar acantholysis developed. Direct immunofluorescent tests demonstrated that pemphigus antibody became bound to the epidermal intercellular space antigen(s) during the first 6-12 h. As acantholysis increased the presence of tissue-fixed antibody decreased. The fixation of the pemphigus antibody to the skin prior to the development of acantholysis provides strong evidence for the pathogenetic role of this antibody in the production of acantholysis. The data suggest that complement is not required in this model for the production of the acantholytic changes of pemphigus since heating the serum for 30 min at 56 degrees C did not destroy the acantholytic activity and no complement (C3) could be detected by DIF of organ culture explants.", "PMID": 322692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8489", "title": "Measurement of dermal atrophy induced by topical steroids using a radiographic technique.", "content": "A modified radiographic technique was used to assess dermal atrophy induced by topical steriods. The method proved reliable, and significant atrophy occurred with fluocinolone acetonide, clobetasone butyrate, hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and flurandrenolone, but not with hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Measurement of dermal atrophy induced by topical steroids using a radiographic technique. A modified radiographic technique was used to assess dermal atrophy induced by topical steriods. The method proved reliable, and significant atrophy occurred with fluocinolone acetonide, clobetasone butyrate, hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and flurandrenolone, but not with hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 322693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8490", "title": "The immunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukaemia using intravenous BCG.", "content": "In a 2-year period, 37 of 81 adults with acute myelogenous leukaemia achieved complete remission after repeated courses of Daunorubicin (DNR) and Cytosine Arabinoside (ARAC). They were randomized to maintenance treatment with monthly DNR/ARAC, or to identical chemotherapy plus intravenous BCG. Eighteen BCG treated patients had significantly longer survival times than 19 patients treated with chemotherapy only although no statistically significant difference can be seen in the remission duration of the two groups. Eleven patients in the BCG treated group who have relapsed, have received DNR/ARAC reinduction and five second and two third remissions have been obtained. Twelve control group patients have relapsed and 10 have received further reinduction treatment with DNR/ARAC but only one patient has entered a complete remission. Seven patients in the BCG treated group who survived for 75 weeks or more (76, 76, 96, 124, 125, 138 and 145 weeks) were either PPD positive before treatment or converted to PPD positivity after BCG treatment. Using a battery of skin tests it may be possible to define a good prognostic group of patients and design future treatment accordingly. The BCG group had a total of 198 intravenous treatments. All patients had pyrexia 6-12 h after injection lasting 12-72 h and occasionally headaches and muscle pains. Two patients had non-fatal anaphylactic reactions which did not recur when BCG was subsequently re-administered. Other complications of BCG therapy were not a problem and we have not needed to withdraw treatment for any patient.", "contents": "The immunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukaemia using intravenous BCG. In a 2-year period, 37 of 81 adults with acute myelogenous leukaemia achieved complete remission after repeated courses of Daunorubicin (DNR) and Cytosine Arabinoside (ARAC). They were randomized to maintenance treatment with monthly DNR/ARAC, or to identical chemotherapy plus intravenous BCG. Eighteen BCG treated patients had significantly longer survival times than 19 patients treated with chemotherapy only although no statistically significant difference can be seen in the remission duration of the two groups. Eleven patients in the BCG treated group who have relapsed, have received DNR/ARAC reinduction and five second and two third remissions have been obtained. Twelve control group patients have relapsed and 10 have received further reinduction treatment with DNR/ARAC but only one patient has entered a complete remission. Seven patients in the BCG treated group who survived for 75 weeks or more (76, 76, 96, 124, 125, 138 and 145 weeks) were either PPD positive before treatment or converted to PPD positivity after BCG treatment. Using a battery of skin tests it may be possible to define a good prognostic group of patients and design future treatment accordingly. The BCG group had a total of 198 intravenous treatments. All patients had pyrexia 6-12 h after injection lasting 12-72 h and occasionally headaches and muscle pains. Two patients had non-fatal anaphylactic reactions which did not recur when BCG was subsequently re-administered. Other complications of BCG therapy were not a problem and we have not needed to withdraw treatment for any patient.", "PMID": 322696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8491", "title": "Membrane changes in human platelets induced by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin.", "content": "The unexplained occurrence of thrombocytopenia in cases of Gramnegative sepsis in man led us, in the light of animal experiments indicating the blood platelet as the target cell for endotoxin, to examine the effect of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide B on human platelets. Human platelets were separated from a coat of plasma proteins by Sepharose 2B filtration or by a combined procedure of albumin gradient and Sepharose 2B filtration. The action of endotoxin on human platelets resulted in membrane changes manifested by dose-dependent release of [3H]serotonin and adenine nucleotides. Cytoplasmic marker, lactic dehydrogenase, and lysosomal marker, beta glucuronidase, were retained indicating that the release reaction was selective. Release of [3H]serotonin was specific for endotoxin since other particulates, zymosan and erythrocyte stroma, were without effect. Endotoxin, added to gel-filtered human platelets, induced a significant evolution of platelet factor 3 procoagulant activity. Preincubation of endotoxin with a membrane-rich homogenate of human platelets inhibited its labilizing effect on human platelets thus suggesting an interaction between endotoxin and the platelet membrane itself. Other plausible factors in this interaction [fibrinogen, adenine nucleotides, thrombin, sialic acid residues, and IgG] were eliminated on the basis of a series of control experiments. From the negligible effect of aspirin and indomethacin, we may infer that the interaction of endotoxin with platelets does not depend on the platelet prostaglandin synthesis pathway. The direct interaction of endotoxin with the human platelet membrane comprises a new mechanism which may help to clarify the pathogenesis of vascular and haemostatic disorders accompanying bloodstream infections due to Gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "Membrane changes in human platelets induced by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. The unexplained occurrence of thrombocytopenia in cases of Gramnegative sepsis in man led us, in the light of animal experiments indicating the blood platelet as the target cell for endotoxin, to examine the effect of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide B on human platelets. Human platelets were separated from a coat of plasma proteins by Sepharose 2B filtration or by a combined procedure of albumin gradient and Sepharose 2B filtration. The action of endotoxin on human platelets resulted in membrane changes manifested by dose-dependent release of [3H]serotonin and adenine nucleotides. Cytoplasmic marker, lactic dehydrogenase, and lysosomal marker, beta glucuronidase, were retained indicating that the release reaction was selective. Release of [3H]serotonin was specific for endotoxin since other particulates, zymosan and erythrocyte stroma, were without effect. Endotoxin, added to gel-filtered human platelets, induced a significant evolution of platelet factor 3 procoagulant activity. Preincubation of endotoxin with a membrane-rich homogenate of human platelets inhibited its labilizing effect on human platelets thus suggesting an interaction between endotoxin and the platelet membrane itself. Other plausible factors in this interaction [fibrinogen, adenine nucleotides, thrombin, sialic acid residues, and IgG] were eliminated on the basis of a series of control experiments. From the negligible effect of aspirin and indomethacin, we may infer that the interaction of endotoxin with platelets does not depend on the platelet prostaglandin synthesis pathway. The direct interaction of endotoxin with the human platelet membrane comprises a new mechanism which may help to clarify the pathogenesis of vascular and haemostatic disorders accompanying bloodstream infections due to Gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 322697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8492", "title": "A contribution from the field of psychodynamics to the controversy over reactive and endogenous depression.", "content": "Comparisons of depressed with non-depressed subjects, and of endogenous depressives with reactive depressives, in respect of the quality and handling of aggression, suggest that endogenous depression is a distinct entity. Reactive depression is seen as essentially indistinguishable from other non-depressed psychiatric states.", "contents": "A contribution from the field of psychodynamics to the controversy over reactive and endogenous depression. Comparisons of depressed with non-depressed subjects, and of endogenous depressives with reactive depressives, in respect of the quality and handling of aggression, suggest that endogenous depression is a distinct entity. Reactive depression is seen as essentially indistinguishable from other non-depressed psychiatric states.", "PMID": 322699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8493", "title": "Treatment of TRIC infection of the eye with rifampicin or chloramphenicol.", "content": "An open trial was carried out on 63 patients in London to assess the efficacy of 1% rifampicin eye ointment in comparison with 1% chloramphenicol eye ointment in the treatment of sexually transmitted TRIC infection of the eye. Patients included were selected on the basis of positive cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis. Three weeks' treatment with rifampicin eye ointment used 3 times daily was not sufficient to cure the disease, but a 6 or 7 week course gave 90% clinical and microbiological cure rate. Treatment with chloramphenicol eye ointment 3 times daily for 4 to 6 weeks failed to cure the disease.", "contents": "Treatment of TRIC infection of the eye with rifampicin or chloramphenicol. An open trial was carried out on 63 patients in London to assess the efficacy of 1% rifampicin eye ointment in comparison with 1% chloramphenicol eye ointment in the treatment of sexually transmitted TRIC infection of the eye. Patients included were selected on the basis of positive cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis. Three weeks' treatment with rifampicin eye ointment used 3 times daily was not sufficient to cure the disease, but a 6 or 7 week course gave 90% clinical and microbiological cure rate. Treatment with chloramphenicol eye ointment 3 times daily for 4 to 6 weeks failed to cure the disease.", "PMID": 322700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8494", "title": "Immunopathology of the lens. II. Humoral and cellular immune responses to homologous lens antigens and their roles in ocular inflammation.", "content": "It has been possible for the first time to demonstrate antibodies to homologous lens proteins in rabbits without the addition of adjuvant. By means of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods it has been possible not only to show for the first time that homologous lens antibodies cross-react with extraocular tissues but that the cross-reacting antigens are related to the cell mitochondria, microsomes, and the proteins associated with contractile organelles. The rabbits did not produce antibodies to gamma-crystallins even when the whole lens homogenate was injected with Freund's complete adjuvant. This suggests that gamma-crystallins are non-antigenic in homologous situations, and this may be related to both B- and T-cell tolerance. Alternatively, the failure of gamma-crystallins to induce antibody production may be due to intermolecular antigenic competition with other crystallins. The presence of mycobacteria in an adjuvant is essential for an antibody response to be detectable by agar diffusion techniques. The response to homologous lens antigens, both in magnitude as well as in duration, varied in different rabbits, which suggested to us that a central control mechanism involving the immune response (Ir) genes may plan an important role. Antibodies to homologous lens proteins as detected by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods were shown to be of the IgG class. This is the first time that the kinetics of the immune response to the same homologous lens antigen in saline with or without incomplete or complete adjuvant has been examined and their relative merits compared. Systemic homologous immunisation followed by discission of the lens led to a marked Arthus type reaction in and around the lens, but a typical granulomatous phakoallergic endophthalmitis was not produced. It seems likely that the rabbit is not suitable for the production of an experimental model of this condition.", "contents": "Immunopathology of the lens. II. Humoral and cellular immune responses to homologous lens antigens and their roles in ocular inflammation. It has been possible for the first time to demonstrate antibodies to homologous lens proteins in rabbits without the addition of adjuvant. By means of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods it has been possible not only to show for the first time that homologous lens antibodies cross-react with extraocular tissues but that the cross-reacting antigens are related to the cell mitochondria, microsomes, and the proteins associated with contractile organelles. The rabbits did not produce antibodies to gamma-crystallins even when the whole lens homogenate was injected with Freund's complete adjuvant. This suggests that gamma-crystallins are non-antigenic in homologous situations, and this may be related to both B- and T-cell tolerance. Alternatively, the failure of gamma-crystallins to induce antibody production may be due to intermolecular antigenic competition with other crystallins. The presence of mycobacteria in an adjuvant is essential for an antibody response to be detectable by agar diffusion techniques. The response to homologous lens antigens, both in magnitude as well as in duration, varied in different rabbits, which suggested to us that a central control mechanism involving the immune response (Ir) genes may plan an important role. Antibodies to homologous lens proteins as detected by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods were shown to be of the IgG class. This is the first time that the kinetics of the immune response to the same homologous lens antigen in saline with or without incomplete or complete adjuvant has been examined and their relative merits compared. Systemic homologous immunisation followed by discission of the lens led to a marked Arthus type reaction in and around the lens, but a typical granulomatous phakoallergic endophthalmitis was not produced. It seems likely that the rabbit is not suitable for the production of an experimental model of this condition.", "PMID": 322701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8495", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of Escherichia coli glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase.", "content": "Escherichia coli glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase is specific for removal of the 1-pro-R hydrogen of fructose 6-phosphate (fructose-6-P). The conversion of [2-3H]glucosamine-6-P to fructose-6-P plus ammonia is accompanied by 99% exchange of tritium with water and 0.6% transfer to C-1 of fructose-6-P. The enzyme is active toward alpha-glucosamine-6-P and apparently inactive toward the beta anomer. The combination of the above results supports a cisenolamine intermediate for the reaction. The labeling of substrate and product pools in tritiated water shows that the two halves of the reaction are each freely reversible. No single step appears to be rate determining. 2-Amino-2-deoxyglucitol-6-P is an unusually strong competitive inhibitor (K1 = 2 X 10(-7) M, compared with the Km = 4 X 10(-4) M for glucosamine-6-P), suggesting the enzyme has a strong affinity for the open-chain form of glucosamine-6-P.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of Escherichia coli glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase. Escherichia coli glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase is specific for removal of the 1-pro-R hydrogen of fructose 6-phosphate (fructose-6-P). The conversion of [2-3H]glucosamine-6-P to fructose-6-P plus ammonia is accompanied by 99% exchange of tritium with water and 0.6% transfer to C-1 of fructose-6-P. The enzyme is active toward alpha-glucosamine-6-P and apparently inactive toward the beta anomer. The combination of the above results supports a cisenolamine intermediate for the reaction. The labeling of substrate and product pools in tritiated water shows that the two halves of the reaction are each freely reversible. No single step appears to be rate determining. 2-Amino-2-deoxyglucitol-6-P is an unusually strong competitive inhibitor (K1 = 2 X 10(-7) M, compared with the Km = 4 X 10(-4) M for glucosamine-6-P), suggesting the enzyme has a strong affinity for the open-chain form of glucosamine-6-P.", "PMID": 322702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8496", "title": "Purification and characterization of covalently closed replicative intermediates of ColEl DNA from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Pulse-labeled ColEl DNA molecules, undergoing replication in Escherichia coli cells either in the absence or presence of chloramphenicol, were extracted and purified by neutral sucrose density gradient sedimentation and equilibrium centrifugation in an ethidium bromide-cesium chloride gradient. In the dye-buoyant density gradient, the replicating molecules were found in regions between the supercoiled and open-circular nonreplicating plasmid DNA, as well as in the open-circular region. In a neutral sucrose gradient, peaks of pulse label were found in the region of 26 to 38 S as well as at the 23 and 17 S positions corresponding to the positions of supercoiled and open-circular ColEl DNA. In alkaline sucrose gradient, nascent ColEl DNA was found to sediment as discrete peaks corresponding to 5-6, 7-9, and 14-16 S, indicating that at least one growing strand of the replicating molecule is produced discontinuously. In the electron microscope, many of the molecules appeared as partially supercoiled structures containing two open-circular branches of equal length, of less than 20% to more than 90% replicated. Branched open-circular molecules were not observed to any significant extent without prior treatment to induce single-strand scissions. The parental strands of the replicating molecules were determined to be covalently closed, but the superhelical density of the DNA was shown to be progressively decreased as replication proceeded.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of covalently closed replicative intermediates of ColEl DNA from Escherichia coli. Pulse-labeled ColEl DNA molecules, undergoing replication in Escherichia coli cells either in the absence or presence of chloramphenicol, were extracted and purified by neutral sucrose density gradient sedimentation and equilibrium centrifugation in an ethidium bromide-cesium chloride gradient. In the dye-buoyant density gradient, the replicating molecules were found in regions between the supercoiled and open-circular nonreplicating plasmid DNA, as well as in the open-circular region. In a neutral sucrose gradient, peaks of pulse label were found in the region of 26 to 38 S as well as at the 23 and 17 S positions corresponding to the positions of supercoiled and open-circular ColEl DNA. In alkaline sucrose gradient, nascent ColEl DNA was found to sediment as discrete peaks corresponding to 5-6, 7-9, and 14-16 S, indicating that at least one growing strand of the replicating molecule is produced discontinuously. In the electron microscope, many of the molecules appeared as partially supercoiled structures containing two open-circular branches of equal length, of less than 20% to more than 90% replicated. Branched open-circular molecules were not observed to any significant extent without prior treatment to induce single-strand scissions. The parental strands of the replicating molecules were determined to be covalently closed, but the superhelical density of the DNA was shown to be progressively decreased as replication proceeded.", "PMID": 322703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8497", "title": "Initial rate kinetic analysis of the mechanism of initiation complex formation and the role of initiation factor IF-3.", "content": "Initial rate kinetics of the formation of ternary complexes of Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunits, poly(uridylic acid), and N-acetylphenylalanyl transfer ribonucleic acid in the presence and in the absence of IF-3 are consistent with the hypothesis that the ternary complex is formed through a random order of addition of polynucleotide and aminoacyl-tRNA to separate and independent binding sites on the 30S ribosomes. The transformation of an intermediate into a stable ternary complex which probably entails a rearrangement of the ribosome structure leading to a codon-anticodon interaction represents the rate-limiting step in the formation of the ternary complex. The rate constant of this transformation, as well as the association constants for the formation of the 30S-poly(U) and 30S-N-AcPhe-tRNA binary complexes, are enhanced by the presence of IF-3 which acts as a kinetic effector on reactions which are intrinsic properties of the 30S ribosome. The IF-3-induced modification of these kinetic parameters of the 30S ribosomal subunit can per se explain the effect of IF-3 on protein synthesis without invoking a specific action at the level of the mRNA-ribosome interaction. This seems to be confirmed by the finding that IF-3 can stimulate several-fold the formation of a ternary complex even if one by-passes the ribosome-template binding step by starting with a covalent 30S-polynucleotide binary complex. Furthermore, the above-mentioned changes induced by IF-3 appear to be compatible with the previously proposed idea that the binding of the factor modifies the conformation of the 30S subunit. The random order of addition of substrates determined for the 30S-N-AcPhe-tRNA-poly(U) model system was found to be valid also for the more physiological 30S initiation complex containing poly(A,U.G) and (fMet-tRNA formed at low Mg2+ concentration in the presence of GTP and all three initiation factors.", "contents": "Initial rate kinetic analysis of the mechanism of initiation complex formation and the role of initiation factor IF-3. Initial rate kinetics of the formation of ternary complexes of Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunits, poly(uridylic acid), and N-acetylphenylalanyl transfer ribonucleic acid in the presence and in the absence of IF-3 are consistent with the hypothesis that the ternary complex is formed through a random order of addition of polynucleotide and aminoacyl-tRNA to separate and independent binding sites on the 30S ribosomes. The transformation of an intermediate into a stable ternary complex which probably entails a rearrangement of the ribosome structure leading to a codon-anticodon interaction represents the rate-limiting step in the formation of the ternary complex. The rate constant of this transformation, as well as the association constants for the formation of the 30S-poly(U) and 30S-N-AcPhe-tRNA binary complexes, are enhanced by the presence of IF-3 which acts as a kinetic effector on reactions which are intrinsic properties of the 30S ribosome. The IF-3-induced modification of these kinetic parameters of the 30S ribosomal subunit can per se explain the effect of IF-3 on protein synthesis without invoking a specific action at the level of the mRNA-ribosome interaction. This seems to be confirmed by the finding that IF-3 can stimulate several-fold the formation of a ternary complex even if one by-passes the ribosome-template binding step by starting with a covalent 30S-polynucleotide binary complex. Furthermore, the above-mentioned changes induced by IF-3 appear to be compatible with the previously proposed idea that the binding of the factor modifies the conformation of the 30S subunit. The random order of addition of substrates determined for the 30S-N-AcPhe-tRNA-poly(U) model system was found to be valid also for the more physiological 30S initiation complex containing poly(A,U.G) and (fMet-tRNA formed at low Mg2+ concentration in the presence of GTP and all three initiation factors.", "PMID": 322704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8498", "title": "Hydrolytic action of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from baker's yeast. \"Chemical proofreading\" of Thr-tRNA Val by valyl-tRNA synthetase studied with modified tRNA Val and amino acid analogues.", "content": "The properties of native and of two modified tRNA Val species in the correction of misactivated threonine by valyl-tRNA synthetase have been studied. Whereas Thr-tRNA Val-C-C-A could not be isolated in the valyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzed reaction, Thr-tRNA Val-C-C-3'dA is isolable in up to 50% yield in this system and tRNA Val-C-C-3'NH2A is fully aminoacylated with threonine by the same enzyme. The hydrolysis of preformed Thr-tRNA Val-C-C-A by free valyl-tRNA synthetase is 30 times faster than the corresponding breakdown of Val-tRNA Val-C-C-A. This hydrolytic activity is also observed with Thr-tRNA Val-C-C-3'dA although the rate is reduce to that of the reaction of Val-tRNA Val-C-C-A. Modification of the threonine to O-methylthreonine, which is also a substrate for valyl-tRNA synthetase, leads to stabilization of the O-methylthreonyl-tRNA esters. The AMP/PP independent hydrolysis under aminoacylating conditions, which is a measure of the correction process, indicates that O-MeThr-tRNA Val-C-C-A is only very slowly corrected while the tRNA Val-C-C-3'dA and tRNA Val-C-C-3'NH2A esters are completely stable. Removal of the methoxy group of O-methylthreonine as in alpha-amino-butyric acid increases the rate of the hydrolytic reaction and once again alpha-Abu-tRNA Val-C-C-A and alpha-Abu-tRNA Val-C-C-3'dA are unstable under aminoacylating conditions and not isolable.", "contents": "Hydrolytic action of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from baker's yeast. \"Chemical proofreading\" of Thr-tRNA Val by valyl-tRNA synthetase studied with modified tRNA Val and amino acid analogues. The properties of native and of two modified tRNA Val species in the correction of misactivated threonine by valyl-tRNA synthetase have been studied. Whereas Thr-tRNA Val-C-C-A could not be isolated in the valyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzed reaction, Thr-tRNA Val-C-C-3'dA is isolable in up to 50% yield in this system and tRNA Val-C-C-3'NH2A is fully aminoacylated with threonine by the same enzyme. The hydrolysis of preformed Thr-tRNA Val-C-C-A by free valyl-tRNA synthetase is 30 times faster than the corresponding breakdown of Val-tRNA Val-C-C-A. This hydrolytic activity is also observed with Thr-tRNA Val-C-C-3'dA although the rate is reduce to that of the reaction of Val-tRNA Val-C-C-A. Modification of the threonine to O-methylthreonine, which is also a substrate for valyl-tRNA synthetase, leads to stabilization of the O-methylthreonyl-tRNA esters. The AMP/PP independent hydrolysis under aminoacylating conditions, which is a measure of the correction process, indicates that O-MeThr-tRNA Val-C-C-A is only very slowly corrected while the tRNA Val-C-C-3'dA and tRNA Val-C-C-3'NH2A esters are completely stable. Removal of the methoxy group of O-methylthreonine as in alpha-amino-butyric acid increases the rate of the hydrolytic reaction and once again alpha-Abu-tRNA Val-C-C-A and alpha-Abu-tRNA Val-C-C-3'dA are unstable under aminoacylating conditions and not isolable.", "PMID": 322705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8499", "title": "Studies on gene control regions. 1. Chemical synthesis of lactose operator deoxyribonucleic acid segments.", "content": "The chemical synthesis of lactose operator DNA segments is described. The 31-base-paired duplex contains the DNA recognized by lac repressor protein and twofold rotationally symmetric base pairs on either side of the tight binding region. The synthesis includes the deoxyoligonucleotides d(T-G-T-G-G), d(A-A-T-T-G-T-G-A-G), d(C-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-A-T-T), d(T-C-A-C-A), d(T-G-T-G-A-A-A-T-T-G-T), d(T-A-T-C-C-G-C-T-C-A-C), and d(A-A-T-T-C-C-A-C-A). These deoxyoligonucleotides were characterized by two-dimensional sequencing techniques, paper chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "Studies on gene control regions. 1. Chemical synthesis of lactose operator deoxyribonucleic acid segments. The chemical synthesis of lactose operator DNA segments is described. The 31-base-paired duplex contains the DNA recognized by lac repressor protein and twofold rotationally symmetric base pairs on either side of the tight binding region. The synthesis includes the deoxyoligonucleotides d(T-G-T-G-G), d(A-A-T-T-G-T-G-A-G), d(C-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-A-T-T), d(T-C-A-C-A), d(T-G-T-G-A-A-A-T-T-G-T), d(T-A-T-C-C-G-C-T-C-A-C), and d(A-A-T-T-C-C-A-C-A). These deoxyoligonucleotides were characterized by two-dimensional sequencing techniques, paper chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography.", "PMID": 322706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8500", "title": "In vitro transcription of Moloney leukemia virus genes in infected cell nuclei and chromatin: elongation of chromatin associated ribonucleic acid by Escherichia coli ribonucleic acid polymerase.", "content": "The in vitro transcription of viral specific DNA sequences in nuclei and chromatin isolated from mouse cells chronically infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) has been studied. The in vitro RNA synthesized by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been isolated by sulfhydryl affinity column following reaction in the presence of 5-mercuriuridine triphosphate. By comparison of the Crt curves of the in vitro RNA with that of 70S viral RNA, the content of viral sequences is found to be 1.3% in nuclei product and 0.24% in chromatin product which is lower than the 2.5% found in chromatin associated RNA. This latter value, however, is very close to the in vivo viral RNA content in pulse-labeled [3H]RNA of the infected cells. Unexpectedly, it is observed that over 20% of the chromatin associated RNA prelabeled in vivo with [5-3H]uridine is elongated and tagged with Hg atoms during RNA synthesis catalyzed by the exogenous E. coli RNA polymerase in the presence of Hg-UTP. The elongation reaction is dependent on the presence of all four nucleotide triphosphates and appears to be due to E. coli RNA polymerase per se. It is suggested that most of the viral specific sequences observed in the in vitro RNA products are very likely initiated and derived from the chromatin associated species. The implication of the present findings for in vitro RNA synthesis in nuclei and chromatin as related to regulation of gene expression is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of Moloney leukemia virus genes in infected cell nuclei and chromatin: elongation of chromatin associated ribonucleic acid by Escherichia coli ribonucleic acid polymerase. The in vitro transcription of viral specific DNA sequences in nuclei and chromatin isolated from mouse cells chronically infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) has been studied. The in vitro RNA synthesized by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been isolated by sulfhydryl affinity column following reaction in the presence of 5-mercuriuridine triphosphate. By comparison of the Crt curves of the in vitro RNA with that of 70S viral RNA, the content of viral sequences is found to be 1.3% in nuclei product and 0.24% in chromatin product which is lower than the 2.5% found in chromatin associated RNA. This latter value, however, is very close to the in vivo viral RNA content in pulse-labeled [3H]RNA of the infected cells. Unexpectedly, it is observed that over 20% of the chromatin associated RNA prelabeled in vivo with [5-3H]uridine is elongated and tagged with Hg atoms during RNA synthesis catalyzed by the exogenous E. coli RNA polymerase in the presence of Hg-UTP. The elongation reaction is dependent on the presence of all four nucleotide triphosphates and appears to be due to E. coli RNA polymerase per se. It is suggested that most of the viral specific sequences observed in the in vitro RNA products are very likely initiated and derived from the chromatin associated species. The implication of the present findings for in vitro RNA synthesis in nuclei and chromatin as related to regulation of gene expression is discussed.", "PMID": 322707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8501", "title": "Stimulation, by two Escherichia coli supernatant proteins, of the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.", "content": "Two protein factors (A and B) have been partially purified from Escherichia coli supernatant which, in combination, are more effective than 0.5 M NH4Cl in stimulating ribosomes for AcPhe-tRNA and fMet-tRNA binding, for the puromycin reaction, and for incorporating acetylphenylalanine from AcPhe-tRNA into polypeptide. The factors appear to differ from the initiation factors, the elongation factor EF-T, and ribosomal proteins. Some uncertainty exists as to whether factor B is different from EF-G. To maximize the effect of the factors in initiator tRNA binding, we preincubated the ribosomes with the factors and carried out the binding assay for a short period at 15 degrees C. Maximal stimulation of binding occurred after about a 2-min preincubation at 37 degrees C. Longer preincubation times were required at 15 degrees C, and only slight stimulation was observed after preincubation at 0 degrees C. The extent of stimulation by the factors was not affected when the NH4Cl concentration was increased from 40 to 500 mM in the preincubation. The presence of both the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits is required for the enhancement of AcPhe-tRNA binding. Polyphenylalanine synthesis carried out without AcPhe-tRNA is inhibited by the factors. It is suggested that the factors may act by inducing a structural rearrangement of the ribosomes.", "contents": "Stimulation, by two Escherichia coli supernatant proteins, of the initiation of polypeptide synthesis. Two protein factors (A and B) have been partially purified from Escherichia coli supernatant which, in combination, are more effective than 0.5 M NH4Cl in stimulating ribosomes for AcPhe-tRNA and fMet-tRNA binding, for the puromycin reaction, and for incorporating acetylphenylalanine from AcPhe-tRNA into polypeptide. The factors appear to differ from the initiation factors, the elongation factor EF-T, and ribosomal proteins. Some uncertainty exists as to whether factor B is different from EF-G. To maximize the effect of the factors in initiator tRNA binding, we preincubated the ribosomes with the factors and carried out the binding assay for a short period at 15 degrees C. Maximal stimulation of binding occurred after about a 2-min preincubation at 37 degrees C. Longer preincubation times were required at 15 degrees C, and only slight stimulation was observed after preincubation at 0 degrees C. The extent of stimulation by the factors was not affected when the NH4Cl concentration was increased from 40 to 500 mM in the preincubation. The presence of both the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits is required for the enhancement of AcPhe-tRNA binding. Polyphenylalanine synthesis carried out without AcPhe-tRNA is inhibited by the factors. It is suggested that the factors may act by inducing a structural rearrangement of the ribosomes.", "PMID": 322708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8502", "title": "Purification and structural analysis of the fourth component of human complement.", "content": "The fourth component of human complement (C4) has been purified in 20% yield from fresh plasma using as starting material the 5-12% poly(ethylene glycol) precipitate which had been depleted of plasminogen by an affinity adsorbent. Sequential ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose, QAE-Sephadex, and DEAE-Bio-Gel A resulted in C4 homogeneous by immunological criteria and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the last chromatographic step achieving separation of native from inactivated C4. Reduction with 20 mM dithiothreitol for 2 h at 37 degrees C in 0.25 M 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride, pH 8.6, effected cleavage of the interchain disulfide bonds. A three-chain structure for C4 was confirmed, and molecular weight estimates of 93 000 +/- 9300, 75 000 +/- 7500, and 30 000 +/- 3000 determined for the alpha, beta, and gamma chains, respectively. The effects of known inactivators of C4 upon the chains of C4 were investigated, confirming that the inactivations by C1s and trypsin were accompanied by the fragmentation of the alpha chain. Inactivation of C4 by hydrazine, on the other hand, produced no detectable change in chain size. Separation of the chains was accomplished by gel filtration in the presence of 1 M acetic acid. Amino acid compositions of native C4 and the constitutive chains have been performed, and N-terminal sequences of the latter established by automated Edman degradation.", "contents": "Purification and structural analysis of the fourth component of human complement. The fourth component of human complement (C4) has been purified in 20% yield from fresh plasma using as starting material the 5-12% poly(ethylene glycol) precipitate which had been depleted of plasminogen by an affinity adsorbent. Sequential ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose, QAE-Sephadex, and DEAE-Bio-Gel A resulted in C4 homogeneous by immunological criteria and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the last chromatographic step achieving separation of native from inactivated C4. Reduction with 20 mM dithiothreitol for 2 h at 37 degrees C in 0.25 M 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride, pH 8.6, effected cleavage of the interchain disulfide bonds. A three-chain structure for C4 was confirmed, and molecular weight estimates of 93 000 +/- 9300, 75 000 +/- 7500, and 30 000 +/- 3000 determined for the alpha, beta, and gamma chains, respectively. The effects of known inactivators of C4 upon the chains of C4 were investigated, confirming that the inactivations by C1s and trypsin were accompanied by the fragmentation of the alpha chain. Inactivation of C4 by hydrazine, on the other hand, produced no detectable change in chain size. Separation of the chains was accomplished by gel filtration in the presence of 1 M acetic acid. Amino acid compositions of native C4 and the constitutive chains have been performed, and N-terminal sequences of the latter established by automated Edman degradation.", "PMID": 322709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8503", "title": "Biosynthesis and structure of lipopolysaccharide in an outer membrane-defective mutant of Escherichia coli J5.", "content": "Membrane-defective mutants of Escherichia coli J5 were isolated on the basis of supersensitivity to the antibiotic novobiocin. These mutants display an increased sensitivity to a wide range of antibiotics and to several dyes and detergents. In addition, several mutants leak the periplasmic enzymes, alkyline phosphatase and ribonuclease. This evidence indicates an outer membrane defect in these mutants. The inner and outer membranes of one mutant were separated and subjected to compositional analysis. A deficiency in galactose containing lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of the mutant was observed. Two possible causes of this deficiency were examined and discounted: defective galactose uptake into the cell, and defective translocation of lipopolysaccharide from the inner membrane. Extraction and chemical analysis of mutant and wild type lipopolysaccharides suggests that the mutant is defective in the enzyme which transfers glucose to the growing lipopolysaccharide core, UDPglucose transferase. Thus, the mutant's deficiency in galactose-containing lipopolysaccharide can be ascribed to the fact that addition of glucose to the lipopolysaccharide core is a prerequisite for galactose addition. The physiological implications of this alteration are discussed.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and structure of lipopolysaccharide in an outer membrane-defective mutant of Escherichia coli J5. Membrane-defective mutants of Escherichia coli J5 were isolated on the basis of supersensitivity to the antibiotic novobiocin. These mutants display an increased sensitivity to a wide range of antibiotics and to several dyes and detergents. In addition, several mutants leak the periplasmic enzymes, alkyline phosphatase and ribonuclease. This evidence indicates an outer membrane defect in these mutants. The inner and outer membranes of one mutant were separated and subjected to compositional analysis. A deficiency in galactose containing lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of the mutant was observed. Two possible causes of this deficiency were examined and discounted: defective galactose uptake into the cell, and defective translocation of lipopolysaccharide from the inner membrane. Extraction and chemical analysis of mutant and wild type lipopolysaccharides suggests that the mutant is defective in the enzyme which transfers glucose to the growing lipopolysaccharide core, UDPglucose transferase. Thus, the mutant's deficiency in galactose-containing lipopolysaccharide can be ascribed to the fact that addition of glucose to the lipopolysaccharide core is a prerequisite for galactose addition. The physiological implications of this alteration are discussed.", "PMID": 322711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8504", "title": "The use of a phospholipase A-less Escherichia coli mutant to establish the action of granulocyte phospholipase A on bacterial phospholipids during killing by a highly purified granulocyte fraction.", "content": "Phospholipase A2 present in a highly purified, potently bactericidal, fraction from rabbit graulocytes produces net bacterial phospholipid degradation during killing of a phospholipase A-less strain of Escherichia coli. In the wild-type parent strain phospholipid breakdown is caused not only by the action of phospholipase A2 but also by phospholipase A1, indicating activation of the most prominent phospholipase of E. coli. This activation occurs as soon as the bacteria are exposed to the granulocyte fraction. Phospholipid breakdown by both phospholipases A is dose dependent but reaches a plateau after 30-60 min and at higher concentrations of the fraction. Phospholipid degradation is accompanied in both strains by an increase in permeability to actinomycin D that is also dose dependent. Even though net hydrolysis of phospholipids is greater in the parent strain than in the mutant, the increase in permeability is the same in the two strains. The addition of 0.04 M Mg2+, after the effects on phospholipids and permeability have become manifest, initiates in both strains the restoration of insensitivity to actinomycin D, the net resynthesis of phospholipids, and the disappearance of monoacylphosphatides and the partial disappearance of free fatty acids that had accumulated. Loss of ability to multiply is not reversed by Mg2+ in either strain. Less than 5 micrograms of granulocyte fraction causes loss of viability of from 90 to 99% of 1 X 10(8) microorganisms of both strains. However, at lower concentrations the parent strain is considerably more sensitive to the bactericidal effect of the granulocyte fraction than the mutant strain.", "contents": "The use of a phospholipase A-less Escherichia coli mutant to establish the action of granulocyte phospholipase A on bacterial phospholipids during killing by a highly purified granulocyte fraction. Phospholipase A2 present in a highly purified, potently bactericidal, fraction from rabbit graulocytes produces net bacterial phospholipid degradation during killing of a phospholipase A-less strain of Escherichia coli. In the wild-type parent strain phospholipid breakdown is caused not only by the action of phospholipase A2 but also by phospholipase A1, indicating activation of the most prominent phospholipase of E. coli. This activation occurs as soon as the bacteria are exposed to the granulocyte fraction. Phospholipid breakdown by both phospholipases A is dose dependent but reaches a plateau after 30-60 min and at higher concentrations of the fraction. Phospholipid degradation is accompanied in both strains by an increase in permeability to actinomycin D that is also dose dependent. Even though net hydrolysis of phospholipids is greater in the parent strain than in the mutant, the increase in permeability is the same in the two strains. The addition of 0.04 M Mg2+, after the effects on phospholipids and permeability have become manifest, initiates in both strains the restoration of insensitivity to actinomycin D, the net resynthesis of phospholipids, and the disappearance of monoacylphosphatides and the partial disappearance of free fatty acids that had accumulated. Loss of ability to multiply is not reversed by Mg2+ in either strain. Less than 5 micrograms of granulocyte fraction causes loss of viability of from 90 to 99% of 1 X 10(8) microorganisms of both strains. However, at lower concentrations the parent strain is considerably more sensitive to the bactericidal effect of the granulocyte fraction than the mutant strain.", "PMID": 322712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8505", "title": "Relationship between phospholipid compositions and transport activities of amino acids in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles.", "content": "Cells of Escherichia coli were incubated in broth medium in the presence of 5 mM of hydroxylamine which completely inhibited growth but did not affect viabilities. Hydroxylamine is known to inhibit phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. A large amount of phosphatidylserine (up to 20% of total phospholipids), which did not occur in normal cells, accumulated accompanied with a decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine. Higher uptake activities of serine and glutamate were observed with the hydroxylamine-treated cells than control cells. When membrane vesicles from hydroxylamine-treated cells were prepared, they also displayed higher uptake activities of serine, proline, glutamate, and threonine than those of normal membranes. When hydroxylamine-treated cells were incubated with chloramphenicol, at concentrations which almost completely inhibited protein synthesis, the composition of phosphatidylserine decreased with a concomitant increase in that of phosphatidylethanolamine. The phospholipid composition of these cells incubated for 5 h with chloramphenicol became almost normal. Membranes vesicles prepared from such cells displayed reduced uptake activities, which were close to those of normal vesicles. These results were interpreted as indicating the altered transport activities due to the altered phospholipid composition.", "contents": "Relationship between phospholipid compositions and transport activities of amino acids in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. Cells of Escherichia coli were incubated in broth medium in the presence of 5 mM of hydroxylamine which completely inhibited growth but did not affect viabilities. Hydroxylamine is known to inhibit phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. A large amount of phosphatidylserine (up to 20% of total phospholipids), which did not occur in normal cells, accumulated accompanied with a decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine. Higher uptake activities of serine and glutamate were observed with the hydroxylamine-treated cells than control cells. When membrane vesicles from hydroxylamine-treated cells were prepared, they also displayed higher uptake activities of serine, proline, glutamate, and threonine than those of normal membranes. When hydroxylamine-treated cells were incubated with chloramphenicol, at concentrations which almost completely inhibited protein synthesis, the composition of phosphatidylserine decreased with a concomitant increase in that of phosphatidylethanolamine. The phospholipid composition of these cells incubated for 5 h with chloramphenicol became almost normal. Membranes vesicles prepared from such cells displayed reduced uptake activities, which were close to those of normal vesicles. These results were interpreted as indicating the altered transport activities due to the altered phospholipid composition.", "PMID": 322713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8506", "title": "Cross-linking of the proteins in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "1. The organization of the proteins in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was examined by the use of cross-linking agents and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Treatment of protein A-peptidoglycan complexes with dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) or glutaraldehyde produced the dimer, trimer, and higher oligomers of protein A. Both forms of this protein, proteins A1 and A2, produced similar cross-linking products. No cross-linking of protein A to the peptidoglycan was detected. 2. The proteins of the isolated outer membrane varied in their ease of cross-linking. The heat-modifiable protein, protein B, was readily cross-linked to give high molecular weight oligomers, while protein A formed mainly the dimer and trimer under the same conditions. The pronase resistant fragment, protein Bp, derived from protein B was not readily cross-linked. No linkage of protein A to protein B was detected. 3. Cross-linking of cell wall preparations, consisting of the outer membrane and peptidoglycan, showed that protein B and the free form of the lipoprotein, protein F, could be linked to the peptidoglycan. A dimer of protein F, and protein F linked to protein B, were detected. 4. These results suggest that specific protein-protein interactions occur in the outer membrane.", "contents": "Cross-linking of the proteins in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. 1. The organization of the proteins in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was examined by the use of cross-linking agents and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Treatment of protein A-peptidoglycan complexes with dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) or glutaraldehyde produced the dimer, trimer, and higher oligomers of protein A. Both forms of this protein, proteins A1 and A2, produced similar cross-linking products. No cross-linking of protein A to the peptidoglycan was detected. 2. The proteins of the isolated outer membrane varied in their ease of cross-linking. The heat-modifiable protein, protein B, was readily cross-linked to give high molecular weight oligomers, while protein A formed mainly the dimer and trimer under the same conditions. The pronase resistant fragment, protein Bp, derived from protein B was not readily cross-linked. No linkage of protein A to protein B was detected. 3. Cross-linking of cell wall preparations, consisting of the outer membrane and peptidoglycan, showed that protein B and the free form of the lipoprotein, protein F, could be linked to the peptidoglycan. A dimer of protein F, and protein F linked to protein B, were detected. 4. These results suggest that specific protein-protein interactions occur in the outer membrane.", "PMID": 322714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8507", "title": "Architecture of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K12. I. Action of phospholipases A2 and C on wild type strains and outer membrane mutants.", "content": "Phospholipids in whole cells of wild type Escherichia coli K12 are not degraded by exogenous phospholipases, whereas those of isolated outer membranes are completely degraded. It is concluded that the resistance of phospholipids in whole cells is due to shielding by one or more other outer membrane components. The nature of the shielding component(s) was investigated by testing the sensitivity of whole cells of a number of outer membrane mutants. Mutants lacking both major outer membrane proteins b and d or the heptose-bound glucose of their lipopolysaccharide, are sensitive to exogenous exogenous phospholipases. Moreover, cells of a mutant which lacks protein d can be sensitized by pretreatment of the cells with EDTA. From these results and from data on the chemical composition of the outer membranes, it is concluded that proteins b and d, the heptose-bound glucose of lipopolysaccharide and divalent cations are responsible for the inaccessibility of phospholipids to to exogenous phospholipases.", "contents": "Architecture of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K12. I. Action of phospholipases A2 and C on wild type strains and outer membrane mutants. Phospholipids in whole cells of wild type Escherichia coli K12 are not degraded by exogenous phospholipases, whereas those of isolated outer membranes are completely degraded. It is concluded that the resistance of phospholipids in whole cells is due to shielding by one or more other outer membrane components. The nature of the shielding component(s) was investigated by testing the sensitivity of whole cells of a number of outer membrane mutants. Mutants lacking both major outer membrane proteins b and d or the heptose-bound glucose of their lipopolysaccharide, are sensitive to exogenous exogenous phospholipases. Moreover, cells of a mutant which lacks protein d can be sensitized by pretreatment of the cells with EDTA. From these results and from data on the chemical composition of the outer membranes, it is concluded that proteins b and d, the heptose-bound glucose of lipopolysaccharide and divalent cations are responsible for the inaccessibility of phospholipids to to exogenous phospholipases.", "PMID": 322715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8508", "title": "Phase transitions of phospholipid bilayers from an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Total phospholipids were extracted from cells of temperature sensitive unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs of Escherichia coli (K-12 UFAts) grown at 28degrees C (PL28), and at 42degrees C in the presence of 2% KCl as an osmotic stabilizer (PL42 (KCl)). From the analysis of fatty acids, it was shown that the content of unsaturated fatty acids of PL42 (KCl) is only 9% of the total fatty acids, while that of PL28 is 54%. The thermal phase transitions of the bilayers prepared from the phospholipid fractions were studied by proton magnetic resonance. The line widths of the methylene signals and the sums of the methylene and methyl signal intensities were plotted against reciprocal values of absolute temperature 1/T or temperature itself. From the plots phase transitions were detected at about 19degrees C for PL28 and at 43degrees C for PL42 (KCl). In spite of its complex composition of fatty acids a highly cooperative transition was observed in the case of PL42 (KCl). It was also suggested that the phospholipids bilayers in the biomembranes of this strain at the growth temperature (42 degrees C) are in the state where the gel and liquid crystalline phases coexist.", "contents": "Phase transitions of phospholipid bilayers from an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli. Total phospholipids were extracted from cells of temperature sensitive unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs of Escherichia coli (K-12 UFAts) grown at 28degrees C (PL28), and at 42degrees C in the presence of 2% KCl as an osmotic stabilizer (PL42 (KCl)). From the analysis of fatty acids, it was shown that the content of unsaturated fatty acids of PL42 (KCl) is only 9% of the total fatty acids, while that of PL28 is 54%. The thermal phase transitions of the bilayers prepared from the phospholipid fractions were studied by proton magnetic resonance. The line widths of the methylene signals and the sums of the methylene and methyl signal intensities were plotted against reciprocal values of absolute temperature 1/T or temperature itself. From the plots phase transitions were detected at about 19degrees C for PL28 and at 43degrees C for PL42 (KCl). In spite of its complex composition of fatty acids a highly cooperative transition was observed in the case of PL42 (KCl). It was also suggested that the phospholipids bilayers in the biomembranes of this strain at the growth temperature (42 degrees C) are in the state where the gel and liquid crystalline phases coexist.", "PMID": 322716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8509", "title": "Ribonucleic acid from the higher plant Matthiola incana. Molecular weight measurements and DNA-RNA hybridisation studies.", "content": "The percentage of DNA from the crucifer Matthiola incana coding for different types of RNA was measured by filter saturation hybridisation experiments using RNA labelled in vivo. In addition, the melting curves of the various DNA - RNA hybrids formed and the buoyant densities of the DNA sequences complementary to different types of RNA were measured. 1. The RNA preparations used were 25, 18, and 5 S rRNA and 4 S RNA, purified by gel electrophoresis, and poly(A)-containing RNA purified by oligo-(dT)-cellulose chromatography. The molecular weights of the 25 S and 18 S rRNAs, calculated from the mobility in formamide-acrylamide gels relative to Escherichia coli RNA, are 1.25 - 10(6) and 0.64 - 10(6). The rRNA precursor has a molecular weight of approx. 2.1 - 10(6) and the average molecular weight of the poly(A)-containing RNA from both cotyledons and roots is 4 - 10(5). 2. The percentage of the genome, calculated on the basis of double-stranded DNA, coding for these RNAs and the estimated number of genes per haploid DNA amount are approximately 0.46% and 1100 for 25 S plus 18 S rRNA, 0.032% and 3600 for 5 S rRNA and 0.072% and 13 000 for 4 S RNA. In filter hybridisation experiments very little hybridisation of poly(A)-containing RNA was found. A rapidly-hybridising component is attributed to small amounts of contaminating rRNA. 3. M. incana DNA has a main band at 1.697 g - ml-1 in CsCl and a satellite constituting approximately 3% of the DNA, at 1.708 g - ml-1 - 25 and 18 S rRNA hybridise to DNA with a buoyant density of 1.701--2 g - ml-1. The buoyant density of 5 S DNA is slightly less at 1.700--1 g - ml-1. 4. S RNA hybridises to at least two separate regions, one within the main-band DNA and a second lighter component. None of the RNAs tested hybridised to the satellite DNA. The Tm of the DNA - RNA hybrids in 1 X SSC is 89 degrees C for 25 S rRNA, 85 degrees C for 5 S rRNA and 82 degrees C for 4 S RNA. 4. 5 and 4 S RNA preparations contain fragments which hybridise to sequences complementary to high-molecular-weight rRNA. This spurious hybridisation can be eliminated by competition with unlabelled high-molecular-weight RNA.", "contents": "Ribonucleic acid from the higher plant Matthiola incana. Molecular weight measurements and DNA-RNA hybridisation studies. The percentage of DNA from the crucifer Matthiola incana coding for different types of RNA was measured by filter saturation hybridisation experiments using RNA labelled in vivo. In addition, the melting curves of the various DNA - RNA hybrids formed and the buoyant densities of the DNA sequences complementary to different types of RNA were measured. 1. The RNA preparations used were 25, 18, and 5 S rRNA and 4 S RNA, purified by gel electrophoresis, and poly(A)-containing RNA purified by oligo-(dT)-cellulose chromatography. The molecular weights of the 25 S and 18 S rRNAs, calculated from the mobility in formamide-acrylamide gels relative to Escherichia coli RNA, are 1.25 - 10(6) and 0.64 - 10(6). The rRNA precursor has a molecular weight of approx. 2.1 - 10(6) and the average molecular weight of the poly(A)-containing RNA from both cotyledons and roots is 4 - 10(5). 2. The percentage of the genome, calculated on the basis of double-stranded DNA, coding for these RNAs and the estimated number of genes per haploid DNA amount are approximately 0.46% and 1100 for 25 S plus 18 S rRNA, 0.032% and 3600 for 5 S rRNA and 0.072% and 13 000 for 4 S RNA. In filter hybridisation experiments very little hybridisation of poly(A)-containing RNA was found. A rapidly-hybridising component is attributed to small amounts of contaminating rRNA. 3. M. incana DNA has a main band at 1.697 g - ml-1 in CsCl and a satellite constituting approximately 3% of the DNA, at 1.708 g - ml-1 - 25 and 18 S rRNA hybridise to DNA with a buoyant density of 1.701--2 g - ml-1. The buoyant density of 5 S DNA is slightly less at 1.700--1 g - ml-1. 4. S RNA hybridises to at least two separate regions, one within the main-band DNA and a second lighter component. None of the RNAs tested hybridised to the satellite DNA. The Tm of the DNA - RNA hybrids in 1 X SSC is 89 degrees C for 25 S rRNA, 85 degrees C for 5 S rRNA and 82 degrees C for 4 S RNA. 4. 5 and 4 S RNA preparations contain fragments which hybridise to sequences complementary to high-molecular-weight rRNA. This spurious hybridisation can be eliminated by competition with unlabelled high-molecular-weight RNA.", "PMID": 322717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8510", "title": "Release of template restriction in chromatin by nuclear 4.5s RNA.", "content": "The stimulatory mechanism of RNA synthesis of calf-thymus chromatin by nuclear 4.5 S RNA from the homologous tissue was investigated by using exogenously added Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The RNA synthesis was initiated at low concentration of salt, and then the chain elongation was achieved at high concentration of ammonium sulfate in the presence of polyvinyl sulfate. Under these conditions the number of binding sites of RNA polymerase on chromatin which were capable of initiating RNA chain was increased by the addition of the 4.5 S RNA. This stimulation was presumed to result from the release of template restriction in chromatin. The polyvinyl salt minimized ribonuclease activity without changing the RNA polymerase activity bound to the template. Neither rearrangement nor release of chromatin proteins affected the amount or size of RNA produced. Preliminary analysis suggested that the molecular species of RNA produced upon the addition of the 4.5 S RNA from various tissues seemed to be heterologous.", "contents": "Release of template restriction in chromatin by nuclear 4.5s RNA. The stimulatory mechanism of RNA synthesis of calf-thymus chromatin by nuclear 4.5 S RNA from the homologous tissue was investigated by using exogenously added Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The RNA synthesis was initiated at low concentration of salt, and then the chain elongation was achieved at high concentration of ammonium sulfate in the presence of polyvinyl sulfate. Under these conditions the number of binding sites of RNA polymerase on chromatin which were capable of initiating RNA chain was increased by the addition of the 4.5 S RNA. This stimulation was presumed to result from the release of template restriction in chromatin. The polyvinyl salt minimized ribonuclease activity without changing the RNA polymerase activity bound to the template. Neither rearrangement nor release of chromatin proteins affected the amount or size of RNA produced. Preliminary analysis suggested that the molecular species of RNA produced upon the addition of the 4.5 S RNA from various tissues seemed to be heterologous.", "PMID": 322718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8511", "title": "Invertase messenger ribonucleic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Kinetics of formation and decay.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae -136ts (Hutchison, H.T., Hartwell, L.H. and McLaughlin, C.S. (1969) J. Bacteriol. 99, 807-814) incubated in the presence of maltose at 23 degrees C (permissive temperature) synthesized the RNA messengers which codify derepressed invertase (an external mannoprotein) and induced alpha-glucosidase (a non-glycosylated internal enzyme). The enzymes were not synthesized if the mutant was transferred to the maltose-containing medium at the moment of incubation at 37 degrees C indicating that the cells had no pools of the specific RNA messengers and that transcription of the DNA was a prerequisite to enzyme synthesis. Cycloheximide inhibited syntheses of the enzymes both at 37 and at 23 degrees C suggesting that the enzymic activities were the result of \"de novo\" synthesis of the proteins and did not result from the activation of proenzymes. In derepressed cells the number of invertase mRNA molecules is probably larger than that actually being translated. The half-life of the derepressed invertase mRNA was calculated from the moment that the molecules of RNA messenger were limiting the enzyme synthesis and a value of 30-35 min was estimated. The value found for the basal (repression independent) invertase mRNA was of 45-50 min. The half-life of alpha-glucosidase mRNA was computed following the mathematical procedure described in the Appendix, and a value of 23 min was obtained. These results are consistent with the existence of relatively long-lived RNA messengers involved in the synthesis of extracellular macromolecules.", "contents": "Invertase messenger ribonucleic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Kinetics of formation and decay. Saccharomyces cerevisiae -136ts (Hutchison, H.T., Hartwell, L.H. and McLaughlin, C.S. (1969) J. Bacteriol. 99, 807-814) incubated in the presence of maltose at 23 degrees C (permissive temperature) synthesized the RNA messengers which codify derepressed invertase (an external mannoprotein) and induced alpha-glucosidase (a non-glycosylated internal enzyme). The enzymes were not synthesized if the mutant was transferred to the maltose-containing medium at the moment of incubation at 37 degrees C indicating that the cells had no pools of the specific RNA messengers and that transcription of the DNA was a prerequisite to enzyme synthesis. Cycloheximide inhibited syntheses of the enzymes both at 37 and at 23 degrees C suggesting that the enzymic activities were the result of \"de novo\" synthesis of the proteins and did not result from the activation of proenzymes. In derepressed cells the number of invertase mRNA molecules is probably larger than that actually being translated. The half-life of the derepressed invertase mRNA was calculated from the moment that the molecules of RNA messenger were limiting the enzyme synthesis and a value of 30-35 min was estimated. The value found for the basal (repression independent) invertase mRNA was of 45-50 min. The half-life of alpha-glucosidase mRNA was computed following the mathematical procedure described in the Appendix, and a value of 23 min was obtained. These results are consistent with the existence of relatively long-lived RNA messengers involved in the synthesis of extracellular macromolecules.", "PMID": 322719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8512", "title": "Discrimination between bromouracil and thymine for uptake into DNA in drm- and dra- mutants of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The relative efficiency of bromouracil and thymine for uptake into DNA was measured in various thymine-requiring strains of Escherichia coli K12. It was found that: 1. Mutants with genotype thyA- dra- discriminate against bromouracil to much greater extent than do mutants with genotype thyA- drm-. 2. The discrimination in dra-mutants is dependent on thymine concentration, whereas discrimination in drm- mutants is almost independent of thymine concentration. It is suggested that the intracellular level of deoxyribose 5-phosphate affects the efficiency of uptake into DNA of bromouracil relative to thymine.", "contents": "Discrimination between bromouracil and thymine for uptake into DNA in drm- and dra- mutants of Escherichia coli K12. The relative efficiency of bromouracil and thymine for uptake into DNA was measured in various thymine-requiring strains of Escherichia coli K12. It was found that: 1. Mutants with genotype thyA- dra- discriminate against bromouracil to much greater extent than do mutants with genotype thyA- drm-. 2. The discrimination in dra-mutants is dependent on thymine concentration, whereas discrimination in drm- mutants is almost independent of thymine concentration. It is suggested that the intracellular level of deoxyribose 5-phosphate affects the efficiency of uptake into DNA of bromouracil relative to thymine.", "PMID": 322720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8513", "title": "Comparative inactivation of yeast fatty acid synthetase component enzymes by 100 atmospheres of oxygen.", "content": "Yeast fatty acid synthetase at 4 degrees C was stable during 1- and 2-h exposures to oxygen at 100 atm, but was 48% and 90% inactivated after 20 h and 40 h, respectively, with fatty acid synthesis measured by both radioactive and optical assays. Incubation with dithiothreitol did not restore activity. Component enzyme activities were compared before and after 40 h in 100 atm of oxygen. Ketoacyl reductase activity was most reduced followed by ketoacyl synthetase and then acetyl transferase while malonyl transferase, enoyl reductase and palmitoyl transferase were not significantly inactivated.", "contents": "Comparative inactivation of yeast fatty acid synthetase component enzymes by 100 atmospheres of oxygen. Yeast fatty acid synthetase at 4 degrees C was stable during 1- and 2-h exposures to oxygen at 100 atm, but was 48% and 90% inactivated after 20 h and 40 h, respectively, with fatty acid synthesis measured by both radioactive and optical assays. Incubation with dithiothreitol did not restore activity. Component enzyme activities were compared before and after 40 h in 100 atm of oxygen. Ketoacyl reductase activity was most reduced followed by ketoacyl synthetase and then acetyl transferase while malonyl transferase, enoyl reductase and palmitoyl transferase were not significantly inactivated.", "PMID": 322721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8514", "title": "Quantitative effects of unsaturated fatty acids in microbial mutants. VII. Influence of the acetylenic bond location on the effectiveness of acyl chains.", "content": "The ability of a series of 18 carbon acetylenic fatty acids to fulfill the unsaturated fatty acid requirements of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. Despite their high melting points (greater than 40 degrees C), several isomers of the acetylenic fatty acids were as efficient or more efficient in supporting growth than the analogous fatty acid having a cis-double bond. The efficiencies of the different positional isomers in supporting cell proliferation varied from essentially 0 cells per fmol for the 2-5 and 13-17 isomers to high values when the acetylenic bond was near the center of the chain: e.g. 45 E. coli and 5.5 S. cerevisiae cells/fmol for the 10 isomer. A striking ineffectiveness of the 9 isomer was observed with E. coli. The 7, 8 and 10 isomers were at least 10-fold more efficient than any of the other positional isomers in supporting the growth of E. coli. In contrast, the 9 isomer was among the most effective acetylenic fatty acids tested with the yeast mutant. Chromatographic analysis of the extracted lipids indicated that each of the acetylenic isomers tested (except delta2 and delta3) could be esterified by the prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. The content of unsaturated plus cyclopropane acids observed when growth ceased in E. coli cultures supplemented with growth-limiting concentrations of the acetylenic fatty acids ranged from approx. 15 mol% for the 8 isomer to approx. 35 mol% for the 14 and 17 isomers. The 8-11 isomers were observed to be esterified predominantly at the two position in phosphatidylethanolamine of E. coli and in phosphatidylcholine of S. cerevisiae.", "contents": "Quantitative effects of unsaturated fatty acids in microbial mutants. VII. Influence of the acetylenic bond location on the effectiveness of acyl chains. The ability of a series of 18 carbon acetylenic fatty acids to fulfill the unsaturated fatty acid requirements of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. Despite their high melting points (greater than 40 degrees C), several isomers of the acetylenic fatty acids were as efficient or more efficient in supporting growth than the analogous fatty acid having a cis-double bond. The efficiencies of the different positional isomers in supporting cell proliferation varied from essentially 0 cells per fmol for the 2-5 and 13-17 isomers to high values when the acetylenic bond was near the center of the chain: e.g. 45 E. coli and 5.5 S. cerevisiae cells/fmol for the 10 isomer. A striking ineffectiveness of the 9 isomer was observed with E. coli. The 7, 8 and 10 isomers were at least 10-fold more efficient than any of the other positional isomers in supporting the growth of E. coli. In contrast, the 9 isomer was among the most effective acetylenic fatty acids tested with the yeast mutant. Chromatographic analysis of the extracted lipids indicated that each of the acetylenic isomers tested (except delta2 and delta3) could be esterified by the prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. The content of unsaturated plus cyclopropane acids observed when growth ceased in E. coli cultures supplemented with growth-limiting concentrations of the acetylenic fatty acids ranged from approx. 15 mol% for the 8 isomer to approx. 35 mol% for the 14 and 17 isomers. The 8-11 isomers were observed to be esterified predominantly at the two position in phosphatidylethanolamine of E. coli and in phosphatidylcholine of S. cerevisiae.", "PMID": 322722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8515", "title": "Glycolipid intermediates involved in the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine to endogenous proteins in a yeast membrane preparation.", "content": "A particulate membrane fraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains transferases which catalyze the incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into a lipid fraction as well as into a protein fraction. The lipid fraction contains two alkali-stable lipids which can be separated on a silica G-60 column. The sugar moieties of these polyprenoid lipids are: N-acetylglucosamine and di-N-acetylchitobiose. The transfer of carbohydrate from isolated glycolipids to endogenous protein has been examined. After separation of protein and saccharide by hydrazinolysis and reacetylation only di-N-acetylchitobiose is found, and also when glycolipid containing only one N-acetylglucosamine is used as substrate. Maximum transfer of saccharides from glycolipids to protein is obtained at a Triton X-100 concentration of 1%. At this Triton X-100 concentration there is practically no transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to the phosphorylated lipid. Therefore, when polyprenyl diphosphate N-acetyl[3H]-glucosamine is incubated together with UDP-N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine with the membrane fraction in the presence of 1% Triton X-100, a doubly labelled di-N-acetylchitobiose linked to lipid is formed with N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine at the non-reducing end of the chain.", "contents": "Glycolipid intermediates involved in the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine to endogenous proteins in a yeast membrane preparation. A particulate membrane fraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains transferases which catalyze the incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into a lipid fraction as well as into a protein fraction. The lipid fraction contains two alkali-stable lipids which can be separated on a silica G-60 column. The sugar moieties of these polyprenoid lipids are: N-acetylglucosamine and di-N-acetylchitobiose. The transfer of carbohydrate from isolated glycolipids to endogenous protein has been examined. After separation of protein and saccharide by hydrazinolysis and reacetylation only di-N-acetylchitobiose is found, and also when glycolipid containing only one N-acetylglucosamine is used as substrate. Maximum transfer of saccharides from glycolipids to protein is obtained at a Triton X-100 concentration of 1%. At this Triton X-100 concentration there is practically no transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to the phosphorylated lipid. Therefore, when polyprenyl diphosphate N-acetyl[3H]-glucosamine is incubated together with UDP-N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine with the membrane fraction in the presence of 1% Triton X-100, a doubly labelled di-N-acetylchitobiose linked to lipid is formed with N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine at the non-reducing end of the chain.", "PMID": 322723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8516", "title": "Membrane lipid metabolism of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced rabbit alveolar macrophages.", "content": "We examined the uptake of radiolabeled lysophospholipids and oleic acid by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced rabbit alveolar macrophages either in the presence or absence of challenge particles. There was no difference in the uptake and metabolism of lysophospholipids by control or challenged cells for incubation periods up to 5 h. When incubated with [3H]oleic acid, challenged cells consistently exhibited a slightly greater uptake of radioactivity. Extraction of the whole cells revealed that the greater amount of radioactivity found in the challenged cells primarily was in triacylglycerol. There was no marked difference in the amount of radioactivity associated with the phospholipids in the whole cell extracts from control and challenged cells. When the macrophages were pre-labeled for 15 min with [3H]oleic acid and then reincubated in fresh medium in the presence or absence of autoclaved Escherichia coli B, more radioactivity was retained by the challenged cells, again in the form of triacylglycerol. Only in isolated plasma membrane fractions did we observe a difference in the amount of radioactivity associated with phospholipids from control and challenged cells. Plasma membranes isolated from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced rabbit alveolar macrophages that had been incubated for 6 h with [3]oleic acid in the presence of E. coli B contained significantly higher level of radioactivity in all lipids than plasma membranes from control cells. Since the greatest and the most consistent difference between control and challenged cells is associated with the triacylglycerol molecule, it is postulated that this molecule may serve as a precursor in the synthesis of alveolar macrophage phospholipids, both by the reacylation pathway and the de novo pathway. It is possible that the high level of radiolabeled phospholipid found in the plasma membrane arose via the de novo pathway following the cleavage of an acyl group as we have found cytidine diphosphocholine phosphotransferase in the plasma membrane fraction (Wang, P., DeChatelet, L.R., and Waite, M. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 450, 311--321).", "contents": "Membrane lipid metabolism of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced rabbit alveolar macrophages. We examined the uptake of radiolabeled lysophospholipids and oleic acid by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced rabbit alveolar macrophages either in the presence or absence of challenge particles. There was no difference in the uptake and metabolism of lysophospholipids by control or challenged cells for incubation periods up to 5 h. When incubated with [3H]oleic acid, challenged cells consistently exhibited a slightly greater uptake of radioactivity. Extraction of the whole cells revealed that the greater amount of radioactivity found in the challenged cells primarily was in triacylglycerol. There was no marked difference in the amount of radioactivity associated with the phospholipids in the whole cell extracts from control and challenged cells. When the macrophages were pre-labeled for 15 min with [3H]oleic acid and then reincubated in fresh medium in the presence or absence of autoclaved Escherichia coli B, more radioactivity was retained by the challenged cells, again in the form of triacylglycerol. Only in isolated plasma membrane fractions did we observe a difference in the amount of radioactivity associated with phospholipids from control and challenged cells. Plasma membranes isolated from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced rabbit alveolar macrophages that had been incubated for 6 h with [3]oleic acid in the presence of E. coli B contained significantly higher level of radioactivity in all lipids than plasma membranes from control cells. Since the greatest and the most consistent difference between control and challenged cells is associated with the triacylglycerol molecule, it is postulated that this molecule may serve as a precursor in the synthesis of alveolar macrophage phospholipids, both by the reacylation pathway and the de novo pathway. It is possible that the high level of radiolabeled phospholipid found in the plasma membrane arose via the de novo pathway following the cleavage of an acyl group as we have found cytidine diphosphocholine phosphotransferase in the plasma membrane fraction (Wang, P., DeChatelet, L.R., and Waite, M. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 450, 311--321).", "PMID": 322724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8517", "title": "Electrophysiological evidence for the autoregulation of beta-cell secretion by insulin.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies of cultured rat pancreatic beta-cells using intracellular microelectrodes show that exogenous insulin over the range of 0.1 -- 10.0 microng/ml inhibits the electrical activity due to 27.8 mM glucose in a dose-related manner. This inhibitory effect is manifested by a mean increase of the membrane potential from about --20 to --30 mV and inhibition of the number of cells impaled showing spike activity from 60 to less than 10%. The inhibitory influence of insulin is rapid occurring within 5 min for the highest level used. The results provide evidence for a negative feedback role of insulin in regulating its own release.", "contents": "Electrophysiological evidence for the autoregulation of beta-cell secretion by insulin. Electrophysiological studies of cultured rat pancreatic beta-cells using intracellular microelectrodes show that exogenous insulin over the range of 0.1 -- 10.0 microng/ml inhibits the electrical activity due to 27.8 mM glucose in a dose-related manner. This inhibitory effect is manifested by a mean increase of the membrane potential from about --20 to --30 mV and inhibition of the number of cells impaled showing spike activity from 60 to less than 10%. The inhibitory influence of insulin is rapid occurring within 5 min for the highest level used. The results provide evidence for a negative feedback role of insulin in regulating its own release.", "PMID": 322725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8518", "title": "Stability of 70S ribosomes in relation to misreading and antibacterial activity of aminoglycosides.", "content": "The anomeric aminoglycosides, RU 21886 and RU 23468, which both have a 2-deoxystreptamine residue, stabilize 70S ribosomes to similar extents at low magnesium ion concentrations. Only RU 21886, however, has marked antibacterial and bactericidal activity and gives rise to a high level of misreading in cell-free protein synthesizing systems. It would thus appear that the ability to stabilize the association of the two ribosomal subunits does not necessarily lead to errors in translation.", "contents": "Stability of 70S ribosomes in relation to misreading and antibacterial activity of aminoglycosides. The anomeric aminoglycosides, RU 21886 and RU 23468, which both have a 2-deoxystreptamine residue, stabilize 70S ribosomes to similar extents at low magnesium ion concentrations. Only RU 21886, however, has marked antibacterial and bactericidal activity and gives rise to a high level of misreading in cell-free protein synthesizing systems. It would thus appear that the ability to stabilize the association of the two ribosomal subunits does not necessarily lead to errors in translation.", "PMID": 322727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8519", "title": "[Gratuitous induction of beta-glucuronidase of Escherichia coli K 12 and the double repression mechanism].", "content": "Using natural inducers of beta-glucuronidase, methyl-glucuronide and fructuronate, under gratuitous conditions (without metabolic conversion of these two compounds), we corroborate the fact that both molecules are required simultaneously in order to derepress the enzyme synthesis to a maximum level. Structurally related analogs of the natural inducers, thiophenyl-glucuronide and mannonic amide respectively, were assayed in the wild type and suitable mutant strains of E. coli. The results are in agreement with the model where the dual negative regulation of the enzyme synthesis is exerted by two regulatory genes uidR and uxuR. The concerted action of mannonic amide and thiophenyl-glucuronide, which alone fail to induce significantly beta-glucuronidase synthesis, reveals that a cooperative effect of the two repressor molecules responsible for the complete blocking of the enzyme synthesis is occuring.", "contents": "[Gratuitous induction of beta-glucuronidase of Escherichia coli K 12 and the double repression mechanism]. Using natural inducers of beta-glucuronidase, methyl-glucuronide and fructuronate, under gratuitous conditions (without metabolic conversion of these two compounds), we corroborate the fact that both molecules are required simultaneously in order to derepress the enzyme synthesis to a maximum level. Structurally related analogs of the natural inducers, thiophenyl-glucuronide and mannonic amide respectively, were assayed in the wild type and suitable mutant strains of E. coli. The results are in agreement with the model where the dual negative regulation of the enzyme synthesis is exerted by two regulatory genes uidR and uxuR. The concerted action of mannonic amide and thiophenyl-glucuronide, which alone fail to induce significantly beta-glucuronidase synthesis, reveals that a cooperative effect of the two repressor molecules responsible for the complete blocking of the enzyme synthesis is occuring.", "PMID": 322730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8520", "title": "Single-stranded bacteriophage T5 stO DNA as template for in vitro fMet-tRNA binding to ribosomes and protein synthesis.", "content": "Good evidence is provided that fMet-tRNA binding and aminoacid incorporation, when single-stranded DNA is used instead of mRNA in an E. coli cell-free system, are strictly dependent on the magnesium concentration. Ten sites homologous to the initiation sites of translation can be detected on denatured T5 stO DNA when using ribosomes and initiation factors from uninfected E. coli F. In S-30 extracts, at high magnesium concentrations and in the presence of neomycin, initiation of the translation of denatured T5 stO DNA begins anywhere on the molecule, and yet high molecular weight polypeptides are synthesized. The template potentiality of the denatured T5 stO DNA decreased when using ribosomes plus initiation factors and crude extracts from T5 stO-infected bacteria. By in vitro formation of initiation complexes sites analogous to initiation sites of translation were localized on T5 stO DNA molecules using single-stranded fragments separated by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradient.", "contents": "Single-stranded bacteriophage T5 stO DNA as template for in vitro fMet-tRNA binding to ribosomes and protein synthesis. Good evidence is provided that fMet-tRNA binding and aminoacid incorporation, when single-stranded DNA is used instead of mRNA in an E. coli cell-free system, are strictly dependent on the magnesium concentration. Ten sites homologous to the initiation sites of translation can be detected on denatured T5 stO DNA when using ribosomes and initiation factors from uninfected E. coli F. In S-30 extracts, at high magnesium concentrations and in the presence of neomycin, initiation of the translation of denatured T5 stO DNA begins anywhere on the molecule, and yet high molecular weight polypeptides are synthesized. The template potentiality of the denatured T5 stO DNA decreased when using ribosomes plus initiation factors and crude extracts from T5 stO-infected bacteria. By in vitro formation of initiation complexes sites analogous to initiation sites of translation were localized on T5 stO DNA molecules using single-stranded fragments separated by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradient.", "PMID": 322731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8521", "title": "[Structural lability of membranes].", "content": "The present-day state of the problem of membrane structural lability is reviewed. The ways of initiation and the nature of structural rearrangements, the mechanisms of generalization of local structural perturbations in membranes and the effects of rearrangements on the functional activity of organoids and cells are discussed.", "contents": "[Structural lability of membranes]. The present-day state of the problem of membrane structural lability is reviewed. The ways of initiation and the nature of structural rearrangements, the mechanisms of generalization of local structural perturbations in membranes and the effects of rearrangements on the functional activity of organoids and cells are discussed.", "PMID": 322733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8522", "title": "[Effect of polyenic antibiotics on the activity of alkaline phosphatase from Candida albicans].", "content": "Polyenic antibiotics (levorin, amphotericin B, nistatin) inhibit in vivo and in vitro the activity of membrane alkaline phosphatase from sensitive Candida albicans strain, and their inhibitory effect is twice lower on the enzyme from the resistant strain. A correlation is observed between the antibiotic concentration and the inhibitory effect on alkaline phosphatase activity. Nistatin is found to be the least efficient inhibitor (among the antibiotics studied) of alkaline phosphatase. The treatment of membranes with polyenic antibiotics does not result in solubilization of membrane proteins nad alkaline phosphatase. The data obtained are considered with respect to the effect of polyenic antibiotics on cell membrane structure.", "contents": "[Effect of polyenic antibiotics on the activity of alkaline phosphatase from Candida albicans]. Polyenic antibiotics (levorin, amphotericin B, nistatin) inhibit in vivo and in vitro the activity of membrane alkaline phosphatase from sensitive Candida albicans strain, and their inhibitory effect is twice lower on the enzyme from the resistant strain. A correlation is observed between the antibiotic concentration and the inhibitory effect on alkaline phosphatase activity. Nistatin is found to be the least efficient inhibitor (among the antibiotics studied) of alkaline phosphatase. The treatment of membranes with polyenic antibiotics does not result in solubilization of membrane proteins nad alkaline phosphatase. The data obtained are considered with respect to the effect of polyenic antibiotics on cell membrane structure.", "PMID": 322734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8523", "title": "[Fractionation and purification of DNA methylases and specific endonucleases from cells of Escherichia coli SK].", "content": "Fractionation and purification of DNA methylases and specific endonucleases from E. coli SK responsible for DNA specificity to host prokaryotic cells were studied. The most efficient purification was achieved by precipitation of proteins by 0.6 saturated ammonium sulfate with subsequent chromatography on KM-cellulose and concentration of fractions by dialysis against glycerol. Under these conditions the methylase activity produced 4 discrete fractions. Due to purification the specific activity of methylases increased 11--20-fold in various fractions. Methylase from the first (A) and fourth (BII) peaks catalyzed the methylation of cytosine to produce 5-methylcytosine; methylase from the third peak (BI) methylated adenine to produce 6-methylaminopurine. The chemical specificity of the second peak (B) methylase could not be established due to very high lability of the enzyme in this fraction. Specific endonuclease was found in the gradient zones eluted by 0.1--0.2 M and 0.65--0.75 M NaCl. It is assumed that those enzymes providing for DNA hydrolysis up to the formation of high--molecular discrete fragments, are restricting endonucleases of the SK system. The results obtained strongly suggest the existence of several types of methylases and restricting endonucleases in E. coli SK cells.", "contents": "[Fractionation and purification of DNA methylases and specific endonucleases from cells of Escherichia coli SK]. Fractionation and purification of DNA methylases and specific endonucleases from E. coli SK responsible for DNA specificity to host prokaryotic cells were studied. The most efficient purification was achieved by precipitation of proteins by 0.6 saturated ammonium sulfate with subsequent chromatography on KM-cellulose and concentration of fractions by dialysis against glycerol. Under these conditions the methylase activity produced 4 discrete fractions. Due to purification the specific activity of methylases increased 11--20-fold in various fractions. Methylase from the first (A) and fourth (BII) peaks catalyzed the methylation of cytosine to produce 5-methylcytosine; methylase from the third peak (BI) methylated adenine to produce 6-methylaminopurine. The chemical specificity of the second peak (B) methylase could not be established due to very high lability of the enzyme in this fraction. Specific endonuclease was found in the gradient zones eluted by 0.1--0.2 M and 0.65--0.75 M NaCl. It is assumed that those enzymes providing for DNA hydrolysis up to the formation of high--molecular discrete fragments, are restricting endonucleases of the SK system. The results obtained strongly suggest the existence of several types of methylases and restricting endonucleases in E. coli SK cells.", "PMID": 322735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8524", "title": "A mechanistic model of the aerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A two-stage deterministic model of the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. The cell cycle of this organism was used to suggest the basic model structure. The model represents the preparatory processes of substrate uptake and conversion separately from replication and division. The regulation of the fraction of the culture devoted to each of these broad areas of metabolism, and the overall growth rate, is related to the nature and availability of the energy substrate. The simulation of respiration and glycolysis is achieved by including two alternative energy producing pathways. The regulation of these pathways is described in terms of the postulated primary regulation of the proportion of the culture required for substrate uptake and conversion, and the overall kinetic constants for each pathway. This regulation is dictated primarily by the growth rate rather than the nature or concentration of the energy substrate. The model successfully describes both batch and continuous growth of S. cerevisiae under conditons of glucose limitation and oxygen excess. A preliminary assessment indicates that adjustment of the relevant parameters will allow the model to describe the growth of S. cerevisiae on other sugars and under oxygen limitation. Similarly the model could be expected to describe the growth characteristics of other yeast species.", "contents": "A mechanistic model of the aerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A two-stage deterministic model of the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. The cell cycle of this organism was used to suggest the basic model structure. The model represents the preparatory processes of substrate uptake and conversion separately from replication and division. The regulation of the fraction of the culture devoted to each of these broad areas of metabolism, and the overall growth rate, is related to the nature and availability of the energy substrate. The simulation of respiration and glycolysis is achieved by including two alternative energy producing pathways. The regulation of these pathways is described in terms of the postulated primary regulation of the proportion of the culture required for substrate uptake and conversion, and the overall kinetic constants for each pathway. This regulation is dictated primarily by the growth rate rather than the nature or concentration of the energy substrate. The model successfully describes both batch and continuous growth of S. cerevisiae under conditons of glucose limitation and oxygen excess. A preliminary assessment indicates that adjustment of the relevant parameters will allow the model to describe the growth of S. cerevisiae on other sugars and under oxygen limitation. Similarly the model could be expected to describe the growth characteristics of other yeast species.", "PMID": 322740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8525", "title": "Assimilation of liquid hydrocarbon by microorganisms. I. Mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake.", "content": "The uptake mechanism of liquid hydrocarbons of low solubility in water was investigated, using microorganisms with different affinities for liquid hydrocarbon. Microorganisms which could utilize hydrocarbon were much more adherent to hydrocarbon than those which could not. The adhesive force between Candida intermedia IFO 0761 and hydrocarbon was higher than that of Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336, though both could utilize hydrocarbon; The total hydrocarbon uptake from the drop and accommodation forms of hydrocarbons was much higher than that from dissolved hydrocarbon. The uptake rate of drop-form hydrocarbon was nearly equal to that of accommodation-form hydrocarbon for C. intermedia, but was lower for C. tropicalis which shows lower adhesion to hydrocarbon.", "contents": "Assimilation of liquid hydrocarbon by microorganisms. I. Mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake. The uptake mechanism of liquid hydrocarbons of low solubility in water was investigated, using microorganisms with different affinities for liquid hydrocarbon. Microorganisms which could utilize hydrocarbon were much more adherent to hydrocarbon than those which could not. The adhesive force between Candida intermedia IFO 0761 and hydrocarbon was higher than that of Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336, though both could utilize hydrocarbon; The total hydrocarbon uptake from the drop and accommodation forms of hydrocarbons was much higher than that from dissolved hydrocarbon. The uptake rate of drop-form hydrocarbon was nearly equal to that of accommodation-form hydrocarbon for C. intermedia, but was lower for C. tropicalis which shows lower adhesion to hydrocarbon.", "PMID": 322743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8526", "title": "Limb anomalies in chromosomal aberrations.", "content": "This survey shows that there are at least 6 autosomal and 2 gonosomal aberrations which may produce specific types of limb anomaly in 30%-80% of cases. The \"expressivity\" of these anomalies covers a wide range within the morphogenetic pattern. No entirely specific malformation type is seen. The most unusual malformation, aplasia of the thumbs with proximal synostosis of the 4th aand 5th metacarpals, is seen in 13q- (13r) but the precise cytogenetic basis is not clear. Aplasia of the thumb associated with synostosis of the 4th and 5th metacarpals was occasionally described before (unilateral [105], bilateral [106] while synostosis only (V or Y shaped) may be due to a dominant [107] or an X-linked recessive gene [108]. Reduction malformations limited to radial heminelia have been noted in 4q- (4r) and in trisomy 18. Although the number of cases is still small the pattern is similar to that of thalidomide embryopathy, radial hemimelia (AD, 17910), cardiodigital syndromes (AD, 14290), and even Fanconi panmyelopathy (AR, 22790). It ranges from hypoplasia of the thenar muscles and thumb to pseudophocomelia which should be clearly distinguished from phocomelia because of the absence of the thumb and frequently of the 2nd and 3rd fingers. Nothing has to be added to the teratologic series published by M\u00fcller [58] and, more recently, Willert and Henkel [109], but the distribution of the various manifestations may diverge. Asymmetry in 4q- (4r) is noteworthy. Postaxial polydactyly which is noted in trisomy 13 and trisomy of the terminal portions of the long arm of No. 13 is as variable in distribution and morphology as is observed in families in which the gene (AD, 17420) is transmitted. The question cannot yet be answered whether infrequent anomalies of the limbs which do not fit into the morphologic pattern of these types, eg postaxial polydactyly in + 18 or absence of the radius in + 13 are random. Syndactyly of the 3rd and 4th but also of other digits is a frequent but variable anomaly in triploidy. It is very similar to hereditary zygodactyly (AD, 18590). Peripheral hypoplasia of several digits accompanied by onychodysplasia seems to be a frequent anomaly in 9p+ syndrome. It is similar to that seen in a syndrome with mental deficiency, peculiar facies, and stunted growth [110] in which no chromosomal aberration has been found up to the present. Dysostoses have been frequently noted in gonosomal aberations. Brachymetopodia in XO females maybe confused with pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism (XR, 30080) or brachydactyly type E (AD, 11330) when only the lateral metacarpals and/or metatarsals are shortened. However, further studies are needed in order to delineate these syndromes on the basis of different frequencies and radiologic patterns. The radioulnar synostosis noted in cases with supernumerary X chromosomes cannot be distinguished from the inherited anomaly (AD, 17930), but associated anomalies of the hand are uncommon.", "contents": "Limb anomalies in chromosomal aberrations. This survey shows that there are at least 6 autosomal and 2 gonosomal aberrations which may produce specific types of limb anomaly in 30%-80% of cases. The \"expressivity\" of these anomalies covers a wide range within the morphogenetic pattern. No entirely specific malformation type is seen. The most unusual malformation, aplasia of the thumbs with proximal synostosis of the 4th aand 5th metacarpals, is seen in 13q- (13r) but the precise cytogenetic basis is not clear. Aplasia of the thumb associated with synostosis of the 4th and 5th metacarpals was occasionally described before (unilateral [105], bilateral [106] while synostosis only (V or Y shaped) may be due to a dominant [107] or an X-linked recessive gene [108]. Reduction malformations limited to radial heminelia have been noted in 4q- (4r) and in trisomy 18. Although the number of cases is still small the pattern is similar to that of thalidomide embryopathy, radial hemimelia (AD, 17910), cardiodigital syndromes (AD, 14290), and even Fanconi panmyelopathy (AR, 22790). It ranges from hypoplasia of the thenar muscles and thumb to pseudophocomelia which should be clearly distinguished from phocomelia because of the absence of the thumb and frequently of the 2nd and 3rd fingers. Nothing has to be added to the teratologic series published by M\u00fcller [58] and, more recently, Willert and Henkel [109], but the distribution of the various manifestations may diverge. Asymmetry in 4q- (4r) is noteworthy. Postaxial polydactyly which is noted in trisomy 13 and trisomy of the terminal portions of the long arm of No. 13 is as variable in distribution and morphology as is observed in families in which the gene (AD, 17420) is transmitted. The question cannot yet be answered whether infrequent anomalies of the limbs which do not fit into the morphologic pattern of these types, eg postaxial polydactyly in + 18 or absence of the radius in + 13 are random. Syndactyly of the 3rd and 4th but also of other digits is a frequent but variable anomaly in triploidy. It is very similar to hereditary zygodactyly (AD, 18590). Peripheral hypoplasia of several digits accompanied by onychodysplasia seems to be a frequent anomaly in 9p+ syndrome. It is similar to that seen in a syndrome with mental deficiency, peculiar facies, and stunted growth [110] in which no chromosomal aberration has been found up to the present. Dysostoses have been frequently noted in gonosomal aberations. Brachymetopodia in XO females maybe confused with pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism (XR, 30080) or brachydactyly type E (AD, 11330) when only the lateral metacarpals and/or metatarsals are shortened. However, further studies are needed in order to delineate these syndromes on the basis of different frequencies and radiologic patterns. The radioulnar synostosis noted in cases with supernumerary X chromosomes cannot be distinguished from the inherited anomaly (AD, 17930), but associated anomalies of the hand are uncommon.", "PMID": 322750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8527", "title": "[Role of substrate inductors in the mechanism of cortisol action on beta-galactosidase activity in different strains of E. coli k-12 and in rat liver].", "content": "A comparative study of the effect of cortisone on the beta-galactosidase synthesis in E. coli K-12 strains with an induced (E. coli 200 PS/Iac), constitutive (E. coli ML-308), and superrepressed (E. coli 200is) type of the enzyme synthesis and in the cells of rat liver demonstrated that the hormone proper had no derepressive effect. An increase of the beta-galactosidase synthesis occurred only in the presence of specific substrate inductors. It is supposed that the principal link in the action mechanism of cortisone on the laclose operon of E. coli and the enzyme production in the cells of the rat liver is preliminary derepression of the genome areas by means of the substrate inductors.", "contents": "[Role of substrate inductors in the mechanism of cortisol action on beta-galactosidase activity in different strains of E. coli k-12 and in rat liver]. A comparative study of the effect of cortisone on the beta-galactosidase synthesis in E. coli K-12 strains with an induced (E. coli 200 PS/Iac), constitutive (E. coli ML-308), and superrepressed (E. coli 200is) type of the enzyme synthesis and in the cells of rat liver demonstrated that the hormone proper had no derepressive effect. An increase of the beta-galactosidase synthesis occurred only in the presence of specific substrate inductors. It is supposed that the principal link in the action mechanism of cortisone on the laclose operon of E. coli and the enzyme production in the cells of the rat liver is preliminary derepression of the genome areas by means of the substrate inductors.", "PMID": 322752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8528", "title": "[Classes of rat lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins detected by enzymatic radioiodination].", "content": "By means of enzymatic radioiodination, immunopre-cipitation and acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate it was found that on the surface of normal rat splenocytes there were two main immunoglobulin classes--monomeric IgM and Ig (H2L2) which had a heavy chain larger than they phi, yet smallerthan the micron chain, differing from them by the antigenic properties. It is possible that this Ig class corresponds to the human IgD and the mouse IgD-like cell surface molecules. Small amounts of thedetected cell surface IgG may indicate both its cytophilic properties and the immunological status of the experimental animals.", "contents": "[Classes of rat lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins detected by enzymatic radioiodination]. By means of enzymatic radioiodination, immunopre-cipitation and acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate it was found that on the surface of normal rat splenocytes there were two main immunoglobulin classes--monomeric IgM and Ig (H2L2) which had a heavy chain larger than they phi, yet smallerthan the micron chain, differing from them by the antigenic properties. It is possible that this Ig class corresponds to the human IgD and the mouse IgD-like cell surface molecules. Small amounts of thedetected cell surface IgG may indicate both its cytophilic properties and the immunological status of the experimental animals.", "PMID": 322753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8529", "title": "[Comparative analysis of the adjuvant action of fab-fragments of normal rabbit IgG obtained using pepsin and papain].", "content": "The capacity of Fab fragments of normal rabbit IgG to enhance the immune response to sheep erythrocytes in the homologous recipients was determined by the structure of the C-terminal part of the heavy chain Fd fragment. This followed from the fact that pepsin F(a')2 and Fab' fragments enhanced considerably the hemagglutinin production and proliferation of the antibody-forming cells in the spleen, whereas papain Fab fragments, used in the same dose as the pepsin fragments, possessed only negligible adjuvant activity. As shown the adjuvant activity of pepsin and papain fragments displayed an inverse correlation with the titres and papain homoreactants in the sera of the homologous recipients. The data obtained suggested that the target cells for Fab fragments were lymphocytes carrying cytophilic homoreactants as receptors for the fragments.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of the adjuvant action of fab-fragments of normal rabbit IgG obtained using pepsin and papain]. The capacity of Fab fragments of normal rabbit IgG to enhance the immune response to sheep erythrocytes in the homologous recipients was determined by the structure of the C-terminal part of the heavy chain Fd fragment. This followed from the fact that pepsin F(a')2 and Fab' fragments enhanced considerably the hemagglutinin production and proliferation of the antibody-forming cells in the spleen, whereas papain Fab fragments, used in the same dose as the pepsin fragments, possessed only negligible adjuvant activity. As shown the adjuvant activity of pepsin and papain fragments displayed an inverse correlation with the titres and papain homoreactants in the sera of the homologous recipients. The data obtained suggested that the target cells for Fab fragments were lymphocytes carrying cytophilic homoreactants as receptors for the fragments.", "PMID": 322754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8530", "title": "[Characteristics of cytotoxic t-lymphocytes eluted from allogenic target cells].", "content": "Gain in the specific cytotoxic effect of immune lymphocytes after their absorption on the corresponding target cells (TC) and subsequent elution with pronase was caused not by the increase of the cytotoxic activity of individual cells, but by the quantitative enrichment of the population with the effector T-cells. Eluted and the initial immune lymphocytes failed to differ by the kinetics of absorption on the TC. The eluted lymphocyte fraction was characterized by a two fold increase in the T-cell content and a 4-5-fold increase in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells on account of an increase in the content of medium and large lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Characteristics of cytotoxic t-lymphocytes eluted from allogenic target cells]. Gain in the specific cytotoxic effect of immune lymphocytes after their absorption on the corresponding target cells (TC) and subsequent elution with pronase was caused not by the increase of the cytotoxic activity of individual cells, but by the quantitative enrichment of the population with the effector T-cells. Eluted and the initial immune lymphocytes failed to differ by the kinetics of absorption on the TC. The eluted lymphocyte fraction was characterized by a two fold increase in the T-cell content and a 4-5-fold increase in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells on account of an increase in the content of medium and large lymphocytes.", "PMID": 322755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8531", "title": "[Preparation of liposomes possessing immunologic specificity].", "content": "The authors obtained artificial lipid vesicles--liposomes containing immunoglobulins. IgG in the complexes with liposomes proved to retain their immunological activity: the liposomes containing rabbit anti-mouse IgG agglutinated in the presence of donkey anti-rabbit IgG or mouse serum. As shown by the use of liposomes containing H3-inulin and immunoglobulins against the cell surface determinants, these immuno-liposomes selectively bound the target, but not the control cells. Specific binding with the antigenic cell surface determinants was also demonstrated in the case of liposomes bearing the nonimmune globulins besides the immunoglobulins. By the indirect immunofluorescence method it was shown that the nonimmune globulins in complex with the immune liposomes were selectively bound by target cells. A possible use of the immuno-liposomes to deliver various substances selectively to the cells of particular types, and to incorporate new antigens into the cell membrane is discussed.", "contents": "[Preparation of liposomes possessing immunologic specificity]. The authors obtained artificial lipid vesicles--liposomes containing immunoglobulins. IgG in the complexes with liposomes proved to retain their immunological activity: the liposomes containing rabbit anti-mouse IgG agglutinated in the presence of donkey anti-rabbit IgG or mouse serum. As shown by the use of liposomes containing H3-inulin and immunoglobulins against the cell surface determinants, these immuno-liposomes selectively bound the target, but not the control cells. Specific binding with the antigenic cell surface determinants was also demonstrated in the case of liposomes bearing the nonimmune globulins besides the immunoglobulins. By the indirect immunofluorescence method it was shown that the nonimmune globulins in complex with the immune liposomes were selectively bound by target cells. A possible use of the immuno-liposomes to deliver various substances selectively to the cells of particular types, and to incorporate new antigens into the cell membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 322756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8532", "title": "[Antibodies to an antigen of human thymus epithelial tissue common to the epidermis of the skin in malignant myasthenia].", "content": "It has been demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorecent technique that many of the sera of patients with myasthenia gravis react with the anticells of the human thymus epithelial tissue. Sorption of the sera with the suspension of the epidermis cells and the homogenates of the tissues of other human organs showed that the epithelial cell antigen with which the sera of patients with myasthenia reacted were epidermal heteroorganic thymus antigens, i.e. common for the thymus epithelium and skin epidermis. The presence of antibodies to the cells of the epithelial tissue of the thymus in the sera of patients suffering from myasthenia gravis permits to suppose the existence of an immunopathological process against the thymus tissue antigens (including the heteroorganic structures of its epithelium) in this disease.", "contents": "[Antibodies to an antigen of human thymus epithelial tissue common to the epidermis of the skin in malignant myasthenia]. It has been demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorecent technique that many of the sera of patients with myasthenia gravis react with the anticells of the human thymus epithelial tissue. Sorption of the sera with the suspension of the epidermis cells and the homogenates of the tissues of other human organs showed that the epithelial cell antigen with which the sera of patients with myasthenia reacted were epidermal heteroorganic thymus antigens, i.e. common for the thymus epithelium and skin epidermis. The presence of antibodies to the cells of the epithelial tissue of the thymus in the sera of patients suffering from myasthenia gravis permits to suppose the existence of an immunopathological process against the thymus tissue antigens (including the heteroorganic structures of its epithelium) in this disease.", "PMID": 322757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8533", "title": "[2 populations of bone marrow cells transfering the hematopoietic environment].", "content": "A bone marrow fragment transplanted under the kidney capsule created a focus of ectopic hemopoiesis, whose isze, measured by the number of hemopoietic cells, was proportional to the implant size. Dimensions of the focus proved to be 11/2--21/2 greater in the irradiated than in the intact recipients. Cells building up the focus of heterotopic hemopoiesis had a different radiosensitivity in the intact and irradiated recipients--their Do constituted about 160 and 350 rad, respectively. In this connection it is supposed that two cell populations of precursors took part in the creation of the focus. Their possible relations with the determined and inducible osteogenic precursor cells are discussed.", "contents": "[2 populations of bone marrow cells transfering the hematopoietic environment]. A bone marrow fragment transplanted under the kidney capsule created a focus of ectopic hemopoiesis, whose isze, measured by the number of hemopoietic cells, was proportional to the implant size. Dimensions of the focus proved to be 11/2--21/2 greater in the irradiated than in the intact recipients. Cells building up the focus of heterotopic hemopoiesis had a different radiosensitivity in the intact and irradiated recipients--their Do constituted about 160 and 350 rad, respectively. In this connection it is supposed that two cell populations of precursors took part in the creation of the focus. Their possible relations with the determined and inducible osteogenic precursor cells are discussed.", "PMID": 322758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8534", "title": "[Analysis of different reactive changes in nerve fibers].", "content": "A study was made of the morphological peculiarities of the varicose corpuscles revealed in man and animals at the terminal stages of ontogenesis along the peripheral nerve fibers. The properties of these varicose bodies were compared with the reactive varicose deformities experimentally observed under conditions of disturbed blood supply. Similar features of the two formations compared and the presence of transitional forms permit to regard the former ones as the reactive structures. However, more time and participation of the surrounding tissue is required for their formation.", "contents": "[Analysis of different reactive changes in nerve fibers]. A study was made of the morphological peculiarities of the varicose corpuscles revealed in man and animals at the terminal stages of ontogenesis along the peripheral nerve fibers. The properties of these varicose bodies were compared with the reactive varicose deformities experimentally observed under conditions of disturbed blood supply. Similar features of the two formations compared and the presence of transitional forms permit to regard the former ones as the reactive structures. However, more time and participation of the surrounding tissue is required for their formation.", "PMID": 322759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8535", "title": "[Effect of antrectomy on gastric secretion induced by insulin hypoglycemia in dogs].", "content": "Antrectomy was shown to cause a sharp and stable suppression of the secretory reaction of the fundal glands of the stomach in response to insulin hypoglycemia. Acid and pepsin secretion was reduced two-fold (on the average) as compared to that after histamine stimulation. A tendency to restoration of the secretory parameters was seen in 3 to 5 months; the next 7 months they persisted on a constant level.", "contents": "[Effect of antrectomy on gastric secretion induced by insulin hypoglycemia in dogs]. Antrectomy was shown to cause a sharp and stable suppression of the secretory reaction of the fundal glands of the stomach in response to insulin hypoglycemia. Acid and pepsin secretion was reduced two-fold (on the average) as compared to that after histamine stimulation. A tendency to restoration of the secretory parameters was seen in 3 to 5 months; the next 7 months they persisted on a constant level.", "PMID": 322760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8536", "title": "[Suppression of antibody formation by bone marrow T-cells activated by histocompatibility antigens].", "content": "The suppressive effect of the bone marrow T-cells activated by histocompatibility antigens on antibody formation was studied. The bone marrow of CBA mice was found to contain the thymus-dependent lymphocytes which underwent hyperactivation after the repeated transfers to F1 recipients and acquired the capacity ot inhibit the development of cooperative immune response to sheep erythrocytes. Pretreatment of the bone marrow cells with antithymocyte globulin and complement prevented the suppression.", "contents": "[Suppression of antibody formation by bone marrow T-cells activated by histocompatibility antigens]. The suppressive effect of the bone marrow T-cells activated by histocompatibility antigens on antibody formation was studied. The bone marrow of CBA mice was found to contain the thymus-dependent lymphocytes which underwent hyperactivation after the repeated transfers to F1 recipients and acquired the capacity ot inhibit the development of cooperative immune response to sheep erythrocytes. Pretreatment of the bone marrow cells with antithymocyte globulin and complement prevented the suppression.", "PMID": 322761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8537", "title": "[Comparative assessment of the properties of a factor inhibiting macrophage migration and interferon].", "content": "The authors investigated some functional properties of interferon and the macrophages migration inhibitory factor (MIF) obtained by stimulation of human tonsil lymphocytes with the virus of Newcastle disease (NDV) or O-streptolysin. Both the interferon and MIF inhibited actively the migration of human tonsil cells, but differed by the anti-viral activity, and sensitivity to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min. Stimulation of human tonsil lymphocytes with NDV leads to production of a more wide range of delayed hypersensitivity mediators than stimulation with O-streptolysin.", "contents": "[Comparative assessment of the properties of a factor inhibiting macrophage migration and interferon]. The authors investigated some functional properties of interferon and the macrophages migration inhibitory factor (MIF) obtained by stimulation of human tonsil lymphocytes with the virus of Newcastle disease (NDV) or O-streptolysin. Both the interferon and MIF inhibited actively the migration of human tonsil cells, but differed by the anti-viral activity, and sensitivity to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min. Stimulation of human tonsil lymphocytes with NDV leads to production of a more wide range of delayed hypersensitivity mediators than stimulation with O-streptolysin.", "PMID": 322762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8538", "title": "[Effect of somatotropic hormone on autoimmune responses induced in mice of different genotypes by syngenous heated erythrocytes].", "content": "A single administration of 1 X 10(9) heated erythrocytes to C57BL and BALB/c mice caused on the 13th day the appearance of antierythrocytic autoantibodies, an increase in the weight of the lymphoid organs, and lymphoreticular hyperplasia. These changes were more pronounced in BALB/c mice. During the development of autoimmune reactions the changes in the number of E- and EAC-rosette-forming cells in the thymus and spleen and in the immune response to the sheep erythrocyte immunization and E. coli endotoxin were revealed; distinct strain differences were observed. Daily somatotropic hormone administration (5 mg/kg of body weight) for 10 days decreased the degree of the autoimmune reactions development in mice of both strains. Its action was more expressed in BALB/c mice.", "contents": "[Effect of somatotropic hormone on autoimmune responses induced in mice of different genotypes by syngenous heated erythrocytes]. A single administration of 1 X 10(9) heated erythrocytes to C57BL and BALB/c mice caused on the 13th day the appearance of antierythrocytic autoantibodies, an increase in the weight of the lymphoid organs, and lymphoreticular hyperplasia. These changes were more pronounced in BALB/c mice. During the development of autoimmune reactions the changes in the number of E- and EAC-rosette-forming cells in the thymus and spleen and in the immune response to the sheep erythrocyte immunization and E. coli endotoxin were revealed; distinct strain differences were observed. Daily somatotropic hormone administration (5 mg/kg of body weight) for 10 days decreased the degree of the autoimmune reactions development in mice of both strains. Its action was more expressed in BALB/c mice.", "PMID": 322763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8539", "title": "[Release of suppressor factors by the lymphocytes of mice in contact with syngeneic and xenogeneic erythrocytes].", "content": "Spleen cells from immune mice incubated in vitro with syngeneic and xenogeneic red blood cells release the factor(s) which possess the immunosuppressive activity. Release of suppressive factor(s) by spleen cells from the non-immunized mice occurs only after the contact with xenogeneic erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Release of suppressor factors by the lymphocytes of mice in contact with syngeneic and xenogeneic erythrocytes]. Spleen cells from immune mice incubated in vitro with syngeneic and xenogeneic red blood cells release the factor(s) which possess the immunosuppressive activity. Release of suppressive factor(s) by spleen cells from the non-immunized mice occurs only after the contact with xenogeneic erythrocytes.", "PMID": 322764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8540", "title": "[Hybrid resistance to precursor cells of bone marrow stroma].", "content": "A focusl of hemopoiesis appearing after the transplantation of a bone marrow fragment of C57BL mice to syngeneic mice (under the kidney capsule) contained more hemopoietic cells than in transplantation to the semisyngeneic (CBA X C57BL) FI recipient. Experiments were conducted with a secondary seeding by intravenous injection of hemopoietic cells of the C57BL transplant genotype into the transplant depopulated by irradiation; it was shown that these differences were caused by lesser dimensions of the hemopoietic microenvironment in the focus in the hybrid organism in comparison with such in the syngeneic system. Thus, the hybrid resistance was expressed not only to the hemopoietic cells, but also to the stromal precursors transferring the hemopoietic microenvironment.", "contents": "[Hybrid resistance to precursor cells of bone marrow stroma]. A focusl of hemopoiesis appearing after the transplantation of a bone marrow fragment of C57BL mice to syngeneic mice (under the kidney capsule) contained more hemopoietic cells than in transplantation to the semisyngeneic (CBA X C57BL) FI recipient. Experiments were conducted with a secondary seeding by intravenous injection of hemopoietic cells of the C57BL transplant genotype into the transplant depopulated by irradiation; it was shown that these differences were caused by lesser dimensions of the hemopoietic microenvironment in the focus in the hybrid organism in comparison with such in the syngeneic system. Thus, the hybrid resistance was expressed not only to the hemopoietic cells, but also to the stromal precursors transferring the hemopoietic microenvironment.", "PMID": 322765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8541", "title": "[Proliferative capability of nuclested rat bone marrow cells following freeze--thawing].", "content": "A study was made of the proliferative capacity of myelokariocytes of the rat bone marrow after freezing and thawing under protection of the oxyetyl derivative of the tetratomic alcohol; experiments were conducted on mouse-rat radiation chimerae. The rat bone marrow cells proved to retain their proliferative capacity.", "contents": "[Proliferative capability of nuclested rat bone marrow cells following freeze--thawing]. A study was made of the proliferative capacity of myelokariocytes of the rat bone marrow after freezing and thawing under protection of the oxyetyl derivative of the tetratomic alcohol; experiments were conducted on mouse-rat radiation chimerae. The rat bone marrow cells proved to retain their proliferative capacity.", "PMID": 322768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8542", "title": "Pretreatment cytokinetic studies in 94 children with acute leukemia. Relationship to other variables at diagnosis and to outcome of standard treatment.", "content": "The relationship of the pretreatment bone marrow mitotic index (MI) and in vitro 3H-thymidine labeling index (LI) to other variables present at diagnosis and to the outcome of standard therapy was examined in a series of 94 children with acute leukemia (71 ALL, 23 AML). The range of observed values at diagnosis was extremely broad, from less than 1% labeled cells to more than 25%. The median LI% for all patients studied was 5.2%; the median MI% was 0.3%. The values for AML and ALL did not differ significantly despite older age, higher initial white blood cell (WBC) counts, and poorer response to therapy of AML patients. The initial MI and LI were positively correlated with each other, but unrelated to age or initial WBC count in either ALL or AML. However, the LI and MI were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the group of 10 children of 54 studied with ALL whose blasts formed spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells at 37 degrees C. The initial LI and MI were not shown to be related to the likelihood of attaining a complete response or to the length of remission in either ALL or AML. There was thus no evidence that either the initial MI or LI% of marrow blasts was of any prognostic significance in children with acute leukemia.", "contents": "Pretreatment cytokinetic studies in 94 children with acute leukemia. Relationship to other variables at diagnosis and to outcome of standard treatment. The relationship of the pretreatment bone marrow mitotic index (MI) and in vitro 3H-thymidine labeling index (LI) to other variables present at diagnosis and to the outcome of standard therapy was examined in a series of 94 children with acute leukemia (71 ALL, 23 AML). The range of observed values at diagnosis was extremely broad, from less than 1% labeled cells to more than 25%. The median LI% for all patients studied was 5.2%; the median MI% was 0.3%. The values for AML and ALL did not differ significantly despite older age, higher initial white blood cell (WBC) counts, and poorer response to therapy of AML patients. The initial MI and LI were positively correlated with each other, but unrelated to age or initial WBC count in either ALL or AML. However, the LI and MI were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the group of 10 children of 54 studied with ALL whose blasts formed spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells at 37 degrees C. The initial LI and MI were not shown to be related to the likelihood of attaining a complete response or to the length of remission in either ALL or AML. There was thus no evidence that either the initial MI or LI% of marrow blasts was of any prognostic significance in children with acute leukemia.", "PMID": 322769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8543", "title": "Depressed in vitro lymphocyte responses to PHA in patients with Hodgkin disease in continuous long remissions.", "content": "Twenty consecutive patients with Hodgkin disease in continuous complete remission and off treatment for at least 5 yr (range 5-25 yr, median 9 yr) were studied with a battery of immunologic parameters. Skin test reactivity to four common antigens, sensitization to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, absolute lymphocyte count, relative percentage of T cells (as measured by spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes) and B cells (as measured by immunofluorescence with polyvalent antiserum), and absolute number of T and B cells were normal when compared with controls. However, the mean value of lymphocyte response in vitro to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin for the study population was significantly decreased (p less than 0.001) when compared with the controls. This abnormality in response to mitogen could not be correlated with age, sex, stage, symptoms, histologic subclassification, or previous treatment. The data suggest the existence of a persisting cell-mediated immune defect in the circulating lymphocytes in patients with long-standing Hodgkin disease that might otherwise be considered \"cured.\"", "contents": "Depressed in vitro lymphocyte responses to PHA in patients with Hodgkin disease in continuous long remissions. Twenty consecutive patients with Hodgkin disease in continuous complete remission and off treatment for at least 5 yr (range 5-25 yr, median 9 yr) were studied with a battery of immunologic parameters. Skin test reactivity to four common antigens, sensitization to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, absolute lymphocyte count, relative percentage of T cells (as measured by spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes) and B cells (as measured by immunofluorescence with polyvalent antiserum), and absolute number of T and B cells were normal when compared with controls. However, the mean value of lymphocyte response in vitro to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin for the study population was significantly decreased (p less than 0.001) when compared with the controls. This abnormality in response to mitogen could not be correlated with age, sex, stage, symptoms, histologic subclassification, or previous treatment. The data suggest the existence of a persisting cell-mediated immune defect in the circulating lymphocytes in patients with long-standing Hodgkin disease that might otherwise be considered \"cured.\"", "PMID": 322770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8544", "title": "[Long-term therapy using horse anti-dog lymphocyte globulin without sensitization against horse protein].", "content": "Eight mongrel dogs received a standard daily i.v. infusion of 20 mg/kg b.w. deaggregated horse-anti-dog-lymphocyte-globulin (ALG) and additional prednisolone (1 mg/kg b.w. daily i.v.) over a maximum period of 82 days following pretreatment with deaggregated normal horse IgG. No sensitization against horse protein was observed during therapy of afterwards as proved by lack of humoral antibodies against horse antigens, maintained lymphopenia, good compatibility, longterm prolongation of xenogeneic skin graft survival (85.6+/-20.6 days, n=8' untreated controls 12.5+/-1.3 days, n=4) and longterm suppression of cytotoxic antibodies against donor lymphocytes. The level of preformed agglutinating antibodies against horse erythrocytes was significantly reduced, while preformed antibodies against other species remained normal. The immune response to a challenge injection of anti-lymphocyte-serum (ALS) 6-11 weeks after termination of treatment was significantly lower in the ALG treated animals as compared to the control group. These results suggest the involvement of a specific mechanism of unresponsiveness against ALG other than immunosuppression only. It is concluded, that by the described method sensitization against ALG can be prevented during longterm treatment.", "contents": "[Long-term therapy using horse anti-dog lymphocyte globulin without sensitization against horse protein]. Eight mongrel dogs received a standard daily i.v. infusion of 20 mg/kg b.w. deaggregated horse-anti-dog-lymphocyte-globulin (ALG) and additional prednisolone (1 mg/kg b.w. daily i.v.) over a maximum period of 82 days following pretreatment with deaggregated normal horse IgG. No sensitization against horse protein was observed during therapy of afterwards as proved by lack of humoral antibodies against horse antigens, maintained lymphopenia, good compatibility, longterm prolongation of xenogeneic skin graft survival (85.6+/-20.6 days, n=8' untreated controls 12.5+/-1.3 days, n=4) and longterm suppression of cytotoxic antibodies against donor lymphocytes. The level of preformed agglutinating antibodies against horse erythrocytes was significantly reduced, while preformed antibodies against other species remained normal. The immune response to a challenge injection of anti-lymphocyte-serum (ALS) 6-11 weeks after termination of treatment was significantly lower in the ALG treated animals as compared to the control group. These results suggest the involvement of a specific mechanism of unresponsiveness against ALG other than immunosuppression only. It is concluded, that by the described method sensitization against ALG can be prevented during longterm treatment.", "PMID": 322771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8545", "title": "The fate of biogenic monoamines in perfused rabbit lung.", "content": "1. Inactivation of beta-phenylethylamine and several of its derivatives was studied in a preparation of rabbit lung perfused with Krebs physiological medium at 37 degrees C. Inactivation or removal of these compounds was calculated as the difference between the concentration of each amine in the perfusion medium and the effluent, collected separately from each lung. The extent of amine metabolic degradation was also measured, by column chromatography, in lung effluent. 2. With this technique the magnitude of amine removal as a function of concentration was determined and an apparent Km and Vmax of removal were calculated for each amine. 3. Percentage removal was highest with phenylethylamine (95%), and decreased, apparently in relation to increasing phenyl- and side chain-hydroxylation (and therefore likely increased hydrophilicity), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (64%), tyramine (53%), octopamine (35%), dopamine (32%) and noradrenaline (23%). 4. Inactivation of each amine could be accounted for by metabolic degradation to deaminated products, which appeared in lung effluent within 90 s of beginning amine perfusion. 5. When intrapulmonary metabolism of phenylethylamine was inhibited by simultaneous perfusion with semicarbazide (10 mM) and pargyline (10 micronM), the removal rate was unaltered, establishing that uptake of the amine from the vascular space is not dependent on metabolism at least for 4 min infusions.", "contents": "The fate of biogenic monoamines in perfused rabbit lung. 1. Inactivation of beta-phenylethylamine and several of its derivatives was studied in a preparation of rabbit lung perfused with Krebs physiological medium at 37 degrees C. Inactivation or removal of these compounds was calculated as the difference between the concentration of each amine in the perfusion medium and the effluent, collected separately from each lung. The extent of amine metabolic degradation was also measured, by column chromatography, in lung effluent. 2. With this technique the magnitude of amine removal as a function of concentration was determined and an apparent Km and Vmax of removal were calculated for each amine. 3. Percentage removal was highest with phenylethylamine (95%), and decreased, apparently in relation to increasing phenyl- and side chain-hydroxylation (and therefore likely increased hydrophilicity), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (64%), tyramine (53%), octopamine (35%), dopamine (32%) and noradrenaline (23%). 4. Inactivation of each amine could be accounted for by metabolic degradation to deaminated products, which appeared in lung effluent within 90 s of beginning amine perfusion. 5. When intrapulmonary metabolism of phenylethylamine was inhibited by simultaneous perfusion with semicarbazide (10 mM) and pargyline (10 micronM), the removal rate was unaltered, establishing that uptake of the amine from the vascular space is not dependent on metabolism at least for 4 min infusions.", "PMID": 322781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8546", "title": "Haloperiodl in the treatment of stuttering.", "content": "Haloperidol treatment for stuttering was examined in a double-blind cross-over study of 26 adult volunteers with long-standing stuttering. Most had had unsuccessful speech and drug therapy. During the three-month study, their speech and stuttering patterns were repeatedly evaluated from videotaped readings of a standard passage and during spontaneous speaking. Of the 18 patients completing the trial 11 were significantly more improved on haloperidol than on placebo, three benefited equally from both, and four were unchanged. Improvement over placebo was indicated by fewer dysfluencies, increased speed of speaking, and reduced secondary \"struggle\" phenomena. Side effects were common on a dosage of 3 mg haloperidol daily. Poor concentration, akathisia and dystonic movements caused 8 patients to discontinue the trial despite significant improvement in 5 of them. Although \"statistically significant\" improvement occurred in most patients on haloperidol, the \"clinical significance\" of this form of therapy will be limited by the partial response, the need for continuous medication, the side effects of haloperidol and the attitude of stutters to this type of therapy.", "contents": "Haloperiodl in the treatment of stuttering. Haloperidol treatment for stuttering was examined in a double-blind cross-over study of 26 adult volunteers with long-standing stuttering. Most had had unsuccessful speech and drug therapy. During the three-month study, their speech and stuttering patterns were repeatedly evaluated from videotaped readings of a standard passage and during spontaneous speaking. Of the 18 patients completing the trial 11 were significantly more improved on haloperidol than on placebo, three benefited equally from both, and four were unchanged. Improvement over placebo was indicated by fewer dysfluencies, increased speed of speaking, and reduced secondary \"struggle\" phenomena. Side effects were common on a dosage of 3 mg haloperidol daily. Poor concentration, akathisia and dystonic movements caused 8 patients to discontinue the trial despite significant improvement in 5 of them. Although \"statistically significant\" improvement occurred in most patients on haloperidol, the \"clinical significance\" of this form of therapy will be limited by the partial response, the need for continuous medication, the side effects of haloperidol and the attitude of stutters to this type of therapy.", "PMID": 322782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8547", "title": "Impairment of a motor skill in children with spina bifida cystica and hydrocephalus: an exploratory study.", "content": "Twenty 7-10 year old children with spina bifida cystica and hydrocephalus and 20 normals matched for age, sex and IQ were compared on a 12-trial target task, first used by Connolly, Brown & Bassett (1968). Analysis of the results, in which particular attention was paid to statistical method and to ways of analysing individual differences, showed a significant impairment in dotting speed in the spina bifida group, although both groups improved with practice. In a second experiment immediately following the first, visual monitoring of this task was restricted. The spina bifida children were initially more affected than the controls but able to recover. The findings are discussed in relation to neurological abnormalities in the spina bifida group.", "contents": "Impairment of a motor skill in children with spina bifida cystica and hydrocephalus: an exploratory study. Twenty 7-10 year old children with spina bifida cystica and hydrocephalus and 20 normals matched for age, sex and IQ were compared on a 12-trial target task, first used by Connolly, Brown & Bassett (1968). Analysis of the results, in which particular attention was paid to statistical method and to ways of analysing individual differences, showed a significant impairment in dotting speed in the spina bifida group, although both groups improved with practice. In a second experiment immediately following the first, visual monitoring of this task was restricted. The spina bifida children were initially more affected than the controls but able to recover. The findings are discussed in relation to neurological abnormalities in the spina bifida group.", "PMID": 322783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8548", "title": "The effect of frusemide used for post-prostatectomy irrigation on total body potassium.", "content": "The effects of 2 techniques of bladder irrigation on total body potassium have been compared. The results show that a net decrease was associated with both methods. This was marginally greater (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05) in the group which underwent a forced diuresis using frusemide with a fluid load. This group received some potassium supplements without which it is possible that the decrease would have been greater. It is concluded that this regime cannot be overtly criticised for its potential loss of potassium.", "contents": "The effect of frusemide used for post-prostatectomy irrigation on total body potassium. The effects of 2 techniques of bladder irrigation on total body potassium have been compared. The results show that a net decrease was associated with both methods. This was marginally greater (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05) in the group which underwent a forced diuresis using frusemide with a fluid load. This group received some potassium supplements without which it is possible that the decrease would have been greater. It is concluded that this regime cannot be overtly criticised for its potential loss of potassium.", "PMID": 322784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8549", "title": "Polycystic renal disease--occurrence of malignant change and role of nephrectomy in potential transplant recipients.", "content": "28 cases of malignant renal neoplasms in patients with polycystic kidneys are reviewed from the literature and 2 new cases are reported. The difficulty in diagnosing this malignant change together with the increased survival of patients with polycystic kidneys on dialysis and transplant programmes leads to the recommendation that all such patients should be considered for nephrectomies. The reasons for this recommendation and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed.", "contents": "Polycystic renal disease--occurrence of malignant change and role of nephrectomy in potential transplant recipients. 28 cases of malignant renal neoplasms in patients with polycystic kidneys are reviewed from the literature and 2 new cases are reported. The difficulty in diagnosing this malignant change together with the increased survival of patients with polycystic kidneys on dialysis and transplant programmes leads to the recommendation that all such patients should be considered for nephrectomies. The reasons for this recommendation and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed.", "PMID": 322785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8550", "title": "Late ureteric obstruction in renal transplantation.", "content": "5 cases of ureteric obstruction occurring in renal allotransplant recipients who had received their grafts more than 3 years prior to presentation are reviewed.", "contents": "Late ureteric obstruction in renal transplantation. 5 cases of ureteric obstruction occurring in renal allotransplant recipients who had received their grafts more than 3 years prior to presentation are reviewed.", "PMID": 322786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8551", "title": "Wound infection following appendicectomy: the effect of extraperitoneal wound drainage and systemic antibiotic prophylaxis.", "content": "The value of extraperitoneal wound drainage and a 3-day course of prophylactic systemic cephaloridine used both separately and together have been assessed in a prospective controlled randomized trial involving 246 patients undergoing appendicectomy at the Leicester Royal Infirmary. Extraperitoneal wound drainage was shown to reduce significantly the incidence of postoperative wound infection in patients with a gangrenous or perforated appendix (P less than 0-025). Prophylactic cephaloridine significantly reduced the overall incidence of wound infection (P less than 0-02) and was also effective when the appendix was gangrenous or perforated (P less than 0-01). A highly significant reduction in wound infection was achieved when the appendix was gangrenous or perforated by the addition of wound drainage to the antibiotic regimen (P less than 0-001).", "contents": "Wound infection following appendicectomy: the effect of extraperitoneal wound drainage and systemic antibiotic prophylaxis. The value of extraperitoneal wound drainage and a 3-day course of prophylactic systemic cephaloridine used both separately and together have been assessed in a prospective controlled randomized trial involving 246 patients undergoing appendicectomy at the Leicester Royal Infirmary. Extraperitoneal wound drainage was shown to reduce significantly the incidence of postoperative wound infection in patients with a gangrenous or perforated appendix (P less than 0-025). Prophylactic cephaloridine significantly reduced the overall incidence of wound infection (P less than 0-02) and was also effective when the appendix was gangrenous or perforated (P less than 0-01). A highly significant reduction in wound infection was achieved when the appendix was gangrenous or perforated by the addition of wound drainage to the antibiotic regimen (P less than 0-001).", "PMID": 322787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8552", "title": "Diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in the accident and emergency department.", "content": "This paper reports the findings in a study involving 1537 patients with 'acute abdominal pain' presenting over a 13-month period to the Accident and Emergency Department of the General Infirmary at Leeds. Of these, 341 patients who proved to have pain of greater duration than a week, pain incidental to some other identifiable condition or no pain at the time of their attendance were excluded. The remaining 1196 were diagnosed clinically (using a structured case sheet) and subsequently by a Bayesian computer system. Feedback of the results of clinical and computer systems was given to clinicians at regular intervals. Clinical diagnostic accuracy in patients with surgical disorders rose from 40 per cent before the study to 61 per cent. Computer accuracy in these patients was 69-9 per cent. The proportion of patients sent home without ill effects rose from 20 per cent to 39 per cent. In other areas (e.g. gynaecology) the effects were less marked. It is suggested that the introduction of a simple postgraduate educational service, aided by a small computer, might prove of practical benefit in this clinical situation.", "contents": "Diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in the accident and emergency department. This paper reports the findings in a study involving 1537 patients with 'acute abdominal pain' presenting over a 13-month period to the Accident and Emergency Department of the General Infirmary at Leeds. Of these, 341 patients who proved to have pain of greater duration than a week, pain incidental to some other identifiable condition or no pain at the time of their attendance were excluded. The remaining 1196 were diagnosed clinically (using a structured case sheet) and subsequently by a Bayesian computer system. Feedback of the results of clinical and computer systems was given to clinicians at regular intervals. Clinical diagnostic accuracy in patients with surgical disorders rose from 40 per cent before the study to 61 per cent. Computer accuracy in these patients was 69-9 per cent. The proportion of patients sent home without ill effects rose from 20 per cent to 39 per cent. In other areas (e.g. gynaecology) the effects were less marked. It is suggested that the introduction of a simple postgraduate educational service, aided by a small computer, might prove of practical benefit in this clinical situation.", "PMID": 322788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8553", "title": "The treatment of acute superficial abscesses: a prospective clinical trial.", "content": "A total of 219 acute superficial abscesses was treated. Patients were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups--primary suture with or without antibiotics and free drainage with or without antibiotics. No difference could be detected between the groups in duration of healing time. Eleven per cent of all abscesses sutured recurred and antibiotics did not affect this rate. It is suggested that free drainage following incision and drainage is the safest treatment for the majority of abscesses. Antibiotics do not have any significant effect on healing time or recurrence and their routine use is not recommended.", "contents": "The treatment of acute superficial abscesses: a prospective clinical trial. A total of 219 acute superficial abscesses was treated. Patients were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups--primary suture with or without antibiotics and free drainage with or without antibiotics. No difference could be detected between the groups in duration of healing time. Eleven per cent of all abscesses sutured recurred and antibiotics did not affect this rate. It is suggested that free drainage following incision and drainage is the safest treatment for the majority of abscesses. Antibiotics do not have any significant effect on healing time or recurrence and their routine use is not recommended.", "PMID": 322789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8554", "title": "Superficial sepsis: the antibiotic of choice for blind treatment.", "content": "When all cases of superficial sepsis were considered together Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently encountered organism. Various anatomical sites were considered separately and it was found that the axilla and breast were particularly prone to infection by Staph. aureus. The incidence of infection by coliform bacili in Bartholin's and anorectal abscesses was significantly higher than in abscesses elsewhere. The importance of these observations in relation to antibiotic therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Superficial sepsis: the antibiotic of choice for blind treatment. When all cases of superficial sepsis were considered together Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently encountered organism. Various anatomical sites were considered separately and it was found that the axilla and breast were particularly prone to infection by Staph. aureus. The incidence of infection by coliform bacili in Bartholin's and anorectal abscesses was significantly higher than in abscesses elsewhere. The importance of these observations in relation to antibiotic therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 322790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8555", "title": "Proliferative diabetic retinopathy: treatment with xenon-arc photocoagulation. Interim report of multicentre randomised controlled trial.", "content": "One hundred patients with symmetrical proliferative diabetic retinopathy had one eye randomly chosen for treatment with xenonarc photocoagulation while the other was left untreated as a control. Patients were subdivided into those with new vessels on both optic discs and those with only peripheral new vessels. In patients with new vessels on the optic discs the vision of the untreated eyes deteriorated more than that of the treated eyes and the difference in deterioration was significant after one, two, and three years. There was no such difference in patients who had only peripheral new vessels. Eighteen patients had become blind in one or both eyes by the last assessment, but only one patient became blind in the treated eye without concomitant blindness in the untreated eye. Thirteen were blind only in the untreated eye. Both photographic and ophthalmoscopic examinations showed that new vessels on the disc regressed more in the treated eyes than in the untreated ones. As some forms of diabetic retinopathy are now treatable, early diagnosis and evaluation is increasingly important.", "contents": "Proliferative diabetic retinopathy: treatment with xenon-arc photocoagulation. Interim report of multicentre randomised controlled trial. One hundred patients with symmetrical proliferative diabetic retinopathy had one eye randomly chosen for treatment with xenonarc photocoagulation while the other was left untreated as a control. Patients were subdivided into those with new vessels on both optic discs and those with only peripheral new vessels. In patients with new vessels on the optic discs the vision of the untreated eyes deteriorated more than that of the treated eyes and the difference in deterioration was significant after one, two, and three years. There was no such difference in patients who had only peripheral new vessels. Eighteen patients had become blind in one or both eyes by the last assessment, but only one patient became blind in the treated eye without concomitant blindness in the untreated eye. Thirteen were blind only in the untreated eye. Both photographic and ophthalmoscopic examinations showed that new vessels on the disc regressed more in the treated eyes than in the untreated ones. As some forms of diabetic retinopathy are now treatable, early diagnosis and evaluation is increasingly important.", "PMID": 322791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8556", "title": "Metergoline in the inhibition of puerperal lactation.", "content": "Seventy-eight mothers who did not want to breast-feed their newborn infants took part in a trial to assess whether metergoline could effectively suppress puerperal lactation. Metergoline 8 mg/day was given to 69 women within 24 hours after delivery and continued for five days to prevent lactation. The remaining nine women were given a course of metergoline once lactation had started. The drug was effective in both preventing and suppressing lactation. Milk secretion, engorgement, and pain were significantly reduced in women taking metergoline. Metergoline has a similar effect to bromocriptine in suppressing lactation, but its mechanism of action remains unknown.", "contents": "Metergoline in the inhibition of puerperal lactation. Seventy-eight mothers who did not want to breast-feed their newborn infants took part in a trial to assess whether metergoline could effectively suppress puerperal lactation. Metergoline 8 mg/day was given to 69 women within 24 hours after delivery and continued for five days to prevent lactation. The remaining nine women were given a course of metergoline once lactation had started. The drug was effective in both preventing and suppressing lactation. Milk secretion, engorgement, and pain were significantly reduced in women taking metergoline. Metergoline has a similar effect to bromocriptine in suppressing lactation, but its mechanism of action remains unknown.", "PMID": 322792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8557", "title": "Maintenance digoxin after an episode of heart failure: placebo-controlled trial in outpatients.", "content": "The need for maintenance digoxin treatment was assessed in a double-blind, variable-dose, crossover comparison with placebo. Forty-six outpatients who had been prescribed the drug for heart failure were studied; 33 were in sinus rhythm and the remainder in atrial fibrillation. Mean serum digoxin concentrations in those with sinus rhythm averaged 1-33 nmol/l, but a lower concentration, averaging 0-97 nmol/l, was accepted in those with atrial fibrillation as six of them developed bradycardia. Sixteen of the 46 patients deteriorated on placebo, and eight completely recovered when digoxin was reintroduced; in the remainder additional diuretics were required temporarily. Spirometric values deteriorated on changing to placebo whether or not the patient showed clinical evidence of recurrence of heart failure. In a separate study of nine patients who showed no clinical evidence of deterioration on placebo, reintroduction of digoxin caused a shortening of left ventricular ejection time, which persisted for at least a month. This suggests that the inotropic response to digoxin is sustained during maintenance treatment.", "contents": "Maintenance digoxin after an episode of heart failure: placebo-controlled trial in outpatients. The need for maintenance digoxin treatment was assessed in a double-blind, variable-dose, crossover comparison with placebo. Forty-six outpatients who had been prescribed the drug for heart failure were studied; 33 were in sinus rhythm and the remainder in atrial fibrillation. Mean serum digoxin concentrations in those with sinus rhythm averaged 1-33 nmol/l, but a lower concentration, averaging 0-97 nmol/l, was accepted in those with atrial fibrillation as six of them developed bradycardia. Sixteen of the 46 patients deteriorated on placebo, and eight completely recovered when digoxin was reintroduced; in the remainder additional diuretics were required temporarily. Spirometric values deteriorated on changing to placebo whether or not the patient showed clinical evidence of recurrence of heart failure. In a separate study of nine patients who showed no clinical evidence of deterioration on placebo, reintroduction of digoxin caused a shortening of left ventricular ejection time, which persisted for at least a month. This suggests that the inotropic response to digoxin is sustained during maintenance treatment.", "PMID": 322793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8558", "title": "Cholestyramine in uraemic pruritus.", "content": "In a patient with longstanding severe uraemic pruritus who was undergoing chronic haemodialysis cholestyramine caused the pruritus to disappear completely within a few days. A four-week randomised controlled double-blind study was therefore performed in 10 other patients with uraemic pruritus who were on chronic haemodialysis. The pruritus improved considerably in four of the five treated patients, whereas only one of those treated with placebo experienced relief. The patient who had no relief while on cholestyramine showed a considerable improvement when the dose subsequently doubled. One of the five patients receiving cholestyramine experienced mild and easily reversible constipation, and another suffered nausea. Neither of these complications prevented the patients from continuing treatment. Cholestyramine seems to be useful in treating uraemic pruritus, although it is not known how it acts.", "contents": "Cholestyramine in uraemic pruritus. In a patient with longstanding severe uraemic pruritus who was undergoing chronic haemodialysis cholestyramine caused the pruritus to disappear completely within a few days. A four-week randomised controlled double-blind study was therefore performed in 10 other patients with uraemic pruritus who were on chronic haemodialysis. The pruritus improved considerably in four of the five treated patients, whereas only one of those treated with placebo experienced relief. The patient who had no relief while on cholestyramine showed a considerable improvement when the dose subsequently doubled. One of the five patients receiving cholestyramine experienced mild and easily reversible constipation, and another suffered nausea. Neither of these complications prevented the patients from continuing treatment. Cholestyramine seems to be useful in treating uraemic pruritus, although it is not known how it acts.", "PMID": 322794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8559", "title": "Partial antibiotic decontamination.", "content": "Partial antibiotic decontamination and reverse isolation were carried out in nine patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. The aim of this approach was to eradicate the patient's endogenous potentially pathogenic bacteria while preserving the anaerobic flora of the gut, which help to prevent recolonisation. No exogenous infections developed, and only one patient developed an infection associated with endogenous recolonisation. Colonisation resistance seemed normal in patients during partial antibiotic decontamination. This form of decontamination deserves further study in patients with immunodepression.", "contents": "Partial antibiotic decontamination. Partial antibiotic decontamination and reverse isolation were carried out in nine patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. The aim of this approach was to eradicate the patient's endogenous potentially pathogenic bacteria while preserving the anaerobic flora of the gut, which help to prevent recolonisation. No exogenous infections developed, and only one patient developed an infection associated with endogenous recolonisation. Colonisation resistance seemed normal in patients during partial antibiotic decontamination. This form of decontamination deserves further study in patients with immunodepression.", "PMID": 322798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8560", "title": "Dietary recommendations for the community towards the postponement of coronary heart disease.", "content": "The public has recently been confronted with many, often conflicting, recommendations about diet and reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Dietary recommendations to the community designed to lower the risk of CHD should be specific, clear, and brief. People should be advised to reduce their intake of foods that are high in saturated fats and replace these partially with foods that are relatively high in polyunsaturated fats. This will lower both total fat and dietary cholesterol intakes and will also change the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fats.", "contents": "Dietary recommendations for the community towards the postponement of coronary heart disease. The public has recently been confronted with many, often conflicting, recommendations about diet and reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Dietary recommendations to the community designed to lower the risk of CHD should be specific, clear, and brief. People should be advised to reduce their intake of foods that are high in saturated fats and replace these partially with foods that are relatively high in polyunsaturated fats. This will lower both total fat and dietary cholesterol intakes and will also change the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fats.", "PMID": 322802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8561", "title": "New cause of penicillin treatment failure.", "content": "A large empyema infected with a penicillin-sensitive haemolytic group B streptococcus failed to respond to high doses of penicillin. After two weeks' treatment the pus aspirated was found not only to contain no penicillin, but also to inactivate penicillin added to it. We believe that the inactivating agent is an enzyme that may destroy various penicillins and cephalosporins but has no effect on other common antibiotics. When treatment was changed to doxycycline the patient made a rapid recovery.", "contents": "New cause of penicillin treatment failure. A large empyema infected with a penicillin-sensitive haemolytic group B streptococcus failed to respond to high doses of penicillin. After two weeks' treatment the pus aspirated was found not only to contain no penicillin, but also to inactivate penicillin added to it. We believe that the inactivating agent is an enzyme that may destroy various penicillins and cephalosporins but has no effect on other common antibiotics. When treatment was changed to doxycycline the patient made a rapid recovery.", "PMID": 322815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8562", "title": "High TSH concentrations in \"euthyroidism\": explanation based on control-loop theory.", "content": "High concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the serum have often been reported in apparently euthyroid patients with damaged thyroids. We have confirmed this finding in 14 patients 18 months after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves's disease (group 1) and in 14 patients with manic-depressive psychosis (group 2) receiving lithium carbonate, which reduces thyroid reserve. One factor common to groups 1 and 2 but not to the controls was reduced thyroid reserve or functioning capacity, and, using established physical principles of servo-control, we have tried to define the mechanism. A series of curves were projected to indicate how TSH might be expected to vary with functioning thyroid capacity.", "contents": "High TSH concentrations in \"euthyroidism\": explanation based on control-loop theory. High concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the serum have often been reported in apparently euthyroid patients with damaged thyroids. We have confirmed this finding in 14 patients 18 months after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves's disease (group 1) and in 14 patients with manic-depressive psychosis (group 2) receiving lithium carbonate, which reduces thyroid reserve. One factor common to groups 1 and 2 but not to the controls was reduced thyroid reserve or functioning capacity, and, using established physical principles of servo-control, we have tried to define the mechanism. A series of curves were projected to indicate how TSH might be expected to vary with functioning thyroid capacity.", "PMID": 322816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8563", "title": "\"Methicillin-resistant\" Staphylococcus aureus: reassessment by controlled trial in burns unit.", "content": "A controlled trial of oral flucloxacillin (250 mg six-hourly for four days) was performed in 34 patients treated by the covered method whose burns had yielded a heavy or moderate growth of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin at 30 degrees C but moderately sensitive at 37 degrees C. Staph aureus was eliminated in nine of the 17 patients treated with flucloxacillin but in none of the 17 controls; the proportion of patients from whose burns sensitive Staph aureus was eliminated in an earlier trial of cloxacillin was greater than this. Strains of Staph aureus commonly described as methicillin-resistant and showing heterogeneous growth at 37 degrees C of many sensitive and very few resistant bacterial cells should, in the light of these findings, be called moderately sensitive to flucloxacillin. Such \"heteroresistant\" strains showed consistent moderate sensitivity in replicate diffusion sensitivity tests at 37 degrees C, but very inconsistent results in replicate dilution tests, especially with flucloxacillin. These studies showed that 18-hour diffusion sensitivity tests indicate the clinical value of treatment with flucloxacillin for staphylococcal infections of moderate severity more correctly at 37 degrees C than at 30 degrees C.", "contents": "\"Methicillin-resistant\" Staphylococcus aureus: reassessment by controlled trial in burns unit. A controlled trial of oral flucloxacillin (250 mg six-hourly for four days) was performed in 34 patients treated by the covered method whose burns had yielded a heavy or moderate growth of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin at 30 degrees C but moderately sensitive at 37 degrees C. Staph aureus was eliminated in nine of the 17 patients treated with flucloxacillin but in none of the 17 controls; the proportion of patients from whose burns sensitive Staph aureus was eliminated in an earlier trial of cloxacillin was greater than this. Strains of Staph aureus commonly described as methicillin-resistant and showing heterogeneous growth at 37 degrees C of many sensitive and very few resistant bacterial cells should, in the light of these findings, be called moderately sensitive to flucloxacillin. Such \"heteroresistant\" strains showed consistent moderate sensitivity in replicate diffusion sensitivity tests at 37 degrees C, but very inconsistent results in replicate dilution tests, especially with flucloxacillin. These studies showed that 18-hour diffusion sensitivity tests indicate the clinical value of treatment with flucloxacillin for staphylococcal infections of moderate severity more correctly at 37 degrees C than at 30 degrees C.", "PMID": 322817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8564", "title": "Nicotine chewing gum as a substitute for smoking.", "content": "The capacity of nicotine-containing chewing gum to produce plasma nicotine levels comparable to heavy cigarette smoking was tested in 21 subjects. On a fixed schedule of one piece of gum (4 mg nicotine) per hour, the average peak plasma nicotine concentration was 175-7 nmol/l (28-5 ng/ml) compared to 189-3 nmol/l (30-7 ng/ml) obtained from normal ad libitum smoking. Unpleasant side effects were common and in some cases plasma nicotine concentrations were two and even three times as high as with smoking; The chewing gum provided some satisfaction to all but four subjects, but its degree was not related to the concentration of plasma nicotine it produced, neither was there an inverse relation between the plasma nicotine concentration while taking the gum and the subjective sense of missing cigarettesmthis suggests that the capacity of the gum to act as a substitute for smoking is not necessarily related to its capacity to provide nicotine. Flexible dosage dictated by individual needs would probably lower the incidence of side effects and might secure closer approximation to smoking concentrations of plasma nicotine.", "contents": "Nicotine chewing gum as a substitute for smoking. The capacity of nicotine-containing chewing gum to produce plasma nicotine levels comparable to heavy cigarette smoking was tested in 21 subjects. On a fixed schedule of one piece of gum (4 mg nicotine) per hour, the average peak plasma nicotine concentration was 175-7 nmol/l (28-5 ng/ml) compared to 189-3 nmol/l (30-7 ng/ml) obtained from normal ad libitum smoking. Unpleasant side effects were common and in some cases plasma nicotine concentrations were two and even three times as high as with smoking; The chewing gum provided some satisfaction to all but four subjects, but its degree was not related to the concentration of plasma nicotine it produced, neither was there an inverse relation between the plasma nicotine concentration while taking the gum and the subjective sense of missing cigarettesmthis suggests that the capacity of the gum to act as a substitute for smoking is not necessarily related to its capacity to provide nicotine. Flexible dosage dictated by individual needs would probably lower the incidence of side effects and might secure closer approximation to smoking concentrations of plasma nicotine.", "PMID": 322818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8565", "title": "A double trial of amoxycillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea.", "content": "A double blind comparison of two regimens of amoxycillin plus probenecid in the treatment of uncomplicated anogenital gonorrhoea is reported. Forty-three (86-0%) of 50 patients treated with 1 g amoxycillin plus 1 g probenecid and followed-up for 14 days were regarded as cured, and 51 (94-4%) of 54 patients treated with 3 g amoxycillin plus 1 g probenecid were regarded as cured. Fifty-nine per cent of 69 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were sensitive to amoxycillin (minimum inhibitory concentration less than or equal to 0-05 mg/ml). Although there was no statistical difference between the results of the two regimens it is concluded that the larger dose of amoxycillin plus probenecid is required where only 60% of gonococci are sensitive to amoxycillin.", "contents": "A double trial of amoxycillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea. A double blind comparison of two regimens of amoxycillin plus probenecid in the treatment of uncomplicated anogenital gonorrhoea is reported. Forty-three (86-0%) of 50 patients treated with 1 g amoxycillin plus 1 g probenecid and followed-up for 14 days were regarded as cured, and 51 (94-4%) of 54 patients treated with 3 g amoxycillin plus 1 g probenecid were regarded as cured. Fifty-nine per cent of 69 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were sensitive to amoxycillin (minimum inhibitory concentration less than or equal to 0-05 mg/ml). Although there was no statistical difference between the results of the two regimens it is concluded that the larger dose of amoxycillin plus probenecid is required where only 60% of gonococci are sensitive to amoxycillin.", "PMID": 322821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8566", "title": "Yeasts and circumcision in the male.", "content": "Sixty-six circumcised men and 69 uncircumcised men, both heterosexual and homosexual, had specimens taken from the coronal sulcus and meatus of the penis. Yeasts were isolated at similar rates in both the circumcised (14%) and uncircumcised (17%) men. The circumcised men had significantly fewer symptoms (P = 0-0058). Therefore the female partners of both circumcised and uncircumcised men are exposed to similar rates of yeast infection despite the absence of symptoms in circumcised men. Eighty per cent of the female contacts of yeast-positive men had yeast infection while 32% of the contacts of yeast-negative men were affected. This difference was statistically significant (0-05 greater than P greater than 0-025). Men with non-specific genital infection seemed more likely to carry yeasts than men with gonorrhoea or normal men.", "contents": "Yeasts and circumcision in the male. Sixty-six circumcised men and 69 uncircumcised men, both heterosexual and homosexual, had specimens taken from the coronal sulcus and meatus of the penis. Yeasts were isolated at similar rates in both the circumcised (14%) and uncircumcised (17%) men. The circumcised men had significantly fewer symptoms (P = 0-0058). Therefore the female partners of both circumcised and uncircumcised men are exposed to similar rates of yeast infection despite the absence of symptoms in circumcised men. Eighty per cent of the female contacts of yeast-positive men had yeast infection while 32% of the contacts of yeast-negative men were affected. This difference was statistically significant (0-05 greater than P greater than 0-025). Men with non-specific genital infection seemed more likely to carry yeasts than men with gonorrhoea or normal men.", "PMID": 322822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8567", "title": "First experiences with single-dose treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis with carnidazole (R 25831).", "content": "This paper reports the results of treating 152 women with carnidazole, a new trichomonacidal drug. They were divided into two groups. The first comprised 91 patients who were treated with 2 g, while the second group comprised 61 patients who were treated with 1-5 g carnidazole in a single oral dose. Defaulter rates were 6-6% for the first group and 13-1% for the second. Of the remaining 85 patients in the first group, 76 (89-5%) were negative at the first follow-up one to three weeks after treatment, three (3-5%) were considered to be treatment failures, and six (7-0%) were considered to be reinfected. Of 53 women treated with 1-5 g, 39 (73-6%) were negative at first follow-up, eight (15-1%) were considered to be treatment failures, and six (11-3%) were considered to be reinfected. The difference between the number of patients cured in both groups is statistically significant. Fourteen patients experienced side-effects, but these were of little significance. Carnidazole given in a single oral dose of 2 g in 16 women did not cause consistent changes in any of the haematological and biochemical parameters studied.", "contents": "First experiences with single-dose treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis with carnidazole (R 25831). This paper reports the results of treating 152 women with carnidazole, a new trichomonacidal drug. They were divided into two groups. The first comprised 91 patients who were treated with 2 g, while the second group comprised 61 patients who were treated with 1-5 g carnidazole in a single oral dose. Defaulter rates were 6-6% for the first group and 13-1% for the second. Of the remaining 85 patients in the first group, 76 (89-5%) were negative at the first follow-up one to three weeks after treatment, three (3-5%) were considered to be treatment failures, and six (7-0%) were considered to be reinfected. Of 53 women treated with 1-5 g, 39 (73-6%) were negative at first follow-up, eight (15-1%) were considered to be treatment failures, and six (11-3%) were considered to be reinfected. The difference between the number of patients cured in both groups is statistically significant. Fourteen patients experienced side-effects, but these were of little significance. Carnidazole given in a single oral dose of 2 g in 16 women did not cause consistent changes in any of the haematological and biochemical parameters studied.", "PMID": 322823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8568", "title": "The Ayerst Award Lecture 1976. Novel factors in protein biosynthesis.", "content": "Comparison of nucleotide sequences surrounding the initiation sites of a number of mRNAs reveals few common features. These may be the presence of in- or out-of-phase nonsense codons and (or) polypurine bases complementary to the 16S RNA of the 30S subunit of ribosomes. Since the bases which precede or follow an initiation site vary in length and composition we have examined whether they play a role as spacers between cistrons or whether they have an active function in the termination and initiation of translation. In vitro we have observed that some sequences 5' terminal to AUG are preferred over others in forming an initiation complex. The same bases have much less effect when present at the 3' terminal end of an AUG codon. When the 5' terminal codon is the termination codon UAA, absolutely no initiation complex can be detected. This suggests that spacing may be needed between a stop and a start codon. Conversely, the hexamer AUGUAA failed to elicit chain termination. This was so in systems that terminated when free UAA was added or when a sense triplet was present between the initiation and termination triplets. These results suggest that ribosomes may recognize the stop triplet. Hence ribosomes may not obey simple A and P site models in the termination reaction.", "contents": "The Ayerst Award Lecture 1976. Novel factors in protein biosynthesis. Comparison of nucleotide sequences surrounding the initiation sites of a number of mRNAs reveals few common features. These may be the presence of in- or out-of-phase nonsense codons and (or) polypurine bases complementary to the 16S RNA of the 30S subunit of ribosomes. Since the bases which precede or follow an initiation site vary in length and composition we have examined whether they play a role as spacers between cistrons or whether they have an active function in the termination and initiation of translation. In vitro we have observed that some sequences 5' terminal to AUG are preferred over others in forming an initiation complex. The same bases have much less effect when present at the 3' terminal end of an AUG codon. When the 5' terminal codon is the termination codon UAA, absolutely no initiation complex can be detected. This suggests that spacing may be needed between a stop and a start codon. Conversely, the hexamer AUGUAA failed to elicit chain termination. This was so in systems that terminated when free UAA was added or when a sense triplet was present between the initiation and termination triplets. These results suggest that ribosomes may recognize the stop triplet. Hence ribosomes may not obey simple A and P site models in the termination reaction.", "PMID": 322825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8569", "title": "An effect of enzyme and ligand concentration on the state of aggregation of aspartate transcarbamylase of E. coli: I. The binding of CTP and ATP to the enzyme.", "content": "Detailed binding studies of the inhibitor, cytidine triphosphate (CTP), to native Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase (EC 2.1.3.2) reveal significant changes in subunit interaction when enzyme concentration is altered. In contrast, similar binding studies of the activator, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), do not reveal such changes, but do indicate more complex subunit interactions than previously reported. Equilibrium dialysis studies of 4 degrees C are consistent with six binding sites for CTP and ATP per enzyme molecule of molecular weight 310 000, at all enzyme concentrations. CTP binding studies reveal a progressive change from apparent positive to negative cooperativity as the enzyme concentration is decreased. ATP binding studies reveal complex subunit interactions involving a mixture of apparent negative and positive cooperativity. Sucrose gradient studies indicate the presence of at least three enzymatically active polymeric forms of the enzyme. The preliminary sedimentation studies indicate possible ligand and enzyme concentration perturbations of a preexisting association equilibrium in the aspartate transcarbamylase system. The binding data are therefore interpreted in terms of an association model.", "contents": "An effect of enzyme and ligand concentration on the state of aggregation of aspartate transcarbamylase of E. coli: I. The binding of CTP and ATP to the enzyme. Detailed binding studies of the inhibitor, cytidine triphosphate (CTP), to native Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase (EC 2.1.3.2) reveal significant changes in subunit interaction when enzyme concentration is altered. In contrast, similar binding studies of the activator, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), do not reveal such changes, but do indicate more complex subunit interactions than previously reported. Equilibrium dialysis studies of 4 degrees C are consistent with six binding sites for CTP and ATP per enzyme molecule of molecular weight 310 000, at all enzyme concentrations. CTP binding studies reveal a progressive change from apparent positive to negative cooperativity as the enzyme concentration is decreased. ATP binding studies reveal complex subunit interactions involving a mixture of apparent negative and positive cooperativity. Sucrose gradient studies indicate the presence of at least three enzymatically active polymeric forms of the enzyme. The preliminary sedimentation studies indicate possible ligand and enzyme concentration perturbations of a preexisting association equilibrium in the aspartate transcarbamylase system. The binding data are therefore interpreted in terms of an association model.", "PMID": 322826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8570", "title": "Small-scale trial of live-attenuated influenza vaccine (A/Hong Kong/68).", "content": "Seventy-one men who were given live-attenuated A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) influenza vaccine during November 1973, and 34 men given placebo were examined for changes in antibody level. Overall, 12 of the 71 men (17%) given the vaccine showed a fourfold rise in haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titre after 14 days. No such rises were seen in the 34 men given placebo. However, 10 of the men showing a fourfold rise were from 19 who had no detectable HI antibody to this virus before vaccination, representing a conversion rate of 53%. The other two had a HI titre of 1/10 before vaccination. The absence of antibody response, at 14 days, in those with an HI titre of 1/20 or greater may indicated that this represents a protective level against infection. However, the vaccine virus was probably overattenuated and may have constituted a weaker challenge than might occur with a wild strain. No influenza virus was isolated from either group in the week after vaccination and no evidence of transmission to the placebo group was seen. Mild symptoms, chills, muscle pain, and stiffness were more frequently seen in the 12 persons showing a fourfold rise in antibody than in the rest of the volunteers.", "contents": "Small-scale trial of live-attenuated influenza vaccine (A/Hong Kong/68). Seventy-one men who were given live-attenuated A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) influenza vaccine during November 1973, and 34 men given placebo were examined for changes in antibody level. Overall, 12 of the 71 men (17%) given the vaccine showed a fourfold rise in haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titre after 14 days. No such rises were seen in the 34 men given placebo. However, 10 of the men showing a fourfold rise were from 19 who had no detectable HI antibody to this virus before vaccination, representing a conversion rate of 53%. The other two had a HI titre of 1/10 before vaccination. The absence of antibody response, at 14 days, in those with an HI titre of 1/20 or greater may indicated that this represents a protective level against infection. However, the vaccine virus was probably overattenuated and may have constituted a weaker challenge than might occur with a wild strain. No influenza virus was isolated from either group in the week after vaccination and no evidence of transmission to the placebo group was seen. Mild symptoms, chills, muscle pain, and stiffness were more frequently seen in the 12 persons showing a fourfold rise in antibody than in the rest of the volunteers.", "PMID": 322827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8571", "title": "A modified bioassay for heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin1.", "content": "Infant mice were injected orally with preparations containing Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) and Evans blue dye, and incubated at 22 degrees C. With enterotoxin-positive samples, the stomach was distended and contained essentially all of the dye. With enterotoxin-negative samples, the stomach remained normal in size and the dye passed freely into the intestines. The time required to obtain the maximum ratio of gut weight to body weight varied from 30 to 90 min and was dependent upon the concentration of enterotoxin. Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) had no effect during this period. Based on these findings, the mouse incubation time was reduced from 4 h to 90 min, and the heating of test samples was retained only for confirmation of ST. The location of the dye and stomach distention served as an indicator of positive responses to ST. Incubation of the mice at room temperature (22 degrees C) was found satisfactory.", "contents": "A modified bioassay for heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin1. Infant mice were injected orally with preparations containing Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) and Evans blue dye, and incubated at 22 degrees C. With enterotoxin-positive samples, the stomach was distended and contained essentially all of the dye. With enterotoxin-negative samples, the stomach remained normal in size and the dye passed freely into the intestines. The time required to obtain the maximum ratio of gut weight to body weight varied from 30 to 90 min and was dependent upon the concentration of enterotoxin. Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) had no effect during this period. Based on these findings, the mouse incubation time was reduced from 4 h to 90 min, and the heating of test samples was retained only for confirmation of ST. The location of the dye and stomach distention served as an indicator of positive responses to ST. Incubation of the mice at room temperature (22 degrees C) was found satisfactory.", "PMID": 322828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8572", "title": "Slow infections of the central nervous system.", "content": "This review describes the recent advances in slow infections of the nervous system emphasizing the pathogenetic aspects of these diseases. A theoretical model for the pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is proposed, illustrating the factors that may affect host response to the measles virus and allow it to persist and produce the panencephalitis. The isolation of an oncogenic virus from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has implications in the consideration of a viral etiology for some brain tumors. The agent responsible for the transmissibility of kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) remains uncharacterized despite recent interest in viroids and abnormalities in replication of cell membranes. The epidemiological data on multiple sclerosis suggests an exposure to an infectious agent at an early age of life modified by the host response. No specific agent has been consistently associated with multiple sclerosis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, Mollaret's meningitis and Behcet's disease are other examples where a virus is suspect but unproven. The ability of viruses to persist in the host for months to years has linked many chronic neurologic diseases to an infectious agent, enlarging the spectrum of disease caused by viruses.", "contents": "Slow infections of the central nervous system. This review describes the recent advances in slow infections of the nervous system emphasizing the pathogenetic aspects of these diseases. A theoretical model for the pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is proposed, illustrating the factors that may affect host response to the measles virus and allow it to persist and produce the panencephalitis. The isolation of an oncogenic virus from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has implications in the consideration of a viral etiology for some brain tumors. The agent responsible for the transmissibility of kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) remains uncharacterized despite recent interest in viroids and abnormalities in replication of cell membranes. The epidemiological data on multiple sclerosis suggests an exposure to an infectious agent at an early age of life modified by the host response. No specific agent has been consistently associated with multiple sclerosis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, Mollaret's meningitis and Behcet's disease are other examples where a virus is suspect but unproven. The ability of viruses to persist in the host for months to years has linked many chronic neurologic diseases to an infectious agent, enlarging the spectrum of disease caused by viruses.", "PMID": 322829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8573", "title": "Pepsin and acid secretions during and after gastric operations in patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Measurement of gastric pepsin and acid secretion was performed before, during and after selective vagotomy with antrectomy (SVA) and Billroth I gastrectomy (B-I) in 20 patients with a duodenal ulcer. Preoperative pepsin concentration increased during operation and decreased gradually 72 hours after SVA and 1 to 3 months after B-I. Although the pepsin concentration decreased substantially, it was never less than 70% of the preoperative level in both groups. Acid concentration decreased immediately after vagotomy in the SVA group and decreased gradually after 72 hours in the B-I group. Although there was a notable increase in the pH in both groups after operation, a pH of 5 was never reached. Decrease in gastric secretory volume (about 50%) was approximately equal in both groups. It appears that any increase in acid secretion occurring after vagotomy or gastrectomy may be sufficient to activate high-and low-pH-acting pepsins. Extravagal and extraantral stimulation of gastric pepsin secretion after operation should be considered an important etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of recurrent ulcer.", "contents": "Pepsin and acid secretions during and after gastric operations in patients with duodenal ulcer. Measurement of gastric pepsin and acid secretion was performed before, during and after selective vagotomy with antrectomy (SVA) and Billroth I gastrectomy (B-I) in 20 patients with a duodenal ulcer. Preoperative pepsin concentration increased during operation and decreased gradually 72 hours after SVA and 1 to 3 months after B-I. Although the pepsin concentration decreased substantially, it was never less than 70% of the preoperative level in both groups. Acid concentration decreased immediately after vagotomy in the SVA group and decreased gradually after 72 hours in the B-I group. Although there was a notable increase in the pH in both groups after operation, a pH of 5 was never reached. Decrease in gastric secretory volume (about 50%) was approximately equal in both groups. It appears that any increase in acid secretion occurring after vagotomy or gastrectomy may be sufficient to activate high-and low-pH-acting pepsins. Extravagal and extraantral stimulation of gastric pepsin secretion after operation should be considered an important etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of recurrent ulcer.", "PMID": 322831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8574", "title": "Exogenous bacterial contamination of donor blood.", "content": "The Canadian Red Cross blood transfusion service has followed a set protocol for phlebotomy and collection of a unit of blood. Recent requirements for automated testing have necessitated that a second tube of blood be obtained from the blood line following collection of the unit. Evaluation of the techniques used, however, has indicated the possibility of bacterial contamination from the skin of donors, from insertion of the needle through an unsterile rubber stopper, and through backflow from a nonsterile vacuum tube. To test these possibilities swabs were taken from skin and stoppers of vacuum tubes. Further, vacuum tubes were deliberately contaminated with Escherichia coli. The normal sampling procedure, which involves stripping the donor line to refill and mix the blood, was then followed. This resulted in contamination of the segments and even the blood bag. These findings led to modification of the standard bleeding technique, whereby stripping was eliminated and sterile vacuum tubes were to be used at all times.", "contents": "Exogenous bacterial contamination of donor blood. The Canadian Red Cross blood transfusion service has followed a set protocol for phlebotomy and collection of a unit of blood. Recent requirements for automated testing have necessitated that a second tube of blood be obtained from the blood line following collection of the unit. Evaluation of the techniques used, however, has indicated the possibility of bacterial contamination from the skin of donors, from insertion of the needle through an unsterile rubber stopper, and through backflow from a nonsterile vacuum tube. To test these possibilities swabs were taken from skin and stoppers of vacuum tubes. Further, vacuum tubes were deliberately contaminated with Escherichia coli. The normal sampling procedure, which involves stripping the donor line to refill and mix the blood, was then followed. This resulted in contamination of the segments and even the blood bag. These findings led to modification of the standard bleeding technique, whereby stripping was eliminated and sterile vacuum tubes were to be used at all times.", "PMID": 322833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8575", "title": "Maprotiline-a double-blind study of a new tetracyclic antidepressant in severe depression.", "content": "A double-blind study was carried out comparing the antidepressant properties of maptotiline (a new tetracyclic antidepressant) and amitriptyline. Twenty-one hospitalized severely depressed patients, selected on the basis of clinical and psychometric criteria, completed the trial period of 28 days. The new drug was found to have an order of effectiveness similar to that of amitriptyline and both drugs were effective in agitated as well as retarded forms of depression. For both, the \"day of effect\", intended as the timing of sharp clinical improvement, tended to occur during the second week of treatment. Both drugs were well tolerated by most patients but one of the maprotiline patients presented a generalized rash which resolved after discontinuation of the drug. In conclusion, maprotiline is seen as an interesting addition to the group of major antidepressant drugs.", "contents": "Maprotiline-a double-blind study of a new tetracyclic antidepressant in severe depression. A double-blind study was carried out comparing the antidepressant properties of maptotiline (a new tetracyclic antidepressant) and amitriptyline. Twenty-one hospitalized severely depressed patients, selected on the basis of clinical and psychometric criteria, completed the trial period of 28 days. The new drug was found to have an order of effectiveness similar to that of amitriptyline and both drugs were effective in agitated as well as retarded forms of depression. For both, the \"day of effect\", intended as the timing of sharp clinical improvement, tended to occur during the second week of treatment. Both drugs were well tolerated by most patients but one of the maprotiline patients presented a generalized rash which resolved after discontinuation of the drug. In conclusion, maprotiline is seen as an interesting addition to the group of major antidepressant drugs.", "PMID": 322834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8576", "title": "Randomized clinical trial of cystosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine in remission induction and consolidation of adult nonlymphocytic acute leukemia.", "content": "One hundred and forty-seven adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were randomized to one of two treatment regimens utilizing cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine. In regimen A the drugs were administered every 12 hours until marrow cellularity was reduced by at least 50%. In regimen B the drugs were administered every 12 hours for 5 days with five to 7 days rest intervals between courses. Decisions to continue or reinstitute therapy were based solely on marrow cellularity and marrow ratings. The overall response in referee-verified cases in both groups was similar (41%); regimen B proved to be the easier protocol to administer but required greater support. Younger patients or those with an initial high hemoglobin count responded best to these drug regimens. Only 36% of our patients experienced severe marrow hypoplasia (i.e., a 75% or greater reduction in marrow cellularity) prior to complete remission, suggesting that cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine in combination may selectively suppress leukemic cells while sparing normal hematopoietic elements.", "contents": "Randomized clinical trial of cystosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine in remission induction and consolidation of adult nonlymphocytic acute leukemia. One hundred and forty-seven adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were randomized to one of two treatment regimens utilizing cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine. In regimen A the drugs were administered every 12 hours until marrow cellularity was reduced by at least 50%. In regimen B the drugs were administered every 12 hours for 5 days with five to 7 days rest intervals between courses. Decisions to continue or reinstitute therapy were based solely on marrow cellularity and marrow ratings. The overall response in referee-verified cases in both groups was similar (41%); regimen B proved to be the easier protocol to administer but required greater support. Younger patients or those with an initial high hemoglobin count responded best to these drug regimens. Only 36% of our patients experienced severe marrow hypoplasia (i.e., a 75% or greater reduction in marrow cellularity) prior to complete remission, suggesting that cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine in combination may selectively suppress leukemic cells while sparing normal hematopoietic elements.", "PMID": 322835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8577", "title": "Results of a randomized clinical trial of preoperative irradiation versus postoperative in treatment of tumors of the hypopharynx.", "content": "Preoperative radiotherapy vs postoperative radiotherapy in the management of patients with primary tumors of the hypopharynx was evaluated by a prospective, randomized clinical trial. A statistically significant difference (p less than 1%) existed in favor of postoperative radiotherapy relative to survival rates, complications, and quality of survival. The postoperative radiotherapy group showed a 56% 5-year survival rate compared to 20% in the preoperative radiotherapy group. An analysis of the results is discussed.", "contents": "Results of a randomized clinical trial of preoperative irradiation versus postoperative in treatment of tumors of the hypopharynx. Preoperative radiotherapy vs postoperative radiotherapy in the management of patients with primary tumors of the hypopharynx was evaluated by a prospective, randomized clinical trial. A statistically significant difference (p less than 1%) existed in favor of postoperative radiotherapy relative to survival rates, complications, and quality of survival. The postoperative radiotherapy group showed a 56% 5-year survival rate compared to 20% in the preoperative radiotherapy group. An analysis of the results is discussed.", "PMID": 322836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8578", "title": "Yolk sac carcinoma (endodermal sinus tumor): ultrastructure and histogenesis of gonadal and extragonadal tumors in comparison with normal human yolk sac.", "content": "Human yolk sac carcinomas have been studied only twice with the electron microscope, and have never been compared at this level with normal human yolk sac. In the present study, the ultrastructural features of three primary ovarian yolk sac carcinomas, omental metastases from one of these, and a primary retroperitoneal yolk sac carcinoma in a male are reported, as are the ultrastructural findings in human yolk sac from normal 7- and 12-week gestations. The most prominent feature of the tumors is the presence of voluminous basement membrane material (the nature of which is confirmed by indirect enzyme-labeled antibody technique in one case) in both intra-and extracellular location, corresponding to the PAS-positive hyaline globules seen in these tumors by light microscopy. The tumor cells are also demonstrated to produce this material in tussue culture. Although basement membrane has not been described previously in normal human yolk sac at 8 and 10 weeks' gestation, it was present in the 7-week specimen which we studied, suggesting that its production may be a feature of only very young sac. Other ultrastructural findings are also similar in human yolk sac carcinoma, normal human yolk sac, and rodent yolk sac and yolk sac carcinomas. Thus, these studies confirm the suggested germ cell-derived yolk sac origin of the human tumor.", "contents": "Yolk sac carcinoma (endodermal sinus tumor): ultrastructure and histogenesis of gonadal and extragonadal tumors in comparison with normal human yolk sac. Human yolk sac carcinomas have been studied only twice with the electron microscope, and have never been compared at this level with normal human yolk sac. In the present study, the ultrastructural features of three primary ovarian yolk sac carcinomas, omental metastases from one of these, and a primary retroperitoneal yolk sac carcinoma in a male are reported, as are the ultrastructural findings in human yolk sac from normal 7- and 12-week gestations. The most prominent feature of the tumors is the presence of voluminous basement membrane material (the nature of which is confirmed by indirect enzyme-labeled antibody technique in one case) in both intra-and extracellular location, corresponding to the PAS-positive hyaline globules seen in these tumors by light microscopy. The tumor cells are also demonstrated to produce this material in tussue culture. Although basement membrane has not been described previously in normal human yolk sac at 8 and 10 weeks' gestation, it was present in the 7-week specimen which we studied, suggesting that its production may be a feature of only very young sac. Other ultrastructural findings are also similar in human yolk sac carcinoma, normal human yolk sac, and rodent yolk sac and yolk sac carcinomas. Thus, these studies confirm the suggested germ cell-derived yolk sac origin of the human tumor.", "PMID": 322837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8579", "title": "Malignant lymphomas of the thyroid: a clinical pathologic study of 35 patients including ultrastructural observations.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic findings for 35 patients with malignant lymphoma presenting in the thyroid are reviewed. The lymphomas tended to occur in females with a median age of 65 years and clinically were manifested by a mass in the neck. The majority of patients were euthyroid and thyroid scans demonstrated cold nodules. In none of the patients was there clinical suspicion of lymphoma prior to surgery. Thirty-four of the cases were histiocytic lymphomas; the one exception; a patient with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, had histiocytic lymphoma in a subsequent biopsy of the soft tissues of the neck. Although classified as histiocytic, the lymphomas had the histologic and ultrastructural features of transformed lymphocytes or immunoblasts. Lending possible additional credence to the immunoblastic nature of these lymphomas was the histologic documentation of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in all 27 cases where residual thyroid parenchyma remained. This relationship suggests possible evolution of thyroid lymphomas from chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and probably is analogous to the malignant lymphomas developing in other altered immune states, including Sjogren's syndrome. In the current study the overall 5-year survival was 54%. Patients under age 65, without local soft tissue extension or regional lymph node involvement, and with stage I disease survived the longest; a nodular histologic pattern also appeared to favorably influence the prognosis. Improved staging procedures and newer modes of therapy appear essential, particularly for those patients with clinical stage II disease and with local extension to soft tissues.", "contents": "Malignant lymphomas of the thyroid: a clinical pathologic study of 35 patients including ultrastructural observations. The clinical and pathologic findings for 35 patients with malignant lymphoma presenting in the thyroid are reviewed. The lymphomas tended to occur in females with a median age of 65 years and clinically were manifested by a mass in the neck. The majority of patients were euthyroid and thyroid scans demonstrated cold nodules. In none of the patients was there clinical suspicion of lymphoma prior to surgery. Thirty-four of the cases were histiocytic lymphomas; the one exception; a patient with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, had histiocytic lymphoma in a subsequent biopsy of the soft tissues of the neck. Although classified as histiocytic, the lymphomas had the histologic and ultrastructural features of transformed lymphocytes or immunoblasts. Lending possible additional credence to the immunoblastic nature of these lymphomas was the histologic documentation of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in all 27 cases where residual thyroid parenchyma remained. This relationship suggests possible evolution of thyroid lymphomas from chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and probably is analogous to the malignant lymphomas developing in other altered immune states, including Sjogren's syndrome. In the current study the overall 5-year survival was 54%. Patients under age 65, without local soft tissue extension or regional lymph node involvement, and with stage I disease survived the longest; a nodular histologic pattern also appeared to favorably influence the prognosis. Improved staging procedures and newer modes of therapy appear essential, particularly for those patients with clinical stage II disease and with local extension to soft tissues.", "PMID": 322838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8580", "title": "Factors in the prognosis of gastric lymphoma.", "content": "The tumor-nodes-metastases (TNM) staging classification for gastric carcinoma was applied to 50 consecutive cases of primary gastric lymphoma. Survival statistics were obtained for each respective stage category and were remarkably similar to survival statistics for gastric carcinoma. Overall, patients with primary gastric lymphoma have a much better prognosis for survival than patients with gastric carcinoma since the latter present with far more frequent serosal penetration and nodal and distant metastases. Penetration of gastric lymphoma beyond the serosa is associated with a significantly decreased 5-year survival rate from 88 to 24%, and the presence of perigastric nodal involvement decreased the survival rate from 88 to 32%.", "contents": "Factors in the prognosis of gastric lymphoma. The tumor-nodes-metastases (TNM) staging classification for gastric carcinoma was applied to 50 consecutive cases of primary gastric lymphoma. Survival statistics were obtained for each respective stage category and were remarkably similar to survival statistics for gastric carcinoma. Overall, patients with primary gastric lymphoma have a much better prognosis for survival than patients with gastric carcinoma since the latter present with far more frequent serosal penetration and nodal and distant metastases. Penetration of gastric lymphoma beyond the serosa is associated with a significantly decreased 5-year survival rate from 88 to 24%, and the presence of perigastric nodal involvement decreased the survival rate from 88 to 32%.", "PMID": 322839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8581", "title": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum.", "content": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum is rare. An extensive experience with fiberoptic esophagogastro-duodenoscopy in our institution has indicated that duodenal neoplasms may be more frequent than suspected and are readily diagnosed by this modality. With this mind, clinical, pathological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the 71 patients with primary carcinoma of the duodenum reported in the literature in the last 10-year period, 1965-1974, were reviewed. It would appear that fiberoptic endoscopy of the upper gastro-intestinal tract should become the major diagnostic tool for this disease. It enables biopsies, brushings and washings to be taken. A preoperative histological diagnosis ensures that both patient and surgeon can be prepared for major abdominal surgery. It is imperatire that during the endoscopic examination, the entire duodenum be examined. Pancreatico-duodenectomy appears to offer the best chance of long term survival in patients whose lesion is resectable. The role and value of adjuvant chemo- and radiotherapy is still to be determined.", "contents": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum. Primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum is rare. An extensive experience with fiberoptic esophagogastro-duodenoscopy in our institution has indicated that duodenal neoplasms may be more frequent than suspected and are readily diagnosed by this modality. With this mind, clinical, pathological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the 71 patients with primary carcinoma of the duodenum reported in the literature in the last 10-year period, 1965-1974, were reviewed. It would appear that fiberoptic endoscopy of the upper gastro-intestinal tract should become the major diagnostic tool for this disease. It enables biopsies, brushings and washings to be taken. A preoperative histological diagnosis ensures that both patient and surgeon can be prepared for major abdominal surgery. It is imperatire that during the endoscopic examination, the entire duodenum be examined. Pancreatico-duodenectomy appears to offer the best chance of long term survival in patients whose lesion is resectable. The role and value of adjuvant chemo- and radiotherapy is still to be determined.", "PMID": 322840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8582", "title": "Epidemiologic methods in clinical trials.", "content": "Epidemiologic methods developed to control confounding in non-experimental studies are equally applicable for experiments. In experiments, most confounding is usually controlled by random allocation of subjects to treatment groups, but randomization does not preclude confounding except for extremely large studies, the degree of confounding expected being inversely related to the size of the treatment groups. In experiments, as in non-experimental studies, the extent of confounding for each risk indicator should be assessed, and if sufficiently large, controlled. Confounding is properly assessed by comparing the unconfounded effect estimate to the crude effect estimate; a common error is to assess confounding by statistical tests of significance. Assessment of confounding involves its control as a prerequisite. Control is most readily and cogently achieved by stratification of the data, though with many factors to control simultaneously, multivariate analysis or a combination of multivariate analysis and stratification might be necessary.", "contents": "Epidemiologic methods in clinical trials. Epidemiologic methods developed to control confounding in non-experimental studies are equally applicable for experiments. In experiments, most confounding is usually controlled by random allocation of subjects to treatment groups, but randomization does not preclude confounding except for extremely large studies, the degree of confounding expected being inversely related to the size of the treatment groups. In experiments, as in non-experimental studies, the extent of confounding for each risk indicator should be assessed, and if sufficiently large, controlled. Confounding is properly assessed by comparing the unconfounded effect estimate to the crude effect estimate; a common error is to assess confounding by statistical tests of significance. Assessment of confounding involves its control as a prerequisite. Control is most readily and cogently achieved by stratification of the data, though with many factors to control simultaneously, multivariate analysis or a combination of multivariate analysis and stratification might be necessary.", "PMID": 322841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8583", "title": "Evaluation of cancer screening programs: parallels with clinical trials.", "content": "The methodologic limitations of available observational evidence for the evaluation of ongoing cancer control programs is reviewed. The specific example of Control Programs for Cervical Cancer is chosen to illustrate these limitations. These limitations pertain to the special features of the natural history of this disease, to the types of data available as well as to problems in the interpretation of these data. Given the unacceptability of conducting a rigorous randomized clinical trial of an ongoing and accepted cancer control procedure, an alternative experimental approach is proposed. This approach consists in the random allocation of census tracts with a high risk population to either of two groups: 1) an experimental group in which active and repeated screening activities will attempt to reach virtually all susceptible women, 2) a comparable control group which will only benefit from regularly available services.", "contents": "Evaluation of cancer screening programs: parallels with clinical trials. The methodologic limitations of available observational evidence for the evaluation of ongoing cancer control programs is reviewed. The specific example of Control Programs for Cervical Cancer is chosen to illustrate these limitations. These limitations pertain to the special features of the natural history of this disease, to the types of data available as well as to problems in the interpretation of these data. Given the unacceptability of conducting a rigorous randomized clinical trial of an ongoing and accepted cancer control procedure, an alternative experimental approach is proposed. This approach consists in the random allocation of census tracts with a high risk population to either of two groups: 1) an experimental group in which active and repeated screening activities will attempt to reach virtually all susceptible women, 2) a comparable control group which will only benefit from regularly available services.", "PMID": 322842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8584", "title": "Cancer and occupation: status and needs of epidemiologic research.", "content": "In the United States about 15% of cancer in men and 5% of cancer in women is probably due to occupational exposures. Yet, among the populations actually exposed, occupational cancer is a major health hazard. Further, occupational carcinogenesis should be studied because of it scientific interest and the likely generalizability of findings to non-occupational exposures. The alert clinician remains the most important source of leads to occupational cancer. When groups of cases occur, particularly cases of rare tumors among relatively young persons, an occupational exposure should be suspect. A reasonably detailed occupation history should be included in every medical record. Formal evaluation, measurement of risk and identification of specific hazards is usually done by epidemiologic methods. Several approaches to the improvement of these methods and, possibly, to disease control are presented.", "contents": "Cancer and occupation: status and needs of epidemiologic research. In the United States about 15% of cancer in men and 5% of cancer in women is probably due to occupational exposures. Yet, among the populations actually exposed, occupational cancer is a major health hazard. Further, occupational carcinogenesis should be studied because of it scientific interest and the likely generalizability of findings to non-occupational exposures. The alert clinician remains the most important source of leads to occupational cancer. When groups of cases occur, particularly cases of rare tumors among relatively young persons, an occupational exposure should be suspect. A reasonably detailed occupation history should be included in every medical record. Formal evaluation, measurement of risk and identification of specific hazards is usually done by epidemiologic methods. Several approaches to the improvement of these methods and, possibly, to disease control are presented.", "PMID": 322843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8585", "title": "Cancer following occupational exposure to asbestos and vinyl chloride.", "content": "A review is presented of the various factors important in the identification of carcinogenic disease from occupational and environmental exposure to asbestos and vinyl chloride. The long lapsed period, usually of 20 or more years from first exposure to these materials, is discussed, as well as the requirement for sufficiently long observation periods in prospective epidemiological studies. The multiple-factor etiology of lung cancer involving cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure is illustrated. The risks of asbestos-related cancers to other than those directly working with the material are discussed in a variety of circumstances, and finally the effectiveness of control procedures for vinyl chloride and asbestos are compared.", "contents": "Cancer following occupational exposure to asbestos and vinyl chloride. A review is presented of the various factors important in the identification of carcinogenic disease from occupational and environmental exposure to asbestos and vinyl chloride. The long lapsed period, usually of 20 or more years from first exposure to these materials, is discussed, as well as the requirement for sufficiently long observation periods in prospective epidemiological studies. The multiple-factor etiology of lung cancer involving cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure is illustrated. The risks of asbestos-related cancers to other than those directly working with the material are discussed in a variety of circumstances, and finally the effectiveness of control procedures for vinyl chloride and asbestos are compared.", "PMID": 322844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8586", "title": "Occupational exposure to radiation as a cancer hazard.", "content": "There is much experimental data which indicates that ionizing radiation is a very potent carcinogenic agent. Most types of carcinoma can be produced by radiation. Carcinoma is apparently induced through a single or a series of mutations in somatic cells. Radiologists have excess leukemia and other malignancy from external x-ray; uranium and other miners have excess lung cancer from internal alpha radiation; luminous dial painters have excess osteogenic sarcomas; and uranium mill workers appear to have excess lymphomas. A large number of persons are now exposed occupationally to radiation from nuclear reactors, and from various uses of radioisotopes. For the induction of most types of cancers from radiation it appears that the risk is between 0.5 and 2 cancers per rem per million person years. Epidemiological techniques are essential in determining risks of this low magnitude. Other agents may inhibit or enhance the carcinogenicity of radiation.", "contents": "Occupational exposure to radiation as a cancer hazard. There is much experimental data which indicates that ionizing radiation is a very potent carcinogenic agent. Most types of carcinoma can be produced by radiation. Carcinoma is apparently induced through a single or a series of mutations in somatic cells. Radiologists have excess leukemia and other malignancy from external x-ray; uranium and other miners have excess lung cancer from internal alpha radiation; luminous dial painters have excess osteogenic sarcomas; and uranium mill workers appear to have excess lymphomas. A large number of persons are now exposed occupationally to radiation from nuclear reactors, and from various uses of radioisotopes. For the induction of most types of cancers from radiation it appears that the risk is between 0.5 and 2 cancers per rem per million person years. Epidemiological techniques are essential in determining risks of this low magnitude. Other agents may inhibit or enhance the carcinogenicity of radiation.", "PMID": 322845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8587", "title": "Clustering and aggregation of exposures in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The epidemiologic evidence regarding case clustering and aggregation of etiologic exposures among patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) is reviewed. In contrast to the literature on leukemia, there are few reported HD clusters. Statistical studies searching for time-space clustering in HD have been negative or inconclusive. The innovative Long Island school study of Vianna and Polan suggests that there is aggregation of etiologic exposures in HD. However, this study has been criticized and further confirmation is required. Additional support for the aggregation of exposures hypothesis is found in studies of familial aggregation of HD. On the other hand, teachers and physicians, groups suggested as having high exposure to HD patients, have been shown to be at no increased risk for HD. Available evidence would suggest that if HD is communicable, it is probably so only prior to manifestation of the disease and exposure must occur in childhood or adolescence. Although most studies have focused on the compatibility of their findings with interpersonal transmission of an etiologic agent, these data are equally compatible with an hypothesis of common source exposure to non-infectious etiologic agents.", "contents": "Clustering and aggregation of exposures in Hodgkin's disease. The epidemiologic evidence regarding case clustering and aggregation of etiologic exposures among patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) is reviewed. In contrast to the literature on leukemia, there are few reported HD clusters. Statistical studies searching for time-space clustering in HD have been negative or inconclusive. The innovative Long Island school study of Vianna and Polan suggests that there is aggregation of etiologic exposures in HD. However, this study has been criticized and further confirmation is required. Additional support for the aggregation of exposures hypothesis is found in studies of familial aggregation of HD. On the other hand, teachers and physicians, groups suggested as having high exposure to HD patients, have been shown to be at no increased risk for HD. Available evidence would suggest that if HD is communicable, it is probably so only prior to manifestation of the disease and exposure must occur in childhood or adolescence. Although most studies have focused on the compatibility of their findings with interpersonal transmission of an etiologic agent, these data are equally compatible with an hypothesis of common source exposure to non-infectious etiologic agents.", "PMID": 322846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8588", "title": "Review of local soft tissue recurrence of breast cancer irradiated with and without actinomycin-D.", "content": "Between 1962 and 1973, regionally recurrent breast cancer was treated in 156 patients by irradiation alone or irradiation with concurrent actinomycin-D. Thirty-two patients were entered into a randomized trial, and 124 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Local control with irradiation alone was achieved in 48 of 80 patients (60%) and in 60 of 76 patients (79%) treated with irradiation and actinomycin-D (p less than .05). Results were remarkably similar in the randomized and retrospective series.", "contents": "Review of local soft tissue recurrence of breast cancer irradiated with and without actinomycin-D. Between 1962 and 1973, regionally recurrent breast cancer was treated in 156 patients by irradiation alone or irradiation with concurrent actinomycin-D. Thirty-two patients were entered into a randomized trial, and 124 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Local control with irradiation alone was achieved in 48 of 80 patients (60%) and in 60 of 76 patients (79%) treated with irradiation and actinomycin-D (p less than .05). Results were remarkably similar in the randomized and retrospective series.", "PMID": 322847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8589", "title": "Histiocytic lymphoma in the brain as the only manifestation of relapse following remission maintainance with BCG immunotherapy.", "content": "This report describes an unusual case of lymphoma which, after 54 months of complete remission induced with chemotherapy and maintained with BCG immunotherapy, relapsed in the brain alone. It is possible that the immunotherapy led to this pattern of relapse: this is supported by several other studies. The difficulty in diagnosing brain lymphoma is emphasized.", "contents": "Histiocytic lymphoma in the brain as the only manifestation of relapse following remission maintainance with BCG immunotherapy. This report describes an unusual case of lymphoma which, after 54 months of complete remission induced with chemotherapy and maintained with BCG immunotherapy, relapsed in the brain alone. It is possible that the immunotherapy led to this pattern of relapse: this is supported by several other studies. The difficulty in diagnosing brain lymphoma is emphasized.", "PMID": 322848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8590", "title": "Multiple granulocytic tumors of the skin: report of six cases of myelogenous leukemia with initial manifestations in the skin.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic findings in six patients with myelogenous leukemia presenting initially as multiple granulocytic tumors of the skin were reviewed. The skin of the trunk was most commonly involved with multiple, confluent erythematous plaques and soft, tender, non-ulcerated, violaceous nodules. Two patients had been treated for malignant lymphoma eight and nine years prior to the onset of skin lesions (Hodgkin's disease and nodular lymphocytic lymphoma, respectively), and cutaneous granulocytic leukemia developed in sites of irradiated skin. The skin biopsies in all cases were originally misinterpreted by the pathologist as malignant lymphoma and the correct diagnosis of granulocytic leukemia was not established in any of the cases until overt extracutaneous involvement was detected. The interval in the six patients from skin biopsy to definite involvement of blood and bone marrow by acute granulocytic leukemia ranged from three weeks to six months with a mean interval of 3.8 months. The mean duration of survival from the diagnosis of extracutaneous dissemination was 12.7 months (range of three months to two and one-half years). Poorly differentiated myelogenous leukemia was demonstrated at postmortem examination in all cases. Cytochemical stains of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues confirmed the granulocytic origin of the neoplasm: leukemic cells in skin biopsies, bone marrow aspirates, and autopsy specimens contained abundant naphthol AS-D chloracetate esterase. The findings indicate that granulocytic leukemia may rarely present with skin tumors as the original manifestation of the disease. Recognition of the distinctive clinical, histopathologic, and enzyme histochemical features of the lesion provide a basis for distinguishing granulocytic sarcoma of the skin from mycosis fungoides and other cutaneous malignant lymphomas.", "contents": "Multiple granulocytic tumors of the skin: report of six cases of myelogenous leukemia with initial manifestations in the skin. The clinical and pathologic findings in six patients with myelogenous leukemia presenting initially as multiple granulocytic tumors of the skin were reviewed. The skin of the trunk was most commonly involved with multiple, confluent erythematous plaques and soft, tender, non-ulcerated, violaceous nodules. Two patients had been treated for malignant lymphoma eight and nine years prior to the onset of skin lesions (Hodgkin's disease and nodular lymphocytic lymphoma, respectively), and cutaneous granulocytic leukemia developed in sites of irradiated skin. The skin biopsies in all cases were originally misinterpreted by the pathologist as malignant lymphoma and the correct diagnosis of granulocytic leukemia was not established in any of the cases until overt extracutaneous involvement was detected. The interval in the six patients from skin biopsy to definite involvement of blood and bone marrow by acute granulocytic leukemia ranged from three weeks to six months with a mean interval of 3.8 months. The mean duration of survival from the diagnosis of extracutaneous dissemination was 12.7 months (range of three months to two and one-half years). Poorly differentiated myelogenous leukemia was demonstrated at postmortem examination in all cases. Cytochemical stains of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues confirmed the granulocytic origin of the neoplasm: leukemic cells in skin biopsies, bone marrow aspirates, and autopsy specimens contained abundant naphthol AS-D chloracetate esterase. The findings indicate that granulocytic leukemia may rarely present with skin tumors as the original manifestation of the disease. Recognition of the distinctive clinical, histopathologic, and enzyme histochemical features of the lesion provide a basis for distinguishing granulocytic sarcoma of the skin from mycosis fungoides and other cutaneous malignant lymphomas.", "PMID": 322849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8591", "title": "Primary lymphoma of the breast: ultrastructural study of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the breast were studied with light and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, according to Rappaport's classification, one was a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, the other a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. However, the ultrastructural features of the latter were more consistent with transformed lymphocytes. The differential diagnosis with medullary and poorly differentiated carcinomas of the breast is discussed. The first case had rapid dissemination as did most of the cases reported in the literature.", "contents": "Primary lymphoma of the breast: ultrastructural study of two cases. Two cases of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the breast were studied with light and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, according to Rappaport's classification, one was a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, the other a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. However, the ultrastructural features of the latter were more consistent with transformed lymphocytes. The differential diagnosis with medullary and poorly differentiated carcinomas of the breast is discussed. The first case had rapid dissemination as did most of the cases reported in the literature.", "PMID": 322850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8592", "title": "Primary malignant lymphomas of the breast.", "content": "Fourteen cases of primary malignant lymphomas of the breast were found in the pathology files of the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute from 1944 to 1975. The lymphomas represented only 0.12% of 11,277 primary malignant breast tumors seen during the same period. There were no definite clinical features to distinguish the patients with lymphoma from those with breast carcinoma. All of the lymphomas had a diffuse pattern. Eight cases were classified as undifferentiated lymphoma, five as histiocytic, and one as poorly differentiated lymphocytic, convoluted cell type. Four patients had mastectomies and the remainder biopsies as their sole surgical procedure. Eight patients received post-surgical radiotherapy and all eventually had chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate for the 13 patients with follow-up was 49%. Patients with histiocytic lymphoma appeared to have a more favorable prognosis than those with the undifferentiated type. Six of the latter patients are dead with a median survival of seven months, comparable to the reported survival of patients with American Burkitt's lymphoma. The patient with the convoluted cell type has developed acute blastic leukemia and is currently under therapy.", "contents": "Primary malignant lymphomas of the breast. Fourteen cases of primary malignant lymphomas of the breast were found in the pathology files of the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute from 1944 to 1975. The lymphomas represented only 0.12% of 11,277 primary malignant breast tumors seen during the same period. There were no definite clinical features to distinguish the patients with lymphoma from those with breast carcinoma. All of the lymphomas had a diffuse pattern. Eight cases were classified as undifferentiated lymphoma, five as histiocytic, and one as poorly differentiated lymphocytic, convoluted cell type. Four patients had mastectomies and the remainder biopsies as their sole surgical procedure. Eight patients received post-surgical radiotherapy and all eventually had chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate for the 13 patients with follow-up was 49%. Patients with histiocytic lymphoma appeared to have a more favorable prognosis than those with the undifferentiated type. Six of the latter patients are dead with a median survival of seven months, comparable to the reported survival of patients with American Burkitt's lymphoma. The patient with the convoluted cell type has developed acute blastic leukemia and is currently under therapy.", "PMID": 322851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8593", "title": "Spontaneous rosette formation and rosette inhibition assays in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck were studied by spontaneous lymphocyte rosette and rosette inhibition (RI) assays prior to treatment. The patients were clinically staged and the results of the assays compared with the clinical stage of the disease. The percentage of T-lymphocytes as determined by the spontaneous lymphocyte rosette test was significantly lower (p less than .01) for the patient group when compared with a normal population. Patients with stage I and II disease did not differ significantly from controls. Individuals with stage III or IV disease, however, had significantly lower T-lymphocyte counts. The tumors were histologically graded as well, moderately well, or poorly differentiated SCC. Patients with poorly differentiated neoplasms had significantly lower T-cell counts. The RI assay (using horse anti-human thymocyte globulin to inhibit rosette formation) was abnormal in many of the patients but did not appear to be a more sensitive in vitro measure of cell mediated immunity in these patients. Performing both tests detected more patients with cellular immunologic incompetence than either one alone.", "contents": "Spontaneous rosette formation and rosette inhibition assays in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck were studied by spontaneous lymphocyte rosette and rosette inhibition (RI) assays prior to treatment. The patients were clinically staged and the results of the assays compared with the clinical stage of the disease. The percentage of T-lymphocytes as determined by the spontaneous lymphocyte rosette test was significantly lower (p less than .01) for the patient group when compared with a normal population. Patients with stage I and II disease did not differ significantly from controls. Individuals with stage III or IV disease, however, had significantly lower T-lymphocyte counts. The tumors were histologically graded as well, moderately well, or poorly differentiated SCC. Patients with poorly differentiated neoplasms had significantly lower T-cell counts. The RI assay (using horse anti-human thymocyte globulin to inhibit rosette formation) was abnormal in many of the patients but did not appear to be a more sensitive in vitro measure of cell mediated immunity in these patients. Performing both tests detected more patients with cellular immunologic incompetence than either one alone.", "PMID": 322852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8594", "title": "Complement receptor B lymphocytes in nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Infiltrated tissues from nine cases of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease (NSHD) were examined for immunologic cell surface markers. In all nine cases a large population of complement receptor B-lymphocytes were present within the nodular infiltrates. B-lymphocytes were identified in frozen sections by adherence of sheep red blood cells (E) coated with IgM antibody (A) and complement (C) IgMEAC). IgMEAC attached to both small lymphocytes and to Reed-Sternberg cells and their variants. Red cells coated with IgG (IgGEA) attached to histiocytes associated with the internodular fibrous bands and only sparsely with the nodular infiltrates. The population of complement receptor lymphocytes appears to be an integral component of NSHD.", "contents": "Complement receptor B lymphocytes in nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. Infiltrated tissues from nine cases of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease (NSHD) were examined for immunologic cell surface markers. In all nine cases a large population of complement receptor B-lymphocytes were present within the nodular infiltrates. B-lymphocytes were identified in frozen sections by adherence of sheep red blood cells (E) coated with IgM antibody (A) and complement (C) IgMEAC). IgMEAC attached to both small lymphocytes and to Reed-Sternberg cells and their variants. Red cells coated with IgG (IgGEA) attached to histiocytes associated with the internodular fibrous bands and only sparsely with the nodular infiltrates. The population of complement receptor lymphocytes appears to be an integral component of NSHD.", "PMID": 322853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8595", "title": "Cryptococcosis in a cancer hospital: clinical and pathological correlates in forty-six patients.", "content": "The clinical and pathological findings in 46 patients with cryptococcosis at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1956 to 1972 are reported. The striking predilection for cryptococcal infection in patients with leukemias and lymphomas is again confirmed. Of 41 patients with neoplastic disease, those with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), Hodgkin's Disease, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), myeloma and lymphosarcoma had the highest incidence of cryptococcosis. In all cases, neoplastic disease was widespread when infection occurred. All of these patients had leukopenia and absolute lymphopenia at the time of infection. Thirty-nine were on steroids. Thirty-one patients with neoplastic disease had disseminated infection. Review of pathology revealed a spectrum of inflammatory lesions. Histiocytic-lymphocytic infiltrates occurred in the central nervous system in 10 patients. In six cases, reaction was granulomatous. There were single instances of suppurative and fibrotic reactions. Mortality from infection was high in patients with neoplastic disease. Twenty-four of 28 deaths occurred within 60 days as a result of infection. Within one year, 10 more patients died, nine of cryptococcosis. Only three survived more than one year, and all patients died within 600 days. Twenty-nine patients with neoplastic disease received amphotericin B. Only nine survived more than 60 days.", "contents": "Cryptococcosis in a cancer hospital: clinical and pathological correlates in forty-six patients. The clinical and pathological findings in 46 patients with cryptococcosis at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1956 to 1972 are reported. The striking predilection for cryptococcal infection in patients with leukemias and lymphomas is again confirmed. Of 41 patients with neoplastic disease, those with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), Hodgkin's Disease, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), myeloma and lymphosarcoma had the highest incidence of cryptococcosis. In all cases, neoplastic disease was widespread when infection occurred. All of these patients had leukopenia and absolute lymphopenia at the time of infection. Thirty-nine were on steroids. Thirty-one patients with neoplastic disease had disseminated infection. Review of pathology revealed a spectrum of inflammatory lesions. Histiocytic-lymphocytic infiltrates occurred in the central nervous system in 10 patients. In six cases, reaction was granulomatous. There were single instances of suppurative and fibrotic reactions. Mortality from infection was high in patients with neoplastic disease. Twenty-four of 28 deaths occurred within 60 days as a result of infection. Within one year, 10 more patients died, nine of cryptococcosis. Only three survived more than one year, and all patients died within 600 days. Twenty-nine patients with neoplastic disease received amphotericin B. Only nine survived more than 60 days.", "PMID": 322854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8596", "title": "Bronchogenic carcinoma presenting as spontaneous pneumothorax: case reports with review of literature.", "content": "Six months after right-sided spontaneous pneumothorax developed in a 56-year-old man, squamous cell carcinoma was discovered in the ipsilateral lung. Fifteen cases of bronchogenic carcinoma presenting as spontaneous pneumothorax have been reported in the English language literature. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms include: direct tumor invasion of pleura; rupture of a subpleural bleb (in an area of obstructive emphysema) or an emphysematous bulla (in an overexpanded portion of the lung associated with lobar or segmental collapse); or unknown. Patients with spontaneous pneumothorax who fail to achieve complete expansion after three weeks of therapy or who have persistent roentgenographic pulmonary infiltration should undergo further investigation for bronchogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "Bronchogenic carcinoma presenting as spontaneous pneumothorax: case reports with review of literature. Six months after right-sided spontaneous pneumothorax developed in a 56-year-old man, squamous cell carcinoma was discovered in the ipsilateral lung. Fifteen cases of bronchogenic carcinoma presenting as spontaneous pneumothorax have been reported in the English language literature. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms include: direct tumor invasion of pleura; rupture of a subpleural bleb (in an area of obstructive emphysema) or an emphysematous bulla (in an overexpanded portion of the lung associated with lobar or segmental collapse); or unknown. Patients with spontaneous pneumothorax who fail to achieve complete expansion after three weeks of therapy or who have persistent roentgenographic pulmonary infiltration should undergo further investigation for bronchogenic carcinoma.", "PMID": 322855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8597", "title": "Comparative electrophilicity, mutagenicity, DNA repair induction activity, and carcinogenicity of some N- and O-acyl derivatives of N-hydroxy-2-aminoflourene.", "content": "N-Myristoyloxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene, N-acetoxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene, N-myristoyloxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene, and N-hydroxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene each yielded a high incidence of sarcomas in male rats within 5 to 7 months after s.c. injection of 64 micronmoles in divided doses. N-Acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, although potent carcinogens at the s.c. site, were less active than the above derivatives with a myristoyl substituent. N-Sulfonoxy-N-acety--2-aminofluorene (purity larger than or equal to 70%) had little or no carcinogenic activity when administered in large amounts by s.c. injection to rats. The low incidence of tumors could have resulted from N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene or other decompostion products of the N-sulfonozy derivative. Each of the N-acetoxy and N-myristoyloxy derivatives of N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene and of N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene showed electrophilic activity toward methionine; N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene was the most reactive and N-myristoyloxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorine was the least reactive. Each of these esters also induced unscheduled tritiated thymidine incorportation in nondividing cultured human fibroblasts and thus appeared to induce lesions in DNA that lead to repair synthesis. EACH OF THE N-acetoxy derivatives was highly mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA1538 without tissue activation; neither N-myristoyloxy derivative was mutagenic under these conditions. While there was a qualitative correspondence between several of the above activities of these 2-aminofluorene derivatives, the quantitative differences and the lack of detectable mutagenicity of the 2N-myristoyloxy derivatives for S. typhimurium indicate the need for multiple short-term tests in the qualitative prediction of potential carcinogenic activity.", "contents": "Comparative electrophilicity, mutagenicity, DNA repair induction activity, and carcinogenicity of some N- and O-acyl derivatives of N-hydroxy-2-aminoflourene. N-Myristoyloxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene, N-acetoxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene, N-myristoyloxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene, and N-hydroxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene each yielded a high incidence of sarcomas in male rats within 5 to 7 months after s.c. injection of 64 micronmoles in divided doses. N-Acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, although potent carcinogens at the s.c. site, were less active than the above derivatives with a myristoyl substituent. N-Sulfonoxy-N-acety--2-aminofluorene (purity larger than or equal to 70%) had little or no carcinogenic activity when administered in large amounts by s.c. injection to rats. The low incidence of tumors could have resulted from N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene or other decompostion products of the N-sulfonozy derivative. Each of the N-acetoxy and N-myristoyloxy derivatives of N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene and of N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorene showed electrophilic activity toward methionine; N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene was the most reactive and N-myristoyloxy-N-myristoyl-2-aminofluorine was the least reactive. Each of these esters also induced unscheduled tritiated thymidine incorportation in nondividing cultured human fibroblasts and thus appeared to induce lesions in DNA that lead to repair synthesis. EACH OF THE N-acetoxy derivatives was highly mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA1538 without tissue activation; neither N-myristoyloxy derivative was mutagenic under these conditions. While there was a qualitative correspondence between several of the above activities of these 2-aminofluorene derivatives, the quantitative differences and the lack of detectable mutagenicity of the 2N-myristoyloxy derivatives for S. typhimurium indicate the need for multiple short-term tests in the qualitative prediction of potential carcinogenic activity.", "PMID": 322856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8598", "title": "Immunofluorescent characterization of rat kidney tumors according to the distribution of actin as revealed by specific antiactin antibody.", "content": "A series of 15 mesenchymal and 10 cortical epithelial tumors induced in the rat kidney by dimethylnitrosamine was investigated for immunofluorescent reactivity with a human antiactin antibody. Cells of epithelial tumors showed staining restricted to peripheral sites, corresponding to the brush border region. All various neoplastic cells forms comprising renal mesenchymal tumor were characterized by cytoplasmic staining in pattersn that varied with cell type. Epithelial profiles in the form of tubules and islands of epithelium showed staining patterns, or absence of them, consistent with their identity as sequestered segments of preexisting nephrons. It is suggested that the difference in actin distribution within the cytoplasm of cells of the two types of renal neoplasm, mesenchymal and epithelial, might reflect their difference in local invasive growth.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent characterization of rat kidney tumors according to the distribution of actin as revealed by specific antiactin antibody. A series of 15 mesenchymal and 10 cortical epithelial tumors induced in the rat kidney by dimethylnitrosamine was investigated for immunofluorescent reactivity with a human antiactin antibody. Cells of epithelial tumors showed staining restricted to peripheral sites, corresponding to the brush border region. All various neoplastic cells forms comprising renal mesenchymal tumor were characterized by cytoplasmic staining in pattersn that varied with cell type. Epithelial profiles in the form of tubules and islands of epithelium showed staining patterns, or absence of them, consistent with their identity as sequestered segments of preexisting nephrons. It is suggested that the difference in actin distribution within the cytoplasm of cells of the two types of renal neoplasm, mesenchymal and epithelial, might reflect their difference in local invasive growth.", "PMID": 322858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8599", "title": "Fecal bile acids and cholesterol metabolites of patients with ulcerative colitis, a high-risk group for development of colon cancer.", "content": "Patients with chronic ulcerative colitis are at increased risk of developing carcinoma of the colon. It has been shown that the concentration of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols was higher in cancer patients than in the comparable healthy controls. Fecal neutral steroids and bile acids were measured in patients with ulcerative colitis, family controls who were immediate relatives of patients, patients with other digestive diseases, and healthy unrelated controls. The fecal excretion of cholesterol, coprostanol, and cholestane-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol was higher in patients with ulcerative colitis than in other groups. Patients with other diseases, family controls, and unrelated controls excreted comparable levels of neutral sterols. Patients with ulcerative colitis excreted levels of bile acids in their feces comparable to those excreted by other groups. These findings suggest that possible interactions between cholesterol metabolites and colonic epithelial cells may be relevant in colon carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Fecal bile acids and cholesterol metabolites of patients with ulcerative colitis, a high-risk group for development of colon cancer. Patients with chronic ulcerative colitis are at increased risk of developing carcinoma of the colon. It has been shown that the concentration of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols was higher in cancer patients than in the comparable healthy controls. Fecal neutral steroids and bile acids were measured in patients with ulcerative colitis, family controls who were immediate relatives of patients, patients with other digestive diseases, and healthy unrelated controls. The fecal excretion of cholesterol, coprostanol, and cholestane-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol was higher in patients with ulcerative colitis than in other groups. Patients with other diseases, family controls, and unrelated controls excreted comparable levels of neutral sterols. Patients with ulcerative colitis excreted levels of bile acids in their feces comparable to those excreted by other groups. These findings suggest that possible interactions between cholesterol metabolites and colonic epithelial cells may be relevant in colon carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 322859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8600", "title": "A cytokinetic analysis of bacillus calmette-gu\u00e9rin-induced growth control of a murine leukemia.", "content": "The cytokinetics of an isogeneic, transplantable, lymphoid leukemia, growing as an ascitic tumor in the C57BL/6 mouse, has been investigated during normal growth and during regression induced by weekly injections i.v. of 1.0 mg Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). Survival was significantly prolonged in the BCG-treated group, and 27% of the mice were apparently cured. The tumor growth curves showed, furthermore, that BCG-rreated mice could be divided into two groups according to whether the ascitic tumor cell number was at control level or below that of the controls. By methods such as stathmokinetics, tritiated thymidine autoradiography, and cytophotometry, it was demonstrated that the proliferative activity was higher in BCG mice with a low tumor mass as compared to controls and BCG mice with a tumor mass similar to that of controls. The cytokinetic characteristics of BCG mice with a low ascitic tumor cell number were especially expressed by high mitotic activity, high initial labeling indices, short potential tumor doubling time, and a low number of G0-G1 cells. Furthermore the ascitic tumor cell loss rate was increased in these mice during the whole experimental period. It was deduced from the various parameters and especially from the cytophotometric and autoradiographic results that BCG induces a preferential kill of tumor cells in G0-G1 and the first part of the S phase. In addition, the cytological aspects of the ascitic tumor were found to be related to the cell kinetic pattern as the amount of small and large tumor cells increased and decreased, respectively, with accumulation of tumor cells in G0-G1.", "contents": "A cytokinetic analysis of bacillus calmette-gu\u00e9rin-induced growth control of a murine leukemia. The cytokinetics of an isogeneic, transplantable, lymphoid leukemia, growing as an ascitic tumor in the C57BL/6 mouse, has been investigated during normal growth and during regression induced by weekly injections i.v. of 1.0 mg Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). Survival was significantly prolonged in the BCG-treated group, and 27% of the mice were apparently cured. The tumor growth curves showed, furthermore, that BCG-rreated mice could be divided into two groups according to whether the ascitic tumor cell number was at control level or below that of the controls. By methods such as stathmokinetics, tritiated thymidine autoradiography, and cytophotometry, it was demonstrated that the proliferative activity was higher in BCG mice with a low tumor mass as compared to controls and BCG mice with a tumor mass similar to that of controls. The cytokinetic characteristics of BCG mice with a low ascitic tumor cell number were especially expressed by high mitotic activity, high initial labeling indices, short potential tumor doubling time, and a low number of G0-G1 cells. Furthermore the ascitic tumor cell loss rate was increased in these mice during the whole experimental period. It was deduced from the various parameters and especially from the cytophotometric and autoradiographic results that BCG induces a preferential kill of tumor cells in G0-G1 and the first part of the S phase. In addition, the cytological aspects of the ascitic tumor were found to be related to the cell kinetic pattern as the amount of small and large tumor cells increased and decreased, respectively, with accumulation of tumor cells in G0-G1.", "PMID": 322860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8601", "title": "Isolation of the glucuronic acid conjugate of n-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl from dog urine and its mutagenic activity.", "content": "The glucuronic acid conjugate of N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl (NOH-4-ABP) has been isolated in relatively pure form from the urine of dogs given 4-aminobiphenyl, utilizing molecular size, ion exchange, adsorption, and partition chromatography. This conjugate is an active mutagen in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1538 and TA98 but not in TA1535 or TA1537. NOH-4-ABP and 4-nitrosobiphenyl are also highly active in TA1538 and TA98 and inactive in TA1535 and TA1537. These observations support the concept that this conjugate is the water-soluble carrier that delivers the active metabolite to the bladder. A substance of identical chromatographic and spectral properties to the conjugate isolated from dog urine has been synthesized in low yield by the direct condensation of NOH-4-ABP with glucuronic acid. This substance yields NOH-4-ABP on dilute acid hydrolysis. Sodium (N-4-biphenylhydroxylamino-beta-D-glucopyranosid) uronate, the N-O-C isomer, was also synthesized. It was found to have differing chromatographic and chemical properties to the natural conjugate. This evidence suggests that the urinary conjugate is the compound in which conjugation has occurred with the nitrogen atom of the hydroxylamine group rather than the oxygen atom.", "contents": "Isolation of the glucuronic acid conjugate of n-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl from dog urine and its mutagenic activity. The glucuronic acid conjugate of N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl (NOH-4-ABP) has been isolated in relatively pure form from the urine of dogs given 4-aminobiphenyl, utilizing molecular size, ion exchange, adsorption, and partition chromatography. This conjugate is an active mutagen in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1538 and TA98 but not in TA1535 or TA1537. NOH-4-ABP and 4-nitrosobiphenyl are also highly active in TA1538 and TA98 and inactive in TA1535 and TA1537. These observations support the concept that this conjugate is the water-soluble carrier that delivers the active metabolite to the bladder. A substance of identical chromatographic and spectral properties to the conjugate isolated from dog urine has been synthesized in low yield by the direct condensation of NOH-4-ABP with glucuronic acid. This substance yields NOH-4-ABP on dilute acid hydrolysis. Sodium (N-4-biphenylhydroxylamino-beta-D-glucopyranosid) uronate, the N-O-C isomer, was also synthesized. It was found to have differing chromatographic and chemical properties to the natural conjugate. This evidence suggests that the urinary conjugate is the compound in which conjugation has occurred with the nitrogen atom of the hydroxylamine group rather than the oxygen atom.", "PMID": 322861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8602", "title": "Mutagenicity of pesticides containing 1,3-dichloropropene.", "content": "In a systematic study of the mutagenic effect of chemical compounds used as pesticides, we found that D. D. soil fumigant and Telone are mutagenic. The test was performed using the bacterial tester strains following the procedure developed by Ames. The active principle of D. D. soil fumigant and Telone is a mixture of the cis and trans isomers of 1,3-dichloropropene. Both isomers are mutagenic in Salmonella strains TA 1535 and TA 100. 2,3-Dichloro-1-propene, a minor component (5%) of the commercial preparation Telone, was also found to be mutagenic in strains TA 1535 and TA 100. Mutagenesis of these tester strains is an indication of a base-pair substitution event causing a missense mutation. 1,3-Dichloropropene is widely used in agriculture all over the world. In Italy 2,187,100 kg were produced in 1972. In California over 1,000,000 kg of 1,3-dichloropropene-containing pesticides were used in 1971.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of pesticides containing 1,3-dichloropropene. In a systematic study of the mutagenic effect of chemical compounds used as pesticides, we found that D. D. soil fumigant and Telone are mutagenic. The test was performed using the bacterial tester strains following the procedure developed by Ames. The active principle of D. D. soil fumigant and Telone is a mixture of the cis and trans isomers of 1,3-dichloropropene. Both isomers are mutagenic in Salmonella strains TA 1535 and TA 100. 2,3-Dichloro-1-propene, a minor component (5%) of the commercial preparation Telone, was also found to be mutagenic in strains TA 1535 and TA 100. Mutagenesis of these tester strains is an indication of a base-pair substitution event causing a missense mutation. 1,3-Dichloropropene is widely used in agriculture all over the world. In Italy 2,187,100 kg were produced in 1972. In California over 1,000,000 kg of 1,3-dichloropropene-containing pesticides were used in 1971.", "PMID": 322862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8603", "title": "Polysaccharides immobilized in polyacrylamide gel as high-capacity adsorbents for Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin and concanavalin A.", "content": "A high-capacity adsorbent for lectins was easily prepared by immobilization of polysaccharides in a polyacrylamide gel. The properties of granulated guaran gel, used to purify by affinity chromatography the alpha-D-galactose-binding lectin from the seeds of Bandeiraea simplicifolia, were studied, as well as the binding of Concanavalin A (tetrameric) and succinylated Concanavalin A (dimeric) to a yeast mannan gel.", "contents": "Polysaccharides immobilized in polyacrylamide gel as high-capacity adsorbents for Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin and concanavalin A. A high-capacity adsorbent for lectins was easily prepared by immobilization of polysaccharides in a polyacrylamide gel. The properties of granulated guaran gel, used to purify by affinity chromatography the alpha-D-galactose-binding lectin from the seeds of Bandeiraea simplicifolia, were studied, as well as the binding of Concanavalin A (tetrameric) and succinylated Concanavalin A (dimeric) to a yeast mannan gel.", "PMID": 322864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8604", "title": "Effects of pre-irradiation on isogeneic and semi-isogeneic CFU growth: a study on genetic resistance.", "content": "The genetic resistance to a parental bone marrow transplant as demonstrated, when transplantation was performed early after irradiation, failed to occur if the interval between irradiation and transplantation was increased to 4 days. A similar radiation induced weakening of genetic resistance to a parental bone marrow graft in spleen and bone marrow could be demonstrated in mice, which had been irradiated with a sublethal dose at 7 days prior to the lethal irradiation and transplantation. The pre-irradiation of the recipient with a sublethal dose induced an enhancement of the growth in spleen and bone marrow of isogeneic transplanted CFU. The pre-irradiation of a single tibia also resulted in a significant weakening of the resistance in the spleen. The experiments with partial body pre-irradiation suggested a local effect of the pre-irradiation, but it could be shown that the enhanced CFU growth is not caused by an enhanced seeding of CFU in pre-irradiated bone marrow. The role of microenvironment in the phenomenon of genetic resistance is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of pre-irradiation on isogeneic and semi-isogeneic CFU growth: a study on genetic resistance. The genetic resistance to a parental bone marrow transplant as demonstrated, when transplantation was performed early after irradiation, failed to occur if the interval between irradiation and transplantation was increased to 4 days. A similar radiation induced weakening of genetic resistance to a parental bone marrow graft in spleen and bone marrow could be demonstrated in mice, which had been irradiated with a sublethal dose at 7 days prior to the lethal irradiation and transplantation. The pre-irradiation of the recipient with a sublethal dose induced an enhancement of the growth in spleen and bone marrow of isogeneic transplanted CFU. The pre-irradiation of a single tibia also resulted in a significant weakening of the resistance in the spleen. The experiments with partial body pre-irradiation suggested a local effect of the pre-irradiation, but it could be shown that the enhanced CFU growth is not caused by an enhanced seeding of CFU in pre-irradiated bone marrow. The role of microenvironment in the phenomenon of genetic resistance is discussed.", "PMID": 322869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8605", "title": "Rapid cell cycle analysis by measurement of the radioactivity per cell in a narrow window in S phase (RCSi).", "content": "A new rapid method for the cell cycle analysis of asynchronously growing cells is presented. The new method is an alternative to the more time consuming and subjective fraction of labeled mitoses (FLM) method. Like the FLM method, all cells in the S phase of the cell cycle are marked by pulse labeling with a radioactive DNA precursor. The subsequent progress of the cohort of cells thus labeled is monitored through a narrow window in the cell cycle. The window is defined by a narrow range of DNA contents corresponding to cells in mid-S phase and is designated Si. The cellular DNA content is measured by flow cytometry and the cells in the window Si are selected by electronic cell sorting. The radioactivity per cell in Si (RCSi) is determined by liquid scintillation counting. The duration of S phase and of the total cycle and the dispersions therein are determined from the oscillation of the RCSi values with time. The complete cell cycle analysis can be accomplished in as little as 1 day following the collection of samples. Exponentially growing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were analyzed according to the RCSi method and the FLM method. It is demonstrated that the two techniques give essentially the same results.", "contents": "Rapid cell cycle analysis by measurement of the radioactivity per cell in a narrow window in S phase (RCSi). A new rapid method for the cell cycle analysis of asynchronously growing cells is presented. The new method is an alternative to the more time consuming and subjective fraction of labeled mitoses (FLM) method. Like the FLM method, all cells in the S phase of the cell cycle are marked by pulse labeling with a radioactive DNA precursor. The subsequent progress of the cohort of cells thus labeled is monitored through a narrow window in the cell cycle. The window is defined by a narrow range of DNA contents corresponding to cells in mid-S phase and is designated Si. The cellular DNA content is measured by flow cytometry and the cells in the window Si are selected by electronic cell sorting. The radioactivity per cell in Si (RCSi) is determined by liquid scintillation counting. The duration of S phase and of the total cycle and the dispersions therein are determined from the oscillation of the RCSi values with time. The complete cell cycle analysis can be accomplished in as little as 1 day following the collection of samples. Exponentially growing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were analyzed according to the RCSi method and the FLM method. It is demonstrated that the two techniques give essentially the same results.", "PMID": 322870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8606", "title": "Studies on the interactions between nerve fibres from para- and orthosympathetic ganglia and adreno-cortical and -medullary cells in joint culture.", "content": "The interactions between nerve fibres from para- and orthosympathetic ganglia and adreno-cortical and -medullary cells were studied in joint cultures using explanted guinea-pig ciliary and sympathetic chain ganglia and enzyme-dispersed rat adrenal gland cells. Nerve fibres from both para- and orthosympathetic ganglia made only transitory contact with cortical cells, but consistently formed associations with isolated chromaffin cells which lasted for up to 10 days. Contacts between axons and chromaffin cells often showed particularly large varicosities and frequently withstood severe tests of durability from pulls of the fibre or the cell or both. By correlating phase contrast and catecholamine histochemistry (Falck-Hillarp method) it was shown that sympathetic fibres forming long-lasting contacts with chromaffin cells were adrenergic. The functional implications of the ability of autonomic nerves to distinguish between adreno-cortical and -medullary cells and the lack of specificity shown by the para- and orthosympathetic neurons during formation of long-lasting associations with chromaffin cells are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the interactions between nerve fibres from para- and orthosympathetic ganglia and adreno-cortical and -medullary cells in joint culture. The interactions between nerve fibres from para- and orthosympathetic ganglia and adreno-cortical and -medullary cells were studied in joint cultures using explanted guinea-pig ciliary and sympathetic chain ganglia and enzyme-dispersed rat adrenal gland cells. Nerve fibres from both para- and orthosympathetic ganglia made only transitory contact with cortical cells, but consistently formed associations with isolated chromaffin cells which lasted for up to 10 days. Contacts between axons and chromaffin cells often showed particularly large varicosities and frequently withstood severe tests of durability from pulls of the fibre or the cell or both. By correlating phase contrast and catecholamine histochemistry (Falck-Hillarp method) it was shown that sympathetic fibres forming long-lasting contacts with chromaffin cells were adrenergic. The functional implications of the ability of autonomic nerves to distinguish between adreno-cortical and -medullary cells and the lack of specificity shown by the para- and orthosympathetic neurons during formation of long-lasting associations with chromaffin cells are discussed.", "PMID": 322871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8607", "title": "Interaction of membrane aminophospholipids of E. coli with fluorodinitrobenzene and trinitrobenzenesulfonate.", "content": "E. coli cells were reacted with TNBS in bicarbonate-NaCl buffer, pH 8.5 (buffer A) and in phosphate-NaCl buffer, pH 7.0 (buffer B). In buffer A, DNP-GPE is the major product when FDNB is used. DNP-PE and DNP-LPE are formed in lesser amounts. Phospholipase A activity is high in buffer A. When TNBS is used, the labeling of the lipid components is less than with FDNB and more TNP-PE is formed relative to TNP-GPE. This data suggests that the phospholipases which are located primarily on the outer L-membrane of the cell wall act to a lesser extent on TNP-PE than on DNP-PE. E. coli cells were prelabeled with TNBS and FDNB in buffer A, washed and incubated in buffer A. The endogenous labeled DNP-PE gradually decreased with time with a concomitant increase in DNP-LPE and DNP-GPE due to phospholipase A activity. In contrast, the endogenous labeled TNP-PE also decreased with time as did the endogenous labeled TNP-LPE but a new orange lipid was produced. This lipid is believed to be a derivative of TNP-PE in which one of the nitro groups has been reduced to an amino group by nitroreductase. E. coli cells were prelabeled with TNBS and FDNB in buffer A, washed and incubated in buffer B. Under these conditions with both TNBS and FDNB there is an increase in TNP-PE and DNP-PE with a concomitant decrease in TNP-LPE, TNP-GPE, DNP-LPE and DNP-GPE. These results show that at neutral pH acylation occurs to regenerate TNP-PE and DNP-PE. E. coli cells were incubated with exogenous DNP-GPE or TNP-GPE in buffer A. The DNP-GPE and TNP-GPE were rapidly hydrolyzed by a phosphodiesterase to DNP-ethanolamine and TNP-ethanolamine. An orange derivative was formed which was provisionally identified as a derivative of DNP-ethanolamine or TNP-ethanolamine in which a nitro group has been reduced to an amino group by nitroreductase. The phospholipases and acylating enzymes present in the cell wall of E. coli are active on the dinitrophenyl and trinitrophenyl derivatives of PE and LPE and may act in concert to model and repair the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Interaction of membrane aminophospholipids of E. coli with fluorodinitrobenzene and trinitrobenzenesulfonate. E. coli cells were reacted with TNBS in bicarbonate-NaCl buffer, pH 8.5 (buffer A) and in phosphate-NaCl buffer, pH 7.0 (buffer B). In buffer A, DNP-GPE is the major product when FDNB is used. DNP-PE and DNP-LPE are formed in lesser amounts. Phospholipase A activity is high in buffer A. When TNBS is used, the labeling of the lipid components is less than with FDNB and more TNP-PE is formed relative to TNP-GPE. This data suggests that the phospholipases which are located primarily on the outer L-membrane of the cell wall act to a lesser extent on TNP-PE than on DNP-PE. E. coli cells were prelabeled with TNBS and FDNB in buffer A, washed and incubated in buffer A. The endogenous labeled DNP-PE gradually decreased with time with a concomitant increase in DNP-LPE and DNP-GPE due to phospholipase A activity. In contrast, the endogenous labeled TNP-PE also decreased with time as did the endogenous labeled TNP-LPE but a new orange lipid was produced. This lipid is believed to be a derivative of TNP-PE in which one of the nitro groups has been reduced to an amino group by nitroreductase. E. coli cells were prelabeled with TNBS and FDNB in buffer A, washed and incubated in buffer B. Under these conditions with both TNBS and FDNB there is an increase in TNP-PE and DNP-PE with a concomitant decrease in TNP-LPE, TNP-GPE, DNP-LPE and DNP-GPE. These results show that at neutral pH acylation occurs to regenerate TNP-PE and DNP-PE. E. coli cells were incubated with exogenous DNP-GPE or TNP-GPE in buffer A. The DNP-GPE and TNP-GPE were rapidly hydrolyzed by a phosphodiesterase to DNP-ethanolamine and TNP-ethanolamine. An orange derivative was formed which was provisionally identified as a derivative of DNP-ethanolamine or TNP-ethanolamine in which a nitro group has been reduced to an amino group by nitroreductase. The phospholipases and acylating enzymes present in the cell wall of E. coli are active on the dinitrophenyl and trinitrophenyl derivatives of PE and LPE and may act in concert to model and repair the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 322884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8608", "title": "A clinical survey of removable partial dentures. --Analysis of follow-up examinations over a sixteen-year period--.", "content": "In order to carry out the proper prosthetic treatment, it is necessary to select the method of treatment on the basis of accurate information concerning the prognosis of the prosthetic appliance. The oral structures are particularly proved to change when partial dentures are being used because the structures of the partial dentures are quite complex and they are easily broken. Therefore, in an attempt to analyze the changes that occur in the oral structures and partial dentures after insertion of the partial dentures, we conducted 3 series of follow-up examinations. The author sent out questionnaires and also conducted follow-up examinations of the patients. A summary of the major findings is as follows: 1) The percentage of those patients who came for their follow-up examinations, using metal based dentures, rose sharply over time. There were only 11.99% of the patients using the metal based dentures at the time the first study was conducted, but this rose to 58.13% at the time of the second study and 73.73% at the time of the third study. 2) The proportion of the patients who had anterior partial dentures declined over time from 9.36% at the time of the first study to 8.74% at the time of the second study and finally to 5.61% at the time of the third study. 3) The proportion of the partial dentures that had fractured was 23.15% at the time of the first study and 16.37% at the time of the second study and 16.67% at the time of the third study. 4) There was a striking difference in the fracture frequency of the acrylic resin based partial dentures and that of the metal based partial dentures. The denture bases of the acrylic resin-based partial dentures fractured about four times as often as those of the metal based partial dentures. 5) In all three studies it was found that about 60% of the caries occuring on the abutment tooth occurred on the edentulous proximal side. 6) Changes in the mucous membrane, such as inflammation or development of ulcers, had occurred in 48.86% of the cases at the time of the first study. This proportion declined to approximately 47% at the time of the second and finally to 43% at the time of the third study. 7) In examining the changes in the mobility of the abutment teeth, it was found that in all three studies approximately 20 to 30% of the abutment teeth demonstrated increased mobility, and about 10 to 20% showed decreased mobility while 55 to 65% showed no change.", "contents": "A clinical survey of removable partial dentures. --Analysis of follow-up examinations over a sixteen-year period--. In order to carry out the proper prosthetic treatment, it is necessary to select the method of treatment on the basis of accurate information concerning the prognosis of the prosthetic appliance. The oral structures are particularly proved to change when partial dentures are being used because the structures of the partial dentures are quite complex and they are easily broken. Therefore, in an attempt to analyze the changes that occur in the oral structures and partial dentures after insertion of the partial dentures, we conducted 3 series of follow-up examinations. The author sent out questionnaires and also conducted follow-up examinations of the patients. A summary of the major findings is as follows: 1) The percentage of those patients who came for their follow-up examinations, using metal based dentures, rose sharply over time. There were only 11.99% of the patients using the metal based dentures at the time the first study was conducted, but this rose to 58.13% at the time of the second study and 73.73% at the time of the third study. 2) The proportion of the patients who had anterior partial dentures declined over time from 9.36% at the time of the first study to 8.74% at the time of the second study and finally to 5.61% at the time of the third study. 3) The proportion of the partial dentures that had fractured was 23.15% at the time of the first study and 16.37% at the time of the second study and 16.67% at the time of the third study. 4) There was a striking difference in the fracture frequency of the acrylic resin based partial dentures and that of the metal based partial dentures. The denture bases of the acrylic resin-based partial dentures fractured about four times as often as those of the metal based partial dentures. 5) In all three studies it was found that about 60% of the caries occuring on the abutment tooth occurred on the edentulous proximal side. 6) Changes in the mucous membrane, such as inflammation or development of ulcers, had occurred in 48.86% of the cases at the time of the first study. This proportion declined to approximately 47% at the time of the second and finally to 43% at the time of the third study. 7) In examining the changes in the mobility of the abutment teeth, it was found that in all three studies approximately 20 to 30% of the abutment teeth demonstrated increased mobility, and about 10 to 20% showed decreased mobility while 55 to 65% showed no change.", "PMID": 322885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8609", "title": "Evaluation of the radioimmunoassay for benzoylecgonine (a cocaine metabolite) in human urine.", "content": "The 125I-radioimmunoassay (RIA) for benzylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) in urine was evaluated by comparison with gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT). By RIA, a statistically significant concentration, 2 microng/liter, was observed for urinary benzoylecgonine. The coefficient of variation for the RIA was 2.58+/-0.38% inter-assay and 2.20+/-0.14% intraassay. There was cross-reactivity with cocaine (more reactive than benzoylecgonine) and other members of the tropane family of alkaloids. There was agreement between results by RIA and GLC in 95.5% of the samples, between RIA and TLC in 87.0%, and between RIA and EMIT in 84.5%. The percentage of true false-positives was 3.5% for the RIA in comparison to GLC, 8.8% in comparison to TLC, and 9.1% in comparison to EMIT. True false-negatives were insignificant (0 to 1.0%). GLC and RIA results correlated highly (phi=0.908). GLC, therefore, was the best comparison method for this evaluation study. RIA for benzoylecgonine is sensitive, reproducible, and reliable for the detection of cocaine in urine.", "contents": "Evaluation of the radioimmunoassay for benzoylecgonine (a cocaine metabolite) in human urine. The 125I-radioimmunoassay (RIA) for benzylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) in urine was evaluated by comparison with gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT). By RIA, a statistically significant concentration, 2 microng/liter, was observed for urinary benzoylecgonine. The coefficient of variation for the RIA was 2.58+/-0.38% inter-assay and 2.20+/-0.14% intraassay. There was cross-reactivity with cocaine (more reactive than benzoylecgonine) and other members of the tropane family of alkaloids. There was agreement between results by RIA and GLC in 95.5% of the samples, between RIA and TLC in 87.0%, and between RIA and EMIT in 84.5%. The percentage of true false-positives was 3.5% for the RIA in comparison to GLC, 8.8% in comparison to TLC, and 9.1% in comparison to EMIT. True false-negatives were insignificant (0 to 1.0%). GLC and RIA results correlated highly (phi=0.908). GLC, therefore, was the best comparison method for this evaluation study. RIA for benzoylecgonine is sensitive, reproducible, and reliable for the detection of cocaine in urine.", "PMID": 322891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8610", "title": "Combination shower toilet.", "content": "This paper argues the need for special toilet equipment for some children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus and describes the design of a special shower/toilet for an individual child.", "contents": "Combination shower toilet. This paper argues the need for special toilet equipment for some children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus and describes the design of a special shower/toilet for an individual child.", "PMID": 322886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8611", "title": "Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay is described for measuring hepatitis  B surface antigen in human serum or plasma. Immunologically purified antibody labeled with horseradish peroxidase was used as the indicator. In the assay system, antibody-coated controlled-pore glass is used as a solid support and there are three sequential incubations, totaling 2 h, at room temperature. Results for serially diluted positive and reference sera compare favorably to radioimmunoassay in sensitivity and specificity.", "contents": "Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen. A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay is described for measuring hepatitis  B surface antigen in human serum or plasma. Immunologically purified antibody labeled with horseradish peroxidase was used as the indicator. In the assay system, antibody-coated controlled-pore glass is used as a solid support and there are three sequential incubations, totaling 2 h, at room temperature. Results for serially diluted positive and reference sera compare favorably to radioimmunoassay in sensitivity and specificity.", "PMID": 322892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8612", "title": "Adaptation of the EMIT serum digoxin assay to a mini-disc centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "We have modified the EMIT (Syva) serum digoxin assay for use with a mini-disc centrifugal analyzer. A minicomputer is used to control data acquisition, calculations, and readout for 14 cuvettes simultaneously. Thus, it is not necessary for time each individual assay manually or to plot calibration curves on graph paper. We use incubation times and dilutions similar to those used for the manual procedure, but we have changed the buffer solution, decreased the measurment time, and decreased the required serum volume per assay fivefold. We evaluated day-to-day and within-run precision, using Syva calibrators and control sera. EMIT assay values for radioimmunoassay control sera correlate well with the supplier's stated values.", "contents": "Adaptation of the EMIT serum digoxin assay to a mini-disc centrifugal analyzer. We have modified the EMIT (Syva) serum digoxin assay for use with a mini-disc centrifugal analyzer. A minicomputer is used to control data acquisition, calculations, and readout for 14 cuvettes simultaneously. Thus, it is not necessary for time each individual assay manually or to plot calibration curves on graph paper. We use incubation times and dilutions similar to those used for the manual procedure, but we have changed the buffer solution, decreased the measurment time, and decreased the required serum volume per assay fivefold. We evaluated day-to-day and within-run precision, using Syva calibrators and control sera. EMIT assay values for radioimmunoassay control sera correlate well with the supplier's stated values.", "PMID": 322893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8613", "title": "Reduced 'gonadotrophin response to releasing hormone' after chronic administration to impotent men.", "content": "Ten endocrinologically normal men with secondary sexual impotence were given 500 microng LHRH subcutaneously every 8 h. After 4 weeks treatment the LH response to 500 microng LHRH was reduced from a peak of 35.7+/-5.2 to 16.8+/-3.5 mu/ml (P less than 0.01) and the FSH response from 4.2+/-0.93 to 2.39+/-0.4 mu/ml (P greater than 0.01). Circulating total testosterone, oestradiol, prolactin and sex hormone binding globulin showed no significant changes. Whether this inability of the pituitary to maintain it s response to LHRH is peculiar to impotent men requires further study.", "contents": "Reduced 'gonadotrophin response to releasing hormone' after chronic administration to impotent men. Ten endocrinologically normal men with secondary sexual impotence were given 500 microng LHRH subcutaneously every 8 h. After 4 weeks treatment the LH response to 500 microng LHRH was reduced from a peak of 35.7+/-5.2 to 16.8+/-3.5 mu/ml (P less than 0.01) and the FSH response from 4.2+/-0.93 to 2.39+/-0.4 mu/ml (P greater than 0.01). Circulating total testosterone, oestradiol, prolactin and sex hormone binding globulin showed no significant changes. Whether this inability of the pituitary to maintain it s response to LHRH is peculiar to impotent men requires further study.", "PMID": 322894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8614", "title": "The development of equipment by the RCA.", "content": "This paper describes the continuation of the work of the Royal College of Art team outlined in the preceding paper, and illustrates the development of some standard items of equipment to suit children with spina bifida. The standard items consist of a combined w.c. and shower seat and a height adjustable dressing/treatment bench. A situation in which items have been used is described and future developments are outlined.", "contents": "The development of equipment by the RCA. This paper describes the continuation of the work of the Royal College of Art team outlined in the preceding paper, and illustrates the development of some standard items of equipment to suit children with spina bifida. The standard items consist of a combined w.c. and shower seat and a height adjustable dressing/treatment bench. A situation in which items have been used is described and future developments are outlined.", "PMID": 322887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8615", "title": "Review: battered children, their parents, treatment and prevention.", "content": "This paper reviews the literature on battered children, their parents, management, treatment and prevention. The work suggests that socioeconomic factors are less important than the psychology of the parent, who has often been a battered child himself. Management and treatment of the syndrome in the UK and the USA are indicated. The paper concludes with an outline of the preventive and research projects in the field.", "contents": "Review: battered children, their parents, treatment and prevention. This paper reviews the literature on battered children, their parents, management, treatment and prevention. The work suggests that socioeconomic factors are less important than the psychology of the parent, who has often been a battered child himself. Management and treatment of the syndrome in the UK and the USA are indicated. The paper concludes with an outline of the preventive and research projects in the field.", "PMID": 322888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8616", "title": "The action of thyroid hormone.", "content": "Thyroid hormone affects both developmental and metabolic processes. It has a relatively specific effect on the synthesis of a number of enzymes and other proteins. The fundamental cellular mechanism of action seems to be at the level of genetic regulation. It involves interaction with nuclear receptors, leading to an activation of the protein synthesizing machinery. How binding to receptors is coupled to genetic activation is completely unknown. At least part of the metabolic effects of thyroid hormone could be mediated through an interaction with mitochondria and cell membrane, and with some enzymatic systems such as adenylcyclase.", "contents": "The action of thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone affects both developmental and metabolic processes. It has a relatively specific effect on the synthesis of a number of enzymes and other proteins. The fundamental cellular mechanism of action seems to be at the level of genetic regulation. It involves interaction with nuclear receptors, leading to an activation of the protein synthesizing machinery. How binding to receptors is coupled to genetic activation is completely unknown. At least part of the metabolic effects of thyroid hormone could be mediated through an interaction with mitochondria and cell membrane, and with some enzymatic systems such as adenylcyclase.", "PMID": 322895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8617", "title": "'Hyperacute rejection' due to perfusion injury.", "content": "Two kidneys were harvested from a cadaver donor and subjected to pulsatile perfusion in an identical fashion with a perfusate which was free of cytotoxic antibody. Classical 'hyperacute rejection' occurred in the right kidney when transplanted into a male patient with no previous blood transfusion or transplants, and repeatedly negative tests for cytotoxic antibody. The left kidney was not transplanted and was examined by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy as was the immediately removed, transplanted kidney. Despite the absence of any immunological pathogenetic mechanism in the non-transplanted kidney, virtually identical changes of 'hyperacute rejection' were seen in both kidneys. Thus,even technically satisfactory perfusion may cause a syndrome of 'hyperacute graft failure' secondary to non-immunologically mediated perfusion injury.", "contents": "'Hyperacute rejection' due to perfusion injury. Two kidneys were harvested from a cadaver donor and subjected to pulsatile perfusion in an identical fashion with a perfusate which was free of cytotoxic antibody. Classical 'hyperacute rejection' occurred in the right kidney when transplanted into a male patient with no previous blood transfusion or transplants, and repeatedly negative tests for cytotoxic antibody. The left kidney was not transplanted and was examined by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy as was the immediately removed, transplanted kidney. Despite the absence of any immunological pathogenetic mechanism in the non-transplanted kidney, virtually identical changes of 'hyperacute rejection' were seen in both kidneys. Thus,even technically satisfactory perfusion may cause a syndrome of 'hyperacute graft failure' secondary to non-immunologically mediated perfusion injury.", "PMID": 322899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8618", "title": "Disorders of hypo- and hyperkalemia.", "content": "Hypokalemia or  hyperkalemia may be present as an important feature of a large number of clinical entities. To understand the means by which a hypokalemia or hyperkalemic state may be generated, it is necessary to appreciate those factors which influence the external balance of potassium and the entities which effect its transcellular distribution. In this review the role of the kidney and the gastrointestinal tract in the regulation of the external balance of potassium is briefly discussed. This is followed by a description of the clinical disorders associated with hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.", "contents": "Disorders of hypo- and hyperkalemia. Hypokalemia or  hyperkalemia may be present as an important feature of a large number of clinical entities. To understand the means by which a hypokalemia or hyperkalemic state may be generated, it is necessary to appreciate those factors which influence the external balance of potassium and the entities which effect its transcellular distribution. In this review the role of the kidney and the gastrointestinal tract in the regulation of the external balance of potassium is briefly discussed. This is followed by a description of the clinical disorders associated with hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.", "PMID": 322901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8619", "title": "Oestrogen therapy and the menopausal syndrome.", "content": "Sixty-four patients with severe menopausal symptoms completed a four month double-blind placebo trial with conjugated equine oestrogens (premarin). Using a graphic rating scale system of assessment, a statistically significant improvement with premarin was observed in 12 psychological and symptomatic scores (Table 3). From a comparison between these results and the results of the 20 patients without vasomotor symptoms it would appear that many of these symptomatic improvements result from the relief of hot flushes (i.e. a domino effect). However, the improvement in memory and reduction of anxiety in these 20 patients suggest that oestrogens have a direct tonic effect on the mental state which is independent of vasomotor symptoms. Sixty-one patients with less severe menopausal symptoms completed the second twelve month double-blind placebo trial and, as assessed by graphic rating scales, a significant improvement with premarin was observed in five psychological and symptomatic scores (Table 3). In both the twelve and four month studies the marked placebo effect of \"youthful skin appearance\", and on skin greasiness in the twelve month study, indicate that no reliance can be placed on patient judgement of skin texture and appearance. Despite the lessening of the domino effect there was a slight improvement with premarin over placebo in 15 of the remaining 16 symptoms and it is likely that the cumulative effect of these small improvements results in an overall enhancement of well-being. The relief of atrophic vaginitis by premarin did not result in an improvement in libido and this suggests that the ability and the desire to have sexual intercourse are not related. The strength and duration of the placebo effect were well demonstrated in the three standard psychiatric scoring systems, the Beck score (for depression), the General Health Questionnaire and the Eysenck Personality Index (formula: see text) (for neuroticism). We observed a highly significant placebo effect extending for six months in all three, the improvement with premarin over placebo being non-significant. We must conclude that these tests are not sufficiently sensitive to assess psychological or symptomatic changes in menopausal women and that these changes are best assessed by the graphic rating scales. The number of side-effects and complications was assessed in the 61 patients in the long study. A higher incidence of minor side-effects was observed during premarin therapy; this was most marked in relation to leg cramps but radio-isotope scanning revealed no evidence of leg vein thrombosis in these patients or indeed in any patient in the study. Premarin caused no elevation of systolic or diastolic blood pressure; indeed there was a progressive fall in blood pressure throughout the study with no significant difference between premarin and placebo...", "contents": "Oestrogen therapy and the menopausal syndrome. Sixty-four patients with severe menopausal symptoms completed a four month double-blind placebo trial with conjugated equine oestrogens (premarin). Using a graphic rating scale system of assessment, a statistically significant improvement with premarin was observed in 12 psychological and symptomatic scores (Table 3). From a comparison between these results and the results of the 20 patients without vasomotor symptoms it would appear that many of these symptomatic improvements result from the relief of hot flushes (i.e. a domino effect). However, the improvement in memory and reduction of anxiety in these 20 patients suggest that oestrogens have a direct tonic effect on the mental state which is independent of vasomotor symptoms. Sixty-one patients with less severe menopausal symptoms completed the second twelve month double-blind placebo trial and, as assessed by graphic rating scales, a significant improvement with premarin was observed in five psychological and symptomatic scores (Table 3). In both the twelve and four month studies the marked placebo effect of \"youthful skin appearance\", and on skin greasiness in the twelve month study, indicate that no reliance can be placed on patient judgement of skin texture and appearance. Despite the lessening of the domino effect there was a slight improvement with premarin over placebo in 15 of the remaining 16 symptoms and it is likely that the cumulative effect of these small improvements results in an overall enhancement of well-being. The relief of atrophic vaginitis by premarin did not result in an improvement in libido and this suggests that the ability and the desire to have sexual intercourse are not related. The strength and duration of the placebo effect were well demonstrated in the three standard psychiatric scoring systems, the Beck score (for depression), the General Health Questionnaire and the Eysenck Personality Index (formula: see text) (for neuroticism). We observed a highly significant placebo effect extending for six months in all three, the improvement with premarin over placebo being non-significant. We must conclude that these tests are not sufficiently sensitive to assess psychological or symptomatic changes in menopausal women and that these changes are best assessed by the graphic rating scales. The number of side-effects and complications was assessed in the 61 patients in the long study. A higher incidence of minor side-effects was observed during premarin therapy; this was most marked in relation to leg cramps but radio-isotope scanning revealed no evidence of leg vein thrombosis in these patients or indeed in any patient in the study. Premarin caused no elevation of systolic or diastolic blood pressure; indeed there was a progressive fall in blood pressure throughout the study with no significant difference between premarin and placebo...", "PMID": 322905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8620", "title": "Phemister bone graft for osteonecrosis post renal transplant.", "content": "Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is an unfortunate sequela of renal transplantation. The necessary exogenous steroids are felt to be the cause of the necrosis. The case histories of three patients with bilateral disease are presented. All 6 hips were initially treated with a Phemister bone graft. According to the classification of Marcus, et al., one hip was Stage 3, three hips were Stage 4, and two hips were Stage 5 at the time of grafting. Four of these hips have had minimal further collapse and have been functionally satisfactory for the patients. One femoral head has had marked collapse but is pain free. One femoral head has had marked collapse with pain sufficient to necessitate a total hip replacement. The two heads with marked collapse were both Stage 5 at the time of surgery. The Phemister bone graft is presented as a possible treatment for this problem, especially when the disease is treated before femoral head collapse occurs.", "contents": "Phemister bone graft for osteonecrosis post renal transplant. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is an unfortunate sequela of renal transplantation. The necessary exogenous steroids are felt to be the cause of the necrosis. The case histories of three patients with bilateral disease are presented. All 6 hips were initially treated with a Phemister bone graft. According to the classification of Marcus, et al., one hip was Stage 3, three hips were Stage 4, and two hips were Stage 5 at the time of grafting. Four of these hips have had minimal further collapse and have been functionally satisfactory for the patients. One femoral head has had marked collapse but is pain free. One femoral head has had marked collapse with pain sufficient to necessitate a total hip replacement. The two heads with marked collapse were both Stage 5 at the time of surgery. The Phemister bone graft is presented as a possible treatment for this problem, especially when the disease is treated before femoral head collapse occurs.", "PMID": 322902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8621", "title": "Iliac crest reconstruction following full-thickness graft: a preliminary note.", "content": "Pain, pressure areas and even visceral herniation may accompany taking large full-thickness iliac crest grafts. Reconstruction of the defect with a rib graft was performed in 8 cases. These patients had little pain in the donor site, could be rolled on that side comfortably and completely incorporated the rib graft in twelve weeks radiographically.", "contents": "Iliac crest reconstruction following full-thickness graft: a preliminary note. Pain, pressure areas and even visceral herniation may accompany taking large full-thickness iliac crest grafts. Reconstruction of the defect with a rib graft was performed in 8 cases. These patients had little pain in the donor site, could be rolled on that side comfortably and completely incorporated the rib graft in twelve weeks radiographically.", "PMID": 322903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8622", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of digoxin.", "content": "About 70 to 80% of an oral dose of digoxin is absorbed, mainly in the proximal part of the small intestine. The  degree of binding to serum albumin is 20 to 30%. Digoxin is extensively distributed in the tissues, as reflected by the large volume of distribution. High concentrations are found in the heart and kidneys, but the skeletal muscles form the largest digoxin storage. The half-life of elimination in healthy persons varies between 26 and 45 hours. The main route of elimination is renal excretion of digoxin, which is closely correlated with the glomerular filtration rate. In addition, some tubular secretion and perhaps tubular reabsorption occurs. Nearly all of the digoxin in the urine is excreted unchanged, with a small part as active metabolites. The clinical significance of dihydrodigoxin as a metabolite remains to be resolved. About 25 to 28% of digoxin is eliminated by nonrenal routes. Biliary excretion may rise up to 30% of a given dose, but the enterohepatic cycle seems to be of minor importance. The pharmacodynamic effects of digoxin, including toxic symptoms, are correlated with the uptake of digoxin in the heart after a single dose and with the steady state serum digoxin concentration during maintenance therapy. Impaired kidney function is the most important condition with an influence on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. In addition to the renal clearance of creatinine, the biovailability of the digoxin formulation used, the volume of distribution, the amount of extrarenal clearance, body weight and serum albumin concentration, are other factors which may modify the serum level of digoxin. Certain drug interactions may also occur during the absorptive phase. Exact prediction of serum digoxin concentrations by various dosage calculations has not succeeded. Since many factors may influence the sensitivity of the myocardium to digoxin, measurement of serum digoxin levels in only one, but a useful criterion, when making clinical decisions about adjustment of digoxin dosage.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of digoxin. About 70 to 80% of an oral dose of digoxin is absorbed, mainly in the proximal part of the small intestine. The  degree of binding to serum albumin is 20 to 30%. Digoxin is extensively distributed in the tissues, as reflected by the large volume of distribution. High concentrations are found in the heart and kidneys, but the skeletal muscles form the largest digoxin storage. The half-life of elimination in healthy persons varies between 26 and 45 hours. The main route of elimination is renal excretion of digoxin, which is closely correlated with the glomerular filtration rate. In addition, some tubular secretion and perhaps tubular reabsorption occurs. Nearly all of the digoxin in the urine is excreted unchanged, with a small part as active metabolites. The clinical significance of dihydrodigoxin as a metabolite remains to be resolved. About 25 to 28% of digoxin is eliminated by nonrenal routes. Biliary excretion may rise up to 30% of a given dose, but the enterohepatic cycle seems to be of minor importance. The pharmacodynamic effects of digoxin, including toxic symptoms, are correlated with the uptake of digoxin in the heart after a single dose and with the steady state serum digoxin concentration during maintenance therapy. Impaired kidney function is the most important condition with an influence on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. In addition to the renal clearance of creatinine, the biovailability of the digoxin formulation used, the volume of distribution, the amount of extrarenal clearance, body weight and serum albumin concentration, are other factors which may modify the serum level of digoxin. Certain drug interactions may also occur during the absorptive phase. Exact prediction of serum digoxin concentrations by various dosage calculations has not succeeded. Since many factors may influence the sensitivity of the myocardium to digoxin, measurement of serum digoxin levels in only one, but a useful criterion, when making clinical decisions about adjustment of digoxin dosage.", "PMID": 322907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8623", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of digoxin in infants.", "content": "Based on clinical experience, infants with congestive heart failure are given larger doses of digoxin than adults, whether calculated on the basis of body weight or surface area. The reasons for this difference in dosage are not clear. The myocardium of the infants might be more resistant to the effects of digoxin than that of adults, and/or differences might exist between infants and adults concerning the absorption, distribution and elimination of the glycoside. Infants have been found to absorb digoxin in solution at the same rate and to the same extent as adults. The relative distribution of the glycoside to different tissues is also similar in the two age-groups. However, the binding of digoxin to several tissues seems to be more extensive in infants than in adults. In agreement with this, the apparent volume of distribution of the glycoside is larger in infants than in adults. As no enhanced urinary excretion has been found in infants there might be a non-renal elimination of the glycoside. With most prevailing dose schedules for digoxin, serum concentrations higher than those considered optimum for adults are often obtained in infants. It is known that infants tolerate higher serum digoxin concentrations than adults without developing signs of toxicity. However, it is not known whether such high concentrations are necessary for obtaining an  adequate inotropic effect on the myocardium of the infants. If the relation between serum concentration and effect is the same in infants and adults, the loading (digitalising) dose generally given to infants is unnecessarily high.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of digoxin in infants. Based on clinical experience, infants with congestive heart failure are given larger doses of digoxin than adults, whether calculated on the basis of body weight or surface area. The reasons for this difference in dosage are not clear. The myocardium of the infants might be more resistant to the effects of digoxin than that of adults, and/or differences might exist between infants and adults concerning the absorption, distribution and elimination of the glycoside. Infants have been found to absorb digoxin in solution at the same rate and to the same extent as adults. The relative distribution of the glycoside to different tissues is also similar in the two age-groups. However, the binding of digoxin to several tissues seems to be more extensive in infants than in adults. In agreement with this, the apparent volume of distribution of the glycoside is larger in infants than in adults. As no enhanced urinary excretion has been found in infants there might be a non-renal elimination of the glycoside. With most prevailing dose schedules for digoxin, serum concentrations higher than those considered optimum for adults are often obtained in infants. It is known that infants tolerate higher serum digoxin concentrations than adults without developing signs of toxicity. However, it is not known whether such high concentrations are necessary for obtaining an  adequate inotropic effect on the myocardium of the infants. If the relation between serum concentration and effect is the same in infants and adults, the loading (digitalising) dose generally given to infants is unnecessarily high.", "PMID": 322908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8624", "title": "Protein binding and kinetics of drugs in liver diseases.", "content": "Although the liver is the major site for drug biotransformation, the effect of hepatic dysfunction on drug disposition has not been consistent or predictable. Most early studies of drug kinetics in liver disease measured only half-life. Only in the past few years has it been realised that liver diseases can affect drug absorption, hepatic metabolism, tissue distribution, and protein binding, which complicate interpretation of any change, or lack of change in drug half-life. Furthermore, it is now apparent that the efficiency with which a drug is metabolised by the liver, the extent of binding to blood constituents, and the aetiology and stage of the hepatic disorder are each important in determining whether significant alterations in drug disposition will occur. A pharmacokinetic perfusion model which takes into account many of the above factors has been proposed, and appears to be useful for predicting changes in the disposition of rapidly metabolised compounds. Nevertheless, the state of knowledge about those factors which limit the rate of metabolism of individual drugs or classes of drugs in inadequate, and no general  model or guidelines which are useful clinically have been developed. Patients with hepatic disorders may show increases or decreases in sensitivity independent of alterations in drug disposition. The clinician caring for such patients must be cautious about the use of any drugs, and rely heavily on careful patient observation to determine efficacy or toxicity.", "contents": "Protein binding and kinetics of drugs in liver diseases. Although the liver is the major site for drug biotransformation, the effect of hepatic dysfunction on drug disposition has not been consistent or predictable. Most early studies of drug kinetics in liver disease measured only half-life. Only in the past few years has it been realised that liver diseases can affect drug absorption, hepatic metabolism, tissue distribution, and protein binding, which complicate interpretation of any change, or lack of change in drug half-life. Furthermore, it is now apparent that the efficiency with which a drug is metabolised by the liver, the extent of binding to blood constituents, and the aetiology and stage of the hepatic disorder are each important in determining whether significant alterations in drug disposition will occur. A pharmacokinetic perfusion model which takes into account many of the above factors has been proposed, and appears to be useful for predicting changes in the disposition of rapidly metabolised compounds. Nevertheless, the state of knowledge about those factors which limit the rate of metabolism of individual drugs or classes of drugs in inadequate, and no general  model or guidelines which are useful clinically have been developed. Patients with hepatic disorders may show increases or decreases in sensitivity independent of alterations in drug disposition. The clinician caring for such patients must be cautious about the use of any drugs, and rely heavily on careful patient observation to determine efficacy or toxicity.", "PMID": 322909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8625", "title": "Neurological evaluation of the newborn.", "content": "The neurological examination is an integral part of the evaluation of the newborn infant. In too many instances the infant is dismissed from the nursery as 'normal' when,in fact, little or no effort has been expended to determine the body's neurological status. The neurological deficits overlooked often do not become overt until a much later age. Early detection can prevent the mental anguish that plagues the parents who must be told that their 'normal' infant has significant neurological problems. In some instances early diagnosis may lead to a better ultimate prognosis. We have presented a simple scheme for the neurological evaluation of the full-term infant and hope that it will be useful in encouraging pediatricians to assess neurological status.", "contents": "Neurological evaluation of the newborn. The neurological examination is an integral part of the evaluation of the newborn infant. In too many instances the infant is dismissed from the nursery as 'normal' when,in fact, little or no effort has been expended to determine the body's neurological status. The neurological deficits overlooked often do not become overt until a much later age. Early detection can prevent the mental anguish that plagues the parents who must be told that their 'normal' infant has significant neurological problems. In some instances early diagnosis may lead to a better ultimate prognosis. We have presented a simple scheme for the neurological evaluation of the full-term infant and hope that it will be useful in encouraging pediatricians to assess neurological status.", "PMID": 322916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8626", "title": "Drug absorption in gastrointestinal disease with particular reference to malabsorption syndromes.", "content": "There is a considerable range in the dose of many drugs that is required to produce a given pharmacological effect in an individual patient. This individual variation in dose requirement is sometimes reflected in the wide scatter in the steady state plasma concentration that follows the same oral dose of a drug given to any group of subjects. Such individual differences are largely due to variation in the rate of elimination of drugs. Gastrointestinal disease may also alter oral dose requirements by producing variation in both the amount and rate of drug absorption. These changes may be reflected in the plasma concentration/time curve that follows an oral dose. The amount of drug abosorbed is simultaneously affected by many factors. These include the physicochemical properties of the drug and the physiological factors that operate within the gut, as well as the presence of other substances such as food, or interaction with other drugs in the gut. The availability of the drug within the intestinal lumen is largely governed by its dissolution characteristics, particularly  factors which can interfere with dissolution of the drug product in the gut. Physiological  factors within the gut that affect oral drug absorption include gastric emptying rate and intestinal motility, the pH of the gastrointestinal fluids, the activity of gastrointestinal drug metabolising enzymes (e.g. monoamine oxidase and dopa decarboxylase) or drug metabolising bacteria and the surface area of the gut. Many factors affect gastric emptying. These include disease, surgery and other drugs. A change in the rate of gastric emptying alters the rate of drug delivery from the stomach to the duodenum and upper small intestine. This may profoundly alter the plasma concentration/time curve that follows oral administration of many drugs. For some drugs, proximal jejunal disease may reduce, delay or increase the apparent amount of drug absorbed. Reduced absorption of an antibiotic leads to a fall in the peak plasma concentration. If the peak falls below the minimum inhibitory concentration for a particular organism then therapeutic failure may occur, if it is assumed that the peak plasma concentration is all important for antimicrobial activity. Excessive drug absorption may lead to drug toxicity. Abnormal drug absorption is a feature of lower small intestinal conditions such as Crohn's disease. This suggests that drug absorption is not confined to the jejunum but continues throughout the small intestine. It is not always possible to predict the pattern of drug malabsorption from a knowledge of the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the drug and the pathophysiology of the disease. The rate and amount of drug absorbed be one patient may differ from that in another patient with the same condtion. Although these differences reflect normal individual variation, they are also related to the extent and activity of disease at the time of study...", "contents": "Drug absorption in gastrointestinal disease with particular reference to malabsorption syndromes. There is a considerable range in the dose of many drugs that is required to produce a given pharmacological effect in an individual patient. This individual variation in dose requirement is sometimes reflected in the wide scatter in the steady state plasma concentration that follows the same oral dose of a drug given to any group of subjects. Such individual differences are largely due to variation in the rate of elimination of drugs. Gastrointestinal disease may also alter oral dose requirements by producing variation in both the amount and rate of drug absorption. These changes may be reflected in the plasma concentration/time curve that follows an oral dose. The amount of drug abosorbed is simultaneously affected by many factors. These include the physicochemical properties of the drug and the physiological factors that operate within the gut, as well as the presence of other substances such as food, or interaction with other drugs in the gut. The availability of the drug within the intestinal lumen is largely governed by its dissolution characteristics, particularly  factors which can interfere with dissolution of the drug product in the gut. Physiological  factors within the gut that affect oral drug absorption include gastric emptying rate and intestinal motility, the pH of the gastrointestinal fluids, the activity of gastrointestinal drug metabolising enzymes (e.g. monoamine oxidase and dopa decarboxylase) or drug metabolising bacteria and the surface area of the gut. Many factors affect gastric emptying. These include disease, surgery and other drugs. A change in the rate of gastric emptying alters the rate of drug delivery from the stomach to the duodenum and upper small intestine. This may profoundly alter the plasma concentration/time curve that follows oral administration of many drugs. For some drugs, proximal jejunal disease may reduce, delay or increase the apparent amount of drug absorbed. Reduced absorption of an antibiotic leads to a fall in the peak plasma concentration. If the peak falls below the minimum inhibitory concentration for a particular organism then therapeutic failure may occur, if it is assumed that the peak plasma concentration is all important for antimicrobial activity. Excessive drug absorption may lead to drug toxicity. Abnormal drug absorption is a feature of lower small intestinal conditions such as Crohn's disease. This suggests that drug absorption is not confined to the jejunum but continues throughout the small intestine. It is not always possible to predict the pattern of drug malabsorption from a knowledge of the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the drug and the pathophysiology of the disease. The rate and amount of drug absorbed be one patient may differ from that in another patient with the same condtion. Although these differences reflect normal individual variation, they are also related to the extent and activity of disease at the time of study...", "PMID": 322910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8627", "title": "Free-living volunteer's motivations and attitudes toward pharmacologic studies in man.", "content": "Two groups of volunteers who had participated in pharmacologic studies were interviewed about their impressions of such studies. One group was from a university community, the other from the pharmaceutical industry. The differences between the two groups were correlated with their respective backgrounds. Both groups had favorable impressions about drug studies and investigators. Most were satisfied with the information given them about the nature and risks of the studies, but some believed that a written description of the study that they could consult at home would improve their understanding of the information. Financial reward was the primary reason given by both groups for volunteering, but the perceived risk of the study was the ultimate deciding factor. The volunteers disliked having their mobility restricted and for this reason might not be willing to participate in long-term studies, such as those formerly carried out in prisons. Alternative sources of volunteers for long-term studies will have to be found.", "contents": "Free-living volunteer's motivations and attitudes toward pharmacologic studies in man. Two groups of volunteers who had participated in pharmacologic studies were interviewed about their impressions of such studies. One group was from a university community, the other from the pharmaceutical industry. The differences between the two groups were correlated with their respective backgrounds. Both groups had favorable impressions about drug studies and investigators. Most were satisfied with the information given them about the nature and risks of the studies, but some believed that a written description of the study that they could consult at home would improve their understanding of the information. Financial reward was the primary reason given by both groups for volunteering, but the perceived risk of the study was the ultimate deciding factor. The volunteers disliked having their mobility restricted and for this reason might not be willing to participate in long-term studies, such as those formerly carried out in prisons. Alternative sources of volunteers for long-term studies will have to be found.", "PMID": 322920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8628", "title": "Clinical and cardiovascular effects of alpha methyldopa in combination with decarboxylase inhibitors.", "content": "The peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa, given (100 mg/day) for 6 wk in a double-blind trial, lowered supine diastolic pressure of 10 patients with essential hypertension treated with alpha methyldopa by a small (6 mm Hg) but significant (p less than 0.05) amount. Large doses of benserazide (1.5 gm) did not modify the hypotensive effect of 1.0 gm of alpha methyldopa in untreated hypertension but significantly reduced the central nervous side effects of sedation and dry mouth. These studies indicate that extensive peripheral decarboxylation is not necessary for alpha methyldopa to lower blood pressure and would be compatible with the central nervous site of hypotensive action of this drug.", "contents": "Clinical and cardiovascular effects of alpha methyldopa in combination with decarboxylase inhibitors. The peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa, given (100 mg/day) for 6 wk in a double-blind trial, lowered supine diastolic pressure of 10 patients with essential hypertension treated with alpha methyldopa by a small (6 mm Hg) but significant (p less than 0.05) amount. Large doses of benserazide (1.5 gm) did not modify the hypotensive effect of 1.0 gm of alpha methyldopa in untreated hypertension but significantly reduced the central nervous side effects of sedation and dry mouth. These studies indicate that extensive peripheral decarboxylation is not necessary for alpha methyldopa to lower blood pressure and would be compatible with the central nervous site of hypotensive action of this drug.", "PMID": 322921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8629", "title": "Dose-ranging trial of N-acetylprocainamide in patients with premature ventricular contractions.", "content": "Ten patients with chronic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) received short-term oral therapy with N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) to determine its antiarrhythmic efficacy and side effects under the conditions of a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. NAPA was effective in suppressing PVCs in 8 patients but caused a paradoxical increase in PVC frequency in one. Results were equivocal in the remaining patient because PVCs did not recur when NAPA therapy was withdrawn. Mean NAPA plasma levels as high as 41.1 microng/ml did not have untoward hypotensive or myocardial depressant effects, as judged by electrocardiographic and systolic time intervals. There was, in fact, a consistent reduction in PEP/LVET ratio, indicating that NAPA increases the force of myocardial contraction. The mean NAPA elimination half-life of 10.9 hr was longer than the 6.2 hr half-life reported for normal subjects, but its prolongation was predictably correlated with reductions in creatinine clearance. Gastrointestinal side effects experienced by 3 patients and insomnia noted by 2 patients are similar to known adverse reactions to procainamide.", "contents": "Dose-ranging trial of N-acetylprocainamide in patients with premature ventricular contractions. Ten patients with chronic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) received short-term oral therapy with N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) to determine its antiarrhythmic efficacy and side effects under the conditions of a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. NAPA was effective in suppressing PVCs in 8 patients but caused a paradoxical increase in PVC frequency in one. Results were equivocal in the remaining patient because PVCs did not recur when NAPA therapy was withdrawn. Mean NAPA plasma levels as high as 41.1 microng/ml did not have untoward hypotensive or myocardial depressant effects, as judged by electrocardiographic and systolic time intervals. There was, in fact, a consistent reduction in PEP/LVET ratio, indicating that NAPA increases the force of myocardial contraction. The mean NAPA elimination half-life of 10.9 hr was longer than the 6.2 hr half-life reported for normal subjects, but its prolongation was predictably correlated with reductions in creatinine clearance. Gastrointestinal side effects experienced by 3 patients and insomnia noted by 2 patients are similar to known adverse reactions to procainamide.", "PMID": 322922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8630", "title": "Once-a-day pindolol in hypertension.", "content": "The possibility of using pindolol on a once-a-day schedule was investigated in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. Eighteen patients whose blood pressure responded satisfactorily to thrice-daily administration has a similar response to the single daily dose (p greater than 0.05). The advantages of once-daily pindolol therapy as well as some of the biochemical changes produced by the drug are commented upon.", "contents": "Once-a-day pindolol in hypertension. The possibility of using pindolol on a once-a-day schedule was investigated in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. Eighteen patients whose blood pressure responded satisfactorily to thrice-daily administration has a similar response to the single daily dose (p greater than 0.05). The advantages of once-daily pindolol therapy as well as some of the biochemical changes produced by the drug are commented upon.", "PMID": 322923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8631", "title": "Management of soft tissue injury.", "content": "The fate of a surgical wound is held in a delicate balance between the host's resistance to infection and the causal factors of infection. Considerable insight into this relationship between the host and pathogen can be gained from the results of quantitative bacteriologic measurements. Newer rapid slide techniques have been developed which provide the surgeon with this information within 20 minutes. In most soft tissue injuries, the wound bacterial count gives an accurate prediction of subsequent infection. Wounds combining greater than 10(5) bacteria per gram of tissue are destined to develop infection. When the bacterial count is below that level, the wounds will usually heal per primam without infection. This large number of bacteria required to elicit infection reflects the remarkable ability of soft tissues to resist infection. This state of high resistance to infection can be reduced by several factors which include circulatory embarrassment, tissue injury, dead space, and the presence of foreign bodies (dirt, sutures, drains, etc.). When treating soft tissue injuries, the surgeon must employ specific therapeutic modalities that allow the wound to heal per primam without infection. On the basis of experimental studies supported by clinical experience, the following treatment protocol for soft tissue injuries is recommended. Using strict aseptic technique, the wound must be first anesthetized with 1 per cent Xylocaine to permit painless sound cleansing. All wounds should be subjected to high pressure syringe irrigation to remove bacteria, foreign bodies, and blood clots. When necessary, debridement of all devitalized tissue should be performed with a stainless steel scalpel. Many wounds caused by sharp wounding agents contain no foreign bodies and few bacteria and exhibit considerable resistance to infection. In these wounds, primary closure can be initiated after irrigation without the development of infection. Wounds resulting from impact forces have a diminished resistance to infection and are susceptible to infection by low level of bacterial contamination. Immediate antibiotic treatment of patients with impact injuries subjected to meticulous debridement and cleansing will permit a safe primary closure. In wounds contacted by pus or feces, open wound management followed by delayed primary closure is usually indicated. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is also recommended for patients with such wounds. Ideal postoperative care of all traumatic wounds includes a surgical dressing and immobilization and elevation of the site of injury.", "contents": "Management of soft tissue injury. The fate of a surgical wound is held in a delicate balance between the host's resistance to infection and the causal factors of infection. Considerable insight into this relationship between the host and pathogen can be gained from the results of quantitative bacteriologic measurements. Newer rapid slide techniques have been developed which provide the surgeon with this information within 20 minutes. In most soft tissue injuries, the wound bacterial count gives an accurate prediction of subsequent infection. Wounds combining greater than 10(5) bacteria per gram of tissue are destined to develop infection. When the bacterial count is below that level, the wounds will usually heal per primam without infection. This large number of bacteria required to elicit infection reflects the remarkable ability of soft tissues to resist infection. This state of high resistance to infection can be reduced by several factors which include circulatory embarrassment, tissue injury, dead space, and the presence of foreign bodies (dirt, sutures, drains, etc.). When treating soft tissue injuries, the surgeon must employ specific therapeutic modalities that allow the wound to heal per primam without infection. On the basis of experimental studies supported by clinical experience, the following treatment protocol for soft tissue injuries is recommended. Using strict aseptic technique, the wound must be first anesthetized with 1 per cent Xylocaine to permit painless sound cleansing. All wounds should be subjected to high pressure syringe irrigation to remove bacteria, foreign bodies, and blood clots. When necessary, debridement of all devitalized tissue should be performed with a stainless steel scalpel. Many wounds caused by sharp wounding agents contain no foreign bodies and few bacteria and exhibit considerable resistance to infection. In these wounds, primary closure can be initiated after irrigation without the development of infection. Wounds resulting from impact forces have a diminished resistance to infection and are susceptible to infection by low level of bacterial contamination. Immediate antibiotic treatment of patients with impact injuries subjected to meticulous debridement and cleansing will permit a safe primary closure. In wounds contacted by pus or feces, open wound management followed by delayed primary closure is usually indicated. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is also recommended for patients with such wounds. Ideal postoperative care of all traumatic wounds includes a surgical dressing and immobilization and elevation of the site of injury.", "PMID": 322925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8632", "title": "Veterinary toxicology: the epidemiology of poisonings in domestic animals.", "content": "Animals are constantly exposed to a wide variety of foreign chemicals, many of which are potentially toxic and some of which result in the clinical poisonings. Pesticides are applied on or around animals for the control of insects and rodents. These chemicals may be placed in areas without regard for accessibility to household pets and domestic livestock. Insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are routinely and haphazardly applied to animal and  environmental surfaces alike with apparent disregard for differences in absorptive capability. Fortunately, newer herbicides and fungicides are relatively nonhazardous. Drugs are considered to have therapeutic effects, but the lay and professional person's disregard for species differences and variations in recommended dosages can result in poisonings. Adverse reactions may be misnomers for errors in judgment. Failure to provide satisfactory storage facilities for animal feeds and the improper preservation and handling of feedstuffs allow the growth and development of a variety of mycotoxins. Ignorance on the part of animal owners and livestockmen can result in a number of unusual and sometimes fatal clinical syndromes. The dependence of domestic animals and livestock upon their owners for the total environment makes these animals extremely susceptible to environmental pollutants. Exposure to noxious gases, irritating and hazardous industrial materials and wastes, water contaminants, and casually discarded compounds of our own use can and frequently do result in animal illnesses and death. Persons responsible for animals may be unaware of the potential hazard or lack good judgment in the use of these chemicals. Forceful and continuing education for the safe and sensible use of all foreign compounds on and around domestic animals and livestock is needed. Persons handling and applying these materials must recognize their responsibility, not only to themselves but also to their neighbors and the animals in their care.", "contents": "Veterinary toxicology: the epidemiology of poisonings in domestic animals. Animals are constantly exposed to a wide variety of foreign chemicals, many of which are potentially toxic and some of which result in the clinical poisonings. Pesticides are applied on or around animals for the control of insects and rodents. These chemicals may be placed in areas without regard for accessibility to household pets and domestic livestock. Insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are routinely and haphazardly applied to animal and  environmental surfaces alike with apparent disregard for differences in absorptive capability. Fortunately, newer herbicides and fungicides are relatively nonhazardous. Drugs are considered to have therapeutic effects, but the lay and professional person's disregard for species differences and variations in recommended dosages can result in poisonings. Adverse reactions may be misnomers for errors in judgment. Failure to provide satisfactory storage facilities for animal feeds and the improper preservation and handling of feedstuffs allow the growth and development of a variety of mycotoxins. Ignorance on the part of animal owners and livestockmen can result in a number of unusual and sometimes fatal clinical syndromes. The dependence of domestic animals and livestock upon their owners for the total environment makes these animals extremely susceptible to environmental pollutants. Exposure to noxious gases, irritating and hazardous industrial materials and wastes, water contaminants, and casually discarded compounds of our own use can and frequently do result in animal illnesses and death. Persons responsible for animals may be unaware of the potential hazard or lack good judgment in the use of these chemicals. Forceful and continuing education for the safe and sensible use of all foreign compounds on and around domestic animals and livestock is needed. Persons handling and applying these materials must recognize their responsibility, not only to themselves but also to their neighbors and the animals in their care.", "PMID": 322932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8633", "title": "Laboratory support of drug abuse control programs: an overview.", "content": "Labeling an individual a drug abuser has serious sociologic and legal implications that only laboratory testing can effectively allay. A proper specimen (both qualitatively and quantitatively) must be obtained for analysis. Positive identification of specimen with subject is of paramount importance. The problems of specimen substitution--other people's urine, tap water, apple juice--directly impinge here, as does the possibility of drug degradation by heat, light, and microbial attack and of drug adsorption by the container and urinary sediment. Confirmation of postives indicated by screening tests (thin layer chromatography and immunoassays) by gas chromatography and/or ultraviolet spectrophotometry is, in most situations, mandatory. An effective quality control program is an absolute requirement. Even under ideal circumstances, laboratory results can sometimes wrongly indicate the abuse of drugs; and conversely, drug abuse can take place without detection by the laboratory. As in any clinical situation, laboratory tests are only a part (albeit an important one) of the entire evaluation of the individual involved.", "contents": "Laboratory support of drug abuse control programs: an overview. Labeling an individual a drug abuser has serious sociologic and legal implications that only laboratory testing can effectively allay. A proper specimen (both qualitatively and quantitatively) must be obtained for analysis. Positive identification of specimen with subject is of paramount importance. The problems of specimen substitution--other people's urine, tap water, apple juice--directly impinge here, as does the possibility of drug degradation by heat, light, and microbial attack and of drug adsorption by the container and urinary sediment. Confirmation of postives indicated by screening tests (thin layer chromatography and immunoassays) by gas chromatography and/or ultraviolet spectrophotometry is, in most situations, mandatory. An effective quality control program is an absolute requirement. Even under ideal circumstances, laboratory results can sometimes wrongly indicate the abuse of drugs; and conversely, drug abuse can take place without detection by the laboratory. As in any clinical situation, laboratory tests are only a part (albeit an important one) of the entire evaluation of the individual involved.", "PMID": 322933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8634", "title": "Drugs and children: methods for therapeutic monitoring.", "content": "In this era of polypharmacy, the incidence of adverse reactions due to drug therapy has increased alarmingly since the precise effects on the metabolism of a drug given in combination with other drugs can never be predicted with certainty. Inadequate therapy due to insufficient medication or to factors which diminish absorption or enhance metabolism may be equally undesirable. The consequences to patients in terms of increased morbidity and financial cost of prolonged hospitalization may be considerable. For pediatric patients, particularly in the newborn period, these hazards may be much more dangerous. There is a need for more investigation into the validity of procedures in current use for the determination of drug levels in biologic fluids and into the interpretation of the values they produce. In addition clinical chemists and clinical pharmacologists are faced with the challenge of defining those drugs for which blood level information would be advantageous and developing rapid, sensitive, and accurate assays which can be performed by the routine clinical laboratory. The day may be not too far away when a major proportion of the workload of the clinical laboratory consists of assays primarily designed as an aid to therapy rather than diagnosis.", "contents": "Drugs and children: methods for therapeutic monitoring. In this era of polypharmacy, the incidence of adverse reactions due to drug therapy has increased alarmingly since the precise effects on the metabolism of a drug given in combination with other drugs can never be predicted with certainty. Inadequate therapy due to insufficient medication or to factors which diminish absorption or enhance metabolism may be equally undesirable. The consequences to patients in terms of increased morbidity and financial cost of prolonged hospitalization may be considerable. For pediatric patients, particularly in the newborn period, these hazards may be much more dangerous. There is a need for more investigation into the validity of procedures in current use for the determination of drug levels in biologic fluids and into the interpretation of the values they produce. In addition clinical chemists and clinical pharmacologists are faced with the challenge of defining those drugs for which blood level information would be advantageous and developing rapid, sensitive, and accurate assays which can be performed by the routine clinical laboratory. The day may be not too far away when a major proportion of the workload of the clinical laboratory consists of assays primarily designed as an aid to therapy rather than diagnosis.", "PMID": 322935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8635", "title": "Hypertensive changes in experimental nephritis combined with experimental hypertension.", "content": "The role of hypertension in chronic glomerulonephritis was studied in rats with experimental hypertension and nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Nephrotoxic serum nephritis accelerated the hypertensive course of Godblatt's type of experimental hypertension both in the acute and chronic phases. Malignant hypertension was found to be caused in some rats by the nephrotoxic serum injection in the chronic phase of experimental hypertension. Nephrotoxic serum nephritis was more protracted in SHR than in control rats. These results suggest that hypertensive changes might aggravate glomerulitis, and that nephritic processes also facilitate the hypertensive changes.", "contents": "Hypertensive changes in experimental nephritis combined with experimental hypertension. The role of hypertension in chronic glomerulonephritis was studied in rats with experimental hypertension and nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Nephrotoxic serum nephritis accelerated the hypertensive course of Godblatt's type of experimental hypertension both in the acute and chronic phases. Malignant hypertension was found to be caused in some rats by the nephrotoxic serum injection in the chronic phase of experimental hypertension. Nephrotoxic serum nephritis was more protracted in SHR than in control rats. These results suggest that hypertensive changes might aggravate glomerulitis, and that nephritic processes also facilitate the hypertensive changes.", "PMID": 322944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8636", "title": "On the age-associated presence of immunoglobulin and complement in the renal glomeruli of mice.", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies revealed the age-associated presence of mouse IgG, with or without beta1 C in renal glomeruli of various strains of laboratory mice. These were classified into two types: (1) IgG demonstrated without beta1 C and the fluorescence of which was easily decreased by prewashing with PBS. (2) IgG demonstrated almost always with beta1 C and the fluorescence of which remained unchanged by prewashing with PBS. The deposition of immunoglobulin seems to be closely connected with the immune state of animals including the phagocytic function of the mesangium.", "contents": "On the age-associated presence of immunoglobulin and complement in the renal glomeruli of mice. Immunofluorescence studies revealed the age-associated presence of mouse IgG, with or without beta1 C in renal glomeruli of various strains of laboratory mice. These were classified into two types: (1) IgG demonstrated without beta1 C and the fluorescence of which was easily decreased by prewashing with PBS. (2) IgG demonstrated almost always with beta1 C and the fluorescence of which remained unchanged by prewashing with PBS. The deposition of immunoglobulin seems to be closely connected with the immune state of animals including the phagocytic function of the mesangium.", "PMID": 322945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8637", "title": "Swimming and the skin.", "content": "Most skin diseases associated with swimming are relatively minor and either heal spontaneously or respond quickly to treatment. Exceptions are those diseases made worse by sunlight such as lupus erythematosus, skin cancer, or prematurely aged skin. With the use of better sunscreens in the future, that problem will be solved.", "contents": "Swimming and the skin. Most skin diseases associated with swimming are relatively minor and either heal spontaneously or respond quickly to treatment. Exceptions are those diseases made worse by sunlight such as lupus erythematosus, skin cancer, or prematurely aged skin. With the use of better sunscreens in the future, that problem will be solved.", "PMID": 322958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8638", "title": "\"Swimmers' itch\" (cercarial dermatitis).", "content": "Cercarial dermatitis is a parasitic disease affecting the skin. It may be encountered in fresh or salt water and is global in its distribution. It is a potential economic hazard to persons who work in aquatic environments and to the tourist industry. Cercarial dermatitis should be considered a potential risk whenever warm-blooded and molluscan hosts share a water resource with man. It is characteristically a self-limited, severely itching rash that lasts about one week and may be easily mistaken for insect bites. Prevention of the disease is difficult. Treatment is primarily directed toward relief of symptoms and prevention of infection.", "contents": "\"Swimmers' itch\" (cercarial dermatitis). Cercarial dermatitis is a parasitic disease affecting the skin. It may be encountered in fresh or salt water and is global in its distribution. It is a potential economic hazard to persons who work in aquatic environments and to the tourist industry. Cercarial dermatitis should be considered a potential risk whenever warm-blooded and molluscan hosts share a water resource with man. It is characteristically a self-limited, severely itching rash that lasts about one week and may be easily mistaken for insect bites. Prevention of the disease is difficult. Treatment is primarily directed toward relief of symptoms and prevention of infection.", "PMID": 322960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8639", "title": "Safety of hot and cold liquids in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Patients with acute myocardial infarction are frequently not fed hot and cold liquids because of possible deleterious effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac rhythm. In an attempt to identify and quantify such changes, hot liquid with a temperature in excess of 70 degrees C and cold liquid at an average temperature of 7 degree C were ingested by 20 patients within 36 hours of documented myocardial infarction and by 11 control patients with severe anginal episodes or chest wall syndromes. Heart rate and rhythm were continuously monitored during ingestion of the hot and cold liquids, and blood pressure was recorded intermittently. No patient in either group had a change in cardiac rhythm or an increase in ectopy during ingestion of the hot and cold liquids. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate were also not significant during liquid ingestion by patients with infarction and control patients. The practice of avoiding ingestion of hot and cold liquids by patients with acute myocardial infarction is not supported by these observations.", "contents": "Safety of hot and cold liquids in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients with acute myocardial infarction are frequently not fed hot and cold liquids because of possible deleterious effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac rhythm. In an attempt to identify and quantify such changes, hot liquid with a temperature in excess of 70 degrees C and cold liquid at an average temperature of 7 degree C were ingested by 20 patients within 36 hours of documented myocardial infarction and by 11 control patients with severe anginal episodes or chest wall syndromes. Heart rate and rhythm were continuously monitored during ingestion of the hot and cold liquids, and blood pressure was recorded intermittently. No patient in either group had a change in cardiac rhythm or an increase in ectopy during ingestion of the hot and cold liquids. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate were also not significant during liquid ingestion by patients with infarction and control patients. The practice of avoiding ingestion of hot and cold liquids by patients with acute myocardial infarction is not supported by these observations.", "PMID": 322966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8640", "title": "Fatal air embolism to the right side of the heart during pneumonectomy for carcinoma. Result of broncho-azygous vein communication and positive-pressure ventilation.", "content": "A 59-year-old white man had an extensive bronchogenic carcinoma of the right upper lobe. During the course of pneumonectomy, the patient died unexpectedly. At autopsy, massive right-sided air embolism was evident, associated with broncho-azygous vein communication. The cause of the air embolism and subsequent death was almost certainly related to positive-pressure ventilation, allowing entry of air into the systemic venous system through the broncho-azygous vein communication. Because of the clinical implications of this problem, the case is reported, and suggestions for management are offered.", "contents": "Fatal air embolism to the right side of the heart during pneumonectomy for carcinoma. Result of broncho-azygous vein communication and positive-pressure ventilation. A 59-year-old white man had an extensive bronchogenic carcinoma of the right upper lobe. During the course of pneumonectomy, the patient died unexpectedly. At autopsy, massive right-sided air embolism was evident, associated with broncho-azygous vein communication. The cause of the air embolism and subsequent death was almost certainly related to positive-pressure ventilation, allowing entry of air into the systemic venous system through the broncho-azygous vein communication. Because of the clinical implications of this problem, the case is reported, and suggestions for management are offered.", "PMID": 322967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8641", "title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis presenting with respiratory failure. Diaphragmatic paralysis and dependence on mechanical ventilation in two patients.", "content": "Described are two patients whose initial symptom was acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Initially, the cause of the respiratory failure in each patient was obscure, but diaphragmatic paralysis was subsequently demonstrated fluoroscopically in each case. Further neurologic evaluation then supported the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Postmortem examination corroborated this diagnosis.", "contents": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis presenting with respiratory failure. Diaphragmatic paralysis and dependence on mechanical ventilation in two patients. Described are two patients whose initial symptom was acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Initially, the cause of the respiratory failure in each patient was obscure, but diaphragmatic paralysis was subsequently demonstrated fluoroscopically in each case. Further neurologic evaluation then supported the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Postmortem examination corroborated this diagnosis.", "PMID": 322968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8642", "title": "Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies on the synaptonemal complex of rat spermatocytes.", "content": "The effects of several dehydration treatments on the synaptonemal complex (SC), histone solubility in 2.0 M NaCl, and histone-DNA interaction in unfixed rat spermatocytes were evaluated. Freeze substitution with ethanol or dehydration with polyethylene glygol resulted in loss of the SC, preservation of histone solubility and DNA-histone salt linkages. Dehydration with ethylene gylcol or hexylene glycol resulted in preservation of SC with a clear delineation of attachment of the chromatin fibrils to the lateral elements, but a loss of histone solubility and histone-DNA linkages. Dehydration to a fifty percent concentration with glycerol with completion of dehydration with ethylene glycol had the same effect but also resulted in an even distribution of chromatin fibrils. Dehydration with glycerol alone resulted in clumping of chromatin and loss of SC structure, histone solubility and histone-DNA linkages. Partial dehydration to a fifty percent concentration with these three solvents followed by freeze substitution with ethanol resulted in the loss of SC structure and histone solubility but the preservation of histone-DNA linkages. It is likely that these nonaqueous solvents affected the histone hydrophobic groups and thereby altered histone conformation and interactions. These alterations, depending on the treatment used, resulted in the loss or preservation of SC, histone solubility and histone-DNA interactions thereby indicating that the hydrophobic interactions of the histones are crucial for the preservation of these feature of meiotic chromosomes. These results also demonstrate that neither does the preservation of the histone-DNA salt linkages suffice for the preservation of the SC nor does their disruption necessarily result in its loss. The lysine-rich histones, particularly that one unique to meiotic cells, may through their interactions play a crucial role in SC structure.", "contents": "Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies on the synaptonemal complex of rat spermatocytes. The effects of several dehydration treatments on the synaptonemal complex (SC), histone solubility in 2.0 M NaCl, and histone-DNA interaction in unfixed rat spermatocytes were evaluated. Freeze substitution with ethanol or dehydration with polyethylene glygol resulted in loss of the SC, preservation of histone solubility and DNA-histone salt linkages. Dehydration with ethylene gylcol or hexylene glycol resulted in preservation of SC with a clear delineation of attachment of the chromatin fibrils to the lateral elements, but a loss of histone solubility and histone-DNA linkages. Dehydration to a fifty percent concentration with glycerol with completion of dehydration with ethylene glycol had the same effect but also resulted in an even distribution of chromatin fibrils. Dehydration with glycerol alone resulted in clumping of chromatin and loss of SC structure, histone solubility and histone-DNA linkages. Partial dehydration to a fifty percent concentration with these three solvents followed by freeze substitution with ethanol resulted in the loss of SC structure and histone solubility but the preservation of histone-DNA linkages. It is likely that these nonaqueous solvents affected the histone hydrophobic groups and thereby altered histone conformation and interactions. These alterations, depending on the treatment used, resulted in the loss or preservation of SC, histone solubility and histone-DNA interactions thereby indicating that the hydrophobic interactions of the histones are crucial for the preservation of these feature of meiotic chromosomes. These results also demonstrate that neither does the preservation of the histone-DNA salt linkages suffice for the preservation of the SC nor does their disruption necessarily result in its loss. The lysine-rich histones, particularly that one unique to meiotic cells, may through their interactions play a crucial role in SC structure.", "PMID": 322969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8643", "title": "Localization of tubulin in the mitotic apparatus of mammalian cells by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "Antitubulin antibody was used as an immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic probe to localize tubulin in components of the mitotic apparatus of rat kangaroo (strain PtK1) cells in vitro. In addition to the detection of tubulin in the spindle microtubules and centrioles, other structures were found to display specific staining including kinetochores, amorphous pericentriolar material and small virus-like particles associated with the centrioles. The kinetochores consisted of a densely stained outer layer about 400 A thick which is separated from an inner layer of the same dimension by a lightly staining middle layer. Microtubules were primarily associated with the outermost plate of the kinetochore but tubulin was uniformly distributed in both outer and inner plates. Colcemid treatment prevented the assembly of spindle microtubules and resulted in specific alterations of the kinetochore but failed to diminish the staining of the kinetochores. These observations suggest that tubulin molecules may comprise an important structural component of the kinetochore.", "contents": "Localization of tubulin in the mitotic apparatus of mammalian cells by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Antitubulin antibody was used as an immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic probe to localize tubulin in components of the mitotic apparatus of rat kangaroo (strain PtK1) cells in vitro. In addition to the detection of tubulin in the spindle microtubules and centrioles, other structures were found to display specific staining including kinetochores, amorphous pericentriolar material and small virus-like particles associated with the centrioles. The kinetochores consisted of a densely stained outer layer about 400 A thick which is separated from an inner layer of the same dimension by a lightly staining middle layer. Microtubules were primarily associated with the outermost plate of the kinetochore but tubulin was uniformly distributed in both outer and inner plates. Colcemid treatment prevented the assembly of spindle microtubules and resulted in specific alterations of the kinetochore but failed to diminish the staining of the kinetochores. These observations suggest that tubulin molecules may comprise an important structural component of the kinetochore.", "PMID": 322970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8644", "title": "[Raynaud's phenomenon in dialysed patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In 158 uraemic patients on haemodialysis complaints resembling Raynaud's disease were observed more frequently (85 patients = 54%) than in an equal number of age and sex matched control persons (10 probands = 6%). The complaints were also registered in the arm without the fistula. Triggering causes were exposure to cold or isometric muscular exercise. The complaints were slightly more frequent in women and occurred in 28% prior to dialysis in the terminal stage of renal insufficiency. They were improved only in a minority of those treated with haemodialysis, however they disappeared after successful renal transplantation. Veno-occlusive plethysmographic investigations showed that in asympatomatic patients the resting perfusion at room temperature, the perfusion in reactive hyperaemia, and perfusion at 0 degrees C were not different from control persons. Patients with Raynaud's phenomenon had on average a diminished resting perfusion and a normal perfusion after reactive hyperaemia. The perfusion at 0 degrees C was lower than in asymptomatic patients but still higher than in patients with Raynaud's disease. Increased cooling of the skin and delayed rewarming were objectively measured by using skin temperatures. There was not correlation between the complaints or perfusion values and the vibration threshold.", "contents": "[Raynaud's phenomenon in dialysed patients (author's transl)]. In 158 uraemic patients on haemodialysis complaints resembling Raynaud's disease were observed more frequently (85 patients = 54%) than in an equal number of age and sex matched control persons (10 probands = 6%). The complaints were also registered in the arm without the fistula. Triggering causes were exposure to cold or isometric muscular exercise. The complaints were slightly more frequent in women and occurred in 28% prior to dialysis in the terminal stage of renal insufficiency. They were improved only in a minority of those treated with haemodialysis, however they disappeared after successful renal transplantation. Veno-occlusive plethysmographic investigations showed that in asympatomatic patients the resting perfusion at room temperature, the perfusion in reactive hyperaemia, and perfusion at 0 degrees C were not different from control persons. Patients with Raynaud's phenomenon had on average a diminished resting perfusion and a normal perfusion after reactive hyperaemia. The perfusion at 0 degrees C was lower than in asymptomatic patients but still higher than in patients with Raynaud's disease. Increased cooling of the skin and delayed rewarming were objectively measured by using skin temperatures. There was not correlation between the complaints or perfusion values and the vibration threshold.", "PMID": 322981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8645", "title": "Incorporation of 14C-amino acids into rat hypothalamus in vitro.", "content": "Biosynthesis of peptides in vitro in male rat hypothalamic fragments wasinvestigated by incubating the tissue with 14C-labelled leucine, proline and glycine. Depending on the amino acid used, 4 or 6 labelled peptides were extracted from the tissue fragments with organic solvent mixture. The incorporation of the label into peptides was time dependent. LH-RH and oxytocin thus synthesized were identified by thin layer chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis using cold LH-RH and oxytocin as standards.", "contents": "Incorporation of 14C-amino acids into rat hypothalamus in vitro. Biosynthesis of peptides in vitro in male rat hypothalamic fragments wasinvestigated by incubating the tissue with 14C-labelled leucine, proline and glycine. Depending on the amino acid used, 4 or 6 labelled peptides were extracted from the tissue fragments with organic solvent mixture. The incorporation of the label into peptides was time dependent. LH-RH and oxytocin thus synthesized were identified by thin layer chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis using cold LH-RH and oxytocin as standards.", "PMID": 322995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8646", "title": "Changes of LH and FSH levels in plasma after intaventricular administration of LH-RH.", "content": "The possibility of influencing the pituitary through the cerebral ventricle was examined. Synthetic LH-RH was introduced into the third ventricle of male and female rats and after 4 and 8 minutes, the plasma LH and FSH levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Both in the male female rats, the LH levels were elevated, but FSH levels remained unchanged. The results show that, after intraventricular LH-RH administration, the LH level can be elevated within a few minutes. It is presumed that the non responsiveness of FSH level after LH-RH may support the view on a separate control of release of each of both hormones.", "contents": "Changes of LH and FSH levels in plasma after intaventricular administration of LH-RH. The possibility of influencing the pituitary through the cerebral ventricle was examined. Synthetic LH-RH was introduced into the third ventricle of male and female rats and after 4 and 8 minutes, the plasma LH and FSH levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Both in the male female rats, the LH levels were elevated, but FSH levels remained unchanged. The results show that, after intraventricular LH-RH administration, the LH level can be elevated within a few minutes. It is presumed that the non responsiveness of FSH level after LH-RH may support the view on a separate control of release of each of both hormones.", "PMID": 322996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8647", "title": "A daily neural signal for luteinizing hormone release in the untreated ovariectomized rat: changes in gonadotropin-releasing hormone content of the preoptic area and hypothalamus throughout the day.", "content": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) content of preoptic areas (POA) and hypothalami, and serum gonadotropins of rats ovariectomized six weeks earlier were measured throughout the day in two experiments. In the first, rats were decapitated at 2 h intervals between 0800 and 1800 h. The entire preoptic-hypothalamic region was removed and extracted for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of GnRH. Serum gonadotropins measured by RIA were highly variable but mean concentrations were not significantly different throughout the day. However, preoptic hypothalamic content of GnRH declined markedly between 1000 and 1200 h. In the second experiment, 75 rats were divided into three groups and were untreated or were implanted sc with empty Silastic capsules or capsules containing estradiol-17beta (E2). Two days later, groups of five rats from each of the three treatment groups were decapitated at 0800, 1100, 1400, 1700 and 2000 h. The preoptic area was separated from the hypothalamus by a transverse cut at the caudal aspect of the optic chiasm. POA and hypothalamic content of GnRH correlated well (r=0.74, P less than 0.001, n=75). Two-way analysis of variance failed to reveal any effect of treatment on the GnRH content in either the POA or hypothalamus. GnRH content of both regions decreased significantly between 1100 and 1700h regardless of whether E2 was administered. In striking contrast, gonadotropin surges occurred in the late afternoon only in the E2-treated rats. Serum GnRH was undetectable (less than 5 pg/ml) in all groups of animals. These experiments demonstrate that in the untreated ovariectomized rat GnRH content of the POA and hypothalamus decreases during the early afternoon. This study supports the concent of a daily neural signal for LH release and that E2 is necessary for expression of the daily LH surge in the ovariectomized rat.", "contents": "A daily neural signal for luteinizing hormone release in the untreated ovariectomized rat: changes in gonadotropin-releasing hormone content of the preoptic area and hypothalamus throughout the day. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) content of preoptic areas (POA) and hypothalami, and serum gonadotropins of rats ovariectomized six weeks earlier were measured throughout the day in two experiments. In the first, rats were decapitated at 2 h intervals between 0800 and 1800 h. The entire preoptic-hypothalamic region was removed and extracted for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of GnRH. Serum gonadotropins measured by RIA were highly variable but mean concentrations were not significantly different throughout the day. However, preoptic hypothalamic content of GnRH declined markedly between 1000 and 1200 h. In the second experiment, 75 rats were divided into three groups and were untreated or were implanted sc with empty Silastic capsules or capsules containing estradiol-17beta (E2). Two days later, groups of five rats from each of the three treatment groups were decapitated at 0800, 1100, 1400, 1700 and 2000 h. The preoptic area was separated from the hypothalamus by a transverse cut at the caudal aspect of the optic chiasm. POA and hypothalamic content of GnRH correlated well (r=0.74, P less than 0.001, n=75). Two-way analysis of variance failed to reveal any effect of treatment on the GnRH content in either the POA or hypothalamus. GnRH content of both regions decreased significantly between 1100 and 1700h regardless of whether E2 was administered. In striking contrast, gonadotropin surges occurred in the late afternoon only in the E2-treated rats. Serum GnRH was undetectable (less than 5 pg/ml) in all groups of animals. These experiments demonstrate that in the untreated ovariectomized rat GnRH content of the POA and hypothalamus decreases during the early afternoon. This study supports the concent of a daily neural signal for LH release and that E2 is necessary for expression of the daily LH surge in the ovariectomized rat.", "PMID": 322997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8648", "title": "Blockade of LH release and ovulation in the rabbit with inhibitory analogues of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.", "content": "Plasma LH levels and ovulation were studied in female rabbits following administration of several inhibitory analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) before and after mating with experienced males. Administration of (D-Phe2, D-Leu6)-LHRH (1.5 mg/kg sc) to does 30 min before mating did not prevent either LH release or ovulation. However, a single sc injection of (D-Phe2, L-Phe3, D-Phe6y-LHRH (6 mg/kg) given 30 min before mating in 4 rabbits resulted in a 30-60 min delay in the coitus-induced release of LH when compared with post-coital changes in the same animals injected with vehicle; however, all of the does ovulated. When multiple dosages of 4 mg/kg (D-Phe2, L-Phe3, D-Phe6)-LHRH were administered 3-5 times at half-hourly intervals beginning 30 min prior to mating there was a considerable reduction in plasma LH elevations at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 h after mating and 3/5 treated rabbits showed partial or complete blockade of ovulation. Quite similar results were obtained with the same dosage of (D-Phe2, D-Trp3, D-Phe6)-LHRH. An early sharp peak in LH release and full ovulation were stimulated in 6 out of 6 does by a single iv injection of synthetic LHRH (500 ng/kg). However, in another experiment, three half-hourly sc injections (4 mg/kg) of (D-Phe2, L-Phe3, D-Phe6)-LHRH beginning 30 min before administering LHRH markedly reduced the rise in plasma LH (P less than 0.01) and completely blocked ovulation in all of the same 6 animals. An unsuccessful attempt was made to provide a test animal for LHRH analogue investigations by implanting 4 cm of silastic tubing filled with crystalline estradiol (E2) sc in ovariectomized (OVX) AND INTACT DOES. In OVX does the silastic E2 implants resulted in a progressive decline in the ability to release LH in response to mating at 6 and at 20 days after implantation. With ovaries present, the E2 implant permitted post-coital LH release and ovulation at 4 d but not at 30 d post-implantation. At 30 d after removal of the E2 implant three out of four does had fully recovered the ability to release LH and ovulate post-coitally. Collectively, these results indicate that inhibitory analogues of LHRH can effectively block the ovulatory response to exogenous LHRH in rabbits, but that coitally-induced LH release and ovulation are less susceptible to blockade by the analogues. Silastic E2 implants, however, progressively and reversibly reduce the capacity of does to release LH after mating.", "contents": "Blockade of LH release and ovulation in the rabbit with inhibitory analogues of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Plasma LH levels and ovulation were studied in female rabbits following administration of several inhibitory analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) before and after mating with experienced males. Administration of (D-Phe2, D-Leu6)-LHRH (1.5 mg/kg sc) to does 30 min before mating did not prevent either LH release or ovulation. However, a single sc injection of (D-Phe2, L-Phe3, D-Phe6y-LHRH (6 mg/kg) given 30 min before mating in 4 rabbits resulted in a 30-60 min delay in the coitus-induced release of LH when compared with post-coital changes in the same animals injected with vehicle; however, all of the does ovulated. When multiple dosages of 4 mg/kg (D-Phe2, L-Phe3, D-Phe6)-LHRH were administered 3-5 times at half-hourly intervals beginning 30 min prior to mating there was a considerable reduction in plasma LH elevations at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 h after mating and 3/5 treated rabbits showed partial or complete blockade of ovulation. Quite similar results were obtained with the same dosage of (D-Phe2, D-Trp3, D-Phe6)-LHRH. An early sharp peak in LH release and full ovulation were stimulated in 6 out of 6 does by a single iv injection of synthetic LHRH (500 ng/kg). However, in another experiment, three half-hourly sc injections (4 mg/kg) of (D-Phe2, L-Phe3, D-Phe6)-LHRH beginning 30 min before administering LHRH markedly reduced the rise in plasma LH (P less than 0.01) and completely blocked ovulation in all of the same 6 animals. An unsuccessful attempt was made to provide a test animal for LHRH analogue investigations by implanting 4 cm of silastic tubing filled with crystalline estradiol (E2) sc in ovariectomized (OVX) AND INTACT DOES. In OVX does the silastic E2 implants resulted in a progressive decline in the ability to release LH in response to mating at 6 and at 20 days after implantation. With ovaries present, the E2 implant permitted post-coital LH release and ovulation at 4 d but not at 30 d post-implantation. At 30 d after removal of the E2 implant three out of four does had fully recovered the ability to release LH and ovulate post-coitally. Collectively, these results indicate that inhibitory analogues of LHRH can effectively block the ovulatory response to exogenous LHRH in rabbits, but that coitally-induced LH release and ovulation are less susceptible to blockade by the analogues. Silastic E2 implants, however, progressively and reversibly reduce the capacity of does to release LH after mating.", "PMID": 322998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8649", "title": "Release of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) from isolated, perifused medial-basal hypothalamus by melatonin.", "content": "Basal release of Gn-RH from perifused medial-basal hypothalami of rats was at or below levels detectable by radioimmunoassay. Infusion of norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine or serotonin (0.1-10 mM) as 10-20 min pulses was not associated with a detectable increase of Gn-RH in the effluent. However, 10-20 min pulses of melatonin (0.1-1.0 mM) consistently caused release of Gn-RH.", "contents": "Release of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) from isolated, perifused medial-basal hypothalamus by melatonin. Basal release of Gn-RH from perifused medial-basal hypothalami of rats was at or below levels detectable by radioimmunoassay. Infusion of norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine or serotonin (0.1-10 mM) as 10-20 min pulses was not associated with a detectable increase of Gn-RH in the effluent. However, 10-20 min pulses of melatonin (0.1-1.0 mM) consistently caused release of Gn-RH.", "PMID": 322999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8650", "title": "Successful cultivation of isolated islets of Langerhans without attachment: relationship between Glucose- and theophylline-induced insulin release and insulin content in rats islets after cultivation.", "content": "The effect of various inhibitors of insulin secretion such as mannoheptulose (20 mM), atropine (1 mM), diphenylhydantoin (20 microng/ml), high concentration of Mg++ (5.3 mM) in the presence of 20 mM glucose (control) on insulin content and secretion from collagenase-isolated rat pancreatic islets was studied in vitro by cultivation of islets up to 5 or 9 days in glass Petri dishes without attachment. In a following short-term incubation for 60 min the glucose-induced insulin release without and with theophylline (5 mM) was investigated. Islets cultivated at 5 mM glucose and at 20 mM glucose with the inhibitors mannoheptulose or atropine lost the responsiveness to glucose and theophylline whereas such islets cultivated at 20 mM glucose alone or with diphenylhydantoin (DPH) or 5.3 mg Mg++ showed a stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose and theophylline. Compared, however, with freshly isolated islets all cultivated islets were restricted in their maximal glucose response and this defect was not evoked alone by quantitative changes in islet insulin content. Nevertheless, culture conditions which facilitate a net increase of insulin (content and release) during cultivation influenced also positively the glucose-induced insulin release without and with 5 mM theophylline in the following short-term experiments.", "contents": "Successful cultivation of isolated islets of Langerhans without attachment: relationship between Glucose- and theophylline-induced insulin release and insulin content in rats islets after cultivation. The effect of various inhibitors of insulin secretion such as mannoheptulose (20 mM), atropine (1 mM), diphenylhydantoin (20 microng/ml), high concentration of Mg++ (5.3 mM) in the presence of 20 mM glucose (control) on insulin content and secretion from collagenase-isolated rat pancreatic islets was studied in vitro by cultivation of islets up to 5 or 9 days in glass Petri dishes without attachment. In a following short-term incubation for 60 min the glucose-induced insulin release without and with theophylline (5 mM) was investigated. Islets cultivated at 5 mM glucose and at 20 mM glucose with the inhibitors mannoheptulose or atropine lost the responsiveness to glucose and theophylline whereas such islets cultivated at 20 mM glucose alone or with diphenylhydantoin (DPH) or 5.3 mg Mg++ showed a stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose and theophylline. Compared, however, with freshly isolated islets all cultivated islets were restricted in their maximal glucose response and this defect was not evoked alone by quantitative changes in islet insulin content. Nevertheless, culture conditions which facilitate a net increase of insulin (content and release) during cultivation influenced also positively the glucose-induced insulin release without and with 5 mM theophylline in the following short-term experiments.", "PMID": 323000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8651", "title": "The ribitol-phosphate-containing lipopolysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis, strain D52. Investigations on the structure of O-specific chains.", "content": "A soluble hydrophilic lipopolysaccharide, termed lipopolysaccharide II, isolated from Proteus mirabilis, strain D52 contained N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, galactose, ribitol phosphate and ethanolamine phosphate as constituents of the O-specific polysaccharide. Periodate oxidation studies were carried out on the polymer before and after dephosphorylation with hydrofluoric acid and on oligosaccharides derived from the polymer by partial acid hydrolysis. The results obtained indicate that the polysaccharide chain consists of the chemical repeating unit Gal-1,3(4)-GlcNAc-1,3-Glc-1,3-GlcNAc-, where GlcNAc stands for N-acetylglucosamine. Whereas the galactose residue is substituted at C-3 by ribitol phosphate, the glucose is substituted by ethanolamine phosphate at C-6.", "contents": "The ribitol-phosphate-containing lipopolysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis, strain D52. Investigations on the structure of O-specific chains. A soluble hydrophilic lipopolysaccharide, termed lipopolysaccharide II, isolated from Proteus mirabilis, strain D52 contained N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, galactose, ribitol phosphate and ethanolamine phosphate as constituents of the O-specific polysaccharide. Periodate oxidation studies were carried out on the polymer before and after dephosphorylation with hydrofluoric acid and on oligosaccharides derived from the polymer by partial acid hydrolysis. The results obtained indicate that the polysaccharide chain consists of the chemical repeating unit Gal-1,3(4)-GlcNAc-1,3-Glc-1,3-GlcNAc-, where GlcNAc stands for N-acetylglucosamine. Whereas the galactose residue is substituted at C-3 by ribitol phosphate, the glucose is substituted by ethanolamine phosphate at C-6.", "PMID": 323005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8652", "title": "Physical training in man. Skeletal muscle metabolism in relation to muscle morphology and running ability.", "content": "The metabolic and morphologic adaptation to physical training in skeletal muscle tissue of eleven middle-aged, physically untrained men was studied. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before, after 8 weeks and after 6 months of physical training for analysis of metabolic and morphologic variables. Glucose tolerance test indicated increased insulin sensitivity after 6 months of physical training. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase, hexokinase and glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase were increased but other enzymes involved in glycogen turnover and glycolysis were unchanged after 6 months of physical traning. The activities of citrate synthase and cytochrome-c-oxidase, representing the oxidative capacity were significantly increased already after 8 weeks of physical training. The incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2 and triglycerides increased, and the incorporation rate of leucine-carbon into CO2 decreased with 6 months of physical training. The fiber diameter of both Type 1- and Type 2-fibers increased, while the mitochondrial volume increased predominantly in Type 2-fibers. Significant correlations were found between metabolic, physiologic and morphologic variables before and after physical training. The results indicate an increased oxidative capacity, mainly located to Type 2-fibers, and an increased utilization of fatty acids in response to this type of physical training.", "contents": "Physical training in man. Skeletal muscle metabolism in relation to muscle morphology and running ability. The metabolic and morphologic adaptation to physical training in skeletal muscle tissue of eleven middle-aged, physically untrained men was studied. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before, after 8 weeks and after 6 months of physical training for analysis of metabolic and morphologic variables. Glucose tolerance test indicated increased insulin sensitivity after 6 months of physical training. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase, hexokinase and glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase were increased but other enzymes involved in glycogen turnover and glycolysis were unchanged after 6 months of physical traning. The activities of citrate synthase and cytochrome-c-oxidase, representing the oxidative capacity were significantly increased already after 8 weeks of physical training. The incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2 and triglycerides increased, and the incorporation rate of leucine-carbon into CO2 decreased with 6 months of physical training. The fiber diameter of both Type 1- and Type 2-fibers increased, while the mitochondrial volume increased predominantly in Type 2-fibers. Significant correlations were found between metabolic, physiologic and morphologic variables before and after physical training. The results indicate an increased oxidative capacity, mainly located to Type 2-fibers, and an increased utilization of fatty acids in response to this type of physical training.", "PMID": 323004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8653", "title": "Studies of the interaction between aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and transfer ribonucleic acid by equilibrium partition.", "content": "The partition behavior of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, leucyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNA in aqueous two-phase systems composed of the polymers poly(ethyleneglycol) and dextran was investigated. From the results of this investigation a two-phase system could be derived which can be employed for the study of the interactions between synthetases and their cognate tRNAs by equilibrium partition. These measurements show that in each case one molecule of cognate tRNA is bound per molecule of enzyme. The binding constants were in the range 1-5micronM-1. It could be demonstrated that equilibrium partition is a useful method for the study of interactions between macromolecules.", "contents": "Studies of the interaction between aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and transfer ribonucleic acid by equilibrium partition. The partition behavior of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, leucyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNA in aqueous two-phase systems composed of the polymers poly(ethyleneglycol) and dextran was investigated. From the results of this investigation a two-phase system could be derived which can be employed for the study of the interactions between synthetases and their cognate tRNAs by equilibrium partition. These measurements show that in each case one molecule of cognate tRNA is bound per molecule of enzyme. The binding constants were in the range 1-5micronM-1. It could be demonstrated that equilibrium partition is a useful method for the study of interactions between macromolecules.", "PMID": 323006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8654", "title": "Interacting binding sites of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli studied by equilibrium partition.", "content": "The binding of tRNAIIe to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase in the presence of isoleucine or ATP was investigated using the equilibrium partition method. Isoleucine decreased the affinity of tRNAIIe for the enzyme by a factor of about 5. For the free standard energy of interaction a value of about 1 kcal/mol (4.2 kJ/mol) was calculated. ATP exhibits qualitatively the same effect as isoleucine. A binding of two molecules isoleucine per molecule of enzyme could not be demonstrated even in the presence of ATP and pyrophosphatase.", "contents": "Interacting binding sites of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli studied by equilibrium partition. The binding of tRNAIIe to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase in the presence of isoleucine or ATP was investigated using the equilibrium partition method. Isoleucine decreased the affinity of tRNAIIe for the enzyme by a factor of about 5. For the free standard energy of interaction a value of about 1 kcal/mol (4.2 kJ/mol) was calculated. ATP exhibits qualitatively the same effect as isoleucine. A binding of two molecules isoleucine per molecule of enzyme could not be demonstrated even in the presence of ATP and pyrophosphatase.", "PMID": 323007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8655", "title": "A nuclear elongation factor of transcription from Physarum polycephalum in vitro.", "content": "Homogenates of Physarum plasmodia contain a factor which stimulates UMP incorporation on native DNA by solubilized homologous RNA polymerases in vitro. The factor is a heat-sensitive protein and has been located in nuclei. It does not alter the template activity of DNA nor the initiation frequency of transcription. The factor interacts with free or bound RNA polymerase molecules (only 37 degrees C and at low ionic strength) and yields larger transcripts in vitro. The level of the factor in vitro fluctuates: it is gradually reduced during spherulation and reaches its maximum in mid S phase of the cell cycle of Physarum.", "contents": "A nuclear elongation factor of transcription from Physarum polycephalum in vitro. Homogenates of Physarum plasmodia contain a factor which stimulates UMP incorporation on native DNA by solubilized homologous RNA polymerases in vitro. The factor is a heat-sensitive protein and has been located in nuclei. It does not alter the template activity of DNA nor the initiation frequency of transcription. The factor interacts with free or bound RNA polymerase molecules (only 37 degrees C and at low ionic strength) and yields larger transcripts in vitro. The level of the factor in vitro fluctuates: it is gradually reduced during spherulation and reaches its maximum in mid S phase of the cell cycle of Physarum.", "PMID": 323008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8656", "title": "Lipopeptidophosphoglycan from Trypanosoma cruzi. Amide and ester-linked fatty acids.", "content": "Lipopeptidophosphoglycan, extracted from whole cells of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, has now been shown to contain 12.6% of fatty acids in addition to the previously identified content of neutral sugars (60%), glucosamine (0.8%), peptide (9.5%) and acid-hydrolyzable phosphate (2%). The main fatty acids are palmitic (6.9%) and lignoceric (4.6%) acids. Stearic (0.55%), oleic (0.15%) and myristic (0.18%) acids were also found. One third of the fatty acids are bound in the lipopeptidophosphoglycan as esters (14 mmol%) and two thirds as amides (28 mmol%). Lignoceric acid was found to be bound only as amide. Two ninhydrin-positive compounds, obtained by chloroform extraction of a total acid hydrolysate of the lipopeptidophosphoglycan, were tentatively identified as sphingosine bases.", "contents": "Lipopeptidophosphoglycan from Trypanosoma cruzi. Amide and ester-linked fatty acids. Lipopeptidophosphoglycan, extracted from whole cells of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, has now been shown to contain 12.6% of fatty acids in addition to the previously identified content of neutral sugars (60%), glucosamine (0.8%), peptide (9.5%) and acid-hydrolyzable phosphate (2%). The main fatty acids are palmitic (6.9%) and lignoceric (4.6%) acids. Stearic (0.55%), oleic (0.15%) and myristic (0.18%) acids were also found. One third of the fatty acids are bound in the lipopeptidophosphoglycan as esters (14 mmol%) and two thirds as amides (28 mmol%). Lignoceric acid was found to be bound only as amide. Two ninhydrin-positive compounds, obtained by chloroform extraction of a total acid hydrolysate of the lipopeptidophosphoglycan, were tentatively identified as sphingosine bases.", "PMID": 323009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8657", "title": "Aminopeptidase N from Escherichia coli. Unusual interactions with the cell surface.", "content": "The subcellular localization of aminopeptidase N (previously called aminoendopeptidase) has been investigated. This enzyme was found to be partially released (30-40%) by osmotic shock or by converting Escherichia coli K10 cells to spheroplasts. However, in all other E. coli strains (K12, B/r, MRE 600, ML 308) tested, this enzyme is not released at all by these procedures and thus behaves like a cytoplasmic enzyme. The crypticity of aminopeptidase N is surprisingly low, 75-85% of the enzyme activity is directly assayable in intact cells of any E. coli strain. Various inhibitors of transport systems do not interfer with this assay. Aminopeptidase activity could also be assayed in spheroplasts, even when an insolubilized substrate was used, which suggests a surface location of this enzyme. As well, N-ethylmaleimide (0.4 mM), under conditions which do not allow penetration in the cytoplasm, caused 70% inhibition of aminopeptidase N. Binding of 125I-labeled antiaminopeptidase N antibody to spheroplasts (from K12 strain) was used to assay the orientation of aminopeptidase N in the membrane. This enzyme is exposed on the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. Confirmation of this orientation was obtained by comparing the accessibility of aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and beta-galactosidase to fluorescamine in intact cells. Only 16% of the total beta-galactosidase was labeled with this fluorescent reagent whereas 44-45% of the aminopeptidase N and 59% of the alkaline phosphatase were labeled. Electron microscopic visualization of insolubilized reaction products of aminopeptidase N within the cells showed that these products are located at the poles of the cells. Neither mutant cells which were devoid of aminopeptidase N activity nor parental strains with the enzyme activity inhibited with phenylmercuric chloride contained the characteristic black caps. Thus, it appears that the periplasm is enlarged at the poles of the cells and that the reaction product is mainly located in these places. Investigation of the type of interactions of aminopeptidase N with the plasma membrane only revealed that aminopeptidase N has mainly an electrostatic interaction with the outer surface, probably mediated by magnesium ion bridges. Additional interactions are involved since disruption of the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane is required to totally release this enzyme.", "contents": "Aminopeptidase N from Escherichia coli. Unusual interactions with the cell surface. The subcellular localization of aminopeptidase N (previously called aminoendopeptidase) has been investigated. This enzyme was found to be partially released (30-40%) by osmotic shock or by converting Escherichia coli K10 cells to spheroplasts. However, in all other E. coli strains (K12, B/r, MRE 600, ML 308) tested, this enzyme is not released at all by these procedures and thus behaves like a cytoplasmic enzyme. The crypticity of aminopeptidase N is surprisingly low, 75-85% of the enzyme activity is directly assayable in intact cells of any E. coli strain. Various inhibitors of transport systems do not interfer with this assay. Aminopeptidase activity could also be assayed in spheroplasts, even when an insolubilized substrate was used, which suggests a surface location of this enzyme. As well, N-ethylmaleimide (0.4 mM), under conditions which do not allow penetration in the cytoplasm, caused 70% inhibition of aminopeptidase N. Binding of 125I-labeled antiaminopeptidase N antibody to spheroplasts (from K12 strain) was used to assay the orientation of aminopeptidase N in the membrane. This enzyme is exposed on the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. Confirmation of this orientation was obtained by comparing the accessibility of aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and beta-galactosidase to fluorescamine in intact cells. Only 16% of the total beta-galactosidase was labeled with this fluorescent reagent whereas 44-45% of the aminopeptidase N and 59% of the alkaline phosphatase were labeled. Electron microscopic visualization of insolubilized reaction products of aminopeptidase N within the cells showed that these products are located at the poles of the cells. Neither mutant cells which were devoid of aminopeptidase N activity nor parental strains with the enzyme activity inhibited with phenylmercuric chloride contained the characteristic black caps. Thus, it appears that the periplasm is enlarged at the poles of the cells and that the reaction product is mainly located in these places. Investigation of the type of interactions of aminopeptidase N with the plasma membrane only revealed that aminopeptidase N has mainly an electrostatic interaction with the outer surface, probably mediated by magnesium ion bridges. Additional interactions are involved since disruption of the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane is required to totally release this enzyme.", "PMID": 323010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8658", "title": "Poly(4-thiouridylic acid) as messenger RNA and its application for photoaffinity labelling of the ribosomal mRNA binding site.", "content": "Poly(4-thiouridylic acid) [poly(s4U)] synthesized by polymerization of 4-thiouridine 5'-diphosphate with Escherichia coli polynucleotide phosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.8) acts as messenger RNA in vitro in a protein-synthesizing system from E. coli. It stimulates binding of Phe-tRNA to ribosomes both in the presence of EF-Tu-Ts at 5 mM Mg2+ concentration and nonenzymatically at 20 mM Mg2+ concentration. It codes for the synthesis of polyphenylalanine. Poly(s4U) competes with poly(U) for binding to E. coli ribosomes. Light of 330 nm photoactivates poly(s4U) thus making it a useful photoaffinity label for the ribosomal mRNA binding site. Upon irradiation of 70-S ribosomal complexes, photoreaction occurs with ribosomal proteins as well as 16-S RNA. Ribosomes pre-incubated with R17 RNA are protected against the photoaffinity reaction. The labelling of 16-S RNA can be reduced by treatment of ribosomes with colicin E3.", "contents": "Poly(4-thiouridylic acid) as messenger RNA and its application for photoaffinity labelling of the ribosomal mRNA binding site. Poly(4-thiouridylic acid) [poly(s4U)] synthesized by polymerization of 4-thiouridine 5'-diphosphate with Escherichia coli polynucleotide phosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.8) acts as messenger RNA in vitro in a protein-synthesizing system from E. coli. It stimulates binding of Phe-tRNA to ribosomes both in the presence of EF-Tu-Ts at 5 mM Mg2+ concentration and nonenzymatically at 20 mM Mg2+ concentration. It codes for the synthesis of polyphenylalanine. Poly(s4U) competes with poly(U) for binding to E. coli ribosomes. Light of 330 nm photoactivates poly(s4U) thus making it a useful photoaffinity label for the ribosomal mRNA binding site. Upon irradiation of 70-S ribosomal complexes, photoreaction occurs with ribosomal proteins as well as 16-S RNA. Ribosomes pre-incubated with R17 RNA are protected against the photoaffinity reaction. The labelling of 16-S RNA can be reduced by treatment of ribosomes with colicin E3.", "PMID": 323011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8659", "title": "Chemical studies on yeast hexokinase. Specific modification of a single tyrosyl residue with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide.", "content": "1. Of the 15 tyrosyl residues/subunit of yeast hexokinase A (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase) only one residue is specifically modified at pH 8.0 with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride. 2. The acylation of this single tyrosyl residue leads to the loss of the enzyme activities (hexokinase and ATPase) by a first-order process, which can be fully reversed by treatment with hydroxylamine. 3. ATP does not protect the enzyme against chemical modification and inactivation; however, glucose exerts a noticeable though indirect protection effect against chemical modification and inactivation. 4. The chemically modified enzyme, purified by column chromatography, has 14% of the activity of the native enzyme, but the Km for ATP-Mg or glucose remains unchanged as does the pH optimum of activity. Results of conformational studies (ultracentrifugation, fluorescence, thermostability and chemical reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups) indicate that the decrease of enzyme activity due to the modification of the tyrosyl residue is related to a localized perturbation of the enzyme active-center region.", "contents": "Chemical studies on yeast hexokinase. Specific modification of a single tyrosyl residue with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide. 1. Of the 15 tyrosyl residues/subunit of yeast hexokinase A (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase) only one residue is specifically modified at pH 8.0 with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride. 2. The acylation of this single tyrosyl residue leads to the loss of the enzyme activities (hexokinase and ATPase) by a first-order process, which can be fully reversed by treatment with hydroxylamine. 3. ATP does not protect the enzyme against chemical modification and inactivation; however, glucose exerts a noticeable though indirect protection effect against chemical modification and inactivation. 4. The chemically modified enzyme, purified by column chromatography, has 14% of the activity of the native enzyme, but the Km for ATP-Mg or glucose remains unchanged as does the pH optimum of activity. Results of conformational studies (ultracentrifugation, fluorescence, thermostability and chemical reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups) indicate that the decrease of enzyme activity due to the modification of the tyrosyl residue is related to a localized perturbation of the enzyme active-center region.", "PMID": 323012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8660", "title": "Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli: substituting magnesium by manganese in the L-methionine activating reaction.", "content": "While Mg2+ can be efficiently replaced by Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+ in the ATP-PPi isotopic exchange reaction catalysed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli, the latter ion was selected for detailed analysis of the L-methionine activation reaction. In order to avoid artefactual results due to the slow aggregation of Mn2+ with pyrophosphate, this process was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance and conditions were determined where it does not interfere with enzymic experiments. The thermodynamic parameters derived from steady-state (ATP-PPi isotopic exchange, fluorescence at equilibrium) or prestationary (fluorescence stopped-flow) experiments are compared to those obtained in the presence of Mg2+ [Hyafil et al. (1976) Biochemistry, 15, 3678-3685]. While the standard deltaG for the reaction (E-Met-ATP-Me2+equilibriumE-Met approximately AMP-PPi-Me2+) is close to zero in the case of Mg2+, Mn2+ slows down the rate of adenylate reversion and thus shifts the reaction towards the latter species. The deltaG for the formation of the E-Met approximately AMP complex does not depend on the metal used, suggesting that the divalent ion does not participate in the structuration of this complex. Substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+ decreases notably the dissociation constant of PPi-Me2+ from the E-Met approximately AMP-PPi-Me2+ species and from its abortive analog E-Met-Ado-PPi-Me2+. Similarly the dissociation constant of ATP-Me2+ from another dead-end analog E-methioninol-ATP-Me2+ is decreased by Mn2+. Involvement of the purine N7 atom in the binding of the metal ion to the active site of methionyl-tRNA synthetase is ruled out by the use of 7-deaza-adenosine. The role of the metal in the catalytic process of methionine activation and its relevance to the specificity of the reaction is then discussed in the light of the results obtained without metal and with Mg2+ and Mn2+.", "contents": "Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli: substituting magnesium by manganese in the L-methionine activating reaction. While Mg2+ can be efficiently replaced by Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+ in the ATP-PPi isotopic exchange reaction catalysed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli, the latter ion was selected for detailed analysis of the L-methionine activation reaction. In order to avoid artefactual results due to the slow aggregation of Mn2+ with pyrophosphate, this process was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance and conditions were determined where it does not interfere with enzymic experiments. The thermodynamic parameters derived from steady-state (ATP-PPi isotopic exchange, fluorescence at equilibrium) or prestationary (fluorescence stopped-flow) experiments are compared to those obtained in the presence of Mg2+ [Hyafil et al. (1976) Biochemistry, 15, 3678-3685]. While the standard deltaG for the reaction (E-Met-ATP-Me2+equilibriumE-Met approximately AMP-PPi-Me2+) is close to zero in the case of Mg2+, Mn2+ slows down the rate of adenylate reversion and thus shifts the reaction towards the latter species. The deltaG for the formation of the E-Met approximately AMP complex does not depend on the metal used, suggesting that the divalent ion does not participate in the structuration of this complex. Substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+ decreases notably the dissociation constant of PPi-Me2+ from the E-Met approximately AMP-PPi-Me2+ species and from its abortive analog E-Met-Ado-PPi-Me2+. Similarly the dissociation constant of ATP-Me2+ from another dead-end analog E-methioninol-ATP-Me2+ is decreased by Mn2+. Involvement of the purine N7 atom in the binding of the metal ion to the active site of methionyl-tRNA synthetase is ruled out by the use of 7-deaza-adenosine. The role of the metal in the catalytic process of methionine activation and its relevance to the specificity of the reaction is then discussed in the light of the results obtained without metal and with Mg2+ and Mn2+.", "PMID": 323013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8661", "title": "Mitochondrial heredity of resistance to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, an inhibitor of cytochrome b oxidation, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), an inhibitor of cytochrome b oxidation, has been used for the selection of three resistant mutants (diur) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutant diur-64 exhibits in vivo cross-resistance to antimycin A while diur-34 and diur-1 are more sensitive to antimycin A than the parental strain. The three mutants exhibit mitochondrial inheritance according to the following criteria: mitotic segregation of diuron-resistant and diuron-sensitive diploids is obtained among the diploid progeny of a cross between diur and dius; non-Mendelian segregation of diuron resistance (4:0) is observed in spores of tetrads issued from diuron-resistant diploid; extensive ethidium bromide treatment leads to the formation of Q- mutants which no longer transmit diur and dius alleles. Evidence for two distinct diuron-resistant loci were obtained by allelism tests. Recombination analysis shows that diuron-resistance is not located in the polar region of the mitochondrial genome. The diur loci are not linked to the erythromycin locus since the upper limit in recombinants frequency (26%) for a non-polar region is obtained between diur and eryr. A low recombinants frequency (3%) is observed in crosses between diur-34 mutation and the two mutants cob1 and cob2 suggesting that diur-34 might be located between these two cytochrome-b-deficient loci. The resistance to diuron is also expressed in vitro since the oxidation rates of succinate by sonicated submitochondrial particles from the mutants are clearly less sensitive to diuron than that of the wild type.", "contents": "Mitochondrial heredity of resistance to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, an inhibitor of cytochrome b oxidation, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), an inhibitor of cytochrome b oxidation, has been used for the selection of three resistant mutants (diur) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutant diur-64 exhibits in vivo cross-resistance to antimycin A while diur-34 and diur-1 are more sensitive to antimycin A than the parental strain. The three mutants exhibit mitochondrial inheritance according to the following criteria: mitotic segregation of diuron-resistant and diuron-sensitive diploids is obtained among the diploid progeny of a cross between diur and dius; non-Mendelian segregation of diuron resistance (4:0) is observed in spores of tetrads issued from diuron-resistant diploid; extensive ethidium bromide treatment leads to the formation of Q- mutants which no longer transmit diur and dius alleles. Evidence for two distinct diuron-resistant loci were obtained by allelism tests. Recombination analysis shows that diuron-resistance is not located in the polar region of the mitochondrial genome. The diur loci are not linked to the erythromycin locus since the upper limit in recombinants frequency (26%) for a non-polar region is obtained between diur and eryr. A low recombinants frequency (3%) is observed in crosses between diur-34 mutation and the two mutants cob1 and cob2 suggesting that diur-34 might be located between these two cytochrome-b-deficient loci. The resistance to diuron is also expressed in vitro since the oxidation rates of succinate by sonicated submitochondrial particles from the mutants are clearly less sensitive to diuron than that of the wild type.", "PMID": 323014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8662", "title": "Cooperative and antagonistic interactions of peptidyl-tRNA and antibiotics with  bacterial ribosomes.", "content": "There is a single-site interaction of [methylene-14C]thiamphenicol and [methylene-14C]chloramphenicol with run-off ribosomes with dissociation constants Kd = 6.8 micronM and Kd = 4.6 micronM respectively. Similar affinities for the antibiotics are observed in polysomes totally deprived of nascent peptides, or bearing nascent peptides on the A-site. However, two types of interaction are observed in endogenous polysomes with some ribosomes bearing nascent peptides on the P-site and other in the A-site. The lower-affinity bindings (dissociation constants Kd = 6.4 micronM and Kd = 1.5 micronM for thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol respectively) are due to the ribosomes bearing nascent peptides on the A-site. The higher-affinity bindings (dissociation constants Kd = 2.3 micronM and Kd = 1.5 micronM for thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol, respectively) are due to the ribosomes bearing nascent peptides on the P-site. Therefore binding of nascent peptides to the A-site does not affect the affinities of thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol for the ribosome. On the other hand interaction of the nascent peptides with the P-site of the ribosomes increases the affinities of both antibiotics for the ribosome. Thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol are thus good inhibitors of peptide bond formation in ribosomes and polysomes. Their affinities are increased precisely when the peptidyl-tRNA is placed in the P-site preceeding the peptide bond formation step, which is specifically blocked by the antibiotics. There is a single-site interaction per ribosome for [35S]thiostrepton, which does not appear to be affected by the attachment to the ribosomes of mRNA, tRNA and nascent peptides either to the A or the P-site. [N-methyl-14C]Lincomycin, [N-methyl-14C]erythromycin, [G-3H]streptogramin B and [G-3H]-streptogramin A bind to run-off ribosomes and polysomes totally free from nascent peptides. However, these antibiotics do not interact with ribosomes bearing nascent peptides either in the A or the P-site and therefore are not active on preformed polysomes. Thus lincomycin and streptogramin A only interact with free ribosomes and 50-S subunits and block the early rounds of peptide bond formation prior to polysome formation. Erythromycin and streptogramin B do not inhibit either initiation or the first round of peptide bond formation. However, erythromycin and streptogramin B, prebound to the ribosome, block peptide elongation probably by steric hindrance with the growing oligopeptide chain when this reaches a certain critical length.", "contents": "Cooperative and antagonistic interactions of peptidyl-tRNA and antibiotics with  bacterial ribosomes. There is a single-site interaction of [methylene-14C]thiamphenicol and [methylene-14C]chloramphenicol with run-off ribosomes with dissociation constants Kd = 6.8 micronM and Kd = 4.6 micronM respectively. Similar affinities for the antibiotics are observed in polysomes totally deprived of nascent peptides, or bearing nascent peptides on the A-site. However, two types of interaction are observed in endogenous polysomes with some ribosomes bearing nascent peptides on the P-site and other in the A-site. The lower-affinity bindings (dissociation constants Kd = 6.4 micronM and Kd = 1.5 micronM for thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol respectively) are due to the ribosomes bearing nascent peptides on the A-site. The higher-affinity bindings (dissociation constants Kd = 2.3 micronM and Kd = 1.5 micronM for thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol, respectively) are due to the ribosomes bearing nascent peptides on the P-site. Therefore binding of nascent peptides to the A-site does not affect the affinities of thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol for the ribosome. On the other hand interaction of the nascent peptides with the P-site of the ribosomes increases the affinities of both antibiotics for the ribosome. Thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol are thus good inhibitors of peptide bond formation in ribosomes and polysomes. Their affinities are increased precisely when the peptidyl-tRNA is placed in the P-site preceeding the peptide bond formation step, which is specifically blocked by the antibiotics. There is a single-site interaction per ribosome for [35S]thiostrepton, which does not appear to be affected by the attachment to the ribosomes of mRNA, tRNA and nascent peptides either to the A or the P-site. [N-methyl-14C]Lincomycin, [N-methyl-14C]erythromycin, [G-3H]streptogramin B and [G-3H]-streptogramin A bind to run-off ribosomes and polysomes totally free from nascent peptides. However, these antibiotics do not interact with ribosomes bearing nascent peptides either in the A or the P-site and therefore are not active on preformed polysomes. Thus lincomycin and streptogramin A only interact with free ribosomes and 50-S subunits and block the early rounds of peptide bond formation prior to polysome formation. Erythromycin and streptogramin B do not inhibit either initiation or the first round of peptide bond formation. However, erythromycin and streptogramin B, prebound to the ribosome, block peptide elongation probably by steric hindrance with the growing oligopeptide chain when this reaches a certain critical length.", "PMID": 323015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8663", "title": "Synergistic interaction of the streptogramins with the ribosome.", "content": "Quantitative binding studies of [G-3H]streptogramin A and [G-3H]streptogramin B with high-salt-washed ribosomes were carried out in the presence of a minimum of 10% (v/v) ethanol because of the antibiotic insolubility in water. It was observed that the presence of streptogramin A increases the affinity of [G-3H]streptogramin B for the ribosome. Thus the dissociation constant for [G-3H]-streptogramin B interaction with the ribosome is Kd=13.3 nM in the presence of streptogramin A and Kd=59 nM in its absence. Furthermore the values for the dissociation constants for [G-3H]-streptogramin B interaction in the presence of 50% (v/v) ethanol, were Kd=0.13 micronM in the presence of streptogramin A and Kd=0.70 micronM in its absence. This increased affinity of [G-3H]streptogramin B in the presence of streptogramin A can explain the synergistic effects of mixtures of streptogramins A and B at the ribosome level.", "contents": "Synergistic interaction of the streptogramins with the ribosome. Quantitative binding studies of [G-3H]streptogramin A and [G-3H]streptogramin B with high-salt-washed ribosomes were carried out in the presence of a minimum of 10% (v/v) ethanol because of the antibiotic insolubility in water. It was observed that the presence of streptogramin A increases the affinity of [G-3H]streptogramin B for the ribosome. Thus the dissociation constant for [G-3H]-streptogramin B interaction with the ribosome is Kd=13.3 nM in the presence of streptogramin A and Kd=59 nM in its absence. Furthermore the values for the dissociation constants for [G-3H]-streptogramin B interaction in the presence of 50% (v/v) ethanol, were Kd=0.13 micronM in the presence of streptogramin A and Kd=0.70 micronM in its absence. This increased affinity of [G-3H]streptogramin B in the presence of streptogramin A can explain the synergistic effects of mixtures of streptogramins A and B at the ribosome level.", "PMID": 323016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8664", "title": "Viral antibodies in the sera from patients with Parkinson disease.", "content": "An assay of antibodies to 15 various viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae was performed on the serum specimens from 441 patients with Parkinson disease and from 443 healthy controls matched by sex, age, and place of residence, or from a representative group of these matched pairs. The main finding was a higher herpes simplex complement-fixing antibody level in patients with Parkinson disease than in controls. Patients with Parkinson disease had higher herpes simplex antibody titers more often than did their matched controls, and the matched controls, respectively, had low titers more often than the patients. The mean herpes simplex antibody titer (log2) of the patients (4.9) was significantly higher than that of controls (4.6) (p less than 0.01). This difference was also demonstrable when matched pairs were analysed for paired differences of herpes simplex antibody titers. For other viral CF and HI antibodies studied and for mycoplasma pneumoniae CF antibody, there were no significant differences either in the mean titers or in the distribution of individual titer values between the patients with Parkinson disease and the matched controls.", "contents": "Viral antibodies in the sera from patients with Parkinson disease. An assay of antibodies to 15 various viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae was performed on the serum specimens from 441 patients with Parkinson disease and from 443 healthy controls matched by sex, age, and place of residence, or from a representative group of these matched pairs. The main finding was a higher herpes simplex complement-fixing antibody level in patients with Parkinson disease than in controls. Patients with Parkinson disease had higher herpes simplex antibody titers more often than did their matched controls, and the matched controls, respectively, had low titers more often than the patients. The mean herpes simplex antibody titer (log2) of the patients (4.9) was significantly higher than that of controls (4.6) (p less than 0.01). This difference was also demonstrable when matched pairs were analysed for paired differences of herpes simplex antibody titers. For other viral CF and HI antibodies studied and for mycoplasma pneumoniae CF antibody, there were no significant differences either in the mean titers or in the distribution of individual titer values between the patients with Parkinson disease and the matched controls.", "PMID": 323017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8665", "title": "Abnormal central monoamine metabolism in humans with \"true hypersomnia\" and \"sub-wakefulness\".", "content": "A case of Kleine-Levin syndrome with true hypersomnia and a case of sub-wakefulness are described. In both patients lumbar cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol levels have been assayed during episodes of hypersomnia and normal sleep-waking cycles. Besides an increased 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover, mainly an increased dopamine turnover has been detected in both kinds of hypersomnia, and this finding was more remarkable in the case with sub-wakefulness. The probable role of dopamine in abnormalities in the sleep-waking cycle is discussed on the basis of results in experimental animal hypersomnias.", "contents": "Abnormal central monoamine metabolism in humans with \"true hypersomnia\" and \"sub-wakefulness\". A case of Kleine-Levin syndrome with true hypersomnia and a case of sub-wakefulness are described. In both patients lumbar cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol levels have been assayed during episodes of hypersomnia and normal sleep-waking cycles. Besides an increased 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover, mainly an increased dopamine turnover has been detected in both kinds of hypersomnia, and this finding was more remarkable in the case with sub-wakefulness. The probable role of dopamine in abnormalities in the sleep-waking cycle is discussed on the basis of results in experimental animal hypersomnias.", "PMID": 323018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8666", "title": "Classification of cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. A review.", "content": "Comparative ultrastructural findings of meninges, ventricular ependyma and choroid plexus of mammals including man were summarized with the aim of a better understanding as to which cells can play a role as macrophages in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology. Differences between phagocytic capacity of pial cells and arachnoid cells were emphasized. Comparative investigations showed that most of the cells in the CSF originate from the blood. Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space and cytological investigation of the CSF gave the result that haematogenous cells belong to the normal cell population of the subarachnoid space of normal individuals. These cells in the CSF react as their equivalents in the blood, that is, after confrontation with antigens the monocytes transform into macrophages, sometimes into multinucleated giant cells, the T and B lymphocytes transform into blast cells. On the basis of immunological and ultrastructural results, the classification of CSF cells in normal and pathological conditions has been proposed.", "contents": "Classification of cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. A review. Comparative ultrastructural findings of meninges, ventricular ependyma and choroid plexus of mammals including man were summarized with the aim of a better understanding as to which cells can play a role as macrophages in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology. Differences between phagocytic capacity of pial cells and arachnoid cells were emphasized. Comparative investigations showed that most of the cells in the CSF originate from the blood. Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space and cytological investigation of the CSF gave the result that haematogenous cells belong to the normal cell population of the subarachnoid space of normal individuals. These cells in the CSF react as their equivalents in the blood, that is, after confrontation with antigens the monocytes transform into macrophages, sometimes into multinucleated giant cells, the T and B lymphocytes transform into blast cells. On the basis of immunological and ultrastructural results, the classification of CSF cells in normal and pathological conditions has been proposed.", "PMID": 323019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8667", "title": "Functional independence of donor and recipient cardiac tissues of single and double heart transplant patients revealed by chronobiology.", "content": "3 total (single) and 1 double-heart-transplant patients were studied for temporal changes in the electrical events of cardiac function. Results of statistical analyses document the existence of circadian rhythms in the donor and recipient P--P or R--R intervals. However, for 1 total-heart-transplant patient studied at intervals during the year following implant and the double-heart-transplant patient 5 mth after surgery, the period (tau) of the rhythm in the P--P or R--R interval of the recipient tissue deviated greatly from that of 24.0 h. For the total-heart-transplant patient studied 1 mth prior to death, the tau was 32.3 h; for the double-heart-transplant patient, the tau was 29.0 h. In both patients, the donor heart tissue continued to exhibit a 24-h rhythm. These findings imply that changes in tau for the rhythm in P--P or R--R interval may reflect aspects of disrupted physiologic, feedback, regulatory mechanisms or perhaps graft rejection. Although additional study is required, the possibility that alteration in tau is associated with rejection is intriguing since if documented, then the noninvasive monitoring of ECG and subsequent analysis of data for significant deviations of tau from 24.0 h will be useful as an additional tool for monitoring host tolerance for the heart implant.", "contents": "Functional independence of donor and recipient cardiac tissues of single and double heart transplant patients revealed by chronobiology. 3 total (single) and 1 double-heart-transplant patients were studied for temporal changes in the electrical events of cardiac function. Results of statistical analyses document the existence of circadian rhythms in the donor and recipient P--P or R--R intervals. However, for 1 total-heart-transplant patient studied at intervals during the year following implant and the double-heart-transplant patient 5 mth after surgery, the period (tau) of the rhythm in the P--P or R--R interval of the recipient tissue deviated greatly from that of 24.0 h. For the total-heart-transplant patient studied 1 mth prior to death, the tau was 32.3 h; for the double-heart-transplant patient, the tau was 29.0 h. In both patients, the donor heart tissue continued to exhibit a 24-h rhythm. These findings imply that changes in tau for the rhythm in P--P or R--R interval may reflect aspects of disrupted physiologic, feedback, regulatory mechanisms or perhaps graft rejection. Although additional study is required, the possibility that alteration in tau is associated with rejection is intriguing since if documented, then the noninvasive monitoring of ECG and subsequent analysis of data for significant deviations of tau from 24.0 h will be useful as an additional tool for monitoring host tolerance for the heart implant.", "PMID": 323020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8668", "title": "The assessment of regional abnormalities of the left ventricle by angiography.", "content": "A method of regional wall motion analysis of left ventricular cineangiograms which does not make assumptions about ventricular geometry is described. The technique measures the movement of the ventricular perimeter in relation to the geometric center of gravity of the endsystolic frame expressing movement as a change in radical length. 10 control patinets each with 3 left ventricular cineangiograms, comprise the group for definition of normal values of movement and permit estimations of reproducibility within and across patient groups. Isolated examples of abnormal wall motion are shown.", "contents": "The assessment of regional abnormalities of the left ventricle by angiography. A method of regional wall motion analysis of left ventricular cineangiograms which does not make assumptions about ventricular geometry is described. The technique measures the movement of the ventricular perimeter in relation to the geometric center of gravity of the endsystolic frame expressing movement as a change in radical length. 10 control patinets each with 3 left ventricular cineangiograms, comprise the group for definition of normal values of movement and permit estimations of reproducibility within and across patient groups. Isolated examples of abnormal wall motion are shown.", "PMID": 323021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8669", "title": "Dose-titrated, double-blind, cross-over comparison of a selective beta-blocker and methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "The efficacy and toxicity of tolamolol and methyldopa in hypertensive patients has been compared by a dose-titrated, double-blind, cross-over study. Thirteen patients completed the trial. Within the dose ranges investigated (tolamolol - 300 mg/day - 900 mg/day; methyldopa - 750 mg/day - 2250 mg/day)both drugs produced significant falls in laying and standing, systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Although the hypotensive effects of methyldopa were more marked than tolamolol, these only achieved conventional (P less than 0.05) levels of significance for lying blood pressure. There were no objective changes in haematological or biochemical indices during treatment with either drug, but patients complained of tiredness, weak limbs and mouth dryness significantly more during methyldopa treatment, than during either placebo or tolamolol therapy.", "contents": "Dose-titrated, double-blind, cross-over comparison of a selective beta-blocker and methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension. The efficacy and toxicity of tolamolol and methyldopa in hypertensive patients has been compared by a dose-titrated, double-blind, cross-over study. Thirteen patients completed the trial. Within the dose ranges investigated (tolamolol - 300 mg/day - 900 mg/day; methyldopa - 750 mg/day - 2250 mg/day)both drugs produced significant falls in laying and standing, systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Although the hypotensive effects of methyldopa were more marked than tolamolol, these only achieved conventional (P less than 0.05) levels of significance for lying blood pressure. There were no objective changes in haematological or biochemical indices during treatment with either drug, but patients complained of tiredness, weak limbs and mouth dryness significantly more during methyldopa treatment, than during either placebo or tolamolol therapy.", "PMID": 323023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8670", "title": "Studies on the depletion of brain amines by m-tyrosine.", "content": "The biochemical basis of the well-known physiological and pharmacological actions of m-tyrosine was examined by a detailed study of its effect on the brain biogenic amines. m-Tyrosine was injected i.p. and rat brain monoamine levels were measured. Endogenous levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin all showed approximately 50% reductions 1 h after the administration of L-m-tyrosine at 150 mg/kg. These actions of L-m-tyrosine could be blocked by the inhibition of the central dopa decarboxylase. Depletion of brain monoamines was also observed with the D-isomer of m-tyrosine, although this effect was less pronounced than that of the L-isomer. In vitro experiments with rat brain homogenates showed that L-m-tyrosine, m-tyramine and m-octopamine enhanced in efflux of exogenous labeled monamines from brain particles, whereas D-m-tyrosine was completely ineffective. From these results it is concluded that the observed decreased in brain monamine levels by L-m-tyrosine may be due to a m-tyramine-enhanced release of the amines which are quickly metabolized in vivo.", "contents": "Studies on the depletion of brain amines by m-tyrosine. The biochemical basis of the well-known physiological and pharmacological actions of m-tyrosine was examined by a detailed study of its effect on the brain biogenic amines. m-Tyrosine was injected i.p. and rat brain monoamine levels were measured. Endogenous levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin all showed approximately 50% reductions 1 h after the administration of L-m-tyrosine at 150 mg/kg. These actions of L-m-tyrosine could be blocked by the inhibition of the central dopa decarboxylase. Depletion of brain monoamines was also observed with the D-isomer of m-tyrosine, although this effect was less pronounced than that of the L-isomer. In vitro experiments with rat brain homogenates showed that L-m-tyrosine, m-tyramine and m-octopamine enhanced in efflux of exogenous labeled monamines from brain particles, whereas D-m-tyrosine was completely ineffective. From these results it is concluded that the observed decreased in brain monamine levels by L-m-tyrosine may be due to a m-tyramine-enhanced release of the amines which are quickly metabolized in vivo.", "PMID": 323024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8671", "title": "Physostigmine analgesia and somatosensory evoked responses in man.", "content": "14 normal volunteers were given 0.5 mg physostigmine or saline placebo i.v. in a randomized double blind trial. Subjects were pretreated with 0.5 mg methscopolamine i.m. on both days. Pain ratings and average evoked responses were obtained to brief electrical stimuli administered to the forearm. Pain response criterion was significantly higher on physostigmine than on placebo. Average evoked response component P100 was significantly smaller on physostigmine than placebo, especially for higher intensity stimuli. These results are consistent with central cholinergic modulation of pain and arousal systems in man.", "contents": "Physostigmine analgesia and somatosensory evoked responses in man. 14 normal volunteers were given 0.5 mg physostigmine or saline placebo i.v. in a randomized double blind trial. Subjects were pretreated with 0.5 mg methscopolamine i.m. on both days. Pain ratings and average evoked responses were obtained to brief electrical stimuli administered to the forearm. Pain response criterion was significantly higher on physostigmine than on placebo. Average evoked response component P100 was significantly smaller on physostigmine than placebo, especially for higher intensity stimuli. These results are consistent with central cholinergic modulation of pain and arousal systems in man.", "PMID": 323025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8672", "title": "The time-scale of radioprotection in mammalian cells.", "content": "The chain of reactions, resulting in mutation and cell death, initiated when ionizing radiation interacts with mammalian cells is complex and traverses a time-scale from a fraction of a picosecond to a few hours. Recently, progress has been made in identifying some of the more important pathways and potentially damaging free radical intermediates. Protection can, in principle, result from modification at several steps in these reaction chains, each with its distinctive time-scale. To date we have demonstrated that radio-protection can be effected in mammalian cells by the modification of processes at three quite different times. In this paper, the temporal sequence of radiation-initiated events are reviewed and the potential for or measurement of radioprotection of each is discussed. Such an understanding of cellualr radioprotection has become possible by our improved understanding of cellular radiation mechanisms derived from recent studies of its chemistry [1-4].", "contents": "The time-scale of radioprotection in mammalian cells. The chain of reactions, resulting in mutation and cell death, initiated when ionizing radiation interacts with mammalian cells is complex and traverses a time-scale from a fraction of a picosecond to a few hours. Recently, progress has been made in identifying some of the more important pathways and potentially damaging free radical intermediates. Protection can, in principle, result from modification at several steps in these reaction chains, each with its distinctive time-scale. To date we have demonstrated that radio-protection can be effected in mammalian cells by the modification of processes at three quite different times. In this paper, the temporal sequence of radiation-initiated events are reviewed and the potential for or measurement of radioprotection of each is discussed. Such an understanding of cellualr radioprotection has become possible by our improved understanding of cellular radiation mechanisms derived from recent studies of its chemistry [1-4].", "PMID": 323032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8673", "title": "Effects of ethidium bromide in diploid and duplication strains of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Unstable duplication and diploid strains of Aspergillus nidulans were treated with ethidium bromide, and it was shown that this drug reduces the number of sectors produced by such strains. The mechanisms which could be responsible for the partial stabilization of the strains are discussed and it is suggested that a similar mechanism is responsible for the production of sectors in both strains. It is also suggested that ethidium bromide could be useful for the reduction of instability of industrial strains.", "contents": "Effects of ethidium bromide in diploid and duplication strains of Aspergillus nidulans. Unstable duplication and diploid strains of Aspergillus nidulans were treated with ethidium bromide, and it was shown that this drug reduces the number of sectors produced by such strains. The mechanisms which could be responsible for the partial stabilization of the strains are discussed and it is suggested that a similar mechanism is responsible for the production of sectors in both strains. It is also suggested that ethidium bromide could be useful for the reduction of instability of industrial strains.", "PMID": 323033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8674", "title": "A comparative study of the differentiation of dissociated nerve cells under different culture conditions.", "content": "In vitro differentiation of chick embryo brain cells was compared under several culture conditions. Morphological observations and acetylcholinesterase histochemical staining revealed that the development was similar in all conditions tested if cells have been derived from 7 days embryos. Considering the cultures from 11 days embryos, the cell dissociation by trypsin and the plastic surface proved to be the most favourable conditions in contrast to mechanical dissection and collagen surface.", "contents": "A comparative study of the differentiation of dissociated nerve cells under different culture conditions. In vitro differentiation of chick embryo brain cells was compared under several culture conditions. Morphological observations and acetylcholinesterase histochemical staining revealed that the development was similar in all conditions tested if cells have been derived from 7 days embryos. Considering the cultures from 11 days embryos, the cell dissociation by trypsin and the plastic surface proved to be the most favourable conditions in contrast to mechanical dissection and collagen surface.", "PMID": 323035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8675", "title": "Conversion of psoralen DNA monoadducts in E. coli to interstrand DNA cross links by near UV light (320-360 nm): inability of angelicin to form cross links, in vivo.", "content": "Both angelicin and psoralen monoadducts formed in vivo in E. coli by near UV light produce lethal and mutagenic effects. However psoralen monoadducts are converted to cross links by higher doses of UV; angelicin monoadducts are not. The relevance of these results to psoralen photosensitization is discussed.", "contents": "Conversion of psoralen DNA monoadducts in E. coli to interstrand DNA cross links by near UV light (320-360 nm): inability of angelicin to form cross links, in vivo. Both angelicin and psoralen monoadducts formed in vivo in E. coli by near UV light produce lethal and mutagenic effects. However psoralen monoadducts are converted to cross links by higher doses of UV; angelicin monoadducts are not. The relevance of these results to psoralen photosensitization is discussed.", "PMID": 323036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8676", "title": "[Pyrazole sulfanilamides. XV. Nitroderivatives of 1-phenyl-4-sulfanilamidopyrazole].", "content": "The research on the change of antibacterial activity due to the introduction of a nitro group in the benzene nucleus linked at the heterocyclic nitrogen of N-phenylsulfanilamidopyrazoles is continued with the preparation of 1-(2'-nitrophenyl)-4-sulfanilamidopyrazole (IIa: -NO2 in 2'; R=-H), 1-(3'-nitrophenyl)-4-sulfanilamidopyrazole (IIb: -NO2 in 3'; R=-H) and 1-(4'-nitrophenyl)-4-sulfanilamidopyrazole (IIc: -NO2 in 4'; R=-H). By analogy with the results obtained for the derivatives of 4-sulfanilamidopyrazole (I) previously prepared, enhancement of the bacteriostatic activity in vitro against S. aureus and E. coli, have been observed in almost all the cases, especially with 1-(3-nitrophenyl)-4-sulfanilamidopyrazole (IIb).", "contents": "[Pyrazole sulfanilamides. XV. Nitroderivatives of 1-phenyl-4-sulfanilamidopyrazole]. The research on the change of antibacterial activity due to the introduction of a nitro group in the benzene nucleus linked at the heterocyclic nitrogen of N-phenylsulfanilamidopyrazoles is continued with the preparation of 1-(2'-nitrophenyl)-4-sulfanilamidopyrazole (IIa: -NO2 in 2'; R=-H), 1-(3'-nitrophenyl)-4-sulfanilamidopyrazole (IIb: -NO2 in 3'; R=-H) and 1-(4'-nitrophenyl)-4-sulfanilamidopyrazole (IIc: -NO2 in 4'; R=-H). By analogy with the results obtained for the derivatives of 4-sulfanilamidopyrazole (I) previously prepared, enhancement of the bacteriostatic activity in vitro against S. aureus and E. coli, have been observed in almost all the cases, especially with 1-(3-nitrophenyl)-4-sulfanilamidopyrazole (IIb).", "PMID": 323043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8677", "title": "Design of neurohypophyseal peptides that exhibit selective agonistic and antagonistic properties.", "content": "Within the spectrum of the characteristic pharmacological activities (oxytocic (O), milk-ejecting (ME), antidiuretic (A), pressor (P) associated with the known natural and synthetic analogs of oxytocin and vasopressin it is possible to discern patterns of selectivity of these types: 1) interpeptide-like (a) O/A, (b) O/P; 2) intraoxytocin-like (a) O/ME; (b) ME/O; 3) intravasopressinlike (a) A/P, (b) P/A. Consideration of structural modifications of oxytocin or vasopressin, which individually or in combination give rise to peptides possessing enhanced selectivity of a given type, can in some cases provide a rational basis for the design of peptides with even greater selectivity. [1-Deamino-4-valine-8-D-arginine]vasopressin, the most highly specific antidiuretic peptide known to date, was designed in this fashion. By contrast, intraoxytocin-like selectivity, is manifested to only a minor degree in all peptides studied to date. Enhanced interpeptide-like selectivity of the type 1a (O/A; O/P) is readily attainable by specific single substitutions at positions 4 or 7 in oxtocin. Substitution of threonine in the 4 position of the oxytocic antagonist [1-deaminopenicillamine]oxytocin brought about a threefold enhancement in oxytocic inhibitory activity. Thus [1-deaminopenicillamine-4-threonine]oxytocin (dPTOT) is the most potent antagonist of the in vitro oxytocic response to oxytocin known to date. Thus analysis of the pharmacological data from over 300 analogs of oxytocin and vasopressin allows the delineation of those structural modifications that can optimize selectivities. The potential and limitations of this approach for the design of peptides possessing desired agonistic or antagonistic selectivity for potential clinical use and for studies on oxytocin and vasopressin receptors is discussed.", "contents": "Design of neurohypophyseal peptides that exhibit selective agonistic and antagonistic properties. Within the spectrum of the characteristic pharmacological activities (oxytocic (O), milk-ejecting (ME), antidiuretic (A), pressor (P) associated with the known natural and synthetic analogs of oxytocin and vasopressin it is possible to discern patterns of selectivity of these types: 1) interpeptide-like (a) O/A, (b) O/P; 2) intraoxytocin-like (a) O/ME; (b) ME/O; 3) intravasopressinlike (a) A/P, (b) P/A. Consideration of structural modifications of oxytocin or vasopressin, which individually or in combination give rise to peptides possessing enhanced selectivity of a given type, can in some cases provide a rational basis for the design of peptides with even greater selectivity. [1-Deamino-4-valine-8-D-arginine]vasopressin, the most highly specific antidiuretic peptide known to date, was designed in this fashion. By contrast, intraoxytocin-like selectivity, is manifested to only a minor degree in all peptides studied to date. Enhanced interpeptide-like selectivity of the type 1a (O/A; O/P) is readily attainable by specific single substitutions at positions 4 or 7 in oxtocin. Substitution of threonine in the 4 position of the oxytocic antagonist [1-deaminopenicillamine]oxytocin brought about a threefold enhancement in oxytocic inhibitory activity. Thus [1-deaminopenicillamine-4-threonine]oxytocin (dPTOT) is the most potent antagonist of the in vitro oxytocic response to oxytocin known to date. Thus analysis of the pharmacological data from over 300 analogs of oxytocin and vasopressin allows the delineation of those structural modifications that can optimize selectivities. The potential and limitations of this approach for the design of peptides possessing desired agonistic or antagonistic selectivity for potential clinical use and for studies on oxytocin and vasopressin receptors is discussed.", "PMID": 323064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8678", "title": "Vascular smooth muscle and neurohypophyseal hormones.", "content": "Experimental studies relating to the direct peripheral vascular actions of neurohypophyseal hormones and their synthetic variants are reviewed. In addition, the available data on the comparative pharmacologic actions of these peptides on mammalian vascular smooth muscle are reviewed. Experiments relating to mechanisms by which neurohypophyseal peptides induce contraction of blood vessels are discussed. Neurohypophyseal peptide hormones appear to be able to contract and relax vascular smooth muscle, the exact type of response being dependent on species, vascular bed, and region within a vascular bed. Receptors that subserve both contraction and relaxation may exist on different blood vessels within a species, with a preponderance of receptors that subserve contraction being present in most blood vessels. Concentrations of vasopressin that can be considered physiologic (i.e., 10(-13) to 10(-11) M) are capable of evoking responses on a variety of microscopic as well as large blood vessels. Arginine-vasopressin appears to be, relatively, the most potent contractile substance on rat blood vessels investigated to date; angiotensin is not. Preservative-free oxytocin is a contractile agent on all mammalian arterial and arteriolar vessels so far investigated. A great deal of the controversy surrounding the exact vascular actions elicited by these peptide hormones can be attributed to many factors that were not controlled in older experiments. Moreover, rat pressor assays cannot be utilized to determine structure-activity relationship for neurohypophyseal peptides on vascular smooth muscles. Nuerohypophyseal peptide-induced contractions of vascular smooth muscles can be markedly affected by sex, sex hormones, alcohols, [Ca2+]0, [mg2+]0, oxygen deficit, and glucose-deprivation. Extracellular sodium and potassium ions appear to play relatively little role in vasopressin-induced contractions of rat arterial smooth muscle. The terminal amino group, phenolic hydroxyl, aromatic ring and basicity in positions 1, 2, 3, and 8, respectively, of the neurohypophyseal hormones are important for optimizing hormone-receptor affinity and intrinsic contractile activity on vascular smooth muscle. Basicity in position 8 of these peptide hormones is not an absolute requirement for contractile activation of these smooth muscles. Alterations in molecular structure can result in neurohypophyseal peptides with unique, and selective, microcirculatory effects that may be beneficial in the treatment of low-flow states.", "contents": "Vascular smooth muscle and neurohypophyseal hormones. Experimental studies relating to the direct peripheral vascular actions of neurohypophyseal hormones and their synthetic variants are reviewed. In addition, the available data on the comparative pharmacologic actions of these peptides on mammalian vascular smooth muscle are reviewed. Experiments relating to mechanisms by which neurohypophyseal peptides induce contraction of blood vessels are discussed. Neurohypophyseal peptide hormones appear to be able to contract and relax vascular smooth muscle, the exact type of response being dependent on species, vascular bed, and region within a vascular bed. Receptors that subserve both contraction and relaxation may exist on different blood vessels within a species, with a preponderance of receptors that subserve contraction being present in most blood vessels. Concentrations of vasopressin that can be considered physiologic (i.e., 10(-13) to 10(-11) M) are capable of evoking responses on a variety of microscopic as well as large blood vessels. Arginine-vasopressin appears to be, relatively, the most potent contractile substance on rat blood vessels investigated to date; angiotensin is not. Preservative-free oxytocin is a contractile agent on all mammalian arterial and arteriolar vessels so far investigated. A great deal of the controversy surrounding the exact vascular actions elicited by these peptide hormones can be attributed to many factors that were not controlled in older experiments. Moreover, rat pressor assays cannot be utilized to determine structure-activity relationship for neurohypophyseal peptides on vascular smooth muscles. Nuerohypophyseal peptide-induced contractions of vascular smooth muscles can be markedly affected by sex, sex hormones, alcohols, [Ca2+]0, [mg2+]0, oxygen deficit, and glucose-deprivation. Extracellular sodium and potassium ions appear to play relatively little role in vasopressin-induced contractions of rat arterial smooth muscle. The terminal amino group, phenolic hydroxyl, aromatic ring and basicity in positions 1, 2, 3, and 8, respectively, of the neurohypophyseal hormones are important for optimizing hormone-receptor affinity and intrinsic contractile activity on vascular smooth muscle. Basicity in position 8 of these peptide hormones is not an absolute requirement for contractile activation of these smooth muscles. Alterations in molecular structure can result in neurohypophyseal peptides with unique, and selective, microcirculatory effects that may be beneficial in the treatment of low-flow states.", "PMID": 323065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8679", "title": "Interrelationships of mycotoxins with nutrition.", "content": "Mycotoxins interact with lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and vitamin nutrition. Diets high in lipid have a mortality-sparing effect against aflatoxicosis and, if high in unsaturated fatty acids, a growth-sparing effect. Aflatoxicosis causes a lipid malabsorption syndrome coupled with decreased digestive enzymes and bile salt excretion, a decreased synthesis of fatty acids, and impaired transport. Deficiencies of vitamins A, D, or riboflavin make animals more sensitive to aflatoxin while a thiamin deficiency has the opposite effect. Interaction with vitamins E and K has not been clearly demonstrated as yet. Mycotoxins increase the protein requirements of animals and apparently alter the enzymes that regulate glycogen catabolism and neogenesis.", "contents": "Interrelationships of mycotoxins with nutrition. Mycotoxins interact with lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and vitamin nutrition. Diets high in lipid have a mortality-sparing effect against aflatoxicosis and, if high in unsaturated fatty acids, a growth-sparing effect. Aflatoxicosis causes a lipid malabsorption syndrome coupled with decreased digestive enzymes and bile salt excretion, a decreased synthesis of fatty acids, and impaired transport. Deficiencies of vitamins A, D, or riboflavin make animals more sensitive to aflatoxin while a thiamin deficiency has the opposite effect. Interaction with vitamins E and K has not been clearly demonstrated as yet. Mycotoxins increase the protein requirements of animals and apparently alter the enzymes that regulate glycogen catabolism and neogenesis.", "PMID": 323066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8680", "title": "The first two decades of vitamin E.", "content": "This presentation reviews highlights of the first 20 years (1922-1942) of vitamin E. It begins with background information leading to identification of an antisterility factor for rats of both sexes and its acceptance into the vitamin family as vitamin E (1925). Research of the next 12 years revealed a multiplicity of deficiency manifestations: embryonic mortality, testis degeneration, encephalomalacia and exudative diathesis in the chick, and nutritional muscular dystrophy in avian and mammalian species. Toward the close of this period came the isolation of vitamin E from natural sources, determination of its empirical formula, and introduction of the designation alpha-tocopherol for vitamin E (1936). Within the next two years the structural formula of alpha-tocopherol was elucidated, its chemical synthesis accomplished, and its production from natural plant oils by molecular distillation was well established. The existence of other tocopherols with lesser degrees of biological activity became recognized. Also, the concurrent development of a chemical method for determining the vitamin E content of alpha-tocopherol in foods, body tissues and body fluids, which replaced the very laborious bioassay procedure, greatly facilitated later advances in knowledge of the distribution and nature of vitamin E.", "contents": "The first two decades of vitamin E. This presentation reviews highlights of the first 20 years (1922-1942) of vitamin E. It begins with background information leading to identification of an antisterility factor for rats of both sexes and its acceptance into the vitamin family as vitamin E (1925). Research of the next 12 years revealed a multiplicity of deficiency manifestations: embryonic mortality, testis degeneration, encephalomalacia and exudative diathesis in the chick, and nutritional muscular dystrophy in avian and mammalian species. Toward the close of this period came the isolation of vitamin E from natural sources, determination of its empirical formula, and introduction of the designation alpha-tocopherol for vitamin E (1936). Within the next two years the structural formula of alpha-tocopherol was elucidated, its chemical synthesis accomplished, and its production from natural plant oils by molecular distillation was well established. The existence of other tocopherols with lesser degrees of biological activity became recognized. Also, the concurrent development of a chemical method for determining the vitamin E content of alpha-tocopherol in foods, body tissues and body fluids, which replaced the very laborious bioassay procedure, greatly facilitated later advances in knowledge of the distribution and nature of vitamin E.", "PMID": 323068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8681", "title": "Agnes Fay Morgan and early nutrition discoveries in California.", "content": "Agnes Fay Morgan (1884-1968) and several other California pioneers in nutrition contributed much to the early increase in basic knowledge of nutrition and foods. Dr. Morgan became a member of the faculty in the division of Nutrition at the University of California at Berkeley in 1915. Her academic retirement was in 1954, but she remained active and productive even to the time of her death in 1968. The hallmark of her career was the high standards she established both in training home economists and nutrition investigators and in gaining widespread public recognition of the importance of good nutrition. Also,, she was imaginative and productive in significant research. Such work was directed to the nutrients of California foods and the effects on food values resulting from heat processing and storage. Other major early nutrition scientists in California included Ruth Okey, H. M. Evans, H. S. Olcott, S. Lepkovsky, H. J. Almquist, T. H. Jukes, and E. L. R. Stokstad. Their contributions included major accomplishments in the discovery and/or characterization of vitamin E, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K.", "contents": "Agnes Fay Morgan and early nutrition discoveries in California. Agnes Fay Morgan (1884-1968) and several other California pioneers in nutrition contributed much to the early increase in basic knowledge of nutrition and foods. Dr. Morgan became a member of the faculty in the division of Nutrition at the University of California at Berkeley in 1915. Her academic retirement was in 1954, but she remained active and productive even to the time of her death in 1968. The hallmark of her career was the high standards she established both in training home economists and nutrition investigators and in gaining widespread public recognition of the importance of good nutrition. Also,, she was imaginative and productive in significant research. Such work was directed to the nutrients of California foods and the effects on food values resulting from heat processing and storage. Other major early nutrition scientists in California included Ruth Okey, H. M. Evans, H. S. Olcott, S. Lepkovsky, H. J. Almquist, T. H. Jukes, and E. L. R. Stokstad. Their contributions included major accomplishments in the discovery and/or characterization of vitamin E, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K.", "PMID": 323069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8682", "title": "The founding of the American Institute of Nutrition, including commentaries on the founders.", "content": "The conception of the American Institute of Nutrition in 1926 culminated in the publication of the first issue of the Journal of Nutrition in September 1928. It was nearly 5 years later--April 1933--before the organizational meeting of the AIN as the future scientific society was convened. At this meeting, 172 persons were declared to be charter members, among whom were the original founders--10 men and 1 woman. These 11 pointers of AIN were rather unique. They had diverse backgrounds, different professional aspirations, and a dissimilarity of scientific objectives. Notwithstanding, they \"were motivated by a desire to build a competent science of nutrition out of the rather chaotic mass of fragments of knowledge then in existence.\"", "contents": "The founding of the American Institute of Nutrition, including commentaries on the founders. The conception of the American Institute of Nutrition in 1926 culminated in the publication of the first issue of the Journal of Nutrition in September 1928. It was nearly 5 years later--April 1933--before the organizational meeting of the AIN as the future scientific society was convened. At this meeting, 172 persons were declared to be charter members, among whom were the original founders--10 men and 1 woman. These 11 pointers of AIN were rather unique. They had diverse backgrounds, different professional aspirations, and a dissimilarity of scientific objectives. Notwithstanding, they \"were motivated by a desire to build a competent science of nutrition out of the rather chaotic mass of fragments of knowledge then in existence.\"", "PMID": 323070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8683", "title": "Factors influencing the dynamics of gonadotropin response following bolus infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in women with menstrual abnormalities.", "content": "Thirty-five women with menstrual abnormalities were given 100 microng of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) by bolus intravenous injection in an attempt to simplify and quantitate the usefulness of this test in clinical management. Peak and total gonadotropin responses are highly correlated. Peak and total LH are significantly related to basal LH but no similar relationship could be established for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). There is no association between gonadotropin response and prolactin levels or body weight. Basal estradiol levels are inversely related to FSH response but not to LH response. It is concluded that the use of an intravenous 100-microng bolus of LHRH is of little use as a clinical test for the gynecologic endocrine patient.", "contents": "Factors influencing the dynamics of gonadotropin response following bolus infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in women with menstrual abnormalities. Thirty-five women with menstrual abnormalities were given 100 microng of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) by bolus intravenous injection in an attempt to simplify and quantitate the usefulness of this test in clinical management. Peak and total gonadotropin responses are highly correlated. Peak and total LH are significantly related to basal LH but no similar relationship could be established for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). There is no association between gonadotropin response and prolactin levels or body weight. Basal estradiol levels are inversely related to FSH response but not to LH response. It is concluded that the use of an intravenous 100-microng bolus of LHRH is of little use as a clinical test for the gynecologic endocrine patient.", "PMID": 323072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8684", "title": "Pituitary response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone after induced abortion in the first and second trimesters.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) (100 microng) was administered subcutaneously to healthy female volunteers 2 and 4 weeks after induced abortion in the first trimester (group A) and the midtrimester (group B). Four patients were studied in each group. The response to LHRH was determined in terms of plasma LH and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Adequate pituitary response occurred in subjects of group A at both 2 and 4 weeks. In group B pituitary unresponsiveness was found at 2 weeks which persisted to some extent at 4 weeks. These data are in accord with the pituitary unresponsiveness observed after termination of pregnancy at term and suggest that the duration of pregnancy has an influence on the development of this unresponsiveness.", "contents": "Pituitary response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone after induced abortion in the first and second trimesters. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) (100 microng) was administered subcutaneously to healthy female volunteers 2 and 4 weeks after induced abortion in the first trimester (group A) and the midtrimester (group B). Four patients were studied in each group. The response to LHRH was determined in terms of plasma LH and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Adequate pituitary response occurred in subjects of group A at both 2 and 4 weeks. In group B pituitary unresponsiveness was found at 2 weeks which persisted to some extent at 4 weeks. These data are in accord with the pituitary unresponsiveness observed after termination of pregnancy at term and suggest that the duration of pregnancy has an influence on the development of this unresponsiveness.", "PMID": 323073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8685", "title": "Low-dose combination oral contraceptives: a controlled clinical study of three different norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol ratios.", "content": "Three doses of norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol in altered ratios were investigated in a double-blind, randomized study. The estrogen content was maintained at 20 microng or less, while the progestogen dose was increased in 100-microng increments. Two pregnancies were reported for the lowest dose. No pregnancies occurred in the two higher doses. Each dosage increase improved cycle control and lessened bleeding irregularities. The incidence of patients reporting intermenstrual bleeding was inversely proportional to the doses studied. Dropouts for cycle disturbances followed a similar pattern.", "contents": "Low-dose combination oral contraceptives: a controlled clinical study of three different norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol ratios. Three doses of norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol in altered ratios were investigated in a double-blind, randomized study. The estrogen content was maintained at 20 microng or less, while the progestogen dose was increased in 100-microng increments. Two pregnancies were reported for the lowest dose. No pregnancies occurred in the two higher doses. Each dosage increase improved cycle control and lessened bleeding irregularities. The incidence of patients reporting intermenstrual bleeding was inversely proportional to the doses studied. Dropouts for cycle disturbances followed a similar pattern.", "PMID": 323074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8686", "title": "[Gastrin and blood proteins].", "content": "With the aid of affinic, ion-exchange- and gel-chromatography, disc- and immunoelectrophoresis, the blood serum of healthy people and animals was shown to contain proteins capable of interaction with gastrin. These proteins form a system including, along with albumins, globulins with electrophoretic mobility of alpha- and gamma-globulins. The immunoglobulins interacting with gastrin are related to the G class. Presence of a number of forms of the labile, spatially organized structural hormonal protein complexes is suggested, which play the functional part of an effective storage and transport of the hormone from the hormone-producing cell to the effector one, and excitation of its membrane's structures. Such overmolecular complexes seem to be easier recognized by the celleffector and to exert a specific action.", "contents": "[Gastrin and blood proteins]. With the aid of affinic, ion-exchange- and gel-chromatography, disc- and immunoelectrophoresis, the blood serum of healthy people and animals was shown to contain proteins capable of interaction with gastrin. These proteins form a system including, along with albumins, globulins with electrophoretic mobility of alpha- and gamma-globulins. The immunoglobulins interacting with gastrin are related to the G class. Presence of a number of forms of the labile, spatially organized structural hormonal protein complexes is suggested, which play the functional part of an effective storage and transport of the hormone from the hormone-producing cell to the effector one, and excitation of its membrane's structures. Such overmolecular complexes seem to be easier recognized by the celleffector and to exert a specific action.", "PMID": 323076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8687", "title": "Cicatricial pemphigoid with circulating antibasement membrane antibodies. Report of three atypical cases.", "content": "3 patients had cicatricial pemphigoid with positive indirect immunofluorescence to basement membrane. 1 patient had remarkably mid disease; another had high titers of autoantibody; and the third was partially responsive to sulfapyridine. All 3 patients were women, as has been true most other reported cases. Antibody titers seemed to correlate with disease activity but not with disease extent.", "contents": "Cicatricial pemphigoid with circulating antibasement membrane antibodies. Report of three atypical cases. 3 patients had cicatricial pemphigoid with positive indirect immunofluorescence to basement membrane. 1 patient had remarkably mid disease; another had high titers of autoantibody; and the third was partially responsive to sulfapyridine. All 3 patients were women, as has been true most other reported cases. Antibody titers seemed to correlate with disease activity but not with disease extent.", "PMID": 323083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8688", "title": "Prolongation of Bacillus firmus survival on human skin by a spore inoculum.", "content": "A case report is presented of an individual who carried vegetative cells of Baccillus firmus on multiple sites of his body for over a year. With the aim of investigating the survival mechanisms of Bacillus species on human skin, vegetative cells or spores of this microorganism were applied to the forearms of volunteers. Whereas vegetative cells were rapidly eliminated, the bacillus was recovered up to 2 weeks following an inoculum of spores. Persistence was not passive since germination, growth, and possible sporulation were demonstrated. We observed strong individual differences in the carriage of bacilli.", "contents": "Prolongation of Bacillus firmus survival on human skin by a spore inoculum. A case report is presented of an individual who carried vegetative cells of Baccillus firmus on multiple sites of his body for over a year. With the aim of investigating the survival mechanisms of Bacillus species on human skin, vegetative cells or spores of this microorganism were applied to the forearms of volunteers. Whereas vegetative cells were rapidly eliminated, the bacillus was recovered up to 2 weeks following an inoculum of spores. Persistence was not passive since germination, growth, and possible sporulation were demonstrated. We observed strong individual differences in the carriage of bacilli.", "PMID": 323084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8689", "title": "Cutaneous sarcoidosis treated with levamisole.", "content": "16 patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis were treated intermittently over a period of 6 months with levamisole in an open study. The skin lesions cleared in 2 of 13 patients completing the course of treatment. Aggravation of the sarcoidosis was noted in 2 other patients after a few weeks of treatment. Tuberculin sensitivity did not increase during the treatment period. Dinitrochlorobenzene sensitivity increased in 5 patients but the lesions did not clear in any of these patients. It is concluded that levamisole is not useful in the treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Cutaneous sarcoidosis treated with levamisole. 16 patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis were treated intermittently over a period of 6 months with levamisole in an open study. The skin lesions cleared in 2 of 13 patients completing the course of treatment. Aggravation of the sarcoidosis was noted in 2 other patients after a few weeks of treatment. Tuberculin sensitivity did not increase during the treatment period. Dinitrochlorobenzene sensitivity increased in 5 patients but the lesions did not clear in any of these patients. It is concluded that levamisole is not useful in the treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 323085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8690", "title": "A controlled clinical trial of calcium dobesylate in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "In a two-year study of 36 diabetic patients with retinopathy, proliferative in 18, first six months (period A) were spent in baseline. The patients then received calcium dobesylate, 250 mg three times a day (period B) and were then entered into the double blind part of the study, receiving either dobesylate for six months followed by placebo for a further six month period, or the reverse, according to a randomised code (period C and D). Cutaneous capillary resistance (CCR) which was abnormal in 26 patients at the beginning of the study had returned toward normal in 11 patients by the end of period B. However, this beneficial effect was not confirmed in the double blind part of the study. Punctate red spots (microaneurysms and microhemorrhages) were counted at the end of each period. No statistically significant differences were noted at any period studied. Retinal angiographic studies also failed to demonstrate any beneficial effect of the drug.", "contents": "A controlled clinical trial of calcium dobesylate in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. In a two-year study of 36 diabetic patients with retinopathy, proliferative in 18, first six months (period A) were spent in baseline. The patients then received calcium dobesylate, 250 mg three times a day (period B) and were then entered into the double blind part of the study, receiving either dobesylate for six months followed by placebo for a further six month period, or the reverse, according to a randomised code (period C and D). Cutaneous capillary resistance (CCR) which was abnormal in 26 patients at the beginning of the study had returned toward normal in 11 patients by the end of period B. However, this beneficial effect was not confirmed in the double blind part of the study. Punctate red spots (microaneurysms and microhemorrhages) were counted at the end of each period. No statistically significant differences were noted at any period studied. Retinal angiographic studies also failed to demonstrate any beneficial effect of the drug.", "PMID": 323086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8691", "title": "Effects of tetracycline and diazepam on insulin secretion and adenylyl cyclase activity of isolated rat islets of Langerhans.", "content": "Tetracycline (2 and 20 micronM) inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated rat islets of Langerhans, although it failed to alter tolbutamide-stimulated insulin release. Diazepam (10 micronM) potentiated tolbutamide-stimulated insulin release and at a concentration of 1 mM increased glucose-stimulated insulin release. Tetracycline (20 and 200 micronM) or diazepam (10, 100 and 1,000 micronM) inhibited adenylyl cyclase activity of islets homogenate. These results suggest that the effect of tetracycline on insulin secretion might be in part due to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase of the islets. However, the effect of diazepam on insulin secretion is not mediated through the adenylyl cyclase system.", "contents": "Effects of tetracycline and diazepam on insulin secretion and adenylyl cyclase activity of isolated rat islets of Langerhans. Tetracycline (2 and 20 micronM) inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated rat islets of Langerhans, although it failed to alter tolbutamide-stimulated insulin release. Diazepam (10 micronM) potentiated tolbutamide-stimulated insulin release and at a concentration of 1 mM increased glucose-stimulated insulin release. Tetracycline (20 and 200 micronM) or diazepam (10, 100 and 1,000 micronM) inhibited adenylyl cyclase activity of islets homogenate. These results suggest that the effect of tetracycline on insulin secretion might be in part due to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase of the islets. However, the effect of diazepam on insulin secretion is not mediated through the adenylyl cyclase system.", "PMID": 323087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8692", "title": "[Maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplantation in diabetic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplantation are increasingly used for treating diabetic patients with terminal uremia. Nowadays dialysis techniques may be considered for most of these patients, except those presenting with multiple severe disabling complications. Difficulties in control of glycaemia or of the uremic state or in the management of immunosuppressive drugs in transplanted patients do not, in themselves, constitute special problems in dialysis or transplantation. The high rate of complications and the excess mortality recorded in diabetics, compared with non-diabetic dialyzed or transplanted patients are closely related to the cardiovascular, neurological and microvascular disease that is present to various degress in all diabetic patients. Cardiac and cerebrovascular complications account for most of the deaths. Ocular and neurological status often worsen during dialysis but their stabilization usually occurs after successful transplantation. The choice between therapeutic methods in end-stage uremia must be an individual one for each patient\" depending on age, medical and psychological factors and technical feasibility. Renal transplantation gives best results in patients aged less than 50 years and should be carried out early (creatinine clearance 15 - 10 ml/min.) before occurrence of the most disabling complications. If transplantation is not indicated or available, dialysis should be initiated when creatinine clearance is about 10 ml/min. Early multidisciplinary care of uremic diabetics will improve the results of maintenance hemodialysis, the problems and failures of which occur most frequently when treatment is commenced too late in patients with irreversible clinical and/or metabolic conditions.", "contents": "[Maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplantation in diabetic patients (author's transl)]. Maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplantation are increasingly used for treating diabetic patients with terminal uremia. Nowadays dialysis techniques may be considered for most of these patients, except those presenting with multiple severe disabling complications. Difficulties in control of glycaemia or of the uremic state or in the management of immunosuppressive drugs in transplanted patients do not, in themselves, constitute special problems in dialysis or transplantation. The high rate of complications and the excess mortality recorded in diabetics, compared with non-diabetic dialyzed or transplanted patients are closely related to the cardiovascular, neurological and microvascular disease that is present to various degress in all diabetic patients. Cardiac and cerebrovascular complications account for most of the deaths. Ocular and neurological status often worsen during dialysis but their stabilization usually occurs after successful transplantation. The choice between therapeutic methods in end-stage uremia must be an individual one for each patient\" depending on age, medical and psychological factors and technical feasibility. Renal transplantation gives best results in patients aged less than 50 years and should be carried out early (creatinine clearance 15 - 10 ml/min.) before occurrence of the most disabling complications. If transplantation is not indicated or available, dialysis should be initiated when creatinine clearance is about 10 ml/min. Early multidisciplinary care of uremic diabetics will improve the results of maintenance hemodialysis, the problems and failures of which occur most frequently when treatment is commenced too late in patients with irreversible clinical and/or metabolic conditions.", "PMID": 323088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8693", "title": "Plasma insulin and C-peptide levels in cirrhotic and uremic patients.", "content": "Fifty grams of glucose were administered orally to twelve cirrhotics, twelve uremics and ten normal controls and the plasma insulin and C-peptide responses were measured and expressed as molar concentration. Glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and elevated C-peptide levels were found in cirrhotics after glucose loading and in uremics during the later part of the glucose response. The molar ratio of C-peptide to insulin was lower in cirrhotics and higher in uremics than in controls. It is suggested that insulin is mainly degraded by the liver and C-peptide by the kidneys, and that C-peptide is not affected by the liver damage but is present in raised concentration in subjects with injured kidneys. Elevated C-peptide level in cirrhotics is consistent with hyperfunction of pancreatic B-cells.", "contents": "Plasma insulin and C-peptide levels in cirrhotic and uremic patients. Fifty grams of glucose were administered orally to twelve cirrhotics, twelve uremics and ten normal controls and the plasma insulin and C-peptide responses were measured and expressed as molar concentration. Glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and elevated C-peptide levels were found in cirrhotics after glucose loading and in uremics during the later part of the glucose response. The molar ratio of C-peptide to insulin was lower in cirrhotics and higher in uremics than in controls. It is suggested that insulin is mainly degraded by the liver and C-peptide by the kidneys, and that C-peptide is not affected by the liver damage but is present in raised concentration in subjects with injured kidneys. Elevated C-peptide level in cirrhotics is consistent with hyperfunction of pancreatic B-cells.", "PMID": 323089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8694", "title": "The prognostic importance of plasma glucose levels and of the use of oral hypoglycemic drugs after myocardial infarction in men.", "content": "The relationship of plasma glucose levels to risk of death over a five-year follow-up period was studied in 2,770 male survivors of myocardial infarction in the placebo group of the Coronary Drug Project (CDP). In univariate analyses, a positive association was observed between mortality rates and both fasting and one-hour glucose levels. After adjustment for 38 other baseline characteristics, the strengths of these relationship were substantially diminished; however, an increased mortality persisted in patients with fasting glucose levels larger than or equal to 140 mg./dl. after adjustment for other risk variables. There exists some evidence of an increased mortality risk in users of oral hypoglycemic (OH) agents over that of nonusers at baseline in men with elevated baseline glucose levels. However, the results must be interpreted with great caution both because they are of only borderline statistical significance and also because various factors not recorded in the CDP might have influenced the results.", "contents": "The prognostic importance of plasma glucose levels and of the use of oral hypoglycemic drugs after myocardial infarction in men. The relationship of plasma glucose levels to risk of death over a five-year follow-up period was studied in 2,770 male survivors of myocardial infarction in the placebo group of the Coronary Drug Project (CDP). In univariate analyses, a positive association was observed between mortality rates and both fasting and one-hour glucose levels. After adjustment for 38 other baseline characteristics, the strengths of these relationship were substantially diminished; however, an increased mortality persisted in patients with fasting glucose levels larger than or equal to 140 mg./dl. after adjustment for other risk variables. There exists some evidence of an increased mortality risk in users of oral hypoglycemic (OH) agents over that of nonusers at baseline in men with elevated baseline glucose levels. However, the results must be interpreted with great caution both because they are of only borderline statistical significance and also because various factors not recorded in the CDP might have influenced the results.", "PMID": 323090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8695", "title": "Synthetic gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Stimulatory effect on insulin and glucagon secretion in the rat.", "content": "Effect of synthetic gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on insulin and glucagon secretion was stuied in vivo and in vitro in the rat. Intravenous administration of 1 microng./kg. GIP along with 0.625 gm./kg. glucose caused a more prominent rise of plasma insulin than did 0.625 gm./kg. glucose alone. The suppression of plasma glucagon levels induced by glucose was attenuated partially but not significantly by the concomitant administration of GIP. GIP (1 microng./kg. i.v.) alone raised both plasma insulin and glucago levels. In in-vitro experiments with isolated pancreatic islets, GIP significantly augmented insulin release induced by either 8.3 mM or 16.7 mM glucose, whereas the augmentation of glucagon release was observed at 3.3 mM, 8.3 MM, and 16.7 mM glucose concentrations. Three peptides, consisting of 1-28, 22-43, and 15-43 amino acids of GIP, failed to potentiate insulin and glucagon secretion. These results suggest that synthetic GIP has a stimulating effect on insulin and glucagon secretion.", "contents": "Synthetic gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Stimulatory effect on insulin and glucagon secretion in the rat. Effect of synthetic gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on insulin and glucagon secretion was stuied in vivo and in vitro in the rat. Intravenous administration of 1 microng./kg. GIP along with 0.625 gm./kg. glucose caused a more prominent rise of plasma insulin than did 0.625 gm./kg. glucose alone. The suppression of plasma glucagon levels induced by glucose was attenuated partially but not significantly by the concomitant administration of GIP. GIP (1 microng./kg. i.v.) alone raised both plasma insulin and glucago levels. In in-vitro experiments with isolated pancreatic islets, GIP significantly augmented insulin release induced by either 8.3 mM or 16.7 mM glucose, whereas the augmentation of glucagon release was observed at 3.3 mM, 8.3 MM, and 16.7 mM glucose concentrations. Three peptides, consisting of 1-28, 22-43, and 15-43 amino acids of GIP, failed to potentiate insulin and glucagon secretion. These results suggest that synthetic GIP has a stimulating effect on insulin and glucagon secretion.", "PMID": 323091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8696", "title": "The value of calcium dobesilate in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. A controlled clinical trial.", "content": "The effect of calcium dobesilate on capillary resistance and background retinopathy was compared with placebo in a double-blind cross-over trial on 18 diabetics. Each treatment lasted 8 months. The trial produced no evidence in favour of a significant beneficial effect of calcium dobesilate on the capillary resistance in diabetics or on the course of the diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "The value of calcium dobesilate in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. A controlled clinical trial. The effect of calcium dobesilate on capillary resistance and background retinopathy was compared with placebo in a double-blind cross-over trial on 18 diabetics. Each treatment lasted 8 months. The trial produced no evidence in favour of a significant beneficial effect of calcium dobesilate on the capillary resistance in diabetics or on the course of the diabetic retinopathy.", "PMID": 323093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8697", "title": "Histone synthesis and replacement during spermatogenesis in the mouse.", "content": "Separation of labelled nuclei by sedimentation velocity at unit gravity (Staput method) was used to study the timing of histone synthesis and replacement by testis-specific basic nuclear protein (TSP) during spermatogenesis in the mouse. Animals were injected (intratesticularly) with 1.25 micronCi per testis 3H-arginine or 2.5 micronCi per testis 3H-lysine, testis nuclei were separated, and the acid extract of each nuclear fraction was analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The distribution of labelled histones and TSP in separated nuclei was assessed 2 h after incorporation. Changes in the labelled histone and TSP content of nuclei during subsequent differentiation (1--34 days post-label) was followed in fractions of separated testis cell nuclei and in nuclei of cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Analysis of total histone and (TSP) content indicated quantitative changes during development. Nuclei from primary spermatocytes had relatively larger amounts of histones H1 and H4. Spermatid nuclei showed a relative reduction in histones H1 and H4, coincident with the appearance of TSP in these nuclei. These results suggested that synthesis and/or removal of certain histones must occur in late primary spermatocyte and early spermatid stages of spermatogenesis. Results of labelling experiments indicated several periods of histone synthesis during spermatogenesis: (1) closely associated with the last DNA synthesis(i.e., in early primary spermatocytes), (2) late in meiotic prophase (i.e., in pachytene primary spermatocytes) and (3) simultaneous with TSP synthesis (i.e., in late spermatids). Histone H1 was more heavily labelled toward the end of the primary spermatocyte period. Histone H4 was more heavily labelled in the early primary spermatocyte period, and again at the time of TSP synthesis in spermatids. Histones synthesized before the pachytene primary spermatocyte stage appeared to be replace, but histones synthesized later in spermatogenesis appeared to be at least partially retained in epididymal spermatozoa. These results suggested that repeated specific alterations in the protein complement of the nucleus are an integral part of spermatogenic differentiation in the mouse.", "contents": "Histone synthesis and replacement during spermatogenesis in the mouse. Separation of labelled nuclei by sedimentation velocity at unit gravity (Staput method) was used to study the timing of histone synthesis and replacement by testis-specific basic nuclear protein (TSP) during spermatogenesis in the mouse. Animals were injected (intratesticularly) with 1.25 micronCi per testis 3H-arginine or 2.5 micronCi per testis 3H-lysine, testis nuclei were separated, and the acid extract of each nuclear fraction was analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The distribution of labelled histones and TSP in separated nuclei was assessed 2 h after incorporation. Changes in the labelled histone and TSP content of nuclei during subsequent differentiation (1--34 days post-label) was followed in fractions of separated testis cell nuclei and in nuclei of cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Analysis of total histone and (TSP) content indicated quantitative changes during development. Nuclei from primary spermatocytes had relatively larger amounts of histones H1 and H4. Spermatid nuclei showed a relative reduction in histones H1 and H4, coincident with the appearance of TSP in these nuclei. These results suggested that synthesis and/or removal of certain histones must occur in late primary spermatocyte and early spermatid stages of spermatogenesis. Results of labelling experiments indicated several periods of histone synthesis during spermatogenesis: (1) closely associated with the last DNA synthesis(i.e., in early primary spermatocytes), (2) late in meiotic prophase (i.e., in pachytene primary spermatocytes) and (3) simultaneous with TSP synthesis (i.e., in late spermatids). Histone H1 was more heavily labelled toward the end of the primary spermatocyte period. Histone H4 was more heavily labelled in the early primary spermatocyte period, and again at the time of TSP synthesis in spermatids. Histones synthesized before the pachytene primary spermatocyte stage appeared to be replace, but histones synthesized later in spermatogenesis appeared to be at least partially retained in epididymal spermatozoa. These results suggested that repeated specific alterations in the protein complement of the nucleus are an integral part of spermatogenic differentiation in the mouse.", "PMID": 323095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8698", "title": "Identification of lymphocytes in percutaneous liver biopsy cores. Different T:B cell ratio in HB sAg-positive and -negative hepatitis.", "content": "The lymphocytes infiltrating the liver were isolated and characterized as T or B cells in three groups of patients: 20 patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HB sAg)-positive acute and chronic hepatitis, 8 patients with HBsAg-negative chronic hepatitis with prior evidence for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and 5 patients with HBsAg-negative chronic hepatitis without prior evidence for HBV infection. The predominant cell infiltrating the liver was shown to be a T cell in all categories; however, the ratio of T:B cells was significantly lower (1.96) in the patients without evidence for HBV infection than in the patients who were HBsAg-positive at (7.86), or before (8.85) the time of study. The significantly (P less than 0.001) higher number of B cells in the patients with chronic hepatitis of unknown etiology suggests that a different immunopathogenetic mechanism is operative in this group. A peripheral T lymphocytopenia was observed in patients with both antecedent and existent HBs-antigenemia, but not in the patients without evidence for HBV infection.", "contents": "Identification of lymphocytes in percutaneous liver biopsy cores. Different T:B cell ratio in HB sAg-positive and -negative hepatitis. The lymphocytes infiltrating the liver were isolated and characterized as T or B cells in three groups of patients: 20 patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HB sAg)-positive acute and chronic hepatitis, 8 patients with HBsAg-negative chronic hepatitis with prior evidence for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and 5 patients with HBsAg-negative chronic hepatitis without prior evidence for HBV infection. The predominant cell infiltrating the liver was shown to be a T cell in all categories; however, the ratio of T:B cells was significantly lower (1.96) in the patients without evidence for HBV infection than in the patients who were HBsAg-positive at (7.86), or before (8.85) the time of study. The significantly (P less than 0.001) higher number of B cells in the patients with chronic hepatitis of unknown etiology suggests that a different immunopathogenetic mechanism is operative in this group. A peripheral T lymphocytopenia was observed in patients with both antecedent and existent HBs-antigenemia, but not in the patients without evidence for HBV infection.", "PMID": 323096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8699", "title": "[Endometrial cancer and extraglandular oestrogen biosynthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "An increasing incidence of endometrial cancer caused by a higher life expectancy and a number of other facters (i.e. obesity, diabetes, hypertension, lower pregnancy rate) as well as the unfavorable location for early detection when compared with cervical cancer has initiated this review in order to single out women with increased risk. Clinical characteristics of patients with endometrial cancer represented by age, menstrual disorders, reduced fertility, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hirsutism, hyperplasia of the ovarian stroma or hilus cells in connection with an increased oestrogen effect in the vaginal smear and proliferative changes of the endometrium can be explained by extraglandular respectively peripheral aromatization of androgens to oestrogens, particular by the conversion of androstenedione to oestrone. This is supported by an increased plasma oestrone/oestradiol-ratio and increased conversion rate with age and overweight. In vivo- and in vitro-investigations have demonstrated the participation of adipose tissue in peripheral oestrogene production. The compiled data point towards the importance of the extraglandular oestrone production for the etiology of endometrial cancer by effecting the endometrium over a long period of time. The counter action of the normally cyclic changes of oestradiol and progesterone is lacking. Therefore, a dysoestrogenic effect of oestrone upon the endometrium can be fully effective, depending on the hormone receptor content of the respective endometrium. Based upon these data including recent publications, pre- and postmenopausal oestrogen therapy has to be critically reevaluated.", "contents": "[Endometrial cancer and extraglandular oestrogen biosynthesis (author's transl)]. An increasing incidence of endometrial cancer caused by a higher life expectancy and a number of other facters (i.e. obesity, diabetes, hypertension, lower pregnancy rate) as well as the unfavorable location for early detection when compared with cervical cancer has initiated this review in order to single out women with increased risk. Clinical characteristics of patients with endometrial cancer represented by age, menstrual disorders, reduced fertility, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hirsutism, hyperplasia of the ovarian stroma or hilus cells in connection with an increased oestrogen effect in the vaginal smear and proliferative changes of the endometrium can be explained by extraglandular respectively peripheral aromatization of androgens to oestrogens, particular by the conversion of androstenedione to oestrone. This is supported by an increased plasma oestrone/oestradiol-ratio and increased conversion rate with age and overweight. In vivo- and in vitro-investigations have demonstrated the participation of adipose tissue in peripheral oestrogene production. The compiled data point towards the importance of the extraglandular oestrone production for the etiology of endometrial cancer by effecting the endometrium over a long period of time. The counter action of the normally cyclic changes of oestradiol and progesterone is lacking. Therefore, a dysoestrogenic effect of oestrone upon the endometrium can be fully effective, depending on the hormone receptor content of the respective endometrium. Based upon these data including recent publications, pre- and postmenopausal oestrogen therapy has to be critically reevaluated.", "PMID": 323098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8700", "title": "Comparative study of the value of the calcium, secretin, and meal stimulated increase in serum gastrin to the diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "To evaluate the usefulness of provocation tests in the diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome stimulation tests with calcium, 15 mg/kg. 3 h, and secretin GIH, 1 U/kg.30 s, were performed in 15 patients with histologically proven or suspected ZE syndrome. Nine of these 15 patients were without previous gastric surgery and in them meal stimulated serum gastrin levels were measured as well. These tests were also performed in normal subjects and in patients with duodenal ulcer, antrectomy, total gastrectomy, and achlorhydria. All tests were considered to be positive if a more than 50% increase in serum gastrin was found. The results indicate that secretin stimulation is the provocation test of first choice in the diagnosis of this syndrome. This test is most valuable for the following reasons: (1) there were few (two out of 15) false-negative test results in ZE patients; (2) there were no false-positive tests in 69 patients without gastrinoma; (3) it was easy and quick to perform; and (4) there were no adverse reactions. The two ZE patients with negative secretin stimulation tests had negative calcium provocation tests as well, in spite of histologically proven gastrinoma. In 11 patients with suspected or proven ZE syndrome and basal serum gastrin levels of less than 1000 pg/ml a rather good correlation (r = 0-841;  P less than 0-01) was found between the percental increase in serum gastrin after stimulation by calcium and secretin. Meal stimulated serum gastrin levels are helpful only in patients without previous gastric surgery.", "contents": "Comparative study of the value of the calcium, secretin, and meal stimulated increase in serum gastrin to the diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. To evaluate the usefulness of provocation tests in the diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome stimulation tests with calcium, 15 mg/kg. 3 h, and secretin GIH, 1 U/kg.30 s, were performed in 15 patients with histologically proven or suspected ZE syndrome. Nine of these 15 patients were without previous gastric surgery and in them meal stimulated serum gastrin levels were measured as well. These tests were also performed in normal subjects and in patients with duodenal ulcer, antrectomy, total gastrectomy, and achlorhydria. All tests were considered to be positive if a more than 50% increase in serum gastrin was found. The results indicate that secretin stimulation is the provocation test of first choice in the diagnosis of this syndrome. This test is most valuable for the following reasons: (1) there were few (two out of 15) false-negative test results in ZE patients; (2) there were no false-positive tests in 69 patients without gastrinoma; (3) it was easy and quick to perform; and (4) there were no adverse reactions. The two ZE patients with negative secretin stimulation tests had negative calcium provocation tests as well, in spite of histologically proven gastrinoma. In 11 patients with suspected or proven ZE syndrome and basal serum gastrin levels of less than 1000 pg/ml a rather good correlation (r = 0-841;  P less than 0-01) was found between the percental increase in serum gastrin after stimulation by calcium and secretin. Meal stimulated serum gastrin levels are helpful only in patients without previous gastric surgery.", "PMID": 323117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8701", "title": "24-hour intragastric acidity and nocturnal acid secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer during oral administration of cimetidine and atropine.", "content": "Cimetidine markedly inhibits gastric acid secretion, but from the therapeutic point of view it is important to know whether concurrent treatment with an anticholinergic increases its effect. This possibility has been investigated by measuring the 24 h intragastric acidity and nocturnal output of acid in four duodenal ulcer patients, each receiving on separate occasions cimetidine 1 g/day and placebo, atropine 2-4 mg/day and placebo, cimetidine and atropine, or two placebos. Cimetidine alone decreased mean hourly hydrogen ion activity by 63% of control values, decreased mean hourly hydrogen ion concentration (total acid) by 41%, inhibited nocturnal acid secretion by 83% and resulted in half the nocturnal samples being anacidic. Atropine alone had no effect when compared with control and combined treatment with both drugs was not superior to cimetidine alone. Atropine did not affect the absorption or urinary excretion of cimetidine. Fasting serum gastrin concentrations were not changed by any of the treatments. At the doses studied, the combination of cimetidine with an anticholinergic appears to offer no advantages over treatment with the H2-antagonist alone. Cimetidine is the only potent anti-secretory drug that does not cause acute side-effects and this important advantage would be lost if it were given with a maximal dose of an anticholinergic.", "contents": "24-hour intragastric acidity and nocturnal acid secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer during oral administration of cimetidine and atropine. Cimetidine markedly inhibits gastric acid secretion, but from the therapeutic point of view it is important to know whether concurrent treatment with an anticholinergic increases its effect. This possibility has been investigated by measuring the 24 h intragastric acidity and nocturnal output of acid in four duodenal ulcer patients, each receiving on separate occasions cimetidine 1 g/day and placebo, atropine 2-4 mg/day and placebo, cimetidine and atropine, or two placebos. Cimetidine alone decreased mean hourly hydrogen ion activity by 63% of control values, decreased mean hourly hydrogen ion concentration (total acid) by 41%, inhibited nocturnal acid secretion by 83% and resulted in half the nocturnal samples being anacidic. Atropine alone had no effect when compared with control and combined treatment with both drugs was not superior to cimetidine alone. Atropine did not affect the absorption or urinary excretion of cimetidine. Fasting serum gastrin concentrations were not changed by any of the treatments. At the doses studied, the combination of cimetidine with an anticholinergic appears to offer no advantages over treatment with the H2-antagonist alone. Cimetidine is the only potent anti-secretory drug that does not cause acute side-effects and this important advantage would be lost if it were given with a maximal dose of an anticholinergic.", "PMID": 323118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8702", "title": "Immunoprophylaxis and therapy of grafted rat colonic carcinoma.", "content": "Two independent lines of chemically-induced colonic carcinoma, serially graftable in syngeneic rats, have been used to investigate the effects of immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. Rats were immunised by various procedures, including BCG, irradiated tumour grafts, and cancer cells treated by mitomycin and neuraminidase. A partial inhibition of tumour growth was observed in one of the four protocols. On the other hand, a significant enhancement of tumour growth was obtained in two other experiments.", "contents": "Immunoprophylaxis and therapy of grafted rat colonic carcinoma. Two independent lines of chemically-induced colonic carcinoma, serially graftable in syngeneic rats, have been used to investigate the effects of immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. Rats were immunised by various procedures, including BCG, irradiated tumour grafts, and cancer cells treated by mitomycin and neuraminidase. A partial inhibition of tumour growth was observed in one of the four protocols. On the other hand, a significant enhancement of tumour growth was obtained in two other experiments.", "PMID": 323119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8703", "title": "Heparin, heparin-activated enzymes and platelets.", "content": "This review summarises evidence supporting the view that the therapeutic anticoagulant properties of heparin are related to its physiological function in the organism, especially its activation of lipoprotein lipase and lecithinase. The conflicting results obtained from studies of the effect of heparin on platelet function are discussed, together with reasons for these differences of opinion. Finally, a hypothesis which links heparin, heparin-activated enzymes and platelet function is proposed, this hypothesis being complementary to the current views concerning the activation by heparin of the inhibitor of activated factor X.", "contents": "Heparin, heparin-activated enzymes and platelets. This review summarises evidence supporting the view that the therapeutic anticoagulant properties of heparin are related to its physiological function in the organism, especially its activation of lipoprotein lipase and lecithinase. The conflicting results obtained from studies of the effect of heparin on platelet function are discussed, together with reasons for these differences of opinion. Finally, a hypothesis which links heparin, heparin-activated enzymes and platelet function is proposed, this hypothesis being complementary to the current views concerning the activation by heparin of the inhibitor of activated factor X.", "PMID": 323121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8704", "title": "[Disorders of the blood circulation in the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "Blood flow disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to serious illness. They can be acute or chronic, their cause may be arterial or venous occlusion or hypotonia. Lesions of the gastrointestinal tract caused by ischemia depend on localisation, acuteness and degree of the blood flow disturbance. They may reach from focal and segmental ischemic lesions to extensive necroses of the entire intestinal tubes. The most serious ischemic disease is the embolic and thrombotic occlusion of the arteria mesenterica superior due to previous arterosclerotic damage. Infarction of a large part of the intestines and peritonitis can be the consequence. These patients' only chance of survival is early diagnosis--as a rule exclusively via angiography--and immediate surgery. Chronic occlusion of the arteria mesenterica superior leads to angina abdominalis which mainly occurs after food intake and can last for hours. The reason may also be a general arteriosclerosis. Men are affected more frequently and at a younger age than women. As a consequence of lowered intestinal blood flow these patients suffer from malabsorption and heavy weight loss. Conservative therapy is not effective. These patients, too, will have to be treated surgically after previous angiography. Vascular disease with decreased blood flow as its consequence can be found in a number of inflammatory diseases, in malign hypertensian, in collagen disease and in other more rare diseases as pseudoxanthoma elasticum or Ehlers-Danlos-syndrome. In the case of ischemic colitis arterial and more rarely venous occlusions cause decreased blood flow in the big bowel. A frequent consequence is colitis in the left colon which is characterized by acuteness, pain in the left side of the abdomen and by heavy rectal bleeding. Diagnosis is established by means of endoscopy, barium enema and angiography. Primarily therapy of ischemic colitis is of the conservative type. In severe cases with gangrene and peritonitis the colon has to be resected.", "contents": "[Disorders of the blood circulation in the gastrointestinal tract]. Blood flow disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to serious illness. They can be acute or chronic, their cause may be arterial or venous occlusion or hypotonia. Lesions of the gastrointestinal tract caused by ischemia depend on localisation, acuteness and degree of the blood flow disturbance. They may reach from focal and segmental ischemic lesions to extensive necroses of the entire intestinal tubes. The most serious ischemic disease is the embolic and thrombotic occlusion of the arteria mesenterica superior due to previous arterosclerotic damage. Infarction of a large part of the intestines and peritonitis can be the consequence. These patients' only chance of survival is early diagnosis--as a rule exclusively via angiography--and immediate surgery. Chronic occlusion of the arteria mesenterica superior leads to angina abdominalis which mainly occurs after food intake and can last for hours. The reason may also be a general arteriosclerosis. Men are affected more frequently and at a younger age than women. As a consequence of lowered intestinal blood flow these patients suffer from malabsorption and heavy weight loss. Conservative therapy is not effective. These patients, too, will have to be treated surgically after previous angiography. Vascular disease with decreased blood flow as its consequence can be found in a number of inflammatory diseases, in malign hypertensian, in collagen disease and in other more rare diseases as pseudoxanthoma elasticum or Ehlers-Danlos-syndrome. In the case of ischemic colitis arterial and more rarely venous occlusions cause decreased blood flow in the big bowel. A frequent consequence is colitis in the left colon which is characterized by acuteness, pain in the left side of the abdomen and by heavy rectal bleeding. Diagnosis is established by means of endoscopy, barium enema and angiography. Primarily therapy of ischemic colitis is of the conservative type. In severe cases with gangrene and peritonitis the colon has to be resected.", "PMID": 323126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8705", "title": "\"To select better--to shunt better\" prerequisites for better shunt therapy in liver cirrhosis. Review.", "content": "Essentially 3 facts are responsible for the poor clinical outcome after porta-caval shunt in liver cirrhosis today: 1. Further reduction of hepatic blood flow, 2. total or nearly complete deprivation of the liver of portal venous blood supply with essential substances and functions and 3. insufficient criteria for selection. Since there exists no alternative procedure in decompressing bleeding varices in the end, porta-caval anastomoses will have to be performed also in the future. Therefore all efforts must be undertaken to improve the operative and longterm results, including a better preoperative selection and a better shunting. Determination of \"functional\" liver volume, knowledge of hepatic arterial reaction and preoperative determination of the intrahepatic shunt-flow might be very promising aspects in the selection today. In porta-caval surgery a differentiated choice of the available shunting methods to be applied, especially techniques for selective decompression and liver arterialization, may improve the results. Finally, the aim in each case should be a porta-caval shunt adapted to the individual situation of the cirrhotic patient.", "contents": "\"To select better--to shunt better\" prerequisites for better shunt therapy in liver cirrhosis. Review. Essentially 3 facts are responsible for the poor clinical outcome after porta-caval shunt in liver cirrhosis today: 1. Further reduction of hepatic blood flow, 2. total or nearly complete deprivation of the liver of portal venous blood supply with essential substances and functions and 3. insufficient criteria for selection. Since there exists no alternative procedure in decompressing bleeding varices in the end, porta-caval anastomoses will have to be performed also in the future. Therefore all efforts must be undertaken to improve the operative and longterm results, including a better preoperative selection and a better shunting. Determination of \"functional\" liver volume, knowledge of hepatic arterial reaction and preoperative determination of the intrahepatic shunt-flow might be very promising aspects in the selection today. In porta-caval surgery a differentiated choice of the available shunting methods to be applied, especially techniques for selective decompression and liver arterialization, may improve the results. Finally, the aim in each case should be a porta-caval shunt adapted to the individual situation of the cirrhotic patient.", "PMID": 323127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8706", "title": "Characterization of the collagen synthesized by cultured human smooth muscle cells from fetal and adult aorta.", "content": "Smooth muscle cells were grown from explants of the tunica media of fetal and adult human aorta. Collagen was isolated after incubation with [14C]glycine and was characterized by ion-exchange chromatography. All cells investigated synthesized two types of collagen: Type I (chain composition [alpha1(I)]2alpha2) and type III (chain composition [alpha1(III)]3). The collagen made by cells from adult donors contained approximately 70% type I and 30% type III collagen. This corresponds to the collagen composition in teh original tissue. No age-relate change in the type I/type III ratio was found with cells from donors between 9 and 67 years of age. On the other hand, the type III portion of the collagen made by fetal cells was markedly less (about 15-20% of total collagen).", "contents": "Characterization of the collagen synthesized by cultured human smooth muscle cells from fetal and adult aorta. Smooth muscle cells were grown from explants of the tunica media of fetal and adult human aorta. Collagen was isolated after incubation with [14C]glycine and was characterized by ion-exchange chromatography. All cells investigated synthesized two types of collagen: Type I (chain composition [alpha1(I)]2alpha2) and type III (chain composition [alpha1(III)]3). The collagen made by cells from adult donors contained approximately 70% type I and 30% type III collagen. This corresponds to the collagen composition in teh original tissue. No age-relate change in the type I/type III ratio was found with cells from donors between 9 and 67 years of age. On the other hand, the type III portion of the collagen made by fetal cells was markedly less (about 15-20% of total collagen).", "PMID": 323129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8707", "title": "A review of lobular, portal, and periportal hepatitis. Interpretation of biopsy specimens without clinical data.", "content": "This representation, in which a recently adopted terminology is used, represents a compilation of clinical diagnoses that must be considered whenever a morphologic diagnosis of lobular, portal, or periportal hepatitis has been made. Also described are the morphologic findings that may enable the pathologist to list, without knowledge of clinical data, the suspected clinical conditions in an order of likelihood.", "contents": "A review of lobular, portal, and periportal hepatitis. Interpretation of biopsy specimens without clinical data. This representation, in which a recently adopted terminology is used, represents a compilation of clinical diagnoses that must be considered whenever a morphologic diagnosis of lobular, portal, or periportal hepatitis has been made. Also described are the morphologic findings that may enable the pathologist to list, without knowledge of clinical data, the suspected clinical conditions in an order of likelihood.", "PMID": 323135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8708", "title": "Malakoplakia in a cadaver renal allograft: a case study.", "content": "Malakoplakia is an uncommon chronic inflammatory disease characterized by histocytes with intracellular Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. The etiology is uncertain, but it is thought that depressed macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria is important. This presentation describes a case of malakoplakia arising in a cadaver renal transplant. The association of long term immunosuppression and repeated E. coli urinary tract infections is discussed.", "contents": "Malakoplakia in a cadaver renal allograft: a case study. Malakoplakia is an uncommon chronic inflammatory disease characterized by histocytes with intracellular Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. The etiology is uncertain, but it is thought that depressed macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria is important. This presentation describes a case of malakoplakia arising in a cadaver renal transplant. The association of long term immunosuppression and repeated E. coli urinary tract infections is discussed.", "PMID": 323136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8709", "title": "Preferential derivation of abnormal human G-group-like chromosomes from chromosome 15.", "content": "The marked binding of antibodies specific for 5-methylcytidine to the short arm of chromosome 15 distinguishes this chromosome from the other human acrocentrics. This method has been used to study over 60 individuals including 12 who did not have Down's syndrome, but who did have an extra G-group sized acrocentric chromosome. In six cases the extra chromosome did not show intensive binding of anti-5-methylcytidine. In the other six cases, the extra chromosome contained a 5-methylcytidine rich band at each end indicating that both ends were derived from chromosome 15 and contained centromeric heterochromatin normally present on the short arm of chromosome 15. The duplication of short arm material in the abnormal chromosomes was confirmed in all cases by quinacrine staining, nucleolar organizer (Ag-AS) staining or C-banding. In three cases, the abnormal chromosome appeared to arise from two different chromosomes 15. Several possible mechanisms for the production of the abnormal chromosome are discussed. The individuals with this abnormal chromosome all showed some degree of mental retardation, but few common physical findings.", "contents": "Preferential derivation of abnormal human G-group-like chromosomes from chromosome 15. The marked binding of antibodies specific for 5-methylcytidine to the short arm of chromosome 15 distinguishes this chromosome from the other human acrocentrics. This method has been used to study over 60 individuals including 12 who did not have Down's syndrome, but who did have an extra G-group sized acrocentric chromosome. In six cases the extra chromosome did not show intensive binding of anti-5-methylcytidine. In the other six cases, the extra chromosome contained a 5-methylcytidine rich band at each end indicating that both ends were derived from chromosome 15 and contained centromeric heterochromatin normally present on the short arm of chromosome 15. The duplication of short arm material in the abnormal chromosomes was confirmed in all cases by quinacrine staining, nucleolar organizer (Ag-AS) staining or C-banding. In three cases, the abnormal chromosome appeared to arise from two different chromosomes 15. Several possible mechanisms for the production of the abnormal chromosome are discussed. The individuals with this abnormal chromosome all showed some degree of mental retardation, but few common physical findings.", "PMID": 323137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8710", "title": "Origin of the translocated segment of the 14q+ marker in non-Burkitt lymphomas.", "content": "The cytogenetic findings by G-banding in two histiocytic lymphomas are described. Both tumors had a stemline with a 14q+ marker. The origin of the extra segment on No. 14 was determined, and it was different in the two cases. These observations, and those from non-Burkitt lymphomas with 14q+ markers reported in the literature, indicate an inconsistent pattern for the origin of the extra material on No. 14. The only feature in common for all cases is instability of the distal region of the long arm of No. 14, and liability of this region to be involved in structural rearrangements, particularly translocations.", "contents": "Origin of the translocated segment of the 14q+ marker in non-Burkitt lymphomas. The cytogenetic findings by G-banding in two histiocytic lymphomas are described. Both tumors had a stemline with a 14q+ marker. The origin of the extra segment on No. 14 was determined, and it was different in the two cases. These observations, and those from non-Burkitt lymphomas with 14q+ markers reported in the literature, indicate an inconsistent pattern for the origin of the extra material on No. 14. The only feature in common for all cases is instability of the distal region of the long arm of No. 14, and liability of this region to be involved in structural rearrangements, particularly translocations.", "PMID": 323138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8711", "title": "Heat-labile enterotoxin produced by Escherichia coli serogroup O149 isolated from diarrheic calves.", "content": "Nine strains of Escherichia coli serogroup O149 isolated from diarrheic calves were found to produce a heat-labile enterotoxin. The heat-labile enterotoxin activity was destroyed by heat (85 degrees C/30 min) and was neutralized by rabbit anti-heat-labile enterotoxin. One of the strains also produced a heat-stable enterotoxin.", "contents": "Heat-labile enterotoxin produced by Escherichia coli serogroup O149 isolated from diarrheic calves. Nine strains of Escherichia coli serogroup O149 isolated from diarrheic calves were found to produce a heat-labile enterotoxin. The heat-labile enterotoxin activity was destroyed by heat (85 degrees C/30 min) and was neutralized by rabbit anti-heat-labile enterotoxin. One of the strains also produced a heat-stable enterotoxin.", "PMID": 323141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8712", "title": "Biological properties of Shigella flexneri 2A toxin and its serological relationship to Shigella dysenteriae 1 toxin.", "content": "A toxin extracted from heat-inactivated, alkaline-treated Shigella flexneri 2a showed biological properties similar to those of Shigella dysenteria 1 toxin. The S, flexneri 2a toxin was lethal to mice, enterotoxic for ileal loops of rabbits, and cytotoxic for HeLa cells. A serological relationship between S. flexneri 2a and S. dysenteriae 1 toxin was shown with cross neutralization tests.", "contents": "Biological properties of Shigella flexneri 2A toxin and its serological relationship to Shigella dysenteriae 1 toxin. A toxin extracted from heat-inactivated, alkaline-treated Shigella flexneri 2a showed biological properties similar to those of Shigella dysenteria 1 toxin. The S, flexneri 2a toxin was lethal to mice, enterotoxic for ileal loops of rabbits, and cytotoxic for HeLa cells. A serological relationship between S. flexneri 2a and S. dysenteriae 1 toxin was shown with cross neutralization tests.", "PMID": 323142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8713", "title": "Evaluation of serum opsonic capacity by quantitating the initial chemiluminescent response from phagocytizing polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Phagocytically activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes produced a chemiluminescence that could be correlated metabolically with the stimulated oxidation of glucose via the hexose monophosphate shunt, The chemiluminescence observed was considered to originate from the relaxation of electronically excited carbonyl groups produced during singlet molecular oxygen-mediated microbicidal oxidation of the ingested microbe. With adequate adjustment of leukocyte and bacterial concentrations, the rate of chemiluminescence increase was nearly constant for the first minutes after initiation of phagocytosis. This rate was dependent on the quantity of bacteria phagocytized by the leukocytes. If both leukocytes and bacterial concentrations were held constant, this initial rate of chemiluminescence reflected the opsonic capacity of the sera used for opsonization. The prior absorption of opsonins from serum resulted in a decresed rate of chemiluminescence related to the quantity of bacteria used for absorption. Heating of sera to 56 degrees C for 30 min resulted in a great decrease in the chemiluminescent responses and may reflect the role of complement in the opsonization process.", "contents": "Evaluation of serum opsonic capacity by quantitating the initial chemiluminescent response from phagocytizing polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Phagocytically activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes produced a chemiluminescence that could be correlated metabolically with the stimulated oxidation of glucose via the hexose monophosphate shunt, The chemiluminescence observed was considered to originate from the relaxation of electronically excited carbonyl groups produced during singlet molecular oxygen-mediated microbicidal oxidation of the ingested microbe. With adequate adjustment of leukocyte and bacterial concentrations, the rate of chemiluminescence increase was nearly constant for the first minutes after initiation of phagocytosis. This rate was dependent on the quantity of bacteria phagocytized by the leukocytes. If both leukocytes and bacterial concentrations were held constant, this initial rate of chemiluminescence reflected the opsonic capacity of the sera used for opsonization. The prior absorption of opsonins from serum resulted in a decresed rate of chemiluminescence related to the quantity of bacteria used for absorption. Heating of sera to 56 degrees C for 30 min resulted in a great decrease in the chemiluminescent responses and may reflect the role of complement in the opsonization process.", "PMID": 323143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8714", "title": "Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by rabbit alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Normal rabbit alveolar macrophages were infected in vitro with Candida albicans. Early after infection, germ tube formation of phagocytized C. albicans was inhibited in contrast to extracellular (nonphagocytized) C. albicans. Over and 8-h period, plate counts of C. albicans incubated with alveolar macrophages revealed a decrease in colony-forming units in contrast to C. albicans alone. In addition, an assay was developed which specifically measured C. albicans [3H]leucine incorporation in the presence of alveolar macrophages. Using this assay, we observed a 71 to 93% inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in C. albicans when incubated with alveolar macrophages. Autoradiographic studies showed that the inhibition of leucine incorporation was restricted to the ingested Candida.", "contents": "Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by rabbit alveolar macrophages. Normal rabbit alveolar macrophages were infected in vitro with Candida albicans. Early after infection, germ tube formation of phagocytized C. albicans was inhibited in contrast to extracellular (nonphagocytized) C. albicans. Over and 8-h period, plate counts of C. albicans incubated with alveolar macrophages revealed a decrease in colony-forming units in contrast to C. albicans alone. In addition, an assay was developed which specifically measured C. albicans [3H]leucine incorporation in the presence of alveolar macrophages. Using this assay, we observed a 71 to 93% inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in C. albicans when incubated with alveolar macrophages. Autoradiographic studies showed that the inhibition of leucine incorporation was restricted to the ingested Candida.", "PMID": 323144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8715", "title": "In vitro response of rabbit alveolar macrophages to infection with Nocardia asteroides.", "content": "The interaction of Nocardia asteroides with cultured \"normal\" nonimmune rabbit alveolar macrophages was studied by light and electron microscopy. It was shown that the alveolar macrophage response to the more virulent strain (N. asteroides 14759) was quite different from the response to the less virulent organism (N. asteroides 10905). N. asteroides 14759 elicited a dramatic in vitro response of the macrophages toward the nocardial infection. Within a few hours postinfection, there was a migration of macrophages toward other cells actively infected with viable nocardia, so that at 6 h considerable macrophage aggregation on the cover slips had occurred. Many of the macrophages within these aggregates exhibited tight cell-to-cell contact, whereas others were observed to fuse, forming multinucleate giant cells, with many containing more than 10 nuclei. Upon continued incubation, these giant cells appeared to destroy the intracellular nocardia, so that, at 24 h postinfection, gram-positive, ultrastructurally intact bacteria could not be observed. At the same time, some of the macrophage aggregates that did not fuse appeared to be unable to stop the intracellular growth of nocardia. At 12 to 24 h large numbers of gram-positive, acid-fast filaments were observed growing out from within these macrophage aggregates. The macrophage response seemed dependent upon the strain of Nocardia infecting them, since N. asteroides 10905 did not induce a similar response within the macrophage population.", "contents": "In vitro response of rabbit alveolar macrophages to infection with Nocardia asteroides. The interaction of Nocardia asteroides with cultured \"normal\" nonimmune rabbit alveolar macrophages was studied by light and electron microscopy. It was shown that the alveolar macrophage response to the more virulent strain (N. asteroides 14759) was quite different from the response to the less virulent organism (N. asteroides 10905). N. asteroides 14759 elicited a dramatic in vitro response of the macrophages toward the nocardial infection. Within a few hours postinfection, there was a migration of macrophages toward other cells actively infected with viable nocardia, so that at 6 h considerable macrophage aggregation on the cover slips had occurred. Many of the macrophages within these aggregates exhibited tight cell-to-cell contact, whereas others were observed to fuse, forming multinucleate giant cells, with many containing more than 10 nuclei. Upon continued incubation, these giant cells appeared to destroy the intracellular nocardia, so that, at 24 h postinfection, gram-positive, ultrastructurally intact bacteria could not be observed. At the same time, some of the macrophage aggregates that did not fuse appeared to be unable to stop the intracellular growth of nocardia. At 12 to 24 h large numbers of gram-positive, acid-fast filaments were observed growing out from within these macrophage aggregates. The macrophage response seemed dependent upon the strain of Nocardia infecting them, since N. asteroides 10905 did not induce a similar response within the macrophage population.", "PMID": 323145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8716", "title": "Role of zinc in the abatement of hepatocellular damage and mortality incidence in endotoxemic rats.", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of zinc (ZnIP) as zinc chloride prior to or simultaneously with a lethal quantity of intraperitoneally administered Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin significantly protected rats against toxin-induced mortality and hepatocellular damage. Pretreatment with amounts of zinc chloride ranging from 0.4 to 2.0 mg/100 g of body weight resulted in 80 to 100% survival compared with 10% survival in untreated control rats at 24 h after endotoxin treatment. Zinc chloride treatment in excess of 2.0 mg/100 g of body weight appeared to be toxic and provided diminished protection. In contrast with the protection obtained with ZnIP, intravenously administered zinc did not provide protection. The effectiveness of ZnIP to enhance survival if it was given after endotoxin was greatly diminished as a function of time after endotoxin. The extent of hepatocellular damage was assessed at various times after endotoxin administration in ZnIP-treated and untreated rats by measurement of plasma ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity and histological examination of liver sections. Endotoxin absorption from the peritoneal cavity and hepatic uptake were studied by using 51Cr-labeled endotoxin. ZnIP pretreatment significantly reduced 51Cr-labeled endotoxin content of blood and liver when compared to untreated controls, and effectively prevented endotoxin-induced elevations in plasma ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity and hepatic tissue necrosis. These data indicate that protection afforded by ZnIP treatment results as a consequence of the ability of zinc to diminish absorption of the toxin from the peritoneal cavity and subsequent hepatic uptake.", "contents": "Role of zinc in the abatement of hepatocellular damage and mortality incidence in endotoxemic rats. Intraperitoneal administration of zinc (ZnIP) as zinc chloride prior to or simultaneously with a lethal quantity of intraperitoneally administered Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin significantly protected rats against toxin-induced mortality and hepatocellular damage. Pretreatment with amounts of zinc chloride ranging from 0.4 to 2.0 mg/100 g of body weight resulted in 80 to 100% survival compared with 10% survival in untreated control rats at 24 h after endotoxin treatment. Zinc chloride treatment in excess of 2.0 mg/100 g of body weight appeared to be toxic and provided diminished protection. In contrast with the protection obtained with ZnIP, intravenously administered zinc did not provide protection. The effectiveness of ZnIP to enhance survival if it was given after endotoxin was greatly diminished as a function of time after endotoxin. The extent of hepatocellular damage was assessed at various times after endotoxin administration in ZnIP-treated and untreated rats by measurement of plasma ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity and histological examination of liver sections. Endotoxin absorption from the peritoneal cavity and hepatic uptake were studied by using 51Cr-labeled endotoxin. ZnIP pretreatment significantly reduced 51Cr-labeled endotoxin content of blood and liver when compared to untreated controls, and effectively prevented endotoxin-induced elevations in plasma ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity and hepatic tissue necrosis. These data indicate that protection afforded by ZnIP treatment results as a consequence of the ability of zinc to diminish absorption of the toxin from the peritoneal cavity and subsequent hepatic uptake.", "PMID": 323146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8717", "title": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Sweden.", "content": "The adrenal cell test for detection of heat-labile enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli was performed on faecal specimens collected over a period of six months from 648 patients with diarrhoea. The patients came from all parts of Sweden. A total of 72 enterotoxigenic strains were found in 27 patients. Enterotoxigenic strains do not seem to be an important cause of diarrhoea in Sweden, since 70% of the patients with enterotoxin-producing strains had been abroad. Enterotoxigenic enterobacteria were the cause of traveller's diarrhoea in 11% of the patients who had been abroad with a peak incidence in July and August when traveller's diarrhoea was associated with enterotoxigenic strains in 17% of the patients. A simplified method for screening a large number of specimens for enterotoxin production was evaluated and found to be useful.", "contents": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Sweden. The adrenal cell test for detection of heat-labile enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli was performed on faecal specimens collected over a period of six months from 648 patients with diarrhoea. The patients came from all parts of Sweden. A total of 72 enterotoxigenic strains were found in 27 patients. Enterotoxigenic strains do not seem to be an important cause of diarrhoea in Sweden, since 70% of the patients with enterotoxin-producing strains had been abroad. Enterotoxigenic enterobacteria were the cause of traveller's diarrhoea in 11% of the patients who had been abroad with a peak incidence in July and August when traveller's diarrhoea was associated with enterotoxigenic strains in 17% of the patients. A simplified method for screening a large number of specimens for enterotoxin production was evaluated and found to be useful.", "PMID": 323147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8718", "title": "[Microbiological diagnosis of septicemia (author's transl)].", "content": "To detect microorganisms in the blood it is necessary not only that the microbiologist uses reliable methods, but also that the clinician takes a sufficient number of blood samples at the right point in time using a correct method for drawing the blood. The best results are obtained if the blood sample is transferred to the culture media at the bedside. The media should contain anticoagulants, osmosis stabilizers and preparations to neutralize the microbial action of the blood (caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors). Up until now sodium polyanetholsulfonate (\"Liquoid\") has proved to be the most suitable additive. The procedure used for blood culturing must enable growth of aerobes, anaerobes and microbes with cell-wall damage. Today, modern methods such as radiometry, impedance measurement and microcalorimetry are used or are in the process of being developed which facilitate screening for positive cultures. Antigens, cell-wall constituents and metabolites of bacteria and fungi present in the blood stream can be detected by means of counter-immunoelectrophoresis, the Limulus test and gas chromatography, without culturing being necessary. Concentration techniques such as filtration and centrifugation are also being refined to enable a more reliable and earlier detection of septicemia.", "contents": "[Microbiological diagnosis of septicemia (author's transl)]. To detect microorganisms in the blood it is necessary not only that the microbiologist uses reliable methods, but also that the clinician takes a sufficient number of blood samples at the right point in time using a correct method for drawing the blood. The best results are obtained if the blood sample is transferred to the culture media at the bedside. The media should contain anticoagulants, osmosis stabilizers and preparations to neutralize the microbial action of the blood (caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors). Up until now sodium polyanetholsulfonate (\"Liquoid\") has proved to be the most suitable additive. The procedure used for blood culturing must enable growth of aerobes, anaerobes and microbes with cell-wall damage. Today, modern methods such as radiometry, impedance measurement and microcalorimetry are used or are in the process of being developed which facilitate screening for positive cultures. Antigens, cell-wall constituents and metabolites of bacteria and fungi present in the blood stream can be detected by means of counter-immunoelectrophoresis, the Limulus test and gas chromatography, without culturing being necessary. Concentration techniques such as filtration and centrifugation are also being refined to enable a more reliable and earlier detection of septicemia.", "PMID": 323148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8719", "title": "Effect of thymic factor on human lymphoid cells of umbilical cord blood and of children with T cell deficiency.", "content": "We report on the in vitro effect of a thymic factor (TF) extracted from pig thymuses, on human lymphoid cells from umbilical cord blood and from peripheral blood of 8 T cell-deficient patients. E rosette formation was not affected by TF when tested on cells from peripheral blood of normal adults. With cells from umbilical cord blood of 13 healthy, full-therm newborn babies, the difference between the percent (mean) of ERFCs before (16.31 +/- 11.13) and after (28.85 +/- 17.10) incubation with TF was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). In most samples, TF transformed about 10-20% of the cells. In the T cell-deficient group the increase in ERFCs of the peripheral blood lymphocytes, though consistent, was variable in degree from case to case. Our data indicate that precursor cells in some individuals with T cell deficiency are very sensitive to TF. Patients with highly responsive precursors appear to be the best candidates for a therapeutic approach with TF when thymus transplant is not possible.", "contents": "Effect of thymic factor on human lymphoid cells of umbilical cord blood and of children with T cell deficiency. We report on the in vitro effect of a thymic factor (TF) extracted from pig thymuses, on human lymphoid cells from umbilical cord blood and from peripheral blood of 8 T cell-deficient patients. E rosette formation was not affected by TF when tested on cells from peripheral blood of normal adults. With cells from umbilical cord blood of 13 healthy, full-therm newborn babies, the difference between the percent (mean) of ERFCs before (16.31 +/- 11.13) and after (28.85 +/- 17.10) incubation with TF was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). In most samples, TF transformed about 10-20% of the cells. In the T cell-deficient group the increase in ERFCs of the peripheral blood lymphocytes, though consistent, was variable in degree from case to case. Our data indicate that precursor cells in some individuals with T cell deficiency are very sensitive to TF. Patients with highly responsive precursors appear to be the best candidates for a therapeutic approach with TF when thymus transplant is not possible.", "PMID": 323152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8720", "title": "T and B cell populations in the peripheral blood of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "B and T cell populations in the peripheral blood of rhesus monkeys are comparable to those of normal human beings. B cells of monkeys, like those of human beings, also have receptors for IgM, IgG and IgA.", "contents": "T and B cell populations in the peripheral blood of rhesus monkeys. B and T cell populations in the peripheral blood of rhesus monkeys are comparable to those of normal human beings. B cells of monkeys, like those of human beings, also have receptors for IgM, IgG and IgA.", "PMID": 323153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8721", "title": "Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. II. A comparison between skin tests and provocation tests.", "content": "The results of skin tests (ST) were compared with those of 2,055 provocation tests (PT) in 403 patients with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. The overall agreement between ST and PT results was 77%. Various correlation figures were found for different allergens. In patients with pronounced allergy in the shock organ the prportion of positive ST was higher than in those with low-grade allergy. It is concluded that only strong ST reactions should be relied upon. In other cases additional diagnostic methods are reccommended. The diagnostic precision of ST is of the same order of sizes as that of the radioallergosorbent test.", "contents": "Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. II. A comparison between skin tests and provocation tests. The results of skin tests (ST) were compared with those of 2,055 provocation tests (PT) in 403 patients with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. The overall agreement between ST and PT results was 77%. Various correlation figures were found for different allergens. In patients with pronounced allergy in the shock organ the prportion of positive ST was higher than in those with low-grade allergy. It is concluded that only strong ST reactions should be relied upon. In other cases additional diagnostic methods are reccommended. The diagnostic precision of ST is of the same order of sizes as that of the radioallergosorbent test.", "PMID": 323154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8722", "title": "Importance of the spleen for the immuno-inhibitory aciton of linoleic acid in mice.", "content": "Certain immuno-inhibitory effects of a polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (C18:2), no longer occur after splenectomy of young adult CBA mice. This observation suggest that the spleen is a major intermediary in the action of C18:2 on the lymphoreticular system. Pathways of this action remain to be elucidated. Possibilities include C18:2-stimulated suppressor cell generation in the spleen, or excess biosynthesis of immuno-inhibitory prostaglandins by splenic macrophages.", "contents": "Importance of the spleen for the immuno-inhibitory aciton of linoleic acid in mice. Certain immuno-inhibitory effects of a polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (C18:2), no longer occur after splenectomy of young adult CBA mice. This observation suggest that the spleen is a major intermediary in the action of C18:2 on the lymphoreticular system. Pathways of this action remain to be elucidated. Possibilities include C18:2-stimulated suppressor cell generation in the spleen, or excess biosynthesis of immuno-inhibitory prostaglandins by splenic macrophages.", "PMID": 323155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8723", "title": "On errors related to the use of expert estimates.", "content": "The use of expert estimates has become a normal procedure for many applied problems, usually reduced to testing statistical hypotheses. A typical example is the problem of medical diagnostics, when experts are asked, for instance, to estimate the probability of appearance of different symptoms of different diseases. This paper treats the problem of the influence of the accuracy of expert estimates on the properties of the statistical tests used, that is, changes of their critical levels and powers are considered.", "contents": "On errors related to the use of expert estimates. The use of expert estimates has become a normal procedure for many applied problems, usually reduced to testing statistical hypotheses. A typical example is the problem of medical diagnostics, when experts are asked, for instance, to estimate the probability of appearance of different symptoms of different diseases. This paper treats the problem of the influence of the accuracy of expert estimates on the properties of the statistical tests used, that is, changes of their critical levels and powers are considered.", "PMID": 323161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8724", "title": "Subjective phenomena in drug trials.", "content": "Three types of problem arise from subjective phenomena in drug trials: problems of control, measurement, and analysis. Examples are given in order to illustrate these three aspects and to present some recent advances in clinical pharmacology. The author discusses the control of drug compliance, the validity of questionnaires, the subjectivity of the observer and that of the observations. Drug side-effects and the statistical analysis of qualitative data are presented in more detail.", "contents": "Subjective phenomena in drug trials. Three types of problem arise from subjective phenomena in drug trials: problems of control, measurement, and analysis. Examples are given in order to illustrate these three aspects and to present some recent advances in clinical pharmacology. The author discusses the control of drug compliance, the validity of questionnaires, the subjectivity of the observer and that of the observations. Drug side-effects and the statistical analysis of qualitative data are presented in more detail.", "PMID": 323162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8725", "title": "Controlled evaluation of the antitussive activity of viminol p-hydroxybenzoate.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over trial was carried out to evaluate the antitussive activity of viminol p-hydroxybenzoate; the comparison was done with three preparations: a placebo and the drug at two doses, 70 and 140 mg respectively. The responses were scored hourly up to 4 hours after the administration of single doses in the morning to subjects with persistent cough. The highest dose of viminol showed a definite antitussive activity, whereas the lowest did not differ from the placebo. The antitussive effect appears clinically useful for the treatment of cough, but further studies are indicated to define optimal dosage schedules.", "contents": "Controlled evaluation of the antitussive activity of viminol p-hydroxybenzoate. A double-blind cross-over trial was carried out to evaluate the antitussive activity of viminol p-hydroxybenzoate; the comparison was done with three preparations: a placebo and the drug at two doses, 70 and 140 mg respectively. The responses were scored hourly up to 4 hours after the administration of single doses in the morning to subjects with persistent cough. The highest dose of viminol showed a definite antitussive activity, whereas the lowest did not differ from the placebo. The antitussive effect appears clinically useful for the treatment of cough, but further studies are indicated to define optimal dosage schedules.", "PMID": 323163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8726", "title": "Photodynamic action of thiopyronine on polyribosomes and cell-free protein synthesis in yeast.", "content": "The treatment of yeast with thiopyronine (TP) caused a degradation of polyribosomes, even if the cells were not illuminated. In contrast, no differences in the polyribosome profiles of illuminated and unilluminated cells could be seen. Likewise, in in vitro experiments, there was no degradation of polyribosomes caused by dark effect or photodynamic action. Cell-free protein synthesis was inhibited up to 75 per cent by the photodynamic effect when the complete system was treated, but only up to 40 per cent when the polyribosomes or enzyme fraction were treated. Since the enzyme fraction contained aminoacyltRNA-synthetases and tRNA, it was necessary to investigate separately the effect of TP on the enzyme and the tTNA. It was shown that the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase and not tRNA was effected by the photodynamic action in its biological activity.", "contents": "Photodynamic action of thiopyronine on polyribosomes and cell-free protein synthesis in yeast. The treatment of yeast with thiopyronine (TP) caused a degradation of polyribosomes, even if the cells were not illuminated. In contrast, no differences in the polyribosome profiles of illuminated and unilluminated cells could be seen. Likewise, in in vitro experiments, there was no degradation of polyribosomes caused by dark effect or photodynamic action. Cell-free protein synthesis was inhibited up to 75 per cent by the photodynamic effect when the complete system was treated, but only up to 40 per cent when the polyribosomes or enzyme fraction were treated. Since the enzyme fraction contained aminoacyltRNA-synthetases and tRNA, it was necessary to investigate separately the effect of TP on the enzyme and the tTNA. It was shown that the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase and not tRNA was effected by the photodynamic action in its biological activity.", "PMID": 323168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8727", "title": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis in diploid yeast after X-irradiation in diffent phases of the cell-cycle.", "content": "The uptake of radioactive 5'-dTMP into the DNA of diploid yeast cells was measured in the G1 and S-phase of the cell-cycle. In control cells, the uptake is zero in G1 and increases with time in the S-phase. Cells irradiated in early G1 show an uptake (unscheduled DNA synthesis) which is higher than if irradiation is performed later in G1. An analysis which takes into consideration the incomplete synchronization of the cell population shows that, at the end of G1, no uptake would be present in an ideally-synchronous population. At the end of G1 the shoulder in the dose-effect curve for cell survival also disappears. This provides additional evidence that the shoulder in a dose-effect curve might be due to repair reactions in living cells.", "contents": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis in diploid yeast after X-irradiation in diffent phases of the cell-cycle. The uptake of radioactive 5'-dTMP into the DNA of diploid yeast cells was measured in the G1 and S-phase of the cell-cycle. In control cells, the uptake is zero in G1 and increases with time in the S-phase. Cells irradiated in early G1 show an uptake (unscheduled DNA synthesis) which is higher than if irradiation is performed later in G1. An analysis which takes into consideration the incomplete synchronization of the cell population shows that, at the end of G1, no uptake would be present in an ideally-synchronous population. At the end of G1 the shoulder in the dose-effect curve for cell survival also disappears. This provides additional evidence that the shoulder in a dose-effect curve might be due to repair reactions in living cells.", "PMID": 323169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8728", "title": "Radiosensitization of hypoxic cells by a nitrofuran; dose-modifying and shoulder effects.", "content": "The radiosensitizer nifurpipone dihydrochloride (5-nitro-2-furaldehyde N-methyl piperazino acetyl hydrazone dihydrochloride) sensitizes hypoxic V79 mammalian cells by at least two mechanisms. Sensitization is by a reduction of \u00f1 in addition to an increase in slope. Both these affects are absent under oxygenated conditions. When hypoxic V79 cells are irradiated in the presence of nifurpipone dihydrochloride combined with Ro-07-0582, sensitization greater than that due to air alone is observed; this effect is due to a reduction in \u00f1 and an increased slope. Again this effect is absent under oxygenated conditions. Rapid-mix studies using Serratia marcescens show that full senitization occurs with a pre-irradiation contact time of 4 msec; this contrasts with data for V79 cells where a pre-irradiation contact time of 40 msec is insufficient for any sensitization to occur. This sensitizer also exerts a differential toxic effect, being more toxic to hypoxic cells than to oxygenated ones. It is concluded from these results that nifurpipone dihydrochloride sensitizes by at least two mechanisms, one of which resembles that of the electron-affinic type.", "contents": "Radiosensitization of hypoxic cells by a nitrofuran; dose-modifying and shoulder effects. The radiosensitizer nifurpipone dihydrochloride (5-nitro-2-furaldehyde N-methyl piperazino acetyl hydrazone dihydrochloride) sensitizes hypoxic V79 mammalian cells by at least two mechanisms. Sensitization is by a reduction of \u00f1 in addition to an increase in slope. Both these affects are absent under oxygenated conditions. When hypoxic V79 cells are irradiated in the presence of nifurpipone dihydrochloride combined with Ro-07-0582, sensitization greater than that due to air alone is observed; this effect is due to a reduction in \u00f1 and an increased slope. Again this effect is absent under oxygenated conditions. Rapid-mix studies using Serratia marcescens show that full senitization occurs with a pre-irradiation contact time of 4 msec; this contrasts with data for V79 cells where a pre-irradiation contact time of 40 msec is insufficient for any sensitization to occur. This sensitizer also exerts a differential toxic effect, being more toxic to hypoxic cells than to oxygenated ones. It is concluded from these results that nifurpipone dihydrochloride sensitizes by at least two mechanisms, one of which resembles that of the electron-affinic type.", "PMID": 323170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8729", "title": "Chemotherapy of acute bone and joint infections.", "content": "A series of 72 cases of acute osteomyelitis and acute septic arthritis has been presented. Operative intervention was necessary in 71% of our cases. All patients were treated with antibiotics. The initial antibiotic treatment in 39% of the cases was a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). This combination gave the lowest average time for subsidence of general symptoms and local signs. Staphylococcus aureus was the causative organism in 87% of our cases. Streptococcus pyogenes and Pneumococcus were the other causative organisms. Over half of the S. aureus infections were resistant to penicillin but none were resistant to TMP/SMX. Considering the low toxicity, good clinical response, lack of bacterial resistance, presence of synergy and broad antibacterial spectrum, the use of TMP/SMX is recommended in acute pyogenic bone and joint infections.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of acute bone and joint infections. A series of 72 cases of acute osteomyelitis and acute septic arthritis has been presented. Operative intervention was necessary in 71% of our cases. All patients were treated with antibiotics. The initial antibiotic treatment in 39% of the cases was a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). This combination gave the lowest average time for subsidence of general symptoms and local signs. Staphylococcus aureus was the causative organism in 87% of our cases. Streptococcus pyogenes and Pneumococcus were the other causative organisms. Over half of the S. aureus infections were resistant to penicillin but none were resistant to TMP/SMX. Considering the low toxicity, good clinical response, lack of bacterial resistance, presence of synergy and broad antibacterial spectrum, the use of TMP/SMX is recommended in acute pyogenic bone and joint infections.", "PMID": 323174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8730", "title": "Demonstration of biogenic amines and adrenergic innervation in uveal malignant melanomas by the histoflurometric method.", "content": "Clinical and histologic studies were performed on 25 patients with malignant melanomas of the ciliary body and choroid. Portions of fresh tumor were quick frozen and processed by the histofluorometric technique to demonstrate the presence of biogenic amines. Separate portions of each tumor were fixed and processed for routine light microscopy. Specific fluorescence was visible in 21 of 23 pigmented neoplasms. Catecholamine-induced fluorescence of biogenic amines was related to tumor cell type. In two amelanotic tumors no specific fluorescence was seen.", "contents": "Demonstration of biogenic amines and adrenergic innervation in uveal malignant melanomas by the histoflurometric method. Clinical and histologic studies were performed on 25 patients with malignant melanomas of the ciliary body and choroid. Portions of fresh tumor were quick frozen and processed by the histofluorometric technique to demonstrate the presence of biogenic amines. Separate portions of each tumor were fixed and processed for routine light microscopy. Specific fluorescence was visible in 21 of 23 pigmented neoplasms. Catecholamine-induced fluorescence of biogenic amines was related to tumor cell type. In two amelanotic tumors no specific fluorescence was seen.", "PMID": 323183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8731", "title": "Block copolyurethanes in the urinary system.", "content": "Free floating segments of block copolyurethane were implanted into rat bladders and compared with similar implants of silicone rubber. This urethane was far superior to silicone rubber in its ability to withstand incrustation in the rat bladder. Ten dogs had a segment of right ureter replaced by a tubular segment of smooth (or film) urethane and were followed with intravenous urography. At 1 month, eight of 10 dogs had right hydronephrosis. At the time of sacrifice (4 or 8 months) seven dogs had reduced hydronephrosis, and in three dogs intravenous urography was unsatisfactory for grading. Only two of the ten dogs had significant urinary infection. A smooth protein-like coasting appeared along the lumen of the graft, incrustation was minimal, and new mucosa and smooth muscle regeneration was seen. This material was well tolerated in the urinary tracts of dogs and rats.", "contents": "Block copolyurethanes in the urinary system. Free floating segments of block copolyurethane were implanted into rat bladders and compared with similar implants of silicone rubber. This urethane was far superior to silicone rubber in its ability to withstand incrustation in the rat bladder. Ten dogs had a segment of right ureter replaced by a tubular segment of smooth (or film) urethane and were followed with intravenous urography. At 1 month, eight of 10 dogs had right hydronephrosis. At the time of sacrifice (4 or 8 months) seven dogs had reduced hydronephrosis, and in three dogs intravenous urography was unsatisfactory for grading. Only two of the ten dogs had significant urinary infection. A smooth protein-like coasting appeared along the lumen of the graft, incrustation was minimal, and new mucosa and smooth muscle regeneration was seen. This material was well tolerated in the urinary tracts of dogs and rats.", "PMID": 323184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8732", "title": "Prediction of renal allograft rejection by direct lymphocyte blastogenesis assay.", "content": "In an effort to better predict renal allograft rejection, lymphocyte blastogenesis (DLBA) was determined in 65 patients after transplants. Of 47 clinically diagnosed rejection episodes 45 had an associated DLBA peak which preceded the clinical diagnosis by an average of 4 days; 11 recipients had DLBA peaks not associated with rejection episodes. Of 14 recipients with multiple DLBA peaks during postoperative periods of nonfunction, none did well. The blastogenesis assay was not a reliable enough predictor of graft rejection to be used as an indication for early elevation of corticosteroid dosage.", "contents": "Prediction of renal allograft rejection by direct lymphocyte blastogenesis assay. In an effort to better predict renal allograft rejection, lymphocyte blastogenesis (DLBA) was determined in 65 patients after transplants. Of 47 clinically diagnosed rejection episodes 45 had an associated DLBA peak which preceded the clinical diagnosis by an average of 4 days; 11 recipients had DLBA peaks not associated with rejection episodes. Of 14 recipients with multiple DLBA peaks during postoperative periods of nonfunction, none did well. The blastogenesis assay was not a reliable enough predictor of graft rejection to be used as an indication for early elevation of corticosteroid dosage.", "PMID": 323185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8733", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for polyhedron protein from baculoviruses.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been developed for detecting polyhedron protein of Wiseana spp. nuclear polyhedrosis virus (W.NPV) using antigen fixed to plastic microtiter wells. The direct assay using 125I-labeled rabbit immunoglobulins could detect 0.2 microng of polyhedron protein, and the indirect method using 125I-labeled sheep antirabbit immunoglobulins could detect 0.05 microng of polyhedron protein. Antibodies against W.NPV polyhedron protein could be detected using a competition assay with labeled and unlabeled antibodies, providing a method suitable for rapid and quantitative screening of sera.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for polyhedron protein from baculoviruses. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been developed for detecting polyhedron protein of Wiseana spp. nuclear polyhedrosis virus (W.NPV) using antigen fixed to plastic microtiter wells. The direct assay using 125I-labeled rabbit immunoglobulins could detect 0.2 microng of polyhedron protein, and the indirect method using 125I-labeled sheep antirabbit immunoglobulins could detect 0.05 microng of polyhedron protein. Antibodies against W.NPV polyhedron protein could be detected using a competition assay with labeled and unlabeled antibodies, providing a method suitable for rapid and quantitative screening of sera.", "PMID": 323188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8734", "title": "The properties of two recent isolates of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses.", "content": "Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs) were isolated from laboratory cultures of Bombyx mori and Spodoptera exempta. The electrophoretic profile of the RNA segments of both viruses showed similarities with that of type 1 CPV. However, whereas the virus isolate from B. mori appeared identical to type 1 CPV (as assessed by serology, as well as the comparative mobilities of RNA segments and structural polypeptides), the isolate from S. exempta was distinct. Three of the ten viral RNA segments did not co-run with type 1 RNA, and the structural polypeptides of polyhedra had different molecular weights. It is proposed that the S. exempta isolate be included as a new 'type' (type 12) in a classification of these viruses.", "contents": "The properties of two recent isolates of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses. Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs) were isolated from laboratory cultures of Bombyx mori and Spodoptera exempta. The electrophoretic profile of the RNA segments of both viruses showed similarities with that of type 1 CPV. However, whereas the virus isolate from B. mori appeared identical to type 1 CPV (as assessed by serology, as well as the comparative mobilities of RNA segments and structural polypeptides), the isolate from S. exempta was distinct. Three of the ten viral RNA segments did not co-run with type 1 RNA, and the structural polypeptides of polyhedra had different molecular weights. It is proposed that the S. exempta isolate be included as a new 'type' (type 12) in a classification of these viruses.", "PMID": 323189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8735", "title": "[Square plastic using lower abdominal full skin].", "content": "The advantages of full thickness free skin grafting (Wolfe graft) from the hypogastricum are described in ten cases. The method is suitable for covering fresh skin defects--dermis and subcutaneous tissue--which results in dermato-tumorsurgery in extremities and skull region. The hypogastricum was taken as donor area because the wound edges can be closed in order to produce the least conspicuous scar. Large free skin grafts can be taken. The dermis is thin and promotes a good wound healing. For the take of the Wolfe graft the carfull removing of all visible fat on its under-surface is essential. The tendency of the graft to take is judged by morphological criteria and subdivided in five degrees. Most important for the final form of the skin graft is the local treatment.", "contents": "[Square plastic using lower abdominal full skin]. The advantages of full thickness free skin grafting (Wolfe graft) from the hypogastricum are described in ten cases. The method is suitable for covering fresh skin defects--dermis and subcutaneous tissue--which results in dermato-tumorsurgery in extremities and skull region. The hypogastricum was taken as donor area because the wound edges can be closed in order to produce the least conspicuous scar. Large free skin grafts can be taken. The dermis is thin and promotes a good wound healing. For the take of the Wolfe graft the carfull removing of all visible fat on its under-surface is essential. The tendency of the graft to take is judged by morphological criteria and subdivided in five degrees. Most important for the final form of the skin graft is the local treatment.", "PMID": 323195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8736", "title": "[Clotrimazol therapy of skin mycoses].", "content": "Clinical evaluation of a 1% clotrimazole cream and solution on 236 in and out patients with different clinical manifestations of mycotic infections was done. Clotrimazole, both cream and solution, is an effective and well tolerated agent in the treatment of infections due to dermatophytes and yeasts. Best results were recorded with patients suffering from pityriasis versicolor and erythrasma, and interdigital erosion.", "contents": "[Clotrimazol therapy of skin mycoses]. Clinical evaluation of a 1% clotrimazole cream and solution on 236 in and out patients with different clinical manifestations of mycotic infections was done. Clotrimazole, both cream and solution, is an effective and well tolerated agent in the treatment of infections due to dermatophytes and yeasts. Best results were recorded with patients suffering from pityriasis versicolor and erythrasma, and interdigital erosion.", "PMID": 323196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8737", "title": "The effect of oxidase positive bacteria on total coliform density estimates.", "content": "The most probable number method for enumerating coliforms was shown to give a false estimate of the coliform density. The inflated estimates were due to lactose positive, non-coliform bacteria whose presence was detected by an oxidase test. Thirty-six percent of all the samples examined contained oxidase positive bacteria that were able to produce gas from lactose. Their presence resulted in coliform density overestimates which ranged from 2 to 33 times the true value. The frequency of occurrence of inaccurate estimates was shown to be affected by water temperature but unrelated to environmental source.", "contents": "The effect of oxidase positive bacteria on total coliform density estimates. The most probable number method for enumerating coliforms was shown to give a false estimate of the coliform density. The inflated estimates were due to lactose positive, non-coliform bacteria whose presence was detected by an oxidase test. Thirty-six percent of all the samples examined contained oxidase positive bacteria that were able to produce gas from lactose. Their presence resulted in coliform density overestimates which ranged from 2 to 33 times the true value. The frequency of occurrence of inaccurate estimates was shown to be affected by water temperature but unrelated to environmental source.", "PMID": 323198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8738", "title": "A scheme for identification of nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "A scheme was designed to speed the identification of 50 nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria to genus, species, and biotype using a minimal numer of biochemical tests. When the scheme was evaluated in our laboratory, one technologist identified 93.6% of 188 known isolates (46 species). Later another technologist, given 161 of the same isolates (46 species) as unknowns, identified 91.9%. The isolates that were misidentified in both cases were atypical organisms with aberrant biochemical reactions, plus 1 typical organism with a delayed oxidation of glucose.", "contents": "A scheme for identification of nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria. A scheme was designed to speed the identification of 50 nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria to genus, species, and biotype using a minimal numer of biochemical tests. When the scheme was evaluated in our laboratory, one technologist identified 93.6% of 188 known isolates (46 species). Later another technologist, given 161 of the same isolates (46 species) as unknowns, identified 91.9%. The isolates that were misidentified in both cases were atypical organisms with aberrant biochemical reactions, plus 1 typical organism with a delayed oxidation of glucose.", "PMID": 323199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8739", "title": "Annotated bibliography of simulations and games in health education.", "content": "This annotated bibliography describes 66 simulation games in health education under the headings: diseases; drug use and abuse; ecology; family planning and human sexuality; health care planning; mental health; nursing; nutrition; physical fitness; and safety. Those reviewed are a selection of the more useful games from among a large number available. Few health education games are suitable for classroom use and few include social modeling through simulation. Games in drug education and mental health areas may contain distorted, out-of-date, or false information. Promising areas for development include: aging, venereal disease, sexuality, consumer health, health careers, safety education, and health planning.", "contents": "Annotated bibliography of simulations and games in health education. This annotated bibliography describes 66 simulation games in health education under the headings: diseases; drug use and abuse; ecology; family planning and human sexuality; health care planning; mental health; nursing; nutrition; physical fitness; and safety. Those reviewed are a selection of the more useful games from among a large number available. Few health education games are suitable for classroom use and few include social modeling through simulation. Games in drug education and mental health areas may contain distorted, out-of-date, or false information. Promising areas for development include: aging, venereal disease, sexuality, consumer health, health careers, safety education, and health planning.", "PMID": 323200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8740", "title": "[\"Pseudoleukemia\" in a newborn infant with trisomy 21].", "content": "The increased incidence of leukemia in patients with trisomy 21 is well established. A blood disorder which may be mistaken for acute leukemia may occur in infants with trisomy 21. The authors report a newborn with trisomy 21 and hematologic findings suggesting acute leukemia (hyperleukocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia; replacement of bone marrow by blast-like cells). Without treatment spontaneous and complete recovery occurred. Cytochemistry and therapy are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "[\"Pseudoleukemia\" in a newborn infant with trisomy 21]. The increased incidence of leukemia in patients with trisomy 21 is well established. A blood disorder which may be mistaken for acute leukemia may occur in infants with trisomy 21. The authors report a newborn with trisomy 21 and hematologic findings suggesting acute leukemia (hyperleukocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia; replacement of bone marrow by blast-like cells). Without treatment spontaneous and complete recovery occurred. Cytochemistry and therapy are discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 323201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8741", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of alpha1-acid-glycoprotein in human liver parenchymal cells.", "content": "alpha1-Acid glycoprotein, a major human serum glycoprotein was detected and localized in human liver parenchymal cells of a biopsy specimen. A heavy metal salt containing fixative was required to retain sufficient antigen determinants of alpha1-acid glycoprotein in order to visualize this protein by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase unlabeled antibody enzyme method.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of alpha1-acid-glycoprotein in human liver parenchymal cells. alpha1-Acid glycoprotein, a major human serum glycoprotein was detected and localized in human liver parenchymal cells of a biopsy specimen. A heavy metal salt containing fixative was required to retain sufficient antigen determinants of alpha1-acid glycoprotein in order to visualize this protein by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase unlabeled antibody enzyme method.", "PMID": 323202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8742", "title": "Direct visualization of contractile proteins in pertubular cells of the guinea-pig testis using antibodies against highly purified actin and myosin.", "content": "Antibodies against actin and myosin from smooth muscle, which may react with contractile elements from both muscular and muscle-like cells, were applied to fresh frozen sections of adult guinea-pig testis. Sections stained with an antibody against pectoralis (striated) muscle myosin or with non-immune globulin were used for controls. Peritubular cells of the lamina propria surrounding seminiferous tubulus contained large amounts of actin and myosin as judged by the intensity of immunofluorescence. Sertoli cells did not stain with the antibodies. Our results support the concept of peritubular cells being the critical force for the contractility of seminiferous tubules.", "contents": "Direct visualization of contractile proteins in pertubular cells of the guinea-pig testis using antibodies against highly purified actin and myosin. Antibodies against actin and myosin from smooth muscle, which may react with contractile elements from both muscular and muscle-like cells, were applied to fresh frozen sections of adult guinea-pig testis. Sections stained with an antibody against pectoralis (striated) muscle myosin or with non-immune globulin were used for controls. Peritubular cells of the lamina propria surrounding seminiferous tubulus contained large amounts of actin and myosin as judged by the intensity of immunofluorescence. Sertoli cells did not stain with the antibodies. Our results support the concept of peritubular cells being the critical force for the contractility of seminiferous tubules.", "PMID": 323203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8743", "title": "Effect of fixation on the demonstration of neurophysin and \"Gomori-positive\" substances in neurosecretory granules of the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Proteins reacting with neurophysin antibodies and \"Gomori-positive\" substances were demonstrated histochemically in hypothalamic neurosecretory material of normal and bilaterally adrenalectomized rats after two different fixations: a) picric acid-formalin (PAF) for 7 days at 37 degrees C; b) Bouin's fluid for 20 h at 4 degrees C. After PAF-fixation anti-neurophysin reactive neurosecretory granules are found in all parts of the supraoptico-hypophysial system and in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normal and adrenalectomized animals. In the latter they can additionally be demonstrated in the outer layer of the median eminence. Amount and distribution of \"Gomori-positive\" substances correspond to those described for the immunoreactive material, except for the suprachiasmatic nucleus, in which the substances can not be detected; Following fixation in Bouin's fluid the immunohistochemical reactions are unchanged whereas the staining of \"Gomori-positive\" substances is remarkably impaired. The amounts of the substances demonstrable in the neural lobe are diminished and in the cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei as well as in both median eminence layers only traces of the substances are to be seen. The findings indicate that negative results in demonstrating \"Gomori-positive\" substances may be caused by inappropriate fixation and need to be controlled by immunohistochemical techniques.", "contents": "Effect of fixation on the demonstration of neurophysin and \"Gomori-positive\" substances in neurosecretory granules of the rat hypothalamus. Proteins reacting with neurophysin antibodies and \"Gomori-positive\" substances were demonstrated histochemically in hypothalamic neurosecretory material of normal and bilaterally adrenalectomized rats after two different fixations: a) picric acid-formalin (PAF) for 7 days at 37 degrees C; b) Bouin's fluid for 20 h at 4 degrees C. After PAF-fixation anti-neurophysin reactive neurosecretory granules are found in all parts of the supraoptico-hypophysial system and in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normal and adrenalectomized animals. In the latter they can additionally be demonstrated in the outer layer of the median eminence. Amount and distribution of \"Gomori-positive\" substances correspond to those described for the immunoreactive material, except for the suprachiasmatic nucleus, in which the substances can not be detected; Following fixation in Bouin's fluid the immunohistochemical reactions are unchanged whereas the staining of \"Gomori-positive\" substances is remarkably impaired. The amounts of the substances demonstrable in the neural lobe are diminished and in the cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei as well as in both median eminence layers only traces of the substances are to be seen. The findings indicate that negative results in demonstrating \"Gomori-positive\" substances may be caused by inappropriate fixation and need to be controlled by immunohistochemical techniques.", "PMID": 323204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8744", "title": "Collaborative study of a method for the detection of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins in foods.", "content": "The mouse toxicity and protection technique for the detection and identification of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins in foods was collaboratively studied by 11 laboratories. Each laboratory received 4 samples of cream of mushroom soup; 2 contained spores and toxin of C. botulinum type A, 1 contained spores and toxin of C. botulinum type E, and 1 contained spores of C. sporogenes. The media used were cooked meat medium (beef heart or chopped liver broth) and trypticase peptone glucose yeast extract broth with trypsin. The results indicate that this method has a high degree of repeatability and reproducibility. All 11 laboratories correctly identified the toxins and the nontoxic sample in the food and detected and identified the viable spores in the samples by means of the subsequent cultures. This method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a method for the detection of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins in foods. The mouse toxicity and protection technique for the detection and identification of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins in foods was collaboratively studied by 11 laboratories. Each laboratory received 4 samples of cream of mushroom soup; 2 contained spores and toxin of C. botulinum type A, 1 contained spores and toxin of C. botulinum type E, and 1 contained spores of C. sporogenes. The media used were cooked meat medium (beef heart or chopped liver broth) and trypticase peptone glucose yeast extract broth with trypsin. The results indicate that this method has a high degree of repeatability and reproducibility. All 11 laboratories correctly identified the toxins and the nontoxic sample in the food and detected and identified the viable spores in the samples by means of the subsequent cultures. This method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 323214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8745", "title": "Methodology for recognition of invasive potential of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Surveillance for dysentery-related invasive potential in bacteria using the Sereny keratoconjunctivitis test is restricted by expense, time factor, and necessity for confirmation. Primary screening of isolates in a standardized mammalian cell culture system is recommended. Bacteria are grown 20 hr in veal infusion, washed, and resuspended in 20% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented with 0.12% brain heart infusion and 0.1% bile salts. The HeLa culture is grown 20 hr as a monolayer in chamber slides with 90% minimal essential medium (MEM)-10% FBS. The host culture is infected at a ratio of 10 bacteria/mammalian cell for 3 hr at 35 degrees C. The infection medium is replaced with MEM-FBS supplemented with 300 microng lysozyme and 5 microng gentamycin/ml. The infected monolayer is incubated 5 hr at 35 degrees C to permit intracellular multiplication. Specimens are washed, fixed with methanol, and stained successively with May-Grunwald and Giemsa dyes. Bacteria occur within the cytoplasm if invasion has occurred. The criterion for a positive test is that 1% of the host cells possesses at least 5 bacteria in 2 of 3 trials. Invasiveness is correlated with and possibly preconditioned by cytotoxic principle(s). Infectivity rates vary from 0 to 30%. The cytopathic effect is noted in 5-50% of HeLa cells. Positive results must be confirmed by the Sereny test.", "contents": "Methodology for recognition of invasive potential of Escherichia coli. Surveillance for dysentery-related invasive potential in bacteria using the Sereny keratoconjunctivitis test is restricted by expense, time factor, and necessity for confirmation. Primary screening of isolates in a standardized mammalian cell culture system is recommended. Bacteria are grown 20 hr in veal infusion, washed, and resuspended in 20% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented with 0.12% brain heart infusion and 0.1% bile salts. The HeLa culture is grown 20 hr as a monolayer in chamber slides with 90% minimal essential medium (MEM)-10% FBS. The host culture is infected at a ratio of 10 bacteria/mammalian cell for 3 hr at 35 degrees C. The infection medium is replaced with MEM-FBS supplemented with 300 microng lysozyme and 5 microng gentamycin/ml. The infected monolayer is incubated 5 hr at 35 degrees C to permit intracellular multiplication. Specimens are washed, fixed with methanol, and stained successively with May-Grunwald and Giemsa dyes. Bacteria occur within the cytoplasm if invasion has occurred. The criterion for a positive test is that 1% of the host cells possesses at least 5 bacteria in 2 of 3 trials. Invasiveness is correlated with and possibly preconditioned by cytotoxic principle(s). Infectivity rates vary from 0 to 30%. The cytopathic effect is noted in 5-50% of HeLa cells. Positive results must be confirmed by the Sereny test.", "PMID": 323215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8746", "title": "An improved cooked meat medium for the detection of Clostridium botulinum.", "content": "A new medium composed of cooked meat and fluid thioglycolate broth was tested with 20 proteolytic and 11 saccharolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum. All of the proteolytic strains produced a black ring at the surface of the broth, presumably due to hydrogen sulfide production, while the saccharolytic strains produced white  opaque rings. Since the black ring is formed rapidly and is easily seen, the new medium may be useful for the rapid identification of proteolysis in unknown isolates. Growth and toxin production were better in the new medium than in the usual cooked meat medium or in cooked meat medium plus 0.5% glucose. These results suggest that the new medium will be useful in facilitating identification of C. botulinum.", "contents": "An improved cooked meat medium for the detection of Clostridium botulinum. A new medium composed of cooked meat and fluid thioglycolate broth was tested with 20 proteolytic and 11 saccharolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum. All of the proteolytic strains produced a black ring at the surface of the broth, presumably due to hydrogen sulfide production, while the saccharolytic strains produced white  opaque rings. Since the black ring is formed rapidly and is easily seen, the new medium may be useful for the rapid identification of proteolysis in unknown isolates. Growth and toxin production were better in the new medium than in the usual cooked meat medium or in cooked meat medium plus 0.5% glucose. These results suggest that the new medium will be useful in facilitating identification of C. botulinum.", "PMID": 323216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8747", "title": "Pseudoreversion of lactose operator-constitutive mutants.", "content": "A set of pseudorevertants of lactose operator-constitutive (lacOc) mutant has been obtained. Analysis of a subset of these pseudorevertants indicates that, in some cases, the secondary mutation alters the lactose repressor (lacl gene product), whereas in others it seems to have occurred in the lactose operator (lacO) itself. Of the lacl gene mutations, the lacl8 mutation, already known to suppress all lacOc mutations nonspecifically, was recovered by a selection technique developed for this study. However, two additional lacl gene mutants were selected which appear to suppress lacOc sequences in a more-or-less specific fashion; repressor interaction with some operator sequences is facilitated, whereas the binding with lacO+ and others is attenuated concomitantly.", "contents": "Pseudoreversion of lactose operator-constitutive mutants. A set of pseudorevertants of lactose operator-constitutive (lacOc) mutant has been obtained. Analysis of a subset of these pseudorevertants indicates that, in some cases, the secondary mutation alters the lactose repressor (lacl gene product), whereas in others it seems to have occurred in the lactose operator (lacO) itself. Of the lacl gene mutations, the lacl8 mutation, already known to suppress all lacOc mutations nonspecifically, was recovered by a selection technique developed for this study. However, two additional lacl gene mutants were selected which appear to suppress lacOc sequences in a more-or-less specific fashion; repressor interaction with some operator sequences is facilitated, whereas the binding with lacO+ and others is attenuated concomitantly.", "PMID": 323217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8748", "title": "Methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid deficiency during G1 arrest of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The mesl- mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cease division and accumulate in the G1 interval of the cell cycle when deprived of methionine or shifted from 23 to 36 degrees C in the presence of methionine. Synchronous cell cycle arrest results from a deficiency of charged methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (methionyl-tRNAMet) as shown by direct measurement of the in vivo pools of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, and methionyl-tRNAMet. The deficiency of methionyl-tRNAMet in these cells is the consequence of a lesion in a single gene, mes1. mes1 appears to be the structural gene for the methionyl-tRNA synthetase because some revertants of this mutation exhibited a thermolabile methionyl-tRNA synthetase in vitro. A sufficient hypothesis to explain these and previous results is that the control of cell division by S. cerevisiae in response to nutrient limitation is mediated through aminoacyl-tRNA or subsequent steps in protein biosynthesis.", "contents": "Methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid deficiency during G1 arrest of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mesl- mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cease division and accumulate in the G1 interval of the cell cycle when deprived of methionine or shifted from 23 to 36 degrees C in the presence of methionine. Synchronous cell cycle arrest results from a deficiency of charged methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (methionyl-tRNAMet) as shown by direct measurement of the in vivo pools of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, and methionyl-tRNAMet. The deficiency of methionyl-tRNAMet in these cells is the consequence of a lesion in a single gene, mes1. mes1 appears to be the structural gene for the methionyl-tRNA synthetase because some revertants of this mutation exhibited a thermolabile methionyl-tRNA synthetase in vitro. A sufficient hypothesis to explain these and previous results is that the control of cell division by S. cerevisiae in response to nutrient limitation is mediated through aminoacyl-tRNA or subsequent steps in protein biosynthesis.", "PMID": 323218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8749", "title": "relA gene control of the synthesis of lipid A fatty acyl moieties.", "content": "The incorporation of [14C]acetate into the fatty acid moieties of lipid A was measured during amino acid starvation of rel+ and relA strains of Escherichia coli K-12. The synthesis of the beta-hydroxymyristate and other fatty acid moieties was inhibited two- to fourfold in rel+ strains, whereas no inhibition was observed in relA strains. The fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids synthesized after amino acid starvation or rel+ and relA strains were also determined.", "contents": "relA gene control of the synthesis of lipid A fatty acyl moieties. The incorporation of [14C]acetate into the fatty acid moieties of lipid A was measured during amino acid starvation of rel+ and relA strains of Escherichia coli K-12. The synthesis of the beta-hydroxymyristate and other fatty acid moieties was inhibited two- to fourfold in rel+ strains, whereas no inhibition was observed in relA strains. The fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids synthesized after amino acid starvation or rel+ and relA strains were also determined.", "PMID": 323219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8750", "title": "Medium-dependent variation of deoxyribonucleic acid segregation in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The degree to which deoxyribonucleic acid segregates nonrandomly has been investigated for Escherichia coli B/r growing in different media. The degree of nonrandom segregation observed is dependent on the medium, with segregation becoming less random as the growth rate decreases. This indicates that there must be some varying probabilistic component to the segregation process. A probabilistic modification of the Pierucci-Zuchowski model is proposed as well as a probabilistic model, in which it is proposed that deoxyribonucleic acid strands segregate, with a probability greater than 0.5, in the same direction (toward the same pole) as at the previous cell division.", "contents": "Medium-dependent variation of deoxyribonucleic acid segregation in Escherichia coli. The degree to which deoxyribonucleic acid segregates nonrandomly has been investigated for Escherichia coli B/r growing in different media. The degree of nonrandom segregation observed is dependent on the medium, with segregation becoming less random as the growth rate decreases. This indicates that there must be some varying probabilistic component to the segregation process. A probabilistic modification of the Pierucci-Zuchowski model is proposed as well as a probabilistic model, in which it is proposed that deoxyribonucleic acid strands segregate, with a probability greater than 0.5, in the same direction (toward the same pole) as at the previous cell division.", "PMID": 323220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8751", "title": "Genetic and physiological relationships between L-asparaginase I and asparaginase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The cistron that codes for L-asparaginase I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (aspl) is not genetically linked to either of the cistrons coding for expression of asparaginase II (asp2 and asp3). Cells containing different combinations of theses enzymes grow at different rates in media in which L-asparagine or D-asparagine is the only source of nitrogen for cell replication. Cells lacking L-asparaginase I but possessing asparaginase II grow more rapidly in medium containing D-asparagine as a nitrogen source than cells containing both enzymes, even though D-asparagine is not a substrate of L-asparaginase I. These results indicate that L-asparaginase I and asparaginase II interact in some way to regulate the utilization of asparagine as a nitrogen source for cell growth.", "contents": "Genetic and physiological relationships between L-asparaginase I and asparaginase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cistron that codes for L-asparaginase I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (aspl) is not genetically linked to either of the cistrons coding for expression of asparaginase II (asp2 and asp3). Cells containing different combinations of theses enzymes grow at different rates in media in which L-asparagine or D-asparagine is the only source of nitrogen for cell replication. Cells lacking L-asparaginase I but possessing asparaginase II grow more rapidly in medium containing D-asparagine as a nitrogen source than cells containing both enzymes, even though D-asparagine is not a substrate of L-asparaginase I. These results indicate that L-asparaginase I and asparaginase II interact in some way to regulate the utilization of asparagine as a nitrogen source for cell growth.", "PMID": 323221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8752", "title": "Regulation of PRPP and nucleoside tri and tetraphosphate pools in Escherichia coli under conditions of nitrogen starvation.", "content": "The ribonucleoside triphosphate, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, 3' -diphosphate guanosine 5' -diphosphate (ppGpp), and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) pools in Escherichia coli B were determined by thin-layer chromatography during changing conditions to ammonium starvation. The intracellular concentrations of all nucleotides were found to change in a well-defined order several minutes before andy observed change in the optical density of the culture. The levels of purine nucleoside triphosphates (adenosine 5' -triphosphate [CTP], dCTP) and uridine nucleotides (uridine 5' -triphosphate, deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate). The deoxyribonucleotides thus behaved as the ribonucleotides. The levels of ppGpp increased 11-fold after the decrease in uridine nucleotides, when the accumulation of stable ribonucleic acid (RNA) stopped. The level of the nucleotide pool did not stabilize until 30 min after the change in optical density. The pool of dGTP dropped concomitantly with the pool of CTP. The nucleotide precursor PRPP exhibited a transient increase, wtih maximum value of four times the exponential levels at the onset of starvation. Apparently the cell adjusts early to starvation by reducing either the phosphorylating activity or the nucleotide biosynthetic activity. As in other downshift systems, the accumulation of stable RNA stopped before the break in optical density and before the stop in protein accumulation. Cell divisions were quite insensitive to the control mechanisms operating on RNA and protein accumulation under ammonium starvation, since the cells continued to divide for 21 min without any net accumulation of RNA.", "contents": "Regulation of PRPP and nucleoside tri and tetraphosphate pools in Escherichia coli under conditions of nitrogen starvation. The ribonucleoside triphosphate, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, 3' -diphosphate guanosine 5' -diphosphate (ppGpp), and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) pools in Escherichia coli B were determined by thin-layer chromatography during changing conditions to ammonium starvation. The intracellular concentrations of all nucleotides were found to change in a well-defined order several minutes before andy observed change in the optical density of the culture. The levels of purine nucleoside triphosphates (adenosine 5' -triphosphate [CTP], dCTP) and uridine nucleotides (uridine 5' -triphosphate, deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate). The deoxyribonucleotides thus behaved as the ribonucleotides. The levels of ppGpp increased 11-fold after the decrease in uridine nucleotides, when the accumulation of stable ribonucleic acid (RNA) stopped. The level of the nucleotide pool did not stabilize until 30 min after the change in optical density. The pool of dGTP dropped concomitantly with the pool of CTP. The nucleotide precursor PRPP exhibited a transient increase, wtih maximum value of four times the exponential levels at the onset of starvation. Apparently the cell adjusts early to starvation by reducing either the phosphorylating activity or the nucleotide biosynthetic activity. As in other downshift systems, the accumulation of stable RNA stopped before the break in optical density and before the stop in protein accumulation. Cell divisions were quite insensitive to the control mechanisms operating on RNA and protein accumulation under ammonium starvation, since the cells continued to divide for 21 min without any net accumulation of RNA.", "PMID": 323222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8753", "title": "Method for obtaining more-accurate covalently closed circular plasmid-to-chromosome ratios from bacterial lysates by dye-buoyant density centrifugation.", "content": "A method that gives high recovery of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from crude bacterial lysates using ethidium bromide-cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation is presented. After Pronase digestion and shearing of the lysate, essentially 100% recovery of chromosomal DNA and a reproducible recovery of covalently closed circular (CCC) plasmid DNA is obtained for a specific plasmid in a given strain. This method should be useful for comparing the CCC plasmid/chromosome ratio of various plasmid-host combinations.", "contents": "Method for obtaining more-accurate covalently closed circular plasmid-to-chromosome ratios from bacterial lysates by dye-buoyant density centrifugation. A method that gives high recovery of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from crude bacterial lysates using ethidium bromide-cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation is presented. After Pronase digestion and shearing of the lysate, essentially 100% recovery of chromosomal DNA and a reproducible recovery of covalently closed circular (CCC) plasmid DNA is obtained for a specific plasmid in a given strain. This method should be useful for comparing the CCC plasmid/chromosome ratio of various plasmid-host combinations.", "PMID": 323223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8754", "title": "Role of the 30S ribosomal subunit, initiation factors, and specific ion concentration in barotolerant protein synthesis in Pseudomonas bathycetes.", "content": "Washed (1 M NH4Cl) ribosomes from Pseudomonas bathycetes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Escherichia coli were tested for their ability to synthesize protein or polypeptide at high pressure when used as such, when recombined with homologous initiation factors, and when recombined with heterologous initiation factors. The responses of natural messenger ribonucleic acid (MS-2)-directed systems to pressure were independent of the source of initiation factors and paralleled those of the washed ribosomes in polyuridylate-directed systems. In all cases, the responses to pressure were parallel to those obtained when unwashed ribosomes were utilized; therefore, we concluded that the initiation factors were interchangeable among these organisms, and that these factors did not play a critical role in determining the pressure responses of the protein-synthesizing systems. P. bathycetes ribosomal subunits were isolated under a variety of ionic conditions. These were tested for their ability to synthesize protein and polyphenylalanine at a variety of pressures when used in reconstituted P. bathycetes homologous systems and in hybrid systems with ribosomal subunits from E. coli and P. fluorescens. O. bathycetes 30S subunits, isolated in a buffer solution containing 0 mM NaCl and O mM KC] were functional at any pressure; those isolated in the presence of 150 mM NaCl and 0 mM KCl were functional at 1 atmosphere but barosensitive, and those isolated in the presence of O mM NaCl and 150 mM KCl retained the ion-mediated barotolerance characteristic of crude P. bathycetes ribosome preparations. The 50S subunit remained functional regardless of the method of isolation, and it had no effect on pressure sensitivity.", "contents": "Role of the 30S ribosomal subunit, initiation factors, and specific ion concentration in barotolerant protein synthesis in Pseudomonas bathycetes. Washed (1 M NH4Cl) ribosomes from Pseudomonas bathycetes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Escherichia coli were tested for their ability to synthesize protein or polypeptide at high pressure when used as such, when recombined with homologous initiation factors, and when recombined with heterologous initiation factors. The responses of natural messenger ribonucleic acid (MS-2)-directed systems to pressure were independent of the source of initiation factors and paralleled those of the washed ribosomes in polyuridylate-directed systems. In all cases, the responses to pressure were parallel to those obtained when unwashed ribosomes were utilized; therefore, we concluded that the initiation factors were interchangeable among these organisms, and that these factors did not play a critical role in determining the pressure responses of the protein-synthesizing systems. P. bathycetes ribosomal subunits were isolated under a variety of ionic conditions. These were tested for their ability to synthesize protein and polyphenylalanine at a variety of pressures when used in reconstituted P. bathycetes homologous systems and in hybrid systems with ribosomal subunits from E. coli and P. fluorescens. O. bathycetes 30S subunits, isolated in a buffer solution containing 0 mM NaCl and O mM KC] were functional at any pressure; those isolated in the presence of 150 mM NaCl and 0 mM KCl were functional at 1 atmosphere but barosensitive, and those isolated in the presence of O mM NaCl and 150 mM KCl retained the ion-mediated barotolerance characteristic of crude P. bathycetes ribosome preparations. The 50S subunit remained functional regardless of the method of isolation, and it had no effect on pressure sensitivity.", "PMID": 323224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8755", "title": "Metabolic characterization of the viable, residually dividing and nondividing cell classes of recombination-deficient strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The abilities of rec+, recB- recC-, recA-, and recA- recB- rec C- strains to support growth of bacteriophage T4, to take up oxygen, and to maintain cell integrity have been measured. (i) With respect to bacteriophage T4 growth, T4 phage is produced with identical lysis time in single -step growth curves with all strains tested. rec- strains show reduced phage production (fewer infected centers), but the average burst size per infected center is the same for all strains tested. Some rec- cells are unable to produce any phage, whereas the remainder of the rec-cells produce phage as rapidly and as efficiently as rec+ cells. (ii) With respect to oxygen consumption, rec- strains are deficient relative to the rec+ control to the same extent as the deficiency in phage production by theculture. The reduction in oxygen consumption is coordinate with reduction in rate of mass increase of the rec- culture. (iii) With respect to cell integrity, rec- cultures show increased lysis as measured by release of beta-galactosidase into the medium. The kinetics of release suggest that rec- nondividing cells all eventually lyse. These results are most consistent with the idea that rec- residually dividing cells and viable cells are metabolically normal according to the parameters we have measured, whereas nondividing cells are metabolically inactive.", "contents": "Metabolic characterization of the viable, residually dividing and nondividing cell classes of recombination-deficient strains of Escherichia coli. The abilities of rec+, recB- recC-, recA-, and recA- recB- rec C- strains to support growth of bacteriophage T4, to take up oxygen, and to maintain cell integrity have been measured. (i) With respect to bacteriophage T4 growth, T4 phage is produced with identical lysis time in single -step growth curves with all strains tested. rec- strains show reduced phage production (fewer infected centers), but the average burst size per infected center is the same for all strains tested. Some rec- cells are unable to produce any phage, whereas the remainder of the rec-cells produce phage as rapidly and as efficiently as rec+ cells. (ii) With respect to oxygen consumption, rec- strains are deficient relative to the rec+ control to the same extent as the deficiency in phage production by theculture. The reduction in oxygen consumption is coordinate with reduction in rate of mass increase of the rec- culture. (iii) With respect to cell integrity, rec- cultures show increased lysis as measured by release of beta-galactosidase into the medium. The kinetics of release suggest that rec- nondividing cells all eventually lyse. These results are most consistent with the idea that rec- residually dividing cells and viable cells are metabolically normal according to the parameters we have measured, whereas nondividing cells are metabolically inactive.", "PMID": 323225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8756", "title": "Method for the isolation of Escherichia coli mutants with enhanced recombination between chromosomal duplications.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation of Escherichia coli mutants that show increased recombination between a pair of chromosomal duplications. These \"hyper-rec\" mutants display a variety of secondary phenotypes. I have isolated a large number of hyper-rec mutants and found them useful in screening for mutants that accumulate labeled DNA fragments after short pulses with [3H]thymidine. The mutants so recovered include ones that are defective in deoxyribonucleic acid ligase, deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I and its associated 5' yields 3' exonuclease, and a group of mutants, dnaS, that accumulate abnormally short Okazaki fragments. Evidence is presented that suggests that the lac-att80 segment of the chromosome cannot be inverted.", "contents": "Method for the isolation of Escherichia coli mutants with enhanced recombination between chromosomal duplications. A method is described for the isolation of Escherichia coli mutants that show increased recombination between a pair of chromosomal duplications. These \"hyper-rec\" mutants display a variety of secondary phenotypes. I have isolated a large number of hyper-rec mutants and found them useful in screening for mutants that accumulate labeled DNA fragments after short pulses with [3H]thymidine. The mutants so recovered include ones that are defective in deoxyribonucleic acid ligase, deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I and its associated 5' yields 3' exonuclease, and a group of mutants, dnaS, that accumulate abnormally short Okazaki fragments. Evidence is presented that suggests that the lac-att80 segment of the chromosome cannot be inverted.", "PMID": 323226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8757", "title": "Repair of hydrogen peroxide-induced single-strand breaks in Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "Near-ultraviolet (300 to 400 nm) irradiation of L-tryptophan yielded H2O2 (a toxic photoproduct) that was selectively lethal for rec and polA1 Escherichia coli mutants. H2O2 treatment of cells resulted in the induction of single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid breaks. These breaks were repaired to only a small extent in polA1, recA recB, and recA mutants, but were efficiently repaired in wild-type strains. We conclude that H2O2 deoxyribonucleic acid lesions require both the polA+ and recA+ pathways for repair.", "contents": "Repair of hydrogen peroxide-induced single-strand breaks in Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid. Near-ultraviolet (300 to 400 nm) irradiation of L-tryptophan yielded H2O2 (a toxic photoproduct) that was selectively lethal for rec and polA1 Escherichia coli mutants. H2O2 treatment of cells resulted in the induction of single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid breaks. These breaks were repaired to only a small extent in polA1, recA recB, and recA mutants, but were efficiently repaired in wild-type strains. We conclude that H2O2 deoxyribonucleic acid lesions require both the polA+ and recA+ pathways for repair.", "PMID": 323227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8758", "title": "Physiological regulation of a decontrolled lac operon.", "content": "The expression of the lac operon was studied under a variety of growth conditions in induced and in constitutive cells of Escherichia coli that carried different catabolite-insensitive lac promoters. Use of such \"decontrolled\" lac operons permitted a study of the expression of an operon that was presumably subject only to passive control. Since the use of toluenized cells was demonstrated not to be completely reliable, all enzyme assays were performed on sonic supernatant fluids. The cells contained different catabolite-insensitive promoters, which included the L1 and UV5 lac promoters, as well as others isolated in this study. There were three major observations. First, small but real carbon source effects were seen. Second, there was only a small change in beta-galactosidase specific activity with changes in the growth rate. This result implies a limited transcription and/or translation capacity within the cell. Third, at rapid growth rates, most promoters exhibited a decreased expression. The UV5 promoter, which was the \"strongest\" promoter, was an exception. A mechanism to explain this promoter-dependent control is discussed.", "contents": "Physiological regulation of a decontrolled lac operon. The expression of the lac operon was studied under a variety of growth conditions in induced and in constitutive cells of Escherichia coli that carried different catabolite-insensitive lac promoters. Use of such \"decontrolled\" lac operons permitted a study of the expression of an operon that was presumably subject only to passive control. Since the use of toluenized cells was demonstrated not to be completely reliable, all enzyme assays were performed on sonic supernatant fluids. The cells contained different catabolite-insensitive promoters, which included the L1 and UV5 lac promoters, as well as others isolated in this study. There were three major observations. First, small but real carbon source effects were seen. Second, there was only a small change in beta-galactosidase specific activity with changes in the growth rate. This result implies a limited transcription and/or translation capacity within the cell. Third, at rapid growth rates, most promoters exhibited a decreased expression. The UV5 promoter, which was the \"strongest\" promoter, was an exception. A mechanism to explain this promoter-dependent control is discussed.", "PMID": 323228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8759", "title": "Chemotactic mechanism of Salmonella typhimurium: preliminary mapping and characterization of mutants.", "content": "Some new, generally nonchemotactic mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were isolated and they, together with previously isolated mutants and some from other investigators, were mapped. Most of the mutants were classified in nine complementation groups, which are probably individual genes. Of these, five map at the end of the flagella region and appear in the order motB-(cheWcheP)-cheX-cheQ-cheR-flaC. Two of the mutations, cheU and cheV, map in the flaQ and flaAII genes, respectively. The remaining genes, cheS and cheT, have not yet been mapped. Most of the mutants are phenotypically smoothly swimming, but some are constantly tumbling. Two of the groups show dominant behavior as recipients in genetic crosses; the rest are recessive. The mutants vary in their responses to stimuli but, since their responses to all chemoeffectors are abnormal, the central processing, rather than individual, receptors must be impaired. The two mutations that coincide with genes for flagella probably involve the locus of the final delivery of sensing signal to the flagella.", "contents": "Chemotactic mechanism of Salmonella typhimurium: preliminary mapping and characterization of mutants. Some new, generally nonchemotactic mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were isolated and they, together with previously isolated mutants and some from other investigators, were mapped. Most of the mutants were classified in nine complementation groups, which are probably individual genes. Of these, five map at the end of the flagella region and appear in the order motB-(cheWcheP)-cheX-cheQ-cheR-flaC. Two of the mutations, cheU and cheV, map in the flaQ and flaAII genes, respectively. The remaining genes, cheS and cheT, have not yet been mapped. Most of the mutants are phenotypically smoothly swimming, but some are constantly tumbling. Two of the groups show dominant behavior as recipients in genetic crosses; the rest are recessive. The mutants vary in their responses to stimuli but, since their responses to all chemoeffectors are abnormal, the central processing, rather than individual, receptors must be impaired. The two mutations that coincide with genes for flagella probably involve the locus of the final delivery of sensing signal to the flagella.", "PMID": 323229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8760", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant deficient in pyruvate kinase activity.", "content": "A mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is deficient in pyruvate kinase activity has been isolated. The mutant strain is capable of growth when supplied with lactate as the carbon source but not capable of growth when supplied with dextrose or other fermentable sugars or glycerol as the carbon source. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the phenotype of the pyruvate kinase-deficient strain was due to a single nuclear mutation, which was designated pyk1, and preliminary genetic mapping experiments located the pyk1 locus on chromosome I, 30 centimorgans from the ade1 locus. Adenine nucleotide levels in the mutant and parental strains were compared when the cells were subjected to various growth and starvation conditions. When carbon supply and energy production were dissociated by supplying the mutant strain with dextrose, adenine nucleotide levels fell dramatically. This result suggests that the initial reactions of glycolysis are not rate limiting, nor are they readily inhibited by feedback controls.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant deficient in pyruvate kinase activity. A mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is deficient in pyruvate kinase activity has been isolated. The mutant strain is capable of growth when supplied with lactate as the carbon source but not capable of growth when supplied with dextrose or other fermentable sugars or glycerol as the carbon source. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the phenotype of the pyruvate kinase-deficient strain was due to a single nuclear mutation, which was designated pyk1, and preliminary genetic mapping experiments located the pyk1 locus on chromosome I, 30 centimorgans from the ade1 locus. Adenine nucleotide levels in the mutant and parental strains were compared when the cells were subjected to various growth and starvation conditions. When carbon supply and energy production were dissociated by supplying the mutant strain with dextrose, adenine nucleotide levels fell dramatically. This result suggests that the initial reactions of glycolysis are not rate limiting, nor are they readily inhibited by feedback controls.", "PMID": 323230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8761", "title": "Suppression of an Escherichia coli dnaA mutation by the integrated R factor R100.1: generation of small plasmids after integration.", "content": "We have observed that integration of the R plasmid R100.1 into the chromosome of Escherichia coli is associated with the formation of small, covalently closed circular elements. Contour length measurements, partial denaturation mapping, and analysis of the deoxyribonucleic acid fragments produced by digestion of one of these, pLC1, with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI indicate that it is the r-determinant element of R100.1.", "contents": "Suppression of an Escherichia coli dnaA mutation by the integrated R factor R100.1: generation of small plasmids after integration. We have observed that integration of the R plasmid R100.1 into the chromosome of Escherichia coli is associated with the formation of small, covalently closed circular elements. Contour length measurements, partial denaturation mapping, and analysis of the deoxyribonucleic acid fragments produced by digestion of one of these, pLC1, with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI indicate that it is the r-determinant element of R100.1.", "PMID": 323231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8762", "title": "Cell surface-localized alkaline phosphatase of Escherichia coli as visualized by reaction product deposition and ferritin-labeled antibodies.", "content": "When cells of a wild-type Eschericia coli O8 strain bearing a complete lipopolysaccharide were incubated for alkaline phosphatase reaction product and examined by electron microscopy, the depostion of lead salts was to be observed primarily within the periplasmic space. A similar treatment of cells derived from this strain, which bears a highly abbreviated lipopolysaccharide, showed a mixed cell surface and periplasmic localization of reaction product, suggesting a surface association of a portion of the enzyme. To further explore this possibility, ferritin-antibody conjugates against the active enzyme and its irreversibly dissociated subunits were prepared and allowed to react with cells of both strains. The results obtained from these experiments revealed the presence of both the active enzyme and inactive subunits of the enzyme at the cell surface of the mutant strain. The evidence obtained offers further proof of the validity of the reaction product deposition technique and indicates that alkaline phosphatase may be associated with some component of the outer membrane in this organism. The observation of enzyme subunits at the cell surface further suggests that an association of these subunits with structural components of the cell envelope may provide a locus at which they may dimerize to form active enzyme.", "contents": "Cell surface-localized alkaline phosphatase of Escherichia coli as visualized by reaction product deposition and ferritin-labeled antibodies. When cells of a wild-type Eschericia coli O8 strain bearing a complete lipopolysaccharide were incubated for alkaline phosphatase reaction product and examined by electron microscopy, the depostion of lead salts was to be observed primarily within the periplasmic space. A similar treatment of cells derived from this strain, which bears a highly abbreviated lipopolysaccharide, showed a mixed cell surface and periplasmic localization of reaction product, suggesting a surface association of a portion of the enzyme. To further explore this possibility, ferritin-antibody conjugates against the active enzyme and its irreversibly dissociated subunits were prepared and allowed to react with cells of both strains. The results obtained from these experiments revealed the presence of both the active enzyme and inactive subunits of the enzyme at the cell surface of the mutant strain. The evidence obtained offers further proof of the validity of the reaction product deposition technique and indicates that alkaline phosphatase may be associated with some component of the outer membrane in this organism. The observation of enzyme subunits at the cell surface further suggests that an association of these subunits with structural components of the cell envelope may provide a locus at which they may dimerize to form active enzyme.", "PMID": 323232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8763", "title": "Immunocytological investigation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Ferritin-conjugated specific antibodies have been used to localize beta-galactosidase and both the monomer and active dimer of alkaline phosphatase in frozen thin sections of cells of Escherichia coli O8 strain F515. The even distribution of the ferritin marker throughout cells that had been induced for beta-galactosidase synthesis, frozen, sectioned, and exposed to ferritin-anti-beta-galactosidase conjugate showed that this enzyme was present throughout the cytoplasm of these cells. Frozen thin sections of cells that had been derepressed for the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase were exposed to both ferritin-anti-alkaline phosphatase monomer and ferritin-anti-alkaline phosphatase dimer conjugates, and the ferritin markers showed a peripheral distribution of both the monomer and the dimer of this enzyme. This indicates that alkaline phosphatase is present only in the peripheral regions of the cell and argues against the existence of a cytoplasmic pool of inactive monomers of this enzyme. This peripheral location of both the monomers and dimers of alkaline phosphatase supports the developing concensus that this enzyme is, like other wall-associated enzymes, synthesized in association with the cytoplasmic membrane and vectorially transported to the periplasmic area, where it assumes its tertiary and quaternary structure and acquires its enzymatic activity.", "contents": "Immunocytological investigation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. Ferritin-conjugated specific antibodies have been used to localize beta-galactosidase and both the monomer and active dimer of alkaline phosphatase in frozen thin sections of cells of Escherichia coli O8 strain F515. The even distribution of the ferritin marker throughout cells that had been induced for beta-galactosidase synthesis, frozen, sectioned, and exposed to ferritin-anti-beta-galactosidase conjugate showed that this enzyme was present throughout the cytoplasm of these cells. Frozen thin sections of cells that had been derepressed for the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase were exposed to both ferritin-anti-alkaline phosphatase monomer and ferritin-anti-alkaline phosphatase dimer conjugates, and the ferritin markers showed a peripheral distribution of both the monomer and the dimer of this enzyme. This indicates that alkaline phosphatase is present only in the peripheral regions of the cell and argues against the existence of a cytoplasmic pool of inactive monomers of this enzyme. This peripheral location of both the monomers and dimers of alkaline phosphatase supports the developing concensus that this enzyme is, like other wall-associated enzymes, synthesized in association with the cytoplasmic membrane and vectorially transported to the periplasmic area, where it assumes its tertiary and quaternary structure and acquires its enzymatic activity.", "PMID": 323233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8764", "title": "Degradation of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase fragments in protease-deficient mutants of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The degradation rates of several mutationally generated fragments of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase were determined in wild-type strains of Salmonella typhimurium and in mutant Salmonella strains lacking several proteases and peptidases. Three termination fragments (produced by lacZ545, lacZ521, and lacZX90) and one internal reinitiation (restart) fragment [lacZpi(1)] are degraded in wild-type Salmonella strains at the same rates observed in wild-type Escherichia coli strains. Mutations that lead to loss of peptidases N, A, B, P, and Q or to loss of protease I or II do not affect the decay rates of any of these fragments. In addition, all of these peptidases and proteases are present in E coli mutants carrying deg mutations (deg mutations are known to stabilize beta-galactosidase fragments). Apparently, none of the proteases and peptidases that are currently accessible to direct genetic analysis plays a role in the early steps of the degradation of protein fragments.", "contents": "Degradation of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase fragments in protease-deficient mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. The degradation rates of several mutationally generated fragments of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase were determined in wild-type strains of Salmonella typhimurium and in mutant Salmonella strains lacking several proteases and peptidases. Three termination fragments (produced by lacZ545, lacZ521, and lacZX90) and one internal reinitiation (restart) fragment [lacZpi(1)] are degraded in wild-type Salmonella strains at the same rates observed in wild-type Escherichia coli strains. Mutations that lead to loss of peptidases N, A, B, P, and Q or to loss of protease I or II do not affect the decay rates of any of these fragments. In addition, all of these peptidases and proteases are present in E coli mutants carrying deg mutations (deg mutations are known to stabilize beta-galactosidase fragments). Apparently, none of the proteases and peptidases that are currently accessible to direct genetic analysis plays a role in the early steps of the degradation of protein fragments.", "PMID": 323234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8765", "title": "Isolation and characterization of plaque-forming lambdadnaZ+ transducing bacteriophages.", "content": "The Escherichia coli dnaZ gene, a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerization gene, is located 1.2 min counterclockwise from purE, at approximately min 10.5 on the E. coli map. From a lysogen with lamdacI857 integrated at a secondary attachment site near purE, transducing phages (lambdadnaS+) that transduced a dnaZts (lambda+) recipient to temperature insensitivity (TS+) were discovered. Three different plaque-forming transducing phages were isolated from seven primary heterogenotes. Genetic tests and heteroduplex mapping were used to determine the length and position of E. coli DNA within the lambda DNA. Complementation tests demonstrated that the deletions in all three strains removed both att P and the int gene, i,e., DNA from both prophage ends. Heteroduplex mapping confirmed this result by demonstrating that all three strains had deletions of lambda DNA that covered the b2 to red region, thereby removing both prophage ends. Specifically, the deletions removed lambda DNA between the points 39.3 to 66.5% of lambda length (measured in percent length from the left and of lambda phage DNA) in all three strains. The three strains are distinct, however, because they had differing lengths of host DNA insertions. These phages must have been formed by an anomalous procedure, because standard lambda transducing phages are deleted for one prophage end only. In lambdagal and lambdabio strains, the deletions of lambda DNA begin at the union of prophage ends (i.e., position 57.3% of lambda length) and extend leftward or rightward, respectively (Davidson and Szybalski, in A, D. Hershey [ed.], The Bacteriophage Lambda, p. 45-82, 1971). Models for formation of the lambdadnaZ+ phages are discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of plaque-forming lambdadnaZ+ transducing bacteriophages. The Escherichia coli dnaZ gene, a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerization gene, is located 1.2 min counterclockwise from purE, at approximately min 10.5 on the E. coli map. From a lysogen with lamdacI857 integrated at a secondary attachment site near purE, transducing phages (lambdadnaS+) that transduced a dnaZts (lambda+) recipient to temperature insensitivity (TS+) were discovered. Three different plaque-forming transducing phages were isolated from seven primary heterogenotes. Genetic tests and heteroduplex mapping were used to determine the length and position of E. coli DNA within the lambda DNA. Complementation tests demonstrated that the deletions in all three strains removed both att P and the int gene, i,e., DNA from both prophage ends. Heteroduplex mapping confirmed this result by demonstrating that all three strains had deletions of lambda DNA that covered the b2 to red region, thereby removing both prophage ends. Specifically, the deletions removed lambda DNA between the points 39.3 to 66.5% of lambda length (measured in percent length from the left and of lambda phage DNA) in all three strains. The three strains are distinct, however, because they had differing lengths of host DNA insertions. These phages must have been formed by an anomalous procedure, because standard lambda transducing phages are deleted for one prophage end only. In lambdagal and lambdabio strains, the deletions of lambda DNA begin at the union of prophage ends (i.e., position 57.3% of lambda length) and extend leftward or rightward, respectively (Davidson and Szybalski, in A, D. Hershey [ed.], The Bacteriophage Lambda, p. 45-82, 1971). Models for formation of the lambdadnaZ+ phages are discussed.", "PMID": 323235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8766", "title": "Escherichia coli transport mutants lacking binding protein and other components of the branched-chain amino acid transport systems.", "content": "Further evidence on the role of binding proteins in branched-chain amino acid transport in Escherichia coli was obtained by selecting mutants with altered expression of the binding proteins. The mutator phage Mu was used to induce E. coli L-valine-resistant mutants defective in branched-chain amino acid transport. By making use of mild selective conditions and strain backgrounds with derepressed high-affinity, binding protein-mediated transport systems, we were able to isolate a new class of transport mutants defective in these systems. Mutant strains AE84084 (livK::Mucts) and AE840102 (livJ) were found to be defective in leucine-specific and LIV binding proteins, respectively, by transport assay, in vitro binding activity, and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mutant strain AE4107 (livH::Mu), although lacking high-affinity, branched-chain amino acid transport, retained functional binding proteins and therefore evidently codes for an additional component of high-affinity transport. The livH, livJ, and livK mutations were mapped by transduction and shown to be closely linked to each other in the malT region (min 74) of the E. coli genetic map.", "contents": "Escherichia coli transport mutants lacking binding protein and other components of the branched-chain amino acid transport systems. Further evidence on the role of binding proteins in branched-chain amino acid transport in Escherichia coli was obtained by selecting mutants with altered expression of the binding proteins. The mutator phage Mu was used to induce E. coli L-valine-resistant mutants defective in branched-chain amino acid transport. By making use of mild selective conditions and strain backgrounds with derepressed high-affinity, binding protein-mediated transport systems, we were able to isolate a new class of transport mutants defective in these systems. Mutant strains AE84084 (livK::Mucts) and AE840102 (livJ) were found to be defective in leucine-specific and LIV binding proteins, respectively, by transport assay, in vitro binding activity, and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mutant strain AE4107 (livH::Mu), although lacking high-affinity, branched-chain amino acid transport, retained functional binding proteins and therefore evidently codes for an additional component of high-affinity transport. The livH, livJ, and livK mutations were mapped by transduction and shown to be closely linked to each other in the malT region (min 74) of the E. coli genetic map.", "PMID": 323236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8767", "title": "Biochemical and regulatory properties of Escherichia coli K-12 hisT mutants.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 hisT mutants were isolated, and their properties were studied. These mutants are derepressed for the histidine operon, map close to the purF locus at about 49.5 min on the E. coli linkage map, and lack pseudouridylate synthetase activity. The defect in this enzyme leads to the absence of pseudouridines in the anticodon loop of several transfer ribonucleic acid species, as evidenced by the altered elution profile on reversed-phase chromatography and resistance to amino acid analogues. Finally, the hisT mutants studied have a reduced growth rate that appears to be linked to hisT, although it is not known whether it is due to the same mutation. The normal generation time can be restored by supplementing the medium with adenine, uracil, and isoleucine.", "contents": "Biochemical and regulatory properties of Escherichia coli K-12 hisT mutants. Escherichia coli K-12 hisT mutants were isolated, and their properties were studied. These mutants are derepressed for the histidine operon, map close to the purF locus at about 49.5 min on the E. coli linkage map, and lack pseudouridylate synthetase activity. The defect in this enzyme leads to the absence of pseudouridines in the anticodon loop of several transfer ribonucleic acid species, as evidenced by the altered elution profile on reversed-phase chromatography and resistance to amino acid analogues. Finally, the hisT mutants studied have a reduced growth rate that appears to be linked to hisT, although it is not known whether it is due to the same mutation. The normal generation time can be restored by supplementing the medium with adenine, uracil, and isoleucine.", "PMID": 323237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8768", "title": "Mapping of the aspartate and aromatic amino acid aminotransferase genes tyrB and aspC.", "content": "Co-transduction experiments using P1-mediated reciprocal and three-factor crosses have been used to map two mutations affecting the aspartate and aromatic amino acid aminotransferases of Escherichia coli. tyrB-, which inactivates the tyrosine-repressible component of these activities is co-transducible with metA and malB; the gene order is metA-malB-tyrB. aspC-, which inactivates the nonrepressible aminotransferase with high activity for aspartate, maps between and is co-transducible with serC and pyrD.", "contents": "Mapping of the aspartate and aromatic amino acid aminotransferase genes tyrB and aspC. Co-transduction experiments using P1-mediated reciprocal and three-factor crosses have been used to map two mutations affecting the aspartate and aromatic amino acid aminotransferases of Escherichia coli. tyrB-, which inactivates the tyrosine-repressible component of these activities is co-transducible with metA and malB; the gene order is metA-malB-tyrB. aspC-, which inactivates the nonrepressible aminotransferase with high activity for aspartate, maps between and is co-transducible with serC and pyrD.", "PMID": 323238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8769", "title": "Growth and metabolism of inositol-starved Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Upon starvation for inositol, a phospholipid precursor, an inositol-requiring mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown to die if all other conditions  are growth supporting. The growth and metabolism of inositol-starved cells has been investigated in order to determine the physiological state leading to \"inositolless death\". The synthesis of the major inositol-containing phospholipid ceases within 30 min after the removal of inositol from the growth medium. The cells, however, continue in an apparently normal fashion for one generation (2 h under the growth conditions used in this study). The cessation of cell division is not preceded or accompanied by any detectable change in the rate of macromolecular synthesis. When cell division ceases, the cells remain constant in volume, whereas macromolecular synthesis continues at first at an unchanged rate and eventually at a decreasing rate. Macromolecular synthesis terminates after about 4 h of inositol starvation, at approximately the time when the cells begin to die. Cell death is also accompanied by a decline in cellular potassium and adenosine triphosphate levels. The cells can be protected from inositolless death by several treatments that block cellular metabolism. It is concluded that inositol starvation results in a imbalance between the expansion of cell volume and the accumulation of cytoplasmic constituents. This imbalance is very likely the cause of inositolless death.", "contents": "Growth and metabolism of inositol-starved Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Upon starvation for inositol, a phospholipid precursor, an inositol-requiring mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown to die if all other conditions  are growth supporting. The growth and metabolism of inositol-starved cells has been investigated in order to determine the physiological state leading to \"inositolless death\". The synthesis of the major inositol-containing phospholipid ceases within 30 min after the removal of inositol from the growth medium. The cells, however, continue in an apparently normal fashion for one generation (2 h under the growth conditions used in this study). The cessation of cell division is not preceded or accompanied by any detectable change in the rate of macromolecular synthesis. When cell division ceases, the cells remain constant in volume, whereas macromolecular synthesis continues at first at an unchanged rate and eventually at a decreasing rate. Macromolecular synthesis terminates after about 4 h of inositol starvation, at approximately the time when the cells begin to die. Cell death is also accompanied by a decline in cellular potassium and adenosine triphosphate levels. The cells can be protected from inositolless death by several treatments that block cellular metabolism. It is concluded that inositol starvation results in a imbalance between the expansion of cell volume and the accumulation of cytoplasmic constituents. This imbalance is very likely the cause of inositolless death.", "PMID": 323239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8770", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli phase variants and mutants deficient in type 1 pilus production.", "content": "Type 1 pili of Escherichia coli are the prototype of the somatic class of pili found on many strains of bacteria. As a first step in the genetic analysis of type 1 piliation, an extensive series of nonpiliated derivatives of E. coli K-12 strain AW405, was characterized to produce attached or free pili when examined in the antiserum or appeared to produce attached or free pili when examined in the electron microscope. The derivatives fell into two classes; phase variants and mutants. Phase variants that formed colonies of two distinctive types, one associated with a predominantly piliated (P+), and the other associated with a nonpiliated (P-) phase, were obtained. Each phase could give rise to the other at a relatively high rate, which was greater in the P- to P+ direction during culture in unshaken liquid medium. In addition, 77 Pil- mutants were selected on the basis of a subtle difference in colonial morphology. The mutants reverted, if at all, at a much lower rate than that of the P- to P+ change. The stability of Pil- derivatives grown in unshaken liquid medium was used as a criterion for distinguishing between phase variants and mutants, Phase variation also effected colonial morphology and chemotactic swarming. These properties did not directly depend upon piliation since Pil- mutants were only slightly altered in colonial form and unaltered in chemotactic swarming. Piliation of Pil+ bacteria was quantitatively affected by growth conditions.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli phase variants and mutants deficient in type 1 pilus production. Type 1 pili of Escherichia coli are the prototype of the somatic class of pili found on many strains of bacteria. As a first step in the genetic analysis of type 1 piliation, an extensive series of nonpiliated derivatives of E. coli K-12 strain AW405, was characterized to produce attached or free pili when examined in the antiserum or appeared to produce attached or free pili when examined in the electron microscope. The derivatives fell into two classes; phase variants and mutants. Phase variants that formed colonies of two distinctive types, one associated with a predominantly piliated (P+), and the other associated with a nonpiliated (P-) phase, were obtained. Each phase could give rise to the other at a relatively high rate, which was greater in the P- to P+ direction during culture in unshaken liquid medium. In addition, 77 Pil- mutants were selected on the basis of a subtle difference in colonial morphology. The mutants reverted, if at all, at a much lower rate than that of the P- to P+ change. The stability of Pil- derivatives grown in unshaken liquid medium was used as a criterion for distinguishing between phase variants and mutants, Phase variation also effected colonial morphology and chemotactic swarming. These properties did not directly depend upon piliation since Pil- mutants were only slightly altered in colonial form and unaltered in chemotactic swarming. Piliation of Pil+ bacteria was quantitatively affected by growth conditions.", "PMID": 323240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8771", "title": "Genetic complementation analysis of Escherichia coli type 1 somatic pilus mutants.", "content": "A genetic complementation analysis of 75 stable nonpiliated mutants of a type 1 piliated strain of Escherichia coli K-12, AW405, was performed. Strains containing pairs of pil mutations were constructed by the infectious transfer of an F101 plasmid containing one pil mutation into E. coli K-12 AW 405 containing another pil mutation. The presence or absence of type 1 pili on the merodiploid strains was determined by agglutination with type 1 pilus antiserum. All 75 mutants fell into one of four complementation groups. The pattern of complementation defined three cistrons involved in pilus formation, pilA, pilB, and pilC. The fourth complementation group was composed of a large number of mutants defective in both pilA and pilB functions.", "contents": "Genetic complementation analysis of Escherichia coli type 1 somatic pilus mutants. A genetic complementation analysis of 75 stable nonpiliated mutants of a type 1 piliated strain of Escherichia coli K-12, AW405, was performed. Strains containing pairs of pil mutations were constructed by the infectious transfer of an F101 plasmid containing one pil mutation into E. coli K-12 AW 405 containing another pil mutation. The presence or absence of type 1 pili on the merodiploid strains was determined by agglutination with type 1 pilus antiserum. All 75 mutants fell into one of four complementation groups. The pattern of complementation defined three cistrons involved in pilus formation, pilA, pilB, and pilC. The fourth complementation group was composed of a large number of mutants defective in both pilA and pilB functions.", "PMID": 323241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8772", "title": "Further characterization of the recipient ability of Escherichia coli K-12 bacteriophage-resistant mutants.", "content": "We extended the study of Escherichia coli mutants defective in conjugation and showed that the mutants with altered lipopolysaccharide, which are defective as recipients with F-like donors, are also defective with the I-like plasmid R64-11. However, the extent of reduction in recipient ability for I-like donors does not correlate either with the effect on recipient ability for F-like donors or with the degree of alteration to the lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Further characterization of the recipient ability of Escherichia coli K-12 bacteriophage-resistant mutants. We extended the study of Escherichia coli mutants defective in conjugation and showed that the mutants with altered lipopolysaccharide, which are defective as recipients with F-like donors, are also defective with the I-like plasmid R64-11. However, the extent of reduction in recipient ability for I-like donors does not correlate either with the effect on recipient ability for F-like donors or with the degree of alteration to the lipopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 323242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8773", "title": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutant with alternate requirements for vitamin B6 or branched-chain amino acids and lacking transaminase C activity.", "content": "An Escherichia coli K-12 auxotrophic derivative that grows if supplemented with pyridoxine, isoleucine, leucine, or alanine is described.", "contents": "Escherichia coli K-12 mutant with alternate requirements for vitamin B6 or branched-chain amino acids and lacking transaminase C activity. An Escherichia coli K-12 auxotrophic derivative that grows if supplemented with pyridoxine, isoleucine, leucine, or alanine is described.", "PMID": 323243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8774", "title": "Unstable mutations that relieve catabolite repression of tryptophanase synthesis by Escherichia coli.", "content": "From strains of Escherichia coli that carry deletions of the trp region, five different mutants were isolated that were capable of synthesizing tryptophanase at unusually high rates in conditions of severe catabolite repression. Notwithstanding the comparative insensitivity to catabolite repression, the rates of tryptophanase synthesis in the mutants were greatly diminished by the introduction of a defective gene for adenyl cyclase. Each of the mutants segregated variants of the parental type. The results of genetic analysis appear to be consistent with the mutants arose by duplication of the tryptophanase gene.", "contents": "Unstable mutations that relieve catabolite repression of tryptophanase synthesis by Escherichia coli. From strains of Escherichia coli that carry deletions of the trp region, five different mutants were isolated that were capable of synthesizing tryptophanase at unusually high rates in conditions of severe catabolite repression. Notwithstanding the comparative insensitivity to catabolite repression, the rates of tryptophanase synthesis in the mutants were greatly diminished by the introduction of a defective gene for adenyl cyclase. Each of the mutants segregated variants of the parental type. The results of genetic analysis appear to be consistent with the mutants arose by duplication of the tryptophanase gene.", "PMID": 323244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8775", "title": "Initiation and termination of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in bacteria after a stepwise increase in the velocity of replication.", "content": "The theoretical relations between replication, initiation, termination, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) accumulation were derived for experiments in which the length of the time required for the replication of the bacterial chromosome (C period) can be varied. This theory enables one to determine absolute values of the C period from kinetics of DNA accumulation after a \"stepup\" with thymine-requiring bacteria that are subjected to a sudden increase in the exogenous thymine concentration. Application of this method of data evaluation to an observed step-up experiment with a thy-derivative of Escherichia coli B/r (ATCC 12407) indicated that the theory describes the observed post-step accumulation of DNA accurately within experimental errors. It is also concluded that changes in the replication velocity (C) do not measurably affect the timing of initiation events in a culture.", "contents": "Initiation and termination of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in bacteria after a stepwise increase in the velocity of replication. The theoretical relations between replication, initiation, termination, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) accumulation were derived for experiments in which the length of the time required for the replication of the bacterial chromosome (C period) can be varied. This theory enables one to determine absolute values of the C period from kinetics of DNA accumulation after a \"stepup\" with thymine-requiring bacteria that are subjected to a sudden increase in the exogenous thymine concentration. Application of this method of data evaluation to an observed step-up experiment with a thy-derivative of Escherichia coli B/r (ATCC 12407) indicated that the theory describes the observed post-step accumulation of DNA accurately within experimental errors. It is also concluded that changes in the replication velocity (C) do not measurably affect the timing of initiation events in a culture.", "PMID": 323245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8776", "title": "Uridine and cytidine transport in Escherichia coli B and transport-deficient mutants.", "content": "Three mutants of Escherichia coli B which are defective in components of the transport system for uridine and uracil were isolated and utilized to study the mechanism of uridine transport. Mutant U- was isolated from a culture resistant to 77 micronM 5-fluorouracil. Mutant U-UR-, isolated from a culture of mutant U-, is resistant to 770 micronM 5-fluorouracil and 750 micronM adenosine. Mutant NUC- is resistant to 80 micronM showdomycin and has been reported previously. The characteristics of uridine transport by E. coli B and the mutants provide data supporting the following conclusions. The transport of adenosine, deoxyadenosine, guanosine, deoxyguanosine, adenine, or guanine by mutant U- and mutant U-UR- is identical with that in the parental strain. Uridine is transported by E. coli B as intact uridine. In addition, extracellular uridine is also rapidly cleaved to uracil and the ribose moiety. The latter is transported into the cells, whereas uracil appears in the medium and is transported by a separate uracil transport system. The entry of the ribose moiety of uridine is fast relative to the uracil and uridine transport processes. The Km values and the inhibitory effects of heterologous nucleosides for the transport of uridine and the ribose moiety of uridine are similar. Studies of cytidine uptake in the parental and mutant strains provide evidence that cytidine is transported by two independent systems, one of which is the same as that involved in the transport of intact uridine. Uridine inhibits but is not transported by the other system for cytidine transport. Evidence for the above conclusions was based on comparisons of the characteristics of [2-14C]uridine, [U-14C]uridine, and [2-14C]cytidine transport using E. coli B and the three transport mutants under conditions which measure initial rates. The nature of the inhibitory effects of heterologous nucleosides on the uridine transport processes and identification of extracellular components from radioactive uridine provides supportive data for the conclusions.", "contents": "Uridine and cytidine transport in Escherichia coli B and transport-deficient mutants. Three mutants of Escherichia coli B which are defective in components of the transport system for uridine and uracil were isolated and utilized to study the mechanism of uridine transport. Mutant U- was isolated from a culture resistant to 77 micronM 5-fluorouracil. Mutant U-UR-, isolated from a culture of mutant U-, is resistant to 770 micronM 5-fluorouracil and 750 micronM adenosine. Mutant NUC- is resistant to 80 micronM showdomycin and has been reported previously. The characteristics of uridine transport by E. coli B and the mutants provide data supporting the following conclusions. The transport of adenosine, deoxyadenosine, guanosine, deoxyguanosine, adenine, or guanine by mutant U- and mutant U-UR- is identical with that in the parental strain. Uridine is transported by E. coli B as intact uridine. In addition, extracellular uridine is also rapidly cleaved to uracil and the ribose moiety. The latter is transported into the cells, whereas uracil appears in the medium and is transported by a separate uracil transport system. The entry of the ribose moiety of uridine is fast relative to the uracil and uridine transport processes. The Km values and the inhibitory effects of heterologous nucleosides for the transport of uridine and the ribose moiety of uridine are similar. Studies of cytidine uptake in the parental and mutant strains provide evidence that cytidine is transported by two independent systems, one of which is the same as that involved in the transport of intact uridine. Uridine inhibits but is not transported by the other system for cytidine transport. Evidence for the above conclusions was based on comparisons of the characteristics of [2-14C]uridine, [U-14C]uridine, and [2-14C]cytidine transport using E. coli B and the three transport mutants under conditions which measure initial rates. The nature of the inhibitory effects of heterologous nucleosides on the uridine transport processes and identification of extracellular components from radioactive uridine provides supportive data for the conclusions.", "PMID": 323246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8777", "title": "Dependence of mitochondrial protein synthesis initiation on formylation of the initiator methionyl-tRNAf.", "content": "The effect of N10-formyl-H4folate on mitochondrial peptide chain initiation has been studied in isolated mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The addition of N10-formyl-H4-folate strongly stimulates the incorporation of amino acids into mitochondrial protein at both 6 and 15 mm Mg2+. Still higher stimulation (up to 10-fold) has been obtained in the production of de novo synthesized initial peptides, measured as peptidyl puromycin derivatives. The maximum effect is observed at 0.1 mM N10-formyl-H4folate. At 5 mM puromycin, the ratio formylated/unformylated peptides is 3, as shown by electrophoretic analysis. At 10 mM puromycin, the ratio is increased to more than 6. This is due to the presence of deformylase and amidohydrolase activities, which are more effective the longer the initial peptide is synthesized; at increasing puromycin concentrations, progressively shorter peptide chains are formed. Chemically synthesized fMet-puromycin and Met-puromycin are virtually stable when incubated with intact or frozen and thawed mitochondria. More careful kinetic analysis shows an early cessation of the initial peptide formation in the samples without N10-formyl-H4-folate. This indicates that the formylation of methionyl-tRNA formylatable species is an absolute requirement for mitochondrial peptide chain initiation.", "contents": "Dependence of mitochondrial protein synthesis initiation on formylation of the initiator methionyl-tRNAf. The effect of N10-formyl-H4folate on mitochondrial peptide chain initiation has been studied in isolated mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The addition of N10-formyl-H4-folate strongly stimulates the incorporation of amino acids into mitochondrial protein at both 6 and 15 mm Mg2+. Still higher stimulation (up to 10-fold) has been obtained in the production of de novo synthesized initial peptides, measured as peptidyl puromycin derivatives. The maximum effect is observed at 0.1 mM N10-formyl-H4folate. At 5 mM puromycin, the ratio formylated/unformylated peptides is 3, as shown by electrophoretic analysis. At 10 mM puromycin, the ratio is increased to more than 6. This is due to the presence of deformylase and amidohydrolase activities, which are more effective the longer the initial peptide is synthesized; at increasing puromycin concentrations, progressively shorter peptide chains are formed. Chemically synthesized fMet-puromycin and Met-puromycin are virtually stable when incubated with intact or frozen and thawed mitochondria. More careful kinetic analysis shows an early cessation of the initial peptide formation in the samples without N10-formyl-H4-folate. This indicates that the formylation of methionyl-tRNA formylatable species is an absolute requirement for mitochondrial peptide chain initiation.", "PMID": 323247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8778", "title": "Selective inhibition of phiX RFII compared with fd RFII DNA synthesis in vitro. II. Resolution of discrimination reaction into multiple steps.", "content": "In the presence of RNA polymerase, RNase H, discriminatory factors alpha and beta, Escherichia coli binding protein, DNA elongation factor I, DNA elongation factor II preparation, DNA polymerase III, and ATP, UTP, GTP, CTP, dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, fd viral DNA can be quantitatively converted to RFII containing a unique gap in the linear minus strand. This gap, mapped with the aid of restriction endonucleases HinII and HpaII, is located within Fragment Hpa-H of the fd genome. The discrimination reaction has been resolved into two steps: Step A, fd viral DNA, E. coli binding protein, and discriminatory factors alpha and beta form a protein DNA complex; Step B, the complex isolated by agarose gel filtration selectively forms fd RFII when supplemented with RNase H, RNA polymerase, and the DNA elongation proteins. The omission of any of the proteins described above during the first reaction resulted in either no discrimination or a decrease in discrimination when the missing protein was added during the second step. Results are presented which indicate that E. coli binding protein, discriminatory factors alpha and beta, and RNase H must be present during the time RNA synthesis occurs in order to selectively form RFII from fd DNA and not phiX RFII. The amount of fd and phiX174 RNA-DNA hybrid formed in vitro is directly related to the DNA synthesis observed. Thus, under discriminatory conditions, only fd viral DNA leads to fd RNA-DNA complexes and no phiX RNA-DNA hybrid is formed. Under nondiscriminatory conditions, both DNAs yield RNA-DNA hybrids and DNA synthesis. In the absence of discriminatory factor alpha, no RNA-DNA hybrid is formed with either DNA, and in turn, no DNA synthesis is detected with either DNA template.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of phiX RFII compared with fd RFII DNA synthesis in vitro. II. Resolution of discrimination reaction into multiple steps. In the presence of RNA polymerase, RNase H, discriminatory factors alpha and beta, Escherichia coli binding protein, DNA elongation factor I, DNA elongation factor II preparation, DNA polymerase III, and ATP, UTP, GTP, CTP, dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, fd viral DNA can be quantitatively converted to RFII containing a unique gap in the linear minus strand. This gap, mapped with the aid of restriction endonucleases HinII and HpaII, is located within Fragment Hpa-H of the fd genome. The discrimination reaction has been resolved into two steps: Step A, fd viral DNA, E. coli binding protein, and discriminatory factors alpha and beta form a protein DNA complex; Step B, the complex isolated by agarose gel filtration selectively forms fd RFII when supplemented with RNase H, RNA polymerase, and the DNA elongation proteins. The omission of any of the proteins described above during the first reaction resulted in either no discrimination or a decrease in discrimination when the missing protein was added during the second step. Results are presented which indicate that E. coli binding protein, discriminatory factors alpha and beta, and RNase H must be present during the time RNA synthesis occurs in order to selectively form RFII from fd DNA and not phiX RFII. The amount of fd and phiX174 RNA-DNA hybrid formed in vitro is directly related to the DNA synthesis observed. Thus, under discriminatory conditions, only fd viral DNA leads to fd RNA-DNA complexes and no phiX RNA-DNA hybrid is formed. Under nondiscriminatory conditions, both DNAs yield RNA-DNA hybrids and DNA synthesis. In the absence of discriminatory factor alpha, no RNA-DNA hybrid is formed with either DNA, and in turn, no DNA synthesis is detected with either DNA template.", "PMID": 323248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8779", "title": "Isolation and characterization of valine transfer RNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Two procedures for isolating valine tRNA from commercial bakers' yeast were investigated. The first involved: (a) counter double current distribution; (b) chromatography on benzoyl-DEAE-cellulose; (c) reverse phase chromatography on Chromosorb G saturated with trioctylpropylammonium bromide (Oakridge System 3). The material isolated lacked the 3'-terminal adenylic acid residue. The second procedure involved the first two steps above followed by: (a) enzymatic aminoacylation with a partially purified yeast extract; (b) derivatization with N-phenoxyacetoxysuccinimide; (c) chromatography on benzoyl-DEAE-cellulose; (d) reverse phase chromatography, System 3. The product was intact tRNA. It was a mixture of isoacceptors (59:41) differing by a modification (uracil leads to dihydrouracil) at position 48. It was free of denatured material; specific activity 1,825 pmol of valine/A260 unit of tRNA. Sequence analysis confirmed the recently corrected structure (Bonnet, J., Ebel, J. P., Dirheimer, G., Shershneva, L. P., Krutilina, A. I., Venkstern, T. V., and Bayev, A. A. (1974) Biochimie 56, 1211-1213). A preliminary study of the alkaline hydrolysis of the 7-methylguanosine residue that occurs at position 47 showed that at least two products are formed instead of only one as usually quoted in the literature. A rapid, ultramicro, chromatographic system for separating these products and measuring them quantitatively is described.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of valine transfer RNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two procedures for isolating valine tRNA from commercial bakers' yeast were investigated. The first involved: (a) counter double current distribution; (b) chromatography on benzoyl-DEAE-cellulose; (c) reverse phase chromatography on Chromosorb G saturated with trioctylpropylammonium bromide (Oakridge System 3). The material isolated lacked the 3'-terminal adenylic acid residue. The second procedure involved the first two steps above followed by: (a) enzymatic aminoacylation with a partially purified yeast extract; (b) derivatization with N-phenoxyacetoxysuccinimide; (c) chromatography on benzoyl-DEAE-cellulose; (d) reverse phase chromatography, System 3. The product was intact tRNA. It was a mixture of isoacceptors (59:41) differing by a modification (uracil leads to dihydrouracil) at position 48. It was free of denatured material; specific activity 1,825 pmol of valine/A260 unit of tRNA. Sequence analysis confirmed the recently corrected structure (Bonnet, J., Ebel, J. P., Dirheimer, G., Shershneva, L. P., Krutilina, A. I., Venkstern, T. V., and Bayev, A. A. (1974) Biochimie 56, 1211-1213). A preliminary study of the alkaline hydrolysis of the 7-methylguanosine residue that occurs at position 47 showed that at least two products are formed instead of only one as usually quoted in the literature. A rapid, ultramicro, chromatographic system for separating these products and measuring them quantitatively is described.", "PMID": 323249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8780", "title": "Studies on alpha-adrenergic activation of hepatic glucose output. Studies on role of calcium in alpha-adrenergic activation of phosphorylase.", "content": "The role of Ca2+ ions in alpha-adrenergic activation of hepatic phosphorylase was studied using isolated rat liver parenchymal cells. The activation of glucose release and phosphorylase by the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine was impaired in cells in which calcium was depleted by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) treatment and restored by calcium addition, whereas the effects of a glycogenolytically equivalent concentration of glucagon on these processes were unaffected. EGTA treatment also reduced basal glucose release and phosphorylase alpha activity, but did not alter the level of cAMP or the protein kinase activity ratio (-cAMP/+cAMP) or impair viability as determined by trypan blue exclusion, ATP levels, or gluconeogenic rates. The effect of EGTA on basal phosphorylase and glucose output was also rapidly reversed by Ca2+, but not by other ions. Phenylephrine potentiated the ability of low concentrations of calcium to reactivate phosphorylase in EGTA-treated cells. The divalent cation inophore A23187 rapidly increased phosphorylase alpha and glucose output without altering the cAMP level, the protein kinase activity ratio, and the levels of ATP, ADP, or AMP, The effects of the ionophore were abolished in EGTA-treated cells and restored by calcium addition. Phenylephrine rapidly stimulated 45Ca uptake and exchange in hepatocytes, but did not affect the cell content of 45Ca at late time points. A glycogenolytically equivalent concentration of glucagon did not affect these processes, whereas higher concentrations were as effective as phenylephrine. The effect of phenylephrine on 45Ca uptake was blocked by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine, was unaffected by the beta blocker propranolol, and was not mimicked by isoproterenol. The following conclusions are drawn: (a) alpha-adrenergic activation of phosphorylase and glucose release in hepatocytes is more dependent on calcium than is glucagon activation of these processes; (b) variations in liver cell calcium can regulate phosphorylase alpha levels and glycogenolysis; (c) calcium fluxes across the plasma membrane are stimulated more by phenylephrine than by a glycogenolytically equivalent concentration of glucagon. It is proposed that alpha-adrenergic agonists activate phosphorylase by increasing the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ ions, thus stimulating phosphorylase kinase.", "contents": "Studies on alpha-adrenergic activation of hepatic glucose output. Studies on role of calcium in alpha-adrenergic activation of phosphorylase. The role of Ca2+ ions in alpha-adrenergic activation of hepatic phosphorylase was studied using isolated rat liver parenchymal cells. The activation of glucose release and phosphorylase by the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine was impaired in cells in which calcium was depleted by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) treatment and restored by calcium addition, whereas the effects of a glycogenolytically equivalent concentration of glucagon on these processes were unaffected. EGTA treatment also reduced basal glucose release and phosphorylase alpha activity, but did not alter the level of cAMP or the protein kinase activity ratio (-cAMP/+cAMP) or impair viability as determined by trypan blue exclusion, ATP levels, or gluconeogenic rates. The effect of EGTA on basal phosphorylase and glucose output was also rapidly reversed by Ca2+, but not by other ions. Phenylephrine potentiated the ability of low concentrations of calcium to reactivate phosphorylase in EGTA-treated cells. The divalent cation inophore A23187 rapidly increased phosphorylase alpha and glucose output without altering the cAMP level, the protein kinase activity ratio, and the levels of ATP, ADP, or AMP, The effects of the ionophore were abolished in EGTA-treated cells and restored by calcium addition. Phenylephrine rapidly stimulated 45Ca uptake and exchange in hepatocytes, but did not affect the cell content of 45Ca at late time points. A glycogenolytically equivalent concentration of glucagon did not affect these processes, whereas higher concentrations were as effective as phenylephrine. The effect of phenylephrine on 45Ca uptake was blocked by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine, was unaffected by the beta blocker propranolol, and was not mimicked by isoproterenol. The following conclusions are drawn: (a) alpha-adrenergic activation of phosphorylase and glucose release in hepatocytes is more dependent on calcium than is glucagon activation of these processes; (b) variations in liver cell calcium can regulate phosphorylase alpha levels and glycogenolysis; (c) calcium fluxes across the plasma membrane are stimulated more by phenylephrine than by a glycogenolytically equivalent concentration of glucagon. It is proposed that alpha-adrenergic agonists activate phosphorylase by increasing the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ ions, thus stimulating phosphorylase kinase.", "PMID": 323250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8781", "title": "Adriamycin interactions with T4 DNA polymerase. Two modes of template-mediated inhibition.", "content": "We examined the effect of adriamycin on kinetics of DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase purified from bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli. Two distinct modes of enzyme inhibition occur: uncompetitive and competitive at \"low\" and \"high\" drug:DNA nucleotide molar ratios, respectively. Competitive inhibition is not observed unless an unblocked amino group is present on the sugar (daunosamine) moiety. A model is proposed to relate the enzyme inhibition kinetics to intercalative and ionic binding of adriamycin to DNA.", "contents": "Adriamycin interactions with T4 DNA polymerase. Two modes of template-mediated inhibition. We examined the effect of adriamycin on kinetics of DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase purified from bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli. Two distinct modes of enzyme inhibition occur: uncompetitive and competitive at \"low\" and \"high\" drug:DNA nucleotide molar ratios, respectively. Competitive inhibition is not observed unless an unblocked amino group is present on the sugar (daunosamine) moiety. A model is proposed to relate the enzyme inhibition kinetics to intercalative and ionic binding of adriamycin to DNA.", "PMID": 323251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8782", "title": "Evidence for single mechanism for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases including aminoacyl adenylates as intermediates.", "content": "The rate of transfer of amino acid from enzyme-bound aminoacyl adenylate to tRNA has been compared with the rate of esterification of free amino acid. The approach of L\u00f6vgren et al. (L\u00f6vgren, T. N. E., Heinonen, J., and Loftfield, R. B. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 3854-3860) was used, with 14C in the aminoacyl adenylate and 3H in the free amino acid and with both the lysine and isoleucine systems of Escherichia coli. In both systems kinetic analyses show more rapid transfer from the preformed enzyme complex when interference by the back reaction with inorganic pyrophosphate was eliminated. Parallel experiments, in which the amount of enzyme complex was measured, confirmed that aminoacyl adenylate is an intermediate in both systems. No evidence was found for an alternative mechanism.", "contents": "Evidence for single mechanism for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases including aminoacyl adenylates as intermediates. The rate of transfer of amino acid from enzyme-bound aminoacyl adenylate to tRNA has been compared with the rate of esterification of free amino acid. The approach of L\u00f6vgren et al. (L\u00f6vgren, T. N. E., Heinonen, J., and Loftfield, R. B. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 3854-3860) was used, with 14C in the aminoacyl adenylate and 3H in the free amino acid and with both the lysine and isoleucine systems of Escherichia coli. In both systems kinetic analyses show more rapid transfer from the preformed enzyme complex when interference by the back reaction with inorganic pyrophosphate was eliminated. Parallel experiments, in which the amount of enzyme complex was measured, confirmed that aminoacyl adenylate is an intermediate in both systems. No evidence was found for an alternative mechanism.", "PMID": 323252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8783", "title": "Intracellular DNA-protein complexes from bacteriophage T4-infected cells isolated by a rapid two-step procedure. Characterization and identification of the protein components.", "content": "A simple technique has been developed for isolating intracellular DNA and its bound proteins from uninfected and phage-infected bacteria. This technique, which utilizes aqueous salt concentrations in the physiological range, is based upon the fact that DNA exists in normal cell lysates in a stiff random coil conformation, and has an unusually large excluded volume to mass ratio. Such stiff coils display a unique combination of low sedimentation coefficient and large Stokes radius, enabling them to be separated rapidly from all other cellular components by successive centrifugal and gel permeation steps. Analysis of this purified intracellular DNA fraction from bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli reveals mainly DNA and protein, with a small amount of RNA also present. Among the major proteins obtained are the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the host and the products of T4 genes rIIA, rIIB, and 32 (DNA-\"unwinding\" protein). Small amounts of the proteins coded by T4 genes 43 (DNA polymerase) and 42 (dCMP hydroxymethylase) have also been identified, in addition to at least 13 other phage-coded proteins of unidentified genes. Much of the phage-coded protein in the complex, including the gene 32 protein, does not exchange readily with the same protein exogenously added in the lysate.", "contents": "Intracellular DNA-protein complexes from bacteriophage T4-infected cells isolated by a rapid two-step procedure. Characterization and identification of the protein components. A simple technique has been developed for isolating intracellular DNA and its bound proteins from uninfected and phage-infected bacteria. This technique, which utilizes aqueous salt concentrations in the physiological range, is based upon the fact that DNA exists in normal cell lysates in a stiff random coil conformation, and has an unusually large excluded volume to mass ratio. Such stiff coils display a unique combination of low sedimentation coefficient and large Stokes radius, enabling them to be separated rapidly from all other cellular components by successive centrifugal and gel permeation steps. Analysis of this purified intracellular DNA fraction from bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli reveals mainly DNA and protein, with a small amount of RNA also present. Among the major proteins obtained are the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the host and the products of T4 genes rIIA, rIIB, and 32 (DNA-\"unwinding\" protein). Small amounts of the proteins coded by T4 genes 43 (DNA polymerase) and 42 (dCMP hydroxymethylase) have also been identified, in addition to at least 13 other phage-coded proteins of unidentified genes. Much of the phage-coded protein in the complex, including the gene 32 protein, does not exchange readily with the same protein exogenously added in the lysate.", "PMID": 323253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8784", "title": "Depolarization-induced phosphorylation of specific proteins, mediated by calcium ion influx, in rat brain synaptosomes.", "content": "Agents known to inphorylation of specific endogenous proteins in intact synaptosomes from rat brain. Synaptosome preparations, preincubated in vitro with 32Pi, incorporated 32P into a variety of specific proteins. Veratridine and high (60 mM) K+, which increase Ca2+ transport across membranes, through a mechanism involving membrane depolarization, as well as the calcium ionophore A23187, each markedly stimulated the incorporation of 32P into two specific proteins (80,000 and 86,000 daltons) as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. All three agents failed to stimulate protein phosphorylation in calcium-free medium containing ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Moreover, the Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation could be reversed by the addition of sufficient EGTA to chelate all free extracellular Ca2+. Veratridine, high K+, and A23187 also stimulated 45Ca2+ accumulation by synaptosomes. Tetrodotoxin blocked the stimulation both of protein phosphorylation and of 45Ca2+ accumulation by veratridine but not by high K+ or A23187. Cyclic nucleotides and several putative neurotransmitters were without effect on protein phosphorylation in these intact synaptosome preparations. The absence of any endogenous protein phosphorylation in osmotically shocked synaptosome preparations incubated with 32Pi, and the inability of added [gamma-32P]ATP to serve as a substrate for veratridine-stimulated protein phosphorylation in intact preparations, indicated that the Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation occurred within intact subcellular organelles. Fractionation of a crude synaptosome preparation on a discontinuous Ficoll/sucrose flotation gradient indicated that these organelles were synaptosomes rather than mitochondria. The data suggest that conditions which cause an accumulation of calcium by synaptosomes lead to a calcium-dependent increase in phosphorylation of specific endogenous proteins. These phosphoproteins may be involved in the regulation of certain calcium-dependent nerve terminal functions such as neurotransmitter synthesis and release.", "contents": "Depolarization-induced phosphorylation of specific proteins, mediated by calcium ion influx, in rat brain synaptosomes. Agents known to inphorylation of specific endogenous proteins in intact synaptosomes from rat brain. Synaptosome preparations, preincubated in vitro with 32Pi, incorporated 32P into a variety of specific proteins. Veratridine and high (60 mM) K+, which increase Ca2+ transport across membranes, through a mechanism involving membrane depolarization, as well as the calcium ionophore A23187, each markedly stimulated the incorporation of 32P into two specific proteins (80,000 and 86,000 daltons) as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. All three agents failed to stimulate protein phosphorylation in calcium-free medium containing ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Moreover, the Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation could be reversed by the addition of sufficient EGTA to chelate all free extracellular Ca2+. Veratridine, high K+, and A23187 also stimulated 45Ca2+ accumulation by synaptosomes. Tetrodotoxin blocked the stimulation both of protein phosphorylation and of 45Ca2+ accumulation by veratridine but not by high K+ or A23187. Cyclic nucleotides and several putative neurotransmitters were without effect on protein phosphorylation in these intact synaptosome preparations. The absence of any endogenous protein phosphorylation in osmotically shocked synaptosome preparations incubated with 32Pi, and the inability of added [gamma-32P]ATP to serve as a substrate for veratridine-stimulated protein phosphorylation in intact preparations, indicated that the Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation occurred within intact subcellular organelles. Fractionation of a crude synaptosome preparation on a discontinuous Ficoll/sucrose flotation gradient indicated that these organelles were synaptosomes rather than mitochondria. The data suggest that conditions which cause an accumulation of calcium by synaptosomes lead to a calcium-dependent increase in phosphorylation of specific endogenous proteins. These phosphoproteins may be involved in the regulation of certain calcium-dependent nerve terminal functions such as neurotransmitter synthesis and release.", "PMID": 323254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8785", "title": "Identification of a gamma-glutamyl methyl ester in bacterial membrane protein involved in chemotaxis.", "content": "Evidence is presented that a methyltransferase enzyme, previously shown to be necessary for chemotaxis and identified as the cheR gene product, catalyzes the formation of a gamma-glutamyl methyl ester in one or more membrane proteins of Salmonella typhimurium. The rates of release of methyl label from the methylated protein in acid, base, and hydroxylamine are consistent with a methyl ester and not with a methylated imidazole, guanidino, or amino group. A gamma-glutamyl methyl ester was isolated from a proteolytic digest of the modified protein.", "contents": "Identification of a gamma-glutamyl methyl ester in bacterial membrane protein involved in chemotaxis. Evidence is presented that a methyltransferase enzyme, previously shown to be necessary for chemotaxis and identified as the cheR gene product, catalyzes the formation of a gamma-glutamyl methyl ester in one or more membrane proteins of Salmonella typhimurium. The rates of release of methyl label from the methylated protein in acid, base, and hydroxylamine are consistent with a methyl ester and not with a methylated imidazole, guanidino, or amino group. A gamma-glutamyl methyl ester was isolated from a proteolytic digest of the modified protein.", "PMID": 323255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8786", "title": "Yeast mutants deficient in heme biosynthesis and a heme mutant additionally blocked in cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene.", "content": "Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated which were blocked in heme biosynthesis and required heme for growth on a nonfermentable carbon source. They were rho+, and grew fermentatively on ergosterol or cholesterol and Tween 80, as a source of oleic acid. Cells grown on ergosterol and Tween 80 lacked cytochromes and catalase which were restored by growth on heme. The mutants comprised five nonoverlapping complementation groups. Tetrad analysis showed that the pleiotropic properties of each of the mutants resulted from a single mutation in one of five unlinked loci (hem1 to hem5) affecting heme biosynthesis. Biochemical studies confirmed that each mutation resulted in loss of a single enzyme activity. hem1 mutants grew on delta-aminolevulinate and lacked delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity, hem2 mutants lacked delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, and hem3 mutants uroporphyrin I synthase. Mutants in hem1, hem2, and hem3 had an additional requirement for methionine on synthetic medium supplemented with either heme or ergosterol and Tween 80, owing to a lack of sulfite reductase which contains siroheme, a modified uroporphyrin III. Since hem4 and hem5 mutants have sulfite reductase activity under all growth conditions, they are blocked after uroporphyrin III. Cell extracts of a hem4 mutant incubated with delta-aminolevulinate accumulated coproporphyrin III suggesting a block in coproporphyrinogenase, the enzyme which converts coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen. Cells and extracts of a hem5 mutant accumulated protoporphyrin IX. Since it was the only mutant that grew on heme but not on protoporphyrin IX, a block in ferrochelatase was suggested for this strain. Mutant strains grown on heme had the sterol composition of wild type cells, whereas without heme only squalene, small amounts of lanosterol, and added sterol was observed. A heme product therefore participates in the transformation of lanosterol to ergosterol. A hem3 mutant was isolated which was also blocked between 2,3-oxidosqualene and lanosterol (erg12). When grown on lanosterol or ergosterol (with Tween 80) it accumulated a compound which was identified as 2,3-oxidosqualene by comparison with the synthetic compound in thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography, and by proton magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Supplementation with heme did not remove the requirement for sterol, but it enabled the mutant to convert lanosterol to ergosterol.", "contents": "Yeast mutants deficient in heme biosynthesis and a heme mutant additionally blocked in cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene. Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated which were blocked in heme biosynthesis and required heme for growth on a nonfermentable carbon source. They were rho+, and grew fermentatively on ergosterol or cholesterol and Tween 80, as a source of oleic acid. Cells grown on ergosterol and Tween 80 lacked cytochromes and catalase which were restored by growth on heme. The mutants comprised five nonoverlapping complementation groups. Tetrad analysis showed that the pleiotropic properties of each of the mutants resulted from a single mutation in one of five unlinked loci (hem1 to hem5) affecting heme biosynthesis. Biochemical studies confirmed that each mutation resulted in loss of a single enzyme activity. hem1 mutants grew on delta-aminolevulinate and lacked delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity, hem2 mutants lacked delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, and hem3 mutants uroporphyrin I synthase. Mutants in hem1, hem2, and hem3 had an additional requirement for methionine on synthetic medium supplemented with either heme or ergosterol and Tween 80, owing to a lack of sulfite reductase which contains siroheme, a modified uroporphyrin III. Since hem4 and hem5 mutants have sulfite reductase activity under all growth conditions, they are blocked after uroporphyrin III. Cell extracts of a hem4 mutant incubated with delta-aminolevulinate accumulated coproporphyrin III suggesting a block in coproporphyrinogenase, the enzyme which converts coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen. Cells and extracts of a hem5 mutant accumulated protoporphyrin IX. Since it was the only mutant that grew on heme but not on protoporphyrin IX, a block in ferrochelatase was suggested for this strain. Mutant strains grown on heme had the sterol composition of wild type cells, whereas without heme only squalene, small amounts of lanosterol, and added sterol was observed. A heme product therefore participates in the transformation of lanosterol to ergosterol. A hem3 mutant was isolated which was also blocked between 2,3-oxidosqualene and lanosterol (erg12). When grown on lanosterol or ergosterol (with Tween 80) it accumulated a compound which was identified as 2,3-oxidosqualene by comparison with the synthetic compound in thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography, and by proton magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Supplementation with heme did not remove the requirement for sterol, but it enabled the mutant to convert lanosterol to ergosterol.", "PMID": 323256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8787", "title": "Functionally important arginine residues of aspartate transcarbamylase.", "content": "The reaction of phenylglyoxal with aspartate transcarbamylase and its isolated catalytic subunit results in complete loss of enzymatic activity (Kantrowitz, E. R., and Lipscomb, W. N. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2688-2695). If N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate is used to protect the active site, we find that phenylglyoxal causes destruction of the enzyme's susceptibility to activation by ATP and inhibition by CTP. Furthermore, CTP only minimally protects the regulatory site from reaction with this reagent. The modified enzyme still binds CTP although with reduced affinity. After reaction with phenylglyoxal, the native enzyme shows reduced cooperativity. The hybrid with modified regulatory subunits and native catalytic subunits exhibits slight heterotropic or homotropic properties, while the reverse hybrid, with modified catalytic subunits and native regulatory subunits, shows much reduced homotropic properties but practically normal heterotropic interactions. The decrease in the ability of CTP to inhibit the enzyme correlates with the loss of 2 arginine residues/regulatory chain (Mr = 17,000). Under these reaction conditions, 1 arginine residue is also modified on each catalytic chain (Mr = 33,000). Reaction rate studies of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, with the liganded and unliganded modified enzyme suggest that the reaction with phenylglyoxal locks the enzyme into the liganded conformation. The conformational state of the regulatory subunit is implicated as having a critical role in the expression of the enzyme's heterotropic and homotropic properties.", "contents": "Functionally important arginine residues of aspartate transcarbamylase. The reaction of phenylglyoxal with aspartate transcarbamylase and its isolated catalytic subunit results in complete loss of enzymatic activity (Kantrowitz, E. R., and Lipscomb, W. N. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2688-2695). If N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate is used to protect the active site, we find that phenylglyoxal causes destruction of the enzyme's susceptibility to activation by ATP and inhibition by CTP. Furthermore, CTP only minimally protects the regulatory site from reaction with this reagent. The modified enzyme still binds CTP although with reduced affinity. After reaction with phenylglyoxal, the native enzyme shows reduced cooperativity. The hybrid with modified regulatory subunits and native catalytic subunits exhibits slight heterotropic or homotropic properties, while the reverse hybrid, with modified catalytic subunits and native regulatory subunits, shows much reduced homotropic properties but practically normal heterotropic interactions. The decrease in the ability of CTP to inhibit the enzyme correlates with the loss of 2 arginine residues/regulatory chain (Mr = 17,000). Under these reaction conditions, 1 arginine residue is also modified on each catalytic chain (Mr = 33,000). Reaction rate studies of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, with the liganded and unliganded modified enzyme suggest that the reaction with phenylglyoxal locks the enzyme into the liganded conformation. The conformational state of the regulatory subunit is implicated as having a critical role in the expression of the enzyme's heterotropic and homotropic properties.", "PMID": 323257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8788", "title": "An aspartate transcarbamylase lacking catalytic subunit interactions. Study of conformational changes by ultraviolet absorbance and circular dichroism spectroscopy.", "content": "A modified form of aspartate transcarbamylase is synthesized by Escherichia coli in the presence of 2-thiouracil which does not exhibit homotropic cooperative interactions between active sites yet retains heterotropic cooperative interactions due to nucleotide binding. The conformational changes induced in the modified enzyme by the binding of different ligands (substrates, substrate analogs, a transition state analog, and nucleotide effectors) were studied using ultraviolet absorbance and circular dichroism difference spectroscopy. Comparison of the results for the modified enzyme and its isolated subunits to those for the native enzyme and its isolated subunits showed that the conformational changes detected by these methods are qualitatively similar in the two enzymes. Comparison of the absorbance difference spectra due to the binding of a transition substrate analog to the intact native or modified enzymes to the corresponding results for the isolated subunits suggested that ligand binding causes an increased exposure to solvent of certain tyrosyl and phenylalanyl residues in the intact enzymes but not in the isolated subunits. This result is consistent with a diminution of subunit contacts due to substrate binding in the course of homotropic interactions in the native enzyme. Such conformational changes, though perhaps necessary for homotropic cooperativity, are not sufficient to cause homotropic cooperativity since the modified enzyme gave identical perturbations. Interactions of the transition state analog, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, with the modified enzyme were studied. Enzyme kinetic data obtained at low aspartate concentrations showed that this transition state analog does not stimulate activity, but rather exhibits the inhibition predicted for the total absence of homotropic cooperative interactions in the modified enzyme. Spectrophotometric titrations of the number of catalytic sites with the transition state analog showed that the modified enzyme and its isolated subunits possess, respectively, four and two high affinity sites for the inhibitor instead of six and three observed in the case of the normal enzyme and its isolated catalytic subunits. These results are correlated with the lower specific enzymatic activities of the modified enzyme and its catalytic subunits compared to the normal corresponding enzymatic species.", "contents": "An aspartate transcarbamylase lacking catalytic subunit interactions. Study of conformational changes by ultraviolet absorbance and circular dichroism spectroscopy. A modified form of aspartate transcarbamylase is synthesized by Escherichia coli in the presence of 2-thiouracil which does not exhibit homotropic cooperative interactions between active sites yet retains heterotropic cooperative interactions due to nucleotide binding. The conformational changes induced in the modified enzyme by the binding of different ligands (substrates, substrate analogs, a transition state analog, and nucleotide effectors) were studied using ultraviolet absorbance and circular dichroism difference spectroscopy. Comparison of the results for the modified enzyme and its isolated subunits to those for the native enzyme and its isolated subunits showed that the conformational changes detected by these methods are qualitatively similar in the two enzymes. Comparison of the absorbance difference spectra due to the binding of a transition substrate analog to the intact native or modified enzymes to the corresponding results for the isolated subunits suggested that ligand binding causes an increased exposure to solvent of certain tyrosyl and phenylalanyl residues in the intact enzymes but not in the isolated subunits. This result is consistent with a diminution of subunit contacts due to substrate binding in the course of homotropic interactions in the native enzyme. Such conformational changes, though perhaps necessary for homotropic cooperativity, are not sufficient to cause homotropic cooperativity since the modified enzyme gave identical perturbations. Interactions of the transition state analog, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, with the modified enzyme were studied. Enzyme kinetic data obtained at low aspartate concentrations showed that this transition state analog does not stimulate activity, but rather exhibits the inhibition predicted for the total absence of homotropic cooperative interactions in the modified enzyme. Spectrophotometric titrations of the number of catalytic sites with the transition state analog showed that the modified enzyme and its isolated subunits possess, respectively, four and two high affinity sites for the inhibitor instead of six and three observed in the case of the normal enzyme and its isolated catalytic subunits. These results are correlated with the lower specific enzymatic activities of the modified enzyme and its catalytic subunits compared to the normal corresponding enzymatic species.", "PMID": 323258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8789", "title": "Regulation of deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis during in vivo bacteriophage T4 DNA replication. Intrinsic control of synthesis of thymine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine deoxyribonucleotides at precise ratio found in DNA.", "content": "The kinetics of the de novo formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides is the same after infection by wild type bacteriophage T4, which generate very low steady state levels of deoxytibonucleotides, and by T4 DNA synthesis-negative mutatants (Dna-), which accumulate high levels, suggesting that the control is not by a feedback mechanism. In this study, the ratio of the de novo synthesis of dTMP to HmdCMP derivatives was measured by determining the total thymine and 5-hydroxylxytosine (HmCyt) deoxyribonucleotides synthesized by the reductive pathways from [6-3H]uracil including those in DNA and any degradation products excreted into the medium. The ratio of the de novo synthesis of Thy/HmCyt derivatives remained constant at 2.1 +/- 0.1 for at least 45 min after infection by wild type phage, i.e. precisely at the Thy/HmCyt ratio in T4 DNA. On infection by phage mutated in the Dna-genes 32, 41, 44, or 45, the ratio still remained close to 2 to 1 for at least 25 min. Only after the pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide concentrations reached levels about 100-fold greater than the initial values did the ratio begin to increase. However, a mutant of the structural gene for T4 DNA polymerase showed some increase in ratio by 15 min. Mutants of gene 1 (HmdCMP kinase) were distinct in that the Thy/HmCyt ratio dropped to about 1.0 by 25 min, and then remained quite constant. Uniquely, in these mutants a significant quantity of 5-hydroxymethyluracil or a derivative was found, about 40% being in the medium. The product was shown to be derived by deamination of a 5-HmCyt derivative. All Dna- mutants tested excreted 35 to 50% of their thymine derivatives, mostly as thymine, into the medium. Neither thymine nor 5-hydroxymethyluracil derivates were excreted after wild type phage infection. We propose that pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide synthesis is regulated at a Thy:HmCyt ratio of 2:1 as an intrinsic property of a complex of enzymes synthesizing and channeling deoxyribonucleotides for T4 DNA replication and not exclusively by effector-sensitive mechanisms.", "contents": "Regulation of deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis during in vivo bacteriophage T4 DNA replication. Intrinsic control of synthesis of thymine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine deoxyribonucleotides at precise ratio found in DNA. The kinetics of the de novo formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides is the same after infection by wild type bacteriophage T4, which generate very low steady state levels of deoxytibonucleotides, and by T4 DNA synthesis-negative mutatants (Dna-), which accumulate high levels, suggesting that the control is not by a feedback mechanism. In this study, the ratio of the de novo synthesis of dTMP to HmdCMP derivatives was measured by determining the total thymine and 5-hydroxylxytosine (HmCyt) deoxyribonucleotides synthesized by the reductive pathways from [6-3H]uracil including those in DNA and any degradation products excreted into the medium. The ratio of the de novo synthesis of Thy/HmCyt derivatives remained constant at 2.1 +/- 0.1 for at least 45 min after infection by wild type phage, i.e. precisely at the Thy/HmCyt ratio in T4 DNA. On infection by phage mutated in the Dna-genes 32, 41, 44, or 45, the ratio still remained close to 2 to 1 for at least 25 min. Only after the pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide concentrations reached levels about 100-fold greater than the initial values did the ratio begin to increase. However, a mutant of the structural gene for T4 DNA polymerase showed some increase in ratio by 15 min. Mutants of gene 1 (HmdCMP kinase) were distinct in that the Thy/HmCyt ratio dropped to about 1.0 by 25 min, and then remained quite constant. Uniquely, in these mutants a significant quantity of 5-hydroxymethyluracil or a derivative was found, about 40% being in the medium. The product was shown to be derived by deamination of a 5-HmCyt derivative. All Dna- mutants tested excreted 35 to 50% of their thymine derivatives, mostly as thymine, into the medium. Neither thymine nor 5-hydroxymethyluracil derivates were excreted after wild type phage infection. We propose that pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide synthesis is regulated at a Thy:HmCyt ratio of 2:1 as an intrinsic property of a complex of enzymes synthesizing and channeling deoxyribonucleotides for T4 DNA replication and not exclusively by effector-sensitive mechanisms.", "PMID": 323259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8790", "title": "Multiple pathways for primary processing of ribosomal RNA in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A comparison of isogenic RNase III+ and RNase III- strains of Escherichia coli shows that although both synthesize precursor and mature 16 S and 23 S ribosomal RNAs, the transient rRNA species of the RNase III- strain differ from those of the RNase III+ strain. The RNase III+ strain synthesizes p16 and p23 rRNA, whereas the RNase III- strain produces unstable 17 S, 18 S, \"p23,\" 25 S and 30 S RNA molecules. The 30 S RNA, which is a primary transcript of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster, does not contribute significantly to any of the smaller RNAs, nor is m23 rRNA derived from 25 S but rather from \"p23\" RNA. Mature 16 S rRNA is derived from both 18 S and 17 S RNA, and 17 S RNA can be derived from 18 S. Additionally, an unstable RNA species about 300 bases long is missing in the RNase III- strain and another species which seems to be about 50 bases larger appears. Processing of the primary ribosomal RNA transcript in RNase III- strains of Escherichia coli is accomplished during its transcription by two independent pathways which are not so utilized in RNase III+ strains. One pathway yields 18 S and precursor 23 S RNAs which are processed to mature rRNAs; the second pathway yields 25 S RNA and perhaps 16 S rRNA. The second pathway, unlike the first, is inhibited by chloramphenicol treatment. At slow rates of ribosomal RNA synthesis, the nascent transcript is processed preferentially by the first pathway. We suggest that in the absence of RNase III, which is involved in the primary processing of rRNA in E. coli, other enzymes involved in primary and secondary processing of rRNA in RNase III+ cells can recognize their sites on the nascent rRNA transcript and accomplish the primary processing.", "contents": "Multiple pathways for primary processing of ribosomal RNA in Escherichia coli. A comparison of isogenic RNase III+ and RNase III- strains of Escherichia coli shows that although both synthesize precursor and mature 16 S and 23 S ribosomal RNAs, the transient rRNA species of the RNase III- strain differ from those of the RNase III+ strain. The RNase III+ strain synthesizes p16 and p23 rRNA, whereas the RNase III- strain produces unstable 17 S, 18 S, \"p23,\" 25 S and 30 S RNA molecules. The 30 S RNA, which is a primary transcript of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster, does not contribute significantly to any of the smaller RNAs, nor is m23 rRNA derived from 25 S but rather from \"p23\" RNA. Mature 16 S rRNA is derived from both 18 S and 17 S RNA, and 17 S RNA can be derived from 18 S. Additionally, an unstable RNA species about 300 bases long is missing in the RNase III- strain and another species which seems to be about 50 bases larger appears. Processing of the primary ribosomal RNA transcript in RNase III- strains of Escherichia coli is accomplished during its transcription by two independent pathways which are not so utilized in RNase III+ strains. One pathway yields 18 S and precursor 23 S RNAs which are processed to mature rRNAs; the second pathway yields 25 S RNA and perhaps 16 S rRNA. The second pathway, unlike the first, is inhibited by chloramphenicol treatment. At slow rates of ribosomal RNA synthesis, the nascent transcript is processed preferentially by the first pathway. We suggest that in the absence of RNase III, which is involved in the primary processing of rRNA in E. coli, other enzymes involved in primary and secondary processing of rRNA in RNase III+ cells can recognize their sites on the nascent rRNA transcript and accomplish the primary processing.", "PMID": 323260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8791", "title": "Phosphorylation of yeast DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in vivo and in vitro. Isolation of enzymes and identification of phosphorylated subunits.", "content": "Yeast DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I, II, and III are phosphorylated in vivo. Yeast cells were grown continuously in 32Pi and the RNA polymerases were isolated by a new procedure which allows the simultaneous purification of these enzymes from small quantities (35 to 60 g) of cells. Each of the RNA polymerases was phosphorylated. The following phosphorylated polymerase polypeptides were identified: polymerase I subunits of 185,000, 44,000, 36,000, 24,000, and 20,000 daltons; a polymerase II subunit of 24,000 daltons; and polymerase III subunits of 24,000 and 20,000 daltons. The incorporated 32P was acid-stable but base-labile. Phosphoserine and phosphothreonine were identified after partial acid hydrolysis of purified [32P]polymerase I. A yeast protein kinase that co-purifies with polymerase I during part of the isolation procedure was partially purified and characterized. This protein kinase phosphorylates the subunits of the purified polymerases that are phosphorylated in vivo and, in addition, a polymerase I subunit of 48,000 daltons and a polymerase II subunit of 33,500 daltons. Phosphorylation of the purified enzymes with this protein kinase had no substantial effect on polymerase activity in simple assays using native yeast DNA as a template. Preincubation of purified polymerase I with acid or alkaline phosphatase also had no detectable effect on polymerase activity.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of yeast DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in vivo and in vitro. Isolation of enzymes and identification of phosphorylated subunits. Yeast DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I, II, and III are phosphorylated in vivo. Yeast cells were grown continuously in 32Pi and the RNA polymerases were isolated by a new procedure which allows the simultaneous purification of these enzymes from small quantities (35 to 60 g) of cells. Each of the RNA polymerases was phosphorylated. The following phosphorylated polymerase polypeptides were identified: polymerase I subunits of 185,000, 44,000, 36,000, 24,000, and 20,000 daltons; a polymerase II subunit of 24,000 daltons; and polymerase III subunits of 24,000 and 20,000 daltons. The incorporated 32P was acid-stable but base-labile. Phosphoserine and phosphothreonine were identified after partial acid hydrolysis of purified [32P]polymerase I. A yeast protein kinase that co-purifies with polymerase I during part of the isolation procedure was partially purified and characterized. This protein kinase phosphorylates the subunits of the purified polymerases that are phosphorylated in vivo and, in addition, a polymerase I subunit of 48,000 daltons and a polymerase II subunit of 33,500 daltons. Phosphorylation of the purified enzymes with this protein kinase had no substantial effect on polymerase activity in simple assays using native yeast DNA as a template. Preincubation of purified polymerase I with acid or alkaline phosphatase also had no detectable effect on polymerase activity.", "PMID": 323261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8792", "title": "Immunospecific retention of oligonucleotides possessing N6-methyladenosine and 7-methylguanosine.", "content": "Antibodies specific for N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and for 7-methylguanosine (m7G) were immobilized on Sepharose and the resulting immunoadsorbents tested for their ability to retain specific oligonucleotides possessing the corresponding antigenic haptens (i.e. m6A and m7G). Results obtained with oligonucleotides derived from ribonuclease T1 digests of Escherichia coli tRNA (previously labeled with [methyl-3H]methionine) indicated that each immunoadsorbent quantitatively and exclusively retained those methyl-3H-labeled oligonucleotides possessing [methyl-3H]m6A and [methyl-3H]m7G. Elution and subsequent characterization of the retained methyl-3H-labeled oligonucleotides via DEAE-cellulose chromatography revealed the presence of several small oligonucleotides containing m7G and a single, larger oligonucleotide containing m6A. These findings are in accord with previously sequenced structures which indicate that numerous bacterial tRNA species possess m7G while only tRNAVal contains m6A.", "contents": "Immunospecific retention of oligonucleotides possessing N6-methyladenosine and 7-methylguanosine. Antibodies specific for N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and for 7-methylguanosine (m7G) were immobilized on Sepharose and the resulting immunoadsorbents tested for their ability to retain specific oligonucleotides possessing the corresponding antigenic haptens (i.e. m6A and m7G). Results obtained with oligonucleotides derived from ribonuclease T1 digests of Escherichia coli tRNA (previously labeled with [methyl-3H]methionine) indicated that each immunoadsorbent quantitatively and exclusively retained those methyl-3H-labeled oligonucleotides possessing [methyl-3H]m6A and [methyl-3H]m7G. Elution and subsequent characterization of the retained methyl-3H-labeled oligonucleotides via DEAE-cellulose chromatography revealed the presence of several small oligonucleotides containing m7G and a single, larger oligonucleotide containing m6A. These findings are in accord with previously sequenced structures which indicate that numerous bacterial tRNA species possess m7G while only tRNAVal contains m6A.", "PMID": 323262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8793", "title": "Histological reaction to various conductive and dielectric films chronically implanted in the subdural space.", "content": "Thirty different test patches of various thin film materials were chronically implanted in the subdural space of cats to determine their suitability as components for proposed neuroprosthetic devices. In particular, materials employed by the microelectronics industry were screened, and reactions were found to be quite dependent on specific formulations or surface preparations of otherwise similar materials. A nonspecific but severe complication of pressure necrosis under thin films that spontaneously roll and curl in vivo was noted.", "contents": "Histological reaction to various conductive and dielectric films chronically implanted in the subdural space. Thirty different test patches of various thin film materials were chronically implanted in the subdural space of cats to determine their suitability as components for proposed neuroprosthetic devices. In particular, materials employed by the microelectronics industry were screened, and reactions were found to be quite dependent on specific formulations or surface preparations of otherwise similar materials. A nonspecific but severe complication of pressure necrosis under thin films that spontaneously roll and curl in vivo was noted.", "PMID": 323263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8794", "title": "Studies on dental self-curing resins. XV. Application of nitrene to reactive adhesive with a tooth.", "content": "Effectiveness of p-azidobenzoyloxyethyl methacrylate on the adhesion of a tooth was studied. This methacrylate, dissolved in suitable monomer solvents such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, was painted on ivory- or acid-etched enamel and the surface was irradiated by ultraviolet light. Photolysis of the azide produced a nitrene which was reactive with polypeptides in the tooth. As the treated surface must have affinity with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and pol(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), it was joined with a PMMA bar by the self-curing resin. The adhesive strength was 100 kg/cm2 with ivory or 65 kg/cm2 with enamel. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto collagen may take place by the nitrene prepared in situ by photolysis of the azide. Subject to satisfactory biologic evaluation, this coupler may be useful in the development of adhesive dental filling materials and fissure sealants.", "contents": "Studies on dental self-curing resins. XV. Application of nitrene to reactive adhesive with a tooth. Effectiveness of p-azidobenzoyloxyethyl methacrylate on the adhesion of a tooth was studied. This methacrylate, dissolved in suitable monomer solvents such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, was painted on ivory- or acid-etched enamel and the surface was irradiated by ultraviolet light. Photolysis of the azide produced a nitrene which was reactive with polypeptides in the tooth. As the treated surface must have affinity with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and pol(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), it was joined with a PMMA bar by the self-curing resin. The adhesive strength was 100 kg/cm2 with ivory or 65 kg/cm2 with enamel. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto collagen may take place by the nitrene prepared in situ by photolysis of the azide. Subject to satisfactory biologic evaluation, this coupler may be useful in the development of adhesive dental filling materials and fissure sealants.", "PMID": 323264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8795", "title": "Porosity in the base metal removable partial denture casting alloys relative to observable metallographic features.", "content": "A series of tensile test pieces of the dimensions stated in the American Dental Association Specification No. 14 were produce using both nickel-base and cobalt-base removable partial denture casting alloys. Normal dental casting techniques were employed. Appropriate sections from each specimen were sectioned to half of their original thicknesses, embedded in heat-and pressure-cured conducting mounts, and polished for metallurgical examination. A double electrolytic etching technique was used, employing serially two solutions, in order to maximize the amount of metallographic detail visible. The method proved particularly valuable in the case of the nickel-base alloy as it indicated the presence of considerable interdendritic segregation. The incidence of porosity was evaluated throughout all sections of the specimens and, although found to be especially prevalent in those regions where gross shrinkage effects might be expected to occur, it was also shown to have a diffuse intergranular and interdendritic distribution.", "contents": "Porosity in the base metal removable partial denture casting alloys relative to observable metallographic features. A series of tensile test pieces of the dimensions stated in the American Dental Association Specification No. 14 were produce using both nickel-base and cobalt-base removable partial denture casting alloys. Normal dental casting techniques were employed. Appropriate sections from each specimen were sectioned to half of their original thicknesses, embedded in heat-and pressure-cured conducting mounts, and polished for metallurgical examination. A double electrolytic etching technique was used, employing serially two solutions, in order to maximize the amount of metallographic detail visible. The method proved particularly valuable in the case of the nickel-base alloy as it indicated the presence of considerable interdendritic segregation. The incidence of porosity was evaluated throughout all sections of the specimens and, although found to be especially prevalent in those regions where gross shrinkage effects might be expected to occur, it was also shown to have a diffuse intergranular and interdendritic distribution.", "PMID": 323265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8796", "title": "\"Malignant disease in the jaws\".", "content": "Radiologic interpretation of malignant disease of the oral cavity, maxilla and mandible is often difficult. This is usually due to the fact that benign osseous diseases may mimic malignant lesions. This review attempts to provide a framework of interpretive criteria for establishing a radiologic diagnosis of malignancy.", "contents": "\"Malignant disease in the jaws\". Radiologic interpretation of malignant disease of the oral cavity, maxilla and mandible is often difficult. This is usually due to the fact that benign osseous diseases may mimic malignant lesions. This review attempts to provide a framework of interpretive criteria for establishing a radiologic diagnosis of malignancy.", "PMID": 323266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8797", "title": "Temporal bone: a tomographic anatomic study.", "content": "The complex anatomy of the temporal bone has been illustrated in a tomographic histologic correlative study. All the tomographic cuts were made in AP, basal and lateral projections of temporal bone specimens. These were decalcified, sectioned, stained and then correlated with the original tomographic studies.", "contents": "Temporal bone: a tomographic anatomic study. The complex anatomy of the temporal bone has been illustrated in a tomographic histologic correlative study. All the tomographic cuts were made in AP, basal and lateral projections of temporal bone specimens. These were decalcified, sectioned, stained and then correlated with the original tomographic studies.", "PMID": 323267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8798", "title": "Site-specific membrane particle arrays in magnesium-depleted Escherichia coli.", "content": "The ultrastructure and polypeptide composition of a novel membrane junction in magnesium-starved Escherichia coli are described in this report. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal the junction as a site-specific membrane particle array with four fracture faces. Each junction consists of a cell membrane, a midline zone and a coupled membrane. Membrane particles associated with the junction extend from the hydrophobic region of the cell membrane across the hydrophilic midline zone and into the hydrophobic region of the coupled membrane. After negative staining or after rotary shadowing of freeze-fractured specimens, these particles were seen to consist of two similar but slightly offset bracket-shaped subunits separated by a small space. Optical analysis confirms this structure. Since the apposing membranes are bracketed or linked by their component particles, the name \"bracket junction\" is proposed for the complex. Methods are described for isolating a membrane fraction enriched in these junctional complexes; the fraction contains a prominent glycoprotein (mol wt 90,000) as well as a number of other components. The bracket junction is compared with the vertebrate gap junction in terms of both structure and possible roles in facilitating the permeation of the cell by small molecules.", "contents": "Site-specific membrane particle arrays in magnesium-depleted Escherichia coli. The ultrastructure and polypeptide composition of a novel membrane junction in magnesium-starved Escherichia coli are described in this report. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal the junction as a site-specific membrane particle array with four fracture faces. Each junction consists of a cell membrane, a midline zone and a coupled membrane. Membrane particles associated with the junction extend from the hydrophobic region of the cell membrane across the hydrophilic midline zone and into the hydrophobic region of the coupled membrane. After negative staining or after rotary shadowing of freeze-fractured specimens, these particles were seen to consist of two similar but slightly offset bracket-shaped subunits separated by a small space. Optical analysis confirms this structure. Since the apposing membranes are bracketed or linked by their component particles, the name \"bracket junction\" is proposed for the complex. Methods are described for isolating a membrane fraction enriched in these junctional complexes; the fraction contains a prominent glycoprotein (mol wt 90,000) as well as a number of other components. The bracket junction is compared with the vertebrate gap junction in terms of both structure and possible roles in facilitating the permeation of the cell by small molecules.", "PMID": 323269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8799", "title": "Premature chromosome condensation and cell cycle analysis.", "content": "The application of the phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation for cell cycle analysis in HeLa and CHO cells has been examined. Random populations of HeLa and CHO cells pulse labelled with H3-TdR were separately fused with mitotic HeLa cells using U.V. inactivated Sendai virus. The resulting prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) were scored and classified into G1, S and G2-PCC on the basis of both morphological and autoradiographic data, The results of this study indicated that the G1, S and G2 phase cells are equally susceptible to virus-induced fusion with mitotic cells and subsequent induction into PCC. Hence the PCC method for cell cycle analysis is both practical and accurate. This study also revealed that the process of chromosome decondensation initiated during the telophase of mitosis continues throughout the G1 period reaching an ultimate state of decondensation by the end of G1, at which point the fusion of such cells with those in mitosis yield PCC with the most diffused morphology instead of the discrete single stranded structures characteristic of early G1-PCC. Thus, the decondensation of chromatin during G1 appears to be a prerequisite for the subsequent initiation of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Premature chromosome condensation and cell cycle analysis. The application of the phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation for cell cycle analysis in HeLa and CHO cells has been examined. Random populations of HeLa and CHO cells pulse labelled with H3-TdR were separately fused with mitotic HeLa cells using U.V. inactivated Sendai virus. The resulting prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) were scored and classified into G1, S and G2-PCC on the basis of both morphological and autoradiographic data, The results of this study indicated that the G1, S and G2 phase cells are equally susceptible to virus-induced fusion with mitotic cells and subsequent induction into PCC. Hence the PCC method for cell cycle analysis is both practical and accurate. This study also revealed that the process of chromosome decondensation initiated during the telophase of mitosis continues throughout the G1 period reaching an ultimate state of decondensation by the end of G1, at which point the fusion of such cells with those in mitosis yield PCC with the most diffused morphology instead of the discrete single stranded structures characteristic of early G1-PCC. Thus, the decondensation of chromatin during G1 appears to be a prerequisite for the subsequent initiation of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 323270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8800", "title": "Coupled gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry.", "content": "The specific, precise detection of volatile metal chelates has been obtained by coupling the effluent from a gas chromatograph directly to the burner head of a commerical atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Quantitation of chromium in the nanogram range has been accomplished with a detection limit of 1.0 ng. The chelation-extraction-gas chromatographic separation procedure coupled with the selective detection by AAS gives a relatively interference-free system that has been used to quantitatively analyse for chromium in standard biological materials NBS SRM 1571 Orchard Leaves and SRM 1569 Brewers Yeast. Metal chelates of iron, copper and cobalt have also been detected by this system.", "contents": "Coupled gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry. The specific, precise detection of volatile metal chelates has been obtained by coupling the effluent from a gas chromatograph directly to the burner head of a commerical atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Quantitation of chromium in the nanogram range has been accomplished with a detection limit of 1.0 ng. The chelation-extraction-gas chromatographic separation procedure coupled with the selective detection by AAS gives a relatively interference-free system that has been used to quantitatively analyse for chromium in standard biological materials NBS SRM 1571 Orchard Leaves and SRM 1569 Brewers Yeast. Metal chelates of iron, copper and cobalt have also been detected by this system.", "PMID": 323271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8801", "title": "A continuous-flow enzyme detector for liquid chromatography.", "content": "A detection system has been developed for the selective and sensitive detection of enzymes eluting from a liquid chromatographic column. This system monitors a reaction that the enzyme catalyzes and provides a chemical amplification ranging from 10(4) to 10(5). The detection system consists of a reagent or substrate pump, a post-column reactor packed with non-porous spherical glass beads, and a photometric detector. A linear and selective response to a series of enzymes of clinical importance is demonstrated.", "contents": "A continuous-flow enzyme detector for liquid chromatography. A detection system has been developed for the selective and sensitive detection of enzymes eluting from a liquid chromatographic column. This system monitors a reaction that the enzyme catalyzes and provides a chemical amplification ranging from 10(4) to 10(5). The detection system consists of a reagent or substrate pump, a post-column reactor packed with non-porous spherical glass beads, and a photometric detector. A linear and selective response to a series of enzymes of clinical importance is demonstrated.", "PMID": 323273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8802", "title": "Urinary excretion of immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like material in prepubertal and pubertal children.", "content": "A urinary product with immunological similarity to Gn-RH has been quantified by radioimmunoassay. The i-Gn-RH-like material apparently has a (partial) structure consistent with the 5 leads to 9 amino acid sequence of hypothalamic Gn-RH. It inhibits the binding of 125I-Gn-RH to anti Gn-RH serum in a manner parallel to synthetic standard, is absorbed by incubation with anti Gn-RH serum, and comigrates with synthetic Gn-RH on Sephadex column chromatography. The concentration of i-Gn-RH-like material is maximal in pubertal males. The total urinary excretion of this substance is two-fold greater in pubertal subjects of both sexes than in prepubertal children. There is no diurnal variation in the excretion of this material. There are significant positive correlations between the urinary content of iGN-RH-like material and LH and FSH. The site of origin, structure and physiological significance of this immunological product remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like material in prepubertal and pubertal children. A urinary product with immunological similarity to Gn-RH has been quantified by radioimmunoassay. The i-Gn-RH-like material apparently has a (partial) structure consistent with the 5 leads to 9 amino acid sequence of hypothalamic Gn-RH. It inhibits the binding of 125I-Gn-RH to anti Gn-RH serum in a manner parallel to synthetic standard, is absorbed by incubation with anti Gn-RH serum, and comigrates with synthetic Gn-RH on Sephadex column chromatography. The concentration of i-Gn-RH-like material is maximal in pubertal males. The total urinary excretion of this substance is two-fold greater in pubertal subjects of both sexes than in prepubertal children. There is no diurnal variation in the excretion of this material. There are significant positive correlations between the urinary content of iGN-RH-like material and LH and FSH. The site of origin, structure and physiological significance of this immunological product remain to be elucidated.", "PMID": 323274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8803", "title": "Evaluation of tests for rabies antibody and analysis of serum responses after administration of three different types of rabies vaccines.", "content": "Humoral antibody response to three types of rabies vaccines were assayed by the neutralization (NT), the mixed hemadsorption (MH), and the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) tests. The NT and MH tests were used to detect antibodies combining with antigens at the surface of virions and infected cells, whereas the indirect IF test measured antibodies mainly to the rabies nucleocapsid antigen. After immunization with a human diploid cell vaccine, antibodies were detected by both the NT and the MH test in the 14th- and 30th-day serum samples from each of eight vaccinated persons. There was a good correlation between titers obtained with the two tests in this group of vaccinees. Antibodies elicited by duck embryo and nervous tissue vaccines occurred less frequently and in lower titers. In these groups of vaccinees, 5 of 14 and 5 of 10, respectively, had antibodies detectable by the NT test in the 14th- and 30th-day sera but were negative by the MH test. It is suggested that this was due to the high levels of immunoglobulin M antibodies, which are known to be elicited by daily injections of vaccine. Since antibodies of the immunoglobulin M class are considered to be less important for protection against rabies, the MH test is recommended for immunity determinations. Compared with the NT test, this test also offers the advantage of being technically more convenient because of its capacity for testing numerous sera in a single run. Antibody titers obtained by the indirect IF test in the human diploid cell vaccine group were relatively low. Titers in the duck embryo and nervous tissue vaccine groups were higher but did not correlate with the results of the NT test.", "contents": "Evaluation of tests for rabies antibody and analysis of serum responses after administration of three different types of rabies vaccines. Humoral antibody response to three types of rabies vaccines were assayed by the neutralization (NT), the mixed hemadsorption (MH), and the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) tests. The NT and MH tests were used to detect antibodies combining with antigens at the surface of virions and infected cells, whereas the indirect IF test measured antibodies mainly to the rabies nucleocapsid antigen. After immunization with a human diploid cell vaccine, antibodies were detected by both the NT and the MH test in the 14th- and 30th-day serum samples from each of eight vaccinated persons. There was a good correlation between titers obtained with the two tests in this group of vaccinees. Antibodies elicited by duck embryo and nervous tissue vaccines occurred less frequently and in lower titers. In these groups of vaccinees, 5 of 14 and 5 of 10, respectively, had antibodies detectable by the NT test in the 14th- and 30th-day sera but were negative by the MH test. It is suggested that this was due to the high levels of immunoglobulin M antibodies, which are known to be elicited by daily injections of vaccine. Since antibodies of the immunoglobulin M class are considered to be less important for protection against rabies, the MH test is recommended for immunity determinations. Compared with the NT test, this test also offers the advantage of being technically more convenient because of its capacity for testing numerous sera in a single run. Antibody titers obtained by the indirect IF test in the human diploid cell vaccine group were relatively low. Titers in the duck embryo and nervous tissue vaccine groups were higher but did not correlate with the results of the NT test.", "PMID": 323275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8804", "title": "Use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and its microadaptation for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has proved to be a sensitive and specific quantitative procedure for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Using the toxoplasma model, several parameters of the test were investigated. Day-to-day reproducibility was 90% within one twofold dilution and 98% specific when tested against batteries of sera from other diseases. Both the tube method and the microtitration method were used successfully. ELISA results are equivalent to those found in the indirect immunofluorescence test, yet the ELISA procedure is simpler and more rapid to perform.", "contents": "Use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and its microadaptation for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has proved to be a sensitive and specific quantitative procedure for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Using the toxoplasma model, several parameters of the test were investigated. Day-to-day reproducibility was 90% within one twofold dilution and 98% specific when tested against batteries of sera from other diseases. Both the tube method and the microtitration method were used successfully. ELISA results are equivalent to those found in the indirect immunofluorescence test, yet the ELISA procedure is simpler and more rapid to perform.", "PMID": 323276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8805", "title": "Simple disk technique for detection of nitrate reduction by anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "The laboratory and clinical evaluation of a potassium nitrate-saturated disk for the rapid detection of nitrate reductase production in anaerobes was investigated. The optimal disk concentration and incubation time were determined by utilizing triplicate sets of quadrant plates prepared with supplemented brucella (Difco) blood agar and swabbed with a 24-h broth (BBL; 135 C thioglycolate) suspension of the test organism. Each set of plates received one control disk and three disks of varying concentrations of potassium nitrate (1 to 8 mg) with 0.1% sodium molybdate. All sets were incubated in GasPak jars for 24, 48, or 72 h, and subsequently sulfanilic acid and 1,6-Cleve's acid were added to each disk. A pink or red color change was indicative of nitrate reductase production. Eighty-eight stock isolates, 23 American Type Culture Collection strains, and 214 fresh clinical isolates were evaluated and compared with results obtained with tubes of preduced indole-nitrite medium (BBL) incubated for 7 to 10 days. The 6-mg disk incubated for 48 h yielded an overall agreement of 89% with the conventional tube technique, and fresh clinical isolates demonstrated better disk-tube agreement (93%) than previously frozen stock strains. The simplicity and ease of this disk test suggest its value as a preliminary screening procedure for nitrate reductase production. There were no false positives. Negative results by disk should be rechecked by tube.", "contents": "Simple disk technique for detection of nitrate reduction by anaerobic bacteria. The laboratory and clinical evaluation of a potassium nitrate-saturated disk for the rapid detection of nitrate reductase production in anaerobes was investigated. The optimal disk concentration and incubation time were determined by utilizing triplicate sets of quadrant plates prepared with supplemented brucella (Difco) blood agar and swabbed with a 24-h broth (BBL; 135 C thioglycolate) suspension of the test organism. Each set of plates received one control disk and three disks of varying concentrations of potassium nitrate (1 to 8 mg) with 0.1% sodium molybdate. All sets were incubated in GasPak jars for 24, 48, or 72 h, and subsequently sulfanilic acid and 1,6-Cleve's acid were added to each disk. A pink or red color change was indicative of nitrate reductase production. Eighty-eight stock isolates, 23 American Type Culture Collection strains, and 214 fresh clinical isolates were evaluated and compared with results obtained with tubes of preduced indole-nitrite medium (BBL) incubated for 7 to 10 days. The 6-mg disk incubated for 48 h yielded an overall agreement of 89% with the conventional tube technique, and fresh clinical isolates demonstrated better disk-tube agreement (93%) than previously frozen stock strains. The simplicity and ease of this disk test suggest its value as a preliminary screening procedure for nitrate reductase production. There were no false positives. Negative results by disk should be rechecked by tube.", "PMID": 323277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8806", "title": "Comparison of rabies humoral antibody titers in rabbits and humans by indirect radioimmunoassay, rapid-fluorescent-focus-inhibition technique, and indirect fluorescent-antibody assay.", "content": "Rabies humoral antibodies were induced in eight New Zealand rabbits by a single intramuscular injection of inactivated suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine. The primary response to immunization was measured in blood samples taken at selected intervals for 6 months. The anamnestic response was measured in blood samples obtained 2 weeks after the rabbits received a booster immunization. The humoral antibody concentrations were measured by the rapid-fluorescent-focus-inhibition technique (RFFIT), indirect fluorescent-antibody assay (IFA), and indirect radioimmunoassay (RIA). The maximal neutralizing antibody titers as measured by RFFIT were attained by the 4th week and persisted into the 24th week. After booster immunization the antibody response was almost 10-fold higher than the highest level attained in the primary response. The antibody levels as measured by IFA and RIA were similar, but the titers as measured by either procedure were almost 10-fold lower than those determined by RFFIT. After booster immunizations the antibody levels, as measured by IFA and RIA, were three- and sixfold higher, respectively, than the maximal levels attained in the primary response. Twenty-two human serum specimens were tested by the same serological procedures, with disparate results. Both RIA and RFFIT effectively differentiated antirabies-positive sera from antirabies-negative sera.", "contents": "Comparison of rabies humoral antibody titers in rabbits and humans by indirect radioimmunoassay, rapid-fluorescent-focus-inhibition technique, and indirect fluorescent-antibody assay. Rabies humoral antibodies were induced in eight New Zealand rabbits by a single intramuscular injection of inactivated suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine. The primary response to immunization was measured in blood samples taken at selected intervals for 6 months. The anamnestic response was measured in blood samples obtained 2 weeks after the rabbits received a booster immunization. The humoral antibody concentrations were measured by the rapid-fluorescent-focus-inhibition technique (RFFIT), indirect fluorescent-antibody assay (IFA), and indirect radioimmunoassay (RIA). The maximal neutralizing antibody titers as measured by RFFIT were attained by the 4th week and persisted into the 24th week. After booster immunization the antibody response was almost 10-fold higher than the highest level attained in the primary response. The antibody levels as measured by IFA and RIA were similar, but the titers as measured by either procedure were almost 10-fold lower than those determined by RFFIT. After booster immunizations the antibody levels, as measured by IFA and RIA, were three- and sixfold higher, respectively, than the maximal levels attained in the primary response. Twenty-two human serum specimens were tested by the same serological procedures, with disparate results. Both RIA and RFFIT effectively differentiated antirabies-positive sera from antirabies-negative sera.", "PMID": 323278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8807", "title": "New method for concentration and quantitation of Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "A new method of enumerating Mycobacterium leprae has been developed. Suspensions containing the organisms were filtered through a polycarbonate membrane filter (25-mm diameter, 0.4-micronm pore size, 10-micronm thick; Nucleopore) to concentrate the organisms. The membrane was then mounted on a glass slide and stained with a standard acid-fast stain. Finally, the membrane was treated with a small amount of chloroform to fix it to the slide and make it transparent. This method enabled us to detect M. leprae in quantities as small as 4.98 X 10(2) regardless of the total volume of the original material. Comparison with a standard method for enumerating M. leprae showed that both methods gave similar results when the organisms counted by the standard method were present in sufficient quantity for reproducibility. Because the least number of organisms that can be detected with the standard method is 10(4) ml and because the organisms detected with the new method could be concentrated on the polycarbonate filter from a large amount of infected fluid, a substantial number of suspensions were shown by the new method, but not by the standard method, to contain M. leprae.", "contents": "New method for concentration and quantitation of Mycobacterium leprae. A new method of enumerating Mycobacterium leprae has been developed. Suspensions containing the organisms were filtered through a polycarbonate membrane filter (25-mm diameter, 0.4-micronm pore size, 10-micronm thick; Nucleopore) to concentrate the organisms. The membrane was then mounted on a glass slide and stained with a standard acid-fast stain. Finally, the membrane was treated with a small amount of chloroform to fix it to the slide and make it transparent. This method enabled us to detect M. leprae in quantities as small as 4.98 X 10(2) regardless of the total volume of the original material. Comparison with a standard method for enumerating M. leprae showed that both methods gave similar results when the organisms counted by the standard method were present in sufficient quantity for reproducibility. Because the least number of organisms that can be detected with the standard method is 10(4) ml and because the organisms detected with the new method could be concentrated on the polycarbonate filter from a large amount of infected fluid, a substantial number of suspensions were shown by the new method, but not by the standard method, to contain M. leprae.", "PMID": 323279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8808", "title": "Clinical laboratory evaluation of a system approach to the recognition of nonfermentative or oxidase-producing gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria.", "content": "The Oxi-ferm tube, an eight-compartment system suitable for the recognition of nonfermentative, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, was evaluated in conjunction with the oxidase test in a clinical microbiology laboratory setting. A comparison between this system and the 17-test routine examination was performed with 265 cultures representing 21 species. The results obtained with the Roche systems were supplemented with simple additional tests in accordance with Computer Identification Data rovided by the manufacturer. The Oxi/ferm tube approach worked satisfactorily in establishing the identity of the bacteria isolated from clinical specimens augmented with some representatives from culture collections. Reactions within the Oxi/ferm system were reproducible and comparable to laboratory prepared and controlled substrates.", "contents": "Clinical laboratory evaluation of a system approach to the recognition of nonfermentative or oxidase-producing gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria. The Oxi-ferm tube, an eight-compartment system suitable for the recognition of nonfermentative, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, was evaluated in conjunction with the oxidase test in a clinical microbiology laboratory setting. A comparison between this system and the 17-test routine examination was performed with 265 cultures representing 21 species. The results obtained with the Roche systems were supplemented with simple additional tests in accordance with Computer Identification Data rovided by the manufacturer. The Oxi/ferm tube approach worked satisfactorily in establishing the identity of the bacteria isolated from clinical specimens augmented with some representatives from culture collections. Reactions within the Oxi/ferm system were reproducible and comparable to laboratory prepared and controlled substrates.", "PMID": 323280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8809", "title": "Evaluation of the single radial hemolysis test for measuring hemagglutinin- and neuraminidase-specific antibodies to H3N2 influenza strains and antibodies to influenza B.", "content": "Antibodies to the H3 hemagglutinin of influenza A virus could be specifically measured by single radial hemolysis (SRH) when test antigens were recombinant viruses containing the relevant H3 hemagglutinin antigen and irrelevant Neq1 neuraminidase of A/equine/Prague/1/56 virus. Antibodies to influenza B virus could also be measured by the SRH technique. Antibody rises to influenza A or B virus measured by SRH agreed with results of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests for about 80% of the sera tested, including sera from volunteers receiving killed influenza vaccine and sera from patients naturally infected with influenza. Correlation between antibody titers measured by SRH and HI was also good. Antibodies to the N2 neuraminidase of influenza A virus could be specifically measured by SRH when test antigens were recombinant viruses containing the relevant N2 neuraminidase antigen and irrelevant Heq1 hemagglutinin of A/equine/Prague/1/56 virus. The SRH test for neuraminidase antibodies was more strain specific than was the SRH test for hemagglutinin antibodies. Probably for this reason, agreement between neuraminidase antibody determinations in human sera by the SRH test and by the neuraminidase inhibition test was poorer than agreement between the SRH test for hemagglutinin antibodies and the HI test.", "contents": "Evaluation of the single radial hemolysis test for measuring hemagglutinin- and neuraminidase-specific antibodies to H3N2 influenza strains and antibodies to influenza B. Antibodies to the H3 hemagglutinin of influenza A virus could be specifically measured by single radial hemolysis (SRH) when test antigens were recombinant viruses containing the relevant H3 hemagglutinin antigen and irrelevant Neq1 neuraminidase of A/equine/Prague/1/56 virus. Antibodies to influenza B virus could also be measured by the SRH technique. Antibody rises to influenza A or B virus measured by SRH agreed with results of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests for about 80% of the sera tested, including sera from volunteers receiving killed influenza vaccine and sera from patients naturally infected with influenza. Correlation between antibody titers measured by SRH and HI was also good. Antibodies to the N2 neuraminidase of influenza A virus could be specifically measured by SRH when test antigens were recombinant viruses containing the relevant N2 neuraminidase antigen and irrelevant Heq1 hemagglutinin of A/equine/Prague/1/56 virus. The SRH test for neuraminidase antibodies was more strain specific than was the SRH test for hemagglutinin antibodies. Probably for this reason, agreement between neuraminidase antibody determinations in human sera by the SRH test and by the neuraminidase inhibition test was poorer than agreement between the SRH test for hemagglutinin antibodies and the HI test.", "PMID": 323281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8810", "title": "Tellurite reduction test to aid in the recognition of Corynebacterium vaginale.", "content": "Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis) does not reduce potassium tellurite. When a 1% aqueous solution of tellurite is added to starch agar plates previously inoculated with vaginal discharge material, other starch-fermenting and most non-starch-fermenting bacteria rapidly reduce tellurite to produce black or gray colonies. This test is a useful adjunct to methods for rapid presumptive identification of C. vaginale. C. vaginale is more susceptible to tellurite inhibition than a variety of other gram-positive bacteria.", "contents": "Tellurite reduction test to aid in the recognition of Corynebacterium vaginale. Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis) does not reduce potassium tellurite. When a 1% aqueous solution of tellurite is added to starch agar plates previously inoculated with vaginal discharge material, other starch-fermenting and most non-starch-fermenting bacteria rapidly reduce tellurite to produce black or gray colonies. This test is a useful adjunct to methods for rapid presumptive identification of C. vaginale. C. vaginale is more susceptible to tellurite inhibition than a variety of other gram-positive bacteria.", "PMID": 323282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8811", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a simple, rapid procedure for the presumptive identification of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "A simple, rapid procedure for the presumptive identification of anaerobic bacteria has been evaluated. Two hundred and thirty-five clinical isolates were identified using gas-liquid chromatography and 3-ml volumes of a few selected test media. These test media were stored aerobically and incubated in GasPak anaerobic jars. The average incubation time was 39 h. This procedure, when compared to the results of our standard identification procedure, correctly identified 98% of the isolates to the genus level, 83% to the species level, and 83% of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus to the subspecies level. Fifty-three of the isolates were also identified by using 0.5-ml volumes of test media stored, inoculated, and incubated in an anaerobic glove box. The 3-ml-and the 0.5-ml-volume procedures correctly identified comparable percentages of the 53 isolates.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a simple, rapid procedure for the presumptive identification of anaerobic bacteria. A simple, rapid procedure for the presumptive identification of anaerobic bacteria has been evaluated. Two hundred and thirty-five clinical isolates were identified using gas-liquid chromatography and 3-ml volumes of a few selected test media. These test media were stored aerobically and incubated in GasPak anaerobic jars. The average incubation time was 39 h. This procedure, when compared to the results of our standard identification procedure, correctly identified 98% of the isolates to the genus level, 83% to the species level, and 83% of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus to the subspecies level. Fifty-three of the isolates were also identified by using 0.5-ml volumes of test media stored, inoculated, and incubated in an anaerobic glove box. The 3-ml-and the 0.5-ml-volume procedures correctly identified comparable percentages of the 53 isolates.", "PMID": 323283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8812", "title": "Results of a nationwide proficiency test for carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "A proficiency testing survey for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was conducted by the Center for Disease Control. The results from 125 laboratories throughout the United States indicate that many laboratories perform satisfactorily, but some laboratories need substantial improvement. Failure to follow manufacturer's recommendations and failure to heed the indications of \"out of control\" control results were two of the reasons for poor performance. Results reported for samples with CEA levels of larger than or equal to 20 ng/ml showed that the direct method produced significantly higher values than the indirect method on either whole of diluted plasma. Almost one-fourth of the results reported in this survey were placed in the wrong nominal group. It was determined that the results were log normally distributed and, consequently, that statistical methods that are appropriate for this distribtuion should be used for the analysis of CEA results. Most of the variation observed was the result of poor comparability between laboratories rather than lack of precision within the laboratory. This indicates that better performance could be achieved by better standardization and closer adherence to established procedures.", "contents": "Results of a nationwide proficiency test for carcinoembryonic antigen. A proficiency testing survey for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was conducted by the Center for Disease Control. The results from 125 laboratories throughout the United States indicate that many laboratories perform satisfactorily, but some laboratories need substantial improvement. Failure to follow manufacturer's recommendations and failure to heed the indications of \"out of control\" control results were two of the reasons for poor performance. Results reported for samples with CEA levels of larger than or equal to 20 ng/ml showed that the direct method produced significantly higher values than the indirect method on either whole of diluted plasma. Almost one-fourth of the results reported in this survey were placed in the wrong nominal group. It was determined that the results were log normally distributed and, consequently, that statistical methods that are appropriate for this distribtuion should be used for the analysis of CEA results. Most of the variation observed was the result of poor comparability between laboratories rather than lack of precision within the laboratory. This indicates that better performance could be achieved by better standardization and closer adherence to established procedures.", "PMID": 323284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8813", "title": "Rapid identification of Bacteroides fragilis with bile and antibiotic disks.", "content": "A simple screening test is described for separating Bacteroides fragilis from other anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. The test utilizes filter paper disks impregnated with 25 mg of oxgall (Difco), tested in conjunction with antibiotic identification disks. The bile disks and antibiotic disks are placed on a supplemented brucella blood agar plate which has been inoculated by swabbing with a standardized cell suspension. After 24 h at 35 degrees C in a GasPak jar, resistance to kanamycin and bile is taken as a presumptive identification of B. fragilis. Susceptibility to one or both disks indicates the need for further identification and additional biochemical tests are required. Those strains that produce insufficient growth within 24 h are not likely to be B. fragilis. The reliability of the bile disk method was tested by comparing results with 100 clinical isolates versus results with bile in thioglycolate broth, peptone-yeast extract-glucose broth, and tryptic soy agar. All four bile test methods gave equilvalent results, but the broth media required much longer periods of incubation.", "contents": "Rapid identification of Bacteroides fragilis with bile and antibiotic disks. A simple screening test is described for separating Bacteroides fragilis from other anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. The test utilizes filter paper disks impregnated with 25 mg of oxgall (Difco), tested in conjunction with antibiotic identification disks. The bile disks and antibiotic disks are placed on a supplemented brucella blood agar plate which has been inoculated by swabbing with a standardized cell suspension. After 24 h at 35 degrees C in a GasPak jar, resistance to kanamycin and bile is taken as a presumptive identification of B. fragilis. Susceptibility to one or both disks indicates the need for further identification and additional biochemical tests are required. Those strains that produce insufficient growth within 24 h are not likely to be B. fragilis. The reliability of the bile disk method was tested by comparing results with 100 clinical isolates versus results with bile in thioglycolate broth, peptone-yeast extract-glucose broth, and tryptic soy agar. All four bile test methods gave equilvalent results, but the broth media required much longer periods of incubation.", "PMID": 323285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8814", "title": "Detection of candida serum precipitins by counterimmunoelectrophoresis: an adjunct in determining significant candidiasis.", "content": "We report our experience with the use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the detection and quantitation of candida serum precipitins in 164 patients. Group I consisted of 24 patients with significant candidiasis; group II consisted of 97 patients with either colonization or transient candidemia; and group III consisted of 43 subjects with noncandida systemic mycoses, bacterial infections, and normal controls. Prospective studies were done in ten patients. Double immunodiffusion was performed in all cases. Ratios of counterimmunoelectrophoresis precipitin detection were significantly different between groups I and II and groups I and III (P less than 0.001). Precipitin titers of 1:8 or greater were found more often in group I as compared to group II or III (P less than 0.001). All prospectively studied patients who developed significant candidiasis had peak precipitin titers of greater than or equal to 1:8(greater than fourfold titer increase) during the period of observation. Quantitation of candida serum precipitins by counterimmunoelectrophoresis is helpful in diagnosing significant candidiasis.", "contents": "Detection of candida serum precipitins by counterimmunoelectrophoresis: an adjunct in determining significant candidiasis. We report our experience with the use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the detection and quantitation of candida serum precipitins in 164 patients. Group I consisted of 24 patients with significant candidiasis; group II consisted of 97 patients with either colonization or transient candidemia; and group III consisted of 43 subjects with noncandida systemic mycoses, bacterial infections, and normal controls. Prospective studies were done in ten patients. Double immunodiffusion was performed in all cases. Ratios of counterimmunoelectrophoresis precipitin detection were significantly different between groups I and II and groups I and III (P less than 0.001). Precipitin titers of 1:8 or greater were found more often in group I as compared to group II or III (P less than 0.001). All prospectively studied patients who developed significant candidiasis had peak precipitin titers of greater than or equal to 1:8(greater than fourfold titer increase) during the period of observation. Quantitation of candida serum precipitins by counterimmunoelectrophoresis is helpful in diagnosing significant candidiasis.", "PMID": 323286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8815", "title": "Comparative study of three methods of identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Three separate hospital clinical microbiology laboratories using three different identification systems participated in the identification of Enterobactericeae from a central pool of 'unknown\" clinical isolates. With conventional tubed media, API-20E (Anlytab Products Inc.) and R/B tube (Corning Diagnostics) systems, there was a 91.1% agreement in the species designation. No significant differences at the 95% confidence level were found among the systems. Evaluation of individual tests within the systems used revealed lysine decarboxylase of the conventional and citrate of the API-20E system to be significantly different from the same test within the other two systems. The lysine decarboxylase of the conventional system had species relatedness, whereas the differences in citrate of the API-20E system were not related to a particular species. These individual test variations did not affect final organism identification. Reproducibility, evaluated as the system's ability to designate the same identification on two separate occasions, was 92 to 94% for each system. Exact duplication of selected sets of reactions was 60% for conventional, 45% for API-20E, and 61% for R/B. The variations in sets of reactions differed with the system and with the organism involved. The findings suggest equivalency among the three systems in ability to identify common clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and point out the limited usefulness of these systems for biochemical biotyping.", "contents": "Comparative study of three methods of identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Three separate hospital clinical microbiology laboratories using three different identification systems participated in the identification of Enterobactericeae from a central pool of 'unknown\" clinical isolates. With conventional tubed media, API-20E (Anlytab Products Inc.) and R/B tube (Corning Diagnostics) systems, there was a 91.1% agreement in the species designation. No significant differences at the 95% confidence level were found among the systems. Evaluation of individual tests within the systems used revealed lysine decarboxylase of the conventional and citrate of the API-20E system to be significantly different from the same test within the other two systems. The lysine decarboxylase of the conventional system had species relatedness, whereas the differences in citrate of the API-20E system were not related to a particular species. These individual test variations did not affect final organism identification. Reproducibility, evaluated as the system's ability to designate the same identification on two separate occasions, was 92 to 94% for each system. Exact duplication of selected sets of reactions was 60% for conventional, 45% for API-20E, and 61% for R/B. The variations in sets of reactions differed with the system and with the organism involved. The findings suggest equivalency among the three systems in ability to identify common clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and point out the limited usefulness of these systems for biochemical biotyping.", "PMID": 323287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8816", "title": "Preliminary observations on the application of the multiple inocula (replicator) method for carbon substrate utilization studies of Alcaligenes faecalis.", "content": "The use of the replicator technique in evaluating carbon source utilization by 55 cultures of Alcaligenes faecalis was examined. Six of the 20 substrates tested were utilized by the bacterial cultures. In this study, the reproducibility of the technique was 100%.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on the application of the multiple inocula (replicator) method for carbon substrate utilization studies of Alcaligenes faecalis. The use of the replicator technique in evaluating carbon source utilization by 55 cultures of Alcaligenes faecalis was examined. Six of the 20 substrates tested were utilized by the bacterial cultures. In this study, the reproducibility of the technique was 100%.", "PMID": 323288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8817", "title": "Comparison of cream of rice agar and horse serum for differentiating germ tubes of Candida albicans from filaments of Candida tropicalis.", "content": "Simple cream of rice agar was superior to horse serum for the demonstration of germ tubes by Candida albicans and in the differentiation of pseudohyphae of Candida tropicalis from germ tubes at 37 degrees C. Mycelium and chlamydospores were also produced on this medium.", "contents": "Comparison of cream of rice agar and horse serum for differentiating germ tubes of Candida albicans from filaments of Candida tropicalis. Simple cream of rice agar was superior to horse serum for the demonstration of germ tubes by Candida albicans and in the differentiation of pseudohyphae of Candida tropicalis from germ tubes at 37 degrees C. Mycelium and chlamydospores were also produced on this medium.", "PMID": 323289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8818", "title": "Influence of a deficiency of the second component of complement on the bactericidal activity of neutrophils in vitro.", "content": "Serum from three patients with a complete, selective deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) did not promote optimal killing of Staphylococcus aureus, 502A by neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in vitro. The addition of C2 reagent or the presence of heat-stable opsonin in the C2-deficient serum corrected the defective killing of S. aureus that was observed with patient or control PMN. PMN from the patients or control subjects killed bacteria with equal efficiency under conditions of optimal opsonization (normal pooled serum). However, twice-washed control PMN were better than patient PMN in killing S. aureus under circumstances of suboptimal opsonization (C2-deficient serum, heated C2-deficient serum, heated normal pooled serum, or no replacement of serum). The latter finding was due to residual C2 on the surface of twice-washed control cells. As repeated washing of control PMN progressively removed cell-associated C2, the staphylocidal effectiveness of the control RMN decreased to the level of patient PMN. In contrast to the findings with S. aureus, triply-washed PMN from patients or controls killed normal numbers of Escherichia coli, ON2, in C2-deficient serum.", "contents": "Influence of a deficiency of the second component of complement on the bactericidal activity of neutrophils in vitro. Serum from three patients with a complete, selective deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) did not promote optimal killing of Staphylococcus aureus, 502A by neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in vitro. The addition of C2 reagent or the presence of heat-stable opsonin in the C2-deficient serum corrected the defective killing of S. aureus that was observed with patient or control PMN. PMN from the patients or control subjects killed bacteria with equal efficiency under conditions of optimal opsonization (normal pooled serum). However, twice-washed control PMN were better than patient PMN in killing S. aureus under circumstances of suboptimal opsonization (C2-deficient serum, heated C2-deficient serum, heated normal pooled serum, or no replacement of serum). The latter finding was due to residual C2 on the surface of twice-washed control cells. As repeated washing of control PMN progressively removed cell-associated C2, the staphylocidal effectiveness of the control RMN decreased to the level of patient PMN. In contrast to the findings with S. aureus, triply-washed PMN from patients or controls killed normal numbers of Escherichia coli, ON2, in C2-deficient serum.", "PMID": 323290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8819", "title": "Isolation and functional characterization of human intestinal mucosal lymphoid cells.", "content": "Viable suspensions of human colonic mucosal lymphoid cells have been prepared by sequential treatment of tissue with dithiothreitol, EDTA in calcium- and magnesium-free salt solutions, and purified collagenase. The intestinal lymphocyte population, in comparison with that of peripheral blood, had greater numbers of bone marrow-derived cells, particularly cells bearing membrane IgA; showed spontaneous association with macrophages; underwent rapid rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes; and demonstrated increased in vitro synthesis of immunoglobulin. Total thymus-derived cells were equal in the two populations. Decreases were found in \"null\" cell numbers, in cells bearing membrane IgD and IgM, and in responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin. Macrophage/monocytes in the intestinal population were increased in size, granularity, motility, sustained glass adherence, and phagocytic activity. Human intestinal lymphoid cells appear to constitute a cell population that is more \"mature\" and/or \"activated\", in comparison with the lymphoid cells of peripheral blood. The method of preparation should lend itself to the study of inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal cancer, and the intestinal secretory immune system.", "contents": "Isolation and functional characterization of human intestinal mucosal lymphoid cells. Viable suspensions of human colonic mucosal lymphoid cells have been prepared by sequential treatment of tissue with dithiothreitol, EDTA in calcium- and magnesium-free salt solutions, and purified collagenase. The intestinal lymphocyte population, in comparison with that of peripheral blood, had greater numbers of bone marrow-derived cells, particularly cells bearing membrane IgA; showed spontaneous association with macrophages; underwent rapid rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes; and demonstrated increased in vitro synthesis of immunoglobulin. Total thymus-derived cells were equal in the two populations. Decreases were found in \"null\" cell numbers, in cells bearing membrane IgD and IgM, and in responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin. Macrophage/monocytes in the intestinal population were increased in size, granularity, motility, sustained glass adherence, and phagocytic activity. Human intestinal lymphoid cells appear to constitute a cell population that is more \"mature\" and/or \"activated\", in comparison with the lymphoid cells of peripheral blood. The method of preparation should lend itself to the study of inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal cancer, and the intestinal secretory immune system.", "PMID": 323291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8820", "title": "The body image of pregnant women as reflected in their human figure drawings.", "content": "Drawings of female figures made by women in their first (N = 54), second (N= 51), and third (N = 56) trimesters of pregnancy and post-partum (N = 55) women were compared with each other and with a control (N = 76) group of gynecological patients. There were no major differences in the drawings of women during the three major stages of pregnancy or between the pregnant women and those who had delivered recently. However, the pregnant women differed significantly from the gynecological controls in that they made more nude drawings, emphasized the genitals, distorted the drawn figures, and made the drawings smaller in size. It was concluded that somatic and psychological changes associated with pregnancy are reflected in the human figure drawings.", "contents": "The body image of pregnant women as reflected in their human figure drawings. Drawings of female figures made by women in their first (N = 54), second (N= 51), and third (N = 56) trimesters of pregnancy and post-partum (N = 55) women were compared with each other and with a control (N = 76) group of gynecological patients. There were no major differences in the drawings of women during the three major stages of pregnancy or between the pregnant women and those who had delivered recently. However, the pregnant women differed significantly from the gynecological controls in that they made more nude drawings, emphasized the genitals, distorted the drawn figures, and made the drawings smaller in size. It was concluded that somatic and psychological changes associated with pregnancy are reflected in the human figure drawings.", "PMID": 323293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8821", "title": "Detection of immune complexes. The use of radioimmunoassays with Clq and monoclonal rheumatoid factor.", "content": "This study describes two sensitive, rapid, relatively simple, competitive inhibition radioimmunoassays for detecting immune complex. The tests are based on the inhibition of I125-Clq or I125-monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF) binding to an insoluble substrate, IgG-Sepharose. The assays can be performed in 5 h utilizing 10 micronl of serum. Heating of serum is not required and polyclonal rheumatoid factors do not interefere. With the two assays, a wide range of complexes of various size and complement fixing activity can be detected. The Clq test can detect complement fixing Ig complexes larger than 19S, while the mRF tests detect complexes of IgG as small as 8S irrespective of their complement fixing activity. Mouse, rabbit, and human aggregated IgG (agg IgG) can be detected in the Clq test, and human and rabbit agg IgG in the mRF test. As low as 4 microng/ml of isolated human agg IgG can be detected in the Clq test and 0.5 microng/ml in the rheumatoid factor test. Sensitivity is greater for mouse agg IgG. For pathologic sera which must be diluted to eliminate interfering factors, the sensitivity of the assay is approximately 10 times less. The Clq test showed marked inhibition by systemic lupus erythematosus sera with close correlation with CH50 levels and disease activity. The mRF test showed better correlation with rheumatoid arthritis sera. In addition, anionic macromolecules known to react with Clq and other Clq reactants that occur in pathologic sera such as the \"low molecular weight\" substances in systemic lupus erythematosus are also detected. These reactants are not detectable in the mRF test and can be eliminated in the Clq test by performing the test at higher ionic strength. The tests can be applied to the study of a variety of pathologic states where immune complexes appear to play a role.", "contents": "Detection of immune complexes. The use of radioimmunoassays with Clq and monoclonal rheumatoid factor. This study describes two sensitive, rapid, relatively simple, competitive inhibition radioimmunoassays for detecting immune complex. The tests are based on the inhibition of I125-Clq or I125-monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF) binding to an insoluble substrate, IgG-Sepharose. The assays can be performed in 5 h utilizing 10 micronl of serum. Heating of serum is not required and polyclonal rheumatoid factors do not interefere. With the two assays, a wide range of complexes of various size and complement fixing activity can be detected. The Clq test can detect complement fixing Ig complexes larger than 19S, while the mRF tests detect complexes of IgG as small as 8S irrespective of their complement fixing activity. Mouse, rabbit, and human aggregated IgG (agg IgG) can be detected in the Clq test, and human and rabbit agg IgG in the mRF test. As low as 4 microng/ml of isolated human agg IgG can be detected in the Clq test and 0.5 microng/ml in the rheumatoid factor test. Sensitivity is greater for mouse agg IgG. For pathologic sera which must be diluted to eliminate interfering factors, the sensitivity of the assay is approximately 10 times less. The Clq test showed marked inhibition by systemic lupus erythematosus sera with close correlation with CH50 levels and disease activity. The mRF test showed better correlation with rheumatoid arthritis sera. In addition, anionic macromolecules known to react with Clq and other Clq reactants that occur in pathologic sera such as the \"low molecular weight\" substances in systemic lupus erythematosus are also detected. These reactants are not detectable in the mRF test and can be eliminated in the Clq test by performing the test at higher ionic strength. The tests can be applied to the study of a variety of pathologic states where immune complexes appear to play a role.", "PMID": 323292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8822", "title": "Characterisation of immunofluorescent heterophile antibodies which may be confused with autoantibodies.", "content": "Approximately 6% of sera submitted for routine immunofluorescent autoantibody screeening produced characteristic reaction patterns against a variety of animal and human tissues. It is suggested that these non-tissue-specific patterns represent a complex family of heterophile antibodies which could be confused with certain autoantibodies. It is further suggested that these heterophile antibodies bear a relationship to IgG isohaemagglutinins.", "contents": "Characterisation of immunofluorescent heterophile antibodies which may be confused with autoantibodies. Approximately 6% of sera submitted for routine immunofluorescent autoantibody screeening produced characteristic reaction patterns against a variety of animal and human tissues. It is suggested that these non-tissue-specific patterns represent a complex family of heterophile antibodies which could be confused with certain autoantibodies. It is further suggested that these heterophile antibodies bear a relationship to IgG isohaemagglutinins.", "PMID": 323294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8823", "title": "Pathology of 'non-healing (midline) granuloma'.", "content": "In a histological study of biopsy and postmortem material from 30 cases of nasal disease in which a clinical diagnosis of 'midline granuloma' or Wegener's granuloma had been given, we selected 10 cases on the basis of the presence of widespread coagulative necrosis and atypical cells. Evidence is provided that such changes represent a malignant neoplasm of histiocytic lymphoma type. Local invasion and spread to cervical and more distant lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and kidney were seen in some of the cases. Erythrophagocytic activity was marked in the spleen in three cases and histiocytic infiltration of the bone marrow in two cases, indicating a more generalised activity of histiocytic cells. Terms such as 'malignant granuloma' should be abandoned. In obstructive and ulcerating conditions of the nose efforts should be concentrated on making an accurate histological diagnosis.", "contents": "Pathology of 'non-healing (midline) granuloma'. In a histological study of biopsy and postmortem material from 30 cases of nasal disease in which a clinical diagnosis of 'midline granuloma' or Wegener's granuloma had been given, we selected 10 cases on the basis of the presence of widespread coagulative necrosis and atypical cells. Evidence is provided that such changes represent a malignant neoplasm of histiocytic lymphoma type. Local invasion and spread to cervical and more distant lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and kidney were seen in some of the cases. Erythrophagocytic activity was marked in the spleen in three cases and histiocytic infiltration of the bone marrow in two cases, indicating a more generalised activity of histiocytic cells. Terms such as 'malignant granuloma' should be abandoned. In obstructive and ulcerating conditions of the nose efforts should be concentrated on making an accurate histological diagnosis.", "PMID": 323295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8824", "title": "Test reproducibility of the API (20E), Enterotube, and Pathotec systems.", "content": "Thirty-three strains of bacteria (30 Enterobacteriaceae and one strain each of Aeromonas formicans, A. hydrophila, and Plesiomonas shigelloides) were tested three times in each of 27 conventional tests and in the API, Enterotube, and Pathotec systems. The results obtained were analysed for test reproducibility within each kit, correlation of the kit tests with the equivalent conventional media, and the identification of the strains by the kits. Difficulties in evaluation and comparison of identifications are discussed. A practical evaluation of the kits was also made.", "contents": "Test reproducibility of the API (20E), Enterotube, and Pathotec systems. Thirty-three strains of bacteria (30 Enterobacteriaceae and one strain each of Aeromonas formicans, A. hydrophila, and Plesiomonas shigelloides) were tested three times in each of 27 conventional tests and in the API, Enterotube, and Pathotec systems. The results obtained were analysed for test reproducibility within each kit, correlation of the kit tests with the equivalent conventional media, and the identification of the strains by the kits. Difficulties in evaluation and comparison of identifications are discussed. A practical evaluation of the kits was also made.", "PMID": 323296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8825", "title": "The clinical pharmacology of methylprednisolone sodium phosphate. I. Intramuscular route of administration.", "content": "Intramuscularly administered methylprednisolone sodium phosphate (Medrol Stabisol) in single doses of 40, 80, or 160 mg (methylprednisolone equivalents) had a similar effect as the same doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Medrol) with regard to eosinophil suppression, elevation of glucose, white blood count differential shifts (lympholytic effect), urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, and localized (pain) and systemic side effects. The average plasma methylprednisolone concentration was approximately 20% higher after the intramuscular administration of methylprednisolone sodium phosphate than after methylprednisolone sodium succinate. The differences in plasma methylprednisolone levels produced by the two esters suggest that either hydrolysis of the succinate ester occurs more slowly or the succinate ester distributes more extensively. This difference in plasma level, however, is not reflected in any other pharmacologic evaluation of the two esters, e.g., both eosinophil depression and hyperglycemic response were identical. No clinically significant changes in the vital signs, standard hematology, and clinical chemistry parameters evaluated were noted after 21 successive doses (q.i.d. for five days with one dose in the morning of day 6) of 80 mg methylprednisolone sodium phosphate. An increase was noted in the systolic blood pressure from a pretreatment mean of 113 mm Hg to a posttreatment mean of 123 mm Hg and an increase in the body weight from a pretreatment mean of 177 pounds to a posttreatment mean of 183 pounds. No signs of adrenal suppression were found as judged by plasma cortisol and ACTH levels. Six (6/12) subjects of the methylprednisolone sodium phosphate group, one (1/12) subject of the vehicle group, and one (1/12) subject of the placebo (sterile saline) group reported the following systemic side effects: gas in stomach, headaches, anorectal itching, and dryness of itching of the skin. No trend was observed for any side effect reported. In these double-blind, randomized studies, single (40, 80, and 160 mg) and multiple (80 mg) intramuscular doses of methylprednisolone sodium phosphate were tolerated in healthy volunteers as well as the same doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate and similar volumes of vehicle or placebo.", "contents": "The clinical pharmacology of methylprednisolone sodium phosphate. I. Intramuscular route of administration. Intramuscularly administered methylprednisolone sodium phosphate (Medrol Stabisol) in single doses of 40, 80, or 160 mg (methylprednisolone equivalents) had a similar effect as the same doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Medrol) with regard to eosinophil suppression, elevation of glucose, white blood count differential shifts (lympholytic effect), urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, and localized (pain) and systemic side effects. The average plasma methylprednisolone concentration was approximately 20% higher after the intramuscular administration of methylprednisolone sodium phosphate than after methylprednisolone sodium succinate. The differences in plasma methylprednisolone levels produced by the two esters suggest that either hydrolysis of the succinate ester occurs more slowly or the succinate ester distributes more extensively. This difference in plasma level, however, is not reflected in any other pharmacologic evaluation of the two esters, e.g., both eosinophil depression and hyperglycemic response were identical. No clinically significant changes in the vital signs, standard hematology, and clinical chemistry parameters evaluated were noted after 21 successive doses (q.i.d. for five days with one dose in the morning of day 6) of 80 mg methylprednisolone sodium phosphate. An increase was noted in the systolic blood pressure from a pretreatment mean of 113 mm Hg to a posttreatment mean of 123 mm Hg and an increase in the body weight from a pretreatment mean of 177 pounds to a posttreatment mean of 183 pounds. No signs of adrenal suppression were found as judged by plasma cortisol and ACTH levels. Six (6/12) subjects of the methylprednisolone sodium phosphate group, one (1/12) subject of the vehicle group, and one (1/12) subject of the placebo (sterile saline) group reported the following systemic side effects: gas in stomach, headaches, anorectal itching, and dryness of itching of the skin. No trend was observed for any side effect reported. In these double-blind, randomized studies, single (40, 80, and 160 mg) and multiple (80 mg) intramuscular doses of methylprednisolone sodium phosphate were tolerated in healthy volunteers as well as the same doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate and similar volumes of vehicle or placebo.", "PMID": 323297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8826", "title": "Double-blind comparison of triamterene plus hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone plus hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "The results from this double-blind, multi-investigator study showed that a combination of 50 mg triamterene plus 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide and a combination of 25 mg spironolactone plus 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide were equally efficacious in lowering blood pressure in hypertensive outpatients, and that they produced the same type and incidence of adverse effects. Likewise, the two drug combinations produced similar effects on blood chemistry and hematology. There were no significant differences between the two combination drugs in efficacy laboratory studies, or adverse effects.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of triamterene plus hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone plus hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension. The results from this double-blind, multi-investigator study showed that a combination of 50 mg triamterene plus 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide and a combination of 25 mg spironolactone plus 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide were equally efficacious in lowering blood pressure in hypertensive outpatients, and that they produced the same type and incidence of adverse effects. Likewise, the two drug combinations produced similar effects on blood chemistry and hematology. There were no significant differences between the two combination drugs in efficacy laboratory studies, or adverse effects.", "PMID": 323298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8827", "title": "Influence of age, dietary protein and weaning on calf abomasal enzymic secretion.", "content": "Using fistulated calves, the influence of the age, type of dietary protein and weaning on the secretion of chymosin and pepsin by the abomasum were studied. The abomasum secreted both chymosin and pepsin when the animals were fed milk. Chymosin secretion appeared to be independent of the age of the animals whereas a slow increase in pepsin secretion was observed as the calves aged. Several preruminant animals were fed either a skim-milk diet or a milk substitute in which proteins were provided by fish, soya or whey concentrates. Each of these 3 milk substitutes led to a decrease in chymosin secretion without modification of pepsin secretion. Chymosin secretion was partly restored when the claves were again given a skim-milk diet. At weaning, chymosin secretion dropped abruptly, but the pepsin level was not affected. These results indicate that milk (most probably its casein fraction) is responsible for the activation of chymosin secretion.", "contents": "Influence of age, dietary protein and weaning on calf abomasal enzymic secretion. Using fistulated calves, the influence of the age, type of dietary protein and weaning on the secretion of chymosin and pepsin by the abomasum were studied. The abomasum secreted both chymosin and pepsin when the animals were fed milk. Chymosin secretion appeared to be independent of the age of the animals whereas a slow increase in pepsin secretion was observed as the calves aged. Several preruminant animals were fed either a skim-milk diet or a milk substitute in which proteins were provided by fish, soya or whey concentrates. Each of these 3 milk substitutes led to a decrease in chymosin secretion without modification of pepsin secretion. Chymosin secretion was partly restored when the claves were again given a skim-milk diet. At weaning, chymosin secretion dropped abruptly, but the pepsin level was not affected. These results indicate that milk (most probably its casein fraction) is responsible for the activation of chymosin secretion.", "PMID": 323303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8828", "title": "Antidiarrheal effects of dihydroergotamine.", "content": "Dihydroergotamine (DHE), an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, rapidly improved 121 out of 123 diarrheal patients. A hypotonic sigmoid and a hyperreactive rectum were found in these patients. Manometric studies of the distal colon showed that DHE counteracts the rectal hyperactivity and increases sigmoidal tone. On the other hand, anticholinergic drugs and/or emotional stimuli accentuate the rectal hyperactivity of diarrheal patients. Both features could be due to an unbalanced neurologic control of the gastrointestinal tract with dominance of the alpha-adrenergic over the cholinergic activity. Diphenoxylate (DPO) suppressed the diarrhea in two patients not improved by DHE. Furthermore, DPO reinforced the therapeutic success of DHE in 11 lactose intolerance diarrheal patients, suggesting that the two drugs exert their effects by means of different mechanisms.", "contents": "Antidiarrheal effects of dihydroergotamine. Dihydroergotamine (DHE), an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, rapidly improved 121 out of 123 diarrheal patients. A hypotonic sigmoid and a hyperreactive rectum were found in these patients. Manometric studies of the distal colon showed that DHE counteracts the rectal hyperactivity and increases sigmoidal tone. On the other hand, anticholinergic drugs and/or emotional stimuli accentuate the rectal hyperactivity of diarrheal patients. Both features could be due to an unbalanced neurologic control of the gastrointestinal tract with dominance of the alpha-adrenergic over the cholinergic activity. Diphenoxylate (DPO) suppressed the diarrhea in two patients not improved by DHE. Furthermore, DPO reinforced the therapeutic success of DHE in 11 lactose intolerance diarrheal patients, suggesting that the two drugs exert their effects by means of different mechanisms.", "PMID": 323299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8829", "title": "Effect of a new beta-adrenergic blocker, l-bunolol, on blood pressure and on the renin-aldosterone system.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of a new beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, l-bunolol, was evaluated in 11 hospitalized hypertensive patients of whom four belonged to the high-renin, five to the normal-renin, and two to the low-renin subgroup. There was a significant decrease in blood pressure in most patients, often to normal. Moreover, plasma renin levels were nearly always markedly suppressed, and this suppression preceded the fall in blood pressure. While most high and normal renin patients responded, the numbers of patients within each subgroup were too small to correlate the blood pressure responses with changes in renin levels. There was a significant induced decrease in aldosterone excretion, which usually paralleled the renin suppression. Pulse rate was also consistently reduced during treatment. No weight gain was observed, except in one patient who developed overt congestive cardiac failure. No other side effects were recorded. Ii is concluded that l-bunolol is another beta-blocking drug with significant antihypertensive action. It was found to be effective in cases that were resistant to propranolo. It is well tolerated and safe to use, provided that early evidence of fluid retention is sought for and treated immediately.", "contents": "Effect of a new beta-adrenergic blocker, l-bunolol, on blood pressure and on the renin-aldosterone system. The antihypertensive effect of a new beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, l-bunolol, was evaluated in 11 hospitalized hypertensive patients of whom four belonged to the high-renin, five to the normal-renin, and two to the low-renin subgroup. There was a significant decrease in blood pressure in most patients, often to normal. Moreover, plasma renin levels were nearly always markedly suppressed, and this suppression preceded the fall in blood pressure. While most high and normal renin patients responded, the numbers of patients within each subgroup were too small to correlate the blood pressure responses with changes in renin levels. There was a significant induced decrease in aldosterone excretion, which usually paralleled the renin suppression. Pulse rate was also consistently reduced during treatment. No weight gain was observed, except in one patient who developed overt congestive cardiac failure. No other side effects were recorded. Ii is concluded that l-bunolol is another beta-blocking drug with significant antihypertensive action. It was found to be effective in cases that were resistant to propranolo. It is well tolerated and safe to use, provided that early evidence of fluid retention is sought for and treated immediately.", "PMID": 323300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8830", "title": "An improved technique for the retention of polycarbonate crowns.", "content": "The following conclusions may be drawn from this study: Composite resins do not bond to polycarbonate crowns. A technique for priming the internal surfaces of polycarbonate crowns is indicated, in order to create such a bond. Priming the polycarbonate crown with methyl methacrylate monomer alone produces a bond with composite resins. Priming the polycarbonate crown with a syrup of methyl methacrylate monomer and (poly) methyl methacrylate powder appears to produce a stronger bond with composite resins than the monomer alone.", "contents": "An improved technique for the retention of polycarbonate crowns. The following conclusions may be drawn from this study: Composite resins do not bond to polycarbonate crowns. A technique for priming the internal surfaces of polycarbonate crowns is indicated, in order to create such a bond. Priming the polycarbonate crown with methyl methacrylate monomer alone produces a bond with composite resins. Priming the polycarbonate crown with a syrup of methyl methacrylate monomer and (poly) methyl methacrylate powder appears to produce a stronger bond with composite resins than the monomer alone.", "PMID": 323305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8831", "title": "Prosthetic management of palatopharyngeal incompetency for the pediatric patient.", "content": "The diagnosis and treatment planning for palatopharyngeal incompetency is such that decisions can best be arrived at following a qualified interdisciplinary team assessment. The pedodontist, as an integral member of a rehabilitation team, should be knowledgeable in the area of speech prostheses for the child patient. It is only through an increased knowledge and understanding of current surgical and prosthetic techniques that patients with palatopharyngeal incompetency can receive better treatment.", "contents": "Prosthetic management of palatopharyngeal incompetency for the pediatric patient. The diagnosis and treatment planning for palatopharyngeal incompetency is such that decisions can best be arrived at following a qualified interdisciplinary team assessment. The pedodontist, as an integral member of a rehabilitation team, should be knowledgeable in the area of speech prostheses for the child patient. It is only through an increased knowledge and understanding of current surgical and prosthetic techniques that patients with palatopharyngeal incompetency can receive better treatment.", "PMID": 323307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8832", "title": "The effect of fluoride impregnated dental floss on enamel fluoride uptake in vitro and streptococcus mutans colonization in vivo.", "content": "The conclusions reached from this investigation can be summarized as follows: Fluoride can be incorporated into unwaxed dental floss. Placement of the fluoride impregnated dental floss in acid-buffer solution results in the release of most of the fluoride in the floss. Interproximal surfaces of teeth treated in vitro with fluoride impregnated dental floss acquired significantly (approximately three fold) more enamel fluoride than those treated with plain dental floss. The number of in vivo interproximal areas harboring Streptococcus mutans was reduced significantly after treatment with fluoride impregnated dental floss. Further studies should be done to establish the biological, physiochemical, manufacturing, and practical aspects of fluoride impregnated dental floss.", "contents": "The effect of fluoride impregnated dental floss on enamel fluoride uptake in vitro and streptococcus mutans colonization in vivo. The conclusions reached from this investigation can be summarized as follows: Fluoride can be incorporated into unwaxed dental floss. Placement of the fluoride impregnated dental floss in acid-buffer solution results in the release of most of the fluoride in the floss. Interproximal surfaces of teeth treated in vitro with fluoride impregnated dental floss acquired significantly (approximately three fold) more enamel fluoride than those treated with plain dental floss. The number of in vivo interproximal areas harboring Streptococcus mutans was reduced significantly after treatment with fluoride impregnated dental floss. Further studies should be done to establish the biological, physiochemical, manufacturing, and practical aspects of fluoride impregnated dental floss.", "PMID": 323308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8833", "title": "Reduction of dental decay in rampant caries individuals following short-term kanamycin treatment.", "content": "A week of kanamycin gel treatment before and after the placement of dental restorations, compared to a placebo gel treatment, significantly reduced the levels of cultivable bacteria, S mutans and S sanguis, in the plaque samples collected immediately after the completion of the gel treatments, and was associated with a 46% reduction in new carious surfaces in the 14- to 37-month period following the gel treatment.", "contents": "Reduction of dental decay in rampant caries individuals following short-term kanamycin treatment. A week of kanamycin gel treatment before and after the placement of dental restorations, compared to a placebo gel treatment, significantly reduced the levels of cultivable bacteria, S mutans and S sanguis, in the plaque samples collected immediately after the completion of the gel treatments, and was associated with a 46% reduction in new carious surfaces in the 14- to 37-month period following the gel treatment.", "PMID": 323316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8834", "title": "Detection of functional complement components in gingival crevicular fluid from humans with periodontal diseases.", "content": "Crevicular fluid was collected from patients with periodontitis by a capillary tube procedure. Complement component activities were determined by functional assay systems, with human complement, and partially purified human first complement component (C1) as  controls. The complement-fixing properties of the dental plaque of each patient were also examined C1 activity in the crevicular fluid of all patients was approximately 1/8 of whole serum C1 and diminished rapidly with time after collection. There was no significant relationship between C1 concentration and crevicular fluid flow rate. Hemolytic activity of whole complement was also invariable detected when sufficient amounts (8 micronl) of crevicular fluid could be obtained. Dental plaque was found to fix C1. A role for crevicular complement in inflammatory periodontal disease is suggested.", "contents": "Detection of functional complement components in gingival crevicular fluid from humans with periodontal diseases. Crevicular fluid was collected from patients with periodontitis by a capillary tube procedure. Complement component activities were determined by functional assay systems, with human complement, and partially purified human first complement component (C1) as  controls. The complement-fixing properties of the dental plaque of each patient were also examined C1 activity in the crevicular fluid of all patients was approximately 1/8 of whole serum C1 and diminished rapidly with time after collection. There was no significant relationship between C1 concentration and crevicular fluid flow rate. Hemolytic activity of whole complement was also invariable detected when sufficient amounts (8 micronl) of crevicular fluid could be obtained. Dental plaque was found to fix C1. A role for crevicular complement in inflammatory periodontal disease is suggested.", "PMID": 323317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8835", "title": "Investigation of adhesive properties of dental composite materials using an improved tensile test procedure and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A standardized tension test was used to evaluate the adhesive properties of several composite materials when used on both dentin and enamel specimens. The nature of the test surfaces was examined by roughness tests using a Talysurf machine and also in more detail by means of a scanning electron microscope. Poor results were obtained for the adhesion of composite materials to dentin whereas good retention to enamel was obtained.", "contents": "Investigation of adhesive properties of dental composite materials using an improved tensile test procedure and scanning electron microscopy. A standardized tension test was used to evaluate the adhesive properties of several composite materials when used on both dentin and enamel specimens. The nature of the test surfaces was examined by roughness tests using a Talysurf machine and also in more detail by means of a scanning electron microscope. Poor results were obtained for the adhesion of composite materials to dentin whereas good retention to enamel was obtained.", "PMID": 323318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8836", "title": "Otologic complications following the use of a high-speed air-turbine handpiece.", "content": "The use of high-speed instruments may result in subcutaneous air in the face and neck. Hearing loss and otalgia have been added to the previously reported sequelae. Careful use of air-driven high-speed handpieces around areas of weakened and disrupted oral tissues may help avoid subcutaneous emphysema. Awareness of this entity plays a significant role in appropriate diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Otologic complications following the use of a high-speed air-turbine handpiece. The use of high-speed instruments may result in subcutaneous air in the face and neck. Hearing loss and otalgia have been added to the previously reported sequelae. Careful use of air-driven high-speed handpieces around areas of weakened and disrupted oral tissues may help avoid subcutaneous emphysema. Awareness of this entity plays a significant role in appropriate diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 323324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8837", "title": "Use of teeth with a poor prognosis in cleft palate prosthodontics.", "content": "Patients who have unoperated or incomplete closure of their clefts and who have only a few teeth of poor prognosis remaining are a challenge to the prosthodontist. Two cases have been presented to illustrate treatment techniques that can be used for such patients.", "contents": "Use of teeth with a poor prognosis in cleft palate prosthodontics. Patients who have unoperated or incomplete closure of their clefts and who have only a few teeth of poor prognosis remaining are a challenge to the prosthodontist. Two cases have been presented to illustrate treatment techniques that can be used for such patients.", "PMID": 323325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8838", "title": "Effect of bronkosol and its components on cardiopulmonary parameters in asthmatic patients.", "content": "Bronkosol and its components, isoetharine hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride, were compared in a double-blind randomized fashion for their effect on pulmonary and cardiovascular parameters in patients with reversible bronchospasm. Bronkosol and isoetharine produced significant bronchodilatation as measured by forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV), forced vital capacity (FVC), and mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC (isovolume FEF 25% to 75%), and phenylephrine did not. There was no difference between Bronkosol and isoetharine in the degree or duration of bronchodilatation. Significantly more patients had to \"discontinue\" after 15 min on the day of testing with phenylephrine than with Bronkosol or isoetharine. Heart rate was not increased after Bronkosol or isoetharine, confirming its selective beta-2 action. The addition of phenylephrine to isoetharine had no beneficial effect on oxygen saturation. There was no significant difference between these drugs in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse, or respiration. The results of this study cast doubt on the useful contribution of phenylephrine in Bronkosol.", "contents": "Effect of bronkosol and its components on cardiopulmonary parameters in asthmatic patients. Bronkosol and its components, isoetharine hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride, were compared in a double-blind randomized fashion for their effect on pulmonary and cardiovascular parameters in patients with reversible bronchospasm. Bronkosol and isoetharine produced significant bronchodilatation as measured by forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV), forced vital capacity (FVC), and mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC (isovolume FEF 25% to 75%), and phenylephrine did not. There was no difference between Bronkosol and isoetharine in the degree or duration of bronchodilatation. Significantly more patients had to \"discontinue\" after 15 min on the day of testing with phenylephrine than with Bronkosol or isoetharine. Heart rate was not increased after Bronkosol or isoetharine, confirming its selective beta-2 action. The addition of phenylephrine to isoetharine had no beneficial effect on oxygen saturation. There was no significant difference between these drugs in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse, or respiration. The results of this study cast doubt on the useful contribution of phenylephrine in Bronkosol.", "PMID": 323326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8839", "title": "Science--neglected ingredient of nutrition policy. 10th Martha F. Trulson Memorial Lecture.", "content": "Programs to alleviate malnutrition in children in developing countries need revision. Intervention field trials in Thailand, Tunisia, and Guatemala, based on amino acid fortification and supplementary vitamins and minerals, have had little effect on children. In fact, it is often a misconception that frank deficiencies are common characteristics of malnutrition in developing countries.Rather, stunted growth--caused by caloric deficiency often in the presence of adequate food supplies--may be the most prevalent form of malnutrition. The situation occurs when the customary staple food--for instance, rice in Thailand--has such a high caloric density that children cannot eat enough food to meet their needs. Knowledge is not vet available on ways to solve this dilemma. Nevertheless nutritionists must come forward and be willing to contribute their knowledge and expertise in the shaping of national and international nutrition policies to improve the healthand well-being of populations.", "contents": "Science--neglected ingredient of nutrition policy. 10th Martha F. Trulson Memorial Lecture. Programs to alleviate malnutrition in children in developing countries need revision. Intervention field trials in Thailand, Tunisia, and Guatemala, based on amino acid fortification and supplementary vitamins and minerals, have had little effect on children. In fact, it is often a misconception that frank deficiencies are common characteristics of malnutrition in developing countries.Rather, stunted growth--caused by caloric deficiency often in the presence of adequate food supplies--may be the most prevalent form of malnutrition. The situation occurs when the customary staple food--for instance, rice in Thailand--has such a high caloric density that children cannot eat enough food to meet their needs. Knowledge is not vet available on ways to solve this dilemma. Nevertheless nutritionists must come forward and be willing to contribute their knowledge and expertise in the shaping of national and international nutrition policies to improve the healthand well-being of populations.", "PMID": 323327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8840", "title": "Surgical treatment of congenital zygodactylism and brachymetapody: a case history.", "content": "This paper has presented a case history of congenital zygodactylous feet with unilateral brachymetapody. A detailed description was presented of the surgical attempt to treat these anomalies and the postoperative complications that were encountered. Follow-up on this patient after 1 1/2 years have shown an excellent result.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of congenital zygodactylism and brachymetapody: a case history. This paper has presented a case history of congenital zygodactylous feet with unilateral brachymetapody. A detailed description was presented of the surgical attempt to treat these anomalies and the postoperative complications that were encountered. Follow-up on this patient after 1 1/2 years have shown an excellent result.", "PMID": 323330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8841", "title": "Colloidal gold, a useful marker for transmission and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Electron dense markers of a size suitable for transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been prepared with gold granules labeled with a monolayer of specific macromolecules. The optimum conditions for preparing the markers have been ascertained. The method is simple, rapid and seems to be general since gold granules have been labeled with polysaccharides and proteins. As homogeneous populations of gold granules having different sizes can be prepared, the method is also suitable for double marking experiments. The gold technique is illustrated by the localization of polysaccharides and glycoproteins on yeast cell walls and erythrocyte membranes by transmission electron microscopy and on yeast cells and intact erythrocytes by scanning electron microscopy. Good spatial resolution of the marker was achieved in all cases. The method is also suitable for marking thin sections. Spectrophotometric measurements were used to determine the number of gold granules adsorbed per cell.", "contents": "Colloidal gold, a useful marker for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Electron dense markers of a size suitable for transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been prepared with gold granules labeled with a monolayer of specific macromolecules. The optimum conditions for preparing the markers have been ascertained. The method is simple, rapid and seems to be general since gold granules have been labeled with polysaccharides and proteins. As homogeneous populations of gold granules having different sizes can be prepared, the method is also suitable for double marking experiments. The gold technique is illustrated by the localization of polysaccharides and glycoproteins on yeast cell walls and erythrocyte membranes by transmission electron microscopy and on yeast cells and intact erythrocytes by scanning electron microscopy. Good spatial resolution of the marker was achieved in all cases. The method is also suitable for marking thin sections. Spectrophotometric measurements were used to determine the number of gold granules adsorbed per cell.", "PMID": 323352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8842", "title": "Functional heterogeneity in macrophages activated by Corynebacterium parvum: characterization of subpopulations with different activities in promoting immune responses and suppressing tumor cell growth.", "content": "Peritoneal cells (PEC) from mice injected i.p. with heat-killed Corynebacterium parvum (CP) showed enhanced immunostimulatory (accessor or A cell) activity as measured by their ability to restore the immune responsiveness of nonadherent spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and polymeric flagellin (POL) of Salmonella adelaide in vitro. This was true whether the PEC and nonadherent spleen cells were in direct contact or separated by a cell-impermeable membrane which allowed the free passage of soluble mediators. CP-activated PEC also exhibited greatly increased cytostatic activity against the growth of syngeneic tumor cells in vitro. After fractionation of the PEC according to cell size by velocity sedimentation, a separation of A cell activity from anti-tumor activity was observed. Although both these functions were associated with phagocytic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series, the highest A cell activity was found in fractions containing small and medium-sized macrophages, whereas the anti-tumor activity increased with cell size to a maximum with the largest macrophages. Thus, there is a relative increase of suppressive activity over stimulatory activity with an increase in cell size. Cytochemical and morphologic evidence suggests that the A cell-rich fractions contained small and medium-sized macrophages which were derived from newly arrived monocytes, whereas the large tumor-suppressive macrophages were relatively more differentiated.", "contents": "Functional heterogeneity in macrophages activated by Corynebacterium parvum: characterization of subpopulations with different activities in promoting immune responses and suppressing tumor cell growth. Peritoneal cells (PEC) from mice injected i.p. with heat-killed Corynebacterium parvum (CP) showed enhanced immunostimulatory (accessor or A cell) activity as measured by their ability to restore the immune responsiveness of nonadherent spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and polymeric flagellin (POL) of Salmonella adelaide in vitro. This was true whether the PEC and nonadherent spleen cells were in direct contact or separated by a cell-impermeable membrane which allowed the free passage of soluble mediators. CP-activated PEC also exhibited greatly increased cytostatic activity against the growth of syngeneic tumor cells in vitro. After fractionation of the PEC according to cell size by velocity sedimentation, a separation of A cell activity from anti-tumor activity was observed. Although both these functions were associated with phagocytic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series, the highest A cell activity was found in fractions containing small and medium-sized macrophages, whereas the anti-tumor activity increased with cell size to a maximum with the largest macrophages. Thus, there is a relative increase of suppressive activity over stimulatory activity with an increase in cell size. Cytochemical and morphologic evidence suggests that the A cell-rich fractions contained small and medium-sized macrophages which were derived from newly arrived monocytes, whereas the large tumor-suppressive macrophages were relatively more differentiated.", "PMID": 323353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8843", "title": "Characterization of the nonphagocytic adherent cell from the peritoneal cavity of normal and BCG-treated mice.", "content": "A distinctive subpopulation of nonphagocytic, tightly adherent cells (NPAC) comprised approximately 6% of the adherent peritoneal cells from untreated mice, and about 18% of those from mice previously given BCG i.p. A separation procedure based on adherence and lack of phagocytosis was devised. Isolated NPAC were morphologically intermediate between small lymphocytes and macrophages. They were positive for nonspecific esterase, negative for peroxidase, positive for surface IgM, and negative for surface IgG1, IgG2 and IgA. When capped, their surface IgM regenerated in vitro. NPAC had demonstrable Fc receptors but not EAC receptors. They resisted killing by an anti-macrophage serum, were negative by immunofluorescence with an anti-T cell reagent, and incorporated increased amounts of thymidine in response to LPS but not to PHA. They were more readily killed with anti-Ia serum and complement than macrophages, but less readily than splenic B cells. NPAC appeared to represent a subpopulation of B lymphocytes which contaminates some preparations previously regarded as \"macrophages\" and which may be ressponsible for some of the activities previously ascribed to \"macrophages\".", "contents": "Characterization of the nonphagocytic adherent cell from the peritoneal cavity of normal and BCG-treated mice. A distinctive subpopulation of nonphagocytic, tightly adherent cells (NPAC) comprised approximately 6% of the adherent peritoneal cells from untreated mice, and about 18% of those from mice previously given BCG i.p. A separation procedure based on adherence and lack of phagocytosis was devised. Isolated NPAC were morphologically intermediate between small lymphocytes and macrophages. They were positive for nonspecific esterase, negative for peroxidase, positive for surface IgM, and negative for surface IgG1, IgG2 and IgA. When capped, their surface IgM regenerated in vitro. NPAC had demonstrable Fc receptors but not EAC receptors. They resisted killing by an anti-macrophage serum, were negative by immunofluorescence with an anti-T cell reagent, and incorporated increased amounts of thymidine in response to LPS but not to PHA. They were more readily killed with anti-Ia serum and complement than macrophages, but less readily than splenic B cells. NPAC appeared to represent a subpopulation of B lymphocytes which contaminates some preparations previously regarded as \"macrophages\" and which may be ressponsible for some of the activities previously ascribed to \"macrophages\".", "PMID": 323354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8844", "title": "Antigen modulation of antibody forming cells: the relationship between direct plaque size, antibody secretion rate and antibody affinity.", "content": "Using the mathematical theory of direct plaque growth, we have analyzed the expected variation of plaque size with IgM affinity and secretion rate. We use the theory to comment on recent effector cell blockage experiments and show how the theory can be used to determine the change in the secretion rate of a single antibody-forming cell subjected to blockage by a multivalent antigen. We also argue, using the mathematical theory, that under the usual experimental conditions employed in the plaque assay, cells that produce low affinity IgM antibodies will give rise to smaller plaques than cells that produce high affinity IgM antibodies.", "contents": "Antigen modulation of antibody forming cells: the relationship between direct plaque size, antibody secretion rate and antibody affinity. Using the mathematical theory of direct plaque growth, we have analyzed the expected variation of plaque size with IgM affinity and secretion rate. We use the theory to comment on recent effector cell blockage experiments and show how the theory can be used to determine the change in the secretion rate of a single antibody-forming cell subjected to blockage by a multivalent antigen. We also argue, using the mathematical theory, that under the usual experimental conditions employed in the plaque assay, cells that produce low affinity IgM antibodies will give rise to smaller plaques than cells that produce high affinity IgM antibodies.", "PMID": 323355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8845", "title": "In vitro augmentation of lymphocyte sheep cell rosette formation by leukocyte dialysates.", "content": "We have studied in vitro the effects of leukocyte dialysates containing transfer factor on the formation of sheep cell rosettes by human lymphocytes. Dialysate had no effect on the toral rosettes, but increased the number of rapidly forming (\"active\") rosettes. This was due to an increased affinity of the lymphocytes for the sheep red cell. Trypsin-treated lymphocytes regained the ability to form rosettes more rapidly when cultured with leukocyte dialysates than with control media. These experiments suggest that leukocyte dialysate acts to increase the number or arrangement of sheep cell receptors on the lymphocyte surface.", "contents": "In vitro augmentation of lymphocyte sheep cell rosette formation by leukocyte dialysates. We have studied in vitro the effects of leukocyte dialysates containing transfer factor on the formation of sheep cell rosettes by human lymphocytes. Dialysate had no effect on the toral rosettes, but increased the number of rapidly forming (\"active\") rosettes. This was due to an increased affinity of the lymphocytes for the sheep red cell. Trypsin-treated lymphocytes regained the ability to form rosettes more rapidly when cultured with leukocyte dialysates than with control media. These experiments suggest that leukocyte dialysate acts to increase the number or arrangement of sheep cell receptors on the lymphocyte surface.", "PMID": 323356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8846", "title": "Expression of alloantigens LY-5 and LY-6 on cytotoxic effector cells.", "content": "With anti-Ly antisera and complement it has been possible to demonstrate that cytotoxic effector cells generated in vitro against allogeneic cells carry the alloantigen Ly-5 and Ly-6. The studies show that antisera directed against the Ly-6 antigens, together with complement, eliminate essentially all of the killer cells, of the appropriate strain, while killing only 50 to 60% of Thy-1+ cells. Anti-Ly-5 antsera and complement lysed 55 to 65% of Thy-1+ cells and killed a significant portion, but not all, of the cytotoxic cells. The later finding was investigated in more detail since it suggested a degree of heterogeneity within the killer cell subpopulation. However, the data did not support that conclusion, at least for allogeneic killer cells.", "contents": "Expression of alloantigens LY-5 and LY-6 on cytotoxic effector cells. With anti-Ly antisera and complement it has been possible to demonstrate that cytotoxic effector cells generated in vitro against allogeneic cells carry the alloantigen Ly-5 and Ly-6. The studies show that antisera directed against the Ly-6 antigens, together with complement, eliminate essentially all of the killer cells, of the appropriate strain, while killing only 50 to 60% of Thy-1+ cells. Anti-Ly-5 antsera and complement lysed 55 to 65% of Thy-1+ cells and killed a significant portion, but not all, of the cytotoxic cells. The later finding was investigated in more detail since it suggested a degree of heterogeneity within the killer cell subpopulation. However, the data did not support that conclusion, at least for allogeneic killer cells.", "PMID": 323358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8847", "title": "Complement-dependent and -independent pathways of T cell-B cell cooperation.", "content": "BDF1 mice treated with CoV had markedly reduced levels (less than 20%) of native serum C3 32 hr later, whereas the frequency of splenic CR+ cells was normal. CoV treatment before immunization reduced the IgM PFC response to a T-dependent antigen (TNP-SRBC) by more than 60%. Inclusion of highly specific anti-C3 antibody had no effect on the T-dependent IgM response of CR- B cells. The residual PFC responses in cultures of unfractionated spleen cells treated with anti-C3 could be largely or completely accounted for by CR- B cells in the cultures. The effect of anti-C3 antibody was not due to cytotoxicity. These data collectively indicate that the effect of CoV on T-dependent antibody responses is due to decreased C3 in serum rather than to interaction of C receptors directly with CoV or with C3 cleavage products. They suggest the existence of at least two distinct pathways of T-B cooperation, one in which C3 is an obligatory participant and another in which it may be uninvolved.", "contents": "Complement-dependent and -independent pathways of T cell-B cell cooperation. BDF1 mice treated with CoV had markedly reduced levels (less than 20%) of native serum C3 32 hr later, whereas the frequency of splenic CR+ cells was normal. CoV treatment before immunization reduced the IgM PFC response to a T-dependent antigen (TNP-SRBC) by more than 60%. Inclusion of highly specific anti-C3 antibody had no effect on the T-dependent IgM response of CR- B cells. The residual PFC responses in cultures of unfractionated spleen cells treated with anti-C3 could be largely or completely accounted for by CR- B cells in the cultures. The effect of anti-C3 antibody was not due to cytotoxicity. These data collectively indicate that the effect of CoV on T-dependent antibody responses is due to decreased C3 in serum rather than to interaction of C receptors directly with CoV or with C3 cleavage products. They suggest the existence of at least two distinct pathways of T-B cooperation, one in which C3 is an obligatory participant and another in which it may be uninvolved.", "PMID": 323359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8848", "title": "Evidence for a B lymphocyte defect underlying the anti-X anti-erythrocyte autoantibody response of NZB mice.", "content": "The autoimmune hemolytic anemia of NZB mice is pathogenetically mediated by a genetically prescribed anti-erythrocyte autoantibody response directed to the X erythrocyte autoantigen. The cellular locus of the immunoregulatory defect underlying the anti-X response was explored by adoptively transferring bone marrow cells (BMC) from NZB mice to lethally irradiated histocompatible recipients. Before adoptive transfer, BMC from donor mice were assayed for antigen-binding lymphocytes with receptors for the X autoantigen (X-ABL) by immunocytoadherence assays and for anti-X autoantibody-secreting cells (X-PFC) by plaque-forming cell assays. Twelve weeks after adoptive transfer, splenic lymphocytes from recipient mice were assayed for X-PFC and humoral anti-X autoantibody by Coombs' tests. Transfer of 15 to 30 x 10(6) BMC containing 6 to 12 x 10(3) X-ABL but no X-PFC from 6- to 8-week-old NZB mice to lethally irradiated BALB/c, B10.D2, C57BL/Ks, and DBA/2 mice produced X-PFC in 70% of the recipients. Development of X-PFC was not simply dependent upon available X-ABL since transfer of 15-30 x 10(6) BMC, containing comparable numbers of X-ABL, from BALB/c, B10.D2, C57BL/Ks, or DBA/2 mice to NZB or syngeneic recipients did not produce X-PFC. Transfer of BMC from NZB mice to BALB/c, B10.D2, and DBA/2 mice with weekly administrations of AKR anti-theta antiserum had no effect on the development of X-PFC; Tlymphocyte ablation was evidenced by the absence of theta+ spleen cells. These results suggest that the pathogenetic anti-X response is not genetically prescribed at the level of macrophages, humoral factors, or T cells, but rather appears to be a phenotypic expression of a primary B lymphocyte defect permitting or promoting differentiation of NZB X-ABL.", "contents": "Evidence for a B lymphocyte defect underlying the anti-X anti-erythrocyte autoantibody response of NZB mice. The autoimmune hemolytic anemia of NZB mice is pathogenetically mediated by a genetically prescribed anti-erythrocyte autoantibody response directed to the X erythrocyte autoantigen. The cellular locus of the immunoregulatory defect underlying the anti-X response was explored by adoptively transferring bone marrow cells (BMC) from NZB mice to lethally irradiated histocompatible recipients. Before adoptive transfer, BMC from donor mice were assayed for antigen-binding lymphocytes with receptors for the X autoantigen (X-ABL) by immunocytoadherence assays and for anti-X autoantibody-secreting cells (X-PFC) by plaque-forming cell assays. Twelve weeks after adoptive transfer, splenic lymphocytes from recipient mice were assayed for X-PFC and humoral anti-X autoantibody by Coombs' tests. Transfer of 15 to 30 x 10(6) BMC containing 6 to 12 x 10(3) X-ABL but no X-PFC from 6- to 8-week-old NZB mice to lethally irradiated BALB/c, B10.D2, C57BL/Ks, and DBA/2 mice produced X-PFC in 70% of the recipients. Development of X-PFC was not simply dependent upon available X-ABL since transfer of 15-30 x 10(6) BMC, containing comparable numbers of X-ABL, from BALB/c, B10.D2, C57BL/Ks, or DBA/2 mice to NZB or syngeneic recipients did not produce X-PFC. Transfer of BMC from NZB mice to BALB/c, B10.D2, and DBA/2 mice with weekly administrations of AKR anti-theta antiserum had no effect on the development of X-PFC; Tlymphocyte ablation was evidenced by the absence of theta+ spleen cells. These results suggest that the pathogenetic anti-X response is not genetically prescribed at the level of macrophages, humoral factors, or T cells, but rather appears to be a phenotypic expression of a primary B lymphocyte defect permitting or promoting differentiation of NZB X-ABL.", "PMID": 323360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8849", "title": "Preferential assignment of allotype a1 globulin for the production of early IgM anti-para-azobenzenearsonate antibodies in heterozygous a1a3 rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits of allotype a1a3 were injected on days 0, 2, and 4 with mixtures containing equal amounts of pigeon erythrocytes (Prbc) coupled to para-azobenzenearsonate (AA) and to para-azobenzene-N-trimethylammonium (TMA). On day 6, the allotypes of antibody from plaque-forming cells (PFC) of the blood were determined by observing the inhibition of plaque formation by anti-allotype sera. Anti-AA PFC appeared to consist for the most part of cells making antibody of allotype a1 since 65% of them were inhibited by anti-a1 serum and only 8% by anti-a3. Anti-TMA PFC, on the other hand, appeared to consist mostly of cells making antibody of allotype a3, since less than 1% of them were inhibited by anti-a1 but 47% by anti-a3. Antibody allotype for spleen PFC was also determined on day 6 and was similar to that found for blood PFC. Anti-AA PFC were inhibited 74% by anti-a1 serum and 15% by anti-a3 whereas anti-TMA PFC were inhibited 19% by anti-a1 and 43% by anti-a3. Serum hemolysin specific for AA hapten from a1a3 animals was also strongly inhibited by anti-a1 serum but not by anti-a3 whereas the converse was true for hemolysin against TMA hapten. The a1a3 rabbits, in whcih the anti-AA was restricted to allotype a1, were mated to produced homozygous a3a3 animals. When the PFC and serum antibodies of these a3a3 offspring were examined by specific inhibition, the anti-AA activity was found to be of allotype a3 rather than being a-negative. The number of anti-AA PFC in the blood of a3a3 rabbits was lower than that in blood of a1a3 or a1a1 animals. In addition, the TMA hapten appeared to inhibit the response to the AA hapten. Thus a1a3 rabbits immunized with AA-Prbc alone had 14-fold more anti-AA PFC or 18-fold higher anti-AA hemolysin titer than a3a3 animals immunized with both AA-Prbc and TMA-Prbc. Our results are discussed in relation to various explanations which have been offered for an imbalance of allotypes in a given antibody.", "contents": "Preferential assignment of allotype a1 globulin for the production of early IgM anti-para-azobenzenearsonate antibodies in heterozygous a1a3 rabbits. Rabbits of allotype a1a3 were injected on days 0, 2, and 4 with mixtures containing equal amounts of pigeon erythrocytes (Prbc) coupled to para-azobenzenearsonate (AA) and to para-azobenzene-N-trimethylammonium (TMA). On day 6, the allotypes of antibody from plaque-forming cells (PFC) of the blood were determined by observing the inhibition of plaque formation by anti-allotype sera. Anti-AA PFC appeared to consist for the most part of cells making antibody of allotype a1 since 65% of them were inhibited by anti-a1 serum and only 8% by anti-a3. Anti-TMA PFC, on the other hand, appeared to consist mostly of cells making antibody of allotype a3, since less than 1% of them were inhibited by anti-a1 but 47% by anti-a3. Antibody allotype for spleen PFC was also determined on day 6 and was similar to that found for blood PFC. Anti-AA PFC were inhibited 74% by anti-a1 serum and 15% by anti-a3 whereas anti-TMA PFC were inhibited 19% by anti-a1 and 43% by anti-a3. Serum hemolysin specific for AA hapten from a1a3 animals was also strongly inhibited by anti-a1 serum but not by anti-a3 whereas the converse was true for hemolysin against TMA hapten. The a1a3 rabbits, in whcih the anti-AA was restricted to allotype a1, were mated to produced homozygous a3a3 animals. When the PFC and serum antibodies of these a3a3 offspring were examined by specific inhibition, the anti-AA activity was found to be of allotype a3 rather than being a-negative. The number of anti-AA PFC in the blood of a3a3 rabbits was lower than that in blood of a1a3 or a1a1 animals. In addition, the TMA hapten appeared to inhibit the response to the AA hapten. Thus a1a3 rabbits immunized with AA-Prbc alone had 14-fold more anti-AA PFC or 18-fold higher anti-AA hemolysin titer than a3a3 animals immunized with both AA-Prbc and TMA-Prbc. Our results are discussed in relation to various explanations which have been offered for an imbalance of allotypes in a given antibody.", "PMID": 323361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8850", "title": "A simple fluorescent method to determine complement-mediated liposome immune lysis.", "content": "A simple inexpective method is described to study the kinetics of complement-mediated immune lysis of liposomes containing sheep red blood cell lipid antigens. It is based on the fact that trapping the fluorescent molecule 1-aminonaphthalene-3,6,8-trisulfonate and the dynamic quencher, alpha, alpha'-dipyridinium p-xylene dibromide within the liposome inner volume results in an extinguished fluorescence signal. On addition of helmolysin plus active complement, liposome lysis occurs. The exit of the fluorophore and quencher and their subsequent dilution in the external volume abolishes the quenching, resulting in a high fluorescence signal. The details of the method are described as well as the initial kinetic results.", "contents": "A simple fluorescent method to determine complement-mediated liposome immune lysis. A simple inexpective method is described to study the kinetics of complement-mediated immune lysis of liposomes containing sheep red blood cell lipid antigens. It is based on the fact that trapping the fluorescent molecule 1-aminonaphthalene-3,6,8-trisulfonate and the dynamic quencher, alpha, alpha'-dipyridinium p-xylene dibromide within the liposome inner volume results in an extinguished fluorescence signal. On addition of helmolysin plus active complement, liposome lysis occurs. The exit of the fluorophore and quencher and their subsequent dilution in the external volume abolishes the quenching, resulting in a high fluorescence signal. The details of the method are described as well as the initial kinetic results.", "PMID": 323363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8851", "title": "Labelling of lymphocytes with various radiosotopes for in vivo tracer studies; a review.", "content": "Several methods are available for labelling lymphoid cells with radioactive markers e.g. 3H, 14C, 125I, 131I, 35S, 75Se, based on general metabolic processes, involving DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in these cells. Together with methods for labelling lymphoid cells with 51Cr and 99mTc, radioisotopes which are captured in cells but not incorporated in its metabolites, these will be reviewed in the present paper. Attention will be given to possible applications of the use of radiosotope labels.", "contents": "Labelling of lymphocytes with various radiosotopes for in vivo tracer studies; a review. Several methods are available for labelling lymphoid cells with radioactive markers e.g. 3H, 14C, 125I, 131I, 35S, 75Se, based on general metabolic processes, involving DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in these cells. Together with methods for labelling lymphoid cells with 51Cr and 99mTc, radioisotopes which are captured in cells but not incorporated in its metabolites, these will be reviewed in the present paper. Attention will be given to possible applications of the use of radiosotope labels.", "PMID": 323364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8852", "title": "Use of antibody-coated red cells for the sensitive detection of antigen and in rosette tests for cells bearing surface immunoglobulins.", "content": "Conditions for an improved chromic chloride method for the attachment of antibody to red cells are described. The method, which is applicable to whole Ig fractions as well as affinity-purified antibodies, is reproducible and has a sensitivity for detection of antigen in the nanogram range. The coated cells may be used in a rosette assay for the detection of cell surface-bound antigens.", "contents": "Use of antibody-coated red cells for the sensitive detection of antigen and in rosette tests for cells bearing surface immunoglobulins. Conditions for an improved chromic chloride method for the attachment of antibody to red cells are described. The method, which is applicable to whole Ig fractions as well as affinity-purified antibodies, is reproducible and has a sensitivity for detection of antigen in the nanogram range. The coated cells may be used in a rosette assay for the detection of cell surface-bound antigens.", "PMID": 323365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8853", "title": "Absorption analysis of H-2D and K antigens on spermatozoa.", "content": "The presence of H-2D and K antigens on mouse spermatozoa has been investigated by absorption followed by testing on the proper target lymphocytes. It is concluded that, in addition to Ia antigens, H-2D and K antigens are indeed expressed on mouse sperm cells.", "contents": "Absorption analysis of H-2D and K antigens on spermatozoa. The presence of H-2D and K antigens on mouse spermatozoa has been investigated by absorption followed by testing on the proper target lymphocytes. It is concluded that, in addition to Ia antigens, H-2D and K antigens are indeed expressed on mouse sperm cells.", "PMID": 323366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8854", "title": "The involvement of a suppressor mechanism in neonatally induced allograft tolerance in mice.", "content": "The possible involvement of a suppressor cell mechanism in neonatally induced allograft tolerance was tested in two different mouse-strain combinations. In an H-2 incompatible donor-recipient combination presented by the congeneic strains B10.D2 and B10.D2(M504), adoptive transfer of tolerance with 5 X 10(7) spleen cells to syngeneic sublethally (400 R) irradiated recipients was successful resulting in a markedly prolonged test graft survival or even take. The result of tests for negative tolerance (which should be suceptible to abolition by means of cells from normally reactive donors) did not indicate that neonatally induced tolerance across the given barrier rested on this principle. The suppressor mechanism seemed to be involved in neonatally induced allograft tolerance also in the other strain combination (B10-40NX).", "contents": "The involvement of a suppressor mechanism in neonatally induced allograft tolerance in mice. The possible involvement of a suppressor cell mechanism in neonatally induced allograft tolerance was tested in two different mouse-strain combinations. In an H-2 incompatible donor-recipient combination presented by the congeneic strains B10.D2 and B10.D2(M504), adoptive transfer of tolerance with 5 X 10(7) spleen cells to syngeneic sublethally (400 R) irradiated recipients was successful resulting in a markedly prolonged test graft survival or even take. The result of tests for negative tolerance (which should be suceptible to abolition by means of cells from normally reactive donors) did not indicate that neonatally induced tolerance across the given barrier rested on this principle. The suppressor mechanism seemed to be involved in neonatally induced allograft tolerance also in the other strain combination (B10-40NX).", "PMID": 323367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8855", "title": "Unexpectedly high frequency of antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in human sera as measured by sensitive techniques.", "content": "Mycoplasmacidal and radioimmunoprecipitating antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae were commonly detected in healthy children younger than five years of age, in whom natural disease due to M. pneumoniae is rare. Antibody in serum could also be demonstrated in Marine recruits several weeks or months before development of pneumonia due to M. pneumoniae. The latter observation suggests that serum antibody does not confer protection against disease caused by M. pneumoniae.", "contents": "Unexpectedly high frequency of antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in human sera as measured by sensitive techniques. Mycoplasmacidal and radioimmunoprecipitating antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae were commonly detected in healthy children younger than five years of age, in whom natural disease due to M. pneumoniae is rare. Antibody in serum could also be demonstrated in Marine recruits several weeks or months before development of pneumonia due to M. pneumoniae. The latter observation suggests that serum antibody does not confer protection against disease caused by M. pneumoniae.", "PMID": 323374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8856", "title": "Colonization of porcine small intestine by Escherichia coli: colonization and adhesion factors of pig enteropathogens that lack K88.", "content": "The colonizing and adhesive attributes of enterotoxigenic acapsular and/or nonpiliated mutants from K88-negative enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains were compared with their capsulated and piliated parents (parents were piliated when grown in vitro and in vivo). Acapsular, nonpiliated mutants from three different colonizing strains of enteropathogenic E. coli lost their ability to colonize the ileum of newborn pigs. Acapsular, piliated and capsular, nonpiliated mutants were derived from one of the parental strains (987), and both mutants lacked the ability to colonize the ileum of pigs. The only mutants available from a fourth strain (431) were acapsular and piliated, and they colonized as well as their parents. These data indicate that both capsule and pili are involved in colonization by strain 987. In contrast, capsule is not required for colonization by strain 431, but pili may be.", "contents": "Colonization of porcine small intestine by Escherichia coli: colonization and adhesion factors of pig enteropathogens that lack K88. The colonizing and adhesive attributes of enterotoxigenic acapsular and/or nonpiliated mutants from K88-negative enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains were compared with their capsulated and piliated parents (parents were piliated when grown in vitro and in vivo). Acapsular, nonpiliated mutants from three different colonizing strains of enteropathogenic E. coli lost their ability to colonize the ileum of newborn pigs. Acapsular, piliated and capsular, nonpiliated mutants were derived from one of the parental strains (987), and both mutants lacked the ability to colonize the ileum of pigs. The only mutants available from a fourth strain (431) were acapsular and piliated, and they colonized as well as their parents. These data indicate that both capsule and pili are involved in colonization by strain 987. In contrast, capsule is not required for colonization by strain 431, but pili may be.", "PMID": 323375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8857", "title": "The pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea. VI. Toxin and antitoxin in Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei infections in humans.", "content": "Two strains of Shigella flexneri and one of Shigella sonnei were studied for toxin production in vitro. All of the three strains produced a cell-free cytotoxin that showed marked similarity to that produced by Shigella dysenteriae 1. Each toxin eluted in two distinct peaks on chromatography with Sephadex G-150, was destroyed by heating at 90 C for 30 min, and was neutralized by S. dysenteriae 1 antitoxin. Patients with infections due to S. flexneri and S. sonnei developed antibody that neutralized S. dysenteriae 1 toxin in vitro. In three of seven positive sera studied by sucrose density-gradient ultracentrifugation, antibody activity was associated only with the IgM fraction. The time course of the antibody response resembled that found in infections due to S. dysenteriae 1, in which an IgM antitoxin antibody has also been described. Since three species of Shigella have now been shown to be toxigenic, it is possible that bacterial toxin may play a role, along with bacterial invasion, in the pathogenesis of infections due to S. flexneri and S. sonnei, as well as those due to S. dysenteriae 1.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea. VI. Toxin and antitoxin in Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei infections in humans. Two strains of Shigella flexneri and one of Shigella sonnei were studied for toxin production in vitro. All of the three strains produced a cell-free cytotoxin that showed marked similarity to that produced by Shigella dysenteriae 1. Each toxin eluted in two distinct peaks on chromatography with Sephadex G-150, was destroyed by heating at 90 C for 30 min, and was neutralized by S. dysenteriae 1 antitoxin. Patients with infections due to S. flexneri and S. sonnei developed antibody that neutralized S. dysenteriae 1 toxin in vitro. In three of seven positive sera studied by sucrose density-gradient ultracentrifugation, antibody activity was associated only with the IgM fraction. The time course of the antibody response resembled that found in infections due to S. dysenteriae 1, in which an IgM antitoxin antibody has also been described. Since three species of Shigella have now been shown to be toxigenic, it is possible that bacterial toxin may play a role, along with bacterial invasion, in the pathogenesis of infections due to S. flexneri and S. sonnei, as well as those due to S. dysenteriae 1.", "PMID": 323376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8858", "title": "Significance of antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment in experimental pyelonephritis.", "content": "The sequential appearance of antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment was followed in experimental pyelonephritis produced with Escherichia coli O6:K13:H1. It was possible to determine against which antigen of the organism this antibody was directed. Antibody-coated bacteria appeared by day 11 of infection, a time which coincided with the synthesis of local (intrarenal) antibody. Bacteria coated with antibody more than three days after serum antibody but four days before urinary antibody appeared. Antibody eluted from coated bacteria was directed against the O-antigen of the infecting organism but not the K-antigen. Newly synthesized intrarenal antibody and urinary antibody were directed only against O-antigen, but not against K-antigen; this finding would explain why the antibody that coated the bacteria was antibody to lipopolysaccharide. Thus, a positive test for antibody-coated bacteria indicates that a local immune response to O-antigen has occurred. It is postulated that this immune response could relate to the clinical symptomatology of acute symptomatic pyelonephritis since most patients presenting with acute pyelonephritis have bacteria coated with antibody.", "contents": "Significance of antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment in experimental pyelonephritis. The sequential appearance of antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment was followed in experimental pyelonephritis produced with Escherichia coli O6:K13:H1. It was possible to determine against which antigen of the organism this antibody was directed. Antibody-coated bacteria appeared by day 11 of infection, a time which coincided with the synthesis of local (intrarenal) antibody. Bacteria coated with antibody more than three days after serum antibody but four days before urinary antibody appeared. Antibody eluted from coated bacteria was directed against the O-antigen of the infecting organism but not the K-antigen. Newly synthesized intrarenal antibody and urinary antibody were directed only against O-antigen, but not against K-antigen; this finding would explain why the antibody that coated the bacteria was antibody to lipopolysaccharide. Thus, a positive test for antibody-coated bacteria indicates that a local immune response to O-antigen has occurred. It is postulated that this immune response could relate to the clinical symptomatology of acute symptomatic pyelonephritis since most patients presenting with acute pyelonephritis have bacteria coated with antibody.", "PMID": 323377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8859", "title": "Characterization of the Chinese hamster ovary cell assay for the enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli and for specific antisera, and toxoid.", "content": "The morphologic change in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that is associated with increased intracellular concentrations of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate (cyclic AMP) provided a highly sensitive assay for the heat-liable enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. The similarity between the responses of CHO cells and those of intestinal mucosa to enterotoxins was demonstrated by the inhibition of these effects by the ganglioside galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl [sialosyl] lactosyl ceramide (GM1), as well as by specific antisera. The antisera against either enterotoxin were more effective in inhibiting the effects of homologous toxin than those of heterologous toxin, but cross-neutralization also occurred in both cases. When choleragenoid, the natural toxoid of cholera toxin, was incubated with the CHO cells, the subsequent effects of the toxin on the morphology of the cells were prevented as were the effects of the toxin on intestinal secretion. However, choleragenoid did not prevent the effects of E. coli toxin. The similarity between the action of enterotoxins on CHO cell morphology and on secretion by the small intestine suggests that there are similar binding sites in these tissues. The potential usefulness of the CHO cell assay in quantitative measurement of antitoxic immunity is thus demonstrated.", "contents": "Characterization of the Chinese hamster ovary cell assay for the enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli and for specific antisera, and toxoid. The morphologic change in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that is associated with increased intracellular concentrations of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate (cyclic AMP) provided a highly sensitive assay for the heat-liable enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. The similarity between the responses of CHO cells and those of intestinal mucosa to enterotoxins was demonstrated by the inhibition of these effects by the ganglioside galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl [sialosyl] lactosyl ceramide (GM1), as well as by specific antisera. The antisera against either enterotoxin were more effective in inhibiting the effects of homologous toxin than those of heterologous toxin, but cross-neutralization also occurred in both cases. When choleragenoid, the natural toxoid of cholera toxin, was incubated with the CHO cells, the subsequent effects of the toxin on the morphology of the cells were prevented as were the effects of the toxin on intestinal secretion. However, choleragenoid did not prevent the effects of E. coli toxin. The similarity between the action of enterotoxins on CHO cell morphology and on secretion by the small intestine suggests that there are similar binding sites in these tissues. The potential usefulness of the CHO cell assay in quantitative measurement of antitoxic immunity is thus demonstrated.", "PMID": 323378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8860", "title": "Clinical and laboratory assessment of the pathogenicity of serotyped enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.", "content": "Only one of 167 separate isolates of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EEC) was shown to produce enterotoxin, and none of the 167 isolates were invasive. Clinical features of 123 hospitalized children with EEC were compared with those of 917 infants with nonbacterial gastroenteritis and 145 infants infected with Shigella. The average duration of diarrhea (five or more stools per day) in hospitalized children with EEC, nonbacterial gastroenteritis, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella sonnei was 4.6, 2.4, 5.1, and 2.5 days, respectively. The average duration of fever in these four groups was 1.4, 1.2, 2.1, and 1.2 days, respectively. The difference in duration of diarrhea between children with EEC and those with nonbacterial gastroenteritis was significant (P less than 0.001), even when age and rural/urban origin were controlled by analysis of variance. Nevertheless, the EEC group tended to be younger and to have a higher proportion of infants of rural origin. Although it appears that EEC serotypes rarely identify invasive or enterotoxin-producing organisms, clinical features of infants with EEC-associated gastroenteritis suggest that these infants may represent a distinctive and clinically important group with gastroenteritis of greater severity than nonbacterial gastroenteritis.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory assessment of the pathogenicity of serotyped enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Only one of 167 separate isolates of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EEC) was shown to produce enterotoxin, and none of the 167 isolates were invasive. Clinical features of 123 hospitalized children with EEC were compared with those of 917 infants with nonbacterial gastroenteritis and 145 infants infected with Shigella. The average duration of diarrhea (five or more stools per day) in hospitalized children with EEC, nonbacterial gastroenteritis, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella sonnei was 4.6, 2.4, 5.1, and 2.5 days, respectively. The average duration of fever in these four groups was 1.4, 1.2, 2.1, and 1.2 days, respectively. The difference in duration of diarrhea between children with EEC and those with nonbacterial gastroenteritis was significant (P less than 0.001), even when age and rural/urban origin were controlled by analysis of variance. Nevertheless, the EEC group tended to be younger and to have a higher proportion of infants of rural origin. Although it appears that EEC serotypes rarely identify invasive or enterotoxin-producing organisms, clinical features of infants with EEC-associated gastroenteritis suggest that these infants may represent a distinctive and clinically important group with gastroenteritis of greater severity than nonbacterial gastroenteritis.", "PMID": 323379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8861", "title": "Emergence of resistance to chloramphenicol in salmonella.", "content": "Surveillance of antibiotic resistance of salmonella isolates from humans in the north-eastern United States has detected resistance to chloramphenicol on eight occasions, three of which were hospital outbreaks. Resistance was developed during treatment in five instances, and in another resistance this situation was suspected. On two other occasions chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella appear to have been imported from outside the country. Common features of the cases were multiple antibiotic resistance, transfer of R-factor, simultaneous presence of different patterns of resistance, similar patterns of antibiotic resistance in other intestinal bacteria, and apparent in vivo and in vitro loss of resistance to chloramphenicol with time.", "contents": "Emergence of resistance to chloramphenicol in salmonella. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance of salmonella isolates from humans in the north-eastern United States has detected resistance to chloramphenicol on eight occasions, three of which were hospital outbreaks. Resistance was developed during treatment in five instances, and in another resistance this situation was suspected. On two other occasions chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella appear to have been imported from outside the country. Common features of the cases were multiple antibiotic resistance, transfer of R-factor, simultaneous presence of different patterns of resistance, similar patterns of antibiotic resistance in other intestinal bacteria, and apparent in vivo and in vitro loss of resistance to chloramphenicol with time.", "PMID": 323380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8862", "title": "Protective effects of passively transferred immune T- or B-lymphocytes in mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Purified populations of bone marrow-derived (B-) lymphocytes and thymus-derived (T-) lymphocytes were obtained from C3D2F1 hybrid mice shown to be immune to Salmonella typhimurium. These subpopulations of lymphocytes were injected into normal mice; four days later the animals were challenged with 50 50% lethal doses of S. typhimurium, and viable bacteria in livers, spleens, and blood were counted at various intervals after challenge. On day 8 after challenge, the mice supplemented with B-lymphocytes showed a significant decrease in the number of organisms recovered from all three sites, compared with that seen in recipients of T-lymphocytes and in controls. The mice given B-lymphocytes showed a better rate of survival (65%) than mice that received only T-lymphocytes (21%) or T-lymphocyte fractions contaminated 10%-30% with B-lymphocytes (49%). These data indicate that, although the humoral response is not totally protective, it does play an important role in the suppression of the infection during its early stages.", "contents": "Protective effects of passively transferred immune T- or B-lymphocytes in mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Purified populations of bone marrow-derived (B-) lymphocytes and thymus-derived (T-) lymphocytes were obtained from C3D2F1 hybrid mice shown to be immune to Salmonella typhimurium. These subpopulations of lymphocytes were injected into normal mice; four days later the animals were challenged with 50 50% lethal doses of S. typhimurium, and viable bacteria in livers, spleens, and blood were counted at various intervals after challenge. On day 8 after challenge, the mice supplemented with B-lymphocytes showed a significant decrease in the number of organisms recovered from all three sites, compared with that seen in recipients of T-lymphocytes and in controls. The mice given B-lymphocytes showed a better rate of survival (65%) than mice that received only T-lymphocytes (21%) or T-lymphocyte fractions contaminated 10%-30% with B-lymphocytes (49%). These data indicate that, although the humoral response is not totally protective, it does play an important role in the suppression of the infection during its early stages.", "PMID": 323381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8863", "title": "Quantitative venographic assessment of deep vein thrombosis in the evaluation of streptokinase and heparin therapy.", "content": "A technique of quantitative venography has been developed in which values are assigned to the deep veins of the calf, knee, thigh, and pelvis, based upon the calculated volume and degree of occlusion of these venous segments. A maximum score of 40 units reflects complete thrombosis of all segments. This technique has been applied to a randomized, single-blind study of streptokinase versus heparin treatment. Each group of 12 patients had similar mean inital venographic scores; follow-up venograms were performed 5 days after the start of therapy. Streptokinase patients with high initial scores (larger than 20) showed a mean improvement of 12.1 units, while those with low initial scores(less than 20) were essentially unchanged. Heparin patients with high scores had a minimal mean improvement of 1.1 units, but those with low scores had a significant mean extension of thrombosis of 8.6 units. Patients with symptoms for less than 7 days showed greated mean improvement (12.7 units) with streptokinase that those with a longer duration of symptoms (2.0 units); heparin patients in these subgroups showed a mean worsening of 7.5 units and no change, respectively. Extrinsic venous obstruction by tumor did not prevent an excellent response to streptokinase. No single test of coagulation of fibriolysis was a reliable indicator of the degree of venographic response to lytic therapy. Pyrexia and hemorrhagic complications occurred in over one-half of the streptokinase patients; one had an anaphylactic reaction, and one died of intracerebral hemorrhage during therapy. The data suggest that lytic therapy is best restricted to the patient with acute extensive thrombosis. Also, continuous infusions of heparin according to current guidelines may be inadequate to prevent thrombus growth in some patients.", "contents": "Quantitative venographic assessment of deep vein thrombosis in the evaluation of streptokinase and heparin therapy. A technique of quantitative venography has been developed in which values are assigned to the deep veins of the calf, knee, thigh, and pelvis, based upon the calculated volume and degree of occlusion of these venous segments. A maximum score of 40 units reflects complete thrombosis of all segments. This technique has been applied to a randomized, single-blind study of streptokinase versus heparin treatment. Each group of 12 patients had similar mean inital venographic scores; follow-up venograms were performed 5 days after the start of therapy. Streptokinase patients with high initial scores (larger than 20) showed a mean improvement of 12.1 units, while those with low initial scores(less than 20) were essentially unchanged. Heparin patients with high scores had a minimal mean improvement of 1.1 units, but those with low scores had a significant mean extension of thrombosis of 8.6 units. Patients with symptoms for less than 7 days showed greated mean improvement (12.7 units) with streptokinase that those with a longer duration of symptoms (2.0 units); heparin patients in these subgroups showed a mean worsening of 7.5 units and no change, respectively. Extrinsic venous obstruction by tumor did not prevent an excellent response to streptokinase. No single test of coagulation of fibriolysis was a reliable indicator of the degree of venographic response to lytic therapy. Pyrexia and hemorrhagic complications occurred in over one-half of the streptokinase patients; one had an anaphylactic reaction, and one died of intracerebral hemorrhage during therapy. The data suggest that lytic therapy is best restricted to the patient with acute extensive thrombosis. Also, continuous infusions of heparin according to current guidelines may be inadequate to prevent thrombus growth in some patients.", "PMID": 323387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8864", "title": "Effects of anterior hypothalamic implantation of gonadal steroids on serum and pituitary gonadotrophins (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) in the castrated male rat.", "content": "Castrated rats were stereotaxically implanted with 1 microng oestradiol benzoate, 5 microng testosterone isobutyrate or, as a control, 10 microng cholesterol, in the hypothalamus. The effects of the steroids on plasma and pituitary gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) were assessed by radioimmunoassay. Our results indicate that, in the male rat, in addition to the arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex, the preoptic suprachiasmatic area is able to control synthesis and secretion of both gonadotrophins, and that it is sensitive to oestradiol and testosterone.", "contents": "Effects of anterior hypothalamic implantation of gonadal steroids on serum and pituitary gonadotrophins (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) in the castrated male rat. Castrated rats were stereotaxically implanted with 1 microng oestradiol benzoate, 5 microng testosterone isobutyrate or, as a control, 10 microng cholesterol, in the hypothalamus. The effects of the steroids on plasma and pituitary gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) were assessed by radioimmunoassay. Our results indicate that, in the male rat, in addition to the arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex, the preoptic suprachiasmatic area is able to control synthesis and secretion of both gonadotrophins, and that it is sensitive to oestradiol and testosterone.", "PMID": 323390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8865", "title": "Steroids and pituitary responsiveness in female, androgenized female and male rats.", "content": "Spontaneous gonadotrophin release and the gonadotrophin response to LH releasing factor (RF) were studied in pro-oestrus, androgenized female and male rats. The animals were either intact or gonadectomized (about 32 h previously) and treated with various steroids. The gonadotrophin response (especially LH) was much lower in intact males and androgenized females than in pro-oestrous females. Oestrogen plus progesterone increased plasma gonadotrophin concentrations and responses in ovariectomized rats, but inhibited the increase in the plasma gonadotrophin concentration and the LH response which followed castration in males. As in the normal female, ovariectomy decreased the LH response but increased the plasma FSH concentration and response in the androgenized female; oestrogen and progesterone had relatively little effect. Apart from reducing the postcastration rise in plasma FSH, testosterone had no significant effect in gonadectomized male or female animals. These results show that the effect of steroids on the gonadotrophin response to LH-RF as well as the spontaneous secretion of gonadotrophin depends upon sexual differentiation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system. Studies with various metabolites of progesterone indicated that the facilitatory action of this steroid could be due, in part, to a 5alpha-reduced derivative.", "contents": "Steroids and pituitary responsiveness in female, androgenized female and male rats. Spontaneous gonadotrophin release and the gonadotrophin response to LH releasing factor (RF) were studied in pro-oestrus, androgenized female and male rats. The animals were either intact or gonadectomized (about 32 h previously) and treated with various steroids. The gonadotrophin response (especially LH) was much lower in intact males and androgenized females than in pro-oestrous females. Oestrogen plus progesterone increased plasma gonadotrophin concentrations and responses in ovariectomized rats, but inhibited the increase in the plasma gonadotrophin concentration and the LH response which followed castration in males. As in the normal female, ovariectomy decreased the LH response but increased the plasma FSH concentration and response in the androgenized female; oestrogen and progesterone had relatively little effect. Apart from reducing the postcastration rise in plasma FSH, testosterone had no significant effect in gonadectomized male or female animals. These results show that the effect of steroids on the gonadotrophin response to LH-RF as well as the spontaneous secretion of gonadotrophin depends upon sexual differentiation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system. Studies with various metabolites of progesterone indicated that the facilitatory action of this steroid could be due, in part, to a 5alpha-reduced derivative.", "PMID": 323391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8866", "title": "Site of modulatory action of oestrogen and progesterone on gonadotrophin response to luteinizing hormone releasing factor.", "content": "The effect of oestrogen and progesterone on the spontaneous release of gonadotrophins and on the gonadotrophin response to luteinizing hormone releasing factor has been examined in female rats subjected to hypothalamic deafferentation or pituitary stalk section. The results indicate that both steroids act at the level of the medial basal hypothalamus as well as the anterior pituitary gland; progesterone, for its full effect, also requires the integrity of connexions of the hypothalamus with other areas of the brain.", "contents": "Site of modulatory action of oestrogen and progesterone on gonadotrophin response to luteinizing hormone releasing factor. The effect of oestrogen and progesterone on the spontaneous release of gonadotrophins and on the gonadotrophin response to luteinizing hormone releasing factor has been examined in female rats subjected to hypothalamic deafferentation or pituitary stalk section. The results indicate that both steroids act at the level of the medial basal hypothalamus as well as the anterior pituitary gland; progesterone, for its full effect, also requires the integrity of connexions of the hypothalamus with other areas of the brain.", "PMID": 323392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8867", "title": "Hormonal effects of tamoxifen in oligospermic men.", "content": "The hormonal effects of tamoxifen (10 mg daily for 6 months) have been studied in nine men with oligospermia. Basal concentrations of serum LH (1-7 +/- 0-1 (S.E.M.) i.u./l) increased to a maximum of 4-1 +/- 1-3 i.u./l (P less than 0-001) after 6 months, and FSH rose from 4-9 +/- 1-0 to a maximum of 7-7 +/- 1-3 i.u./l after 4 months of treatment (P less than 0-01). The response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) was studied at monthly intervals. Sums of increments of serum LH increased from 35 +/- 4 to 92 +/- 17 i.u./l at 4 months (P less than 0-001) and of FSH from 14 +/- 3-4 to 23 +/- 3-5 i.u./l at 4 months (P less than 0-01). Basal serum androgens rose from 25 +/- 2-7 to 38 +/- 2-4 nmol/l after 4 months of treatment (P less than 0-05), and serum oestradiol-17beta increased from 185 +/- 25 to 631 +/- 90 pmol/l by 6 months (P less than 0-001). No significant changes occurred in sperm counts. Five normal men acted as controls: they were given tamoxifen for 1 week. No significant changes were observed in serum LH, FSH or release of these hormones following administration of LH-RH. Serum androgens and oestrogens however, increased significantly by day 4 of treatment (P less than 0-05).", "contents": "Hormonal effects of tamoxifen in oligospermic men. The hormonal effects of tamoxifen (10 mg daily for 6 months) have been studied in nine men with oligospermia. Basal concentrations of serum LH (1-7 +/- 0-1 (S.E.M.) i.u./l) increased to a maximum of 4-1 +/- 1-3 i.u./l (P less than 0-001) after 6 months, and FSH rose from 4-9 +/- 1-0 to a maximum of 7-7 +/- 1-3 i.u./l after 4 months of treatment (P less than 0-01). The response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) was studied at monthly intervals. Sums of increments of serum LH increased from 35 +/- 4 to 92 +/- 17 i.u./l at 4 months (P less than 0-001) and of FSH from 14 +/- 3-4 to 23 +/- 3-5 i.u./l at 4 months (P less than 0-01). Basal serum androgens rose from 25 +/- 2-7 to 38 +/- 2-4 nmol/l after 4 months of treatment (P less than 0-05), and serum oestradiol-17beta increased from 185 +/- 25 to 631 +/- 90 pmol/l by 6 months (P less than 0-001). No significant changes occurred in sperm counts. Five normal men acted as controls: they were given tamoxifen for 1 week. No significant changes were observed in serum LH, FSH or release of these hormones following administration of LH-RH. Serum androgens and oestrogens however, increased significantly by day 4 of treatment (P less than 0-05).", "PMID": 323393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8868", "title": "The hypothalamic centres involved in the control of production and release of prolactin in sheep.", "content": "Lesions made in the anterior medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) in pregnant or lactating ewes caused lack of development of the mammary gland and depressed milk yield, a decrease in plasma prolactin concentration and structural changes in the prolactin cells as manifested by a lack of the expected degranulation (lack of the hormone release) or by atrophic changes and diminished cell granulation (or granule synthesis). Lesions made in the caudal MBH during pregnancy advanced development of the mammary gland, induced a rapid increase in the plasma prolactin concentration and caused extensive degranulation of prolactin cells. These results indicate that at least two functional systems controlling the secretion and production of prolactin exist in the hypothalamus of sheep: an anterior system which is stimulatory and a caudal which is inhibitory.", "contents": "The hypothalamic centres involved in the control of production and release of prolactin in sheep. Lesions made in the anterior medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) in pregnant or lactating ewes caused lack of development of the mammary gland and depressed milk yield, a decrease in plasma prolactin concentration and structural changes in the prolactin cells as manifested by a lack of the expected degranulation (lack of the hormone release) or by atrophic changes and diminished cell granulation (or granule synthesis). Lesions made in the caudal MBH during pregnancy advanced development of the mammary gland, induced a rapid increase in the plasma prolactin concentration and caused extensive degranulation of prolactin cells. These results indicate that at least two functional systems controlling the secretion and production of prolactin exist in the hypothalamus of sheep: an anterior system which is stimulatory and a caudal which is inhibitory.", "PMID": 323394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8869", "title": "Effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on plasma follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels in the ferret.", "content": "Heterologous radioimmunoassays for FSH and LH were employed to examine the effect of synthetic LH-RH upon gonadotrophin secretion in the ferret. Intravenous injection of 4 microng LH-RH induced a surge of FSH and of LH secretion in male and in female animals. In intact and in castrated males, the rise of LH was much more marked than that of FSH. The gonadotrophin response to LH-RH was greater in anoestrous than in oestrous females; FSH secretion was not enhanced during oestrus. Ovariectomized females behaved as anoestrous females with respect to LH secretion, while FSH secretion remained unchanged. Treatment of ovariectomized females with progesterone did not alter the pattern of response to LH-RH, but oestradiol treatment depressed the reaction to match that seen in oestrous females. Repetitive injections of LH-RH induced repetitive surges of FSH and LH in anoestrous females, but only of LH during oestrus: slow i.v. infusion of LH-RH induced a sustained elevation of plasma LH levels both in oestrous and in anoestrous females; again FSH levels rose only in anoestrous females. Injection of synthetic TRH did not alter gonadotrophin secretion in corresponding groups of male or female ferrets.", "contents": "Effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on plasma follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels in the ferret. Heterologous radioimmunoassays for FSH and LH were employed to examine the effect of synthetic LH-RH upon gonadotrophin secretion in the ferret. Intravenous injection of 4 microng LH-RH induced a surge of FSH and of LH secretion in male and in female animals. In intact and in castrated males, the rise of LH was much more marked than that of FSH. The gonadotrophin response to LH-RH was greater in anoestrous than in oestrous females; FSH secretion was not enhanced during oestrus. Ovariectomized females behaved as anoestrous females with respect to LH secretion, while FSH secretion remained unchanged. Treatment of ovariectomized females with progesterone did not alter the pattern of response to LH-RH, but oestradiol treatment depressed the reaction to match that seen in oestrous females. Repetitive injections of LH-RH induced repetitive surges of FSH and LH in anoestrous females, but only of LH during oestrus: slow i.v. infusion of LH-RH induced a sustained elevation of plasma LH levels both in oestrous and in anoestrous females; again FSH levels rose only in anoestrous females. Injection of synthetic TRH did not alter gonadotrophin secretion in corresponding groups of male or female ferrets.", "PMID": 323395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8870", "title": "Evaluation of the technique of immunosurgery for the isolation of inner cell masses from mouse blastocysts.", "content": "Inner cell masses (ICMs) immunosurgically-isolated from 31/2-day mouse blastocysts were examined for trophoblast cell contamination and developmental capacity. Blastocysts were preincubated in rabbit anti-mouse antiserum, washed thoroughly and then incubated in complement. The ICMs were then easily dissected by drawing through a fine pipette. Various experiments confirmed that the trophectoderm had been completely removed by this treatment. Firstly, the ICMs did not bind a fluorescein-conjugated antibody directed against rabbit IgG, indicating the absence of cells exposed to the rabbit antiserum during the immunosurgical procedure. Secondly, ICMs dissected from blastocysts preincubated in a suspension of melanin granules did not include any of the trophoblast cells that had phagocytosed the granules. And, thirdly, the protein synthetic profile of these ICMs was similar to microsurgically dissected ICMs, and in particular, trophoblast specific spots were absent. The developmental capacity of immunosurgically-isolated ICMs was tested by injecting them into blastocysts and transferring to the uterus of 2 1/2-day pseudopregnant recipients. Extensive chimaerism was detected in the majority of implants, 5-6 days after transfer, but only in ICM-derived tissues. This demonstrates both the lack of trophoblast cell contamination and functional viability of these ICMs.", "contents": "Evaluation of the technique of immunosurgery for the isolation of inner cell masses from mouse blastocysts. Inner cell masses (ICMs) immunosurgically-isolated from 31/2-day mouse blastocysts were examined for trophoblast cell contamination and developmental capacity. Blastocysts were preincubated in rabbit anti-mouse antiserum, washed thoroughly and then incubated in complement. The ICMs were then easily dissected by drawing through a fine pipette. Various experiments confirmed that the trophectoderm had been completely removed by this treatment. Firstly, the ICMs did not bind a fluorescein-conjugated antibody directed against rabbit IgG, indicating the absence of cells exposed to the rabbit antiserum during the immunosurgical procedure. Secondly, ICMs dissected from blastocysts preincubated in a suspension of melanin granules did not include any of the trophoblast cells that had phagocytosed the granules. And, thirdly, the protein synthetic profile of these ICMs was similar to microsurgically dissected ICMs, and in particular, trophoblast specific spots were absent. The developmental capacity of immunosurgically-isolated ICMs was tested by injecting them into blastocysts and transferring to the uterus of 2 1/2-day pseudopregnant recipients. Extensive chimaerism was detected in the majority of implants, 5-6 days after transfer, but only in ICM-derived tissues. This demonstrates both the lack of trophoblast cell contamination and functional viability of these ICMs.", "PMID": 323398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8871", "title": "The presence of two Fc receptors on mouse macrophages: evidence from a variant cell line and differential trypsin sensitivity.", "content": "A stable variant of a clone of the P388D1 macrophage line was isolated using four cycles of treatment with mouse IgG2a-rabbit anti-kappa complexes and rabbit complement. The variant had the same Ka and about the same number of sites per cell for IgG2a as the parent line. However, the variant had 10% as many binding sites for rabbit IgG in soluble antigen-antibody complexes, and the affinity of binding was threefold higher. This change in binding of complexes to cells of a cloned line without alternation of IgG2a binding provides evidence for the presence of two distinct Fc receptors. The two receptors could also be distiguished on the P388D1 line and on thioglycollate-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages by differential sensitivity to trypsinization. The receptors that bind monomeric IgG2a, sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) covalently bound with IgG2a or rabbit IgG using glutaraldehyde, and Sephadex beads coupled with IgG2a or rabbit IgG using cyanogen bromide activitation, is sensitive to trypsinization. The receptor that binds soluble rabbit antibody-antigen complexes, trinitrophenyl-SRBC and dinitrophenyl(DNP)-bovine serum albumin Sephadex beads coated with rabbit anti-DNP IgG is trypsin resitant, the observation that uncomplexed rabbit IgG oes not bind to the trypsin-resistant receptor, whereas the same IgG bound to its antigen does, suggests that conformational changes induced by the binding of ligand may be of consequence in macrophage function.", "contents": "The presence of two Fc receptors on mouse macrophages: evidence from a variant cell line and differential trypsin sensitivity. A stable variant of a clone of the P388D1 macrophage line was isolated using four cycles of treatment with mouse IgG2a-rabbit anti-kappa complexes and rabbit complement. The variant had the same Ka and about the same number of sites per cell for IgG2a as the parent line. However, the variant had 10% as many binding sites for rabbit IgG in soluble antigen-antibody complexes, and the affinity of binding was threefold higher. This change in binding of complexes to cells of a cloned line without alternation of IgG2a binding provides evidence for the presence of two distinct Fc receptors. The two receptors could also be distiguished on the P388D1 line and on thioglycollate-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages by differential sensitivity to trypsinization. The receptors that bind monomeric IgG2a, sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) covalently bound with IgG2a or rabbit IgG using glutaraldehyde, and Sephadex beads coupled with IgG2a or rabbit IgG using cyanogen bromide activitation, is sensitive to trypsinization. The receptor that binds soluble rabbit antibody-antigen complexes, trinitrophenyl-SRBC and dinitrophenyl(DNP)-bovine serum albumin Sephadex beads coated with rabbit anti-DNP IgG is trypsin resitant, the observation that uncomplexed rabbit IgG oes not bind to the trypsin-resistant receptor, whereas the same IgG bound to its antigen does, suggests that conformational changes induced by the binding of ligand may be of consequence in macrophage function.", "PMID": 323399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8872", "title": "Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in mice injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharides: identificantion of circulating DNA and renal localization of DNA-anti-DNA complexes.", "content": "After injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in mice, there is first a release of DNA into plasma and secondly an induction of anti-DNA antibodies. The circulating DNA was purified from plasma and physico-immunochemically characterized. This DNA has a similar density to mammalian cellular DNA,is 4--6S insize, and probably represents a mixture of single-stranded DNA (SSDNA) and double-stranded DNA (DSDNA) or DSDNA with some single-stranded regions. This purified DNA was shown to react with anti-DNA antibodies which appeared as early as 3 days after a single injection of LPS in mice. In serum, DNA-anti-DNA complexes were not detected, although unidentified circulating immune complex-like material was demonstrated 5-8 days after the injection of LPS. In tissues, particularly in renal glomeruli, fine granular immune complex-type immunoglobulin deposits appeared along the glomerular capillary walls and in the mesangium 3 days after the injection of LPS. There is a direct correlation between the level of anti-DNA antibodies and the intensity of glomerular deposits and about 40% of immunoglobulins eluted from kidneys are anti-DNA antibodies, indicating that some of the immune complexes localized in kidneys are DNA-anti-DNA complexes. Based on these observations, the following hypothetical mechanism for the glomerular localization of DNA-anti-DNA complexes after the injection of LPS in mice is proposed. First, DNA, which has been released in circulating blood after injection of LPS, might bind to renal glomeruli, probably on glomerular basement membranes (GBM) through a high affinity of GBM for DNA; secondly, circulating anti-DNA antibodies, which appear later, might react with the glomerular-bound DNA and form immune complexes independently of circulating immune complexes. However, the possibility of direct deposition of immune complexes is not ruled out.", "contents": "Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in mice injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharides: identificantion of circulating DNA and renal localization of DNA-anti-DNA complexes. After injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in mice, there is first a release of DNA into plasma and secondly an induction of anti-DNA antibodies. The circulating DNA was purified from plasma and physico-immunochemically characterized. This DNA has a similar density to mammalian cellular DNA,is 4--6S insize, and probably represents a mixture of single-stranded DNA (SSDNA) and double-stranded DNA (DSDNA) or DSDNA with some single-stranded regions. This purified DNA was shown to react with anti-DNA antibodies which appeared as early as 3 days after a single injection of LPS in mice. In serum, DNA-anti-DNA complexes were not detected, although unidentified circulating immune complex-like material was demonstrated 5-8 days after the injection of LPS. In tissues, particularly in renal glomeruli, fine granular immune complex-type immunoglobulin deposits appeared along the glomerular capillary walls and in the mesangium 3 days after the injection of LPS. There is a direct correlation between the level of anti-DNA antibodies and the intensity of glomerular deposits and about 40% of immunoglobulins eluted from kidneys are anti-DNA antibodies, indicating that some of the immune complexes localized in kidneys are DNA-anti-DNA complexes. Based on these observations, the following hypothetical mechanism for the glomerular localization of DNA-anti-DNA complexes after the injection of LPS in mice is proposed. First, DNA, which has been released in circulating blood after injection of LPS, might bind to renal glomeruli, probably on glomerular basement membranes (GBM) through a high affinity of GBM for DNA; secondly, circulating anti-DNA antibodies, which appear later, might react with the glomerular-bound DNA and form immune complexes independently of circulating immune complexes. However, the possibility of direct deposition of immune complexes is not ruled out.", "PMID": 323400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8873", "title": "Recirculating, suppressor T cells in transplantation tolerance.", "content": "An adoptive transfer system was used to examine the capacity of cellular inocula from rats fully tolerant of Ag-B antigens to transfer tolerance to irradiated recipients. Permanent tolerance in these irradiated recipients involved specific suppression of the regenerating immune response. Cells obtained from tissues rich in recirculating lymphocytes were the most effective suppressors. Highly purified inocula of T cells from tolerant donors were potent suppressors in irradiated hosts, but were not capable of direct suppression of peripheral antigen-sensitive T cells.. The role of the thymus in maintaining the complement of recirculating suppressor T cells in tolerant animals was examined after adult thymectomy. Thymectomized tolerant rats did not reject their tolerated grafts, and the longevity of the suppression in tolerant rats was confirmed by showing that adoptive transfer of cells from thymectomized tolerant donors was effective in suppressing irradiated recipients up to 180 days after thymectomy. Cellular inocula from these donors appeared to lose their suppressor function marginally faster than they lost effector function (as measured by their capacity to mediate rejection of third party control grafts). Thymectomy made tolerant rats more vulnerable to the termination of tolerance by challenge with normal cells. Transplantation tolerance is maintained in adult rats by long-lived rapidly recirculating suppressor T cells. The target for the suppressor action of these cells is probably the precursor of alloantigen-sensitive lymphocytes, and the effect of suppression may be deletion or inactivation of the relevant clone of these cells.", "contents": "Recirculating, suppressor T cells in transplantation tolerance. An adoptive transfer system was used to examine the capacity of cellular inocula from rats fully tolerant of Ag-B antigens to transfer tolerance to irradiated recipients. Permanent tolerance in these irradiated recipients involved specific suppression of the regenerating immune response. Cells obtained from tissues rich in recirculating lymphocytes were the most effective suppressors. Highly purified inocula of T cells from tolerant donors were potent suppressors in irradiated hosts, but were not capable of direct suppression of peripheral antigen-sensitive T cells.. The role of the thymus in maintaining the complement of recirculating suppressor T cells in tolerant animals was examined after adult thymectomy. Thymectomized tolerant rats did not reject their tolerated grafts, and the longevity of the suppression in tolerant rats was confirmed by showing that adoptive transfer of cells from thymectomized tolerant donors was effective in suppressing irradiated recipients up to 180 days after thymectomy. Cellular inocula from these donors appeared to lose their suppressor function marginally faster than they lost effector function (as measured by their capacity to mediate rejection of third party control grafts). Thymectomy made tolerant rats more vulnerable to the termination of tolerance by challenge with normal cells. Transplantation tolerance is maintained in adult rats by long-lived rapidly recirculating suppressor T cells. The target for the suppressor action of these cells is probably the precursor of alloantigen-sensitive lymphocytes, and the effect of suppression may be deletion or inactivation of the relevant clone of these cells.", "PMID": 323401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8874", "title": "The relationship between surface immunoglobulin isotype and immune function of murine B lymphocytes. I. Surface immunoglobulin isotypes on primed B cells in the spleen.", "content": "We investigated the ability of IgM-, IgD-, and IgG-bearing cells from the spleens of (BALB/c x C57BL/Ka)F1 mice primed to dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) to restore the adoptive secondary anti-BSA and anti-DNP antibody responses. A rabbit anti-mouse IgD antiserum was prepared and the specificity documented by radioimmunoprecipitation, and cell surface staining. Purified populations of IgM-, IgD-, and IgG-bearing cells were prepared by immunofluorescent staining with isotype-specific reagents, and sorting on the fluorescence activated cell sorter. Bright or dull cells were transferred to irradiated syngeneic recipients which were challenged with DNP-BSA in saline. Unfractionated spleen cells restored an adoptive secondary serum antibody response which was all IgG (2-mercaptoethanol resistant). Purified IgM- or IgD-bearing cells restored both the secondary IgM and IgG antibody response. IgG-bearing cells restored only the IgG response. In addition, the IgG-bearing cells appear to suppress the adoptive secondary IgM response, since depletion of IgG-bearing cells from transferred spleen cells results in a marked increase in the adoptive IgM response.", "contents": "The relationship between surface immunoglobulin isotype and immune function of murine B lymphocytes. I. Surface immunoglobulin isotypes on primed B cells in the spleen. We investigated the ability of IgM-, IgD-, and IgG-bearing cells from the spleens of (BALB/c x C57BL/Ka)F1 mice primed to dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) to restore the adoptive secondary anti-BSA and anti-DNP antibody responses. A rabbit anti-mouse IgD antiserum was prepared and the specificity documented by radioimmunoprecipitation, and cell surface staining. Purified populations of IgM-, IgD-, and IgG-bearing cells were prepared by immunofluorescent staining with isotype-specific reagents, and sorting on the fluorescence activated cell sorter. Bright or dull cells were transferred to irradiated syngeneic recipients which were challenged with DNP-BSA in saline. Unfractionated spleen cells restored an adoptive secondary serum antibody response which was all IgG (2-mercaptoethanol resistant). Purified IgM- or IgD-bearing cells restored both the secondary IgM and IgG antibody response. IgG-bearing cells restored only the IgG response. In addition, the IgG-bearing cells appear to suppress the adoptive secondary IgM response, since depletion of IgG-bearing cells from transferred spleen cells results in a marked increase in the adoptive IgM response.", "PMID": 323402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8875", "title": "The relationship between surface immunoglobulin isotype and immune function of murine B lymphocytes II. Surface immunoglobulin isotopes on unprimed B cells in the spleen.", "content": "We investigated the ability of IgM-, IgD-, and IgG-bearing cells from the spleens of unprimed (BALB/c x C57BL/Ka)F1 mice to restore the adoptive primary anti-BSA and anti-DNP antibody responses. Purified populations of isotype-specific cells were prepared by immunofluorescent staining and sorting on the fluorescence activated cell sorter. Bright or dull cells were transferred to irradiated syngeneic recipients which were challenged with DNP-BSA in complete Freund's adjuvant. Unfractionated spleen cells as well as IgM- and IgD-bearing cells restored the adoptive primary IgM and IgG antibody response. IgG-bearing cells restored a vigorous adoptive response which was all IgG (2-mercaptoethanol resistant). Depletion of IgG-bearing cells markedly increased the adoptive IgM response, and depletion of IgM-bearing cells markedly increased the IgG response. However, depletion of IgD-bearing cells resulted in a considerable reduction in the IgG response. The latter finding indicates that there is a subpopulation of IgD-bearing cells which express little or no surface IgM and which make a considerable contribution to the adoptive primary IgG response.", "contents": "The relationship between surface immunoglobulin isotype and immune function of murine B lymphocytes II. Surface immunoglobulin isotopes on unprimed B cells in the spleen. We investigated the ability of IgM-, IgD-, and IgG-bearing cells from the spleens of unprimed (BALB/c x C57BL/Ka)F1 mice to restore the adoptive primary anti-BSA and anti-DNP antibody responses. Purified populations of isotype-specific cells were prepared by immunofluorescent staining and sorting on the fluorescence activated cell sorter. Bright or dull cells were transferred to irradiated syngeneic recipients which were challenged with DNP-BSA in complete Freund's adjuvant. Unfractionated spleen cells as well as IgM- and IgD-bearing cells restored the adoptive primary IgM and IgG antibody response. IgG-bearing cells restored a vigorous adoptive response which was all IgG (2-mercaptoethanol resistant). Depletion of IgG-bearing cells markedly increased the adoptive IgM response, and depletion of IgM-bearing cells markedly increased the IgG response. However, depletion of IgD-bearing cells resulted in a considerable reduction in the IgG response. The latter finding indicates that there is a subpopulation of IgD-bearing cells which express little or no surface IgM and which make a considerable contribution to the adoptive primary IgG response.", "PMID": 323403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8876", "title": "Mechanism of T-cell help in the immune response to soluble protein antigens. I. Evidence for in situ generation and action of T-cell-replacing factor during the anamnestic response to dinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin in vitro.", "content": "The involvement of a nonantigen-specific T-helper factor in the anamnestic immune response to dinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin is demonstrated employing cultures of unseparated spleen cell populations. In such cultures of primed and boosted spleen cells, a good IgG anti-DNP response could be obtained if the hapten was presented on a heterologous carrier, provided that the homologous carrier was added simultaneously. T-cell depletion and reconstitution experiments show that such a factor, presumably identical with T-cell-replacing factor is produced by primed helper cells upon rechallenge and helps primed B cells, stimulated by soluble heterologous carrier hapten conjugates, to become IgG-secreting cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of T-cell help in the immune response to soluble protein antigens. I. Evidence for in situ generation and action of T-cell-replacing factor during the anamnestic response to dinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin in vitro. The involvement of a nonantigen-specific T-helper factor in the anamnestic immune response to dinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin is demonstrated employing cultures of unseparated spleen cell populations. In such cultures of primed and boosted spleen cells, a good IgG anti-DNP response could be obtained if the hapten was presented on a heterologous carrier, provided that the homologous carrier was added simultaneously. T-cell depletion and reconstitution experiments show that such a factor, presumably identical with T-cell-replacing factor is produced by primed helper cells upon rechallenge and helps primed B cells, stimulated by soluble heterologous carrier hapten conjugates, to become IgG-secreting cells.", "PMID": 323404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8877", "title": "Mechanism of T-cell help in the immune response to soluble protein antigens II. Reconstitution of primary and secondary in vitro immune responses to dinitrophenyl-carrier conjugates by T-cell-replacing factor.", "content": "Spleen cells of dinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNPKLH) primed and boosted mice produced a nonantigen-specific helper factor upon in vitro challenge with DNPKLH. This helper factor displays all of the biological characteristics so far described for TRF produced by allogeneic or Concanavalin A stimulation of mouse spleen cells. It restores the primary anti-SRBC response in nude spleen cultures following the same kinetics of action as T-cell-replacing factor (TRF). Conversely, TRF restores the primary in vitro immune response of nude spleen cultures to DNPKLH. TRF also restores the secondary anti-hapten IgG response of T-cell-deprived spleen cell cultures derived from DNPKLH primed and boosted mice. Here the need for carrier specificity is fully overcome. The data therefore suggest that TRF, as a nonantigen-specific maturation signal, is involved in the primary and secondary immune responses to both particulate and soluble antigens.", "contents": "Mechanism of T-cell help in the immune response to soluble protein antigens II. Reconstitution of primary and secondary in vitro immune responses to dinitrophenyl-carrier conjugates by T-cell-replacing factor. Spleen cells of dinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNPKLH) primed and boosted mice produced a nonantigen-specific helper factor upon in vitro challenge with DNPKLH. This helper factor displays all of the biological characteristics so far described for TRF produced by allogeneic or Concanavalin A stimulation of mouse spleen cells. It restores the primary anti-SRBC response in nude spleen cultures following the same kinetics of action as T-cell-replacing factor (TRF). Conversely, TRF restores the primary in vitro immune response of nude spleen cultures to DNPKLH. TRF also restores the secondary anti-hapten IgG response of T-cell-deprived spleen cell cultures derived from DNPKLH primed and boosted mice. Here the need for carrier specificity is fully overcome. The data therefore suggest that TRF, as a nonantigen-specific maturation signal, is involved in the primary and secondary immune responses to both particulate and soluble antigens.", "PMID": 323405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8878", "title": "Induction of autoimmunity in good and poor responder mice with mouse thyroglobulin and lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The administration of soluble mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) in conjunction with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to the termination of natural tolerance to MTg in mice. The extent of autoimmunity correlated with responsiveness to MTg, previously shown by the injection of MTg in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to be dependent upon the H-2 haplotype. In good responder B10.BR (H-2k) mice given MTg either with LPS or in CFA, high antibody levels to MTg and extensive mononuclear cell infiltration in the thyroid were observed. In contrast, congenic poor responder B10.D2 (H-2d) mice given MTg plus LPS showed low levels of antibody to MTg, compared to those receiving MTg in CFA, and insignificant cellular infiltration of the thyroid. In no instance did autoimmunity develop in either good or poor responder strain given MTg, LPS, or CFA along although LPS was antigenic in both of these congenic strains. Since the genetic difference in responsiveness to MTg is known to be T-cell based, the involvement of T cells in LPS-treated mice was suspected. This was further ascertained by the use of athymic poor responder (BALB/c) mice and thymectomized, irradiated, and bone marrow-reconstituted B10.BR mice. Antibodies to MTg were detected only in heterozygous (nu/+) mice and good responder mice reconstituted with both thymus and bone marrow cells. In addition, significant cellular infiltration in the thyroid occurred only in fully reconstituted good responder mice. Thus, the adjuvant effect of LPS on responsiveness to MTg required T cells. Since unmodified MTg and LPS abrogated selftolerance to MTg, the need for cross-reactive T cells could be excluded. These observations suggest the presence of self-reactive T cells.", "contents": "Induction of autoimmunity in good and poor responder mice with mouse thyroglobulin and lipopolysaccharide. The administration of soluble mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) in conjunction with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to the termination of natural tolerance to MTg in mice. The extent of autoimmunity correlated with responsiveness to MTg, previously shown by the injection of MTg in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to be dependent upon the H-2 haplotype. In good responder B10.BR (H-2k) mice given MTg either with LPS or in CFA, high antibody levels to MTg and extensive mononuclear cell infiltration in the thyroid were observed. In contrast, congenic poor responder B10.D2 (H-2d) mice given MTg plus LPS showed low levels of antibody to MTg, compared to those receiving MTg in CFA, and insignificant cellular infiltration of the thyroid. In no instance did autoimmunity develop in either good or poor responder strain given MTg, LPS, or CFA along although LPS was antigenic in both of these congenic strains. Since the genetic difference in responsiveness to MTg is known to be T-cell based, the involvement of T cells in LPS-treated mice was suspected. This was further ascertained by the use of athymic poor responder (BALB/c) mice and thymectomized, irradiated, and bone marrow-reconstituted B10.BR mice. Antibodies to MTg were detected only in heterozygous (nu/+) mice and good responder mice reconstituted with both thymus and bone marrow cells. In addition, significant cellular infiltration in the thyroid occurred only in fully reconstituted good responder mice. Thus, the adjuvant effect of LPS on responsiveness to MTg required T cells. Since unmodified MTg and LPS abrogated selftolerance to MTg, the need for cross-reactive T cells could be excluded. These observations suggest the presence of self-reactive T cells.", "PMID": 323406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8879", "title": "Restriction of primary responses to the IgG class and dependency of IgM responses on secondary immunization for the copolymers of L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine, and L-alanine.", "content": "Primary responses to the linear polymers of L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine, and L-alanine are restricted to the IgG class of antibodies. The appearance of specific IgM antibodies against these antigens is dependent upon secondary immunization, in contrast to many classical antigenic systems. The presence of an IgM response was verified by a direct plaque-forming cell assay, the inhibition of direct plaques by an antiserum specific for mouse micron-chain, and the physical separation of IgM and IgG GAT-specific antibodies by gel filtration. Preimmunization of the appropriate nonresponder strain with GAT or GT inhibits both the secondary IgM and IgG responses to GAT-MBSA and GT-MBSA, respectively. The tolerance observed is due to the induction of suppressor cells as demonstrated by cell transfer experiments.", "contents": "Restriction of primary responses to the IgG class and dependency of IgM responses on secondary immunization for the copolymers of L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine, and L-alanine. Primary responses to the linear polymers of L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine, and L-alanine are restricted to the IgG class of antibodies. The appearance of specific IgM antibodies against these antigens is dependent upon secondary immunization, in contrast to many classical antigenic systems. The presence of an IgM response was verified by a direct plaque-forming cell assay, the inhibition of direct plaques by an antiserum specific for mouse micron-chain, and the physical separation of IgM and IgG GAT-specific antibodies by gel filtration. Preimmunization of the appropriate nonresponder strain with GAT or GT inhibits both the secondary IgM and IgG responses to GAT-MBSA and GT-MBSA, respectively. The tolerance observed is due to the induction of suppressor cells as demonstrated by cell transfer experiments.", "PMID": 323407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8880", "title": "[The mechanization of the enzyme immunological determination of phenytoine with the Centrifichem (author's transl)].", "content": "The separation of free from bound antigen is not required in homogeneous enzyme immunoassays (EMIT). Therefore this technique can easily be mechanized. For the mechanization of the enzyme immunological determination of serum levels of Phenytoine the fast analyzer (CENTRIFICHEM) was found most satisfactory in our laboratory. The marked advantages over manual methods are: 1. The amount of sample and reagents needed can be reduced by half. 2. The intra- and interassay variance are significantly better compared to values found with manual techniques. 3. 60 samples can be determined in duplicate in under two hours.", "contents": "[The mechanization of the enzyme immunological determination of phenytoine with the Centrifichem (author's transl)]. The separation of free from bound antigen is not required in homogeneous enzyme immunoassays (EMIT). Therefore this technique can easily be mechanized. For the mechanization of the enzyme immunological determination of serum levels of Phenytoine the fast analyzer (CENTRIFICHEM) was found most satisfactory in our laboratory. The marked advantages over manual methods are: 1. The amount of sample and reagents needed can be reduced by half. 2. The intra- and interassay variance are significantly better compared to values found with manual techniques. 3. 60 samples can be determined in duplicate in under two hours.", "PMID": 323409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8881", "title": "Redistribution of myosin accompanying capping of surface Ig.", "content": "The capping of surface Ig on B cells occurs with a striking redistribution of cytoplasmic myosin. Our results suggest a close association between surface Ig and myosin which could be the basis for Ig redistribution and stimulated motility.", "contents": "Redistribution of myosin accompanying capping of surface Ig. The capping of surface Ig on B cells occurs with a striking redistribution of cytoplasmic myosin. Our results suggest a close association between surface Ig and myosin which could be the basis for Ig redistribution and stimulated motility.", "PMID": 323408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8882", "title": "Epidermal-dermal tissue interactions between mutant foot skin and normal back skin: a comparison of the inductive capacities of scaleless low line and normal anterior foot dermis.", "content": "The inductive capacities of 9- to 16-day anterior foot dermis of scaleless low line and normal embryos were compared by recombining them with a common source of epidermis, i.e., 7-day normal back epidermis. Tissue recombinants were cultured as grafts to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Both normal and scaleless low line dermis of 12 to 13 days of incubation began to lose their ability to elicit feather production in 7-day normal back epidermis. Normal foot dermis began to elicit scale production at 12 to 13 days, whereas scaleless low line anterior foot dermis maintained feather production at a low level. It is inferred that without being associated with scale placode formation, scaleless low line anterior foot dermis does not acquire specific inductive capacities related to the production of an outer scale surface in the overlying epidermis. Feather placodes do not function as surrogates of scale placodes. The difference between normal and scaleless low line anterior foot dermis in terms of specific inductive capacities related to scale production is interpreted as a secondary effect of the action of the scaleless allele in interfering with scale placode formation in the scaleless low line anterior foot epidermis.", "contents": "Epidermal-dermal tissue interactions between mutant foot skin and normal back skin: a comparison of the inductive capacities of scaleless low line and normal anterior foot dermis. The inductive capacities of 9- to 16-day anterior foot dermis of scaleless low line and normal embryos were compared by recombining them with a common source of epidermis, i.e., 7-day normal back epidermis. Tissue recombinants were cultured as grafts to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Both normal and scaleless low line dermis of 12 to 13 days of incubation began to lose their ability to elicit feather production in 7-day normal back epidermis. Normal foot dermis began to elicit scale production at 12 to 13 days, whereas scaleless low line anterior foot dermis maintained feather production at a low level. It is inferred that without being associated with scale placode formation, scaleless low line anterior foot dermis does not acquire specific inductive capacities related to the production of an outer scale surface in the overlying epidermis. Feather placodes do not function as surrogates of scale placodes. The difference between normal and scaleless low line anterior foot dermis in terms of specific inductive capacities related to scale production is interpreted as a secondary effect of the action of the scaleless allele in interfering with scale placode formation in the scaleless low line anterior foot epidermis.", "PMID": 323410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8883", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of acrosin in mammalian spermatozoa (1).", "content": "Acrosin was detected by immunofluorescence in the spermatozoan acrosomes of artiodactyla (bull, ram and boar), perissodactyla (horse), carnivora (dog and cat), lagomorpha (rabbit) and primates (human) using anti-bovine acrosin immunoglobulins. The results indicate that the acrosin molecules of several mammalian species possess antigenic similarities.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of acrosin in mammalian spermatozoa (1). Acrosin was detected by immunofluorescence in the spermatozoan acrosomes of artiodactyla (bull, ram and boar), perissodactyla (horse), carnivora (dog and cat), lagomorpha (rabbit) and primates (human) using anti-bovine acrosin immunoglobulins. The results indicate that the acrosin molecules of several mammalian species possess antigenic similarities.", "PMID": 323411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8884", "title": "The enzymic degradation of an alkali-soluble glucan from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "An alkali-soluble glucan from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC1109 has been hydrolysed with a purified endo-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanase and an endo-(1 leads to 6)-beta-D-glucanase from Bacillus circulans WL-12. The products of enzyme action include various oligosaccharide and polysaccharide fractions which have been separated by gel filtration and characterized, giving new information on the fine structure of the glucan. The isolated cell walls have also been subjected to enzymic hydrolysis. The results suggest that part of the cell-wall mannan is held in place by a glucan component.", "contents": "The enzymic degradation of an alkali-soluble glucan from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An alkali-soluble glucan from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC1109 has been hydrolysed with a purified endo-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanase and an endo-(1 leads to 6)-beta-D-glucanase from Bacillus circulans WL-12. The products of enzyme action include various oligosaccharide and polysaccharide fractions which have been separated by gel filtration and characterized, giving new information on the fine structure of the glucan. The isolated cell walls have also been subjected to enzymic hydrolysis. The results suggest that part of the cell-wall mannan is held in place by a glucan component.", "PMID": 323412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8885", "title": "Monitoring enzyme synthesis as a means of studying peptide transport and utilization in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A new method has been developed for measuring peptide transport in aminoacid auxotrophs of Escherichia coli by following induction of beta-galactosidase. Appearance of the enzyme was determined after addition of inducer and peptides to amino-acid starved bacteria. For a given number of lysine equivalents, the rate and the extent of enzyme synthesis were the same for lysine and lysyl peptides; similar results were found for glycine and glycl peptides. Saturation constants for peptide transport were determined from the exogenous peptide concentration that gave half maximal rates of enzyme synthesis. The saturation constants, studies with mutants defective in peptide transport, and detection of competition between peptides for uptake, all endorsed earlier conclusions from growth tests about the structural specificities for peptide transport. The new method is quicker, more sensitive and more informative than growth tests.", "contents": "Monitoring enzyme synthesis as a means of studying peptide transport and utilization in Escherichia coli. A new method has been developed for measuring peptide transport in aminoacid auxotrophs of Escherichia coli by following induction of beta-galactosidase. Appearance of the enzyme was determined after addition of inducer and peptides to amino-acid starved bacteria. For a given number of lysine equivalents, the rate and the extent of enzyme synthesis were the same for lysine and lysyl peptides; similar results were found for glycine and glycl peptides. Saturation constants for peptide transport were determined from the exogenous peptide concentration that gave half maximal rates of enzyme synthesis. The saturation constants, studies with mutants defective in peptide transport, and detection of competition between peptides for uptake, all endorsed earlier conclusions from growth tests about the structural specificities for peptide transport. The new method is quicker, more sensitive and more informative than growth tests.", "PMID": 323413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8886", "title": "Expression of Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogen fixation genes in nitrate reductase mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Nitrate reductase (nar) A, B and E mutants of Escherichia coli with plasmids carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogen fixation (nif) genes reduced acetylene independently of added molybdate, but nar D mutants showed pleiotropic dependence on the concentration of added molybdate for expression of both nar and nif. No complementation of nar mutations by nif occurred; nitrite but not nitrate repressed nif in nar hosts. Derepression of nif occurred in molybdenum-deficient nar D (nif) strains since nitrogenase peptides were present. nifB mutants, thought to have a lesion in the pathway of molybdenum to nitrogenase, as well as nif deletion mutants, had normal nitrate reductase activity.", "contents": "Expression of Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogen fixation genes in nitrate reductase mutants of Escherichia coli. Nitrate reductase (nar) A, B and E mutants of Escherichia coli with plasmids carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogen fixation (nif) genes reduced acetylene independently of added molybdate, but nar D mutants showed pleiotropic dependence on the concentration of added molybdate for expression of both nar and nif. No complementation of nar mutations by nif occurred; nitrite but not nitrate repressed nif in nar hosts. Derepression of nif occurred in molybdenum-deficient nar D (nif) strains since nitrogenase peptides were present. nifB mutants, thought to have a lesion in the pathway of molybdenum to nitrogenase, as well as nif deletion mutants, had normal nitrate reductase activity.", "PMID": 323414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8887", "title": "A novel pleiotropic mutation in Escherichia coli K12 which affects transduction, transformation and rates of mutation.", "content": "A mutant strain of Escherichia coli K12, R2721, has been shown to differ from its parent strain, S491, in four associated phenotypic characters as a result of a single mutation. This strain did not give recombinants with DNA transduced by bacteriophage PI or bacteriophage Mu, nor transformats after exposure to R factor DNA: lysates of bacteriophage PI grown on this strain did not appear to contain any transducing particles when tested on normal recipients. Moreover, the reversion rates, both spontaneous and ultraviolet-induced, for two auxotrophic markers were reduced. The frequency of revertants was at least two orders of magnitude lower in cultures of R2721 than in cultures of S491I. Many of the rare revertants for one or other of the auxotrophic markers were found to have regained normal reversion frequencies for the other marker and for the capacity to be transduced. In all other respects, recombination in R2721 appeared normal, the frequency of chromosomal mobilization by and F' factor was unaffected and normal yields of recombinants were obtained from matings with Hfr strains. The only circumstance in which transduction of R2721 was observed was when the capacity to ferment galactose was selected and PI had been grown on a strain carrying lambdadgal when, presumably, integration was effected by the phage-coded gene products. The mutation has been located on the E. coli chromosone map between tonA and pro and has been given the symbol tdi (transduction inhibition). Double mutants, (tdi recA) and (tdi recB), have been isolated and show no unexpected properties.", "contents": "A novel pleiotropic mutation in Escherichia coli K12 which affects transduction, transformation and rates of mutation. A mutant strain of Escherichia coli K12, R2721, has been shown to differ from its parent strain, S491, in four associated phenotypic characters as a result of a single mutation. This strain did not give recombinants with DNA transduced by bacteriophage PI or bacteriophage Mu, nor transformats after exposure to R factor DNA: lysates of bacteriophage PI grown on this strain did not appear to contain any transducing particles when tested on normal recipients. Moreover, the reversion rates, both spontaneous and ultraviolet-induced, for two auxotrophic markers were reduced. The frequency of revertants was at least two orders of magnitude lower in cultures of R2721 than in cultures of S491I. Many of the rare revertants for one or other of the auxotrophic markers were found to have regained normal reversion frequencies for the other marker and for the capacity to be transduced. In all other respects, recombination in R2721 appeared normal, the frequency of chromosomal mobilization by and F' factor was unaffected and normal yields of recombinants were obtained from matings with Hfr strains. The only circumstance in which transduction of R2721 was observed was when the capacity to ferment galactose was selected and PI had been grown on a strain carrying lambdadgal when, presumably, integration was effected by the phage-coded gene products. The mutation has been located on the E. coli chromosone map between tonA and pro and has been given the symbol tdi (transduction inhibition). Double mutants, (tdi recA) and (tdi recB), have been isolated and show no unexpected properties.", "PMID": 323415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8888", "title": "Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses.", "content": "Some characteristics of a microplate method for the detection and assay of plant viruses using enzyme-labelled antibodies are described. The method enabled the highly sensitive detection of a number of morphologically different viruses in purified preparations and in unclarified extracts of herbaceous hosts and of infected crop plants. Virus concentrations were estimated by photometric measurement of the colour intensity of the hydrolysed substrate. The suitability of the tehcnique for various field and research applications is considered.", "contents": "Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses. Some characteristics of a microplate method for the detection and assay of plant viruses using enzyme-labelled antibodies are described. The method enabled the highly sensitive detection of a number of morphologically different viruses in purified preparations and in unclarified extracts of herbaceous hosts and of infected crop plants. Virus concentrations were estimated by photometric measurement of the colour intensity of the hydrolysed substrate. The suitability of the tehcnique for various field and research applications is considered.", "PMID": 323416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8889", "title": "Demonstration of nuclear immunofluorescence in Rift Valley fever infected cells.", "content": "Eosinophilic intranuclear filaments described previously in Rift Valley Fever infected cells, were shown to fluoresce specifically in an indirect technique with antiserum to the virus. Actinomycin D failed to suppress development of the filaments or replication of the virus.", "contents": "Demonstration of nuclear immunofluorescence in Rift Valley fever infected cells. Eosinophilic intranuclear filaments described previously in Rift Valley Fever infected cells, were shown to fluoresce specifically in an indirect technique with antiserum to the virus. Actinomycin D failed to suppress development of the filaments or replication of the virus.", "PMID": 323417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8890", "title": "Jewish culture and psychological differentiation--partial replication.", "content": "A replication study was made to test the following hypotheses: (a) Traditional-Jewish Ss, in comparison with Anglo-Saxon Protestant Ss, matched for age and verbal ability, will be more global on criterion measures of psychological differentiation. (b) Within group intercorrelations of these measures will all be in the positive direction. Ten pairs of boys (ages 9-11) were compared on the Embedded Figures, Human Figure Drawing, and Verbal Disembedding tests. The first hypothesis was confirmed with regard to Embedded Figures (p less than .05), but not with regard to the other two criterion measures. The within group intercorrelations were r = .25 to .48 for Embedded Figures versus the other two measures. The correlations between Verbal Disembedding and Human Figure Drawing were small and negative (all correlations were nonsignificant).", "contents": "Jewish culture and psychological differentiation--partial replication. A replication study was made to test the following hypotheses: (a) Traditional-Jewish Ss, in comparison with Anglo-Saxon Protestant Ss, matched for age and verbal ability, will be more global on criterion measures of psychological differentiation. (b) Within group intercorrelations of these measures will all be in the positive direction. Ten pairs of boys (ages 9-11) were compared on the Embedded Figures, Human Figure Drawing, and Verbal Disembedding tests. The first hypothesis was confirmed with regard to Embedded Figures (p less than .05), but not with regard to the other two criterion measures. The within group intercorrelations were r = .25 to .48 for Embedded Figures versus the other two measures. The correlations between Verbal Disembedding and Human Figure Drawing were small and negative (all correlations were nonsignificant).", "PMID": 323418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8891", "title": "Alterations in forebrain catecholamine metabolism produced by cerebellar lesions in the rat.", "content": "Projections from the midline cerebellar nuclei to norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) cell groups in the brain stem have been demonstrated histologically. To determine if these connections are significant biochemically, unilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in either vermis or paravermis and levels of DA, NE and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were measured in each half of the forebrain at 1 1/2, 3 or 6 weeks. In the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to a vermis lesion, there was a decrease in NE levels at 3 and 6 weeks. Relative to the opposite side DA was also reduced at 3 and 6 weeks. Paravermal lesions caused a contralateral reduction in DA at 3 weeks but no change in NE. GABA was only slightly altered. These results suggest that the cerebellum can modify levels and turnover of catecholamines in the brain, possibly via direct anatomic connections as well as by functional interaction with catecholaminergic pathways.", "contents": "Alterations in forebrain catecholamine metabolism produced by cerebellar lesions in the rat. Projections from the midline cerebellar nuclei to norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) cell groups in the brain stem have been demonstrated histologically. To determine if these connections are significant biochemically, unilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in either vermis or paravermis and levels of DA, NE and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were measured in each half of the forebrain at 1 1/2, 3 or 6 weeks. In the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to a vermis lesion, there was a decrease in NE levels at 3 and 6 weeks. Relative to the opposite side DA was also reduced at 3 and 6 weeks. Paravermal lesions caused a contralateral reduction in DA at 3 weeks but no change in NE. GABA was only slightly altered. These results suggest that the cerebellum can modify levels and turnover of catecholamines in the brain, possibly via direct anatomic connections as well as by functional interaction with catecholaminergic pathways.", "PMID": 323420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8892", "title": "Interaction of haloperidol and gamma-butyrolactone with (+)-amphetamine-induced changes in monoamine synthesis and metabolism in rat brain.", "content": "The interaction of (+)-amphetamine with haloperidol and gamma-butyrolactone on synthesis of monoamines in rat brain regions was investigated using an in vivo method, in which the accumulation of dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) was measured after inhibition of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by means of 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine. The accumulation of 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) after inhibition of the monoamine oxidase with pargyline was taken as an indicator of the in vivo release of dopamine (DA) into the extraneuronal space. (+)-Amphetamine at doses of 1--3 mg/kg caused an increase of dopa formation in the DA-rich areas c. striatum and mesolimbic forebrain but had no effect on dopa formation in neocortex and 5-HTP formation in all brain regions investigated. At a dose of 10 mg/kg (+)-amphetamine decreased dopa as well as 5-HTP formation in all brain regions studied. 3-MT accumulation in whole rat brain was stimulated by (+)-amphetamine as well as haloperidol and inhibited by gamma-butyrolactone. Combined treatment with haloperidol and (+)-amphetamine not only potentiated the stimulation of dopa formation but also the increase of 3-MT accumulation. Pretreatment with gamma-butyrolactone antagonized the stimulation of 3-MT formation induced by (+)-amphetamine at a dose of 10 mg/kg. This dose of (+)-amphetamine markedly counteracted the gamma-butyrolactone-induced increase in dopa formation especially in the DA-rich areas. The data support the view that impulse flow in DA neurons facilitates the effect of (+)-amphetamine on DA release and DA synthesis. Inhibition of catecholamine synthesis after high doses of (+)-amphetamine may be due to an increase in cytoplasmatic DA concentration causing end-product inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase.", "contents": "Interaction of haloperidol and gamma-butyrolactone with (+)-amphetamine-induced changes in monoamine synthesis and metabolism in rat brain. The interaction of (+)-amphetamine with haloperidol and gamma-butyrolactone on synthesis of monoamines in rat brain regions was investigated using an in vivo method, in which the accumulation of dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) was measured after inhibition of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by means of 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine. The accumulation of 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) after inhibition of the monoamine oxidase with pargyline was taken as an indicator of the in vivo release of dopamine (DA) into the extraneuronal space. (+)-Amphetamine at doses of 1--3 mg/kg caused an increase of dopa formation in the DA-rich areas c. striatum and mesolimbic forebrain but had no effect on dopa formation in neocortex and 5-HTP formation in all brain regions investigated. At a dose of 10 mg/kg (+)-amphetamine decreased dopa as well as 5-HTP formation in all brain regions studied. 3-MT accumulation in whole rat brain was stimulated by (+)-amphetamine as well as haloperidol and inhibited by gamma-butyrolactone. Combined treatment with haloperidol and (+)-amphetamine not only potentiated the stimulation of dopa formation but also the increase of 3-MT accumulation. Pretreatment with gamma-butyrolactone antagonized the stimulation of 3-MT formation induced by (+)-amphetamine at a dose of 10 mg/kg. This dose of (+)-amphetamine markedly counteracted the gamma-butyrolactone-induced increase in dopa formation especially in the DA-rich areas. The data support the view that impulse flow in DA neurons facilitates the effect of (+)-amphetamine on DA release and DA synthesis. Inhibition of catecholamine synthesis after high doses of (+)-amphetamine may be due to an increase in cytoplasmatic DA concentration causing end-product inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase.", "PMID": 323421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8893", "title": "6-hydroxydopamine destruction of central adrenergic neurones prevents or reverses developing DOCA-salt hypertension in rats.", "content": "The role of brain catecholaminergic neurones in the pathogenesis of DOCA-salt hypertension in the rat was investigated by selective depletion of central catecholamines using intraventricular or intracisternal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Only the intraventricular injections prevented the development of hypertension. In addition, intraventricular 6-OHDA reversed the hypertension produced by two weeks but not six weeks of DOCA-salt treatment. The ability of intraventricular injections of 6-OHDA to prevent or reverse DOCA-salt hypertension while intracisternal injections do not, appears to be related to the greater depletion of brain catecholamines produced by the intraventricular injections. Only in the spinal cord and in the locus coeruleus were the norepinephrine contents depleted equally by either injection route. These findings suggest that central catecholaminergic neurones other than those originating in the locus coeruleus or descending in the spinal cord are important in the initiation, but not in the long term maintenance, of DOCA-salt hypertension. The influence of the central catecholamine neurons involved in the development of DOCA-salt hypertension might be mediated neurally via nonadrenergic pathways or hormonally via the brain-pituitary-endocrine system.", "contents": "6-hydroxydopamine destruction of central adrenergic neurones prevents or reverses developing DOCA-salt hypertension in rats. The role of brain catecholaminergic neurones in the pathogenesis of DOCA-salt hypertension in the rat was investigated by selective depletion of central catecholamines using intraventricular or intracisternal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Only the intraventricular injections prevented the development of hypertension. In addition, intraventricular 6-OHDA reversed the hypertension produced by two weeks but not six weeks of DOCA-salt treatment. The ability of intraventricular injections of 6-OHDA to prevent or reverse DOCA-salt hypertension while intracisternal injections do not, appears to be related to the greater depletion of brain catecholamines produced by the intraventricular injections. Only in the spinal cord and in the locus coeruleus were the norepinephrine contents depleted equally by either injection route. These findings suggest that central catecholaminergic neurones other than those originating in the locus coeruleus or descending in the spinal cord are important in the initiation, but not in the long term maintenance, of DOCA-salt hypertension. The influence of the central catecholamine neurons involved in the development of DOCA-salt hypertension might be mediated neurally via nonadrenergic pathways or hormonally via the brain-pituitary-endocrine system.", "PMID": 323422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8894", "title": "Effect of apomorphine on schizophrenic symptoms.", "content": "The effects of apomorphine on psychotic symptoms were evaluated in chronic schizophrenic patients using double-blind placebo controlled procedures. Although on the basis of dopamine theory of schizophrenia, apomorphine was expected to increase schizophrenic symptoms, in this study apomorphine substantially reduced psychotic symptoms in some chronic schizophrenic patients. No patient showed the substantial increase in psychotic symptoms previously demonstrated after the administration of IV methylphenidate. These clinical effects of apomorphine in schizophrenia may be relevant to recent pharmacological research which has indicated that apomorphine also has potent effect on presynaptic dopamine neurons, in addition to its previously described postsynaptic receptor stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of apomorphine on schizophrenic symptoms. The effects of apomorphine on psychotic symptoms were evaluated in chronic schizophrenic patients using double-blind placebo controlled procedures. Although on the basis of dopamine theory of schizophrenia, apomorphine was expected to increase schizophrenic symptoms, in this study apomorphine substantially reduced psychotic symptoms in some chronic schizophrenic patients. No patient showed the substantial increase in psychotic symptoms previously demonstrated after the administration of IV methylphenidate. These clinical effects of apomorphine in schizophrenia may be relevant to recent pharmacological research which has indicated that apomorphine also has potent effect on presynaptic dopamine neurons, in addition to its previously described postsynaptic receptor stimulation.", "PMID": 323423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8895", "title": "Agonist--antagonist interaction on dopamine receptors in brain, as reflected in the rates of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylation.", "content": "The effect of haloperidol and apomorphine, and both drugs in combination, on the first steps in the synthesis of catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been studied in three rat brain regions. The rate of formation of dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) was studied by measuring the accumulation of these amino acids during 30 min after administration of the inhibitor of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine HCl). Haloperidol caused an increase in dopa and no change in 5-HTP formation. The threshold dose was severalfold higher in the noradrenaline-predominated hemisphere portion than in the dopamine-rich striatal and limbic regions, suggesting a higher affinity of haloperidol for dopamine than for noradrenaline receptors. Apomorphine caused a decrease in dopa formation in all three brain regions studied, although the effect was much more pronounced in the regions dominated by dopamine. The threshold dose was about 30 microng/kg, i.e. an order of magnitude lower than the threshold dose for apparent postsynaptic dopaminergic receptor activation. This discrepancy is suggested to be due to preferential activation of inhibitory dopaminergic autoreceptors by low apomorphine doses. This phenomenon may also contribute to explain the complex dose-response curves of apomorphine. Low doses of apomorphine caused a decrease and high doses an increase in 5-HTP formation. These effects, like those on noradrenaline synthesis, are suggested to be secondary to activation of dopaminergic pre- and post-synaptic receptors. The interaction between apomorphine and haloperidol with respect to dopa formation appears to be largely explicable on the assumption of a competition between an agonist and an antagonist for dopaminergic receptors. However, very large doses of apomorphine cause a haloperidol-resistant inhibition of tyrosine, and probably also tryptophan, hydroxylation, which may be due to a direct inhibition of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase involved.", "contents": "Agonist--antagonist interaction on dopamine receptors in brain, as reflected in the rates of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylation. The effect of haloperidol and apomorphine, and both drugs in combination, on the first steps in the synthesis of catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been studied in three rat brain regions. The rate of formation of dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) was studied by measuring the accumulation of these amino acids during 30 min after administration of the inhibitor of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine HCl). Haloperidol caused an increase in dopa and no change in 5-HTP formation. The threshold dose was severalfold higher in the noradrenaline-predominated hemisphere portion than in the dopamine-rich striatal and limbic regions, suggesting a higher affinity of haloperidol for dopamine than for noradrenaline receptors. Apomorphine caused a decrease in dopa formation in all three brain regions studied, although the effect was much more pronounced in the regions dominated by dopamine. The threshold dose was about 30 microng/kg, i.e. an order of magnitude lower than the threshold dose for apparent postsynaptic dopaminergic receptor activation. This discrepancy is suggested to be due to preferential activation of inhibitory dopaminergic autoreceptors by low apomorphine doses. This phenomenon may also contribute to explain the complex dose-response curves of apomorphine. Low doses of apomorphine caused a decrease and high doses an increase in 5-HTP formation. These effects, like those on noradrenaline synthesis, are suggested to be secondary to activation of dopaminergic pre- and post-synaptic receptors. The interaction between apomorphine and haloperidol with respect to dopa formation appears to be largely explicable on the assumption of a competition between an agonist and an antagonist for dopaminergic receptors. However, very large doses of apomorphine cause a haloperidol-resistant inhibition of tyrosine, and probably also tryptophan, hydroxylation, which may be due to a direct inhibition of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase involved.", "PMID": 323424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8896", "title": "A program to compute the sizes and numbers of spherical bodies from observations made on tissue sections.", "content": "A computer program, written in standard Fortran, is given to facilitate the computation of the sizes and correct distribution of spheres from the number and size of the circular profiles observed in tissue sections. The method is particularly valuable in cases where it is necessary to determine absolute numbers of cells or subcellular fragments where the objects of interest are not of uniform size. The method gives true cell numbers and the distribution of the spherical diameters.", "contents": "A program to compute the sizes and numbers of spherical bodies from observations made on tissue sections. A computer program, written in standard Fortran, is given to facilitate the computation of the sizes and correct distribution of spheres from the number and size of the circular profiles observed in tissue sections. The method is particularly valuable in cases where it is necessary to determine absolute numbers of cells or subcellular fragments where the objects of interest are not of uniform size. The method gives true cell numbers and the distribution of the spherical diameters.", "PMID": 323426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8897", "title": "Interstitial gamma irradiation by 198Au of the pituitary in diabetic retinopathy. Selective growth hormone blockade and ocular results.", "content": "Pituitary interstitial irradiation by stereotaxic implantation of a gamma pointemitter was performed in 110 patients with progressing diabetic retinopathy. Reduction of growth hormone secretion peaks was delayed, but was consistent and selective in all cases controlled by somatotropin stimulation test, while other pituitary secretions remianed unchanged in all but five cases. In 31 patients who had no associated photocoagulation, long-term postoperative assessment showed significant improvement of hemorrhages and intrarentinal new vessels with preservation of visual acuity. Preretinal vascular proliferation (except when treatable by photocoagulation), extensive retinitis proliferans, and macular deterioration are contraindications. This technique represents a new approach in the functional pituitary neurosurgical treatment of diabetic retinopathy and differs from all other procedures that result in a more or less complete hypophysectomy.", "contents": "Interstitial gamma irradiation by 198Au of the pituitary in diabetic retinopathy. Selective growth hormone blockade and ocular results. Pituitary interstitial irradiation by stereotaxic implantation of a gamma pointemitter was performed in 110 patients with progressing diabetic retinopathy. Reduction of growth hormone secretion peaks was delayed, but was consistent and selective in all cases controlled by somatotropin stimulation test, while other pituitary secretions remianed unchanged in all but five cases. In 31 patients who had no associated photocoagulation, long-term postoperative assessment showed significant improvement of hemorrhages and intrarentinal new vessels with preservation of visual acuity. Preretinal vascular proliferation (except when treatable by photocoagulation), extensive retinitis proliferans, and macular deterioration are contraindications. This technique represents a new approach in the functional pituitary neurosurgical treatment of diabetic retinopathy and differs from all other procedures that result in a more or less complete hypophysectomy.", "PMID": 323427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8898", "title": "Effect of fat intake on cholesterol turnover and bile acid formation.", "content": "Three groups of male rats were maintained on diets containing different amounts of fat. After one week on such regimens, they were injected intraperitoneally with cholesterol-3H. During the following 28 days, the radioactivity and quantity of fecal cholesterol and its metabolities were determined. The coprostanol excretion was the about same in all groups and the bile acids excretion increased with increasing fat intake; however, compared to the fat-free group, the excretion of the injected cholesterol-3H was greater in the 3% fat group and less in the 10% fat group. Consequently, the specific radioactivity of bile acids was lower in the 10% group than in the others. The half-life of labelled cholesterol was 12.6, 16.0 and 22.2 days for the 3%, 10% fat and fat-free groups, respectively. Rather than a fat-free diet, a low-fat diet of 3% or so, would be of more advantage in eliminating cholesterol by increasing the formation of bile acids to emulsify the fat. In the 10% fat group, however, the enlarged pool size of bile acid probably delayed cholesterol metabolism to bile acids.", "contents": "Effect of fat intake on cholesterol turnover and bile acid formation. Three groups of male rats were maintained on diets containing different amounts of fat. After one week on such regimens, they were injected intraperitoneally with cholesterol-3H. During the following 28 days, the radioactivity and quantity of fecal cholesterol and its metabolities were determined. The coprostanol excretion was the about same in all groups and the bile acids excretion increased with increasing fat intake; however, compared to the fat-free group, the excretion of the injected cholesterol-3H was greater in the 3% fat group and less in the 10% fat group. Consequently, the specific radioactivity of bile acids was lower in the 10% group than in the others. The half-life of labelled cholesterol was 12.6, 16.0 and 22.2 days for the 3%, 10% fat and fat-free groups, respectively. Rather than a fat-free diet, a low-fat diet of 3% or so, would be of more advantage in eliminating cholesterol by increasing the formation of bile acids to emulsify the fat. In the 10% fat group, however, the enlarged pool size of bile acid probably delayed cholesterol metabolism to bile acids.", "PMID": 323430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8899", "title": "Uptake and utilization of vitamin B6 and its phosphate esters by Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli KG980, a vitamin B6 auxotroph derived from E. coli K12, utilized the three unphosphorylated forms of vitamin B6, more or less effectively, for growth, but did not utilize the three phosphate forms at concentrations ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M in the minimum medium of Davis and Mingioli. The bacterium, however, utilized the phosphate forms, although less effectively than the unphosphorylated forms, in the phosphate starving medium of Garen and Levinthal which is known to derepress alkaline phosphatase. Correspondingly, the phosphate forms of 3H-labeled vitamin B6 in the minimum medium were not taken up by the bacterial cells grown in the same medium, but were taken up when the phosphate starving medium was used for growth and uptake experiments; the unphosphorylated forms were taken up with either of the media used. After 30-min incubation of the cells grown in the phosphate starving medium with 3H-pyridoxine phosphate added to the same medium, the main extracellular 3H-vitamin B6 was found to be pyridoxine, evidently indicating an involvement of alkaline phosphatase action. It is concluded from these results that the phosphate forms of vitamin B6 can be taken up and utilized only after dephosphorylation but not taken up in their intact form. The initial rate of 3H-pyridoxal and 3H-pyridoxamine uptake in the minimum medium showed saturation kinetics. The Km and Vmax values were 1.2 X 10(-6) M and 62 pmoles/min/mg (dry cell weight) for pyridoxal; 11 X 10(-6) M and 65 pmoles/min/mg for pyridoxamine. 3H-Pyridoxine uptake apparently consisted of a high-affinity saturable component, whose Km value was tentatively estimated to be 2.2 X 10(-6) M, and an unsaturable component. The uptake rates of these three unphosphorylated vitamin B6 compounds compared at limiting concentrations for the growth of E. coli KG980 appear to be essentially in good agreement with the response pattern of this bacterium to the three compounds.", "contents": "Uptake and utilization of vitamin B6 and its phosphate esters by Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli KG980, a vitamin B6 auxotroph derived from E. coli K12, utilized the three unphosphorylated forms of vitamin B6, more or less effectively, for growth, but did not utilize the three phosphate forms at concentrations ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M in the minimum medium of Davis and Mingioli. The bacterium, however, utilized the phosphate forms, although less effectively than the unphosphorylated forms, in the phosphate starving medium of Garen and Levinthal which is known to derepress alkaline phosphatase. Correspondingly, the phosphate forms of 3H-labeled vitamin B6 in the minimum medium were not taken up by the bacterial cells grown in the same medium, but were taken up when the phosphate starving medium was used for growth and uptake experiments; the unphosphorylated forms were taken up with either of the media used. After 30-min incubation of the cells grown in the phosphate starving medium with 3H-pyridoxine phosphate added to the same medium, the main extracellular 3H-vitamin B6 was found to be pyridoxine, evidently indicating an involvement of alkaline phosphatase action. It is concluded from these results that the phosphate forms of vitamin B6 can be taken up and utilized only after dephosphorylation but not taken up in their intact form. The initial rate of 3H-pyridoxal and 3H-pyridoxamine uptake in the minimum medium showed saturation kinetics. The Km and Vmax values were 1.2 X 10(-6) M and 62 pmoles/min/mg (dry cell weight) for pyridoxal; 11 X 10(-6) M and 65 pmoles/min/mg for pyridoxamine. 3H-Pyridoxine uptake apparently consisted of a high-affinity saturable component, whose Km value was tentatively estimated to be 2.2 X 10(-6) M, and an unsaturable component. The uptake rates of these three unphosphorylated vitamin B6 compounds compared at limiting concentrations for the growth of E. coli KG980 appear to be essentially in good agreement with the response pattern of this bacterium to the three compounds.", "PMID": 323431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8900", "title": "Absence of health hazards associated with RDX manufacture and use.", "content": "A cross-sectional spidemiologic study was conducted to investigate a cluster of three cases of systemic lupus erythematosus at one munitions plant. The study demonstrated no excess of autoimmune disease and also failed to identify any abnormalities of the hematologic, hepatic, or renal systems in employees with 8 hour time-weighted exposures to RDX of up to 1.57 mg/m3 (average exposure was 0.28 mg/m3).", "contents": "Absence of health hazards associated with RDX manufacture and use. A cross-sectional spidemiologic study was conducted to investigate a cluster of three cases of systemic lupus erythematosus at one munitions plant. The study demonstrated no excess of autoimmune disease and also failed to identify any abnormalities of the hematologic, hepatic, or renal systems in employees with 8 hour time-weighted exposures to RDX of up to 1.57 mg/m3 (average exposure was 0.28 mg/m3).", "PMID": 323432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8901", "title": "The periodontium and restorative procedures. A critical review.", "content": "The literature associated with the effect on the periodontal tissues of restorative procedures has been reviewed. Opinions have changed from the assumption that only poor restorative dental treatment led to periodontal disease, to the present concept, that even clinically sound restorations, if positioned subgingivally, may be important aetiological factors in the initiation of periodontal disease.", "contents": "The periodontium and restorative procedures. A critical review. The literature associated with the effect on the periodontal tissues of restorative procedures has been reviewed. Opinions have changed from the assumption that only poor restorative dental treatment led to periodontal disease, to the present concept, that even clinically sound restorations, if positioned subgingivally, may be important aetiological factors in the initiation of periodontal disease.", "PMID": 323434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8902", "title": "The influence of the time of etching and washing on the bond strength of fissure sealants applied to enamel.", "content": "Variation of the etching and washing times of enamel surfaces prior to the application of fissure sealants affect the bond strength in differing ways. Depending on the length of the etch time, the effect of washing may increase or decrease the bond strength of the sealant. Clinically, the most satisfactory combination of etch and wash time was found to be different to that suggested by the manufacturers.", "contents": "The influence of the time of etching and washing on the bond strength of fissure sealants applied to enamel. Variation of the etching and washing times of enamel surfaces prior to the application of fissure sealants affect the bond strength in differing ways. Depending on the length of the etch time, the effect of washing may increase or decrease the bond strength of the sealant. Clinically, the most satisfactory combination of etch and wash time was found to be different to that suggested by the manufacturers.", "PMID": 323435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8903", "title": "Polymer adhesion to enamel. The influence of viscosity and penetration.", "content": "For a four-component acrylate adhesive system the influence of viscosity and penetration on adhesion to enamel was investigated. While low viscous monomer adhesives yield both inter- and intraprismatic penetration in enamel after polymerization, highly viscous adhesives result in the former type only. This difference in penetration of the adhesive in enamel is reflected quantitatively in the tensile strength values. Scanning electron microscopic measurements on the tag formation under various circumstances have been carried out. The SEM experiments show, e.g. that at polymerization times less than 1-5-2 min (a clinical necessity) polymer-tags were usually fractured from the bulk material due to stresses generated.", "contents": "Polymer adhesion to enamel. The influence of viscosity and penetration. For a four-component acrylate adhesive system the influence of viscosity and penetration on adhesion to enamel was investigated. While low viscous monomer adhesives yield both inter- and intraprismatic penetration in enamel after polymerization, highly viscous adhesives result in the former type only. This difference in penetration of the adhesive in enamel is reflected quantitatively in the tensile strength values. Scanning electron microscopic measurements on the tag formation under various circumstances have been carried out. The SEM experiments show, e.g. that at polymerization times less than 1-5-2 min (a clinical necessity) polymer-tags were usually fractured from the bulk material due to stresses generated.", "PMID": 323436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8904", "title": "Treatment of the oral complications of leukemia.", "content": "Complicating infectious processes and manifestations of immunosuppression were either cured or symptoms were decreased with aggressive therapy in 24 patients with acute leukemia and five with chronic leukemia. Oral surgical intervention combined with histocompatability-matched transfusion therapy can safely eliminate sources of sepsis and alleviate pain in patients who have undergone immunosuppressive and myelosuppressive treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of the oral complications of leukemia. Complicating infectious processes and manifestations of immunosuppression were either cured or symptoms were decreased with aggressive therapy in 24 patients with acute leukemia and five with chronic leukemia. Oral surgical intervention combined with histocompatability-matched transfusion therapy can safely eliminate sources of sepsis and alleviate pain in patients who have undergone immunosuppressive and myelosuppressive treatment.", "PMID": 323437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8905", "title": "Life-threatening swelling after mandibular vestibuloplasty.", "content": "This case report illustrates the potential for severe hemorrhage which authors have alluded to in articles on the vestibuloplasty procedure. The surgeon must be prepared to deal not only with the hemorrhage, but also with the sudden and possible life-threatening swelling that may accompany the bleeding.", "contents": "Life-threatening swelling after mandibular vestibuloplasty. This case report illustrates the potential for severe hemorrhage which authors have alluded to in articles on the vestibuloplasty procedure. The surgeon must be prepared to deal not only with the hemorrhage, but also with the sudden and possible life-threatening swelling that may accompany the bleeding.", "PMID": 323438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8906", "title": "Pancreatic alpha and beta cell functions in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Insulin and glucagon secretions were studied during oral glucose tolerance testing and arginine infusion in 13 patients with cystic fibrosis. Two groups of patients were identified; Group I (N=6) whose OGTT was entirely normal and Group II (N=7) who had some abnormality in glucose during OGTT. In each group basal glucagon concentrations were normal and supressed appropriately (p less than 0.05) after glucose; insulin responses were attenuated and the peak responses delayed. During arginine stimulation, insulin secretion was impaired in each group. However, glucagon secretion was diminished only in Group II. Thus, insulinopenia was found in both groups and hyperglucagonemia was not found as a contributory factor to the hyperglycemia in Group II.", "contents": "Pancreatic alpha and beta cell functions in cystic fibrosis. Insulin and glucagon secretions were studied during oral glucose tolerance testing and arginine infusion in 13 patients with cystic fibrosis. Two groups of patients were identified; Group I (N=6) whose OGTT was entirely normal and Group II (N=7) who had some abnormality in glucose during OGTT. In each group basal glucagon concentrations were normal and supressed appropriately (p less than 0.05) after glucose; insulin responses were attenuated and the peak responses delayed. During arginine stimulation, insulin secretion was impaired in each group. However, glucagon secretion was diminished only in Group II. Thus, insulinopenia was found in both groups and hyperglucagonemia was not found as a contributory factor to the hyperglycemia in Group II.", "PMID": 323439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8907", "title": "The effects of single infusion of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate on body composition in neonates with acidosis.", "content": "Acid-base equilibrium and plasma and red blood cell water and solute were evaluated in a group of asphyxiated, acidotic neonates prior to and following infusion of hypertonic NaHCO3. The dose was calculated to correct the deficit of base in a bicarbonate space of 400 ml/kg and was given at a rate of 0.3 mM NaHCO3/kg/minute. All of the infants with RDS and two of the five with other forms of asphyxia received ventilatory assistance during the infusion. The quantity of base infused was sufficient to alter acid-base balance and shift whole blood and red blood cell pH values toward normal. The changes in body composition 3 minutes following the infusion indicate that the osmotic load imposed by the hypertonic NaHCO3 caused a shift of solute-free water into the interstitial and intravascular fluids. During the period from 3 to 30 minutes following the infusion there was redistribution of extracellular water and solute so that plasma volume and [Na]PL decreased. Since there was no evidence of an intracellular shift of solute, we hypothesize that the changes in body composition between 3 and 30 minutes postinfusion were in part the consequence of gradual penetration of transcellular fluids by Na. Osmotic inactivation of ECF Na by sequestration with connective tissue polyelectrolytes may also play a role. These studies' do not provide an answer to the clinical problem of whether the beneficial effects of prompt correction metabolic acidosis outweigh the potenially harmful effect of the osmotic alterations that accompany rapid infusion of hypertonic NaHCO3.", "contents": "The effects of single infusion of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate on body composition in neonates with acidosis. Acid-base equilibrium and plasma and red blood cell water and solute were evaluated in a group of asphyxiated, acidotic neonates prior to and following infusion of hypertonic NaHCO3. The dose was calculated to correct the deficit of base in a bicarbonate space of 400 ml/kg and was given at a rate of 0.3 mM NaHCO3/kg/minute. All of the infants with RDS and two of the five with other forms of asphyxia received ventilatory assistance during the infusion. The quantity of base infused was sufficient to alter acid-base balance and shift whole blood and red blood cell pH values toward normal. The changes in body composition 3 minutes following the infusion indicate that the osmotic load imposed by the hypertonic NaHCO3 caused a shift of solute-free water into the interstitial and intravascular fluids. During the period from 3 to 30 minutes following the infusion there was redistribution of extracellular water and solute so that plasma volume and [Na]PL decreased. Since there was no evidence of an intracellular shift of solute, we hypothesize that the changes in body composition between 3 and 30 minutes postinfusion were in part the consequence of gradual penetration of transcellular fluids by Na. Osmotic inactivation of ECF Na by sequestration with connective tissue polyelectrolytes may also play a role. These studies' do not provide an answer to the clinical problem of whether the beneficial effects of prompt correction metabolic acidosis outweigh the potenially harmful effect of the osmotic alterations that accompany rapid infusion of hypertonic NaHCO3.", "PMID": 323440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8908", "title": "Hypotension and bradycardia associated with airblock in the neonate. Preliminary report.", "content": "The hospital courses of 19 infants were analyzed retrospectively to determine if there was a relationship between hypotension and extra-alveolar air: interstitial emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and penumothorax. Of the 16 infants who subsequently developed PT, 12 had hypotension with IE/PM from one to 86 hours prior to the onset of PT (median 6.5 hours). When compared to blood pressure values obtained before the development of IE/PM, the decrease was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Four of the six infants of greater than or equal to 38 weeks' gestation had bradycardia throughout the duration of EAA. Hypotension and bradycardia appear to be associated with airblock and thus may alert the physician to those infants who are at greatest risk for developing PT.", "contents": "Hypotension and bradycardia associated with airblock in the neonate. Preliminary report. The hospital courses of 19 infants were analyzed retrospectively to determine if there was a relationship between hypotension and extra-alveolar air: interstitial emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and penumothorax. Of the 16 infants who subsequently developed PT, 12 had hypotension with IE/PM from one to 86 hours prior to the onset of PT (median 6.5 hours). When compared to blood pressure values obtained before the development of IE/PM, the decrease was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Four of the six infants of greater than or equal to 38 weeks' gestation had bradycardia throughout the duration of EAA. Hypotension and bradycardia appear to be associated with airblock and thus may alert the physician to those infants who are at greatest risk for developing PT.", "PMID": 323441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8909", "title": "Minoxidil therapy in children with severe hypertension.", "content": "Six children, from 1.3 to 18 years of age, with severe hypertension associated with the hemolytic uremic syndrome, periarteritis, and renal transplant rejection received minoxidil, an antihypertensive agent, for three to 36 weeks. All had severe hypertension resistant to oral antihypertensive medications; five required frequent intravenous diazoxide therapy prior to minoxidil therapy. The mean pretreatment systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 176 and 117 mm Hg, respectively. Following treatment, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 133 and 82 mm Hg, respectively. Concomitant antihypertensive medications were decreased in all six patients once optimal blood pressure control was obtained. The initial dosage of minoxidil was 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/day; maximal dosage for blood pressure was 0.3 to 1.4 mg/kh/day. Major complications of therapy were fluid retention and hirsutism. Transient asymptomatic pericardial effusions occurred in two patients. Three patients on prolonged minoxidil therapy had persistent increases in right ventricular end diastolic diameters. Minoxidil is an effective oral antihypertensive agent for treatment of severe hypertension in pediatric patients. Avoidance of fluid retention is mandatory to prevent congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Minoxidil therapy in children with severe hypertension. Six children, from 1.3 to 18 years of age, with severe hypertension associated with the hemolytic uremic syndrome, periarteritis, and renal transplant rejection received minoxidil, an antihypertensive agent, for three to 36 weeks. All had severe hypertension resistant to oral antihypertensive medications; five required frequent intravenous diazoxide therapy prior to minoxidil therapy. The mean pretreatment systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 176 and 117 mm Hg, respectively. Following treatment, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 133 and 82 mm Hg, respectively. Concomitant antihypertensive medications were decreased in all six patients once optimal blood pressure control was obtained. The initial dosage of minoxidil was 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/day; maximal dosage for blood pressure was 0.3 to 1.4 mg/kh/day. Major complications of therapy were fluid retention and hirsutism. Transient asymptomatic pericardial effusions occurred in two patients. Three patients on prolonged minoxidil therapy had persistent increases in right ventricular end diastolic diameters. Minoxidil is an effective oral antihypertensive agent for treatment of severe hypertension in pediatric patients. Avoidance of fluid retention is mandatory to prevent congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 323442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8910", "title": "Use of nalotone to to reverse narcotic respiratory depression in the newborn infant.", "content": "Twenty neonates whose mothers had received meperidine (1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg) intravenously within three hours of delivery were studied to determine the effectiveness of naloxone in reversing neonatal respiratory depression. The following measurements were carried out within 20 to 30 minutes after delivery: minute ventilation, end tidal CO2, and ventilatory response to CO2. These determinations were repeated after administration of either placebo or naloxone, 0.01 mg/kg intramuscularly. Minute ventilation and PAco were within a normal range before medication in both groups, but the slope of the CO2 response curve was decreased, indicating mild-to-moderate respiratory depression. After administration of placebo the test results did not change significantly. After administration of naloxone, VE increased significantly (P less than 0.05) and the slope of the CO2 response curve doubled (P less than  0.001). Naloxone effectively reverses narcotic depression of the respiratory center in the newborn infant.", "contents": "Use of nalotone to to reverse narcotic respiratory depression in the newborn infant. Twenty neonates whose mothers had received meperidine (1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg) intravenously within three hours of delivery were studied to determine the effectiveness of naloxone in reversing neonatal respiratory depression. The following measurements were carried out within 20 to 30 minutes after delivery: minute ventilation, end tidal CO2, and ventilatory response to CO2. These determinations were repeated after administration of either placebo or naloxone, 0.01 mg/kg intramuscularly. Minute ventilation and PAco were within a normal range before medication in both groups, but the slope of the CO2 response curve was decreased, indicating mild-to-moderate respiratory depression. After administration of placebo the test results did not change significantly. After administration of naloxone, VE increased significantly (P less than 0.05) and the slope of the CO2 response curve doubled (P less than  0.001). Naloxone effectively reverses narcotic depression of the respiratory center in the newborn infant.", "PMID": 323443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8911", "title": "The effect of a low continuous positive airway pressure on the reflex control of respiration in the preterm infant.", "content": "The airway occlusion technique was used to measure the strength of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex before and during the administration of low pressure CPAP. In five of 12 preterm infants studied in the first two weeks of life, CPAP did not alter the inflation reflex. In the other seven premature infants, shortened rather than lengthened inspiratory efforts were observed on occlusion 32 times of CPAP but only twice on CPAP. In seven term infants at 1 to 2.5 hours of age this shortening was noted only twice in 58 occlusions. In the preterm infants exhibiting short responses, the peak inspiratory pressure generated in response to occlusion rose on CPAP from 3.4 to 7.1 cm H2O (p less than 0.005), while respiratory rate fell from 61 to 49 breaths/minute (p less than 0.025). This data suggests that CPAP enhances these infants' ability to adjust to increased respiratory loads, possibly by the elimination of a Hering-Breuer deflation reflex.", "contents": "The effect of a low continuous positive airway pressure on the reflex control of respiration in the preterm infant. The airway occlusion technique was used to measure the strength of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex before and during the administration of low pressure CPAP. In five of 12 preterm infants studied in the first two weeks of life, CPAP did not alter the inflation reflex. In the other seven premature infants, shortened rather than lengthened inspiratory efforts were observed on occlusion 32 times of CPAP but only twice on CPAP. In seven term infants at 1 to 2.5 hours of age this shortening was noted only twice in 58 occlusions. In the preterm infants exhibiting short responses, the peak inspiratory pressure generated in response to occlusion rose on CPAP from 3.4 to 7.1 cm H2O (p less than 0.005), while respiratory rate fell from 61 to 49 breaths/minute (p less than 0.025). This data suggests that CPAP enhances these infants' ability to adjust to increased respiratory loads, possibly by the elimination of a Hering-Breuer deflation reflex.", "PMID": 323448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8912", "title": "Diagnosis of neonatal bacteremia by a microblood culture technique. A preliminary report.", "content": "A method is described for obtaining blood by heel-stick from high-risk neonatal infants for bacteriologic studies. Results of culture of blood collected by heel-sick are compared to those of simultaneously drawn blood from a peripheral vein. The data obtained suggest that this method may be a useful adjunct in the close surveillance for bacteremia in high-risk neonates.", "contents": "Diagnosis of neonatal bacteremia by a microblood culture technique. A preliminary report. A method is described for obtaining blood by heel-stick from high-risk neonatal infants for bacteriologic studies. Results of culture of blood collected by heel-sick are compared to those of simultaneously drawn blood from a peripheral vein. The data obtained suggest that this method may be a useful adjunct in the close surveillance for bacteremia in high-risk neonates.", "PMID": 323449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8913", "title": "A comparison of the continuous and interrupted suturing techniques.", "content": "This investigation compared the efficacy of interrupted and continuous suturing for primary closure of the apically positioned flap. Twenty-two flap procedures were performed on contralateral sites in 10 patients. The 11 sites where interrupted suturing was used had a degree of presurgical periodontal involvement which was similar to that in the 11 contralateral sites where continuous suturing was used. At postsurgical assessment visits, after 3 months and 6 months, gingival health status was evaluated for both groups. Recession, residual pocket depth and loss of attachment were also measured. Analysis of the data for each of these parameters indicated no statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, the overall clinical impression was that interrupted suturing provided better flap adaptation.", "contents": "A comparison of the continuous and interrupted suturing techniques. This investigation compared the efficacy of interrupted and continuous suturing for primary closure of the apically positioned flap. Twenty-two flap procedures were performed on contralateral sites in 10 patients. The 11 sites where interrupted suturing was used had a degree of presurgical periodontal involvement which was similar to that in the 11 contralateral sites where continuous suturing was used. At postsurgical assessment visits, after 3 months and 6 months, gingival health status was evaluated for both groups. Recession, residual pocket depth and loss of attachment were also measured. Analysis of the data for each of these parameters indicated no statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, the overall clinical impression was that interrupted suturing provided better flap adaptation.", "PMID": 323453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8914", "title": "An in vivo comparison of chlorhexidine and picloxydine mouthrinses: a possible association between chemical structure and antiplaque activity.", "content": "A double blind clinical trial was conducted in which both the plaque-inhibiting ability and the in vivo effects on the oral flora of chlorhexidine and picloxydine mouthwashes was compared. While picloxydine in higher concentration suppressed the oral flora more effectively than chlorhexidine, the latter agent inhibited plaque development to a much greater extent. This lack of correlation between antibacterial and antiplaque activity can be related to structural differences between these two bis-biguanides.", "contents": "An in vivo comparison of chlorhexidine and picloxydine mouthrinses: a possible association between chemical structure and antiplaque activity. A double blind clinical trial was conducted in which both the plaque-inhibiting ability and the in vivo effects on the oral flora of chlorhexidine and picloxydine mouthwashes was compared. While picloxydine in higher concentration suppressed the oral flora more effectively than chlorhexidine, the latter agent inhibited plaque development to a much greater extent. This lack of correlation between antibacterial and antiplaque activity can be related to structural differences between these two bis-biguanides.", "PMID": 323454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8915", "title": "Adaptation of dental instruments for periodontal purposes.", "content": "Modification of instruments used in general dentistry can make them useful in periodontal therapy. A periosteal elevator, a rongeur and instruments for cutting and carrying small particles of bone for grafting procedures have been described.", "contents": "Adaptation of dental instruments for periodontal purposes. Modification of instruments used in general dentistry can make them useful in periodontal therapy. A periosteal elevator, a rongeur and instruments for cutting and carrying small particles of bone for grafting procedures have been described.", "PMID": 323455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8916", "title": "An unusual foreign body reaction - a case report.", "content": "This case documents the course and treatment of a severe reaction to an unusual foreign body. A tooth brush bristle was lodged in the lower anterior areas between the cuspid and lateral incisor teeth. Although the patient noted some original discomfort, severe pain and bone destruction did not occur until 6 weeks after the original symptoms began. Treatment involved full thickness flap reflection of the involved area. The histologic examination showed a typical foreign body reaction to the bristle. All teeth remained vital throughout the disease process and healing phase. Healing was uneventful and the lost bone completely regenerated.", "contents": "An unusual foreign body reaction - a case report. This case documents the course and treatment of a severe reaction to an unusual foreign body. A tooth brush bristle was lodged in the lower anterior areas between the cuspid and lateral incisor teeth. Although the patient noted some original discomfort, severe pain and bone destruction did not occur until 6 weeks after the original symptoms began. Treatment involved full thickness flap reflection of the involved area. The histologic examination showed a typical foreign body reaction to the bristle. All teeth remained vital throughout the disease process and healing phase. Healing was uneventful and the lost bone completely regenerated.", "PMID": 323457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8917", "title": "Foreign body-type reaction following crown cementation.", "content": "1. Hazards of the indirect impression techniques for crown fabrication are discussed. 2. A foreign body reaction caused by retained cotton fibers is substantiated. 3. Since the gingival retraction cord is a possible and likely source, placing the cord and choice of instruments is important.", "contents": "Foreign body-type reaction following crown cementation. 1. Hazards of the indirect impression techniques for crown fabrication are discussed. 2. A foreign body reaction caused by retained cotton fibers is substantiated. 3. Since the gingival retraction cord is a possible and likely source, placing the cord and choice of instruments is important.", "PMID": 323458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8918", "title": "Bioavailability of ampicillin and amoxicillin in fasted and nonfasted subjects.", "content": "The influence of various test meals and fluid volume on the relative bioavailability of ampicillin and amoxicillin was studied in healthy human subjects. Serum amoxicillin levels were somewhat, but not always, significantly higher than those of ampicillin from equivalent oral doses. Food ingested immediately before dosing reduced serum levels and urinary excretion of both antibiotics to a similar extent. Reduction of dosed water volume caused a marked decrease in serum amoxicillin levels in fasted subjects.", "contents": "Bioavailability of ampicillin and amoxicillin in fasted and nonfasted subjects. The influence of various test meals and fluid volume on the relative bioavailability of ampicillin and amoxicillin was studied in healthy human subjects. Serum amoxicillin levels were somewhat, but not always, significantly higher than those of ampicillin from equivalent oral doses. Food ingested immediately before dosing reduced serum levels and urinary excretion of both antibiotics to a similar extent. Reduction of dosed water volume caused a marked decrease in serum amoxicillin levels in fasted subjects.", "PMID": 323461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8919", "title": "Role of central and peripheral mechanisms in the action of alpha-methyldopa on blood pressure and renin secretion.", "content": "The mechanism by which alpha-methyldopa lowers arterial pressure and suppresses renin secretion was investigated in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs in which changes in renal perfusion pressure were prevented by adjusting a suprarenal aortic clamp. After intravenous alpha-methyldopa (100 mg/kg) mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased form 127+/-3 to a mean minimum of 107+/-4 mm Hg (P less than .01) and plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased from 20.6+/-4.8 to 10.9+/-1.7 ng/ml/3 hr (P less than .05). Blockade of peripheral dopa decarboxylase with intravenous carbidopa (20 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the hypotensive action of intravenous alpha-methyldopa but MAP still decreased from 145+/-6 to 130+/-5 mm Hg(P less than .001). Intravenous carbidopa completely abolished the fall in PRA produced by intravenous alpha-methyldopa (16.8+/-2.8 to 16.9+/-2.1 ng/ml/3 hr.) Intraventricular carbidopa (3 microng/kg/min) did not block the hypotensive (135+/-8 to 113+/-7 mm Hg, P less than .01) or renin-lowering effect (24.3+/-5 to 13.4+/-3.2 ng/ml/3 hr, P less than .01) of intravenous alpha-methyldopa (0.5 mg/kg decreased MAP from 118 +/- 5 to 104 +/- 5 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) but had no effect on PRA (23.4+/-6 TO 19.4+/-7 NG/ML/3 hr.) Intraventricular alpha-methylnorepinephrine (2 microng/kg) also decreased MAP from 127+/-5 to 112+/-3mm Hg (P less than .006) but again failed to significantly alter PRA (36.1+/-11.8 to 37.2+/-15 ng/ml/3 hr). These results indicate that there is both a central and peripheral component to the antihypertensive effect of alpha-methyldopa in the dog and that the suppression of renin secretion results from a peripheral action of the drug.", "contents": "Role of central and peripheral mechanisms in the action of alpha-methyldopa on blood pressure and renin secretion. The mechanism by which alpha-methyldopa lowers arterial pressure and suppresses renin secretion was investigated in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs in which changes in renal perfusion pressure were prevented by adjusting a suprarenal aortic clamp. After intravenous alpha-methyldopa (100 mg/kg) mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased form 127+/-3 to a mean minimum of 107+/-4 mm Hg (P less than .01) and plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased from 20.6+/-4.8 to 10.9+/-1.7 ng/ml/3 hr (P less than .05). Blockade of peripheral dopa decarboxylase with intravenous carbidopa (20 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the hypotensive action of intravenous alpha-methyldopa but MAP still decreased from 145+/-6 to 130+/-5 mm Hg(P less than .001). Intravenous carbidopa completely abolished the fall in PRA produced by intravenous alpha-methyldopa (16.8+/-2.8 to 16.9+/-2.1 ng/ml/3 hr.) Intraventricular carbidopa (3 microng/kg/min) did not block the hypotensive (135+/-8 to 113+/-7 mm Hg, P less than .01) or renin-lowering effect (24.3+/-5 to 13.4+/-3.2 ng/ml/3 hr, P less than .01) of intravenous alpha-methyldopa (0.5 mg/kg decreased MAP from 118 +/- 5 to 104 +/- 5 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) but had no effect on PRA (23.4+/-6 TO 19.4+/-7 NG/ML/3 hr.) Intraventricular alpha-methylnorepinephrine (2 microng/kg) also decreased MAP from 127+/-5 to 112+/-3mm Hg (P less than .006) but again failed to significantly alter PRA (36.1+/-11.8 to 37.2+/-15 ng/ml/3 hr). These results indicate that there is both a central and peripheral component to the antihypertensive effect of alpha-methyldopa in the dog and that the suppression of renin secretion results from a peripheral action of the drug.", "PMID": 323462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8920", "title": "Biliary colic as a model for assessing analgesic activity in man.", "content": "Acute pain from biliary colic is a model of pathological pain suitable for pharmacological investigations. It has been found useful for assaying analgesic effect of a narcotic-type agent (pentazocine) and a non-narcotic drug (indoprofen), both given intravenously in a single dose. Differences in pain intensity scores assessed on a five-point scale were taken as measurement of the pain-relieving effect. Distribution-free methods were used to estimate the potency ratio of the tested drugs. The analgesic potency of indoprofen based both on total and peak effect was roughly one-tenth that of pentazocine on a weight-for-weight basis. No adverse reactions were associated with indoprofen and a few were found after pentazocine.", "contents": "Biliary colic as a model for assessing analgesic activity in man. Acute pain from biliary colic is a model of pathological pain suitable for pharmacological investigations. It has been found useful for assaying analgesic effect of a narcotic-type agent (pentazocine) and a non-narcotic drug (indoprofen), both given intravenously in a single dose. Differences in pain intensity scores assessed on a five-point scale were taken as measurement of the pain-relieving effect. Distribution-free methods were used to estimate the potency ratio of the tested drugs. The analgesic potency of indoprofen based both on total and peak effect was roughly one-tenth that of pentazocine on a weight-for-weight basis. No adverse reactions were associated with indoprofen and a few were found after pentazocine.", "PMID": 323463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8921", "title": "Mechanism of protection from alloxan diabetes provided by n-butanol.", "content": "Pretreatment with n-butanol (10 mmol/kg i.p.) 30 minutes before alloxan (100 mg/kg) protects mice from the permanent hyperglycemic effects (measured at 72 hours) of the diabetogenic agent. This dose of n-butanol caused an elevation of serum glucose at 30 minutes, the time of alloxan administration. Since glucose administration can protect animals from alloxan, the possibility that alcohol-induced hyperglycemia protected mice from alloxan was investigated. Mannoheptulose, an antagonist of glucose action at the pancreatic beta-cell, when given 24 minutes after n-butanol and 6 minutes before alloxan, eliminated the alcohol-induced protection. Fasted mice did not exhibit n-butanol-induced hyperglycemia at 30 minutes and alloxan given at that time produced diabetes. No protection was observed in fed animals when n-butanol was given 5 minutes before alloxan. The high serum levels of butanol and normal serum glucose which were observed at 5 minutes after alcohol administration indicated that the lack of protection was not due to a lack of circulating alcohol but resulted from an absence of hyperglycemia. The results indicate that pretreatment with n-butanol protects mice from alloxan-induced diabetes by the indirect mechanism of producing hyperglycemia at the time of alloxan administration.", "contents": "Mechanism of protection from alloxan diabetes provided by n-butanol. Pretreatment with n-butanol (10 mmol/kg i.p.) 30 minutes before alloxan (100 mg/kg) protects mice from the permanent hyperglycemic effects (measured at 72 hours) of the diabetogenic agent. This dose of n-butanol caused an elevation of serum glucose at 30 minutes, the time of alloxan administration. Since glucose administration can protect animals from alloxan, the possibility that alcohol-induced hyperglycemia protected mice from alloxan was investigated. Mannoheptulose, an antagonist of glucose action at the pancreatic beta-cell, when given 24 minutes after n-butanol and 6 minutes before alloxan, eliminated the alcohol-induced protection. Fasted mice did not exhibit n-butanol-induced hyperglycemia at 30 minutes and alloxan given at that time produced diabetes. No protection was observed in fed animals when n-butanol was given 5 minutes before alloxan. The high serum levels of butanol and normal serum glucose which were observed at 5 minutes after alcohol administration indicated that the lack of protection was not due to a lack of circulating alcohol but resulted from an absence of hyperglycemia. The results indicate that pretreatment with n-butanol protects mice from alloxan-induced diabetes by the indirect mechanism of producing hyperglycemia at the time of alloxan administration.", "PMID": 323464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8922", "title": "Potentiation of antitumor drug action by centrophenoxine: specificity.", "content": "The cytotoxic action of certain antitumor agents is potentiated by centrophenoxine although centrophenoxine itself is not an antitumor agent. Previous investigations have suggested that centrophenoxine might potentiate the cytotoxicity produced by antitumor drugs that alkylate, and other modalities that damage, DNA, but that it would not potentiate the cytotoxicity produced by antitumor drugs that inflict cellular damage in other ways. To test this hypothesis, the antitumor effects of X-irradiation UV-irradiation, alkylating agents and antitumor drugs that are not ordinarily considered to be alkylating agents were determined in the presence and absence of centrophenoxine. Mouse P388 lymphoma cells growing in static suspension culture were used as the experimental tumor. The cytotoxic action of most alkylating agents was found to be potentiated by centrophenoxine; Included in this group were several difunctional nitrogen mustards, two ethylenimines, a nitrosourea and mitomycin C. Greatest enhancement, 7-fold, was of chlorambucil antitumor activity. Centrophenoxine did not potentiate the lethality of X- or UV-irradiation or the cytotoxicity of several antineoplastic drugs that are not alkylating agents.", "contents": "Potentiation of antitumor drug action by centrophenoxine: specificity. The cytotoxic action of certain antitumor agents is potentiated by centrophenoxine although centrophenoxine itself is not an antitumor agent. Previous investigations have suggested that centrophenoxine might potentiate the cytotoxicity produced by antitumor drugs that alkylate, and other modalities that damage, DNA, but that it would not potentiate the cytotoxicity produced by antitumor drugs that inflict cellular damage in other ways. To test this hypothesis, the antitumor effects of X-irradiation UV-irradiation, alkylating agents and antitumor drugs that are not ordinarily considered to be alkylating agents were determined in the presence and absence of centrophenoxine. Mouse P388 lymphoma cells growing in static suspension culture were used as the experimental tumor. The cytotoxic action of most alkylating agents was found to be potentiated by centrophenoxine; Included in this group were several difunctional nitrogen mustards, two ethylenimines, a nitrosourea and mitomycin C. Greatest enhancement, 7-fold, was of chlorambucil antitumor activity. Centrophenoxine did not potentiate the lethality of X- or UV-irradiation or the cytotoxicity of several antineoplastic drugs that are not alkylating agents.", "PMID": 323465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8923", "title": "Gonadotrophin secretion in the ovariectomized guinea-pig: effects of electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and of LH-RH.", "content": "1. Serial blood samples were collected from anaesthetized spayed guinea-pigs subjected to anterior hypothalamic stimulation or injected with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), and the effect on the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH followed. 2. Hypothalamic stimulation enhanced LH secretion, although the response waned during the course of the 1 hr period of stimulation; the secretion of FSH was not increased. After stimulation, FSH and LH levels fell below control values. 3. The response to stimulation of the hypothalamus was greater 2 weeks after spaying than after 1 week. 4. Since repeated periods of hypothalamic stimulation induced repeated surges of LH secretion, the decline in LH secretion during stimulation was not likely to have resulted from hypothalamic damage, while the observation that the plasma concentration of FSH and LH declined below control values after brain stimulation implies the operation of inhibitory mechanisms. 5. Pre-treatment of spayed guinea-pigs with progesterone depressed the resting plasma concentration of LH but did not affect the immediate response to hypothalamic stimulation. After hypothalamic stimulation the plasma gonadotrophin levels did not fall below control values. 6. Pre-treatment with oestradiol benzoate depressed the resting plasma level of LH and slightly reduced the size of the LH surge produced by hypothalamic stimulation. However, the raised plasma LH concentration was sustained after stimulation ended. 7. The response to hypothalamic stimulation after pre-treatment with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate showed features of the reaction to each steroid given singly. 8. The I.V. injection of 0-5 microng LH-RH induced a surge of LH secretions without affecting FSH discharge. 9. Pre-treatment with progesterone did not greatly modify the response to LH-RH but after an injection of oestradiol the high level of LH produced by the releasing factor was sustained for about 2 hr. 10. Injections of LH-RH during the phase of depressed LH release after hypothalamic stimulation produced a surge of LH secretion which matched that seen in non-stimulated animals.", "contents": "Gonadotrophin secretion in the ovariectomized guinea-pig: effects of electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and of LH-RH. 1. Serial blood samples were collected from anaesthetized spayed guinea-pigs subjected to anterior hypothalamic stimulation or injected with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), and the effect on the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH followed. 2. Hypothalamic stimulation enhanced LH secretion, although the response waned during the course of the 1 hr period of stimulation; the secretion of FSH was not increased. After stimulation, FSH and LH levels fell below control values. 3. The response to stimulation of the hypothalamus was greater 2 weeks after spaying than after 1 week. 4. Since repeated periods of hypothalamic stimulation induced repeated surges of LH secretion, the decline in LH secretion during stimulation was not likely to have resulted from hypothalamic damage, while the observation that the plasma concentration of FSH and LH declined below control values after brain stimulation implies the operation of inhibitory mechanisms. 5. Pre-treatment of spayed guinea-pigs with progesterone depressed the resting plasma concentration of LH but did not affect the immediate response to hypothalamic stimulation. After hypothalamic stimulation the plasma gonadotrophin levels did not fall below control values. 6. Pre-treatment with oestradiol benzoate depressed the resting plasma level of LH and slightly reduced the size of the LH surge produced by hypothalamic stimulation. However, the raised plasma LH concentration was sustained after stimulation ended. 7. The response to hypothalamic stimulation after pre-treatment with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate showed features of the reaction to each steroid given singly. 8. The I.V. injection of 0-5 microng LH-RH induced a surge of LH secretions without affecting FSH discharge. 9. Pre-treatment with progesterone did not greatly modify the response to LH-RH but after an injection of oestradiol the high level of LH produced by the releasing factor was sustained for about 2 hr. 10. Injections of LH-RH during the phase of depressed LH release after hypothalamic stimulation produced a surge of LH secretion which matched that seen in non-stimulated animals.", "PMID": 323467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8924", "title": "Thymidylate synthetase inhibitors. Synthesis of N-substituted 5-aminomethyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphates.", "content": "A series of substituted 5-aminomethyl-2'-deoxyuridines was synthesized as analogues of 5-thymidylyltetrahydrofolic acid, a proposed intermediate in the thymidylate synthetase catalyzed reaction. 1-(3,5-Di-O-p-toluoyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-chloromethyluracil (3) was treated with the appropriate amine to give the ester protected 5-aminomethyl nucleoside. Removal of the ester groups was accomplished with anhydrous potassium carbonate in methanol to afford the free beta-nucleoside. In this way 5-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminomethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (5a), 5-dimethylaminomethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5b), 5-N-mehtylpiperazinylmethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5c), and 5-pyrrolidinylmethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5d) were prepared. Compounds 5a,b,d were converted to the respective 5'-phosphates 6a,b,d. All three compounds were subtrate competitive inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase purified from Escherichia coli, calf thymus, and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The most active compound was 6a with KI's of 6,3.1, and 14 micronM observed for the respective enzymes.", "contents": "Thymidylate synthetase inhibitors. Synthesis of N-substituted 5-aminomethyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphates. A series of substituted 5-aminomethyl-2'-deoxyuridines was synthesized as analogues of 5-thymidylyltetrahydrofolic acid, a proposed intermediate in the thymidylate synthetase catalyzed reaction. 1-(3,5-Di-O-p-toluoyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-chloromethyluracil (3) was treated with the appropriate amine to give the ester protected 5-aminomethyl nucleoside. Removal of the ester groups was accomplished with anhydrous potassium carbonate in methanol to afford the free beta-nucleoside. In this way 5-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminomethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (5a), 5-dimethylaminomethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5b), 5-N-mehtylpiperazinylmethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5c), and 5-pyrrolidinylmethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5d) were prepared. Compounds 5a,b,d were converted to the respective 5'-phosphates 6a,b,d. All three compounds were subtrate competitive inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase purified from Escherichia coli, calf thymus, and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The most active compound was 6a with KI's of 6,3.1, and 14 micronM observed for the respective enzymes.", "PMID": 323484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8925", "title": "Determination of antibacterial antibodies in serum by immunoradiometric assays.", "content": "When used to determine immunopurified antibacterial globulins in saline-phosphate buffer, the detection sensitivities of direct competitive and indirect immunoradiometric assays were respectively 25 and 2 ng. Normal human and rabbit sera interfered in both types of assay, markedly decreasing sensitivity and precision. Various pre-treatments of sera and modifications of reaction conditions substantially decreased interference in the competitive assay without affecting the activity of added antibody, but they had only marginal effects in the indirect assay. When serum samples taken from rabbits after vaccination with the Live Vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis were tested with the two assays and agglutination tests, newly synthesised circulating antibody was usually detected earlier by the competitive assay than by the other methods.", "contents": "Determination of antibacterial antibodies in serum by immunoradiometric assays. When used to determine immunopurified antibacterial globulins in saline-phosphate buffer, the detection sensitivities of direct competitive and indirect immunoradiometric assays were respectively 25 and 2 ng. Normal human and rabbit sera interfered in both types of assay, markedly decreasing sensitivity and precision. Various pre-treatments of sera and modifications of reaction conditions substantially decreased interference in the competitive assay without affecting the activity of added antibody, but they had only marginal effects in the indirect assay. When serum samples taken from rabbits after vaccination with the Live Vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis were tested with the two assays and agglutination tests, newly synthesised circulating antibody was usually detected earlier by the competitive assay than by the other methods.", "PMID": 323486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8926", "title": "Immunogenicity and characteristics of M protein released by phage-associated lysin from group-A streptococci types 1 and 23.", "content": "A phage-associated lysin (PAL) was used to release M protein from goup-A streptococci of types 1 and 23. Much of the lysin-released-M protein (LYSIN-M) of both types was of high molecular weight, since LYSIN-M appeared just after the void volume on Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration. Some of the LYSIN-M appeared just after the void volume on Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration. Some of the LYSIN-M of both types was found to be firmly attached to group-A carbohydrate. Type-1 LYSIN-M was partially purified by ammonium-sulfate precipitation followed by absorption and elution from an immunoabsorbent column containing antibody for group-A carbohydrate. Type-23 LYSIN-M was partially purified by precipitation at its isoelectric point, pH 4-9. Rabbits immunised in the footpads with either type-1 or type-23 LYSIN-M responded by producing both precipitins and bactericidal (opsonising) antobodies. Some of the antiesera were absorbed and rendered specific for homologous acid extracts. The LYSIN-M preparations of both types 1 and 23 were originally contaminated with heat-labile antigen(s). Antibodies to these heat-labile antigen(s), which cross-react from type to type, were found in the type-specific antisera distributed by the Center for Disease Control. The specificity of Lancefield typing antisera depends on their being tested with extracts of streptococci prepared at pH 2 and 100 degree C for 10 min. Although LYSIN-M is more difficult to prepare and purify then acid-heat released M protein, it might prove useful for studying the nature of native streptococcal M protein.", "contents": "Immunogenicity and characteristics of M protein released by phage-associated lysin from group-A streptococci types 1 and 23. A phage-associated lysin (PAL) was used to release M protein from goup-A streptococci of types 1 and 23. Much of the lysin-released-M protein (LYSIN-M) of both types was of high molecular weight, since LYSIN-M appeared just after the void volume on Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration. Some of the LYSIN-M appeared just after the void volume on Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration. Some of the LYSIN-M of both types was found to be firmly attached to group-A carbohydrate. Type-1 LYSIN-M was partially purified by ammonium-sulfate precipitation followed by absorption and elution from an immunoabsorbent column containing antibody for group-A carbohydrate. Type-23 LYSIN-M was partially purified by precipitation at its isoelectric point, pH 4-9. Rabbits immunised in the footpads with either type-1 or type-23 LYSIN-M responded by producing both precipitins and bactericidal (opsonising) antobodies. Some of the antiesera were absorbed and rendered specific for homologous acid extracts. The LYSIN-M preparations of both types 1 and 23 were originally contaminated with heat-labile antigen(s). Antibodies to these heat-labile antigen(s), which cross-react from type to type, were found in the type-specific antisera distributed by the Center for Disease Control. The specificity of Lancefield typing antisera depends on their being tested with extracts of streptococci prepared at pH 2 and 100 degree C for 10 min. Although LYSIN-M is more difficult to prepare and purify then acid-heat released M protein, it might prove useful for studying the nature of native streptococcal M protein.", "PMID": 323487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8927", "title": "The culture of clinical specimens for anaerobic bacteria: a comparison of three regimens.", "content": "Three procedures for the anaerobic culture of clinical specimens are compared: (i) a conventional bench routine, (ii) a system whereby primary anaerobic plates were incubated for 48 h before examination, and (iii) an anaerobic chamber. It was shown that the anaerobic chamber was of no advantage over bench regimens when primary anaerobic plates were incubated for 48 h before being examined.", "contents": "The culture of clinical specimens for anaerobic bacteria: a comparison of three regimens. Three procedures for the anaerobic culture of clinical specimens are compared: (i) a conventional bench routine, (ii) a system whereby primary anaerobic plates were incubated for 48 h before examination, and (iii) an anaerobic chamber. It was shown that the anaerobic chamber was of no advantage over bench regimens when primary anaerobic plates were incubated for 48 h before being examined.", "PMID": 323488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8928", "title": "A protein factor associated with serum resistance in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Immunogel-diffusion studies showed that 60 degree C LiCl extracts of the smooth serum-resistant mutant Escherichia coli strain 17 contained greater amounts of a protein antigen than did extracts of the parent strain LP729. An extract of strain 17 was fractionated on Sepharose 4B and the protein antigen was found as the only detectable antigen in a number of fractions; sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that these fractions contained one major polypeptide band with a molecular weight of 46 000 daltons. We suggest that this protein antigen may be partly responsible for the serum resistance of strain 17 though its presence in other serum-sensitive strains suggests that additional factors are essential for full serum resistance.", "contents": "A protein factor associated with serum resistance in Escherichia coli. Immunogel-diffusion studies showed that 60 degree C LiCl extracts of the smooth serum-resistant mutant Escherichia coli strain 17 contained greater amounts of a protein antigen than did extracts of the parent strain LP729. An extract of strain 17 was fractionated on Sepharose 4B and the protein antigen was found as the only detectable antigen in a number of fractions; sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that these fractions contained one major polypeptide band with a molecular weight of 46 000 daltons. We suggest that this protein antigen may be partly responsible for the serum resistance of strain 17 though its presence in other serum-sensitive strains suggests that additional factors are essential for full serum resistance.", "PMID": 323489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8929", "title": "Effects of biliary diversion on intestinal microflora in the rat.", "content": "Certain bile acids inhibit the growth in vitro of organisms commonly found in the intestine and, in particular, anaerobic bacteria. As the importance of this effect in vivo has not been demonstrated, we investigated changes in intestinal flora in the rat after diversion of bile to the urinary bladder. Five days after operation there was an increase in numbers of Proteus sp. in the stomach, mid-jejunum and caecum and of coliform bacilli in the stomach and mid-jejunum. Lacto-bacilli were increased in the stomach. There was no change in numbers of anaerobic organisms. Similar changes in bacterial flora followed 5 days of pair feeding in control rats. Our results do not suggest a specific antibacterial effect of bile salts in the rat in vivo. The changes found are probably related to semi-starvation, because the food intake of the rats after operation was about half that of control rats having an unrestricted diet.", "contents": "Effects of biliary diversion on intestinal microflora in the rat. Certain bile acids inhibit the growth in vitro of organisms commonly found in the intestine and, in particular, anaerobic bacteria. As the importance of this effect in vivo has not been demonstrated, we investigated changes in intestinal flora in the rat after diversion of bile to the urinary bladder. Five days after operation there was an increase in numbers of Proteus sp. in the stomach, mid-jejunum and caecum and of coliform bacilli in the stomach and mid-jejunum. Lacto-bacilli were increased in the stomach. There was no change in numbers of anaerobic organisms. Similar changes in bacterial flora followed 5 days of pair feeding in control rats. Our results do not suggest a specific antibacterial effect of bile salts in the rat in vivo. The changes found are probably related to semi-starvation, because the food intake of the rats after operation was about half that of control rats having an unrestricted diet.", "PMID": 323490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8930", "title": "The effect of Treponema pallidum on mouse survival.", "content": "Intraperitoneal infection with Treponema pallidum did not shorten the lives of inbred CBA mice. One hundred and fifty infected mice survived to a mean age of 41-24 months and 60 uninfected mice to a mean age of 41-38 months.", "contents": "The effect of Treponema pallidum on mouse survival. Intraperitoneal infection with Treponema pallidum did not shorten the lives of inbred CBA mice. One hundred and fifty infected mice survived to a mean age of 41-24 months and 60 uninfected mice to a mean age of 41-38 months.", "PMID": 323491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8931", "title": "Delayed culture of group-A streptococci: an evaluation of variables in methods of examining throat swabs.", "content": "We studied the effects on the frequency of isolation of group-A streptococci from throat swabs of school children on three varibles: (1) plating the cultures within 4 h of collecting the swabs or after storage for 4 days at room temperature; (2) using a plain or a serum-coated cotton swab; and (3) including silica gel in the swab tube or omitting this. Under the conditions of our experiment, only delayed plating of the swab gave a statistically significant advantage. When the delayed-isolation technique was used, neither the swab type nor the presence or absence of silica gel significantly influenced the result. The least advantageous combination of variables was: plating within 4 h, a plain swab, and the absence of silica gel.", "contents": "Delayed culture of group-A streptococci: an evaluation of variables in methods of examining throat swabs. We studied the effects on the frequency of isolation of group-A streptococci from throat swabs of school children on three varibles: (1) plating the cultures within 4 h of collecting the swabs or after storage for 4 days at room temperature; (2) using a plain or a serum-coated cotton swab; and (3) including silica gel in the swab tube or omitting this. Under the conditions of our experiment, only delayed plating of the swab gave a statistically significant advantage. When the delayed-isolation technique was used, neither the swab type nor the presence or absence of silica gel significantly influenced the result. The least advantageous combination of variables was: plating within 4 h, a plain swab, and the absence of silica gel.", "PMID": 323492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8932", "title": "Continuous-culture studies of interactions among human skin-commensal bacteria.", "content": "Chemostat studies were made of an antibiotic-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (S6+), a similar, but antibiotic non-producing S. epidermidis strain (S6-), and a sensitive indicator strain of Micrococcus sp. (M7). Pure and mixed continous cultures were investigated at low population levels (in 0-1% peptone water) and at higher levels (in 0-5% peptone water). Strain S6+ antagonised the growth of strain M7 when its colony count was maintained above 10(7-0) per ml, while strain S6- remained unaffected.", "contents": "Continuous-culture studies of interactions among human skin-commensal bacteria. Chemostat studies were made of an antibiotic-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (S6+), a similar, but antibiotic non-producing S. epidermidis strain (S6-), and a sensitive indicator strain of Micrococcus sp. (M7). Pure and mixed continous cultures were investigated at low population levels (in 0-1% peptone water) and at higher levels (in 0-5% peptone water). Strain S6+ antagonised the growth of strain M7 when its colony count was maintained above 10(7-0) per ml, while strain S6- remained unaffected.", "PMID": 323493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8933", "title": "Immunologic abnormalities in patients with malignant lymphoproliferative diseases.", "content": "The B- and T-lymphocyte distribution was studied in 45 patients with malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. Eight patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease had normal mean percentages of complement receptor lymphocyte (CRL) cells and T-cells; however, the mean absolute number of T-cells was decreased. T-lymphocytes were also decreased in 3 patients with Hodgkin's disease treated 7-24 months previously. The number of T-lymphocytes increased markedly in all patients after treatment. Lymphocyte surface markers in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma showed distinctive patterns. Patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis or \"hairy cell leukemia\" characteristically had low percentages of CRL but normal or increased percentages of surface immunoglobulin-positive lymphocytes. The mean percentage and number of T-lymphocytes in this group were normal. Eight patients with nodular lymphocytic lymphoma and 2 patients with nodular lymphocytic-histiocytic lymphoma had normal mean numbers of CRL but decreased numbers of T-lymphocytes. Of 6 patients with diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma, 4 had elevated percentages and numbers of CRL. Despite low percentages, normal numbers of T-lymphocytes were found in 3 of these patients.", "contents": "Immunologic abnormalities in patients with malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. The B- and T-lymphocyte distribution was studied in 45 patients with malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. Eight patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease had normal mean percentages of complement receptor lymphocyte (CRL) cells and T-cells; however, the mean absolute number of T-cells was decreased. T-lymphocytes were also decreased in 3 patients with Hodgkin's disease treated 7-24 months previously. The number of T-lymphocytes increased markedly in all patients after treatment. Lymphocyte surface markers in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma showed distinctive patterns. Patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis or \"hairy cell leukemia\" characteristically had low percentages of CRL but normal or increased percentages of surface immunoglobulin-positive lymphocytes. The mean percentage and number of T-lymphocytes in this group were normal. Eight patients with nodular lymphocytic lymphoma and 2 patients with nodular lymphocytic-histiocytic lymphoma had normal mean numbers of CRL but decreased numbers of T-lymphocytes. Of 6 patients with diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma, 4 had elevated percentages and numbers of CRL. Despite low percentages, normal numbers of T-lymphocytes were found in 3 of these patients.", "PMID": 323504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8934", "title": "The C1q binding test for soluble immune complexes: clinical correlations obtained in patients with cancer.", "content": "Sera from 134 selected patients with various types of cancer were tested for soluble antigen-antibody complexes by the C1q binding method. Sera from 85 healthy blood bank donors served as normal controls. C1q binding activity (C1q BA) values above the 95th percentile for healthy subjects were found in 83% of sera from patients with neoplastic diseases. The incidence of abnormal C1q BA values among patients with malignant melanoma was 83%, with breast cancer 74%, with colon cancer 75%, with lung cancer 88%, with leukemia and lymphoma 85%, and with miscellaneous tumors 94%. High C1q BA values were found most frequently in sera of patients who had been diagnosed relatively recently (within 5 mo) and who had evident residual disease after surgical treatment. Recurrence or progression of tumor growth occurred significantly more frequently in lung cancer patients with high C1q BA. DNA was not detected in cancer patients' sera and treatment with DNase did not decrease in C1q BA. C1q BA in sera could not be explained by the presence of antiglobulin antibodies. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies of the serum C1q BA in 4 cancer patients showed that the major binding activity was found between 19S and 7S.", "contents": "The C1q binding test for soluble immune complexes: clinical correlations obtained in patients with cancer. Sera from 134 selected patients with various types of cancer were tested for soluble antigen-antibody complexes by the C1q binding method. Sera from 85 healthy blood bank donors served as normal controls. C1q binding activity (C1q BA) values above the 95th percentile for healthy subjects were found in 83% of sera from patients with neoplastic diseases. The incidence of abnormal C1q BA values among patients with malignant melanoma was 83%, with breast cancer 74%, with colon cancer 75%, with lung cancer 88%, with leukemia and lymphoma 85%, and with miscellaneous tumors 94%. High C1q BA values were found most frequently in sera of patients who had been diagnosed relatively recently (within 5 mo) and who had evident residual disease after surgical treatment. Recurrence or progression of tumor growth occurred significantly more frequently in lung cancer patients with high C1q BA. DNA was not detected in cancer patients' sera and treatment with DNase did not decrease in C1q BA. C1q BA in sera could not be explained by the presence of antiglobulin antibodies. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies of the serum C1q BA in 4 cancer patients showed that the major binding activity was found between 19S and 7S.", "PMID": 323505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8935", "title": "Inhibition and stimulation of the growth of Krebs-2 carcinoma by BCG vaccine.", "content": "The effect of BCG vaccine on the growth of imtransplants of Krebs-2 carcinoma in mice was studied. The simultaneous injection of BCG and tumor cells either inhibited tumor growth (BCG given in admixture with tumor cells) or stimulated it (BCG injected contralateral to the tumor transplantation site). The BCG dose was directly related to the effect. Tumor growth was also stimulated by the ip injection of starch or liquid paraffin. In these experiments, the BCG effect was attributed to the redistribution of cells involved in nonspecific and specific tumor resistance. Shortly after BCG prevaccination, particularly when BCG doses were high and mice were susceptible to vaccine infection, BCG was either without effect or stimulated tumor growth; later, however, tumor growth was inhibited regardless of the BCG dose and the injection site of the BCG. The effect of BCG prevaccination was suggested to be due to: 1)the distraction of macrophages and T-lymphocytes to defend the host against the multiplying mycobacteria, and 2)the activation of the pool of these cells that become capable to participate in antitumor resistance after mycobacteria elimination.", "contents": "Inhibition and stimulation of the growth of Krebs-2 carcinoma by BCG vaccine. The effect of BCG vaccine on the growth of imtransplants of Krebs-2 carcinoma in mice was studied. The simultaneous injection of BCG and tumor cells either inhibited tumor growth (BCG given in admixture with tumor cells) or stimulated it (BCG injected contralateral to the tumor transplantation site). The BCG dose was directly related to the effect. Tumor growth was also stimulated by the ip injection of starch or liquid paraffin. In these experiments, the BCG effect was attributed to the redistribution of cells involved in nonspecific and specific tumor resistance. Shortly after BCG prevaccination, particularly when BCG doses were high and mice were susceptible to vaccine infection, BCG was either without effect or stimulated tumor growth; later, however, tumor growth was inhibited regardless of the BCG dose and the injection site of the BCG. The effect of BCG prevaccination was suggested to be due to: 1)the distraction of macrophages and T-lymphocytes to defend the host against the multiplying mycobacteria, and 2)the activation of the pool of these cells that become capable to participate in antitumor resistance after mycobacteria elimination.", "PMID": 323506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8936", "title": "Foreign-body tumors of mice: strain and sex differences in latency and incidence.", "content": "Sarcomas were induced by sc implantation of unplasticized polyvinylchloride acetate films in female and male mice of strains AKR/J, BALB/cJ, BALB/cWat, CBA/H and CBA/H-T6, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/10ScSn, C57BL/6J-bgj, C57BL/cdJ, DBA/-1J l/LnJ, LP/J, SJL/J, X/Gf, 129/J, and hybrids (CBA/H-T6 X AKR/J)F1, (C57BL/10ScSn x CBA/H or CBA/H-T6)F1, (C57BL/6J-bgj x C57BL/6J)F1. The strains and sexes showed marked differences in incidence and mean latency of resulting tumors. Crucial information was provided for the selection of appropriate mouse strains for the study of interrelationships between genotypes, defined somatic properties, and the multifactorial process of foreign-body tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Foreign-body tumors of mice: strain and sex differences in latency and incidence. Sarcomas were induced by sc implantation of unplasticized polyvinylchloride acetate films in female and male mice of strains AKR/J, BALB/cJ, BALB/cWat, CBA/H and CBA/H-T6, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/10ScSn, C57BL/6J-bgj, C57BL/cdJ, DBA/-1J l/LnJ, LP/J, SJL/J, X/Gf, 129/J, and hybrids (CBA/H-T6 X AKR/J)F1, (C57BL/10ScSn x CBA/H or CBA/H-T6)F1, (C57BL/6J-bgj x C57BL/6J)F1. The strains and sexes showed marked differences in incidence and mean latency of resulting tumors. Crucial information was provided for the selection of appropriate mouse strains for the study of interrelationships between genotypes, defined somatic properties, and the multifactorial process of foreign-body tumorigenesis.", "PMID": 323507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8937", "title": "Effect of systemic administration of BCG cell walls on bronchogenic carcinoma in hamsters.", "content": "Systemic injection of BCG cell walls was evaluated for effects on the development of respiratory tract tumors induced by intratracheal instillation of benzo[a]pyrene plus Fe2O3 in Syrian hamsters. Only 74% of animals developed respiratory tract tumors at the dose level of benzo[a]pyrene used. Treatment with BCG cell walls reduced the incidence of respiratory tract tumors to 50%. A similar effect of treatment with BCG cell walls was found when only malignant tumors of the respiratory tract were considered. Both single and multiple injections of BCG cell walls effectively reduced the incidence of respiratory tract tumors.", "contents": "Effect of systemic administration of BCG cell walls on bronchogenic carcinoma in hamsters. Systemic injection of BCG cell walls was evaluated for effects on the development of respiratory tract tumors induced by intratracheal instillation of benzo[a]pyrene plus Fe2O3 in Syrian hamsters. Only 74% of animals developed respiratory tract tumors at the dose level of benzo[a]pyrene used. Treatment with BCG cell walls reduced the incidence of respiratory tract tumors to 50%. A similar effect of treatment with BCG cell walls was found when only malignant tumors of the respiratory tract were considered. Both single and multiple injections of BCG cell walls effectively reduced the incidence of respiratory tract tumors.", "PMID": 323508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8938", "title": "Xenon-133 determination of muscle blood flow in electrical injury.", "content": "Xe-133 washout determination of muscle blood flow (MBF) was used to detect muscle ischemia in electrical injury of an experimental animal model and three patients. The control MBF of rabbit hindlimbs, which averaged 11.29 +/- 1.07 cc/min/100 gm, was significantly reduced by electrical injury, to 5.82 +/- 1.49 cc/min/100 gm (p less than 0.001). An electrical injury of 4,000 watt-seconds or greater was associated with uniform MBF less than 1.00 cc/min/100 gm and with histopathologic alterations of muscle necrosis. Thenar MBF less than 1.00 cc/min/100 gm in two patients was associated with muscle necrosis requiring distal arm amputation. The remaining patient with sequential muscle blood flows above this level had uneventful healing of hand electrical injuries. Xe-133 determination of MBF may be a useful objective technique to determine the extent of electrical injury in muscle.", "contents": "Xenon-133 determination of muscle blood flow in electrical injury. Xe-133 washout determination of muscle blood flow (MBF) was used to detect muscle ischemia in electrical injury of an experimental animal model and three patients. The control MBF of rabbit hindlimbs, which averaged 11.29 +/- 1.07 cc/min/100 gm, was significantly reduced by electrical injury, to 5.82 +/- 1.49 cc/min/100 gm (p less than 0.001). An electrical injury of 4,000 watt-seconds or greater was associated with uniform MBF less than 1.00 cc/min/100 gm and with histopathologic alterations of muscle necrosis. Thenar MBF less than 1.00 cc/min/100 gm in two patients was associated with muscle necrosis requiring distal arm amputation. The remaining patient with sequential muscle blood flows above this level had uneventful healing of hand electrical injuries. Xe-133 determination of MBF may be a useful objective technique to determine the extent of electrical injury in muscle.", "PMID": 323510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8939", "title": "[Urological aspect of vesico-intestinal fistulas. Apropos of 14 cases].", "content": "This series of 14 cases of vesico-intestinal fistulae, together with a review of the literature, led to a certain number of remarks: From an aetiological standpoint, in addition to classical concepts with the predominance of diverticulosis of the colon accounting for 46% of cases, followed by carcinoma of the colon (14%) and Crohn's disease, we feel it to be of interest to stress the possible urinary origin of vesico intestinal fistulae (4 of our cases, and 4.5% of the total number collectedin the literature). From a diagnostic standpoint, we would emphasise that these fistulae present almost solely with urinary symptoms and signs and stress the clinical importance of what is now known, since J. Cibert, as \"pre-fistulous cystitis\" preceding the development of pathognomic signs--faecaluria and pneumatria. Radiological opacification of the colon and rectum is essential in patients with a syndrome of chronic urinary infection unexplained by a urological cause. From a therapeutic standpoint, the surgical treatment of vesico-intestinal fistulae is associated with a high operative mortality (2 deaths amongst our 14 patients) and which, independently of the aetiological factor (predominance of carcinomas) is explained above all by the septic nature of the lesions.", "contents": "[Urological aspect of vesico-intestinal fistulas. Apropos of 14 cases]. This series of 14 cases of vesico-intestinal fistulae, together with a review of the literature, led to a certain number of remarks: From an aetiological standpoint, in addition to classical concepts with the predominance of diverticulosis of the colon accounting for 46% of cases, followed by carcinoma of the colon (14%) and Crohn's disease, we feel it to be of interest to stress the possible urinary origin of vesico intestinal fistulae (4 of our cases, and 4.5% of the total number collectedin the literature). From a diagnostic standpoint, we would emphasise that these fistulae present almost solely with urinary symptoms and signs and stress the clinical importance of what is now known, since J. Cibert, as \"pre-fistulous cystitis\" preceding the development of pathognomic signs--faecaluria and pneumatria. Radiological opacification of the colon and rectum is essential in patients with a syndrome of chronic urinary infection unexplained by a urological cause. From a therapeutic standpoint, the surgical treatment of vesico-intestinal fistulae is associated with a high operative mortality (2 deaths amongst our 14 patients) and which, independently of the aetiological factor (predominance of carcinomas) is explained above all by the septic nature of the lesions.", "PMID": 323511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8940", "title": "Inhibition of bacteriophage M13 and phix174 duplex DNA replication and single-strand synthesis in temperature-sensitive dnaZ mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A functional dnaZ product, known to be essential for host DNA polymerization and for the synthesis of M13 and phiX174 parental replicative-form (RF) DNA, is required also for RF replication and single-strand synthesis by both of these phages. All three stages of M13 and phiX174DNA replication (parental RF formation, RF replication, and single-strand synthesis) are inhibited in dnazts mutants at elevated temperatures. In addition, the thermolabile step in M13 parental RF formation appears to occur after RNA priming;i.e., the synthesis of M13 RF DNA proceeded when a dnaZts mutant, infected at a nonpermissive temperature, was transferred to a permissive temperature in the presence of rifampin.", "contents": "Inhibition of bacteriophage M13 and phix174 duplex DNA replication and single-strand synthesis in temperature-sensitive dnaZ mutants of Escherichia coli. A functional dnaZ product, known to be essential for host DNA polymerization and for the synthesis of M13 and phiX174 parental replicative-form (RF) DNA, is required also for RF replication and single-strand synthesis by both of these phages. All three stages of M13 and phiX174DNA replication (parental RF formation, RF replication, and single-strand synthesis) are inhibited in dnazts mutants at elevated temperatures. In addition, the thermolabile step in M13 parental RF formation appears to occur after RNA priming;i.e., the synthesis of M13 RF DNA proceeded when a dnaZts mutant, infected at a nonpermissive temperature, was transferred to a permissive temperature in the presence of rifampin.", "PMID": 323515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8941", "title": "Pyelolithotomy of a renal transplant.", "content": "A large calculus developed in a renal transplant patient and was removed by pyelolithotomy. Hyperparathyroidism was not present. Important factors to consider before performing a nephrolithotomy in a transplanted kidney are whether the transplant was a right or left kidney and the timing of the operation in relation to renal function and infection. The etiology for renal stone formation in renal transplant recipients includes hyercalciuria, renal tubular acidosis, antacid administration and infection.", "contents": "Pyelolithotomy of a renal transplant. A large calculus developed in a renal transplant patient and was removed by pyelolithotomy. Hyperparathyroidism was not present. Important factors to consider before performing a nephrolithotomy in a transplanted kidney are whether the transplant was a right or left kidney and the timing of the operation in relation to renal function and infection. The etiology for renal stone formation in renal transplant recipients includes hyercalciuria, renal tubular acidosis, antacid administration and infection.", "PMID": 323516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8942", "title": "Prescribing of tetracycline to children less than 8 years old. A two-year epidemiologic study among ambulatory Tennessee medicaid recipients.", "content": "The committee on Drugs of the American Academy of Pediatrics finds virtually no indications for administering tetracyclines to children less than 8 years old. This study analyzes tetracycline prescribing to ambulatory children less than 8 years of age in the Tennessee Medicaid program during a two-year period. Of the nearly 59,000 children in the study, 4,026 (7%) received 7,046 tetracycline prescriptions. Twenty-seven percent (527) of 1,947 participating physicians prescribed tetracycline; 26 physicians (5%) wrote 54% of the prescriptions for 45% of the children. Physicians in family practice prescribed the greatest quantity of tetracycline. Surgeons and internists prescribed more tetracycline to young children than did pediatricians. Rural location of practice was independently associated with increased tetracycline prescribing for all specialties. Recent graduates from medical school were less apt to prescribe tetracycline than were earlier graduates.", "contents": "Prescribing of tetracycline to children less than 8 years old. A two-year epidemiologic study among ambulatory Tennessee medicaid recipients. The committee on Drugs of the American Academy of Pediatrics finds virtually no indications for administering tetracyclines to children less than 8 years old. This study analyzes tetracycline prescribing to ambulatory children less than 8 years of age in the Tennessee Medicaid program during a two-year period. Of the nearly 59,000 children in the study, 4,026 (7%) received 7,046 tetracycline prescriptions. Twenty-seven percent (527) of 1,947 participating physicians prescribed tetracycline; 26 physicians (5%) wrote 54% of the prescriptions for 45% of the children. Physicians in family practice prescribed the greatest quantity of tetracycline. Surgeons and internists prescribed more tetracycline to young children than did pediatricians. Rural location of practice was independently associated with increased tetracycline prescribing for all specialties. Recent graduates from medical school were less apt to prescribe tetracycline than were earlier graduates.", "PMID": 323518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8943", "title": "Crepitant cellulitis and myonecrosis caused by Klebsiella.", "content": "A fatal case of crepitant cellulitis with myonecrosis, the first caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, is reported. The infection started in the left thigh but progressed rapidly despite appropriate antibiotics and surgery, which included incision and drainage and later a left-hip disarticulation. This case emphasizes that nonclostridial crepitant cellulitis is potentially severe and that the presence of myonecrosis is an indication for early radical surgery.", "contents": "Crepitant cellulitis and myonecrosis caused by Klebsiella. A fatal case of crepitant cellulitis with myonecrosis, the first caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, is reported. The infection started in the left thigh but progressed rapidly despite appropriate antibiotics and surgery, which included incision and drainage and later a left-hip disarticulation. This case emphasizes that nonclostridial crepitant cellulitis is potentially severe and that the presence of myonecrosis is an indication for early radical surgery.", "PMID": 323519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8944", "title": "Propranolol in the treatment of essential hypertension.", "content": "In a series of 450 patients with mild essential hypertension, propranolol alone (P), propranolol plus hydrochlorothiazide (P+T), propranolol plus hydralazine (P+H), and propranolol plus hydrochlorothiazide plus hydralazine (P+T+H) were compared to reserpine plus hydrochlorothiazide (R+T). Comparison was based on reduction of diastolic blood pressures (BP) to below 90 mm Hg and at least 5 mm Hg less than initial BP after six months of treatment. This was achieved in 92% of patients who received P+T+H, 88% taking R+T, 81% receiving P+T, 72% on P+H and 52% taking P alone. The number of drop-outs, morbid events, and terminating side effects were insignificantly different among the various regimens. In this study, P and P+H were less effective, while P+T and P+T+H were as effective as the standard regimen.", "contents": "Propranolol in the treatment of essential hypertension. In a series of 450 patients with mild essential hypertension, propranolol alone (P), propranolol plus hydrochlorothiazide (P+T), propranolol plus hydralazine (P+H), and propranolol plus hydrochlorothiazide plus hydralazine (P+T+H) were compared to reserpine plus hydrochlorothiazide (R+T). Comparison was based on reduction of diastolic blood pressures (BP) to below 90 mm Hg and at least 5 mm Hg less than initial BP after six months of treatment. This was achieved in 92% of patients who received P+T+H, 88% taking R+T, 81% receiving P+T, 72% on P+H and 52% taking P alone. The number of drop-outs, morbid events, and terminating side effects were insignificantly different among the various regimens. In this study, P and P+H were less effective, while P+T and P+T+H were as effective as the standard regimen.", "PMID": 323525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8945", "title": "Carotid sinus syncope. Report of two cases.", "content": "In two cases of hyperactive carotid sinus with syncope, both patients had a history of syncopal attacks. Carotid sinus massage produced asystole lasting for four seconds with recurrent symptoms. Permanent demand pacemakers were implanted in both patients, causing a relief of symptoms.", "contents": "Carotid sinus syncope. Report of two cases. In two cases of hyperactive carotid sinus with syncope, both patients had a history of syncopal attacks. Carotid sinus massage produced asystole lasting for four seconds with recurrent symptoms. Permanent demand pacemakers were implanted in both patients, causing a relief of symptoms.", "PMID": 323526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8946", "title": "Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. The need for aggressive restaging.", "content": "Fifteen patients with stage III and IV diffuse histiocytic lymphoma were treated with combination chemotherapy: cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, prednisone, and procarbazine hydrochloride (COPP). Eight achieved a complete clinical remission. Of these, five relapsed, but remission was reinduced in three of these. Median survival of partial responders was 52 weeks compared to more than 129 weeks for complete responders. Complete clinical remission in diffuse histiocytic lymphomas did not presage a long disease-free interval as has been reported in biopsy proved remission series. Biopsy and staging by pathologic examination appear necessary to document remission in this disease.", "contents": "Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. The need for aggressive restaging. Fifteen patients with stage III and IV diffuse histiocytic lymphoma were treated with combination chemotherapy: cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, prednisone, and procarbazine hydrochloride (COPP). Eight achieved a complete clinical remission. Of these, five relapsed, but remission was reinduced in three of these. Median survival of partial responders was 52 weeks compared to more than 129 weeks for complete responders. Complete clinical remission in diffuse histiocytic lymphomas did not presage a long disease-free interval as has been reported in biopsy proved remission series. Biopsy and staging by pathologic examination appear necessary to document remission in this disease.", "PMID": 323527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8947", "title": "Multiple myeloma with cutaneous involvement.", "content": "A 49-year-old man with multiple myeloma, IgA type, contracted cutaneous plasmocytomas. No deposits of immunoglobulin were found in the cutaneous tumor by direct immunofluorescence. The case is an unusual manifestation occurring in multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma with cutaneous involvement. A 49-year-old man with multiple myeloma, IgA type, contracted cutaneous plasmocytomas. No deposits of immunoglobulin were found in the cutaneous tumor by direct immunofluorescence. The case is an unusual manifestation occurring in multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 323531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8948", "title": "[Heart valve prosthesis in congenital heart defects].", "content": "The experience of 68 cases of prosthetic valve replacement for congenital heart diseases is presented. The majority of the cases were 57 patients with the Ebstein anomaly and tetralogy of Fallot. In the patients with the Ebstein anomaly the tricuspid valve was replaced, in those with the tetralogy of Fallot--a plastic enlargement of the pulmonary artery trunk and prosthetic replacement of the pulmonary valve with a ball valve or xeno-graft. Original techniques of radical correction of the Ebstein anomaly and tetralogy of Fallot are presented.", "contents": "[Heart valve prosthesis in congenital heart defects]. The experience of 68 cases of prosthetic valve replacement for congenital heart diseases is presented. The majority of the cases were 57 patients with the Ebstein anomaly and tetralogy of Fallot. In the patients with the Ebstein anomaly the tricuspid valve was replaced, in those with the tetralogy of Fallot--a plastic enlargement of the pulmonary artery trunk and prosthetic replacement of the pulmonary valve with a ball valve or xeno-graft. Original techniques of radical correction of the Ebstein anomaly and tetralogy of Fallot are presented.", "PMID": 323553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8949", "title": "[Historical notes on the terms \"glaucoma\" and \"cataract\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The Greek term \"glaucoma\" has nothing to do with the disease we call glaucoma today and that we use to translate incorrectly with \"gr\u00fcner Star\" throughout the German-speaking countries. The Greek adjective \"glaucos\" does not mean green but gleaming, sparkling. It signified the discolouring of the pupil in glaucoma. It was later replaced by the pathogenetic term hypochysis, Latin suffusio, denoting the supposed \"tr\u00fcbe Feuchte\" (opaque humour) that was taught to gather and congeal in front of the crystalline lens. Later on \"glaukosis\" was reserved for incurable cases, disease of the crystalline lens itself, which was looked at as the \"organon visus\" up to Felix Plater. The word \"cataract\"--waterfall--does not exist in Greek medicine. It appears in Salernitan medical science around the year 1000 as a synonym for hypochysis, the disease we call cataract today and which has been identified as opacity of the lens since Brisseau (1705). The nature of \"incurable\" glaucoma, later considered as a disease of the vitreous body, was clearly recognized as a consequence of intraocular increase of pressure only by v. Graefe.", "contents": "[Historical notes on the terms \"glaucoma\" and \"cataract\" (author's transl)]. The Greek term \"glaucoma\" has nothing to do with the disease we call glaucoma today and that we use to translate incorrectly with \"gr\u00fcner Star\" throughout the German-speaking countries. The Greek adjective \"glaucos\" does not mean green but gleaming, sparkling. It signified the discolouring of the pupil in glaucoma. It was later replaced by the pathogenetic term hypochysis, Latin suffusio, denoting the supposed \"tr\u00fcbe Feuchte\" (opaque humour) that was taught to gather and congeal in front of the crystalline lens. Later on \"glaukosis\" was reserved for incurable cases, disease of the crystalline lens itself, which was looked at as the \"organon visus\" up to Felix Plater. The word \"cataract\"--waterfall--does not exist in Greek medicine. It appears in Salernitan medical science around the year 1000 as a synonym for hypochysis, the disease we call cataract today and which has been identified as opacity of the lens since Brisseau (1705). The nature of \"incurable\" glaucoma, later considered as a disease of the vitreous body, was clearly recognized as a consequence of intraocular increase of pressure only by v. Graefe.", "PMID": 323562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8950", "title": "[The monocyte-macrophage-system (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of the monocyte-macrophage-system in specific and non-specific immune reactions is described. Macrophages are involved during both the afferent phase, e.g. antigen trapping, antigen processing, and the efferent phase, e.g. allograft rejection, tumour cell destruction, of the specific immune system. The monocyte-macrophage system can be activated by non-specific and - more important in vivo - by specific mechanisms via soluble factors produced by sensitized T-lymphocytes. Finally, some clinically important disorders of macrophage function are described.", "contents": "[The monocyte-macrophage-system (author's transl)]. The importance of the monocyte-macrophage-system in specific and non-specific immune reactions is described. Macrophages are involved during both the afferent phase, e.g. antigen trapping, antigen processing, and the efferent phase, e.g. allograft rejection, tumour cell destruction, of the specific immune system. The monocyte-macrophage system can be activated by non-specific and - more important in vivo - by specific mechanisms via soluble factors produced by sensitized T-lymphocytes. Finally, some clinically important disorders of macrophage function are described.", "PMID": 323564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8951", "title": "Nuclear fluorescence of liver cells for IgG in viral hepatitis B: significance and relation to hepatitis B-core and anti-hepatitis B-core formation.", "content": "The occurrence of anti-HBcAg antibodies in the blood as determined by indirect immunofluorescence  and its relation to the occurrence of HBsAg in the cytoplasm and of HBcAg and IgG in the nuclei of hepatocytes were studied in the following groups of patients (total of 123 biopsies): I. 64 HBAg-negative patients with various liver diseases; II. 51 HBAg-positive patients without therapeutical immunosuppression (6 acute hepatitis, 10 nonspecific reactive and 10 chronic persistent hepatitis, 19 chronic aggressive hepatitis, 6 \"Hippie\"-hepatitis); III. 8 kidney transplant recipients. It could be shown that nuclear IgG is found only if both parameters can be demonstrated at the same time: HBcAg in liver cell nuclei and anti-HBcAg antibodies in the serum in titers higher than 1:64. Accordingly, all types of hepatitis with excess formation of nuclear HBcAg (early phase of acute hepatitis, chronic aggressive hepatitis and chronic non-aggressive forms with generalized core formation, i.e. carrier state or chronic persistent hepatitis of the HBc type) may show nuclear fluorescence for IgG. All forms of hepatitis B without detectable core formation (acute hepatitis in the elimination phase, chronic non-aggressive hepatitis with isolated HBsAg expression, i.e. carrier state or chronic persistent hepatitis of the HBs type, posthepatitic phase) do not present nuclear IgG despite eventual anti-HBcAg formation. Finally, lack of anti-HBcAg or very low titers associated with lack of IgG in hepatocytic nuclei do not exclude generalized core formation in liver cell nuclei in chronic persistent hepatitis of effectively immunosuppressed patients. Although the demonstration of nuclear IgG has several diagnostic and prognostic consequences in common with the demonstration of HBcAg, a specific search for the core antigen in the tissue is needed for the correct appraisal of the HBcAg- and HBsAg tissue expression pattern and the associated disease.", "contents": "Nuclear fluorescence of liver cells for IgG in viral hepatitis B: significance and relation to hepatitis B-core and anti-hepatitis B-core formation. The occurrence of anti-HBcAg antibodies in the blood as determined by indirect immunofluorescence  and its relation to the occurrence of HBsAg in the cytoplasm and of HBcAg and IgG in the nuclei of hepatocytes were studied in the following groups of patients (total of 123 biopsies): I. 64 HBAg-negative patients with various liver diseases; II. 51 HBAg-positive patients without therapeutical immunosuppression (6 acute hepatitis, 10 nonspecific reactive and 10 chronic persistent hepatitis, 19 chronic aggressive hepatitis, 6 \"Hippie\"-hepatitis); III. 8 kidney transplant recipients. It could be shown that nuclear IgG is found only if both parameters can be demonstrated at the same time: HBcAg in liver cell nuclei and anti-HBcAg antibodies in the serum in titers higher than 1:64. Accordingly, all types of hepatitis with excess formation of nuclear HBcAg (early phase of acute hepatitis, chronic aggressive hepatitis and chronic non-aggressive forms with generalized core formation, i.e. carrier state or chronic persistent hepatitis of the HBc type) may show nuclear fluorescence for IgG. All forms of hepatitis B without detectable core formation (acute hepatitis in the elimination phase, chronic non-aggressive hepatitis with isolated HBsAg expression, i.e. carrier state or chronic persistent hepatitis of the HBs type, posthepatitic phase) do not present nuclear IgG despite eventual anti-HBcAg formation. Finally, lack of anti-HBcAg or very low titers associated with lack of IgG in hepatocytic nuclei do not exclude generalized core formation in liver cell nuclei in chronic persistent hepatitis of effectively immunosuppressed patients. Although the demonstration of nuclear IgG has several diagnostic and prognostic consequences in common with the demonstration of HBcAg, a specific search for the core antigen in the tissue is needed for the correct appraisal of the HBcAg- and HBsAg tissue expression pattern and the associated disease.", "PMID": 323565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8952", "title": "[Biology of lectins and their application in clinical biochemistry (author's transl)].", "content": "Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins, originally isolated from plant seeds. Characteristics are their ability to bind glycoproteins or glycolipids depending on the carbohydrate residues. The present review describes the structure of the lectins, their binding specificity and their functions with respect to precipitation of glycoproteins, agglutination of cells, transformation of lymphocytes and toxic action. Recently, lectin-analogs have been described in rabbit liver, which are responsible for hepatic uptake of circulating glycoproteins. The regulation of this process is intimately linked to the terminal N-Acetylneuraminic acid (NA-NA). Moreover, its significance is shown during fetal development, oncogenic transformation, immunologic recognition as well as homostasis. Due to the different terminal carbohydrate residues, glycoproteins of adult, fetal or transformed cells can be separated using affinity chromatography. Besides the purification of glycoproteins, lectins are also used for the separation of intact cells. Therefore the use of lectins is recommended for preparative and analytical methods, for the measurements of glycoprotein-turnover and for clinical diagnostics.", "contents": "[Biology of lectins and their application in clinical biochemistry (author's transl)]. Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins, originally isolated from plant seeds. Characteristics are their ability to bind glycoproteins or glycolipids depending on the carbohydrate residues. The present review describes the structure of the lectins, their binding specificity and their functions with respect to precipitation of glycoproteins, agglutination of cells, transformation of lymphocytes and toxic action. Recently, lectin-analogs have been described in rabbit liver, which are responsible for hepatic uptake of circulating glycoproteins. The regulation of this process is intimately linked to the terminal N-Acetylneuraminic acid (NA-NA). Moreover, its significance is shown during fetal development, oncogenic transformation, immunologic recognition as well as homostasis. Due to the different terminal carbohydrate residues, glycoproteins of adult, fetal or transformed cells can be separated using affinity chromatography. Besides the purification of glycoproteins, lectins are also used for the separation of intact cells. Therefore the use of lectins is recommended for preparative and analytical methods, for the measurements of glycoprotein-turnover and for clinical diagnostics.", "PMID": 323566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8953", "title": "Diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in experimentally infected rabbits by intradermal and immunofluorescence tests.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescence antibody test was performed on serial blood samples from eight young New Zealand White rabbits with experimental encephalitozoonosis. The test showed seroconversion in six of the eight infected rabbits by the 8th day after inoculation and in all rabbits by the 15th day. Antibody titers reached a peak by about the 36th day after inoculation and remained significantly elevated until the termination of the experiment at 84 days after inoculation. None of four sham-inoculated rabbits showed an immunofluorescence response by the 60th day after inoculation. Immunofluorescence and intradermal test responses were compared before infection and at the 60th day after inoculation in a total of 32 experimentally infected rabbits. Both tests were equally effective (100%) in detecting infected animals. Six of eight (first group) and 22 of 24 (second group) experimentally infected rabbits were confirmed histologically to have lesions compatible with encephalitozoonosis. No cross reactions were observed between Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria perforans, or Eimeria stiedai by intradermal test or immunofluorescence test.", "contents": "Diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in experimentally infected rabbits by intradermal and immunofluorescence tests. The indirect immunofluorescence antibody test was performed on serial blood samples from eight young New Zealand White rabbits with experimental encephalitozoonosis. The test showed seroconversion in six of the eight infected rabbits by the 8th day after inoculation and in all rabbits by the 15th day. Antibody titers reached a peak by about the 36th day after inoculation and remained significantly elevated until the termination of the experiment at 84 days after inoculation. None of four sham-inoculated rabbits showed an immunofluorescence response by the 60th day after inoculation. Immunofluorescence and intradermal test responses were compared before infection and at the 60th day after inoculation in a total of 32 experimentally infected rabbits. Both tests were equally effective (100%) in detecting infected animals. Six of eight (first group) and 22 of 24 (second group) experimentally infected rabbits were confirmed histologically to have lesions compatible with encephalitozoonosis. No cross reactions were observed between Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria perforans, or Eimeria stiedai by intradermal test or immunofluorescence test.", "PMID": 323570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8954", "title": "Electrophysiologic response audiometry: state of the art.", "content": "Electrophysiologic response audiometry (ERA) is based upon recording neuroelectric potentials from sites extending from the cochlea to the cortex. These recordings rely on the use of averaging computers to extricate desired neuroelectric responses from the ongoing background electrical activity of the human auditory system and brain. The different neuroelectric responses are distinguished by response latency, response waveform, and probable site of origin. Responses which occur within the latency range of 1 to 5 msec originate from the cochlea and auditory nerve. Responses in the 4- to 8-msec latency range have the brain stem as their origin. Responses with latencies from about 8 to 50 msec presumably arise from the upper brain stem and primary projection areas. Responses with a fast waveform include those with latencies between 1 and 50 msec. Slow wave responses from about 50 to 300 msec originate as a secondary discharge from the primary cortical projection areas and surrounding secondary and association areas. The longest latency potentials (300 msec) are slow shifts that appear to arise from the prefrontal and secondary or association areas of the cortex. These response classes are discussed in terms of their clinical utility for threshold estimation and diagnostic value.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic response audiometry: state of the art. Electrophysiologic response audiometry (ERA) is based upon recording neuroelectric potentials from sites extending from the cochlea to the cortex. These recordings rely on the use of averaging computers to extricate desired neuroelectric responses from the ongoing background electrical activity of the human auditory system and brain. The different neuroelectric responses are distinguished by response latency, response waveform, and probable site of origin. Responses which occur within the latency range of 1 to 5 msec originate from the cochlea and auditory nerve. Responses in the 4- to 8-msec latency range have the brain stem as their origin. Responses with latencies from about 8 to 50 msec presumably arise from the upper brain stem and primary projection areas. Responses with a fast waveform include those with latencies between 1 and 50 msec. Slow wave responses from about 50 to 300 msec originate as a secondary discharge from the primary cortical projection areas and surrounding secondary and association areas. The longest latency potentials (300 msec) are slow shifts that appear to arise from the prefrontal and secondary or association areas of the cortex. These response classes are discussed in terms of their clinical utility for threshold estimation and diagnostic value.", "PMID": 323578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8955", "title": "Evacuation of pericardial, anterior mediastinal, and peripleural air collections in neonatal respiratory distress.", "content": "Alveolar rupture in the neonate can result in the dissection of air along vascular sheaths and the formation of abnormal collections within the mediastinal, pleural, pericardial, or peripleural spaces or elsewhere. Intercostal tube placement for pneumothorax is frequently required. A method is presented for the placement of Intracath catheters into pericardial, anterior mediastinal, and peripleural collections of air when other adjustments in treatment have not allevaited clinical distress.", "contents": "Evacuation of pericardial, anterior mediastinal, and peripleural air collections in neonatal respiratory distress. Alveolar rupture in the neonate can result in the dissection of air along vascular sheaths and the formation of abnormal collections within the mediastinal, pleural, pericardial, or peripleural spaces or elsewhere. Intercostal tube placement for pneumothorax is frequently required. A method is presented for the placement of Intracath catheters into pericardial, anterior mediastinal, and peripleural collections of air when other adjustments in treatment have not allevaited clinical distress.", "PMID": 323581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8956", "title": "Morphology of canine hearts after 24 hours' preservation and orthotopic transplantation.", "content": "Ten dogs underwent orthotopic cardiac transplantation after preservation of the donor heart for 24 hours in an oxygenated hypothermic, hypertonic, intracellular solution, either with (five dogs) or without (five dogs) continuous, oxygenated, low-pressure perfusion. Eight dogs survived for 24 hours after transplantation, at which time they were put to death. The two nonsurvivors were among the five with nonperfused hearts. Examination of all 10 donor hearts showed differences between the two groups: Four of five nonperfused hearts showed severe transmural myocardial coagulation necrosis but only small foci of contraction band necrosis (myofibrillar degeneration). The perfused hearts, however, showed more extensive subendocardial areas of contraction-band necrosis, but only minimal and focal coagulation necrosis, indicating less severe hypoxic damage. These results indicate that oxygenated perfusion with a hypothermic, hypertonic, intracellular solution may permit improved transplant survival after extended cardiac preservation.", "contents": "Morphology of canine hearts after 24 hours' preservation and orthotopic transplantation. Ten dogs underwent orthotopic cardiac transplantation after preservation of the donor heart for 24 hours in an oxygenated hypothermic, hypertonic, intracellular solution, either with (five dogs) or without (five dogs) continuous, oxygenated, low-pressure perfusion. Eight dogs survived for 24 hours after transplantation, at which time they were put to death. The two nonsurvivors were among the five with nonperfused hearts. Examination of all 10 donor hearts showed differences between the two groups: Four of five nonperfused hearts showed severe transmural myocardial coagulation necrosis but only small foci of contraction band necrosis (myofibrillar degeneration). The perfused hearts, however, showed more extensive subendocardial areas of contraction-band necrosis, but only minimal and focal coagulation necrosis, indicating less severe hypoxic damage. These results indicate that oxygenated perfusion with a hypothermic, hypertonic, intracellular solution may permit improved transplant survival after extended cardiac preservation.", "PMID": 323582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8957", "title": "Hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "The determination of the structure of hemoglobin is one of the milestones of molecular biology. This information has provided an intimate understanding of the way in which the molecule functions physiologically; Study of hemoglobin has proved relevant to a number of biomedical disciplines. This protein is a prototype of a general class of allosteric enzymes whose function depends upon transition from one conformation to another. Recently, attention has been focused on environmental factors, including 2,3-DPG, hydrogen ion concentration, and CO2, which can modify and perhaps regulate the behavior of hemoglobin within the red cell. Comparisons of primary amino acid sequences of animal hemoglobins have provided new and independent phylogenetic insights. Furthermore, surveys of human hemoglobin phenotypes have been of considerable utility in the study of population genetics. Finally, certain variants are responsible for specific clinical syndromes. As we shall discuss in detail, in most cases the clinical features can be directly attributed to lesions at a submolecular level. This chapter will first present a detailed account of interrelationships between hemoglobin structure and function. Secondly, we will consider the various factors in health and disease which can modify hemoglobin's physiologic role. This background information will be useful in the consideration of inherited and acquired disorders of hemoglobin structure and function.", "contents": "Hemoglobinopathies. The determination of the structure of hemoglobin is one of the milestones of molecular biology. This information has provided an intimate understanding of the way in which the molecule functions physiologically; Study of hemoglobin has proved relevant to a number of biomedical disciplines. This protein is a prototype of a general class of allosteric enzymes whose function depends upon transition from one conformation to another. Recently, attention has been focused on environmental factors, including 2,3-DPG, hydrogen ion concentration, and CO2, which can modify and perhaps regulate the behavior of hemoglobin within the red cell. Comparisons of primary amino acid sequences of animal hemoglobins have provided new and independent phylogenetic insights. Furthermore, surveys of human hemoglobin phenotypes have been of considerable utility in the study of population genetics. Finally, certain variants are responsible for specific clinical syndromes. As we shall discuss in detail, in most cases the clinical features can be directly attributed to lesions at a submolecular level. This chapter will first present a detailed account of interrelationships between hemoglobin structure and function. Secondly, we will consider the various factors in health and disease which can modify hemoglobin's physiologic role. This background information will be useful in the consideration of inherited and acquired disorders of hemoglobin structure and function.", "PMID": 323584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8958", "title": "End-stage renal failure in juvenile diabetes mellitus: a 5-year follow-up of treatment.", "content": "A group of 43 juvenile diabetic patients accepted for renal transplantation and followed up for as long as 5 years was studied. The cumulative survivial of the group was 66% at 1 year and 58% at 5 years. The 1-year survival of those receiving cadaveric renal allografts (65%) or of those on dialysis alone (55%) was less than the survival of those after living related donor transplantation (88%). The major morbid sequelae included retinopathy, neuropathy, and peripheral vascular disease. While patients were on dialysis, blindness increased, with 44% of the bilateral blindness and 27% of the unilateral blindness representing new cases. After transplantation, permanent unilateral or bilateral blindness developed in an additional 12% of the patients. Severe neuropathy progressed rapidly in patients on dialysis and improved after transplantation in all. Fifty percent of the patients who survived transplantation 1 year or more required amputation of one or more extremities. Only 25% of the patients who survived 1 year after transplantation were without blindness, severe peripheral vascular problems, or both.", "contents": "End-stage renal failure in juvenile diabetes mellitus: a 5-year follow-up of treatment. A group of 43 juvenile diabetic patients accepted for renal transplantation and followed up for as long as 5 years was studied. The cumulative survivial of the group was 66% at 1 year and 58% at 5 years. The 1-year survival of those receiving cadaveric renal allografts (65%) or of those on dialysis alone (55%) was less than the survival of those after living related donor transplantation (88%). The major morbid sequelae included retinopathy, neuropathy, and peripheral vascular disease. While patients were on dialysis, blindness increased, with 44% of the bilateral blindness and 27% of the unilateral blindness representing new cases. After transplantation, permanent unilateral or bilateral blindness developed in an additional 12% of the patients. Severe neuropathy progressed rapidly in patients on dialysis and improved after transplantation in all. Fifty percent of the patients who survived transplantation 1 year or more required amputation of one or more extremities. Only 25% of the patients who survived 1 year after transplantation were without blindness, severe peripheral vascular problems, or both.", "PMID": 323585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8959", "title": "Are there unknown mineralocorticoids in low-renin essential hypertension?", "content": "The blood pressure elevation of primary aldosteronism is caused by excessive production of the known mineralocorticoid, aldosterone. The blood pressure elevation of low-renin essential hypertension may also be caused by mineralocorticoid excess, but which which mineralocorticoid is responsible is uncertain. Normal levels of aldosterone, found in this disorder despite suppressed plasma renin, and the presence of an unknown mineralocorticoid have been hypothesized to explain low-renin essential hypertension. We contrasted the blood pressure responses and changes in aldosterone seen in patients with low-renin essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism during treatment with two adrenal enzyme inhibitors. The results demonstrate the similarity between decrease in blood pressure and in aldosterone during early adrenal inhibition in both primary aldosteronism and in low-renin essential hypertension. During treatment with a distal adrenal blocker, patients with primary aldosteronism demonstrated decreases in both aldosterone and blood pressure, whereas patients with low-renin essential hypertension showed a decrease in aldosterone without significant change in blood pressure. This suggested that aldosterone was not the major mineralocorticoid responsible for low-renin essential hypertension. Unknown mineralocorticoid excretion decreased (along with blood pressure) during early inhibition but failed to decrease (along with blood pressure) during late inhibition at a time when aldosterone excretion decreased. This suggests that unknown mineralocorticoids play significant roles in the blood pressure elevation of low-renin essential hypertension.", "contents": "Are there unknown mineralocorticoids in low-renin essential hypertension? The blood pressure elevation of primary aldosteronism is caused by excessive production of the known mineralocorticoid, aldosterone. The blood pressure elevation of low-renin essential hypertension may also be caused by mineralocorticoid excess, but which which mineralocorticoid is responsible is uncertain. Normal levels of aldosterone, found in this disorder despite suppressed plasma renin, and the presence of an unknown mineralocorticoid have been hypothesized to explain low-renin essential hypertension. We contrasted the blood pressure responses and changes in aldosterone seen in patients with low-renin essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism during treatment with two adrenal enzyme inhibitors. The results demonstrate the similarity between decrease in blood pressure and in aldosterone during early adrenal inhibition in both primary aldosteronism and in low-renin essential hypertension. During treatment with a distal adrenal blocker, patients with primary aldosteronism demonstrated decreases in both aldosterone and blood pressure, whereas patients with low-renin essential hypertension showed a decrease in aldosterone without significant change in blood pressure. This suggested that aldosterone was not the major mineralocorticoid responsible for low-renin essential hypertension. Unknown mineralocorticoid excretion decreased (along with blood pressure) during early inhibition but failed to decrease (along with blood pressure) during late inhibition at a time when aldosterone excretion decreased. This suggests that unknown mineralocorticoids play significant roles in the blood pressure elevation of low-renin essential hypertension.", "PMID": 323587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8960", "title": "Mineralocorticoid hypertension in childhood.", "content": "Evidence for the existence of a hormone that is stimulable by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and capable of causing hypertension has been collected in several patients. This hormone is not a known mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid. The hypothesis that a steroid can produce hypertension was tested in an 18-year-old man with dexamethasone-suppressible hypertension. During dexamethasone treatment, when aldosterone secretion was suppressed, less than normal and the patient was normotensive, steroids were given by constant infusion in an attempt to reproduce the hypertension of the dexamethasone-free state. Hypertension was not caused by 5 days of administration of aldosterone, 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) at 1 mg/day, or deoxycorticosterone (DOC) at 30 mg/day. However, sodium retention and potassium loss were observed during infusion of aldosterone and DOC. Hypertension was produced within 5 days during infusion of ACTH or oral metyrapone. The hypertensive effect of the metyrapone was eliminated by the additional treatment with aminoglutethimide. These studies suggest that an ACTH-dependent steroid rather than aldosterone, 18-OH-DOC, or DOC may be the cause of the hypertension in this patient. Study of a 3-year-old child who presented with short stature, hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis, suppressed renin and ACTH, and decreased excretion of all known steroids suggested excessive secretion of a pressor hormone. Reversal of the hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis occurred when spironolactone was administered. ACTH exacerbated the clinical and biochemical abnormalities, suggesting that the secretion of the unknown factor was dependent on ACTH. A study of the urinary steroids revealed remarkably low excretion of aldosterone and cortisol. Plasma levels of ACTH were low. The low production of aldosterone was not associated with the increased excretion of precursor metabolites. These finding suggest the secretion of an unknown hypertensive  factor of remarkably high potency, with the ability to suppress the secretion of both renin and ACTH.", "contents": "Mineralocorticoid hypertension in childhood. Evidence for the existence of a hormone that is stimulable by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and capable of causing hypertension has been collected in several patients. This hormone is not a known mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid. The hypothesis that a steroid can produce hypertension was tested in an 18-year-old man with dexamethasone-suppressible hypertension. During dexamethasone treatment, when aldosterone secretion was suppressed, less than normal and the patient was normotensive, steroids were given by constant infusion in an attempt to reproduce the hypertension of the dexamethasone-free state. Hypertension was not caused by 5 days of administration of aldosterone, 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) at 1 mg/day, or deoxycorticosterone (DOC) at 30 mg/day. However, sodium retention and potassium loss were observed during infusion of aldosterone and DOC. Hypertension was produced within 5 days during infusion of ACTH or oral metyrapone. The hypertensive effect of the metyrapone was eliminated by the additional treatment with aminoglutethimide. These studies suggest that an ACTH-dependent steroid rather than aldosterone, 18-OH-DOC, or DOC may be the cause of the hypertension in this patient. Study of a 3-year-old child who presented with short stature, hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis, suppressed renin and ACTH, and decreased excretion of all known steroids suggested excessive secretion of a pressor hormone. Reversal of the hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis occurred when spironolactone was administered. ACTH exacerbated the clinical and biochemical abnormalities, suggesting that the secretion of the unknown factor was dependent on ACTH. A study of the urinary steroids revealed remarkably low excretion of aldosterone and cortisol. Plasma levels of ACTH were low. The low production of aldosterone was not associated with the increased excretion of precursor metabolites. These finding suggest the secretion of an unknown hypertensive  factor of remarkably high potency, with the ability to suppress the secretion of both renin and ACTH.", "PMID": 323586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8961", "title": "Mechanisms of spontaneous hypertension in rats.", "content": "Studies on the Kyoto (SHR) and the New Zealand (GHR) strains of genetically predisposed hypertensive rats have shown that in the SHR neurogenic influences, primarily of higher central origin, play an important role in the initiation of hypertension. Studies on human essential hypertension indicate that this may also be true for man, although it is far from being the sole explanation. Brookhaven hypertension-prone rats illustrate the interaction between genetic and exogenous factors since they require an overload of salt for the development of high blood pressure. The Milan hypertensive rats (MHS), on the other hand, illustrate a genetic deviation of renal function with imbalance between glomerular filtration and tubular resorption of sodium and water, which may simulate at least some variants of the relatively mild forms of low renin hypertension in man. Structural adaptive vascular changes have been demonstrated in SHR and GHR and in nongenetic renal hypertension in rats, and there are several indications of their presence in MHS. Thus, regardless of the nature of the initiating factors, these secondary but rapidly established changes occur and greatly contribute to the maintenance and acceleration of the hypertensive state. The vascular changes can even be regarded as a common denominator for chronic hypertension and serve as an element which, in fact, reinforces the initiating mechanisms. The progress of the vascular changes can be interfered with by reducing the pressure load. Lowering the blood pressure by pharmacologic treatment is most effective when the treatment is initiated as such an early age when the cardiovascular structural adaptation is still minimal. Treatment in later phases is less successful since the adaptive increases in cardiac and vessel wall thickness can then no longer be fully normalized by pressure reduction because of increased amounts of collagen and other connective tissue elements in the vessel wall, which regress poorly. An increased wall thickness of the resistance vessels implies a vascular hyperreactivity to constricting influences which, in turn, rapidly brings the blood pressure back to supranormal levels as soon as therapy is stopped.", "contents": "Mechanisms of spontaneous hypertension in rats. Studies on the Kyoto (SHR) and the New Zealand (GHR) strains of genetically predisposed hypertensive rats have shown that in the SHR neurogenic influences, primarily of higher central origin, play an important role in the initiation of hypertension. Studies on human essential hypertension indicate that this may also be true for man, although it is far from being the sole explanation. Brookhaven hypertension-prone rats illustrate the interaction between genetic and exogenous factors since they require an overload of salt for the development of high blood pressure. The Milan hypertensive rats (MHS), on the other hand, illustrate a genetic deviation of renal function with imbalance between glomerular filtration and tubular resorption of sodium and water, which may simulate at least some variants of the relatively mild forms of low renin hypertension in man. Structural adaptive vascular changes have been demonstrated in SHR and GHR and in nongenetic renal hypertension in rats, and there are several indications of their presence in MHS. Thus, regardless of the nature of the initiating factors, these secondary but rapidly established changes occur and greatly contribute to the maintenance and acceleration of the hypertensive state. The vascular changes can even be regarded as a common denominator for chronic hypertension and serve as an element which, in fact, reinforces the initiating mechanisms. The progress of the vascular changes can be interfered with by reducing the pressure load. Lowering the blood pressure by pharmacologic treatment is most effective when the treatment is initiated as such an early age when the cardiovascular structural adaptation is still minimal. Treatment in later phases is less successful since the adaptive increases in cardiac and vessel wall thickness can then no longer be fully normalized by pressure reduction because of increased amounts of collagen and other connective tissue elements in the vessel wall, which regress poorly. An increased wall thickness of the resistance vessels implies a vascular hyperreactivity to constricting influences which, in turn, rapidly brings the blood pressure back to supranormal levels as soon as therapy is stopped.", "PMID": 323600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8962", "title": "[Tumors of the small intestine - clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "66 patients suffering from tumors of the small intestine were operated upon between 1963 and 1976 in the Surgical Department of the University of Mainz Medical School. In 16 cases benign tumors were found (6 neurinoma, 4 leiomyoma, 4 lipoma, 2 polyps), in 50 cases the tumors were malignant (24 carcinoma, 20 sarcoma, 2 malignant schwannoma, 4 carcinoids). Only in 12 patients surgery was radical and no metastases found. In more than one third of the patients surgery had to be done as an emergency operation because of life threatening complications. The correct diagnosis was established preoperatively only in 57.5% of all cases. Only 5 out of 15 patients still living have survived more than 5 years. Correct interpretation of early clinical symptoms, repeated X-ray studies and additional chemotherapy may improve the prognosis of malignant tumors of the small intestine.", "contents": "[Tumors of the small intestine - clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)]. 66 patients suffering from tumors of the small intestine were operated upon between 1963 and 1976 in the Surgical Department of the University of Mainz Medical School. In 16 cases benign tumors were found (6 neurinoma, 4 leiomyoma, 4 lipoma, 2 polyps), in 50 cases the tumors were malignant (24 carcinoma, 20 sarcoma, 2 malignant schwannoma, 4 carcinoids). Only in 12 patients surgery was radical and no metastases found. In more than one third of the patients surgery had to be done as an emergency operation because of life threatening complications. The correct diagnosis was established preoperatively only in 57.5% of all cases. Only 5 out of 15 patients still living have survived more than 5 years. Correct interpretation of early clinical symptoms, repeated X-ray studies and additional chemotherapy may improve the prognosis of malignant tumors of the small intestine.", "PMID": 323608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8963", "title": "[Circumfusion chamber for microscopic examination of living single cells and other particles].", "content": "A new circumfusion chamber is described for microscopic or micrometric investigations on living single cells and similar particles. The chamber allows to collect rare single cells. Cells are fixed within the optical field or measuring field in spite of relative high velocity of the medium. Rapid changes of the cells milieu are possible, reactions of the cell are individually visible or measureable. The chamber is temperated and allows application of different special microscopic techniques.", "contents": "[Circumfusion chamber for microscopic examination of living single cells and other particles]. A new circumfusion chamber is described for microscopic or micrometric investigations on living single cells and similar particles. The chamber allows to collect rare single cells. Cells are fixed within the optical field or measuring field in spite of relative high velocity of the medium. Rapid changes of the cells milieu are possible, reactions of the cell are individually visible or measureable. The chamber is temperated and allows application of different special microscopic techniques.", "PMID": 323641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8964", "title": "Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia in the compromised host.", "content": "The clinical and radiological characteristics of 217 consecutive episodes of gram-negative bacillary pneumonia occurring  in 189 adult cancer patients between November 1968 and December 1974 were analyzed. The majority of patients had acute leukemia (54%). Fever larger than or equal to 101 degrees F was the single most common symptom and sign of the presence of infection (90%). Next in frequency were crepitant rales (65%), cough (41%), dyspnea (19%) and chest pain (18%). Radiographic evidence of pneumonia was found in 83% of cases and it consisted mainly of alveolar infiltrates involving both lung fields and predominantly the bases. Up to one-third of the patients had normal chestx-ray examinations at the onset of infection, though they subsequently became abnormal in 42% of them. The majority of patients (81%) whose initial chest x-rays did not reveal the presence of pneumonia were neutropenic (less than 1000 circumlating neutrophils/mm3). Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were the most common infecting organisms. The overall cure rate was 61%; 70% for Klebsiella sp. infections and 64% for Pseudomonas sp. infections. Pulmonary abscesses  occurred in 14% of the cases. Cures were related to the antibiotic sensitivity of the infecting organisms and to the number of circulating neutrophils during the period of infection. Best results were obtained with the administration of gentamicin, the newer aminoglycoside antibiotic sisomicin, tobramycin and amikacin, or the combination of gentamicin with carbenicillin or with cephalosporins. Early and vigorous therapy of gram-negative bacillary pneumonia with appropriate antibiotics has improved the prognosis of this infection at our institution.", "contents": "Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia in the compromised host. The clinical and radiological characteristics of 217 consecutive episodes of gram-negative bacillary pneumonia occurring  in 189 adult cancer patients between November 1968 and December 1974 were analyzed. The majority of patients had acute leukemia (54%). Fever larger than or equal to 101 degrees F was the single most common symptom and sign of the presence of infection (90%). Next in frequency were crepitant rales (65%), cough (41%), dyspnea (19%) and chest pain (18%). Radiographic evidence of pneumonia was found in 83% of cases and it consisted mainly of alveolar infiltrates involving both lung fields and predominantly the bases. Up to one-third of the patients had normal chestx-ray examinations at the onset of infection, though they subsequently became abnormal in 42% of them. The majority of patients (81%) whose initial chest x-rays did not reveal the presence of pneumonia were neutropenic (less than 1000 circumlating neutrophils/mm3). Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were the most common infecting organisms. The overall cure rate was 61%; 70% for Klebsiella sp. infections and 64% for Pseudomonas sp. infections. Pulmonary abscesses  occurred in 14% of the cases. Cures were related to the antibiotic sensitivity of the infecting organisms and to the number of circulating neutrophils during the period of infection. Best results were obtained with the administration of gentamicin, the newer aminoglycoside antibiotic sisomicin, tobramycin and amikacin, or the combination of gentamicin with carbenicillin or with cephalosporins. Early and vigorous therapy of gram-negative bacillary pneumonia with appropriate antibiotics has improved the prognosis of this infection at our institution.", "PMID": 323640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8965", "title": "A simple apparatus for controlled pressure perfusion fixation.", "content": "An apparatus is described for vascular perfusion of small animals with fixative solutions which while simple and inexpensive allows quantitative and reproducible pressure control. Direct measurement of outflow pressure demonstrated that a sphygmomanometer used to supply external pressure to a plastic blood transfer pack achieved these features. Reproducibility of pressure was maintained by filling the bag with air between perfusions, or when smaller volumes of fixative solution were needed. Rodent brains from fetal to adult ages, and other animals of similar size, have been reliably well fixed by this method.", "contents": "A simple apparatus for controlled pressure perfusion fixation. An apparatus is described for vascular perfusion of small animals with fixative solutions which while simple and inexpensive allows quantitative and reproducible pressure control. Direct measurement of outflow pressure demonstrated that a sphygmomanometer used to supply external pressure to a plastic blood transfer pack achieved these features. Reproducibility of pressure was maintained by filling the bag with air between perfusions, or when smaller volumes of fixative solution were needed. Rodent brains from fetal to adult ages, and other animals of similar size, have been reliably well fixed by this method.", "PMID": 323642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8966", "title": "Immunological properties of Propionibacterium acnes. I. Potentiation and Suppression on antibody response to sheep and hamster erythrocytes in mice.", "content": "Adjuvant activity of phenol-treated cells of Propionibacterium acnes C-7 in antibody response was investigated in ICR mice. Simultaneous administration (day 0) of P. acnes (i.p.) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (i.v.) enhanced the formation of direct plaque-forming cells (PFC) on days 2, and the formation of indirect PFC response on day 7 and thereafter. Conversely, pretreatment from 11 to 14 days before antigen injection suppressed markedly the antibody response. The potentiation and the suppression of immune response depended on doses of antigen and of P. acnes, the timing of adjuvant injection and the time of assay. The two opposite phenomena caused by P. acnes were also confirmed in antibody response against hamster red blood cells (HRBC). Pretreatment with P. acnes 1 to 14 days before antigen injection suppressed markedly anti-HRBC antibody response, whereas P. acnes injected simultaneously with HRBC or one day after injection of the antigen induced prolongation of antibody response and the production of 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant antibody.", "contents": "Immunological properties of Propionibacterium acnes. I. Potentiation and Suppression on antibody response to sheep and hamster erythrocytes in mice. Adjuvant activity of phenol-treated cells of Propionibacterium acnes C-7 in antibody response was investigated in ICR mice. Simultaneous administration (day 0) of P. acnes (i.p.) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (i.v.) enhanced the formation of direct plaque-forming cells (PFC) on days 2, and the formation of indirect PFC response on day 7 and thereafter. Conversely, pretreatment from 11 to 14 days before antigen injection suppressed markedly the antibody response. The potentiation and the suppression of immune response depended on doses of antigen and of P. acnes, the timing of adjuvant injection and the time of assay. The two opposite phenomena caused by P. acnes were also confirmed in antibody response against hamster red blood cells (HRBC). Pretreatment with P. acnes 1 to 14 days before antigen injection suppressed markedly anti-HRBC antibody response, whereas P. acnes injected simultaneously with HRBC or one day after injection of the antigen induced prolongation of antibody response and the production of 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant antibody.", "PMID": 323645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8967", "title": "Detection of R plasmids in naturally occurring fish-pathogenic bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda.", "content": "The conjugative R plasmids were detected from fish-pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda isolated from cultured eels. These R plasmids were resistant to sulfonamide and tetracycline, or sulfonamide, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and kanamycin. There were no inhibitions in growth of phages W-31, P1, T1, T3, T7, and lambda. They were classified into incompatibility group A.", "contents": "Detection of R plasmids in naturally occurring fish-pathogenic bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda. The conjugative R plasmids were detected from fish-pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda isolated from cultured eels. These R plasmids were resistant to sulfonamide and tetracycline, or sulfonamide, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and kanamycin. There were no inhibitions in growth of phages W-31, P1, T1, T3, T7, and lambda. They were classified into incompatibility group A.", "PMID": 323647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8968", "title": "[Problems in the diagnosis of intrauterine viral infections, applicable methods and our current studies].", "content": "In this review article the authors summarize the prevelance and diagnosis of \"intra uterin viral infections\", including their studies in this field.", "contents": "[Problems in the diagnosis of intrauterine viral infections, applicable methods and our current studies]. In this review article the authors summarize the prevelance and diagnosis of \"intra uterin viral infections\", including their studies in this field.", "PMID": 323652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8969", "title": "[Study of preliminary irradiation with wave-lengths 366 and 405 nm on lethal UV-damage to yeast cells].", "content": "The protective action of irradiation with wavelengths of 366 and 405 nm on the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, XI race, against lethal lesions caused by short-wavelength UV was studied. Among the total number of the cells with lethal lesions caused by UV, 25--30% of the cells were protected by light with the wavelength of 405 nm, and 50--55% of the cells were protected by light with the wavelength of 366 nm. Lethal UV lesions of the cells are supposed to be of different nature.", "contents": "[Study of preliminary irradiation with wave-lengths 366 and 405 nm on lethal UV-damage to yeast cells]. The protective action of irradiation with wavelengths of 366 and 405 nm on the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, XI race, against lethal lesions caused by short-wavelength UV was studied. Among the total number of the cells with lethal lesions caused by UV, 25--30% of the cells were protected by light with the wavelength of 405 nm, and 50--55% of the cells were protected by light with the wavelength of 366 nm. Lethal UV lesions of the cells are supposed to be of different nature.", "PMID": 323649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8970", "title": "[Cytomorphologic characteristics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis as an index of the physiologic state of the culture].", "content": "The dimensions of daughter cells without scars, and of mother cells with 1--4 scars, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis were studied in the one-stage chemostat at D equal to 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.35 hr-1. The average dimensions of the cells increased with the specific growth rate. At low values of the specific growth rate, \"immature\" daughter cells separate and attain reproductive ability as independent individual organisms. A twofold increase in the biomass of yeast cells occurs at the account of growth of the buds and small daughter cells.", "contents": "[Cytomorphologic characteristics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis as an index of the physiologic state of the culture]. The dimensions of daughter cells without scars, and of mother cells with 1--4 scars, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis were studied in the one-stage chemostat at D equal to 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.35 hr-1. The average dimensions of the cells increased with the specific growth rate. At low values of the specific growth rate, \"immature\" daughter cells separate and attain reproductive ability as independent individual organisms. A twofold increase in the biomass of yeast cells occurs at the account of growth of the buds and small daughter cells.", "PMID": 323650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8971", "title": "[Ergosterol synthesis by hybrids and strains of yeasts of the genus saccharomyces with different ploidies].", "content": "Numerous hybrid and polyploid strains of the Saccharomyces genus were obtained by hybridization. The activity of ergosterol synthesis was assayed in hybrids, several industrial races, and in haploid and diploid cultures produced from the spores of these races. The content of ergosterol was determined in 160 strains and hybrids. Ergosterol synthesis is controlled by recessive genes, and accumulation of ergosterol in the cell depends on the interaction between genes. During growth in semiindustrial conditions, triploid hybrids accumulated more biomass than diploid, and particularly haploid, strains. Polyploid hybrids valuable for food industry have been selected, according to several characteristics, from active hybrid strains. One of them, the triploid 262, is characterized by a high rate of ergosterol synthesis, good baking quality, and resistance to dehydration.", "contents": "[Ergosterol synthesis by hybrids and strains of yeasts of the genus saccharomyces with different ploidies]. Numerous hybrid and polyploid strains of the Saccharomyces genus were obtained by hybridization. The activity of ergosterol synthesis was assayed in hybrids, several industrial races, and in haploid and diploid cultures produced from the spores of these races. The content of ergosterol was determined in 160 strains and hybrids. Ergosterol synthesis is controlled by recessive genes, and accumulation of ergosterol in the cell depends on the interaction between genes. During growth in semiindustrial conditions, triploid hybrids accumulated more biomass than diploid, and particularly haploid, strains. Polyploid hybrids valuable for food industry have been selected, according to several characteristics, from active hybrid strains. One of them, the triploid 262, is characterized by a high rate of ergosterol synthesis, good baking quality, and resistance to dehydration.", "PMID": 323651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8972", "title": "A controlled intrauterine contraceptive device trial.", "content": "Three intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) the Lippes Loop, the Dalkon Shield and the Inhiband, were prospectively compared after their random allocation to patients. Over a 12-month period after insertion, the Dalkon Shield was shown to be significantly superior to the Inhiband. Significant differences were not demonstrated between Shield and Loop or Loop and Inhiband in the duuration of this trial. It is submitted that the methodology detailed could, and probably should be used for future IUCD assessments.", "contents": "A controlled intrauterine contraceptive device trial. Three intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) the Lippes Loop, the Dalkon Shield and the Inhiband, were prospectively compared after their random allocation to patients. Over a 12-month period after insertion, the Dalkon Shield was shown to be significantly superior to the Inhiband. Significant differences were not demonstrated between Shield and Loop or Loop and Inhiband in the duuration of this trial. It is submitted that the methodology detailed could, and probably should be used for future IUCD assessments.", "PMID": 323659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8973", "title": "Reflections on the development of valvular prostheses.", "content": "Surgical attempts to open obstructed heart valves in the 1940s led to the eventual development of valvular prostheses, accompanied by the parallel development of methods of sustaining extracorporeal circulation; biocompatible materials; and engineering designs. Early problems encountered included the incidence of thrombotic phenomena, audibility of valvular noise, impaired flow dynamics, and hemo-incapability. These problems have been solved with increasing success with the creation of new plastics, the ball valve design, and improved manufacturing processes.", "contents": "Reflections on the development of valvular prostheses. Surgical attempts to open obstructed heart valves in the 1940s led to the eventual development of valvular prostheses, accompanied by the parallel development of methods of sustaining extracorporeal circulation; biocompatible materials; and engineering designs. Early problems encountered included the incidence of thrombotic phenomena, audibility of valvular noise, impaired flow dynamics, and hemo-incapability. These problems have been solved with increasing success with the creation of new plastics, the ball valve design, and improved manufacturing processes.", "PMID": 323655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8974", "title": "Neonatal meningitis and circumcision.", "content": "This paper presents four cases of fulminating neonatal sepsis with meningitis. In each infant, there was evidence of an infected circumcision wound. Two infants had Escherichia coli and two had Group B haemolytic streptococcus cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid. One infant died. The risk of introducing infection through iatrogenic portals of entry is a definite problem in the neonate. Circumcision is an unnecessary routine procedure, which puts the infant at risk.", "contents": "Neonatal meningitis and circumcision. This paper presents four cases of fulminating neonatal sepsis with meningitis. In each infant, there was evidence of an infected circumcision wound. Two infants had Escherichia coli and two had Group B haemolytic streptococcus cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid. One infant died. The risk of introducing infection through iatrogenic portals of entry is a definite problem in the neonate. Circumcision is an unnecessary routine procedure, which puts the infant at risk.", "PMID": 323660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8975", "title": "Aortic valve replacement with a subcoronary ball valve--early experiments.", "content": "Between the years 1954 and 1958, the combined effort of a surgeon and an engineer allowed the development of some of the principles of aortic valve construction that proved clinically successful several years later. It was demonstrated for the first time that there was adequate room in the area of the sinuses of Valsalva below the coronary arteries for a prosthetic ball valve, and that such a ball valve did not obstruct flow. Aortic pulse tracings with such a ball valve in place were indistinguishable from those with the natural valve. Finally, the principle of the cloth sewing ring was utilized for suturing the valve in place.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement with a subcoronary ball valve--early experiments. Between the years 1954 and 1958, the combined effort of a surgeon and an engineer allowed the development of some of the principles of aortic valve construction that proved clinically successful several years later. It was demonstrated for the first time that there was adequate room in the area of the sinuses of Valsalva below the coronary arteries for a prosthetic ball valve, and that such a ball valve did not obstruct flow. Aortic pulse tracings with such a ball valve in place were indistinguishable from those with the natural valve. Finally, the principle of the cloth sewing ring was utilized for suturing the valve in place.", "PMID": 323656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8976", "title": "The history of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve.", "content": "After observing a high residual gradient and a high mortality in patients with a narrow aortic root undergoing aortic valve replacement with a small ball valve during the period 1962-1965, it was most gratifying to find a much smaller gradient in similar patients with the Wada-Cutter valve in 1968. A tilting disc valve seemed a solution, particularly for patients with narrow aortic root, but the disc had to rotate to eliminate localized wear in a hinge mechanism. Together with Donald P. Shiley, I tested a tilting disc valve with a rotating disc of Delrin, for wear and also in a pulse duplicator in 1968. Because the function was much better than that of the clinically popular Starr-Edwards ball valve prosthesis, the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve was first inserted in a patient on January 19, 1969. My clinical experience and judgement justified the omission of animal trial; such trial would have been irrelevant.", "contents": "The history of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve. After observing a high residual gradient and a high mortality in patients with a narrow aortic root undergoing aortic valve replacement with a small ball valve during the period 1962-1965, it was most gratifying to find a much smaller gradient in similar patients with the Wada-Cutter valve in 1968. A tilting disc valve seemed a solution, particularly for patients with narrow aortic root, but the disc had to rotate to eliminate localized wear in a hinge mechanism. Together with Donald P. Shiley, I tested a tilting disc valve with a rotating disc of Delrin, for wear and also in a pulse duplicator in 1968. Because the function was much better than that of the clinically popular Starr-Edwards ball valve prosthesis, the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve was first inserted in a patient on January 19, 1969. My clinical experience and judgement justified the omission of animal trial; such trial would have been irrelevant.", "PMID": 323657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8977", "title": "The effect of tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate (De-Nol) on the healing of chronic duodenal ulcers.", "content": "Forty-six patients suffering from chronic duodenal ulcer, proven endoscopically, were treated in a randomized double-blind cross-over trial with either tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate (De-Nol) or placebo for four weeks and assessed symptomatically and endoscopically. Those patients who failed to heal after treatment with either agent were crossed over to the alternative preparation and reassessed after a further 28 days. Forty-two patients completed the study involving 57 patient treatments. A highly significant improvement in both symptomatic response (P less than 0.01) and endoscopic healing (P less than 0.01) was seen in those patients receiving tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate (De-Nol) as against placebo therapy.", "contents": "The effect of tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate (De-Nol) on the healing of chronic duodenal ulcers. Forty-six patients suffering from chronic duodenal ulcer, proven endoscopically, were treated in a randomized double-blind cross-over trial with either tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate (De-Nol) or placebo for four weeks and assessed symptomatically and endoscopically. Those patients who failed to heal after treatment with either agent were crossed over to the alternative preparation and reassessed after a further 28 days. Forty-two patients completed the study involving 57 patient treatments. A highly significant improvement in both symptomatic response (P less than 0.01) and endoscopic healing (P less than 0.01) was seen in those patients receiving tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate (De-Nol) as against placebo therapy.", "PMID": 323663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8978", "title": "Heart valve replacement with the pivoting disc prosthesis: appraisal of results and description of a new all-carbon model.", "content": "The Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disc (LKPD) valve has a free-floating pyrolite carbon disc suspended within a unibody titanium housing. A brief history of its development beginning in 1964 illustrates the origin of the concepts of central flow, lifetime durability, laminar flow, and low profile with lightness of weight. Clinical evidence indicating that this prosthesis has lifetime wearability is confirmed by complete freedom from mechanical failure in widespread clinical usage. Postoperative studies for abnormal hemolysis disclosed a striking improvement over lateral flow prostheses. The hemodynamic performance has been evaluated in both early and late postoperative studies and showed excellent results in all but the smallest sizes in the aortic position. The incidence of thromboembolism was found to be very low. In a total of 1610 patients at risk, the overall incidence of embolism was only 1.1 percent, and fatal embolism occurred in only one patient. These results with use of the LKPD valve have confirmed substantial progress in resolving the problems of prosthesis-related complications. Performance parameters still in need of improvement have also been identified, and these considerations have been incorporated into the design of a new all-carbon prosthesis with bioengineering refinements to meet these needs.", "contents": "Heart valve replacement with the pivoting disc prosthesis: appraisal of results and description of a new all-carbon model. The Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disc (LKPD) valve has a free-floating pyrolite carbon disc suspended within a unibody titanium housing. A brief history of its development beginning in 1964 illustrates the origin of the concepts of central flow, lifetime durability, laminar flow, and low profile with lightness of weight. Clinical evidence indicating that this prosthesis has lifetime wearability is confirmed by complete freedom from mechanical failure in widespread clinical usage. Postoperative studies for abnormal hemolysis disclosed a striking improvement over lateral flow prostheses. The hemodynamic performance has been evaluated in both early and late postoperative studies and showed excellent results in all but the smallest sizes in the aortic position. The incidence of thromboembolism was found to be very low. In a total of 1610 patients at risk, the overall incidence of embolism was only 1.1 percent, and fatal embolism occurred in only one patient. These results with use of the LKPD valve have confirmed substantial progress in resolving the problems of prosthesis-related complications. Performance parameters still in need of improvement have also been identified, and these considerations have been incorporated into the design of a new all-carbon prosthesis with bioengineering refinements to meet these needs.", "PMID": 323658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8979", "title": "[Diagnosis of candidid colpitis by Microstix -Candida (author's transl)].", "content": "The increase in the clinical significance of candida albicans in gynecology, particularly the high incidence (candidiasis) in the pregnant woman, demand an easy, efficient and rapid method for the routine diagnosis of candida albicans. Microstix -Candida, a specially developed dry culture medium in miniature form, has been studied in comparison to the conventional Nickerson's Medium. Good agreement of the data was obtained in 425 patients. The main advantages are the ease of handling and the 24 hour incubation period. The observed difference in data obtained from the phase microscope examinations and the Microstix Candida cultured specimens are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of candidid colpitis by Microstix -Candida (author's transl)]. The increase in the clinical significance of candida albicans in gynecology, particularly the high incidence (candidiasis) in the pregnant woman, demand an easy, efficient and rapid method for the routine diagnosis of candida albicans. Microstix -Candida, a specially developed dry culture medium in miniature form, has been studied in comparison to the conventional Nickerson's Medium. Good agreement of the data was obtained in 425 patients. The main advantages are the ease of handling and the 24 hour incubation period. The observed difference in data obtained from the phase microscope examinations and the Microstix Candida cultured specimens are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 323667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8980", "title": "Genetic determination of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocation system and its role in the eukaryotic cell.", "content": "On integrating experimental data published previously, the following picture of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide (AdN) translocation system is being presented: 1. The AdN translocation system serves not only to transport ATP synthesized within mitochondria into the cytosol but also to transport cytosolic ATP into the mitochondria when oxidative phosphorylation is not functioning. 2. The AdN translocator is coded for by nuclear genes and the mitochondrial protein synthesis is not involved in its formation. 3. The AdN translocation system must be preserved and functioning even in cells which could dispense with oxidative phosphorylation. It assures appropriate concentrations of intramitochondrial ATP. 4. The intramitochondrial ATP is required for normal replication of mitochondrial DNA. Tis supports the view that the mitochondrion is a self-replicating semi-autonomous organelle. 5. The appropriate concentration of ATP must be present in mitochondria to make possible cell growth or multiplication. This points to a direct or indirect role of mitochondria in the control of cell proliferation.", "contents": "Genetic determination of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocation system and its role in the eukaryotic cell. On integrating experimental data published previously, the following picture of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide (AdN) translocation system is being presented: 1. The AdN translocation system serves not only to transport ATP synthesized within mitochondria into the cytosol but also to transport cytosolic ATP into the mitochondria when oxidative phosphorylation is not functioning. 2. The AdN translocator is coded for by nuclear genes and the mitochondrial protein synthesis is not involved in its formation. 3. The AdN translocation system must be preserved and functioning even in cells which could dispense with oxidative phosphorylation. It assures appropriate concentrations of intramitochondrial ATP. 4. The intramitochondrial ATP is required for normal replication of mitochondrial DNA. Tis supports the view that the mitochondrion is a self-replicating semi-autonomous organelle. 5. The appropriate concentration of ATP must be present in mitochondria to make possible cell growth or multiplication. This points to a direct or indirect role of mitochondria in the control of cell proliferation.", "PMID": 323682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8981", "title": "Gene expression in mitochondria and bacteria.", "content": "Mitochondria and bacteria possess protein synthesizing machineries which are similar in many respects; The regulation of gene expression in mitochondria is unknown. We, therefore, tried to use a well-established prokaryotic regulatory system for the exploration of mitochondrial gene regulation. DNA of the bacterial virus can be used as a template for gene expression in a mitochondrial in vitro system. The gene directed enzyme synthesis in the mitochondrial system is the basis for a study of regulation in mitochondrial protein synthesis.", "contents": "Gene expression in mitochondria and bacteria. Mitochondria and bacteria possess protein synthesizing machineries which are similar in many respects; The regulation of gene expression in mitochondria is unknown. We, therefore, tried to use a well-established prokaryotic regulatory system for the exploration of mitochondrial gene regulation. DNA of the bacterial virus can be used as a template for gene expression in a mitochondrial in vitro system. The gene directed enzyme synthesis in the mitochondrial system is the basis for a study of regulation in mitochondrial protein synthesis.", "PMID": 323683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8982", "title": "Cytoduction as a new tool in studying the cytoplasmic heredity in yeast.", "content": "When crossing the haploid cells of genetically marked yeast strains we observed the appearance of both normal diploid zygotes and haploid nuclear cytoplasmic hybrids. The latter had the nuclear markers of one and the cytoplasmic marker (rho+) of the other parent. The autonomous cytoplasmic factor transfer was termed as cytoduction. Cytoduction is supposed to be the abortive form of yeast cell mating. Only about 1% of cytoductants in usually observed. Cytoduction can be used as a simple test on cytoplasmic determination of some characters. We observed the transfer into cytoductant cells of not only rho+ marker but of resistance factors to antibiotics (erythromycin, neomycin) and killer factor as well. Cytoduction can be applied towards constructing strains having the identical nucleus genotype with mitochondria and other cytoplasmic factors of different origin. In crossing strains with doubly marked mitochondria recombination of mitochondrial markers in cytoductant haploid cells was observed, the pattern of which was similar to that of mitochondrial recombination in normal zygotes.", "contents": "Cytoduction as a new tool in studying the cytoplasmic heredity in yeast. When crossing the haploid cells of genetically marked yeast strains we observed the appearance of both normal diploid zygotes and haploid nuclear cytoplasmic hybrids. The latter had the nuclear markers of one and the cytoplasmic marker (rho+) of the other parent. The autonomous cytoplasmic factor transfer was termed as cytoduction. Cytoduction is supposed to be the abortive form of yeast cell mating. Only about 1% of cytoductants in usually observed. Cytoduction can be used as a simple test on cytoplasmic determination of some characters. We observed the transfer into cytoductant cells of not only rho+ marker but of resistance factors to antibiotics (erythromycin, neomycin) and killer factor as well. Cytoduction can be applied towards constructing strains having the identical nucleus genotype with mitochondria and other cytoplasmic factors of different origin. In crossing strains with doubly marked mitochondria recombination of mitochondrial markers in cytoductant haploid cells was observed, the pattern of which was similar to that of mitochondrial recombination in normal zygotes.", "PMID": 323684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8983", "title": "Determinant for multiple drug resistance possessing features of a mitochondrial episome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A mutation for multiple resistance to tetracycline, cycloheximide and oligomycin appears to be followed by reconstruction of the mitochondrial genome resulting in the formation of independent nucleotide sequences that determine different resistant phenotypes. Heterozygotes for the cross resistance factor lack locus T responsible for relation tetracycline which comes from the alpha-parent. The nuclear recessive gene-suppresor i induces deletion of the whole determinant for multiple resistance. The loss of mt-DNA on ethidium bromide treatment does not lead to the loss of this determinant which remains in the cells either in an active or in a passive state.", "contents": "Determinant for multiple drug resistance possessing features of a mitochondrial episome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A mutation for multiple resistance to tetracycline, cycloheximide and oligomycin appears to be followed by reconstruction of the mitochondrial genome resulting in the formation of independent nucleotide sequences that determine different resistant phenotypes. Heterozygotes for the cross resistance factor lack locus T responsible for relation tetracycline which comes from the alpha-parent. The nuclear recessive gene-suppresor i induces deletion of the whole determinant for multiple resistance. The loss of mt-DNA on ethidium bromide treatment does not lead to the loss of this determinant which remains in the cells either in an active or in a passive state.", "PMID": 323685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8984", "title": "Mitochondrial recombination in crosses of iso- and anisomitochondrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Mitochondrial mutants resistant to erythromycin, neomycin and monomycin were isolated. Mitochondria were transmitted from different natural strains to the cells of the same nuclear genotype. In bifactorial crosses of such isochromosomal and anisomitochondrial yeasts we tested random samples of diploid colonies. The distribution of mitochondrial markers in parent and recombinant classes has been shown to occur unequally. The asymmetry of parent and the polarity of recombinant classes were observed to differ in different mitochondrial mutants. Anisomitochondrial strain crosses proved that mitochondrial origin essentially influenced both the parent and recombinant classes distribution and the susceptibility of the transmission to the effect of mating type locus. One can distinguish between 'homo- and heterosexual' cross combinations in terms of recombination polarity. The new type of mitochondria was found to occur with high frequency of transmission to the zygote progeny of markers resistant to erythromycin but not of markers resistant to neomycin. The problem of 'sex' in mitochondria is discussed.", "contents": "Mitochondrial recombination in crosses of iso- and anisomitochondrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mitochondrial mutants resistant to erythromycin, neomycin and monomycin were isolated. Mitochondria were transmitted from different natural strains to the cells of the same nuclear genotype. In bifactorial crosses of such isochromosomal and anisomitochondrial yeasts we tested random samples of diploid colonies. The distribution of mitochondrial markers in parent and recombinant classes has been shown to occur unequally. The asymmetry of parent and the polarity of recombinant classes were observed to differ in different mitochondrial mutants. Anisomitochondrial strain crosses proved that mitochondrial origin essentially influenced both the parent and recombinant classes distribution and the susceptibility of the transmission to the effect of mating type locus. One can distinguish between 'homo- and heterosexual' cross combinations in terms of recombination polarity. The new type of mitochondria was found to occur with high frequency of transmission to the zygote progeny of markers resistant to erythromycin but not of markers resistant to neomycin. The problem of 'sex' in mitochondria is discussed.", "PMID": 323686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8985", "title": "The structure of animal mitochondrial DNA (base composition, pyrimidine clusters, character of methylation).", "content": "Base composition, content of pyrimidine isopliths and the degree of methylation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) from various vertebrates and protozoon Crithidia oncopelti have been studied. MtDNAs from mammals (ox, rat) do not differ in fact in the GC content from the respective nDNA. The GC content in mtDNA from fishes (sheat fish) and birds (duck, chicken) is 1.5-2.5 mole % higher than in the respective nDNA. Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from Crithidia oncopelti (GC = 42.9 mole %) differs significantly in base composition from nDNA (GC = 51.3 mole %). All the mtDNA and kDNA studied differ from the respective nDNA by a lower degree of pyrimidine clustering. The amount of mono and dipyrimidine fragments in mtDNA is more than 30 mole %, whereas in nDNA it does not exceed 23 mole %. The quantity of long pyrimidine clusters (hexa and others) is 2-4 times lower in mtDNA than in nDNA. The lower degree of clustering of pyrimidine nucleotides seems to be a specific feature of all the mtDNA studied. This may be indicative of common traits in the organization and origin of mtDNA. All mtDNA of vertebrates contain 5-methylcytosine as a 'minor' base (1.5- 3.15 mole %) and surpass by 1.5-2 times the respective nDNA in the methylation degree. It has been found that in animals mtDNA is species specific as far as the 5-methyl-cytosine content is concerned. In mitochondria and nuclei of rat liver certain DNA methylase activity has been detected, which provides in vitro the methylation of cytosine residues both in homologous DNA and various heterologous DNAs. The specificity of methylation in vitro of cytosine residues in the same heterologous DNA from E. coli B varies with the source of enzymes. The mitochondrial enzyme methylates cytosine as the lone monopyrimidine residue, whereas the nuclear enzyme methylase cytosine in the di- and tripyrimidine fragments.", "contents": "The structure of animal mitochondrial DNA (base composition, pyrimidine clusters, character of methylation). Base composition, content of pyrimidine isopliths and the degree of methylation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) from various vertebrates and protozoon Crithidia oncopelti have been studied. MtDNAs from mammals (ox, rat) do not differ in fact in the GC content from the respective nDNA. The GC content in mtDNA from fishes (sheat fish) and birds (duck, chicken) is 1.5-2.5 mole % higher than in the respective nDNA. Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from Crithidia oncopelti (GC = 42.9 mole %) differs significantly in base composition from nDNA (GC = 51.3 mole %). All the mtDNA and kDNA studied differ from the respective nDNA by a lower degree of pyrimidine clustering. The amount of mono and dipyrimidine fragments in mtDNA is more than 30 mole %, whereas in nDNA it does not exceed 23 mole %. The quantity of long pyrimidine clusters (hexa and others) is 2-4 times lower in mtDNA than in nDNA. The lower degree of clustering of pyrimidine nucleotides seems to be a specific feature of all the mtDNA studied. This may be indicative of common traits in the organization and origin of mtDNA. All mtDNA of vertebrates contain 5-methylcytosine as a 'minor' base (1.5- 3.15 mole %) and surpass by 1.5-2 times the respective nDNA in the methylation degree. It has been found that in animals mtDNA is species specific as far as the 5-methyl-cytosine content is concerned. In mitochondria and nuclei of rat liver certain DNA methylase activity has been detected, which provides in vitro the methylation of cytosine residues both in homologous DNA and various heterologous DNAs. The specificity of methylation in vitro of cytosine residues in the same heterologous DNA from E. coli B varies with the source of enzymes. The mitochondrial enzyme methylates cytosine as the lone monopyrimidine residue, whereas the nuclear enzyme methylase cytosine in the di- and tripyrimidine fragments.", "PMID": 323687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8986", "title": "The character of protein-nucleic interaction in relation to the mtDNA-membrane complex.", "content": "Specific sites that interact with structural proteins of the mitochondrial inner membrane were found in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of rat liver. Analysis of the isolated DNA fragments revealed their capacity to form a complex with membrane proteins in vitro and allowed the detection of a protein with a molecular weight 40,000. The size of the fragments was found to be 12-18 nucleotide pairs with an average molecular weight 10,000 MtDNA sites recognized by membrane protein proved to be quite unique in having a secondary structure, a high content of AT sequences (82%) and oligopyrimidine blocks. It was shown that the light mtDNA strand, rich in adenine, is 60% more active in the binding with membrane mitochondria than the heavy one.", "contents": "The character of protein-nucleic interaction in relation to the mtDNA-membrane complex. Specific sites that interact with structural proteins of the mitochondrial inner membrane were found in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of rat liver. Analysis of the isolated DNA fragments revealed their capacity to form a complex with membrane proteins in vitro and allowed the detection of a protein with a molecular weight 40,000. The size of the fragments was found to be 12-18 nucleotide pairs with an average molecular weight 10,000 MtDNA sites recognized by membrane protein proved to be quite unique in having a secondary structure, a high content of AT sequences (82%) and oligopyrimidine blocks. It was shown that the light mtDNA strand, rich in adenine, is 60% more active in the binding with membrane mitochondria than the heavy one.", "PMID": 323688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8987", "title": "The genetic system of kinetoplasts in trypanosomatides.", "content": "In the present report, the genetic system of Crithidia oncopelti kinetoplast is used as a model for investigation of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) structure, its transcription, protein synthesizing apparatus of the kinetoplast and the protein synthesis controlled genetically by kDNA. It was shown that kDNA of C. oncopelti can be isolated from cells or from kinetoplast fraction in the form of a network complex structure consisting of a lot of circular molecules. These minicircles have a contour length of about 0.83 micronm and molecular weight of 1.6 X 10(6). The kDNA was demonstrated to be of higher AT content type than nuclear DNA. Besides, kDNA is characterized by a lesser degree of clustering of pyrimidines as compared with the nuclear one. The isolated kinetoplasts of C. oncopelti were shown to exhibit activity of DNA dependent RNA polymerase. The effect of some antibiotics and intercalating substances on RNA synthesis in kinetoplasts and mitochondria appears to be identical. Kinetoplasts of C. oncopelti have their own protein synthesizing system, whose components (ribosomes, rRNA, proteins, factors of incorporation) differ from those of the cytoplasm. Inhibition of translation by some antibiotics and of transcription by acriflavin allowed the suggestion that several proteins of kinetoplast ribosomes may be synthesized within this organoid. It was shown then that kDNA may be involved in the formation of the protein synthesizing apparatus in the kinetoplast.", "contents": "The genetic system of kinetoplasts in trypanosomatides. In the present report, the genetic system of Crithidia oncopelti kinetoplast is used as a model for investigation of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) structure, its transcription, protein synthesizing apparatus of the kinetoplast and the protein synthesis controlled genetically by kDNA. It was shown that kDNA of C. oncopelti can be isolated from cells or from kinetoplast fraction in the form of a network complex structure consisting of a lot of circular molecules. These minicircles have a contour length of about 0.83 micronm and molecular weight of 1.6 X 10(6). The kDNA was demonstrated to be of higher AT content type than nuclear DNA. Besides, kDNA is characterized by a lesser degree of clustering of pyrimidines as compared with the nuclear one. The isolated kinetoplasts of C. oncopelti were shown to exhibit activity of DNA dependent RNA polymerase. The effect of some antibiotics and intercalating substances on RNA synthesis in kinetoplasts and mitochondria appears to be identical. Kinetoplasts of C. oncopelti have their own protein synthesizing system, whose components (ribosomes, rRNA, proteins, factors of incorporation) differ from those of the cytoplasm. Inhibition of translation by some antibiotics and of transcription by acriflavin allowed the suggestion that several proteins of kinetoplast ribosomes may be synthesized within this organoid. It was shown then that kDNA may be involved in the formation of the protein synthesizing apparatus in the kinetoplast.", "PMID": 323689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8988", "title": "Mitochondrial genes and cell heredity.", "content": "It is well known that mitochondria are only partly an autonomous system since they are subjected to nuclear control. For this reason, in studying mitochondrial genes one has to consider constantly the integration of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic systems. This fact makes experimental approaches still more sophisticated, especially, when one turns from individual genetic structures to mitochondrial heredity on the level of cells and multicellular organisms. Here we shall discuss some theoretical aspects of mitochondrial heredity that have been comparatively rarely dealt with in the literature.", "contents": "Mitochondrial genes and cell heredity. It is well known that mitochondria are only partly an autonomous system since they are subjected to nuclear control. For this reason, in studying mitochondrial genes one has to consider constantly the integration of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic systems. This fact makes experimental approaches still more sophisticated, especially, when one turns from individual genetic structures to mitochondrial heredity on the level of cells and multicellular organisms. Here we shall discuss some theoretical aspects of mitochondrial heredity that have been comparatively rarely dealt with in the literature.", "PMID": 323690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8989", "title": "Specific features of the structural organization of the mitochondrial genome in rat liver.", "content": "The nature of intramolecular heterogeneity of mtDNA in the liver of white rats has been studied. The peculiarities of the melting curve, and the possibility of DNA fractionation of nucleotide compounds with hydroxylapatite (HA) column chromatography has shown the presence of sequences differing in the mean nucleotide content. A section of about 350 pairs in size repeated four times was found in the reassociation of most thermolabile fraction with a mean composition of 28% GC. These sections are well seen on the denaturation map of the recorded molecules formed in the range of temperature transition 'helix-coil'. The distance between the centers of fusible sections (in percentage of total length) is 32.5, 32, 14.0 and 21.5.", "contents": "Specific features of the structural organization of the mitochondrial genome in rat liver. The nature of intramolecular heterogeneity of mtDNA in the liver of white rats has been studied. The peculiarities of the melting curve, and the possibility of DNA fractionation of nucleotide compounds with hydroxylapatite (HA) column chromatography has shown the presence of sequences differing in the mean nucleotide content. A section of about 350 pairs in size repeated four times was found in the reassociation of most thermolabile fraction with a mean composition of 28% GC. These sections are well seen on the denaturation map of the recorded molecules formed in the range of temperature transition 'helix-coil'. The distance between the centers of fusible sections (in percentage of total length) is 32.5, 32, 14.0 and 21.5.", "PMID": 323692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8990", "title": "Intramitochondrial synthesis of membrane proteins in yeast: differential inhibition by ethidium.", "content": "Yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were grown in the presence of [14C]phenylalanine and pulse-labelled with [3H]phenylalanine in the presence of cycloheximide. The proteins extractable into chroloform: methanol (2:1) were isolated from mitochondria and analysed by SDS gel filtration. Four protein fractions varying in molecular weight were separated. In order to identify the transcriptional origin and the site of protein synthesis ethidium bromide was used. Different sensitivity of protein syntheses to various concentrations of ethidium was shown. These data are discussed in relation to the possible presence of two classes of membrane-bound polyribosomes in mitochondria.", "contents": "Intramitochondrial synthesis of membrane proteins in yeast: differential inhibition by ethidium. Yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were grown in the presence of [14C]phenylalanine and pulse-labelled with [3H]phenylalanine in the presence of cycloheximide. The proteins extractable into chroloform: methanol (2:1) were isolated from mitochondria and analysed by SDS gel filtration. Four protein fractions varying in molecular weight were separated. In order to identify the transcriptional origin and the site of protein synthesis ethidium bromide was used. Different sensitivity of protein syntheses to various concentrations of ethidium was shown. These data are discussed in relation to the possible presence of two classes of membrane-bound polyribosomes in mitochondria.", "PMID": 323693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8991", "title": "[Laboratory controls in long-term treatment with anticonvulsive drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "In the treatment of epilepsy often several substances with anticonvulsive effect are combined. Possible drug interactions in these cases can change the desired effect of treatment. Simultaneous administration of clonazepam or dipropylacetate (the latter in a short term combination) with diphenylhydantoin can cause a significant increase of diphenylhydantoin serum concentrations and intoxications. The combination of carbamazepin with diphenylhydantoin can cause a decrease of diphenylhydantoin serum concentrations. The simultaneous administration of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital can produce a significant increase of phenobarbital levels in the statistical average and in the case of a combination of primidon and diphenylhydantoin an intoxication by the primidon metabolite phenobarbital. These possible interactions which are not obvious at the beginning of therapy are supplemented by other factors as intercurrent diseases or erratic drug intake. With routine measurements of serum concentrations of anticonvulsive drugs some of these interfering factors can be eliminated by realizing them in time. Treatment becomes more effective and side effects are reduced. The development of a new check list for the treatment of epileptic patients should also improve the control and give better informations about the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Laboratory controls in long-term treatment with anticonvulsive drugs (author's transl)]. In the treatment of epilepsy often several substances with anticonvulsive effect are combined. Possible drug interactions in these cases can change the desired effect of treatment. Simultaneous administration of clonazepam or dipropylacetate (the latter in a short term combination) with diphenylhydantoin can cause a significant increase of diphenylhydantoin serum concentrations and intoxications. The combination of carbamazepin with diphenylhydantoin can cause a decrease of diphenylhydantoin serum concentrations. The simultaneous administration of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital can produce a significant increase of phenobarbital levels in the statistical average and in the case of a combination of primidon and diphenylhydantoin an intoxication by the primidon metabolite phenobarbital. These possible interactions which are not obvious at the beginning of therapy are supplemented by other factors as intercurrent diseases or erratic drug intake. With routine measurements of serum concentrations of anticonvulsive drugs some of these interfering factors can be eliminated by realizing them in time. Treatment becomes more effective and side effects are reduced. The development of a new check list for the treatment of epileptic patients should also improve the control and give better informations about the course of the disease.", "PMID": 323695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8992", "title": "[Alport syndrom (author's transl)].", "content": "A deaf-and-dumb patient died at the age of ten of failure of the kidneys. An uncle of the boy died at the age of 42, an aunt at the age of 16 years, both of atrophic kidneys. The mother of the proband is suffering from hard hearing on one side and recurrent episodes of pyuria. Repeated examinations in two aunts revealed slight pyuria resp. erythruria. Contrary to most reports affected members of the family showed pyuria rather than haematuria. A special inheritance could not be proved.", "contents": "[Alport syndrom (author's transl)]. A deaf-and-dumb patient died at the age of ten of failure of the kidneys. An uncle of the boy died at the age of 42, an aunt at the age of 16 years, both of atrophic kidneys. The mother of the proband is suffering from hard hearing on one side and recurrent episodes of pyuria. Repeated examinations in two aunts revealed slight pyuria resp. erythruria. Contrary to most reports affected members of the family showed pyuria rather than haematuria. A special inheritance could not be proved.", "PMID": 323696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8993", "title": "[Mould infection causing obstructive bronchitis. Diagnostik and therapeutic approaches (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors compared the results of mycologic examinations of asthmatic and control patient's throat. Fungi other than Candida were cultivated from the throat in 15% of asthmatic children and 3% of controls. In secrets from the lower respiratory tract gained by bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy, or through tracheostomy there were moulds in 34% among the asthmatics and in 15% of the other cases. Allergic respiratory tract diseases facilitate the harbouring of moulds in the respiratory tract but do not influence the presence of Candida albicans. Moulds could often be cultivated even in patient not allergic to them. However there are chronic cases caused by immun reaction to the moulds in the patients' respiratory tract. Microscopic detection of budding and branching, myceliform fungi in the secret produced by coughing supports the diagnosis of mould causing chronic asthmoid bronchitis. New peroral broad spectrum antimycotics facilitate the treatment of such cases. The authors succesfully treated some patients with Clotrimazol (Canesten, Bayer) and all cases responded well to 5-Fluorocytosan (Ancotyl, Roche).", "contents": "[Mould infection causing obstructive bronchitis. Diagnostik and therapeutic approaches (author's transl)]. The authors compared the results of mycologic examinations of asthmatic and control patient's throat. Fungi other than Candida were cultivated from the throat in 15% of asthmatic children and 3% of controls. In secrets from the lower respiratory tract gained by bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy, or through tracheostomy there were moulds in 34% among the asthmatics and in 15% of the other cases. Allergic respiratory tract diseases facilitate the harbouring of moulds in the respiratory tract but do not influence the presence of Candida albicans. Moulds could often be cultivated even in patient not allergic to them. However there are chronic cases caused by immun reaction to the moulds in the patients' respiratory tract. Microscopic detection of budding and branching, myceliform fungi in the secret produced by coughing supports the diagnosis of mould causing chronic asthmoid bronchitis. New peroral broad spectrum antimycotics facilitate the treatment of such cases. The authors succesfully treated some patients with Clotrimazol (Canesten, Bayer) and all cases responded well to 5-Fluorocytosan (Ancotyl, Roche).", "PMID": 323697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8994", "title": "[Mophometric study of the mouth mucosa in leukoplakia simplex].", "content": "Examination of the leukoplakia simplex of the oral cavity localized on the buccal surface and in the bottom of the oral cavity was carried out in 11 cases using the method of stereological morphometry. It was established that: 1. Quantitative changes of the constituents of the cytoplasma coming into being during the process of the keratinization appear to be similar in both forms of the lokalization investigated; 2. these changes seem to be opposite to the process observed during the differentiation of the normal epithelium; 3. by comparing stereological, histopathological and clinical data a new form of leukoplakia simplex can be distinguished i.e. the indirect form of the metaplasia of the squamous epithelium. 4 Method of the stereological morphometry seesm to be suitable for the description of characteristic features of the keratinization.", "contents": "[Mophometric study of the mouth mucosa in leukoplakia simplex]. Examination of the leukoplakia simplex of the oral cavity localized on the buccal surface and in the bottom of the oral cavity was carried out in 11 cases using the method of stereological morphometry. It was established that: 1. Quantitative changes of the constituents of the cytoplasma coming into being during the process of the keratinization appear to be similar in both forms of the lokalization investigated; 2. these changes seem to be opposite to the process observed during the differentiation of the normal epithelium; 3. by comparing stereological, histopathological and clinical data a new form of leukoplakia simplex can be distinguished i.e. the indirect form of the metaplasia of the squamous epithelium. 4 Method of the stereological morphometry seesm to be suitable for the description of characteristic features of the keratinization.", "PMID": 323698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8995", "title": "Mutagenicities of quinoline and its derivatives.", "content": "Quinoline, recently reported to be carcinogenic in rats [12], was mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA100 and TA98 in the presence of the metabolic activation system S-9 mix. 2-Chloroquinoline, a non-carcinogen [12], was non-mutagenic with or without S-9 mix. 8-Hydroxyquinoline, which is t known to be carcinogenic, was mutagenic with S-9 mix to both bacterial strains. The mutagenicities of 17 other quinoline derivatives that are not known to be carcinogenic were tested, and 12 of these compounds were mutagenic.", "contents": "Mutagenicities of quinoline and its derivatives. Quinoline, recently reported to be carcinogenic in rats [12], was mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA100 and TA98 in the presence of the metabolic activation system S-9 mix. 2-Chloroquinoline, a non-carcinogen [12], was non-mutagenic with or without S-9 mix. 8-Hydroxyquinoline, which is t known to be carcinogenic, was mutagenic with S-9 mix to both bacterial strains. The mutagenicities of 17 other quinoline derivatives that are not known to be carcinogenic were tested, and 12 of these compounds were mutagenic.", "PMID": 323699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8996", "title": "Gallbladder disease as a side effect of drugs influencing lipid metabolism. Experience in the Coronary Drug Project.", "content": "We analyzed data obtained during the Coronary Drug Project to discover the influence of the drugs used on the frequency of gallbladder disease. Of 2680 placebo-treated men who had had myocardial infarction, gallbladder disease developed in 69. Corresponding figures for those given 2.5 mg of estrogen, 5.0 mg of estrogen and 1.8 g of clofibrate per day were 46 of 1061, 47 of 1081 and 42 of 1051, respectively. Each treatment group differed from placebo by over twice the standard error of the difference, life-table analysis yielding P less than 0.05 for each drug-placebo comparison. Forty-five variables, including age, body weight, blood pressure, serum lipids and blood sugar, were evaluated as risk factors. Age significantly correlated with prevalence of known gallbladder disease at entry (r = 0.066, P less than 0.001). No variable yielded a strong and consistent correlation with the incidence of subsequent new gallbladder disease. Gallstone formation is a risk whenever clofibrate or estrogen is prescribed.", "contents": "Gallbladder disease as a side effect of drugs influencing lipid metabolism. Experience in the Coronary Drug Project. We analyzed data obtained during the Coronary Drug Project to discover the influence of the drugs used on the frequency of gallbladder disease. Of 2680 placebo-treated men who had had myocardial infarction, gallbladder disease developed in 69. Corresponding figures for those given 2.5 mg of estrogen, 5.0 mg of estrogen and 1.8 g of clofibrate per day were 46 of 1061, 47 of 1081 and 42 of 1051, respectively. Each treatment group differed from placebo by over twice the standard error of the difference, life-table analysis yielding P less than 0.05 for each drug-placebo comparison. Forty-five variables, including age, body weight, blood pressure, serum lipids and blood sugar, were evaluated as risk factors. Age significantly correlated with prevalence of known gallbladder disease at entry (r = 0.066, P less than 0.001). No variable yielded a strong and consistent correlation with the incidence of subsequent new gallbladder disease. Gallstone formation is a risk whenever clofibrate or estrogen is prescribed.", "PMID": 323705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8997", "title": "A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection.", "content": "We evaluated a semiquantitative culture technic for identifying infection due to intravenous catheters: rolling the catheter segment across blood agar. This method was compared to broth culture. Of 250 catheters studied, 225 (90%) had low-density colonization on semiquantitative culture (less than 15 colonies on the plate) although 49 (19.6%) of these grew some organisms in broth or on the plate. None of these catheters led to septicemia. Twenty-five catheters (10%) grew greater than or equal to 15 colonies by the semiquantitative technic; most gave confluent growth. Septicemia originated from four of these catheters (P = 0.008). Of 37 catheters exposed to bacteremias from distant foci of infection, four yielded matching growth in broth, whereas none were concordant with the blood isolate on semiquantitative culture. Local inflammation was associated with high-density colonization semiquantitative culture (P less than 0.001). The semiquantitative technic distinguishes infection (greater than or equal to 15 colonies) from contamination and is more specific in diagnosis of catheter-related septicemia than culture of the catheter in broth.", "contents": "A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. We evaluated a semiquantitative culture technic for identifying infection due to intravenous catheters: rolling the catheter segment across blood agar. This method was compared to broth culture. Of 250 catheters studied, 225 (90%) had low-density colonization on semiquantitative culture (less than 15 colonies on the plate) although 49 (19.6%) of these grew some organisms in broth or on the plate. None of these catheters led to septicemia. Twenty-five catheters (10%) grew greater than or equal to 15 colonies by the semiquantitative technic; most gave confluent growth. Septicemia originated from four of these catheters (P = 0.008). Of 37 catheters exposed to bacteremias from distant foci of infection, four yielded matching growth in broth, whereas none were concordant with the blood isolate on semiquantitative culture. Local inflammation was associated with high-density colonization semiquantitative culture (P less than 0.001). The semiquantitative technic distinguishes infection (greater than or equal to 15 colonies) from contamination and is more specific in diagnosis of catheter-related septicemia than culture of the catheter in broth.", "PMID": 323710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8998", "title": "Penicillopepsin from Penicillium janthinellum crystal structure at 2.8 A and sequence homology with porcine pepsin.", "content": "The polypeptide chain of the acid protease penicillo pepsin folds via an 18-stranded mixed beta-sheet into two distinct lobes separated by a 30-A long groove which is the extended substrate binding site. The catalytic residues Asp-32 and Asp-215 are located in this groove and their carboxyl groups are in intimate contact. Alignment of the amino acid sequence with that of pepsin shows regions of high homology.", "contents": "Penicillopepsin from Penicillium janthinellum crystal structure at 2.8 A and sequence homology with porcine pepsin. The polypeptide chain of the acid protease penicillo pepsin folds via an 18-stranded mixed beta-sheet into two distinct lobes separated by a 30-A long groove which is the extended substrate binding site. The catalytic residues Asp-32 and Asp-215 are located in this groove and their carboxyl groups are in intimate contact. Alignment of the amino acid sequence with that of pepsin shows regions of high homology.", "PMID": 323722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_8999", "title": "Radio-fibrinogen catabolism and fibrin products for the assessment of renal disease.", "content": "The methods for dynamic assessment of intrarenal coagulation in the renal glomerular diseases are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the radio-fibrinogen catabolism study and its potential for monitoring the activity of nephritis and renal transplant rejection.", "contents": "Radio-fibrinogen catabolism and fibrin products for the assessment of renal disease. The methods for dynamic assessment of intrarenal coagulation in the renal glomerular diseases are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the radio-fibrinogen catabolism study and its potential for monitoring the activity of nephritis and renal transplant rejection.", "PMID": 323738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9000", "title": "[Post-amputation dehiscence. A problem resolved].", "content": "70 peripheral amputations of the lower extremities in arteriosclerotic and diabetic vasculopathics have been examined. In a number of cases, the postoperative period was complicated by dehiscence of the suture on the stump, with lengthening of hospitalization time, risk of infection in the underlying bone and thus further amputation. To solve this problem, dehiscence was treated with dermo-epidermal autografts to cover the missing tissue area. The dehiscence was cleaned with compresses of 2% amuchina associated with topical instillations of Lincomycin hydrochloride. The cure percentage after grafting was about 80%.", "contents": "[Post-amputation dehiscence. A problem resolved]. 70 peripheral amputations of the lower extremities in arteriosclerotic and diabetic vasculopathics have been examined. In a number of cases, the postoperative period was complicated by dehiscence of the suture on the stump, with lengthening of hospitalization time, risk of infection in the underlying bone and thus further amputation. To solve this problem, dehiscence was treated with dermo-epidermal autografts to cover the missing tissue area. The dehiscence was cleaned with compresses of 2% amuchina associated with topical instillations of Lincomycin hydrochloride. The cure percentage after grafting was about 80%.", "PMID": 323743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9001", "title": "[Use of cortisone in the symptomatic treatment of malignant bronchopulmonary tumors].", "content": "86% of 1703 subjects with primary malignant bronchopulmonary tumours treated over a period of 5 years responded solely to symptomatic management. Attention is drawn to the poor results offered by polychemotherapy and to satisfactory treatment of 82 patients with 6-methylprednisolone acetate. This drug was chosen on account of its ease of administration and fewer side-effects by comparison with cortisones given per os.", "contents": "[Use of cortisone in the symptomatic treatment of malignant bronchopulmonary tumors]. 86% of 1703 subjects with primary malignant bronchopulmonary tumours treated over a period of 5 years responded solely to symptomatic management. Attention is drawn to the poor results offered by polychemotherapy and to satisfactory treatment of 82 patients with 6-methylprednisolone acetate. This drug was chosen on account of its ease of administration and fewer side-effects by comparison with cortisones given per os.", "PMID": 323744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9002", "title": "[Long-term treatment of arthrosis using Arumalon].", "content": "Cartilage and bone marrow extracts have been used to enhance cartilage mucopolysaccharide levels. The value of this form of treatment was appraised in 250 groups of 250 patients with well established arthrosis. Comparison was made between standard management with anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, anti-rheumatic compounds, physiotherapy and heat treatment, and management with the addition of cartilage and bone marrow extracts (Arumalon) over a period of 5 yr. Patients who received Arumalon had a lower frequency of painful exacerbations, a lower and more delayed frequency of functional incapacity, and a slower and less striking radiological progression. These results corroborate experimental and clinical data in the literature. They were particularly marked in 50 cases of gonarthrosis.", "contents": "[Long-term treatment of arthrosis using Arumalon]. Cartilage and bone marrow extracts have been used to enhance cartilage mucopolysaccharide levels. The value of this form of treatment was appraised in 250 groups of 250 patients with well established arthrosis. Comparison was made between standard management with anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, anti-rheumatic compounds, physiotherapy and heat treatment, and management with the addition of cartilage and bone marrow extracts (Arumalon) over a period of 5 yr. Patients who received Arumalon had a lower frequency of painful exacerbations, a lower and more delayed frequency of functional incapacity, and a slower and less striking radiological progression. These results corroborate experimental and clinical data in the literature. They were particularly marked in 50 cases of gonarthrosis.", "PMID": 323746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9003", "title": "[Clinical diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease based on a case report].", "content": "The authors report a case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease diagnosed at autopsy. In the discussion attention is called to characteristic clinical manifestations and possibilities of intravital diagnosis of the disease.", "contents": "[Clinical diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease based on a case report]. The authors report a case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease diagnosed at autopsy. In the discussion attention is called to characteristic clinical manifestations and possibilities of intravital diagnosis of the disease.", "PMID": 323740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9004", "title": "[Case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease with rarely observed location of lesions (the so-called Heidenhain syndrome)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease in a 64-year-old women. The peculiarity of the case lay in the fact that besides atrophic lesions of frontal lobes, extensive spongiform degeneration was present in both occipital lobes--corresponding to the so-called Heidenhain syndrome of classical neuropathology. The clinical counterpart of this location of the lesions, apart from dementia, were quadrantic hemianopsia and changes in EEG records.", "contents": "[Case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease with rarely observed location of lesions (the so-called Heidenhain syndrome)]. The authors describe a case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease in a 64-year-old women. The peculiarity of the case lay in the fact that besides atrophic lesions of frontal lobes, extensive spongiform degeneration was present in both occipital lobes--corresponding to the so-called Heidenhain syndrome of classical neuropathology. The clinical counterpart of this location of the lesions, apart from dementia, were quadrantic hemianopsia and changes in EEG records.", "PMID": 323741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9005", "title": "[Therapeutic effects of nicofibrate on diabetic hyperlipemia].", "content": "The plasma lipid picture before, during and after 4 months of administering p-chloro-phenoxy-alpha-isobutyrrate of 3-hydroxy-methylpyridine hydrochloride (Nicofibrate) in a group of diabetics was studied. Treatment led to a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and brought the lipoprotein picture back within the norm. Nicofibrate did not lead to significant increases in uricaemia nor to any worsening in carbohydrate tolerance. At the doses used, a significant drop in plasma prothrombinic activity was encountered, while no noteworthy variations were observed in the other biohumoral parameters examined. In the light of these results, the various aetiopathogenetic aspects of the hyperlipaemia so frequently observed in diabetes mellitus are discussed.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effects of nicofibrate on diabetic hyperlipemia]. The plasma lipid picture before, during and after 4 months of administering p-chloro-phenoxy-alpha-isobutyrrate of 3-hydroxy-methylpyridine hydrochloride (Nicofibrate) in a group of diabetics was studied. Treatment led to a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and brought the lipoprotein picture back within the norm. Nicofibrate did not lead to significant increases in uricaemia nor to any worsening in carbohydrate tolerance. At the doses used, a significant drop in plasma prothrombinic activity was encountered, while no noteworthy variations were observed in the other biohumoral parameters examined. In the light of these results, the various aetiopathogenetic aspects of the hyperlipaemia so frequently observed in diabetes mellitus are discussed.", "PMID": 323747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9006", "title": "[A chapter of historical pathology: scurvy in a 17th century document].", "content": "The translation form Latin of a XVIIth century medical document concerning scurvy is reported. Stress is laid on the importance of historical research of this type as an intellectual exercise and as a historical curiosity.", "contents": "[A chapter of historical pathology: scurvy in a 17th century document]. The translation form Latin of a XVIIth century medical document concerning scurvy is reported. Stress is laid on the importance of historical research of this type as an intellectual exercise and as a historical curiosity.", "PMID": 323751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9007", "title": "[Ventilation and continued positive-pressure respiration in resuscitation].", "content": "Expiratory positive pressured used as a routine procedure in patients with healthy lungs and those with serious pulmonary alterations since 1973 is described. It has been found that CPPV offers effective opposition to the gradual desaturation of arterial blood in O2 encountered with IPPV.", "contents": "[Ventilation and continued positive-pressure respiration in resuscitation]. Expiratory positive pressured used as a routine procedure in patients with healthy lungs and those with serious pulmonary alterations since 1973 is described. It has been found that CPPV offers effective opposition to the gradual desaturation of arterial blood in O2 encountered with IPPV.", "PMID": 323752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9008", "title": "Estrogen and endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "1. It has become evident that the estrogen secreting tumors of the ovary are associated with endometrial carcinoma, but this association is most easily observed in the postmenopausal patient where the incidence of carcinoma has been reported at 10.3% (1.  02) to 24% (83). 2. The most consistent association of endometrial carcinoma is with polycystic ovarian disease, where 19 (34), 21 (152), and 25% (150) of young women with endometrial carcinoma had Stein-Leventhal syndrome (67). 3. A very significant discovery became known in 1967 when the peripheral aromatization of delta4 androstenedione to estrone was reported by Kase (94) and MacDonald (111,112). Since that time we have learned that endometrial carcinoma patients have an increased peripheral conversion (139) (0.1% compared to 0.027%), which is similar to that found in obese and aging patients, by Hemsell, et al (77). This can be 2 to 4 times greater than the young adult or the patient without cancer. Estrone produced peripherally in normal postmenopausal women can amount to 40-60 microng/day and rise as high as 120-180 microng/day in the endometrial neoplasia group (39). Similarly patients with polycystic ovary disease, hyperthecosis and lipoid cell tumors of the ovary demonstrate androgen excess with extraglandular conversion to estrone (2). 4. It has become apparent that the principal estrogen in the postmenopausal patient is estrone and that the estrone-estradiol ratio in the serum is higher in postmenopausal women with corpus cancer than similar patients without cancer (135). Clearly, we must find the effect of this estrone excess at the nuclear \"acceptor\" level; and does this imbalance create a hormonal environment conducive to the development of endometrial carcinoma when age (an extremely important factor) and an oncogenic agent are added? 5. With the lack of ovarian estrogen there is a relative excess of adrenal testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and delta4 androstenedione, the available precursors of extraglandular estrone (1). 6. With the passage of time it appears that endometrial carcinoma is associated with hypothalamic \"hyperactivity\" (31) which exhibits immunologic-biologic dissociation of LH as previously observed in persistent trophoblastic disease when measuring hCG. The significance of this is still unknown. In a like fashion a significant number of the at risk polycystic ovary disease patients have an increased LH secretion. 7. Patient susceptibility is required as seen in animal experiments where prolonged administration of stilbestrol is used and still only rabbits and mice developed a malignant change. 8. Long term exogenous estrogen appears to have caused malignant changes in the endometrium, but it was universally given over  a prolonged period (4 or more years). The recent retrospective studies demonstrate an association of oral estrogen therapy with endometrial cancer, but prospective studies investigating dose and duration of all estrogen preparations need to be undertaken. 9...", "contents": "Estrogen and endometrial carcinoma. 1. It has become evident that the estrogen secreting tumors of the ovary are associated with endometrial carcinoma, but this association is most easily observed in the postmenopausal patient where the incidence of carcinoma has been reported at 10.3% (1.  02) to 24% (83). 2. The most consistent association of endometrial carcinoma is with polycystic ovarian disease, where 19 (34), 21 (152), and 25% (150) of young women with endometrial carcinoma had Stein-Leventhal syndrome (67). 3. A very significant discovery became known in 1967 when the peripheral aromatization of delta4 androstenedione to estrone was reported by Kase (94) and MacDonald (111,112). Since that time we have learned that endometrial carcinoma patients have an increased peripheral conversion (139) (0.1% compared to 0.027%), which is similar to that found in obese and aging patients, by Hemsell, et al (77). This can be 2 to 4 times greater than the young adult or the patient without cancer. Estrone produced peripherally in normal postmenopausal women can amount to 40-60 microng/day and rise as high as 120-180 microng/day in the endometrial neoplasia group (39). Similarly patients with polycystic ovary disease, hyperthecosis and lipoid cell tumors of the ovary demonstrate androgen excess with extraglandular conversion to estrone (2). 4. It has become apparent that the principal estrogen in the postmenopausal patient is estrone and that the estrone-estradiol ratio in the serum is higher in postmenopausal women with corpus cancer than similar patients without cancer (135). Clearly, we must find the effect of this estrone excess at the nuclear \"acceptor\" level; and does this imbalance create a hormonal environment conducive to the development of endometrial carcinoma when age (an extremely important factor) and an oncogenic agent are added? 5. With the lack of ovarian estrogen there is a relative excess of adrenal testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and delta4 androstenedione, the available precursors of extraglandular estrone (1). 6. With the passage of time it appears that endometrial carcinoma is associated with hypothalamic \"hyperactivity\" (31) which exhibits immunologic-biologic dissociation of LH as previously observed in persistent trophoblastic disease when measuring hCG. The significance of this is still unknown. In a like fashion a significant number of the at risk polycystic ovary disease patients have an increased LH secretion. 7. Patient susceptibility is required as seen in animal experiments where prolonged administration of stilbestrol is used and still only rabbits and mice developed a malignant change. 8. Long term exogenous estrogen appears to have caused malignant changes in the endometrium, but it was universally given over  a prolonged period (4 or more years). The recent retrospective studies demonstrate an association of oral estrogen therapy with endometrial cancer, but prospective studies investigating dose and duration of all estrogen preparations need to be undertaken. 9...", "PMID": 323764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9009", "title": "An immunofluorescent study of basement membranes in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, vagina, and vulva.", "content": "Basement membranes of 33 samples of in situ or invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri, vagina, and vulva were studied by defined immunofluorescence technics. Pooled serum from patients with bullous pemphigoid, containing specific antibody to squamous epithelial basement membrane, was utilized. Essentially normal basement membranes were found in all cases of in situ carcinoma and in 18 cases of invasive carcinoma. Basement membranes appeared poorly formed in three specimens with invasion and were absent in the remaining three. These findings support the premise that penetration of the basement membrane is not a valid criterion for distinguishing in situ from invasive squamous cell carcinoma.", "contents": "An immunofluorescent study of basement membranes in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, vagina, and vulva. Basement membranes of 33 samples of in situ or invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri, vagina, and vulva were studied by defined immunofluorescence technics. Pooled serum from patients with bullous pemphigoid, containing specific antibody to squamous epithelial basement membrane, was utilized. Essentially normal basement membranes were found in all cases of in situ carcinoma and in 18 cases of invasive carcinoma. Basement membranes appeared poorly formed in three specimens with invasion and were absent in the remaining three. These findings support the premise that penetration of the basement membrane is not a valid criterion for distinguishing in situ from invasive squamous cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 323765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9010", "title": "Apertognathia: its challenge and conquest. Report of a case.", "content": "Apertognathia or open-bite deformity is the cause of poor speech, loss of masticatory function, and the resultant embarrassment of patients. The treatment of these malocclusions embodies the use of our own technical, scientific, and physiologic knowledge, coupled with the research of others. This article gives a solution to an unusual case and points out the present techniques and research are only building blocks for the future.", "contents": "Apertognathia: its challenge and conquest. Report of a case. Apertognathia or open-bite deformity is the cause of poor speech, loss of masticatory function, and the resultant embarrassment of patients. The treatment of these malocclusions embodies the use of our own technical, scientific, and physiologic knowledge, coupled with the research of others. This article gives a solution to an unusual case and points out the present techniques and research are only building blocks for the future.", "PMID": 323766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9011", "title": "Radioisotope determination of apical seal integrity of silver point-filled endodontic teeth after ultrasonic vibration.", "content": "Twenty-six human mandibular incisors with single root canals were instrumented and obturated with silver points and sealer. The efficacy of the initial seal was tested by immersion in radioiodine and counted for gamma radiation. Subsequently, the teeth were subjected to the vibration of an ultrasonic scaling device and reimmersed in the isotope so that the integrity of the apical seal could be re-evaluated as a function of increased radioiodine uptake and, thus increased gamma radiation. No significant difference was found after use of the Cavitron device.", "contents": "Radioisotope determination of apical seal integrity of silver point-filled endodontic teeth after ultrasonic vibration. Twenty-six human mandibular incisors with single root canals were instrumented and obturated with silver points and sealer. The efficacy of the initial seal was tested by immersion in radioiodine and counted for gamma radiation. Subsequently, the teeth were subjected to the vibration of an ultrasonic scaling device and reimmersed in the isotope so that the integrity of the apical seal could be re-evaluated as a function of increased radioiodine uptake and, thus increased gamma radiation. No significant difference was found after use of the Cavitron device.", "PMID": 323767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9012", "title": "[Effect of Prednimustine (Leo 1031) in chronic lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "46 ambulatory patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were treated with Prednimustine either continuously (daily or each other day 20 mg) or intermittently (daily 20 mg for 14 days, followed by a pause of 4 weeks). A good response was seen in 28 patients lasting up to 17 + months (mean 4,5 + months) after terminating therapy. Patients without prior chemotherapy have improved earlier and to a smaller amount of the total dose applicated. Signes of bone marrow toxicity (anaemia, thrombocytopenia) were observed in 8 cases, gastrointestinal side effects in 7 cases, cutaneous exanthema in 3 cases, and one patient exhibited a severe stomatitis after treatment. Prednimustine constitutes an effective drug for chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "contents": "[Effect of Prednimustine (Leo 1031) in chronic lymphatic leukemia]. 46 ambulatory patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were treated with Prednimustine either continuously (daily or each other day 20 mg) or intermittently (daily 20 mg for 14 days, followed by a pause of 4 weeks). A good response was seen in 28 patients lasting up to 17 + months (mean 4,5 + months) after terminating therapy. Patients without prior chemotherapy have improved earlier and to a smaller amount of the total dose applicated. Signes of bone marrow toxicity (anaemia, thrombocytopenia) were observed in 8 cases, gastrointestinal side effects in 7 cases, cutaneous exanthema in 3 cases, and one patient exhibited a severe stomatitis after treatment. Prednimustine constitutes an effective drug for chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "PMID": 323777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9013", "title": "The evaluation of peripheral auditory function in infants and children.", "content": "The technique of electrocochleography described, although invasive, has proved to be innocuous in our experience. It provides precise information concerning peripheral auditory activity in response to sound stimulation at frequencies across the audible range. The most valuable application of the technique in clinical practice is in testing the hearing of infants and children who are too young to test by standard behavioral audiometric techniques, and in testing the hearing of children with behavioral problems or mental retardation;", "contents": "The evaluation of peripheral auditory function in infants and children. The technique of electrocochleography described, although invasive, has proved to be innocuous in our experience. It provides precise information concerning peripheral auditory activity in response to sound stimulation at frequencies across the audible range. The most valuable application of the technique in clinical practice is in testing the hearing of infants and children who are too young to test by standard behavioral audiometric techniques, and in testing the hearing of children with behavioral problems or mental retardation;", "PMID": 323780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9014", "title": "Idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS): intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) versus continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV), a comparative study.", "content": "59 patients with IRDS treated with CPPV in 1973-1974 are compared with 59 patients treated with IPPV in 1971-1972. With CPPV there was a reduction in mortality from 40.7% to 32.2%. CPPV as compared to IPPV reduced right to left shunting from the 6th hour of life onwards. Elevated oxygen supply was needed for shorter time and time of mechanical ventilation as well as duration of intubation could be reduced. The frequency of pneumothorax during ventilation was unchanged. The frequency of bronchopulmonary dysplasia could be reduced. One third of the surviving patients had neurological symptoms at the age of one year, the frequency was lower in the CPPV group. One patient in the IPPV group was severely damaged. The results obtained are in favour of CPPV as compared to IPPV for mechanical ventilation in patients with IRDS.", "contents": "Idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS): intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) versus continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV), a comparative study. 59 patients with IRDS treated with CPPV in 1973-1974 are compared with 59 patients treated with IPPV in 1971-1972. With CPPV there was a reduction in mortality from 40.7% to 32.2%. CPPV as compared to IPPV reduced right to left shunting from the 6th hour of life onwards. Elevated oxygen supply was needed for shorter time and time of mechanical ventilation as well as duration of intubation could be reduced. The frequency of pneumothorax during ventilation was unchanged. The frequency of bronchopulmonary dysplasia could be reduced. One third of the surviving patients had neurological symptoms at the age of one year, the frequency was lower in the CPPV group. One patient in the IPPV group was severely damaged. The results obtained are in favour of CPPV as compared to IPPV for mechanical ventilation in patients with IRDS.", "PMID": 323781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9015", "title": "[To the Treatment of myelomeningocele (author's transl)].", "content": "Social importance of myelomeningocele specially in Great Britain is stressed and surgical treatment in 24 hours after birth is necessary. Severe complications as infections of the CNS and others in consequence of the neurogenic bladder are demonstrated. The manifold problems of these infants and their families need an individual plan for treatment and care. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the condition for the success of rehabilitation.", "contents": "[To the Treatment of myelomeningocele (author's transl)]. Social importance of myelomeningocele specially in Great Britain is stressed and surgical treatment in 24 hours after birth is necessary. Severe complications as infections of the CNS and others in consequence of the neurogenic bladder are demonstrated. The manifold problems of these infants and their families need an individual plan for treatment and care. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the condition for the success of rehabilitation.", "PMID": 323782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9016", "title": "[Action of pharmacological effectors on hematocrit and lactate dehydrogenase activity changes in experimental ischemic shock].", "content": "The experimental ischemic shock induced by removing tourniquets in rats, were studied. Durin 164 hours, the variations of the values of hematocrit and of muscle and plasma dehydrogenase lactate activity were followed up; the modifications of these variations after pharmacological high doses of dexamethasone phosphate, hydrocortisone hemisuccinate and aprotinine administered intravenously, were evaluated. The best action was noted after dexamethasone phosphate treatment.", "contents": "[Action of pharmacological effectors on hematocrit and lactate dehydrogenase activity changes in experimental ischemic shock]. The experimental ischemic shock induced by removing tourniquets in rats, were studied. Durin 164 hours, the variations of the values of hematocrit and of muscle and plasma dehydrogenase lactate activity were followed up; the modifications of these variations after pharmacological high doses of dexamethasone phosphate, hydrocortisone hemisuccinate and aprotinine administered intravenously, were evaluated. The best action was noted after dexamethasone phosphate treatment.", "PMID": 323783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9017", "title": "[Significance of kinetic abnormalities of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase in congenital deficiencies].", "content": "Kinetic studies of semi-purified pyruvate kinase were performed from the erythrocytes of 22 subjects with congenital non-spherocytic anemia with pyruvate kinase deficiency and 25 heterozygous relatives. The study of enzyme affinity for PEP with and without ligands fructose-diphosphate (FDP) and ATP allowed to separate three groups of patients: --in eight patients and their eleven heterozygous relatives, the PK kinetic characteristics were similar to those of controls. Allosteric properties of the enzyme were normal; --in three patients, PK was in an activated form, non sensitive to FDP activation and to ATP inhibition in the experimental conditions. The deficient enzyme seemed to be present in the \"R\" form; --in eleven patients affinity for PEP was decreased; the enzyme was in each case activated by FDP; however very high FDP concentrations did not allow to obtain a complete activation and an n Hill of 1. ATP inhibition was more important than in controls. Similar results were obtained in some heterozygous relatives. The pyruvate kineases of these patients seemed to be fixed in \"T\" form. Whatever may be the molecular abnormalities responsible for the PK deficiency, they seem to lead in many cases to a change in the enzyme allosteric properties.", "contents": "[Significance of kinetic abnormalities of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase in congenital deficiencies]. Kinetic studies of semi-purified pyruvate kinase were performed from the erythrocytes of 22 subjects with congenital non-spherocytic anemia with pyruvate kinase deficiency and 25 heterozygous relatives. The study of enzyme affinity for PEP with and without ligands fructose-diphosphate (FDP) and ATP allowed to separate three groups of patients: --in eight patients and their eleven heterozygous relatives, the PK kinetic characteristics were similar to those of controls. Allosteric properties of the enzyme were normal; --in three patients, PK was in an activated form, non sensitive to FDP activation and to ATP inhibition in the experimental conditions. The deficient enzyme seemed to be present in the \"R\" form; --in eleven patients affinity for PEP was decreased; the enzyme was in each case activated by FDP; however very high FDP concentrations did not allow to obtain a complete activation and an n Hill of 1. ATP inhibition was more important than in controls. Similar results were obtained in some heterozygous relatives. The pyruvate kineases of these patients seemed to be fixed in \"T\" form. Whatever may be the molecular abnormalities responsible for the PK deficiency, they seem to lead in many cases to a change in the enzyme allosteric properties.", "PMID": 323784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9018", "title": "[Relations between weight changes and various biological parameters. Results of a longitudinal epidemiological survey].", "content": "Weight changes over a three year period were measured on a group of about 1400 working men aged 46 to 52 years and related to several biological parameters (cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, uricemia, glycemia and blood pressure). We observed: a) a slight increase in mean weight over the three year period; b) significant correlations between weight change and changes in these biological parameters. These results are compared to those found in cross sectional studies. Their implications for public health and prevention of ischemic heart disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Relations between weight changes and various biological parameters. Results of a longitudinal epidemiological survey]. Weight changes over a three year period were measured on a group of about 1400 working men aged 46 to 52 years and related to several biological parameters (cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, uricemia, glycemia and blood pressure). We observed: a) a slight increase in mean weight over the three year period; b) significant correlations between weight change and changes in these biological parameters. These results are compared to those found in cross sectional studies. Their implications for public health and prevention of ischemic heart disease are discussed.", "PMID": 323785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9019", "title": "[Study of the antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity test as a function of the nature of the antibodies].", "content": "It is well known that IgM antibodies are inactive for the LDA test. Moreover, this work showed 7 S IgM to be just as inactive as 19 S IgM. With HLA antibodies, usually IgG, this work showed that the LDA test was not inhibited by a temperature of + 15 instead of + 37 degrees C. With cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies 19 S and 7 S IgM the LDA test was negative even at + 15 degrees C (optimum temperature for these complement dependant lymphocytotoxic antibodies) with or without prolonged incubation. Under these same conditions, a negative result was obtained using auto-lymphocytes as a target. Finally, our results confirmed that IgM antibodies with anti-HLA activity could not act as mediators even for targets with corresponding HLA activity.", "contents": "[Study of the antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity test as a function of the nature of the antibodies]. It is well known that IgM antibodies are inactive for the LDA test. Moreover, this work showed 7 S IgM to be just as inactive as 19 S IgM. With HLA antibodies, usually IgG, this work showed that the LDA test was not inhibited by a temperature of + 15 instead of + 37 degrees C. With cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies 19 S and 7 S IgM the LDA test was negative even at + 15 degrees C (optimum temperature for these complement dependant lymphocytotoxic antibodies) with or without prolonged incubation. Under these same conditions, a negative result was obtained using auto-lymphocytes as a target. Finally, our results confirmed that IgM antibodies with anti-HLA activity could not act as mediators even for targets with corresponding HLA activity.", "PMID": 323786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9020", "title": "[Anticomplement activity of a polyanion: pentosan sulfuric polyester. III. Mechanism of functional inactivation of the different properdin and complement system fractions].", "content": "In vitro, the drug pentosan-poly-sulfoester (PPS) changes the electrophoretic migration of different proteins from the complement and properdin systems, such as native C3 (beta 1C globulin), C3c (beta-1A globulin), C3d (alpha-2D globulin), C1s inactivator (ClsINA), Clq and properdin factor B (B). Their more anodal migration is the consequence of a molecular alteration and persists after prolonged dialysis. These structural changes, yet undefined, explain the loss of functional activity of these proteins, and the anticomplementary activity of this drug. Moreover, PPS is able to block the alternate pathway activation by its action on properdin factor B (C3 proactivator). In fact, in presence of PPS, the activators of the properdin systems such as C3 nephritic factor are inactive. These altered mobilities are also responsible for the overestimation in the antigenic concentration of B (+ 45%), C4 (+27%) and C3/C3c (+ 14%), found in human serum containing 50 mg/ml of PPS. PPS has an original action upon the complement and properdin systems, which allows its clinical use as a potent inhibitor of the humoral mediators of inflammation.", "contents": "[Anticomplement activity of a polyanion: pentosan sulfuric polyester. III. Mechanism of functional inactivation of the different properdin and complement system fractions]. In vitro, the drug pentosan-poly-sulfoester (PPS) changes the electrophoretic migration of different proteins from the complement and properdin systems, such as native C3 (beta 1C globulin), C3c (beta-1A globulin), C3d (alpha-2D globulin), C1s inactivator (ClsINA), Clq and properdin factor B (B). Their more anodal migration is the consequence of a molecular alteration and persists after prolonged dialysis. These structural changes, yet undefined, explain the loss of functional activity of these proteins, and the anticomplementary activity of this drug. Moreover, PPS is able to block the alternate pathway activation by its action on properdin factor B (C3 proactivator). In fact, in presence of PPS, the activators of the properdin systems such as C3 nephritic factor are inactive. These altered mobilities are also responsible for the overestimation in the antigenic concentration of B (+ 45%), C4 (+27%) and C3/C3c (+ 14%), found in human serum containing 50 mg/ml of PPS. PPS has an original action upon the complement and properdin systems, which allows its clinical use as a potent inhibitor of the humoral mediators of inflammation.", "PMID": 323787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9021", "title": "[Immune sera, such as antilymphocyte serum, may contain antigen-antibody complexes].", "content": "Antilymphocyte sera, either allogeneic or xenogeneic, may retain the antigen used for the immunization of the animal producing the serum in the form of antigen-antibody complexes, at least when the animal is bled within the first two weeks following the last immunizing injection. Evidence for this has been obtained in vivo and in vitro (3). Thus, antilymphocyte injections may contain not only antibodies but the antigens used to prepare the serum as well, and active immunization to these antigens can result in the human or animal recipient. In the heart-allografted rat, pre-transplantation injection of immune complexes prepared from alloantisera prolongs graft survival. The filtrate from these complexes, presumably containing antigens, also prolongs graft survival when administered in conjunction with nonspecific immunosuppresive drugs after transplantation. These results, however, do not allow determination of whether the effect is active or passive, or perhaps both, nor what is the action of the complexes themselves.", "contents": "[Immune sera, such as antilymphocyte serum, may contain antigen-antibody complexes]. Antilymphocyte sera, either allogeneic or xenogeneic, may retain the antigen used for the immunization of the animal producing the serum in the form of antigen-antibody complexes, at least when the animal is bled within the first two weeks following the last immunizing injection. Evidence for this has been obtained in vivo and in vitro (3). Thus, antilymphocyte injections may contain not only antibodies but the antigens used to prepare the serum as well, and active immunization to these antigens can result in the human or animal recipient. In the heart-allografted rat, pre-transplantation injection of immune complexes prepared from alloantisera prolongs graft survival. The filtrate from these complexes, presumably containing antigens, also prolongs graft survival when administered in conjunction with nonspecific immunosuppresive drugs after transplantation. These results, however, do not allow determination of whether the effect is active or passive, or perhaps both, nor what is the action of the complexes themselves.", "PMID": 323789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9022", "title": "[Rapid determination of serum iron concentration using bathophenanthroline sulfonate in a formate buffered system].", "content": "A simple accurate and very reproducible procedure for measuring serum iron concentration without precipitating serum proteins is described. In the same time, iron is released from serum transferrin, reduced and determined at 535 mn by incubation in a water bath at 55 degrees for five minutes within a formate buffered system (pH 2,6; i = 0,05) including bathophenanthroline sulfonate. This method yields values very similar to those obtained by that of the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH).", "contents": "[Rapid determination of serum iron concentration using bathophenanthroline sulfonate in a formate buffered system]. A simple accurate and very reproducible procedure for measuring serum iron concentration without precipitating serum proteins is described. In the same time, iron is released from serum transferrin, reduced and determined at 535 mn by incubation in a water bath at 55 degrees for five minutes within a formate buffered system (pH 2,6; i = 0,05) including bathophenanthroline sulfonate. This method yields values very similar to those obtained by that of the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH).", "PMID": 323791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9023", "title": "Studies with a live influenza A vaccine in army personnel.", "content": "A live attenuated influenza A vaccine, produced from an inhibitor-resistant recombinant strain, was administered intranasally to 46 volunteers from the Army during the southern winter of 1973. To compare the acceptibility, immunogenicity and efficacy of this vaccine, a killed subunit vaccine was administered to 20 volunteers, and an intranasal placebo to 45 others. Results indicate that the live intranasal vaccine was as well tolerated as the killed vaccine and that there was no evidence of shedding of virus from the nose in the 14 days following vaccination. Both the killed and the live vaccines stimulated the production of circulating haemagglutination-inhibition antibody, but antibody to neuraminidase was induced only by the live vaccine. No conclusions could be drawn about the efficacy of the two vaccines in producing local antibodies because these were largely undetectable by the methods used. Volunteers were followed for a 12-month period, which included the 1973 and 1974 influenza seasons, and an attempt was made to determine the virological aetiology of all their respiratory infections during this period. Epidemic influenza did not occur in thepopulation group from which these volunteers were drawn, so the comparative protection rates of the two vaccines could not be assessed.", "contents": "Studies with a live influenza A vaccine in army personnel. A live attenuated influenza A vaccine, produced from an inhibitor-resistant recombinant strain, was administered intranasally to 46 volunteers from the Army during the southern winter of 1973. To compare the acceptibility, immunogenicity and efficacy of this vaccine, a killed subunit vaccine was administered to 20 volunteers, and an intranasal placebo to 45 others. Results indicate that the live intranasal vaccine was as well tolerated as the killed vaccine and that there was no evidence of shedding of virus from the nose in the 14 days following vaccination. Both the killed and the live vaccines stimulated the production of circulating haemagglutination-inhibition antibody, but antibody to neuraminidase was induced only by the live vaccine. No conclusions could be drawn about the efficacy of the two vaccines in producing local antibodies because these were largely undetectable by the methods used. Volunteers were followed for a 12-month period, which included the 1973 and 1974 influenza seasons, and an attempt was made to determine the virological aetiology of all their respiratory infections during this period. Epidemic influenza did not occur in thepopulation group from which these volunteers were drawn, so the comparative protection rates of the two vaccines could not be assessed.", "PMID": 323793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9024", "title": "Recent developments in hepatobiliary surgery.", "content": "The surgical management of infants and children with hepatobiliary disorders has undergone some important advances in recent years. Careful assessment over long periods will be necessary to determine if the new procedures discussed will endow these children with a normal or near-normal life span, free of disease.", "contents": "Recent developments in hepatobiliary surgery. The surgical management of infants and children with hepatobiliary disorders has undergone some important advances in recent years. Careful assessment over long periods will be necessary to determine if the new procedures discussed will endow these children with a normal or near-normal life span, free of disease.", "PMID": 323801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9025", "title": "Primary deficiencies in humoral immunity.", "content": "Patients with primary disorders of B lymphocytes and immunoglobulins usually display increased susceptibility to bacterial infections but atopic, autoimmune, and malignant disorders are also more common in these patients. The spectrum of these disorders ranges from a virtual absence of B cells and immunoglobulins to selective deficiencies of immunoglobulin subclasses. The diagnosis is dependent upon the demonstration of the immunologic deficits by specialized laboratory procedures which include the quantitation of immunoglobulins, the formation of antibodies in vivo and in vitro and the demonstration of B cells in the tissues or the peripheral blood. There are five major points in the management of these patients: (1) the delineation of the immunologic defects by laboratory testing, (2) the use of parenterally injected human immunoglobulins, (3) the rapid identification of infecting organisms and the prompt institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy, (4) screening the family for immunodeficiency in those cases which are of genetic origin, and (5) genetic counseling.", "contents": "Primary deficiencies in humoral immunity. Patients with primary disorders of B lymphocytes and immunoglobulins usually display increased susceptibility to bacterial infections but atopic, autoimmune, and malignant disorders are also more common in these patients. The spectrum of these disorders ranges from a virtual absence of B cells and immunoglobulins to selective deficiencies of immunoglobulin subclasses. The diagnosis is dependent upon the demonstration of the immunologic deficits by specialized laboratory procedures which include the quantitation of immunoglobulins, the formation of antibodies in vivo and in vitro and the demonstration of B cells in the tissues or the peripheral blood. There are five major points in the management of these patients: (1) the delineation of the immunologic defects by laboratory testing, (2) the use of parenterally injected human immunoglobulins, (3) the rapid identification of infecting organisms and the prompt institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy, (4) screening the family for immunodeficiency in those cases which are of genetic origin, and (5) genetic counseling.", "PMID": 323802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9026", "title": "Disorders of leukocyte chemotaxis.", "content": "The rapid accumulation of inflammatory cells at sites of microbial invasion or neoplastic transformation is a central event in immunologically-mediated host defense. The availability of methodology to accurately quantify leukocyte migration in vitro has allowed the disclosure of previously unrecognized clinical disorders, namely leukocyte dysmotility syndromes. Although this area of clinical investigation is in its infancy, one can identify several processes associated with abnormal leukocyte accumulation. Abnormalities of immune recognition, chemotactic factor production, cellular motility or inhibitors of chemotaxis have been identified in different human diseases. In the upcoming years, pharmacological intervention directed at correcting specific causes of leukocyte dysmotility may well enhance our ability to treat certain infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "Disorders of leukocyte chemotaxis. The rapid accumulation of inflammatory cells at sites of microbial invasion or neoplastic transformation is a central event in immunologically-mediated host defense. The availability of methodology to accurately quantify leukocyte migration in vitro has allowed the disclosure of previously unrecognized clinical disorders, namely leukocyte dysmotility syndromes. Although this area of clinical investigation is in its infancy, one can identify several processes associated with abnormal leukocyte accumulation. Abnormalities of immune recognition, chemotactic factor production, cellular motility or inhibitors of chemotaxis have been identified in different human diseases. In the upcoming years, pharmacological intervention directed at correcting specific causes of leukocyte dysmotility may well enhance our ability to treat certain infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 323806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9027", "title": "Cutaneous manifestations of defective host defenses.", "content": "Those caring for children should recognize that cutaneous findings are common in children with host defense defects. Atopic dermatitis, recurrent or persistent pyodermas, candidiasis and lupus-like syndromes, should signal the possibility of host defense deficiencies. Particularly the findings of atopic dermatitis and recurrent skin abscesses should alert the clinician to determine serum IgE levels and neutrophil chemotaxis in such patients. The triad of generalized seborrheic dermatitis, failure to thrive, and diarrhea in an infant should bring to mind Leiner disease or severe combined immunodeficiency disease.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestations of defective host defenses. Those caring for children should recognize that cutaneous findings are common in children with host defense defects. Atopic dermatitis, recurrent or persistent pyodermas, candidiasis and lupus-like syndromes, should signal the possibility of host defense deficiencies. Particularly the findings of atopic dermatitis and recurrent skin abscesses should alert the clinician to determine serum IgE levels and neutrophil chemotaxis in such patients. The triad of generalized seborrheic dermatitis, failure to thrive, and diarrhea in an infant should bring to mind Leiner disease or severe combined immunodeficiency disease.", "PMID": 323807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9028", "title": "Pulmonary single circulation dilution curves of T-1824, sodium, and tritiated water in intact piglets.", "content": "In order to assess pulmonary endothelial permeability to sodium in the immature lung, 15 multiple indicator dilution curves were done in eight intact piglets. An indicator bolus consisting of T-1824, 22Na, and tritiated water (THO) was delivered into the right atrium and blood was sampled from the aorta. The concentration of sodium, expressed as a fraction of the quantity injected and of the corresponding fractional concentration of T-1824, was averaged for the samples prior to recirculation. The permeability-surface area product calculated from these data is 2.0 X 10(-5) cm sec-1, and is virtually identical with the value reported elsewhere for adult dogs. Extravascular lung water obtained from the triated water and T-1824 curves averaged 64%, whereas that obtained from the 22Na and T-1824 curves averaged 23% of blood-free lung water.", "contents": "Pulmonary single circulation dilution curves of T-1824, sodium, and tritiated water in intact piglets. In order to assess pulmonary endothelial permeability to sodium in the immature lung, 15 multiple indicator dilution curves were done in eight intact piglets. An indicator bolus consisting of T-1824, 22Na, and tritiated water (THO) was delivered into the right atrium and blood was sampled from the aorta. The concentration of sodium, expressed as a fraction of the quantity injected and of the corresponding fractional concentration of T-1824, was averaged for the samples prior to recirculation. The permeability-surface area product calculated from these data is 2.0 X 10(-5) cm sec-1, and is virtually identical with the value reported elsewhere for adult dogs. Extravascular lung water obtained from the triated water and T-1824 curves averaged 64%, whereas that obtained from the 22Na and T-1824 curves averaged 23% of blood-free lung water.", "PMID": 323809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9029", "title": "Nosocomial transmission of group B Streptococci in a newborn nursery.", "content": "Group B streptococcal colonization of normal newborn infants increased from 22.5% within 20 hours of birth to 65.4% at the time of hospital discharge (P less than .001). In contrast, colonization in mothers did not change significantly between the time of admission to labor and delivery (27.7%) and the time of discharge (31.1%). Epidemiologic data suggested but did not prove that the mode of nosocomial transmission of group B streptococci among infants was cross colonization via personnel contact.", "contents": "Nosocomial transmission of group B Streptococci in a newborn nursery. Group B streptococcal colonization of normal newborn infants increased from 22.5% within 20 hours of birth to 65.4% at the time of hospital discharge (P less than .001). In contrast, colonization in mothers did not change significantly between the time of admission to labor and delivery (27.7%) and the time of discharge (31.1%). Epidemiologic data suggested but did not prove that the mode of nosocomial transmission of group B streptococci among infants was cross colonization via personnel contact.", "PMID": 323810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9030", "title": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared to ampicillin in the treatment of shigellosis.", "content": "Twenty hospitalized children between 1 and 11 years of age were enrolled in a comparative randomized evaluation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TM-SM) and ampicillin for the treatment of shigellosis. Each drug was provided for five days. The group treated with ampicillin had significantly more stools per day (mean 21.25) compared to the TM-SM group (8.64). Treatment with TM-SM appeared to be associated with a more rapid reversion of stool cultures to normal, but these differences compared to ampicillin were not statistically significant. Review of all isolates of Shigella from our hospital revealed a marked decrease in sensitivity to ampicillin over the last six years. This pattern has been observed in other centers. TM-SM may be the best drug for the treatment of shigellosis in areas where multiple antibiotic-resistant organisms are common.", "contents": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared to ampicillin in the treatment of shigellosis. Twenty hospitalized children between 1 and 11 years of age were enrolled in a comparative randomized evaluation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TM-SM) and ampicillin for the treatment of shigellosis. Each drug was provided for five days. The group treated with ampicillin had significantly more stools per day (mean 21.25) compared to the TM-SM group (8.64). Treatment with TM-SM appeared to be associated with a more rapid reversion of stool cultures to normal, but these differences compared to ampicillin were not statistically significant. Review of all isolates of Shigella from our hospital revealed a marked decrease in sensitivity to ampicillin over the last six years. This pattern has been observed in other centers. TM-SM may be the best drug for the treatment of shigellosis in areas where multiple antibiotic-resistant organisms are common.", "PMID": 323811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9031", "title": "Fever produced in the rat by intracerebral E. coli endotoxin.", "content": "E. coli endotoxin introduced into the brain ventricles or into various brain areas raises the body temperature of conscious rats. Endotoxin-sensitive sites were found within the anterior hypothalamus and the lower brainstem. The increase in temperature (delta T) after microinjection of endotoxin into the anterior hypothalamic nucleus was dose-dependent. Endotoxin injected into the ventricles produced monophasic hyperthermia, but microinjections into the anterior hypothalamus produced monophasic or biphasic types of hyperthermia. The second and third microinjections of endotoxin into the anterior hypothalamic nucleus subsequently caused higher responses in delta T, but not in the rate of temperature change. The effects of the fourth and furter microinjections were the same as those of the third, and no tolerance developed for 24 days. The observations of behaviour, vegetative reactions, skin temperature, and carbon dioxide production indicated that the rise in the rat body temperature induced by endotoxin represents fever and that the heat is gained, at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C, mainly through skin vessel vasoconstriction. Aspirin abolished and reversed fever induced by endotoxin, while hydrocortisone was without effect.", "contents": "Fever produced in the rat by intracerebral E. coli endotoxin. E. coli endotoxin introduced into the brain ventricles or into various brain areas raises the body temperature of conscious rats. Endotoxin-sensitive sites were found within the anterior hypothalamus and the lower brainstem. The increase in temperature (delta T) after microinjection of endotoxin into the anterior hypothalamic nucleus was dose-dependent. Endotoxin injected into the ventricles produced monophasic hyperthermia, but microinjections into the anterior hypothalamus produced monophasic or biphasic types of hyperthermia. The second and third microinjections of endotoxin into the anterior hypothalamic nucleus subsequently caused higher responses in delta T, but not in the rate of temperature change. The effects of the fourth and furter microinjections were the same as those of the third, and no tolerance developed for 24 days. The observations of behaviour, vegetative reactions, skin temperature, and carbon dioxide production indicated that the rise in the rat body temperature induced by endotoxin represents fever and that the heat is gained, at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C, mainly through skin vessel vasoconstriction. Aspirin abolished and reversed fever induced by endotoxin, while hydrocortisone was without effect.", "PMID": 323816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9032", "title": "Fever in rats after intravenous E. coli endotoxin administration.", "content": "In conscious unrestrained rats, at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C, oesophageal temperature was measured and temperature effect of single and repeated intravenous injection of E. coli endotoxin was examined. The first injection of endotoxin in a dose of 10.0 mug/rat did not change the rat body temperature. The second injection of this dose in the same animals repeated after 48 h produced fever. With following injections the fevers observed were less pronounced. The absence of fever after a single injection of endotoxin was accompanied by the rapid loss of pyretic activity of the rat plasma samples (bioassayed in rabbits). When fever was observed (48 h interval between endotoxin injections) the pyretic activity of the rat plasma remained unchanged for 90 min following endotoxin injection. It was concluded that after a single injection endotoxin is rapidly detoxified in the rat circulation while this process does not take place after the second endotoxin injection (48 h interval). The process of endotoxin detoxification can be depressed by the pretreatment with nitrogen mustard. Analysis of changes of skin temperature following endotoxin injections and the influence of aspirin on endotoxin-induced fever suggest that the fever observed was of central origin.", "contents": "Fever in rats after intravenous E. coli endotoxin administration. In conscious unrestrained rats, at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C, oesophageal temperature was measured and temperature effect of single and repeated intravenous injection of E. coli endotoxin was examined. The first injection of endotoxin in a dose of 10.0 mug/rat did not change the rat body temperature. The second injection of this dose in the same animals repeated after 48 h produced fever. With following injections the fevers observed were less pronounced. The absence of fever after a single injection of endotoxin was accompanied by the rapid loss of pyretic activity of the rat plasma samples (bioassayed in rabbits). When fever was observed (48 h interval between endotoxin injections) the pyretic activity of the rat plasma remained unchanged for 90 min following endotoxin injection. It was concluded that after a single injection endotoxin is rapidly detoxified in the rat circulation while this process does not take place after the second endotoxin injection (48 h interval). The process of endotoxin detoxification can be depressed by the pretreatment with nitrogen mustard. Analysis of changes of skin temperature following endotoxin injections and the influence of aspirin on endotoxin-induced fever suggest that the fever observed was of central origin.", "PMID": 323817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9033", "title": "[Actinobacillus infections in swine (author's transl)].", "content": "Actinobacilli infections in pigs are relatively rare. Most cases were septicaemic in the first week of life. With increasing age manifestations after generalized infections were characteristic, such as arthritis, polyarthritis, endocarditis, nephritis, osteomyelitis and embolic pneumonia. Of 34 porcine strains 33 were identified as A. equuli and only one was identical with A. suis. The justification of retaining this species is discussed.", "contents": "[Actinobacillus infections in swine (author's transl)]. Actinobacilli infections in pigs are relatively rare. Most cases were septicaemic in the first week of life. With increasing age manifestations after generalized infections were characteristic, such as arthritis, polyarthritis, endocarditis, nephritis, osteomyelitis and embolic pneumonia. Of 34 porcine strains 33 were identified as A. equuli and only one was identical with A. suis. The justification of retaining this species is discussed.", "PMID": 323819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9034", "title": "The urinary sodium: potassium ratio and response to diuretics in resistant oedema.", "content": "Nineteen patients with severe oedema due to either cirrhosis of the liver or to congestive cardiac failure, who had failed to respond to previous diuretic therapy, were treated with either increasing doses of frusemide (Group A), or with frusemide in a fixed dose of 80 mg daily and increasing doses of spironolactone (Group B). In Group A there was an inverse correlation between the baseline 24-hr urinary sodium: potassium (Na : K) ratio and the 24-hr urinary potassium excretion during diuresis, and a direct correlation between the urinary Na : K ratio before and after diuresis. Thus, in patients of this group during diuresis, there was a significantly higher urinary potassium excretion in those with a baseline urinary Na : K ratio of less than 1, as compared with those with a ratio of greater than 1. In Group B a satisfactory diuresis was achieved without marked urinary potassium loss in those patients with a baseline urinary Na : K ratio of less than 1, whereas no diuresis was obtained in the two patients with a baseline urinary Na : K ratio of greater than 1. These results suggest that the measurement of the baseline urinary Na : K ratio is of help in determining the potential value of spironolactone in patients with resistant oedema.", "contents": "The urinary sodium: potassium ratio and response to diuretics in resistant oedema. Nineteen patients with severe oedema due to either cirrhosis of the liver or to congestive cardiac failure, who had failed to respond to previous diuretic therapy, were treated with either increasing doses of frusemide (Group A), or with frusemide in a fixed dose of 80 mg daily and increasing doses of spironolactone (Group B). In Group A there was an inverse correlation between the baseline 24-hr urinary sodium: potassium (Na : K) ratio and the 24-hr urinary potassium excretion during diuresis, and a direct correlation between the urinary Na : K ratio before and after diuresis. Thus, in patients of this group during diuresis, there was a significantly higher urinary potassium excretion in those with a baseline urinary Na : K ratio of less than 1, as compared with those with a ratio of greater than 1. In Group B a satisfactory diuresis was achieved without marked urinary potassium loss in those patients with a baseline urinary Na : K ratio of less than 1, whereas no diuresis was obtained in the two patients with a baseline urinary Na : K ratio of greater than 1. These results suggest that the measurement of the baseline urinary Na : K ratio is of help in determining the potential value of spironolactone in patients with resistant oedema.", "PMID": 323834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9035", "title": "A study of the effect of povidone-iodine on wound healing.", "content": "The effect of dry powder povidone-iodine (Disadine D.P.) on wound healing was assessed experimentally and clinically. It did not interfere with wound healing macroscopically, histologically or mechanically in Wistar rats. One hundred and one patients undergoing 'clean' elective surgery were included in the controlled clinical study and povidone-iodine did not affect wound healing in any way. In the control group 4% of patients developed infection compared with none of those sprayed with povidone-iodine. No adverse reaction to povidone-iodine was seen in either study. This antiseptic offers a safe alternative to antibiotics for use at operation whenever there is risk of wound infection from operative bacterial contamination.", "contents": "A study of the effect of povidone-iodine on wound healing. The effect of dry powder povidone-iodine (Disadine D.P.) on wound healing was assessed experimentally and clinically. It did not interfere with wound healing macroscopically, histologically or mechanically in Wistar rats. One hundred and one patients undergoing 'clean' elective surgery were included in the controlled clinical study and povidone-iodine did not affect wound healing in any way. In the control group 4% of patients developed infection compared with none of those sprayed with povidone-iodine. No adverse reaction to povidone-iodine was seen in either study. This antiseptic offers a safe alternative to antibiotics for use at operation whenever there is risk of wound infection from operative bacterial contamination.", "PMID": 323835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9036", "title": "Zinc metabolism and thyroid status.", "content": "Urinary zinc excretion was found to be increased in patients with thyrotoxicosis when compared to euthyroid individuals. This increase did not appear to be due to an increase in creatinine clearance and was found to be strongly correlated with an index designed to assess the severity and acuteness of the metabolic response of the body to hyperthyroidism. The potential clinical significance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Zinc metabolism and thyroid status. Urinary zinc excretion was found to be increased in patients with thyrotoxicosis when compared to euthyroid individuals. This increase did not appear to be due to an increase in creatinine clearance and was found to be strongly correlated with an index designed to assess the severity and acuteness of the metabolic response of the body to hyperthyroidism. The potential clinical significance of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 323836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9037", "title": "A new look at erythromycin.", "content": "This article reviews the current place of erythromycin in antibiotic therapy. Overall, erythromycin is thought to be underused because: (1) the fear of resistance has been exaggerated; (2) significant toxicity has been associated with only one derivative (the estolate); (3) newer antibiotics have very rarely been demonstrated to be superior to erythromycin. Erythromycin has an important place in treating acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections, acute otitis media, sinusitis, skin and soft tissue, osteomyelitis, prostatitis, infections due to Mycoplasma spp. and Chlamydia organisms, and infections due to anaerobes.", "contents": "A new look at erythromycin. This article reviews the current place of erythromycin in antibiotic therapy. Overall, erythromycin is thought to be underused because: (1) the fear of resistance has been exaggerated; (2) significant toxicity has been associated with only one derivative (the estolate); (3) newer antibiotics have very rarely been demonstrated to be superior to erythromycin. Erythromycin has an important place in treating acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections, acute otitis media, sinusitis, skin and soft tissue, osteomyelitis, prostatitis, infections due to Mycoplasma spp. and Chlamydia organisms, and infections due to anaerobes.", "PMID": 323837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9038", "title": "Barbiturates and serum calcium in the elderly.", "content": "In a retrospective study, based on a biochemical survey of people aged 65 and over in a general practice, subjects taking a barbiturate preparation for indications other than epilepsy had a significantly lower serum calcium concentration than did those taking nitrazepam or diazepam. Ordinary doses of barbiturate may adversely affect vitamin D metabolism in the elderly.", "contents": "Barbiturates and serum calcium in the elderly. In a retrospective study, based on a biochemical survey of people aged 65 and over in a general practice, subjects taking a barbiturate preparation for indications other than epilepsy had a significantly lower serum calcium concentration than did those taking nitrazepam or diazepam. Ordinary doses of barbiturate may adversely affect vitamin D metabolism in the elderly.", "PMID": 323838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9039", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae in urinary tract infections.", "content": "Streptococcus agalactiae was found to be the cause of approximately 1% of urinary tract infections in a London teaching hospital in the 2 years studied. Of the forty-eight patients with this infection, forty-three were female. In nine patients  the infection followed renal transplantation while in nine others it occurred in the presence of chronic renal failure. The rest, who included seven females who developed the infection following hysterectomies, had other clinical conditions which could have predisposed to such infections. The rarity of urinary tract infection by S. agalactiae is in contrast to the high frequency with which the organism colonizes the normal urethra. Serotypes III and II were the predominant isolates in these patients with urinary tract infections; this corresponds to the distribution of the different serotypes in the genito-urinary tract of normal individuals.", "contents": "Streptococcus agalactiae in urinary tract infections. Streptococcus agalactiae was found to be the cause of approximately 1% of urinary tract infections in a London teaching hospital in the 2 years studied. Of the forty-eight patients with this infection, forty-three were female. In nine patients  the infection followed renal transplantation while in nine others it occurred in the presence of chronic renal failure. The rest, who included seven females who developed the infection following hysterectomies, had other clinical conditions which could have predisposed to such infections. The rarity of urinary tract infection by S. agalactiae is in contrast to the high frequency with which the organism colonizes the normal urethra. Serotypes III and II were the predominant isolates in these patients with urinary tract infections; this corresponds to the distribution of the different serotypes in the genito-urinary tract of normal individuals.", "PMID": 323839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9040", "title": "Chromatin subunits from baker's yeast: isolation and partial characterization.", "content": "The organization of proteins along DNA in chromatin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) was examined by analyzing the DNA and nucleoprotein products obtained after digestion of yeast nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease. Yeast DNA is digested in situ at regularly spaced cleavage sites about 160 base pairs apart. Nucleoprotein fragments were resolved and isolated by centrifugation on linear, 5-20% sucrose gradients. The predominant 11S component appears to be identical to chromatin \"subunits\" or \"nucleosomes\" isolated from higher eukaryotes, containing a 150-160 base pair length of DNA and approximately equimolar amounts of four proteins that coelectrophorese with calf histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, plus small amounts of three proteins that electrophorese similarly to H1 histones. Thus, the structural organization of the yeast genome is similar to that of more developed organisms, except for the smaller total repeat length. None of the yeast subunit proteins, including the possible H1 proteins, contains cysteine.", "contents": "Chromatin subunits from baker's yeast: isolation and partial characterization. The organization of proteins along DNA in chromatin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) was examined by analyzing the DNA and nucleoprotein products obtained after digestion of yeast nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease. Yeast DNA is digested in situ at regularly spaced cleavage sites about 160 base pairs apart. Nucleoprotein fragments were resolved and isolated by centrifugation on linear, 5-20% sucrose gradients. The predominant 11S component appears to be identical to chromatin \"subunits\" or \"nucleosomes\" isolated from higher eukaryotes, containing a 150-160 base pair length of DNA and approximately equimolar amounts of four proteins that coelectrophorese with calf histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, plus small amounts of three proteins that electrophorese similarly to H1 histones. Thus, the structural organization of the yeast genome is similar to that of more developed organisms, except for the smaller total repeat length. None of the yeast subunit proteins, including the possible H1 proteins, contains cysteine.", "PMID": 323847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9041", "title": "A bacteriophage system for screening and study of biologically active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds.", "content": "The usefulness of bacterial viruses for detecting substances that are potentially carcinogenic is reexamined as a model system for screening biologically active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A modification of the original assay procedure allows one to distinguish between aromatics that can modify the biological activity of infectious nucleic acids directly and those polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that require metabolic activation by Escherichia coli enzymes. The effect of chemical modification of several different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, with respect to their biological activity in the phage assay system, is described. Among the 31 different compounds examined, (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide was the most potent inhibitor of infectious phage nucleic acid. The (+) and (-) isomers of the above racemic mixture did not differ significantly in their capacity to inhibit phage replication.", "contents": "A bacteriophage system for screening and study of biologically active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds. The usefulness of bacterial viruses for detecting substances that are potentially carcinogenic is reexamined as a model system for screening biologically active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A modification of the original assay procedure allows one to distinguish between aromatics that can modify the biological activity of infectious nucleic acids directly and those polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that require metabolic activation by Escherichia coli enzymes. The effect of chemical modification of several different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, with respect to their biological activity in the phage assay system, is described. Among the 31 different compounds examined, (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide was the most potent inhibitor of infectious phage nucleic acid. The (+) and (-) isomers of the above racemic mixture did not differ significantly in their capacity to inhibit phage replication.", "PMID": 323848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9042", "title": "Biochemical characterization of a mutant lipoprotein of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A lipoprotein mutant of E. coli K-12 has been characterized. The mutant lipoprotein was found to differ from the wild-type lipoprotein in the following respects: (i) it is present in an appreciable amount in the soluble fraction (275,000 X g supernatant); (ii) it lacks the covalently-linked diglyceride; (iii) it contains an unmodified cysteine which can be carboxymethylated in vitro; (iv) it undergoes dimerization and the dimer can be converted into monomeric form by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol; (v) both the monomeric form and especially the dimeric form of the mutant lipoprotein migrate more slowly than the corresponding forms of wild-type lipoprotein in sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; and (vi) the mutant lipoprotein is not assembled into the murein sacculi, and this results in a greatly reduced amount of bound-form lipoprotein in the mutant. These data strongly suggest that the mutation has affected the primary structure of lipoprotein, in such a way that it is not modified normally, leading to the production of a structurally-altered lipoprotein deficient in covalently-linked lipid as well as a defective assembly of the altered lipoprotein into the rigid layer of the cell envelope.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of a mutant lipoprotein of Escherichia coli. A lipoprotein mutant of E. coli K-12 has been characterized. The mutant lipoprotein was found to differ from the wild-type lipoprotein in the following respects: (i) it is present in an appreciable amount in the soluble fraction (275,000 X g supernatant); (ii) it lacks the covalently-linked diglyceride; (iii) it contains an unmodified cysteine which can be carboxymethylated in vitro; (iv) it undergoes dimerization and the dimer can be converted into monomeric form by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol; (v) both the monomeric form and especially the dimeric form of the mutant lipoprotein migrate more slowly than the corresponding forms of wild-type lipoprotein in sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; and (vi) the mutant lipoprotein is not assembled into the murein sacculi, and this results in a greatly reduced amount of bound-form lipoprotein in the mutant. These data strongly suggest that the mutation has affected the primary structure of lipoprotein, in such a way that it is not modified normally, leading to the production of a structurally-altered lipoprotein deficient in covalently-linked lipid as well as a defective assembly of the altered lipoprotein into the rigid layer of the cell envelope.", "PMID": 323849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9043", "title": "Differential utilization of leucyl-tRNAs by Escherichia coli.", "content": "The utilization of the isoaccepting species of leucyl-tRNA in protein synthesis has been examined in E. coli. Two minor leucyl-tRNA species, isoacceptors tRNA3Leu and tRNA4Leu, are the predominant species found bound to ribosomes during exponential growth in minimal medium. In rich medium, an increased proportion of tRNA1Leu is found bound to ribosomes. One species, tRNA5Leu, is always absent from ribosomes. In a mutant strain in which normal tRNA3Leu and tRNA5Leu are reduced or absent, tRNA1Leu is a major ribosome-bound species in minimal medium. Protein synthesis in vitro with RNA from E. coli further suggests that tRNA5Leu is rarely used for total protein synthesis; however, this species is active with RNA from MS2 phage. We propose that tRNA1Leu can substitute for tRNA3Leu under rapid growth conditions, and that tRNA5Leu is used minimally in total protein synthesis.", "contents": "Differential utilization of leucyl-tRNAs by Escherichia coli. The utilization of the isoaccepting species of leucyl-tRNA in protein synthesis has been examined in E. coli. Two minor leucyl-tRNA species, isoacceptors tRNA3Leu and tRNA4Leu, are the predominant species found bound to ribosomes during exponential growth in minimal medium. In rich medium, an increased proportion of tRNA1Leu is found bound to ribosomes. One species, tRNA5Leu, is always absent from ribosomes. In a mutant strain in which normal tRNA3Leu and tRNA5Leu are reduced or absent, tRNA1Leu is a major ribosome-bound species in minimal medium. Protein synthesis in vitro with RNA from E. coli further suggests that tRNA5Leu is rarely used for total protein synthesis; however, this species is active with RNA from MS2 phage. We propose that tRNA1Leu can substitute for tRNA3Leu under rapid growth conditions, and that tRNA5Leu is used minimally in total protein synthesis.", "PMID": 323850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9044", "title": "Rotational relaxation of 70S ribosomes by a depolarization method using triplet probes.", "content": "Rotational relaxation on the microsecond time scale has been followed by a depolarization technique using the properties of the long-lived triplet state of covalently bound labels. Two triplet probes, which efficiently bind to ribosomal proteins, are described. The rotational correlation time of 70S ribosomes of Escherichia coli has been measured. The average hydrodynamic radius of the functionally active 70S particle in solution has been estimated to 147 A. A concentration dependence of the correlation time has been observed, which may result from an association of the 70S ribosomes to form 100S dimers.", "contents": "Rotational relaxation of 70S ribosomes by a depolarization method using triplet probes. Rotational relaxation on the microsecond time scale has been followed by a depolarization technique using the properties of the long-lived triplet state of covalently bound labels. Two triplet probes, which efficiently bind to ribosomal proteins, are described. The rotational correlation time of 70S ribosomes of Escherichia coli has been measured. The average hydrodynamic radius of the functionally active 70S particle in solution has been estimated to 147 A. A concentration dependence of the correlation time has been observed, which may result from an association of the 70S ribosomes to form 100S dimers.", "PMID": 323851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9045", "title": "On the process of cellular division in Escherichia coli: a mutant of E. coli lacking a murein-lipoprotein.", "content": "A mutant of E. coli lacking a specific outer membrane lipoprotein was found. Both the free and the bound form have been lost in this mutant. No material that cross-reacted with antiserum against lipoprotein was detected by the Ouchterlony test. The mutant was defective in producing mRNA active for lipoprotein synthesis. The mutation leading to the loss of lipoprotein synthesis, referred to as lpo, seems to have arisen during production of an F'. The map position of lpo was at 36.5 min on the E. coli K12 map, in the order man, uidA, lpo, aroD, pps. The lpo mutant grew and divided normally and remained susceptible to bacteriophages lambda, phi80, P1, P2, the T series, and f1, f2, and MS2 in its male derivatives. The mutant was hypersensitive to EDTA and cationic dves and somewhat sensitive to detergents. There was considerable leakage of periplasmic enzymes but passive transport of beta-galactoside was unchanged. These physiological characteristics of the mutant suggest that lipoprotein is involved in maintaining the integrity of the outer envelope structure, by bridging the outer membrane and murein, but not in the vital processes of growth and division.", "contents": "On the process of cellular division in Escherichia coli: a mutant of E. coli lacking a murein-lipoprotein. A mutant of E. coli lacking a specific outer membrane lipoprotein was found. Both the free and the bound form have been lost in this mutant. No material that cross-reacted with antiserum against lipoprotein was detected by the Ouchterlony test. The mutant was defective in producing mRNA active for lipoprotein synthesis. The mutation leading to the loss of lipoprotein synthesis, referred to as lpo, seems to have arisen during production of an F'. The map position of lpo was at 36.5 min on the E. coli K12 map, in the order man, uidA, lpo, aroD, pps. The lpo mutant grew and divided normally and remained susceptible to bacteriophages lambda, phi80, P1, P2, the T series, and f1, f2, and MS2 in its male derivatives. The mutant was hypersensitive to EDTA and cationic dves and somewhat sensitive to detergents. There was considerable leakage of periplasmic enzymes but passive transport of beta-galactoside was unchanged. These physiological characteristics of the mutant suggest that lipoprotein is involved in maintaining the integrity of the outer envelope structure, by bridging the outer membrane and murein, but not in the vital processes of growth and division.", "PMID": 323852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9046", "title": "Synthesis and processing of an Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase precursor in vitro.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] of E. coli was synthesized in a cell-free system, and the size of the direct translation product was analyzed. The product has a higher molecular weight than the mature alkaline phosphatase found in the periplasm. The direct translation product can be processed to the mature size by an E. coli membrane fraction; the processing activity copurifies with the outer-membrane fraction. The presumed precursor can dimerize to form active enzyme without being processed, and the resultant enzyme appears to be more hydrophobic than the mature enzyme. These findings are discussed in connection with the \"signal hypothesis\" proposed for the excretion of proteins across membranes.", "contents": "Synthesis and processing of an Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase precursor in vitro. Alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] of E. coli was synthesized in a cell-free system, and the size of the direct translation product was analyzed. The product has a higher molecular weight than the mature alkaline phosphatase found in the periplasm. The direct translation product can be processed to the mature size by an E. coli membrane fraction; the processing activity copurifies with the outer-membrane fraction. The presumed precursor can dimerize to form active enzyme without being processed, and the resultant enzyme appears to be more hydrophobic than the mature enzyme. These findings are discussed in connection with the \"signal hypothesis\" proposed for the excretion of proteins across membranes.", "PMID": 323853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9047", "title": "Ribosome structure: localization of N6,N6-dimethyladenosine by electron microscopy of a ribosome-antibody complex.", "content": "Antibodies to the minor nucleoside N6,N6-dimethyladenosine have been used to map a unique location of the nucleoside in the small subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome. Antibodies were induced in rabbits by a nucleoside-bovine albumin conjugate and shown to be highly specific for the dimethyladenosine hapten. The antibodies were shown to interact with 30S ribosomal subunits from strain PR7, but not with subunits from its mutant strain TPR201, which is resistant to kasugamycin and lacks the two successive residues of dimethyladenosine normally found near the 3'-end of E. coli 16S ribosomal RNA. Electron micrographs of strain PR7 subunits, crosslinked by single IgG molecules, show a single binding site on the surface of the ribosome. This binding site is consistent with observations relating the 3'-end of the ribosomal RNA, binding of initiation factor IF-3 and messenger RNA, and mapping of specific ribosomal proteins.", "contents": "Ribosome structure: localization of N6,N6-dimethyladenosine by electron microscopy of a ribosome-antibody complex. Antibodies to the minor nucleoside N6,N6-dimethyladenosine have been used to map a unique location of the nucleoside in the small subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome. Antibodies were induced in rabbits by a nucleoside-bovine albumin conjugate and shown to be highly specific for the dimethyladenosine hapten. The antibodies were shown to interact with 30S ribosomal subunits from strain PR7, but not with subunits from its mutant strain TPR201, which is resistant to kasugamycin and lacks the two successive residues of dimethyladenosine normally found near the 3'-end of E. coli 16S ribosomal RNA. Electron micrographs of strain PR7 subunits, crosslinked by single IgG molecules, show a single binding site on the surface of the ribosome. This binding site is consistent with observations relating the 3'-end of the ribosomal RNA, binding of initiation factor IF-3 and messenger RNA, and mapping of specific ribosomal proteins.", "PMID": 323854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9048", "title": "The amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase was determined. The protein contains 1021 amino acid residues in a single polypeptide chain. The subunit molecular weight calculated from the sequence is 116,248. The sequence determination, carried out mainly by conventional methods, was aided by complementation tests, by the use of termination mutant strains, and by a new immunochemical method. The five residue sequence Thr-Pro-His-Pro-Ala appears twice within the polypeptide chain, but no other striking homologous features are evident.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase was determined. The protein contains 1021 amino acid residues in a single polypeptide chain. The subunit molecular weight calculated from the sequence is 116,248. The sequence determination, carried out mainly by conventional methods, was aided by complementation tests, by the use of termination mutant strains, and by a new immunochemical method. The five residue sequence Thr-Pro-His-Pro-Ala appears twice within the polypeptide chain, but no other striking homologous features are evident.", "PMID": 323855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9049", "title": "Replication of duplex DNA by bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase and gene 4 protein is accompanied by hydrolysis of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates.", "content": "Homogeneous preparations of phage T7 gene 4 protein catalyze the hydrolysis of dNTPs and rNTPs to NDPs and Pi in the presence of single-stranded DNA. Synthesis on single-stranded DNA by T7 DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) does not affect the hydrolysis of NTPs by the gene 4 protein. Gene 4 protein does not catalyze the hydrolysis of NTPs in the presence of duplex DNA, nor can T7 DNA polymerase use duplex DNA as a template. However, the two proteins together can replicate duplex DNA and, under these conditions, synthesis is accompanied by hydrolysis of NTPs. During synthesis on duplex templates in the presence of T7 DNA polymerase, gene 4 protein, dNTPs, and rNTPs, 4.2 NTPs are hydrolyzed for each dNMP polymerized. 2'3'-Dideoxy-TTP, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, inhibits hydrolysis by the gene 4 protein during synthesis on duplex DNA, and beta, gamma-methylene-dTTP, an inhibitor of hydrolysis by the gene 4 protein, stops DNA synthesis on duplex DNA. The multiple activities of gene 4 protein are shown to reside in a single protein molecule.", "contents": "Replication of duplex DNA by bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase and gene 4 protein is accompanied by hydrolysis of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates. Homogeneous preparations of phage T7 gene 4 protein catalyze the hydrolysis of dNTPs and rNTPs to NDPs and Pi in the presence of single-stranded DNA. Synthesis on single-stranded DNA by T7 DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) does not affect the hydrolysis of NTPs by the gene 4 protein. Gene 4 protein does not catalyze the hydrolysis of NTPs in the presence of duplex DNA, nor can T7 DNA polymerase use duplex DNA as a template. However, the two proteins together can replicate duplex DNA and, under these conditions, synthesis is accompanied by hydrolysis of NTPs. During synthesis on duplex templates in the presence of T7 DNA polymerase, gene 4 protein, dNTPs, and rNTPs, 4.2 NTPs are hydrolyzed for each dNMP polymerized. 2'3'-Dideoxy-TTP, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, inhibits hydrolysis by the gene 4 protein during synthesis on duplex DNA, and beta, gamma-methylene-dTTP, an inhibitor of hydrolysis by the gene 4 protein, stops DNA synthesis on duplex DNA. The multiple activities of gene 4 protein are shown to reside in a single protein molecule.", "PMID": 323856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9050", "title": "Inhibition of histidyl-tRNA-adenosine triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase complex formation by histidine and by guanosine tetraphosphate.", "content": "Formation of the complex between the first enzyme of histidine biosynthesis from Salmonella typhimurium, ATP phosphoribosyltransferase [1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-ATP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.17], and histidyl-tRNA is shown to be inhibited by L-histidine and by guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate in the presence of histidine. Higher histodine levels make guanosine tetraphosphate a more effective inhibitor. Relatively high concentrations of guanosine-5'-triphosphate also inhibit complex formation, but this inhibition is not enhanced by histidine. The possible implications of these observations with respect to the gene regulatory activity of this enzyme are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of histidyl-tRNA-adenosine triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase complex formation by histidine and by guanosine tetraphosphate. Formation of the complex between the first enzyme of histidine biosynthesis from Salmonella typhimurium, ATP phosphoribosyltransferase [1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-ATP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.17], and histidyl-tRNA is shown to be inhibited by L-histidine and by guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate in the presence of histidine. Higher histodine levels make guanosine tetraphosphate a more effective inhibitor. Relatively high concentrations of guanosine-5'-triphosphate also inhibit complex formation, but this inhibition is not enhanced by histidine. The possible implications of these observations with respect to the gene regulatory activity of this enzyme are discussed.", "PMID": 323857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9051", "title": "Hydrogen-bonded protons in the tertiary structure of yeast tRNAPhe in solution.", "content": "Temperature-dependent lowfield proton magnetic resonance spectra of yeast tRNAPhe were recorded between 10 and 15 parts per million. Seven resonances of hydrogen-bonded protons disappeared reversibly under two sets of conditions where the selective broadening of tertiary structure resonances were predicted by temperature jump experiments. The seven resonances were assigned to the seven tertiary hydrogen bonds expected between 10 and 15 parts per million from the crystal structure of yeast tRNAPhe. Some of the non-Watson-Crick base pairs have unusual unshifted standard chemical shifts after the ring current contributions calculated from the crystal coordinates were subtracted. The differences of the chemical shifts of homologous tertiary structure base pairs in Escherichia coli tRNAfMet and yeast tRNAPhe give experimental evidence for details of the conformational differences postulated by model building on the basis of the x-ray coordinates of yeast tRNAPhe and sequence homologies.", "contents": "Hydrogen-bonded protons in the tertiary structure of yeast tRNAPhe in solution. Temperature-dependent lowfield proton magnetic resonance spectra of yeast tRNAPhe were recorded between 10 and 15 parts per million. Seven resonances of hydrogen-bonded protons disappeared reversibly under two sets of conditions where the selective broadening of tertiary structure resonances were predicted by temperature jump experiments. The seven resonances were assigned to the seven tertiary hydrogen bonds expected between 10 and 15 parts per million from the crystal structure of yeast tRNAPhe. Some of the non-Watson-Crick base pairs have unusual unshifted standard chemical shifts after the ring current contributions calculated from the crystal coordinates were subtracted. The differences of the chemical shifts of homologous tertiary structure base pairs in Escherichia coli tRNAfMet and yeast tRNAPhe give experimental evidence for details of the conformational differences postulated by model building on the basis of the x-ray coordinates of yeast tRNAPhe and sequence homologies.", "PMID": 323858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9052", "title": "An Escherichia coli mutant with a temperature-sensitive function affecting bacteriophage Qbeta RNA replication.", "content": "We report the isolation of E. coli mutant capable of supporting replication of bacteriophage Qbeta at 33 degrees, but not at 40 degrees. Coliphages f2, R23, fd, and yamma formed plaques on mutant cells at both temperatures. Temperature-shift experiments showed that bacteriophage Q beta replication was blocked in the mutant within the first 20-30 min of infection. The defect did not prevent translation of the Qbeta polymerase gene or assembly of catalytically active Qbeta replicase molecules. In fact, mutant cells infected at 40 degrees hyperinduced replicase active both in vivo and in vitro. However, zone sedimentation of the in vivo RNA product showed it to consist of partially double-stranded material sedimenting at 9 S, with little or no viral 32S RNA. The 9S RNA was also found, along with a predominant peak of 32S RNA in parental cells infected at 40 degrees, but not in cells infected at 33 degrees. It thus appears that the temperature-sensitive component is required for viral RNA replication, but not for other RNA synthesis catalyzed by the replicase. Uninfected mutant cells grew normally at 40 degrees in nutrient broth, but not in glucose- or glycerol-minimal media. Revertants selected for their abillity to grow in minimal medium at 40 degrees also supported bacteriophage Qbeta replication at 40 degrees.", "contents": "An Escherichia coli mutant with a temperature-sensitive function affecting bacteriophage Qbeta RNA replication. We report the isolation of E. coli mutant capable of supporting replication of bacteriophage Qbeta at 33 degrees, but not at 40 degrees. Coliphages f2, R23, fd, and yamma formed plaques on mutant cells at both temperatures. Temperature-shift experiments showed that bacteriophage Q beta replication was blocked in the mutant within the first 20-30 min of infection. The defect did not prevent translation of the Qbeta polymerase gene or assembly of catalytically active Qbeta replicase molecules. In fact, mutant cells infected at 40 degrees hyperinduced replicase active both in vivo and in vitro. However, zone sedimentation of the in vivo RNA product showed it to consist of partially double-stranded material sedimenting at 9 S, with little or no viral 32S RNA. The 9S RNA was also found, along with a predominant peak of 32S RNA in parental cells infected at 40 degrees, but not in cells infected at 33 degrees. It thus appears that the temperature-sensitive component is required for viral RNA replication, but not for other RNA synthesis catalyzed by the replicase. Uninfected mutant cells grew normally at 40 degrees in nutrient broth, but not in glucose- or glycerol-minimal media. Revertants selected for their abillity to grow in minimal medium at 40 degrees also supported bacteriophage Qbeta replication at 40 degrees.", "PMID": 323859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9053", "title": "Genetic evidence for inducibility of recombination competence in yeast.", "content": "Recombination between unirradiated chromosomes was induced by UV or x-ray irradiation of haploids followed by a mating with heteroallelic diploids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The selected event of intragenic recombination did not involve the participation of the irradiated chromosome and apparently was not caused by lesions introduced into the unirradiated chromosomes by some indirect process. The results favor the idea that recombination is repressed in the majority of vegetative cells and that one effect of radiation is the release of some factor(s) necessary for recombination. Consequently, the proportion of competent cells (i.e., cells able to recombine) in the population increases. This competent state seems necessary not only for the recombinational repair of radiation-induced lesions but also, since recombinants are produced in the absence of such lesions, for spontaneous recombination. Photoreactivation of the UV-irradiated haploids led to a decrease in the production of recombinants. Hence, lesions in the DNA appear to be responsible for the induction of the recombinational ability.", "contents": "Genetic evidence for inducibility of recombination competence in yeast. Recombination between unirradiated chromosomes was induced by UV or x-ray irradiation of haploids followed by a mating with heteroallelic diploids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The selected event of intragenic recombination did not involve the participation of the irradiated chromosome and apparently was not caused by lesions introduced into the unirradiated chromosomes by some indirect process. The results favor the idea that recombination is repressed in the majority of vegetative cells and that one effect of radiation is the release of some factor(s) necessary for recombination. Consequently, the proportion of competent cells (i.e., cells able to recombine) in the population increases. This competent state seems necessary not only for the recombinational repair of radiation-induced lesions but also, since recombinants are produced in the absence of such lesions, for spontaneous recombination. Photoreactivation of the UV-irradiated haploids led to a decrease in the production of recombinants. Hence, lesions in the DNA appear to be responsible for the induction of the recombinational ability.", "PMID": 323860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9054", "title": "Brain protein metabolism and the acquisition of new patterns of behavior.", "content": "Three cytoplasmic proteins (designated alpha, beta and gamma) in the goldfish brain consistently incorporated more labeled valine in animals that had acquired a new pattern of swimming behavior than in untrained animals. The changes were identified by double labeling techniques ([3H]valine injected into trained experimental animals and [14C]valine into untrained controls) and by gel-electrophoresis. Goldfish tested in a variety of control behavioral situations showed no detectable protein changes. The migration properties of alpha, beta, and gamma correspond to proteins having molecular weights of 37,000, 32,000, and 26,000, respectively. Two of the proteins (beta and gamma) were isolated, purified, and injected into rabbits. The antisera thus obtained were used: (i) to establish that the proteins are normal components of goldfish brain; (ii) to inhibit long-term retention of the behavior; and (iii) to demonstrate by immunofluorescence methods that the beta and gamma proteins are localized in certain cells at specific brain regions.", "contents": "Brain protein metabolism and the acquisition of new patterns of behavior. Three cytoplasmic proteins (designated alpha, beta and gamma) in the goldfish brain consistently incorporated more labeled valine in animals that had acquired a new pattern of swimming behavior than in untrained animals. The changes were identified by double labeling techniques ([3H]valine injected into trained experimental animals and [14C]valine into untrained controls) and by gel-electrophoresis. Goldfish tested in a variety of control behavioral situations showed no detectable protein changes. The migration properties of alpha, beta, and gamma correspond to proteins having molecular weights of 37,000, 32,000, and 26,000, respectively. Two of the proteins (beta and gamma) were isolated, purified, and injected into rabbits. The antisera thus obtained were used: (i) to establish that the proteins are normal components of goldfish brain; (ii) to inhibit long-term retention of the behavior; and (iii) to demonstrate by immunofluorescence methods that the beta and gamma proteins are localized in certain cells at specific brain regions.", "PMID": 323861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9055", "title": "Disorders of phagocytic function: ultrastructural aspects.", "content": "The electron microscopic changes in genetic and acquired disorders of granulocytes have been reviewed. In rare situations, such as the Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome, there are bizarre giant lysosomes. In other conditions associated with abnormal phagocytic function, such as chronic granulomatous disease, there are no qualitative morphologic abnormalities. In chronic infection and in protein calorie malnutrition (kwashiorkor) granulocytes contain frequent D\u00f6hle bodies and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The development of new cytochemical methodology and the combination of electron microscopy with in vitro techniques offers the potential for further understanding of the relationship between cell structure and functional disorders of the granulocyte.", "contents": "Disorders of phagocytic function: ultrastructural aspects. The electron microscopic changes in genetic and acquired disorders of granulocytes have been reviewed. In rare situations, such as the Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome, there are bizarre giant lysosomes. In other conditions associated with abnormal phagocytic function, such as chronic granulomatous disease, there are no qualitative morphologic abnormalities. In chronic infection and in protein calorie malnutrition (kwashiorkor) granulocytes contain frequent D\u00f6hle bodies and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The development of new cytochemical methodology and the combination of electron microscopy with in vitro techniques offers the potential for further understanding of the relationship between cell structure and functional disorders of the granulocyte.", "PMID": 323873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9056", "title": "Free osteocutaneous flap from a rib to the tibia.", "content": "A large bony defect of the tibia, covered with thin unstable scar, was repaired successfully with a free osteocutaneous flap composed of 10 cm of the ninth rib with a 9 X 6 cm area of overlying muscle and skin. Microvascular anatomoses were done between the intercostal vessels in the transplant and the anterior tibial vessels in the recipient area.", "contents": "Free osteocutaneous flap from a rib to the tibia. A large bony defect of the tibia, covered with thin unstable scar, was repaired successfully with a free osteocutaneous flap composed of 10 cm of the ninth rib with a 9 X 6 cm area of overlying muscle and skin. Microvascular anatomoses were done between the intercostal vessels in the transplant and the anterior tibial vessels in the recipient area.", "PMID": 323890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9057", "title": "The preservation of close two-point discrimination in the interdigital transfer of neurovascular island flaps.", "content": "Some possible reasons for the reported failures of digital neurovascular island flaps to provide normal (or near normal) tactile sensibility are discussed. Some technical variations which may improve the results are proposed. An illustrative case is reported in which there was transfer of intact two-point discrimination.", "contents": "The preservation of close two-point discrimination in the interdigital transfer of neurovascular island flaps. Some possible reasons for the reported failures of digital neurovascular island flaps to provide normal (or near normal) tactile sensibility are discussed. Some technical variations which may improve the results are proposed. An illustrative case is reported in which there was transfer of intact two-point discrimination.", "PMID": 323891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9058", "title": "Successful treatment of Darier's disease by partial-thickness removal of skin.", "content": "Excision of partial-thickness skin has resulted in definitive improvement in 3 patients with widespread Darier's disease. More than 3 years after surgery, the formerly pruritic and inflammatory areas which were malodorous and had pustular crusts with intertriginous vegetating growths, are now asymptomatic and apparently free of disease. The technical details of the procedure are described, and the results are interpreted in light of our ideas of the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Successful treatment of Darier's disease by partial-thickness removal of skin. Excision of partial-thickness skin has resulted in definitive improvement in 3 patients with widespread Darier's disease. More than 3 years after surgery, the formerly pruritic and inflammatory areas which were malodorous and had pustular crusts with intertriginous vegetating growths, are now asymptomatic and apparently free of disease. The technical details of the procedure are described, and the results are interpreted in light of our ideas of the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 323892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9059", "title": "Deltovertebral flap to cover a large scalp defect: case report.", "content": "A deltovertebral flap based on the perforating cutaneous branches of the posterior intercostal vessels (the exact opposite of the deltopectoral flap) was used successfully to cover a large scalp defect. The procedure is a rather hazardous one, due to the numerous stages and the awkward postoperative position. However, it may be used to repair the lateral aspect of the neck or the occipital region when a flap is necessary and other methods are not feasible.", "contents": "Deltovertebral flap to cover a large scalp defect: case report. A deltovertebral flap based on the perforating cutaneous branches of the posterior intercostal vessels (the exact opposite of the deltopectoral flap) was used successfully to cover a large scalp defect. The procedure is a rather hazardous one, due to the numerous stages and the awkward postoperative position. However, it may be used to repair the lateral aspect of the neck or the occipital region when a flap is necessary and other methods are not feasible.", "PMID": 323893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9060", "title": "Cross-arm triangular flaps for correction of adduction contracture of the first web space in the hand: case report.", "content": "We describe the use of two oppositely-based, triangular, cross-arm flaps for primary coverage of a new first web space, created by releasing an abduction contracture of the thumb.", "contents": "Cross-arm triangular flaps for correction of adduction contracture of the first web space in the hand: case report. We describe the use of two oppositely-based, triangular, cross-arm flaps for primary coverage of a new first web space, created by releasing an abduction contracture of the thumb.", "PMID": 323894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9061", "title": "The significance of Jacques Lacan.", "content": "The contemporary French psychoanalyst, Jacques Lacan, has offered a reinterpretation of basic Freudian concepts that is to a great extent based on the structural linguistics of F. de Saussure. Certain fundamental ideas of Lacan, such as his views that \"the unconscious is structured like a language\" and that \"the unconscious is the discourse of the Other\" are examined here, and an attempt is made to place them in perspective in psychoanalysis.", "contents": "The significance of Jacques Lacan. The contemporary French psychoanalyst, Jacques Lacan, has offered a reinterpretation of basic Freudian concepts that is to a great extent based on the structural linguistics of F. de Saussure. Certain fundamental ideas of Lacan, such as his views that \"the unconscious is structured like a language\" and that \"the unconscious is the discourse of the Other\" are examined here, and an attempt is made to place them in perspective in psychoanalysis.", "PMID": 323896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9062", "title": "Brain damage in chronic alcoholism: a neuropathological, neuroradiological and psychological review.", "content": "The review deals with the possibility of diffuse brain damage, not always clinically obvious, in chronic alcoholics. Some of its implications are discussed with special reference to the role of frontal lobe damage. The main areas of enquiry--neuropathological, neuroadiological and psychological - are considered in detail.", "contents": "Brain damage in chronic alcoholism: a neuropathological, neuroradiological and psychological review. The review deals with the possibility of diffuse brain damage, not always clinically obvious, in chronic alcoholics. Some of its implications are discussed with special reference to the role of frontal lobe damage. The main areas of enquiry--neuropathological, neuroadiological and psychological - are considered in detail.", "PMID": 323897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9063", "title": "Noise, discomfort and mental health. A review of the socio-medical implications of disturbance by noise.", "content": "The published work relating to effects of noice on man and animals is reviewed from the standpoint of mental health. Evidence from a number of different disciplines shows that the presence of meaning in the noise is of critical importance in determining the persistence of physical reactions to the noise. The existing evidence linking noise with mental illness is found to be unsatisfactory. The concept of annoyance and the relevance of noise annoyance to mental illness are discussed. Some specific suggestions for further work are put forward.", "contents": "Noise, discomfort and mental health. A review of the socio-medical implications of disturbance by noise. The published work relating to effects of noice on man and animals is reviewed from the standpoint of mental health. Evidence from a number of different disciplines shows that the presence of meaning in the noise is of critical importance in determining the persistence of physical reactions to the noise. The existing evidence linking noise with mental illness is found to be unsatisfactory. The concept of annoyance and the relevance of noise annoyance to mental illness are discussed. Some specific suggestions for further work are put forward.", "PMID": 323899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9064", "title": "The stimulation of sheep monocyte mitosis in vitro by autologous plasma taken after surgery and the implantation of foreign material.", "content": "When blood monocytes from sheep are grown upon glass in 100% autologous plasma they divide with low mitotic indices, but if the plasma is taken from the sheep three or four days after the implantation of a small Teflon or stainless steel cylinder, the maximum mitotic indices of the monocytes cultured in that plasma rise. Plasma collected from the sheep in the first two days after operation is often toxic to cultured autologous monocytes. An equivalent sham operation increases the mitogenicity of the plasma, but without a preceding toxic period. No consistent effects upon the numbers of circulating blood monocytes were noted following implantation operations. A hypothesis is presented which suggests that blood monocyte multiplication in vivo and in vitro is dependent upon (a) a lesion which causes cell attachment, and (b) a humoral component of the plasma which stimulates mitosis. Surgery, and the implantation of foreign materials will increase the concentration of such a substance in plasma.", "contents": "The stimulation of sheep monocyte mitosis in vitro by autologous plasma taken after surgery and the implantation of foreign material. When blood monocytes from sheep are grown upon glass in 100% autologous plasma they divide with low mitotic indices, but if the plasma is taken from the sheep three or four days after the implantation of a small Teflon or stainless steel cylinder, the maximum mitotic indices of the monocytes cultured in that plasma rise. Plasma collected from the sheep in the first two days after operation is often toxic to cultured autologous monocytes. An equivalent sham operation increases the mitogenicity of the plasma, but without a preceding toxic period. No consistent effects upon the numbers of circulating blood monocytes were noted following implantation operations. A hypothesis is presented which suggests that blood monocyte multiplication in vivo and in vitro is dependent upon (a) a lesion which causes cell attachment, and (b) a humoral component of the plasma which stimulates mitosis. Surgery, and the implantation of foreign materials will increase the concentration of such a substance in plasma.", "PMID": 323914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9065", "title": "Roentgen-tele-data: a radiodiagnostic recording system.", "content": "A radiodiagnostic data-handling system with telephones connected to the hospital exchange is described. Time, date, and location of examination are automatically recorded. The system can deliver spoken instructions from the computer and warns if data are not valid. Diagnosis, their degree of verification, and cases of special interest are added at display terminals. Codes, equipment, and output are described. Costs represent 1% of the department's expenditures. Future plans include a booking sytem, rapid access, and on-line connection to the main data system.", "contents": "Roentgen-tele-data: a radiodiagnostic recording system. A radiodiagnostic data-handling system with telephones connected to the hospital exchange is described. Time, date, and location of examination are automatically recorded. The system can deliver spoken instructions from the computer and warns if data are not valid. Diagnosis, their degree of verification, and cases of special interest are added at display terminals. Codes, equipment, and output are described. Costs represent 1% of the department's expenditures. Future plans include a booking sytem, rapid access, and on-line connection to the main data system.", "PMID": 323917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9066", "title": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis and catabolism in the developing fetal sheep lung.", "content": "The prostaglandin biosynthetic and catabolic capacity of homogenates of lungs from fetal sheep of various gestational ages was measured. Prostaglandin biosynthesis was assayed by the deuterium-isotope dilution technique making use of mass fragmentography whereas prostaglandin catabolism was measured by the radioisotope-dilution method described previous (Pace-Asciak, C.R. and Rangaraj, G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 3381-3385). Homogenates of lungs from fetuses of all ages tested (40 days to term) formed both prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha; although prostaglandin F2alpha was formed to a greater extent than prostaglandin E2 by the 40 days lung, prostaglandin E2 increased with increasing age until at term the ratio of both prostaglandins approached unity. Total prostaglandin biosynthesis (E2 + F2alpha) rose gradually with age (approx. 3 fold increase between 40 days and term). Prostaglandin F2alpha catabolism occurred mainly by the prostaglandin 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase pathway; this activity was detectable even at 40 days and remained unchanged up to 80 days. Prostaglandin catabolic activity rose sharply at 90 days (approx. 3 fold) with a maximum around 110 days (approx. 4 fold) decreasing back to 40 day levels by term (143 days). The increasing prostaglandin catabolic activity around 90-100 days in this species is discussed in relation to the hemodynamic changes in the lungs starting around this age and the appearance of surfactant. Prostaglandin catabolism might play an important role in the developing organ controlling steady state concentrations of prostaglandins during certain periods of organogenesis.", "contents": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis and catabolism in the developing fetal sheep lung. The prostaglandin biosynthetic and catabolic capacity of homogenates of lungs from fetal sheep of various gestational ages was measured. Prostaglandin biosynthesis was assayed by the deuterium-isotope dilution technique making use of mass fragmentography whereas prostaglandin catabolism was measured by the radioisotope-dilution method described previous (Pace-Asciak, C.R. and Rangaraj, G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 3381-3385). Homogenates of lungs from fetuses of all ages tested (40 days to term) formed both prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha; although prostaglandin F2alpha was formed to a greater extent than prostaglandin E2 by the 40 days lung, prostaglandin E2 increased with increasing age until at term the ratio of both prostaglandins approached unity. Total prostaglandin biosynthesis (E2 + F2alpha) rose gradually with age (approx. 3 fold increase between 40 days and term). Prostaglandin F2alpha catabolism occurred mainly by the prostaglandin 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase pathway; this activity was detectable even at 40 days and remained unchanged up to 80 days. Prostaglandin catabolic activity rose sharply at 90 days (approx. 3 fold) with a maximum around 110 days (approx. 4 fold) decreasing back to 40 day levels by term (143 days). The increasing prostaglandin catabolic activity around 90-100 days in this species is discussed in relation to the hemodynamic changes in the lungs starting around this age and the appearance of surfactant. Prostaglandin catabolism might play an important role in the developing organ controlling steady state concentrations of prostaglandins during certain periods of organogenesis.", "PMID": 323930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9067", "title": "Distribution of T and B cells in thymus, blood and lymph nodes of the cat.", "content": "The proportions of T and B cells in the thymus, blood and lymph nodes were estimated in cats from three months to three years of age. T cells were identified by formation of E rosettes with guinea-pig red blood cells and B cells by the presence of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) as shown by the mixed antiglobulin reaction. Using a double test, it was shown that these methods identify separate, non-overlapping cell populations. The proportions of T cells shown in the thymus ranged from 10-73 per cent, in the blood 5-62 per cent and in the nodes, 5-44 per cent. Cells with surface Ig ranged from 0-10 per cent in the thymus, 26-68 per cent in the blood and 32-18 per cent in the nodes. Two cats with lymphadenopathy had unusually high B cell counts and one cat with depletion of the thymus was deficient in peripheral T cells. Papain treatment reduced or abolished E rosette formation by T cells.", "contents": "Distribution of T and B cells in thymus, blood and lymph nodes of the cat. The proportions of T and B cells in the thymus, blood and lymph nodes were estimated in cats from three months to three years of age. T cells were identified by formation of E rosettes with guinea-pig red blood cells and B cells by the presence of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) as shown by the mixed antiglobulin reaction. Using a double test, it was shown that these methods identify separate, non-overlapping cell populations. The proportions of T cells shown in the thymus ranged from 10-73 per cent, in the blood 5-62 per cent and in the nodes, 5-44 per cent. Cells with surface Ig ranged from 0-10 per cent in the thymus, 26-68 per cent in the blood and 32-18 per cent in the nodes. Two cats with lymphadenopathy had unusually high B cell counts and one cat with depletion of the thymus was deficient in peripheral T cells. Papain treatment reduced or abolished E rosette formation by T cells.", "PMID": 323948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9068", "title": "Some experimental surgical techniques on the alimentary tract of young pigs.", "content": "The paper describes the surgical techniques used in the preparation of gastric, intestinal and caecal fistulae, intestinal re-entrant fistulae, gastric pouches and Thiry-Vella loops. A total of 189 pigs were used in the study ranging from 1 h to 16 weeks of age. All procedures were carried out under cyclopropane/oxygen anaesthesia.", "contents": "Some experimental surgical techniques on the alimentary tract of young pigs. The paper describes the surgical techniques used in the preparation of gastric, intestinal and caecal fistulae, intestinal re-entrant fistulae, gastric pouches and Thiry-Vella loops. A total of 189 pigs were used in the study ranging from 1 h to 16 weeks of age. All procedures were carried out under cyclopropane/oxygen anaesthesia.", "PMID": 323949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9069", "title": "[Surgical treatment of lumbosacral spondylolisthesis with gross displacement].", "content": "The authors studied the results of surgery for lombosacral spondylolisthesis with gross displacement. The technique of arthrodesis makes intersomatic fusion easy in displacement of grades II and III. This fusion, without reduction of the displacement, leads to good functional rsults climating low back pain, and most sciatic pain without which time would be necessary for posterior liberation at the olisthetic stage. The authors also believe that preliminary correction of displacement, although satisfying in orthopaedic terms but still difficult to achieve with current techniques, is at present rarely indicated.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of lumbosacral spondylolisthesis with gross displacement]. The authors studied the results of surgery for lombosacral spondylolisthesis with gross displacement. The technique of arthrodesis makes intersomatic fusion easy in displacement of grades II and III. This fusion, without reduction of the displacement, leads to good functional rsults climating low back pain, and most sciatic pain without which time would be necessary for posterior liberation at the olisthetic stage. The authors also believe that preliminary correction of displacement, although satisfying in orthopaedic terms but still difficult to achieve with current techniques, is at present rarely indicated.", "PMID": 323955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9070", "title": "[Superselective arteriography of the hip. Technic, normal appearance and 1st results in primary osteonecrosis of the femoral head].", "content": "The arteries vascularising the femoral head were selectively catheterised via the axillary, or left humeral route. Injection into the posterio circumflex artery revealed an interruption of the superior capsular branches in necroses of the femoral head at their onset. In the more develped lesions either a persistence of the obstruction of the capsular branches or a revascularisation was found.", "contents": "[Superselective arteriography of the hip. Technic, normal appearance and 1st results in primary osteonecrosis of the femoral head]. The arteries vascularising the femoral head were selectively catheterised via the axillary, or left humeral route. Injection into the posterio circumflex artery revealed an interruption of the superior capsular branches in necroses of the femoral head at their onset. In the more develped lesions either a persistence of the obstruction of the capsular branches or a revascularisation was found.", "PMID": 323956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9071", "title": "[Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome)].", "content": "The Authors relate on a case of ataxia-telangiectasia, where appeared all the signs of this peculiar disease of the childhood. Finally they discuss on literature and pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome)]. The Authors relate on a case of ataxia-telangiectasia, where appeared all the signs of this peculiar disease of the childhood. Finally they discuss on literature and pathogenesis.", "PMID": 323953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9072", "title": "Lymphocyte chimerism after bone marrow transplantation. Surface markers and in vitro function of donor and recipient lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Specific HLA antibodies were used to eliminate donor and recipient cells, respectively, from lymphocyte suspensions prepared from the blood of a child who had been transplanted with bone marrow from an HLA-A- and HLA-B-incompatible, HLA-D-compatible donor. About 70% of the lymphocytes were of donor HLA type, the remaining of recipient type. The phytohemagglutinin-responsive lymphocytes were exclusively limited to the lymphocyte population carrying donor-type HLA antigens. Membrane immunofluorescence investigations of the donor and recipient populations showed a low percentage of IgM-positive lymphocytes in the donor population and an extremely high proportion of IgM-positive lymphocytes in the recipient population. About 90% of the donor lymphocytes were T cells, as judged by their capacity to form rosettes between sheep erythrocytes and T lymphocytes; no cells in the recipient cell population expressed this ability.", "contents": "Lymphocyte chimerism after bone marrow transplantation. Surface markers and in vitro function of donor and recipient lymphocyte subpopulations. Specific HLA antibodies were used to eliminate donor and recipient cells, respectively, from lymphocyte suspensions prepared from the blood of a child who had been transplanted with bone marrow from an HLA-A- and HLA-B-incompatible, HLA-D-compatible donor. About 70% of the lymphocytes were of donor HLA type, the remaining of recipient type. The phytohemagglutinin-responsive lymphocytes were exclusively limited to the lymphocyte population carrying donor-type HLA antigens. Membrane immunofluorescence investigations of the donor and recipient populations showed a low percentage of IgM-positive lymphocytes in the donor population and an extremely high proportion of IgM-positive lymphocytes in the recipient population. About 90% of the donor lymphocytes were T cells, as judged by their capacity to form rosettes between sheep erythrocytes and T lymphocytes; no cells in the recipient cell population expressed this ability.", "PMID": 323963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9073", "title": "[Progressive spinal amyotrophy. Nosographic problems].", "content": "After a bibliographical revue on progressive spinal amyotrophy the nosographical aspects of the various forms are discussed, above all the proximal ones. Considering personal observations, the conclusion is that a definite differences is the various forms of proximal spinal amyotrophy does not exist and today they are different expressions of the same illness.", "contents": "[Progressive spinal amyotrophy. Nosographic problems]. After a bibliographical revue on progressive spinal amyotrophy the nosographical aspects of the various forms are discussed, above all the proximal ones. Considering personal observations, the conclusion is that a definite differences is the various forms of proximal spinal amyotrophy does not exist and today they are different expressions of the same illness.", "PMID": 323954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9074", "title": "A comparative study of the production of antibodies against human blood cells in animals of various species.", "content": "In view of the importance of the species of animals used for the preparation of specific heteroantisera against human blood cells, comparative immunization experiments were carried out in goats, rabbit, chickens, guinea pigs, and rats, using lysates of leukocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and thrombocytes. The antisera obtained were tested by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The strongest antisera were obtained in goats, but these antisera required extensive absorptions to make them specific for the immunizing cell, whereas rabbit antisera needed only few absorptions. Antisera from both of these animals could be rendered specific for lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets. In the guinea pig only immunization with monocytes and granulocytes resulted in useful antisera, which were all specific for granulocytes after appropriate absorptions. Antisera obtained from rats could be rendered specific for granulocytes and lymphocytes by absorption. Antibodies against platelets could not be detected in any of the rat antisera. Chickens, however, produced strong anti-platelet antibodies. A specific anti-granulocyte antiserum could also be obtained in these animals. Specific anti-monocyte antisera could not be prepared from any of the animal sera. Immunizations with leukocyte lysate resulted in granulocyte-specific antisera in most animals but not in chickens. All antisera produced in chickens were specific for platelets. It can be concluded from these results that animals of different species may react very differenly to the antigens of some human blood cells.", "contents": "A comparative study of the production of antibodies against human blood cells in animals of various species. In view of the importance of the species of animals used for the preparation of specific heteroantisera against human blood cells, comparative immunization experiments were carried out in goats, rabbit, chickens, guinea pigs, and rats, using lysates of leukocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and thrombocytes. The antisera obtained were tested by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The strongest antisera were obtained in goats, but these antisera required extensive absorptions to make them specific for the immunizing cell, whereas rabbit antisera needed only few absorptions. Antisera from both of these animals could be rendered specific for lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets. In the guinea pig only immunization with monocytes and granulocytes resulted in useful antisera, which were all specific for granulocytes after appropriate absorptions. Antisera obtained from rats could be rendered specific for granulocytes and lymphocytes by absorption. Antibodies against platelets could not be detected in any of the rat antisera. Chickens, however, produced strong anti-platelet antibodies. A specific anti-granulocyte antiserum could also be obtained in these animals. Specific anti-monocyte antisera could not be prepared from any of the animal sera. Immunizations with leukocyte lysate resulted in granulocyte-specific antisera in most animals but not in chickens. All antisera produced in chickens were specific for platelets. It can be concluded from these results that animals of different species may react very differenly to the antigens of some human blood cells.", "PMID": 323964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9075", "title": "The polyclonal B-cell-activating property of protein A is not due to its interaction with the FC part of immunoglobulin receptors.", "content": "Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was found to be a B-cell mitogen and a potent polyclonal B-cell activator (PBA) of antibody synthesis for murine lymphocytes in the absence of macrophages or T lymphocytes. It did not activate T lymphocytes. We investigated whether the interaction between protein A and the Fc part of Ig molecules was responsible for the PBA activity. Protein A failed to induce IgG synthesis in spleen cells from normal mice, even though it binds effectively to IgG molecules. Lymphocytes treated with anti-immunoglobulin antisera followed by protein A were not activated to a larger extent than non-pretreated cells, although only the former cells bound protein A. Finally, direct attempts to suppress the PBA property of protein A by blocking the Fc binding ability with serum or human gamma globulin failed. We concluded that protein A possesses two separate biological properties, namely to interact with the Fc receptor on Ig molecules and to act as a PBA, and these properties are carried out by different parts of the molecule. These findings confirm previous failures to find an active role of the Ig receptors on B lymphocytes in the triggering process.", "contents": "The polyclonal B-cell-activating property of protein A is not due to its interaction with the FC part of immunoglobulin receptors. Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was found to be a B-cell mitogen and a potent polyclonal B-cell activator (PBA) of antibody synthesis for murine lymphocytes in the absence of macrophages or T lymphocytes. It did not activate T lymphocytes. We investigated whether the interaction between protein A and the Fc part of Ig molecules was responsible for the PBA activity. Protein A failed to induce IgG synthesis in spleen cells from normal mice, even though it binds effectively to IgG molecules. Lymphocytes treated with anti-immunoglobulin antisera followed by protein A were not activated to a larger extent than non-pretreated cells, although only the former cells bound protein A. Finally, direct attempts to suppress the PBA property of protein A by blocking the Fc binding ability with serum or human gamma globulin failed. We concluded that protein A possesses two separate biological properties, namely to interact with the Fc receptor on Ig molecules and to act as a PBA, and these properties are carried out by different parts of the molecule. These findings confirm previous failures to find an active role of the Ig receptors on B lymphocytes in the triggering process.", "PMID": 323965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9076", "title": "[Report on the clinical testing of the delayed-action form of the neuroleptic agent moperone hydrochloride in 20 chronic psychotic patients].", "content": "The sustained release form of butyrophenone derivative moperone hydrochloride was tested within the scope of an open clinical study including 20 patients with mostly chronic, schizophrenic psychoses. Five patients were prematurely dropped from the trial for various reasons. Generally speaking, marked improvement was observed for the remaining 15 patients after the five-week test period as compared to previous neuroleptic medication. Three patients exhibited extrapyramidal reactions; no other side effects were observed. Gastric tolerance of the tablets was very good.", "contents": "[Report on the clinical testing of the delayed-action form of the neuroleptic agent moperone hydrochloride in 20 chronic psychotic patients]. The sustained release form of butyrophenone derivative moperone hydrochloride was tested within the scope of an open clinical study including 20 patients with mostly chronic, schizophrenic psychoses. Five patients were prematurely dropped from the trial for various reasons. Generally speaking, marked improvement was observed for the remaining 15 patients after the five-week test period as compared to previous neuroleptic medication. Three patients exhibited extrapyramidal reactions; no other side effects were observed. Gastric tolerance of the tablets was very good.", "PMID": 323966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9077", "title": "Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. Demonstration of smooth muscle antigens by immunofluorescence technique.", "content": "A case is reported of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis in 44-year-old woman presenting with progressive exertional dyspnoea, unproductive cough and haemoptysis. The patient showed no symptoms or signs of tuberous sclerosis, a condition often found in association with pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. A pulmonary biopsy specimen showed disruption of alveolar septa and fibrosis. Subpleural lymph vessels and pulmonary venules showed cuffs of spindle-shaped cells. The leiomyomatous nature of these cells was evident from their appearance and staining reactions with light microscopy, and the presence of smooth muscle antigens as demonstrated by immunofluorescence technique. Since the lesion is not restricted to lymphatics, but can also be present in blood vessels, the condition may more appropriately be designated as pulmonary angiomyomatosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. Demonstration of smooth muscle antigens by immunofluorescence technique. A case is reported of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis in 44-year-old woman presenting with progressive exertional dyspnoea, unproductive cough and haemoptysis. The patient showed no symptoms or signs of tuberous sclerosis, a condition often found in association with pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. A pulmonary biopsy specimen showed disruption of alveolar septa and fibrosis. Subpleural lymph vessels and pulmonary venules showed cuffs of spindle-shaped cells. The leiomyomatous nature of these cells was evident from their appearance and staining reactions with light microscopy, and the presence of smooth muscle antigens as demonstrated by immunofluorescence technique. Since the lesion is not restricted to lymphatics, but can also be present in blood vessels, the condition may more appropriately be designated as pulmonary angiomyomatosis.", "PMID": 323967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9078", "title": "Prolactin-like immunoreactivity: localization in nerve terminals of rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Antibodies to rat prolactin were used in immunohistochemical studies of the hypothalamus and preoptic area of the rat. Evidence was obtained that a protein immunochemically related to prolactin was stored in networks of nerve terminals of many hypothalamic areas such as the arcuate nucleus, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, and periventricular regions of the hypothalamus and preoptic area. The neuronal storage of a prolactin-like protein in the hypothalamus was unaffected by hypophysectomy.", "contents": "Prolactin-like immunoreactivity: localization in nerve terminals of rat hypothalamus. Antibodies to rat prolactin were used in immunohistochemical studies of the hypothalamus and preoptic area of the rat. Evidence was obtained that a protein immunochemically related to prolactin was stored in networks of nerve terminals of many hypothalamic areas such as the arcuate nucleus, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, and periventricular regions of the hypothalamus and preoptic area. The neuronal storage of a prolactin-like protein in the hypothalamus was unaffected by hypophysectomy.", "PMID": 323973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9079", "title": "Mutagenic activity of nitrite-treated foods: human stomach cancer may be related to dietary factors.", "content": "By the Salmonella typhimurium test, extracts of Japanese raw fish treated in the laboratory with nitrite showed mutagenic activity which is prevented by addition of ascorbate. Extracts from similarly treated beef and hot dogs were nonmutagenic. The data conform to a working concept that the high stomach cancer incidence in Japanese and certain other populations may be due to specific dietary factors of an alkylnitrosamide type.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of nitrite-treated foods: human stomach cancer may be related to dietary factors. By the Salmonella typhimurium test, extracts of Japanese raw fish treated in the laboratory with nitrite showed mutagenic activity which is prevented by addition of ascorbate. Extracts from similarly treated beef and hot dogs were nonmutagenic. The data conform to a working concept that the high stomach cancer incidence in Japanese and certain other populations may be due to specific dietary factors of an alkylnitrosamide type.", "PMID": 323974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9080", "title": "Serum complement-like opsonic activities in human, animal, vegetable, and proprietary milks.", "content": "Human, animal, proprietary, and soy milks are comparable to human serum C5 in opsonization of baker's yeast. Bovine milk and human serum opsonically reconstitute C5-deficient mouse serum. Such reconstitution is selectively inhibited by antiserum to human C5. Further characterization suggests that bovine milk contains material structurally and functionally similar, but not identical, to human C5.", "contents": "Serum complement-like opsonic activities in human, animal, vegetable, and proprietary milks. Human, animal, proprietary, and soy milks are comparable to human serum C5 in opsonization of baker's yeast. Bovine milk and human serum opsonically reconstitute C5-deficient mouse serum. Such reconstitution is selectively inhibited by antiserum to human C5. Further characterization suggests that bovine milk contains material structurally and functionally similar, but not identical, to human C5.", "PMID": 323975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9081", "title": "Hemoglobin ontogenesis: test of the gene excision hypothesis.", "content": "The gene excision hypothesis of hemoglobin ontogenesis was tested in persons with HbSC disease, with the use of monospecific fluorescent antibodies for the identification of hemoglobins S, C, and F in individual erythrocytes. The results are incompatible with the prediction that only one gamma- or beta-globin gene may be active in any single chromosome and provide further evidence for incomplete repression of gamma-globin genes lying cis to active beta-globin genes.", "contents": "Hemoglobin ontogenesis: test of the gene excision hypothesis. The gene excision hypothesis of hemoglobin ontogenesis was tested in persons with HbSC disease, with the use of monospecific fluorescent antibodies for the identification of hemoglobins S, C, and F in individual erythrocytes. The results are incompatible with the prediction that only one gamma- or beta-globin gene may be active in any single chromosome and provide further evidence for incomplete repression of gamma-globin genes lying cis to active beta-globin genes.", "PMID": 323976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9082", "title": "Experimental triggering of reproduction in a natural population of Microtus montanus.", "content": "A nonbreeding winter population of Microtus montanus was given limited supplements of fresh green wheatgrass over a 2-week period. The population was sampled at the end of the feeding period and compared to an adjacent population receiving no grass supplements. All of the experimental females were pregnant, while animals from the control area remained in nonbreeding condition. Replication of the experiment during the next winter produced similar results. The data suggest that Microtus montanus cues reproductive effort from chemical signals in the plant food resources.", "contents": "Experimental triggering of reproduction in a natural population of Microtus montanus. A nonbreeding winter population of Microtus montanus was given limited supplements of fresh green wheatgrass over a 2-week period. The population was sampled at the end of the feeding period and compared to an adjacent population receiving no grass supplements. All of the experimental females were pregnant, while animals from the control area remained in nonbreeding condition. Replication of the experiment during the next winter produced similar results. The data suggest that Microtus montanus cues reproductive effort from chemical signals in the plant food resources.", "PMID": 323977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9083", "title": "Maintenance dialysis and renal transplantation facilities in South Africa - July 1976.", "content": "A survey undertaken at the end of July 1976 revealed that 22 hospital centres were treating 258 patients with chronic renal failure by haemodialysis, and 32 patients by peritoneal dialysis. In addition, 8 patients were receiving home dialysis. Five of the centres that had transplantation programmes were treating 224 survivors with functioning renal homografts.", "contents": "Maintenance dialysis and renal transplantation facilities in South Africa - July 1976. A survey undertaken at the end of July 1976 revealed that 22 hospital centres were treating 258 patients with chronic renal failure by haemodialysis, and 32 patients by peritoneal dialysis. In addition, 8 patients were receiving home dialysis. Five of the centres that had transplantation programmes were treating 224 survivors with functioning renal homografts.", "PMID": 323993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9084", "title": "Comparison of clofibrate with halofenate in diabetics with hyperlipidaemia.", "content": "In a double-blind, randomized study which lasted 48 weeks the effects of clofibrate and halofenate were compared in maturity-onset diabetics with hyperlipidaemia. With the use of both clofibrate and halofenate serum cholesterol values were lowered only slightly. Both agents significantly reduced triglyceride values, but the decreases were modest and transient. Both drugs significantly lowered serum urate values, although the effect of halofenate was distinctly greater. Halofenate, but not clofibrate, had a considerable hypoglycaemic effect on the patients, most of whom were also receiving oral antidiabetic medicines. The drugs produced a number of clinical and biochemical adverse reactions, and in about 20% of all patients the trial had to be discontinued prematurely. The management of hyperlipidaemia in maturity-onset diabetics is briefly discussed, and it is concluded that neither clofibrate nor halofenate is to be recommended.", "contents": "Comparison of clofibrate with halofenate in diabetics with hyperlipidaemia. In a double-blind, randomized study which lasted 48 weeks the effects of clofibrate and halofenate were compared in maturity-onset diabetics with hyperlipidaemia. With the use of both clofibrate and halofenate serum cholesterol values were lowered only slightly. Both agents significantly reduced triglyceride values, but the decreases were modest and transient. Both drugs significantly lowered serum urate values, although the effect of halofenate was distinctly greater. Halofenate, but not clofibrate, had a considerable hypoglycaemic effect on the patients, most of whom were also receiving oral antidiabetic medicines. The drugs produced a number of clinical and biochemical adverse reactions, and in about 20% of all patients the trial had to be discontinued prematurely. The management of hyperlipidaemia in maturity-onset diabetics is briefly discussed, and it is concluded that neither clofibrate nor halofenate is to be recommended.", "PMID": 323994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9085", "title": "Modified techniques for the isolation of Dermatophilus spp. from infected material.", "content": "Two improved techniques are described for the isolation of Dermatophilus spp. The first is suitable for samples of scab from lesions of the disease in animals, except for sheep affected with lumpy wool. The second is for the isolation of the organism from samples of lumpy wool in sheep. Both techniques are simple, rapid and reliable and are based on releasing the organism by pulverizing the scab and then by suppressing contaminants by including polymixin B sulphate in the medium. Excellent results are obtained with or without pre-incubation exposure to CO2.", "contents": "Modified techniques for the isolation of Dermatophilus spp. from infected material. Two improved techniques are described for the isolation of Dermatophilus spp. The first is suitable for samples of scab from lesions of the disease in animals, except for sheep affected with lumpy wool. The second is for the isolation of the organism from samples of lumpy wool in sheep. Both techniques are simple, rapid and reliable and are based on releasing the organism by pulverizing the scab and then by suppressing contaminants by including polymixin B sulphate in the medium. Excellent results are obtained with or without pre-incubation exposure to CO2.", "PMID": 323997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9086", "title": "Germination of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia in the lungs of normal and cortisone-treated mice.", "content": "Inhaled conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus germinated in the lungs of mice at a low rate but both germinated and ungerminated spores were cleared. Spores germinated at a high rate in the lungs of cortisone-treated mice.", "contents": "Germination of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia in the lungs of normal and cortisone-treated mice. Inhaled conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus germinated in the lungs of mice at a low rate but both germinated and ungerminated spores were cleared. Spores germinated at a high rate in the lungs of cortisone-treated mice.", "PMID": 323999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9087", "title": "Aspergillosis in imported penguins.", "content": "An outbreak of aspergillosis in imported penguins caused by Aspergillus fumigatus is described. The birds probably acquired the infection from the country of origin or during their transportation. Predisposing circumstances are discussed.", "contents": "Aspergillosis in imported penguins. An outbreak of aspergillosis in imported penguins caused by Aspergillus fumigatus is described. The birds probably acquired the infection from the country of origin or during their transportation. Predisposing circumstances are discussed.", "PMID": 324000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9088", "title": "[Electron microscopic presentation of immune reactions on Candida cells: asteroid bodies in Candida albicans from the urine of nephritis patients].", "content": "Candida albicans cells from the urine of two nephritis patients were concentrated and incubated with ferritin-labeled antihuman grammaglobulin (either anti-IgA, anti-IgG, or anti-IgM). Electron microscopy showed the electron-transparent yeast cell wall to be surrounded by an electron-dense capsule-like substance of remarkable volume. This must be regarded as an antigen-antibody precipitate corresponding to the \"asteroid body\" of previous authors. The antibodies involved in the formation of the precipitate are mainly those of the IgA and IgG classes. Considering the results of previous authors, the following definition is proposed: \"Asteroid Bodies\" are light microscopically visible antigen-antibody precipitates on the cell wall of fungi parasitic condition.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic presentation of immune reactions on Candida cells: asteroid bodies in Candida albicans from the urine of nephritis patients]. Candida albicans cells from the urine of two nephritis patients were concentrated and incubated with ferritin-labeled antihuman grammaglobulin (either anti-IgA, anti-IgG, or anti-IgM). Electron microscopy showed the electron-transparent yeast cell wall to be surrounded by an electron-dense capsule-like substance of remarkable volume. This must be regarded as an antigen-antibody precipitate corresponding to the \"asteroid body\" of previous authors. The antibodies involved in the formation of the precipitate are mainly those of the IgA and IgG classes. Considering the results of previous authors, the following definition is proposed: \"Asteroid Bodies\" are light microscopically visible antigen-antibody precipitates on the cell wall of fungi parasitic condition.", "PMID": 324001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9089", "title": "The wandering bullet.", "content": "Most bullets which enter the body usually exit or lodge within the soft tissues having traveled in a straight line. Management of such patients is usually a simple matter of repairing the injuries incurred during the passage of the bullet. Emphasis must be placed on the initial management of the patient and his life-threatening injuries. Secondly, localization of the bullet should be done. Lastly, determination as to whether the bullet should be removed should be based on the hazards of its staying in its present position versus the hazards of its attempted removal.", "contents": "The wandering bullet. Most bullets which enter the body usually exit or lodge within the soft tissues having traveled in a straight line. Management of such patients is usually a simple matter of repairing the injuries incurred during the passage of the bullet. Emphasis must be placed on the initial management of the patient and his life-threatening injuries. Secondly, localization of the bullet should be done. Lastly, determination as to whether the bullet should be removed should be based on the hazards of its staying in its present position versus the hazards of its attempted removal.", "PMID": 324004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9090", "title": "The predisposition to infection following hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Subsequent life threatening gram-negative infection in patients successfully resuscitated from hemorrhagic shock is becoming increasingly common. Following hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, Sprague-Dawley rats were given Escherichia coli intraperitoneally to simulate the clinical setting in which peritoneal contamination and hypovolemic shock occur concurrently. A sublethal dosage of bacteria resulted in a 100 per cent mortality. This suggests that hemorrhagic shock, even when treated promptly and effectively, predisposes to infection.", "contents": "The predisposition to infection following hemorrhagic shock. Subsequent life threatening gram-negative infection in patients successfully resuscitated from hemorrhagic shock is becoming increasingly common. Following hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, Sprague-Dawley rats were given Escherichia coli intraperitoneally to simulate the clinical setting in which peritoneal contamination and hypovolemic shock occur concurrently. A sublethal dosage of bacteria resulted in a 100 per cent mortality. This suggests that hemorrhagic shock, even when treated promptly and effectively, predisposes to infection.", "PMID": 324005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9091", "title": "Physiological considerations important for the management of vasospasm.", "content": "The physiological mechanisms of known importance in the control of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and smooth muscle contraction and relaxation are reviewed. The pathophysiology of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is correlated with an alteration of these mechanisms. It is emphasized that smooth muscle relaxation is an energy-dependent process and that vasodilators require a functional smooth muscle membrane that may be severely impaired in ischemia or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The temporal profile of ischemia from spasm is correlated with the pathophysiology of altered metabolism of smooth muscle. The relevance of this complication to the timing of aneurysm surgery in 337 cases operated by one surgeon is considered along with various drug regimens suggested for its management.", "contents": "Physiological considerations important for the management of vasospasm. The physiological mechanisms of known importance in the control of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and smooth muscle contraction and relaxation are reviewed. The pathophysiology of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is correlated with an alteration of these mechanisms. It is emphasized that smooth muscle relaxation is an energy-dependent process and that vasodilators require a functional smooth muscle membrane that may be severely impaired in ischemia or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The temporal profile of ischemia from spasm is correlated with the pathophysiology of altered metabolism of smooth muscle. The relevance of this complication to the timing of aneurysm surgery in 337 cases operated by one surgeon is considered along with various drug regimens suggested for its management.", "PMID": 324008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9092", "title": "Os odontoideum removed by a transoral approach.", "content": "A case of atlanto-axial dislocation secondary to the presence of an \"Os Odontoideum\" is reported in which there was no history or evidence of trauma before the onset of symptoms. The treatment of this unusual clinical condition is discussed.", "contents": "Os odontoideum removed by a transoral approach. A case of atlanto-axial dislocation secondary to the presence of an \"Os Odontoideum\" is reported in which there was no history or evidence of trauma before the onset of symptoms. The treatment of this unusual clinical condition is discussed.", "PMID": 324010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9093", "title": "A new assay for T-cell mediated immunity to transplantation antigens.", "content": "The kinetics of circulating antigen sensitive T-cells were studied in Hartley strain guinea pig recipients of Shorthair strain first- and second-set skin allografts. Peripheral blood donor antigen sensitive T-cells (AST) were quantitated by the antigen-stimulated active rosette-forming T-cell (AgARFC) assay by incubating lymphocytes in the presence and in the absence of soluble transplantation antigens. The number of circulating AST/cu mm rose to maximum levels (1,165 +/- 272 SEM) by day 3 and fell sharply before first-set graft rejection (453 +/- 117 SEM) on day 7 after transplant. In contrast, there were no detectable antigen-sensitive cells when lymphocytes from both recipient and control guinea pigs were stimulated with soluble recipient-strain antigen. Significant numbers (212 +/- 159 SEM) of circulating AST remained through day 68 after first-set grafts. Following placement of sencon-set allografts on day 73, the AST disappeared from the circulation for 2.5 days and then rose to peak levels (825 +/- 167 SEM) in circulating AST (579 +/- 327 SEM) preceded rejection of second-set skin allografts. When control guinea pigs were immunized with a single dose of soluble donor antigens, a progressive increase in circulating AST (579 +/- 327 SEM) was found through day 17 after sensitization without the fall associated with graft rejection. The antigen-stimulated, rosette-forming T-cell assay may prove useful in the detection of cellular presensitization and in the monitoring of graft rejection in clinical transplantation.", "contents": "A new assay for T-cell mediated immunity to transplantation antigens. The kinetics of circulating antigen sensitive T-cells were studied in Hartley strain guinea pig recipients of Shorthair strain first- and second-set skin allografts. Peripheral blood donor antigen sensitive T-cells (AST) were quantitated by the antigen-stimulated active rosette-forming T-cell (AgARFC) assay by incubating lymphocytes in the presence and in the absence of soluble transplantation antigens. The number of circulating AST/cu mm rose to maximum levels (1,165 +/- 272 SEM) by day 3 and fell sharply before first-set graft rejection (453 +/- 117 SEM) on day 7 after transplant. In contrast, there were no detectable antigen-sensitive cells when lymphocytes from both recipient and control guinea pigs were stimulated with soluble recipient-strain antigen. Significant numbers (212 +/- 159 SEM) of circulating AST remained through day 68 after first-set grafts. Following placement of sencon-set allografts on day 73, the AST disappeared from the circulation for 2.5 days and then rose to peak levels (825 +/- 167 SEM) in circulating AST (579 +/- 327 SEM) preceded rejection of second-set skin allografts. When control guinea pigs were immunized with a single dose of soluble donor antigens, a progressive increase in circulating AST (579 +/- 327 SEM) was found through day 17 after sensitization without the fall associated with graft rejection. The antigen-stimulated, rosette-forming T-cell assay may prove useful in the detection of cellular presensitization and in the monitoring of graft rejection in clinical transplantation.", "PMID": 324011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9094", "title": "The effect of antibiotics on cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "Normal human lymphocytes in culture were stimulated by the addition of phytohemagglutinin, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis was measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The effect of 11 commonly used antibiotics on DNA synthesis then was measured by adding each antibiotic to the culture in concentrations ranging from 2 to 64 microng/ml, a range which covers the plasma levels obtained during customary clinical therapy. Severe dose-dependent suppression of DNA synthesis was found in the presence of two preparations of minocycline, oxytetracycline, and the ascorbic acid salt of tetracycline. Less severe but stil significant suppression was found in the presence of chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracycline, and ascorbic acid alone. No effect was noted when penicillin, carbenicillin, or cephalothin was added, and slight stimulation was found in the presence of gentamicin. It is postulated that these findings may help to explain fungal and viral superinfection following antibiotic therapy and that they may play a role in the failure of antibiotic therapy to eliminate some infections.", "contents": "The effect of antibiotics on cell-mediated immunity. Normal human lymphocytes in culture were stimulated by the addition of phytohemagglutinin, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis was measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The effect of 11 commonly used antibiotics on DNA synthesis then was measured by adding each antibiotic to the culture in concentrations ranging from 2 to 64 microng/ml, a range which covers the plasma levels obtained during customary clinical therapy. Severe dose-dependent suppression of DNA synthesis was found in the presence of two preparations of minocycline, oxytetracycline, and the ascorbic acid salt of tetracycline. Less severe but stil significant suppression was found in the presence of chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracycline, and ascorbic acid alone. No effect was noted when penicillin, carbenicillin, or cephalothin was added, and slight stimulation was found in the presence of gentamicin. It is postulated that these findings may help to explain fungal and viral superinfection following antibiotic therapy and that they may play a role in the failure of antibiotic therapy to eliminate some infections.", "PMID": 324012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9095", "title": "[Dextraposition of the aortic arch combined with atresia of the left brachiocephalic truncus, a contribution to the varieties of the aortic arch (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on a case of a 62-years old woman with dextroposition of the aortic arch and an atresia of the left brachiocephalic truncus. In opposite to the varieties of the supraaortic vessels, which are in most cases occasionally seen, this patient suffered from cerebrovascular insufficiency and subclavian-steal-syndrome. We suppose, that this late manifestation of a variety of the aortic arch with an atresia of a great supraaortic vessel is caused by the brain's physiosclerosis. The correction was made by a 8 mm dacron prosthesis from the ascending aorta to the left subclavian-carotid junction.", "contents": "[Dextraposition of the aortic arch combined with atresia of the left brachiocephalic truncus, a contribution to the varieties of the aortic arch (author's transl)]. We report on a case of a 62-years old woman with dextroposition of the aortic arch and an atresia of the left brachiocephalic truncus. In opposite to the varieties of the supraaortic vessels, which are in most cases occasionally seen, this patient suffered from cerebrovascular insufficiency and subclavian-steal-syndrome. We suppose, that this late manifestation of a variety of the aortic arch with an atresia of a great supraaortic vessel is caused by the brain's physiosclerosis. The correction was made by a 8 mm dacron prosthesis from the ascending aorta to the left subclavian-carotid junction.", "PMID": 324016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9096", "title": "[Bronchospirometric results after single lung homotransplantation in dogs with experimentally induced pulmonary emphysema (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary emphysema was induced in 8 bastard dogs by intratracheal instillation of Papain. Development of emphysema was documented by pulmonary function tests. The emphysematous animals underwent single lung homotransplantation. Postoperative bronchospirometric measurements revealed that up to the 6th week after transplantation there is no evidence of serious ventilation perfusion inbalance.", "contents": "[Bronchospirometric results after single lung homotransplantation in dogs with experimentally induced pulmonary emphysema (author's transl)]. Pulmonary emphysema was induced in 8 bastard dogs by intratracheal instillation of Papain. Development of emphysema was documented by pulmonary function tests. The emphysematous animals underwent single lung homotransplantation. Postoperative bronchospirometric measurements revealed that up to the 6th week after transplantation there is no evidence of serious ventilation perfusion inbalance.", "PMID": 324017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9097", "title": "Involvement of MHC-linked hemopoietic-histocompatibility genes in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in mice.", "content": "Genes controlling resistance of irradiated mice of allogeneic hemopoietic cells were mapped within, or closely linked to the D region of MHC and were designated Hemopoietic-histocompatibility genes (Hha). Hhp genes responsible for resistance to parenteral hemopoietic cells had also previously been detected on the D-end of MHC. Hh genes are regarded as determinants of cell surface antigens (Hh antigens) phenotypically expressed, in contrast to Histocompatibility antigens (H antigens) only on blood-forming and leukemic cells. The inheritance of Hh genes is not codominant, unlike thformed on peripheral blood lymphocytes and platelets. Sixteen Tunisian families were typed with 37 patients and 108 relatives. Genetic transmission of the disease of the HLA system seemed to be independent in this study. Comparison of HLA gene frequencies (unrelated) parents of patients and a control population showed no difference, proving that there is no clear association in population between deleterious XP genes and a particular HLA gene. However, an excess of identical HLA among pairs of diseased siblings would suggest that the disease is polymorphic and a form of the XP could be linked to HLA.", "contents": "Involvement of MHC-linked hemopoietic-histocompatibility genes in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in mice. Genes controlling resistance of irradiated mice of allogeneic hemopoietic cells were mapped within, or closely linked to the D region of MHC and were designated Hemopoietic-histocompatibility genes (Hha). Hhp genes responsible for resistance to parenteral hemopoietic cells had also previously been detected on the D-end of MHC. Hh genes are regarded as determinants of cell surface antigens (Hh antigens) phenotypically expressed, in contrast to Histocompatibility antigens (H antigens) only on blood-forming and leukemic cells. The inheritance of Hh genes is not codominant, unlike thformed on peripheral blood lymphocytes and platelets. Sixteen Tunisian families were typed with 37 patients and 108 relatives. Genetic transmission of the disease of the HLA system seemed to be independent in this study. Comparison of HLA gene frequencies (unrelated) parents of patients and a control population showed no difference, proving that there is no clear association in population between deleterious XP genes and a particular HLA gene. However, an excess of identical HLA among pairs of diseased siblings would suggest that the disease is polymorphic and a form of the XP could be linked to HLA.", "PMID": 324018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9098", "title": "Isomeric specificity of diphenylmethylpiperidine in the production of rat pancreatic islet cell toxicity.", "content": "The relationship between chemical structure and the pancreotoxic potential of positional isomers of diphenylmethylpiperidine was investigated in rats. The chemical synthesis of these compounds and their N-methylated analogs is reported. Oral administration of 4-diphenylmethylpiperidine and its N-methylated derivative (130 and 260 micronmoles/kg) to rats for 14 days resulted in hyperglycemia, reduced pancreatic insulin content and the formation of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm of pancreatic islet cells. No effect on beta cell morphology or insulin content was observed after administration of 2- and 3-diphenylmethylpiperidine and their N-methylated analogs.", "contents": "Isomeric specificity of diphenylmethylpiperidine in the production of rat pancreatic islet cell toxicity. The relationship between chemical structure and the pancreotoxic potential of positional isomers of diphenylmethylpiperidine was investigated in rats. The chemical synthesis of these compounds and their N-methylated analogs is reported. Oral administration of 4-diphenylmethylpiperidine and its N-methylated derivative (130 and 260 micronmoles/kg) to rats for 14 days resulted in hyperglycemia, reduced pancreatic insulin content and the formation of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm of pancreatic islet cells. No effect on beta cell morphology or insulin content was observed after administration of 2- and 3-diphenylmethylpiperidine and their N-methylated analogs.", "PMID": 324024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9099", "title": "Electron microscopy of free-floating cells: thin-layering technique, and selection of individual cells for ultramicrotomy.", "content": "A rapid and accurate procedure for electron microscopy of individual cells from suspensions (blood, peritoneal exudate, etc.) is described. After fixation of the sample with standard techniques, the particulate constituents are suspended in buffered 5% bovine serum albumin, thin-layered by gravity on clear supports (cover glasses or polyester slips) in which an orientation grid had been scored, and then immobilized by exposure of the preparations to acrolein vapors. The specimens are examined for cells of interest under a light microscope using interference or phase contrast; individual cells to be sectioned are documented in three photomicrographs taken at different magnifications. After this the specimens are embedded like ordinary cover slip preparations. When examining the face of the polymerized block under a light microscope, the position of the selected cell beneath the orientation grid relief can readily be relocated by the aid of the pre-embedding reference micrographs.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of free-floating cells: thin-layering technique, and selection of individual cells for ultramicrotomy. A rapid and accurate procedure for electron microscopy of individual cells from suspensions (blood, peritoneal exudate, etc.) is described. After fixation of the sample with standard techniques, the particulate constituents are suspended in buffered 5% bovine serum albumin, thin-layered by gravity on clear supports (cover glasses or polyester slips) in which an orientation grid had been scored, and then immobilized by exposure of the preparations to acrolein vapors. The specimens are examined for cells of interest under a light microscope using interference or phase contrast; individual cells to be sectioned are documented in three photomicrographs taken at different magnifications. After this the specimens are embedded like ordinary cover slip preparations. When examining the face of the polymerized block under a light microscope, the position of the selected cell beneath the orientation grid relief can readily be relocated by the aid of the pre-embedding reference micrographs.", "PMID": 324025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9100", "title": "Better epoxy resin embedding for electron microscopy at low relative humidity.", "content": "In the absence of other factors known to influence sectioning properties, high environmental relative humidity is shown to yield poorly embedded tissue. Humidity-related effects are avoided if the following embedding precedure is used; impregnate tissues using the following solutions 1) 70% alcohol - 5 minutes, 2) 95% alcohol - 2 x 15 minutes, 3) absolute alcohol - 3 x 20 minutes, 4) acetone - 2 x 15 minutes, 5) 1:1 mixture of acetone-epoxy resin (DDSA, 63.4 g; Araldite 502, 5.6 g; Epon 812, 39.4 g; DMP-30, 2.6 g) - 1 hour, 6) acetone-epoxy resin 1:3 - 1 hour, 7) epoxy resin - 1 hour; complete the preparation of blocks as follows 8) when tissues have been oriented in epoxy resin in flat embedding molds, place molds in one evacuated vacuum desiccator 10 cm above a 2 cm layer of Drierite for 24 hours at room temperature, 9) raise temperature to 60 C and maintain for 3 days to cure resin.", "contents": "Better epoxy resin embedding for electron microscopy at low relative humidity. In the absence of other factors known to influence sectioning properties, high environmental relative humidity is shown to yield poorly embedded tissue. Humidity-related effects are avoided if the following embedding precedure is used; impregnate tissues using the following solutions 1) 70% alcohol - 5 minutes, 2) 95% alcohol - 2 x 15 minutes, 3) absolute alcohol - 3 x 20 minutes, 4) acetone - 2 x 15 minutes, 5) 1:1 mixture of acetone-epoxy resin (DDSA, 63.4 g; Araldite 502, 5.6 g; Epon 812, 39.4 g; DMP-30, 2.6 g) - 1 hour, 6) acetone-epoxy resin 1:3 - 1 hour, 7) epoxy resin - 1 hour; complete the preparation of blocks as follows 8) when tissues have been oriented in epoxy resin in flat embedding molds, place molds in one evacuated vacuum desiccator 10 cm above a 2 cm layer of Drierite for 24 hours at room temperature, 9) raise temperature to 60 C and maintain for 3 days to cure resin.", "PMID": 324026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9101", "title": "A modified techinque to study leaf epidermis in Triticeae.", "content": "A rapid modified method is described to study stomata and other epidermal features without elaborate processing. The preparations are semipermanent and permit spatial relationship studies of both leaf surfaces from the same field. The cleared preparations are optically sectioned with brightfield or Nomarski interference contrast techniques without staining for contrast. The technique permits superior tissue resolution, clarity, minimal distortion of sections, and preservation of trichomes. The method is applicable to all species of Triticeae.", "contents": "A modified techinque to study leaf epidermis in Triticeae. A rapid modified method is described to study stomata and other epidermal features without elaborate processing. The preparations are semipermanent and permit spatial relationship studies of both leaf surfaces from the same field. The cleared preparations are optically sectioned with brightfield or Nomarski interference contrast techniques without staining for contrast. The technique permits superior tissue resolution, clarity, minimal distortion of sections, and preservation of trichomes. The method is applicable to all species of Triticeae.", "PMID": 324030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9102", "title": "[Retrospective analysis of the clinical relevance of the Kiel classification of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "405 cases with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas have been diagnosed according to the Kiel classification and analysed retrospectively. 314 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of low-grade-malignancy (chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytoid, centrocytic, centrocytic, centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma) manifested significantly higher median survival times than the 91 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of high-grade malignancy (lymphoblastic and immunoblastic lymphoma). Within the group of patients with low-grade malignant lymphomas distinct prognostic differences were found whereas survival times in patients with lymphoblastic or immunoblastic lymphomas were rather similar. The lymphoblastic lymphoma showed a bimodal curve of age distribution whilst all other lymphomas had a maximum of incidence in the seventh decade of life. Increased frequency of B-symptoms did not necessarily represent an unfavorable prognostic factor for the lymphoma entity concerned. Except for chronic lymphocytic leukemia the highest incidence of initial bone marrow involvement was seen in lymphoplasmacytoid, centrocytic and lymphoblastic lymphomas. Centrocytes have been observed in peripheral blood of patients with centrocytic and centroblastic-centrocytic lymphomas, even though lymphocytosis did not exist. Monoclonal hypergammaglobulinemia was found in only 43% of the sera from patients with lymphoplasmocytoid lymphoma. In this disease, it was possible to differentiate between a lymphonodal, a splenomegalic and an extranodal manifestation.", "contents": "[Retrospective analysis of the clinical relevance of the Kiel classification of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (author's transl)]. 405 cases with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas have been diagnosed according to the Kiel classification and analysed retrospectively. 314 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of low-grade-malignancy (chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytoid, centrocytic, centrocytic, centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma) manifested significantly higher median survival times than the 91 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of high-grade malignancy (lymphoblastic and immunoblastic lymphoma). Within the group of patients with low-grade malignant lymphomas distinct prognostic differences were found whereas survival times in patients with lymphoblastic or immunoblastic lymphomas were rather similar. The lymphoblastic lymphoma showed a bimodal curve of age distribution whilst all other lymphomas had a maximum of incidence in the seventh decade of life. Increased frequency of B-symptoms did not necessarily represent an unfavorable prognostic factor for the lymphoma entity concerned. Except for chronic lymphocytic leukemia the highest incidence of initial bone marrow involvement was seen in lymphoplasmacytoid, centrocytic and lymphoblastic lymphomas. Centrocytes have been observed in peripheral blood of patients with centrocytic and centroblastic-centrocytic lymphomas, even though lymphocytosis did not exist. Monoclonal hypergammaglobulinemia was found in only 43% of the sera from patients with lymphoplasmocytoid lymphoma. In this disease, it was possible to differentiate between a lymphonodal, a splenomegalic and an extranodal manifestation.", "PMID": 324031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9103", "title": "[Results of radiation therapy in Brill-Symmers' disease with special consideration to histological grading (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological preparations from 22 irradiated patients with gigantofollicular lymphoblastoma Brill-Symmers have been reviewed and graded in  accordance with the Kiel classification 1974. Corresponding to this, 19 patients had centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma and three a centroblastic sarcoma. In the three sub-groups of centroblastic-centrocylic lymphomas, no essential differences were found in stages I-III with respect to anamnesis or clinical findings before the onset of treatment, or to the previous course of the disease. Centroblastic sarcoma, ranging among the lymphomas with a high degree of malignancy, has manifested unfavorable progressive courses in all patients.", "contents": "[Results of radiation therapy in Brill-Symmers' disease with special consideration to histological grading (author's transl)]. Histological preparations from 22 irradiated patients with gigantofollicular lymphoblastoma Brill-Symmers have been reviewed and graded in  accordance with the Kiel classification 1974. Corresponding to this, 19 patients had centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma and three a centroblastic sarcoma. In the three sub-groups of centroblastic-centrocylic lymphomas, no essential differences were found in stages I-III with respect to anamnesis or clinical findings before the onset of treatment, or to the previous course of the disease. Centroblastic sarcoma, ranging among the lymphomas with a high degree of malignancy, has manifested unfavorable progressive courses in all patients.", "PMID": 324032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9104", "title": "[Prevention of recurrence in the treatment of flap fibroses].", "content": "Compared with the results of former follow-up examinations, the use of modern techniques of plastic surgery has resulted in reducing considerably the recurrence rate of flap fibroses. They permit to apply the principle of preventive transplantation of skin or mucosa to the whole of the denture-supporting area in danger of insult. The use of free mucosa grafts offers a number of advantages. Further reduction of the recurrence rate by this new technique may be expected from an improvement in prosthetic after-care and from a more generous excision of the mucosal areas in danger of insult.", "contents": "[Prevention of recurrence in the treatment of flap fibroses]. Compared with the results of former follow-up examinations, the use of modern techniques of plastic surgery has resulted in reducing considerably the recurrence rate of flap fibroses. They permit to apply the principle of preventive transplantation of skin or mucosa to the whole of the denture-supporting area in danger of insult. The use of free mucosa grafts offers a number of advantages. Further reduction of the recurrence rate by this new technique may be expected from an improvement in prosthetic after-care and from a more generous excision of the mucosal areas in danger of insult.", "PMID": 324033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9105", "title": "[The problem of pre-prosthetic surgical procedures following neoplasm surgery in the maxillofacial area].", "content": "The author reports of 215 patients with oral malignant tumour of whom 21.5% needed preprosthetic-surgical measures. The indication for preprosthetic-surgical intervention is determined by the site and the size of the tumour and by the method used for the primary operation. Some preferred surgical techniques are discussed.", "contents": "[The problem of pre-prosthetic surgical procedures following neoplasm surgery in the maxillofacial area]. The author reports of 215 patients with oral malignant tumour of whom 21.5% needed preprosthetic-surgical measures. The indication for preprosthetic-surgical intervention is determined by the site and the size of the tumour and by the method used for the primary operation. Some preferred surgical techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 324034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9106", "title": "Simple hypothermic preservation for transporting human livers long distances for transplantation. Report of 12 cases.", "content": "Since 1973, 12 patients in the Cambridge-King's College Hospital liver transplant programme have received livers from donors dying in hospitals considerable distances from the transplant centre in Cambridge. The method of preservation used to transport these livers from 35 to 110 miles was flush perfusion with plasma protein fraction and hypothermic storage in ice. The ischaemia times ranged from 2 hr and 42 min to 4 hr and 22 min. All of the recipients had good or excellent postoperative function of the grafts and 6 of the 12 recipients are alive, the longest survival being 29 months. The preservation technique is simple and easily portable and has given reliable 4-hr preservation of the human liver.", "contents": "Simple hypothermic preservation for transporting human livers long distances for transplantation. Report of 12 cases. Since 1973, 12 patients in the Cambridge-King's College Hospital liver transplant programme have received livers from donors dying in hospitals considerable distances from the transplant centre in Cambridge. The method of preservation used to transport these livers from 35 to 110 miles was flush perfusion with plasma protein fraction and hypothermic storage in ice. The ischaemia times ranged from 2 hr and 42 min to 4 hr and 22 min. All of the recipients had good or excellent postoperative function of the grafts and 6 of the 12 recipients are alive, the longest survival being 29 months. The preservation technique is simple and easily portable and has given reliable 4-hr preservation of the human liver.", "PMID": 324041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9107", "title": "Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia.", "content": "Adouble-blind trial of aspirin for the treatment of cerebral ischemia was begun in 1972 and continued for 37 months. This was accomplished despite difficulties in controlling a long-term study of a drug which has widespread availability and consumption. The study design, criteria for selection of patients, follow-up surveillance, and methods of data analysis are presented. We report only subjects without carotid surgery before randomization. Patients (178) who had carotid transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) were randomly allocated to aspirin or placebo and followed to determine the incidence of subsequent TIAs,death, cerebral infarction or retinal infarction. Analysis of the first six months of follow-up revealed a statistically significant differential in favar of aspirin when death or cerebral or retinal infarction and the occurrence of TIAs were grouped and considered together as end points. Significance in favor of aspirin treatment was mainly revealed in patients with a history of multiple TIAs and was most evident in those individuals having carotid lesions appropriate to the TIA symptoms. It cannot be inferred from this study that aspirin prevents stroke because when end points were restriced to death or cerebral or retinal infarction, there was no statistically significant differential between the aspirin and placebo treatments.", "contents": "Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia. Adouble-blind trial of aspirin for the treatment of cerebral ischemia was begun in 1972 and continued for 37 months. This was accomplished despite difficulties in controlling a long-term study of a drug which has widespread availability and consumption. The study design, criteria for selection of patients, follow-up surveillance, and methods of data analysis are presented. We report only subjects without carotid surgery before randomization. Patients (178) who had carotid transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) were randomly allocated to aspirin or placebo and followed to determine the incidence of subsequent TIAs,death, cerebral infarction or retinal infarction. Analysis of the first six months of follow-up revealed a statistically significant differential in favar of aspirin when death or cerebral or retinal infarction and the occurrence of TIAs were grouped and considered together as end points. Significance in favor of aspirin treatment was mainly revealed in patients with a history of multiple TIAs and was most evident in those individuals having carotid lesions appropriate to the TIA symptoms. It cannot be inferred from this study that aspirin prevents stroke because when end points were restriced to death or cerebral or retinal infarction, there was no statistically significant differential between the aspirin and placebo treatments.", "PMID": 324036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9108", "title": "Monitoring of cerebral perfusion during anesthesia by time-compressed Fourier analysis of the electroencephalogram.", "content": "Time-compressed Fourier analysis of the electroencephalogram has proven to be a useful analytical procedure during anesthesia and surgery which simplifies data interpretation by presenting the EEG in a time-compressed frequency domain rather than the conventional time domain. This method of data analysis graphically accentuates the electroencephalographic correlates of ischemia-induced cerebral dysfunction and other cerebral oxygen consumption abnormalities. The ability to accentuate trends in frequency and power is derived from sequential plotting of spectra to produce a graph with three dimensional axes of frequency, time, and power. In carotid endarterectomies the system has proven more useful than the conventional EEG in assessing the need for a vascular shunt to maintain internal carotid flow during endarterectomy. In open-heart surgery time-compressed EEG spectral analysis has allowed early recognition of cerebral ischemia resulting from arterial hypotension and venous hypertension. Five cases are presented which demonstrate the ability of our system to reflect developing cerebral ischemia.", "contents": "Monitoring of cerebral perfusion during anesthesia by time-compressed Fourier analysis of the electroencephalogram. Time-compressed Fourier analysis of the electroencephalogram has proven to be a useful analytical procedure during anesthesia and surgery which simplifies data interpretation by presenting the EEG in a time-compressed frequency domain rather than the conventional time domain. This method of data analysis graphically accentuates the electroencephalographic correlates of ischemia-induced cerebral dysfunction and other cerebral oxygen consumption abnormalities. The ability to accentuate trends in frequency and power is derived from sequential plotting of spectra to produce a graph with three dimensional axes of frequency, time, and power. In carotid endarterectomies the system has proven more useful than the conventional EEG in assessing the need for a vascular shunt to maintain internal carotid flow during endarterectomy. In open-heart surgery time-compressed EEG spectral analysis has allowed early recognition of cerebral ischemia resulting from arterial hypotension and venous hypertension. Five cases are presented which demonstrate the ability of our system to reflect developing cerebral ischemia.", "PMID": 324037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9109", "title": "The alloantibody response and active enhancement of some rat renal allografts.", "content": "Lewis rats that were given injections of 10(6) to 10(8) (Lewis X Brown Norway) F1 hybrid bone marrow cells produce predominantly, if not exclusively, 19S lymphocytotoxic antibodies. A number of Lewis rats that received transplants of perfused renal allografts from bone marrow donors at, or near, the peak of IgM response survival for well over 200 days with good renal function and no histological evidence of chronic rejection. All long-surviving rats had detectable lymphocytotoxic antibodies up to 120 days after allografting; late enhancing antibodies had the restricted specificity possibly identical or similar to anti-I region antisera. All rats bearing prolonged renal allografts were unable to accept donor-specific skin grafts or to respond with specific lymphocytotoxic antibodies following skin grafting. The possible involvement of non-complement-fixing 19S alloantibodies in active enhancement of rat renal allografts is discussed.", "contents": "The alloantibody response and active enhancement of some rat renal allografts. Lewis rats that were given injections of 10(6) to 10(8) (Lewis X Brown Norway) F1 hybrid bone marrow cells produce predominantly, if not exclusively, 19S lymphocytotoxic antibodies. A number of Lewis rats that received transplants of perfused renal allografts from bone marrow donors at, or near, the peak of IgM response survival for well over 200 days with good renal function and no histological evidence of chronic rejection. All long-surviving rats had detectable lymphocytotoxic antibodies up to 120 days after allografting; late enhancing antibodies had the restricted specificity possibly identical or similar to anti-I region antisera. All rats bearing prolonged renal allografts were unable to accept donor-specific skin grafts or to respond with specific lymphocytotoxic antibodies following skin grafting. The possible involvement of non-complement-fixing 19S alloantibodies in active enhancement of rat renal allografts is discussed.", "PMID": 324043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9110", "title": "Secretory capacity and ultrastructure of rat pancreatic islets after preservation of pancreas in different conditions.", "content": "Experiments were performed with rat pancreas to investigate optimum conditions for obtaining and preserving the pancreas for subsequent isolation of islets that were viable by both functional and morphological criteria. After only 30 min of warm ischaemia, the yield and viability of islets that could be isolated were poor. However, if the pancreas was removed and placed immediately in a cold bicarbonate-buffered medium, which was supplemented with HEPES to maintain the pH and Trasylol to inhibit proteolytic activity, then viable islets could be isolated consistently after over 8 hr of storage. These results demonstrate that even short periods of warm ischaemia will render the pancreas unsuitable for islet isolation. Once the pancreas is placed in a suitable cold medium, however, considerable delay may be permissible without adversely affecting the viability of the islets which can be obtained. The same conditions might prove to be applicable when human pancreas is obtained for the purpose of transplantation into diabetic subjects.", "contents": "Secretory capacity and ultrastructure of rat pancreatic islets after preservation of pancreas in different conditions. Experiments were performed with rat pancreas to investigate optimum conditions for obtaining and preserving the pancreas for subsequent isolation of islets that were viable by both functional and morphological criteria. After only 30 min of warm ischaemia, the yield and viability of islets that could be isolated were poor. However, if the pancreas was removed and placed immediately in a cold bicarbonate-buffered medium, which was supplemented with HEPES to maintain the pH and Trasylol to inhibit proteolytic activity, then viable islets could be isolated consistently after over 8 hr of storage. These results demonstrate that even short periods of warm ischaemia will render the pancreas unsuitable for islet isolation. Once the pancreas is placed in a suitable cold medium, however, considerable delay may be permissible without adversely affecting the viability of the islets which can be obtained. The same conditions might prove to be applicable when human pancreas is obtained for the purpose of transplantation into diabetic subjects.", "PMID": 324042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9111", "title": "Allogeneic lymphocyte-dependent antibodies (LDA). Specificity of Fc receptors.", "content": "Cellular receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG have been studied by the erythrocyte antibody (EA) rosette technique using either human red blood cells coated with anti-D IgG alloantibodies or pigeon red blood cells coated with aggregated IgG. Human lymphocytes were shown to form 4 to 35% of anti-D EA rosettes and 15% of E-aggregated IgG rosettes. Anti-D EA rosette values depended closely upon the amount and the source of anti-D antibodies, Ripley's type antisera giving the highest percentage of rosettes. Cell filtration through a nylon-wool column, a procedure known to remove B cells, caused a complete depletion of E-aggregated IgG rosettes and significant but only partial decrease of anti-D EA rosettes. A low but significant percentage of double rosettes were formed when anti-D-coated erythrocytes were mixed with aggregated IgG coated red blood cells or sheep red blood cells. Removal of EA-rosette-forming cells by passage on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient K cell activity (assessed by lymphocyte-dependent antibody cytotoxicity using anti-HLA antibody-coated target cells) even when forming rosettes at low levels of erythrocyte sensitization with anti-D serum. Conversely, B cell markers (erythrocyte antibody complement rosettes or surface Ig) were only decreased at high levels of erythrocyte sensitization and remained unaffected after depletion of EA-rosette-forming cells formed at low levels of erythrocyte sensitization. These data suggest the existence of several populations of Fc receptor-bearing cells in human peripheral blood which may be differentiated according to the degree of erythrocyte IgG sensitization. Rosettes made with low concentrations of anti-D serum are mainly formed by non-B cells endowed with K cell activity, whereas those formed with high concentration of anti-D serum include B cells, monocytes, and K cells.", "contents": "Allogeneic lymphocyte-dependent antibodies (LDA). Specificity of Fc receptors. Cellular receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG have been studied by the erythrocyte antibody (EA) rosette technique using either human red blood cells coated with anti-D IgG alloantibodies or pigeon red blood cells coated with aggregated IgG. Human lymphocytes were shown to form 4 to 35% of anti-D EA rosettes and 15% of E-aggregated IgG rosettes. Anti-D EA rosette values depended closely upon the amount and the source of anti-D antibodies, Ripley's type antisera giving the highest percentage of rosettes. Cell filtration through a nylon-wool column, a procedure known to remove B cells, caused a complete depletion of E-aggregated IgG rosettes and significant but only partial decrease of anti-D EA rosettes. A low but significant percentage of double rosettes were formed when anti-D-coated erythrocytes were mixed with aggregated IgG coated red blood cells or sheep red blood cells. Removal of EA-rosette-forming cells by passage on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient K cell activity (assessed by lymphocyte-dependent antibody cytotoxicity using anti-HLA antibody-coated target cells) even when forming rosettes at low levels of erythrocyte sensitization with anti-D serum. Conversely, B cell markers (erythrocyte antibody complement rosettes or surface Ig) were only decreased at high levels of erythrocyte sensitization and remained unaffected after depletion of EA-rosette-forming cells formed at low levels of erythrocyte sensitization. These data suggest the existence of several populations of Fc receptor-bearing cells in human peripheral blood which may be differentiated according to the degree of erythrocyte IgG sensitization. Rosettes made with low concentrations of anti-D serum are mainly formed by non-B cells endowed with K cell activity, whereas those formed with high concentration of anti-D serum include B cells, monocytes, and K cells.", "PMID": 324044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9112", "title": "Lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in man.", "content": "Human peripheral blood leukocytes are cytotoxic to 51Cr-labeled target cells provided phytohemagglutinin is present in the reaction mixture. The lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (LDCC) phenomenon is characterized by (1) the short duration of the assay (2 to 4 hr), (2) revealing potential cytotoxic cells present in the cell preparation and excluding participation of mitogen-induced polyclonal activation of effector cells generated during prolonged assays used in mitogen-induced cytotoxicity, and (3) using nonerythrocyte target cells. The effector cells that mediate LDCC were characterized by several cell fractionation procedures. Fractionation of Ficoll-Hypaque separated peripheral blood leukocytes on polystyrene bead columsn or on nylon fiber columns which remove monocytes, granulocytes, and immunoglobulin-bearing leukocytes did not remove the LDCC activity. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes preparations were devoid of LDCC activity. Enrichment for T cells by E rosette sedimentation demonstrated that LDCC activity is present in both the T cell-enriched fraction and the non-T cell fraction. Nylon column eluted non-Ig-bearing cells which were subsequently depeleted of T cells by E rosette separation were LDCC positive. Depletion of Fc-bearing leukocytes on EA monolayers removed the LDCC activity. These results demonstrated that two populations of Fc-bearing cells of thymus and nonthymus origin mediate LDCC. Normal and malignant cells of immune and human origin were good targets in LDCC. The wide range of sensitive target cells in LDCC makes this test feasible in a completely autologous or syngeneic system. The significance of the LDCC phenomenon in assessing cell-mediated immunity is discussed.", "contents": "Lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in man. Human peripheral blood leukocytes are cytotoxic to 51Cr-labeled target cells provided phytohemagglutinin is present in the reaction mixture. The lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (LDCC) phenomenon is characterized by (1) the short duration of the assay (2 to 4 hr), (2) revealing potential cytotoxic cells present in the cell preparation and excluding participation of mitogen-induced polyclonal activation of effector cells generated during prolonged assays used in mitogen-induced cytotoxicity, and (3) using nonerythrocyte target cells. The effector cells that mediate LDCC were characterized by several cell fractionation procedures. Fractionation of Ficoll-Hypaque separated peripheral blood leukocytes on polystyrene bead columsn or on nylon fiber columns which remove monocytes, granulocytes, and immunoglobulin-bearing leukocytes did not remove the LDCC activity. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes preparations were devoid of LDCC activity. Enrichment for T cells by E rosette sedimentation demonstrated that LDCC activity is present in both the T cell-enriched fraction and the non-T cell fraction. Nylon column eluted non-Ig-bearing cells which were subsequently depeleted of T cells by E rosette separation were LDCC positive. Depletion of Fc-bearing leukocytes on EA monolayers removed the LDCC activity. These results demonstrated that two populations of Fc-bearing cells of thymus and nonthymus origin mediate LDCC. Normal and malignant cells of immune and human origin were good targets in LDCC. The wide range of sensitive target cells in LDCC makes this test feasible in a completely autologous or syngeneic system. The significance of the LDCC phenomenon in assessing cell-mediated immunity is discussed.", "PMID": 324045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9113", "title": "Correlation of spontaneous leukocyte blastogenesis with human renal allograft rejection.", "content": "Spontaneous blastogenesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in recipients of renal allografts was studied by incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Three different levels of reactivity were observed that correlated with the patient's clinical course. Low levels of blast activity (i.e., median 680 dpm/million cells with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 480 to 880 dpm) were observed in pretransplant patients. A moderate elevation (median 3,00 dpm with CI of 2,300 to 5,300 dpm) was noted post-transplantation during quiescent intervals and following the onset of acute reversed rejection. Marked elevations, i.e., values greater than 10,000 dpm frequently were observed within 6 days prior to rejections (median 21,000 with CI of 7,400 to 34,000 dpm) and during sustained rejections (median 14,000 with CI of 8,800 to 19,600 dpm).", "contents": "Correlation of spontaneous leukocyte blastogenesis with human renal allograft rejection. Spontaneous blastogenesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in recipients of renal allografts was studied by incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Three different levels of reactivity were observed that correlated with the patient's clinical course. Low levels of blast activity (i.e., median 680 dpm/million cells with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 480 to 880 dpm) were observed in pretransplant patients. A moderate elevation (median 3,00 dpm with CI of 2,300 to 5,300 dpm) was noted post-transplantation during quiescent intervals and following the onset of acute reversed rejection. Marked elevations, i.e., values greater than 10,000 dpm frequently were observed within 6 days prior to rejections (median 21,000 with CI of 7,400 to 34,000 dpm) and during sustained rejections (median 14,000 with CI of 8,800 to 19,600 dpm).", "PMID": 324046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9114", "title": "[Agglutination reaction of T. cruzi, T. cruzi like Strains, T. rangeli and T. conorhini with Soja hispida lectin and Aaptos papillata protectin (author's transl)].", "content": "Protectin from the sponge Aaptos papillata (Keller) was used in the characterization of five strains of T. cruzi (Venezuela, Guatemala, Y. Brasilien, Peru, Wien) and six T. cruzi like strains (Triatoma, Maryland, ITMAP 943, FH4, FH5, LN). Based upon their membrane receptors, these T. cruzi and T. cruzi like isolates could be differentiated from rangeli (Venezuela Strain) and T. conorhini (Hawai Strain) by agglutination reaction to the proctectin. Furthermore, after pronase treatment T.rangeli could also be distinguished from T. conorhini by agglutination test with A. papillata protectin and also Soja hispida lectin. It is not possible to differentiate the T. cruzi complex with S. hispida lectin, because it did not agglutinate T. cruzi (Vienna Strain) and T. cruzi like (Maryland Strain). However, after treating this human pathogenic strain with pronase the pseudocrypt antigen of the first order is made available to the S. hispida lecting thereby producing agglutination. The T. cruzi like strain however did not agglutinate with this treatment. On the other hand, while T. rangeli did not agglutinate even after pronase treatment, T. conorhini showed the agglutination reaction. This observed reaction is explained by the availability of the pseudocrypt antigens of the first order after pronase treatment.", "contents": "[Agglutination reaction of T. cruzi, T. cruzi like Strains, T. rangeli and T. conorhini with Soja hispida lectin and Aaptos papillata protectin (author's transl)]. Protectin from the sponge Aaptos papillata (Keller) was used in the characterization of five strains of T. cruzi (Venezuela, Guatemala, Y. Brasilien, Peru, Wien) and six T. cruzi like strains (Triatoma, Maryland, ITMAP 943, FH4, FH5, LN). Based upon their membrane receptors, these T. cruzi and T. cruzi like isolates could be differentiated from rangeli (Venezuela Strain) and T. conorhini (Hawai Strain) by agglutination reaction to the proctectin. Furthermore, after pronase treatment T.rangeli could also be distinguished from T. conorhini by agglutination test with A. papillata protectin and also Soja hispida lectin. It is not possible to differentiate the T. cruzi complex with S. hispida lectin, because it did not agglutinate T. cruzi (Vienna Strain) and T. cruzi like (Maryland Strain). However, after treating this human pathogenic strain with pronase the pseudocrypt antigen of the first order is made available to the S. hispida lecting thereby producing agglutination. The T. cruzi like strain however did not agglutinate with this treatment. On the other hand, while T. rangeli did not agglutinate even after pronase treatment, T. conorhini showed the agglutination reaction. This observed reaction is explained by the availability of the pseudocrypt antigens of the first order after pronase treatment.", "PMID": 324052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9115", "title": "Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania. VI. Second field trial on immunization against cattle theileriosis.", "content": "Nine cattle, immunized by an infection and treatment method with 3 strains of Theileria parva (Muguga, Kiambu 5 and Serengeti transformed) and nine controls, were exposed to natural tick infestation in Tanzania. All controls contracted fatal East Coast Fever within 2 months of exposure. All immunized animals survived the period of exposure (over 2 months), but later one died of ECF, one of heart-water, one of an undetermined cause (not a theileriosis), and one disappeared from the herd. The 5 remaining animals survived for over 3 months after exposure ended. It is thought that this method of immunization is of value in protecting valuable animals at risk. An attempt to immunize against pathogenic Theilereia mutans, by injecting blood containing an apathogenic strain of this parasite, gave inconclusive results as no pathogenic strains were encountered during the trial.", "contents": "Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania. VI. Second field trial on immunization against cattle theileriosis. Nine cattle, immunized by an infection and treatment method with 3 strains of Theileria parva (Muguga, Kiambu 5 and Serengeti transformed) and nine controls, were exposed to natural tick infestation in Tanzania. All controls contracted fatal East Coast Fever within 2 months of exposure. All immunized animals survived the period of exposure (over 2 months), but later one died of ECF, one of heart-water, one of an undetermined cause (not a theileriosis), and one disappeared from the herd. The 5 remaining animals survived for over 3 months after exposure ended. It is thought that this method of immunization is of value in protecting valuable animals at risk. An attempt to immunize against pathogenic Theilereia mutans, by injecting blood containing an apathogenic strain of this parasite, gave inconclusive results as no pathogenic strains were encountered during the trial.", "PMID": 324053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9116", "title": "On the inheritance of susceptibility for infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex pipiens fatigans.", "content": "From a colony of C.p.fatigans from Monrovia showing 21.6% susceptibility of W. bancrofti a refractory strain could be selected but not a highly susceptible one. Experiments to select a refractory strain out of the highly susceptible colony from Delhi failed. From these results and those of the crossing experiments between the selected refractory strain from Monrovia and the Delhi colony it appears that in the mosquito population from Monrovia susceptibility for W. bancrofti is not dominating refractoriness while this is the case in the population from Delhi. Therefore, it is concluded that there will be at least two genetic factors controlling susceptibility for W. bancrofti in C.p.fatigans.", "contents": "On the inheritance of susceptibility for infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex pipiens fatigans. From a colony of C.p.fatigans from Monrovia showing 21.6% susceptibility of W. bancrofti a refractory strain could be selected but not a highly susceptible one. Experiments to select a refractory strain out of the highly susceptible colony from Delhi failed. From these results and those of the crossing experiments between the selected refractory strain from Monrovia and the Delhi colony it appears that in the mosquito population from Monrovia susceptibility for W. bancrofti is not dominating refractoriness while this is the case in the population from Delhi. Therefore, it is concluded that there will be at least two genetic factors controlling susceptibility for W. bancrofti in C.p.fatigans.", "PMID": 324054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9117", "title": "Epidemiological investigations of Bancroftian filariasis in the coastal zone Liberia.", "content": "A survey in 5 study areas along the Liberian coast was conducted to gain information on the prevalence and importance of bancroftian filariasis. The examination of 2675 persons revealed prevalence rates between 2% and 37%. The median microfilarial densities (MfD50) ranged from 5 to 24 microfilariae in 20 mm3 capillary blood  taken between 20.30 hours and midnight. Catalytic curves fitted to age-specific infection rates were used to estimate incidence (1% to 3%) and recovery rates. It was extrapolated from the survey results that in a population of 71,0000 there are 16,0000 to 20,0000 infected with Wuchereria bancrofti. An estimated 2500 to 40000 men suffering from hydroceles and 3700 to 40000 elephantiasis patients demonstrate that bancroftian filariasis has to be regarded a health problem in rural coastal Liberia.", "contents": "Epidemiological investigations of Bancroftian filariasis in the coastal zone Liberia. A survey in 5 study areas along the Liberian coast was conducted to gain information on the prevalence and importance of bancroftian filariasis. The examination of 2675 persons revealed prevalence rates between 2% and 37%. The median microfilarial densities (MfD50) ranged from 5 to 24 microfilariae in 20 mm3 capillary blood  taken between 20.30 hours and midnight. Catalytic curves fitted to age-specific infection rates were used to estimate incidence (1% to 3%) and recovery rates. It was extrapolated from the survey results that in a population of 71,0000 there are 16,0000 to 20,0000 infected with Wuchereria bancrofti. An estimated 2500 to 40000 men suffering from hydroceles and 3700 to 40000 elephantiasis patients demonstrate that bancroftian filariasis has to be regarded a health problem in rural coastal Liberia.", "PMID": 324055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9118", "title": "Anterior urethral injuries: secondary reconstruction.", "content": "Secondary reconstruction of anterior urethral injuries should be delayed for 6 to 12 weeks after injury. Traumatic strictures of the urethra are repaired by application of full-thickness skin grafts by either incision of the stricture and patch graft or by excision of the urethra and tube graft, depending on the density of the urethral scar or defect.", "contents": "Anterior urethral injuries: secondary reconstruction. Secondary reconstruction of anterior urethral injuries should be delayed for 6 to 12 weeks after injury. Traumatic strictures of the urethra are repaired by application of full-thickness skin grafts by either incision of the stricture and patch graft or by excision of the urethra and tube graft, depending on the density of the urethral scar or defect.", "PMID": 324075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9119", "title": "[Report of 100 total prostatectomies (author's transl)].", "content": "A total retropubic prostatectomy is an exact, clearly defined operation, which, in our hands, has been extensively standardized: it lasts an average of 1 1/2 h, results in relatively little blood loss-in only 20% of the cases is one or more units of whole blood utilized-and is accompanied by complications that are kept within tolerable boundaries. Complete enuresis can be avoided by using a particular stitching technique for the outlet of the bladder. A considerable incontinence occurred in only one patient, who during the day was temporarily forced to wear a Cunningham clamp. In the postoperative stationary phase, mortality was 2%. A radical prostatectomy makes complete recovery from cancer of the prostate possible without mutilation and without aggravating functional injuries. It has, therefore, a secure place in the surgical therapy of cancer.", "contents": "[Report of 100 total prostatectomies (author's transl)]. A total retropubic prostatectomy is an exact, clearly defined operation, which, in our hands, has been extensively standardized: it lasts an average of 1 1/2 h, results in relatively little blood loss-in only 20% of the cases is one or more units of whole blood utilized-and is accompanied by complications that are kept within tolerable boundaries. Complete enuresis can be avoided by using a particular stitching technique for the outlet of the bladder. A considerable incontinence occurred in only one patient, who during the day was temporarily forced to wear a Cunningham clamp. In the postoperative stationary phase, mortality was 2%. A radical prostatectomy makes complete recovery from cancer of the prostate possible without mutilation and without aggravating functional injuries. It has, therefore, a secure place in the surgical therapy of cancer.", "PMID": 324083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9120", "title": "Gibbons ureteral stent in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "The Gibbons indwelling ureteral stent was used in 5 renal recipients. Early  post-operative obstructions at the ureterovesical junction in 2 cases and 1 at the ureteroplevic junction were treated by placing the stent through an open cystostomy. Late strictures were treated in 2 patients by inserting the stent endoscopically. It was also used to stent a ureteroureterostomy. After removal of the stent in 2 of 3 patients, no further treatment of the obstriction was required. In the third case it provided time to allow the steroid dose to be lowered so definitive repair could be undertaken. One stent has remained patent for fourteen months. The Gibbons stent appears to be a valuable new tool in the treatment of post-transplant ureteral obstruction.", "contents": "Gibbons ureteral stent in renal transplant recipients. The Gibbons indwelling ureteral stent was used in 5 renal recipients. Early  post-operative obstructions at the ureterovesical junction in 2 cases and 1 at the ureteroplevic junction were treated by placing the stent through an open cystostomy. Late strictures were treated in 2 patients by inserting the stent endoscopically. It was also used to stent a ureteroureterostomy. After removal of the stent in 2 of 3 patients, no further treatment of the obstriction was required. In the third case it provided time to allow the steroid dose to be lowered so definitive repair could be undertaken. One stent has remained patent for fourteen months. The Gibbons stent appears to be a valuable new tool in the treatment of post-transplant ureteral obstruction.", "PMID": 324084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9121", "title": "Experience with Devine-Horton dermal patch graft for Peyronie's disease.", "content": "Peyronie's disease is a malady frequently seen by the urologist. Many conservative treatment modalities have yeilded successful alleviation of symptoms in a significant number of these patients. A number, however, do not respond and are left with penile curvature and pain on erection such that intercourse is severely impaired. Devine and Horton have proposed resection of the plaque with replacement of the defect with a full-thickness dermal graft. They reported excellent results with minimal complications. Five patients were treated by this technique with successful penile straightening and alleviation of pain. To date, follow-up results have been gratifying, and the Devine-Horton dermal graft technique is suggested for use in treatment of patients with disabling Peyronie's disease.", "contents": "Experience with Devine-Horton dermal patch graft for Peyronie's disease. Peyronie's disease is a malady frequently seen by the urologist. Many conservative treatment modalities have yeilded successful alleviation of symptoms in a significant number of these patients. A number, however, do not respond and are left with penile curvature and pain on erection such that intercourse is severely impaired. Devine and Horton have proposed resection of the plaque with replacement of the defect with a full-thickness dermal graft. They reported excellent results with minimal complications. Five patients were treated by this technique with successful penile straightening and alleviation of pain. To date, follow-up results have been gratifying, and the Devine-Horton dermal graft technique is suggested for use in treatment of patients with disabling Peyronie's disease.", "PMID": 324085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9122", "title": "Post-transplant hypertension. Normoreninemic severe hypertension treated by bilateral nephrectomies.", "content": "In a nineteen-year-old male in whom severe and protracted hypertension developed after a successful renal transplantation, the removal of the diseased kidneys resulted in restoration of normal blood pressure. Prenephrectomy blood samples obtained from the venous drainage of all three renal veins demonstrated no evidence for excessive renin secretion, nor was a significant difference in renin activity found between any two kidneys. It is postulated that the patient may be a clinical variant of the experimental form of renal hypertension with normoreninemia. Alternatively, the remnant kidneys may be implicated to produce a nonrenin pressor substance.", "contents": "Post-transplant hypertension. Normoreninemic severe hypertension treated by bilateral nephrectomies. In a nineteen-year-old male in whom severe and protracted hypertension developed after a successful renal transplantation, the removal of the diseased kidneys resulted in restoration of normal blood pressure. Prenephrectomy blood samples obtained from the venous drainage of all three renal veins demonstrated no evidence for excessive renin secretion, nor was a significant difference in renin activity found between any two kidneys. It is postulated that the patient may be a clinical variant of the experimental form of renal hypertension with normoreninemia. Alternatively, the remnant kidneys may be implicated to produce a nonrenin pressor substance.", "PMID": 324086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9123", "title": "Late ureteral obstruction mimicking rejection after renal transplantation.", "content": "Ureteral obstruction occurring five years or more after renal transplantation is uncommon and may mimic allograft rejection. In 2 patients who had received cadaveric renal allograft, ureteral obstruction was detected six and one-half and five and one-half years after transplantation. In both patients, surgery was needed to restore normal renal function and to prevent further renal damage. Excretory urography is important in the follow-up of patients who have undergone renal transplantation, and conditions such as ureteral obstruction should be ruled out before antirejection treatment is started.", "contents": "Late ureteral obstruction mimicking rejection after renal transplantation. Ureteral obstruction occurring five years or more after renal transplantation is uncommon and may mimic allograft rejection. In 2 patients who had received cadaveric renal allograft, ureteral obstruction was detected six and one-half and five and one-half years after transplantation. In both patients, surgery was needed to restore normal renal function and to prevent further renal damage. Excretory urography is important in the follow-up of patients who have undergone renal transplantation, and conditions such as ureteral obstruction should be ruled out before antirejection treatment is started.", "PMID": 324089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9124", "title": "Role of urothelial surface mucoprotein in intrinsic bladder defense.", "content": "To implicate further the surface mucoprotein as the factor responsible for preventing bacterial attachment to the bladder mucosa, rabbit urothelium was severely disrupted and allowed to regenerate for varying periods of time. Quantitative measurements of the attachment of 14C-labeled Escherichia coli were correlated with the histologic presence of the surface mucoprotein. Control levels of bacterial attachment were observed only when the PAS-positive layer had regenerated, further supporting the role of this layer in the bladder's antibacterial defense.", "contents": "Role of urothelial surface mucoprotein in intrinsic bladder defense. To implicate further the surface mucoprotein as the factor responsible for preventing bacterial attachment to the bladder mucosa, rabbit urothelium was severely disrupted and allowed to regenerate for varying periods of time. Quantitative measurements of the attachment of 14C-labeled Escherichia coli were correlated with the histologic presence of the surface mucoprotein. Control levels of bacterial attachment were observed only when the PAS-positive layer had regenerated, further supporting the role of this layer in the bladder's antibacterial defense.", "PMID": 324090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9125", "title": "Clinical and radiographic findings of focally infected polycystic kidneys.", "content": "Three patients with localized polycystic kidney infections are presented with the pertinent clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings. Gallium-67 citrate and angiography play an important role in evaluation of these patients. Angiography in particular is valuable in the diagnosis and the exact localization of the inflammatory disease. Localization is extremely important in planning surgical treatment should conservative therapy fail.", "contents": "Clinical and radiographic findings of focally infected polycystic kidneys. Three patients with localized polycystic kidney infections are presented with the pertinent clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings. Gallium-67 citrate and angiography play an important role in evaluation of these patients. Angiography in particular is valuable in the diagnosis and the exact localization of the inflammatory disease. Localization is extremely important in planning surgical treatment should conservative therapy fail.", "PMID": 324092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9126", "title": "[Osteoplasty of the lower jaw with composite grafts].", "content": "Experimentally on 32 white rats of Wistar line and on 15 outbred dogs the authors studied plastic properties and healing processes of composite transplants, employed for replacement of mandibular defects. It was found that the composite transplant consisting of an allogenic lower jaw, treated according to \"os purum\" type, and an autobone was more resistant to infection, showed no rejection response and possessed adequate plastic properties. This enable the authors to apply the mentioned combination clinically in 7 patients with mandibular defects from 3.5 to 15 cm. Favourable results were obtained in every patient: the anatomical shape of the jaw and its functioning was restored, a good cosmetic effect was gained.", "contents": "[Osteoplasty of the lower jaw with composite grafts]. Experimentally on 32 white rats of Wistar line and on 15 outbred dogs the authors studied plastic properties and healing processes of composite transplants, employed for replacement of mandibular defects. It was found that the composite transplant consisting of an allogenic lower jaw, treated according to \"os purum\" type, and an autobone was more resistant to infection, showed no rejection response and possessed adequate plastic properties. This enable the authors to apply the mentioned combination clinically in 7 patients with mandibular defects from 3.5 to 15 cm. Favourable results were obtained in every patient: the anatomical shape of the jaw and its functioning was restored, a good cosmetic effect was gained.", "PMID": 324100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9127", "title": "[Selection of the method of operation in duodenal ulcer complicated by perforation and hemorrhage].", "content": "Among 240 patients with perforated duodenal ulcers this complication was associated with hemorrhage in 4. In all these patients organ-preserving operations on the stomach associated with trunk vagotomy were successfully performed. In large callous perforated bleeding ulcers gastroduodenotomy and suturing of the bleeding ulcer was employed followed by Finney gastroduodenostomy.", "contents": "[Selection of the method of operation in duodenal ulcer complicated by perforation and hemorrhage]. Among 240 patients with perforated duodenal ulcers this complication was associated with hemorrhage in 4. In all these patients organ-preserving operations on the stomach associated with trunk vagotomy were successfully performed. In large callous perforated bleeding ulcers gastroduodenotomy and suturing of the bleeding ulcer was employed followed by Finney gastroduodenostomy.", "PMID": 324104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9128", "title": "[Practical use of external drainage of the pancreatic duct].", "content": "The authors have employed external drainage of the pancreatic duct in 96 patients. Pancreaticostomy was performed with prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Prophylactic pancreaticostomy after the Doubilet technic was accomplished in all cases of papillosphincteroplasty. In case of evident stenosis of the pancreatic duct ostimum (6 patients) papillosphinctero-wirsungoplasty with external drainage of the duct was performed. In acute pancreatitis pancreaticostomy would contribute to prompt normalization of pancreatic enzymes and subsidence of the inflammatory process. In chronic pancreatitis with involvement of the duct system along with papillosphinctero-wirsungoplasty and transpapillary drainage of the pancreatic duct terminal portion also cystodigestive and pancreaticodigestive anastomoses were constructed with external transanastomosis transenteric (after the Folker technic) drainage of the cyst cavity of pancreatic duct.", "contents": "[Practical use of external drainage of the pancreatic duct]. The authors have employed external drainage of the pancreatic duct in 96 patients. Pancreaticostomy was performed with prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Prophylactic pancreaticostomy after the Doubilet technic was accomplished in all cases of papillosphincteroplasty. In case of evident stenosis of the pancreatic duct ostimum (6 patients) papillosphinctero-wirsungoplasty with external drainage of the duct was performed. In acute pancreatitis pancreaticostomy would contribute to prompt normalization of pancreatic enzymes and subsidence of the inflammatory process. In chronic pancreatitis with involvement of the duct system along with papillosphinctero-wirsungoplasty and transpapillary drainage of the pancreatic duct terminal portion also cystodigestive and pancreaticodigestive anastomoses were constructed with external transanastomosis transenteric (after the Folker technic) drainage of the cyst cavity of pancreatic duct.", "PMID": 324105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9129", "title": "[External intestinal fistulae and their treatment].", "content": "The results of treatment of 188 patients with different external fistulas of the intestine are reported. A detailed analysis of 23 observations of small intestine fistulas is given, including 16 cases with enterostomies complicated with phlegmon of the abdominal wall, emaciation and hemorrhage from acute intestinal ulcers. An early surgical treatment of such fistulas is recommended.", "contents": "[External intestinal fistulae and their treatment]. The results of treatment of 188 patients with different external fistulas of the intestine are reported. A detailed analysis of 23 observations of small intestine fistulas is given, including 16 cases with enterostomies complicated with phlegmon of the abdominal wall, emaciation and hemorrhage from acute intestinal ulcers. An early surgical treatment of such fistulas is recommended.", "PMID": 324106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9130", "title": "[Late result of the surgical treatment of focal lesions of the femur head by using figured bone-cartilage homografts].", "content": "The author reports late result of focal buried homoplasty of the femoral head performed after the author's technic in 84 patients: for tuberculous coxitis (72), aseptic necrosis of the femoral head (7) and other lesions of the coxa (5). The terms of the follow-up postoperatively in 78 patients are from 3 to 11 years. An estimation of functional result of treatment was made by a 4-grade system, adopted by the majority of authors. Excellent results were gained in 18 patients, good--in 26, satisfactory--in 29 and poor--in 11.", "contents": "[Late result of the surgical treatment of focal lesions of the femur head by using figured bone-cartilage homografts]. The author reports late result of focal buried homoplasty of the femoral head performed after the author's technic in 84 patients: for tuberculous coxitis (72), aseptic necrosis of the femoral head (7) and other lesions of the coxa (5). The terms of the follow-up postoperatively in 78 patients are from 3 to 11 years. An estimation of functional result of treatment was made by a 4-grade system, adopted by the majority of authors. Excellent results were gained in 18 patients, good--in 26, satisfactory--in 29 and poor--in 11.", "PMID": 324107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9131", "title": "[Experience in using hexosephosphate in the surgical clinic].", "content": "The authors' experience with the clinical use of an antihypoxic substnace--hexosophosphate representing the complex of tetraphosphoric glucose and fructose esters is reported. The substance was studied experimentally on 20 dogs and clinically in 126 patients with diseases of vessels, abdominal organs and the kidneys. A positive effect was gained in peroral and intravenous use of the substance both with theaim of preparative management of patients to be subjected to major surgery and postoperatively. HP, being a readily absorbed energetic substance, renders a normalizing effect on the hemodynamics, the bowel activity, improves general patients'state, that is of special value in patients whose state is aggravated by concomitant lesions.", "contents": "[Experience in using hexosephosphate in the surgical clinic]. The authors' experience with the clinical use of an antihypoxic substnace--hexosophosphate representing the complex of tetraphosphoric glucose and fructose esters is reported. The substance was studied experimentally on 20 dogs and clinically in 126 patients with diseases of vessels, abdominal organs and the kidneys. A positive effect was gained in peroral and intravenous use of the substance both with theaim of preparative management of patients to be subjected to major surgery and postoperatively. HP, being a readily absorbed energetic substance, renders a normalizing effect on the hemodynamics, the bowel activity, improves general patients'state, that is of special value in patients whose state is aggravated by concomitant lesions.", "PMID": 324108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9132", "title": "[Compensation for disordered functions and the problems of rehabilitative treatment of disabled veterans of World War II who suffered gunshot wounds of the upper extrememities].", "content": "The data of dynamic observations and clincal examination of 128 invalids of the Great Patriotic War having gunshot wounds of the upper extremities after 20 years and longer evidence considerable improvement of the wounded extremity function and a reduced degree of disability in the late period due to compensatory phenomena under the influence of active labour life.", "contents": "[Compensation for disordered functions and the problems of rehabilitative treatment of disabled veterans of World War II who suffered gunshot wounds of the upper extrememities]. The data of dynamic observations and clincal examination of 128 invalids of the Great Patriotic War having gunshot wounds of the upper extremities after 20 years and longer evidence considerable improvement of the wounded extremity function and a reduced degree of disability in the late period due to compensatory phenomena under the influence of active labour life.", "PMID": 324109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9133", "title": "Prophylactic use of hyperimmune serum in experimental colisepticaemia in calves.", "content": "Evidence is presented to demonstrate the efficacy of an intravenously administered polyvalent hyperimmune serum prepared from bovine serum, in the prevention of experimental colisepticaemia produced by oral challenge with E coli O78: K80(B) in colostrum deprived calves. It is suggested that the protection afforded by this hyperimmune serum is due to high levels of specific antibody demonstrable in the serum of calves post treatment and that protection is given in this instance by antibodies contained in the IgG class of immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Prophylactic use of hyperimmune serum in experimental colisepticaemia in calves. Evidence is presented to demonstrate the efficacy of an intravenously administered polyvalent hyperimmune serum prepared from bovine serum, in the prevention of experimental colisepticaemia produced by oral challenge with E coli O78: K80(B) in colostrum deprived calves. It is suggested that the protection afforded by this hyperimmune serum is due to high levels of specific antibody demonstrable in the serum of calves post treatment and that protection is given in this instance by antibodies contained in the IgG class of immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 324111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9134", "title": "[Action of ftorafur and 5-fluorouracil on the chromosomes of normal and tumorous cells in vivo].", "content": "No chromosome aberrations were found in the bone marrow cells and Djungarian hamster tumor cells and bone-marrow cells of thymectomized mice receiving different doses of fluorafur and 5-fluoruracil in vivo. The time of exposure to these antitumor drugs varied from 2 to 72 hours. 12% of aberrant metaphases under 400 mg/Kg of fluorafur and 38%--under 200 mg/Kg of 5-fluoruracil were found in cells of human colonic tumor trasplanted into thymectomized mice.", "contents": "[Action of ftorafur and 5-fluorouracil on the chromosomes of normal and tumorous cells in vivo]. No chromosome aberrations were found in the bone marrow cells and Djungarian hamster tumor cells and bone-marrow cells of thymectomized mice receiving different doses of fluorafur and 5-fluoruracil in vivo. The time of exposure to these antitumor drugs varied from 2 to 72 hours. 12% of aberrant metaphases under 400 mg/Kg of fluorafur and 38%--under 200 mg/Kg of 5-fluoruracil were found in cells of human colonic tumor trasplanted into thymectomized mice.", "PMID": 324124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9135", "title": "'VA', a new type of erythrocyte polyagglutination characterized by depressed H receptors and associated with hemolytic anemia. II. Observations by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, cell electrophoresis and Biochemistry.", "content": "With help of immunoflorescence, best with anti-AHP from Helix pomatia, a stippled structure could be demonstrated on the patient\"s red blood cells. Thus an \"A-like\" receptor could be detected on the erythrocyte membrane of this group O patient. The reactive antigen was proved not to be a crypt antigen exposed by the action of neuraminidase. The same stippled fluorescence with antiAhp was observed on the red blood cells of a patient suffering from hemolytic anemia induced by influnza A2 virus. In this case this virus was shown not to be responsible for polyagglutination. No virus or microorganism could be isolated from the patient\"s blood. Also by immunofluorescence the weak expression of the H antigen could be demonstrated with an extract of Evonymus europaeus. Electron microscopy of erythrocytes was normal. The neuraminic acid content and the electrophoretic mobility were found to be decreased to a minor degree. No distinct cell populations could be observed.", "contents": "'VA', a new type of erythrocyte polyagglutination characterized by depressed H receptors and associated with hemolytic anemia. II. Observations by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, cell electrophoresis and Biochemistry. With help of immunoflorescence, best with anti-AHP from Helix pomatia, a stippled structure could be demonstrated on the patient\"s red blood cells. Thus an \"A-like\" receptor could be detected on the erythrocyte membrane of this group O patient. The reactive antigen was proved not to be a crypt antigen exposed by the action of neuraminidase. The same stippled fluorescence with antiAhp was observed on the red blood cells of a patient suffering from hemolytic anemia induced by influnza A2 virus. In this case this virus was shown not to be responsible for polyagglutination. No virus or microorganism could be isolated from the patient\"s blood. Also by immunofluorescence the weak expression of the H antigen could be demonstrated with an extract of Evonymus europaeus. Electron microscopy of erythrocytes was normal. The neuraminic acid content and the electrophoretic mobility were found to be decreased to a minor degree. No distinct cell populations could be observed.", "PMID": 324127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9136", "title": "[Cytostatic therapy of metastasizing cancers: therapeutic indications and limitations (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of cytostatic drugs in the treatment of patients with advanced, metastasizing tumours and certain-therapeutic regimes are discussed in respect to the following tumours: breast cancer, gynaecological tumours, urinary tract cancers, tumours of the  head and neck, lung cancer and bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Recent progress in the management of these patients is outlined, whilst the limitations of cytotoxic treatment, with the inherent possibility of potentially fatal complications, are emphasized.", "contents": "[Cytostatic therapy of metastasizing cancers: therapeutic indications and limitations (author's transl)]. The role of cytostatic drugs in the treatment of patients with advanced, metastasizing tumours and certain-therapeutic regimes are discussed in respect to the following tumours: breast cancer, gynaecological tumours, urinary tract cancers, tumours of the  head and neck, lung cancer and bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Recent progress in the management of these patients is outlined, whilst the limitations of cytotoxic treatment, with the inherent possibility of potentially fatal complications, are emphasized.", "PMID": 324137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9137", "title": "[Behaviour of serum and urinary lysozyme after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of serum and urinary lysozyme was investigated before and after renal transplantation in 20 patients. The mean postoperative observation time was 67.8 (10 to 212) days. In 11 patients with reversible olig-anuria due to prolonged preoperative ischaemia, lysozymuria lasted for a period of 17 days after surgery, whereas in 8 patients with immediate transplant function lysozymuria disappeared 7 days after transplantation. Serum lysozyme concentrations were markedly elevated before transplantation in all patients. In patients with transplant failure due to ischaemia, normalization of serum lysozyme levels was achieved 28 days after surgery; patients with immediate function showed normal serum lysozyme levels already 7 days after transplantation. Prolonged lysozymuria was also noticed in 2 cases with irreversible ischaemic transplant failure, in 1 case with recurrence of glomerulonephritis and in 1 further case with acute pyelonephritis in the transplant. In 7 cases with an acute renal rejection crisis, lysozymuria was evident 0.7 days before clinical diagnosis of rejection. Serum lysozyme levels showed a strong correlation with serum correlation with serum creatinine concentrations. Therefore, lysozymuria in renal transplant patients indicates tubular transplant damage of varied aetiology. Elevated serum lysozyme levels, on the other hand, seem to reflect a reduced glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "[Behaviour of serum and urinary lysozyme after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. The behaviour of serum and urinary lysozyme was investigated before and after renal transplantation in 20 patients. The mean postoperative observation time was 67.8 (10 to 212) days. In 11 patients with reversible olig-anuria due to prolonged preoperative ischaemia, lysozymuria lasted for a period of 17 days after surgery, whereas in 8 patients with immediate transplant function lysozymuria disappeared 7 days after transplantation. Serum lysozyme concentrations were markedly elevated before transplantation in all patients. In patients with transplant failure due to ischaemia, normalization of serum lysozyme levels was achieved 28 days after surgery; patients with immediate function showed normal serum lysozyme levels already 7 days after transplantation. Prolonged lysozymuria was also noticed in 2 cases with irreversible ischaemic transplant failure, in 1 case with recurrence of glomerulonephritis and in 1 further case with acute pyelonephritis in the transplant. In 7 cases with an acute renal rejection crisis, lysozymuria was evident 0.7 days before clinical diagnosis of rejection. Serum lysozyme levels showed a strong correlation with serum correlation with serum creatinine concentrations. Therefore, lysozymuria in renal transplant patients indicates tubular transplant damage of varied aetiology. Elevated serum lysozyme levels, on the other hand, seem to reflect a reduced glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 324138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9138", "title": "[Bistability of pyruvate production by E. coli ML30 in continuous culture].", "content": "The pyruvate production of E. coli ML30 in continuous cultures was investigated. In a glucose mineralsalt medium with ammonium as the limiting substrate two stable stationary states (bistability) of pyruvate concentration were obtained. The bistability was limited to dilution rates lower than 0.3 h-1 and connected with a decrease of the yield coefficient (Y Glc) from approximately 0.45 to approximately 0.1.", "contents": "[Bistability of pyruvate production by E. coli ML30 in continuous culture]. The pyruvate production of E. coli ML30 in continuous cultures was investigated. In a glucose mineralsalt medium with ammonium as the limiting substrate two stable stationary states (bistability) of pyruvate concentration were obtained. The bistability was limited to dilution rates lower than 0.3 h-1 and connected with a decrease of the yield coefficient (Y Glc) from approximately 0.45 to approximately 0.1.", "PMID": 324146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9139", "title": "[Laboratory diagnosis in rheumatology].", "content": "The laboratory diagnostics essentially contributed to the pathogenetic clarification of rheumatological problems and gives multifarious support to the rheumatologist in differential and activity diagnostics and thus also decisively contributes to early diagnostics and therapy. When the acute-phase-reactions serve for the differentiation of inflammatory-rheumatic diseases and degenerative diseases and for the establishment of the degree of activity, so the ASR further the diagnostic ascertainment of a rheumatic fever, the agglutination tests for proving the rheumatoid factor further the differential diagnosis of the rheumatoid arthritis, the LE-phenomenon and the ANF further the differential diagnosis of the LEV, the proof of cardiac auto-antibodies essentially furthers the diagnostics of carditis, the increase of uric acid the early recognition of gout, the synovial diagnostics at length became necessary for the clarification of clinically unclear mon- or oligoarthritides and the determination of the local activity for the observation and judgment of the course. Notwithstanding the primate of the clinic without an effective laboratory diagnostics a modern rheumatology can no more be performed nowadays.", "contents": "[Laboratory diagnosis in rheumatology]. The laboratory diagnostics essentially contributed to the pathogenetic clarification of rheumatological problems and gives multifarious support to the rheumatologist in differential and activity diagnostics and thus also decisively contributes to early diagnostics and therapy. When the acute-phase-reactions serve for the differentiation of inflammatory-rheumatic diseases and degenerative diseases and for the establishment of the degree of activity, so the ASR further the diagnostic ascertainment of a rheumatic fever, the agglutination tests for proving the rheumatoid factor further the differential diagnosis of the rheumatoid arthritis, the LE-phenomenon and the ANF further the differential diagnosis of the LEV, the proof of cardiac auto-antibodies essentially furthers the diagnostics of carditis, the increase of uric acid the early recognition of gout, the synovial diagnostics at length became necessary for the clarification of clinically unclear mon- or oligoarthritides and the determination of the local activity for the observation and judgment of the course. Notwithstanding the primate of the clinic without an effective laboratory diagnostics a modern rheumatology can no more be performed nowadays.", "PMID": 324150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9140", "title": "[Multivariant discriminance analytical computation methods for the evaluation of clinico-chemical parameters in liver and biliary tract diseases].", "content": "Multivariate variance and discriminance-analytic investigations on the value of evidence of clinico-chemical tests in the diagnostics of diseases of the liver and the biliary tract gave the following results: 1. By means of clinico-chemical methods and discriminance-analytic functions we succeed in 50% of the cases in formulating a correct diagnosis, in more than 75% of the cases a correct probability diagnosis (3 first places in the rank of diagnoses). Sensitivity and specificity of discrimination were established for 15 classes of diagnoses. 2. Due to the intercorrelations of test results biochemical maximum programmes contain numerous redundant parameters measured on diagnostic information values. With the help of a test for indispensability (redundance test) among 20 parameters owy 5-6 were characterized as indispensable. An optimal combination of parameters should not transgress an extent of 14 tests. 3. Results of reclassifications with discriminance analytic functions confirmed that the discriminance analysis is an extraordinarily suitable method for the computer-supported finding of a decision, on which basis aimed additional investigations might be performed.", "contents": "[Multivariant discriminance analytical computation methods for the evaluation of clinico-chemical parameters in liver and biliary tract diseases]. Multivariate variance and discriminance-analytic investigations on the value of evidence of clinico-chemical tests in the diagnostics of diseases of the liver and the biliary tract gave the following results: 1. By means of clinico-chemical methods and discriminance-analytic functions we succeed in 50% of the cases in formulating a correct diagnosis, in more than 75% of the cases a correct probability diagnosis (3 first places in the rank of diagnoses). Sensitivity and specificity of discrimination were established for 15 classes of diagnoses. 2. Due to the intercorrelations of test results biochemical maximum programmes contain numerous redundant parameters measured on diagnostic information values. With the help of a test for indispensability (redundance test) among 20 parameters owy 5-6 were characterized as indispensable. An optimal combination of parameters should not transgress an extent of 14 tests. 3. Results of reclassifications with discriminance analytic functions confirmed that the discriminance analysis is an extraordinarily suitable method for the computer-supported finding of a decision, on which basis aimed additional investigations might be performed.", "PMID": 324153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9141", "title": "[Leukocyte agglomeration as an activity criterion of inflammatory processes].", "content": "The agglomeration of leucocytes serves for the proof of activation of the leucocytic system, the so-called leucergia, which among other occurs in inflammatory diseases of different genesis. On the basis of 1,000 examinations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis the sensitivity of the method was tested compared with the usual criteria of inflammation. In agroup of patients with slight activity with the agglomeration of leucocytes an inflammatory activity could be proved in 67.5% (electrophoresis 53.5%, BSR 49.2%, CrP 35.4%, leucocytosis 27.9%). The chi2-test resulted in a significant correspondence between the examinations mentioned and the agglomeration (p less than 0.001). In contrast to the usual criteria of activity the proof of leucergy is a new principle ofthe diagnostics of activity. High sensitivity and simple methodics recommend the use of the agglomeration of leucocytes in routine diagnostics.", "contents": "[Leukocyte agglomeration as an activity criterion of inflammatory processes]. The agglomeration of leucocytes serves for the proof of activation of the leucocytic system, the so-called leucergia, which among other occurs in inflammatory diseases of different genesis. On the basis of 1,000 examinations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis the sensitivity of the method was tested compared with the usual criteria of inflammation. In agroup of patients with slight activity with the agglomeration of leucocytes an inflammatory activity could be proved in 67.5% (electrophoresis 53.5%, BSR 49.2%, CrP 35.4%, leucocytosis 27.9%). The chi2-test resulted in a significant correspondence between the examinations mentioned and the agglomeration (p less than 0.001). In contrast to the usual criteria of activity the proof of leucergy is a new principle ofthe diagnostics of activity. High sensitivity and simple methodics recommend the use of the agglomeration of leucocytes in routine diagnostics.", "PMID": 324154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9142", "title": "[Technics for B-cell determination in lymphocytes].", "content": "The conception of the subdivision of lymphocytes into T- (dependent on thymus) and B- (dependent on bone marrow or bursa) cells which was transferred from animal experiments on mice to man has already clinical significance despite some deficiencies. For immunoproliferative clinical pictures, immune defects and autoimmune diseases a determination of the B- and T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood is important. As methods for the determination of T-lymphocytes the rosette-test with erythrocytes of sheep (E-rosettes) as well as the immunofluorescence labelling of anti-T-lymphocyte globulin are used. For the demonstration of B-lymphocytes to-day the immunofluorescence microscopy, the autoradiography, the immune enzyme technique and the rosette tests for the determination of the Fc-receptor (EA-rosette) and the complement receptor (EAC-rosette), respectively, are used. Possibilities of differentiation between the two populations of lymphocytes are furthermore obtained by the grid electron microscopy and the important functional tests of the transformation of lymphocytes by means of unspecific and specific stimulants. In own investigations by means of the direct and indirect immunofluorescence and immune enzyme technique of the peripheral blood and from lymphatic nodes were tested. In normal persons a large proportion of IgM-receptors on the lymphocyte membrane was established. Patients with chronic lymphadenosis had a high number of B-lymphocytes, which clearly decreased under cytostatic therapy. In plasmocytoma, Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease and primary immune defects the connections between the dominating classes of immunoglobulins on the membrane and in the serum. Investigations of the different populations of lymphocytes in there are peripheral blood and in the lymphatic nodes are suited to develop new conceptions on pathogenetic intergrades, therapeutic influences and variants of the course of immunoproliferative and immunodefective clinical pictures.", "contents": "[Technics for B-cell determination in lymphocytes]. The conception of the subdivision of lymphocytes into T- (dependent on thymus) and B- (dependent on bone marrow or bursa) cells which was transferred from animal experiments on mice to man has already clinical significance despite some deficiencies. For immunoproliferative clinical pictures, immune defects and autoimmune diseases a determination of the B- and T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood is important. As methods for the determination of T-lymphocytes the rosette-test with erythrocytes of sheep (E-rosettes) as well as the immunofluorescence labelling of anti-T-lymphocyte globulin are used. For the demonstration of B-lymphocytes to-day the immunofluorescence microscopy, the autoradiography, the immune enzyme technique and the rosette tests for the determination of the Fc-receptor (EA-rosette) and the complement receptor (EAC-rosette), respectively, are used. Possibilities of differentiation between the two populations of lymphocytes are furthermore obtained by the grid electron microscopy and the important functional tests of the transformation of lymphocytes by means of unspecific and specific stimulants. In own investigations by means of the direct and indirect immunofluorescence and immune enzyme technique of the peripheral blood and from lymphatic nodes were tested. In normal persons a large proportion of IgM-receptors on the lymphocyte membrane was established. Patients with chronic lymphadenosis had a high number of B-lymphocytes, which clearly decreased under cytostatic therapy. In plasmocytoma, Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease and primary immune defects the connections between the dominating classes of immunoglobulins on the membrane and in the serum. Investigations of the different populations of lymphocytes in there are peripheral blood and in the lymphatic nodes are suited to develop new conceptions on pathogenetic intergrades, therapeutic influences and variants of the course of immunoproliferative and immunodefective clinical pictures.", "PMID": 324155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9143", "title": "[Standardized indirect immunofluorescence. Differentiation of mitochondrial, microsomal and ribosomal antibodies].", "content": "By an extensive standardisation of the indirect immunofluorescence for the demonstration espeially of mitochondrial antibodies we succeeded in recognizing atypical fluorescence patterns and in describing their exact localisation. On the basis of absorption studies with mitochondrias, microsomas and ribosomas by comparative observation of sections of liver, stomach and kidneys of rats the preferred sort of reaction and the intensity of fluorescence of antibodies against mitochondria, microsomas and ribosomas were empirically established. Antimitochondrial antibodies react above all with the parietal cells of the stomach and the distal epithelia of the tubulus of the kidney. Antibodies against microsomas of liver and kidney are characterized by a brilliant diffuse cytoplasmatic fluorescence of the hepatocytes and by a comparatively weaker fluorescence of exclusively proximal tubuli of the kidneys of rats. Antibodies against ribosomas lead to a fluorescence especially of the main cells of the stomach. The differentiation of several cytoplasmatic antibodies is among others of interest for the diagnosis of certain autoimmune diseases. Although there are numerous still unclear findings and \"overlap\" phenomena the existence of high titre antibodies against mitochondrias speaks for a primarily biliary cirrhosis or a pseudo-LE-syndrome, the existence of antibodies against microsomas of kidney and liver of rats for a special form of a chronically active hepatitis and the existence of the very rare antibodies against ribosomas for an active lupus erythematodes disseminatus.", "contents": "[Standardized indirect immunofluorescence. Differentiation of mitochondrial, microsomal and ribosomal antibodies]. By an extensive standardisation of the indirect immunofluorescence for the demonstration espeially of mitochondrial antibodies we succeeded in recognizing atypical fluorescence patterns and in describing their exact localisation. On the basis of absorption studies with mitochondrias, microsomas and ribosomas by comparative observation of sections of liver, stomach and kidneys of rats the preferred sort of reaction and the intensity of fluorescence of antibodies against mitochondria, microsomas and ribosomas were empirically established. Antimitochondrial antibodies react above all with the parietal cells of the stomach and the distal epithelia of the tubulus of the kidney. Antibodies against microsomas of liver and kidney are characterized by a brilliant diffuse cytoplasmatic fluorescence of the hepatocytes and by a comparatively weaker fluorescence of exclusively proximal tubuli of the kidneys of rats. Antibodies against ribosomas lead to a fluorescence especially of the main cells of the stomach. The differentiation of several cytoplasmatic antibodies is among others of interest for the diagnosis of certain autoimmune diseases. Although there are numerous still unclear findings and \"overlap\" phenomena the existence of high titre antibodies against mitochondrias speaks for a primarily biliary cirrhosis or a pseudo-LE-syndrome, the existence of antibodies against microsomas of kidney and liver of rats for a special form of a chronically active hepatitis and the existence of the very rare antibodies against ribosomas for an active lupus erythematodes disseminatus.", "PMID": 324156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9144", "title": "[Natural history in patients with mitral- and aorticvalve-disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Knowledge and due consideration of the natural history of valvular heart disease are prerequisites for their operative therapy. Presumptive mortality and morbidity of the surgical intervention must be weighted against the expected prognosis under medical treatment alone. The timing of the operation depends on these considerations. Mitral stenosis and the chronic forms of mitral and aortic incompetence have similar natural histories and for both signs and symptoms are good indicators for an eventual progression of the condition. The length of the period during which the patient is free of complaints may be quite variable but a critical change in the natural history comes about once the disease causes signs and symptoms. Surgical repair is indicated when the patient reaches stage III according to the NYHA-classification. The prognosis is worst for aortic stenosis, in particular due to the danger of  sudden death. Patients with high pressure gradients are at particularly high risk; this holds even true for those patients which are not yet suffering from any complaints. The prognosis becomes even more serious, when signs such as dyspnea, anginal pain, or syncopal attacks occur. Prognosis and indication for surgical intervention cannot be evaluated reliably by considering only the clinical signs without knowledge of hemodynamic parameters. Acute mitral and aortic incompetence, in paricular when they occur during baterial endocarditis, must be observed very closely because of their most serious prognosis; if necessary, emergency surgery must be carried out in these cases.", "contents": "[Natural history in patients with mitral- and aorticvalve-disease (author's transl)]. Knowledge and due consideration of the natural history of valvular heart disease are prerequisites for their operative therapy. Presumptive mortality and morbidity of the surgical intervention must be weighted against the expected prognosis under medical treatment alone. The timing of the operation depends on these considerations. Mitral stenosis and the chronic forms of mitral and aortic incompetence have similar natural histories and for both signs and symptoms are good indicators for an eventual progression of the condition. The length of the period during which the patient is free of complaints may be quite variable but a critical change in the natural history comes about once the disease causes signs and symptoms. Surgical repair is indicated when the patient reaches stage III according to the NYHA-classification. The prognosis is worst for aortic stenosis, in particular due to the danger of  sudden death. Patients with high pressure gradients are at particularly high risk; this holds even true for those patients which are not yet suffering from any complaints. The prognosis becomes even more serious, when signs such as dyspnea, anginal pain, or syncopal attacks occur. Prognosis and indication for surgical intervention cannot be evaluated reliably by considering only the clinical signs without knowledge of hemodynamic parameters. Acute mitral and aortic incompetence, in paricular when they occur during baterial endocarditis, must be observed very closely because of their most serious prognosis; if necessary, emergency surgery must be carried out in these cases.", "PMID": 324160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9145", "title": "[Bone tuberculosis of the bovine type after BCG-vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported about the BCG-osteomyelitis in early childhood. A long intervall between BCG-vaccination and the onset of clinical symptoms, the good general condition of the patient, nearly unrestricted joint function, often negative bacteriological culture for the tubercle bacillus and negative guinea-pig test are characteristics. Even with extensive lesions of the epiphysis and metaphysis of the long bone and formation of an abscess, the course of the disease seems to be fairly benign. Operation is recommended for getting biopsy material for histological proof of the tuberculous process and for quicker healing.", "contents": "[Bone tuberculosis of the bovine type after BCG-vaccination (author's transl)]. It is reported about the BCG-osteomyelitis in early childhood. A long intervall between BCG-vaccination and the onset of clinical symptoms, the good general condition of the patient, nearly unrestricted joint function, often negative bacteriological culture for the tubercle bacillus and negative guinea-pig test are characteristics. Even with extensive lesions of the epiphysis and metaphysis of the long bone and formation of an abscess, the course of the disease seems to be fairly benign. Operation is recommended for getting biopsy material for histological proof of the tuberculous process and for quicker healing.", "PMID": 324161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9146", "title": "Application and standardization of various procedures for inoculation of maize by Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae.", "content": "Hypodermic syringe and toothpick methods were best for evaluating pathogenicity of the maize plant against Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae, both in glass house and in the field. The portion of the stalk above the ground was best suited for reproducing the disease symptoms. Leaf and leaf whorl did not show any rotting hero. Seed inoculation showed least mortality percentage. Root inoculation was suitable only for young seedlings. Cotyledons, as an organ for inoculation for getting best reproducible infection, were not at all suitable.", "contents": "Application and standardization of various procedures for inoculation of maize by Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae. Hypodermic syringe and toothpick methods were best for evaluating pathogenicity of the maize plant against Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae, both in glass house and in the field. The portion of the stalk above the ground was best suited for reproducing the disease symptoms. Leaf and leaf whorl did not show any rotting hero. Seed inoculation showed least mortality percentage. Root inoculation was suitable only for young seedlings. Cotyledons, as an organ for inoculation for getting best reproducible infection, were not at all suitable.", "PMID": 324175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9147", "title": "[Mapping the fucidin resistance marker in S. typhimurium and a study of the properties of its transductants].", "content": "The fusidic resistance marker in S. typhimurium is contransduced in 95% of cases by means of P 22 phage with the streptomycin resistance marker. The transfer of the fusidic acid resistance gene doesn't lead to any significant alterations in the tranductants' properties (morphology, antigenic structure, growth rate, biochemical activity, sensitivity to other antibiotics). The fusidic acid resistant mutants and transductants studied displayed a significantly decreased virulence to albino mice. The rate of this decrease, however, doesn't correspond to the degree of transductants' resistance. Virulent variants are also possible.", "contents": "[Mapping the fucidin resistance marker in S. typhimurium and a study of the properties of its transductants]. The fusidic resistance marker in S. typhimurium is contransduced in 95% of cases by means of P 22 phage with the streptomycin resistance marker. The transfer of the fusidic acid resistance gene doesn't lead to any significant alterations in the tranductants' properties (morphology, antigenic structure, growth rate, biochemical activity, sensitivity to other antibiotics). The fusidic acid resistant mutants and transductants studied displayed a significantly decreased virulence to albino mice. The rate of this decrease, however, doesn't correspond to the degree of transductants' resistance. Virulent variants are also possible.", "PMID": 324178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9148", "title": "[Reactogenicity and immunologic activity of live enteric Sonne dysentery vaccine from a spontaneous mutant].", "content": "Live dysentery Sonne vaccine from a spontaneous mutant proved to be practically areactogenic and specifically harmless in oral immunization of children aged from 7 to 13 years, in doses of from 3 to 25 milliard live microbial cells and in single and triple immunization schemes. Weak reactions of the gastro-intestinal tract were noted with the same frequency (1.7%) in children immunized with the vaccine and in children given placebo (2.2%). There proved to be a significant increase in the serum of the immunized persons of the level of specific hemagglutinins, and also of the IgA-and IgM-titers in 82% of the persons vaccinated; they persisted at a high level for 2 months. The appearance of IgA-antibodies in high titres in the persons vaccinated orally pointed to a marked local and general immunological activity of the live dysentery Sonne vaccine from the spontaneous mutant processing the capacity to survive in the intestine of children for a long time.", "contents": "[Reactogenicity and immunologic activity of live enteric Sonne dysentery vaccine from a spontaneous mutant]. Live dysentery Sonne vaccine from a spontaneous mutant proved to be practically areactogenic and specifically harmless in oral immunization of children aged from 7 to 13 years, in doses of from 3 to 25 milliard live microbial cells and in single and triple immunization schemes. Weak reactions of the gastro-intestinal tract were noted with the same frequency (1.7%) in children immunized with the vaccine and in children given placebo (2.2%). There proved to be a significant increase in the serum of the immunized persons of the level of specific hemagglutinins, and also of the IgA-and IgM-titers in 82% of the persons vaccinated; they persisted at a high level for 2 months. The appearance of IgA-antibodies in high titres in the persons vaccinated orally pointed to a marked local and general immunological activity of the live dysentery Sonne vaccine from the spontaneous mutant processing the capacity to survive in the intestine of children for a long time.", "PMID": 324177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9149", "title": "[Quantitative characteristics of the T- and B-systems of immunity in healthy persons of different age groups].", "content": "The authors carried out a complex immunomorphological study of the peripheral blood lymphocytes in 160 healthy persons of different age groups. The tests of spontaneous and complementary rosette formation of lymphocyte blasttransformation with PHA were used, assessing it by the H3-thymidine incorporation, lymphocyte straining by Coon's direct and indirect methods for detection of surface immunoglobulin receptors; G, A, and M immunoglobulins blood serum content was studied by Mancini's method. Mean indices characterizing the T- and B-populations of lymphocytes in persons of different age were calculated on the basis of these studies.", "contents": "[Quantitative characteristics of the T- and B-systems of immunity in healthy persons of different age groups]. The authors carried out a complex immunomorphological study of the peripheral blood lymphocytes in 160 healthy persons of different age groups. The tests of spontaneous and complementary rosette formation of lymphocyte blasttransformation with PHA were used, assessing it by the H3-thymidine incorporation, lymphocyte straining by Coon's direct and indirect methods for detection of surface immunoglobulin receptors; G, A, and M immunoglobulins blood serum content was studied by Mancini's method. Mean indices characterizing the T- and B-populations of lymphocytes in persons of different age were calculated on the basis of these studies.", "PMID": 324179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9150", "title": "[Study of streptococcal L forms in the scanning electron microscope. II. Dynamics of the development of structural elements of L colonies at different stages of growth].", "content": "The method of scanning electron microscopy showed that the L-colonies of streptococcus were formed by the spherical structures 0.1--1.5 micronm in diameter, elements of polygonal shape (large bodies) 10--30 micronm in size, filamentous structures 01--7 micronm in diameter and structureless matrix. A regular replacement of one form by another was observed in the process of the L-colonies development. Thus, the spherical elements appeared in the lag-phase, and polygonal elements were found mostly at the initial stages of the L-colonies formation; as to the filamentous structures -- they were present at all the developmental stages, but their diameter increased, and their structure and number changed at different growth phases. The spherical elements of the L-colonies formed evenly both on the structureless depth matrix of the colonies, on the filamentous structures in the form of buds on the \"large bodies\", and the disintegration of the latter. The role of the filamentous structures in the development of the L-colonies is discussed.", "contents": "[Study of streptococcal L forms in the scanning electron microscope. II. Dynamics of the development of structural elements of L colonies at different stages of growth]. The method of scanning electron microscopy showed that the L-colonies of streptococcus were formed by the spherical structures 0.1--1.5 micronm in diameter, elements of polygonal shape (large bodies) 10--30 micronm in size, filamentous structures 01--7 micronm in diameter and structureless matrix. A regular replacement of one form by another was observed in the process of the L-colonies development. Thus, the spherical elements appeared in the lag-phase, and polygonal elements were found mostly at the initial stages of the L-colonies formation; as to the filamentous structures -- they were present at all the developmental stages, but their diameter increased, and their structure and number changed at different growth phases. The spherical elements of the L-colonies formed evenly both on the structureless depth matrix of the colonies, on the filamentous structures in the form of buds on the \"large bodies\", and the disintegration of the latter. The role of the filamentous structures in the development of the L-colonies is discussed.", "PMID": 324182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9151", "title": "[Hyaluronic capsule as one of the factors of hemolytic streptococcal pathogenicity].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on albino mice. It was shown that treatment of streptococci with testicular hyaluronidase or a single administration of the enzyme to infected animals failed to inhibit the infectious process. Injection of hyaluronidase solution to every 3 or 4 hours depressed the development of the process and increased the percentage of survived animals during its first stages. A marked intensification of the hyaluronidase action inhibiting the infectious process was observed under conditions of a moderately active or passive immunity and also in the case of preliminary treatment of streptococci with homologous immune serum. The data obtained permit to regard the hyaluronic capsule in the hemolytic streptococci as one of the pathogenicity factors of this microbial species providing survival of the causative agent after its entrance into the macroorganism.", "contents": "[Hyaluronic capsule as one of the factors of hemolytic streptococcal pathogenicity]. Experiments were conducted on albino mice. It was shown that treatment of streptococci with testicular hyaluronidase or a single administration of the enzyme to infected animals failed to inhibit the infectious process. Injection of hyaluronidase solution to every 3 or 4 hours depressed the development of the process and increased the percentage of survived animals during its first stages. A marked intensification of the hyaluronidase action inhibiting the infectious process was observed under conditions of a moderately active or passive immunity and also in the case of preliminary treatment of streptococci with homologous immune serum. The data obtained permit to regard the hyaluronic capsule in the hemolytic streptococci as one of the pathogenicity factors of this microbial species providing survival of the causative agent after its entrance into the macroorganism.", "PMID": 324183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9152", "title": "[Interaction of group A streptococci with a culture of HEp-2 cells].", "content": "An initial stage of the interaction of the virulent (matt) and avirulent (glossy) strains of group A streptococcus with the human epithelial tissue (Hep-2) was studied. M+ and M- variants of three strains of group A streptococcus belonging to serological types 2 and 4 possessed different biological activity against the Hep-2 epithelial cells in the monolayer. M+-variant actively affected the great majority of the cells of the monolayer, multiplied of their surface and formed microcolonies. M--variant affected only an insignificant number of cells and failed to multiply on them. In difference from M+-streptococci, the activity of M+-variants is explained by their capacity to adhere to the surface of the animal cells irreversibly. This process started immediately and terminated by 1 1/2 hours of the microbial incubation in vitro with the Hep-2 monolayer. Trypsin treatment of M+-streptococci sharply diminished their capacity to adhesion, this apparently being the result of M-protein digestion. The data presented point to the important role played by M-protein in the phenomenon of the streptococci adhesion to the epithelial cells.", "contents": "[Interaction of group A streptococci with a culture of HEp-2 cells]. An initial stage of the interaction of the virulent (matt) and avirulent (glossy) strains of group A streptococcus with the human epithelial tissue (Hep-2) was studied. M+ and M- variants of three strains of group A streptococcus belonging to serological types 2 and 4 possessed different biological activity against the Hep-2 epithelial cells in the monolayer. M+-variant actively affected the great majority of the cells of the monolayer, multiplied of their surface and formed microcolonies. M--variant affected only an insignificant number of cells and failed to multiply on them. In difference from M+-streptococci, the activity of M+-variants is explained by their capacity to adhere to the surface of the animal cells irreversibly. This process started immediately and terminated by 1 1/2 hours of the microbial incubation in vitro with the Hep-2 monolayer. Trypsin treatment of M+-streptococci sharply diminished their capacity to adhesion, this apparently being the result of M-protein digestion. The data presented point to the important role played by M-protein in the phenomenon of the streptococci adhesion to the epithelial cells.", "PMID": 324184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9153", "title": "[Increasing the non-specific resistance of animals to pathogenic E. coli with preparations of RNA].", "content": "Yeast RNA and sodium nucleinate considerably increased the nonsusceptibility of mice to pathogenic escherichia and typhoid salmonellae. Ineffective single nucleonate doses created an intense resistance in repeated use; prolonged application was not accompanied by the appearance of tolerance to the preparation. The principal mechanism of the induced phenomenon consisted in the intensification of the bacterial elimination and the endotoxin detoxification chiefly realized by the activity of the mobile phagocytes.", "contents": "[Increasing the non-specific resistance of animals to pathogenic E. coli with preparations of RNA]. Yeast RNA and sodium nucleinate considerably increased the nonsusceptibility of mice to pathogenic escherichia and typhoid salmonellae. Ineffective single nucleonate doses created an intense resistance in repeated use; prolonged application was not accompanied by the appearance of tolerance to the preparation. The principal mechanism of the induced phenomenon consisted in the intensification of the bacterial elimination and the endotoxin detoxification chiefly realized by the activity of the mobile phagocytes.", "PMID": 324185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9154", "title": "[Experimental study of the pulmonary form of plague, tularemia and pseudotuberculosis].", "content": "There was revealed a regular reduction of plague, tularemia and pseudotuberculosis bacteria count in the lungs of guinea pigs the first 12 hours after aerosol infection. Generalization of the infectious process and associated septicemia occurred in pulmonary plague and pulmonary tularemia on the 1st-2nd day, and in pulmonary pseudotuberculosis - on the 4th-5th day. Limits of accumulation of the causative agents in the organs and the blood at various stages of the infectious process were established.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the pulmonary form of plague, tularemia and pseudotuberculosis]. There was revealed a regular reduction of plague, tularemia and pseudotuberculosis bacteria count in the lungs of guinea pigs the first 12 hours after aerosol infection. Generalization of the infectious process and associated septicemia occurred in pulmonary plague and pulmonary tularemia on the 1st-2nd day, and in pulmonary pseudotuberculosis - on the 4th-5th day. Limits of accumulation of the causative agents in the organs and the blood at various stages of the infectious process were established.", "PMID": 324187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9155", "title": "[Characteristics of the virulence of a strain of S. typhimurium and its glycerin mutant in a HEp-2 cell line model].", "content": "Sensitivity of the HEp-2 cell culture to the infection with the virulent salmonella strains was shown; active penetration and multiplication of bacteria in the monolayer cells indicated this. Gly 90, a glycerine mutant defective by glycerokinase, obtained under the action of ethylmethanesulphonate, displayed a distinct difference from the initial virulent strains of salmonella by decreased invasive properties and the absence of any capacity to multiplication in the epithelial cells. The data on the avirulence of the glycerine mutant obtained on a model in vitro confirmed the observations carried out in vivo in intraperitoneal infection of albino mice (LD50 = 1-10(7) cells) and in keratoconjunctival infection of guinea pigs.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the virulence of a strain of S. typhimurium and its glycerin mutant in a HEp-2 cell line model]. Sensitivity of the HEp-2 cell culture to the infection with the virulent salmonella strains was shown; active penetration and multiplication of bacteria in the monolayer cells indicated this. Gly 90, a glycerine mutant defective by glycerokinase, obtained under the action of ethylmethanesulphonate, displayed a distinct difference from the initial virulent strains of salmonella by decreased invasive properties and the absence of any capacity to multiplication in the epithelial cells. The data on the avirulence of the glycerine mutant obtained on a model in vitro confirmed the observations carried out in vivo in intraperitoneal infection of albino mice (LD50 = 1-10(7) cells) and in keratoconjunctival infection of guinea pigs.", "PMID": 324194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9156", "title": "[Successes in the control of childhood droplet infections in the UkrSSR during the 60 years of Soviet government].", "content": "Marked achievements in reduction of morbidity and mortality from the main child infections were reached as a result of radical social changes during the years of Soviet power improvement of welfare of the population, science development, proper organization of antiepidemic measures, creation of effective prophylactic preparations and mass immunization. Poliomyelitis is practically wiped out in the Republic, diphtheria incidence fell sharply and whooping cough and measles incidence decreased considerably.", "contents": "[Successes in the control of childhood droplet infections in the UkrSSR during the 60 years of Soviet government]. Marked achievements in reduction of morbidity and mortality from the main child infections were reached as a result of radical social changes during the years of Soviet power improvement of welfare of the population, science development, proper organization of antiepidemic measures, creation of effective prophylactic preparations and mass immunization. Poliomyelitis is practically wiped out in the Republic, diphtheria incidence fell sharply and whooping cough and measles incidence decreased considerably.", "PMID": 324196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9157", "title": "[Immune response of rats of inbred strains to the polysaccharide of group A streptococci].", "content": "Immune response to polysaccharide of group A streptococcus was studied in rats of inbred strains MCY, VAG and August. Pure antibodies to beta-N-acetylglucosamine were isolated; their chromatography (by affinity) was conducted, and the content of the molecules of the IgG and IgM classes was established in each antibody fraction. Interlinear differences were revealed by each of the signs under study, this pointing to the role of genetic factors in the formation of antibodies to polysaccharide of group A streptococcus.", "contents": "[Immune response of rats of inbred strains to the polysaccharide of group A streptococci]. Immune response to polysaccharide of group A streptococcus was studied in rats of inbred strains MCY, VAG and August. Pure antibodies to beta-N-acetylglucosamine were isolated; their chromatography (by affinity) was conducted, and the content of the molecules of the IgG and IgM classes was established in each antibody fraction. Interlinear differences were revealed by each of the signs under study, this pointing to the role of genetic factors in the formation of antibodies to polysaccharide of group A streptococcus.", "PMID": 324197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9158", "title": "[Experimental evaluation of a double-layer anastomosis of the large bowel in the dog following irradiation].", "content": "In our experiments on dogs we study the influence of irradiation on large bowel surgery. 24 dogs were divided in two groups: the control and the irradiated group. The dogs were irradiated and after 4 months the resections of 5 cm of the irradiated large intestine was performed. We used single and double layer anastomosis. Two weeks after the operation the dogs were sacrified and morphological, tensiometric and histological studies were applied to the operated and irradiated large intestine. Conclusion of our experiments is the statement, that the single layer intestinal suture satisfies in a greater degree the requirements of an ideal suture in the irradiated bowel than the double layer intestinal suture.", "contents": "[Experimental evaluation of a double-layer anastomosis of the large bowel in the dog following irradiation]. In our experiments on dogs we study the influence of irradiation on large bowel surgery. 24 dogs were divided in two groups: the control and the irradiated group. The dogs were irradiated and after 4 months the resections of 5 cm of the irradiated large intestine was performed. We used single and double layer anastomosis. Two weeks after the operation the dogs were sacrified and morphological, tensiometric and histological studies were applied to the operated and irradiated large intestine. Conclusion of our experiments is the statement, that the single layer intestinal suture satisfies in a greater degree the requirements of an ideal suture in the irradiated bowel than the double layer intestinal suture.", "PMID": 324203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9159", "title": "[Combined stereotaxic surgery (methodologic remarks)].", "content": "The experience in stereotaxic operations performed in two neurosurgical institutions (Madras, India, and Bratislava, CSSR) indicated that an important part of them were combined interventions. From a methodological point of view the stereotaxic operations can be classified as one- and multi-stage, symmetrical, asymmetrical and unilateral procedures. A stereotaxic intervention differs from the traditional concept of an operation that is expected to lead to a recovery after a single procedure. Stereotaxic treatment, as a rule, comprises a succession of such interventions that form the strategy of the whole therapy.", "contents": "[Combined stereotaxic surgery (methodologic remarks)]. The experience in stereotaxic operations performed in two neurosurgical institutions (Madras, India, and Bratislava, CSSR) indicated that an important part of them were combined interventions. From a methodological point of view the stereotaxic operations can be classified as one- and multi-stage, symmetrical, asymmetrical and unilateral procedures. A stereotaxic intervention differs from the traditional concept of an operation that is expected to lead to a recovery after a single procedure. Stereotaxic treatment, as a rule, comprises a succession of such interventions that form the strategy of the whole therapy.", "PMID": 324199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9160", "title": "[Pancreatic injuries].", "content": "Within a constant increase in the number of injured in the last ten years a significant rise in the number of abdominal injuries has been noticeable. From 1,2% of ten years ago, abdomeninal injuries have risen to 4,6% of the total number of treated patients. While in earlier years pancreatic injuries were a rarity, in 1974 there were six patients with an injury to the pancreas due to either a blunt or penetranting wound of the abdomen. Out of altogether (21) treated patients only in one was an isolated injury to the pancreas found. We have never been able to recognise with certainty the injury to the pancreas with clinical methods, but only surgical exploration enabled us to make an accurate diagnosis. In all surgically treated pancreatic injuries a suture of the capsule of the pancreas was done after d\u00e9bridement and minute hemostasis. Only in one case of complete transversal rupture of the corpus we decided upon a resection and a blind closure of the truncus. The site of the injury was obligatorily repeatedly drained in order to remove pancreatic secretions from the abdominal cavity. Out of the total number of patients surgically operated were 12, of whom 7 died. Other patients could not be operated upon because of the traumatic shock, so that pancreatic traumas in these patients were discovered at a postmortem examination.", "contents": "[Pancreatic injuries]. Within a constant increase in the number of injured in the last ten years a significant rise in the number of abdominal injuries has been noticeable. From 1,2% of ten years ago, abdomeninal injuries have risen to 4,6% of the total number of treated patients. While in earlier years pancreatic injuries were a rarity, in 1974 there were six patients with an injury to the pancreas due to either a blunt or penetranting wound of the abdomen. Out of altogether (21) treated patients only in one was an isolated injury to the pancreas found. We have never been able to recognise with certainty the injury to the pancreas with clinical methods, but only surgical exploration enabled us to make an accurate diagnosis. In all surgically treated pancreatic injuries a suture of the capsule of the pancreas was done after d\u00e9bridement and minute hemostasis. Only in one case of complete transversal rupture of the corpus we decided upon a resection and a blind closure of the truncus. The site of the injury was obligatorily repeatedly drained in order to remove pancreatic secretions from the abdominal cavity. Out of the total number of patients surgically operated were 12, of whom 7 died. Other patients could not be operated upon because of the traumatic shock, so that pancreatic traumas in these patients were discovered at a postmortem examination.", "PMID": 324208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9161", "title": "[The use of mesh skin grafts in wide-spread deep burns].", "content": "The author discusses the problem of the treatment of wide-spread deep burns by describing different procedures, the history of the use of mesh skin grafts, a comparison with micrografts, tehnicalities in these procedures, the equipment used, indications, and the results. Optimum results obtained by mesh grafts in combination with early tangential excisions, as a further step in a quicker and more successful treatment of wide-spread deep burns, are pointed out.", "contents": "[The use of mesh skin grafts in wide-spread deep burns]. The author discusses the problem of the treatment of wide-spread deep burns by describing different procedures, the history of the use of mesh skin grafts, a comparison with micrografts, tehnicalities in these procedures, the equipment used, indications, and the results. Optimum results obtained by mesh grafts in combination with early tangential excisions, as a further step in a quicker and more successful treatment of wide-spread deep burns, are pointed out.", "PMID": 324209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9162", "title": "[Our experiences in the treatment of burns using the technic of early necrectomy].", "content": "In the last 10 years there were enough oppositions as regards time when to undertake surgical treatment. The tendency existed that the operation should be undertaken earlier. Tangentional excision and immediate covering of transplantations for deep dermal burns and burns the full thickness of the skin is surely the right method. Our work on 123 cases during the last six years treated in this method, that is with the early closing of the wound, resulted in abbreviating the treatment and providing as better functional and aesthetical sight.", "contents": "[Our experiences in the treatment of burns using the technic of early necrectomy]. In the last 10 years there were enough oppositions as regards time when to undertake surgical treatment. The tendency existed that the operation should be undertaken earlier. Tangentional excision and immediate covering of transplantations for deep dermal burns and burns the full thickness of the skin is surely the right method. Our work on 123 cases during the last six years treated in this method, that is with the early closing of the wound, resulted in abbreviating the treatment and providing as better functional and aesthetical sight.", "PMID": 324211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9163", "title": "Noradrenergic mechanisms in hemorrhagic shock of the rat.", "content": "The effects of hemorrhagic shock on the noradrenergic nerves of the rat were studied. Fluorescence microscopy of these nerves combined with biochemical determination of noradrenaline revealed a highly selective activation of certain adrenergic nerves, especially the nerves of the arterioli. Under the present experimental conditions transmitter mechanisms such as uptake and release of noradrenaline were not severely impaired by shock.", "contents": "Noradrenergic mechanisms in hemorrhagic shock of the rat. The effects of hemorrhagic shock on the noradrenergic nerves of the rat were studied. Fluorescence microscopy of these nerves combined with biochemical determination of noradrenaline revealed a highly selective activation of certain adrenergic nerves, especially the nerves of the arterioli. Under the present experimental conditions transmitter mechanisms such as uptake and release of noradrenaline were not severely impaired by shock.", "PMID": 324213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9164", "title": "Pituitary gonadotrophin secretion during the first weeks of pregnancy.", "content": "A longitudinal study of basal plasma LH and FSH and their responses to 25 microng LRH iv as well as basal levels of oestradiol, progesterone, prolatin and HCG was performed every week in 3 women, pregnant after heterologous insemination, from conception until the 6th week of gestation. A comparative study was carried out in 7 women in cycles in which no conception occurred after insemination. All hormones were assayed with radioimmunoassay. LH was measured with a specific assay for native HL, which did not cross-react with HCG. A decrease in basal levels of LH and FSH as well as decreasing responses to LRH was found during the first 2 weeks of gestation. These changes did not differ from what was observed during the luteal phase in the non-conception cycles. One week later the basal FSH levels and the FSH response in the pregnant women showed a further decrease, while in the non-pregnant women, now reaching the early follicular phase, a rise in FSH basal levels occurred. The basal levels of LH and the LH response, however, did not differ from that found in the non-pregnant woment at this time. FSH basal levels remained below the lower normal limit in eumenorrhoic women from the 3rd week of gestation. By this time the FSH response was almost completely inhibited. The LH basal levels, however, remained above the lower normal limit in eumenorrhoic women, but the LH response to LRH progressively decrease and was completely inhibited by the 5th week of gestation. In the non-conception cycles the LH response varied with the levels of oestradiol in plasma. This was not found in the pregnant women as the decrease in gonadotrophin response occurred while oestradiol remained at mid-cycle levels during the first 4 weeks of gestation. Rather it seems that the increasing and continuously elevated level of progesterone, in the presence of appropriate levels of oestradiol, might be the main go nadal steroid responsible for the diminishing pituitary secretion. The contribution of HCG to the further decrease in gonadotrophin secretion after the 2nd week of pregnancy cannot be answered by the present studies. Prolactin remained at non-pregnant levels until the 6th week of gestation, and appeared to have no influence on the secretion of gonadotrophins during early pregnancy.", "contents": "Pituitary gonadotrophin secretion during the first weeks of pregnancy. A longitudinal study of basal plasma LH and FSH and their responses to 25 microng LRH iv as well as basal levels of oestradiol, progesterone, prolatin and HCG was performed every week in 3 women, pregnant after heterologous insemination, from conception until the 6th week of gestation. A comparative study was carried out in 7 women in cycles in which no conception occurred after insemination. All hormones were assayed with radioimmunoassay. LH was measured with a specific assay for native HL, which did not cross-react with HCG. A decrease in basal levels of LH and FSH as well as decreasing responses to LRH was found during the first 2 weeks of gestation. These changes did not differ from what was observed during the luteal phase in the non-conception cycles. One week later the basal FSH levels and the FSH response in the pregnant women showed a further decrease, while in the non-pregnant women, now reaching the early follicular phase, a rise in FSH basal levels occurred. The basal levels of LH and the LH response, however, did not differ from that found in the non-pregnant woment at this time. FSH basal levels remained below the lower normal limit in eumenorrhoic women from the 3rd week of gestation. By this time the FSH response was almost completely inhibited. The LH basal levels, however, remained above the lower normal limit in eumenorrhoic women, but the LH response to LRH progressively decrease and was completely inhibited by the 5th week of gestation. In the non-conception cycles the LH response varied with the levels of oestradiol in plasma. This was not found in the pregnant women as the decrease in gonadotrophin response occurred while oestradiol remained at mid-cycle levels during the first 4 weeks of gestation. Rather it seems that the increasing and continuously elevated level of progesterone, in the presence of appropriate levels of oestradiol, might be the main go nadal steroid responsible for the diminishing pituitary secretion. The contribution of HCG to the further decrease in gonadotrophin secretion after the 2nd week of pregnancy cannot be answered by the present studies. Prolactin remained at non-pregnant levels until the 6th week of gestation, and appeared to have no influence on the secretion of gonadotrophins during early pregnancy.", "PMID": 324219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9165", "title": "Clearance of viable Calmette-Gu\u00e8rin bacillus by the in vitro isolated and perfused rat liver.", "content": "Liver efficiency in clearing circulating BCG (Clamette-Gu\u00e8rin bacillus) was studied using the isolated rat liver. Bacteria were added to the perfusate at a concentration of 1 X 10(6) cells/ml, and the medium was then sampled at subsequent intervals for 6 hours in 2 perfusions and for 1 hour in 7 perfusions. At the end of all perfusions, liver and bile samples were obtained and used for viable bacterial counts. For each perfusion the bactericidal activity which might have been exerted by serum present in the perfusate was also investigated. About 95% of BCG disappeared from the perfusate after 6 hours of perfusions, and 90% after 1 hour. Recovery of viable bacteria in the liver at 60 minutes averaged 80% of the inoculum. Recovery in bile was negligible. Control experiments indicated that extrahepatic factors in possible reduction of bacterial concentration in the perfusate did not interfere with hepatic removal, per se.", "contents": "Clearance of viable Calmette-Gu\u00e8rin bacillus by the in vitro isolated and perfused rat liver. Liver efficiency in clearing circulating BCG (Clamette-Gu\u00e8rin bacillus) was studied using the isolated rat liver. Bacteria were added to the perfusate at a concentration of 1 X 10(6) cells/ml, and the medium was then sampled at subsequent intervals for 6 hours in 2 perfusions and for 1 hour in 7 perfusions. At the end of all perfusions, liver and bile samples were obtained and used for viable bacterial counts. For each perfusion the bactericidal activity which might have been exerted by serum present in the perfusate was also investigated. About 95% of BCG disappeared from the perfusate after 6 hours of perfusions, and 90% after 1 hour. Recovery of viable bacteria in the liver at 60 minutes averaged 80% of the inoculum. Recovery in bile was negligible. Control experiments indicated that extrahepatic factors in possible reduction of bacterial concentration in the perfusate did not interfere with hepatic removal, per se.", "PMID": 324220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9166", "title": "Computer analysis of atypical urothelial cells. I. Classification by supervised learning algorithms.", "content": "Computer discrimination of atypical (ATY) urothelial cells from the urinary sediment by means of supervised learning algorithms discoled that these cells form a distinct, although ill-defined, family of cells which differs from normal (NEG) and malignant (POS) cell groups. The clinical significance of this observation must await long-term clinical follow-up. The possibility of issuing computer displays on individual patients with possible diagnostic and prognostic implications is discussed.", "contents": "Computer analysis of atypical urothelial cells. I. Classification by supervised learning algorithms. Computer discrimination of atypical (ATY) urothelial cells from the urinary sediment by means of supervised learning algorithms discoled that these cells form a distinct, although ill-defined, family of cells which differs from normal (NEG) and malignant (POS) cell groups. The clinical significance of this observation must await long-term clinical follow-up. The possibility of issuing computer displays on individual patients with possible diagnostic and prognostic implications is discussed.", "PMID": 324216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9167", "title": "Effects of lymphokines on fibrinolysis and kinin generation in human plasma.", "content": "Supernatants from Con-A-stimulated human lymphocytes containing leukocyte migration inhibitory factor, skin reactive factor and procoagulant activities were tested for their effect on fibrinolysis and kinin generation. The supernatants of stimulated lymphocytes activated the fibrinolysis and generated kinin in human plasma. These results are discussed from the aspect of cell-mediated (type IV) immune inflammation.", "contents": "Effects of lymphokines on fibrinolysis and kinin generation in human plasma. Supernatants from Con-A-stimulated human lymphocytes containing leukocyte migration inhibitory factor, skin reactive factor and procoagulant activities were tested for their effect on fibrinolysis and kinin generation. The supernatants of stimulated lymphocytes activated the fibrinolysis and generated kinin in human plasma. These results are discussed from the aspect of cell-mediated (type IV) immune inflammation.", "PMID": 324222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9168", "title": "Phase microscope study of the giant cells from the normal testes of  the Indian hedgehog, Paraechinus micropus.", "content": "The phase-optic study of the germinal cells from the testes of the hedgehog, a seasonally breeding mammal, reveals the multinucleate giant cells in the natural state in late August, at the beginning of winter regression without subjecting these animals to any type of experimental stress. The participation of primary spermatocytes and spermatogonia, in addition to spermatids, in the formation of these giant cells has been observed. The nuclei at similar stage of spermatogenesis are identifiable in a single giant cell. The possible mechanism of their formation is discussed.", "contents": "Phase microscope study of the giant cells from the normal testes of  the Indian hedgehog, Paraechinus micropus. The phase-optic study of the germinal cells from the testes of the hedgehog, a seasonally breeding mammal, reveals the multinucleate giant cells in the natural state in late August, at the beginning of winter regression without subjecting these animals to any type of experimental stress. The participation of primary spermatocytes and spermatogonia, in addition to spermatids, in the formation of these giant cells has been observed. The nuclei at similar stage of spermatogenesis are identifiable in a single giant cell. The possible mechanism of their formation is discussed.", "PMID": 324224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9169", "title": "A simple method for demonstrating cells in the cerebrospinal fluid by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A combination of forced sedimentation and air-drying has been used to prepare cerebrospinal fluid cells for scanning electron microscopy. On the basis of surface morphology, the similarity of CSF cells to blood cells is emphasized. Various types of cells were demonstrated in bacterial meningitis, multiple sclerosis and CNS leukemia.", "contents": "A simple method for demonstrating cells in the cerebrospinal fluid by scanning electron microscopy. A combination of forced sedimentation and air-drying has been used to prepare cerebrospinal fluid cells for scanning electron microscopy. On the basis of surface morphology, the similarity of CSF cells to blood cells is emphasized. Various types of cells were demonstrated in bacterial meningitis, multiple sclerosis and CNS leukemia.", "PMID": 324218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9170", "title": "The contractile nature of the tubular-like cells of the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule in male mice. An immunochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "The tubule-like cells (TLC) of the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule of the renal corpuscle in normal male mice are provided with bundles of thin microfilaments (50-70 A). Moreover, the ultrastructural observations demonstrated that similar thin filaments (50-70 A) are located in the flattened cells of the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule and in the tubular cells. All the above cells bind antimyosin-like antibodies. Considering the correspondence between the immunochemical and ultrastructural findings, it is suggested that the microfilaments located in TLC contain a 'myosin-like' protein.", "contents": "The contractile nature of the tubular-like cells of the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule in male mice. An immunochemical and ultrastructural study. The tubule-like cells (TLC) of the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule of the renal corpuscle in normal male mice are provided with bundles of thin microfilaments (50-70 A). Moreover, the ultrastructural observations demonstrated that similar thin filaments (50-70 A) are located in the flattened cells of the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule and in the tubular cells. All the above cells bind antimyosin-like antibodies. Considering the correspondence between the immunochemical and ultrastructural findings, it is suggested that the microfilaments located in TLC contain a 'myosin-like' protein.", "PMID": 324225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9171", "title": "[Experimental analysis of cardiac regulation in the chick embryo].", "content": "Homochronous homografts of prospective cardiac area labeled with 3H thymidine have been carried out in chicken embryos at stages 5 and 6 of Hamburger and Hamilton. It has been observed how a heart tube or a vesicle, sometimes contractile, is developed by the graft. This vesicle, which is partly joined or not joined, to the receptor's heart, is always in close dependence on the pharynx normogenesis.", "contents": "[Experimental analysis of cardiac regulation in the chick embryo]. Homochronous homografts of prospective cardiac area labeled with 3H thymidine have been carried out in chicken embryos at stages 5 and 6 of Hamburger and Hamilton. It has been observed how a heart tube or a vesicle, sometimes contractile, is developed by the graft. This vesicle, which is partly joined or not joined, to the receptor's heart, is always in close dependence on the pharynx normogenesis.", "PMID": 324226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9172", "title": "Type II Arnold-Chiari malformation with normal spine in trisomy 18.", "content": "A variety of anomalies of the central nervous system are observed in trisomy 18. The present case describes an infant having a type II Arnold-Chiari malformation without spina bifida. One previous case of an Arnold-Chiari malformation was reported in trisomy 18 but that infant also had a lumbar meningomyelocoele. Abnormalities of cerebral gyration, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the corpus callosum were also found in the present case.", "contents": "Type II Arnold-Chiari malformation with normal spine in trisomy 18. A variety of anomalies of the central nervous system are observed in trisomy 18. The present case describes an infant having a type II Arnold-Chiari malformation without spina bifida. One previous case of an Arnold-Chiari malformation was reported in trisomy 18 but that infant also had a lumbar meningomyelocoele. Abnormalities of cerebral gyration, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the corpus callosum were also found in the present case.", "PMID": 324229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9173", "title": "The suppression of puerperal lactation with bromocryptine.", "content": "The therapeutic value of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine for the suppression of puerperal lactation was studied in 30 normal women; 16 received the drug, 14 were controls. In six women plasma levels of FSH, oestradiol and alpha-lactalbulmin were measured in labour and in the early puerperium. Brom-ergocryptine was found effectively to suppress milk production and alleviate breast pain and congestion, with no side effects and minimum rebound lactation. The inverse relationship between prolactin and FSH levels reported elsewhere in non-pregnant women did not appear to occur in the early postpartum period. Although there was a significant rise in alpha-lactalbumin levels in labour and the puerperium over non-pregnant levels, there was no difference between lactating and non-lactating women.", "contents": "The suppression of puerperal lactation with bromocryptine. The therapeutic value of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine for the suppression of puerperal lactation was studied in 30 normal women; 16 received the drug, 14 were controls. In six women plasma levels of FSH, oestradiol and alpha-lactalbulmin were measured in labour and in the early puerperium. Brom-ergocryptine was found effectively to suppress milk production and alleviate breast pain and congestion, with no side effects and minimum rebound lactation. The inverse relationship between prolactin and FSH levels reported elsewhere in non-pregnant women did not appear to occur in the early postpartum period. Although there was a significant rise in alpha-lactalbumin levels in labour and the puerperium over non-pregnant levels, there was no difference between lactating and non-lactating women.", "PMID": 324230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9174", "title": "An autopsy case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with kuru-like neuropathological changes.", "content": "An autopsy case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with Kuru-like neuropathological changes which revealed clinically extrapyramidal, pyramidal and psychic symptoms is presented in this report. On microscopic examination, status spongiosus, neuronal degeneration, proliferation of hypertrophic astrocytes and numerous plaques were observed in the cerebrum and cerebellum accompanied with widespread demyelinization. These plaques which suggested Kuru plaques measuring 10 to 60 micron were strongly PAS positive and had a dense central core surrounded by a halo of fine radially arranged fibrils. As for the relationship between Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Kuru, the significance of these morphological changes is discussed.", "contents": "An autopsy case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with kuru-like neuropathological changes. An autopsy case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with Kuru-like neuropathological changes which revealed clinically extrapyramidal, pyramidal and psychic symptoms is presented in this report. On microscopic examination, status spongiosus, neuronal degeneration, proliferation of hypertrophic astrocytes and numerous plaques were observed in the cerebrum and cerebellum accompanied with widespread demyelinization. These plaques which suggested Kuru plaques measuring 10 to 60 micron were strongly PAS positive and had a dense central core surrounded by a halo of fine radially arranged fibrils. As for the relationship between Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Kuru, the significance of these morphological changes is discussed.", "PMID": 324234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9175", "title": "Effects of ampicillin on intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate in bacterial cultures related to antibiotic susceptibility.", "content": "Short time effects of ampicillin on viability and levels of intracellular ATP were studied in bacterial cultures and a close relationship between intracellular ATP levels and viability was demonstrated. The connection between the effects observed and MIC values is discussed. The possibility of using the phenomenon for rapid antibioitc susceptibility testing was studied in clinical isolates incubated for 2 hours followed by luciferase assay of intracellular ATP. A positive correlation was demonstrated between ampicillin-induced decreases in intracellular ATP and inhibitory zone diameters, as measured by the agar diffusion technique.", "contents": "Effects of ampicillin on intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate in bacterial cultures related to antibiotic susceptibility. Short time effects of ampicillin on viability and levels of intracellular ATP were studied in bacterial cultures and a close relationship between intracellular ATP levels and viability was demonstrated. The connection between the effects observed and MIC values is discussed. The possibility of using the phenomenon for rapid antibioitc susceptibility testing was studied in clinical isolates incubated for 2 hours followed by luciferase assay of intracellular ATP. A positive correlation was demonstrated between ampicillin-induced decreases in intracellular ATP and inhibitory zone diameters, as measured by the agar diffusion technique.", "PMID": 324235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9176", "title": "Effect of experimental trichinosis on unrelated humoral and cell mediated immunity.", "content": "Immune responses to unrelated antigens were studied during the course of Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. A transitory depression of the IgM response to the thymus dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes, was seen three weeks after infection and this effect was more pronounced after challenge. A depression of the IgG response also was observed, however, not until 6 weeks after infection. The humoral response to the thymus independent antigen, polyvinyl pyrrolidone showed a slight increase which was most evident in challenged mice. The nonspecific cellular immune response, as measured by the split heart allograft technique, showed a profound and longlasting depression. This effect was mot pronounced one week after inoculation, when the parasite resides mainly in the intestine. The time at which the nonspecific cellular immunity was most depressed coincides with the period of strong specific cell mediated immunity. It is also shown that experimental trichinosis in CBA mice is accompanied by profound but transient changes in the thymus reflected mainly as a depletion of cortical thymocytes. These changes were not due to corticosteroids or malnutrition. There is reason to believe that thymic depletion is of significance for the depressed antibody response, but not for the prolonged survival of allografts. These findings indicate that T. spiralis affects the nonspecific immunity at different levels.", "contents": "Effect of experimental trichinosis on unrelated humoral and cell mediated immunity. Immune responses to unrelated antigens were studied during the course of Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. A transitory depression of the IgM response to the thymus dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes, was seen three weeks after infection and this effect was more pronounced after challenge. A depression of the IgG response also was observed, however, not until 6 weeks after infection. The humoral response to the thymus independent antigen, polyvinyl pyrrolidone showed a slight increase which was most evident in challenged mice. The nonspecific cellular immune response, as measured by the split heart allograft technique, showed a profound and longlasting depression. This effect was mot pronounced one week after inoculation, when the parasite resides mainly in the intestine. The time at which the nonspecific cellular immunity was most depressed coincides with the period of strong specific cell mediated immunity. It is also shown that experimental trichinosis in CBA mice is accompanied by profound but transient changes in the thymus reflected mainly as a depletion of cortical thymocytes. These changes were not due to corticosteroids or malnutrition. There is reason to believe that thymic depletion is of significance for the depressed antibody response, but not for the prolonged survival of allografts. These findings indicate that T. spiralis affects the nonspecific immunity at different levels.", "PMID": 324236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9177", "title": "Antiparkinsonian agents and long-term neuroleptic treatment. Effect of G 31.406, orphenadrine, and placebo on parkinsonism, schizophrenic symptoms, depression and anxiety.", "content": "The need for medication with anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drugs was examined in 118 schizophrenic patients under long-term neuroleptic treatment. It was found that 1) none of 18 patients under treatment with low mg potency neuroleptics (chlorprothixene, clozapine, and thioridazine) had any need for anticholinergics; 2) of 60 patients under treatment with short-acting high mg potency neuroleptics (perphenazine greater than 16 mg daily and haloperidol greater than 2 mg daily) nine patients (15%) required medication with anticholinergics, whereas 3) of 40 patients under treatment with long-acting (depot) neuroleptics, 17 (43%) had a need for anticholinergic medication; and 4) no patient factors predisposing to the need for continued antiparkinsonian treatment could be identified. In an additional double-blind cross-over study of 12 patients presenting persisting neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism, it was found that G 31.406 (a new potentially antiparkinsonian drug), compared with placebo, had an antiparkinsonian effect (P less than 0.01) as well as an antidepressant effect (P less than 0.05). G 31.406 resulted in an improvement in anxiety and schizophrenia-score in some patients. Compared with placebo, orphenadrine had a more questionable effect on parkinsonism (0.05 less than P less than 0.01) and no significant effect on mental symptoms. There were no significant differences between the effects of G 31.406 and orphenadrine.", "contents": "Antiparkinsonian agents and long-term neuroleptic treatment. Effect of G 31.406, orphenadrine, and placebo on parkinsonism, schizophrenic symptoms, depression and anxiety. The need for medication with anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drugs was examined in 118 schizophrenic patients under long-term neuroleptic treatment. It was found that 1) none of 18 patients under treatment with low mg potency neuroleptics (chlorprothixene, clozapine, and thioridazine) had any need for anticholinergics; 2) of 60 patients under treatment with short-acting high mg potency neuroleptics (perphenazine greater than 16 mg daily and haloperidol greater than 2 mg daily) nine patients (15%) required medication with anticholinergics, whereas 3) of 40 patients under treatment with long-acting (depot) neuroleptics, 17 (43%) had a need for anticholinergic medication; and 4) no patient factors predisposing to the need for continued antiparkinsonian treatment could be identified. In an additional double-blind cross-over study of 12 patients presenting persisting neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism, it was found that G 31.406 (a new potentially antiparkinsonian drug), compared with placebo, had an antiparkinsonian effect (P less than 0.01) as well as an antidepressant effect (P less than 0.05). G 31.406 resulted in an improvement in anxiety and schizophrenia-score in some patients. Compared with placebo, orphenadrine had a more questionable effect on parkinsonism (0.05 less than P less than 0.01) and no significant effect on mental symptoms. There were no significant differences between the effects of G 31.406 and orphenadrine.", "PMID": 324238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9178", "title": "Antiaggressive effect of lithium ion in man.", "content": "In studies of the psychopharmacology of human aggression, 'aggression' should be related to easily identifiable behavior: angry threats or actual assaults. Aspects of behavior not meeting these criteria but relevant to a study of aggression should be described using appropriate terms such as social dominance, initiative, etc. With these conventions, examination of the heterogeneous literature on lithium treatment of aggression demonstrates that lithium ion exerts an antiaggressive effect in man. A number of hypotheses for the antiaggressive effect are examined using previous studies and new behavioral and biochemical data. It is concluded that the anti-aggressive effect is not due to any of the following: lithium toxicity or side effects; subjective or objective weakness; increased reaction time; reduced coordination or motor performance; frank cognitive deficits; hypothyroidism; reduction of serum testosterone; placebo effect; or underlying manic-depressive illness. Putative \"thymoleptic\" properties of lithium are too ambiguous to constitute an explanation of lithium's actions in man.", "contents": "Antiaggressive effect of lithium ion in man. In studies of the psychopharmacology of human aggression, 'aggression' should be related to easily identifiable behavior: angry threats or actual assaults. Aspects of behavior not meeting these criteria but relevant to a study of aggression should be described using appropriate terms such as social dominance, initiative, etc. With these conventions, examination of the heterogeneous literature on lithium treatment of aggression demonstrates that lithium ion exerts an antiaggressive effect in man. A number of hypotheses for the antiaggressive effect are examined using previous studies and new behavioral and biochemical data. It is concluded that the anti-aggressive effect is not due to any of the following: lithium toxicity or side effects; subjective or objective weakness; increased reaction time; reduced coordination or motor performance; frank cognitive deficits; hypothyroidism; reduction of serum testosterone; placebo effect; or underlying manic-depressive illness. Putative \"thymoleptic\" properties of lithium are too ambiguous to constitute an explanation of lithium's actions in man.", "PMID": 324239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9179", "title": "Angiography in reticulum cell sarcoma.", "content": "Angiography was performed in 14 patients with reticulum cell sarcoma. When located in the retroperitoneal tissues, the spleen or the pancreas, the tumor is hypervascular with encasement of arteries and compression or invasion of veins. Tumors of the kidneys may have a similar appearance. A gastric tumor displays slight abnormalities, mainly hypervascularity, the lesion being better demonstrated by barium examination. A case of reticulum cell sarcoma in the small bowel demonstrated arterial encasement and arteriovenous shunting.", "contents": "Angiography in reticulum cell sarcoma. Angiography was performed in 14 patients with reticulum cell sarcoma. When located in the retroperitoneal tissues, the spleen or the pancreas, the tumor is hypervascular with encasement of arteries and compression or invasion of veins. Tumors of the kidneys may have a similar appearance. A gastric tumor displays slight abnormalities, mainly hypervascularity, the lesion being better demonstrated by barium examination. A case of reticulum cell sarcoma in the small bowel demonstrated arterial encasement and arteriovenous shunting.", "PMID": 324240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9180", "title": "Effect of minoxidil on blood pressure and hemodynamics in severe hypertension.", "content": "Eighteen patients with diastolic hypertension (100 to 120 mm Hg), in addition to propranolol, 160 mg daily, and hydrochlorothiazide, 100 mg daily, received progressively increased doses of either minoxidil or placebo in a double-blind crossover study. With minoxidil (average dose 19.7 mg) blood pressure decreased from 165/109 to 138/89 mm Hg without the appearance of orthostatic hypotension. Hypertrichosis and fluid retention did occur, with an average weight gain of 1.8 kg, concomitant with an increased plasma volume. Pulse rate and cardiac output increased; no significant changes were observed in plasma renin activity, renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate or excretion of catecholamines or aldosterone. Minoxidil appears to be a useful antihypertensive drug for treating patients who do not respond adequately to therapy with diuretic and beta adrenergic blocking agents.", "contents": "Effect of minoxidil on blood pressure and hemodynamics in severe hypertension. Eighteen patients with diastolic hypertension (100 to 120 mm Hg), in addition to propranolol, 160 mg daily, and hydrochlorothiazide, 100 mg daily, received progressively increased doses of either minoxidil or placebo in a double-blind crossover study. With minoxidil (average dose 19.7 mg) blood pressure decreased from 165/109 to 138/89 mm Hg without the appearance of orthostatic hypotension. Hypertrichosis and fluid retention did occur, with an average weight gain of 1.8 kg, concomitant with an increased plasma volume. Pulse rate and cardiac output increased; no significant changes were observed in plasma renin activity, renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate or excretion of catecholamines or aldosterone. Minoxidil appears to be a useful antihypertensive drug for treating patients who do not respond adequately to therapy with diuretic and beta adrenergic blocking agents.", "PMID": 324257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9181", "title": "Sodium intake and furosemide administration in hypertensive patients with renal insufficiency.", "content": "The effects of various levels of sodium intake and loop diuretic (furosemide) administration upon arterial pressure and renal function were studied in 11 patients with impaired renal function and essential hypertension. The patients were hospitalized in a metabolic ward and continued taking their usual antihypertensive medications. After a stabilization period, all patients followed the following regiments for 5 to 7 days: period I, 20 mEq sodium diet without diuretic administration; period II, 80 mEq sodium diet and furosemide, 80 mg daily; and period III, 200 mEq sodium diet and furosemide, 240 mg daily. Supine diastolic pressure was lower (P is less than 0.05) during period II than during period I and both supine and standing systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly lower in period III than in period I (P is less than 0.01). No significant differences in the renal clearance of inulin were noted between any of the study periods. In patients with essential hypertension and impaired renal function, consumption of a moderate or liberal sodium diet combined with administration of a loop diuretic agent (furosemide) appears to result in better control of arterial pressure without significant changes in renal function than does strict sodium restriction without diuretic administration.", "contents": "Sodium intake and furosemide administration in hypertensive patients with renal insufficiency. The effects of various levels of sodium intake and loop diuretic (furosemide) administration upon arterial pressure and renal function were studied in 11 patients with impaired renal function and essential hypertension. The patients were hospitalized in a metabolic ward and continued taking their usual antihypertensive medications. After a stabilization period, all patients followed the following regiments for 5 to 7 days: period I, 20 mEq sodium diet without diuretic administration; period II, 80 mEq sodium diet and furosemide, 80 mg daily; and period III, 200 mEq sodium diet and furosemide, 240 mg daily. Supine diastolic pressure was lower (P is less than 0.05) during period II than during period I and both supine and standing systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly lower in period III than in period I (P is less than 0.01). No significant differences in the renal clearance of inulin were noted between any of the study periods. In patients with essential hypertension and impaired renal function, consumption of a moderate or liberal sodium diet combined with administration of a loop diuretic agent (furosemide) appears to result in better control of arterial pressure without significant changes in renal function than does strict sodium restriction without diuretic administration.", "PMID": 324258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9182", "title": "Improved longevity due to reduction of sudden death by aortocoronary bypass in coronary atherosclerosis.", "content": "To evaluate the efficacy of coronary bypass surgery in reduction of sudden death, the prognosis of 286 similar patients with multivessel coronary stenosis was studied prospectively and the results of medical therapy (Group I, 114 patients) were compared with those of surgical therapy (Group II, 172 patients) after cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriography. During 39 months' evaluation of both groups, mortality from congestive heart failure and noncardiac causes did not differ (Group I, 14 percent; Group II, 8 percent) (P greater than 0.05). Sudden was evaluated in the remaining 217 patients (Group I, 96; Group II, 121 patients) who were matched for age (Group I, 52 years; Group II, 51 years); duration of overt coronary disease (Group I, 3.8 years; Group II, 4.0 years); angina pectoris (Group I, 83 percent; Group II, 95 percent); prior myocardial infarction (Group I, 77 percent; Group II, 74 percent); and congestive heart failure (Group I, 30 percent; Group II, 23 percent) (all P greater than 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of coronary risk factors was the same (P greater than 0.05) in both groups (hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, lipid abnormalities and family history of coronary disease). Importantly, arteriography and catheterization established a similar extent and location of major coronary arterial stenoses and of ventricular dysfunction; two vessel disease (Group I, 32 percent; Group II, 33 percent) and three vessel disease (Group I, 68 percent; Group II, 67 percent); left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (Group I, 13; Group II, 14 mm Hg);cardiac index (Group I, 2.85; Group II, 2.91 liters/min per m2); and coronary collateral vessels (Group I, 58 percent; Group II, 61 percent) (all P greater than 0.05). Fifty-six percent of patients in Group II had multiple bypass grafts and a late patency rate (average 21 months) of 87 percent of one or more grafts. During subsequent prospective evaluation of over 3 years, bypass surgery provided greater symptomatic benefit of improved functional capacity (Group I, 12 percent; Group II, 69 percent) (P less than 0.05) and complete anginal relief (Group I, 30 percent; Group II, 60 percent) (P less than 0.05). Moreover, bypass surgery was associated with marked reduction in sudden death (Group I, 24 percent; Group II, 6 percent) (P less than 0.05). Thus, in patients with multivessel coronary disease carefully matched for clinical factors, hemodynamics, atherogenic precursors and coronary pathoanatomy, effective aortocoronary bypass surgery appeared to prolong survival by decreasing the incidence of sudden death, possibly by a decrease of unexpected fatal arrhythmias.", "contents": "Improved longevity due to reduction of sudden death by aortocoronary bypass in coronary atherosclerosis. To evaluate the efficacy of coronary bypass surgery in reduction of sudden death, the prognosis of 286 similar patients with multivessel coronary stenosis was studied prospectively and the results of medical therapy (Group I, 114 patients) were compared with those of surgical therapy (Group II, 172 patients) after cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriography. During 39 months' evaluation of both groups, mortality from congestive heart failure and noncardiac causes did not differ (Group I, 14 percent; Group II, 8 percent) (P greater than 0.05). Sudden was evaluated in the remaining 217 patients (Group I, 96; Group II, 121 patients) who were matched for age (Group I, 52 years; Group II, 51 years); duration of overt coronary disease (Group I, 3.8 years; Group II, 4.0 years); angina pectoris (Group I, 83 percent; Group II, 95 percent); prior myocardial infarction (Group I, 77 percent; Group II, 74 percent); and congestive heart failure (Group I, 30 percent; Group II, 23 percent) (all P greater than 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of coronary risk factors was the same (P greater than 0.05) in both groups (hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, lipid abnormalities and family history of coronary disease). Importantly, arteriography and catheterization established a similar extent and location of major coronary arterial stenoses and of ventricular dysfunction; two vessel disease (Group I, 32 percent; Group II, 33 percent) and three vessel disease (Group I, 68 percent; Group II, 67 percent); left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (Group I, 13; Group II, 14 mm Hg);cardiac index (Group I, 2.85; Group II, 2.91 liters/min per m2); and coronary collateral vessels (Group I, 58 percent; Group II, 61 percent) (all P greater than 0.05). Fifty-six percent of patients in Group II had multiple bypass grafts and a late patency rate (average 21 months) of 87 percent of one or more grafts. During subsequent prospective evaluation of over 3 years, bypass surgery provided greater symptomatic benefit of improved functional capacity (Group I, 12 percent; Group II, 69 percent) (P less than 0.05) and complete anginal relief (Group I, 30 percent; Group II, 60 percent) (P less than 0.05). Moreover, bypass surgery was associated with marked reduction in sudden death (Group I, 24 percent; Group II, 6 percent) (P less than 0.05). Thus, in patients with multivessel coronary disease carefully matched for clinical factors, hemodynamics, atherogenic precursors and coronary pathoanatomy, effective aortocoronary bypass surgery appeared to prolong survival by decreasing the incidence of sudden death, possibly by a decrease of unexpected fatal arrhythmias.", "PMID": 324259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9183", "title": "Metabolic regulation as a control for lipid disorders. I. Influence of (--)-hydroxycitrate on experimentally induced obesity in the rodent.", "content": "The feasibility of treating obesity by metabolic regulation has been explored in this study by examining the effect of (--)-hydroxycitrate on three types of experimentally induced obesity in the rodent.(--)-Hydroxycitrate was utilized because it depressed fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in vivo through its activity as a potent competitive inhibitor of APT citrate lyase. In all models, the mature rat, the goldthioglucose-induced obese mouse, and the ventromedial hypothalmic lesioned obese rat, food intake and body weight gain were reduced signficantly by the chronic oral administration of a nontoxic dose of (--)-hydroxcitrate. Body composition analyses of mature rats treated with (--)-hydroxycitrate demonstrated a significant depression of body lipid levels and an unaltered body protein content. However, a citrate administration produced no significant effects on weight gain, food intake, or body lipid or protein levels when compared to controls.", "contents": "Metabolic regulation as a control for lipid disorders. I. Influence of (--)-hydroxycitrate on experimentally induced obesity in the rodent. The feasibility of treating obesity by metabolic regulation has been explored in this study by examining the effect of (--)-hydroxycitrate on three types of experimentally induced obesity in the rodent.(--)-Hydroxycitrate was utilized because it depressed fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in vivo through its activity as a potent competitive inhibitor of APT citrate lyase. In all models, the mature rat, the goldthioglucose-induced obese mouse, and the ventromedial hypothalmic lesioned obese rat, food intake and body weight gain were reduced signficantly by the chronic oral administration of a nontoxic dose of (--)-hydroxcitrate. Body composition analyses of mature rats treated with (--)-hydroxycitrate demonstrated a significant depression of body lipid levels and an unaltered body protein content. However, a citrate administration produced no significant effects on weight gain, food intake, or body lipid or protein levels when compared to controls.", "PMID": 324261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9184", "title": "Reliability of the microdilution technic for detection of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "To determine whether the microdilution technic for antimicrobic susceptibility testing could detect the hetero-resistance of \"methicillin\"-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 100 stock cultures (54 methicillin-susceptible and 46 methicillin-resistant) were tested against methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin and cephalothin. Each drug was diluted in Mueller-Hinton broth and in Mueller-Hinton broth with 5% NaCl. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations were made after 20-24 hours at 35 C and again after 48 hours of incubation. With one exception, methicillin resistance was detected in Mueller-Hinton broth when the trays were reincubated and read after 48 hours. Earlier detection of methicillin resistance was possible when the penicillinase-stable penicillins were diluted in broth containing 5% NaCl. Further studies suggest that the addition of NaCl to the broth medium might improve the stabilities of methicillin, oxacillin, and nafcillin during storage of the frozen microdilution trays. Either nafcillin or oxacillin would appear to be the best representative of the penicillinase-stable penicillins. Standardized disk-diffusion tests with cephalothin disks indicated that most methicillin-resistant strains are susceptible to cephalothin. However, there is reason to believe that such in-vitro test results might be inappropriate. With microdilution tests, most methicillin-resistant isolates were more resistant to cephalothin than were the methicillin-susceptible strains, but the MIC's for both types of staphylococci were generally within the range of concentrations that can be obtained during therapy. The addition of NaCl to the microdilution tests with cephalothin did not alter the test results significantly.", "contents": "Reliability of the microdilution technic for detection of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus. To determine whether the microdilution technic for antimicrobic susceptibility testing could detect the hetero-resistance of \"methicillin\"-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 100 stock cultures (54 methicillin-susceptible and 46 methicillin-resistant) were tested against methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin and cephalothin. Each drug was diluted in Mueller-Hinton broth and in Mueller-Hinton broth with 5% NaCl. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations were made after 20-24 hours at 35 C and again after 48 hours of incubation. With one exception, methicillin resistance was detected in Mueller-Hinton broth when the trays were reincubated and read after 48 hours. Earlier detection of methicillin resistance was possible when the penicillinase-stable penicillins were diluted in broth containing 5% NaCl. Further studies suggest that the addition of NaCl to the broth medium might improve the stabilities of methicillin, oxacillin, and nafcillin during storage of the frozen microdilution trays. Either nafcillin or oxacillin would appear to be the best representative of the penicillinase-stable penicillins. Standardized disk-diffusion tests with cephalothin disks indicated that most methicillin-resistant strains are susceptible to cephalothin. However, there is reason to believe that such in-vitro test results might be inappropriate. With microdilution tests, most methicillin-resistant isolates were more resistant to cephalothin than were the methicillin-susceptible strains, but the MIC's for both types of staphylococci were generally within the range of concentrations that can be obtained during therapy. The addition of NaCl to the microdilution tests with cephalothin did not alter the test results significantly.", "PMID": 324263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9185", "title": "Isolation of Klebsiella ozaenae and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis in a general hospital.", "content": "Klebsiella ozaenae and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis are uncommon organisms usually associated with granulomatous or necrotizing disease of the upper airways. Seven patients are described, non of whom had characteristic clinical manifestations of infection with these species. The organisms were recovered from mixed wound infections or sputum of five patients, and from the blood of three patients. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were unusual and included susceptibility to both ampicillin and carbenicillin.", "contents": "Isolation of Klebsiella ozaenae and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis in a general hospital. Klebsiella ozaenae and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis are uncommon organisms usually associated with granulomatous or necrotizing disease of the upper airways. Seven patients are described, non of whom had characteristic clinical manifestations of infection with these species. The organisms were recovered from mixed wound infections or sputum of five patients, and from the blood of three patients. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were unusual and included susceptibility to both ampicillin and carbenicillin.", "PMID": 324264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9186", "title": "The placebo effect. Is it important in diverticular disease?", "content": "Thirty patients with diverticular disease confirmed by barium enema examination were entered into a three-month double-blind trial of two tablets of methylcellulose (Celevac) daily or two placebo tablets daily. As these tablets were indistinguishable it was possible to cross over nine of the patients and follow them for a further three-month period. The placebo effect was sufficient for 11 patients who completed the trial on placebo to show a small mean improvement. A greater mean clinical improvement was shown, however, by the 16 patients who completed the trial on methylcellulose and in those who were crossed over, most of the improvement occurred during the time the patients were on methylcellulose.", "contents": "The placebo effect. Is it important in diverticular disease? Thirty patients with diverticular disease confirmed by barium enema examination were entered into a three-month double-blind trial of two tablets of methylcellulose (Celevac) daily or two placebo tablets daily. As these tablets were indistinguishable it was possible to cross over nine of the patients and follow them for a further three-month period. The placebo effect was sufficient for 11 patients who completed the trial on placebo to show a small mean improvement. A greater mean clinical improvement was shown, however, by the 16 patients who completed the trial on methylcellulose and in those who were crossed over, most of the improvement occurred during the time the patients were on methylcellulose.", "PMID": 324270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9187", "title": "Anencephalus and drinking water composition.", "content": "The mortality rate (stillbirths and infant deaths) from anencephalus from 1950-1969 in 36 cities of over 50,000 population in Canada showed a negative association (r = -.39) with the concentration of magnesium in water sampled at domestic taps. The mortality rates showed negative associations with mean income and longitude, and a multiple regression model using the three factors showed significant effects of each and accounted for 69% of the intercity variation in rates. There were no significant associations seen with water calcium concentration or total hardness. Income, magnesium and longitude were also negatively  associated with mortality rates from spina bifida, hydrocephalus, other congenital abnormalities, and total stillbirth and infant death rates, but the association with magnesium was significant only for total stillbirths. The negative association of anencephalus mortality and magnesium levels was also seen in a sample of 14 smaller towns in Ontario.", "contents": "Anencephalus and drinking water composition. The mortality rate (stillbirths and infant deaths) from anencephalus from 1950-1969 in 36 cities of over 50,000 population in Canada showed a negative association (r = -.39) with the concentration of magnesium in water sampled at domestic taps. The mortality rates showed negative associations with mean income and longitude, and a multiple regression model using the three factors showed significant effects of each and accounted for 69% of the intercity variation in rates. There were no significant associations seen with water calcium concentration or total hardness. Income, magnesium and longitude were also negatively  associated with mortality rates from spina bifida, hydrocephalus, other congenital abnormalities, and total stillbirth and infant death rates, but the association with magnesium was significant only for total stillbirths. The negative association of anencephalus mortality and magnesium levels was also seen in a sample of 14 smaller towns in Ontario.", "PMID": 324271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9188", "title": "Use and abuse of laxatives.", "content": "Colon physiology, the causes of constipation, an approach to management of constipation, and the features of various laxatives are reviewed. The categories of individual agents discussed include the bulk-forming laxatives, stimulant cathartics, saline laxatives, hyperosmotic laxatives, surfactant laxatives, emollient laxatives, enemas and suppositories. Dietary change and attention to proper bowel habits are frequently the only therapy necessary for the treatment of constipation. When laxative intervention is necessary, one of the milder agents should be employed over a short period of time. The chronic abuse of stimulant cathartics, often deeply rooted in family or ethnic traditions, is a significant problem and difficult to treat.", "contents": "Use and abuse of laxatives. Colon physiology, the causes of constipation, an approach to management of constipation, and the features of various laxatives are reviewed. The categories of individual agents discussed include the bulk-forming laxatives, stimulant cathartics, saline laxatives, hyperosmotic laxatives, surfactant laxatives, emollient laxatives, enemas and suppositories. Dietary change and attention to proper bowel habits are frequently the only therapy necessary for the treatment of constipation. When laxative intervention is necessary, one of the milder agents should be employed over a short period of time. The chronic abuse of stimulant cathartics, often deeply rooted in family or ethnic traditions, is a significant problem and difficult to treat.", "PMID": 324272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9189", "title": "Review of current knowledge of plastic intravenous fluid containers.", "content": "A review of the features of plastic intravenous fluid containers is presented. The following topics are discussed: (1) handling and storage; (2) environmental and human contamination; (3) particulate matter; (4) water vapor transmission; (5) drug additives; (6) leaching and adsorption; (7) possible toxicity; and (8) cost. It is concluded that various justifications can be presented for both glass and plastic containers.", "contents": "Review of current knowledge of plastic intravenous fluid containers. A review of the features of plastic intravenous fluid containers is presented. The following topics are discussed: (1) handling and storage; (2) environmental and human contamination; (3) particulate matter; (4) water vapor transmission; (5) drug additives; (6) leaching and adsorption; (7) possible toxicity; and (8) cost. It is concluded that various justifications can be presented for both glass and plastic containers.", "PMID": 324274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9190", "title": "Hazards of mechanical ventilation--therapeutic implications.", "content": "The side effects and adverse reactions associated with the use of positive pressure volume cycle ventilators are described with a focus on information the pharmacist needs to know to monitor patient drug therapy. Mechanical ventilation is discussed with regard to pulmonary and blood gases, infections, cardiovascular effects, renal-fluid status, metabolic considerations, central nervous system effects, gastrointestinal effects, musculo-skeletal reactions, discontinuance of mechanical ventilation and the use of inhalation drugs.", "contents": "Hazards of mechanical ventilation--therapeutic implications. The side effects and adverse reactions associated with the use of positive pressure volume cycle ventilators are described with a focus on information the pharmacist needs to know to monitor patient drug therapy. Mechanical ventilation is discussed with regard to pulmonary and blood gases, infections, cardiovascular effects, renal-fluid status, metabolic considerations, central nervous system effects, gastrointestinal effects, musculo-skeletal reactions, discontinuance of mechanical ventilation and the use of inhalation drugs.", "PMID": 324275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9191", "title": "Preexcitation.", "content": "Recent increase in our knowledge of the basic features involved in ventricular preexcitation has moved it from being a somewhat rare curiosity for which there was no cure to an important medical condition requiring careful therapeutic planning. This review summarizes a body of information concerning mechanisms, various forms of preexcitation, embryologic features, electrophysiology and special testing maneuvers, treatment, prognosis and aviation plus insurance aspects of the syndrome. A new classification of the locations of the Kent bundles in the Wolff-Parkinson-White form of preexcitation is also offered.", "contents": "Preexcitation. Recent increase in our knowledge of the basic features involved in ventricular preexcitation has moved it from being a somewhat rare curiosity for which there was no cure to an important medical condition requiring careful therapeutic planning. This review summarizes a body of information concerning mechanisms, various forms of preexcitation, embryologic features, electrophysiology and special testing maneuvers, treatment, prognosis and aviation plus insurance aspects of the syndrome. A new classification of the locations of the Kent bundles in the Wolff-Parkinson-White form of preexcitation is also offered.", "PMID": 324276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9192", "title": "Failure of bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid.", "content": "The bactericidal properties of amniotic fluid normally protect fetuses from late gestational infections by bacteria. Recently, such infections were found responsible for nearly a third of the perinatal deaths in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This prompted an analysis of the antimicrobial activity of amniotic fluid in patients in that city. The antimicrobial activity of fluid from 53 women, collected at term, was measured by a semiquantitative plate-count technique. Only one of the fluid samples was bactericidal, 12 were bacteriostatic, and 40 were noninhibitory to bacterial growth.", "contents": "Failure of bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid. The bactericidal properties of amniotic fluid normally protect fetuses from late gestational infections by bacteria. Recently, such infections were found responsible for nearly a third of the perinatal deaths in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This prompted an analysis of the antimicrobial activity of amniotic fluid in patients in that city. The antimicrobial activity of fluid from 53 women, collected at term, was measured by a semiquantitative plate-count technique. Only one of the fluid samples was bactericidal, 12 were bacteriostatic, and 40 were noninhibitory to bacterial growth.", "PMID": 324281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9193", "title": "Homocystinuria: pathogenetic mechanisms.", "content": "Homocystinuria with elevated plasma homocysteine and methionine levels is the result of deficient activity of cystathionine synthetase, the enzyme catalyzing conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with a worldwide distribution. The major clinical manifestations result from the elevated plasma homocysteine level. The excitotoxic effect of homocysteic acid accounts for mental retardation and seizures. Interference with collagen cross-linking by sulfhydryl groups of homocysteine causes ectopia lentis and skeletal deformities. Sulfation factor-like effects contribute to disruption of vascular endothelium, which is followed by platelet thrombosis and widespread arterial and venous occlusions. Low methionine homocystinuria, with deficient remethylation of homocysteine, results from deranged vitamin B(12) metabolism and from deficient 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase. Administration of azaribine produces homocystinuria by mechanism not yet elucidated.", "contents": "Homocystinuria: pathogenetic mechanisms. Homocystinuria with elevated plasma homocysteine and methionine levels is the result of deficient activity of cystathionine synthetase, the enzyme catalyzing conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with a worldwide distribution. The major clinical manifestations result from the elevated plasma homocysteine level. The excitotoxic effect of homocysteic acid accounts for mental retardation and seizures. Interference with collagen cross-linking by sulfhydryl groups of homocysteine causes ectopia lentis and skeletal deformities. Sulfation factor-like effects contribute to disruption of vascular endothelium, which is followed by platelet thrombosis and widespread arterial and venous occlusions. Low methionine homocystinuria, with deficient remethylation of homocysteine, results from deranged vitamin B(12) metabolism and from deficient 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase. Administration of azaribine produces homocystinuria by mechanism not yet elucidated.", "PMID": 324277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9194", "title": "A serologic response in human infection with Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Sera from patients infected with Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Serratia were studied for precipitins to ultrasonic extracts of these organisms in gel-diffusion plates. Sera from 66 per cent of these patients contained precipitins when initially tested. Twenty-four per cent of sera tested in the first week after onset of infection contained precipitins, but this rose to 78 per cent by the third week. Cross-reactions of sera with Pseudomonas antigens were unusual, but were common with other enterobacterial antigen extracts. However, higher titers were usually present to homologous as compared to heterologus antigens. Sera from seven patients contained precipitins to a common enterobacterial antigen. Precipitins to E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Serratia were detected in only a small proportion of control sera.", "contents": "A serologic response in human infection with Enterobacteriaceae. Sera from patients infected with Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Serratia were studied for precipitins to ultrasonic extracts of these organisms in gel-diffusion plates. Sera from 66 per cent of these patients contained precipitins when initially tested. Twenty-four per cent of sera tested in the first week after onset of infection contained precipitins, but this rose to 78 per cent by the third week. Cross-reactions of sera with Pseudomonas antigens were unusual, but were common with other enterobacterial antigen extracts. However, higher titers were usually present to homologous as compared to heterologus antigens. Sera from seven patients contained precipitins to a common enterobacterial antigen. Precipitins to E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Serratia were detected in only a small proportion of control sera.", "PMID": 324278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9195", "title": "Significance of antimicrobial synergism for the outcome of gram negative sepsis.", "content": "Amikacin plus penicillin (A+P) was compared to amikacin plus carbenicillin (A+C) in a double-blind study. Therapy with one of these combinations was given, as soon as servere infection was suspected, to 117 patients with proved gram negative infection, none of whom was granulocytopenic. Gram negative bacteremia was documented retrospectively in 52 patients; 25 had received A+P and 27 had been treated with A+C. All the isolated gram negative pathogens were sensitive to amikacin (MIC less than 12 microng/ml). In the A+P group, 55 per cent of the patients responded favorably while in the A+C group 63 per cent did respond; the difference was more striking for bacteremic patients: 52 per cent responded in the A+P group and 70 per cent in the A+C group. This difference, however, was not statistically significant. The outcome of patients whose infection was treated by synergistic combinations against the offending pathogen was better (66 per cent) than that observed in patients who received nonsynergistic combinations (48 per cent) (p less than 0.05). Once again the results were more striking in the bacteremic patients (p less than 0.01). A favorable outcome was associated also with a high (larger than or equal to 1/8) bactericidal activity of the diluted serum of the treated patient against the offending pathogen (p less than 0.05). This study suggests that the optimal therapy in gram negative septicemia might be the administration of synergistic combinations of antibiotics.", "contents": "Significance of antimicrobial synergism for the outcome of gram negative sepsis. Amikacin plus penicillin (A+P) was compared to amikacin plus carbenicillin (A+C) in a double-blind study. Therapy with one of these combinations was given, as soon as servere infection was suspected, to 117 patients with proved gram negative infection, none of whom was granulocytopenic. Gram negative bacteremia was documented retrospectively in 52 patients; 25 had received A+P and 27 had been treated with A+C. All the isolated gram negative pathogens were sensitive to amikacin (MIC less than 12 microng/ml). In the A+P group, 55 per cent of the patients responded favorably while in the A+C group 63 per cent did respond; the difference was more striking for bacteremic patients: 52 per cent responded in the A+P group and 70 per cent in the A+C group. This difference, however, was not statistically significant. The outcome of patients whose infection was treated by synergistic combinations against the offending pathogen was better (66 per cent) than that observed in patients who received nonsynergistic combinations (48 per cent) (p less than 0.05). Once again the results were more striking in the bacteremic patients (p less than 0.01). A favorable outcome was associated also with a high (larger than or equal to 1/8) bactericidal activity of the diluted serum of the treated patient against the offending pathogen (p less than 0.05). This study suggests that the optimal therapy in gram negative septicemia might be the administration of synergistic combinations of antibiotics.", "PMID": 324279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9196", "title": "Endocarditis due to enteric bacilli other than Salmonellae: case reports and literature review.", "content": "The clinical and pathological findings in two recent patients with non-salmonella enterobacterial endocarditis are described, and those of 42 patients in the literature are summarized. Most of the patients acquired their endocarditis secondary to urinary tract infection and had an acute clinical course characterized by high fever and chills. Thirty-two of these patients died, and all except one had a postmortem examination. The most frequent pathological finding was the occurrence of very large vegetations which caused relatively little destruction of the underlying valve. Prompt diagnosis and antibiotic therapy chosen on the basis of bactericidal as well as bacteriostatic activity against the individual bacterium may improve the prognosis in this disease. Results of tricuspid and pulmonic valvulectomies for bacteriologic failure in pseudomonas and in a few cases of enterobacterial endocarditis appear to warrant a surgical approach in patients with right-sided enterobacterial endocarditis who fail to respond to vigorous medical therapy.", "contents": "Endocarditis due to enteric bacilli other than Salmonellae: case reports and literature review. The clinical and pathological findings in two recent patients with non-salmonella enterobacterial endocarditis are described, and those of 42 patients in the literature are summarized. Most of the patients acquired their endocarditis secondary to urinary tract infection and had an acute clinical course characterized by high fever and chills. Thirty-two of these patients died, and all except one had a postmortem examination. The most frequent pathological finding was the occurrence of very large vegetations which caused relatively little destruction of the underlying valve. Prompt diagnosis and antibiotic therapy chosen on the basis of bactericidal as well as bacteriostatic activity against the individual bacterium may improve the prognosis in this disease. Results of tricuspid and pulmonic valvulectomies for bacteriologic failure in pseudomonas and in a few cases of enterobacterial endocarditis appear to warrant a surgical approach in patients with right-sided enterobacterial endocarditis who fail to respond to vigorous medical therapy.", "PMID": 324280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9197", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptives on blood folate levels in pregnancy.", "content": "An investigation was carried out to assess residual effects of oral contraceptives on the folate status of pregnant women who had discontinued intake of these drugs within six months of conception. The sample population of middle class women consisted of users and nonusers of oral contraceptives of similar age groups. Subgroups were those studied initially during the summer (May to July) or winter (October to January). Red blood cell folate values showed seasonal variability and were lower in the winter months. Oral contraceptive users had lower plasma and red blood cell folate values than did the respective control subjects. Red blood cell folate values were more affected by previous drug use in the winter group than in the summer group. Dietary folate was found to have a significant effect on plasma and red cell folate; such for any one level of intake, blood folate values were significantly lower in oral contraceptive users.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptives on blood folate levels in pregnancy. An investigation was carried out to assess residual effects of oral contraceptives on the folate status of pregnant women who had discontinued intake of these drugs within six months of conception. The sample population of middle class women consisted of users and nonusers of oral contraceptives of similar age groups. Subgroups were those studied initially during the summer (May to July) or winter (October to January). Red blood cell folate values showed seasonal variability and were lower in the winter months. Oral contraceptive users had lower plasma and red blood cell folate values than did the respective control subjects. Red blood cell folate values were more affected by previous drug use in the winter group than in the summer group. Dietary folate was found to have a significant effect on plasma and red cell folate; such for any one level of intake, blood folate values were significantly lower in oral contraceptive users.", "PMID": 324285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9198", "title": "Effect of ampicillin administration on plasma conjugated and unconjugated estrogen and progesterone levels in pregnancy.", "content": "The administration of ampicillin to three women in the last trimester of pregnancy caused a transient reduction in the plasma concentration of total conjugated estriol and of estriol-16alpha-glucuronide, as measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. Similar changes were seen in plasma conjugated estrone and estradiol levels, but the effect seemed to be more prolonged. In most cases, the reduction in plasma conjugated estrogens was greatest on the second and third day of ampicillin administration, the pattern being similar to that described previously for urinary estriol and other estrogens. There were no obvious differences in the ampicillin effect between the morning and afternoon plasma levels. Ampicillin caused no consistent change in the plasma levels of unconjugated estrone, estradiol, and estriol or in plasma progesterone. These results are discussed with consideration of our present understanding of the effect of ampicillin on the intestinal metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of steroids.", "contents": "Effect of ampicillin administration on plasma conjugated and unconjugated estrogen and progesterone levels in pregnancy. The administration of ampicillin to three women in the last trimester of pregnancy caused a transient reduction in the plasma concentration of total conjugated estriol and of estriol-16alpha-glucuronide, as measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. Similar changes were seen in plasma conjugated estrone and estradiol levels, but the effect seemed to be more prolonged. In most cases, the reduction in plasma conjugated estrogens was greatest on the second and third day of ampicillin administration, the pattern being similar to that described previously for urinary estriol and other estrogens. There were no obvious differences in the ampicillin effect between the morning and afternoon plasma levels. Ampicillin caused no consistent change in the plasma levels of unconjugated estrone, estradiol, and estriol or in plasma progesterone. These results are discussed with consideration of our present understanding of the effect of ampicillin on the intestinal metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of steroids.", "PMID": 324286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9199", "title": "Single dose of two grams of metronidazole for Trichomonas vaginalis infection.", "content": "In this study, 243 women with symptomatic trichomonal vaginitis were treated with eight 250 mg. tablets of metronidazole for themselves, and eight tablets were given to each of their male consorts. They were given instructions to ingest \"all eight in a row\" and \"avoid alcohol for 48 hours.\" Ninety-five per cent of 203 women that returned for re-examination were cured. This single-dose treatment is effective, well tolerated, and less expensive than current recommended dosages.", "contents": "Single dose of two grams of metronidazole for Trichomonas vaginalis infection. In this study, 243 women with symptomatic trichomonal vaginitis were treated with eight 250 mg. tablets of metronidazole for themselves, and eight tablets were given to each of their male consorts. They were given instructions to ingest \"all eight in a row\" and \"avoid alcohol for 48 hours.\" Ninety-five per cent of 203 women that returned for re-examination were cured. This single-dose treatment is effective, well tolerated, and less expensive than current recommended dosages.", "PMID": 324287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9200", "title": "The spermatozoan genome and fertility.", "content": "The strategy for effective reproduction by eliminating genetically unbalanced gametes during spermatogenesis and transport varies in degree of success within as well as among species, but in no animal has it been reported to be completely effective. In the human subject, for example, it is estimated that one in every 50 ejaculated spermatozoa is genetically abnormal. The causal basis of these anomalies is poorly understood. Meiotic accidents, environmental mutagens, and gamete senescence in utero are all implicated. However, many of these abnormal cells are fertile. This fact plus the weight of the evidence reviewed suggest that fertility differences among males which cannot be ascribed to measurable differences in semen characteristics reflect, in large part, the increased opportunity of nuclear defective gametes in the semen of some males to effect fertilization. The elimination of embryos arising from eggs fertilized by genetically defective spermatozoa through spontaneous abortions, although biologically costly, must be viewed as the final check for the elimination of genetic detritus of the species.", "contents": "The spermatozoan genome and fertility. The strategy for effective reproduction by eliminating genetically unbalanced gametes during spermatogenesis and transport varies in degree of success within as well as among species, but in no animal has it been reported to be completely effective. In the human subject, for example, it is estimated that one in every 50 ejaculated spermatozoa is genetically abnormal. The causal basis of these anomalies is poorly understood. Meiotic accidents, environmental mutagens, and gamete senescence in utero are all implicated. However, many of these abnormal cells are fertile. This fact plus the weight of the evidence reviewed suggest that fertility differences among males which cannot be ascribed to measurable differences in semen characteristics reflect, in large part, the increased opportunity of nuclear defective gametes in the semen of some males to effect fertilization. The elimination of embryos arising from eggs fertilized by genetically defective spermatozoa through spontaneous abortions, although biologically costly, must be viewed as the final check for the elimination of genetic detritus of the species.", "PMID": 324288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9201", "title": "Computer-assisted eye examination. V. Preliminary evaluation of the refractor III system for subjective examination.", "content": "A computer-assisted subjective eye examination was administered to 78 patients as they volunteered. They were also examined in the conventional, manual way, some before and some after the computer-assisted examination. Results of the computer-assisted examination were compared to those obtained by conventional subjective methods. For the distance prescription, satisfactory agreement was obtained for 83% of the patients. The 17% unsatisfactory prescriptions were subdivided into about 6% avoidable errors (caused by errors in software, hardware, or optometric flow charts), about 6% errors of undetermined cause, and 4% fundamental errors (caused by patient's physical and mental impairment or confusion). A similar analysis is made for the near add. With further development of the system it is expected that between 90 and 96% of patients in an optometric clinic can be successfully examined by this computer-assisted method.", "contents": "Computer-assisted eye examination. V. Preliminary evaluation of the refractor III system for subjective examination. A computer-assisted subjective eye examination was administered to 78 patients as they volunteered. They were also examined in the conventional, manual way, some before and some after the computer-assisted examination. Results of the computer-assisted examination were compared to those obtained by conventional subjective methods. For the distance prescription, satisfactory agreement was obtained for 83% of the patients. The 17% unsatisfactory prescriptions were subdivided into about 6% avoidable errors (caused by errors in software, hardware, or optometric flow charts), about 6% errors of undetermined cause, and 4% fundamental errors (caused by patient's physical and mental impairment or confusion). A similar analysis is made for the near add. With further development of the system it is expected that between 90 and 96% of patients in an optometric clinic can be successfully examined by this computer-assisted method.", "PMID": 324290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9202", "title": "Bonding metal brackets with a self-polymerizing  sealant-composite: a 12-month assessment.", "content": "Data spanning 15 months and about 1,500 bands have been presented describing an effective procedure for bonding metal brackets to enamel by the acid-etch method. A sealant-composite combination for metal brackets, not previously reported, has been described. Data have also been presented showing that, for the method and material used, it did not seem to matter clinically if a 37 per cent acid were used or if, instead a 50 per cent orthophosphoric acid in a liquid or thixotropic form, applied for 2 to 2 1/2 minutes, and drying agent were used. A comparison with the Nuva system was made and a modification was described for a useful combination technique, namely, Enamel Bond-Nuva-Tach, which takes advantage of certain attributes of each.", "contents": "Bonding metal brackets with a self-polymerizing  sealant-composite: a 12-month assessment. Data spanning 15 months and about 1,500 bands have been presented describing an effective procedure for bonding metal brackets to enamel by the acid-etch method. A sealant-composite combination for metal brackets, not previously reported, has been described. Data have also been presented showing that, for the method and material used, it did not seem to matter clinically if a 37 per cent acid were used or if, instead a 50 per cent orthophosphoric acid in a liquid or thixotropic form, applied for 2 to 2 1/2 minutes, and drying agent were used. A comparison with the Nuva system was made and a modification was described for a useful combination technique, namely, Enamel Bond-Nuva-Tach, which takes advantage of certain attributes of each.", "PMID": 324291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9203", "title": "The Southern California Sensory Integration Tests (Ayres) and the Bender Gestalt: a correlative study.", "content": "The Southern California Sensory Integration Tests (SCSIT) and the Bender Gestalt are two measures used to evaluate children with suspected perceptual-motor deficits. Since these tests are used primarily by two groups of professionals, occupational therapists and psychologists, it was thought that studying the correlations between these two tests might help psychologists to know which children needed to be referred to an occupational therapist for sensory integrative evaluation, and might help the occupational therapist to understand the psychologist's use of the Bender Gestalt. The use of the Bender by the occupational therapist as a screening device for sensory integrative dysfunction was also investigated. The SCSIT and Bender were given to 26 children with suspected sensory integrative dysfunction. Scores on the Bender were found to be predictive of grouped scores on the Form and Space Perception and Praxis-Tactile sections of the SCSIT, but not of the Postural and Bilateral Integration section. It was concluded that when the Bender is used as a screening device for sensory integrative dysfunction, some measure of postural mechanisms must be included. Correlations between the Bender and individual tests of the SCSIT were also studied.", "contents": "The Southern California Sensory Integration Tests (Ayres) and the Bender Gestalt: a correlative study. The Southern California Sensory Integration Tests (SCSIT) and the Bender Gestalt are two measures used to evaluate children with suspected perceptual-motor deficits. Since these tests are used primarily by two groups of professionals, occupational therapists and psychologists, it was thought that studying the correlations between these two tests might help psychologists to know which children needed to be referred to an occupational therapist for sensory integrative evaluation, and might help the occupational therapist to understand the psychologist's use of the Bender Gestalt. The use of the Bender by the occupational therapist as a screening device for sensory integrative dysfunction was also investigated. The SCSIT and Bender were given to 26 children with suspected sensory integrative dysfunction. Scores on the Bender were found to be predictive of grouped scores on the Form and Space Perception and Praxis-Tactile sections of the SCSIT, but not of the Postural and Bilateral Integration section. It was concluded that when the Bender is used as a screening device for sensory integrative dysfunction, some measure of postural mechanisms must be included. Correlations between the Bender and individual tests of the SCSIT were also studied.", "PMID": 324289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9204", "title": "Sodium ions, calcium ions, blood pressure regulation, and hypertension: a reassessment and a hypothesis.", "content": "An attempt is made to elucidate the cellular mechanisms which may account for the well-documented correlation between sodium metabolism and peripheral vascular resistance. As a starting point, the evidence that the Na electrochemical gradient across the vascular smooth muscle cell plasma membrane (sarcolemma) plays an important role in cell calcium regulation is reviewed. Because there is significant resting tension (\"tone\") in most resistance vessels, the ionized Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]1) in the smooth muscle fibers in these vessels must be maintained above the contraction threshold. Consequently, the Ca transport system in the sarcolemma, presumably an Na-Ca exchange mechanism, must be set so as to hold [Ca2+]1 at this suprathreshold level. Any change in the Na gradient will then be reflected as a change in [Ca2+]1 and, therefore, in steady vessel wall tension and peripheral resistance. The correlation between Na metabolism and hypertension could then be accounted for if a circulating agent, perhaps the \"natriuretic hormone,\" affects the Na gradient (across the sarcolemma) and, therefore, [Ca2+]1 and tension.", "contents": "Sodium ions, calcium ions, blood pressure regulation, and hypertension: a reassessment and a hypothesis. An attempt is made to elucidate the cellular mechanisms which may account for the well-documented correlation between sodium metabolism and peripheral vascular resistance. As a starting point, the evidence that the Na electrochemical gradient across the vascular smooth muscle cell plasma membrane (sarcolemma) plays an important role in cell calcium regulation is reviewed. Because there is significant resting tension (\"tone\") in most resistance vessels, the ionized Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]1) in the smooth muscle fibers in these vessels must be maintained above the contraction threshold. Consequently, the Ca transport system in the sarcolemma, presumably an Na-Ca exchange mechanism, must be set so as to hold [Ca2+]1 at this suprathreshold level. Any change in the Na gradient will then be reflected as a change in [Ca2+]1 and, therefore, in steady vessel wall tension and peripheral resistance. The correlation between Na metabolism and hypertension could then be accounted for if a circulating agent, perhaps the \"natriuretic hormone,\" affects the Na gradient (across the sarcolemma) and, therefore, [Ca2+]1 and tension.", "PMID": 324293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9205", "title": "Involvement of a humoral factor in regulation of body weight in parabiotic rats.", "content": "Excessive food intake and obesity was induced in one member of parabiotic pairs by electrical stimulation (three 30-min sessions/day for 2 wk) of the lateral hypothalamus (LH). The nonstimulated partners reduced spontaneous food intake the fatter the stimulated animals became. This reduced food intake resulted in a decreased body weight, fat content, and fat-free solid body mass. The decrease of food intake was not due to changed social behavior of the obese partner. It must be attributed to transmission of a humoral satiety factor. The very first stimulation of the LH in the stimulated partners resulted in a large increase in blood glucose and glucagon level without much change in the insulin level. These changes in blood parameters were probably due to strong sympathetic arousal. In the nonstimulated animals there were practically no changes in these parameters. One week of fattening resulted in increased basal glucose and insulin levels in the stimulated animals and decreased glucose levels in the nonstimulated partners, in which the basal insulin levels remained nearly normal. Basal glucagon levels were the same in both partners and did not differ from the prefattening situation. At that time during stimulation the obese animals showed a large increase in glucose and glucagon levels and a decrease in insulin level. On the other hand the nonstimulated animals showed a slow gradual increase in glucose and insulin level due to transmission from their fat partners because of the large gradient in these substances between the animals. These phenomena were still more pronounced after 2 wk of fattening. It is tentatively concluded that the humoral satiety factor is neither circulating insulin nor glucagon nor one of the major circulating nutrients.", "contents": "Involvement of a humoral factor in regulation of body weight in parabiotic rats. Excessive food intake and obesity was induced in one member of parabiotic pairs by electrical stimulation (three 30-min sessions/day for 2 wk) of the lateral hypothalamus (LH). The nonstimulated partners reduced spontaneous food intake the fatter the stimulated animals became. This reduced food intake resulted in a decreased body weight, fat content, and fat-free solid body mass. The decrease of food intake was not due to changed social behavior of the obese partner. It must be attributed to transmission of a humoral satiety factor. The very first stimulation of the LH in the stimulated partners resulted in a large increase in blood glucose and glucagon level without much change in the insulin level. These changes in blood parameters were probably due to strong sympathetic arousal. In the nonstimulated animals there were practically no changes in these parameters. One week of fattening resulted in increased basal glucose and insulin levels in the stimulated animals and decreased glucose levels in the nonstimulated partners, in which the basal insulin levels remained nearly normal. Basal glucagon levels were the same in both partners and did not differ from the prefattening situation. At that time during stimulation the obese animals showed a large increase in glucose and glucagon levels and a decrease in insulin level. On the other hand the nonstimulated animals showed a slow gradual increase in glucose and insulin level due to transmission from their fat partners because of the large gradient in these substances between the animals. These phenomena were still more pronounced after 2 wk of fattening. It is tentatively concluded that the humoral satiety factor is neither circulating insulin nor glucagon nor one of the major circulating nutrients.", "PMID": 324294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9206", "title": "Surgical repair of gastroesophageal reflux with sliding hiatal hernia.", "content": "A controlled prospective study of forty-two patients shows it is feasible to correct gastroesophageal reflux complicating sliding hiatal hernia by modifying Allison's repair, using the technic of vertical mattress sutures and Dacron pledgets to approximate the crura and reattach the esophagus to the narrowed hiatus. There was no operative mortality and minimal morbidity. The follow-up period ranges from six to eighty-two months (mean, 38.5 months). One recurrence was noted clinically and verified by esophagogram, esophagoscopy, and motility studies. The remainder have no symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux, and no recurrence has been seen on repeat esophagograms.", "contents": "Surgical repair of gastroesophageal reflux with sliding hiatal hernia. A controlled prospective study of forty-two patients shows it is feasible to correct gastroesophageal reflux complicating sliding hiatal hernia by modifying Allison's repair, using the technic of vertical mattress sutures and Dacron pledgets to approximate the crura and reattach the esophagus to the narrowed hiatus. There was no operative mortality and minimal morbidity. The follow-up period ranges from six to eighty-two months (mean, 38.5 months). One recurrence was noted clinically and verified by esophagogram, esophagoscopy, and motility studies. The remainder have no symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux, and no recurrence has been seen on repeat esophagograms.", "PMID": 324297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9207", "title": "Antimicrobial prophylaxis of contaminated tissues containing suture implants.", "content": "Neomycin sulfate was the only antibiotic tested that significantly reduced the incidence of infections around suture implant sites. The therapeutic efficacy of this antibiotic was related to the chemical and physical configuration of the sutures.", "contents": "Antimicrobial prophylaxis of contaminated tissues containing suture implants. Neomycin sulfate was the only antibiotic tested that significantly reduced the incidence of infections around suture implant sites. The therapeutic efficacy of this antibiotic was related to the chemical and physical configuration of the sutures.", "PMID": 324298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9208", "title": "Islet cell hyperplasia localized by pancreatic vein catheterization and insulin radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A patient with organic hypoglycemia but with normal pancreatic arteriography was investigated with pancreatic vein catheterization for insulin immunoassay. Very high insulin concentrations (1, 130 micronU/ml) were found in a vein draining part of the pancreatic tail. Even though no tumor was found at operation, distal hemipancreatectomy was performed according to the assay findings. Histology and immunohistochemistry revealed a localized islet hyperplasia.", "contents": "Islet cell hyperplasia localized by pancreatic vein catheterization and insulin radioimmunoassay. A patient with organic hypoglycemia but with normal pancreatic arteriography was investigated with pancreatic vein catheterization for insulin immunoassay. Very high insulin concentrations (1, 130 micronU/ml) were found in a vein draining part of the pancreatic tail. Even though no tumor was found at operation, distal hemipancreatectomy was performed according to the assay findings. Histology and immunohistochemistry revealed a localized islet hyperplasia.", "PMID": 324299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9209", "title": "Effect of bowel preparation on small bowel microflora and postoperative wound infection.", "content": "A method of wound closure utilizing continuous wound compression and suction decompression of the subcutaneous space is described. This method has reduced the incidence of wound complication in the diverse population of patients in whom it has been utilized.", "contents": "Effect of bowel preparation on small bowel microflora and postoperative wound infection. A method of wound closure utilizing continuous wound compression and suction decompression of the subcutaneous space is described. This method has reduced the incidence of wound complication in the diverse population of patients in whom it has been utilized.", "PMID": 324301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9210", "title": "The effect of age and strain on the amount of neurosecretion.", "content": "The work carried on 4 groups of guinea pigs, each group consisting of five animals showed, that the age and strain may influence the amount of neurosecretion, with the older (except 6 month old animals which passed maturing stage) secreting more than that of younger. And the amount of neurosecretion in animals of the black strain is somehow lower than the ones of the grey.", "contents": "The effect of age and strain on the amount of neurosecretion. The work carried on 4 groups of guinea pigs, each group consisting of five animals showed, that the age and strain may influence the amount of neurosecretion, with the older (except 6 month old animals which passed maturing stage) secreting more than that of younger. And the amount of neurosecretion in animals of the black strain is somehow lower than the ones of the grey.", "PMID": 324316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9211", "title": "Pulmonary wedge catheterization during positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation in the dog.", "content": "In ten supine anesthetized dogs, recordings of left atrial (LA) and pulmonary-artery wedge (PW) pressures were simultaneously obtained at several levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation with the thorax either open or closed. Lateral roentgenograms were taken to determine the relative vertical positions of the LA and PW catheter tips. When the wedge catheter tip was vertically above the left artrial catheter tip, mean PW followed airway pressure at PEEP of more that 5 cm H20. For PEEP 5 cm H20 or less, and for PW catheter tip positions vertically below the LA catheter tip at all levels of PEEP, mean wedge catheter pressure was close to left atrial pressure. Thus, it appears the LA pressure can best be estimated by PW catheter positions vertically below the left atrium during positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation.", "contents": "Pulmonary wedge catheterization during positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation in the dog. In ten supine anesthetized dogs, recordings of left atrial (LA) and pulmonary-artery wedge (PW) pressures were simultaneously obtained at several levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation with the thorax either open or closed. Lateral roentgenograms were taken to determine the relative vertical positions of the LA and PW catheter tips. When the wedge catheter tip was vertically above the left artrial catheter tip, mean PW followed airway pressure at PEEP of more that 5 cm H20. For PEEP 5 cm H20 or less, and for PW catheter tip positions vertically below the LA catheter tip at all levels of PEEP, mean wedge catheter pressure was close to left atrial pressure. Thus, it appears the LA pressure can best be estimated by PW catheter positions vertically below the left atrium during positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation.", "PMID": 324318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9212", "title": "Effects of ventilatory techniques during cardiopulmonary bypass on post-bypass and postoperative pulmonary compliance and shunt.", "content": "Pulmonary compliance and shunt were evaluated preoperatively, 30 minutes after cardiopulmonary bypass, and two hours postoperatively in 132 calves undergoing open-heart surgery with halothane and oxygen anesthesia. The calves were divided into 11 groups with respect to maintenance of the lungs during bypass. In Group 1 the lungs were collapsed during bypass. In all other groups the lungs were mechanically ventilated, statically inflated, or both, with either pure oxygen or nitrous oxide, 50 per cent, in oxygen. All groups had similar compliance and shunt values before operation and sustained significant decreases in compliance and increases in shunt 30 minutes after bypass. Calves exposed to positive-pressure breathing during bypass had higher shunt and lower compliance values after bypass and postoperatively than those not exposed to mechanical ventilation, irrespective of the inflating gas or presence or absence of any amount of static airway pressure. Animals not ventilated during bypass had compliance and shunt values that were not significantly different from preoperative values, while calves that were ventilated had compliance and shunt values that were still significantly altered two hours postoperatively. These data demonstrate that positive-pressure breathing during bypass decreases pulmonary compliance after bypass and postoperatively and increases intrapulmonary shunt, but that the gas inflating the lungs during bypass does not influence either of these variables. The findings also suggest that static pulmonary inflation during bypass offers no advantage over allowing the lungs to remain collapsed.", "contents": "Effects of ventilatory techniques during cardiopulmonary bypass on post-bypass and postoperative pulmonary compliance and shunt. Pulmonary compliance and shunt were evaluated preoperatively, 30 minutes after cardiopulmonary bypass, and two hours postoperatively in 132 calves undergoing open-heart surgery with halothane and oxygen anesthesia. The calves were divided into 11 groups with respect to maintenance of the lungs during bypass. In Group 1 the lungs were collapsed during bypass. In all other groups the lungs were mechanically ventilated, statically inflated, or both, with either pure oxygen or nitrous oxide, 50 per cent, in oxygen. All groups had similar compliance and shunt values before operation and sustained significant decreases in compliance and increases in shunt 30 minutes after bypass. Calves exposed to positive-pressure breathing during bypass had higher shunt and lower compliance values after bypass and postoperatively than those not exposed to mechanical ventilation, irrespective of the inflating gas or presence or absence of any amount of static airway pressure. Animals not ventilated during bypass had compliance and shunt values that were not significantly different from preoperative values, while calves that were ventilated had compliance and shunt values that were still significantly altered two hours postoperatively. These data demonstrate that positive-pressure breathing during bypass decreases pulmonary compliance after bypass and postoperatively and increases intrapulmonary shunt, but that the gas inflating the lungs during bypass does not influence either of these variables. The findings also suggest that static pulmonary inflation during bypass offers no advantage over allowing the lungs to remain collapsed.", "PMID": 324319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9213", "title": "Nonsurgical class iii orthodontic treatment.", "content": "1. Lower incisor angle was decreased due to the closing of the extraction sites and tipping of the incisors. 2. Maxillary incisor angle was increased. 3. Maxillary arch expansion was maintained. 4. The buccal segments remained in Class III occlusion. 5. Rotation of the mandible during treatment recovered as shown by the almost parallel lower borders of the mandible on the composite cephalometric tracing of the initial and final cephalograms. 6. Facial profile did improve. 7. The dental compensations were increased as the facial contour improved, however, most Class III characteristics are still present. 8. Periodontal tissues appear to be acceptable. 9. In select Class III malocclusions orthodontic treatment alone can accomplish an acceptable result without submitting the patient to surgical procedures.", "contents": "Nonsurgical class iii orthodontic treatment. 1. Lower incisor angle was decreased due to the closing of the extraction sites and tipping of the incisors. 2. Maxillary incisor angle was increased. 3. Maxillary arch expansion was maintained. 4. The buccal segments remained in Class III occlusion. 5. Rotation of the mandible during treatment recovered as shown by the almost parallel lower borders of the mandible on the composite cephalometric tracing of the initial and final cephalograms. 6. Facial profile did improve. 7. The dental compensations were increased as the facial contour improved, however, most Class III characteristics are still present. 8. Periodontal tissues appear to be acceptable. 9. In select Class III malocclusions orthodontic treatment alone can accomplish an acceptable result without submitting the patient to surgical procedures.", "PMID": 324320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9214", "title": "72 kidney transplants at the Medical College of Georgia 1968-1976.", "content": "Seventy-two kidneys have been transplanted-47 from related donors, and 25 from cadaver donors-into 63 recipients. No donor died or experienced a complication requiring more than one extra week of hospitalization. Six recipients died. Three of the six recipients died from complications. Two of the six died only because they declined to resume hemodialysis, and one died in prison of unusual circumstances after seven and one-half years of good health and kidney function. Five patients are surviving by virtue of a second transplant. Eight patients are now on hemodialysis. Seven patients with transplants are not in excellent physical health and five other patients with excellent health and renal function are nonetheless frequently depressed and easily upset over minor physical disabilities. A majority of the recipients have been rehabilitated to a gratifying extent.", "contents": "72 kidney transplants at the Medical College of Georgia 1968-1976. Seventy-two kidneys have been transplanted-47 from related donors, and 25 from cadaver donors-into 63 recipients. No donor died or experienced a complication requiring more than one extra week of hospitalization. Six recipients died. Three of the six recipients died from complications. Two of the six died only because they declined to resume hemodialysis, and one died in prison of unusual circumstances after seven and one-half years of good health and kidney function. Five patients are surviving by virtue of a second transplant. Eight patients are now on hemodialysis. Seven patients with transplants are not in excellent physical health and five other patients with excellent health and renal function are nonetheless frequently depressed and easily upset over minor physical disabilities. A majority of the recipients have been rehabilitated to a gratifying extent.", "PMID": 324325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9215", "title": "Ultrastructural and physiological studies of the stalk-sectioned rat pituitary gland.", "content": "A pituitary stalk-section rat model was prepared that would be suitable for the study of the direct effects of steroids on the pituitary gland. In this model, the hypophyseal stalk was severed surgically and metal foil was inserted to prevent regeneration of portal vessels. The major portion of the pituitary no longer had a direct communication with the hypothalamus, and the only blood supply was from short portal vessels that supply the dorsolateral part of the gland. The effectiveness of the lesion was demonstrated by very high levels of serum prolactin and very low FSH and LH. Light microscopic examination revealed a large infarct in the central region of the gland with stainable cells in the peripheral area. Fourteen days after stalk-section, the infarct had shrunken appreciably, and after 21 days it was replaced by a scar. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of functional mammotropes in the peripheral regions of the pituitary gland, while other cells were smaller, less active, and contained fewer secretory granules. After LHRH administration there was an increase in serum LH, thus indicating the presence of a substantial number of viable gonadotropes. This was confirmed by the ultrastructural findings which now showed the appearance of large, well-granulated gonadotropes. When LHRH was given to estradiol 17-beta primed ovariectomized stalk-sectioned rats, there was a great augmentation of LH release, and many castration cells were now apparent. Therefore, the administration of estrogen and LHRH was needed for the gonadotropes of the isolated pituitary to function optimally in the synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH. The stalk-sectioned animal model permits evaluation of pituitary function isolated from hypothalamic control while it leaves the surviving pituitary gland in its normal anatomical position.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and physiological studies of the stalk-sectioned rat pituitary gland. A pituitary stalk-section rat model was prepared that would be suitable for the study of the direct effects of steroids on the pituitary gland. In this model, the hypophyseal stalk was severed surgically and metal foil was inserted to prevent regeneration of portal vessels. The major portion of the pituitary no longer had a direct communication with the hypothalamus, and the only blood supply was from short portal vessels that supply the dorsolateral part of the gland. The effectiveness of the lesion was demonstrated by very high levels of serum prolactin and very low FSH and LH. Light microscopic examination revealed a large infarct in the central region of the gland with stainable cells in the peripheral area. Fourteen days after stalk-section, the infarct had shrunken appreciably, and after 21 days it was replaced by a scar. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of functional mammotropes in the peripheral regions of the pituitary gland, while other cells were smaller, less active, and contained fewer secretory granules. After LHRH administration there was an increase in serum LH, thus indicating the presence of a substantial number of viable gonadotropes. This was confirmed by the ultrastructural findings which now showed the appearance of large, well-granulated gonadotropes. When LHRH was given to estradiol 17-beta primed ovariectomized stalk-sectioned rats, there was a great augmentation of LH release, and many castration cells were now apparent. Therefore, the administration of estrogen and LHRH was needed for the gonadotropes of the isolated pituitary to function optimally in the synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH. The stalk-sectioned animal model permits evaluation of pituitary function isolated from hypothalamic control while it leaves the surviving pituitary gland in its normal anatomical position.", "PMID": 324326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9216", "title": "[Critical study of the treatment of lupic nephropathies].", "content": "Therapeutic indications are not the same in the various types of lupus GN. Most cases of extra-membranous GN and focal GN require no specific treatment. In diffuse proliferative GN, the therapeutic indications depend upon the type of lesions and should always be judged in the light of renal biopsy findings. The use of cortisosteroids in high dosage, which is often followed by regression or even complete disappearence of active renal lesions, has considerably altered the prognosis in lupus nephropathy. Chronic haemodialysis and renal transplantation also make it possible to keep alive patients who have reached the stage of end stage renal failure. It nevertheless remains certain that the incidence and course of lupus nephropathy will be radically modified only when methods are available either to prevent the formation of circulating immune complexes or their deposition in the kidney.", "contents": "[Critical study of the treatment of lupic nephropathies]. Therapeutic indications are not the same in the various types of lupus GN. Most cases of extra-membranous GN and focal GN require no specific treatment. In diffuse proliferative GN, the therapeutic indications depend upon the type of lesions and should always be judged in the light of renal biopsy findings. The use of cortisosteroids in high dosage, which is often followed by regression or even complete disappearence of active renal lesions, has considerably altered the prognosis in lupus nephropathy. Chronic haemodialysis and renal transplantation also make it possible to keep alive patients who have reached the stage of end stage renal failure. It nevertheless remains certain that the incidence and course of lupus nephropathy will be radically modified only when methods are available either to prevent the formation of circulating immune complexes or their deposition in the kidney.", "PMID": 324332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9217", "title": "John Hunter's alleged syphilis.", "content": "The allegation that John Hunter suffered from syphilis is challenged. It is suggested that he was the subject of non-luetic vascular disease, evidence for which may be found by a study of his symptoms and autopsy report. It is further suggested that John Hunter's famous inoculation experiment was performed not on himself but on another subject. It is claimed that there is in fact no scientific evidence for attributing John Hunter's illness to syphilis and it is urged that the stigma of this diagnosis should be expunged from his image.", "contents": "John Hunter's alleged syphilis. The allegation that John Hunter suffered from syphilis is challenged. It is suggested that he was the subject of non-luetic vascular disease, evidence for which may be found by a study of his symptoms and autopsy report. It is further suggested that John Hunter's famous inoculation experiment was performed not on himself but on another subject. It is claimed that there is in fact no scientific evidence for attributing John Hunter's illness to syphilis and it is urged that the stigma of this diagnosis should be expunged from his image.", "PMID": 324336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9218", "title": "The viability of skin flaps.", "content": "The historical development of skin flaps is outlined, and in particular their division into two types: random, which are supplied by small musculocutaneous vessels; and axial flaps, which are supplied by named cutaneous vessels running within the flap. Experiments are described into the viability of random skin flaps, using the pig as an experimental model. These experiments confirm that random flaps should not be designed longer than their base and probably should not exceed 12.5 cm (5 in) in length.", "contents": "The viability of skin flaps. The historical development of skin flaps is outlined, and in particular their division into two types: random, which are supplied by small musculocutaneous vessels; and axial flaps, which are supplied by named cutaneous vessels running within the flap. Experiments are described into the viability of random skin flaps, using the pig as an experimental model. These experiments confirm that random flaps should not be designed longer than their base and probably should not exceed 12.5 cm (5 in) in length.", "PMID": 324339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9219", "title": "Lymphocyte depression by cancer.", "content": "We believe we have shown in the animal model that in cancer the host's lymphoreticular tissues are engaged by a systemically disseminated antilymphocytic humoral factor that destroys the T-cell-dependent pathway, allowing the dissemination of the disease that results in the death of the animal. From studies on patients with cancer there appears to be a real possibility of the presence of a similar substance in man. Such a factor may form the basis for the definiation of cancer and an explanation of cancer illness on the runt hypothesis. Moreover, if the factor could be identified and antagonized a major therapeutic advantage would be achieved.", "contents": "Lymphocyte depression by cancer. We believe we have shown in the animal model that in cancer the host's lymphoreticular tissues are engaged by a systemically disseminated antilymphocytic humoral factor that destroys the T-cell-dependent pathway, allowing the dissemination of the disease that results in the death of the animal. From studies on patients with cancer there appears to be a real possibility of the presence of a similar substance in man. Such a factor may form the basis for the definiation of cancer and an explanation of cancer illness on the runt hypothesis. Moreover, if the factor could be identified and antagonized a major therapeutic advantage would be achieved.", "PMID": 324338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9220", "title": "Randomized controlled trial of early discharge for inguinal hernia and varicose veins.", "content": "A randomized controlled trial has been conducted into the effects of discharging patients from hospital either at 48 h or 6-7 days after operation for inguinal hernia or varicose veins. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of major postoperative complications between the two lengths of stay for either of the conditions studied. Similarly there was no difference between the two groups of hernia patients in relation  to eventual recurrences.", "contents": "Randomized controlled trial of early discharge for inguinal hernia and varicose veins. A randomized controlled trial has been conducted into the effects of discharging patients from hospital either at 48 h or 6-7 days after operation for inguinal hernia or varicose veins. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of major postoperative complications between the two lengths of stay for either of the conditions studied. Similarly there was no difference between the two groups of hernia patients in relation  to eventual recurrences.", "PMID": 324340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9221", "title": "Diagnosis of myocardial infarction by serum isoenzyme analysis.", "content": "Serial monitoring of the serum isoenzyme patterns of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in patients suspected of acute myocardial infarction has become a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic method. The predictable evolution of isoenzyme patterns following infarction permits diagnosis and recognition of early stages, recovery stages and extension of infarction in the individual. Usual therapeutic and resuscitative manipulations do not interfere with evaluation of patients with angina or following cardiopulmonary arrest without infarction. Despite significant elevations of serum enzyme levels following general and cardiac operative procedures, the occurrence of myocardial necrosis in the surgical population can be recognized by detection of the specific CPK-MB isoenzyme.", "contents": "Diagnosis of myocardial infarction by serum isoenzyme analysis. Serial monitoring of the serum isoenzyme patterns of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in patients suspected of acute myocardial infarction has become a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic method. The predictable evolution of isoenzyme patterns following infarction permits diagnosis and recognition of early stages, recovery stages and extension of infarction in the individual. Usual therapeutic and resuscitative manipulations do not interfere with evaluation of patients with angina or following cardiopulmonary arrest without infarction. Despite significant elevations of serum enzyme levels following general and cardiac operative procedures, the occurrence of myocardial necrosis in the surgical population can be recognized by detection of the specific CPK-MB isoenzyme.", "PMID": 324344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9222", "title": "Measurement of enzymes in environmental intoxications.", "content": "The paper details the enzymes which have been shown to be affected by certain zenobiotics, principally industrial pollutants, toxic metals, toxic gases and food additives. The role of mixed function oxidases is discussed and methods of assessing their activity indicated.", "contents": "Measurement of enzymes in environmental intoxications. The paper details the enzymes which have been shown to be affected by certain zenobiotics, principally industrial pollutants, toxic metals, toxic gases and food additives. The role of mixed function oxidases is discussed and methods of assessing their activity indicated.", "PMID": 324345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9223", "title": "[Metabolism of o,p'-DDD (mitotane) in human and animals. Actual notions and practical deductions (author's transl)].", "content": "The metabolism of o,p'-DDD (mitotane), a well-known inhibitor of adrenal steroidogenesis in man and animal, is reviewed. Following oral administration, about 65% of the ingested drug were found to pass in the stool. The drug appeared in the urine in metabolized forms: o,p'-DDA and mono-and dihydroxylated derivatives of o.p'-DDA. These latters were found as well in the stools. An unsaturated metabolite, o,p'-DDE was described in plasma and tissues in man. Serum specimens of treated patients were analyzed for o,p'-DDD during various phases of therapy: the levels and the rate of rise during treatment were very variable (5 to 90 microng/ml). Tissue levels were obtained from animals (rats, dogs) or men (biopsy as well as autopsy): o,p'-DDD was primarily found stored in adipose tissue and fat-containing tissues, essentially adrenals. Practical conclusions can be drawn from these results: there is no correlation between the dose of o,p'-DDD administered and its blood level; there is no correlation between blood levels and the patient's responsiveness to the drug; there is a possibility that the molecule transformed in an active metabolite through its metabolism.", "contents": "[Metabolism of o,p'-DDD (mitotane) in human and animals. Actual notions and practical deductions (author's transl)]. The metabolism of o,p'-DDD (mitotane), a well-known inhibitor of adrenal steroidogenesis in man and animal, is reviewed. Following oral administration, about 65% of the ingested drug were found to pass in the stool. The drug appeared in the urine in metabolized forms: o,p'-DDA and mono-and dihydroxylated derivatives of o.p'-DDA. These latters were found as well in the stools. An unsaturated metabolite, o,p'-DDE was described in plasma and tissues in man. Serum specimens of treated patients were analyzed for o,p'-DDD during various phases of therapy: the levels and the rate of rise during treatment were very variable (5 to 90 microng/ml). Tissue levels were obtained from animals (rats, dogs) or men (biopsy as well as autopsy): o,p'-DDD was primarily found stored in adipose tissue and fat-containing tissues, essentially adrenals. Practical conclusions can be drawn from these results: there is no correlation between the dose of o,p'-DDD administered and its blood level; there is no correlation between blood levels and the patient's responsiveness to the drug; there is a possibility that the molecule transformed in an active metabolite through its metabolism.", "PMID": 324349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9224", "title": "Intestinal mucosal enzymes in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal metabolic disease.", "content": "The small intestinal mucosa is an actively metabolizing, rapidly proliferating, absorptive epithelium with nutritional and homeostatic functions. A metabolic dysfunction of this organ might, therefore, be expected to cause not only gastrointestinal dysfunction, but also systemic symptoms. Several diseases characterized by primary or secondary gastrointestinal metabolic alterations are discussed.", "contents": "Intestinal mucosal enzymes in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal metabolic disease. The small intestinal mucosa is an actively metabolizing, rapidly proliferating, absorptive epithelium with nutritional and homeostatic functions. A metabolic dysfunction of this organ might, therefore, be expected to cause not only gastrointestinal dysfunction, but also systemic symptoms. Several diseases characterized by primary or secondary gastrointestinal metabolic alterations are discussed.", "PMID": 324346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9225", "title": "Ionic basis of myocardial contractility.", "content": "Knowledge about the basic physiology of mammalian cardiac muscle has lagged behind that of skeletal muscle because the tissue is more difficult to deal with experimentally. The cells are much smaller, they do not tolerate anaerobic conditions very well, and they cannot be tentanized. Therefore as knowledge has developed about skeletal muscle, there has been a tendency to extrapolate to the myocardium. In many instances such extrapolation has been misleading especially in the area of ionic control of contractility. The mammalian heart, with its \"all or none\" contraction, must have an intrinsic mode of modulating its force development. There is no mechanism as in skeletal muscle for recruitment of more or less motor units as force or work required varies. The heart cell uses two basic mechanisms in the regulation of its contraction--the variation of force with initial cellular length (the classic Frank-Starling mechanism) and the variation of the amount of Ca that reaches the myofilaments. This brief review has focused on the second mechanism. I have emphasized the following points: 1. The source of contractile-dependent Ca in the heart is at the cell surface in rapid equilibrium with the extracellular space. 2. It is likely that a large portion of this surface Ca is bound to negatively charged molecules located in the surface coat/external lamina complex. Sialic acid is a major constituent of the surface complex and recent studies indicate that it is important in the control of Ca permeability in the myocardial cell. 3. The Ca derived from the surface complex crosses the sarcolemmal unit membrane by two routes: (a) a \"pore\" system: passage through this system is electrogenic and measurable by voltage-clamp technique; (b) a \"carrier system\": passage through this system is coupled to the outward movement of another cation--most likely Na--such that it is electroneutral and therfore, the inward Ca movements are not detectable by voltage-clamp technique. 4. The primary action of the digitalis glycosides is to inhibit the Na-K pump. This increases Na intracellularly, which in turn increases the Na-Ca carrier activity with the result that more Ca is delivered to the myofilaments. This produces the well-known positive inotropic effect. 5. Finally, there remains considerable controversy with respect to the foregoing points. At this time, they should be viewed as components of a working model that awaits the development of experimental tools to test further its validity.", "contents": "Ionic basis of myocardial contractility. Knowledge about the basic physiology of mammalian cardiac muscle has lagged behind that of skeletal muscle because the tissue is more difficult to deal with experimentally. The cells are much smaller, they do not tolerate anaerobic conditions very well, and they cannot be tentanized. Therefore as knowledge has developed about skeletal muscle, there has been a tendency to extrapolate to the myocardium. In many instances such extrapolation has been misleading especially in the area of ionic control of contractility. The mammalian heart, with its \"all or none\" contraction, must have an intrinsic mode of modulating its force development. There is no mechanism as in skeletal muscle for recruitment of more or less motor units as force or work required varies. The heart cell uses two basic mechanisms in the regulation of its contraction--the variation of force with initial cellular length (the classic Frank-Starling mechanism) and the variation of the amount of Ca that reaches the myofilaments. This brief review has focused on the second mechanism. I have emphasized the following points: 1. The source of contractile-dependent Ca in the heart is at the cell surface in rapid equilibrium with the extracellular space. 2. It is likely that a large portion of this surface Ca is bound to negatively charged molecules located in the surface coat/external lamina complex. Sialic acid is a major constituent of the surface complex and recent studies indicate that it is important in the control of Ca permeability in the myocardial cell. 3. The Ca derived from the surface complex crosses the sarcolemmal unit membrane by two routes: (a) a \"pore\" system: passage through this system is electrogenic and measurable by voltage-clamp technique; (b) a \"carrier system\": passage through this system is coupled to the outward movement of another cation--most likely Na--such that it is electroneutral and therfore, the inward Ca movements are not detectable by voltage-clamp technique. 4. The primary action of the digitalis glycosides is to inhibit the Na-K pump. This increases Na intracellularly, which in turn increases the Na-Ca carrier activity with the result that more Ca is delivered to the myofilaments. This produces the well-known positive inotropic effect. 5. Finally, there remains considerable controversy with respect to the foregoing points. At this time, they should be viewed as components of a working model that awaits the development of experimental tools to test further its validity.", "PMID": 324352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9226", "title": "Enzymatic screening of genetic diseases. (Including hyperammonemia).", "content": "The application of the techniques of clinical enzymology to the study of human biochemical genetics has laid the foundations for the practice of clinical genetics. In the study of inborn errors of metabolism of the urea cycle, these investigations have resulted in an understanding of the pathophysiology of hyperammonemia as well as delineating additional information on the molecular mechanisms of ammonia detosification. Insight has been obtained through recent investigations of another group of genetic disorders, hypercholesterolemia, which has resulted in opening new horizons relating to metabolic regulation of enzyme action through effector-receptor interactions at cell surfaces.", "contents": "Enzymatic screening of genetic diseases. (Including hyperammonemia). The application of the techniques of clinical enzymology to the study of human biochemical genetics has laid the foundations for the practice of clinical genetics. In the study of inborn errors of metabolism of the urea cycle, these investigations have resulted in an understanding of the pathophysiology of hyperammonemia as well as delineating additional information on the molecular mechanisms of ammonia detosification. Insight has been obtained through recent investigations of another group of genetic disorders, hypercholesterolemia, which has resulted in opening new horizons relating to metabolic regulation of enzyme action through effector-receptor interactions at cell surfaces.", "PMID": 324347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9227", "title": "Modification of functional serum antithrombin III assay for fibrometer. Results of examination of 50 patients.", "content": "The functional antithrombin III assay of von Kaulla is described and modified for the fibrometer with substitution of readily available Owren's buffer for previously described buffers. The assay is compared with immunological techniques on 50 hospital patients and comparable discrimination of normals and patients with thrombotic disease are shown. Normal values are 51.1+/-13.9 secs. Results in patients with thrombotic diseases are 16.7+/-1.8 secs.", "contents": "Modification of functional serum antithrombin III assay for fibrometer. Results of examination of 50 patients. The functional antithrombin III assay of von Kaulla is described and modified for the fibrometer with substitution of readily available Owren's buffer for previously described buffers. The assay is compared with immunological techniques on 50 hospital patients and comparable discrimination of normals and patients with thrombotic disease are shown. Normal values are 51.1+/-13.9 secs. Results in patients with thrombotic diseases are 16.7+/-1.8 secs.", "PMID": 324348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9228", "title": "Factors in the pathomechanism of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "It has been shown that CLL is characterized by a piling up of highly differentiated lymphocytic cells. These cells have the structural and metabolic characteristics of a neoplastic cell line of B lymphocytes (except in cases of \"T-cell CLL\"). However, they lack the immunoglobulin-secreting ability of normal B cells, and are immunologically incompetent and inert. Next to this population, there is a normal but reduced population of B cells and a periodically slightly increased T-cell population. The accumulation of pathological cells is based on a 10-fold increase in proliferation of cells that have a 5-fold increase in their life span. In addition, there is a disturbance of exchange of cells between the intra- and extravascular pools. These characteristics clarify the development of the clinical picture: through packing of the bone marrow with pathological cells on the one hand, and the spleen on the other, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and finally granulocytopenia develop. The gradual displacement of normal B cells often leads to extreme hypogammaglobulinemia as the main component of a multifactorial syndrome of immune deficiency.", "contents": "Factors in the pathomechanism of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It has been shown that CLL is characterized by a piling up of highly differentiated lymphocytic cells. These cells have the structural and metabolic characteristics of a neoplastic cell line of B lymphocytes (except in cases of \"T-cell CLL\"). However, they lack the immunoglobulin-secreting ability of normal B cells, and are immunologically incompetent and inert. Next to this population, there is a normal but reduced population of B cells and a periodically slightly increased T-cell population. The accumulation of pathological cells is based on a 10-fold increase in proliferation of cells that have a 5-fold increase in their life span. In addition, there is a disturbance of exchange of cells between the intra- and extravascular pools. These characteristics clarify the development of the clinical picture: through packing of the bone marrow with pathological cells on the one hand, and the spleen on the other, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and finally granulocytopenia develop. The gradual displacement of normal B cells often leads to extreme hypogammaglobulinemia as the main component of a multifactorial syndrome of immune deficiency.", "PMID": 324353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9229", "title": "Malignant hyperpyrexia.", "content": "Malignant hyperpyrexia is a genetically related syndrome that cannot be predicted reliably in advance of administration of anesthesia except by a strong family history. The definitive etiology is unknown, although triggering agents that release calcium from the calcium-storing sarcoplasmic membrane of the muscle cell are highly suspect. As soon as the syndrome is diagnosed, therapy must be prompt, vigorous, and carried out with the same urgency as a cardiac arrest. Specific therapy with dantrolene sodium may prove to be an answer to this serious problem in anesthetic practice.", "contents": "Malignant hyperpyrexia. Malignant hyperpyrexia is a genetically related syndrome that cannot be predicted reliably in advance of administration of anesthesia except by a strong family history. The definitive etiology is unknown, although triggering agents that release calcium from the calcium-storing sarcoplasmic membrane of the muscle cell are highly suspect. As soon as the syndrome is diagnosed, therapy must be prompt, vigorous, and carried out with the same urgency as a cardiac arrest. Specific therapy with dantrolene sodium may prove to be an answer to this serious problem in anesthetic practice.", "PMID": 324354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9230", "title": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) as a clonal disorder.", "content": "1. Clonal theories of disease, particularly progressive clonal growth and selection in tumorogenesis, were briefly cited. 2. Evidence for the clonal nature of PNH was presented. Correlation of red cell hemolysis with (a) G-6-PD type in two female G-6-PD mosaics with PNH and with (b) erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase deficiency, provides strong evidence for the clonal theory of PNH. 3. Possible pitfalls in defining \"hidden PNH clones\" in other diseases by the use of PNH hemolytic tests were discussed. 4. The potential of PNH as a study model for clonal evolution in human disease was emphasized.", "contents": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) as a clonal disorder. 1. Clonal theories of disease, particularly progressive clonal growth and selection in tumorogenesis, were briefly cited. 2. Evidence for the clonal nature of PNH was presented. Correlation of red cell hemolysis with (a) G-6-PD type in two female G-6-PD mosaics with PNH and with (b) erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase deficiency, provides strong evidence for the clonal theory of PNH. 3. Possible pitfalls in defining \"hidden PNH clones\" in other diseases by the use of PNH hemolytic tests were discussed. 4. The potential of PNH as a study model for clonal evolution in human disease was emphasized.", "PMID": 324358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9231", "title": "Pulmonary complications of general surgery.", "content": "1. Patients should be divided preoperatively into low- or high-risk categories, depending on their probability of developing postoperative pulmonary complications. The evaluation should include spirometry as well as an assessment of the previously defined risk factors. 2. Patients in a low-risk category need only instruction in deep breathing pre- and postoperatively. Routine use of supplemented oxygen postoperatively is reasonable until it can be demonstrated whether such is necessary. 3. High-risk patients should be as free as possible of respiratory secretions at the time of surgery. A regimen for this purpose includes cessation of smoking, and administration of inhaled bronchodilators followed by chest percussion and postural drainage. 4. High-risk patients should be carefully instructed in deep breathing and coughing preoperatively. A mechanical device such as an incentive spirometer may be beneficial in this regard. If it is not possible to achieve spontaneous deep breathing, an attempt to accomplish this by IPPB may be undertaken. The tidal volume desired should be ordered. If IPPB does not result in large tidal volumes, it should be discontinued. 5. The deep breathing procedure found to be most successful preoperativelly should be continued postoperatively. 6. The patient should be as mobile as possible while in bed and ambulated as soon as is feasible. 7. Patients with preoperative expiratory flows of less than 20% of predicted values or with chronic hypercapnia should be carefully observed for postoperative ventilatory failure.", "contents": "Pulmonary complications of general surgery. 1. Patients should be divided preoperatively into low- or high-risk categories, depending on their probability of developing postoperative pulmonary complications. The evaluation should include spirometry as well as an assessment of the previously defined risk factors. 2. Patients in a low-risk category need only instruction in deep breathing pre- and postoperatively. Routine use of supplemented oxygen postoperatively is reasonable until it can be demonstrated whether such is necessary. 3. High-risk patients should be as free as possible of respiratory secretions at the time of surgery. A regimen for this purpose includes cessation of smoking, and administration of inhaled bronchodilators followed by chest percussion and postural drainage. 4. High-risk patients should be carefully instructed in deep breathing and coughing preoperatively. A mechanical device such as an incentive spirometer may be beneficial in this regard. If it is not possible to achieve spontaneous deep breathing, an attempt to accomplish this by IPPB may be undertaken. The tidal volume desired should be ordered. If IPPB does not result in large tidal volumes, it should be discontinued. 5. The deep breathing procedure found to be most successful preoperativelly should be continued postoperatively. 6. The patient should be as mobile as possible while in bed and ambulated as soon as is feasible. 7. Patients with preoperative expiratory flows of less than 20% of predicted values or with chronic hypercapnia should be carefully observed for postoperative ventilatory failure.", "PMID": 324360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9232", "title": "Critique of coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "Patients with single-vessel disease, with normal or mildly abnormal ventricular function (EF greater than 40%), have a good prognosis both for natural survival and long-range symptomatic improvement; therefore medical therapy is strongly recommended. Surgery is considered only if symptoms persist after aggressive medical therapy. It is possible that single-vessel left anterior descending disease is a special variant of this group, and surgery may, with further reports, show an increased survival. However, no adequately designed study has yet suggested this, and it is currently our opinion that patients with single-vessel disease do not have an improved survival following surgery. It is not clear whether surgery improves survival in patients with multivessel disease and normal or mildly abnormal ventricular function (EF greater than 40%). Consequently, cardiologists are divided as to whether to advise surgery in these patients solely for survival. Currently, it is our opinion that these patients should have surgery only for improvement of symptoms after failure of medical therapy. In left main coronary disease the evidence favoring improved survival after surgery has convinced most cardiologists, including ourselves, to recommend surgery. Patients with poor ventricular function (EF less than 30%) secondary to coronary artery disease often have congestive heart failure and not angina as their chief symptom. Surgery is usually not advisable for these patients, because of the increased operative mortality and lack of improvement in ventricular function. Patients with poor ventricular function with angina are not usually significantly improved by surgery. In patients with moderately abnormal ventricular function (EF = 30-40%), relief of angina is frequently obtained, but with some added surgical risk. We recommend surgery in these patients after aggressive medical therapy has failed. Patients with unstable angina are initially medically stabilized, after which they are generally managed as stable angina. Patients with persistence of pain at rest in spite of vigorous medical therapy are usually managed by early catheterization and surgery.", "contents": "Critique of coronary artery bypass surgery. Patients with single-vessel disease, with normal or mildly abnormal ventricular function (EF greater than 40%), have a good prognosis both for natural survival and long-range symptomatic improvement; therefore medical therapy is strongly recommended. Surgery is considered only if symptoms persist after aggressive medical therapy. It is possible that single-vessel left anterior descending disease is a special variant of this group, and surgery may, with further reports, show an increased survival. However, no adequately designed study has yet suggested this, and it is currently our opinion that patients with single-vessel disease do not have an improved survival following surgery. It is not clear whether surgery improves survival in patients with multivessel disease and normal or mildly abnormal ventricular function (EF greater than 40%). Consequently, cardiologists are divided as to whether to advise surgery in these patients solely for survival. Currently, it is our opinion that these patients should have surgery only for improvement of symptoms after failure of medical therapy. In left main coronary disease the evidence favoring improved survival after surgery has convinced most cardiologists, including ourselves, to recommend surgery. Patients with poor ventricular function (EF less than 30%) secondary to coronary artery disease often have congestive heart failure and not angina as their chief symptom. Surgery is usually not advisable for these patients, because of the increased operative mortality and lack of improvement in ventricular function. Patients with poor ventricular function with angina are not usually significantly improved by surgery. In patients with moderately abnormal ventricular function (EF = 30-40%), relief of angina is frequently obtained, but with some added surgical risk. We recommend surgery in these patients after aggressive medical therapy has failed. Patients with unstable angina are initially medically stabilized, after which they are generally managed as stable angina. Patients with persistence of pain at rest in spite of vigorous medical therapy are usually managed by early catheterization and surgery.", "PMID": 324363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9233", "title": "Treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).", "content": "In summary, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (as defined here) should be treated initially with glucocorticoids unless there is life-threatening hemorrhage (such as intracranial bleeding), in which case emergency splenectomy is indicated, since it generally gives the most prompt improvement in platelet count of all modes of the disease and to better define the cause of the thrombocytopenia. A complete, sustained remission following treatment with steroids may occasionally be obtained. In most cases the steroid response is transient, and splenectomy is the most definitive measure with respect to a lifelong cure. Complete clinical cure is obtained in 70-80% of instances following splenectomy, with a very low operative risk. The remainder either fail to respond or experience relapse. In this group of patients steroids should again be tried; if a good response is obtained, steroids should be given every second or third day to lessen long-term side effects. If these measures fail, the use of immunosuppressive agents is justified. Both vinca alkaloids and cyclophosphamide are especially useful. Vinca alkaloids act more promptly, but cyclophosphamide may have a more lasting effect. Azathioprine may also be used; however, it appears to yield a lower remission rate. Nonsteroidal immunosuppressive agents should not be used as the primary modality of therapy. And, due to their carcinogenic and teratogenic potential, they should be avoided, if possible, especially in children and in women during their childbearing years.", "contents": "Treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). In summary, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (as defined here) should be treated initially with glucocorticoids unless there is life-threatening hemorrhage (such as intracranial bleeding), in which case emergency splenectomy is indicated, since it generally gives the most prompt improvement in platelet count of all modes of the disease and to better define the cause of the thrombocytopenia. A complete, sustained remission following treatment with steroids may occasionally be obtained. In most cases the steroid response is transient, and splenectomy is the most definitive measure with respect to a lifelong cure. Complete clinical cure is obtained in 70-80% of instances following splenectomy, with a very low operative risk. The remainder either fail to respond or experience relapse. In this group of patients steroids should again be tried; if a good response is obtained, steroids should be given every second or third day to lessen long-term side effects. If these measures fail, the use of immunosuppressive agents is justified. Both vinca alkaloids and cyclophosphamide are especially useful. Vinca alkaloids act more promptly, but cyclophosphamide may have a more lasting effect. Azathioprine may also be used; however, it appears to yield a lower remission rate. Nonsteroidal immunosuppressive agents should not be used as the primary modality of therapy. And, due to their carcinogenic and teratogenic potential, they should be avoided, if possible, especially in children and in women during their childbearing years.", "PMID": 324364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9234", "title": "Prophylaxis of infective endocarditis: a reevaluation.", "content": "Established practice dictates that physicians and dentists give antimicrobial agents at the time of procedures associated with bacteremia in an effort to prevent IE in persons with underlying cardiovascular diseases. Although prospective controlled study has not been established efficacy, very few cases of IE have been reported in patients at risk who have been treated with regimens recommended by the American Heart Association. Furthermore, studies in rabbits in recent years have shown that IE can be prevented by antimicrobials. The results in rabbits have raised some theoretical questions regarding efficacy of currently recommended regimens for man and have led some investigators to propose revisions of the American Heart Association recommendations. We feel that direct translation of results from experimental IE in rabbits into recommendations for prophylaxis of IE in man is subject to question. It is unlikely that a prospective study comparing placebo with antimicrobials will be undertaken, but it is possible and reasonable to undertake studies to document the occurrence of IE in patients at risk who are given established antibiotic regimens. With such data, modifications of established regimens could be proposed and tested. Regimens that are found to be totally effective in a large number of patients at risk might be modified toward simpler programs--for example, modifying parenteral therapy to oral therapy or changing multiple doses of antibiotic to a single dose. If regimens fail, even once in several thousand patients at risk, the factors responsible might be determined and a clear rationale for modification achieved.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of infective endocarditis: a reevaluation. Established practice dictates that physicians and dentists give antimicrobial agents at the time of procedures associated with bacteremia in an effort to prevent IE in persons with underlying cardiovascular diseases. Although prospective controlled study has not been established efficacy, very few cases of IE have been reported in patients at risk who have been treated with regimens recommended by the American Heart Association. Furthermore, studies in rabbits in recent years have shown that IE can be prevented by antimicrobials. The results in rabbits have raised some theoretical questions regarding efficacy of currently recommended regimens for man and have led some investigators to propose revisions of the American Heart Association recommendations. We feel that direct translation of results from experimental IE in rabbits into recommendations for prophylaxis of IE in man is subject to question. It is unlikely that a prospective study comparing placebo with antimicrobials will be undertaken, but it is possible and reasonable to undertake studies to document the occurrence of IE in patients at risk who are given established antibiotic regimens. With such data, modifications of established regimens could be proposed and tested. Regimens that are found to be totally effective in a large number of patients at risk might be modified toward simpler programs--for example, modifying parenteral therapy to oral therapy or changing multiple doses of antibiotic to a single dose. If regimens fail, even once in several thousand patients at risk, the factors responsible might be determined and a clear rationale for modification achieved.", "PMID": 324368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9235", "title": "The role of ethanol in cardiac disease.", "content": "The widespread use of ethyl alcohol suggests its potential importance in clinical medicine. There is no proven therapeutic effect in cardiac patients and its role as an etiologic factor in heart disease has been disputed over the years and attributed to coexistent malnutrition. The latter factor, however, has been dissociated from ethanol use in many patients with the cardiomyopathic form of heart failure. Major support for the role of ethanol as a toxic agent when used in large amounts for a prolonged period has been obtained in various species of animals, including the subhuman primate. Abnormalities include depression of ventricular function, and metabolic and morphologic changes that parallel the changes in humans with preclinical malfunction of the heart. While the mechanism of progression to heart failure or arrhythmias is not known, several factors may be associated. These include, particularly in males, the cumulative effects of ethanol alone or after intensified drinking episodes, simultaneous exposure to trace metals in excess, and occasional specific nutritional deficiency or superimposed infection. The low prevalence of clinical nutritional deficiency in patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy and the infrequency of heart disease in patients with cirrhosis or neuropathy supports the view that the cardiac abnormality is commonly not dependent on malnutrition. Clinical data indicate that the cessation of alcohol intake may reverse the disease or interrupt its progression in many patients. However, the pathogenic process may continue unabated in some patients who become abstinent.", "contents": "The role of ethanol in cardiac disease. The widespread use of ethyl alcohol suggests its potential importance in clinical medicine. There is no proven therapeutic effect in cardiac patients and its role as an etiologic factor in heart disease has been disputed over the years and attributed to coexistent malnutrition. The latter factor, however, has been dissociated from ethanol use in many patients with the cardiomyopathic form of heart failure. Major support for the role of ethanol as a toxic agent when used in large amounts for a prolonged period has been obtained in various species of animals, including the subhuman primate. Abnormalities include depression of ventricular function, and metabolic and morphologic changes that parallel the changes in humans with preclinical malfunction of the heart. While the mechanism of progression to heart failure or arrhythmias is not known, several factors may be associated. These include, particularly in males, the cumulative effects of ethanol alone or after intensified drinking episodes, simultaneous exposure to trace metals in excess, and occasional specific nutritional deficiency or superimposed infection. The low prevalence of clinical nutritional deficiency in patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy and the infrequency of heart disease in patients with cirrhosis or neuropathy supports the view that the cardiac abnormality is commonly not dependent on malnutrition. Clinical data indicate that the cessation of alcohol intake may reverse the disease or interrupt its progression in many patients. However, the pathogenic process may continue unabated in some patients who become abstinent.", "PMID": 324369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9236", "title": "New concepts in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders.", "content": "The salient points in this paper include the following: (a) a description of categorical (typological) diagnosis, applicable to psychiatric as well as to medical illness; (b) description and discussion of the five steps necessary to validate clinically a categorical (typological) diagnosis; (c) a description of the currently primitive state of laboratory studies of functional disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, affective disorders, and other functional disorders); (d) a definition of various psychiatric illnesses and a description of the criteria necessary to qualify a symptom for describing them; and (e) the means and purposes of assessing diagnostic homogeneity or heterogeneity in psychiatric illnesses.", "contents": "New concepts in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. The salient points in this paper include the following: (a) a description of categorical (typological) diagnosis, applicable to psychiatric as well as to medical illness; (b) description and discussion of the five steps necessary to validate clinically a categorical (typological) diagnosis; (c) a description of the currently primitive state of laboratory studies of functional disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, affective disorders, and other functional disorders); (d) a definition of various psychiatric illnesses and a description of the criteria necessary to qualify a symptom for describing them; and (e) the means and purposes of assessing diagnostic homogeneity or heterogeneity in psychiatric illnesses.", "PMID": 324374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9237", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of fat embolism.", "content": "Fat emboli syndrome is one of the major causes of early posttraumatic respiratory distress. Careful attention to the multiple factors associated with the early resuscitative period can minimize this lethal complication of multisystem injury. The use of high-dose steroids and appropriate ventilatory support will decrease the high mortality rate associated with this disease syndrome once it has developed.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of fat embolism. Fat emboli syndrome is one of the major causes of early posttraumatic respiratory distress. Careful attention to the multiple factors associated with the early resuscitative period can minimize this lethal complication of multisystem injury. The use of high-dose steroids and appropriate ventilatory support will decrease the high mortality rate associated with this disease syndrome once it has developed.", "PMID": 324375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9238", "title": "[Penicillin amidase from E. coli. A comparative study of the stability of penicillin amidase immobilized by various means].", "content": "The properties of immobilized penicillinamidases prepared by different methods were studied. Immobilization of penicillinamidase was achieved by using the covalend binding ion exchange sorption, incorporation into gel and other procedures. The effect of the carrier type, purification level of the native enzyme and other factors on stability of the immobilized preparations was studied. In 4 cases significant stabilization of the enzyme in the immobilized state was observed, while in 3 cases destabilization was registered.", "contents": "[Penicillin amidase from E. coli. A comparative study of the stability of penicillin amidase immobilized by various means]. The properties of immobilized penicillinamidases prepared by different methods were studied. Immobilization of penicillinamidase was achieved by using the covalend binding ion exchange sorption, incorporation into gel and other procedures. The effect of the carrier type, purification level of the native enzyme and other factors on stability of the immobilized preparations was studied. In 4 cases significant stabilization of the enzyme in the immobilized state was observed, while in 3 cases destabilization was registered.", "PMID": 324383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9239", "title": "[Effect of prodigiozan on the phagocytic activity of the leukocytes in melioidosis intoxication].", "content": "In development of experimental melioidosis intoxication, the activity of the mechanisms controlling non-specific immunological reactions changed that was evident from changes both in the quantitative and qualitative indices of phagocytosis. The absorption function of the neutrophils was lowered during 2 days from the moment of administration of acetone killed bacterial mass of the melioidosis causative agent which was evident from decreased percentage and index of phagocytosis as compared to the control animals. The qualitative index of the digestive capacity of the neutrophils, i.e. the index of phagocytosis completeness was also low for 7 days of the experiment. The positive role of prodiglozan in activation of the host protective forces in cases with meliodosis intoxication was shown. Prodigizan administered 48 hours before injection of the bacterial mass of the melioidosis causative agent stimulated both the absorption and digestive capacities of the neutrophils.", "contents": "[Effect of prodigiozan on the phagocytic activity of the leukocytes in melioidosis intoxication]. In development of experimental melioidosis intoxication, the activity of the mechanisms controlling non-specific immunological reactions changed that was evident from changes both in the quantitative and qualitative indices of phagocytosis. The absorption function of the neutrophils was lowered during 2 days from the moment of administration of acetone killed bacterial mass of the melioidosis causative agent which was evident from decreased percentage and index of phagocytosis as compared to the control animals. The qualitative index of the digestive capacity of the neutrophils, i.e. the index of phagocytosis completeness was also low for 7 days of the experiment. The positive role of prodiglozan in activation of the host protective forces in cases with meliodosis intoxication was shown. Prodigizan administered 48 hours before injection of the bacterial mass of the melioidosis causative agent stimulated both the absorption and digestive capacities of the neutrophils.", "PMID": 324384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9240", "title": "[Effect of the peroral use of the antitumor antibiotic, carminomycin, on the immunological reactivity of the body of animals].", "content": "Carminomycin administered orally to mice for many times in doses of 2.5 and 1.25 mg/kg induced suppression of hemagglutinine production to sheep erythrocytes and formation of immunologically competent cells in the spleen of test animals. The content of DNA and RNA in the spleen of the test animals treated with carminomycin and sheep erythrocytes was somewhat lower than that in the control mice immunized but not treated with the antibiotic. Carminomycin prolongated the life time of the skin graft by 6.5 days as compared to that of the skin homotransplant in the control animals. The oral use of carminomycin in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg induced a statistically significant decrease in the absorption capacity of the cells of the reticuloendothelial system of the animals.", "contents": "[Effect of the peroral use of the antitumor antibiotic, carminomycin, on the immunological reactivity of the body of animals]. Carminomycin administered orally to mice for many times in doses of 2.5 and 1.25 mg/kg induced suppression of hemagglutinine production to sheep erythrocytes and formation of immunologically competent cells in the spleen of test animals. The content of DNA and RNA in the spleen of the test animals treated with carminomycin and sheep erythrocytes was somewhat lower than that in the control mice immunized but not treated with the antibiotic. Carminomycin prolongated the life time of the skin graft by 6.5 days as compared to that of the skin homotransplant in the control animals. The oral use of carminomycin in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg induced a statistically significant decrease in the absorption capacity of the cells of the reticuloendothelial system of the animals.", "PMID": 324385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9241", "title": "[Effect of bificol on the intestinal microflora of chronic colitis patients working in antiboitic prodiction].", "content": "Data on the use of bificol, a new Soviet preparation, and its effect on the intestine microflora of patients with chronic colitis occupied in production of penicillin are presented. It was shown that by the 28th day of the preparation use the level of the intestine bacteria in the patients' intestine reliably increased. The number of immobile strains decreased from 67.6 to 36.6 per cent. Bifidoflora normalized by the 14th day of the treatment. Some clinical inprovement, i.e. stool normalization, lessening of the stomach pain, increased appetite were observed by the 4th--5th day of the treatment with bificol. On the basis of the microbiological and clinical data it was shown that treatment of the patients with chronic colitis in antibiotic production should continue for at least 28 days and in individual cases for longer periods of time. It is recommended to use the preparation in 10 doses a day divided into 2 parts.", "contents": "[Effect of bificol on the intestinal microflora of chronic colitis patients working in antiboitic prodiction]. Data on the use of bificol, a new Soviet preparation, and its effect on the intestine microflora of patients with chronic colitis occupied in production of penicillin are presented. It was shown that by the 28th day of the preparation use the level of the intestine bacteria in the patients' intestine reliably increased. The number of immobile strains decreased from 67.6 to 36.6 per cent. Bifidoflora normalized by the 14th day of the treatment. Some clinical inprovement, i.e. stool normalization, lessening of the stomach pain, increased appetite were observed by the 4th--5th day of the treatment with bificol. On the basis of the microbiological and clinical data it was shown that treatment of the patients with chronic colitis in antibiotic production should continue for at least 28 days and in individual cases for longer periods of time. It is recommended to use the preparation in 10 doses a day divided into 2 parts.", "PMID": 324386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9242", "title": "[Carbenicillin in the treatment of acute and chronic bacterial pneumonias].", "content": "A total of 50 patients suffering from acute and chronic bacterial pneumonia were treated with sodium carbenicillin. The bacteriological analysis of the sputum showed that Str. pneumoniae predominated in the monoculture or its association with other bacteria. Connection of the results of the bacteriological analysis with the clinical efficiency of the therapy was studied. When carbenicillin was administered intramuscularly in a dose of 1 gm, its therepeutic effect was maintained in the blood for 4 to 6 hours. A satisfactory clinical effect was registered in 41 out of 50 patients treated with carbenicillin in a daily dose 4--6 gm for 8--10 days. No toxic effect of carbenicillin on the parenchimatous organs and peripheral blood was noted.", "contents": "[Carbenicillin in the treatment of acute and chronic bacterial pneumonias]. A total of 50 patients suffering from acute and chronic bacterial pneumonia were treated with sodium carbenicillin. The bacteriological analysis of the sputum showed that Str. pneumoniae predominated in the monoculture or its association with other bacteria. Connection of the results of the bacteriological analysis with the clinical efficiency of the therapy was studied. When carbenicillin was administered intramuscularly in a dose of 1 gm, its therepeutic effect was maintained in the blood for 4 to 6 hours. A satisfactory clinical effect was registered in 41 out of 50 patients treated with carbenicillin in a daily dose 4--6 gm for 8--10 days. No toxic effect of carbenicillin on the parenchimatous organs and peripheral blood was noted.", "PMID": 324387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9243", "title": "Plasmid-mediated chloramphenicol resistance in Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "A clinical isolate of Haemophilus influenzae HC234 was found to be resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. It was shown that both resistance markers are tranferable as one unit to other Haemophilus influenzae strains and also to Escherichia coli. Data are presented which indicate that conjugation is the most likely mechanism of resistance transfer. HC234 was shown to carry a single plasmid species with a molecular weight of 38 x 10(6).", "contents": "Plasmid-mediated chloramphenicol resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. A clinical isolate of Haemophilus influenzae HC234 was found to be resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. It was shown that both resistance markers are tranferable as one unit to other Haemophilus influenzae strains and also to Escherichia coli. Data are presented which indicate that conjugation is the most likely mechanism of resistance transfer. HC234 was shown to carry a single plasmid species with a molecular weight of 38 x 10(6).", "PMID": 324388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9244", "title": "In vivo effects of josamycin, erythromycin, and placebo therapy on nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Healthy nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus were randomly assigned to one of three treatment regimens: josamycin (1.5 g/day), erythromycin stearate (1.0 g/day), or placebo, each administered orally for 7 days. Quantitative nasal cultures were obtained from each subject at intervals before, during, and after treatment. All 25 placebo-treated subjects had positive nasal cultures for S. aureus at all culture intervals. Both josamycin and erythromycin were equally effective in reducing the carrier rates and in decreasing the total numbers of S. aureus isolated from subjects with positive cultures during treatment. No increase in in vitro antibiotic resistance was detected in isolates obtained after therapy. Both antibiotics were well tolerated, and toxicity was not encountered with either drug.", "contents": "In vivo effects of josamycin, erythromycin, and placebo therapy on nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. Healthy nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus were randomly assigned to one of three treatment regimens: josamycin (1.5 g/day), erythromycin stearate (1.0 g/day), or placebo, each administered orally for 7 days. Quantitative nasal cultures were obtained from each subject at intervals before, during, and after treatment. All 25 placebo-treated subjects had positive nasal cultures for S. aureus at all culture intervals. Both josamycin and erythromycin were equally effective in reducing the carrier rates and in decreasing the total numbers of S. aureus isolated from subjects with positive cultures during treatment. No increase in in vitro antibiotic resistance was detected in isolates obtained after therapy. Both antibiotics were well tolerated, and toxicity was not encountered with either drug.", "PMID": 324389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9245", "title": "Antibiotic metabolites from a marine pseudomonad.", "content": "An antibiotic-producing pseudomonad was isolated from a seawater sample from a La Jolla, Calif., tidepool. The pseudomonad produces two novel antibacterial compounds, 2-n-pentyl-4-quinolinol and 2-n-heptyl-4-quinolinol. It also synthesizes indole-3-carboxaldehyde, 6-bromoindole-3-carboxaldehyde, and the known antibiotic p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Each of these compounds was identified by analysis of spectral data, and the structures were confirmed by synthesis or comparison with authentic samples.", "contents": "Antibiotic metabolites from a marine pseudomonad. An antibiotic-producing pseudomonad was isolated from a seawater sample from a La Jolla, Calif., tidepool. The pseudomonad produces two novel antibacterial compounds, 2-n-pentyl-4-quinolinol and 2-n-heptyl-4-quinolinol. It also synthesizes indole-3-carboxaldehyde, 6-bromoindole-3-carboxaldehyde, and the known antibiotic p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Each of these compounds was identified by analysis of spectral data, and the structures were confirmed by synthesis or comparison with authentic samples.", "PMID": 324390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9246", "title": "Resistance plasmid transfer by Serratia marcescens in urine.", "content": "Resistance plasmids were transferred in urine from a multi-drug-resistant Serratia marcescens to Escherichia coli. Transfer of resistance to kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ampicillin, and carbenicillin occurred readily after 4 h of incubation at room temperature (25 degrees C). The urinary catheter collection bag is postulated as a potential site for extraintestinal resistance plasmid transfer in the Enterobacteriaceae, especially for pathogens such as Serratia, which do not frequently colonize the intestinal tract.", "contents": "Resistance plasmid transfer by Serratia marcescens in urine. Resistance plasmids were transferred in urine from a multi-drug-resistant Serratia marcescens to Escherichia coli. Transfer of resistance to kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ampicillin, and carbenicillin occurred readily after 4 h of incubation at room temperature (25 degrees C). The urinary catheter collection bag is postulated as a potential site for extraintestinal resistance plasmid transfer in the Enterobacteriaceae, especially for pathogens such as Serratia, which do not frequently colonize the intestinal tract.", "PMID": 324391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9247", "title": "Comparison of the actions of 5-fluorouracil and ftorafur in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The actions of 5-fluorouracil (FU) and Ftorafur (NCS 148958) were compared in Escherichia coli B3 to determine if Ftorafur can act in ways other than through the production of FU. Very high concentrations of Ftorafur relative to FU were necessary to achieve a comparable inhibition of cell growth. Inhibition by both agents could be reversed by uracil. An FU-resistant strain and an Ftorafur-resistant strain were isolated and found to be cross-resistant to Ftorafur and FU, respectively.", "contents": "Comparison of the actions of 5-fluorouracil and ftorafur in Escherichia coli. The actions of 5-fluorouracil (FU) and Ftorafur (NCS 148958) were compared in Escherichia coli B3 to determine if Ftorafur can act in ways other than through the production of FU. Very high concentrations of Ftorafur relative to FU were necessary to achieve a comparable inhibition of cell growth. Inhibition by both agents could be reversed by uracil. An FU-resistant strain and an Ftorafur-resistant strain were isolated and found to be cross-resistant to Ftorafur and FU, respectively.", "PMID": 324392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9248", "title": "Mobilization of morganocin 174 plasmid and kinetics of morganocin production in Proteus and Escherichia coli hosts.", "content": "Morganocin 174 is coded by a plasmid, Mor174. The plasmid is not self-transmissible but may be mobilized by resistance factor R772. Morganocin synthesis in all Proteus and Providencia strains carrying Mor174 was characterized by a longer lag period after induction and higher titers than in Escherichia coli B(Mor174). The low titers obtained in E. coli B(Mor174) are due to a heatstable inhibitor produced by this strain. Synthesis of morganocin is not constitutive and may be induced by ultraviolet irradiation or mitomycin C. Morganocin production is not influenced by the growth medium of the organism.", "contents": "Mobilization of morganocin 174 plasmid and kinetics of morganocin production in Proteus and Escherichia coli hosts. Morganocin 174 is coded by a plasmid, Mor174. The plasmid is not self-transmissible but may be mobilized by resistance factor R772. Morganocin synthesis in all Proteus and Providencia strains carrying Mor174 was characterized by a longer lag period after induction and higher titers than in Escherichia coli B(Mor174). The low titers obtained in E. coli B(Mor174) are due to a heatstable inhibitor produced by this strain. Synthesis of morganocin is not constitutive and may be induced by ultraviolet irradiation or mitomycin C. Morganocin production is not influenced by the growth medium of the organism.", "PMID": 324393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9249", "title": "Characterization of an R-plasmid associated with ampicillin resistance in Shigella dysenteriae type 1 isolated from epidemics.", "content": "Ampicillin-resistant strains of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 isolated in epidemics in Mexico, Central America, and Bangla Desh were examined for the presence of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by gel electrophoresis. All strains contained a heterogeneous population of plasmids. Transfer experiments to Escherichia coli K-12 indicated that the ampicillin resistance determinant (Ap(r)) was located on a 5.5-megadalton (Mdal) plasmid identical in all Shiga strains examined, as judged by DNA hybridization and by its molecular properties. This 5.5-Mdal plasmid contained the ampicillin transposon (TnA) sequences. There was not a high degree of homology between the Shiga Ap(r) plasmid DNA and DNA obtained from Ap(r)Salmonella typhi strains isolated from typhoid epidemics in Mexico, previous to the dysentery outbreaks. Although low, the degree of reassociation observed indicated that probably part of the TnA sequence was present in S. typhi DNA. The DNA hybridization experiments showed, in addition, that there was a high degree of homology among Ap(r) plasmids isolated from different enterobacteria, and this identity was confirmed by restriction endonuclease activity. These results together with their similarities in molecular and replicative properties indicate that the Ap(r) plasmids, as was suggested for the Sm(r) Su(r) plasmids, possibly evolved once and then epidemiologically spread in the Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Characterization of an R-plasmid associated with ampicillin resistance in Shigella dysenteriae type 1 isolated from epidemics. Ampicillin-resistant strains of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 isolated in epidemics in Mexico, Central America, and Bangla Desh were examined for the presence of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by gel electrophoresis. All strains contained a heterogeneous population of plasmids. Transfer experiments to Escherichia coli K-12 indicated that the ampicillin resistance determinant (Ap(r)) was located on a 5.5-megadalton (Mdal) plasmid identical in all Shiga strains examined, as judged by DNA hybridization and by its molecular properties. This 5.5-Mdal plasmid contained the ampicillin transposon (TnA) sequences. There was not a high degree of homology between the Shiga Ap(r) plasmid DNA and DNA obtained from Ap(r)Salmonella typhi strains isolated from typhoid epidemics in Mexico, previous to the dysentery outbreaks. Although low, the degree of reassociation observed indicated that probably part of the TnA sequence was present in S. typhi DNA. The DNA hybridization experiments showed, in addition, that there was a high degree of homology among Ap(r) plasmids isolated from different enterobacteria, and this identity was confirmed by restriction endonuclease activity. These results together with their similarities in molecular and replicative properties indicate that the Ap(r) plasmids, as was suggested for the Sm(r) Su(r) plasmids, possibly evolved once and then epidemiologically spread in the Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 324394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9250", "title": "Action of the N-trifluoroacetyl analogue of D-chloramphenicol.", "content": "The N-trifluoroacetyl analogue of chloramphenicol was found to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli less than chloramphenicol, rather than more as previously reported by others. It also inhibits protein synthesis by E. coli and rat liver mitochondria less.", "contents": "Action of the N-trifluoroacetyl analogue of D-chloramphenicol. The N-trifluoroacetyl analogue of chloramphenicol was found to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli less than chloramphenicol, rather than more as previously reported by others. It also inhibits protein synthesis by E. coli and rat liver mitochondria less.", "PMID": 324395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9251", "title": "Influence of antioxidants on the bioactivity of amphotericin B.", "content": "Four antioxidants, propyl gallate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and d-alpha-tocopherol acid succinate were found to stabilize amphotericin B and to prolong its antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Although each of the antioxidants was effective in this respect, propyl gallate and butylated hydroxyanisole were better than butylated hydroxytoluene and d-alpha-tocopherol acid succinate. None of the antioxidants alone adversely affected normal cell growth. It is suggested that amphotericin B instability is due, at least in part, to lability of the carbon-carbon double bonds of the polyene moiety toward autoxidation. By protecting the drug molecule with an antioxidant, it is possible to significantly lower the quantity of AB necessary to obtain particular antifungal effects.", "contents": "Influence of antioxidants on the bioactivity of amphotericin B. Four antioxidants, propyl gallate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and d-alpha-tocopherol acid succinate were found to stabilize amphotericin B and to prolong its antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Although each of the antioxidants was effective in this respect, propyl gallate and butylated hydroxyanisole were better than butylated hydroxytoluene and d-alpha-tocopherol acid succinate. None of the antioxidants alone adversely affected normal cell growth. It is suggested that amphotericin B instability is due, at least in part, to lability of the carbon-carbon double bonds of the polyene moiety toward autoxidation. By protecting the drug molecule with an antioxidant, it is possible to significantly lower the quantity of AB necessary to obtain particular antifungal effects.", "PMID": 324396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9252", "title": "Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli W by D-norvalyl-D-alanine: an analogue of D-alanine in position 4 of the peptide subunit of peptidoglycan.", "content": "Position 4 analogues of d-alanine in the peptide subunit of uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-Ala(1)-dGlu(2)- Lys(3)-dAla(4)-dAla(5) have a significant inhibitory effect on penicillin-sensitive peptidoglycan synthesis in Gaffkya homari (C. V. Carpenter, S. Goyer, and F. C. Neuhaus, 1976). The specificity profile of this in vitro system has been used as a basis for designing analogues with potential antibacterial activity. To circumvent the specificity determinants exerted by d-alanine:d-alanine ligase (adenosine 5'-diphosphate), attention was directed to dd-dipeptides of the type d-alanyl-analogue-d-alanine as a method for incorporating analogues into position 4 of the peptide subunit in vivo. Of the three dipeptides, dAbu-dAla, dNva-dAla, and dVal-dAla, only dNva-dAla (5 x 10(-4) M) inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli W in the presence of 5 x 10(-6) M d-cycloserine. This concentration of d-cycloserine did not inhibit growth, but it potentiated the bactericidal activity of the dipeptide. The lack of antibacterial activity observed with dAbu-dAla and dVal-dAla was correlated with the poor ability of these dipeptides to be taken up via the dipeptide transport system of this organism. Prevention of lysis induced by dNva-dAla plus d-cycloserine by certain dipeptides and not by others supported this correlation. It is proposed that the d-norvalyl residue of the dipeptide is incorporated in vivo into position 4 of the peptide subunit of peptidoglycan, and that this subunit is not an effective substrate in the reaction(s) catalyzed by the penicillin-susceptible enzyme(s) of cross-linked peptidoglycan synthesis.", "contents": "Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli W by D-norvalyl-D-alanine: an analogue of D-alanine in position 4 of the peptide subunit of peptidoglycan. Position 4 analogues of d-alanine in the peptide subunit of uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-Ala(1)-dGlu(2)- Lys(3)-dAla(4)-dAla(5) have a significant inhibitory effect on penicillin-sensitive peptidoglycan synthesis in Gaffkya homari (C. V. Carpenter, S. Goyer, and F. C. Neuhaus, 1976). The specificity profile of this in vitro system has been used as a basis for designing analogues with potential antibacterial activity. To circumvent the specificity determinants exerted by d-alanine:d-alanine ligase (adenosine 5'-diphosphate), attention was directed to dd-dipeptides of the type d-alanyl-analogue-d-alanine as a method for incorporating analogues into position 4 of the peptide subunit in vivo. Of the three dipeptides, dAbu-dAla, dNva-dAla, and dVal-dAla, only dNva-dAla (5 x 10(-4) M) inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli W in the presence of 5 x 10(-6) M d-cycloserine. This concentration of d-cycloserine did not inhibit growth, but it potentiated the bactericidal activity of the dipeptide. The lack of antibacterial activity observed with dAbu-dAla and dVal-dAla was correlated with the poor ability of these dipeptides to be taken up via the dipeptide transport system of this organism. Prevention of lysis induced by dNva-dAla plus d-cycloserine by certain dipeptides and not by others supported this correlation. It is proposed that the d-norvalyl residue of the dipeptide is incorporated in vivo into position 4 of the peptide subunit of peptidoglycan, and that this subunit is not an effective substrate in the reaction(s) catalyzed by the penicillin-susceptible enzyme(s) of cross-linked peptidoglycan synthesis.", "PMID": 324397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9253", "title": "Cefazaflur, a new parenteral cephalosporin: in vitro studies.", "content": "Cefazaflur was tested in vitro against 262 strains of bacteria. Inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were determined with two inoculum sizes of bacterial cells in Mueller-Hinton broth and nutrient broth. Agar dilution studies also were performed. When tested in agar, 5.0 mug or less of cefazaflur per ml inhibited almost all strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus mirabilis. The drug was less active against Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus, and 7.5 mug of antibiotic per ml inhibited approximately two-thirds to one-fourth of the strains. A concentration of 50 mug of cefazaflur per ml was required for inhibition of the enterococci. There was negligible activity against Pseudomonas. The drug demonstrated less activity in broth than in agar, and a major inoculum effect was seen with some strains. For example, with a lower inoculum, 2.5 mug of cefazaflur per ml killed all strains of E. coli, whereas with the higher inoculum, 7.5 mug of cefazaflur per ml, inhibited 64% and killed only 8% of strains. The activity of the drug for some strains was greater in Mueller-Hinton broth; for others, it was greater in nutrient broth. There were considerable differences in the results of the broth and agar studies for some species when the same medium was employed. Because of differences in activity found with different media, inocula, and method of testing, an evaluation of the eventual usefulness of cefazaflur must await the results of in vivo studies.", "contents": "Cefazaflur, a new parenteral cephalosporin: in vitro studies. Cefazaflur was tested in vitro against 262 strains of bacteria. Inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were determined with two inoculum sizes of bacterial cells in Mueller-Hinton broth and nutrient broth. Agar dilution studies also were performed. When tested in agar, 5.0 mug or less of cefazaflur per ml inhibited almost all strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus mirabilis. The drug was less active against Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus, and 7.5 mug of antibiotic per ml inhibited approximately two-thirds to one-fourth of the strains. A concentration of 50 mug of cefazaflur per ml was required for inhibition of the enterococci. There was negligible activity against Pseudomonas. The drug demonstrated less activity in broth than in agar, and a major inoculum effect was seen with some strains. For example, with a lower inoculum, 2.5 mug of cefazaflur per ml killed all strains of E. coli, whereas with the higher inoculum, 7.5 mug of cefazaflur per ml, inhibited 64% and killed only 8% of strains. The activity of the drug for some strains was greater in Mueller-Hinton broth; for others, it was greater in nutrient broth. There were considerable differences in the results of the broth and agar studies for some species when the same medium was employed. Because of differences in activity found with different media, inocula, and method of testing, an evaluation of the eventual usefulness of cefazaflur must await the results of in vivo studies.", "PMID": 324399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9254", "title": "Therapy of antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever.", "content": "Antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever in Saigon was studied by examining in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella typhi strains and conducting a randomized clinical trial of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ). Isolates of S. typhi were obtained from blood or stool cultures of 90 patients. Of 87 isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, 65 (75%) were resistant (R) to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline, and 22 (25%) were susceptible (S). The drug resistance was transferable to Escherichia coli and was found in 11 different Vi-phage types. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and to TMP-SMZ. Agar dilution studies of TMP and SMZ showed synergistic inhibition of growth in all 18 S isolates and in 12 of 48 R isolates tested. The clinical trial of ampicillin and TMP-SMZ showed that both drugs were equally effective. Treatment failure with both drugs was more frequent in patients with S isolates than in patients with R isolates. Therefore, in an area where antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever exists, patients with R isolates should receive either ampicillin or TMP-SMZ, but patients with S isolates should be treated with chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Therapy of antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever. Antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever in Saigon was studied by examining in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella typhi strains and conducting a randomized clinical trial of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ). Isolates of S. typhi were obtained from blood or stool cultures of 90 patients. Of 87 isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, 65 (75%) were resistant (R) to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline, and 22 (25%) were susceptible (S). The drug resistance was transferable to Escherichia coli and was found in 11 different Vi-phage types. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and to TMP-SMZ. Agar dilution studies of TMP and SMZ showed synergistic inhibition of growth in all 18 S isolates and in 12 of 48 R isolates tested. The clinical trial of ampicillin and TMP-SMZ showed that both drugs were equally effective. Treatment failure with both drugs was more frequent in patients with S isolates than in patients with R isolates. Therefore, in an area where antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever exists, patients with R isolates should receive either ampicillin or TMP-SMZ, but patients with S isolates should be treated with chloramphenicol.", "PMID": 324398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9255", "title": "Side effects of minocycline: a double-blind study.", "content": "We studied the incidence and type of side effects of minocycline in a double-blind study. A total of 45 volunteers (18 men and 27 women) were given minocycline, and 44 volunteers (23 men and 21 women) were given placebo. The men in both the minocycline and placebo groups were significantly (P < 0.0001) larger than the women in the comparable groups. Minocycline dosage was 100 mg every 12 h for 5 days, and placebo was administered in an identical manner. Minocycline serum concentrations were determined in 12 volunteers at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after the morning doses on days 1, 3, and 5 of the study. Side effects were recorded by volunteers in diaries and also through daily interviews and were evaluated by examination and electronystagmography. Peak minocycline serum concentrations were seen by day 3 and correlated with the peak onset of side effects. These concentrations were significantly higher in women than in men. Vestibular side effects occurred in 70.4% of the women on minocycline and significantly (P < 0.0001) exceeded the rate of the women on placebo (9.5%). Only loss of balance was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the men taking minocycline as contrasted with men on placebo. Electronystagmography generally revealed no abnormalities. Side effects were usually not severe: four volunteers in the minocycline group and two in the placebo group discontinued their capsules because of side effects. It is concluded that women experience an unacceptably high incidence of side effects from minocycline, and this may be related to their higher serum concentrations, which in turn may relate to their smaller size.", "contents": "Side effects of minocycline: a double-blind study. We studied the incidence and type of side effects of minocycline in a double-blind study. A total of 45 volunteers (18 men and 27 women) were given minocycline, and 44 volunteers (23 men and 21 women) were given placebo. The men in both the minocycline and placebo groups were significantly (P < 0.0001) larger than the women in the comparable groups. Minocycline dosage was 100 mg every 12 h for 5 days, and placebo was administered in an identical manner. Minocycline serum concentrations were determined in 12 volunteers at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after the morning doses on days 1, 3, and 5 of the study. Side effects were recorded by volunteers in diaries and also through daily interviews and were evaluated by examination and electronystagmography. Peak minocycline serum concentrations were seen by day 3 and correlated with the peak onset of side effects. These concentrations were significantly higher in women than in men. Vestibular side effects occurred in 70.4% of the women on minocycline and significantly (P < 0.0001) exceeded the rate of the women on placebo (9.5%). Only loss of balance was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the men taking minocycline as contrasted with men on placebo. Electronystagmography generally revealed no abnormalities. Side effects were usually not severe: four volunteers in the minocycline group and two in the placebo group discontinued their capsules because of side effects. It is concluded that women experience an unacceptably high incidence of side effects from minocycline, and this may be related to their higher serum concentrations, which in turn may relate to their smaller size.", "PMID": 324400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9256", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid responding to sulfapyridine and the sulfones.", "content": "Since 1968, a total of 84 patients with bullous pemphigoid have been seen at the Mayo Clinic. Of these, 41 were given a trial of sulfapyridine or dapsone, and six showed a significant response. In five patients, the condition was controlled completely. All responsive patients showed indirect and direct immunofluorescent tests indistinguishable from typical bullous pemphigoid. The patients, however, were somewhat younger (mean 54 years) than others having pemphigoid; and in two patients, biopsy specimens showed a reversal of the usual eosinophilic predominance over neutrophils. Three of the six patients were also diabetic.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid responding to sulfapyridine and the sulfones. Since 1968, a total of 84 patients with bullous pemphigoid have been seen at the Mayo Clinic. Of these, 41 were given a trial of sulfapyridine or dapsone, and six showed a significant response. In five patients, the condition was controlled completely. All responsive patients showed indirect and direct immunofluorescent tests indistinguishable from typical bullous pemphigoid. The patients, however, were somewhat younger (mean 54 years) than others having pemphigoid; and in two patients, biopsy specimens showed a reversal of the usual eosinophilic predominance over neutrophils. Three of the six patients were also diabetic.", "PMID": 324403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9257", "title": "Congenital chloride diarrhoea. Clinical analysis of 21 Finnish patients.", "content": "Clinical findings in 21 Finnish children with congenital chloride diarrhoea are reported. Inheritance of this disease by the autosomal recessive mode is established. All children were born 1-8 weeks prematurely. Hydramnios was present in every case and no meconium was observed; intrauterine onset of diarrhoea is thus apparent. In most cases the diarrhoea or passing of large volumes of \"urine\" was noted on the first day of life and the abdomen was usually large and distended. The neonatla weight loss was abnormally large, and was associated with hypochloraemia and hyponatraemia. Some infants survived the neonatal period without adequate therapy. They presented later with failure to thrive and usually had hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia, and metabolic alkalosis associated with hyperaldosteronism. However, these features may be absent and the diagnosis is based on a history of hydramnios and diarrhoea, and a faecal Cl- concentration which always exceeds 90 mmol/l when fluid and electrolyte deficits have been corrected. Lower faecal Cl- concentrations were seen only in chronic hypochloraemia, which is also associated with achloriduria. Adequate treatment consists of full continuous replacement of the faecal losses of water, NaCl, and KCl. This should be given intravenously in the early neonatal period; later a solution can be taken orally with meals. The dose has to be adjusted to maintain normal serum electrolyte concentrations, normal blood pH, and some chloriduria. This therapy prevents the renal lesions and the retarded growth and psychomotor development which were seen in the children who were diagnosed late and in those who received inadequate replacement therapy. The watery diarrhoea persists and increases slightly with age, though patients learn to live with their disease and to make an adequate social adjustment.", "contents": "Congenital chloride diarrhoea. Clinical analysis of 21 Finnish patients. Clinical findings in 21 Finnish children with congenital chloride diarrhoea are reported. Inheritance of this disease by the autosomal recessive mode is established. All children were born 1-8 weeks prematurely. Hydramnios was present in every case and no meconium was observed; intrauterine onset of diarrhoea is thus apparent. In most cases the diarrhoea or passing of large volumes of \"urine\" was noted on the first day of life and the abdomen was usually large and distended. The neonatla weight loss was abnormally large, and was associated with hypochloraemia and hyponatraemia. Some infants survived the neonatal period without adequate therapy. They presented later with failure to thrive and usually had hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia, and metabolic alkalosis associated with hyperaldosteronism. However, these features may be absent and the diagnosis is based on a history of hydramnios and diarrhoea, and a faecal Cl- concentration which always exceeds 90 mmol/l when fluid and electrolyte deficits have been corrected. Lower faecal Cl- concentrations were seen only in chronic hypochloraemia, which is also associated with achloriduria. Adequate treatment consists of full continuous replacement of the faecal losses of water, NaCl, and KCl. This should be given intravenously in the early neonatal period; later a solution can be taken orally with meals. The dose has to be adjusted to maintain normal serum electrolyte concentrations, normal blood pH, and some chloriduria. This therapy prevents the renal lesions and the retarded growth and psychomotor development which were seen in the children who were diagnosed late and in those who received inadequate replacement therapy. The watery diarrhoea persists and increases slightly with age, though patients learn to live with their disease and to make an adequate social adjustment.", "PMID": 324405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9258", "title": "Persistent ductus arteriosus complicating the respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) complicated the clinical course in 45 (15%) of 299 babies with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) presenting over a 3-year period. The incidence of PDA complicating RDS rose with decreasing birthweight and was highest in babies with severe RDS as judged by the use of assisted ventilation. In babies with a birthweight of less than 1500 g, PDA occurred as a complication of RDS in 25% of cases. In babies who recieved intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) for management of RDS, the incidence of PDA was 35%. Overall mortality for babies with RDS was 17%; when PDA occurred as a complication mortality was 31%. In survivors, spontaneous closure of the PDA occurred in all except one infant. The development of signs of PDA in 19 babies either necessitated a renewal of IPPV or prevented \"weaning\" from IPPV or from continuous positive airways pressure. 9 (47%) of these babies died, 8 of them after the first week of life. The frequency of PDA complicating RDS and the relatively high mortality in this conservatively-treated group of babies is emphasized. The incidence reported here is likely to increase with the increased survival of very low birthweight infants with severe RDS. The high incidence of late deaths in babies who develop signs of PDA associated with an inability to wean from assisted ventilation suggests that early surgical ligation of the PDA in these babies should be considered. The results of a conservative approach to management of these infants are presented.", "contents": "Persistent ductus arteriosus complicating the respiratory distress syndrome. Persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) complicated the clinical course in 45 (15%) of 299 babies with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) presenting over a 3-year period. The incidence of PDA complicating RDS rose with decreasing birthweight and was highest in babies with severe RDS as judged by the use of assisted ventilation. In babies with a birthweight of less than 1500 g, PDA occurred as a complication of RDS in 25% of cases. In babies who recieved intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) for management of RDS, the incidence of PDA was 35%. Overall mortality for babies with RDS was 17%; when PDA occurred as a complication mortality was 31%. In survivors, spontaneous closure of the PDA occurred in all except one infant. The development of signs of PDA in 19 babies either necessitated a renewal of IPPV or prevented \"weaning\" from IPPV or from continuous positive airways pressure. 9 (47%) of these babies died, 8 of them after the first week of life. The frequency of PDA complicating RDS and the relatively high mortality in this conservatively-treated group of babies is emphasized. The incidence reported here is likely to increase with the increased survival of very low birthweight infants with severe RDS. The high incidence of late deaths in babies who develop signs of PDA associated with an inability to wean from assisted ventilation suggests that early surgical ligation of the PDA in these babies should be considered. The results of a conservative approach to management of these infants are presented.", "PMID": 324406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9259", "title": "Heavy meromyosin binding microfilaments in epidermal cells during wound healing.", "content": "Studies have been conducted which demonstrate that heavy meromyosin binds to cortically positioned microfilaments in migrating epidermal cells during early stages of wound healing. This finding demonstrates the presence of actin within these nonmuscle cells and may suggest a role for this contractile protein during epidermal cell migration.", "contents": "Heavy meromyosin binding microfilaments in epidermal cells during wound healing. Studies have been conducted which demonstrate that heavy meromyosin binds to cortically positioned microfilaments in migrating epidermal cells during early stages of wound healing. This finding demonstrates the presence of actin within these nonmuscle cells and may suggest a role for this contractile protein during epidermal cell migration.", "PMID": 324408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9260", "title": "Neonatal and infantile hypoglycemia due to insulin excess: new aspects of diagnosis and surgical management.", "content": "Persistent hypoglycemia in the neonate and young infant usually results from inappropriate, excessive secretion of insulin, or a deficiency of one of the hepatic gluco-regulatory enzymes. Hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinism, whether associated with nesidioblastosis, islet cell hyperplasia, adenoma or normal islets, may have devastating consequences in this age group and demands recognition and effective treatment. Medical management consisting primarily of frequent feeding, the intravenous infusion of glucose and the administration of glucagon, glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and diazoxide is often ineffective and may be punctuated by repeated episodes of hypoglycemia, convulsions, and central nervous system damage. Although subtotal-total pancreatectomy is effective in restoring blood sugar to normal, almost half of the reported patients are mentally retarded. This may be due in part to unwarranted delays in performing pancreatectomy. Experience with 6 patients undergoing subtotal--total pancreatectomy for intractable hypoglycemia supports the contention that this procedure is effective. A euglycemic state was restored in all 6 patients and there was no evidence of residual central nervous system damage. The spleen should be preserved in view of its importance in maintaining normal immunodefense mechanisms.", "contents": "Neonatal and infantile hypoglycemia due to insulin excess: new aspects of diagnosis and surgical management. Persistent hypoglycemia in the neonate and young infant usually results from inappropriate, excessive secretion of insulin, or a deficiency of one of the hepatic gluco-regulatory enzymes. Hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinism, whether associated with nesidioblastosis, islet cell hyperplasia, adenoma or normal islets, may have devastating consequences in this age group and demands recognition and effective treatment. Medical management consisting primarily of frequent feeding, the intravenous infusion of glucose and the administration of glucagon, glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and diazoxide is often ineffective and may be punctuated by repeated episodes of hypoglycemia, convulsions, and central nervous system damage. Although subtotal-total pancreatectomy is effective in restoring blood sugar to normal, almost half of the reported patients are mentally retarded. This may be due in part to unwarranted delays in performing pancreatectomy. Experience with 6 patients undergoing subtotal--total pancreatectomy for intractable hypoglycemia supports the contention that this procedure is effective. A euglycemic state was restored in all 6 patients and there was no evidence of residual central nervous system damage. The spleen should be preserved in view of its importance in maintaining normal immunodefense mechanisms.", "PMID": 324412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9261", "title": "The omentum: an account of its use in the reconstruction of the chest wall.", "content": "Ten patients with lesions of the chest wall amenable to surgical therapy were reconstructed by a transposition flap of the greater omentum. Eight of these patients had been previously treated for cancer of the female breast by mastectomy and irradiation or by irradiation alone (in one instance). Of these 8, 6 had progressive ulceration of the chest wall consistent with radiation necrosis and three had residual carcinoma within the ulcer. One patient had melanoma of the chest wall still persistent after surgical resection and irradiation. Another had epidermoid carcinoma, whereas two sought breast reconstruction after successful mastectomy for cancer. In five patients the omentum was transposed directly on the pleura and lung or chest wall. In three patients prolene mesh was interposed to stabilize the chest wall. In two patients the defect attendant upon a Halsted mastectomy was ameliorated by a one-stage reconstruction using transposed omentum to cover a silastic gel prosthesis and to support an overlying skin graft. In three patients there were mild transient symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction postoperatively. In one patient delayed healing occurred because of partial separation of the omentum from the underlying irradiated pleura and in another there was partial loss of skin graft and omentum due to hematoma. A closed wound was achieved in all cases without infection.", "contents": "The omentum: an account of its use in the reconstruction of the chest wall. Ten patients with lesions of the chest wall amenable to surgical therapy were reconstructed by a transposition flap of the greater omentum. Eight of these patients had been previously treated for cancer of the female breast by mastectomy and irradiation or by irradiation alone (in one instance). Of these 8, 6 had progressive ulceration of the chest wall consistent with radiation necrosis and three had residual carcinoma within the ulcer. One patient had melanoma of the chest wall still persistent after surgical resection and irradiation. Another had epidermoid carcinoma, whereas two sought breast reconstruction after successful mastectomy for cancer. In five patients the omentum was transposed directly on the pleura and lung or chest wall. In three patients prolene mesh was interposed to stabilize the chest wall. In two patients the defect attendant upon a Halsted mastectomy was ameliorated by a one-stage reconstruction using transposed omentum to cover a silastic gel prosthesis and to support an overlying skin graft. In three patients there were mild transient symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction postoperatively. In one patient delayed healing occurred because of partial separation of the omentum from the underlying irradiated pleura and in another there was partial loss of skin graft and omentum due to hematoma. A closed wound was achieved in all cases without infection.", "PMID": 324413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9262", "title": "Selectivity in the management of hepatic trauma.", "content": "Retrospective review of 178 consecutive patients who sustained hepatic injuries confirms that selective application of hepatic artery ligation is an efficient means of definitive hemostasis. Only two of 20 immediate deaths resulted from hepatic parenchymal hemorrhage. Over-all mortality (20%) was not significantly increased where hepatic artery ligation was used. Sepsis was the most frequent complication after severe hepatic trauma.", "contents": "Selectivity in the management of hepatic trauma. Retrospective review of 178 consecutive patients who sustained hepatic injuries confirms that selective application of hepatic artery ligation is an efficient means of definitive hemostasis. Only two of 20 immediate deaths resulted from hepatic parenchymal hemorrhage. Over-all mortality (20%) was not significantly increased where hepatic artery ligation was used. Sepsis was the most frequent complication after severe hepatic trauma.", "PMID": 324414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9263", "title": "Hypertonic mannitol in the therapy of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Increased pulmonary artery pressure, an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and an increase in physiologic dead space are consistent findings in patients with post-traumatic respiratory distress. Since mannitol has been shown to decrease renal vascular resistance following trauma, the effect of a bolus injection of 100 ml of 25% solution of this drug on pulmonary hemodynamics and physiologic dead space was investigated in 11 patients who had suffered multiple trauma. Five minutes after the injection, pulmonary vascular resistance fell (p less than .01), cardiac index increased (p less than .001) and physiologic dead space decreased (p less than .05). In contrast, the administration of 40 mg of furosemide produced no significant change in any of these parameters. Mannitol rapidly equilibrates in the extracellular space and exerts an osmotic effect across cell membranes. We postulate that the beneficial response to mannitol on the pulmonary vascular resistance and the improved perfusion of ventilated regions of the lung is due to a reduction in cell swelling and is not explainable by its diuretic effect. Improvement in the distribution of perfusion of pulmonary blood flow by mannitol may be a useful aid in the treatment of the post-traumatic form of the respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "Hypertonic mannitol in the therapy of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Increased pulmonary artery pressure, an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and an increase in physiologic dead space are consistent findings in patients with post-traumatic respiratory distress. Since mannitol has been shown to decrease renal vascular resistance following trauma, the effect of a bolus injection of 100 ml of 25% solution of this drug on pulmonary hemodynamics and physiologic dead space was investigated in 11 patients who had suffered multiple trauma. Five minutes after the injection, pulmonary vascular resistance fell (p less than .01), cardiac index increased (p less than .001) and physiologic dead space decreased (p less than .05). In contrast, the administration of 40 mg of furosemide produced no significant change in any of these parameters. Mannitol rapidly equilibrates in the extracellular space and exerts an osmotic effect across cell membranes. We postulate that the beneficial response to mannitol on the pulmonary vascular resistance and the improved perfusion of ventilated regions of the lung is due to a reduction in cell swelling and is not explainable by its diuretic effect. Improvement in the distribution of perfusion of pulmonary blood flow by mannitol may be a useful aid in the treatment of the post-traumatic form of the respiratory distress syndrome.", "PMID": 324415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9264", "title": "Incidence and significance of intra-operative bacterial cultures during abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy.", "content": "Eighty patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy were studied to identify sources of potential graft sepsis. All but one patient received perioperative antibiotics. Samples obtained from aneurysm contents in 78 and bowel bag fluid in 45 were cultured for organisms. Twelve of 78 (15%) aneurysm cultures and five of 45 (11%) intestinal bag cultures yielded bacterial growth. Sixteen patients had positive cultures from either source and one from both, an overall incidence of 20%. Forty-four patients had asymptomatic aneurysms, 23 had symptomatic aneurysms, and 13 had ruptured aneurysms. A significantly greater frequency of bacterial growth occurred from ruptured than from non-ruptured aneurysms (p less than 0.05). Two patients (2.5%) developed graft sepsis. Comparing survivors followed a minimum of 6 months in the positive and negative culture groups, the late graft sepsis rate was 10% and 2% respectively. Two heretofore not widely recognized sources for late graft sepsis were identified: aneurysmal contents and intestinal bag fluid. Reasons for difference between potential graft sepsis incidence of 20% and actual incidence of 2.5% may include antibiotic therapy, host resistance, or other unidentified variables. Routine culture of aneurysm and intestinal bag contents is recommended. Upon identifying bacterial growth from such sources, organism-specific antibiotics are required.", "contents": "Incidence and significance of intra-operative bacterial cultures during abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. Eighty patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy were studied to identify sources of potential graft sepsis. All but one patient received perioperative antibiotics. Samples obtained from aneurysm contents in 78 and bowel bag fluid in 45 were cultured for organisms. Twelve of 78 (15%) aneurysm cultures and five of 45 (11%) intestinal bag cultures yielded bacterial growth. Sixteen patients had positive cultures from either source and one from both, an overall incidence of 20%. Forty-four patients had asymptomatic aneurysms, 23 had symptomatic aneurysms, and 13 had ruptured aneurysms. A significantly greater frequency of bacterial growth occurred from ruptured than from non-ruptured aneurysms (p less than 0.05). Two patients (2.5%) developed graft sepsis. Comparing survivors followed a minimum of 6 months in the positive and negative culture groups, the late graft sepsis rate was 10% and 2% respectively. Two heretofore not widely recognized sources for late graft sepsis were identified: aneurysmal contents and intestinal bag fluid. Reasons for difference between potential graft sepsis incidence of 20% and actual incidence of 2.5% may include antibiotic therapy, host resistance, or other unidentified variables. Routine culture of aneurysm and intestinal bag contents is recommended. Upon identifying bacterial growth from such sources, organism-specific antibiotics are required.", "PMID": 324416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9265", "title": "Intraoperative antibiotic wound lavage: an attempt to eliminate postoperative infection in arterial and clean general surgical procedures.", "content": "Intraoperative antibiotic wound lavage has been used in all arterial reconstructive procedures for the past 7 years and reduced the incidence of early and late postoperative infections from 1.5% in 400 operations prior to 1969 to 0.23% (one post-hospital) in 434 patients operated since that date. In 226 consecutive clean major general surgical procedures since June 1971 there has been no early or late wound infections following intraoperative antibiotic wound lavage in contrast to an infection rate of 1.5% in 185 operations prior to that date. A double blind study of 200 patients undergoing operations for varicose veins was carried out as follows: The wounds of alternate patients were irrigated either with normal saline or with antibiotic solution. There were no gross (grade II) postoperative wound infections. Minor skin changes were noted in 93 of 632 incisions in the saline group and only 49 of 608 incisions irrigated with antibiotic solution (P less than 0.001). In clean operations without antibiotic wound lavage there was a 0.73% rate of in-hospital wound infections in 685 patients in contrast to a zero rate in 760 patients wherein intraoperative wound lavage was carried out throughout the operative procedure.", "contents": "Intraoperative antibiotic wound lavage: an attempt to eliminate postoperative infection in arterial and clean general surgical procedures. Intraoperative antibiotic wound lavage has been used in all arterial reconstructive procedures for the past 7 years and reduced the incidence of early and late postoperative infections from 1.5% in 400 operations prior to 1969 to 0.23% (one post-hospital) in 434 patients operated since that date. In 226 consecutive clean major general surgical procedures since June 1971 there has been no early or late wound infections following intraoperative antibiotic wound lavage in contrast to an infection rate of 1.5% in 185 operations prior to that date. A double blind study of 200 patients undergoing operations for varicose veins was carried out as follows: The wounds of alternate patients were irrigated either with normal saline or with antibiotic solution. There were no gross (grade II) postoperative wound infections. Minor skin changes were noted in 93 of 632 incisions in the saline group and only 49 of 608 incisions irrigated with antibiotic solution (P less than 0.001). In clean operations without antibiotic wound lavage there was a 0.73% rate of in-hospital wound infections in 685 patients in contrast to a zero rate in 760 patients wherein intraoperative wound lavage was carried out throughout the operative procedure.", "PMID": 324417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9266", "title": "Perforated duodenal ulcer managed by proximal gastric vagotomy and suture plication.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with acute perforated duodenal ulcer were managed by proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage and simple closure of the perforation reinforced with an omental patch. There was no operative mortality. No recurrent duodenal ulcers have developed. All patients have achieved a good to excellent clinical result from their operation. Dumping, diarrhea, and reflux gastritis have not developed. Follow-up studies extend to three and one-half years. Proximal gastric vagotomy with simple closure is safe, effective management for the patient with an acute perforated duodenal ulcer. This operation is a satisfactory compromise between simple closure alone which does not protect against recurrent ulcer and definitive ulcer operations which may subject patients who would not have further ulcer symptoms to the unnecessary risk of increased mortality, morbidity, and postgastrectomy disorders.", "contents": "Perforated duodenal ulcer managed by proximal gastric vagotomy and suture plication. Twenty-one patients with acute perforated duodenal ulcer were managed by proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage and simple closure of the perforation reinforced with an omental patch. There was no operative mortality. No recurrent duodenal ulcers have developed. All patients have achieved a good to excellent clinical result from their operation. Dumping, diarrhea, and reflux gastritis have not developed. Follow-up studies extend to three and one-half years. Proximal gastric vagotomy with simple closure is safe, effective management for the patient with an acute perforated duodenal ulcer. This operation is a satisfactory compromise between simple closure alone which does not protect against recurrent ulcer and definitive ulcer operations which may subject patients who would not have further ulcer symptoms to the unnecessary risk of increased mortality, morbidity, and postgastrectomy disorders.", "PMID": 324418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9267", "title": "A technique to narrow the lumen of a Waterston anastomosis.", "content": "A technique is described for narrowing the Waterston anastomosis by placing a horizontal mattress suture buttressed with felt pledgets through the aortic wall at the cephalad side of the anastomosis. This maneuver produces a slight but safe narrowing of the anastomotic lumen.", "contents": "A technique to narrow the lumen of a Waterston anastomosis. A technique is described for narrowing the Waterston anastomosis by placing a horizontal mattress suture buttressed with felt pledgets through the aortic wall at the cephalad side of the anastomosis. This maneuver produces a slight but safe narrowing of the anastomotic lumen.", "PMID": 324419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9268", "title": "Lung preservation techniques.", "content": "Some of the barriers to successful lung transplantation include the lack of acceptable methods for ischemic protection and the  absence of reliable systems for preservation. The lung response to 60 minutes of warm ischemia basically consists of alveolar-capillary edema and disruption, mitochondria swelling, interstitial hemorrhage, significantly depressed pulmonary function, elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance, and considerable drop in levels of glucose, phospholipids, and adenosine triphosphate. The tolerance to warm ischemia increases to several hours with the use of different systems of ventilatory assistance with or without positive end-expiratory pressure. Several methods of preservation have been attempted: hypothermia, hyperbaria, and hypothermic pulsatile or nonpulsatile perfusion. Hypothermic pulsatile perfusion appears to offer longer periods of protection than the other methods. Longer periods of ischemia and extended preservation may be made possible by advances in the use of drug protection during warm ischemia and the utilization of intracellular colloid or noncolloid solutions for hypothermic storage or hypothermic pulsatile perfusion.", "contents": "Lung preservation techniques. Some of the barriers to successful lung transplantation include the lack of acceptable methods for ischemic protection and the  absence of reliable systems for preservation. The lung response to 60 minutes of warm ischemia basically consists of alveolar-capillary edema and disruption, mitochondria swelling, interstitial hemorrhage, significantly depressed pulmonary function, elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance, and considerable drop in levels of glucose, phospholipids, and adenosine triphosphate. The tolerance to warm ischemia increases to several hours with the use of different systems of ventilatory assistance with or without positive end-expiratory pressure. Several methods of preservation have been attempted: hypothermia, hyperbaria, and hypothermic pulsatile or nonpulsatile perfusion. Hypothermic pulsatile perfusion appears to offer longer periods of protection than the other methods. Longer periods of ischemia and extended preservation may be made possible by advances in the use of drug protection during warm ischemia and the utilization of intracellular colloid or noncolloid solutions for hypothermic storage or hypothermic pulsatile perfusion.", "PMID": 324420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9269", "title": "Sequential hospitalwide outbreaks of resistant Serratia and Klebsiella infections.", "content": "Late in 1973 at the Nashville Veterans Administration Hospital, an intrusion of Serratia marcescens infections that were resistant to gentamicin sulfate and other antimicrobial agents occurred. This abated somewhat, only to be superseded by another wave of multiply-resistant infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae beginning in the spring of 1974. Approximately 400 patients had substantial infections with these organisms during the 2 1/4 year period, imposing considerable morbidity and mortality. Due to the serious and lasting impact that these events imposed on patient care in our hospital, we sought explanations for the sequential infectious outbreaks. Both may have arisen because of the same persisting pressures favoring prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Indirect evidence including the sequential order of the outbreaks, similarity of antibiotograms, transferable multiple drug resistance from Serratia to Klebsiella, and possession of approximately equal molecular weight plasmids supported the notion that the two outbreaks were causally related.", "contents": "Sequential hospitalwide outbreaks of resistant Serratia and Klebsiella infections. Late in 1973 at the Nashville Veterans Administration Hospital, an intrusion of Serratia marcescens infections that were resistant to gentamicin sulfate and other antimicrobial agents occurred. This abated somewhat, only to be superseded by another wave of multiply-resistant infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae beginning in the spring of 1974. Approximately 400 patients had substantial infections with these organisms during the 2 1/4 year period, imposing considerable morbidity and mortality. Due to the serious and lasting impact that these events imposed on patient care in our hospital, we sought explanations for the sequential infectious outbreaks. Both may have arisen because of the same persisting pressures favoring prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Indirect evidence including the sequential order of the outbreaks, similarity of antibiotograms, transferable multiple drug resistance from Serratia to Klebsiella, and possession of approximately equal molecular weight plasmids supported the notion that the two outbreaks were causally related.", "PMID": 324421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9270", "title": "Somatostatin. Its possible role in carbohydrate homeostasis and the treatment of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Somatostatin, a peptide inhibitor of growth hormone release originally isolated from the hypothalamus, is also present in D cells of pancreatic islets. Its ability to inhibit the secretion of insulin and glucagon suggests that it may be a local regulator of pancreatic A- and B-cell function. Studies using synthetic somatostatin have provided evidence that glucagon is a physiologically important hormone that exacerbates the consequences of insulin deficiency in human diabetes mellitus. The ability of somatostatin to diminish both fasting and post-prandial hyperglycemia and to forestall the development of ketoacidosis after withdrawal of insulin in insulin-dependent diabetics suggests a potential therapeutic use of this agent in diabetes. Presently, however, its short half-life and diverse actions preclude such use and have prompted the search for more specific and longer-acting analogs.", "contents": "Somatostatin. Its possible role in carbohydrate homeostasis and the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Somatostatin, a peptide inhibitor of growth hormone release originally isolated from the hypothalamus, is also present in D cells of pancreatic islets. Its ability to inhibit the secretion of insulin and glucagon suggests that it may be a local regulator of pancreatic A- and B-cell function. Studies using synthetic somatostatin have provided evidence that glucagon is a physiologically important hormone that exacerbates the consequences of insulin deficiency in human diabetes mellitus. The ability of somatostatin to diminish both fasting and post-prandial hyperglycemia and to forestall the development of ketoacidosis after withdrawal of insulin in insulin-dependent diabetics suggests a potential therapeutic use of this agent in diabetes. Presently, however, its short half-life and diverse actions preclude such use and have prompted the search for more specific and longer-acting analogs.", "PMID": 324423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9271", "title": "Psychiatric disorder in children with speech and language retardation. A critical review.", "content": "This article critically reviews the literature concerning psychiatric disorder in children with speech and language retardation. The data indicate that speech- and language-disordered children are at risk for psychiatric disorder, that there is some correlation between the presence of psychiatric disorder and the type of speech and language disturbance, and that there is a likely correlation between certain types of speech and language problems and the type of psychiatric difficulty. Firm conclusions in this area are hampered by many methodological difficulties. Finally, a review of the nature of the association between psychiatric disorder and speech and language retardation reveals that except in rare instances psychiatric disorder does not cause speech and language retardation, and that in most cases psychiatric disorder is indirectly caused by speech and language retardation.", "contents": "Psychiatric disorder in children with speech and language retardation. A critical review. This article critically reviews the literature concerning psychiatric disorder in children with speech and language retardation. The data indicate that speech- and language-disordered children are at risk for psychiatric disorder, that there is some correlation between the presence of psychiatric disorder and the type of speech and language disturbance, and that there is a likely correlation between certain types of speech and language problems and the type of psychiatric difficulty. Firm conclusions in this area are hampered by many methodological difficulties. Finally, a review of the nature of the association between psychiatric disorder and speech and language retardation reveals that except in rare instances psychiatric disorder does not cause speech and language retardation, and that in most cases psychiatric disorder is indirectly caused by speech and language retardation.", "PMID": 324425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9272", "title": "Children of psychotic mothers. Performance of 3-year-old children on tests of attention.", "content": "Children of mentally ill mothers (N = 21), believed to be at risk for the subsequent development of psychopathology (high-risk group) were compared with children of well mothers (N = 21)(low-risk group) on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Results indicated that children in the high-risk group perform less well than low-risk children on the EFT (particularly on the more difficult stimuli), but do not differ from low-risk children on the PPVT. These results are interpreted as showing greater impairment of attention among children of mentally ill mothers than among children of well mothers.", "contents": "Children of psychotic mothers. Performance of 3-year-old children on tests of attention. Children of mentally ill mothers (N = 21), believed to be at risk for the subsequent development of psychopathology (high-risk group) were compared with children of well mothers (N = 21)(low-risk group) on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Results indicated that children in the high-risk group perform less well than low-risk children on the EFT (particularly on the more difficult stimuli), but do not differ from low-risk children on the PPVT. These results are interpreted as showing greater impairment of attention among children of mentally ill mothers than among children of well mothers.", "PMID": 324426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9273", "title": "Mycobacterium bovis infection in baboons (Papio papio).", "content": "Two tuberculin-positive baboons in a primate colony were found to have grossly visible tuberculous lesions in the liver, spleen, lung, and  mediastinal lymph nodes on necropsy. Results of histopathologic examination of the tissues showed granulomas with Langhans giant cells. An acid-fast organism was isolated from tissues of each baboon; the isolates were identified as Mycobacterium bovis by being negative for niacin production and nitrate reduction and by their susceptibility to thiophen-2-carbosylic acid hydrazide and to 5% glycerol.", "contents": "Mycobacterium bovis infection in baboons (Papio papio). Two tuberculin-positive baboons in a primate colony were found to have grossly visible tuberculous lesions in the liver, spleen, lung, and  mediastinal lymph nodes on necropsy. Results of histopathologic examination of the tissues showed granulomas with Langhans giant cells. An acid-fast organism was isolated from tissues of each baboon; the isolates were identified as Mycobacterium bovis by being negative for niacin production and nitrate reduction and by their susceptibility to thiophen-2-carbosylic acid hydrazide and to 5% glycerol.", "PMID": 324436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9274", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum complicating mechanical ventilator therapy.", "content": "Subdiaphragmatic air arouses the clinical suspicion of a perforated intra-abdominal viscus. In patients with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, the retroperitoneal dissection of air from the mediastinum may give rise to radiologic evidence of subdiaphragmatic emphysema. The present report describes four patients with this syndrome. In three of them, a perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer was initially suspected. None of these three patients underwent surgery. Autopsy examinations in two patients revealed extraperitoneal subdiaphragmatic emphysema with secondary rupture into the free peritoneal cavity. The third patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged from the hospital. In a fourth patient, signs of peritonitis prompted an exploratory laparotomy. No perforation of an intraperitoneal viscus was identified. Upper gastrointestinal contrast roentgenography and peritoneal lavage may help determine the etiology of subdiaphragmatic air in patients undergoing therapy with a mechanical ventilator.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum complicating mechanical ventilator therapy. Subdiaphragmatic air arouses the clinical suspicion of a perforated intra-abdominal viscus. In patients with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, the retroperitoneal dissection of air from the mediastinum may give rise to radiologic evidence of subdiaphragmatic emphysema. The present report describes four patients with this syndrome. In three of them, a perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer was initially suspected. None of these three patients underwent surgery. Autopsy examinations in two patients revealed extraperitoneal subdiaphragmatic emphysema with secondary rupture into the free peritoneal cavity. The third patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged from the hospital. In a fourth patient, signs of peritonitis prompted an exploratory laparotomy. No perforation of an intraperitoneal viscus was identified. Upper gastrointestinal contrast roentgenography and peritoneal lavage may help determine the etiology of subdiaphragmatic air in patients undergoing therapy with a mechanical ventilator.", "PMID": 324438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9275", "title": "[Dissolution of polyhedra of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the leatherjacket Tipula paludosa MEIG. Ultrastructural study of the virion (author's transl)].", "content": "The inclusion bodies of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of T. paludosa MEIG. were purified by sucrose density gradients, their morphology described using scanning electron microscopy, and the conditions for their solubilization investigated. These inclusions known to be unusually resistant to dissolution, were successfully dissolved in conditions maintaining the integrety of the virus particles by using a 0.125 M sodium thioglycolate + 0.125 M sodium bicarbonate solution, pH 10.5. The virions extracted from the inclusions were purified by sucrose density gradients and their fine structure studied in electron microscopy. In PTA-stained preparations the virion is rod-shaped measuring 230--240 nm in length and 100 to 110 nm in diameter. It consists of an inner nucleocapsid surrounded by a loose envelope. Partially degraded virions reveal small subunits arranged in a regular helix (pitch of approximately 40 A) at the surface fo the capsid. These subunits likely represent the virus capsomers. A flexuous ropelike structure protruding at one end of the capsid is sometimes observed in partially degraded virions stained with uranyl acetate. In thin sections of infected hemocytes, the virions occluded on polyhedra or free in the nucleoplasm exhibit the same morphology although their diameter does not exceed 80--85 nm. The muclear polyhedrosis virus of T. paludosa meets all the criteria for incorporation into the Family Baculoviridae.", "contents": "[Dissolution of polyhedra of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the leatherjacket Tipula paludosa MEIG. Ultrastructural study of the virion (author's transl)]. The inclusion bodies of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of T. paludosa MEIG. were purified by sucrose density gradients, their morphology described using scanning electron microscopy, and the conditions for their solubilization investigated. These inclusions known to be unusually resistant to dissolution, were successfully dissolved in conditions maintaining the integrety of the virus particles by using a 0.125 M sodium thioglycolate + 0.125 M sodium bicarbonate solution, pH 10.5. The virions extracted from the inclusions were purified by sucrose density gradients and their fine structure studied in electron microscopy. In PTA-stained preparations the virion is rod-shaped measuring 230--240 nm in length and 100 to 110 nm in diameter. It consists of an inner nucleocapsid surrounded by a loose envelope. Partially degraded virions reveal small subunits arranged in a regular helix (pitch of approximately 40 A) at the surface fo the capsid. These subunits likely represent the virus capsomers. A flexuous ropelike structure protruding at one end of the capsid is sometimes observed in partially degraded virions stained with uranyl acetate. In thin sections of infected hemocytes, the virions occluded on polyhedra or free in the nucleoplasm exhibit the same morphology although their diameter does not exceed 80--85 nm. The muclear polyhedrosis virus of T. paludosa meets all the criteria for incorporation into the Family Baculoviridae.", "PMID": 324439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9276", "title": "[Study of the myoid cells of the thymus by the immunofluorescent method].", "content": "Muscular proteins were found in the cytoplasm of myoid cells of the thymus in all investigated species (chicken, mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cattle, human) by the method of immunofluorescence using the human serum containing antibodies to antigens of muscular fibres of striated muscles and fluorescent antibodies to human immunoglobulins. Under study were the characteristic features of the content and localization of the myoid antigen in the sarcolytes of the thymus of animals and man. The obtained data show a permanent presence of muscular antigens in the internal medium of the thymus and speak in favour of their possible participation, in addition to other heteroorganic antigens of the thymus, in the formation of natural immunological tolerance to the proper antigens of the organism in the process of differentiation of thymocytes.", "contents": "[Study of the myoid cells of the thymus by the immunofluorescent method]. Muscular proteins were found in the cytoplasm of myoid cells of the thymus in all investigated species (chicken, mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cattle, human) by the method of immunofluorescence using the human serum containing antibodies to antigens of muscular fibres of striated muscles and fluorescent antibodies to human immunoglobulins. Under study were the characteristic features of the content and localization of the myoid antigen in the sarcolytes of the thymus of animals and man. The obtained data show a permanent presence of muscular antigens in the internal medium of the thymus and speak in favour of their possible participation, in addition to other heteroorganic antigens of the thymus, in the formation of natural immunological tolerance to the proper antigens of the organism in the process of differentiation of thymocytes.", "PMID": 324441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9277", "title": "[Use of methods of spectral-correlation analysis for studying the temporal and spatial organization of tissues].", "content": "Tissues within the organism represent multidimensional systems organized in time and space and having statistical dispersion in each parameter. Changes in its state may have a character of a monotonous trend and be periodical (the matter of chronobiology). The methods for detection of latent periodicities, developed in chronobiology, are applied for estimation of not only temporary but also spacial characteristics of the object. One of such methods is the calculation of the power spectrum of the autocorrelative function. Examples of its application are given.", "contents": "[Use of methods of spectral-correlation analysis for studying the temporal and spatial organization of tissues]. Tissues within the organism represent multidimensional systems organized in time and space and having statistical dispersion in each parameter. Changes in its state may have a character of a monotonous trend and be periodical (the matter of chronobiology). The methods for detection of latent periodicities, developed in chronobiology, are applied for estimation of not only temporary but also spacial characteristics of the object. One of such methods is the calculation of the power spectrum of the autocorrelative function. Examples of its application are given.", "PMID": 324442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9278", "title": "[In vitro action of mepartricin in combination with chlortetracycline].", "content": "The microbiological activity of a mepartricin + chlortetracycline hydrochloride association was evaluated on the principal agents causing cervico-vaginal infections. Beside confirming the antimycotic and antiprotozoal efficacy of mepartricin, is was possible to demonstrate an absence of antagonism with chlortetracycline. On the other hand, in some cases this antibiotic could potentiate the antitrichomonas effect of mepartricin.", "contents": "[In vitro action of mepartricin in combination with chlortetracycline]. The microbiological activity of a mepartricin + chlortetracycline hydrochloride association was evaluated on the principal agents causing cervico-vaginal infections. Beside confirming the antimycotic and antiprotozoal efficacy of mepartricin, is was possible to demonstrate an absence of antagonism with chlortetracycline. On the other hand, in some cases this antibiotic could potentiate the antitrichomonas effect of mepartricin.", "PMID": 324437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9279", "title": "[Interaction of cholera vibrios and escherichiae with the intestinal epithelium (histologic and electron microscopic study)].", "content": "Histological and electron-microscopic investigations were carried out of ligated small intestinal loops of 147 rabbits within 24 hours after challenge with cholera vibrios El Tor, different enterotoxigenic E. coli, choleragen and E. coli enterotoxins. These ogranisms attached themselves to enterocytes and multiplied on the surface of the unaltered intestinal epithelium. Thereafter, a greatly pronounced secretion of enterocytes, rather than inflammation, developed, like after the exposure to sterile enterotoxins of E. coli and choleragen, the lumen of isolated rabbit gut loops was overfilled with great amount of fluid discharged. At later period dystrophic alterations in enterocytes also appeared. They were partly associated with excessive secretion, but the severest of them (including even necrotic foci) were caused by the compression of the isolated gut loops epithelium with fluid. The first and obligatory stage of pathogenesis of cholera and cholera-like escherichioses was apparently the attachment of the causative agent to enterocytes and its multiplication on the intestinal epithelium surface, followed by hypersecretion induced by enterotoxin effect.", "contents": "[Interaction of cholera vibrios and escherichiae with the intestinal epithelium (histologic and electron microscopic study)]. Histological and electron-microscopic investigations were carried out of ligated small intestinal loops of 147 rabbits within 24 hours after challenge with cholera vibrios El Tor, different enterotoxigenic E. coli, choleragen and E. coli enterotoxins. These ogranisms attached themselves to enterocytes and multiplied on the surface of the unaltered intestinal epithelium. Thereafter, a greatly pronounced secretion of enterocytes, rather than inflammation, developed, like after the exposure to sterile enterotoxins of E. coli and choleragen, the lumen of isolated rabbit gut loops was overfilled with great amount of fluid discharged. At later period dystrophic alterations in enterocytes also appeared. They were partly associated with excessive secretion, but the severest of them (including even necrotic foci) were caused by the compression of the isolated gut loops epithelium with fluid. The first and obligatory stage of pathogenesis of cholera and cholera-like escherichioses was apparently the attachment of the causative agent to enterocytes and its multiplication on the intestinal epithelium surface, followed by hypersecretion induced by enterotoxin effect.", "PMID": 324443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9280", "title": "[Experimental study of bacteremia and its role in the pathogenesis of dysentery].", "content": "In experiments on white mice pathophysiological, bacteriological, histological and immunofluorescent methods of investigation were used; it was shown that Sonne dysentery bacteria were capable during a short period of time to penetrate into the blood from the lumen of the stomach and the small intestine and moreover to deposit in the cells of the mucosa of the said organs. Into the large intestine the pathogen penetrates from the above situated departments of the intestine, which was most often observed in impairment of the evacuatory function of the stomach; moreover, the possibility of elimination of Sonne Shigella, as well as products of their desintegration, by the large intestine wall was shown. Bacteriemia is a short-term phenomenon and could be identified at early periods following infection, which may account for the fact of rare identification of Shigella in the blood of patients with dysentery.", "contents": "[Experimental study of bacteremia and its role in the pathogenesis of dysentery]. In experiments on white mice pathophysiological, bacteriological, histological and immunofluorescent methods of investigation were used; it was shown that Sonne dysentery bacteria were capable during a short period of time to penetrate into the blood from the lumen of the stomach and the small intestine and moreover to deposit in the cells of the mucosa of the said organs. Into the large intestine the pathogen penetrates from the above situated departments of the intestine, which was most often observed in impairment of the evacuatory function of the stomach; moreover, the possibility of elimination of Sonne Shigella, as well as products of their desintegration, by the large intestine wall was shown. Bacteriemia is a short-term phenomenon and could be identified at early periods following infection, which may account for the fact of rare identification of Shigella in the blood of patients with dysentery.", "PMID": 324444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9281", "title": "[Methodologic basis for studying the morphology of infectious processes].", "content": "The present survey emphasizes the need for further study of pathological anatomy of infectious diseases. Particular attention should be given to the dynamics of development and causes of morphological alterations. Such investigations aimed at shedding a new light on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, should elucidate biological properties of the causative agent and special features of reactive processes occuring in the diseased organism. They must be multi-disciplinary in character and include the efforts of physicians, microbiologists and other experts. Some investigations are critically surveyed, some methodological problems are discussed.", "contents": "[Methodologic basis for studying the morphology of infectious processes]. The present survey emphasizes the need for further study of pathological anatomy of infectious diseases. Particular attention should be given to the dynamics of development and causes of morphological alterations. Such investigations aimed at shedding a new light on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, should elucidate biological properties of the causative agent and special features of reactive processes occuring in the diseased organism. They must be multi-disciplinary in character and include the efforts of physicians, microbiologists and other experts. Some investigations are critically surveyed, some methodological problems are discussed.", "PMID": 324445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9282", "title": "[Role of increased vascular permeability in the formation of dimorphic amyloid in mouse myocardium].", "content": "Electron-microscopic investigation carried out following the intravenous administration of ferritin revealed an increase in permeability of the myocardium capillary wall in mice in experimental casein amyloidosis. Additionally, a complex electron-microscopic, immunohistochemical and histological investigation of the development of amyloidosis in the myocardium of mice was conducted. It was established that deposits of typical amyloid in the myocardium of mice consisted of two ultrastructural components--granular material and fibrils. It was shown that formation of amyloid with characteristic tinctorial properties was preceded by depositions of specific antigen fibrils of granular ultrastructure.", "contents": "[Role of increased vascular permeability in the formation of dimorphic amyloid in mouse myocardium]. Electron-microscopic investigation carried out following the intravenous administration of ferritin revealed an increase in permeability of the myocardium capillary wall in mice in experimental casein amyloidosis. Additionally, a complex electron-microscopic, immunohistochemical and histological investigation of the development of amyloidosis in the myocardium of mice was conducted. It was established that deposits of typical amyloid in the myocardium of mice consisted of two ultrastructural components--granular material and fibrils. It was shown that formation of amyloid with characteristic tinctorial properties was preceded by depositions of specific antigen fibrils of granular ultrastructure.", "PMID": 324446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9283", "title": "[Non-skeletal forms of fluorosis].", "content": "Concepts of nonskeletal forms of fluorosis are set forth in the light of the author's own investigations and reports in the available literature. Descriptions of pathology of the central nervous system, skeletal musculature, stomach, liver, kidney, cardiovascular system, retina, and the skin are presented. The evidences obtained indicate that disturbances in soft tissues in chronic intoxication with fluorine develop early, usually long before the onset of typical changes in teeth and skeletal bones; these changes characterize the preskeletal phase of fluorosis.", "contents": "[Non-skeletal forms of fluorosis]. Concepts of nonskeletal forms of fluorosis are set forth in the light of the author's own investigations and reports in the available literature. Descriptions of pathology of the central nervous system, skeletal musculature, stomach, liver, kidney, cardiovascular system, retina, and the skin are presented. The evidences obtained indicate that disturbances in soft tissues in chronic intoxication with fluorine develop early, usually long before the onset of typical changes in teeth and skeletal bones; these changes characterize the preskeletal phase of fluorosis.", "PMID": 324448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9284", "title": "Johann Baptist Schmidt. A pioneer in the history of aphasia.", "content": "Wernicke is usually credited with the first significant description of comprehension disorders in aphasia. Before Wernicke, however, others had reported patients with impaired comprehension. This communication deals with one of those pioneer papers, that written by Schmidt, an obstetrician, in 1871. It concerns a 25-year-old woman who developed sudden language difficulty ten days after delivery. She had trouble understanding oral or written language. Through careful examination, Schmidt showed that she was neither deaf nor psychotic. He concludes his paper with a prediction of the area of the brain he suspected to be involved. Schmidt's paper represents an early, noteworthy effort to clarify the relations between brain and behavior.", "contents": "Johann Baptist Schmidt. A pioneer in the history of aphasia. Wernicke is usually credited with the first significant description of comprehension disorders in aphasia. Before Wernicke, however, others had reported patients with impaired comprehension. This communication deals with one of those pioneer papers, that written by Schmidt, an obstetrician, in 1871. It concerns a 25-year-old woman who developed sudden language difficulty ten days after delivery. She had trouble understanding oral or written language. Through careful examination, Schmidt showed that she was neither deaf nor psychotic. He concludes his paper with a prediction of the area of the brain he suspected to be involved. Schmidt's paper represents an early, noteworthy effort to clarify the relations between brain and behavior.", "PMID": 324450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9285", "title": "Spinal cord injury. The role of vascular damage in the pathogenesis of central hemorrhagic necrosis.", "content": "We postulated that damage to the endothelial lining of the spinal cord vasculature is a major factor in the pathogenesis of the characteristic lesion of the spinal cord (progressive, central, hemorrhage necrosis) that occurs after acute trauma. Endothelial damage may occur as a result of primary injury to the vessels or after arterial spasm. This damageresults in deposition of platelets and formation of thrombi on the exposed subendothelial tissues and embolization of such thrombi to smaller vessels of the spinal cord parenchyma.", "contents": "Spinal cord injury. The role of vascular damage in the pathogenesis of central hemorrhagic necrosis. We postulated that damage to the endothelial lining of the spinal cord vasculature is a major factor in the pathogenesis of the characteristic lesion of the spinal cord (progressive, central, hemorrhage necrosis) that occurs after acute trauma. Endothelial damage may occur as a result of primary injury to the vessels or after arterial spasm. This damageresults in deposition of platelets and formation of thrombi on the exposed subendothelial tissues and embolization of such thrombi to smaller vessels of the spinal cord parenchyma.", "PMID": 324451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9286", "title": "The conjunctival sickling sign, hemoglobin S, and irreversibly sickled erythrocytes.", "content": "Sixty-five patients with hemoglobins AS, SC, and SS were investigated in a masked fashion. We observed a statistically significant positive correlation between the severity of conjunctival sickling signs and the counts of irreversibly sickled cells in each hemoglobinopathy group. We also observed a statistically significant positive correlation between the severity of the conjunctival vasculopathy and the percentage of sickle hemoglobin in the total group of patients with hemoglobins AS, SC, and SS.", "contents": "The conjunctival sickling sign, hemoglobin S, and irreversibly sickled erythrocytes. Sixty-five patients with hemoglobins AS, SC, and SS were investigated in a masked fashion. We observed a statistically significant positive correlation between the severity of conjunctival sickling signs and the counts of irreversibly sickled cells in each hemoglobinopathy group. We also observed a statistically significant positive correlation between the severity of the conjunctival vasculopathy and the percentage of sickle hemoglobin in the total group of patients with hemoglobins AS, SC, and SS.", "PMID": 324452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9287", "title": "Staphylococcal blepharitis.", "content": "A detailed discussion of various aspects of staphylococcal blepharitis is presented. These include epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunity, microbiologic characteristics, clinical signs, associated systemic diseases, differential diagnosis, and treatment.", "contents": "Staphylococcal blepharitis. A detailed discussion of various aspects of staphylococcal blepharitis is presented. These include epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunity, microbiologic characteristics, clinical signs, associated systemic diseases, differential diagnosis, and treatment.", "PMID": 324453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9288", "title": "Adjustable rectus muscle recession surgery. A follow-up study.", "content": "Fifty-six patients underwent an adjustable rectus muscle recession procedure. This procedure permits the surgeon to enhance or diminish the amount of muscle recession on the evening after surgery or the first postoperative day if cover-testing indicates an inappropriate amount of undercorrection or overcorrection. The adjustable rectus muscle recession technique seems to be a practical and effective means to change the strabismic deviation postoperatively. The procedure requires patient cooperation and is most suitable for patients age 15 years and older. The procedure has been effective in altering the angle of deviation, and this alteration has been stable during the follow-up period in most cases. In this initial series, the reoperation rate was low, postoperative alignment was excellent, and complications were minimal.", "contents": "Adjustable rectus muscle recession surgery. A follow-up study. Fifty-six patients underwent an adjustable rectus muscle recession procedure. This procedure permits the surgeon to enhance or diminish the amount of muscle recession on the evening after surgery or the first postoperative day if cover-testing indicates an inappropriate amount of undercorrection or overcorrection. The adjustable rectus muscle recession technique seems to be a practical and effective means to change the strabismic deviation postoperatively. The procedure requires patient cooperation and is most suitable for patients age 15 years and older. The procedure has been effective in altering the angle of deviation, and this alteration has been stable during the follow-up period in most cases. In this initial series, the reoperation rate was low, postoperative alignment was excellent, and complications were minimal.", "PMID": 324454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9289", "title": "Regeneration of nasal skeletal structures after subperiosteal and subperichondrial resection.", "content": "The degree of regeneration of nasal structures after surgical resection was evaluated in six mongrel dogs that underwent selective resection of the nasal bones and upper lateral cartilages. Preservation of the periosteal and periochondrial flaps was accomplished during the resection. In several cases, different tissues were interposed between the flaps before their closure. The dogs were killed at two-and eight-month intervals after the original resections. No evidence of new cartilage regeneration was found on microscopic evaluation in the region of the resected upper lateral cartilages. Minimal new bone foci were noted at the edge of the resected nasal bones in three of the cases. The findings failed to support any significant degree of nasal structure regeneration after resection.", "contents": "Regeneration of nasal skeletal structures after subperiosteal and subperichondrial resection. The degree of regeneration of nasal structures after surgical resection was evaluated in six mongrel dogs that underwent selective resection of the nasal bones and upper lateral cartilages. Preservation of the periosteal and periochondrial flaps was accomplished during the resection. In several cases, different tissues were interposed between the flaps before their closure. The dogs were killed at two-and eight-month intervals after the original resections. No evidence of new cartilage regeneration was found on microscopic evaluation in the region of the resected upper lateral cartilages. Minimal new bone foci were noted at the edge of the resected nasal bones in three of the cases. The findings failed to support any significant degree of nasal structure regeneration after resection.", "PMID": 324456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9290", "title": "The vessels of the rabbit trachea and ischemia caused by cuff pressure.", "content": "By intraarterial injection of silicone rubber we visualized the main feeding vessels of the rabbit trachea. They originate from the right subclavian artery and supply bilateral longitudinal tracheo-esophageal arteries. These lie in the groove between the trachea and the esophagus, giving off numerous segmental branches to both of these organs. In the trachea these pass submucosally between the tracheal cartilages, feeding a rich capillary network within the mucosa. The membranous part of the trachea is extremely well supplied with vessels, originating in arteries running longitudinally in the space between the trachea and the esophagus. The mucosa contains many sinusoidal ectasias, forming an almost cavernous arrangement in the tracheal wall. It is probable that these vessels are of great importance for the conditioning of inhaled air. Experimental studies on intubated animals have shown that a large-volume tracheal tube cuff, inflated to a pressure of 50 mm Hg, decreases or completely hinders capillary silicone rubber perfusion of the tracheal mucosa.", "contents": "The vessels of the rabbit trachea and ischemia caused by cuff pressure. By intraarterial injection of silicone rubber we visualized the main feeding vessels of the rabbit trachea. They originate from the right subclavian artery and supply bilateral longitudinal tracheo-esophageal arteries. These lie in the groove between the trachea and the esophagus, giving off numerous segmental branches to both of these organs. In the trachea these pass submucosally between the tracheal cartilages, feeding a rich capillary network within the mucosa. The membranous part of the trachea is extremely well supplied with vessels, originating in arteries running longitudinally in the space between the trachea and the esophagus. The mucosa contains many sinusoidal ectasias, forming an almost cavernous arrangement in the tracheal wall. It is probable that these vessels are of great importance for the conditioning of inhaled air. Experimental studies on intubated animals have shown that a large-volume tracheal tube cuff, inflated to a pressure of 50 mm Hg, decreases or completely hinders capillary silicone rubber perfusion of the tracheal mucosa.", "PMID": 324458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9291", "title": "Recurrent basal cell carcinoma of the facial region -- a clinico-pathological challenge.", "content": "The observation that the majority of patients with basal cell carcinomas of the face presenting for surgical treatment did previously have radiotherapy or have undergone inadequate excision due to cosmetic considerations of the surgeon, induced us to review our own case material. According to this reassessment, a concept of radical removal was developed which took particular account to the direction of growth of basal cell carcinoma into the depth. Of considerable importance seems to be the unequivocal marking of the excised material prior to its histological work up and the additional removal of sub-focal specimens for separate histological examination.", "contents": "Recurrent basal cell carcinoma of the facial region -- a clinico-pathological challenge. The observation that the majority of patients with basal cell carcinomas of the face presenting for surgical treatment did previously have radiotherapy or have undergone inadequate excision due to cosmetic considerations of the surgeon, induced us to review our own case material. According to this reassessment, a concept of radical removal was developed which took particular account to the direction of growth of basal cell carcinoma into the depth. Of considerable importance seems to be the unequivocal marking of the excised material prior to its histological work up and the additional removal of sub-focal specimens for separate histological examination.", "PMID": 324459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9292", "title": "[Today's status of facial cleft surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Cleft lips, jaws and palates numerically represent the major part of facial clefts. These abnormalities are evolutionary and they are characterized by a continually recurring anatomic pattern. The necessity of reconditioning form and function implies the application of surgical therapy. Regarding the one-sided closure or suturing of cleft lips, priority is nowadays given to the angular-type incisions, whereas the linear-type incision is still reserved for the double-sided cheiloschisis. In the following, there will be indicated the approved techniques and methods of suturing the cleft palate and a new method will be discussed related to the reciprocal Z-type plastic operation. In the case of speech-improving operations, excellent results can be achieved by implanting autologous costal cartilages into the posterior wall of the pharynx. Apart from a brief mutioning of transverse and diagonal facial clefts, the provision of nasal clefts with composite grafts is finally recommented.", "contents": "[Today's status of facial cleft surgery (author's transl)]. Cleft lips, jaws and palates numerically represent the major part of facial clefts. These abnormalities are evolutionary and they are characterized by a continually recurring anatomic pattern. The necessity of reconditioning form and function implies the application of surgical therapy. Regarding the one-sided closure or suturing of cleft lips, priority is nowadays given to the angular-type incisions, whereas the linear-type incision is still reserved for the double-sided cheiloschisis. In the following, there will be indicated the approved techniques and methods of suturing the cleft palate and a new method will be discussed related to the reciprocal Z-type plastic operation. In the case of speech-improving operations, excellent results can be achieved by implanting autologous costal cartilages into the posterior wall of the pharynx. Apart from a brief mutioning of transverse and diagonal facial clefts, the provision of nasal clefts with composite grafts is finally recommented.", "PMID": 324463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9293", "title": "Current prospects for renal transplantation in veterinary practice.", "content": "In dogs, the surgical techniques and other technical considerations for the transplantation of most tissues and organs in the body are well established. The last remaining obstacle to uniformly safe and successful organ transplantation is the immune response to foreign tissue antigen and our present inability to completely suppress this response in a specific and safe manner. Immunosuppressive techniques currently available are largely non-specific and unfortunately cause many potentially fatal side effects. As a result graft recipients must be constantly monitored so that enough immunosuppressive treatment is given to prevent rejection but not so much that the recipient develops life threatening complications. The enormous cost and the services necessary to provide this attention in view of the relatively poor survival rates of tissue and organ grafts in dogs will continue to prevent organ transplantation becoming a reality in veterinary practice. Hopefully future advances in tissue-typing and the induction of specific immunological adaption in dogs by ensuring consistently safe and successful transplantation will ead to minimal postoperative attention.", "contents": "Current prospects for renal transplantation in veterinary practice. In dogs, the surgical techniques and other technical considerations for the transplantation of most tissues and organs in the body are well established. The last remaining obstacle to uniformly safe and successful organ transplantation is the immune response to foreign tissue antigen and our present inability to completely suppress this response in a specific and safe manner. Immunosuppressive techniques currently available are largely non-specific and unfortunately cause many potentially fatal side effects. As a result graft recipients must be constantly monitored so that enough immunosuppressive treatment is given to prevent rejection but not so much that the recipient develops life threatening complications. The enormous cost and the services necessary to provide this attention in view of the relatively poor survival rates of tissue and organ grafts in dogs will continue to prevent organ transplantation becoming a reality in veterinary practice. Hopefully future advances in tissue-typing and the induction of specific immunological adaption in dogs by ensuring consistently safe and successful transplantation will ead to minimal postoperative attention.", "PMID": 324464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9294", "title": "[Basic techniques of plastic surgical repair in defects of the skull and face (author's transl)].", "content": "Ommitting historical datas, ancient theories and old-fashioned surgical techniques, the author gives a summary of current plastic surgery in the head and neck. After a review of aesthetic charateristics of the face, basic principles of surgical skin closure and different forms of local and distant flaps are discussed. Emphasis in placed on tissue transplanation. The biological problems in transplanatation of skin, subcutaneous and supporting tissues, using autografts, allografts and xenografts are mentioned in addition to several methods of concervation. The clinical importance of various autogenous supports used for transplantation to the skull and face is stressed. Concerning foreign implants, the author discusses the problem of the so-called foreign-body sarcoma and the foreign-body reaction to synthetic and metallic implants. Indications for using synthetic implants are mentioned. Microsurgical techniques seem to be important for further development of facial plastic surgery.", "contents": "[Basic techniques of plastic surgical repair in defects of the skull and face (author's transl)]. Ommitting historical datas, ancient theories and old-fashioned surgical techniques, the author gives a summary of current plastic surgery in the head and neck. After a review of aesthetic charateristics of the face, basic principles of surgical skin closure and different forms of local and distant flaps are discussed. Emphasis in placed on tissue transplanation. The biological problems in transplanatation of skin, subcutaneous and supporting tissues, using autografts, allografts and xenografts are mentioned in addition to several methods of concervation. The clinical importance of various autogenous supports used for transplantation to the skull and face is stressed. Concerning foreign implants, the author discusses the problem of the so-called foreign-body sarcoma and the foreign-body reaction to synthetic and metallic implants. Indications for using synthetic implants are mentioned. Microsurgical techniques seem to be important for further development of facial plastic surgery.", "PMID": 324460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9295", "title": "[Special methods of reconstructive surgery in the facial region (author's transl)].", "content": "Extensive knowledge in reconstructive surgery of the face and head area is the basis for successful functional reconstructive surgery after injuries and tumor resection. Particularly in the tumor therapy reconstructive surgery is an essential curative element, because lacking this knowledge radical tumor surgery will not always be possible. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and discuss the proved and fundamental methods out of the immense number of reconstructive surgical methods published. For six regions of the face and head (forehead, nose, orbit, cheek, lip and auricle) the most important and basic operative procedures are reviewed. In some cases of surgical techniques the historical development was investigated, because the origin of these methods was not always clearly enough known or reported.", "contents": "[Special methods of reconstructive surgery in the facial region (author's transl)]. Extensive knowledge in reconstructive surgery of the face and head area is the basis for successful functional reconstructive surgery after injuries and tumor resection. Particularly in the tumor therapy reconstructive surgery is an essential curative element, because lacking this knowledge radical tumor surgery will not always be possible. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and discuss the proved and fundamental methods out of the immense number of reconstructive surgical methods published. For six regions of the face and head (forehead, nose, orbit, cheek, lip and auricle) the most important and basic operative procedures are reviewed. In some cases of surgical techniques the historical development was investigated, because the origin of these methods was not always clearly enough known or reported.", "PMID": 324461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9296", "title": "Prevention of Salmonella typhimurium infection inpoultry by pretreatment of chickens and poults with intestinal extracts.", "content": "Day-old chickens or turkey poults when pretreated with an oral dose of intestinal fluid froma healthy adult bird, were considerably more resistant to the subsequent establishment of Salmonella typhimurium in their intestinal tract than were non-treated chickens or turkey poults. Caecal fluid was more effective as a pretreatment than were washings taken from other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract of a healthy adult bird. This increased resistance of pretreated chickens or poults is thought to result from the rapid establishment of a conventional indigenous microflora which inhabits establishment and growth by the invading enteric pathogen.", "contents": "Prevention of Salmonella typhimurium infection inpoultry by pretreatment of chickens and poults with intestinal extracts. Day-old chickens or turkey poults when pretreated with an oral dose of intestinal fluid froma healthy adult bird, were considerably more resistant to the subsequent establishment of Salmonella typhimurium in their intestinal tract than were non-treated chickens or turkey poults. Caecal fluid was more effective as a pretreatment than were washings taken from other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract of a healthy adult bird. This increased resistance of pretreated chickens or poults is thought to result from the rapid establishment of a conventional indigenous microflora which inhabits establishment and growth by the invading enteric pathogen.", "PMID": 324465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9297", "title": "Amyloidosis of the isletes of Langerhans in relation to diabetes mellitus and aging.", "content": "The authors, after presenting a review of research work on amyloidosis of the islets of Langerhans,, provide the information obtained from their study of a random sample of 200 autopsies. Special attention was paid to the correlation between amyloidosis of the islets of Langerhans, diabetes mellitus and aging. The analysis of the sample would show there is a close relationship between the general process of aging and insular amyloid deposits; diabetes mellitus would then occur, increasing the amount of the above-mentioned deposits only in patients of a more advanced aged.", "contents": "Amyloidosis of the isletes of Langerhans in relation to diabetes mellitus and aging. The authors, after presenting a review of research work on amyloidosis of the islets of Langerhans,, provide the information obtained from their study of a random sample of 200 autopsies. Special attention was paid to the correlation between amyloidosis of the islets of Langerhans, diabetes mellitus and aging. The analysis of the sample would show there is a close relationship between the general process of aging and insular amyloid deposits; diabetes mellitus would then occur, increasing the amount of the above-mentioned deposits only in patients of a more advanced aged.", "PMID": 324467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9298", "title": "[Aesthetic surgery of the nose (author's transl)].", "content": "The world-wide acceptance of rhinoplastic corrections has let to the development of multiple surgical techniques in an attempt to improve the ultimate result. After short mentioning of the preoperative measurements the article contains a description of the current concepts of performing osteotomies, tip corrections and the treatment of saddle nose deformities. Surcical methods dealing with secondary deformities including free grafts are discussed. The second chapter is devoted to cosmetic corrections of the face including lid surgery and the so called face lift operation. The value of such procedures is weighed against dermabrasion and chemical face peel in the attempt to improve the appearance. In the thierd chapter the author mentions the newest development in facial nerve surgery in regard to free muscle transfer and nerve cross over operations.", "contents": "[Aesthetic surgery of the nose (author's transl)]. The world-wide acceptance of rhinoplastic corrections has let to the development of multiple surgical techniques in an attempt to improve the ultimate result. After short mentioning of the preoperative measurements the article contains a description of the current concepts of performing osteotomies, tip corrections and the treatment of saddle nose deformities. Surcical methods dealing with secondary deformities including free grafts are discussed. The second chapter is devoted to cosmetic corrections of the face including lid surgery and the so called face lift operation. The value of such procedures is weighed against dermabrasion and chemical face peel in the attempt to improve the appearance. In the thierd chapter the author mentions the newest development in facial nerve surgery in regard to free muscle transfer and nerve cross over operations.", "PMID": 324462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9299", "title": "Lymphocytes eluted from synovial tissue of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients.", "content": "Synovial tissues from 11 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were investigated. The elution of lymphocytes was performed according to a procedure previously described for synovial tissue of adult rheumatoid arthritis patients (1). The T lymphocytes were pre dominant (mean: 71%) in all cell suspensions studied, whereas the average proportion of B lymphocytes was 4%. In addition, Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were demonstrable (mean: 8%). Transformation of the lymphocytes was induced by the unspecific mitrogens phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavallin A, whereas antigens such as ppd and candida albicans antigen were usually ineffective.", "contents": "Lymphocytes eluted from synovial tissue of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients. Synovial tissues from 11 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were investigated. The elution of lymphocytes was performed according to a procedure previously described for synovial tissue of adult rheumatoid arthritis patients (1). The T lymphocytes were pre dominant (mean: 71%) in all cell suspensions studied, whereas the average proportion of B lymphocytes was 4%. In addition, Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were demonstrable (mean: 8%). Transformation of the lymphocytes was induced by the unspecific mitrogens phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavallin A, whereas antigens such as ppd and candida albicans antigen were usually ineffective.", "PMID": 324479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9300", "title": "Antibody levels to enteric bacteria in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In order to determine the immunologic status and possible susceptibility to bacterial infection in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), titer of hemagglutingating antibodies to E coli 055, E coli 086, common antigen, and Shigella polyvalent antigen were measured. Immunoglobulin G was the predominant antibody. IgA antibodies were found in higher titer in children with JRA. No significant differences were found between children with JRA do not have any deficit in antibody production to specific bacterial antigens, and any increased appearance of infection in these children is more probably due to deficiencies in cellular factors.", "contents": "Antibody levels to enteric bacteria in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In order to determine the immunologic status and possible susceptibility to bacterial infection in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), titer of hemagglutingating antibodies to E coli 055, E coli 086, common antigen, and Shigella polyvalent antigen were measured. Immunoglobulin G was the predominant antibody. IgA antibodies were found in higher titer in children with JRA. No significant differences were found between children with JRA do not have any deficit in antibody production to specific bacterial antigens, and any increased appearance of infection in these children is more probably due to deficiencies in cellular factors.", "PMID": 324480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9301", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of prostaglandin E in rheumatoid synovial tissues.", "content": "Synovial tissues removed at synovectomy from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA) were examined for prostaglandin E (PGE) by immunohistochemical techniques using rabbit antisera specific for PGE. Marked increments of PGE were noted in RA synovia in comparison to OA, with staining concentrated in synovial lining cells, interstitial inflammatory cells, and endothelial cells of blood vessels. A correlation was noted between the degree of synovial lymphocytic infiltrate and the intensity of PGE staining. These studies provide initial cellular localization of PGE in such tissues.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of prostaglandin E in rheumatoid synovial tissues. Synovial tissues removed at synovectomy from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA) were examined for prostaglandin E (PGE) by immunohistochemical techniques using rabbit antisera specific for PGE. Marked increments of PGE were noted in RA synovia in comparison to OA, with staining concentrated in synovial lining cells, interstitial inflammatory cells, and endothelial cells of blood vessels. A correlation was noted between the degree of synovial lymphocytic infiltrate and the intensity of PGE staining. These studies provide initial cellular localization of PGE in such tissues.", "PMID": 324481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9302", "title": "An immunofluorescent method using Crithidia luciliae to detect antibodies to double-stranded DNA.", "content": "The immunochemical specificity of the immunofluorescent Crithidia luciliae method for detection of antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) was confirmed by demonstrating abolition of staining by DNase digestion and by absorption with dsDNA. This method was less sensitive than a Millipore filter method for detecting antibodies to DNA. It was positive only in subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus or drug-induced antinuclear factors. This technique appears suitable for study of the immunochemical characteristics fo antibodies to dsDNA.", "contents": "An immunofluorescent method using Crithidia luciliae to detect antibodies to double-stranded DNA. The immunochemical specificity of the immunofluorescent Crithidia luciliae method for detection of antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) was confirmed by demonstrating abolition of staining by DNase digestion and by absorption with dsDNA. This method was less sensitive than a Millipore filter method for detecting antibodies to DNA. It was positive only in subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus or drug-induced antinuclear factors. This technique appears suitable for study of the immunochemical characteristics fo antibodies to dsDNA.", "PMID": 324482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9303", "title": "Increased spontaneous activity of antibody-forming cells in the peripheral blood of patients with active SLE.", "content": "Thirty-seven patients with criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 18 normal controls were studied for their spontaneous background IgM antibody plaque-forming clell number to specific chemical haptens. Active SLE patients had significantly more plaque-forming cells in their peripheral blood to a total of five chemical determinants than did patients with inactive disease or controls. This increased number of plaque forming-cells correlated with depressed serum C3 levels by Spearman rank-order analysis. The finding of elevated numberof spontaneous IgM plaque-forming cells to defined chemical haptens supports the concept that active SLE demonstrates a generalized increase in B-cell activity toward a variety of antigens.", "contents": "Increased spontaneous activity of antibody-forming cells in the peripheral blood of patients with active SLE. Thirty-seven patients with criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 18 normal controls were studied for their spontaneous background IgM antibody plaque-forming clell number to specific chemical haptens. Active SLE patients had significantly more plaque-forming cells in their peripheral blood to a total of five chemical determinants than did patients with inactive disease or controls. This increased number of plaque forming-cells correlated with depressed serum C3 levels by Spearman rank-order analysis. The finding of elevated numberof spontaneous IgM plaque-forming cells to defined chemical haptens supports the concept that active SLE demonstrates a generalized increase in B-cell activity toward a variety of antigens.", "PMID": 324483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9304", "title": "Renal localization of antiglobulins in glomerulonephritis and after renal transplantation.", "content": "Localization of fluorescein-conjugated heat-aggregated IgG (FA IgG) was demonstrated by immunofluorescence in renal glomeruli of 16 of 69 patients with glomerulonephritis. FA IgG bound more frequently in kidney biopsies from patients with diffuse glomerulonephritis and depressed renal function, and localized selectively in glomeruli that contained heavy deposits of IgM, C3, and C4. The factors that caused FA IgG to bind were specifically reactive with the Fc piece of the IgG molecule and were resistant to 56 degrees C heat for 30 minutes. Localization of FA IgG in the kidney did not correlate with the presence of soluble immune complexes or detectable antiglobulin antibodies in the sera. Binding of FA IgG was also seen in glomeruli and arteries of 18 of 21 kidney allografts studied at the time of impending rejection. But the factors responsible for binding FA IgG in the allografts were heat labile and thus could have been C1q. Although the role of these \"antiglobulins\" in the immunobiology of glomerulonephritis remains unknown, the fact that they occurred mainly in patients with relatively severe glomerular injury suggests that they could play some part in promoting renal glomerular injury.", "contents": "Renal localization of antiglobulins in glomerulonephritis and after renal transplantation. Localization of fluorescein-conjugated heat-aggregated IgG (FA IgG) was demonstrated by immunofluorescence in renal glomeruli of 16 of 69 patients with glomerulonephritis. FA IgG bound more frequently in kidney biopsies from patients with diffuse glomerulonephritis and depressed renal function, and localized selectively in glomeruli that contained heavy deposits of IgM, C3, and C4. The factors that caused FA IgG to bind were specifically reactive with the Fc piece of the IgG molecule and were resistant to 56 degrees C heat for 30 minutes. Localization of FA IgG in the kidney did not correlate with the presence of soluble immune complexes or detectable antiglobulin antibodies in the sera. Binding of FA IgG was also seen in glomeruli and arteries of 18 of 21 kidney allografts studied at the time of impending rejection. But the factors responsible for binding FA IgG in the allografts were heat labile and thus could have been C1q. Although the role of these \"antiglobulins\" in the immunobiology of glomerulonephritis remains unknown, the fact that they occurred mainly in patients with relatively severe glomerular injury suggests that they could play some part in promoting renal glomerular injury.", "PMID": 324484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9305", "title": "Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in rheumatoid pericarditis.", "content": "The pericardial effusion in a case of rheumatoid pericarditis was studied to determine whether immune complexes and mediators of cellular immunity, represented by migration inhibitory factor (MIF), were present. MIF-like activity was detected in the pericardial fluid, but only traces of immune complexes were revealed by ultracentrifugation. The MIF-like activity was partially characterized by column fractionation and sugar inhibition tests. The role of lymphokines in the pathogenesis of this case of rheumatoid pericarditis is strongly suggested.", "contents": "Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in rheumatoid pericarditis. The pericardial effusion in a case of rheumatoid pericarditis was studied to determine whether immune complexes and mediators of cellular immunity, represented by migration inhibitory factor (MIF), were present. MIF-like activity was detected in the pericardial fluid, but only traces of immune complexes were revealed by ultracentrifugation. The MIF-like activity was partially characterized by column fractionation and sugar inhibition tests. The role of lymphokines in the pathogenesis of this case of rheumatoid pericarditis is strongly suggested.", "PMID": 324485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9306", "title": "Pathology of skeletal muscle in mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "To characterize the pathology of muscle involvement in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), skeletal muscle biopsies from 13 patients with MCTD were examined by routine light microscopy, histochemistry, and direct immunofluorescence. The histologic and histochemical changes observed corresponded closely to changes seen in idiopathic polymyositis and the myopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Eight of 13 cases examined by direct immunofluorescence demonstrated immunoglobulin deposition either within normal appearing vessels, within normal fibers, around or on the sarcoplasmic membrane, or within the perimysial connective tissue. The histologic findings support Sharp's observation of the high incidence of focal inflammatory lesions in skeletal muscle biopsies of patients with MCTD. Immunoglobulin deposition in these muscle biopsies suggests an immunologic basis for the muscular symptomatology in MCTD.", "contents": "Pathology of skeletal muscle in mixed connective tissue disease. To characterize the pathology of muscle involvement in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), skeletal muscle biopsies from 13 patients with MCTD were examined by routine light microscopy, histochemistry, and direct immunofluorescence. The histologic and histochemical changes observed corresponded closely to changes seen in idiopathic polymyositis and the myopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Eight of 13 cases examined by direct immunofluorescence demonstrated immunoglobulin deposition either within normal appearing vessels, within normal fibers, around or on the sarcoplasmic membrane, or within the perimysial connective tissue. The histologic findings support Sharp's observation of the high incidence of focal inflammatory lesions in skeletal muscle biopsies of patients with MCTD. Immunoglobulin deposition in these muscle biopsies suggests an immunologic basis for the muscular symptomatology in MCTD.", "PMID": 324486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9307", "title": "[Effects of a new cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker (atenolol) on airway resistance in chronic obstructive disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of 4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino-propoxy)-phenyl acetamide (atenolol, ICI 66 082) (100 mg) on airway resistance (Rt), thoracic gas volume (IGV), pulse rate and blood pressure was tested as a double blind study in 20 patients with chronic obstructive airway disease in comparison to propranolol (80 mg) and placebo. The effect on pulse rate was equipotent, but when using propranolol the mean increase of Rt was larger and increased Rt-values (greater than or equal 1.5 cm H2O/l/sec) were observed more frequently than after atenolol application. These differences were significant for 1 h after application. The augmentation of IGV was significantly larger after propranolol than after atenolol. We conclude that atenolol, in comparison to propranolol, has a relative but no specific cardioselectivity.", "contents": "[Effects of a new cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker (atenolol) on airway resistance in chronic obstructive disease (author's transl)]. The effect of 4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino-propoxy)-phenyl acetamide (atenolol, ICI 66 082) (100 mg) on airway resistance (Rt), thoracic gas volume (IGV), pulse rate and blood pressure was tested as a double blind study in 20 patients with chronic obstructive airway disease in comparison to propranolol (80 mg) and placebo. The effect on pulse rate was equipotent, but when using propranolol the mean increase of Rt was larger and increased Rt-values (greater than or equal 1.5 cm H2O/l/sec) were observed more frequently than after atenolol application. These differences were significant for 1 h after application. The augmentation of IGV was significantly larger after propranolol than after atenolol. We conclude that atenolol, in comparison to propranolol, has a relative but no specific cardioselectivity.", "PMID": 324487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9308", "title": "[Influence of oxprenolol on the affect level in an exam situation. A follow-up study under double-blind conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double-blind study on student nurses the curves of three affectivity components and the pulse rate under exam conditions were observed. One group had received 1-(o-allyloxy-phenoxy)-3-isopropylamino-propan-2-ol hydrochloride (oxprenolol, Trasicor and the other group a placebo. In the examination stress the affectivity component \"aggression\" was particularly obvious. With placebo the states and actions of aggression were more extreme than in the oxprenolol group. It appeared that the severe affectivity inclinations resulted in a reduction of examination performance. Under oxprenolol, in accordance with recently published results, there was no decrease in performance under exam conditions. Quite the opposite: as it seems to curb extreme affectivity inclinations the decreases in performance connected with them are often prevented.", "contents": "[Influence of oxprenolol on the affect level in an exam situation. A follow-up study under double-blind conditions (author's transl)]. In a double-blind study on student nurses the curves of three affectivity components and the pulse rate under exam conditions were observed. One group had received 1-(o-allyloxy-phenoxy)-3-isopropylamino-propan-2-ol hydrochloride (oxprenolol, Trasicor and the other group a placebo. In the examination stress the affectivity component \"aggression\" was particularly obvious. With placebo the states and actions of aggression were more extreme than in the oxprenolol group. It appeared that the severe affectivity inclinations resulted in a reduction of examination performance. Under oxprenolol, in accordance with recently published results, there was no decrease in performance under exam conditions. Quite the opposite: as it seems to curb extreme affectivity inclinations the decreases in performance connected with them are often prevented.", "PMID": 324488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9309", "title": "[Tardive dyskinesia. Synthetic-critical review and case contribution].", "content": "The clinical features, etiology and treatment of tardive dyskinesia, a neurological syndrome observed during or after withdrawal of long term neuroleptic therapy, are discussed in reference to the literature records and to the contributions drawn out from 16 new cases.", "contents": "[Tardive dyskinesia. Synthetic-critical review and case contribution]. The clinical features, etiology and treatment of tardive dyskinesia, a neurological syndrome observed during or after withdrawal of long term neuroleptic therapy, are discussed in reference to the literature records and to the contributions drawn out from 16 new cases.", "PMID": 324489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9310", "title": "Heparin-induced release of lipase activity in the human forearm: an immunological study.", "content": "Low doses of heparin were injected into the brachial artery of three volunteers. The lipase activities in the deep vein of the same forearm, draining mainly muscle tissue, and in the artery were monitored over a 10-min period. Lipase activity, rapidly released by heparin in the deep vein, was immunologically similar to lipoprotein lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3), i.e. (1) it did not react with antiserum against human post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase and (2) it was inhibited by an antiserum against bovine milk lipoprotein lipase, which cross reacts with human post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase. The evidence that human muscle contains lipoprotein lipase is discussed.", "contents": "Heparin-induced release of lipase activity in the human forearm: an immunological study. Low doses of heparin were injected into the brachial artery of three volunteers. The lipase activities in the deep vein of the same forearm, draining mainly muscle tissue, and in the artery were monitored over a 10-min period. Lipase activity, rapidly released by heparin in the deep vein, was immunologically similar to lipoprotein lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3), i.e. (1) it did not react with antiserum against human post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase and (2) it was inhibited by an antiserum against bovine milk lipoprotein lipase, which cross reacts with human post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase. The evidence that human muscle contains lipoprotein lipase is discussed.", "PMID": 324491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9311", "title": "Praecordial ST segment elevation. New technique for continuous recording and analysis.", "content": "The measurement of praecordial ST segment elevation after myocardial infarction is of value in assessing the natural history of ischaemic injury and the effectiveness of intervention. Hand analysis is, however, time consuming and inaccurate. A technique for continuous recording from 35 praecordial leads and subsequent computer analysis is presented, together with illustrative case studies. Changes in body posture and in heart rate are of importance in subsequent data interpretation.", "contents": "Praecordial ST segment elevation. New technique for continuous recording and analysis. The measurement of praecordial ST segment elevation after myocardial infarction is of value in assessing the natural history of ischaemic injury and the effectiveness of intervention. Hand analysis is, however, time consuming and inaccurate. A technique for continuous recording from 35 praecordial leads and subsequent computer analysis is presented, together with illustrative case studies. Changes in body posture and in heart rate are of importance in subsequent data interpretation.", "PMID": 324500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9312", "title": "Comparison of dobutamine and dopamine in treatment of severe heart failure.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of dobutamine, a new synthetic catecholamine, were studied in 12 patients with severe congestive heart failure and compared with those of dopamine in 10 clinically similar patients. Dobutamine produced a distinct increase in cardiac index, while lowering left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and leaving mean aortic pressure unchanged. Dopamine also significantly improved cardiac index, but at the expense of a greater increase in heart rate than occurred with dobutamine. Dopamine was ineffective in lowering left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, but increased mean aortic pressure. We conclude that dobutamine is an effective, positive inotropic agent in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Because it has comparatively little effect on heart rate and aortic pressure, both major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption, it may be of special value in patients with the low output syndrome associated with coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Comparison of dobutamine and dopamine in treatment of severe heart failure. The haemodynamic effects of dobutamine, a new synthetic catecholamine, were studied in 12 patients with severe congestive heart failure and compared with those of dopamine in 10 clinically similar patients. Dobutamine produced a distinct increase in cardiac index, while lowering left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and leaving mean aortic pressure unchanged. Dopamine also significantly improved cardiac index, but at the expense of a greater increase in heart rate than occurred with dobutamine. Dopamine was ineffective in lowering left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, but increased mean aortic pressure. We conclude that dobutamine is an effective, positive inotropic agent in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Because it has comparatively little effect on heart rate and aortic pressure, both major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption, it may be of special value in patients with the low output syndrome associated with coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 324501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9313", "title": "Comparison of lidoflazine and quindine in prophylactic treatment of arrhythmias.", "content": "The efficacy of quinidine versus lidoflazine therapy was compared in the maintenance of sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion for atrial flutter or fibrillation in a group of 35 patients. Both quinidine and lidoflazine were relatively ineffective in maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion. Lidoflazine was also used to prevent supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias in a miscellaneous group of patients; one of these with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia developed runs of venttricular tachycardia soon after starting lidoflazine. The trial was stopped after 4 patients died while receiving lidoflazine, on the suspicion that their deaths may have been related to drug-induced arrhythmias. The arrhythmogenic potential of lidoflazine when used in patients with supraventricular arrhythmias constrasts with reports of its apparent safety in large numbers of patients with angina pectoris.", "contents": "Comparison of lidoflazine and quindine in prophylactic treatment of arrhythmias. The efficacy of quinidine versus lidoflazine therapy was compared in the maintenance of sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion for atrial flutter or fibrillation in a group of 35 patients. Both quinidine and lidoflazine were relatively ineffective in maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion. Lidoflazine was also used to prevent supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias in a miscellaneous group of patients; one of these with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia developed runs of venttricular tachycardia soon after starting lidoflazine. The trial was stopped after 4 patients died while receiving lidoflazine, on the suspicion that their deaths may have been related to drug-induced arrhythmias. The arrhythmogenic potential of lidoflazine when used in patients with supraventricular arrhythmias constrasts with reports of its apparent safety in large numbers of patients with angina pectoris.", "PMID": 324502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9314", "title": "Efficacy and tolerance of Flunixin (SCH 14714) in the treatment of postoperative pain, with observations on the methodology of postoperative pain studies.", "content": "A new anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic drug 2(2'-methyl-3'-trifluoromethylanilino)-nicotinic acid (Flunixin, Sch 14714) was compared with aspirin and a placebo in a double-blind study of pain after four different types of operation. Sch 14714 proved to be superior to the two other drugs after herniorraphy and venous surgery of the leg. The frequency of adverse effects after this drug was, at most. 1.2% which did not differ from the side-effect rates of aspirin or placebo. The second and third days after operation yielded a very high rate of optimal pain relief scores resulting in poor discrimination. Thus cross-over studies seem to be superfluous in the study of pain-relieving drugs in the period following surgery. The patients' rather low demand of analgesic drugs indicated that more stringent enrollment criteria should be adhered to. It was also shown that radical venous surgery constituted a good model for pain studies.", "contents": "Efficacy and tolerance of Flunixin (SCH 14714) in the treatment of postoperative pain, with observations on the methodology of postoperative pain studies. A new anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic drug 2(2'-methyl-3'-trifluoromethylanilino)-nicotinic acid (Flunixin, Sch 14714) was compared with aspirin and a placebo in a double-blind study of pain after four different types of operation. Sch 14714 proved to be superior to the two other drugs after herniorraphy and venous surgery of the leg. The frequency of adverse effects after this drug was, at most. 1.2% which did not differ from the side-effect rates of aspirin or placebo. The second and third days after operation yielded a very high rate of optimal pain relief scores resulting in poor discrimination. Thus cross-over studies seem to be superfluous in the study of pain-relieving drugs in the period following surgery. The patients' rather low demand of analgesic drugs indicated that more stringent enrollment criteria should be adhered to. It was also shown that radical venous surgery constituted a good model for pain studies.", "PMID": 324503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9315", "title": "Anaesthetic management of thoracotomy in the presence of chronic carbon dioxide retention.", "content": "A patient suffering from chronic carbon dioxide retention with persistent pneumothorax, following spontaneous rupture of an emphysematous bulla, underwent thoracotomy. The surgical and anaesthetic management are reported.", "contents": "Anaesthetic management of thoracotomy in the presence of chronic carbon dioxide retention. A patient suffering from chronic carbon dioxide retention with persistent pneumothorax, following spontaneous rupture of an emphysematous bulla, underwent thoracotomy. The surgical and anaesthetic management are reported.", "PMID": 324504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9316", "title": "Effect of X-irradiation on host-cell infiltration and growth of a murine fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Whole body X-irradiation (400 rad) of C57BL mice, either before or after i.m. implantation of the syngeneic fibrosarcoma, FS6, influenced both the growth of the tumours and their cellular composition, particularly their macrophage content. Pre-irradiation resulted in slower initial growth of tumours, and a concomitant lack of host-cell infiltration, but when tumours began to grow at a rate parallel to controls infiltration by host cells was demonstrable. Similarly, irradiation of the tumour-bearing host resulted in a temporary cessation of growth, and a decrease in the macrophage content, which did not return to control levels for 2-3 weeks after irradiation. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the possibility that infiltrating host cells, particularly macrophages, may stimulate the growth of this tumour.", "contents": "Effect of X-irradiation on host-cell infiltration and growth of a murine fibrosarcoma. Whole body X-irradiation (400 rad) of C57BL mice, either before or after i.m. implantation of the syngeneic fibrosarcoma, FS6, influenced both the growth of the tumours and their cellular composition, particularly their macrophage content. Pre-irradiation resulted in slower initial growth of tumours, and a concomitant lack of host-cell infiltration, but when tumours began to grow at a rate parallel to controls infiltration by host cells was demonstrable. Similarly, irradiation of the tumour-bearing host resulted in a temporary cessation of growth, and a decrease in the macrophage content, which did not return to control levels for 2-3 weeks after irradiation. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the possibility that infiltrating host cells, particularly macrophages, may stimulate the growth of this tumour.", "PMID": 324506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9317", "title": "Ultrastructure of cell surface abnormalities in neoplastic histiocytes.", "content": "In an ultrastructural study by transmission and scanning electron microscopy of two cases of malignant histiocytosis and a case of leukaemic reticulum-cell sarcoma, unusual blisters, blebs and worm-like processes were detected on the cell surfaces. The blisters (containing clear fluid) appear to develop by a single-membrane-bound vacuole approaching the cell membrane, and acquiring another membrane on discharging from the cell. The blebs (containing cytoplasm) appear to correspond to the already described phenomenon of zeiosis. The term \"vermipodia\" is given to the worm-like processes. The underlying factors responsible for these phenomena is not clear, but the exocytosis of the clear blisters resembled that of leukaemic blasts exposed to the action of vinca alkaloids. As two of the cases were being treated with vincristine, it may be that a drug action is implicated. However, it is also possible that these changes may be the morphological expression of some of the changes in the cell surface membrane that occur in malignant transformation.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of cell surface abnormalities in neoplastic histiocytes. In an ultrastructural study by transmission and scanning electron microscopy of two cases of malignant histiocytosis and a case of leukaemic reticulum-cell sarcoma, unusual blisters, blebs and worm-like processes were detected on the cell surfaces. The blisters (containing clear fluid) appear to develop by a single-membrane-bound vacuole approaching the cell membrane, and acquiring another membrane on discharging from the cell. The blebs (containing cytoplasm) appear to correspond to the already described phenomenon of zeiosis. The term \"vermipodia\" is given to the worm-like processes. The underlying factors responsible for these phenomena is not clear, but the exocytosis of the clear blisters resembled that of leukaemic blasts exposed to the action of vinca alkaloids. As two of the cases were being treated with vincristine, it may be that a drug action is implicated. However, it is also possible that these changes may be the morphological expression of some of the changes in the cell surface membrane that occur in malignant transformation.", "PMID": 324507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9318", "title": "Colorectal cancer and beer drinking.", "content": "Evidence is presented of a significant statistical association between beer drinking and colorectal cancer, particularly rectal cancer. This finding is based on correlations between consumption and cancer mortality and between changes in consumption and changes in cancer mortality for 47 states in the United States of America. Also various secular trends, an urban-rural gradient, socioeconomic gradients and sex ratios in the United States are shown to be generally consistent with a relationship between beer consumption and colorectal cancer, particularly rectal cancer. The limitations on drawing sound aetiological inferences from such data are acknowledged. In particular, several other variables are shown to be associated with both beer drinking and colorectal cancer. Also, a discussion of previous epidemiological studies is given, and it appears there is only a limited amount of direct evidence in humans to support the statistical demographic relationships.", "contents": "Colorectal cancer and beer drinking. Evidence is presented of a significant statistical association between beer drinking and colorectal cancer, particularly rectal cancer. This finding is based on correlations between consumption and cancer mortality and between changes in consumption and changes in cancer mortality for 47 states in the United States of America. Also various secular trends, an urban-rural gradient, socioeconomic gradients and sex ratios in the United States are shown to be generally consistent with a relationship between beer consumption and colorectal cancer, particularly rectal cancer. The limitations on drawing sound aetiological inferences from such data are acknowledged. In particular, several other variables are shown to be associated with both beer drinking and colorectal cancer. Also, a discussion of previous epidemiological studies is given, and it appears there is only a limited amount of direct evidence in humans to support the statistical demographic relationships.", "PMID": 324508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9319", "title": "Indoramin--an alpha adrenoreceptor antagonist for airway obstruction.", "content": "Indoramin, an alpha adrenoreceptor antagonist, was given in tablet form, in addition to regular salbutamol by aerosol, to 30 patients with airway obstruction. Indoramin produced a small increase in peak flow rate, no change in forced expiratory volume in one second and no improvement in symptoms. Troublesome unwanted effects occurred in six patients.", "contents": "Indoramin--an alpha adrenoreceptor antagonist for airway obstruction. Indoramin, an alpha adrenoreceptor antagonist, was given in tablet form, in addition to regular salbutamol by aerosol, to 30 patients with airway obstruction. Indoramin produced a small increase in peak flow rate, no change in forced expiratory volume in one second and no improvement in symptoms. Troublesome unwanted effects occurred in six patients.", "PMID": 324509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9320", "title": "Asthmatic pulmonary eosinophilia: a review of 65 cases.", "content": "In a series of 65 patients with asthma with pulmonary eosinophilia 54 were adequately investigated for allergic aspergillosis and this was present in 32 (59%). Asthma with pulmonary eosinophilia was found to carry a relatively poor prognosis in terms of permanent symptoms, impairment of pulmonary function and residual radiographic abnormality. The prognosis was least favourable when allergic aspergillosis was associated with long-standing asthma. On the other hand there was a group of patients with asthma with pulmonary eosinophilia who had relatively little permanent disability. These were mainly women with asthma of recent onset, and in these evidence of allergy to Aspergillus fumigatus was less apparent. Those patients who received long-term daily corticosteroid therapy were less likely to develop further radiographic opacities than those given intermittent corticosteroid therapy. To prevent recurrent pulmonary infiltrates it is probably necessary to give prednisolone in a daily dosage of at least 10 mg for an indefinite period.", "contents": "Asthmatic pulmonary eosinophilia: a review of 65 cases. In a series of 65 patients with asthma with pulmonary eosinophilia 54 were adequately investigated for allergic aspergillosis and this was present in 32 (59%). Asthma with pulmonary eosinophilia was found to carry a relatively poor prognosis in terms of permanent symptoms, impairment of pulmonary function and residual radiographic abnormality. The prognosis was least favourable when allergic aspergillosis was associated with long-standing asthma. On the other hand there was a group of patients with asthma with pulmonary eosinophilia who had relatively little permanent disability. These were mainly women with asthma of recent onset, and in these evidence of allergy to Aspergillus fumigatus was less apparent. Those patients who received long-term daily corticosteroid therapy were less likely to develop further radiographic opacities than those given intermittent corticosteroid therapy. To prevent recurrent pulmonary infiltrates it is probably necessary to give prednisolone in a daily dosage of at least 10 mg for an indefinite period.", "PMID": 324510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9321", "title": "Urinary LDH isoenzyme 5 excretion in experimental pyelonephritis.", "content": "Studies to determine the effect of kidney parenchymal infection upon urinary lactic dehydrogenase (ULDH) isoenzyme composition were performed in 12 female Sprague-Dawley rats on Day 0 and on Days 2, 5, and 10, after experimental inducement of Escherichia coli pyelonephritis. An additional group of 12 animals was subjected to similar experimental manipulations and served as sham controls. Repeated 12-h urine collections revealed lower urine osmolalities and significantly higher levels of ULDH 5 excretion in the experimental than in the sham operated animals (P less than 0-05). These differences persisted for the length of the experiment (10 days). Leucocyte excretion rates were also higher in the experimental than in the sham group, and a high correlation with ULDH 5 activity was demonstrated (r = 0-815). No other evidence that the two variables may be causally related was found.", "contents": "Urinary LDH isoenzyme 5 excretion in experimental pyelonephritis. Studies to determine the effect of kidney parenchymal infection upon urinary lactic dehydrogenase (ULDH) isoenzyme composition were performed in 12 female Sprague-Dawley rats on Day 0 and on Days 2, 5, and 10, after experimental inducement of Escherichia coli pyelonephritis. An additional group of 12 animals was subjected to similar experimental manipulations and served as sham controls. Repeated 12-h urine collections revealed lower urine osmolalities and significantly higher levels of ULDH 5 excretion in the experimental than in the sham operated animals (P less than 0-05). These differences persisted for the length of the experiment (10 days). Leucocyte excretion rates were also higher in the experimental than in the sham group, and a high correlation with ULDH 5 activity was demonstrated (r = 0-815). No other evidence that the two variables may be causally related was found.", "PMID": 324511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9322", "title": "Immunofluorescent patterns in the skin in Besnier's prurigo. The eczema asthma syndrome.", "content": "The immunofluorescent patterns in the skin of eighteen patients with Besnier's prurigo were studied at different stages of eczematous lesions. The presence, distribution pattern, and numbers of immunoglobulin and complement-positive lymphocytes in twenty-nine biopsies are reported. In all cases IgE-positive lymphocytes were present in both clinically uninvolved and involved skin. IgG, IgM and IgE-positive lymphocytes showed a characteristic distribution pattern in the dermis. In the acute stages IgM deposition was prominent in the basement membrane zone and it is suggested that damage to the basement membrane results in diffusion of immunoglobulin and complement into the epidermis. These features were not present in a control group of normal skin and of other dermatoses.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent patterns in the skin in Besnier's prurigo. The eczema asthma syndrome. The immunofluorescent patterns in the skin of eighteen patients with Besnier's prurigo were studied at different stages of eczematous lesions. The presence, distribution pattern, and numbers of immunoglobulin and complement-positive lymphocytes in twenty-nine biopsies are reported. In all cases IgE-positive lymphocytes were present in both clinically uninvolved and involved skin. IgG, IgM and IgE-positive lymphocytes showed a characteristic distribution pattern in the dermis. In the acute stages IgM deposition was prominent in the basement membrane zone and it is suggested that damage to the basement membrane results in diffusion of immunoglobulin and complement into the epidermis. These features were not present in a control group of normal skin and of other dermatoses.", "PMID": 324512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9323", "title": "Erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis.", "content": "The clinical course of necrotizing fasciitis in 8 patients is compared with observations on 22 other patients with erysipelas. In necrotizing fasciitis the early erythematous areas turn into a dusky blue colour with later vesiculation and formation of bullae. An important finding is a non-pitting oedema extending outside the erythematous patches. The disease often progresses and involves further skin areas proximal to the initial ones. Gangrene tends to follow in multiple sites after the 1st week of illness. Group A streptococci in conjunction with widespread thrombosis and vascular necrosis of the involved skin are two major factors in the pathogenesis of the gangrene. Early debridement and excision of necrotic tissue in combination with large doses of penicillin and cloxacillin are confirmed as mandatory to remove toxaemia and inhibit further necrosis of the skin. In 3 of the 8 patients with necrotizing fasciitis the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation complicated the course of the disease. A promising therapeutic result was seen in 2 further patients exhibiting alarming signs and symptoms of early necrotizing fasciitis; the combination of heparin, given intravenously in therapeutic doses guided by activated partial thromboplastin time studies, and of systemic antibiotics alleviated the symptoms, which vanished within 10 days of the start of treatment.", "contents": "Erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis. The clinical course of necrotizing fasciitis in 8 patients is compared with observations on 22 other patients with erysipelas. In necrotizing fasciitis the early erythematous areas turn into a dusky blue colour with later vesiculation and formation of bullae. An important finding is a non-pitting oedema extending outside the erythematous patches. The disease often progresses and involves further skin areas proximal to the initial ones. Gangrene tends to follow in multiple sites after the 1st week of illness. Group A streptococci in conjunction with widespread thrombosis and vascular necrosis of the involved skin are two major factors in the pathogenesis of the gangrene. Early debridement and excision of necrotic tissue in combination with large doses of penicillin and cloxacillin are confirmed as mandatory to remove toxaemia and inhibit further necrosis of the skin. In 3 of the 8 patients with necrotizing fasciitis the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation complicated the course of the disease. A promising therapeutic result was seen in 2 further patients exhibiting alarming signs and symptoms of early necrotizing fasciitis; the combination of heparin, given intravenously in therapeutic doses guided by activated partial thromboplastin time studies, and of systemic antibiotics alleviated the symptoms, which vanished within 10 days of the start of treatment.", "PMID": 324513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9324", "title": "High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance determination of transfer RNA tertiary base pairs in solution. 1. Species containing a small variable loop.", "content": "Eight class I tRNA species have been purified to homogeneity and their proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra in the low-field region (-11 to -15 ppm) have been studied at 360 MHz. The low-field spectra contain only one low-field resonance from each base pair (the ring NH hydrogen bond) and hence directly monitor the number of long-lived secondary and tertiary base pairs in solution. The tRNA species were chosen on the basis of their sequence homology with yeast phenylalanine tRNA in the regions which form tertiary base pairs in the crystal structure of this tRNA. All of the spectra show 26 or 27 low-field resonances approximately 7 of which are derived from tertiary base pairs. These results are contrary to previous claims that the NMR spectra indicate the presence of resonances from secondary base pairs only, as well as more recent claims of only 1-3 tertiary resonances, but are in good agreement with the number of tertiary base pairs expected in solution based on the crystal structure. The tertiary base pair resonances are stable up to at least 46 degrees C. Removal of magnesium ions causes structural changes in the tRNA but does not result in the loss of any secondary or tertiary base pairs.", "contents": "High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance determination of transfer RNA tertiary base pairs in solution. 1. Species containing a small variable loop. Eight class I tRNA species have been purified to homogeneity and their proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra in the low-field region (-11 to -15 ppm) have been studied at 360 MHz. The low-field spectra contain only one low-field resonance from each base pair (the ring NH hydrogen bond) and hence directly monitor the number of long-lived secondary and tertiary base pairs in solution. The tRNA species were chosen on the basis of their sequence homology with yeast phenylalanine tRNA in the regions which form tertiary base pairs in the crystal structure of this tRNA. All of the spectra show 26 or 27 low-field resonances approximately 7 of which are derived from tertiary base pairs. These results are contrary to previous claims that the NMR spectra indicate the presence of resonances from secondary base pairs only, as well as more recent claims of only 1-3 tertiary resonances, but are in good agreement with the number of tertiary base pairs expected in solution based on the crystal structure. The tertiary base pair resonances are stable up to at least 46 degrees C. Removal of magnesium ions causes structural changes in the tRNA but does not result in the loss of any secondary or tertiary base pairs.", "PMID": 324514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9325", "title": "High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance determination of transfer RNA tertiary base pairs in solution. 2. Species containing a large variable loop.", "content": "The number of base pairs in the solution structure of several class III D3VN tRNA species from E. coli has been determined by analyzing the number of low-field (-15 to -11 ppm) proton resonances in their nuclear magnetic resonance spectra at 360 MHz. Contrary to previous reports indicating the absence of tertiary resonances, all the spectra exhibit the expected number of secondary base pair resonances plus approximately ten extra resonances derived from tertiary base pairs in the three-dimensional folding of these molecules. The possible origins of some of these tertiary resonances are discussed; none of the spectra exhibits the characteristic resonance of the 8-14 tertiary base pair seen in class I D4V5 tRNA spectra.", "contents": "High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance determination of transfer RNA tertiary base pairs in solution. 2. Species containing a large variable loop. The number of base pairs in the solution structure of several class III D3VN tRNA species from E. coli has been determined by analyzing the number of low-field (-15 to -11 ppm) proton resonances in their nuclear magnetic resonance spectra at 360 MHz. Contrary to previous reports indicating the absence of tertiary resonances, all the spectra exhibit the expected number of secondary base pair resonances plus approximately ten extra resonances derived from tertiary base pairs in the three-dimensional folding of these molecules. The possible origins of some of these tertiary resonances are discussed; none of the spectra exhibits the characteristic resonance of the 8-14 tertiary base pair seen in class I D4V5 tRNA spectra.", "PMID": 324515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9326", "title": "Modification-deficient transfer ribonucleic acids from relaxed control Escherichia coli: structures of the major undermodified phenylalanine and leucine transfer RNAs produced during leucine starvation.", "content": "The structures of the major, chromatographically unique phenylalanine and leucine tRNAs produced during leucine starvation of a relaxed control (rel-) mutant of E. coli have been determined. The results demonstrate that the unique species are modification-deficient forms of the major, normally occurring isoacceptor species. The unique tRNAphe differs from the fully modified species at nucleotide positions 16, 37, 39, 47, and 55 from the 5' terminus. The unique species contains uridine (U) in place of dihydrouridine-16 (D16), isopentenyladenosine in place of 2-thiomethyl-N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine-37, a mixture of U and pseudouridine (psi) in position 39, a mixture of U and 3-(3-carboxypropyl)uridine at position 47, and a mixture of U and psi at position 55. The chromatographically normal isoacceptor from amino acid starved cells is deficient in D16 and psi55, indicating that that species is a mixture of mature and undermodified tRNAs. The unique tRNALeu isoacceptor consists of two subspecies which are undermodified forms of the major, normally occurring isoacceptor, tRNALeuI. Both unique subspecies lack the D and psi residues which occur at positions 16 and 39 from the 5' terminus; one subspecies also lacks D17. Compared with the tRNALeusI from wild-type strains of E. coli B and K12, both tRNALeuI from nonstarved cells and the unique, rel-tRNALeu are deficient in the modified guanosine which normally occurs adjacent to the anticodon and the pseudouridine in the GTpsiC sequence of the psi loop. Both the unique tRNAPhe and the unique tRNALeu lack dihydrouridine residues which occur in the 5' half of the D loop and pseudouridines which occur in the 3' half of the anticodon loop and adjoining stem. Taken together, these findings suggest that the same enzymes are responsible for the formation of these particular modified bases in both tRNAs. The results further suggest that several, perhaps most, of the tRNAs from cells cultured under conditions in which RNA and protein synthesis are uncoupled will be similarly deficient in dihydrouridine and pseudouridine and other minor nucleosides which occur less frequently. Because both modification-deficient rel-tRNAs have dihydrouridine at position 20 and pseudouridine in the psi loop (and at position 41 in the unique tRNALeu), the results support the view that there was multiple D-and psi-forming enzymes in E. coli, some of which may turn over rapidly or are selectively inactivated when protein synthesis is blocked. The results are discussed with a view toward understanding the structural basis for the altered biological activity of the unique tRNAPhe species and the order of events in the posttranscriptional modification of newly synthesized tRNA.", "contents": "Modification-deficient transfer ribonucleic acids from relaxed control Escherichia coli: structures of the major undermodified phenylalanine and leucine transfer RNAs produced during leucine starvation. The structures of the major, chromatographically unique phenylalanine and leucine tRNAs produced during leucine starvation of a relaxed control (rel-) mutant of E. coli have been determined. The results demonstrate that the unique species are modification-deficient forms of the major, normally occurring isoacceptor species. The unique tRNAphe differs from the fully modified species at nucleotide positions 16, 37, 39, 47, and 55 from the 5' terminus. The unique species contains uridine (U) in place of dihydrouridine-16 (D16), isopentenyladenosine in place of 2-thiomethyl-N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine-37, a mixture of U and pseudouridine (psi) in position 39, a mixture of U and 3-(3-carboxypropyl)uridine at position 47, and a mixture of U and psi at position 55. The chromatographically normal isoacceptor from amino acid starved cells is deficient in D16 and psi55, indicating that that species is a mixture of mature and undermodified tRNAs. The unique tRNALeu isoacceptor consists of two subspecies which are undermodified forms of the major, normally occurring isoacceptor, tRNALeuI. Both unique subspecies lack the D and psi residues which occur at positions 16 and 39 from the 5' terminus; one subspecies also lacks D17. Compared with the tRNALeusI from wild-type strains of E. coli B and K12, both tRNALeuI from nonstarved cells and the unique, rel-tRNALeu are deficient in the modified guanosine which normally occurs adjacent to the anticodon and the pseudouridine in the GTpsiC sequence of the psi loop. Both the unique tRNAPhe and the unique tRNALeu lack dihydrouridine residues which occur in the 5' half of the D loop and pseudouridines which occur in the 3' half of the anticodon loop and adjoining stem. Taken together, these findings suggest that the same enzymes are responsible for the formation of these particular modified bases in both tRNAs. The results further suggest that several, perhaps most, of the tRNAs from cells cultured under conditions in which RNA and protein synthesis are uncoupled will be similarly deficient in dihydrouridine and pseudouridine and other minor nucleosides which occur less frequently. Because both modification-deficient rel-tRNAs have dihydrouridine at position 20 and pseudouridine in the psi loop (and at position 41 in the unique tRNALeu), the results support the view that there was multiple D-and psi-forming enzymes in E. coli, some of which may turn over rapidly or are selectively inactivated when protein synthesis is blocked. The results are discussed with a view toward understanding the structural basis for the altered biological activity of the unique tRNAPhe species and the order of events in the posttranscriptional modification of newly synthesized tRNA.", "PMID": 324516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9327", "title": "Interaction between the erythromycin and chloramphenicol binding sites on the Escherichica coli ribosome.", "content": "The effects of chloramphenical on the binding kinetics of a fluorescein isothiocyanate derivative of 9(S)-erythromycylamine with 70S and 50S ribosomes have been studied by direct fluorimetric measurements. While chloramphenicol had little effect on the second-order 70S binding rate of the erythromycin analogue, it substantially reduced the dissociation rate of the fluorescent antibiotic-70S ribosome complex. This could be explained by simultaneous binding of both antibiotics to the 70S ribosome. The kinetic results suggest that chloramphenicol-saturated 70S particles bind the erythromycin analogue four times stronger and this was confirmed by direct binding studies. In additon, chloramphenicol causes a twofold increase in the intrinsic fluorescence of the 70S-bound analogue. This increase in fluorescence was used to study the kinetics of chloramphenicol binding to 70S  ribosomes containing the fluorescent derivative. The fluorescence change followed first-order kinetics, suggesting that chloramphenicol induces a conformational change in the 70S particle. This could explain both its effect on erythromycin binding and on the fluorescence of bound analogue. Less detailed results with the 50S particle indicate a qualitively similar picture of erythromycin-chloramphenicol interactions.", "contents": "Interaction between the erythromycin and chloramphenicol binding sites on the Escherichica coli ribosome. The effects of chloramphenical on the binding kinetics of a fluorescein isothiocyanate derivative of 9(S)-erythromycylamine with 70S and 50S ribosomes have been studied by direct fluorimetric measurements. While chloramphenicol had little effect on the second-order 70S binding rate of the erythromycin analogue, it substantially reduced the dissociation rate of the fluorescent antibiotic-70S ribosome complex. This could be explained by simultaneous binding of both antibiotics to the 70S ribosome. The kinetic results suggest that chloramphenicol-saturated 70S particles bind the erythromycin analogue four times stronger and this was confirmed by direct binding studies. In additon, chloramphenicol causes a twofold increase in the intrinsic fluorescence of the 70S-bound analogue. This increase in fluorescence was used to study the kinetics of chloramphenicol binding to 70S  ribosomes containing the fluorescent derivative. The fluorescence change followed first-order kinetics, suggesting that chloramphenicol induces a conformational change in the 70S particle. This could explain both its effect on erythromycin binding and on the fluorescence of bound analogue. Less detailed results with the 50S particle indicate a qualitively similar picture of erythromycin-chloramphenicol interactions.", "PMID": 324517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9328", "title": "Heterogeneity of the kinetoplast DNA molecules of Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) of the culture form of Trypanosoma cruzi is cleaved by restriction endonucleases (HpaII, HindII, EcoRI, and HaeIII). The analysis of the cleavage patterns proves that the minicircles (free circulargenome units) are heterogeneous in base sequences. The same results are obtained with the complex kDNA network which is composed of the association of minicircles and linear molecules. Kinetic studies of the renaturation of kDNA previously cleaved by HpaII into fragments of the genome unit size show at least two populations of molecules. About 75% of these molecules correspond to the fast renaturing population having the molecular complexity of the minicircles. The molecules of the slow renaturing population have a much higher molecular complexity than the minicircles and do not seem to be related to the majority of the long linear molecules.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of the kinetoplast DNA molecules of Trypanosoma cruzi. Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) of the culture form of Trypanosoma cruzi is cleaved by restriction endonucleases (HpaII, HindII, EcoRI, and HaeIII). The analysis of the cleavage patterns proves that the minicircles (free circulargenome units) are heterogeneous in base sequences. The same results are obtained with the complex kDNA network which is composed of the association of minicircles and linear molecules. Kinetic studies of the renaturation of kDNA previously cleaved by HpaII into fragments of the genome unit size show at least two populations of molecules. About 75% of these molecules correspond to the fast renaturing population having the molecular complexity of the minicircles. The molecules of the slow renaturing population have a much higher molecular complexity than the minicircles and do not seem to be related to the majority of the long linear molecules.", "PMID": 324518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9329", "title": "The translocation of Ca2+ across phospholipid bilayers induced by a synthetic neutral Ca2+ -ionophore.", "content": "The effect of a neutral synthetic Ca2+ -ligand, which induces selective Ca2+ transport in electrodialysis experiments in bulk membranes, on the Ca2+ permeability of phospholipid bilayers has been investigated. The ligand is able to promote the transport of Ca2+ across synthetic phospholipid bilayers and can therefore be classified as a Ca2+ -ionophore. Its activity is enhanced by the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP). The efficiency of the neutral carrier-mediated Ca2+ transport is rather low as compared with that of the charged Ca2+ -ionophore X537A. The Ca2+ selectivity of the nuetral ionophore is decreased by its incorporation in the low dielectric ambient of the phospholipid bilayer.", "contents": "The translocation of Ca2+ across phospholipid bilayers induced by a synthetic neutral Ca2+ -ionophore. The effect of a neutral synthetic Ca2+ -ligand, which induces selective Ca2+ transport in electrodialysis experiments in bulk membranes, on the Ca2+ permeability of phospholipid bilayers has been investigated. The ligand is able to promote the transport of Ca2+ across synthetic phospholipid bilayers and can therefore be classified as a Ca2+ -ionophore. Its activity is enhanced by the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP). The efficiency of the neutral carrier-mediated Ca2+ transport is rather low as compared with that of the charged Ca2+ -ionophore X537A. The Ca2+ selectivity of the nuetral ionophore is decreased by its incorporation in the low dielectric ambient of the phospholipid bilayer.", "PMID": 324520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9330", "title": "Conversion of bacteriophage G4 single-stranded viral DNA to double-stranded replicative form in dna mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Host functions involved in synthesis of parental replicative form of bacteriophage G4 were investigated using various replication mutants of Escheria coli. In dna+ bacteria, conversion of single-stranded viral DNA to replicative form DNA was insensitive to 200 microng/ml of rifampicin or 25 microng/ml of chloramphenicol. At high temperature, synthesis of parental replicative form was unaffected in mutants thermosensitive for dnaA, dnaB, dnaC(D), dnaE or dnaH. In dnaG or dnaZ mutants, however, parental replicative from DNA synthesis was clearly thermosensitive at 43 degrees C. Although the host rep product was essential for viral multiplication, the conversion of single stranded to replicative form was independent of the rep function.", "contents": "Conversion of bacteriophage G4 single-stranded viral DNA to double-stranded replicative form in dna mutants of Escherichia coli. Host functions involved in synthesis of parental replicative form of bacteriophage G4 were investigated using various replication mutants of Escheria coli. In dna+ bacteria, conversion of single-stranded viral DNA to replicative form DNA was insensitive to 200 microng/ml of rifampicin or 25 microng/ml of chloramphenicol. At high temperature, synthesis of parental replicative form was unaffected in mutants thermosensitive for dnaA, dnaB, dnaC(D), dnaE or dnaH. In dnaG or dnaZ mutants, however, parental replicative from DNA synthesis was clearly thermosensitive at 43 degrees C. Although the host rep product was essential for viral multiplication, the conversion of single stranded to replicative form was independent of the rep function.", "PMID": 324521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9331", "title": "[Comparative study of bacterial agmatinase inhibition by derivatives of putrescine and aliphatic monoamines].", "content": "Aliphatic monoamines and some putrescine derivatives (10(-3) M) are found to inhibit agmatinase from Proteus vulgaris. Constants and the type of inhibition are determined. Investigation of the temperature effect on the inhibition has revealed an exotermic character of this process. Some thermodinamic parameters of agmatinase-anylamine binding reaction are calculated. 1-Guanidobutane is obtained by means of 1-amidobutane guanidilation, and it is found to be more efficient inhibitor than monoamines.", "contents": "[Comparative study of bacterial agmatinase inhibition by derivatives of putrescine and aliphatic monoamines]. Aliphatic monoamines and some putrescine derivatives (10(-3) M) are found to inhibit agmatinase from Proteus vulgaris. Constants and the type of inhibition are determined. Investigation of the temperature effect on the inhibition has revealed an exotermic character of this process. Some thermodinamic parameters of agmatinase-anylamine binding reaction are calculated. 1-Guanidobutane is obtained by means of 1-amidobutane guanidilation, and it is found to be more efficient inhibitor than monoamines.", "PMID": 324523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9332", "title": "[Isotherms of globular protein hydration under dynamic conditions].", "content": "The hydration isotherms of alpha-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, pork insulin, pork pepsin and serum albumin were obtained by means of dynamic method. The values of BET-monolayers for processes of water sorption leads to (h) and desorption comes from (h) do not depend on the static or dynamic way of achieving of hydration equilibrium in spite of difference in the shape of isotherms. The values of comes from h for proteins with known tertiary structure (alpha-chymotrypsin, lysozyme and insulin) coinside with the number of exposed polar amino acid side chains. The lowering of leads to h values in comparison with comes from h is correlated with inability of omega-amido groups of Asn and Gln residues and of ion pair-forming residues to take part in the formation of sorptive BET-monolayer. These rules for the interpretation of hydration isotherms were used to evaluate the numbers of exposed and buried polar side chains in proteins with unknown tertiary structure--pepsin and serum albumin.", "contents": "[Isotherms of globular protein hydration under dynamic conditions]. The hydration isotherms of alpha-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, pork insulin, pork pepsin and serum albumin were obtained by means of dynamic method. The values of BET-monolayers for processes of water sorption leads to (h) and desorption comes from (h) do not depend on the static or dynamic way of achieving of hydration equilibrium in spite of difference in the shape of isotherms. The values of comes from h for proteins with known tertiary structure (alpha-chymotrypsin, lysozyme and insulin) coinside with the number of exposed polar amino acid side chains. The lowering of leads to h values in comparison with comes from h is correlated with inability of omega-amido groups of Asn and Gln residues and of ion pair-forming residues to take part in the formation of sorptive BET-monolayer. These rules for the interpretation of hydration isotherms were used to evaluate the numbers of exposed and buried polar side chains in proteins with unknown tertiary structure--pepsin and serum albumin.", "PMID": 324524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9333", "title": "[Catabolyte inhibition of lactate transport in Escherichia coli].", "content": "E. coli cells growing on the medium containing glucose and lactate do not utilize lactate. One reason of preferential utilization of glucose is catabolite inhibition of lactate transport. It is necessary for glucose to penetrate into the cell to inhibit lactate transport. Besides glucose the inhibition of the lactate transport is also caused by fructose and by non-metabolized analogue of glucose--alpha-methylglucoside.", "contents": "[Catabolyte inhibition of lactate transport in Escherichia coli]. E. coli cells growing on the medium containing glucose and lactate do not utilize lactate. One reason of preferential utilization of glucose is catabolite inhibition of lactate transport. It is necessary for glucose to penetrate into the cell to inhibit lactate transport. Besides glucose the inhibition of the lactate transport is also caused by fructose and by non-metabolized analogue of glucose--alpha-methylglucoside.", "PMID": 324525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9334", "title": "[Study of the laws of cardiac biopotential distribution].", "content": "Current knowledge on biophysical and physical nature of electrocardiograms does not permit to apply analytical information-extraction techniques. This paper proposes to replace the investigation of ECG's, comprising some variations of instantaneous values, by the investigation of their distributive laws (i. e. by the investigation of the rate of occurrence of instantaneous biopotential values). The essence of the technique is the introduction into the computer's memory of some biopotentials, heart-generatet during an arbitrary chosen time-interval. By programming of into the memory introduced digit mass histograms were constructed. The experience has shown that the type-printed histograms after processing of introduced into the computer's memory hearts biopotenials, differ one from another depending on the functional state of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Study of the laws of cardiac biopotential distribution]. Current knowledge on biophysical and physical nature of electrocardiograms does not permit to apply analytical information-extraction techniques. This paper proposes to replace the investigation of ECG's, comprising some variations of instantaneous values, by the investigation of their distributive laws (i. e. by the investigation of the rate of occurrence of instantaneous biopotential values). The essence of the technique is the introduction into the computer's memory of some biopotentials, heart-generatet during an arbitrary chosen time-interval. By programming of into the memory introduced digit mass histograms were constructed. The experience has shown that the type-printed histograms after processing of introduced into the computer's memory hearts biopotenials, differ one from another depending on the functional state of the myocardium.", "PMID": 324522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9335", "title": "Human models for cancer active immunotherapy.", "content": "In this editorial,  the author considers the human models for research on cancer immunotherapy. He distinguishes between trials which have given a direct demonstration of the action of immunotherapy, in which the effect of this treatment has been compared to therapeutic abstention, and those which have shown an indirect proof of its action and in which immunotherapy is compared to chemotherapy of which the effect is known, or in which the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy is compared with the same chemotherapy applied alone. The author concludes with methodological and ethical considerations about clinical trials applied to active immunotherapy.", "contents": "Human models for cancer active immunotherapy. In this editorial,  the author considers the human models for research on cancer immunotherapy. He distinguishes between trials which have given a direct demonstration of the action of immunotherapy, in which the effect of this treatment has been compared to therapeutic abstention, and those which have shown an indirect proof of its action and in which immunotherapy is compared to chemotherapy of which the effect is known, or in which the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy is compared with the same chemotherapy applied alone. The author concludes with methodological and ethical considerations about clinical trials applied to active immunotherapy.", "PMID": 324528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9336", "title": "Vertical transmission of hepatitis-B surface antigen.", "content": "Transmission of Hepatitis B virus from mother to infant can cause a severe type of neonatal hepatitis. Comparing chronic carrier mothers with mothers who have acute hepatitis in pregnancy we find that the latter group present the greater risk to their infants. Differences in the presence of Hepatitis B core and Hepatitis B e antigen and antibody in the acute case and in the carrier state may expoain the differences observed in the transmission rates of two groups. In countries where the prevalence of the carrier state is high it appears that vertical transmission of the carrier state is also common. This pattern may be explained by differences in the geographical distribution of carriers of Hep B e antigen, which has been recently described as a virulance factor.", "contents": "Vertical transmission of hepatitis-B surface antigen. Transmission of Hepatitis B virus from mother to infant can cause a severe type of neonatal hepatitis. Comparing chronic carrier mothers with mothers who have acute hepatitis in pregnancy we find that the latter group present the greater risk to their infants. Differences in the presence of Hepatitis B core and Hepatitis B e antigen and antibody in the acute case and in the carrier state may expoain the differences observed in the transmission rates of two groups. In countries where the prevalence of the carrier state is high it appears that vertical transmission of the carrier state is also common. This pattern may be explained by differences in the geographical distribution of carriers of Hep B e antigen, which has been recently described as a virulance factor.", "PMID": 324529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9337", "title": "HLA and other immunogenetic approaches to the study of diseases in man.", "content": "We have attempted to focus on several areas that can be practically explored to elucidate the mechanisms accounting for the polymorphism of the human major histocompatibility complex and attendent disease predispositions. In addition to widespread serologic HLA typing of specific populations, diseases, and families, it is important to improve discriminating methods for expoloration of other areas of the HLA supergene, especially those involved in specific immune responsiveness. It may also be necessary to take into account possible modulating effects of the MHC on other recognized human genes. Application of these improved methods to the study of infertile couples, recognized genetic syndromes, and human malignancies may assist in unraveling the immunogenetic enigma of these diseases.", "contents": "HLA and other immunogenetic approaches to the study of diseases in man. We have attempted to focus on several areas that can be practically explored to elucidate the mechanisms accounting for the polymorphism of the human major histocompatibility complex and attendent disease predispositions. In addition to widespread serologic HLA typing of specific populations, diseases, and families, it is important to improve discriminating methods for expoloration of other areas of the HLA supergene, especially those involved in specific immune responsiveness. It may also be necessary to take into account possible modulating effects of the MHC on other recognized human genes. Application of these improved methods to the study of infertile couples, recognized genetic syndromes, and human malignancies may assist in unraveling the immunogenetic enigma of these diseases.", "PMID": 324531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9338", "title": "Pulmonary surfactant and dog lung transplant.", "content": "The pulmonary sufactant was studied in the dog after crossed lobe autotransplantation and the influence of graft preservation time before reimplantation was considered. 1) The phospholipid composition of the grafted lobe is unchanged. 2) The incorporation of 32P orthophosphate in phosphatidylcholines is increased in the entire grafted lung (transplanted and ungrafted lobes). 3) Conservation of the graft for 48 hrs before the autograft changes neither surfactant composition nor 32P incorporation.", "contents": "Pulmonary surfactant and dog lung transplant. The pulmonary sufactant was studied in the dog after crossed lobe autotransplantation and the influence of graft preservation time before reimplantation was considered. 1) The phospholipid composition of the grafted lobe is unchanged. 2) The incorporation of 32P orthophosphate in phosphatidylcholines is increased in the entire grafted lung (transplanted and ungrafted lobes). 3) Conservation of the graft for 48 hrs before the autograft changes neither surfactant composition nor 32P incorporation.", "PMID": 324532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9339", "title": "Study of the correlation between glomerular and urinary sediment deposits using immunofluorescent technique.", "content": "Correlations between immunofluorescent protein deposits in the glomeruli, urinary sediment and proteinuria selectivity pattern have been attempted in different glomerulonephritis. The overall study showed following results: a) Glomerular and urinary casts deposits of immunoglobulins, C3 and fibrin/fibrinogen are related to moderately selective proteinuria; b) IgG and IgA are most often found in urinary sediment and c) Glomerular deposits of IgG and IgA are well correlated with the presence of these immunoglobulins in urinary casts. Analysis according to different histological types of nephritis: a) In \"minimal changes\" nephropathy, deposits are infrequent and well correlated with urinary sediment, when they are present; b) In lupus nephritis, constant and intense glomerular deposits of immunoglobulins, fibrin/fibrinogen are correlated with the same proteins found in urinary casts; c) Inconstant correlations are found in membranous nephritis and in IgA-IgG nephropathy.", "contents": "Study of the correlation between glomerular and urinary sediment deposits using immunofluorescent technique. Correlations between immunofluorescent protein deposits in the glomeruli, urinary sediment and proteinuria selectivity pattern have been attempted in different glomerulonephritis. The overall study showed following results: a) Glomerular and urinary casts deposits of immunoglobulins, C3 and fibrin/fibrinogen are related to moderately selective proteinuria; b) IgG and IgA are most often found in urinary sediment and c) Glomerular deposits of IgG and IgA are well correlated with the presence of these immunoglobulins in urinary casts. Analysis according to different histological types of nephritis: a) In \"minimal changes\" nephropathy, deposits are infrequent and well correlated with urinary sediment, when they are present; b) In lupus nephritis, constant and intense glomerular deposits of immunoglobulins, fibrin/fibrinogen are correlated with the same proteins found in urinary casts; c) Inconstant correlations are found in membranous nephritis and in IgA-IgG nephropathy.", "PMID": 324533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9340", "title": "Reticulocyte motility and form: studies on maturation and classification.", "content": "A new two-stage living cell cytological classification is presented for reticulocytes in the rat and shown on an overall population basis to be the equivalent of the classical new methylene blue staining characterization. Class 1 reticulocytes (R1) are motile and multilobular. They comprise about 25% of normal bone marrow reticulocytes, but none of the reticulocytes in normal blood. Class 2 reticulocytes (R2) are asymmetrically \"deep dished\" in appearance and contain visible refractile granules, viewed in phase-contrast microscopy. In animals \"stimulated\" by bleeding, the percentage of motile marrow reticulocytes is found to be a linear function of hematocrit over the range of about 25%-70% total reticulocytes. In the blood, the associated maximum rise of class R1 is only to about 8%. These and related cellular properties are discussed with respect to the maturation and release of normal reticulocytes. Applicability of this work to studies on humans and to pathology is also indicated.", "contents": "Reticulocyte motility and form: studies on maturation and classification. A new two-stage living cell cytological classification is presented for reticulocytes in the rat and shown on an overall population basis to be the equivalent of the classical new methylene blue staining characterization. Class 1 reticulocytes (R1) are motile and multilobular. They comprise about 25% of normal bone marrow reticulocytes, but none of the reticulocytes in normal blood. Class 2 reticulocytes (R2) are asymmetrically \"deep dished\" in appearance and contain visible refractile granules, viewed in phase-contrast microscopy. In animals \"stimulated\" by bleeding, the percentage of motile marrow reticulocytes is found to be a linear function of hematocrit over the range of about 25%-70% total reticulocytes. In the blood, the associated maximum rise of class R1 is only to about 8%. These and related cellular properties are discussed with respect to the maturation and release of normal reticulocytes. Applicability of this work to studies on humans and to pathology is also indicated.", "PMID": 324534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9341", "title": "Factors controlling stem cell recirculation. III. Effect of the thymus on the migration and differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of thymectomy on the migration and differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells released from shielded parts of bone marrow after irradiation of mice with lethal doses of x-rays. In 2-3 wk after thymectomy, the rate of migration declined and the differentiation of stem cells into granulocytic colonies was inhibited. Transplantation of syngeneic thymus or lymph node cells into thymectomized mice enhanced the migration of stem cells from the bone marrow and restored the usual pathways of their differentiation.", "contents": "Factors controlling stem cell recirculation. III. Effect of the thymus on the migration and differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of thymectomy on the migration and differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells released from shielded parts of bone marrow after irradiation of mice with lethal doses of x-rays. In 2-3 wk after thymectomy, the rate of migration declined and the differentiation of stem cells into granulocytic colonies was inhibited. Transplantation of syngeneic thymus or lymph node cells into thymectomized mice enhanced the migration of stem cells from the bone marrow and restored the usual pathways of their differentiation.", "PMID": 324535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9342", "title": "Effect of corticosteroids on lymphocyte activation.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated by concanavalin A, sodium periodate, and neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase. Response to mitogens was measured by the amount of tritiated thymidine incorporated as well as the percent of \"giant sheep red blood cell rosettes\" generated. The thymidine incorporation was diminished by the absence of monocytes or the presence of corticosteroids. The percent of giant rosettes generated was not influenced by either change. This finding suggested that considerable lymphocyte activation could still take place in the presence of corticosteroids. When subjects received 60 mg of prednisone, they developed lymphopenia 5 hr later. The circulating lymphocytes at that time responded less well to mitogen stimulation when measured by both thymidine incorporation and percent giant rosettes, suggesting a selective sequestration of mitogen-responsive lymphocytes outside the circulatory compartment.", "contents": "Effect of corticosteroids on lymphocyte activation. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated by concanavalin A, sodium periodate, and neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase. Response to mitogens was measured by the amount of tritiated thymidine incorporated as well as the percent of \"giant sheep red blood cell rosettes\" generated. The thymidine incorporation was diminished by the absence of monocytes or the presence of corticosteroids. The percent of giant rosettes generated was not influenced by either change. This finding suggested that considerable lymphocyte activation could still take place in the presence of corticosteroids. When subjects received 60 mg of prednisone, they developed lymphopenia 5 hr later. The circulating lymphocytes at that time responded less well to mitogen stimulation when measured by both thymidine incorporation and percent giant rosettes, suggesting a selective sequestration of mitogen-responsive lymphocytes outside the circulatory compartment.", "PMID": 324536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9343", "title": "Cell marker analysis in acute monocytic leukemias.", "content": "Leukemic cells from nine cases of acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) were characterized by multiple differentiation markers. Cells in most cases were phagocytic, carried an Fc receptor, and stained positively for alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase but negatively for naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase. However, subtle differences in marker expression were observed which suggested different degrees of leukemic cellular maturation or activation. Cell marker analysis proved to be a useful adjunct to conventional morphology in confirming the diagnosis and the recognition of the neoplastic cells in AMoL, and may ultimately provide insight into the functional state of these cells.", "contents": "Cell marker analysis in acute monocytic leukemias. Leukemic cells from nine cases of acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) were characterized by multiple differentiation markers. Cells in most cases were phagocytic, carried an Fc receptor, and stained positively for alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase but negatively for naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase. However, subtle differences in marker expression were observed which suggested different degrees of leukemic cellular maturation or activation. Cell marker analysis proved to be a useful adjunct to conventional morphology in confirming the diagnosis and the recognition of the neoplastic cells in AMoL, and may ultimately provide insight into the functional state of these cells.", "PMID": 324537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9344", "title": "Lipid A as the biologically active moiety in bacterial endotoxin (LPS)-initiated generation of procoagulant activity by peripheral blood leukocytes.", "content": "Preparations of rabbit or human leukocytes, when incubated with bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) are stimulated to generate a procoagulant-tissue factor activity (TFa). As LPS has been shown to consist of specific repeating oligosaccharide side chains (O-antigen) linked to a central polysaccharide core region that is, in turn, linked to the lipid region of the molecule (lipid A), we have examined the biochemical requirement of the LPS necessary for generation of TFa. Using preparations of LPS from mutant strains of bacteria, which contain varying amounts of polysaccharide in relation to lipid A, we have demonstrated that activity is associated with the lipid A region of the LPS molecule. These observations have been confirmed using isolated lipid A, which is a potent stimulator of TFa, as well as a native protoplasmic polysaccharide that is both devoid of lipid A and without detectable TFa stimulatory activity. Modification of LPS by treatment with mild alkali abrogated its capacity to stimulate TFa generation. In addition, such altered preparations of LPS partially inhibit the stimulatory effect of native LPS. Similarly, treatment of LPS (or lipid A) with the antibiotic polymyxin B substantially inhibited the stimulatory effect of LPS.", "contents": "Lipid A as the biologically active moiety in bacterial endotoxin (LPS)-initiated generation of procoagulant activity by peripheral blood leukocytes. Preparations of rabbit or human leukocytes, when incubated with bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) are stimulated to generate a procoagulant-tissue factor activity (TFa). As LPS has been shown to consist of specific repeating oligosaccharide side chains (O-antigen) linked to a central polysaccharide core region that is, in turn, linked to the lipid region of the molecule (lipid A), we have examined the biochemical requirement of the LPS necessary for generation of TFa. Using preparations of LPS from mutant strains of bacteria, which contain varying amounts of polysaccharide in relation to lipid A, we have demonstrated that activity is associated with the lipid A region of the LPS molecule. These observations have been confirmed using isolated lipid A, which is a potent stimulator of TFa, as well as a native protoplasmic polysaccharide that is both devoid of lipid A and without detectable TFa stimulatory activity. Modification of LPS by treatment with mild alkali abrogated its capacity to stimulate TFa generation. In addition, such altered preparations of LPS partially inhibit the stimulatory effect of native LPS. Similarly, treatment of LPS (or lipid A) with the antibiotic polymyxin B substantially inhibited the stimulatory effect of LPS.", "PMID": 324538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9345", "title": "Photon absorptiometry of bone after successful renal transplantation.", "content": "Photon absorptiometric measurements of the right lower femur were carried out at regular intervals of one to three months in 58 recipients of renal transplant. (1) During the first six months after transplant 57% showed a significant and abnormal rate of loss of bone mineral (mean 11.7% per year. +/- 1.1% S.E.M.) while 30 months' after transplantation only 17% showed such a significant loss (p=0.025). (2) Eighteen months after transplantation both male and female recipients of transplants had a significantly lower mean bone mineral index than controls (p less than 0.001). (3) Male patients who developed new post-transplant fractures had a lower mean bone mineral content compared with age and sex-matched controls taken from transplant recipients without such fractures (p less than 0.01). Similarly male patients with post-transplant fractures had a significantly longer mean period on regular haemodialysis (p less than 0.05) compared with patients without such fractures. Regular photon absorptiometric measurements provide an accurate, informative and non-invasive technique for following changes of bone mineral content after successful renal transplantation.", "contents": "Photon absorptiometry of bone after successful renal transplantation. Photon absorptiometric measurements of the right lower femur were carried out at regular intervals of one to three months in 58 recipients of renal transplant. (1) During the first six months after transplant 57% showed a significant and abnormal rate of loss of bone mineral (mean 11.7% per year. +/- 1.1% S.E.M.) while 30 months' after transplantation only 17% showed such a significant loss (p=0.025). (2) Eighteen months after transplantation both male and female recipients of transplants had a significantly lower mean bone mineral index than controls (p less than 0.001). (3) Male patients who developed new post-transplant fractures had a lower mean bone mineral content compared with age and sex-matched controls taken from transplant recipients without such fractures (p less than 0.01). Similarly male patients with post-transplant fractures had a significantly longer mean period on regular haemodialysis (p less than 0.05) compared with patients without such fractures. Regular photon absorptiometric measurements provide an accurate, informative and non-invasive technique for following changes of bone mineral content after successful renal transplantation.", "PMID": 324555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9346", "title": "Single dose intra-incisional antibiotic prophylaxis of surgical wound sepsis: a controlled trial of cephaloridine and ampicillin.", "content": "In a series of 410 consecutive potentially contaminated operations, we have compared the relative efficacy of intra-incisional cephaloridine and ampicillin in single doses of 1 g in 2 ml of water. In high risk operations (ileocolorectal surgery, perforated appendicitis, or when the patient has 2-5 cm or more of subcutaneous fat at the site of the incision) cephaloridine prophylaxis resulted in a primary sepsis rate of 14 per cent compared with 36 per cent for ampicillin. In all other patients the two antibiotics were equally effective. Secondary sepsis, following discharge from the wound of a substance other than pus, was equally common in the two groups.", "contents": "Single dose intra-incisional antibiotic prophylaxis of surgical wound sepsis: a controlled trial of cephaloridine and ampicillin. In a series of 410 consecutive potentially contaminated operations, we have compared the relative efficacy of intra-incisional cephaloridine and ampicillin in single doses of 1 g in 2 ml of water. In high risk operations (ileocolorectal surgery, perforated appendicitis, or when the patient has 2-5 cm or more of subcutaneous fat at the site of the incision) cephaloridine prophylaxis resulted in a primary sepsis rate of 14 per cent compared with 36 per cent for ampicillin. In all other patients the two antibiotics were equally effective. Secondary sepsis, following discharge from the wound of a substance other than pus, was equally common in the two groups.", "PMID": 324556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9347", "title": "Diagnosis of invasive candidosis by enzyme immunoassay of serum antigen.", "content": "Enzyme immunoassay was used to measure Candida albicans-related antigen in sera of rabbits and mice infected with C albicans. A range of heterologous antigens tested gave no cross reactions. Of the three patients who were investigated and gave positive reactions, two were confirmed as having deep candida infections. Enzyme immunoassay is efficient, simple, and sensitive, and may prove valuable in the early diagnosis of invasive candida infections.", "contents": "Diagnosis of invasive candidosis by enzyme immunoassay of serum antigen. Enzyme immunoassay was used to measure Candida albicans-related antigen in sera of rabbits and mice infected with C albicans. A range of heterologous antigens tested gave no cross reactions. Of the three patients who were investigated and gave positive reactions, two were confirmed as having deep candida infections. Enzyme immunoassay is efficient, simple, and sensitive, and may prove valuable in the early diagnosis of invasive candida infections.", "PMID": 324565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9348", "title": "Intravenous tyramine response in migraine before and during treatment with indoramin.", "content": "We studied the response of 31 migraine sufferers (20 women, 11 men) to intravenous tyramine (the tyraminedose)pressor response test). Patients were treated either with pacebo tablets or indoramin, and alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, in a double-blind crrossover trial. We found that patients with migraine required significantly less tyramine to increase their cystolic blod pressure by 30 mm Hg when compared with matched controls. Indoramin significantly increased the amount of tyramine needed to raise the systolic blood pressure among migraine suffers and reduced the incidence of posttyramine migraine for m 46% while patients were on placebo tablets to 8% when they were receiveing indoramin. There was no association between tyramine sensitivity and a history of premenstrual or dietary migraine, nor was there a significant difference in the indierenence in the incidence of post-tyramine migrain between men women. We conclude that the intravenous tyramine test may be valuable in assessing migraine suffers who will respond to an alpha-advenergic blocking agent such as indoramin.", "contents": "Intravenous tyramine response in migraine before and during treatment with indoramin. We studied the response of 31 migraine sufferers (20 women, 11 men) to intravenous tyramine (the tyraminedose)pressor response test). Patients were treated either with pacebo tablets or indoramin, and alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, in a double-blind crrossover trial. We found that patients with migraine required significantly less tyramine to increase their cystolic blod pressure by 30 mm Hg when compared with matched controls. Indoramin significantly increased the amount of tyramine needed to raise the systolic blood pressure among migraine suffers and reduced the incidence of posttyramine migraine for m 46% while patients were on placebo tablets to 8% when they were receiveing indoramin. There was no association between tyramine sensitivity and a history of premenstrual or dietary migraine, nor was there a significant difference in the indierenence in the incidence of post-tyramine migrain between men women. We conclude that the intravenous tyramine test may be valuable in assessing migraine suffers who will respond to an alpha-advenergic blocking agent such as indoramin.", "PMID": 324566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9349", "title": "Clinical aspects of polycystic disease of the kidneys.", "content": "Seventy-eight patients were treated for polycystic disease of the kidneys. An analysis of the interval between the onset of symptoms and end-stage renal failure made it possible to give and accurate prognosis in individual cases. Pregnancy and urinary infection did not appear to accelerate deterioration of renal function, but Rovsing' operation precipitated renal failure in some cases. Forty-two patients needed replacement treatment for end-stage renal failure, and 24 patients received 29 renal allografts. Transplant function at all times was better than a matched group of 70 patients indications for removal of polycystic kidneys in graft recipients were persistnet or recurrent infection, erythraemia that failed to respond to conservative treatment, and to make room for the transplant.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of polycystic disease of the kidneys. Seventy-eight patients were treated for polycystic disease of the kidneys. An analysis of the interval between the onset of symptoms and end-stage renal failure made it possible to give and accurate prognosis in individual cases. Pregnancy and urinary infection did not appear to accelerate deterioration of renal function, but Rovsing' operation precipitated renal failure in some cases. Forty-two patients needed replacement treatment for end-stage renal failure, and 24 patients received 29 renal allografts. Transplant function at all times was better than a matched group of 70 patients indications for removal of polycystic kidneys in graft recipients were persistnet or recurrent infection, erythraemia that failed to respond to conservative treatment, and to make room for the transplant.", "PMID": 324567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9350", "title": "Arthritis in Flemish paintings (1400-1700).", "content": "A close examination of the hands of people depicted in paintings of the Flemish school showed that in five paintings there were figures with hand lesions resembling those of rhematoid arthritis. Although none of the deformities or swellings are indisputable examples of rheumatoid arthritis, they do at least suggest that the painters must have been confronted with rheumatoid-like lesions in their models. In two other paintings there were signs of rheumatic fever and of temporal arteritis. No arthritic lesions were found in the works of painters of the Italian Renaissance, probably because they are less detailed. The finding of rheumatoid deformities in the Flemish paintings does, however, question the general belief that rheumatoid arthritis is a condition that has arisen relatively recently.", "contents": "Arthritis in Flemish paintings (1400-1700). A close examination of the hands of people depicted in paintings of the Flemish school showed that in five paintings there were figures with hand lesions resembling those of rhematoid arthritis. Although none of the deformities or swellings are indisputable examples of rheumatoid arthritis, they do at least suggest that the painters must have been confronted with rheumatoid-like lesions in their models. In two other paintings there were signs of rheumatic fever and of temporal arteritis. No arthritic lesions were found in the works of painters of the Italian Renaissance, probably because they are less detailed. The finding of rheumatoid deformities in the Flemish paintings does, however, question the general belief that rheumatoid arthritis is a condition that has arisen relatively recently.", "PMID": 324568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9351", "title": "Comparative trial of endocrine versus cytotoxic treatment in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Ninety-two women with advanced breast cancer were allocated at random to receive either cytotoxic or endocrine treatment. Out of 45 women included in the cytotoxic treatment group, 22 (49%) achieved complete or partial remission of their disease, whereas of the 47 included in the endocrine treatment group, only 10 (21%) achieved such remission. Significantly longer survival times in the cytotoxic treatment group were most apparent among premenopausal women, 75% of such patients responding to cytotoxic drugs (median survival 46 weeks) compared with only 11% benefiting from ovarian ablation (median survival 12 weeks). In postmenopausal women with predominantly soft-tissue disease, however, additive hormonal treatment with tamoxifen produced remission rates and survival times equivalent to those produced by cytotoxic drugs.", "contents": "Comparative trial of endocrine versus cytotoxic treatment in advanced breast cancer. Ninety-two women with advanced breast cancer were allocated at random to receive either cytotoxic or endocrine treatment. Out of 45 women included in the cytotoxic treatment group, 22 (49%) achieved complete or partial remission of their disease, whereas of the 47 included in the endocrine treatment group, only 10 (21%) achieved such remission. Significantly longer survival times in the cytotoxic treatment group were most apparent among premenopausal women, 75% of such patients responding to cytotoxic drugs (median survival 46 weeks) compared with only 11% benefiting from ovarian ablation (median survival 12 weeks). In postmenopausal women with predominantly soft-tissue disease, however, additive hormonal treatment with tamoxifen produced remission rates and survival times equivalent to those produced by cytotoxic drugs.", "PMID": 324570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9352", "title": "Prophylactic use of cephazolin against wound sepsis after cholecystectomy.", "content": "A trial of antibiotic prophylaxis with cephazolin against postoperative wound sepsis was carried out on 201 patients undergoing routine cholecystectomy. Wound sepsis occurred in 11 out of 65 controls (16.9%), who were not given the drug; two out of 63 patients (3.2%) given a single dose preoperatively; and four out of 73 patients (5.5%) given the single preoperative dose plus a five-day course postoperatively. The difference between the controls and patients given the single preoperative dose was significant.", "contents": "Prophylactic use of cephazolin against wound sepsis after cholecystectomy. A trial of antibiotic prophylaxis with cephazolin against postoperative wound sepsis was carried out on 201 patients undergoing routine cholecystectomy. Wound sepsis occurred in 11 out of 65 controls (16.9%), who were not given the drug; two out of 63 patients (3.2%) given a single dose preoperatively; and four out of 73 patients (5.5%) given the single preoperative dose plus a five-day course postoperatively. The difference between the controls and patients given the single preoperative dose was significant.", "PMID": 324571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9353", "title": "Immune complexes in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome and recurrent oral ulceration.", "content": "Seventeen patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, 11 with recurrent oral ulceration, and eight controls were studied in an investigation of the part possibly played by immune complexes in the transition from focal oral ulceration to the multifocal syndrome. Changes in the distribution of C3 within the first peak of Sephadex G200 fractionated plasma were found in nine of the 17 patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (55%), three of the 11 patients with recurrent oral ulcers, and none of eight controls. These findings provide indirect evidence that immune complexes are found in the plasma of these patients. Immune complexes were more common in patients with the neuro-ocular type of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome than in those with the mucocutaneous type, and in those with herpetiform ulcers than in those with major or minor aphthous ulcers. Immune complexes were also associated with active disease. These findings support the hypothesis that the formation of immune complexes is an important step in the pathogenesis of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "contents": "Immune complexes in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome and recurrent oral ulceration. Seventeen patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, 11 with recurrent oral ulceration, and eight controls were studied in an investigation of the part possibly played by immune complexes in the transition from focal oral ulceration to the multifocal syndrome. Changes in the distribution of C3 within the first peak of Sephadex G200 fractionated plasma were found in nine of the 17 patients with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (55%), three of the 11 patients with recurrent oral ulcers, and none of eight controls. These findings provide indirect evidence that immune complexes are found in the plasma of these patients. Immune complexes were more common in patients with the neuro-ocular type of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome than in those with the mucocutaneous type, and in those with herpetiform ulcers than in those with major or minor aphthous ulcers. Immune complexes were also associated with active disease. These findings support the hypothesis that the formation of immune complexes is an important step in the pathogenesis of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "PMID": 324574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9354", "title": "Randomised controlled trial of treatment for mild hypertension: design and pilot trial. Report of Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild to Moderate Hypertension.", "content": "A multicentre pilot trial to assess the feasibility of undertaking a full-scale national trial of treatment for mild to moderate hypertension has been performed and is being continued. By February 1977 over 1800 patients had entered the trial and some have been under observation for three years. The results so far show that the definitive trial is administratively and scientifically feasible and ethically justified.", "contents": "Randomised controlled trial of treatment for mild hypertension: design and pilot trial. Report of Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild to Moderate Hypertension. A multicentre pilot trial to assess the feasibility of undertaking a full-scale national trial of treatment for mild to moderate hypertension has been performed and is being continued. By February 1977 over 1800 patients had entered the trial and some have been under observation for three years. The results so far show that the definitive trial is administratively and scientifically feasible and ethically justified.", "PMID": 324577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9355", "title": "Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in germinating spores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Spores transferred to germination medium incorporated exogenous lysine into protein within 20 min but required 2-3 to begin incorporation of exogenous proline or alanine. During this time considerable uptake of amino acids into the intracellular pool occurred. Cycloheximide added to the germination medium inhibited incorporation of lysine into protein but did not lessen in accumulation in the pool. Spore germination was inhibited by cycloheximide.", "contents": "Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in germinating spores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Spores transferred to germination medium incorporated exogenous lysine into protein within 20 min but required 2-3 to begin incorporation of exogenous proline or alanine. During this time considerable uptake of amino acids into the intracellular pool occurred. Cycloheximide added to the germination medium inhibited incorporation of lysine into protein but did not lessen in accumulation in the pool. Spore germination was inhibited by cycloheximide.", "PMID": 324585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9356", "title": "The identification, characterization, and mapping of a gene for flocculation in Saccharomyces sp.", "content": "Genetic studies of a flocculent haploid strain of Saccharomyces have revealed the flocculation to be dominant and controlled at a single gene locus. The flocculation character of both hybrids and haploids derived from such hybrids appears to be influenced by the repression or derepression status of the culture. Mapping studies of this flocculation gene have revealed that it is linked to ade 1 and therefore located on Chromosome I. Consequently, this is a different gene to the three flocculation genes studied by other laboratories because they have found such genes to be unlinked to ade 1. The flocculation gene being discussed in this paper has been designated FLO4. FLO4 has been located 32-33 cM from the Chromosome I centromere and 37 cM from ade 1 (i.e., FLO4 is on the opposite side of the centromere to ade 1).", "contents": "The identification, characterization, and mapping of a gene for flocculation in Saccharomyces sp. Genetic studies of a flocculent haploid strain of Saccharomyces have revealed the flocculation to be dominant and controlled at a single gene locus. The flocculation character of both hybrids and haploids derived from such hybrids appears to be influenced by the repression or derepression status of the culture. Mapping studies of this flocculation gene have revealed that it is linked to ade 1 and therefore located on Chromosome I. Consequently, this is a different gene to the three flocculation genes studied by other laboratories because they have found such genes to be unlinked to ade 1. The flocculation gene being discussed in this paper has been designated FLO4. FLO4 has been located 32-33 cM from the Chromosome I centromere and 37 cM from ade 1 (i.e., FLO4 is on the opposite side of the centromere to ade 1).", "PMID": 324586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9357", "title": "Relation of colonial morphologies in soft agar to morphological and biological properties of the K-9 strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its variants.", "content": "During repeated subcultures of strain K-9 of Klebsiella pneumoniae, three variants, A, B, and C, were obtained showing different colonial morphologies in soft agar. The parent strain K-9 produced colonies that were large, smooth, and globular; variant A, wedged balloon forms somewhat elongate; variant B, rain-drop-like with some streaming; and variant C, small compact rough globules. These colonial forms in soft agar medium correlated well with the size of capsule determined by cell volume index and light microscopy. Organisms exhibiting large globular colonies did possess extra large capsules while strains producing compact-type colonies in soft agar were lacking capsules. Capsular size of the strains correlated well with mouse virulence, but most biochemical properties, including the amount of endotoxic substance, were the same in all strains.", "contents": "Relation of colonial morphologies in soft agar to morphological and biological properties of the K-9 strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its variants. During repeated subcultures of strain K-9 of Klebsiella pneumoniae, three variants, A, B, and C, were obtained showing different colonial morphologies in soft agar. The parent strain K-9 produced colonies that were large, smooth, and globular; variant A, wedged balloon forms somewhat elongate; variant B, rain-drop-like with some streaming; and variant C, small compact rough globules. These colonial forms in soft agar medium correlated well with the size of capsule determined by cell volume index and light microscopy. Organisms exhibiting large globular colonies did possess extra large capsules while strains producing compact-type colonies in soft agar were lacking capsules. Capsular size of the strains correlated well with mouse virulence, but most biochemical properties, including the amount of endotoxic substance, were the same in all strains.", "PMID": 324587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9358", "title": "Pollution indicator bacteria associated with municipal raw and drinking water supplies.", "content": "A total of 3819 bacterial cultures isolated from municipal water samples were identified using a combination of Enterotubules and confirmatory media. Frequency distributions for the different genera or groups of bacteria were similar for raw water and drinking water isolations, except for Escherichia organisms which doubled their frequency in raw water. Differences between the membrane filter (MF) and presence-absence (P-A) test with regard to types of organisms isolated were limited to Klebsiella organisms which were preferentially cultured from MF plates. Members of the genus Enterobacter were isolated more than twice as frequently as any of the other coliform genera dealt with in this study. Aeromonas organisms were detected almost as often as such individual genera as Escherichia, Citrobacter, or Klebsiella. Although non-lactose fermenting colonies (false-negatives) of the coliform genera would not be detected by the MF technique, their lack of detection would likely be offset by the Aeromonas colonies (false-positives). At least 25% of the coliform isolates were either anaerogenic or non-lactose fermenters and would therefore go undetected by the most probably number (MPN) technique.", "contents": "Pollution indicator bacteria associated with municipal raw and drinking water supplies. A total of 3819 bacterial cultures isolated from municipal water samples were identified using a combination of Enterotubules and confirmatory media. Frequency distributions for the different genera or groups of bacteria were similar for raw water and drinking water isolations, except for Escherichia organisms which doubled their frequency in raw water. Differences between the membrane filter (MF) and presence-absence (P-A) test with regard to types of organisms isolated were limited to Klebsiella organisms which were preferentially cultured from MF plates. Members of the genus Enterobacter were isolated more than twice as frequently as any of the other coliform genera dealt with in this study. Aeromonas organisms were detected almost as often as such individual genera as Escherichia, Citrobacter, or Klebsiella. Although non-lactose fermenting colonies (false-negatives) of the coliform genera would not be detected by the MF technique, their lack of detection would likely be offset by the Aeromonas colonies (false-positives). At least 25% of the coliform isolates were either anaerogenic or non-lactose fermenters and would therefore go undetected by the most probably number (MPN) technique.", "PMID": 324588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9359", "title": "Historical outline of attempts to classify skin diseases.", "content": "Over the years physicians have attempted to classify skin diseases. Plenck and Willan were the first to outline clearly the basic components of skin diseases and to devise classifications based on living gross pathologic features. With the development of molecular biology, etiologic classification--a system unrelated to that of clinical appearance--was begun. Most current textbooks present combinations of these two systems and those based on location or on other concepts.", "contents": "Historical outline of attempts to classify skin diseases. Over the years physicians have attempted to classify skin diseases. Plenck and Willan were the first to outline clearly the basic components of skin diseases and to devise classifications based on living gross pathologic features. With the development of molecular biology, etiologic classification--a system unrelated to that of clinical appearance--was begun. Most current textbooks present combinations of these two systems and those based on location or on other concepts.", "PMID": 324589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9360", "title": "Allergy testing: comparison of skin and in vitro tests of allergic reagin.", "content": "Skin tests have been used for many years to detect reaginic antibodies in the investigation of allergic patients. Recently in vitro assays of allergic reagins, including the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and the rat mast cell test (RMCT) have become available. A comparison of the clinical usefulness of these tests suggested that skin tests and the RAST are of comparable diagnostic accuracy and reliability. The RMCT was found to be poorly reproducible and unreliable. For routine cases skin tests should continue to be the procedure of choice. The RAST may reasonably be used when skin tests are unreliable, impractical or contraindicated. The RAST may also be helpful in some cases in resolving discrepancies between skin test results and the clinical history.", "contents": "Allergy testing: comparison of skin and in vitro tests of allergic reagin. Skin tests have been used for many years to detect reaginic antibodies in the investigation of allergic patients. Recently in vitro assays of allergic reagins, including the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and the rat mast cell test (RMCT) have become available. A comparison of the clinical usefulness of these tests suggested that skin tests and the RAST are of comparable diagnostic accuracy and reliability. The RMCT was found to be poorly reproducible and unreliable. For routine cases skin tests should continue to be the procedure of choice. The RAST may reasonably be used when skin tests are unreliable, impractical or contraindicated. The RAST may also be helpful in some cases in resolving discrepancies between skin test results and the clinical history.", "PMID": 324590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9361", "title": "[The Baie disease: was it syphilis?].", "content": "In 1773 an epidemic disease with cutaneous manifestations appeared in Baie Saint-Paul, Qu\u00e9bec and spread rapidly from nearby les Eboulements to the entire island of Montreal. The epidemic was in many ways reminiscent of a typical outbreak of syphilis, a condition then well known in Europe. Dr. Charles Blake of Montreal, as well as Drs. James Bowman and Philippe Badelart of Quebec, would not acknowledge any other diagnosis. The latter two physicians were commissioned by General Haldimand, governor of Canada, to investigate and treat this new disease. Patients were often cured by potions or ointments containing mercury if used from the onset of symptoms. However, Dr. Robert Jones, another physician from Montreal, submitted a different opinion: the clinical course of the disease, the anomalies of its transmission, its sometimes intriguing sequelae and its unpredictable response to mercurial therapy led him to believe that it might be an entity entirely different from syphilis as it was then known in Europe. Half a century earlier, in Scotland, a similar outbreak had occurred for which the same reservation had been made with regard to a possible diagnosis of syphilis.", "contents": "[The Baie disease: was it syphilis?]. In 1773 an epidemic disease with cutaneous manifestations appeared in Baie Saint-Paul, Qu\u00e9bec and spread rapidly from nearby les Eboulements to the entire island of Montreal. The epidemic was in many ways reminiscent of a typical outbreak of syphilis, a condition then well known in Europe. Dr. Charles Blake of Montreal, as well as Drs. James Bowman and Philippe Badelart of Quebec, would not acknowledge any other diagnosis. The latter two physicians were commissioned by General Haldimand, governor of Canada, to investigate and treat this new disease. Patients were often cured by potions or ointments containing mercury if used from the onset of symptoms. However, Dr. Robert Jones, another physician from Montreal, submitted a different opinion: the clinical course of the disease, the anomalies of its transmission, its sometimes intriguing sequelae and its unpredictable response to mercurial therapy led him to believe that it might be an entity entirely different from syphilis as it was then known in Europe. Half a century earlier, in Scotland, a similar outbreak had occurred for which the same reservation had been made with regard to a possible diagnosis of syphilis.", "PMID": 324591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9362", "title": "The mutagenicity of methylbenzylnitrosamine and its alpha-acetoxy derivatives.", "content": "Biological activity of the alpha-acetoxy derivatives of methylbenzylnitrosamine was evaluated using tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Compound III, oxidized on the benzyl moiety, was more toxic and more mutagenic than Compound IV, oxidized on the methyl side chain. Compound IV was weakly toxic and was non-mutagenic at the concentrations tested. The presence or absence of the uvrB repair system had no effect on the toxicity of either Compound II or IV. Neither the alpha-oxidized compounds nor the parent nitrosamine reverted the frameshift mutants. As a mutagen, Compound III was approximately as active as N-nitroso compounds not requiring metabolic activation, more active than alpha-acetoxy dialkylnitrosamines and less active than the cyclic alpha-acetoxynitrosopyrrolidine.", "contents": "The mutagenicity of methylbenzylnitrosamine and its alpha-acetoxy derivatives. Biological activity of the alpha-acetoxy derivatives of methylbenzylnitrosamine was evaluated using tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Compound III, oxidized on the benzyl moiety, was more toxic and more mutagenic than Compound IV, oxidized on the methyl side chain. Compound IV was weakly toxic and was non-mutagenic at the concentrations tested. The presence or absence of the uvrB repair system had no effect on the toxicity of either Compound II or IV. Neither the alpha-oxidized compounds nor the parent nitrosamine reverted the frameshift mutants. As a mutagen, Compound III was approximately as active as N-nitroso compounds not requiring metabolic activation, more active than alpha-acetoxy dialkylnitrosamines and less active than the cyclic alpha-acetoxynitrosopyrrolidine.", "PMID": 324607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9363", "title": "Inhibitory effects of selenium of the mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and AAF derivatives.", "content": "Selenium (Se) decreased the mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) and N-hydroxyaminofluorene (N-OH-AF) in the Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538 bacterial tester system. Metabolism of AAF and N-OH-AFF to the active mutagen, N-OH-AF, was accomplished by rat liver extracts. Graded decreases in mutagenicity with increasing Se concentrations were observed for each of the three mutagens. Se decreased the mutagenicity of AAF, N-OH-AAF and N-OH-AF to 65, 68 and 61% of their respective controls with mutagen alone. The effective molar ratios of Se to mutagen yielding these decreases were approximately 10:1 (Se:AAF), 10:1 (Se:N-OH-AAF) and 300:1 (Se:N-OH-AF). The largest Se effect observed was accomplished by a molar ratio of 100:1 (Se:N-OH-AAF) yielding 28% of the mutagenicity elicited by N-OH-AAF alone.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of selenium of the mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and AAF derivatives. Selenium (Se) decreased the mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) and N-hydroxyaminofluorene (N-OH-AF) in the Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538 bacterial tester system. Metabolism of AAF and N-OH-AFF to the active mutagen, N-OH-AF, was accomplished by rat liver extracts. Graded decreases in mutagenicity with increasing Se concentrations were observed for each of the three mutagens. Se decreased the mutagenicity of AAF, N-OH-AAF and N-OH-AF to 65, 68 and 61% of their respective controls with mutagen alone. The effective molar ratios of Se to mutagen yielding these decreases were approximately 10:1 (Se:AAF), 10:1 (Se:N-OH-AAF) and 300:1 (Se:N-OH-AF). The largest Se effect observed was accomplished by a molar ratio of 100:1 (Se:N-OH-AAF) yielding 28% of the mutagenicity elicited by N-OH-AAF alone.", "PMID": 324608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9364", "title": "Mutagenicities of protein pyrolysates.", "content": "Smoke condensate obtained by pyrolysis of proteins, such as lysozyme and histone, was shown to be mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98. In vitro metabolic activation by a mammaliam postmitochondrial enzyme preparation (S-9 Mix) was required. Smoke condensates obtained by pyrolysis of DNA, RNA, starch and vegetable oil were slightly mutagenic, whereas those from pyrolysis of L- and D-tryptophan and 5-hydroxy-D,L-tryptophan were very strongly mutagenic with metabolic activation by S-9 Mix. Because of the high correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, it is theorized that the cooking of proteinaceous foods might be an important cause of human cancers.", "contents": "Mutagenicities of protein pyrolysates. Smoke condensate obtained by pyrolysis of proteins, such as lysozyme and histone, was shown to be mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98. In vitro metabolic activation by a mammaliam postmitochondrial enzyme preparation (S-9 Mix) was required. Smoke condensates obtained by pyrolysis of DNA, RNA, starch and vegetable oil were slightly mutagenic, whereas those from pyrolysis of L- and D-tryptophan and 5-hydroxy-D,L-tryptophan were very strongly mutagenic with metabolic activation by S-9 Mix. Because of the high correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, it is theorized that the cooking of proteinaceous foods might be an important cause of human cancers.", "PMID": 324609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9365", "title": "Monitoring immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin by antibody titer.", "content": "Antibody titer to Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) was determined by complement fixation in 111 normal volunteers and 83 melanoma patients. In 43 of these melanoma patients, sequential determination of antibody titer was made and correlated with clinical course. Low titers of antibody to BCG were found frequently in normal volunteers and in melanoma patients prior to BCG immunotherapy. The typical response to BCG immunotherapy was a rapid rise of antibody titer to high levels. Six of 19 patients with recurrence had disappearance of antibody preceding clinical recurrence by up to 5 months. In 13 of 40 patients receiving BCG, serum antibody was a better indicator of the patient's response than measurement of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative. These results suggest that measurement of the antibody response to BCG may be useful in developing an optimum mode of BCG immunotherapy as well as predicting clinical recurrence in patients with melanoma.", "contents": "Monitoring immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin by antibody titer. Antibody titer to Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) was determined by complement fixation in 111 normal volunteers and 83 melanoma patients. In 43 of these melanoma patients, sequential determination of antibody titer was made and correlated with clinical course. Low titers of antibody to BCG were found frequently in normal volunteers and in melanoma patients prior to BCG immunotherapy. The typical response to BCG immunotherapy was a rapid rise of antibody titer to high levels. Six of 19 patients with recurrence had disappearance of antibody preceding clinical recurrence by up to 5 months. In 13 of 40 patients receiving BCG, serum antibody was a better indicator of the patient's response than measurement of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative. These results suggest that measurement of the antibody response to BCG may be useful in developing an optimum mode of BCG immunotherapy as well as predicting clinical recurrence in patients with melanoma.", "PMID": 324610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9366", "title": "Effects on nutrition of surgery of the liver, pancreas, and genitourinary tract.", "content": "Carcinoma of the pancreas is increasing in the United States and has a grave progonosis. Surgical treatment has moved from subtotal pancreatectomy to total pancreatectomy and now to en bloc resection and vascular replacement. Pancreatic exocrine and endocrine insufficiency following resection add to the nutritional problems presented by this major surgery and its high complication rate. Recognition of these problems and adequate treatment decrease morbidity and mortality. Major hepatic resection imposes metabolic problems in the immediate postoperative period that are minimized by improving preoperative nutritional status and by providing adequate postoperative support with albumin and carbohydrate. Urinary tract diversion for pelvic cancer involving the ureters and/or bladder has progressed from ureterosigmoidostomy with its high incidence of disturbances of electrolyte and acid-base balance to ureteroileostomy with its appreciably lower rate of complications.", "contents": "Effects on nutrition of surgery of the liver, pancreas, and genitourinary tract. Carcinoma of the pancreas is increasing in the United States and has a grave progonosis. Surgical treatment has moved from subtotal pancreatectomy to total pancreatectomy and now to en bloc resection and vascular replacement. Pancreatic exocrine and endocrine insufficiency following resection add to the nutritional problems presented by this major surgery and its high complication rate. Recognition of these problems and adequate treatment decrease morbidity and mortality. Major hepatic resection imposes metabolic problems in the immediate postoperative period that are minimized by improving preoperative nutritional status and by providing adequate postoperative support with albumin and carbohydrate. Urinary tract diversion for pelvic cancer involving the ureters and/or bladder has progressed from ureterosigmoidostomy with its high incidence of disturbances of electrolyte and acid-base balance to ureteroileostomy with its appreciably lower rate of complications.", "PMID": 324616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9367", "title": "Enhancement of antileukemic effect in combination of 5-fluorouracil and OK-432.", "content": "OK-432, a streptococcal preparation with potent antitumor activity, has been evaluated for its efficacy in experimental and clincal trials. This preparation, however, was ineffective against mouse L1210 leukemia in all treatment schedules. The results of this study indicate that treatments with OK-432 and nucleic acid antimetabolites, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), exert a synergistic effect against L1210 leukemia probably in conjunction with the immunologic defenses of the host. This therapeutic synergism was to some extent dependent on the dose level of 5-FU and was not produced against the 5-FU-resistant L1210 subline. In mice pre-treated with OK-432 prior to the leukemia implantation, there was no synergistic effect as a result of post-treatment with 5-FU. When BDF mice had previously received X-ray irradiation or administration of corticosteroids, the synergism could not be expected either. Comparative combination therapy with BCG or group C streptococcus resulted in failure to produce therapeutic synergism in this system.", "contents": "Enhancement of antileukemic effect in combination of 5-fluorouracil and OK-432. OK-432, a streptococcal preparation with potent antitumor activity, has been evaluated for its efficacy in experimental and clincal trials. This preparation, however, was ineffective against mouse L1210 leukemia in all treatment schedules. The results of this study indicate that treatments with OK-432 and nucleic acid antimetabolites, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), exert a synergistic effect against L1210 leukemia probably in conjunction with the immunologic defenses of the host. This therapeutic synergism was to some extent dependent on the dose level of 5-FU and was not produced against the 5-FU-resistant L1210 subline. In mice pre-treated with OK-432 prior to the leukemia implantation, there was no synergistic effect as a result of post-treatment with 5-FU. When BDF mice had previously received X-ray irradiation or administration of corticosteroids, the synergism could not be expected either. Comparative combination therapy with BCG or group C streptococcus resulted in failure to produce therapeutic synergism in this system.", "PMID": 324619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9368", "title": "Evaluation of single-drug versus multiple-drug chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Fifty-one postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer were randomized to receive either cyclophosphamide given continuously or cyclophosphamide given continuously with methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone given intermittently. The results with the multiple-drug therapy were significantly better than with the single-drug therapy, both with regard to percentage (63% versus 25%) and median duration (400 versus 210 days) of objective response. Toxicity was moderately increased with the combination as compared to the single-drug treatment.", "contents": "Evaluation of single-drug versus multiple-drug chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Fifty-one postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer were randomized to receive either cyclophosphamide given continuously or cyclophosphamide given continuously with methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone given intermittently. The results with the multiple-drug therapy were significantly better than with the single-drug therapy, both with regard to percentage (63% versus 25%) and median duration (400 versus 210 days) of objective response. Toxicity was moderately increased with the combination as compared to the single-drug treatment.", "PMID": 324620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9369", "title": "Localization of neurophysin in the rat supraoptic nucleus. I. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry using the post-embedding technique.", "content": "Localization of neurophysin in neurons of the supraoptic nucleus was accomplished using an unlabeled-antibody, post-embedding, immunoperoxidase technique. Neurophysin was exclusively associated with neurosecretory granules within cell bodies of supraoptic neurons and their processes.", "contents": "Localization of neurophysin in the rat supraoptic nucleus. I. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry using the post-embedding technique. Localization of neurophysin in neurons of the supraoptic nucleus was accomplished using an unlabeled-antibody, post-embedding, immunoperoxidase technique. Neurophysin was exclusively associated with neurosecretory granules within cell bodies of supraoptic neurons and their processes.", "PMID": 324631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9370", "title": "Use of calcium ionophores to determine the effects of intracellular calcium on the action potential of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "The effects of calcium ionophores X-537A, A23187, and PR-47 on the action potential of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers were studied using standard microelectrode techniques. The ionophores hyperpolarize the membrane potential, eliminate the notch on the action potential plateau, decrease action potential duration, decrease plateau amplitude and duration, decrease spontaneous diastolic depolarization and excitability, and decrease the rate effect on action potential duration. These effects were shown to be independent of catecholamines, membrane-bound calcium, and the patency of the slow inward current channel. The effects of the ionophores depended on the presence of calcium in the external solution. A plausible interpretation of the data is that an ionophore-mediated increase in intracellular calcium shifts the voltage dependence of transmembrane potassium currents to more negative levels.", "contents": "Use of calcium ionophores to determine the effects of intracellular calcium on the action potential of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. The effects of calcium ionophores X-537A, A23187, and PR-47 on the action potential of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers were studied using standard microelectrode techniques. The ionophores hyperpolarize the membrane potential, eliminate the notch on the action potential plateau, decrease action potential duration, decrease plateau amplitude and duration, decrease spontaneous diastolic depolarization and excitability, and decrease the rate effect on action potential duration. These effects were shown to be independent of catecholamines, membrane-bound calcium, and the patency of the slow inward current channel. The effects of the ionophores depended on the presence of calcium in the external solution. A plausible interpretation of the data is that an ionophore-mediated increase in intracellular calcium shifts the voltage dependence of transmembrane potassium currents to more negative levels.", "PMID": 324657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9371", "title": "Gonadal function in Bloom's syndrome.", "content": "Five patients with Bloom's syndrome aged from 2 8/12 to 27 years, all of whom had hypogonadism, were subjected to an i.v. LHRH test and two of them to an i.m. HCG test. There was increased responsiveness of plasma LH and FSH, indicating that the hypogonadism is primary in nature and of early development. The tubular element of the testis seems to be mainly affected, as indicated by the particularly high FSH response to LHRH stimulation, a history of sterility in the two adult patients and documented azoospermia in one of them. The Leydig cells seem to be less affected and secrete sufficient androgens to enable puberty within acceptable normal limits. Hypogonadism seems to be a major characteristic of Bloom's syndrome.", "contents": "Gonadal function in Bloom's syndrome. Five patients with Bloom's syndrome aged from 2 8/12 to 27 years, all of whom had hypogonadism, were subjected to an i.v. LHRH test and two of them to an i.m. HCG test. There was increased responsiveness of plasma LH and FSH, indicating that the hypogonadism is primary in nature and of early development. The tubular element of the testis seems to be mainly affected, as indicated by the particularly high FSH response to LHRH stimulation, a history of sterility in the two adult patients and documented azoospermia in one of them. The Leydig cells seem to be less affected and secrete sufficient androgens to enable puberty within acceptable normal limits. Hypogonadism seems to be a major characteristic of Bloom's syndrome.", "PMID": 324660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9372", "title": "Hormonal changes associated with testicular atrophy and gynaecomastia in patients with leprosy.", "content": "Basal LH, FSH, 17 beta-oestradiol and testosterone and the gonadotrophin responses to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) were studied in male patients with leprosy (twenty-four with lepromatous and six with tuberculoid leprosy). The mean basal LH and FSH was significantly elevated in the lepromatous group and was associated with an excessive response of both gonadotrophins following LHRH administration. The mean basal testosterone and 17 beta-oestradiol values in the lepromatous group were significantly lower than those of the tuberculoid and control groups. The abnormal gonadotrophin and sex steroid values in the lepromatous group are in keeping with the testicular atrophy and gynaecomastia accompanying this form of leprosy. However, the lack of a significant correlation between basal FSH and testicular atrophy should be noted. In addition, no correlation between any of these hormonal values and gynaecomastia could be demonstrated. The patients with tuberculoid leprosy had essentially normal hormonal profiles (except for two who had raised 17 beta-oestradiol values). This is compatible with the lack of gonadal involvement in these patients.", "contents": "Hormonal changes associated with testicular atrophy and gynaecomastia in patients with leprosy. Basal LH, FSH, 17 beta-oestradiol and testosterone and the gonadotrophin responses to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) were studied in male patients with leprosy (twenty-four with lepromatous and six with tuberculoid leprosy). The mean basal LH and FSH was significantly elevated in the lepromatous group and was associated with an excessive response of both gonadotrophins following LHRH administration. The mean basal testosterone and 17 beta-oestradiol values in the lepromatous group were significantly lower than those of the tuberculoid and control groups. The abnormal gonadotrophin and sex steroid values in the lepromatous group are in keeping with the testicular atrophy and gynaecomastia accompanying this form of leprosy. However, the lack of a significant correlation between basal FSH and testicular atrophy should be noted. In addition, no correlation between any of these hormonal values and gynaecomastia could be demonstrated. The patients with tuberculoid leprosy had essentially normal hormonal profiles (except for two who had raised 17 beta-oestradiol values). This is compatible with the lack of gonadal involvement in these patients.", "PMID": 324661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9373", "title": "Immune complex detection by immunofluorescence on polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were isolated from defibrinated and heparinized blood. In addition, PMN from a healthy donor were incubated with sera from SLE patients and with sera containing artificially prepared immune complexes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and human anti-HBsAg immunoglobulin (anti-HBs) with well defined variations of the antigen/antibody ratio. To one group of blood samples, 5 mM monoiodine acetic acid (MIAA) was added to block in vitro phagocytosis. The Pmn were examined for the presence of IgG, IgM, and HBsAg by the immunofluorescence technique. PMN from defibrinated blood of SLE patients showed in up to 80% immunoglobulin (Ig)-inclusions. However, addition of 5 mM MIAA reduced the number of Ig-containing PMN to at most 40%, which levels were equal to numbers found in specimens from heparinized blood. Addition of 5 mM MIAA to heparinized blood did not reduce the number of PMN with Ig inclusions. Normal donor PMN isolated from defibrinated, heparinized, and EDT blood showed equal amounts of Ig inclusions after incubation with SLE sera, but none when MIAA had been added. In PMN incubated with HBsAg-anti HBs immune complexes with an antigen antibody ratio between 5 and 0-2, both HBsAg and IgG could be detected. It is concluded that Ig inclusions in PMN from heparinized blood from SLE patients are due to in vivo phagocytosis, presumably of circulating immune complexes. In vitro phagocytosis of Ig from SLE sera by normal donor PMN also suggests the presence of immune complexes. Dependent on the antigen-antibody ratio, artificial HBsAg/anti-HBs immune complexes can be detected by in vitro phagocytosis by PM.", "contents": "Immune complex detection by immunofluorescence on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were isolated from defibrinated and heparinized blood. In addition, PMN from a healthy donor were incubated with sera from SLE patients and with sera containing artificially prepared immune complexes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and human anti-HBsAg immunoglobulin (anti-HBs) with well defined variations of the antigen/antibody ratio. To one group of blood samples, 5 mM monoiodine acetic acid (MIAA) was added to block in vitro phagocytosis. The Pmn were examined for the presence of IgG, IgM, and HBsAg by the immunofluorescence technique. PMN from defibrinated blood of SLE patients showed in up to 80% immunoglobulin (Ig)-inclusions. However, addition of 5 mM MIAA reduced the number of Ig-containing PMN to at most 40%, which levels were equal to numbers found in specimens from heparinized blood. Addition of 5 mM MIAA to heparinized blood did not reduce the number of PMN with Ig inclusions. Normal donor PMN isolated from defibrinated, heparinized, and EDT blood showed equal amounts of Ig inclusions after incubation with SLE sera, but none when MIAA had been added. In PMN incubated with HBsAg-anti HBs immune complexes with an antigen antibody ratio between 5 and 0-2, both HBsAg and IgG could be detected. It is concluded that Ig inclusions in PMN from heparinized blood from SLE patients are due to in vivo phagocytosis, presumably of circulating immune complexes. In vitro phagocytosis of Ig from SLE sera by normal donor PMN also suggests the presence of immune complexes. Dependent on the antigen-antibody ratio, artificial HBsAg/anti-HBs immune complexes can be detected by in vitro phagocytosis by PM.", "PMID": 324668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9374", "title": "In vitro effect of transfer factor on active rosettes and leucocyte migration of patients with cancer.", "content": "The in vitro effect of transfer factor (TF) and its obtained by gel filtration was studied on the active rosettes and leucocyte migration inhibition. TF and one fraction (IV) restored the reactivity of lymphocytes from tumour-bearing patients to tuberculin and Candida antigens in the leucocyte migration assay. TF and fraction IV was also found to enhance the number of active rosettes of tumour-bearing patients, whereas no such effect was observed on lymphocytes of patients with active SLE or controls.", "contents": "In vitro effect of transfer factor on active rosettes and leucocyte migration of patients with cancer. The in vitro effect of transfer factor (TF) and its obtained by gel filtration was studied on the active rosettes and leucocyte migration inhibition. TF and one fraction (IV) restored the reactivity of lymphocytes from tumour-bearing patients to tuberculin and Candida antigens in the leucocyte migration assay. TF and fraction IV was also found to enhance the number of active rosettes of tumour-bearing patients, whereas no such effect was observed on lymphocytes of patients with active SLE or controls.", "PMID": 324669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9375", "title": "E-rosette forming cell numbers in the blood of human renal allograft recipients.", "content": "The incidence of circulating T lymphocytes (ET-RFC) and a sub-population of T lymphocytes (EE-RFC) were monitored in the blood of seventy-one cadaver renal allograft recipients for the first 2 months after transplantation. In patients with uneventful post-operative courses, the incidence of both ET-RFC and EE-RFC fell promptly upon initiation of immunosuppression returning approximately to pre-operative levels 3-5 weeks after operation; the fall in cell numbers was greatest in those patients receiving adjunct ALG therapy. With the onset of an acute rejection episode, the EE-RFC level rose quickly eventually exceeding the pre-operative level; in 88% (thirty episodes) of cases this rise occurred 1-6 days before clinical diagnosis of rejection and in 12% of cases on the same day as clinical diagnosis. The incidence of ET-RFC rose in conjunction with some cases of acute rejection but remained unchanged in other cases. It is suggested that measurement of the incidence of EE-RFC in blood is valuable in predicting the onset of acute rejection and for the differential diagnosis of acute rejection and ischaemic renal damage.", "contents": "E-rosette forming cell numbers in the blood of human renal allograft recipients. The incidence of circulating T lymphocytes (ET-RFC) and a sub-population of T lymphocytes (EE-RFC) were monitored in the blood of seventy-one cadaver renal allograft recipients for the first 2 months after transplantation. In patients with uneventful post-operative courses, the incidence of both ET-RFC and EE-RFC fell promptly upon initiation of immunosuppression returning approximately to pre-operative levels 3-5 weeks after operation; the fall in cell numbers was greatest in those patients receiving adjunct ALG therapy. With the onset of an acute rejection episode, the EE-RFC level rose quickly eventually exceeding the pre-operative level; in 88% (thirty episodes) of cases this rise occurred 1-6 days before clinical diagnosis of rejection and in 12% of cases on the same day as clinical diagnosis. The incidence of ET-RFC rose in conjunction with some cases of acute rejection but remained unchanged in other cases. It is suggested that measurement of the incidence of EE-RFC in blood is valuable in predicting the onset of acute rejection and for the differential diagnosis of acute rejection and ischaemic renal damage.", "PMID": 324670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9376", "title": "Immunoglobulin-containing cells in human tonsils as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry.", "content": "Intracellular immunoglobulin has been demonstrated in human palatine tonsils by the unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) method in which rabbit antiserum to a range of human immunoglobulins (Igs) was linked to the PAP complex by an intermediate stage of swine antiserum to rabbit Ig. The effects of different methods of fixation and processing have been compared, formol-saline fixation giving the best results. The PAP technique proved greatly superior to the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-based technique, not only in sensitivity but in permitting study of the finer histological and cytological features. The lymphoid follicles are shown to have three distinct zones, two forming the follicle centre (zones (a) and (b)), and the third (zone (c)) the lymphocyte cap. Ig synthesis appeared to begin in the cells in zone (b). IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD were present in all tonsils, with IgG predominating, confirming that the tonsil resembles lymph nodes more closely than it does alimentary lymphoid tissue. Some follicles contained more than one type of Ig. The tonsil appears to have a well-developed T-dependent area, the lymphoid follicles forming a B-cell area. The structure of the tonsil would seem to facilitate contact between its lymphoid tissue and antigens in the crypts, and it is postulated that some T cells within the crypt epithelium, after contact with antigen, may leave the tonsil by the efferent lymphatics and enter the peripheral circulation by the thoracic duct, whilst other primed T cells interact with B cells in the follicle centres. Some B cells may then start to synthesize immunoglobulin, whilst others become memory cells in the lymphocyte 'cap' of the follicle.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin-containing cells in human tonsils as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Intracellular immunoglobulin has been demonstrated in human palatine tonsils by the unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) method in which rabbit antiserum to a range of human immunoglobulins (Igs) was linked to the PAP complex by an intermediate stage of swine antiserum to rabbit Ig. The effects of different methods of fixation and processing have been compared, formol-saline fixation giving the best results. The PAP technique proved greatly superior to the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-based technique, not only in sensitivity but in permitting study of the finer histological and cytological features. The lymphoid follicles are shown to have three distinct zones, two forming the follicle centre (zones (a) and (b)), and the third (zone (c)) the lymphocyte cap. Ig synthesis appeared to begin in the cells in zone (b). IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD were present in all tonsils, with IgG predominating, confirming that the tonsil resembles lymph nodes more closely than it does alimentary lymphoid tissue. Some follicles contained more than one type of Ig. The tonsil appears to have a well-developed T-dependent area, the lymphoid follicles forming a B-cell area. The structure of the tonsil would seem to facilitate contact between its lymphoid tissue and antigens in the crypts, and it is postulated that some T cells within the crypt epithelium, after contact with antigen, may leave the tonsil by the efferent lymphatics and enter the peripheral circulation by the thoracic duct, whilst other primed T cells interact with B cells in the follicle centres. Some B cells may then start to synthesize immunoglobulin, whilst others become memory cells in the lymphocyte 'cap' of the follicle.", "PMID": 324672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9377", "title": "Antibody formation by human tonsil cells in vitro.", "content": "The ability of human tonsil lymphocytes to give an anti-SRBC response in conventional cultures and in microcultures was studied. It was found that about two-thirds of tonsils responded with a significant number of plaque-forming cells (PFC), and that in some instances the response could be augmented if allogeneic tonsil cell (irradiated or intact) were added. Moreover, tonsil lymphocytes which failed to give a response on their own often responded upon addition of an appropriate number of allogeneic tonsil cells. The response was remarkably improved if allogeneic tonsil supernatant or conditioned medium were added. An anti-SRBC response was also obtained if SRBC was omitted from the cultures. The frequency of anti-SRBC specific B cells was estimated as 1/60000 (f = 1-7 X 10(-5)).", "contents": "Antibody formation by human tonsil cells in vitro. The ability of human tonsil lymphocytes to give an anti-SRBC response in conventional cultures and in microcultures was studied. It was found that about two-thirds of tonsils responded with a significant number of plaque-forming cells (PFC), and that in some instances the response could be augmented if allogeneic tonsil cell (irradiated or intact) were added. Moreover, tonsil lymphocytes which failed to give a response on their own often responded upon addition of an appropriate number of allogeneic tonsil cells. The response was remarkably improved if allogeneic tonsil supernatant or conditioned medium were added. An anti-SRBC response was also obtained if SRBC was omitted from the cultures. The frequency of anti-SRBC specific B cells was estimated as 1/60000 (f = 1-7 X 10(-5)).", "PMID": 324673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9378", "title": "Human and guinea-pig cross-reacting spermatozoa autoantigens and autoantibodies.", "content": "Cross-reactivity between human and guinea-pig spermatozoa autoanigens has been studied in two systems: (1) guinea-pig anti-autoantigens S, P and T immune sera reacting on human spermatozoa and (2) activity of human anti-sperm sera on guinea-pig spermatozoa. These assays, as well as the results of cross-absorptions in the two systems, revealed a close antigenic relationship between the two species of spermatozoa concerning the guinea-pig autoantigen S. However, there were some differences in its localization and serological manifestations in both species. The guinea-pig autoantigen T bore a more distant, though definite, relationship with human spermatozoa. No clear evidence of cross-reactivity between the two species was found for autoantigen P. At variance with autoimmune (or isoimmune) human antibodies, 'natural' human antibodies active on guinea-pig spermatozoa were absorbed by guinea-pig spleen cells.", "contents": "Human and guinea-pig cross-reacting spermatozoa autoantigens and autoantibodies. Cross-reactivity between human and guinea-pig spermatozoa autoanigens has been studied in two systems: (1) guinea-pig anti-autoantigens S, P and T immune sera reacting on human spermatozoa and (2) activity of human anti-sperm sera on guinea-pig spermatozoa. These assays, as well as the results of cross-absorptions in the two systems, revealed a close antigenic relationship between the two species of spermatozoa concerning the guinea-pig autoantigen S. However, there were some differences in its localization and serological manifestations in both species. The guinea-pig autoantigen T bore a more distant, though definite, relationship with human spermatozoa. No clear evidence of cross-reactivity between the two species was found for autoantigen P. At variance with autoimmune (or isoimmune) human antibodies, 'natural' human antibodies active on guinea-pig spermatozoa were absorbed by guinea-pig spleen cells.", "PMID": 324674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9379", "title": "Induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in the Brown-Norway rat by mercuric chloride.", "content": "Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies were induced in the Brown-Norway rat by mercuric chloride. The existence of anti-GBM antibodies was suspected because of the immunofluorescent linear pattern. It was proved because eluted antibodies from kidneys and circulating IgG had an anti-glomerular basement membrane activity. A glomerular basement membrane antigen modified by HgCl2 is probably responsible for the appearance of such antibodies. The previous demonstration of the occurrence of an immun complex type glomerulonephitis, in outbred Wistar rats, under the same experimental conditions, suggests the existence of a genetic control for this type of immune response.", "contents": "Induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in the Brown-Norway rat by mercuric chloride. Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies were induced in the Brown-Norway rat by mercuric chloride. The existence of anti-GBM antibodies was suspected because of the immunofluorescent linear pattern. It was proved because eluted antibodies from kidneys and circulating IgG had an anti-glomerular basement membrane activity. A glomerular basement membrane antigen modified by HgCl2 is probably responsible for the appearance of such antibodies. The previous demonstration of the occurrence of an immun complex type glomerulonephitis, in outbred Wistar rats, under the same experimental conditions, suggests the existence of a genetic control for this type of immune response.", "PMID": 324675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9380", "title": "Immunological studies in the neonate of a mother with Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In a baby born to a mother who had idiopathic (autoimmune) Addison's disease and gestational insulin-dependent diabetes, antibodies to adrenal cortex and to pancreatic islet cells were demonstrated in the cord blood and serum for at least 41 days. There was no clinical or objective evidence of adrenocortical failure or of disturbed carbohydrate tolerance in the baby.", "contents": "Immunological studies in the neonate of a mother with Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus. In a baby born to a mother who had idiopathic (autoimmune) Addison's disease and gestational insulin-dependent diabetes, antibodies to adrenal cortex and to pancreatic islet cells were demonstrated in the cord blood and serum for at least 41 days. There was no clinical or objective evidence of adrenocortical failure or of disturbed carbohydrate tolerance in the baby.", "PMID": 324676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9381", "title": "Myosin autoantibodies detected by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Autoantibodies to striated and smooth muscles myosins were detected by indirect immunofluorescence and confirmed by absorption with purified contractile proteins extracted from human, rabbit and chicken muscle. Myosin antibodies were rare: of fifty-five sera examined from patients with various skeletal and cardiac muscle disorders, only one serum, from a case of Coxsackie viral pericarditis, had anti-myosin activity. It reacted with cardiac muscle and type 1 fibres of skeletal muscle, staining the 'A' band of the sarcomere only. The antibody was absorbed by skeletal myosin and by skeletal heavy meromyosin fragments, but not by smooth muscle myosin. Two types of smooth muscle myosin autoantibodies are described. One is restricted to smooth muscle myosin and examples were found in polyclonal and monoclonal SMA sera. The second type of smooth muscle myosin antibody cross-reacted with skeletal and cardiac muscle and with cytoplasmic myosin in liver, kidney and thyroid cells. It was completely absorbed using either smooth or skeletal myosin and by heavy meromyosin fragments. The different types of myosin autoantibodies reflect the variety of myosins found in mammalian tissues. Cross-reacting myosin antibodies indicate epitopes on the heavy meromyosin fragment which are common to several different tissue myosins.", "contents": "Myosin autoantibodies detected by immunofluorescence. Autoantibodies to striated and smooth muscles myosins were detected by indirect immunofluorescence and confirmed by absorption with purified contractile proteins extracted from human, rabbit and chicken muscle. Myosin antibodies were rare: of fifty-five sera examined from patients with various skeletal and cardiac muscle disorders, only one serum, from a case of Coxsackie viral pericarditis, had anti-myosin activity. It reacted with cardiac muscle and type 1 fibres of skeletal muscle, staining the 'A' band of the sarcomere only. The antibody was absorbed by skeletal myosin and by skeletal heavy meromyosin fragments, but not by smooth muscle myosin. Two types of smooth muscle myosin autoantibodies are described. One is restricted to smooth muscle myosin and examples were found in polyclonal and monoclonal SMA sera. The second type of smooth muscle myosin antibody cross-reacted with skeletal and cardiac muscle and with cytoplasmic myosin in liver, kidney and thyroid cells. It was completely absorbed using either smooth or skeletal myosin and by heavy meromyosin fragments. The different types of myosin autoantibodies reflect the variety of myosins found in mammalian tissues. Cross-reacting myosin antibodies indicate epitopes on the heavy meromyosin fragment which are common to several different tissue myosins.", "PMID": 324677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9382", "title": "C1q binding substances in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. Detection with a [131I] C1q binding assay.", "content": "A modification of the [125I]C1q binding assay was developed to allow the estimation of C1q binding activity (C1q BA) in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid sera. The modifications include lower final concentration of PEG 6000 (1-5%) which permitted the use of sera that had been stored at -20 degrees C for extended periods of time; use of 131I instead of 125I and an [131I] C1q concentration of 5 microng/ml rather than 1 microng/ml. EDTA was used at a final concentration of 0-13 M to obviate the need for heat inactivation of sera. Sera from seventy-one patients with pemphigus and from 142 patients with bullous pemphigoid were tested for C1q BA. Of these 40% of the pemphigus and 20% of the bullous pemphigoid patients showed elevated C1q BA. A relationship between elevated C1q BA in serum and active disease was noted. Sequential samples from forty patients with pemphigus and thirty-seven patients with bullous pemphigoid demonstrated two different types of relationship between serum antibody titres to cutaneous antigens and C1a BA. In some patients serum antibody titres and C1q BA increased and decreased simultaneously; in others, increase of C1q BA followed increase of antibody titre and coincided with its decrease. The latter relationship supports the hypothesis that C1q BA may represent at least in part antigen-antibody complexes containing cutaneous antigens.", "contents": "C1q binding substances in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. Detection with a [131I] C1q binding assay. A modification of the [125I]C1q binding assay was developed to allow the estimation of C1q binding activity (C1q BA) in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid sera. The modifications include lower final concentration of PEG 6000 (1-5%) which permitted the use of sera that had been stored at -20 degrees C for extended periods of time; use of 131I instead of 125I and an [131I] C1q concentration of 5 microng/ml rather than 1 microng/ml. EDTA was used at a final concentration of 0-13 M to obviate the need for heat inactivation of sera. Sera from seventy-one patients with pemphigus and from 142 patients with bullous pemphigoid were tested for C1q BA. Of these 40% of the pemphigus and 20% of the bullous pemphigoid patients showed elevated C1q BA. A relationship between elevated C1q BA in serum and active disease was noted. Sequential samples from forty patients with pemphigus and thirty-seven patients with bullous pemphigoid demonstrated two different types of relationship between serum antibody titres to cutaneous antigens and C1a BA. In some patients serum antibody titres and C1q BA increased and decreased simultaneously; in others, increase of C1q BA followed increase of antibody titre and coincided with its decrease. The latter relationship supports the hypothesis that C1q BA may represent at least in part antigen-antibody complexes containing cutaneous antigens.", "PMID": 324678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9383", "title": "Cephalexin: clinical and laboratory evaluation in infants and children.", "content": "Cephalexin appears to be a highly effective antibiotic. It possesses the qualities of rapid oral absorption, production of high drug levels in the blood and urine, and near absence of side effects. It is effective against infections due to gram-positive cocci infections, with the exception of Enterococcus, and for most infections caused by E. coli and Klebsiella. It is useful in the treatment of a wide variety of infections in infants and children, and particularly valuable with susceptible infections in patients who do not require parenteral antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Cephalexin: clinical and laboratory evaluation in infants and children. Cephalexin appears to be a highly effective antibiotic. It possesses the qualities of rapid oral absorption, production of high drug levels in the blood and urine, and near absence of side effects. It is effective against infections due to gram-positive cocci infections, with the exception of Enterococcus, and for most infections caused by E. coli and Klebsiella. It is useful in the treatment of a wide variety of infections in infants and children, and particularly valuable with susceptible infections in patients who do not require parenteral antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 324691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9384", "title": "Studies on digitalis. XII. Kinetic pattern of digitoxin metabolism in patients with biliary fistulas.", "content": "The metabolic pattern of cardioactive and inactive, conjugated metabolites (a maximum of 24 substances) was studied after a single intravenous dose of 0.6 mg digitoxin in two female patients (aged 72 and 62 yr) with biliary fistulas. Bile and urine were collected every twenty-fourth hour and the 1-, 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-day samples were analyzed. With the methods used, enzymatic cleavage of conjugation bonds, TLC (thin-layer chromatography), and a modified 86Rb method, the products of hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and conjugation could be separated. All cardioactive metabolites were present in bile and all were conjugated. Unchanged digitoxin was the main substance excreted. Hydrolyzed and conjugated metabolites formed a greater part of the substances excreted in bile than hydroxylated metabolites. The metabolic pattern in bile did not change much with time. The metabolic pattern in urine showed no close resemblance to that in bile. Hydroxylated, hydrolyzed, and conjugated metabolites were equally predominant in urine. Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation by T tube drainage not only changed the elimination kinetics of digitoxin but also changed the pattern of digitoxin metabolites in urine.", "contents": "Studies on digitalis. XII. Kinetic pattern of digitoxin metabolism in patients with biliary fistulas. The metabolic pattern of cardioactive and inactive, conjugated metabolites (a maximum of 24 substances) was studied after a single intravenous dose of 0.6 mg digitoxin in two female patients (aged 72 and 62 yr) with biliary fistulas. Bile and urine were collected every twenty-fourth hour and the 1-, 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-day samples were analyzed. With the methods used, enzymatic cleavage of conjugation bonds, TLC (thin-layer chromatography), and a modified 86Rb method, the products of hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and conjugation could be separated. All cardioactive metabolites were present in bile and all were conjugated. Unchanged digitoxin was the main substance excreted. Hydrolyzed and conjugated metabolites formed a greater part of the substances excreted in bile than hydroxylated metabolites. The metabolic pattern in bile did not change much with time. The metabolic pattern in urine showed no close resemblance to that in bile. Hydroxylated, hydrolyzed, and conjugated metabolites were equally predominant in urine. Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation by T tube drainage not only changed the elimination kinetics of digitoxin but also changed the pattern of digitoxin metabolites in urine.", "PMID": 324692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9385", "title": "Influence of alprenolol on hemodynamic and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in subjects with hypertension.", "content": "In 7 young men with essential hypertension, central and regional hemodynamics and leg metabolism were studied at rest, during and after a prolonged exercise, and with and without long-term alprenolol treatment. Alprenolol (200 mg twice daily) lowered arterial blood pressure. Heart rate decreased in relation to plasma levels during and after exercise. Cardiac output was not significantly influenced, but leg blood flow was reduced at rest. Lipolysis was also attenuated by treatment both at rest and during exercise, and the increment in plasma insulin after exercise was decreased. A reduction in the release of leg muscle lactate was noted during exercise.", "contents": "Influence of alprenolol on hemodynamic and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in subjects with hypertension. In 7 young men with essential hypertension, central and regional hemodynamics and leg metabolism were studied at rest, during and after a prolonged exercise, and with and without long-term alprenolol treatment. Alprenolol (200 mg twice daily) lowered arterial blood pressure. Heart rate decreased in relation to plasma levels during and after exercise. Cardiac output was not significantly influenced, but leg blood flow was reduced at rest. Lipolysis was also attenuated by treatment both at rest and during exercise, and the increment in plasma insulin after exercise was decreased. A reduction in the release of leg muscle lactate was noted during exercise.", "PMID": 324693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9386", "title": "Plasma protein binding of phenytoin and warfarin in patients undergoing renal transplantation.", "content": "The plasma protein binding of phenytoin and warfarin was studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees C in plasma from patients with chronic renal disease before and after renal transplantation. The plasma protein binding of these two drugs (which is decreased in the uraemic state), increased dramatically during the first 2 to 4 postoperative days and reached values slightly below normal on the 10th to the 15th postoperative day. This increase in binding is suggested to be due to the elimination of inhibiotrs of drug albumin binding, earlier shown to be present in uraemic serum.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding of phenytoin and warfarin in patients undergoing renal transplantation. The plasma protein binding of phenytoin and warfarin was studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees C in plasma from patients with chronic renal disease before and after renal transplantation. The plasma protein binding of these two drugs (which is decreased in the uraemic state), increased dramatically during the first 2 to 4 postoperative days and reached values slightly below normal on the 10th to the 15th postoperative day. This increase in binding is suggested to be due to the elimination of inhibiotrs of drug albumin binding, earlier shown to be present in uraemic serum.", "PMID": 324689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9387", "title": "Relationship between blood level of atenolol and pharmacologic effect.", "content": "Thirty-five hypertensive patients were treated with atenolol in weekly increasing doses (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg thrice daily). Factors determining the blood level of the drug were studied along with the relationship between blood level, the degree of cardiac beta blockade, and the antihypertensive effect of the drug. The blood level obtained varied with the daily dose, the time of blood sampling during the day, the body weight, and the creatinine clearance. The degree of beta blockade was assessed by measuring maximum-exercise tachycardia and was correlated with the blood level of atenolol. The reduction of the maximum exercise heart rate was independent of age. The hypotensive effect was not closely correlated with the blood level. Three days after the termination of long-term atenolol treatment, blood levels and beta blockage were still detectable.", "contents": "Relationship between blood level of atenolol and pharmacologic effect. Thirty-five hypertensive patients were treated with atenolol in weekly increasing doses (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg thrice daily). Factors determining the blood level of the drug were studied along with the relationship between blood level, the degree of cardiac beta blockade, and the antihypertensive effect of the drug. The blood level obtained varied with the daily dose, the time of blood sampling during the day, the body weight, and the creatinine clearance. The degree of beta blockade was assessed by measuring maximum-exercise tachycardia and was correlated with the blood level of atenolol. The reduction of the maximum exercise heart rate was independent of age. The hypotensive effect was not closely correlated with the blood level. Three days after the termination of long-term atenolol treatment, blood levels and beta blockage were still detectable.", "PMID": 324694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9388", "title": "Computer-aided tumour classification and treatment selection in breast cancer.", "content": "In order to provide a common basis for treatment decisions and the future evaluation of breast cancer therapy, the breast cancer protocol used in our clinic was formulated for the computer. A system for the simulation of clinical reasoning was used which allows the physician to express the medical logic as a series of inferences to be confirmed or rejected on the basis of Boolean combinations of medical criteria. The system enables the physician to rearrange these criteria into a questionnaire for complete and accurate recording of patient data. These data are then fed into the computer to produce a patient status report and treatment recommendations. The data from 26 patients in various stages of breast cancer have been processed by the computer and the computer's conclusions compared to the assessment made by a junior physician in our department. In three cases the staging was not identical, in 15 cases the treatment decisions were not identical and in all cases investigations were left out by the physician. The system has been of considerable value in standardising patient examination and treatment and in training inexperienced physicians.", "contents": "Computer-aided tumour classification and treatment selection in breast cancer. In order to provide a common basis for treatment decisions and the future evaluation of breast cancer therapy, the breast cancer protocol used in our clinic was formulated for the computer. A system for the simulation of clinical reasoning was used which allows the physician to express the medical logic as a series of inferences to be confirmed or rejected on the basis of Boolean combinations of medical criteria. The system enables the physician to rearrange these criteria into a questionnaire for complete and accurate recording of patient data. These data are then fed into the computer to produce a patient status report and treatment recommendations. The data from 26 patients in various stages of breast cancer have been processed by the computer and the computer's conclusions compared to the assessment made by a junior physician in our department. In three cases the staging was not identical, in 15 cases the treatment decisions were not identical and in all cases investigations were left out by the physician. The system has been of considerable value in standardising patient examination and treatment and in training inexperienced physicians.", "PMID": 324696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9389", "title": "Serum level monitoring and clinical pharmacokinetics of lithium.", "content": "Short-term antimanic therapy with lithium and relapse-repressive, so-called \"prophylactic\" long-term therapy with lithium, may present clinical problems which demand an understanding of two cardinal properties of this form of therapy--the need to individualise the dose and the recognition that successful therapy involves the use of near-toxic dosage. Therefore, treatment must be constantly supervised, not only by the physician but also primarily by the patient himself, especially to avoid the ever-present risk of intoxication. Results of 25 years' clinical experience and more recent knowledge of the clinical pharmacokinetics of the lithium ion have shown that a serum level standardised with regard to dosage schedule, a fixed interval between last intake and blood sampling, blood sampling at the same hour, and choice of tablet brand, must all be considered essential to adjust dosage and to correctly monitor treatment. Optimum use of the lithium ion as a psychotherapeutic drug and of the standardised 12 hour lithium serum concentration, presupposes that the pharmacokinetics of the lithium ion are well understood by the clinician.", "contents": "Serum level monitoring and clinical pharmacokinetics of lithium. Short-term antimanic therapy with lithium and relapse-repressive, so-called \"prophylactic\" long-term therapy with lithium, may present clinical problems which demand an understanding of two cardinal properties of this form of therapy--the need to individualise the dose and the recognition that successful therapy involves the use of near-toxic dosage. Therefore, treatment must be constantly supervised, not only by the physician but also primarily by the patient himself, especially to avoid the ever-present risk of intoxication. Results of 25 years' clinical experience and more recent knowledge of the clinical pharmacokinetics of the lithium ion have shown that a serum level standardised with regard to dosage schedule, a fixed interval between last intake and blood sampling, blood sampling at the same hour, and choice of tablet brand, must all be considered essential to adjust dosage and to correctly monitor treatment. Optimum use of the lithium ion as a psychotherapeutic drug and of the standardised 12 hour lithium serum concentration, presupposes that the pharmacokinetics of the lithium ion are well understood by the clinician.", "PMID": 324690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9390", "title": "Automatic data processing in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.", "content": "A review of automatic data processing in the cardiac catherization lab is presented. The emphasis placed on on-line manometry, indicator dilution and off-line quantitative ventriculography. The system organization is described and several specific examples given to illustrate the level of detail necessary to specify such a system. The clinical use of the system is described together with an evaluation of the original design goals in terms of the actual performance of the system. A few unexpected benefits have emerged with respect to quality control and reliability, but one of the original design goals, speeding up the catheterization procedure, has proven to be unrealistic. The next logical steps in the software and hardware evolution are described with the emphasis placed on making the system a more effective tool for the clinician.", "contents": "Automatic data processing in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. A review of automatic data processing in the cardiac catherization lab is presented. The emphasis placed on on-line manometry, indicator dilution and off-line quantitative ventriculography. The system organization is described and several specific examples given to illustrate the level of detail necessary to specify such a system. The clinical use of the system is described together with an evaluation of the original design goals in terms of the actual performance of the system. A few unexpected benefits have emerged with respect to quality control and reliability, but one of the original design goals, speeding up the catheterization procedure, has proven to be unrealistic. The next logical steps in the software and hardware evolution are described with the emphasis placed on making the system a more effective tool for the clinician.", "PMID": 324705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9391", "title": "Chemotherapy used in dermatology.", "content": "Although systemic corticosteroids have been helpful in certain dermatologic conditions, their prolonged use may be cursed with serious side effects. Currently several dermatologic, immunologic, and proliferative disorders have been helped or controlled with cytotoxic and immunosuppressive drugs. A guideline for their use is advocated and described. The short- and long-term toxicity of these drugs is presented. The most frequently prescribed therapeutic programs for psoriasis, pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid lymphoma cutis, and metastatic melanoma are outlined and discussed. Lists of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents and of the diseases or conditions for which they have been or are used and of dosage and toxicities are given.", "contents": "Chemotherapy used in dermatology. Although systemic corticosteroids have been helpful in certain dermatologic conditions, their prolonged use may be cursed with serious side effects. Currently several dermatologic, immunologic, and proliferative disorders have been helped or controlled with cytotoxic and immunosuppressive drugs. A guideline for their use is advocated and described. The short- and long-term toxicity of these drugs is presented. The most frequently prescribed therapeutic programs for psoriasis, pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid lymphoma cutis, and metastatic melanoma are outlined and discussed. Lists of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents and of the diseases or conditions for which they have been or are used and of dosage and toxicities are given.", "PMID": 324717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9392", "title": "Alternatives in  hair replacement.", "content": "Many methods of hair replacement have evolved over the past two decades. This article describes these alternatives and lists the advantages and disadvantages of newer hairpieces, hair weaving, hair implants, strip grafting, and hair transplantation. Hairpieces and hair transplantation are my preferred methods for most patients. Hair implanting is by far the worst alternative.", "contents": "Alternatives in  hair replacement. Many methods of hair replacement have evolved over the past two decades. This article describes these alternatives and lists the advantages and disadvantages of newer hairpieces, hair weaving, hair implants, strip grafting, and hair transplantation. Hairpieces and hair transplantation are my preferred methods for most patients. Hair implanting is by far the worst alternative.", "PMID": 324718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9393", "title": "Two new bioassay techniques for nitrofurans: Bacteroides fragilis and rec-Escherichia coli as indicator strains.", "content": "Techniques for the microbiological assay of nitrofurans are described. In one the indicator strain is Bacteroides fragilis; use of this system enables concentrations of nifuratel and furazolidone of down to 0.7 micrograms/ml to be estimated. The other system uses a recombination-deficient (recA-uvrA-) mutant of Escherichia coli; with this indicator, concentrations of 0.2 micrograms/ml, or less, of five nitrofurans can be assayed.", "contents": "Two new bioassay techniques for nitrofurans: Bacteroides fragilis and rec-Escherichia coli as indicator strains. Techniques for the microbiological assay of nitrofurans are described. In one the indicator strain is Bacteroides fragilis; use of this system enables concentrations of nifuratel and furazolidone of down to 0.7 micrograms/ml to be estimated. The other system uses a recombination-deficient (recA-uvrA-) mutant of Escherichia coli; with this indicator, concentrations of 0.2 micrograms/ml, or less, of five nitrofurans can be assayed.", "PMID": 324721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9394", "title": "The influence of 5-fluorocytosine on nucleic acid synthesis in Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC) has a rapid inhibitory effect on the synthesis of RNA and DNA in the yeast and hyphal form of Candida albicans. 5-FC has a less marked effect on the RNA and DNA content of sensitive strains of Cryptococcus neoformans and has no effect on the nucleic acid content of Aspergillus fumigatus nor of resistant strains of C. albicans and C. neoformans. 5-FC has a slower inhibitory effect on yeast cell number increase and no effect on hyphal length of hyphal phase C. albicans over a 7-h incubation period. Rapidly growing yeasts of C. albicans and C. neoformans decrease in volume and in dry weight per cell. 5-FC prevents this decrease in sensitive strains. These results have been discussed with respect to the known metabolic pathway of 5-FC, the fungistatic and fungicidal action of 5-FC and the development of resistance to 5-FC.", "contents": "The influence of 5-fluorocytosine on nucleic acid synthesis in Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. 5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC) has a rapid inhibitory effect on the synthesis of RNA and DNA in the yeast and hyphal form of Candida albicans. 5-FC has a less marked effect on the RNA and DNA content of sensitive strains of Cryptococcus neoformans and has no effect on the nucleic acid content of Aspergillus fumigatus nor of resistant strains of C. albicans and C. neoformans. 5-FC has a slower inhibitory effect on yeast cell number increase and no effect on hyphal length of hyphal phase C. albicans over a 7-h incubation period. Rapidly growing yeasts of C. albicans and C. neoformans decrease in volume and in dry weight per cell. 5-FC prevents this decrease in sensitive strains. These results have been discussed with respect to the known metabolic pathway of 5-FC, the fungistatic and fungicidal action of 5-FC and the development of resistance to 5-FC.", "PMID": 324722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9395", "title": "Long-term treatment with sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim) and nitrofurantoin in chronic urinary tract infections. A controlled clinical trial.", "content": "In a controlled clinical trial based on 30 geriatric patients with recurrent urinary tract infection, 12 out of 17 patients fulfilled a 12-month treatment with sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim) with continuous sterile urine compared to 1 out of 13 patients treated with nitrofurantoin (p less than 0.05). There was a slight but statistically significant increase in serum creatinine during treatment for 12 months in the sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim group, but this probably does not reflect any deterioration in kidney function. The remaining laboratory values showed no significant changes whatsoever.", "contents": "Long-term treatment with sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim) and nitrofurantoin in chronic urinary tract infections. A controlled clinical trial. In a controlled clinical trial based on 30 geriatric patients with recurrent urinary tract infection, 12 out of 17 patients fulfilled a 12-month treatment with sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim) with continuous sterile urine compared to 1 out of 13 patients treated with nitrofurantoin (p less than 0.05). There was a slight but statistically significant increase in serum creatinine during treatment for 12 months in the sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim group, but this probably does not reflect any deterioration in kidney function. The remaining laboratory values showed no significant changes whatsoever.", "PMID": 324723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9396", "title": "[Possibilities of controlling blood less in liver resection].", "content": "The methods are described by which blood loss can be reduced during hepatic surgery. This requires the proper surgical techniques (control method of hepatic lobectomy and occasionally the atypical resection with the use of a clamp- \"crush\" method). In additions clamping of the liver hilus and resection under hypothermia, the resection of the isolated bloodless organ under hypothermia, the application of an internal caval shunt, intraoperative autotransfusion, and acute preoperative hemodilution should be performed. The internal caval shunt can be successfully used in the case of emergency as well as during excision of large tumors which have involved the liver tissue adjacent to the vena cava. In these cases the method of complete vascular isolation and hypothermic perfusion should be performed additionally. Acute preoperative hemodilution should be widely applied with hepatic surgery; blood clotting is not impaired by this method.", "contents": "[Possibilities of controlling blood less in liver resection]. The methods are described by which blood loss can be reduced during hepatic surgery. This requires the proper surgical techniques (control method of hepatic lobectomy and occasionally the atypical resection with the use of a clamp- \"crush\" method). In additions clamping of the liver hilus and resection under hypothermia, the resection of the isolated bloodless organ under hypothermia, the application of an internal caval shunt, intraoperative autotransfusion, and acute preoperative hemodilution should be performed. The internal caval shunt can be successfully used in the case of emergency as well as during excision of large tumors which have involved the liver tissue adjacent to the vena cava. In these cases the method of complete vascular isolation and hypothermic perfusion should be performed additionally. Acute preoperative hemodilution should be widely applied with hepatic surgery; blood clotting is not impaired by this method.", "PMID": 324724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9397", "title": "[Indications for machine suture technics involving the gastrointestinal tract. Surgical results of 300 cases].", "content": "Among 300 gastrointestinal operations performed with mechanical suture techniques 2% deadly complications due to the sutures occurred. Mechanical sutures seen to be a preferable method in the gastrointestinal region. They are limited by specific local and at the colon general contraindications.", "contents": "[Indications for machine suture technics involving the gastrointestinal tract. Surgical results of 300 cases]. Among 300 gastrointestinal operations performed with mechanical suture techniques 2% deadly complications due to the sutures occurred. Mechanical sutures seen to be a preferable method in the gastrointestinal region. They are limited by specific local and at the colon general contraindications.", "PMID": 324725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9398", "title": "[Chemotherapy of malignant bone tumors].", "content": "In several primary malignant tumors significant improvement of formely bad prognosis has been achieved by the introduction of new cytostatic compounds and the study of new cytostatic combination regimens. Adjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma led to remarkable increase in survival rates. Leaning on natural history and on remission rates reached by cytostatic treatment in metastasizing stages of disease, proposals for adjuvant chemotherapy are made and chemotherapy regimen appliable on out-patient basis is described.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of malignant bone tumors]. In several primary malignant tumors significant improvement of formely bad prognosis has been achieved by the introduction of new cytostatic compounds and the study of new cytostatic combination regimens. Adjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma led to remarkable increase in survival rates. Leaning on natural history and on remission rates reached by cytostatic treatment in metastasizing stages of disease, proposals for adjuvant chemotherapy are made and chemotherapy regimen appliable on out-patient basis is described.", "PMID": 324726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9399", "title": "[Indications and experiences in saving of the lower leg following injuries and tumors].", "content": "In the primary treatment of skin and soft tissue defects of the lower leg, after injuries or tumor excision, split skin grafting is the method of choice. But in respect to the late results, frequently additional plastic reconstructive measures, preferrably skin flap procedures, must be considered. Follow-up over decades and if necessary, skin transplantation, are mandatory to prevent interference of growth and function of the leg, as well as malignant degeneration of the scars.", "contents": "[Indications and experiences in saving of the lower leg following injuries and tumors]. In the primary treatment of skin and soft tissue defects of the lower leg, after injuries or tumor excision, split skin grafting is the method of choice. But in respect to the late results, frequently additional plastic reconstructive measures, preferrably skin flap procedures, must be considered. Follow-up over decades and if necessary, skin transplantation, are mandatory to prevent interference of growth and function of the leg, as well as malignant degeneration of the scars.", "PMID": 324727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9400", "title": "[Gastrointestinal sarcomas].", "content": "In 45 primary sarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract the authors attempt to derive criteria for prognosis from histology and localization of the tumors and from clinical parameters. Their observations lead to the conclusion that 1) proximal sarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract have a better prognosis than distal sarcomas, 2) lymphocytic malignant lymphomas has a better prognosis than other histologic types, and 3) there is a correlation between blood sedimentation rate and prognosis.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal sarcomas]. In 45 primary sarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract the authors attempt to derive criteria for prognosis from histology and localization of the tumors and from clinical parameters. Their observations lead to the conclusion that 1) proximal sarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract have a better prognosis than distal sarcomas, 2) lymphocytic malignant lymphomas has a better prognosis than other histologic types, and 3) there is a correlation between blood sedimentation rate and prognosis.", "PMID": 324729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9401", "title": "[Utilization of the small intestine fistula technique in paralytic ileus. Report on clinical experience].", "content": "Seventy-three patients with paralytic ileus hospitalized at the Surgical Clinic of the Hospital in Herford during the years 1971-1975 are reviewed. All the patients were treated with a small bowel fistula according to a modified technique of Witzel-Heidenhain. The special indication, the technical details, and the results are discussed. The overall mortality of a total of 73 patients with paralytic ileus undergoing a small bowel fistula operation was 19%. The temporary small bowel fistula according to the modified technique of Witzel-Heidenhain is proposed as a simple, safe, and with accurate indication an effective method for accomplishing total decompression of distended bowel.", "contents": "[Utilization of the small intestine fistula technique in paralytic ileus. Report on clinical experience]. Seventy-three patients with paralytic ileus hospitalized at the Surgical Clinic of the Hospital in Herford during the years 1971-1975 are reviewed. All the patients were treated with a small bowel fistula according to a modified technique of Witzel-Heidenhain. The special indication, the technical details, and the results are discussed. The overall mortality of a total of 73 patients with paralytic ileus undergoing a small bowel fistula operation was 19%. The temporary small bowel fistula according to the modified technique of Witzel-Heidenhain is proposed as a simple, safe, and with accurate indication an effective method for accomplishing total decompression of distended bowel.", "PMID": 324730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9402", "title": "The management of acute coronary insufficiency.", "content": "1. Coronary insufficiency is a pathophysiologic state that can initiate lethal cardiac arrhythmias in the absence of myocardial necrosis. Patients with suspected coronary insufficiency should be monitored until they are stabilized and a diagnosis is confirmed. 2. Early and adequate intravenous antiarrhythmic prophylaxis with lidocaine to raise the fibrillation threshold in the setting of coronary insufficiency can prevent primary ventricular fibrillation. Classic \"warning arrhythmias\" are not predictive of ventricular fibrillation. Their persistence during adequate antifibrillatory prophylaxis does not indicate therapeutic failure. 3. The isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase, CPK-MB, is an extremely sensitive and specific indicator of myocardial necrosis if measured serially during the 24 hours following the onset of symptoms suggesting coronary insufficiency. It may prove most useful in eliminating the false positive diagnosis of myocardial infarction in  difficult clinical cases. 4. The management of heart failure in myocardial infarction requires an understanding of the relationship between ventricular preload and the cardiac output. The treatment of clinical manifestations of an elevated ventricular preload in asymptomatic patients is not justified and may be detrimental. In symptomatic patients, however, judicious manipulation of ventricular preload should be the first therapeutic consideration, and an optimal filling pressure should be achieved and maintained when other determinants of the cardiac output are manipulated. 5. Indications for the prophylactic insertion of a temporary transvenous pacing electrode for heart block associated with myocardial infarction must be individualized. Most authorities agree that prophylactic pacing may be justified in patients with evidence of new infranodal block involving two of the three fascicles. Patients with bifascicular block who progress to complete heart block transiently may benefit from permanent transvenous pacemaker insertion before discharge. 6. Hospitalized patients with persistent pain of suspected cardiac origin but without evidence of myocardial infarction can be studied safely with coronary angiography. A small percentage will be normal or have diffuse disease that is inoperable. Of those with operable disease, short-term mortality appears to be similar for medical and surgical therapy. 7. Patients with an uncomplicated myocardial infarction may be safely discharged from thehospital by day 7-10. 8. Experimental evidence indicates that modification of infarct size is possible. Application of these concepts to human subjects presently is limited by the absence of a proved method of measuring infarct size in vivo in humans.", "contents": "The management of acute coronary insufficiency. 1. Coronary insufficiency is a pathophysiologic state that can initiate lethal cardiac arrhythmias in the absence of myocardial necrosis. Patients with suspected coronary insufficiency should be monitored until they are stabilized and a diagnosis is confirmed. 2. Early and adequate intravenous antiarrhythmic prophylaxis with lidocaine to raise the fibrillation threshold in the setting of coronary insufficiency can prevent primary ventricular fibrillation. Classic \"warning arrhythmias\" are not predictive of ventricular fibrillation. Their persistence during adequate antifibrillatory prophylaxis does not indicate therapeutic failure. 3. The isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase, CPK-MB, is an extremely sensitive and specific indicator of myocardial necrosis if measured serially during the 24 hours following the onset of symptoms suggesting coronary insufficiency. It may prove most useful in eliminating the false positive diagnosis of myocardial infarction in  difficult clinical cases. 4. The management of heart failure in myocardial infarction requires an understanding of the relationship between ventricular preload and the cardiac output. The treatment of clinical manifestations of an elevated ventricular preload in asymptomatic patients is not justified and may be detrimental. In symptomatic patients, however, judicious manipulation of ventricular preload should be the first therapeutic consideration, and an optimal filling pressure should be achieved and maintained when other determinants of the cardiac output are manipulated. 5. Indications for the prophylactic insertion of a temporary transvenous pacing electrode for heart block associated with myocardial infarction must be individualized. Most authorities agree that prophylactic pacing may be justified in patients with evidence of new infranodal block involving two of the three fascicles. Patients with bifascicular block who progress to complete heart block transiently may benefit from permanent transvenous pacemaker insertion before discharge. 6. Hospitalized patients with persistent pain of suspected cardiac origin but without evidence of myocardial infarction can be studied safely with coronary angiography. A small percentage will be normal or have diffuse disease that is inoperable. Of those with operable disease, short-term mortality appears to be similar for medical and surgical therapy. 7. Patients with an uncomplicated myocardial infarction may be safely discharged from thehospital by day 7-10. 8. Experimental evidence indicates that modification of infarct size is possible. Application of these concepts to human subjects presently is limited by the absence of a proved method of measuring infarct size in vivo in humans.", "PMID": 324738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9403", "title": "Fenoprofen: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in rheumatic diseases.", "content": "Fenoprofen1 (dl-2-[3-phenoxyphenyl]propionic acid) is a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic agent advocated for use in rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint disease, ankylosing spondylitis and gout. Published data suggest that in rheumatoid arthritis, fenoprofen 2.4 g daily is comparable in effectiveness with moderate doses of aspirin (3.6 to 4 g daily), but generally causes fewer and milder side-effects at the dosages used. In published comparisons with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents of the same chemical group, it is closely comparable with naproxen in effectiveness but tends to cause more minor side-effects than naproxen. However, as no one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is the most suitable drug for all patients requiring such therapy, fenoprofen should be considered along with the other drugs of its type in the initial treatment of the arthritic patient. Fenoprofen has compared favourably with phenylbutazone in osteoarthrosis of the hips and with aspirin in osteoarthrosis of the shoulders, hips, knees and spine. Its exact place in the management of gout and ankylosing spondylitis remains to be determined.", "contents": "Fenoprofen: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in rheumatic diseases. Fenoprofen1 (dl-2-[3-phenoxyphenyl]propionic acid) is a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic agent advocated for use in rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint disease, ankylosing spondylitis and gout. Published data suggest that in rheumatoid arthritis, fenoprofen 2.4 g daily is comparable in effectiveness with moderate doses of aspirin (3.6 to 4 g daily), but generally causes fewer and milder side-effects at the dosages used. In published comparisons with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents of the same chemical group, it is closely comparable with naproxen in effectiveness but tends to cause more minor side-effects than naproxen. However, as no one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is the most suitable drug for all patients requiring such therapy, fenoprofen should be considered along with the other drugs of its type in the initial treatment of the arthritic patient. Fenoprofen has compared favourably with phenylbutazone in osteoarthrosis of the hips and with aspirin in osteoarthrosis of the shoulders, hips, knees and spine. Its exact place in the management of gout and ankylosing spondylitis remains to be determined.", "PMID": 324748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9404", "title": "Psoriasis: current concepts in management.", "content": "Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing dermatosis characterised by scaling, erythema, and less commonly pustulation. Although the clinical spectrum is broad and the nature of the underlying defect responsible for the production of psoriasis uncertain, all currently available effective remedies are capable of inhibiting epidermal mitosis and this remains the most widely accepted concept in the management of psoriasis.", "contents": "Psoriasis: current concepts in management. Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing dermatosis characterised by scaling, erythema, and less commonly pustulation. Although the clinical spectrum is broad and the nature of the underlying defect responsible for the production of psoriasis uncertain, all currently available effective remedies are capable of inhibiting epidermal mitosis and this remains the most widely accepted concept in the management of psoriasis.", "PMID": 324749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9405", "title": "[Critical considerations on the development of composite filling materials].", "content": "Following the report given at the FDI congress in Chicago in 1975, the question is raised about the present state of acrylic filling materials, i.e. whether further developments are necessary or even possible. The importance of clinical testing is emphasized and the problems involved in chemical binding to the dental hard substances discussed. The influence of the thermal coefficient of expansion on the marginal seal is discussed in connection with marginal discoloration, and acid cauterization as well as remineralization are critically evaluated. The significance of wear and tear for maintaining the contours is emphasized, especially in connection with occlusal fillings of lateral teeth, as well as the problem of shaping a contact point and tensile strength after repair of an old filling. Improvements in UV light polymerisation are described. The different opinions on the importance of histological findings regarding pulp tolerance are critically discussed and finally the significance of water uptake and radiological opacity is delt with. In conclusion, the indication for acrylic filling materials at the present time is defined.", "contents": "[Critical considerations on the development of composite filling materials]. Following the report given at the FDI congress in Chicago in 1975, the question is raised about the present state of acrylic filling materials, i.e. whether further developments are necessary or even possible. The importance of clinical testing is emphasized and the problems involved in chemical binding to the dental hard substances discussed. The influence of the thermal coefficient of expansion on the marginal seal is discussed in connection with marginal discoloration, and acid cauterization as well as remineralization are critically evaluated. The significance of wear and tear for maintaining the contours is emphasized, especially in connection with occlusal fillings of lateral teeth, as well as the problem of shaping a contact point and tensile strength after repair of an old filling. Improvements in UV light polymerisation are described. The different opinions on the importance of histological findings regarding pulp tolerance are critically discussed and finally the significance of water uptake and radiological opacity is delt with. In conclusion, the indication for acrylic filling materials at the present time is defined.", "PMID": 324752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9406", "title": "Effects of hypothalamic factors on insulin and glucagon release from the islets of Langerhans.", "content": "Isolated pancreatic islets were used to determine whether substances of hypothalamic origin could directly influence the release of insulin and glucagon. Media in which various regions of the brain had been incubated were tested in the islet system, as were the synthetic peptides neurotensin and substance P, and the catecholamines, dopamine and norepinephrine. Substance(s) released from the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) segments in vitro inhibited insulin release and stimulated glucagon release from the islets. Incubates of ventrolateral hypothalamic (VLH) or cortex tissue failed to alter insulin or glucagon levels. The VMH medium retained these activities even after oxidation with K3Fe (CN)6, whereas the ability of the catecholamines to inhibit insulin release and stimulate glucagon release was eliminated by this treatment. Neurotensin and substance P (0.1 and 1.0 nmol/ml) inhibited insulin release while glucagon release was increased; however, radioimmunoassay indicated that these peptides were virtually absent from the VMH incubate. These results show that incubates of VMH contain substances which can inhibit insulin and stimulate glucagon release in vitro. They may influence the endocrine pancreas by way of the peripheral circulation although the possibility of their occurrence in or near the pancreas itself has not been excluded.", "contents": "Effects of hypothalamic factors on insulin and glucagon release from the islets of Langerhans. Isolated pancreatic islets were used to determine whether substances of hypothalamic origin could directly influence the release of insulin and glucagon. Media in which various regions of the brain had been incubated were tested in the islet system, as were the synthetic peptides neurotensin and substance P, and the catecholamines, dopamine and norepinephrine. Substance(s) released from the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) segments in vitro inhibited insulin release and stimulated glucagon release from the islets. Incubates of ventrolateral hypothalamic (VLH) or cortex tissue failed to alter insulin or glucagon levels. The VMH medium retained these activities even after oxidation with K3Fe (CN)6, whereas the ability of the catecholamines to inhibit insulin release and stimulate glucagon release was eliminated by this treatment. Neurotensin and substance P (0.1 and 1.0 nmol/ml) inhibited insulin release while glucagon release was increased; however, radioimmunoassay indicated that these peptides were virtually absent from the VMH incubate. These results show that incubates of VMH contain substances which can inhibit insulin and stimulate glucagon release in vitro. They may influence the endocrine pancreas by way of the peripheral circulation although the possibility of their occurrence in or near the pancreas itself has not been excluded.", "PMID": 324754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9407", "title": "Magnesium modulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion by the perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "Increasing levels of magnesium were found to cause a marked depression of glucosestimulated insulin secretion at fixed calcium levels, particularly at levels which bracketed the concentration of ultrafiltrable magnesium found in normal rat plasma (1.3 meq/l), i.e., increasing magnesium from 0.6 to 1.2 meq/l depressed secretion, and increasing magnesium from 1.2 to 2.4 meq/l resulted in a further depression. Paradoxically, when magnesium was omitted from the perfusing medium, insulin secretion was also depressed. The data strongly suggest that the calcium/magnesium ratio is a primary regulator of the insulin secretory process, since a relatively slight alteration of the physiologic ratio of calcium to magnesium (approximately 2.5) results in a marked alteration of total insulin secretion. In addition, small amounts of magnesium are necessary for optimum secretion, possibly reflecting the requirement for magnesium in several enzymatic processes. Thus, magnesium may play an important role in the regulation of insulin secretion by altering the sensitivity of the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans to glucose.", "contents": "Magnesium modulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion by the perfused rat pancreas. Increasing levels of magnesium were found to cause a marked depression of glucosestimulated insulin secretion at fixed calcium levels, particularly at levels which bracketed the concentration of ultrafiltrable magnesium found in normal rat plasma (1.3 meq/l), i.e., increasing magnesium from 0.6 to 1.2 meq/l depressed secretion, and increasing magnesium from 1.2 to 2.4 meq/l resulted in a further depression. Paradoxically, when magnesium was omitted from the perfusing medium, insulin secretion was also depressed. The data strongly suggest that the calcium/magnesium ratio is a primary regulator of the insulin secretory process, since a relatively slight alteration of the physiologic ratio of calcium to magnesium (approximately 2.5) results in a marked alteration of total insulin secretion. In addition, small amounts of magnesium are necessary for optimum secretion, possibly reflecting the requirement for magnesium in several enzymatic processes. Thus, magnesium may play an important role in the regulation of insulin secretion by altering the sensitivity of the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans to glucose.", "PMID": 324755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9408", "title": "Effect of a bovine hypothalamic factor on the release and biosynthesis of growth hormone.", "content": "Partial purification of growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor (GRF) by acid extraction followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 has been attained from bovine hypothalami. When rat pituitaries were incubated in 2 ml Krebs Ringer-bicarbonate-glucose (KRBG) medium, a stimulatory effect of the GRF fraction on immunoreactive GH (IR-GH) release was observed, while that of the factor neither on GH synthesis nor release of the synthesized GH was demonstrated. Stimulation of the GH release was exerted maximally within 30 min of incubation. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D, at a concentration which inhibited protein and RNA synthesis to less than 5 and 20% of the control, respectively, were without effect on the stimulatory action of the factor on GH release. On the other hand, stimulation of GH synthesis was observed under incubation in 0.3 ml medium with the factor and enhancing effect of the factor on the IR-GH release was undetectable. These results suggest that stimulation of the release and synthesis of GH mediated by the hypothalamic GRF fraction is under influence of the pool size of incubation media.", "contents": "Effect of a bovine hypothalamic factor on the release and biosynthesis of growth hormone. Partial purification of growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor (GRF) by acid extraction followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 has been attained from bovine hypothalami. When rat pituitaries were incubated in 2 ml Krebs Ringer-bicarbonate-glucose (KRBG) medium, a stimulatory effect of the GRF fraction on immunoreactive GH (IR-GH) release was observed, while that of the factor neither on GH synthesis nor release of the synthesized GH was demonstrated. Stimulation of the GH release was exerted maximally within 30 min of incubation. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D, at a concentration which inhibited protein and RNA synthesis to less than 5 and 20% of the control, respectively, were without effect on the stimulatory action of the factor on GH release. On the other hand, stimulation of GH synthesis was observed under incubation in 0.3 ml medium with the factor and enhancing effect of the factor on the IR-GH release was undetectable. These results suggest that stimulation of the release and synthesis of GH mediated by the hypothalamic GRF fraction is under influence of the pool size of incubation media.", "PMID": 324757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9409", "title": "Therapeutic colonoscopy.", "content": "The authors report their experience with regard to operative fibrecolonoscopy both in routine and emergency cases. After taking into consideration the use of this technique for the study and treatment of rectal and colonic polyps, they also recommend the use in emergency conditions of colonic haemorrhage and in the removal of foreign bodies. They conlcude that therapeutic colonoscopy must be recognised as one of the most useful methods of diagnosis and treatment of some lesions of the rectum and colon.", "contents": "Therapeutic colonoscopy. The authors report their experience with regard to operative fibrecolonoscopy both in routine and emergency cases. After taking into consideration the use of this technique for the study and treatment of rectal and colonic polyps, they also recommend the use in emergency conditions of colonic haemorrhage and in the removal of foreign bodies. They conlcude that therapeutic colonoscopy must be recognised as one of the most useful methods of diagnosis and treatment of some lesions of the rectum and colon.", "PMID": 324759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9410", "title": "A review of drug \"clearance times\" in racehorses.", "content": "A review is presented of published and some unpublished work dealing with aspects of drug clearance from horses. This work includes plasma half-lives and urinary clearance times for specified drugs, as well as a consideration of more general factors likely to influence these values. The review is presented primarily as a guide to the veterinary surgeon in practice, to assist in the drug therapy of horses without contravening the Rules of Racing relating to doping.", "contents": "A review of drug \"clearance times\" in racehorses. A review is presented of published and some unpublished work dealing with aspects of drug clearance from horses. This work includes plasma half-lives and urinary clearance times for specified drugs, as well as a consideration of more general factors likely to influence these values. The review is presented primarily as a guide to the veterinary surgeon in practice, to assist in the drug therapy of horses without contravening the Rules of Racing relating to doping.", "PMID": 324761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9411", "title": "Isolation, purification and properties of an intermediate in 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid--lipid A biosynthesis.", "content": "Incomplete lipid A has been purified from a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium which is temperature-sensitive both in synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 8-phosphate (dOclA-8-P) and in growth. Pulse-chase experiments have shown that the incomplete lipid A molecule is the intermediate in the biosynthesis of the dOclA-lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharides. The purification procedure included DEAE-cellulose chromatography and electrodialysis. A highly water-soluble precursor material was obtained, consisting of glucosamine, phosphate and 3-hydroxymyristic acid in a molar ratio of 1:1.2:2.1. Labeling experiments as well as chemical degradation procedures revealed the precursor molecule to be composed of a diphosphorylated glucosamine-disaccharide carrying two amide-linked and two ester-linked 3-hydroxymyristic acids. In contrast to the complete dOclA-lipid A part, the intermediate lacks 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid as well as nonhydroxylated fatty acids. On the basis of these findings a pathway for the final steps in dOclA-lipid A biosynthesis is proposed.", "contents": "Isolation, purification and properties of an intermediate in 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid--lipid A biosynthesis. Incomplete lipid A has been purified from a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium which is temperature-sensitive both in synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 8-phosphate (dOclA-8-P) and in growth. Pulse-chase experiments have shown that the incomplete lipid A molecule is the intermediate in the biosynthesis of the dOclA-lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharides. The purification procedure included DEAE-cellulose chromatography and electrodialysis. A highly water-soluble precursor material was obtained, consisting of glucosamine, phosphate and 3-hydroxymyristic acid in a molar ratio of 1:1.2:2.1. Labeling experiments as well as chemical degradation procedures revealed the precursor molecule to be composed of a diphosphorylated glucosamine-disaccharide carrying two amide-linked and two ester-linked 3-hydroxymyristic acids. In contrast to the complete dOclA-lipid A part, the intermediate lacks 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid as well as nonhydroxylated fatty acids. On the basis of these findings a pathway for the final steps in dOclA-lipid A biosynthesis is proposed.", "PMID": 324763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9412", "title": "On the conformation of serine-specific transfer RNA. Studies by small-angle X-ray scattering and ultraviolet absorption of the molecule in solution.", "content": "The scattered X-ray intensities from dilute solutions of tRNASer (yeast) in 0.1 M Soerensen buffer at pH 7.0 were measured at 25 degrees C. The radius of gyration, molecular weight and volume were determined. A model equivalent in scattering is given. The change of the conformation of tRNASer by heating was followed by small-angle X-ray measurements and ultraviolet absorption in a temperature range 20-70 degrees C. The molecule begins to unfold at about 40 degrees C and 70 degrees C has a random coil conformation. Addition of magnesium stabilizes the tRNASer molecule. The reversibility of the melting process was also studied by both methods. An interesting effect was found by ultraviolet absorption: by heating the tRNASer solutions to 55 degrees C and 60 degrees C and subsequently slowly cooling, the melting curves lie at higher absorption values than the corresponding cooling curves. The small-angle data and optical properties of tRNASer are compared with those of tRNAPhe which has already been thoroughly investigated.", "contents": "On the conformation of serine-specific transfer RNA. Studies by small-angle X-ray scattering and ultraviolet absorption of the molecule in solution. The scattered X-ray intensities from dilute solutions of tRNASer (yeast) in 0.1 M Soerensen buffer at pH 7.0 were measured at 25 degrees C. The radius of gyration, molecular weight and volume were determined. A model equivalent in scattering is given. The change of the conformation of tRNASer by heating was followed by small-angle X-ray measurements and ultraviolet absorption in a temperature range 20-70 degrees C. The molecule begins to unfold at about 40 degrees C and 70 degrees C has a random coil conformation. Addition of magnesium stabilizes the tRNASer molecule. The reversibility of the melting process was also studied by both methods. An interesting effect was found by ultraviolet absorption: by heating the tRNASer solutions to 55 degrees C and 60 degrees C and subsequently slowly cooling, the melting curves lie at higher absorption values than the corresponding cooling curves. The small-angle data and optical properties of tRNASer are compared with those of tRNAPhe which has already been thoroughly investigated.", "PMID": 324764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9413", "title": "Cardiovascular and metabolic changes in shock and sepsis. Review fo changing concepts.", "content": "The commonly accepted sequence of low blood flow, tissue hypoxia, lacticacidosis and death does not apply to all patients dying from shock. The hyperdynamic circulation characteristic of severe sepsis is not likely due to peripheral arteriovenous shunts, since in skeletal muscle at least, capillary blood flow is increased and varies directly with cardiac index. A hyperdynamic circulatory state is seen in many patients with sepsis and may be related to metabolic changes rather than changes in oxygen transport. Skeletal muscle capillary blood flow is increased in fasting normal subjects and septic postoperative patients, both of whom are catabolic. Therefore, elevated blood flow, which is characteristic of severe sepsis, may be a response to or necessary for the catabolism of body protein required for energy production. Profound metabolic abnormalities resulting in rapid catabolism may be responsible for the demise of the septic patient. If this concept of sepsis is accepted, it follows that treatment which heretofore has been aimed at increasing blood flow and blood pressure should be redirected to therapy which provides energy substrates and alters hormonal patterns to favor anabolism.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and metabolic changes in shock and sepsis. Review fo changing concepts. The commonly accepted sequence of low blood flow, tissue hypoxia, lacticacidosis and death does not apply to all patients dying from shock. The hyperdynamic circulation characteristic of severe sepsis is not likely due to peripheral arteriovenous shunts, since in skeletal muscle at least, capillary blood flow is increased and varies directly with cardiac index. A hyperdynamic circulatory state is seen in many patients with sepsis and may be related to metabolic changes rather than changes in oxygen transport. Skeletal muscle capillary blood flow is increased in fasting normal subjects and septic postoperative patients, both of whom are catabolic. Therefore, elevated blood flow, which is characteristic of severe sepsis, may be a response to or necessary for the catabolism of body protein required for energy production. Profound metabolic abnormalities resulting in rapid catabolism may be responsible for the demise of the septic patient. If this concept of sepsis is accepted, it follows that treatment which heretofore has been aimed at increasing blood flow and blood pressure should be redirected to therapy which provides energy substrates and alters hormonal patterns to favor anabolism.", "PMID": 324766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9414", "title": "Hypertension--proximal stenosis of double renal artery--autotransplantation.", "content": "In a case of renovascular hypertension, autotransplantation has enabled the patient to recover a normal blood pressure. For the revascularization of the kidney this procedure was a treatment of choice.", "contents": "Hypertension--proximal stenosis of double renal artery--autotransplantation. In a case of renovascular hypertension, autotransplantation has enabled the patient to recover a normal blood pressure. For the revascularization of the kidney this procedure was a treatment of choice.", "PMID": 324767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9415", "title": "A new method of haemostasis following transvesical prostatectomy.", "content": "Description of an efficient modification of haemostasis following transvesical prostatectomy with the help of semicircular tightening sutures of the bed. 25 patients have been operated as described here and none of them experienced postoperative complications.", "contents": "A new method of haemostasis following transvesical prostatectomy. Description of an efficient modification of haemostasis following transvesical prostatectomy with the help of semicircular tightening sutures of the bed. 25 patients have been operated as described here and none of them experienced postoperative complications.", "PMID": 324768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9416", "title": "Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with flurbiprofen or phenylbutazone.", "content": "Flurbiprofen (150-200 mg daily) and phenylbutazone (300-400 mg daily) were compared in the management of 27 patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. This was a parallel, double-blind, and randomized trial of 6 weeks duration. Both drugs were equally effective in the relief of pain and tenderness of the affected joints. Overall subjective improvement, assessed by the patient and the investigator at the end of the trial, favored phenylbutazone, but it did not reach a statistically significant level. The mean values of the endpoint parameters of spinal motion showed statistically significant improvement in both groups, except in the Schober test in the flurbiprofen group and chest expansion in the phenylbutazone group. Untoward effects characteristic of these drugs were found in a few patients.", "contents": "Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with flurbiprofen or phenylbutazone. Flurbiprofen (150-200 mg daily) and phenylbutazone (300-400 mg daily) were compared in the management of 27 patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. This was a parallel, double-blind, and randomized trial of 6 weeks duration. Both drugs were equally effective in the relief of pain and tenderness of the affected joints. Overall subjective improvement, assessed by the patient and the investigator at the end of the trial, favored phenylbutazone, but it did not reach a statistically significant level. The mean values of the endpoint parameters of spinal motion showed statistically significant improvement in both groups, except in the Schober test in the flurbiprofen group and chest expansion in the phenylbutazone group. Untoward effects characteristic of these drugs were found in a few patients.", "PMID": 324773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9417", "title": "Separation and properties of EA-rosette-forming lymphocytes in humans.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into subpopulations enriched or depleted with respect to B lymphocytes (Ig-bearing cells), T lymphocytes, (cell forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes: E-RFC) and Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes (EA-RFC). From the distributions and recoveries of the various cell types it could be concluded that there was very little overlap  between Ig-bearing lymphocytes and EA-RFC. The latter cells partly belonged to \"null\" (non-T, non-B) cells; it was however demonstrated that 30 % of the EA-RFC were T cells (E-RFC). The lytic capacity in antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity (ADL) was shown to correspond with the proportions of EA-RFC in the various fractions. Non-T cells showed enhanced ADL activity when compared to the unseparated cells. Purified T cells populations also displayed ADL activity. Since the latter could not be due to contaminating non-T cells, this activity was ascribed to Fc receptor-bearing T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Separation and properties of EA-rosette-forming lymphocytes in humans. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into subpopulations enriched or depleted with respect to B lymphocytes (Ig-bearing cells), T lymphocytes, (cell forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes: E-RFC) and Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes (EA-RFC). From the distributions and recoveries of the various cell types it could be concluded that there was very little overlap  between Ig-bearing lymphocytes and EA-RFC. The latter cells partly belonged to \"null\" (non-T, non-B) cells; it was however demonstrated that 30 % of the EA-RFC were T cells (E-RFC). The lytic capacity in antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity (ADL) was shown to correspond with the proportions of EA-RFC in the various fractions. Non-T cells showed enhanced ADL activity when compared to the unseparated cells. Purified T cells populations also displayed ADL activity. Since the latter could not be due to contaminating non-T cells, this activity was ascribed to Fc receptor-bearing T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 324774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9418", "title": "Separation of cells with different histocompatibility (H-2) antigens by passage through cellular immunoadsorbent columns.", "content": "The anti-Ig column technique of Wigzell et al. (Scand. J. Immunol. 1972. 1:75) was adapted to the separation of mouse cells with different H-2 antigens. Fractionation was achieved by a two-step procedure: first the cells were treated with anti-H-2 sera, and thereafter passed over anti-mouse Ig columns. Antibody-coated cells were selectively retained in the anti-Ig column. The method could be applied to the separation of normal mouse lymphocytes or lymphoma cells with different H-2 antigen complexes and for the selective isolation of H-2 loss variants from a mouse carcinoma/fibroblast hybrid.", "contents": "Separation of cells with different histocompatibility (H-2) antigens by passage through cellular immunoadsorbent columns. The anti-Ig column technique of Wigzell et al. (Scand. J. Immunol. 1972. 1:75) was adapted to the separation of mouse cells with different H-2 antigens. Fractionation was achieved by a two-step procedure: first the cells were treated with anti-H-2 sera, and thereafter passed over anti-mouse Ig columns. Antibody-coated cells were selectively retained in the anti-Ig column. The method could be applied to the separation of normal mouse lymphocytes or lymphoma cells with different H-2 antigen complexes and for the selective isolation of H-2 loss variants from a mouse carcinoma/fibroblast hybrid.", "PMID": 324775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9419", "title": "IgA antibody response to intragastric immunization in high and low immune responder lines of mice.", "content": "Two lines of mice selected for genes controlling the character \"quantitative agglutinin production\" to heterologous erythrocytes were immunized orally by the intragastric administration of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The quantity of circulating IgA anti-SRBC and the numbers of splenic plaque-forming cells of IgA and IgM classes were related to the genetic status of the animal lines.", "contents": "IgA antibody response to intragastric immunization in high and low immune responder lines of mice. Two lines of mice selected for genes controlling the character \"quantitative agglutinin production\" to heterologous erythrocytes were immunized orally by the intragastric administration of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The quantity of circulating IgA anti-SRBC and the numbers of splenic plaque-forming cells of IgA and IgM classes were related to the genetic status of the animal lines.", "PMID": 324777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9420", "title": "Effects and duration of resistance acquired by rabbits on feeding and egg laying in Ixodes ricinus L.", "content": "Rabbits gradually developed a resistance against Ixodes ricinus ticks as a result of sequential experimental infestations. The resistance was characterized by an increase duration of feeding, by ticks engorging to a smaller extent and by reduced egg production. Once established, the immunity persisted for at least 9 months. Changes in the titre of circulating anti-I. ricinus antibodies was measured by indirect immunofluorescence.", "contents": "Effects and duration of resistance acquired by rabbits on feeding and egg laying in Ixodes ricinus L. Rabbits gradually developed a resistance against Ixodes ricinus ticks as a result of sequential experimental infestations. The resistance was characterized by an increase duration of feeding, by ticks engorging to a smaller extent and by reduced egg production. Once established, the immunity persisted for at least 9 months. Changes in the titre of circulating anti-I. ricinus antibodies was measured by indirect immunofluorescence.", "PMID": 324791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9421", "title": "Suppression of the secondary immune response by specific antibody, when given together with the secondary antigenic stimulus.", "content": "It is generally believed that antibody-mediated immunosuppression can be only produced in non-primed individuals, and that this applies both to experimental animals and Rh-negative women at risk. However, in this paper it is reported that the additional injection of 0.2 ml of an antiserum to sheep erythrocytes (SE) together with a secondary antigenic stimulus of 10(8) SE into mice, primarily immunized by a tiny dose of 5 x 10(5) SE 28 days before, was capable of producing effective suppression of the secondary immune response.", "contents": "Suppression of the secondary immune response by specific antibody, when given together with the secondary antigenic stimulus. It is generally believed that antibody-mediated immunosuppression can be only produced in non-primed individuals, and that this applies both to experimental animals and Rh-negative women at risk. However, in this paper it is reported that the additional injection of 0.2 ml of an antiserum to sheep erythrocytes (SE) together with a secondary antigenic stimulus of 10(8) SE into mice, primarily immunized by a tiny dose of 5 x 10(5) SE 28 days before, was capable of producing effective suppression of the secondary immune response.", "PMID": 324792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9422", "title": "Localization of hormone secreting pathways in the brain by immunohistochemistry and light microscopy: a review.", "content": "Immunocytochemical techniques are now being used to localize hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones and related peptides in the mammalian brain. The data are probably incomplete, due primarily to false negative results. A number of previous assumptions concerning these pathways have been confirmed while other unexpected results were obtained. As expected, vasopressin and oxytocin and their associated proteins, neurophysins, were found in the magnocellular cell bodies of the hypothalamus and in their axonal projections to the neural lobe of the pituitary. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH), somatostatin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were located in what appears to be parvicellular nerve terminals on portal capillaries. Gn-RH has been found in perikarya in the arcuate nucleus, which is considered a source of fibers to the portal capillary bed. An extensive network of cell bodies and fibers in the preoptic area was also found to contain Gn-RH, and others in the periventricular nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus reacted with antiserum to somatostatin. Unexpected was considerable evidence that vasopressin is secreted directly into hypophyseal portal blood. This hormone and its neurophysin were also found in parvicellular neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rodents. All the hormones were found in fibers in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and in the posterior pituitary gland.", "contents": "Localization of hormone secreting pathways in the brain by immunohistochemistry and light microscopy: a review. Immunocytochemical techniques are now being used to localize hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones and related peptides in the mammalian brain. The data are probably incomplete, due primarily to false negative results. A number of previous assumptions concerning these pathways have been confirmed while other unexpected results were obtained. As expected, vasopressin and oxytocin and their associated proteins, neurophysins, were found in the magnocellular cell bodies of the hypothalamus and in their axonal projections to the neural lobe of the pituitary. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH), somatostatin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were located in what appears to be parvicellular nerve terminals on portal capillaries. Gn-RH has been found in perikarya in the arcuate nucleus, which is considered a source of fibers to the portal capillary bed. An extensive network of cell bodies and fibers in the preoptic area was also found to contain Gn-RH, and others in the periventricular nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus reacted with antiserum to somatostatin. Unexpected was considerable evidence that vasopressin is secreted directly into hypophyseal portal blood. This hormone and its neurophysin were also found in parvicellular neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rodents. All the hormones were found in fibers in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and in the posterior pituitary gland.", "PMID": 324815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9423", "title": "Steroid hormone target cells in the periventricular brain: relationship to peptide hormone producing cells.", "content": "Steroid hormone concentrating cells in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic regions are reviewed and the topographic relationship to the periventricular brain and the ventricular recess organs is discussed. Steroid hormone target cells in the brain are considered feedback sites and production sites of polypeptide hormones. The anatomical distribution of estrogen, androgen and progestin target neurons, as defined by autoradiography, is compared with the localization of antibodies to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin in perikarya of neurons, as characterized by immunocytochemistry. Around the optic recess of the third ventricle in the lamina terminalis and the preoptic nucleus as well as in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the steroid hormone target neurons and the assumed polypeptide hormone producing neurons occupy corresponding sites.", "contents": "Steroid hormone target cells in the periventricular brain: relationship to peptide hormone producing cells. Steroid hormone concentrating cells in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic regions are reviewed and the topographic relationship to the periventricular brain and the ventricular recess organs is discussed. Steroid hormone target cells in the brain are considered feedback sites and production sites of polypeptide hormones. The anatomical distribution of estrogen, androgen and progestin target neurons, as defined by autoradiography, is compared with the localization of antibodies to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin in perikarya of neurons, as characterized by immunocytochemistry. Around the optic recess of the third ventricle in the lamina terminalis and the preoptic nucleus as well as in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the steroid hormone target neurons and the assumed polypeptide hormone producing neurons occupy corresponding sites.", "PMID": 324816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9424", "title": "Application of the mathematics of coupled oscillator systems to the analysis of the neural control of locomotion.", "content": "In many animals, the activities of limb motor neurons are rhythmic during locomotion. In some animals it is known that each limb is innervated by a local control center that resides in a discrete portion of the central nervous system. Each local control center is a biological oscillator. Since each limb moves with the same frequency as each other limb and with regulated phase delay with respect to each other limb, then it follows that the local control centers are coupled to one another. The locomotory pattern generator within the central nervous system is therefore a coupled oscillator system. The mathematics of coupled oscillator systems can assist in the construction of a model of the neural pattern generator. This model can be utilized to formulate testable predictions concerning the neural control of locomotion. Experimental data gathered from organisms in several phylums are consistent with the predictions of the model.", "contents": "Application of the mathematics of coupled oscillator systems to the analysis of the neural control of locomotion. In many animals, the activities of limb motor neurons are rhythmic during locomotion. In some animals it is known that each limb is innervated by a local control center that resides in a discrete portion of the central nervous system. Each local control center is a biological oscillator. Since each limb moves with the same frequency as each other limb and with regulated phase delay with respect to each other limb, then it follows that the local control centers are coupled to one another. The locomotory pattern generator within the central nervous system is therefore a coupled oscillator system. The mathematics of coupled oscillator systems can assist in the construction of a model of the neural pattern generator. This model can be utilized to formulate testable predictions concerning the neural control of locomotion. Experimental data gathered from organisms in several phylums are consistent with the predictions of the model.", "PMID": 324819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9425", "title": "Germinal cell aplasia: response of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone to LH/FSH-releasing hormone with histopathologic correlation.", "content": "Five male patients with infertility due to biopsy-proven germinal cell aplasia were given a 100-microng bolus of luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-releasing hormone (LRH), and the resultant LH, FSH, and testosterone responses were correlated with their histologic patterns on testicular biopsy. The basal and stimulated FSH values were elevated in four of five patients. Basal LH values were elevated in three patients, while two clearly had exaggerated LH and testosterone responses to LRH. Although there was little correlation between various parameters, elevated basal LH values were associated with  Leydig cell hyperplasia. Higher basal FSH levels were present when fibrosis and complete aplasia of germinal elements were found in the same biopsy specimen, and the magnitude of the FSH response to LRH correlated positively with the basal concentration. The findings of elevated basal LH values, an exaggerated LH response to LRH, lack of testosterone response, and Leydig cell hyperplasia indicate a definite disturbance of the LH-testosterone axis in many patients with germinal cell aplasia. Therefore, the regulation of secretion of both gonadotropins appears to be abnormal in this disorder.", "contents": "Germinal cell aplasia: response of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone to LH/FSH-releasing hormone with histopathologic correlation. Five male patients with infertility due to biopsy-proven germinal cell aplasia were given a 100-microng bolus of luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-releasing hormone (LRH), and the resultant LH, FSH, and testosterone responses were correlated with their histologic patterns on testicular biopsy. The basal and stimulated FSH values were elevated in four of five patients. Basal LH values were elevated in three patients, while two clearly had exaggerated LH and testosterone responses to LRH. Although there was little correlation between various parameters, elevated basal LH values were associated with  Leydig cell hyperplasia. Higher basal FSH levels were present when fibrosis and complete aplasia of germinal elements were found in the same biopsy specimen, and the magnitude of the FSH response to LRH correlated positively with the basal concentration. The findings of elevated basal LH values, an exaggerated LH response to LRH, lack of testosterone response, and Leydig cell hyperplasia indicate a definite disturbance of the LH-testosterone axis in many patients with germinal cell aplasia. Therefore, the regulation of secretion of both gonadotropins appears to be abnormal in this disorder.", "PMID": 324822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9426", "title": "Assessment of pituitary response to nasal application of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone in men.", "content": "An attempt has been made to assess the pituitary response to the nasal application of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in three oligospermic and two azoospermic men. Intranasal administration of 3 mg of GnRH in aqueous or natural plant gum solution produced a pituitary response pattern similar to that produced by the intramuscular injection of 100 microng, with respect to plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). No technical difficulties or side effects were observed. GnRH in a nasal drop preparation seems to be effective in releasing LH and FSH in men. These findings may have a practical application in those cases where long-term therapy with the hormone is indicated.", "contents": "Assessment of pituitary response to nasal application of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone in men. An attempt has been made to assess the pituitary response to the nasal application of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in three oligospermic and two azoospermic men. Intranasal administration of 3 mg of GnRH in aqueous or natural plant gum solution produced a pituitary response pattern similar to that produced by the intramuscular injection of 100 microng, with respect to plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). No technical difficulties or side effects were observed. GnRH in a nasal drop preparation seems to be effective in releasing LH and FSH in men. These findings may have a practical application in those cases where long-term therapy with the hormone is indicated.", "PMID": 324823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9427", "title": "Effect of mercurascan and tetracycline on ischaemia-altered immunogenicity of liver extract alloantigens in mice.", "content": "The action of Mercurascan and Tetracycline on ischaemic liver in mice was investigated. The effect was reflected in different immunogenicity (in allotrasplantation reaction) of liver extracts 1 mg. membrane fraction) derived from treated and normal organs in the donor--recipient strain combination B10--B10.LP. In the recipients treated with a single administration of extract from ischaemic liver the survival time of skin grafts was shortened as compared to the untreated control group and the control group given normal liver extract. Immunogenicity of the liver extracts from Mercurascan- or Tetracycline-treated mice was diminished.", "contents": "Effect of mercurascan and tetracycline on ischaemia-altered immunogenicity of liver extract alloantigens in mice. The action of Mercurascan and Tetracycline on ischaemic liver in mice was investigated. The effect was reflected in different immunogenicity (in allotrasplantation reaction) of liver extracts 1 mg. membrane fraction) derived from treated and normal organs in the donor--recipient strain combination B10--B10.LP. In the recipients treated with a single administration of extract from ischaemic liver the survival time of skin grafts was shortened as compared to the untreated control group and the control group given normal liver extract. Immunogenicity of the liver extracts from Mercurascan- or Tetracycline-treated mice was diminished.", "PMID": 324827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9428", "title": "A comparative trial of Anafranil, Pertofran and an Anafranil/Pertofran combination.", "content": "On the grounds of different pharmacological properties and possibly different clinical effects, two antidepressants, Anafranil (clomipramine) and Pertofran (desipramine) were compared in the management of depression in general practice. A further comparison was made to ascertain whether a combination of the two antidepressants was more effective than the drugs given alone. One hundred and seventy-three patients were admitted to a double-blind clinical trial, conducted on a multicentre basis in general practice, in which a double-dummy technique was employed. One hundred and forty-one patients completed the study. Of these, 49 received Anafranil, 49 received Pertofran and 43 the combination. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the three treatment regimes, there was a consistent trend in favour of the combination regime. Ninety-one per cent of the patients who completed treatment on the combination showed satisfactory improvement compared with 81% on the Anafranil regime and 78% on Pertofran. An attempt was made to identify three symptom clusters--anxiety, 'anergia' and biological depression. There was no significant difference in the response of these three clusters to the three treatment regimes, nor was there any difference in the incidence and severity of side-effects.", "contents": "A comparative trial of Anafranil, Pertofran and an Anafranil/Pertofran combination. On the grounds of different pharmacological properties and possibly different clinical effects, two antidepressants, Anafranil (clomipramine) and Pertofran (desipramine) were compared in the management of depression in general practice. A further comparison was made to ascertain whether a combination of the two antidepressants was more effective than the drugs given alone. One hundred and seventy-three patients were admitted to a double-blind clinical trial, conducted on a multicentre basis in general practice, in which a double-dummy technique was employed. One hundred and forty-one patients completed the study. Of these, 49 received Anafranil, 49 received Pertofran and 43 the combination. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the three treatment regimes, there was a consistent trend in favour of the combination regime. Ninety-one per cent of the patients who completed treatment on the combination showed satisfactory improvement compared with 81% on the Anafranil regime and 78% on Pertofran. An attempt was made to identify three symptom clusters--anxiety, 'anergia' and biological depression. There was no significant difference in the response of these three clusters to the three treatment regimes, nor was there any difference in the incidence and severity of side-effects.", "PMID": 324830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9429", "title": "The management of phobic disorders using clomipramine (Anafranil).", "content": "The problem of phobic anxiety is viewed in the context of the entire area of mental illness and of its epidemiology in the general population. The importance of the diagnosis of depression in phobic patients and its simultaneous treatment is emphasized. Psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological methods are discussed and some results of recent trials of clomipramine (Anafranil) are reported. The author concludes that for the successful outcome of treatment an eclectic approach must be considered. The combination of behavioural techniques of desensitization along a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations, together with psychotherapeutic support and the simultaneous exhibition of the more specific antidepressant and antiphobic preparation clomipramine would offer the best hope of symptom relief.", "contents": "The management of phobic disorders using clomipramine (Anafranil). The problem of phobic anxiety is viewed in the context of the entire area of mental illness and of its epidemiology in the general population. The importance of the diagnosis of depression in phobic patients and its simultaneous treatment is emphasized. Psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological methods are discussed and some results of recent trials of clomipramine (Anafranil) are reported. The author concludes that for the successful outcome of treatment an eclectic approach must be considered. The combination of behavioural techniques of desensitization along a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations, together with psychotherapeutic support and the simultaneous exhibition of the more specific antidepressant and antiphobic preparation clomipramine would offer the best hope of symptom relief.", "PMID": 324831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9430", "title": "Practical considerations on the use of clomipramine (Anafranil) in general practice: an updated review.", "content": "The subject of dosage of clomipramine (Anafranil) in depression and in obsessional and phobic disorders is discussed. The expectation of success is reported and a recommendation made to adopt flexible dosage. Some side-effects are considered and stress is laid on distinguishing between unwanted pharmacological effects and serious toxic effects. Serious adverse reactions are rare. Contra-indications, both relative and absolute, are discussed. The importance of possible drug interactions is emphasized.", "contents": "Practical considerations on the use of clomipramine (Anafranil) in general practice: an updated review. The subject of dosage of clomipramine (Anafranil) in depression and in obsessional and phobic disorders is discussed. The expectation of success is reported and a recommendation made to adopt flexible dosage. Some side-effects are considered and stress is laid on distinguishing between unwanted pharmacological effects and serious toxic effects. Serious adverse reactions are rare. Contra-indications, both relative and absolute, are discussed. The importance of possible drug interactions is emphasized.", "PMID": 324832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9431", "title": "Hypersecretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide following oral glucose in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is insulinotropic and is released after ingestion of glucose in normal man. Changes in plasma immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IRGIP) were therefore studied during a 50-gm. oral glucose tolerance test in 10 normal subjects and 20 subjects with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. The diabetics were nonobese and treated by diet alone; they exhibited exaggerated increments of plasma IRGIP in association with delayed and diminished peak increases in plasma immunoreactive insulin, suggesting relative failure of the beta-cell response to GIP. The diabetic subjects also showed a paradoxic rise in mean plasma immunoreactive glucagon, with a peak coinciding with that of plasma IRGIP. It is suggested that the defective beta-cell response may lead to diminished feedback inhibition of GIP secretion by insulin in diabetes mellitus and that the glucagonotropic action of GIP may be expressed under these conditions.", "contents": "Hypersecretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide following oral glucose in diabetes mellitus. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is insulinotropic and is released after ingestion of glucose in normal man. Changes in plasma immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IRGIP) were therefore studied during a 50-gm. oral glucose tolerance test in 10 normal subjects and 20 subjects with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. The diabetics were nonobese and treated by diet alone; they exhibited exaggerated increments of plasma IRGIP in association with delayed and diminished peak increases in plasma immunoreactive insulin, suggesting relative failure of the beta-cell response to GIP. The diabetic subjects also showed a paradoxic rise in mean plasma immunoreactive glucagon, with a peak coinciding with that of plasma IRGIP. It is suggested that the defective beta-cell response may lead to diminished feedback inhibition of GIP secretion by insulin in diabetes mellitus and that the glucagonotropic action of GIP may be expressed under these conditions.", "PMID": 324834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9432", "title": "The effects of long-term therapy with oral hypoglycemic agents on the oral glucose tolerance test dynamics in male chemical diabetics.", "content": "The effect of fixed doses of oral hypoglycemic agents and placebo (diet alone) on the blood glucose, serum insulin, triglyceride, and cholesterol responses during oral glucose tolerance tests done annually for up to four years' follow-up was studied, in a double-blind manner, in five groups of mild male chemical diabetics. The drugs used were chlorpropamide (100 mg. O.D.), tolbutamide (500 mg. b.i.d.), phenformin (50 mg. O.D.), acetohexamide (250 mg. O.D.), and placebo. Each subject was given an individualized diet aimed at attaining and maintaining ideal weight. Comparison by chi-square analysis between the placebo group and each of the drug groups showed (a) no significant differences with regard to the number of subjects with normal glucose tolerance in each of the tests and (b) no change in the insulin secretion dynamics. Comparison between the initial test and each of the subsequent tests within each group showed (a) a greater number of subjects with normal glucose tolerance in the first follow-up test in the chlorpropamide group only, (b) no change in the insulin secretion dynamics except in the chlorpropamide group, where there was an increased insulin/glucose ratio in the first follow-up test, and (c) no change in the fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels.", "contents": "The effects of long-term therapy with oral hypoglycemic agents on the oral glucose tolerance test dynamics in male chemical diabetics. The effect of fixed doses of oral hypoglycemic agents and placebo (diet alone) on the blood glucose, serum insulin, triglyceride, and cholesterol responses during oral glucose tolerance tests done annually for up to four years' follow-up was studied, in a double-blind manner, in five groups of mild male chemical diabetics. The drugs used were chlorpropamide (100 mg. O.D.), tolbutamide (500 mg. b.i.d.), phenformin (50 mg. O.D.), acetohexamide (250 mg. O.D.), and placebo. Each subject was given an individualized diet aimed at attaining and maintaining ideal weight. Comparison by chi-square analysis between the placebo group and each of the drug groups showed (a) no significant differences with regard to the number of subjects with normal glucose tolerance in each of the tests and (b) no change in the insulin secretion dynamics. Comparison between the initial test and each of the subsequent tests within each group showed (a) a greater number of subjects with normal glucose tolerance in the first follow-up test in the chlorpropamide group only, (b) no change in the insulin secretion dynamics except in the chlorpropamide group, where there was an increased insulin/glucose ratio in the first follow-up test, and (c) no change in the fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels.", "PMID": 324835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9433", "title": "Effect of anti-thymocyte serum, anti-macrophage serum, and latex particles on the therapeutic efficacy of BCG or Corynebacterium liquefaciens (Propionibacterium acnes C7) in syngeneic mice.", "content": "In a syngeneic mouse-tumor system, anti-thymocyte serum, anti-macrophage serum, and latex particles were used for a comparative study of the immunotherapeutic efficacy of intradermal inoculation of tumor cell-BCG and tumor cell-Corynebacterium liquefaciens (=Propionibacterium acnes C7) vaccines. Anti-thymocyte serum treatment nullified suppression of tumor mediated by BCG (living and nonliving) and living C. liquefaciens. However, the effect of nonliving C. liquefaciens was not affected so much by treatment with anti-thymocyte serum. Treatment with anti-macrophage serum or latex particles also imparied the therapeutic efficacy of living BCG, but had no influence on the efficacy of living and nonliving C. liquefaciens.", "contents": "Effect of anti-thymocyte serum, anti-macrophage serum, and latex particles on the therapeutic efficacy of BCG or Corynebacterium liquefaciens (Propionibacterium acnes C7) in syngeneic mice. In a syngeneic mouse-tumor system, anti-thymocyte serum, anti-macrophage serum, and latex particles were used for a comparative study of the immunotherapeutic efficacy of intradermal inoculation of tumor cell-BCG and tumor cell-Corynebacterium liquefaciens (=Propionibacterium acnes C7) vaccines. Anti-thymocyte serum treatment nullified suppression of tumor mediated by BCG (living and nonliving) and living C. liquefaciens. However, the effect of nonliving C. liquefaciens was not affected so much by treatment with anti-thymocyte serum. Treatment with anti-macrophage serum or latex particles also imparied the therapeutic efficacy of living BCG, but had no influence on the efficacy of living and nonliving C. liquefaciens.", "PMID": 324858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9434", "title": "Improved infusion system for intraluminal esophageal manometry.", "content": "An improved catheter infusion system is needed for esophageal intraluminal manometry. Using conventional syringe-pump infusion systems undesirably rapid infusion rates of 6 ml per min or more are often needed to achieve accurate recording of esophageal peristaltic pressure. These rapid base line infusion rates are necessitated by the high compliance of syringe-pump systems which causes substantial reduction in the infusion rate during dynamic pressure transients. In this study we tested a hydraulic-capillary infusion system designed to have low compliance. This minimally compliant system yields accurate recording of esophageal peristaltic pressure at infusion rates of 0.6 ml per min or less. We believe that the hydraulic-capillary infusion system is a useful tool for performing both clinical and investigative studies of esophageal motor function.", "contents": "Improved infusion system for intraluminal esophageal manometry. An improved catheter infusion system is needed for esophageal intraluminal manometry. Using conventional syringe-pump infusion systems undesirably rapid infusion rates of 6 ml per min or more are often needed to achieve accurate recording of esophageal peristaltic pressure. These rapid base line infusion rates are necessitated by the high compliance of syringe-pump systems which causes substantial reduction in the infusion rate during dynamic pressure transients. In this study we tested a hydraulic-capillary infusion system designed to have low compliance. This minimally compliant system yields accurate recording of esophageal peristaltic pressure at infusion rates of 0.6 ml per min or less. We believe that the hydraulic-capillary infusion system is a useful tool for performing both clinical and investigative studies of esophageal motor function.", "PMID": 324861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9435", "title": "Controlled trials of aluminum hydroxide gels for peptic ulcer.", "content": "Relief of duodenal ulcer pain by aluminum hydroxide gel (AG) was compared with that obtained by a dummy gel (DG) in randomized trials. In 44 individual pain episodes, complete relief was obtained by 15-ml doses of AG in 79% and by DG in 45% (P less than 0.05). In 48 identical blind trials replicated at another hospital the difference was not significant. The gels were also tested against ulcer pain induced by intragastric acid instillation (Palmer test) in 35 patients; pain was relieved by AG in 63% and by DG in 62%. Presumed effectiveness in terminating ulcer episodes was studied in 65 patients admitted for pain; 37 received milk and cream hourly and 28 did not. All were treated with 15 ml of AG or DG during waking hours. Median time for complete disappearance of spontaneous pain was 3 days for AG and 7 days for DG, the same in both groups. In all patients the acid instillation test was repeated every few days. For the milk and cream group it became negative after 4 days with AG and after 6 days with DG. In 18 patients with gastric ulcer treated for 4 weeks AG led to greater reductions in size than did DG. A number of these trials indicate AG to be more effective than DG, but sampling and other methodological problems limit the certainty of any conclusions.", "contents": "Controlled trials of aluminum hydroxide gels for peptic ulcer. Relief of duodenal ulcer pain by aluminum hydroxide gel (AG) was compared with that obtained by a dummy gel (DG) in randomized trials. In 44 individual pain episodes, complete relief was obtained by 15-ml doses of AG in 79% and by DG in 45% (P less than 0.05). In 48 identical blind trials replicated at another hospital the difference was not significant. The gels were also tested against ulcer pain induced by intragastric acid instillation (Palmer test) in 35 patients; pain was relieved by AG in 63% and by DG in 62%. Presumed effectiveness in terminating ulcer episodes was studied in 65 patients admitted for pain; 37 received milk and cream hourly and 28 did not. All were treated with 15 ml of AG or DG during waking hours. Median time for complete disappearance of spontaneous pain was 3 days for AG and 7 days for DG, the same in both groups. In all patients the acid instillation test was repeated every few days. For the milk and cream group it became negative after 4 days with AG and after 6 days with DG. In 18 patients with gastric ulcer treated for 4 weeks AG led to greater reductions in size than did DG. A number of these trials indicate AG to be more effective than DG, but sampling and other methodological problems limit the certainty of any conclusions.", "PMID": 324863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9436", "title": "Regulation of newly evolved enzymes. III Evolution of the ebg repressor during selection for enhanced lactase activity.", "content": "The evolution of lactose utilization by lacZ deletion strains of E. coli occurs via mutations in the ebg genes. We show that one kind of mutation in the regulatory gene ebgR results in a repressor which retains the ability to repress synthesis of ebg enzymes, but which permits 4.5-fold more ebg enzyme synthesis during lactose induction than does the wild-type repressor. A comparison between the growth rate of various ebg+ strains on lactose and the amount of ebg enzyme synthesized by these strains shows that the rate of enzyme synthesis permitted by the wild-type repressor is insufficient for growth on lactose as a sole carbon source by a cell with the most active ebg lactase yet isolated. We conclude, therefore, that the evolution of lactose utilization requires both a structural and a regulatory mutation.", "contents": "Regulation of newly evolved enzymes. III Evolution of the ebg repressor during selection for enhanced lactase activity. The evolution of lactose utilization by lacZ deletion strains of E. coli occurs via mutations in the ebg genes. We show that one kind of mutation in the regulatory gene ebgR results in a repressor which retains the ability to repress synthesis of ebg enzymes, but which permits 4.5-fold more ebg enzyme synthesis during lactose induction than does the wild-type repressor. A comparison between the growth rate of various ebg+ strains on lactose and the amount of ebg enzyme synthesized by these strains shows that the rate of enzyme synthesis permitted by the wild-type repressor is insufficient for growth on lactose as a sole carbon source by a cell with the most active ebg lactase yet isolated. We conclude, therefore, that the evolution of lactose utilization requires both a structural and a regulatory mutation.", "PMID": 324865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9437", "title": "Complementation test between alkaline phosphatase regulatory mutations phoB and phoRc in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A phoRc and a phoB mutation belong to the same complementation group suggesting that there is a single positive control gene for alkaline phosphatase synthesis.", "contents": "Complementation test between alkaline phosphatase regulatory mutations phoB and phoRc in Escherichia coli. A phoRc and a phoB mutation belong to the same complementation group suggesting that there is a single positive control gene for alkaline phosphatase synthesis.", "PMID": 324866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9438", "title": "Bipartite structure of the ade3 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Forty ade3 mutants were examined with respect to their growth requirements, levels of the tetrahydrofolate interconversion enzymes, and/or map positions. Four deletions were detected. Mutations that result in a requirement for adenine and histidine map in one region of the locus; those which result in a requirement for adenine only map in a quite separate region of the locus, a region not disclosed in previous studies. No correlation was observed between growth properties of the strains and enzyme levels.", "contents": "Bipartite structure of the ade3 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Forty ade3 mutants were examined with respect to their growth requirements, levels of the tetrahydrofolate interconversion enzymes, and/or map positions. Four deletions were detected. Mutations that result in a requirement for adenine and histidine map in one region of the locus; those which result in a requirement for adenine only map in a quite separate region of the locus, a region not disclosed in previous studies. No correlation was observed between growth properties of the strains and enzyme levels.", "PMID": 324867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9439", "title": "Kinetics of mutation induction by ultraviolet light in excision-deficient yeast.", "content": "We have measured the frequency of UV-induced reversions (locus plus suppressor) for the ochre alleles ade2-1 and lys2-1 and forward mutations (ade2 adex double auxotrophs) in an excision-deficient strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (rad2-20). For very low UV doses, both mutational systems exhibit linear induction kinetics. However, as the dose increases, a strikingly different response is observed: in the selective reversion system a transition to higher order induction kinetics occurs near 9 ergs/mm2 (25% survival), whereas in the nonselective forward system the mutation frequency passes through a maximum near 14 ergs/mm2 (4.4% survival) and then declines. This contrast in kinetics cannot be explained in any straightforward way by current models of induced mutagenesis, which have been developed primarily on the basis of bacterial data. The bacterial models are designed to accommodate the quadratic induction kinetics that are frequently observed in these systems. We have derived a mathematical expression for mutation frequency that enables us to fit both the forward and reversion data on the assumptions that mutagenesis is basically a \"single event\" Poisson process, and that mutation and killing are not necessarily independent of one another. In particular, the dose-response relations are consistent with the idea that the sensitivity of the revertants is about 25% less than that of the original cell population, whereas the sensitivity of the forward mutants is about 29% greater than the population average. We argue that this relatively small differential sensitivity of mutant and nonmutant cells is associated with events that take place during mutation expression and clonal growth.", "contents": "Kinetics of mutation induction by ultraviolet light in excision-deficient yeast. We have measured the frequency of UV-induced reversions (locus plus suppressor) for the ochre alleles ade2-1 and lys2-1 and forward mutations (ade2 adex double auxotrophs) in an excision-deficient strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (rad2-20). For very low UV doses, both mutational systems exhibit linear induction kinetics. However, as the dose increases, a strikingly different response is observed: in the selective reversion system a transition to higher order induction kinetics occurs near 9 ergs/mm2 (25% survival), whereas in the nonselective forward system the mutation frequency passes through a maximum near 14 ergs/mm2 (4.4% survival) and then declines. This contrast in kinetics cannot be explained in any straightforward way by current models of induced mutagenesis, which have been developed primarily on the basis of bacterial data. The bacterial models are designed to accommodate the quadratic induction kinetics that are frequently observed in these systems. We have derived a mathematical expression for mutation frequency that enables us to fit both the forward and reversion data on the assumptions that mutagenesis is basically a \"single event\" Poisson process, and that mutation and killing are not necessarily independent of one another. In particular, the dose-response relations are consistent with the idea that the sensitivity of the revertants is about 25% less than that of the original cell population, whereas the sensitivity of the forward mutants is about 29% greater than the population average. We argue that this relatively small differential sensitivity of mutant and nonmutant cells is associated with events that take place during mutation expression and clonal growth.", "PMID": 324868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9440", "title": "Association of chromosome loss with centromere-adjacent mitotic recombination in a yeast disomic haploid.", "content": "Experiments designed to characterize the association between disomic chromosome loss and centromere-adjacent mitotic recombination were performed. Mitotic gene convertants were selected at two heteroallelic sites on the left arm of disomic chromosome III and tested for coincident chromosome loss. The principal results are: (1) Disomic chromosome loss is markedly enhanced (nearly 40-fold) over basal levels among mitotic gene convertants selected to arise close to the centromere; no such enhancement is observed among convertants selected to arise relatively far from the centromere. (2) Chromosome loss is primarily associated with proximal allele conversion at the centromere-adjacent site, and many of these convertants are reciprocally recombined in the adjacent proximal interval. (3) Partial aneuploid exceptions provisionally identified as carrying left arm telocentrics have been found. A testable model is proposed suggesting that centromere involvement in genetic recombination may precipitate segregational disfunction leading to mitotic chromosome loss.", "contents": "Association of chromosome loss with centromere-adjacent mitotic recombination in a yeast disomic haploid. Experiments designed to characterize the association between disomic chromosome loss and centromere-adjacent mitotic recombination were performed. Mitotic gene convertants were selected at two heteroallelic sites on the left arm of disomic chromosome III and tested for coincident chromosome loss. The principal results are: (1) Disomic chromosome loss is markedly enhanced (nearly 40-fold) over basal levels among mitotic gene convertants selected to arise close to the centromere; no such enhancement is observed among convertants selected to arise relatively far from the centromere. (2) Chromosome loss is primarily associated with proximal allele conversion at the centromere-adjacent site, and many of these convertants are reciprocally recombined in the adjacent proximal interval. (3) Partial aneuploid exceptions provisionally identified as carrying left arm telocentrics have been found. A testable model is proposed suggesting that centromere involvement in genetic recombination may precipitate segregational disfunction leading to mitotic chromosome loss.", "PMID": 324869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9441", "title": "Immunofluorescent localisation of enterokinase in human small intestine.", "content": "The distribution of enterokinase in human intestine was studied in operative mucosal biopsies using specific antiserum to human enterokinase, previously purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography and immunoabsorption. Fluorescence was observed in the brush-border and glycocalyx of the duodenum and proximal 15 cm of jejunum distal to the D/J flexure. Distal jejunum and ileum as well as stomach and colon were consistently negative. Brunner's glands and goblet cells were never stained by specific antibody. Preliminary evidence was obtained that the human enterokinase molecule contains a specific antigenic determinant in its polypeptide component and a second determinant in the oligosaccharide moiety which cross-reacts with blood group A. Preliminary evidence was also obtained that mucosal synthesis of enterokinase may be impaired in jaundice due to carcinoma of the pancreas and induced in the small intestine distal to the normal limit of synthesis after pancreatico-duodenectomy.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localisation of enterokinase in human small intestine. The distribution of enterokinase in human intestine was studied in operative mucosal biopsies using specific antiserum to human enterokinase, previously purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography and immunoabsorption. Fluorescence was observed in the brush-border and glycocalyx of the duodenum and proximal 15 cm of jejunum distal to the D/J flexure. Distal jejunum and ileum as well as stomach and colon were consistently negative. Brunner's glands and goblet cells were never stained by specific antibody. Preliminary evidence was obtained that the human enterokinase molecule contains a specific antigenic determinant in its polypeptide component and a second determinant in the oligosaccharide moiety which cross-reacts with blood group A. Preliminary evidence was also obtained that mucosal synthesis of enterokinase may be impaired in jaundice due to carcinoma of the pancreas and induced in the small intestine distal to the normal limit of synthesis after pancreatico-duodenectomy.", "PMID": 324873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9442", "title": "Enzymatic and morphometric evidence for Crohn's disease as a diffuse lesion of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Intestinal disaccharidase and dipeptidase activities were measured in mucosal biopsies from the proximal jejunum in 20 patients with Crohn's disease apparently confined to the distal ileum or large bowel, 14 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 14 healthy volunteers who acted as controls. The dissecting microscopy and histological appearance of the biopsies were normal (Gd 0-1) except for two which showed grade 2 changes. tbiopsy morphometry showed a reduction of jejunal mucosal surface area and an increase in mucosal volume in patients with Chron's disease when compared with the other two groups. The mucosal enzymes studies demonstrated that patients with Crohn's disease had a significant reduction in brush-border enzymes (disaccharidase) but no change in cytoplasmic enzyme activity (dipeptidases). The enzyme levels in patients with ulcerative colitis did not differ from the healthy controls. The reduction of brush-border enzymes with normal cytoplasmic enzymes in the presence of abnormal morphometry is further evidence of the concept of Crohn's disease as a diffuse lesion of the gastrointestinal tract. It also suggests that there is either specific damage to the microvilli or some other abnormality such as impairment of enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "Enzymatic and morphometric evidence for Crohn's disease as a diffuse lesion of the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal disaccharidase and dipeptidase activities were measured in mucosal biopsies from the proximal jejunum in 20 patients with Crohn's disease apparently confined to the distal ileum or large bowel, 14 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 14 healthy volunteers who acted as controls. The dissecting microscopy and histological appearance of the biopsies were normal (Gd 0-1) except for two which showed grade 2 changes. tbiopsy morphometry showed a reduction of jejunal mucosal surface area and an increase in mucosal volume in patients with Chron's disease when compared with the other two groups. The mucosal enzymes studies demonstrated that patients with Crohn's disease had a significant reduction in brush-border enzymes (disaccharidase) but no change in cytoplasmic enzyme activity (dipeptidases). The enzyme levels in patients with ulcerative colitis did not differ from the healthy controls. The reduction of brush-border enzymes with normal cytoplasmic enzymes in the presence of abnormal morphometry is further evidence of the concept of Crohn's disease as a diffuse lesion of the gastrointestinal tract. It also suggests that there is either specific damage to the microvilli or some other abnormality such as impairment of enzyme synthesis.", "PMID": 324874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9443", "title": "Neuronal lipofuscin in centrophenoxine treated rats.", "content": "The diminution of neuronal lipofuscin was studied in centrophenoxine adminstered animals. In fluorescent studies, as well as in ordinary histological methods, a marked decrease of the lipofuscin was observed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, basal ganglia, midbrain, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The lipofuscin in the cenntrophenoxine animals showed fine granular structures in the perikarua of the neurones when compared to that of control rats. Electronmicroscopically, electron density of the lipofusin structures was observed. Enlargement of the vacuolar portions of the lipofuscin was seen in the neurones of the dorsal ganglia in the centrophenoxine animals. In the present studies, the diminution of the lipofuscin in the neurones was well demonstrated with fluorecent and histological methods. The characteristic ultrastructural changes of the neuronal lipofuscin are reported.", "contents": "Neuronal lipofuscin in centrophenoxine treated rats. The diminution of neuronal lipofuscin was studied in centrophenoxine adminstered animals. In fluorescent studies, as well as in ordinary histological methods, a marked decrease of the lipofuscin was observed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, basal ganglia, midbrain, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The lipofuscin in the cenntrophenoxine animals showed fine granular structures in the perikarua of the neurones when compared to that of control rats. Electronmicroscopically, electron density of the lipofusin structures was observed. Enlargement of the vacuolar portions of the lipofuscin was seen in the neurones of the dorsal ganglia in the centrophenoxine animals. In the present studies, the diminution of the lipofuscin in the neurones was well demonstrated with fluorecent and histological methods. The characteristic ultrastructural changes of the neuronal lipofuscin are reported.", "PMID": 324878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9444", "title": "Plasma proinsulin-like components and insulin in chronic liver disease.", "content": "In order to explain the increase of total IRI frequently observed at basal status, and after glucose administration, in patients with chronic liver disease, plasma proinsulin-like component and insulin levels have been studied in fourteen patients with liver cirrhosis associated or not with clinical or subclinical diabetes mellitus. A significative increase of plasma insulin was observed at basal status and after a glucose load not only in subjects with clinical or subclinical diabetes but also in those patients without carbohydrate abnormalities. This increase is apparently not correlated to any clinical characteristic and is associated in fasting and after glucose load with increased proinsulin-like component levels especially in patients with clinical or subclinical diabetes.", "contents": "Plasma proinsulin-like components and insulin in chronic liver disease. In order to explain the increase of total IRI frequently observed at basal status, and after glucose administration, in patients with chronic liver disease, plasma proinsulin-like component and insulin levels have been studied in fourteen patients with liver cirrhosis associated or not with clinical or subclinical diabetes mellitus. A significative increase of plasma insulin was observed at basal status and after a glucose load not only in subjects with clinical or subclinical diabetes but also in those patients without carbohydrate abnormalities. This increase is apparently not correlated to any clinical characteristic and is associated in fasting and after glucose load with increased proinsulin-like component levels especially in patients with clinical or subclinical diabetes.", "PMID": 324882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9445", "title": "Localization of a low molecular weight protease inhibitor to tracheal and mixillary sinus mucosa.", "content": "Normal human bronchial secretion contains protease inhibitors from plasma and an acid-stable, low molecular weight inhibitor which strongly inactivates granulocyte elastase and chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins. The distribution of this bronchial protease inhibitor in tracheal mucosa was analyzed by an indirect immunoperoxidase method. Strong peroxidase staining was obtained in the columnar ciliated epithelium of the trachea and in the sero-mucus glands. The findings support a local mucosal production of the inhibitor. Maxillary sinus mucosa was also positively stained for the inhibitor.", "contents": "Localization of a low molecular weight protease inhibitor to tracheal and mixillary sinus mucosa. Normal human bronchial secretion contains protease inhibitors from plasma and an acid-stable, low molecular weight inhibitor which strongly inactivates granulocyte elastase and chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins. The distribution of this bronchial protease inhibitor in tracheal mucosa was analyzed by an indirect immunoperoxidase method. Strong peroxidase staining was obtained in the columnar ciliated epithelium of the trachea and in the sero-mucus glands. The findings support a local mucosal production of the inhibitor. Maxillary sinus mucosa was also positively stained for the inhibitor.", "PMID": 324883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9446", "title": "Inhibition of ribonucleases by ribonucleotides and transition state analogs in cell-free extracts from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "We investigated the ribonucleolytic breakdown of poly(U), poly(A), RNA trascribed from calf thymus DNA with E. coli RNA polymerase, ribosomal RNA, tRNA and mengovirus RNA by an enzyme fraction obrained from a postribosomal supernatant of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The single-stranded homopolyribonucleotides are preferentially degraded by the enzyme fraction with the production of ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates. The RNase activity is completely dependent on the presence of Mg2+ ions and is highest at Mg2+ and K+ concentrations optimal for cell-free protein synthesis. Ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates, ribonucleoside 2'(3')-monophosphates, ribonucleoside 2'(3'),5'-bisphosphates and transition state analogs consisting of vanadyl sulfate and either ribonucleosides or ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates in a molar ratio 1:1 inhibit the ribonucleolytic activity of the enzyme fraction. The ribonucleoside 2'(3'),5'-bisphosphates and the transition state analogs are the most effective inhibitors. However, only in the presence of ribonucleoside 2'(3'),5'-bisphosphates a concomitant stimulation by 50 to 60% of poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis is observed; all the other RNase inhibitors tested also inhibit polypeptide synthesis. The results of preliminary experiments show that poly(U) and ribonucleoside 2'(3'),5'-bisphosphates are well suited as ligands for affinity chromatography of ribonucleases from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of ribonucleases by ribonucleotides and transition state analogs in cell-free extracts from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. We investigated the ribonucleolytic breakdown of poly(U), poly(A), RNA trascribed from calf thymus DNA with E. coli RNA polymerase, ribosomal RNA, tRNA and mengovirus RNA by an enzyme fraction obrained from a postribosomal supernatant of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The single-stranded homopolyribonucleotides are preferentially degraded by the enzyme fraction with the production of ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates. The RNase activity is completely dependent on the presence of Mg2+ ions and is highest at Mg2+ and K+ concentrations optimal for cell-free protein synthesis. Ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates, ribonucleoside 2'(3')-monophosphates, ribonucleoside 2'(3'),5'-bisphosphates and transition state analogs consisting of vanadyl sulfate and either ribonucleosides or ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates in a molar ratio 1:1 inhibit the ribonucleolytic activity of the enzyme fraction. The ribonucleoside 2'(3'),5'-bisphosphates and the transition state analogs are the most effective inhibitors. However, only in the presence of ribonucleoside 2'(3'),5'-bisphosphates a concomitant stimulation by 50 to 60% of poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis is observed; all the other RNase inhibitors tested also inhibit polypeptide synthesis. The results of preliminary experiments show that poly(U) and ribonucleoside 2'(3'),5'-bisphosphates are well suited as ligands for affinity chromatography of ribonucleases from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "PMID": 324884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9447", "title": "The macrophage disappearance reaction (mdr) as an in vivo test of delayed hypersensitivity in mice.", "content": "The macrophage disappearance reaction (MDR), as an invivo analogue of in vitro tests for delayed hypersensitivity, was utilized in mice with M. tuberculosis or mouse thyroid extract (MTE). The optimal schedule for the induction of macrophages in peritoneal exudates and the optimal concentration of antigen for the MDR were determined. Macrophage disappearance occurred 4 h after immunized mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 200 microng of soluble antigen. The MDR was found to be antigen specific. Intraperitoneal injection  of an unrelated antigen or tissue culture medium alone did not cause macrophage disappearance; however, the re-injection of the antigen used for immunization caused a 70-80% reduction of macrophages. Macrophage disappearance was greater in mice immunized with M. tuberculosis than in mice immunized with MTE. Comparison of the MDR with the footpad test in these 2 groups showed that mice immunized with M. tuberculosis developed a higher degree of delayed hypersensitivity than the group immunized with MTE. These results demonstrate that the MDR represents a specific and quantitative method for detecting the delayed type of cellular immune response in mice.", "contents": "The macrophage disappearance reaction (mdr) as an in vivo test of delayed hypersensitivity in mice. The macrophage disappearance reaction (MDR), as an invivo analogue of in vitro tests for delayed hypersensitivity, was utilized in mice with M. tuberculosis or mouse thyroid extract (MTE). The optimal schedule for the induction of macrophages in peritoneal exudates and the optimal concentration of antigen for the MDR were determined. Macrophage disappearance occurred 4 h after immunized mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 200 microng of soluble antigen. The MDR was found to be antigen specific. Intraperitoneal injection  of an unrelated antigen or tissue culture medium alone did not cause macrophage disappearance; however, the re-injection of the antigen used for immunization caused a 70-80% reduction of macrophages. Macrophage disappearance was greater in mice immunized with M. tuberculosis than in mice immunized with MTE. Comparison of the MDR with the footpad test in these 2 groups showed that mice immunized with M. tuberculosis developed a higher degree of delayed hypersensitivity than the group immunized with MTE. These results demonstrate that the MDR represents a specific and quantitative method for detecting the delayed type of cellular immune response in mice.", "PMID": 324893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9448", "title": "Complement receptors and cell associated complement components.", "content": "Membrane receptors for activated complement components are widely distributed amongst tissue cells of most mammalian species. Common amongst these are receptors for C3b which mediate many of the biological functions of C3. In addition, the genetic control of certain complement components is linked to the genes which code for the major histocompatibility complex. Many of these components are also present on cell surfaces. This suggests that the function of the complement system and the major histocompatibility complex may be related.", "contents": "Complement receptors and cell associated complement components. Membrane receptors for activated complement components are widely distributed amongst tissue cells of most mammalian species. Common amongst these are receptors for C3b which mediate many of the biological functions of C3. In addition, the genetic control of certain complement components is linked to the genes which code for the major histocompatibility complex. Many of these components are also present on cell surfaces. This suggests that the function of the complement system and the major histocompatibility complex may be related.", "PMID": 324894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9449", "title": "Development of a localized hemolysis-in-gel assay for Vi antigen: characterization of the Vi-specific PFC response of nude and normal mice.", "content": "An assay to detect specific plaque-forming cells (PFC) to Vi antigen (Vi) was developed and the optimal conditions for sensitization of sheep erythrocytes (SE) and plaque development were determined. Using PFC and passive hemagglutination (PHA) assays, Vi-specific immune responses of athymic (nude) and normal mice were characterized. Vi was found to elicit only IgM PFC. No discernable secondary response was detected following a second injection of antigen. Nude and normal mice responded in a quantitatively similar manner to all doses of Vi tested and responded similarly on varying days following immunization. Also, both nude and normal mice produced the greatest number of Vi-specific PFC 4 days following immunization with an optimally immunogenic dose of Vi (1.0 microng/mouse). These results indicate that functional thymus-derived cells are not necessary to elicit an immune response against Vi antigen.", "contents": "Development of a localized hemolysis-in-gel assay for Vi antigen: characterization of the Vi-specific PFC response of nude and normal mice. An assay to detect specific plaque-forming cells (PFC) to Vi antigen (Vi) was developed and the optimal conditions for sensitization of sheep erythrocytes (SE) and plaque development were determined. Using PFC and passive hemagglutination (PHA) assays, Vi-specific immune responses of athymic (nude) and normal mice were characterized. Vi was found to elicit only IgM PFC. No discernable secondary response was detected following a second injection of antigen. Nude and normal mice responded in a quantitatively similar manner to all doses of Vi tested and responded similarly on varying days following immunization. Also, both nude and normal mice produced the greatest number of Vi-specific PFC 4 days following immunization with an optimally immunogenic dose of Vi (1.0 microng/mouse). These results indicate that functional thymus-derived cells are not necessary to elicit an immune response against Vi antigen.", "PMID": 324895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9450", "title": "Induction of avian immunological responsiveness following cloacal drinking of immunogen.", "content": "A solution of human serum albumin which has been cloacally ingested can cause effective development of immunological memory with minimal or no immediate production of antibody in 4 to 6 week old chickens. Such memory production was not accompanied by the generation of circulating rosette-forming ABC (antigen binding cells) and thus the peripheral appearance of such cells as a part of the normal primary response to HSA (human serum albumin) does not accord with the interpretation that they represent memory B cells. The cloacal route may be important for the maturing chick in initiating immunity to the food and micro-organisms of its external environment and gut flora.", "contents": "Induction of avian immunological responsiveness following cloacal drinking of immunogen. A solution of human serum albumin which has been cloacally ingested can cause effective development of immunological memory with minimal or no immediate production of antibody in 4 to 6 week old chickens. Such memory production was not accompanied by the generation of circulating rosette-forming ABC (antigen binding cells) and thus the peripheral appearance of such cells as a part of the normal primary response to HSA (human serum albumin) does not accord with the interpretation that they represent memory B cells. The cloacal route may be important for the maturing chick in initiating immunity to the food and micro-organisms of its external environment and gut flora.", "PMID": 324896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9451", "title": "Non-specific suppression of the initiation of the immune response to a heterologous immunogen by supernatants from specifically stimulated, primed lymphoid cells.", "content": "In cultures of spleen cells from mice immunized with horse erythrocytes (HRBC) 7 days earlier, the simultaneous addition of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and the priming antigen on day 0 resulted in the suppression of the anti-SRBC plaque-forming cell (PFC) response by day 5 compared to the response of similar cultures that received only SRBC. The cell-free culture fluid from specifically-stimulated, HRBC-primed cells, but not normal cells, contained a factor that nonspecifically inhibited the anti-SRBC PFC response of cultures of normal spleen cells to which SRBC and diluted supernatant aliquots were added at the beginning of culture. Suppressor activity was not manifest unless active supernatants were added on day 0 of a 5-day culture period. Inhibition of the reference plaque response was not due to cytotoxicity of the active material, decreased immunogenicity of the SRBC, or switchover from IgM to IgG plaque formation. The soluble mediator was released slowly into the culture fluid, with linear kinetics, from specifically activated, primed cells, with maximum suppression obtained with the 120-h supernatant. When active supernatants were fractionated by gel filtration over Sephadex G-150, the inhibitory factor eluted with molecules of about 34,000 mol. wt.", "contents": "Non-specific suppression of the initiation of the immune response to a heterologous immunogen by supernatants from specifically stimulated, primed lymphoid cells. In cultures of spleen cells from mice immunized with horse erythrocytes (HRBC) 7 days earlier, the simultaneous addition of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and the priming antigen on day 0 resulted in the suppression of the anti-SRBC plaque-forming cell (PFC) response by day 5 compared to the response of similar cultures that received only SRBC. The cell-free culture fluid from specifically-stimulated, HRBC-primed cells, but not normal cells, contained a factor that nonspecifically inhibited the anti-SRBC PFC response of cultures of normal spleen cells to which SRBC and diluted supernatant aliquots were added at the beginning of culture. Suppressor activity was not manifest unless active supernatants were added on day 0 of a 5-day culture period. Inhibition of the reference plaque response was not due to cytotoxicity of the active material, decreased immunogenicity of the SRBC, or switchover from IgM to IgG plaque formation. The soluble mediator was released slowly into the culture fluid, with linear kinetics, from specifically activated, primed cells, with maximum suppression obtained with the 120-h supernatant. When active supernatants were fractionated by gel filtration over Sephadex G-150, the inhibitory factor eluted with molecules of about 34,000 mol. wt.", "PMID": 324897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9452", "title": "Reactivity and crossreactivity of mouse helper T cells to malaria parasites.", "content": "The mouse helper T-cell response to four plasmodial and babesial parasites was measured by using them as carriers for a standard hapten (TNP). Helper T cells appeared to recognize all the parasites, but not to be able to distinguish between them. Helper T-cell responses could be augmented by vaccination with formalin-fixed parasites. However vaccination did not always confer protection against infection. Conversely, mice resistant to infection because of prior recovery from a homologous or heterologous infection had normal or reduced helper T-cell responses. It is concluded that resistance to infection with these parasites, though dependent on T cells, may not only involve the helper T-cell subpopulation.", "contents": "Reactivity and crossreactivity of mouse helper T cells to malaria parasites. The mouse helper T-cell response to four plasmodial and babesial parasites was measured by using them as carriers for a standard hapten (TNP). Helper T cells appeared to recognize all the parasites, but not to be able to distinguish between them. Helper T-cell responses could be augmented by vaccination with formalin-fixed parasites. However vaccination did not always confer protection against infection. Conversely, mice resistant to infection because of prior recovery from a homologous or heterologous infection had normal or reduced helper T-cell responses. It is concluded that resistance to infection with these parasites, though dependent on T cells, may not only involve the helper T-cell subpopulation.", "PMID": 324898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9453", "title": "Immunological capacity of the chicken embryo. II. Humoral immune responses in embryos and young chickens bursectomized and sham-bursectomized at 52--64 h of incubation.", "content": "White Rock embryos surgically \"bursectomized\" at 52--64 h of incubation, and shambursectomized embryos were injected with 10(6) guinea-pig red blood cells on day 12 of incubation, and tested for plaque-forming cells and serum haemagglutinins 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 19 days after immunization, i.e. as 15- to 19-day-old embryos and 1- to 10-day-old chickens. The number of natural plaque-forming cells detected by direct or indirect techniques was small in nonimmunized shambursectomized and bursectomized embryos, but increased in very young chickens. The injection of guinea-pig red blood cells induced a significant increase in the number of direct and indirect plaque-forming cells in the spleen of bursectomized and sham-bursectomized embryos and chickens. Agglutination of papain-treated guinea-pig red blood cells and indirect anti-chicken globulin (Coombs) test revealed the presence of natural agglutinins for guinea-pig and for sheep erythrocytes in non-immunized sham-and bursectomized embryos. A small number of sera from nonimmunized bursectomized and sham-bursectomized embryos contained IgM. The immunization with guinea-pig red blood cells increased the antibody production in both bursectomized and sham-bursectomized embryos and chickens. Sham-bursectomized embryos responded better to antigenic stimulation than bursectomized embryos. The injection of guinea-pig red blood produced an enlargement of the spleen only in bursectomized embryos and chickens. The first plasma cells appeared in nonimmunized sham-and bursectomized 6-day-old chickens. The number of plasma cells increased in chickens immunized as embryos. Cytomorphological analysis of the thymus, bone marrow and liver did not reveal apparent differences between bursectomized, sham-bursectomized embryos and very young chickens. It has been postulated that the chicken embryo has an antibody-producing system composed of the bursal and the nonbursal (or accessory \"bursal\") microenvironment, the latter being bursa-independent. The final microenvironmental network for the formation of Bu lymphocytes is the result of coordinated activities of a variety of intrinsic cellular and humoral factors.", "contents": "Immunological capacity of the chicken embryo. II. Humoral immune responses in embryos and young chickens bursectomized and sham-bursectomized at 52--64 h of incubation. White Rock embryos surgically \"bursectomized\" at 52--64 h of incubation, and shambursectomized embryos were injected with 10(6) guinea-pig red blood cells on day 12 of incubation, and tested for plaque-forming cells and serum haemagglutinins 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 19 days after immunization, i.e. as 15- to 19-day-old embryos and 1- to 10-day-old chickens. The number of natural plaque-forming cells detected by direct or indirect techniques was small in nonimmunized shambursectomized and bursectomized embryos, but increased in very young chickens. The injection of guinea-pig red blood cells induced a significant increase in the number of direct and indirect plaque-forming cells in the spleen of bursectomized and sham-bursectomized embryos and chickens. Agglutination of papain-treated guinea-pig red blood cells and indirect anti-chicken globulin (Coombs) test revealed the presence of natural agglutinins for guinea-pig and for sheep erythrocytes in non-immunized sham-and bursectomized embryos. A small number of sera from nonimmunized bursectomized and sham-bursectomized embryos contained IgM. The immunization with guinea-pig red blood cells increased the antibody production in both bursectomized and sham-bursectomized embryos and chickens. Sham-bursectomized embryos responded better to antigenic stimulation than bursectomized embryos. The injection of guinea-pig red blood produced an enlargement of the spleen only in bursectomized embryos and chickens. The first plasma cells appeared in nonimmunized sham-and bursectomized 6-day-old chickens. The number of plasma cells increased in chickens immunized as embryos. Cytomorphological analysis of the thymus, bone marrow and liver did not reveal apparent differences between bursectomized, sham-bursectomized embryos and very young chickens. It has been postulated that the chicken embryo has an antibody-producing system composed of the bursal and the nonbursal (or accessory \"bursal\") microenvironment, the latter being bursa-independent. The final microenvironmental network for the formation of Bu lymphocytes is the result of coordinated activities of a variety of intrinsic cellular and humoral factors.", "PMID": 324899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9454", "title": "Heteroantisera prepared against B lymphocytes at different stages of differentiation. II. Functional analysis of cytotoxicity to different B-cell populations.", "content": "Functional studies on heteroantisera raised against mouse B cells in rabbits suggest a correlation between thymus-independent B cells and LPS-responsive B cells, and differences in either from thymus-dependent B cells. Furthermore it seems possible to follow B-lymphocyte differentiation from antigen-uncommitted precursors to antigen committed immature B cells to mature B lymphocytes by the loss and acquisition of surface markers distinguished by these heteroantisera. Additional evidence is provided that there are distinctive antigenic differences between antibody forming cells raised from the same B-cell source after in vivo or in vitro immunization.", "contents": "Heteroantisera prepared against B lymphocytes at different stages of differentiation. II. Functional analysis of cytotoxicity to different B-cell populations. Functional studies on heteroantisera raised against mouse B cells in rabbits suggest a correlation between thymus-independent B cells and LPS-responsive B cells, and differences in either from thymus-dependent B cells. Furthermore it seems possible to follow B-lymphocyte differentiation from antigen-uncommitted precursors to antigen committed immature B cells to mature B lymphocytes by the loss and acquisition of surface markers distinguished by these heteroantisera. Additional evidence is provided that there are distinctive antigenic differences between antibody forming cells raised from the same B-cell source after in vivo or in vitro immunization.", "PMID": 324900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9455", "title": "Intestinal immune response to E. coli antigens in the germ-free chicken.", "content": "The secretory intestinal immune response to live and heat-inactivated E. coli 02 has been studied in young germ-free chicks. A response to live organisms was evident from an infiltration of the intestinal mucosa with IgA and IgM immunoglobulin-producing cells (IPC). Antibody associated with both immunoglobulin classes which was specific for E. coli 02 was demonstrated in saline extracts of contents from the small intestine. Repeated oral immunization with heat-killed E. coli 02 failed to stimulate serum or intestinal antibody. This finding reflected the complete absence of IPC within the intestinal mucosa of these birds. The IPC profile of unimmunized germ-free chicks was identical to that seen in chicks orally immunized with inactivated E. coli. An interesting feature of all gnotobiotic birds was a considerable elevation of serum IgM levels, compared to those of conventional birds, which was unassociated with immunization procedures. Serum IgG and IgA levels in gnotobiotes were much lower than those in the serum of conventional birds of comparable age. Studies on the fate of orally administered antigen using radiolabelled E. coli endotoxin indicated that a proportion remained intact as far down the intestinal tract as the caecum. However, unaccountably high levels of low mol. wt antigen in the faeces suggested degradation, intestinal absorption and subsequent excretion of endotoxin fragments in the urine. The differences between the avian response and that observed in mammals are discussed in relation to the comparative roles of Peyer's patches and the bursa of Fabricius in initiating intestinal immununity.", "contents": "Intestinal immune response to E. coli antigens in the germ-free chicken. The secretory intestinal immune response to live and heat-inactivated E. coli 02 has been studied in young germ-free chicks. A response to live organisms was evident from an infiltration of the intestinal mucosa with IgA and IgM immunoglobulin-producing cells (IPC). Antibody associated with both immunoglobulin classes which was specific for E. coli 02 was demonstrated in saline extracts of contents from the small intestine. Repeated oral immunization with heat-killed E. coli 02 failed to stimulate serum or intestinal antibody. This finding reflected the complete absence of IPC within the intestinal mucosa of these birds. The IPC profile of unimmunized germ-free chicks was identical to that seen in chicks orally immunized with inactivated E. coli. An interesting feature of all gnotobiotic birds was a considerable elevation of serum IgM levels, compared to those of conventional birds, which was unassociated with immunization procedures. Serum IgG and IgA levels in gnotobiotes were much lower than those in the serum of conventional birds of comparable age. Studies on the fate of orally administered antigen using radiolabelled E. coli endotoxin indicated that a proportion remained intact as far down the intestinal tract as the caecum. However, unaccountably high levels of low mol. wt antigen in the faeces suggested degradation, intestinal absorption and subsequent excretion of endotoxin fragments in the urine. The differences between the avian response and that observed in mammals are discussed in relation to the comparative roles of Peyer's patches and the bursa of Fabricius in initiating intestinal immununity.", "PMID": 324901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9456", "title": "Inhibition of antibody responses by cells from mice treated with picryl sulphonic acid.", "content": "Cells from mice inoculated with picryl sulphonic acid (PSA cells), which contain suppressor T cells for contact sensitivity to picryl chloride, were examined for their ability to alter antibody responses of normal mice. These cells did not influence antibody or plaque-forming cell (PFC) production accompanying contact sensitivity reactions produced by painting with picryl chloride but reduced IgG antibody and indirect PFC responses to conjugates of trinitrophenyl (TNP) bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin. IgG responses to TNP or new antigenic determinants of TNP-mouse serum albumin were not affected by PSA cells. The PSA cells required several weeks to produce reductions of responses and only reduced responses to optimal doses of antigen. When the injection of antigen was delayed until several weeks after the injection of PSA cells rapid reductions of responses were found but these were short-lived. The inhibition was specific for TNP proteins although responses to hapten and carrier were reduced. Evidence is presented to show that the inhibition was mediated by an adherent macrophage-like cell rather than a T cell. The inhibitory activity was resistant to irradiation and anti-theta treatment but was removed by glutaraldehyde treatment and cotton wool filtration.", "contents": "Inhibition of antibody responses by cells from mice treated with picryl sulphonic acid. Cells from mice inoculated with picryl sulphonic acid (PSA cells), which contain suppressor T cells for contact sensitivity to picryl chloride, were examined for their ability to alter antibody responses of normal mice. These cells did not influence antibody or plaque-forming cell (PFC) production accompanying contact sensitivity reactions produced by painting with picryl chloride but reduced IgG antibody and indirect PFC responses to conjugates of trinitrophenyl (TNP) bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin. IgG responses to TNP or new antigenic determinants of TNP-mouse serum albumin were not affected by PSA cells. The PSA cells required several weeks to produce reductions of responses and only reduced responses to optimal doses of antigen. When the injection of antigen was delayed until several weeks after the injection of PSA cells rapid reductions of responses were found but these were short-lived. The inhibition was specific for TNP proteins although responses to hapten and carrier were reduced. Evidence is presented to show that the inhibition was mediated by an adherent macrophage-like cell rather than a T cell. The inhibitory activity was resistant to irradiation and anti-theta treatment but was removed by glutaraldehyde treatment and cotton wool filtration.", "PMID": 324902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9457", "title": "Antigenic competition between heterologous erythrocytes in mice. Immunological and histological studies exploring mechanisms of the antigenic competition.", "content": "To explore the mechanisms of antigenic competition, immunological and histological studies were made on mice using non-crossreacting heterologous erythrocyte antigens, i.e. sheep (SRBC), horse (HRBC) and chicken (CRBC) erythrocytes. Deficiency in the competition-inducing capacity of CRBC which we demonstrated in a previous paper was corroborated by the results that under any experimental conditions examined CRBC were unable to induce the competition. Of interest in the studies was that when anti-HRBC antibody responses of mice pre-injected with SRBC, i.e. competing antigen, were examined on day 2 and day 4 of HRBC-immunization, the day-2 response was revealed to be significantly enhanced, whereas the day-4-response was markedly suppressed as a result of the antigenic competition. By contrast, pre-injection with CRBC, i.e. non-competing antigen, did not affect at all either day-2 or day-4 anti-HRBC response of mice. Histological features of the spleens of mice either being prepared for antigenic competition or undergoing competitively suppressed antibody response were characterized by prominent regeneration of hyperplastic germinal centres, involving appearance of numerous tingible bodies and distinct collars of small lymphocytes which suggested massive proliferation and degeneration of lymphocytes. The spleens of mice in the immunological state indifferent to antigenic competition were characterized by huge lymphatic follicles which contained very few tingible bodies and were circumscribed by a markedly attenuated zone of small lymphocytes. From all these results, we suggest that massive proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes, probably toward regulatory (suppressor) T cells, could account for a mechanism of antigenic competition, and that deficient competition-inducing capacity of CRBC should be ascribed to weakness of their capacity in activation of the regulatory T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Antigenic competition between heterologous erythrocytes in mice. Immunological and histological studies exploring mechanisms of the antigenic competition. To explore the mechanisms of antigenic competition, immunological and histological studies were made on mice using non-crossreacting heterologous erythrocyte antigens, i.e. sheep (SRBC), horse (HRBC) and chicken (CRBC) erythrocytes. Deficiency in the competition-inducing capacity of CRBC which we demonstrated in a previous paper was corroborated by the results that under any experimental conditions examined CRBC were unable to induce the competition. Of interest in the studies was that when anti-HRBC antibody responses of mice pre-injected with SRBC, i.e. competing antigen, were examined on day 2 and day 4 of HRBC-immunization, the day-2 response was revealed to be significantly enhanced, whereas the day-4-response was markedly suppressed as a result of the antigenic competition. By contrast, pre-injection with CRBC, i.e. non-competing antigen, did not affect at all either day-2 or day-4 anti-HRBC response of mice. Histological features of the spleens of mice either being prepared for antigenic competition or undergoing competitively suppressed antibody response were characterized by prominent regeneration of hyperplastic germinal centres, involving appearance of numerous tingible bodies and distinct collars of small lymphocytes which suggested massive proliferation and degeneration of lymphocytes. The spleens of mice in the immunological state indifferent to antigenic competition were characterized by huge lymphatic follicles which contained very few tingible bodies and were circumscribed by a markedly attenuated zone of small lymphocytes. From all these results, we suggest that massive proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes, probably toward regulatory (suppressor) T cells, could account for a mechanism of antigenic competition, and that deficient competition-inducing capacity of CRBC should be ascribed to weakness of their capacity in activation of the regulatory T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 324903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9458", "title": "B-memory cells can be stimulated by antigen in vitro to become IgG antibody-secreting cells.", "content": "Whereas DNP-KLH primed mouse spleen cells fail to show the high IgG anti DNP levels characteristic of an anamnestic immune response when cultured for 5 days under Mishell-Dutton conditions, we show here that such a response can be observed after 8--10 days in vitro using modified Marbrook culture vessels. The kinetics of this secondary response in vitro resemble that described elsewhere for the adotpive secondary immune response in irradiated recipients, and show that insignificant numbers of IgG PFC can be expected before 6 days of culture. This timing is governed by the maturation state of B cells at the start of culture, and was not accelerated by the addition of recently boosted carrier primed spleen cells. We conclude that the deficit in IgG PFC numbers that characterizes Mishell-Dutton cultures of cells primed 2--4 months previously is due to the shortage of time during which such cultures can maintain lymphocyte division and maturation.", "contents": "B-memory cells can be stimulated by antigen in vitro to become IgG antibody-secreting cells. Whereas DNP-KLH primed mouse spleen cells fail to show the high IgG anti DNP levels characteristic of an anamnestic immune response when cultured for 5 days under Mishell-Dutton conditions, we show here that such a response can be observed after 8--10 days in vitro using modified Marbrook culture vessels. The kinetics of this secondary response in vitro resemble that described elsewhere for the adotpive secondary immune response in irradiated recipients, and show that insignificant numbers of IgG PFC can be expected before 6 days of culture. This timing is governed by the maturation state of B cells at the start of culture, and was not accelerated by the addition of recently boosted carrier primed spleen cells. We conclude that the deficit in IgG PFC numbers that characterizes Mishell-Dutton cultures of cells primed 2--4 months previously is due to the shortage of time during which such cultures can maintain lymphocyte division and maturation.", "PMID": 324904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9459", "title": "Conditions for the development of IgM- and IgG-antibody-secreting cells from primed mouse splenocytes in vitro.", "content": "A modified Marbrook chamber has been devised and manufactured which will fit inside a standard tissue culture Petri dish. A comparison has been made between Mishell-Dutton and modified Marbrook culture systems with respect to their ability to support an immune response by quiescent memory cells exposed to antigen in vitro. Good culture conditions are maintained for considerably longer in the modified Marbrook cultures and it seems that as a consequence these cultures support a large and reliable IgG response, normally absent or very small in cultures of the Mishell-Dutton type. Ease of manipulation and convenient size make the modified Marbrook system a good prospect for future long-term experiments.", "contents": "Conditions for the development of IgM- and IgG-antibody-secreting cells from primed mouse splenocytes in vitro. A modified Marbrook chamber has been devised and manufactured which will fit inside a standard tissue culture Petri dish. A comparison has been made between Mishell-Dutton and modified Marbrook culture systems with respect to their ability to support an immune response by quiescent memory cells exposed to antigen in vitro. Good culture conditions are maintained for considerably longer in the modified Marbrook cultures and it seems that as a consequence these cultures support a large and reliable IgG response, normally absent or very small in cultures of the Mishell-Dutton type. Ease of manipulation and convenient size make the modified Marbrook system a good prospect for future long-term experiments.", "PMID": 324905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9460", "title": "Antibody response in vitro of spleen cells from Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice.", "content": "The primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes and dinitrophenylated Ficoll of spleen cells from mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii was studied in vitro. The response to sheep erythrocytes was enhanced between 2 and 4 days after infection and depressed at later intervals. Cell fractionation experiments carried out at the time of immunosuppression indicated a defect of macrophage function. At the same time the response to dinitrophenylated Ficoll was normal.", "contents": "Antibody response in vitro of spleen cells from Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice. The primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes and dinitrophenylated Ficoll of spleen cells from mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii was studied in vitro. The response to sheep erythrocytes was enhanced between 2 and 4 days after infection and depressed at later intervals. Cell fractionation experiments carried out at the time of immunosuppression indicated a defect of macrophage function. At the same time the response to dinitrophenylated Ficoll was normal.", "PMID": 324908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9461", "title": "Use of a free viral immunofluorescence assay to detect human reovirus-like agent in human stools.", "content": "Human reovirus-like agent (HRVLA) is a major cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children in many parts of the world. Detection of HRVLA in stools is impractical with the techniques currently available. We describe a rapid immunofluorescence assay for detection of HRVLA in stools. Results with this assay agreed well with results obtained from examination of stool specimens by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Use of a free viral immunofluorescence assay to detect human reovirus-like agent in human stools. Human reovirus-like agent (HRVLA) is a major cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children in many parts of the world. Detection of HRVLA in stools is impractical with the techniques currently available. We describe a rapid immunofluorescence assay for detection of HRVLA in stools. Results with this assay agreed well with results obtained from examination of stool specimens by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 324909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9462", "title": "Inhibition of small-intestinal sugar and amino acid transport by the enterotoxin of Shigella dysenteriae I.", "content": "The enterotoxin of Shigella dysenteriae I produces fluid and electrolyte secretion in the rabbit ileum. These present studies were designed to evaluate nonelectrolyte transport in rabbit ileal mucosa exposed to Shigella enterotoxin. Both 10 mM galactose and 5 mM L-alanine absorptions were significantly impaired in enterotoxin-exposed ileal mucosa compared with control mucosa. L-Alanine influx was not imparied in two other secretory processes: that induced by cholera enterotoxin and hyperosmolarity. These studies provide evidence that both surgar and amino acid absorptions are diminished in the small intestine by the enterotoxin of S. dysenteriae I.", "contents": "Inhibition of small-intestinal sugar and amino acid transport by the enterotoxin of Shigella dysenteriae I. The enterotoxin of Shigella dysenteriae I produces fluid and electrolyte secretion in the rabbit ileum. These present studies were designed to evaluate nonelectrolyte transport in rabbit ileal mucosa exposed to Shigella enterotoxin. Both 10 mM galactose and 5 mM L-alanine absorptions were significantly impaired in enterotoxin-exposed ileal mucosa compared with control mucosa. L-Alanine influx was not imparied in two other secretory processes: that induced by cholera enterotoxin and hyperosmolarity. These studies provide evidence that both surgar and amino acid absorptions are diminished in the small intestine by the enterotoxin of S. dysenteriae I.", "PMID": 324910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9463", "title": "Appearance of cellular and humoral immunity in guinea pigs after infection with Coxiella burnetii administered in small-particle aerosols.", "content": "The development of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses was studied in guinea pigs infected with Coxiella burnetti administered in small-particle aerosols. Direct macrophage migration inhibition was observed in cultured peritoneal exudate cells as early as 3 days after exposure. Maximum inhibition of macrophages cultured with phase I or II antigen occurred 14 to 21 days postexposure and persisted through 35 days. This inhibitory action was no longer detectable at 42 days. Serum antibody to the phase II antigen of C. burnetii was detected at 14 days, and serum antibody to phase I antigen was detected at 21 days, 18 days after the cell-mediated immune response.", "contents": "Appearance of cellular and humoral immunity in guinea pigs after infection with Coxiella burnetii administered in small-particle aerosols. The development of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses was studied in guinea pigs infected with Coxiella burnetti administered in small-particle aerosols. Direct macrophage migration inhibition was observed in cultured peritoneal exudate cells as early as 3 days after exposure. Maximum inhibition of macrophages cultured with phase I or II antigen occurred 14 to 21 days postexposure and persisted through 35 days. This inhibitory action was no longer detectable at 42 days. Serum antibody to the phase II antigen of C. burnetii was detected at 14 days, and serum antibody to phase I antigen was detected at 21 days, 18 days after the cell-mediated immune response.", "PMID": 324911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9464", "title": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induction of a mouse spleen factor stimulating ribonucleic acid polymerase II.", "content": "When bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a B-cell mitogen, was injected intraperitoneally into mice, the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and the number of antibody-secreting cells in the spleen increased simultaneously, reaching a maximum in 3 days. The rate of ribonucleic acid synthesis also increased during this period, and this was found to be due to activation of alpha-amanitin-sensitive transcription in lymphoid cells of the spleen. The factors stimulating ribonucleic acid polymerase II in the spleens of normal mice and those treated with lipopolysaccharide were compared, and an additional factor besides that present in normal spleens was found in the spleen of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice.", "contents": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induction of a mouse spleen factor stimulating ribonucleic acid polymerase II. When bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a B-cell mitogen, was injected intraperitoneally into mice, the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and the number of antibody-secreting cells in the spleen increased simultaneously, reaching a maximum in 3 days. The rate of ribonucleic acid synthesis also increased during this period, and this was found to be due to activation of alpha-amanitin-sensitive transcription in lymphoid cells of the spleen. The factors stimulating ribonucleic acid polymerase II in the spleens of normal mice and those treated with lipopolysaccharide were compared, and an additional factor besides that present in normal spleens was found in the spleen of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice.", "PMID": 324912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9465", "title": "Serological cross-reactivity between group B Streptococcus and Sporothrix schenckii, Ceratocystis species, and Graphium species.", "content": "Serological cross-reactivity of a group B Streptococcus (H36B) with Sporothrix schenckii and 39 different Ceratocystis and Graphium species was investigated by double immunodiffusion. Rabbit anti-H36B serum reacted with antigens from S. schenckii and from 36 of 39 Ceratocystis and Graphium species. It is speculated that low-titer agglutinins to S. schenckii in normal sera are due to antibodies raised against various bacteria which share common antigens with S. schenckii.", "contents": "Serological cross-reactivity between group B Streptococcus and Sporothrix schenckii, Ceratocystis species, and Graphium species. Serological cross-reactivity of a group B Streptococcus (H36B) with Sporothrix schenckii and 39 different Ceratocystis and Graphium species was investigated by double immunodiffusion. Rabbit anti-H36B serum reacted with antigens from S. schenckii and from 36 of 39 Ceratocystis and Graphium species. It is speculated that low-titer agglutinins to S. schenckii in normal sera are due to antibodies raised against various bacteria which share common antigens with S. schenckii.", "PMID": 324913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9466", "title": "Effect of levamisole on Mycobacterium leprae in mice.", "content": "Levamisole, an antihelminthic drug that is capable of enhancing immune responses in mice and in humans, was tested in experimental Mycobacterium leprae infections in mice by a number of schedules. Intermittent schedules were used, and administration of the drug was started (i) around the time of inoculation with M. leprae, (ii) when the M. leprae population was approaching the plateau level, (iii) after the onset of the plateau phase, or (iv) after BCG vaccination 28 days following the inoculation with M. leprae. No effect of drug could be discerned with any of the schedules.", "contents": "Effect of levamisole on Mycobacterium leprae in mice. Levamisole, an antihelminthic drug that is capable of enhancing immune responses in mice and in humans, was tested in experimental Mycobacterium leprae infections in mice by a number of schedules. Intermittent schedules were used, and administration of the drug was started (i) around the time of inoculation with M. leprae, (ii) when the M. leprae population was approaching the plateau level, (iii) after the onset of the plateau phase, or (iv) after BCG vaccination 28 days following the inoculation with M. leprae. No effect of drug could be discerned with any of the schedules.", "PMID": 324914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9467", "title": "Bacterial interference. IV. Epidemiological determinants of the antagonistic activity of the normal throat flora against group A streptococci.", "content": "A study was performed to identify epidemiological factors such as age, race, sex, and time of culture that might influence the ability of the normal pharyngeal flora to interfere with growth of group A streptococci. From March 1974 through February 1975, throat swabs were obtained from 952 individuals. Cultures were assayed by an agar overlay procedure for the presence of bacteria capable of inhibiting growth of group A streptococci. The observed inhibition was then determined to be bacteriostatic or bactericidal by use of a broth filtrate technique. Regardless of age, race, or sex, subjects were more likely to harbor interfering flora if cultured during the months of March and April, which coincided with the highest prevalence of group A streptococci in the community. Race and sex of subjects appeared not to influence the inhibitory activity of throat flora either quantitatively or qualitatively. However, among individuals with interfering flora, the prevalence of bactericidal organisms increased and bacteriostatic organisms decreased with advancing age. Since the presence of bactericidal, and not bacteriostatic, organisms has been associated with resistance to colonization of the throat by group A streptococci, this higher prevalence of bactericidal organisms in older individuals suggests that bacterial interference may be one of the mechanisms that account for the greater resistance of adults than children to streptococcal throat infection.", "contents": "Bacterial interference. IV. Epidemiological determinants of the antagonistic activity of the normal throat flora against group A streptococci. A study was performed to identify epidemiological factors such as age, race, sex, and time of culture that might influence the ability of the normal pharyngeal flora to interfere with growth of group A streptococci. From March 1974 through February 1975, throat swabs were obtained from 952 individuals. Cultures were assayed by an agar overlay procedure for the presence of bacteria capable of inhibiting growth of group A streptococci. The observed inhibition was then determined to be bacteriostatic or bactericidal by use of a broth filtrate technique. Regardless of age, race, or sex, subjects were more likely to harbor interfering flora if cultured during the months of March and April, which coincided with the highest prevalence of group A streptococci in the community. Race and sex of subjects appeared not to influence the inhibitory activity of throat flora either quantitatively or qualitatively. However, among individuals with interfering flora, the prevalence of bactericidal organisms increased and bacteriostatic organisms decreased with advancing age. Since the presence of bactericidal, and not bacteriostatic, organisms has been associated with resistance to colonization of the throat by group A streptococci, this higher prevalence of bactericidal organisms in older individuals suggests that bacterial interference may be one of the mechanisms that account for the greater resistance of adults than children to streptococcal throat infection.", "PMID": 324915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9468", "title": "Interaction of lipoteichoic acid of group A streptococci with human platelets.", "content": "The interaction of group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) with mammalian cell membranes was studied in human platelets. The binding of LTA to platelets was platelet concentration and time dependent. Binding approached a maximum within 10 min of incubation. The bound LTA could be displaced by adding a 50-fold excess of unlabeled LTA. An association constant of 1.9 X 10(-7) M was calculated, and only one population of binding sites was detected. Immuno-ferritin labeling of LTA-treated platelets demonstrated a patchy distribution of LTA binding sites on the platelet surface. LTA inhibited collagen- and alpha1 chain-induced platelet aggregation, but not the platelet release reaction, suggesting that the LTA and collagen binding sites on human platelets are distinct. Apparently, LTA binds to platelets and interferes with collagen-induced aggregation although collagen is still able to attach to binding sites to trigger the release reaction.", "contents": "Interaction of lipoteichoic acid of group A streptococci with human platelets. The interaction of group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) with mammalian cell membranes was studied in human platelets. The binding of LTA to platelets was platelet concentration and time dependent. Binding approached a maximum within 10 min of incubation. The bound LTA could be displaced by adding a 50-fold excess of unlabeled LTA. An association constant of 1.9 X 10(-7) M was calculated, and only one population of binding sites was detected. Immuno-ferritin labeling of LTA-treated platelets demonstrated a patchy distribution of LTA binding sites on the platelet surface. LTA inhibited collagen- and alpha1 chain-induced platelet aggregation, but not the platelet release reaction, suggesting that the LTA and collagen binding sites on human platelets are distinct. Apparently, LTA binds to platelets and interferes with collagen-induced aggregation although collagen is still able to attach to binding sites to trigger the release reaction.", "PMID": 324916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9469", "title": "Production and assay of antibodies against one antigenic component of Mycobacterium bovis BCG.", "content": "Monospecific antisera against BCG antigen 60 were produced by all of four rabbits during immunization with precipitates containing antigen 60 cut out of gels after crossed immunoelectrophoresis. During electrolytic iodination of a crude antigen 60 preparation, preferential labeling of antigen 60 was demonstrated, and a specific radioimmunoassay was established to follow the development of anti-BCG-60 activity during immunization.", "contents": "Production and assay of antibodies against one antigenic component of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Monospecific antisera against BCG antigen 60 were produced by all of four rabbits during immunization with precipitates containing antigen 60 cut out of gels after crossed immunoelectrophoresis. During electrolytic iodination of a crude antigen 60 preparation, preferential labeling of antigen 60 was demonstrated, and a specific radioimmunoassay was established to follow the development of anti-BCG-60 activity during immunization.", "PMID": 324917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9470", "title": "Purification and characterization of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C.", "content": "Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) type C was partially purified by differential solubility in ethanol and acetate-buffered saline. Toxin prepared in this way consisted of protein and hyaluronic acid. After removal of hyaluronic acid, the toxin remained pyrogenic, enhanced susceptibility of rabbits to letahl endotoxin shock, was stable when treated with acid, base, or pepsin, but was inactivated by heat. Toxin further purified by thin-layer isoelectric focusing was pyrogenic and enhanced the susceptibility of rabbits to lethal endotoxin shock. Purified type C toxin appeared homogeneous when tested by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and migrated as a single protein band in isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gels (isoelectric point, 6.7) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels (molecular weight, 13,200). The purified toxin was antigenically distinct from A and B SPE, and antisera raised against the purified toxin neutralized pyrogenic activity. The amino acid composition was determined.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C. Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) type C was partially purified by differential solubility in ethanol and acetate-buffered saline. Toxin prepared in this way consisted of protein and hyaluronic acid. After removal of hyaluronic acid, the toxin remained pyrogenic, enhanced susceptibility of rabbits to letahl endotoxin shock, was stable when treated with acid, base, or pepsin, but was inactivated by heat. Toxin further purified by thin-layer isoelectric focusing was pyrogenic and enhanced the susceptibility of rabbits to lethal endotoxin shock. Purified type C toxin appeared homogeneous when tested by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and migrated as a single protein band in isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gels (isoelectric point, 6.7) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels (molecular weight, 13,200). The purified toxin was antigenically distinct from A and B SPE, and antisera raised against the purified toxin neutralized pyrogenic activity. The amino acid composition was determined.", "PMID": 324918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9471", "title": "Alveolar macrophage-lymphocyte rosette formation: failure of levamisole to alter activity.", "content": "Levamisole, an anthelminthic agent with immunostimulatory properties, does not alter in vitro macrophage-lymphocyte rosette formation between sheep alveolar macrophages and autochthonous lymphocytes.", "contents": "Alveolar macrophage-lymphocyte rosette formation: failure of levamisole to alter activity. Levamisole, an anthelminthic agent with immunostimulatory properties, does not alter in vitro macrophage-lymphocyte rosette formation between sheep alveolar macrophages and autochthonous lymphocytes.", "PMID": 324919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9472", "title": "Intestinal stimulation of the serum antibody response against Escherichia coli O83 antigen in healthy adults.", "content": "Ingestion of E. coli O83 bacteria preceded by intake of 2 g of NaHCO3 resulted in the bacteria appearing as a transient strain in the stool in 6 out of 11 healthy adult individuals. No rise in serum, urine or parotid fluid antibody levels against the crude O antigen from E. coli O83 bacteria could be detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) technique. In contrast, a serum antibody response was registered in four individuals with the ammonium sulphate precipitation (ASP) technique. The rise in antibody level was accompanied by an increase in relative average antibody avidity. Significantly lower levels of serum antibodies against the E. coli O83 and O6 antigens were recorded using the ASP technique as compared to those for O2, O4 and O75 antigens.", "contents": "Intestinal stimulation of the serum antibody response against Escherichia coli O83 antigen in healthy adults. Ingestion of E. coli O83 bacteria preceded by intake of 2 g of NaHCO3 resulted in the bacteria appearing as a transient strain in the stool in 6 out of 11 healthy adult individuals. No rise in serum, urine or parotid fluid antibody levels against the crude O antigen from E. coli O83 bacteria could be detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) technique. In contrast, a serum antibody response was registered in four individuals with the ammonium sulphate precipitation (ASP) technique. The rise in antibody level was accompanied by an increase in relative average antibody avidity. Significantly lower levels of serum antibodies against the E. coli O83 and O6 antigens were recorded using the ASP technique as compared to those for O2, O4 and O75 antigens.", "PMID": 324921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9473", "title": "Effects of irradiation, anti-thymocyte serum and corticosteroids on PHA and LPS responsive cells of the mouse.", "content": "Peripheral lymphocytes responsive to stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in culture have been quantitated following treatment of mice with anti-thymocyte serum (ATS), total body irradiation or corticosteroids. The ATS reduced the number of PHA-responsive cells in both blood and spleen, and induced splenomegaly, but it had little deleterious effect on spleen-borne LPS-responsive cells. In contrast, the spleens of mice treated with hydrocortisone acetate were atrophied and the remaining cells had a reduced LPS response and an enhanced PHA response. Total body irradiation impaired both PHA and LPS responsiveness in the spleen. Recovery of PHA responsiveness after either irradiation or ATS treatment was prolonged and was dependent on the presence of an intact thymus; recovery of LPS responsiveness after corticosteroid treatment was more rapid and was thymus-independent.", "contents": "Effects of irradiation, anti-thymocyte serum and corticosteroids on PHA and LPS responsive cells of the mouse. Peripheral lymphocytes responsive to stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in culture have been quantitated following treatment of mice with anti-thymocyte serum (ATS), total body irradiation or corticosteroids. The ATS reduced the number of PHA-responsive cells in both blood and spleen, and induced splenomegaly, but it had little deleterious effect on spleen-borne LPS-responsive cells. In contrast, the spleens of mice treated with hydrocortisone acetate were atrophied and the remaining cells had a reduced LPS response and an enhanced PHA response. Total body irradiation impaired both PHA and LPS responsiveness in the spleen. Recovery of PHA responsiveness after either irradiation or ATS treatment was prolonged and was dependent on the presence of an intact thymus; recovery of LPS responsiveness after corticosteroid treatment was more rapid and was thymus-independent.", "PMID": 324922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9474", "title": "Respiratory allergy in the dog: induction by the respiratory route and the effect of passive antibody.", "content": "A technique for inducing hypersensitivity to prairie sage pollen (Artemisia gnopheles) in the dog was developed. The allergen induced skin reactivity in most dogs and respiratory hypersensitivity in 7 of the 17 animals tested. The respiratory hypersensitivity resembled naturally occurring respiratory allergies in both man and dog. The route of allergy induction resembles the natural route and it is felt that this system provides a useful model system for the study of respiratory allergies. Animals in which hypersensitivity was induced were used to investigate the role of passive 'blocking' antibody in respiratory allergy. It was observed that passive antibody will greatly inhibit the respiratory response to inspired allergen while completely inhibiting the cutaneous response. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to other studies.", "contents": "Respiratory allergy in the dog: induction by the respiratory route and the effect of passive antibody. A technique for inducing hypersensitivity to prairie sage pollen (Artemisia gnopheles) in the dog was developed. The allergen induced skin reactivity in most dogs and respiratory hypersensitivity in 7 of the 17 animals tested. The respiratory hypersensitivity resembled naturally occurring respiratory allergies in both man and dog. The route of allergy induction resembles the natural route and it is felt that this system provides a useful model system for the study of respiratory allergies. Animals in which hypersensitivity was induced were used to investigate the role of passive 'blocking' antibody in respiratory allergy. It was observed that passive antibody will greatly inhibit the respiratory response to inspired allergen while completely inhibiting the cutaneous response. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to other studies.", "PMID": 324923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9475", "title": "Anti-T cell activity of niridazole in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.", "content": "The antischistosomal drug niridazole, known to selectively depress cell-mediated immune function, was assessed in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. EAE results from an immune attack by activated T lymphocytes on the central nervous system. Niridazole given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight three times a week and starting either before or after immunization caused a significant suppression of signs and histological lesions of EAE, lasting up to ten weeks after cessation of treatment. There was no effect of niridazole on either release of macrophage migration inhibition factor in response to specific neural antigen, production of antibody, or on the nonspecific inflammatory reaction to adjuvant. Niridazole presumably acts by preventing release of lymphokines by activated T cells after contact with antigens.", "contents": "Anti-T cell activity of niridazole in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The antischistosomal drug niridazole, known to selectively depress cell-mediated immune function, was assessed in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. EAE results from an immune attack by activated T lymphocytes on the central nervous system. Niridazole given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight three times a week and starting either before or after immunization caused a significant suppression of signs and histological lesions of EAE, lasting up to ten weeks after cessation of treatment. There was no effect of niridazole on either release of macrophage migration inhibition factor in response to specific neural antigen, production of antibody, or on the nonspecific inflammatory reaction to adjuvant. Niridazole presumably acts by preventing release of lymphokines by activated T cells after contact with antigens.", "PMID": 324924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9476", "title": "Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. V. A comparison between the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), provocation tests, skin tests and RAST.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) employing allergen adsorbed onto the internal surface of a plastic tube, and alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-IgE was used for the determination of specific IgE antibodies to various inhalant allergens in serum samples from 255 individuals with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. A total of 541 analyses were carried out and the results were compared with those of provocation tests, skin tests and the RAST. It was found that negative ELISA values with high probability indicated nonallergy and very high ELISA values (class greater than or equal to 5) indicated allergy. However, the proportion of positive ELISA values which did not correspond to clinical allergy was high, as were the number of intermediate, inconclusive values (class 1-2). Although significant correlations between the ELISA values and provocation test, skin test or the RAST were obtained with some allergens, it was concluded that our version of the ELISA has not advantages over currently used methods for allergy diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. V. A comparison between the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), provocation tests, skin tests and RAST. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) employing allergen adsorbed onto the internal surface of a plastic tube, and alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-IgE was used for the determination of specific IgE antibodies to various inhalant allergens in serum samples from 255 individuals with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. A total of 541 analyses were carried out and the results were compared with those of provocation tests, skin tests and the RAST. It was found that negative ELISA values with high probability indicated nonallergy and very high ELISA values (class greater than or equal to 5) indicated allergy. However, the proportion of positive ELISA values which did not correspond to clinical allergy was high, as were the number of intermediate, inconclusive values (class 1-2). Although significant correlations between the ELISA values and provocation test, skin test or the RAST were obtained with some allergens, it was concluded that our version of the ELISA has not advantages over currently used methods for allergy diagnosis.", "PMID": 324925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9477", "title": "Estimation of basophil-bound IgE by quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "By means of a previously developed basophil staining and fixation technique, it was possible to identify human basophilic granulocytes in leukocyte suspensions, which had been subjected to an immunofluorescence technique with anti-IgE. Using fluoresceinated anti-IgE, the fluorescence intensity of the basophils was measured by means of microfluorometry as a reflection of the IgE-load per cell. The reproducibility of this technique and the influence of the incubation time were studied. The mean fluorescence intensity of the basophil varied considerably in six donors, but the cells of two atopic patients showed the highest intensity. IgE was eluted from the cells at pH 2.5 and measured in the supernatant. A correlation was found between the amount of eluted IgE per basophil and the mean fluorescence intensity of the basophils. The number of IgE molecules per basophil was found to be in the range of 15,000--500,000.", "contents": "Estimation of basophil-bound IgE by quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. By means of a previously developed basophil staining and fixation technique, it was possible to identify human basophilic granulocytes in leukocyte suspensions, which had been subjected to an immunofluorescence technique with anti-IgE. Using fluoresceinated anti-IgE, the fluorescence intensity of the basophils was measured by means of microfluorometry as a reflection of the IgE-load per cell. The reproducibility of this technique and the influence of the incubation time were studied. The mean fluorescence intensity of the basophil varied considerably in six donors, but the cells of two atopic patients showed the highest intensity. IgE was eluted from the cells at pH 2.5 and measured in the supernatant. A correlation was found between the amount of eluted IgE per basophil and the mean fluorescence intensity of the basophils. The number of IgE molecules per basophil was found to be in the range of 15,000--500,000.", "PMID": 324926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9478", "title": "Quantitation of basophil-bound IgE in atopic and nonatopic subjects.", "content": "Basophil-bound IgE was measured by quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy in atopic subjects and in healthy controls. A correlation was found between IgE serum level and basophil-bound IgE. The basophils from the atopic patients, both from those with a low and those with an increased serum IgE, showed a significantly higher fluorescence intensity than the basophils from the respective controls. Our results indicate that both atopy and the IgE level of the serum determine the amount of basophil-bound IgE.", "contents": "Quantitation of basophil-bound IgE in atopic and nonatopic subjects. Basophil-bound IgE was measured by quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy in atopic subjects and in healthy controls. A correlation was found between IgE serum level and basophil-bound IgE. The basophils from the atopic patients, both from those with a low and those with an increased serum IgE, showed a significantly higher fluorescence intensity than the basophils from the respective controls. Our results indicate that both atopy and the IgE level of the serum determine the amount of basophil-bound IgE.", "PMID": 324927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9479", "title": "Regulation of the immune response in neonatal piglets by maternal antibody.", "content": "The ability of maternal antibody to regulate the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes and the hapten-carrier conjugate trinitrophenylated sheep erythrocytes (TNP-SRBC) was investigated in neonatal piglets. It was found that in this system, passively acquired maternal antibody would completely inhibit the in vitro primary immune response to SRBC while leaving the response the TNP intact. Data suggest that maternal antibody is regulating the in vitro response at the B-cell level since T-cell helper function to SRBC must not have been inhibited in order for an anti-TNP response to have occurred to TNP-SRBC. The regulation of immune responses by maternal antibody is temporary and disappears before 3 months of age.", "contents": "Regulation of the immune response in neonatal piglets by maternal antibody. The ability of maternal antibody to regulate the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes and the hapten-carrier conjugate trinitrophenylated sheep erythrocytes (TNP-SRBC) was investigated in neonatal piglets. It was found that in this system, passively acquired maternal antibody would completely inhibit the in vitro primary immune response to SRBC while leaving the response the TNP intact. Data suggest that maternal antibody is regulating the in vitro response at the B-cell level since T-cell helper function to SRBC must not have been inhibited in order for an anti-TNP response to have occurred to TNP-SRBC. The regulation of immune responses by maternal antibody is temporary and disappears before 3 months of age.", "PMID": 324928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9480", "title": "Restoration by levamisole of histamine-inhibited E rosette formation of T lymphocytes of patients with allergies.", "content": "Histamine significantly inhibited the E rosette formation of T lymphocytes of patients with allergies in vitro, but had no effect on the E rosette formation of T lymphocytes of healthy subjects. This inhibitory effect was obtained by concentrations of 3.10(-4) down to 3.10(-7) M histamine and depended on the time of incubation. Levamisole an antianergic chemotherapeutic agent, could restore the histamine-inhibited E rosette formation. It is postulated that patients with allergies possess a subpopulation of T lymphocytes bearing histamine receptors and that the inhibitory effect of histamine on E rosette formation is medicated by intracellular cAMP.", "contents": "Restoration by levamisole of histamine-inhibited E rosette formation of T lymphocytes of patients with allergies. Histamine significantly inhibited the E rosette formation of T lymphocytes of patients with allergies in vitro, but had no effect on the E rosette formation of T lymphocytes of healthy subjects. This inhibitory effect was obtained by concentrations of 3.10(-4) down to 3.10(-7) M histamine and depended on the time of incubation. Levamisole an antianergic chemotherapeutic agent, could restore the histamine-inhibited E rosette formation. It is postulated that patients with allergies possess a subpopulation of T lymphocytes bearing histamine receptors and that the inhibitory effect of histamine on E rosette formation is medicated by intracellular cAMP.", "PMID": 324929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9481", "title": "Physiopathological inference by computer.", "content": "A system has been programmed to allow model self-structuring to account for observations including both pathological evidence and symptomatological findings. The model modifies its structure in response to supplementary observations. The physiopathological mechanisms formalised by the model can be used for diagnostic purposes. Unknown diseases are diagnosed by direct inference of the relevant physiopathological mechanisms of the model or, if required, by automatic modification of the model that accounts for them.", "contents": "Physiopathological inference by computer. A system has been programmed to allow model self-structuring to account for observations including both pathological evidence and symptomatological findings. The model modifies its structure in response to supplementary observations. The physiopathological mechanisms formalised by the model can be used for diagnostic purposes. Unknown diseases are diagnosed by direct inference of the relevant physiopathological mechanisms of the model or, if required, by automatic modification of the model that accounts for them.", "PMID": 324931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9482", "title": "[Formation of covalent linkages between the nucleic acid and protein constituents of E. coli MRE 600 ribosomes during gamma irradiation].", "content": "Gamma-irrdiation of E. coli MRE 600 ribosomes in aqueous suspensions leads to covalent linkages between the RNA and some ribosomal proteins. The presence of oxygen during the irradiation strongly inhibits this phenomenon. It appears clearly that only a few proteins are able to participate in these cross-linking reactions, which occur simultaneously in the two sub-units. The radiochemical yield was determined at several concentrations and was relatively low.", "contents": "[Formation of covalent linkages between the nucleic acid and protein constituents of E. coli MRE 600 ribosomes during gamma irradiation]. Gamma-irrdiation of E. coli MRE 600 ribosomes in aqueous suspensions leads to covalent linkages between the RNA and some ribosomal proteins. The presence of oxygen during the irradiation strongly inhibits this phenomenon. It appears clearly that only a few proteins are able to participate in these cross-linking reactions, which occur simultaneously in the two sub-units. The radiochemical yield was determined at several concentrations and was relatively low.", "PMID": 324935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9483", "title": "Radiovaccine of S. typhimurium cells.", "content": "Gamma-irradiation of S. typhimurium cells up to a dose of 500 krad significantly reduces their toxicity. However, the antigenicity of these cells is not altered, which suggests that these cells could be used as a vaccine. The protection offered by the irradiated cells is comparable to that of formalin-treated cells. The radio-vaccine, however, offers an additional advantage of significant detoxification of the endotoxin, thereby minimizing side effects. The lipopolysaccharide extracted from the irradiated S. typhimurium cells offered cross-protection against other Salmonella species tested.", "contents": "Radiovaccine of S. typhimurium cells. Gamma-irradiation of S. typhimurium cells up to a dose of 500 krad significantly reduces their toxicity. However, the antigenicity of these cells is not altered, which suggests that these cells could be used as a vaccine. The protection offered by the irradiated cells is comparable to that of formalin-treated cells. The radio-vaccine, however, offers an additional advantage of significant detoxification of the endotoxin, thereby minimizing side effects. The lipopolysaccharide extracted from the irradiated S. typhimurium cells offered cross-protection against other Salmonella species tested.", "PMID": 324936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9484", "title": "Nuclear DNA synthesis in yeast and the effect of irradiation.", "content": "The synthesis of DNA can be measured in yeast by following the uptake of 5-bromodeoxy-uridine-5'-triphosphate in a mutant that utilizes deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate; approximately 60 per cent of the DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively before replication stops. Neither ultraviolet light (U.V.), nor ionizing radiation stimulates repair-type synthesis. Based on the ability to detect small amounts of synthesis, it appears that fewer than ten bases are synthesized per pyrimidine dimer removed.", "contents": "Nuclear DNA synthesis in yeast and the effect of irradiation. The synthesis of DNA can be measured in yeast by following the uptake of 5-bromodeoxy-uridine-5'-triphosphate in a mutant that utilizes deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate; approximately 60 per cent of the DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively before replication stops. Neither ultraviolet light (U.V.), nor ionizing radiation stimulates repair-type synthesis. Based on the ability to detect small amounts of synthesis, it appears that fewer than ten bases are synthesized per pyrimidine dimer removed.", "PMID": 324937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9485", "title": "A further examination of short-term corneal storage.", "content": "Short-term corneal storage at a temperature of 4degrees C. was assessed with human cadaver eyes. Aqueous was replaced by air in one of each of 11 pairs of eyes, stored for periods of up to 96 hours post-mortem. The influence of air on the endothelial layer was measured in terms of corneal thickness, trypan blue staining, and scanning electron microscopy. Air-filled eyes developed less corneal edema over the storage period. No significant differences were found between the endothelia of test and control eyes. Degenerative changes in endothelium were documented photographically.", "contents": "A further examination of short-term corneal storage. Short-term corneal storage at a temperature of 4degrees C. was assessed with human cadaver eyes. Aqueous was replaced by air in one of each of 11 pairs of eyes, stored for periods of up to 96 hours post-mortem. The influence of air on the endothelial layer was measured in terms of corneal thickness, trypan blue staining, and scanning electron microscopy. Air-filled eyes developed less corneal edema over the storage period. No significant differences were found between the endothelia of test and control eyes. Degenerative changes in endothelium were documented photographically.", "PMID": 324944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9486", "title": "[Plastic surgery of lower lip defects (author's transl)].", "content": "A modification of the Hertig method for reconstruction of the lower lip is reported. The method is suitable for repair of lateral defects of the lower lip, and was performed in 10 patients. The procedure is technically simple to perform, and yeilds good functional and cosmetic results.", "contents": "[Plastic surgery of lower lip defects (author's transl)]. A modification of the Hertig method for reconstruction of the lower lip is reported. The method is suitable for repair of lateral defects of the lower lip, and was performed in 10 patients. The procedure is technically simple to perform, and yeilds good functional and cosmetic results.", "PMID": 324953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9487", "title": "[The neurovascular island pedicle: basic considerations and its application in the face (author's transl)].", "content": "The island pedicle flap has in comparison with other skin flaps a number of important advantages which include elasticity, minimal shrinkage, absence of dog ears, success in irradiated areas and innecessity of a second stage procedure. On the head the most common donor areas for an island flap are postauricular, nasolabial, submental, and less cosmetically satisfying frontal and temporal regions. For large reconstrictions, however, only those pedicles which contain a branch of the superficial temporal or frontal arteries suffice. The major indications for an island pedicle flap include defects of the auricle, stenosis of the external auditory canal, through and through defects of the nose and paranasal region, in combination with other methods of skin grafting, and soft tissue loss and ectropion of the lower lid.", "contents": "[The neurovascular island pedicle: basic considerations and its application in the face (author's transl)]. The island pedicle flap has in comparison with other skin flaps a number of important advantages which include elasticity, minimal shrinkage, absence of dog ears, success in irradiated areas and innecessity of a second stage procedure. On the head the most common donor areas for an island flap are postauricular, nasolabial, submental, and less cosmetically satisfying frontal and temporal regions. For large reconstrictions, however, only those pedicles which contain a branch of the superficial temporal or frontal arteries suffice. The major indications for an island pedicle flap include defects of the auricle, stenosis of the external auditory canal, through and through defects of the nose and paranasal region, in combination with other methods of skin grafting, and soft tissue loss and ectropion of the lower lid.", "PMID": 324954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9488", "title": "In vitro development of resistance to fosfomycin.", "content": "Resistant colonies develop with an apparent high frequency in zones of inhibition around fosfomycin filter discs on nutrient agar. The resistance is due, primarily, to loss of the fosfomycin transport system. The resistant colony type usually observed in the inhibition zones seldom arise directly by mutation from a cell sown in the area of the zone of inhibition. Instead, small translucent colonies develop first in the inhibition zone. Within these small translucent colonies, mutational events occur which give rise to the normal resistant type colonies.", "contents": "In vitro development of resistance to fosfomycin. Resistant colonies develop with an apparent high frequency in zones of inhibition around fosfomycin filter discs on nutrient agar. The resistance is due, primarily, to loss of the fosfomycin transport system. The resistant colony type usually observed in the inhibition zones seldom arise directly by mutation from a cell sown in the area of the zone of inhibition. Instead, small translucent colonies develop first in the inhibition zone. Within these small translucent colonies, mutational events occur which give rise to the normal resistant type colonies.", "PMID": 324957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9489", "title": "Papulacandins, a new family of antibiotics with antifungal activity, I. Fermentation, isolation, chemical and biological characterization of papulacandins A, B, C, D and E.", "content": "Papulacandin, a new antibiotic complex, active against Candida albicans and several other yeasts, was isolated from a strain of Papularia sphaerosperma. The fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activity of the five structurally related papulacandins A, B, C, D and E are reported. Papulacandin B, the main component, was assigned the formula of C47H64O17.", "contents": "Papulacandins, a new family of antibiotics with antifungal activity, I. Fermentation, isolation, chemical and biological characterization of papulacandins A, B, C, D and E. Papulacandin, a new antibiotic complex, active against Candida albicans and several other yeasts, was isolated from a strain of Papularia sphaerosperma. The fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activity of the five structurally related papulacandins A, B, C, D and E are reported. Papulacandin B, the main component, was assigned the formula of C47H64O17.", "PMID": 324958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9490", "title": "Studies on aculeacin. I. Isolation and characterization of aculeacin A.", "content": "Aculeacin A, a new antifungal antibiotic was isolated from the mycelial cake of Aspergillus aculeatus M-4214. The antibiotic is a white amorphous powder soluble in lower alcohols and hardly soluble in other organic solvents or water. Aculeacin A gave palmitic acid and five ninhydrin-positive products including theonine, hydroxyproline upon acid hydrolysis. The antibiotic showed a potent activity against molds and yeasts, but exhibited no antibacterial activity. Aculeacin A has relatively low toxicity in mice.", "contents": "Studies on aculeacin. I. Isolation and characterization of aculeacin A. Aculeacin A, a new antifungal antibiotic was isolated from the mycelial cake of Aspergillus aculeatus M-4214. The antibiotic is a white amorphous powder soluble in lower alcohols and hardly soluble in other organic solvents or water. Aculeacin A gave palmitic acid and five ninhydrin-positive products including theonine, hydroxyproline upon acid hydrolysis. The antibiotic showed a potent activity against molds and yeasts, but exhibited no antibacterial activity. Aculeacin A has relatively low toxicity in mice.", "PMID": 324959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9491", "title": "On the mode of action of a new antifungal antibiotic, aculeacin A: inhibition of cell wall synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The mode of action of a new antifungal antibiotic, aculeacin A, was studied with the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the presence of aculeacin A, the distinct decrease of viable cells was observed. The most of cells treated with aculeacin A lysed with releasing intracellular substances at the tips of their buds. This lysis was considered to be due to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis, because the incorporation of glucose into the cell wall glucan was significantly reduced. Aculeacin A also had a weak activity to burst the protoplasts of S. cerevisiae at a relatively high concentration.", "contents": "On the mode of action of a new antifungal antibiotic, aculeacin A: inhibition of cell wall synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mode of action of a new antifungal antibiotic, aculeacin A, was studied with the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the presence of aculeacin A, the distinct decrease of viable cells was observed. The most of cells treated with aculeacin A lysed with releasing intracellular substances at the tips of their buds. This lysis was considered to be due to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis, because the incorporation of glucose into the cell wall glucan was significantly reduced. Aculeacin A also had a weak activity to burst the protoplasts of S. cerevisiae at a relatively high concentration.", "PMID": 324960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9492", "title": "In vitro susceptibility of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae to cefoxitin and BL-S786.", "content": "The in vitro antibacterial activity of two agents relatively resistant to beta-lactamases, BL-S786 and cefoxitin, was tested against 123 recent different clinical isolates of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. BL-S786 showed considerable activity against Escherichia coli and lesser activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae with, respectively, 68% and 41% inhibited at 32 microng/ml. Cefoxitin showed more activity in vitro against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Providencia stuartii. Cefoxitin appears to be a more promising agent for treating infections caused by cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae to cefoxitin and BL-S786. The in vitro antibacterial activity of two agents relatively resistant to beta-lactamases, BL-S786 and cefoxitin, was tested against 123 recent different clinical isolates of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. BL-S786 showed considerable activity against Escherichia coli and lesser activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae with, respectively, 68% and 41% inhibited at 32 microng/ml. Cefoxitin showed more activity in vitro against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Providencia stuartii. Cefoxitin appears to be a more promising agent for treating infections caused by cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 324961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9493", "title": "Regulation of amino acid transport in Escherichia coli by transcription termination factor rho.", "content": "Amino acid transport rates and amino acid binding proteins were examined in a strain containing the rho-120 mutation (formerly SuA), which has been shown to lower the rho-dependent, ribonucleic acid-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity to 9% of the rho activity in the isogenic wild-type strain. Tryptophan and proline transport, which occur by membrane-bound systems, were not altered. On the other hand, arginine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine transport were variably increased by a factor of 1.4 to 5.0. Kinetics of leucine transport showed that the LIV (leucine, isoleucine, and valine)-I (binding protein-associated) transport system is increased 8.5-fold, whereas the LIV-II (membrane-bound) system is increased 1.5-fold in the rho mutant under leucine-limited growth conditions. The leucine binding protein is increased fourfold under the same growth conditions. The difference in leucine transport in these strains was greatest during leucine-limited growth; growth on complex media repressed both strains to the same transport activity. We propose that rho-dependent transcriptional termination is important for leucine-specific repression of branched-chain amino acid transport, although rho-independent regulation, presumably by a corepressor-aporepressor-type mechanism, must also occur.", "contents": "Regulation of amino acid transport in Escherichia coli by transcription termination factor rho. Amino acid transport rates and amino acid binding proteins were examined in a strain containing the rho-120 mutation (formerly SuA), which has been shown to lower the rho-dependent, ribonucleic acid-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity to 9% of the rho activity in the isogenic wild-type strain. Tryptophan and proline transport, which occur by membrane-bound systems, were not altered. On the other hand, arginine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine transport were variably increased by a factor of 1.4 to 5.0. Kinetics of leucine transport showed that the LIV (leucine, isoleucine, and valine)-I (binding protein-associated) transport system is increased 8.5-fold, whereas the LIV-II (membrane-bound) system is increased 1.5-fold in the rho mutant under leucine-limited growth conditions. The leucine binding protein is increased fourfold under the same growth conditions. The difference in leucine transport in these strains was greatest during leucine-limited growth; growth on complex media repressed both strains to the same transport activity. We propose that rho-dependent transcriptional termination is important for leucine-specific repression of branched-chain amino acid transport, although rho-independent regulation, presumably by a corepressor-aporepressor-type mechanism, must also occur.", "PMID": 324970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9494", "title": "Menaquinone biosynthesis: mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 requiring 2-succinylbenzoate.", "content": "Two independent mutants of Escherichia coli K-12, selected for their inability to grow anaerobically with fumarate as the terminal electron acceptor, were shown to be deficient in menaquinone biosynthesis. In both cases, exogenously supplied 2-succinylbenzoate promoted normal anaerobic growth on a lactate plus fumarate medium. Anaerobic growth of the mutants on glucose minimal medium was impaired but could be restored to normal by adding either uracil or 2-succinylbenzoate. The addition of 2-succinylbenzoate (but not uracil) permitted the synthesis of menaquinone and demethylmenaquinone by both mutants. The menaquinone content of the parental strain grown on lactate plus fumarate was three times greater than observed after growth on glucose. Transduction studies with phage P1 showed that the two mutations are very closely linked and probably affect the same gene, menC, which is cotransducible with nalA (23%), glpT (51%), and purF (8 to 14%). The gene order nalA-nrdA-glpTA-menC-purF was indicated. The results were consistent with 2-succinylbenzoate being an intermediate in menaquinone biosynthesis and show that the gene designated menC (located at 48.65 min of the E. coli chromosome) is involved in the conversion of chorismate to 2-succinylbenzoate. It was also concluded that menaquinone is essential for electron transport to fumarate in E. coli.", "contents": "Menaquinone biosynthesis: mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 requiring 2-succinylbenzoate. Two independent mutants of Escherichia coli K-12, selected for their inability to grow anaerobically with fumarate as the terminal electron acceptor, were shown to be deficient in menaquinone biosynthesis. In both cases, exogenously supplied 2-succinylbenzoate promoted normal anaerobic growth on a lactate plus fumarate medium. Anaerobic growth of the mutants on glucose minimal medium was impaired but could be restored to normal by adding either uracil or 2-succinylbenzoate. The addition of 2-succinylbenzoate (but not uracil) permitted the synthesis of menaquinone and demethylmenaquinone by both mutants. The menaquinone content of the parental strain grown on lactate plus fumarate was three times greater than observed after growth on glucose. Transduction studies with phage P1 showed that the two mutations are very closely linked and probably affect the same gene, menC, which is cotransducible with nalA (23%), glpT (51%), and purF (8 to 14%). The gene order nalA-nrdA-glpTA-menC-purF was indicated. The results were consistent with 2-succinylbenzoate being an intermediate in menaquinone biosynthesis and show that the gene designated menC (located at 48.65 min of the E. coli chromosome) is involved in the conversion of chorismate to 2-succinylbenzoate. It was also concluded that menaquinone is essential for electron transport to fumarate in E. coli.", "PMID": 324971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9495", "title": "Pathways of nucleotide biosynthesis in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides.", "content": "By measuring the specific activity of nucleotides isolated from ribonucleic acid after the incorporation of (14)C-labeled precursors under various conditions of growth, we have defined the major pathways of ribonucleotide synthesis in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. M. mycoides did not possess pathways for the de novo synthesis of nucleotides but was capable of interconversion of nucleotides. Thus, uracil provided the requirement for both pyrimidine ribonucleotides. Thymine is also required, suggesting that the methylation step is unavailable. No use was made of cytosine. Uridine was rapidly degraded to uracil. Cytidine competed effectively with uracil to provide most of the cytidine nucleotide and also provided an appreciable proportion of uridine nucleotide. In keeping with these results, there was a slow deamination of cytidine to uridine with further degradation to uracil in cultures of M. mycoides. Guanine was capable of meeting the full requirement of the organism for purine nucleotide, presumably by conversion of guanosine 5'-monophosphate to adenosine 5'-monophosphate via the intermediate inosine 5'-monophosphate. When available with guanine, adenine effectively gave a complete provision of adenine nucleotide, whereas hypoxanthine gave a partial provision. Neither adenine nor hypoxanthine was able to act as a precursor for the synthesis of guanine nucleotide. Exogenous guanosine, inosine, and adenosine underwent rapid cleavage to the corresponding bases and so show a pattern of utilization similar to that of the latter.", "contents": "Pathways of nucleotide biosynthesis in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. By measuring the specific activity of nucleotides isolated from ribonucleic acid after the incorporation of (14)C-labeled precursors under various conditions of growth, we have defined the major pathways of ribonucleotide synthesis in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. M. mycoides did not possess pathways for the de novo synthesis of nucleotides but was capable of interconversion of nucleotides. Thus, uracil provided the requirement for both pyrimidine ribonucleotides. Thymine is also required, suggesting that the methylation step is unavailable. No use was made of cytosine. Uridine was rapidly degraded to uracil. Cytidine competed effectively with uracil to provide most of the cytidine nucleotide and also provided an appreciable proportion of uridine nucleotide. In keeping with these results, there was a slow deamination of cytidine to uridine with further degradation to uracil in cultures of M. mycoides. Guanine was capable of meeting the full requirement of the organism for purine nucleotide, presumably by conversion of guanosine 5'-monophosphate to adenosine 5'-monophosphate via the intermediate inosine 5'-monophosphate. When available with guanine, adenine effectively gave a complete provision of adenine nucleotide, whereas hypoxanthine gave a partial provision. Neither adenine nor hypoxanthine was able to act as a precursor for the synthesis of guanine nucleotide. Exogenous guanosine, inosine, and adenosine underwent rapid cleavage to the corresponding bases and so show a pattern of utilization similar to that of the latter.", "PMID": 324972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9496", "title": "Partial purification of glycerophosphate acyltransferase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Glycerophosphate acyltransferase, a membrane-bound enzyme catalyzing the initial step of phospholipid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, has been extracted with Triton X-100, a nonionic detergent, and purified 20- to 40-fold. This preparation is free from lysophosphatidate acyltransferase. Glycerophosphate acyltransferase is inactive in detergent extracts, but can be reconstituted by the addition of phospholipid. Under such conditions, the enzyme is associated with phospholipid. The sole product of the reaction with acyl coenzyme A as substrate is 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate. Furthermore, the enzyme shows a marked preference for saturated fatty acyl conenzyme A, implying that this enzyme is responsible for the predominance of saturated moieties in position 1 of E. coli phospholipids. Acyltransferase from two mutants, plsA and plsB, was partially purified and characterized. Results support the view that plsB is a structural gene for the acyltransferase, but suggest that the plsA gene product is not directly involved in phospholipid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Partial purification of glycerophosphate acyltransferase from Escherichia coli. Glycerophosphate acyltransferase, a membrane-bound enzyme catalyzing the initial step of phospholipid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, has been extracted with Triton X-100, a nonionic detergent, and purified 20- to 40-fold. This preparation is free from lysophosphatidate acyltransferase. Glycerophosphate acyltransferase is inactive in detergent extracts, but can be reconstituted by the addition of phospholipid. Under such conditions, the enzyme is associated with phospholipid. The sole product of the reaction with acyl coenzyme A as substrate is 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate. Furthermore, the enzyme shows a marked preference for saturated fatty acyl conenzyme A, implying that this enzyme is responsible for the predominance of saturated moieties in position 1 of E. coli phospholipids. Acyltransferase from two mutants, plsA and plsB, was partially purified and characterized. Results support the view that plsB is a structural gene for the acyltransferase, but suggest that the plsA gene product is not directly involved in phospholipid biosynthesis.", "PMID": 324973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9497", "title": "Chloramphenicol-induced changes in the synthesis of ribosomal, transfer, and messenger ribonucleic acids in Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The synthesis of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) was measured in Escherichia coli B/r after the addition of 100 mug of chloramphenicol (CAM) per ml to cultures growing either in one of three minimal media (succinate, glycerol, or glucose) or in one of the same three media supplemented with 20 amino acids. (i) During CAM treatment, rRNA and tRNA were synthesized in the same relative proportions (85:15) as during exponential growth. The faster accumulation of tRNA relative to rRNA in CAM was due to a decreased stability of rRNA that is synthesized in the presence of or immediately before the addition of CAM. (ii) CAM stimulated the synthesis of rRNA and tRNA two- to eightfold. The results fell into two groups; one group was from studies done in minimal media and the other was from amino acid-supplemented media. In each group the stimulation decreased with increasing growth rate of the culture during exponential growth before the addition of CAM; however, the stimulation in minimal media was lower than that in amino acid-supplemented media. (iii) CAM caused an increase in the proportion of rRNA and tRNA synthesis and a corresponding decrease in the proportion of mRNA synthesis. In minimal media, the residual proportion of mRNA synthesis after CAM treatment was 10 to 15% of total RNA synthesis; in amino acid-supplemented media this proportion was 0 to 10%. In either case, the residual proportion of mRNA synthesis was independent of the proportions observed during exponential growth in these media. (iv) The absolute rate of mRNA synthesis decreased severalfold with the addition of CAM; i.e., the rate of synthesis of rRNA and tRNA was increased at the expense of mRNA synthesis. (v) During exponential growth, the fraction of the instantaneous rate of total RNA synthesis that corresponds to mRNA is a function of both the growth rate and the presence or absence of amino acids in the growth medium: in the absence of amino acids, this fraction decreased with increasing growth rate; in the presence of amino acids, the fraction increased slightly with growth rate. These results are consistent with a regulation of rRNA and tRNA synthesis at the transcriptional level, e.g., with a CAM-induced increase in the affinity of RNA polymerase for the rRNA and tRNA promoters. The results also suggest the occurrence of a regulation of RNA polymerase enzyme activity, i.e., of an activation of RNA polymerase that is inactive during exponential growth. A distinction between these alternatives requires measurements of the rRNA chain growth rates during CAM treatment.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol-induced changes in the synthesis of ribosomal, transfer, and messenger ribonucleic acids in Escherichia coli B/r. The synthesis of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) was measured in Escherichia coli B/r after the addition of 100 mug of chloramphenicol (CAM) per ml to cultures growing either in one of three minimal media (succinate, glycerol, or glucose) or in one of the same three media supplemented with 20 amino acids. (i) During CAM treatment, rRNA and tRNA were synthesized in the same relative proportions (85:15) as during exponential growth. The faster accumulation of tRNA relative to rRNA in CAM was due to a decreased stability of rRNA that is synthesized in the presence of or immediately before the addition of CAM. (ii) CAM stimulated the synthesis of rRNA and tRNA two- to eightfold. The results fell into two groups; one group was from studies done in minimal media and the other was from amino acid-supplemented media. In each group the stimulation decreased with increasing growth rate of the culture during exponential growth before the addition of CAM; however, the stimulation in minimal media was lower than that in amino acid-supplemented media. (iii) CAM caused an increase in the proportion of rRNA and tRNA synthesis and a corresponding decrease in the proportion of mRNA synthesis. In minimal media, the residual proportion of mRNA synthesis after CAM treatment was 10 to 15% of total RNA synthesis; in amino acid-supplemented media this proportion was 0 to 10%. In either case, the residual proportion of mRNA synthesis was independent of the proportions observed during exponential growth in these media. (iv) The absolute rate of mRNA synthesis decreased severalfold with the addition of CAM; i.e., the rate of synthesis of rRNA and tRNA was increased at the expense of mRNA synthesis. (v) During exponential growth, the fraction of the instantaneous rate of total RNA synthesis that corresponds to mRNA is a function of both the growth rate and the presence or absence of amino acids in the growth medium: in the absence of amino acids, this fraction decreased with increasing growth rate; in the presence of amino acids, the fraction increased slightly with growth rate. These results are consistent with a regulation of rRNA and tRNA synthesis at the transcriptional level, e.g., with a CAM-induced increase in the affinity of RNA polymerase for the rRNA and tRNA promoters. The results also suggest the occurrence of a regulation of RNA polymerase enzyme activity, i.e., of an activation of RNA polymerase that is inactive during exponential growth. A distinction between these alternatives requires measurements of the rRNA chain growth rates during CAM treatment.", "PMID": 324974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9498", "title": "Rate of ribosomal ribonucleic acid chain elongation in Escherichia coli B/r during chloramphenicol treatment.", "content": "In Escherichia coli B/r growing in glucose-amino acids medium, the radioactive labeling of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) was measured after the simultaneous addition to the bacteria of chloramphenicol (CAM) (100 mug/ml), rifampin (200 mug/ml), and radioactive uracil. Accumulation of 5S rRNA ceased 85 s after the addition of rifampin, independent of the presence or absence of CAM; this indicates that CAM did not affect the rRNA chain growth rate. Together with previous measurements of the synthesis of rRNA and messenger RNA under these conditions, the results imply that CAM caused a redistribution of RNA polymerase which greatly favored stable RNA synthesis (77 to 97% of total functioning RNA polymerase engaged in synthesis of rRNA and tRNA). Further, it is inferred that RNA polymerase molecules were activated that were inactive during exponential growth. The labeling of tRNA observed under these conditions suggests the existence of clusters of tRNA genes at the 3' end of long transcripts that resemble the rRNA precursor in length and response to CAM and may be parts of rRNA transcripts.", "contents": "Rate of ribosomal ribonucleic acid chain elongation in Escherichia coli B/r during chloramphenicol treatment. In Escherichia coli B/r growing in glucose-amino acids medium, the radioactive labeling of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) was measured after the simultaneous addition to the bacteria of chloramphenicol (CAM) (100 mug/ml), rifampin (200 mug/ml), and radioactive uracil. Accumulation of 5S rRNA ceased 85 s after the addition of rifampin, independent of the presence or absence of CAM; this indicates that CAM did not affect the rRNA chain growth rate. Together with previous measurements of the synthesis of rRNA and messenger RNA under these conditions, the results imply that CAM caused a redistribution of RNA polymerase which greatly favored stable RNA synthesis (77 to 97% of total functioning RNA polymerase engaged in synthesis of rRNA and tRNA). Further, it is inferred that RNA polymerase molecules were activated that were inactive during exponential growth. The labeling of tRNA observed under these conditions suggests the existence of clusters of tRNA genes at the 3' end of long transcripts that resemble the rRNA precursor in length and response to CAM and may be parts of rRNA transcripts.", "PMID": 324975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9499", "title": "Energy requirements for the transport of methylthio-beta-D-galactoside by Escherichia coli: measurement by microcalorimetry and by rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production.", "content": "The energy cost for maintenance of gradients of methylthio-beta-d-galactoside in Escherichia coli was evaluated. Information was also obtained concerning the energy flow associated with gradient establishment under some circumstances. Energy flow was evaluated from transport-induced changes in the rate of heat evolution, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production in metabolically active cells. Heats were measured with an isothermal calorimeter. Energy expenditure behavior was characterized by a transition that depended on the level of accumulation. The data for steady-state maintenance could be rationalized in terms of the Mitchell hypothesis, two models for influx and efflux, and a transition between them. At low levels of uptake, steady-state proton-methylthio-beta-d-galactoside (TMG) symport for influx and efflux occurred via a nonenergy-requiring exchange process. The only energy requirement was that necessary to pump back in any TMG exiting via a leakage pathway (model I). Above the transition, all influx occurred with proton symport, but all exit, leak and carrier mediated, occurred without proton symport (model II). The H(+)/TMG stoichiometric ratio computed for the region of model II applicability (carbon source present, high level of uptake) approached 1. This value agreed with that of other workers for downhill beta-galactoside flow, suggesting that the energy cost for both downhill and uphill flow was approximately the same. For low levels of uptake, initial establishment of the gradient was followed by a burst of metabolism that was much larger than that expected on the basis of the chemiosmotic hypothesis. In the absence of carbon source, the stimulation in respiration was sufficient to produce 13 times more protons than are apparently necessary to establish the gradient. The results indicate also that the nature of the biochemical process stimulated by TMG depends on its level of uptake. Insight into several aspects of the nature of these processes was provided through analysis of the heat, oxygen, and CO(2) data. The key factor controlling the transition in energy flow behavior is suggested to be rate of flux. The present data suggest that it occurs at a flux of approximately 120 nmol/min per mg of protein.", "contents": "Energy requirements for the transport of methylthio-beta-D-galactoside by Escherichia coli: measurement by microcalorimetry and by rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. The energy cost for maintenance of gradients of methylthio-beta-d-galactoside in Escherichia coli was evaluated. Information was also obtained concerning the energy flow associated with gradient establishment under some circumstances. Energy flow was evaluated from transport-induced changes in the rate of heat evolution, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production in metabolically active cells. Heats were measured with an isothermal calorimeter. Energy expenditure behavior was characterized by a transition that depended on the level of accumulation. The data for steady-state maintenance could be rationalized in terms of the Mitchell hypothesis, two models for influx and efflux, and a transition between them. At low levels of uptake, steady-state proton-methylthio-beta-d-galactoside (TMG) symport for influx and efflux occurred via a nonenergy-requiring exchange process. The only energy requirement was that necessary to pump back in any TMG exiting via a leakage pathway (model I). Above the transition, all influx occurred with proton symport, but all exit, leak and carrier mediated, occurred without proton symport (model II). The H(+)/TMG stoichiometric ratio computed for the region of model II applicability (carbon source present, high level of uptake) approached 1. This value agreed with that of other workers for downhill beta-galactoside flow, suggesting that the energy cost for both downhill and uphill flow was approximately the same. For low levels of uptake, initial establishment of the gradient was followed by a burst of metabolism that was much larger than that expected on the basis of the chemiosmotic hypothesis. In the absence of carbon source, the stimulation in respiration was sufficient to produce 13 times more protons than are apparently necessary to establish the gradient. The results indicate also that the nature of the biochemical process stimulated by TMG depends on its level of uptake. Insight into several aspects of the nature of these processes was provided through analysis of the heat, oxygen, and CO(2) data. The key factor controlling the transition in energy flow behavior is suggested to be rate of flux. The present data suggest that it occurs at a flux of approximately 120 nmol/min per mg of protein.", "PMID": 324976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9500", "title": "Determination of deoxyribonucleic acid replication time in exponentially growing Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The time necessary to replicate the chromosome (C period) was measured in Escherichia coli B/r (ATCC 12407) and a low-thymine-requiring derivative of that strain. In the Thy- strain, C was measured as a function of growth rate and exogenous thymine concentration either from step-up or chloramphenicol experiments. In the Thy+ parental strain, C was measured only as a function of the growth rate and only by the chloramphenicol method. The C period was found to decrease with growth rate and, in the Thy- strain, the C period also decreased with increasing thymine concentration. It approached a value of approximately 37 min at high growth rates.", "contents": "Determination of deoxyribonucleic acid replication time in exponentially growing Escherichia coli B/r. The time necessary to replicate the chromosome (C period) was measured in Escherichia coli B/r (ATCC 12407) and a low-thymine-requiring derivative of that strain. In the Thy- strain, C was measured as a function of growth rate and exogenous thymine concentration either from step-up or chloramphenicol experiments. In the Thy+ parental strain, C was measured only as a function of the growth rate and only by the chloramphenicol method. The C period was found to decrease with growth rate and, in the Thy- strain, the C period also decreased with increasing thymine concentration. It approached a value of approximately 37 min at high growth rates.", "PMID": 324977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9501", "title": "Genetics of sensitivity of Salmonella species to colicin M and bacteriophages T5, T1, and ES18.", "content": "Nearly all of 62 strains of Salmonella paratyphi B were sensitive to colicin M and phage T5 but resistant to phages T1 and ES18 and to colicin B. All tested S. typhimurium strains were resistant to colicin M and phage T5, and many were sensitive to phage ES18. A rough S. typhimurium LT2 strain given the tonA region of Escherichia coli or S. paratyphi B became sensitive to colicin M and phage T5. We infer that the tonA allele of S. paratyphi B, like that of E. coli, determines an outer membrane protein that adsorbs T5 and colicin M but not phage ES18, whereas the S. typhimurium allele determines a protein able to adsorb only ES18. The partial T1 sensitivity of a rough LT2 strain with a tonA allele from E. coli or S. paratyphi B and also the tonB(+) phentotype of an E. coli B trp-tonB Delta mutant carrying an F' trp of LT2 origin showed that S. typhimurium LT2 has a tonB allele like that of E. coli with respect to determination of sensitivity to colicins and phage T1. Rough S. paratyphi B, although T5 sensitive, remained resistant to T1 even when given F' tonB(+) of E. coli origin. Classes of Salmonella mutants selected as resistant to colicin M included: T5-resistant mutants, probably tonA(-); mutants unchanged except for M resistance, perhaps tolerant; and Exb(+) mutants, producing a colicin inhibitor (presumably enterochelin). Some Exb(+) mutants were resistant to a bacteriocin inactive on E. coli but active on all tested S. paratyphi B and S. typhimurium strains (and on nearly all other tested Salmonella). A survey showed sensitivity to colicin M in several other species of Salmonella.", "contents": "Genetics of sensitivity of Salmonella species to colicin M and bacteriophages T5, T1, and ES18. Nearly all of 62 strains of Salmonella paratyphi B were sensitive to colicin M and phage T5 but resistant to phages T1 and ES18 and to colicin B. All tested S. typhimurium strains were resistant to colicin M and phage T5, and many were sensitive to phage ES18. A rough S. typhimurium LT2 strain given the tonA region of Escherichia coli or S. paratyphi B became sensitive to colicin M and phage T5. We infer that the tonA allele of S. paratyphi B, like that of E. coli, determines an outer membrane protein that adsorbs T5 and colicin M but not phage ES18, whereas the S. typhimurium allele determines a protein able to adsorb only ES18. The partial T1 sensitivity of a rough LT2 strain with a tonA allele from E. coli or S. paratyphi B and also the tonB(+) phentotype of an E. coli B trp-tonB Delta mutant carrying an F' trp of LT2 origin showed that S. typhimurium LT2 has a tonB allele like that of E. coli with respect to determination of sensitivity to colicins and phage T1. Rough S. paratyphi B, although T5 sensitive, remained resistant to T1 even when given F' tonB(+) of E. coli origin. Classes of Salmonella mutants selected as resistant to colicin M included: T5-resistant mutants, probably tonA(-); mutants unchanged except for M resistance, perhaps tolerant; and Exb(+) mutants, producing a colicin inhibitor (presumably enterochelin). Some Exb(+) mutants were resistant to a bacteriocin inactive on E. coli but active on all tested S. paratyphi B and S. typhimurium strains (and on nearly all other tested Salmonella). A survey showed sensitivity to colicin M in several other species of Salmonella.", "PMID": 324978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9502", "title": "Independent regulation of transport and biosynthesis of arginine in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "From an arginine auxotrophic strain, a mutant was isolated which is able to utilize d-arginine as a source of l-arginine and shows a high sensitivity to inhibition of growth by canavanine. Transport studies revealed a four- to five-fold increased uptake of arginine and ornithine in cells from the mutant strain. The kinetics of entry of arginine and ornithine evidenced elevated maximal influx values for the arginine- and ornithine-specific transport systems. A close parallel between arginine transport activity and arginine binding activity with one arginine-specific binding periplasmic protein in the mutant strongly suggests that such binding protein is a component of the arginine-specific permease. The affinity between arginine and the binder, isolated from the mutant cells, as well as the electrophoretic mobility of the protein, remain unchanged. The enhanced transport activity of arginine and ornithine with mutant cells is insensitive to repression by arginine or ornithine, whereas the biosynthesis of arginine-forming enzymes is normally repressible. When transport activity was examined in strains with mutations leading to derepression of arginine biosynthesis, the regulation of arginine transport was found to be normal. These studies support the conclusion that arginine transport and arginine biosynthesis, in Escherichia coli K-12, are not regulated in a concerted manner, although both systems may have components in common.", "contents": "Independent regulation of transport and biosynthesis of arginine in Escherichia coli K-12. From an arginine auxotrophic strain, a mutant was isolated which is able to utilize d-arginine as a source of l-arginine and shows a high sensitivity to inhibition of growth by canavanine. Transport studies revealed a four- to five-fold increased uptake of arginine and ornithine in cells from the mutant strain. The kinetics of entry of arginine and ornithine evidenced elevated maximal influx values for the arginine- and ornithine-specific transport systems. A close parallel between arginine transport activity and arginine binding activity with one arginine-specific binding periplasmic protein in the mutant strongly suggests that such binding protein is a component of the arginine-specific permease. The affinity between arginine and the binder, isolated from the mutant cells, as well as the electrophoretic mobility of the protein, remain unchanged. The enhanced transport activity of arginine and ornithine with mutant cells is insensitive to repression by arginine or ornithine, whereas the biosynthesis of arginine-forming enzymes is normally repressible. When transport activity was examined in strains with mutations leading to derepression of arginine biosynthesis, the regulation of arginine transport was found to be normal. These studies support the conclusion that arginine transport and arginine biosynthesis, in Escherichia coli K-12, are not regulated in a concerted manner, although both systems may have components in common.", "PMID": 324979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9503", "title": "Evidence that specific and \"general\" control of ornithine carbamoyltransferase production occurs at the level of transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Ornithine carbamoyltransferase synthesis is subject to two major regulatory systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One system is specific for the arginine biosynthetic enzymes, whereas the other appears to be general, acting on a variety of other amino acid pathways as well. We observed that the synthetic capacity for continued ornithine carbamoyltransferase synthesis had the same short half-life (ca. 5 to 7 min) whether repression of enzyme production was brought about by action of the specific or general control system. We present evidence suggesting that both control systems regulate accumulation or ornithine carbamoyltransferase-specific synthetic capacity, rather than modulating its expression.", "contents": "Evidence that specific and \"general\" control of ornithine carbamoyltransferase production occurs at the level of transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase synthesis is subject to two major regulatory systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One system is specific for the arginine biosynthetic enzymes, whereas the other appears to be general, acting on a variety of other amino acid pathways as well. We observed that the synthetic capacity for continued ornithine carbamoyltransferase synthesis had the same short half-life (ca. 5 to 7 min) whether repression of enzyme production was brought about by action of the specific or general control system. We present evidence suggesting that both control systems regulate accumulation or ornithine carbamoyltransferase-specific synthetic capacity, rather than modulating its expression.", "PMID": 324980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9504", "title": "Differential association of F' plasmid and R plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid with a rapidly sedimenting fraction of a Proteus mirabilis lysate.", "content": "We have examined the association of an F' plasmid and an R plasmid in Proteus mirabilis with a rapidly sedimenting material that is generated by sodium dodecyl sulfate lysis and low speed centrifugation. Virtually all of the chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the F' plasmid DNA are associated with the rapidly sedimenting material after gentle lysis and centrifugation. A portion of R plasmid NR1 DNA (usually 5 to 25%) is not bound to the rapidly sedimenting material and is recovered in the supernatant fraction. This difference in binding is not related to the size of the plasmid DNA, since F' plasmids and R plasmids of different molecular weights showed the same behavior. R plasmid DNA labeled by a brief pulse of [(3)H]thymine is recovered in the supernatant fraction to a lower extent than the total R plasmid DNA. It would appear that R plasmid replication takes place in association with the rapidly sedimenting material. With prolongation of the [(3)H]thymine pulse, the [(3)H]thymine-labeled R plasmid DNA is recovered in the supernatant fraction with the same probability as the total R plasmid DNA. This finding indicates that a change in R plasmid attachment to the rapidly sedimenting material occurs some time after its replication. The differences observed in the replication of F' plasmids and R plasmids in P. mirabilis may be related to their different modes of association with the rapidly sedimenting material.", "contents": "Differential association of F' plasmid and R plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid with a rapidly sedimenting fraction of a Proteus mirabilis lysate. We have examined the association of an F' plasmid and an R plasmid in Proteus mirabilis with a rapidly sedimenting material that is generated by sodium dodecyl sulfate lysis and low speed centrifugation. Virtually all of the chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the F' plasmid DNA are associated with the rapidly sedimenting material after gentle lysis and centrifugation. A portion of R plasmid NR1 DNA (usually 5 to 25%) is not bound to the rapidly sedimenting material and is recovered in the supernatant fraction. This difference in binding is not related to the size of the plasmid DNA, since F' plasmids and R plasmids of different molecular weights showed the same behavior. R plasmid DNA labeled by a brief pulse of [(3)H]thymine is recovered in the supernatant fraction to a lower extent than the total R plasmid DNA. It would appear that R plasmid replication takes place in association with the rapidly sedimenting material. With prolongation of the [(3)H]thymine pulse, the [(3)H]thymine-labeled R plasmid DNA is recovered in the supernatant fraction with the same probability as the total R plasmid DNA. This finding indicates that a change in R plasmid attachment to the rapidly sedimenting material occurs some time after its replication. The differences observed in the replication of F' plasmids and R plasmids in P. mirabilis may be related to their different modes of association with the rapidly sedimenting material.", "PMID": 324981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9505", "title": "Biochemical and physiological studies of the yeast virus-like particle.", "content": "A study was made of the virus-like particle (VLP) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S7. This strain contains elevated amounts of P1 double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) but no P2 dsRNA. The amount of dsRNA contained in cells grown on a fermentable carbon source (glucose) was compared with that in cells grown on a nonfermentable carbon source (ethanol). It was found that ethanol-grown cells contain higher levels of dsRNA than glucose-grown cells. In the former, the amount of dsRNA increased during the logarithmic phase of growth, whereas in the latter it increased during the transition from the logarithmic to the stationary phase. A method was devised to isolate VLPs from these cells by using CsCl gradients, and the yield was assessed by monitoring the recovery of dsRNA. Three proteins were found to be tightly associated with these particles. They have molecular weights of 75,000, 53,000, and 37,000. Together they account for almost all of the coding capacity of the P1 dsRNA that the VLP contains.", "contents": "Biochemical and physiological studies of the yeast virus-like particle. A study was made of the virus-like particle (VLP) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S7. This strain contains elevated amounts of P1 double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) but no P2 dsRNA. The amount of dsRNA contained in cells grown on a fermentable carbon source (glucose) was compared with that in cells grown on a nonfermentable carbon source (ethanol). It was found that ethanol-grown cells contain higher levels of dsRNA than glucose-grown cells. In the former, the amount of dsRNA increased during the logarithmic phase of growth, whereas in the latter it increased during the transition from the logarithmic to the stationary phase. A method was devised to isolate VLPs from these cells by using CsCl gradients, and the yield was assessed by monitoring the recovery of dsRNA. Three proteins were found to be tightly associated with these particles. They have molecular weights of 75,000, 53,000, and 37,000. Together they account for almost all of the coding capacity of the P1 dsRNA that the VLP contains.", "PMID": 324982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9506", "title": "Effects of the hypocholesteremic agent trifluperidol on the sterol, steryl ester, and fatty acid metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Trifluperidol (TFP), at a concentration of 100 muM, inhibited the 24-h growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by about 30%. Effects on lipid metabolism were investigated by monitoring the incorporation of [1-14C]sodium acetate into various lipid fractions after 4 and 24 h of growth in the presence of several concentrations of TFP. Although little effect was noted on the amount of free sterols, 24-h incorporation of label into steryl esters was increased two- to fourfold by 100 muM TFP. Major sterol components of the steryl ester fraction isolated from an untreated culture were zymosterol (48%) and ergosterol (24%), whereas from the TFP-treated culture delta8,24(28)-ergostadienol (66.6%) and delta8-ergostenol (14.7%) were most abundant. Free sterols present in the highest concentration in the untreated culture were ergosterol (78.2%) and lanosterol (13%); whereas delta8,22-ergostadienol (38.5%), delta8-ergostenol (35.4%), and delta8,24(28)-ergostadienol (25.4%) were the most abundant free sterols obtained from the TFP-treated culture. Thus, the major block in the sterol biosynthetic pathway in yeast appears to be delta8 leads to delta7 isomerization. In these same cultures the relative amounts of C12 and C14 acids isolated from both steryl ester and miscellaneous lipid fractions were increased more than threefold over controls.", "contents": "Effects of the hypocholesteremic agent trifluperidol on the sterol, steryl ester, and fatty acid metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Trifluperidol (TFP), at a concentration of 100 muM, inhibited the 24-h growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by about 30%. Effects on lipid metabolism were investigated by monitoring the incorporation of [1-14C]sodium acetate into various lipid fractions after 4 and 24 h of growth in the presence of several concentrations of TFP. Although little effect was noted on the amount of free sterols, 24-h incorporation of label into steryl esters was increased two- to fourfold by 100 muM TFP. Major sterol components of the steryl ester fraction isolated from an untreated culture were zymosterol (48%) and ergosterol (24%), whereas from the TFP-treated culture delta8,24(28)-ergostadienol (66.6%) and delta8-ergostenol (14.7%) were most abundant. Free sterols present in the highest concentration in the untreated culture were ergosterol (78.2%) and lanosterol (13%); whereas delta8,22-ergostadienol (38.5%), delta8-ergostenol (35.4%), and delta8,24(28)-ergostadienol (25.4%) were the most abundant free sterols obtained from the TFP-treated culture. Thus, the major block in the sterol biosynthetic pathway in yeast appears to be delta8 leads to delta7 isomerization. In these same cultures the relative amounts of C12 and C14 acids isolated from both steryl ester and miscellaneous lipid fractions were increased more than threefold over controls.", "PMID": 324983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9507", "title": "Identification of polypeptides necessary for chemotaxis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Molecular cloning techniques were used to construct Escherichia coli-lambda hybrids that contained many of the genes necessary for flagellar rotation and chemotaxis. The properties of specific hybrids that carried the classical \"cheA\" and \"cheB\" loci were examined by genetic complementation and by measuring the capacity of the hybrids to direct the synthesis of specific polypeptides. The results of these tests with lambda hybrids and with a series of deletion mutations derived from the hybrids redefined the \"cheA\" and \"cheB\" regions. Six genes were resolved: cheA, cheW, cheX, cheB, cheY, and cheZ. They directed the synthesis of specific polypeptides with the following apparent molecular weights: cheA, 76,000 and 66,000; cheW, 12,000; cheX, 28,000; cheB, 38,000; cheY, 8,000; and cheZ, 24,000. The presence of another gene, cheM, was inferred from the protein synthesis experiments. The cheM gene directed the synthesis of polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 63,000, 61,000, and 60,000. The synthesis of all of these polypeptides is regulated by the same mechanisms that regulate the synthesis of flagellar-related structural components.", "contents": "Identification of polypeptides necessary for chemotaxis in Escherichia coli. Molecular cloning techniques were used to construct Escherichia coli-lambda hybrids that contained many of the genes necessary for flagellar rotation and chemotaxis. The properties of specific hybrids that carried the classical \"cheA\" and \"cheB\" loci were examined by genetic complementation and by measuring the capacity of the hybrids to direct the synthesis of specific polypeptides. The results of these tests with lambda hybrids and with a series of deletion mutations derived from the hybrids redefined the \"cheA\" and \"cheB\" regions. Six genes were resolved: cheA, cheW, cheX, cheB, cheY, and cheZ. They directed the synthesis of specific polypeptides with the following apparent molecular weights: cheA, 76,000 and 66,000; cheW, 12,000; cheX, 28,000; cheB, 38,000; cheY, 8,000; and cheZ, 24,000. The presence of another gene, cheM, was inferred from the protein synthesis experiments. The cheM gene directed the synthesis of polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 63,000, 61,000, and 60,000. The synthesis of all of these polypeptides is regulated by the same mechanisms that regulate the synthesis of flagellar-related structural components.", "PMID": 324984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9508", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) attached to cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "This paper describes the attachment of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) to cultured mammalian cells as a visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Treponemes were incubated for 3 hr with cultured cells derived from normal rabbit testes or human skin epithelium, then fixed, processed with critical-point drying, and examined with a Cambridge Mark 2A scanning electron microscope. Large numbers of treponemes became attached to the cultured cells without altering the morphological integrity of the cultured cells. Attachment appeared to involve a very close physical proximity of treponemes to the cultured cells; at the site of attachment, no changes such as swelling or indentation of the cultured cell surface were observed. The addition of ruthenium red to the fixatives produced a treponemal-associated surface precipitate. This material, which is probably mucopolysaccharide and/or phospholipid, may be important in protecting the organisms against host defense mechanisms; in addition, it may be involved in the serological unresponsiveness of freshly prepared suspensions of T. pallidum.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) attached to cultured mammalian cells. This paper describes the attachment of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) to cultured mammalian cells as a visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Treponemes were incubated for 3 hr with cultured cells derived from normal rabbit testes or human skin epithelium, then fixed, processed with critical-point drying, and examined with a Cambridge Mark 2A scanning electron microscope. Large numbers of treponemes became attached to the cultured cells without altering the morphological integrity of the cultured cells. Attachment appeared to involve a very close physical proximity of treponemes to the cultured cells; at the site of attachment, no changes such as swelling or indentation of the cultured cell surface were observed. The addition of ruthenium red to the fixatives produced a treponemal-associated surface precipitate. This material, which is probably mucopolysaccharide and/or phospholipid, may be important in protecting the organisms against host defense mechanisms; in addition, it may be involved in the serological unresponsiveness of freshly prepared suspensions of T. pallidum.", "PMID": 324985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9509", "title": "Inhibition of Histoplasma capsulatum ribonucleic acid polymerases by homologous and heterologous ribonucleic acid.", "content": "The ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerases from the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum are differentially sensitive to RNA isolated from the yeast and mycelial phases of this fungus and from Escherichia coli. Low-molecular-weight RNA from H. capsulatum was the most effective inhibitor.", "contents": "Inhibition of Histoplasma capsulatum ribonucleic acid polymerases by homologous and heterologous ribonucleic acid. The ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerases from the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum are differentially sensitive to RNA isolated from the yeast and mycelial phases of this fungus and from Escherichia coli. Low-molecular-weight RNA from H. capsulatum was the most effective inhibitor.", "PMID": 324986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9510", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks during freeze-drying and their repair in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Freeze-drying of Escherichia coli cells caused strand breaks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in both radiation-sensitive and -resistant strains. However, in the radiation-resistant strain E. coli B/r the damaged DNA was repaired after rehydration, whereas in the radiation-sensitive strain E. coli Bs-1 the damaged DNA was not repaired and the DNA was degraded. Repeated freeze-drying did not break the damaged DNA into smaller pieces.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks during freeze-drying and their repair in Escherichia coli. Freeze-drying of Escherichia coli cells caused strand breaks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in both radiation-sensitive and -resistant strains. However, in the radiation-resistant strain E. coli B/r the damaged DNA was repaired after rehydration, whereas in the radiation-sensitive strain E. coli Bs-1 the damaged DNA was not repaired and the DNA was degraded. Repeated freeze-drying did not break the damaged DNA into smaller pieces.", "PMID": 324987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9511", "title": "Characterization of plasmids in a sucrose-fermenting strain of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A multiply drug-resistant strain of Escherichia coli isolated from a patient in Bangladesh was shown to carry four types of plasmids based on size differences. One type carries a gene or genes for sucrose fermentation.", "contents": "Characterization of plasmids in a sucrose-fermenting strain of Escherichia coli. A multiply drug-resistant strain of Escherichia coli isolated from a patient in Bangladesh was shown to carry four types of plasmids based on size differences. One type carries a gene or genes for sucrose fermentation.", "PMID": 324988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9512", "title": "Methanococcus vannielii: culture and effects of selenium and tungsten on growth.", "content": "The reisolation, culture, and method of preservation of the methane-producing organism Methanococcus vannielii are described. Growth of the organism on formate is markedly stimulated by selenium and tungsten.", "contents": "Methanococcus vannielii: culture and effects of selenium and tungsten on growth. The reisolation, culture, and method of preservation of the methane-producing organism Methanococcus vannielii are described. Growth of the organism on formate is markedly stimulated by selenium and tungsten.", "PMID": 324989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9513", "title": "Replicative deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in isolated mitochondria from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The characteristics of a system for the in vitro synthesis of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) in mitochondria isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are described. In this system the exclusive product of the reaction is mtDNA. Under optimal conditions the initial rate of synthesis is close to the calculated in vivo rate; the rate is approximately linear for 20 min but then decreases gradually with time. DNA synthesis proceeds for at least 60 min and the de novo synthesis of an amount of mtDNA equivalent to 15% of the mtDNA initially present is achieved. The rate and extent of synthesis observed with mitochondria isolated from grande and petite (rho(-)) strains were similar. The mode of DNA synthesis is semiconservative; after density labeling with 5-bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate, in vitro, the majority of labeled DNA fragments of duplex molecular weight, 6 x 10(6), are of a density close to that calculated for hybrid yeast mtDNA. The density label is incorporated into one strand of the duplex molecules. These properties indicate that the synthesis resembles replicative rather than repair synthesis. This system therefore provides a convenient method for the study of mtDNA synthesis in S. cerevisiae. The observation that mtDNA synthesis is semiconservative in vitro suggests that the dispersive mode of synthesis observed in S. cerevisiae in vivo labeling studies is the result of some other process, possibly a high recombination rate.", "contents": "Replicative deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in isolated mitochondria from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The characteristics of a system for the in vitro synthesis of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) in mitochondria isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are described. In this system the exclusive product of the reaction is mtDNA. Under optimal conditions the initial rate of synthesis is close to the calculated in vivo rate; the rate is approximately linear for 20 min but then decreases gradually with time. DNA synthesis proceeds for at least 60 min and the de novo synthesis of an amount of mtDNA equivalent to 15% of the mtDNA initially present is achieved. The rate and extent of synthesis observed with mitochondria isolated from grande and petite (rho(-)) strains were similar. The mode of DNA synthesis is semiconservative; after density labeling with 5-bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate, in vitro, the majority of labeled DNA fragments of duplex molecular weight, 6 x 10(6), are of a density close to that calculated for hybrid yeast mtDNA. The density label is incorporated into one strand of the duplex molecules. These properties indicate that the synthesis resembles replicative rather than repair synthesis. This system therefore provides a convenient method for the study of mtDNA synthesis in S. cerevisiae. The observation that mtDNA synthesis is semiconservative in vitro suggests that the dispersive mode of synthesis observed in S. cerevisiae in vivo labeling studies is the result of some other process, possibly a high recombination rate.", "PMID": 324990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9514", "title": "Structural specificity of the allosteric inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The structural specificity of the allosteric inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylas [EC 4.1.1.31] of Escherichia coli W was investigated using native enzyme and photooxidized enzyme which was desensitized to L-aspartate. Inhibitory activity was expressed in terms of the concentration of the compound required for 50% inhibition (I0.5). For the native enzyme, L-aspartate and L-malate were the strongest inhibitors with I0.5 values of about 0.10-0.15 mM among about 20 componds tested. For the photooxidized enzyme, oxaloacetate and L-malate were relatively strong inhibitors wiht I0.5 values of about 11-16 mM. The results obtained suggest that the inhibition of the native enzyme mainly reflects allosteric inhibition.", "contents": "Structural specificity of the allosteric inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli. The structural specificity of the allosteric inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylas [EC 4.1.1.31] of Escherichia coli W was investigated using native enzyme and photooxidized enzyme which was desensitized to L-aspartate. Inhibitory activity was expressed in terms of the concentration of the compound required for 50% inhibition (I0.5). For the native enzyme, L-aspartate and L-malate were the strongest inhibitors with I0.5 values of about 0.10-0.15 mM among about 20 componds tested. For the photooxidized enzyme, oxaloacetate and L-malate were relatively strong inhibitors wiht I0.5 values of about 11-16 mM. The results obtained suggest that the inhibition of the native enzyme mainly reflects allosteric inhibition.", "PMID": 324991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9515", "title": "Effect of testosterone on the amount of serous-like granules in convoluted tubular cells of mouse submandibular glands.", "content": "The effect of testosterone on the amount of granules present in convoluted tubular cells of the submadibular glands of mice was studied by the following two methods; 1) an immunochemical method using antiserum specific to the granular components, and 2) a histographic method. The results obtained by these two methods were in agreement. The amounts of the granules in normal female and castrated male mice were one-tenth to one-twentieth of that in normal male mice. When male mice were castrated, the amount of granules decreased, reaching a minimum 20 days after the aperation the injection of the male hormone, testosterone, into castrated male mice caused an increase in the amount of granules; this increase reached a maximum 15 days after the injection. The increase of granules caused by testosterone injection was almost completely prevented by inhibitors of protein synthesis, actinomycin D and puromycin. This suggests that protein synthesis was indispensable to the increase in the amount of granules. In male mice, the injection of female hormones scarcely affected the amount of granules. Kinetic analysis of the decrease and increase of granules on castration and testosterone injection suggested that the male hormone stimulated granule synthesis, but it hardly influenced the loss of granules.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone on the amount of serous-like granules in convoluted tubular cells of mouse submandibular glands. The effect of testosterone on the amount of granules present in convoluted tubular cells of the submadibular glands of mice was studied by the following two methods; 1) an immunochemical method using antiserum specific to the granular components, and 2) a histographic method. The results obtained by these two methods were in agreement. The amounts of the granules in normal female and castrated male mice were one-tenth to one-twentieth of that in normal male mice. When male mice were castrated, the amount of granules decreased, reaching a minimum 20 days after the aperation the injection of the male hormone, testosterone, into castrated male mice caused an increase in the amount of granules; this increase reached a maximum 15 days after the injection. The increase of granules caused by testosterone injection was almost completely prevented by inhibitors of protein synthesis, actinomycin D and puromycin. This suggests that protein synthesis was indispensable to the increase in the amount of granules. In male mice, the injection of female hormones scarcely affected the amount of granules. Kinetic analysis of the decrease and increase of granules on castration and testosterone injection suggested that the male hormone stimulated granule synthesis, but it hardly influenced the loss of granules.", "PMID": 324992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9516", "title": "Use of 3H and 14C double-labeled glucose to assess in vivo pathways of amino acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "3H and 14C tracing data concerning amino acid biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli K12 are presented. Thirteen acidic and neutral amino acids were isolated from protein hydrolysates of wild type E. coli K12 grown aerobically or anaerobically in the presence of [U-14C]glucose together with [1-3H]glucose, [3-3H]glucose, [4-3H]glucose, or [6-3H]glucose. The observed 3H/14C counts of the amino acids were compared with the ratios expected on the basis of the input substrate specific activities and present understanding of biosynthetic pathways. For nine amino acids, serine, valine, leucine, threonine, isoleucine, glycine, glutamate, proline, and phenylalanine, the agreement between anticipated and observed specific activities was satisfactory. For the remaining four, methionine, alanine, aspartate, and (in cells labeled with [3-3H]glucose) tyrosine, the anticipated and observed specific activities differed markedly. For alanine, aspartate, and tyrosine, the differences are probably due to exchange of tritium in the course of biosynthesis; for methionine, it may be that there is a principle source of the methyl group other than carbon 3 of serine.", "contents": "Use of 3H and 14C double-labeled glucose to assess in vivo pathways of amino acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. 3H and 14C tracing data concerning amino acid biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli K12 are presented. Thirteen acidic and neutral amino acids were isolated from protein hydrolysates of wild type E. coli K12 grown aerobically or anaerobically in the presence of [U-14C]glucose together with [1-3H]glucose, [3-3H]glucose, [4-3H]glucose, or [6-3H]glucose. The observed 3H/14C counts of the amino acids were compared with the ratios expected on the basis of the input substrate specific activities and present understanding of biosynthetic pathways. For nine amino acids, serine, valine, leucine, threonine, isoleucine, glycine, glutamate, proline, and phenylalanine, the agreement between anticipated and observed specific activities was satisfactory. For the remaining four, methionine, alanine, aspartate, and (in cells labeled with [3-3H]glucose) tyrosine, the anticipated and observed specific activities differed markedly. For alanine, aspartate, and tyrosine, the differences are probably due to exchange of tritium in the course of biosynthesis; for methionine, it may be that there is a principle source of the methyl group other than carbon 3 of serine.", "PMID": 324995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9517", "title": "Negative interactions between amino acid and methylamine/ammonia transport systems of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The transport of methylamine (methylammonium ion) and ammonia (ammonium ion) is accomplished in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by means of a specific active transport system. L-Amino acids are noncompetitive inhibitors of methylamine transport. This inhibition is relieved or eliminated in mutant strains that have a reduced ability to transport amino acids. The inhibition of methylamine transport occurs immediately upon the addition of amino acids to the assay system and persists until the external amino acid pool is depleted. The degree of inhibition observed is a direct function of the rate of amino acid transport. Both methylamine and ammonia are capable of inhibiting amino acid transport. The inhibition of amino acid transport is eliminated in mutant strains that cannot transport methylamine and ammonia.", "contents": "Negative interactions between amino acid and methylamine/ammonia transport systems of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The transport of methylamine (methylammonium ion) and ammonia (ammonium ion) is accomplished in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by means of a specific active transport system. L-Amino acids are noncompetitive inhibitors of methylamine transport. This inhibition is relieved or eliminated in mutant strains that have a reduced ability to transport amino acids. The inhibition of methylamine transport occurs immediately upon the addition of amino acids to the assay system and persists until the external amino acid pool is depleted. The degree of inhibition observed is a direct function of the rate of amino acid transport. Both methylamine and ammonia are capable of inhibiting amino acid transport. The inhibition of amino acid transport is eliminated in mutant strains that cannot transport methylamine and ammonia.", "PMID": 324998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9518", "title": "Amino acid sequence of Escherichia coli biotin carboxyl carrier protein (9100).", "content": "The amino acid sequence of a proteolytic fragment of Escherichia coli biotin carboxyl carrier protein was determined from the structures of overlapping tryptic, thermolytic, and staphylococcal protease peptides together with automated sequenator analyses on the intact protein. The fragment, 82 residues in length, contains the single residue of biocytin of the protein. The relationship of the Mr = 9100 fragment to the native Mr = 22,500 subunit is discussed.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of Escherichia coli biotin carboxyl carrier protein (9100). The amino acid sequence of a proteolytic fragment of Escherichia coli biotin carboxyl carrier protein was determined from the structures of overlapping tryptic, thermolytic, and staphylococcal protease peptides together with automated sequenator analyses on the intact protein. The fragment, 82 residues in length, contains the single residue of biocytin of the protein. The relationship of the Mr = 9100 fragment to the native Mr = 22,500 subunit is discussed.", "PMID": 324999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9519", "title": "Limited pepsin digestion of human plasma albumin.", "content": "Limited pepsin digestion of human plasma albumin at pH 3.5 and 0 degrees in the presence of octanoate caused cleavage at residue 307 of the albumin molecule to yield two fragments. Thw two fragments corresponding to the NH2- and the COOH-terminal halves of the molecule were isolated in yields of about 15%. The COOH-terminal fragment is a mixture in which about 85% of the molecules had an additional cleavage at residue 422 of the albumin molecule. The COOH-terminal fragment with the additional cleavage at residue 422 contains two peptides which are linked by a disulfide bridge at residues 391 and 437 of the albumin molecule. Both the NH2- and the COOH-terminal fragment of human albumin showed no detectable binding of octanoate anions, that is, less than 1/170 of the binding constant of the primary site of human albumin. These findings differ from earlier observations on limited pepsin digestion of bovine plasma albumin where the corresponding COOH-terminal fragment had the octanoate-binding activity, about 1/8 of the  primary binding constant of bovine albumin, while the NH2-terminal fragment did not. The COOH-terminal fragment of bovine albumin did not have cleavage at residue 422 as in the corresponding fragment of human albumin. However, it is not clear that the loss of octanoate-binding activity of fragment C of human albumin is a direct consequence of the cleavage at residue 422.", "contents": "Limited pepsin digestion of human plasma albumin. Limited pepsin digestion of human plasma albumin at pH 3.5 and 0 degrees in the presence of octanoate caused cleavage at residue 307 of the albumin molecule to yield two fragments. Thw two fragments corresponding to the NH2- and the COOH-terminal halves of the molecule were isolated in yields of about 15%. The COOH-terminal fragment is a mixture in which about 85% of the molecules had an additional cleavage at residue 422 of the albumin molecule. The COOH-terminal fragment with the additional cleavage at residue 422 contains two peptides which are linked by a disulfide bridge at residues 391 and 437 of the albumin molecule. Both the NH2- and the COOH-terminal fragment of human albumin showed no detectable binding of octanoate anions, that is, less than 1/170 of the binding constant of the primary site of human albumin. These findings differ from earlier observations on limited pepsin digestion of bovine plasma albumin where the corresponding COOH-terminal fragment had the octanoate-binding activity, about 1/8 of the  primary binding constant of bovine albumin, while the NH2-terminal fragment did not. The COOH-terminal fragment of bovine albumin did not have cleavage at residue 422 as in the corresponding fragment of human albumin. However, it is not clear that the loss of octanoate-binding activity of fragment C of human albumin is a direct consequence of the cleavage at residue 422.", "PMID": 325004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9520", "title": "Studies of the mechanism of tunicamycin in hibition of IgA and IgE secretion by plasma cells.", "content": "Tunicamycin, an antibiotic which blocks the formation of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid intermediates, thereby preventing glycosylation of glycoproteins, inhibits the secretion of IgA and IgE by MOPC 315 mouse plasma cells and IR162 rat plasma cells, respectively. At 0.5 microng of tunicamycin per ml, D-[14C]glucosamine incorporation into newly synthesized immunoglobulin was inhibited greater than 90% while the overall rate of protein synthesized was much less inhibited (40% in the case of MOPC 315 cells and 13% in the case of IR162 cells). This dose of tunicamycin produced an 85% inhibition of IgA secretion by the MOPC 315 cells and a complete inhibition of intact IgE secretion by the IR162 plasma cells. In contrast, tunicamycin had little effect on the secretion of normally nonglycosylated lambda light chains or on cell-free protein synthesis, demonstrating that tunicamycin is not a general inhibitor of protein synthesis or a non-specific inhibitor of protein secretion. No enhancement of intracellular degradation of nonglycosylated immunoglobulin could be demonstrated. Electron microscopy of tunicamycin-treated MOPC 315 cells revealed marked dilatations of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and direct immunofluorescence indicated that the dilated rought endoplasmic reticulum contained IgA. These data indicate that glycosylation of newly synthesized IgA and IgE may be necessary for normal secretion to occur.", "contents": "Studies of the mechanism of tunicamycin in hibition of IgA and IgE secretion by plasma cells. Tunicamycin, an antibiotic which blocks the formation of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid intermediates, thereby preventing glycosylation of glycoproteins, inhibits the secretion of IgA and IgE by MOPC 315 mouse plasma cells and IR162 rat plasma cells, respectively. At 0.5 microng of tunicamycin per ml, D-[14C]glucosamine incorporation into newly synthesized immunoglobulin was inhibited greater than 90% while the overall rate of protein synthesized was much less inhibited (40% in the case of MOPC 315 cells and 13% in the case of IR162 cells). This dose of tunicamycin produced an 85% inhibition of IgA secretion by the MOPC 315 cells and a complete inhibition of intact IgE secretion by the IR162 plasma cells. In contrast, tunicamycin had little effect on the secretion of normally nonglycosylated lambda light chains or on cell-free protein synthesis, demonstrating that tunicamycin is not a general inhibitor of protein synthesis or a non-specific inhibitor of protein secretion. No enhancement of intracellular degradation of nonglycosylated immunoglobulin could be demonstrated. Electron microscopy of tunicamycin-treated MOPC 315 cells revealed marked dilatations of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and direct immunofluorescence indicated that the dilated rought endoplasmic reticulum contained IgA. These data indicate that glycosylation of newly synthesized IgA and IgE may be necessary for normal secretion to occur.", "PMID": 325006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9521", "title": "Subunit structure of external invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Because 50% of the mass of the external invertase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae consists of carbohydrate, it has been extremely difficult to obtain an accurate molecular weight of this enzyme by centrifugal or electrophoretic techniques. However, on removing almost all of the oligosaccharide chains of this enzyme with the endo-beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase H from Streptomyces plicatus, it has been possible to show that carbohydrate-free invertase is composed of two 60,000-dalton subunits. Terminal sequence analysis with carboxypeptidases A, B, and Y provided strong evidence that the subunits are identical.", "contents": "Subunit structure of external invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Because 50% of the mass of the external invertase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae consists of carbohydrate, it has been extremely difficult to obtain an accurate molecular weight of this enzyme by centrifugal or electrophoretic techniques. However, on removing almost all of the oligosaccharide chains of this enzyme with the endo-beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase H from Streptomyces plicatus, it has been possible to show that carbohydrate-free invertase is composed of two 60,000-dalton subunits. Terminal sequence analysis with carboxypeptidases A, B, and Y provided strong evidence that the subunits are identical.", "PMID": 325007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9522", "title": "19F nuclear magnetic resonance of 5-fluorouridine-substituted tRNA1Val from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The 19F NMR spectrum of Escherichia coli tRNA1Val in which [5-19F]uridine replaces 93% of all uridine and uridine-derived residues has been examined at 93.6 and 235 MHz. The resolution of 11 peaks and visibility of two additional shoulders at either frequency for the 14 FUra residues in the molecule attests to the excellence of 19F as a probe for the structure of tRNA1Val in solution. No significant gain in resolution was attained at the higher frequency. A comparison of the relative areas in the different regions of the 19F spectrum of mixed [FUra]tRNAs with that of [FUra]tRNA1Val suggests that the three single resonances at lowest field in the region 86.5 to 88.5 ppm upfield from trifluoroacetate correspond to the three invariant bases which form tertiary hydrogen bonds in all tRNAs, namely, 8 (U or s4U), 54 (T), and 55 (phi) in unsubstituted tRNAs.", "contents": "19F nuclear magnetic resonance of 5-fluorouridine-substituted tRNA1Val from Escherichia coli. The 19F NMR spectrum of Escherichia coli tRNA1Val in which [5-19F]uridine replaces 93% of all uridine and uridine-derived residues has been examined at 93.6 and 235 MHz. The resolution of 11 peaks and visibility of two additional shoulders at either frequency for the 14 FUra residues in the molecule attests to the excellence of 19F as a probe for the structure of tRNA1Val in solution. No significant gain in resolution was attained at the higher frequency. A comparison of the relative areas in the different regions of the 19F spectrum of mixed [FUra]tRNAs with that of [FUra]tRNA1Val suggests that the three single resonances at lowest field in the region 86.5 to 88.5 ppm upfield from trifluoroacetate correspond to the three invariant bases which form tertiary hydrogen bonds in all tRNAs, namely, 8 (U or s4U), 54 (T), and 55 (phi) in unsubstituted tRNAs.", "PMID": 325008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9523", "title": "Failure of orally administered hydroxychloroquine sulphate to prevent venous thromboembolism following elective hip operations.", "content": "In a double-blind, randomized trial of orally administered hydroxychloroquine sulphate in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective surgery on the hip, the drug or a placebo was given to fifty consecutive patients. Therapy was commenced on the day before the operation and continued for fourteen days. The diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis was made by daily thermographic scanning of the legs and confirmed by phlebography. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was made by perfusion lung scanning. No significant difference in the incidence of thromboembolism was found between treated and control groups. The results provide evidence that substances which reduce the incidence of thromboembolism in general surgery may not be effective in operations on the hip.", "contents": "Failure of orally administered hydroxychloroquine sulphate to prevent venous thromboembolism following elective hip operations. In a double-blind, randomized trial of orally administered hydroxychloroquine sulphate in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective surgery on the hip, the drug or a placebo was given to fifty consecutive patients. Therapy was commenced on the day before the operation and continued for fourteen days. The diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis was made by daily thermographic scanning of the legs and confirmed by phlebography. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was made by perfusion lung scanning. No significant difference in the incidence of thromboembolism was found between treated and control groups. The results provide evidence that substances which reduce the incidence of thromboembolism in general surgery may not be effective in operations on the hip.", "PMID": 325009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9524", "title": "Skeletal cryptococcosis.", "content": "We reviewed the published reports of skeletal cryptococcosis and added three cases to the fifty-six in the literature. Eight of the patients in the reported cases probably did not have primary skeletal cryptococcosis. The potential toxicity of antifungal drugs in current use and the apparent effectiveness of surgical treatment for patients who only have a single focus of infection in bone, without involvement of other tissues, should be noted. The association of cryptococcosis with other diseases and the difficulty in differentiating purely skeletal involvement from more extensive disease are emphasized.", "contents": "Skeletal cryptococcosis. We reviewed the published reports of skeletal cryptococcosis and added three cases to the fifty-six in the literature. Eight of the patients in the reported cases probably did not have primary skeletal cryptococcosis. The potential toxicity of antifungal drugs in current use and the apparent effectiveness of surgical treatment for patients who only have a single focus of infection in bone, without involvement of other tissues, should be noted. The association of cryptococcosis with other diseases and the difficulty in differentiating purely skeletal involvement from more extensive disease are emphasized.", "PMID": 325010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9525", "title": "Treatment of unicameral bone cysts by subtotal resection without grafts.", "content": "Twenty-one patients were treated operatively for unicameral bone cysts by subtotal resection without any form of bone graft, and all but two patients had satisfactory, prompt healing. The rate of recurrence was 9%. Five patients were noted to have humeral shortening prior to any surgery, and in them the changes in the epiphyseal cartilage were noted preoperatively. Pathological fractures were thought to be the cause of the shortening in those cases.", "contents": "Treatment of unicameral bone cysts by subtotal resection without grafts. Twenty-one patients were treated operatively for unicameral bone cysts by subtotal resection without any form of bone graft, and all but two patients had satisfactory, prompt healing. The rate of recurrence was 9%. Five patients were noted to have humeral shortening prior to any surgery, and in them the changes in the epiphyseal cartilage were noted preoperatively. Pathological fractures were thought to be the cause of the shortening in those cases.", "PMID": 325011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9526", "title": "Chromatography of biogenic amines. I. Generally applicable separation and detection methods.", "content": "This first part of the review on \"Chromatography of Biogenic Amines\" is devoted to the description of generally applicable separation and detection methods. Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods, and applications of chromatographic methods to specific amines or groups of related amines and their metabolites, will be covered in Part II. Trends in the development of separation methods (paper and thin-layer chromatography, paper and thin-layer electrophoresis and ion-exchange methods) are described, using mostly aliphatic amines as examples as they do not exhibit features that permit their specific determination. Reagents suggested for the formation of coloured and fluorescent derivatives of amines are reviewed and their applications are described. Within the limitation of the reviewed and their applications are described. Within the limitation of the mostly inadequate information that is available, the relative usefulness of the different derivative-forming reactions are compared.", "contents": "Chromatography of biogenic amines. I. Generally applicable separation and detection methods. This first part of the review on \"Chromatography of Biogenic Amines\" is devoted to the description of generally applicable separation and detection methods. Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods, and applications of chromatographic methods to specific amines or groups of related amines and their metabolites, will be covered in Part II. Trends in the development of separation methods (paper and thin-layer chromatography, paper and thin-layer electrophoresis and ion-exchange methods) are described, using mostly aliphatic amines as examples as they do not exhibit features that permit their specific determination. Reagents suggested for the formation of coloured and fluorescent derivatives of amines are reviewed and their applications are described. Within the limitation of the reviewed and their applications are described. Within the limitation of the mostly inadequate information that is available, the relative usefulness of the different derivative-forming reactions are compared.", "PMID": 325014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9527", "title": "Circulating immune complexes detected by 125I-Clq deviation test in sera of cancer patients.", "content": "The presence of circulating immune complexes in freshly drawn sera of patients with various forms of malignancies was detected by the 125I-Clq deviation test of Sobel et al. More than 50% of the 459 cancer sera showed a high inhibition of 125I-Clq uptake by sensitized sheep erythrocytes when compared with sera of 50 healthy laboratory personnel. The levels were compared with levels of total hemolytic complement and immunochemical determinations of Cl1 and C3. A correlation between high levels of circulating immune complexes and low levels of Clq was suggested. These immune complexes were separated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation at low pH and were found to be heavier than 19S. Fluctuation of levels of immune complexes was evident when serial samples from the same patient were tested. Decrease of levels of immune complexes and a concomitant increase of Clq were detected after Calmette-Gue\u00e9rin bacillus and autologous tumor cell treatment in some melanoma patients.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes detected by 125I-Clq deviation test in sera of cancer patients. The presence of circulating immune complexes in freshly drawn sera of patients with various forms of malignancies was detected by the 125I-Clq deviation test of Sobel et al. More than 50% of the 459 cancer sera showed a high inhibition of 125I-Clq uptake by sensitized sheep erythrocytes when compared with sera of 50 healthy laboratory personnel. The levels were compared with levels of total hemolytic complement and immunochemical determinations of Cl1 and C3. A correlation between high levels of circulating immune complexes and low levels of Clq was suggested. These immune complexes were separated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation at low pH and were found to be heavier than 19S. Fluctuation of levels of immune complexes was evident when serial samples from the same patient were tested. Decrease of levels of immune complexes and a concomitant increase of Clq were detected after Calmette-Gue\u00e9rin bacillus and autologous tumor cell treatment in some melanoma patients.", "PMID": 325016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9528", "title": "Four years experience with dura mater cardiac valves.", "content": "The clinical use of homologous dura mater cardiac valves was begun in January 1971. Between January 1971 and May 1975, 751 patients received 849 dura mater valves: 428 mitral, 365 aortic, 52 tricuspid and 4 pulmonary. The hospital mortality observed in this series was 13.6% and late mortality was 2.5%. The main causes of death were low-output syndrome in the immediate post-operative period or cardiac failure in the late post-operative period, due to myocardial impairment. Paravalvular leaks and errors in the manufacture of the valve were the main causes of regurgitation both in the immediate and late post-operative period. The incidence of thromboembolism, bacterial and fungal endocarditis was: 0.79%, 0.39%, 0.53% respectively. The results obtained with dura mater valve in a period of four years are satisfactory from the clinical and hemodynamic points of view.", "contents": "Four years experience with dura mater cardiac valves. The clinical use of homologous dura mater cardiac valves was begun in January 1971. Between January 1971 and May 1975, 751 patients received 849 dura mater valves: 428 mitral, 365 aortic, 52 tricuspid and 4 pulmonary. The hospital mortality observed in this series was 13.6% and late mortality was 2.5%. The main causes of death were low-output syndrome in the immediate post-operative period or cardiac failure in the late post-operative period, due to myocardial impairment. Paravalvular leaks and errors in the manufacture of the valve were the main causes of regurgitation both in the immediate and late post-operative period. The incidence of thromboembolism, bacterial and fungal endocarditis was: 0.79%, 0.39%, 0.53% respectively. The results obtained with dura mater valve in a period of four years are satisfactory from the clinical and hemodynamic points of view.", "PMID": 325013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9529", "title": "Sarcoidosis: histopathological definition and clinical diagnosis.", "content": "Sarcoidosis is best defined in histopathological terms as 'a disease characterised by the presence in all of several affected organs and tissues of non-caseating epithelioid-cell granulomas, proceeding either to resolution or to conversion into hyaline connective tissue'. Although the defining characteristics are thus histopathological, diagnosis during life depends largely upon clinical, radiological, and immunological findings. The amount of support required from histology varies greatly from case to case.  Though histology from one site cannot in itself establish the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, a generalised disease, detailed histological study of biopsy tissue makes an important and often essential contribution. In many instances, complete lack of necrosis, an intact reticulin pattern, and failure to demonstrate infective agents permit an unequivocal statement of compatibility with this diagnosis; however, a compatible clinical picture and absence of evidence of known causes of local granulomatous reactions or of other generalised granulomatous diseases are required for definitive diagnosis. In some, the histological pattern deviates in some particular from the accepted 'typical' pattern; there may be a little necrosis, the follicular pattern of the granuloma may be less than perfect, and exclusion of known infective agents can never be absolute. In such instances, subsequent surveillance, including possible response to treatment, may show a clinical course justifying a diagnosis of sarcoidosis, and necropsy may establish it; but it must be recognised that in a few cases, particularly those in which the clinical evidence of disease is confined to one organ, diagnosis is likely to remain in doubt for long periods. Reports on the histology of the Kveim test should be made without knowledge of clinical findings and in terms of the presence and quality of granulomatous response. A granulomatous reaction to a validated test suspension makes a contribution to diagnosis similar to the finding of granulomas in an additional organ or tissue.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis: histopathological definition and clinical diagnosis. Sarcoidosis is best defined in histopathological terms as 'a disease characterised by the presence in all of several affected organs and tissues of non-caseating epithelioid-cell granulomas, proceeding either to resolution or to conversion into hyaline connective tissue'. Although the defining characteristics are thus histopathological, diagnosis during life depends largely upon clinical, radiological, and immunological findings. The amount of support required from histology varies greatly from case to case.  Though histology from one site cannot in itself establish the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, a generalised disease, detailed histological study of biopsy tissue makes an important and often essential contribution. In many instances, complete lack of necrosis, an intact reticulin pattern, and failure to demonstrate infective agents permit an unequivocal statement of compatibility with this diagnosis; however, a compatible clinical picture and absence of evidence of known causes of local granulomatous reactions or of other generalised granulomatous diseases are required for definitive diagnosis. In some, the histological pattern deviates in some particular from the accepted 'typical' pattern; there may be a little necrosis, the follicular pattern of the granuloma may be less than perfect, and exclusion of known infective agents can never be absolute. In such instances, subsequent surveillance, including possible response to treatment, may show a clinical course justifying a diagnosis of sarcoidosis, and necropsy may establish it; but it must be recognised that in a few cases, particularly those in which the clinical evidence of disease is confined to one organ, diagnosis is likely to remain in doubt for long periods. Reports on the histology of the Kveim test should be made without knowledge of clinical findings and in terms of the presence and quality of granulomatous response. A granulomatous reaction to a validated test suspension makes a contribution to diagnosis similar to the finding of granulomas in an additional organ or tissue.", "PMID": 325017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9530", "title": "Routine laboratory assessment of postoperative chest infection: a prospective study.", "content": "Postoperative chest infection was studied prospectively in 73 patients in order to evaluate standard laboratory methods of sputum examination and to relate the results to the patients' clinical state and to antibiotic therapy. When a culture medium selective for haemophilus was used in addition to unselective media, homogenisation of the specimen gave no advantage. Laboratory and clinical findings usually corresponded well. Profuse growths of Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae were clearly associated with clinical evidence of chest infection but other Gramnegative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus much less so. Coliforms were more prominent after antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Routine laboratory assessment of postoperative chest infection: a prospective study. Postoperative chest infection was studied prospectively in 73 patients in order to evaluate standard laboratory methods of sputum examination and to relate the results to the patients' clinical state and to antibiotic therapy. When a culture medium selective for haemophilus was used in addition to unselective media, homogenisation of the specimen gave no advantage. Laboratory and clinical findings usually corresponded well. Profuse growths of Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae were clearly associated with clinical evidence of chest infection but other Gramnegative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus much less so. Coliforms were more prominent after antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 325018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9531", "title": "Further studies on the reliability of the bacitracin inhibition test for the presumptive identification of Lancefield group A streptococci.", "content": "The reliability of the bacitracin inhibition test to differentiate between 125 Lancefield group A and 122 non-group A beta-haemolytic streptococci was studied. Bacitracin discs containing 0-02, 0-04, or 0-1 international units and the conditions recommended by both the Association of Clinical Pathologists and the Federal Drug Administration for routine sensitivity testing were used. The results suggest that the presence or absence of a zone of inhibition around a 0-04 unit disc can be used routinely for the presumptive identification of group A streptococci and that a specific zone size can be used for reading the test only with a 0-1 unit disc.", "contents": "Further studies on the reliability of the bacitracin inhibition test for the presumptive identification of Lancefield group A streptococci. The reliability of the bacitracin inhibition test to differentiate between 125 Lancefield group A and 122 non-group A beta-haemolytic streptococci was studied. Bacitracin discs containing 0-02, 0-04, or 0-1 international units and the conditions recommended by both the Association of Clinical Pathologists and the Federal Drug Administration for routine sensitivity testing were used. The results suggest that the presence or absence of a zone of inhibition around a 0-04 unit disc can be used routinely for the presumptive identification of group A streptococci and that a specific zone size can be used for reading the test only with a 0-1 unit disc.", "PMID": 325019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9532", "title": "Experimental transient bacteraemias in human subjects with varying degrees of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation.", "content": "Ninety-six subjects were assigned to one of four groups according to severity of gingival inflammation and bacterial plaque accumulation on the teeth. Following a standardized toothbrushing procedure, blood specimens from a vein in the antecubital fossa were cultured under aerobic and stringent anaerobic conditions. The percentage of positive cultures increased significantly with increasing severity of gingival inflammation, as did the number of species of organisms isolated. Thirty different microbial species indigenous to the oral cavity, including many strict anaerobes, were recovered. The study has implications for standards of oral health which might be considered necessary in patients with congenital or acquired endocardial defects or cardiovascular prostheses.", "contents": "Experimental transient bacteraemias in human subjects with varying degrees of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Ninety-six subjects were assigned to one of four groups according to severity of gingival inflammation and bacterial plaque accumulation on the teeth. Following a standardized toothbrushing procedure, blood specimens from a vein in the antecubital fossa were cultured under aerobic and stringent anaerobic conditions. The percentage of positive cultures increased significantly with increasing severity of gingival inflammation, as did the number of species of organisms isolated. Thirty different microbial species indigenous to the oral cavity, including many strict anaerobes, were recovered. The study has implications for standards of oral health which might be considered necessary in patients with congenital or acquired endocardial defects or cardiovascular prostheses.", "PMID": 325021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9533", "title": "Survey of patented anti-stuttering devices.", "content": "Various types of devices have been patented to alleviate stuttering. Some prevent certain physical actions, such as clamping of the teeth, improper movement of the tounge and improper breathing. Others strengthen or incapacitate certain muscles. The devices and their alleged action on the body are described. United States as well as foreign patents are included. No attempt has been made to evaluate said devices", "contents": "Survey of patented anti-stuttering devices. Various types of devices have been patented to alleviate stuttering. Some prevent certain physical actions, such as clamping of the teeth, improper movement of the tounge and improper breathing. Others strengthen or incapacitate certain muscles. The devices and their alleged action on the body are described. United States as well as foreign patents are included. No attempt has been made to evaluate said devices", "PMID": 325027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9534", "title": "Luteinizing hormone and testosterone concentrations in plasma of bull calves treated with gonadotropin releasing hormone.", "content": "Twelve bull calves, 2 to 24 days of age, were assigned to two groups of six calves and administered a single 50 microng intramuscular injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone. Bull calves in group 1 were 2 to 5 days of age (mean 3.0 days), and bull calves in group 2 were 10 to 24 days of age (mean 17.1 days). Blood plasma for radioimmunoassay of luteinizing hormone and testosterone was collected at .5-h intervals for 3-h and at 4- and 6-h following treatment. With increasing age, preinjection luteinizing hormone concentrations in plasma decreased while preinjection testosterone concentrations increased. Mean preinjection luteinizing hormone concentrations for group 1 (1.01 +/- .07 ng/ml; mean +/- standard error) were higher than for group 2 (.61 +/- .12 ng/ml). Preinjection luteinizing hormone and testosterone concentrations were correlated--.63. Following treatment, luteinizing hormone increased with mean peak concentrations of 7.28 +/- .74 and 6.95 +/- 1.79 ng/ml for groups 1 and 2. Peak testosterone response following gonadotropin releasing hormone was higher for group 2 than 1 (1077 +/- 253 versus 436 +/- 116 pg/ml).", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone and testosterone concentrations in plasma of bull calves treated with gonadotropin releasing hormone. Twelve bull calves, 2 to 24 days of age, were assigned to two groups of six calves and administered a single 50 microng intramuscular injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone. Bull calves in group 1 were 2 to 5 days of age (mean 3.0 days), and bull calves in group 2 were 10 to 24 days of age (mean 17.1 days). Blood plasma for radioimmunoassay of luteinizing hormone and testosterone was collected at .5-h intervals for 3-h and at 4- and 6-h following treatment. With increasing age, preinjection luteinizing hormone concentrations in plasma decreased while preinjection testosterone concentrations increased. Mean preinjection luteinizing hormone concentrations for group 1 (1.01 +/- .07 ng/ml; mean +/- standard error) were higher than for group 2 (.61 +/- .12 ng/ml). Preinjection luteinizing hormone and testosterone concentrations were correlated--.63. Following treatment, luteinizing hormone increased with mean peak concentrations of 7.28 +/- .74 and 6.95 +/- 1.79 ng/ml for groups 1 and 2. Peak testosterone response following gonadotropin releasing hormone was higher for group 2 than 1 (1077 +/- 253 versus 436 +/- 116 pg/ml).", "PMID": 325031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9535", "title": "Labile protein reserves and protein turnover.", "content": "The concept of a labile protein reserve is based on the relatively slow establishment of a new equilibrium in the rate of nitrogen excretion after an abrupt change in dietary supply. The evidence reviewed shows that a majority of this nitrogen is derived from or deposited in skeletal muscle proteins. The rates of synthesis and degradation of total body protein are rapid in large animals (man and swine) and are correlated with heat production. The rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle greatly exceeds the rate of growth and is sensitive to nutritional status. The rate exceeds the rate of degradation in response to the ingestion of an adequate diet so that tissue proteins are accumulated, but it decreases below the rate of degradation under conditions of deprivation. In this latter state, proteins of skeletal muscle supply amino acids for energy or for the synthesis of other more essential proteins, e.g., milk proteins during lactation. Thus, we conclude that the labile protein reserve is a product of the normal, dynamic metabolism of protein.", "contents": "Labile protein reserves and protein turnover. The concept of a labile protein reserve is based on the relatively slow establishment of a new equilibrium in the rate of nitrogen excretion after an abrupt change in dietary supply. The evidence reviewed shows that a majority of this nitrogen is derived from or deposited in skeletal muscle proteins. The rates of synthesis and degradation of total body protein are rapid in large animals (man and swine) and are correlated with heat production. The rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle greatly exceeds the rate of growth and is sensitive to nutritional status. The rate exceeds the rate of degradation in response to the ingestion of an adequate diet so that tissue proteins are accumulated, but it decreases below the rate of degradation under conditions of deprivation. In this latter state, proteins of skeletal muscle supply amino acids for energy or for the synthesis of other more essential proteins, e.g., milk proteins during lactation. Thus, we conclude that the labile protein reserve is a product of the normal, dynamic metabolism of protein.", "PMID": 325030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9536", "title": "Colostral cell-mediated immunity and the concept of a common secretory immune system.", "content": "Historically colostrum and milk have been thought to confer immunity on the neonate only by virtue of their immunoglobulin content. Recently we have observed that colostrum also contains viable T lymphocytes capable of expressing cell-mediated immunity in vitro and have employed techniques of lymphocyte culture to elucidate the local nature of mammary tissue immunity at the T-cell level. The results indicate that the activity of colostral lymphocytes appears not to represent the total immunological experience of the mother but that they may contain reactive clones beneficial for the suckling. Colostral immunity appears to depend upon sensitizing events within the intestine and respiratory tract, followed by the migration of lymphoid precursors to the breast, suggesting a relationship between the expression of immunity at various secretory surfaces.", "contents": "Colostral cell-mediated immunity and the concept of a common secretory immune system. Historically colostrum and milk have been thought to confer immunity on the neonate only by virtue of their immunoglobulin content. Recently we have observed that colostrum also contains viable T lymphocytes capable of expressing cell-mediated immunity in vitro and have employed techniques of lymphocyte culture to elucidate the local nature of mammary tissue immunity at the T-cell level. The results indicate that the activity of colostral lymphocytes appears not to represent the total immunological experience of the mother but that they may contain reactive clones beneficial for the suckling. Colostral immunity appears to depend upon sensitizing events within the intestine and respiratory tract, followed by the migration of lymphoid precursors to the breast, suggesting a relationship between the expression of immunity at various secretory surfaces.", "PMID": 325032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9537", "title": "Human relations with dental personnel.", "content": "This review of psychological notions and outline of experiential training can be employed as a sensitizing device to heighten dental care providers' awareness of the psychosocial aspects of dentistry. Additionally, the objective of further developing personal effectiveness is based on the premises that (1) the value of techincal skills can be enhanced by a clear and empathic appreciation for the consumer and (2) the care provider's command of his own interpersonal effectiveness can be facilitated by an appreciation for his current skill level.", "contents": "Human relations with dental personnel. This review of psychological notions and outline of experiential training can be employed as a sensitizing device to heighten dental care providers' awareness of the psychosocial aspects of dentistry. Additionally, the objective of further developing personal effectiveness is based on the premises that (1) the value of techincal skills can be enhanced by a clear and empathic appreciation for the consumer and (2) the care provider's command of his own interpersonal effectiveness can be facilitated by an appreciation for his current skill level.", "PMID": 325037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9538", "title": "Pulmonary oedema associated with hydrocarbon inhalation.", "content": "A patient with gross pulmonary oedema secondary to inhalation of paint fumes is described. Treatment with mechanical ventilation and positive end expiratory pressure was required.", "contents": "Pulmonary oedema associated with hydrocarbon inhalation. A patient with gross pulmonary oedema secondary to inhalation of paint fumes is described. Treatment with mechanical ventilation and positive end expiratory pressure was required.", "PMID": 325051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9539", "title": "Technique for the fabrication of a cast post and core with nonprecious metal.", "content": "A technique for the construction of a cast post and core with a nonprecious metal is described. The technique is a practical and inexpensive approach to the construction of this type of restoration.", "contents": "Technique for the fabrication of a cast post and core with nonprecious metal. A technique for the construction of a cast post and core with a nonprecious metal is described. The technique is a practical and inexpensive approach to the construction of this type of restoration.", "PMID": 325052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9540", "title": "Effects of design on stress distribution of intracoronal gold restorations.", "content": "Eight intracoronal and extracoronal designs for gold restorations with different tapers to the lateral walls were investigated to determine the most efficient design in distributing occlusal stresses. It was found that the occulusal wall of an inlay cavity with a 7 degree taper and no bevel resulted in a better stress distribution than a cavity preparation with a greater taper or a long bevel. It was shown further that a wide inlay preparation resulted in less stress if the cusps were protected by gold.", "contents": "Effects of design on stress distribution of intracoronal gold restorations. Eight intracoronal and extracoronal designs for gold restorations with different tapers to the lateral walls were investigated to determine the most efficient design in distributing occlusal stresses. It was found that the occulusal wall of an inlay cavity with a 7 degree taper and no bevel resulted in a better stress distribution than a cavity preparation with a greater taper or a long bevel. It was shown further that a wide inlay preparation resulted in less stress if the cusps were protected by gold.", "PMID": 325053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9541", "title": "Malignant angioendothelioma of the face.", "content": "A case of malignant angioendothelioma of the face is presented. A combination of conventional wide excision, chemosurgery (Mohs' technique), and plastic reconstruction proved successful. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a facial lesion of this type that has been cured by surgery.", "contents": "Malignant angioendothelioma of the face. A case of malignant angioendothelioma of the face is presented. A combination of conventional wide excision, chemosurgery (Mohs' technique), and plastic reconstruction proved successful. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a facial lesion of this type that has been cured by surgery.", "PMID": 325048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9542", "title": "Surgical repair of defects resulting from the serial fresh-tissue technique of Mohs.", "content": "Chemosurgery by Mohs' fresh-tissue technique lends itself readily to plastic repair of the defects. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach and the various techniques that have been used successfully are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical repair of defects resulting from the serial fresh-tissue technique of Mohs. Chemosurgery by Mohs' fresh-tissue technique lends itself readily to plastic repair of the defects. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach and the various techniques that have been used successfully are discussed.", "PMID": 325049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9543", "title": "The dogear: causes, prevention and correction.", "content": "An analysis of the geometric and mechanical factors leading to the formation of dogears at the ends of surgical wounds in the skin is presented. Corrective measures are discussed.", "contents": "The dogear: causes, prevention and correction. An analysis of the geometric and mechanical factors leading to the formation of dogears at the ends of surgical wounds in the skin is presented. Corrective measures are discussed.", "PMID": 325050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9544", "title": "The restless legs of a Nantucket farmer.", "content": "Ekbom's syndrome of restless legs is common but not restricted primarily to the elderly. Records of familial occurrence and association with several pathologic disorders preclude exclusive age-association. Most cases of the syndrome in the general population are seen in persons of middle or old age. Lack of awareness of the frequency of the syndrome and lack of an adequate dependable form of treatment attest the need for additional study. Historical documentation is one way of alerting the profession to the nature, frequency and lineage of a clinical disorder that requires an accepted form of amelioration. Notes from the 1870-73 diary of a Nantucket farmer are presented.", "contents": "The restless legs of a Nantucket farmer. Ekbom's syndrome of restless legs is common but not restricted primarily to the elderly. Records of familial occurrence and association with several pathologic disorders preclude exclusive age-association. Most cases of the syndrome in the general population are seen in persons of middle or old age. Lack of awareness of the frequency of the syndrome and lack of an adequate dependable form of treatment attest the need for additional study. Historical documentation is one way of alerting the profession to the nature, frequency and lineage of a clinical disorder that requires an accepted form of amelioration. Notes from the 1870-73 diary of a Nantucket farmer are presented.", "PMID": 325058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9545", "title": "A bibliography of doctoral dissertations on aging from American institutions of higher learning, 1974-1976.", "content": "This bibliography is the sixth supplement to the original title which covered 1934-1969. The supplements will include all titles of earlier years which were found after the original bibliography was published, Journal of Gerontology, 1971, 26, 391-422. Due to the nature of bibliographic control in regard to doctoral dissertations, each supplement will try to cover the academic year rather than the physical year. This means that a dissertation issued in 1970 may be either in the original bibliography or in the supplements. The arrangement of the supplement is similar to the original bibliography.", "contents": "A bibliography of doctoral dissertations on aging from American institutions of higher learning, 1974-1976. This bibliography is the sixth supplement to the original title which covered 1934-1969. The supplements will include all titles of earlier years which were found after the original bibliography was published, Journal of Gerontology, 1971, 26, 391-422. Due to the nature of bibliographic control in regard to doctoral dissertations, each supplement will try to cover the academic year rather than the physical year. This means that a dissertation issued in 1970 may be either in the original bibliography or in the supplements. The arrangement of the supplement is similar to the original bibliography.", "PMID": 325061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9546", "title": "Current publications in gerontology and geriatrics.", "content": "THE SUBJECT categories are those in A Classified Bibliography of Gerontology and Geriatrics by Nathan W; Shock, published by Stanford University Press, Stanford, California (1951). Only major headings are used and the Roman numerals correspond to those given in the bibliography. Insofar as possible, references are classified according to organ systems. Thus, most of the material on Geriatrics will be found under the organ system involved in the disease. Cross references are indicated by numbers at the end of each section. When available, abstract references are given (B.A.--Biological Abstracts. P.A.--Psychological Abstracts, and P.I.-Population Index). Abbreviations for journals are those in A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the years 1900-1933; 2nd Edition. For journals not listed, abbreviations were devised to the general rules used in the above source. It is impossible to cover all journals and list all papers concerned with aging and the aged. Authors and publishers are requested to call attention to publications or to send reprints to the Gerontology Research Center, Baltimore City Hospitals, Baltimore, Maryland 21224.", "contents": "Current publications in gerontology and geriatrics. THE SUBJECT categories are those in A Classified Bibliography of Gerontology and Geriatrics by Nathan W; Shock, published by Stanford University Press, Stanford, California (1951). Only major headings are used and the Roman numerals correspond to those given in the bibliography. Insofar as possible, references are classified according to organ systems. Thus, most of the material on Geriatrics will be found under the organ system involved in the disease. Cross references are indicated by numbers at the end of each section. When available, abstract references are given (B.A.--Biological Abstracts. P.A.--Psychological Abstracts, and P.I.-Population Index). Abbreviations for journals are those in A World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the years 1900-1933; 2nd Edition. For journals not listed, abbreviations were devised to the general rules used in the above source. It is impossible to cover all journals and list all papers concerned with aging and the aged. Authors and publishers are requested to call attention to publications or to send reprints to the Gerontology Research Center, Baltimore City Hospitals, Baltimore, Maryland 21224.", "PMID": 325062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9547", "title": "Art, evolution, and history: a case study of paradigm change in anthropology.", "content": "An ethnological controversy over the origin and evolution of decorative art is documented for the period 1896-1904 and is used to test the relevance in anthropology of Thomas Kuhn's outline of the structure of scientific revolutions. Using a combination of archival materials and content analysis of professional periodicals, both the appropriateness and the limitations of Kuhn's scheme are explored. The conclusion is that paradigms and scientific revolutions are valid and useful concepts for use in the history of anthropology, but that for the particular period under study they are insufficient. Nonparadigmatic aspects of anthropology's supporting communities must also be considered, especially anthropology's \"permeable boundaries\".", "contents": "Art, evolution, and history: a case study of paradigm change in anthropology. An ethnological controversy over the origin and evolution of decorative art is documented for the period 1896-1904 and is used to test the relevance in anthropology of Thomas Kuhn's outline of the structure of scientific revolutions. Using a combination of archival materials and content analysis of professional periodicals, both the appropriateness and the limitations of Kuhn's scheme are explored. The conclusion is that paradigms and scientific revolutions are valid and useful concepts for use in the history of anthropology, but that for the particular period under study they are insufficient. Nonparadigmatic aspects of anthropology's supporting communities must also be considered, especially anthropology's \"permeable boundaries\".", "PMID": 325065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9548", "title": "William James: a contradiction.", "content": "The author describes a contradiction in William James's Principles of Psychology and traces some of its consequences. In particular, he calls attention to the question of dating certain aspects of this work, and to the ambivalence toward Helmholtz expressed therein.", "contents": "William James: a contradiction. The author describes a contradiction in William James's Principles of Psychology and traces some of its consequences. In particular, he calls attention to the question of dating certain aspects of this work, and to the ambivalence toward Helmholtz expressed therein.", "PMID": 325066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9549", "title": "Reminiscences of a sociologist: Rudolf Herberle.", "content": "The author tells of his drift from law and economics into sociology at a time when this field was not yet institutionalized in his native Germany. He describes his research experiences in European countries and in America. He shows how working on a variety of seemingly disconnected subjects contributed to his education as a sociologist. He also discusses his experiences as teacher and author during the first years of the Hitler regime.", "contents": "Reminiscences of a sociologist: Rudolf Herberle. The author tells of his drift from law and economics into sociology at a time when this field was not yet institutionalized in his native Germany. He describes his research experiences in European countries and in America. He shows how working on a variety of seemingly disconnected subjects contributed to his education as a sociologist. He also discusses his experiences as teacher and author during the first years of the Hitler regime.", "PMID": 325067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9550", "title": "Gregory Bateson and the mathematicians: from interdisciplinary interaction to societal functions.", "content": "An instance of fruitful cross-disciplinary contacts is examined in detail. The ideas involved include (1) the double-blind hypothesis for schizophrenia, (2) the critique of game theory from the viewpoint of anthropology and psychiatry, and (3) the application of concepts of communication theory and theory of logical types to an interpretation of psychoanalytic practice. The protagonists of the interchange are Gregory Bateson and the two mathematicians Norbert Wiener and John von Neumann; the date, March 1946. This interchange and its sequels are described. While the interchanges between Bateson and Wiener were fruitful, those between Bateson and von Neumann were much less so. The latter two held conflicting premises concerning what is significant in science; Bateson's and Wiener's were compatible. In 1946, Wiener suggested that information and communication might be appropriate central concepts for psychoanalytic theory--a vague general idea which Bateson (with Ruesch) related to contemporary clinical practice. For Bateson, Wiener, and von Neumann, the cross-disciplinary interactions foreshadowed a shift in activities and new roles in society, to which the post World War II period was conducive. Von Neumann became a high-level government advisor; Wiener, an interpreter of science and technology for the general public; and Bateson a counter-culture figure.", "contents": "Gregory Bateson and the mathematicians: from interdisciplinary interaction to societal functions. An instance of fruitful cross-disciplinary contacts is examined in detail. The ideas involved include (1) the double-blind hypothesis for schizophrenia, (2) the critique of game theory from the viewpoint of anthropology and psychiatry, and (3) the application of concepts of communication theory and theory of logical types to an interpretation of psychoanalytic practice. The protagonists of the interchange are Gregory Bateson and the two mathematicians Norbert Wiener and John von Neumann; the date, March 1946. This interchange and its sequels are described. While the interchanges between Bateson and Wiener were fruitful, those between Bateson and von Neumann were much less so. The latter two held conflicting premises concerning what is significant in science; Bateson's and Wiener's were compatible. In 1946, Wiener suggested that information and communication might be appropriate central concepts for psychoanalytic theory--a vague general idea which Bateson (with Ruesch) related to contemporary clinical practice. For Bateson, Wiener, and von Neumann, the cross-disciplinary interactions foreshadowed a shift in activities and new roles in society, to which the post World War II period was conducive. Von Neumann became a high-level government advisor; Wiener, an interpreter of science and technology for the general public; and Bateson a counter-culture figure.", "PMID": 325068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9551", "title": "Polyethyleneimine as tracer particle for (immuno) electron microscopy.", "content": "Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is proposed as a tracer for use in electron microscopical investigations. Relative small molecules are available (molecular weight 600-60,000). PEI is soluble in water; it is not visible in the electron microscope without further treatment, but can easily be detected as a particle by contrastting it with phosphotungstic acid or OsO4. Using PEI of a molecular weight of 40,000, particles of 10 nm diameter can be produced. The strong cationic character of PEI results in electrostatical binding to anionic sites. Hence perfusion and immersion of tissues with PEI of various molecular weights offers possibilities to either study the location of anionic sites or pathways of transport. Anionic sites could be demonstrated in the normal and pathologic glomerular basement membrane. Work on the use of PEI as a marker particle in immunoelectronmicroscopy is in progress.", "contents": "Polyethyleneimine as tracer particle for (immuno) electron microscopy. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is proposed as a tracer for use in electron microscopical investigations. Relative small molecules are available (molecular weight 600-60,000). PEI is soluble in water; it is not visible in the electron microscope without further treatment, but can easily be detected as a particle by contrastting it with phosphotungstic acid or OsO4. Using PEI of a molecular weight of 40,000, particles of 10 nm diameter can be produced. The strong cationic character of PEI results in electrostatical binding to anionic sites. Hence perfusion and immersion of tissues with PEI of various molecular weights offers possibilities to either study the location of anionic sites or pathways of transport. Anionic sites could be demonstrated in the normal and pathologic glomerular basement membrane. Work on the use of PEI as a marker particle in immunoelectronmicroscopy is in progress.", "PMID": 325123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9552", "title": "The reliability of the examination of foods, processed for safety, for enteric pathogens and Enterobacteriaceae: a mathematical and ecological study.", "content": "Because of the paucity of quantitative data on numbers of other enteric pathogens in food, the reliability of the examination of processed foods for Enterobacteriaceae was estimated taking Salmonella as a model. For this purpose an assessment was carried out of the risk of accepting Salmonella contaminated consignments of foods, despite a negative outcome of (i) examination of 1.5 kg samples for Salmonella; (ii) examination of one or two 1 g samples for Enterobacteriaceae; (iii) simultaneous application of both tests. The computations were based on the results of the examination of 6830 samples of dried foods, processed for safety, out of a total of 18170 samples.Only 69 samples permitted the exact calculation of the epsilon-factor, defined as c.f.u./g of Enterobacteriaceae/c.f.u./g of Salmonella; 4642 were positive for the former group but ;free' from Salmonella, and the rest were negative in both tests. Numbers of c.f.u./g for both groups, and hence the epsilon-factors, varied widely between commodities and also between different consignments of the same food product. The average for epsilon amounted to 5.8 x 10(3), far from the base-line value of 0.75 x 10(3) assessed earlier. In only 0.1% of samples did the Enterobacteriaceae test fail to achieve the required consumer protection.This investigation therefore substantiates that testing foods processed for safety by examining accurately chosen quantities for ecologically well selected and taxonomically thoroughly defined index organisms is a most effective procedure in terms both of consumer protection and simplicity of examination without compelling the food industry to achieve hardly attainable microbiological quality standards.", "contents": "The reliability of the examination of foods, processed for safety, for enteric pathogens and Enterobacteriaceae: a mathematical and ecological study. Because of the paucity of quantitative data on numbers of other enteric pathogens in food, the reliability of the examination of processed foods for Enterobacteriaceae was estimated taking Salmonella as a model. For this purpose an assessment was carried out of the risk of accepting Salmonella contaminated consignments of foods, despite a negative outcome of (i) examination of 1.5 kg samples for Salmonella; (ii) examination of one or two 1 g samples for Enterobacteriaceae; (iii) simultaneous application of both tests. The computations were based on the results of the examination of 6830 samples of dried foods, processed for safety, out of a total of 18170 samples.Only 69 samples permitted the exact calculation of the epsilon-factor, defined as c.f.u./g of Enterobacteriaceae/c.f.u./g of Salmonella; 4642 were positive for the former group but ;free' from Salmonella, and the rest were negative in both tests. Numbers of c.f.u./g for both groups, and hence the epsilon-factors, varied widely between commodities and also between different consignments of the same food product. The average for epsilon amounted to 5.8 x 10(3), far from the base-line value of 0.75 x 10(3) assessed earlier. In only 0.1% of samples did the Enterobacteriaceae test fail to achieve the required consumer protection.This investigation therefore substantiates that testing foods processed for safety by examining accurately chosen quantities for ecologically well selected and taxonomically thoroughly defined index organisms is a most effective procedure in terms both of consumer protection and simplicity of examination without compelling the food industry to achieve hardly attainable microbiological quality standards.", "PMID": 325125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9553", "title": "Inhibition of beta-haemolysis by opacity factor in group A streptococci.", "content": "Group-A streptococci belonging to opacity-factor (OF)-positive M types were poorly haemolytic on horse-blood agar, but members of OF-negative M types, and M-negative variants of OF-positive strains gave good haemolysis. Horse-serum extracts of strains of OF-negative serotypes 6 and 12, and M-negative variant cultures of OF-positive serotypes 4 and 49, had higher titres of streptolysin S than did similar extracts of OF-positive, M-positive cultures of types 4 and 49. However, much larger amounts of streptolysin S could be extracted with ribonuclease (RNAase)-digested yeast ribonucleic acid (RNA) and M-positive OF-positive cultures treated in this way gave extracts at least as strong as did their M-negative variants or the OF-negative strains. Extraction of streptolysin S from OF-negative strains by serum could be inhibited by previous incubation of the serum with extracellular OF, suggesting that the production of diffusable OF by M-positive variants of OF-positive serotypes interferes with the extraction of streptolysin S by serum and leads to poor haemolysis on blood agar. The haemolysis of all strains on blood agar was greatly improved by the incorporation of 0-1% (w/v) RNAase-digested yeast RNA into the medium, but the improvement was most marked in OF-positive serotypes.", "contents": "Inhibition of beta-haemolysis by opacity factor in group A streptococci. Group-A streptococci belonging to opacity-factor (OF)-positive M types were poorly haemolytic on horse-blood agar, but members of OF-negative M types, and M-negative variants of OF-positive strains gave good haemolysis. Horse-serum extracts of strains of OF-negative serotypes 6 and 12, and M-negative variant cultures of OF-positive serotypes 4 and 49, had higher titres of streptolysin S than did similar extracts of OF-positive, M-positive cultures of types 4 and 49. However, much larger amounts of streptolysin S could be extracted with ribonuclease (RNAase)-digested yeast ribonucleic acid (RNA) and M-positive OF-positive cultures treated in this way gave extracts at least as strong as did their M-negative variants or the OF-negative strains. Extraction of streptolysin S from OF-negative strains by serum could be inhibited by previous incubation of the serum with extracellular OF, suggesting that the production of diffusable OF by M-positive variants of OF-positive serotypes interferes with the extraction of streptolysin S by serum and leads to poor haemolysis on blood agar. The haemolysis of all strains on blood agar was greatly improved by the incorporation of 0-1% (w/v) RNAase-digested yeast RNA into the medium, but the improvement was most marked in OF-positive serotypes.", "PMID": 325126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9554", "title": "A microbiological investigation of acute summer gastroenteritis in black South African infants.", "content": "A microbiological investigation of Black infants suffering from severe acute summer gastroenteritis revealed enteropathogenic agents in 30 out of 37 patients (81%). Enterotoxigenic bacteria were isolated from 15 patients (41%). A total of 16 enterotoxigenic strains were isolated, comprising 9 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains secreting labile and stable toxin on their own and in combination, and labile-toxin secreting strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (4), Enterobacter cloacae (2) and Proteus vulgaris (1). In the case of the latter three species, however, 6 out of the 7 strains were isolated from patients who were excreting other enteric pathogens, whereas only 2 out of 9 enterotoxigenic E. coli patients had concomitant infections with other pathogens. No invasive bacteria were isolated except for 2 shigella strains. Salmonella and shigella strains were found in four patients. No correlation was found between the enteropathogenicity of E. coli and its serotype. Rotavirus was observed by negative staining electron microscopy in only two patients (6%) but using a reverse complement fixation test rotavirus antigen was detected in the stool of 17 out of 35 patients (49%). The low EM detection rate may well be due to the patients being admitted for treatment late in the course of their illness when the degree of viral shedding has decreased below EM detectability. No significant difference in clinical presentation was noted between the various aetiological agents. Only one patient was being solely breast-fed compared to 16% of control non-diarrhoeic infants. Evidence of malnutrition was noted in over half of our patients.", "contents": "A microbiological investigation of acute summer gastroenteritis in black South African infants. A microbiological investigation of Black infants suffering from severe acute summer gastroenteritis revealed enteropathogenic agents in 30 out of 37 patients (81%). Enterotoxigenic bacteria were isolated from 15 patients (41%). A total of 16 enterotoxigenic strains were isolated, comprising 9 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains secreting labile and stable toxin on their own and in combination, and labile-toxin secreting strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (4), Enterobacter cloacae (2) and Proteus vulgaris (1). In the case of the latter three species, however, 6 out of the 7 strains were isolated from patients who were excreting other enteric pathogens, whereas only 2 out of 9 enterotoxigenic E. coli patients had concomitant infections with other pathogens. No invasive bacteria were isolated except for 2 shigella strains. Salmonella and shigella strains were found in four patients. No correlation was found between the enteropathogenicity of E. coli and its serotype. Rotavirus was observed by negative staining electron microscopy in only two patients (6%) but using a reverse complement fixation test rotavirus antigen was detected in the stool of 17 out of 35 patients (49%). The low EM detection rate may well be due to the patients being admitted for treatment late in the course of their illness when the degree of viral shedding has decreased below EM detectability. No significant difference in clinical presentation was noted between the various aetiological agents. Only one patient was being solely breast-fed compared to 16% of control non-diarrhoeic infants. Evidence of malnutrition was noted in over half of our patients.", "PMID": 325127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9555", "title": "Salmonella surveillance with reference to pigs--Cardiff abattoir, 1968-1975.", "content": "Between 1968 and 1975, well over 3000 samples of pig faeces and 407 samples of pig mesenteric glands were examined for salmonellas. A very wide range of serotypes was isolated. The material from this survey was used to evaluate certain aspects of salmonella isolations. The factors studied were: selective motility enrichment, size of inoculum of faeces, comparison of drain swab with animal sample and comparison of selenite F broth with Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth. The conclusions drawn from these investigations allowed an efficient routine to be developed during the survey.", "contents": "Salmonella surveillance with reference to pigs--Cardiff abattoir, 1968-1975. Between 1968 and 1975, well over 3000 samples of pig faeces and 407 samples of pig mesenteric glands were examined for salmonellas. A very wide range of serotypes was isolated. The material from this survey was used to evaluate certain aspects of salmonella isolations. The factors studied were: selective motility enrichment, size of inoculum of faeces, comparison of drain swab with animal sample and comparison of selenite F broth with Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth. The conclusions drawn from these investigations allowed an efficient routine to be developed during the survey.", "PMID": 325128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9556", "title": "Functional, structural, and antigenic similarities of guinea pig anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies.", "content": "The humoral immune response to PC was measured in guinea pigs. PC-vaccine stimulated IgM and IgG2, but little IgG1, anti-PC -antibodies. No memory was induced and immunization in CFA produced tolerance. PC-KLH, on the other hand, stimulated IgM, IgG2, and IgG1 anti-PC antibodies with carrier-specific memory. Hapten inhibition of plaque formation showed uniform binding patterns with minor, but significant, differences between antiPC-vaccine and anti-PC-KLH antibodies. The antibodies were characterized by IEF and idiotypic analyses. Early after immunization with PC-vaccine, guinea pigs had restricted IEF patterns which in inbred, but not outbred animals were indistinguishable between individuals. These patterns remained restricted but more individualized with time after immunization. Anti-PC-KLH antibodies showed more heterogeneity and individuality. However, these structurally heterogeneous antibodies reacted equivalently with rabbit anti-idiotype antisera and therefore must share common structural features, regardless of isotype or the genetic background of the guinea pig.", "contents": "Functional, structural, and antigenic similarities of guinea pig anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies. The humoral immune response to PC was measured in guinea pigs. PC-vaccine stimulated IgM and IgG2, but little IgG1, anti-PC -antibodies. No memory was induced and immunization in CFA produced tolerance. PC-KLH, on the other hand, stimulated IgM, IgG2, and IgG1 anti-PC antibodies with carrier-specific memory. Hapten inhibition of plaque formation showed uniform binding patterns with minor, but significant, differences between antiPC-vaccine and anti-PC-KLH antibodies. The antibodies were characterized by IEF and idiotypic analyses. Early after immunization with PC-vaccine, guinea pigs had restricted IEF patterns which in inbred, but not outbred animals were indistinguishable between individuals. These patterns remained restricted but more individualized with time after immunization. Anti-PC-KLH antibodies showed more heterogeneity and individuality. However, these structurally heterogeneous antibodies reacted equivalently with rabbit anti-idiotype antisera and therefore must share common structural features, regardless of isotype or the genetic background of the guinea pig.", "PMID": 325132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9557", "title": "Two migration inhibitory factors with different chromatographic behavior and isoelectric points.", "content": "Migration inhibitory factor (MIF), produced by stimulation of guinea pig lymph node cells with concanavalin A, was fractionated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, sucrose density gradient electrophoresis, and isoelectrofocussing. Two distinct species were identified and separated. One, pH 3-MIF, has an isoelectric point of 3.0 to 4.5 and elutes from Sephadex G-75 columns with molecules having an apparent m.w. of 65,000 (Kd of 0.05 to 0.12). The other, pH 5-MIF, has an isoelectric point of 5.0 to 5.5 and elutes with molecules having an apparent m.w. between 25,000 and 43,000 (Kd of 0.15 to 0.23).", "contents": "Two migration inhibitory factors with different chromatographic behavior and isoelectric points. Migration inhibitory factor (MIF), produced by stimulation of guinea pig lymph node cells with concanavalin A, was fractionated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, sucrose density gradient electrophoresis, and isoelectrofocussing. Two distinct species were identified and separated. One, pH 3-MIF, has an isoelectric point of 3.0 to 4.5 and elutes from Sephadex G-75 columns with molecules having an apparent m.w. of 65,000 (Kd of 0.05 to 0.12). The other, pH 5-MIF, has an isoelectric point of 5.0 to 5.5 and elutes with molecules having an apparent m.w. between 25,000 and 43,000 (Kd of 0.15 to 0.23).", "PMID": 325133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9558", "title": "Cellular components of allograft rejection: identity, specificity, and cytotoxic function of cells infiltrating acutely rejecting allografts.", "content": "Functioning mononuclear cells have been harvested from heterotopic rat cardiac allografts during maximal transplant cellular infiltration. T cells, identified by a T cell-specific absorbed rabbit anti-rat brain serum, constituted two-thirds of the total cells recovered. Approximately 20% of the infiltrating cells bear and synthesize surface immunoglobulin. Macrophages, identified by latex ingestion and morphologic and cytochemical techniques, comprise 9% of the graft infiltrate. Donor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are concentrated within the graft. A separate population of Fc receptor-positive recovered cells mediate antibody-dependent LMC (Ab-LMC). Neither effector cell was adherent or phagocytic. These studies have conclusively established that cytotoxic T lymphocytes accumulate within rejecting allografts; however, the enriched presence of cytotoxic T cells within the grafts is not fully dependent upon antigen recognition per se, since Lew animals grafted with both BN and BUF hearts have Lew anti-BN and Lew anti-BUF killer cells in each graft.", "contents": "Cellular components of allograft rejection: identity, specificity, and cytotoxic function of cells infiltrating acutely rejecting allografts. Functioning mononuclear cells have been harvested from heterotopic rat cardiac allografts during maximal transplant cellular infiltration. T cells, identified by a T cell-specific absorbed rabbit anti-rat brain serum, constituted two-thirds of the total cells recovered. Approximately 20% of the infiltrating cells bear and synthesize surface immunoglobulin. Macrophages, identified by latex ingestion and morphologic and cytochemical techniques, comprise 9% of the graft infiltrate. Donor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are concentrated within the graft. A separate population of Fc receptor-positive recovered cells mediate antibody-dependent LMC (Ab-LMC). Neither effector cell was adherent or phagocytic. These studies have conclusively established that cytotoxic T lymphocytes accumulate within rejecting allografts; however, the enriched presence of cytotoxic T cells within the grafts is not fully dependent upon antigen recognition per se, since Lew animals grafted with both BN and BUF hearts have Lew anti-BN and Lew anti-BUF killer cells in each graft.", "PMID": 325134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9559", "title": "Antigen handling by guinea pig macrophages: further evidence for the sequestration of antigen relevant for activation of primed T lymphocytes.", "content": "Guinea pig macrophages can take up sufficient 2,4 dinitrophenyl guinea pig albumin during a brief in vitro exposure at 37 degrees C to trigger proliferation and lymphokine production with primed T lymphocytes on subsequent co-culture. Treatment of such antigen-bearing macrophages with trypsin, a procedure which removes surface antigen, does not alter the ability of such macrophage to initiate the release of migration inhibition factor from sensitized T lymphocytes. In addition, formation of antigen-specific rosettes between primed T cells and antigen-bearing macrophages is not blocked by high concentrations of antibody directed against the antigen mediating this interaction. Similarly, primed T lymphocyte DNA synthesis induced by antigen-bearing macrophages is not inhibited by specific antibody to that antigen. These data support the conclusion that the fraction of macrophage-associated antigen which is relevant to T lymphocyte activation does not reside on the macrophage surface but rather remains in a restricted compartment from which it is accessible to the T cell but unavailable to either blockade by specific antibody or removal by proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Antigen handling by guinea pig macrophages: further evidence for the sequestration of antigen relevant for activation of primed T lymphocytes. Guinea pig macrophages can take up sufficient 2,4 dinitrophenyl guinea pig albumin during a brief in vitro exposure at 37 degrees C to trigger proliferation and lymphokine production with primed T lymphocytes on subsequent co-culture. Treatment of such antigen-bearing macrophages with trypsin, a procedure which removes surface antigen, does not alter the ability of such macrophage to initiate the release of migration inhibition factor from sensitized T lymphocytes. In addition, formation of antigen-specific rosettes between primed T cells and antigen-bearing macrophages is not blocked by high concentrations of antibody directed against the antigen mediating this interaction. Similarly, primed T lymphocyte DNA synthesis induced by antigen-bearing macrophages is not inhibited by specific antibody to that antigen. These data support the conclusion that the fraction of macrophage-associated antigen which is relevant to T lymphocyte activation does not reside on the macrophage surface but rather remains in a restricted compartment from which it is accessible to the T cell but unavailable to either blockade by specific antibody or removal by proteolytic enzymes.", "PMID": 325135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9560", "title": "Increased responsiveness to macrophage-activating factor (MAF) after alteration of macrophage membranes.", "content": "Guinea pig macrophages pretreated with the esterase inhibitor, antithrombin III (AT III) show increased responsiveness to macrophage-activating factor (MAF) as demonstrated by their enhanced cytotoxicity for tumor cells. Other proteins that are not esterase inhibitors did not enhance the effect of MAF on the macrophage. Enhancement of MAF activity was also obtained when macrophages were preincubated with the cell surface reactant, diazotized sulfanilic acid (DSA). These studies indicate that the effect of MAF can be enhanced by chemical modifications of the macrophage membrane. They also provide further evidence to support the hypothesis that an esterase on the macrophage membrane modulates this cell's responsiveness to lymphocyte mediators.", "contents": "Increased responsiveness to macrophage-activating factor (MAF) after alteration of macrophage membranes. Guinea pig macrophages pretreated with the esterase inhibitor, antithrombin III (AT III) show increased responsiveness to macrophage-activating factor (MAF) as demonstrated by their enhanced cytotoxicity for tumor cells. Other proteins that are not esterase inhibitors did not enhance the effect of MAF on the macrophage. Enhancement of MAF activity was also obtained when macrophages were preincubated with the cell surface reactant, diazotized sulfanilic acid (DSA). These studies indicate that the effect of MAF can be enhanced by chemical modifications of the macrophage membrane. They also provide further evidence to support the hypothesis that an esterase on the macrophage membrane modulates this cell's responsiveness to lymphocyte mediators.", "PMID": 325137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9561", "title": "The response of recombinant inbred strains of mice to bacterial lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "Fourteen recombinant inbred strains of mice have been produced by the inbreeding of the F2 generation of a cross between C57BL/6J  and C3H/HeJ progenitor mice. The responses of these BXH strains to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been characterized. Four BXH strains are high LPS responders and nine strains are low LPS responders. One BXH strain shows intermediate responsiveness which may reflect residual heterozygosity. F1 hybrid mice from low x high responder strains were intermediate in their response to LPS suggesting additive genetic control. The LPS responses in backcross mice from the F1 x low LPS responders showed segregation consistent with LPS responsiveness being determined by a single gene. In 13/14 BXH strains, there was concordant inheritance of LPS responsiveness and the major urinary protein locus Mup-1b. The association of the expression of the Mup-1 alleles with LPS responsiveness in the BXH strains suggests that the defective LPS response gene in C3H/HeJ mice is located on chromosome 4.", "contents": "The response of recombinant inbred strains of mice to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Fourteen recombinant inbred strains of mice have been produced by the inbreeding of the F2 generation of a cross between C57BL/6J  and C3H/HeJ progenitor mice. The responses of these BXH strains to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been characterized. Four BXH strains are high LPS responders and nine strains are low LPS responders. One BXH strain shows intermediate responsiveness which may reflect residual heterozygosity. F1 hybrid mice from low x high responder strains were intermediate in their response to LPS suggesting additive genetic control. The LPS responses in backcross mice from the F1 x low LPS responders showed segregation consistent with LPS responsiveness being determined by a single gene. In 13/14 BXH strains, there was concordant inheritance of LPS responsiveness and the major urinary protein locus Mup-1b. The association of the expression of the Mup-1 alleles with LPS responsiveness in the BXH strains suggests that the defective LPS response gene in C3H/HeJ mice is located on chromosome 4.", "PMID": 325138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9562", "title": "Mitogenic receptors on human peripheral blood lymphocytes: the interaction of Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin and anti-thymocyte globulin on the human peripheral blood lymphocyte membrane.", "content": "A horse anti-human thymocyte antibody (ATG) obtained from the Upjohn Company was shown to stimulate DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes with a time course and magnitude of radioactive thymidine uptake comparable to that seen with phytohemagglutinin (E-PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). Low mitogenic or nonmitogenic concentrations of intact ATG or its Fab fragments inhibited E-PHA-induced mitogenesis, whereas the response to Con A was unaffected. Competitive binding studies with ATG and E-PHA revealed mutual inhibition of binding to lymphocytes suggesting that E-PHA and the ATG share a common receptor site on the cell surface. ATG binding was unaffected by Con A. From the analysis of the binding data and the inhibition of mitogenesis, it appears that at least part of the E-PHA response in human lymphocytes involves receptors that are not acted on by Con A.", "contents": "Mitogenic receptors on human peripheral blood lymphocytes: the interaction of Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin and anti-thymocyte globulin on the human peripheral blood lymphocyte membrane. A horse anti-human thymocyte antibody (ATG) obtained from the Upjohn Company was shown to stimulate DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes with a time course and magnitude of radioactive thymidine uptake comparable to that seen with phytohemagglutinin (E-PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). Low mitogenic or nonmitogenic concentrations of intact ATG or its Fab fragments inhibited E-PHA-induced mitogenesis, whereas the response to Con A was unaffected. Competitive binding studies with ATG and E-PHA revealed mutual inhibition of binding to lymphocytes suggesting that E-PHA and the ATG share a common receptor site on the cell surface. ATG binding was unaffected by Con A. From the analysis of the binding data and the inhibition of mitogenesis, it appears that at least part of the E-PHA response in human lymphocytes involves receptors that are not acted on by Con A.", "PMID": 325143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9563", "title": "Negative allogeneic effects in vitro. I. Allogeneic T cells markedly suppress the secondary antibody-forming cell response.", "content": "Murine T cells can mediate a potent negative allogeneic effect on the capacity of primed cells to develop the secondary antibody-forming cell response to hapten carrier in vitro. This effect is detected when T cells confront responding cells differing at the major H-2 locus. The allosuppression is relatively sensitive to mitomycin treatment and to irradiation. The T cells responsible for the inhibition of antibody formation appear to express the Ly2 but not the Ly1 alloantigen. The secondary response of spleen cells in culture is quite insensitive to positive allogeneic effects. The usefulness of this model in elucidating the mechanism of allosuppression and the relevance of such effects to studies involving genetic restriction on cell interactions is discussed.", "contents": "Negative allogeneic effects in vitro. I. Allogeneic T cells markedly suppress the secondary antibody-forming cell response. Murine T cells can mediate a potent negative allogeneic effect on the capacity of primed cells to develop the secondary antibody-forming cell response to hapten carrier in vitro. This effect is detected when T cells confront responding cells differing at the major H-2 locus. The allosuppression is relatively sensitive to mitomycin treatment and to irradiation. The T cells responsible for the inhibition of antibody formation appear to express the Ly2 but not the Ly1 alloantigen. The secondary response of spleen cells in culture is quite insensitive to positive allogeneic effects. The usefulness of this model in elucidating the mechanism of allosuppression and the relevance of such effects to studies involving genetic restriction on cell interactions is discussed.", "PMID": 325144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9564", "title": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. III. Concanavalin A-induced generation of suppressor cells of the plaque-forming cell response of normal human B lymphocytes.", "content": "Con A-induced suppression of the direct PFC response to polyclonal stimulation in human B cells has been described. Two types of experiments are presented. First, Con A was added directly to PWM-stimulated PB or tonsil cells resulting in a dose-dependent suppression of the PFC response, with maximal suppression occurring at a Con A concentration of 10 mug/ml. This suppression is completely removed by the simultaneous addition of alphaMM to the cultures. Secondly, Con A stimulation of tonsil or PB lymphocytes generated a population of cells which when added to autologous lymphocyte cultures induced a marked and reproducible suppression of the PFC response. The generation of suppressor cells is dependent on cell division and is blocked by alpha MM. Once generated the process of suppression is indpendent of the presence of Con A itself and is mediated by an activated lymphocyte population. These studies demonstrate a simple and reproducible model for the generation of a population of suppressor cells capable of inhibiting the direct PFC response to PWM-induced polyclonal activation of normal human B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. III. Concanavalin A-induced generation of suppressor cells of the plaque-forming cell response of normal human B lymphocytes. Con A-induced suppression of the direct PFC response to polyclonal stimulation in human B cells has been described. Two types of experiments are presented. First, Con A was added directly to PWM-stimulated PB or tonsil cells resulting in a dose-dependent suppression of the PFC response, with maximal suppression occurring at a Con A concentration of 10 mug/ml. This suppression is completely removed by the simultaneous addition of alphaMM to the cultures. Secondly, Con A stimulation of tonsil or PB lymphocytes generated a population of cells which when added to autologous lymphocyte cultures induced a marked and reproducible suppression of the PFC response. The generation of suppressor cells is dependent on cell division and is blocked by alpha MM. Once generated the process of suppression is indpendent of the presence of Con A itself and is mediated by an activated lymphocyte population. These studies demonstrate a simple and reproducible model for the generation of a population of suppressor cells capable of inhibiting the direct PFC response to PWM-induced polyclonal activation of normal human B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 325145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9565", "title": "Immunoglobulin-producing cells in the inflammatory infiltrates of cutaneous tumors. Immunocytologic identification in situ.", "content": "An immunocytochemical technique has been developed for the identification in situ of immunoglobulin-producing cells in tissues fixed in Bouin's solution and embedded in paraffin. Technical details are discussed as well as the application of the technique to the study of plasma cells in the inflammatory infiltrate around cutaneous tumors. Preliminary results have been obtained with basal cell epitheliomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and malignant melanomas. IgA-producing cells were present in all tumors. IgG-producing cells were present in variable frequency, depending on the type of tumor, and IgM-producing cells were found only in basal cell epitheliomas and squamous cell carcinomas.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin-producing cells in the inflammatory infiltrates of cutaneous tumors. Immunocytologic identification in situ. An immunocytochemical technique has been developed for the identification in situ of immunoglobulin-producing cells in tissues fixed in Bouin's solution and embedded in paraffin. Technical details are discussed as well as the application of the technique to the study of plasma cells in the inflammatory infiltrate around cutaneous tumors. Preliminary results have been obtained with basal cell epitheliomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and malignant melanomas. IgA-producing cells were present in all tumors. IgG-producing cells were present in variable frequency, depending on the type of tumor, and IgM-producing cells were found only in basal cell epitheliomas and squamous cell carcinomas.", "PMID": 325148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9566", "title": "Antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and -negative chronic hepatitis.", "content": "Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) is a sensitive indicator of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, anti-HBc has been found in only a few patients with chronic hepatitis. Therefore, we tested for anti-HBc in 124 sera from 67 patients with histologically proven chronic hepatitis by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. All patients, except for one with chronic hepatitis who was seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag), had anti-HBc that persisted throughout the follow-up period (three months to three years). Of 33 HBs Ag-seronegative patients, anti-HBc was detected in seven patients and persisted for six months to two years. These findings suggest that in this study 21% of patients with chronic hepatitis with undetectable amounts of HBs Ag in the serum had evidence of recent or continued HBV replication.", "contents": "Antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and -negative chronic hepatitis. Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) is a sensitive indicator of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, anti-HBc has been found in only a few patients with chronic hepatitis. Therefore, we tested for anti-HBc in 124 sera from 67 patients with histologically proven chronic hepatitis by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. All patients, except for one with chronic hepatitis who was seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag), had anti-HBc that persisted throughout the follow-up period (three months to three years). Of 33 HBs Ag-seronegative patients, anti-HBc was detected in seven patients and persisted for six months to two years. These findings suggest that in this study 21% of patients with chronic hepatitis with undetectable amounts of HBs Ag in the serum had evidence of recent or continued HBV replication.", "PMID": 325149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9567", "title": "Antifungal activity of 5-fluorocytosine as measured by disk diffusion susceptibility testing.", "content": "The susceptibilities of 216 isolates of pathogenic and commensal yeasts to 5-fluorocytosine were tested by a disk diffusion technique with use of 1- and 10-microgram disks. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by an agar dilution procedure with yeast morphology agar, pH 5.0, supplemented with 0.25 mg of thiamine/dl. Zones of inhibition produced by the two disks were correlated with paired MIC values. An MIC of 16 micrograms/ml, the upper limit of probable clinical susceptibility, correlated with zones of 14 mm and 25 mm, respectively, for the 1- and 10-microgram disks. With these values as interpretative breakpoints, the 1-microgram disk  would have failed to predict clinical susceptibility with 25% of the suceptible isolates of Candida species other than Candida albicans, with 14% of the susceptible isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans, with 7% of the susceptible isolates of C. albicans, and with one of the 25 susceptible isolates of Torulopsis glabrata. The 10-microgram disk would have failed to predict susceptibility with only two isolates of Candida species.", "contents": "Antifungal activity of 5-fluorocytosine as measured by disk diffusion susceptibility testing. The susceptibilities of 216 isolates of pathogenic and commensal yeasts to 5-fluorocytosine were tested by a disk diffusion technique with use of 1- and 10-microgram disks. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by an agar dilution procedure with yeast morphology agar, pH 5.0, supplemented with 0.25 mg of thiamine/dl. Zones of inhibition produced by the two disks were correlated with paired MIC values. An MIC of 16 micrograms/ml, the upper limit of probable clinical susceptibility, correlated with zones of 14 mm and 25 mm, respectively, for the 1- and 10-microgram disks. With these values as interpretative breakpoints, the 1-microgram disk  would have failed to predict clinical susceptibility with 25% of the suceptible isolates of Candida species other than Candida albicans, with 14% of the susceptible isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans, with 7% of the susceptible isolates of C. albicans, and with one of the 25 susceptible isolates of Torulopsis glabrata. The 10-microgram disk would have failed to predict susceptibility with only two isolates of Candida species.", "PMID": 325150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9568", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in plasma.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been developed, which can detect 3.3 pmol x L-1 of the peptide in plasma. Antisera to highly purified porcine VIP coupled to albumin were raised in eight rabbits. The final dilution, the avidity, and the specificity of each antiserum were determined. 125I-VIP served as label, and highly purified porcine VIP was used as standard. Separtation of antibody-bound and free VIP was achieved by plasma-coated charcoal. Nonspecific interference withe assay system was excluded by extraction of plasma samples with ethanol. The reliability of the assay was investigated by recovery experiments, by serial dilution of plasma samples with high concentration of endogenous VIP, and by immunosorption. The within-and between assay reproducibility at a concentration of 18.3 pmol x L-1 was 1.6 and 2.3 pmol x L-1 (1 S.D.), respectively. Median fasting concentration of VIP in plasma from 74 normal subjects was 7.3 pmol x L-1 (range: 0-20.0 pmol x L-1).", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in plasma. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been developed, which can detect 3.3 pmol x L-1 of the peptide in plasma. Antisera to highly purified porcine VIP coupled to albumin were raised in eight rabbits. The final dilution, the avidity, and the specificity of each antiserum were determined. 125I-VIP served as label, and highly purified porcine VIP was used as standard. Separtation of antibody-bound and free VIP was achieved by plasma-coated charcoal. Nonspecific interference withe assay system was excluded by extraction of plasma samples with ethanol. The reliability of the assay was investigated by recovery experiments, by serial dilution of plasma samples with high concentration of endogenous VIP, and by immunosorption. The within-and between assay reproducibility at a concentration of 18.3 pmol x L-1 was 1.6 and 2.3 pmol x L-1 (1 S.D.), respectively. Median fasting concentration of VIP in plasma from 74 normal subjects was 7.3 pmol x L-1 (range: 0-20.0 pmol x L-1).", "PMID": 325156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9569", "title": "A sensitive radioenzymatic assay for glycerol and acylglycerols.", "content": "A sensitive radioenzymatic assay for glycerol and acylglycerols is described. The assay depends on the quantitative phosphorylation of glycerol to glycerophosphate by glycerol kinase using [gamma-32P]ATP as a substrate. The 32P content of the formed glycerophosphate is determined and gives a measure of the original glycerol content. Acylglycerols can be determined by prior hydrolysis to glycerol. The assay is sensitive to about 0.1 nmol of glycerol and can be extended to 100 nmol. The assay can be applied to the determination of acylglycerols separated by thin-layer chromatography in amounts as low as 0.5 nmol. The assay is particularly useful in the determination of the specific activity of 14C- or 3H-labeled glycerol moeities.", "contents": "A sensitive radioenzymatic assay for glycerol and acylglycerols. A sensitive radioenzymatic assay for glycerol and acylglycerols is described. The assay depends on the quantitative phosphorylation of glycerol to glycerophosphate by glycerol kinase using [gamma-32P]ATP as a substrate. The 32P content of the formed glycerophosphate is determined and gives a measure of the original glycerol content. Acylglycerols can be determined by prior hydrolysis to glycerol. The assay is sensitive to about 0.1 nmol of glycerol and can be extended to 100 nmol. The assay can be applied to the determination of acylglycerols separated by thin-layer chromatography in amounts as low as 0.5 nmol. The assay is particularly useful in the determination of the specific activity of 14C- or 3H-labeled glycerol moeities.", "PMID": 325162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9570", "title": "Immature rat pituitary glands in vitro: age- and sex-related changes in luteinizing hormone releasing hormone-stimulated gonadotrophin release.", "content": "Pituitary glands from immature female and male rats aged between 5 and 30 days were incubated in vitro and the effect of LH releasing hormone (RH) on the release of LH and FSH was studied. Pituitary gonadotrophin contents were also measured. Gonadotrophin release showed changes with age as well as sex differences: after LH-RH stimulation the female pattern of release of LH and FSH (expressed per mg pituitary tissue) showed a peak at day 15; the male pattern of LH release was characterized by a steady increase with age, whereas FSH release stayed more or less constant from day 10 onwards. In both sexes the LH:FSH ratio increased with age, both in pituitary gonadotrophin content and in the mixture of gonadotrophins released. It is discussed, that the prepubertal development of pituitary gonadotrophic function might be determined on the one hand by rather autonomous growth processes (more or less similar in female and male hypophyses) and on the other hand by modulating influences of sex steroid hormones, which are different in female and male animals.", "contents": "Immature rat pituitary glands in vitro: age- and sex-related changes in luteinizing hormone releasing hormone-stimulated gonadotrophin release. Pituitary glands from immature female and male rats aged between 5 and 30 days were incubated in vitro and the effect of LH releasing hormone (RH) on the release of LH and FSH was studied. Pituitary gonadotrophin contents were also measured. Gonadotrophin release showed changes with age as well as sex differences: after LH-RH stimulation the female pattern of release of LH and FSH (expressed per mg pituitary tissue) showed a peak at day 15; the male pattern of LH release was characterized by a steady increase with age, whereas FSH release stayed more or less constant from day 10 onwards. In both sexes the LH:FSH ratio increased with age, both in pituitary gonadotrophin content and in the mixture of gonadotrophins released. It is discussed, that the prepubertal development of pituitary gonadotrophic function might be determined on the one hand by rather autonomous growth processes (more or less similar in female and male hypophyses) and on the other hand by modulating influences of sex steroid hormones, which are different in female and male animals.", "PMID": 325165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9571", "title": "Rat foetal endocrine pancreas in experimental diabetes.", "content": "The endocrine pancreas of foetuses and newborn rats of experimental diabetic mothers showed morphological and ultrastructural changes. Islet hypertrophy and beta cell hyperplasia were constantly present, but the beta cells of foetuses of severely diabetic mothers were degranulated. The ultrastructural changes indicated hyperfunction in the beta cells of foetuses of experimental diabetic mothers. The morphological changes mentioned were similar to those seen in human diabetic pregnancy.", "contents": "Rat foetal endocrine pancreas in experimental diabetes. The endocrine pancreas of foetuses and newborn rats of experimental diabetic mothers showed morphological and ultrastructural changes. Islet hypertrophy and beta cell hyperplasia were constantly present, but the beta cells of foetuses of severely diabetic mothers were degranulated. The ultrastructural changes indicated hyperfunction in the beta cells of foetuses of experimental diabetic mothers. The morphological changes mentioned were similar to those seen in human diabetic pregnancy.", "PMID": 325166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9572", "title": "Purification and properties of M protein extracted from group A streptococci with pepsin: covalent structure of the amino terminal region of type 24 M antigen.", "content": "M protein was extracted from type 24, group A streptococci with pepsin at pH 5.8 and was further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ribonuclease digestion, ion-exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. The purified pepsin extract of M (pep M) protein was shown to be free of nontype-specific immunoreactivity in (a) complement fixation tests with heterologous M antiserum, (b) skin tests in normal adult guinea pigs, and (c) passive hemagglutination tests for the presence of lipoteichoic acid sensitizing or antigenic activity. The pep M24 was highly immunogenic; two of three rabbits developed opsonic antibody titers of 1:256 and the third a titer of 1:32 6 wk after a single injection of 100-pg doses of pep M24 emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. The antisera lacked nontype-specific antibodies and produced single precipitin lines in agar gel diffusion tests against crude HC1 extracts of the homologous M protein. Thus, the type-specific antigenic determinant(s) of type 24 M protein appears to be separable from immunotoxic, cross-reactive antigens without loss of immunogenicity in rabbits. The mobility of pep M24 upon electrophoresis in 10 percent sodium dodecyl sulfate pelyacrylamide gel was consistent with an average mol wt of 33,500 daltons. Amino acid analysis demonstrated a predominance of alanine, followed by glutamic acid, lysine, leucine, and aspartic acid. Pep M24 contained an estimated six to seven methionine residues and approximately ten phenylalanine residues per molecule. No other aromatic amino acids were detected. Automatic Edman degradation of pep M24 yielded the sequence of the first 29 amino acids (the amino terminal amino acid being valine) of the amino terminal region of the molecule. The detection of only one new amino acid at each step of Edman degradation confirmed the homogeneity of the purified pep M24.", "contents": "Purification and properties of M protein extracted from group A streptococci with pepsin: covalent structure of the amino terminal region of type 24 M antigen. M protein was extracted from type 24, group A streptococci with pepsin at pH 5.8 and was further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ribonuclease digestion, ion-exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. The purified pepsin extract of M (pep M) protein was shown to be free of nontype-specific immunoreactivity in (a) complement fixation tests with heterologous M antiserum, (b) skin tests in normal adult guinea pigs, and (c) passive hemagglutination tests for the presence of lipoteichoic acid sensitizing or antigenic activity. The pep M24 was highly immunogenic; two of three rabbits developed opsonic antibody titers of 1:256 and the third a titer of 1:32 6 wk after a single injection of 100-pg doses of pep M24 emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. The antisera lacked nontype-specific antibodies and produced single precipitin lines in agar gel diffusion tests against crude HC1 extracts of the homologous M protein. Thus, the type-specific antigenic determinant(s) of type 24 M protein appears to be separable from immunotoxic, cross-reactive antigens without loss of immunogenicity in rabbits. The mobility of pep M24 upon electrophoresis in 10 percent sodium dodecyl sulfate pelyacrylamide gel was consistent with an average mol wt of 33,500 daltons. Amino acid analysis demonstrated a predominance of alanine, followed by glutamic acid, lysine, leucine, and aspartic acid. Pep M24 contained an estimated six to seven methionine residues and approximately ten phenylalanine residues per molecule. No other aromatic amino acids were detected. Automatic Edman degradation of pep M24 yielded the sequence of the first 29 amino acids (the amino terminal amino acid being valine) of the amino terminal region of the molecule. The detection of only one new amino acid at each step of Edman degradation confirmed the homogeneity of the purified pep M24.", "PMID": 325168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9573", "title": "Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. II. Frequencies of B cells producing antibodies which lyse sheep or horse erythrocytes, and trinitrophenylated or nitroiodophenylated sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "The B-cell mitogens LPS and lipoprotein stimulate 20-35 percent of all B cells in the spleen of 6- to 8-wk old C3H/Tif mice, as determined by limiting dilution analysis of precursors. Each reactive cell grows to a clone of IgM-secreting PFC, enumerated in a hemolytic plaque assay detecting all IgM secreting cells, regardless of v-region specificity. We have used these mitogens to reveal the total repertoire of Ig specificities produced by these mitogen-reactive B cells. We have determined in plaque assays with six different target erythrocytes the number of spleen cells limiting to one the number of mitogen-reactive B cells detected as specific IgM-secreting clones in each of these plaque assays. By this method, the absolute frequencies of precursor B cells with defined v-gene specificities could be calculated, for at least, one third of all B cells. The frequencies of specific IgM-plaque-forming B-cell clones within the total pool of mitogen-reactive B cells was 1 in 10 for NIP(12),-SRC, 1 in 50 for TNP(12)- SRC, 1 in 100 for NIP(1)-SRC, 1 in 160 for TNP(3)- SRC, 1 in 500 for HRC, and 1 in 1,000 for SRC. These frequencies were the same in the LPS- and in the lipoprotein-reactive B-cell population for TNP(30)- SRC and SRC.", "contents": "Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. II. Frequencies of B cells producing antibodies which lyse sheep or horse erythrocytes, and trinitrophenylated or nitroiodophenylated sheep erythrocytes. The B-cell mitogens LPS and lipoprotein stimulate 20-35 percent of all B cells in the spleen of 6- to 8-wk old C3H/Tif mice, as determined by limiting dilution analysis of precursors. Each reactive cell grows to a clone of IgM-secreting PFC, enumerated in a hemolytic plaque assay detecting all IgM secreting cells, regardless of v-region specificity. We have used these mitogens to reveal the total repertoire of Ig specificities produced by these mitogen-reactive B cells. We have determined in plaque assays with six different target erythrocytes the number of spleen cells limiting to one the number of mitogen-reactive B cells detected as specific IgM-secreting clones in each of these plaque assays. By this method, the absolute frequencies of precursor B cells with defined v-gene specificities could be calculated, for at least, one third of all B cells. The frequencies of specific IgM-plaque-forming B-cell clones within the total pool of mitogen-reactive B cells was 1 in 10 for NIP(12),-SRC, 1 in 50 for TNP(12)- SRC, 1 in 100 for NIP(1)-SRC, 1 in 160 for TNP(3)- SRC, 1 in 500 for HRC, and 1 in 1,000 for SRC. These frequencies were the same in the LPS- and in the lipoprotein-reactive B-cell population for TNP(30)- SRC and SRC.", "PMID": 325169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9574", "title": "Presence on idiotype-specific suppressor T cells of receptors that interact with molecules bearing the idiotype.", "content": "All A/J mice produce anti-p-azophenylarsonate (anti-Ar) antibodies, some of which share a cross-reactive idiotype. The idiotype can be suppressed by treatment with anti-idiotypic antiserum before immunization, although normal concentrations of anti-Ar antibodies are synthesized. We have previously reported that such suppressed mice, if hyperimmunized and then allowed to rest, contain up to 10% of splenic T cells which form rosettes with autologous RBC coated with Fab fragments of anti-Ar antibodies bearing the idiotype. Our present results indicate that the rosette-forming T cells include the idiotype-specific suppressor T-cell population. The suppressive activity is largely depleted by removal of the rosette-forming lymphocytes, and the rosettes themselves are highly suppressive. The data do not establish whether all of the idiotype-specific rosette-forming cells are suppressor cells. The system may provide a source of large numbers of suppressor cells for further study, and facilitate investigation of the mechanism of generation of idiotype-specific suppressor cells.", "contents": "Presence on idiotype-specific suppressor T cells of receptors that interact with molecules bearing the idiotype. All A/J mice produce anti-p-azophenylarsonate (anti-Ar) antibodies, some of which share a cross-reactive idiotype. The idiotype can be suppressed by treatment with anti-idiotypic antiserum before immunization, although normal concentrations of anti-Ar antibodies are synthesized. We have previously reported that such suppressed mice, if hyperimmunized and then allowed to rest, contain up to 10% of splenic T cells which form rosettes with autologous RBC coated with Fab fragments of anti-Ar antibodies bearing the idiotype. Our present results indicate that the rosette-forming T cells include the idiotype-specific suppressor T-cell population. The suppressive activity is largely depleted by removal of the rosette-forming lymphocytes, and the rosettes themselves are highly suppressive. The data do not establish whether all of the idiotype-specific rosette-forming cells are suppressor cells. The system may provide a source of large numbers of suppressor cells for further study, and facilitate investigation of the mechanism of generation of idiotype-specific suppressor cells.", "PMID": 325170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9575", "title": "Maintenance of hemopoietic stem cells and production of differentiated progeny in allogeneic and semiallogeneic bone marrow chimeras in vitro.", "content": "A culture system is described in which bone marrow-derived adherent cells can support prolonged proliferation and differentiation of genetically incompatible stem cells and precursor cells. The results suggest that the reactive cells responsible in vivo for host transplantation resistance and for graft-versus-host disease are selectively lost or inhibited in such cultures, which may provide a vehicle for studying some of the cellular mechanisms involved in transplantation resistance.", "contents": "Maintenance of hemopoietic stem cells and production of differentiated progeny in allogeneic and semiallogeneic bone marrow chimeras in vitro. A culture system is described in which bone marrow-derived adherent cells can support prolonged proliferation and differentiation of genetically incompatible stem cells and precursor cells. The results suggest that the reactive cells responsible in vivo for host transplantation resistance and for graft-versus-host disease are selectively lost or inhibited in such cultures, which may provide a vehicle for studying some of the cellular mechanisms involved in transplantation resistance.", "PMID": 325171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9576", "title": "Epidermal-dermal tissue interactions between mutant and normal embryonic back skin: site of mutant gene activity determining abnormal feathering is in the epidermis.", "content": "The site of the scaleless gene's activity in the development of abnormal feathers was determined by reciprocally recombining epidermis and dermis between normal and scaleless chick embryos and culturing the recombinants for seven days on the chorioallantoic membrane. When recombined with a common dermal source, feather development is enhanced by scaleless high line as compared to scaleless low line epidermis. Against a common responding tissue, 7-day normal back epidermis, significant differences were not found in feather inducing ability between normal, scaleless high line and scaleless low line dermis. It was concluded that, in relation to abnormal feathering, these tissue interactions reveal that the site of the scaleless gene's activity is the epidermis. A model of tissue interaction in the development of normal and abnormal feathers is presented. According to the model, the focus of the scaleless mutation and the genes accumulated by selection for high or low feather numbers is the epidermis, the effect being that the reactivity of the epidermis to dermal stimuli is altered. Subsequently, the epidermis controls the morphogenetic organization of the dermis. The scaleless dermis is presumed to contain normal positional information for the determination of feather structure and pattern.", "contents": "Epidermal-dermal tissue interactions between mutant and normal embryonic back skin: site of mutant gene activity determining abnormal feathering is in the epidermis. The site of the scaleless gene's activity in the development of abnormal feathers was determined by reciprocally recombining epidermis and dermis between normal and scaleless chick embryos and culturing the recombinants for seven days on the chorioallantoic membrane. When recombined with a common dermal source, feather development is enhanced by scaleless high line as compared to scaleless low line epidermis. Against a common responding tissue, 7-day normal back epidermis, significant differences were not found in feather inducing ability between normal, scaleless high line and scaleless low line dermis. It was concluded that, in relation to abnormal feathering, these tissue interactions reveal that the site of the scaleless gene's activity is the epidermis. A model of tissue interaction in the development of normal and abnormal feathers is presented. According to the model, the focus of the scaleless mutation and the genes accumulated by selection for high or low feather numbers is the epidermis, the effect being that the reactivity of the epidermis to dermal stimuli is altered. Subsequently, the epidermis controls the morphogenetic organization of the dermis. The scaleless dermis is presumed to contain normal positional information for the determination of feather structure and pattern.", "PMID": 325172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9577", "title": "Embryotoxic effects of heterologous antisera against rat Reichert's membrane.", "content": "Parietal yolk-sacs of rat embryos at the fifteenth day of gestation were obtained by microdissection. A Reichert's membrane (RM) preparation was isolated by treating the parietal yolk-sacs with the chelating agent tetrasodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) combined with mechanical shaking. Less than 1% of the membrane preparation was DNA and phosphorus contaminants. The membrane purity was also evaluated by electrom microscopic examination. Rabbit Ig G directed against the RM preparation when injected ip into ninth day pregnant rats produced malformations, fetal growth retardation and resorption. Fluorescent-labeled antibody localization studies demonstrated that the teratogenic antibodies localized in RM. It is postulated that RM antibodies induce teratogenesis by interfering with the function of RM.", "contents": "Embryotoxic effects of heterologous antisera against rat Reichert's membrane. Parietal yolk-sacs of rat embryos at the fifteenth day of gestation were obtained by microdissection. A Reichert's membrane (RM) preparation was isolated by treating the parietal yolk-sacs with the chelating agent tetrasodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) combined with mechanical shaking. Less than 1% of the membrane preparation was DNA and phosphorus contaminants. The membrane purity was also evaluated by electrom microscopic examination. Rabbit Ig G directed against the RM preparation when injected ip into ninth day pregnant rats produced malformations, fetal growth retardation and resorption. Fluorescent-labeled antibody localization studies demonstrated that the teratogenic antibodies localized in RM. It is postulated that RM antibodies induce teratogenesis by interfering with the function of RM.", "PMID": 325173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9578", "title": "Role of ionic strength in colicin K adsorption.", "content": "The rate of colicin K adsorption to Escherichia coli, and consequent death of the bacteria, is progressively inhibited with increasing ionic strength of the medium. Comparison of the kinetics of colicin adsorption with the kinetics of colicin killing suggests that the lethal event provoked by colicin occurs soon after irreversible colicin adsorption. Factors, such as salts, which protect bacteria against the lethal action of colicin act by preventing colicin adsorption.", "contents": "Role of ionic strength in colicin K adsorption. The rate of colicin K adsorption to Escherichia coli, and consequent death of the bacteria, is progressively inhibited with increasing ionic strength of the medium. Comparison of the kinetics of colicin adsorption with the kinetics of colicin killing suggests that the lethal event provoked by colicin occurs soon after irreversible colicin adsorption. Factors, such as salts, which protect bacteria against the lethal action of colicin act by preventing colicin adsorption.", "PMID": 325176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9579", "title": "Location of the gene specifying hexose phosphate transport (uhp) on the chromosome of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The uhp gene, which specifies the uptake of hexose phosphates, and several other genes in the vicinity of minute 81 on the E. coli linkage map have been located by phage-mediated transductions. The order found is mtl-gpsA-pyre-gltc-uhp-tna-dnaa. Alleles specifying the Uhp- and Uhp+ characters were separated from that specifying constitutivity of hexose phosphate uptake (Uhpc). Although cotransduction frequencies between gltC and uhp as high as 90%, and between uhp and tna as high as 80%, were observed, these frequencies were unusually strongly dependent on which marker was selected. This may be due to the proximity of the uhp region to the point of origin of chromosome replication.", "contents": "Location of the gene specifying hexose phosphate transport (uhp) on the chromosome of Escherichia coli. The uhp gene, which specifies the uptake of hexose phosphates, and several other genes in the vicinity of minute 81 on the E. coli linkage map have been located by phage-mediated transductions. The order found is mtl-gpsA-pyre-gltc-uhp-tna-dnaa. Alleles specifying the Uhp- and Uhp+ characters were separated from that specifying constitutivity of hexose phosphate uptake (Uhpc). Although cotransduction frequencies between gltC and uhp as high as 90%, and between uhp and tna as high as 80%, were observed, these frequencies were unusually strongly dependent on which marker was selected. This may be due to the proximity of the uhp region to the point of origin of chromosome replication.", "PMID": 325177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9580", "title": "The effect of aeration and metabolic inhibitors on resistance to amphotericin in starved cultures of Candida albicans.", "content": "The development of resistance to amphotericin methyl ester, measured in terms of the amount of drug required to induce a standard rate of release of K+ from suspensions of washed organisms, has been followed in Candida albicans in starved cultures under controlled conditions of aeration, stirring and temperature. Resistance develops at a rate which increases with the rate of aeration, limited by the onset of damage due to turbulence. Resistance decreases rapidly if gassing with N2 is substituted for aeration, but sensitivity does not reach that of exponentially growing cells. Resumption of aeration is followed by a slow recovery of resistance. The addition of inhibitors of protein synthesis (trichodermin, verrucarin) or uncoupling agents (2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide) at the beginning of starvation results in an increased rate of development of resistance. Adding inhibitors at a later stage, when resistance has developed after 72 h aeration, does not affect the decrease in resistance produced by gassing with N2 but the presence of trichodermin or verrucarin delays the recovery of resistance o", "contents": "The effect of aeration and metabolic inhibitors on resistance to amphotericin in starved cultures of Candida albicans. The development of resistance to amphotericin methyl ester, measured in terms of the amount of drug required to induce a standard rate of release of K+ from suspensions of washed organisms, has been followed in Candida albicans in starved cultures under controlled conditions of aeration, stirring and temperature. Resistance develops at a rate which increases with the rate of aeration, limited by the onset of damage due to turbulence. Resistance decreases rapidly if gassing with N2 is substituted for aeration, but sensitivity does not reach that of exponentially growing cells. Resumption of aeration is followed by a slow recovery of resistance. The addition of inhibitors of protein synthesis (trichodermin, verrucarin) or uncoupling agents (2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide) at the beginning of starvation results in an increased rate of development of resistance. Adding inhibitors at a later stage, when resistance has developed after 72 h aeration, does not affect the decrease in resistance produced by gassing with N2 but the presence of trichodermin or verrucarin delays the recovery of resistance o", "PMID": 325178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9581", "title": "Timing of cold-sensitive stages in the cell division cycle of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Synchornous cultures obtained by selection at division were used to investigate the occurrence of cold-sensitive stages during the division cycle of Escherichia coli (lambdaind--). There are two such stages within the 50 min cycle: one (early) at 10 to 20 min and the other (late) at 40 to 45 min. Similar results were obtained from calculations based both on the age frequency distribution of cells in exponential growth and on the size of the populations which accumulate as a result of a single change of temperature. Times of about 17 and 44 min were found for the early and the late stages, respectively. It is concluded that the two-step doubling of E. coli K12 cultures synchronized by a single cold shock is due to two cold-sensitive stages in the division cycle.", "contents": "Timing of cold-sensitive stages in the cell division cycle of Escherichia coli K12. Synchornous cultures obtained by selection at division were used to investigate the occurrence of cold-sensitive stages during the division cycle of Escherichia coli (lambdaind--). There are two such stages within the 50 min cycle: one (early) at 10 to 20 min and the other (late) at 40 to 45 min. Similar results were obtained from calculations based both on the age frequency distribution of cells in exponential growth and on the size of the populations which accumulate as a result of a single change of temperature. Times of about 17 and 44 min were found for the early and the late stages, respectively. It is concluded that the two-step doubling of E. coli K12 cultures synchronized by a single cold shock is due to two cold-sensitive stages in the division cycle.", "PMID": 325179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9582", "title": "On the reality and relevance of traits.", "content": "A review of published research on traits of personality is focused on the controversy over situationism vs. trait theory. Extreme emphasis on situationism is interpreted as a return to the atomistic psychologies of Wundt, Titchener, Watson, and Weiss. Available data are interpreted to indicate that \"trait\" can be defined operationally, that existing measures are adequately reliable, and that stability over long periods of time contradicts the situationist thesis. Trait measures predict behavior in the laboratory, in education, and industry. The trait construct should be retained in the vocabulary of scientific psychology.", "contents": "On the reality and relevance of traits. A review of published research on traits of personality is focused on the controversy over situationism vs. trait theory. Extreme emphasis on situationism is interpreted as a return to the atomistic psychologies of Wundt, Titchener, Watson, and Weiss. Available data are interpreted to indicate that \"trait\" can be defined operationally, that existing measures are adequately reliable, and that stability over long periods of time contradicts the situationist thesis. Trait measures predict behavior in the laboratory, in education, and industry. The trait construct should be retained in the vocabulary of scientific psychology.", "PMID": 325180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9583", "title": "The effectiveness and safety of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).", "content": "Over the past several decades, psychopharmacological treatments in psychiatry have been subjected to intensive methodological scrutiny in the continual assessment of their efficacy and safety. Although one of the most dramatic and controversial therapeutic approaches in psychiatry, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has not received the same concentrated, systematic attention. Through a comprehensive literature search, the present authors have attempted to provide answers relating to the efficacy and the safety of conventional ECT and some of its more prominent variations. Although specific discernible trends are reported in the text, results of the survey are too disparate for a simplistic summary statement to be made regarding efficacy in all diagnostic categories. As with most somatic treatments in psychiatry, bilateral ECT does present some apparent risk, reduced but not entirely eliminated by precautionary techniques, which must be weighed against the possible benefits to be derived in a given case. Other variations of ECT offer promise of fewer side effects but must be accepted as standard clinical practice.", "contents": "The effectiveness and safety of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Over the past several decades, psychopharmacological treatments in psychiatry have been subjected to intensive methodological scrutiny in the continual assessment of their efficacy and safety. Although one of the most dramatic and controversial therapeutic approaches in psychiatry, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has not received the same concentrated, systematic attention. Through a comprehensive literature search, the present authors have attempted to provide answers relating to the efficacy and the safety of conventional ECT and some of its more prominent variations. Although specific discernible trends are reported in the text, results of the survey are too disparate for a simplistic summary statement to be made regarding efficacy in all diagnostic categories. As with most somatic treatments in psychiatry, bilateral ECT does present some apparent risk, reduced but not entirely eliminated by precautionary techniques, which must be weighed against the possible benefits to be derived in a given case. Other variations of ECT offer promise of fewer side effects but must be accepted as standard clinical practice.", "PMID": 325181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9584", "title": "Acute ascending polyradiculoneuritis in a case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.", "content": "A patient is described who showed subacute dementia and ataxia and, finally, acute asending polyradiculoneuritis. At necropsy, together with the cerebral and cerebellar lesions that are typical of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the lesions of the spinal motor neurons, the spinal ganglia, and of the roots and peripheral nerves were analogous with those of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Landry syndrome. The aetiological possibility is discussed either that this is a simple and unique association, or that the disorder is related to the virus nature of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.", "contents": "Acute ascending polyradiculoneuritis in a case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A patient is described who showed subacute dementia and ataxia and, finally, acute asending polyradiculoneuritis. At necropsy, together with the cerebral and cerebellar lesions that are typical of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the lesions of the spinal motor neurons, the spinal ganglia, and of the roots and peripheral nerves were analogous with those of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Landry syndrome. The aetiological possibility is discussed either that this is a simple and unique association, or that the disorder is related to the virus nature of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.", "PMID": 325182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9585", "title": "The use of intravenous fluorescein in the repair of large myelomeningoceles. Technical note.", "content": "Intravenous fluorescein has been found a valuable guide in the identification of necrotic skin, which can then be debrided before wound closure. Fluorescein was used in four infants undergoing repair of large myelomeningoceles with no deleterious effects.", "contents": "The use of intravenous fluorescein in the repair of large myelomeningoceles. Technical note. Intravenous fluorescein has been found a valuable guide in the identification of necrotic skin, which can then be debrided before wound closure. Fluorescein was used in four infants undergoing repair of large myelomeningoceles with no deleterious effects.", "PMID": 325183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9586", "title": "Decreased binding of cytotoxic antibody by developing Schistosoma mansoni. Evidence for a surface change independent of host antigen adsorption and membrane turnover.", "content": "Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula maintained in chemically defined culture media became increasingly resistant to the cytotoxic effects of infected guinea pig serum. Two- and 6-day-old schistosomula recovered from mice showed no uptake of IgG antibody from infected guinea pig serum, as revealed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Results from this test remained negative when the schistosomula were tested at 0 C, after exposure to drugs which inhibit synthetic and secretory processes, or after being killed by heat or formalin. In contrast, new schistosomula collected within 3 hr after skin penetration bound IgG from infection serum under all test conditions, and showed increased susceptibility to cytotoxicity after exposure to various drugs. It thus appears that soon after skin penetration schistosomula undergo surface changes which prevent binding of antibody from infection serum. These changes can apparently take place in the absence of host antigens, and once they have occurred, do not depend on worm physiological processes for their function.", "contents": "Decreased binding of cytotoxic antibody by developing Schistosoma mansoni. Evidence for a surface change independent of host antigen adsorption and membrane turnover. Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula maintained in chemically defined culture media became increasingly resistant to the cytotoxic effects of infected guinea pig serum. Two- and 6-day-old schistosomula recovered from mice showed no uptake of IgG antibody from infected guinea pig serum, as revealed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Results from this test remained negative when the schistosomula were tested at 0 C, after exposure to drugs which inhibit synthetic and secretory processes, or after being killed by heat or formalin. In contrast, new schistosomula collected within 3 hr after skin penetration bound IgG from infection serum under all test conditions, and showed increased susceptibility to cytotoxicity after exposure to various drugs. It thus appears that soon after skin penetration schistosomula undergo surface changes which prevent binding of antibody from infection serum. These changes can apparently take place in the absence of host antigens, and once they have occurred, do not depend on worm physiological processes for their function.", "PMID": 325186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9587", "title": "Intraspecific variation in Trypanosoma cruzi: effect of temperature on the intracellular differentiation in tissue culture.", "content": "Inhibition of T. cruzi amastigote-trypomastigote differentiation in tissue culture at 37 C is a strain-dependent event. When eight T. cruzi strains were submitted to two environmental temperatures (33 and 37 C), the following patterns of differentiation were obtained: in three strains, transformation was inhibited at 37 C but readily occurred at 33 C; in three other strains differentiation took place at both temperatures; finally, in the two remaining strains, a partial inhibition was detected at 37 C. The authors discuss the meaning of this intraspecific variation and the possible relationship with the occurrence of temperature-sensitive mutants among protozoa.", "contents": "Intraspecific variation in Trypanosoma cruzi: effect of temperature on the intracellular differentiation in tissue culture. Inhibition of T. cruzi amastigote-trypomastigote differentiation in tissue culture at 37 C is a strain-dependent event. When eight T. cruzi strains were submitted to two environmental temperatures (33 and 37 C), the following patterns of differentiation were obtained: in three strains, transformation was inhibited at 37 C but readily occurred at 33 C; in three other strains differentiation took place at both temperatures; finally, in the two remaining strains, a partial inhibition was detected at 37 C. The authors discuss the meaning of this intraspecific variation and the possible relationship with the occurrence of temperature-sensitive mutants among protozoa.", "PMID": 325187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9588", "title": "Time-dependent loss of invasive ability of Plasmodium berghei merozoites in vitro.", "content": "The invasive ability of Plasmodium berghei merozoites in vivo was studied following their artificial removal from parasitized mouse red cells using complement-mediated immune lysis in vitro and in vivo. Time-course experiments revealed that lysed preparations contained two components contributing to the parasites' infectivity in mice. One component, presumed to be free merozoites released from mature schizont-infected cells, rapidly lost infectivity with time at 1 to 2 C. A second minor component appeared to have more stability at this temperature, and could be accounted for as intact parasitized cells containing mature schizonts not lysed by the complement in vitro, but lysed by the recipients' plasma complement in vivo. Further experiments revealed that suspension of parasitized cells in an isotonic diluent and centrifugation at moderate speeds substantially removes the number of invasive free merozoites insolable from a given sample of infected blood by immune hemolysis. merzoites, either contained within the confines of mature schizont-infected cells, or artificially removed from host cells, rapidly lose the ability to invade susceptible erythrocytes in vivo when suspended in an isotonic medium and held at 1 to 2 C in vitro.", "contents": "Time-dependent loss of invasive ability of Plasmodium berghei merozoites in vitro. The invasive ability of Plasmodium berghei merozoites in vivo was studied following their artificial removal from parasitized mouse red cells using complement-mediated immune lysis in vitro and in vivo. Time-course experiments revealed that lysed preparations contained two components contributing to the parasites' infectivity in mice. One component, presumed to be free merozoites released from mature schizont-infected cells, rapidly lost infectivity with time at 1 to 2 C. A second minor component appeared to have more stability at this temperature, and could be accounted for as intact parasitized cells containing mature schizonts not lysed by the complement in vitro, but lysed by the recipients' plasma complement in vivo. Further experiments revealed that suspension of parasitized cells in an isotonic diluent and centrifugation at moderate speeds substantially removes the number of invasive free merozoites insolable from a given sample of infected blood by immune hemolysis. merzoites, either contained within the confines of mature schizont-infected cells, or artificially removed from host cells, rapidly lose the ability to invade susceptible erythrocytes in vivo when suspended in an isotonic medium and held at 1 to 2 C in vitro.", "PMID": 325188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9589", "title": "Histomorphologic evaluation of scleral grafts in experimental bony defects.", "content": "This study was undertaken in order to evaluate and compare the effectiveness and fate of the nonautogenous scleral graft in relation to similar grafts of bone marrow and epithelium-free connective tissue grafts from the palate. One hundred round osseous defects 2 mm in diameter, were surgically created in the calveria of 25 rats. Three defects in each animal were filled with the various graft materials obtained from isogenic rats sacrificed at the time of preparation of the bony defects. The fourth defect was left empty as a control. The animals were sacrificed at varying periods of time up to 150 days. Histomorphologic evaluation of the graft sites demonstrated the following: (a) Scleral grafts had effected a functionally adequate repair, without apparent histopathologic changes. (b) Fresh bone marrow provided the greatest osteogenic activity when used as a graft implant. The sclera had an insignificant osteogenic activity when used as a graft implant. The sclera had an insignificant osteogenic potential. (c) Epithelium-free connective tissue was the least effective, both as an osteogenic or functionally adequate graft.", "contents": "Histomorphologic evaluation of scleral grafts in experimental bony defects. This study was undertaken in order to evaluate and compare the effectiveness and fate of the nonautogenous scleral graft in relation to similar grafts of bone marrow and epithelium-free connective tissue grafts from the palate. One hundred round osseous defects 2 mm in diameter, were surgically created in the calveria of 25 rats. Three defects in each animal were filled with the various graft materials obtained from isogenic rats sacrificed at the time of preparation of the bony defects. The fourth defect was left empty as a control. The animals were sacrificed at varying periods of time up to 150 days. Histomorphologic evaluation of the graft sites demonstrated the following: (a) Scleral grafts had effected a functionally adequate repair, without apparent histopathologic changes. (b) Fresh bone marrow provided the greatest osteogenic activity when used as a graft implant. The sclera had an insignificant osteogenic activity when used as a graft implant. The sclera had an insignificant osteogenic potential. (c) Epithelium-free connective tissue was the least effective, both as an osteogenic or functionally adequate graft.", "PMID": 325191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9590", "title": "The early reentry procedure.", "content": "A technique and rationale for the early reentry of autogenous bone grafts has been described. Rather than wait 1 to 2 years for reentry as has been previously suggested, a 3-month interval was chosen. Results of the study showed: (1) Healing of osseous grafts starts very quickly and we do not have to wait long periods of time to ascertain whether the graft is successful. (2) That all grafts do not fill the defect completely and that there may be an alteration in contour. (3) That it is often important therefore that a reentry procedure be done to contour the bone. (4) Healing after reentry procedure occurred rapidly and uneventfully and minimum sulcular depth was obtained. (5) Reentry of autogenous osseous grafts for evaluation and physiologic recontouring is possible at 3 months without adversely affecting the ultimate clinical maturation and success of the graft.", "contents": "The early reentry procedure. A technique and rationale for the early reentry of autogenous bone grafts has been described. Rather than wait 1 to 2 years for reentry as has been previously suggested, a 3-month interval was chosen. Results of the study showed: (1) Healing of osseous grafts starts very quickly and we do not have to wait long periods of time to ascertain whether the graft is successful. (2) That all grafts do not fill the defect completely and that there may be an alteration in contour. (3) That it is often important therefore that a reentry procedure be done to contour the bone. (4) Healing after reentry procedure occurred rapidly and uneventfully and minimum sulcular depth was obtained. (5) Reentry of autogenous osseous grafts for evaluation and physiologic recontouring is possible at 3 months without adversely affecting the ultimate clinical maturation and success of the graft.", "PMID": 325192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9591", "title": "Effects of an amine fluoride mouthrinse and dentifrice on the gingival health and the extent of plaque of school children.", "content": "A study to test the efficacy of two amine fluoride products in reducing the extent of plaque and the degree of gingivitis was conducted with 6th-grade school children in Pensacola, Florida. The treatment regimens consisted of a daily supervised mouthrinse at school and the ad libitum home use of a dentifrice. Examinations were conducted at 12-week and 20-week intervals after the treatment had begun. There was no recognizable difference between the plaque and gingival reductions achieved with the use of the amine fluoride dentifrice or mouthrinse when compared either with their inorganic counterparts or with placebo treatment vehicles", "contents": "Effects of an amine fluoride mouthrinse and dentifrice on the gingival health and the extent of plaque of school children. A study to test the efficacy of two amine fluoride products in reducing the extent of plaque and the degree of gingivitis was conducted with 6th-grade school children in Pensacola, Florida. The treatment regimens consisted of a daily supervised mouthrinse at school and the ad libitum home use of a dentifrice. Examinations were conducted at 12-week and 20-week intervals after the treatment had begun. There was no recognizable difference between the plaque and gingival reductions achieved with the use of the amine fluoride dentifrice or mouthrinse when compared either with their inorganic counterparts or with placebo treatment vehicles", "PMID": 325193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9592", "title": "Subgingival scaling with root planing and curettage: effects upon gingival inflammation: a comparative study.", "content": "In a joint clinical and histological research, carried out in humans of both sexes, it was attempted to establish some of the differences between the effects of curettage and root planing as procedures to accomplish remission of gingival inflammation. In 10 patients, 210 teeth were treated (103 curetted and 98 root planed). Sixty useful samples and 2132 histological sections were obtained. Six different staining techniques were used to study the samples. Clinical and histological evaluations were made of the results obtained with both procedures.", "contents": "Subgingival scaling with root planing and curettage: effects upon gingival inflammation: a comparative study. In a joint clinical and histological research, carried out in humans of both sexes, it was attempted to establish some of the differences between the effects of curettage and root planing as procedures to accomplish remission of gingival inflammation. In 10 patients, 210 teeth were treated (103 curetted and 98 root planed). Sixty useful samples and 2132 histological sections were obtained. Six different staining techniques were used to study the samples. Clinical and histological evaluations were made of the results obtained with both procedures.", "PMID": 325194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9593", "title": "The effects of somatostatin and metiamide on tachyphylaxis of pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the conscious cat.", "content": "1. Pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretions show parallel rates of tachyphylaxis in the conscious cat. The responses to histamine show only slight tachyphylaxis. 2. Somatostatin 10 microng.kg(-1).hr(-1) inhibits pentagastrin but not histamine stimulated acid secretion and inhibits pentagastrin stimulated pepsin secretion. 3. The inhibition of pentagastrin stimulated acid and pepsin secretion by Somatostatin delays the tachyphylaxis of these responses, but the rates of tachyphylaxis when they do subsequently occur are identical. 4. Metiamide 10 mg-kg(-1)-hr(-1) equally inhibits histamine and pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion but does not inhibit pentagastrin stimulated pepsin secretion. 5. Inhibiton of acid secretion during metiamide infusion neither prevents nor delays acid nor pepsin tachyphylaxis. 6. It is suggested that tachyphylaxis of acid and pepsin secretion is a gastrin receptor phenomenon and that Somatostatin occupies or modifies the behaviour of these receptors, preventing tachyphylaxis. Metiamide, however, exerts its action only on the histmine H2-receptor and not the gastrin receptor mechanism, and this apparently does not prevent or delay acid tachyphylaxis.", "contents": "The effects of somatostatin and metiamide on tachyphylaxis of pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the conscious cat. 1. Pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretions show parallel rates of tachyphylaxis in the conscious cat. The responses to histamine show only slight tachyphylaxis. 2. Somatostatin 10 microng.kg(-1).hr(-1) inhibits pentagastrin but not histamine stimulated acid secretion and inhibits pentagastrin stimulated pepsin secretion. 3. The inhibition of pentagastrin stimulated acid and pepsin secretion by Somatostatin delays the tachyphylaxis of these responses, but the rates of tachyphylaxis when they do subsequently occur are identical. 4. Metiamide 10 mg-kg(-1)-hr(-1) equally inhibits histamine and pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion but does not inhibit pentagastrin stimulated pepsin secretion. 5. Inhibiton of acid secretion during metiamide infusion neither prevents nor delays acid nor pepsin tachyphylaxis. 6. It is suggested that tachyphylaxis of acid and pepsin secretion is a gastrin receptor phenomenon and that Somatostatin occupies or modifies the behaviour of these receptors, preventing tachyphylaxis. Metiamide, however, exerts its action only on the histmine H2-receptor and not the gastrin receptor mechanism, and this apparently does not prevent or delay acid tachyphylaxis.", "PMID": 325196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9594", "title": "Selective resection of the circumoral musculature for enhancement of mandibular denture stability.", "content": "A combined surgical-prosthetic approach for the treatment of the unstable lower denture due to displacement by the circumoral musculature has been presented. This procedure increases the stabilizing forces of the tongue and obicularis oris muscles, while eliminating the displacing forces of muscles which attach high on the crest of the residual ridge.", "contents": "Selective resection of the circumoral musculature for enhancement of mandibular denture stability. A combined surgical-prosthetic approach for the treatment of the unstable lower denture due to displacement by the circumoral musculature has been presented. This procedure increases the stabilizing forces of the tongue and obicularis oris muscles, while eliminating the displacing forces of muscles which attach high on the crest of the residual ridge.", "PMID": 325197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9595", "title": "The fabrication of a ceramic-metal crown to fit an existing removable partial denture clasp.", "content": "An indirect-direct technique of fabricating a ceramic-metal crown to fit a removable partial denture clasp has been described. The chief advantage of the technique is that the entire procedure can be performed without depriving the patient of the prosthesis.", "contents": "The fabrication of a ceramic-metal crown to fit an existing removable partial denture clasp. An indirect-direct technique of fabricating a ceramic-metal crown to fit a removable partial denture clasp has been described. The chief advantage of the technique is that the entire procedure can be performed without depriving the patient of the prosthesis.", "PMID": 325198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9596", "title": "The mandibular posterior fixed partial denture.", "content": "Absence of a mandibular posterior tooth, particularly the first molar, is the basic common denominator in a wide range of dental disorders. Despite their awareness of this fact, many dentists are deterred from the routine construction of mandibular posterior fixed partial dentures because of several technical difficulties. An attempt has been made to show how these difficulties may be overcome to give a predictable and satisfactory result.", "contents": "The mandibular posterior fixed partial denture. Absence of a mandibular posterior tooth, particularly the first molar, is the basic common denominator in a wide range of dental disorders. Despite their awareness of this fact, many dentists are deterred from the routine construction of mandibular posterior fixed partial dentures because of several technical difficulties. An attempt has been made to show how these difficulties may be overcome to give a predictable and satisfactory result.", "PMID": 325199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9597", "title": "A simplified procedure for survey and design of diagnostic casts.", "content": "The procedure described for survey and design of diagnostic casts is applicable to either dental arch. It is presented in a sequential manner, is not complex, and will produce uniformly acceptable results. The following steps should be followed: (1) locate a path by tilting the cast; (2) mark the survey lines and tripod the cast; (3) outline the rest and guide planes; (4) draw minor connectors; (5) draw major connectors; (6) draw retention mesh for acrylic resin; (7) draw acrylic resin base extension; and (8) draw direct retainers (clasps).", "contents": "A simplified procedure for survey and design of diagnostic casts. The procedure described for survey and design of diagnostic casts is applicable to either dental arch. It is presented in a sequential manner, is not complex, and will produce uniformly acceptable results. The following steps should be followed: (1) locate a path by tilting the cast; (2) mark the survey lines and tripod the cast; (3) outline the rest and guide planes; (4) draw minor connectors; (5) draw major connectors; (6) draw retention mesh for acrylic resin; (7) draw acrylic resin base extension; and (8) draw direct retainers (clasps).", "PMID": 325201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9598", "title": "Accurate relief of the die surface of the wax pattern prior to casting.", "content": "A quick, simple technique has been described to mark, identify, and remove interferences from the inner surface of a wax pattern. Problems in the seating of simple and complex castings are virtually eliminated.", "contents": "Accurate relief of the die surface of the wax pattern prior to casting. A quick, simple technique has been described to mark, identify, and remove interferences from the inner surface of a wax pattern. Problems in the seating of simple and complex castings are virtually eliminated.", "PMID": 325202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9599", "title": "Tazonomy of Toxoplasma.", "content": "After reviewing reports of the hosts, structure and life cycle of Toxoplasma, the genus is placed in the apicomplexan family Eimeriidae and the folllowing 7 species are recognized: Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle & Manceaux) (type species) from about 200 species of mammals and birds, with oocysts in felids; Toxoplasma alencari (Da Costa & Pereira) from the frog Leptodactylus ocellatus; Toxoplasma brumpti Coutelen from the iguana Iguana tuberculata; Toxoplasma colubri Tibaldi from the snakes Coluber melanoleucus and Coluber viridiflavus; Toxoplasma hammondi (Frenkel & Dubey)  (a new combination for Hammondia hammondi) from the house mouse with oocysts in the domestic cat; Toxoplasma ranae Levine & Nye from the leopard frog Rana Pipiens; and Toxoplasma serpai Scorza, Dagert & Iturriza Arocha from the toad Bufo marinus.", "contents": "Tazonomy of Toxoplasma. After reviewing reports of the hosts, structure and life cycle of Toxoplasma, the genus is placed in the apicomplexan family Eimeriidae and the folllowing 7 species are recognized: Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle & Manceaux) (type species) from about 200 species of mammals and birds, with oocysts in felids; Toxoplasma alencari (Da Costa & Pereira) from the frog Leptodactylus ocellatus; Toxoplasma brumpti Coutelen from the iguana Iguana tuberculata; Toxoplasma colubri Tibaldi from the snakes Coluber melanoleucus and Coluber viridiflavus; Toxoplasma hammondi (Frenkel & Dubey)  (a new combination for Hammondia hammondi) from the house mouse with oocysts in the domestic cat; Toxoplasma ranae Levine & Nye from the leopard frog Rana Pipiens; and Toxoplasma serpai Scorza, Dagert & Iturriza Arocha from the toad Bufo marinus.", "PMID": 325203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9600", "title": "Immune function in ankylosing spondylitis: apparent relationship between streptococcal responses and HLA B27.", "content": "Immune function has been evaluated in 54 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and 26 controls. Cell-mediated immunity was assessed by skin testing with ubiquitous antigens, and humoral immunity by antibody responses to tetanus toxoid and Salmonella typhi vaccinations, and resting titres of anti-Streptolysin O, anti-E Coli, and isohemagglutinins. The AS patients had reduced delayed hypersensitivity responses to Candida, augmented responses to Streptococcal antigen and relatively low ASO titres. There was no generalized depression of humoral immunity, as indicated by the normal tetanus and Salmonella O responses and hyper-response to Salmonella H antigen. The E. Coli and isohemagglutinin titres were normal. These results indicate that patients with AS present a complex immunological profile, including exaggerated responses to some antigens and impaired responses to others. In view of the very high incidence of HLA-B27 in AS, it is possible that these findings are related to the effects of HLA associated immune response genes.", "contents": "Immune function in ankylosing spondylitis: apparent relationship between streptococcal responses and HLA B27. Immune function has been evaluated in 54 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and 26 controls. Cell-mediated immunity was assessed by skin testing with ubiquitous antigens, and humoral immunity by antibody responses to tetanus toxoid and Salmonella typhi vaccinations, and resting titres of anti-Streptolysin O, anti-E Coli, and isohemagglutinins. The AS patients had reduced delayed hypersensitivity responses to Candida, augmented responses to Streptococcal antigen and relatively low ASO titres. There was no generalized depression of humoral immunity, as indicated by the normal tetanus and Salmonella O responses and hyper-response to Salmonella H antigen. The E. Coli and isohemagglutinin titres were normal. These results indicate that patients with AS present a complex immunological profile, including exaggerated responses to some antigens and impaired responses to others. In view of the very high incidence of HLA-B27 in AS, it is possible that these findings are related to the effects of HLA associated immune response genes.", "PMID": 325206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9601", "title": "Effects of membrane stabilizers on pancreatic amylase release.", "content": "Compounds with membrane stabilizing activity were studied as to their ability to affect pancreatic amylase release and the steps in the stimulus-secretion coupling process. Chlorpromazine, propranolol, and thymol were all found to inhibit bethanechol-stimulated amylase release and at slightly higher concentrations to induce release regardless of the presence of the secretagogue. This biphasic effect was similar to that found previously for the local anesthetic tetracaine. Release by high concentrations of propranolol and tetracaine was accompained by ultrastructural evidence of cell damage. Membrane stabilizers at concentrations which inhibited amylase release were shown to block bethanechol-induced depolarization and stimulation of 45Ca++ efflux although the drugs alone partially depolarized pancreatic cells. Release of amylase induced by Ca++ introduced by the ionophore A23187 was also abolished. The findings indicate that membrane stabilizers independently inhibit the steps leading to a rise in intracellular Ca++ and the subsequent Ca++-activated amylase release.", "contents": "Effects of membrane stabilizers on pancreatic amylase release. Compounds with membrane stabilizing activity were studied as to their ability to affect pancreatic amylase release and the steps in the stimulus-secretion coupling process. Chlorpromazine, propranolol, and thymol were all found to inhibit bethanechol-stimulated amylase release and at slightly higher concentrations to induce release regardless of the presence of the secretagogue. This biphasic effect was similar to that found previously for the local anesthetic tetracaine. Release by high concentrations of propranolol and tetracaine was accompained by ultrastructural evidence of cell damage. Membrane stabilizers at concentrations which inhibited amylase release were shown to block bethanechol-induced depolarization and stimulation of 45Ca++ efflux although the drugs alone partially depolarized pancreatic cells. Release of amylase induced by Ca++ introduced by the ionophore A23187 was also abolished. The findings indicate that membrane stabilizers independently inhibit the steps leading to a rise in intracellular Ca++ and the subsequent Ca++-activated amylase release.", "PMID": 325208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9602", "title": "The rates of evolution in some ribosomal components.", "content": "The rate of nucleotide substitution (k(nuc)) of 5s RNA was estimated to be (1.8 +/- 0.5) x 10(-10) per site per year by comparing the nucleotide sequences of human and Xenopus 5s RNA and using the geological time elapsed since the separation of mammals and amphibians. Similarly, k(nuc) of 5.8s rRNA was calculated to be 0.93  10(-1u) per site per year from the sequences of rat hepatoma cells and Saccbaromyces cerevisiae. For the comparison of these data with the amino acid substitution rate of known proteins, the k(nuc) values of 5s rRNA and 5.8s rRNA were converted to the rate of amino acid substitution (k(aa')). The k(aa') values in pauling units were 0.4 and 2 0.3, respectively. The average k(aa) of ribosomal proteins was also estimated to be 0.2 0.3 pauling from the N-terminal amino acid sequences of seventeen 30s ribosomal proteins of Bacillus stearothermopbilus and Eschericbia coli. Thus, the evolutionary rates of these ribosomal components studied here are similar to each other; they considerably slower than that of the known cellular proteins. Most, if not all, of the replacements in ribosomal proteins occurred between amino acids of a chemically similar nature.", "contents": "The rates of evolution in some ribosomal components. The rate of nucleotide substitution (k(nuc)) of 5s RNA was estimated to be (1.8 +/- 0.5) x 10(-10) per site per year by comparing the nucleotide sequences of human and Xenopus 5s RNA and using the geological time elapsed since the separation of mammals and amphibians. Similarly, k(nuc) of 5.8s rRNA was calculated to be 0.93  10(-1u) per site per year from the sequences of rat hepatoma cells and Saccbaromyces cerevisiae. For the comparison of these data with the amino acid substitution rate of known proteins, the k(nuc) values of 5s rRNA and 5.8s rRNA were converted to the rate of amino acid substitution (k(aa')). The k(aa') values in pauling units were 0.4 and 2 0.3, respectively. The average k(aa) of ribosomal proteins was also estimated to be 0.2 0.3 pauling from the N-terminal amino acid sequences of seventeen 30s ribosomal proteins of Bacillus stearothermopbilus and Eschericbia coli. Thus, the evolutionary rates of these ribosomal components studied here are similar to each other; they considerably slower than that of the known cellular proteins. Most, if not all, of the replacements in ribosomal proteins occurred between amino acids of a chemically similar nature.", "PMID": 325217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9603", "title": "Cotherapy: a review of current literature (with special reference to therapeutic outcome).", "content": "This paper presents a review of the current literature on cotherapy with special reference to therapeutic outcome. The review covers the fields of sex therapy, group therapy, and family and marital therapy. It considers both patient variables and cotherapist variables. There are few \"research\" studies of cotherapy. Most data derive from case illustrations, which, however well detailed, are anecdotal in nature. The most widely addressed effect of cotherapy upon patients is presented in terms of treatment process and not treatment outcome.", "contents": "Cotherapy: a review of current literature (with special reference to therapeutic outcome). This paper presents a review of the current literature on cotherapy with special reference to therapeutic outcome. The review covers the fields of sex therapy, group therapy, and family and marital therapy. It considers both patient variables and cotherapist variables. There are few \"research\" studies of cotherapy. Most data derive from case illustrations, which, however well detailed, are anecdotal in nature. The most widely addressed effect of cotherapy upon patients is presented in terms of treatment process and not treatment outcome.", "PMID": 325218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9604", "title": "Leprosy and cancer: a retrospective cohort study in Hawaii.", "content": "We used data collected on a retrospective cohort of 1,123 leprosy patients living in Hawaii between 1940 and 1970, to test the hypotheses that patients with lepromatous leprosy, who have an impairment in their cellular immune response, would have an increased risk for cancer and that patients with tuberculoid leprosy, who are immunologically competent, would have a normal or even a reduced cancer risk from beneficial stimulation of their cellular immune system by exposure to the Mycobacterium leprae organisms. Based on the survival analysis method, the results of the study supported the predicted increase in cancer cases among the lepromatous leprosy patients (19 observed, 12.7 expected; risk ratio = 1.5) and the predicted decrease among the tuberculoid leprosy patients (14 observed, 17.8 expected; risk ratio = 0.8); in both groups, the findings were consistent across the five racial categories of the study. However, none of these differences between observed and expected cases was statistically significant at the 5% level. The study provided no support for the alternate hypothesis that chronic antigenic stimulation by the M. leprae organisms might lead to an increase in tumors of the lymphoreticular system.", "contents": "Leprosy and cancer: a retrospective cohort study in Hawaii. We used data collected on a retrospective cohort of 1,123 leprosy patients living in Hawaii between 1940 and 1970, to test the hypotheses that patients with lepromatous leprosy, who have an impairment in their cellular immune response, would have an increased risk for cancer and that patients with tuberculoid leprosy, who are immunologically competent, would have a normal or even a reduced cancer risk from beneficial stimulation of their cellular immune system by exposure to the Mycobacterium leprae organisms. Based on the survival analysis method, the results of the study supported the predicted increase in cancer cases among the lepromatous leprosy patients (19 observed, 12.7 expected; risk ratio = 1.5) and the predicted decrease among the tuberculoid leprosy patients (14 observed, 17.8 expected; risk ratio = 0.8); in both groups, the findings were consistent across the five racial categories of the study. However, none of these differences between observed and expected cases was statistically significant at the 5% level. The study provided no support for the alternate hypothesis that chronic antigenic stimulation by the M. leprae organisms might lead to an increase in tumors of the lymphoreticular system.", "PMID": 325219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9605", "title": "Mutagenicity of waste products from vinyl chloride industries.", "content": "The by-product from vinyl chloride production, EDC-tar, is a complex mixture of mainly short-chained chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. This mixture has been tested for mutagenicity by means of Ames' Salmonella/mammalian microsome method. Since most of the components in the tar are poorly soluble in water, three agents were used as solvents or emulsifier: ethanol, DMSO, and Tween 80. The results with all these agents showed that EDC-tar contains direct as well as indirect mutagenic constitutents. It could be concluded that the mutagenic effect observed in the test could not be due to any significant extent to one of the main components, ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane). This substance showed a weak mutagenic effect, but only at higher concentrations than could be available in the highest concentration tested of the tar. Although the microsomal system enhanced the mutagenicity both of the EDC-tar and of 1,2-dichloroethane, this enhancement was dependent on NADPH in the case of EDC-tar but independent of NADPH with 1,2-dichloroethane. The Salmonella/mammalian microsome method seems to be a suitable tool for both mutagenicity screening of complex chemical mixtures and identification of mutagenic constituents in such mixtures.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of waste products from vinyl chloride industries. The by-product from vinyl chloride production, EDC-tar, is a complex mixture of mainly short-chained chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. This mixture has been tested for mutagenicity by means of Ames' Salmonella/mammalian microsome method. Since most of the components in the tar are poorly soluble in water, three agents were used as solvents or emulsifier: ethanol, DMSO, and Tween 80. The results with all these agents showed that EDC-tar contains direct as well as indirect mutagenic constitutents. It could be concluded that the mutagenic effect observed in the test could not be due to any significant extent to one of the main components, ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane). This substance showed a weak mutagenic effect, but only at higher concentrations than could be available in the highest concentration tested of the tar. Although the microsomal system enhanced the mutagenicity both of the EDC-tar and of 1,2-dichloroethane, this enhancement was dependent on NADPH in the case of EDC-tar but independent of NADPH with 1,2-dichloroethane. The Salmonella/mammalian microsome method seems to be a suitable tool for both mutagenicity screening of complex chemical mixtures and identification of mutagenic constituents in such mixtures.", "PMID": 325221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9606", "title": "Maleic hydrazide: should the Delaney amendment apply to its use?", "content": "The chemistry, metabolism, toxicology, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of maleic hydrazide have been reviewed. There is little doubt that this chemical is a mutagen and a carcinogen in cell cultures and animals, but no evidence is available on human carcinogenicity regardless of population exposure in manufacturing, agriculture, and the food chain (i.e., potato chips). An epidemiology survey should be conducted to ascertain possible human carcinogenicity in these populations. A long-term ingestion experiment should be conducted in several animal species to establish whether maleic hydrazide is carcinogenic by this route. Biotransformation studies should be undertaken along with pharmacokinetic studies to obtain a better understanding of the chemical's metabolism and excretion. Such investigations would firmly establish whether the tolerance formaleic hydrazide should remain or whether the use of the compound should be banned under the Delaney Amendment.", "contents": "Maleic hydrazide: should the Delaney amendment apply to its use? The chemistry, metabolism, toxicology, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of maleic hydrazide have been reviewed. There is little doubt that this chemical is a mutagen and a carcinogen in cell cultures and animals, but no evidence is available on human carcinogenicity regardless of population exposure in manufacturing, agriculture, and the food chain (i.e., potato chips). An epidemiology survey should be conducted to ascertain possible human carcinogenicity in these populations. A long-term ingestion experiment should be conducted in several animal species to establish whether maleic hydrazide is carcinogenic by this route. Biotransformation studies should be undertaken along with pharmacokinetic studies to obtain a better understanding of the chemical's metabolism and excretion. Such investigations would firmly establish whether the tolerance formaleic hydrazide should remain or whether the use of the compound should be banned under the Delaney Amendment.", "PMID": 325222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9607", "title": "[Bone grafting in facial malformations].", "content": "The possibilities of bone graft to the face are multiple. After reviewing the anatomy and physiology of bone grafting, the authors present different types of cases illustrating some of these possibilities. Each case of malformation of the face presents problems in which bone grafting is often an elegant solution with or without osteotomies. After describing the principles and techniques used in these cases, the authors comment upon 26 personal cases using mostly the intraoral approach for laying bone around the face. Three out of 26 have developed postoperative infections but only one case has needed removal of part of the bone grafts. Their youngest patient was 12 years old.", "contents": "[Bone grafting in facial malformations]. The possibilities of bone graft to the face are multiple. After reviewing the anatomy and physiology of bone grafting, the authors present different types of cases illustrating some of these possibilities. Each case of malformation of the face presents problems in which bone grafting is often an elegant solution with or without osteotomies. After describing the principles and techniques used in these cases, the authors comment upon 26 personal cases using mostly the intraoral approach for laying bone around the face. Three out of 26 have developed postoperative infections but only one case has needed removal of part of the bone grafts. Their youngest patient was 12 years old.", "PMID": 325226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9608", "title": "Correction of congenital meatal atresia of the ear, utilizing a superiorly based post-auricular pedicle flap.", "content": "A technique for correction of congenital meatal atresia of the ear using a superiorly based post-auricular skin pedicle is presented. Once the bony meatus has been created and middle ear work completed, this flap may be transposed into the defect and it will provide sufficient skin to fully line all raw areas. This provides rapid healing and thus far, out of seven cases, no stenosis or longterm cavity problems have developed.", "contents": "Correction of congenital meatal atresia of the ear, utilizing a superiorly based post-auricular pedicle flap. A technique for correction of congenital meatal atresia of the ear using a superiorly based post-auricular skin pedicle is presented. Once the bony meatus has been created and middle ear work completed, this flap may be transposed into the defect and it will provide sufficient skin to fully line all raw areas. This provides rapid healing and thus far, out of seven cases, no stenosis or longterm cavity problems have developed.", "PMID": 325227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9609", "title": "Surgery for recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Chronic dislocation of the temporomandibular joint has been dealt with by a variety of conservative and surgical maneuvers. Two surgical procedures, the temporomandibular arthroplasty, and the temporal fascia flap, with a capsulorraphy, are described as reliable methods for dealing with this problem.", "contents": "Surgery for recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint. Chronic dislocation of the temporomandibular joint has been dealt with by a variety of conservative and surgical maneuvers. Two surgical procedures, the temporomandibular arthroplasty, and the temporal fascia flap, with a capsulorraphy, are described as reliable methods for dealing with this problem.", "PMID": 325228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9610", "title": "Effects of temperature and host cell genetic characteristics on the replication of the lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4 in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4 is of special intest because it can replicate in various gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, that carry one of a group of drug resistance plasmids. PR4 grown in E. coli strain PS2R contains about 10% lipid by weight, with the negatively charged phospholipid phosphatidylglycerol being the most abundant lipid in the virion. We now report the following. (i) PR4 attaches to E. coli with an attachment rate constant of Ka approximately 6.2 X 10(-10) ml/min, which is about twice that of the enveloped phage phi6 (to Pseudomonas phaseolicola), but a factor of 5 less than that of phage PM2 (to Pseudomonas BAL-31). (ii) Use of an E. coli glycerol auxotroph indicated that a normal amount of PR4 replication occurs only if glycerol starvation (inhibition of all phospholipid synthesis) begins no earlier than about halfway through the lytic cycle. (iii) Use of an E. coli fatty acid synthesis temperature-sensitive mutant and an E. coli phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis temperature-sensitive mutant indicate that PR4 replication can occur in the absence of either normal fatty acid synthesis or normal phospholipid synthesis if the infection takes place prior to the termination of overall cell growth and the onset of cell death, (iv) Whereas PR4 burst size in nutrient media at 30 degrees C to 42%C is about 40, the burst size at 20 degrees C is less than 3, Temperature-shift experiments show that the temperature late in infection determines the burst size.", "contents": "Effects of temperature and host cell genetic characteristics on the replication of the lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4 in Escherichia coli. The lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4 is of special intest because it can replicate in various gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, that carry one of a group of drug resistance plasmids. PR4 grown in E. coli strain PS2R contains about 10% lipid by weight, with the negatively charged phospholipid phosphatidylglycerol being the most abundant lipid in the virion. We now report the following. (i) PR4 attaches to E. coli with an attachment rate constant of Ka approximately 6.2 X 10(-10) ml/min, which is about twice that of the enveloped phage phi6 (to Pseudomonas phaseolicola), but a factor of 5 less than that of phage PM2 (to Pseudomonas BAL-31). (ii) Use of an E. coli glycerol auxotroph indicated that a normal amount of PR4 replication occurs only if glycerol starvation (inhibition of all phospholipid synthesis) begins no earlier than about halfway through the lytic cycle. (iii) Use of an E. coli fatty acid synthesis temperature-sensitive mutant and an E. coli phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis temperature-sensitive mutant indicate that PR4 replication can occur in the absence of either normal fatty acid synthesis or normal phospholipid synthesis if the infection takes place prior to the termination of overall cell growth and the onset of cell death, (iv) Whereas PR4 burst size in nutrient media at 30 degrees C to 42%C is about 40, the burst size at 20 degrees C is less than 3, Temperature-shift experiments show that the temperature late in infection determines the burst size.", "PMID": 325229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9611", "title": "Pre-early polypeptides of bacteriophages T5 and BF23.", "content": "Nine pre-early polypeptides have been detected after infection with bacteriophage T5 and 10 pre-early polypeptides have been detected after infection with bacteriophage BF23. Only about one-half of the coding capacity of the redundant ends of the phage DNA, which code for pre-early proteins, is needed for these 9 to 10 pre-early polypeptides. The direction of transcription of pre-early genes A1 and A2 has been established from the size of N-terminal polypeptide fragments induced by amber mutants and from the known intragenic loci of the amber mutations. Some pre-early functions appear to be nonessential, because a viable deletion mutant of BF23 fails to induce three and possibly four of the detectable pre-early polypeptides.", "contents": "Pre-early polypeptides of bacteriophages T5 and BF23. Nine pre-early polypeptides have been detected after infection with bacteriophage T5 and 10 pre-early polypeptides have been detected after infection with bacteriophage BF23. Only about one-half of the coding capacity of the redundant ends of the phage DNA, which code for pre-early proteins, is needed for these 9 to 10 pre-early polypeptides. The direction of transcription of pre-early genes A1 and A2 has been established from the size of N-terminal polypeptide fragments induced by amber mutants and from the known intragenic loci of the amber mutations. Some pre-early functions appear to be nonessential, because a viable deletion mutant of BF23 fails to induce three and possibly four of the detectable pre-early polypeptides.", "PMID": 325230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9612", "title": "Intracellular organization of bacteriophage T7 DNA: analysis of parenteral bacteriophage T7 DNA-membrane and DNA-protein complexes.", "content": "After infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage T7, the parenteral DNA forms a stable association with host cell membranes. The DNA-membrane complex isolated in cesium chloride gradients is free of host DNA and the bulk of T7 RNA. The complex purified through two cesium chloride gradients contains a reproducible set of proteins which are enriched in polypeptides having molecular weights of 54,000, 34,000, and 32,000. All proteins present in the complex are derived from host membranes. Treatment of the complex with Bruij-58 removes 95% of the membrane lipid and selectively releases certain protein components. The Brij-treated complex has an S value of about 1,000 and the sedimentation rate of this material is not altered by treatment with Pronase or RNase.", "contents": "Intracellular organization of bacteriophage T7 DNA: analysis of parenteral bacteriophage T7 DNA-membrane and DNA-protein complexes. After infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage T7, the parenteral DNA forms a stable association with host cell membranes. The DNA-membrane complex isolated in cesium chloride gradients is free of host DNA and the bulk of T7 RNA. The complex purified through two cesium chloride gradients contains a reproducible set of proteins which are enriched in polypeptides having molecular weights of 54,000, 34,000, and 32,000. All proteins present in the complex are derived from host membranes. Treatment of the complex with Bruij-58 removes 95% of the membrane lipid and selectively releases certain protein components. The Brij-treated complex has an S value of about 1,000 and the sedimentation rate of this material is not altered by treatment with Pronase or RNase.", "PMID": 325231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9613", "title": "Transcriptional termination at the end of the early region of bacteriophages T3 and T7 is not affected by polarity suppressors.", "content": "Bacterial mutations of known rho genotype (psu-1 through psu-4) were shown to have no effect on transcriptional termination at the termination site at the end of the early region of T3 and T7 DNAs. Transcriptional termination was assayed in these bacterial mutants by comparing the patterns of late protein production produced by T3 and T7 amber I bacteriophage infection. All the rho (psu) mutants tested showed the same pattern of late protein production as the wild-type strain (rho+ or psu+) after T3 or T7 amber I infection. The presence of the mutant rho allele during bacteriophage infection, therefore, did not allow the host RNA polymerase to read through the terminator located at approximately 20% of the T3 and T7 genomes. These results suggest that rho factor may not be involved in reading of the T3 and T7 20% terminators in vivo.", "contents": "Transcriptional termination at the end of the early region of bacteriophages T3 and T7 is not affected by polarity suppressors. Bacterial mutations of known rho genotype (psu-1 through psu-4) were shown to have no effect on transcriptional termination at the termination site at the end of the early region of T3 and T7 DNAs. Transcriptional termination was assayed in these bacterial mutants by comparing the patterns of late protein production produced by T3 and T7 amber I bacteriophage infection. All the rho (psu) mutants tested showed the same pattern of late protein production as the wild-type strain (rho+ or psu+) after T3 or T7 amber I infection. The presence of the mutant rho allele during bacteriophage infection, therefore, did not allow the host RNA polymerase to read through the terminator located at approximately 20% of the T3 and T7 genomes. These results suggest that rho factor may not be involved in reading of the T3 and T7 20% terminators in vivo.", "PMID": 325232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9614", "title": "Alteration of the Escherichia coli membrane by addition of bacteriophage T4 protein synthesized after infection.", "content": "Many T4-induced proteins were found associated with the Escherichia coli membrane during infection. Some of these were apparently ionically bound, but many could be identified as integral parts of the inner and outer bacterial membranes by their selective solubilities in guanidine or Sarkosyl. The synthesis and insertion of these proteins into the bacterial membrane were temporally controlled and, once in the membrane, these proteins were stably integrated. Host membrane protein synthesis continued after infection of non-UV-irradiated cells, but was not present, if the cells were irradiated. There were no major redistribution or loss of bacterial proteins from E. coli membranes as a consequence of T4 infection.", "contents": "Alteration of the Escherichia coli membrane by addition of bacteriophage T4 protein synthesized after infection. Many T4-induced proteins were found associated with the Escherichia coli membrane during infection. Some of these were apparently ionically bound, but many could be identified as integral parts of the inner and outer bacterial membranes by their selective solubilities in guanidine or Sarkosyl. The synthesis and insertion of these proteins into the bacterial membrane were temporally controlled and, once in the membrane, these proteins were stably integrated. Host membrane protein synthesis continued after infection of non-UV-irradiated cells, but was not present, if the cells were irradiated. There were no major redistribution or loss of bacterial proteins from E. coli membranes as a consequence of T4 infection.", "PMID": 325233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9615", "title": "Bacteriophage proteins associated with the bacterial membrane after bacteriophage T7 infection.", "content": "The majority of the phage-induced proteins made after T7 infection of Escherichia coli are tightly associated with the bacterial membrane. Many of these have been identified. Selective extraction of proteins from these membranes by the detergent Sarkosyl or the chaotropic agent guanidine-hydrochloride indicated that most of these proteins are an integral part of the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall. No major changes in the distribution of bacterial proteins in the membrane were observed as a consequence of phage T7 infection.", "contents": "Bacteriophage proteins associated with the bacterial membrane after bacteriophage T7 infection. The majority of the phage-induced proteins made after T7 infection of Escherichia coli are tightly associated with the bacterial membrane. Many of these have been identified. Selective extraction of proteins from these membranes by the detergent Sarkosyl or the chaotropic agent guanidine-hydrochloride indicated that most of these proteins are an integral part of the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall. No major changes in the distribution of bacterial proteins in the membrane were observed as a consequence of phage T7 infection.", "PMID": 325234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9616", "title": "Codeine and propoxyphene in postepisiotomy pain. A two-dose evaluation.", "content": "In a double-blind control study, oral doses of placebo, propoxyphene napsylate (50 or 100 mg), or codeine sulfate (30 or 60 mg) were administered to 46 postepisiotomy patients, grouped by severity of pain reported at first-dose drug administration. Eight hourly observations by a trained observer provided estimates of analgesia. The analgesia scores for placebo treatments were significantly lower than for the lesser doses of either drug (P less than .05) as well as for the greater doses (P less than .01). At both dose levels, the analgesia scores for both drugs were almost identical. Analgesia with the higher doses was greater than with the lower, but not to a statistically significant extent. The difference in patient responses increased following the second dose. No serious adverse reactions occurred; the elicited and volunteered reports of minor side effects were similar for all five treatments.", "contents": "Codeine and propoxyphene in postepisiotomy pain. A two-dose evaluation. In a double-blind control study, oral doses of placebo, propoxyphene napsylate (50 or 100 mg), or codeine sulfate (30 or 60 mg) were administered to 46 postepisiotomy patients, grouped by severity of pain reported at first-dose drug administration. Eight hourly observations by a trained observer provided estimates of analgesia. The analgesia scores for placebo treatments were significantly lower than for the lesser doses of either drug (P less than .05) as well as for the greater doses (P less than .01). At both dose levels, the analgesia scores for both drugs were almost identical. Analgesia with the higher doses was greater than with the lower, but not to a statistically significant extent. The difference in patient responses increased following the second dose. No serious adverse reactions occurred; the elicited and volunteered reports of minor side effects were similar for all five treatments.", "PMID": 325238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9617", "title": "Effects of repeated morphine administration on copulation and on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of male rats.", "content": "Adult male rats were administered morphine twice a day for 45 days and the effects of morphine on the copulation rate, the weight of various organs, and on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis were examined. Morphine administered rats showed a loss of weight, hypertrophy of the adrenals, decreased weight of accessory sex organs, low sperm count, and decreased copulation rate. The contents of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the hypothalamus and the luteinizing hormone in the pituitary remained unchanged. Serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels decreased, but serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels increased. These results suggest that morphine inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and causes a diminution in the number of fertilizations of the partner females.", "contents": "Effects of repeated morphine administration on copulation and on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of male rats. Adult male rats were administered morphine twice a day for 45 days and the effects of morphine on the copulation rate, the weight of various organs, and on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis were examined. Morphine administered rats showed a loss of weight, hypertrophy of the adrenals, decreased weight of accessory sex organs, low sperm count, and decreased copulation rate. The contents of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the hypothalamus and the luteinizing hormone in the pituitary remained unchanged. Serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels decreased, but serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels increased. These results suggest that morphine inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and causes a diminution in the number of fertilizations of the partner females.", "PMID": 325255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9618", "title": "[Treatment with azathioprine of peripheral chronic cyclitis with cystoid edema of the macula (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine patients with peripheral chronic cyclitis and cystic edema of the macula were treated with azathioprine and small doses of corticosteroids. The results were quite good. In fact the inflammatory signs subsided nearly completely, while the cystic edema was still present in 2 cases. Besides excellent compatibility, none of the treated patients had a relapse.", "contents": "[Treatment with azathioprine of peripheral chronic cyclitis with cystoid edema of the macula (author's transl)]. Nine patients with peripheral chronic cyclitis and cystic edema of the macula were treated with azathioprine and small doses of corticosteroids. The results were quite good. In fact the inflammatory signs subsided nearly completely, while the cystic edema was still present in 2 cases. Besides excellent compatibility, none of the treated patients had a relapse.", "PMID": 325280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9619", "title": "[Modification of the microsurgical closure of the incision in cryosurgery for cataract (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper a microsurgical technique for cataract operation is discussed which displaces the whole healing process of the operation wound from the sensitive region of the limbus corneae to the easily and quickly healing connective tissue of the sclera. The modified procedure for microsurgical closure of the wound is also treated in detail, which depends on the fact scleral flaps are apposed to an appropriate fixation band formed from the scleral tissue.", "contents": "[Modification of the microsurgical closure of the incision in cryosurgery for cataract (author's transl)]. In this paper a microsurgical technique for cataract operation is discussed which displaces the whole healing process of the operation wound from the sensitive region of the limbus corneae to the easily and quickly healing connective tissue of the sclera. The modified procedure for microsurgical closure of the wound is also treated in detail, which depends on the fact scleral flaps are apposed to an appropriate fixation band formed from the scleral tissue.", "PMID": 325282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9620", "title": "[Ernst Mach and the development of the physiology of the retina (author's transl)].", "content": "This article gives an evaluation of Ernst Mach's contribution during the period from 1865-1868 to the field of sensory physiology with special reference to the development of retinal neurophysiology.", "contents": "[Ernst Mach and the development of the physiology of the retina (author's transl)]. This article gives an evaluation of Ernst Mach's contribution during the period from 1865-1868 to the field of sensory physiology with special reference to the development of retinal neurophysiology.", "PMID": 325283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9621", "title": "[Investigations on the effect of various doses of acetazolamide (Diamox) on intraocular pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "In the scope of a clinical-experimental study on 12 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma we proved that a reduction in the individual doses of Acetazolamide (Diamox) brought no reduction in the effect on raised intraocular pressure when the frequency of application was the same. Daily doses of 3 X 125 mg were compared with those of 3-250 mg and 2 X 500 mg (Retardform). A additional trial on 6 patients with a daily dose of 3 X 62.5 mg also showed an obvious effect. The possibilities of long term treatment with acetazolamide are discussed.", "contents": "[Investigations on the effect of various doses of acetazolamide (Diamox) on intraocular pressure (author's transl)]. In the scope of a clinical-experimental study on 12 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma we proved that a reduction in the individual doses of Acetazolamide (Diamox) brought no reduction in the effect on raised intraocular pressure when the frequency of application was the same. Daily doses of 3 X 125 mg were compared with those of 3-250 mg and 2 X 500 mg (Retardform). A additional trial on 6 patients with a daily dose of 3 X 62.5 mg also showed an obvious effect. The possibilities of long term treatment with acetazolamide are discussed.", "PMID": 325284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9622", "title": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease: application of immunofluorescence for detection of Bacillus piliformis and for demonstration and determination of antibodies to it in sera from mice and rabbits.", "content": "Bacillus piliformis antigens were demonstrated in smear preparations from infected mouse livers by direct immunofluorescence technique. Mouse serum antibodies against B. piliformis were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence technique. The test was employed quantitatively both on sera from experimentally infected mice and on sera from clinically healthy mice from colonies infected with B. piliformis, and could be used for the quantitative demonstration of antibodies in sera from a stock of rabbits with Tyzzer's disease. It was found very useful for the detection of subclinical infection.", "contents": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease: application of immunofluorescence for detection of Bacillus piliformis and for demonstration and determination of antibodies to it in sera from mice and rabbits. Bacillus piliformis antigens were demonstrated in smear preparations from infected mouse livers by direct immunofluorescence technique. Mouse serum antibodies against B. piliformis were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence technique. The test was employed quantitatively both on sera from experimentally infected mice and on sera from clinically healthy mice from colonies infected with B. piliformis, and could be used for the quantitative demonstration of antibodies in sera from a stock of rabbits with Tyzzer's disease. It was found very useful for the detection of subclinical infection.", "PMID": 325290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9623", "title": "The india-ink immunoreaction: a method for the rapid diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis.", "content": "Sera from 37 rabbits were assayed for antibodies against Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Nosema cuniculi) by the india-ink immunoreaction and the indirect fluorescent antibody tests: all animals seropositive to the former were also positive to the latter test. 27 of the rabbits were also tested for skin hypersensitivity and then autopsied. Animals positive to the skin test were also positive to the serological tests. At autopsy 18 of 22 rabbits positive in the immunological tests showed lesions typical of encephalitozoonosis. Sera from 200 rabbits originating from 6 institutes were assayed by the india-ink test: seropositive rabbits were found from all institutes (9.1 to 81.9% incidence), with serum titres ranging from 1:125 to 1:5000. The india-ink test appears to be a rapid and convenient method for diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits.", "contents": "The india-ink immunoreaction: a method for the rapid diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis. Sera from 37 rabbits were assayed for antibodies against Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Nosema cuniculi) by the india-ink immunoreaction and the indirect fluorescent antibody tests: all animals seropositive to the former were also positive to the latter test. 27 of the rabbits were also tested for skin hypersensitivity and then autopsied. Animals positive to the skin test were also positive to the serological tests. At autopsy 18 of 22 rabbits positive in the immunological tests showed lesions typical of encephalitozoonosis. Sera from 200 rabbits originating from 6 institutes were assayed by the india-ink test: seropositive rabbits were found from all institutes (9.1 to 81.9% incidence), with serum titres ranging from 1:125 to 1:5000. The india-ink test appears to be a rapid and convenient method for diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits.", "PMID": 325292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9624", "title": "Changes in the islets of langerhans in the obese Zucker rat.", "content": "Pancreatic islet tissue from lean and obese Zucker rats was investigated with histologic and immunocytochemical techniques, and the changes in cytologic composition were correlated with levels of serum glucose, lipids, and insulin. The insular changes in obese rats progressed in severity with increasing age. Changes consisted of pronounced insulin cell hyperplasia, disarrangement of islet architecture, and disappearance (degranulation?) of a new islet cell type, the pancreatic polypeptide cell. High levels of free fatty acids, triglyceride, and insulin were detected in serum of obese rats. Upon diet restriction, these parameters decreased and islet morphology became normalized. When obese Zucker rats were treated with streptozotocin, high levels of serum free fatty acids and triglycerides remained but there was a great reduction in serum insulin levels to near normal levels. Pancreatic polypeptide cells werenot found in the islets. It is suggested that high free fatty acid and triglyceride levels in obese rats may be related to the inability to demonstrate pancreatic polypeptide cells in the islets of 100- to 300-day-old obese Zucker rats.", "contents": "Changes in the islets of langerhans in the obese Zucker rat. Pancreatic islet tissue from lean and obese Zucker rats was investigated with histologic and immunocytochemical techniques, and the changes in cytologic composition were correlated with levels of serum glucose, lipids, and insulin. The insular changes in obese rats progressed in severity with increasing age. Changes consisted of pronounced insulin cell hyperplasia, disarrangement of islet architecture, and disappearance (degranulation?) of a new islet cell type, the pancreatic polypeptide cell. High levels of free fatty acids, triglyceride, and insulin were detected in serum of obese rats. Upon diet restriction, these parameters decreased and islet morphology became normalized. When obese Zucker rats were treated with streptozotocin, high levels of serum free fatty acids and triglycerides remained but there was a great reduction in serum insulin levels to near normal levels. Pancreatic polypeptide cells werenot found in the islets. It is suggested that high free fatty acid and triglyceride levels in obese rats may be related to the inability to demonstrate pancreatic polypeptide cells in the islets of 100- to 300-day-old obese Zucker rats.", "PMID": 325294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9625", "title": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with dense intramembranous alterations. A clinicopathologic study.", "content": "Two major categories of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) designated type 1 and 2 MPGN are currently recognized, largely on the basis of characteristic morphologic and immunofluorescence features. In contrast to experience reported from outside the United States, type 2 MPGN has been observed rather infrequently in this country. In a retrospective clinicopathologic study, 24 kidney specimens obtained from 10 children and young adults including seven females and three males (mean age: 13 years) with type 2 MPGN were identified using light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. The histopathologic findings were related to the clinical course of each patient. When initially seen all patients had hematuria and proteinuria, three were nephrotic, and five were mildly hypertensive. A single patient was mildly azotemic. Eight patients had experienced an upper respiratory ifnection preceding their illness, although only one patient had evidence of a streptococcal pharyngitis. During a period of follow-up averaging 10 years, eight patients were nephrotic at some time during their illness and seven were persistently so. Hypertension was a major problem in eight patients and renal function declined markedly within a year of its onset in five. Persistence of the nephrotic syndrome from early onset of the disease, especially when associated with hypertension, was an additional sign of poor prognosis. Four patients developed chronic renal failure and three received one or more renal allografts. Histologic evidence of recurrent disease was found in allografts from the three patients as early as 7 months after transplantation in the absence of clinical features indicative of recurrent glomerulonephritis. It is concluded that type 2 MPGN is a chronic progressive renal disease of unknown etiology and pathogenesis which chiefly afflicts children and young adults. Hypertension and the early and persistent presence of the nephrotic syndrome suggest a poor prognosis. The disease appears to be largely unresponsive to conventional forms of therapy. The disease recurs with  great frequency in allografts, often in the absence of clinical evidence of recurrent glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with dense intramembranous alterations. A clinicopathologic study. Two major categories of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) designated type 1 and 2 MPGN are currently recognized, largely on the basis of characteristic morphologic and immunofluorescence features. In contrast to experience reported from outside the United States, type 2 MPGN has been observed rather infrequently in this country. In a retrospective clinicopathologic study, 24 kidney specimens obtained from 10 children and young adults including seven females and three males (mean age: 13 years) with type 2 MPGN were identified using light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. The histopathologic findings were related to the clinical course of each patient. When initially seen all patients had hematuria and proteinuria, three were nephrotic, and five were mildly hypertensive. A single patient was mildly azotemic. Eight patients had experienced an upper respiratory ifnection preceding their illness, although only one patient had evidence of a streptococcal pharyngitis. During a period of follow-up averaging 10 years, eight patients were nephrotic at some time during their illness and seven were persistently so. Hypertension was a major problem in eight patients and renal function declined markedly within a year of its onset in five. Persistence of the nephrotic syndrome from early onset of the disease, especially when associated with hypertension, was an additional sign of poor prognosis. Four patients developed chronic renal failure and three received one or more renal allografts. Histologic evidence of recurrent disease was found in allografts from the three patients as early as 7 months after transplantation in the absence of clinical features indicative of recurrent glomerulonephritis. It is concluded that type 2 MPGN is a chronic progressive renal disease of unknown etiology and pathogenesis which chiefly afflicts children and young adults. Hypertension and the early and persistent presence of the nephrotic syndrome suggest a poor prognosis. The disease appears to be largely unresponsive to conventional forms of therapy. The disease recurs with  great frequency in allografts, often in the absence of clinical evidence of recurrent glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 325295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9626", "title": "Hepatitis B core and surface antigens in liver tissue. Light and electron microscopic localization by the peroxidase-labeled antibody method.", "content": "Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were localized in human liver tissues by the peroxidase-labeled antibody method at the light and electron microscopic levels. Several methods of fixation, staining, and inhibition of endogenous peroxidase activity were studied. The periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde fixative effectively preserved the tissue structure and the antigenicity of both antigens, and the peroxidase-labeled Fab' fraction of IgG penetrated well into hepatocytes. HBcAg was present in nuclei, or cytoplasm of hepatic cells, or both. In nuclei, the antigen was found both in virus-like particles of approximately 20 nm. diameter and in nuclear ground substance. In the cytoplasm, the antigen was found on membrane-bound ribosomes and free polysomes, and also in the ground substance of the cytosol near ribosomes and around nuclear membranes, especially near nuclear pores. HBcAg-positive virus-like particles were also demonstrated sparsely or in clusters in the cytoplasm. HBsAg was not present in nuclei but was found in the perinuclear space and in cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, and on nuclear, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell membranes of hepatic cells. HBsAg-positive 25- to 30-nm. wide tubular forms, round particles (probably cross-sections of tubular forms), and a few large particles of 40 to 50 nm. diameter were seen in cisternae. Such HBsAg-positive particles were also present in the intercellular space and in Disse's space. These findings suggest that HBcAg produced on the cytoplasmic ribosomes migrates through nuclear pores to the nucleus and is assembled into core particles there. These particles may then move through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm where they are invested with HBsAg-positive membrane in cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum or as they enter the endoplasmic reticulum. These virus particles are then released together with other HBsAg-positive forms into the intercellular space by reversed phagocytosis.", "contents": "Hepatitis B core and surface antigens in liver tissue. Light and electron microscopic localization by the peroxidase-labeled antibody method. Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were localized in human liver tissues by the peroxidase-labeled antibody method at the light and electron microscopic levels. Several methods of fixation, staining, and inhibition of endogenous peroxidase activity were studied. The periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde fixative effectively preserved the tissue structure and the antigenicity of both antigens, and the peroxidase-labeled Fab' fraction of IgG penetrated well into hepatocytes. HBcAg was present in nuclei, or cytoplasm of hepatic cells, or both. In nuclei, the antigen was found both in virus-like particles of approximately 20 nm. diameter and in nuclear ground substance. In the cytoplasm, the antigen was found on membrane-bound ribosomes and free polysomes, and also in the ground substance of the cytosol near ribosomes and around nuclear membranes, especially near nuclear pores. HBcAg-positive virus-like particles were also demonstrated sparsely or in clusters in the cytoplasm. HBsAg was not present in nuclei but was found in the perinuclear space and in cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, and on nuclear, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell membranes of hepatic cells. HBsAg-positive 25- to 30-nm. wide tubular forms, round particles (probably cross-sections of tubular forms), and a few large particles of 40 to 50 nm. diameter were seen in cisternae. Such HBsAg-positive particles were also present in the intercellular space and in Disse's space. These findings suggest that HBcAg produced on the cytoplasmic ribosomes migrates through nuclear pores to the nucleus and is assembled into core particles there. These particles may then move through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm where they are invested with HBsAg-positive membrane in cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum or as they enter the endoplasmic reticulum. These virus particles are then released together with other HBsAg-positive forms into the intercellular space by reversed phagocytosis.", "PMID": 325296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9627", "title": "Failure of adjuvant immunotherapy to prevent central nervous system metastases in malignant melanoma patients.", "content": "A review of our experience using BCG immunotherapy as a postsurgical adjunct in the treatment of melanoma shows that the incidence of systemic metastases appears to have been reduced. However, central nervous system (CNS) metastases continue to develop in these patients and represent the single most frequent cause of death. Serial studies of immune competence in these patients reveal that those with CNS metastases usually retain normal immune responses, whereas those with metastases at other sites exhibit progressive immunosuppression with advancing disease.", "contents": "Failure of adjuvant immunotherapy to prevent central nervous system metastases in malignant melanoma patients. A review of our experience using BCG immunotherapy as a postsurgical adjunct in the treatment of melanoma shows that the incidence of systemic metastases appears to have been reduced. However, central nervous system (CNS) metastases continue to develop in these patients and represent the single most frequent cause of death. Serial studies of immune competence in these patients reveal that those with CNS metastases usually retain normal immune responses, whereas those with metastases at other sites exhibit progressive immunosuppression with advancing disease.", "PMID": 325299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9628", "title": "The adrenergic nervous system and hypertension state of the art.", "content": "This discussion concerns an overview of our considerations of the adrenergic nervous system with respect to those areas of the nervous system that provide direct sensory input to the brain in control of arterial pressure; those brain centers that also participate in regulating arterial pressure; certain neurohumoral considerations; peripheral neuronal-humoral interactions; and adrenal medullary and catecholamine biosynthesis and metabolism. Also considered is the role of behavior as it may impinge upon the regulation and maintenance of an elevated arterial pressure and, finally, a variety of interactions with other pressor mechanisms that may alter adrenergic function, including hemodynamics and certain endogenously released hormones. It is from further understanding of such adrenergic mechanisms that undoubtedly greater mastery of our present gaps in knowledge will result which will substantiate how adrenergic mechanisms participate in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of hypertension.", "contents": "The adrenergic nervous system and hypertension state of the art. This discussion concerns an overview of our considerations of the adrenergic nervous system with respect to those areas of the nervous system that provide direct sensory input to the brain in control of arterial pressure; those brain centers that also participate in regulating arterial pressure; certain neurohumoral considerations; peripheral neuronal-humoral interactions; and adrenal medullary and catecholamine biosynthesis and metabolism. Also considered is the role of behavior as it may impinge upon the regulation and maintenance of an elevated arterial pressure and, finally, a variety of interactions with other pressor mechanisms that may alter adrenergic function, including hemodynamics and certain endogenously released hormones. It is from further understanding of such adrenergic mechanisms that undoubtedly greater mastery of our present gaps in knowledge will result which will substantiate how adrenergic mechanisms participate in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of hypertension.", "PMID": 325300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9629", "title": "Effect of guancydine on systemic and renal hemodynamics in arterial hypertension.", "content": "The effect of guancydine (1-cyano-3-tert-amylguanidine) on systemic and renal hemodynamics was studied in nine patients with arterial hypertension. Antihypertensive drugs were withheld for 15 days before beginning the investigation. Average sodium intake was 105 meq/24 hours in some patients and 25 meq/24 hours in others. Patients received placebo during a control period that averaged 14 days. Guancydine was given for 7 to 18 days at an average dose of 21 mg/kg of body weight. Although mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly in all patients, it reached normal levels in only two. There was no change in cardiac output. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow remained unchanged, whereas urinary sodium excretion diminished, suggesting an activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. A substantial gain in body weight was noted. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, somnolence, restlessness, mental confusion, asthenia, and urine retention were observed. The anti-angiotensin effect of guancydine that has been described in animals was not observed.", "contents": "Effect of guancydine on systemic and renal hemodynamics in arterial hypertension. The effect of guancydine (1-cyano-3-tert-amylguanidine) on systemic and renal hemodynamics was studied in nine patients with arterial hypertension. Antihypertensive drugs were withheld for 15 days before beginning the investigation. Average sodium intake was 105 meq/24 hours in some patients and 25 meq/24 hours in others. Patients received placebo during a control period that averaged 14 days. Guancydine was given for 7 to 18 days at an average dose of 21 mg/kg of body weight. Although mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly in all patients, it reached normal levels in only two. There was no change in cardiac output. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow remained unchanged, whereas urinary sodium excretion diminished, suggesting an activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. A substantial gain in body weight was noted. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, somnolence, restlessness, mental confusion, asthenia, and urine retention were observed. The anti-angiotensin effect of guancydine that has been described in animals was not observed.", "PMID": 325301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9630", "title": "Animal models, hypertension, and central nervous system mechanisms.", "content": "Accumulating evidence suggests that the central nervous system plays a fundamental role in chronic hypertension. On the other hand, the means by which nervous factors influence the long-term control of blood pressure remain obscure. Animal models that replicate some of the functional aspects of essential hypertension in man have been of value and continue to provide insight into the complexity of the problem. Although none of the experimental models gives definitive answers, separate and combined analyses suggest the multiplicity of sites at which the stimulus must be applied for blood pressure to remain elevated.", "contents": "Animal models, hypertension, and central nervous system mechanisms. Accumulating evidence suggests that the central nervous system plays a fundamental role in chronic hypertension. On the other hand, the means by which nervous factors influence the long-term control of blood pressure remain obscure. Animal models that replicate some of the functional aspects of essential hypertension in man have been of value and continue to provide insight into the complexity of the problem. Although none of the experimental models gives definitive answers, separate and combined analyses suggest the multiplicity of sites at which the stimulus must be applied for blood pressure to remain elevated.", "PMID": 325302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9631", "title": "Treatment of alopecia in temporal region following rhytidectomy procedures.", "content": "Satisfactory treatment of alopecia following rhytidectomy is discussed using the punch graft technique. In spite of the presence of scar tissue following rhytidectomy, this procedure has been quite successful because of the rich blood supply in that area.", "contents": "Treatment of alopecia in temporal region following rhytidectomy procedures. Satisfactory treatment of alopecia following rhytidectomy is discussed using the punch graft technique. In spite of the presence of scar tissue following rhytidectomy, this procedure has been quite successful because of the rich blood supply in that area.", "PMID": 325310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9632", "title": "Mandibular trauma: secondary problems in reconstruction.", "content": "Cosmetic and functional restoration of the fractured mandible in the great majority of cases is the sine qua non of therapeutic success. Not only must an acceptable low complication rate be obtained, but when present, their complex nature must be understood from the onset. Successful treatment of complications is a multifaceted problem requiring planned, interdisciplinary, often times staged reconstruction. The radiologist and dental prosthodontist make valuable contributions towards the surgeon's ultimate rehabilitation of the patient. A three year experience of 111 mandibular fractures treated on the UCSD Otolaryngology Service is characterized. Sixteen complications nine of which were seen after initial treatment elsewhere provide the focus of this report. Special emphasis is given to the pre-treatment planning and surgical techniques necessary to correct malunion and nonunion. Particular advantages achieved by the use of osteogenic autogenous marrow, cellulose acetate filters and Vitallium (chrome cobalt) trays are detailed.", "contents": "Mandibular trauma: secondary problems in reconstruction. Cosmetic and functional restoration of the fractured mandible in the great majority of cases is the sine qua non of therapeutic success. Not only must an acceptable low complication rate be obtained, but when present, their complex nature must be understood from the onset. Successful treatment of complications is a multifaceted problem requiring planned, interdisciplinary, often times staged reconstruction. The radiologist and dental prosthodontist make valuable contributions towards the surgeon's ultimate rehabilitation of the patient. A three year experience of 111 mandibular fractures treated on the UCSD Otolaryngology Service is characterized. Sixteen complications nine of which were seen after initial treatment elsewhere provide the focus of this report. Special emphasis is given to the pre-treatment planning and surgical techniques necessary to correct malunion and nonunion. Particular advantages achieved by the use of osteogenic autogenous marrow, cellulose acetate filters and Vitallium (chrome cobalt) trays are detailed.", "PMID": 325311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9633", "title": "Management of lacerations and scars.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to review and update the subject of management of scars and lacerations. The surgion who accepts responsibility for management of soft tissue injuries must be aware of fundamental surgical principles as well as detailed technique. Knowledge of basic anatomy and wound physiology is utilized and applied. Emphasis is placed on management of the total pateint. The specialist must accept the role of team captain and establish an order of priority in management and in wound analysis. By having a basic knowledge of wound healing and the lines of favorable contracture, one is better able to prognosticate the eventual healing of the wound after proper management. By being able to predict wound contracture and scar maturation, the patient can be better informed as to what to expect during the period of healing. With lacerations immediate repair is carried out. With scars there is more time for planning and photographic analysis. The contracting forces will by this time have identified themselves and the degree of release of the contracture or camouflage can be determined. Specific wound management emphasized meticulous closure in layers and the use of skin hooks with the interrupted subcuticular suture. Skin sutures with both the continuous subcuticular suture and interrupted sutures of monofilament  nylon using the spring-loop are described. Emphasis is placed on the preparation of the skin margins with slight beveling of the skin edges and undermining with precise even thickness of the skin especially at the wound margin. For scar revisions a minimum time of six months should elapse, and 12-18 months is better. Complications include infection, hematoma, wound separation, and rejection of suture materials. Keloids are discussed briefly, particularly regarding the use of intralesional injection steroids. Broken line camouflage techniques are discussed with the regard to breaking up contracture without lengthening. Lengthening either existing or anticipated contractures is accomplished with Z-plasty. The multiple Z-plasty, W-plasty, and Zig-Zag plasty are aimed towards creating a less conspicuous scar and creating some diffusion of the forces of contracture. A technique for a \"practical Z-plasty\" is described. Both free grafts and skin flaps sometimes must be utilized to fill tissue defects and break up line of contracture. The materials presented and conclusions drawn are based on 25 years of active emergency room coverage and long term follow-up of treated patients. It is the responsibility of the physician to act within the first few hours and to take the time necessary for accurate approximation and realignment of both soft tissue and bone injuries. Minimal scarring depends on accurate approximation of skin margins without tension. The need for early meticulous repair, so that unsightly scars and disfigurements may be prevented, cannot be overemphasized.", "contents": "Management of lacerations and scars. The purpose of this paper is to review and update the subject of management of scars and lacerations. The surgion who accepts responsibility for management of soft tissue injuries must be aware of fundamental surgical principles as well as detailed technique. Knowledge of basic anatomy and wound physiology is utilized and applied. Emphasis is placed on management of the total pateint. The specialist must accept the role of team captain and establish an order of priority in management and in wound analysis. By having a basic knowledge of wound healing and the lines of favorable contracture, one is better able to prognosticate the eventual healing of the wound after proper management. By being able to predict wound contracture and scar maturation, the patient can be better informed as to what to expect during the period of healing. With lacerations immediate repair is carried out. With scars there is more time for planning and photographic analysis. The contracting forces will by this time have identified themselves and the degree of release of the contracture or camouflage can be determined. Specific wound management emphasized meticulous closure in layers and the use of skin hooks with the interrupted subcuticular suture. Skin sutures with both the continuous subcuticular suture and interrupted sutures of monofilament  nylon using the spring-loop are described. Emphasis is placed on the preparation of the skin margins with slight beveling of the skin edges and undermining with precise even thickness of the skin especially at the wound margin. For scar revisions a minimum time of six months should elapse, and 12-18 months is better. Complications include infection, hematoma, wound separation, and rejection of suture materials. Keloids are discussed briefly, particularly regarding the use of intralesional injection steroids. Broken line camouflage techniques are discussed with the regard to breaking up contracture without lengthening. Lengthening either existing or anticipated contractures is accomplished with Z-plasty. The multiple Z-plasty, W-plasty, and Zig-Zag plasty are aimed towards creating a less conspicuous scar and creating some diffusion of the forces of contracture. A technique for a \"practical Z-plasty\" is described. Both free grafts and skin flaps sometimes must be utilized to fill tissue defects and break up line of contracture. The materials presented and conclusions drawn are based on 25 years of active emergency room coverage and long term follow-up of treated patients. It is the responsibility of the physician to act within the first few hours and to take the time necessary for accurate approximation and realignment of both soft tissue and bone injuries. Minimal scarring depends on accurate approximation of skin margins without tension. The need for early meticulous repair, so that unsightly scars and disfigurements may be prevented, cannot be overemphasized.", "PMID": 325312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9634", "title": "A new concept in the treatment of Frey's syndrome: the use of interpositional dermal grafts. An experimental study in the dog.", "content": "Frey's syndrome or gustatory sweating is a common complication of parotid gland injury or surgery. Forty to 60 percent of the patients undergoing parotidectomy will develop manifestations of this syndrome but only 10-15 percent of these require treatment. To date tympanic neurectomy is the most efficacious method of treating the problem but relief is not obtained in all cases. Based on an experimental study in the dog, a new approach to the prevention of Frey's syndrome is presented. Since Frey's syndrome is due to the aberrent regeneration of parasympathetic nerve fibers of the parotid gland into the severed sympathetic nerve endings in skin overlying the gland, it is proposed that the insertion of a dermal graft barrier between the resected parotid gland and the skin will prevent Frey's syndrome. Histological sections of dermal grafts, buried for three to six months tend to confirm that this idea has some merit.", "contents": "A new concept in the treatment of Frey's syndrome: the use of interpositional dermal grafts. An experimental study in the dog. Frey's syndrome or gustatory sweating is a common complication of parotid gland injury or surgery. Forty to 60 percent of the patients undergoing parotidectomy will develop manifestations of this syndrome but only 10-15 percent of these require treatment. To date tympanic neurectomy is the most efficacious method of treating the problem but relief is not obtained in all cases. Based on an experimental study in the dog, a new approach to the prevention of Frey's syndrome is presented. Since Frey's syndrome is due to the aberrent regeneration of parasympathetic nerve fibers of the parotid gland into the severed sympathetic nerve endings in skin overlying the gland, it is proposed that the insertion of a dermal graft barrier between the resected parotid gland and the skin will prevent Frey's syndrome. Histological sections of dermal grafts, buried for three to six months tend to confirm that this idea has some merit.", "PMID": 325313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9635", "title": "Electron probe x-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated biological specimens.", "content": "A technique is described for preparing frozen-hydrated bulk samples of biological specimens for electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The method allows reproducible quantitative analyses to be made. Specimens are rapidly frozen, transferred to a vacuum evaporator, fractured under high vacuum at - 180 degrees C and coated with 20 nm of chromium. Transferal to the cryostage of a scanning electron microscope is accomplished without exposure to the atmosphere and without the specimen temperature rising above -120 degrees C. Analyses are made at a temperature of -145 degrees C. Contamination by frost does not occur. Etching and charging of the specimen are eliminated. Specimen charging is shown to be related to temperature. It can be eliminated at low temperature by coating with carbon, aluminium or chromium but consistent elimination could only be achieved with chromium. The chromium coat does not appear to have an absorption effect on quantitative analysis.", "contents": "Electron probe x-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated biological specimens. A technique is described for preparing frozen-hydrated bulk samples of biological specimens for electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The method allows reproducible quantitative analyses to be made. Specimens are rapidly frozen, transferred to a vacuum evaporator, fractured under high vacuum at - 180 degrees C and coated with 20 nm of chromium. Transferal to the cryostage of a scanning electron microscope is accomplished without exposure to the atmosphere and without the specimen temperature rising above -120 degrees C. Analyses are made at a temperature of -145 degrees C. Contamination by frost does not occur. Etching and charging of the specimen are eliminated. Specimen charging is shown to be related to temperature. It can be eliminated at low temperature by coating with carbon, aluminium or chromium but consistent elimination could only be achieved with chromium. The chromium coat does not appear to have an absorption effect on quantitative analysis.", "PMID": 325325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9636", "title": "Introduction of recording booklets in general practice teaching.", "content": "A system of recording booklets had been introduced for fifth-year students during their course of teaching in general practice. The booklets guide the student in his study of the development, presentation and future prognosis of patients with chronic and complicated disease in the community. The students abilities and the teaching were assessed using case histories in a system of computer assisted learning.", "contents": "Introduction of recording booklets in general practice teaching. A system of recording booklets had been introduced for fifth-year students during their course of teaching in general practice. The booklets guide the student in his study of the development, presentation and future prognosis of patients with chronic and complicated disease in the community. The students abilities and the teaching were assessed using case histories in a system of computer assisted learning.", "PMID": 325336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9637", "title": "Medical education in Thailand: an alternate perspective.", "content": "This research is an attempt to provide greater understanding of two previously described medical education programmes in Thailand by placing them in historical perspective. One is a PhD programme to train medical school teachers and the other is a community health programme for medical students. The underying assumptions of the programmes are specified and through the use of archival material it is shown that in some respects the programmes are quite similar to earlier efforts to create western medical education programmes in Thailand. The analysis focuses on four major concerns of the programmes: creating small numbers of less well trained personnel; distributing medical resources to unserved rural areas; dealing with the special health needs of Thailand in the curricula; and self-consciously creating a professional elite. The discussion points up the need for historical data in evaluating the efficacy of medical education programmes.", "contents": "Medical education in Thailand: an alternate perspective. This research is an attempt to provide greater understanding of two previously described medical education programmes in Thailand by placing them in historical perspective. One is a PhD programme to train medical school teachers and the other is a community health programme for medical students. The underying assumptions of the programmes are specified and through the use of archival material it is shown that in some respects the programmes are quite similar to earlier efforts to create western medical education programmes in Thailand. The analysis focuses on four major concerns of the programmes: creating small numbers of less well trained personnel; distributing medical resources to unserved rural areas; dealing with the special health needs of Thailand in the curricula; and self-consciously creating a professional elite. The discussion points up the need for historical data in evaluating the efficacy of medical education programmes.", "PMID": 325337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9638", "title": "Ethanol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol interactive effects on human perceptual, cognitive and motor functions. II.", "content": "Fifteen paid student volunteers (10 male, five female) were used in a double-blind crossover experiment to further investigated the effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), alone and in combination with ethanol, on perceptual, cognitive and motor functions. Both ethanol (0-54 g/kg) and THC (15 MG/70 KG) WERE GIVEN ORALLY. Ethanol was not very effective in in+uencing performance but this dose of THC produced marked decrements, predominantly in the latter part of the experiment. When they were given together, an early additive effect was apparent, but later, there was a suggestion of antagonism in that subjects who received the drug combination performed better than those who were given THC along. The interaction between  THC and ethanol was considered to be complex.", "contents": "Ethanol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol interactive effects on human perceptual, cognitive and motor functions. II. Fifteen paid student volunteers (10 male, five female) were used in a double-blind crossover experiment to further investigated the effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), alone and in combination with ethanol, on perceptual, cognitive and motor functions. Both ethanol (0-54 g/kg) and THC (15 MG/70 KG) WERE GIVEN ORALLY. Ethanol was not very effective in in+uencing performance but this dose of THC produced marked decrements, predominantly in the latter part of the experiment. When they were given together, an early additive effect was apparent, but later, there was a suggestion of antagonism in that subjects who received the drug combination performed better than those who were given THC along. The interaction between  THC and ethanol was considered to be complex.", "PMID": 325342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9639", "title": "Use of electrical stimulation in external control of motor activity and movements of human extremities. Actual situation and problems.", "content": "Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is used in control of motor activity and movements in patients suffering movement handicaps due to central nervous system damage. The method is analyzed from the viewpoint of physical medicine, biocybernetics and technological development. Systems developed to date are presented and a critical survey of the method in light of indications is provided. Special attention is devoted to the present applicability of the systems of FES and to their potential use.", "contents": "Use of electrical stimulation in external control of motor activity and movements of human extremities. Actual situation and problems. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is used in control of motor activity and movements in patients suffering movement handicaps due to central nervous system damage. The method is analyzed from the viewpoint of physical medicine, biocybernetics and technological development. Systems developed to date are presented and a critical survey of the method in light of indications is provided. Special attention is devoted to the present applicability of the systems of FES and to their potential use.", "PMID": 325352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9640", "title": "Induction of mitotic crossing over in Saccharomyces by p-Toluidine.", "content": "p-Toluidine, a carcinogen for rats, does not cause genetic damage when tested directly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, certain chemical derivatives of p-toluidine do induce gene conversion when tested directly. It may be suspected by analogy with other aromatic amines that p-toluidine, a monocyclic aromatic amine, requires conversion to breakdown products which are then the genetically active and carcinogenic entities. The Udenfriend hydroxylation medium, which has been used previously to show the genetic activity of certain other aromatic amines and nitrosamines, was used in the incubation of p-toluidine with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The resulting breakdown products, but not the parent compound, induced reciprocal mitotic recombination in a diploid strain D-3. Recombination was monitored by using induced homozygosity of the red ade 2 marker, and the reciprocal nature of the event was confirmed by observing the simultaneous homozygosity of two peripheral markers.", "contents": "Induction of mitotic crossing over in Saccharomyces by p-Toluidine. p-Toluidine, a carcinogen for rats, does not cause genetic damage when tested directly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, certain chemical derivatives of p-toluidine do induce gene conversion when tested directly. It may be suspected by analogy with other aromatic amines that p-toluidine, a monocyclic aromatic amine, requires conversion to breakdown products which are then the genetically active and carcinogenic entities. The Udenfriend hydroxylation medium, which has been used previously to show the genetic activity of certain other aromatic amines and nitrosamines, was used in the incubation of p-toluidine with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The resulting breakdown products, but not the parent compound, induced reciprocal mitotic recombination in a diploid strain D-3. Recombination was monitored by using induced homozygosity of the red ade 2 marker, and the reciprocal nature of the event was confirmed by observing the simultaneous homozygosity of two peripheral markers.", "PMID": 325360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9641", "title": "Some genetical aspects of ornithine metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "A possible minor route of ornithine catabolism in Aspergillus nidulans might begin with the ornithine decarboxylase reaction and end with the succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase reaction. It is therefore of interest that the putative structural genes for these two enzymes, puA and ssuA, respectively, are tightly linked group II. However, this linkage is unlikely to have regulatory significance because ileA, the structural gene for threonine dehydratase, separates them. The gene order in this region is ssuA-ileA-puA-mauB-anB. (mauB- mutations result in loss of monoamine oxidase whilst anB- mutations lead to aneurin auxotrophy.) 2. An auxotrophy for ornithine or putrescine in A. nidulans occurs in double mutants lacking arginase and blocked before ornithine in the arginine biosynthetic pathway. Some residual ornithine synthesis in such double mutants can be catalysed by ornithine delta-transaminase, especially if it is synthesised constitutively.", "contents": "Some genetical aspects of ornithine metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans. A possible minor route of ornithine catabolism in Aspergillus nidulans might begin with the ornithine decarboxylase reaction and end with the succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase reaction. It is therefore of interest that the putative structural genes for these two enzymes, puA and ssuA, respectively, are tightly linked group II. However, this linkage is unlikely to have regulatory significance because ileA, the structural gene for threonine dehydratase, separates them. The gene order in this region is ssuA-ileA-puA-mauB-anB. (mauB- mutations result in loss of monoamine oxidase whilst anB- mutations lead to aneurin auxotrophy.) 2. An auxotrophy for ornithine or putrescine in A. nidulans occurs in double mutants lacking arginase and blocked before ornithine in the arginine biosynthetic pathway. Some residual ornithine synthesis in such double mutants can be catalysed by ornithine delta-transaminase, especially if it is synthesised constitutively.", "PMID": 325361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9642", "title": "DNA synthesis in an Escherichia coli dna B dnaC mutant.", "content": "An Escherichia coli K12 dnaB dnaC mutant was constructed by P1 transduction of the dnaC allele into a dnaB recipient stain. dnaB dnaC transductant were discriminated from dnaB mutants by their inability to grow at 40 degree C after lysogenization with phage P1bac. The dnaB dnaC mutant character was verified by 1. P1 transduction, and 2. by in vitro complementation with dnaB and dnaC wild type protein fractions. DNA synthesis was studied in strains containing dnaB, dnaB dnaC alleles in an otherwise uniform genetic background with the dnaB character either unsuppressed or suppressed by P1bac prophage. Degradation at 42 degree C of [3H]-thymidine pulse-labeled DNA in dnaB and dnaB dnaC mutants is suppressed by P1bac. However, unlike the dnaC mutant, the P1bac lysogen of the dnaB dnaC mutant exhibits an abrupt cessation of DNA synthesis and less residual cell divisions at 42 degree C indicating an inhibition of DNA chain elongation rather than a defect in DNA initiation. It is suggested that denaturation of the dnaB protein effects the dnaC function.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in an Escherichia coli dna B dnaC mutant. An Escherichia coli K12 dnaB dnaC mutant was constructed by P1 transduction of the dnaC allele into a dnaB recipient stain. dnaB dnaC transductant were discriminated from dnaB mutants by their inability to grow at 40 degree C after lysogenization with phage P1bac. The dnaB dnaC mutant character was verified by 1. P1 transduction, and 2. by in vitro complementation with dnaB and dnaC wild type protein fractions. DNA synthesis was studied in strains containing dnaB, dnaB dnaC alleles in an otherwise uniform genetic background with the dnaB character either unsuppressed or suppressed by P1bac prophage. Degradation at 42 degree C of [3H]-thymidine pulse-labeled DNA in dnaB and dnaB dnaC mutants is suppressed by P1bac. However, unlike the dnaC mutant, the P1bac lysogen of the dnaB dnaC mutant exhibits an abrupt cessation of DNA synthesis and less residual cell divisions at 42 degree C indicating an inhibition of DNA chain elongation rather than a defect in DNA initiation. It is suggested that denaturation of the dnaB protein effects the dnaC function.", "PMID": 325362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9643", "title": "Characterization of an E. coli mutant with a thermolabile initiation factor IF3 activity.", "content": "A thermosensitive E. coli mutant is described which has at least two defects in vitro: a thermolabile initiation factor IF3 activity and a modified L-phenylalanine: tRNAPhe ligase (EC 6.1.1.20) activity. These two defects cotransduce and are located near 38 min on the new E. coli map. Thermoresistant revertants showing in vitro reversion for one defect also revert in vitro for the other defect. The thermosensitive mutation is recessive to its wild type allele, and in vitro analysis of wild type/ mutant heterodiplo\u00efds also show reversion for both defects.", "contents": "Characterization of an E. coli mutant with a thermolabile initiation factor IF3 activity. A thermosensitive E. coli mutant is described which has at least two defects in vitro: a thermolabile initiation factor IF3 activity and a modified L-phenylalanine: tRNAPhe ligase (EC 6.1.1.20) activity. These two defects cotransduce and are located near 38 min on the new E. coli map. Thermoresistant revertants showing in vitro reversion for one defect also revert in vitro for the other defect. The thermosensitive mutation is recessive to its wild type allele, and in vitro analysis of wild type/ mutant heterodiplo\u00efds also show reversion for both defects.", "PMID": 325363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9644", "title": "A new host gene (groPC) necessary for lambda DNA replication.", "content": "The isolation of a bacterial mutation in a gene, designated groPC, which affects the growth of phages lambda and P2 is described. Lambda replication is severely limited in the strain, and some lambda pi mutations, which map in (or near) the P gene, allow growth. The gro mutation, groPC259, is recessive to wild type and maps between threonine (thr) and diaminopimelate (dapB) on the E. coli chromosome. The possibility that the groPC gene is concerned with host DNA replication is discussed.", "contents": "A new host gene (groPC) necessary for lambda DNA replication. The isolation of a bacterial mutation in a gene, designated groPC, which affects the growth of phages lambda and P2 is described. Lambda replication is severely limited in the strain, and some lambda pi mutations, which map in (or near) the P gene, allow growth. The gro mutation, groPC259, is recessive to wild type and maps between threonine (thr) and diaminopimelate (dapB) on the E. coli chromosome. The possibility that the groPC gene is concerned with host DNA replication is discussed.", "PMID": 325364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9645", "title": "A new bacterial gene (groPC) which affects lambda DNA replication.", "content": "A bacterial mutation affecting lambda DNA replication, called groPC756, has been mapped between the thr and leu bacterial loci. Most of the parental lambda DNA does not undergo even one round of replication in this host. Lambda mutants, call pi, which map in the lambda P gene are able to overcome the inhibitory effect of the groPC756 mutation. It is shown that the mutation at the groPC locus also interferes with bacterial growth at 42 degree C. A lambda-transducing phage,carrying the groPC+ allele, was isolated as a plaque-former on groPC756 bacteria. Upon lysogenization, it restores both the gro+ and temperature resistant phenotypes.", "contents": "A new bacterial gene (groPC) which affects lambda DNA replication. A bacterial mutation affecting lambda DNA replication, called groPC756, has been mapped between the thr and leu bacterial loci. Most of the parental lambda DNA does not undergo even one round of replication in this host. Lambda mutants, call pi, which map in the lambda P gene are able to overcome the inhibitory effect of the groPC756 mutation. It is shown that the mutation at the groPC locus also interferes with bacterial growth at 42 degree C. A lambda-transducing phage,carrying the groPC+ allele, was isolated as a plaque-former on groPC756 bacteria. Upon lysogenization, it restores both the gro+ and temperature resistant phenotypes.", "PMID": 325365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9646", "title": "Expression and stability of Escherichia coli F-prime factors in Proteus mirabilis.", "content": "The expression and stability of Escherichia coli F-primes in Proteus mirabilis is examined. It is possible to consecutively introduce, and stably maintain, the DNA of several E. coli F-primes in P. mirabilis in the absence of selective pressure for all or some of the plasmids. Additionally, we can recover more than one F-prime from certain P. mirabilis recipient strains which carry DNA derived from several independent matings with E. coli F-prime donors.", "contents": "Expression and stability of Escherichia coli F-prime factors in Proteus mirabilis. The expression and stability of Escherichia coli F-primes in Proteus mirabilis is examined. It is possible to consecutively introduce, and stably maintain, the DNA of several E. coli F-primes in P. mirabilis in the absence of selective pressure for all or some of the plasmids. Additionally, we can recover more than one F-prime from certain P. mirabilis recipient strains which carry DNA derived from several independent matings with E. coli F-prime donors.", "PMID": 325366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9647", "title": "Extra-chromosomal inheritance of rhodamine 6G resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Rhodamine 6G was found to be a specific inhibitor of aerobic growth of yeast, having no effect on fermentative growth. A single step spontaneous mutant of S. cerevisiae resistant to rhodamine 6G was isolated, which showed cross-resistance to the ATPase inhibitors venturicidin and triethyltin, to the uncoupler 1799, to bongkrekic acid and to cycloheximide, but not to oligomycin or to the inhibitors of mito chondrial protein synthesis, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. The genetic analysis of this mutant showed that both nuclear and cytoplasmic (but apparently not mitochondrial) factors may be involved in the determination of the mutation. The behaviour is discussed as a possible function for 2 micron circular (omicron) DNA.", "contents": "Extra-chromosomal inheritance of rhodamine 6G resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rhodamine 6G was found to be a specific inhibitor of aerobic growth of yeast, having no effect on fermentative growth. A single step spontaneous mutant of S. cerevisiae resistant to rhodamine 6G was isolated, which showed cross-resistance to the ATPase inhibitors venturicidin and triethyltin, to the uncoupler 1799, to bongkrekic acid and to cycloheximide, but not to oligomycin or to the inhibitors of mito chondrial protein synthesis, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. The genetic analysis of this mutant showed that both nuclear and cytoplasmic (but apparently not mitochondrial) factors may be involved in the determination of the mutation. The behaviour is discussed as a possible function for 2 micron circular (omicron) DNA.", "PMID": 325367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9648", "title": "Induction of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli following UV- or gamma-irradiation, mitomycin C treatment or tif Expression.", "content": "The rate of synthesis of total cellular proteins has been studied by pulse labelling cells at various periods after irradiation with UV or gamma-rays, after treatment with mitomycin C (MMC) or after expression of the temperature sensitive mutation tif. Subsequent gel electrophoresis and autoradiography reveals changes in the rate of synthesis of several proteins. The most striking change is in a protein of molecular weight 40,000, protein X, which has been previously most extensively studied in cells treated with nalidixic acid (Gudas, 1976). Synthesis of large quantities of protein X is induced by UV, gamma-rays, MMC treatment or tif expression in rec+ but not recA cells. A feature of recA cells is that they break down their DNA excessively after irradiation or MMC treatment. However, if protein synthesis following irradiation is prohibited by chloramphenicol, post-irradiation degradation becomes excessive in recA+ cells. This inverse relationship between DNA degradation and new protein synthesis consistent with the hypothesis that an induced protein such as X is responsible for controlling DNA degradation following irradiation. Protein X is not induced in a lexB mutant following MMC treatment. In this respect the lexB mutant behaves like lexA and recA mutants in that the ability to induce protein X can be correlated with excessive DNA degradation. Studies on the induction of proteins in inf, tif and tif sfi mutants fail to reveal any correlation between induction of protein X and either the induction of prophage lambda or septation.", "contents": "Induction of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli following UV- or gamma-irradiation, mitomycin C treatment or tif Expression. The rate of synthesis of total cellular proteins has been studied by pulse labelling cells at various periods after irradiation with UV or gamma-rays, after treatment with mitomycin C (MMC) or after expression of the temperature sensitive mutation tif. Subsequent gel electrophoresis and autoradiography reveals changes in the rate of synthesis of several proteins. The most striking change is in a protein of molecular weight 40,000, protein X, which has been previously most extensively studied in cells treated with nalidixic acid (Gudas, 1976). Synthesis of large quantities of protein X is induced by UV, gamma-rays, MMC treatment or tif expression in rec+ but not recA cells. A feature of recA cells is that they break down their DNA excessively after irradiation or MMC treatment. However, if protein synthesis following irradiation is prohibited by chloramphenicol, post-irradiation degradation becomes excessive in recA+ cells. This inverse relationship between DNA degradation and new protein synthesis consistent with the hypothesis that an induced protein such as X is responsible for controlling DNA degradation following irradiation. Protein X is not induced in a lexB mutant following MMC treatment. In this respect the lexB mutant behaves like lexA and recA mutants in that the ability to induce protein X can be correlated with excessive DNA degradation. Studies on the induction of proteins in inf, tif and tif sfi mutants fail to reveal any correlation between induction of protein X and either the induction of prophage lambda or septation.", "PMID": 325368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9649", "title": "Manganese mutagenesis in yeast. VI. Mn2+ uptake, mitDNA replication and ER induction: comparison with other divalent cations.", "content": "A medium was found in which manganese efficiently induces erythromycin-resistant mitochondrial mutations, and which is suitable for measuring Mn2+ uptake and the labelling of DNA (fig. 1). Mn2+ uptake is stimulated by glucose and slowed down by cycloheximide (Fig 2). Mg2+ competes with Mn2+ uptake much stronger than does Zn2+ (Fig. 3). All of the conditions which favour Mn2+ uptake also favour induction of erythromycin-resistant mutations (Tables 3, 4). Mn2+ strongly inhibits protein synthesis (Table 1). Nuclear DNA replication is also strongly inhibited by this cation, while mitochondrial DNA replication is only weakly inhibited during the first 3 h of labelling, but there is small if any increase of the label incorporation between the 3rd 6th h of labelling (Table 2). The relation between label incorporation into mitDNA and mutation induction by manganese is not straightforward (Table 5). From among 11 divalent cations tested, only Mn2+ was capable of inducing mitochondrial erythromycin-resistant mutations (Table 6).", "contents": "Manganese mutagenesis in yeast. VI. Mn2+ uptake, mitDNA replication and ER induction: comparison with other divalent cations. A medium was found in which manganese efficiently induces erythromycin-resistant mitochondrial mutations, and which is suitable for measuring Mn2+ uptake and the labelling of DNA (fig. 1). Mn2+ uptake is stimulated by glucose and slowed down by cycloheximide (Fig 2). Mg2+ competes with Mn2+ uptake much stronger than does Zn2+ (Fig. 3). All of the conditions which favour Mn2+ uptake also favour induction of erythromycin-resistant mutations (Tables 3, 4). Mn2+ strongly inhibits protein synthesis (Table 1). Nuclear DNA replication is also strongly inhibited by this cation, while mitochondrial DNA replication is only weakly inhibited during the first 3 h of labelling, but there is small if any increase of the label incorporation between the 3rd 6th h of labelling (Table 2). The relation between label incorporation into mitDNA and mutation induction by manganese is not straightforward (Table 5). From among 11 divalent cations tested, only Mn2+ was capable of inducing mitochondrial erythromycin-resistant mutations (Table 6).", "PMID": 325369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9650", "title": "Identification of an amber fragment of the beta subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: a yardstick for measuring controls on RNA polymerase subunit synthesis.", "content": "An amber fragment of the beta subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been recovered from strains carrying the rpoB12 amber mutation, indicating that the B12 mutation resides in the structural gene for the beta subunit. The fragment is readily assayed and can be used to determine the degree of  expression of a single rpoB cistron in strains haploid or diploid for this region. These studies confirm that  the bacterial mechanism, which can compensate for reduced translation of the beta message, operates by the co-ordinate induction of rpoB and rpoC. Furthermore, I show that rpo control depends upon cistron(s) located on the F' factor, KLF10, whose product(s) can act negatively in trans on rpoBC expression.", "contents": "Identification of an amber fragment of the beta subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: a yardstick for measuring controls on RNA polymerase subunit synthesis. An amber fragment of the beta subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been recovered from strains carrying the rpoB12 amber mutation, indicating that the B12 mutation resides in the structural gene for the beta subunit. The fragment is readily assayed and can be used to determine the degree of  expression of a single rpoB cistron in strains haploid or diploid for this region. These studies confirm that  the bacterial mechanism, which can compensate for reduced translation of the beta message, operates by the co-ordinate induction of rpoB and rpoC. Furthermore, I show that rpo control depends upon cistron(s) located on the F' factor, KLF10, whose product(s) can act negatively in trans on rpoBC expression.", "PMID": 325370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9651", "title": "Translational fidelity in Escherichia coli: contrasting role of neaA and ramA gene products in the ribosome functioning.", "content": "Strains carrying both the ramA1 and the neaA301 mutations do not exhibit the restriction of informational suppressors normally associated with resistance to neamine. Furthermore, ribosomes from such strains exhibit increased misreading in vitro with respect to particles from the neaA strain. These properties suggest that translational fidelity may be cooperatively controlled by ribosomal proteins S4 and S17, coded by ramA (rpsd) and neaA (rpsq) genes respectively.", "contents": "Translational fidelity in Escherichia coli: contrasting role of neaA and ramA gene products in the ribosome functioning. Strains carrying both the ramA1 and the neaA301 mutations do not exhibit the restriction of informational suppressors normally associated with resistance to neamine. Furthermore, ribosomes from such strains exhibit increased misreading in vitro with respect to particles from the neaA strain. These properties suggest that translational fidelity may be cooperatively controlled by ribosomal proteins S4 and S17, coded by ramA (rpsd) and neaA (rpsq) genes respectively.", "PMID": 325371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9652", "title": "Construction and restriction endonuclease mapping of hybrid plasmids containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal DNA.", "content": "Fragments produced by partial digestion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal DNA (rDNA) with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI were ligated in vitro to the bacterial plasmid RSF2124. The resulting hybrid plasmids were cloned in Escherichia coli. Three hybrid plasmids which contain at least one intact repetitive unit of the multiple, tandem sequences of the yeast rDNA genes have been further characterized. These plasmids have been used to construct a map of the EcoRI, SmaI, HindII and HindIII restriction sites in the individual repetitive units of yeast rDNA.", "contents": "Construction and restriction endonuclease mapping of hybrid plasmids containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal DNA. Fragments produced by partial digestion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal DNA (rDNA) with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI were ligated in vitro to the bacterial plasmid RSF2124. The resulting hybrid plasmids were cloned in Escherichia coli. Three hybrid plasmids which contain at least one intact repetitive unit of the multiple, tandem sequences of the yeast rDNA genes have been further characterized. These plasmids have been used to construct a map of the EcoRI, SmaI, HindII and HindIII restriction sites in the individual repetitive units of yeast rDNA.", "PMID": 325373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9653", "title": "Suppression of polarity of insertion mutations within the gal operon of E. coli.", "content": "Phenotypic revertants of galOP::IS1 and galOP::IS2 mutations have been isolated after mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, they are probably caused by mutations in gene suA. The polarity suppressor mutations described in this study and a known mutation in gene suA isolated by D. Morse (Morse and Guertin, 1972) suppress polarity caused by IS1 more effectively than that caused by IS2 or IS4. Furthermore, suppressibility is influenced by the site and orientation of IS integration. The synthesis of the three enzymes in galOP::IS suA double mutants is constitutive and the ratio of the three enzymes is altered in comparison to the wild type. The reasons for constitutive synthesis of the galactose enzymes and for the altered ratio of enzyme synthesis are discussed.", "contents": "Suppression of polarity of insertion mutations within the gal operon of E. coli. Phenotypic revertants of galOP::IS1 and galOP::IS2 mutations have been isolated after mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, they are probably caused by mutations in gene suA. The polarity suppressor mutations described in this study and a known mutation in gene suA isolated by D. Morse (Morse and Guertin, 1972) suppress polarity caused by IS1 more effectively than that caused by IS2 or IS4. Furthermore, suppressibility is influenced by the site and orientation of IS integration. The synthesis of the three enzymes in galOP::IS suA double mutants is constitutive and the ratio of the three enzymes is altered in comparison to the wild type. The reasons for constitutive synthesis of the galactose enzymes and for the altered ratio of enzyme synthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 325374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9654", "title": "In vitro transcription of the ribosomal RNA genes of E. coli DNA.", "content": "Bacterial ribosomal RNA synthesis was studied in an in vitro system in which the presence of heparin prevented reinitiation of transcription. The number of heparin-resistant binary complexes of RNA-polymerase and E. coli DNA depended strongly on the quality of the template. High-molecular weight DNA was a much superior template than DNA prepared by conventional techniques. Using this high-molecular weight DNA as template the amount of ribosomal RNA synthetized in one round of transcription was found to be 4-5 fold higher than the amount of rDNA present. Controls have shown that the transcription probably started at the proper initiation sites and no significant read-through form distant promoters contributed to this effect. If the binary polymerase-DNA complexes were dissociated in the presence of 0.5 M KC1 prior to transcription all RNA synthesis was strongly reduced but the proportion of rRNA increased in the transcript. However, in this case the amount of rRNA did not exceed the amount of rDNA. We propose that the promoters of the rRNA genes are complex structures, able to store 4-5 molecules of RNA polymerase and of these several polymerase only one is bound in an extremely salt-resistant form.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of the ribosomal RNA genes of E. coli DNA. Bacterial ribosomal RNA synthesis was studied in an in vitro system in which the presence of heparin prevented reinitiation of transcription. The number of heparin-resistant binary complexes of RNA-polymerase and E. coli DNA depended strongly on the quality of the template. High-molecular weight DNA was a much superior template than DNA prepared by conventional techniques. Using this high-molecular weight DNA as template the amount of ribosomal RNA synthetized in one round of transcription was found to be 4-5 fold higher than the amount of rDNA present. Controls have shown that the transcription probably started at the proper initiation sites and no significant read-through form distant promoters contributed to this effect. If the binary polymerase-DNA complexes were dissociated in the presence of 0.5 M KC1 prior to transcription all RNA synthesis was strongly reduced but the proportion of rRNA increased in the transcript. However, in this case the amount of rRNA did not exceed the amount of rDNA. We propose that the promoters of the rRNA genes are complex structures, able to store 4-5 molecules of RNA polymerase and of these several polymerase only one is bound in an extremely salt-resistant form.", "PMID": 325375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9655", "title": "Growth and reactivation of single stranded DNA phage phiX174 in E. coli undergoing \"thymineless death\".", "content": "The thymine requirement of the E. coli strain HF 4704 (uvr A-, rec A+) is thermosensitive i.e. these cells require for their growth 2 microng thymine per ml at 37 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C. Such cells when starved for thymine for 3 h at 37 degrees C are capable of sustaining growth of single stranded DNA phage phiX174 without any diminution of burst size under nonpermissive conditions. Thymine starved HF 4704 cells also reactivate UV-irradiated phiX174 by about 3fold. To test if the thymine necessary for phage growth under \"thymineless\" conditions was supplied by host DNA degradation products, the transfer of 32P label from the host DNA to mature progeny phages was measured by means of sucrose density gradient analysis. It was found that only about 0.7% of 32P of the host DNA was transferred to the progeny phages growing in normal cells whereas the corresponding value was 7.8% in the case of thymine starved cells.", "contents": "Growth and reactivation of single stranded DNA phage phiX174 in E. coli undergoing \"thymineless death\". The thymine requirement of the E. coli strain HF 4704 (uvr A-, rec A+) is thermosensitive i.e. these cells require for their growth 2 microng thymine per ml at 37 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C. Such cells when starved for thymine for 3 h at 37 degrees C are capable of sustaining growth of single stranded DNA phage phiX174 without any diminution of burst size under nonpermissive conditions. Thymine starved HF 4704 cells also reactivate UV-irradiated phiX174 by about 3fold. To test if the thymine necessary for phage growth under \"thymineless\" conditions was supplied by host DNA degradation products, the transfer of 32P label from the host DNA to mature progeny phages was measured by means of sucrose density gradient analysis. It was found that only about 0.7% of 32P of the host DNA was transferred to the progeny phages growing in normal cells whereas the corresponding value was 7.8% in the case of thymine starved cells.", "PMID": 325376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9656", "title": "Mechanism of conjugation and recombination in bacteria XVI: single-stranded regions in recipient deoxyribonucleic acid during conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The formation of mating pairs between F- and Hfr cells resulted in increased sensitivity of recipient deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to single-strand-specific S1 nuclease, from 3.6% to 23.5% after 30 min conjugation. A comparable amount of single strand regions in the DNA of mated wild type and recA mutant cells was detected. 10 min of conjugation resulted in almost the same amount of single-strand recipient DNA as 30 min of continuous transfer of donor DNA. Also the transfer of plasmid DNA from F+ recA strain led to the occurrence of single-strand recipient DNA. In similar experiments with Hfr tra mutant no such effect was observed. We conclude that alterations in the sechases of conjugation associated with the formation of mating pairs and/or initiation of transfer donor DNA.", "contents": "Mechanism of conjugation and recombination in bacteria XVI: single-stranded regions in recipient deoxyribonucleic acid during conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12. The formation of mating pairs between F- and Hfr cells resulted in increased sensitivity of recipient deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to single-strand-specific S1 nuclease, from 3.6% to 23.5% after 30 min conjugation. A comparable amount of single strand regions in the DNA of mated wild type and recA mutant cells was detected. 10 min of conjugation resulted in almost the same amount of single-strand recipient DNA as 30 min of continuous transfer of donor DNA. Also the transfer of plasmid DNA from F+ recA strain led to the occurrence of single-strand recipient DNA. In similar experiments with Hfr tra mutant no such effect was observed. We conclude that alterations in the sechases of conjugation associated with the formation of mating pairs and/or initiation of transfer donor DNA.", "PMID": 325377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9657", "title": "Altered tetracycline resistance in pSC101 recombinant plasmids.", "content": "Investigation of tetracycline resistance genetically determined by the plasmid pSC101 and several recombinants of pSC101 containing EcoRI generated DNA fragments inserted at the EcoRI site has revealed significant differences in the phenotypic expression of that resistance. The altered phenotypes of the recombinant plasmids may be the result of the location of the EcoRI site of pSC101, which has been determined to be near the genetic elements involved with tetracycline resistance.", "contents": "Altered tetracycline resistance in pSC101 recombinant plasmids. Investigation of tetracycline resistance genetically determined by the plasmid pSC101 and several recombinants of pSC101 containing EcoRI generated DNA fragments inserted at the EcoRI site has revealed significant differences in the phenotypic expression of that resistance. The altered phenotypes of the recombinant plasmids may be the result of the location of the EcoRI site of pSC101, which has been determined to be near the genetic elements involved with tetracycline resistance.", "PMID": 325378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9658", "title": "Respiratory repression and the stability of the mitochondrial genome.", "content": "The variation in sensitivity of the mitochondrial genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ethidium bromide-induced petite mutation in response to changes in glucose concentration has been studied. Growth in high glucose considerably depressed the mutation rate, whilst small variations are observed in response to step-up or step-down in glucose concentration. Variations in mitochondrial DNA and respiratory activity during the mutagenic process are described. Effects of non-metabolizable sugars which repress mitochondrial biogenesis and a number of antimitochondrial drugs have been investigated. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of modulation of the mutation rates.", "contents": "Respiratory repression and the stability of the mitochondrial genome. The variation in sensitivity of the mitochondrial genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ethidium bromide-induced petite mutation in response to changes in glucose concentration has been studied. Growth in high glucose considerably depressed the mutation rate, whilst small variations are observed in response to step-up or step-down in glucose concentration. Variations in mitochondrial DNA and respiratory activity during the mutagenic process are described. Effects of non-metabolizable sugars which repress mitochondrial biogenesis and a number of antimitochondrial drugs have been investigated. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of modulation of the mutation rates.", "PMID": 325379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9659", "title": "In vitro transcription of three different ribosomal RNA cistrons of E. coli; heterogeneity of control regions.", "content": "Ribosomal RNA synthesis from three different rRNA cistrons of E. coli, located on different phage DNAs was compared and found to have the same characteristics as regards chain length, salt and temperature dependence and the effect of ppGpp. However, some clear and reproducible quantitative differences between rRNA synthesis from the different templates both in presence and absence of ppGGpp were found. Rifampicin and heparin experiments showed that these differences were located at the initiation sites. We propose that heterogeneity exists in the RNA polymerase binding regions of the rRNA prmoters in E. coli.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of three different ribosomal RNA cistrons of E. coli; heterogeneity of control regions. Ribosomal RNA synthesis from three different rRNA cistrons of E. coli, located on different phage DNAs was compared and found to have the same characteristics as regards chain length, salt and temperature dependence and the effect of ppGpp. However, some clear and reproducible quantitative differences between rRNA synthesis from the different templates both in presence and absence of ppGGpp were found. Rifampicin and heparin experiments showed that these differences were located at the initiation sites. We propose that heterogeneity exists in the RNA polymerase binding regions of the rRNA prmoters in E. coli.", "PMID": 325380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9660", "title": "Chromosomal location of gene governing the trehalose utilization in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Several mutants unable to utilize trehalose were isolated from Escherichia coli, Their genetic analysis led to determine the following gene order on the chromosomal map: pur B-dad R-tre-hem a-trp. Furthermore, the tre gene belongs to the inversion of the trp chromosomal region between E. coli and S. typhimurium.", "contents": "Chromosomal location of gene governing the trehalose utilization in Escherichia coli K12. Several mutants unable to utilize trehalose were isolated from Escherichia coli, Their genetic analysis led to determine the following gene order on the chromosomal map: pur B-dad R-tre-hem a-trp. Furthermore, the tre gene belongs to the inversion of the trp chromosomal region between E. coli and S. typhimurium.", "PMID": 325381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9661", "title": "Antimutagenic effects of spermine and guanosine in continuous cultures of Escherichia coli mutator strain mutH.", "content": "In E. coli strain RH531 containing mutator gene mutH-, whose mechanism of enhanced mutability depends upon DNA replication, spermine and guanosine reduce the rates of mutation to T5R and to increased fitness.", "contents": "Antimutagenic effects of spermine and guanosine in continuous cultures of Escherichia coli mutator strain mutH. In E. coli strain RH531 containing mutator gene mutH-, whose mechanism of enhanced mutability depends upon DNA replication, spermine and guanosine reduce the rates of mutation to T5R and to increased fitness.", "PMID": 325382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9662", "title": "Mutagenesis of lambda phage: 5-bromouracil and hydroxylamine.", "content": "Mutagenesis by 5-bromouracil of lambda phage to clear plaque formers does not depend on the recA function of the host E. coli cell or on the red function of the phage. Pretreatment of the host cells with ultraviolet light does not affect bromouracil mutagenesis of the adsorbed phage. Mutagenesis by hydroxlamine to clear plaque formers takes place at a high level in recA- host cells, and is not changed by preirradiation of of rec+ (wild type) hosts with ultraviolet light. Thus, bromouracil and hydroxylamine appear to mutate lambda phage by a process which differs from that responsible for ultraviolet mutagenesis. Two characteristics of bromouracil mutagenesis--the nonlinear dependence of the number of mutants on bromouracil incorporation, and a high frequency of heterozygotes--fit in with Rydberg's (1977) picture of bromouracil mutagenesis as a consequence of base mispairing, with mismatch repair removing the mutations at low incorporation of the analog.", "contents": "Mutagenesis of lambda phage: 5-bromouracil and hydroxylamine. Mutagenesis by 5-bromouracil of lambda phage to clear plaque formers does not depend on the recA function of the host E. coli cell or on the red function of the phage. Pretreatment of the host cells with ultraviolet light does not affect bromouracil mutagenesis of the adsorbed phage. Mutagenesis by hydroxlamine to clear plaque formers takes place at a high level in recA- host cells, and is not changed by preirradiation of of rec+ (wild type) hosts with ultraviolet light. Thus, bromouracil and hydroxylamine appear to mutate lambda phage by a process which differs from that responsible for ultraviolet mutagenesis. Two characteristics of bromouracil mutagenesis--the nonlinear dependence of the number of mutants on bromouracil incorporation, and a high frequency of heterozygotes--fit in with Rydberg's (1977) picture of bromouracil mutagenesis as a consequence of base mispairing, with mismatch repair removing the mutations at low incorporation of the analog.", "PMID": 325384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9663", "title": "The involvement of polynucleotide ligase in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage in Escherichia coli K-12 cells.", "content": "The effect of the ligts-7 mutation on cell survival and the extent of DNA repair after UV (254 nm) irradiation was determined for wild-type and uvrB5 cells of E. coli K-12 at 30 degrees and 42 degrees C. At the restrictive temperature (42 degrees C) the ligts-7 mutation resulted in (i) a decrease in the extent of repair of DNA incision breaks arising during the excision repair process, and (ii) a decrease in the extent of post-replicational repair of gaps in newly-synthesized DNA. These deficiencies in DNA repair correlated with increases in cellular sensitivity to killing by UV radiation. Thus, DNA lagase plays an important role in vivo in both the excision and post-replicational repair processes.", "contents": "The involvement of polynucleotide ligase in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage in Escherichia coli K-12 cells. The effect of the ligts-7 mutation on cell survival and the extent of DNA repair after UV (254 nm) irradiation was determined for wild-type and uvrB5 cells of E. coli K-12 at 30 degrees and 42 degrees C. At the restrictive temperature (42 degrees C) the ligts-7 mutation resulted in (i) a decrease in the extent of repair of DNA incision breaks arising during the excision repair process, and (ii) a decrease in the extent of post-replicational repair of gaps in newly-synthesized DNA. These deficiencies in DNA repair correlated with increases in cellular sensitivity to killing by UV radiation. Thus, DNA lagase plays an important role in vivo in both the excision and post-replicational repair processes.", "PMID": 325385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9664", "title": "Identifying sites of simultaneous DNA replication in eukaryotes by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine multiple mutagenesis.", "content": "N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) induces certain classes of multiple mutations in yeast at high frequency. By selecting for mutation at one locus (his4 or leu1) one frequently obtains double mutants where another mutation to temperature sensitivity has also been induced. This multiple mutagenesis exhibits a considerable specificity: for mutation at one particular locus there is a high chance that another mutation will be found in the same cell at one of a restricted number of other loci. For any given locus (e.g. his4) there is a spectrum of sites at which temperature-sensitivity mutations are co-induced. This spectrum differs for different loci, such that the spectrum of sites co-mutating with leu1 differs completely from that for sites co-mutating with his4. This NG'induced co-mutation is interpreted in terms of NG acting to enhance mutagenesis at sites of simultaneous DNA replication within the cell. The results so obtained indicate a very strict control over the order and timing of gene replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and it is suggested that it is now possible to use NG double mutagenesis to try and locate origins of replication in yeast.", "contents": "Identifying sites of simultaneous DNA replication in eukaryotes by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine multiple mutagenesis. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) induces certain classes of multiple mutations in yeast at high frequency. By selecting for mutation at one locus (his4 or leu1) one frequently obtains double mutants where another mutation to temperature sensitivity has also been induced. This multiple mutagenesis exhibits a considerable specificity: for mutation at one particular locus there is a high chance that another mutation will be found in the same cell at one of a restricted number of other loci. For any given locus (e.g. his4) there is a spectrum of sites at which temperature-sensitivity mutations are co-induced. This spectrum differs for different loci, such that the spectrum of sites co-mutating with leu1 differs completely from that for sites co-mutating with his4. This NG'induced co-mutation is interpreted in terms of NG acting to enhance mutagenesis at sites of simultaneous DNA replication within the cell. The results so obtained indicate a very strict control over the order and timing of gene replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and it is suggested that it is now possible to use NG double mutagenesis to try and locate origins of replication in yeast.", "PMID": 325387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9665", "title": "Replication of prophage P1 during the cell cycle of Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have followed, by DNA-DNA hybridization, the variation in the number of copies of prophage P1 relative to two chromosomal markers when the doubling time of the host cells is modified by a change in carbon source. The ratio of P1/chromosome terminus undergoes a twofold decrease when the cell doubling time increases from 24 to 215 min, whereas the ratio of P1/chromosome origin increases 1.4 fold; both ratios tend towards unity at slow growth rates. This suggests that the replication of prophage P1 is not simultaneous with chromosome initiation or chromosome termination. The chromosome replication time is unaffected by the presence of P1, and remains constant over the range of doubling times studied, with a value of about 4o min. Following amino acid starvation, the P1/chromosome origin ratio increases from 0.7 to 0.9, suggesting that P1 retains the ability to replicate after chromosome initiation has stopped and in the absence of essential amino acids. The results are discussed with reference to similar studies done on F and R1.", "contents": "Replication of prophage P1 during the cell cycle of Escherichia coli. We have followed, by DNA-DNA hybridization, the variation in the number of copies of prophage P1 relative to two chromosomal markers when the doubling time of the host cells is modified by a change in carbon source. The ratio of P1/chromosome terminus undergoes a twofold decrease when the cell doubling time increases from 24 to 215 min, whereas the ratio of P1/chromosome origin increases 1.4 fold; both ratios tend towards unity at slow growth rates. This suggests that the replication of prophage P1 is not simultaneous with chromosome initiation or chromosome termination. The chromosome replication time is unaffected by the presence of P1, and remains constant over the range of doubling times studied, with a value of about 4o min. Following amino acid starvation, the P1/chromosome origin ratio increases from 0.7 to 0.9, suggesting that P1 retains the ability to replicate after chromosome initiation has stopped and in the absence of essential amino acids. The results are discussed with reference to similar studies done on F and R1.", "PMID": 325389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9666", "title": "Plasmid (pKM101)-mediated enhancement of repair and mutagenesis: dependence on chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The drug resistance plasmid pKM101 plays a mojor role in the Ames Salmonella/microsome carcinogen detecting system by enhancing chemical mutagenesis. It is shown that in Escherichia coli K-12 the plasmid pKM101 enhances both spontaneous and methyl methanesulfonate-caused reversion of an ochre mutation, bacterial survival after ultraviolet irradiation, and reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated lambda in unirradiated cells. All these effects are shown to be dependent on the recA+ lexA+ genotype but not on the recB+ recC+ or recF+ genotypes. The recA lexA-dependence of the plasmid-mediated repair and mutagenesis suggests an interaction with the cell's inducible error-prone repair system. The presence of pKM101 is shown to cause an additional increase in methyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis in a tif mutant beyond that caused by growth at 42 degrees. The presence of the plasmid raises the level of the Weigle-reactivation curve for the raactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated lambda in E. coli and causes a shif of the maximum to a higher UV fluence. These observations suggest that pKM101 does not exert its effects by altering the regulation of the cell's error-prone repair system but rather by supplying a mechanistic component or components.", "contents": "Plasmid (pKM101)-mediated enhancement of repair and mutagenesis: dependence on chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12. The drug resistance plasmid pKM101 plays a mojor role in the Ames Salmonella/microsome carcinogen detecting system by enhancing chemical mutagenesis. It is shown that in Escherichia coli K-12 the plasmid pKM101 enhances both spontaneous and methyl methanesulfonate-caused reversion of an ochre mutation, bacterial survival after ultraviolet irradiation, and reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated lambda in unirradiated cells. All these effects are shown to be dependent on the recA+ lexA+ genotype but not on the recB+ recC+ or recF+ genotypes. The recA lexA-dependence of the plasmid-mediated repair and mutagenesis suggests an interaction with the cell's inducible error-prone repair system. The presence of pKM101 is shown to cause an additional increase in methyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis in a tif mutant beyond that caused by growth at 42 degrees. The presence of the plasmid raises the level of the Weigle-reactivation curve for the raactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated lambda in E. coli and causes a shif of the maximum to a higher UV fluence. These observations suggest that pKM101 does not exert its effects by altering the regulation of the cell's error-prone repair system but rather by supplying a mechanistic component or components.", "PMID": 325391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9667", "title": "Separation of isoacceptor cysteine transfer ribonucleic acids of bakers' yeasts.", "content": "Isoacceptor species of certain amino acid-specific transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) were fractionated by gel permeation chromatography using Sephadex G-100. The separation is attributed to the 20% ethanol-1% NaCl solvent and to the characteristics of Sephadex. Isoacceptor tRNAs specific for cysteine, arginine, phenylalanine, and histidine were recovered from commercial tRNA of yeast by this method. Highly purified cysteine-specific tRNA, obtained by a method which would not be expected to separate isoacceptor molecules when fractionated by this procedure, was shown to contain two cysteine isoacceptor tRNAs.", "contents": "Separation of isoacceptor cysteine transfer ribonucleic acids of bakers' yeasts. Isoacceptor species of certain amino acid-specific transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) were fractionated by gel permeation chromatography using Sephadex G-100. The separation is attributed to the 20% ethanol-1% NaCl solvent and to the characteristics of Sephadex. Isoacceptor tRNAs specific for cysteine, arginine, phenylalanine, and histidine were recovered from commercial tRNA of yeast by this method. Highly purified cysteine-specific tRNA, obtained by a method which would not be expected to separate isoacceptor molecules when fractionated by this procedure, was shown to contain two cysteine isoacceptor tRNAs.", "PMID": 325392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9668", "title": "Physiological modification of alkylating agent induced mutagenesis. II. Influence of the numbers of chromosome replicating forks and gene copies on the frequency of mutations induced in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The frequency of reversions induced in Escherichia coli K-12 trpA58 by any of five different monofunctional alkylating agents increased as the growth rate of the organism was raised prior to mutagen treatment. The increase in mutation frequency did not correlate with growth rate-dependent changes in cell area or total cellular protein and DNA. After treatment of cells with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNUA), no growth rate-dependent change was observed in the total DNA alkylation or percentage of O6-methylguanine present in the DNA extracted. The frequency of reversions induced by one mutagen, methyl methanesulphonate (MMS), increased in proportion to the average number of trpA gene copies per cell, whereas the frequency of reversions induced by the other compounds was dependent on the average number of chromosome replicating forks per cell. This difference was attributed to the different ratios of DNA base alkylation products observed, formed after treatment with MMS, an SN2-type reagent, or after treatment with the SN1-type reagents ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), MNUA and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENUA). Possible reasons for the dependence of mutation frequency on the number of replicating forks per cell are discussed.", "contents": "Physiological modification of alkylating agent induced mutagenesis. II. Influence of the numbers of chromosome replicating forks and gene copies on the frequency of mutations induced in Escherichia coli. The frequency of reversions induced in Escherichia coli K-12 trpA58 by any of five different monofunctional alkylating agents increased as the growth rate of the organism was raised prior to mutagen treatment. The increase in mutation frequency did not correlate with growth rate-dependent changes in cell area or total cellular protein and DNA. After treatment of cells with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNUA), no growth rate-dependent change was observed in the total DNA alkylation or percentage of O6-methylguanine present in the DNA extracted. The frequency of reversions induced by one mutagen, methyl methanesulphonate (MMS), increased in proportion to the average number of trpA gene copies per cell, whereas the frequency of reversions induced by the other compounds was dependent on the average number of chromosome replicating forks per cell. This difference was attributed to the different ratios of DNA base alkylation products observed, formed after treatment with MMS, an SN2-type reagent, or after treatment with the SN1-type reagents ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), MNUA and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENUA). Possible reasons for the dependence of mutation frequency on the number of replicating forks per cell are discussed.", "PMID": 325398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9669", "title": "The evaluation of clinical predictions. A method and initial application.", "content": "Clinical predictions are never certain but are inherently probablisitc. The accuracy coefficient, a measure of probabilistic accuracy based on probability assigned to outcomes that occur, was used to assess the skill of clinical rheumatologists in predicting patient outcomes. Physicians' scores correlated well with degree of clinical experience. An approach to evaluation based on the measure provides a sensitive assessment of marginal benefit of technologies such as laboratory tests, diagnostic procedures or computer consultations. Most currently used methods of computer prediction were not as accurate as the best physicians tested. By allowing measurement of ability to individualize predictions to each patient's unique characteristics, the accuracy-coefficient approach has potential use in physician assessment.", "contents": "The evaluation of clinical predictions. A method and initial application. Clinical predictions are never certain but are inherently probablisitc. The accuracy coefficient, a measure of probabilistic accuracy based on probability assigned to outcomes that occur, was used to assess the skill of clinical rheumatologists in predicting patient outcomes. Physicians' scores correlated well with degree of clinical experience. An approach to evaluation based on the measure provides a sensitive assessment of marginal benefit of technologies such as laboratory tests, diagnostic procedures or computer consultations. Most currently used methods of computer prediction were not as accurate as the best physicians tested. By allowing measurement of ability to individualize predictions to each patient's unique characteristics, the accuracy-coefficient approach has potential use in physician assessment.", "PMID": 325407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9670", "title": "Relation between the race and economic status of patients and who performs their surgery.", "content": "We evaluated the relation between race and economic status of surgical patients and their likelihood of being treated by a surgeon in training rather than by a staff surgeon. Blacks were 2.2 to 4.3 times more likely than whites to be under the care of surgeons in training (P less than 0.001). This relation has remained unchanged over the past two decades. It remained when the method of payment was via self-payment or private insurance, but disappeared when patients being paid for by Medicaid were considered. In addition, black emergency patients were more likely than white emergency patients to be cared for by surgeons in training.", "contents": "Relation between the race and economic status of patients and who performs their surgery. We evaluated the relation between race and economic status of surgical patients and their likelihood of being treated by a surgeon in training rather than by a staff surgeon. Blacks were 2.2 to 4.3 times more likely than whites to be under the care of surgeons in training (P less than 0.001). This relation has remained unchanged over the past two decades. It remained when the method of payment was via self-payment or private insurance, but disappeared when patients being paid for by Medicaid were considered. In addition, black emergency patients were more likely than white emergency patients to be cared for by surgeons in training.", "PMID": 325411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9671", "title": "Concomitant presence of tumor-specific cytotoxic and inhibitor lymphocytes in patients with osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "The lack of detectable tumor-specific cytotoxicity by the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with cancer may be due to a lack of cytotoxic lymphocytes or the presence of suppressor lymphocytes that inhibit cytotoxic cells. Unfractionated peripheral blood lymphocytes from 12 of 28 patients with osteogenic sarcoma were cytotoxic to osteogenic sarcoma cells in vitro (P less than 0,001). When the peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients whose lymphocytes were not cytotoxic underwent fractionation, a tumor-specific cytotoxic subpopulation was isolated from 11 of 13 patients (P less than 0.0001). Lymphocytes that inhibited cytotoxic activity of autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes were found in four of 10 patients with osteogenic sarcoma but not in six normal controls. Inhibitor lymphocytes form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and adhere to nylon, whereas cytotoxic lymphocytes have a receptor for C3 but no surface immunoglobulin. The lack of tumor-specific lymphocytotoxicity in some patients can be due to inhibitor lymphocytes.", "contents": "Concomitant presence of tumor-specific cytotoxic and inhibitor lymphocytes in patients with osteogenic sarcoma. The lack of detectable tumor-specific cytotoxicity by the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with cancer may be due to a lack of cytotoxic lymphocytes or the presence of suppressor lymphocytes that inhibit cytotoxic cells. Unfractionated peripheral blood lymphocytes from 12 of 28 patients with osteogenic sarcoma were cytotoxic to osteogenic sarcoma cells in vitro (P less than 0,001). When the peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients whose lymphocytes were not cytotoxic underwent fractionation, a tumor-specific cytotoxic subpopulation was isolated from 11 of 13 patients (P less than 0.0001). Lymphocytes that inhibited cytotoxic activity of autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes were found in four of 10 patients with osteogenic sarcoma but not in six normal controls. Inhibitor lymphocytes form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and adhere to nylon, whereas cytotoxic lymphocytes have a receptor for C3 but no surface immunoglobulin. The lack of tumor-specific lymphocytotoxicity in some patients can be due to inhibitor lymphocytes.", "PMID": 325412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9672", "title": "[The significance of immunology for man--intervention and change].", "content": "Classical immunological research has been mainly devoted to natural defense mechanisms against infections and to the development and action of vaccines. With the discovery of immune tolerance and following investigations on transplantation immunity, the concept of the immune response was generalized as the higher animal's ability to discriminate between \"self\" and \"notself\". Since then research has concentrated on cells and their products involved in these immune phenomena. Application of the vast knowledge in the field of modern immunology should aid greatly in the solution of many actual clinical problems and in alleviating public health hazards (parasitology, etc.) in the Third World.", "contents": "[The significance of immunology for man--intervention and change]. Classical immunological research has been mainly devoted to natural defense mechanisms against infections and to the development and action of vaccines. With the discovery of immune tolerance and following investigations on transplantation immunity, the concept of the immune response was generalized as the higher animal's ability to discriminate between \"self\" and \"notself\". Since then research has concentrated on cells and their products involved in these immune phenomena. Application of the vast knowledge in the field of modern immunology should aid greatly in the solution of many actual clinical problems and in alleviating public health hazards (parasitology, etc.) in the Third World.", "PMID": 325422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9673", "title": "Analysis of the results of treament of lung cancer patients with BCG according to the scheme of application of the bacillus.", "content": "BCG has successfuly been applied in lymphoid and in myeloid leukemia but no positive results have been demonstrated in solid tumors except malignant melanoma after intratumoral injection. The authors' approach consists in applying BCG as an only antitumor treatment, much smaller doses and in much longer intervals between them than used by other investigators. The analysis of the treatment schemes of BCG, applied to 171 lung cancer patients showed that positive responses have been obtained only in patients without peripheral dissemination of the disease and that in doses from 0.0001 mg to 0.05 mg. The results obtained depended on the frequency of BCG application: the 5 years survival rate, the mean survival period and the rate of the marked X-ray regression have been found best in patients treated once, good in patients treated in intervals longer than 30 days between the applications of the mycobacteria and worse in patients treated in intervals shorter than 20 days. A direct inverse correlation has been discovered between the mean survival period of the treated patients and the number of the applications of BCG in the first 6 months of the treatment.", "contents": "Analysis of the results of treament of lung cancer patients with BCG according to the scheme of application of the bacillus. BCG has successfuly been applied in lymphoid and in myeloid leukemia but no positive results have been demonstrated in solid tumors except malignant melanoma after intratumoral injection. The authors' approach consists in applying BCG as an only antitumor treatment, much smaller doses and in much longer intervals between them than used by other investigators. The analysis of the treatment schemes of BCG, applied to 171 lung cancer patients showed that positive responses have been obtained only in patients without peripheral dissemination of the disease and that in doses from 0.0001 mg to 0.05 mg. The results obtained depended on the frequency of BCG application: the 5 years survival rate, the mean survival period and the rate of the marked X-ray regression have been found best in patients treated once, good in patients treated in intervals longer than 30 days between the applications of the mycobacteria and worse in patients treated in intervals shorter than 20 days. A direct inverse correlation has been discovered between the mean survival period of the treated patients and the number of the applications of BCG in the first 6 months of the treatment.", "PMID": 325424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9674", "title": "Platelets and glomerulonephritis.", "content": "There is evidence derived from both experimental studies and from observation of human nephritis that platelets are important in the glomerular injury of chronic soluble-complex disease. It is not yet clear if platelets are involved in the events initiating endothelial damage, in perpetuating and amplifying injury, or both. Antiplatelet agents appear to have a role in the treatment of chronic forms of glomerulonephritis; but more knowledge of platelet involvement in nephritis and more readily available tests for platelet involvement are necessary before this suggestion can be tested intelligently.", "contents": "Platelets and glomerulonephritis. There is evidence derived from both experimental studies and from observation of human nephritis that platelets are important in the glomerular injury of chronic soluble-complex disease. It is not yet clear if platelets are involved in the events initiating endothelial damage, in perpetuating and amplifying injury, or both. Antiplatelet agents appear to have a role in the treatment of chronic forms of glomerulonephritis; but more knowledge of platelet involvement in nephritis and more readily available tests for platelet involvement are necessary before this suggestion can be tested intelligently.", "PMID": 325428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9675", "title": "[The SITAR Project. A new approach to diagnosis and surgical indication in arteriopathic patients].", "content": "The extreme variations with which atherosclerotic disease presents as regards progression index, arterial bed localization frequency, malignity and invasiveness in different ages and often as regards different anatomopathological aspects characterizing the formation and course of the primary lesion, mean that there are still many unknowns in the aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and operative indications for this disease. Such problems are more and more important to the vascular surgeon who, with the development of atherosclerotic disease, sees the long-term results of his arterial reconstructive surgery compromised. The vascular surgeon is therefore directly involved with his colleagues in the internal medicine and pharmacological departments in problems connected with the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis, and indeed he contributes to setting new constraints on the choice of prosthetic materials, for use in cases of bridge-work, and in the creation of new surfaces by means of thrombendarteriectomy. On the basis of such considerations, the IInd Surgical Clinic of Milan University began, in 1975, a study whose end purpose was the drafting of a clinical card designed for data computerization. Compiled by the surgeon, it is intended essentially for vascular surgeons. However, as it is personally considered that by the very nature of the disease, the atherosclerosis approach must be interdisciplinary, it also concerns physicians in the internal medicine, pharmacological and dietological departments.", "contents": "[The SITAR Project. A new approach to diagnosis and surgical indication in arteriopathic patients]. The extreme variations with which atherosclerotic disease presents as regards progression index, arterial bed localization frequency, malignity and invasiveness in different ages and often as regards different anatomopathological aspects characterizing the formation and course of the primary lesion, mean that there are still many unknowns in the aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and operative indications for this disease. Such problems are more and more important to the vascular surgeon who, with the development of atherosclerotic disease, sees the long-term results of his arterial reconstructive surgery compromised. The vascular surgeon is therefore directly involved with his colleagues in the internal medicine and pharmacological departments in problems connected with the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis, and indeed he contributes to setting new constraints on the choice of prosthetic materials, for use in cases of bridge-work, and in the creation of new surfaces by means of thrombendarteriectomy. On the basis of such considerations, the IInd Surgical Clinic of Milan University began, in 1975, a study whose end purpose was the drafting of a clinical card designed for data computerization. Compiled by the surgeon, it is intended essentially for vascular surgeons. However, as it is personally considered that by the very nature of the disease, the atherosclerosis approach must be interdisciplinary, it also concerns physicians in the internal medicine, pharmacological and dietological departments.", "PMID": 325430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9676", "title": "Reliability of the Bacturcult system in the clinical evaluation of postpartum bacteriuria.", "content": "The reliability of the Bacturcult system versus the standard calibrated loop-direct streak technic for screening bacteriuria was determined for 182 postpartum patients. Both false negative and false positive results were obtained by the Bacturcult system, therefore precluding its usefulness as a screening method. Based on these findings, therapy should not be instituted prior to performance of the standard culture technic.", "contents": "Reliability of the Bacturcult system in the clinical evaluation of postpartum bacteriuria. The reliability of the Bacturcult system versus the standard calibrated loop-direct streak technic for screening bacteriuria was determined for 182 postpartum patients. Both false negative and false positive results were obtained by the Bacturcult system, therefore precluding its usefulness as a screening method. Based on these findings, therapy should not be instituted prior to performance of the standard culture technic.", "PMID": 325448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9677", "title": "The development of the placental lobular pattern in the human. Review and reinterpretation of the material.", "content": "The human placental lobule is a dense mass of mostly terminal villi, with a nearly villus-free center. The villi arise from whatever stem is nearby, and branches of these stems anchor near uteroplacental arteries at the base of the loose interlobular areas. There is no one-to-one relation of lobules either to the principal villous stems, or to maternal arteries. In the first trimester the villi are nearly uniform in size and anchor over the entire palcental floor, but better vascularized villi, the later stems, can already be found to anchor near maternal arteries. Thus, a network of uteroplacental arteries with nearby anchoring stems forms on the placental floor during the second month. It becomes accentuated during the following weeks as trophoblastic destruction spares the endometrial stroma around the arteries, and thus leads to the formation of elevations of the decidua, containing arterial ostia and anchoring points of villous stems. The remaining, smaller villi lose their connection with the decidua. By the end of the second trimester, the definitive lobular pattern is complete. How the dense lobules form above the interstices of this network is not known.", "contents": "The development of the placental lobular pattern in the human. Review and reinterpretation of the material. The human placental lobule is a dense mass of mostly terminal villi, with a nearly villus-free center. The villi arise from whatever stem is nearby, and branches of these stems anchor near uteroplacental arteries at the base of the loose interlobular areas. There is no one-to-one relation of lobules either to the principal villous stems, or to maternal arteries. In the first trimester the villi are nearly uniform in size and anchor over the entire palcental floor, but better vascularized villi, the later stems, can already be found to anchor near maternal arteries. Thus, a network of uteroplacental arteries with nearby anchoring stems forms on the placental floor during the second month. It becomes accentuated during the following weeks as trophoblastic destruction spares the endometrial stroma around the arteries, and thus leads to the formation of elevations of the decidua, containing arterial ostia and anchoring points of villous stems. The remaining, smaller villi lose their connection with the decidua. By the end of the second trimester, the definitive lobular pattern is complete. How the dense lobules form above the interstices of this network is not known.", "PMID": 325449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9678", "title": "Herpes gestationis. An update.", "content": "Advances in the immunopathology of blistering diseases now provide increased accuracy in the diagnosis of herpes gestationis in pregnancy. Guidelines are presented in this review to determine the presence of the disease. Exogenous corticosteroids will effectively alleviate symptoms and prevent formation of new lesions.", "contents": "Herpes gestationis. An update. Advances in the immunopathology of blistering diseases now provide increased accuracy in the diagnosis of herpes gestationis in pregnancy. Guidelines are presented in this review to determine the presence of the disease. Exogenous corticosteroids will effectively alleviate symptoms and prevent formation of new lesions.", "PMID": 325450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9679", "title": "Clinical safety of corneal storage media.", "content": "A study of the bacteriological safety of McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) media was undertaken. Twenty-five consecutive cultures of M-K media with a standard penicillin-streptomycin additive were performed at the time of keratoplasty. All cultures were negative, confirming the clinical safety of this media.", "contents": "Clinical safety of corneal storage media. A study of the bacteriological safety of McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) media was undertaken. Twenty-five consecutive cultures of M-K media with a standard penicillin-streptomycin additive were performed at the time of keratoplasty. All cultures were negative, confirming the clinical safety of this media.", "PMID": 325452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9680", "title": "Marginal tarsorrhaphy: a technique to minimize premature eyelid separation.", "content": "By using a continuous intermarginal monofilament suture, a partial tarsorrhaphy can be performed which has a minimal tendency to separate prematurely. This technique is especially useful where recovery from facial paralysis is anticipated. Surgical division of the tarsorrhaphy can be performed easily with little, if any, defect of the eyelids.", "contents": "Marginal tarsorrhaphy: a technique to minimize premature eyelid separation. By using a continuous intermarginal monofilament suture, a partial tarsorrhaphy can be performed which has a minimal tendency to separate prematurely. This technique is especially useful where recovery from facial paralysis is anticipated. Surgical division of the tarsorrhaphy can be performed easily with little, if any, defect of the eyelids.", "PMID": 325453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9681", "title": "A simple and safe suture for fixation of intraocular lenses.", "content": "Presented is a new simplified and safe suturing technique to prevent Binkhorst and Fyodorov II lenses from dislocating. To data, 74 lenses have been implanted by this technique. There have been no complications. Follow-up time is from three weeks to 14 months.", "contents": "A simple and safe suture for fixation of intraocular lenses. Presented is a new simplified and safe suturing technique to prevent Binkhorst and Fyodorov II lenses from dislocating. To data, 74 lenses have been implanted by this technique. There have been no complications. Follow-up time is from three weeks to 14 months.", "PMID": 325454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9682", "title": "Introduction of the sagittal symphysotomy in the treatment of chin deformities.", "content": "The management of chin problems occasionally presents a surgical problem to the clinician because of certain anatomic and clinical considerations. This article reviews and discusses some of the conventional surgical procedures in treating chin deformities. The new and versatile sagittal symphysotomy is introduced and described. Three case reports are presented.", "contents": "Introduction of the sagittal symphysotomy in the treatment of chin deformities. The management of chin problems occasionally presents a surgical problem to the clinician because of certain anatomic and clinical considerations. This article reviews and discusses some of the conventional surgical procedures in treating chin deformities. The new and versatile sagittal symphysotomy is introduced and described. Three case reports are presented.", "PMID": 325457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9683", "title": "Oral infection in immunosuppressed renal transplant patients.", "content": "The most common cause of death in patients taking immunosuppressive (IS) drugs is infection. Many of the microorganisms which infect these IS patients may be found in the mouth, but the mouth has not been investigated as a potential source of lethal infection. In view of this, we studied twenty-seven IS patients taking Imuran and prednisone for 6 to 61 weeks and eighteen normal controls. The patients were followed monthly, and the incidence of oral and systemic complications was recorded. There were no deaths due to infection during the 10-month study period. Oral infection occurred as frequently as pneumonia or urinary tract infection. Systemic factors which were related to the development of dental infection were lymphocyte count and length of time on immunosuppressive drug therapy.", "contents": "Oral infection in immunosuppressed renal transplant patients. The most common cause of death in patients taking immunosuppressive (IS) drugs is infection. Many of the microorganisms which infect these IS patients may be found in the mouth, but the mouth has not been investigated as a potential source of lethal infection. In view of this, we studied twenty-seven IS patients taking Imuran and prednisone for 6 to 61 weeks and eighteen normal controls. The patients were followed monthly, and the incidence of oral and systemic complications was recorded. There were no deaths due to infection during the 10-month study period. Oral infection occurred as frequently as pneumonia or urinary tract infection. Systemic factors which were related to the development of dental infection were lymphocyte count and length of time on immunosuppressive drug therapy.", "PMID": 325458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9684", "title": "Tissue oxygen available as a criterion for the effectiveness of continuous positive pressure breathing.", "content": "As little as 3-5 cm H2O increase in proximal airway pressure applied to normal lung reduces cardiac output. It is postulated that decreased pulmonary compliance in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) acts as a barrier thus offsetting this effect. Since cardiac output is not routinely measured, severe reduction in it could accompany regression of disease while maintaining the same airway pressure. This study was undertaken to determine whether tissue oxygen available (O2a) could be used to detect changes in perfusion during continuous positive pressure breating (CPPB). CPPB was evaluated in 10 normal rabbits (CL = 9.5 +/- 1.8 cc/g at 25 cm H2O) and in 10 pulmonary-damaged rabbits (CL = 5.5 +/- 1.4 cc/g at 25 cm H2O) produced by subjecting them to 100% O2. Airway pressure was increased from 0-15 cm H2O in 3 cm H2O increments at 10-min intervals. O2a and PaO2 were monitored continuously. In the normal group, O2a decreased at 3 cm H2O airway pressure, reaching 22% of control at 12 cm H2O, at which pressure PaO2 decreased. Breathing 100% O2 at this airway pressure increased PaO2 to 408 mm Hg, whereas O2a returned to 45% of control. In the experimental group, O2a decreased at 9 cm H2O airway pressure, at 12 cm H2O it was 36% of control at which pressure PaO2 decreased slightly. Breathing 100% O2 at this airway pressure increased PaO2 to 316 mm Hg, and increased O2a to 200% of control. These data indicate that with excessive airway pressure, muscle hypoxia may exist during systemic hyperoxemia and that a low compliance lung exerts a protective effect on O2a. Since changes in cardiac output during CPPB are compliance dependent, and since O2a is perfusion dependent, tissue oxygen available could provide a means of selecting optimal airway pressure during CPPB.", "contents": "Tissue oxygen available as a criterion for the effectiveness of continuous positive pressure breathing. As little as 3-5 cm H2O increase in proximal airway pressure applied to normal lung reduces cardiac output. It is postulated that decreased pulmonary compliance in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) acts as a barrier thus offsetting this effect. Since cardiac output is not routinely measured, severe reduction in it could accompany regression of disease while maintaining the same airway pressure. This study was undertaken to determine whether tissue oxygen available (O2a) could be used to detect changes in perfusion during continuous positive pressure breating (CPPB). CPPB was evaluated in 10 normal rabbits (CL = 9.5 +/- 1.8 cc/g at 25 cm H2O) and in 10 pulmonary-damaged rabbits (CL = 5.5 +/- 1.4 cc/g at 25 cm H2O) produced by subjecting them to 100% O2. Airway pressure was increased from 0-15 cm H2O in 3 cm H2O increments at 10-min intervals. O2a and PaO2 were monitored continuously. In the normal group, O2a decreased at 3 cm H2O airway pressure, reaching 22% of control at 12 cm H2O, at which pressure PaO2 decreased. Breathing 100% O2 at this airway pressure increased PaO2 to 408 mm Hg, whereas O2a returned to 45% of control. In the experimental group, O2a decreased at 9 cm H2O airway pressure, at 12 cm H2O it was 36% of control at which pressure PaO2 decreased slightly. Breathing 100% O2 at this airway pressure increased PaO2 to 316 mm Hg, and increased O2a to 200% of control. These data indicate that with excessive airway pressure, muscle hypoxia may exist during systemic hyperoxemia and that a low compliance lung exerts a protective effect on O2a. Since changes in cardiac output during CPPB are compliance dependent, and since O2a is perfusion dependent, tissue oxygen available could provide a means of selecting optimal airway pressure during CPPB.", "PMID": 325485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9685", "title": "Continuous airway pressure breathing with the head-box in the newborn lamb: effects of regional blood flows.", "content": "Continuous airway pressure delivered by a head-box is an accepted means of treating clinical hyaline membrane disease. To investigate hemodynamic alterations resulting from its use, eight newborn lambs, 1 to 6 days of age, were studied at 6 and 11 mm Hg of positive pressure, while spontaneoulsy breathing room air. Organ blood flows and cardiac output were measured with 25 micron-diameter radioactive microspheres. Heart rate, left ventricular pressure, and arterial blood gases did not change during the study. Jugular venous pressures increased from 6.4 mm Hg to 18.6 and 24.2 mm Hg at 6 and 11 mm Hg, respectively (P less than .005). Cardiac output decreased approximately 20% at either intrachamber pressure setting. Renal blood flow fell 21% at 11 mm Hg. No significant changes in blood flow were found in the brain, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, heart, or liver when compared to control flows. Of particular interest was the finding of a 28% reduction in ocular blood flow at 6 mm Hg and 52% at 11 mm Hg. From these results, we conclude that substantial cardiovascular alterations may occur during the application of head-box continuous airway pressure breathing, including a significant reduction in ocular blood flow.", "contents": "Continuous airway pressure breathing with the head-box in the newborn lamb: effects of regional blood flows. Continuous airway pressure delivered by a head-box is an accepted means of treating clinical hyaline membrane disease. To investigate hemodynamic alterations resulting from its use, eight newborn lambs, 1 to 6 days of age, were studied at 6 and 11 mm Hg of positive pressure, while spontaneoulsy breathing room air. Organ blood flows and cardiac output were measured with 25 micron-diameter radioactive microspheres. Heart rate, left ventricular pressure, and arterial blood gases did not change during the study. Jugular venous pressures increased from 6.4 mm Hg to 18.6 and 24.2 mm Hg at 6 and 11 mm Hg, respectively (P less than .005). Cardiac output decreased approximately 20% at either intrachamber pressure setting. Renal blood flow fell 21% at 11 mm Hg. No significant changes in blood flow were found in the brain, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, heart, or liver when compared to control flows. Of particular interest was the finding of a 28% reduction in ocular blood flow at 6 mm Hg and 52% at 11 mm Hg. From these results, we conclude that substantial cardiovascular alterations may occur during the application of head-box continuous airway pressure breathing, including a significant reduction in ocular blood flow.", "PMID": 325487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9686", "title": "Radiographic findings in early onset neonatal group b streptococcal septicemia.", "content": "Chest roentgenograms obtained in the first two days of life from 67 infants with respiratory distress were reviewed to determine whether the radiographic features of group B streptococcal septicemia were diagnostic or distinctive. The retrospective review contained 24 infants with proven and 14 with suspected septicemia, as well as 29 patients with other causes of respiratory distress. The films were reviewed in random order by two pediatric radiologists without their prior knowledge of clinical or laboratory data. Typical radiographic appearance of pneumonia was present in only ten of the 24 proven and two of the 14 suspected cases of group B streptococcal sepsis. The radiographic pattern of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was just as common among these patients. The most prominent associated radiographic feature of infants with proven septicemia was cardiomegaly which was significantly increased when compared with infants who had other causes of respiratory distress (P less than .001). X-ray recognition of neonatal group B streptococcal septicemia is limited because of superimposition of roentgen patterns probably related to associated disorders. Pediatrics, 59:1006-1011, 1977, NEWBRON, SEPTICEMIA, GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS.", "contents": "Radiographic findings in early onset neonatal group b streptococcal septicemia. Chest roentgenograms obtained in the first two days of life from 67 infants with respiratory distress were reviewed to determine whether the radiographic features of group B streptococcal septicemia were diagnostic or distinctive. The retrospective review contained 24 infants with proven and 14 with suspected septicemia, as well as 29 patients with other causes of respiratory distress. The films were reviewed in random order by two pediatric radiologists without their prior knowledge of clinical or laboratory data. Typical radiographic appearance of pneumonia was present in only ten of the 24 proven and two of the 14 suspected cases of group B streptococcal sepsis. The radiographic pattern of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was just as common among these patients. The most prominent associated radiographic feature of infants with proven septicemia was cardiomegaly which was significantly increased when compared with infants who had other causes of respiratory distress (P less than .001). X-ray recognition of neonatal group B streptococcal septicemia is limited because of superimposition of roentgen patterns probably related to associated disorders. Pediatrics, 59:1006-1011, 1977, NEWBRON, SEPTICEMIA, GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS.", "PMID": 325489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9687", "title": "Infantile lobar hyperinflation: expectant treatment.", "content": "Arterial blood gases and regional lung function, measured with a 133xenon technique, were used to evalute the physiological defects and follow the natural history of 16 infants with lobar hyperinflation (\"emphysema\"). Hypoxemia was due to V/Q inequality at rest. Worsening of hypoxemia (mean Pao2 delta--26 mm Hg) with crying was due to shunting as a consequence of cessation of ventilation in the involved lobe. Surgery was necessary in three patients. Two deaths were caused by bronchopulmonary dysplasia after respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In 12 of 14 infants, lung function was normal between the ages of 5 days and 1 year. Pediatrics, 59:1012-1018, 1977, LOBAR EMPHYSEMA, BLOOD GASES, REGIONAL LUNG FUNCTION.", "contents": "Infantile lobar hyperinflation: expectant treatment. Arterial blood gases and regional lung function, measured with a 133xenon technique, were used to evalute the physiological defects and follow the natural history of 16 infants with lobar hyperinflation (\"emphysema\"). Hypoxemia was due to V/Q inequality at rest. Worsening of hypoxemia (mean Pao2 delta--26 mm Hg) with crying was due to shunting as a consequence of cessation of ventilation in the involved lobe. Surgery was necessary in three patients. Two deaths were caused by bronchopulmonary dysplasia after respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In 12 of 14 infants, lung function was normal between the ages of 5 days and 1 year. Pediatrics, 59:1012-1018, 1977, LOBAR EMPHYSEMA, BLOOD GASES, REGIONAL LUNG FUNCTION.", "PMID": 325490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9688", "title": "Vitamin E and neonatal hemolysis.", "content": "A study was designed to determine if the presence of vitamin E deficiency during the first week of life played a contributory role in the shortened red cell life span observed in the premature infant. Carboxyhemoglobin values were used as an index of hemolysis. Ten infants received vitamin E administered intramuscularly in a total dose of 125 mg/kg during days 3 to 7 of life; ten infants served as controls. The mean percent carboxyhemoglobin level fell significantly from day 3 to day 8 in the treated group (1.08% to 0.78%) whereas the mean value remained unchanged at 0.96% in the control group. The administration of vitamin E appears to reduce but not eliminate the accelerated red cell destruction that characterizes the preterm infant. Pediatrics, 59:995-997, 1677, VITAMIN E, HEMOLYSIS, PREMATURE INFANT, CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN.", "contents": "Vitamin E and neonatal hemolysis. A study was designed to determine if the presence of vitamin E deficiency during the first week of life played a contributory role in the shortened red cell life span observed in the premature infant. Carboxyhemoglobin values were used as an index of hemolysis. Ten infants received vitamin E administered intramuscularly in a total dose of 125 mg/kg during days 3 to 7 of life; ten infants served as controls. The mean percent carboxyhemoglobin level fell significantly from day 3 to day 8 in the treated group (1.08% to 0.78%) whereas the mean value remained unchanged at 0.96% in the control group. The administration of vitamin E appears to reduce but not eliminate the accelerated red cell destruction that characterizes the preterm infant. Pediatrics, 59:995-997, 1677, VITAMIN E, HEMOLYSIS, PREMATURE INFANT, CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN.", "PMID": 325492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9689", "title": "Note upon steady visual fixation and repeated auditory stimulation in meditation and the laboratory.", "content": "The techniques of steady visual fixation and repetitious auditory input are used in the laboratory for investigating perceptual phenomena and in yoga and meditation for facilitating altered states of awareness. Phenomena related to mild sensory deprivation are reported in both circumstances.", "contents": "Note upon steady visual fixation and repeated auditory stimulation in meditation and the laboratory. The techniques of steady visual fixation and repetitious auditory input are used in the laboratory for investigating perceptual phenomena and in yoga and meditation for facilitating altered states of awareness. Phenomena related to mild sensory deprivation are reported in both circumstances.", "PMID": 325495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9690", "title": "The House-Tree-Person Test as a measure of intelligence and creativity.", "content": "The House-Tree-Person test and a verbal test of mental ability, the Basic Word Vocabulary Test, were administered to 23 male and 27 female, university undergraduates and to 27 boys and 38 girls in Grades 3 to 8. The drawings were given three separate and independent scorings by judges who computed intelligence scores according to the House-Person manual; rated them impressionistically on intelligence, using a forced-distribution method; or rated them impressionistically on creativity, using the same forced-distribution method. The three House-Tree-Person measures were highly intercorrelated for all groups of subjects. All three House-Tree-Person scores also correlated positively and significantly with vocabulary test scores for female university students, as did both Impressionistically derived House-Tree-Person scores for grade-school girls. Male students' and boys' vocabulary scores were unrelated to any of the House-Tree-Person scores. Results suggest that competence in graphic expression operates independently of verbal intelligence in males but validity as a nonverbal test of mental ability and that it can be scored efficiently and reliably by using a global, impressionistic method.", "contents": "The House-Tree-Person Test as a measure of intelligence and creativity. The House-Tree-Person test and a verbal test of mental ability, the Basic Word Vocabulary Test, were administered to 23 male and 27 female, university undergraduates and to 27 boys and 38 girls in Grades 3 to 8. The drawings were given three separate and independent scorings by judges who computed intelligence scores according to the House-Person manual; rated them impressionistically on intelligence, using a forced-distribution method; or rated them impressionistically on creativity, using the same forced-distribution method. The three House-Tree-Person measures were highly intercorrelated for all groups of subjects. All three House-Tree-Person scores also correlated positively and significantly with vocabulary test scores for female university students, as did both Impressionistically derived House-Tree-Person scores for grade-school girls. Male students' and boys' vocabulary scores were unrelated to any of the House-Tree-Person scores. Results suggest that competence in graphic expression operates independently of verbal intelligence in males but validity as a nonverbal test of mental ability and that it can be scored efficiently and reliably by using a global, impressionistic method.", "PMID": 325496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9691", "title": "Spina bifida children's scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.", "content": "An analysis of the scores of 58 cases assessed on the WISC suggested there was differential intellectual prognosis according to type of lesion, the presence of hydrocephalus, degree of physical disability and sex, with girls having the poorer outcome.", "contents": "Spina bifida children's scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. An analysis of the scores of 58 cases assessed on the WISC suggested there was differential intellectual prognosis according to type of lesion, the presence of hydrocephalus, degree of physical disability and sex, with girls having the poorer outcome.", "PMID": 325497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9692", "title": "Cognitive tempo in children and their parents.", "content": "An adoption study was conducted to determine if cognitive tempo (as characterized by errors and latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures Test) is more similar between parents and their biological children or between parents and their adopted children. Zero-order correlations between parents and children were not significant (regardless of familial relationship), but the results of canonical correlations for mean of parents' scores with those of biological and adopted children respectively were consonant with hypothesized values, suggesting a degree of heritability exists. A slight trend for parents' latency to be consistently related to their biological children's latency was noted, but no such trend was present for errors. The heritability of latency versus errors in cognitive tempo is discussed.", "contents": "Cognitive tempo in children and their parents. An adoption study was conducted to determine if cognitive tempo (as characterized by errors and latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures Test) is more similar between parents and their biological children or between parents and their adopted children. Zero-order correlations between parents and children were not significant (regardless of familial relationship), but the results of canonical correlations for mean of parents' scores with those of biological and adopted children respectively were consonant with hypothesized values, suggesting a degree of heritability exists. A slight trend for parents' latency to be consistently related to their biological children's latency was noted, but no such trend was present for errors. The heritability of latency versus errors in cognitive tempo is discussed.", "PMID": 325498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9693", "title": "Validation of graphoanalysis by \"global\" or \"holistic\" method.", "content": "Graphoanalysis is the most systematically developed and best researched of all methods of handwriting analysis (genetically called graphology). This is a projective expressive movement that is neither better nor more poorly validated than most projective techniques as a means of personality assessment, which is inadequate because their subjectivity makes statistical study difficult. With all projective techniques \"sign\" or trait validation has been minimal, and the best validation has come from \"global\" or \"holistic\" methods. The present study presents a paradigm for the latter type of approach to handwriting analysis, using a matching technique with probabilities of 1/5, wherein five subjects were matched by people who knew them to one of five blind Graphoanalyses of the subjects' writing. This design is herein replicated five times, with total data significantly different from chance expectation (p less than .001), supporting the hypothesis that it is possible to evaluate personality through analysis of handwriting.", "contents": "Validation of graphoanalysis by \"global\" or \"holistic\" method. Graphoanalysis is the most systematically developed and best researched of all methods of handwriting analysis (genetically called graphology). This is a projective expressive movement that is neither better nor more poorly validated than most projective techniques as a means of personality assessment, which is inadequate because their subjectivity makes statistical study difficult. With all projective techniques \"sign\" or trait validation has been minimal, and the best validation has come from \"global\" or \"holistic\" methods. The present study presents a paradigm for the latter type of approach to handwriting analysis, using a matching technique with probabilities of 1/5, wherein five subjects were matched by people who knew them to one of five blind Graphoanalyses of the subjects' writing. This design is herein replicated five times, with total data significantly different from chance expectation (p less than .001), supporting the hypothesis that it is possible to evaluate personality through analysis of handwriting.", "PMID": 325499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9694", "title": "An Aeromonas species implicated in ulcer-disease of the cod (Gadus morhua).", "content": "Vibrio anguillarum is the most frequently isolated bacterial species involved in ulcer disease in salt water fish. However, an Aeromonas species was very often incriminated in ulcers and septicaemia in cods (Gadus morhua) in Danish coastal areas. These Aeromonas strains were very uniform in their biochemical activities only differing in growth on Simmons citrate agar, and the mean value for the guanine + cytosine content of DNA was 59 per cent with a standard deviation of 0.4. Primary serological investigations demonstrated a possible identity to O and K antigens. The most characteristic biochemical features of these strains were a gas production from glycerol but not from glucose. They were positive in lysine decarboxylase, did not produce indole, and had a typical fermentation pattern of the glycosides. Negative results were found in H2S production, phosphatase and in the utilization of NH4+ and glucose as the only source of N and C. The evident differences from the species described and subspecies of Aeromonas elucidate the weakness of the existing systems of biotyping. A broader conception of the biochemical spectrum for the individual species of Aeromonas combined with serotyping would seem to be a better system for identification, and also for an epidemiological purpose.", "contents": "An Aeromonas species implicated in ulcer-disease of the cod (Gadus morhua). Vibrio anguillarum is the most frequently isolated bacterial species involved in ulcer disease in salt water fish. However, an Aeromonas species was very often incriminated in ulcers and septicaemia in cods (Gadus morhua) in Danish coastal areas. These Aeromonas strains were very uniform in their biochemical activities only differing in growth on Simmons citrate agar, and the mean value for the guanine + cytosine content of DNA was 59 per cent with a standard deviation of 0.4. Primary serological investigations demonstrated a possible identity to O and K antigens. The most characteristic biochemical features of these strains were a gas production from glycerol but not from glucose. They were positive in lysine decarboxylase, did not produce indole, and had a typical fermentation pattern of the glycosides. Negative results were found in H2S production, phosphatase and in the utilization of NH4+ and glucose as the only source of N and C. The evident differences from the species described and subspecies of Aeromonas elucidate the weakness of the existing systems of biotyping. A broader conception of the biochemical spectrum for the individual species of Aeromonas combined with serotyping would seem to be a better system for identification, and also for an epidemiological purpose.", "PMID": 325501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9695", "title": "Studies of the pathogenesis of enteric E. coli infections in weaned pigs: bacteriological and immunofluorescent studies.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative, bacteriological studies were performed on spontaneous cases of post weaning E. coli diarrhoea (PWD). The pigs derived from a herd, D, in which the disease had persisted for a period of almost 2 years. Orally vaccinated healthy pigs from herd D and from herds A and M without the disease were also examined. The results showed that haemolytic E. coli were frequently isolated from faecal samples which had been collected 5--7 days after weaning but seldom from samples from the same pigs collected before weaning. Haemolytic E. coli dominated the aerobic intestinal flora at 3--5 days after weaning in pigs from herd D with PWD. Oral vaccination using a formalinized vaccine delayed and suppressed the occurrence of haemolytic E. coli in pigs from herd D (Table I). Intestinal counts of the bacteria showed that the number of haemolytic E. coli present in the anterior portion of the jejunum was 10(-3)--10(-5) times higher in pigs which suffered from PWD than in weaned pigs of the same age which did not show symptoms of the disease (Table II). The lowest bacterial counts in various portions of the intestine were consistently observed in the sections obtained from the orally vaccinated healthy pigs. Pure cultures of K88-negative enteropathogenic E. coli serotype O149:K91 were consistently isolated from all the diseased pigs. Fluorescent antibody studies showed that the specific strain of bacteria adhered to the villous epithelium of the jejunum in a layer which covered the villi from the tip to the base and sometimes continued down into the crypts (Figure 1). The bacterial adhesion coincided with an intensive colonization of the jejunum with the homologous E. coli serotype and was nerve observed in apparently healthy pigs which did not have symptoms of PWD. It was concluded that characteristic intestinal colonization by adhesion may occur with enteropathogenic strains of E. coli O149:K91 which lack the K88 antigen (Figure 2).", "contents": "Studies of the pathogenesis of enteric E. coli infections in weaned pigs: bacteriological and immunofluorescent studies. Qualitative and quantitative, bacteriological studies were performed on spontaneous cases of post weaning E. coli diarrhoea (PWD). The pigs derived from a herd, D, in which the disease had persisted for a period of almost 2 years. Orally vaccinated healthy pigs from herd D and from herds A and M without the disease were also examined. The results showed that haemolytic E. coli were frequently isolated from faecal samples which had been collected 5--7 days after weaning but seldom from samples from the same pigs collected before weaning. Haemolytic E. coli dominated the aerobic intestinal flora at 3--5 days after weaning in pigs from herd D with PWD. Oral vaccination using a formalinized vaccine delayed and suppressed the occurrence of haemolytic E. coli in pigs from herd D (Table I). Intestinal counts of the bacteria showed that the number of haemolytic E. coli present in the anterior portion of the jejunum was 10(-3)--10(-5) times higher in pigs which suffered from PWD than in weaned pigs of the same age which did not show symptoms of the disease (Table II). The lowest bacterial counts in various portions of the intestine were consistently observed in the sections obtained from the orally vaccinated healthy pigs. Pure cultures of K88-negative enteropathogenic E. coli serotype O149:K91 were consistently isolated from all the diseased pigs. Fluorescent antibody studies showed that the specific strain of bacteria adhered to the villous epithelium of the jejunum in a layer which covered the villi from the tip to the base and sometimes continued down into the crypts (Figure 1). The bacterial adhesion coincided with an intensive colonization of the jejunum with the homologous E. coli serotype and was nerve observed in apparently healthy pigs which did not have symptoms of PWD. It was concluded that characteristic intestinal colonization by adhesion may occur with enteropathogenic strains of E. coli O149:K91 which lack the K88 antigen (Figure 2).", "PMID": 325502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9696", "title": "An epizootic of Mycobacterium intracellulare, serotype 8 infection in swine.", "content": "Eight strains of mycobacteria isolated from tuberculous lymph nodes of swine were identified as Mycobacterium intracellulare, serotype 8. The infected swine were borne in a large breeding herd and as 8 weeks old piglets distributed to a number of farms for fattening. Autopsy material from the breeding herd, incriminated as the primary source of M. intracellulare, serotype 8 infection, has not been available for bacteriological examination, but none of a number of sows slaughtered showed any visible lesions. The organism, however, was isolated from sawdust-bedding and dust collected in pigpens. Eight samples of water collected from the well and several pipelines and taps of the automatic watering system in the infected pigpens all turned out negative. Results of medical examination of 7 farmworkers from farm G excluded the possibility of a human source of infection. Altogether 799 out of about 2000 piglets raised at farm G. and distributed for fattening to 7 different farms were detained for tuberculosis-like lesions when slaughtered some three months later. In none of the seven farms did spread of the infection occur, and despite no special measures of segregation and disinfection were taken, the M. intracellulare infection left the premises with the last pig from farm G. Neither in sow herd G. animal to animal infection seemed important. Following a rigid practice of cleaning and disinfection of the sow pens in between each litter, the infection which apparently had persisted in the environment for about nine months, disappeared and the sow herd could be saved.", "contents": "An epizootic of Mycobacterium intracellulare, serotype 8 infection in swine. Eight strains of mycobacteria isolated from tuberculous lymph nodes of swine were identified as Mycobacterium intracellulare, serotype 8. The infected swine were borne in a large breeding herd and as 8 weeks old piglets distributed to a number of farms for fattening. Autopsy material from the breeding herd, incriminated as the primary source of M. intracellulare, serotype 8 infection, has not been available for bacteriological examination, but none of a number of sows slaughtered showed any visible lesions. The organism, however, was isolated from sawdust-bedding and dust collected in pigpens. Eight samples of water collected from the well and several pipelines and taps of the automatic watering system in the infected pigpens all turned out negative. Results of medical examination of 7 farmworkers from farm G excluded the possibility of a human source of infection. Altogether 799 out of about 2000 piglets raised at farm G. and distributed for fattening to 7 different farms were detained for tuberculosis-like lesions when slaughtered some three months later. In none of the seven farms did spread of the infection occur, and despite no special measures of segregation and disinfection were taken, the M. intracellulare infection left the premises with the last pig from farm G. Neither in sow herd G. animal to animal infection seemed important. Following a rigid practice of cleaning and disinfection of the sow pens in between each litter, the infection which apparently had persisted in the environment for about nine months, disappeared and the sow herd could be saved.", "PMID": 325503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9697", "title": "Differential requirements for polypeptide chain initiation complex formation at the three bacteriophage R17 initiator regions.", "content": "The initiation specificity of washed E. coli ribosomes in the presence and absence of purified initiation factors and/or S1 protein has been examined in protection experiments using 32P-labelled R17 RNA. We find that the three bacteriophage initiator regions do not exhibit equal requirements for either of these components during initiation complex formation. Specifically, both factors and S1 stimulate ribosome binding to the beginnings of the coat and replicase cistrons to a greater extent than they promote recognition of the A protein initiation site. The differential effects are therefore inversely correlated with the degree of mRNA-16S rRNA complementarity exhibited by the three initiator regions. We also observe that S1 suppresses ribosome binding to spurious sites in the R17 RNA.", "contents": "Differential requirements for polypeptide chain initiation complex formation at the three bacteriophage R17 initiator regions. The initiation specificity of washed E. coli ribosomes in the presence and absence of purified initiation factors and/or S1 protein has been examined in protection experiments using 32P-labelled R17 RNA. We find that the three bacteriophage initiator regions do not exhibit equal requirements for either of these components during initiation complex formation. Specifically, both factors and S1 stimulate ribosome binding to the beginnings of the coat and replicase cistrons to a greater extent than they promote recognition of the A protein initiation site. The differential effects are therefore inversely correlated with the degree of mRNA-16S rRNA complementarity exhibited by the three initiator regions. We also observe that S1 suppresses ribosome binding to spurious sites in the R17 RNA.", "PMID": 325516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9698", "title": "Requirement of chain initiation factor 3 and ribosomal protein S1 in translation of synthetic and natural messenger RNA.", "content": "Amino acid incorporation directed by poly(A), poly(U) or R17 RNA has been examined in S1-depleted protein synthesizing systems. We observe that the translation of either synthetic or natural messenger RNA is strictly dependent on the presence of chain initiation factor 3 and ribosomal protein S1. With poly(A) or poly(U) both IF-3 and S1 stimulate amino acid incorporation at least 25-fold, and with R17 RNA the stimulation is approximately 15-fold. More than one copy of S1 per ribosome decreases amino acid incorporation directed by poly(U) or R17 RNA. Initiation complex formation with R17 RNA is also stimulated optimally by the addition of one copy of S1 per ribosome. The function of IF-3 and S1 in protein synthesis is considered.", "contents": "Requirement of chain initiation factor 3 and ribosomal protein S1 in translation of synthetic and natural messenger RNA. Amino acid incorporation directed by poly(A), poly(U) or R17 RNA has been examined in S1-depleted protein synthesizing systems. We observe that the translation of either synthetic or natural messenger RNA is strictly dependent on the presence of chain initiation factor 3 and ribosomal protein S1. With poly(A) or poly(U) both IF-3 and S1 stimulate amino acid incorporation at least 25-fold, and with R17 RNA the stimulation is approximately 15-fold. More than one copy of S1 per ribosome decreases amino acid incorporation directed by poly(U) or R17 RNA. Initiation complex formation with R17 RNA is also stimulated optimally by the addition of one copy of S1 per ribosome. The function of IF-3 and S1 in protein synthesis is considered.", "PMID": 325517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9699", "title": "The iminoproton NMR spectrum of yeast tRNA-Phe predicted from crystal coordinates.", "content": "The ring current effects on the base paired iminoprotons in yeast tRNA-Phe have been calculated from crystal coordinates. The results in conjunction with independently determined intrinsic positions of the iminoprotons in various base pairs enable us to predict the low field NMR spectrum of yeast tRNA-Phe. It turns out that the calculated NMR spectra are very sensitive to slight changes in structure. Moreover the crystal and solution structure are identical as far as the present methods go.", "contents": "The iminoproton NMR spectrum of yeast tRNA-Phe predicted from crystal coordinates. The ring current effects on the base paired iminoprotons in yeast tRNA-Phe have been calculated from crystal coordinates. The results in conjunction with independently determined intrinsic positions of the iminoprotons in various base pairs enable us to predict the low field NMR spectrum of yeast tRNA-Phe. It turns out that the calculated NMR spectra are very sensitive to slight changes in structure. Moreover the crystal and solution structure are identical as far as the present methods go.", "PMID": 325518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9700", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance spectra of tRNA-Met-f from Thermus thermophilus.", "content": "220 MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra of tRNAs in bulk and tRNA-Met-f from Thermus thermophilus have been measured and compared with those of tRNAs from E. coli. Temperature dependences and chemical shift positions of the bulk tRNAs are well explained by the difference in their GC contents. It is known that the base sequence of the double helical regions in the cloverleaf structure of T. thermophilus tRNA-Met-f is different from that of E. coli tRNA-Met-f only at two positions in TpsiCarm; one more C:G pair is contained instead of a U:G pair of E. coli tRNA-Met-f and a C:G pair of E. coli is replaced by a G:C pair. In spite of the resembrance in the base sequences, nmr patterns around 13 ppm are fairly different from each other. The difference is discussed in relation with their tertiary structures and with the origin of chemical shift displacements.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance spectra of tRNA-Met-f from Thermus thermophilus. 220 MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra of tRNAs in bulk and tRNA-Met-f from Thermus thermophilus have been measured and compared with those of tRNAs from E. coli. Temperature dependences and chemical shift positions of the bulk tRNAs are well explained by the difference in their GC contents. It is known that the base sequence of the double helical regions in the cloverleaf structure of T. thermophilus tRNA-Met-f is different from that of E. coli tRNA-Met-f only at two positions in TpsiCarm; one more C:G pair is contained instead of a U:G pair of E. coli tRNA-Met-f and a C:G pair of E. coli is replaced by a G:C pair. In spite of the resembrance in the base sequences, nmr patterns around 13 ppm are fairly different from each other. The difference is discussed in relation with their tertiary structures and with the origin of chemical shift displacements.", "PMID": 325519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9701", "title": "On the binding of aminoalkyl adenylates to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli MRE 600.", "content": "The binding of nine aminoalkyl adenylates to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli MRE 600 was measured and compared with the binding of the cognate amino acids. It was found that they bind rather tightly to the enzyme, the Kd's ranging from 3.1.10(-4) M with glycinol-AMP ester to 3.7.10(-9) M with L-isoleucinol-AMP ester. The binding is not affected by magnesium. It is shown that the free energies of binding of the esters can be calculated adding a constant contribution of the AMP-moiety of about - 4.1 (- 17) kcal/mole (kJ/mole) to the free energies of binding of the cognate amino acids, which we have reported earlier (19, 25, 26).", "contents": "On the binding of aminoalkyl adenylates to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli MRE 600. The binding of nine aminoalkyl adenylates to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli MRE 600 was measured and compared with the binding of the cognate amino acids. It was found that they bind rather tightly to the enzyme, the Kd's ranging from 3.1.10(-4) M with glycinol-AMP ester to 3.7.10(-9) M with L-isoleucinol-AMP ester. The binding is not affected by magnesium. It is shown that the free energies of binding of the esters can be calculated adding a constant contribution of the AMP-moiety of about - 4.1 (- 17) kcal/mole (kJ/mole) to the free energies of binding of the cognate amino acids, which we have reported earlier (19, 25, 26).", "PMID": 325520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9702", "title": "Synthesis of oligonucleotides with sequences identical with or analogous to the 3'-end of 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli: preparation of m-6-2-A-C-C-U-C-C and A-C-C-U-C-m-4-2C via phosphotriester intermediates.", "content": "The synthesis of two fully-protected hexanucleotides (11a and 11b) via a phosphotriester approach, which is based on the use of two types of protecting groups for the internucleotide linkages, i.e. one 2,2,2-tribromo-ethyl at the 5'-terminus and four 2-chlorophenyl groups for the remaining linkages, is reported. The hexanucleotides 11a and 11b, assembled via a block-wise two-step phosphotriester method, can be deblocked conveniently to give the two hexamers 12a and 12b containing only 3'leads to5' internucleotide linkages.", "contents": "Synthesis of oligonucleotides with sequences identical with or analogous to the 3'-end of 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli: preparation of m-6-2-A-C-C-U-C-C and A-C-C-U-C-m-4-2C via phosphotriester intermediates. The synthesis of two fully-protected hexanucleotides (11a and 11b) via a phosphotriester approach, which is based on the use of two types of protecting groups for the internucleotide linkages, i.e. one 2,2,2-tribromo-ethyl at the 5'-terminus and four 2-chlorophenyl groups for the remaining linkages, is reported. The hexanucleotides 11a and 11b, assembled via a block-wise two-step phosphotriester method, can be deblocked conveniently to give the two hexamers 12a and 12b containing only 3'leads to5' internucleotide linkages.", "PMID": 325521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9703", "title": "DNA-synthesis with methylated poly(dA-dT) templates: possible role of O4-methylthymine as a pro-mutagenic base.", "content": "The alternating copolymer poly(dA-dT) has been methylated with either dimethyl sulphate (DMS) or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and the levels of the various methylation products determined. In addition to the methylated adenines formed by both methylating agents, MNU resulted also in the formation of 3-methylthymine, O4-methylthymine and phosphotriesters. The methylated polymers have been ution of complementary and non-complementary nucleotides determined. With the DMS methylated template no wrong nucleotide incorporation was detectable, but with the MNU methylated polymer the incorporation of dGMP was observed. The amount of dGMP incorporated correlated with the level of O4-methylthymine in the template over the range of methylation studied. The results indicate that O4-methylthymine is capable of miscoding on a one-to-one basis while the products of DMS methylation (1-, 3- and 7-methyladenines), and also possibly the phosphotriesters, do not lead to any misincorporation.", "contents": "DNA-synthesis with methylated poly(dA-dT) templates: possible role of O4-methylthymine as a pro-mutagenic base. The alternating copolymer poly(dA-dT) has been methylated with either dimethyl sulphate (DMS) or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and the levels of the various methylation products determined. In addition to the methylated adenines formed by both methylating agents, MNU resulted also in the formation of 3-methylthymine, O4-methylthymine and phosphotriesters. The methylated polymers have been ution of complementary and non-complementary nucleotides determined. With the DMS methylated template no wrong nucleotide incorporation was detectable, but with the MNU methylated polymer the incorporation of dGMP was observed. The amount of dGMP incorporated correlated with the level of O4-methylthymine in the template over the range of methylation studied. The results indicate that O4-methylthymine is capable of miscoding on a one-to-one basis while the products of DMS methylation (1-, 3- and 7-methyladenines), and also possibly the phosphotriesters, do not lead to any misincorporation.", "PMID": 325522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9704", "title": "The sequence specificity of a mammalian DNA methylase.", "content": "The sequence specificity of an extensively purified DNA methylase preparation from Krebs II mouse ascites cells has been examined. The enzyme appears to be highly sequence dependent. Moreover the sequence distribution of cytosine residues that are methylated, bears a very close resemblance to the sequence distribution of 5'-methyl cytosine found in vivo in a wide range of vertebrate cells and is consistent with methylation of cytosines in the sequence R-Yn-C-R.", "contents": "The sequence specificity of a mammalian DNA methylase. The sequence specificity of an extensively purified DNA methylase preparation from Krebs II mouse ascites cells has been examined. The enzyme appears to be highly sequence dependent. Moreover the sequence distribution of cytosine residues that are methylated, bears a very close resemblance to the sequence distribution of 5'-methyl cytosine found in vivo in a wide range of vertebrate cells and is consistent with methylation of cytosines in the sequence R-Yn-C-R.", "PMID": 325523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9705", "title": "Synthesis of oligonucleotides with sequences identical with or analogous to the 3'-end of 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli: preparation of A-C-C-U-C-C via the modified phosphotriester method.", "content": "A combination of two different methods for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides, i.e. the two-step phosphotriester method with 2-chlorophenyl phosphate as bifunctional phosphate source and the modified triester method with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 2-chlorophenyl phosphorochloridate as monofunctional phosphate source, is applied for the synthesis of the fully-protected hexaribonucleotide A-C-C-U-C-C. The two-step method is used for the synthesis of the required dinucleotide monophosphates 9, 10 and 11. Application of the modified triester method for the coupling of the oligonucleotide blocks results in the formation of the fully-protected hexamer 15. Furthermore, attention is paid to 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulphonyl 4-nitroimidazolide as a new condensing agent for the coupling of larger oligonucleotide blocks.", "contents": "Synthesis of oligonucleotides with sequences identical with or analogous to the 3'-end of 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli: preparation of A-C-C-U-C-C via the modified phosphotriester method. A combination of two different methods for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides, i.e. the two-step phosphotriester method with 2-chlorophenyl phosphate as bifunctional phosphate source and the modified triester method with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 2-chlorophenyl phosphorochloridate as monofunctional phosphate source, is applied for the synthesis of the fully-protected hexaribonucleotide A-C-C-U-C-C. The two-step method is used for the synthesis of the required dinucleotide monophosphates 9, 10 and 11. Application of the modified triester method for the coupling of the oligonucleotide blocks results in the formation of the fully-protected hexamer 15. Furthermore, attention is paid to 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulphonyl 4-nitroimidazolide as a new condensing agent for the coupling of larger oligonucleotide blocks.", "PMID": 325524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9706", "title": "Specific cleavage of ribosomal RNA caused by alpha sarcin.", "content": "Alpha sarcin causes the specific cleavage of RNA from 80S ribosomes and 60S subunits of yeast, but not from the 40S subunits to produce a small RNA fragment. The fragment was also produced on treatment of the 60S subunits of wheat germ ribosomes. The fragment has a molecular weight of 100,000 and is a cleavage product of the large RNA species in the 60S subunits. The fragment is not derived from the 5'end of the yeast 25S RNA nor does it bind to 5.8S RNA and we propose that the fragment represents the 3' terminal 320 nucleotides of 25S rRNA. The ability to produce fragment could not be separated from the ability of alpha sarcin to inhibit protein synthesis. Alpha sarcin also causes the specific cleavage of the 23S RNA of the E. coli subunit to produce a smaller fragment of RNA than that produced from eukaryote ribosomes.", "contents": "Specific cleavage of ribosomal RNA caused by alpha sarcin. Alpha sarcin causes the specific cleavage of RNA from 80S ribosomes and 60S subunits of yeast, but not from the 40S subunits to produce a small RNA fragment. The fragment was also produced on treatment of the 60S subunits of wheat germ ribosomes. The fragment has a molecular weight of 100,000 and is a cleavage product of the large RNA species in the 60S subunits. The fragment is not derived from the 5'end of the yeast 25S RNA nor does it bind to 5.8S RNA and we propose that the fragment represents the 3' terminal 320 nucleotides of 25S rRNA. The ability to produce fragment could not be separated from the ability of alpha sarcin to inhibit protein synthesis. Alpha sarcin also causes the specific cleavage of the 23S RNA of the E. coli subunit to produce a smaller fragment of RNA than that produced from eukaryote ribosomes.", "PMID": 325525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9707", "title": "Transcription in vitro of bacteriophage lambda 4S RNA: studies on termination and rho protein.", "content": "When bacteriophage lambdapga18 DNA is transcribed in a purified in vitro system by E. coli RNA polymerase (nucleoside triphosphate: RNA nucleotidyl-transferase, EC 2.7.7.6), several major transcripts are synthesized. We have investigated transcriptional termination of one of these transcripts, the 4S, or \"oop\" RNA. Analysis by two-dimensional \"fingerprinting\" of T1 oligonucleotides reveals that transcription of the 4S RNA terminates at a specific site on the lambdapga18 DNA template, t-L with an efficiency of approximately 80%, i.e. 20% of transcripts are extended into larger RNAs. Addition of the E. coli protein rho to our transcription reactions has two effects: a) the efficiency of termination at the t-L site is increased to 100%; b) the number of 4S transcripts synthesized is increased by greater than 5-fold. Rho appears to stimulate 4S RNA synthesis by facilitating more rapid release of RNA polymerase from the t-L' termination site.", "contents": "Transcription in vitro of bacteriophage lambda 4S RNA: studies on termination and rho protein. When bacteriophage lambdapga18 DNA is transcribed in a purified in vitro system by E. coli RNA polymerase (nucleoside triphosphate: RNA nucleotidyl-transferase, EC 2.7.7.6), several major transcripts are synthesized. We have investigated transcriptional termination of one of these transcripts, the 4S, or \"oop\" RNA. Analysis by two-dimensional \"fingerprinting\" of T1 oligonucleotides reveals that transcription of the 4S RNA terminates at a specific site on the lambdapga18 DNA template, t-L with an efficiency of approximately 80%, i.e. 20% of transcripts are extended into larger RNAs. Addition of the E. coli protein rho to our transcription reactions has two effects: a) the efficiency of termination at the t-L site is increased to 100%; b) the number of 4S transcripts synthesized is increased by greater than 5-fold. Rho appears to stimulate 4S RNA synthesis by facilitating more rapid release of RNA polymerase from the t-L' termination site.", "PMID": 325526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9708", "title": "The presence of RNase II in high salt washed E. coli ribosomes: effect on circular dichroism of ribosomal complexes.", "content": "Traces of the exonuclease RNAse II are retained by E. coli ribosomes purified by conventional high salt washing. The residual activity can give rise to serious artifacts, especially in physical studies.", "contents": "The presence of RNase II in high salt washed E. coli ribosomes: effect on circular dichroism of ribosomal complexes. Traces of the exonuclease RNAse II are retained by E. coli ribosomes purified by conventional high salt washing. The residual activity can give rise to serious artifacts, especially in physical studies.", "PMID": 325527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9709", "title": "Effect of salt on the transcription of T7 DNA by RNA polymerase from T4 phage-infected E.coli.", "content": "Transcription of T7 DNA by T4 core enzyme with host sigma is more sensitive to KCI than that by host core enzyme with host sigma. When salt is added after initiation of RNA chains has occurred, it is not inhibitory. Salt affects the binding of T4 enzyme to T7  DNA to the same degree as the binding of host enzyme. Active preinitiation complex formation is inhibited more by salt with the T4 enzyme and the inhibition is temperature-dependent.", "contents": "Effect of salt on the transcription of T7 DNA by RNA polymerase from T4 phage-infected E.coli. Transcription of T7 DNA by T4 core enzyme with host sigma is more sensitive to KCI than that by host core enzyme with host sigma. When salt is added after initiation of RNA chains has occurred, it is not inhibitory. Salt affects the binding of T4 enzyme to T7  DNA to the same degree as the binding of host enzyme. Active preinitiation complex formation is inhibited more by salt with the T4 enzyme and the inhibition is temperature-dependent.", "PMID": 325528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9710", "title": "The status of community health nursing research.", "content": "Community health nursing research studies and methodology articles published in English in journals during the years 1972-1976 are reviewed. The subjects studied, the investigators, and the methodology employed are discussed with recommendations for improved research methodology and utilization.", "contents": "The status of community health nursing research. Community health nursing research studies and methodology articles published in English in journals during the years 1972-1976 are reviewed. The subjects studied, the investigators, and the methodology employed are discussed with recommendations for improved research methodology and utilization.", "PMID": 325529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9711", "title": "Research in the field of psychiatric nursing: 1952-1977.", "content": "This review and assessment of research in the area of psychiatric nursing discusses guiding assumptions which have provided the underpinnings for research in the field, a chronological view of the research with comments on the methods of the times, and a discussion of trends and future directions.", "contents": "Research in the field of psychiatric nursing: 1952-1977. This review and assessment of research in the area of psychiatric nursing discusses guiding assumptions which have provided the underpinnings for research in the field, a chronological view of the research with comments on the methods of the times, and a discussion of trends and future directions.", "PMID": 325530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9712", "title": "Sizing acute myocardial infarcts: present limitations and potential approaches.", "content": "It is now possible by scintigraphic imaging to identify the presence of acute transmural or nontransmural myocardial infarcts by noninvasive techniques and to localize acute transmural infarcts. Radionuclide blood-pool scintigraphy allows assessment of the impact of old and new myocardial damage on left ventricular function.", "contents": "Sizing acute myocardial infarcts: present limitations and potential approaches. It is now possible by scintigraphic imaging to identify the presence of acute transmural or nontransmural myocardial infarcts by noninvasive techniques and to localize acute transmural infarcts. Radionuclide blood-pool scintigraphy allows assessment of the impact of old and new myocardial damage on left ventricular function.", "PMID": 325546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9713", "title": "[Molecular weight and several features of the structure of yeast polysaccharides possessing antiviral properties].", "content": "By the methods of biogel R-10, R-30, R-60 and R-200 gel filtration, sedimentation analysis and IR-spectroscopy polysaccharides isolated from yeast Candida tropicalis 3b, C. arborea KAM-1 and a commercial yeast extract (Merck) were investigated. The effect of the preparations on TMV was also studied. Polysaccharides consisted primarily of glucanes with a molecular weight of 10000-16500. The yeast extract preparation also included mannane with a molecular weight of 48000. IV-spectra of the purified preparations were in the main identical and were typical of polysaccharides. The mannane containing preparation inhibited TMV more significantly that glucane containing preparations. The interaction between physical parameters, structure and biological activity of the biopolymers tested is discussed.", "contents": "[Molecular weight and several features of the structure of yeast polysaccharides possessing antiviral properties]. By the methods of biogel R-10, R-30, R-60 and R-200 gel filtration, sedimentation analysis and IR-spectroscopy polysaccharides isolated from yeast Candida tropicalis 3b, C. arborea KAM-1 and a commercial yeast extract (Merck) were investigated. The effect of the preparations on TMV was also studied. Polysaccharides consisted primarily of glucanes with a molecular weight of 10000-16500. The yeast extract preparation also included mannane with a molecular weight of 48000. IV-spectra of the purified preparations were in the main identical and were typical of polysaccharides. The mannane containing preparation inhibited TMV more significantly that glucane containing preparations. The interaction between physical parameters, structure and biological activity of the biopolymers tested is discussed.", "PMID": 325548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9714", "title": "Affinity of intact Escherichia coli for hydrophobic membrane probes is a function of the physiological state of the cells.", "content": "The fluorescence parameters of several common membrane probes in the presence of whole E. coli have been examined. The probes included electrically neutral lipophilic molecules N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, pyrene, and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as well as the negatively charged molecule 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate. It is demonstrated in each case that certain fluorescence parameters are a function of the state of energization of the cells. All the probes appear to monitor structural changes in the E. coli envelope which accompany the energization and de-energization of the cells. tthe phenomenon is completely reversible as demonstrated by re-energizing anoxic cells by the addition of oxygen, or starved cells by the addition of substrate. All the results are qualitatively consistent with an increased binding of probe by de-energized cells and a subsequent expulsion of probe when the cells are re-energized. A pyrene substituted with a photosensitive group, 1-azidopyrene, has been synthesized. Photolysis in the presence of a suspension of energized E. coli reveals a relatively small amount of probe irreversibly bound to the cells. However, in the presence of cells that have been de-energized the amount of irreversibly bound probe is dramatically increased. This molecule should be useful for localizing the regions of the bacterial envelope that are involved in the structural changes being monitored in these experiments.", "contents": "Affinity of intact Escherichia coli for hydrophobic membrane probes is a function of the physiological state of the cells. The fluorescence parameters of several common membrane probes in the presence of whole E. coli have been examined. The probes included electrically neutral lipophilic molecules N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, pyrene, and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as well as the negatively charged molecule 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate. It is demonstrated in each case that certain fluorescence parameters are a function of the state of energization of the cells. All the probes appear to monitor structural changes in the E. coli envelope which accompany the energization and de-energization of the cells. tthe phenomenon is completely reversible as demonstrated by re-energizing anoxic cells by the addition of oxygen, or starved cells by the addition of substrate. All the results are qualitatively consistent with an increased binding of probe by de-energized cells and a subsequent expulsion of probe when the cells are re-energized. A pyrene substituted with a photosensitive group, 1-azidopyrene, has been synthesized. Photolysis in the presence of a suspension of energized E. coli reveals a relatively small amount of probe irreversibly bound to the cells. However, in the presence of cells that have been de-energized the amount of irreversibly bound probe is dramatically increased. This molecule should be useful for localizing the regions of the bacterial envelope that are involved in the structural changes being monitored in these experiments.", "PMID": 325554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9715", "title": "Chromosomal location of a structural gene for the RNA polymerase sigma factor in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A set of F' strains of Escherichia coli K-12 partially diploid for various chromosomal segments has been examined for possible gene dosage effects in the synthesis of sigma factor of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleoti-dyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6). It was found that all F' strains diploid for the dnaG region synthesize sigma at rates two to three times higher than other F' or F- strains. Moreover, strains of Salmonella typhimurium harboring these F' plasmids produce E. coli sigma in addition to Salmonella sigma. This has been shown on the basis of the finding that Salmonella sigma can be precipitated with antiserum against E. coli RNA polymerase but is distinguishable from E. coli sigma in its mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. E. coli sigma polypeptides thus produced seem to be stable in cells of S. typhimurium. These results indicate that a structural gene for sigma (rpoD) is located at the metC-argG region, probably near the dnaG locus (66 min on the current genetic map of E. coli).", "contents": "Chromosomal location of a structural gene for the RNA polymerase sigma factor in Escherichia coli. A set of F' strains of Escherichia coli K-12 partially diploid for various chromosomal segments has been examined for possible gene dosage effects in the synthesis of sigma factor of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleoti-dyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6). It was found that all F' strains diploid for the dnaG region synthesize sigma at rates two to three times higher than other F' or F- strains. Moreover, strains of Salmonella typhimurium harboring these F' plasmids produce E. coli sigma in addition to Salmonella sigma. This has been shown on the basis of the finding that Salmonella sigma can be precipitated with antiserum against E. coli RNA polymerase but is distinguishable from E. coli sigma in its mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. E. coli sigma polypeptides thus produced seem to be stable in cells of S. typhimurium. These results indicate that a structural gene for sigma (rpoD) is located at the metC-argG region, probably near the dnaG locus (66 min on the current genetic map of E. coli).", "PMID": 325555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9716", "title": "A gene from Escherichia coli affecting the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase.", "content": "The RNA polymerase sigma subunits of Escherichia coli K, E. coli C, and Salmonella typhimurium can be resolved by electrophoresis. Using this technique, we have analyzed Salmonella strains carrying F' plasmids from E. coli K in order to map the gene for the sigma factor. Partial diploid analyses show the location of the sigma gene at 62-66 min on the E. coli genetic map. This gene is cotransducible with toIC and dnaG, at 66 min.", "contents": "A gene from Escherichia coli affecting the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase. The RNA polymerase sigma subunits of Escherichia coli K, E. coli C, and Salmonella typhimurium can be resolved by electrophoresis. Using this technique, we have analyzed Salmonella strains carrying F' plasmids from E. coli K in order to map the gene for the sigma factor. Partial diploid analyses show the location of the sigma gene at 62-66 min on the E. coli genetic map. This gene is cotransducible with toIC and dnaG, at 66 min.", "PMID": 325556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9717", "title": "Microenvironment of the binding site in the lac carrier protein.", "content": "Studies with a homologous series of (N-dansyl)aminoalkyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranosides containing two to six methylene carbons bridging the galactosyl and dansyl ends of the molecules are described. The compounds were utilized in radioactive and nonradioactive form, and binding of each homologue to membrane vesicles isolated from Escherichia coli ML 308-225 was measured directly by flow dialysis in the presence of D-lactate. The results are compared with the D-lactate-induced fluorescence enhancement observed with each dansylgalactoside and with the ability of N-methylpicolinium perchlorate to quench the fluorescence of the bound homologues. The binding affinity of the lac carrier protein for the probes varies directly with the length of the alkyl linkage, and the same number of binding sites is observed with each homologue. In contrast, however, the increase in fluorescence observed upon binding varies dramatically as the alkyl chain is increased in length, with the fluorescence exhibiting maximal values at two and six methylene carbons and a minimum at four methylene carbons. Furthermore, quenching by N-methylpicolinium perchlorate exhibits an inverse relationship and maximum quenching is observed with the 4 carbon homologue. Possible reasons for this behavior are discussed.", "contents": "Microenvironment of the binding site in the lac carrier protein. Studies with a homologous series of (N-dansyl)aminoalkyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranosides containing two to six methylene carbons bridging the galactosyl and dansyl ends of the molecules are described. The compounds were utilized in radioactive and nonradioactive form, and binding of each homologue to membrane vesicles isolated from Escherichia coli ML 308-225 was measured directly by flow dialysis in the presence of D-lactate. The results are compared with the D-lactate-induced fluorescence enhancement observed with each dansylgalactoside and with the ability of N-methylpicolinium perchlorate to quench the fluorescence of the bound homologues. The binding affinity of the lac carrier protein for the probes varies directly with the length of the alkyl linkage, and the same number of binding sites is observed with each homologue. In contrast, however, the increase in fluorescence observed upon binding varies dramatically as the alkyl chain is increased in length, with the fluorescence exhibiting maximal values at two and six methylene carbons and a minimum at four methylene carbons. Furthermore, quenching by N-methylpicolinium perchlorate exhibits an inverse relationship and maximum quenching is observed with the 4 carbon homologue. Possible reasons for this behavior are discussed.", "PMID": 325557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9718", "title": "Origin of replication of colicin E1 plasmid DNA.", "content": "Cleavage maps of colicin E1 plasmid DNA and its smaller derivative, pNT1 DNA, were constructed by using restriction endonucleases. The nucleotide sequence of a region that contains the orgin of replication was determined. The site of the nucleotide from which DNA replication is initiated was determined with 6S L-fragments, the DNA fragment first made on colicin E1 plasmid DNA. The fragments were labeled with [gamma-32P]ATP and polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase (ATP:5'-dephosphopolynucleotide 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.78) at the 5'-OH groups which were uncovered by alkali treatment. The site is one of three consecutive nucleotides, dA, dA, and dC, located at a unique position. One or a few rA residues were found to be attached to some of the DNA molecules. The transition from the primer RNA to DNA occurs in a region consisting of a segment of five A residues. Both sides of this segment are rich in G and C.", "contents": "Origin of replication of colicin E1 plasmid DNA. Cleavage maps of colicin E1 plasmid DNA and its smaller derivative, pNT1 DNA, were constructed by using restriction endonucleases. The nucleotide sequence of a region that contains the orgin of replication was determined. The site of the nucleotide from which DNA replication is initiated was determined with 6S L-fragments, the DNA fragment first made on colicin E1 plasmid DNA. The fragments were labeled with [gamma-32P]ATP and polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase (ATP:5'-dephosphopolynucleotide 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.78) at the 5'-OH groups which were uncovered by alkali treatment. The site is one of three consecutive nucleotides, dA, dA, and dC, located at a unique position. One or a few rA residues were found to be attached to some of the DNA molecules. The transition from the primer RNA to DNA occurs in a region consisting of a segment of five A residues. Both sides of this segment are rich in G and C.", "PMID": 325558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9719", "title": "Albumin synthesis in mouse uterus in response to liver mRNA.", "content": "Messenger RNA was isolated, by means of its attachment to poly(A), from calf liver and the livers of mice, rats, and chickens. When injected into the uterine lumen of immature or spayed mice, both mouse albumin and the albumins characteristic of the species donating the mRNA were synthesized. Studies with inhibitors disclosed that puromycin blocked the synthesis of both albumin species, while dactinomycin affected only mouse albumin synthesis. It appears, therefore, that in the experimental situation used, the function of exogenous liver mRNA is 2-fold: (i) it programs the synthesis of alien albumin in uterine epithelial cells, and (ii) it stimulates the synthesis of mRNA in epithelial cells. The mRNA thus produced primes the synthesis of mouse albumin.", "contents": "Albumin synthesis in mouse uterus in response to liver mRNA. Messenger RNA was isolated, by means of its attachment to poly(A), from calf liver and the livers of mice, rats, and chickens. When injected into the uterine lumen of immature or spayed mice, both mouse albumin and the albumins characteristic of the species donating the mRNA were synthesized. Studies with inhibitors disclosed that puromycin blocked the synthesis of both albumin species, while dactinomycin affected only mouse albumin synthesis. It appears, therefore, that in the experimental situation used, the function of exogenous liver mRNA is 2-fold: (i) it programs the synthesis of alien albumin in uterine epithelial cells, and (ii) it stimulates the synthesis of mRNA in epithelial cells. The mRNA thus produced primes the synthesis of mouse albumin.", "PMID": 325559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9720", "title": "Reconstitution of tobacco mosaic virus rods occurs bidirectionally from an internal initiation region: demonstration by electron microscopic serology.", "content": "RNA of a common strain of tobacco mosaic virus was sequentially reconstituted first with protein of the same strain and then with protein of a tomato strain. The reconstituted particles were treated with specific antibodies against the two strain particles and were examined electron microscopically to locate the regions of rods encapsidated with the respective proteins. The results demonstrated that reconstitution starts at an internal region of the RNA about 830 nucleotides from an end that recent studies indicate to be the 3' terminus. Evidence was obtained to show that reconstitution proceeds toward the 5' terminus of the RNA until it is fully encapsidated. Encapsidation of the 3' distal portion of the RNA apparently occurs later and in a direction opposite to that of the encapsidation of the 5' distal portion.", "contents": "Reconstitution of tobacco mosaic virus rods occurs bidirectionally from an internal initiation region: demonstration by electron microscopic serology. RNA of a common strain of tobacco mosaic virus was sequentially reconstituted first with protein of the same strain and then with protein of a tomato strain. The reconstituted particles were treated with specific antibodies against the two strain particles and were examined electron microscopically to locate the regions of rods encapsidated with the respective proteins. The results demonstrated that reconstitution starts at an internal region of the RNA about 830 nucleotides from an end that recent studies indicate to be the 3' terminus. Evidence was obtained to show that reconstitution proceeds toward the 5' terminus of the RNA until it is fully encapsidated. Encapsidation of the 3' distal portion of the RNA apparently occurs later and in a direction opposite to that of the encapsidation of the 5' distal portion.", "PMID": 325560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9721", "title": "Use of a distant reporter group as evidence for a conformational change in a sensory receptor.", "content": "A highly sensitive method for demonstrating ligand-induced conformational changes in protein molecules  in solution is described. The method utilizes an environmentally sensitive reporter group that is known to be distant from the active site. In the present application a conformational change is demonstrated in the galactose receptor of Salmonella typhimurium, involved in bacterial sensing and transport, by means of an extrinsic fluorophore, 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein, attached at a single methionine residue, and the intrinsic tryptophan fluorophore. Binding of the ligand galactose perturbs the microenvironment of both the fluorescein and tryptophan, as shown by both spectral and potassium iodide quenching changes. The distance between the two dyes is established by fluorescence energy transfer methods to be 41 +/- 10A. Since only one molecule of galactose binds per molecule of receptor and since the galactose molecule is only about 5 A in length, changes at one of these sites reflect the result of an indirect effect. Hence, there must be a ligand-induced conformational change that is propagated a minimum of 30 A through the receptor molecule.", "contents": "Use of a distant reporter group as evidence for a conformational change in a sensory receptor. A highly sensitive method for demonstrating ligand-induced conformational changes in protein molecules  in solution is described. The method utilizes an environmentally sensitive reporter group that is known to be distant from the active site. In the present application a conformational change is demonstrated in the galactose receptor of Salmonella typhimurium, involved in bacterial sensing and transport, by means of an extrinsic fluorophore, 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein, attached at a single methionine residue, and the intrinsic tryptophan fluorophore. Binding of the ligand galactose perturbs the microenvironment of both the fluorescein and tryptophan, as shown by both spectral and potassium iodide quenching changes. The distance between the two dyes is established by fluorescence energy transfer methods to be 41 +/- 10A. Since only one molecule of galactose binds per molecule of receptor and since the galactose molecule is only about 5 A in length, changes at one of these sites reflect the result of an indirect effect. Hence, there must be a ligand-induced conformational change that is propagated a minimum of 30 A through the receptor molecule.", "PMID": 325561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9722", "title": "Enzymatic initiation of DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerases.", "content": "Partially purified yeast RNA polymerases (RNA nucleotidyltransferases) initiate DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase) I and to a lesser extent yeast DNA polymerase II in the replication of single-stranded DNA. The enzymatic initiation of DNA synthesis on phage fd DNA template occurs with dNTPs alone and is further stimulated by the presence of rNTPs in DNA polymerase I reactions. The presence of rNTPs has no effect on the RNA polymerase initiation of the DNA polymerase II reaction. RNA polymerases I and III are more efficient in initiation of DNA synthesis than RNA polymerase II. Analyses of the products of fd DNA replication show noncovalent linkage between the newly synthesized DNA and the template DNA, and covalent linkage between the newly synthesized RNA and DNA.", "contents": "Enzymatic initiation of DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerases. Partially purified yeast RNA polymerases (RNA nucleotidyltransferases) initiate DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase) I and to a lesser extent yeast DNA polymerase II in the replication of single-stranded DNA. The enzymatic initiation of DNA synthesis on phage fd DNA template occurs with dNTPs alone and is further stimulated by the presence of rNTPs in DNA polymerase I reactions. The presence of rNTPs has no effect on the RNA polymerase initiation of the DNA polymerase II reaction. RNA polymerases I and III are more efficient in initiation of DNA synthesis than RNA polymerase II. Analyses of the products of fd DNA replication show noncovalent linkage between the newly synthesized DNA and the template DNA, and covalent linkage between the newly synthesized RNA and DNA.", "PMID": 325562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9723", "title": "Dynamic structure of whole cells probed by nuclear Overhauser enhanced nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "The proton-decoupled 15N Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 15N-enriched Escherichia coli, Bacillus licheniformis, baker's yeast, and Friend leukemic cells were obtained. The 15N NMR spectra of whole cells displayed 15N resonances originating from (i) protein backbones with lysine, arginine, and histidine side chains, (ii) ribonucleic acids, (iii) peptidoglycan, and (iv) phospholipids. Several additional amino and amide resonances were observed but not identified. In bacteria and yeast, the cell wall was found to be the site of a relatively mobile group of molecules, whose resonances dominate the proton-decoupled 15N NMR spectra of whole cells. 15N NMR chemical shifts and nuclear Overhauser effects have provided information on the in vivo structure of cell wall peptidoglycan. In Staphylococcus aureus the pentaglycine cross-bridge of cell wall peptidoglycan was found to have a random coil conformation. In B. licheniformis considerable segmental motional freedom was detected in teichuronic acid and peptidoglycan polysaccharide chains in the wall of the intact cell.", "contents": "Dynamic structure of whole cells probed by nuclear Overhauser enhanced nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The proton-decoupled 15N Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 15N-enriched Escherichia coli, Bacillus licheniformis, baker's yeast, and Friend leukemic cells were obtained. The 15N NMR spectra of whole cells displayed 15N resonances originating from (i) protein backbones with lysine, arginine, and histidine side chains, (ii) ribonucleic acids, (iii) peptidoglycan, and (iv) phospholipids. Several additional amino and amide resonances were observed but not identified. In bacteria and yeast, the cell wall was found to be the site of a relatively mobile group of molecules, whose resonances dominate the proton-decoupled 15N NMR spectra of whole cells. 15N NMR chemical shifts and nuclear Overhauser effects have provided information on the in vivo structure of cell wall peptidoglycan. In Staphylococcus aureus the pentaglycine cross-bridge of cell wall peptidoglycan was found to have a random coil conformation. In B. licheniformis considerable segmental motional freedom was detected in teichuronic acid and peptidoglycan polysaccharide chains in the wall of the intact cell.", "PMID": 325563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9724", "title": "Interaction of filamin with f-actin in solution.", "content": "Filamin is a major high-molecular-weight protein in smooth muscle which was recently identified and isolated [Wang, K., Ash, J. F. & Singer, S. J. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 4483-4486]. In the present studies, we shown that highly purified chicken gizzard filamin and muscle F-actin react in solution to form aggregates containing both proteins. Occasionally, these aggregates coagulate and contract into a dense gel in the absence of MgATP or CaATP. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies suggest that the F-actin filaments are collected into fiber bundles and a crosslinked fiber meshwork by the binding of filamin molecules. These studies suggest that the function of filamin intact cells may be to regulate the ultrastructural state of F-actin filaments in a variety of dynamic cellular processes.", "contents": "Interaction of filamin with f-actin in solution. Filamin is a major high-molecular-weight protein in smooth muscle which was recently identified and isolated [Wang, K., Ash, J. F. & Singer, S. J. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 4483-4486]. In the present studies, we shown that highly purified chicken gizzard filamin and muscle F-actin react in solution to form aggregates containing both proteins. Occasionally, these aggregates coagulate and contract into a dense gel in the absence of MgATP or CaATP. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies suggest that the F-actin filaments are collected into fiber bundles and a crosslinked fiber meshwork by the binding of filamin molecules. These studies suggest that the function of filamin intact cells may be to regulate the ultrastructural state of F-actin filaments in a variety of dynamic cellular processes.", "PMID": 325564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9725", "title": "Cell-free synthesis of fish preproinsulin, and processing by heterologous mammalian microsomal membranes.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing mRNA isolated from the islets of Langerhans obtained from two species of fish, angler fish (Lophius americanus) and sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), stimulated protein synthesis 16-fold in a wheat germ cell-free system. Characterization of the translation products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate showed a major polypeptide weighing 11,500 daltons that was specifically precipitated by an antibody against angler fish insulin. Partial sequence analysis of the amino terminal revealed that this polypeptide is preproinsulin, in which the amino terminus of proinsulin is preceded by either 23 (angler fish) or 25 (sea raven) amino acid residues. Translation of fish islet mRNA in a wheat germ cell-free system in the presence of dog pancreas microsomal membranes led to the correct cleavage of the nascent preproinsulin, resulting in the synthesis of authentic fish proinsulin, as verified by partial sequence analysis. Moreover, the synthesized fish proinsulin was segregated, presumably into the luminal space of the dog pancreas microsomal vesicles, because it was found to be resistant to proteolysis by added trypsin and chymotrypsin. Our data thus suggest that the mechanisms and information for the transfer of secretory proteins across the microsomal membrane are highly conserved during evolution.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis of fish preproinsulin, and processing by heterologous mammalian microsomal membranes. Poly(A)-containing mRNA isolated from the islets of Langerhans obtained from two species of fish, angler fish (Lophius americanus) and sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), stimulated protein synthesis 16-fold in a wheat germ cell-free system. Characterization of the translation products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate showed a major polypeptide weighing 11,500 daltons that was specifically precipitated by an antibody against angler fish insulin. Partial sequence analysis of the amino terminal revealed that this polypeptide is preproinsulin, in which the amino terminus of proinsulin is preceded by either 23 (angler fish) or 25 (sea raven) amino acid residues. Translation of fish islet mRNA in a wheat germ cell-free system in the presence of dog pancreas microsomal membranes led to the correct cleavage of the nascent preproinsulin, resulting in the synthesis of authentic fish proinsulin, as verified by partial sequence analysis. Moreover, the synthesized fish proinsulin was segregated, presumably into the luminal space of the dog pancreas microsomal vesicles, because it was found to be resistant to proteolysis by added trypsin and chymotrypsin. Our data thus suggest that the mechanisms and information for the transfer of secretory proteins across the microsomal membrane are highly conserved during evolution.", "PMID": 325565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9726", "title": "Enhancement of nonspecific immunity to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection by a synthetic immunoadjuvant (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) and several analogs.", "content": "N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and four other synthetic adjuvants that are structural analogs of part of the mycobacterial peptidoglycan monomer are shown to enhance the nonspecific immunity of mice infected by Klebsiella pneumoniae. These compounds are active by various routes, including oral administration; they are also effective when administered after challenge. Of the seventeen other analogs tested, none is able to increase significantly resistance to infection, although seven of these molecules are adjuvant-active in saline. Previous results have shown that in contrast to lipopolysaccharides, these synthetic adjuvants are devoid of immunogenicity, mitogenicity, and toxicity in normal or adrenalectomized mice.", "contents": "Enhancement of nonspecific immunity to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection by a synthetic immunoadjuvant (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) and several analogs. N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and four other synthetic adjuvants that are structural analogs of part of the mycobacterial peptidoglycan monomer are shown to enhance the nonspecific immunity of mice infected by Klebsiella pneumoniae. These compounds are active by various routes, including oral administration; they are also effective when administered after challenge. Of the seventeen other analogs tested, none is able to increase significantly resistance to infection, although seven of these molecules are adjuvant-active in saline. Previous results have shown that in contrast to lipopolysaccharides, these synthetic adjuvants are devoid of immunogenicity, mitogenicity, and toxicity in normal or adrenalectomized mice.", "PMID": 325566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9727", "title": "Pancreatic immunoreactive somatostatin release.", "content": "The location of the somatostatin-containing D-cells of the pancreatic islets between the A- and B-cells suggests that their function might be to inhibit insulin and/or glucagon secretion by these neighboring cells. To determine if insulin and/or glucagon, in concentrations that might be present in the extracellular space surrounding the D-cells, stimulate immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) release, we perfused  10 microng of glucagon or 10 milliunits of insulin per ml in 11 isolated dog pancreases, for 40 min in seven experiments and for 100 min in four experiments. In eight of the nine experiments in which glucagon was perfused, a prompt and significant rise in mean IRS release, ranging from 71 to 128% above the control level, was observed. In the eight experiments in which insulin was perfused. IRS did not increase during the first 40 min; in the two 100-min insulin experiments, it did rise during the final 50 min, however. To determine the effect of an A- and B-cell secretogogue on IRS release, we perfused 20 mM arginine for 60 min in six experiments. In all, IRS rose within 3 min and reached a level 71-465% above the control, remaining significantly elevated throughout the perfusion, while glucagon and insulin rose to peak levels at 2 min and then declined somewhat despite continuing arginine perfusion. The results indicate that perfusion of the normal dog pancreas with high doses of glucagon or arginine is accompanied by a prompt increase in IRS release and are compatible with a local feedback circuit involving A- and D-cells. Insulin appears not to augment IRS release, at least not promptly, but IRS stimulated by local endogenous glucagon could inhibit the B-cell response to locally secreted glucagon and thereby influence the composition of the insulin/glucagon secretion mixture.", "contents": "Pancreatic immunoreactive somatostatin release. The location of the somatostatin-containing D-cells of the pancreatic islets between the A- and B-cells suggests that their function might be to inhibit insulin and/or glucagon secretion by these neighboring cells. To determine if insulin and/or glucagon, in concentrations that might be present in the extracellular space surrounding the D-cells, stimulate immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) release, we perfused  10 microng of glucagon or 10 milliunits of insulin per ml in 11 isolated dog pancreases, for 40 min in seven experiments and for 100 min in four experiments. In eight of the nine experiments in which glucagon was perfused, a prompt and significant rise in mean IRS release, ranging from 71 to 128% above the control level, was observed. In the eight experiments in which insulin was perfused. IRS did not increase during the first 40 min; in the two 100-min insulin experiments, it did rise during the final 50 min, however. To determine the effect of an A- and B-cell secretogogue on IRS release, we perfused 20 mM arginine for 60 min in six experiments. In all, IRS rose within 3 min and reached a level 71-465% above the control, remaining significantly elevated throughout the perfusion, while glucagon and insulin rose to peak levels at 2 min and then declined somewhat despite continuing arginine perfusion. The results indicate that perfusion of the normal dog pancreas with high doses of glucagon or arginine is accompanied by a prompt increase in IRS release and are compatible with a local feedback circuit involving A- and D-cells. Insulin appears not to augment IRS release, at least not promptly, but IRS stimulated by local endogenous glucagon could inhibit the B-cell response to locally secreted glucagon and thereby influence the composition of the insulin/glucagon secretion mixture.", "PMID": 325567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9728", "title": "Marijuana: dose-response effects on pulse rate, subjective estimates of potency, pleasantness, and recognition memory.", "content": "34 experienced marijuana users were divided into four equated groups of eight subjects each based on recognition memory test performance. One week later each group was retested following administration of marijuana containing 0, 5, 10 or 15 mg delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. A dose-related effect of marijuana on pulse rate and subjective measures of potency and pleasantness occurred. Ratings of potency and changes in pulse rate were highly correlated, but this relationship did not hold within a given dosage group as determined by partial correlations. No effect of marijuana on the distribution of hit and false alarm rates or confidence ratings during the recognition memory test was noted.", "contents": "Marijuana: dose-response effects on pulse rate, subjective estimates of potency, pleasantness, and recognition memory. 34 experienced marijuana users were divided into four equated groups of eight subjects each based on recognition memory test performance. One week later each group was retested following administration of marijuana containing 0, 5, 10 or 15 mg delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. A dose-related effect of marijuana on pulse rate and subjective measures of potency and pleasantness occurred. Ratings of potency and changes in pulse rate were highly correlated, but this relationship did not hold within a given dosage group as determined by partial correlations. No effect of marijuana on the distribution of hit and false alarm rates or confidence ratings during the recognition memory test was noted.", "PMID": 325580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9729", "title": "Serratia marcescens in a general hospital.", "content": "Fourteen patients with infections caused by Serratia marcescens were seen over an eight-month period in a large general hospital. Predisposing factors suggested an 'opportunistic' pattern similar to that previously described in the United States. S. marcescens is an important pathogen which may be increasing in significance in the United Kingdom. Multiple resistance of the organism to antibiotics other than gentamicin makes the finding of apparent sensitivity to co-trimoxazole of potential therapeutic value.", "contents": "Serratia marcescens in a general hospital. Fourteen patients with infections caused by Serratia marcescens were seen over an eight-month period in a large general hospital. Predisposing factors suggested an 'opportunistic' pattern similar to that previously described in the United States. S. marcescens is an important pathogen which may be increasing in significance in the United Kingdom. Multiple resistance of the organism to antibiotics other than gentamicin makes the finding of apparent sensitivity to co-trimoxazole of potential therapeutic value.", "PMID": 325592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9730", "title": "Occlusive arterial disease in uraemic and haemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. A study of the incidence of arterial disease and of the prevalence of risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.", "content": "The prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical occlusive arterial disease and of risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis was assessed in 21 patients with chronic renal failure, 27 on maintenance haemodialysis and 51 renal allograft recipients. Clinical occlusive arterial disease was present in 27 patients, and sub-clinical arterial disease in 34. Myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis and lower limb arterial thrombosis had occurred only in the transplant recipients; these patients had, however, been followed for a longer period of time than the other two groups. In the allograft recipients, the cumulative incidence of any occlusive arterial disease was 416 per 1000, and that of coronary heart disease was 267 per 1000 at six years. Hypertension was present in 76 per cent of patients prior to renal replacement therapy. Following institution of definitive therapy, hypertension was of shorter duration and less common in haemodialysis patients than in renal transplant recipients. Uraemic and haemodialysis patients with occlusive arterial disease had required antihypertensive medication for significantly longer than those free of arterial disease. Transplant recipients with hypertension had a greater mean serum creatinine, were receiving a larger maintenance dosage of corticosteroids and less frequently had undergone prior bilateral nephrectomy than those transplant patients without hypertension. Serum lipid levels were elevated in 62 per cent of patients. In the uraemic and haemodialysis patients hypertriglyceridaemia was the predominant abnormality while in the transplant recipients combined hypertriglyceridaemia/hypercholesterolaemia was more frequent. Despite regular aluminium hydroxide therapy 81 per cent of uraemic and haemodialysis patients had a calcium X phosphate product higher than normal. Arterial and/or soft tissue calcification as demonstrable in 20-38 per cent of patients within each group, but could not be related to the calcium X phosphate product of radiographic evidence of hyperparathyroidism. Glucose intolerance was present in 71 per cent of the uraemic and haemodialysis patients and 33 per cent of the transplant recipients. Hyperuricaemia, cigarette smoking, obesity and a sedentary existence were also prevalent. The majority of patients had several risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Occlusive arterial disease is a major problem in patients with end stage renal disease, being no less common after transplantation than with long-term maintenance dialysis. The aetiology is multifactorial.", "contents": "Occlusive arterial disease in uraemic and haemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. A study of the incidence of arterial disease and of the prevalence of risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. The prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical occlusive arterial disease and of risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis was assessed in 21 patients with chronic renal failure, 27 on maintenance haemodialysis and 51 renal allograft recipients. Clinical occlusive arterial disease was present in 27 patients, and sub-clinical arterial disease in 34. Myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis and lower limb arterial thrombosis had occurred only in the transplant recipients; these patients had, however, been followed for a longer period of time than the other two groups. In the allograft recipients, the cumulative incidence of any occlusive arterial disease was 416 per 1000, and that of coronary heart disease was 267 per 1000 at six years. Hypertension was present in 76 per cent of patients prior to renal replacement therapy. Following institution of definitive therapy, hypertension was of shorter duration and less common in haemodialysis patients than in renal transplant recipients. Uraemic and haemodialysis patients with occlusive arterial disease had required antihypertensive medication for significantly longer than those free of arterial disease. Transplant recipients with hypertension had a greater mean serum creatinine, were receiving a larger maintenance dosage of corticosteroids and less frequently had undergone prior bilateral nephrectomy than those transplant patients without hypertension. Serum lipid levels were elevated in 62 per cent of patients. In the uraemic and haemodialysis patients hypertriglyceridaemia was the predominant abnormality while in the transplant recipients combined hypertriglyceridaemia/hypercholesterolaemia was more frequent. Despite regular aluminium hydroxide therapy 81 per cent of uraemic and haemodialysis patients had a calcium X phosphate product higher than normal. Arterial and/or soft tissue calcification as demonstrable in 20-38 per cent of patients within each group, but could not be related to the calcium X phosphate product of radiographic evidence of hyperparathyroidism. Glucose intolerance was present in 71 per cent of the uraemic and haemodialysis patients and 33 per cent of the transplant recipients. Hyperuricaemia, cigarette smoking, obesity and a sedentary existence were also prevalent. The majority of patients had several risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Occlusive arterial disease is a major problem in patients with end stage renal disease, being no less common after transplantation than with long-term maintenance dialysis. The aetiology is multifactorial.", "PMID": 325593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9731", "title": "Distribution of total and fecal coliform organisms from septic effluent in selected coastal plain soils.", "content": "Distribution of total and fecal coliform bacteria in three Atlantic coastal plain soils in Virginia were monitored in situ over a 3-year period. The soils studied were Varina, Goldsboro, and Beltsville sandy loams. These and similar soils are found extensively along the populous Atlantic seaboard of the United States. They are considered only marginally suitable for septic tank installation because the restricting soil layers result in the subsequent development of seasonal perched water tables. To determine both horizontal and vertical movement of indicator organisms, samples were collected from piezometers placed at selected distances and depths from the drainfields in the direction of the ground water flow. Large reductions in total and fecal coliform bacteria were noted in the perched ground waters above the restricting layers as distance from the drainfield increased. These restricting soil layers appear to be effective barriers to the vertical movement of indicator organisms. The reduction in the density of the coliform bacteria above the restricting soil layers can probably be attributed to dilution, filtration, and dieoff as the bacteria move through the natural soil systems.", "contents": "Distribution of total and fecal coliform organisms from septic effluent in selected coastal plain soils. Distribution of total and fecal coliform bacteria in three Atlantic coastal plain soils in Virginia were monitored in situ over a 3-year period. The soils studied were Varina, Goldsboro, and Beltsville sandy loams. These and similar soils are found extensively along the populous Atlantic seaboard of the United States. They are considered only marginally suitable for septic tank installation because the restricting soil layers result in the subsequent development of seasonal perched water tables. To determine both horizontal and vertical movement of indicator organisms, samples were collected from piezometers placed at selected distances and depths from the drainfields in the direction of the ground water flow. Large reductions in total and fecal coliform bacteria were noted in the perched ground waters above the restricting layers as distance from the drainfield increased. These restricting soil layers appear to be effective barriers to the vertical movement of indicator organisms. The reduction in the density of the coliform bacteria above the restricting soil layers can probably be attributed to dilution, filtration, and dieoff as the bacteria move through the natural soil systems.", "PMID": 325589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9732", "title": "Scintigraphic patterns of gallium-67 uptake in the breast.", "content": "A review of 542 67Ga scans was undertaken to determine the incidence of 67Ga uptake in the \"normal\" breast, to establish factors modifying the uptke of 67Ga, and to define patterns of \"normal\" vs. pathologic accumulation. Nonpathologic uptake of 67Ga was demonstrated in 29 patients (12% of female patients) and was most often associated with conditions stimulating prolactin production or related to estrogenic hormone administration. This type of uptake was symmetrical but of varying pattern depending on the underlying stimulus. Pathologic uptake of 67Ga was demonstrated in 3 cases and always resulted in asymmetrical appearance of the breasts.", "contents": "Scintigraphic patterns of gallium-67 uptake in the breast. A review of 542 67Ga scans was undertaken to determine the incidence of 67Ga uptake in the \"normal\" breast, to establish factors modifying the uptke of 67Ga, and to define patterns of \"normal\" vs. pathologic accumulation. Nonpathologic uptake of 67Ga was demonstrated in 29 patients (12% of female patients) and was most often associated with conditions stimulating prolactin production or related to estrogenic hormone administration. This type of uptake was symmetrical but of varying pattern depending on the underlying stimulus. Pathologic uptake of 67Ga was demonstrated in 3 cases and always resulted in asymmetrical appearance of the breasts.", "PMID": 325595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9733", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid serology--is its routine use justifiable?", "content": "Although neurospyhilis has become a rare disease, requests for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) syphilis serology tests at the Colorado Department of Health have increased in recent years. Because of the low rate of positive results, questionnaires were sent to the physicians who requested these tests to determine the criteria for their use. Neurosyphilis was neither suspected nor an important consideration to rule out in 63 percent of the 337 patients sampled. Of the patients whose ages were specified, more than half were under age 40. No concomitant reports of blood serology were available for 63 percent of the study patients, and only 13 percent of the available blood serology reports indicated reactivity. One of the two patients with positive test results was appropriately treated, but the other patient for whom the test was ordered 'routinely' to rule out neurosyphilis was lost to followup. One-half of the tests were requested by neurologists, neurosurgeons, and orthopedists. The survey findings indicated that most of the CSF serologic tests for syphilis were done without appropriate preliminary testing for patients who had no evidence of syphilis by physicians who perform lumbar punctures as a consequence of their specialties. The authors recommend that use of the test be reviewed in light of the changing epidemiology of the disease. They further suggest that directors of laboratories performing CSF serologic tests are in a unique position to initiate an educational exchange and a consequent change in physicians' behavior.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid serology--is its routine use justifiable? Although neurospyhilis has become a rare disease, requests for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) syphilis serology tests at the Colorado Department of Health have increased in recent years. Because of the low rate of positive results, questionnaires were sent to the physicians who requested these tests to determine the criteria for their use. Neurosyphilis was neither suspected nor an important consideration to rule out in 63 percent of the 337 patients sampled. Of the patients whose ages were specified, more than half were under age 40. No concomitant reports of blood serology were available for 63 percent of the study patients, and only 13 percent of the available blood serology reports indicated reactivity. One of the two patients with positive test results was appropriately treated, but the other patient for whom the test was ordered 'routinely' to rule out neurosyphilis was lost to followup. One-half of the tests were requested by neurologists, neurosurgeons, and orthopedists. The survey findings indicated that most of the CSF serologic tests for syphilis were done without appropriate preliminary testing for patients who had no evidence of syphilis by physicians who perform lumbar punctures as a consequence of their specialties. The authors recommend that use of the test be reviewed in light of the changing epidemiology of the disease. They further suggest that directors of laboratories performing CSF serologic tests are in a unique position to initiate an educational exchange and a consequent change in physicians' behavior.", "PMID": 325590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9734", "title": "The use of intra-arterial lidocaine to control pain due to aortofemoral arteriography.", "content": "Intra-arterial lidocaine has been utilized to decrease pain by administration prior to contrast material injections during aortofemoral arteriography in over 600 patients. Because this observation was uncontrolled, a double-blind study was performed in 15 patients comparing the effectiveness of intra-arterial lidocaine and saline in  the control of pain from contrast material injections (methylglucamine iothalamate) in pelvic and peripheral arteriography. Two per cent lidocaine was compared with 1% lidocaine in the same manner in an additional 10 patients. Peripheral vein blood samples were obtained in 4 patients to measure the plasma concentration of lidocaine. Intra-arterial lidocaine is safe and effective in reducing pain from intra-arterial contrast agent injections.", "contents": "The use of intra-arterial lidocaine to control pain due to aortofemoral arteriography. Intra-arterial lidocaine has been utilized to decrease pain by administration prior to contrast material injections during aortofemoral arteriography in over 600 patients. Because this observation was uncontrolled, a double-blind study was performed in 15 patients comparing the effectiveness of intra-arterial lidocaine and saline in  the control of pain from contrast material injections (methylglucamine iothalamate) in pelvic and peripheral arteriography. Two per cent lidocaine was compared with 1% lidocaine in the same manner in an additional 10 patients. Peripheral vein blood samples were obtained in 4 patients to measure the plasma concentration of lidocaine. Intra-arterial lidocaine is safe and effective in reducing pain from intra-arterial contrast agent injections.", "PMID": 325598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9735", "title": "Subtraction radiography: techniques and limitations.", "content": "Subtraction radiography permits the use of 7-10 times less contrast material than is required without subtraction techniques. The first-order, second-order, and composite mask techniques are described and evaluated. While the second-order technique gives more complete cancellation of common structures, the more commonly used first-order technique was found to be adequate for most clinical uses. The smallest change in contrast which can be detected using subtraction radiography is limited by inherent background film noise in the original radiographs and not by statistical fluctuations in the x-ray quanta.", "contents": "Subtraction radiography: techniques and limitations. Subtraction radiography permits the use of 7-10 times less contrast material than is required without subtraction techniques. The first-order, second-order, and composite mask techniques are described and evaluated. While the second-order technique gives more complete cancellation of common structures, the more commonly used first-order technique was found to be adequate for most clinical uses. The smallest change in contrast which can be detected using subtraction radiography is limited by inherent background film noise in the original radiographs and not by statistical fluctuations in the x-ray quanta.", "PMID": 325600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9736", "title": "Analysis of the dense lesion at computed tomography with dual kVp scans.", "content": "By scanning the brain first at 100 and then at 140 kVp one can distinguish, in vivo, between blood and calcium or iodine solutions. The higher atomic number of calcium or iodine causes their CT values to decrease significantly while blood shows no significant change. This principle was applied to eight patients with hemorrhages, calcified lesions, or iodine-contrast augmented lesions. Hemorrhages showed no significant change with change in kVp, while the lesions containing calcium or iodine showed a highly significant change. This is a useful maneuver for determining the nature of a high-value lesion.", "contents": "Analysis of the dense lesion at computed tomography with dual kVp scans. By scanning the brain first at 100 and then at 140 kVp one can distinguish, in vivo, between blood and calcium or iodine solutions. The higher atomic number of calcium or iodine causes their CT values to decrease significantly while blood shows no significant change. This principle was applied to eight patients with hemorrhages, calcified lesions, or iodine-contrast augmented lesions. Hemorrhages showed no significant change with change in kVp, while the lesions containing calcium or iodine showed a highly significant change. This is a useful maneuver for determining the nature of a high-value lesion.", "PMID": 325601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9737", "title": "The results of conservative management of neurogenic vesical dysfunction in children.", "content": "Ninety-three cases of neurogenic vesical dysfunction were treated between 1957 and 1974, including 68 children with spina bifida, 10 with occult neurogenic bladders, 7 with sacral agenesis, 2 with spinal dysraphism, and 6 with miscellaneous disorders. No attempt at classification into types of neurogenic bladder was made. Three children in the series died, two from renal causes and one from neurosurgical complications. Treatment consisted of antireflux surgery, methods to lower bladder outlet resistance, operations to relieve obstruction or stasis, or urinary diversion as a last resort. Ureteral reimplantation was performed in 25 children. Reflux was cured in 29 of the 34 ureters reimplanted. Bilateral ureteral reimplantation is recommended because of the subsequent development of vesicoureteral reflux on the opposite side in more than half of the cases of unilateral ureteral reimplantation. Bladder outlet resistance must be lowered in most cases at the time of ureteral reimplantation. This was accomplished in these cases and the group of children as a whole by means of Y-V plasty of the bladder neck, transurethral bladder neck resection, urethral dilation, or pharmacological therapy with phenoxybenzamine (an alpha-symphathetic blocking agent). Urinary calculi were removed in six children in order to preserve renal function. Fifteen children underwent urinary diversion becuase of upper tract deterioration, and in eight children this was performed primarily for urinary incontinence. With conservative treatment, it was possible to preserve renal function as determined by intravenous urography in nearly two-thirds of the cases. Urinary incontinence was difficult to manage in most cases. Manipulations of the bladder neck were only occasionally helpful. Results with the Caldwell stimulator were disappointing. Pharmacological therapy was moderately successful. Phenoxybenzamine was the most useful drug. Imipramine was occasionally of benefit. It is concluded that the upper urinary tracts may be preserved in many cases by means of conservative therapy. Urinary diversion has been avoided in most cases because of its disappointing results. We believe that the trend will be towards increasingly conservative therapy of these children for some years to come.", "contents": "The results of conservative management of neurogenic vesical dysfunction in children. Ninety-three cases of neurogenic vesical dysfunction were treated between 1957 and 1974, including 68 children with spina bifida, 10 with occult neurogenic bladders, 7 with sacral agenesis, 2 with spinal dysraphism, and 6 with miscellaneous disorders. No attempt at classification into types of neurogenic bladder was made. Three children in the series died, two from renal causes and one from neurosurgical complications. Treatment consisted of antireflux surgery, methods to lower bladder outlet resistance, operations to relieve obstruction or stasis, or urinary diversion as a last resort. Ureteral reimplantation was performed in 25 children. Reflux was cured in 29 of the 34 ureters reimplanted. Bilateral ureteral reimplantation is recommended because of the subsequent development of vesicoureteral reflux on the opposite side in more than half of the cases of unilateral ureteral reimplantation. Bladder outlet resistance must be lowered in most cases at the time of ureteral reimplantation. This was accomplished in these cases and the group of children as a whole by means of Y-V plasty of the bladder neck, transurethral bladder neck resection, urethral dilation, or pharmacological therapy with phenoxybenzamine (an alpha-symphathetic blocking agent). Urinary calculi were removed in six children in order to preserve renal function. Fifteen children underwent urinary diversion becuase of upper tract deterioration, and in eight children this was performed primarily for urinary incontinence. With conservative treatment, it was possible to preserve renal function as determined by intravenous urography in nearly two-thirds of the cases. Urinary incontinence was difficult to manage in most cases. Manipulations of the bladder neck were only occasionally helpful. Results with the Caldwell stimulator were disappointing. Pharmacological therapy was moderately successful. Phenoxybenzamine was the most useful drug. Imipramine was occasionally of benefit. It is concluded that the upper urinary tracts may be preserved in many cases by means of conservative therapy. Urinary diversion has been avoided in most cases because of its disappointing results. We believe that the trend will be towards increasingly conservative therapy of these children for some years to come.", "PMID": 325602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9738", "title": "Pleuropulmonary suppurations.", "content": "The neonatal pleural empyema, especially in its most serious form, following staphylococcal pneumonia, presents a surgical problem demanding immediate emergency treatment. In 1957, we proposed that after diagnosis the empyema should immediately by drained by intercostal suction although in those times drainage was only an attempt after numerous aspirations. Children treated for pleural suppuration in the past were subjected to follow-up studies over a period of 14 to 15 years. Two comparative groups of \"early-drained\" and \"late-drained\" empyema cases showed that after immediate drainage there was definite improvement. Careful study of all the data of our 273 cases (up to 1970) shows that immediate continuous suction drainage with specific antibiotic and general supportive treatment have been very successful.", "contents": "Pleuropulmonary suppurations. The neonatal pleural empyema, especially in its most serious form, following staphylococcal pneumonia, presents a surgical problem demanding immediate emergency treatment. In 1957, we proposed that after diagnosis the empyema should immediately by drained by intercostal suction although in those times drainage was only an attempt after numerous aspirations. Children treated for pleural suppuration in the past were subjected to follow-up studies over a period of 14 to 15 years. Two comparative groups of \"early-drained\" and \"late-drained\" empyema cases showed that after immediate drainage there was definite improvement. Careful study of all the data of our 273 cases (up to 1970) shows that immediate continuous suction drainage with specific antibiotic and general supportive treatment have been very successful.", "PMID": 325603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9739", "title": "Epidemiology of cancer of the penis.", "content": "World-wide incidences of penile cancer are reviewed and epidemiologic factors including ciecumcision, hygiene, phimosis, smegma, irritation, infection, veneral disease, viruses, environment, race, immune response, trauma, and age are discussed. The lowest rates appear in groups practicing infant circumcision and in areas where standards of sexual hygiene are high.", "contents": "Epidemiology of cancer of the penis. World-wide incidences of penile cancer are reviewed and epidemiologic factors including ciecumcision, hygiene, phimosis, smegma, irritation, infection, veneral disease, viruses, environment, race, immune response, trauma, and age are discussed. The lowest rates appear in groups practicing infant circumcision and in areas where standards of sexual hygiene are high.", "PMID": 325611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9740", "title": "[Sports in neurological rehabilitation (author's transl)].", "content": "Little has been written about the effects of sports activities on neurological diseases such as cerebral palsy, hemiplegia, brain trauma and paraplegia, and the available reports are mainly related to cardiopulmonary parameters. Compared to the securing of physiological data, it is more difficult to operationally define, or quantify questions concerning the motivation and social background--in a broader sense, sociological background--of the patient. Both data, however, are indispensable to rehabilitation. The experiences gained with a group of children with spina bifida attending a school for the physically handicapped, are used to describe the sequela of the central nervous system defect with which the physical education instructor has to cope, and stresses how important mutual information amongst the team members is for successful rehabilitation. The criteria for sports activities with spina bifida children are: (a) to promote their independence, (b) to give them socialisation stimuli, (c) to enhance their physical performance. It is hoped with this programme that a further personality maturation and stabilisation be achieved.", "contents": "[Sports in neurological rehabilitation (author's transl)]. Little has been written about the effects of sports activities on neurological diseases such as cerebral palsy, hemiplegia, brain trauma and paraplegia, and the available reports are mainly related to cardiopulmonary parameters. Compared to the securing of physiological data, it is more difficult to operationally define, or quantify questions concerning the motivation and social background--in a broader sense, sociological background--of the patient. Both data, however, are indispensable to rehabilitation. The experiences gained with a group of children with spina bifida attending a school for the physically handicapped, are used to describe the sequela of the central nervous system defect with which the physical education instructor has to cope, and stresses how important mutual information amongst the team members is for successful rehabilitation. The criteria for sports activities with spina bifida children are: (a) to promote their independence, (b) to give them socialisation stimuli, (c) to enhance their physical performance. It is hoped with this programme that a further personality maturation and stabilisation be achieved.", "PMID": 325612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9741", "title": "[Portal blood flow in minipig and its change by nicotinic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "The chronic double catheterisation of portal vein permits estimation of portal flow by dye dilution for example, the withdrawal of blood from the mesenteric vein and proximal portal vein, the injection of drugs into the portal circulation and measurement of portal pressure simultaneously. Beside the well known diminution of portal flow by vasopressin, which is extreme in anaesthetised minipig, there could be shown a remarkable diminution by high intravenous doses of nicotinic acid too without significant changes of systemic blood pressure and heart rat. Nicotinic acid causes also a diminution of pH in portal and venous blood.", "contents": "[Portal blood flow in minipig and its change by nicotinic acid (author's transl)]. The chronic double catheterisation of portal vein permits estimation of portal flow by dye dilution for example, the withdrawal of blood from the mesenteric vein and proximal portal vein, the injection of drugs into the portal circulation and measurement of portal pressure simultaneously. Beside the well known diminution of portal flow by vasopressin, which is extreme in anaesthetised minipig, there could be shown a remarkable diminution by high intravenous doses of nicotinic acid too without significant changes of systemic blood pressure and heart rat. Nicotinic acid causes also a diminution of pH in portal and venous blood.", "PMID": 325613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9742", "title": "[Allorosettes after renal transplantation in inbred strains of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "33 renal transplantations in the isohistogeneic rat strains DA/Han and BDE/Han were performed. The transplanted animals were killed at different days after transplantation and the following dates investigated: 1. number of rosette forming spleen cells with donor erythrocytes, calculated for 10,000 spleen cells and to the total number of extracted spleen cells, 2. haemagglutinin titers with donor erythrocytes. 3. titers of serum IgG, 4. Total number of spleen cells, weight of spleens, weight and volumes of kidney transplants and the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and granulocytes. The results deomonstrate that the method of immunocytoadherence as described by BIOZZI and ZAALBERG in xenogeneic transplantation systems can also be used in allogenic systems. The course of the immune response was biphasic. Quantitation of allorosette forming cells can be considered as a paramter of allograft rejection. The current literature as to the T- or B-cell specificity of rosetting cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Allorosettes after renal transplantation in inbred strains of rats (author's transl)]. 33 renal transplantations in the isohistogeneic rat strains DA/Han and BDE/Han were performed. The transplanted animals were killed at different days after transplantation and the following dates investigated: 1. number of rosette forming spleen cells with donor erythrocytes, calculated for 10,000 spleen cells and to the total number of extracted spleen cells, 2. haemagglutinin titers with donor erythrocytes. 3. titers of serum IgG, 4. Total number of spleen cells, weight of spleens, weight and volumes of kidney transplants and the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and granulocytes. The results deomonstrate that the method of immunocytoadherence as described by BIOZZI and ZAALBERG in xenogeneic transplantation systems can also be used in allogenic systems. The course of the immune response was biphasic. Quantitation of allorosette forming cells can be considered as a paramter of allograft rejection. The current literature as to the T- or B-cell specificity of rosetting cells is discussed.", "PMID": 325614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9743", "title": "[Plain-x-ray diagnosis of midfacial lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The basic radiologic features of disorders of the orbit and the paranasal sinuses are described and with characteristic cases illustrated. A critical evaluation of the radiologic signs and a brief summary of the normal roentgen anatomy are included. Emphasis is placed to less well known symptoms and differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Plain-x-ray diagnosis of midfacial lesions (author's transl)]. The basic radiologic features of disorders of the orbit and the paranasal sinuses are described and with characteristic cases illustrated. A critical evaluation of the radiologic signs and a brief summary of the normal roentgen anatomy are included. Emphasis is placed to less well known symptoms and differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 325628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9744", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on gastrointestinal secretions and peptic ulcer production in cats.", "content": "In conscious cats with chronic gastric and pancreatic fisulas, the effect of somatostatin (GH-RIH) on gastric and pancreatic secretion and peptic ulcer formation was examined. GH-RIH infused intravenously in graded doses (range: 0.62 to 5.0 microng/kg-hr) inhibited dose-dependently gastric acid response to pentagastrin but failed to affect acid response to histamine. GH-RIH caused a marked inhibition of pepsin secretion induced by both pentagastrin and histamine and decreased pancreatic bicarbonate but not protein response to exogenous secretin or intraduodenal acid. It effectively prevented the formation of duodenal ulcers produced by prolonged administration of both pentagastrin or histamine.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on gastrointestinal secretions and peptic ulcer production in cats. In conscious cats with chronic gastric and pancreatic fisulas, the effect of somatostatin (GH-RIH) on gastric and pancreatic secretion and peptic ulcer formation was examined. GH-RIH infused intravenously in graded doses (range: 0.62 to 5.0 microng/kg-hr) inhibited dose-dependently gastric acid response to pentagastrin but failed to affect acid response to histamine. GH-RIH caused a marked inhibition of pepsin secretion induced by both pentagastrin and histamine and decreased pancreatic bicarbonate but not protein response to exogenous secretin or intraduodenal acid. It effectively prevented the formation of duodenal ulcers produced by prolonged administration of both pentagastrin or histamine.", "PMID": 325638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9745", "title": "Water hardness and cardiovascular disease. Elements in water and human tissues.", "content": "The hypothesis that the hardness of drinking water has a causal role in the development of cardiovascular disease will be strengthened if it can be demonstrated that elements in drinking water find their way into human tissues in significant amounts. For biologically important metals, the evidence is reviewed for a relationship of tissue levels to levels in drinking water. Hard water can contribute significantly to daily magnesium intake. Residents of hard-water areas may have raised levels of magnesium in coronary arteries, bone, and myocardial tissue. Lead levels in bone and in blood have been shown to be elevated in individuals living in homes with lead plumbing and soft water. Cadmium intake from water is probably small compared to that from other sources, and there is no convincing evidence of alteration in human tissue levels via drinking water cadmium. Human zinc and copper tissue levels are of interest but have not been adequately studied in relation to drinking water levels.", "contents": "Water hardness and cardiovascular disease. Elements in water and human tissues. The hypothesis that the hardness of drinking water has a causal role in the development of cardiovascular disease will be strengthened if it can be demonstrated that elements in drinking water find their way into human tissues in significant amounts. For biologically important metals, the evidence is reviewed for a relationship of tissue levels to levels in drinking water. Hard water can contribute significantly to daily magnesium intake. Residents of hard-water areas may have raised levels of magnesium in coronary arteries, bone, and myocardial tissue. Lead levels in bone and in blood have been shown to be elevated in individuals living in homes with lead plumbing and soft water. Cadmium intake from water is probably small compared to that from other sources, and there is no convincing evidence of alteration in human tissue levels via drinking water cadmium. Human zinc and copper tissue levels are of interest but have not been adequately studied in relation to drinking water levels.", "PMID": 325647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9746", "title": "Rat insulin genes: construction of plasmids containing the coding sequences.", "content": "Recombinant bacterial plasmids have been constructed that contain complementary DNA prepared from rat islets of Langerhans messenger RNA. Three plasmids contain cloned sequences representing the complete coding region of rat proinsulin I, part of the preproinsulin I prepeptide, and the untranslated 3' terminal region of the mRNA. A fourth plasmid contains sequences derived from the A chain region of rat preproinsulin II.", "contents": "Rat insulin genes: construction of plasmids containing the coding sequences. Recombinant bacterial plasmids have been constructed that contain complementary DNA prepared from rat islets of Langerhans messenger RNA. Three plasmids contain cloned sequences representing the complete coding region of rat proinsulin I, part of the preproinsulin I prepeptide, and the untranslated 3' terminal region of the mRNA. A fourth plasmid contains sequences derived from the A chain region of rat preproinsulin II.", "PMID": 325648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9747", "title": "Intravenous naloxone administration in schizophrenia and affective illness.", "content": "Fourteen schizophrenic patients and five patients with affective disorders were given naloxone (0.4 to 10 milligrams) or placebo intravenously in a double-blind fashion. Physicians' ratings of hallucinations, mannerisms and posturing, conceptual disorganization, psychosis, and mood did not change significantly. A single item, unusual thought content, improved significantly on the naloxone day compared to the placebo day. There was no improvement in mood in affectively ill patients rated either by themselves or by physicians. Naloxone did not markedly improve any patient studied, which suggests that the acute blockade of opiate receptors is not associated with global improvement in psychotic symptomatology.", "contents": "Intravenous naloxone administration in schizophrenia and affective illness. Fourteen schizophrenic patients and five patients with affective disorders were given naloxone (0.4 to 10 milligrams) or placebo intravenously in a double-blind fashion. Physicians' ratings of hallucinations, mannerisms and posturing, conceptual disorganization, psychosis, and mood did not change significantly. A single item, unusual thought content, improved significantly on the naloxone day compared to the placebo day. There was no improvement in mood in affectively ill patients rated either by themselves or by physicians. Naloxone did not markedly improve any patient studied, which suggests that the acute blockade of opiate receptors is not associated with global improvement in psychotic symptomatology.", "PMID": 325650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9748", "title": "Progressive hemifacial atrophy.", "content": "Twenty-three cases of progressive hemifacial atrophy with their modalities of treatment have been reviewed. The importance of and need for proper planning and a coordinated approach are stressed. Generally, the final result has been highly satisfactory to the patient.", "contents": "Progressive hemifacial atrophy. Twenty-three cases of progressive hemifacial atrophy with their modalities of treatment have been reviewed. The importance of and need for proper planning and a coordinated approach are stressed. Generally, the final result has been highly satisfactory to the patient.", "PMID": 325671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9749", "title": "Progress in the treatment of glaucoma in my lifetime.", "content": "A period of great progress in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma began in the 1920's with the development of gonioscopy apparatus and the slitlamp, and the first application of epinephrine in the treatment of the disease. With the development of precise methods for examination, differentiation among the various forms of glaucoma became possible, knowledge and theories regarding the nature and mechanisms of the disease became available, and medical and surgical approaches to treatment were developed with varying degrees of success. Major events and concepts in the management of glaucoma during the last 50 years are reviewed, including literature reports and the personal experiences of the authors and his colleagues.", "contents": "Progress in the treatment of glaucoma in my lifetime. A period of great progress in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma began in the 1920's with the development of gonioscopy apparatus and the slitlamp, and the first application of epinephrine in the treatment of the disease. With the development of precise methods for examination, differentiation among the various forms of glaucoma became possible, knowledge and theories regarding the nature and mechanisms of the disease became available, and medical and surgical approaches to treatment were developed with varying degrees of success. Major events and concepts in the management of glaucoma during the last 50 years are reviewed, including literature reports and the personal experiences of the authors and his colleagues.", "PMID": 325672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9750", "title": "Spina bifida and so-called asplenia syndrome occurring separately in sibs.", "content": "Attention is drawn to the possibility that neural-tube defects may sometimes be associted with the so-called asplenia syndrome (Ivemark syndrome). This hypothesis is based upon a family in which one child had spina bifida and hydrocephaly and another had cardiovascular and other fissural anomalies, similar to Ivemark syndrome. The family history, moreover, revealed several cases of anencephaly and/or spina bifida, both on the paternal and maternal sides.", "contents": "Spina bifida and so-called asplenia syndrome occurring separately in sibs. Attention is drawn to the possibility that neural-tube defects may sometimes be associted with the so-called asplenia syndrome (Ivemark syndrome). This hypothesis is based upon a family in which one child had spina bifida and hydrocephaly and another had cardiovascular and other fissural anomalies, similar to Ivemark syndrome. The family history, moreover, revealed several cases of anencephaly and/or spina bifida, both on the paternal and maternal sides.", "PMID": 325678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9751", "title": "Endogenous E. coli endophthalmitis.", "content": "A case of Escherichia coli septicemia with associated metastatic en dophthalmitis and endocarditis is presented. The ocular signs and symptoms were the initial manifestations of sepsis. Irreversible damage to the eye occurred in less than 24 hours. The pattern of metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis has changed since the introduction of potent antimicrobial agents, with an increased incidence of Gram-negative bacillemia. E. coli endophthalmitis carries a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and systemic treatment will prevent the life-threatening complications of sepsis.", "contents": "Endogenous E. coli endophthalmitis. A case of Escherichia coli septicemia with associated metastatic en dophthalmitis and endocarditis is presented. The ocular signs and symptoms were the initial manifestations of sepsis. Irreversible damage to the eye occurred in less than 24 hours. The pattern of metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis has changed since the introduction of potent antimicrobial agents, with an increased incidence of Gram-negative bacillemia. E. coli endophthalmitis carries a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and systemic treatment will prevent the life-threatening complications of sepsis.", "PMID": 325673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9752", "title": "Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localisation of lysozyme in human bronchial glands.", "content": "An immunocytochemical unlabelled antibody method using rabbit antihuman lysozyme, antirabbit immunoglobulin, and soluble rabbit antihorseradish peroxidase/horseradish peroxidase complexes was used to study the fine structural distribution of lysozyme in human bronchial glands. None was identified in mucous cells but there was heavy staining of the serous cell granules. The serous cell granules were not stained uniformly, suggesting the presence of other secretory products but lysozyme secretion appears to be a major function of these cells. The pathological implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localisation of lysozyme in human bronchial glands. An immunocytochemical unlabelled antibody method using rabbit antihuman lysozyme, antirabbit immunoglobulin, and soluble rabbit antihorseradish peroxidase/horseradish peroxidase complexes was used to study the fine structural distribution of lysozyme in human bronchial glands. None was identified in mucous cells but there was heavy staining of the serous cell granules. The serous cell granules were not stained uniformly, suggesting the presence of other secretory products but lysozyme secretion appears to be a major function of these cells. The pathological implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 325682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9753", "title": "[Cross-infection during scalding and plucking of broiler chickens (author's transl)].", "content": "In two poultry-processing plants, experiments were carried out to detect cross-infection during scalding and plucking of broiler chickens. These trials showed that cross-infection was only detectable when experimental infection with the indicator micro-organism Escherichia coli K12 was applied externally to the broiler chickens. When infection was applied internally, only a small degree of transmission was observed. Indicator micro-organisms applied externally to broiler chickens prior to scalding and plucking, were present on the cooled product in larger numbers than those applied internally in the intestines of broilers. The number of carcasses which were positive after cooling was found to have decreased in poultry-processing plant B compared with the situation after plucking, whereas this number was not affected to any appreciable extent in processing plant A.", "contents": "[Cross-infection during scalding and plucking of broiler chickens (author's transl)]. In two poultry-processing plants, experiments were carried out to detect cross-infection during scalding and plucking of broiler chickens. These trials showed that cross-infection was only detectable when experimental infection with the indicator micro-organism Escherichia coli K12 was applied externally to the broiler chickens. When infection was applied internally, only a small degree of transmission was observed. Indicator micro-organisms applied externally to broiler chickens prior to scalding and plucking, were present on the cooled product in larger numbers than those applied internally in the intestines of broilers. The number of carcasses which were positive after cooling was found to have decreased in poultry-processing plant B compared with the situation after plucking, whereas this number was not affected to any appreciable extent in processing plant A.", "PMID": 325684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9754", "title": "Behavior of hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) of mice acutely poisoned with carbon tetrachloride (CC14).", "content": "Behavior of Hemopoietic Stem Cells (CFU-S) of Mice Acutely Poisoned with Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4). Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1977, 121 (4), 401-402--The femoral CFU-S of mice were reduced when CCL4 was administered in doses which produced toxic hepatitis, but it was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Behavior of hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) of mice acutely poisoned with carbon tetrachloride (CC14). Behavior of Hemopoietic Stem Cells (CFU-S) of Mice Acutely Poisoned with Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4). Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1977, 121 (4), 401-402--The femoral CFU-S of mice were reduced when CCL4 was administered in doses which produced toxic hepatitis, but it was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 325689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9755", "title": "[A preprosthetic-surgical solution for the extremely atrophic mandible].", "content": "Failures of reconstructing alveoloplasty, which are known from the literature and confirmed by the author's personal experience, are attributed to the intolerance of the load-carrying denture support. For this reason, it is suggested to perform an extra-oral intervention on the maximally atrophied mandible to reinforce its crest with autogenous bone. A second intervention is necessary in the form of a combination of floor-of-the-mouth revision and vestibuloplasty (method of Rehrmann), the load-carrying support remaining intact at the level fo the alveolar process.", "contents": "[A preprosthetic-surgical solution for the extremely atrophic mandible]. Failures of reconstructing alveoloplasty, which are known from the literature and confirmed by the author's personal experience, are attributed to the intolerance of the load-carrying denture support. For this reason, it is suggested to perform an extra-oral intervention on the maximally atrophied mandible to reinforce its crest with autogenous bone. A second intervention is necessary in the form of a combination of floor-of-the-mouth revision and vestibuloplasty (method of Rehrmann), the load-carrying support remaining intact at the level fo the alveolar process.", "PMID": 325698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9756", "title": "[Indication and assessment of preprosthetic-surgical technics from the prosthodontist's viewpoint].", "content": "The functioning of a complete lower denture is determined by a series of clinico-anatomical characters of the edentulous mandible. These are commented upon to establish the limits of indication of preprosthetical-surgical techniques. The reflections point to the necessity for paying more attention to really reconstructing alveoloplasties.", "contents": "[Indication and assessment of preprosthetic-surgical technics from the prosthodontist's viewpoint]. The functioning of a complete lower denture is determined by a series of clinico-anatomical characters of the edentulous mandible. These are commented upon to establish the limits of indication of preprosthetical-surgical techniques. The reflections point to the necessity for paying more attention to really reconstructing alveoloplasties.", "PMID": 325699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9757", "title": "[Functional disorders following resection of the tongue and mouth floor].", "content": "On observing 20 patients who had underwent total tongue and floor-of-the-mouth resection, the authors stated difficulties in swallowing and breathing that in certain cases called for laryngectomy. To counteract these disorders, floor-of-the-mouth and tongue reconstruction was performed with the aid of an arterialized frontal flap, which resulted in essentially undisturbed functions.", "contents": "[Functional disorders following resection of the tongue and mouth floor]. On observing 20 patients who had underwent total tongue and floor-of-the-mouth resection, the authors stated difficulties in swallowing and breathing that in certain cases called for laryngectomy. To counteract these disorders, floor-of-the-mouth and tongue reconstruction was performed with the aid of an arterialized frontal flap, which resulted in essentially undisturbed functions.", "PMID": 325700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9758", "title": "Relation of immediate post-transplant renal function to long-term function in cadaver kidney recipients.", "content": "Renal function studies 12 to 41 months after transplantation have been performed on seven cadaver renal allograft recipients who demonstrated immediate primary function after transplant (group A) and seven similar recipients who had delayed primary function (group B). The groups were matched as closely as possible for major physical characteristics and their postoperative management; in particular, only one patient had a post-transplant renal biopsy. Glomerular filtration rate was determined by 24-hr creatinine clearance, endogenous creatinine clearance, and inulin clearance was usually lower in those patients having delayed primary function and they excreted more glucose per 24 hr and reabsorbed a smaller proportion of the filtered glucose load under infusion conditions. These results are discussed in relation to the effect of immediate and delayed primary function on the long-term prognosis of such patients.", "contents": "Relation of immediate post-transplant renal function to long-term function in cadaver kidney recipients. Renal function studies 12 to 41 months after transplantation have been performed on seven cadaver renal allograft recipients who demonstrated immediate primary function after transplant (group A) and seven similar recipients who had delayed primary function (group B). The groups were matched as closely as possible for major physical characteristics and their postoperative management; in particular, only one patient had a post-transplant renal biopsy. Glomerular filtration rate was determined by 24-hr creatinine clearance, endogenous creatinine clearance, and inulin clearance was usually lower in those patients having delayed primary function and they excreted more glucose per 24 hr and reabsorbed a smaller proportion of the filtered glucose load under infusion conditions. These results are discussed in relation to the effect of immediate and delayed primary function on the long-term prognosis of such patients.", "PMID": 325704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9759", "title": "Computations for a best match strategy for kidney transplantation.", "content": "In some cases success or failure of a proposed innovation in transplantation may be better judged if we consider the average survival time of the graft rather than the actuarial survival at a point in time. It is suggested that HLA matching may be an example of such a case and that the possible clinical benefits of modest improvements in matching may have been underestimated. Calculations are made that show that transplanting to the best match available in a pool of 100 patients might increase the expected graft survival time by more than 1 year.", "contents": "Computations for a best match strategy for kidney transplantation. In some cases success or failure of a proposed innovation in transplantation may be better judged if we consider the average survival time of the graft rather than the actuarial survival at a point in time. It is suggested that HLA matching may be an example of such a case and that the possible clinical benefits of modest improvements in matching may have been underestimated. Calculations are made that show that transplanting to the best match available in a pool of 100 patients might increase the expected graft survival time by more than 1 year.", "PMID": 325705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9760", "title": "Renal transplantation and immunological abnormalities in thrombotic microangiopathy of adults: report of 5 cases.", "content": "Renal transplantation was performed in five adult patients with thrombotic microangiopathy, three of whom had had a bilateral nephrectomy prior to transplantation. The graft remained functional in three patients 72, 18, and 12 months after transplantation. One patient developed a thrombosis of the renal artery and one patient died from infection. There was no clinical or histological evidence of recurrence of thrombotic microangiopathy in the five patients after transplantation. Immunological investigations were performed in four of five patients before transplantation: C3 and C1q levels were low in two patients; serum C3-splitting activity and circulating immune complexes were present in all four patients and remained unchanged on haemodialysis and/or after bilateral nephrectomy. Complement abnormalities and immune complexes were not detected in the three patients with successful renal transplantation.", "contents": "Renal transplantation and immunological abnormalities in thrombotic microangiopathy of adults: report of 5 cases. Renal transplantation was performed in five adult patients with thrombotic microangiopathy, three of whom had had a bilateral nephrectomy prior to transplantation. The graft remained functional in three patients 72, 18, and 12 months after transplantation. One patient developed a thrombosis of the renal artery and one patient died from infection. There was no clinical or histological evidence of recurrence of thrombotic microangiopathy in the five patients after transplantation. Immunological investigations were performed in four of five patients before transplantation: C3 and C1q levels were low in two patients; serum C3-splitting activity and circulating immune complexes were present in all four patients and remained unchanged on haemodialysis and/or after bilateral nephrectomy. Complement abnormalities and immune complexes were not detected in the three patients with successful renal transplantation.", "PMID": 325706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9761", "title": "The cadaver kidney transplantation programme of Milano. Immunological report.", "content": "A retrospective investigation was carried out to evaluate the infuence of HLA (A, B) matching, blood transfusions, and preexistence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies on the outcome of the cadaver kidney graft: only non-NIH standard antibodies were considered, since patients with NIH standard antibodies do not undergo transplantation in the programme of Milano. It was found that (1) about one-half the patients with transplants had antibodies in their pretransplant serum. The preexistence of antibodies directed against B lymphocytes had an unfavourable effect on the graft survival; (2) the graft did particularly well in the nonimmunized patients who had been previously transfused; the graft survival was about 80% at 3 years in these patients; and (3) the HLA (A, B) match influenced the graft survival only in patients with antibodies.", "contents": "The cadaver kidney transplantation programme of Milano. Immunological report. A retrospective investigation was carried out to evaluate the infuence of HLA (A, B) matching, blood transfusions, and preexistence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies on the outcome of the cadaver kidney graft: only non-NIH standard antibodies were considered, since patients with NIH standard antibodies do not undergo transplantation in the programme of Milano. It was found that (1) about one-half the patients with transplants had antibodies in their pretransplant serum. The preexistence of antibodies directed against B lymphocytes had an unfavourable effect on the graft survival; (2) the graft did particularly well in the nonimmunized patients who had been previously transfused; the graft survival was about 80% at 3 years in these patients; and (3) the HLA (A, B) match influenced the graft survival only in patients with antibodies.", "PMID": 325707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9762", "title": "A rapid method for determining the sterility of frozen-reconstituted blood.", "content": "A rapid, fast, and accurate method of determining bacterial contamination in blood units is needed to provide a safe unit of frozen-reconstituted blood which can be stored at 4 C after thawing for more than the 24 hours currently allowed by law. The Bactec instrument seems to provide this method. It detects most of the organisms which have been reported in contamineted blood, and does this in a short enough period of time that any organisms introduced into the blood unit during the sampling process will not grow sufficiently to contaminate the unit while the culturing process is going on.", "contents": "A rapid method for determining the sterility of frozen-reconstituted blood. A rapid, fast, and accurate method of determining bacterial contamination in blood units is needed to provide a safe unit of frozen-reconstituted blood which can be stored at 4 C after thawing for more than the 24 hours currently allowed by law. The Bactec instrument seems to provide this method. It detects most of the organisms which have been reported in contamineted blood, and does this in a short enough period of time that any organisms introduced into the blood unit during the sampling process will not grow sufficiently to contaminate the unit while the culturing process is going on.", "PMID": 325703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9763", "title": "Changes of plasma cholinesterase activity during orthotopic liver transplantation in man.", "content": "Variations of plasma cholinesterase activity were studied in eight patients with end stage liver disease having orthotopic liver transplantation and five other patients with hepatic cirrhosis undergoing surgical procedures. Serum cholinesterase activity was found to be below normal limits in every patient, even more so in those having hepatic homotransplantation, probably because of the greater severity of their disease. Blood transfusions increased pseudocholinesterase activity to normal or nearly normal levels; but only after successful transplantation did these levels remain within normality, thus suggesting that the homografts promptly assume production of the serum enzyme.", "contents": "Changes of plasma cholinesterase activity during orthotopic liver transplantation in man. Variations of plasma cholinesterase activity were studied in eight patients with end stage liver disease having orthotopic liver transplantation and five other patients with hepatic cirrhosis undergoing surgical procedures. Serum cholinesterase activity was found to be below normal limits in every patient, even more so in those having hepatic homotransplantation, probably because of the greater severity of their disease. Blood transfusions increased pseudocholinesterase activity to normal or nearly normal levels; but only after successful transplantation did these levels remain within normality, thus suggesting that the homografts promptly assume production of the serum enzyme.", "PMID": 325708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9764", "title": "The systemic production of cytotoxic lymphoid cells in corneal allograft reaction. 1. A quantitantitative study utilizing 51chromium release assay.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to determine whether the mechanism of corneal allograft rejection is systemic in nature. Utilizing a 51Cr release assay in which labelled donor and recipient corneal cells were used as targets, it was demonstrated that cytotoxic cells specific for antigens located in donor corneal cells were present in spleen and lymph nodes.", "contents": "The systemic production of cytotoxic lymphoid cells in corneal allograft reaction. 1. A quantitantitative study utilizing 51chromium release assay. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the mechanism of corneal allograft rejection is systemic in nature. Utilizing a 51Cr release assay in which labelled donor and recipient corneal cells were used as targets, it was demonstrated that cytotoxic cells specific for antigens located in donor corneal cells were present in spleen and lymph nodes.", "PMID": 325709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9765", "title": "The immediate function of the kidney after 24-to 72-hr preservation. Hypothermic storage versus mechanical perfusion.", "content": "Seventy-two dog kidneys were stored under hypothermia as described by Collins and Sacks between 24 and 72 hr and then transplanted. The immediate function of the kidneys was measured by p-aminohippuric acid and inulin clearances. Twenty-four hr proved to be the maximum safe preservation time with both methods. The immediate function of the kidneys stored under hypothermia could not be improved by the addition of furosemide to the flushing solution. These results were compared with those gained by mechanical perfusion of the organ. Kidney function after 72 hr of hypothermic mechanical perfusion was significantly better than after 24 hr of hypothermic storage.", "contents": "The immediate function of the kidney after 24-to 72-hr preservation. Hypothermic storage versus mechanical perfusion. Seventy-two dog kidneys were stored under hypothermia as described by Collins and Sacks between 24 and 72 hr and then transplanted. The immediate function of the kidneys was measured by p-aminohippuric acid and inulin clearances. Twenty-four hr proved to be the maximum safe preservation time with both methods. The immediate function of the kidneys stored under hypothermia could not be improved by the addition of furosemide to the flushing solution. These results were compared with those gained by mechanical perfusion of the organ. Kidney function after 72 hr of hypothermic mechanical perfusion was significantly better than after 24 hr of hypothermic storage.", "PMID": 325710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9766", "title": "Prolongation of murine skin allografts by prostaglandin E1.", "content": "The effects of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (di-M-PGE2) and indomethacin (an inhibitor of endogenous prostaglandin biosynthesis) on mouse skin allograft survival were studies in B10.D2 female mice receiving skin allografts from (B10.BR X B10.D2)F1 mice. Control animals with and without i.p. diluent injections had a mean allograft survival of 13.8+/-0.6 and 13.5+/-0.5 days, respectively. Daily administration of di-M-PGE2 (200 microng/kg) prolonged mean allograft survival, both when administered alone, 16.7+/-0.6 days (P less than 0.001), or with indomethacin, 4 mg/kg thrice weekly, 16.0+/0.6 days (P less than 0.005). Increasing concentrations of indomethacin (4, 6, and 8 mg/kg thrice weekly) were inversely corrleated with allograft survival ((12.7+/-0.2, 11.8+/-0.2, and 10.9+/-0.4 days, respectively), coefficient of correlation=-0.6986; P less than 0.001. Mean plasma PGE levels at the time of total allograft rejection were 879+/-80 pg/ml in control, 717+/-59 pg/ml in 100 micron g of indomethacin-treated mice, and 654+/-59 pg/ml in 200 microng of indomethacin-treated mice (P less than 0.05). Exogenous di-M-PGE2 prolonged skin allograft survival in mice. Inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin biosynthesis by indomethacin chortened allograft survival, but this effect was completely abrogated by concurrent injection of di-M-PGE2.", "contents": "Prolongation of murine skin allografts by prostaglandin E1. The effects of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (di-M-PGE2) and indomethacin (an inhibitor of endogenous prostaglandin biosynthesis) on mouse skin allograft survival were studies in B10.D2 female mice receiving skin allografts from (B10.BR X B10.D2)F1 mice. Control animals with and without i.p. diluent injections had a mean allograft survival of 13.8+/-0.6 and 13.5+/-0.5 days, respectively. Daily administration of di-M-PGE2 (200 microng/kg) prolonged mean allograft survival, both when administered alone, 16.7+/-0.6 days (P less than 0.001), or with indomethacin, 4 mg/kg thrice weekly, 16.0+/0.6 days (P less than 0.005). Increasing concentrations of indomethacin (4, 6, and 8 mg/kg thrice weekly) were inversely corrleated with allograft survival ((12.7+/-0.2, 11.8+/-0.2, and 10.9+/-0.4 days, respectively), coefficient of correlation=-0.6986; P less than 0.001. Mean plasma PGE levels at the time of total allograft rejection were 879+/-80 pg/ml in control, 717+/-59 pg/ml in 100 micron g of indomethacin-treated mice, and 654+/-59 pg/ml in 200 microng of indomethacin-treated mice (P less than 0.05). Exogenous di-M-PGE2 prolonged skin allograft survival in mice. Inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin biosynthesis by indomethacin chortened allograft survival, but this effect was completely abrogated by concurrent injection of di-M-PGE2.", "PMID": 325711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9767", "title": "Transplantation of syngeneic bone marrow incubated with leucocyte antibodies. I. Suppression of lymphatic leukemia of syngeneic donor mice.", "content": "\"Antileukemic autotransplantation\" an approach to eradicate by antibodies residual leukemia in the bone marrow taken during remission and regrafted in relapse is proposed and is the basis of investigations on the elimination of leukemic cells transferred to syngeneic mice. Rabbit antiserum against mouse T cells killed over 99% of cells when incubated with 10-5 lymphocytes of a T cell AKR/J leukemia transferred subsequently to syngeneic hosts. Seventy-five per cent of the recipients of antibody-coated and complement-treated leukemic cells survived the observation period of 80 days. Recipients conditioned with 800 R and given syngeneic bone marrow mixed with 10-5 leukemic cells died within 11 days, while 40% survived the observation period of 100 days without leukemia if the leukemic bone marrow had been preincubated with anti-T cell globulin (ATCG) and complement. A detrimental effect of ATCG on normal T cells could only be demonstrated in thymectomized, irradiated recipients of syngeneic ATCG-treated marrow. These mice did not reject H-2-incompatible skin grafts in contrast to the controls without ATCG or without thymectomy. ATCG thus inhibited leukemic lymphocytes while sparing stem cells for hemopoietic reconstitution. At the same time it did not interfere with the recovery of cellular immunity after bone marrow transplantation.", "contents": "Transplantation of syngeneic bone marrow incubated with leucocyte antibodies. I. Suppression of lymphatic leukemia of syngeneic donor mice. \"Antileukemic autotransplantation\" an approach to eradicate by antibodies residual leukemia in the bone marrow taken during remission and regrafted in relapse is proposed and is the basis of investigations on the elimination of leukemic cells transferred to syngeneic mice. Rabbit antiserum against mouse T cells killed over 99% of cells when incubated with 10-5 lymphocytes of a T cell AKR/J leukemia transferred subsequently to syngeneic hosts. Seventy-five per cent of the recipients of antibody-coated and complement-treated leukemic cells survived the observation period of 80 days. Recipients conditioned with 800 R and given syngeneic bone marrow mixed with 10-5 leukemic cells died within 11 days, while 40% survived the observation period of 100 days without leukemia if the leukemic bone marrow had been preincubated with anti-T cell globulin (ATCG) and complement. A detrimental effect of ATCG on normal T cells could only be demonstrated in thymectomized, irradiated recipients of syngeneic ATCG-treated marrow. These mice did not reject H-2-incompatible skin grafts in contrast to the controls without ATCG or without thymectomy. ATCG thus inhibited leukemic lymphocytes while sparing stem cells for hemopoietic reconstitution. At the same time it did not interfere with the recovery of cellular immunity after bone marrow transplantation.", "PMID": 325714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9768", "title": "Antigen-reactive cell opsonization (ARCO): a mechanism of immunological enhancement.", "content": "Rat renal allograft survival is markedly prolonged by passive enhancement. Radio-labelled AS-anti-HO antigen-reactive cells (*ARC) were prepared by immunizing AS rats with HO rat tissue and injecting 125IUdR over a period of 4 days. Most of the radioactivity in spleen cells from these rats were associated with antigen-reactive cells which formed rosettes specifically with HO erythrocytes. *ARC were specifically opsonized in syngeneic AS rats bearing enhanced (AS times HO)F1 kidney allografts but not in untreated, rejecting allografted rats. *ARC incubated in vitro with serum from enhanced rats and injected into normal animals were opsonized whereas serum from rats rejecting grafts was ineffective. *ARC incubated in vitro with hyperimmune AS-anti-HO serum were not opsonized, unless the antiserum was first incubated with HO tissue under conditions favouring the formation of immune complexes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that ARC bind antigenic determinants of antigen-antibody complexes and are opsonized by virtue of the antibody Fc portion of the complexes.", "contents": "Antigen-reactive cell opsonization (ARCO): a mechanism of immunological enhancement. Rat renal allograft survival is markedly prolonged by passive enhancement. Radio-labelled AS-anti-HO antigen-reactive cells (*ARC) were prepared by immunizing AS rats with HO rat tissue and injecting 125IUdR over a period of 4 days. Most of the radioactivity in spleen cells from these rats were associated with antigen-reactive cells which formed rosettes specifically with HO erythrocytes. *ARC were specifically opsonized in syngeneic AS rats bearing enhanced (AS times HO)F1 kidney allografts but not in untreated, rejecting allografted rats. *ARC incubated in vitro with serum from enhanced rats and injected into normal animals were opsonized whereas serum from rats rejecting grafts was ineffective. *ARC incubated in vitro with hyperimmune AS-anti-HO serum were not opsonized, unless the antiserum was first incubated with HO tissue under conditions favouring the formation of immune complexes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that ARC bind antigenic determinants of antigen-antibody complexes and are opsonized by virtue of the antibody Fc portion of the complexes.", "PMID": 325715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9769", "title": "The level of FC receptor leukocytes in primary and secondary skin allograft recipients.", "content": "DA (Ag-B4) rats were grafted with allogeneic Lewis (Ag-B1) skin on the region of the thorax drained by the left brachial and axillary lymph nodes. A DA isograft was placed on the right side of the thorax. From 1 to 14 days after grafting the rats were either given injections of colloidal carbon, killed, and spleen and lymph nodes were assayed for noncarbon-containing Fc rosette-forming leukocytes (RFL), or allowed to complete rejection of the graft. In order to assess secondary allograft rejection within the latter animals after the grafted areas was healed, a second Lewis allograft was placed in the same region as the first and another DA isograft on the right side. Compartmental Fc RFL were enumerated 2 to 16 days thereafter by rosette formation with erythrocyte-antibody. The regional lymph nodes of animals rejecting a primary allograft exhibited a significantly (P less than 0.05) higher level of Fc RFL compared with their contralateral controls. These higher levels were evident on days 6 to 8 and disappear by day 10. However, animals undergoing a secondary allograft response exhibited significant differences by day 4. A greater density of Fc RFL were also evident in cryostat sections of the graft bed of allografts as opposed to isografts.", "contents": "The level of FC receptor leukocytes in primary and secondary skin allograft recipients. DA (Ag-B4) rats were grafted with allogeneic Lewis (Ag-B1) skin on the region of the thorax drained by the left brachial and axillary lymph nodes. A DA isograft was placed on the right side of the thorax. From 1 to 14 days after grafting the rats were either given injections of colloidal carbon, killed, and spleen and lymph nodes were assayed for noncarbon-containing Fc rosette-forming leukocytes (RFL), or allowed to complete rejection of the graft. In order to assess secondary allograft rejection within the latter animals after the grafted areas was healed, a second Lewis allograft was placed in the same region as the first and another DA isograft on the right side. Compartmental Fc RFL were enumerated 2 to 16 days thereafter by rosette formation with erythrocyte-antibody. The regional lymph nodes of animals rejecting a primary allograft exhibited a significantly (P less than 0.05) higher level of Fc RFL compared with their contralateral controls. These higher levels were evident on days 6 to 8 and disappear by day 10. However, animals undergoing a secondary allograft response exhibited significant differences by day 4. A greater density of Fc RFL were also evident in cryostat sections of the graft bed of allografts as opposed to isografts.", "PMID": 325716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9770", "title": "Coccidioidomycosis and renal transplantation.", "content": "Two cases of coccidioidomycosis detected in a group of more than 750 renal transplants are presented. The first patient died from unsuspected disseminated coccidioidomycosis 4 1/2 years after primary transplantation and 6 days after retransplantation. In the second patient pulmonary coccidioidomycosis was recognized and treated by lobectomy and amphotericin B before transplantation; subsequent transplantation has provided good renal function without recurrence of infection for 5 years. Experience with six other reported cases of coccidioidomycosis illustrates the high risk of exacerbation and dissemination of preexisting coccidioidal infection in immuno-suppressed transplanted recipients. Nevertheless, this risk can be made acceptable if active coccidioidomycosis is treated vigorously before immunosuppression is started and if the possibility of exacerbation of infection after transplantation is carefully monitored.", "contents": "Coccidioidomycosis and renal transplantation. Two cases of coccidioidomycosis detected in a group of more than 750 renal transplants are presented. The first patient died from unsuspected disseminated coccidioidomycosis 4 1/2 years after primary transplantation and 6 days after retransplantation. In the second patient pulmonary coccidioidomycosis was recognized and treated by lobectomy and amphotericin B before transplantation; subsequent transplantation has provided good renal function without recurrence of infection for 5 years. Experience with six other reported cases of coccidioidomycosis illustrates the high risk of exacerbation and dissemination of preexisting coccidioidal infection in immuno-suppressed transplanted recipients. Nevertheless, this risk can be made acceptable if active coccidioidomycosis is treated vigorously before immunosuppression is started and if the possibility of exacerbation of infection after transplantation is carefully monitored.", "PMID": 325717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9771", "title": "HLA matching and cadaver kidney transplant survival in North America: influence of center variation and presensitization.", "content": "In an analysis of 4,851 first cadaver kidney transplants, we found a statistically highly significant correlation between the number of HLA antigens mismatched and graft survival (P less than 0.0005 at 1 year). The difference in the survival rates of grafts with no HLA mismatch compared with grafts with four mismatches was 11 to 12%, similar to results of previous analyses. HLA-A locus antigens had a slightly stronger effect than B locus antigens. The correlation of HLA matching with graft survival was most significant at centers with poor overall transplant outcome, and there was no correlation at centers with very good overall results. Presensitization also had the strongest effect at centers with poor overall graft survival.", "contents": "HLA matching and cadaver kidney transplant survival in North America: influence of center variation and presensitization. In an analysis of 4,851 first cadaver kidney transplants, we found a statistically highly significant correlation between the number of HLA antigens mismatched and graft survival (P less than 0.0005 at 1 year). The difference in the survival rates of grafts with no HLA mismatch compared with grafts with four mismatches was 11 to 12%, similar to results of previous analyses. HLA-A locus antigens had a slightly stronger effect than B locus antigens. The correlation of HLA matching with graft survival was most significant at centers with poor overall transplant outcome, and there was no correlation at centers with very good overall results. Presensitization also had the strongest effect at centers with poor overall graft survival.", "PMID": 325718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9772", "title": "Kidney transplantation. Modern trends in kidney transplantation.", "content": "Trends in renal transplantation stem from recognition of the virtues and drawbacks of this kind of treatment and from a better appreciation of the interrelationship between transplantation and dialysis.", "contents": "Kidney transplantation. Modern trends in kidney transplantation. Trends in renal transplantation stem from recognition of the virtues and drawbacks of this kind of treatment and from a better appreciation of the interrelationship between transplantation and dialysis.", "PMID": 325725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9773", "title": "Is graft irradiation of value in renal transplant rejection?", "content": "Thirty-six patients who received renal transplants and who subsequently underwent rejection episodes were randomized into two groups before undergoing treatment. One group received high doses of steroid drugs, and the other group received in addition 600 rads of radiotherapy to the graft. After 3 years (minimum follow-up 12 months) the groups were compared with respect to initial response to treatment, patient and graft survivals, and level of transplant function. No benefit was obtained by the group receiving radiotherapy.", "contents": "Is graft irradiation of value in renal transplant rejection? Thirty-six patients who received renal transplants and who subsequently underwent rejection episodes were randomized into two groups before undergoing treatment. One group received high doses of steroid drugs, and the other group received in addition 600 rads of radiotherapy to the graft. After 3 years (minimum follow-up 12 months) the groups were compared with respect to initial response to treatment, patient and graft survivals, and level of transplant function. No benefit was obtained by the group receiving radiotherapy.", "PMID": 325726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9774", "title": "Cancer in renal allograft recipients in Australia and New Zealand.", "content": "Total incidence and outcome of cancer in all renal allograft recipients in one geographic area are known: 126 (7%) of 1884 patients developed cancer during an 11-year period. Proportions with cancer 1 and 5 years following successful transplantation were 11% and 24%, respectively. Numbers, proportion of malignancies, and average time of diagnosis post transplantation were as follows: reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) 15 (11%), 18 months; adenocarcinoma 8 (6%), 21/2 years; cancer of cervix 6 (5%), 41/2 years; leukemia 2 (2%), 5 years. All were highly malignant except cancer of the cervix, 2 localized forms of RCS, and 4 cases of cerebral RCS that responded to radiotherapy. Skin malignancy (SM) occurred in 97 patients (77% of cancers). The frequency increased with time, and after 4 years 18% of survivors had this cancer. In patients with SM 17% had multiple lesions when first diagnosed; further cancers or recurrences of the same type developed in 23%; another form of SM developed in 15%; metastases occurred 9 times (9%), 4 fatally. Six (6%) patients with SM developed other forms of malignancy, as compared to 33 (2%) of 1786 patients without SM. Ooulook for patients with SM with regard to survival and graft function was greatly improved at 5 years, as compared to that for patients without SM. Thereafter the outlook for patients with SM worsened rapidly because of additional effects of malignancy.", "contents": "Cancer in renal allograft recipients in Australia and New Zealand. Total incidence and outcome of cancer in all renal allograft recipients in one geographic area are known: 126 (7%) of 1884 patients developed cancer during an 11-year period. Proportions with cancer 1 and 5 years following successful transplantation were 11% and 24%, respectively. Numbers, proportion of malignancies, and average time of diagnosis post transplantation were as follows: reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) 15 (11%), 18 months; adenocarcinoma 8 (6%), 21/2 years; cancer of cervix 6 (5%), 41/2 years; leukemia 2 (2%), 5 years. All were highly malignant except cancer of the cervix, 2 localized forms of RCS, and 4 cases of cerebral RCS that responded to radiotherapy. Skin malignancy (SM) occurred in 97 patients (77% of cancers). The frequency increased with time, and after 4 years 18% of survivors had this cancer. In patients with SM 17% had multiple lesions when first diagnosed; further cancers or recurrences of the same type developed in 23%; another form of SM developed in 15%; metastases occurred 9 times (9%), 4 fatally. Six (6%) patients with SM developed other forms of malignancy, as compared to 33 (2%) of 1786 patients without SM. Ooulook for patients with SM with regard to survival and graft function was greatly improved at 5 years, as compared to that for patients without SM. Thereafter the outlook for patients with SM worsened rapidly because of additional effects of malignancy.", "PMID": 325740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9775", "title": "Related donors: costs and gains.", "content": "A quantitative, sociopsychologic study of 111 donors at 1 year after a successful transplant points to long-term emotional benefits rather than costs for most donors. While no one factor is highly predictive of donors who react less well, exclusion of extremely ambivalent donors would appear advisable, as would counseling help for other relatives who wish to donate despite normal fears.", "contents": "Related donors: costs and gains. A quantitative, sociopsychologic study of 111 donors at 1 year after a successful transplant points to long-term emotional benefits rather than costs for most donors. While no one factor is highly predictive of donors who react less well, exclusion of extremely ambivalent donors would appear advisable, as would counseling help for other relatives who wish to donate despite normal fears.", "PMID": 325755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9776", "title": "Kidney transplantation following treatment with cyclophosphamide and bone marrow grafting.", "content": "Canine cyclophosphamide (CY) chimeras permanently accept kidney and skin grafts as do radiation chimeras. Three of five dogs with reversion of chimerism rejected their kidney grafts within 11-16 days, while two of them retained their kidney grafts permanently. These results suggest that the reversion of chimerism in CY chimeras may be due to different mechanisms, either immunologic rejection or a nonimmunologic substitution of the grafted marrow by the host's own hemopoiesis.", "contents": "Kidney transplantation following treatment with cyclophosphamide and bone marrow grafting. Canine cyclophosphamide (CY) chimeras permanently accept kidney and skin grafts as do radiation chimeras. Three of five dogs with reversion of chimerism rejected their kidney grafts within 11-16 days, while two of them retained their kidney grafts permanently. These results suggest that the reversion of chimerism in CY chimeras may be due to different mechanisms, either immunologic rejection or a nonimmunologic substitution of the grafted marrow by the host's own hemopoiesis.", "PMID": 325763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9777", "title": "Calculations on long-term graft and patient survival in human kidney transplantation.", "content": "Long-term survival rates of human kidney transplants were found to decline at constant rates following the second year after transplantation. The slopes of decline were statistically significantly different for cadaver, parent-to-child, and HLA-identifical sibling transplants, resulting in graft survival half-life times during the constant risk phase of 7.5, 11, and 34 years, respectively. The corresponding patient survival half-life times were 12, 19, and 36 years, respectively. A highly significant difference in long-term survival risk was found when seven transplant centers that had been selected on the basis of their good 1-year graft survival results were compared with seven centers known to have a poor 1-year survival rate. The cadaver graft half-life times during the constant risk phase were 3.3 years for the \"poor\" centers and 8.7 years for the \"good\" centers. Thus, although histocompatibility obviously is a main factor in determining long-term survival risk, additional factors such as clinical treatment regimen appear to be influential. Knowledge of the long-term risk constants for the different transplant categories can be applied for the projection of success rates as well as retransplant and dialysis needs.", "contents": "Calculations on long-term graft and patient survival in human kidney transplantation. Long-term survival rates of human kidney transplants were found to decline at constant rates following the second year after transplantation. The slopes of decline were statistically significantly different for cadaver, parent-to-child, and HLA-identifical sibling transplants, resulting in graft survival half-life times during the constant risk phase of 7.5, 11, and 34 years, respectively. The corresponding patient survival half-life times were 12, 19, and 36 years, respectively. A highly significant difference in long-term survival risk was found when seven transplant centers that had been selected on the basis of their good 1-year graft survival results were compared with seven centers known to have a poor 1-year survival rate. The cadaver graft half-life times during the constant risk phase were 3.3 years for the \"poor\" centers and 8.7 years for the \"good\" centers. Thus, although histocompatibility obviously is a main factor in determining long-term survival risk, additional factors such as clinical treatment regimen appear to be influential. Knowledge of the long-term risk constants for the different transplant categories can be applied for the projection of success rates as well as retransplant and dialysis needs.", "PMID": 325765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9778", "title": "Heart and liver transplantation. Consistent survival after prolonged donor heart preservation.", "content": "Twelve dogs underwent orthotopic cardiac transplantation after donor heart preservation for 24 hr in a hypothermic hypertonic intracellular solution. Donors were divided into two groups: continuous oxygenated perfusion and nonperfusion. After 24 hr, transplantation was performed. All six perfused and four nonperfused donors hearts survived a 24-hr postoperative period. Survivors had normal cardiac output, right and left atrial pressures, and aortic pressures. After transplantation, all perfused hearts demonstrated mild left ventricular damage while nonperfused hearts had severe damage. Hypothermic hypertonic intracellular perfusion may allow improved protection for short-term myocardial preservation and survival after extended myocardial preservation.", "contents": "Heart and liver transplantation. Consistent survival after prolonged donor heart preservation. Twelve dogs underwent orthotopic cardiac transplantation after donor heart preservation for 24 hr in a hypothermic hypertonic intracellular solution. Donors were divided into two groups: continuous oxygenated perfusion and nonperfusion. After 24 hr, transplantation was performed. All six perfused and four nonperfused donors hearts survived a 24-hr postoperative period. Survivors had normal cardiac output, right and left atrial pressures, and aortic pressures. After transplantation, all perfused hearts demonstrated mild left ventricular damage while nonperfused hearts had severe damage. Hypothermic hypertonic intracellular perfusion may allow improved protection for short-term myocardial preservation and survival after extended myocardial preservation.", "PMID": 325770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9779", "title": "Pancreatic transplantation. Absence of diabetes in dogs after total pancreatectomy and intrasplenic autotransplantation of pancreatic tissue.", "content": "Two simple, rapid, and reproducible techniques of pancreatic tissue preparation produced favorable results after just part of the gland was autotransplanted in totally pancreatectomized animals. It is probable that the short and less traumatic treatment in vitro was responsible for the sufficient yield of viable islets. Moreover, the results show convincingly that the complete separation of endocrine from exocrine pancreas is not mandatory to insure adequate endocrine secretion. The spleen, an organ of no vital importance having a rich blood supply and belonging to the portal circulation, was a very suitable experimental implantation site, which permitted thorough evaluation of the tissue preparation techniques. These favorable results were not conditioned by the splenic tissue itself, because similar results have been obtained in dogs when the tissues were implanted into the liver via the portal vein.", "contents": "Pancreatic transplantation. Absence of diabetes in dogs after total pancreatectomy and intrasplenic autotransplantation of pancreatic tissue. Two simple, rapid, and reproducible techniques of pancreatic tissue preparation produced favorable results after just part of the gland was autotransplanted in totally pancreatectomized animals. It is probable that the short and less traumatic treatment in vitro was responsible for the sufficient yield of viable islets. Moreover, the results show convincingly that the complete separation of endocrine from exocrine pancreas is not mandatory to insure adequate endocrine secretion. The spleen, an organ of no vital importance having a rich blood supply and belonging to the portal circulation, was a very suitable experimental implantation site, which permitted thorough evaluation of the tissue preparation techniques. These favorable results were not conditioned by the splenic tissue itself, because similar results have been obtained in dogs when the tissues were implanted into the liver via the portal vein.", "PMID": 325775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9780", "title": "Effect of HLA matching on cadaver kidney function: experience at a single large center.", "content": "Whenever the results are compared within a given time period, within a given age group, within the nondiabetic population, and within groups receiving high or low doses of ALG, the advantages of well-matched kidneys continually and significantly demonstrate themselves. Tissue matching failed to improve survival and function only in diabetic patients who frequently die of problems unrelated to rejection. The results thus demonstrate an overall clear superiority in patient survival and transplant function of the better-matched kidneys.", "contents": "Effect of HLA matching on cadaver kidney function: experience at a single large center. Whenever the results are compared within a given time period, within a given age group, within the nondiabetic population, and within groups receiving high or low doses of ALG, the advantages of well-matched kidneys continually and significantly demonstrate themselves. Tissue matching failed to improve survival and function only in diabetic patients who frequently die of problems unrelated to rejection. The results thus demonstrate an overall clear superiority in patient survival and transplant function of the better-matched kidneys.", "PMID": 325788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9781", "title": "Human endothelial cell antigens: molecular independence from HLA and expression in blood monocytes.", "content": "Human alloantisera identified antigens in endothelial cells from umbilical cord veins that were not detectable in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Results of antigen redistribution experiments by the resistance to lysis induction method suggested that E-antigens were present in separate molecules of the endothelial cell surface. Monocytes from peripheral blood reacted like endothelial cells in cytotoxicity tests and were able to absorb the endothelial cytotoxic antibodies. Comparison of concordant and discordant monocyte reactions in first-degree relatives indicated that the antigens involved were inherited in linkage with HLA.", "contents": "Human endothelial cell antigens: molecular independence from HLA and expression in blood monocytes. Human alloantisera identified antigens in endothelial cells from umbilical cord veins that were not detectable in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Results of antigen redistribution experiments by the resistance to lysis induction method suggested that E-antigens were present in separate molecules of the endothelial cell surface. Monocytes from peripheral blood reacted like endothelial cells in cytotoxicity tests and were able to absorb the endothelial cytotoxic antibodies. Comparison of concordant and discordant monocyte reactions in first-degree relatives indicated that the antigens involved were inherited in linkage with HLA.", "PMID": 325796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9782", "title": "Pathways of complement activation in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and allograft rejection.", "content": "The complement system is comprised of at least 18 plasma proteins and consists of four functional divisions: two pathways for activation (classical and alternative), a common amplification mechanism for the activating pathways, and a final common effector pathway to which the activating and amplifying sequences are directed. The classical pathway is activated by certain antigen-antibody complexes, while the alternative pathway may be initiated non-immunologically by various microbial polysaccharides. Indeed, mixtures of purified C3, B, D, and P regulated to low-grade interaction by the presence of C3bINA and beta1 H respond to zymosan with amplified C3 and B inactivation. Both pathways form enzymes termed C3 convertases that cleave C3 to generate its major fragment, C3b. C3b interacts with each C3 convertase to permit C5 cleavage in activation of the effector complement sequence, and it interacts with alternative-pathway factors B and D to generate additional C3 convertase, C3bBb, in the amplification pathway. As C3 cleavage represents the most critical step in the elaboration of the biologic effects of the complement system, modulation of this reaction by generation, stabilization, and inactivation of the amplification convertase C3bBb may well determine whether initial activation of the complement sequence eventuates in beneficial or detrimental effects for the host. Initial generation of C3bBb is dependent on prior cleavage of C3, which may occur by the classical pathway or the alternative pathway. Stabilization of C3bBb is achieved with either P or C3NeF after their binding to C3b and C3bBb, respectively. Control of this amplifying step occurs at three levels: intrinsic decay of the inherently labile C3bBb complex, extrinsic decay-dissociation of Bb from the complex by beta1H, and inactivation of C3b by C3bINA. In the presence of stabilizing factors the control proteins must function in sequence, since C3bINA cannot act on C3bBb; beta1H-mediated decay of protective Bb must precede C3b inactivation by C3bINA. C3NeF, which is found in the sera of some patients with MPGN and persistent depressions of serum C3, circumvents all three controls because of its capacity to create a stabilized convertase that is relatively resistant to decay-dissociation by beta1H. The effector complement sequence is activated by cleavage of C3 and C5, which releases vasoactive and chemotactic peptides, C3a and C5a, and generates the major fragments C3b and C5b. C3b, in addition to its function in the amplifying reaction and the C5 convertases, mediates immune adherence to cells possessing membrane-associated receptors for C3b; this in turn promotes the phagocytic and secretory functions unique to each cell type. Cell-bound C5b serves to assemble the cytolytic complex C5b6789, while fluid-phase C5d generates the hemolytically inactive chemotactic complex C567d...", "contents": "Pathways of complement activation in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and allograft rejection. The complement system is comprised of at least 18 plasma proteins and consists of four functional divisions: two pathways for activation (classical and alternative), a common amplification mechanism for the activating pathways, and a final common effector pathway to which the activating and amplifying sequences are directed. The classical pathway is activated by certain antigen-antibody complexes, while the alternative pathway may be initiated non-immunologically by various microbial polysaccharides. Indeed, mixtures of purified C3, B, D, and P regulated to low-grade interaction by the presence of C3bINA and beta1 H respond to zymosan with amplified C3 and B inactivation. Both pathways form enzymes termed C3 convertases that cleave C3 to generate its major fragment, C3b. C3b interacts with each C3 convertase to permit C5 cleavage in activation of the effector complement sequence, and it interacts with alternative-pathway factors B and D to generate additional C3 convertase, C3bBb, in the amplification pathway. As C3 cleavage represents the most critical step in the elaboration of the biologic effects of the complement system, modulation of this reaction by generation, stabilization, and inactivation of the amplification convertase C3bBb may well determine whether initial activation of the complement sequence eventuates in beneficial or detrimental effects for the host. Initial generation of C3bBb is dependent on prior cleavage of C3, which may occur by the classical pathway or the alternative pathway. Stabilization of C3bBb is achieved with either P or C3NeF after their binding to C3b and C3bBb, respectively. Control of this amplifying step occurs at three levels: intrinsic decay of the inherently labile C3bBb complex, extrinsic decay-dissociation of Bb from the complex by beta1H, and inactivation of C3b by C3bINA. In the presence of stabilizing factors the control proteins must function in sequence, since C3bINA cannot act on C3bBb; beta1H-mediated decay of protective Bb must precede C3b inactivation by C3bINA. C3NeF, which is found in the sera of some patients with MPGN and persistent depressions of serum C3, circumvents all three controls because of its capacity to create a stabilized convertase that is relatively resistant to decay-dissociation by beta1H. The effector complement sequence is activated by cleavage of C3 and C5, which releases vasoactive and chemotactic peptides, C3a and C5a, and generates the major fragments C3b and C5b. C3b, in addition to its function in the amplifying reaction and the C5 convertases, mediates immune adherence to cells possessing membrane-associated receptors for C3b; this in turn promotes the phagocytic and secretory functions unique to each cell type. Cell-bound C5b serves to assemble the cytolytic complex C5b6789, while fluid-phase C5d generates the hemolytically inactive chemotactic complex C567d...", "PMID": 325806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9783", "title": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and human renal allotransplantation.", "content": "A group of 154 patients on chronic dialysis has been evaluated by DNCB reactivity. Viewed as a group, these patients exhibit a highly significant decrease in immunologic responsiveness in comparison to normal individuals. However, 19% of patients had an immunologic response to DNCB and 12% an irritant response. This pretransplant DNCB responsiveness correlated significantly with subsequent allograft rejection in 71 renal allotransplant recipients. For example, at 1 year after transplantation graft survival was strikingly different: DNCB- patients, 78%; DNCB+ patients, 29%; and DNCB-IR patients; 20%. Pretransplant recall-antigen testing results in 32 patients did not correlate significantly with subsequent transplant results. Serial posttransplant delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses in patients with a positive response to a skin test antigen in the pretransplant period suggest possible usefulness of this technique for detecting rejection in the posttransplant period. DNCB skin testing should be performed in all transplant candidates to evaluate host responsiveness and should aid in future patient management.", "contents": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and human renal allotransplantation. A group of 154 patients on chronic dialysis has been evaluated by DNCB reactivity. Viewed as a group, these patients exhibit a highly significant decrease in immunologic responsiveness in comparison to normal individuals. However, 19% of patients had an immunologic response to DNCB and 12% an irritant response. This pretransplant DNCB responsiveness correlated significantly with subsequent allograft rejection in 71 renal allotransplant recipients. For example, at 1 year after transplantation graft survival was strikingly different: DNCB- patients, 78%; DNCB+ patients, 29%; and DNCB-IR patients; 20%. Pretransplant recall-antigen testing results in 32 patients did not correlate significantly with subsequent transplant results. Serial posttransplant delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses in patients with a positive response to a skin test antigen in the pretransplant period suggest possible usefulness of this technique for detecting rejection in the posttransplant period. DNCB skin testing should be performed in all transplant candidates to evaluate host responsiveness and should aid in future patient management.", "PMID": 325815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9784", "title": "Anti-Ia serum blocking of macrophage function in the in vitro humoral response.", "content": "Antisera directed at I-region gene products coded for by genes in the I-J subregion effectively block macrophage function in the primary in vitro response to burro erythrocytes. Pretreatment of macrophages with normal serum, nonappropriate anti-Ia antibodies, or anti-H-2 serum had no inhibitory effect. Similar antiserum pretreatment of macrophage-depleted cells did not affect their ability to function with untreated adherent splenic macrophages. The results suggest that the Ia molecule has an active role in antigen presentation by the macrophage or in macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in the primary IgM response.", "contents": "Anti-Ia serum blocking of macrophage function in the in vitro humoral response. Antisera directed at I-region gene products coded for by genes in the I-J subregion effectively block macrophage function in the primary in vitro response to burro erythrocytes. Pretreatment of macrophages with normal serum, nonappropriate anti-Ia antibodies, or anti-H-2 serum had no inhibitory effect. Similar antiserum pretreatment of macrophage-depleted cells did not affect their ability to function with untreated adherent splenic macrophages. The results suggest that the Ia molecule has an active role in antigen presentation by the macrophage or in macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in the primary IgM response.", "PMID": 325819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9785", "title": "Anticipation of renal transplant failure by postanastomosis biopsy and immunofluorescence.", "content": "Ninety-six pre- and postanastomosis allograft biopsies from 48 transplant recipients were studied employing the direct fluorescent antibody procedure. Of the 48 transplants studied, 26 postanastomosis biopsies showed significant blood vessel wall deposits consisting predominantly of 2-4+ staining IgM and C3 deposits. The corresponding preanastomosis biopsies showed only patchy intimal surface staining. All but two of the grafts with positive biopsies had been preserved by the pulsatile perfusion method for various periods of time. Twenty-three of the twenty-six grafts with positive findings failed within 1 month while only 2 of the 19 negative postanastomosis biopsies failed within the 1-month period. Based on these findings actual graft failure occurred in 89% of the patients with postanastomosis transplant biopsies with positive findings. Although crossmatch studies were negative in all cases, further immunologic studies of eluates obtained from positive postanastomosis biopsies revealed the presence of lymphocytotoxic IgM antibodies in three of five cases studied. These findings suggest that rapid deposition of undetected preformed lymphocytotoxic antibodies accumulate in the vessel walls following anastomosis and contribute to transplant failure.", "contents": "Anticipation of renal transplant failure by postanastomosis biopsy and immunofluorescence. Ninety-six pre- and postanastomosis allograft biopsies from 48 transplant recipients were studied employing the direct fluorescent antibody procedure. Of the 48 transplants studied, 26 postanastomosis biopsies showed significant blood vessel wall deposits consisting predominantly of 2-4+ staining IgM and C3 deposits. The corresponding preanastomosis biopsies showed only patchy intimal surface staining. All but two of the grafts with positive biopsies had been preserved by the pulsatile perfusion method for various periods of time. Twenty-three of the twenty-six grafts with positive findings failed within 1 month while only 2 of the 19 negative postanastomosis biopsies failed within the 1-month period. Based on these findings actual graft failure occurred in 89% of the patients with postanastomosis transplant biopsies with positive findings. Although crossmatch studies were negative in all cases, further immunologic studies of eluates obtained from positive postanastomosis biopsies revealed the presence of lymphocytotoxic IgM antibodies in three of five cases studied. These findings suggest that rapid deposition of undetected preformed lymphocytotoxic antibodies accumulate in the vessel walls following anastomosis and contribute to transplant failure.", "PMID": 325823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9786", "title": "Passive enhancement of rat renal allografts by antibodies to a non-SD (Ag-B) locus analogous to Ia and demonstration of linkage to the MHC.", "content": "The rat MHC contains a distinct locus for Ia-like antigens. The alleles of this locus are not always associated with like alleles of the MLR and Ag-B (SD) loci in inbred strains. This is demonstrated by the Fischer strain, which is MLR and tag-B (SD) 1 (H-11) but shares an Ia specificity with BN (Ag-B3, H-1n). The biologic significance of anti-Ia is distinctive, having in vivo graft-enhancing capability, even when it is cross-reacting (i.e., Lew anti-Fi enhances BN). In contrast, anti-AG-B (SD) does not enhance in the rat model.", "contents": "Passive enhancement of rat renal allografts by antibodies to a non-SD (Ag-B) locus analogous to Ia and demonstration of linkage to the MHC. The rat MHC contains a distinct locus for Ia-like antigens. The alleles of this locus are not always associated with like alleles of the MLR and Ag-B (SD) loci in inbred strains. This is demonstrated by the Fischer strain, which is MLR and tag-B (SD) 1 (H-11) but shares an Ia specificity with BN (Ag-B3, H-1n). The biologic significance of anti-Ia is distinctive, having in vivo graft-enhancing capability, even when it is cross-reacting (i.e., Lew anti-Fi enhances BN). In contrast, anti-AG-B (SD) does not enhance in the rat model.", "PMID": 325828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9787", "title": "Niridazole as an immunosuppressive agent.", "content": "The immunosuppressive properties of niridazole, an antihelminthic drug, have been investigated in rats. When given orally at a dosage of 50 mg/kg it extended the median survival of cardiac allografts from 7 to 20 days. The immunosuppressive effect was not increased by giving either azathioprine or prednisolone concurrently, but when all three drugs were combined the immunosuppression was profound, and only 2 of 8 grafts were rejected. Drug combinations incorporating niridazole at a lower dosage or for a shorter period were less effective, and azathioprine and prednisolone on their own or together prolonged graft survival only marginally in this model.", "contents": "Niridazole as an immunosuppressive agent. The immunosuppressive properties of niridazole, an antihelminthic drug, have been investigated in rats. When given orally at a dosage of 50 mg/kg it extended the median survival of cardiac allografts from 7 to 20 days. The immunosuppressive effect was not increased by giving either azathioprine or prednisolone concurrently, but when all three drugs were combined the immunosuppression was profound, and only 2 of 8 grafts were rejected. Drug combinations incorporating niridazole at a lower dosage or for a shorter period were less effective, and azathioprine and prednisolone on their own or together prolonged graft survival only marginally in this model.", "PMID": 325834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9788", "title": "Trial of two intermittent short-course regimens (78 doses) in the initial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "A controlled trial was done in Roumania to compare 2 regimens in patients with culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Both regimens were of twice-weekly doses under supervision for 9 months, a total of 78 doses. Patients were followed up for 15 months after the end of treatment. The regimens were as follows: IR, isoniazid and rifampicin for 3 months followed by isoniazid and either streptomycin or ethambutol for 6 months; ISE, isoniazid, streptomycin and ethambutol for 3 months followed by isoniazid and either streptomycin or ethambutol for 6 months. Of 128 IR cases and 104 ISE cases with sensitive cultures initially all were culture-negative at 6 months. At the end of 9 months there were 1.8% of 112 in the IR group which had had 2 positive cultures in the 6-9 month period and 3.4% of 88 in the ISE group. After 15 months from the end of treatment 5.6% of 89 in the IR group had had a bacteriological relapse and 8.9% of 79 in the ISE group. Cultures from all relapsed cases were still sensitive to the drugs used. All relapses occurred during the first 12 months. In only 5.6% of 232 patients did adverse reactions necessitate change of treatment. The efficacy, cost, tolerance and suitability of the regimens for a national programme are discussed.", "contents": "Trial of two intermittent short-course regimens (78 doses) in the initial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. A controlled trial was done in Roumania to compare 2 regimens in patients with culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Both regimens were of twice-weekly doses under supervision for 9 months, a total of 78 doses. Patients were followed up for 15 months after the end of treatment. The regimens were as follows: IR, isoniazid and rifampicin for 3 months followed by isoniazid and either streptomycin or ethambutol for 6 months; ISE, isoniazid, streptomycin and ethambutol for 3 months followed by isoniazid and either streptomycin or ethambutol for 6 months. Of 128 IR cases and 104 ISE cases with sensitive cultures initially all were culture-negative at 6 months. At the end of 9 months there were 1.8% of 112 in the IR group which had had 2 positive cultures in the 6-9 month period and 3.4% of 88 in the ISE group. After 15 months from the end of treatment 5.6% of 89 in the IR group had had a bacteriological relapse and 8.9% of 79 in the ISE group. Cultures from all relapsed cases were still sensitive to the drugs used. All relapses occurred during the first 12 months. In only 5.6% of 232 patients did adverse reactions necessitate change of treatment. The efficacy, cost, tolerance and suitability of the regimens for a national programme are discussed.", "PMID": 325837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9789", "title": "Fatal generalized BCG histiocytosis.", "content": "An infant was vaccinated at the age of 3 days with BCG vaccine. At the age of 3 years 10 months he developed an infection by Salmonella typhimurium. The infection persisted with recurrent episodes of fever, peri-nephritic abscess, abscesses of lymph nodes, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and paravertebral and retro-peritoneal abscesses, from which Salmonella were isolated. At the age of 6 years and 2 months later. At post-mortem examination there were widespread histiocytic nodules in many organs, from which Mycobacterium bovis BCG were cultured. One previous case has been reported from Czechoslovakia. The mother of that child was the sister of the father of the child reported here. It was not possible to investigate the possibility of abnormalities of humoral or cellular immunity in the family.", "contents": "Fatal generalized BCG histiocytosis. An infant was vaccinated at the age of 3 days with BCG vaccine. At the age of 3 years 10 months he developed an infection by Salmonella typhimurium. The infection persisted with recurrent episodes of fever, peri-nephritic abscess, abscesses of lymph nodes, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and paravertebral and retro-peritoneal abscesses, from which Salmonella were isolated. At the age of 6 years and 2 months later. At post-mortem examination there were widespread histiocytic nodules in many organs, from which Mycobacterium bovis BCG were cultured. One previous case has been reported from Czechoslovakia. The mother of that child was the sister of the father of the child reported here. It was not possible to investigate the possibility of abnormalities of humoral or cellular immunity in the family.", "PMID": 325838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9790", "title": "[Kinetics of 35S-lipoate binding in vitro by plasma proteins and formed elements of the blood].", "content": "When incubating isolated erythrocytes, leucocytes and blood plasma 35S-lipoate in rising concentrations (2.4-240 microng/ml) the intensive binding of the latter may be observed, that is 8-11% of 35S-lipoate total content in the incubation medium for proteins, 4.8-08% for erythrocytes and 1.1-0.12% for leucocytes. Calculating per 10(7) cells the binding of lipoate by leucocytes is 1-2 order higher than that by erythrocytes. In blood plasma binding of 35S-lipoate by leucocytes is 41-82% lower than in the physiological solution. The binding of lipoate by erythrocytes also drops in the presence of plasma as compared to the physiological solution, but this effect is less pronounced and significant only with the presence of 240 microng of lipoate per 1 ml of the medium. Kinetics of 35-S-lipoate binding by the blood cells is of complicated character and permits supposing the existence of the lipoate-barrier function of the plasmatic membranes which is able of regulating lipoate intake by erythrocytes up to a concentration of 24 microng/ml and by leucocytes even up to 240 microng/ml.", "contents": "[Kinetics of 35S-lipoate binding in vitro by plasma proteins and formed elements of the blood]. When incubating isolated erythrocytes, leucocytes and blood plasma 35S-lipoate in rising concentrations (2.4-240 microng/ml) the intensive binding of the latter may be observed, that is 8-11% of 35S-lipoate total content in the incubation medium for proteins, 4.8-08% for erythrocytes and 1.1-0.12% for leucocytes. Calculating per 10(7) cells the binding of lipoate by leucocytes is 1-2 order higher than that by erythrocytes. In blood plasma binding of 35S-lipoate by leucocytes is 41-82% lower than in the physiological solution. The binding of lipoate by erythrocytes also drops in the presence of plasma as compared to the physiological solution, but this effect is less pronounced and significant only with the presence of 240 microng of lipoate per 1 ml of the medium. Kinetics of 35-S-lipoate binding by the blood cells is of complicated character and permits supposing the existence of the lipoate-barrier function of the plasmatic membranes which is able of regulating lipoate intake by erythrocytes up to a concentration of 24 microng/ml and by leucocytes even up to 240 microng/ml.", "PMID": 325841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9791", "title": "Immunotherapy with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) for recurrent squamous cell tumor of conjunctiva.", "content": "Over the course of nine years a young man sustained repeated recurrences of a squamous papillary epithelial tumor of the conjunctiva and canaliculus. Treatment had included repeated surgical excisions, fulguration, cryotherapy, and localized applications of Thiotepa. When we examined him in 1972 he had a recurrent lesion measuring about 1 cm in diameter. Because of past failures with the above-noted therapeutic modalities, we decided to treat him with immunotherapy using the immunological adjuvant DNCB (dinitrochlorobenzene). We sensitized him systemically to DNCB by applying 2,000 microng of this agent to the skin of his forearm. A spontaneous \"flare\" reaction, indicative of delayed hypersensitivity, developed. Delayed hypersensitivity to DNCB was confirmed by in vitro testing of his lymphocytes for their ability to produce migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in response to DNCB. Subsequent localized application of DNCB to the conjunctival tumor resulted in rapid regression of the lesion and there has been no recurrence during a follow-up period of three years. We believe this is the first time a conjunctival tumor has been successfully treated with immunotherapy.", "contents": "Immunotherapy with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) for recurrent squamous cell tumor of conjunctiva. Over the course of nine years a young man sustained repeated recurrences of a squamous papillary epithelial tumor of the conjunctiva and canaliculus. Treatment had included repeated surgical excisions, fulguration, cryotherapy, and localized applications of Thiotepa. When we examined him in 1972 he had a recurrent lesion measuring about 1 cm in diameter. Because of past failures with the above-noted therapeutic modalities, we decided to treat him with immunotherapy using the immunological adjuvant DNCB (dinitrochlorobenzene). We sensitized him systemically to DNCB by applying 2,000 microng of this agent to the skin of his forearm. A spontaneous \"flare\" reaction, indicative of delayed hypersensitivity, developed. Delayed hypersensitivity to DNCB was confirmed by in vitro testing of his lymphocytes for their ability to produce migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in response to DNCB. Subsequent localized application of DNCB to the conjunctival tumor resulted in rapid regression of the lesion and there has been no recurrence during a follow-up period of three years. We believe this is the first time a conjunctival tumor has been successfully treated with immunotherapy.", "PMID": 325854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9792", "title": "Presumed chronic ocular histoplasmosis syndrome: a clinical-pathologic case report.", "content": "An eye of a patient with clinically typical presumed ocular histoplasmosis was studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immuno-fluorescence techniques. There was clinical and pathological evidence of anterior segment involvement. The posterior segment showed granulomatous and nongranulomatous chorioretinal lesions with and without subretinal neovascularization. Immunohistopathological staining for histoplasma antigens revealed positive staining at sites of lymphoid inflammation. Organisms were not identified.", "contents": "Presumed chronic ocular histoplasmosis syndrome: a clinical-pathologic case report. An eye of a patient with clinically typical presumed ocular histoplasmosis was studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immuno-fluorescence techniques. There was clinical and pathological evidence of anterior segment involvement. The posterior segment showed granulomatous and nongranulomatous chorioretinal lesions with and without subretinal neovascularization. Immunohistopathological staining for histoplasma antigens revealed positive staining at sites of lymphoid inflammation. Organisms were not identified.", "PMID": 325861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9793", "title": "[Preparation of antilymphocytic globulin by means of repeatedly-used immunoadsorbents (author's tranl)].", "content": "A method is described for the purification of horse anti-human lymphocyte serum, whereby absorption of haemagglutinating antibodies was performed with human RBC ghosts. These ghosts were repeatedly used after desorption. Desorption was carried out in glycine-HCl buffer solution pH = 3,0. The advantages of this method consist of a reduction in the amount of RBC needed for absorption and the relatively low loss of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The final product is effective in an in vitro test system and complies with the requirements for human use.", "contents": "[Preparation of antilymphocytic globulin by means of repeatedly-used immunoadsorbents (author's tranl)]. A method is described for the purification of horse anti-human lymphocyte serum, whereby absorption of haemagglutinating antibodies was performed with human RBC ghosts. These ghosts were repeatedly used after desorption. Desorption was carried out in glycine-HCl buffer solution pH = 3,0. The advantages of this method consist of a reduction in the amount of RBC needed for absorption and the relatively low loss of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The final product is effective in an in vitro test system and complies with the requirements for human use.", "PMID": 325910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9794", "title": "Parietal cell (highly selective or proximal gastric) vagotomy for peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "Parietal cell vagotomy has been in clinical use for 7 years in elective treatment of nonobstructive duodenal ulcer, and for even a shorter period for complicated cases and for gastric ulcer The evolution of the surgical technique has not yet come to an end and the ability to perform the procedure is still improving. It can therefore be questioned, if this operation is yet ripe for a realistic clinical trial, and the great variation in recurrence rate reported in pilot series as well as in prospective randomized clinical trials points to the possibility that we will have to wait several years before the anticipated mean recurrence rate is known. At present it can be stated that even if gastric emptying is not quite undisturbed, the addition of a drainage procedure in nonobstructive cases is unnecessary. The same may be true in some patients with pyloric obstruction. Furthermore, the mortality rate is very low and the incidence of moderate-to-severe dumping and diarrhea is virtually nil.", "contents": "Parietal cell (highly selective or proximal gastric) vagotomy for peptic ulcer disease. Parietal cell vagotomy has been in clinical use for 7 years in elective treatment of nonobstructive duodenal ulcer, and for even a shorter period for complicated cases and for gastric ulcer The evolution of the surgical technique has not yet come to an end and the ability to perform the procedure is still improving. It can therefore be questioned, if this operation is yet ripe for a realistic clinical trial, and the great variation in recurrence rate reported in pilot series as well as in prospective randomized clinical trials points to the possibility that we will have to wait several years before the anticipated mean recurrence rate is known. At present it can be stated that even if gastric emptying is not quite undisturbed, the addition of a drainage procedure in nonobstructive cases is unnecessary. The same may be true in some patients with pyloric obstruction. Furthermore, the mortality rate is very low and the incidence of moderate-to-severe dumping and diarrhea is virtually nil.", "PMID": 325914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9795", "title": "Isolation of viable human pancreatic islets.", "content": "This article reports a method for the isolation of viable pancreatic islets from the human pancreas. Isolated islets were obtained from human pancreata of cadavers, patients undergoing surgical operations, and fetuses, using a freehand microdissection procedure. Viability was assessed by light microscopy of sections stained with aldehyde fuchsin and by measuring the insulin output of islets in response to a glucose stimulus in vitro using a perifusion system. Ten pieces of cadaver pancreas were studied. Islets were isolated from 6 specimens and in 5 of these were shown to respond to a glucose stimulus in vitro. Histologically the islets showed minimal damage with slight degranulation of the beta cells. Five pieces of pancreas removed at operation were studied as well. Islets were isolated in all cases, but only 2 showed a response to a glucose stimulus. Pancreata from a 26-week and 34-week human fetus were also studied. It was not possible to microdissect islets from either case, but small pieces of pancreas from the 26-week fetus were shown to respond to a glucose stimulus by producing a significant increase in insulin output.", "contents": "Isolation of viable human pancreatic islets. This article reports a method for the isolation of viable pancreatic islets from the human pancreas. Isolated islets were obtained from human pancreata of cadavers, patients undergoing surgical operations, and fetuses, using a freehand microdissection procedure. Viability was assessed by light microscopy of sections stained with aldehyde fuchsin and by measuring the insulin output of islets in response to a glucose stimulus in vitro using a perifusion system. Ten pieces of cadaver pancreas were studied. Islets were isolated from 6 specimens and in 5 of these were shown to respond to a glucose stimulus in vitro. Histologically the islets showed minimal damage with slight degranulation of the beta cells. Five pieces of pancreas removed at operation were studied as well. Islets were isolated in all cases, but only 2 showed a response to a glucose stimulus. Pancreata from a 26-week and 34-week human fetus were also studied. It was not possible to microdissect islets from either case, but small pieces of pancreas from the 26-week fetus were shown to respond to a glucose stimulus by producing a significant increase in insulin output.", "PMID": 325916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9796", "title": "The effect of stored blood on mesenteric oxygen extraction during exdotoxin shock.", "content": "Storage of blood in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution gradually depletes red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. We examined the effect of exchange transfusion of DPG-depleted blood on mesenteric blood flow and oxygen consumption in dogs subjected to endotoxin shock. Two groups of 6 dogs each were anesthetized and subjected to exchange transfusion with either fresh ACD blood or 21-day-old ACD blood prior to administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin (2 mg/kg). Mesenteric blood flow, arteriovenous oxygen content difference and systemic arterial blood pressure were monitored continuously before and for 60 min after endotoxin. Mesenteric blood flow was reduced from 250 +/- 21 ml/min before endotoxin to 114 +/- 15 ml/min at 5 min, 157 +/- 29 ml/min at 30 min, and 112 +/- 17 ml/min at 60 min after endotoxin in the dogs exchanged with fresh blood. Corresponding values for intestinal oxygen consumption were 10.4 +/- 1.0, 7.5 +/- 0.8, 8.4 +/- 1.0, and 6.8 +/- 0.7 ml/min. In dogs transfused with 21-day-old blood, pre-endotoxin blood flow was 208 +/- 2ml/min and declined to 115 +/- 12, 93 +/- 5, and 80 +/- 8 ml/min at 5, 30, and 60 min post-endotoxin. Corresponding values for intestinal oxygen consumption were 8.1 +/- 0.9, 6.6 +/- 0.7, 6.2 +/-0.5, and 5.5 +/- 0.7 ml/min. There was no significant difference (p greater than 0.1) in responses of blood flow or oxygen consumption to endotoxin shock between the two groups of dogs. These findings indicate that exchange transfusion with DPG-depleted blood does not impair oxygen extraction by the ischemic intestine.", "contents": "The effect of stored blood on mesenteric oxygen extraction during exdotoxin shock. Storage of blood in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution gradually depletes red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. We examined the effect of exchange transfusion of DPG-depleted blood on mesenteric blood flow and oxygen consumption in dogs subjected to endotoxin shock. Two groups of 6 dogs each were anesthetized and subjected to exchange transfusion with either fresh ACD blood or 21-day-old ACD blood prior to administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin (2 mg/kg). Mesenteric blood flow, arteriovenous oxygen content difference and systemic arterial blood pressure were monitored continuously before and for 60 min after endotoxin. Mesenteric blood flow was reduced from 250 +/- 21 ml/min before endotoxin to 114 +/- 15 ml/min at 5 min, 157 +/- 29 ml/min at 30 min, and 112 +/- 17 ml/min at 60 min after endotoxin in the dogs exchanged with fresh blood. Corresponding values for intestinal oxygen consumption were 10.4 +/- 1.0, 7.5 +/- 0.8, 8.4 +/- 1.0, and 6.8 +/- 0.7 ml/min. In dogs transfused with 21-day-old blood, pre-endotoxin blood flow was 208 +/- 2ml/min and declined to 115 +/- 12, 93 +/- 5, and 80 +/- 8 ml/min at 5, 30, and 60 min post-endotoxin. Corresponding values for intestinal oxygen consumption were 8.1 +/- 0.9, 6.6 +/- 0.7, 6.2 +/-0.5, and 5.5 +/- 0.7 ml/min. There was no significant difference (p greater than 0.1) in responses of blood flow or oxygen consumption to endotoxin shock between the two groups of dogs. These findings indicate that exchange transfusion with DPG-depleted blood does not impair oxygen extraction by the ischemic intestine.", "PMID": 325917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9797", "title": "Review of elective surgical treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer.", "content": "This article is a review of 20 clinical trials of various forms of elective surgical treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer conducted between 1964 and 1975, some of them prospective and others retrospective in nature. Comparisons have been made of the results following truncal vagotomy with drainage, truncal vagotomy with antrectomy, and partial gastrectomy. Additionally, selective vagotomy and truncal vagotomy have been compared in some studies and various forms of drainage, such as pyloroplasty and gastrojejunostomy, have been compared in others. In general, the results of all current forms of elective surgery for chronic duodenal ulcer have been very good, and the differences among the effects of the various procedures have been small. There have been no significant differences in the mortality rates associated with the several operations when they have been performed electively. The rate of ulcer recurrence and incidence of diarrhea have been somewhat higher after truncal vagotomy with drainage, whereas the frequency of dumping and amount of weight loss have been somewhat greater after all forms of gastric resection. Selective vagotomy appears to be associated with less frequent and severe diarrhea than does truncal vagotomy. There have been no apparent differences in the results of the various drainage procedure that have been combined with vagotomy. Highly selective vagotomy without drainage, the most recent operation for duodenal ulcer, has resulted in the lowest incidence of post-operative side effects of any surgical procedure in current use. However, the frequency of ulcer recurrence after this therapeutic measure remains to be determined by long-term studies.", "contents": "Review of elective surgical treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer. This article is a review of 20 clinical trials of various forms of elective surgical treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer conducted between 1964 and 1975, some of them prospective and others retrospective in nature. Comparisons have been made of the results following truncal vagotomy with drainage, truncal vagotomy with antrectomy, and partial gastrectomy. Additionally, selective vagotomy and truncal vagotomy have been compared in some studies and various forms of drainage, such as pyloroplasty and gastrojejunostomy, have been compared in others. In general, the results of all current forms of elective surgery for chronic duodenal ulcer have been very good, and the differences among the effects of the various procedures have been small. There have been no significant differences in the mortality rates associated with the several operations when they have been performed electively. The rate of ulcer recurrence and incidence of diarrhea have been somewhat higher after truncal vagotomy with drainage, whereas the frequency of dumping and amount of weight loss have been somewhat greater after all forms of gastric resection. Selective vagotomy appears to be associated with less frequent and severe diarrhea than does truncal vagotomy. There have been no apparent differences in the results of the various drainage procedure that have been combined with vagotomy. Highly selective vagotomy without drainage, the most recent operation for duodenal ulcer, has resulted in the lowest incidence of post-operative side effects of any surgical procedure in current use. However, the frequency of ulcer recurrence after this therapeutic measure remains to be determined by long-term studies.", "PMID": 325918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9798", "title": "[Transient behavior of the ammonium-limited chemostatic cultures of Escherichia coli ML 30].", "content": "In connection with the bistability of pyruvate formation in ammonium limited continuous cultures of E. coli ML 30 (Bergter u. Roth 1977) the transient behaviour of cell density and pyruvate concentration were studied. Immediately after a shift up in the dilution rate from D = 0.15 h-1 to D = 0.6 h-1 the bacteria excreted pyruvate into the medium, followed by a resumption of pyruvate. The specific pyruvate formation rate as well as the specific growth rate reached the new steady state with damped oscillations. Possibly the excretion of pyruvate after the shift is caused by the higher non limiting concentrations of ammonium during the first of the transition. This hypothesis is supported by the transient behaviour of an ammonium limited continuous culture after a pulse of ammonium to the culture. The relations between ammonium metabolism and pyruvate formation are discussed.", "contents": "[Transient behavior of the ammonium-limited chemostatic cultures of Escherichia coli ML 30]. In connection with the bistability of pyruvate formation in ammonium limited continuous cultures of E. coli ML 30 (Bergter u. Roth 1977) the transient behaviour of cell density and pyruvate concentration were studied. Immediately after a shift up in the dilution rate from D = 0.15 h-1 to D = 0.6 h-1 the bacteria excreted pyruvate into the medium, followed by a resumption of pyruvate. The specific pyruvate formation rate as well as the specific growth rate reached the new steady state with damped oscillations. Possibly the excretion of pyruvate after the shift is caused by the higher non limiting concentrations of ammonium during the first of the transition. This hypothesis is supported by the transient behaviour of an ammonium limited continuous culture after a pulse of ammonium to the culture. The relations between ammonium metabolism and pyruvate formation are discussed.", "PMID": 325924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9799", "title": "Low temperature inhibition on binding, trasport, and incorporation of leucine, arginine, methionine, and histidine in Escherichia coli).", "content": "A multiple amino acid auxotroph and a wild type of Escherichia coli K12 were used to study the effects of near minimum growth temperatures on the binding, transport, and cellular incorporation of selected amino acids. Both strains of the bacterium showed the same minimum growth temperature (8 degrees C) when previously grown at 15 degrees C. At 8 degrees C and above, the auxotroph exhibited an overall greater ability to bind and transport amino acids than did the wild type. Below the minimum growth temperature, transport and cellular incorporation including respiration ((uptake) were significantly lower for either organism. The NEU and HEPPEL osmotic shock treatment indicated the removal of the specific histidine-binding protein and the ability to bind histidine was not recovered by further incubation below 8 degrees C. At 8 degrees C and above, the cells recovered their ability to bind histidine within one hour. The evidence presented indicates a direct relationship between the auxotroph's minimum growth temperature and its ability to bind amino acids, specifically methionine.", "contents": "Low temperature inhibition on binding, trasport, and incorporation of leucine, arginine, methionine, and histidine in Escherichia coli). A multiple amino acid auxotroph and a wild type of Escherichia coli K12 were used to study the effects of near minimum growth temperatures on the binding, transport, and cellular incorporation of selected amino acids. Both strains of the bacterium showed the same minimum growth temperature (8 degrees C) when previously grown at 15 degrees C. At 8 degrees C and above, the auxotroph exhibited an overall greater ability to bind and transport amino acids than did the wild type. Below the minimum growth temperature, transport and cellular incorporation including respiration ((uptake) were significantly lower for either organism. The NEU and HEPPEL osmotic shock treatment indicated the removal of the specific histidine-binding protein and the ability to bind histidine was not recovered by further incubation below 8 degrees C. At 8 degrees C and above, the cells recovered their ability to bind histidine within one hour. The evidence presented indicates a direct relationship between the auxotroph's minimum growth temperature and its ability to bind amino acids, specifically methionine.", "PMID": 325925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9800", "title": "[Hypo- and hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy].", "content": "During pregnancy the maternal calcium metabolism is submitted to special loads. Overchallenging of the functional capacity of the parathyroid gland may evoke an insufficiency of the parathyroid gland which on its part induces a fetal secondary hyperparathyroidism. Therefore, the early diagnostic recognition of the insufficiency of the parathyroid gland is of importance, since (also in basic diseases known before pregnancy) now special therapeutic conditions are given. Maternal hyperparathyroidism leads to fetal hypoprarthyroidism with resulting developmental disturbances; it furthers the tendency to abortions and perinatal mortality. Epidemiological prospective investigations have shown that among the identified cases of oligo- or asymptomatic functional disturbances of the parathyroid glands there are very often women at an age, when they are capable of bearing children. This statement confirms the postule regularly to control serum calcium content during pregnancy. Objectifying the disturbed integrity of the calcium metabolism, therapeutic measures are necessary, the details of which are demonstrated according to own experiences. In such cases the cooperation between the gynaecologist being in charge of the pregnant woman and the internist working in the field of endocrinology is to be wished.", "contents": "[Hypo- and hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy]. During pregnancy the maternal calcium metabolism is submitted to special loads. Overchallenging of the functional capacity of the parathyroid gland may evoke an insufficiency of the parathyroid gland which on its part induces a fetal secondary hyperparathyroidism. Therefore, the early diagnostic recognition of the insufficiency of the parathyroid gland is of importance, since (also in basic diseases known before pregnancy) now special therapeutic conditions are given. Maternal hyperparathyroidism leads to fetal hypoprarthyroidism with resulting developmental disturbances; it furthers the tendency to abortions and perinatal mortality. Epidemiological prospective investigations have shown that among the identified cases of oligo- or asymptomatic functional disturbances of the parathyroid glands there are very often women at an age, when they are capable of bearing children. This statement confirms the postule regularly to control serum calcium content during pregnancy. Objectifying the disturbed integrity of the calcium metabolism, therapeutic measures are necessary, the details of which are demonstrated according to own experiences. In such cases the cooperation between the gynaecologist being in charge of the pregnant woman and the internist working in the field of endocrinology is to be wished.", "PMID": 325930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9801", "title": "Induction of lymphocyte proliferation and membrane changes by lipopeptide derivatives of the lipoprotein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Lipoprotein from the outer membrane of E. coli, a potent novel mitogen, was digested by pronase treatment resulting in lipopeptide fragments containing 2-5 amino acids bound to diacylglyceryl-N-acylcysteinthioether. The lipopeptides were characterized by amino acid analysis and gas chromatography and were checked for mitogenicity. We found that all lipopeptide fragments were able to stimulate the uptake of 3H-uridine into RNA and 3H-thymidine into DNA in mouse spleen cells of several strains. The response of splenocytes of congenitally athymic mice was comparable to that of normal animals. A weak stimulation of DNA synthesis was also observed in thymocytes. The mitogenicity of the products was abolished by mild alkali hydrolysis which removes the ester-bound fatty acids. We conclude that the N-terminal lipopeptide region of lipoprotein is responsible for the mitogenic activity of the molecule. Lipopeptide as well as lipoprotein were found to cause early membrane changes in lymphocyte plasma membranes. After 4 hours we found an increased incorporation of 14C-oleate and 14C-acetate into lecithin. The membrane changes observed are similar to those brought about by mitogenic lectins, which suggests a similar mechanism for the induction of lymphocyte activation for both types of mitogens.", "contents": "Induction of lymphocyte proliferation and membrane changes by lipopeptide derivatives of the lipoprotein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Lipoprotein from the outer membrane of E. coli, a potent novel mitogen, was digested by pronase treatment resulting in lipopeptide fragments containing 2-5 amino acids bound to diacylglyceryl-N-acylcysteinthioether. The lipopeptides were characterized by amino acid analysis and gas chromatography and were checked for mitogenicity. We found that all lipopeptide fragments were able to stimulate the uptake of 3H-uridine into RNA and 3H-thymidine into DNA in mouse spleen cells of several strains. The response of splenocytes of congenitally athymic mice was comparable to that of normal animals. A weak stimulation of DNA synthesis was also observed in thymocytes. The mitogenicity of the products was abolished by mild alkali hydrolysis which removes the ester-bound fatty acids. We conclude that the N-terminal lipopeptide region of lipoprotein is responsible for the mitogenic activity of the molecule. Lipopeptide as well as lipoprotein were found to cause early membrane changes in lymphocyte plasma membranes. After 4 hours we found an increased incorporation of 14C-oleate and 14C-acetate into lecithin. The membrane changes observed are similar to those brought about by mitogenic lectins, which suggests a similar mechanism for the induction of lymphocyte activation for both types of mitogens.", "PMID": 325934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9802", "title": "[Treatment of urethral stricture in man using one-stage urethroplasty with subcutaneous pedicle graft].", "content": "It is reported on a new one stage urethroplasty which, using a subcutaneous pedicle graft, is based on the spontaneous formation of a tube of a urethra-skin-strip submerged into the depth. The procedure was tested on a clinical material of 140 cases and is recommended as method of choice in strictures of the urethra.", "contents": "[Treatment of urethral stricture in man using one-stage urethroplasty with subcutaneous pedicle graft]. It is reported on a new one stage urethroplasty which, using a subcutaneous pedicle graft, is based on the spontaneous formation of a tube of a urethra-skin-strip submerged into the depth. The procedure was tested on a clinical material of 140 cases and is recommended as method of choice in strictures of the urethra.", "PMID": 325940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9803", "title": "[History and technical development of hip joint replacement operations (author's transl].", "content": "The development of hip replacement operations is closely connected with the failures in operations to save the head of the femur. After many materially determined set-backs and errors due to false biomechanical ideas, there was renewed progress in allo-arthroplasty of the hip in the, 50's. But even newer models--like the Weber-Huggler-prosthesis-show that the technical development does not yet fully take into account the actual biological demands.", "contents": "[History and technical development of hip joint replacement operations (author's transl]. The development of hip replacement operations is closely connected with the failures in operations to save the head of the femur. After many materially determined set-backs and errors due to false biomechanical ideas, there was renewed progress in allo-arthroplasty of the hip in the, 50's. But even newer models--like the Weber-Huggler-prosthesis-show that the technical development does not yet fully take into account the actual biological demands.", "PMID": 325948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9804", "title": "[Management of delivery in twin abnormalities--a case report].", "content": "Report of the leading of delivery of an Ileothoracopagus per vias naturalis. There are described the importance of X-ray-examination prior to delivery, the progress of delivery, and the leading of delivery. It is pointed to the stiching up of skin over the prominent parts of bones after dividing the newborns sub partu to avoid a laceration of the mother womb and vagina.", "contents": "[Management of delivery in twin abnormalities--a case report]. Report of the leading of delivery of an Ileothoracopagus per vias naturalis. There are described the importance of X-ray-examination prior to delivery, the progress of delivery, and the leading of delivery. It is pointed to the stiching up of skin over the prominent parts of bones after dividing the newborns sub partu to avoid a laceration of the mother womb and vagina.", "PMID": 325949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9805", "title": "Immunoferritin studies on the multiplication of Sindbis virus in chick embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Replication of Sindbis virus chick embryo fibroblasts was studied by means of the immunoferritin technique. Virus specific antigens, diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm, were observed at first 3 hours p.i. At the same time in ohter cells ferritin particles in linear arrangement occured at the surface of vesicles. At these places heavily labelled nucleocapsids were observed later on. This means, that the surface of vesicles is a site of assembly of nucleocapsids. Maturation of virus takes place at the cell surface as well as at the vesicles by budding. In early stages of replication maturation at the membrane prevalis.", "contents": "Immunoferritin studies on the multiplication of Sindbis virus in chick embryo fibroblasts. Replication of Sindbis virus chick embryo fibroblasts was studied by means of the immunoferritin technique. Virus specific antigens, diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm, were observed at first 3 hours p.i. At the same time in ohter cells ferritin particles in linear arrangement occured at the surface of vesicles. At these places heavily labelled nucleocapsids were observed later on. This means, that the surface of vesicles is a site of assembly of nucleocapsids. Maturation of virus takes place at the cell surface as well as at the vesicles by budding. In early stages of replication maturation at the membrane prevalis.", "PMID": 325950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9806", "title": "A contemporary review of incidence and detection of enterotoxigenic E. coli strains in human diarrheal diseases.", "content": "Methodical possibilities for detection of enterotoxic strains of E. coli and the frequency of appearence of these strains in infants and adults suffering from diarrheal diseases are reviewed. Our own study, using the ligated rabbit intestinal loop, revealed 6.8% incidence of enterotoxin producing strains among the classical enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli, isolated from stools of infants with mild diarrhoea. The model of mice intestinal loop was not found to be suitable for detection of enterotoxin of E. coli strains. The most sensitive model seems to be the intestine of precolostral piglet; however this model is not suitable for routine tests.", "contents": "A contemporary review of incidence and detection of enterotoxigenic E. coli strains in human diarrheal diseases. Methodical possibilities for detection of enterotoxic strains of E. coli and the frequency of appearence of these strains in infants and adults suffering from diarrheal diseases are reviewed. Our own study, using the ligated rabbit intestinal loop, revealed 6.8% incidence of enterotoxin producing strains among the classical enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli, isolated from stools of infants with mild diarrhoea. The model of mice intestinal loop was not found to be suitable for detection of enterotoxin of E. coli strains. The most sensitive model seems to be the intestine of precolostral piglet; however this model is not suitable for routine tests.", "PMID": 325951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9807", "title": "\"R\"-living vaccine against colibacillosis. Communication I.", "content": "After our estimation of the LD100 of enteropathogenic E. coli 0149 and 0138 (and their toxins) in rabbits and mice (intravenously and subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, respectively), rabbits and mice were vaccinated subcutaneously by the living \"R\" 0149 vaccine. All animals showed resistance against the LD100 of both E. coli serotypes; this state of resistance lasted 1-5 months in rabbits, and 1-3 months in mice. Sera of vaccinated rabbits showed bactericidal activity against both E. coli serotypes. The R-E-system of rabbits which were immunized by the endotoxin of \"R\" 0149 living vaccine, showed mobilization of immunocytes. The vaccine seems to be harmless to newborn piglets after oral vaccination; 2 colostrum deprived piglets, despite vaccination at once after birth, did not survive the big chalenge with 100 ml of broth culture of E. coli 0149 \"S\" (anapylactic shock). But in comparison to 1 not vaccinated control piglet, the two piglests showed only few E. coli colonies in the intestines, while the intestine of the control animal was very massively colonized by the virulent strain. As the immunizing potency of the \"R\" 0149 living vaccine was clearly shown in rabbits and mice, further investigations on piglets (newborns, weaning epriod, and after weaning) are needed, to state whether the value of this vaccine corresponds with the immunizing potency shown in our preliminary experiments. The \"R\"-vaccine seems to open some perspective in colibacillosis prevention of children and animals, and therefore it deserves our attention.", "contents": "\"R\"-living vaccine against colibacillosis. Communication I. After our estimation of the LD100 of enteropathogenic E. coli 0149 and 0138 (and their toxins) in rabbits and mice (intravenously and subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, respectively), rabbits and mice were vaccinated subcutaneously by the living \"R\" 0149 vaccine. All animals showed resistance against the LD100 of both E. coli serotypes; this state of resistance lasted 1-5 months in rabbits, and 1-3 months in mice. Sera of vaccinated rabbits showed bactericidal activity against both E. coli serotypes. The R-E-system of rabbits which were immunized by the endotoxin of \"R\" 0149 living vaccine, showed mobilization of immunocytes. The vaccine seems to be harmless to newborn piglets after oral vaccination; 2 colostrum deprived piglets, despite vaccination at once after birth, did not survive the big chalenge with 100 ml of broth culture of E. coli 0149 \"S\" (anapylactic shock). But in comparison to 1 not vaccinated control piglet, the two piglests showed only few E. coli colonies in the intestines, while the intestine of the control animal was very massively colonized by the virulent strain. As the immunizing potency of the \"R\" 0149 living vaccine was clearly shown in rabbits and mice, further investigations on piglets (newborns, weaning epriod, and after weaning) are needed, to state whether the value of this vaccine corresponds with the immunizing potency shown in our preliminary experiments. The \"R\"-vaccine seems to open some perspective in colibacillosis prevention of children and animals, and therefore it deserves our attention.", "PMID": 325952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9808", "title": "Parallel study of two techniques for identification of gram negative anaerobic bacilli.", "content": "The authors have used two different methods for the identification of 45 strains of stric anaerobic gram negative rods: a study of biochemical characters by the API 20 anaerobic kit, and system proposed by SUTTER and FINEGOLD (susceptibility to discs loaded with antibiotics associated with some simple biochemical characters). A good correlation has been observed between those two techniques. However, a precise diagnostic can be given only by a whole study of biochemical characters, as proposed by the system API 20 Anaerobic.", "contents": "Parallel study of two techniques for identification of gram negative anaerobic bacilli. The authors have used two different methods for the identification of 45 strains of stric anaerobic gram negative rods: a study of biochemical characters by the API 20 anaerobic kit, and system proposed by SUTTER and FINEGOLD (susceptibility to discs loaded with antibiotics associated with some simple biochemical characters). A good correlation has been observed between those two techniques. However, a precise diagnostic can be given only by a whole study of biochemical characters, as proposed by the system API 20 Anaerobic.", "PMID": 325953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9809", "title": "[Newer antimycotics. III. Halogen- and nitro-substituted anilines and phenols (author's transl)].", "content": "The author produced a number of halogeno- and nitro-derivatives of anilines and phenols, investigated their antimicrobial efficiency in vitro, further the toxicity on mice of their most effective representatives. From the author's results it can be concluded that trihalogenoanilines and tetrachloroaniline exerted a relatively strong fungistatic activity with a broad spectrum of efficiency (Tab. 2) likewise to the polyhalogenophenols and halogenonitrophenols (Tab. 3). The acute toxicity of the most effective halogenoanilines was relatively small; they were found to be significantly less toxic than halogenophenols and tetramethyl-thiuramdisulfide (Tab. 5). On the basis of the intensive fungistatic activity and small toxicity of the tri- and tetrahalogenoanilines, it seems that a number of representatives of these types of chemical compounds could be given a role in the chemotherapy of superficial human and animal dermatomycoses, and also in the chemoprophylaxis of certain phytomycoses.", "contents": "[Newer antimycotics. III. Halogen- and nitro-substituted anilines and phenols (author's transl)]. The author produced a number of halogeno- and nitro-derivatives of anilines and phenols, investigated their antimicrobial efficiency in vitro, further the toxicity on mice of their most effective representatives. From the author's results it can be concluded that trihalogenoanilines and tetrachloroaniline exerted a relatively strong fungistatic activity with a broad spectrum of efficiency (Tab. 2) likewise to the polyhalogenophenols and halogenonitrophenols (Tab. 3). The acute toxicity of the most effective halogenoanilines was relatively small; they were found to be significantly less toxic than halogenophenols and tetramethyl-thiuramdisulfide (Tab. 5). On the basis of the intensive fungistatic activity and small toxicity of the tri- and tetrahalogenoanilines, it seems that a number of representatives of these types of chemical compounds could be given a role in the chemotherapy of superficial human and animal dermatomycoses, and also in the chemoprophylaxis of certain phytomycoses.", "PMID": 325954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9810", "title": "Purulent conjunctivitis caused by group B streptococci.", "content": "To the already known pathological pictures caused by group B streptococci, mucopurulent conjunctivitis is added. Clinical pictures in adult and children are described shortly. Bacteriological findings are added. Pharyngeal streptococci of the same group found in some cases in people nearby, may be incriminated as the source of infection of conjunctiva.", "contents": "Purulent conjunctivitis caused by group B streptococci. To the already known pathological pictures caused by group B streptococci, mucopurulent conjunctivitis is added. Clinical pictures in adult and children are described shortly. Bacteriological findings are added. Pharyngeal streptococci of the same group found in some cases in people nearby, may be incriminated as the source of infection of conjunctiva.", "PMID": 325955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9811", "title": "[Growth of non-sporing anaerobes in an oxygen-free blood culture system (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy of the commercially available Vacutainer blood culture system to support the growth of non-sporing anaerobes was compared with two laboratory-prepared blood culture media (supplemented thioglycollate medium and brain heart infusion). The media were inoculated with 10, 100 and 1000 organisms of the species tested, and the number of colony-forming units was determined at intervals of 8-10 hrs. Analogous experiments were performed with batches of the media to which 10% vol/vol of human blood had been added. From the results obtained with strains of Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Sphaerophorus necrophorus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Propionibacterium acnes it became obvious that growth of non-sporing anaerobes was significantly enhanced in the Vacutainer culture tubes, whereas Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus spp. grew equally well in all the media tested.", "contents": "[Growth of non-sporing anaerobes in an oxygen-free blood culture system (author's transl)]. The efficacy of the commercially available Vacutainer blood culture system to support the growth of non-sporing anaerobes was compared with two laboratory-prepared blood culture media (supplemented thioglycollate medium and brain heart infusion). The media were inoculated with 10, 100 and 1000 organisms of the species tested, and the number of colony-forming units was determined at intervals of 8-10 hrs. Analogous experiments were performed with batches of the media to which 10% vol/vol of human blood had been added. From the results obtained with strains of Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Sphaerophorus necrophorus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Propionibacterium acnes it became obvious that growth of non-sporing anaerobes was significantly enhanced in the Vacutainer culture tubes, whereas Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus spp. grew equally well in all the media tested.", "PMID": 325956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9812", "title": "[Detection of a factor suppressing leukocyte migration in the sera of allergy patients following antigen administration].", "content": "The effect on donor leukocyte migration of serum obtained from the patients with tuberculosis of the lungs, chronic pneumonia and healthy persons was studied after subcutaneous or intradermal injection of the microbial antigen (PPD, streptococcus and staphylococcus antigen). A factor inhibiting donor leukocyte migration appeared in the blood serum of sensitized individuals after the antigen injection. This factor proved to be localized in the serum fraction III obtained after the gel-filtration of sephadex G-200, and is sorbed by leukocytes.", "contents": "[Detection of a factor suppressing leukocyte migration in the sera of allergy patients following antigen administration]. The effect on donor leukocyte migration of serum obtained from the patients with tuberculosis of the lungs, chronic pneumonia and healthy persons was studied after subcutaneous or intradermal injection of the microbial antigen (PPD, streptococcus and staphylococcus antigen). A factor inhibiting donor leukocyte migration appeared in the blood serum of sensitized individuals after the antigen injection. This factor proved to be localized in the serum fraction III obtained after the gel-filtration of sephadex G-200, and is sorbed by leukocytes.", "PMID": 325958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9813", "title": "[Patterns in the formation of proteolytic enzymes by different strains of C1. botulinum type F].", "content": "The authors studied regularities attending the accumulation of proteolytic enzyme and toxin by C1. botulinum, type F, strains in the medium. Strains No. 470, 200, 76, 55 proved to possess caseinolytic capacity, whereas strains Eklund and Craig were \"nonproteolytic\". C1. botulinum strain, type F, medium and growing conditions providing a high yield of proteolytic enzymes were selected. Some properties of proteolytic enzyme of strain No. 470 were studied.", "contents": "[Patterns in the formation of proteolytic enzymes by different strains of C1. botulinum type F]. The authors studied regularities attending the accumulation of proteolytic enzyme and toxin by C1. botulinum, type F, strains in the medium. Strains No. 470, 200, 76, 55 proved to possess caseinolytic capacity, whereas strains Eklund and Craig were \"nonproteolytic\". C1. botulinum strain, type F, medium and growing conditions providing a high yield of proteolytic enzymes were selected. Some properties of proteolytic enzyme of strain No. 470 were studied.", "PMID": 325959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9814", "title": "[Biological activity of extracts isolated from a virulent strain of Sh. flexneri grown in the presence of calcium ions].", "content": "The authors carried out a comparative study of the genetically connected Sh. flexneri cultures (3 virulent strains, 3 clones of an avirulent mutant selected in the flux of an oblique light from the virulent strain, and lac+ Kcp A-hybrids obtained by crossing the initial virulent cultures with the E. coli K12 Hfr strains). The absence of any correlation between the virulence of the strains under study and the lipopolysaccharide (by rhamnose) content in the extracts from them in growing the cultures in the presence of calcium ions was noted. Toxicity of the extracts from the virulent cultures was demonstrated on a model of developing chick embryos. No such property was possessed by the extracts from avirulent strains. The extracts from the virulent cultures in nontoxic doses possessed the capacity to decrease LD50 of shigella strains used for the infection. The biologically active factor determined in the extracts from the virulent cultures apparently was not lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "[Biological activity of extracts isolated from a virulent strain of Sh. flexneri grown in the presence of calcium ions]. The authors carried out a comparative study of the genetically connected Sh. flexneri cultures (3 virulent strains, 3 clones of an avirulent mutant selected in the flux of an oblique light from the virulent strain, and lac+ Kcp A-hybrids obtained by crossing the initial virulent cultures with the E. coli K12 Hfr strains). The absence of any correlation between the virulence of the strains under study and the lipopolysaccharide (by rhamnose) content in the extracts from them in growing the cultures in the presence of calcium ions was noted. Toxicity of the extracts from the virulent cultures was demonstrated on a model of developing chick embryos. No such property was possessed by the extracts from avirulent strains. The extracts from the virulent cultures in nontoxic doses possessed the capacity to decrease LD50 of shigella strains used for the infection. The biologically active factor determined in the extracts from the virulent cultures apparently was not lipopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 325961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9815", "title": "[Checking the reliability of the PathoTec biochemical test system for bacterial identification].", "content": "Tests of the PathoTec system intended for express bacteriological diagnosis were checked in comparative experiments with the common biochemical methods. Cultures of the following microbes were used: Schigella, Salmonella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus. In a number of tests, such as determination of cytochromoxidase, nitrate reduciase, phenylalaninedeaminase, indol, acetoin (for the differentiation of enterobacteria), detection of plasmocoagulation and mannite fermentation (for staphylococci) there was revealed a complete coincidence of the results. However, discrepancies were revealed with three of the reagents tested (for lysine decarboxylase, urease, citrate utilization) with regard to some groups of enterobacteria. The advantages of the PathoTec system consisted in more rapid results, simplicity of procedures, economy of media and ware.", "contents": "[Checking the reliability of the PathoTec biochemical test system for bacterial identification]. Tests of the PathoTec system intended for express bacteriological diagnosis were checked in comparative experiments with the common biochemical methods. Cultures of the following microbes were used: Schigella, Salmonella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus. In a number of tests, such as determination of cytochromoxidase, nitrate reduciase, phenylalaninedeaminase, indol, acetoin (for the differentiation of enterobacteria), detection of plasmocoagulation and mannite fermentation (for staphylococci) there was revealed a complete coincidence of the results. However, discrepancies were revealed with three of the reagents tested (for lysine decarboxylase, urease, citrate utilization) with regard to some groups of enterobacteria. The advantages of the PathoTec system consisted in more rapid results, simplicity of procedures, economy of media and ware.", "PMID": 325964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9816", "title": "[Morphologic mutant of Escherichia coli K12 having disorders in morphology, division and cell wall biosynthesis].", "content": "A study was made of the properties of a spherical mutant obtained from the E. coli K12 HfrC strain under the effect of N-nitroso-N-methyl-urea. The growth of the mutant of full value media was characterized by a marked reduction of the cell division at the rest phase, but exponential growth phase failed to differ from the growth of the parental strain. Electron microscopic study of surface structures of the mutant cells which grew under physiological conditions permitted to distinguish two types: the first type had a typical structure of the cell wall characteristic of Gram negative microbes; the second type was framed by a bicontour membrane without any distinct structure. The presence of these two types of cells was also confirmed by their different sensitivity to the ionic detergents. On the basis of chemical analysis of peptidoglycan of the cell wall (which was markedly decreased in amount in the mutant cells), and also of the unsually high accumlation of the UDP-precursors of peptidoglycan under conditions of penicillin action it is supposed that normal regulation of metabolism of the cell walls was deranged. Mutation designated by 11rA symbol was plotted by phase PI transduction alongside of strA gene.", "contents": "[Morphologic mutant of Escherichia coli K12 having disorders in morphology, division and cell wall biosynthesis]. A study was made of the properties of a spherical mutant obtained from the E. coli K12 HfrC strain under the effect of N-nitroso-N-methyl-urea. The growth of the mutant of full value media was characterized by a marked reduction of the cell division at the rest phase, but exponential growth phase failed to differ from the growth of the parental strain. Electron microscopic study of surface structures of the mutant cells which grew under physiological conditions permitted to distinguish two types: the first type had a typical structure of the cell wall characteristic of Gram negative microbes; the second type was framed by a bicontour membrane without any distinct structure. The presence of these two types of cells was also confirmed by their different sensitivity to the ionic detergents. On the basis of chemical analysis of peptidoglycan of the cell wall (which was markedly decreased in amount in the mutant cells), and also of the unsually high accumlation of the UDP-precursors of peptidoglycan under conditions of penicillin action it is supposed that normal regulation of metabolism of the cell walls was deranged. Mutation designated by 11rA symbol was plotted by phase PI transduction alongside of strA gene.", "PMID": 325965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9817", "title": "[Conditions for S. typhimurium transfection by isolated DNA from bacteriophage P22 H5].", "content": "Transfection of spontaneous S. typhimurium LT2 WTR mutant, sensitive to bacteriophages FO, Ffm, 6SR, and resistant to bacteriophages P22 H5, C-21 and P1 vir, by DNA of P22 H5 bacteriophage in the presence of Ca2+ ions was demonstrated. The following were conditions of infection providing maximal and reproducible results: concentration of the recipient cells of 6--7x 109 cells/ml, DNA concentration of 30 microng/ml, CaC12 concentration of 0,25 M. The efficacy of transfection was 5 x 10-8.", "contents": "[Conditions for S. typhimurium transfection by isolated DNA from bacteriophage P22 H5]. Transfection of spontaneous S. typhimurium LT2 WTR mutant, sensitive to bacteriophages FO, Ffm, 6SR, and resistant to bacteriophages P22 H5, C-21 and P1 vir, by DNA of P22 H5 bacteriophage in the presence of Ca2+ ions was demonstrated. The following were conditions of infection providing maximal and reproducible results: concentration of the recipient cells of 6--7x 109 cells/ml, DNA concentration of 30 microng/ml, CaC12 concentration of 0,25 M. The efficacy of transfection was 5 x 10-8.", "PMID": 325966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9818", "title": "[Change in phagocytic activity toward the agent of tularemia in highly sensitive animals with mixed infections].", "content": "An increase of the ingestive and digestive capacity of neutrophils to the homologous causative agent and tularemia microbe was revealed by the opsonophagocytic test in Microtus arvalis, albino mice and guinea pigs infected with sublethal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Salmonella typhimurium doses. In subsequent tularemia infection some of the animals displayed a reduction of the septicemia intensity, prolongation of the disease and elevation of the susceptibility threshold. Period of manifestation of the inhibitory action on tularemia coincided with that of the increase in phagocytic activity", "contents": "[Change in phagocytic activity toward the agent of tularemia in highly sensitive animals with mixed infections]. An increase of the ingestive and digestive capacity of neutrophils to the homologous causative agent and tularemia microbe was revealed by the opsonophagocytic test in Microtus arvalis, albino mice and guinea pigs infected with sublethal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Salmonella typhimurium doses. In subsequent tularemia infection some of the animals displayed a reduction of the septicemia intensity, prolongation of the disease and elevation of the susceptibility threshold. Period of manifestation of the inhibitory action on tularemia coincided with that of the increase in phagocytic activity", "PMID": 325967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9819", "title": "[Detection of the localization of C1. botulinum antigens in regional lymph node cells by the immunofluorescence technic].", "content": "As a result of the study of lacalization of the C1. botulinum toxoids of the A, B, and E types in cells of the regional lymph nodes of rabbits by the indirect Coons' method and by the smear-print method it was revealed that different types of lymphoid tissue cells took part in the ingestion and digestion of these antigens; the antigens of the A and B types were at first revealed in the cytoplasm of pseudoeosinophils, and then in the macrophages. The antigen of the E type was revealed in the course of the whole experiment in the macro phages of the regional lymph node, although the number of pseudoeosinophils also increased. Apparently there was a different activity of pseudoeosinophils against the C1. botulinum toxoids, the types A, B and E.", "contents": "[Detection of the localization of C1. botulinum antigens in regional lymph node cells by the immunofluorescence technic]. As a result of the study of lacalization of the C1. botulinum toxoids of the A, B, and E types in cells of the regional lymph nodes of rabbits by the indirect Coons' method and by the smear-print method it was revealed that different types of lymphoid tissue cells took part in the ingestion and digestion of these antigens; the antigens of the A and B types were at first revealed in the cytoplasm of pseudoeosinophils, and then in the macrophages. The antigen of the E type was revealed in the course of the whole experiment in the macro phages of the regional lymph node, although the number of pseudoeosinophils also increased. Apparently there was a different activity of pseudoeosinophils against the C1. botulinum toxoids, the types A, B and E.", "PMID": 325968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9820", "title": "[Role of several physico-chemical surface properties of bacteria in the machanism of the initial phases of phagocytosis].", "content": "An attempt was made on E. coli pattern to reveal the role played by the surface charge and the extent of the surface hydration in the mechanism of the initial phagocytosis phases (attraction and submersion). Phagocytosis experiments with washed bacteria and washed rabbit leukocytes demonstrated a marked direct dependence of the electrophoretic velocities of escherichia and the intensity of their phagocytic ingestion, and a strong reverse relationship between the extent of hydration and the phagocytic activity. Treatment of bacteria with rabbit plasma with subsequent washing led to a significant reduction of hydration and to an insignificant reduction of the electrophoretic velocities with parallel increase of the phagocyte activity. Correlation between the phagocytosis intensity and the acquired physico-chemical properties of bacteria became weak.", "contents": "[Role of several physico-chemical surface properties of bacteria in the machanism of the initial phases of phagocytosis]. An attempt was made on E. coli pattern to reveal the role played by the surface charge and the extent of the surface hydration in the mechanism of the initial phagocytosis phases (attraction and submersion). Phagocytosis experiments with washed bacteria and washed rabbit leukocytes demonstrated a marked direct dependence of the electrophoretic velocities of escherichia and the intensity of their phagocytic ingestion, and a strong reverse relationship between the extent of hydration and the phagocytic activity. Treatment of bacteria with rabbit plasma with subsequent washing led to a significant reduction of hydration and to an insignificant reduction of the electrophoretic velocities with parallel increase of the phagocyte activity. Correlation between the phagocytosis intensity and the acquired physico-chemical properties of bacteria became weak.", "PMID": 325969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9821", "title": "[Methods of treating the Itsenko-Cushing hypothalamo-hypophyseal syndrome].", "content": "Studies of a group of patients with the Icenko-Cushing syndrome during the period of 6 months to 6 years permitted to establish that the treatment of the disease, irrespective of the etiology, is most effective when using preparations of gamma-amino-butyric acid, vegetotropic preparations and antidepressive drugs in combination with electrosleep. The adovementioned treatment methods permit to significantly and steadily improve the condition of the patients and preserve, in most of the cases, their working capacity.", "contents": "[Methods of treating the Itsenko-Cushing hypothalamo-hypophyseal syndrome]. Studies of a group of patients with the Icenko-Cushing syndrome during the period of 6 months to 6 years permitted to establish that the treatment of the disease, irrespective of the etiology, is most effective when using preparations of gamma-amino-butyric acid, vegetotropic preparations and antidepressive drugs in combination with electrosleep. The adovementioned treatment methods permit to significantly and steadily improve the condition of the patients and preserve, in most of the cases, their working capacity.", "PMID": 325970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9822", "title": "Proteolysis of procollagen I.", "content": "1. Digestion of procollagen I which trypsin, pepsin or pronase performed at 20 degrees C causes the release of acidic non-collagenous fragments and hydroxyproline-rich fraction. Enzymatic proteolysis performed at 41 degrees C (above the temperature of denaturation) results in degradation of procollagen I to low-molecular peptides. 2. The hydroxyproline-rich fraction obtained by limited proteolysis of procollagen I with pepsin (at 20 degrees C) contains a material corresponding to alpha and beta subunits of tropocollagen. Reduction of the hydroxyproline-rich fraction released by trypsin or pronase (at 20 degrees C) causes the appearance of polypeptides similar to pro-alpha subunits.", "contents": "Proteolysis of procollagen I. 1. Digestion of procollagen I which trypsin, pepsin or pronase performed at 20 degrees C causes the release of acidic non-collagenous fragments and hydroxyproline-rich fraction. Enzymatic proteolysis performed at 41 degrees C (above the temperature of denaturation) results in degradation of procollagen I to low-molecular peptides. 2. The hydroxyproline-rich fraction obtained by limited proteolysis of procollagen I with pepsin (at 20 degrees C) contains a material corresponding to alpha and beta subunits of tropocollagen. Reduction of the hydroxyproline-rich fraction released by trypsin or pronase (at 20 degrees C) causes the appearance of polypeptides similar to pro-alpha subunits.", "PMID": 325974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9823", "title": "Effect of prolactin inhibitory agents on the ectopic anterior pituitary and the mammary gland in rats.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biological effectiveness of two highly potent prolactin (PRL) inhibitors, lisuride hydrogen maleate (LMH) and 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154), in the absence of hypothalamic factors acting directly at the level of the anterior pituitary. Hypophysectomized female rats bearing 4 transplanted pituitaries beneath the kidney capsules were treated with oestradiol benzoate (OeB) and progesterone (P) with or without simultaneous administration of LHM or CB-154 for 22 days in order stimulate or inhibit lobula-alveolar growth of the mammary glands. In addition to the investigation of the mammary glands by DNA determination and assessment of the histological pictures, the aim of this study was directed towards the influence of the substances tested at the level of the anterior pituitary remote from the hypothalmus. In this connection the changes in the different cells within the ectopic pituitaries as revealed by immunoenzyme-cytochemical studies were investigated. The results obtained support the classical view of a neuroendocrine regulation of mammary gland growth and the importance of oestrogens, P and PRL within this system. Both ergot derivatives LHM and CB-154 were able to antagonize the stimulatory effect of OeB combined with P on the mammary gland. With regard to the mechanism of action of LHM and CB-154 it is concluded that both substances act via a direct action on dopaminergic receptors within the ectopic anterior pituitary.", "contents": "Effect of prolactin inhibitory agents on the ectopic anterior pituitary and the mammary gland in rats. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biological effectiveness of two highly potent prolactin (PRL) inhibitors, lisuride hydrogen maleate (LMH) and 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154), in the absence of hypothalamic factors acting directly at the level of the anterior pituitary. Hypophysectomized female rats bearing 4 transplanted pituitaries beneath the kidney capsules were treated with oestradiol benzoate (OeB) and progesterone (P) with or without simultaneous administration of LHM or CB-154 for 22 days in order stimulate or inhibit lobula-alveolar growth of the mammary glands. In addition to the investigation of the mammary glands by DNA determination and assessment of the histological pictures, the aim of this study was directed towards the influence of the substances tested at the level of the anterior pituitary remote from the hypothalmus. In this connection the changes in the different cells within the ectopic pituitaries as revealed by immunoenzyme-cytochemical studies were investigated. The results obtained support the classical view of a neuroendocrine regulation of mammary gland growth and the importance of oestrogens, P and PRL within this system. Both ergot derivatives LHM and CB-154 were able to antagonize the stimulatory effect of OeB combined with P on the mammary gland. With regard to the mechanism of action of LHM and CB-154 it is concluded that both substances act via a direct action on dopaminergic receptors within the ectopic anterior pituitary.", "PMID": 325978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9824", "title": "Ovarian steroid effects on gonadotrophin output, and on the incorporation of 35S from methionine into protein of discrete brain areas and the anterior pituitary.", "content": "The effects of various ovarian hormones administered on the morning of pro-oestrus on gonadotrophin levels and the incorporation of 35S from methionine into protein of discrete areas of the brain and the anterior pituitary were investigated at 15.00 h of the same day in female rats. The hormones which were investigated in this study could be divided in general into two groups according to their actions. The first group, consisting of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone, tended to advance the pre-ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) by 3-6 h from 18.00-21.00 h, together with the peaks of [35S]incorporation in the median eminence area and the anterior pituitary which normally accompany the LH surge. The second group, consisting of the LH-stimulated reduced progesterone metabolites, 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (pregnanedione) and 20 alpha-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one (dihydroprogesterone), tended to inhibit serum gonadotrophin levels as well as inhibiting the pro-oestrous increase of [35S]incorporation in the median eminence area and in the amygdala, but not in the preoptic area and the anterior pituitary. On the afternoon of pro-oestrus in intact animals, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or LH administration had the same effect on [35Si1incorporation in the brain as did the progesterone metabolites, though this effect was not observed if the animals had been ovariectomized a few hours beforehand. It is suggested that certain ovarian hormones are involved in the neural events which induce the pre-ovulatory LH surge, while others are associated with neural events which terminate the stimulus for the LH surge.", "contents": "Ovarian steroid effects on gonadotrophin output, and on the incorporation of 35S from methionine into protein of discrete brain areas and the anterior pituitary. The effects of various ovarian hormones administered on the morning of pro-oestrus on gonadotrophin levels and the incorporation of 35S from methionine into protein of discrete areas of the brain and the anterior pituitary were investigated at 15.00 h of the same day in female rats. The hormones which were investigated in this study could be divided in general into two groups according to their actions. The first group, consisting of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone, tended to advance the pre-ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) by 3-6 h from 18.00-21.00 h, together with the peaks of [35S]incorporation in the median eminence area and the anterior pituitary which normally accompany the LH surge. The second group, consisting of the LH-stimulated reduced progesterone metabolites, 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (pregnanedione) and 20 alpha-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one (dihydroprogesterone), tended to inhibit serum gonadotrophin levels as well as inhibiting the pro-oestrous increase of [35S]incorporation in the median eminence area and in the amygdala, but not in the preoptic area and the anterior pituitary. On the afternoon of pro-oestrus in intact animals, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or LH administration had the same effect on [35Si1incorporation in the brain as did the progesterone metabolites, though this effect was not observed if the animals had been ovariectomized a few hours beforehand. It is suggested that certain ovarian hormones are involved in the neural events which induce the pre-ovulatory LH surge, while others are associated with neural events which terminate the stimulus for the LH surge.", "PMID": 325979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9825", "title": "Temporal changes in the hypothalamic and serum luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) levels and the circulating ovarian steroids during the rat oestrous cycle.", "content": "Cycling female rats were sacrificed at various times during the 4-day oestrous cycle. LH-RH in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and serum LH-RH, LH, oestradiol (Oe2), and progesterone were analyzed by radioimmunoassays. The MBH LH-RH content was lowest at 19.55-20.15 h during pro-oestrus but increased gradually  through oestrus and dioestrus I to significantly higher values at noon of dioestrus II, and then decreased precipitously at 18.00 h. Although serum LH levels remained basal from midnight of pro-oestrus through dioestrus II, serum LH-RH levels were significantly elevated at 12.00 and 21.00 h on oestrus (vs. the midnight pro-oestrus levels) and declined between 15.00 and 22.00 h of dioestrus I. In conjunction with high Oe2 titres, LH-RH in the MBH and serum declined initially during pro-oestrus between 14.07-14.45 h and then increased abruptly between 14.55-15.55 h; the pre-ovulatory rise in serum LH was observed from 16.05 h onwards. LH-RH activity in the MBH and serum receded gradually to the early afternoon levels by 19.55-24.00 h while the peak in serum LH was observed at 17.05-18.05 h. These studies suggested that the hypersecretion of the MBH LH-RH (synthesis + release) may be responsible for the pre-ovulatory discharge of LH.", "contents": "Temporal changes in the hypothalamic and serum luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) levels and the circulating ovarian steroids during the rat oestrous cycle. Cycling female rats were sacrificed at various times during the 4-day oestrous cycle. LH-RH in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and serum LH-RH, LH, oestradiol (Oe2), and progesterone were analyzed by radioimmunoassays. The MBH LH-RH content was lowest at 19.55-20.15 h during pro-oestrus but increased gradually  through oestrus and dioestrus I to significantly higher values at noon of dioestrus II, and then decreased precipitously at 18.00 h. Although serum LH levels remained basal from midnight of pro-oestrus through dioestrus II, serum LH-RH levels were significantly elevated at 12.00 and 21.00 h on oestrus (vs. the midnight pro-oestrus levels) and declined between 15.00 and 22.00 h of dioestrus I. In conjunction with high Oe2 titres, LH-RH in the MBH and serum declined initially during pro-oestrus between 14.07-14.45 h and then increased abruptly between 14.55-15.55 h; the pre-ovulatory rise in serum LH was observed from 16.05 h onwards. LH-RH activity in the MBH and serum receded gradually to the early afternoon levels by 19.55-24.00 h while the peak in serum LH was observed at 17.05-18.05 h. These studies suggested that the hypersecretion of the MBH LH-RH (synthesis + release) may be responsible for the pre-ovulatory discharge of LH.", "PMID": 325980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9826", "title": "Plasma LH and FSH response to LRH and plasma testosterone levels in boys with irregular puberty.", "content": "Nineteen boys with irregular puberty (IP), defined as a discrepancy of two or more pubertal stages between the criteria for genitalia and that for pubic hair, were subjected to a standard LRH test (50 microng/m2, iv) and the response of gonadotrophins as well as the basal levels of plasma testosterone, LH and FSH were compared to those of boys with normal, regular puberty. When the results were plotted against the pubertal stage for genitalia (Pg), it was found that in the boys with IP the basal plasma testosterone levels were lower and the response of plasma LH to LRH stimulation lesser than in the controls. However, when these parameters were plotted against the pubertal stage for pubic hair (Ph) it was found, that in the boys with IP the plasma testosterone levels were significantly higher and the response of both LH and FSH stimulation greater than in the control group. It was concluded that irregular puberty in boys may be regarded as a normal variation. The delayed development of sexual hair and penile length, and retarded pubertal growth spurt and bone age maturation seen in these boys, with normal testicular development, may be explained by a temporary reduced peripheral sensitivity to androgens and a compensatory effort by the pituitary, manifested in increased secretion of LH and testosterone, relatively to their pubertal stage for pubic hair.", "contents": "Plasma LH and FSH response to LRH and plasma testosterone levels in boys with irregular puberty. Nineteen boys with irregular puberty (IP), defined as a discrepancy of two or more pubertal stages between the criteria for genitalia and that for pubic hair, were subjected to a standard LRH test (50 microng/m2, iv) and the response of gonadotrophins as well as the basal levels of plasma testosterone, LH and FSH were compared to those of boys with normal, regular puberty. When the results were plotted against the pubertal stage for genitalia (Pg), it was found that in the boys with IP the basal plasma testosterone levels were lower and the response of plasma LH to LRH stimulation lesser than in the controls. However, when these parameters were plotted against the pubertal stage for pubic hair (Ph) it was found, that in the boys with IP the plasma testosterone levels were significantly higher and the response of both LH and FSH stimulation greater than in the control group. It was concluded that irregular puberty in boys may be regarded as a normal variation. The delayed development of sexual hair and penile length, and retarded pubertal growth spurt and bone age maturation seen in these boys, with normal testicular development, may be explained by a temporary reduced peripheral sensitivity to androgens and a compensatory effort by the pituitary, manifested in increased secretion of LH and testosterone, relatively to their pubertal stage for pubic hair.", "PMID": 325981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9827", "title": "Sex hormone binding globulin binding capacity, testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol and prolactin in plasma of patients with prostatic carcinoma under various types of hormonal treatment.", "content": "Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) binding capacity, the concentrations of testosterone (T), of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), of oestradiol-17beta (Oe2), of oestrone (Oe1), of prolactin (hPr) and the percentual specific binding of T to SHBG (%TB) were measured in plasma of patients suffering from prostatic carcinoma and of a control group of similar age. No significant differences in any of the investigated parameters were found between the control group and the carcinoma patients before treatment although 15% of the latter showed distinctly elevated hPr values. Treatment of carcinoma patients with 1) Antiandrogen (cyproterone acetate, Androcur) resulted in a significant decrease of T, Oe2 and SHBG. The DHT/T-ratio increased. n=5. 2) Orchidectomy caused an even more pronounced fall in T, DHT, Oe1 and Oe2 blood levels. SHBG was not altered. DHT/T-ratio increased. n=32. 3) Cyproterone acetate after orchidectomy led to elevated hPr values. n=5. 4) Oestrogen (diethylstiboestrol-diphosphate, Honvan) after orchidectomy increased SHBG and hPr. n=6. 5) Corticosteroid (Prednisone, Decortin) after orchidectomy decreased T and SHBG below the levels found after orchidectomy alone. n=5. 6) Diureticum (Mefruside, Baycaron) (n=5) or 7) a placebo (n=7) did not alter any of the parameters measured. 8) Treatment with HCG (Primogonyl) of patients suffering from oligozoospermia resulted in a significant increase of T, DHT and Oe2. SHBG was not altered. DHT/T-ratio decreased. n=7.", "contents": "Sex hormone binding globulin binding capacity, testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol and prolactin in plasma of patients with prostatic carcinoma under various types of hormonal treatment. Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) binding capacity, the concentrations of testosterone (T), of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), of oestradiol-17beta (Oe2), of oestrone (Oe1), of prolactin (hPr) and the percentual specific binding of T to SHBG (%TB) were measured in plasma of patients suffering from prostatic carcinoma and of a control group of similar age. No significant differences in any of the investigated parameters were found between the control group and the carcinoma patients before treatment although 15% of the latter showed distinctly elevated hPr values. Treatment of carcinoma patients with 1) Antiandrogen (cyproterone acetate, Androcur) resulted in a significant decrease of T, Oe2 and SHBG. The DHT/T-ratio increased. n=5. 2) Orchidectomy caused an even more pronounced fall in T, DHT, Oe1 and Oe2 blood levels. SHBG was not altered. DHT/T-ratio increased. n=32. 3) Cyproterone acetate after orchidectomy led to elevated hPr values. n=5. 4) Oestrogen (diethylstiboestrol-diphosphate, Honvan) after orchidectomy increased SHBG and hPr. n=6. 5) Corticosteroid (Prednisone, Decortin) after orchidectomy decreased T and SHBG below the levels found after orchidectomy alone. n=5. 6) Diureticum (Mefruside, Baycaron) (n=5) or 7) a placebo (n=7) did not alter any of the parameters measured. 8) Treatment with HCG (Primogonyl) of patients suffering from oligozoospermia resulted in a significant increase of T, DHT and Oe2. SHBG was not altered. DHT/T-ratio decreased. n=7.", "PMID": 325982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9828", "title": "[Dynamic tests with GnRH, L-dopa, clomiphene, cyclophenyl, HCG and HMG in 98 cases of dysspermia due to a variety of causes].", "content": "Radioimmunological methods have been used to assay the plasma concentrations of gonadotropins, androgens (expressed as the sum of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) and 17beta-oestradiol in 98 patients suffering from dysspermia of variable etiology, after stimulation with GnRH, Clomiphene, L-Dopa, Cyclophenyl, HCG in various dosage schemes, and HMG. Results show L-Dopa and HMG tests to be of little value in assessing the endocrine function in infertile men. They also confirm, in keeping with data found in the literature the usefulness of dynamic stimulation with GnRH, Clomiphene, and HCG for purposes of andrologic diagnosis. The GnRH proved useful for the distinction between primary and secondary hypogonadotropism as well as for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of releasing factors. The functional efficacy of the endocrine axis which is often impaired in patients with dysspermia can be evaluated by the Clomiphene test. In the small number of cases in which it was applied, Cyclophenyl brought about changes in gonadotropin concentration which require further study. The HCG tests, to be performed in patients with lower than normal testosterone plasma lavels, permits the discrimination between primary and secondary Leydig cell deficiencies as well as the assessment of interstitial tissue sensitivity to chorionic gonadotropin stimulation. Of the three dosage schemes (5000 IU, 7500 IU \"step up\", 10.000 IU) the last one is most suitable for clinical use.", "contents": "[Dynamic tests with GnRH, L-dopa, clomiphene, cyclophenyl, HCG and HMG in 98 cases of dysspermia due to a variety of causes]. Radioimmunological methods have been used to assay the plasma concentrations of gonadotropins, androgens (expressed as the sum of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) and 17beta-oestradiol in 98 patients suffering from dysspermia of variable etiology, after stimulation with GnRH, Clomiphene, L-Dopa, Cyclophenyl, HCG in various dosage schemes, and HMG. Results show L-Dopa and HMG tests to be of little value in assessing the endocrine function in infertile men. They also confirm, in keeping with data found in the literature the usefulness of dynamic stimulation with GnRH, Clomiphene, and HCG for purposes of andrologic diagnosis. The GnRH proved useful for the distinction between primary and secondary hypogonadotropism as well as for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of releasing factors. The functional efficacy of the endocrine axis which is often impaired in patients with dysspermia can be evaluated by the Clomiphene test. In the small number of cases in which it was applied, Cyclophenyl brought about changes in gonadotropin concentration which require further study. The HCG tests, to be performed in patients with lower than normal testosterone plasma lavels, permits the discrimination between primary and secondary Leydig cell deficiencies as well as the assessment of interstitial tissue sensitivity to chorionic gonadotropin stimulation. Of the three dosage schemes (5000 IU, 7500 IU \"step up\", 10.000 IU) the last one is most suitable for clinical use.", "PMID": 325983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9829", "title": "Choroidal absorption angiography with patent blue V.", "content": "The vital dye patent blue V is used as a negative contrast dye in order to obtain information about the vascular filling events of the choroid in relation to the retinal circulation and the papilla employing intravenous injection and serial photography. Patent blue is bound to plasma proteins to a limited degree and the angiograms therefore do not only picture the choroidal vessels but also reveal the filling of the choriocapillaris and the transcapillary exchange. It is demonstrated by microdensitometry that the patent blue leakage and subsequent reabsorption is rapid, and that the choroidal dilution curve almost parallels that of the retinal vessels. Our measurements might indicate a diffusion of patent blue from the choroid to the papillary tissue.", "contents": "Choroidal absorption angiography with patent blue V. The vital dye patent blue V is used as a negative contrast dye in order to obtain information about the vascular filling events of the choroid in relation to the retinal circulation and the papilla employing intravenous injection and serial photography. Patent blue is bound to plasma proteins to a limited degree and the angiograms therefore do not only picture the choroidal vessels but also reveal the filling of the choriocapillaris and the transcapillary exchange. It is demonstrated by microdensitometry that the patent blue leakage and subsequent reabsorption is rapid, and that the choroidal dilution curve almost parallels that of the retinal vessels. Our measurements might indicate a diffusion of patent blue from the choroid to the papillary tissue.", "PMID": 325987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9830", "title": "Osteogenesis after bone and bone-marrow transplantation. I. Studies with combined myelo-osseous grafts in the guinea pig.", "content": "There has been conflicting evidence in the past regarding the contribution made to new bone formation by various components of a bone graft. This study in guinea pigs has compared cortical and cancellous bone allografts, both non-decalcified and hydrochloric acid decalcified, inserted into a muscular site for up to thirteen days, both alone and combined with autologous bone marrow. New bone formation was seen only if the implant contained fresh autologous marrow and it was not seen before the ninth day of implantation. There were no differences in the cell populations about cortical and cancellous grafts. Undecalcified bone evoked giant cell formation as well as new bone.", "contents": "Osteogenesis after bone and bone-marrow transplantation. I. Studies with combined myelo-osseous grafts in the guinea pig. There has been conflicting evidence in the past regarding the contribution made to new bone formation by various components of a bone graft. This study in guinea pigs has compared cortical and cancellous bone allografts, both non-decalcified and hydrochloric acid decalcified, inserted into a muscular site for up to thirteen days, both alone and combined with autologous bone marrow. New bone formation was seen only if the implant contained fresh autologous marrow and it was not seen before the ninth day of implantation. There were no differences in the cell populations about cortical and cancellous grafts. Undecalcified bone evoked giant cell formation as well as new bone.", "PMID": 325988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9831", "title": "Airborne contamination and postoperative infection after total hip replacement.", "content": "The results of 163 hip replacements at the Uppsala University Hospital are presented. Deep infection occurred in ten cases and was caused by Staphylococcus aureus in four early or intermediate infections and by anaerobes in four late infections. The remaining two infections (both of which were late) were probably associated with Staphylococcus albus--in one case possibly also with alpha streptococci. Two superficial infections not affecting the operative result were caused by Staphylococcus aureus and betahaemolytic streptococci. The results of environmental analyses of staphylococci and the total number of bacteria in the air during 77 operations did not indicate that airborne infection is a major cause of postoperative infections--there was no difference between the number of bacteria found in the air during operations after which infection occurred and uninfected operations, and the use of special zonal ventilation with high rates of air exchange in the operating area had no effect on the infection frequency.", "contents": "Airborne contamination and postoperative infection after total hip replacement. The results of 163 hip replacements at the Uppsala University Hospital are presented. Deep infection occurred in ten cases and was caused by Staphylococcus aureus in four early or intermediate infections and by anaerobes in four late infections. The remaining two infections (both of which were late) were probably associated with Staphylococcus albus--in one case possibly also with alpha streptococci. Two superficial infections not affecting the operative result were caused by Staphylococcus aureus and betahaemolytic streptococci. The results of environmental analyses of staphylococci and the total number of bacteria in the air during 77 operations did not indicate that airborne infection is a major cause of postoperative infections--there was no difference between the number of bacteria found in the air during operations after which infection occurred and uninfected operations, and the use of special zonal ventilation with high rates of air exchange in the operating area had no effect on the infection frequency.", "PMID": 325989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9832", "title": "Effect of obesity on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function in childhood.", "content": "In 22 normal and 35 obese boys a gonadal function test (2000 IU of hCG i.m. daily for three days and assays of plasma testosterone before and after the hCG administration) was carried out. All the \"short normal\" children and 31 obese subjects underwent the LH-RH test (50 microng i.v.). While basal testosterone was similar in the two groups of children, after hCG testosterone was significantly (p less than 0.001) lower in the obese boys, In the normal children a significant positive correlation between bone age and basal and after hCG testosterone was demonstrated; this correlation was not found in the obese boys. The pituitary reserve of gonadotrophins did not show significant differences between the two groups of children. Finally a significant positive correlation (p less than 0.01) between the LH curve area during the LH-RH test and bone age was found only in the normal boys.", "contents": "Effect of obesity on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function in childhood. In 22 normal and 35 obese boys a gonadal function test (2000 IU of hCG i.m. daily for three days and assays of plasma testosterone before and after the hCG administration) was carried out. All the \"short normal\" children and 31 obese subjects underwent the LH-RH test (50 microng i.v.). While basal testosterone was similar in the two groups of children, after hCG testosterone was significantly (p less than 0.001) lower in the obese boys, In the normal children a significant positive correlation between bone age and basal and after hCG testosterone was demonstrated; this correlation was not found in the obese boys. The pituitary reserve of gonadotrophins did not show significant differences between the two groups of children. Finally a significant positive correlation (p less than 0.01) between the LH curve area during the LH-RH test and bone age was found only in the normal boys.", "PMID": 325991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9833", "title": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in schoolgirls. VI. The correlation between urinary and faecal Escherichia coli. Relation to the duration of the bacteriuria and the sampling technique.", "content": "The occurrence of the urinary strain in the anus, rectum and faeces was investigated in 27 girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). In patients with bacteriuria of relatively short duration 46% of the faecal isolates were of the urinary strain as compared to only 18% in patients with bacteriuria of relatively long duration. In general the correlation between the urinary and faecal flora is striking at the time of establishment of ABU but diminishes with time. The diminished correlation may be due to two factors: firstly, the composition of the faecal flora changes with time. Secondly, the correlation may be obscured by complex changes in the properties of bacterial strains established in the urinary tract. Contamination by the infected urine did not seem to be a serious problem when the rectal mucosa was swabbed proximal to the anal canal.", "contents": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in schoolgirls. VI. The correlation between urinary and faecal Escherichia coli. Relation to the duration of the bacteriuria and the sampling technique. The occurrence of the urinary strain in the anus, rectum and faeces was investigated in 27 girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). In patients with bacteriuria of relatively short duration 46% of the faecal isolates were of the urinary strain as compared to only 18% in patients with bacteriuria of relatively long duration. In general the correlation between the urinary and faecal flora is striking at the time of establishment of ABU but diminishes with time. The diminished correlation may be due to two factors: firstly, the composition of the faecal flora changes with time. Secondly, the correlation may be obscured by complex changes in the properties of bacterial strains established in the urinary tract. Contamination by the infected urine did not seem to be a serious problem when the rectal mucosa was swabbed proximal to the anal canal.", "PMID": 325992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9834", "title": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and human chorionic gonadotropin in the treatment of two boys with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.", "content": "Two brothers, 16 and 14 years of age, with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia were treated with subcutaneous injections of 200 microng gonadotropin-releasing hormone at 8-hour intervals for 4 weeks. Serum FSH increased to the range of normal adult men, but serum LH and serum testosterone showed little change and no clinical signs of pubertal development occurred. Thereafter the 2 patients were given HCG for 11 months and a combination of HCG and HMG for a further 3 months. In response to this treatment, the serum testosterone levels increased to the range of normal adult men and marked development of the secondary sex characteristics was seen.", "contents": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and human chorionic gonadotropin in the treatment of two boys with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Two brothers, 16 and 14 years of age, with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia were treated with subcutaneous injections of 200 microng gonadotropin-releasing hormone at 8-hour intervals for 4 weeks. Serum FSH increased to the range of normal adult men, but serum LH and serum testosterone showed little change and no clinical signs of pubertal development occurred. Thereafter the 2 patients were given HCG for 11 months and a combination of HCG and HMG for a further 3 months. In response to this treatment, the serum testosterone levels increased to the range of normal adult men and marked development of the secondary sex characteristics was seen.", "PMID": 325993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9835", "title": "The elasticity in the presence of diluents.", "content": "A review is given of the thermoelastic measurements performed om different materials. Basically, all materials can be divided into two groups. Fro crystalline and glassy materials the enthalpy component of the retractive force is large and the entropy component is small. On the other hand, for amorphous, crosslinked polymers the opposite is true. After corrections are made for volume changes, the energy component is generally small and the entropy component is large. Only rubber-like polymers, whether diluted or not, are known to display the latter behavior. Moreover, these materials generally undergo glass transitions upon cooling. In these physical properties elastin behaves like the latter class. Therefore in the absence of evidence to the contrary, elastin must be considered to be an amorphous, crosslinked polymer displaying rubberlike elasticity.", "contents": "The elasticity in the presence of diluents. A review is given of the thermoelastic measurements performed om different materials. Basically, all materials can be divided into two groups. Fro crystalline and glassy materials the enthalpy component of the retractive force is large and the entropy component is small. On the other hand, for amorphous, crosslinked polymers the opposite is true. After corrections are made for volume changes, the energy component is generally small and the entropy component is large. Only rubber-like polymers, whether diluted or not, are known to display the latter behavior. Moreover, these materials generally undergo glass transitions upon cooling. In these physical properties elastin behaves like the latter class. Therefore in the absence of evidence to the contrary, elastin must be considered to be an amorphous, crosslinked polymer displaying rubberlike elasticity.", "PMID": 326005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9836", "title": "Prevention of arterial thromboembolism with acetylsalicylic acid. A controlled clinical study in patients with aortic ball valves.", "content": "Prevention of arterial thromboembolism with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was studied in 148 patients with single Starr-Edwards aortic ball-valve prostheses. These patients are suitable for such a study because they have a high incidence of arterial emboli derived mainly from thrombi formed on the valves. They were given either 1 Gm. of ASA daily or placebo in combination with anticoagulants, and were observed for 2 years. Only two emboli occurred in patients receiving ASA, none of them severe. In the placebo group 12 thromboembolic episodes were diagnosed in 10 patients, and three with cerebral emboli died; in one a subdural hematoma unrelated to the embolus was found. In addition, one fatal and the one nonfatal intracranial bleeding occurred in each group, whereas gastrointestinal complications were seen more frequently in patients taking ASA. It is concluded that ASA combined with anticoagulants offered a significantly better protection against arterial thromboembolism than did anticoagulant therapy alone.", "contents": "Prevention of arterial thromboembolism with acetylsalicylic acid. A controlled clinical study in patients with aortic ball valves. Prevention of arterial thromboembolism with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was studied in 148 patients with single Starr-Edwards aortic ball-valve prostheses. These patients are suitable for such a study because they have a high incidence of arterial emboli derived mainly from thrombi formed on the valves. They were given either 1 Gm. of ASA daily or placebo in combination with anticoagulants, and were observed for 2 years. Only two emboli occurred in patients receiving ASA, none of them severe. In the placebo group 12 thromboembolic episodes were diagnosed in 10 patients, and three with cerebral emboli died; in one a subdural hematoma unrelated to the embolus was found. In addition, one fatal and the one nonfatal intracranial bleeding occurred in each group, whereas gastrointestinal complications were seen more frequently in patients taking ASA. It is concluded that ASA combined with anticoagulants offered a significantly better protection against arterial thromboembolism than did anticoagulant therapy alone.", "PMID": 326013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9837", "title": "Efficacy of disopyramide phosphate in the treatment of refractory ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "The effects of intravenously administered disopyramide phosphate were evaluated in seven patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia. All patients had organic heart disease, including acute infarction (three patients), chronic coronary artery disease (two patients) and cardiomyopathy (two patients). The severity of the heart disease was reflected in the advanced patient age (average 64 years) and the occurrence before disopyramide therapy of cardiac arrest in five patients and congestive heart failure in all seven patients. In five patients, disopyramide was given as a bolus injection, 2 mg/kg body weight, followed by an infusion of 20 to 40 mg/hour. The final two patients received 4 mg/kg divided as a bolus injection and an infusion over 1 hour followed by a 0.4 mg/kg infusion during the next hour. Intravenous administration of disopyramide resulted in more effective electrical stability in all patients and completely eliminated ventricular tachycardia in six. Recurrence of ventricular tachycardia was prevented in six patients with subsequent long-term oral administration of disopyramide. Possible dose-related cardiac pump depression occurred in two patients, but disopyramide was otherwise well tolerated. Therefore, these data document the therapeutic efficacy of disopyramide in the treatment of refractory life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "contents": "Efficacy of disopyramide phosphate in the treatment of refractory ventricular tachycardia. The effects of intravenously administered disopyramide phosphate were evaluated in seven patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia. All patients had organic heart disease, including acute infarction (three patients), chronic coronary artery disease (two patients) and cardiomyopathy (two patients). The severity of the heart disease was reflected in the advanced patient age (average 64 years) and the occurrence before disopyramide therapy of cardiac arrest in five patients and congestive heart failure in all seven patients. In five patients, disopyramide was given as a bolus injection, 2 mg/kg body weight, followed by an infusion of 20 to 40 mg/hour. The final two patients received 4 mg/kg divided as a bolus injection and an infusion over 1 hour followed by a 0.4 mg/kg infusion during the next hour. Intravenous administration of disopyramide resulted in more effective electrical stability in all patients and completely eliminated ventricular tachycardia in six. Recurrence of ventricular tachycardia was prevented in six patients with subsequent long-term oral administration of disopyramide. Possible dose-related cardiac pump depression occurred in two patients, but disopyramide was otherwise well tolerated. Therefore, these data document the therapeutic efficacy of disopyramide in the treatment of refractory life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "PMID": 326016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9838", "title": "An electron microscopic study of absorption of peroxidase-conjugated immunoglobulin G by guinea pig visceral yolk sac in vitro.", "content": "In the guinea pig and some other animals, passive immunity is conferred on the developing fetus by passage of immunoglobulin from mother to fetus across the yolk sac. In order to examine the cytological pathway involved in immunoglobulin transport, guinea pig visceral yolk sacs from late in gestation were exposed in vitro to peroxidase-conjugated guinea pig immunoglobulin G (IgG-HRP). Tissue was then fixed, incubated to show the site of localization of peroxidase reaction product and prepared for electron microscopy. The results suggested that the first step in the uptake of IgG-HRP by yolk sac is attachment of the protein to the surface coats of endocytic invaginations at the apical surfaces of the endodermal cells. The endocytic vesicles then appear to pinch off from the surface and move deeper into the cytoplasm. Some of the small endocytic vesicles fuse with large apical vacuoles, which often contain large amounts of reaction product. Other small endocytic vesicles pinch off from the surface, move deeper into the cytoplasm and fuse with the lateral plasmalemma; their protein content is emptied into the intercellular space by exocytosis. From the intercellular spaces the protein presumably diffuses across the basement membrane and connective tissue spaces and enters the vitelline capillary bed. It is postulated that the latter cellular pathway, involving small vesicles and the intercellular spaces, is utilized by those immunoglobulins which are transferred intact across the yolk sac endoderm.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of absorption of peroxidase-conjugated immunoglobulin G by guinea pig visceral yolk sac in vitro. In the guinea pig and some other animals, passive immunity is conferred on the developing fetus by passage of immunoglobulin from mother to fetus across the yolk sac. In order to examine the cytological pathway involved in immunoglobulin transport, guinea pig visceral yolk sacs from late in gestation were exposed in vitro to peroxidase-conjugated guinea pig immunoglobulin G (IgG-HRP). Tissue was then fixed, incubated to show the site of localization of peroxidase reaction product and prepared for electron microscopy. The results suggested that the first step in the uptake of IgG-HRP by yolk sac is attachment of the protein to the surface coats of endocytic invaginations at the apical surfaces of the endodermal cells. The endocytic vesicles then appear to pinch off from the surface and move deeper into the cytoplasm. Some of the small endocytic vesicles fuse with large apical vacuoles, which often contain large amounts of reaction product. Other small endocytic vesicles pinch off from the surface, move deeper into the cytoplasm and fuse with the lateral plasmalemma; their protein content is emptied into the intercellular space by exocytosis. From the intercellular spaces the protein presumably diffuses across the basement membrane and connective tissue spaces and enters the vitelline capillary bed. It is postulated that the latter cellular pathway, involving small vesicles and the intercellular spaces, is utilized by those immunoglobulins which are transferred intact across the yolk sac endoderm.", "PMID": 326018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9839", "title": "Minerals in human teeth: differences between preindustrial and contemporary Hopi Indians.", "content": "Mineral elements in dentin from 17th century Hopis were compared with samples from contemporary Hopis living in the same geographic area. Less lead, zinc, and copper, and more strontium were found in the preindustrial teeth. Trace element levels in the contemporary Hopi teeth were similar to those in suburban Californian teeth.", "contents": "Minerals in human teeth: differences between preindustrial and contemporary Hopi Indians. Mineral elements in dentin from 17th century Hopis were compared with samples from contemporary Hopis living in the same geographic area. Less lead, zinc, and copper, and more strontium were found in the preindustrial teeth. Trace element levels in the contemporary Hopi teeth were similar to those in suburban Californian teeth.", "PMID": 326020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9840", "title": "Desaturation of bile and cholesterol gallstone dissolution with chenodeoxycholic acid.", "content": "The feeding of one of the major biliary bile acids, chenodeoxycholic acid, at a dose of 10 to 15 mg/kg per day causes the circulating bile acid pool to become greatly enriched in this bile acid. When chenodeoxycholic acid composes more than 70% of the biliary bile acids, the amount of cholesterol secreted in bile falls, and bile becomes unsaturated in cholesterol. If cholesterol gallstones are present and are exposed to this unsaturated bile, they will dissolve in 4 to 24 months in the majority of patients. Extensive clinical experience indicates that such medical therapy is safe, despite unequivocal toxicity of chenodeoxycholic acid in several nonhuman primates. When therapy is stopped, bile resaturates, and stones may recur. Since cholecystecomy is a rapid, safe, effective, and usually permanent treatment for all gallstones, the value of medical therapy remains uncertain at present, except for patients in whom surgery is inadvisable. Nonetheless, the demonstration that chenodeoxycholic acid ingestion will desaturate bile and induce gallstone dissolution would appear to be an important pharmacological advance.", "contents": "Desaturation of bile and cholesterol gallstone dissolution with chenodeoxycholic acid. The feeding of one of the major biliary bile acids, chenodeoxycholic acid, at a dose of 10 to 15 mg/kg per day causes the circulating bile acid pool to become greatly enriched in this bile acid. When chenodeoxycholic acid composes more than 70% of the biliary bile acids, the amount of cholesterol secreted in bile falls, and bile becomes unsaturated in cholesterol. If cholesterol gallstones are present and are exposed to this unsaturated bile, they will dissolve in 4 to 24 months in the majority of patients. Extensive clinical experience indicates that such medical therapy is safe, despite unequivocal toxicity of chenodeoxycholic acid in several nonhuman primates. When therapy is stopped, bile resaturates, and stones may recur. Since cholecystecomy is a rapid, safe, effective, and usually permanent treatment for all gallstones, the value of medical therapy remains uncertain at present, except for patients in whom surgery is inadvisable. Nonetheless, the demonstration that chenodeoxycholic acid ingestion will desaturate bile and induce gallstone dissolution would appear to be an important pharmacological advance.", "PMID": 326024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9841", "title": "Mutagenicity of benzidine and related compounds employed in the detection of hemoglobin.", "content": "Seven compounds commonly used as chromagens for the detection of hemoglobin and its derivatives have been assayed for mutagenicity employing the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. Three of these compounds, benzidine, o-dianisidine, and o-tolidine, were shown to be mutagenic. Since benzidine and o-tolidine are already known to be carcinogens, there is a high probability that o-dianisidine will also prove to be a carcinogen. Four compounds tested with this system, o-anisidine, diphenylamine, guaicol, and o-toluidine, were not mutagenic.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of benzidine and related compounds employed in the detection of hemoglobin. Seven compounds commonly used as chromagens for the detection of hemoglobin and its derivatives have been assayed for mutagenicity employing the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. Three of these compounds, benzidine, o-dianisidine, and o-tolidine, were shown to be mutagenic. Since benzidine and o-tolidine are already known to be carcinogens, there is a high probability that o-dianisidine will also prove to be a carcinogen. Four compounds tested with this system, o-anisidine, diphenylamine, guaicol, and o-toluidine, were not mutagenic.", "PMID": 326025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9842", "title": "Amyloid AA protein. Cellular distribution and appearance.", "content": "To investigate the cellular distribution and possibly the cellular origin of the AA protein associated primarily with the fibrils of secondary amyloid deposits, a variety of human tissues was studied by indirect immunofluorescence using a specific anti-AA immunoglobulin and FITC-goat anti-rabbit IgG. Positive cells were most frequently identified in reactive lymphoid tissues. They were most numerous in tonsils and, to a lesser extent, frequent in spleens. Both cellular appearance and distribution of the positive cells suggested a plasmacytic nature. Double staining with rhodamine-labeled anti-IgG demonstrated IgG within some of these cells. The data suggest that the AA protein may be an immunoprotein. In the absence of kinetic data, however, it is not possible definitively to assign the origin of the AA protein to the plasma cell.", "contents": "Amyloid AA protein. Cellular distribution and appearance. To investigate the cellular distribution and possibly the cellular origin of the AA protein associated primarily with the fibrils of secondary amyloid deposits, a variety of human tissues was studied by indirect immunofluorescence using a specific anti-AA immunoglobulin and FITC-goat anti-rabbit IgG. Positive cells were most frequently identified in reactive lymphoid tissues. They were most numerous in tonsils and, to a lesser extent, frequent in spleens. Both cellular appearance and distribution of the positive cells suggested a plasmacytic nature. Double staining with rhodamine-labeled anti-IgG demonstrated IgG within some of these cells. The data suggest that the AA protein may be an immunoprotein. In the absence of kinetic data, however, it is not possible definitively to assign the origin of the AA protein to the plasma cell.", "PMID": 326026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9843", "title": "Immunodiagnosis of melanoma using chimpanzee antihuman melanoma antiserum.", "content": "Three cases of metastatic malignant lesions are presented. By conventional pathologic examination these lesions were diagnosed as undifferentiated carcinomas. They were studied using a chimpanzee antiserum specific for human melanoma-associated antigens. In each case, cells from the tumor were reactive with the anti-melanoma antiserum. The tumors were also studied using the DOPA test. All three tumors were positive in the DOPA test, suggesting the presence of tyrosinase within the tumor cells. The results suggest that serologic identification of melanoma may provide a rapid, inexpensive means for tumor diagnosis.", "contents": "Immunodiagnosis of melanoma using chimpanzee antihuman melanoma antiserum. Three cases of metastatic malignant lesions are presented. By conventional pathologic examination these lesions were diagnosed as undifferentiated carcinomas. They were studied using a chimpanzee antiserum specific for human melanoma-associated antigens. In each case, cells from the tumor were reactive with the anti-melanoma antiserum. The tumors were also studied using the DOPA test. All three tumors were positive in the DOPA test, suggesting the presence of tyrosinase within the tumor cells. The results suggest that serologic identification of melanoma may provide a rapid, inexpensive means for tumor diagnosis.", "PMID": 326027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9844", "title": "Differentiation of renal tubular epithelium in renal transplantation cytology.", "content": "Increased numbers of renal tubular epithelial cells are present in the urinary sediments of renal transplant recipients during acute rejection. Few investigators have described characteristics of renal tubular epithelial cells in cytologic preparations. This study compiles morphologic characteristics of various tubular epithelial cells and determines the type of the tubular cells present during acute allograft rejection. The results demonstrate that cuboidal forms from the small collecting ducts are the predominent tubular epithelial cells exfoliated in voided urine during acute allograft rejection.", "contents": "Differentiation of renal tubular epithelium in renal transplantation cytology. Increased numbers of renal tubular epithelial cells are present in the urinary sediments of renal transplant recipients during acute rejection. Few investigators have described characteristics of renal tubular epithelial cells in cytologic preparations. This study compiles morphologic characteristics of various tubular epithelial cells and determines the type of the tubular cells present during acute allograft rejection. The results demonstrate that cuboidal forms from the small collecting ducts are the predominent tubular epithelial cells exfoliated in voided urine during acute allograft rejection.", "PMID": 326028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9845", "title": "Hemagglutination as an alternate technic for the detection of melanoma-specific cytoplasmic antigens.", "content": "The extensive use of the single technic of immunofluorescence has resulted in the detection of an array of melanoma-specific antigens. Those antigens residing in the cytoplasm of the melanoma cell have been shown to cross-react across various melanoma cell lines in tissue culture, as well as across all fresh tumor cells isolated directly from patients. The ubiquitous nature of this antigenic activity, as defined by immunofluorescence, suggests that the presence of this activity may be important diagnostically. Isolation of one or more antigens from the cytoplasm, however, requires the development of an assay for antigenic activity in cell fractions. Data presented here indicate that passive hemagglutination provides as effective a means of visualizing antigenic activity as does immunofluorescence. Evidence showing that melanoma-specific antigenic activity is present as a soluble component in the cytosol and as a membrane-associated component of the endoplasmic reticulum is also presented.", "contents": "Hemagglutination as an alternate technic for the detection of melanoma-specific cytoplasmic antigens. The extensive use of the single technic of immunofluorescence has resulted in the detection of an array of melanoma-specific antigens. Those antigens residing in the cytoplasm of the melanoma cell have been shown to cross-react across various melanoma cell lines in tissue culture, as well as across all fresh tumor cells isolated directly from patients. The ubiquitous nature of this antigenic activity, as defined by immunofluorescence, suggests that the presence of this activity may be important diagnostically. Isolation of one or more antigens from the cytoplasm, however, requires the development of an assay for antigenic activity in cell fractions. Data presented here indicate that passive hemagglutination provides as effective a means of visualizing antigenic activity as does immunofluorescence. Evidence showing that melanoma-specific antigenic activity is present as a soluble component in the cytosol and as a membrane-associated component of the endoplasmic reticulum is also presented.", "PMID": 326029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9846", "title": "Detection of cryptococcal polysaccharide using counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used to detect Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide in the body fluids of infected patients. Using rabbit anti-C. neoformans A15 globulin, counterimmunoelectrophoresis detected 1.25 microgram of purified cryptococcal polysaccharide per ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or urine and 2.5 microgram per ml of serum. When the body fluids were subjected to a hundredfold concentration prior to testing, as little as 25 ng of purified cryptococcal polysaccharide/ml CSF or urine and 80 ng/ml serum was detected. Among patients with cryptococcal meningitis, counterimmunoelectrophoresis detected polysaccharide in the CSF when the India-ink examination was negative. Using counterimmunoelectrophoresis, the concentrations of polysaccharide antigen in the body fluids of these patients could be estimated. Specificity of the rabbit anti-C. neoformans A15 globulin was evaluated. There was no crossreaction that detracted from its diagnostic usefulness. Rheumatoid factor was not a source of false-positive tests. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is a useful technic for establishing a rapid, specific serologic diagnosis of cryptococcosis.", "contents": "Detection of cryptococcal polysaccharide using counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used to detect Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide in the body fluids of infected patients. Using rabbit anti-C. neoformans A15 globulin, counterimmunoelectrophoresis detected 1.25 microgram of purified cryptococcal polysaccharide per ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or urine and 2.5 microgram per ml of serum. When the body fluids were subjected to a hundredfold concentration prior to testing, as little as 25 ng of purified cryptococcal polysaccharide/ml CSF or urine and 80 ng/ml serum was detected. Among patients with cryptococcal meningitis, counterimmunoelectrophoresis detected polysaccharide in the CSF when the India-ink examination was negative. Using counterimmunoelectrophoresis, the concentrations of polysaccharide antigen in the body fluids of these patients could be estimated. Specificity of the rabbit anti-C. neoformans A15 globulin was evaluated. There was no crossreaction that detracted from its diagnostic usefulness. Rheumatoid factor was not a source of false-positive tests. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is a useful technic for establishing a rapid, specific serologic diagnosis of cryptococcosis.", "PMID": 326030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9847", "title": "Corynebacterium equi infection complicating neoplastic disease.", "content": "Corynebacterium equi, a soil-residing diphtheroid pathogenic in horses, swine and cows, caused pulmonary infection with bacteremia in two patients with lymphomas. Both patients were being treated with immunosuppressive therapy, as were the patients in three previously reported human cases. Unless certain characteristics of these organisms are recognized, they may be regarded as normal flora or contaminating diphtheroids. They could also be mistaken for other gram-positive rods, such as Bacillus species, Listeria monocytogenes, or Erysipelothrix insidiosa. C. equi isolates have usually been sensitive to erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and carbenicillin. One of the patients reported here was successfully treated with erythromycin, tetracycline, and surgery.", "contents": "Corynebacterium equi infection complicating neoplastic disease. Corynebacterium equi, a soil-residing diphtheroid pathogenic in horses, swine and cows, caused pulmonary infection with bacteremia in two patients with lymphomas. Both patients were being treated with immunosuppressive therapy, as were the patients in three previously reported human cases. Unless certain characteristics of these organisms are recognized, they may be regarded as normal flora or contaminating diphtheroids. They could also be mistaken for other gram-positive rods, such as Bacillus species, Listeria monocytogenes, or Erysipelothrix insidiosa. C. equi isolates have usually been sensitive to erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and carbenicillin. One of the patients reported here was successfully treated with erythromycin, tetracycline, and surgery.", "PMID": 326031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9848", "title": "Adrenocorticosteroid therapy in alcoholic hepatitis. A prospective, double-blind randomized study.", "content": "In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study of prednisolone therapy of acute alcoholic hepatitis, 39% of the total group of 28 patients died. Mortality and cumulative survival were similar in steroid- and placebo-treated patients. After 14 days of therapy, the serum albumin concentration and white blood count were significantly higher in the steroid group, but all other parameters were similar. An increased risk of fungal infection appeared to be associated with steroid therapy.", "contents": "Adrenocorticosteroid therapy in alcoholic hepatitis. A prospective, double-blind randomized study. In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study of prednisolone therapy of acute alcoholic hepatitis, 39% of the total group of 28 patients died. Mortality and cumulative survival were similar in steroid- and placebo-treated patients. After 14 days of therapy, the serum albumin concentration and white blood count were significantly higher in the steroid group, but all other parameters were similar. An increased risk of fungal infection appeared to be associated with steroid therapy.", "PMID": 326034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9849", "title": "Multicentric colonic lymphoma complicating ulcerative colitis.", "content": "A 72-year-old female with ulcerative colitis of 30 years duration underwent total proctocolectomy for a cecal mass thought to be an adenocarcinoma. Pathologic examination of the colon revealed 22 tumors, all of which proved to be malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type. Thirteen cases of non-Hodgkins malignant lymphoma and 2 cases of Hodgkins disease of the colon arising in ulcerative colitis are reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Multicentric colonic lymphoma complicating ulcerative colitis. A 72-year-old female with ulcerative colitis of 30 years duration underwent total proctocolectomy for a cecal mass thought to be an adenocarcinoma. Pathologic examination of the colon revealed 22 tumors, all of which proved to be malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type. Thirteen cases of non-Hodgkins malignant lymphoma and 2 cases of Hodgkins disease of the colon arising in ulcerative colitis are reviewed and discussed.", "PMID": 326035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9850", "title": "Epidemiologic differences among serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "In the USA, the most prevalent serotype of the fungus, Cryptococcus neoformans, was serotype A. The serotype constituted 203 of 272 isolates from infections and 85 of 89 isolates from the environment. Serotype B or C isolates were infrequent causes of infection, except in Southern California, and were infrequent causes of infecand were not isolated at all from environmental sources. In Southern California, the absence of serotypes B and C in 67 soil and pigeon dropping isolates was striking, considering that 25 of 49 isolates from infections were serotypes B or C. The site in nature where serotypes B and C exist is currently unknown but differs from that of serotypes A and D. Serotype D may be unusually prevalent in both environmental and patient isolates from Denmark and Italy. Of 24 isolates from those countries, 21 were serotype D.", "contents": "Epidemiologic differences among serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans. In the USA, the most prevalent serotype of the fungus, Cryptococcus neoformans, was serotype A. The serotype constituted 203 of 272 isolates from infections and 85 of 89 isolates from the environment. Serotype B or C isolates were infrequent causes of infection, except in Southern California, and were infrequent causes of infecand were not isolated at all from environmental sources. In Southern California, the absence of serotypes B and C in 67 soil and pigeon dropping isolates was striking, considering that 25 of 49 isolates from infections were serotypes B or C. The site in nature where serotypes B and C exist is currently unknown but differs from that of serotypes A and D. Serotype D may be unusually prevalent in both environmental and patient isolates from Denmark and Italy. Of 24 isolates from those countries, 21 were serotype D.", "PMID": 326036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9851", "title": "Preventing, detecting and managing adverse reactions of antihypertensive agents in the ambulant patient with essential hypertension.", "content": "The adverse reactions of antihypertensive agents are reviewed, including their clinical implications and suggested methods of preventing, detecting and managing them. The drugs discussed are: (1) diuretics--thiazides, furosemide, ethacrynic acid and spironolactone; (2) sympatholytics--reserpine, methyldopa, guanethidine, propranolol and clonidine; (3) vasodilators--hydralazine, prazosin and minoxidil. It is suggested that cooperative multi-disciplinary efforts should be undertaken to counteract the factors which contribute to improper use of antihypertensive agents.", "contents": "Preventing, detecting and managing adverse reactions of antihypertensive agents in the ambulant patient with essential hypertension. The adverse reactions of antihypertensive agents are reviewed, including their clinical implications and suggested methods of preventing, detecting and managing them. The drugs discussed are: (1) diuretics--thiazides, furosemide, ethacrynic acid and spironolactone; (2) sympatholytics--reserpine, methyldopa, guanethidine, propranolol and clonidine; (3) vasodilators--hydralazine, prazosin and minoxidil. It is suggested that cooperative multi-disciplinary efforts should be undertaken to counteract the factors which contribute to improper use of antihypertensive agents.", "PMID": 326040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9852", "title": "Toxic reactions and side effects of glucocorticoids in man.", "content": "The toxic reactions and side effects of glucocorticoids in humans are discussed. The effects reviewed include metabolic (muscle and skin, carbohydrates and lipids), cardiovascular, cellular, immunologic, skeletal and growth, gastrointestinal, nervous system, ocular, and hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal.", "contents": "Toxic reactions and side effects of glucocorticoids in man. The toxic reactions and side effects of glucocorticoids in humans are discussed. The effects reviewed include metabolic (muscle and skin, carbohydrates and lipids), cardiovascular, cellular, immunologic, skeletal and growth, gastrointestinal, nervous system, ocular, and hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal.", "PMID": 326041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9853", "title": "Effect of unit dose packaging of respiratory therapy medications on incidence of pulmonary infections.", "content": "The effect on pulmonary infection rate of using respiratory therapy medications packaged in unit dose syringes versus multiple-dose vials was studied. Study data were collected on 141 patients during a three-month period; 78 patients were treated with respiratory medications packaged exclusively in unit dose syringes, and the balance received medications from multiple-dose vials. Based on information collected from patient charts, the presence of definite or probable pulmonary infections was determined. Of the 83 patients who did not have pulmonary infections prior to therapy, 23% developed one; there was no significant difference in the incidence of infection according to type of medication packaging. Nor did packaging have a significant effect on the incidence of infection among the 39 patients who were predisposed to infection. Finally, method of packaging had no significant effect among the 58 patients who had an infection before therapy started. It is suggested that the decision to employ unit dose packaging for respiratory therapy medications must be based on factors other than the incidence of infection.", "contents": "Effect of unit dose packaging of respiratory therapy medications on incidence of pulmonary infections. The effect on pulmonary infection rate of using respiratory therapy medications packaged in unit dose syringes versus multiple-dose vials was studied. Study data were collected on 141 patients during a three-month period; 78 patients were treated with respiratory medications packaged exclusively in unit dose syringes, and the balance received medications from multiple-dose vials. Based on information collected from patient charts, the presence of definite or probable pulmonary infections was determined. Of the 83 patients who did not have pulmonary infections prior to therapy, 23% developed one; there was no significant difference in the incidence of infection according to type of medication packaging. Nor did packaging have a significant effect on the incidence of infection among the 39 patients who were predisposed to infection. Finally, method of packaging had no significant effect among the 58 patients who had an infection before therapy started. It is suggested that the decision to employ unit dose packaging for respiratory therapy medications must be based on factors other than the incidence of infection.", "PMID": 326042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9854", "title": "Terminal half-lives of drugs studied in patients with hepatic diseases.", "content": "Published evidence of the effects of liver diseases on the terminal half-lives of drugs in man is presented. Formulas are given to aid the reader in determining the hepatic clearance of drugs. The effect of various liver diseases on hepatic function is reviewed. Data on 38 drugs are tabulated.", "contents": "Terminal half-lives of drugs studied in patients with hepatic diseases. Published evidence of the effects of liver diseases on the terminal half-lives of drugs in man is presented. Formulas are given to aid the reader in determining the hepatic clearance of drugs. The effect of various liver diseases on hepatic function is reviewed. Data on 38 drugs are tabulated.", "PMID": 326043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9855", "title": "Hypokalemic, metabolic alkalosis induced by high-dose ampicillin sodium.", "content": "A case of hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis precipitated by high-dose intravenous ampicillin sodium is discussed. Cases of hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis attributable to ampicillin sodium have not been reported previously. There have been reports of this phenomenon associated with high doses of penicillin sodium and carbenicillin disodium. The possible mechanism of antibiotic-induced hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis is discussed. It is suggested that most cases of antibiotic-induced hypokalemia respond to oral or intravenous potassium chloride.", "contents": "Hypokalemic, metabolic alkalosis induced by high-dose ampicillin sodium. A case of hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis precipitated by high-dose intravenous ampicillin sodium is discussed. Cases of hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis attributable to ampicillin sodium have not been reported previously. There have been reports of this phenomenon associated with high doses of penicillin sodium and carbenicillin disodium. The possible mechanism of antibiotic-induced hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis is discussed. It is suggested that most cases of antibiotic-induced hypokalemia respond to oral or intravenous potassium chloride.", "PMID": 326044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9856", "title": "Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The pathophysiology, anticholinergic therapy and dopaminergic therapy of Parkinson's disease are reviewed; an emphasis is placed on the structure and function of the basal ganglia because of their importance in understanding the pharmacotherapy of parkinsonism. The pharmacologic management of Parkinson's disease is limited primarily to manipulation of the dopamine-acetylcholine system. Levodopa, with or without a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, is the current drug of choice in the management of idiopathic and postencephalitic Parkinson's disease. Modification of the serotonin-histamine system via the use of antihistamines may be useful in some patients. There are also many adjunctive agents which may be employed in combination with or in place of levodopa. Levodopa clearly has no place in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced Parkinson's disease; anticholinergics and antihistamines are the agents of choice.", "contents": "Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease. The pathophysiology, anticholinergic therapy and dopaminergic therapy of Parkinson's disease are reviewed; an emphasis is placed on the structure and function of the basal ganglia because of their importance in understanding the pharmacotherapy of parkinsonism. The pharmacologic management of Parkinson's disease is limited primarily to manipulation of the dopamine-acetylcholine system. Levodopa, with or without a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, is the current drug of choice in the management of idiopathic and postencephalitic Parkinson's disease. Modification of the serotonin-histamine system via the use of antihistamines may be useful in some patients. There are also many adjunctive agents which may be employed in combination with or in place of levodopa. Levodopa clearly has no place in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced Parkinson's disease; anticholinergics and antihistamines are the agents of choice.", "PMID": 326045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9857", "title": "Amikacin therapy of patients with multiply antibiotic-resistant Serratia marcescens infections: development of increasing resistance during therapy.", "content": "Over a recent 22 month period, 222 patients in two adjacent hospitals became infected with a multiply antibiotic-resistant strain of Serratia marcescens; 13 were bacteremic. Nineteen patients with clinically significant infections received amikacin. Nine of 11 patients with urinary tract infections were cured. In contrast, only one of eight patients with pneumonia or other deep tissue infections was cured and four died. These eight patients were severely ill; many had infections with multiple microorganisms. In four of five patients in whom the infection failed to clear promptly. Serratia strains became increasingly resistant to amikacin during therapy and these strains contributed to the death of two of these patients. Amikacin proved useful in treating patients with infections due to gentamicin-resistant S. marcescens organisms, especially urinary tract infections. However, the capacity of some strains of S. marcescens to develop resistance to amikacin may limit the usefulness of this antibiotic in the treatment of deep tissue infections which involve this microorganism.", "contents": "Amikacin therapy of patients with multiply antibiotic-resistant Serratia marcescens infections: development of increasing resistance during therapy. Over a recent 22 month period, 222 patients in two adjacent hospitals became infected with a multiply antibiotic-resistant strain of Serratia marcescens; 13 were bacteremic. Nineteen patients with clinically significant infections received amikacin. Nine of 11 patients with urinary tract infections were cured. In contrast, only one of eight patients with pneumonia or other deep tissue infections was cured and four died. These eight patients were severely ill; many had infections with multiple microorganisms. In four of five patients in whom the infection failed to clear promptly. Serratia strains became increasingly resistant to amikacin during therapy and these strains contributed to the death of two of these patients. Amikacin proved useful in treating patients with infections due to gentamicin-resistant S. marcescens organisms, especially urinary tract infections. However, the capacity of some strains of S. marcescens to develop resistance to amikacin may limit the usefulness of this antibiotic in the treatment of deep tissue infections which involve this microorganism.", "PMID": 326046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9858", "title": "A comparison of methods for quantitating fetal heart rate variability.", "content": "Fetal heart rate (FHR) variability is thought to be an important index of fetal health. In the presence of normal variability, the fetus is vigorous, but lack of beat-to-beat variability may be associated with fetal compromise. A distinction between short-term variability (STV) (beat-to-beat changes between successive beats) and long-term variability (LTV) (rhythmic fluctuations in FHR) has not been made to date. We have utilized computer programs to compare three pairs of mathematical indices and one visual index of FHR variability. Among the three pairs of indices designed for detection of STV and LTV, de Haan's short-term and long-term indices exhibited the least interdependence, and the long-term index was completely insensitive to artifically generated pure STV. Yeh's short-term and long-term indices exhibited substantial positive interdependence. Hon's visual index appears to detect LTV primarily rather than STV. When the effect of progression of labor on FHR variability was examined, no conclusions were possible because of inconsistencies between patients. Ultimately, the clinical value of any one of these indices awaits testing of their ability to define fetal well-being or fetal distress.", "contents": "A comparison of methods for quantitating fetal heart rate variability. Fetal heart rate (FHR) variability is thought to be an important index of fetal health. In the presence of normal variability, the fetus is vigorous, but lack of beat-to-beat variability may be associated with fetal compromise. A distinction between short-term variability (STV) (beat-to-beat changes between successive beats) and long-term variability (LTV) (rhythmic fluctuations in FHR) has not been made to date. We have utilized computer programs to compare three pairs of mathematical indices and one visual index of FHR variability. Among the three pairs of indices designed for detection of STV and LTV, de Haan's short-term and long-term indices exhibited the least interdependence, and the long-term index was completely insensitive to artifically generated pure STV. Yeh's short-term and long-term indices exhibited substantial positive interdependence. Hon's visual index appears to detect LTV primarily rather than STV. When the effect of progression of labor on FHR variability was examined, no conclusions were possible because of inconsistencies between patients. Ultimately, the clinical value of any one of these indices awaits testing of their ability to define fetal well-being or fetal distress.", "PMID": 326049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9859", "title": "Lamellar transplants in keratoconus.", "content": "Lamellar keratoplasty was done in 18 eyes with keratoconus in an attempt to obtain a more satisfactory postoperative refractive error than that after penetrating keratoplasty. The refractive error after lamellar keratoplasty was better than that after 7.5-mm penetrating keratoplasties, but the vision was not as good. Because of the poorer vision, lamellar keratoplasty should probably be reserved for those with large eccentric cones and patients who are not good candidates for penetrating transplants.", "contents": "Lamellar transplants in keratoconus. Lamellar keratoplasty was done in 18 eyes with keratoconus in an attempt to obtain a more satisfactory postoperative refractive error than that after penetrating keratoplasty. The refractive error after lamellar keratoplasty was better than that after 7.5-mm penetrating keratoplasties, but the vision was not as good. Because of the poorer vision, lamellar keratoplasty should probably be reserved for those with large eccentric cones and patients who are not good candidates for penetrating transplants.", "PMID": 326050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9860", "title": "Postoperative complications with protruding monofilament nylon sutures.", "content": "Cut ends of 10-0 monofilament nylon sutures protruded and caused various combinations of severe pain, conjunctival inflammation, tarsal conjunctival ulcerations, eyelid edema, and corneal epithelial erosions in six patients postoperatively. These changes occurred one to three weeks after keratoplasty and one to three months after cataract surgery. In all six patients the signs and symptoms cleared after we trimmed or removed the offending sutures.", "contents": "Postoperative complications with protruding monofilament nylon sutures. Cut ends of 10-0 monofilament nylon sutures protruded and caused various combinations of severe pain, conjunctival inflammation, tarsal conjunctival ulcerations, eyelid edema, and corneal epithelial erosions in six patients postoperatively. These changes occurred one to three weeks after keratoplasty and one to three months after cataract surgery. In all six patients the signs and symptoms cleared after we trimmed or removed the offending sutures.", "PMID": 326051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9861", "title": "The effect of acetazolamide on early increased intraocular pressure after cataract extraction.", "content": "Increased intraocular pressure in the immediate postoperative period commonly occurs after cataract extraction. We administered acetazolamide (Diamox) to 24 of 49 eyes with increased IOP in 49 patients. All pressures returned to normal within six to eight days. No difference was found between treated and untreated eyes.", "contents": "The effect of acetazolamide on early increased intraocular pressure after cataract extraction. Increased intraocular pressure in the immediate postoperative period commonly occurs after cataract extraction. We administered acetazolamide (Diamox) to 24 of 49 eyes with increased IOP in 49 patients. All pressures returned to normal within six to eight days. No difference was found between treated and untreated eyes.", "PMID": 326052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9862", "title": "Uses of RTV silicone in orbital reconstruction.", "content": "In a five-year follow-up of 42 patients with unsatisfactory cosmetic results after enulceation, room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone was used in the surgical correction of enophthalmos and superior sulcus depression. RTV silicone with a catalyst was placed in a dissected pocket subperiosteally along the floor and lateral wall of the orbit to correct the volume deficit. When vulcanizing in situ into soft silicone rubber, the implant conformed to the orbital wall and did not migrate. We determined tissue tolerance to in situ vulcanizing silicone histologically in 30 rats by inserting prevulcanized and in situ vulcanized material in paired subcutaneous pockets. No statistical difference was noted between the two methods. In 11 cases, the same material was used as a convenient stent to maintain the pressure over a graft and to maintain socket size after the reconstruction of a contrated socket, by filling the socket with RTV silicone which surrounded a Kirschner wire drilled through the lateral orbital rim.", "contents": "Uses of RTV silicone in orbital reconstruction. In a five-year follow-up of 42 patients with unsatisfactory cosmetic results after enulceation, room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone was used in the surgical correction of enophthalmos and superior sulcus depression. RTV silicone with a catalyst was placed in a dissected pocket subperiosteally along the floor and lateral wall of the orbit to correct the volume deficit. When vulcanizing in situ into soft silicone rubber, the implant conformed to the orbital wall and did not migrate. We determined tissue tolerance to in situ vulcanizing silicone histologically in 30 rats by inserting prevulcanized and in situ vulcanized material in paired subcutaneous pockets. No statistical difference was noted between the two methods. In 11 cases, the same material was used as a convenient stent to maintain the pressure over a graft and to maintain socket size after the reconstruction of a contrated socket, by filling the socket with RTV silicone which surrounded a Kirschner wire drilled through the lateral orbital rim.", "PMID": 326053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9863", "title": "Combined scleral ring and blepharostat.", "content": "A modified Legrand scleral ring served three important functions: it prevented anterior scleral buckling and collapse, it separated the eyelids to give good surgical field exposure, and it provided firm fixation for the globe during trephining and suturing.", "contents": "Combined scleral ring and blepharostat. A modified Legrand scleral ring served three important functions: it prevented anterior scleral buckling and collapse, it separated the eyelids to give good surgical field exposure, and it provided firm fixation for the globe during trephining and suturing.", "PMID": 326054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9864", "title": "Corneal penetration of rifampin.", "content": "We tested the corneal penetration of rifampin in four vehicles: dimethylsulfoxide, polyethylene glycol, an ocular lubricant, and as rifampin ointment. We measured drug concentrations in the aqueous humor in rabbits after topical instillation of 1 and 2.5% rifampin according to two dosage schedules. Drug concentrations in the aqueous humor were bactericidal to Mycobacterium leprae. Since leprosy of the cornea, iris, and ciliary body may develop despite standard systemic bacteriostatic treatment, treatment of leprotic involvement of the anterior eye may be enhanced by intensive topical application of rifampin.", "contents": "Corneal penetration of rifampin. We tested the corneal penetration of rifampin in four vehicles: dimethylsulfoxide, polyethylene glycol, an ocular lubricant, and as rifampin ointment. We measured drug concentrations in the aqueous humor in rabbits after topical instillation of 1 and 2.5% rifampin according to two dosage schedules. Drug concentrations in the aqueous humor were bactericidal to Mycobacterium leprae. Since leprosy of the cornea, iris, and ciliary body may develop despite standard systemic bacteriostatic treatment, treatment of leprotic involvement of the anterior eye may be enhanced by intensive topical application of rifampin.", "PMID": 326055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9865", "title": "Relative risk factors in chronic open-angle glaucoma: an epidemiological study.", "content": "Some hypothesized risk factors in chronic open-angle glaucoma were investigated in a sample of 87 patinets with glaucoma and 87 matched controls. A significant positive association was found with diabetes, a systolic blood pressure/intraocular pressure (BP/IOP) ratio less than 5.75, and the taking of medication for systemic hypertension. No significant association was found with a history of smoking or an elevated systemic blood pressure. Analysis indicates that the systolic BP/IOP index may be useful as a screening test for the detection of glaucoma in samples where the prevalence of glaucoma is high.", "contents": "Relative risk factors in chronic open-angle glaucoma: an epidemiological study. Some hypothesized risk factors in chronic open-angle glaucoma were investigated in a sample of 87 patinets with glaucoma and 87 matched controls. A significant positive association was found with diabetes, a systolic blood pressure/intraocular pressure (BP/IOP) ratio less than 5.75, and the taking of medication for systemic hypertension. No significant association was found with a history of smoking or an elevated systemic blood pressure. Analysis indicates that the systolic BP/IOP index may be useful as a screening test for the detection of glaucoma in samples where the prevalence of glaucoma is high.", "PMID": 326056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9866", "title": "Effectiveness of an enzyme in removing deposits from hydrophilic lenses.", "content": "Bausch and Lomb Soflens contact lenses with various types of deposits were cleaned with the Allergan Enzymatic Contact Lens Cleaner. Its effectiveness in removing the deposits varied with the type of deposit. Effectiveness of the cleaner can be predicted from the initial appearance of the deposit.", "contents": "Effectiveness of an enzyme in removing deposits from hydrophilic lenses. Bausch and Lomb Soflens contact lenses with various types of deposits were cleaned with the Allergan Enzymatic Contact Lens Cleaner. Its effectiveness in removing the deposits varied with the type of deposit. Effectiveness of the cleaner can be predicted from the initial appearance of the deposit.", "PMID": 326057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9867", "title": "Use of the Bausch & Lomb Soflens Plano T contact lens as a bandage.", "content": "Twenty patients with corneal disease were treated with a recently released soft lens specifically designed for use as a bandage. Patients wore their lenses continuously 24 hr a day. The results were similar to those of previous studies conducted with other lens designs. Improvement was frequent (10 of 12 cases) for bullous keratopathy and corneal graft, burn, or neuroparalytic lesion; limited (1 of 4 cases) for dry-eye syndrome; and absent (4 cases) for irregular cornea and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. No difficulties were found with the concurrent use of medication.", "contents": "Use of the Bausch & Lomb Soflens Plano T contact lens as a bandage. Twenty patients with corneal disease were treated with a recently released soft lens specifically designed for use as a bandage. Patients wore their lenses continuously 24 hr a day. The results were similar to those of previous studies conducted with other lens designs. Improvement was frequent (10 of 12 cases) for bullous keratopathy and corneal graft, burn, or neuroparalytic lesion; limited (1 of 4 cases) for dry-eye syndrome; and absent (4 cases) for irregular cornea and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. No difficulties were found with the concurrent use of medication.", "PMID": 326058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9868", "title": "Residual acrylic adhesive after removal of plastic orthodontic brackets: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "After etching for one minute with 35 per cent phosphoric acid, thirty-eight permanent teeth were furnished with plastic brackets. An additional twelve teeth were used as references and were etched but were not furnished with brackets. Four teeth served as untreated controls. Eight brackets had fallen off one week later. The remaining brackets were removed with various instruments. All the teeth were extracted and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On all of the teeth originally furnished with brackets, residual acrylic was found on the tooth surface. The SEM examination was supplemented with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (ED) which confirmed that the observed residues differed in their chemical composition from the dental substance.", "contents": "Residual acrylic adhesive after removal of plastic orthodontic brackets: a scanning electron microscopic study. After etching for one minute with 35 per cent phosphoric acid, thirty-eight permanent teeth were furnished with plastic brackets. An additional twelve teeth were used as references and were etched but were not furnished with brackets. Four teeth served as untreated controls. Eight brackets had fallen off one week later. The remaining brackets were removed with various instruments. All the teeth were extracted and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On all of the teeth originally furnished with brackets, residual acrylic was found on the tooth surface. The SEM examination was supplemented with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (ED) which confirmed that the observed residues differed in their chemical composition from the dental substance.", "PMID": 326059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9869", "title": "Microscopic evaluation of enamel after debonding: clinical application.", "content": "Enamel surfaces were debonded by methods recommended in the literature and found to be problematic. A new method, not previously recommended, involving the use of a green rubber wheel followed by pumice or composite finishing paste was similarly examined and found to come closest to restoring the original, natural enamel surface. A step-by-step clinical procedure was described for highly filled, lightly filled, and unfilled adhesives.", "contents": "Microscopic evaluation of enamel after debonding: clinical application. Enamel surfaces were debonded by methods recommended in the literature and found to be problematic. A new method, not previously recommended, involving the use of a green rubber wheel followed by pumice or composite finishing paste was similarly examined and found to come closest to restoring the original, natural enamel surface. A step-by-step clinical procedure was described for highly filled, lightly filled, and unfilled adhesives.", "PMID": 326060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9870", "title": "Images of the mind: psychiatry in the commercial film.", "content": "There are many striking temporal and cultural parallels in the development of commercial films and psychiatry. The psychiatrist has been depicted in widely varying ways--as madman, as a powerful force for tinkering with the soul, and as a wonder worker who cures patients by uncovering a single traumatic event. The early years, in which psychiatric issues were often treated simplistically or sensationally, were followed by a \"latency period\". After the war there was a deluge of psychological films, which also began to deal with emerging social issues. Contemporary films tend to focus on madness as a metaphor or on the struggle of seemingly normal, successful people to find fulfillment. Psychiatry and film are \"toys that have grown up together,\" along with the consumers of both.", "contents": "Images of the mind: psychiatry in the commercial film. There are many striking temporal and cultural parallels in the development of commercial films and psychiatry. The psychiatrist has been depicted in widely varying ways--as madman, as a powerful force for tinkering with the soul, and as a wonder worker who cures patients by uncovering a single traumatic event. The early years, in which psychiatric issues were often treated simplistically or sensationally, were followed by a \"latency period\". After the war there was a deluge of psychological films, which also began to deal with emerging social issues. Contemporary films tend to focus on madness as a metaphor or on the struggle of seemingly normal, successful people to find fulfillment. Psychiatry and film are \"toys that have grown up together,\" along with the consumers of both.", "PMID": 326061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9871", "title": "Behavioral toxicity and equivocal suicide associated with chloroquine and its derivatives.", "content": "Although the antimalarial agents chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and amodiaquine are widely used to treat a variety of medical conditions, their behavioral toxicity and lethality are not generally recognized. Therapeutic doses sometimes cause psychosis, delirium, personality change, and depression. Since moderately low overdoses of chloroquine can result in rapid death, such behavioral effects could lead to accidental or state-dependent overdosage and death.", "contents": "Behavioral toxicity and equivocal suicide associated with chloroquine and its derivatives. Although the antimalarial agents chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and amodiaquine are widely used to treat a variety of medical conditions, their behavioral toxicity and lethality are not generally recognized. Therapeutic doses sometimes cause psychosis, delirium, personality change, and depression. Since moderately low overdoses of chloroquine can result in rapid death, such behavioral effects could lead to accidental or state-dependent overdosage and death.", "PMID": 326063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9872", "title": "Delayed immune reactions in mice immunized with malarial antigen.", "content": "Mice were immunized subcutaneously, intravenously or in a footpad with antigens prepared from a lethal strain of Plasmodium berghei yoelii. A delayed footpad swelling (DFS) reaction was observed 4 days after immunization, and was detectable at least 42 days after immunization. However, IV immunization was the least efficacious is producing hypersensitivity. Regardless of the type of antigen used for immunization, mice responded similarly when live parasites were used to elicit DFS. This study revealed that hypersensitivity depended on route of immunization and type of antigen.", "contents": "Delayed immune reactions in mice immunized with malarial antigen. Mice were immunized subcutaneously, intravenously or in a footpad with antigens prepared from a lethal strain of Plasmodium berghei yoelii. A delayed footpad swelling (DFS) reaction was observed 4 days after immunization, and was detectable at least 42 days after immunization. However, IV immunization was the least efficacious is producing hypersensitivity. Regardless of the type of antigen used for immunization, mice responded similarly when live parasites were used to elicit DFS. This study revealed that hypersensitivity depended on route of immunization and type of antigen.", "PMID": 326066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9873", "title": "Immunological studies in human schistosomiasis. III. Immunoglobulin levels, antibodies, and delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "Levels of IgG, IgE, IgM, and IgA were determined, specific antibodies were detected by the fluorescent antibody test, hemagglutination test, complement fixation test and immunoelectrophoresis, and intradermal tests for delayed hypersensitivity to Schistosoma mansoni antigens were performed in Brazilian patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. The results were compared according to the clinical forms of the disease. IgG levels and antibody titers increased progressively in the subclinical, hepatomegalic, and hepatosplenic forms and there was a statistical relationship between IgG levels and the intensity of responses to the four serological tests; Delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) was found more frequently in hepatosplenic patients and more particularly in those with splenomegaly. DHS also correlated with age, but not with sex or with skin color. The strongest DHS reactions were observed in patients 20 to 34 years old, and in those having the highest fecal egg output. IgG levels, antibody titers, and DHS responses decreased after splenectomy and portal filtration of the worms. No significant variation was observed between untreated subjects, patients who were splenectomized and a group not subject to reinfection for 4 yearsk0", "contents": "Immunological studies in human schistosomiasis. III. Immunoglobulin levels, antibodies, and delayed hypersensitivity. Levels of IgG, IgE, IgM, and IgA were determined, specific antibodies were detected by the fluorescent antibody test, hemagglutination test, complement fixation test and immunoelectrophoresis, and intradermal tests for delayed hypersensitivity to Schistosoma mansoni antigens were performed in Brazilian patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. The results were compared according to the clinical forms of the disease. IgG levels and antibody titers increased progressively in the subclinical, hepatomegalic, and hepatosplenic forms and there was a statistical relationship between IgG levels and the intensity of responses to the four serological tests; Delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) was found more frequently in hepatosplenic patients and more particularly in those with splenomegaly. DHS also correlated with age, but not with sex or with skin color. The strongest DHS reactions were observed in patients 20 to 34 years old, and in those having the highest fecal egg output. IgG levels, antibody titers, and DHS responses decreased after splenectomy and portal filtration of the worms. No significant variation was observed between untreated subjects, patients who were splenectomized and a group not subject to reinfection for 4 yearsk0", "PMID": 326069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9874", "title": "T and B rosetting lymphocytes in the blood of smallpox patients.", "content": "The proportion of T and B cells in the peripheral blood of smallpox patients was determined. The average initial percentage of T cells was depressed (41 +/- 8.4%) in comparison with uninfected controls (65 +/- 7.6%), while the initial B cell counts averaged 26 +/- 11.4% and 28 +/- 5.1%, respectively. However, initial B cell percentages in four infected patients (two of whom died) were between 9 and 14, which are considerably lower than any control value, the lowest of which was 19%. Review of the literature emphasizes the both cellular and serological immunity play a role in recovery from pox disease; the two patients who had the highest initial nul cell (lymphocytes not identified as either T or B cells) counts died, while none of five patients who had consistently low nul cell counts died.", "contents": "T and B rosetting lymphocytes in the blood of smallpox patients. The proportion of T and B cells in the peripheral blood of smallpox patients was determined. The average initial percentage of T cells was depressed (41 +/- 8.4%) in comparison with uninfected controls (65 +/- 7.6%), while the initial B cell counts averaged 26 +/- 11.4% and 28 +/- 5.1%, respectively. However, initial B cell percentages in four infected patients (two of whom died) were between 9 and 14, which are considerably lower than any control value, the lowest of which was 19%. Review of the literature emphasizes the both cellular and serological immunity play a role in recovery from pox disease; the two patients who had the highest initial nul cell (lymphocytes not identified as either T or B cells) counts died, while none of five patients who had consistently low nul cell counts died.", "PMID": 326070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9875", "title": "A simple technique for the detection of dengue antigen in mosquitoes by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Dengue antigen could be demonstrated by a direct fluorescent antibody technique in simple head squashes of either male or female Aedes albopictus mosquitoes infected with any of the four dengue serotypes. Dengue viruses can be isolated rapidly and simply by combining this technique with that of parenteral inoculation of mosquitoes with test material.", "contents": "A simple technique for the detection of dengue antigen in mosquitoes by immunofluorescence. Dengue antigen could be demonstrated by a direct fluorescent antibody technique in simple head squashes of either male or female Aedes albopictus mosquitoes infected with any of the four dengue serotypes. Dengue viruses can be isolated rapidly and simply by combining this technique with that of parenteral inoculation of mosquitoes with test material.", "PMID": 326071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9876", "title": "Radical cure of Chesson strain vivax malaria in man by 7, not 14, days of treatment with primaquine.", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-normal adult volunteers infected with mosquito-bone Chesson strain vivax malaria were treated with chloroquine and primaquine during the initial attack. Administration of 60 mg (base) of primaquine daily for 7 days was as effective in preventing relapse as is the regimen customarily used for the radical cure of infections produced by this strain, namely, 30 mg daily for 14 days. However, it is stressed that because of the risk of primaquine-induced hemolysis in individuals having genetically-transmitted erythrocyte abnormalities this high dosage should not be used routinely.", "contents": "Radical cure of Chesson strain vivax malaria in man by 7, not 14, days of treatment with primaquine. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-normal adult volunteers infected with mosquito-bone Chesson strain vivax malaria were treated with chloroquine and primaquine during the initial attack. Administration of 60 mg (base) of primaquine daily for 7 days was as effective in preventing relapse as is the regimen customarily used for the radical cure of infections produced by this strain, namely, 30 mg daily for 14 days. However, it is stressed that because of the risk of primaquine-induced hemolysis in individuals having genetically-transmitted erythrocyte abnormalities this high dosage should not be used routinely.", "PMID": 326072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9877", "title": "Improving cholecystectomy.", "content": "Bacteriologic study of bile in 100 patients undergoing cholecystectomy for various manifestations of choletithiasis yielded 36 per cent positive cultures, with greater frequency in older individuals and those with acute cholecystitis and common duct stone; these results are comparable to those in previous studies and reaffirm the septicity of the bile. Incidence of wound infection, averanging 10 per cent in published series of cholecystectomies, was 0.5 per cent in 200 patients in whom a water-impermeable wound drape was sewn to the peritoneum to prevent contamination by potentially infected bile. This result, in patients with an infectious risk comparable to that in other series, establishes the value of meticulous wound isolation in preventing wound infection.", "contents": "Improving cholecystectomy. Bacteriologic study of bile in 100 patients undergoing cholecystectomy for various manifestations of choletithiasis yielded 36 per cent positive cultures, with greater frequency in older individuals and those with acute cholecystitis and common duct stone; these results are comparable to those in previous studies and reaffirm the septicity of the bile. Incidence of wound infection, averanging 10 per cent in published series of cholecystectomies, was 0.5 per cent in 200 patients in whom a water-impermeable wound drape was sewn to the peritoneum to prevent contamination by potentially infected bile. This result, in patients with an infectious risk comparable to that in other series, establishes the value of meticulous wound isolation in preventing wound infection.", "PMID": 326073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9878", "title": "Mechanical performance of sutures in surgery.", "content": "In this study, we have compared the recommended configuration of a knot with specified sutures as ascertained by mechanical performance tests to that employed by a group of board-certified surgeons. Agreement between the surgeon and the results of the test was encountered in only one fourth of the instances. In another one fourth of the cases the surgeon overestimated the number of throws required for a knot to reach knot break. This additional suture material further handicaps the host's defenses, thereby inviting infection. Surgeons employed knots that untied without reaching knot break in the remaining half of the cases. The holding power of many of the knots that untied was substantially less than that of knots reaching knot break. On the basis of the study, it is recommended that results of the mechanical performance tests be made readily available to the surgeon so that his patient can receive maximal benefits from the knotted suture with the least damage to the host's defenses.", "contents": "Mechanical performance of sutures in surgery. In this study, we have compared the recommended configuration of a knot with specified sutures as ascertained by mechanical performance tests to that employed by a group of board-certified surgeons. Agreement between the surgeon and the results of the test was encountered in only one fourth of the instances. In another one fourth of the cases the surgeon overestimated the number of throws required for a knot to reach knot break. This additional suture material further handicaps the host's defenses, thereby inviting infection. Surgeons employed knots that untied without reaching knot break in the remaining half of the cases. The holding power of many of the knots that untied was substantially less than that of knots reaching knot break. On the basis of the study, it is recommended that results of the mechanical performance tests be made readily available to the surgeon so that his patient can receive maximal benefits from the knotted suture with the least damage to the host's defenses.", "PMID": 326074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9879", "title": "Foley catheter tip cultures: a valuable diagnostic aid in the immunosuppressed patient.", "content": "Cultures of forty-three Foley catheter tips from immunosuppressed renal transplant patients have been analyzed and correlated with the subsequent development of urinary tract infection. Fifteen cultures produced no growth and two showed only coagulase-negative staphylococci; none of these patients subsequently developed a urinary tract infection. Twenty-four of the cultures showed at least one organism known to be a frequent urinary pathogen; sixteen (67 per cent) of these patients developed a urinary tract infection within ten days of the culture, and all sixteen had an infection caused by an organism present on the Foley tip. None of the organisms were identified by simultaneous catheter specimen urine cultures. Foley tip cultures in the immunosuppressed renal transplant patients are predictive of urinary sepsis and diagnostic of the causative organism.", "contents": "Foley catheter tip cultures: a valuable diagnostic aid in the immunosuppressed patient. Cultures of forty-three Foley catheter tips from immunosuppressed renal transplant patients have been analyzed and correlated with the subsequent development of urinary tract infection. Fifteen cultures produced no growth and two showed only coagulase-negative staphylococci; none of these patients subsequently developed a urinary tract infection. Twenty-four of the cultures showed at least one organism known to be a frequent urinary pathogen; sixteen (67 per cent) of these patients developed a urinary tract infection within ten days of the culture, and all sixteen had an infection caused by an organism present on the Foley tip. None of the organisms were identified by simultaneous catheter specimen urine cultures. Foley tip cultures in the immunosuppressed renal transplant patients are predictive of urinary sepsis and diagnostic of the causative organism.", "PMID": 326075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9880", "title": "The value of lactic dehydrogenase as a predictor of early allograft survival.", "content": "Levels of serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in renal transplant recipients to assess their value as consistent predictors of acute allograft rejection. Although serum LDH levels of more than 250 U/l were in most cases associated with irreversible graft rejection, they were unreliable as a predictor or as an early indication of allograft rejection. Their chief value appears to be as an aid in determining when to discontinue high dose immunosuppression in an attempt to save an allograft that is most probably doomed to ultimate failure.", "contents": "The value of lactic dehydrogenase as a predictor of early allograft survival. Levels of serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in renal transplant recipients to assess their value as consistent predictors of acute allograft rejection. Although serum LDH levels of more than 250 U/l were in most cases associated with irreversible graft rejection, they were unreliable as a predictor or as an early indication of allograft rejection. Their chief value appears to be as an aid in determining when to discontinue high dose immunosuppression in an attempt to save an allograft that is most probably doomed to ultimate failure.", "PMID": 326076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9881", "title": "Evarts A. Graham (1883--1957), surgeon and educator.", "content": "Evarts A. Graham achieved greatness through his many contributions to the art and science of surgery. He was also outstanding in promulgating the highest standards possible in areas of surgical education and ethics. The qualities of charcter that made him such an outstanding leader affected all who worked with him and helped immeasurably in the further evolution of surgery into a productive and valuable discipline.", "contents": "Evarts A. Graham (1883--1957), surgeon and educator. Evarts A. Graham achieved greatness through his many contributions to the art and science of surgery. He was also outstanding in promulgating the highest standards possible in areas of surgical education and ethics. The qualities of charcter that made him such an outstanding leader affected all who worked with him and helped immeasurably in the further evolution of surgery into a productive and valuable discipline.", "PMID": 326077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9882", "title": "Renal transplantation for progressive systemic sclerosis with renal failure: case report and review of previous experience.", "content": "Renal transplantation for terminal renal failure as a result of scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis [PSS]) seems justified if other organs have not been severely damaged by the disease. The recurrence of PSS in the graft, not observed in early reports, appears to have caused the rapid failure of a cadaveric graft in a forty year old woman with acute PSS. A similar case of rapid PSS recurrence in the transplant has been recently reported by others [7]. A more aggressive pattern of PSS seems to differentiate these two patients in whom recurrence was observed from four previous patients with long-term graft functions. The possibility of rapid renal transplant loss should be considered in the selection and prognosis of acute PSS patients.", "contents": "Renal transplantation for progressive systemic sclerosis with renal failure: case report and review of previous experience. Renal transplantation for terminal renal failure as a result of scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis [PSS]) seems justified if other organs have not been severely damaged by the disease. The recurrence of PSS in the graft, not observed in early reports, appears to have caused the rapid failure of a cadaveric graft in a forty year old woman with acute PSS. A similar case of rapid PSS recurrence in the transplant has been recently reported by others [7]. A more aggressive pattern of PSS seems to differentiate these two patients in whom recurrence was observed from four previous patients with long-term graft functions. The possibility of rapid renal transplant loss should be considered in the selection and prognosis of acute PSS patients.", "PMID": 326078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9883", "title": "Microsurgical composite tissue transplantation: a new method of immediate reconstruction of extensive defects.", "content": "Of thirty-five cases of microsurgical composite tissue transplantation, twenty-five (71 per cent) were completely successful, four (11 per cent), were partially successful, and six (17 per cent) failed. If a microvascular flap should fail, older but more lengthy methods of reconstruction may be employed with a reasonable chance for success. The advantages of the donor groin flap are discussed. Operative technic and management are outlined.", "contents": "Microsurgical composite tissue transplantation: a new method of immediate reconstruction of extensive defects. Of thirty-five cases of microsurgical composite tissue transplantation, twenty-five (71 per cent) were completely successful, four (11 per cent), were partially successful, and six (17 per cent) failed. If a microvascular flap should fail, older but more lengthy methods of reconstruction may be employed with a reasonable chance for success. The advantages of the donor groin flap are discussed. Operative technic and management are outlined.", "PMID": 326079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9884", "title": "A rapid technic for quantitating wound bacterial count.", "content": "An improved technic has been developed to predict rapidly the critical number of bacteria in tissues. This technic gave reliable and accurate measurements for wounds containing more than 2 X 10(5) organisms per gram of tissue. It is fortuitous that 10(6) bacteria is the critical number of bacteria that will induced clinical infection in experimental animals and humans. The rapid slide technic is now being utilized routinely in our medical center to determine graft bed receptiveness, predict the safety of wound closure, and monitor the course of burns.", "contents": "A rapid technic for quantitating wound bacterial count. An improved technic has been developed to predict rapidly the critical number of bacteria in tissues. This technic gave reliable and accurate measurements for wounds containing more than 2 X 10(5) organisms per gram of tissue. It is fortuitous that 10(6) bacteria is the critical number of bacteria that will induced clinical infection in experimental animals and humans. The rapid slide technic is now being utilized routinely in our medical center to determine graft bed receptiveness, predict the safety of wound closure, and monitor the course of burns.", "PMID": 326080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9885", "title": "Minimally invasive technic for construction of a cervical esophageal conduit.", "content": "Most technics of cervical esophageal reconstruction involve extensive surgical dissection with its attendant hazards. The present report describes a simplified technic that causes minimal trauma to the patient. A partially deepithelialized, superficial skin tube is created without elevation of flaps and joined to the existing stomata. The technic was succesfully used in a frail, five year old patient who had three previous unsuccessful attempts at colonic interposition for a tracheo esophageal fistula.", "contents": "Minimally invasive technic for construction of a cervical esophageal conduit. Most technics of cervical esophageal reconstruction involve extensive surgical dissection with its attendant hazards. The present report describes a simplified technic that causes minimal trauma to the patient. A partially deepithelialized, superficial skin tube is created without elevation of flaps and joined to the existing stomata. The technic was succesfully used in a frail, five year old patient who had three previous unsuccessful attempts at colonic interposition for a tracheo esophageal fistula.", "PMID": 326081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9886", "title": "Treatment of a flail injury of the chest. A case report with consideration of the evolution of therapy.", "content": "A patient with flail-chest injury, and associated abdominal and musculo-skeletal trauma, required several modes of mechanical ventilation in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit Ventilator modalities included mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during 12 days of intensive respiratory care. This treatment has resulted from an evolution of ideas about pathophysiology and treatment of the flail-chest injury. Future developments portend a shorter duration of ventilatory support; alternatively, a radically new mode of therapy may simplify the care of the flail-chest injured patient.", "contents": "Treatment of a flail injury of the chest. A case report with consideration of the evolution of therapy. A patient with flail-chest injury, and associated abdominal and musculo-skeletal trauma, required several modes of mechanical ventilation in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit Ventilator modalities included mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during 12 days of intensive respiratory care. This treatment has resulted from an evolution of ideas about pathophysiology and treatment of the flail-chest injury. Future developments portend a shorter duration of ventilatory support; alternatively, a radically new mode of therapy may simplify the care of the flail-chest injured patient.", "PMID": 326088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9887", "title": "A multiclinic double-blind trial of pyridinolcarbamate and inositol niacinate in ischemic ulcer due to chronic arterial occlusion.", "content": "A double-blind multiclinic trial compared the efficacies of pyridinolcarbamate and inositol niacinate in the patients with the ischemic ulcer due to chronic arterial occlusion. A thrice-daily dose of 1.5 g of pyridinolcarbamate or 1.2 g of inositol niacinate was given at random to the patients during cold seasons, and the effectiveness of treatment was assessed mainly on the basis of the clinical course of the ischemic ulcer and the rest pain. The patients were classified into 4- and 6-week groups. Beneficial results were recorded in 16 of 32 cases (50.0%) of the 4-week pyridinolcarbamate group, and in 24 of 42 cases (57.1%) of the 4-week inositol niacinate group. In the 6-week group favorable results were observed in 54 of 79 cases (68.4%) on pyridinolcarbamate, and in 36 of 74 cases (48.6%) on inositol niacinate. Although sympathectomy is currently indicated for these ischemic lesions, long-term treatment with pyridinolcarbamate is recommended on the basis of the finding that the 6-week treatment appears superior to the 4-week treatment and also to the 6-week treatment with inositiol niacinate.", "contents": "A multiclinic double-blind trial of pyridinolcarbamate and inositol niacinate in ischemic ulcer due to chronic arterial occlusion. A double-blind multiclinic trial compared the efficacies of pyridinolcarbamate and inositol niacinate in the patients with the ischemic ulcer due to chronic arterial occlusion. A thrice-daily dose of 1.5 g of pyridinolcarbamate or 1.2 g of inositol niacinate was given at random to the patients during cold seasons, and the effectiveness of treatment was assessed mainly on the basis of the clinical course of the ischemic ulcer and the rest pain. The patients were classified into 4- and 6-week groups. Beneficial results were recorded in 16 of 32 cases (50.0%) of the 4-week pyridinolcarbamate group, and in 24 of 42 cases (57.1%) of the 4-week inositol niacinate group. In the 6-week group favorable results were observed in 54 of 79 cases (68.4%) on pyridinolcarbamate, and in 36 of 74 cases (48.6%) on inositol niacinate. Although sympathectomy is currently indicated for these ischemic lesions, long-term treatment with pyridinolcarbamate is recommended on the basis of the finding that the 6-week treatment appears superior to the 4-week treatment and also to the 6-week treatment with inositiol niacinate.", "PMID": 326097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9888", "title": "Use of laminar air flow portable filter in asthmatic children.", "content": "A new, portable laminar air-flow filter (Enviracaire) was tested on 13 asthmatic children, using a double-blind single crossover study. There was a statistical improvement in symptom scores during filter use; however, peak flows did not improve significantly. The authors feel this method of avoiding indoor airborne irritants is useful and warrants further study.", "contents": "Use of laminar air flow portable filter in asthmatic children. A new, portable laminar air-flow filter (Enviracaire) was tested on 13 asthmatic children, using a double-blind single crossover study. There was a statistical improvement in symptom scores during filter use; however, peak flows did not improve significantly. The authors feel this method of avoiding indoor airborne irritants is useful and warrants further study.", "PMID": 326100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9889", "title": "Flunisolide aerosol in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis.", "content": "A double-blind, crossover study was performed with a new topical aerosol steroid, flunisolide, administered every 12 hours over a period of eight weeks to 36 adult patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. During the treatment period the majority of patients had significant relief of symptoms as compared with the placebo period. Most prominent improvement occurred with the symptoms of nasal stuffiness, sneezing, rhinorrhea and the number of times patients had to blow their noses. Best results were obtained in patients with higher degrees of atopy. Side effects were minimal and limited to nasal irritation in some patients. Criteria for optimal patient selection are discussed and an explanation for the lack of systemic effects of aerosolized use of the newer corticosteroids is given.", "contents": "Flunisolide aerosol in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. A double-blind, crossover study was performed with a new topical aerosol steroid, flunisolide, administered every 12 hours over a period of eight weeks to 36 adult patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. During the treatment period the majority of patients had significant relief of symptoms as compared with the placebo period. Most prominent improvement occurred with the symptoms of nasal stuffiness, sneezing, rhinorrhea and the number of times patients had to blow their noses. Best results were obtained in patients with higher degrees of atopy. Side effects were minimal and limited to nasal irritation in some patients. Criteria for optimal patient selection are discussed and an explanation for the lack of systemic effects of aerosolized use of the newer corticosteroids is given.", "PMID": 326101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9890", "title": "Albuterol and ephedrine in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease.", "content": "This study evaluated the cardiac, pulmonary and neuromuscular effects of albuterol and ephedrine. The pulmonary effects of albuterol occurred earlier, lasted longer and were greater in degree. The cardiac effects of both drugs were virtually non-existent. Tremor was recorded with the higher doses of albuterol.", "contents": "Albuterol and ephedrine in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease. This study evaluated the cardiac, pulmonary and neuromuscular effects of albuterol and ephedrine. The pulmonary effects of albuterol occurred earlier, lasted longer and were greater in degree. The cardiac effects of both drugs were virtually non-existent. Tremor was recorded with the higher doses of albuterol.", "PMID": 326102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9891", "title": "Epidemic diarrhea at Crater Lake from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. A large waterborne outbreak.", "content": "In June and July 1975, Gastrointestinal illness occurred in more than 200 staff members and 2000 visitors to an American national park. In was characterized by prolonged diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and vomiting, lasted a median duration of 8 days, and was significantly associated with consumption of park water (P less than 0.001), which had been contaminated by raw sewage. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli serotype 06:K15:H16 was isolated from 20 of 49 ill park residents and from the park's water supply, but not from 71 residents who had never been ill or had been well for at least 4 days. No other bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogens were isolated from ill or well persons. This outbreak is the first waterborne epidemic of diarrheal illness shown to be due to enterotoxigenic. E. coli, and this study documents one mode of transmission of this pathogen. This investigation also suggests the relative insensitivity of current methods for identifying persons infected with this organism, either by the culturing of randomly selected isolates or by measuring serologic responses.", "contents": "Epidemic diarrhea at Crater Lake from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. A large waterborne outbreak. In June and July 1975, Gastrointestinal illness occurred in more than 200 staff members and 2000 visitors to an American national park. In was characterized by prolonged diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and vomiting, lasted a median duration of 8 days, and was significantly associated with consumption of park water (P less than 0.001), which had been contaminated by raw sewage. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli serotype 06:K15:H16 was isolated from 20 of 49 ill park residents and from the park's water supply, but not from 71 residents who had never been ill or had been well for at least 4 days. No other bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogens were isolated from ill or well persons. This outbreak is the first waterborne epidemic of diarrheal illness shown to be due to enterotoxigenic. E. coli, and this study documents one mode of transmission of this pathogen. This investigation also suggests the relative insensitivity of current methods for identifying persons infected with this organism, either by the culturing of randomly selected isolates or by measuring serologic responses.", "PMID": 326116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9892", "title": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). A new anticancer drug.", "content": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (DDP) leads the series of platinum coordination complexes, a new class of cytotoxic agents. The antitumor and toxic effects of this drug are discussed. It has displayed encouraging results in testicular tumors. The drug's therapeutic effectiveness has also been recognized in a variety of other solid tumors, particularly ovarian, bladder, and head and neck malignancies. Gastrointestinal, renal, audiologic, and relatively minor hematologic toxicities may be encountered, but promising methods have been developed to increase the therapeutic index of DDP.", "contents": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). A new anticancer drug. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (DDP) leads the series of platinum coordination complexes, a new class of cytotoxic agents. The antitumor and toxic effects of this drug are discussed. It has displayed encouraging results in testicular tumors. The drug's therapeutic effectiveness has also been recognized in a variety of other solid tumors, particularly ovarian, bladder, and head and neck malignancies. Gastrointestinal, renal, audiologic, and relatively minor hematologic toxicities may be encountered, but promising methods have been developed to increase the therapeutic index of DDP.", "PMID": 326117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9893", "title": "[Study of a \"RFA\" locus coding for cell wall lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis in \"Shigella flexneri\" F6S (author's transl)].", "content": "The rfa-7 lipopolysaccharide core mutation carried by the R mutant F680, derived from Shigella flexneri F6S serotype 5b, has been mapped by conjugation and transduction experiments. The results show a chromosomal distance of about 1 min between rfa-7 and mtl. Such a position would be similar to those of rfa genes in Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhi-murium LT2. Conjugational transfer of E. coli K12 rfa+ genes to mutant F680 restored S. flexneri O-specificity. Chemical analyses performed on the lipopolysaccharide of such a rfa+ hybrid suggest that this strain can attach the S. flexneri serotype 5b O-specific polysaccharide to the E. coli K12 core.", "contents": "[Study of a \"RFA\" locus coding for cell wall lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis in \"Shigella flexneri\" F6S (author's transl)]. The rfa-7 lipopolysaccharide core mutation carried by the R mutant F680, derived from Shigella flexneri F6S serotype 5b, has been mapped by conjugation and transduction experiments. The results show a chromosomal distance of about 1 min between rfa-7 and mtl. Such a position would be similar to those of rfa genes in Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhi-murium LT2. Conjugational transfer of E. coli K12 rfa+ genes to mutant F680 restored S. flexneri O-specificity. Chemical analyses performed on the lipopolysaccharide of such a rfa+ hybrid suggest that this strain can attach the S. flexneri serotype 5b O-specific polysaccharide to the E. coli K12 core.", "PMID": 326120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9894", "title": "Yeast protoplasts from stationary and starved cells: preparation, ultrastructure and vacuolar development.", "content": "The conversion of stationary and starved yeast cells into protoplasts is described. The method is rapid, simple and can be applied to a variety of stationary yeast cells. Preincubation of yeast cells in the presence of pronase was essential for effective conversion into protoplasts. Baker's yeast and seven defined yeast strains, including one \"petite\", were studied. All of them were efficiently transformed into protoplasts in 60 to 90 min, depending on the strain culture conditions and the age of the culture. Protoplasts may be obtained even from late-stationary cells which contain spores. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells subjected to complete starvation conditions in water, could also be completely transformed into protoplasts, even after 48 h of starvation. Electron microscope examination of stationary protoplasts from three different yeast strains showed no evidence of a remaining cell-wall. S. cerevisiae stationary cells show a very developed vacuolar system, a number of \"lipid granules\" and a few altered mitochondria. Endomycopsis fibuligera and Candida tropicalis stationary protoplasts show a similar fine structure, but \"lipid granules\" were completely absent.", "contents": "Yeast protoplasts from stationary and starved cells: preparation, ultrastructure and vacuolar development. The conversion of stationary and starved yeast cells into protoplasts is described. The method is rapid, simple and can be applied to a variety of stationary yeast cells. Preincubation of yeast cells in the presence of pronase was essential for effective conversion into protoplasts. Baker's yeast and seven defined yeast strains, including one \"petite\", were studied. All of them were efficiently transformed into protoplasts in 60 to 90 min, depending on the strain culture conditions and the age of the culture. Protoplasts may be obtained even from late-stationary cells which contain spores. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells subjected to complete starvation conditions in water, could also be completely transformed into protoplasts, even after 48 h of starvation. Electron microscope examination of stationary protoplasts from three different yeast strains showed no evidence of a remaining cell-wall. S. cerevisiae stationary cells show a very developed vacuolar system, a number of \"lipid granules\" and a few altered mitochondria. Endomycopsis fibuligera and Candida tropicalis stationary protoplasts show a similar fine structure, but \"lipid granules\" were completely absent.", "PMID": 326121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9895", "title": "Behavior of skin grafts in treatment of recurrent pterygium.", "content": "The use of split-thickness skin grafts affords a means of treating recurrent pterygiums and also presents an acceptable \"white\" eye. The additional application of beta ray therapy on the junction between the limbus and the skin graft will increase the percentage of success.", "contents": "Behavior of skin grafts in treatment of recurrent pterygium. The use of split-thickness skin grafts affords a means of treating recurrent pterygiums and also presents an acceptable \"white\" eye. The additional application of beta ray therapy on the junction between the limbus and the skin graft will increase the percentage of success.", "PMID": 326122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9896", "title": "Intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma: its dramatic response to systemic chemotherapy and its angiogenic potential.", "content": "A 77-year-old woman with reticulum cell sarcoma in apparent remission presented with neovascular glaucoma. Ultrasonography demonstrated a 360 degree ring tumor of the ciliary body which totally regressed in 3 weeks after reinsitution of systemic chemotherapy. This appears to be a ring reticulum cell sarcoma of the ciliary body and is apparently the first reported case of an intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma which has undergone such a dramatic response to combined chemotherapy. A review of the English literature of all published cases of ocular reticulum cell sarcoma (16 cases) discloses no similar case, and emphasizes for the first time the angiogenic potential of this tumor. Secondary glaucoma was found to be associated with intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma in approximately two-thirds of the reported cases, and neovascular glaucoma in about one-quarter of these cases.", "contents": "Intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma: its dramatic response to systemic chemotherapy and its angiogenic potential. A 77-year-old woman with reticulum cell sarcoma in apparent remission presented with neovascular glaucoma. Ultrasonography demonstrated a 360 degree ring tumor of the ciliary body which totally regressed in 3 weeks after reinsitution of systemic chemotherapy. This appears to be a ring reticulum cell sarcoma of the ciliary body and is apparently the first reported case of an intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma which has undergone such a dramatic response to combined chemotherapy. A review of the English literature of all published cases of ocular reticulum cell sarcoma (16 cases) discloses no similar case, and emphasizes for the first time the angiogenic potential of this tumor. Secondary glaucoma was found to be associated with intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma in approximately two-thirds of the reported cases, and neovascular glaucoma in about one-quarter of these cases.", "PMID": 326123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9897", "title": "Pneumococcal endophthalmitis following grafting of corneal tissue from a (cadaver) kidney donor.", "content": "In order to stress the need for continued vigilance in maintaining the highest standards of quality control for corneal tissue used for transplantation, we are presenting 2 cases of pneumococcal endophthalmitis which occurred in tissue transplanted from a young donor who died following acute trauma. The patient had been on cardiovascular support for over 26 hours and had suffered from a febrile illness which on autopsy revealed bronchial pneumonia. Both kidney recipients from the same donor died of myocardial infarctions on the same day in separate cities, 2 days after kidney transplantation surgery. Several recommendations are made which should assist all eye banks in providing the highest quality tissue and in preventing the occurrence of infection transmitted donor tissue.", "contents": "Pneumococcal endophthalmitis following grafting of corneal tissue from a (cadaver) kidney donor. In order to stress the need for continued vigilance in maintaining the highest standards of quality control for corneal tissue used for transplantation, we are presenting 2 cases of pneumococcal endophthalmitis which occurred in tissue transplanted from a young donor who died following acute trauma. The patient had been on cardiovascular support for over 26 hours and had suffered from a febrile illness which on autopsy revealed bronchial pneumonia. Both kidney recipients from the same donor died of myocardial infarctions on the same day in separate cities, 2 days after kidney transplantation surgery. Several recommendations are made which should assist all eye banks in providing the highest quality tissue and in preventing the occurrence of infection transmitted donor tissue.", "PMID": 326124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9898", "title": "Ocular complications after renal transplantation.", "content": "The ocular complications in 78 renal transplant patients were evaluated. Fifty-eight (74%) showed some ocular abnormality. Forty-one patients (53%) were found to have various degrees of cataracts. The duration of hemodialysis, the age of the patients, and daily dosage of prednisone did not seem to influence the development of cataracts. Correlation was found between the total dosage of prednisone and the cataract formation. Mild and moderated hypertensive fundus changes were found in 15 patients. Severe progression of diabetic retinopathy was observed in 2 diabetic patients. For the first time focal hemorrhagic necrosis of the eyelid as a result of cryptococcus septicemia was noted. Other ocular complications include one case of ocular hypertension and one case of herpetic keratitis. Although the incidence of ocular complications was high, the severity of ocular pathology seemed to be relatively mild.", "contents": "Ocular complications after renal transplantation. The ocular complications in 78 renal transplant patients were evaluated. Fifty-eight (74%) showed some ocular abnormality. Forty-one patients (53%) were found to have various degrees of cataracts. The duration of hemodialysis, the age of the patients, and daily dosage of prednisone did not seem to influence the development of cataracts. Correlation was found between the total dosage of prednisone and the cataract formation. Mild and moderated hypertensive fundus changes were found in 15 patients. Severe progression of diabetic retinopathy was observed in 2 diabetic patients. For the first time focal hemorrhagic necrosis of the eyelid as a result of cryptococcus septicemia was noted. Other ocular complications include one case of ocular hypertension and one case of herpetic keratitis. Although the incidence of ocular complications was high, the severity of ocular pathology seemed to be relatively mild.", "PMID": 326125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9899", "title": "Intraocular lens implantation in combination with keratoplasty.", "content": "Intraocular lenses were implanted in combination with penetrating keratoplasty in a series of patients followed for up to 2 years. During this period of observation there was little or no evidence that the simultaneous implantation of an intraocular implant adversely affected the corneal graft. Technique and results are described.", "contents": "Intraocular lens implantation in combination with keratoplasty. Intraocular lenses were implanted in combination with penetrating keratoplasty in a series of patients followed for up to 2 years. During this period of observation there was little or no evidence that the simultaneous implantation of an intraocular implant adversely affected the corneal graft. Technique and results are described.", "PMID": 326126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9900", "title": "[Anticytoplasmic antibodies of human epidermal cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Antibodies reacting with the cytoplasm of epidermal cells (E. C. A.) were defected by indirect immunofluorescence (I.I.F.) studies of 255 sera in various dermatoses (8 p. 100) and significantly more frequently (46 p. 100) in bone marrow transplanted patients having skin lesions. Bound E.C.A. were only found in two cases. E.C.A. were found to be devoided of any diagnostic value. E.C.A. were interpreted as the result of a skin injury liberating skin antigens which stimulated their production. The reaction of E.C.A. in I.I.F. on human skins substrates showed three different patterns; in some cases only the basal cell layer was stained; in others only the supra basal layers were stained; in other all the layers were stained. A serum was shown to be able to give the three patterns of reaction (or no reaction at all) if different human skins were used as substrate. Autologous skins never gave a basal cell layer staining. These findings support the facts that (I) there is antigenic differences between the basal cell layer and the supra basal layers (with regard to the cytoplasmic antigens) (II) these antigens may be different from one subject to the other, supporting the allogeneic nature of this system. Therefore, E.C.A. are regarded as a useful marker of the human skin cytoplasmic antigens.", "contents": "[Anticytoplasmic antibodies of human epidermal cells (author's transl)]. Antibodies reacting with the cytoplasm of epidermal cells (E. C. A.) were defected by indirect immunofluorescence (I.I.F.) studies of 255 sera in various dermatoses (8 p. 100) and significantly more frequently (46 p. 100) in bone marrow transplanted patients having skin lesions. Bound E.C.A. were only found in two cases. E.C.A. were found to be devoided of any diagnostic value. E.C.A. were interpreted as the result of a skin injury liberating skin antigens which stimulated their production. The reaction of E.C.A. in I.I.F. on human skins substrates showed three different patterns; in some cases only the basal cell layer was stained; in others only the supra basal layers were stained; in other all the layers were stained. A serum was shown to be able to give the three patterns of reaction (or no reaction at all) if different human skins were used as substrate. Autologous skins never gave a basal cell layer staining. These findings support the facts that (I) there is antigenic differences between the basal cell layer and the supra basal layers (with regard to the cytoplasmic antigens) (II) these antigens may be different from one subject to the other, supporting the allogeneic nature of this system. Therefore, E.C.A. are regarded as a useful marker of the human skin cytoplasmic antigens.", "PMID": 326129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9901", "title": "[Immunopathological study of Gougerot-Ruiter's vasculitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 10 cases of selected Gougerot-Ruiter's disease and 13 cases of various vasculitis. Direct immunofluorescence studies were performed on the skin lesions and the results were correlated to various biological parameters such as dosage of serum IgA, IgG and IgM, antinuclear antibodies, Australia antigen. Complement (beta-1-C/beta-1-A) deposition was found in 9 out of 10 cases of Gougerot-Ruiter's disease as opposed to immunoglobulin deposition found only in 4 out of 10 cases. Both C3 and immunoglobin were regularly found in the vessel walls of 2 cases of cryoglobulinemia and 1 case of SLE. In the cases of thrombopenic purpura, simplex purpura. Schoenlein Henoch purpura and drug induced purpura, complement (beta-1-C/beta-1-A) and immunoglobulin were absent in the lesions. The authors discuss the different physiopathological mechanisms which may be involved in the development of Gougerot-Ruiter's vasculitis.", "contents": "[Immunopathological study of Gougerot-Ruiter's vasculitis (author's transl)]. The authors report 10 cases of selected Gougerot-Ruiter's disease and 13 cases of various vasculitis. Direct immunofluorescence studies were performed on the skin lesions and the results were correlated to various biological parameters such as dosage of serum IgA, IgG and IgM, antinuclear antibodies, Australia antigen. Complement (beta-1-C/beta-1-A) deposition was found in 9 out of 10 cases of Gougerot-Ruiter's disease as opposed to immunoglobulin deposition found only in 4 out of 10 cases. Both C3 and immunoglobin were regularly found in the vessel walls of 2 cases of cryoglobulinemia and 1 case of SLE. In the cases of thrombopenic purpura, simplex purpura. Schoenlein Henoch purpura and drug induced purpura, complement (beta-1-C/beta-1-A) and immunoglobulin were absent in the lesions. The authors discuss the different physiopathological mechanisms which may be involved in the development of Gougerot-Ruiter's vasculitis.", "PMID": 326131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9902", "title": "Blood supply to the nape-of-the-neck flap: implications from a fetal anatomical study.", "content": "The blood supply to the nape-of-the-neck flap was studied in 11 18-week-old fetuses by infusion of methyl methacrolate into the vascular system. Dissection of the posterior cervical region showed that the  major blood supply to this area was through perforating vessels from the superficial portion of the ramus decendens of the occipital artery and the posterior auricular artery. Since a \"named artery\" was not found in the longitudinal axis of the flap, as is reported in the literature, it should be considered a cutaneous rather than an arterial flap. The findings of this study are consisted with classical anatomical descriptions about blood supply to this region. Collateral vascular pathways from the occipital artery and the corticervical trunk are discussed.", "contents": "Blood supply to the nape-of-the-neck flap: implications from a fetal anatomical study. The blood supply to the nape-of-the-neck flap was studied in 11 18-week-old fetuses by infusion of methyl methacrolate into the vascular system. Dissection of the posterior cervical region showed that the  major blood supply to this area was through perforating vessels from the superficial portion of the ramus decendens of the occipital artery and the posterior auricular artery. Since a \"named artery\" was not found in the longitudinal axis of the flap, as is reported in the literature, it should be considered a cutaneous rather than an arterial flap. The findings of this study are consisted with classical anatomical descriptions about blood supply to this region. Collateral vascular pathways from the occipital artery and the corticervical trunk are discussed.", "PMID": 326127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9903", "title": "[Study of the role of Candida albicans infection in different infant conditions including a diaper rash (64 cases)].", "content": "The pathogenic role of Candida albicans has been determined by performing: skin scrapings, mouth swabs, faecal specimens and serology from 64 infants and very young children affected with different conditions including a napkin dermatitis, divided into 4 groups. 1) 7 patients affected with true or presumed candidiasis, 2) 53 patients with different manifestations of diaper dermatitis, 3) 3 patients with papulo-erosive dermatitis of the diaper area, 4) 1 congenital ichthosiform erythrodermia. Candida albicans is the only responsible agent of the granulomatous candidiasis, it is constant but appeared lately in acropathia enteropathica. It is one of the major agents of the trichophytoid dermatitis (2 cases out of 4 cases). Candida albicans has been recovered from the skin of 33 infants out of 53 patients affected with all types of napkin eruption (62 p. 100) and from faecal specimens of 43 patients (81 p. 100). Though Candida albicans has often been considered as an opportunistic organism, even in infants, this percentage is greatly higher than that of the normal infant that is about 4p. 100, and consequently has a real pathogenic value. Species of yeasts different from Candida albicans have been recovered from faecal specimens of 3 infants affected with papulo-erosive dermatitis of the napkin area: parapsilosis, macedoniensis, deformans which are not generally considered as pathogenic agents. Serology is positive only in 3 infants or young children affected with a real chronical candidosis: 1 granulomatous candidosis, 1 acropathia enteropathia, 1 erythrodermia, the faecal specimen of whom contained a great nomber of Candida albicans.", "contents": "[Study of the role of Candida albicans infection in different infant conditions including a diaper rash (64 cases)]. The pathogenic role of Candida albicans has been determined by performing: skin scrapings, mouth swabs, faecal specimens and serology from 64 infants and very young children affected with different conditions including a napkin dermatitis, divided into 4 groups. 1) 7 patients affected with true or presumed candidiasis, 2) 53 patients with different manifestations of diaper dermatitis, 3) 3 patients with papulo-erosive dermatitis of the diaper area, 4) 1 congenital ichthosiform erythrodermia. Candida albicans is the only responsible agent of the granulomatous candidiasis, it is constant but appeared lately in acropathia enteropathica. It is one of the major agents of the trichophytoid dermatitis (2 cases out of 4 cases). Candida albicans has been recovered from the skin of 33 infants out of 53 patients affected with all types of napkin eruption (62 p. 100) and from faecal specimens of 43 patients (81 p. 100). Though Candida albicans has often been considered as an opportunistic organism, even in infants, this percentage is greatly higher than that of the normal infant that is about 4p. 100, and consequently has a real pathogenic value. Species of yeasts different from Candida albicans have been recovered from faecal specimens of 3 infants affected with papulo-erosive dermatitis of the napkin area: parapsilosis, macedoniensis, deformans which are not generally considered as pathogenic agents. Serology is positive only in 3 infants or young children affected with a real chronical candidosis: 1 granulomatous candidosis, 1 acropathia enteropathia, 1 erythrodermia, the faecal specimen of whom contained a great nomber of Candida albicans.", "PMID": 326132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9904", "title": "Peroperative infusion of dextran 70 and dextran 40 in the prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis as confirmed by the I-125-labelled fibrinogen uptake method.", "content": "The antithrombotic effect of dextran 70 and dextran 40 was studied by a double blind trial in 235 patients with major or medium sized elective procedures. 6% dextran 70 (Macrodex) or 10% dextran 40 (Rhemacrodex) or 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline were given in a double blind manner in 500 ml quantities over 30 minutes starting with the induction of anaesthesia. The diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis was confirmed objectively by the I-125-labelled fibrinogen uptake method. Statistically significant differences in the incidence of deep venous thrombosis between the controls and the dextran groups were not found.", "contents": "Peroperative infusion of dextran 70 and dextran 40 in the prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis as confirmed by the I-125-labelled fibrinogen uptake method. The antithrombotic effect of dextran 70 and dextran 40 was studied by a double blind trial in 235 patients with major or medium sized elective procedures. 6% dextran 70 (Macrodex) or 10% dextran 40 (Rhemacrodex) or 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline were given in a double blind manner in 500 ml quantities over 30 minutes starting with the induction of anaesthesia. The diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis was confirmed objectively by the I-125-labelled fibrinogen uptake method. Statistically significant differences in the incidence of deep venous thrombosis between the controls and the dextran groups were not found.", "PMID": 326133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9905", "title": "Some problems in the correction for intrinsic light-scattering of samples in specific protein analysis by automated immunoprecipitation.", "content": "Heparinised plasma samples have falsely high blank values in the automated immunoprecipitation system when blanks are measured by omitting antiserum from the assay. This is probably due to an interaction of heparin and serum proteins, together with either fibrinogen or polyethylene glycol. A more accurate estimate of the blank of heparinised plasma samples is obtained by measuring it with a solution of nonimmune serum substituted for the antiserum.", "contents": "Some problems in the correction for intrinsic light-scattering of samples in specific protein analysis by automated immunoprecipitation. Heparinised plasma samples have falsely high blank values in the automated immunoprecipitation system when blanks are measured by omitting antiserum from the assay. This is probably due to an interaction of heparin and serum proteins, together with either fibrinogen or polyethylene glycol. A more accurate estimate of the blank of heparinised plasma samples is obtained by measuring it with a solution of nonimmune serum substituted for the antiserum.", "PMID": 326134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9906", "title": "Chronic tympanomastoiditis with formation of calculi.", "content": "Numerous calculi of varying sizes and shapes were discovered in the mastoid, antrum, and attic during mastoid surgery for persistent chronic suppurative inflammation of the middle ear cleft with retroauricular and external meatal fistulas in an 8-year-old boy. Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic examinations and x-ray microanalysis revealed the calculi to consist of masses of crystals containing calcium-oxalate and calcium- and magnesium-phosphate. No signs of tuberculosis were found. Since the patient had multiple dysplasias, including ipsilateral macrotia, in addition to chronic otitis media and mastoiditis, it is suggested that the formation of the calculi may have been due to congenital predisposition.", "contents": "Chronic tympanomastoiditis with formation of calculi. Numerous calculi of varying sizes and shapes were discovered in the mastoid, antrum, and attic during mastoid surgery for persistent chronic suppurative inflammation of the middle ear cleft with retroauricular and external meatal fistulas in an 8-year-old boy. Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic examinations and x-ray microanalysis revealed the calculi to consist of masses of crystals containing calcium-oxalate and calcium- and magnesium-phosphate. No signs of tuberculosis were found. Since the patient had multiple dysplasias, including ipsilateral macrotia, in addition to chronic otitis media and mastoiditis, it is suggested that the formation of the calculi may have been due to congenital predisposition.", "PMID": 326128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9907", "title": "Interference between two immune responses. I.--Modification of the kinetics of the mouse response to SRBC by responses to heterologous RBC.", "content": "Influence of a preceding immunization with HoRBC on the immune response to SRBC was studied in Swiss and CBA inbred mice. In Swiss mice, a short interval (1day) between the two immunizations produced an acceleration of anti-SRBC response, while a longer interval (4-7 days) inhibited this response. This was interpreted as manifestations of nonspecific helper and suppressor activities triggered by the previous challenge. At any time of a response, there would exist a variable ratio of these two opposite activities. The helper activity was radiation-resistant while the suppressor one was radiation-sensitive at the time of its appearance and was effective on the IgG as well as on the IgM response. CBA mice response to SRBC was only influenced by the suppressor and not by the helper component of the preceding challenge with HoRBC. These CBA mice were very good responders to this antigen, and this may be the cause of their strain particularities. If we consider that each individual is permanently submitted to natural immunizations, the ratio of the resulting non-specific activities must be esentially variable with time; it can partly account for the individual amplitude variation of an engaged immune response.", "contents": "Interference between two immune responses. I.--Modification of the kinetics of the mouse response to SRBC by responses to heterologous RBC. Influence of a preceding immunization with HoRBC on the immune response to SRBC was studied in Swiss and CBA inbred mice. In Swiss mice, a short interval (1day) between the two immunizations produced an acceleration of anti-SRBC response, while a longer interval (4-7 days) inhibited this response. This was interpreted as manifestations of nonspecific helper and suppressor activities triggered by the previous challenge. At any time of a response, there would exist a variable ratio of these two opposite activities. The helper activity was radiation-resistant while the suppressor one was radiation-sensitive at the time of its appearance and was effective on the IgG as well as on the IgM response. CBA mice response to SRBC was only influenced by the suppressor and not by the helper component of the preceding challenge with HoRBC. These CBA mice were very good responders to this antigen, and this may be the cause of their strain particularities. If we consider that each individual is permanently submitted to natural immunizations, the ratio of the resulting non-specific activities must be esentially variable with time; it can partly account for the individual amplitude variation of an engaged immune response.", "PMID": 326140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9908", "title": "Experimental approaches to embryonic erythropoiesis.", "content": "Erythroid systems in several developing organisms (including the human foetus and neonate, the chick embryo, the mouse embryo and the metamorphosing tadpole) have changing erythroid cell populations, changing haemoglobins and changing sites of erythropoiesis. The first two characteristics can be studied in vitro through organ cultures and cell cultures derived from early chick embryos. The prevention of early globin synthesis by specific inhibitors helps to define the mechanisms. There are interesting changes in the histone patterns during embryonic erythroid development and maturation. Changes in the composition and modification or erythroid chromatin proteins in the developing chick embryo and in the stimulated Friend erythroleukaemic system are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental approaches to embryonic erythropoiesis. Erythroid systems in several developing organisms (including the human foetus and neonate, the chick embryo, the mouse embryo and the metamorphosing tadpole) have changing erythroid cell populations, changing haemoglobins and changing sites of erythropoiesis. The first two characteristics can be studied in vitro through organ cultures and cell cultures derived from early chick embryos. The prevention of early globin synthesis by specific inhibitors helps to define the mechanisms. There are interesting changes in the histone patterns during embryonic erythroid development and maturation. Changes in the composition and modification or erythroid chromatin proteins in the developing chick embryo and in the stimulated Friend erythroleukaemic system are discussed.", "PMID": 326141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9909", "title": "The use of bile - esculin agar for the taxonomic classification of the family Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Bile-esculin medium has been used for many years for the presumptive identification of group D Streptococcus. The test is based on the ability of a bacterium to grow in the presence of 40% bile and produce esculinase. 2935 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were inoculated onto bile-esculin agar slants and incubated at 35 C. Esculin hydrolysis was determined after 24 and 48 hours. At 24 hours of incubation esculin hydrolysis was limited to the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and the species P. vulgaris, P. rettgeri, and C. diversus. Not all strains of these species were positive, however. All other members of the family were negative. At 48 hours of incubation 37% of E. coli gave a positive reaction; all other Enterobacteriaceae which were negative at 24 hours remained negative. Esculin hydrolysis is a valuable test for the taxonomic classification of the family Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "The use of bile - esculin agar for the taxonomic classification of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Bile-esculin medium has been used for many years for the presumptive identification of group D Streptococcus. The test is based on the ability of a bacterium to grow in the presence of 40% bile and produce esculinase. 2935 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were inoculated onto bile-esculin agar slants and incubated at 35 C. Esculin hydrolysis was determined after 24 and 48 hours. At 24 hours of incubation esculin hydrolysis was limited to the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and the species P. vulgaris, P. rettgeri, and C. diversus. Not all strains of these species were positive, however. All other members of the family were negative. At 48 hours of incubation 37% of E. coli gave a positive reaction; all other Enterobacteriaceae which were negative at 24 hours remained negative. Esculin hydrolysis is a valuable test for the taxonomic classification of the family Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 326178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9910", "title": "Genetics of colicin E susceptibility in citrobacter freundii.", "content": "The insensitivity of Citrobacter freundii to the E colicins is based on tolerance to colicin E1 and resistance to colicins E2 and E3. Spontaneous colicin A resistant mutants of C. freundii also lost their colicin E1 receptor function. Sensitivity to colicin E1 can be induced by F'gal+tol+ plasmids, the tol A+ gene product of which is responsible for this effect. Receptor function for colicins E2 and E3 is induced by the E. coli F'14 bfe+ plasmid, which is also able to enhance notably the receptor capacity for colicin E1. The bfe+ gene product of E. coli, which is responsible for these phenomena, also restores the receptor function for colicin A and E1 in colicin A resistant mutants of C. freundii. All results show that there is a remarkable difference between the E. coli bfe+ gene product and the bfe+ gene product of C. freundii and also between the tol A+ gene products of these strains. The sensitivity to phage BF23 parallels the sensitivity to colicins E2 and E3 and is also induced by the F'14 bfe+ plasmid.", "contents": "Genetics of colicin E susceptibility in citrobacter freundii. The insensitivity of Citrobacter freundii to the E colicins is based on tolerance to colicin E1 and resistance to colicins E2 and E3. Spontaneous colicin A resistant mutants of C. freundii also lost their colicin E1 receptor function. Sensitivity to colicin E1 can be induced by F'gal+tol+ plasmids, the tol A+ gene product of which is responsible for this effect. Receptor function for colicins E2 and E3 is induced by the E. coli F'14 bfe+ plasmid, which is also able to enhance notably the receptor capacity for colicin E1. The bfe+ gene product of E. coli, which is responsible for these phenomena, also restores the receptor function for colicin A and E1 in colicin A resistant mutants of C. freundii. All results show that there is a remarkable difference between the E. coli bfe+ gene product and the bfe+ gene product of C. freundii and also between the tol A+ gene products of these strains. The sensitivity to phage BF23 parallels the sensitivity to colicins E2 and E3 and is also induced by the F'14 bfe+ plasmid.", "PMID": 326179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9911", "title": "Inactivation by ionizing radiation of Salmonella enteritidis serotype montevideo grown in composed sewage sludge.", "content": "S. enteritidis ser. montevideo were grown in composted sewage sludge to levels of approximately 10(9)/g. These bacteria were found to be inactivated by ionizing radiation at approximately the same rate (30 krads/log) as Salmonella species in liquid digested sludge.", "contents": "Inactivation by ionizing radiation of Salmonella enteritidis serotype montevideo grown in composed sewage sludge. S. enteritidis ser. montevideo were grown in composted sewage sludge to levels of approximately 10(9)/g. These bacteria were found to be inactivated by ionizing radiation at approximately the same rate (30 krads/log) as Salmonella species in liquid digested sludge.", "PMID": 326182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9912", "title": "Salmonella in surface waters of central New York state.", "content": "Six tributary streams and southern Cayuga Lake in central New York state were sampled for the presence of Salmonella on swabs immersed for 4 days. Of a total of 322 swabs, 39% yielded salmonellae. Swabs were cultured in tetrathionate enrichment at 41.5 degrees C. Isolations were made from brilliant green agar. Salmonellae were isolated from many sites on the streams and from some lake sites. Twenty-five serotypes (11 somatic antigen groups) and a distinct biotype of S. typhimurium (H2S negative) were found. Most frequent isolates, in order of decreasing occurrence, were S. typhimurium, S. thompson, S. oranienburg, and S. enteritidis. Several uncommon isolates also appeared. When tested for mouse infectivity, the isolates generally showed little or no virulence. The incidence of clinical salmonellosis among humans was low in the area and the variety of serotypes had not been noted among cattle. The presence of Salmonella in waters ranging in classification from potable to agricultural and industrial indicated the existence of a low level and undefined reservoirs of the bacteria in the region.", "contents": "Salmonella in surface waters of central New York state. Six tributary streams and southern Cayuga Lake in central New York state were sampled for the presence of Salmonella on swabs immersed for 4 days. Of a total of 322 swabs, 39% yielded salmonellae. Swabs were cultured in tetrathionate enrichment at 41.5 degrees C. Isolations were made from brilliant green agar. Salmonellae were isolated from many sites on the streams and from some lake sites. Twenty-five serotypes (11 somatic antigen groups) and a distinct biotype of S. typhimurium (H2S negative) were found. Most frequent isolates, in order of decreasing occurrence, were S. typhimurium, S. thompson, S. oranienburg, and S. enteritidis. Several uncommon isolates also appeared. When tested for mouse infectivity, the isolates generally showed little or no virulence. The incidence of clinical salmonellosis among humans was low in the area and the variety of serotypes had not been noted among cattle. The presence of Salmonella in waters ranging in classification from potable to agricultural and industrial indicated the existence of a low level and undefined reservoirs of the bacteria in the region.", "PMID": 326183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9913", "title": "Toxicity and mutagenicity of hexavalent chromium on Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Four hexavalent and two trivalent chromium compounds were tested for toxicity and mutagenicity by means of the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian-microsome test. All hexavalent compounds yielded a complete inhibition of bacterial growth at doses of 400 to 800 mug/plate, a significant increase of his(+) revertant colonies at doses ranging from 10 to 200 mug, and no effect at doses of less than 10 mug. The distinctive sensitivity of the four Salmonella strains tested (TA1535, TA1537, TA98, and TA100) suggested that hexavalent chromium directly interacts with bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid by causing both frameshift mutations and basepair substitutions. The latter mutations, which are prevalent, are amplified by an error-prone recombinational repair of the damaged deoxyribonucleic acid. On the average, 1 mumol of hexavalent chromium yielded approximately 500 revertants of the TA100 strain, irrespective of the compound tested (sodium dichromate, calcium chromate, potassium chromate, or chromic acid). The mutagenic potency of the hexavalent metal was not enhanced by adding the microsomal fraction of rat hepatocytes, induced either with sodium barbital or with Aroclor 1254. The two trivalent compounds (chromium potassium sulfate and chromic chloride), with or without the microsomal fraction, were neither toxic nor mutagenic for the bacterial tester strains.", "contents": "Toxicity and mutagenicity of hexavalent chromium on Salmonella typhimurium. Four hexavalent and two trivalent chromium compounds were tested for toxicity and mutagenicity by means of the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian-microsome test. All hexavalent compounds yielded a complete inhibition of bacterial growth at doses of 400 to 800 mug/plate, a significant increase of his(+) revertant colonies at doses ranging from 10 to 200 mug, and no effect at doses of less than 10 mug. The distinctive sensitivity of the four Salmonella strains tested (TA1535, TA1537, TA98, and TA100) suggested that hexavalent chromium directly interacts with bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid by causing both frameshift mutations and basepair substitutions. The latter mutations, which are prevalent, are amplified by an error-prone recombinational repair of the damaged deoxyribonucleic acid. On the average, 1 mumol of hexavalent chromium yielded approximately 500 revertants of the TA100 strain, irrespective of the compound tested (sodium dichromate, calcium chromate, potassium chromate, or chromic acid). The mutagenic potency of the hexavalent metal was not enhanced by adding the microsomal fraction of rat hepatocytes, induced either with sodium barbital or with Aroclor 1254. The two trivalent compounds (chromium potassium sulfate and chromic chloride), with or without the microsomal fraction, were neither toxic nor mutagenic for the bacterial tester strains.", "PMID": 326184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9914", "title": "Succession of Streptococcus bovis strains with differing bacteriophage sensitivities in the rumens of two fistulated sheep.", "content": "The bacteriophage sensitivity of the Streptococcus bovis population resident in the rumens of two fistulated sheep was monitored for 112 days. During this time, three changes in the bacteriophage sensitivity of S. bovis occurred in the absence of detectable bacteriophages. Identical changes in bacteriophage sensitivity occurred simultaneously in both animals and, except for the relatively short periods of changeover in phage sensitivity, the S. bovis population in the rumens of the two sheep was homogeneous with respect to phage sensitivity.", "contents": "Succession of Streptococcus bovis strains with differing bacteriophage sensitivities in the rumens of two fistulated sheep. The bacteriophage sensitivity of the Streptococcus bovis population resident in the rumens of two fistulated sheep was monitored for 112 days. During this time, three changes in the bacteriophage sensitivity of S. bovis occurred in the absence of detectable bacteriophages. Identical changes in bacteriophage sensitivity occurred simultaneously in both animals and, except for the relatively short periods of changeover in phage sensitivity, the S. bovis population in the rumens of the two sheep was homogeneous with respect to phage sensitivity.", "PMID": 326185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9915", "title": "Alternative model and approach for determining microbial heterotrophic activities in aquatic systems.", "content": "Increasing amounts of high-specific-activity tritiated organic compounds were added to samples of several natural waters such that in situ substrate concentrations might be approximated. The uptake responses by the native heterotrophic microflora suggested that (i) heterotrophic populations metabolize the added nutrients, but (ii) these responses are not necessarily a reflection of Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics. The uptake kinetics appeared to be due to dilution of the naturally occurring metabolite by added radioactive substrate and physiological responses of the microflora to organic enrichment.", "contents": "Alternative model and approach for determining microbial heterotrophic activities in aquatic systems. Increasing amounts of high-specific-activity tritiated organic compounds were added to samples of several natural waters such that in situ substrate concentrations might be approximated. The uptake responses by the native heterotrophic microflora suggested that (i) heterotrophic populations metabolize the added nutrients, but (ii) these responses are not necessarily a reflection of Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics. The uptake kinetics appeared to be due to dilution of the naturally occurring metabolite by added radioactive substrate and physiological responses of the microflora to organic enrichment.", "PMID": 326186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9916", "title": "Ambient-temperature primary nonselective enrichment for isolation of Salmonella spp. from an estuarine environment.", "content": "A primary, nonselective, ambient-temperature enrichment procedure for isolation of Salmonella spp. is described. The procedure was superior to elevated-temperature selective enrichment for Salmonella when estuarine water samples were examined. Five Chesapeake Bay stations were monitored, over an 8-month period, for the presence of salmonellae. Of 72 water and sediment samples collected, 17 (23.6%) yielded Salmonella spp. Seven serotypes were identified among the isolates. A seasonal pattern was noted for the incidence of the salmonellae. A most probable number procedure, performed by membrane filtration and nonselective enrichment, yielded Salmonella most probable number indices as high as 110 per 100 g of sediment. The results suggest that new methods, such as the one described in this report, are required for isolation of human intestinal pathogens from estuaries and coastal waters.", "contents": "Ambient-temperature primary nonselective enrichment for isolation of Salmonella spp. from an estuarine environment. A primary, nonselective, ambient-temperature enrichment procedure for isolation of Salmonella spp. is described. The procedure was superior to elevated-temperature selective enrichment for Salmonella when estuarine water samples were examined. Five Chesapeake Bay stations were monitored, over an 8-month period, for the presence of salmonellae. Of 72 water and sediment samples collected, 17 (23.6%) yielded Salmonella spp. Seven serotypes were identified among the isolates. A seasonal pattern was noted for the incidence of the salmonellae. A most probable number procedure, performed by membrane filtration and nonselective enrichment, yielded Salmonella most probable number indices as high as 110 per 100 g of sediment. The results suggest that new methods, such as the one described in this report, are required for isolation of human intestinal pathogens from estuaries and coastal waters.", "PMID": 326187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9917", "title": "Maintenance procedures for the curtailment of genetic instability: Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459.", "content": "Characteristics are described of small-colony variants of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 which are frequently encountered when routine culture maintenance procedures are employed. In contrast to the parental type, smallcolony variants were shown to be resistant to a number of antibiotics, to acridine orange, and to phage which are virulent for the parent colony type. Sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation was similar in both colony types. A simple method for preservation of viable cells is described. The suitability of the method for providing reproducible inocula free from variant cell types is examined.", "contents": "Maintenance procedures for the curtailment of genetic instability: Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459. Characteristics are described of small-colony variants of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 which are frequently encountered when routine culture maintenance procedures are employed. In contrast to the parental type, smallcolony variants were shown to be resistant to a number of antibiotics, to acridine orange, and to phage which are virulent for the parent colony type. Sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation was similar in both colony types. A simple method for preservation of viable cells is described. The suitability of the method for providing reproducible inocula free from variant cell types is examined.", "PMID": 326188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9918", "title": "Klebsielleae in drinking water emanating from redwood tanks.", "content": "A survey was made of the bacteriological quality and chlorine content of 33 public and private water systems that utilize redwood storage tanks. Coliforms of the genera Klebsiella and Enterobacter were isolated from 9 of 10 private drinking water systems and from 11 of 23 water systems in state and federal parks. Total coliform counts in the private systems exceeded federal membrane filter guidelines by as much as 10-to 40-fold. Coliform counts were highest in the newer reservoirs. Factors contributing to poor water quality are: lack of automated chlorination equipment or an insufficient supply to maintain a residual, common inlet/outlet plumbing design, and lengthy average retention periods. The latter two factors contribute to improper mixing and stagnation of the water, whereas the former allows microbes to multiply on the water-soluble nutrients that leach from the wood. Wooden reservoirs exert a high chlorine demand, and 0.4 ppm of chlorine residual in the incoming tank water proves inadequate. It is suggested that specific water-soluble nutrients in redwood (and in numerous other types of botanical material) induce a natural nutritional selection for coliforms of the tribe Klebsielleae.", "contents": "Klebsielleae in drinking water emanating from redwood tanks. A survey was made of the bacteriological quality and chlorine content of 33 public and private water systems that utilize redwood storage tanks. Coliforms of the genera Klebsiella and Enterobacter were isolated from 9 of 10 private drinking water systems and from 11 of 23 water systems in state and federal parks. Total coliform counts in the private systems exceeded federal membrane filter guidelines by as much as 10-to 40-fold. Coliform counts were highest in the newer reservoirs. Factors contributing to poor water quality are: lack of automated chlorination equipment or an insufficient supply to maintain a residual, common inlet/outlet plumbing design, and lengthy average retention periods. The latter two factors contribute to improper mixing and stagnation of the water, whereas the former allows microbes to multiply on the water-soluble nutrients that leach from the wood. Wooden reservoirs exert a high chlorine demand, and 0.4 ppm of chlorine residual in the incoming tank water proves inadequate. It is suggested that specific water-soluble nutrients in redwood (and in numerous other types of botanical material) induce a natural nutritional selection for coliforms of the tribe Klebsielleae.", "PMID": 326189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9919", "title": "Amino acid profiles and presumptive nutritional assessment of single-cell protein from certain lactobacilli.", "content": "The amino acid profiles, modified essential amino acid (MEAA) indexes, and in vitro pepsin digestibilities were determined for single-cell protein (SCP) from certain industrially important lactobacilli. For the three parameters examined, substantial differences were seen between different Lactobacillus species and between strains with a given species. SCP from all of the lactobacilli examined appeared relatively high in MEAA indexes and pepsin digestibility. SCP from L. acidophilus 3205 and L. fermenti 3954 had the highest MEAA indexes, whereas L. bulgaricus 2217 and L. thermophilus 3863 had the highest percentage of digestible crude protein. SCP from L. plantarum strains had the lowest MEAA indexes. The essential amino acid compositions of SCP from different lactobacilli appear comparable to that of Food and Agriculture Organization reference protein and SCP from other sources.", "contents": "Amino acid profiles and presumptive nutritional assessment of single-cell protein from certain lactobacilli. The amino acid profiles, modified essential amino acid (MEAA) indexes, and in vitro pepsin digestibilities were determined for single-cell protein (SCP) from certain industrially important lactobacilli. For the three parameters examined, substantial differences were seen between different Lactobacillus species and between strains with a given species. SCP from all of the lactobacilli examined appeared relatively high in MEAA indexes and pepsin digestibility. SCP from L. acidophilus 3205 and L. fermenti 3954 had the highest MEAA indexes, whereas L. bulgaricus 2217 and L. thermophilus 3863 had the highest percentage of digestible crude protein. SCP from L. plantarum strains had the lowest MEAA indexes. The essential amino acid compositions of SCP from different lactobacilli appear comparable to that of Food and Agriculture Organization reference protein and SCP from other sources.", "PMID": 326190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9920", "title": "Continuous-flow system for large-scale ultraviolet irradiation of bacterial cells.", "content": "A quartz-flow-cell system for irradiation of large volumes of Escherichia coli cultures with ultraviolet light is described. With this system kilogram quantities of irradiated cells can be obtained for biochemical studies. Changes in respiration and in specific activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, after an ultraviolet treatment that reduced viability of culture samples to 0.2%, were in good agreement with those for cultures irradiated (52J/m2) by a conventional small-scale method to produce the same reduction in viability.", "contents": "Continuous-flow system for large-scale ultraviolet irradiation of bacterial cells. A quartz-flow-cell system for irradiation of large volumes of Escherichia coli cultures with ultraviolet light is described. With this system kilogram quantities of irradiated cells can be obtained for biochemical studies. Changes in respiration and in specific activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, after an ultraviolet treatment that reduced viability of culture samples to 0.2%, were in good agreement with those for cultures irradiated (52J/m2) by a conventional small-scale method to produce the same reduction in viability.", "PMID": 326191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9921", "title": "Determination of bacterial number and biomass in the marine environment.", "content": "Three techniques for the measurement of bacterial numbers and biomass in the marine environment are described. Two are direct methods for counting bacteria. The first employs an epifluorescence microscope to view bacteria that have been concentrated on membrane filters and stained with acridine orange. The second uses a transmission electron microscope for observing replicas of bacteria that are concentrated on membrane filters. The other technique uses Limulus amebocyte lysate, an aqueous extract from the amebocytes of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, to quantitate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in seawater samples. The biomass of gram-negative (LPS containing) bacteria was shown to be related to the LPS content of the samples. A factor of 6.35 was determined for converting LPS to bacterial carbon.", "contents": "Determination of bacterial number and biomass in the marine environment. Three techniques for the measurement of bacterial numbers and biomass in the marine environment are described. Two are direct methods for counting bacteria. The first employs an epifluorescence microscope to view bacteria that have been concentrated on membrane filters and stained with acridine orange. The second uses a transmission electron microscope for observing replicas of bacteria that are concentrated on membrane filters. The other technique uses Limulus amebocyte lysate, an aqueous extract from the amebocytes of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, to quantitate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in seawater samples. The biomass of gram-negative (LPS containing) bacteria was shown to be related to the LPS content of the samples. A factor of 6.35 was determined for converting LPS to bacterial carbon.", "PMID": 326192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9922", "title": "Use of enzyme-labeled antibodies to detect Salmonella in foods.", "content": "An indirect enzyme-labeled antibody technique (ELAT), in which Salmonella typhimurium was used as a model, was developed as a method to detect Salmonella in food samples. A cellulose-acetate membrane filter, the matrix for detection, was placed on a membrane-filter base and overlaid with a multiwelled lucite template. Mixed broth enrichment cultures were dispensed in the template wells, and cells were spotted onto the membrane via suction. After fixation, the membranes were immersed in rabbit anti-S. typhimurium flagella antibody, washed, immersed in goat anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to peroxidase, and washed. Exposure of membranes to the substrates 3,3'-diaminobenzidine or benzidine resulted in development of brown or blue macroscopic reaction products, respectively, on spots containing S. typhimurium. ELAT results agreed with those of enrichment serology and cultural procedures on three food products containing known levels of S. typhimurium. Because of the magnification effect of the enzyme-substrate reaction, fewer cells were needed for detection than with enrichment serology, thereby reducing the total analysis time. The ability to test 14 or more samples simultaneously on a 47-mm membrane filter would facilitate screening large number of samples. Pending the development of a pure H antisera pool for the common Salmonella serotypes free from O antibodies, the ELAT demonstrated potential as a Salmonella detection methodology.", "contents": "Use of enzyme-labeled antibodies to detect Salmonella in foods. An indirect enzyme-labeled antibody technique (ELAT), in which Salmonella typhimurium was used as a model, was developed as a method to detect Salmonella in food samples. A cellulose-acetate membrane filter, the matrix for detection, was placed on a membrane-filter base and overlaid with a multiwelled lucite template. Mixed broth enrichment cultures were dispensed in the template wells, and cells were spotted onto the membrane via suction. After fixation, the membranes were immersed in rabbit anti-S. typhimurium flagella antibody, washed, immersed in goat anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to peroxidase, and washed. Exposure of membranes to the substrates 3,3'-diaminobenzidine or benzidine resulted in development of brown or blue macroscopic reaction products, respectively, on spots containing S. typhimurium. ELAT results agreed with those of enrichment serology and cultural procedures on three food products containing known levels of S. typhimurium. Because of the magnification effect of the enzyme-substrate reaction, fewer cells were needed for detection than with enrichment serology, thereby reducing the total analysis time. The ability to test 14 or more samples simultaneously on a 47-mm membrane filter would facilitate screening large number of samples. Pending the development of a pure H antisera pool for the common Salmonella serotypes free from O antibodies, the ELAT demonstrated potential as a Salmonella detection methodology.", "PMID": 326193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9923", "title": "Unusual variant of lupus erythematosus or lichen planus. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunofluorescent studies.", "content": "Eleven patients with a skin disorder in which clinical, histopathologic, and immunofluorescent findings showed overlap features of both lupus erythematosus (LE) and lichen planus (LP) were observed for several years. Clinical lesions were extremely long-term and consisted primarily of livid red to violaceous atrophic patches and plaques, most common on acral aspects of the extremities. Nails were also commonly involved, often showing anonychia. Histologic changes combined cell-rich and cell-poor lichenoid patterns in the papillary dermis, suggesting both LP and LE. The major immunofluorescent finding in all patients was the presence of ovoid bodies at the dermal-epidermal (D-E) junction and in the upper dermis. Most patients showed both a linear arrangement and a clustering pattern of these bodies. Four patients also had coexistant but poorly developed linear deposits of immunoglobulins and complement at the D-E junction.", "contents": "Unusual variant of lupus erythematosus or lichen planus. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunofluorescent studies. Eleven patients with a skin disorder in which clinical, histopathologic, and immunofluorescent findings showed overlap features of both lupus erythematosus (LE) and lichen planus (LP) were observed for several years. Clinical lesions were extremely long-term and consisted primarily of livid red to violaceous atrophic patches and plaques, most common on acral aspects of the extremities. Nails were also commonly involved, often showing anonychia. Histologic changes combined cell-rich and cell-poor lichenoid patterns in the papillary dermis, suggesting both LP and LE. The major immunofluorescent finding in all patients was the presence of ovoid bodies at the dermal-epidermal (D-E) junction and in the upper dermis. Most patients showed both a linear arrangement and a clustering pattern of these bodies. Four patients also had coexistant but poorly developed linear deposits of immunoglobulins and complement at the D-E junction.", "PMID": 326194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9924", "title": "Lupus band test.", "content": "The lupus band test (LBT) is a direct immunofluorescent technique for demonstrating a band of localized immunoglobulins at the dermal-epidermal junction in the skin of patients with lupus erythematosus (LE). Studies have shown immunoglobulins and complement at the  dermal-epidermal junction in systemic (involved and uninvolved skin) and in discoid (involved skin only) LE. It is essential that the appropriate skin site be selected for biopsy; ie, involved or uninvolved skin, light-exposed or light-protected skin. The proper location of the biopsy site is determined by whether the LBT is intended for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. From a diagnostic standpoint, the LBT is a very sensitive and specific test for LE. In addition, this procedure has considerable value as a prognostic test for a patient with an established diagnosis of LE.", "contents": "Lupus band test. The lupus band test (LBT) is a direct immunofluorescent technique for demonstrating a band of localized immunoglobulins at the dermal-epidermal junction in the skin of patients with lupus erythematosus (LE). Studies have shown immunoglobulins and complement at the  dermal-epidermal junction in systemic (involved and uninvolved skin) and in discoid (involved skin only) LE. It is essential that the appropriate skin site be selected for biopsy; ie, involved or uninvolved skin, light-exposed or light-protected skin. The proper location of the biopsy site is determined by whether the LBT is intended for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. From a diagnostic standpoint, the LBT is a very sensitive and specific test for LE. In addition, this procedure has considerable value as a prognostic test for a patient with an established diagnosis of LE.", "PMID": 326195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9925", "title": "Controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure given by face mask for hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "A controlled trial of elective intervention with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was performed on 24 infants with hyaline membrane disease whose arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) fell below 8kPa (60 mmHg) while they were breathing a fractional inspired oxygen concentration (F1O2) greater than 0.60. A face mask was used to apply the CPAP. The progress of the 12 infants who were treated on entry to the trial was compared with that of 12 infants who were treated later. All 12 infants in the early-intervention group and 8 infants in the late-intervention group survived. When CPAP was started, Pao2 increased and the early-treated infants breathed high concentrations of oxygen for a shorter period than the late-treated infants. The 4 infants in the early-intervention group who required mechanical ventilation needed lower mean airway pressures to achieve satisfactory gas exchange than the 7 ventilated infants in the late-intervention group. We conclude that a Pao2 less than 8 kPa while breathing an F1o2 greater than 0.60 is an adequate indication for giving CPAP in hyaline membrane disease, and that early intervention with CPAP allows infants who go on to require mechanical ventilation to be ventilated at lower pressures.", "contents": "Controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure given by face mask for hyaline membrane disease. A controlled trial of elective intervention with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was performed on 24 infants with hyaline membrane disease whose arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) fell below 8kPa (60 mmHg) while they were breathing a fractional inspired oxygen concentration (F1O2) greater than 0.60. A face mask was used to apply the CPAP. The progress of the 12 infants who were treated on entry to the trial was compared with that of 12 infants who were treated later. All 12 infants in the early-intervention group and 8 infants in the late-intervention group survived. When CPAP was started, Pao2 increased and the early-treated infants breathed high concentrations of oxygen for a shorter period than the late-treated infants. The 4 infants in the early-intervention group who required mechanical ventilation needed lower mean airway pressures to achieve satisfactory gas exchange than the 7 ventilated infants in the late-intervention group. We conclude that a Pao2 less than 8 kPa while breathing an F1o2 greater than 0.60 is an adequate indication for giving CPAP in hyaline membrane disease, and that early intervention with CPAP allows infants who go on to require mechanical ventilation to be ventilated at lower pressures.", "PMID": 326199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9926", "title": "Chronic lymphoglandular enlargement and toxoplasmosis in children.", "content": "Serum antitoxoplasma titres were determined simultaneously by the direct agglutination and the indirect immunofluorescent tests in 52 children aged 2 to 16 years having chronic lymph node enlargement, mainly cervical. Direct agglutination titres were raised (64 to 4096) in 22 children (42%), but rarely in the control groups of children with acute suppurative lymphadenitis, and healthy children, adults, nurses, and physicians. It is concluded that toxoplasmosis is commoner in Greek children than previously believed, and that it should be included in the differential diagnosis of lymphoglandular enlargement. Clinically the condition is mild and may be self-limited, but it should be treated promptly with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, in order to prevent reactivation in adult life.", "contents": "Chronic lymphoglandular enlargement and toxoplasmosis in children. Serum antitoxoplasma titres were determined simultaneously by the direct agglutination and the indirect immunofluorescent tests in 52 children aged 2 to 16 years having chronic lymph node enlargement, mainly cervical. Direct agglutination titres were raised (64 to 4096) in 22 children (42%), but rarely in the control groups of children with acute suppurative lymphadenitis, and healthy children, adults, nurses, and physicians. It is concluded that toxoplasmosis is commoner in Greek children than previously believed, and that it should be included in the differential diagnosis of lymphoglandular enlargement. Clinically the condition is mild and may be self-limited, but it should be treated promptly with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, in order to prevent reactivation in adult life.", "PMID": 326200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9927", "title": "Congenital absence of islets of Langerhans.", "content": "A small-for-dates male infant who developed acute metabolic acidosis shortly after birth had diabetes and died aged 40 hours. At necropsy there was an absence of any recognizable islets of Langerhans though lymphorecticular aggregates were found. This was the fourth child of healthy unrelated parents whose first child, also a male, died at 48 hours under similar circumstances. It is suggested that both boys had the same underlying pathology and this might be a previously undescribed recessive or x-linked inherited condition.", "contents": "Congenital absence of islets of Langerhans. A small-for-dates male infant who developed acute metabolic acidosis shortly after birth had diabetes and died aged 40 hours. At necropsy there was an absence of any recognizable islets of Langerhans though lymphorecticular aggregates were found. This was the fourth child of healthy unrelated parents whose first child, also a male, died at 48 hours under similar circumstances. It is suggested that both boys had the same underlying pathology and this might be a previously undescribed recessive or x-linked inherited condition.", "PMID": 326201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9928", "title": "[Influence of autologous serum on leucocyte-migration-inhibition-test in melanomalignoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Influence of autologous serum on cellular immunological reactivity to melanomalignoma (MM)-associated antigens was examined on 20 patients have MM at different clinical stages, using the Leucocyte-Migration-Inhibition-Test (MIT). These 20 patients were referring to this till now not investigated. When heterologous serum (horse serum) was supplemented, an inhibition of cell-migration could be established in 15/20 cases, whereas a cell-migration inhibition in 14/20 cases was absent if autologous serum was added to culture medium. No correlation could be found between our test results and the clinical stage of the disease. Our results suggests urgently that blocking factors are present in serum of MM-patients. There is reason to believe that this factors will be active in lymphocyte level.", "contents": "[Influence of autologous serum on leucocyte-migration-inhibition-test in melanomalignoma (author's transl)]. Influence of autologous serum on cellular immunological reactivity to melanomalignoma (MM)-associated antigens was examined on 20 patients have MM at different clinical stages, using the Leucocyte-Migration-Inhibition-Test (MIT). These 20 patients were referring to this till now not investigated. When heterologous serum (horse serum) was supplemented, an inhibition of cell-migration could be established in 15/20 cases, whereas a cell-migration inhibition in 14/20 cases was absent if autologous serum was added to culture medium. No correlation could be found between our test results and the clinical stage of the disease. Our results suggests urgently that blocking factors are present in serum of MM-patients. There is reason to believe that this factors will be active in lymphocyte level.", "PMID": 326202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9929", "title": "Pathogenesis of pemphigus erythematosus.", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies were made by the indirect method in 54 cases of pemphigus erythematosus, in 50 of which skin specimens from light-exposed and unexposed regions were investigated also by the direct IF method. IF Band was shown to be demonstrable in skin specimens from exposed regions in 81% of cases and from unexposed regions in 23%. ANA were found in some 31% of patients, though usually in titers below those of IC antibodies. There were 2 cases each of coexistence with myastenia gravis and thymoma and with SLE. Virus-like particles, however, were found by electron microscopy only in 1 case with coexisting SLE. Detection of IF Band in skin specimens from a significant majority of patients with pemphigus erythematosus, presence of ANA in some, and occasional coexistence of SLE suggest some relation of the disease with lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of pemphigus erythematosus. Immunofluorescence studies were made by the indirect method in 54 cases of pemphigus erythematosus, in 50 of which skin specimens from light-exposed and unexposed regions were investigated also by the direct IF method. IF Band was shown to be demonstrable in skin specimens from exposed regions in 81% of cases and from unexposed regions in 23%. ANA were found in some 31% of patients, though usually in titers below those of IC antibodies. There were 2 cases each of coexistence with myastenia gravis and thymoma and with SLE. Virus-like particles, however, were found by electron microscopy only in 1 case with coexisting SLE. Detection of IF Band in skin specimens from a significant majority of patients with pemphigus erythematosus, presence of ANA in some, and occasional coexistence of SLE suggest some relation of the disease with lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 326203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9930", "title": "Experimental studies of the potentiation of proguanil and pyrimethamine by dapsone using Plasmodium berghei in white mice.", "content": "An accurate system with stringent criteria has been established to test antimalarial drugs and drug combinations against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Minimum effective doses for a number of antimalarial drugs have been determined when used in this system. Considerable potentiation of the activity of pyrimethamine and to a somewhat less extent of proguanil by dapsone has been demonstrated. The need to extend studies of these combinations to the parasites of human malaria is discussed in terms of establishing a safe chemoprophylactic regime in the presence of drug-resistant strains of parasites.", "contents": "Experimental studies of the potentiation of proguanil and pyrimethamine by dapsone using Plasmodium berghei in white mice. An accurate system with stringent criteria has been established to test antimalarial drugs and drug combinations against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Minimum effective doses for a number of antimalarial drugs have been determined when used in this system. Considerable potentiation of the activity of pyrimethamine and to a somewhat less extent of proguanil by dapsone has been demonstrated. The need to extend studies of these combinations to the parasites of human malaria is discussed in terms of establishing a safe chemoprophylactic regime in the presence of drug-resistant strains of parasites.", "PMID": 326205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9931", "title": "Trypanosomal antigen on macrophages cultivated in vitro with Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii.", "content": "The indirect fluorescent antibody test has demonstrated the presence of trypanosomal antigen on the surface of mouse peritoneal macrophages cultivated in vitro in the presence of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii.", "contents": "Trypanosomal antigen on macrophages cultivated in vitro with Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii. The indirect fluorescent antibody test has demonstrated the presence of trypanosomal antigen on the surface of mouse peritoneal macrophages cultivated in vitro in the presence of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii.", "PMID": 326206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9932", "title": "Schistosoma haematobium in a Gambian community. IV. Antibody levels and change in egg output.", "content": "The indirect fluorescent antibody (FAT) and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) tests were used to study the serological response to Schistosoma haematobium in a Gambian community. The FAT was frequently positive in very young children and also in adults, in whom urine examination did not show ova. This was much less often the case with the IHA although this test sometimes gave negative results in heavily infected children. Examination of paired sera taken at six month intervals apart showed that titres changed in some subjects and that overall there was a slight change in antibody level. Correlation of antibody level with subsequent changes in egg output showed that high titres were associated with a tendency for the egg output to fall. This effect was most obvious over a period of 16 months' follow up and was not explicable solely in terms of a coincidental relationship with age or intensity of infection. It is suggested that serological parameters may have some relation to protective immunity and that the immune response must be considered as a factor in the epidemiology of the infection.", "contents": "Schistosoma haematobium in a Gambian community. IV. Antibody levels and change in egg output. The indirect fluorescent antibody (FAT) and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) tests were used to study the serological response to Schistosoma haematobium in a Gambian community. The FAT was frequently positive in very young children and also in adults, in whom urine examination did not show ova. This was much less often the case with the IHA although this test sometimes gave negative results in heavily infected children. Examination of paired sera taken at six month intervals apart showed that titres changed in some subjects and that overall there was a slight change in antibody level. Correlation of antibody level with subsequent changes in egg output showed that high titres were associated with a tendency for the egg output to fall. This effect was most obvious over a period of 16 months' follow up and was not explicable solely in terms of a coincidental relationship with age or intensity of infection. It is suggested that serological parameters may have some relation to protective immunity and that the immune response must be considered as a factor in the epidemiology of the infection.", "PMID": 326207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9933", "title": "Effects of PEEP on cardiovascular dynamics after open-heart surgery: a new postoperative monitoring technique.", "content": "The circulatory effects of incremental increases in positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation (PEEP) were assessed on 11 occasions in post-operative cardiac surgical patients by phasic aortic blood flow measurements and high-fidelity pressure recordings from which flow and pressure-flow derivatives of cardiac performance were calculated. At 15 cm H2O PEEP, mean arterial blood pressure was decreased by 10%, stroke volume and cardiac output by 15%, and peak left ventricular power by 21%. Although these indices promptly returned to control levels when PEEP was discontinued, levels of PEEP above 10 cm H2O should be used with caution for this group of patients.", "contents": "Effects of PEEP on cardiovascular dynamics after open-heart surgery: a new postoperative monitoring technique. The circulatory effects of incremental increases in positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation (PEEP) were assessed on 11 occasions in post-operative cardiac surgical patients by phasic aortic blood flow measurements and high-fidelity pressure recordings from which flow and pressure-flow derivatives of cardiac performance were calculated. At 15 cm H2O PEEP, mean arterial blood pressure was decreased by 10%, stroke volume and cardiac output by 15%, and peak left ventricular power by 21%. Although these indices promptly returned to control levels when PEEP was discontinued, levels of PEEP above 10 cm H2O should be used with caution for this group of patients.", "PMID": 326209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9934", "title": "Hypersensititivity of rats to anorectic agents after lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus.", "content": "Anorectic agents such as d-amphetamine and fenfluramine showed a remarkably higher effect in rats with hyperphagia after lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus. A persistence and even a further increase of the hypersensitivity to anorectics was observed in animals which, eight months after ventromedial hypothalamus-lesioning, resumed almost normal eating patterns. The appearance of the hypersensitivity to anorectic agents after lesioning and its persistence or enhancement in long-term operated animals are interpreted in terms of the mechanisms contributing to the neural reorganization of the control of the feeding center after suppression of ventromedial inhibitory influences.", "contents": "Hypersensititivity of rats to anorectic agents after lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Anorectic agents such as d-amphetamine and fenfluramine showed a remarkably higher effect in rats with hyperphagia after lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus. A persistence and even a further increase of the hypersensitivity to anorectics was observed in animals which, eight months after ventromedial hypothalamus-lesioning, resumed almost normal eating patterns. The appearance of the hypersensitivity to anorectic agents after lesioning and its persistence or enhancement in long-term operated animals are interpreted in terms of the mechanisms contributing to the neural reorganization of the control of the feeding center after suppression of ventromedial inhibitory influences.", "PMID": 326210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9935", "title": "Cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Intracardiac recordings and clinical assessment.", "content": "Cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity most frequently occurs in elderly men, predominantly during right carotid massage. Resting sinus bradycardia and aortic stenosis may be unusually prevalent in this subgroup of patients. Ventricular arrest occurs abruptly and may be preceded by brief prolongation of sinus cycle lengths and atrioventricular nodal conduction times. Gradual recovery of the sinoatrial rate follows resumption of sinus rhythm and is preceded by atrioventricular nodal recovery. His bundle electrocardiography is valuable in excluding other potential causes of syncope in patients with carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Despite a history of syncope, permanent pacing may not be indicated in the management of patients with carotid sinus hypersensitivity and otherwise normal electrophysiologic study.", "contents": "Cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Intracardiac recordings and clinical assessment. Cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity most frequently occurs in elderly men, predominantly during right carotid massage. Resting sinus bradycardia and aortic stenosis may be unusually prevalent in this subgroup of patients. Ventricular arrest occurs abruptly and may be preceded by brief prolongation of sinus cycle lengths and atrioventricular nodal conduction times. Gradual recovery of the sinoatrial rate follows resumption of sinus rhythm and is preceded by atrioventricular nodal recovery. His bundle electrocardiography is valuable in excluding other potential causes of syncope in patients with carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Despite a history of syncope, permanent pacing may not be indicated in the management of patients with carotid sinus hypersensitivity and otherwise normal electrophysiologic study.", "PMID": 326212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9936", "title": "Differentiation of cell-mediated and humoral rejection by orthoiodohippurate kinetics.", "content": "The differentiation of two types of renal graft rejection may be made early in incipient stages by means of a comprehensive renal function study. In the acute cell-mediated form, prolongation of orthoiodohippurate renal transit time as reflected in a diminished excretory index (El) is first observed, followed by a diminution in the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF). On reversal of the process, El precedes ERPF in returning to normal. In chronic humoral rejection, the principle feature is simple reduction of ERPF; transit time within the kidney appears normal. No reversal processes have been observed, although the process may be decelerated. At approximately 100 ml/min ERPF, these kidneys may undergo an acceleration of the clinical failure with rapid deterioration in El and in ERPF. At this point, surgical removal of the kidney has been carried out.", "contents": "Differentiation of cell-mediated and humoral rejection by orthoiodohippurate kinetics. The differentiation of two types of renal graft rejection may be made early in incipient stages by means of a comprehensive renal function study. In the acute cell-mediated form, prolongation of orthoiodohippurate renal transit time as reflected in a diminished excretory index (El) is first observed, followed by a diminution in the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF). On reversal of the process, El precedes ERPF in returning to normal. In chronic humoral rejection, the principle feature is simple reduction of ERPF; transit time within the kidney appears normal. No reversal processes have been observed, although the process may be decelerated. At approximately 100 ml/min ERPF, these kidneys may undergo an acceleration of the clinical failure with rapid deterioration in El and in ERPF. At this point, surgical removal of the kidney has been carried out.", "PMID": 326213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9937", "title": "Histiocytic lymphoma of B cell origin.", "content": "A histiocytic lymphoma with a terminal leukemic phase occurred in a 50-year-old man. Immunologic studies indicated that neoplastic cells from the peripheral blood sample, bone marrow aspirate, and lymph node carried surface immunoglobulin. Cytochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of this histiocytic lymphoma and its subsequent leukemic phase displayed a profile consistent with a lymphocytic rather than a histiocytic origin of the neoplastic cell.", "contents": "Histiocytic lymphoma of B cell origin. A histiocytic lymphoma with a terminal leukemic phase occurred in a 50-year-old man. Immunologic studies indicated that neoplastic cells from the peripheral blood sample, bone marrow aspirate, and lymph node carried surface immunoglobulin. Cytochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of this histiocytic lymphoma and its subsequent leukemic phase displayed a profile consistent with a lymphocytic rather than a histiocytic origin of the neoplastic cell.", "PMID": 326214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9938", "title": "Phenothiazine effects on psychological and psychophysiological dysfunction in chronic schizophrenics.", "content": "This study examined the effects of phenothiazine treatment on attentional-perceptual, cognitive, and psychophysiological dysfunction in chronic schizophrenics. Under double-blind conditions, 20 patients receiving chlorpromazine and 20 receiving placebo for eight weeks were tested by performance measures, clinically rated, and monitored for skin resistance and heart rate on four occasions. Phenothiazine effects on measures of attention-perception and on psychophysiological response were demonstrable, but not on tests and ratings of cognitive dysfunction. The direction of effects was toward normalization of function. Drug treatment tended to improve ability to sustain set, to increase efficiency of selective attention, and to increase rate of information processing. Autonomic reactivity was reduced and a deactivation effect suggested. Clinical improvement was correlated with reduction in attentional dysfunction. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for hypothesized behavioral mechanisms of drug action, primary \"behavioral site\" of drug action, therapeutic response measurement, and functional theories of schizophrenic psychopathology.", "contents": "Phenothiazine effects on psychological and psychophysiological dysfunction in chronic schizophrenics. This study examined the effects of phenothiazine treatment on attentional-perceptual, cognitive, and psychophysiological dysfunction in chronic schizophrenics. Under double-blind conditions, 20 patients receiving chlorpromazine and 20 receiving placebo for eight weeks were tested by performance measures, clinically rated, and monitored for skin resistance and heart rate on four occasions. Phenothiazine effects on measures of attention-perception and on psychophysiological response were demonstrable, but not on tests and ratings of cognitive dysfunction. The direction of effects was toward normalization of function. Drug treatment tended to improve ability to sustain set, to increase efficiency of selective attention, and to increase rate of information processing. Autonomic reactivity was reduced and a deactivation effect suggested. Clinical improvement was correlated with reduction in attentional dysfunction. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for hypothesized behavioral mechanisms of drug action, primary \"behavioral site\" of drug action, therapeutic response measurement, and functional theories of schizophrenic psychopathology.", "PMID": 326215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9939", "title": "The long-term patient in the era of community treatment.", "content": "Post hospital follow-up studies do not encompass the total population of long-term, psychiatrically disabled patients in the community, because a large proportion (in this study, 64%) have not had a recent hospitalization, either state or local. The authors identified a population of long-term, psychiatrically disabled patients in the community, all of whom carried functional psychotic diagnoses. Long-term disabled patients generally lead inactive lives, but in California seldom return to state hospitals. One third have been hospitalized locally within the past two years-younger patients much more than older patients. Almost half use private (Medicaid) outpatient services, but one fourth receive no mental health services at all. Less than a third live in board and care homes or cheap hotels; most live in nonsegregated, noninsitutional settings. The role of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) in enhancing adaptation of the chronically disabled was impressive to the research team.", "contents": "The long-term patient in the era of community treatment. Post hospital follow-up studies do not encompass the total population of long-term, psychiatrically disabled patients in the community, because a large proportion (in this study, 64%) have not had a recent hospitalization, either state or local. The authors identified a population of long-term, psychiatrically disabled patients in the community, all of whom carried functional psychotic diagnoses. Long-term disabled patients generally lead inactive lives, but in California seldom return to state hospitals. One third have been hospitalized locally within the past two years-younger patients much more than older patients. Almost half use private (Medicaid) outpatient services, but one fourth receive no mental health services at all. Less than a third live in board and care homes or cheap hotels; most live in nonsegregated, noninsitutional settings. The role of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) in enhancing adaptation of the chronically disabled was impressive to the research team.", "PMID": 326216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9940", "title": "The mentally ill in nursing homes. New back wards in the community.", "content": "The reduction in state hospital populations in the last two decades is most often attributed to psychotropic medication and community mental health centers. The role the proprietary nursing home has played in this reduction has not been adequately studied. Using data routinely collected for Medicaid utilization review, we studied characteristics of psychiatric nursing home patients in  Utah. One third of the nursing home patients had a psychiatric diagnosis; more than half of this group were classified as psychotic. Most psychotic patients were significantly younger than their nonpsychiatric counterparts. Nonpsychiatric patients received a higher mean number of psychoactive drugs than did psychiatric or mentally retarded patients. Over time, all groups of patients showed an increase in prescribed psychoactive medication and a decrease in activity. The consequence of this pattern of care raise serious questions about our current reliance on nursing homes for the care of the psychiatric patient.", "contents": "The mentally ill in nursing homes. New back wards in the community. The reduction in state hospital populations in the last two decades is most often attributed to psychotropic medication and community mental health centers. The role the proprietary nursing home has played in this reduction has not been adequately studied. Using data routinely collected for Medicaid utilization review, we studied characteristics of psychiatric nursing home patients in  Utah. One third of the nursing home patients had a psychiatric diagnosis; more than half of this group were classified as psychotic. Most psychotic patients were significantly younger than their nonpsychiatric counterparts. Nonpsychiatric patients received a higher mean number of psychoactive drugs than did psychiatric or mentally retarded patients. Over time, all groups of patients showed an increase in prescribed psychoactive medication and a decrease in activity. The consequence of this pattern of care raise serious questions about our current reliance on nursing homes for the care of the psychiatric patient.", "PMID": 326217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9941", "title": "A double-blind comparative evaluation of aspirin, paracetamol and paracetamol + caffeine (finimal) for their analgesic effectiveness.", "content": "A double-blind, cross-over trial was made of three analgesic preparations--paracetamol, paracetamol with caffeine (Finimal) and aspirin in the relief of postoperative pain in 72 orthopedic inpatients and in 144 ambulatory outpatients suffering form common idiopathic headache. The combination of paracetamol and caffeine (Finimal) in this study shows the greatest pain relief in both groups of patients. This evaluation supports the results of BOOY3 demonstrating the superiority of the paracetamol-caffeine combination to paracetamol alone or aspirin.", "contents": "A double-blind comparative evaluation of aspirin, paracetamol and paracetamol + caffeine (finimal) for their analgesic effectiveness. A double-blind, cross-over trial was made of three analgesic preparations--paracetamol, paracetamol with caffeine (Finimal) and aspirin in the relief of postoperative pain in 72 orthopedic inpatients and in 144 ambulatory outpatients suffering form common idiopathic headache. The combination of paracetamol and caffeine (Finimal) in this study shows the greatest pain relief in both groups of patients. This evaluation supports the results of BOOY3 demonstrating the superiority of the paracetamol-caffeine combination to paracetamol alone or aspirin.", "PMID": 326219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9942", "title": "Investigatiaons on drug-resistance of Shigella sonnei bacilli isolated in Poland in the years 1959-1972.", "content": "2538 strains of Shigella sonnei bacilli, isolated from patients in the years 1959-1972, have been tested for drug-resistance. The strains examined came from different regions of Poland. Drug-resistance has been determined by the method of \"multi-arm\" disks of filter-paper. In investigations 12 chemotherapeutics have been employed. The tests performed have shown that 63% of strains were resistant to one or more chemotherapeutics. The percentage of streptomycin-resistant strains, found in the investigations, was higher than that found by other authors. In the material examined 24% of strains were resistant to antibiotics, and sensitive to sulfathiazole. No strains resistant to eight or more chemotherapeutics applied have been found.", "contents": "Investigatiaons on drug-resistance of Shigella sonnei bacilli isolated in Poland in the years 1959-1972. 2538 strains of Shigella sonnei bacilli, isolated from patients in the years 1959-1972, have been tested for drug-resistance. The strains examined came from different regions of Poland. Drug-resistance has been determined by the method of \"multi-arm\" disks of filter-paper. In investigations 12 chemotherapeutics have been employed. The tests performed have shown that 63% of strains were resistant to one or more chemotherapeutics. The percentage of streptomycin-resistant strains, found in the investigations, was higher than that found by other authors. In the material examined 24% of strains were resistant to antibiotics, and sensitive to sulfathiazole. No strains resistant to eight or more chemotherapeutics applied have been found.", "PMID": 326220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9943", "title": "Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. II. Isolation, purification and activity spectrum of antibiotic WR 142-FPG.", "content": "A method of isolating antibiotic Wr 142-FPG from the fermentation broth and mycelium of mutant FPG of the strain Streptomyces olivaceus 142 has been developed. The method of purification of the active substance and activity spectrum agains microorganisms are described. Some of the basic properties of two preparations are given: a) the preparation designed I, partly purified, containing a peptide moetye and b) the preparation designed II, which is a homogeneous chromatographically preparation with mol. wt. about 510, obtained from preparation I by separation on silica gel. Both preparations are active against the same spectrum of microorganisms and are similarly cytotoxic for normal and neoplastic cells. They differ from each other in specific activity and toxicity. LD50 of preparation I for white mice i.p. is about 240 mg/kg and LD50 of preparation II about 5 mg/kg. Comparison of the activity of the purified preparation of WR 142-FPG with that of known anti-fungal antibiotics showed that Wr 142-FPG inhibits growth of Candida albicans and other pathogenic yeasts at concentrations 10--100 times lower than amphotericin B, antimycin A, nystatin and primaricin.", "contents": "Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. II. Isolation, purification and activity spectrum of antibiotic WR 142-FPG. A method of isolating antibiotic Wr 142-FPG from the fermentation broth and mycelium of mutant FPG of the strain Streptomyces olivaceus 142 has been developed. The method of purification of the active substance and activity spectrum agains microorganisms are described. Some of the basic properties of two preparations are given: a) the preparation designed I, partly purified, containing a peptide moetye and b) the preparation designed II, which is a homogeneous chromatographically preparation with mol. wt. about 510, obtained from preparation I by separation on silica gel. Both preparations are active against the same spectrum of microorganisms and are similarly cytotoxic for normal and neoplastic cells. They differ from each other in specific activity and toxicity. LD50 of preparation I for white mice i.p. is about 240 mg/kg and LD50 of preparation II about 5 mg/kg. Comparison of the activity of the purified preparation of WR 142-FPG with that of known anti-fungal antibiotics showed that Wr 142-FPG inhibits growth of Candida albicans and other pathogenic yeasts at concentrations 10--100 times lower than amphotericin B, antimycin A, nystatin and primaricin.", "PMID": 326221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9944", "title": "Immunohistologic features of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "To assess the role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), immunohistologic studies were performed on renal biopsy specimens from 31 patients. Glomerular immunoglobulin and/or complement (C3) deposition was present in 20 specimens. Deposits were usually minimal to moderate, granular, and focal in nature. IgM was present in 17 specimens, C3 in 10, IgG in 8 and IgA in only 3. With a mean follow-up of 5 1/2 years, there is no difference in the response to therapy of patients with no glomerular immunoglobulin or C3, those with glomerular immunoglobulin without C3, and those with glomerular C3. These findings indicate that glomerular immune deposits can be seen in a substantial percentage of patients with MCNS, but the minimal and focal nature of the deposits and lack of correlation with response to therapy suggest that immunoglobulin and C3 deposits are nonspecific and have no pathogenetic role.", "contents": "Immunohistologic features of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. To assess the role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), immunohistologic studies were performed on renal biopsy specimens from 31 patients. Glomerular immunoglobulin and/or complement (C3) deposition was present in 20 specimens. Deposits were usually minimal to moderate, granular, and focal in nature. IgM was present in 17 specimens, C3 in 10, IgG in 8 and IgA in only 3. With a mean follow-up of 5 1/2 years, there is no difference in the response to therapy of patients with no glomerular immunoglobulin or C3, those with glomerular immunoglobulin without C3, and those with glomerular C3. These findings indicate that glomerular immune deposits can be seen in a substantial percentage of patients with MCNS, but the minimal and focal nature of the deposits and lack of correlation with response to therapy suggest that immunoglobulin and C3 deposits are nonspecific and have no pathogenetic role.", "PMID": 326223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9945", "title": "Immunofluorescence skin test for lupus erythematosus. A correlative study between frequency and patterns of skin test results, glomerular pathologic abnormalities, and immunologic findings.", "content": "We undertook a correlative study between the frequency and patterns of immunoglobulin deposits at the dermoepidermal junction of clinically normal skin and the morphologic features (histopathologic and immunopathologic) of the glomerular lesions and various immunologic measurements in 38 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Thirty-five (92.1%) showed a positive immunoglobulin band at the skin. A statistically significant (P less than .001) correlation was observed between the pattern of deposit and the duration of disease. The stippled pattern was found to be more common in those cases of less than one year's duration, while the thready pattern was more common in those cases lasting longer than one year. There seemed to be no significant relationship between either the frequency (P greater than .100) and pattern (P greater than 0.25) of the immunoglobulin band and the glomerular pathologic or other immunologic measurements.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence skin test for lupus erythematosus. A correlative study between frequency and patterns of skin test results, glomerular pathologic abnormalities, and immunologic findings. We undertook a correlative study between the frequency and patterns of immunoglobulin deposits at the dermoepidermal junction of clinically normal skin and the morphologic features (histopathologic and immunopathologic) of the glomerular lesions and various immunologic measurements in 38 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Thirty-five (92.1%) showed a positive immunoglobulin band at the skin. A statistically significant (P less than .001) correlation was observed between the pattern of deposit and the duration of disease. The stippled pattern was found to be more common in those cases of less than one year's duration, while the thready pattern was more common in those cases lasting longer than one year. There seemed to be no significant relationship between either the frequency (P greater than .100) and pattern (P greater than 0.25) of the immunoglobulin band and the glomerular pathologic or other immunologic measurements.", "PMID": 326224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9946", "title": "Warthin tumor. B-lymphocytes within the lymphoid infiltrate.", "content": "The lymphoid stroma in Warthin tumor is predominantly composed of complement receptor B-lymphocytes. These lymphocytes are present in a pattern similar to that observed in reactive lymph nodes. The B-lymphocytes may be residual lymph node elements exhibiting reactivity directed toward the epithelial component of the tumor.", "contents": "Warthin tumor. B-lymphocytes within the lymphoid infiltrate. The lymphoid stroma in Warthin tumor is predominantly composed of complement receptor B-lymphocytes. These lymphocytes are present in a pattern similar to that observed in reactive lymph nodes. The B-lymphocytes may be residual lymph node elements exhibiting reactivity directed toward the epithelial component of the tumor.", "PMID": 326225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9947", "title": "[Morphology of the endocrine part of the pancreas of birds].", "content": "Methods of light and electron microscopy were used to study the structural organization of the endocrinous part of the pancreas in birds (domestic ducks and chickens). It has been established that the endocrinous part is formed by three types of pancreatic islands: dark, light and mixed islands. \"Dark\" islands consist of A- and D-cells, \"light\" ones--of B and D-cells and \"mixed\" islands--of A-, B- and D-cells. The index of B/A-cell ratio is equal to 0,39--0,4. This shows that each B-cell corresponds to 4 A-cells. On this basis one can say that the counterinsular apparatus of birds became stronger in the process of evolution and due to this a comparatively high level of glycemia is sustained in them. Availability of \"dark\" and \"light\" pancreatic islands also points out that in birds there occurred a partial disconnection of insular and counterinsular components of the endocrinous part of the pancreas, necessary for adaptation to principally new conditions of the environment.", "contents": "[Morphology of the endocrine part of the pancreas of birds]. Methods of light and electron microscopy were used to study the structural organization of the endocrinous part of the pancreas in birds (domestic ducks and chickens). It has been established that the endocrinous part is formed by three types of pancreatic islands: dark, light and mixed islands. \"Dark\" islands consist of A- and D-cells, \"light\" ones--of B and D-cells and \"mixed\" islands--of A-, B- and D-cells. The index of B/A-cell ratio is equal to 0,39--0,4. This shows that each B-cell corresponds to 4 A-cells. On this basis one can say that the counterinsular apparatus of birds became stronger in the process of evolution and due to this a comparatively high level of glycemia is sustained in them. Availability of \"dark\" and \"light\" pancreatic islands also points out that in birds there occurred a partial disconnection of insular and counterinsular components of the endocrinous part of the pancreas, necessary for adaptation to principally new conditions of the environment.", "PMID": 326229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9948", "title": "[Histochemical study of carbohydrate metabolism in the pancreas in experimental venous congestion].", "content": "Experimental venous congestion caused by a 50% constriction of the posterior vena cava results in a shift of some parameters of the carbohydrate metabolism in the rat's pancreas: the content of catecholamines, zinc and ascorbic acid as well as insulin in pancreatic islands. Changes in the content of zinc and ascorbic acid were most demonstrative. Their amount sharply increased within a month from the beginning of experiment.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of carbohydrate metabolism in the pancreas in experimental venous congestion]. Experimental venous congestion caused by a 50% constriction of the posterior vena cava results in a shift of some parameters of the carbohydrate metabolism in the rat's pancreas: the content of catecholamines, zinc and ascorbic acid as well as insulin in pancreatic islands. Changes in the content of zinc and ascorbic acid were most demonstrative. Their amount sharply increased within a month from the beginning of experiment.", "PMID": 326230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9949", "title": "[Method of determination of specific length of histological specimens with the aid of square-net eyeglass].", "content": "The author has analytically expressed the relationship between the inaccessible for measurement total length of non-randomly oriented stretched objects and the sum of lengths of their projections on the longitudinal axis of the preparation (or another line). The sum of their projection lengths can be measured by means of a square-net ocular. The specific length of objects on a histological section is proportional to the number of their intersections with the transversal lines of the net and the value of its division and inversly proportional to the cosine of the average meaning of angles between the longitudinal axis of the preparation and the objects under study. Verification of the validity of the formula deduced was carried on in the histological section model prepared by the author. The proposed method ensures determination of the specific length of stretched histological preparations with a no more than 3% error.", "contents": "[Method of determination of specific length of histological specimens with the aid of square-net eyeglass]. The author has analytically expressed the relationship between the inaccessible for measurement total length of non-randomly oriented stretched objects and the sum of lengths of their projections on the longitudinal axis of the preparation (or another line). The sum of their projection lengths can be measured by means of a square-net ocular. The specific length of objects on a histological section is proportional to the number of their intersections with the transversal lines of the net and the value of its division and inversly proportional to the cosine of the average meaning of angles between the longitudinal axis of the preparation and the objects under study. Verification of the validity of the formula deduced was carried on in the histological section model prepared by the author. The proposed method ensures determination of the specific length of stretched histological preparations with a no more than 3% error.", "PMID": 326231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9950", "title": "[Blastomycotic granuloma of the cervical spine. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of blastomycotic granuloma of the spinal cord is reported. The patient had a Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome. He was submitted to myelography and he was underwent a cervical laminectomy. The mass was removed being lately confirmed by histology as a blastomycotic granuloma. Despite the medical treatment with Amphotericin B and physical therapy there was no improvement of the condition.", "contents": "[Blastomycotic granuloma of the cervical spine. Report of a case]. A case of blastomycotic granuloma of the spinal cord is reported. The patient had a Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome. He was submitted to myelography and he was underwent a cervical laminectomy. The mass was removed being lately confirmed by histology as a blastomycotic granuloma. Despite the medical treatment with Amphotericin B and physical therapy there was no improvement of the condition.", "PMID": 326233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9951", "title": "Correction of the over-projecting nasal tip by the suture technique.", "content": "A simple method can be used for correctingan excessively projecting nasal tip. The technique involves suturing the anterior part of the medial crura of the alar cartilages to the posterior part of thecaudal end of the septal cartilage through a transfixion incision using permanent suture material. This technique is not applicable in cases where the integrity of the caudal end of the septum is compromised. Application of this procedure may, at times, result in an undesirable widening of the alae. In such cases, full-thickness resection of the alar bases is necessary. This method of nasal tip reduction has been used in 14 cases of rhinoplasty with a follow-up period of seven to 28 months. The results generally have been satisfactory, with few complications.", "contents": "Correction of the over-projecting nasal tip by the suture technique. A simple method can be used for correctingan excessively projecting nasal tip. The technique involves suturing the anterior part of the medial crura of the alar cartilages to the posterior part of thecaudal end of the septal cartilage through a transfixion incision using permanent suture material. This technique is not applicable in cases where the integrity of the caudal end of the septum is compromised. Application of this procedure may, at times, result in an undesirable widening of the alae. In such cases, full-thickness resection of the alar bases is necessary. This method of nasal tip reduction has been used in 14 cases of rhinoplasty with a follow-up period of seven to 28 months. The results generally have been satisfactory, with few complications.", "PMID": 326239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9952", "title": "Some aspects of non-precious metal alloys for ceramic restorations.", "content": "Comment is made regarding the cost, related to working properties, of non-precious metal alloys compared to precious metal alloys for ceramics and their possible potential for the production of allergic response.", "contents": "Some aspects of non-precious metal alloys for ceramic restorations. Comment is made regarding the cost, related to working properties, of non-precious metal alloys compared to precious metal alloys for ceramics and their possible potential for the production of allergic response.", "PMID": 326240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9953", "title": "Post core systems in crown and bridgework.", "content": "Pulpless teeth require reinforcement if they are to act as supports for crown and bridgework restorations. Post core reinforcements can be accomplished by utilization of post core systems which offer the clinician a broad range of techniques. The mechanical procedures involved should be biologically oriented and related to stress distribution to the tooth root.", "contents": "Post core systems in crown and bridgework. Pulpless teeth require reinforcement if they are to act as supports for crown and bridgework restorations. Post core reinforcements can be accomplished by utilization of post core systems which offer the clinician a broad range of techniques. The mechanical procedures involved should be biologically oriented and related to stress distribution to the tooth root.", "PMID": 326241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9954", "title": "Evidence for the transmissibility of human dental caries.", "content": "Strains of Streptococcus mutans, an organism strongly implicated in the aetiology of human dental caries, have been identified by means of a bacteriocin typing technique. Examination of family groups suggests that the organism can be transmitted intrafamiliarly thus supporting the notion that human dental caries is an infectious transmissible disease.", "contents": "Evidence for the transmissibility of human dental caries. Strains of Streptococcus mutans, an organism strongly implicated in the aetiology of human dental caries, have been identified by means of a bacteriocin typing technique. Examination of family groups suggests that the organism can be transmitted intrafamiliarly thus supporting the notion that human dental caries is an infectious transmissible disease.", "PMID": 326242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9955", "title": "Comparison of terbutaline and salbutamol aerosols.", "content": "The bronchodilator effects of terbutaline, 500 microng, and salbutamol, 200 microng, by pressurised aerosol were compared in 16 patients (eight asthma, eight chronic bronchitis with asthma). Salbutamol produced greater bronchodilatation than terbutaline for the initial hour after inhalation. Thereafter, there was no difference in action and an effective bronchodilator response was maintained by each drug for at least four hours. beta2-adrenoceptor stimulating drugs by inhalation are widely used in the treatment of asthma. The purpose of this study was to compare the bronchodilator efficacies of two of these drugs, terbutaline and salbutamol by pressurised aerosol, in patients with partially reversible airways obstruction.", "contents": "Comparison of terbutaline and salbutamol aerosols. The bronchodilator effects of terbutaline, 500 microng, and salbutamol, 200 microng, by pressurised aerosol were compared in 16 patients (eight asthma, eight chronic bronchitis with asthma). Salbutamol produced greater bronchodilatation than terbutaline for the initial hour after inhalation. Thereafter, there was no difference in action and an effective bronchodilator response was maintained by each drug for at least four hours. beta2-adrenoceptor stimulating drugs by inhalation are widely used in the treatment of asthma. The purpose of this study was to compare the bronchodilator efficacies of two of these drugs, terbutaline and salbutamol by pressurised aerosol, in patients with partially reversible airways obstruction.", "PMID": 326244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9956", "title": "Use of a computer-based postal questionnaire for the detection of hypothyroidism following radioiodine therapy for thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "A computer-processed postal questionnaire was devised to detect hypothyroidism in patients treated previously for thyrotoxicosis with radioiodine. In a study of 232 patients treated with 131I at the Royal Melbourne Hospital between four and ten years previously, the sum of symptomatic answers in the questionnaire was a sensitive discriminator of hypothyroidism, and allowed 80% of euthyroid patients to be excluded from further assessment. Questions concerned with general well-being and energy, voice and skin changes, showed the highest sensitivity and specificity. The combination of these questions alone was an effective means of identifying hypothyroidism, with a sensitivity and specificity comparable to the more sophisticated technique of discriminant function analysis. Hypothyroidism had an incidence of between 20% and 35% six to eight years after 131I therapy and was related to a smaller initial goitre size for a given dose of 131I. This postal questionnaire, in conjunction with a computer-based automatic recall system, promises to be an efficient and reliable screening tool for the detection of hypothyroidism in the increasing number of patients \"at risk\" following 131I therapy.", "contents": "Use of a computer-based postal questionnaire for the detection of hypothyroidism following radioiodine therapy for thyrotoxicosis. A computer-processed postal questionnaire was devised to detect hypothyroidism in patients treated previously for thyrotoxicosis with radioiodine. In a study of 232 patients treated with 131I at the Royal Melbourne Hospital between four and ten years previously, the sum of symptomatic answers in the questionnaire was a sensitive discriminator of hypothyroidism, and allowed 80% of euthyroid patients to be excluded from further assessment. Questions concerned with general well-being and energy, voice and skin changes, showed the highest sensitivity and specificity. The combination of these questions alone was an effective means of identifying hypothyroidism, with a sensitivity and specificity comparable to the more sophisticated technique of discriminant function analysis. Hypothyroidism had an incidence of between 20% and 35% six to eight years after 131I therapy and was related to a smaller initial goitre size for a given dose of 131I. This postal questionnaire, in conjunction with a computer-based automatic recall system, promises to be an efficient and reliable screening tool for the detection of hypothyroidism in the increasing number of patients \"at risk\" following 131I therapy.", "PMID": 326246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9957", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in renal allograft recipients and immunosuppressed renal patients.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was estimated in plasma from 70 patients with a renal transplant, 105 patients with glomerulonephritis who had received immunosuppressive therapy, and 124 healthy controls. There were raised levels in 30% of those with a renal transplant, 10% of those with glomerulonephritis and 2% of controls, and levels were higher in current smokers. CEA levels did not correlate with pre-transplant dialysis time nor with serum creatinine levels, but tended to fall with increasing time after transplantation, especially in non-smokers. CEA levels did not correlate with prednisolone dosage nor with number of rejection episodes, after allowing for time after transplantation and smoking habit. Nine of 70 patients with a renal transplant and three of 105 with glomerulonephritis had cancer, of skin in seven, cervix uteri in four, and colon in one. CEA was raised in all four transplant recipients with a visceral cancer (cervix three and colon one), but in none of the five with cutaneous cancer. Raised CEA levels occurring late after a renal allograft should prompt a careful search for visceral cancer.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in renal allograft recipients and immunosuppressed renal patients. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was estimated in plasma from 70 patients with a renal transplant, 105 patients with glomerulonephritis who had received immunosuppressive therapy, and 124 healthy controls. There were raised levels in 30% of those with a renal transplant, 10% of those with glomerulonephritis and 2% of controls, and levels were higher in current smokers. CEA levels did not correlate with pre-transplant dialysis time nor with serum creatinine levels, but tended to fall with increasing time after transplantation, especially in non-smokers. CEA levels did not correlate with prednisolone dosage nor with number of rejection episodes, after allowing for time after transplantation and smoking habit. Nine of 70 patients with a renal transplant and three of 105 with glomerulonephritis had cancer, of skin in seven, cervix uteri in four, and colon in one. CEA was raised in all four transplant recipients with a visceral cancer (cervix three and colon one), but in none of the five with cutaneous cancer. Raised CEA levels occurring late after a renal allograft should prompt a careful search for visceral cancer.", "PMID": 326245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9958", "title": "Proline excretion in Escherichia coli: a comparison of an argD+ strain and a proline-excreting argD- derivative.", "content": "In an attempt to deduce the physiological basis of proline excretion in argD- strains of Escherichia coli K12, several properties of an argD+ (nonexcreting) and an argD- (excreting) derivative were compared. No difference was found in the transport or in the utilization of either proline or its immediate precursor, delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (PCA). Furthermore, no differences were found in the physical or kinetic properties of partially purified preparations of the enzyme mediating the final step in proline biosynthesis, PCA reductase. The specific activity of PCA reductase was, however, consistently higher in crude extracts prepared from the argD- mutant.", "contents": "Proline excretion in Escherichia coli: a comparison of an argD+ strain and a proline-excreting argD- derivative. In an attempt to deduce the physiological basis of proline excretion in argD- strains of Escherichia coli K12, several properties of an argD+ (nonexcreting) and an argD- (excreting) derivative were compared. No difference was found in the transport or in the utilization of either proline or its immediate precursor, delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (PCA). Furthermore, no differences were found in the physical or kinetic properties of partially purified preparations of the enzyme mediating the final step in proline biosynthesis, PCA reductase. The specific activity of PCA reductase was, however, consistently higher in crude extracts prepared from the argD- mutant.", "PMID": 326254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9959", "title": "The Dillon Beach Project--a five-year epidemiological study of naturally occurring salmonella infection in turkeys and their environment.", "content": "A 5-year epidemiological study of naturally occurring salmonella infection 2 basic strains of turkeys and their environment was completed. Multiple generations of these turkeys, free from salmonella infection, were raised on a new commercial breeding ranch (the Dillon Beach Ranch) in California during a 31/2-year period. Eight salmonella serotypes eventually gained access to the ranch. Egg transmission and prior contamination of the premises were ruled out as the source of these infections. The most likely means of their introduction was physical transport into the ranch by contaminated feed, personnel, and/or equipment. Several serotypes of salmonella were isolated from pelleted feed delivered to the ranch, demonstrating its role in introducing infection. The low isolation rate from feed samples and environmental samples taken from many buildings indicates the need for intensive sampling as a reliable indicator of infection. The most severe and consistently detected infection occurred in young birds grown in forced-air-ventilated buildings. A total of 17,858 bacteriological cultures representing about 102,756 environmental, feed, and bird samples, and 93,930 serological tests on 46,977 serum samples, were run during the study.", "contents": "The Dillon Beach Project--a five-year epidemiological study of naturally occurring salmonella infection in turkeys and their environment. A 5-year epidemiological study of naturally occurring salmonella infection 2 basic strains of turkeys and their environment was completed. Multiple generations of these turkeys, free from salmonella infection, were raised on a new commercial breeding ranch (the Dillon Beach Ranch) in California during a 31/2-year period. Eight salmonella serotypes eventually gained access to the ranch. Egg transmission and prior contamination of the premises were ruled out as the source of these infections. The most likely means of their introduction was physical transport into the ranch by contaminated feed, personnel, and/or equipment. Several serotypes of salmonella were isolated from pelleted feed delivered to the ranch, demonstrating its role in introducing infection. The low isolation rate from feed samples and environmental samples taken from many buildings indicates the need for intensive sampling as a reliable indicator of infection. The most severe and consistently detected infection occurred in young birds grown in forced-air-ventilated buildings. A total of 17,858 bacteriological cultures representing about 102,756 environmental, feed, and bird samples, and 93,930 serological tests on 46,977 serum samples, were run during the study.", "PMID": 326249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9960", "title": "The dissociation of sigma-factor from ribonucleic acid polymerase.", "content": "The sigma-factor of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase was shown to dissociate from the core enzyme as a function of absolute concentration. The association constant is in the range 10(6)-10(8) litre/mol. This implies that the amount of holoenzyme, core enzyme and sigma-factor in RNA polymerase assays may vary according to the absolute concentration of the enzyme.", "contents": "The dissociation of sigma-factor from ribonucleic acid polymerase. The sigma-factor of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase was shown to dissociate from the core enzyme as a function of absolute concentration. The association constant is in the range 10(6)-10(8) litre/mol. This implies that the amount of holoenzyme, core enzyme and sigma-factor in RNA polymerase assays may vary according to the absolute concentration of the enzyme.", "PMID": 326256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9961", "title": "The absorption of protons with alpha-methyl glucoside and alpha-thioethyl glucoside by the yeast N.C.Y.C. 240. Evidence against the phosphorylation hypothesis.", "content": "1. When yeast N.C.Y.C. 240 was grown with maltose in a complex medium based on yeast extract and peptone, washed cell preparations fermented alpha-methyl glucoside much more slowly than maltose. 2. The yeast absorbed alpha-methyl[14C]glucoside from a 10mM solution in the presence of antimycin and iodoacetamide, producing [14C]glucose, which accumulated outside the cells. The yeast itself contained hexose phosphates, trehalose, alpha-methyl glucoside and other products labelled with 14C, but no alpha-methyl glucoside phosphate. 3. About 1 equiv. of protons was absorbed with each equivalent of alpha-methylglucoside, and 1 equiv. of K+ ions left the yeast. 4. alpha-Thioethyl glucoside was also absorbed along with protons. Studies by g.l.c. showed that the yeast concentrated the compound without metabolizing it. 5. The presence of trehalose, sucrose, maltose, L-sorbose, glucose or alpha-phenyl glucoside in each case immediately stimulated proton uptake, whereas fructose, 3-O-methylglucose and 2-deoxyglucose failed to do so. 6. The observations support the conclusion that alpha-thioethyl glucoside, alpha-methyl glucoside and maltose are substrates of one or more proton symports, whereas they seem inconsistent with the notion that the absorption of alpha-methyl glucoside involves the phosphorylation of the carbohydrate [Van Stevenick (1970) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 203, 376-384].", "contents": "The absorption of protons with alpha-methyl glucoside and alpha-thioethyl glucoside by the yeast N.C.Y.C. 240. Evidence against the phosphorylation hypothesis. 1. When yeast N.C.Y.C. 240 was grown with maltose in a complex medium based on yeast extract and peptone, washed cell preparations fermented alpha-methyl glucoside much more slowly than maltose. 2. The yeast absorbed alpha-methyl[14C]glucoside from a 10mM solution in the presence of antimycin and iodoacetamide, producing [14C]glucose, which accumulated outside the cells. The yeast itself contained hexose phosphates, trehalose, alpha-methyl glucoside and other products labelled with 14C, but no alpha-methyl glucoside phosphate. 3. About 1 equiv. of protons was absorbed with each equivalent of alpha-methylglucoside, and 1 equiv. of K+ ions left the yeast. 4. alpha-Thioethyl glucoside was also absorbed along with protons. Studies by g.l.c. showed that the yeast concentrated the compound without metabolizing it. 5. The presence of trehalose, sucrose, maltose, L-sorbose, glucose or alpha-phenyl glucoside in each case immediately stimulated proton uptake, whereas fructose, 3-O-methylglucose and 2-deoxyglucose failed to do so. 6. The observations support the conclusion that alpha-thioethyl glucoside, alpha-methyl glucoside and maltose are substrates of one or more proton symports, whereas they seem inconsistent with the notion that the absorption of alpha-methyl glucoside involves the phosphorylation of the carbohydrate [Van Stevenick (1970) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 203, 376-384].", "PMID": 326255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9962", "title": "Bone marrow transplantation in patients with gold-induced marrow aplasia.", "content": "Aplastic anemia is a rare but usually fatal complication of gold salt therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. This report describes 3 patients who developed aplastic anemia while receiving gold salts, and a fourth patient who developed aplastic anemia after receiving gold and then cytotoxic agents. These patients failed to respond to conventional therapy for aplastic anemia and subsequently received bone marrow transplants from HLA-matched siblings. Engraftment occurred in all 4 patients. One patient is alive 2 years after transplantation, and 3 patients died of complications following transplantation.", "contents": "Bone marrow transplantation in patients with gold-induced marrow aplasia. Aplastic anemia is a rare but usually fatal complication of gold salt therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. This report describes 3 patients who developed aplastic anemia while receiving gold salts, and a fourth patient who developed aplastic anemia after receiving gold and then cytotoxic agents. These patients failed to respond to conventional therapy for aplastic anemia and subsequently received bone marrow transplants from HLA-matched siblings. Engraftment occurred in all 4 patients. One patient is alive 2 years after transplantation, and 3 patients died of complications following transplantation.", "PMID": 326260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9963", "title": "[Piprozoline in clinical trials (author's transl)].", "content": "The tolerance and efficacy of ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Problin) were investigated in open and controlled clinical trials involving a total of 1545 patients and 1807 courses of therapy. The objective of this paper is to compare the experimental findings, some of which have already been published, with the results of the extensive clinical investigations. Despite the well-known problems associated with obtaining precise data on upper abdominal disorders, the evaluation of the available comprehensive clinical data has shown that probiline possesses definite therapeutic benefits confirming the experimental findings. Individual complaints such as bloating, upper abdominal pressure, meteorism and flatulence, nausea and vomiting, constipation, anorexia, and fat intolerance improved significantly under probiline therapy. Taking all the criteria into consideration, the overall results of the studies with probiline versus placebo in patients with gall-bladder diseases and intestinal disorders have proved that this choleretic substance is of therapeutic benefit. Serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase showed a significantly greater tendency to return to normal levels under probiline therapy than with placebo. The majority of conditions treated were of biliary origin. Aside from establishing the drug's therapeutic profile, the data published also show that the rate of side-effects was insignificant.", "contents": "[Piprozoline in clinical trials (author's transl)]. The tolerance and efficacy of ethyl (Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene) acetate (piprozoline, G\u00f6 919, Problin) were investigated in open and controlled clinical trials involving a total of 1545 patients and 1807 courses of therapy. The objective of this paper is to compare the experimental findings, some of which have already been published, with the results of the extensive clinical investigations. Despite the well-known problems associated with obtaining precise data on upper abdominal disorders, the evaluation of the available comprehensive clinical data has shown that probiline possesses definite therapeutic benefits confirming the experimental findings. Individual complaints such as bloating, upper abdominal pressure, meteorism and flatulence, nausea and vomiting, constipation, anorexia, and fat intolerance improved significantly under probiline therapy. Taking all the criteria into consideration, the overall results of the studies with probiline versus placebo in patients with gall-bladder diseases and intestinal disorders have proved that this choleretic substance is of therapeutic benefit. Serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase showed a significantly greater tendency to return to normal levels under probiline therapy than with placebo. The majority of conditions treated were of biliary origin. Aside from establishing the drug's therapeutic profile, the data published also show that the rate of side-effects was insignificant.", "PMID": 326261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9964", "title": "A new centrally action antihypertensive agent guanfacine (BS 100-141).", "content": "In 21 patients with essential hypertension, all of whom completed the study, marked reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were achieved under therapy withN-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-acetamide hydrochloride (guanfacine, BS 100-141) administered 3 times daily in small to medium, gradually increasing doses. The lowest daily dose was 1 mg, the highest 10 mg, the average being 4 mg. Despite the low initial dosage and subsequent slow progression--designed to keep side effects within limits--BS 100-141 had a rapid and significant antihypertensive effect on both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Habituation, with consequent loss of effect, was not observed. Laboratory parameters did not change, although blood sugar was reported to have shown a general tendency to rise in the study. Renal function and electrolytes remained normal. This new anithypertensive should probably be classified, as regards efficacy, alongside clonidine and methyldopa; it would also seem to be about as well tolerated as these two compounds. In order to prevent side effects, a gradually increasing low-dose regimen is recommended.", "contents": "A new centrally action antihypertensive agent guanfacine (BS 100-141). In 21 patients with essential hypertension, all of whom completed the study, marked reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were achieved under therapy withN-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-acetamide hydrochloride (guanfacine, BS 100-141) administered 3 times daily in small to medium, gradually increasing doses. The lowest daily dose was 1 mg, the highest 10 mg, the average being 4 mg. Despite the low initial dosage and subsequent slow progression--designed to keep side effects within limits--BS 100-141 had a rapid and significant antihypertensive effect on both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Habituation, with consequent loss of effect, was not observed. Laboratory parameters did not change, although blood sugar was reported to have shown a general tendency to rise in the study. Renal function and electrolytes remained normal. This new anithypertensive should probably be classified, as regards efficacy, alongside clonidine and methyldopa; it would also seem to be about as well tolerated as these two compounds. In order to prevent side effects, a gradually increasing low-dose regimen is recommended.", "PMID": 326262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9965", "title": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships. V. A simple simple algorithm for Fujita-Ban and Free-Wilson analyses.", "content": "For quantitative structure-activity analyses a simple algorithm for the calculation of de novo group contributions by Fujita-Ban analysis is given. This algorithm corresponds in all details to a computer program for linear multiple regression analysis. However, the transformation of the original matrix to the normal equations matrix is easily achieved without a computer. The normal equations matrix can be solved with a modern desk calculator being equipped with a matrix ROM. Two examples are given to explain the algorithm; the calculation of all important statistical parameters is illustrated. As for quantitative structure-activity analyses this algorithm can be applied as well for the calculation of other additive parameters, such as pi from log P-values or omega from equilibrium constants.", "contents": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships. V. A simple simple algorithm for Fujita-Ban and Free-Wilson analyses. For quantitative structure-activity analyses a simple algorithm for the calculation of de novo group contributions by Fujita-Ban analysis is given. This algorithm corresponds in all details to a computer program for linear multiple regression analysis. However, the transformation of the original matrix to the normal equations matrix is easily achieved without a computer. The normal equations matrix can be solved with a modern desk calculator being equipped with a matrix ROM. Two examples are given to explain the algorithm; the calculation of all important statistical parameters is illustrated. As for quantitative structure-activity analyses this algorithm can be applied as well for the calculation of other additive parameters, such as pi from log P-values or omega from equilibrium constants.", "PMID": 326263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9966", "title": "[Double-blind long-term study on a combination of tetracycline, theophylline, doxylamine succinate, etafedrine, phenylephedrine and guaifenesine in chronic bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigations presented were undertaken to find out whether a long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis with a combination of tetracycline, theophylline, doxylamine succinate, etafedrine, phenylephrine and guaifenesine could reduce the frequency of recurrent infections of the respiratory system. Out of 57 patients who all had suffered from at least one exacerbation in the year preceding the trial only 12 showed clinical signs of an ixacerbation during the study. 12 exacerbations occurred during the placebo phase, 6 during the treatment with Ditenate Tetra. It is specified why such a long-term treatment with an antibiotic should be reserved only for patients who are especially endangered by the exacerbation. The results of numerous microbiological investigations of sputa, nose and throat swabs before and during the long-term study are interpreted under certain aspects and questioning.", "contents": "[Double-blind long-term study on a combination of tetracycline, theophylline, doxylamine succinate, etafedrine, phenylephedrine and guaifenesine in chronic bronchitis (author's transl)]. The investigations presented were undertaken to find out whether a long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis with a combination of tetracycline, theophylline, doxylamine succinate, etafedrine, phenylephrine and guaifenesine could reduce the frequency of recurrent infections of the respiratory system. Out of 57 patients who all had suffered from at least one exacerbation in the year preceding the trial only 12 showed clinical signs of an ixacerbation during the study. 12 exacerbations occurred during the placebo phase, 6 during the treatment with Ditenate Tetra. It is specified why such a long-term treatment with an antibiotic should be reserved only for patients who are especially endangered by the exacerbation. The results of numerous microbiological investigations of sputa, nose and throat swabs before and during the long-term study are interpreted under certain aspects and questioning.", "PMID": 326265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9967", "title": "[Treponemal hemagglutination test (TPHA). Validity of the micromethod using dilutions of sera 1/20-1/40].", "content": "The Authors studied the possibility to use, for the carrying out of the TPHA micromethod, higher serum dilutions, as preliminary investigations had pointed out an insufficient sensitivity of the reaction performed at the 1:80 - 1:160 dilutions, particularly in the primary-secondary phase of the luetic infection. The Authors controlled, preliminarily, that at the dilutions studied, no unacceptable increase of spontaneous hemagglutinations and false positive reactions took place in the test sera. The investigation stressed the acceptability of the methodological modification set forth.", "contents": "[Treponemal hemagglutination test (TPHA). Validity of the micromethod using dilutions of sera 1/20-1/40]. The Authors studied the possibility to use, for the carrying out of the TPHA micromethod, higher serum dilutions, as preliminary investigations had pointed out an insufficient sensitivity of the reaction performed at the 1:80 - 1:160 dilutions, particularly in the primary-secondary phase of the luetic infection. The Authors controlled, preliminarily, that at the dilutions studied, no unacceptable increase of spontaneous hemagglutinations and false positive reactions took place in the test sera. The investigation stressed the acceptability of the methodological modification set forth.", "PMID": 326267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9968", "title": "[Detection of hepatitis B antigens by use of the immunoenzymatic method (ELISA)].", "content": "The Authors investigated HBs antigen with an immunoenzymatic method (E.L.I.S.A.) in the sera of RIA and I.H. HBsAg positive hepatitis patients, in the sera of RIA and I.H. HBsAg-negative hepatitis patients and in those of normal subjects. E.L.I.S.A. test supplied results almost superposable to those obtained by RIA and therefore it seems worthy to be included among the most reliable techniques to detect hepatitis B surface antigen.", "contents": "[Detection of hepatitis B antigens by use of the immunoenzymatic method (ELISA)]. The Authors investigated HBs antigen with an immunoenzymatic method (E.L.I.S.A.) in the sera of RIA and I.H. HBsAg positive hepatitis patients, in the sera of RIA and I.H. HBsAg-negative hepatitis patients and in those of normal subjects. E.L.I.S.A. test supplied results almost superposable to those obtained by RIA and therefore it seems worthy to be included among the most reliable techniques to detect hepatitis B surface antigen.", "PMID": 326268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9969", "title": "Leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) production from lymphocytes stimulated by leucogenenol.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that human peripheral lymphocytes incubated in a tissue culture medium containing 0.04, 0.1, or 0.15 microgram/ml of leucogenenol form or release a factor that inhibits the migration of human peripheral PMN leukocyte. The factor is chromatographed of Sephadex G-100 and migrates on electrophoresis as an albumin, thus suggesting that it has the electric charge of an albumin. The factor is stable to neuraminidase and to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, but it is inactivated by heating at 80 degrees C for 60 min. Its physical and biological properties suggest that the factor is identical to the LIF reported by Rocklin.", "contents": "Leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) production from lymphocytes stimulated by leucogenenol. It has been demonstrated that human peripheral lymphocytes incubated in a tissue culture medium containing 0.04, 0.1, or 0.15 microgram/ml of leucogenenol form or release a factor that inhibits the migration of human peripheral PMN leukocyte. The factor is chromatographed of Sephadex G-100 and migrates on electrophoresis as an albumin, thus suggesting that it has the electric charge of an albumin. The factor is stable to neuraminidase and to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, but it is inactivated by heating at 80 degrees C for 60 min. Its physical and biological properties suggest that the factor is identical to the LIF reported by Rocklin.", "PMID": 326269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9970", "title": "Localization of carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA) in normal, inflammatory and neoplastic colonic mucosa by immunofluorescence.", "content": "To evaluate the role of tissutal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in different types of colonic mucosae specimens from normal, inflammatory and neoplastic tissues were examined in immunofluorescence (IFL) with a monospecific CEA antiserum. Neither the pattern of IFL nor the amount of antigen in the tissue (defined as the antiserum dilution beyond which CEA staining was no longer visible), could reliably distinguish any histological entity a consistent overlap being observed between positive and negative results in malignant and non malignant mucosa. No correlation was found betwen IFL and the level of serum CEA. It is concluded that the tissutal localization of CEA by immunohistochemistry plays no role in the differential diagnosis of different types of colonic mucosa.", "contents": "Localization of carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA) in normal, inflammatory and neoplastic colonic mucosa by immunofluorescence. To evaluate the role of tissutal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in different types of colonic mucosae specimens from normal, inflammatory and neoplastic tissues were examined in immunofluorescence (IFL) with a monospecific CEA antiserum. Neither the pattern of IFL nor the amount of antigen in the tissue (defined as the antiserum dilution beyond which CEA staining was no longer visible), could reliably distinguish any histological entity a consistent overlap being observed between positive and negative results in malignant and non malignant mucosa. No correlation was found betwen IFL and the level of serum CEA. It is concluded that the tissutal localization of CEA by immunohistochemistry plays no role in the differential diagnosis of different types of colonic mucosa.", "PMID": 326270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9971", "title": "[Effect of sera from patients with Graves' disease on the E-rosette function of normal lymphocytes].", "content": "Sera from 9 of 12 patients with untreated Graves' disease were able to inhibit E-rosette function of T lymphocytes collected from peripheral blood of normal donors. In the same sera thyroid antibodies were detected.", "contents": "[Effect of sera from patients with Graves' disease on the E-rosette function of normal lymphocytes]. Sera from 9 of 12 patients with untreated Graves' disease were able to inhibit E-rosette function of T lymphocytes collected from peripheral blood of normal donors. In the same sera thyroid antibodies were detected.", "PMID": 326271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9972", "title": "In vitro effect of insulin on peripheral T-lymphocyte E-rosette function from normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "Juvenile-onset diabetics (JOD) have a significantly low peripheral T-lymphocyte count. In vitro exposure of diabetic lymphocyte cultures to insulin causes a significant T-cells count increase and thereafter no significant difference is detectable among JOD, maturity-onset diabetics (MOD) and normal subjects (NS) T-cells counts. This finding supports the hypothesis that the T-lymphocyte depressed function present in JOD is a secondary phenomenon due to in vivo insulin deficiency. Possible mechanisms of insulin action in restoring E-rosette function are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro effect of insulin on peripheral T-lymphocyte E-rosette function from normal and diabetic subjects. Juvenile-onset diabetics (JOD) have a significantly low peripheral T-lymphocyte count. In vitro exposure of diabetic lymphocyte cultures to insulin causes a significant T-cells count increase and thereafter no significant difference is detectable among JOD, maturity-onset diabetics (MOD) and normal subjects (NS) T-cells counts. This finding supports the hypothesis that the T-lymphocyte depressed function present in JOD is a secondary phenomenon due to in vivo insulin deficiency. Possible mechanisms of insulin action in restoring E-rosette function are discussed.", "PMID": 326272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9973", "title": "Immunological study of patients with Hodgkin's disease in long-lasting not-maintained complete remission.", "content": "Immunological parameters have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo in 20 Hodgkin's disease patients in continuous not maintained complete remission for at least 3 years. IgG, IgA and IgM levels were within the normal range. Delayed sensitivity, assayed by a battery of recall antigens, was normal too, in the majority of patients. The number of circulating lymphocytes was slightly inferior to normal controls. T cells, evaluated by the rosette E formation, seems to be diminished; on the contrary, B cells, evaluated by the membrane immunofluorescence, were increased in respect to normal controls. The differences are statistically significant. Timidine uptake of PHA stimulated lymphocytes was diminished too. It is concluded that even if these patients' clinical behaviour is like that of normal population, it is possible to find a disorder in vitro parameters, which could be attributable to long lasting effect of the therapy and/or to the persistence of serum factors acting as anti-T cells antibodies.", "contents": "Immunological study of patients with Hodgkin's disease in long-lasting not-maintained complete remission. Immunological parameters have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo in 20 Hodgkin's disease patients in continuous not maintained complete remission for at least 3 years. IgG, IgA and IgM levels were within the normal range. Delayed sensitivity, assayed by a battery of recall antigens, was normal too, in the majority of patients. The number of circulating lymphocytes was slightly inferior to normal controls. T cells, evaluated by the rosette E formation, seems to be diminished; on the contrary, B cells, evaluated by the membrane immunofluorescence, were increased in respect to normal controls. The differences are statistically significant. Timidine uptake of PHA stimulated lymphocytes was diminished too. It is concluded that even if these patients' clinical behaviour is like that of normal population, it is possible to find a disorder in vitro parameters, which could be attributable to long lasting effect of the therapy and/or to the persistence of serum factors acting as anti-T cells antibodies.", "PMID": 326273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9974", "title": "[The ELISA test in immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis. Preliminary observations].", "content": "An evaluation of the E.L.I.S.A. method, compared to the indirect hemagglutination (I.H.) and to the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) tests for the biological diagnosis of hydatidosis, was performed on 31 sera of patients, carrier of hydatid cysts, on 17 sera of patients with other infectious and parasitic diseases, and on 7 sera of blood donors. The immunoenzymatic test turned out positive in 30 out of the 31 sera of the patients with active hydatidosis (96.7%), while IH and CIEP turned out positive in 29 cases (93.5%). The control sera from patients with other diseases proved to be all negative, except one from a patient with active schistosomiasis. E.L.I.S.A. test was constantly negative with the sera of normal subjects. The validity and usefulness of E.L.I.S.A test for the diagnosis of the hydatid disease is discussed.", "contents": "[The ELISA test in immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis. Preliminary observations]. An evaluation of the E.L.I.S.A. method, compared to the indirect hemagglutination (I.H.) and to the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) tests for the biological diagnosis of hydatidosis, was performed on 31 sera of patients, carrier of hydatid cysts, on 17 sera of patients with other infectious and parasitic diseases, and on 7 sera of blood donors. The immunoenzymatic test turned out positive in 30 out of the 31 sera of the patients with active hydatidosis (96.7%), while IH and CIEP turned out positive in 29 cases (93.5%). The control sera from patients with other diseases proved to be all negative, except one from a patient with active schistosomiasis. E.L.I.S.A. test was constantly negative with the sera of normal subjects. The validity and usefulness of E.L.I.S.A test for the diagnosis of the hydatid disease is discussed.", "PMID": 326274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9975", "title": "Intramuscular diazepam in labour. A double-blind trial in multiparae.", "content": "Diazepam 0.2 mg/kg, diazepam 0.3 mg/kg or a placebo were administered i.m., during labour, in a double-blind fashion to 28 multiparous patients. Although there were no significant differences in the requirements for i.m. pethidine during labour, diazepam was associated with a superior quality of pain relief. Diazepam 0.3 mg/kg i.m. produced no obvious adverse effects upon the neonate.", "contents": "Intramuscular diazepam in labour. A double-blind trial in multiparae. Diazepam 0.2 mg/kg, diazepam 0.3 mg/kg or a placebo were administered i.m., during labour, in a double-blind fashion to 28 multiparous patients. Although there were no significant differences in the requirements for i.m. pethidine during labour, diazepam was associated with a superior quality of pain relief. Diazepam 0.3 mg/kg i.m. produced no obvious adverse effects upon the neonate.", "PMID": 326281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9976", "title": "Influence of milk source on transplantability of histocompatible mammary tumours in mice.", "content": "It is confirmed that C3H mammary tumours are much more easily transplantable in histocompatible recipients when these have been reared on C3H milk, than when they have been reared on milk from the inbred Swiss/B strain. By contrast, A.CA mammary tumours transplanted in histocompatible hosts reared on A.CA or Swiss/B milk, grow almost equally well in both sorts of recipient. Thus, rearing on Swiss/B milk has different effects on the transplantability of mammary tumours of C3H and A.CA. On the other hand, recipients which were reared on C3H or A.CA milks accept grafts of C3H mammary tumours about equally, suggesting that milks from A.CA and C3H have the same effect on the transplantability of C3H mammary tumours. The different action of Swiss/B milk on tumours of C3H and A.CA seems best attributed to differences between C3H and A.CA tumours or between mouse strain genotypes. By contrast, the transplantability of C3H mammary tumours is significantly changed when the recipients were reared on milk from the RIII strain instead of C3H. These facts suggest that the milk from RIII has an action which differs from that of both C3H and A.CA in this respect. The data are discussed on the basis of a differential tollerance-inducing action of mammary tumour viruses (MTVs) which infect C3H, A.CA and RIII, and have an important role in tumour induction.", "contents": "Influence of milk source on transplantability of histocompatible mammary tumours in mice. It is confirmed that C3H mammary tumours are much more easily transplantable in histocompatible recipients when these have been reared on C3H milk, than when they have been reared on milk from the inbred Swiss/B strain. By contrast, A.CA mammary tumours transplanted in histocompatible hosts reared on A.CA or Swiss/B milk, grow almost equally well in both sorts of recipient. Thus, rearing on Swiss/B milk has different effects on the transplantability of mammary tumours of C3H and A.CA. On the other hand, recipients which were reared on C3H or A.CA milks accept grafts of C3H mammary tumours about equally, suggesting that milks from A.CA and C3H have the same effect on the transplantability of C3H mammary tumours. The different action of Swiss/B milk on tumours of C3H and A.CA seems best attributed to differences between C3H and A.CA tumours or between mouse strain genotypes. By contrast, the transplantability of C3H mammary tumours is significantly changed when the recipients were reared on milk from the RIII strain instead of C3H. These facts suggest that the milk from RIII has an action which differs from that of both C3H and A.CA in this respect. The data are discussed on the basis of a differential tollerance-inducing action of mammary tumour viruses (MTVs) which infect C3H, A.CA and RIII, and have an important role in tumour induction.", "PMID": 326285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9977", "title": "Increased expression of actin-like contractile protein in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in rat liver.", "content": "Cryostat sections of 16 preneoplastic and 14 neoplastic hepatic lesions induced in rats by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) were examined by indirect immunofluorescence with human serum containing smooth-muscle antibody (SMA). Preneoplastic lesions showed strong cytoplasmic staining of proliferating oval cells and of the cell outlines of hepatocytes, in areas of nodular hyperplasia. In carcinomas, poorly differentiated hepatocytes showed staining of cell outlines, while well differentiated tumour cells forming glandular structures showed only staining of the luminar surfaces. The stromal cells also showed cytoplasmic staining. Morphologically normal areas of 3'-Me-DAB-treated livers showed weak staining of cell outlines, similar to normal liver. Specificity of the staining reactions was established by failure of staining in parallel control sections treated with normal human serum, or SMA serum neutralized by absorptions with homogenates of smooth muscle or extracts of actin. The results suggest that there is an increased expression of actin-like contractile protein in preneoplastic and poorly differentiated neoplastic liver cells.", "contents": "Increased expression of actin-like contractile protein in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in rat liver. Cryostat sections of 16 preneoplastic and 14 neoplastic hepatic lesions induced in rats by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) were examined by indirect immunofluorescence with human serum containing smooth-muscle antibody (SMA). Preneoplastic lesions showed strong cytoplasmic staining of proliferating oval cells and of the cell outlines of hepatocytes, in areas of nodular hyperplasia. In carcinomas, poorly differentiated hepatocytes showed staining of cell outlines, while well differentiated tumour cells forming glandular structures showed only staining of the luminar surfaces. The stromal cells also showed cytoplasmic staining. Morphologically normal areas of 3'-Me-DAB-treated livers showed weak staining of cell outlines, similar to normal liver. Specificity of the staining reactions was established by failure of staining in parallel control sections treated with normal human serum, or SMA serum neutralized by absorptions with homogenates of smooth muscle or extracts of actin. The results suggest that there is an increased expression of actin-like contractile protein in preneoplastic and poorly differentiated neoplastic liver cells.", "PMID": 326286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9978", "title": "Measurement of liver blood flow in the rat using an 85Krypton clearance technique.", "content": "A method for the measurement of liver blood flow (LBF) in rats has been developed by recording the clearance of 85Kr from the liver after injection of a solution of the gas into the portal vein. This technique provides a measure of tissue perfusion at a cellular level. The animal preparation was maintained in a stable haemodynamic and respiratory state for up to 4-3 h by careful fluid and anaesthetic control. Stability of the model was reflected by relative constancy of the LBF measured throughout the experiment in all of the animals studied. The mean LBF determined in six rats was 2-41+/-(s.d.) 0-50 ml/g/min.", "contents": "Measurement of liver blood flow in the rat using an 85Krypton clearance technique. A method for the measurement of liver blood flow (LBF) in rats has been developed by recording the clearance of 85Kr from the liver after injection of a solution of the gas into the portal vein. This technique provides a measure of tissue perfusion at a cellular level. The animal preparation was maintained in a stable haemodynamic and respiratory state for up to 4-3 h by careful fluid and anaesthetic control. Stability of the model was reflected by relative constancy of the LBF measured throughout the experiment in all of the animals studied. The mean LBF determined in six rats was 2-41+/-(s.d.) 0-50 ml/g/min.", "PMID": 326287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9979", "title": "Liver tissue blood flow measured by 85Kr clearance in the anaesthetized rat before and after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "The changes in liver haemodynamics following partial hepatectomy (PH) were studied using an 85Kr clearance technique to measure perfusion in the livers of rats before and after both PH and sham operations. Post-operative measurements were made for 8 h following operation and also at 21 and 35 h, when uptake of tritiated thymidine into DNA is maximal in regenerating rat liver. Sham operation did not influence hepatic perfusion, arterial pressure or portal pressure. PH induced an early increase in perfusion of 293% in spite of a decrease in arterial blood pressure during the initial 4 h. The increase in perfusion lasted at least 8 h, had returned to normal values by 35 h, and was not explained solely by an observed elevation of portal pressure of 50% which returned to normal 5 h postoperatively. The total volume flow to the liver remnant after PH, however, was essentially the same as the flow to the liver before operation.", "contents": "Liver tissue blood flow measured by 85Kr clearance in the anaesthetized rat before and after partial hepatectomy. The changes in liver haemodynamics following partial hepatectomy (PH) were studied using an 85Kr clearance technique to measure perfusion in the livers of rats before and after both PH and sham operations. Post-operative measurements were made for 8 h following operation and also at 21 and 35 h, when uptake of tritiated thymidine into DNA is maximal in regenerating rat liver. Sham operation did not influence hepatic perfusion, arterial pressure or portal pressure. PH induced an early increase in perfusion of 293% in spite of a decrease in arterial blood pressure during the initial 4 h. The increase in perfusion lasted at least 8 h, had returned to normal values by 35 h, and was not explained solely by an observed elevation of portal pressure of 50% which returned to normal 5 h postoperatively. The total volume flow to the liver remnant after PH, however, was essentially the same as the flow to the liver before operation.", "PMID": 326288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9980", "title": "Enteric flora of normal laboratory guinea-pigs.", "content": "The bowel flora of guinea-pigs was studied using non-selective cultural conditions and conditions highly selective for Escherichia coli organisma. No E. coli were cultured from adult or juvenile bowel content. Parallel studies showed that culture media supported the growth of small numbers of reference E. coli \"seeded\" into them along with bowel content. It is concluded that normal adult laboratory guinea-pigs may be bacteriologically equivalent to the NCS strain of \"E. coli-free\" mice.", "contents": "Enteric flora of normal laboratory guinea-pigs. The bowel flora of guinea-pigs was studied using non-selective cultural conditions and conditions highly selective for Escherichia coli organisma. No E. coli were cultured from adult or juvenile bowel content. Parallel studies showed that culture media supported the growth of small numbers of reference E. coli \"seeded\" into them along with bowel content. It is concluded that normal adult laboratory guinea-pigs may be bacteriologically equivalent to the NCS strain of \"E. coli-free\" mice.", "PMID": 326289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9981", "title": "The isolation and characterization of a bile ductule cell population from normal and bile-duct ligated rat livers.", "content": "The separation of bile ductule cells from Kupffer and sinusoidal endothelial cells in a suspension of non-parenchymal cells has been attempted. Bile duct ligation was performed so that a four-fold increase in the total number of non-parenchymal cells isolated from rat liver was attained and the proportions of both Kupffer and bile ductule cells were elevated. Rate zonal centrifugation, through a Ficoll gradient, partially separated the cells into two populations: (1) small cells (4-6 micrometer diameter) probably originating from the sinusoidal endothelium and (2) larger bile ductule and Kupffer cells (8-12 micrometer diameter). A more successful separation was achieved by isopycnic centrifugation through a linear metrizamide gradient. Bile duct ligation (14 days) altered the distribution of cells on the gradient and the peak containing bile ductule and Kupffer cells partially subdivided into the separate cell types. Antiserum raised against the bile ductule fraction was shown to be compatible with that raised against common bile duct tissue. gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase activity were preferentially located in the rate zonal fraction containing bile ductule cells. Their specific activity increased after bile duct ligation as did that of beta-glucuronidase, which was raised in all cells.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of a bile ductule cell population from normal and bile-duct ligated rat livers. The separation of bile ductule cells from Kupffer and sinusoidal endothelial cells in a suspension of non-parenchymal cells has been attempted. Bile duct ligation was performed so that a four-fold increase in the total number of non-parenchymal cells isolated from rat liver was attained and the proportions of both Kupffer and bile ductule cells were elevated. Rate zonal centrifugation, through a Ficoll gradient, partially separated the cells into two populations: (1) small cells (4-6 micrometer diameter) probably originating from the sinusoidal endothelium and (2) larger bile ductule and Kupffer cells (8-12 micrometer diameter). A more successful separation was achieved by isopycnic centrifugation through a linear metrizamide gradient. Bile duct ligation (14 days) altered the distribution of cells on the gradient and the peak containing bile ductule and Kupffer cells partially subdivided into the separate cell types. Antiserum raised against the bile ductule fraction was shown to be compatible with that raised against common bile duct tissue. gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase activity were preferentially located in the rate zonal fraction containing bile ductule cells. Their specific activity increased after bile duct ligation as did that of beta-glucuronidase, which was raised in all cells.", "PMID": 326290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9982", "title": "Dermatitis herpetiformis and reticulum cell sarcoma, a rare complication.", "content": "A patient with longstanding dermatitis herpetiformis and adult coeliac disease developed perforation of a jejunal reticulum cell sarcoma. This is probably the third reported case of reticulum cell sarcoma occurring in association with dermatitis herpetiformis.", "contents": "Dermatitis herpetiformis and reticulum cell sarcoma, a rare complication. A patient with longstanding dermatitis herpetiformis and adult coeliac disease developed perforation of a jejunal reticulum cell sarcoma. This is probably the third reported case of reticulum cell sarcoma occurring in association with dermatitis herpetiformis.", "PMID": 326291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9983", "title": "Herpes gestationis. A high titre of anti-HLA-B8 antibody in the mother and pemphigoid-like immunohistological findings in the mother and the child.", "content": "A mother with herpes gestationis and her child without cutaneous lesions had analogous immunohistological findings. In the skin they had deposits of IgG and C3 component of complement at the basement membrane zone. Circulating IgG antibody to the basement membrane was also demonstrated in both. The mother also had a high titre of anti-HLA antibody against a histocompatibility antigen (HLA-B8) present in the child. A possible role of this HLA antibody in the pathomechanism of herpes gestationis is discussed.", "contents": "Herpes gestationis. A high titre of anti-HLA-B8 antibody in the mother and pemphigoid-like immunohistological findings in the mother and the child. A mother with herpes gestationis and her child without cutaneous lesions had analogous immunohistological findings. In the skin they had deposits of IgG and C3 component of complement at the basement membrane zone. Circulating IgG antibody to the basement membrane was also demonstrated in both. The mother also had a high titre of anti-HLA antibody against a histocompatibility antigen (HLA-B8) present in the child. A possible role of this HLA antibody in the pathomechanism of herpes gestationis is discussed.", "PMID": 326292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9984", "title": "Cytoplasmic and HL-A antigens in the human epidermis.", "content": "HL-A antisera were found to react, in indirect immunofluorescence on human skin, with the cytoplasm of the upper cell layers of the epidermis. It has been established that this staining was not due to an HL-A-antigen-antibody reaction but rather to a contamination of HL-A antisera with non-HL-A epidermal cytoplasmic antibodies. These findings ruled out a previous hypothesis that HL-A antigens were expressed in the cytoplasm of the upper epidermal cell layers. The localization of HL-A antigens in the human epidermis has not been demonstrated by use of indirect immunofluorescence.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic and HL-A antigens in the human epidermis. HL-A antisera were found to react, in indirect immunofluorescence on human skin, with the cytoplasm of the upper cell layers of the epidermis. It has been established that this staining was not due to an HL-A-antigen-antibody reaction but rather to a contamination of HL-A antisera with non-HL-A epidermal cytoplasmic antibodies. These findings ruled out a previous hypothesis that HL-A antigens were expressed in the cytoplasm of the upper epidermal cell layers. The localization of HL-A antigens in the human epidermis has not been demonstrated by use of indirect immunofluorescence.", "PMID": 326294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9985", "title": "Betamethasone valerate aerosol in the treatment of oral lichen planus.", "content": "Betamethasone valerate aerosol, given in doses of up to 800 microgram per day, was compared with placebo in a double-blind trial involving 23 patients with oral lichen planus. The majority of patients receiving the active aerosol noted improvement within the first 2 weeks of treatment and at 8 weeks the lesions had almost cleared; in contrast, only 2 patients on placebo showed slight improvement over the same time period. The results suggest that this form of treatment is an effective and acceptable method of controlling the discomfort due to oral lichen planus, especially where minor erosions are present.", "contents": "Betamethasone valerate aerosol in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Betamethasone valerate aerosol, given in doses of up to 800 microgram per day, was compared with placebo in a double-blind trial involving 23 patients with oral lichen planus. The majority of patients receiving the active aerosol noted improvement within the first 2 weeks of treatment and at 8 weeks the lesions had almost cleared; in contrast, only 2 patients on placebo showed slight improvement over the same time period. The results suggest that this form of treatment is an effective and acceptable method of controlling the discomfort due to oral lichen planus, especially where minor erosions are present.", "PMID": 326295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9986", "title": "The measurement of granulocyte kinetics.", "content": "Studies using 3H-TdR, DF32P or 51Cr have all contributed important information concerning neutrophil kinetics in normal and abnormal conditions. Recent evidence, however, suggests that DF32P underestimates, and 51Cr overestimates, the blood neutrophil T1/2 and that both isotopes overestimate the TBNP, compared with 3H-TdR-derived data. The differences are quantitative and not qualitative, and the principles of blood neutrophil kinetics defined by DF32P studies are still valid. 3H-TdR studies are impractical for general use, and clinical measurement of neutrophil kinetics will have to continue to rely on the use of either DF32P or 51Cr. Comparison of abnormal findings with normal values obtained using the same isotope is probably valid for either technique. Changes in neutrophil kinetics leading to a neutrophil leucocytosis in different situations are fairly predictable from published data. In neutropenias, however, kinetic studies might be needed to delineate the relative contributions of under-production, shortened survival and excessive margination in the individual patient.", "contents": "The measurement of granulocyte kinetics. Studies using 3H-TdR, DF32P or 51Cr have all contributed important information concerning neutrophil kinetics in normal and abnormal conditions. Recent evidence, however, suggests that DF32P underestimates, and 51Cr overestimates, the blood neutrophil T1/2 and that both isotopes overestimate the TBNP, compared with 3H-TdR-derived data. The differences are quantitative and not qualitative, and the principles of blood neutrophil kinetics defined by DF32P studies are still valid. 3H-TdR studies are impractical for general use, and clinical measurement of neutrophil kinetics will have to continue to rely on the use of either DF32P or 51Cr. Comparison of abnormal findings with normal values obtained using the same isotope is probably valid for either technique. Changes in neutrophil kinetics leading to a neutrophil leucocytosis in different situations are fairly predictable from published data. In neutropenias, however, kinetic studies might be needed to delineate the relative contributions of under-production, shortened survival and excessive margination in the individual patient.", "PMID": 326297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9987", "title": "Inhibition of leukaemia blast cell motility as a test for specific antibody in acute adult myelogenous leukaemia.", "content": "Migration studies of acute myelogenous leukaemia blast cells in autologous diagnostic and remission sera from a series of 11 patients have demonstrated two factors. A factor of less than 70 000 molecular weight appears to potentiate blast cell migration whereas the other of molecular weights 100 000-250 000 inhibits blast cell migration relative to a standard non-immune AB serum. The low molecular weight fraction was found in the serum of patients prior to relapse while the greater molecular weight fraction was possibly an IgG antibody that increased in concentration with length of remission. The inhibitory factor was found in patients following immunotherapy and in one patient who received chemotherapy alone. An inhibitory factor was also consistently found in patients in overt clinical relapse following on remission induction and maintenance therapy.", "contents": "Inhibition of leukaemia blast cell motility as a test for specific antibody in acute adult myelogenous leukaemia. Migration studies of acute myelogenous leukaemia blast cells in autologous diagnostic and remission sera from a series of 11 patients have demonstrated two factors. A factor of less than 70 000 molecular weight appears to potentiate blast cell migration whereas the other of molecular weights 100 000-250 000 inhibits blast cell migration relative to a standard non-immune AB serum. The low molecular weight fraction was found in the serum of patients prior to relapse while the greater molecular weight fraction was possibly an IgG antibody that increased in concentration with length of remission. The inhibitory factor was found in patients following immunotherapy and in one patient who received chemotherapy alone. An inhibitory factor was also consistently found in patients in overt clinical relapse following on remission induction and maintenance therapy.", "PMID": 326298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9988", "title": "Effect of topical atenolol on intraocular pressure.", "content": "Placebo and topical atenolol (Tenormin), a selective beta1-adrenergic blocking substance with no intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane-stabilising properties, were tested in 16 patients with ocular hypertension in a double-blind cross-over trial. Three different concentrations of atenolol (1, 2, and 4%) were investigated. After a single instillation there was a statistically significant fall in mean intraocular pressure (IOP) with all the concentrations after one hour, with a maximum after two to three hours. The effect had passed off after seven hours. In multiple-dose studies with applications three times a day for seven days there was a statistically significant fall in the mean IOP on the first day of treatment (all three concentrations), which persisted throughout the week. In the single-dose study only a slight dose-dependence was observed. This could not be confirmed in the multiple-dose trial. Pupil size, corneal sensitivity, systemic blood pressure, and heart rate were unaffected. No side effects were noted. Thus topically applied atenolol lowers IOP in patients with ocular hypertension and may be clinically useful.", "contents": "Effect of topical atenolol on intraocular pressure. Placebo and topical atenolol (Tenormin), a selective beta1-adrenergic blocking substance with no intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane-stabilising properties, were tested in 16 patients with ocular hypertension in a double-blind cross-over trial. Three different concentrations of atenolol (1, 2, and 4%) were investigated. After a single instillation there was a statistically significant fall in mean intraocular pressure (IOP) with all the concentrations after one hour, with a maximum after two to three hours. The effect had passed off after seven hours. In multiple-dose studies with applications three times a day for seven days there was a statistically significant fall in the mean IOP on the first day of treatment (all three concentrations), which persisted throughout the week. In the single-dose study only a slight dose-dependence was observed. This could not be confirmed in the multiple-dose trial. Pupil size, corneal sensitivity, systemic blood pressure, and heart rate were unaffected. No side effects were noted. Thus topically applied atenolol lowers IOP in patients with ocular hypertension and may be clinically useful.", "PMID": 326301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9989", "title": "Comparison of ocular hypotensive effects of acetazolamide and atenolol.", "content": "The ocular hypotensive effect of single oral doses of (a) atenolol (50 mg), (b) acetazolamide (500 mg), (c) atenolol (50 mg) and acetazolamide (500 mg) in combination, and (d) vehicle (inert tablets) were compared in 8 patients with glaucoma. In this single-dose, double-masked trial the combination was observed as most effective in reducing ocular tension. Both the combination and atenolol performed markedly better than vehicle. That acetazolamide did not reduce ocular tension significantly more than vehicle is probably explained by relatively low initial ocular tensions. There was no evidence of interaction between atenolol and acetazolamide in this study. Acetazolamide probably remains the first-choice oral medication for glaucoma. It is cautiously suggested that beta-blocking drugs may have a future therapeutic role, but longer-term studies on larger numbers will be required to establish this.", "contents": "Comparison of ocular hypotensive effects of acetazolamide and atenolol. The ocular hypotensive effect of single oral doses of (a) atenolol (50 mg), (b) acetazolamide (500 mg), (c) atenolol (50 mg) and acetazolamide (500 mg) in combination, and (d) vehicle (inert tablets) were compared in 8 patients with glaucoma. In this single-dose, double-masked trial the combination was observed as most effective in reducing ocular tension. Both the combination and atenolol performed markedly better than vehicle. That acetazolamide did not reduce ocular tension significantly more than vehicle is probably explained by relatively low initial ocular tensions. There was no evidence of interaction between atenolol and acetazolamide in this study. Acetazolamide probably remains the first-choice oral medication for glaucoma. It is cautiously suggested that beta-blocking drugs may have a future therapeutic role, but longer-term studies on larger numbers will be required to establish this.", "PMID": 326302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9990", "title": "Atenolol eye drops in glaucoma: a double-masked, controlled study.", "content": "Guttae atenolol 4% (Tenormin), a pure beta1-blocking (i.e., cardioselective) drug, produced a median overall fall of 5-6 mmHg (range 3-2 to 13-2 mmHg) in the first tonometrised eyes of 7 patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and 1 with closed-angle glaucoma (off any treatment for the whole of the day preceding each test day) after allowance for an 'effect' of guttae saline 0-9%, in a double-masked, cross-over trial. By a Wilcoxon matched pairs rank test this was significant at the P less than 0-05 level. The median overall fall of 3-5 mmHg (range 0-8 to 10-8 mmHg) in the second-tonometrised eyes of 7 patients (1 of the 8 contributed only 1 eye) was also significant (P less than 0-05). In 2 patients who had been treated with guttae atenolol 4% daily 3 X for 1 and 2 months there is evidence that, on replacing the atenolol 4% with saline 0-9%, a rise of pressure of around 3 mmHg occurred 2 and 3 and 5 days later, i.e., the drug still retained its effectivity (slightly reduced) after 1 and 2 months.", "contents": "Atenolol eye drops in glaucoma: a double-masked, controlled study. Guttae atenolol 4% (Tenormin), a pure beta1-blocking (i.e., cardioselective) drug, produced a median overall fall of 5-6 mmHg (range 3-2 to 13-2 mmHg) in the first tonometrised eyes of 7 patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and 1 with closed-angle glaucoma (off any treatment for the whole of the day preceding each test day) after allowance for an 'effect' of guttae saline 0-9%, in a double-masked, cross-over trial. By a Wilcoxon matched pairs rank test this was significant at the P less than 0-05 level. The median overall fall of 3-5 mmHg (range 0-8 to 10-8 mmHg) in the second-tonometrised eyes of 7 patients (1 of the 8 contributed only 1 eye) was also significant (P less than 0-05). In 2 patients who had been treated with guttae atenolol 4% daily 3 X for 1 and 2 months there is evidence that, on replacing the atenolol 4% with saline 0-9%, a rise of pressure of around 3 mmHg occurred 2 and 3 and 5 days later, i.e., the drug still retained its effectivity (slightly reduced) after 1 and 2 months.", "PMID": 326303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9991", "title": "Astigmatism in cataract surgery.", "content": "We report on our investigation into astigmatism in 40 eyes following a corneal cataract incision closed with a continuous 10/0 nylon monofilament suture (Ethilon). Immediately after surgery there was astigmatism caused by the nylon suture (suture-induced astigmatism), its severity depending on the tightness of the suture. It ranged from 1 to 10-5 dioptres, the mean value 4-09 dioptres with a standard deviation of +/-2-5. Removing the nylon suture eliminated this astigmatism and within a few weeks the corneal astigmatism correction in 48% of eyes returned to the preoperative level. In 80% of eyes the difference between the final postoperative corneal astigmatism (4 months after removing the continuous suture) and the preoperative astigmatism was 0-75 dioptres or less and the maximum change was 1-5 dioptres. In 40% of eyes the axis of the cylinder changed from a horizontal to an oblique axis but did not change from a with- to against-the-rule axis. The degree of astigmatism remained constant while the suture was in place and in 50% of eyes was equal to or less than 3 dioptres. The mean of the spherical equivalents was 11-31 dioptres with a standard deviation of +/-1-25. A spectacle correction 14 days after operation prescribed either as the mean spherical equivalent (11-50 dioptres) or according to the patient's refraction will give satisfactory vision until the suture is removed 4 months after operation. The degree of astigmatism following a corneal section and continuous nylon suture compares very favourably with astigmatism following other suturing techniques for cataract.", "contents": "Astigmatism in cataract surgery. We report on our investigation into astigmatism in 40 eyes following a corneal cataract incision closed with a continuous 10/0 nylon monofilament suture (Ethilon). Immediately after surgery there was astigmatism caused by the nylon suture (suture-induced astigmatism), its severity depending on the tightness of the suture. It ranged from 1 to 10-5 dioptres, the mean value 4-09 dioptres with a standard deviation of +/-2-5. Removing the nylon suture eliminated this astigmatism and within a few weeks the corneal astigmatism correction in 48% of eyes returned to the preoperative level. In 80% of eyes the difference between the final postoperative corneal astigmatism (4 months after removing the continuous suture) and the preoperative astigmatism was 0-75 dioptres or less and the maximum change was 1-5 dioptres. In 40% of eyes the axis of the cylinder changed from a horizontal to an oblique axis but did not change from a with- to against-the-rule axis. The degree of astigmatism remained constant while the suture was in place and in 50% of eyes was equal to or less than 3 dioptres. The mean of the spherical equivalents was 11-31 dioptres with a standard deviation of +/-1-25. A spectacle correction 14 days after operation prescribed either as the mean spherical equivalent (11-50 dioptres) or according to the patient's refraction will give satisfactory vision until the suture is removed 4 months after operation. The degree of astigmatism following a corneal section and continuous nylon suture compares very favourably with astigmatism following other suturing techniques for cataract.", "PMID": 326304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9992", "title": "Immunopathology of the lens. III. Humoral and cellular immune responses to autologous lens antigens and their roles in ocular inflammation.", "content": "In experimental rabbits it has been shown for the first time that autologous lens protein is antigenic when injected with Freund's complete adjuvant. Although lens haemagglutinins were detected in 6 out of 7 rabbits, in only 3 of the 6 animals did the titre reach a maximum of 1:640. A weak agar precipitation reaction was obtained with only 1 of the 3 sera. It would appear, therefore, that the passive haemagglutination test is superior for the detection of autologous lens antibodies. The response to autologous lens antigen both in magnitude as well as in duration varied in different rabbits, which suggested to us the possible role played by a central control mechanism involving the immune-response (Ir) and immune-associated (Ia) genes which are part of the major histocompatibility complex. Alternatively, this variation may be the result of an antigenic competition between various autologous crystallins. Antibodies to autologous lens protein as detected by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques were shown to be of the IgG class. Systemic autologous immunisation produces only a mild uveitis and does not lead to a granulomatous intraocular inflammation. Intravitreal injections of autologous lens protein in pre-immunised animals, however, produced an Arthus type of acute endophthalmitis. Autologous lens antisera showed limited cross-reactivity with ocular and extraocular tissues, which could be detected only by such sensitive techniques as immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods.", "contents": "Immunopathology of the lens. III. Humoral and cellular immune responses to autologous lens antigens and their roles in ocular inflammation. In experimental rabbits it has been shown for the first time that autologous lens protein is antigenic when injected with Freund's complete adjuvant. Although lens haemagglutinins were detected in 6 out of 7 rabbits, in only 3 of the 6 animals did the titre reach a maximum of 1:640. A weak agar precipitation reaction was obtained with only 1 of the 3 sera. It would appear, therefore, that the passive haemagglutination test is superior for the detection of autologous lens antibodies. The response to autologous lens antigen both in magnitude as well as in duration varied in different rabbits, which suggested to us the possible role played by a central control mechanism involving the immune-response (Ir) and immune-associated (Ia) genes which are part of the major histocompatibility complex. Alternatively, this variation may be the result of an antigenic competition between various autologous crystallins. Antibodies to autologous lens protein as detected by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques were shown to be of the IgG class. Systemic autologous immunisation produces only a mild uveitis and does not lead to a granulomatous intraocular inflammation. Intravitreal injections of autologous lens protein in pre-immunised animals, however, produced an Arthus type of acute endophthalmitis. Autologous lens antisera showed limited cross-reactivity with ocular and extraocular tissues, which could be detected only by such sensitive techniques as immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods.", "PMID": 326305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9993", "title": "Treatment of early diabetic retinopathy with cyclandelate.", "content": "In order to assess the effect of cyclandelate on the abnormal permeability of the blood-retinal barrier which occurs in diabetic patients before any other lesions are apparent in the retina a well-controlled, double blind, and paired trial was carried out in 22 patients. The treatments were randomised. The permeability of the blood-retinal barrier was assessed by vitreous fluorophotometry. Each patient was examined before being involved in the trial and then another 3 times with 1 month's interval. The total duration of treatment was 3 months. The results showed that the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier as evidenced by the degree of abnormal fluorescein penetration into the vitreous suffered a significant decrease in the diabetic patients treated with cyclandelate when compared to the patients submitted to placebo administration, and this effect is particularly apparent in the third month of treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of early diabetic retinopathy with cyclandelate. In order to assess the effect of cyclandelate on the abnormal permeability of the blood-retinal barrier which occurs in diabetic patients before any other lesions are apparent in the retina a well-controlled, double blind, and paired trial was carried out in 22 patients. The treatments were randomised. The permeability of the blood-retinal barrier was assessed by vitreous fluorophotometry. Each patient was examined before being involved in the trial and then another 3 times with 1 month's interval. The total duration of treatment was 3 months. The results showed that the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier as evidenced by the degree of abnormal fluorescein penetration into the vitreous suffered a significant decrease in the diabetic patients treated with cyclandelate when compared to the patients submitted to placebo administration, and this effect is particularly apparent in the third month of treatment.", "PMID": 326306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9994", "title": "Cryptococcal chorioretinitis: a case report.", "content": "Chorioretinitis occurred in a young man whose long-standing cryptococcal meningitis had been identified and treated. In one eye spontaneous resolution had occurred. His case history and fluorescein angiograms are presented.", "contents": "Cryptococcal chorioretinitis: a case report. Chorioretinitis occurred in a young man whose long-standing cryptococcal meningitis had been identified and treated. In one eye spontaneous resolution had occurred. His case history and fluorescein angiograms are presented.", "PMID": 326307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9995", "title": "Follow-up of stereotaxic amygdalotomy for seizure and behavior disorders.", "content": "Stereotaxic amygdalotomy for the control of unmanageable behavior and/or intractable seizures is a controversial treatment approach with unknown risk-to-benefit ratios. Information about this subject was obtained from a retrospective follow-up study of 58 patients who received this form of treatment 1 to 11 years earlier (average 6 years). Assessments of the patients were made by invesgators external to the surgical treatment system, using structured psychiatric interviews, neuropsychological tests, and EEGs. In addition, global assessments were made, comparing pre- versus postoperative status. The objective data revealed no indication of worsening or damage with similar pre- and postoperative test scores and EEG features. Computer-scored interviews revealed considerable psychopathology in the ambulatory patients. Overall judgments of behavior, seizures, and functional levels indicated that more than a third of the group was probably improved, although the relationship of outcome to the surgery was indeterminate.", "contents": "Follow-up of stereotaxic amygdalotomy for seizure and behavior disorders. Stereotaxic amygdalotomy for the control of unmanageable behavior and/or intractable seizures is a controversial treatment approach with unknown risk-to-benefit ratios. Information about this subject was obtained from a retrospective follow-up study of 58 patients who received this form of treatment 1 to 11 years earlier (average 6 years). Assessments of the patients were made by invesgators external to the surgical treatment system, using structured psychiatric interviews, neuropsychological tests, and EEGs. In addition, global assessments were made, comparing pre- versus postoperative status. The objective data revealed no indication of worsening or damage with similar pre- and postoperative test scores and EEG features. Computer-scored interviews revealed considerable psychopathology in the ambulatory patients. Overall judgments of behavior, seizures, and functional levels indicated that more than a third of the group was probably improved, although the relationship of outcome to the surgery was indeterminate.", "PMID": 326309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9996", "title": "Preparation of mononuclear cell subpopulations from normal human peripheral blood.", "content": "By the use of velocity sedimentation at unit gravity, in combination with methods of cell separation based on differences in density and in surface membrane receptors, it has been possible to obtain concentrates of mononuclear cell subpopulations from normal human peripheral blood. T and non-T lymphocytes have been harvested with a good yield and a high degree of purity. Monocytes may also be efficiently recovered using these procedures.", "contents": "Preparation of mononuclear cell subpopulations from normal human peripheral blood. By the use of velocity sedimentation at unit gravity, in combination with methods of cell separation based on differences in density and in surface membrane receptors, it has been possible to obtain concentrates of mononuclear cell subpopulations from normal human peripheral blood. T and non-T lymphocytes have been harvested with a good yield and a high degree of purity. Monocytes may also be efficiently recovered using these procedures.", "PMID": 326311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9997", "title": "Quantitative study of T and B lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Peripheral  blood lymphocytes forming E rosettes in the presence of sheep red blood cells and those bearing surface immunoglobulins (SIg) have been studied quantitatively as an evaluation of T and B lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease. 62 patients were investigated, 21 of whom before any treatment. It appears that the lymphocytes forming E rosettes are significantly lower in percentage in 86% of the patients and in absolute count in 65%. SIg bearing lymphocytes are elevated in percentile in 61% of the cases, but the absolute count is normal in 50% of the patients and elevated in 30% only. At diagnosis the T/B lymphocytes equilibrium is modified in 13 among 21 patients but, after the initial treatment of the disease, the ratio is modified in 90% of the patients in complete remission and remains unchanged for years even in the absence of relapse or immnunosuppressive treatment. It is suggested that SIg + lymphocytes from the peripheral blood are actually B lymphocytes and not anti-T-antibody coated T lymphocytes or antigen-antibody lacking of membrane markers, which are numerous in one third of the investigated patients, might be T lymphocytes with qualitative abnormality.", "contents": "Quantitative study of T and B lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease. Peripheral  blood lymphocytes forming E rosettes in the presence of sheep red blood cells and those bearing surface immunoglobulins (SIg) have been studied quantitatively as an evaluation of T and B lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease. 62 patients were investigated, 21 of whom before any treatment. It appears that the lymphocytes forming E rosettes are significantly lower in percentage in 86% of the patients and in absolute count in 65%. SIg bearing lymphocytes are elevated in percentile in 61% of the cases, but the absolute count is normal in 50% of the patients and elevated in 30% only. At diagnosis the T/B lymphocytes equilibrium is modified in 13 among 21 patients but, after the initial treatment of the disease, the ratio is modified in 90% of the patients in complete remission and remains unchanged for years even in the absence of relapse or immnunosuppressive treatment. It is suggested that SIg + lymphocytes from the peripheral blood are actually B lymphocytes and not anti-T-antibody coated T lymphocytes or antigen-antibody lacking of membrane markers, which are numerous in one third of the investigated patients, might be T lymphocytes with qualitative abnormality.", "PMID": 326312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9998", "title": "Immunostimulation or immunodepression?", "content": "Our experimental studies and extensive literature survey established that the overall response of an experimentally modified host defense system is strongly dose-dependent, irrespective of either the modifying agent or the test model system. If a sufficiently broad dose range is used, an irregular, nonlinear, nonmonotonic response curve is formed, generally W- or M-shaped, depending on the parameters selected for the representation, with two peaks of relative maximal effect. Accordingly, a modifying agent may exhibit, in some cases, dual effect--stimulation and depression, each at different dose levels. This typical response is defined as characteristic of the entire host defense system and therefore implies a biologically integrated system. The described dose-response relationship mandates the use of multiple doses in evaluation experiments, to establish efficacy and especially to design optimal dose schedules for experimental and clinical application of any agent modifying the host defense system activity.", "contents": "Immunostimulation or immunodepression? Our experimental studies and extensive literature survey established that the overall response of an experimentally modified host defense system is strongly dose-dependent, irrespective of either the modifying agent or the test model system. If a sufficiently broad dose range is used, an irregular, nonlinear, nonmonotonic response curve is formed, generally W- or M-shaped, depending on the parameters selected for the representation, with two peaks of relative maximal effect. Accordingly, a modifying agent may exhibit, in some cases, dual effect--stimulation and depression, each at different dose levels. This typical response is defined as characteristic of the entire host defense system and therefore implies a biologically integrated system. The described dose-response relationship mandates the use of multiple doses in evaluation experiments, to establish efficacy and especially to design optimal dose schedules for experimental and clinical application of any agent modifying the host defense system activity.", "PMID": 326313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_9999", "title": "Effect of procaine HCLl on ATP: calcium-dependent alterations in red cell shape and deformability.", "content": "Procaine hydrochloric acid, a cationic anesthetic, although unable to prevent the effect of calcium ionophore A23187 on erythrocytes, inhibited the discocyte--echinocyte transformation, increased viscosity, and decreased filterability of red cells undergoing ATP depletion. The effects were abolished by washing ATP-depleted, procaine HCl-treated red cells prior to these determinations. Procaine HCl had no effects on volume, incubated osmotic fragility, or monovalent cation composition of ATP-depleted red cells. The drug increased 45Ca uptake by ATP-depleted red cells but did not change the fraction of membrane-bound calcium. Sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins from ATP-depleted red cells revealed formation of high molecular weight protein complexes, which were not formed when biconcave shape and ATP content were maintained by incubation with adenine (0.54 mM) and inosine (12.7 mM); Formation of these complexes was not prevented when the biconcave shape was maintained by procaine HCl. It was concluded that the maintenance of the biconcave shape and normal deformability during ATP depletion by procaine HCl was not related to a displacement of membrane-bound calcium and inhibition of ATP-dependent rearrangement of red cell membrane proteins.", "contents": "Effect of procaine HCLl on ATP: calcium-dependent alterations in red cell shape and deformability. Procaine hydrochloric acid, a cationic anesthetic, although unable to prevent the effect of calcium ionophore A23187 on erythrocytes, inhibited the discocyte--echinocyte transformation, increased viscosity, and decreased filterability of red cells undergoing ATP depletion. The effects were abolished by washing ATP-depleted, procaine HCl-treated red cells prior to these determinations. Procaine HCl had no effects on volume, incubated osmotic fragility, or monovalent cation composition of ATP-depleted red cells. The drug increased 45Ca uptake by ATP-depleted red cells but did not change the fraction of membrane-bound calcium. Sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins from ATP-depleted red cells revealed formation of high molecular weight protein complexes, which were not formed when biconcave shape and ATP content were maintained by incubation with adenine (0.54 mM) and inosine (12.7 mM); Formation of these complexes was not prevented when the biconcave shape was maintained by procaine HCl. It was concluded that the maintenance of the biconcave shape and normal deformability during ATP depletion by procaine HCl was not related to a displacement of membrane-bound calcium and inhibition of ATP-dependent rearrangement of red cell membrane proteins.", "PMID": 326314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10000", "title": "ABO blood group system and bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "The role of the ABO blood group system in determining the outcome of bone marrow transplantation was investigated in 53 patients with aplastic anemia and acute leukemia grafted from HLA-identical siblings. There was no correlation between ABO compatibility and marrow engraftment, graft rejection, or graft-versus-host disease. In 5 recipients with antibodies prior to transplantation to antigens of the ABH system present on the cells of their donors, plasma exchange and antibody absorption in vivo were effective in permitting engraftment of ABO-incompatible bone marrow. These findings indicate that the ABO system is not a clinically significant barrier to successful bone marrow transplantation in otherwise histocompatible individuals.", "contents": "ABO blood group system and bone marrow transplantation. The role of the ABO blood group system in determining the outcome of bone marrow transplantation was investigated in 53 patients with aplastic anemia and acute leukemia grafted from HLA-identical siblings. There was no correlation between ABO compatibility and marrow engraftment, graft rejection, or graft-versus-host disease. In 5 recipients with antibodies prior to transplantation to antigens of the ABH system present on the cells of their donors, plasma exchange and antibody absorption in vivo were effective in permitting engraftment of ABO-incompatible bone marrow. These findings indicate that the ABO system is not a clinically significant barrier to successful bone marrow transplantation in otherwise histocompatible individuals.", "PMID": 326317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10001", "title": "Slide chamber culture system for the in vitro study of humoral regulation of granulocyte and monocyte-macrophage proliferation and differentiation.", "content": "A liquid culture system employing slide chambers was developed to facilitate the study of proliferation and differentiation of mouse neutrophilic granulocytes and cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. Cultures were initiated with 1-2.5 X 10(4) light density marrow cells which had been fractionated on Ficoll-Hypaque. In the presence of colony-stimulating activity (CSAHU), two types of clusters were observed. One was tight, spheroidal, and composed of neutrophilic granulocytes, while the other was a loose grouping of flattened cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. The slide chamber culture is adaptable to microscopic assay techniques (e.g., cluster size, autoradiography, immunofluorescence) as well as quantitative biochemical methods (e.g., rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation, DNA quantitation). We have demonstrated both a shortening of the generation time of granulocytes in tight clusters and increasing rates of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, with a corresponding increase in total culture DNA as a function of CSAHU concentration. Granulocytic differentiation in the tight spheroidal clusters has been demonstrated by histochemical stains and immunofluorescence of an antibody to a marker protein specific for the secondary granule of the neutrophil (lactoferrin).", "contents": "Slide chamber culture system for the in vitro study of humoral regulation of granulocyte and monocyte-macrophage proliferation and differentiation. A liquid culture system employing slide chambers was developed to facilitate the study of proliferation and differentiation of mouse neutrophilic granulocytes and cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. Cultures were initiated with 1-2.5 X 10(4) light density marrow cells which had been fractionated on Ficoll-Hypaque. In the presence of colony-stimulating activity (CSAHU), two types of clusters were observed. One was tight, spheroidal, and composed of neutrophilic granulocytes, while the other was a loose grouping of flattened cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. The slide chamber culture is adaptable to microscopic assay techniques (e.g., cluster size, autoradiography, immunofluorescence) as well as quantitative biochemical methods (e.g., rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation, DNA quantitation). We have demonstrated both a shortening of the generation time of granulocytes in tight clusters and increasing rates of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, with a corresponding increase in total culture DNA as a function of CSAHU concentration. Granulocytic differentiation in the tight spheroidal clusters has been demonstrated by histochemical stains and immunofluorescence of an antibody to a marker protein specific for the secondary granule of the neutrophil (lactoferrin).", "PMID": 326318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10002", "title": "The management of urinary infections in children.", "content": "Urinary tract infection is a common disorder of childhood which frequently causes no symptoms. Bacteriological proof should always be obtained because symptoms may be misleading. The diagnosis of a first infection should lead to radiological investigation. Routine tests to localize the site of infection are not yet available but their use in the future in conjunction with increased awareness of the factors leading to pyelonephritis should help to identify children at risk from renal damage. Two thirds of children with urinary infections have normal lower urinary tracts or only minor abnormalities and may be treated for symptomatic infections with intermittent antibiotics. The risk of renal damage from infection is virtually confined to the remainder: children with obstructive uropathy, preschool children with severe vesicoureteric reflux, and those with pre-existing chronic renal failure. It remains to be shown by controlled therapeutic trials whether renal scarring can be prevented by long-term chemoprophylaxis or surgical correction of reflux. Until the results of current trails are known, children with reflux or impaired renal function should be treated medically in the first instance and screening of healthy children for covert bacteriuria should probably be confined to the preschool age-group.", "contents": "The management of urinary infections in children. Urinary tract infection is a common disorder of childhood which frequently causes no symptoms. Bacteriological proof should always be obtained because symptoms may be misleading. The diagnosis of a first infection should lead to radiological investigation. Routine tests to localize the site of infection are not yet available but their use in the future in conjunction with increased awareness of the factors leading to pyelonephritis should help to identify children at risk from renal damage. Two thirds of children with urinary infections have normal lower urinary tracts or only minor abnormalities and may be treated for symptomatic infections with intermittent antibiotics. The risk of renal damage from infection is virtually confined to the remainder: children with obstructive uropathy, preschool children with severe vesicoureteric reflux, and those with pre-existing chronic renal failure. It remains to be shown by controlled therapeutic trials whether renal scarring can be prevented by long-term chemoprophylaxis or surgical correction of reflux. Until the results of current trails are known, children with reflux or impaired renal function should be treated medically in the first instance and screening of healthy children for covert bacteriuria should probably be confined to the preschool age-group.", "PMID": 326322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10003", "title": "Children's perceptual organization of seriated displays: evidence against a memory reorganization hypothesis.", "content": "The memory for a seriated display and its reorganization over an eight-month interval was examined in educationally subnormal children. By including groups of children who viewed a random display and an array of disordered sticks, it was found that the reorganization into a more seriated drawing after the passage of time was not directly based on the original stimulus. Various controls including copying of the original material, and matching and recognition conditions, give evidence that the child's cognitive level affects encoding of the material as well as its later output. The observed phenomenon of 'memory' improvement may have little to do with stored images, and may instead be linked to the developmental symbolic level of the child which influences original perception as well as 'memory'. It was also found that educationally subnormal children perform like normal children of the same mental age on the seriation task.", "contents": "Children's perceptual organization of seriated displays: evidence against a memory reorganization hypothesis. The memory for a seriated display and its reorganization over an eight-month interval was examined in educationally subnormal children. By including groups of children who viewed a random display and an array of disordered sticks, it was found that the reorganization into a more seriated drawing after the passage of time was not directly based on the original stimulus. Various controls including copying of the original material, and matching and recognition conditions, give evidence that the child's cognitive level affects encoding of the material as well as its later output. The observed phenomenon of 'memory' improvement may have little to do with stored images, and may instead be linked to the developmental symbolic level of the child which influences original perception as well as 'memory'. It was also found that educationally subnormal children perform like normal children of the same mental age on the seriation task.", "PMID": 326326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10004", "title": "A comparison of piribedil, procyclidine and placebo in the control of phenothiazine-induced parkinsonism.", "content": "A double-blind, cross-over trial of the effectiveness of piribedil, procyclidine and placebo in the control of parkinsonism induced by fluphenazine decanoate was conducted in sixteen cases of chronic schizophrenia. Procyclidine was shown to be more effective and piribedil less effective than the placebo. Piribedil produced a number of unpleasant effects, including headache, vomiting and malaise.", "contents": "A comparison of piribedil, procyclidine and placebo in the control of phenothiazine-induced parkinsonism. A double-blind, cross-over trial of the effectiveness of piribedil, procyclidine and placebo in the control of parkinsonism induced by fluphenazine decanoate was conducted in sixteen cases of chronic schizophrenia. Procyclidine was shown to be more effective and piribedil less effective than the placebo. Piribedil produced a number of unpleasant effects, including headache, vomiting and malaise.", "PMID": 326325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10005", "title": "A prospective trial of prophylactic antibiotics in hand lacerations.", "content": "A series of 368 patients with hand lacerations which required suturing were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups. The incidence of infected and of imperfectly healed wounds was noted 7 days after suturing. As well as the influence of antibiotics on healing, sixteen other factors which it was considered might affect healing were analysed. The overall infection rate was 9-8 per cent, and there was no significant difference between the three groups. The imperfect healing rate (which includes the infected cases) was 24-6 per cent. There was a lower rate (P less than 0-05) of imperfect healing in the Triplopen group (15 per cent) than in either the flucloxacillin group (29-5 per cent) or the group who received no antibiotics (29-0 per cent). Other factors associated with imperfect healing found to be significant at the 1 per cent level, were wound contamination, pain and the presence of a wet or changed dressing at the second examination.", "contents": "A prospective trial of prophylactic antibiotics in hand lacerations. A series of 368 patients with hand lacerations which required suturing were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups. The incidence of infected and of imperfectly healed wounds was noted 7 days after suturing. As well as the influence of antibiotics on healing, sixteen other factors which it was considered might affect healing were analysed. The overall infection rate was 9-8 per cent, and there was no significant difference between the three groups. The imperfect healing rate (which includes the infected cases) was 24-6 per cent. There was a lower rate (P less than 0-05) of imperfect healing in the Triplopen group (15 per cent) than in either the flucloxacillin group (29-5 per cent) or the group who received no antibiotics (29-0 per cent). Other factors associated with imperfect healing found to be significant at the 1 per cent level, were wound contamination, pain and the presence of a wet or changed dressing at the second examination.", "PMID": 326330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10006", "title": "Transabdominal suture of bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices in cryptogenic cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "Emergency transabdominal suture of gastro-oesophageal varices was performed when conventional conservative measures including oesophageal tamponade failed to control bleeding in 60 of 167 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis and bleeding varices. The immediate mortality for the whole series was 29-9 per cent. Surgery performed in this selected manner carried an immediate mortality of 40 per cent. The transabdominal approach detected and treated 19 (31-7 per cent) patients who had concomitant bleeding from extra-oesophageal sources. Ageing and sex (male) affect the immediate prognosis adversely. Using a modification of Child's classification of hepatic dysfunction, a direct relationship between hepatic dysfunction and mortality was found, reaching 100 per cent in those with grade C (severe) dysfunction, irrespective of whether or not surgery had been performed. Bleeding was successfully arrested in 96-7 per cent of cases and recurrence of bleeding was acceptably low in the first 6 months of surgery but not after.", "contents": "Transabdominal suture of bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices in cryptogenic cirrhosis of the liver. Emergency transabdominal suture of gastro-oesophageal varices was performed when conventional conservative measures including oesophageal tamponade failed to control bleeding in 60 of 167 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis and bleeding varices. The immediate mortality for the whole series was 29-9 per cent. Surgery performed in this selected manner carried an immediate mortality of 40 per cent. The transabdominal approach detected and treated 19 (31-7 per cent) patients who had concomitant bleeding from extra-oesophageal sources. Ageing and sex (male) affect the immediate prognosis adversely. Using a modification of Child's classification of hepatic dysfunction, a direct relationship between hepatic dysfunction and mortality was found, reaching 100 per cent in those with grade C (severe) dysfunction, irrespective of whether or not surgery had been performed. Bleeding was successfully arrested in 96-7 per cent of cases and recurrence of bleeding was acceptably low in the first 6 months of surgery but not after.", "PMID": 326331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10007", "title": "Treatmenf of optic neuritis by retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone.", "content": "In a single-blind controlled clinical trial patients with optic neuritis caused by demyelination were given a single retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone. Though the treated group showed a trend towards more rapid recovery of vision than the controls, there was no significant difference in visual acuity, colour vision, or visual fields during the first six months after treatment. We conclude that routine use of corticosteroids is not justified in unilateral optic neuritis when vision in the other eye is good. Shortening the period of visual disability in bilateral disease or unilateral disease when vision in the other eye is poor, however, may be justifiable.", "contents": "Treatmenf of optic neuritis by retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone. In a single-blind controlled clinical trial patients with optic neuritis caused by demyelination were given a single retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone. Though the treated group showed a trend towards more rapid recovery of vision than the controls, there was no significant difference in visual acuity, colour vision, or visual fields during the first six months after treatment. We conclude that routine use of corticosteroids is not justified in unilateral optic neuritis when vision in the other eye is good. Shortening the period of visual disability in bilateral disease or unilateral disease when vision in the other eye is poor, however, may be justifiable.", "PMID": 326332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10008", "title": "\"Right\" stay in hospital after sugery: randomised controlled trial.", "content": "A randomised controlled trial was carried out on 100 patients to compare the effects of discharge after certain pre-specified clinical criteria had been fulfilled--\"right\" stay--with those of discharge at an arbitrary 10 days after surgery--\"fixed\" stay. The operations concerned (cholecystectomy and vagotomy) were more hazardous than those previously included in studies of early discharge. Patients in the right-stay group were discharged, on average, 7-6 days after operation--that is, two days earlier than those in the fixed-stay group. In terms of clinical progress, social factors such as return to work, and the acceptability to patients and relatives of the implications of right stay, patients in this group fared as well as those in the fixed-stay group, and in some respects slightly better. Right stay entailed the transfer of some work from hospital to community medical and nursing staff, but this also was acceptable. The concept and use of the right-stay principle is of value in planning the postoperative discharge of suitable patients.", "contents": "\"Right\" stay in hospital after sugery: randomised controlled trial. A randomised controlled trial was carried out on 100 patients to compare the effects of discharge after certain pre-specified clinical criteria had been fulfilled--\"right\" stay--with those of discharge at an arbitrary 10 days after surgery--\"fixed\" stay. The operations concerned (cholecystectomy and vagotomy) were more hazardous than those previously included in studies of early discharge. Patients in the right-stay group were discharged, on average, 7-6 days after operation--that is, two days earlier than those in the fixed-stay group. In terms of clinical progress, social factors such as return to work, and the acceptability to patients and relatives of the implications of right stay, patients in this group fared as well as those in the fixed-stay group, and in some respects slightly better. Right stay entailed the transfer of some work from hospital to community medical and nursing staff, but this also was acceptable. The concept and use of the right-stay principle is of value in planning the postoperative discharge of suitable patients.", "PMID": 326333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10009", "title": "Sequential treatment with quinine and mefloquine or quinine and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for falciparum malaria.", "content": "Patients with falciparum malaria were studied in Thailand, an area of known chloroquine resistance. The patients were unselected and some had severe malaria, and they were randomly assigned to one of two sequential regimes. A short course of quinine (average 4 doses, equivalent to 2 g base) followed by a single dose of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar) cured 92% of patients (36 out of 39), while a short course of quinine followed by a single 1-5-dose of mefloquine cured all of the 35 patients who could be followed up. Gastrointestinal side effects were minimal if at least 12 hours elapsed between the last dose of quinine and the mefloquine. Sequential quinine and mefloquine is the most effective treatment for patients with chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria, including those with severe or complicated disease. Mefloquine, however, is not commercially available, and the similar regimen using Fansidar is almost as effective.", "contents": "Sequential treatment with quinine and mefloquine or quinine and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for falciparum malaria. Patients with falciparum malaria were studied in Thailand, an area of known chloroquine resistance. The patients were unselected and some had severe malaria, and they were randomly assigned to one of two sequential regimes. A short course of quinine (average 4 doses, equivalent to 2 g base) followed by a single dose of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar) cured 92% of patients (36 out of 39), while a short course of quinine followed by a single 1-5-dose of mefloquine cured all of the 35 patients who could be followed up. Gastrointestinal side effects were minimal if at least 12 hours elapsed between the last dose of quinine and the mefloquine. Sequential quinine and mefloquine is the most effective treatment for patients with chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria, including those with severe or complicated disease. Mefloquine, however, is not commercially available, and the similar regimen using Fansidar is almost as effective.", "PMID": 326337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10010", "title": "Peptic ulceration, gastric secretion, and renal transplantation.", "content": "Fifty-four patients on haemodialysis for chronic renal failure underwent renal transplantation. Basal and maximum acid output and the incidence of peptic ulcer before transplantation were not significantly different from those of controls. But after renal transplantation the incidence of symptoms of peptic ulcer was high (22%) and four out of six patients who developed gastrointestinal bleeding died from this complication. In men peak acid output was significantly increased after renal transplantation and was associated with a 30% incidence of symptoms of peptic ulcer compared with 10% in women, who showed no significant change in mean basal or peak acid output. Peptic ulceration after transplantation was not associated with steroid dosage, hyperparathyroidism, or the height of blood urea concentrations. Given criteria of a history of dyspepsia, abnormal barium meal findings, or gastric hypersecretion, it was not possible to identify patients at risk from peptic ulceration or life-threatening complications after renal transplantation. Thus the routine screening of these patients for peptic ulcer has no practical value, and the incidence of fatal complications is not high enough to justify routine prophylactic anti-ulcer surgery aimed at reducing acid secretion before renal transplantation.", "contents": "Peptic ulceration, gastric secretion, and renal transplantation. Fifty-four patients on haemodialysis for chronic renal failure underwent renal transplantation. Basal and maximum acid output and the incidence of peptic ulcer before transplantation were not significantly different from those of controls. But after renal transplantation the incidence of symptoms of peptic ulcer was high (22%) and four out of six patients who developed gastrointestinal bleeding died from this complication. In men peak acid output was significantly increased after renal transplantation and was associated with a 30% incidence of symptoms of peptic ulcer compared with 10% in women, who showed no significant change in mean basal or peak acid output. Peptic ulceration after transplantation was not associated with steroid dosage, hyperparathyroidism, or the height of blood urea concentrations. Given criteria of a history of dyspepsia, abnormal barium meal findings, or gastric hypersecretion, it was not possible to identify patients at risk from peptic ulceration or life-threatening complications after renal transplantation. Thus the routine screening of these patients for peptic ulcer has no practical value, and the incidence of fatal complications is not high enough to justify routine prophylactic anti-ulcer surgery aimed at reducing acid secretion before renal transplantation.", "PMID": 326338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10011", "title": "BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life.", "content": "The Medical Research Council's trial of BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in Great Britain has ended after 20 years' follow-up of the 54 239 participants, who were aged 14 to 15 years when the entered the trial in 1950-2. Participants who were tuberculin positive on entry were left unvaccinated; those who were tuberculin negative were allocated at random to an unvaccinated or to a vaccinated group. The protective efficacy of each of the two vaccines, among those initially tuberculin negative, was 84% during the first five years, and gradually decreased, averaging 77% for each vaccine over the whole period. The incidence of tuberculosis decreased substantially in all groups during the trial, however, and of the total of 610 cases of tuberculosis only 27 developed between 15 and 20 years. Thus we cannot make a reliable assessment of efficacy during this final period. The prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis in Great Britain have decreased radically since this trial began. The expected benefit from large-scale BCG-vaccination of children is now far less, and may decrease further if the incidence of tuberculosis continues to decline.", "contents": "BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life. The Medical Research Council's trial of BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in Great Britain has ended after 20 years' follow-up of the 54 239 participants, who were aged 14 to 15 years when the entered the trial in 1950-2. Participants who were tuberculin positive on entry were left unvaccinated; those who were tuberculin negative were allocated at random to an unvaccinated or to a vaccinated group. The protective efficacy of each of the two vaccines, among those initially tuberculin negative, was 84% during the first five years, and gradually decreased, averaging 77% for each vaccine over the whole period. The incidence of tuberculosis decreased substantially in all groups during the trial, however, and of the total of 610 cases of tuberculosis only 27 developed between 15 and 20 years. Thus we cannot make a reliable assessment of efficacy during this final period. The prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis in Great Britain have decreased radically since this trial began. The expected benefit from large-scale BCG-vaccination of children is now far less, and may decrease further if the incidence of tuberculosis continues to decline.", "PMID": 326347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10012", "title": "Comparison of growth inhibition and immunofluorescence tests in serotyping clinical isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "content": "Typestrains of the eight serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum and 39 genital isolates were typed by the growth inhibition (GI) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF) tests. The GI test proved to be very specific and simple, demanding large volumes of serum. It was less sensitive than the IF test, which produced more cross-reactions, was economical in serum, and able to detect mixed infections. Of the 39 isolates, 27 were serotyped by GI and 34 by IF. Mixed cultures occurred in as many as 36% of the isolates.", "contents": "Comparison of growth inhibition and immunofluorescence tests in serotyping clinical isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Typestrains of the eight serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum and 39 genital isolates were typed by the growth inhibition (GI) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF) tests. The GI test proved to be very specific and simple, demanding large volumes of serum. It was less sensitive than the IF test, which produced more cross-reactions, was economical in serum, and able to detect mixed infections. Of the 39 isolates, 27 were serotyped by GI and 34 by IF. Mixed cultures occurred in as many as 36% of the isolates.", "PMID": 326348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10013", "title": "Comparison of ornidazole and tinidazole in single-dose treatment of trichomoniasis in women.", "content": "A comparison is made between oral ornidazole in a single 1-5 g dose and tinidazole given in a 2 g dose using a double-blind technique. All the 45 women with Trichomonas vaginalis infection who were treated with ornidazole were cured. In the tinidazole-treated group 41 out of 43 women had negative cultures after treatment. Tolerance was good in both groups.", "contents": "Comparison of ornidazole and tinidazole in single-dose treatment of trichomoniasis in women. A comparison is made between oral ornidazole in a single 1-5 g dose and tinidazole given in a 2 g dose using a double-blind technique. All the 45 women with Trichomonas vaginalis infection who were treated with ornidazole were cured. In the tinidazole-treated group 41 out of 43 women had negative cultures after treatment. Tolerance was good in both groups.", "PMID": 326349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10014", "title": "[Immuno-cytologic study of hypothalamic LH-RH neurons of the human fetus].", "content": "The immunocytological study of LH-RH producing neurons was carried out on 3 newborns and 14 fetuses (from 10 to 36 weeks of age). Perikarya and fibers which were immunoreactive to anti-LH-RH IS were revealed by IF or IE in all the hypothalamus beginning with the 13th week. Important variations in neurons staining may translate \"physiological\" differences in their LH-RH charge but can be also the result of the diverse technical conditions. In three 16-week-old female fetuses, the large number of neurons (more than 150 per hypothalamus) permitted a good topographical and morphological study of them. They are scattered in vast areas of the anterior hypothalamus (lamina terminalis (LT) and septum), mediobasal and premammillary hypothalamus. The fibers which are particularly immunoreactive in semi-thin sections form a large hypothalamo-infundibular contingent in the posterior lip of the ME where they give rise to collaterals that terminate in contact with the capillaries of the mantelplexus, this taking place both before and after the apparition of the intra-eminential loops at the 16th week. Numerous in the LT, they terminate around the deep capillaries of the vascular organ or in contact with the ependymal epithelium. Some extra hypophyseal fibers go towards the epithalamus and the mesencephalon. To conclude, very early, in the human fetus the peptidergic LH-RH system resembles that described in adult primates; its role in the maturation and control of the gonadotropic cells is evoked.", "contents": "[Immuno-cytologic study of hypothalamic LH-RH neurons of the human fetus]. The immunocytological study of LH-RH producing neurons was carried out on 3 newborns and 14 fetuses (from 10 to 36 weeks of age). Perikarya and fibers which were immunoreactive to anti-LH-RH IS were revealed by IF or IE in all the hypothalamus beginning with the 13th week. Important variations in neurons staining may translate \"physiological\" differences in their LH-RH charge but can be also the result of the diverse technical conditions. In three 16-week-old female fetuses, the large number of neurons (more than 150 per hypothalamus) permitted a good topographical and morphological study of them. They are scattered in vast areas of the anterior hypothalamus (lamina terminalis (LT) and septum), mediobasal and premammillary hypothalamus. The fibers which are particularly immunoreactive in semi-thin sections form a large hypothalamo-infundibular contingent in the posterior lip of the ME where they give rise to collaterals that terminate in contact with the capillaries of the mantelplexus, this taking place both before and after the apparition of the intra-eminential loops at the 16th week. Numerous in the LT, they terminate around the deep capillaries of the vascular organ or in contact with the ependymal epithelium. Some extra hypophyseal fibers go towards the epithalamus and the mesencephalon. To conclude, very early, in the human fetus the peptidergic LH-RH system resembles that described in adult primates; its role in the maturation and control of the gonadotropic cells is evoked.", "PMID": 326350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10015", "title": "Orientation detectors in the primary somatosensory neocortex of the raccoon.", "content": "An analysis of response properties of single neurons in the forepaw region of the primary somatosensory neocortex (SI) of the raccoon was undertaken to gain a better understanding of the neural bases of tactile form discrimination. In the course of this investigation a new type of feature detector neuron which responded preferentially to tactile stimulus orientation was discovered. Within a sample of 110 neurons responding to light touch, two categories of cells were noted in terms of the type of stimulation best able to excite them. One category (linear units) was preferentially responsive to indentations of the skin using a narrow elongated stimulus probe applied in a particular orientation. The other category (round field units) gave a maximum response to stimulation with a round stimulus probe applied anywhere within a roughly circular receptive field. The response pattern of some SI neurons to a maintained indentation of the skin consisted of early and late excitatory responses, separated by a depression in responding. The second excitatory response appeared to be more influenced by variations in stimulus parameters than was the first.", "contents": "Orientation detectors in the primary somatosensory neocortex of the raccoon. An analysis of response properties of single neurons in the forepaw region of the primary somatosensory neocortex (SI) of the raccoon was undertaken to gain a better understanding of the neural bases of tactile form discrimination. In the course of this investigation a new type of feature detector neuron which responded preferentially to tactile stimulus orientation was discovered. Within a sample of 110 neurons responding to light touch, two categories of cells were noted in terms of the type of stimulation best able to excite them. One category (linear units) was preferentially responsive to indentations of the skin using a narrow elongated stimulus probe applied in a particular orientation. The other category (round field units) gave a maximum response to stimulation with a round stimulus probe applied anywhere within a roughly circular receptive field. The response pattern of some SI neurons to a maintained indentation of the skin consisted of early and late excitatory responses, separated by a depression in responding. The second excitatory response appeared to be more influenced by variations in stimulus parameters than was the first.", "PMID": 326352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10016", "title": "Positional hypoxaemia following post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency.", "content": "The effect of body position on ventilatory function was evaluated in a patient with unilateral lung disease. The patient's pulmonary dynamics were examined in the supine, right, and left decubitus positions under conditions of positive pressure ventilation with zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) and 5 cm H2O (0.9 KPa) positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). When the patient was positioned so that the \"diseased\" lung was dependent, there was a marked decrease in PaO2 and increase in venous admixture when compared to the values in the supine position. These changes were relatively greater in the ZEEP, than the PEEP situation. When the \"diseased* lung was not dependent, there was an increase in PaO2 and a decrease in venous admixture. This was most pronounced when PEEP was applied. Changes in body position may result in clinically significant alterations in pulmonary gas exchange, especially in patients with pre-existing pulmonary dysfunction.", "contents": "Positional hypoxaemia following post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. The effect of body position on ventilatory function was evaluated in a patient with unilateral lung disease. The patient's pulmonary dynamics were examined in the supine, right, and left decubitus positions under conditions of positive pressure ventilation with zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) and 5 cm H2O (0.9 KPa) positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). When the patient was positioned so that the \"diseased\" lung was dependent, there was a marked decrease in PaO2 and increase in venous admixture when compared to the values in the supine position. These changes were relatively greater in the ZEEP, than the PEEP situation. When the \"diseased* lung was not dependent, there was an increase in PaO2 and a decrease in venous admixture. This was most pronounced when PEEP was applied. Changes in body position may result in clinically significant alterations in pulmonary gas exchange, especially in patients with pre-existing pulmonary dysfunction.", "PMID": 326354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10017", "title": "Modulation of pituitary responsiveness to LHRH by androgens in ovariectomized female rats.", "content": "The effect of androgens on pituitary response to luteinizing-hormore-releasing hormone (LHRH) and their ability to modify effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on pituitary responsiveness to LHRH were tested in ovariectomized rats maintained on a daily dose of 0.25 microgram estradiol benzoate per rat for 6 d before androgen administration. Testosterone propionate (TP) (4, 40, 400, or 4000 microgram per rat), administered 24 h before LHRH (500 ng per rat), had no significant effect on luteinizing hormone (LH) or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) response. Similar doses of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) did not significantly alter the LH response but significantly suppressed the FSH response. Even the lowest dose completely blocked the FSH response to LHRH. TP in combination with 4 or 400 microgram of E2 suppressed the stimulatory effect of E2 on both LH and FSH response to LHRH in a dose-related manner. DHT and E2 in combination affected LH response inconsistently, whereas their ratio determined FSH response; there was pronounced inhibition of FSH response in rats given high doses of DHT combined with low doses of E2; DHT inhibition of FSH response in animals receiving 4 microgram of DHT with 400 microgram E2 was partially overcome by the stimulatory effect of E2. Our results indicate that TP and DHT affect LH and FSH response to LHRH differently. The ratio of androgen to estrogen is important in determining the response to LHRH.", "contents": "Modulation of pituitary responsiveness to LHRH by androgens in ovariectomized female rats. The effect of androgens on pituitary response to luteinizing-hormore-releasing hormone (LHRH) and their ability to modify effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on pituitary responsiveness to LHRH were tested in ovariectomized rats maintained on a daily dose of 0.25 microgram estradiol benzoate per rat for 6 d before androgen administration. Testosterone propionate (TP) (4, 40, 400, or 4000 microgram per rat), administered 24 h before LHRH (500 ng per rat), had no significant effect on luteinizing hormone (LH) or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) response. Similar doses of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) did not significantly alter the LH response but significantly suppressed the FSH response. Even the lowest dose completely blocked the FSH response to LHRH. TP in combination with 4 or 400 microgram of E2 suppressed the stimulatory effect of E2 on both LH and FSH response to LHRH in a dose-related manner. DHT and E2 in combination affected LH response inconsistently, whereas their ratio determined FSH response; there was pronounced inhibition of FSH response in rats given high doses of DHT combined with low doses of E2; DHT inhibition of FSH response in animals receiving 4 microgram of DHT with 400 microgram E2 was partially overcome by the stimulatory effect of E2. Our results indicate that TP and DHT affect LH and FSH response to LHRH differently. The ratio of androgen to estrogen is important in determining the response to LHRH.", "PMID": 326356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10018", "title": "A rapid fluorescent focus-inhibition test for determining the neutralizing-antibody response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "Levels of neutralizing antibody to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus in the sera of 66 infected persons were assayed by a rapid fluorescent focus-inhibition test (RFFIT). The test was more sensitive than the mouse-neutralization (MN) test and could be completed in less than 24 h. The RFFIT titers were compared with titers obtained by the indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) and complement-fixation (CF) tests. Neutralizing antibody detected by the RFFIT remained positive after IRA, CF and MN antibodies had disappeared. The RFFIT for detection of LCM antibody is specific and reproducible and seems especially useful for determining the incidence and epidemiology of LCM virus infections.", "contents": "A rapid fluorescent focus-inhibition test for determining the neutralizing-antibody response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Levels of neutralizing antibody to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus in the sera of 66 infected persons were assayed by a rapid fluorescent focus-inhibition test (RFFIT). The test was more sensitive than the mouse-neutralization (MN) test and could be completed in less than 24 h. The RFFIT titers were compared with titers obtained by the indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) and complement-fixation (CF) tests. Neutralizing antibody detected by the RFFIT remained positive after IRA, CF and MN antibodies had disappeared. The RFFIT for detection of LCM antibody is specific and reproducible and seems especially useful for determining the incidence and epidemiology of LCM virus infections.", "PMID": 326357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10019", "title": "Improved procedure of selective enrichment of Shigella in the presence of Escherichia coli by use of 4-chloro-2-cyclopentylphenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside.", "content": "A previously described procedure for the selective enrichmen of Shigella in competition with E. coli has been modified and tested with a total of 48 strains of the four Shigella species. The new enrichment medium consists of 1,5-strength trypticase soy broth, 1 mM 4-chloro-2-cyclopentylphenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (CPPG), 0.25% lactose, and 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 6.2). In competition with a 1000-fold higher population of E. coli than Shigella, 42 of 48 strains from the four species of Shigella were selectively enriched by the new method. Different lots of CPPG did not appear to affect the performance of the medium.", "contents": "Improved procedure of selective enrichment of Shigella in the presence of Escherichia coli by use of 4-chloro-2-cyclopentylphenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside. A previously described procedure for the selective enrichmen of Shigella in competition with E. coli has been modified and tested with a total of 48 strains of the four Shigella species. The new enrichment medium consists of 1,5-strength trypticase soy broth, 1 mM 4-chloro-2-cyclopentylphenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (CPPG), 0.25% lactose, and 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 6.2). In competition with a 1000-fold higher population of E. coli than Shigella, 42 of 48 strains from the four species of Shigella were selectively enriched by the new method. Different lots of CPPG did not appear to affect the performance of the medium.", "PMID": 326358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10020", "title": "The capsular network of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "Attempts at improving chemical fixation for electron-microscopic observation of the capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae were made. The capsule was preserved by using alcian blue - lanthanum and tris-(1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (TAPO) - aldehyde - osmium procedures. Despite the different retention of the overall capsular material and minor variations in morphological details, in both cases the interpretation of ultrastructural patterns suggested that the capsule be composed of a meshed network of thin polysaccharide fibrils radiating from the cell wall. This organization is in keeping with all recognized chemical properties of bacterial polysaccharide capsules or, at least, does not contradict them. Moreover, an effective preservation of bacterial structures other than capsule has been obtained, mostly in specimens fixed by the TAPO-aldehyde-osmium method, a fact which gives further reliability to the technical approach used for capsule visualization.", "contents": "The capsular network of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Attempts at improving chemical fixation for electron-microscopic observation of the capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae were made. The capsule was preserved by using alcian blue - lanthanum and tris-(1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (TAPO) - aldehyde - osmium procedures. Despite the different retention of the overall capsular material and minor variations in morphological details, in both cases the interpretation of ultrastructural patterns suggested that the capsule be composed of a meshed network of thin polysaccharide fibrils radiating from the cell wall. This organization is in keeping with all recognized chemical properties of bacterial polysaccharide capsules or, at least, does not contradict them. Moreover, an effective preservation of bacterial structures other than capsule has been obtained, mostly in specimens fixed by the TAPO-aldehyde-osmium method, a fact which gives further reliability to the technical approach used for capsule visualization.", "PMID": 326360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10021", "title": "Induction of multispored asci in two-spored strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by amitrole.", "content": "Although growth of two yeast strains characterized by consistent production of two diploid spores per ascus was inhibited in complex presporulation media containing amitrole, a fraction of the cells produced were able to form asci with more than two spores after transfer to acetate sporulation medium. Cells grown in a defined presporulation medium containing amitrole did not acquire this ability. The increase in spore numbers per ascus is attributed either to the induction by amitrole in growth medium of cells with more than one nucleus or to the restoration of normal meioses in the multispored asci.", "contents": "Induction of multispored asci in two-spored strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by amitrole. Although growth of two yeast strains characterized by consistent production of two diploid spores per ascus was inhibited in complex presporulation media containing amitrole, a fraction of the cells produced were able to form asci with more than two spores after transfer to acetate sporulation medium. Cells grown in a defined presporulation medium containing amitrole did not acquire this ability. The increase in spore numbers per ascus is attributed either to the induction by amitrole in growth medium of cells with more than one nucleus or to the restoration of normal meioses in the multispored asci.", "PMID": 326361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10022", "title": "Eburicol, lichesterol, ergosterol, and obtusifoliol from polyene antibiotic-resistant mutants of Candida albicans.", "content": "Two classes of polyene-resistant mutants were isolated from survivors of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment of a wild-type Candida albicans. An analysis of the major sterols of one class revealed an accumulation of lichesterol and fecosterol while the other class accumulated eburicol, obtusifoliol, and lanosterol with minor quantities of C28 sterols.", "contents": "Eburicol, lichesterol, ergosterol, and obtusifoliol from polyene antibiotic-resistant mutants of Candida albicans. Two classes of polyene-resistant mutants were isolated from survivors of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment of a wild-type Candida albicans. An analysis of the major sterols of one class revealed an accumulation of lichesterol and fecosterol while the other class accumulated eburicol, obtusifoliol, and lanosterol with minor quantities of C28 sterols.", "PMID": 326362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10023", "title": "Preferential inhibition of phosphatidyl ethanolamine synthesis in E. coli by alcohols.", "content": "Growth of E. coli in the presence of alcohols of chain lengths 1 through 8 results in an increase in the relative abundance of phosphatidyl glycerol. This results primarily from the preferential inhibition of phosphatidyl ethanolamine synthesis. This inhibition appears to be unrelated to membrane fluidity or to changes in fatty acid composition caused by alcohols. Alcohol-induced changes in total fatty acid composition are reflected in all phospholipid classes. Phosphatidyl serine synthetase is proposed as the most likely site for the effects of alcohols on phospholipid synthesis.", "contents": "Preferential inhibition of phosphatidyl ethanolamine synthesis in E. coli by alcohols. Growth of E. coli in the presence of alcohols of chain lengths 1 through 8 results in an increase in the relative abundance of phosphatidyl glycerol. This results primarily from the preferential inhibition of phosphatidyl ethanolamine synthesis. This inhibition appears to be unrelated to membrane fluidity or to changes in fatty acid composition caused by alcohols. Alcohol-induced changes in total fatty acid composition are reflected in all phospholipid classes. Phosphatidyl serine synthetase is proposed as the most likely site for the effects of alcohols on phospholipid synthesis.", "PMID": 326363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10024", "title": "Phage types of Mycobacterium bovis, substrains of BCG.", "content": "Nineteen substrains of Mycobacterium bovis, strain bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) used in laboratories throughout the world for the preparation of BCG vaccines were phage-typed with a battery of mycobacteriophages. The results revealed differences in their susceptibility to phage lysis that allow subdivision of these strains of BCG into two or more phage types.", "contents": "Phage types of Mycobacterium bovis, substrains of BCG. Nineteen substrains of Mycobacterium bovis, strain bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) used in laboratories throughout the world for the preparation of BCG vaccines were phage-typed with a battery of mycobacteriophages. The results revealed differences in their susceptibility to phage lysis that allow subdivision of these strains of BCG into two or more phage types.", "PMID": 326364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10025", "title": "Enumeration of Clostridium botulinum spores in meats by a pour-plate procedure.", "content": "Colonies of Clostridium botulinum could be easily distinguished from meat particles by supplementing Wynne agar with 0.4% egg yolk. The pour-plate method was suitable for enumeration of C. botulinum, provided the medium was covered with a layer of agar containing 0.01% dithiothreitol. Viable counts of heat-treated spores were consistently higher in Wynne agar supplemented with egg yolk (Wynne-EY agar) than in Wynne agar alone.", "contents": "Enumeration of Clostridium botulinum spores in meats by a pour-plate procedure. Colonies of Clostridium botulinum could be easily distinguished from meat particles by supplementing Wynne agar with 0.4% egg yolk. The pour-plate method was suitable for enumeration of C. botulinum, provided the medium was covered with a layer of agar containing 0.01% dithiothreitol. Viable counts of heat-treated spores were consistently higher in Wynne agar supplemented with egg yolk (Wynne-EY agar) than in Wynne agar alone.", "PMID": 326365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10026", "title": "Normal processes and restraints in wound healing.", "content": "Wound healing normally follows an uninterrupted course but, for the purposes of description, it can be considered in four phases -- hemostasis, acute inflammation, repair and consolidation. Arrest of healing may occur at any phase and lead to a number of clinical problems. Repair cannot begin until the phase of acute inflammation has begun to subside; this fact is of special importance in clinical surgery. Wound healing in gastrointestinal tract and abdominal incisions is emphasized because healing problems are common in these areas and failure to heal results in morbidity and a regrettable mortality.", "contents": "Normal processes and restraints in wound healing. Wound healing normally follows an uninterrupted course but, for the purposes of description, it can be considered in four phases -- hemostasis, acute inflammation, repair and consolidation. Arrest of healing may occur at any phase and lead to a number of clinical problems. Repair cannot begin until the phase of acute inflammation has begun to subside; this fact is of special importance in clinical surgery. Wound healing in gastrointestinal tract and abdominal incisions is emphasized because healing problems are common in these areas and failure to heal results in morbidity and a regrettable mortality.", "PMID": 326366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10027", "title": "Management of cardiac arrest: seven steps to survival.", "content": "Cardiac arrest is a common medical emergency. It usually occurs suddenly and results in irreversible brain damage unless prompt, effective treatment is instituted. One plan for dealing effectively with this emergency consists of seven steps of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: (1) establishing the diagnosis and deciding whether to resuscitate; (2) administering a precordial thump, noting the time and summoning aid; (3) establishing a patent airway and performing artificial ventilation and external cardiac compression; (4) instituting general supportive measures; (5) diagnosing the cardiac arrhythmia responsible for the arrest; (6) treating the arrhythmia; and (7) managing the patient after resuscitation.", "contents": "Management of cardiac arrest: seven steps to survival. Cardiac arrest is a common medical emergency. It usually occurs suddenly and results in irreversible brain damage unless prompt, effective treatment is instituted. One plan for dealing effectively with this emergency consists of seven steps of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: (1) establishing the diagnosis and deciding whether to resuscitate; (2) administering a precordial thump, noting the time and summoning aid; (3) establishing a patent airway and performing artificial ventilation and external cardiac compression; (4) instituting general supportive measures; (5) diagnosing the cardiac arrhythmia responsible for the arrest; (6) treating the arrhythmia; and (7) managing the patient after resuscitation.", "PMID": 326369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10028", "title": "Prevention of congenital rubella.", "content": "The vaccine of choice for rubella vaccination is considered to be RA 27/3, based on frequency of side effects, duration of immunity, antigenic potential and rate of reinfection by wild virus. The most appropriate individuals to be vaccinated are prepubertal schoolgirls and susceptible members of other high-risk groups, and a nationwide immunization program is suggested. Premarital determination of rubella-immune status should be mandatory for all women of childbearing age. A favourable cost/benefit ratio for rubella vaccination seems highly probable. The use of a rubella \"fact sheet\" to provide education and information for those at risk is strongly recommended.", "contents": "Prevention of congenital rubella. The vaccine of choice for rubella vaccination is considered to be RA 27/3, based on frequency of side effects, duration of immunity, antigenic potential and rate of reinfection by wild virus. The most appropriate individuals to be vaccinated are prepubertal schoolgirls and susceptible members of other high-risk groups, and a nationwide immunization program is suggested. Premarital determination of rubella-immune status should be mandatory for all women of childbearing age. A favourable cost/benefit ratio for rubella vaccination seems highly probable. The use of a rubella \"fact sheet\" to provide education and information for those at risk is strongly recommended.", "PMID": 326368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10029", "title": "Fatal histiocytic lymphoma of the brain associated with hyperimmunoglobulinemia-E and recurrent infections.", "content": "A 10-year-old girl with eczema, asthma, recurrent abscesses, middle ear infections and pneumonias developed a histiocytic lymphoma of the brain. Immunologic evaluation revealed hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, depressed neutrophil chemotaxis, absent delayed hypersensitivity skin test tests, low T-lymphocyte numbers and depressed in vitro lymphocyte responses. The occurrence in this patient of a histiocytic lymphoma, which is commonly associated with more classic immunodeficiency syndromes or immunosuppression for transplantation, suggests that individuals with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E and recurrent infections may also be at increased risk for developing unusual malignancies.", "contents": "Fatal histiocytic lymphoma of the brain associated with hyperimmunoglobulinemia-E and recurrent infections. A 10-year-old girl with eczema, asthma, recurrent abscesses, middle ear infections and pneumonias developed a histiocytic lymphoma of the brain. Immunologic evaluation revealed hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, depressed neutrophil chemotaxis, absent delayed hypersensitivity skin test tests, low T-lymphocyte numbers and depressed in vitro lymphocyte responses. The occurrence in this patient of a histiocytic lymphoma, which is commonly associated with more classic immunodeficiency syndromes or immunosuppression for transplantation, suggests that individuals with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E and recurrent infections may also be at increased risk for developing unusual malignancies.", "PMID": 326374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10030", "title": "Conservative local treatment of breast cancer.", "content": "A survey of controlled randomized trials of orthodox therapy directed to the breast and axillary nodes has indicated that 1) if radical mastectomy is performed, postoperative radiotherapy gives no advantage over a watching policy and 2) if postoperative radical radiotherapy is given, there is no need for other than a simple mastectomy. A large multicenter trial is also indicating that simple mastectomy alone with reservation of radiotherapy for treating local recurrent disease is safe initial treatment. These results refer to survival; postoperative radiotherapy does reduce the incidence of local recurrence but this apparently can be equally well treated when it occurs. Local excision of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy, has been reported to give inferior results to a radical approach in Stage II tumors.  Recognition that all these methods of local treatment fail to cure the majority of patients has emphasized the need to define the extent of the disease and to apply treatment according to that extent. We have studied a policy of selective local therapy based on this principal in which total mastectomy is combined with biopsy of the pectoral lymph nodes and further treatment by radiotherapy given only if these nodes are involved by tumor. This policy has been compared with a standard radical approach and is giving similar results. In our current Edinburgh trials, pectoral node biopsy is also used to select patients for inclusion in trials of systemic therapy.", "contents": "Conservative local treatment of breast cancer. A survey of controlled randomized trials of orthodox therapy directed to the breast and axillary nodes has indicated that 1) if radical mastectomy is performed, postoperative radiotherapy gives no advantage over a watching policy and 2) if postoperative radical radiotherapy is given, there is no need for other than a simple mastectomy. A large multicenter trial is also indicating that simple mastectomy alone with reservation of radiotherapy for treating local recurrent disease is safe initial treatment. These results refer to survival; postoperative radiotherapy does reduce the incidence of local recurrence but this apparently can be equally well treated when it occurs. Local excision of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy, has been reported to give inferior results to a radical approach in Stage II tumors.  Recognition that all these methods of local treatment fail to cure the majority of patients has emphasized the need to define the extent of the disease and to apply treatment according to that extent. We have studied a policy of selective local therapy based on this principal in which total mastectomy is combined with biopsy of the pectoral lymph nodes and further treatment by radiotherapy given only if these nodes are involved by tumor. This policy has been compared with a standard radical approach and is giving similar results. In our current Edinburgh trials, pectoral node biopsy is also used to select patients for inclusion in trials of systemic therapy.", "PMID": 326379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10031", "title": "Conservative treatment of breast cancer. A trial in progress at the Cancer Institute of Milan.", "content": "The report describes a clinical trial on conservative surgery in progress at the National Cancer Institute of Milan, Italy. The randomized clinical trial compares radical mastectomy with a more conservative procedure consisting of mammary resection plus axillary dissection plus radiotherapy. The resection comprises an entire quadrant of the breast together with the overlying skin and the corresponding portion of the fascial sheet of the pectoralis major. The axillary dissection is performed in continuity with the resected breast quadrant except in cases with tumors of lower inner quadrants, who need two separate incisions. After surgery the patients receive 6000 rads to the residual breast tissue over five to six weeks, starting 15 days after operation. The cosmetic results are satisfactory in approximately 70% of cases. The trial is limited to cases with tumors less than 2 cm and no palpable axillary nodes (T1N0M0). Patients with histologically positive lymph nodes (N+) are submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF for one year. From September 1973, to October 1976, 331 cases entered the trial. One hundred sixty were treated with radical mastectomy and 164 with the conservative procedure. Axillary metastases were found in 23% of the radical and in 29% of the conservative surgery group. Four local-regional recurrences have occurred till now, two in each group. Five cases in the radical mastectomy group and one in the conservative group had distant metastases. The clinical trial will collect some 500 cases by the end of 1977 and significant preliminary results are expected to be available from 1978.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of breast cancer. A trial in progress at the Cancer Institute of Milan. The report describes a clinical trial on conservative surgery in progress at the National Cancer Institute of Milan, Italy. The randomized clinical trial compares radical mastectomy with a more conservative procedure consisting of mammary resection plus axillary dissection plus radiotherapy. The resection comprises an entire quadrant of the breast together with the overlying skin and the corresponding portion of the fascial sheet of the pectoralis major. The axillary dissection is performed in continuity with the resected breast quadrant except in cases with tumors of lower inner quadrants, who need two separate incisions. After surgery the patients receive 6000 rads to the residual breast tissue over five to six weeks, starting 15 days after operation. The cosmetic results are satisfactory in approximately 70% of cases. The trial is limited to cases with tumors less than 2 cm and no palpable axillary nodes (T1N0M0). Patients with histologically positive lymph nodes (N+) are submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF for one year. From September 1973, to October 1976, 331 cases entered the trial. One hundred sixty were treated with radical mastectomy and 164 with the conservative procedure. Axillary metastases were found in 23% of the radical and in 29% of the conservative surgery group. Four local-regional recurrences have occurred till now, two in each group. Five cases in the radical mastectomy group and one in the conservative group had distant metastases. The clinical trial will collect some 500 cases by the end of 1977 and significant preliminary results are expected to be available from 1978.", "PMID": 326380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10032", "title": "The CMF program for operable breast cancer with positive axillary nodes. Updated analysis on the disease-free interval, site of relapse and drug tolerance.", "content": "In a prospective randomized study adjuvant combination chemotherapy with CMF was administered for 12 monthly cycles to 207 patients subjected to radical mastectomy (Halsted or extended) and treatment failure was compared to that observed in 179 patients whose primary therapy consisted only of radical surgery (control group). All patients of both groups had histologically positive axillary lymph nodes. At three years from mastectomy the total failure time distribution was 45.7% in control patients compared to 26.3% in women given CMF (P less than 0.0001). New disease manifestations were higher in the subgroup with four or more nodes (64.9% vs 41.5%) compared to that with one to three nodes (37.9% vs 19.1%). Premenopausal controls showed a progressively higher incidence of treatment failure compared to CMF patients (P=0.00001). The decreased recurrence rate in postmenopausal women given CMF was appreciable only during the first 12 months. From this time on, the difference no longer existed. The cumulative percent of recurrence in patients without or with drug-induced amenorrhea (27.2% vs 9.2%) was not statistically significant. At three years 21.4% of control patients have died of progressive cancer compared to 10.4% of CMF patients. The difference in the survival curves was not significant (P=0.08). Toxicity was moderate and reversible. No drug induced neoplasm was observed. Present results confirm the efficacy of 12 CMF cycles in premenopausal patients. Postmenopausal women probably require a more intensive and prolonged adjuvant chemotherapy.", "contents": "The CMF program for operable breast cancer with positive axillary nodes. Updated analysis on the disease-free interval, site of relapse and drug tolerance. In a prospective randomized study adjuvant combination chemotherapy with CMF was administered for 12 monthly cycles to 207 patients subjected to radical mastectomy (Halsted or extended) and treatment failure was compared to that observed in 179 patients whose primary therapy consisted only of radical surgery (control group). All patients of both groups had histologically positive axillary lymph nodes. At three years from mastectomy the total failure time distribution was 45.7% in control patients compared to 26.3% in women given CMF (P less than 0.0001). New disease manifestations were higher in the subgroup with four or more nodes (64.9% vs 41.5%) compared to that with one to three nodes (37.9% vs 19.1%). Premenopausal controls showed a progressively higher incidence of treatment failure compared to CMF patients (P=0.00001). The decreased recurrence rate in postmenopausal women given CMF was appreciable only during the first 12 months. From this time on, the difference no longer existed. The cumulative percent of recurrence in patients without or with drug-induced amenorrhea (27.2% vs 9.2%) was not statistically significant. At three years 21.4% of control patients have died of progressive cancer compared to 10.4% of CMF patients. The difference in the survival curves was not significant (P=0.08). Toxicity was moderate and reversible. No drug induced neoplasm was observed. Present results confirm the efficacy of 12 CMF cycles in premenopausal patients. Postmenopausal women probably require a more intensive and prolonged adjuvant chemotherapy.", "PMID": 326384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10033", "title": "Current status of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer.", "content": "Breast cancer is often hormone responsive, since growth or regression of tumors can often be modulated by appropriate endocrine manipulations. Estrogen and progesterone appear to be major hormones involved in regulation of breast tumor growth. It has been recently argued that a more accurate marker of hormonal responsiveness might result if an end product of an intact estrogen response system were measured instead of the initial hormone binding step. Progesterone receptor (PgR) has been investigated in this regard since it can be readily measured in human breast tumors and there is clear evidence in experimental breast tumor model systems that PgR is under acute estrogen control. PgR is rarely found in ER- metastatic breast tumors but is present in approximately 59% of ER+ metastatic tumors, especially in those tumors with high levels of ER. Preliminary clinical correlation of ER, PgR and response to endocrine therapy is encouraging. The response rate is significantly higher if the tumor contains both ER and PgR than if the tumor contains ER alone.", "contents": "Current status of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer. Breast cancer is often hormone responsive, since growth or regression of tumors can often be modulated by appropriate endocrine manipulations. Estrogen and progesterone appear to be major hormones involved in regulation of breast tumor growth. It has been recently argued that a more accurate marker of hormonal responsiveness might result if an end product of an intact estrogen response system were measured instead of the initial hormone binding step. Progesterone receptor (PgR) has been investigated in this regard since it can be readily measured in human breast tumors and there is clear evidence in experimental breast tumor model systems that PgR is under acute estrogen control. PgR is rarely found in ER- metastatic breast tumors but is present in approximately 59% of ER+ metastatic tumors, especially in those tumors with high levels of ER. Preliminary clinical correlation of ER, PgR and response to endocrine therapy is encouraging. The response rate is significantly higher if the tumor contains both ER and PgR than if the tumor contains ER alone.", "PMID": 326386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10034", "title": "Antiestrogens in treatment of breast cancer.", "content": "The antiestrogens represent a group of compounds, not necessarily steroidal, which are able to decrease the specific uptake of estrogens in vitro and in vivo by various target tissues in the rat and in man. This action is explained either by competitive binding to estrogen receptor sites or, more probably, by failure of the antiestrogen complex, translocated into the nucleus, to stimulate neoformation of receptors in the cytoplasm. This explains the transient estrogenic effect of antiestrogen. Antiestrogens used in humans are hormone specific and antagonize also non-steroidal estrogens, like stilbestrol. Three compounds have been used in advanced breast cancer with the same indications as the older hormonal treatments. They are clomiphene citrate, nafoxidine and tamoxifen. Nafoxidine and tamoxifen are probably equally active. The response rate is between 28 and 35%, with a median duration of nine months. Nafoxidine is toxic for the skin and tamoxifen is the preferred compound. A randomized trial comparing ethinyl estradiol and an antiestrogen showed similar rates of response with the two compounds in advanced breast cancer. The uniformity of results of treatment of advanced breast cancer by hormonal agents including antiestrogens and their limitations, probably justifies the present-day concept which assigns hormonal treatment a secondary role, either as a supplement to cytotoxic chemotherapy or for old and debilitated patients. However, as a supplemented to chemotherapy, hormonal agents are probably important since recent studies have shown that apparently all breast cancers have positive receptor sites, albeit in variable amounts. Because of their lack of toxicity, antiestrogens are probably the best hormonal agents available at present.", "contents": "Antiestrogens in treatment of breast cancer. The antiestrogens represent a group of compounds, not necessarily steroidal, which are able to decrease the specific uptake of estrogens in vitro and in vivo by various target tissues in the rat and in man. This action is explained either by competitive binding to estrogen receptor sites or, more probably, by failure of the antiestrogen complex, translocated into the nucleus, to stimulate neoformation of receptors in the cytoplasm. This explains the transient estrogenic effect of antiestrogen. Antiestrogens used in humans are hormone specific and antagonize also non-steroidal estrogens, like stilbestrol. Three compounds have been used in advanced breast cancer with the same indications as the older hormonal treatments. They are clomiphene citrate, nafoxidine and tamoxifen. Nafoxidine and tamoxifen are probably equally active. The response rate is between 28 and 35%, with a median duration of nine months. Nafoxidine is toxic for the skin and tamoxifen is the preferred compound. A randomized trial comparing ethinyl estradiol and an antiestrogen showed similar rates of response with the two compounds in advanced breast cancer. The uniformity of results of treatment of advanced breast cancer by hormonal agents including antiestrogens and their limitations, probably justifies the present-day concept which assigns hormonal treatment a secondary role, either as a supplement to cytotoxic chemotherapy or for old and debilitated patients. However, as a supplemented to chemotherapy, hormonal agents are probably important since recent studies have shown that apparently all breast cancers have positive receptor sites, albeit in variable amounts. Because of their lack of toxicity, antiestrogens are probably the best hormonal agents available at present.", "PMID": 326387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10035", "title": "Adaptation of an automatic bacterial colony counter for measuring lung tumor growth in mice.", "content": "Adaptation of an automatic bacterial colony counter proved to be an efficient procedure for detecting and quantitating tumor growth in mouse lungs prepared by the Wexler method of India ink insufflation. After correlation of the size discriminator settings on the automatic counter with the Wexler visual scale, the amount of tumor growth in the lungs of 52 mice was determined by eye and independently by the automatic counter. There was no statistical difference between the two procedures. When the mouse lungs were grouped according to the number of tumors computed by eye, there was no statistical difference between the two counting procedures in any of the groups. The standard deviation was independent of the number of tumors in the lungs. This caused the precision of the automatic counter to be poor in lungs with few tumors because the error was a greater percentage of the total. In lungs with a large number of tumors, which were difficult to count by eye, close agreement between the two methods of counting was demonstrated.", "contents": "Adaptation of an automatic bacterial colony counter for measuring lung tumor growth in mice. Adaptation of an automatic bacterial colony counter proved to be an efficient procedure for detecting and quantitating tumor growth in mouse lungs prepared by the Wexler method of India ink insufflation. After correlation of the size discriminator settings on the automatic counter with the Wexler visual scale, the amount of tumor growth in the lungs of 52 mice was determined by eye and independently by the automatic counter. There was no statistical difference between the two procedures. When the mouse lungs were grouped according to the number of tumors computed by eye, there was no statistical difference between the two counting procedures in any of the groups. The standard deviation was independent of the number of tumors in the lungs. This caused the precision of the automatic counter to be poor in lungs with few tumors because the error was a greater percentage of the total. In lungs with a large number of tumors, which were difficult to count by eye, close agreement between the two methods of counting was demonstrated.", "PMID": 326389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10036", "title": "The chemotherapy of advanced bladder carcinoma.", "content": "This paper is a summary of the clinical chemotherapy of metastatic or recurrent bladder carcinoma. Mitomycin C, doxorubicin, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil appear to have cytotoxic activity against bladder carcinoma when used as single agents, although the reported objective responses to each agent vary greatly. Cyclophosphamide in intermittent high i.v. doses produced an objective response in 4 of 10 patients treated by the author, and other reports suggest that this drug also may have activity against bladder cancer. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum is a new drug that also deserves further study.", "contents": "The chemotherapy of advanced bladder carcinoma. This paper is a summary of the clinical chemotherapy of metastatic or recurrent bladder carcinoma. Mitomycin C, doxorubicin, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil appear to have cytotoxic activity against bladder carcinoma when used as single agents, although the reported objective responses to each agent vary greatly. Cyclophosphamide in intermittent high i.v. doses produced an objective response in 4 of 10 patients treated by the author, and other reports suggest that this drug also may have activity against bladder cancer. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum is a new drug that also deserves further study.", "PMID": 326391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10037", "title": "The pathogenesis of experimental bladder cancer.", "content": "The pathogenesis of signal morphological lesions of the urinary bladder induced in several species following administration of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, bracken fern, or N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide is presented. Incidences of bladder neoplasia exceeding 80% were generated in the rat by each compound. Bladder neoplasia was induced in the following species by each substance: by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in the mouse, hamster, guinea pig, and dog; by bracken fern in the guinea pig, mouse, and cow; and by N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide in mouse, hamster, and dog. The guinea pig appeared resistant to the bladder oncogenicity of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide. Different species displayed a gradient of bladder neoplastic responsiveness. Hyperplasia was a consistent early lesion and was usually focal. Early hyperplastic lesions regressed following removal of the carcinogenic stimulus, but later lesions appeared to be irreversible. These animal systems appear useful in providing opportunities for investigations relevant to human bladder cancer.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of experimental bladder cancer. The pathogenesis of signal morphological lesions of the urinary bladder induced in several species following administration of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, bracken fern, or N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide is presented. Incidences of bladder neoplasia exceeding 80% were generated in the rat by each compound. Bladder neoplasia was induced in the following species by each substance: by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in the mouse, hamster, guinea pig, and dog; by bracken fern in the guinea pig, mouse, and cow; and by N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide in mouse, hamster, and dog. The guinea pig appeared resistant to the bladder oncogenicity of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide. Different species displayed a gradient of bladder neoplastic responsiveness. Hyperplasia was a consistent early lesion and was usually focal. Early hyperplastic lesions regressed following removal of the carcinogenic stimulus, but later lesions appeared to be irreversible. These animal systems appear useful in providing opportunities for investigations relevant to human bladder cancer.", "PMID": 326392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10038", "title": "Some immunological considerations relevant to the study of human bladder cancer.", "content": "The likelihood that immunosurveillance, concomitant immunity, and immunodepression play a role in the development and spread of neoplasms of the urinary bladder is discussed. The circumstantial evidence for the existence of concomitant immunity to bladder cancer-associated antigens is briefly reviewed, and the implications of the hypothesis of Zinkernagel and Dougherty of a genetic restriction to the cytotoxicity of T-cells for virally determined target cell antigens and of the concept of immunoregulatory cells for our understanding of the immunology of bladder carcinoma are discussed.", "contents": "Some immunological considerations relevant to the study of human bladder cancer. The likelihood that immunosurveillance, concomitant immunity, and immunodepression play a role in the development and spread of neoplasms of the urinary bladder is discussed. The circumstantial evidence for the existence of concomitant immunity to bladder cancer-associated antigens is briefly reviewed, and the implications of the hypothesis of Zinkernagel and Dougherty of a genetic restriction to the cytotoxicity of T-cells for virally determined target cell antigens and of the concept of immunoregulatory cells for our understanding of the immunology of bladder carcinoma are discussed.", "PMID": 326394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10039", "title": "Classification of the bladder cancer patient based on in vitro measurements of the immune response.", "content": "In vitro measurements of the immune response in patients with cancer can be divided into those that estimate nonspecific and those that estimate tumor-specific immune responses. Contained herein is a review of these measurements, especially as they relate to studies that have been reported in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). In vitro tumor-specific immunity has been extensively examined in TCC using the lymphocyte-mediated microcytotoxicity assay, but subsequent observations on this assay have seriously jeopardized the validity of those early findings. Recent modifications of this assay have permitted longitudinal studies of lymphocyte cytotoxicity in TCC patients, and clinical correlations suggest that this modified assay may detect important immunological events. To date, however, a clinically useful classification of the TCC patient based on in vitro measurement of immune responses has not been achieved, although many promising areas still require investigation.", "contents": "Classification of the bladder cancer patient based on in vitro measurements of the immune response. In vitro measurements of the immune response in patients with cancer can be divided into those that estimate nonspecific and those that estimate tumor-specific immune responses. Contained herein is a review of these measurements, especially as they relate to studies that have been reported in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). In vitro tumor-specific immunity has been extensively examined in TCC using the lymphocyte-mediated microcytotoxicity assay, but subsequent observations on this assay have seriously jeopardized the validity of those early findings. Recent modifications of this assay have permitted longitudinal studies of lymphocyte cytotoxicity in TCC patients, and clinical correlations suggest that this modified assay may detect important immunological events. To date, however, a clinically useful classification of the TCC patient based on in vitro measurement of immune responses has not been achieved, although many promising areas still require investigation.", "PMID": 326395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10040", "title": "Development and application of basic research techniques in bladder cancer research.", "content": "The growth of transitional epithelial cells with different growth media and growth supports was examined. Sephadex G-10, Bio-Gel P-20, Bio-Glas-1000, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, DEAE-cellulose, CM-Sephadex C-50, acid-soluble collagen, and immobilized collagen fibers were used to enhance plating efficiency. Acid-soluble collagen layers optimally increased the plating efficiency of primary cultures of bladder carcinoma. Media alterations with serial combinations of fetal calf, newborn calf, calf, bovine, and bull serum with minimum essential medium, Roswell Park Memorial Institute Tissue Culture Medium 1640, Connaught Medical Research Laboratories Medium 1066, Medium 199, Grand Island Biological, National Cancer Tissue Culture 135, 1415, McCoy's 5A, and National Cancer Institute medium were established. No promotion of cell division was noted with any one of these basic medium formulations.", "contents": "Development and application of basic research techniques in bladder cancer research. The growth of transitional epithelial cells with different growth media and growth supports was examined. Sephadex G-10, Bio-Gel P-20, Bio-Glas-1000, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, DEAE-cellulose, CM-Sephadex C-50, acid-soluble collagen, and immobilized collagen fibers were used to enhance plating efficiency. Acid-soluble collagen layers optimally increased the plating efficiency of primary cultures of bladder carcinoma. Media alterations with serial combinations of fetal calf, newborn calf, calf, bovine, and bull serum with minimum essential medium, Roswell Park Memorial Institute Tissue Culture Medium 1640, Connaught Medical Research Laboratories Medium 1066, Medium 199, Grand Island Biological, National Cancer Tissue Culture 135, 1415, McCoy's 5A, and National Cancer Institute medium were established. No promotion of cell division was noted with any one of these basic medium formulations.", "PMID": 326397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10041", "title": "Studies on the prostate and testis as immunologically privileged sites.", "content": "The immunology of the prostate and testis was studied by observing allograft survival in rats and by measuring humoral antibody and delayed hypersensitivity responses to tissue antigens in the rabbit. The delayed hypersensitivity response to tissue antigen(s) was definitely diminished in those organs without demonstrable afferent lymphatics (ie, prostate, anterior eye chamber) while the humoral response was unaffected. Allograft survival in the rat showed prolonged survival in the testis and anterior eye chamber with intermediate survival in the prostate and muscle and abbreviated survival of orthotopic grafts. The extraordinary incidence of prostatic carcinoma with increasing age is discussed in light of these data. The apparent paradox of the testis as an immunologically privileged site remains unexplained.", "contents": "Studies on the prostate and testis as immunologically privileged sites. The immunology of the prostate and testis was studied by observing allograft survival in rats and by measuring humoral antibody and delayed hypersensitivity responses to tissue antigens in the rabbit. The delayed hypersensitivity response to tissue antigen(s) was definitely diminished in those organs without demonstrable afferent lymphatics (ie, prostate, anterior eye chamber) while the humoral response was unaffected. Allograft survival in the rat showed prolonged survival in the testis and anterior eye chamber with intermediate survival in the prostate and muscle and abbreviated survival of orthotopic grafts. The extraordinary incidence of prostatic carcinoma with increasing age is discussed in light of these data. The apparent paradox of the testis as an immunologically privileged site remains unexplained.", "PMID": 326398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10042", "title": "Calibration of densitometers for indicator dye dilution.", "content": "A systematic investigation was undertaken to determine which factors affect the calibration of a Gilford monochromatic densitometer used for recording indicator-dilution curves with indocyanine green. Calibration was not influenced by variation of withdrawal speeds from 6.4 to 20.6 cm3/min but varied with differing sampling systems. Variation in haemoglobin from 10 to 17.5 g-dl-1 or in haematocrit from 30 to 60% did not affect calibration. Calibration lines showed both curvature and hysteresis. The opitcal properties of indocyanine green were not affected by storage of diluted dye in the dark for 24 hours but were altered by the presence of contrast media used in angiography. No systematic error resulted from the substitution of stored ACD blood for patient's blood in calibration although random error was increased. Recommendations based on these findings are made for a simple calibration technique which avoids systematic error.", "contents": "Calibration of densitometers for indicator dye dilution. A systematic investigation was undertaken to determine which factors affect the calibration of a Gilford monochromatic densitometer used for recording indicator-dilution curves with indocyanine green. Calibration was not influenced by variation of withdrawal speeds from 6.4 to 20.6 cm3/min but varied with differing sampling systems. Variation in haemoglobin from 10 to 17.5 g-dl-1 or in haematocrit from 30 to 60% did not affect calibration. Calibration lines showed both curvature and hysteresis. The opitcal properties of indocyanine green were not affected by storage of diluted dye in the dark for 24 hours but were altered by the presence of contrast media used in angiography. No systematic error resulted from the substitution of stored ACD blood for patient's blood in calibration although random error was increased. Recommendations based on these findings are made for a simple calibration technique which avoids systematic error.", "PMID": 326404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10043", "title": "Androgen receptors in human prostatic tissues: a review.", "content": "Methods for the measurements of androgen receptors in the human prostate have been reviewed. The differentiation of binding to receptor from binding to a contaminating serum protein, testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG), has been the major problem in the establishment of a reliable assay in man. Charcoal adsorption and Sephadex gel filtration (G-25) have been the simplest methods utilized, but unfortunately they do not eliminate binding to TeBG. Although other methods such as sucrose density gradient centrifugation, ion-exchange chromatography, and protamine precipitation are more specific for the measurement of the androgen receptor, they have not been uniformly reproducible and are too elaborate for easy clinical applicability. For clinical purposes, assays using potent synthetic androgens that do not bind to TeBG or anti-steroid antibodies may prove to be the methods utilized in the future to measure the androgen receptor content of human prostatic tissue.", "contents": "Androgen receptors in human prostatic tissues: a review. Methods for the measurements of androgen receptors in the human prostate have been reviewed. The differentiation of binding to receptor from binding to a contaminating serum protein, testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG), has been the major problem in the establishment of a reliable assay in man. Charcoal adsorption and Sephadex gel filtration (G-25) have been the simplest methods utilized, but unfortunately they do not eliminate binding to TeBG. Although other methods such as sucrose density gradient centrifugation, ion-exchange chromatography, and protamine precipitation are more specific for the measurement of the androgen receptor, they have not been uniformly reproducible and are too elaborate for easy clinical applicability. For clinical purposes, assays using potent synthetic androgens that do not bind to TeBG or anti-steroid antibodies may prove to be the methods utilized in the future to measure the androgen receptor content of human prostatic tissue.", "PMID": 326399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10044", "title": "Phase I trial of ftorafur combined with mitomycin C or methyl-CCNU in gastrointestinal cancers.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with disseminated gastrointestinal malignancies were treated in a phase I study with a combination of ftorafur and mitomycin C or florafur and methyl-CCNU. Most patients had been heavily treated previously. Gastrointestinal, central nervous system, and marrow toxicity were manageable. Tumor regression was noted in five of 25 patients. A large-scale phase II study in untreated patients with gastrointestinal malignancies appears indicated with a combination of these agents.", "contents": "Phase I trial of ftorafur combined with mitomycin C or methyl-CCNU in gastrointestinal cancers. Twenty-five patients with disseminated gastrointestinal malignancies were treated in a phase I study with a combination of ftorafur and mitomycin C or florafur and methyl-CCNU. Most patients had been heavily treated previously. Gastrointestinal, central nervous system, and marrow toxicity were manageable. Tumor regression was noted in five of 25 patients. A large-scale phase II study in untreated patients with gastrointestinal malignancies appears indicated with a combination of these agents.", "PMID": 326403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10045", "title": "Methods for determining the proliferation kinetics of cells by means of 5-bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "After treatment of cells with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), the percentage of completely BUdR-labelled interphase nuclei is greater the longer the BUdR treatment. The labelling effect is visible after staining with the fluorochrome 33258 Hoechst and with Giemsa. Various formulae and a nomogram are presented by means of which the percentage of cells in S period, duration of the S period and the whole cell cycle can be determined by examination of a single preparation or by comparison of several preparations. The methods are tested using cell cultures of Microtus agrestis and compared with autoradiographic methods after labeling with 3H-thymidine.", "contents": "Methods for determining the proliferation kinetics of cells by means of 5-bromodeoxyuridine. After treatment of cells with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), the percentage of completely BUdR-labelled interphase nuclei is greater the longer the BUdR treatment. The labelling effect is visible after staining with the fluorochrome 33258 Hoechst and with Giemsa. Various formulae and a nomogram are presented by means of which the percentage of cells in S period, duration of the S period and the whole cell cycle can be determined by examination of a single preparation or by comparison of several preparations. The methods are tested using cell cultures of Microtus agrestis and compared with autoradiographic methods after labeling with 3H-thymidine.", "PMID": 326410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10046", "title": "Studies on the population kinetics of the Walker carcinoma by autoradiography and pulse cytophotometry.", "content": "The proliferation parameters of the Walker carcinoma were estimated from both in vivo and in vitro measurements. tthe transplantable Walker carcinoma 256 was grown in male inbred BD1 rats. During exponential growth, 5--6 days after transplantation, a PLM curve was performed, yielding estimates of TC approximately equal to 18-0 hr, TS approximately equal to 6-4 hr, TG2+M approximately equal to 4-1 hr. With the double labelling technique in vitro under 2-2 atm oxygen we obtained: TC approximately equal to 18-2 hr, TS approximately equal to 8-2 hr, TG2+M approximately equal to 2-0 hr. From pulse cytophotometry DNA content histograms the fractions of cells in the cell cycle phases were calculated using a computer program: fG1 approximately equal to (47-6 +/- 1-1)%, fS approximately equal to (34-1 +/- 1-0)%, fG2+M approximately equal to (18-3 +/- 1-5)%. These fractions remained constant between the fifth and the twelfth day after transplantation. At that time the tumour growth had already slowed down appreciably. The growth fraction determined by repetitive labelling was 0.96 on the fifth and 0-93 on the seventh and eleventh day. The cell loss factor was phi approximately equal to 17% during exponential tumor growth and increased to about 100% between the tenth and twelfth day. The agreement of the cell kinetic data determined by autoradiography from solid tumours in vivo (PLM, continuous labelling) and autoradiography as well as pulse cytophotometry from in vitro experiments (excised material) was satisfactory.", "contents": "Studies on the population kinetics of the Walker carcinoma by autoradiography and pulse cytophotometry. The proliferation parameters of the Walker carcinoma were estimated from both in vivo and in vitro measurements. tthe transplantable Walker carcinoma 256 was grown in male inbred BD1 rats. During exponential growth, 5--6 days after transplantation, a PLM curve was performed, yielding estimates of TC approximately equal to 18-0 hr, TS approximately equal to 6-4 hr, TG2+M approximately equal to 4-1 hr. With the double labelling technique in vitro under 2-2 atm oxygen we obtained: TC approximately equal to 18-2 hr, TS approximately equal to 8-2 hr, TG2+M approximately equal to 2-0 hr. From pulse cytophotometry DNA content histograms the fractions of cells in the cell cycle phases were calculated using a computer program: fG1 approximately equal to (47-6 +/- 1-1)%, fS approximately equal to (34-1 +/- 1-0)%, fG2+M approximately equal to (18-3 +/- 1-5)%. These fractions remained constant between the fifth and the twelfth day after transplantation. At that time the tumour growth had already slowed down appreciably. The growth fraction determined by repetitive labelling was 0.96 on the fifth and 0-93 on the seventh and eleventh day. The cell loss factor was phi approximately equal to 17% during exponential tumor growth and increased to about 100% between the tenth and twelfth day. The agreement of the cell kinetic data determined by autoradiography from solid tumours in vivo (PLM, continuous labelling) and autoradiography as well as pulse cytophotometry from in vitro experiments (excised material) was satisfactory.", "PMID": 326411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10047", "title": "A historical review of the concept of the left ventricle as a pump.", "content": "Although the concept of the left ventricle as pump has gradually evolved over the past 2000 years, the \"modern era\" of our understanding began in the 1880's. Studies by Howell and Donaldson, using an isolated heart-lung preparation, provided insight into the inter-relationship between preload, afterload and contractility. These concepts were further advanced by Frank, Henderson and Starling, all using isolated heart preparations. The development of new techniques by Wiggers and Hill in the 1920's and 1930's opened up entirely new areas of investigation using intact animal preparations (Wggers) and isolated muscle segments (Hill). Our debt to these investigators is enormous, and its is perhaps appropriate to reflect on their creative energies as we attempt to define more clearly the mechanical and biochemical functions of heart muscle.", "contents": "A historical review of the concept of the left ventricle as a pump. Although the concept of the left ventricle as pump has gradually evolved over the past 2000 years, the \"modern era\" of our understanding began in the 1880's. Studies by Howell and Donaldson, using an isolated heart-lung preparation, provided insight into the inter-relationship between preload, afterload and contractility. These concepts were further advanced by Frank, Henderson and Starling, all using isolated heart preparations. The development of new techniques by Wiggers and Hill in the 1920's and 1930's opened up entirely new areas of investigation using intact animal preparations (Wggers) and isolated muscle segments (Hill). Our debt to these investigators is enormous, and its is perhaps appropriate to reflect on their creative energies as we attempt to define more clearly the mechanical and biochemical functions of heart muscle.", "PMID": 326412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10048", "title": "Restoration of normal morphology, adhesion and cytoskeleton in transformed cells by addition of a transformation-sensitive surface protein.", "content": "Transformed cells lack a large, external, transformation-sensitive (LETS) glycoprotein which is a major surface component of their normal counterparts. Addition of LETS glycoprotein isolated from normal cells to transfomed cells restores certain morphological features and adhesive properties characteristic of normal cells. LETS protein is detected on the cell surface both by iodination using lactoperoxidase and by immunofluorescent staining. The surface distribution pattern detected by immunofluorescence is strikingly similar to that of normal cells. After addition of LETS protein, transformed cells also exhibit well defined actin cables which are not seen in untreated, transformed cells. All these alterations can be blocked by treating LETS protein with specific antisera or by subjecting it to mild trypsinization prior to addition to transformed cells. The effects are rapidly reversible by mild trypsinization, which removes the added LETS protein. The high rate of uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, characteristic of transformed cells, is not affected by LETS protein. These results suggest that LETS protein may have a role in cell attachment and spreading, and affect the organization of cytoskeleton.", "contents": "Restoration of normal morphology, adhesion and cytoskeleton in transformed cells by addition of a transformation-sensitive surface protein. Transformed cells lack a large, external, transformation-sensitive (LETS) glycoprotein which is a major surface component of their normal counterparts. Addition of LETS glycoprotein isolated from normal cells to transfomed cells restores certain morphological features and adhesive properties characteristic of normal cells. LETS protein is detected on the cell surface both by iodination using lactoperoxidase and by immunofluorescent staining. The surface distribution pattern detected by immunofluorescence is strikingly similar to that of normal cells. After addition of LETS protein, transformed cells also exhibit well defined actin cables which are not seen in untreated, transformed cells. All these alterations can be blocked by treating LETS protein with specific antisera or by subjecting it to mild trypsinization prior to addition to transformed cells. The effects are rapidly reversible by mild trypsinization, which removes the added LETS protein. The high rate of uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, characteristic of transformed cells, is not affected by LETS protein. These results suggest that LETS protein may have a role in cell attachment and spreading, and affect the organization of cytoskeleton.", "PMID": 326414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10049", "title": "Anomalous synthesis of ppGpp in growing cells.", "content": "In E. coli cells, accumulation of ppGpp is normally triggered by conditions that restrict the aminoacylation of tRNA or interfere with carbon/energy source metabolism; in both cases, the nucleotide's accumulation is associated with control of stable RNA synthesis and is generally believed to bring it about. We have found an anomalous situation wherein vigorously growing cells accumulate a high level of ppGpp and there is no restriction of stable RNA synthesis. This occurs when wild-type cells are shifted up from an abnormally low growth temperature to one in the optimal range (35 degrees C-40 degrees C). The effect is partly, but not entirely, dependent upon the presence of a functional relA gene product. These results appear to call into question the simpler interpretations of the role of ppGpp in the control of stable RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Anomalous synthesis of ppGpp in growing cells. In E. coli cells, accumulation of ppGpp is normally triggered by conditions that restrict the aminoacylation of tRNA or interfere with carbon/energy source metabolism; in both cases, the nucleotide's accumulation is associated with control of stable RNA synthesis and is generally believed to bring it about. We have found an anomalous situation wherein vigorously growing cells accumulate a high level of ppGpp and there is no restriction of stable RNA synthesis. This occurs when wild-type cells are shifted up from an abnormally low growth temperature to one in the optimal range (35 degrees C-40 degrees C). The effect is partly, but not entirely, dependent upon the presence of a functional relA gene product. These results appear to call into question the simpler interpretations of the role of ppGpp in the control of stable RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 326415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10050", "title": "Intranasal allergen challenge during corticosteroid treatment.", "content": "The effect of a corticosteroid drug on type I reactions in the nose was studied in eighteen hay fever patients. They were treated with a daily dosage of 800 microng beclomethasone dipropionate intranasally for I week, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Allergen challenge on the last day of each treatment period showed that steroid treatment diminished sneezing and rhinorrhoea, but the effect was not statistically significant (P = 0-10). Immediate nasal blockage was unaffected. There is a marked discrepancy between the minor protection offered by beclomethasone dipropionate in type I allergy, as suggested in this study and the marked efficacy of the drug in the treatment of hay fever. It is suggested that two factors may account for this discrepancy. First, the significance of \"delayed\" reactions for hay fever symptoms. Second, the difference between a single allergen provocation and continuous exposure. It is suggested that a slight steroid inhibition of immediate reactions following allergen provocation is potentiated during natural exposure due to inhibition of the priming of the end-organ.", "contents": "Intranasal allergen challenge during corticosteroid treatment. The effect of a corticosteroid drug on type I reactions in the nose was studied in eighteen hay fever patients. They were treated with a daily dosage of 800 microng beclomethasone dipropionate intranasally for I week, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Allergen challenge on the last day of each treatment period showed that steroid treatment diminished sneezing and rhinorrhoea, but the effect was not statistically significant (P = 0-10). Immediate nasal blockage was unaffected. There is a marked discrepancy between the minor protection offered by beclomethasone dipropionate in type I allergy, as suggested in this study and the marked efficacy of the drug in the treatment of hay fever. It is suggested that two factors may account for this discrepancy. First, the significance of \"delayed\" reactions for hay fever symptoms. Second, the difference between a single allergen provocation and continuous exposure. It is suggested that a slight steroid inhibition of immediate reactions following allergen provocation is potentiated during natural exposure due to inhibition of the priming of the end-organ.", "PMID": 326433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10051", "title": "The uptake of Aspergillus fumigatus protein by serum IgG antibody from patients with pulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "A method is presented for measuring the uptake of Aspergillus fumigatus protein by IgG antibodies from human serum. The human IgG is first isolated with an anti-IgG conjugated immunosorbent and then incubated with radio-iodinated A. fumigatus protein. A group of twenty-three control sera gave the same background levels as tests without sera. The highest uptake of A. fumigatus protein was given by the sera of patients with aspergilloma, and lower values were obtained with six out of thirteen sera from patient's with asthma and twenty-five out of twenty-eight sera from patients with asthma and pulmonary eosinophilia, i.e. allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. These results were in agreement with precipitin tests, Inhibition studies with unrelated antigens showed that the reactions were specific for the A. fumigatus protein, of which more was bound by test sera than with a crude extract.", "contents": "The uptake of Aspergillus fumigatus protein by serum IgG antibody from patients with pulmonary aspergillosis. A method is presented for measuring the uptake of Aspergillus fumigatus protein by IgG antibodies from human serum. The human IgG is first isolated with an anti-IgG conjugated immunosorbent and then incubated with radio-iodinated A. fumigatus protein. A group of twenty-three control sera gave the same background levels as tests without sera. The highest uptake of A. fumigatus protein was given by the sera of patients with aspergilloma, and lower values were obtained with six out of thirteen sera from patient's with asthma and twenty-five out of twenty-eight sera from patients with asthma and pulmonary eosinophilia, i.e. allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. These results were in agreement with precipitin tests, Inhibition studies with unrelated antigens showed that the reactions were specific for the A. fumigatus protein, of which more was bound by test sera than with a crude extract.", "PMID": 326434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10052", "title": "Homogeneous reactant-labeled fluorescent immunoassay for therapeutic drugs exemplified by gentamicin determination in human serum.", "content": "We applied a homogeneous reactant-labeled fluorescent immunoassay to the measurement of therapeutic drug concentrations in human serum, exemplified here by gentamicin. A derivative of umbelliferyl-beta-galactoside was coupled covalently to the drug and this conjugate was found to be nonfluorescent under assay conditions. The drug/dye conjugate was a substrate for bacterial beta-galactosidase and yielded a fluorescent product. When the drug/dye conjugate was bound to anti-gentamicin antibody it was inactive as an enzymatic substrate. This inactivation was relieved by the presence of gentamicin in competitive binding reactions. Hence, the rate of production of fluorescence was proportional to the gentamicin concentration. The fluorescent assay yielded values which compared favorably to a radioimmunoassay for gentamicin in clinical serum samples (r=0.94, standard error of estimate=0.66 mg/liter). The fluorescent assay requires only 1 microliter of serum and offers several advantages over existing techniques: sensitivity, specificity, simplicity, and the obviation of radioisotopes.", "contents": "Homogeneous reactant-labeled fluorescent immunoassay for therapeutic drugs exemplified by gentamicin determination in human serum. We applied a homogeneous reactant-labeled fluorescent immunoassay to the measurement of therapeutic drug concentrations in human serum, exemplified here by gentamicin. A derivative of umbelliferyl-beta-galactoside was coupled covalently to the drug and this conjugate was found to be nonfluorescent under assay conditions. The drug/dye conjugate was a substrate for bacterial beta-galactosidase and yielded a fluorescent product. When the drug/dye conjugate was bound to anti-gentamicin antibody it was inactive as an enzymatic substrate. This inactivation was relieved by the presence of gentamicin in competitive binding reactions. Hence, the rate of production of fluorescence was proportional to the gentamicin concentration. The fluorescent assay yielded values which compared favorably to a radioimmunoassay for gentamicin in clinical serum samples (r=0.94, standard error of estimate=0.66 mg/liter). The fluorescent assay requires only 1 microliter of serum and offers several advantages over existing techniques: sensitivity, specificity, simplicity, and the obviation of radioisotopes.", "PMID": 326439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10053", "title": "Enzyme immunoassays with the miniature centrifugal fast analyzer.", "content": "We studied the EMIT (Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique, Syva) procedures for the assay of phenytoin and phenobarbital in serum, adapting them to the miniature Centrifugal Fast Analyzer. For different concentrations of drug, each rate of reaction decreased continuously with time, tending to converge on a single common value. The rate was most affected by the concentration of drug almost immediately after the reagents were mixed, less so thereafter. The antibody evidently is present in sufficient excess to bind all the enzyme-labeled drug ordinarily present, but the antibody-bound enzyme was only 75% inhibited; this helps explain the appreciable residual activity when no drug is present. The reaction course was the same whether the serum and enzyme-labeled drug were added to the antibody sequentially or simultaneously, which suggests that antibody is bound to drug appreciably faster than to enzyme-labeled drug. The reaction rates 15 to 30 s after mixing were used as the measure of the drug concentrations. These results were confirmed by noting the rates at successive 15-s intervals. The analyzer yielded a run-to-run CV of 10% for phenobarbital at 30 mg/liter, and 9% for phenytoin at 15 mg/liter, as compared to the 15% quoted by Syva.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassays with the miniature centrifugal fast analyzer. We studied the EMIT (Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique, Syva) procedures for the assay of phenytoin and phenobarbital in serum, adapting them to the miniature Centrifugal Fast Analyzer. For different concentrations of drug, each rate of reaction decreased continuously with time, tending to converge on a single common value. The rate was most affected by the concentration of drug almost immediately after the reagents were mixed, less so thereafter. The antibody evidently is present in sufficient excess to bind all the enzyme-labeled drug ordinarily present, but the antibody-bound enzyme was only 75% inhibited; this helps explain the appreciable residual activity when no drug is present. The reaction course was the same whether the serum and enzyme-labeled drug were added to the antibody sequentially or simultaneously, which suggests that antibody is bound to drug appreciably faster than to enzyme-labeled drug. The reaction rates 15 to 30 s after mixing were used as the measure of the drug concentrations. These results were confirmed by noting the rates at successive 15-s intervals. The analyzer yielded a run-to-run CV of 10% for phenobarbital at 30 mg/liter, and 9% for phenytoin at 15 mg/liter, as compared to the 15% quoted by Syva.", "PMID": 326440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10054", "title": "The estimation of plasma valproate by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method for the plasma assay of the anticonvulsant, sodium valproate, is described. Derivatization is not necessary. 200 microliter plasma are required for a single estimation. The method involves a chloroform extraction of valproate and the internal standard, cyclopentane carboxylic acid, from acidified plasma. Gas-liquid chromatography using the stationary phase 10% SP-216-PS gives complete separation of valproate and the internal standard in eight minutes. The limit of detection is 20 mumol valproate/1 plasma (equivalent to 40 pmol on column). This is well below the lower therapeutic plasma level. The between-run precision of the method indicates a variation for each sample within+/-3% of its mean value.", "contents": "The estimation of plasma valproate by gas-liquid chromatography. A gas chromatographic method for the plasma assay of the anticonvulsant, sodium valproate, is described. Derivatization is not necessary. 200 microliter plasma are required for a single estimation. The method involves a chloroform extraction of valproate and the internal standard, cyclopentane carboxylic acid, from acidified plasma. Gas-liquid chromatography using the stationary phase 10% SP-216-PS gives complete separation of valproate and the internal standard in eight minutes. The limit of detection is 20 mumol valproate/1 plasma (equivalent to 40 pmol on column). This is well below the lower therapeutic plasma level. The between-run precision of the method indicates a variation for each sample within+/-3% of its mean value.", "PMID": 326442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10055", "title": "An investigation into gonadal dysfunction in patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis.", "content": "Endocrine studies were performed on twelve patients with proven idiopathic haemochromatosis. Basal gonadotrophin levels and/or their responses to LH releasing hormone (LHRH) were low in nine patients, all of whom showed low plasma testosterone levels and clinical evidence of hypogonadism. Those patients with normal gonadotrophin responses had higher testosterone values, suggesting that the poor testosterone secretion was primarily due to inadequate trophic stimulation. No patient showed hypothyroidism of hypothalamic-pituitary origin, while the cortisol response to hypoglycaemia was normal in all six patients studied. GH responses were more variable and difficult to interpret, since the number of the patients studied was small and the degree of hypoglycaemia after insulin was unpredictable.", "contents": "An investigation into gonadal dysfunction in patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis. Endocrine studies were performed on twelve patients with proven idiopathic haemochromatosis. Basal gonadotrophin levels and/or their responses to LH releasing hormone (LHRH) were low in nine patients, all of whom showed low plasma testosterone levels and clinical evidence of hypogonadism. Those patients with normal gonadotrophin responses had higher testosterone values, suggesting that the poor testosterone secretion was primarily due to inadequate trophic stimulation. No patient showed hypothyroidism of hypothalamic-pituitary origin, while the cortisol response to hypoglycaemia was normal in all six patients studied. GH responses were more variable and difficult to interpret, since the number of the patients studied was small and the degree of hypoglycaemia after insulin was unpredictable.", "PMID": 326443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10056", "title": "Rheumatoid factor plaque-forming cells in rheumatoid synovial tissue.", "content": "Cells producing rheumatoid factor (RF) were readily detected in vitro by means of a haemolytic plaque assay system employing sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) sensitized with reduced and alkylated rabbit IgG anti-SRBC antibody as target cells. Rheumatoid factor-producing, plaque-forming cells (RF-PFC) were observed in all of the synovial tissue cell preparations from seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients studied. The numbers of RF-PFC varied considerably without any direct correlation with serum titres of RF antibody activity. However, high numbers of RF-PFC were never found in patients with low rheumatoid factor titres whereas, high and low numbers of RF-PFC were found among the patients with high RF titres. Synovial tissue cell preparations from a group of seronegative patients, with only one exception, failed to exhibit RF-PFC.", "contents": "Rheumatoid factor plaque-forming cells in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Cells producing rheumatoid factor (RF) were readily detected in vitro by means of a haemolytic plaque assay system employing sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) sensitized with reduced and alkylated rabbit IgG anti-SRBC antibody as target cells. Rheumatoid factor-producing, plaque-forming cells (RF-PFC) were observed in all of the synovial tissue cell preparations from seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients studied. The numbers of RF-PFC varied considerably without any direct correlation with serum titres of RF antibody activity. However, high numbers of RF-PFC were never found in patients with low rheumatoid factor titres whereas, high and low numbers of RF-PFC were found among the patients with high RF titres. Synovial tissue cell preparations from a group of seronegative patients, with only one exception, failed to exhibit RF-PFC.", "PMID": 326444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10057", "title": "Reproducibility of the indirect immunofluorescence test on swollen human spermheads.", "content": "Sera of 111 vasectomized men and infertile men and women were tested in each of two laboratories with the indirect immunofluorescence test on swollen human spermatozoa to detect antibodies against nuclear antigens specific to sperm. Comparison of the results revealed complete agreement in 110 of the sera. There were seventeen concordant positive sera (eight out of eighteen sera from vasectomized men, eight out of seventeen sera from infertile men, and one out of seventy-six infertile women). Most of the antibodies were of the IgG class.", "contents": "Reproducibility of the indirect immunofluorescence test on swollen human spermheads. Sera of 111 vasectomized men and infertile men and women were tested in each of two laboratories with the indirect immunofluorescence test on swollen human spermatozoa to detect antibodies against nuclear antigens specific to sperm. Comparison of the results revealed complete agreement in 110 of the sera. There were seventeen concordant positive sera (eight out of eighteen sera from vasectomized men, eight out of seventeen sera from infertile men, and one out of seventy-six infertile women). Most of the antibodies were of the IgG class.", "PMID": 326445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10058", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: impairment of the cell-mediated immune response in mice.", "content": "Skin-graft rejection in mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni is delayed when grafting is performed 60 days after the infection. In mice infected 30 days prior to the grafting, the grafts were rejected at the same time both in infected and in control animals. This observation indicates that impairment of cell-mediated immune response occurs in mice with mature S. mansoni infections.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: impairment of the cell-mediated immune response in mice. Skin-graft rejection in mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni is delayed when grafting is performed 60 days after the infection. In mice infected 30 days prior to the grafting, the grafts were rejected at the same time both in infected and in control animals. This observation indicates that impairment of cell-mediated immune response occurs in mice with mature S. mansoni infections.", "PMID": 326446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10059", "title": "The effects of prednisolone in leucocyte function in man. A double blind controlled study.", "content": "The effect of prednisolone on various immunological parameters was studied in patients with ulcerative colitis in complete remission. The study was designed as a double blind trial in which patients received either prednisolone or a dummy preparation and the following observations were made:(1) The mean lymphocyte count fell from 1738 cells per mm3 to 501 cells/mm3 4 hr after prednisolone was given but by 24 hr was significantly elevated to 2399 cells/mm3; thereafter it returned to normal levels. (2) Surface marker assays of lymphocytes forming spontaneous sheep cell (E), Fc (EA), and C3 (EAC) rosettes; and cells bearing surface immunoglobulin fluctuated in approximately the same pattern as the total lymphocyte count. (3) The mitotic response to a sub-maximal stimulating dose of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was significantly depressed 4 hr after steroid administration but returned to normal by 24 hr. (4) Spontaneous and PHA-induced lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity fell significantly by four hours and remained depressed to the end of steroid administration. The PHA-induced cytotoxicity was still significantly depressed 7 days after steroid administration was stopped. (5) K-cell cytotoxicity did not follow the general pattern and was only slightly reduced at four hours being lowest after 24 hr and still depressed 7 days after cessation of steroid administration. (6) The number of plasma cells in the rectal lamina propria showed no significant change after one week of steroid administration. (7) No significant changes occurred in any of the above assays, in the control group. (8) Polymorphonuclear leucocyte counts rose sharply by 4 hr in the patients receiving prednisolone. There was also a smaller but significant rise in the control group. They remained elevated for 7 days in the group receiving prednisolone, and subsequently fell to normal levels. The control group had returned to initial levels by 24 hr.", "contents": "The effects of prednisolone in leucocyte function in man. A double blind controlled study. The effect of prednisolone on various immunological parameters was studied in patients with ulcerative colitis in complete remission. The study was designed as a double blind trial in which patients received either prednisolone or a dummy preparation and the following observations were made:(1) The mean lymphocyte count fell from 1738 cells per mm3 to 501 cells/mm3 4 hr after prednisolone was given but by 24 hr was significantly elevated to 2399 cells/mm3; thereafter it returned to normal levels. (2) Surface marker assays of lymphocytes forming spontaneous sheep cell (E), Fc (EA), and C3 (EAC) rosettes; and cells bearing surface immunoglobulin fluctuated in approximately the same pattern as the total lymphocyte count. (3) The mitotic response to a sub-maximal stimulating dose of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was significantly depressed 4 hr after steroid administration but returned to normal by 24 hr. (4) Spontaneous and PHA-induced lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity fell significantly by four hours and remained depressed to the end of steroid administration. The PHA-induced cytotoxicity was still significantly depressed 7 days after steroid administration was stopped. (5) K-cell cytotoxicity did not follow the general pattern and was only slightly reduced at four hours being lowest after 24 hr and still depressed 7 days after cessation of steroid administration. (6) The number of plasma cells in the rectal lamina propria showed no significant change after one week of steroid administration. (7) No significant changes occurred in any of the above assays, in the control group. (8) Polymorphonuclear leucocyte counts rose sharply by 4 hr in the patients receiving prednisolone. There was also a smaller but significant rise in the control group. They remained elevated for 7 days in the group receiving prednisolone, and subsequently fell to normal levels. The control group had returned to initial levels by 24 hr.", "PMID": 326447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10060", "title": "Rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes. IV. T, B and third population cells in human tonsils.", "content": "Mononuclear cells from twenty human tonsils and peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for T, B and 'third population cells'. Compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes, tonsils were found to have a higher proportion of B lymphocytes with surface IgM, IgD and IgA. Mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming cells were also present in increased proportions. However, 'third population cells' were found in very low proportions. Phagocytic cells as determined by latex ingestion and peroxidase staining were also present in low proportions. The lack of 'third population cells' in human tonsils may establish this organ as one of particular interest in the study of lymphocyte subpopulations because T and B lymphocytes can be purified without contaminating 'third population cells'. The role of the third population of lymphocytes in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and spontaneous cytotoxicity may be supported by the absence of these functions along with absence of the 'third population' cells from tonsilar lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes. IV. T, B and third population cells in human tonsils. Mononuclear cells from twenty human tonsils and peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for T, B and 'third population cells'. Compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes, tonsils were found to have a higher proportion of B lymphocytes with surface IgM, IgD and IgA. Mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming cells were also present in increased proportions. However, 'third population cells' were found in very low proportions. Phagocytic cells as determined by latex ingestion and peroxidase staining were also present in low proportions. The lack of 'third population cells' in human tonsils may establish this organ as one of particular interest in the study of lymphocyte subpopulations because T and B lymphocytes can be purified without contaminating 'third population cells'. The role of the third population of lymphocytes in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and spontaneous cytotoxicity may be supported by the absence of these functions along with absence of the 'third population' cells from tonsilar lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 326448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10061", "title": "Urine fibrin degradation products in detection and management of acute and chronic renal transplant rejection.", "content": "Detection of rejection by serial determinations of urine FDP using the latex agglutination slide test proved to be a reliable, simple and inexpensive method. In the absence of infection, clinical and biochemical acute rejection was preceded by a two-titer rise in excretion of urine FDP in 80% of 26 patients studied. It was not useful in predicting rejection in 44 stable long-term allograft recipients, although persistent elevation of urine FDP after anti-rejection therapy in these patients or those in the immediate post-transplant period implies ongoing rejection. Maintenance immunosuppression should be continued in these patients, but repeated high-dose steroid therapy should be limited because of their poor-term prognosis. Persistent increase in urine FDP may allow selection of those patients who would benefit from a trial of anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy.", "contents": "Urine fibrin degradation products in detection and management of acute and chronic renal transplant rejection. Detection of rejection by serial determinations of urine FDP using the latex agglutination slide test proved to be a reliable, simple and inexpensive method. In the absence of infection, clinical and biochemical acute rejection was preceded by a two-titer rise in excretion of urine FDP in 80% of 26 patients studied. It was not useful in predicting rejection in 44 stable long-term allograft recipients, although persistent elevation of urine FDP after anti-rejection therapy in these patients or those in the immediate post-transplant period implies ongoing rejection. Maintenance immunosuppression should be continued in these patients, but repeated high-dose steroid therapy should be limited because of their poor-term prognosis. Persistent increase in urine FDP may allow selection of those patients who would benefit from a trial of anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy.", "PMID": 326454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10062", "title": "Failure of successful renal transplantation to reverse the dialysis-associated encephalopathy syndrome.", "content": "A patient is described who had been on home dialysis for two years before receiving a cadaver kidney transplant. In retrospect, minor speech difficulties were noted two weeks before the transplant. A week after the transplant the characteristic speech, movement and electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities of the dialysis encephalopathy syndrome abruptly presented. Relentless neurological deterioration ensued ending in death three months later despite excellent function in the transplant. The significance of this observation is related to current theories of pathogenesis.", "contents": "Failure of successful renal transplantation to reverse the dialysis-associated encephalopathy syndrome. A patient is described who had been on home dialysis for two years before receiving a cadaver kidney transplant. In retrospect, minor speech difficulties were noted two weeks before the transplant. A week after the transplant the characteristic speech, movement and electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities of the dialysis encephalopathy syndrome abruptly presented. Relentless neurological deterioration ensued ending in death three months later despite excellent function in the transplant. The significance of this observation is related to current theories of pathogenesis.", "PMID": 326455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10063", "title": "Diagnosis of urinary tract infection. The interpretation of colony counts.", "content": "The results of 787 consecutive suprapubic specimens in children were studied. Ninety-two patients with 128 positive cultures were reviewed. Sixty-five children had documented urinary tract infection (UTI) proven by other cultures. Of these, 55 per cent had colony counts less than the traditional 100,000 colony forming units/ml., and 9 per cent had colony counts less than 10,000. Organisms usually regarded as \"contaminants\" (Staphylococcus epidermidis, mixed organisms) were occasionally proven to cause UTI.", "contents": "Diagnosis of urinary tract infection. The interpretation of colony counts. The results of 787 consecutive suprapubic specimens in children were studied. Ninety-two patients with 128 positive cultures were reviewed. Sixty-five children had documented urinary tract infection (UTI) proven by other cultures. Of these, 55 per cent had colony counts less than the traditional 100,000 colony forming units/ml., and 9 per cent had colony counts less than 10,000. Organisms usually regarded as \"contaminants\" (Staphylococcus epidermidis, mixed organisms) were occasionally proven to cause UTI.", "PMID": 326458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10064", "title": "Diuretic therapies in low renin and normal renin essential hypertension.", "content": "This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of spironolactone, hydrochlorothiazide, and combined spironolactone-hydrochlorothiazide therapy in patients with low renin and those with normal renin essential hypertension. Patients with low renin hypertension had a greater hypotensive response to each regimen (p less than 0.001). Low renin patients responded equally to both spironolactone and to hydrochlorothiazide, and in low renin but not in normal renin patients reduction of blood pressure correlated with weight loss. These results suggest that a volume factor, not specifically related to increased mineralocorticoid production, contributes to the pathogenesis of low renin essential hypertension.", "contents": "Diuretic therapies in low renin and normal renin essential hypertension. This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of spironolactone, hydrochlorothiazide, and combined spironolactone-hydrochlorothiazide therapy in patients with low renin and those with normal renin essential hypertension. Patients with low renin hypertension had a greater hypotensive response to each regimen (p less than 0.001). Low renin patients responded equally to both spironolactone and to hydrochlorothiazide, and in low renin but not in normal renin patients reduction of blood pressure correlated with weight loss. These results suggest that a volume factor, not specifically related to increased mineralocorticoid production, contributes to the pathogenesis of low renin essential hypertension.", "PMID": 326459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10065", "title": "Amelioration of bendrofluazide-induced hypokalemia by timolol.", "content": "The beta adrenergic blocking drug, timolol, tended to correct the hypokalemia of short-term bendrofluazide treatment in 6 healthy male subjects and although the effect was small it was significant. Timolol also reduced the rise in plasma aldosterone and urine potassium excretion following bendrofluazide and increased the urine sodium/potassium ratio. There was no evidence of a shift of potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular space.", "contents": "Amelioration of bendrofluazide-induced hypokalemia by timolol. The beta adrenergic blocking drug, timolol, tended to correct the hypokalemia of short-term bendrofluazide treatment in 6 healthy male subjects and although the effect was small it was significant. Timolol also reduced the rise in plasma aldosterone and urine potassium excretion following bendrofluazide and increased the urine sodium/potassium ratio. There was no evidence of a shift of potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular space.", "PMID": 326460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10066", "title": "The response to stress.", "content": "The normal response to stress can be understood in terms of periods of outcry, denial, and intrusive thoughts leading to working-through to completion. The general physician who understands this pattern can assist the patient through the denial phase by encouraging ventilation and through the intrusive phase by providing structure, advice, and medication to temper the painful feelings. With such assistance, most patients can integrate the stress event into their lives, with the duration of response related to the severity of the stress. A year of stress response after the death of a loved one is common. Psychiatric referral is indicated if the stress response seems unduly prolonged, has lead to maladjustive reactions, is disproportionate to the actual loss, or threatens to overwhelm the person.", "contents": "The response to stress. The normal response to stress can be understood in terms of periods of outcry, denial, and intrusive thoughts leading to working-through to completion. The general physician who understands this pattern can assist the patient through the denial phase by encouraging ventilation and through the intrusive phase by providing structure, advice, and medication to temper the painful feelings. With such assistance, most patients can integrate the stress event into their lives, with the duration of response related to the severity of the stress. A year of stress response after the death of a loved one is common. Psychiatric referral is indicated if the stress response seems unduly prolonged, has lead to maladjustive reactions, is disproportionate to the actual loss, or threatens to overwhelm the person.", "PMID": 326467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10067", "title": "Characterization studies on mycoplasmas isolated from bovine mastitis and the bovine respiratory tract.", "content": "Mycoplasmas isolated from bovine mastitis in California were classified into five distinct species. These included Mycoplasma bovis, M. bovigenitalium, M. alkalescens, M. canadenfe, and an unidentified strain, ST-6. Strains frequently recovered from the nose of young calves proved to be M. arginini, M. bovirhinis was recovered from the respiratory tract but was not a common finding.", "contents": "Characterization studies on mycoplasmas isolated from bovine mastitis and the bovine respiratory tract. Mycoplasmas isolated from bovine mastitis in California were classified into five distinct species. These included Mycoplasma bovis, M. bovigenitalium, M. alkalescens, M. canadenfe, and an unidentified strain, ST-6. Strains frequently recovered from the nose of young calves proved to be M. arginini, M. bovirhinis was recovered from the respiratory tract but was not a common finding.", "PMID": 326481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10068", "title": "Clinical investigations into the effects of practolol in angina pectoris.", "content": "The value of practolol in the treatment of angina pectoris was studied in three groups of patients by means of different methods. In 23 patients the effect of the drug was evaluated during long-term treatment and in 10 patients in a controlled double-blind trial; in 20 patients, the working capacity was determined by an ECG exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Long-term treatment revealed advantageous effects of practolol on the incidence of anginal attacks and the number of nitroglycerin tablets consumed in daily life. There was also a noticeable improvement in the ECG. The results obtained in a double-blind trial, with placebo, proved the effectiveness of the drug. The treatment enabled the patients to lead appreciably more active lives. A marked increase in work performance, depending on the dose applied, was confirmed in exercise tolerance tests. No side-effects which would call for discontinuance of the treatment were seen during long-term administration with doses up to 800 mg daily.", "contents": "Clinical investigations into the effects of practolol in angina pectoris. The value of practolol in the treatment of angina pectoris was studied in three groups of patients by means of different methods. In 23 patients the effect of the drug was evaluated during long-term treatment and in 10 patients in a controlled double-blind trial; in 20 patients, the working capacity was determined by an ECG exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Long-term treatment revealed advantageous effects of practolol on the incidence of anginal attacks and the number of nitroglycerin tablets consumed in daily life. There was also a noticeable improvement in the ECG. The results obtained in a double-blind trial, with placebo, proved the effectiveness of the drug. The treatment enabled the patients to lead appreciably more active lives. A marked increase in work performance, depending on the dose applied, was confirmed in exercise tolerance tests. No side-effects which would call for discontinuance of the treatment were seen during long-term administration with doses up to 800 mg daily.", "PMID": 326482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10069", "title": "An IMV setup without a compressed air source.", "content": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV), as described in the literature, utilizes an air-oxygen blender and a compressed air source. When older ventilators are used and in locations in which compressed air sources are unavailable, other arrangements must be made if IMV is to be used. An arrangement is described in which a bird Mark 7 respirator, after the removal of its pneumatic clutch, is inserted into the IMV assembly. Such an arrangement produces wide FIO2 ranges and high flows and obviates the need for an oxygen blender and compressed air source. If a compressed air source is available or if a bird Mark 7 respirator is not available for use, othe arrangements may be more satisfactory.", "contents": "An IMV setup without a compressed air source. Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV), as described in the literature, utilizes an air-oxygen blender and a compressed air source. When older ventilators are used and in locations in which compressed air sources are unavailable, other arrangements must be made if IMV is to be used. An arrangement is described in which a bird Mark 7 respirator, after the removal of its pneumatic clutch, is inserted into the IMV assembly. Such an arrangement produces wide FIO2 ranges and high flows and obviates the need for an oxygen blender and compressed air source. If a compressed air source is available or if a bird Mark 7 respirator is not available for use, othe arrangements may be more satisfactory.", "PMID": 326484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10070", "title": "Differential lung ventilation with PEEP in the treatment of unilateral pneumonia.", "content": "A technique for differential lung ventilation via a Carlens tube with inspiratory retardation and the application of separate levels of PEEP to each lung are described in the treatment of a patient with severe unilateral pneumonia. In addition to isolating the diseased lung, this technique permits modification of the distribution of ventilation between the two lungs to improve the ventilation-perfusion ratio and enhance arterial oxygenation. Its clinical application is influenced by the flow characteristics of available mechanical ventilators and by the limitations of the currently available double-lumen endobronchial tubes.", "contents": "Differential lung ventilation with PEEP in the treatment of unilateral pneumonia. A technique for differential lung ventilation via a Carlens tube with inspiratory retardation and the application of separate levels of PEEP to each lung are described in the treatment of a patient with severe unilateral pneumonia. In addition to isolating the diseased lung, this technique permits modification of the distribution of ventilation between the two lungs to improve the ventilation-perfusion ratio and enhance arterial oxygenation. Its clinical application is influenced by the flow characteristics of available mechanical ventilators and by the limitations of the currently available double-lumen endobronchial tubes.", "PMID": 326483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10071", "title": "EPAP without intubation.", "content": "The early institution of end expiratory pressure has been demonstrated frequently to be beneficial in acute respiratory failure. EPAP without intubation allows early therapy while avoiding the complications associated with the high flow rates utilized with CPAP. Three patients are described, illustrating the administration of EPAP for mild ARDS, aspiration penumonia, and postoperative atelectasis.", "contents": "EPAP without intubation. The early institution of end expiratory pressure has been demonstrated frequently to be beneficial in acute respiratory failure. EPAP without intubation allows early therapy while avoiding the complications associated with the high flow rates utilized with CPAP. Three patients are described, illustrating the administration of EPAP for mild ARDS, aspiration penumonia, and postoperative atelectasis.", "PMID": 326485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10072", "title": "Mefenamic acid: an under-rated antirheumatic?", "content": "A double-blind crossover study was carried out in 18 patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis to assess the effectiveness of mefenamic acid (500 mg t.d.s.) compared with placebo or indomethacin (25 mg q.d.s.). Each treatment was given for 1 week and subjective and objective assessments were carried out at the end of each period. Results showed that both mefenamic acid and indomethacin were significantly better than placebo in most parameters. Although duration of morning stiffness and patient preference favoured indomethacin it was considered that there was no demonstrable difference of any clinical significance between the two active medications.", "contents": "Mefenamic acid: an under-rated antirheumatic? A double-blind crossover study was carried out in 18 patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis to assess the effectiveness of mefenamic acid (500 mg t.d.s.) compared with placebo or indomethacin (25 mg q.d.s.). Each treatment was given for 1 week and subjective and objective assessments were carried out at the end of each period. Results showed that both mefenamic acid and indomethacin were significantly better than placebo in most parameters. Although duration of morning stiffness and patient preference favoured indomethacin it was considered that there was no demonstrable difference of any clinical significance between the two active medications.", "PMID": 326491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10073", "title": "Treatment of acute bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract.", "content": "An open comparative study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of 4 antibiotic regimens in eradicating acute bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. Patients in each treatment group had similar physical parameters, severity of disease and bacterial pathogens, and were treated for 10 days with either erythromycin estolate, erythromycin stearate, ampicillin or oxytetracycline in the recommended dosage. Each patient was reviewed daily by physical examination and the bacteriological findings from throat swab and salivary washings. The results showed that erythromycin stearate produced more rapid bacterial eradication and clinical resolution of symptoms and fever than with the other antibiotic preparations, and was well tolerated by most patients.", "contents": "Treatment of acute bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. An open comparative study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of 4 antibiotic regimens in eradicating acute bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. Patients in each treatment group had similar physical parameters, severity of disease and bacterial pathogens, and were treated for 10 days with either erythromycin estolate, erythromycin stearate, ampicillin or oxytetracycline in the recommended dosage. Each patient was reviewed daily by physical examination and the bacteriological findings from throat swab and salivary washings. The results showed that erythromycin stearate produced more rapid bacterial eradication and clinical resolution of symptoms and fever than with the other antibiotic preparations, and was well tolerated by most patients.", "PMID": 326492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10074", "title": "Comparison of sodium meclofenamate and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind crossover study was conducted in 15 patients with classical definite rheumatoid arthritis to compare the effect of sodium meclofenamate (300 mg daily) with placebo and indomethacin (100 mg daily). Each treatment was administered for 1 week to patients assigned at random to treatment sequences. The active drugs were shown to be significantly superior to placebo. Sodium meclofenamate alone reduced the articular index. Patient preference, however, was in favour of indomethacin.", "contents": "Comparison of sodium meclofenamate and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind crossover study was conducted in 15 patients with classical definite rheumatoid arthritis to compare the effect of sodium meclofenamate (300 mg daily) with placebo and indomethacin (100 mg daily). Each treatment was administered for 1 week to patients assigned at random to treatment sequences. The active drugs were shown to be significantly superior to placebo. Sodium meclofenamate alone reduced the articular index. Patient preference, however, was in favour of indomethacin.", "PMID": 326493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10075", "title": "A comparison of nystatin cream with nystatin/triamcinolone acetonide combination cream in the treatment of candidal inflammation of the flexures.", "content": "In a multi-centre double-blind trial, 31 patients with proven bilateral candidal lesions of the flexures were treated for 14 days with nystatin cream on one side and with a combination of nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide cream on the other. Both treatments proved equally effective in terms of mycological cure and clinical improvement. There was a trend in favour of the combination preparation being preferred by both patients and physicians because of more rapid relief of symptoms.", "contents": "A comparison of nystatin cream with nystatin/triamcinolone acetonide combination cream in the treatment of candidal inflammation of the flexures. In a multi-centre double-blind trial, 31 patients with proven bilateral candidal lesions of the flexures were treated for 14 days with nystatin cream on one side and with a combination of nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide cream on the other. Both treatments proved equally effective in terms of mycological cure and clinical improvement. There was a trend in favour of the combination preparation being preferred by both patients and physicians because of more rapid relief of symptoms.", "PMID": 326494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10076", "title": "A preliminary controlled evaluation of the antihypertensive effect of indapamide.", "content": "A controlled, single-blind trial was carried out in 10 hypertensive patients to compare the effectiveness of a single daily dose (2.5 mg to 5 mg) of indapamide with that of placebo. Blood pressure was measured with a bias-free sphygmomanometer. Indapamide produced a significant reduction in mean systolic and diastolic pressures in both supine and erect positions. It was generally well tolerated: few side-effects were reported and no significant changes were noted in laboratory tests. It is concluded that further long-term studies of indapamide are indicated in larger numbers of patients.", "contents": "A preliminary controlled evaluation of the antihypertensive effect of indapamide. A controlled, single-blind trial was carried out in 10 hypertensive patients to compare the effectiveness of a single daily dose (2.5 mg to 5 mg) of indapamide with that of placebo. Blood pressure was measured with a bias-free sphygmomanometer. Indapamide produced a significant reduction in mean systolic and diastolic pressures in both supine and erect positions. It was generally well tolerated: few side-effects were reported and no significant changes were noted in laboratory tests. It is concluded that further long-term studies of indapamide are indicated in larger numbers of patients.", "PMID": 326495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10077", "title": "Cryptococcosis, with emphasis on the significance of isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from the respiratory tract.", "content": "Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 65 patients: 11 had meningitis, 11 had disseminated cryptococcosis without meningitis, and 43 had C neoformans isolated from the respiratory tract. Predisposing conditions and the diagnostic value of cultures from various sites and of the latex agglutination test on cerebrospinal fluid and serum are analyzed for patients with extrapulmonary disease. Nine patients had pleural effusions; the effusion was cultured in six and yielded C neoformans in four. None of 11 deaths among 43 patients with respiratory tract isolates could be attributed to cryptococosis. The 32 survivors were nor treated with antifungal agents. Twenty-six of 43 patients with respiratory isolates had various bronchopulmonary disorders, with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and asthma the most common (28 percent). Seven of 28 patients (25 percent) with roentgenographically detected lung lesions had carcinoma of the lung. Roentgenographic evidence of a lung lesion and C neoformans grown from the respiratory tract warrant a further search for carcinoma of the lung.", "contents": "Cryptococcosis, with emphasis on the significance of isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from the respiratory tract. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 65 patients: 11 had meningitis, 11 had disseminated cryptococcosis without meningitis, and 43 had C neoformans isolated from the respiratory tract. Predisposing conditions and the diagnostic value of cultures from various sites and of the latex agglutination test on cerebrospinal fluid and serum are analyzed for patients with extrapulmonary disease. Nine patients had pleural effusions; the effusion was cultured in six and yielded C neoformans in four. None of 11 deaths among 43 patients with respiratory tract isolates could be attributed to cryptococosis. The 32 survivors were nor treated with antifungal agents. Twenty-six of 43 patients with respiratory isolates had various bronchopulmonary disorders, with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and asthma the most common (28 percent). Seven of 28 patients (25 percent) with roentgenographically detected lung lesions had carcinoma of the lung. Roentgenographic evidence of a lung lesion and C neoformans grown from the respiratory tract warrant a further search for carcinoma of the lung.", "PMID": 326497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10078", "title": "Short-term effects of smoked marihuana on left ventricular function in man.", "content": "The short-term effects of smoking one to three marihuana cigarettes (900 mg of marihuana per cigarette; 2.2% delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol) on left ventricular performance were evaluated in 21 experienced users of cannabis at different times during a 94-day in-hospital study of the biologic effect of daily heavy smoking of marihuana. In six subjects, cardiac output was determined using the indocyanine-green dye-dilution technique; and in two of these individuals and 15 additional subjects, cardiac output, ejection fraction, preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) were determined using echocardiograms, phonocardiograms, and carotid pulse recordings. Following the smoking of one to three marihuana cigarettes, the heart rate rose 16 to 53 percent, cardiac output rose 4 to 9 percent, stroke volume did not change or fell slightly, and ejection fraction, PEP/LVET, and did not change, except for a slight increase in Vcf (15%) after three marihuana cigarettes, which could be accounted for by the associated increase in heart rate (53%). These findings suggest that in long-term heavy users of cannabis, marihuana has no significant effect on myocardial contractility independent of its effect on heart rate.", "contents": "Short-term effects of smoked marihuana on left ventricular function in man. The short-term effects of smoking one to three marihuana cigarettes (900 mg of marihuana per cigarette; 2.2% delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol) on left ventricular performance were evaluated in 21 experienced users of cannabis at different times during a 94-day in-hospital study of the biologic effect of daily heavy smoking of marihuana. In six subjects, cardiac output was determined using the indocyanine-green dye-dilution technique; and in two of these individuals and 15 additional subjects, cardiac output, ejection fraction, preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) were determined using echocardiograms, phonocardiograms, and carotid pulse recordings. Following the smoking of one to three marihuana cigarettes, the heart rate rose 16 to 53 percent, cardiac output rose 4 to 9 percent, stroke volume did not change or fell slightly, and ejection fraction, PEP/LVET, and did not change, except for a slight increase in Vcf (15%) after three marihuana cigarettes, which could be accounted for by the associated increase in heart rate (53%). These findings suggest that in long-term heavy users of cannabis, marihuana has no significant effect on myocardial contractility independent of its effect on heart rate.", "PMID": 326498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10079", "title": "Children's services--past, present, future.", "content": "Preventing, healing, and educating in various forms have always been major ingredients of clinical services for troubled children. Traditional services involving healing or prevention have been emphasized. Current times mandate a closer look at the value of an educationally oriented model to provide direction for clinical intervention. Case illustrations of such a model are presented.", "contents": "Children's services--past, present, future. Preventing, healing, and educating in various forms have always been major ingredients of clinical services for troubled children. Traditional services involving healing or prevention have been emphasized. Current times mandate a closer look at the value of an educationally oriented model to provide direction for clinical intervention. Case illustrations of such a model are presented.", "PMID": 326500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10080", "title": "Sulpiride: evaluation of antipsychotic activity in schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Sulpiride is a new antipsychotic agent chemically different from recognized psychotropic compounds. The animal profile and the rapid urinary excretion without metabolism also distinguishes this drug from other neuroleptics. Previous studies have indicated therapeutic efficacy and few side effects. Sulpiride was evaluated in 10 hospitalized, chronic schizophrenic patients over a 10 week period. The overall findings support those studies reporting neuroleptic activity. Although no side effects were encountered, a mild leukocytosis was observed in one patient and broadening and flattening of T-waves  was observed in another when each received high doses. Toxic levels appear to be well beyond the therapeutic range.", "contents": "Sulpiride: evaluation of antipsychotic activity in schizophrenic patients. Sulpiride is a new antipsychotic agent chemically different from recognized psychotropic compounds. The animal profile and the rapid urinary excretion without metabolism also distinguishes this drug from other neuroleptics. Previous studies have indicated therapeutic efficacy and few side effects. Sulpiride was evaluated in 10 hospitalized, chronic schizophrenic patients over a 10 week period. The overall findings support those studies reporting neuroleptic activity. Although no side effects were encountered, a mild leukocytosis was observed in one patient and broadening and flattening of T-waves  was observed in another when each received high doses. Toxic levels appear to be well beyond the therapeutic range.", "PMID": 326504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10081", "title": "[Failures in enosseous impantations].", "content": "It was possible to examine over 500 jaw implants which were anchored in bone after varying duration of wear. The average failure rate of these implants after up to seven years after insertion lies approximately 40% above the complication rate given in the majority of publications. The time of occurrence and the symptoms of failures are discussed as well as their possible causes.", "contents": "[Failures in enosseous impantations]. It was possible to examine over 500 jaw implants which were anchored in bone after varying duration of wear. The average failure rate of these implants after up to seven years after insertion lies approximately 40% above the complication rate given in the majority of publications. The time of occurrence and the symptoms of failures are discussed as well as their possible causes.", "PMID": 326538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10082", "title": "[Needle implantations--clinical report].", "content": "In the last four years 27 patients with edentulous lower jaw were treated with implantation of rows of tantalum needles; 25 of them were followed up clinically and radiologically. After an average of two years and seven months where the success rate was found to be 72%. Reasons for failure were thought to be mistakes in operative technique, insufficient oral hygiene of the patients and less than optimal aftercare. These needle implants have proved their value also in cases with marked atrophy of the lower jaw where other prosthetic-surgical methods aimed at improving the prosthesis site have failed.", "contents": "[Needle implantations--clinical report]. In the last four years 27 patients with edentulous lower jaw were treated with implantation of rows of tantalum needles; 25 of them were followed up clinically and radiologically. After an average of two years and seven months where the success rate was found to be 72%. Reasons for failure were thought to be mistakes in operative technique, insufficient oral hygiene of the patients and less than optimal aftercare. These needle implants have proved their value also in cases with marked atrophy of the lower jaw where other prosthetic-surgical methods aimed at improving the prosthesis site have failed.", "PMID": 326539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10083", "title": "[Supported dentures in the periodontally damaged residual dentition in combination with enosseous implantations].", "content": "The use of implants in bone represents an extension of prosthetic possibilities. Clinical cases are used to demonstrate how additional supports can be created by means of implants of Linkow-blades which allow the incorporation of periodontally damaged teeth into prosthetic care. In addition the use of transdental fixation in  the stabilisation of badly loosened teeth is pointed out.", "contents": "[Supported dentures in the periodontally damaged residual dentition in combination with enosseous implantations]. The use of implants in bone represents an extension of prosthetic possibilities. Clinical cases are used to demonstrate how additional supports can be created by means of implants of Linkow-blades which allow the incorporation of periodontally damaged teeth into prosthetic care. In addition the use of transdental fixation in  the stabilisation of badly loosened teeth is pointed out.", "PMID": 326540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10084", "title": "[Temporary bridging of defects in mandibular resections with osteosynthesis methods].", "content": "In a survey, the three conventional methods of bridging a defect (immediate rib transplant, extraoral Becker splinting and intraoral metal plate bridging) are studied. The advantages and disadvantages of the pertinent method are described. Although metal plate bridging has risks and disadvantages, clinical experience has shown the great advantages of this temporary method in extensive mandibular resections with soft tissue covering the defect.", "contents": "[Temporary bridging of defects in mandibular resections with osteosynthesis methods]. In a survey, the three conventional methods of bridging a defect (immediate rib transplant, extraoral Becker splinting and intraoral metal plate bridging) are studied. The advantages and disadvantages of the pertinent method are described. Although metal plate bridging has risks and disadvantages, clinical experience has shown the great advantages of this temporary method in extensive mandibular resections with soft tissue covering the defect.", "PMID": 326541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10085", "title": "Rapid determination of valproate sodium in serum by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid and simple gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the measurement of valproate sodium (sodium di-n-propylacetate) in serum. Valproate is extracted from serum by a micro-extraction method and chromatographed on a 10% Carbowax 6000 column using 2-ethyl-2-methyl-caproic acid as internal standard. The method is capable of measuring at least 2 microgram of valproate per milliliter serum.", "contents": "Rapid determination of valproate sodium in serum by gas-liquid chromatography. A rapid and simple gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the measurement of valproate sodium (sodium di-n-propylacetate) in serum. Valproate is extracted from serum by a micro-extraction method and chromatographed on a 10% Carbowax 6000 column using 2-ethyl-2-methyl-caproic acid as internal standard. The method is capable of measuring at least 2 microgram of valproate per milliliter serum.", "PMID": 326546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10086", "title": "A study of the action of valproic acid on the kindling effect.", "content": "The effect of an antiepileptic drug, valproic acid (VPA), on an experimental form of epilepsy, the kindling phenomenon, is described. In cat, 50 mg/kg i.p. per day is sufficient to block the progressive establishment of generalized seizures produced normally by repetitive electrical stimulation of the amygdala. However, a focal afterdischarge persists during the entire treatment. Higher doses (75-150 mg/kg) are necessary to protect the animal against the generalized tonic-clonic seizure when the kindling phenomenon is established. These effects and the action of barbiturates, which was also tested, seem to attribute to VPA a complex role in the mechanism of this action.", "contents": "A study of the action of valproic acid on the kindling effect. The effect of an antiepileptic drug, valproic acid (VPA), on an experimental form of epilepsy, the kindling phenomenon, is described. In cat, 50 mg/kg i.p. per day is sufficient to block the progressive establishment of generalized seizures produced normally by repetitive electrical stimulation of the amygdala. However, a focal afterdischarge persists during the entire treatment. Higher doses (75-150 mg/kg) are necessary to protect the animal against the generalized tonic-clonic seizure when the kindling phenomenon is established. These effects and the action of barbiturates, which was also tested, seem to attribute to VPA a complex role in the mechanism of this action.", "PMID": 326547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10087", "title": "T lymphocyte induction of non-T cell-mediated nonspecific cytotoxicity. I. Introduction mechanisms.", "content": "Mononuclear cells (MNC) from normal humans consistently failed to give nonspecific cytotoxic responses. However, after removal of T cells by sheep erythrocyte (E) rosetting, the remaining non-RFC (rosette-forming cells) now gave significant nonspecific cytotoxic responses against both autologous and allogeneic target cells. Reconstitution experiments with T cell subpopulations failed to suppress these nonspecific non-E-RFC-mediated cytotoxic responses. There was also no evidence to indicate the involvement of antibody in this nonspecific cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic cells were characterized as non-E-rosetting, non-phagocytic, and glass adherent lymphocytes; no evidence of monocyte-macrophage participation was found. The inductive trigger of non-E-RFC-mediated cytotoxicity was found to be soluble factors released by T cells during E-rosette formation at 4 degrees C. Incubation of MNC with horse, marmoset and human erythrocytes under identical conditions failed to trigger cytotoxicity. The incubation of quiescent MNC with E-rosetting supernatants (ERS) induced nonspecific cytotoxic responses equivalent to those mediated by separated non-E-RFC. ERS-activated MNC destroyed both autologous and allogeneic target cells. The ERS supernatants themselves were not cytolytic. These findings suggested that cell separation procedures, and possibly in vivo events, which activate T cells may also induce non-T cell-mediated nonspecific cytotoxicity.", "contents": "T lymphocyte induction of non-T cell-mediated nonspecific cytotoxicity. I. Introduction mechanisms. Mononuclear cells (MNC) from normal humans consistently failed to give nonspecific cytotoxic responses. However, after removal of T cells by sheep erythrocyte (E) rosetting, the remaining non-RFC (rosette-forming cells) now gave significant nonspecific cytotoxic responses against both autologous and allogeneic target cells. Reconstitution experiments with T cell subpopulations failed to suppress these nonspecific non-E-RFC-mediated cytotoxic responses. There was also no evidence to indicate the involvement of antibody in this nonspecific cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic cells were characterized as non-E-rosetting, non-phagocytic, and glass adherent lymphocytes; no evidence of monocyte-macrophage participation was found. The inductive trigger of non-E-RFC-mediated cytotoxicity was found to be soluble factors released by T cells during E-rosette formation at 4 degrees C. Incubation of MNC with horse, marmoset and human erythrocytes under identical conditions failed to trigger cytotoxicity. The incubation of quiescent MNC with E-rosetting supernatants (ERS) induced nonspecific cytotoxic responses equivalent to those mediated by separated non-E-RFC. ERS-activated MNC destroyed both autologous and allogeneic target cells. The ERS supernatants themselves were not cytolytic. These findings suggested that cell separation procedures, and possibly in vivo events, which activate T cells may also induce non-T cell-mediated nonspecific cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 326561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10088", "title": "Ontogeny of the antibody-forming cell line in mice. III. The generation of mature anti-sheep red blood cell-specific B cells is antigen-dependent.", "content": "A role for antigen in the generation of fully mature splenic type B cells has been shown. In adoptive transfer experiments, cells from bone marrow or fetal liver required a longer period to give an anti-sheep red blood cell plaque-forming cell (PFC) response than those from spleen. This delay was not overcome by allowing the cells a 7-day sojourn in the irradiated host before antigen challenge. A two-stage protocol was designed in which the in vivo generation of fully mature cells could be measured by their ability to give PFC in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cultures in vitro. These experiments showed that a critical factor which influences the final differentiation of bone marrow or fetal liver cells into mature, splenic type B cells is exposure to antigen.", "contents": "Ontogeny of the antibody-forming cell line in mice. III. The generation of mature anti-sheep red blood cell-specific B cells is antigen-dependent. A role for antigen in the generation of fully mature splenic type B cells has been shown. In adoptive transfer experiments, cells from bone marrow or fetal liver required a longer period to give an anti-sheep red blood cell plaque-forming cell (PFC) response than those from spleen. This delay was not overcome by allowing the cells a 7-day sojourn in the irradiated host before antigen challenge. A two-stage protocol was designed in which the in vivo generation of fully mature cells could be measured by their ability to give PFC in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cultures in vitro. These experiments showed that a critical factor which influences the final differentiation of bone marrow or fetal liver cells into mature, splenic type B cells is exposure to antigen.", "PMID": 326562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10089", "title": "Induction of specific transplantation tolerance with blood serum in newborn and adult rats.", "content": "Histocompatibility (H) antigens present in the serum of rats induce a relatively high degree of neonatal transplantation tolerance in the absence of cellular chimerism. With the non-H-1 difference, which is relatively strong in the rat strain combination used, skin grafts survive permanently in some animals. With the H-1 plus non-H-1 difference, only some animals show a slight prolongation of skin graft survival, but cytotoxic antibody production is inhibited for long periods of time. In adult animals, at least with the non-H-1 difference, allograft survival is very significantly prolonged after treatment with serum alone, or in combination with hydrocortisone. The nonspecific component(s) of the serum also contributes to a prolongation of graft survival. The data suggest that blood serum is a good source of H antigens which seem to be present in a tolerogenic active form.", "contents": "Induction of specific transplantation tolerance with blood serum in newborn and adult rats. Histocompatibility (H) antigens present in the serum of rats induce a relatively high degree of neonatal transplantation tolerance in the absence of cellular chimerism. With the non-H-1 difference, which is relatively strong in the rat strain combination used, skin grafts survive permanently in some animals. With the H-1 plus non-H-1 difference, only some animals show a slight prolongation of skin graft survival, but cytotoxic antibody production is inhibited for long periods of time. In adult animals, at least with the non-H-1 difference, allograft survival is very significantly prolonged after treatment with serum alone, or in combination with hydrocortisone. The nonspecific component(s) of the serum also contributes to a prolongation of graft survival. The data suggest that blood serum is a good source of H antigens which seem to be present in a tolerogenic active form.", "PMID": 326563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10090", "title": "Hypothalamic changes during the immune response.", "content": "The immune system is subject to an array of identified autoregulatory processes, but immunoregulation may also have a further basis in a network of immune-neuroendocrine interactions. Two antigens each produced an increase of more than 100% in electrical activity of individual neurones in the ventromedial but not in the anterior nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. Animals that failed to respond to antigen manifested no increase in the firing rate. These findings constitute the first evidence for a flow of information from the activated immune system to the hypothalamus, suggesting that the brain is involved in the immune response.", "contents": "Hypothalamic changes during the immune response. The immune system is subject to an array of identified autoregulatory processes, but immunoregulation may also have a further basis in a network of immune-neuroendocrine interactions. Two antigens each produced an increase of more than 100% in electrical activity of individual neurones in the ventromedial but not in the anterior nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. Animals that failed to respond to antigen manifested no increase in the firing rate. These findings constitute the first evidence for a flow of information from the activated immune system to the hypothalamus, suggesting that the brain is involved in the immune response.", "PMID": 326564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10091", "title": "Genetic defect in responsiveness to the B cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Splenic B cells C57BL/10ScCr mice fail to respond to the mitogenic principle of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and do not express a serologically defined \"LPS receptor\". In contrast, polyclonal B cell responses to both purified protein derivative of tuberculin and lipoprotein are conserved.", "contents": "Genetic defect in responsiveness to the B cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide. Splenic B cells C57BL/10ScCr mice fail to respond to the mitogenic principle of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and do not express a serologically defined \"LPS receptor\". In contrast, polyclonal B cell responses to both purified protein derivative of tuberculin and lipoprotein are conserved.", "PMID": 326565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10092", "title": "Granulocyte transfusions in recovery of neutropenic rats from induced E. coli toxicemia.", "content": "Rats made transiently neutropenic by intra-arterial administration of vinblastine (3 mg/kg) and infected with E. coli (6.02+/-0.45 X 10(8), per animal) have a mortality rate of 90% within 48 h post infection. Multiple transfusions of large numbers of granulocytes (harvested from Deca-Durabolin treated donor rats) protected the neutropenic animals from sepsis. Out of a group of 11 rats, 10 recovered completely after repeated granulocyte transfusions.", "contents": "Granulocyte transfusions in recovery of neutropenic rats from induced E. coli toxicemia. Rats made transiently neutropenic by intra-arterial administration of vinblastine (3 mg/kg) and infected with E. coli (6.02+/-0.45 X 10(8), per animal) have a mortality rate of 90% within 48 h post infection. Multiple transfusions of large numbers of granulocytes (harvested from Deca-Durabolin treated donor rats) protected the neutropenic animals from sepsis. Out of a group of 11 rats, 10 recovered completely after repeated granulocyte transfusions.", "PMID": 326570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10093", "title": "Quantitative aspects of an in vivo diffusion chamber assay for normal human hemopoietic colony forming units.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to definite some of the quantitative characteristics of the colonies formed by normal human hemopoietic cells in diffusion chambers in vivo. The cells were cultured in fibrin clots in diffusion chambers, which were implanted i.p. into 450 R irradiated mice, reimplanted into newly irradiated mice after 7 days and harvested by a previously described chamber centrifugation technique after a total of 14 days. At low cell doses per chamber, no colonies were observed; however when more than 3-8 X 10(4) cells were inoculated per chamber, the number of granulocytic colonies was proportional to the cell dose. Similar dose-reponse curves were obtained when the cells were harvested in suspensions from the chambers. The granulocytic colonies do not conform to a Poisson distribution when identically prepared chamberbeare compared, but show a more heterogeneous distribution. Evidence is presented that this heterogeneity is not due to technical errors in the process of chamber filling and harvesting. A host factor was found to influence the mean number of cells per neutrophilic colony, but the heterogeneity of the total number of neutrophilic or eosinophilic colonies of more than five cells could not be ascribed to variable host factors. There was a mean of 3.6 granulocytic colonies (of more than 30 cells) per 10(5) cells implanted in a series of 15 normal bone marrows cultured. The mean size of neutrophilic colonies was 23 cells. Determinations in duplicate suggest that the method may serve as an assay for certain classes of colony forming cells, provided the number of chambers in each assay is sufficiently high.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of an in vivo diffusion chamber assay for normal human hemopoietic colony forming units. The purpose of the present study was to definite some of the quantitative characteristics of the colonies formed by normal human hemopoietic cells in diffusion chambers in vivo. The cells were cultured in fibrin clots in diffusion chambers, which were implanted i.p. into 450 R irradiated mice, reimplanted into newly irradiated mice after 7 days and harvested by a previously described chamber centrifugation technique after a total of 14 days. At low cell doses per chamber, no colonies were observed; however when more than 3-8 X 10(4) cells were inoculated per chamber, the number of granulocytic colonies was proportional to the cell dose. Similar dose-reponse curves were obtained when the cells were harvested in suspensions from the chambers. The granulocytic colonies do not conform to a Poisson distribution when identically prepared chamberbeare compared, but show a more heterogeneous distribution. Evidence is presented that this heterogeneity is not due to technical errors in the process of chamber filling and harvesting. A host factor was found to influence the mean number of cells per neutrophilic colony, but the heterogeneity of the total number of neutrophilic or eosinophilic colonies of more than five cells could not be ascribed to variable host factors. There was a mean of 3.6 granulocytic colonies (of more than 30 cells) per 10(5) cells implanted in a series of 15 normal bone marrows cultured. The mean size of neutrophilic colonies was 23 cells. Determinations in duplicate suggest that the method may serve as an assay for certain classes of colony forming cells, provided the number of chambers in each assay is sufficiently high.", "PMID": 326571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10094", "title": "Growth and differentiation of normal and leukemic human bone marrow cells cultured in diffusion chambers.", "content": "Bone marrow from healthy, normal volunteers and patients with acute myelocytic leukemia was cultured in diffusion chambers implanted into cyclophosphamide pretreated mice. Chambers were removed at regularly scheduled intervals over a period of 28 days. Total and differential cell counts were then done on the contents of each chamber. Normal human bone marrow showed an orderly pattern of growth and differentiation which was not found with leukemic bone marrow. Monocytes and macrophages were the predominant cell types in the diffusion chambers filled with normal marrow after day 10 of culture. Although leukemic specimens showed predominantly leukemic cells, a few mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes could be found throughout the entire culture period. Questions about the nature of the defect in acute myelocytic leukemia and the significance of the in vivo culture system are discussed. The results of these studies are compared and contrasted with studies of a similar type.", "contents": "Growth and differentiation of normal and leukemic human bone marrow cells cultured in diffusion chambers. Bone marrow from healthy, normal volunteers and patients with acute myelocytic leukemia was cultured in diffusion chambers implanted into cyclophosphamide pretreated mice. Chambers were removed at regularly scheduled intervals over a period of 28 days. Total and differential cell counts were then done on the contents of each chamber. Normal human bone marrow showed an orderly pattern of growth and differentiation which was not found with leukemic bone marrow. Monocytes and macrophages were the predominant cell types in the diffusion chambers filled with normal marrow after day 10 of culture. Although leukemic specimens showed predominantly leukemic cells, a few mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes could be found throughout the entire culture period. Questions about the nature of the defect in acute myelocytic leukemia and the significance of the in vivo culture system are discussed. The results of these studies are compared and contrasted with studies of a similar type.", "PMID": 326572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10095", "title": "Substance abuse and family interaction.", "content": "The authors propose that substance use and abuse may be understood and effectively treated when the individual user or abuser is viewed in the context of his family or stable living group. This viewpoint attributes an important role in the maintenance of individual substance abuse to interactional processes within the family system. The theoretical assumptions implied by this viewpoint are discussed. A selective literature review examines the available evidence, from both experimental and clinical-descriptive studies, that is relevant to this proposal. The next step toward a more systematic investigation of these ideas is outlined, including testable hypotheses, methodological issues and problems, and potentially useful techniques.", "contents": "Substance abuse and family interaction. The authors propose that substance use and abuse may be understood and effectively treated when the individual user or abuser is viewed in the context of his family or stable living group. This viewpoint attributes an important role in the maintenance of individual substance abuse to interactional processes within the family system. The theoretical assumptions implied by this viewpoint are discussed. A selective literature review examines the available evidence, from both experimental and clinical-descriptive studies, that is relevant to this proposal. The next step toward a more systematic investigation of these ideas is outlined, including testable hypotheses, methodological issues and problems, and potentially useful techniques.", "PMID": 326574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10096", "title": "The symbolic drawing of the family life space.", "content": "Several innovative techniques have been developed in the last ten years for facilitating meaningful communication and interaction among family members. These techniques serve the purpose of highlighting relatively stable patterns of verbal and nonverbal communication among family members and bring to the surface various aspects of familial structure, thereby illuminating focal points for intervention. The purpose of the present article is to describe the technique of the Symbolic Drawing of the Family Life Space, to compare this technique with other techniques for facilitating communication and interaction among family members, and to illustrate the clinical use of this technique with case examples. In reviewing the literature, the authors extracted two types of symbolic and interactive procedures, which may be conveniently divided into those that tend to be task-centered and those that tend to be expressive modalities.", "contents": "The symbolic drawing of the family life space. Several innovative techniques have been developed in the last ten years for facilitating meaningful communication and interaction among family members. These techniques serve the purpose of highlighting relatively stable patterns of verbal and nonverbal communication among family members and bring to the surface various aspects of familial structure, thereby illuminating focal points for intervention. The purpose of the present article is to describe the technique of the Symbolic Drawing of the Family Life Space, to compare this technique with other techniques for facilitating communication and interaction among family members, and to illustrate the clinical use of this technique with case examples. In reviewing the literature, the authors extracted two types of symbolic and interactive procedures, which may be conveniently divided into those that tend to be task-centered and those that tend to be expressive modalities.", "PMID": 326575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10097", "title": "Inhibition of serotonin reuptake.", "content": "An uptake system on the serotonin neuronal membrane apparently functions to inactivate serotonin that has been released into the synaptic cleft. Various inhibitors of this active transport system on serotonin neurons are known, and some are specific in the sense that they do not inhibit the active uptake system on norepinephrine neurons. The most widely studied specific inhibitor of the serotonin neuron pump is fluoxetine, 3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy-N-methyl-3-phenyl propylamine (Lilly 110140). When fluoxetine or other effective but less specific serotonin uptake inhibitors are given, a rapid decrease in serotonin turnover occurs and the rate of firing of single neural units in the serotonin rich raphe area of brain is reduced. This decrease in serotonin turnover and release may be a compensatroy mechanism in response to an enhanced action of serotonin on synaptic receptors. Through the use of fluoxetine and other serotonin uptake inhibitors, the role of serotonin neurons in various brain functions--behavior, sleep, regulation of pituitary hormone release, thermoregulation, pain responsiveness, and so on--can be studied.", "contents": "Inhibition of serotonin reuptake. An uptake system on the serotonin neuronal membrane apparently functions to inactivate serotonin that has been released into the synaptic cleft. Various inhibitors of this active transport system on serotonin neurons are known, and some are specific in the sense that they do not inhibit the active uptake system on norepinephrine neurons. The most widely studied specific inhibitor of the serotonin neuron pump is fluoxetine, 3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy-N-methyl-3-phenyl propylamine (Lilly 110140). When fluoxetine or other effective but less specific serotonin uptake inhibitors are given, a rapid decrease in serotonin turnover occurs and the rate of firing of single neural units in the serotonin rich raphe area of brain is reduced. This decrease in serotonin turnover and release may be a compensatroy mechanism in response to an enhanced action of serotonin on synaptic receptors. Through the use of fluoxetine and other serotonin uptake inhibitors, the role of serotonin neurons in various brain functions--behavior, sleep, regulation of pituitary hormone release, thermoregulation, pain responsiveness, and so on--can be studied.", "PMID": 326579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10098", "title": "Varicocele and male fertility.", "content": "Over the past 25 years the association of varicocele with male subfertility has been repeatedly demonstrated and the beneficial effect of varicocele ligation in infertile men with oligoasthenospermia has been documented. Since the precise mechanisms by which a varicocele affects spermatogenesis are still unclear, the proper approach to the management of \"asymptomatic\" varicoceles is controversial.", "contents": "Varicocele and male fertility. Over the past 25 years the association of varicocele with male subfertility has been repeatedly demonstrated and the beneficial effect of varicocele ligation in infertile men with oligoasthenospermia has been documented. Since the precise mechanisms by which a varicocele affects spermatogenesis are still unclear, the proper approach to the management of \"asymptomatic\" varicoceles is controversial.", "PMID": 326581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10099", "title": "The effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on blood glucose insulin, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels.", "content": "Sixteen women volunteers with menstrual irregularities were studied with an intravenous injection of 100 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH). Serial blood samples were obtained for 2 hours after the injection and assayed for their concentration of glucose, insulin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). There was a significant increase in the levels of both gonadotropins following the injection, with the peak for LH occurring at 30 minutes and the peak for FSH occurring at 90 minutes. There was a slight decrease in the glucose level at 45 minutes and in the insulin levels at 60 and 120 minutes. Because GNRH causes only minor changes in these parameters of carbohydrate metabolism, it would appear to be safe to use in women with ovulatory abnormalities secondary to diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "The effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on blood glucose insulin, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Sixteen women volunteers with menstrual irregularities were studied with an intravenous injection of 100 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH). Serial blood samples were obtained for 2 hours after the injection and assayed for their concentration of glucose, insulin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). There was a significant increase in the levels of both gonadotropins following the injection, with the peak for LH occurring at 30 minutes and the peak for FSH occurring at 90 minutes. There was a slight decrease in the glucose level at 45 minutes and in the insulin levels at 60 and 120 minutes. Because GNRH causes only minor changes in these parameters of carbohydrate metabolism, it would appear to be safe to use in women with ovulatory abnormalities secondary to diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 326582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10100", "title": "The management vf essential hypertension with once daily administration of timolol maleate and bendrofluazide.", "content": "A placebo controlled-blind study performed on new patients presenting with mild to moderate essential hypertension. A once daily combined dose of timolol maleate and bendrofluazide in a 4:1 ratio was administered ot each patient after a four week placebo period. The starting dose was timolol 10 mg and bendrofluazide 2-5 mg and this dose was increased in steps of timolol 10 mg and bendrofluazide 2-5 mg until blood pressure was controlled. Eleven out of twelve patients achieved normotension, the falls in diastolic and systolic blood pressure being highly significant on active treatment compared with placebo. The once daily regimen of timolol and bendrofluazide resulted in good control of blood pressure with no more side-effects than occurred on the placebo. A combination of these two drugs in one tablet would appear to be both practical and advantageous and should increase patient compliance in taking medication.", "contents": "The management vf essential hypertension with once daily administration of timolol maleate and bendrofluazide. A placebo controlled-blind study performed on new patients presenting with mild to moderate essential hypertension. A once daily combined dose of timolol maleate and bendrofluazide in a 4:1 ratio was administered ot each patient after a four week placebo period. The starting dose was timolol 10 mg and bendrofluazide 2-5 mg and this dose was increased in steps of timolol 10 mg and bendrofluazide 2-5 mg until blood pressure was controlled. Eleven out of twelve patients achieved normotension, the falls in diastolic and systolic blood pressure being highly significant on active treatment compared with placebo. The once daily regimen of timolol and bendrofluazide resulted in good control of blood pressure with no more side-effects than occurred on the placebo. A combination of these two drugs in one tablet would appear to be both practical and advantageous and should increase patient compliance in taking medication.", "PMID": 326593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10101", "title": "A clinical comparison of betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate and clobetasol propionate creams in dermatology.", "content": "In a double-blind investigation, 36 patients suffering from various steroid-reponsive dermatoses were treated twice daily for three weeks either with 0-05% betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate cream or with 0-05% clobetasol propionate cream. Results showed both products to be highly effective in terms of onset of action and efficacy and no statistical differences were found (p greater than 0-1).", "contents": "A clinical comparison of betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate and clobetasol propionate creams in dermatology. In a double-blind investigation, 36 patients suffering from various steroid-reponsive dermatoses were treated twice daily for three weeks either with 0-05% betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate cream or with 0-05% clobetasol propionate cream. Results showed both products to be highly effective in terms of onset of action and efficacy and no statistical differences were found (p greater than 0-1).", "PMID": 326594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10102", "title": "An open comparative trial of Vanquin tablets and pripsen granules in the treatment of threadworm infestation.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients presenting to their general practitioner with threadworm infestation were admitted to an open, comparative, multicentre trial of Vanquin tablets and Pripsen granules. Efficacy and tolerance were assessed. Twelve of nineteen patients treated with Vanquin had positive results from a peri-anal skin test at the start of treatment, all results were negative after twenty-one days. Fourteen of nineteen patients treated with Pripsen had positive results at the start of treatment and two of these had positive results after twenty-one days. One patient treated with Vanquin and five treated with Pripsen reported side-effects.", "contents": "An open comparative trial of Vanquin tablets and pripsen granules in the treatment of threadworm infestation. Thirty-eight patients presenting to their general practitioner with threadworm infestation were admitted to an open, comparative, multicentre trial of Vanquin tablets and Pripsen granules. Efficacy and tolerance were assessed. Twelve of nineteen patients treated with Vanquin had positive results from a peri-anal skin test at the start of treatment, all results were negative after twenty-one days. Fourteen of nineteen patients treated with Pripsen had positive results at the start of treatment and two of these had positive results after twenty-one days. One patient treated with Vanquin and five treated with Pripsen reported side-effects.", "PMID": 326595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10103", "title": "A multicentre study comparing mazindol and placebo in obese patients.", "content": "Mazindol is chemically unrelated to the phenethylamines and has not shown the side-effects or abuse potential of the amphetamine anorectics. To further define its potential for causing weight loss, a six-week double-blind placebo controlled study was undertaken in four centres. A common protocol was used except in one centre, behavioural modification also was employed, whereas in the other centres, no additional measures were used to cause weight loss. Two hundred and forty-five obese patients were assigned randomly to two mazindol groups and one placebo group in each centre. Ninety-eight and forty patients receiving mazindol and placebo respectively completed the protocol. The conclusions were: (a) no significant clinical or laboratory abnormalities occurred from mazindol therapy, (b) the placebo therapy patients did not lose weight without behavioural modification, (c) the placebo therapy group had a higher drop-out rate compared to the mazindol therapy group attributable to the patients' dissatisfaction with failure to lose weight, (d) mazindol therapy without behavioural modification and behavioural modification alone both resulted in a statistically significant mean weight loss of 1 pound/patient/week and (e) mazindol plus behavioural modification resulted in a greater mean weight loss of 1/2 pound/patient/week than with behavioural modification alone. Hence, mazindol is of value in the initial therapy of obesity.", "contents": "A multicentre study comparing mazindol and placebo in obese patients. Mazindol is chemically unrelated to the phenethylamines and has not shown the side-effects or abuse potential of the amphetamine anorectics. To further define its potential for causing weight loss, a six-week double-blind placebo controlled study was undertaken in four centres. A common protocol was used except in one centre, behavioural modification also was employed, whereas in the other centres, no additional measures were used to cause weight loss. Two hundred and forty-five obese patients were assigned randomly to two mazindol groups and one placebo group in each centre. Ninety-eight and forty patients receiving mazindol and placebo respectively completed the protocol. The conclusions were: (a) no significant clinical or laboratory abnormalities occurred from mazindol therapy, (b) the placebo therapy patients did not lose weight without behavioural modification, (c) the placebo therapy group had a higher drop-out rate compared to the mazindol therapy group attributable to the patients' dissatisfaction with failure to lose weight, (d) mazindol therapy without behavioural modification and behavioural modification alone both resulted in a statistically significant mean weight loss of 1 pound/patient/week and (e) mazindol plus behavioural modification resulted in a greater mean weight loss of 1/2 pound/patient/week than with behavioural modification alone. Hence, mazindol is of value in the initial therapy of obesity.", "PMID": 326596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10104", "title": "Effect of cutaneous stimulation on the development of misdirected wiping reflexes in skin-grafted Discoglossus pictus.", "content": "The frog, Discoglossus pictus, has been studied with respect to wiping reflex behavior developing after skin rotations performed at larval stages. Misdirected wiping reflexes were obtained only from belly skin-grafts placed on the animals' back; back skin-grafts on the belly failed to elicit any misdirected limb movements in this species. We found that misdirected reflexes occurred more readily in 3-week and older animals if not subjected to any previous test experience, than in younger naive frogs. Frogs that had been exposed to daily cutaneous stimulation between 2 to 4 weeks after metamorphosis showed a delayed development of misdirected responses.", "contents": "Effect of cutaneous stimulation on the development of misdirected wiping reflexes in skin-grafted Discoglossus pictus. The frog, Discoglossus pictus, has been studied with respect to wiping reflex behavior developing after skin rotations performed at larval stages. Misdirected wiping reflexes were obtained only from belly skin-grafts placed on the animals' back; back skin-grafts on the belly failed to elicit any misdirected limb movements in this species. We found that misdirected reflexes occurred more readily in 3-week and older animals if not subjected to any previous test experience, than in younger naive frogs. Frogs that had been exposed to daily cutaneous stimulation between 2 to 4 weeks after metamorphosis showed a delayed development of misdirected responses.", "PMID": 326603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10105", "title": "C-peptide response to glucagon. A test for the residual beta-cell function in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Pancreatic beta-cell secretory activity was measured in 17 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of less than 19 months' duration and in 10 nondiabetic subjects by means of the peripheral plasma C-peptide response to 1 mg. of glucagon I.V. The C-peptide response to a meal was also measured in the diabetic patients. Residual beta-cell function was present in all the diabetic patients as indicated by significant amounts of C-peptide in plasma. Significant increases in C-peptide were observed in 16 after glucagon stimulation and in 15 after the meal. Both absolute and relative increase in C-peptide were reduced in the diabetic patients. The increase in C-peptide was correlated to the fasting C-peptide concentration both after glucagon (r=0.86, p less than 0.001) and after the meal (r=0.66, p less than 0.01). The responses to the meal and to glucagon were correlated (r=0.77, p less than 0.005), indicating a high predictive value of the glucagon test as to how the beta-cells will respond during normal daily life.", "contents": "C-peptide response to glucagon. A test for the residual beta-cell function in diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic beta-cell secretory activity was measured in 17 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of less than 19 months' duration and in 10 nondiabetic subjects by means of the peripheral plasma C-peptide response to 1 mg. of glucagon I.V. The C-peptide response to a meal was also measured in the diabetic patients. Residual beta-cell function was present in all the diabetic patients as indicated by significant amounts of C-peptide in plasma. Significant increases in C-peptide were observed in 16 after glucagon stimulation and in 15 after the meal. Both absolute and relative increase in C-peptide were reduced in the diabetic patients. The increase in C-peptide was correlated to the fasting C-peptide concentration both after glucagon (r=0.86, p less than 0.001) and after the meal (r=0.66, p less than 0.01). The responses to the meal and to glucagon were correlated (r=0.77, p less than 0.005), indicating a high predictive value of the glucagon test as to how the beta-cells will respond during normal daily life.", "PMID": 326604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10106", "title": "Secretion of insulin in a perifusion system and conversion of proinsulin to insulin by pancreatic islets from hyperglycemic rats.", "content": "The secretory pattern of insulin and the rate of conversion of proinsulin to insulin were studied in isolated pancreatic islets from normoglycemic (buffer-infused for 24 hours) and hyperglycemic (glucose-infused for 24 hours) rats. The profiles of insulin secretion obtained during one hour of perifusion were markedly different in the two groups. The rate of insulin secretion by islets from the hyperglycemic rats was initially very high but progressively declined during the late period of the perifusion. The reverse pattern was found with the islets from buffer-infused rats. For the estimation of the rate of proinsulin conversion, islets were pulse-labeled with L-[4,5-3H]-leucine for 15 minutes and \"chase\"-incubated for 30 and 60 minutes. Labeled rat proinsulin and rat insulins in the medium and in the islet extracts were separated by a validated SDS-urea electrophoretic acrylamide procedure following immunoprecipitation. The conversion rate was estimated from the radioactivity in the insulin band, expressed as a per cent of the radioactivity in the proinsulin + insulin bands. Islets from hyperglycemic rats converted newly synthesized proinsulin to insulin at significantly higher rates than did control islets.", "contents": "Secretion of insulin in a perifusion system and conversion of proinsulin to insulin by pancreatic islets from hyperglycemic rats. The secretory pattern of insulin and the rate of conversion of proinsulin to insulin were studied in isolated pancreatic islets from normoglycemic (buffer-infused for 24 hours) and hyperglycemic (glucose-infused for 24 hours) rats. The profiles of insulin secretion obtained during one hour of perifusion were markedly different in the two groups. The rate of insulin secretion by islets from the hyperglycemic rats was initially very high but progressively declined during the late period of the perifusion. The reverse pattern was found with the islets from buffer-infused rats. For the estimation of the rate of proinsulin conversion, islets were pulse-labeled with L-[4,5-3H]-leucine for 15 minutes and \"chase\"-incubated for 30 and 60 minutes. Labeled rat proinsulin and rat insulins in the medium and in the islet extracts were separated by a validated SDS-urea electrophoretic acrylamide procedure following immunoprecipitation. The conversion rate was estimated from the radioactivity in the insulin band, expressed as a per cent of the radioactivity in the proinsulin + insulin bands. Islets from hyperglycemic rats converted newly synthesized proinsulin to insulin at significantly higher rates than did control islets.", "PMID": 326605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10107", "title": "Physiologic role of somatostatin. Insulin release from rat islets treated by somatostatin antiserum.", "content": "In order to clarify the physiologic role of somatostatin in insulin release, rat pancreatic islets treated by somatostatin antiserum were incubated in media containing various concentrations of glucose. Insulin release from antiserum-treated islets was significantly elevated above that from nontreated ones at 3.3 and 8.3 mM glucose, while the former was not different from the latter at 16.7 mM glucose. It is suggested that somatostatin plays an important role in the regulation of insulin release in the physiologic range of glucose concentration.", "contents": "Physiologic role of somatostatin. Insulin release from rat islets treated by somatostatin antiserum. In order to clarify the physiologic role of somatostatin in insulin release, rat pancreatic islets treated by somatostatin antiserum were incubated in media containing various concentrations of glucose. Insulin release from antiserum-treated islets was significantly elevated above that from nontreated ones at 3.3 and 8.3 mM glucose, while the former was not different from the latter at 16.7 mM glucose. It is suggested that somatostatin plays an important role in the regulation of insulin release in the physiologic range of glucose concentration.", "PMID": 326606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10108", "title": "[Idiopathic sick sinus syndrome with a-v and intraventricular conduction disturbances in a child. (first report in childhood) (author's transl)].", "content": "This report presents a ten-year old child suffering from sick sinus syndrome, in the \"Bradycardia-tac hycardia-asystole\" variant. A long observation and an ECG made when he was 7 have never shown a sinusal rhythm. An involvement of the A-V node is also present, made clear by a block of the second degree with not very high atrial rates and by prolonged refractory periods, as well as an involvement of the intraventricular conduction, made evident by an incomplete right bundle branch block and by a long refractory period of the anterior fascicle. The clinical, laboratory and hemodynamic data excluded either a congenital or an acquired cardiopathy. The ECGs of the patient's relatives excluded a familiar type of S.S.S. It is, therefore, an idiopathic S.S.S., which is very rare in children. The nosological set in the still vague field of the idiopathic degenerations of the conduction tissue is discussed.", "contents": "[Idiopathic sick sinus syndrome with a-v and intraventricular conduction disturbances in a child. (first report in childhood) (author's transl)]. This report presents a ten-year old child suffering from sick sinus syndrome, in the \"Bradycardia-tac hycardia-asystole\" variant. A long observation and an ECG made when he was 7 have never shown a sinusal rhythm. An involvement of the A-V node is also present, made clear by a block of the second degree with not very high atrial rates and by prolonged refractory periods, as well as an involvement of the intraventricular conduction, made evident by an incomplete right bundle branch block and by a long refractory period of the anterior fascicle. The clinical, laboratory and hemodynamic data excluded either a congenital or an acquired cardiopathy. The ECGs of the patient's relatives excluded a familiar type of S.S.S. It is, therefore, an idiopathic S.S.S., which is very rare in children. The nosological set in the still vague field of the idiopathic degenerations of the conduction tissue is discussed.", "PMID": 326608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10109", "title": "Representational development of the human figure in familial retardates.", "content": "Representational development of the human figure of normal and familially retarded children was examined. Five tasks were employed: Drawing a Person, Figure Completion, two Form Puzzles, and Drawing on Dictation. Ss included 34 normal children, ages 3-0 to 5-10, and 34 familially retarded children, ages 4-4 to 13-1. The two groups were matched for mental age, socioeconomic status, public school attendance, and intact family structure. Results indicate that familial retardates performed as well as normals and at times surpassed them. Performance on these representational tasks is, predominantly, a function of mental age which lends support to a \"developmental\" theory of familial retardation and refutes the \"defect\" hypothesis.", "contents": "Representational development of the human figure in familial retardates. Representational development of the human figure of normal and familially retarded children was examined. Five tasks were employed: Drawing a Person, Figure Completion, two Form Puzzles, and Drawing on Dictation. Ss included 34 normal children, ages 3-0 to 5-10, and 34 familially retarded children, ages 4-4 to 13-1. The two groups were matched for mental age, socioeconomic status, public school attendance, and intact family structure. Results indicate that familial retardates performed as well as normals and at times surpassed them. Performance on these representational tasks is, predominantly, a function of mental age which lends support to a \"developmental\" theory of familial retardation and refutes the \"defect\" hypothesis.", "PMID": 326616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10110", "title": "Escherichia coli serotypes throughout the gastrointestinal tract of patients with intestinal disorders.", "content": "The O and H serotypes of Escherichia coli that were present along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract of patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth were studied. Multiple sero- and biotypes were represented, although usually a single serotype predominated in each patient. In a number of cases the different O:H serotypes were antigenically related indicating that antigenic degradation was occurring. The serotypes isolated from the stomach and small intestine were represented in the faeces. In general, within the limitations of this study, there appears to be a stable ecosystem in each patient and it may require specific oral antibiotics to alter it.", "contents": "Escherichia coli serotypes throughout the gastrointestinal tract of patients with intestinal disorders. The O and H serotypes of Escherichia coli that were present along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract of patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth were studied. Multiple sero- and biotypes were represented, although usually a single serotype predominated in each patient. In a number of cases the different O:H serotypes were antigenically related indicating that antigenic degradation was occurring. The serotypes isolated from the stomach and small intestine were represented in the faeces. In general, within the limitations of this study, there appears to be a stable ecosystem in each patient and it may require specific oral antibiotics to alter it.", "PMID": 326634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10111", "title": "Role of intestinal microflora in colonic pseudoobstruction complicating jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "A double-blind crossover study using placebo and antibiotics effective against either aerobic or anaerobic organisms has been performed to elucidate the role of intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis of colonic pseudo-obstruction, which is now established as an important complication of jejunoileal bypass. Using strict Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI) technique, quantitative bacterial studies of the intestinal flora in the region of bypassed bowel have been correlated with symptoms of abdominal pain and distension. It has been shown that antibiotics effective against obligate anaerobes rapidly relieve the symptoms of pseudo-obstruction and this coincides with the disappearance of these organisms from this region of bowel. Symptoms rapidly recur when anaerobic organisms repopulate the bowel. It is concluded that obligate anaerobes may play a role in the pathogenesis of this complication.", "contents": "Role of intestinal microflora in colonic pseudoobstruction complicating jejunoileal bypass. A double-blind crossover study using placebo and antibiotics effective against either aerobic or anaerobic organisms has been performed to elucidate the role of intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis of colonic pseudo-obstruction, which is now established as an important complication of jejunoileal bypass. Using strict Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI) technique, quantitative bacterial studies of the intestinal flora in the region of bypassed bowel have been correlated with symptoms of abdominal pain and distension. It has been shown that antibiotics effective against obligate anaerobes rapidly relieve the symptoms of pseudo-obstruction and this coincides with the disappearance of these organisms from this region of bowel. Symptoms rapidly recur when anaerobic organisms repopulate the bowel. It is concluded that obligate anaerobes may play a role in the pathogenesis of this complication.", "PMID": 326635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10112", "title": "Immunohistochemical identification of lysozyme in intestinal lesions in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "Lysozyme (LZM) was identified in ulcerative colitis in granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages of the intestinal lamina propria. In contrast with findings in normal colon or rectum, in ulcerative colitis LZM was also detected in some mucosal crypt cells and metaplastic Paneth cells. In both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease LZM was present in inflammatory cells of crypt abscesses. In Crohn's disease intense LZM staining was seen in epitheloid cell granulomas. The present observations permit one explanation for the raised concentration of serum-LZM in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical identification of lysozyme in intestinal lesions in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Lysozyme (LZM) was identified in ulcerative colitis in granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages of the intestinal lamina propria. In contrast with findings in normal colon or rectum, in ulcerative colitis LZM was also detected in some mucosal crypt cells and metaplastic Paneth cells. In both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease LZM was present in inflammatory cells of crypt abscesses. In Crohn's disease intense LZM staining was seen in epitheloid cell granulomas. The present observations permit one explanation for the raised concentration of serum-LZM in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 326636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10113", "title": "Nocturnal metiamide treatment in the management of healed duodenal ulceration.", "content": "This paper presents the results of a pilot study to investigate whether the administration of a nocturnal dose of metiamide (the first orally active H2 receptor antagonist) would prevent or delay the relapse of duodenal ulceration after initial ulcer healing. Sixteen patients took part in a double-blind trial to compare metiamide (400 mg) with placebo. Endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulcer relapses occurred in two out of eight on metiamide and six out of eight on placebo. There was a significant prolongation of remission in those in those on the active drug with an apparent reduction in duodenitis.", "contents": "Nocturnal metiamide treatment in the management of healed duodenal ulceration. This paper presents the results of a pilot study to investigate whether the administration of a nocturnal dose of metiamide (the first orally active H2 receptor antagonist) would prevent or delay the relapse of duodenal ulceration after initial ulcer healing. Sixteen patients took part in a double-blind trial to compare metiamide (400 mg) with placebo. Endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulcer relapses occurred in two out of eight on metiamide and six out of eight on placebo. There was a significant prolongation of remission in those in those on the active drug with an apparent reduction in duodenitis.", "PMID": 326638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10114", "title": "Lymphocyte populations in liver biopsy specimens from patients with chronic liver disease.", "content": "The characterisation of lymphocytes from liver biopsies indicates that 'activated' T lymphocytes are present in the liver in alcohol induced hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis (HBS+ve and -ve), and in primary biliary cirrhosis but not in inactive cirrhosis, chronic persistent hepatitis, extrahepatic and drug induced cholestasis. A greater percentage of lymphocytes bear Fc-receptors in chronic active hepatitis than in alcohol induced hepatitis or cholestatic liver disease. The concentration of 'activated' T cells in the peripheral blood in all groups studied was within the normal range, suggesting that the 'activated' T cells found in the liver were reacting to either native or foreign antigens within the liver. The data on Fc-receptor bearing cells are consistent with the involvement of antibody assisted K cell mediated cytotoxicity in chronic active hepatitis.", "contents": "Lymphocyte populations in liver biopsy specimens from patients with chronic liver disease. The characterisation of lymphocytes from liver biopsies indicates that 'activated' T lymphocytes are present in the liver in alcohol induced hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis (HBS+ve and -ve), and in primary biliary cirrhosis but not in inactive cirrhosis, chronic persistent hepatitis, extrahepatic and drug induced cholestasis. A greater percentage of lymphocytes bear Fc-receptors in chronic active hepatitis than in alcohol induced hepatitis or cholestatic liver disease. The concentration of 'activated' T cells in the peripheral blood in all groups studied was within the normal range, suggesting that the 'activated' T cells found in the liver were reacting to either native or foreign antigens within the liver. The data on Fc-receptor bearing cells are consistent with the involvement of antibody assisted K cell mediated cytotoxicity in chronic active hepatitis.", "PMID": 326639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10115", "title": "Double-blind trial of cholestyramine in post-vagotomy diarrhoea.", "content": "The effect of cholestyramine in post-vagotomy diarrhoea has been assessed under double-blind conditions. Cholestyramine produced a significant improvement in frequency, urgency, and consistency of stool as well as episodic diarrhoea. Faecal bile acid excretion was significantly higher in the post-vagotomy group when compared with normal controls. These findings confirm the effectiveness of cholestyramine and support the concept of a bile acid mediated aetiology in post-vagotomy diarrhoea.", "contents": "Double-blind trial of cholestyramine in post-vagotomy diarrhoea. The effect of cholestyramine in post-vagotomy diarrhoea has been assessed under double-blind conditions. Cholestyramine produced a significant improvement in frequency, urgency, and consistency of stool as well as episodic diarrhoea. Faecal bile acid excretion was significantly higher in the post-vagotomy group when compared with normal controls. These findings confirm the effectiveness of cholestyramine and support the concept of a bile acid mediated aetiology in post-vagotomy diarrhoea.", "PMID": 326641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10116", "title": "Double-blind placebo-controlled study of loperamide (Imodium) in chronic diarrhoea caused by ileocolic disease or resection.", "content": "Loperamide (R 18 553) was compared with placebo in a double-blind crossover study of 21 patients with chronic diarrhoea caused by ileocolic disease or resection. Eighteen patients completed the trial. At a median daily dose of 6 mg the new antidiarrhoeal preparation was found to be superior to placebo in controlling chronic diarrhoea. The frequency and weight of stools significantly decreased, the stools became more solid, and carmine transit time was prolonged during loperamide therapy. Loperamide was consistently preferred to placebo by the patients. Gastrointestinal side-effects were few and comparable during both treatment periods.", "contents": "Double-blind placebo-controlled study of loperamide (Imodium) in chronic diarrhoea caused by ileocolic disease or resection. Loperamide (R 18 553) was compared with placebo in a double-blind crossover study of 21 patients with chronic diarrhoea caused by ileocolic disease or resection. Eighteen patients completed the trial. At a median daily dose of 6 mg the new antidiarrhoeal preparation was found to be superior to placebo in controlling chronic diarrhoea. The frequency and weight of stools significantly decreased, the stools became more solid, and carmine transit time was prolonged during loperamide therapy. Loperamide was consistently preferred to placebo by the patients. Gastrointestinal side-effects were few and comparable during both treatment periods.", "PMID": 326642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10117", "title": "[Management of extensive avulsion injury of the hand].", "content": "The case of a 25 years old industrial worker is reported, who suffered an extensive avulsion of his left hand in a rubber roller injury. The middle and ring fingers hand to be amputated. The skin loss was covered simultaneously by an axillary pedicled flap for the thumb, two pedicle flaps from the upper arm for the index and small fingers and split thickness skin grafts for the dorsum of the hand. In a second stage, sensation of the tips of thumb and index finger was restored by two innervated full thickness skin grafts from the dorsum of the foot.", "contents": "[Management of extensive avulsion injury of the hand]. The case of a 25 years old industrial worker is reported, who suffered an extensive avulsion of his left hand in a rubber roller injury. The middle and ring fingers hand to be amputated. The skin loss was covered simultaneously by an axillary pedicled flap for the thumb, two pedicle flaps from the upper arm for the index and small fingers and split thickness skin grafts for the dorsum of the hand. In a second stage, sensation of the tips of thumb and index finger was restored by two innervated full thickness skin grafts from the dorsum of the foot.", "PMID": 326644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10118", "title": "[Experimental principles of immunotherapy using microbial substances in malignant tumors. 1. Effect of streptococci on ascite retothelsarcoma in the mouse in vitro].", "content": "The experimental results of Okamoto and his group with the preparation PB-B-45 from a strain of beta-hemolytic streptococci, group A, could be confirmed. The in vitro-method they used gives good results in the screening for strains of streptococci, which have antitumoral activity. With an own strain (no. IC) a complete inhibition of the growth of an ascites-retothelsarcoma of the mouse could be achieved by this technique.", "contents": "[Experimental principles of immunotherapy using microbial substances in malignant tumors. 1. Effect of streptococci on ascite retothelsarcoma in the mouse in vitro]. The experimental results of Okamoto and his group with the preparation PB-B-45 from a strain of beta-hemolytic streptococci, group A, could be confirmed. The in vitro-method they used gives good results in the screening for strains of streptococci, which have antitumoral activity. With an own strain (no. IC) a complete inhibition of the growth of an ascites-retothelsarcoma of the mouse could be achieved by this technique.", "PMID": 326651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10119", "title": "Chemical composition and potential 'genotoxic' aspects of polluted atmospheres.", "content": "The chemical composition of the gaseous, vapour and particulate phases of the atmosphere has been reported in terms of background, urban and highly polluted levels. Too little is known about the chemical composition of polluted atmospheres and other environments, and the situation will worsen as a result of the steadily increasing production of a wide variety of chemicals. This and other evidence presented in this paper indicates that the human race has not yet felt the full impact of the burgeoning chemical environment in terms of genotoxic effects. Some highly suggestive data from the literature have been presented to indicate that carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in human beings involve not only the attack of a primary genotoxicant, but that genetic factors, cofactors, antifactors and sometimes precursors can play important roles in the process of genotoxicity. Evidence has been presented to indicate that genotoxic effects are much more prevalent among human beings than is commonly believed. Since inherited effects arise from mutation of a germ cell, cancer probably from mutation of a somatic cell, atherosclerosis possibly from some mutagenic effect and the debilitating effects of some aspects of ageing possibly from a somatic mutation of the metabolic type, then mutagenesis in these four postulated types could be the overwhelmingly major cause of death in modern society.", "contents": "Chemical composition and potential 'genotoxic' aspects of polluted atmospheres. The chemical composition of the gaseous, vapour and particulate phases of the atmosphere has been reported in terms of background, urban and highly polluted levels. Too little is known about the chemical composition of polluted atmospheres and other environments, and the situation will worsen as a result of the steadily increasing production of a wide variety of chemicals. This and other evidence presented in this paper indicates that the human race has not yet felt the full impact of the burgeoning chemical environment in terms of genotoxic effects. Some highly suggestive data from the literature have been presented to indicate that carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in human beings involve not only the attack of a primary genotoxicant, but that genetic factors, cofactors, antifactors and sometimes precursors can play important roles in the process of genotoxicity. Evidence has been presented to indicate that genotoxic effects are much more prevalent among human beings than is commonly believed. Since inherited effects arise from mutation of a germ cell, cancer probably from mutation of a somatic cell, atherosclerosis possibly from some mutagenic effect and the debilitating effects of some aspects of ageing possibly from a somatic mutation of the metabolic type, then mutagenesis in these four postulated types could be the overwhelmingly major cause of death in modern society.", "PMID": 326657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10120", "title": "Cell size in aging monolayer cultures.", "content": "Changes in the size of the area covered by individual cultured WI-38 cells as the cultures age have been studied by using a new microphotographic paper cutout technique. This method is nondestructive and noninstrusive and avoids a number of artifacts which can occur in the measurement of suspended cells. The measurements reveal that the decreased cell yield of late passage cultures reflects not only the appearance of a subpopulation of larger cells but also the failure of the cells to utilize all the growth surface available to them.", "contents": "Cell size in aging monolayer cultures. Changes in the size of the area covered by individual cultured WI-38 cells as the cultures age have been studied by using a new microphotographic paper cutout technique. This method is nondestructive and noninstrusive and avoids a number of artifacts which can occur in the measurement of suspended cells. The measurements reveal that the decreased cell yield of late passage cultures reflects not only the appearance of a subpopulation of larger cells but also the failure of the cells to utilize all the growth surface available to them.", "PMID": 326658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10121", "title": "Culture of rat retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "A method of preparing monolayer cultures of retinal pigment epithelium from normal pigmented neonatal rats is described. Critical features include incubating the eyes in balanced salt solution and treating with trypsin before dissecting the eyes. The tissue also has been culured from RCS rats with inherited retinal degeneration. Since the pigment epithelium has been shown to be the primary site of action of the gene for retinal dystrophy in the RCS rat, the method should be usefull in studying the defect(s) associated with this mutation.", "contents": "Culture of rat retinal pigment epithelium. A method of preparing monolayer cultures of retinal pigment epithelium from normal pigmented neonatal rats is described. Critical features include incubating the eyes in balanced salt solution and treating with trypsin before dissecting the eyes. The tissue also has been culured from RCS rats with inherited retinal degeneration. Since the pigment epithelium has been shown to be the primary site of action of the gene for retinal dystrophy in the RCS rat, the method should be usefull in studying the defect(s) associated with this mutation.", "PMID": 326659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10122", "title": "The appearance of non-specific antibody-forming cells in the efferent lymph draining antigen-stimulated single lymph nodes.", "content": "Immunization of single lymph nodes with various antigens led to the appearance of cells in the efferent lymph that secreted antibody specific for the antigen which induced their formation and for a number of unrelated, non-crossreacting antigens. Immunization of single lymph nodes with mitogens led to the appearance of cells secreting antibodies specific for an even greater number of antigens, including one (TNP) that in all probability is not present in the animals' natural environment. When the node was primed with one antigen, a subsequent challenge with an unrelated antigen 12 weeks later led to the appearance of greater numbers of cells containing and secreting antibody against the previously experienced antigen, than was the case in unprimed lymph nodes. These findings indicate that the immune response to antigen provokes the maturation of lymphocytes of specificities unrelated to that of the injected immunogen. Such a mechanism may be important in maintaining immunological memory. Mitogens may directly activate lymphocytes into maturation and expression as antibody-secreting cells, whereas antigens appear to act indirectly.", "contents": "The appearance of non-specific antibody-forming cells in the efferent lymph draining antigen-stimulated single lymph nodes. Immunization of single lymph nodes with various antigens led to the appearance of cells in the efferent lymph that secreted antibody specific for the antigen which induced their formation and for a number of unrelated, non-crossreacting antigens. Immunization of single lymph nodes with mitogens led to the appearance of cells secreting antibodies specific for an even greater number of antigens, including one (TNP) that in all probability is not present in the animals' natural environment. When the node was primed with one antigen, a subsequent challenge with an unrelated antigen 12 weeks later led to the appearance of greater numbers of cells containing and secreting antibody against the previously experienced antigen, than was the case in unprimed lymph nodes. These findings indicate that the immune response to antigen provokes the maturation of lymphocytes of specificities unrelated to that of the injected immunogen. Such a mechanism may be important in maintaining immunological memory. Mitogens may directly activate lymphocytes into maturation and expression as antibody-secreting cells, whereas antigens appear to act indirectly.", "PMID": 326662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10123", "title": "Oral toxicities of Clostridium botulinum toxins in response to molecular size.", "content": "Clostridium botulinum type A, B, and F toxins of different molecular sizes were fed to mice to compare the oral toxicities. The progenitor toxin, a complex of a toxic and nontoxic component, of any type was higher in oral toxicity to mice than the dissociated toxic component or the derivative toxin. The former may no doubt play a more important role in the pathogenesis of food-borne botulism. The higher oral toxicity possessed by the progenitor toxin, including the exceptionally high one found with type B-L toxin, can be explained solely by the protection afforded by the nontoxic component attached to the toxic component. The possibility of the highest oral toxicity of type B-L toxin to humans is discussed.", "contents": "Oral toxicities of Clostridium botulinum toxins in response to molecular size. Clostridium botulinum type A, B, and F toxins of different molecular sizes were fed to mice to compare the oral toxicities. The progenitor toxin, a complex of a toxic and nontoxic component, of any type was higher in oral toxicity to mice than the dissociated toxic component or the derivative toxin. The former may no doubt play a more important role in the pathogenesis of food-borne botulism. The higher oral toxicity possessed by the progenitor toxin, including the exceptionally high one found with type B-L toxin, can be explained solely by the protection afforded by the nontoxic component attached to the toxic component. The possibility of the highest oral toxicity of type B-L toxin to humans is discussed.", "PMID": 326664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10124", "title": "Capsule size of Cryptococcus neoformans: control and relationship to virulence.", "content": "Capsule size of five isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans was controlled by cultivation in media containing varying amounts of sugar. High concentrations of sugar (e.g., 16%) suppressed encapsulation whereas low concentrations (e.g., 1%) allowed maximal encapsulation. Suppression of capsule size was attributed at least in part to the increased osmolarity of the medium because a medium with low sugar concentration but having high osmolarity (by virtue of added sodium chloride) also produced cells having small capsules. The extent of control was more marked with certain of the isolates than with others. Mice were intravenously inoculated with cells of a single isolate cultivated so as to have either small or large capsules, and virulence was measured by comparing death rates. Results indicate that virulence after such an inoculation is a constant characteristic of an isolate and is not affected by size of the capsule of the cells in the inoculum.", "contents": "Capsule size of Cryptococcus neoformans: control and relationship to virulence. Capsule size of five isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans was controlled by cultivation in media containing varying amounts of sugar. High concentrations of sugar (e.g., 16%) suppressed encapsulation whereas low concentrations (e.g., 1%) allowed maximal encapsulation. Suppression of capsule size was attributed at least in part to the increased osmolarity of the medium because a medium with low sugar concentration but having high osmolarity (by virtue of added sodium chloride) also produced cells having small capsules. The extent of control was more marked with certain of the isolates than with others. Mice were intravenously inoculated with cells of a single isolate cultivated so as to have either small or large capsules, and virulence was measured by comparing death rates. Results indicate that virulence after such an inoculation is a constant characteristic of an isolate and is not affected by size of the capsule of the cells in the inoculum.", "PMID": 326665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10125", "title": "Vagal and adrenal influences on gastric secretion in Shay rats.", "content": "The present experiment was planned to assess the role of vagus and adrenals in gastric secretion in the pylorus ligated rats. Vagotomy significantly reduced the volume of gastric juice but the reduction following adrenalectomy was not significant. Both vagotomy and adrenalectomy significantly reduced the free acid, total acid and pepsin contents of the gastric secretion, the reduction being more pronounced following vagotomy.", "contents": "Vagal and adrenal influences on gastric secretion in Shay rats. The present experiment was planned to assess the role of vagus and adrenals in gastric secretion in the pylorus ligated rats. Vagotomy significantly reduced the volume of gastric juice but the reduction following adrenalectomy was not significant. Both vagotomy and adrenalectomy significantly reduced the free acid, total acid and pepsin contents of the gastric secretion, the reduction being more pronounced following vagotomy.", "PMID": 326663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10126", "title": "Susceptibility of lipopolysaccharide mutants to the bactericidal action of human neutrophil lysosomal fractions.", "content": "Acetate extracts of purified human neutrophil granules (a mixed population containing specific and azurophil granules) were dialyzed against phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.0) and tested for bactericidal activity against smooth parent and rough mutant, gram-negative bacteria. Rough (Re) mutants of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella minnesota were exquisitely more sensitive to extracts of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules than were their smooth (S) parents. The mean lethal dose (LD(50)) for the parent strains was 25 to 50 mug of granule protein per ml. As much as 500 mug of extract per ml failed to kill 100% of the S parents. The LD(50) for the rough mutants was 1.5 to 2.0 mug of the same granule extract per ml; 100% killing occurred with 5 to 10 mug of lysosomal protein per ml. Conditions affecting the growth of the bacteria greatly affected their sensitivity to the granule extracts. Granule extract killed bacteria grown with aeration to log phase 10 to 15 times more efficiently than the same bacteria grown to stationary phase under static conditions. The bactericidal incubation mixture also influenced results, in that greater killing occurred with tryptone than with phosphate or N-2-hydroxyethyl piperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid-buffered saline. Bactericidal activity depended on lysosomal protein concentration, time, and temperature. Boiled lysosomal fractions failed to kill the S parents but retained 20 to 50% of their ability to kill the Re mutants. Parents (smooth) were killed more efficiently at pH 5 to 6, whereas their Re mutants were killed more efficiently at pH 7 to 8.", "contents": "Susceptibility of lipopolysaccharide mutants to the bactericidal action of human neutrophil lysosomal fractions. Acetate extracts of purified human neutrophil granules (a mixed population containing specific and azurophil granules) were dialyzed against phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.0) and tested for bactericidal activity against smooth parent and rough mutant, gram-negative bacteria. Rough (Re) mutants of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella minnesota were exquisitely more sensitive to extracts of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules than were their smooth (S) parents. The mean lethal dose (LD(50)) for the parent strains was 25 to 50 mug of granule protein per ml. As much as 500 mug of extract per ml failed to kill 100% of the S parents. The LD(50) for the rough mutants was 1.5 to 2.0 mug of the same granule extract per ml; 100% killing occurred with 5 to 10 mug of lysosomal protein per ml. Conditions affecting the growth of the bacteria greatly affected their sensitivity to the granule extracts. Granule extract killed bacteria grown with aeration to log phase 10 to 15 times more efficiently than the same bacteria grown to stationary phase under static conditions. The bactericidal incubation mixture also influenced results, in that greater killing occurred with tryptone than with phosphate or N-2-hydroxyethyl piperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid-buffered saline. Bactericidal activity depended on lysosomal protein concentration, time, and temperature. Boiled lysosomal fractions failed to kill the S parents but retained 20 to 50% of their ability to kill the Re mutants. Parents (smooth) were killed more efficiently at pH 5 to 6, whereas their Re mutants were killed more efficiently at pH 7 to 8.", "PMID": 326666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10127", "title": "Immunological responsiveness to Escherichia coli during pregnancy.", "content": "To determine whether immunological responsiveness to a bacterial antigen is altered during pregnancy and lactation, Swiss mice (gestation, 19 to 21 days) were studied during early, middle, and late pregnancy and in the early postpartum period. Pregnant and nursing mice, each along with a virgin female littermate control, were injected with 2 x 10(6) heat-killed Escherichia coli and sacrificed 4 days later for the enumeration of splenic anti-E. coli plaque-forming cells (PFC). For 72 4- to 10-day pregnant and control mice ranked together, total PFC per spleen ranged from 0 to 312,650, with 61% of the counts from pregnant animals ranking above the median of 12,700. The mean number of PFC for the pregnant animals was greater than for sister controls in 19 of 23 litters studied (P = 0.001). Responsiveness was also increased for 72 mice tested in later pregnancy. Counts of PFC of 72% of mice 11 to 18 days pregnant were above the median when ranked with those of their controls (P < 0.001). In 18 of 21 litters studied, pregnant animals responded better than littermate controls (P = 0.001). Responses of mice at term (19 to 21 days) were depressed when compared with those of controls, but nursing animals 6 to 9 postpartum responded like virgin animals. Previous studies suggested that low concentrations of estradiol stimulate the mitosis of PFC. To determine if progesterone also increases numbers of PFC, concentrations in a range physiological for pregnancy were added to cultures of spleen cells from male mice injected with E. coli 3 days before. After 24 h of incubation, numbers of PFC in these suspensions were compared to those of the same suspensions incubated without hormone. In 19 of 25 and 48 of 68 suspensions tested at concentrations of 500 pg and 50 ng of progesterone per ml, the numbers of PFC were increased over those of the same suspensions without hormone (P < 0.01). Geometric mean number of PFC for progesterone-treated cells was 45% greater than that for the controls. Findings suggest that female sex hormones, important for the normal growth and differentiation of fetal cells, may also enhance division and/or maturation of immunocompetent cells in the mother.", "contents": "Immunological responsiveness to Escherichia coli during pregnancy. To determine whether immunological responsiveness to a bacterial antigen is altered during pregnancy and lactation, Swiss mice (gestation, 19 to 21 days) were studied during early, middle, and late pregnancy and in the early postpartum period. Pregnant and nursing mice, each along with a virgin female littermate control, were injected with 2 x 10(6) heat-killed Escherichia coli and sacrificed 4 days later for the enumeration of splenic anti-E. coli plaque-forming cells (PFC). For 72 4- to 10-day pregnant and control mice ranked together, total PFC per spleen ranged from 0 to 312,650, with 61% of the counts from pregnant animals ranking above the median of 12,700. The mean number of PFC for the pregnant animals was greater than for sister controls in 19 of 23 litters studied (P = 0.001). Responsiveness was also increased for 72 mice tested in later pregnancy. Counts of PFC of 72% of mice 11 to 18 days pregnant were above the median when ranked with those of their controls (P < 0.001). In 18 of 21 litters studied, pregnant animals responded better than littermate controls (P = 0.001). Responses of mice at term (19 to 21 days) were depressed when compared with those of controls, but nursing animals 6 to 9 postpartum responded like virgin animals. Previous studies suggested that low concentrations of estradiol stimulate the mitosis of PFC. To determine if progesterone also increases numbers of PFC, concentrations in a range physiological for pregnancy were added to cultures of spleen cells from male mice injected with E. coli 3 days before. After 24 h of incubation, numbers of PFC in these suspensions were compared to those of the same suspensions incubated without hormone. In 19 of 25 and 48 of 68 suspensions tested at concentrations of 500 pg and 50 ng of progesterone per ml, the numbers of PFC were increased over those of the same suspensions without hormone (P < 0.01). Geometric mean number of PFC for progesterone-treated cells was 45% greater than that for the controls. Findings suggest that female sex hormones, important for the normal growth and differentiation of fetal cells, may also enhance division and/or maturation of immunocompetent cells in the mother.", "PMID": 326667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10128", "title": "Inhibitory action of galactose on phagocytes from normal and hypergalactosemic chicks.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of galactose on phagocyte function was investigated in normal and hypergalactosemic chicks by monitoring the in vitro killing of Escherichia coli by leukocytes and the in vivo clearance of colloidal 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin ([125I]BSA) from the circulation. Elevated levels of galactose (30 mM) significantly impaired the bactericidal activities of leukocytes from both control and hypergalactosemic chicks. However, the latter cells were more susceptible to the galactose-dependent inhibition. Leukocytes from hypergalactosemic chicks displayed near-normal bactericidal activity when assayed in vitro under simulated normal conditions in the absence of galactose. Mean corrected phagocytic indexes, obtained from data on the clearance of colloidal [125I]BSA, were calculated to be 0.358 and 0.299 for control and hypergalactosemic chicks, respectively. Moreover, increased concentrations of galactose significantly impaired the bactericidal activity of circulating leukocytes but did not significantly affect the phagocytic activity of the reticuoendothelial system.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of galactose on phagocytes from normal and hypergalactosemic chicks. The inhibitory effect of galactose on phagocyte function was investigated in normal and hypergalactosemic chicks by monitoring the in vitro killing of Escherichia coli by leukocytes and the in vivo clearance of colloidal 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin ([125I]BSA) from the circulation. Elevated levels of galactose (30 mM) significantly impaired the bactericidal activities of leukocytes from both control and hypergalactosemic chicks. However, the latter cells were more susceptible to the galactose-dependent inhibition. Leukocytes from hypergalactosemic chicks displayed near-normal bactericidal activity when assayed in vitro under simulated normal conditions in the absence of galactose. Mean corrected phagocytic indexes, obtained from data on the clearance of colloidal [125I]BSA, were calculated to be 0.358 and 0.299 for control and hypergalactosemic chicks, respectively. Moreover, increased concentrations of galactose significantly impaired the bactericidal activity of circulating leukocytes but did not significantly affect the phagocytic activity of the reticuoendothelial system.", "PMID": 326668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10129", "title": "Superoxide dismutase in anaerobic bacteria of clinical significance.", "content": "Twenty-two anaerobic bacteria isolated from infected sites and normal fecal flora were assayed for superoxide dismutase (SOD). The organisms were also classified according to their oxygen tolerance into aerotolerant, intermediate, and extremely oxygen-sensitive groups. There was a correlation between the enzyme level and the oxygen tolerance, in that the aerotolerant and intermediate organisms had SOD, whereas the extremely oxygen-sensitive isolates had low or undetectable enzyme. Among the oxygen-tolerant organisms, gram-negative bacteria had higher levels of SOD than gram-positive organisms. Oxygen was shown to induce SOD production in a strain of Bacteriodes fragilis grown in minimal medium under continuous-culture conditions. Enzyme levels in this isolate grown under static conditions were lower in minimal medium than in complex medium, indicating that other components in the complex medium were stimulating the production of SOD. Our data suggest that the variation in oxygen tolerance of anaerobes is usually related to their level of SOD. It is postulated that SOD may be a virulence factor that allows pathogenic anaerobes to survive in oxygenated tissues until the proper reduced conditions are established for their growth.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase in anaerobic bacteria of clinical significance. Twenty-two anaerobic bacteria isolated from infected sites and normal fecal flora were assayed for superoxide dismutase (SOD). The organisms were also classified according to their oxygen tolerance into aerotolerant, intermediate, and extremely oxygen-sensitive groups. There was a correlation between the enzyme level and the oxygen tolerance, in that the aerotolerant and intermediate organisms had SOD, whereas the extremely oxygen-sensitive isolates had low or undetectable enzyme. Among the oxygen-tolerant organisms, gram-negative bacteria had higher levels of SOD than gram-positive organisms. Oxygen was shown to induce SOD production in a strain of Bacteriodes fragilis grown in minimal medium under continuous-culture conditions. Enzyme levels in this isolate grown under static conditions were lower in minimal medium than in complex medium, indicating that other components in the complex medium were stimulating the production of SOD. Our data suggest that the variation in oxygen tolerance of anaerobes is usually related to their level of SOD. It is postulated that SOD may be a virulence factor that allows pathogenic anaerobes to survive in oxygenated tissues until the proper reduced conditions are established for their growth.", "PMID": 326669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10130", "title": "Protective role of complement in experimental Escherichia coli endocarditis.", "content": "Fourteen strains of Escherichia coli were tested for ability to cause infective endocarditis in rabbits prepared by prior placement of an intracardiac catheter. Strains that were resistant to the bactericidal action of serum caused E. coli endocarditis in 91.4% of rabbits, whereas serum-sensitive strains usually failed to cause persisting infection (11.3% infected, P less than 0.001). Although serum-sensitive E. coli lodged on heart valves within 1 h after intravenous injection, they survived less than 24 h in most normal rabbits. In contrast to normals, all five C6-deficient rabbits injected with a serum-sensitive strain of E. coli developed infective endocarditis (P less than 0.005). No correlation was found between the presence of K1 antigen and the incidence of experimental E. coli endocarditis. Thus, the ability of strains of E. coli to establish persisting endocardial infection in rabbits appears to be directly associated with resistance to the complement-mediated serum bactericidal system. These findings may explain in part the rarity of gram-negative bacillary endocarditis in patients; they also indicate that in certain special circumstances the serum bactericidal system can play a decisive role in host defense.", "contents": "Protective role of complement in experimental Escherichia coli endocarditis. Fourteen strains of Escherichia coli were tested for ability to cause infective endocarditis in rabbits prepared by prior placement of an intracardiac catheter. Strains that were resistant to the bactericidal action of serum caused E. coli endocarditis in 91.4% of rabbits, whereas serum-sensitive strains usually failed to cause persisting infection (11.3% infected, P less than 0.001). Although serum-sensitive E. coli lodged on heart valves within 1 h after intravenous injection, they survived less than 24 h in most normal rabbits. In contrast to normals, all five C6-deficient rabbits injected with a serum-sensitive strain of E. coli developed infective endocarditis (P less than 0.005). No correlation was found between the presence of K1 antigen and the incidence of experimental E. coli endocarditis. Thus, the ability of strains of E. coli to establish persisting endocardial infection in rabbits appears to be directly associated with resistance to the complement-mediated serum bactericidal system. These findings may explain in part the rarity of gram-negative bacillary endocarditis in patients; they also indicate that in certain special circumstances the serum bactericidal system can play a decisive role in host defense.", "PMID": 326670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10131", "title": "Interactions of radio-detoxified Escherichia coli endotoxin preparations with the complement system.", "content": "Escherichia coli O89 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was treated with different doses of gamma irradiation (5, 10, 15, and 20 Mrad). Various biological activities such as lethal effect, decrease in arterial blood pressure in dogs, and interaction with the complement system were determined for the parent and irradiated preparations. Irradiation of LPS significantly and in a dose-dependent manner decreased its lethal and blood pressure-depressing effects along with its ability to activate the complement system. In contrast, radio-detoxified LPS fixed more strongly the isolated human C1 than did the parent LPS. The possible connection between the toxicity of endotoxin and endotoxin-induced complement activation is discussed.", "contents": "Interactions of radio-detoxified Escherichia coli endotoxin preparations with the complement system. Escherichia coli O89 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was treated with different doses of gamma irradiation (5, 10, 15, and 20 Mrad). Various biological activities such as lethal effect, decrease in arterial blood pressure in dogs, and interaction with the complement system were determined for the parent and irradiated preparations. Irradiation of LPS significantly and in a dose-dependent manner decreased its lethal and blood pressure-depressing effects along with its ability to activate the complement system. In contrast, radio-detoxified LPS fixed more strongly the isolated human C1 than did the parent LPS. The possible connection between the toxicity of endotoxin and endotoxin-induced complement activation is discussed.", "PMID": 326671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10132", "title": "Possible dual function of M protein: resistance to bacteriophage A25 and resistance to phagocytosis by human leukocytes.", "content": "Spontaneous phage A25-resistant (A25(R)) mutants of group A streptococci, strain K56, were isolated. The mutant cultures were unable to adsorb phage particles and hyperproduced M protein. Trypsin-digested A25(R) cells regained the ability to adsorb phage particles, but failed to become infectious centers. This failure indicated that the mutation created a double barrier to phage growth: (i) receptors were masked by M protein; (ii) irreversibly adsorbed phage were unable to multiply. Spontaneous variants of one A25(R) mutant, shown to be M negative (M(-)) by electron microscopy, serological tests, and sensitivity to phagocytosis, rapidly adsorbed phage and were able to become infectious centers. Therefore, it was concluded that the mutant phenotype, A25(R), arose by a single mutation and genes coding for this trait and M protein synthesis were either genetically linked, controlled by a common gene or were biochemically interdependent. The A25(R) phenotype was unstable and, as expected for plasmid-coded properties, acridine orange induced segregation of this phenotype. The parental M(+), A25-sensitive (A25(S)) cultures proved to be a mixed population. Infection at various multiplicities indicated that this culture was composed of phage A25(S) cells and cells more resistant to infection. Morphological comparison of thin sections of A25(R) and A25(S) cells by electron microscopy demonstrated striking differences. The A25(R) culture was composed entirely of cells uniformly covered with M protein, whereas the A25(S)M(+) wild-type culture was a mixed population, the majority of cells devoid of M protein. Phagocytosis by human blood enriched the culture for the latter cell type, suggesting that differences in phage sensitivity in the wild-type culture were also determined by the presence or absence of M protein. Thus M protein can serve a dual function for the streptococcal cell by allowing it to avoid infection by bacteriophage and ingestion by human leukocytes.", "contents": "Possible dual function of M protein: resistance to bacteriophage A25 and resistance to phagocytosis by human leukocytes. Spontaneous phage A25-resistant (A25(R)) mutants of group A streptococci, strain K56, were isolated. The mutant cultures were unable to adsorb phage particles and hyperproduced M protein. Trypsin-digested A25(R) cells regained the ability to adsorb phage particles, but failed to become infectious centers. This failure indicated that the mutation created a double barrier to phage growth: (i) receptors were masked by M protein; (ii) irreversibly adsorbed phage were unable to multiply. Spontaneous variants of one A25(R) mutant, shown to be M negative (M(-)) by electron microscopy, serological tests, and sensitivity to phagocytosis, rapidly adsorbed phage and were able to become infectious centers. Therefore, it was concluded that the mutant phenotype, A25(R), arose by a single mutation and genes coding for this trait and M protein synthesis were either genetically linked, controlled by a common gene or were biochemically interdependent. The A25(R) phenotype was unstable and, as expected for plasmid-coded properties, acridine orange induced segregation of this phenotype. The parental M(+), A25-sensitive (A25(S)) cultures proved to be a mixed population. Infection at various multiplicities indicated that this culture was composed of phage A25(S) cells and cells more resistant to infection. Morphological comparison of thin sections of A25(R) and A25(S) cells by electron microscopy demonstrated striking differences. The A25(R) culture was composed entirely of cells uniformly covered with M protein, whereas the A25(S)M(+) wild-type culture was a mixed population, the majority of cells devoid of M protein. Phagocytosis by human blood enriched the culture for the latter cell type, suggesting that differences in phage sensitivity in the wild-type culture were also determined by the presence or absence of M protein. Thus M protein can serve a dual function for the streptococcal cell by allowing it to avoid infection by bacteriophage and ingestion by human leukocytes.", "PMID": 326672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10133", "title": "Cellular immune responses in guinea pigs immunized with cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum prepared by several different procedures.", "content": "Since guinea pigs immunized with water-washed cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum developed cellular immune responses detectable with cytoplasmic substances, attempts were made to determine whether cytoplasmic contamination of the walls was responsible for the induction of the immune response. Cell walls were treated by several procedures designed to remove possible contamination, namely, extraction with lipid solvents, incubation with proteolytic enzymes, and washing with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and each of the treated preparations was compared with water-washed walls for its ability to induce cellular responses demonstrable with cytoplasmic substances. For comparison, wall glycoprotein was also used as a test antigen. Immune responses were assessed by gross and histological examinations of skin test sites and by assays for the production of migration inhibition factor. A portion of the material inducing the response detectable with cytoplasmic substances was apparently removed or altered by each of the purifying procedures. The cellular immune responses to wall glycoprotein were also altered, however, indicating that more than the mere removal of cytoplasmic substances had occurred. On the basis of the data collected from each of the cellular assays involving wall glycoprotein as the test antigen, the hypothesis is proposed that sodium dodecyl sulfate altered or removed protein from the wall and thus augmented its ability to induce a more intense immediate-type hypersensitivity, whereas incubation with Pronase altered the walls in such a way as to shift the balance toward a more intense delayed-type hypersensitivity. The latter effect was probably due to the removal of carbohydrate from the wall by glucanase or to mannosidase contaminating the Pronase preparation.", "contents": "Cellular immune responses in guinea pigs immunized with cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum prepared by several different procedures. Since guinea pigs immunized with water-washed cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum developed cellular immune responses detectable with cytoplasmic substances, attempts were made to determine whether cytoplasmic contamination of the walls was responsible for the induction of the immune response. Cell walls were treated by several procedures designed to remove possible contamination, namely, extraction with lipid solvents, incubation with proteolytic enzymes, and washing with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and each of the treated preparations was compared with water-washed walls for its ability to induce cellular responses demonstrable with cytoplasmic substances. For comparison, wall glycoprotein was also used as a test antigen. Immune responses were assessed by gross and histological examinations of skin test sites and by assays for the production of migration inhibition factor. A portion of the material inducing the response detectable with cytoplasmic substances was apparently removed or altered by each of the purifying procedures. The cellular immune responses to wall glycoprotein were also altered, however, indicating that more than the mere removal of cytoplasmic substances had occurred. On the basis of the data collected from each of the cellular assays involving wall glycoprotein as the test antigen, the hypothesis is proposed that sodium dodecyl sulfate altered or removed protein from the wall and thus augmented its ability to induce a more intense immediate-type hypersensitivity, whereas incubation with Pronase altered the walls in such a way as to shift the balance toward a more intense delayed-type hypersensitivity. The latter effect was probably due to the removal of carbohydrate from the wall by glucanase or to mannosidase contaminating the Pronase preparation.", "PMID": 326673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10134", "title": "Bactericidal activity of the normal, cell-free hemolymph of silkworms (Bombyx mori).", "content": "Cell-free hemolymph from silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae can kill Escherichia coli B/SM. The bactericidal principle can be resolved into at least two factors. One is a lysozyme-like enzyme that can be absorbed on crab shell chitin and on bentonite, and the other (cofactor) is an anionic factor that is of low molecular weight, can pass through the chitin column and a carboxymethyl-cellulose column, and can be eluted from a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column at mu = 0.15 and pH 7.5. Egg-white lysozyme cannot replace the silkworm lysozyme-like enzyme for restoring the bactericidal activity when it is mixed with the cofactor, although it can enhance the bactericidal activity of the mixture of silkworm enzyme and cofactor. Mg2+ and Ca2+ can inhibit the bactericidal activity.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of the normal, cell-free hemolymph of silkworms (Bombyx mori). Cell-free hemolymph from silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae can kill Escherichia coli B/SM. The bactericidal principle can be resolved into at least two factors. One is a lysozyme-like enzyme that can be absorbed on crab shell chitin and on bentonite, and the other (cofactor) is an anionic factor that is of low molecular weight, can pass through the chitin column and a carboxymethyl-cellulose column, and can be eluted from a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column at mu = 0.15 and pH 7.5. Egg-white lysozyme cannot replace the silkworm lysozyme-like enzyme for restoring the bactericidal activity when it is mixed with the cofactor, although it can enhance the bactericidal activity of the mixture of silkworm enzyme and cofactor. Mg2+ and Ca2+ can inhibit the bactericidal activity.", "PMID": 326674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10135", "title": "Isolation of cryptic plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Kanagawa-positive strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "Twelve strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was examined for plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by dye-buoyant gradient centrifugation. Four Kanagawa-positive strains, all isolated from the same outbreak of gastroenteritis, contained multiple plasmid species of cryptic function. However, three Kanagawa-negative strains and five Kanagawa-positive strains were not found to contain demonstrable plasmid DNA. R-plasmids were successfully transferred from Escherichia coli to V. parahaemolyticus.", "contents": "Isolation of cryptic plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Kanagawa-positive strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Twelve strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was examined for plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by dye-buoyant gradient centrifugation. Four Kanagawa-positive strains, all isolated from the same outbreak of gastroenteritis, contained multiple plasmid species of cryptic function. However, three Kanagawa-negative strains and five Kanagawa-positive strains were not found to contain demonstrable plasmid DNA. R-plasmids were successfully transferred from Escherichia coli to V. parahaemolyticus.", "PMID": 326675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10136", "title": "Colonization of porcine intestine by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: selection of piliated forms in vivo, adhesion of piliated forms to epithelial cells in vitro, and incidence of a pilus antigen among porcine enteropathogenic E. coli.", "content": "In contrast to K88-positive porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), K88-negative porcine ETEC strains did not adhere to isolated intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. However, they did adhere to intestinal epithelium in vivo. Growth of one such ETEC (strain 987) in pig small intestine consistently yielded a greater percentage of piliated cells than did growth in vitro. This increase was demonstrable by electron microscopy, by change in colonial morphology, and by agglutination in specific antisera against the pili of strain 987. In contrast to the stored stock culture (which contained very few piliated cells), richly piliated forms of strain 987 did adhere to isolated intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. A series of porcine E. coli strains was tested for agglutinability in antiserum against the pili of strain 987, and several K88-negative ETEC strains were agglutinated. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that pili facilitate intestinal adhesion and colonization by K88-negative ETEC strains.", "contents": "Colonization of porcine intestine by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: selection of piliated forms in vivo, adhesion of piliated forms to epithelial cells in vitro, and incidence of a pilus antigen among porcine enteropathogenic E. coli. In contrast to K88-positive porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), K88-negative porcine ETEC strains did not adhere to isolated intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. However, they did adhere to intestinal epithelium in vivo. Growth of one such ETEC (strain 987) in pig small intestine consistently yielded a greater percentage of piliated cells than did growth in vitro. This increase was demonstrable by electron microscopy, by change in colonial morphology, and by agglutination in specific antisera against the pili of strain 987. In contrast to the stored stock culture (which contained very few piliated cells), richly piliated forms of strain 987 did adhere to isolated intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. A series of porcine E. coli strains was tested for agglutinability in antiserum against the pili of strain 987, and several K88-negative ETEC strains were agglutinated. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that pili facilitate intestinal adhesion and colonization by K88-negative ETEC strains.", "PMID": 326676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10137", "title": "Reduction of reactivity of Escherichia coli enterotoxins by intestinal mucosal components.", "content": "Incubation studies involving rabbit and piglet small intestinal mucosal components and Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins were conducted at 37 and 4 degrees C. Mucosal homogenate cytosol from rabbits did not significantly alter the reactivities of either cholera enterotoxin (CT) or E. coli labile enterotoxin (LT). However, mucosal homogenate cytosol from piglets was capable of neutralizing LT, though it had no effect on E. coli stable enterotoxin. LT became bound to piglet and rabbit microvillous membranes at 4 degrees C in the presence of a protective protein. In rabbits, the binding of LT was not dependent upon an intact glycocalyx or free unbound CT-receptors, although some binding was apparently associated with the glycocalyx and CT-receptors. These results indicated the presence of two different LT-receptors in microvillous membranes one being associated with the membrane proper and the other with the glycocalyx. Stable enterotoxin did not bind to in vitro preparations of piglet mucosal components, which is evidence for a different mechanism for inducing intestinal secretion.", "contents": "Reduction of reactivity of Escherichia coli enterotoxins by intestinal mucosal components. Incubation studies involving rabbit and piglet small intestinal mucosal components and Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins were conducted at 37 and 4 degrees C. Mucosal homogenate cytosol from rabbits did not significantly alter the reactivities of either cholera enterotoxin (CT) or E. coli labile enterotoxin (LT). However, mucosal homogenate cytosol from piglets was capable of neutralizing LT, though it had no effect on E. coli stable enterotoxin. LT became bound to piglet and rabbit microvillous membranes at 4 degrees C in the presence of a protective protein. In rabbits, the binding of LT was not dependent upon an intact glycocalyx or free unbound CT-receptors, although some binding was apparently associated with the glycocalyx and CT-receptors. These results indicated the presence of two different LT-receptors in microvillous membranes one being associated with the membrane proper and the other with the glycocalyx. Stable enterotoxin did not bind to in vitro preparations of piglet mucosal components, which is evidence for a different mechanism for inducing intestinal secretion.", "PMID": 326677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10138", "title": "Catabolism of glucose and fatty acids by virulent Treponema pallidum.", "content": "We describe a procedure which permits essentially full recovery of physiologically active Treponema pallidum from rabbit testicular extracts and greatly reduces contaminating tissue material. Such preparations were employed for investigations of the ability of T. pallidum to catabolize glucose and fatty acids. Radiorespirometric studies revealed that glucose and pyruvate, but not oleate or palmitate, could be degraded to CO2. The use of differentially labeled glucose, in conjunction with enzymatic analyses, indicated that glucose was catabolized by a combination of the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas and hexose monophosphate pathways. Pyruvate was degraded to CO2 from only the carboxyl position, suggesting the absence of a functioning Krebs cycle; this was substantiated by additional enzyme analyses and radiorespirometric experiments. Oleate and palmitate were incorporated but not catabolized by beta-oxidation. Glucose, although catabolized, was not incorporated. The potential significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Catabolism of glucose and fatty acids by virulent Treponema pallidum. We describe a procedure which permits essentially full recovery of physiologically active Treponema pallidum from rabbit testicular extracts and greatly reduces contaminating tissue material. Such preparations were employed for investigations of the ability of T. pallidum to catabolize glucose and fatty acids. Radiorespirometric studies revealed that glucose and pyruvate, but not oleate or palmitate, could be degraded to CO2. The use of differentially labeled glucose, in conjunction with enzymatic analyses, indicated that glucose was catabolized by a combination of the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas and hexose monophosphate pathways. Pyruvate was degraded to CO2 from only the carboxyl position, suggesting the absence of a functioning Krebs cycle; this was substantiated by additional enzyme analyses and radiorespirometric experiments. Oleate and palmitate were incorporated but not catabolized by beta-oxidation. Glucose, although catabolized, was not incorporated. The potential significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 326678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10139", "title": "Pathogenesis of neonatal Escherichia coli meningitis: induction of bacteremia and meningitis in infant rats fed E. coli K1.", "content": "Escherichia coli K1 strains, isolated from human newborns with meningitis, were fed to pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley infant rats by an oral gastric tube. Feeding of 10(3) to 10(11) organisms colonized the intestine of approximately 70% of the animals. At 5 days postfeeding of 3- to 5-day-old rats, bacteremia was detected in 60%, and meningitis occurred in 15% of bacteremic animals. Colonization and bacteremia were age-related. Rats 15 days old had only 19 colonization and 10% bacteremia, and those 30 days old were almost completely resistant to colonization and bacteremia. The intranasal route was less effective in inducing colonization and bacteremia. Intralitter transmission from E. coli K1-fed rats occurred, with 52% of water-fed controls becoming colonized and 15% become bacteremic. Colonization of mothers from their fed infants occurred, but none of five tested developed bacteremia. Other E. coli capsular polysaccharide types were studied. A K92 strain isolated from a newborn with meningitis induced a 77% colonization rate, and 8% of these developed bacteremia without detectable meningitis. An E. coli K100 strain showed a 32% colonization rate, and 2% developed bacteremia. The age relation, relatively high virulence of K1 compared with other capsular types, spontaneous appearance of colonization, bacteremia, and meningitis, and intralitter transmission of colonization and disease in newborn rats closely parellel E. coli epidemiology in human neonates.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of neonatal Escherichia coli meningitis: induction of bacteremia and meningitis in infant rats fed E. coli K1. Escherichia coli K1 strains, isolated from human newborns with meningitis, were fed to pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley infant rats by an oral gastric tube. Feeding of 10(3) to 10(11) organisms colonized the intestine of approximately 70% of the animals. At 5 days postfeeding of 3- to 5-day-old rats, bacteremia was detected in 60%, and meningitis occurred in 15% of bacteremic animals. Colonization and bacteremia were age-related. Rats 15 days old had only 19 colonization and 10% bacteremia, and those 30 days old were almost completely resistant to colonization and bacteremia. The intranasal route was less effective in inducing colonization and bacteremia. Intralitter transmission from E. coli K1-fed rats occurred, with 52% of water-fed controls becoming colonized and 15% become bacteremic. Colonization of mothers from their fed infants occurred, but none of five tested developed bacteremia. Other E. coli capsular polysaccharide types were studied. A K92 strain isolated from a newborn with meningitis induced a 77% colonization rate, and 8% of these developed bacteremia without detectable meningitis. An E. coli K100 strain showed a 32% colonization rate, and 2% developed bacteremia. The age relation, relatively high virulence of K1 compared with other capsular types, spontaneous appearance of colonization, bacteremia, and meningitis, and intralitter transmission of colonization and disease in newborn rats closely parellel E. coli epidemiology in human neonates.", "PMID": 326679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10140", "title": "Non-encapsulated variant of Cryptococcus neoformans. II. Surface receptors for cryptococcal polysaccharide and their role in inhibition of phagocytosis by polysaccharide.", "content": "The binding of cryptococcal polysaccharide to a non-encapsulated strain of Cryptococcus neoformans was studied. Binding of purified polysaccharide to the yeast was determined by inhibition of phagocytosis and by indirect immunofluorescence techniques. The ability of cryptococcal polysaccharide to prevent phagocytosis of the non-encapsulated strain appears to be directly related to adherence of polysaccharide to the yeast via specific receptors on the cell surface. Addition of varying doses of cryptococcal polysaccharide to non-encapsulated yeast cells inhibited phagocytosis only at polysaccharide concentrations at which the polysaccharide could be demonstrated on the yeast surface by immunofluorescence. Macrophages treated with cryptococcal polysaccharide had no detectable amounts of cryptococcal polysaccharide adherent to their surface, and they had a normal ability to phagocytize the yeast. Kinetic studies showed that inhibition of phagocytosis is directly related to the presence of cryptococcal polysaccharide at the yeast surface rather than to some indirect effect by the polysaccharide on serum components necessary for phagocytosis. Purified polysaccharide from C. neoformans serotypes A, B, C, and D bound to the yeast, but type III pneumococcal polysaccharide did not inhibit phagocytosis of the nonencapsulated yeast. Cryptococcal polysaccharide did not bind to cells of Candida albicans, C. pseudotropicalis, Torulopsis sp., Rhodotorula sp., or Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "contents": "Non-encapsulated variant of Cryptococcus neoformans. II. Surface receptors for cryptococcal polysaccharide and their role in inhibition of phagocytosis by polysaccharide. The binding of cryptococcal polysaccharide to a non-encapsulated strain of Cryptococcus neoformans was studied. Binding of purified polysaccharide to the yeast was determined by inhibition of phagocytosis and by indirect immunofluorescence techniques. The ability of cryptococcal polysaccharide to prevent phagocytosis of the non-encapsulated strain appears to be directly related to adherence of polysaccharide to the yeast via specific receptors on the cell surface. Addition of varying doses of cryptococcal polysaccharide to non-encapsulated yeast cells inhibited phagocytosis only at polysaccharide concentrations at which the polysaccharide could be demonstrated on the yeast surface by immunofluorescence. Macrophages treated with cryptococcal polysaccharide had no detectable amounts of cryptococcal polysaccharide adherent to their surface, and they had a normal ability to phagocytize the yeast. Kinetic studies showed that inhibition of phagocytosis is directly related to the presence of cryptococcal polysaccharide at the yeast surface rather than to some indirect effect by the polysaccharide on serum components necessary for phagocytosis. Purified polysaccharide from C. neoformans serotypes A, B, C, and D bound to the yeast, but type III pneumococcal polysaccharide did not inhibit phagocytosis of the nonencapsulated yeast. Cryptococcal polysaccharide did not bind to cells of Candida albicans, C. pseudotropicalis, Torulopsis sp., Rhodotorula sp., or Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "PMID": 326680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10141", "title": "Experiments on the passive sensitization of human basophils, using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "In previous experiments a correlation was found between the amount of IgE on human basophils and the IgE serum level. The results of these experiments are shown to fit a free exchange model with an approximately constant K-value. We investigated whether the free IgE-receptors on the basophils, which should be present according to this model, could be saturated by incubating the cell suspensions with IgE myeloma protein or with sera from patients with an elevated IgE serum level. Various incubation conditions were applied in sensitizing the leukocytes, and cells from both atopic and nonatopic subjects were used for testing, but no increase in basophil-bound IgE could be measured with the quantitative immunofluorescence technique. Nor could we demonstrate a significant dissociation of cell-bound IgE in a period of 24 h. Therefore another hypothesis is put forward, in which receptor turnover is taken into account: we assumed that that free receptors on the basophils had a shorter functional half-life, than the half-life of the IgE-receptor complexes. This model would explain the contradictory results mentioned above.", "contents": "Experiments on the passive sensitization of human basophils, using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. In previous experiments a correlation was found between the amount of IgE on human basophils and the IgE serum level. The results of these experiments are shown to fit a free exchange model with an approximately constant K-value. We investigated whether the free IgE-receptors on the basophils, which should be present according to this model, could be saturated by incubating the cell suspensions with IgE myeloma protein or with sera from patients with an elevated IgE serum level. Various incubation conditions were applied in sensitizing the leukocytes, and cells from both atopic and nonatopic subjects were used for testing, but no increase in basophil-bound IgE could be measured with the quantitative immunofluorescence technique. Nor could we demonstrate a significant dissociation of cell-bound IgE in a period of 24 h. Therefore another hypothesis is put forward, in which receptor turnover is taken into account: we assumed that that free receptors on the basophils had a shorter functional half-life, than the half-life of the IgE-receptor complexes. This model would explain the contradictory results mentioned above.", "PMID": 326681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10142", "title": "Tumor regression after intralesional injection of emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor): efficacy increases with oil concentration.", "content": "Injection of emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), a mycobacterial glycolipid, into transplants of an established, syngeneic murine fibrosarcoma induced complete regression of tumor in a number of animals. The number of animals in wich tumor regressed completely depended on the amount of oil in the emulsion. The anti-tumor activity of the TDM emulsion containing the highest concentration of oil was equivalent to that of living BCG.", "contents": "Tumor regression after intralesional injection of emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor): efficacy increases with oil concentration. Injection of emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), a mycobacterial glycolipid, into transplants of an established, syngeneic murine fibrosarcoma induced complete regression of tumor in a number of animals. The number of animals in wich tumor regressed completely depended on the amount of oil in the emulsion. The anti-tumor activity of the TDM emulsion containing the highest concentration of oil was equivalent to that of living BCG.", "PMID": 326683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10143", "title": "Immunological studies in methadone maintained patients.", "content": "Rosettes formed by circulating T and B lymphocytes obtained from 30 methadone maintained narcotic addicts were compared with those of 23 normal control subjects. Abnormal percentages of T rosette-forming cells were found in 6 of 30 patients (20%) while the percentages of B rosette-forming cells were increased in 40% and reduced in 27% of methadone patients. It appears that alterations in the percentages of peripheral lymphocytes, particularly those with cell surface complement receptors, should be added to the list of immunological abnormalities evident in some methadone-treated narcotic additics.", "contents": "Immunological studies in methadone maintained patients. Rosettes formed by circulating T and B lymphocytes obtained from 30 methadone maintained narcotic addicts were compared with those of 23 normal control subjects. Abnormal percentages of T rosette-forming cells were found in 6 of 30 patients (20%) while the percentages of B rosette-forming cells were increased in 40% and reduced in 27% of methadone patients. It appears that alterations in the percentages of peripheral lymphocytes, particularly those with cell surface complement receptors, should be added to the list of immunological abnormalities evident in some methadone-treated narcotic additics.", "PMID": 326684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10144", "title": "On the interaction between the anti-inflammatory substance proquazone (RU 43-715) and phenprocoumone.", "content": "In a double blind study on 20 anticoagulated patients, the influence of the anti-inflammatory drug 1-isopropyl-4-phenyl-7-methyl-2 (1H) quinazolone on the degree of hypocoagulability was examined. In comparison to a placebo group, there was no statistical difference in the Quick precentage, in coagulation factors II, VII, and X, and in platelet aggregation induced by collagen and by epinephrine respectively. In addition, no increased bleeding tendency could be observed during the study.", "contents": "On the interaction between the anti-inflammatory substance proquazone (RU 43-715) and phenprocoumone. In a double blind study on 20 anticoagulated patients, the influence of the anti-inflammatory drug 1-isopropyl-4-phenyl-7-methyl-2 (1H) quinazolone on the degree of hypocoagulability was examined. In comparison to a placebo group, there was no statistical difference in the Quick precentage, in coagulation factors II, VII, and X, and in platelet aggregation induced by collagen and by epinephrine respectively. In addition, no increased bleeding tendency could be observed during the study.", "PMID": 326688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10145", "title": "Papaverine hydrochloride: the evaluation of two new dosage forms.", "content": "The bioavailability of papaverine, administered as sustained release capsules, an elixir, and soft gelatin capsules, was studied with volunteers. Blood samples were assayed for papaverine, using a gas chromatographic method, following the administration of single 150 mg doses of papaverine HC1. The elixir and the soft gelatin capsule resulted in nearly identical papaverine blood levels, while peak levels, area under the blood level-time curve, and plasma levels 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 hours after dosing with the sustained release capsule were significantly (p less than 0.01) lower.", "contents": "Papaverine hydrochloride: the evaluation of two new dosage forms. The bioavailability of papaverine, administered as sustained release capsules, an elixir, and soft gelatin capsules, was studied with volunteers. Blood samples were assayed for papaverine, using a gas chromatographic method, following the administration of single 150 mg doses of papaverine HC1. The elixir and the soft gelatin capsule resulted in nearly identical papaverine blood levels, while peak levels, area under the blood level-time curve, and plasma levels 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 hours after dosing with the sustained release capsule were significantly (p less than 0.01) lower.", "PMID": 326689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10146", "title": "[Psychopharmacologic studies on the combined effect of alcohol and oxazepam on reactivity pattern. II. Subjective feeling and reaction behavior].", "content": "Psychopharmacological investigations of the subjective state of being and the reactivity pattern of a group of 14 probands show a good agreement with the alterations of performance reported in the first part of this publication and with the data on polarity profiles. In addition to a sedative effect the interaction of alcohol and oxazepam in the oxazepam trial results in dysphoric changes of mood and related significant alterations of polarity profiles. A correlation of the changes of performance and the alterations of the polarity profiles with the respective blood levels of alcohol and oxazepam could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Psychopharmacologic studies on the combined effect of alcohol and oxazepam on reactivity pattern. II. Subjective feeling and reaction behavior]. Psychopharmacological investigations of the subjective state of being and the reactivity pattern of a group of 14 probands show a good agreement with the alterations of performance reported in the first part of this publication and with the data on polarity profiles. In addition to a sedative effect the interaction of alcohol and oxazepam in the oxazepam trial results in dysphoric changes of mood and related significant alterations of polarity profiles. A correlation of the changes of performance and the alterations of the polarity profiles with the respective blood levels of alcohol and oxazepam could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 326690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10147", "title": "Action of hydrogen peroxide on degradation of DNA after irradiation in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which produces breaks in cellular DNA, has not hitherto been shown to cause degradation of DNA. In this investigation it is shown that if transcription is blocked with rifampin, treatment with H2O2 causes degradation of DNA to nearly the same extent as does gamma-radiation. Further, if cells are given a treatment with H2O2 and incubated for 50 min, the amount of degradation in a second treatment is markedly less. This is attributed to the induction of the inhibitor of post-irradiation degradation of DNA (prd) by the first treatment. There is thus a double action of H2O2: first, to induce inhibition, and second, to cause degradation of DNA to begin in non-induced cells. The genetic dependence of induction by H2O2 mimics that of ionizing radiation. Accordingly, the induction process does not occur in recA- and lex- cells, because they are not inducible and is absent in recB- cells because they lack exonuclease V, the major component of prd. Potassium iodide (KI), an OH radical scavenger, negates the action of peroxide on DNA. The results obtained in this study suggest a possible theory for the evolution of radiation response systems", "contents": "Action of hydrogen peroxide on degradation of DNA after irradiation in Escherichia coli. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which produces breaks in cellular DNA, has not hitherto been shown to cause degradation of DNA. In this investigation it is shown that if transcription is blocked with rifampin, treatment with H2O2 causes degradation of DNA to nearly the same extent as does gamma-radiation. Further, if cells are given a treatment with H2O2 and incubated for 50 min, the amount of degradation in a second treatment is markedly less. This is attributed to the induction of the inhibitor of post-irradiation degradation of DNA (prd) by the first treatment. There is thus a double action of H2O2: first, to induce inhibition, and second, to cause degradation of DNA to begin in non-induced cells. The genetic dependence of induction by H2O2 mimics that of ionizing radiation. Accordingly, the induction process does not occur in recA- and lex- cells, because they are not inducible and is absent in recB- cells because they lack exonuclease V, the major component of prd. Potassium iodide (KI), an OH radical scavenger, negates the action of peroxide on DNA. The results obtained in this study suggest a possible theory for the evolution of radiation response systems", "PMID": 326708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10148", "title": "The effect of U.V.-irradiation on lambda DNA transcription.", "content": "The effect of U.V.-irradiation of template DNA has been studied in vitro in the E. coli RNA polymerase system with native and U.V.-treated lambda DNA. Lambda DNA is more susceptible to U.V. than is calf-thymus DNA, yet a residual activity is observed at a U.V. dose of 0-5+10(4) erg/mm2. From the kinetic analysis of the reaction and the incorporation of lambda 32P-labelled nucleoside triphosphates, it seems reasonable to conclude that U.V.-irradiation probably does not affect the DNA initiation sites, recognizable by RNA polymerase. The transcription products made with U.V.-irradiated lambda DNA are assymmetrical, and hybridized to the right half (R) and the left half (L) of lambda DNA with the ratio of R/L = 4/1, and they show a lower hybridizability than the transcripts with native lambda DNA. The initiation sites recognizable by RNA polymerase seem to be the same on both native and U.V.-irradiated lambda DNA though the transcription of U.V.-treated lambda DNA appears to terminate with rather short RNA chains.", "contents": "The effect of U.V.-irradiation on lambda DNA transcription. The effect of U.V.-irradiation of template DNA has been studied in vitro in the E. coli RNA polymerase system with native and U.V.-treated lambda DNA. Lambda DNA is more susceptible to U.V. than is calf-thymus DNA, yet a residual activity is observed at a U.V. dose of 0-5+10(4) erg/mm2. From the kinetic analysis of the reaction and the incorporation of lambda 32P-labelled nucleoside triphosphates, it seems reasonable to conclude that U.V.-irradiation probably does not affect the DNA initiation sites, recognizable by RNA polymerase. The transcription products made with U.V.-irradiated lambda DNA are assymmetrical, and hybridized to the right half (R) and the left half (L) of lambda DNA with the ratio of R/L = 4/1, and they show a lower hybridizability than the transcripts with native lambda DNA. The initiation sites recognizable by RNA polymerase seem to be the same on both native and U.V.-irradiated lambda DNA though the transcription of U.V.-treated lambda DNA appears to terminate with rather short RNA chains.", "PMID": 326709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10149", "title": "Split-dose and liquid-holding recovery after X-irradiation on diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Dependence on growth-phase.", "content": "Liquid-holding recovery (LHR) and the sparing effect of dose fractionation were investigated with 100 kVp-X-rays in diploid yeast from exponential and stationary phase. Exponential cells showed prompt and complete split-dose recovery. The ability to undergo LHR remained constant during 2-5 hours incubation after the first dose. Stationary-phase cells did not exhibit split-dose recovery (SDR) in a simple way: there was an increase in sensitivity after 3-5 hours followed by a gradual increases with time. It is suggested that stationary cells are starved of an essential co-factor which has to be synthesized de nova.", "contents": "Split-dose and liquid-holding recovery after X-irradiation on diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Dependence on growth-phase. Liquid-holding recovery (LHR) and the sparing effect of dose fractionation were investigated with 100 kVp-X-rays in diploid yeast from exponential and stationary phase. Exponential cells showed prompt and complete split-dose recovery. The ability to undergo LHR remained constant during 2-5 hours incubation after the first dose. Stationary-phase cells did not exhibit split-dose recovery (SDR) in a simple way: there was an increase in sensitivity after 3-5 hours followed by a gradual increases with time. It is suggested that stationary cells are starved of an essential co-factor which has to be synthesized de nova.", "PMID": 326710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10150", "title": "Significance of catheter tip cultures.", "content": "Sixty-three patients were studied after renal transplantation to determine whether infection associated with use of the urethral catheter could be diagnosed reliably with catheter tip cultures. Catheter tip cultures correlated poorly with urine cultures aspirated from the catheter and follow-up voided urine cultures. Postoperative infectious complications did appear to be related to catheter contamination.", "contents": "Significance of catheter tip cultures. Sixty-three patients were studied after renal transplantation to determine whether infection associated with use of the urethral catheter could be diagnosed reliably with catheter tip cultures. Catheter tip cultures correlated poorly with urine cultures aspirated from the catheter and follow-up voided urine cultures. Postoperative infectious complications did appear to be related to catheter contamination.", "PMID": 326720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10151", "title": "Macrophages and/or fibroblasts in hematopoietic diffusion chamber cultures.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of diffusion chamber (DC) hematopoietic colonies derived from rat bone marrow is reported. The emphasis is placed on the structural features of macrophages and fibroblasts in cultures. The observations indicate that the two cell types are normal components of DC cultures. In older cultures both macrophages and fibroblasts contain large lipid droplets, sometimes causing difficulty in the precise characterization of the cell type. The possible origin of fibroblasts from adventitial cells if sinuses or of larger blood vessels of the bone marrow implanted in diffusion chambers is discussed. It is suggested that fibroblasts exert an enhancing influence on the growth of blood cells in DC cultures, comparable to feeder layers in in vitro cultures.", "contents": "Macrophages and/or fibroblasts in hematopoietic diffusion chamber cultures. An ultrastructural study of diffusion chamber (DC) hematopoietic colonies derived from rat bone marrow is reported. The emphasis is placed on the structural features of macrophages and fibroblasts in cultures. The observations indicate that the two cell types are normal components of DC cultures. In older cultures both macrophages and fibroblasts contain large lipid droplets, sometimes causing difficulty in the precise characterization of the cell type. The possible origin of fibroblasts from adventitial cells if sinuses or of larger blood vessels of the bone marrow implanted in diffusion chambers is discussed. It is suggested that fibroblasts exert an enhancing influence on the growth of blood cells in DC cultures, comparable to feeder layers in in vitro cultures.", "PMID": 326723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10152", "title": "Cold injury in early infancy.", "content": "Sixteen cases of neonatal cold injury, five of them fatal, were seen in the winter of 1974-75. The affected infants, who weighed from 2.5 to 3 kg. had developed symptoms when the ambient termperature was below 10 C. Few of them were referred as cases of hypothermia. Refusal to eat was the most common complaint and less often edema and/or apathy. No correlation was found between death and ethnic origin, sex, duration of illness or minimum temperature. Admission weight, however, tended to be lower in the infants who died. The consistent finding of thrombocytopenia and the suspected bleeding phenomena suggested that disseminated intravascular coagulation may have been a factor in the unfavorable outcome of some of the cases. Evidence supporting such a hypothesis and proposals for the prevention. Diagnosis and treatment of neonatal cold injury are presented.", "contents": "Cold injury in early infancy. Sixteen cases of neonatal cold injury, five of them fatal, were seen in the winter of 1974-75. The affected infants, who weighed from 2.5 to 3 kg. had developed symptoms when the ambient termperature was below 10 C. Few of them were referred as cases of hypothermia. Refusal to eat was the most common complaint and less often edema and/or apathy. No correlation was found between death and ethnic origin, sex, duration of illness or minimum temperature. Admission weight, however, tended to be lower in the infants who died. The consistent finding of thrombocytopenia and the suspected bleeding phenomena suggested that disseminated intravascular coagulation may have been a factor in the unfavorable outcome of some of the cases. Evidence supporting such a hypothesis and proposals for the prevention. Diagnosis and treatment of neonatal cold injury are presented.", "PMID": 326724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10153", "title": "[Serodiagnosis of syphilis from the viewpoint of the immunologist].", "content": "A review of the immunology of the serological diagnosis of syphilis is given and modern methods for the demonstration of treponema-specific antibodies are shown. The possible combinations of test results and interpretations of these are discussed. The importance of the demonstration of treponema-specific IgM-antibodies not only for diagnosis but also for basis of treatment is finally pointed out.", "contents": "[Serodiagnosis of syphilis from the viewpoint of the immunologist]. A review of the immunology of the serological diagnosis of syphilis is given and modern methods for the demonstration of treponema-specific antibodies are shown. The possible combinations of test results and interpretations of these are discussed. The importance of the demonstration of treponema-specific IgM-antibodies not only for diagnosis but also for basis of treatment is finally pointed out.", "PMID": 326726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10154", "title": "The laboratory diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.", "content": "In the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection in man, rather exacting methods of staining must be used for the organism to be visualized in lung tissue. Techniques for sample collection, which range from open lung biopsy to endobronchial brush methods or collection of sputum, are discussed. Recent advances in the serologic diagnosis and in the culture of the organism are also covered.", "contents": "The laboratory diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. In the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection in man, rather exacting methods of staining must be used for the organism to be visualized in lung tissue. Techniques for sample collection, which range from open lung biopsy to endobronchial brush methods or collection of sputum, are discussed. Recent advances in the serologic diagnosis and in the culture of the organism are also covered.", "PMID": 326727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10155", "title": "Specific direct fluorescent antibody detection of Treponema pallidum.", "content": "In a study to determine the reliability of specific direct fluorescent antibody staining of Treponema pallidum (DFATP) in lesion exudate, and to evaluate it as a potential diagnostic test to be used in lieu of or as an adjunct to the darkfield and other laboratory tests as an aid in the diagnosis of early syphilis, two types of comparisons were made: Study A-Replicate specimens from each of 350 lesions were examined in the state laboratory by DFATP and in the field by darkfield microscopy and the results were compared; Study B--95 specimens of lesion exudate were tested by the DFATP test and compared with the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption (FTA-ABS) test on patients' sera. The tests in each study were evaluated as to sensitivity, specificity, and agreement with each other. The DFATP proved to be as reliable as the darkfield, was advantageous in some instances, and can be valuable when a darkfield examination is not feasible. Much of the responsibility of an adequate DFATP or darkfield test rests on the one who takes the specimen.", "contents": "Specific direct fluorescent antibody detection of Treponema pallidum. In a study to determine the reliability of specific direct fluorescent antibody staining of Treponema pallidum (DFATP) in lesion exudate, and to evaluate it as a potential diagnostic test to be used in lieu of or as an adjunct to the darkfield and other laboratory tests as an aid in the diagnosis of early syphilis, two types of comparisons were made: Study A-Replicate specimens from each of 350 lesions were examined in the state laboratory by DFATP and in the field by darkfield microscopy and the results were compared; Study B--95 specimens of lesion exudate were tested by the DFATP test and compared with the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption (FTA-ABS) test on patients' sera. The tests in each study were evaluated as to sensitivity, specificity, and agreement with each other. The DFATP proved to be as reliable as the darkfield, was advantageous in some instances, and can be valuable when a darkfield examination is not feasible. Much of the responsibility of an adequate DFATP or darkfield test rests on the one who takes the specimen.", "PMID": 326728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10156", "title": "Serologic study of specimens with borderline FTA-ABS test reactivity.", "content": "The treponemal group-specific absorbed fluorescent antibody test (FTA-ABS) does not yield clearly positive or negative results in all instances. This study was designed to analyze those sera showing borderline reactivity, in order to determine whether additional tests may help to resolve serodiagnostic problem cases. FTA-ABS tests on 23,807 sera submitted to the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene yielded borderline results with 479 specimens (2%). Patients showing inconclusive FTA-ABS test reactivity were equally distributed among older and younger age groups, and 6% of borderline cases were women. Of all the 479 specimens, only five sera (1%) gave a non-specific hemagglutination with the Treponema pallidum microhemagglutination (MHA-TP) test, with 82.5% of the FTA-ABS test borderline sera yielding negative results with the MHA-TP test. Because recent findings had shown atypical false fluorescence with the FTA-ABS test on sera from patients with antinuclear antibody, the fluorescent antinuclear antibody test (FANA) was also performed on specimens inconclusive with the FTA-ABS test. Only seven sera (1.5%) were reactive by the FANA test, suggesting that antinuclear antibody was not a significant cause of borderline FTA-ABS reactions. The implications of these findings to venereal disease serology laboratory practice are discussed.", "contents": "Serologic study of specimens with borderline FTA-ABS test reactivity. The treponemal group-specific absorbed fluorescent antibody test (FTA-ABS) does not yield clearly positive or negative results in all instances. This study was designed to analyze those sera showing borderline reactivity, in order to determine whether additional tests may help to resolve serodiagnostic problem cases. FTA-ABS tests on 23,807 sera submitted to the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene yielded borderline results with 479 specimens (2%). Patients showing inconclusive FTA-ABS test reactivity were equally distributed among older and younger age groups, and 6% of borderline cases were women. Of all the 479 specimens, only five sera (1%) gave a non-specific hemagglutination with the Treponema pallidum microhemagglutination (MHA-TP) test, with 82.5% of the FTA-ABS test borderline sera yielding negative results with the MHA-TP test. Because recent findings had shown atypical false fluorescence with the FTA-ABS test on sera from patients with antinuclear antibody, the fluorescent antinuclear antibody test (FANA) was also performed on specimens inconclusive with the FTA-ABS test. Only seven sera (1.5%) were reactive by the FANA test, suggesting that antinuclear antibody was not a significant cause of borderline FTA-ABS reactions. The implications of these findings to venereal disease serology laboratory practice are discussed.", "PMID": 326729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10157", "title": "The impact of laboratory improvement programs on laboratory performance: the CLIA 67 experience.", "content": "The experience acquired by the Center for Diseases Control during the past 7 years in the administration of the Clinical Laboratories Improvement Act of 1967 suggests that the key indicators of reliability have been identified and that sensitive measurement of those indicators is now possible and practical. The costs of assuring high quality are inconsequential compared to the costs to the patient and taxpaying public of inaccurate test results. This objective system for evaluating clinical laboratories has been applied to licensed interstate laboratories and has been shown to be effective. This proven system has been offered to the  Bureau of Health Insurance of the Social Security Administration for application to Medicare laboratories.", "contents": "The impact of laboratory improvement programs on laboratory performance: the CLIA 67 experience. The experience acquired by the Center for Diseases Control during the past 7 years in the administration of the Clinical Laboratories Improvement Act of 1967 suggests that the key indicators of reliability have been identified and that sensitive measurement of those indicators is now possible and practical. The costs of assuring high quality are inconsequential compared to the costs to the patient and taxpaying public of inaccurate test results. This objective system for evaluating clinical laboratories has been applied to licensed interstate laboratories and has been shown to be effective. This proven system has been offered to the  Bureau of Health Insurance of the Social Security Administration for application to Medicare laboratories.", "PMID": 326730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10158", "title": "Substitutability among different types of care under Medicare.", "content": "The question of whether Medicare coverage of outpatient services, nursing home care, and home health care reduced the use of short-term hospitals by Medicare beneficiaries, and whether reduced hospital use saved the Medicare program money, is reexamined by use of a simultaneous-equations model estimated by the two-stage least-squares method. It is argued that all alternative modes of care must be examined simultaneously for accurate results. The findings partly support and partly contradict results of previous studies: both outpatient care and nursing home care can substitute for hospital care, but a complementary relationship between outpatient and nursing home care indicates that the additional coverage resulted in greater, not less, expenditure by Medicare.", "contents": "Substitutability among different types of care under Medicare. The question of whether Medicare coverage of outpatient services, nursing home care, and home health care reduced the use of short-term hospitals by Medicare beneficiaries, and whether reduced hospital use saved the Medicare program money, is reexamined by use of a simultaneous-equations model estimated by the two-stage least-squares method. It is argued that all alternative modes of care must be examined simultaneously for accurate results. The findings partly support and partly contradict results of previous studies: both outpatient care and nursing home care can substitute for hospital care, but a complementary relationship between outpatient and nursing home care indicates that the additional coverage resulted in greater, not less, expenditure by Medicare.", "PMID": 326731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10159", "title": "Mycoplasma and mycoplasma mastitis.", "content": "Mastitis due to mycoplasma has been reported sporadically from several countries in Europe, Australia, Israel, New Zealand, and many states in the United States. Most reported occurrences are due to Mycoplasma bovis, but 5 other mycoplasmas are reported to cause mastitis. A total of 5 species of mycoplasma have been isolated from cows with mastitis in California. Therapy trials with M bovis infections have not been encouraging. Recovery is slow, and shedding of mycoplasma into milk of apparently recovered cows for an indefinite period is common.", "contents": "Mycoplasma and mycoplasma mastitis. Mastitis due to mycoplasma has been reported sporadically from several countries in Europe, Australia, Israel, New Zealand, and many states in the United States. Most reported occurrences are due to Mycoplasma bovis, but 5 other mycoplasmas are reported to cause mastitis. A total of 5 species of mycoplasma have been isolated from cows with mastitis in California. Therapy trials with M bovis infections have not been encouraging. Recovery is slow, and shedding of mycoplasma into milk of apparently recovered cows for an indefinite period is common.", "PMID": 326736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10160", "title": "Dying of gamma-irradiated Escherichia coli studied by the use of prophage.", "content": "Loss of the biological activity of deoxyribonucleic acid in gamma-irradiated Escherichia coli cells was studied. The study is based on two sets of experimental data: (i) post-irradiation heat inducibility of the cells whose chromosomes were \"labeled\" with the thermoinducible lambdacI857ind prophage, and (ii) post-irradiation capacity of nonlysogenic cells to promote growth of the unirradiated lambdacI857ind phage. The results show that, at the beginning of incubation after irradiation, the number of plaques formed upon heat induction of lysogenic cells was much higher than the viable cell count of the nonheated culture. This high resistance of the heat inducibility gradually decreased during post-irradiation incubation. Finally, after a period of 4 h, there was no difference in sensitivity between the heat inducibility and the colony-forming ability of gamma-irradiated cells. The capacity of gamma-irradiated bacteria to support growth of unirradiated lambdacI857ind is radioresistant; this resistance, in contrast to that of heat inducibility, is much less affected during post-irradiation incubation. A continuous decrease in radioresistance of heat inducibility without a corresponding decrease in radioresistance of the capacity suggests that functional failure of initially undamaged and/or repaired parts of the chromosome gradually develops after irradiation. From the fact that after 4 h all colony formers are capable of being induced by heat, whereas no chromosomal activity can be detected in nonviable cells, two conclusions may be drawn: (i) gamma-irradiated E. coli cells destined to die reach their biological end point within 4 h of post-irradiation incubation; (ii) in most cells, functional failure of the whole chromosome is the immediate cause of death.", "contents": "Dying of gamma-irradiated Escherichia coli studied by the use of prophage. Loss of the biological activity of deoxyribonucleic acid in gamma-irradiated Escherichia coli cells was studied. The study is based on two sets of experimental data: (i) post-irradiation heat inducibility of the cells whose chromosomes were \"labeled\" with the thermoinducible lambdacI857ind prophage, and (ii) post-irradiation capacity of nonlysogenic cells to promote growth of the unirradiated lambdacI857ind phage. The results show that, at the beginning of incubation after irradiation, the number of plaques formed upon heat induction of lysogenic cells was much higher than the viable cell count of the nonheated culture. This high resistance of the heat inducibility gradually decreased during post-irradiation incubation. Finally, after a period of 4 h, there was no difference in sensitivity between the heat inducibility and the colony-forming ability of gamma-irradiated cells. The capacity of gamma-irradiated bacteria to support growth of unirradiated lambdacI857ind is radioresistant; this resistance, in contrast to that of heat inducibility, is much less affected during post-irradiation incubation. A continuous decrease in radioresistance of heat inducibility without a corresponding decrease in radioresistance of the capacity suggests that functional failure of initially undamaged and/or repaired parts of the chromosome gradually develops after irradiation. From the fact that after 4 h all colony formers are capable of being induced by heat, whereas no chromosomal activity can be detected in nonviable cells, two conclusions may be drawn: (i) gamma-irradiated E. coli cells destined to die reach their biological end point within 4 h of post-irradiation incubation; (ii) in most cells, functional failure of the whole chromosome is the immediate cause of death.", "PMID": 326751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10161", "title": "Characterization of methylated neutral amino acids from Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "The methylated neutral amino acids from both 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits of an Escherichia coli K strain were characterized. The 50S ribosomal subunit contains three methylated neutral amino acids: N-monomethylalanine, N-monomethylmethionine, and an as yet unidentified methylated amino acid found in protein L11. Both N-monomethylalanine and N-monomethylmethionine were found in protein L33. The amount of N-monomethylmethionine in this protein, however, is variable but not more than 0.25 molecules per protein. Thus protein L33 from this E. coli K strain has heterogeneity in its N-terminal amino acid and can start with either N-monomethylalanine or N-monomethylmethionine. The N-monomethylmethionine residue was not derived from the reduction of N-formylmethionine in the protein. The 30S ribosomal subunit contains only one methylated neutral amino acid: N-monomethylalanine.", "contents": "Characterization of methylated neutral amino acids from Escherichia coli ribosomes. The methylated neutral amino acids from both 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits of an Escherichia coli K strain were characterized. The 50S ribosomal subunit contains three methylated neutral amino acids: N-monomethylalanine, N-monomethylmethionine, and an as yet unidentified methylated amino acid found in protein L11. Both N-monomethylalanine and N-monomethylmethionine were found in protein L33. The amount of N-monomethylmethionine in this protein, however, is variable but not more than 0.25 molecules per protein. Thus protein L33 from this E. coli K strain has heterogeneity in its N-terminal amino acid and can start with either N-monomethylalanine or N-monomethylmethionine. The N-monomethylmethionine residue was not derived from the reduction of N-formylmethionine in the protein. The 30S ribosomal subunit contains only one methylated neutral amino acid: N-monomethylalanine.", "PMID": 326752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10162", "title": "Regulation of L-cystine transport in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A kinetic analysis of L-cystine uptake in wild-type Salmonella typhimurium indicates the presence of at least two, and possibly three, separate transport systems. CTS-1 accounts for the majority of uptake at 20 muM L-cystine, with a Vmax of 9.5 nmol/min per mg and a Km of 2.0 muM; CTS-2 is a low-capacity, higher-affinity system with a Vmax of 0.22 nmol/min per mg and a Km of 0.05 muM; a third, nonsaturable process has been designated CTS-3. We find that wild-type CTS-1 levels are at least 11 times higher in sulfur-limited cells than in L-cystine-grown cells. Pleiotropic cysteine auxotrophs of the types cysE (lacking serine transacetylase) and cysB- (lacking a regulatory element of positive control) have very low levels of CTS-1 even when grown under conditions of sulfur limitation, which response is analogous to that previously observed for cysteine biosynthetic enzymes (N . M. Kredich, J. Biol. Chem. 246:3474-3484, 1971). CTS-1 is induced in cysE mutants by growth in the presence of O-acetyl-L-serine (the product of serine transacetylase), again paralleling the behavior of the cysteine biosynthetic pathway. Strain DW25, a prototrophic cysBc mutant, which is constitutive for cysteine biosynthesis, is also derepressed for CTS-1 when grown on L-cystine. Since CTS-1 is regulated by sulfur limitation, O-acetyl-L-serine, and the cysB gene product, the same three conditions controlling cysteine biosynthesis, we propose that this transport system is a part of the cysteine regulon.", "contents": "Regulation of L-cystine transport in Salmonella typhimurium. A kinetic analysis of L-cystine uptake in wild-type Salmonella typhimurium indicates the presence of at least two, and possibly three, separate transport systems. CTS-1 accounts for the majority of uptake at 20 muM L-cystine, with a Vmax of 9.5 nmol/min per mg and a Km of 2.0 muM; CTS-2 is a low-capacity, higher-affinity system with a Vmax of 0.22 nmol/min per mg and a Km of 0.05 muM; a third, nonsaturable process has been designated CTS-3. We find that wild-type CTS-1 levels are at least 11 times higher in sulfur-limited cells than in L-cystine-grown cells. Pleiotropic cysteine auxotrophs of the types cysE (lacking serine transacetylase) and cysB- (lacking a regulatory element of positive control) have very low levels of CTS-1 even when grown under conditions of sulfur limitation, which response is analogous to that previously observed for cysteine biosynthetic enzymes (N . M. Kredich, J. Biol. Chem. 246:3474-3484, 1971). CTS-1 is induced in cysE mutants by growth in the presence of O-acetyl-L-serine (the product of serine transacetylase), again paralleling the behavior of the cysteine biosynthetic pathway. Strain DW25, a prototrophic cysBc mutant, which is constitutive for cysteine biosynthesis, is also derepressed for CTS-1 when grown on L-cystine. Since CTS-1 is regulated by sulfur limitation, O-acetyl-L-serine, and the cysB gene product, the same three conditions controlling cysteine biosynthesis, we propose that this transport system is a part of the cysteine regulon.", "PMID": 326753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10163", "title": "Origin of the heterogeneity of cell wall O-polysaccharides from Salmonella zuerich (1,9,12,(46),27).", "content": "The heterogeneity of the cell wall O-polysaccharide of Salmonella zuerich (factor 1 present or absent) is probably not due to mutations in the stock since it was seen in essentially similar fashion (proportion one 1+ to four 1-forms) in four separate lots of polysaccharide extracted from separate culture batches. The results of indirect fluorescent antibody studies suggest that form variation of factor 1, occurring at an unusually high rate, is the most probable basis of the heterogeneity.", "contents": "Origin of the heterogeneity of cell wall O-polysaccharides from Salmonella zuerich (1,9,12,(46),27). The heterogeneity of the cell wall O-polysaccharide of Salmonella zuerich (factor 1 present or absent) is probably not due to mutations in the stock since it was seen in essentially similar fashion (proportion one 1+ to four 1-forms) in four separate lots of polysaccharide extracted from separate culture batches. The results of indirect fluorescent antibody studies suggest that form variation of factor 1, occurring at an unusually high rate, is the most probable basis of the heterogeneity.", "PMID": 326754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10164", "title": "Analysis of genetic recombination between two partially deleted lactose operons of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Genetic recombination between a nontandem duplication of two partially deleted lactose operons (lacMS286phi80dIIlacBK1) in Escherichia coli K-12 has been examined. Since the deletions were nonoverlapping, rare lactose-fermenting (Lac+) recombinants occurred and were detected qualitatively on lactose tetrazolium agar indicator plates as white papillae growing on the surface of red colonies or quantitively on lactose minimal agar plates. Formation of Lac+ recombinants required the recA, recB, and recC gene products. Indirect suppression of recB21 by sbcB15 led to an increase in the frequency of Lac+ recombinants over wild-type levels. recF143 did not appreciably alter the number of Lac+ progeny, whereas recL152 and sbcB15 strains yielded increased numbers of Lac+ recombinants. The nature and formation of Lac+ recombinants was also examined. Respreading analysis indicated that formation of recombinants occurred primarily as the cells entered early stationary phase on the surface of the minimal agar plates and that over 90% of the recombinants contained a phi80dIIlac+ prophage. Time-of-entry experiments suggested that the region of deoxyribonucleic acid between the two operons was not inverted as a result of the recombinational event.", "contents": "Analysis of genetic recombination between two partially deleted lactose operons of Escherichia coli K-12. Genetic recombination between a nontandem duplication of two partially deleted lactose operons (lacMS286phi80dIIlacBK1) in Escherichia coli K-12 has been examined. Since the deletions were nonoverlapping, rare lactose-fermenting (Lac+) recombinants occurred and were detected qualitatively on lactose tetrazolium agar indicator plates as white papillae growing on the surface of red colonies or quantitively on lactose minimal agar plates. Formation of Lac+ recombinants required the recA, recB, and recC gene products. Indirect suppression of recB21 by sbcB15 led to an increase in the frequency of Lac+ recombinants over wild-type levels. recF143 did not appreciably alter the number of Lac+ progeny, whereas recL152 and sbcB15 strains yielded increased numbers of Lac+ recombinants. The nature and formation of Lac+ recombinants was also examined. Respreading analysis indicated that formation of recombinants occurred primarily as the cells entered early stationary phase on the surface of the minimal agar plates and that over 90% of the recombinants contained a phi80dIIlac+ prophage. Time-of-entry experiments suggested that the region of deoxyribonucleic acid between the two operons was not inverted as a result of the recombinational event.", "PMID": 326755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10165", "title": "Properties of the relaxation complex of supercoiled deoxyribonucleic acid and protein of R plasmid NR1 in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Some properties of the supercoiled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-protein relaxation complex of the R plasmid NR1, which contains more than one origin for DNA replication, were examined. The percentage of complexed NR1 molecules that can be converted to the relaxed (nicked) form appeared to be unaffected by the conditions under which the host cells were cultured. However, the percentage of supercoiled NR1 DNA that can be relaxed was highly dependent on the method used to prepare the DNA and the agents used to induce relaxation. Our data suggest that 100% of NR1 molecules may exist in situ as DNA-protein relaxation complexes. An RTF-Tc segregant of NR1, which has deleted the r-determinants component of the NR1 and therefore does not contain the two origins of replication located in the r-determinants, has indistinguishable relaxation properties in comparison with NR1 itself.", "contents": "Properties of the relaxation complex of supercoiled deoxyribonucleic acid and protein of R plasmid NR1 in Escherichia coli. Some properties of the supercoiled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-protein relaxation complex of the R plasmid NR1, which contains more than one origin for DNA replication, were examined. The percentage of complexed NR1 molecules that can be converted to the relaxed (nicked) form appeared to be unaffected by the conditions under which the host cells were cultured. However, the percentage of supercoiled NR1 DNA that can be relaxed was highly dependent on the method used to prepare the DNA and the agents used to induce relaxation. Our data suggest that 100% of NR1 molecules may exist in situ as DNA-protein relaxation complexes. An RTF-Tc segregant of NR1, which has deleted the r-determinants component of the NR1 and therefore does not contain the two origins of replication located in the r-determinants, has indistinguishable relaxation properties in comparison with NR1 itself.", "PMID": 326756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10166", "title": "Inactivation and partial degradation of phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase in nongrowing cultures of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The stability of tryptophan biosynthetic enzyme activities was examined in cultures of repressor-negative (trpR) strains of Escherichia coli K-12 incubated under conditions of nutrient starvation of chloramphenicol inhibition. The results show that four of the five activities examined are stable under most nongrowing conditions, whereas one activity, indoleglycerol phosphate (InGP) synthetase, carried by the trpC protein, is unstable under most conditions tested. Phosphoribosylanthranilate (PRA) isomerase activity, which is also carried by the trpC protein, is unstable during starvation for ammonium, cysteine, or sulfate but is stable under other nongrowing conditions where InGP synthetase is not. InGP synthetase activity but not PRA isomerase activity is also diminished about twofold in cultures using glycerol as a carbon-energy source. These results indicate that one or both activities of the trpC protein is specifically inactivated under several culture conditions. Experiments with antibodies to the trpC protein show that sulfate-starved and ammonium-starved cultures contain 20 to 40% less immunologically reactive trpC protein than unstarved cultures. This indicates that the trpC protein is probably partially degraded under these conditions. During recovery from sulfate starvation or ammonium starvation, cultures slowly regain normal levels of InGP synthetase and PRA isomerase activities, suggesting that inactivation may be reversible.", "contents": "Inactivation and partial degradation of phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase in nongrowing cultures of Escherichia coli. The stability of tryptophan biosynthetic enzyme activities was examined in cultures of repressor-negative (trpR) strains of Escherichia coli K-12 incubated under conditions of nutrient starvation of chloramphenicol inhibition. The results show that four of the five activities examined are stable under most nongrowing conditions, whereas one activity, indoleglycerol phosphate (InGP) synthetase, carried by the trpC protein, is unstable under most conditions tested. Phosphoribosylanthranilate (PRA) isomerase activity, which is also carried by the trpC protein, is unstable during starvation for ammonium, cysteine, or sulfate but is stable under other nongrowing conditions where InGP synthetase is not. InGP synthetase activity but not PRA isomerase activity is also diminished about twofold in cultures using glycerol as a carbon-energy source. These results indicate that one or both activities of the trpC protein is specifically inactivated under several culture conditions. Experiments with antibodies to the trpC protein show that sulfate-starved and ammonium-starved cultures contain 20 to 40% less immunologically reactive trpC protein than unstarved cultures. This indicates that the trpC protein is probably partially degraded under these conditions. During recovery from sulfate starvation or ammonium starvation, cultures slowly regain normal levels of InGP synthetase and PRA isomerase activities, suggesting that inactivation may be reversible.", "PMID": 326757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10167", "title": "Molecular events associated with induction of arginase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Arginase, the enzyme responsible for arginine degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is an inducible protein whose inhibition of ornithine carbamoyl-transferase has been studied extensively. Mutant strains defective in the normal regulation of arginase production have also been isolated. However, in spite of these studies, the macromolecular biosynthetic events involved in production of arginase remain obscure. We have, therefore, studied the requirements of arginase induction. We observed that: (i) 4 min elapsed between the addition of inducer (homoarginine) and the appearance of arginase activity at 30 degrees C; (ii) induction required ribonucleic acid synthesis and a functional rna1 gene product; and (iii) production of arginase-specific synthetic capacity occurred in the absence of protein synthesis but could be expressed only when protein synthesis was not inhibited. Termination of induction by inducer removal, addition of the ribonucleic acid synthesis inhibitor lomofungin, or resuspension of a culture of organisms containing temperature-sensitive rna1 gene products in a medium at 35 degrees C resulted in loss of ability for continued arginase synthesis with half-lives of 5.5, 3.8, and 4.5 min, respectively. These and other recently published data suggest that a variety of inducible or repressible proteins responding rapidly to the environment may be derived from labile synthetic capacities, whereas constitutively produced proteins needed continuously throughout the cell cycle may be derived from synthetic capacities that are significantly more stable.", "contents": "Molecular events associated with induction of arginase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arginase, the enzyme responsible for arginine degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is an inducible protein whose inhibition of ornithine carbamoyl-transferase has been studied extensively. Mutant strains defective in the normal regulation of arginase production have also been isolated. However, in spite of these studies, the macromolecular biosynthetic events involved in production of arginase remain obscure. We have, therefore, studied the requirements of arginase induction. We observed that: (i) 4 min elapsed between the addition of inducer (homoarginine) and the appearance of arginase activity at 30 degrees C; (ii) induction required ribonucleic acid synthesis and a functional rna1 gene product; and (iii) production of arginase-specific synthetic capacity occurred in the absence of protein synthesis but could be expressed only when protein synthesis was not inhibited. Termination of induction by inducer removal, addition of the ribonucleic acid synthesis inhibitor lomofungin, or resuspension of a culture of organisms containing temperature-sensitive rna1 gene products in a medium at 35 degrees C resulted in loss of ability for continued arginase synthesis with half-lives of 5.5, 3.8, and 4.5 min, respectively. These and other recently published data suggest that a variety of inducible or repressible proteins responding rapidly to the environment may be derived from labile synthetic capacities, whereas constitutively produced proteins needed continuously throughout the cell cycle may be derived from synthetic capacities that are significantly more stable.", "PMID": 326758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10168", "title": "Incompatibility and surface exclusion properties of H1 and H2 plasmids.", "content": "Plasmids of the H incompatibility group showed two types of surface exclusion and incompatibility interactions. Strong incompatibility and surface exclusion were evident between plasmids within the same subgroup, and recombination frequently occurred between these plasmids after antibiotic selection for the presence of two plasmids in the same cell. Weaker interactions were seen between plasmids of the different subgroups, H1 and H2, and recombination was not detected. Incompatibility between H1 and H2 plasmids led preferentially to the loss of the H1 plasmid, irrespective of the order of entry of the plasmids. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that incompatibility is negatively controlled.", "contents": "Incompatibility and surface exclusion properties of H1 and H2 plasmids. Plasmids of the H incompatibility group showed two types of surface exclusion and incompatibility interactions. Strong incompatibility and surface exclusion were evident between plasmids within the same subgroup, and recombination frequently occurred between these plasmids after antibiotic selection for the presence of two plasmids in the same cell. Weaker interactions were seen between plasmids of the different subgroups, H1 and H2, and recombination was not detected. Incompatibility between H1 and H2 plasmids led preferentially to the loss of the H1 plasmid, irrespective of the order of entry of the plasmids. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that incompatibility is negatively controlled.", "PMID": 326759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10169", "title": "Control of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli: analysis of an energy source shift-down.", "content": "The energy source shift-down described in the preceding paper (Molin et al., J. Bacteriol. 131: 7-17, 1977) was used to study the effects of shift-down on protein synthesis. The overall rate of protein synthesis was reduced immediately, and to the same extent, in stringent and relaxed strains. The primary effect of the shift was a slowing down of the polypeptide chain growth rate, a finding not previously reported. In stringent strains the normal, preshift rate was reestablished within 2 to 3 min, whereas in relaxed strains the chain growth rate remained low for about 20 min before slowly returning to the normal value, which was reestablished some 50 to 60 min after the shift. Throughout this transition, the stability of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) remained unchanged in both strains. We interpret these findings as evidence of the more rapid reduction of the mRNA pool in the stringent strain after shift-down: we believe that very soon after the shift, the stringent strain reduces its pool of mRNA and with it the number of ribosomes engaged in protein synthesis. In this manner the number of active ribosomes is adjusted to the availability of energy and carbon. The relaxed strain cannot rapidly reduce its mRNA pool, which thus remains large enough to engage a near-preshift number of ribosomes during a prolonged period; as a consequence its ribosomes must work at a reduced rate. The possibility that ppGpp is involved in the control of mRNA production is discussed. After shift-down, the initial part of beta-galactosidase (the auto-alpha fragment) was produced at a higher rate than complete beta-galactosidase in the relaxed strain, as expected when translation is impeded.", "contents": "Control of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli: analysis of an energy source shift-down. The energy source shift-down described in the preceding paper (Molin et al., J. Bacteriol. 131: 7-17, 1977) was used to study the effects of shift-down on protein synthesis. The overall rate of protein synthesis was reduced immediately, and to the same extent, in stringent and relaxed strains. The primary effect of the shift was a slowing down of the polypeptide chain growth rate, a finding not previously reported. In stringent strains the normal, preshift rate was reestablished within 2 to 3 min, whereas in relaxed strains the chain growth rate remained low for about 20 min before slowly returning to the normal value, which was reestablished some 50 to 60 min after the shift. Throughout this transition, the stability of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) remained unchanged in both strains. We interpret these findings as evidence of the more rapid reduction of the mRNA pool in the stringent strain after shift-down: we believe that very soon after the shift, the stringent strain reduces its pool of mRNA and with it the number of ribosomes engaged in protein synthesis. In this manner the number of active ribosomes is adjusted to the availability of energy and carbon. The relaxed strain cannot rapidly reduce its mRNA pool, which thus remains large enough to engage a near-preshift number of ribosomes during a prolonged period; as a consequence its ribosomes must work at a reduced rate. The possibility that ppGpp is involved in the control of mRNA production is discussed. After shift-down, the initial part of beta-galactosidase (the auto-alpha fragment) was produced at a higher rate than complete beta-galactosidase in the relaxed strain, as expected when translation is impeded.", "PMID": 326760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10170", "title": "Effect of transient lambda prophage induction on ultraviolet light resistance and recombination in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Transient induction of lambda prophage increases the ultraviolet light resistance of most exponentially growing Escherichia coli lysogens. Resistance is increased in wild-type, recB, recB recC, recB recC recF, and recB recC recL hosts. No enhancement in recA lysogens was found, nor was there enhancement in stationary cultures. Enhancement was dependent upon the lambdared recombination system. Transient induction also increases the genetic recombination rate in recB lysogens as measured in Hfr X F- matings.", "contents": "Effect of transient lambda prophage induction on ultraviolet light resistance and recombination in Escherichia coli. Transient induction of lambda prophage increases the ultraviolet light resistance of most exponentially growing Escherichia coli lysogens. Resistance is increased in wild-type, recB, recB recC, recB recC recF, and recB recC recL hosts. No enhancement in recA lysogens was found, nor was there enhancement in stationary cultures. Enhancement was dependent upon the lambdared recombination system. Transient induction also increases the genetic recombination rate in recB lysogens as measured in Hfr X F- matings.", "PMID": 326761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10171", "title": "Metabolism of arginine-specific messenger ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Ribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid (RNA-DNA) hybridization was employed for the determination of the level of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribed from seven of the nine genes of the arginine regulon of Escherichia coli K-12. The quantity of RNA complexing with each of the separated DNA strands of the argA, argF, argE, and argCBH operons carried on specialized transducing phages was measured. The derepressed:repressed ratio of mRNA formed in vivo was found to vary between about 3 and 4 when measured by hybridization to DNA isolated from specialized transducing phages carrying the argA, argE, argCBH, argF, and argI operons.", "contents": "Metabolism of arginine-specific messenger ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli K-12. Ribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid (RNA-DNA) hybridization was employed for the determination of the level of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribed from seven of the nine genes of the arginine regulon of Escherichia coli K-12. The quantity of RNA complexing with each of the separated DNA strands of the argA, argF, argE, and argCBH operons carried on specialized transducing phages was measured. The derepressed:repressed ratio of mRNA formed in vivo was found to vary between about 3 and 4 when measured by hybridization to DNA isolated from specialized transducing phages carrying the argA, argE, argCBH, argF, and argI operons.", "PMID": 326762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10172", "title": "Morphological analysis of the division cycle of two Escherichia coli substrains during slow growth.", "content": "Morphological parameters of the cell division cycle have been examined in Escherichia coli B/r A and K. Whereas the shape factor (length of newborn cell/width) of the two strains was the same at rapid growth (doubling time, tau, less than 60 min), with decreasing growth rate the dimensions of the two strains did change so that B/r A cells became more rounded and B/r K cells became more elongated. The process of visible cell constriction (T period) lasted longer in B/r A than in B/r K during slow growth, reaching at tau = 200 min values of 40 and 17 min, respectively. The time between termination of chromosome replication and cell division (D period) was found to be longer in B/r A than in B/r K. As a result, in either strain completion of chromosome replication seemed always to occur before initiation of cell constriction. Nucleoplasmic separation did not coincide with termination as during rapid growth but occurred in both strains within the T period, about 10 min before cell division.", "contents": "Morphological analysis of the division cycle of two Escherichia coli substrains during slow growth. Morphological parameters of the cell division cycle have been examined in Escherichia coli B/r A and K. Whereas the shape factor (length of newborn cell/width) of the two strains was the same at rapid growth (doubling time, tau, less than 60 min), with decreasing growth rate the dimensions of the two strains did change so that B/r A cells became more rounded and B/r K cells became more elongated. The process of visible cell constriction (T period) lasted longer in B/r A than in B/r K during slow growth, reaching at tau = 200 min values of 40 and 17 min, respectively. The time between termination of chromosome replication and cell division (D period) was found to be longer in B/r A than in B/r K. As a result, in either strain completion of chromosome replication seemed always to occur before initiation of cell constriction. Nucleoplasmic separation did not coincide with termination as during rapid growth but occurred in both strains within the T period, about 10 min before cell division.", "PMID": 326763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10173", "title": "Temperature-sensitive cell division mutants of Escherichia coli with thermolabile penicillin-binding proteins.", "content": "The thermostability of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of 31 temperature-sensitive cell division mutants of Escherichia coli has been examined. Two independent cell division mutants have been found that have highly thermolabile PBP3. Binding of [(14)C]benzylpenicillin to PBP3 (measured in envelopes prepared from cells grown at the permissive temperature) was about 30% of the normal level at 30 degrees C, and the ability to bind [(14)C]benzylpenicillin was rapidly lost on incubation at 42 degrees C. The other PBPs were normal in both mutants. At 30 degrees C both mutants were slightly longer than their parents and on shifting to 42 degrees C they ceased dividing, but cell mass and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis continued and long filaments were formed. At 42 degrees C division slowly recommenced, but at 44 degrees C this did not occur. The inhibition of division at 42 degrees C was suppressed by 0.35 M sucrose, and in one of the mutants it was partially suppressed by 10 mM MgCl(2). PBP3 was not stabilized in vitro at 42 degrees C by these concentrations of sucrose or MgCl(2). Revertants that grew as normal rods at 42 degrees C regained both the normal level and the normal thermostability of PBP3. The results provide extremely strong evidence that the inactivation of PBP3 at 42 degrees C in the mutants is the cause of the inhibition of cell division at this temperature and identify PBP3 as an essential component of the process of cell division in E. coli. It is the inactivation of this protein by penicillins and cephalosporins that results in the inhibition of division characteristic of low concentrations of many of these antibiotics.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive cell division mutants of Escherichia coli with thermolabile penicillin-binding proteins. The thermostability of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of 31 temperature-sensitive cell division mutants of Escherichia coli has been examined. Two independent cell division mutants have been found that have highly thermolabile PBP3. Binding of [(14)C]benzylpenicillin to PBP3 (measured in envelopes prepared from cells grown at the permissive temperature) was about 30% of the normal level at 30 degrees C, and the ability to bind [(14)C]benzylpenicillin was rapidly lost on incubation at 42 degrees C. The other PBPs were normal in both mutants. At 30 degrees C both mutants were slightly longer than their parents and on shifting to 42 degrees C they ceased dividing, but cell mass and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis continued and long filaments were formed. At 42 degrees C division slowly recommenced, but at 44 degrees C this did not occur. The inhibition of division at 42 degrees C was suppressed by 0.35 M sucrose, and in one of the mutants it was partially suppressed by 10 mM MgCl(2). PBP3 was not stabilized in vitro at 42 degrees C by these concentrations of sucrose or MgCl(2). Revertants that grew as normal rods at 42 degrees C regained both the normal level and the normal thermostability of PBP3. The results provide extremely strong evidence that the inactivation of PBP3 at 42 degrees C in the mutants is the cause of the inhibition of cell division at this temperature and identify PBP3 as an essential component of the process of cell division in E. coli. It is the inactivation of this protein by penicillins and cephalosporins that results in the inhibition of division characteristic of low concentrations of many of these antibiotics.", "PMID": 326764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10174", "title": "Genetics of the relB locus in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli with a delayed relaxed phenotype very similar to that of a previously described relB mutant has been obtained using a new selection procedure. The mutation giving rise to this phenotype has been shown to map at 34.5 min and to be 12% cotransducible with man. It is recessive, revertible, and most likely an allele of the relB gene.", "contents": "Genetics of the relB locus in Escherichia coli. A mutant of Escherichia coli with a delayed relaxed phenotype very similar to that of a previously described relB mutant has been obtained using a new selection procedure. The mutation giving rise to this phenotype has been shown to map at 34.5 min and to be 12% cotransducible with man. It is recessive, revertible, and most likely an allele of the relB gene.", "PMID": 326765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10175", "title": "Identification of lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids of Escherichia coli in polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of unfractionated lysates of radioactively labeled cells resolves not only proteins and polynucleotides into discrete bands but also cellular lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids. This allows a determination of the intracellular amounts of all of these macromolecules. In addition, this technique is sensitive enough to detect mutational alterations in lipopolysaccharide structure. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is herein shown to be a useful tool for investigations into the structure of lipopolysaccharides and the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids.", "contents": "Identification of lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids of Escherichia coli in polyacrylamide gels. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of unfractionated lysates of radioactively labeled cells resolves not only proteins and polynucleotides into discrete bands but also cellular lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids. This allows a determination of the intracellular amounts of all of these macromolecules. In addition, this technique is sensitive enough to detect mutational alterations in lipopolysaccharide structure. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is herein shown to be a useful tool for investigations into the structure of lipopolysaccharides and the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids.", "PMID": 326766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10176", "title": "Mucopeptide biosynthesis by minicells of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Minicells produced by Escherichia coli chi925 incorporated amino acids and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine into mucopeptide.", "contents": "Mucopeptide biosynthesis by minicells of Escherichia coli. Minicells produced by Escherichia coli chi925 incorporated amino acids and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine into mucopeptide.", "PMID": 326767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10177", "title": "Do cytochromes function as oxygen sensors in the regulation of nitrate reductase biosynthesis?", "content": "The observation that oxygen represses nitrate reductase biosynthesis in a hemA mutant grown aerobically with or without delta-aminolevulinic acid indicates that cytochromes are not responsible for nitrate reductase repression in aerobically grown cells.", "contents": "Do cytochromes function as oxygen sensors in the regulation of nitrate reductase biosynthesis? The observation that oxygen represses nitrate reductase biosynthesis in a hemA mutant grown aerobically with or without delta-aminolevulinic acid indicates that cytochromes are not responsible for nitrate reductase repression in aerobically grown cells.", "PMID": 326768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10178", "title": "Fine-structure mapping and complementation analysis of the Escherichia coli cysB gene.", "content": "Sixty-two point mutations were isolated in Escherichia coli by means of transduction with mutagenized phage P1. Twenty-two deletions extending into cysB but able to recombine with at least some of the point mutations were isolated on a transmissible E. coli plasmid. Mapping of the point mutations against the deletions divided the former into 16 deletion groups. Nine merodiploids were constructed in which the chromosome carried one of the three point mutations most distal to the trp operon and in which a plasmid carried one of the three point mutations most proximal to the trp operon. All of these showed a Cys-phenotype. It follows that mutations at the two extreme ends of the region belong to the same complementation group.", "contents": "Fine-structure mapping and complementation analysis of the Escherichia coli cysB gene. Sixty-two point mutations were isolated in Escherichia coli by means of transduction with mutagenized phage P1. Twenty-two deletions extending into cysB but able to recombine with at least some of the point mutations were isolated on a transmissible E. coli plasmid. Mapping of the point mutations against the deletions divided the former into 16 deletion groups. Nine merodiploids were constructed in which the chromosome carried one of the three point mutations most distal to the trp operon and in which a plasmid carried one of the three point mutations most proximal to the trp operon. All of these showed a Cys-phenotype. It follows that mutations at the two extreme ends of the region belong to the same complementation group.", "PMID": 326769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10179", "title": "Function of S-adenosylmethionine in germinating yeast ascospores.", "content": "Germination and outgrowth of ascospores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4579 require both methionine and adenine, whereas leucine is only required for outgrowth. The methionine requirement may be satisfied by S-adenosylmethionine, but this sulfonium compound will not substitute for adenine. Between 30 and 70 min of protein synthesis is initially required for the completion of germination in strain 4579. The inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase by trifluoromethionine prevents both germination and protein synthesis. During the initial stages of germination, the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, and transfer ribonucleic acid methyltransferases increased significantly, indicating that polyamines and/or the methylation of transfer ribonucleic acid are required for the initiation of germination.", "contents": "Function of S-adenosylmethionine in germinating yeast ascospores. Germination and outgrowth of ascospores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4579 require both methionine and adenine, whereas leucine is only required for outgrowth. The methionine requirement may be satisfied by S-adenosylmethionine, but this sulfonium compound will not substitute for adenine. Between 30 and 70 min of protein synthesis is initially required for the completion of germination in strain 4579. The inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase by trifluoromethionine prevents both germination and protein synthesis. During the initial stages of germination, the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, and transfer ribonucleic acid methyltransferases increased significantly, indicating that polyamines and/or the methylation of transfer ribonucleic acid are required for the initiation of germination.", "PMID": 326770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10180", "title": "Expression of R-plasmid functions during anaerobic growth of an Escherichia coli K-12 host.", "content": "The normal habitat of enteric bacteria is largely anaerobic. Expression of the three characteristic properties of R-plasmids, drug resistance, vegetative replication, and fertility, was therefore studied in Escherichia coli K-12 during anaerobiosis. Replication and drug resistance functions were not altered in the 45 R-plasmids studies, whereas the expression of fertility varied considerably among different R-plasmids during anaerobiosis. The R-plasmids could be divided into three groups, one showing a strong, the second a moderate, and the third little or no reduction of fertility by anaerobiosis. Plasmid-determined sensitivity to F-, N-, and I-specific phage, respectively, was well, although not absolutely, correlated with each of three groups mentioned. Anaerobiosis-aerobiosis appears to change the fertility of type F R-plasmids by influencing the degree of repression of their fertility functions such as the formation of sex pili. Although the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tetracycline were unaltered by anaerobiosis, sulfonamide was found to be four- to eightfold less active under this condition in both resistant and sensitive strains. A surprisingly high frequency and uniformity of minimal inhibitory concentrations was observed for R-plasmid-mediated resistance to streptomycin and chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Expression of R-plasmid functions during anaerobic growth of an Escherichia coli K-12 host. The normal habitat of enteric bacteria is largely anaerobic. Expression of the three characteristic properties of R-plasmids, drug resistance, vegetative replication, and fertility, was therefore studied in Escherichia coli K-12 during anaerobiosis. Replication and drug resistance functions were not altered in the 45 R-plasmids studies, whereas the expression of fertility varied considerably among different R-plasmids during anaerobiosis. The R-plasmids could be divided into three groups, one showing a strong, the second a moderate, and the third little or no reduction of fertility by anaerobiosis. Plasmid-determined sensitivity to F-, N-, and I-specific phage, respectively, was well, although not absolutely, correlated with each of three groups mentioned. Anaerobiosis-aerobiosis appears to change the fertility of type F R-plasmids by influencing the degree of repression of their fertility functions such as the formation of sex pili. Although the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tetracycline were unaltered by anaerobiosis, sulfonamide was found to be four- to eightfold less active under this condition in both resistant and sensitive strains. A surprisingly high frequency and uniformity of minimal inhibitory concentrations was observed for R-plasmid-mediated resistance to streptomycin and chloramphenicol.", "PMID": 326771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10181", "title": "Control of ribosome synthesis in Escherichia coli: analysis of an energy source shift-down.", "content": "The rate of ribosome synthesis and accumulation in Escherichia coli during the transition after an energy source shift-down was analyzed. The shift was imposed on cultures of stringent and relaxed strains growing in glucose minimal medium by the addition of the glucose analogue alpha-methylglucoside. In the stringent strain, ribosome synthesis was almost instantaneously reduced after the shift, whereas the relaxed strain exhibited a more gradual response. The rate of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) synthesis was affected similarly, though to a smaller extent. A comparison of the rates of synthesis and accumulation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins showed that far more ribosomal components were synthesized after the shift than were accumulated, indicating that a substantial part of the rRNA made after the shift was unstable. A new method was used to measure relative rates of rRNA synthesis and to estimate the transcription time for the rRNA operon under different conditions. In steady states of growth with growth rates ranging from 0.75 to 2.3 doublings/h, as well as during the transition after a shift-down, the transcription time of the rRNA operon was constant. The rate of synthesis of rRNA correlated during this transition - in contrast to the rate of accumulation (M. T. Hansen et al., J. Bacteriol. 122: 585-591, 1975) - with the ppGpp pool in the same way as has been observed during partial amino acid starvation.", "contents": "Control of ribosome synthesis in Escherichia coli: analysis of an energy source shift-down. The rate of ribosome synthesis and accumulation in Escherichia coli during the transition after an energy source shift-down was analyzed. The shift was imposed on cultures of stringent and relaxed strains growing in glucose minimal medium by the addition of the glucose analogue alpha-methylglucoside. In the stringent strain, ribosome synthesis was almost instantaneously reduced after the shift, whereas the relaxed strain exhibited a more gradual response. The rate of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) synthesis was affected similarly, though to a smaller extent. A comparison of the rates of synthesis and accumulation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins showed that far more ribosomal components were synthesized after the shift than were accumulated, indicating that a substantial part of the rRNA made after the shift was unstable. A new method was used to measure relative rates of rRNA synthesis and to estimate the transcription time for the rRNA operon under different conditions. In steady states of growth with growth rates ranging from 0.75 to 2.3 doublings/h, as well as during the transition after a shift-down, the transcription time of the rRNA operon was constant. The rate of synthesis of rRNA correlated during this transition - in contrast to the rate of accumulation (M. T. Hansen et al., J. Bacteriol. 122: 585-591, 1975) - with the ppGpp pool in the same way as has been observed during partial amino acid starvation.", "PMID": 326772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10182", "title": "R-plasmid transfer and its response to nalidixic acid.", "content": "The conjugational transfer efficiency of 41 wild-type R-plasmids was studied in Escherichia coli K-12. Type I R-plasmids were transferred at comparatively high and rather uniform frequencies, whereas type F R-plasmids showed less uniform and, on average, somewhat lower transfer frequencies. R-plasmids not mediating sensitivity to F-, I-, or N-specific phages showed moderate transfer frequencies, and type N R-plasmids showed very low transfer frequencies. Various lines of evidence suggest that a well-expressed, but functionally inefficient, conjugation apparatus is the cause of the poor transfer of type N R-plasmids in liquid medium. Nalidixic acid efficiently inhibited transfer of type I and particularly type F R-plasmids, whereas the transfer of type N plasmids was resistant to the drug. Type F and type I plasmids appear to depend on at least one host function for their transfer, namely, the nalidixic acid-sensitive reaction in vegetative chromosome replication, whereas type N plasmids are independent of this function.", "contents": "R-plasmid transfer and its response to nalidixic acid. The conjugational transfer efficiency of 41 wild-type R-plasmids was studied in Escherichia coli K-12. Type I R-plasmids were transferred at comparatively high and rather uniform frequencies, whereas type F R-plasmids showed less uniform and, on average, somewhat lower transfer frequencies. R-plasmids not mediating sensitivity to F-, I-, or N-specific phages showed moderate transfer frequencies, and type N R-plasmids showed very low transfer frequencies. Various lines of evidence suggest that a well-expressed, but functionally inefficient, conjugation apparatus is the cause of the poor transfer of type N R-plasmids in liquid medium. Nalidixic acid efficiently inhibited transfer of type I and particularly type F R-plasmids, whereas the transfer of type N plasmids was resistant to the drug. Type F and type I plasmids appear to depend on at least one host function for their transfer, namely, the nalidixic acid-sensitive reaction in vegetative chromosome replication, whereas type N plasmids are independent of this function.", "PMID": 326773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10183", "title": "Release factor binding to ribosome requires an intact 16 S rRNA 3' terminus.", "content": "Cloacin DF12 cleavage of Escherichia coli f[3H]MettRNA-AUG-ribosome complexes affects this substrate for in vitro peptide chain termination. Codon-directed release factors' (RF) 1 and 2 release of f[3H]methionine is inhibited by cloacin. Since cloacin inhibits RF1 and -2 binding to ribosomes but not RF-directed f[3H]methionine release from f[3H]met-tRNA-AUG-ribosome complexes when reactions contain 20% ethanol, we conclude that cloacin DF 13 inhibits formation of the termination codon recognition complex. Thus, cleavage of the 3'-OH 49-nucleotide sequence of the 16 S rRNA perturbs the codon-directed binding of RF to ribosomes.", "contents": "Release factor binding to ribosome requires an intact 16 S rRNA 3' terminus. Cloacin DF12 cleavage of Escherichia coli f[3H]MettRNA-AUG-ribosome complexes affects this substrate for in vitro peptide chain termination. Codon-directed release factors' (RF) 1 and 2 release of f[3H]methionine is inhibited by cloacin. Since cloacin inhibits RF1 and -2 binding to ribosomes but not RF-directed f[3H]methionine release from f[3H]met-tRNA-AUG-ribosome complexes when reactions contain 20% ethanol, we conclude that cloacin DF 13 inhibits formation of the termination codon recognition complex. Thus, cleavage of the 3'-OH 49-nucleotide sequence of the 16 S rRNA perturbs the codon-directed binding of RF to ribosomes.", "PMID": 326774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10184", "title": "Yeast hexokinase mutants.", "content": "Using yeast mutants, it is shown that growth on glucose occurs even in the absence of both hexokinase A and hexokinase B; fructose growth requires at least one of these two enzymes. Expression of hexokinase A and of glucokinase seem to be regulated.", "contents": "Yeast hexokinase mutants. Using yeast mutants, it is shown that growth on glucose occurs even in the absence of both hexokinase A and hexokinase B; fructose growth requires at least one of these two enzymes. Expression of hexokinase A and of glucokinase seem to be regulated.", "PMID": 326775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10185", "title": "Studies of the lipid phase transitions of Escherichia coli by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry.", "content": "High sensitivity adiabatic differential scanning calorimetry was performed on lipids, membrane vesicles, and whole cells of Escherichia coli enriched in particular unsaturated fatty acids by genetic means. Information concerning the shape of the transition is discussed. Transitions with an asymmetric shape reminiscient of a second order transition were observed. Comparison between the lipid transition observed in whole cells, membrane vesicles, and extracted lipids enriched in elaidate reveal some basic similarities. Studies of synthetic lipids were undertaken in an attempt to interpret the shapes of these transitions as a function of the lipid components of the membrane.", "contents": "Studies of the lipid phase transitions of Escherichia coli by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. High sensitivity adiabatic differential scanning calorimetry was performed on lipids, membrane vesicles, and whole cells of Escherichia coli enriched in particular unsaturated fatty acids by genetic means. Information concerning the shape of the transition is discussed. Transitions with an asymmetric shape reminiscient of a second order transition were observed. Comparison between the lipid transition observed in whole cells, membrane vesicles, and extracted lipids enriched in elaidate reveal some basic similarities. Studies of synthetic lipids were undertaken in an attempt to interpret the shapes of these transitions as a function of the lipid components of the membrane.", "PMID": 326779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10186", "title": "Novel properties of Escherichia coli exonuclease III.", "content": "The specificity of hydrolysis of polynucleotide termini by Escherichia coli exonuclease III was studied with the use of oligothymidylate annealed to polydeoxyadenylate. The size of the products after 3' leads to 5'-hydrolysis of 5'-labeled substrate is temperature-dependent. At 25 degrees the enzyme can hydrolyze a polynucleotide chain up to the last 5'-terminal dinucleotide. A gradation of higher 5'-terminal oligonucleotides of defined chain lengths is produced after limit digestion by the enzyme when the temperature is raised between 25 degrees to 60 degrees. When the oligothymidylate was labeled at the 3'-ends with ribonucleotides, it was observed that exonuclease III can cleave a single or two consecutive ribonucleotides regardless of whether the ribonucleotides are base-paired or mismatched.", "contents": "Novel properties of Escherichia coli exonuclease III. The specificity of hydrolysis of polynucleotide termini by Escherichia coli exonuclease III was studied with the use of oligothymidylate annealed to polydeoxyadenylate. The size of the products after 3' leads to 5'-hydrolysis of 5'-labeled substrate is temperature-dependent. At 25 degrees the enzyme can hydrolyze a polynucleotide chain up to the last 5'-terminal dinucleotide. A gradation of higher 5'-terminal oligonucleotides of defined chain lengths is produced after limit digestion by the enzyme when the temperature is raised between 25 degrees to 60 degrees. When the oligothymidylate was labeled at the 3'-ends with ribonucleotides, it was observed that exonuclease III can cleave a single or two consecutive ribonucleotides regardless of whether the ribonucleotides are base-paired or mismatched.", "PMID": 326780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10187", "title": "Ca2+ ions and the stimulation of 3-O-methylglucose transport by uncouplers in rat thymocytes.", "content": "The uptake of 3-O-methylglucose by rat thymocytes follows a biphasic time course. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (10-3 M), carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (10-5 M) and oligomycin (5 microgram/ml) each reduce ATP levels in rat thymocytes by 85% and bring about 3- to 4-fold stimulation of the slow phase of 3-O-methylglucose uptake. No consistent effect is observed on either the half-time of the rapid phase of uptake or the relative proportions of the two phases of uptake in the presence of these agents. Ca2+ ions do not appear to play a necessary role in the stimulation of transport activity since cells depleted of exchangeable Ca2+ by treatment with the Ca2+-Mg2+ ionophore, A23187, plus [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid respond to uncouplers in exactly the same manner as untreated cells. The effect of dinitrophenol on the slow phase of 3-O-methylglucose uptake is reversible after 10 min of incubation. After 60 min however, cells washed free of dinitrophenol and incubated at 37 degrees exhibited an additional acceleration in transport activity. This stimulation of transport is characterized by an increase in the proportion of the rapid phase of uptake with little or no change in its half-time. The results suggest that rat thymocytes regulate their 3-O-methylglucose transport activity in two distinct fashions.", "contents": "Ca2+ ions and the stimulation of 3-O-methylglucose transport by uncouplers in rat thymocytes. The uptake of 3-O-methylglucose by rat thymocytes follows a biphasic time course. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (10-3 M), carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (10-5 M) and oligomycin (5 microgram/ml) each reduce ATP levels in rat thymocytes by 85% and bring about 3- to 4-fold stimulation of the slow phase of 3-O-methylglucose uptake. No consistent effect is observed on either the half-time of the rapid phase of uptake or the relative proportions of the two phases of uptake in the presence of these agents. Ca2+ ions do not appear to play a necessary role in the stimulation of transport activity since cells depleted of exchangeable Ca2+ by treatment with the Ca2+-Mg2+ ionophore, A23187, plus [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid respond to uncouplers in exactly the same manner as untreated cells. The effect of dinitrophenol on the slow phase of 3-O-methylglucose uptake is reversible after 10 min of incubation. After 60 min however, cells washed free of dinitrophenol and incubated at 37 degrees exhibited an additional acceleration in transport activity. This stimulation of transport is characterized by an increase in the proportion of the rapid phase of uptake with little or no change in its half-time. The results suggest that rat thymocytes regulate their 3-O-methylglucose transport activity in two distinct fashions.", "PMID": 326781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10188", "title": "Study of the transfer RNAs coded by T2, T4, and T6 bacteriophages.", "content": "T2, T4, and T6 bacteriophage tRNAs coding for arginine, leucine, proline, isoleucine, and glycine were isolated under conditions of short term and long term infection of Escherichia coli B cells. The corresponding phage tRNA species were examined for sequence homology by RNA-DNA hybridization analysis and by their relative behavior on reversed phase chromatography. The results indicate that all three T-even phages code for similar tRNA species; however, some tRNA species are homologous, others are not, and not all of the same tRNA species are coded by each bacteriophage. Reversed phase chromatography showed the presence of isoacceptor tRNAs for each phage aminoacyl-tRNA species. Pulse-chase experiments for [32P]tRNAGly suggest that the multiple isoacceptor species observed derive from the intracellular modification of a single tRNAGly gene product.", "contents": "Study of the transfer RNAs coded by T2, T4, and T6 bacteriophages. T2, T4, and T6 bacteriophage tRNAs coding for arginine, leucine, proline, isoleucine, and glycine were isolated under conditions of short term and long term infection of Escherichia coli B cells. The corresponding phage tRNA species were examined for sequence homology by RNA-DNA hybridization analysis and by their relative behavior on reversed phase chromatography. The results indicate that all three T-even phages code for similar tRNA species; however, some tRNA species are homologous, others are not, and not all of the same tRNA species are coded by each bacteriophage. Reversed phase chromatography showed the presence of isoacceptor tRNAs for each phage aminoacyl-tRNA species. Pulse-chase experiments for [32P]tRNAGly suggest that the multiple isoacceptor species observed derive from the intracellular modification of a single tRNAGly gene product.", "PMID": 326783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10189", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the L-arabinose-binding protein from Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the L-arabinose-binding protein of Escherichia coli B/r was determined by sequenator analyses of reduced and S-pyridylethylated L-arabinose-binding protein and fragments derived by chemical and enzymatic cleavage of the native protein. The fragments were the products of cleavage by cyanogen bromide. BNPS-skatole, hydroxylamine, mild acid hydrolysis, limited trypsin digestion, chymotrypsin subdigestion, and subdigestion with Staphylococcus aureus protease V8. The COOH-terminal sequence was determined using bovine carboxypeptidases A and B and amino acid analyses. The L-arabinose-binding protein was determined to contain 306 amino acid residues, the sequence of which is presented below.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the L-arabinose-binding protein from Escherichia coli B/r. The amino acid sequence of the L-arabinose-binding protein of Escherichia coli B/r was determined by sequenator analyses of reduced and S-pyridylethylated L-arabinose-binding protein and fragments derived by chemical and enzymatic cleavage of the native protein. The fragments were the products of cleavage by cyanogen bromide. BNPS-skatole, hydroxylamine, mild acid hydrolysis, limited trypsin digestion, chymotrypsin subdigestion, and subdigestion with Staphylococcus aureus protease V8. The COOH-terminal sequence was determined using bovine carboxypeptidases A and B and amino acid analyses. The L-arabinose-binding protein was determined to contain 306 amino acid residues, the sequence of which is presented below.", "PMID": 326784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10190", "title": "Evolution of the mandibular mesh implant.", "content": "Between 1960 and 1972, the Dallas Veterans Administration Hospital Maxillofacial Research Laboratory developed and made over 150 cast-mesh implants. Successive designs were ovoid, circular, and double-lumened in cross section to improve implant strength, surface area for bioattachment, and adjustability. Sleeves, collars, and bows were employed in the assembly of these implants, with an acrylic condylar head attached when indicated. In 1972, our laboratory developed a mandibular mesh tray, cast in one piece on a single sprue, with preservation of the vertically adjustable ramus. Stainless steel replaced Vitallium because of its greater malleability. Essentially, a lost-wax technique is used to cast the mesh tray. The model of a mandibular segment is duplicated as  a refractory model. Mesh wax, made in our own custom-made die, is adapted to the refractory model. The unit is then sprued and invested. The wax is fired our of the mold in a gas furnace. Casting is done by the transferral of molten stainless steel from the crucible to the mold by centrifugal force in an electro-induction casting machine. Other mesh implants that have been developed are made from wire mesh, Dacron mesh, cast Ticonium, and hydroformed titanium.", "contents": "Evolution of the mandibular mesh implant. Between 1960 and 1972, the Dallas Veterans Administration Hospital Maxillofacial Research Laboratory developed and made over 150 cast-mesh implants. Successive designs were ovoid, circular, and double-lumened in cross section to improve implant strength, surface area for bioattachment, and adjustability. Sleeves, collars, and bows were employed in the assembly of these implants, with an acrylic condylar head attached when indicated. In 1972, our laboratory developed a mandibular mesh tray, cast in one piece on a single sprue, with preservation of the vertically adjustable ramus. Stainless steel replaced Vitallium because of its greater malleability. Essentially, a lost-wax technique is used to cast the mesh tray. The model of a mandibular segment is duplicated as  a refractory model. Mesh wax, made in our own custom-made die, is adapted to the refractory model. The unit is then sprued and invested. The wax is fired our of the mold in a gas furnace. Casting is done by the transferral of molten stainless steel from the crucible to the mold by centrifugal force in an electro-induction casting machine. Other mesh implants that have been developed are made from wire mesh, Dacron mesh, cast Ticonium, and hydroformed titanium.", "PMID": 326787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10191", "title": "Evaluation of wound-covering materials.", "content": "Physical and in vivo (burned rat model) evaluations as wound coverings were performed for 1) a freeze-dried collagen/poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) film laminate, 2) a freeze-dried PCL \"foam\"/PCL film laminate, and 3) a heat-dried collagen/PCL film laminate. Porcine skin and cadaver skin were also evaluated in vivo for the purpose of comparison. Water-vapor transmission rates and Young's moduli were measured. The degree of adherence of the coverings to the wound were measured. Grafts which became significantly adherent (greater than 150 dyne/cm2) to the wound within 1 day were most successful in promoting the formation of a viable tissue bed which appeared ready to accept further grafting. The force required to remove the PCL foam laminate from a full-thickness excision wound was found to increase from 170 dyne/cm2 on the first day postgraft to 1500 dyne/cm2 by the tenth day. The force required to remove freeze-dried collagen laminate remained constant at 200 dyne/cm2 over the 10 day test period. For the heat-dried collagen laminate, a force of only 50 dyne/cm2 was required on day 1, increasing to 200 dyne/cm2 on day 6. Insensible water-loss rates of animals grafted with the laminates were found to be similar to those from animals with human cadaver skin grafts and less than that from animals with porcine skin grafts. When moistened, the laminates prepared using the freeze-dried materials were flexible and somewhat transparent permitting observation of the wound.", "contents": "Evaluation of wound-covering materials. Physical and in vivo (burned rat model) evaluations as wound coverings were performed for 1) a freeze-dried collagen/poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) film laminate, 2) a freeze-dried PCL \"foam\"/PCL film laminate, and 3) a heat-dried collagen/PCL film laminate. Porcine skin and cadaver skin were also evaluated in vivo for the purpose of comparison. Water-vapor transmission rates and Young's moduli were measured. The degree of adherence of the coverings to the wound were measured. Grafts which became significantly adherent (greater than 150 dyne/cm2) to the wound within 1 day were most successful in promoting the formation of a viable tissue bed which appeared ready to accept further grafting. The force required to remove the PCL foam laminate from a full-thickness excision wound was found to increase from 170 dyne/cm2 on the first day postgraft to 1500 dyne/cm2 by the tenth day. The force required to remove freeze-dried collagen laminate remained constant at 200 dyne/cm2 over the 10 day test period. For the heat-dried collagen laminate, a force of only 50 dyne/cm2 was required on day 1, increasing to 200 dyne/cm2 on day 6. Insensible water-loss rates of animals grafted with the laminates were found to be similar to those from animals with human cadaver skin grafts and less than that from animals with porcine skin grafts. When moistened, the laminates prepared using the freeze-dried materials were flexible and somewhat transparent permitting observation of the wound.", "PMID": 326788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10192", "title": "Compression bone-plating: historical considerations.", "content": "Compression of bone fragments to accelerate, or at least facilitate, bone healing was first applied in 1932 by Key to arthrodesis of the knee. Subsequently the same principle was applied to fractures, first by percutaneous pins as developed by Roger Anderson and then by implanted compression plates. Two types of compression plate have been evolved. One employs an axially oriented force produced by a separate screw or temporarily applied compression device, designed just for this purpose, as originated by Danis in 1949. The other, devised by me in 1956, is a so-called self-compressing plate, which generates compression force by inserting eccentrically placed chamfered screw-heads into slots in the plate so that the screws (as well as the bone fragments in which they are inserted) are translated toward each other. Numerous modifications of these two basic designs are now available.", "contents": "Compression bone-plating: historical considerations. Compression of bone fragments to accelerate, or at least facilitate, bone healing was first applied in 1932 by Key to arthrodesis of the knee. Subsequently the same principle was applied to fractures, first by percutaneous pins as developed by Roger Anderson and then by implanted compression plates. Two types of compression plate have been evolved. One employs an axially oriented force produced by a separate screw or temporarily applied compression device, designed just for this purpose, as originated by Danis in 1949. The other, devised by me in 1956, is a so-called self-compressing plate, which generates compression force by inserting eccentrically placed chamfered screw-heads into slots in the plate so that the screws (as well as the bone fragments in which they are inserted) are translated toward each other. Numerous modifications of these two basic designs are now available.", "PMID": 326789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10193", "title": "Anterior cervical fusion. A review of thirty-three patients with cervical disc degeneration.", "content": "Thirty-three patients who had undergone anterior cervical fusion for degenerative disc disease were reviewed to determine the efficacy of the procedure. Only patients who were available for examination and who had undergone operation at least one year previously were included in the review. Nearly all had had arm pain and three-quarters neck pain. Diminished neck movement and neurological abnormalities in the arms had been frequent findings. Diagnosis from the clinical features and plain radiographs is described. Myelography was not used routinely and discography was not used at all. Indications for operation and surgical technique are described. Results show that pain in the neck and arm was relieved in a high proportion of cases and that the neurological abnormalities often recovered. It is concluded that this operation is safe and has a definite place in the relief of pain from cervical disc degeneration resistant to conservative treatment.", "contents": "Anterior cervical fusion. A review of thirty-three patients with cervical disc degeneration. Thirty-three patients who had undergone anterior cervical fusion for degenerative disc disease were reviewed to determine the efficacy of the procedure. Only patients who were available for examination and who had undergone operation at least one year previously were included in the review. Nearly all had had arm pain and three-quarters neck pain. Diminished neck movement and neurological abnormalities in the arms had been frequent findings. Diagnosis from the clinical features and plain radiographs is described. Myelography was not used routinely and discography was not used at all. Indications for operation and surgical technique are described. Results show that pain in the neck and arm was relieved in a high proportion of cases and that the neurological abnormalities often recovered. It is concluded that this operation is safe and has a definite place in the relief of pain from cervical disc degeneration resistant to conservative treatment.", "PMID": 326791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10194", "title": "Short term kinetics of luteinizing hormone secretion studied in dissociated pituitary cells attached to manipulable substrates.", "content": "With the use of poly-L-lysine, a method has been developed which induces acutely dissociated rat anterior pituitary cells to attach to glass and polyacrylamide surfaces. In these attached cells the recovery of the secretory response, which is impaired in acutely dissociated cells, has been followed, and it has been established that, in terms of their ability to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) in response to the specific secretogogue luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), the cells become maximally responsive after 48 h. The attached cells also allow the short-term kinetics of LH secretion to be followed with great facility; and, when cells allowed to recover for 48 h are used, it is shown that in response to LHRH the pattern of LH release is biphasic.", "contents": "Short term kinetics of luteinizing hormone secretion studied in dissociated pituitary cells attached to manipulable substrates. With the use of poly-L-lysine, a method has been developed which induces acutely dissociated rat anterior pituitary cells to attach to glass and polyacrylamide surfaces. In these attached cells the recovery of the secretory response, which is impaired in acutely dissociated cells, has been followed, and it has been established that, in terms of their ability to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) in response to the specific secretogogue luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), the cells become maximally responsive after 48 h. The attached cells also allow the short-term kinetics of LH secretion to be followed with great facility; and, when cells allowed to recover for 48 h are used, it is shown that in response to LHRH the pattern of LH release is biphasic.", "PMID": 326796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10195", "title": "Use of the avidin-biotin complex for the localization of actin and myosin with fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "A new indirect method for fluorescence localization of proteins making use of the avidin-biotin complex is described. We have prepared both a biotin-modified rabbit heavy meromyosin (BHMM) and a biotin-modified antibody to a smooth muscle myosin. After fixation, cells can be treated with either BHMM, which binds to actin, or the biotinyl antibody, which binds to myosin. In a second step the cell are treated with a fluorescent derivative of avidin (Fl-avidin) which binds to the biotinyl proteins and thus indirectly reveals the location of the cellular action or myosin.", "contents": "Use of the avidin-biotin complex for the localization of actin and myosin with fluorescence microscopy. A new indirect method for fluorescence localization of proteins making use of the avidin-biotin complex is described. We have prepared both a biotin-modified rabbit heavy meromyosin (BHMM) and a biotin-modified antibody to a smooth muscle myosin. After fixation, cells can be treated with either BHMM, which binds to actin, or the biotinyl antibody, which binds to myosin. In a second step the cell are treated with a fluorescent derivative of avidin (Fl-avidin) which binds to the biotinyl proteins and thus indirectly reveals the location of the cellular action or myosin.", "PMID": 326797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10196", "title": "Light meromyosin paracrystal formation.", "content": "STUDIES OF PARACRYSTAL FORMATION BY COLUMN PURIFIED LIGHT MEROMYOSIN (LMM) PREPARED IN A VARIETY OF WAYS LED TO THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS: (a) different portions of the myosin rod may be coded for different stagger relationships. This was concluded from observations that paracrystals with different axial repeat periodicities could be obtained either with LMM framents of different lengths prepared with the same enzyme, or with LMM fragments of identical lengths but prepared with different enzymes. (b) Paracrystals with a 14-nm axial repeat periodicity are most likely formed by the aggregation of sheets with a 44-nm axial repeat within the sheets which are staggered by 14 nm. All of the axial repeat patterns expected from one sheet or aggregates of more than one sheet, on this basis, were observed in the same electron micrograph. (c) C-protein binding probably occurs preferentially to LMM molecules related in some specific way. This was concluded from the observation that the same axial repeat pattern was obtained in paracrystals formed from different LMM preparations in the presence of C-protein, regardless of differences in the axial repeat obtained in the absence of C-protein. (d) Nucleic acid is responsible for the 43-nm axial repeat patterns observed in paracrystals formed by the ethanol-resistant fraction of LMM. In the absence of nuclei acid, paracrystals with a 14nm axial repeat are obtained. (e) The 43-nm axial repeat pattern observed with the ethanol-resistant fraction of LMM is different for LMM preparations obtained by trypsin and papain digestions.", "contents": "Light meromyosin paracrystal formation. STUDIES OF PARACRYSTAL FORMATION BY COLUMN PURIFIED LIGHT MEROMYOSIN (LMM) PREPARED IN A VARIETY OF WAYS LED TO THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS: (a) different portions of the myosin rod may be coded for different stagger relationships. This was concluded from observations that paracrystals with different axial repeat periodicities could be obtained either with LMM framents of different lengths prepared with the same enzyme, or with LMM fragments of identical lengths but prepared with different enzymes. (b) Paracrystals with a 14-nm axial repeat periodicity are most likely formed by the aggregation of sheets with a 44-nm axial repeat within the sheets which are staggered by 14 nm. All of the axial repeat patterns expected from one sheet or aggregates of more than one sheet, on this basis, were observed in the same electron micrograph. (c) C-protein binding probably occurs preferentially to LMM molecules related in some specific way. This was concluded from the observation that the same axial repeat pattern was obtained in paracrystals formed from different LMM preparations in the presence of C-protein, regardless of differences in the axial repeat obtained in the absence of C-protein. (d) Nucleic acid is responsible for the 43-nm axial repeat patterns observed in paracrystals formed by the ethanol-resistant fraction of LMM. In the absence of nuclei acid, paracrystals with a 14nm axial repeat are obtained. (e) The 43-nm axial repeat pattern observed with the ethanol-resistant fraction of LMM is different for LMM preparations obtained by trypsin and papain digestions.", "PMID": 326798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10197", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies of neurofilaments in the rat and human peripheral and central nervous system.", "content": "Localization of antisera to neurofilament antigens derived from rat peripheral nerve was carried out in tissues of rat and human peripheral and central nervous systems by indirect immunofluorescence. Unfixed and chloroform-methanol-fixed frozen sections of tissues were incubated in purified IgG of the experimental rabbit antisera and subsequently exposed to goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Control studies were conducted on identical tissue preparations incubated in the same concentrations of nonspecific rabbit IgG or in experimental rabbit IgG absorbed with extracts of rat peripheral nerve containing neurofilament antigen. Extensive immunofluorescence was observed in rat and human peripheral and central nervous systems. The distribution and configuration of immunofluorescence corresponded to neurofilament-rich structural components of these tissues. Prominent immunofluorescence was also noted in neuronal cell bodies of spinal sensory ganglia, especially in perikarya of the large neuronal type. Immunofluorescence of the central nervous system was located predominantly in myelinated axons of the white matter in cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord. Less intense immunofluorescence was also seen in neuronal perikarya and in short thin linear processes of grey matter.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies of neurofilaments in the rat and human peripheral and central nervous system. Localization of antisera to neurofilament antigens derived from rat peripheral nerve was carried out in tissues of rat and human peripheral and central nervous systems by indirect immunofluorescence. Unfixed and chloroform-methanol-fixed frozen sections of tissues were incubated in purified IgG of the experimental rabbit antisera and subsequently exposed to goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Control studies were conducted on identical tissue preparations incubated in the same concentrations of nonspecific rabbit IgG or in experimental rabbit IgG absorbed with extracts of rat peripheral nerve containing neurofilament antigen. Extensive immunofluorescence was observed in rat and human peripheral and central nervous systems. The distribution and configuration of immunofluorescence corresponded to neurofilament-rich structural components of these tissues. Prominent immunofluorescence was also noted in neuronal cell bodies of spinal sensory ganglia, especially in perikarya of the large neuronal type. Immunofluorescence of the central nervous system was located predominantly in myelinated axons of the white matter in cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord. Less intense immunofluorescence was also seen in neuronal perikarya and in short thin linear processes of grey matter.", "PMID": 326799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10198", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography of fecal neutral steriods.", "content": "A method is described for the analysis of fecal neutral steriods with a dual-column gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) system. After saponification of the fecal slurry, the neutral steroids were extracted with hexane. The GLC separation of the compounds and quantitation were achieved by simultaneous injection of the derivatized  and derivatized aliquots of the extract onto dual colmuns under identical conditions. The neutral steroids of interest were than identified by matching the  retention times with those of known standards, and identification was confirmed by use of an interfaced GLC high-resolution mass spectrometry system. The detection limit was 0.003 mg of steroid/g of fecal slurry. The pricision of the method is illustrated by a relative standard diviation of 2-10% and a recovery of neutral steroids from 73-96%. The method was applied to the determination of fecal neutral steroids in a \"High protein diet in colon cancer study\". A considerably larger level of coprostanone than of coprostanol was observed. Data on neutral steroids in fecal samples from subjects on different diets are the subject of a separate publication.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography of fecal neutral steriods. A method is described for the analysis of fecal neutral steriods with a dual-column gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) system. After saponification of the fecal slurry, the neutral steroids were extracted with hexane. The GLC separation of the compounds and quantitation were achieved by simultaneous injection of the derivatized  and derivatized aliquots of the extract onto dual colmuns under identical conditions. The neutral steroids of interest were than identified by matching the  retention times with those of known standards, and identification was confirmed by use of an interfaced GLC high-resolution mass spectrometry system. The detection limit was 0.003 mg of steroid/g of fecal slurry. The pricision of the method is illustrated by a relative standard diviation of 2-10% and a recovery of neutral steroids from 73-96%. The method was applied to the determination of fecal neutral steroids in a \"High protein diet in colon cancer study\". A considerably larger level of coprostanone than of coprostanol was observed. Data on neutral steroids in fecal samples from subjects on different diets are the subject of a separate publication.", "PMID": 326802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10199", "title": "Further evaluation of the test for detection of antibody-coated bacteria in urine sediment.", "content": "To assess the reproducibility of the test for detection of antibody-coated bacteria in urine sediment as it might be used in a diagnostic laboratory for classification of urinary tract infections, multiple urine specimens from 83 patients were tested. The results were reproducible and consistent, or if inconsistent potentially explainable, in all but four patients. The explanation for inconsistencies include the immune response to the infecting bacteria, nonspecificity of the antibody coating the bacteria, antibody in prostatic secretions, and antibody-coated bacteria contaminating the urine specimens.", "contents": "Further evaluation of the test for detection of antibody-coated bacteria in urine sediment. To assess the reproducibility of the test for detection of antibody-coated bacteria in urine sediment as it might be used in a diagnostic laboratory for classification of urinary tract infections, multiple urine specimens from 83 patients were tested. The results were reproducible and consistent, or if inconsistent potentially explainable, in all but four patients. The explanation for inconsistencies include the immune response to the infecting bacteria, nonspecificity of the antibody coating the bacteria, antibody in prostatic secretions, and antibody-coated bacteria contaminating the urine specimens.", "PMID": 326807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10200", "title": "Template method for the fluorescent-antibody technique.", "content": "An easily constructed and inexpensive template has been developed, which enables the fluorescent-antibody technique to be applied to serial dilutions and allows 18 assays on a single microscope slide.", "contents": "Template method for the fluorescent-antibody technique. An easily constructed and inexpensive template has been developed, which enables the fluorescent-antibody technique to be applied to serial dilutions and allows 18 assays on a single microscope slide.", "PMID": 326808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10201", "title": "Comparison of the BACTOMETER microbial monitoring system with conventional methods for detection of microorganisms in urine specimens.", "content": "A rapid impedance-based screen for bacteriuria (less than 10(5) organisms per ml) was compared with a standard loop method, using 156 clinical urine specimens. Agreement between the methods was 96.8%.", "contents": "Comparison of the BACTOMETER microbial monitoring system with conventional methods for detection of microorganisms in urine specimens. A rapid impedance-based screen for bacteriuria (less than 10(5) organisms per ml) was compared with a standard loop method, using 156 clinical urine specimens. Agreement between the methods was 96.8%.", "PMID": 326809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10202", "title": "Glucagon and insulin binding to liver membranes in a partially nephrectomized uremic rat model.", "content": "To investigate the role of glucagon and insulin receptor binding in the glucagon hypersensitivity and insulin resistance which characterize the glucose intolerance of uremia, liver plasma membranes were prepared from control rats (blood urea nitrogen [BUN] 15+/-1 mg/100 ml, creatinine 0.7+/-0.2 mg/100 ml), and from 70% nephrectomized rats (BUN 30+/-2 mg/100 ml, creatinine 2.2+/-0.2 mg/100 ml), and from 90% nephrectomized rats (BUN 46+/-3 mg/100 ml, creatinine 4.20+/-0.7 mg/100 ml), 4 wk after surgery. As compared to controls, the 90% nephrectomized rats had significantly higher levels of plasma glucose (95+/-4 vs. 125+/-11 mg/100 ml), plasma insulin (28+/-9 vs. 52+/-11 muU/ml), and plasma glucagon (28+/-5 vs. 215+/-18 pg/ml). Similar, but less marked, elevations were observed in the 70% nephrectomized animals. In liver plasma membranes from nephrectomized rats, specific binding of (125)I-glucagon was increased by 80-120%. Furthermore, glucagon (2 muM)-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in nephrectomized rats was twofold higher than in controls. In contrast, fluoridestimulated adenylate cyclase activity was similar in both groups of rats. In marked contrast to glucagon binding, specific binding of (125)I-insulin to liver membranes from nephrectomized rats was reduced by 40-50% as compared to controls. Data analysis suggested that the changes in both glucagon and insulin binding are a consequence of alterations in binding capacity rather than changes in affinity. Liver plasma membranes from nephrectomized rats degraded (125)I-glucagon and (125)I-insulin to the same extent as control rats. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT: (a) the 70 and 90% nephrectomized rats simulate the hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglucagonemia observed in clinical uremia; (b) in these animals specific binding of glucagon to liver membranes is increased and is accompanied by higher glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity; and (c) specific binding of insulin is markedly decreased. These findings thus provide evidence of oppositely directed, simultaneous changes in glucagon and insulin receptor binding in partially nephrectomized rats. Such changes may account for the hypersensitivity to glucagon and may contribute to resistance to insulin observed in the glucose intolerance of uremia.", "contents": "Glucagon and insulin binding to liver membranes in a partially nephrectomized uremic rat model. To investigate the role of glucagon and insulin receptor binding in the glucagon hypersensitivity and insulin resistance which characterize the glucose intolerance of uremia, liver plasma membranes were prepared from control rats (blood urea nitrogen [BUN] 15+/-1 mg/100 ml, creatinine 0.7+/-0.2 mg/100 ml), and from 70% nephrectomized rats (BUN 30+/-2 mg/100 ml, creatinine 2.2+/-0.2 mg/100 ml), and from 90% nephrectomized rats (BUN 46+/-3 mg/100 ml, creatinine 4.20+/-0.7 mg/100 ml), 4 wk after surgery. As compared to controls, the 90% nephrectomized rats had significantly higher levels of plasma glucose (95+/-4 vs. 125+/-11 mg/100 ml), plasma insulin (28+/-9 vs. 52+/-11 muU/ml), and plasma glucagon (28+/-5 vs. 215+/-18 pg/ml). Similar, but less marked, elevations were observed in the 70% nephrectomized animals. In liver plasma membranes from nephrectomized rats, specific binding of (125)I-glucagon was increased by 80-120%. Furthermore, glucagon (2 muM)-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in nephrectomized rats was twofold higher than in controls. In contrast, fluoridestimulated adenylate cyclase activity was similar in both groups of rats. In marked contrast to glucagon binding, specific binding of (125)I-insulin to liver membranes from nephrectomized rats was reduced by 40-50% as compared to controls. Data analysis suggested that the changes in both glucagon and insulin binding are a consequence of alterations in binding capacity rather than changes in affinity. Liver plasma membranes from nephrectomized rats degraded (125)I-glucagon and (125)I-insulin to the same extent as control rats. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT: (a) the 70 and 90% nephrectomized rats simulate the hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglucagonemia observed in clinical uremia; (b) in these animals specific binding of glucagon to liver membranes is increased and is accompanied by higher glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity; and (c) specific binding of insulin is markedly decreased. These findings thus provide evidence of oppositely directed, simultaneous changes in glucagon and insulin receptor binding in partially nephrectomized rats. Such changes may account for the hypersensitivity to glucagon and may contribute to resistance to insulin observed in the glucose intolerance of uremia.", "PMID": 326810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10203", "title": "Corticosteroid effect on granulopoiesis in mice after cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Corticosteroids cause an enhanced return of granulopoiesis as measured by in vitro growth of granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. After methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide, a greater than threefold increase in marrow CFU-C was measured on day 4 compared to mice given cyclophosphamide alone (29,700+/-200 vs. 8,400+/-700/humerus). The accelerated return of marrow CFU-C was observed with cyclophosphamide in doses of 200 and 450 mg/kg and methylprednisolone, 2-20 mg/kg, with no significant differences using >5 mg/kg, and was detected when dexamethasone was used in place of methylprednisolone. This effect was accompanied by similarly enhanced splenic granulopoiesis as measured by CFU-C concentration. Levels of colony stimulating activity did not differ in mice given methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide or cyclophosphamide alone. Corticosteroids appear to enhance the return of CFU-C by altering the proliferative state of granulocytic progenitor cells. CFU-C survival to in vitro (3)HTdR suicide increased from 72+/-4% on day 1 after cyclophosphamide to 90+/-6% in animals given both cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone. Increased survival after (3)HTdR suicide was also observed when methylprednisolone alone was given. After treatment with cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone, blood neutrophils increased more rapidly and improved survival to infection with Candida albicans was observed. These studies demonstrate that corticosteroids have a beneficial effect on marrow regeneration after myelotoxic chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and suggest that they act by altering cell cycle characteristics of granulocyte progenitor cells.", "contents": "Corticosteroid effect on granulopoiesis in mice after cyclophosphamide. Corticosteroids cause an enhanced return of granulopoiesis as measured by in vitro growth of granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. After methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide, a greater than threefold increase in marrow CFU-C was measured on day 4 compared to mice given cyclophosphamide alone (29,700+/-200 vs. 8,400+/-700/humerus). The accelerated return of marrow CFU-C was observed with cyclophosphamide in doses of 200 and 450 mg/kg and methylprednisolone, 2-20 mg/kg, with no significant differences using >5 mg/kg, and was detected when dexamethasone was used in place of methylprednisolone. This effect was accompanied by similarly enhanced splenic granulopoiesis as measured by CFU-C concentration. Levels of colony stimulating activity did not differ in mice given methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide or cyclophosphamide alone. Corticosteroids appear to enhance the return of CFU-C by altering the proliferative state of granulocytic progenitor cells. CFU-C survival to in vitro (3)HTdR suicide increased from 72+/-4% on day 1 after cyclophosphamide to 90+/-6% in animals given both cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone. Increased survival after (3)HTdR suicide was also observed when methylprednisolone alone was given. After treatment with cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone, blood neutrophils increased more rapidly and improved survival to infection with Candida albicans was observed. These studies demonstrate that corticosteroids have a beneficial effect on marrow regeneration after myelotoxic chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and suggest that they act by altering cell cycle characteristics of granulocyte progenitor cells.", "PMID": 326812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10204", "title": "The mobilization of arachidonic acid in platelets exposed to thrombin or ionophore A23187. Effects of adenosine triphosphate deprivation.", "content": "In studies conducted with human gel-filtered platelets, we have found: (a) that the release of serotonin and transfer of [3H]arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol to plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine which are associated with  the activation of platelets by thrombin are both strongly dependent upon the presence of metabolic ATP; (b) that serotonin release and arachidonic acid mobilization in labeled phosphatides are promoted by the calcium ionophore A-23187 in media free of calcium ions; (c) that inhibitors of ATP synthesis, while leading to impairment of the release reaction induced by ionophore, do not inhibit ionophore-stimulated mobilization of arachidonic acid. We conclude that the activation of phospholipase A2 responsible for freeing arachidonic acid from platelet phosphatides is solely dependent upon the increased cytoplasmic levels of calcium ions promoted by either ionophore or, in an energy-dependent fashion by thrombin. Phospholipase activation is not a function of latent hydrolytic activity made available by the release reaction.", "contents": "The mobilization of arachidonic acid in platelets exposed to thrombin or ionophore A23187. Effects of adenosine triphosphate deprivation. In studies conducted with human gel-filtered platelets, we have found: (a) that the release of serotonin and transfer of [3H]arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol to plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine which are associated with  the activation of platelets by thrombin are both strongly dependent upon the presence of metabolic ATP; (b) that serotonin release and arachidonic acid mobilization in labeled phosphatides are promoted by the calcium ionophore A-23187 in media free of calcium ions; (c) that inhibitors of ATP synthesis, while leading to impairment of the release reaction induced by ionophore, do not inhibit ionophore-stimulated mobilization of arachidonic acid. We conclude that the activation of phospholipase A2 responsible for freeing arachidonic acid from platelet phosphatides is solely dependent upon the increased cytoplasmic levels of calcium ions promoted by either ionophore or, in an energy-dependent fashion by thrombin. Phospholipase activation is not a function of latent hydrolytic activity made available by the release reaction.", "PMID": 326813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10205", "title": "Factors affecting the value of a simple biochemical scheme for identifying Enterobacteriaceae: the reproducible recognition of biotypes.", "content": "A biochemical screening scheme on agar media for differentiating Enterobacteriaceae in a hospital laboratory is evaluated. Careful observation of test reactions within the scheme permitted the recognition of 78 biotypic reaction patterns which could contribute to epidemiological surveillance. The limitations of the technique are described and discussed and methods of importance in ensuring the reproducibility of reaction patterns emphasised.", "contents": "Factors affecting the value of a simple biochemical scheme for identifying Enterobacteriaceae: the reproducible recognition of biotypes. A biochemical screening scheme on agar media for differentiating Enterobacteriaceae in a hospital laboratory is evaluated. Careful observation of test reactions within the scheme permitted the recognition of 78 biotypic reaction patterns which could contribute to epidemiological surveillance. The limitations of the technique are described and discussed and methods of importance in ensuring the reproducibility of reaction patterns emphasised.", "PMID": 326814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10206", "title": "The API ZYM system in the identification of Gram-negative anaerobes.", "content": "The API ZYM reactions of type species of Gram-negative anaerobes representative of those encountered in human infections and of 56 clinical isolates of such organisms, identified by conventional techniques, were investigated. The API ZYM test clearly distinguished between the different genera and species examined and appears to provide a simple, reliable method for the identification of this group of organisms.", "contents": "The API ZYM system in the identification of Gram-negative anaerobes. The API ZYM reactions of type species of Gram-negative anaerobes representative of those encountered in human infections and of 56 clinical isolates of such organisms, identified by conventional techniques, were investigated. The API ZYM test clearly distinguished between the different genera and species examined and appears to provide a simple, reliable method for the identification of this group of organisms.", "PMID": 326815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10207", "title": "Modification of the microimmunofluorescence test to provide a routine serodiagnostic test for chlamydial infection.", "content": "A modification of the microimmunofluorescence test to provide a practicable routine serodiagnostic test for detecting and characterising chlamydial infection is described which uses four antigen pools, one of which corresponds with each of the four main clinical and epidemiological types of chlamydial infection. The three subgroup A Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) pools are: pool 1, hyperendemic trachoma TRIC agent serotypes A, B, and C; pool 2, paratrachoma TRIC agent serotypes D, E, F, G, H, I, and K; pool 3, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) agent serotypes L1, L2, and L3. Pool 4 contained four representative isolates of subgroup B Chlamydia (Chlamydia psittaci). For routine purposes sera need be screened only against these four representative antigen pools. This will detect antibody and indicate which clinical and epidemiological type of chlamydial infection is implicated, thereby clearly distinguishing those infections that are due to C. psittaci. The pattern of the cross-reactions may indicate the individual serotype involved, and further titration requiring a maximum of four individual antigens is sufficient to determine the serotype. The slight loss in sensitivity (twofold) is more than compensated for by the reduction in cost and the tenfold increase in the total number of sera which can be examined.", "contents": "Modification of the microimmunofluorescence test to provide a routine serodiagnostic test for chlamydial infection. A modification of the microimmunofluorescence test to provide a practicable routine serodiagnostic test for detecting and characterising chlamydial infection is described which uses four antigen pools, one of which corresponds with each of the four main clinical and epidemiological types of chlamydial infection. The three subgroup A Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) pools are: pool 1, hyperendemic trachoma TRIC agent serotypes A, B, and C; pool 2, paratrachoma TRIC agent serotypes D, E, F, G, H, I, and K; pool 3, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) agent serotypes L1, L2, and L3. Pool 4 contained four representative isolates of subgroup B Chlamydia (Chlamydia psittaci). For routine purposes sera need be screened only against these four representative antigen pools. This will detect antibody and indicate which clinical and epidemiological type of chlamydial infection is implicated, thereby clearly distinguishing those infections that are due to C. psittaci. The pattern of the cross-reactions may indicate the individual serotype involved, and further titration requiring a maximum of four individual antigens is sufficient to determine the serotype. The slight loss in sensitivity (twofold) is more than compensated for by the reduction in cost and the tenfold increase in the total number of sera which can be examined.", "PMID": 326816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10208", "title": "Laboratory assessment of physical and chemical methods of preserving urine specimens.", "content": "Three methods of preserving simulated specimens of urine were studied with six test strains of bacteria. Viable counts were measured by a surface viable count and by the filter-paper-strip method during a holding period of 72 hours. Refrigeration at approximately 4 degrees C was effective and reliable. Boric acid (1-8%) at room temperature was toxic for the strain of Escherichia coli at a density of 10(7) cfu/ml but this may not be significant at the higher concentration of bacterial cells often found in clinical specimens. NaCl-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions containing PVP of mol. wt 44 000 or 700 000 were not effective; they were toxic for the Gram-negative strains and did not retard the growth of Micrococcus subgroup 3. The two methods of measuring viable counts were compared for specimens held under different conditions; the specificity of the filter-paper-strip method was high but the sensitivity was low when many of the specimens contained approximately 10(5) cfu/ml.", "contents": "Laboratory assessment of physical and chemical methods of preserving urine specimens. Three methods of preserving simulated specimens of urine were studied with six test strains of bacteria. Viable counts were measured by a surface viable count and by the filter-paper-strip method during a holding period of 72 hours. Refrigeration at approximately 4 degrees C was effective and reliable. Boric acid (1-8%) at room temperature was toxic for the strain of Escherichia coli at a density of 10(7) cfu/ml but this may not be significant at the higher concentration of bacterial cells often found in clinical specimens. NaCl-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions containing PVP of mol. wt 44 000 or 700 000 were not effective; they were toxic for the Gram-negative strains and did not retard the growth of Micrococcus subgroup 3. The two methods of measuring viable counts were compared for specimens held under different conditions; the specificity of the filter-paper-strip method was high but the sensitivity was low when many of the specimens contained approximately 10(5) cfu/ml.", "PMID": 326817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10209", "title": "Intracellular lysozyme and lactoferrin in myeloproliferative disorders.", "content": "Samples from 49 cases of myeloproliferative diseases were tested by an immunocytochemical technique for leucocyte lysozyme and lactoferrin. The presence of these constituents in myeloid precursors from cases of acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia reflected the degree of cellular maturation, lysozyme appearing (as it does in normal myeloid cells) at the stage of primary granule production (in promyelocytes), while lactoferrin wad detectable only in more mature, secondary granule-containing myeloid cells. Auer rods stained positively for lysozyme, in keeping with their relationship to primary granules. Monocytes from five cases of leukaemia showing predominantly monocytic differentiation were indistinguishable from normal monocytes in their staining reactions for lysozyme despite the presence of raised serum and urinary lysozyme levels. In four cases of acute myeloid leukaemia circulating polymorphs deficient in lactoferrin were detected: in one of these cases a similar percentage of polymorphs was lysozyme negative.", "contents": "Intracellular lysozyme and lactoferrin in myeloproliferative disorders. Samples from 49 cases of myeloproliferative diseases were tested by an immunocytochemical technique for leucocyte lysozyme and lactoferrin. The presence of these constituents in myeloid precursors from cases of acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia reflected the degree of cellular maturation, lysozyme appearing (as it does in normal myeloid cells) at the stage of primary granule production (in promyelocytes), while lactoferrin wad detectable only in more mature, secondary granule-containing myeloid cells. Auer rods stained positively for lysozyme, in keeping with their relationship to primary granules. Monocytes from five cases of leukaemia showing predominantly monocytic differentiation were indistinguishable from normal monocytes in their staining reactions for lysozyme despite the presence of raised serum and urinary lysozyme levels. In four cases of acute myeloid leukaemia circulating polymorphs deficient in lactoferrin were detected: in one of these cases a similar percentage of polymorphs was lysozyme negative.", "PMID": 326818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10210", "title": "Immunohistochemical study of lichen planus.", "content": "The distribution of IgM and IgG in 20 cases of lichen planus and five cases of non-specific inflammation were studied by the unlabelled antibody-enzyme (PAP) technique. Routine paraffin sections were used. In lichen planus deposits of immunoglobulins were seen in and around epithelial cells, in colloid bodies, at epidermo-dermal junctions, and in some inflammatory cells. All cases examined for IgM and eight out of 13 cases examined for IgG were positive. The peripheral migrating epidermal cells were mostly negative. The application of the PAP technique to skin biopsy and the significance of the findings in lichen planus are discussed.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical study of lichen planus. The distribution of IgM and IgG in 20 cases of lichen planus and five cases of non-specific inflammation were studied by the unlabelled antibody-enzyme (PAP) technique. Routine paraffin sections were used. In lichen planus deposits of immunoglobulins were seen in and around epithelial cells, in colloid bodies, at epidermo-dermal junctions, and in some inflammatory cells. All cases examined for IgM and eight out of 13 cases examined for IgG were positive. The peripheral migrating epidermal cells were mostly negative. The application of the PAP technique to skin biopsy and the significance of the findings in lichen planus are discussed.", "PMID": 326819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10211", "title": "Cell volume to aid analysis and technique of somatic cell counts in milk.", "content": "In conjunction with a Coulter Counter, somatic cells in milk were sized by electronic analysis. Quarter milk from cows with mastitis had a cell volume peak with a modal cell volume of 102  mu3 while milk from healthy quarters had no peak. Bulk milks with a peak had higher cell counts than milks where there was no peak. Dimensions of peak from bulk milks were the same as from quarter milks. Modal cell volume and cell count varied after milks were fixed with varying concentrations and types of fixative. The concentration of fixative recommended by the International Dairy Federation was sufficient, but only marginally so, and it should be increased.", "contents": "Cell volume to aid analysis and technique of somatic cell counts in milk. In conjunction with a Coulter Counter, somatic cells in milk were sized by electronic analysis. Quarter milk from cows with mastitis had a cell volume peak with a modal cell volume of 102  mu3 while milk from healthy quarters had no peak. Bulk milks with a peak had higher cell counts than milks where there was no peak. Dimensions of peak from bulk milks were the same as from quarter milks. Modal cell volume and cell count varied after milks were fixed with varying concentrations and types of fixative. The concentration of fixative recommended by the International Dairy Federation was sufficient, but only marginally so, and it should be increased.", "PMID": 326826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10212", "title": "Cerebral ventricle cannulation in the calf.", "content": "A stereotaxic apparatus and procedure for surgically implanting guide cannulae for access to the cerebral ventricles of the calf are described. This type of implant permits chronic ventricular injections and collections of mililiter quantities of cerebrospinal fluid from the nonanesthetized calf.", "contents": "Cerebral ventricle cannulation in the calf. A stereotaxic apparatus and procedure for surgically implanting guide cannulae for access to the cerebral ventricles of the calf are described. This type of implant permits chronic ventricular injections and collections of mililiter quantities of cerebrospinal fluid from the nonanesthetized calf.", "PMID": 326827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10213", "title": "Pinch grafting for chronic ulcers on lower extremities.", "content": "Chronic ulceration of the skin of the lower extremities continues to be a difficult therapeutic problem. Pinch grafting of ulcers of the legs from a variety of causes, has proved to be highly successful. The success rate and complications of this procedure performed in the Department of Dermatology at the University of Iowa over a five-year period (1971-1975) are reviewed. The basic technique and pre-operative and post-operative care are outlined. Management of difficult cases by using such techniques as the Jobst pump, heterograft skin dressings, and sublesional steroid injection is also discussed.", "contents": "Pinch grafting for chronic ulcers on lower extremities. Chronic ulceration of the skin of the lower extremities continues to be a difficult therapeutic problem. Pinch grafting of ulcers of the legs from a variety of causes, has proved to be highly successful. The success rate and complications of this procedure performed in the Department of Dermatology at the University of Iowa over a five-year period (1971-1975) are reviewed. The basic technique and pre-operative and post-operative care are outlined. Management of difficult cases by using such techniques as the Jobst pump, heterograft skin dressings, and sublesional steroid injection is also discussed.", "PMID": 326834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10214", "title": "Complications of the tunnel-graft procedure for attachment of a hairpiece: a review of 100 cases.", "content": "The office procedure of creating tunnel grafts for attachment of hairpieces is not without complications. Early complications such as a hematoma under a graft, bacterial infection, and maceration of the epithelium lining the tunnels tended to be acute, but minor. Late complications, such as cutting in of the clips into the roofs of tunnels or stretching of the tunnel-graft roof, were mainly of a mechanical nature. Recommendations for reducing the indicence of such complications are made.", "contents": "Complications of the tunnel-graft procedure for attachment of a hairpiece: a review of 100 cases. The office procedure of creating tunnel grafts for attachment of hairpieces is not without complications. Early complications such as a hematoma under a graft, bacterial infection, and maceration of the epithelium lining the tunnels tended to be acute, but minor. Late complications, such as cutting in of the clips into the roofs of tunnels or stretching of the tunnel-graft roof, were mainly of a mechanical nature. Recommendations for reducing the indicence of such complications are made.", "PMID": 326836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10215", "title": "A double-blind evaluation of the use of nebulized metaproterenol and isoproterenol in hospitalized asthmatic children and adolescents.", "content": "This study compared two beta-adrenergic agents in the treatment of severe asthma of children and adolescents. Thirty patients admitted to Children's Orthopedic Hospital and Medical Center with acute asthma were treated with either isoproterenol 0.05% (iso) or metaproterenol 0.5% (meta) nebulized in physiologic saline and delivered with O2 in addition to intravenous hydration, aminophylline, and corticosteroids. Vital signs, blood gases, and pulmonary function were monitored frequently. No adverse reactions to the study drugs were encountered. Pulse rates increased similarly after treatments with both drugs. Patients treated with meta had somewhat higher rates than those treated with iso. Diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly from admission in the meta group compared to the iso group. For FVC and FEV1, the meta group had greater percentage increases from admission than the iso group at all times, with the difference being significant (p less than 0.05) at 1 and 12 hr. The same trend occurred for FEF 25%-75%. Though iso seemed to cause greater increases in flow immediately after administrations, these changes were transient compared to improvement caused by meta. Thus, meta seemed to be more effective than iso in reversing bronchospasm as measured by certain pulmonary function parameters.", "contents": "A double-blind evaluation of the use of nebulized metaproterenol and isoproterenol in hospitalized asthmatic children and adolescents. This study compared two beta-adrenergic agents in the treatment of severe asthma of children and adolescents. Thirty patients admitted to Children's Orthopedic Hospital and Medical Center with acute asthma were treated with either isoproterenol 0.05% (iso) or metaproterenol 0.5% (meta) nebulized in physiologic saline and delivered with O2 in addition to intravenous hydration, aminophylline, and corticosteroids. Vital signs, blood gases, and pulmonary function were monitored frequently. No adverse reactions to the study drugs were encountered. Pulse rates increased similarly after treatments with both drugs. Patients treated with meta had somewhat higher rates than those treated with iso. Diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly from admission in the meta group compared to the iso group. For FVC and FEV1, the meta group had greater percentage increases from admission than the iso group at all times, with the difference being significant (p less than 0.05) at 1 and 12 hr. The same trend occurred for FEF 25%-75%. Though iso seemed to cause greater increases in flow immediately after administrations, these changes were transient compared to improvement caused by meta. Thus, meta seemed to be more effective than iso in reversing bronchospasm as measured by certain pulmonary function parameters.", "PMID": 326847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10216", "title": "Psychic reactions to long-term hemodialysis: evaluation in the elderly by means of the Draw-A-Person Test.", "content": "Twelve patients who attended a daytime session in a hemodialysis unit were studied. Most were older than patients whose adaptation has been the subject of previous reports. Problems of life satisfaction for these elderly patients often are different from those for younger persons. Most of the group showed maladaptive reactions which interfered with their activities when away from the unit. The Draw-A-Person test was a useful tool in pinpointing these reactions, which can lead to feelings of helplessness and depression. Factors which encourage good adaptation to long-term hemodialysis are discussed.", "contents": "Psychic reactions to long-term hemodialysis: evaluation in the elderly by means of the Draw-A-Person Test. Twelve patients who attended a daytime session in a hemodialysis unit were studied. Most were older than patients whose adaptation has been the subject of previous reports. Problems of life satisfaction for these elderly patients often are different from those for younger persons. Most of the group showed maladaptive reactions which interfered with their activities when away from the unit. The Draw-A-Person test was a useful tool in pinpointing these reactions, which can lead to feelings of helplessness and depression. Factors which encourage good adaptation to long-term hemodialysis are discussed.", "PMID": 326854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10217", "title": "The role of activated accessory cells in preventing immunosuppression by hydrocortisone.", "content": "The generation of humoral immunity in vitro by normal and antigen-primed mouse spleen cells was suppressed by in vitro treatment with hydrocortisone. Functions of normal and antigen-activated helper T lymphocytes and of accessory cells were inhibited by the corticosteroids. Spleen cells cultured overnight in medium containing fetal bovine serum became highly resistant to the effects of hydrocortisone. Similar resistance was found to occur when spleen cells were cultured with accessory cells that previously had been activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These studies show that immunologically nonspecific processes significantly alter the effects of the steroids on specific immune responses and suggest that accessory cell products modulate T cells in ways which differ from antigen induction.", "contents": "The role of activated accessory cells in preventing immunosuppression by hydrocortisone. The generation of humoral immunity in vitro by normal and antigen-primed mouse spleen cells was suppressed by in vitro treatment with hydrocortisone. Functions of normal and antigen-activated helper T lymphocytes and of accessory cells were inhibited by the corticosteroids. Spleen cells cultured overnight in medium containing fetal bovine serum became highly resistant to the effects of hydrocortisone. Similar resistance was found to occur when spleen cells were cultured with accessory cells that previously had been activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These studies show that immunologically nonspecific processes significantly alter the effects of the steroids on specific immune responses and suggest that accessory cell products modulate T cells in ways which differ from antigen induction.", "PMID": 326953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10218", "title": "Human monocyte-lymphocyte interaction: a new technique.", "content": "A rosette-type assay of the physical interaction between lymphocytes and monocytes after treatment with neuraminidase-galactose oxidase (NGAO) is reported. Monocyte-lymphocyte (ML) rosette formation and subsequent lymphocyte proliferation occurred when either lymphocytes or homologous monocytes were treated with NGAO and cultured together. Maximal ML rosette formation took place at 37 degrees C 4 hr after culture in media containing 10% serum at lymphocyte to monocyte ratios of 10:1 to 20:1. The percentage of rosette formation correlated with the extent of thymidine incorporation when increasing concentrations of NGAO were used. When NGAO-treated monocytes were added to untreated T and non-T lymphocytes, they bound preferentially to T lymphocytes and induced proliferation only in the T subpopulation. These results indicate that the ML rosette assay measures a highly specific monocyte-lymphocyte physical interaction after a mitogenic stimulus which is an early event in lymphocyte activation since it reflects the degree of subsequent lymphocyte proliferation.", "contents": "Human monocyte-lymphocyte interaction: a new technique. A rosette-type assay of the physical interaction between lymphocytes and monocytes after treatment with neuraminidase-galactose oxidase (NGAO) is reported. Monocyte-lymphocyte (ML) rosette formation and subsequent lymphocyte proliferation occurred when either lymphocytes or homologous monocytes were treated with NGAO and cultured together. Maximal ML rosette formation took place at 37 degrees C 4 hr after culture in media containing 10% serum at lymphocyte to monocyte ratios of 10:1 to 20:1. The percentage of rosette formation correlated with the extent of thymidine incorporation when increasing concentrations of NGAO were used. When NGAO-treated monocytes were added to untreated T and non-T lymphocytes, they bound preferentially to T lymphocytes and induced proliferation only in the T subpopulation. These results indicate that the ML rosette assay measures a highly specific monocyte-lymphocyte physical interaction after a mitogenic stimulus which is an early event in lymphocyte activation since it reflects the degree of subsequent lymphocyte proliferation.", "PMID": 326954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10219", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane-associated immunoglobulins during malaria infection of mice.", "content": "Immunoglobulin (Ig) is associated with erythrocyte membranes during infection of A/J mice with Plasmodium berghei. It was detected by agglutination of the cells with rabbit antibodies to mouse IgG and by a radioimmunoassay with 125I-labelled rabbit antibodies to mouse IgG. As shown by the degree of agglutination and of binding of radiolabeled antibodies to the erythrocyte membranes, the amount of Ig increased with time after infection and paralleled parasitemia and reticulocytosis. The erythrocyte-associated immunoglobulins are mainly IgG but IgM was also present on the cells of some mice. A large proportion of the Ig could be eluted at 37 degrees C and was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. A radioautographic study with 125I-labeled anti-mouse IgG revealed that both parasitized and nonparasitized reticulocytes of infected mice had much larger amounts of membrane-bound immunoglobulin than did mature, nonparasitized erythrocytes. The nature of the bonds between the Ig and the surface membrane of the reticulocytes is not known. The Ig could be part of immune complexes nonspecifically bound to the cell surface. However, since we have not detected Fc or C3d receptors on reticulocytes, it is possible that the Ig constitutes autoantibodies against reticulocytes or antibodies against parasitic antigens present on the cell membrane.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane-associated immunoglobulins during malaria infection of mice. Immunoglobulin (Ig) is associated with erythrocyte membranes during infection of A/J mice with Plasmodium berghei. It was detected by agglutination of the cells with rabbit antibodies to mouse IgG and by a radioimmunoassay with 125I-labelled rabbit antibodies to mouse IgG. As shown by the degree of agglutination and of binding of radiolabeled antibodies to the erythrocyte membranes, the amount of Ig increased with time after infection and paralleled parasitemia and reticulocytosis. The erythrocyte-associated immunoglobulins are mainly IgG but IgM was also present on the cells of some mice. A large proportion of the Ig could be eluted at 37 degrees C and was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. A radioautographic study with 125I-labeled anti-mouse IgG revealed that both parasitized and nonparasitized reticulocytes of infected mice had much larger amounts of membrane-bound immunoglobulin than did mature, nonparasitized erythrocytes. The nature of the bonds between the Ig and the surface membrane of the reticulocytes is not known. The Ig could be part of immune complexes nonspecifically bound to the cell surface. However, since we have not detected Fc or C3d receptors on reticulocytes, it is possible that the Ig constitutes autoantibodies against reticulocytes or antibodies against parasitic antigens present on the cell membrane.", "PMID": 326956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10220", "title": "In vivo immune response suppression by the supernatant from concanavalin A-activated spleen cells.", "content": "Supernatants from concanavalin A- (Con A) activated murine spleen cells have been shown to suppress the in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The present study examined the effect of such Con A-activated spleen cell supernatants (herein termed CONS) on the in vivo immune response to SRBC in C57BL/6, BALB/c and CDF1 mice. CONS derived from BALB/c spleen cells suppressed direct PFC 4 and 8 days after immunization with 2 X 10(8) SRBC. CONS also suppressed indirect PFC 8 days after immunization, as well as serum hemagglutinins to SRBC. The PFC response of C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice was suppressed as much as that of BALB/c (H-2d) by CONS derived from BALB/c mice, indicating a lack of H-2 specificity of the CONS. In addition to suppression of the antibody response to SRBC, in vivo CONS administration resulted in reduction in spleen cell number. This reduction was not sufficient to explain the decreased PFC response. When the CONS was separated into less than 10,000 m.w. and greater than or equal to 10,000 m.w. fractions, the immunosuppressive activity was found in the less than 10,000 m.w. fraction. This observation suggests that intact interferon, SIRS, and MIF were not responsible for the results obtained.", "contents": "In vivo immune response suppression by the supernatant from concanavalin A-activated spleen cells. Supernatants from concanavalin A- (Con A) activated murine spleen cells have been shown to suppress the in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The present study examined the effect of such Con A-activated spleen cell supernatants (herein termed CONS) on the in vivo immune response to SRBC in C57BL/6, BALB/c and CDF1 mice. CONS derived from BALB/c spleen cells suppressed direct PFC 4 and 8 days after immunization with 2 X 10(8) SRBC. CONS also suppressed indirect PFC 8 days after immunization, as well as serum hemagglutinins to SRBC. The PFC response of C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice was suppressed as much as that of BALB/c (H-2d) by CONS derived from BALB/c mice, indicating a lack of H-2 specificity of the CONS. In addition to suppression of the antibody response to SRBC, in vivo CONS administration resulted in reduction in spleen cell number. This reduction was not sufficient to explain the decreased PFC response. When the CONS was separated into less than 10,000 m.w. and greater than or equal to 10,000 m.w. fractions, the immunosuppressive activity was found in the less than 10,000 m.w. fraction. This observation suggests that intact interferon, SIRS, and MIF were not responsible for the results obtained.", "PMID": 326957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10221", "title": "Identification of RNA as a complement inhibitory component in an extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "A factor capable of inhibiting complement was obtained from intact Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by mild extraction with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The inhibitor caused a decrease in extent of lysis of EAC14 with a concomitant extension of Tmax. EA, EAC1, EAC4 and EAC142 were all less susceptible to complement-mediated lysis after treatment with the tumor cell extract. Partial purification of a complement inhibitor was accomplished. The inhibitor was rich in RNA and its activity was totally destroyed by RNAase but not DNAase. RNA from mouse tissues, yeast, and Escherichia coli also inhibited complement hemolytic activity. The partially purified material only inhibited lysis of EAC1 and EAC14. Slow inhibition of fluid phase C1 was also demonstrated. In addition, RNA-rich partially purified tumor cell extract was capable of precipitating with purified human C1q.", "contents": "Identification of RNA as a complement inhibitory component in an extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. A factor capable of inhibiting complement was obtained from intact Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by mild extraction with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The inhibitor caused a decrease in extent of lysis of EAC14 with a concomitant extension of Tmax. EA, EAC1, EAC4 and EAC142 were all less susceptible to complement-mediated lysis after treatment with the tumor cell extract. Partial purification of a complement inhibitor was accomplished. The inhibitor was rich in RNA and its activity was totally destroyed by RNAase but not DNAase. RNA from mouse tissues, yeast, and Escherichia coli also inhibited complement hemolytic activity. The partially purified material only inhibited lysis of EAC1 and EAC14. Slow inhibition of fluid phase C1 was also demonstrated. In addition, RNA-rich partially purified tumor cell extract was capable of precipitating with purified human C1q.", "PMID": 326959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10222", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of IgG and IgM rheumatoid factors reacting with human IgG.", "content": "Although IgG rheumatoid factor may play a central role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, previously there have been no precise methods for its specific measurement in serum and synovial fluid. This paper describes a solid phase radioimmunoassay for the independent quantification of IgM and IgG rheumatoid factor reacting with the Fc fragment of human IgG. As measured by this assay, serum IgG rheumatoid factor levels differed significantly between patients with seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis and normal control subjects. In addition, several sera and joint fluids from patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, even without vasculitis, were shown by gel chromatography to have acid-dissociable complexes of IgG rheumatoid factor suggestive of IgG-IgG dimer or trimer formation.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of IgG and IgM rheumatoid factors reacting with human IgG. Although IgG rheumatoid factor may play a central role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, previously there have been no precise methods for its specific measurement in serum and synovial fluid. This paper describes a solid phase radioimmunoassay for the independent quantification of IgM and IgG rheumatoid factor reacting with the Fc fragment of human IgG. As measured by this assay, serum IgG rheumatoid factor levels differed significantly between patients with seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis and normal control subjects. In addition, several sera and joint fluids from patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, even without vasculitis, were shown by gel chromatography to have acid-dissociable complexes of IgG rheumatoid factor suggestive of IgG-IgG dimer or trimer formation.", "PMID": 326961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10223", "title": "Fc receptors on mouse effector cells mediating natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells.", "content": "Mouse effector cells mediating natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells have been previously thought to be lymphocytes that lack any detectable cell surface markers. The present study presents evidence for receptors for the Fc portion of IgG on these cells. By adsorption of cytotoxic spleen cells on monolayers of sheep erythrocytes (E) plus IgG antibodies to sheep erythrocytes (EA), 50 to 96% of the total cytotoxic reactivity could be removed. Parallel adsorption of cells on E monolayers or on EA monolayers coated with protein A, to block the Fc portion of IgG, resulted in little or no depletion of cytotoxic activity. The presence of Fc receptors on the NK cells was confirmed by combining EA rosette formation with velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Peak cytotoxicity occurred at the same sedimentation velocity as the peak of Fc-positive cells. After EA rosette formation, there was a shift to a higher sedimentation velocity in the Fc-positive cells and in the natural cytotoxic activity. The increase in sedimentation velocity of NK activity that was observed in these experiments indicated that most of the cells had only bound a small number (three or four) of antibody-coated erythrocytes. Together, these data indicate that cells with Fc receptors account for most of the total lytic activity of normal mouse spleen cells.", "contents": "Fc receptors on mouse effector cells mediating natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Mouse effector cells mediating natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells have been previously thought to be lymphocytes that lack any detectable cell surface markers. The present study presents evidence for receptors for the Fc portion of IgG on these cells. By adsorption of cytotoxic spleen cells on monolayers of sheep erythrocytes (E) plus IgG antibodies to sheep erythrocytes (EA), 50 to 96% of the total cytotoxic reactivity could be removed. Parallel adsorption of cells on E monolayers or on EA monolayers coated with protein A, to block the Fc portion of IgG, resulted in little or no depletion of cytotoxic activity. The presence of Fc receptors on the NK cells was confirmed by combining EA rosette formation with velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Peak cytotoxicity occurred at the same sedimentation velocity as the peak of Fc-positive cells. After EA rosette formation, there was a shift to a higher sedimentation velocity in the Fc-positive cells and in the natural cytotoxic activity. The increase in sedimentation velocity of NK activity that was observed in these experiments indicated that most of the cells had only bound a small number (three or four) of antibody-coated erythrocytes. Together, these data indicate that cells with Fc receptors account for most of the total lytic activity of normal mouse spleen cells.", "PMID": 326962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10224", "title": "Strain variation in BCG-induced chronic pulmonary inflammation in mice. I. Basic model and possible genetic control by non-H-2 genes.", "content": "C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) responded in a dose-dependent fashion to killed BCG by marked enlargement of the spleen and lung. Neither CBA nor C3H mice (haplotype H-2k) responded to such treatment. Pulmonary inflammation in responder B6 animals was characterized by a marked chronic interstitial and alveolar granulomatous process, and was accompanied by occasional granulomata, hyperemia, and loss of architecture in the spleen. Inflammation in non-responder CBA and C3H animals was minimal in both the lung and spleen. The response does not appear to be controlled by genes within the major histocompatibility complex, but is associated with a C57 background. B10.BR mice (responder background, H-2k) were responder animals and C3H.SW mice (nonresponder background, H-2b) were nonresponders. In addition, all animals tested with a C57 background were responders even though two of these strains were not H-2b (C57BL/Ks, H-2d and C57Br/cd, H-2k). The resolution of the mechanism of genetic control of this response in mice may provide information relevant to possible genetic control of chronic pulmonary inflammation in man.", "contents": "Strain variation in BCG-induced chronic pulmonary inflammation in mice. I. Basic model and possible genetic control by non-H-2 genes. C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) responded in a dose-dependent fashion to killed BCG by marked enlargement of the spleen and lung. Neither CBA nor C3H mice (haplotype H-2k) responded to such treatment. Pulmonary inflammation in responder B6 animals was characterized by a marked chronic interstitial and alveolar granulomatous process, and was accompanied by occasional granulomata, hyperemia, and loss of architecture in the spleen. Inflammation in non-responder CBA and C3H animals was minimal in both the lung and spleen. The response does not appear to be controlled by genes within the major histocompatibility complex, but is associated with a C57 background. B10.BR mice (responder background, H-2k) were responder animals and C3H.SW mice (nonresponder background, H-2b) were nonresponders. In addition, all animals tested with a C57 background were responders even though two of these strains were not H-2b (C57BL/Ks, H-2d and C57Br/cd, H-2k). The resolution of the mechanism of genetic control of this response in mice may provide information relevant to possible genetic control of chronic pulmonary inflammation in man.", "PMID": 326963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10225", "title": "No direct association between Ia antigens and Fc receptors on the B cell membrane.", "content": "The capping of Ia antigens does not induce redistribution of Fc receptors (FcR) on B lymphocytes. This rules out the possibility of a unidirectional association between Ia and FcR such as has been reported to link Ig and FcR. Ia-capping was achieved with hapten-sandwich antibodies devoid of Fc regions: hapten-conjugated Fab anti-Ia followed by (Fab')2 anti-hapten antibody. Three different immune complex systems were used to label FcR. With fluorescent double labeling, Ia and FcR were readily distinguished. The independent labeling and surface mobility of Ia and FcR are considered in connection with reports of the inhibition of FcR by anti-Ia antibodies.", "contents": "No direct association between Ia antigens and Fc receptors on the B cell membrane. The capping of Ia antigens does not induce redistribution of Fc receptors (FcR) on B lymphocytes. This rules out the possibility of a unidirectional association between Ia and FcR such as has been reported to link Ig and FcR. Ia-capping was achieved with hapten-sandwich antibodies devoid of Fc regions: hapten-conjugated Fab anti-Ia followed by (Fab')2 anti-hapten antibody. Three different immune complex systems were used to label FcR. With fluorescent double labeling, Ia and FcR were readily distinguished. The independent labeling and surface mobility of Ia and FcR are considered in connection with reports of the inhibition of FcR by anti-Ia antibodies.", "PMID": 326964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10226", "title": "Release of phospholipids from complement-mediated lesions on the surface structure of Escherichia coli.", "content": "When varying numbers of sensitized, 14C-labeled bacteria were treated with a certain amount of complement, in a fixed reaction volume, 14C compounds were liberated into the surrounding medium in proportion to the number of the bacteria, whereas the amount of the phospholipids liberated was constant regardless of the number of  the bacteria even in the range of relative excess of complement. Since it is conceivable that a certain amount of complement might form a fixed number of lesions on the surface of all the sensitized bacteria, the amount of the liberated phospholipids seems to be proportional to the number of complement lesions. The 14C-materials released from complement-attacked bacteria were analyzed by isopycnic sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and they were mainly free phospholipids and other smaller molecules. A small amount of the smaller membrane proteins were also released as revealed by acid and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results suggest that the release of phospholipids is due to the displacement of membrane lipids by the complexes of the late acting complement components during their insertion into the membrane lipid bilayer.", "contents": "Release of phospholipids from complement-mediated lesions on the surface structure of Escherichia coli. When varying numbers of sensitized, 14C-labeled bacteria were treated with a certain amount of complement, in a fixed reaction volume, 14C compounds were liberated into the surrounding medium in proportion to the number of the bacteria, whereas the amount of the phospholipids liberated was constant regardless of the number of  the bacteria even in the range of relative excess of complement. Since it is conceivable that a certain amount of complement might form a fixed number of lesions on the surface of all the sensitized bacteria, the amount of the liberated phospholipids seems to be proportional to the number of complement lesions. The 14C-materials released from complement-attacked bacteria were analyzed by isopycnic sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and they were mainly free phospholipids and other smaller molecules. A small amount of the smaller membrane proteins were also released as revealed by acid and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results suggest that the release of phospholipids is due to the displacement of membrane lipids by the complexes of the late acting complement components during their insertion into the membrane lipid bilayer.", "PMID": 326965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10227", "title": "Phospholipase C-labeled anti-human IgG: inhibition by human IgF.", "content": "We report here the inhibition of enzyme activity of phospholipase C-anti-human rabbit IgG conjugate complexed with human IgG. Phospholipase C activity was measured by assaying the release of hemoglobin from erythrocytes. The degree of inhibition varies depending on the relative amount of IgG utilized. A water soluble carbodiimide linking yields a conjugate which is inhibited by IgG, while conjugate prepared by glutaraldehyde is not. Immunodiagnostic assays requiring detection of low levels of antigen or antibody may be possible utilizing the phospholipase C-erythrocyte technique.", "contents": "Phospholipase C-labeled anti-human IgG: inhibition by human IgF. We report here the inhibition of enzyme activity of phospholipase C-anti-human rabbit IgG conjugate complexed with human IgG. Phospholipase C activity was measured by assaying the release of hemoglobin from erythrocytes. The degree of inhibition varies depending on the relative amount of IgG utilized. A water soluble carbodiimide linking yields a conjugate which is inhibited by IgG, while conjugate prepared by glutaraldehyde is not. Immunodiagnostic assays requiring detection of low levels of antigen or antibody may be possible utilizing the phospholipase C-erythrocyte technique.", "PMID": 326966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10228", "title": "Problems with radiolabelling egg albumin for the Farr ammonium sulphate technique for antibody estimation.", "content": "High concentrations of passive haemagglutinating antibodies were raised in sheep immunised with egg albumin (Ea) in Feund's adjuvant. Further attempts to study the antigen binding capacities and avidities of these antisera by the Farr ammonium sulphate technique were hindered by unsuccessful attempts to label Ea with 125Iodine by either the chloramine T or sodium nitrite-HCl methods. This problem was attributed to the unavailability of tyrosine in the native protein. This was solved by labelling Ea with the Bolton-Hunter reagent which does not require the presence of tyrosine. However labelled Ea binds non-specifically to normal serum to give high control values of circa 40% binding. Despite this it was possible to estimate antibody concentrations and avidities of lamb sera.", "contents": "Problems with radiolabelling egg albumin for the Farr ammonium sulphate technique for antibody estimation. High concentrations of passive haemagglutinating antibodies were raised in sheep immunised with egg albumin (Ea) in Feund's adjuvant. Further attempts to study the antigen binding capacities and avidities of these antisera by the Farr ammonium sulphate technique were hindered by unsuccessful attempts to label Ea with 125Iodine by either the chloramine T or sodium nitrite-HCl methods. This problem was attributed to the unavailability of tyrosine in the native protein. This was solved by labelling Ea with the Bolton-Hunter reagent which does not require the presence of tyrosine. However labelled Ea binds non-specifically to normal serum to give high control values of circa 40% binding. Despite this it was possible to estimate antibody concentrations and avidities of lamb sera.", "PMID": 326967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10229", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity in the hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "A method is described for eliciting a delayed hypersensitive cell mediated immune response in the Syrian hamster cheek pouch. Using a sensitizing dose of 0.1% DNCB and a challenge dose of 0.01% DNCB 14 days later resulted in a histologically positive lymphocyte infiltrate in the challenge area. These results indicate that the hamster cheek pouch may not be an immunologically inert site and may be used for cell mediated immunity studies.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity in the hamster cheek pouch. A method is described for eliciting a delayed hypersensitive cell mediated immune response in the Syrian hamster cheek pouch. Using a sensitizing dose of 0.1% DNCB and a challenge dose of 0.01% DNCB 14 days later resulted in a histologically positive lymphocyte infiltrate in the challenge area. These results indicate that the hamster cheek pouch may not be an immunologically inert site and may be used for cell mediated immunity studies.", "PMID": 326968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10230", "title": "The statistical distribution of macrophage migration distance and its application to MIF test.", "content": "The measurement of the distance of macrophage migration is very simple and reasonable as a technique in MIF assay. By the use of this technique, a large scale model experiment was performed and its data were analysed statistically. As the result of analysis, Student's t-test for significance of the difference between control and test readings of migration distance at low activity level in the MIF test was justified, and it was proved that it is applicable to the routine MIF test. In addition to this, the measurement of migration distance was compared with that of migration area.", "contents": "The statistical distribution of macrophage migration distance and its application to MIF test. The measurement of the distance of macrophage migration is very simple and reasonable as a technique in MIF assay. By the use of this technique, a large scale model experiment was performed and its data were analysed statistically. As the result of analysis, Student's t-test for significance of the difference between control and test readings of migration distance at low activity level in the MIF test was justified, and it was proved that it is applicable to the routine MIF test. In addition to this, the measurement of migration distance was compared with that of migration area.", "PMID": 326969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10231", "title": "Some methodologic aspects of the chromium chloride method for coupling antigen to erythrocytes.", "content": "The influence of various methodological variables on the CrCl3 technique for coupling antigen to the surface of erythrocytes has been investigated. Tests should be performed in protein- and phosphate-free medium. The CrCl3 stock solution should be stored at a pH of 5.0 and working dilultions prepared in acetate buffer (pH 5.5). The coupling procedure itself was performed as described by Goding (1976) with slight modifications. The relation between antigen and CrCl3 concentrations was found to be of crucial importance as excess of antigen inactivates CrCl3 whereas lack of antigen or excess of CrCl3, leads to spontaneous agglutination. A preliminary test based on determination of the minimum concentration of CrCl3 which produces spontaneous agglutination in the absence of antigen, and coupling if antigen is available, can be employed to predict the optimal concentration with sheep, human or chicken red blood cells. The pH-dependency of the coupling process is emphasized.", "contents": "Some methodologic aspects of the chromium chloride method for coupling antigen to erythrocytes. The influence of various methodological variables on the CrCl3 technique for coupling antigen to the surface of erythrocytes has been investigated. Tests should be performed in protein- and phosphate-free medium. The CrCl3 stock solution should be stored at a pH of 5.0 and working dilultions prepared in acetate buffer (pH 5.5). The coupling procedure itself was performed as described by Goding (1976) with slight modifications. The relation between antigen and CrCl3 concentrations was found to be of crucial importance as excess of antigen inactivates CrCl3 whereas lack of antigen or excess of CrCl3, leads to spontaneous agglutination. A preliminary test based on determination of the minimum concentration of CrCl3 which produces spontaneous agglutination in the absence of antigen, and coupling if antigen is available, can be employed to predict the optimal concentration with sheep, human or chicken red blood cells. The pH-dependency of the coupling process is emphasized.", "PMID": 326970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10232", "title": "The fluorescence-plaque test--a new sensitive technique for the detection of antigens on antibody plaque-forming cells.", "content": "A new technique is described which allows the detection of small amounts of antigen on the membrane of antibody plaque-forming cells. The test system combines the indirect immunofluorescence test and the Jerne plaque technique, and is about 10 times more sensitive than the ordinary cytotoxic plaque technique.", "contents": "The fluorescence-plaque test--a new sensitive technique for the detection of antigens on antibody plaque-forming cells. A new technique is described which allows the detection of small amounts of antigen on the membrane of antibody plaque-forming cells. The test system combines the indirect immunofluorescence test and the Jerne plaque technique, and is about 10 times more sensitive than the ordinary cytotoxic plaque technique.", "PMID": 326971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10233", "title": "A microassay for leukocyte migration: analysis of its reproducibility.", "content": "A reliable microassay for human leukocyte migration is described by which 50 to 100 assays can be performed each day in quadruplicate with the number of indicator cells obtainable from 10 to 20 ml of peripheral blood. The reproducibility of this method is demonstrated with respect to the variability among replicate test wells (including reading), the variability among different test readers, the variability among replicate cultures, and the variability of using indicator cells from different subjects. A microculture system is described that requires only 75,000 mononuclear cells to consistently produce detectable polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration inhibition factor in response to PPD. The reproducibility of this culture system is demonstrated with respect to the variability of lymphocyte responsiveness on repetitive testing in the same individuals.", "contents": "A microassay for leukocyte migration: analysis of its reproducibility. A reliable microassay for human leukocyte migration is described by which 50 to 100 assays can be performed each day in quadruplicate with the number of indicator cells obtainable from 10 to 20 ml of peripheral blood. The reproducibility of this method is demonstrated with respect to the variability among replicate test wells (including reading), the variability among different test readers, the variability among replicate cultures, and the variability of using indicator cells from different subjects. A microculture system is described that requires only 75,000 mononuclear cells to consistently produce detectable polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration inhibition factor in response to PPD. The reproducibility of this culture system is demonstrated with respect to the variability of lymphocyte responsiveness on repetitive testing in the same individuals.", "PMID": 326972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10234", "title": "A rapid method for reading migration inhibition tests.", "content": "This article describes how the extent of cell-migration can be read directly using the Field iris of a microscope.", "contents": "A rapid method for reading migration inhibition tests. This article describes how the extent of cell-migration can be read directly using the Field iris of a microscope.", "PMID": 326973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10235", "title": "The avidity of IgM antibody in high and low responder rats.", "content": "This study examined IgM antibody produced by highly responding ACI and poorly responding F344 rats follwing immunization with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) or poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) aggregated with methylated bovine serum albunim (MeBSA). The ACI rats produced both IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) following immunization with either form of antigen. The F344 rats did not respond to unaggregated poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15), but they produced significant amounts of IgG PFC and extremely small amounts of IgM PFC after immunization with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15)/MeBSA. Both high and low responder rats had similar kinetic profiles of IgM antibody production, and this antibody had nearly identical avidity in both strains with no evidence for any maturation in avidity. thus, one of the genetic defects in the antibody response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) is an inability of the F344 strain to produce large amounts of IgM in response to this antigen.", "contents": "The avidity of IgM antibody in high and low responder rats. This study examined IgM antibody produced by highly responding ACI and poorly responding F344 rats follwing immunization with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) or poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) aggregated with methylated bovine serum albunim (MeBSA). The ACI rats produced both IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) following immunization with either form of antigen. The F344 rats did not respond to unaggregated poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15), but they produced significant amounts of IgG PFC and extremely small amounts of IgM PFC after immunization with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15)/MeBSA. Both high and low responder rats had similar kinetic profiles of IgM antibody production, and this antibody had nearly identical avidity in both strains with no evidence for any maturation in avidity. thus, one of the genetic defects in the antibody response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) is an inability of the F344 strain to produce large amounts of IgM in response to this antigen.", "PMID": 326976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10236", "title": "Cutaneous stimulus registration and information processing in the somesthetic cortex.", "content": "The author reviews the evidence that the acquisition of sequential tactile information and stereometric object identification by manual exploration is a process which is analogous to the scanning of visual scenes. The hypothesis that somatosensory and visual maps in the respective primary cortical projection areas are of the same analytical structure is argued. New experimental data documented in subhuman primates demonstrate that neural responses to cutaneous stimuli depend on situational factors and on behavior-controlling instructions conveyed over another sense modality and that as a result the redundancy of cutaneous stimulus encoding in the somesthetic cortex is reduced.", "contents": "Cutaneous stimulus registration and information processing in the somesthetic cortex. The author reviews the evidence that the acquisition of sequential tactile information and stereometric object identification by manual exploration is a process which is analogous to the scanning of visual scenes. The hypothesis that somatosensory and visual maps in the respective primary cortical projection areas are of the same analytical structure is argued. New experimental data documented in subhuman primates demonstrate that neural responses to cutaneous stimuli depend on situational factors and on behavior-controlling instructions conveyed over another sense modality and that as a result the redundancy of cutaneous stimulus encoding in the somesthetic cortex is reduced.", "PMID": 326992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10237", "title": "Neural-epithelial interactions in sensory receptors.", "content": "The specific types of relationships that exist between sensory nerve fibers and the associated epithelial cells have been reviewed in a variety of sensory systems. In many sensory systems, perhaps most, specificity of terminal epithelial element provides a degree of specificity to the cytologic pattern of the terminal receptor. We can see examples of such interaction, not only in the case of intraepithelial nerve fibers where nerves tend to be associated with Merkel cells, but also in the case of corpuscular receptors, both of these being examples of mechanosensory systems. Equivalent types of specificity are present within the special senses, where a specific receptor cell can be described. These findings strongly suggest that specificity in the peripheral nervous system is the rule rather than the exception, a thesis proposed over a hundred years ago by F. Merkel.", "contents": "Neural-epithelial interactions in sensory receptors. The specific types of relationships that exist between sensory nerve fibers and the associated epithelial cells have been reviewed in a variety of sensory systems. In many sensory systems, perhaps most, specificity of terminal epithelial element provides a degree of specificity to the cytologic pattern of the terminal receptor. We can see examples of such interaction, not only in the case of intraepithelial nerve fibers where nerves tend to be associated with Merkel cells, but also in the case of corpuscular receptors, both of these being examples of mechanosensory systems. Equivalent types of specificity are present within the special senses, where a specific receptor cell can be described. These findings strongly suggest that specificity in the peripheral nervous system is the rule rather than the exception, a thesis proposed over a hundred years ago by F. Merkel.", "PMID": 326993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10238", "title": "Electron microscopy of cutaneous nerves and receptors.", "content": "Recent ultrastructural observations on the connective tissue sheaths of nerves, Schwann cell-axonal relations, and nerve terminals and receptors are reviewed. It seems likely that endoneurial collagen is formed by perineurial cells during development and postnatally. New observations on \"collagen pockets\" are presented. Attention is drawn to freeze-fracture studies of peripheral nerve, particularly in relation to junctional complexes associated with compact myelin, and further application of the technique is considered. Current views on Merkel cells, encapsulated endings, and free nerve terminals are discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of cutaneous nerves and receptors. Recent ultrastructural observations on the connective tissue sheaths of nerves, Schwann cell-axonal relations, and nerve terminals and receptors are reviewed. It seems likely that endoneurial collagen is formed by perineurial cells during development and postnatally. New observations on \"collagen pockets\" are presented. Attention is drawn to freeze-fracture studies of peripheral nerve, particularly in relation to junctional complexes associated with compact myelin, and further application of the technique is considered. Current views on Merkel cells, encapsulated endings, and free nerve terminals are discussed.", "PMID": 326994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10239", "title": "Mechanisms of the flare reaction in human skin.", "content": "The diffuse area of arteriolar vasodilation surrounding a region of recently injured human skin (axon reflex flare) is dependent upon the integrity of nerve fibers with cell bodies located in dorsal root ganglia. Evidence is presented to indicate that a vasodilator peptide similar to a kinin, neurotensin, or substance P, is implicated in the chain of biochemical events responsible for the transient shift in vascular tonus observable as the flare reaction.", "contents": "Mechanisms of the flare reaction in human skin. The diffuse area of arteriolar vasodilation surrounding a region of recently injured human skin (axon reflex flare) is dependent upon the integrity of nerve fibers with cell bodies located in dorsal root ganglia. Evidence is presented to indicate that a vasodilator peptide similar to a kinin, neurotensin, or substance P, is implicated in the chain of biochemical events responsible for the transient shift in vascular tonus observable as the flare reaction.", "PMID": 326995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10240", "title": "The detection of platelet isoantibodies by membrane immunofluorescence.", "content": "A membrane ummunofluorescence test for the detection of platelet isoantibodies is described. Gel filtration of the incubation mixture was incorporated in the procedure and proved effective for the removal of serum proteins from the platelet suspension. With this technique isoantibodies were found in the serum of 13 out of a group of 16 patients who had received multiple transfusions. The results were checked by measuring the uptake of 125I-labeled anti-IgG fraction by gel-filtered platelets. Subsequently the membrane immunofluorescence method was also compared with established techniques described for the detection of isoantibodies such as the microtest for lymphocytotoxicity and a complement-fixation method and the procedures based on the release of labeled serotonin, the phagocytosis of chromium-tagged platelets, the increase of platelet factor 3 activity, and on platelet aggregation. We had the opportunity to investigate the serum of one patient for the presence of isoantibodies against platelets from HLA identical siblings both before and after the administration of their platelets. On the basis of this experience it is concluded that the membrane immunofluorescence test for platelet isoantibodies is a relatively simple method with a high degree of specificity and adequate sensitivity.", "contents": "The detection of platelet isoantibodies by membrane immunofluorescence. A membrane ummunofluorescence test for the detection of platelet isoantibodies is described. Gel filtration of the incubation mixture was incorporated in the procedure and proved effective for the removal of serum proteins from the platelet suspension. With this technique isoantibodies were found in the serum of 13 out of a group of 16 patients who had received multiple transfusions. The results were checked by measuring the uptake of 125I-labeled anti-IgG fraction by gel-filtered platelets. Subsequently the membrane immunofluorescence method was also compared with established techniques described for the detection of isoantibodies such as the microtest for lymphocytotoxicity and a complement-fixation method and the procedures based on the release of labeled serotonin, the phagocytosis of chromium-tagged platelets, the increase of platelet factor 3 activity, and on platelet aggregation. We had the opportunity to investigate the serum of one patient for the presence of isoantibodies against platelets from HLA identical siblings both before and after the administration of their platelets. On the basis of this experience it is concluded that the membrane immunofluorescence test for platelet isoantibodies is a relatively simple method with a high degree of specificity and adequate sensitivity.", "PMID": 326998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10241", "title": "Cancer of the floor of the mouth: surgical management.", "content": "After discussing the changing incidence and known difficulties in the management of mouth floor cancer, reasons are given for the increased use of surgery in treating the more extensive lesions. The significance of the topographic anatomy, patterns of lymph drainage and surgical pathology is emphasized. Principles of treatment, indications and types of operation are discussed for the main lesions encountered. Following this the preparation of patients for surgery, the methods of anaesthesia and certain technical details of surgical treatment are given. The importance of after-care and particular measures to avoid complications are stressed and conclusions reached. The paper is based on experience in the Head and Neck Unit of the Royal Marsden Hospital, London, mainly since 1965. It also derives from an extensive report on 189 cases of floor of mouth cancer seen and treated at the Hospital from 1950-1974.", "contents": "Cancer of the floor of the mouth: surgical management. After discussing the changing incidence and known difficulties in the management of mouth floor cancer, reasons are given for the increased use of surgery in treating the more extensive lesions. The significance of the topographic anatomy, patterns of lymph drainage and surgical pathology is emphasized. Principles of treatment, indications and types of operation are discussed for the main lesions encountered. Following this the preparation of patients for surgery, the methods of anaesthesia and certain technical details of surgical treatment are given. The importance of after-care and particular measures to avoid complications are stressed and conclusions reached. The paper is based on experience in the Head and Neck Unit of the Royal Marsden Hospital, London, mainly since 1965. It also derives from an extensive report on 189 cases of floor of mouth cancer seen and treated at the Hospital from 1950-1974.", "PMID": 327001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10242", "title": "Dose response to fenoprofen in an antipyretic study of fenoprofen and propoxyphene.", "content": "Single oral doses of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg (acid equivalents) of fenoprofen calcium provide essentially linear increases in antipyretic activity over a six-hour period in patients with fever due to acute upper respiratory tract infection. During this same time interval, 200 and 400 mg doses apparently had equal efficacy. Single oral doses of 200 and 400 mg propoxyphene napsylate had no significant effect on the fever of patients with acute respiratory tract infections. No significant interaction between propoxyphene and fenoprofen, related to the antipyretic effect of fenoprofen, was demonstrated.", "contents": "Dose response to fenoprofen in an antipyretic study of fenoprofen and propoxyphene. Single oral doses of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg (acid equivalents) of fenoprofen calcium provide essentially linear increases in antipyretic activity over a six-hour period in patients with fever due to acute upper respiratory tract infection. During this same time interval, 200 and 400 mg doses apparently had equal efficacy. Single oral doses of 200 and 400 mg propoxyphene napsylate had no significant effect on the fever of patients with acute respiratory tract infections. No significant interaction between propoxyphene and fenoprofen, related to the antipyretic effect of fenoprofen, was demonstrated.", "PMID": 327002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10243", "title": "A multicenter analgesic study using single doses of placebo, propoxyphene and acetaminophen.", "content": "Six studies were conducted using identical protocols. The design involved single oral doses of placebo, propoxyphene, acetaminophen and a combination of the two drugs. Postpartum patients with either postepisiotomy or uterine cramp pain participated. Both efficacy and adverse reports were evaluated. The differences among medications were consistently less than one standard deviation from the mean for the studies indicating a lack of sensitivity to drug effects. In order of increasing effectiveness based on the pooled data, the medications were placebo, propoxyphene, acetaminophen, and the combination.", "contents": "A multicenter analgesic study using single doses of placebo, propoxyphene and acetaminophen. Six studies were conducted using identical protocols. The design involved single oral doses of placebo, propoxyphene, acetaminophen and a combination of the two drugs. Postpartum patients with either postepisiotomy or uterine cramp pain participated. Both efficacy and adverse reports were evaluated. The differences among medications were consistently less than one standard deviation from the mean for the studies indicating a lack of sensitivity to drug effects. In order of increasing effectiveness based on the pooled data, the medications were placebo, propoxyphene, acetaminophen, and the combination.", "PMID": 327003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10244", "title": "Oestradiol-17beta and pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone releasing factor in the rat: a study using rectangular pulses of oestradiol-17beta monitored by non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of oestradiol-17beta were measured by a non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay during the oestrous cycle, after the s.c. injection of 2-5 or 10 microgram oestradiol benzoate (OB), or the s.c. implantation of Silastic capsules containing crystalline oestradiol-17beta. The profile of endogenous plasma oestradiol-17beta concentrations was similar to that reported by other workers, and lay between the concentrations produced by the low and high doses of OB. The rectangular pulses of increased plasma oestradiol concentrations, produced during the period of implantation of the Silastic capsules, were used to determine the time taken for oestradiol-17beta to exert its facilitatory effect on the gonadotrophin response to LH-releasing factor (RF). In animals ovariectomized at dioestrus, oestradiol, at concentrations similar to those reached during the peak of the spontaneous surge, first reduced the LH response. However, after 7 h, responsiveness increased significantly to reach a peak at 12 h. The FSH response was also greatest 12 h after ovariectomy. In animals ovariectomized at metoestrus the effect of oestradiol on the LH response was significantly less than in rats ovariectomized at dioestrus, and the FSH responses were lower than those in animals bearing empty capsules and examined at the same time after ovariectomy. These findings together with the effects of long-term exposure to sodium pentobarbitone are considered with respect to the possible mechanisms, including the priming effect of LH-RF, which may produce increased pituitary responsiveness after ovariectomy and exposure to oestrogen.", "contents": "Oestradiol-17beta and pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone releasing factor in the rat: a study using rectangular pulses of oestradiol-17beta monitored by non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay. Plasma concentrations of oestradiol-17beta were measured by a non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay during the oestrous cycle, after the s.c. injection of 2-5 or 10 microgram oestradiol benzoate (OB), or the s.c. implantation of Silastic capsules containing crystalline oestradiol-17beta. The profile of endogenous plasma oestradiol-17beta concentrations was similar to that reported by other workers, and lay between the concentrations produced by the low and high doses of OB. The rectangular pulses of increased plasma oestradiol concentrations, produced during the period of implantation of the Silastic capsules, were used to determine the time taken for oestradiol-17beta to exert its facilitatory effect on the gonadotrophin response to LH-releasing factor (RF). In animals ovariectomized at dioestrus, oestradiol, at concentrations similar to those reached during the peak of the spontaneous surge, first reduced the LH response. However, after 7 h, responsiveness increased significantly to reach a peak at 12 h. The FSH response was also greatest 12 h after ovariectomy. In animals ovariectomized at metoestrus the effect of oestradiol on the LH response was significantly less than in rats ovariectomized at dioestrus, and the FSH responses were lower than those in animals bearing empty capsules and examined at the same time after ovariectomy. These findings together with the effects of long-term exposure to sodium pentobarbitone are considered with respect to the possible mechanisms, including the priming effect of LH-RF, which may produce increased pituitary responsiveness after ovariectomy and exposure to oestrogen.", "PMID": 327006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10245", "title": "Effect of oestradiol-17beta exposure on the spontaneous secretion of gonadotrophins in chronically gonadectomized rats.", "content": "The effect of oestradiol-17beta (administered in Silastic capsules) on gonadotrophin secretion in long-term gonadectomized rats has been investigated. In female rats, a daily afternoon surge of LH occurred which could be blocked by administering sodium pentobarbitone at 13.00 h. This, together with the fact that there was no significant difference between the LH-response to LH-releasing factor in the morning compared with the afternoon, supports the view that the LH surges are due to a neural rhythm. There was no significant diurnal variation in plasma FSH concentration, but an apparent diurnal variation was disclosed by administering sodium pentobarbitone on alternate days. There was no diurnal variation in plasma gonadotrophin concentrations in male animals implanted with an oestradiol capsule, or in animals of either sex bearing empty capsules.", "contents": "Effect of oestradiol-17beta exposure on the spontaneous secretion of gonadotrophins in chronically gonadectomized rats. The effect of oestradiol-17beta (administered in Silastic capsules) on gonadotrophin secretion in long-term gonadectomized rats has been investigated. In female rats, a daily afternoon surge of LH occurred which could be blocked by administering sodium pentobarbitone at 13.00 h. This, together with the fact that there was no significant difference between the LH-response to LH-releasing factor in the morning compared with the afternoon, supports the view that the LH surges are due to a neural rhythm. There was no significant diurnal variation in plasma FSH concentration, but an apparent diurnal variation was disclosed by administering sodium pentobarbitone on alternate days. There was no diurnal variation in plasma gonadotrophin concentrations in male animals implanted with an oestradiol capsule, or in animals of either sex bearing empty capsules.", "PMID": 327007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10246", "title": "An homologous radioimmunoassay for chicken follicle-stimulating hormone: observations on the ovulatory cycle.", "content": "A highly purified FSH preparation has been used to develop a specific homologous radioimmunoassay for chicken FSH which is sufficiently sensitive and precise to measure the hormone in small sample (10-100 microliter) of plasma. The assay was used to measure plasma FSH in the chicken and turkey. The FSH concentration was higher in sexually mature chickens than in juvenile birds and further elevated after castration or ovariectomy. In turkeys, it was lower in birds held on a short daily photoperiod than in birds held on a long daily photoperiod. FSH rose in sexually quiescent female turkeys after injection of synthetic LH-releasing hormone and was increased in laying hens after injection of progesterone. No major changes were observed in FSH concentration during the chicken ovulatory cycle, although there was a small increase 15 and 14 h before ovulation.", "contents": "An homologous radioimmunoassay for chicken follicle-stimulating hormone: observations on the ovulatory cycle. A highly purified FSH preparation has been used to develop a specific homologous radioimmunoassay for chicken FSH which is sufficiently sensitive and precise to measure the hormone in small sample (10-100 microliter) of plasma. The assay was used to measure plasma FSH in the chicken and turkey. The FSH concentration was higher in sexually mature chickens than in juvenile birds and further elevated after castration or ovariectomy. In turkeys, it was lower in birds held on a short daily photoperiod than in birds held on a long daily photoperiod. FSH rose in sexually quiescent female turkeys after injection of synthetic LH-releasing hormone and was increased in laying hens after injection of progesterone. No major changes were observed in FSH concentration during the chicken ovulatory cycle, although there was a small increase 15 and 14 h before ovulation.", "PMID": 327008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10247", "title": "Changes in pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in rams exposed to artificial photoperiods.", "content": "Six adult Soay rams were subjected to an artificial lighting r\u00e9gime of alternating 4 month periods of long days (16 h light:8 h darkness) and short days (8 h light:16 h darkness) which induced a seasonal cycle in testicular development and regression during a period of 32 weeks. On 15 occasions during the study pituitary responsiveness was assessed by measuring the concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) in jugular blood samples collected at frequent intervals after the intravenous injection of 1 microgram synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH). It was shown that both the magnitude and duration of the induced release of LH changed in relation to the photoperiod; the magnitude was greatest during long days when the rams were sexually quiescent, while the duration of the LH release was greatest during short days at the peak of testicular activity. This pattern of responsiveness was modified by implantation of the rams with testosterone.", "contents": "Changes in pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in rams exposed to artificial photoperiods. Six adult Soay rams were subjected to an artificial lighting r\u00e9gime of alternating 4 month periods of long days (16 h light:8 h darkness) and short days (8 h light:16 h darkness) which induced a seasonal cycle in testicular development and regression during a period of 32 weeks. On 15 occasions during the study pituitary responsiveness was assessed by measuring the concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) in jugular blood samples collected at frequent intervals after the intravenous injection of 1 microgram synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH). It was shown that both the magnitude and duration of the induced release of LH changed in relation to the photoperiod; the magnitude was greatest during long days when the rams were sexually quiescent, while the duration of the LH release was greatest during short days at the peak of testicular activity. This pattern of responsiveness was modified by implantation of the rams with testosterone.", "PMID": 327009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10248", "title": "In-vitro studies of the effects of oestrogen pretreatment on the sensitivity of the immature female rat pituitary gland to stimulation with gonadotrophin releasing hormone.", "content": "The effects of oestrogen priming on the sensitivity of the anterior pituitary gland to stimulation with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) was investigated in immature female rats using a new organ culture technique. Hemipituitary glands obtained from animals primed with a single dose of oestradiol benzoate (OB; 20 microgram/100 g body weight) released significantly more LH when pulsed with GnRH (4 nmol/1) than did control hemipituitary glands. This potentiating effect was detectable as early as 5 days after birth. After a second stimulation, LH secretion remained high. These results were compared with those obtained from animals treated to induce increased levels of endogenous oestrogen on day 26 of life. Thus, hemipituitary glands were obtained from animals given two injections of OB, an injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) or a unilateral brain lesion placed in the basal hypothalamus. Pituitary tissue was stimulated as before with a pulse of GnRH. Two injections of OB enhanced the sensitivity to stimulation. Conversely, both PMSG and lesion treatment severely reduced the sensitivity to GnRH, although PMSG-treated and lesioned animals have been used as models for the study of ovulation.", "contents": "In-vitro studies of the effects of oestrogen pretreatment on the sensitivity of the immature female rat pituitary gland to stimulation with gonadotrophin releasing hormone. The effects of oestrogen priming on the sensitivity of the anterior pituitary gland to stimulation with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) was investigated in immature female rats using a new organ culture technique. Hemipituitary glands obtained from animals primed with a single dose of oestradiol benzoate (OB; 20 microgram/100 g body weight) released significantly more LH when pulsed with GnRH (4 nmol/1) than did control hemipituitary glands. This potentiating effect was detectable as early as 5 days after birth. After a second stimulation, LH secretion remained high. These results were compared with those obtained from animals treated to induce increased levels of endogenous oestrogen on day 26 of life. Thus, hemipituitary glands were obtained from animals given two injections of OB, an injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) or a unilateral brain lesion placed in the basal hypothalamus. Pituitary tissue was stimulated as before with a pulse of GnRH. Two injections of OB enhanced the sensitivity to stimulation. Conversely, both PMSG and lesion treatment severely reduced the sensitivity to GnRH, although PMSG-treated and lesioned animals have been used as models for the study of ovulation.", "PMID": 327010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10249", "title": "Trypanosoma cruzi: modification of macrophage function during infection.", "content": "Infection of mice with Trypanosoma cruzi and subsequent intraperitoneal challenge with heat-killed trypanosomes elicits peritoneal macrophages which display in vitro microbicidal activity against trypomastigotes of T. cruzi. These cells also display other activated properties including rapid spreading, intense membrane activity, secretion of high levels of plasminogen activator, and ingestion mediated by the C3 receptor. An intravenous infection with BCG, followed by an intraperitoneal challenge with mycobacterial antigens brings about macrophages with similar properties. These criteria of macrophage activation were compared in normal and BCG- or T. cruzi-immune mice, with or without an intraperitoneal challenge with specific or unrelated antigens. Trypanocidal activity is displayed by both BCG- and T. cruzi-immune macrophages after intraperitoneal challenge with either antigen. Resident-immune macrophages from both T. cruzi- and BCG-infected mice show a trypanostatic, rather than trypanocidal activity. Macrophages from noninfected mice, challenged with the same antigens, show neither trypanostatic nor trypanocidal activity. Increased secretion of plasminogen activator shows a definite immunological specificity. Challenge with the specific antigen induces the appearance of macrophages secreting high levels of plasminogen activator, while unrelated antigens induce much smaller levels. Noninfected mice challenged with the same antigens do not display any enchancement in secretion. In contrast, increased spreading and phagocytosis mediated by the complement receptor are also displayed by cells from noninfected mice challenged with any of the agents tested.", "contents": "Trypanosoma cruzi: modification of macrophage function during infection. Infection of mice with Trypanosoma cruzi and subsequent intraperitoneal challenge with heat-killed trypanosomes elicits peritoneal macrophages which display in vitro microbicidal activity against trypomastigotes of T. cruzi. These cells also display other activated properties including rapid spreading, intense membrane activity, secretion of high levels of plasminogen activator, and ingestion mediated by the C3 receptor. An intravenous infection with BCG, followed by an intraperitoneal challenge with mycobacterial antigens brings about macrophages with similar properties. These criteria of macrophage activation were compared in normal and BCG- or T. cruzi-immune mice, with or without an intraperitoneal challenge with specific or unrelated antigens. Trypanocidal activity is displayed by both BCG- and T. cruzi-immune macrophages after intraperitoneal challenge with either antigen. Resident-immune macrophages from both T. cruzi- and BCG-infected mice show a trypanostatic, rather than trypanocidal activity. Macrophages from noninfected mice, challenged with the same antigens, show neither trypanostatic nor trypanocidal activity. Increased secretion of plasminogen activator shows a definite immunological specificity. Challenge with the specific antigen induces the appearance of macrophages secreting high levels of plasminogen activator, while unrelated antigens induce much smaller levels. Noninfected mice challenged with the same antigens do not display any enchancement in secretion. In contrast, increased spreading and phagocytosis mediated by the complement receptor are also displayed by cells from noninfected mice challenged with any of the agents tested.", "PMID": 327012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10250", "title": "Trypanosoma cruzi: the immunological induction of macrophage plasminogen activator requires thymus-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "In this article we describe methods in which unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages were induced to secrete high livels of plasminogen activator under in vitro conditions. The exposure of sensitized peritoneal or spleen cell populations from Trypanosoma cruzi-infected animals to either viable or heat-killed trypanosomes lead to the release of an inducing factor(s). Maximal levels of plasminogen activator secretion are achieved by the incubation of such factors (s) with unstimulated macrophages for 48 h. A significant increase in enzyme secretion was already observed after a 24 h incubation. The production of the inducing factor(s) by sensitized cells was immunologically specific and unrelated antigens did not stimulate the production of the factor(s) by sensitized peritoneal or spleen cell populations. The inducing factor(s) was produced by nylon-wool-fractionated spleen and peritoneal cells which had been depleted of marcrophages. Pretreatment of sensitized spleen cells with anti-theta serum and C abolished the production of the activating factor(s). The active supernatant fluids were able to induce secretion of macrophage plasminogen activator across H-2 barriers. Attempts to induce trypanocidal activity in unstimulated macrophages have not been successful.", "contents": "Trypanosoma cruzi: the immunological induction of macrophage plasminogen activator requires thymus-derived lymphocytes. In this article we describe methods in which unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages were induced to secrete high livels of plasminogen activator under in vitro conditions. The exposure of sensitized peritoneal or spleen cell populations from Trypanosoma cruzi-infected animals to either viable or heat-killed trypanosomes lead to the release of an inducing factor(s). Maximal levels of plasminogen activator secretion are achieved by the incubation of such factors (s) with unstimulated macrophages for 48 h. A significant increase in enzyme secretion was already observed after a 24 h incubation. The production of the inducing factor(s) by sensitized cells was immunologically specific and unrelated antigens did not stimulate the production of the factor(s) by sensitized peritoneal or spleen cell populations. The inducing factor(s) was produced by nylon-wool-fractionated spleen and peritoneal cells which had been depleted of marcrophages. Pretreatment of sensitized spleen cells with anti-theta serum and C abolished the production of the activating factor(s). The active supernatant fluids were able to induce secretion of macrophage plasminogen activator across H-2 barriers. Attempts to induce trypanocidal activity in unstimulated macrophages have not been successful.", "PMID": 327013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10251", "title": "Evidence for differences in erythrocyte surface receptors for the malarial parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi.", "content": "Human erythrocytes lacking various blood group determinants were susceptible to invasion by Plasmodium falciparum including Duffy-negative erythrocytes that are refractory to invasion by Plasmodium knowlesi. Erythrocytes treated with trypsin or neuraminidase had reduced susceptibility of P. falciparum and normal susceptibility to P. knowlesi. Chymotrypsin treatment (0.1 mg/ml) blocked invasion only by P. knowlesi. The differential effect of enzymatic cleavage of determinats from the erythrocyte surface on invasion by these parasites suggests that P. falciparum and P. knowlesi interact with different determinants on the erythrocyte surface.", "contents": "Evidence for differences in erythrocyte surface receptors for the malarial parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi. Human erythrocytes lacking various blood group determinants were susceptible to invasion by Plasmodium falciparum including Duffy-negative erythrocytes that are refractory to invasion by Plasmodium knowlesi. Erythrocytes treated with trypsin or neuraminidase had reduced susceptibility of P. falciparum and normal susceptibility to P. knowlesi. Chymotrypsin treatment (0.1 mg/ml) blocked invasion only by P. knowlesi. The differential effect of enzymatic cleavage of determinats from the erythrocyte surface on invasion by these parasites suggests that P. falciparum and P. knowlesi interact with different determinants on the erythrocyte surface.", "PMID": 327014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10252", "title": "Streptococcal-induced cell-mediated-immune destruction of cardiac myofibers in vitro.", "content": "We have demonstrated that T lymphocytes from the spleens of adult guinea pigs sensitized to group A streptococcal antigens are cytotoxic for cultured fetal guinea pig heart cells. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity, measured by 51Cr release from target cells, was stimulated by sensitization in vivo with group A whole cells, cell walls, and purified protoplast membranes emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Sensitization with group C streptococcal antigens in CFA or CFA alone produced lymphocytes with little or no specific cytotoxic activity. Target cells of cultured fetal skeletal muscle, liver, or skin were relatively refractory to effector cell cytotoxicity. The presence of antigenic determinants on the membranes of cultured myofibers, cross-reacting with group A streptococcal cellular antigens, was confirmed by immunofluorescence. These data are discussed in terms of a model for poststreptococcal rheumatic myocarditis in which cell-mediated autoimmune mechanisms may participate.", "contents": "Streptococcal-induced cell-mediated-immune destruction of cardiac myofibers in vitro. We have demonstrated that T lymphocytes from the spleens of adult guinea pigs sensitized to group A streptococcal antigens are cytotoxic for cultured fetal guinea pig heart cells. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity, measured by 51Cr release from target cells, was stimulated by sensitization in vivo with group A whole cells, cell walls, and purified protoplast membranes emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Sensitization with group C streptococcal antigens in CFA or CFA alone produced lymphocytes with little or no specific cytotoxic activity. Target cells of cultured fetal skeletal muscle, liver, or skin were relatively refractory to effector cell cytotoxicity. The presence of antigenic determinants on the membranes of cultured myofibers, cross-reacting with group A streptococcal cellular antigens, was confirmed by immunofluorescence. These data are discussed in terms of a model for poststreptococcal rheumatic myocarditis in which cell-mediated autoimmune mechanisms may participate.", "PMID": 327015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10253", "title": "Antigenic modulation of Friend virus erythroleukemic cells in vitro by serum from mice with dormant erythroleukemia.", "content": "Friend leukemia virus (FLV) erythroleukemic cells cultured in medium containing FLV-immune serum from dormant FLV-infected mice undergo modulation of FLV cell surface antigens. Modulation was determined by an increased resistance to FLV antibody-mediated complement-dependent lysis and was associated temporally with the capping of FLV-immune complexes at the cell surface. Modulated cells regained their susceptibility to FLV antibody-mediated complement-dependent lysis when transferred to medium containing normal mouse serum. After 48 h of culture in FLV-immune serum, 26% of the FLV erythroleukemic cells were devoid of FLV cell surface antigens as demonstrated by immunofluoresence. Antigenic modulation occurred to a greater extent in cells maintained in logarithmic growth than in cells in GO or resting phase. FLV-antigenic modulation is discussed as a possible mechanism by which antibody induces and maintains FLV-transformed cells in a dormant state.", "contents": "Antigenic modulation of Friend virus erythroleukemic cells in vitro by serum from mice with dormant erythroleukemia. Friend leukemia virus (FLV) erythroleukemic cells cultured in medium containing FLV-immune serum from dormant FLV-infected mice undergo modulation of FLV cell surface antigens. Modulation was determined by an increased resistance to FLV antibody-mediated complement-dependent lysis and was associated temporally with the capping of FLV-immune complexes at the cell surface. Modulated cells regained their susceptibility to FLV antibody-mediated complement-dependent lysis when transferred to medium containing normal mouse serum. After 48 h of culture in FLV-immune serum, 26% of the FLV erythroleukemic cells were devoid of FLV cell surface antigens as demonstrated by immunofluoresence. Antigenic modulation occurred to a greater extent in cells maintained in logarithmic growth than in cells in GO or resting phase. FLV-antigenic modulation is discussed as a possible mechanism by which antibody induces and maintains FLV-transformed cells in a dormant state.", "PMID": 327016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10254", "title": "Pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea. VII. Evidence for a cell membrane toxin receptor involving beta1 leads to 4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine oligomers.", "content": "The binding of ShigeUa dysenteriae 1 cytotoxin to HeLa cells in culture and to isolated rat liver cell membranes was studied by means of an indirect consumption assay of toxicity from the medium, or by determination of cytotoxicity to the HeLa cell monolayer. Both liver cell membranes and HeLa cells removed toxicity from the medium during incubation, in contrast to WI-38 and Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells, both of which neither bound nor were affected by the toxin. Uptake of toxin was directly related to concentration of membranes added, time,and temperature, and indirectly related to the ionic strength of the buffer used. The chemical nature of the membrane receptor was characterized by using three principal approaches: (a) enzymatic sensitivity; (b) competitive inhibition and (c) receptor blockade studies. The receptor was destroyed by proteolytic enzymes, phospholipases (which markedly altered the gross appearance of the membrane preparation) and by lysozyme, but not by a variety of other enzymes. Of 28 carbohydrate and glycoprotein haptens studied, including cholera toxin and ganglioside, only the chitin oligosaccharide lysozyme substrates, per N-acetylated chitotriose, chitotetraose, and chitopentaose were effective competitive inhibitors. Greatest inhibition was found with the trimer, N, N', N\" triacetyl chitotriose. Of three lectins studied as possible receptor blockers, including phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and wheat germ agglutinin, only the latter, which is known to possess specific binding affinity for N, N', N\" triacetyl chitotriose, was able to block toxin uptake. Evidence from all three approaches indicate, therefore, existence of a glycoprotein toxin receptor on mammalian cells, with involvement of oligomeric beta1{arrow}4-1inked N-acetyl glucosamine in the receptor. This receptor is clearly distinct from the G(M1) ganglioside thought to be involved in the binding of cholera toxin to the cell membrane of a variety of cell types susceptible to its action.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea. VII. Evidence for a cell membrane toxin receptor involving beta1 leads to 4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine oligomers. The binding of ShigeUa dysenteriae 1 cytotoxin to HeLa cells in culture and to isolated rat liver cell membranes was studied by means of an indirect consumption assay of toxicity from the medium, or by determination of cytotoxicity to the HeLa cell monolayer. Both liver cell membranes and HeLa cells removed toxicity from the medium during incubation, in contrast to WI-38 and Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells, both of which neither bound nor were affected by the toxin. Uptake of toxin was directly related to concentration of membranes added, time,and temperature, and indirectly related to the ionic strength of the buffer used. The chemical nature of the membrane receptor was characterized by using three principal approaches: (a) enzymatic sensitivity; (b) competitive inhibition and (c) receptor blockade studies. The receptor was destroyed by proteolytic enzymes, phospholipases (which markedly altered the gross appearance of the membrane preparation) and by lysozyme, but not by a variety of other enzymes. Of 28 carbohydrate and glycoprotein haptens studied, including cholera toxin and ganglioside, only the chitin oligosaccharide lysozyme substrates, per N-acetylated chitotriose, chitotetraose, and chitopentaose were effective competitive inhibitors. Greatest inhibition was found with the trimer, N, N', N\" triacetyl chitotriose. Of three lectins studied as possible receptor blockers, including phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and wheat germ agglutinin, only the latter, which is known to possess specific binding affinity for N, N', N\" triacetyl chitotriose, was able to block toxin uptake. Evidence from all three approaches indicate, therefore, existence of a glycoprotein toxin receptor on mammalian cells, with involvement of oligomeric beta1{arrow}4-1inked N-acetyl glucosamine in the receptor. This receptor is clearly distinct from the G(M1) ganglioside thought to be involved in the binding of cholera toxin to the cell membrane of a variety of cell types susceptible to its action.", "PMID": 327017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10255", "title": "C6: synthesis by the liver in vivo.", "content": "The allotype of the sixth component of complement was determined in a patient before and after liver transplantation. The C6 phenotype changed from A before transplantation to B (the donor phenotype) within 10 days of the transplant and remained wholly of the donor phenotype at 17 wk. This demonstrates that the liver is the exclusive or predominant site of C6 synthesis in vivo in man.", "contents": "C6: synthesis by the liver in vivo. The allotype of the sixth component of complement was determined in a patient before and after liver transplantation. The C6 phenotype changed from A before transplantation to B (the donor phenotype) within 10 days of the transplant and remained wholly of the donor phenotype at 17 wk. This demonstrates that the liver is the exclusive or predominant site of C6 synthesis in vivo in man.", "PMID": 327019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10256", "title": "Group A streptococcal antigens cross-reactive with myocardium. Purification of heart-reactive antibody and isolation and characterization of the streptococcal antigen.", "content": "Heart-reactive antibody (HRA) appears in the sera of experimental animals inoculated with group A streptococci as well as patients with acute rheumatic fever. Adsorption of either serum with group A streptococcal membranes will remove the HRA. Blocking experiments between these two types of HRAs have demonstrated that the antibodies are directed towards different antigenic determinants on either the same or different molecules. To isolate and purify the antigen from the group A streptococcus cross-reactive with sarcolemmal sheaths of cardiac myofibers, it became necessary to purify the HRA from rheumatic fever patients' sera. Isolated gamma globulin containing all of the HRA was adsorbed onto human sarcolemmal sheaths. The specific HRA was released by using potassium iodide. Over 99 percent of the purified HRA was shown to bind the sarcolemmal sheath whereas less than 1 percent of the antibody would bind nonspecifically to other material. Preparations of group A streptococcal membrane will bind HRA purified from the sera of acute rheumatic patients at levels of 97 percent or greater. The cross-reactive antigen solubilized by nonionic detergent was purified 120-fold by column chromatography. On sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis, the antigen was demonstrated to be composed of four polypeptides with mol wt of 32,000, 28,000, 26,000, and 22,000 daltons, respectively. Only proteolytic enzymes could destroy the antigenic determinant whereas glycosidases and lipases had no effect. The purified antigen blocked the binding of purified HRA to normal human heart sections.", "contents": "Group A streptococcal antigens cross-reactive with myocardium. Purification of heart-reactive antibody and isolation and characterization of the streptococcal antigen. Heart-reactive antibody (HRA) appears in the sera of experimental animals inoculated with group A streptococci as well as patients with acute rheumatic fever. Adsorption of either serum with group A streptococcal membranes will remove the HRA. Blocking experiments between these two types of HRAs have demonstrated that the antibodies are directed towards different antigenic determinants on either the same or different molecules. To isolate and purify the antigen from the group A streptococcus cross-reactive with sarcolemmal sheaths of cardiac myofibers, it became necessary to purify the HRA from rheumatic fever patients' sera. Isolated gamma globulin containing all of the HRA was adsorbed onto human sarcolemmal sheaths. The specific HRA was released by using potassium iodide. Over 99 percent of the purified HRA was shown to bind the sarcolemmal sheath whereas less than 1 percent of the antibody would bind nonspecifically to other material. Preparations of group A streptococcal membrane will bind HRA purified from the sera of acute rheumatic patients at levels of 97 percent or greater. The cross-reactive antigen solubilized by nonionic detergent was purified 120-fold by column chromatography. On sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis, the antigen was demonstrated to be composed of four polypeptides with mol wt of 32,000, 28,000, 26,000, and 22,000 daltons, respectively. Only proteolytic enzymes could destroy the antigenic determinant whereas glycosidases and lipases had no effect. The purified antigen blocked the binding of purified HRA to normal human heart sections.", "PMID": 327018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10257", "title": "Biochemical genetics of the alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes of Escherichia coli K12: isolation and biochemical properties of deletion mutants.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 with deletions in the nadC-lpd region of the chromosome were obtained for use in studies on the expression of the ace (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, specific components) and lpd (lipomide dehydrogenase) genes. These were isolated by selecting spontaneous aroP mutants (lacking the general aromatic amino-acid permease and thus resistant to inhibitory aromatic amino-acid analogues) and screening for auxotrophy due to deletions extending into neighbouring genes. From 2892 isolates tested, the AroP- phenotypes of 2322 were confirmed and, of these, 28 stable and independently-derived auxotrophos were designated as deletion mutants. Six nutritionally-distinct categories were recognized: Nad- (8 strains); Nad-Ace-(7): Nad-'Ace-' (3); Ace- (8); 'Ace-' (I); Lpd-(I). The Ace- phenotypes of four isolates designated 'Ace-' were leaky and enzymological studies confirmed that they had less than 7% of parental pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity. Enzymological studies showed that the 15 Ace- or Nad-Ace- strains all lacked the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and pyruvate dehydrogenase (EIp) activities and only three retained detectable dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2p). The one Lpd- strain lacked pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) activities as well as the activities of the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. The results confirmed the gene order nadC-aroP-aceE-aceF-lpd and indicated that no other essential functions are determined by genes within the nadC-lpd region. Resistance to lactate during growth of pps mutants on acetate was directly related to the specific activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. None of the deletions promoted the high degree of resistance characteristically associated with constitutive expression of the dehydrogenase complex. Six pps mutants having Ace+ or 'Ace-' phenotypes were more sensitive than the parental strains and expression of their ace operons appeared to be affected; most sensitive were the Ace- strains which lacked pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase activities. The lipoamide dehydrogenase activities of the deletion strains (Lpd+) ranged between 30% and 100% of parental levels indicating that expression of their ace operons appeared to be affected; most sensitive were the Ace- strains which lacked pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase activities. The lipoamide dehydrogenase activities of the deletion strains (Lpd+) ranged between 30% and 100% of parental levels indicating that expression of the lpd gene may be affected by the ace operon but can be independent.", "contents": "Biochemical genetics of the alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes of Escherichia coli K12: isolation and biochemical properties of deletion mutants. Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 with deletions in the nadC-lpd region of the chromosome were obtained for use in studies on the expression of the ace (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, specific components) and lpd (lipomide dehydrogenase) genes. These were isolated by selecting spontaneous aroP mutants (lacking the general aromatic amino-acid permease and thus resistant to inhibitory aromatic amino-acid analogues) and screening for auxotrophy due to deletions extending into neighbouring genes. From 2892 isolates tested, the AroP- phenotypes of 2322 were confirmed and, of these, 28 stable and independently-derived auxotrophos were designated as deletion mutants. Six nutritionally-distinct categories were recognized: Nad- (8 strains); Nad-Ace-(7): Nad-'Ace-' (3); Ace- (8); 'Ace-' (I); Lpd-(I). The Ace- phenotypes of four isolates designated 'Ace-' were leaky and enzymological studies confirmed that they had less than 7% of parental pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity. Enzymological studies showed that the 15 Ace- or Nad-Ace- strains all lacked the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and pyruvate dehydrogenase (EIp) activities and only three retained detectable dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2p). The one Lpd- strain lacked pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) activities as well as the activities of the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. The results confirmed the gene order nadC-aroP-aceE-aceF-lpd and indicated that no other essential functions are determined by genes within the nadC-lpd region. Resistance to lactate during growth of pps mutants on acetate was directly related to the specific activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. None of the deletions promoted the high degree of resistance characteristically associated with constitutive expression of the dehydrogenase complex. Six pps mutants having Ace+ or 'Ace-' phenotypes were more sensitive than the parental strains and expression of their ace operons appeared to be affected; most sensitive were the Ace- strains which lacked pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase activities. The lipoamide dehydrogenase activities of the deletion strains (Lpd+) ranged between 30% and 100% of parental levels indicating that expression of their ace operons appeared to be affected; most sensitive were the Ace- strains which lacked pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase activities. The lipoamide dehydrogenase activities of the deletion strains (Lpd+) ranged between 30% and 100% of parental levels indicating that expression of the lpd gene may be affected by the ace operon but can be independent.", "PMID": 327021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10258", "title": "Induction of cell division in a temperature-sensitive division mutant of Escherichia coli by inhibition of protein synthesis.", "content": "Synchronous cells of the thermosensitive division-defective Escherichia coli strain MACI (divA) divided at the restrictive temperature (42 degrees C) if they were allowed to grow at 42 degrees C for a certain period before protein synthesis was inhibited by adding chloramphenicol (CAP) or rifampicin. The completion of chromosome replication was not required for such divA-independent division. Synchronous cells of strain MACI divided in the presence of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, nalidixic acid, if they were shifted to 42 degrees C and CAP or rifampicin was added after some time; cells of the parent strain MC6 (div A+) treated in the same way did not divide. These data suggest that coupling of cell division to DNA synthesis depends on the divA function. The ability to divide at 42 degrees C, whether or not chromosome termination was allowed, was directly proportional to the mean cell volume of cultures at the time of CAP addition, suggesting that cells have to be a certain size to divide under these conditions. The period of growth required for CAP-induced division had to be at the restrictive temperature; when cells were grown at 30 degrees C, in the presence of nalidixic acid to prevent normal division, they did not divide on subsequent transfer to 42 degrees C followed, after a period, by protein synthesis inhibition. A model is proposed in which the role of divA as a septation initiator gene is to differentiate surface growth sites by converting a primary unregulated structure, with the capacity to make both peripheral wall and septum, to a secondary structure committed to septum formation.", "contents": "Induction of cell division in a temperature-sensitive division mutant of Escherichia coli by inhibition of protein synthesis. Synchronous cells of the thermosensitive division-defective Escherichia coli strain MACI (divA) divided at the restrictive temperature (42 degrees C) if they were allowed to grow at 42 degrees C for a certain period before protein synthesis was inhibited by adding chloramphenicol (CAP) or rifampicin. The completion of chromosome replication was not required for such divA-independent division. Synchronous cells of strain MACI divided in the presence of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, nalidixic acid, if they were shifted to 42 degrees C and CAP or rifampicin was added after some time; cells of the parent strain MC6 (div A+) treated in the same way did not divide. These data suggest that coupling of cell division to DNA synthesis depends on the divA function. The ability to divide at 42 degrees C, whether or not chromosome termination was allowed, was directly proportional to the mean cell volume of cultures at the time of CAP addition, suggesting that cells have to be a certain size to divide under these conditions. The period of growth required for CAP-induced division had to be at the restrictive temperature; when cells were grown at 30 degrees C, in the presence of nalidixic acid to prevent normal division, they did not divide on subsequent transfer to 42 degrees C followed, after a period, by protein synthesis inhibition. A model is proposed in which the role of divA as a septation initiator gene is to differentiate surface growth sites by converting a primary unregulated structure, with the capacity to make both peripheral wall and septum, to a secondary structure committed to septum formation.", "PMID": 327022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10259", "title": "Preliminary characterization of cell-free K99 antigen isolated from Escherichia coli B41.", "content": "The K99 antigen of Escherichia coli B41 was isolated by isoelectric precipitation from heated bacterial suspensions. Chromatography and immunoabsorption experiments suggested that the mannose-resistant haemagglutinating activity of partially purified preparations of antigen was K99. The antigen was partially susceptible to bacterial proteases and was inactivated by periodate oxidation. Haemagglutination inhibition experiments with sugars and absorption of K99 with antisera to human blood groups A and B substances suggested that K99 contains a terminal alpha-linked N-acetylgalactosamine moiety, which is involved in the haemagglutination reaction, and an adjacent terminal alpha-linked galactose moiety, which plays no part in the reaction.", "contents": "Preliminary characterization of cell-free K99 antigen isolated from Escherichia coli B41. The K99 antigen of Escherichia coli B41 was isolated by isoelectric precipitation from heated bacterial suspensions. Chromatography and immunoabsorption experiments suggested that the mannose-resistant haemagglutinating activity of partially purified preparations of antigen was K99. The antigen was partially susceptible to bacterial proteases and was inactivated by periodate oxidation. Haemagglutination inhibition experiments with sugars and absorption of K99 with antisera to human blood groups A and B substances suggested that K99 contains a terminal alpha-linked N-acetylgalactosamine moiety, which is involved in the haemagglutination reaction, and an adjacent terminal alpha-linked galactose moiety, which plays no part in the reaction.", "PMID": 327023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10260", "title": "The influence of growth substrate and capacity for oxidative phosphorylation on respiratory oscillations in synchronous cultures of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Fluctuations in cell volume during exponential growth of Escherichia coli K12 changed the effectiveness of the continuous-flow centrifugation method for preparing synchronous cultures. Rates of oxygen uptake in synchronous cultures were measured using an electrode system open to the atmosphere. In synchronous cultures of both the parental strain and an adenosine triphosphatase-deficient mutant, which was incapable of oxidative phosphorylation, respiration rates doubled during the cell cycle but oscillated with a periodicity of approximately half a cycle. Synchronous cultures of the parental strain growing on glycerol and Casamino acids showed a stepwise pattern of oxygen consumption. Continuous flow centrifugation did not markedly affect the increases in the numbers and respiration rates of cells in syndhronous cultures. Respiratory oscillations also occurred on inoculation of a late-stationary phase culture into fresh medium, although synchronous division was not observed. The possible mechanisms underlying respiratory fluctuations under different growth conditions are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of growth substrate and capacity for oxidative phosphorylation on respiratory oscillations in synchronous cultures of Escherichia coli K12. Fluctuations in cell volume during exponential growth of Escherichia coli K12 changed the effectiveness of the continuous-flow centrifugation method for preparing synchronous cultures. Rates of oxygen uptake in synchronous cultures were measured using an electrode system open to the atmosphere. In synchronous cultures of both the parental strain and an adenosine triphosphatase-deficient mutant, which was incapable of oxidative phosphorylation, respiration rates doubled during the cell cycle but oscillated with a periodicity of approximately half a cycle. Synchronous cultures of the parental strain growing on glycerol and Casamino acids showed a stepwise pattern of oxygen consumption. Continuous flow centrifugation did not markedly affect the increases in the numbers and respiration rates of cells in syndhronous cultures. Respiratory oscillations also occurred on inoculation of a late-stationary phase culture into fresh medium, although synchronous division was not observed. The possible mechanisms underlying respiratory fluctuations under different growth conditions are discussed.", "PMID": 327024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10261", "title": "Cytochemical differentiation of the axon membrane in A- and C-fibres.", "content": "Guinea pig and rat sciatic nerves were fixed with cacodylate-buffered aldehydes and OsO4, and were stained with ferric ion and ferrocyanide. Cytoplasmic surfaces of the non-myelinated nodal axon membrane of A-fibres display distinct electron-dense aggregates of stain. These aggregates were not observed in association with the paranodal or internodal axolemma. The membranes of C-fibres exhibit no staining under these conditions. Thus, the nodal axolemma of normal myelinated fibres is structurally distinct from both the myelinated internodal membrane, and from the axolemma of C-fibres. The ferric ion-ferrocyanide technique may provide a method for marking axonal membrane with normal nodal properties.", "contents": "Cytochemical differentiation of the axon membrane in A- and C-fibres. Guinea pig and rat sciatic nerves were fixed with cacodylate-buffered aldehydes and OsO4, and were stained with ferric ion and ferrocyanide. Cytoplasmic surfaces of the non-myelinated nodal axon membrane of A-fibres display distinct electron-dense aggregates of stain. These aggregates were not observed in association with the paranodal or internodal axolemma. The membranes of C-fibres exhibit no staining under these conditions. Thus, the nodal axolemma of normal myelinated fibres is structurally distinct from both the myelinated internodal membrane, and from the axolemma of C-fibres. The ferric ion-ferrocyanide technique may provide a method for marking axonal membrane with normal nodal properties.", "PMID": 327027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10262", "title": "Iron-acrylic compound for steriotaxic aneurysm thrombosis.", "content": "A new iron-acrylic compound has been developed for stereotaxic thrombosis of intracranial aneurysms. The compound polymerizes rapidly, does not fragment, and is nontoxic. It has been used in a series of experimental animals and in initial clinical cases with good results. The use of this material simplifies and increases the safety of stereotaxic aneurysm treatment.", "contents": "Iron-acrylic compound for steriotaxic aneurysm thrombosis. A new iron-acrylic compound has been developed for stereotaxic thrombosis of intracranial aneurysms. The compound polymerizes rapidly, does not fragment, and is nontoxic. It has been used in a series of experimental animals and in initial clinical cases with good results. The use of this material simplifies and increases the safety of stereotaxic aneurysm treatment.", "PMID": 327029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10263", "title": "Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man. Part 1: Acute administration in periaqueductal and periventricular sites.", "content": "Acute studies performed in five patients indicate that electrical stimulation of the brain could be a powerful tool for the reduction or control of intractable pain. While chronic or spontaneous pain could be relieved by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter, the accompanying side effects render it impossible to stimulate this site regularly. On the other hand, stimulation of medial thalamic sites, particularly medial to the nucleus parafascicularis, yielded good relief of chronic pain at parameters which did not cause many undesirable side effects. The same parameters also produced inhibition of acute pain in two of the five patients.", "contents": "Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man. Part 1: Acute administration in periaqueductal and periventricular sites. Acute studies performed in five patients indicate that electrical stimulation of the brain could be a powerful tool for the reduction or control of intractable pain. While chronic or spontaneous pain could be relieved by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter, the accompanying side effects render it impossible to stimulate this site regularly. On the other hand, stimulation of medial thalamic sites, particularly medial to the nucleus parafascicularis, yielded good relief of chronic pain at parameters which did not cause many undesirable side effects. The same parameters also produced inhibition of acute pain in two of the five patients.", "PMID": 327030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10264", "title": "Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and compliance in brain-injured patients.", "content": "Hypoxic pulmonary disorders and head injuries associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) frequently co-exist. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves hypoxemia but has been reported to impede cerebral venous return, potentially causing a further increase in ICP. This study examined the effects of PEEP on ICP at different levels of brain compliance. continuous ICP recordings were obtained after insertion of Scott cannulas to the lateral ventricles of seven comatose patients. Brain compliance was assessed by calculation of the pressure volume index. Patients were maintained in a 30 degrees head-up position. Maintenance of PEEP to levels of 40 cm H2O pressure for as long as 18 hours did not increase ICP in patients with either normal or low intracranial compliance, and did not increase ICP in the absence of pulmonary disease. Central venous pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure increased proportionately as PEEP was increased. No consistent changes were found in blood pressure recordings, nor were there any reductions in cardiac output found during the studies. Abrupt discontinuation of PEEP did not result in increased ICP except for a transient rise on two occasions when respiratory secretions became copious and the patients were inadequately ventilated. Improved oxygenation in two patients as a result of PEEP was concomitant with improved intracranial compliance and neurological status. In patients with brain injuries, PEEP improves arterial oxygenation without increasing ICP as previously supposed. Consequently, PEEP is a valuable form of therapy for the comatose patient with pulmonary disorders such as pneumonia or pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and compliance in brain-injured patients. Hypoxic pulmonary disorders and head injuries associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) frequently co-exist. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves hypoxemia but has been reported to impede cerebral venous return, potentially causing a further increase in ICP. This study examined the effects of PEEP on ICP at different levels of brain compliance. continuous ICP recordings were obtained after insertion of Scott cannulas to the lateral ventricles of seven comatose patients. Brain compliance was assessed by calculation of the pressure volume index. Patients were maintained in a 30 degrees head-up position. Maintenance of PEEP to levels of 40 cm H2O pressure for as long as 18 hours did not increase ICP in patients with either normal or low intracranial compliance, and did not increase ICP in the absence of pulmonary disease. Central venous pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure increased proportionately as PEEP was increased. No consistent changes were found in blood pressure recordings, nor were there any reductions in cardiac output found during the studies. Abrupt discontinuation of PEEP did not result in increased ICP except for a transient rise on two occasions when respiratory secretions became copious and the patients were inadequately ventilated. Improved oxygenation in two patients as a result of PEEP was concomitant with improved intracranial compliance and neurological status. In patients with brain injuries, PEEP improves arterial oxygenation without increasing ICP as previously supposed. Consequently, PEEP is a valuable form of therapy for the comatose patient with pulmonary disorders such as pneumonia or pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 327031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10265", "title": "Further characterization of rennin action on kappa-casein using carboxymethylcellulose: effects of various additives on the enzymatic hydrolysis of kappa-casein.", "content": "The effects of various additives on the reaction of rennin with kappa-casein were investigated by using carboxymethylcellulose. Both urea and sodium 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate effectively inhibited rennin action at concentrations larger than 2 M and 2 mM, respectively. These reagents, however, activated the enzyme action at the lower concentrations. Both alpha S-and beta-caseins had some ranges of concentrations in which the rennin reaction was activated. Calcium chloride had an inhibitory effect on the rennin action. Neither mercaptoethanol nor KCl had any appreciable effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis of kappa-casein. These results are analyzed in terms of the association and dissociation of kappa-casein due to the presence of these additives in the reaction solutions.", "contents": "Further characterization of rennin action on kappa-casein using carboxymethylcellulose: effects of various additives on the enzymatic hydrolysis of kappa-casein. The effects of various additives on the reaction of rennin with kappa-casein were investigated by using carboxymethylcellulose. Both urea and sodium 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate effectively inhibited rennin action at concentrations larger than 2 M and 2 mM, respectively. These reagents, however, activated the enzyme action at the lower concentrations. Both alpha S-and beta-caseins had some ranges of concentrations in which the rennin reaction was activated. Calcium chloride had an inhibitory effect on the rennin action. Neither mercaptoethanol nor KCl had any appreciable effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis of kappa-casein. These results are analyzed in terms of the association and dissociation of kappa-casein due to the presence of these additives in the reaction solutions.", "PMID": 327032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10266", "title": "Toxic neuropathy--an overview.", "content": "The involvement of the nervous system in systemic intoxication offers diagnostic and investigative challenges to the occupational health team. Often early evidence of neurotoxicity is vague, of a highly subjective nature and may be complicated by the presence of neuropathies due to other causes such as diabetes mellitus or exposure to multiple neurotoxins such as lead and solvents. The variety of agents producing neurotoxicity is wide, including heavy metals, organophosphates, acrylamide and its analogs, industrial solvents, therapeutic agents and plant alkaloids. The identification of neurotoxic substances requires well controlled epidemiologic studies of humans, including electrodiagnostic testing and well planned experimental animal studies. The latter include consideration of choice of animal species, routes of administration, duration of exposure, clinical evaluation, electrodiagnostic testing, morphologic description of the damage produced and its distribution, and the recognition of the potential for intercurrent naturally occurring neuropathologic processes. The aim of this discussion is to give an overview of these and other factors involved in the assessment of a neurotoxic potential.", "contents": "Toxic neuropathy--an overview. The involvement of the nervous system in systemic intoxication offers diagnostic and investigative challenges to the occupational health team. Often early evidence of neurotoxicity is vague, of a highly subjective nature and may be complicated by the presence of neuropathies due to other causes such as diabetes mellitus or exposure to multiple neurotoxins such as lead and solvents. The variety of agents producing neurotoxicity is wide, including heavy metals, organophosphates, acrylamide and its analogs, industrial solvents, therapeutic agents and plant alkaloids. The identification of neurotoxic substances requires well controlled epidemiologic studies of humans, including electrodiagnostic testing and well planned experimental animal studies. The latter include consideration of choice of animal species, routes of administration, duration of exposure, clinical evaluation, electrodiagnostic testing, morphologic description of the damage produced and its distribution, and the recognition of the potential for intercurrent naturally occurring neuropathologic processes. The aim of this discussion is to give an overview of these and other factors involved in the assessment of a neurotoxic potential.", "PMID": 327033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10267", "title": "Preprosthetic augmentation grafting--autogenous bone.", "content": "Alveolar bone graft augmentation has returned successful prosthetic denture function to patients with deficient alveolar ridges who were beyond the scope of treatment by preprosthetic soft tissue surgical procedures alone. The results of a 30.7-month mean postoperative follow-up of 15 patients with panoramic radiographs were recorded. Emphasis was placed on evaluation by functional improvement rather than on radiographic interpretation. Ideal results were not obtained in all instances; however, in the majority of cases, the patient benefitted by improved prosthetic function.", "contents": "Preprosthetic augmentation grafting--autogenous bone. Alveolar bone graft augmentation has returned successful prosthetic denture function to patients with deficient alveolar ridges who were beyond the scope of treatment by preprosthetic soft tissue surgical procedures alone. The results of a 30.7-month mean postoperative follow-up of 15 patients with panoramic radiographs were recorded. Emphasis was placed on evaluation by functional improvement rather than on radiographic interpretation. Ideal results were not obtained in all instances; however, in the majority of cases, the patient benefitted by improved prosthetic function.", "PMID": 327034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10268", "title": "The use of a modified skin grafting technique for alveolar sulcus extension.", "content": "A modified technique for alveolar sulcus extension was developed from the classic procedure of extending the oral sulcus with epithelium. The ease of surgical manipulation sharply reduces postoperative morbidity and offers highly satisfactory functional results.", "contents": "The use of a modified skin grafting technique for alveolar sulcus extension. A modified technique for alveolar sulcus extension was developed from the classic procedure of extending the oral sulcus with epithelium. The ease of surgical manipulation sharply reduces postoperative morbidity and offers highly satisfactory functional results.", "PMID": 327035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10269", "title": "Current concepts of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a sequel to pulmonary injury that may be direct, closed chest trauma or indirect, through air or vascular passages, aspiration, or fat embolization. An understanding of this syndrome is essential for the oral surgeon who not only manages severe maxillofacial injuries but is also a member of a trauma team that manages multisystem injuries. Emphasis on pathophysiologic pathways resulting in ARDS is presented with a discussion on oxygenation and ventilation abnormalities. Application of these guidelines will assist the oral surgeon in understanding the management of patients with this acute progressive syndrome.", "contents": "Current concepts of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a sequel to pulmonary injury that may be direct, closed chest trauma or indirect, through air or vascular passages, aspiration, or fat embolization. An understanding of this syndrome is essential for the oral surgeon who not only manages severe maxillofacial injuries but is also a member of a trauma team that manages multisystem injuries. Emphasis on pathophysiologic pathways resulting in ARDS is presented with a discussion on oxygenation and ventilation abnormalities. Application of these guidelines will assist the oral surgeon in understanding the management of patients with this acute progressive syndrome.", "PMID": 327036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10270", "title": "Characteristics of mononuclear cell populations in chronically inflamed synovial membranes.", "content": "Mononuclear cells infiltrating synovial membranes in chronic synovitis were characterised both in situ and in cell suspensions by surface markers and histochemical techniques. T-lymphocytes were the predominant infiltrating cell in rheumatoid arthritis as well as in other forms of chronic arthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis and arthritis associated with Crohn's disease. B-lymphocytes were found exclusively in rheumatoid synovial membranes. These cells were demonstrable both in true germinal centres and, focally and diffusely, in nodular mononuclear infiltrates lacking the histochemical characteristics of germinal centres. The synovial lining cells, unlike mononuclear phagocytes, had no demonstrable receptors for C3 and Fc.", "contents": "Characteristics of mononuclear cell populations in chronically inflamed synovial membranes. Mononuclear cells infiltrating synovial membranes in chronic synovitis were characterised both in situ and in cell suspensions by surface markers and histochemical techniques. T-lymphocytes were the predominant infiltrating cell in rheumatoid arthritis as well as in other forms of chronic arthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis and arthritis associated with Crohn's disease. B-lymphocytes were found exclusively in rheumatoid synovial membranes. These cells were demonstrable both in true germinal centres and, focally and diffusely, in nodular mononuclear infiltrates lacking the histochemical characteristics of germinal centres. The synovial lining cells, unlike mononuclear phagocytes, had no demonstrable receptors for C3 and Fc.", "PMID": 327037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10271", "title": "The locomotory behaviour of the multinucleate giant cells of foreign body reactions.", "content": "Cinemicrographic observations have shown that multinucleate giant cells are motile but the degree of translocational movement decreases with increasing size. Generally these polykaryocytes are slower than macrophages exhibiting a speed translocation of 0-3-1-0 micron/min for small polykaryocytes (2-4 nuclei) to 0-04 micron/min for large polykaryocytes (greater than 15 nuclei). Such behaviour would tend to maintain these cells near the site of their formation. The direction of translocation of small syncytia, correlates with the direction of the single leading lamellipodium. Slightly larger cells (5-15 nuclei) show loss of polarity with multiple lamellipodia, none of which is dominant, while the very large syncytia possess a single, large, circumferential lamellipodium whose movement leads to little displacement. These latter polykarya also display reduced contact inhibition which may favour fusion phenomena. Glycolysis appears to be the main source of energy for cellular movement which is also dependent on physiological calcium concentration and an intact microtubular-microfilamentous system. Apposition to the substratum is not complete, occurring in some instances by means of flaps and microvilli which may also be involved in cellular locomotion. Loss of glycocalyceal material probably occurs during locomotion.", "contents": "The locomotory behaviour of the multinucleate giant cells of foreign body reactions. Cinemicrographic observations have shown that multinucleate giant cells are motile but the degree of translocational movement decreases with increasing size. Generally these polykaryocytes are slower than macrophages exhibiting a speed translocation of 0-3-1-0 micron/min for small polykaryocytes (2-4 nuclei) to 0-04 micron/min for large polykaryocytes (greater than 15 nuclei). Such behaviour would tend to maintain these cells near the site of their formation. The direction of translocation of small syncytia, correlates with the direction of the single leading lamellipodium. Slightly larger cells (5-15 nuclei) show loss of polarity with multiple lamellipodia, none of which is dominant, while the very large syncytia possess a single, large, circumferential lamellipodium whose movement leads to little displacement. These latter polykarya also display reduced contact inhibition which may favour fusion phenomena. Glycolysis appears to be the main source of energy for cellular movement which is also dependent on physiological calcium concentration and an intact microtubular-microfilamentous system. Apposition to the substratum is not complete, occurring in some instances by means of flaps and microvilli which may also be involved in cellular locomotion. Loss of glycocalyceal material probably occurs during locomotion.", "PMID": 327038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10272", "title": "Amalgam tattoos: light and electron microscopy and electron-probe micro-analysis.", "content": "A common tattoo occurring in the mouth is caused by the insertion of amalgam filling material into the soft tissues. Fifteen amalgam tattoos were examined. Amalgam or its derivatives were found within macrophages, fibroblasts and multinuclear giant cells. Fine particles were found associated with: the basement-membranes of mucosal epithelium, of striped muscle fibres, and of muscle cells of blood vessels; collagen; elastic tissue; and the connective tissue of nerves. Amalgam consists mainly of mercury, silver and tin. The analytical results suggest that corrosion occurs and that mercury and some tin are lost from the tattoos, leaving silver and tin in macrophages and giant cells, and silver in fibroblasts and in the above-mentioned extracellular sites.", "contents": "Amalgam tattoos: light and electron microscopy and electron-probe micro-analysis. A common tattoo occurring in the mouth is caused by the insertion of amalgam filling material into the soft tissues. Fifteen amalgam tattoos were examined. Amalgam or its derivatives were found within macrophages, fibroblasts and multinuclear giant cells. Fine particles were found associated with: the basement-membranes of mucosal epithelium, of striped muscle fibres, and of muscle cells of blood vessels; collagen; elastic tissue; and the connective tissue of nerves. Amalgam consists mainly of mercury, silver and tin. The analytical results suggest that corrosion occurs and that mercury and some tin are lost from the tattoos, leaving silver and tin in macrophages and giant cells, and silver in fibroblasts and in the above-mentioned extracellular sites.", "PMID": 327039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10273", "title": "Jejunal mucosal immunoglobulins and complement in untreated coeliac disease.", "content": "Jejunal immunofluorescence studies have shown that there is a significantly increased incidence of extracellular IgA and complement in the basement membrane zone and lamina propria of untreated adult coeliac patients compared to coeliac patients on a gluten-free diet. IgG was also demonstrated with complement, particularly in the untreated patients. These findings, taken together with those of other studies, suggest that a local antibody-antigen reaction involving IgA and complement may be responsible for the ongoing mucosal damage in untreated coeliac disease as well as for the acute damage following gluten challenge of the treated patient. Furthermore, consequent upon this damage there may be a secondary IgG antibody response, possibly reticulin antibody, contributing to the mucosal damage.", "contents": "Jejunal mucosal immunoglobulins and complement in untreated coeliac disease. Jejunal immunofluorescence studies have shown that there is a significantly increased incidence of extracellular IgA and complement in the basement membrane zone and lamina propria of untreated adult coeliac patients compared to coeliac patients on a gluten-free diet. IgG was also demonstrated with complement, particularly in the untreated patients. These findings, taken together with those of other studies, suggest that a local antibody-antigen reaction involving IgA and complement may be responsible for the ongoing mucosal damage in untreated coeliac disease as well as for the acute damage following gluten challenge of the treated patient. Furthermore, consequent upon this damage there may be a secondary IgG antibody response, possibly reticulin antibody, contributing to the mucosal damage.", "PMID": 327040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10274", "title": "Ig surface receptors and erythrophagocytic activity of histiocytosis X cells in vitro.", "content": "Membrane receptors for Ig and IgG and receptors for immune complexes (C3) have been identified on the surface of histiocytosis X cells by direct immunofluorescence and by rosette formation. Histiocytosis X cells also avidly phagocytose human RBC and latex particles. The cells studied originated from three eosinophilic granulomas of bone and were maintained in culture for 12 days. These immunological characteristics suggest that histiocytosis X cells represent a neoplastic variant of a cellular subpopulation (Langerhans lineage) which probably belongs to the mononuclear phagocyte system.", "contents": "Ig surface receptors and erythrophagocytic activity of histiocytosis X cells in vitro. Membrane receptors for Ig and IgG and receptors for immune complexes (C3) have been identified on the surface of histiocytosis X cells by direct immunofluorescence and by rosette formation. Histiocytosis X cells also avidly phagocytose human RBC and latex particles. The cells studied originated from three eosinophilic granulomas of bone and were maintained in culture for 12 days. These immunological characteristics suggest that histiocytosis X cells represent a neoplastic variant of a cellular subpopulation (Langerhans lineage) which probably belongs to the mononuclear phagocyte system.", "PMID": 327041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10275", "title": "Abnormalities of the local immune system in intestinal neoplasia: a morphological study.", "content": "In colonic adenocarcinomata abnormalities have been noted in all morphological aspects of the local immune system of the bowel; thus, in such tumours there is a defective production of secretory IgA, a diminished content of secretory component (SC) and a marked decrease in intraepithelial lymphocytes. By contrast, no such abnormalities were noted in the non-neoplastic areas of the bowel, either immediately adjacent to, or some distance from, the carcinoma. These findings suggest that there is not usually any generalised morphological abnormality of the local immune systems in intestinal neoplasia and that the immunological abnormalities noted within the tumour are a result of the changed nature of the epithelium, thus altering, or interfering with, the normal interactions between epithelial and lymphoid tissue in the gut.", "contents": "Abnormalities of the local immune system in intestinal neoplasia: a morphological study. In colonic adenocarcinomata abnormalities have been noted in all morphological aspects of the local immune system of the bowel; thus, in such tumours there is a defective production of secretory IgA, a diminished content of secretory component (SC) and a marked decrease in intraepithelial lymphocytes. By contrast, no such abnormalities were noted in the non-neoplastic areas of the bowel, either immediately adjacent to, or some distance from, the carcinoma. These findings suggest that there is not usually any generalised morphological abnormality of the local immune systems in intestinal neoplasia and that the immunological abnormalities noted within the tumour are a result of the changed nature of the epithelium, thus altering, or interfering with, the normal interactions between epithelial and lymphoid tissue in the gut.", "PMID": 327043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10276", "title": "Rosetting and other reactions of the Reed-Sternberg cell.", "content": "Clustering of lymphocytes around Reed-Sternberg cells was noticed in single cell suspensions made from viable Hodgkin's lymphoid tissue. Cytocentrifugation of the suspension showed that clustering also occurred around a smaller cell type, thought to be the precursor of the classical Reed-Sternberg cell. Time-lapse cine films taken of the clustering showed unceasing activity on the part of the lymphocytes migrating over the surface of the central cell. Reed-Sternberg cells were reacted with anti-monocyte serum using indirect fluorescence techniques. In its mature form at least, the Reed-Sternberg cell showed no activity with the antiserum. No immunoglobulin was detected in the Reed-Sternberg cell using fluorescence techniques, but a few Reed-Sternberg cells showed diffuse cytoplasmic staining using the peroxidase-labelled antibody technique. Membrane receptor tests showed the lymphocytes surrounding the Reed-Sternberg cell to be T-cells. After proteolytic enzyme treatment to free lymphocytes from the surface, the Reed-Sternberg cell bound IgG-coated red blood cells indicating a probable Fc receptor. Cytochemistry demonstrated weak non-specific esterase activity in a small minority of Reed-Sternberg cells, and absence of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase. A subpopulation of lymphocytes with distinctive segmentation of the nucleus was noted. These were often to be seen participating in lymphocyte rosettes around the Reed-Sternberg cell.", "contents": "Rosetting and other reactions of the Reed-Sternberg cell. Clustering of lymphocytes around Reed-Sternberg cells was noticed in single cell suspensions made from viable Hodgkin's lymphoid tissue. Cytocentrifugation of the suspension showed that clustering also occurred around a smaller cell type, thought to be the precursor of the classical Reed-Sternberg cell. Time-lapse cine films taken of the clustering showed unceasing activity on the part of the lymphocytes migrating over the surface of the central cell. Reed-Sternberg cells were reacted with anti-monocyte serum using indirect fluorescence techniques. In its mature form at least, the Reed-Sternberg cell showed no activity with the antiserum. No immunoglobulin was detected in the Reed-Sternberg cell using fluorescence techniques, but a few Reed-Sternberg cells showed diffuse cytoplasmic staining using the peroxidase-labelled antibody technique. Membrane receptor tests showed the lymphocytes surrounding the Reed-Sternberg cell to be T-cells. After proteolytic enzyme treatment to free lymphocytes from the surface, the Reed-Sternberg cell bound IgG-coated red blood cells indicating a probable Fc receptor. Cytochemistry demonstrated weak non-specific esterase activity in a small minority of Reed-Sternberg cells, and absence of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase. A subpopulation of lymphocytes with distinctive segmentation of the nucleus was noted. These were often to be seen participating in lymphocyte rosettes around the Reed-Sternberg cell.", "PMID": 327044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10277", "title": "The effect of gestational age on intralipid tolerance in newborn infants.", "content": "Tolerance to intravenously administered Intralipid was studied in 18 newborn infants aged 4 to 8 days and gestation 27 to 40 weeks. Clearance of a bolus injection of Intralipid from plasma was an exponential function following first order kinetics. Less mature infants had a clearance rate less than half that seen in more mature infants. Free fatty acids rose more rapidly and were maintained above fasting levels throughout the study in the immature group, probably because of impaired utilization of free fatty acid. The slower clearance of Intralipid in immature infants may be related to lipoprotein lipase deficiency secondary to their limited adipose tissue mass.", "contents": "The effect of gestational age on intralipid tolerance in newborn infants. Tolerance to intravenously administered Intralipid was studied in 18 newborn infants aged 4 to 8 days and gestation 27 to 40 weeks. Clearance of a bolus injection of Intralipid from plasma was an exponential function following first order kinetics. Less mature infants had a clearance rate less than half that seen in more mature infants. Free fatty acids rose more rapidly and were maintained above fasting levels throughout the study in the immature group, probably because of impaired utilization of free fatty acid. The slower clearance of Intralipid in immature infants may be related to lipoprotein lipase deficiency secondary to their limited adipose tissue mass.", "PMID": 327047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10278", "title": "Increased hypoxemia in neonates secondary to the use of continuous positive airway pressure.", "content": "Five neonates are presented who, while receiving continuous transpulmonary pressure, developed increased systemic arterial hypoxemia, which was relieved when this therapeutic modality was decreased or discontinued. Three of the five had chest radiographs consistent with hyaline membrane disease: the other two had atypical radiographs. None had evidence of air leaks. Levels of positive airway pressure utilized when the hypoxemia was noted ranged from 5 to 15 cm H2O. Calculated shunt fractions (Qs/Qt) improved from a mean of 73% to 37% when the continuous positive airway pressure was lowered. The site of shunting in these infants could have been in the lung or through anatomic extrapulmonary shunts. Improvement in total cardiac output may also have contributed to the improved oxygenation. This paradoxical effect of continuous transpulmonary pressure appears to be mediated through changes in the pulmonary vascular resistance brought about by the continuous transpulmonary pressure.", "contents": "Increased hypoxemia in neonates secondary to the use of continuous positive airway pressure. Five neonates are presented who, while receiving continuous transpulmonary pressure, developed increased systemic arterial hypoxemia, which was relieved when this therapeutic modality was decreased or discontinued. Three of the five had chest radiographs consistent with hyaline membrane disease: the other two had atypical radiographs. None had evidence of air leaks. Levels of positive airway pressure utilized when the hypoxemia was noted ranged from 5 to 15 cm H2O. Calculated shunt fractions (Qs/Qt) improved from a mean of 73% to 37% when the continuous positive airway pressure was lowered. The site of shunting in these infants could have been in the lung or through anatomic extrapulmonary shunts. Improvement in total cardiac output may also have contributed to the improved oxygenation. This paradoxical effect of continuous transpulmonary pressure appears to be mediated through changes in the pulmonary vascular resistance brought about by the continuous transpulmonary pressure.", "PMID": 327050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10279", "title": "Heat-stable enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and necrotizing enterocolitis: lack of an association.", "content": "During an outbreak of diarrhea in a special care nursery caused by heat-stable enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (serotype 078:H11:K80), nine (4.3%) of the 205 infants in the nursery developed necrotizing enterocolitis. Cases of necrotizing enterocolitis were not significantly more common in infants colonized or infected with these organisms; heat-stable enterotoxigenic E. coli was isolated from 5(56%) of nine cases of necrotizing ecterocolitis and from 27(38%) of the 71 infants without necrotizing enterocolitis who were also cultured. Our findings suggest that caution should be taken in implicating enterotoxigenic E. coli as a cause of necrotizing enterocolitis.", "contents": "Heat-stable enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and necrotizing enterocolitis: lack of an association. During an outbreak of diarrhea in a special care nursery caused by heat-stable enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (serotype 078:H11:K80), nine (4.3%) of the 205 infants in the nursery developed necrotizing enterocolitis. Cases of necrotizing enterocolitis were not significantly more common in infants colonized or infected with these organisms; heat-stable enterotoxigenic E. coli was isolated from 5(56%) of nine cases of necrotizing ecterocolitis and from 27(38%) of the 71 infants without necrotizing enterocolitis who were also cultured. Our findings suggest that caution should be taken in implicating enterotoxigenic E. coli as a cause of necrotizing enterocolitis.", "PMID": 327052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10280", "title": "Spectrophotometry as a tool for assaying endotoxins.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method is reported for assaying endotoxins over a wide concentration range, including low parts per billion levels. Five solution of endotoxins. Escherichia coli 0127:B8, Escherichia coli 055:B5, Salmonella abortus-equi, Salmonella enteritidis, and Shigella flexneri, were examined. Each exhibited an absorption maximum at 259 nm, but the absorptivities differed in each case. Thus, rigorous quantification requires that the identity of the endotoxin be known. The uv absorbance and the statistical data for the standard curves for three groups of standard solutions are presented. The absorbance for each group was linear with concentration within acceptable limits.", "contents": "Spectrophotometry as a tool for assaying endotoxins. A spectrophotometric method is reported for assaying endotoxins over a wide concentration range, including low parts per billion levels. Five solution of endotoxins. Escherichia coli 0127:B8, Escherichia coli 055:B5, Salmonella abortus-equi, Salmonella enteritidis, and Shigella flexneri, were examined. Each exhibited an absorption maximum at 259 nm, but the absorptivities differed in each case. Thus, rigorous quantification requires that the identity of the endotoxin be known. The uv absorbance and the statistical data for the standard curves for three groups of standard solutions are presented. The absorbance for each group was linear with concentration within acceptable limits.", "PMID": 327056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10281", "title": "Sex differences in drug evaluations.", "content": "Twenty normal, nonobese subjects (10 males and 10 female) were administered a battery of seven psychomotor tests as well as affect checklists and physiological measurements on 6 alternate days. Subjects performed the entire battery predrug and at 45,90, and 135 min postdrug. Fenfluramine, dextroamphetamine, two combined doses of the drugs, and a placebo were given in a double-blind, repeated measures design. Findings revealed significant sex-based differences in initial performance on five of the seven psychomotor tasks and in two physiological measures, with males performing at higher levels than females. Additionally, sex differences in postdrug changes were found in three psychomotor and two physiological measures, with females evidencing greater change scores than males.", "contents": "Sex differences in drug evaluations. Twenty normal, nonobese subjects (10 males and 10 female) were administered a battery of seven psychomotor tests as well as affect checklists and physiological measurements on 6 alternate days. Subjects performed the entire battery predrug and at 45,90, and 135 min postdrug. Fenfluramine, dextroamphetamine, two combined doses of the drugs, and a placebo were given in a double-blind, repeated measures design. Findings revealed significant sex-based differences in initial performance on five of the seven psychomotor tasks and in two physiological measures, with males performing at higher levels than females. Additionally, sex differences in postdrug changes were found in three psychomotor and two physiological measures, with females evidencing greater change scores than males.", "PMID": 327057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10282", "title": "Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) in pituitary stalk plasma from female rats: effects of stimulating diencephalon, hippocampus and amygdala.", "content": "1. Previous studies on the effect of preoptic and median eminence stimulation on the immunoreactive LRF content of pituitary stalk blood from pro-oestrous rats have been extended. Stimulation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei and anterior hypothalamic area produced increments in LRF which were 66 and 18% respectively, of that produced by preoptic stimulation, and 38 and 9%, respectively, of that produced by stimulation of the median emience. Stimulation of the amygdala and hippocampus had no effect. 2. The LRF response was not affected significantly when preoptic stimulation was accompanied by stimulation of the hippocampus. 3. In animals subjected to section of the dorsal afferents of the diencephalon, the LRF response to preoptic stimulation was similar to that in intact rats. However, the facilitatory effect of oestrogen on the LRF response to preoptic stimulation was significantly reduced in the roof sectioned compared with intact animals. The post-operative resumption of oestrous cycles was delayed but not abolished by dorsal deafferentation.", "contents": "Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) in pituitary stalk plasma from female rats: effects of stimulating diencephalon, hippocampus and amygdala. 1. Previous studies on the effect of preoptic and median eminence stimulation on the immunoreactive LRF content of pituitary stalk blood from pro-oestrous rats have been extended. Stimulation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei and anterior hypothalamic area produced increments in LRF which were 66 and 18% respectively, of that produced by preoptic stimulation, and 38 and 9%, respectively, of that produced by stimulation of the median emience. Stimulation of the amygdala and hippocampus had no effect. 2. The LRF response was not affected significantly when preoptic stimulation was accompanied by stimulation of the hippocampus. 3. In animals subjected to section of the dorsal afferents of the diencephalon, the LRF response to preoptic stimulation was similar to that in intact rats. However, the facilitatory effect of oestrogen on the LRF response to preoptic stimulation was significantly reduced in the roof sectioned compared with intact animals. The post-operative resumption of oestrous cycles was delayed but not abolished by dorsal deafferentation.", "PMID": 327059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10283", "title": "The functional significance of sodium channels in pancreatic beta-cell membranes.", "content": "1. The existence and functional significance of Na channels in pancreatic beta-cell membranes were investigated by studying the effects of the plant alkaloid veratridine on the temporal release of insulin from perfused isolated rat islets of Langerhans.2. 100 muM veratridine evoked a sustained threefold increase in insulin release which was almost completely inhibited by 3 muM tetrodotoxin (TTX). This action of TTX was rapidly reversible.3. The simultaneous presence of 100 muM propranolol, 100 muM phenoxy-benzamine and 10 muM atropine did not alter the magnitude of the response to 100 muM veratridine, indicating that the action of veratridine on the beta-cells was direct and was not mediated via the release of neurotrans-mitters from nerve endings within the islets.4. (45)Ca uptake by isolated islets in static incubation was increased almost threefold by 100 muM veratridine. This increase was completely inhibited by the simultaneous presence of 3 muM TTX.5. Replacement of Na(o) by choline caused a transient fourfold increase in insulin release which was associated with an increase in the uptake of (45)Ca from the extracellular space of similar magnitude. Subsequent exposure of islets to 100 muM veratridine still evoked some insulin release but this only achieved 32% of that secreted by islets exposed to veratridine in medium of normal [Na](o).6. The addition of 2.5 mM CoCl(2) to the medium caused a 62.5% inhibition of veratridine-mediated insulin release.7. In Ca-free medium supplemented with 1 mM EGTA, 100 muM veratridine evoked insulin release of equal magnitude and of similar temporal relationship to that obtained in the presence of normal [Ca](o).8. A twofold increase in insulin release that occurred in the 15 min period immediately following exposure to 1 mM ouabain was completely independent of [Ca](o). Subsequent ouabain-evoked release became increasingly dependent on [Ca](o).9. Tetrodotoxin (3 muM) inhibited the first phase of insulin release evoked by 16.7 mMd-glucose by 37% and the second phase by 20%.10. Both Na and Ca appear capable of entering through Na channels opened in the beta-cell membrane by veratridine. The increase in [Na](i), resulting from the veratridine mediated increase in P(Na+), causes depolarization of the beta-cell membrane with a consequent opening of voltage-sensitive, Co(2+)-blockable channels for additional Ca entry. An increase in [Na](i) also increases [Ca](i) by altering the equilibria of intracellular Ca-sequestering mechanisms. The small but significant reduction of glucose-mediated insulin release by TTX indicates that glucose has a rather weak action on the Na channel and a more pronounced effect on the voltage-dependent Co(2+)-blockable Ca channel.", "contents": "The functional significance of sodium channels in pancreatic beta-cell membranes. 1. The existence and functional significance of Na channels in pancreatic beta-cell membranes were investigated by studying the effects of the plant alkaloid veratridine on the temporal release of insulin from perfused isolated rat islets of Langerhans.2. 100 muM veratridine evoked a sustained threefold increase in insulin release which was almost completely inhibited by 3 muM tetrodotoxin (TTX). This action of TTX was rapidly reversible.3. The simultaneous presence of 100 muM propranolol, 100 muM phenoxy-benzamine and 10 muM atropine did not alter the magnitude of the response to 100 muM veratridine, indicating that the action of veratridine on the beta-cells was direct and was not mediated via the release of neurotrans-mitters from nerve endings within the islets.4. (45)Ca uptake by isolated islets in static incubation was increased almost threefold by 100 muM veratridine. This increase was completely inhibited by the simultaneous presence of 3 muM TTX.5. Replacement of Na(o) by choline caused a transient fourfold increase in insulin release which was associated with an increase in the uptake of (45)Ca from the extracellular space of similar magnitude. Subsequent exposure of islets to 100 muM veratridine still evoked some insulin release but this only achieved 32% of that secreted by islets exposed to veratridine in medium of normal [Na](o).6. The addition of 2.5 mM CoCl(2) to the medium caused a 62.5% inhibition of veratridine-mediated insulin release.7. In Ca-free medium supplemented with 1 mM EGTA, 100 muM veratridine evoked insulin release of equal magnitude and of similar temporal relationship to that obtained in the presence of normal [Ca](o).8. A twofold increase in insulin release that occurred in the 15 min period immediately following exposure to 1 mM ouabain was completely independent of [Ca](o). Subsequent ouabain-evoked release became increasingly dependent on [Ca](o).9. Tetrodotoxin (3 muM) inhibited the first phase of insulin release evoked by 16.7 mMd-glucose by 37% and the second phase by 20%.10. Both Na and Ca appear capable of entering through Na channels opened in the beta-cell membrane by veratridine. The increase in [Na](i), resulting from the veratridine mediated increase in P(Na+), causes depolarization of the beta-cell membrane with a consequent opening of voltage-sensitive, Co(2+)-blockable channels for additional Ca entry. An increase in [Na](i) also increases [Ca](i) by altering the equilibria of intracellular Ca-sequestering mechanisms. The small but significant reduction of glucose-mediated insulin release by TTX indicates that glucose has a rather weak action on the Na channel and a more pronounced effect on the voltage-dependent Co(2+)-blockable Ca channel.", "PMID": 327058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10284", "title": "Elective manual exploration of the uterus after delivery: a study and review.", "content": "One hundred patients who had elective manual exploration of the uterus at the time of delivery were compared with a control group of 100 patients with regard to febrile morbidity and blood loss at delivery. Febrile morbidity was quantitated with the Fever Index, and postpartum blood loss was quantitated by subtracting the two-day postpartum hemoglobin from the admission hemoglobin. The patient population encompassed only normal spontaneous vaginal deliveries without complications. The manually explored group had less febrile morbidity and less blood loss; however, this was not statistically significant. Although this study cannot conclude that routine elective manual exploration of the uterus should be done after expulsion of the placenta, it does demonstrate the safety of the procedure.", "contents": "Elective manual exploration of the uterus after delivery: a study and review. One hundred patients who had elective manual exploration of the uterus at the time of delivery were compared with a control group of 100 patients with regard to febrile morbidity and blood loss at delivery. Febrile morbidity was quantitated with the Fever Index, and postpartum blood loss was quantitated by subtracting the two-day postpartum hemoglobin from the admission hemoglobin. The patient population encompassed only normal spontaneous vaginal deliveries without complications. The manually explored group had less febrile morbidity and less blood loss; however, this was not statistically significant. Although this study cannot conclude that routine elective manual exploration of the uterus should be done after expulsion of the placenta, it does demonstrate the safety of the procedure.", "PMID": 327061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10285", "title": "[Newer veterinary neuropathological conditions in South Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "A brief review is given of some of the more recent findings on lesions of diseases affecting the central nervous system of animals. These include local diseases caused by poisonous plants; Helichrysum argyrosphaerum, Solanum kwebense, Matricaria nigellaefolia; infectious diseases e.g. heartwater, cerebral babesiosis and cranial abscesses in goats caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes. Reference is also made to some conditions, originally described in overseas countries and which subsequently have been diagnosed in South Africa. Original findings on lesions seen in mycotoxicoses caused by Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus clavatus are included.", "contents": "[Newer veterinary neuropathological conditions in South Africa (author's transl)]. A brief review is given of some of the more recent findings on lesions of diseases affecting the central nervous system of animals. These include local diseases caused by poisonous plants; Helichrysum argyrosphaerum, Solanum kwebense, Matricaria nigellaefolia; infectious diseases e.g. heartwater, cerebral babesiosis and cranial abscesses in goats caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes. Reference is also made to some conditions, originally described in overseas countries and which subsequently have been diagnosed in South Africa. Original findings on lesions seen in mycotoxicoses caused by Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus clavatus are included.", "PMID": 327065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10286", "title": "[Renal cancer embolization with isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Experimental study and first clinical applications (author's transl)].", "content": "Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate (IBC) is an acrylic monomer which quickly polymerizes in contact with blood. It has been rarely used as an embolic material and never in embolization of renal cancer. The authors report their experience on the use of this substance as embolic material, based on an experimental study in the rat and on two human cases of renal cancer, where a preoperative transcatheter embolization was performed. IBC revealed as a substance which can produce a very efficient and lasting embolization. No complications were observed.", "contents": "[Renal cancer embolization with isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Experimental study and first clinical applications (author's transl)]. Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate (IBC) is an acrylic monomer which quickly polymerizes in contact with blood. It has been rarely used as an embolic material and never in embolization of renal cancer. The authors report their experience on the use of this substance as embolic material, based on an experimental study in the rat and on two human cases of renal cancer, where a preoperative transcatheter embolization was performed. IBC revealed as a substance which can produce a very efficient and lasting embolization. No complications were observed.", "PMID": 327060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10287", "title": "Inhibition of the activity of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) by analogues with variations at positions 2, 3, and 6 and the carboxyl terminus.", "content": "In the isolated rat pituitary assay, [Thr2,Leu3]-LH-RH, [Leu2,Ala3,D-Ala6]-LH-RH, and des-Gly10-[Abu2,Ala3,D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide inhibited the LH release due to 0.3 ng/mL of added LH-RH at a 10 microgram/mL dosage. Under these same assay conditions, des-Gly10-[Ile2,Ala3,D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide was about one-tenth as active, and no inhibition was observed by [Leu2,Ser3]-LH-RH or [Leu2,Asn3]-LH-RH at a 100 microgram/mL dosage. The corresponding results from FSH inhibition assays, in vitro, are also reported.", "contents": "Inhibition of the activity of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) by analogues with variations at positions 2, 3, and 6 and the carboxyl terminus. In the isolated rat pituitary assay, [Thr2,Leu3]-LH-RH, [Leu2,Ala3,D-Ala6]-LH-RH, and des-Gly10-[Abu2,Ala3,D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide inhibited the LH release due to 0.3 ng/mL of added LH-RH at a 10 microgram/mL dosage. Under these same assay conditions, des-Gly10-[Ile2,Ala3,D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide was about one-tenth as active, and no inhibition was observed by [Leu2,Ser3]-LH-RH or [Leu2,Asn3]-LH-RH at a 100 microgram/mL dosage. The corresponding results from FSH inhibition assays, in vitro, are also reported.", "PMID": 327068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10288", "title": "Differences in antischistosomal and mutagenic properties between an isothiocyano- and an isocyanonitrodiphenylamine.", "content": "While 4-isothiocyano-4'-nitrodiphenylamine has high schistosomicidal activity in vivo and is devoid of mutagenic properties in vitro, the reverse is true for the isocyano analogue of this compound; i.e., replacement of the sulfur by oxygen results in a compound that has no demonstrable antischistosomal effects and exhibits significant mutagenic activity.", "contents": "Differences in antischistosomal and mutagenic properties between an isothiocyano- and an isocyanonitrodiphenylamine. While 4-isothiocyano-4'-nitrodiphenylamine has high schistosomicidal activity in vivo and is devoid of mutagenic properties in vitro, the reverse is true for the isocyano analogue of this compound; i.e., replacement of the sulfur by oxygen results in a compound that has no demonstrable antischistosomal effects and exhibits significant mutagenic activity.", "PMID": 327069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10289", "title": "One hundred and twenty-seven cultured human tumor cell lines producing tumors in nude mice.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-seven cultured human tumor cell lines produced tumors after sc inoculation of 1-20 million cells into nude mice. They included 56 carcinoma lines, 14 sarcoma lines, and 57 lines from miscellaneous tumors and were all glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase type B. Twenty-nine percent of the lines produced tumors of 1 cm3 size within 1 month and 41% in the second month after inoculation. The histopathology correlated with the human tumor of origin in all cases.", "contents": "One hundred and twenty-seven cultured human tumor cell lines producing tumors in nude mice. One hundred and twenty-seven cultured human tumor cell lines produced tumors after sc inoculation of 1-20 million cells into nude mice. They included 56 carcinoma lines, 14 sarcoma lines, and 57 lines from miscellaneous tumors and were all glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase type B. Twenty-nine percent of the lines produced tumors of 1 cm3 size within 1 month and 41% in the second month after inoculation. The histopathology correlated with the human tumor of origin in all cases.", "PMID": 327080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10290", "title": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci analysis of 242 isolations.", "content": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GBS) were isolated from 242 patients at Howard University Hospital during a seven-month period. The source of the majority, 236, was the genital tract of women. In six instances, the organism was cultured from various sites in neonates born of mothers harboring GBS in their birth canals. All of the patients were black. The study indicates that the frequency of colonization of the genital tract by GBS in black females is higher than that reported for white women. Although the sample is small, there appears to be a correlation between genital tract colonization of GBS in mothers and colonization in their affected newborns.", "contents": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci analysis of 242 isolations. Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GBS) were isolated from 242 patients at Howard University Hospital during a seven-month period. The source of the majority, 236, was the genital tract of women. In six instances, the organism was cultured from various sites in neonates born of mothers harboring GBS in their birth canals. All of the patients were black. The study indicates that the frequency of colonization of the genital tract by GBS in black females is higher than that reported for white women. Although the sample is small, there appears to be a correlation between genital tract colonization of GBS in mothers and colonization in their affected newborns.", "PMID": 327083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10291", "title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).", "content": "This report presents data obtained in the care of 830 patients requiring assisted ventilation. When these patients were divided into groups by the severity of their respiratory failure as defined by the duration of ventilatory assistance (greater than 48 hours, less than 48 hours) and level of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) required (greater than 5 cm HoH, less than 5 cm HoH), it was found that evidence of concurrent bacterial infection was present in the majority of patients with severe respiratory failure. This finding could not be explained by infection acquired after the onset of respiratory failure. In addition, this analysis demonstrated the important association of active pulmonary infection with the occurrence of barotrauma in these patients. Case analysis of patients subjected to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has led to the suggestion that underlying sepsis in patients failing to respond to conventional ventilatory assistance similarly limits the usefulness of membrane oxygenator support.", "contents": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This report presents data obtained in the care of 830 patients requiring assisted ventilation. When these patients were divided into groups by the severity of their respiratory failure as defined by the duration of ventilatory assistance (greater than 48 hours, less than 48 hours) and level of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) required (greater than 5 cm HoH, less than 5 cm HoH), it was found that evidence of concurrent bacterial infection was present in the majority of patients with severe respiratory failure. This finding could not be explained by infection acquired after the onset of respiratory failure. In addition, this analysis demonstrated the important association of active pulmonary infection with the occurrence of barotrauma in these patients. Case analysis of patients subjected to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has led to the suggestion that underlying sepsis in patients failing to respond to conventional ventilatory assistance similarly limits the usefulness of membrane oxygenator support.", "PMID": 327084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10292", "title": "Modifications in the treatment of the multiple injury patient.", "content": "When burns complicate the management of an otherwise severely injured patient, modifications in treatment must be undertaken for both problems. The unique situation of this type of patient often requires the use of multiple therapeutic interventions which may differ from the usual. The use of controlled hypotension and aggressive surgical burn management was successful in allowing the postponement of vascular surgery in a young male patient with a traumatic aortic disruption and extensive burns resulting from a 60-foot fall and severe thermal burns.", "contents": "Modifications in the treatment of the multiple injury patient. When burns complicate the management of an otherwise severely injured patient, modifications in treatment must be undertaken for both problems. The unique situation of this type of patient often requires the use of multiple therapeutic interventions which may differ from the usual. The use of controlled hypotension and aggressive surgical burn management was successful in allowing the postponement of vascular surgery in a young male patient with a traumatic aortic disruption and extensive burns resulting from a 60-foot fall and severe thermal burns.", "PMID": 327085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10293", "title": "Infections with two dengue viruses in Greece in the 20th century. Did dengue hemorrhagic fever occur in the 1928 epidemic?", "content": "From contemporary clinical accounts we hypothesized that the 1928 dengue epidemic in Greece may have been an earlier occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fiver/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). To study the possibility that two different dengue viruses may have been involved, serums from 62 Athenians alive during the epidemic were examined for dengue antibodies; 73 per cent showed evidence of prior dengue infection. Monotypic neutralizing antibodies were found to two different dengue viruses, types 1 and 2. A large proportion of the sampled population had evidence of two or more past dengue infections. Since there is no evidence that dengue viruses have been transmitted in Greece since 1928, during the epidemic a very large number of persons immune to one dengue type must have acquired infections with a secon type. The virological criteria for secondary infection DHF/DSS are thus satisfied. Although DHF/DSS is currently restricted to Asia and the Pacific, the Greek oubreak suggests a biological potential for fatal consequences of dengue infections in Caucasians, particularly the elderly.", "contents": "Infections with two dengue viruses in Greece in the 20th century. Did dengue hemorrhagic fever occur in the 1928 epidemic? From contemporary clinical accounts we hypothesized that the 1928 dengue epidemic in Greece may have been an earlier occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fiver/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). To study the possibility that two different dengue viruses may have been involved, serums from 62 Athenians alive during the epidemic were examined for dengue antibodies; 73 per cent showed evidence of prior dengue infection. Monotypic neutralizing antibodies were found to two different dengue viruses, types 1 and 2. A large proportion of the sampled population had evidence of two or more past dengue infections. Since there is no evidence that dengue viruses have been transmitted in Greece since 1928, during the epidemic a very large number of persons immune to one dengue type must have acquired infections with a secon type. The virological criteria for secondary infection DHF/DSS are thus satisfied. Although DHF/DSS is currently restricted to Asia and the Pacific, the Greek oubreak suggests a biological potential for fatal consequences of dengue infections in Caucasians, particularly the elderly.", "PMID": 327086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10294", "title": "In vitro system that synthesizes circular viral DNA of bacteriophage phi X 174.", "content": "An extract prepared from Escherichia coli cells infected with phi chi 174 bacteriophage was capable of incorporating dTTP into phage-specific DNAs in vitro. The synthesized DNAs were associated with proteins and sedimented with S values of 20, 50, and 90 in a sucrose gradient sedimentation. DNA isolated from 20S material was open circular replicative form (RF), DNA in 50S material was replicative-form DNA with an extended single-stranded viral DNA that ranged up to one genome in length, and DNA in 90S material consisted of circular and linear single-stranded viral DNA of full genome length and single-stranded viral DNA shorter than full genome length. Pulse and pulse-chase experiments indicated that 90S material derived from 50S material.", "contents": "In vitro system that synthesizes circular viral DNA of bacteriophage phi X 174. An extract prepared from Escherichia coli cells infected with phi chi 174 bacteriophage was capable of incorporating dTTP into phage-specific DNAs in vitro. The synthesized DNAs were associated with proteins and sedimented with S values of 20, 50, and 90 in a sucrose gradient sedimentation. DNA isolated from 20S material was open circular replicative form (RF), DNA in 50S material was replicative-form DNA with an extended single-stranded viral DNA that ranged up to one genome in length, and DNA in 90S material consisted of circular and linear single-stranded viral DNA of full genome length and single-stranded viral DNA shorter than full genome length. Pulse and pulse-chase experiments indicated that 90S material derived from 50S material.", "PMID": 327087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10295", "title": "Transduction of bacteriophage Mu by bacteriophage T1.", "content": "Phage T1 transduces phage Mu PFU from Mu-lysogenic donor cells to sensitive recipient cells. The efficiency of transduction depends on the chromosomal location of the Mu prophage. T1, therefore, appears to package different regions of the bacterial chromosome with different efficiencies. Although T1 transduces bacterial markers with different efficiencies, there is no direct correlation between the efficiency of transduction of a bacterial marker and the efficiency of transduction of Mu PFU from donor cells with the Mu prophage located in that marker.", "contents": "Transduction of bacteriophage Mu by bacteriophage T1. Phage T1 transduces phage Mu PFU from Mu-lysogenic donor cells to sensitive recipient cells. The efficiency of transduction depends on the chromosomal location of the Mu prophage. T1, therefore, appears to package different regions of the bacterial chromosome with different efficiencies. Although T1 transduces bacterial markers with different efficiencies, there is no direct correlation between the efficiency of transduction of a bacterial marker and the efficiency of transduction of Mu PFU from donor cells with the Mu prophage located in that marker.", "PMID": 327088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10296", "title": "Isolation of specialized lambda transducing bacteriophages for flagellar genes (fla) of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Specialized transducing lambda phages carrying the region III flagellar genes (fla) of Escherichia coli K-12 were isolated by a new method. A strain carrying both a cryptic lambda prophage near the his genes and a deletion of the attlambda gene was used as a starting strain. The lysogen of lambdacI857pga18-bio69 was isolated in which the prophage was integrated within the lambda cryptic genes by means of recombination with the residual lambda DNA. The strains with deletions starting within the prophage and ending in these fla genes were selected from among the heat-resistant survivors of the lysogen. They were then infected with heat-inducible and lysis-defective lambda phages and, thus, specialized transducing phage lines for hag and fla were obtained. High-frequency transfer lines of rare phages carrying the fla genes were isolated by inducing a strain carrying a heat-inducible lambda prophage near the his genes and selecting by transduction of a fla deletion strain. Preliminary characterization of these transducing phages is also reported.", "contents": "Isolation of specialized lambda transducing bacteriophages for flagellar genes (fla) of Escherichia coli K-12. Specialized transducing lambda phages carrying the region III flagellar genes (fla) of Escherichia coli K-12 were isolated by a new method. A strain carrying both a cryptic lambda prophage near the his genes and a deletion of the attlambda gene was used as a starting strain. The lysogen of lambdacI857pga18-bio69 was isolated in which the prophage was integrated within the lambda cryptic genes by means of recombination with the residual lambda DNA. The strains with deletions starting within the prophage and ending in these fla genes were selected from among the heat-resistant survivors of the lysogen. They were then infected with heat-inducible and lysis-defective lambda phages and, thus, specialized transducing phage lines for hag and fla were obtained. High-frequency transfer lines of rare phages carrying the fla genes were isolated by inducing a strain carrying a heat-inducible lambda prophage near the his genes and selecting by transduction of a fla deletion strain. Preliminary characterization of these transducing phages is also reported.", "PMID": 327089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10297", "title": "Location of the ss--mutation of bacteriophage T7 in genes 10, the structural gene for the major capsid protein.", "content": "T7+ phage are unable to plate on a strain of Shigella sonnei D2 371-48. Spontaneous phage mutants arise (ss--mutants) that are able to plate on this strain of Shigella. We have shown by complementation studies and genetic crosses that the ss--mutation maps in gene 10, the structural gene for the major protein of the capsid. This finding implies that the gene 10 protein may interact with a host protein during phage development and that the abortive infection of T7 observed in S. sonnei D2 371-48 with T7+ phage may be a defect in head morphogenesis. Our studies also reveal that various T7 strains commonly contain deletions in nonessential regions. T7 ss--mutants selected after growth of T7+ on Shigella D2 371-48 often acquire a deletion in the 0.7 gene that is not necessary for the ss--phenotype. Finally, we have found a new nonessential region of the T7 chromosome that is located between 33 and 35.5% of the T7 genome length.", "contents": "Location of the ss--mutation of bacteriophage T7 in genes 10, the structural gene for the major capsid protein. T7+ phage are unable to plate on a strain of Shigella sonnei D2 371-48. Spontaneous phage mutants arise (ss--mutants) that are able to plate on this strain of Shigella. We have shown by complementation studies and genetic crosses that the ss--mutation maps in gene 10, the structural gene for the major protein of the capsid. This finding implies that the gene 10 protein may interact with a host protein during phage development and that the abortive infection of T7 observed in S. sonnei D2 371-48 with T7+ phage may be a defect in head morphogenesis. Our studies also reveal that various T7 strains commonly contain deletions in nonessential regions. T7 ss--mutants selected after growth of T7+ on Shigella D2 371-48 often acquire a deletion in the 0.7 gene that is not necessary for the ss--phenotype. Finally, we have found a new nonessential region of the T7 chromosome that is located between 33 and 35.5% of the T7 genome length.", "PMID": 327090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10298", "title": "Percutaneous biopsy of renal transplants using ultrasonographic guidance.", "content": "The transplanted kidney is an ideal organ for study by ultrasonic methods because it is located superficially in the iliac fossa and it is free of superimposed echoes from the intestines. Therefore, it is possible to localize the transplant accurately, measure the distance from the skin to the surface of the kidney and determine with precision the angle of the intended pathway of the needle.", "contents": "Percutaneous biopsy of renal transplants using ultrasonographic guidance. The transplanted kidney is an ideal organ for study by ultrasonic methods because it is located superficially in the iliac fossa and it is free of superimposed echoes from the intestines. Therefore, it is possible to localize the transplant accurately, measure the distance from the skin to the surface of the kidney and determine with precision the angle of the intended pathway of the needle.", "PMID": 327091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10299", "title": "The clinical significance of sulfonamide disk susceptibility testing.", "content": "A prospective double-blind study in a homogeneous population and according to a uniform protocol documents the value of sulfonamide susceptibility testing, as performed by the disk-agar diffusion method, for the management of chronic urinary tract infections.", "contents": "The clinical significance of sulfonamide disk susceptibility testing. A prospective double-blind study in a homogeneous population and according to a uniform protocol documents the value of sulfonamide susceptibility testing, as performed by the disk-agar diffusion method, for the management of chronic urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 327092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10300", "title": "Talc granuloma presenting as a testicular mass.", "content": "A case of a benign talc granuloma in a 3-year-old boy is reported. Surgical wound contamination with various lubricant dusts from surgeons' gloves and resultant granuloma formation is a well known phenomenon. However, there are few reported cases of peritesticular masses owing to talc granulomas.", "contents": "Talc granuloma presenting as a testicular mass. A case of a benign talc granuloma in a 3-year-old boy is reported. Surgical wound contamination with various lubricant dusts from surgeons' gloves and resultant granuloma formation is a well known phenomenon. However, there are few reported cases of peritesticular masses owing to talc granulomas.", "PMID": 327093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10301", "title": "Ureteropyelostomy and ureteroneocystostomy in renal transplantation: postoperative urological complications.", "content": "Ureteropyelostomy offers a suitable alternative to ureteroneocystostomy as a primary method of urinary reconstruction after renal transplantation. In a total of 108 such procedures 12 urological complications occurred. Only 1 patient had graft loss directly attributable to these complications.", "contents": "Ureteropyelostomy and ureteroneocystostomy in renal transplantation: postoperative urological complications. Ureteropyelostomy offers a suitable alternative to ureteroneocystostomy as a primary method of urinary reconstruction after renal transplantation. In a total of 108 such procedures 12 urological complications occurred. Only 1 patient had graft loss directly attributable to these complications.", "PMID": 327095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10302", "title": "Commentary on the immunobiology of bladder cancer.", "content": "This review is an attempt to integrate the conflicting studies that constitute the literature on immunobiology of bladder cancer and to indicate areas that need further investigation. It is clear that immune reactivity directed at antigens expressed on bladder cancer cells and general host immunologic competence decline with progressive tumor growth. This immunodepression correlates with patient prognosis, even within a given stage of disease. The mechanisms underlying this decline in host immune reactivity are poorly understood. A better understanding of these mechanisms may provide fundamental insight into the host-tumor relationship that possibly could be exploited for preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "Commentary on the immunobiology of bladder cancer. This review is an attempt to integrate the conflicting studies that constitute the literature on immunobiology of bladder cancer and to indicate areas that need further investigation. It is clear that immune reactivity directed at antigens expressed on bladder cancer cells and general host immunologic competence decline with progressive tumor growth. This immunodepression correlates with patient prognosis, even within a given stage of disease. The mechanisms underlying this decline in host immune reactivity are poorly understood. A better understanding of these mechanisms may provide fundamental insight into the host-tumor relationship that possibly could be exploited for preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.", "PMID": 327096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10303", "title": "Urinary fistulas after renal transplantation.", "content": "Urinary fistulas developed in 18 of 200 renal transplants (9 per cent). Twelve fistulas healed after conservative treatment and 6 were repaired by an operation. Our repair technique included constructing a bladder flap for patching, incorporating the fistula into the bladder and suturing the bladder directly to the renal pelvis.", "contents": "Urinary fistulas after renal transplantation. Urinary fistulas developed in 18 of 200 renal transplants (9 per cent). Twelve fistulas healed after conservative treatment and 6 were repaired by an operation. Our repair technique included constructing a bladder flap for patching, incorporating the fistula into the bladder and suturing the bladder directly to the renal pelvis.", "PMID": 327097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10304", "title": "Comparison of intermittent catheterization and supravesical diversion in children with meningomyelocele.", "content": "A comparison in terms of renal preservation as evidenced by urography is made between children with meningomyelocele on intermittent catheterization and children who had undergone diversion. Followup in the former group is only 2 1/2 years but at this time those patients on catheterization are doing as well and probably better than children who had undergone diversion and the quality of life for them is better.", "contents": "Comparison of intermittent catheterization and supravesical diversion in children with meningomyelocele. A comparison in terms of renal preservation as evidenced by urography is made between children with meningomyelocele on intermittent catheterization and children who had undergone diversion. Followup in the former group is only 2 1/2 years but at this time those patients on catheterization are doing as well and probably better than children who had undergone diversion and the quality of life for them is better.", "PMID": 327098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10305", "title": "The role of intermittent catheterization in the management of children with myelomeningocele.", "content": "Of 114 patients with myelomeningocele 44 (40 per cent) have no significant urologic disability. Intermittent catheterization has been used in 51 children and was helpful in 13 (26 per cent). Cystometrograms and urethral pressure profiles have been useful as predictive parameters. Causes of intermittent catheterization failures are discussed.", "contents": "The role of intermittent catheterization in the management of children with myelomeningocele. Of 114 patients with myelomeningocele 44 (40 per cent) have no significant urologic disability. Intermittent catheterization has been used in 51 children and was helpful in 13 (26 per cent). Cystometrograms and urethral pressure profiles have been useful as predictive parameters. Causes of intermittent catheterization failures are discussed.", "PMID": 327099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10306", "title": "Oxybutynin chloride combined with intermittent clean catheterization in the treatment of myelomeningocele patients.", "content": "Oxybutynin chloride has been with intermittent clean catheterization to achieve urinary continence in 21 of 25 myelomeningocele patients (84 per cent success rate). The regimen, results, problems and implications of this new method of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Oxybutynin chloride combined with intermittent clean catheterization in the treatment of myelomeningocele patients. Oxybutynin chloride has been with intermittent clean catheterization to achieve urinary continence in 21 of 25 myelomeningocele patients (84 per cent success rate). The regimen, results, problems and implications of this new method of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 327100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10307", "title": "The familial liver donor in renal transplantation.", "content": "A survey is made of the 20-year experience with more than 300 living donors in renal transplantation at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. Details are given pertaining to the first transplantation of the kidney from one living person to another in December 1954. The surgical technique, the complications and the results of renal transplantation from a living donor are summarized. The philosophic and psychologic problems encountered are described. A comparison of results summarized by Murray of living, related donor transplants to cadaveric donor transplants is included. This paper constitutes a salute to the familial living donor.", "contents": "The familial liver donor in renal transplantation. A survey is made of the 20-year experience with more than 300 living donors in renal transplantation at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. Details are given pertaining to the first transplantation of the kidney from one living person to another in December 1954. The surgical technique, the complications and the results of renal transplantation from a living donor are summarized. The philosophic and psychologic problems encountered are described. A comparison of results summarized by Murray of living, related donor transplants to cadaveric donor transplants is included. This paper constitutes a salute to the familial living donor.", "PMID": 327102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10308", "title": "Ureterosigmoidostomy.", "content": "Some historical aspects of ureterosigmoidostomy are described, and various techniques are discussed and illustrated. Our own satisfaction with the results when the procedure is done through the open sigmoid colon is expressed. Ureterosigmoidostomy, which has in some surgeons' hands fallen into disuse, will continue to be used and probably should be used more than it is at present. When ureterosigmoidostomy is done meticulous care is important in producing a long submucosal tunnel with direct anastomosis of the ureter to the bowel. Preoperative bowel preparation is mandatory. Patients who have undergone ureterosigmoidostomy should remain on a low chloride diet indefinitely with an adequate supplement of sodium potassium citrate to diminish the dangers of electrolyte imbalance and hyperchloremic acidosis. Careful postoperative management and followup care are vital to success.", "contents": "Ureterosigmoidostomy. Some historical aspects of ureterosigmoidostomy are described, and various techniques are discussed and illustrated. Our own satisfaction with the results when the procedure is done through the open sigmoid colon is expressed. Ureterosigmoidostomy, which has in some surgeons' hands fallen into disuse, will continue to be used and probably should be used more than it is at present. When ureterosigmoidostomy is done meticulous care is important in producing a long submucosal tunnel with direct anastomosis of the ureter to the bowel. Preoperative bowel preparation is mandatory. Patients who have undergone ureterosigmoidostomy should remain on a low chloride diet indefinitely with an adequate supplement of sodium potassium citrate to diminish the dangers of electrolyte imbalance and hyperchloremic acidosis. Careful postoperative management and followup care are vital to success.", "PMID": 327103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10309", "title": "Hypospadias repair.", "content": "When we began our association for the purpose of treating hypospadias in the early 1950s we used a tube graft of full thickness skin in a 1-stage procedure. We have made modifications to improve the appearance of the glans and now use 1 of 4 procedures, dependent on the location of the urethral meatus. The procedures are described and our results are tabulated.", "contents": "Hypospadias repair. When we began our association for the purpose of treating hypospadias in the early 1950s we used a tube graft of full thickness skin in a 1-stage procedure. We have made modifications to improve the appearance of the glans and now use 1 of 4 procedures, dependent on the location of the urethral meatus. The procedures are described and our results are tabulated.", "PMID": 327104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10310", "title": "The development of the wire-loop resectoscope and the ensuing controversy concerning transurethral versus suprapubic prostatectomy.", "content": "The development of instruments and machines to make practical the removal of tissue and the controll of hemorrhage transurethrally by use of high frequency current is traced. The vicissitudes of the early users are reviewed and the feuds between them and those who advocated open prostatectomy are recalled.", "contents": "The development of the wire-loop resectoscope and the ensuing controversy concerning transurethral versus suprapubic prostatectomy. The development of instruments and machines to make practical the removal of tissue and the controll of hemorrhage transurethrally by use of high frequency current is traced. The vicissitudes of the early users are reviewed and the feuds between them and those who advocated open prostatectomy are recalled.", "PMID": 327105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10311", "title": "An aggressive approach to prostatic cancer.", "content": "During the last 47 years an aggressive approach to the treatment of prostatic malignancies has been maintained at the Duke University Medical Center. Radical prostatectomy, usually by the perineal route and, more recently, by the retropubic technique in conjunction with pelvic lymphadenectomy, has been vigorously applied in patients with diffuse stages A, B and even C diseases. A 5-year survival rate of 80 per cent has been documented. Hormonal therapy has been equally vigorous, most often embracing orchietomy at the time of diagnosis with immediate initiation of estrogen therapy. Patients so treated exhibited a 5-year survival rate of 49 per cent, far greater than the average survival rates usually quoted. Radiation therapy had been used primarily in conjunction with other treatment measures, and multiple drug chemotherapy is now being used in patients who demonstrate disseminated and progressive disease, refractory to other measures previously instituted. By maintaining flexible combinations of all modalities of therapy our overall 5-year survival rate of 50 per cent has been achieved with all patients exhibiting all stages and classifications of prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "An aggressive approach to prostatic cancer. During the last 47 years an aggressive approach to the treatment of prostatic malignancies has been maintained at the Duke University Medical Center. Radical prostatectomy, usually by the perineal route and, more recently, by the retropubic technique in conjunction with pelvic lymphadenectomy, has been vigorously applied in patients with diffuse stages A, B and even C diseases. A 5-year survival rate of 80 per cent has been documented. Hormonal therapy has been equally vigorous, most often embracing orchietomy at the time of diagnosis with immediate initiation of estrogen therapy. Patients so treated exhibited a 5-year survival rate of 49 per cent, far greater than the average survival rates usually quoted. Radiation therapy had been used primarily in conjunction with other treatment measures, and multiple drug chemotherapy is now being used in patients who demonstrate disseminated and progressive disease, refractory to other measures previously instituted. By maintaining flexible combinations of all modalities of therapy our overall 5-year survival rate of 50 per cent has been achieved with all patients exhibiting all stages and classifications of prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 327106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10312", "title": "Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. IX. The role of antimicrobial therapy.", "content": "To determine if antibiotics used in the treatment of urinary infections alter introital gramnegative carriage after termination of therapy we analyzed 254 cultures obtained between episodes of bacteriuria in 14 women with recurrent urinary infections. Cultures obtained within the first 30 days after termination of therapy were compared to all subsequent cultures. Introital carriage in women with recurrent urinary infections was compared to 416 consecutive introital cultures from 31 control women resistant to bacteriuria. In women with recurrent bacteriuria introital colonization patterns were similar in incidence and density during the immediate post-treatment period compared to later cultures. Four volunteer controls received tetracycline for 10 days. There was no difference in introital carriage of enterobacteria before during or after tetracycline therapy. Consecutive cultures also confirmed a higher incidence and greater density of vaginal carriage of enterobacteria in patients when compared to similar cultures from women who never had a urinary infection.", "contents": "Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. IX. The role of antimicrobial therapy. To determine if antibiotics used in the treatment of urinary infections alter introital gramnegative carriage after termination of therapy we analyzed 254 cultures obtained between episodes of bacteriuria in 14 women with recurrent urinary infections. Cultures obtained within the first 30 days after termination of therapy were compared to all subsequent cultures. Introital carriage in women with recurrent urinary infections was compared to 416 consecutive introital cultures from 31 control women resistant to bacteriuria. In women with recurrent bacteriuria introital colonization patterns were similar in incidence and density during the immediate post-treatment period compared to later cultures. Four volunteer controls received tetracycline for 10 days. There was no difference in introital carriage of enterobacteria before during or after tetracycline therapy. Consecutive cultures also confirmed a higher incidence and greater density of vaginal carriage of enterobacteria in patients when compared to similar cultures from women who never had a urinary infection.", "PMID": 327107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10313", "title": "T lymphocyte rosette formation after major burns.", "content": "The ability of lymphocytes to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes was studied in the acute burn period to quantitate T lymphocytes. Seventeen adult patients with burns of greater than 15% body surface area were studied serially and compared to normal controls. The absolute number of total rosette-forming cells (RFC) averaged 1,229.1 +/- 92.8/cu mm (SEM) for controls. In patients, a comspicuous decrease in absolute number of total RFC occurred at days 3 to 5 postburn (578.0 +/- 144.2/cu mm) (P less than .001) and during days 6 to 10 (799.8 +/- 106.1/cu mm) (P less than .01). Similarly, the percentage total RFC in patients at days 6 to 10 (48.9% +/- 3.3%) was significantly lower than controls (73.9% +/- 0.7%) (P less than .01). The decrease in total RFC did not correlate with the total lymphocyte count or the cortisol level. These findings suggest that T lymphocytes are decreased or have altered rosette-forming ability in the early postburn period and are in accordance with other reports of impaired cellular immunity following burns.", "contents": "T lymphocyte rosette formation after major burns. The ability of lymphocytes to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes was studied in the acute burn period to quantitate T lymphocytes. Seventeen adult patients with burns of greater than 15% body surface area were studied serially and compared to normal controls. The absolute number of total rosette-forming cells (RFC) averaged 1,229.1 +/- 92.8/cu mm (SEM) for controls. In patients, a comspicuous decrease in absolute number of total RFC occurred at days 3 to 5 postburn (578.0 +/- 144.2/cu mm) (P less than .001) and during days 6 to 10 (799.8 +/- 106.1/cu mm) (P less than .01). Similarly, the percentage total RFC in patients at days 6 to 10 (48.9% +/- 3.3%) was significantly lower than controls (73.9% +/- 0.7%) (P less than .01). The decrease in total RFC did not correlate with the total lymphocyte count or the cortisol level. These findings suggest that T lymphocytes are decreased or have altered rosette-forming ability in the early postburn period and are in accordance with other reports of impaired cellular immunity following burns.", "PMID": 327110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10314", "title": "Respiratory managements in patients with shock.", "content": "Severe respiratory failure may develop in patients following or during various types of shock. A number of mechanisms for the genesis of this syndrome have been proposed. The exact role of each of these etiologies is unknown, but a combination of these and others may be the actual causative factors. Prevention of respiratory failure consists of prompt resuscitation of shock, and prevention of hypoventilation or atelectasis, embolism and infection. Judicious use of oxygen and electrolyte fluids is also important in prophylactic therapy. At the present the principal feature in treatment consists of IPPV with adequate inspired oxygen concentration. If progressive pulmonary deterioration occurs in patients on IPPV, the CPPV may be indicated. Judicious use of CPPV may result in an apparent improvement of shock lung in some instances.", "contents": "Respiratory managements in patients with shock. Severe respiratory failure may develop in patients following or during various types of shock. A number of mechanisms for the genesis of this syndrome have been proposed. The exact role of each of these etiologies is unknown, but a combination of these and others may be the actual causative factors. Prevention of respiratory failure consists of prompt resuscitation of shock, and prevention of hypoventilation or atelectasis, embolism and infection. Judicious use of oxygen and electrolyte fluids is also important in prophylactic therapy. At the present the principal feature in treatment consists of IPPV with adequate inspired oxygen concentration. If progressive pulmonary deterioration occurs in patients on IPPV, the CPPV may be indicated. Judicious use of CPPV may result in an apparent improvement of shock lung in some instances.", "PMID": 327112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10315", "title": "Determination of the left ventricular volume by scinticamera --basic studies and clinical application--.", "content": "Scintillation angiocardiography was performed around the point of time when the injected RI mainly passed through the left ventricle. Gating permitted the radiophotography of the end-diastolic and end-systolic image of the left ventricle. Critiques of the techniques gave result that the best available image could be obtained when the cumulative count was 20,000, aperture setting 4/5 and brightness of cathode ray tube 8. Studies with mechanical model showed that the condition of high-flow, combined with the use of relatively small dose of RI resulted in a marked underetimation of the left ventricular image. Clinical studies was performed using SWI-LVEDV plots, giving the plot of stroke index (SWI) against the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV). It was thus formed that the patients with enlarged left ventricles responded to the administration of digitalis with shrinkage of the heart, while the patients with relatively small heart responded to it with increase in SWI at the unchanged level of LVEDV. Studies with systolic time intervals particularly PEP/LVET, showed that relatively high values of PEP/LVET applied to those whose left ventricular SWI-LVEDV plots were located low and to the right, while relatively low values of PEP/LVET applied to those patients whose SWI-LVEDV plots were located high and towards the left, indicating relatively good LV performance.", "contents": "Determination of the left ventricular volume by scinticamera --basic studies and clinical application--. Scintillation angiocardiography was performed around the point of time when the injected RI mainly passed through the left ventricle. Gating permitted the radiophotography of the end-diastolic and end-systolic image of the left ventricle. Critiques of the techniques gave result that the best available image could be obtained when the cumulative count was 20,000, aperture setting 4/5 and brightness of cathode ray tube 8. Studies with mechanical model showed that the condition of high-flow, combined with the use of relatively small dose of RI resulted in a marked underetimation of the left ventricular image. Clinical studies was performed using SWI-LVEDV plots, giving the plot of stroke index (SWI) against the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV). It was thus formed that the patients with enlarged left ventricles responded to the administration of digitalis with shrinkage of the heart, while the patients with relatively small heart responded to it with increase in SWI at the unchanged level of LVEDV. Studies with systolic time intervals particularly PEP/LVET, showed that relatively high values of PEP/LVET applied to those whose left ventricular SWI-LVEDV plots were located low and to the right, while relatively low values of PEP/LVET applied to those patients whose SWI-LVEDV plots were located high and towards the left, indicating relatively good LV performance.", "PMID": 327113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10316", "title": "Decreased early diastolic dV/dt in ischemic heart disease observed by ECG-gated radiocardiography.", "content": "(1) ECG-gated RCG were performed in 127 cases, among them 30 were normal controls, 35 were hypertensives, 16 were ischemic heart diseases, 8 were cardiomyopathies and the rest of 38 cases were of miscellaneous cardiac diseases. (2) ECG-gated RCG were performed consecutively after the preceding RCG. Parameters calculated from RCG and ECG-gated RCG were evaluated together in terms of the sensitivity to discriminate the ischemic heart diseases from the control subjects. Among the parameters evaluated, peak diastolic dV/dt was the most sensitive index to discriminate the ischemic heart group from the control group. PDdV/dt of 20 ml/100 msec/m2 was considered to be a borderline between two groups. (3) Principal component analysis of 12 variables in 127 cases demonstrated that the peak diastolic dV/dt was closely correlated with the cardiac pump function, but was also well related to the ischemic heart factor. (4) ECG-gated RCG following the preceding RCG is a sensitive method to discriminate the ischemic heart disease from the control group.", "contents": "Decreased early diastolic dV/dt in ischemic heart disease observed by ECG-gated radiocardiography. (1) ECG-gated RCG were performed in 127 cases, among them 30 were normal controls, 35 were hypertensives, 16 were ischemic heart diseases, 8 were cardiomyopathies and the rest of 38 cases were of miscellaneous cardiac diseases. (2) ECG-gated RCG were performed consecutively after the preceding RCG. Parameters calculated from RCG and ECG-gated RCG were evaluated together in terms of the sensitivity to discriminate the ischemic heart diseases from the control subjects. Among the parameters evaluated, peak diastolic dV/dt was the most sensitive index to discriminate the ischemic heart group from the control group. PDdV/dt of 20 ml/100 msec/m2 was considered to be a borderline between two groups. (3) Principal component analysis of 12 variables in 127 cases demonstrated that the peak diastolic dV/dt was closely correlated with the cardiac pump function, but was also well related to the ischemic heart factor. (4) ECG-gated RCG following the preceding RCG is a sensitive method to discriminate the ischemic heart disease from the control group.", "PMID": 327114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10317", "title": "Occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in obstructive jaundice and its relation to biliary tract infection.", "content": "Coagulation studies were done on 78 consecutive cases of obstructive jaundice with or without biliary tract infection. Among 26 cases with biliary tract infection 20 cases showed no bleeding tendency but remarkable hypercoagulability with decreased fibrinolytic activity. Other six cases developed diffuse bleeding tendency in addition to the signs of hypotension and multiorgan dysfunction such as oliguria, respiratory distress and mental confusion. Most showed marked coagulation defects characterized by thrombocytopenia, decreased fibrinogen, antithrombin III and plasminogen levels and narrowing of maximal amplitude in thrombelastogram as well as the increase of fibrin degradation products and positive soluble fibrin monomer complexes. All except one died and three cases were autopsied. In two cases postmortem examination revealed multiple fibrin thrombi in lungs and other organs. A cause of the development of bleeding tendency in obstructive jaundice presently observed may likely to be due to the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), i.e. hypercoagulability caused by the biliary tract infection is responsible.", "contents": "Occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in obstructive jaundice and its relation to biliary tract infection. Coagulation studies were done on 78 consecutive cases of obstructive jaundice with or without biliary tract infection. Among 26 cases with biliary tract infection 20 cases showed no bleeding tendency but remarkable hypercoagulability with decreased fibrinolytic activity. Other six cases developed diffuse bleeding tendency in addition to the signs of hypotension and multiorgan dysfunction such as oliguria, respiratory distress and mental confusion. Most showed marked coagulation defects characterized by thrombocytopenia, decreased fibrinogen, antithrombin III and plasminogen levels and narrowing of maximal amplitude in thrombelastogram as well as the increase of fibrin degradation products and positive soluble fibrin monomer complexes. All except one died and three cases were autopsied. In two cases postmortem examination revealed multiple fibrin thrombi in lungs and other organs. A cause of the development of bleeding tendency in obstructive jaundice presently observed may likely to be due to the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), i.e. hypercoagulability caused by the biliary tract infection is responsible.", "PMID": 327128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10318", "title": "[Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency].", "content": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-1-AT) is a potent protease inhibitor. Its deficiency predisposes to serious diseases such as \"neonatal hepatitis\" and \"obstructive pulmonary emphysema\". Due to the existence of multiple codominant alleles at one single locus, there are several genetic variants from alpha-1-AT. In homozygous persons the protease inhibitor type (Pi type) MM is prevailing, in heterozygous persons the Pi types MZ and MS. So far one knows at least 24 different alleles. Their phenotypes differ as well in their electrophoretic position as in the protein concentration of the serum. Pi type MM guarantees a normal concentration of alpha-1-AT in the serum, whereas Pi type ZZ causes of serious alpha-1-AT deficiency which bears a particularly high risk of disease.", "contents": "[Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency]. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-1-AT) is a potent protease inhibitor. Its deficiency predisposes to serious diseases such as \"neonatal hepatitis\" and \"obstructive pulmonary emphysema\". Due to the existence of multiple codominant alleles at one single locus, there are several genetic variants from alpha-1-AT. In homozygous persons the protease inhibitor type (Pi type) MM is prevailing, in heterozygous persons the Pi types MZ and MS. So far one knows at least 24 different alleles. Their phenotypes differ as well in their electrophoretic position as in the protein concentration of the serum. Pi type MM guarantees a normal concentration of alpha-1-AT in the serum, whereas Pi type ZZ causes of serious alpha-1-AT deficiency which bears a particularly high risk of disease.", "PMID": 327145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10319", "title": "[Reye syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Reye's syndrome is characterized by severe encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the liver. Probably this is a polyetiological syndrome. In most cases the disease is preceded by influenza B or varicella infection. As known to date, damage to mitochondria is the essential feature. Therapy is symptomatic. A review is given of the clinical symptoms and of the many unsolved problems of pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Reye syndrome (author's transl)]. Reye's syndrome is characterized by severe encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the liver. Probably this is a polyetiological syndrome. In most cases the disease is preceded by influenza B or varicella infection. As known to date, damage to mitochondria is the essential feature. Therapy is symptomatic. A review is given of the clinical symptoms and of the many unsolved problems of pathogenesis.", "PMID": 327146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10320", "title": "[Studies on the question of a possible autoregulation of insulin secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "In eight normal weight healthy volunteers it was proved by C-peptide assay whether high concentrations of insulin in serum would suppress the secretion of insulin in an autoregulative manner. Insulin combined with glucose, therefore was given intravenously as a single bolus injection as well as an infusion over a period of two hours. Moreover it was proved whether high levels of insulin would suppress the reactivity of the B-cell to sulphonylurea administration. It was demonstrated that the secretion of the B-cell is regulated only by the concentration of the blood sugar, but not by the level of serum insulin. Likewise the stimulation of the B-cell by sulphonyl-urea administration is not suppressed by high concentrations of insulin.", "contents": "[Studies on the question of a possible autoregulation of insulin secretion (author's transl)]. In eight normal weight healthy volunteers it was proved by C-peptide assay whether high concentrations of insulin in serum would suppress the secretion of insulin in an autoregulative manner. Insulin combined with glucose, therefore was given intravenously as a single bolus injection as well as an infusion over a period of two hours. Moreover it was proved whether high levels of insulin would suppress the reactivity of the B-cell to sulphonylurea administration. It was demonstrated that the secretion of the B-cell is regulated only by the concentration of the blood sugar, but not by the level of serum insulin. Likewise the stimulation of the B-cell by sulphonyl-urea administration is not suppressed by high concentrations of insulin.", "PMID": 327147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10321", "title": "[Concentration of C-peptide in correlation to kidney function (author's transl)].", "content": "Recently, the radioimmunological determination of C-peptide came into interest because of the jugdement of the remaining function of the islet apparatus in insulin-dependent diabetics. As the degradation of C-peptide preferably takes place in the kidney we performed an intravenous glucose load in 32 patients with kidney diseases. The following results were obtained: 1. In patients with a healthy carbohydrate metabolism a clear correlation exists between the concentration of creatinine on the one hand, the creatinine-clearance and the fasting C-peptide concentration respectively the measured amount of C-peptide on the other hand. 2. The more advanced the renal insufficiency the better is the correlation between the parameter of the kidney function and the C-peptide concentration. 3. In diabetic patients there shows to be no clear correlation between the C-peptide levels and the kidney function. --In insulin-dependent diabetics the amount of C-peptide is only of diagnostic use if the renal function is well known.", "contents": "[Concentration of C-peptide in correlation to kidney function (author's transl)]. Recently, the radioimmunological determination of C-peptide came into interest because of the jugdement of the remaining function of the islet apparatus in insulin-dependent diabetics. As the degradation of C-peptide preferably takes place in the kidney we performed an intravenous glucose load in 32 patients with kidney diseases. The following results were obtained: 1. In patients with a healthy carbohydrate metabolism a clear correlation exists between the concentration of creatinine on the one hand, the creatinine-clearance and the fasting C-peptide concentration respectively the measured amount of C-peptide on the other hand. 2. The more advanced the renal insufficiency the better is the correlation between the parameter of the kidney function and the C-peptide concentration. 3. In diabetic patients there shows to be no clear correlation between the C-peptide levels and the kidney function. --In insulin-dependent diabetics the amount of C-peptide is only of diagnostic use if the renal function is well known.", "PMID": 327148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10322", "title": "Investigation of the histocompatibility of the NYA:NYLAR mouse colony by skin grafting.", "content": "The histocompatibility status of the Nya:NYLAR mouse colony was studied by exchange of skin grafts between female mice. The colony had been divided into two portions since 1962, a larger, outbred stock (Nya:NYLAR), and a smaller, inbred strain (NYLR/Nya). The results of skin graft exchanges between mice of the inbred strain indicated that they were skin-compatible. There was weak skin-incompatibility within the outbred stock and between this stock and the inbred strain, and strong skin-incompatibility between the outbred stock and outbred Webster Swiss mice.", "contents": "Investigation of the histocompatibility of the NYA:NYLAR mouse colony by skin grafting. The histocompatibility status of the Nya:NYLAR mouse colony was studied by exchange of skin grafts between female mice. The colony had been divided into two portions since 1962, a larger, outbred stock (Nya:NYLAR), and a smaller, inbred strain (NYLR/Nya). The results of skin graft exchanges between mice of the inbred strain indicated that they were skin-compatible. There was weak skin-incompatibility within the outbred stock and between this stock and the inbred strain, and strong skin-incompatibility between the outbred stock and outbred Webster Swiss mice.", "PMID": 327154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10323", "title": "Current status of the therapy of advanced renal carcinoma.", "content": "A preclinical murine renal model system is available for evaluation of the effectiveness of therapeutic agents. Clinical review reveals that objective response rates to hormonal agents reported since 1971 have been substantially lower than those reported prior to 1971. Many chemotherapeutic agents have not been adequately evaluated clinically or with the experimental model. Vinblastine to date may be the most active single agent with a 25% objective response rate. At the present time, it is uncertain whether combination chemotherapy or hormonal chemotherapy add to response rates obtained with single agents. There is some evidence that immunotherapy may be of some adjuvant benefit and, thus may provide an additional avenue of investigation.", "contents": "Current status of the therapy of advanced renal carcinoma. A preclinical murine renal model system is available for evaluation of the effectiveness of therapeutic agents. Clinical review reveals that objective response rates to hormonal agents reported since 1971 have been substantially lower than those reported prior to 1971. Many chemotherapeutic agents have not been adequately evaluated clinically or with the experimental model. Vinblastine to date may be the most active single agent with a 25% objective response rate. At the present time, it is uncertain whether combination chemotherapy or hormonal chemotherapy add to response rates obtained with single agents. There is some evidence that immunotherapy may be of some adjuvant benefit and, thus may provide an additional avenue of investigation.", "PMID": 327158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10324", "title": "Carcinogenic and possible mutagenic effects of stilboestrol in offspring exposed in utero.", "content": "The relevant literature has been reviewed and it appears that there is no doubt that in utero exposure to stilboestrol is related to the eventual development of vaginal adenocarcinoma in young females. Although cancer of other types are also prevalent, the incidence is not great and may be related to other types of drugs taken during pregnancy. The review attempts to correlate the genetic effects with the abnormal development, but on account of the scarcity of data such correlation is not possible. Further work on the genetic effects and the development of the lower genital tract in the female needs to be carried out.", "contents": "Carcinogenic and possible mutagenic effects of stilboestrol in offspring exposed in utero. The relevant literature has been reviewed and it appears that there is no doubt that in utero exposure to stilboestrol is related to the eventual development of vaginal adenocarcinoma in young females. Although cancer of other types are also prevalent, the incidence is not great and may be related to other types of drugs taken during pregnancy. The review attempts to correlate the genetic effects with the abnormal development, but on account of the scarcity of data such correlation is not possible. Further work on the genetic effects and the development of the lower genital tract in the female needs to be carried out.", "PMID": 327159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10325", "title": "Pathogenic factors involved in renovascular hypertension. State of the art.", "content": "The complex hormonal action of angiotensin II in the long-term control of blood pressure or sodium metabolism, or in renal hypertension, is not completely understood. Structure-activity relations with analogues of angiotensin II gave information about the functions responsible for pressor and myotropic response in the molecule that led to the synthesis of competitive antagonists of this hormone. These antagonists, however, show variable agonist/antagonist ratios in different species or different tissues of the same species. This fact necessitates further work to induce tissue specificity. Although des-Asp1-angiotensin II (\"angiotensin III\") has been recognized as a hormone, its exact role in the biosynthesis of aldosterone is yet to be discovered. The antagonists such as des-Asp1-[Ile8]-angiotensin II or des-Asp1-[Thr8]-angiotensin II have provided important leads in this direction. Many of the biologic effects of angiotensin I have been attributed to its conversion to angiotensin II by the converting enzyme. Recent investigations indicate that angiotensin I itself may play a direct role; however, most of these studies were carried out by inhibiting the converting enzyme activity with peptides obtained from the venom of Bothrops jararaca. Since these peptides also potentiate bradykinin action, the observed biologic activities could be caused by either angiotensin I or bradykinin. Bsides, converting enzyme is no longer thought to be a single enzyme and its nature varies from species to species and from tissue to tissue in the same species. Renin inhibitors related to renin substrate or pepstatin are not freely soluble in plasma and are not effective under physiologic conditions. This points to the importance of renin inhibitors isolated from kidney or other natural sources. Thus, although the renin-angiotensin system appears to be an integral part of the problem of hypertension, characterization of various converting enzymes, roles of extrarenal renin, isorenin, tonin, and brain-renin, and the involvement of other humoral, neurogenic, and immunogenic factors should be pieced together to get a clear picture of the hypertension problem.", "contents": "Pathogenic factors involved in renovascular hypertension. State of the art. The complex hormonal action of angiotensin II in the long-term control of blood pressure or sodium metabolism, or in renal hypertension, is not completely understood. Structure-activity relations with analogues of angiotensin II gave information about the functions responsible for pressor and myotropic response in the molecule that led to the synthesis of competitive antagonists of this hormone. These antagonists, however, show variable agonist/antagonist ratios in different species or different tissues of the same species. This fact necessitates further work to induce tissue specificity. Although des-Asp1-angiotensin II (\"angiotensin III\") has been recognized as a hormone, its exact role in the biosynthesis of aldosterone is yet to be discovered. The antagonists such as des-Asp1-[Ile8]-angiotensin II or des-Asp1-[Thr8]-angiotensin II have provided important leads in this direction. Many of the biologic effects of angiotensin I have been attributed to its conversion to angiotensin II by the converting enzyme. Recent investigations indicate that angiotensin I itself may play a direct role; however, most of these studies were carried out by inhibiting the converting enzyme activity with peptides obtained from the venom of Bothrops jararaca. Since these peptides also potentiate bradykinin action, the observed biologic activities could be caused by either angiotensin I or bradykinin. Bsides, converting enzyme is no longer thought to be a single enzyme and its nature varies from species to species and from tissue to tissue in the same species. Renin inhibitors related to renin substrate or pepstatin are not freely soluble in plasma and are not effective under physiologic conditions. This points to the importance of renin inhibitors isolated from kidney or other natural sources. Thus, although the renin-angiotensin system appears to be an integral part of the problem of hypertension, characterization of various converting enzymes, roles of extrarenal renin, isorenin, tonin, and brain-renin, and the involvement of other humoral, neurogenic, and immunogenic factors should be pieced together to get a clear picture of the hypertension problem.", "PMID": 327161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10326", "title": "Role of naturally occurring vasoactive principles in hypertension. State of the art.", "content": "Hypertension may result from excessive activity of one or more components of the blood pressure-elevating system. These include the adrenergic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin axis, and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), which potentiate each other, reinforcing their effects on renal hemodynamics and electrolyte transport and thereby affecting extracellular fluid volume, vascular tone, and reactivity. We consider of no less importance in the genesis of hypertension the failure of one or more components of the blood pressure-lowering system: the kallikrein-kinin system, prostaglandin, or one or more lipids associated with the renomedullary interstitial cells. As a corollary of this hypothesis, if one assumes tonic activity of these opposing blood pressure-regulating systems, in the case of a deficiency of the vasodepressor system, hypertension should result. That is, unopposed activity of the pressor system should be sufficient to increase blood pressure without an increase in the \"basal level\" of its activity. Hypertension, then, may be considered to result from either uncompensated deficiencies or excesses, which may be relative or absolute, of one or more components of the vasodepressor and vasopressor systems.", "contents": "Role of naturally occurring vasoactive principles in hypertension. State of the art. Hypertension may result from excessive activity of one or more components of the blood pressure-elevating system. These include the adrenergic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin axis, and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), which potentiate each other, reinforcing their effects on renal hemodynamics and electrolyte transport and thereby affecting extracellular fluid volume, vascular tone, and reactivity. We consider of no less importance in the genesis of hypertension the failure of one or more components of the blood pressure-lowering system: the kallikrein-kinin system, prostaglandin, or one or more lipids associated with the renomedullary interstitial cells. As a corollary of this hypothesis, if one assumes tonic activity of these opposing blood pressure-regulating systems, in the case of a deficiency of the vasodepressor system, hypertension should result. That is, unopposed activity of the pressor system should be sufficient to increase blood pressure without an increase in the \"basal level\" of its activity. Hypertension, then, may be considered to result from either uncompensated deficiencies or excesses, which may be relative or absolute, of one or more components of the vasodepressor and vasopressor systems.", "PMID": 327162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10327", "title": "The end-stage renal disease networks: an attempt through Federal regulation to regionalize health care delivery.", "content": "Recognizing the needs of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the federal government passed legislation in 1972, establishing Medicare coverage for 92 per cent of the diseased victims regardless of age. However, federal health planners did not in many areas, take into account what was already being accomplished on the state and local level. As a result, the implementation of the provision has created complications of its own. This case study of New Jersey illustrates that until existent informal health delivery networks are incorporated into federal health planning, the taxpayer and health care consumer will not get the most mileage for his or her dollar.", "contents": "The end-stage renal disease networks: an attempt through Federal regulation to regionalize health care delivery. Recognizing the needs of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the federal government passed legislation in 1972, establishing Medicare coverage for 92 per cent of the diseased victims regardless of age. However, federal health planners did not in many areas, take into account what was already being accomplished on the state and local level. As a result, the implementation of the provision has created complications of its own. This case study of New Jersey illustrates that until existent informal health delivery networks are incorporated into federal health planning, the taxpayer and health care consumer will not get the most mileage for his or her dollar.", "PMID": 327167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10328", "title": "Recent developments in the age-related alteration of enzymes: a review.", "content": "Recent developments dealing with the age-related alteration of enzymes have been examined. Since the last review of this field, three enzymes have been purified to homogeneity from young and old nematodes (enolase, phosphoglycerate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase) and one from the liver of young and old rats (superoxide dismutase). In all cases except for triosephosphate isomerase, the enzymes from old animals show a reduced catalytic ability compared to those from young animals. In addition, new reports of increases in the amount of altered enzymes in late-passage cells in tissue culture have appeared, though contrary evidence has also been published. The data from these and other papers are compared and discussed. Possible explanations for the alteration of enzymes include error theory, substitution of individual amino acids and conformational change without sequence change. Though final conclusions cannot be made, the evidence favors the latter idea to explain the presence of altered enzymes in old animals.", "contents": "Recent developments in the age-related alteration of enzymes: a review. Recent developments dealing with the age-related alteration of enzymes have been examined. Since the last review of this field, three enzymes have been purified to homogeneity from young and old nematodes (enolase, phosphoglycerate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase) and one from the liver of young and old rats (superoxide dismutase). In all cases except for triosephosphate isomerase, the enzymes from old animals show a reduced catalytic ability compared to those from young animals. In addition, new reports of increases in the amount of altered enzymes in late-passage cells in tissue culture have appeared, though contrary evidence has also been published. The data from these and other papers are compared and discussed. Possible explanations for the alteration of enzymes include error theory, substitution of individual amino acids and conformational change without sequence change. Though final conclusions cannot be made, the evidence favors the latter idea to explain the presence of altered enzymes in old animals.", "PMID": 327166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10329", "title": "Experimental antitumor agents from plants, 1974-76.", "content": "The published literature in the areas of antitumor agents and cocarcinogens, for the years 1974-6 is reviewed. Some of the chemical classes of compounds discussed include tthe sesquiterpene lactones, diterpenes of the phorbol and simaroubolide types, triterpenes of the withanolide and cucurbitacin types, lignans, monomeric and dimeric indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, Cephalotaxus alkaloids, camptothecin and the maytansinoids. Emphasis is placed on the isolation, synthesis, biosynthesis and biological activities of the most promising entities.", "contents": "Experimental antitumor agents from plants, 1974-76. The published literature in the areas of antitumor agents and cocarcinogens, for the years 1974-6 is reviewed. Some of the chemical classes of compounds discussed include tthe sesquiterpene lactones, diterpenes of the phorbol and simaroubolide types, triterpenes of the withanolide and cucurbitacin types, lignans, monomeric and dimeric indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, Cephalotaxus alkaloids, camptothecin and the maytansinoids. Emphasis is placed on the isolation, synthesis, biosynthesis and biological activities of the most promising entities.", "PMID": 327182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10330", "title": "Glucose kinetics in dogs following a lethal dose of endotoxin.", "content": "The effects of a lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin on the glucose kinetics and cardiovascular responses of conscious dogs were studied. The plasma glucose level fell steadily after endotoxin administration to severely hypoglycemic levels preterminally. The fall in plasma glucose appeared to be due primarily to an increased tissue uptake in the early phase, whereas decreased hepatic glucose output also contributed in the later, preterminal phases.", "contents": "Glucose kinetics in dogs following a lethal dose of endotoxin. The effects of a lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin on the glucose kinetics and cardiovascular responses of conscious dogs were studied. The plasma glucose level fell steadily after endotoxin administration to severely hypoglycemic levels preterminally. The fall in plasma glucose appeared to be due primarily to an increased tissue uptake in the early phase, whereas decreased hepatic glucose output also contributed in the later, preterminal phases.", "PMID": 327195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10331", "title": "Mechanisms of the adjuvant effect of nystatin on in vitro antibody response of mouse spleen cells: indication of nystatin as a B-cell mitogen and as a stimulant for polyclonal antibody synthesis in B cells.", "content": "Adjuvanticity of nystatin, one of the polyenic antifungal antibiotics having as its primary target the membrane sterol of eukaryotic cells, was investigated by examining its effect on several functions of mouse spleen cells relevant to immunological phenomena in vitro. Nystatin was found to stimulate significantly DNA synthesis in thymus-independent (B) cells but not in thymus-dependent (T) cells. Like the other B-cell mitogens such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), nystatin elicited nonspecifically polyclonal antibody synthesis in mouse spleen cell cultures, and also restored antibody response of T cell-deficient spleen cells of congenitally athymic nude mice to heterologous erythrocytes (RBC; thymus-dependent antigen). Thus, nystatin and LPS appeared to cause similar changes in the functions of spleen cells relevant to immunological events. However, antagonism but no additive effect in the adjuvanticity was revealed between the two adjuvants. As an interesting finding, the polyclonal generation of anti-RBC antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen cell cultures by stimulation with B-cell mitogen, i.e., either nystatin or LPS, was not inhibited at all by inclusion of any anti-RBC antiserum, whereas, as is well known, the generation of AFC by stimulation with the antigen was specifically suppressed by the corresponding antiserum, indicating a difference in the genesis between the mitogen-induced AFC and the antigen-induced AFC.", "contents": "Mechanisms of the adjuvant effect of nystatin on in vitro antibody response of mouse spleen cells: indication of nystatin as a B-cell mitogen and as a stimulant for polyclonal antibody synthesis in B cells. Adjuvanticity of nystatin, one of the polyenic antifungal antibiotics having as its primary target the membrane sterol of eukaryotic cells, was investigated by examining its effect on several functions of mouse spleen cells relevant to immunological phenomena in vitro. Nystatin was found to stimulate significantly DNA synthesis in thymus-independent (B) cells but not in thymus-dependent (T) cells. Like the other B-cell mitogens such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), nystatin elicited nonspecifically polyclonal antibody synthesis in mouse spleen cell cultures, and also restored antibody response of T cell-deficient spleen cells of congenitally athymic nude mice to heterologous erythrocytes (RBC; thymus-dependent antigen). Thus, nystatin and LPS appeared to cause similar changes in the functions of spleen cells relevant to immunological events. However, antagonism but no additive effect in the adjuvanticity was revealed between the two adjuvants. As an interesting finding, the polyclonal generation of anti-RBC antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen cell cultures by stimulation with B-cell mitogen, i.e., either nystatin or LPS, was not inhibited at all by inclusion of any anti-RBC antiserum, whereas, as is well known, the generation of AFC by stimulation with the antigen was specifically suppressed by the corresponding antiserum, indicating a difference in the genesis between the mitogen-induced AFC and the antigen-induced AFC.", "PMID": 327215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10332", "title": "The medical complications of narcotic addiction. I.", "content": "The major medical complications of needle addiction are reviewed. The problem of overdose, and diseases of the skin, lung and kidney are discussed in detail. The importance and prevalence of infections are emphasized, with special reference to infective endocarditis and viral hepatitis. The work is introduced with a historical review.", "contents": "The medical complications of narcotic addiction. I. The major medical complications of needle addiction are reviewed. The problem of overdose, and diseases of the skin, lung and kidney are discussed in detail. The importance and prevalence of infections are emphasized, with special reference to infective endocarditis and viral hepatitis. The work is introduced with a historical review.", "PMID": 327220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10333", "title": "Recent developments in the measurement of cardiac output and regional blood flow using indocyanine green and microspheres.", "content": "Densitometric studies show that the large flow measurement errors and inability to obtain reproducible densitometer calibrations reported with indocyanine green (ICG) in nearly isotonic saline may have arisen from two sources: (a) slowed optical stabilization, and (b) sedimentation of dye aggregates formed in the salt \"solutions\" of ICG, both of which are avoidable by preparing the dye in water. The assumptions of the widely used regional blood flow measurement technique using radionuclide-labeled microspheres are described. Simultaneous injection of 8mu and 15mu microspheres in turkeys and in dogs demonstrated the existence of at least 8 mu arteriovenous communications (AVCs) in the stomach and intestine, not previously described by this technique, which, in addition to their physiologic functions, may play a role in production of acute gastric mucosal ischemia and erosions. Similar AVCs, producing a lesser degree of \"shunting,\" were also found in the heart. Loss of 8 mu relative to 15 mu microspheres continued with time in the gastrointestinal circulation.", "contents": "Recent developments in the measurement of cardiac output and regional blood flow using indocyanine green and microspheres. Densitometric studies show that the large flow measurement errors and inability to obtain reproducible densitometer calibrations reported with indocyanine green (ICG) in nearly isotonic saline may have arisen from two sources: (a) slowed optical stabilization, and (b) sedimentation of dye aggregates formed in the salt \"solutions\" of ICG, both of which are avoidable by preparing the dye in water. The assumptions of the widely used regional blood flow measurement technique using radionuclide-labeled microspheres are described. Simultaneous injection of 8mu and 15mu microspheres in turkeys and in dogs demonstrated the existence of at least 8 mu arteriovenous communications (AVCs) in the stomach and intestine, not previously described by this technique, which, in addition to their physiologic functions, may play a role in production of acute gastric mucosal ischemia and erosions. Similar AVCs, producing a lesser degree of \"shunting,\" were also found in the heart. Loss of 8 mu relative to 15 mu microspheres continued with time in the gastrointestinal circulation.", "PMID": 327218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10334", "title": "Serum reactions. An analysis of commercial antivenoms and the possible role of anticomplementary activity in de-novo reactions to antivenoms and antitoxins.", "content": "Infusion of concentrated heterologous serum proteins may precipitate severe reactions in humans. Some of these reactions are not due to a preexisting hypersensitivity to the foreign protein, but rather to the strongly anticomplementary activity (ACA) of the infused protein. The latter mechanism could account for the occasional anaphylactoid reaction seen in a patient who has had no known previous exposure to the foreign protein. Similarly, it could account for the patient who fails to react to a preliminary subcutaneous trial dose, but then collapses when he is infused later with the same preparation. Nine commercial antivenoms from nine countries were examined and most were found to have high levels of anticomplementary activity. Considerable variation was found in both the immunochemical properties and the anticomplementary activity of these antivenoms. Antitoxins of equine origin to the toxins of diphtheria, tetanus and gas gangrene were also found to have high anticomplementary activity. Because of this activity these preparations should always be diluted and infused slowly. Lack of reaction to a test dose will never guarantee an uneventful infusion, and thus all infusions of heterologous immunoglobulin should be undertaken with the greatest caution and vigilance.", "contents": "Serum reactions. An analysis of commercial antivenoms and the possible role of anticomplementary activity in de-novo reactions to antivenoms and antitoxins. Infusion of concentrated heterologous serum proteins may precipitate severe reactions in humans. Some of these reactions are not due to a preexisting hypersensitivity to the foreign protein, but rather to the strongly anticomplementary activity (ACA) of the infused protein. The latter mechanism could account for the occasional anaphylactoid reaction seen in a patient who has had no known previous exposure to the foreign protein. Similarly, it could account for the patient who fails to react to a preliminary subcutaneous trial dose, but then collapses when he is infused later with the same preparation. Nine commercial antivenoms from nine countries were examined and most were found to have high levels of anticomplementary activity. Considerable variation was found in both the immunochemical properties and the anticomplementary activity of these antivenoms. Antitoxins of equine origin to the toxins of diphtheria, tetanus and gas gangrene were also found to have high anticomplementary activity. Because of this activity these preparations should always be diluted and infused slowly. Lack of reaction to a test dose will never guarantee an uneventful infusion, and thus all infusions of heterologous immunoglobulin should be undertaken with the greatest caution and vigilance.", "PMID": 327229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10335", "title": "Tissue diagnosis in lymphomas.", "content": "An accurate histological diagnosis is sometimes difficult to achieve in the lymphoma patient. This problem is accentuated by incorrect choice of noded for biopsy or mishandling of tissues, either at surgery or during the fixative process. Practical guidelines are suggested to help minimize these problems.", "contents": "Tissue diagnosis in lymphomas. An accurate histological diagnosis is sometimes difficult to achieve in the lymphoma patient. This problem is accentuated by incorrect choice of noded for biopsy or mishandling of tissues, either at surgery or during the fixative process. Practical guidelines are suggested to help minimize these problems.", "PMID": 327230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10336", "title": "Faculty of Anaesthetists, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. Foundation and progress.", "content": "The Faculty of Anaesthetists, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, was inaugurated in 1952. Events leading to its foundation are described, together with the steps of evolution. An evaluation of its present-day relations with the Australian Society of Anaesthetists and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons is made, and the extension of its activities to South-East Asia and the community is indicated.", "contents": "Faculty of Anaesthetists, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. Foundation and progress. The Faculty of Anaesthetists, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, was inaugurated in 1952. Events leading to its foundation are described, together with the steps of evolution. An evaluation of its present-day relations with the Australian Society of Anaesthetists and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons is made, and the extension of its activities to South-East Asia and the community is indicated.", "PMID": 327233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10337", "title": "[Bone marrow biopsy investigation: an important prognostic factor in aplastic anaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In thirty-five patients with aplastic anaemia initial bone marrow biopsy investigations were performed. 25 patients showed partial bone marrow aplasia whereas in ten patients complete myeloid aplasia could be demonstrated. Probability of survival was approximately ten times higher in patients with partial than in patients with complete bone marrow aplasia. The results of bone marrow biopsy investigations had a greater predictive value than the degree of diminution of single cellular blood components. Initial bone marrow biopsy investigation facilitates the selection of poor risk patients who should be treated by bone marrow transplantation rather than by conventional therapy.", "contents": "[Bone marrow biopsy investigation: an important prognostic factor in aplastic anaemia (author's transl)]. In thirty-five patients with aplastic anaemia initial bone marrow biopsy investigations were performed. 25 patients showed partial bone marrow aplasia whereas in ten patients complete myeloid aplasia could be demonstrated. Probability of survival was approximately ten times higher in patients with partial than in patients with complete bone marrow aplasia. The results of bone marrow biopsy investigations had a greater predictive value than the degree of diminution of single cellular blood components. Initial bone marrow biopsy investigation facilitates the selection of poor risk patients who should be treated by bone marrow transplantation rather than by conventional therapy.", "PMID": 327242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10338", "title": "Synthetic disaccharide-protein antigens for production of specific 04 and 09 antisera for immunofluorescence diagnosis of salmonella.", "content": "The synthetic disaccharides abequose 1 leads to a 3 mannose and tyvelose 1 leads to a 3 mannose, representative of Salmonella O-antigen 4 and 9 respectively, were covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA) . Antisera from rabbits immunized with these immunogens were used in indirect immunofluorescence assay for the identification of group B (O-antigen 4) and D (O-antigen 9) Salmonella. A total of 1030 enteric bacterial strains were tested, including 207 group B and 55 group D Salmonella. The anti-abequose-mannose-BSA serum correctly identified all Salmonella group B strains tested. The anti-tyvelose-mannose-BSA serum correctly indentified all Salmonella group D bacteria examined with the exception of 11 of 18 Vi-positive S. typhi strains which did not not stain until the Vi-antigen was removed by boiling. Among the 768 strains representing Salmonella other than groups B and D, E. coli, Shigella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Yersinia, Bacteroides and Fusobacterium only 5 positive reactions were found. These were observed with Y. pseudotuberculosis strains which have the same disaccharide antigenic determinants as Salmonella O-antigen 4 and 9 respectively. The high specificity of the antisera elicited by the synthetic disaccharide-BSA immunogens make them suitable for a specific and rapid identification of Salmonella bacteria belonging to serogroups B and D.", "contents": "Synthetic disaccharide-protein antigens for production of specific 04 and 09 antisera for immunofluorescence diagnosis of salmonella. The synthetic disaccharides abequose 1 leads to a 3 mannose and tyvelose 1 leads to a 3 mannose, representative of Salmonella O-antigen 4 and 9 respectively, were covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA) . Antisera from rabbits immunized with these immunogens were used in indirect immunofluorescence assay for the identification of group B (O-antigen 4) and D (O-antigen 9) Salmonella. A total of 1030 enteric bacterial strains were tested, including 207 group B and 55 group D Salmonella. The anti-abequose-mannose-BSA serum correctly identified all Salmonella group B strains tested. The anti-tyvelose-mannose-BSA serum correctly indentified all Salmonella group D bacteria examined with the exception of 11 of 18 Vi-positive S. typhi strains which did not not stain until the Vi-antigen was removed by boiling. Among the 768 strains representing Salmonella other than groups B and D, E. coli, Shigella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Yersinia, Bacteroides and Fusobacterium only 5 positive reactions were found. These were observed with Y. pseudotuberculosis strains which have the same disaccharide antigenic determinants as Salmonella O-antigen 4 and 9 respectively. The high specificity of the antisera elicited by the synthetic disaccharide-BSA immunogens make them suitable for a specific and rapid identification of Salmonella bacteria belonging to serogroups B and D.", "PMID": 327249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10339", "title": "The action of antitumor agents: a double-edged sword?", "content": "Although cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents play an unquestionably useful role in treating many neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders, there is accumulating evidence that the toxicity associated with their use is considerable. The therapeutic successes obtained with antitumor agents have led to increases in the life span of cancer patients, but have also provided the opportunity for this toxicity to become manifest. A search of the available literature was carried out, with emphasis on cases in which a malignancy developed in patients following chemotherapy for either neoplastic or non-neoplastic (e.g., renal transplantation, psoriasis) conditions; particular focus was given to the incidence of acute myelogenous leukemia in various groups of Hodgkin's disease and multiple myeloma patients. That patients with nonmalignant conditions treated with cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents are also at increased risk of developing a malignancy raises the possibility that these agents may have oncogenic potential. Therefore, one may be faced with the paradox that the patients benefiting most from chemotherapy may be at highest risk of suffering its consequences.", "contents": "The action of antitumor agents: a double-edged sword? Although cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents play an unquestionably useful role in treating many neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders, there is accumulating evidence that the toxicity associated with their use is considerable. The therapeutic successes obtained with antitumor agents have led to increases in the life span of cancer patients, but have also provided the opportunity for this toxicity to become manifest. A search of the available literature was carried out, with emphasis on cases in which a malignancy developed in patients following chemotherapy for either neoplastic or non-neoplastic (e.g., renal transplantation, psoriasis) conditions; particular focus was given to the incidence of acute myelogenous leukemia in various groups of Hodgkin's disease and multiple myeloma patients. That patients with nonmalignant conditions treated with cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents are also at increased risk of developing a malignancy raises the possibility that these agents may have oncogenic potential. Therefore, one may be faced with the paradox that the patients benefiting most from chemotherapy may be at highest risk of suffering its consequences.", "PMID": 327250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10340", "title": "Moral dilemmas in clinical cancer experimentation.", "content": "An examination of certain moral tensions that have developed in clinical cancer experimentation is offered. It is argued that the individual partner must be addressed in his singular unique position, rather than as a potential for the future good.", "contents": "Moral dilemmas in clinical cancer experimentation. An examination of certain moral tensions that have developed in clinical cancer experimentation is offered. It is argued that the individual partner must be addressed in his singular unique position, rather than as a potential for the future good.", "PMID": 327251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10341", "title": "Detection of messenger RNA from the isoleucine--valine operons of Salmonella typhimurium by heterologous DNA-RNA hybridization: involvement of transfer RNA in transcriptional repression.", "content": "A hybridization assay using Escherichia coli K-12 DNA isolated from the specialized transducing bacteriophage gammaCI857St68h80 dilv was used to examine the rate of synthesis of the messenger  RNA's (mRNA) derived from the isoleucine-valine (ilv) gene cluster of Salmonella typhimurium. In all cases examined, changes in ilv enzyme levels could be correlated with changes in the rate of synthesis of ilv mRNA. Several well characterized regulatory mutants of S. typhimurium had rates of synthesis of ilv mRNA 3 to 8-fold higher than the repressed wild-type strain. The increased rates of ilv mRNA synthesis found in a hisT strain as well as in isoleucyl-and leucyl-tRNA SYNTHETASE MUTANTS, STRONGLY SUGGESTS A ROLE FOR BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINOACYL-TRNA's in transcriptional control.", "contents": "Detection of messenger RNA from the isoleucine--valine operons of Salmonella typhimurium by heterologous DNA-RNA hybridization: involvement of transfer RNA in transcriptional repression. A hybridization assay using Escherichia coli K-12 DNA isolated from the specialized transducing bacteriophage gammaCI857St68h80 dilv was used to examine the rate of synthesis of the messenger  RNA's (mRNA) derived from the isoleucine-valine (ilv) gene cluster of Salmonella typhimurium. In all cases examined, changes in ilv enzyme levels could be correlated with changes in the rate of synthesis of ilv mRNA. Several well characterized regulatory mutants of S. typhimurium had rates of synthesis of ilv mRNA 3 to 8-fold higher than the repressed wild-type strain. The increased rates of ilv mRNA synthesis found in a hisT strain as well as in isoleucyl-and leucyl-tRNA SYNTHETASE MUTANTS, STRONGLY SUGGESTS A ROLE FOR BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINOACYL-TRNA's in transcriptional control.", "PMID": 327261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10342", "title": "The transposon Tn1 as a probe for studying ColE1 structure and function.", "content": "Insertion of the transposable genetic element Tn1 into different sites of plasmid ColE1 results in a number of mutnat phenotypes. Whereas all plasmid examined were present in normal amount, all showed reduced immunity to killing by colicin E1. Of six insertions isolated after conjugation, five fail to produce colicin, are conjugally proficient (transmissible), and map within a 500 nucleotide region of the genome. The other is conjugally deficient, produces colicin normally and maps close to two others with a similar phenotype isolated after transformation. Of four others isolated after transformation, two have similar properties to the original five transmissible plasmids. The other two are nontransmissible and produce colicin. Non-transmissibility is correlated with reduced relaxation complex. Patterns of protein synthesis in minicells by ColE1 and ColE1 :: Tn1 plasmids have been examined: all ColE1 plasmids containing Tn1 show an altered pattern of ColE1 protein synthesis in addition to three presumptive Tn1-specified proteins, one of which is shown to be beta-lactamase. ColE1 :: Tn1 plasmids can be inserted into the conjugative plasmid R64drd11 to form a cointegrate in which ColE1 and Tn1 function can be expressed.", "contents": "The transposon Tn1 as a probe for studying ColE1 structure and function. Insertion of the transposable genetic element Tn1 into different sites of plasmid ColE1 results in a number of mutnat phenotypes. Whereas all plasmid examined were present in normal amount, all showed reduced immunity to killing by colicin E1. Of six insertions isolated after conjugation, five fail to produce colicin, are conjugally proficient (transmissible), and map within a 500 nucleotide region of the genome. The other is conjugally deficient, produces colicin normally and maps close to two others with a similar phenotype isolated after transformation. Of four others isolated after transformation, two have similar properties to the original five transmissible plasmids. The other two are nontransmissible and produce colicin. Non-transmissibility is correlated with reduced relaxation complex. Patterns of protein synthesis in minicells by ColE1 and ColE1 :: Tn1 plasmids have been examined: all ColE1 plasmids containing Tn1 show an altered pattern of ColE1 protein synthesis in addition to three presumptive Tn1-specified proteins, one of which is shown to be beta-lactamase. ColE1 :: Tn1 plasmids can be inserted into the conjugative plasmid R64drd11 to form a cointegrate in which ColE1 and Tn1 function can be expressed.", "PMID": 327263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10343", "title": "Studies on the bipolar argECBH operon of E. coli: characterization of restriction endonuclease fragments obtained from gammadargECBH transducing phages and a ColE1 argECBH plasmid.", "content": "The isolation of a new type of gamma transducing phage carrying the bipolar argECBH operon of E. coli K12 is described. The argECBH segment is inserted in the phage in a direction which is opposite from that of previously isolated argECBH-carrying phages. A colE1 argECBH plasmid has been constructed. DNA fragments resulting from digestion of these genetic elements with Eco RI and Hind III restriction enzymes have been characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy, including hetero-duplex analysis. Two fragments are of special significance for studies on the control of arginine synthesis, one of length 9.8 kilobases carrying the whole argECBH region, the other of length 2 kilobases carrying most or all of the control region between argE and argC.", "contents": "Studies on the bipolar argECBH operon of E. coli: characterization of restriction endonuclease fragments obtained from gammadargECBH transducing phages and a ColE1 argECBH plasmid. The isolation of a new type of gamma transducing phage carrying the bipolar argECBH operon of E. coli K12 is described. The argECBH segment is inserted in the phage in a direction which is opposite from that of previously isolated argECBH-carrying phages. A colE1 argECBH plasmid has been constructed. DNA fragments resulting from digestion of these genetic elements with Eco RI and Hind III restriction enzymes have been characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy, including hetero-duplex analysis. Two fragments are of special significance for studies on the control of arginine synthesis, one of length 9.8 kilobases carrying the whole argECBH region, the other of length 2 kilobases carrying most or all of the control region between argE and argC.", "PMID": 327264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10344", "title": "Analysis of the phase variation in lambda reduced immunity lysogens.", "content": "Two distinct phases characterized by different levels of immunity that appear in some E. coli strains lysogenic for reduced immunity mutants of bacteriophage lambda are identified as single and tandem double lysogens respectively on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments and the requirement of the phage xis function for the transition from a single to a double, and of the host recA function for the transition from a double to a single lysogen (in a xis- condition). Rim lysogens with a further increase in immunity, containing some 5 copies of the lambda genome per host genome, have also been observed. It is argued that the different levels of immunity are a direct reflection of the CI gene dosage effect. An unexplained finding is that rim single lysogens yield double lysogens with a frequency of near 1% per generation, whereas cured cells fail to appear even at a frequency 100 times lower.", "contents": "Analysis of the phase variation in lambda reduced immunity lysogens. Two distinct phases characterized by different levels of immunity that appear in some E. coli strains lysogenic for reduced immunity mutants of bacteriophage lambda are identified as single and tandem double lysogens respectively on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments and the requirement of the phage xis function for the transition from a single to a double, and of the host recA function for the transition from a double to a single lysogen (in a xis- condition). Rim lysogens with a further increase in immunity, containing some 5 copies of the lambda genome per host genome, have also been observed. It is argued that the different levels of immunity are a direct reflection of the CI gene dosage effect. An unexplained finding is that rim single lysogens yield double lysogens with a frequency of near 1% per generation, whereas cured cells fail to appear even at a frequency 100 times lower.", "PMID": 327265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10345", "title": "Complementation of transfer deficient ColE1 mutants.", "content": "The transfer defect of some ColE1 mutants is complemented by ColE1 or ColK, but not by ColE2. This implies that at least one ColE1-specified protein or RNA is normally needed for ColE1 conjugal transfer. The gene(s) postulated for this function lies within a region whose length is at most 50% of the genome.", "contents": "Complementation of transfer deficient ColE1 mutants. The transfer defect of some ColE1 mutants is complemented by ColE1 or ColK, but not by ColE2. This implies that at least one ColE1-specified protein or RNA is normally needed for ColE1 conjugal transfer. The gene(s) postulated for this function lies within a region whose length is at most 50% of the genome.", "PMID": 327266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10346", "title": "Altered dihydrofolate reductase in fol regulatroy mutants of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Three spontaneous fol regulatory mutants contain dihydrofolate reductase molecules which differ in physical properties from enzymes of their parent strains. The enzymes were purified over 100-fold by affinity chromatography and were shown to differ in vitro in thermolability and in affinity for trimethoprim, a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. These results indicate that some fol regulatroy mutations occur in the structural gene for dihydrofolate reductase.", "contents": "Altered dihydrofolate reductase in fol regulatroy mutants of Escherichia coli K12. Three spontaneous fol regulatory mutants contain dihydrofolate reductase molecules which differ in physical properties from enzymes of their parent strains. The enzymes were purified over 100-fold by affinity chromatography and were shown to differ in vitro in thermolability and in affinity for trimethoprim, a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. These results indicate that some fol regulatroy mutations occur in the structural gene for dihydrofolate reductase.", "PMID": 327267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10347", "title": "Defective thymine dimer excision in radiation-sensitive mutants rad10 and rad16 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Two rad mutants of yeast, rad10 and rad16, are shown to be defective in the removal of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers since DNAs obtained from irradiated cells following a post-irradiation incubation in the dark still retain UV-endonuclease-sensitive sites. Both rad10 and rad16 mutants are in the same pathway of excision-repair as the rad1, rad2, rad3 and rad4 mutants.", "contents": "Defective thymine dimer excision in radiation-sensitive mutants rad10 and rad16 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two rad mutants of yeast, rad10 and rad16, are shown to be defective in the removal of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers since DNAs obtained from irradiated cells following a post-irradiation incubation in the dark still retain UV-endonuclease-sensitive sites. Both rad10 and rad16 mutants are in the same pathway of excision-repair as the rad1, rad2, rad3 and rad4 mutants.", "PMID": 327268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10348", "title": "Physical and genetic studies with restriction endonucleases on the broad host-range plasmid RK2.", "content": "The cleavage map of the plasmid RK2 was determined for the five restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, BamH-I, SalI and HpaI. DNA has been inserted into several of these sites and cloned in Escherichia coli. Efforts to obtain derivatives of RK2 reduced in size by restriction endonuclease digestion of the plasmid were not successful and indicated that genes required for the maintenance of this plasmid in E. coli are not tightly clustered. An RK2 derivative possessing an internal molecular rearrangement was obtained by transformation with restriction endonuclease digests of the plasmid.", "contents": "Physical and genetic studies with restriction endonucleases on the broad host-range plasmid RK2. The cleavage map of the plasmid RK2 was determined for the five restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, BamH-I, SalI and HpaI. DNA has been inserted into several of these sites and cloned in Escherichia coli. Efforts to obtain derivatives of RK2 reduced in size by restriction endonuclease digestion of the plasmid were not successful and indicated that genes required for the maintenance of this plasmid in E. coli are not tightly clustered. An RK2 derivative possessing an internal molecular rearrangement was obtained by transformation with restriction endonuclease digests of the plasmid.", "PMID": 327269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10349", "title": "Interaction of super-repressible and dominant constitutive mutations for the synthesis of galactose pathway enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Two dominant uninducible mutant alleles in the gal80 locus were identified. The GAL80s-1 and GAL80s-2 mutants showed novel phenotypes in response to the newly isolated GAL81-1 mutant allele, a dominant constitutive mutation linked to the gal4 locus; the GAL80s-1 GAL81-1 strain was inducible and the GAL80s-2 GAL81-1 strain was uninducible. Many galactose positive revertants from the GAL80s-2 GAL81-1 strain were isolated. It was proved that each revertant was due to a secondary mutation either in the gal80 or GAL81 locus, whereas revertants due to mutation at the supposed controlling site for the structural gene cluster of the galactose-pathway enzymes have not been isolated.", "contents": "Interaction of super-repressible and dominant constitutive mutations for the synthesis of galactose pathway enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two dominant uninducible mutant alleles in the gal80 locus were identified. The GAL80s-1 and GAL80s-2 mutants showed novel phenotypes in response to the newly isolated GAL81-1 mutant allele, a dominant constitutive mutation linked to the gal4 locus; the GAL80s-1 GAL81-1 strain was inducible and the GAL80s-2 GAL81-1 strain was uninducible. Many galactose positive revertants from the GAL80s-2 GAL81-1 strain were isolated. It was proved that each revertant was due to a secondary mutation either in the gal80 or GAL81 locus, whereas revertants due to mutation at the supposed controlling site for the structural gene cluster of the galactose-pathway enzymes have not been isolated.", "PMID": 327270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10350", "title": "Replication of the mini-R1 plasmid Rsc11 and Rsc11 hybrid plasmids.", "content": "Replication of the multicopy mini-R1 plasmid, Rsc11, is dependent on host replication functions dna A, B, C, E and G but independent of polA1. Chloramphenicol immediately stops its replication. A stable relaxation complex is not formed. Composite plasmids were constructed with Rsc11 and other small replicons like pSC101, ColE1 and mini-ColE1. In all combinations the amount of hybrid plasmid DNA in the cell never exceeds the amount of Rsc11 DNA itself. This leads to varying copy numbers of the hybrid plasmids depending on the size of the second plasmid. Replication of the composite plasmids proceeds probably always under the control of the Rsc11 part although the second replicon is still functional. The composite plasmids are incompatible with both the parent replicons.", "contents": "Replication of the mini-R1 plasmid Rsc11 and Rsc11 hybrid plasmids. Replication of the multicopy mini-R1 plasmid, Rsc11, is dependent on host replication functions dna A, B, C, E and G but independent of polA1. Chloramphenicol immediately stops its replication. A stable relaxation complex is not formed. Composite plasmids were constructed with Rsc11 and other small replicons like pSC101, ColE1 and mini-ColE1. In all combinations the amount of hybrid plasmid DNA in the cell never exceeds the amount of Rsc11 DNA itself. This leads to varying copy numbers of the hybrid plasmids depending on the size of the second plasmid. Replication of the composite plasmids proceeds probably always under the control of the Rsc11 part although the second replicon is still functional. The composite plasmids are incompatible with both the parent replicons.", "PMID": 327271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10351", "title": "Control of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. II. Ribosomal RNA synthesis in isolated nucleoids.", "content": "The effect of amino acid-starvation on the transcription in vitro of overall RNA and ribosomal RNA was investigated using nucleoids prepared from the exponentially growing and the amino acid-starved cells of rel+ and rel- strains of Escherichia coli. In this system, the synthesis of RNA is exclusively due to elongation of the chains which have been initiated in vivo. The amounts of overall and ribosomal RNA synthesized per unit of DNA in the nucleoids were analyzed for each preparation. The following observations have been made. (1) The total RNA synthesis per unit of DNA in the nucleoids from the amino acid-starved rel+ and rel- cells was not significantly different from each other. (2) The preferential ribosomal RNA synthesis occurred in the nucleoids from the growing cells; the ribosomal RNA synthesis was restricted in the nucleoids from the starved rel+ cells, while no restriction was observed in the nucleoids from the starved rel- cells. The results suggest that the ribosomal RNA synthesis is regulated at the initiation or less likely elongation level of the transcription. (3) A ribosomal RNA of a discrete size of about 30S was synthesized in the nucleoids. No mature ribosomal RNA species was produced in this system. The 30S RNA is probably a primary transcript of ribosomal RNA genes containing 23S, 16S and 5S mature ribosomal RNA sequences.", "contents": "Control of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. II. Ribosomal RNA synthesis in isolated nucleoids. The effect of amino acid-starvation on the transcription in vitro of overall RNA and ribosomal RNA was investigated using nucleoids prepared from the exponentially growing and the amino acid-starved cells of rel+ and rel- strains of Escherichia coli. In this system, the synthesis of RNA is exclusively due to elongation of the chains which have been initiated in vivo. The amounts of overall and ribosomal RNA synthesized per unit of DNA in the nucleoids were analyzed for each preparation. The following observations have been made. (1) The total RNA synthesis per unit of DNA in the nucleoids from the amino acid-starved rel+ and rel- cells was not significantly different from each other. (2) The preferential ribosomal RNA synthesis occurred in the nucleoids from the growing cells; the ribosomal RNA synthesis was restricted in the nucleoids from the starved rel+ cells, while no restriction was observed in the nucleoids from the starved rel- cells. The results suggest that the ribosomal RNA synthesis is regulated at the initiation or less likely elongation level of the transcription. (3) A ribosomal RNA of a discrete size of about 30S was synthesized in the nucleoids. No mature ribosomal RNA species was produced in this system. The 30S RNA is probably a primary transcript of ribosomal RNA genes containing 23S, 16S and 5S mature ribosomal RNA sequences.", "PMID": 327272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10352", "title": "Control of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. III. Cytoplasmic factors for ribosomal RNA synthesis.", "content": "The ribosomal RNA synthesis in a cell-free system containing the nucleoids and the cytoplasmic fraction prepared from Escherichia coli cells has been investigated. The addition of the \"4S\" fraction from the cytoplasm to the isolated nucleoids induces RNA synthesis by a new chain initiation. In this system a preferential initiation or rRNA chains occurs. The experimental results suggest that the 4S fraction contains at least two activities, one for releasing RNA-polymerases from the nucleoids, and another for the frequent initiation of rRNA chains. No restriction of the rRNA synthesis has been observed in the nucleoids and the 4S fraction from the amino acid-starved rel+ cells. The rRNA synthesized in the above system is detected at about 23S and 16S rRNA regions.", "contents": "Control of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. III. Cytoplasmic factors for ribosomal RNA synthesis. The ribosomal RNA synthesis in a cell-free system containing the nucleoids and the cytoplasmic fraction prepared from Escherichia coli cells has been investigated. The addition of the \"4S\" fraction from the cytoplasm to the isolated nucleoids induces RNA synthesis by a new chain initiation. In this system a preferential initiation or rRNA chains occurs. The experimental results suggest that the 4S fraction contains at least two activities, one for releasing RNA-polymerases from the nucleoids, and another for the frequent initiation of rRNA chains. No restriction of the rRNA synthesis has been observed in the nucleoids and the 4S fraction from the amino acid-starved rel+ cells. The rRNA synthesized in the above system is detected at about 23S and 16S rRNA regions.", "PMID": 327273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10353", "title": "Restriction endonuclease mapping and mutagenesis of the F sex factor replication region.", "content": "The plasmids pSC138 and pML31 each contain the EcoRI-generated f5 replicator fragment of the conjugative plasmid F in addition to an EcoRI fragment encoding antibiotic resistance: ampicillin resistance derived from Staphylococcus aureus in pSC138 and kanamycin resistance from Escherichia coli in pML31. We have mapped one HindIII and two BamHI restriction sites in the f5 region of these plasmids and one HindIII site in the antibiotic resistance region of each plasmid. The HindIII site in the Km region of pML31 occurs in the kan gene whereas the HindIII site in the Ap region of pSC138 appears to occur in an area important for the regulation of beta-lactamase production. By means of in vitro recombinant DNA manipulation of plasmids pML31 and pSC138, we have shown that approximately 1.9 X 10(6) daltons of the 6.0 X 10(6) dalton f5 fragment can be deleted without disrupting plasmid stability. In addition, we have used these same techniques to isolate a novel F-controlled Ap plasmid cloning vehicle which contains a single restriction site for each of the enzymes EcoRI, HindIII, and BamHI. This cloning vehicle has been linked via either its EcoRI or HindIII site to a ColE1 plasmid replicon to yield stable recombinants.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease mapping and mutagenesis of the F sex factor replication region. The plasmids pSC138 and pML31 each contain the EcoRI-generated f5 replicator fragment of the conjugative plasmid F in addition to an EcoRI fragment encoding antibiotic resistance: ampicillin resistance derived from Staphylococcus aureus in pSC138 and kanamycin resistance from Escherichia coli in pML31. We have mapped one HindIII and two BamHI restriction sites in the f5 region of these plasmids and one HindIII site in the antibiotic resistance region of each plasmid. The HindIII site in the Km region of pML31 occurs in the kan gene whereas the HindIII site in the Ap region of pSC138 appears to occur in an area important for the regulation of beta-lactamase production. By means of in vitro recombinant DNA manipulation of plasmids pML31 and pSC138, we have shown that approximately 1.9 X 10(6) daltons of the 6.0 X 10(6) dalton f5 fragment can be deleted without disrupting plasmid stability. In addition, we have used these same techniques to isolate a novel F-controlled Ap plasmid cloning vehicle which contains a single restriction site for each of the enzymes EcoRI, HindIII, and BamHI. This cloning vehicle has been linked via either its EcoRI or HindIII site to a ColE1 plasmid replicon to yield stable recombinants.", "PMID": 327274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10354", "title": "Pyruvate kinase mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: biochemical and genetic characterisation.", "content": "Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) are described. These have less than 0.5% of the pyruvate kinase activity of the wild type. All the other glycolytic enzymes are present in normal amounts in these mutants. The mutation is recessive and segregates in diploids as a single gene. Five alleles examined fail to complement one another. Tetrad analysis and mitotic recombination data place the mutation on the left arm of chromosome I distal to cys 1. The majority of single-step spontaneous revertants on glucose regain the enzyme activity fully and this activity appears, by a number of criteria, to be due to the same enzyme present in the wild type. Some of these revertants become nuclear petites. The mutants do neither grow on nor ferment sugars but do grow on ethyl alcohol or pyruvate. Glucose addition to cultures growing on alcohol arrests growth until glucose is exhausted. The steady state rate of glucose utilization is slower than in the wild type. This is associated with the accumulation of as much as 5 micronmoles P-enolpyruvate per g wet weight of cells and proportional amounts of 2-P-glyceric and 3-P glyceric acids. The mutation is believed to involve some regulatory element in the synthesis of pyruvate kinase.", "contents": "Pyruvate kinase mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: biochemical and genetic characterisation. Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) are described. These have less than 0.5% of the pyruvate kinase activity of the wild type. All the other glycolytic enzymes are present in normal amounts in these mutants. The mutation is recessive and segregates in diploids as a single gene. Five alleles examined fail to complement one another. Tetrad analysis and mitotic recombination data place the mutation on the left arm of chromosome I distal to cys 1. The majority of single-step spontaneous revertants on glucose regain the enzyme activity fully and this activity appears, by a number of criteria, to be due to the same enzyme present in the wild type. Some of these revertants become nuclear petites. The mutants do neither grow on nor ferment sugars but do grow on ethyl alcohol or pyruvate. Glucose addition to cultures growing on alcohol arrests growth until glucose is exhausted. The steady state rate of glucose utilization is slower than in the wild type. This is associated with the accumulation of as much as 5 micronmoles P-enolpyruvate per g wet weight of cells and proportional amounts of 2-P-glyceric and 3-P glyceric acids. The mutation is believed to involve some regulatory element in the synthesis of pyruvate kinase.", "PMID": 327275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10355", "title": "A specialized transducing lambda phage carrying the Escherichia coli genes for phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase.", "content": "A lambda phage has been isolated which specifically transduces the Escherichia coli pheS and pheT genes coding for the alpha and beta subunits of the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS). This phage transduces with high frequency (i) several temperature-sensitive PRS mutants to thermoresistance and (ii) a p-fluorophenylalanine resistant PRS mutant to sensitivity against this amino-acid analog. The in vitro PRS activities of such lysogens suggest that the alpha and beta subunits coded by the transducing phage complement the mutant host PRS-subunits in vivo by means of formation of hybrid enzymes. The transducing lambda phages were also used to infect UV light irradiated cells. The SDS-gel electrophoretic analysis of the proteins synthesized in such cells revealed that the phage codes at least for four different E. coli proteins. Two proteins with molecular weights of 94,000 and 38,000 daltons cross-reacted with an anti PRS serum and were thus identified as the beta and alpha subunits of PRS, respectively. A third protein with a molecular weight of 22,000 daltons is identical with the ribosomal initiation factor IF3 (Springer et al., 1977b). The other protein (Mr 78,000) is still unidentified.", "contents": "A specialized transducing lambda phage carrying the Escherichia coli genes for phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. A lambda phage has been isolated which specifically transduces the Escherichia coli pheS and pheT genes coding for the alpha and beta subunits of the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS). This phage transduces with high frequency (i) several temperature-sensitive PRS mutants to thermoresistance and (ii) a p-fluorophenylalanine resistant PRS mutant to sensitivity against this amino-acid analog. The in vitro PRS activities of such lysogens suggest that the alpha and beta subunits coded by the transducing phage complement the mutant host PRS-subunits in vivo by means of formation of hybrid enzymes. The transducing lambda phages were also used to infect UV light irradiated cells. The SDS-gel electrophoretic analysis of the proteins synthesized in such cells revealed that the phage codes at least for four different E. coli proteins. Two proteins with molecular weights of 94,000 and 38,000 daltons cross-reacted with an anti PRS serum and were thus identified as the beta and alpha subunits of PRS, respectively. A third protein with a molecular weight of 22,000 daltons is identical with the ribosomal initiation factor IF3 (Springer et al., 1977b). The other protein (Mr 78,000) is still unidentified.", "PMID": 327276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10356", "title": "Replication of Fpoh+ plasmid in mafA mutants of Escherichia coli defective in plasmid maintenance.", "content": "A class of F' plasmids, designated Fpoh+, was previously shown to be able to replicate extra-chromosomally on Hfr strains by virtue of carrying the specific site or region poh+ (permissive on Hfr) of the E. coli chromosome (Hiraga, 1975, 1976a). These plasmids were now found to replicate on E. coli mafA mutants (mafA1 and mafA23) that cannot support vegetative replication of F and some other F-like plasmids. The derivatives of Fpoh+ that have lost the poh+ site, on the other hand, failed to replicate on mafA mutants. These mutants harboring Fpoh+ (but not Poh- derivatives thereof) exhibit abnormal cell division and form elongated cells, presumably due to competition between Fpoh+ and the host chromosome for some factor(s) essential for the initiation of DNA replication of the both replicons. It is tentatively concluded that the poh+ site is required for F' plasmids to replicate on mafA mutants as well as on Hfr strains. In view of the fact that the mechanism of inhibition of autonomous F DNA replication in mafA mutants and in Hfr strains are clearly different, the present data seem to provide strong support to the notion that the poh+ region contains the replication origin of the E. coli chromosome.", "contents": "Replication of Fpoh+ plasmid in mafA mutants of Escherichia coli defective in plasmid maintenance. A class of F' plasmids, designated Fpoh+, was previously shown to be able to replicate extra-chromosomally on Hfr strains by virtue of carrying the specific site or region poh+ (permissive on Hfr) of the E. coli chromosome (Hiraga, 1975, 1976a). These plasmids were now found to replicate on E. coli mafA mutants (mafA1 and mafA23) that cannot support vegetative replication of F and some other F-like plasmids. The derivatives of Fpoh+ that have lost the poh+ site, on the other hand, failed to replicate on mafA mutants. These mutants harboring Fpoh+ (but not Poh- derivatives thereof) exhibit abnormal cell division and form elongated cells, presumably due to competition between Fpoh+ and the host chromosome for some factor(s) essential for the initiation of DNA replication of the both replicons. It is tentatively concluded that the poh+ site is required for F' plasmids to replicate on mafA mutants as well as on Hfr strains. In view of the fact that the mechanism of inhibition of autonomous F DNA replication in mafA mutants and in Hfr strains are clearly different, the present data seem to provide strong support to the notion that the poh+ region contains the replication origin of the E. coli chromosome.", "PMID": 327277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10357", "title": "The use of a novel plate assay in a search for yeast mutants defective in deoxyribonucleases.", "content": "Methods by which the intracellular enzymes deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease and protease can be assayed in whole colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on agar plates are described. A search for mutants deficient in deoxyribonuclease has been carried out. Two types of mutant are described. One apparently fails to produce deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease or protease on agar plates and the other apparently fails to produce deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease.", "contents": "The use of a novel plate assay in a search for yeast mutants defective in deoxyribonucleases. Methods by which the intracellular enzymes deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease and protease can be assayed in whole colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on agar plates are described. A search for mutants deficient in deoxyribonuclease has been carried out. Two types of mutant are described. One apparently fails to produce deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease or protease on agar plates and the other apparently fails to produce deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease.", "PMID": 327278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10358", "title": "Properties of hybrid plasmids, consisting of parts of the mini-R1 factor Rsc11 and ColE1.", "content": "In vitro joining of the two small multicopy plasmids Rsc11 and ColE1 by a poly dAdT linker resulted in hybrid plasmids, which determine resistance to ampicillin and immunity to colicin E1. Isolation of the plasmid DNA from single colonies revealed that a variety of hybrid plasmids was formed. Cleavage of these plasmids with restriction endonucleases HinII, HindIII, EcoRI, SmaI and BamI and hybridization with ColE1 demonstrated that they contain different parts of the parent plasmids, Rsc11 and ColE1. Their copy number in the cell is between 6 and 15 per chromosome depending on the plasmid. None of these plasmids can replicate in polA mutants. Replication continues in the presence of chloramphenicol. This suggests that replication can only occur from the ColE1 origin and that the replication function of the Rsc11 part is lost. The hybrid plasmids are compatible with Rsc11 but not with ColE1. The comparison of the physical maps of these Rsc11--ColE1 hybrids with their functions allows a partial determination of the location of ampicillin resistance, replication and incompatibility on the Rsc11 genome.", "contents": "Properties of hybrid plasmids, consisting of parts of the mini-R1 factor Rsc11 and ColE1. In vitro joining of the two small multicopy plasmids Rsc11 and ColE1 by a poly dAdT linker resulted in hybrid plasmids, which determine resistance to ampicillin and immunity to colicin E1. Isolation of the plasmid DNA from single colonies revealed that a variety of hybrid plasmids was formed. Cleavage of these plasmids with restriction endonucleases HinII, HindIII, EcoRI, SmaI and BamI and hybridization with ColE1 demonstrated that they contain different parts of the parent plasmids, Rsc11 and ColE1. Their copy number in the cell is between 6 and 15 per chromosome depending on the plasmid. None of these plasmids can replicate in polA mutants. Replication continues in the presence of chloramphenicol. This suggests that replication can only occur from the ColE1 origin and that the replication function of the Rsc11 part is lost. The hybrid plasmids are compatible with Rsc11 but not with ColE1. The comparison of the physical maps of these Rsc11--ColE1 hybrids with their functions allows a partial determination of the location of ampicillin resistance, replication and incompatibility on the Rsc11 genome.", "PMID": 327279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10359", "title": "Further temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli with altered ribosomal proteins.", "content": "Various alterations in ribosomal proteins were detected in forty-one mutants of E. coli isolated as temperature-sensitive mutants. Out of these, six are new classes of mutants harboring mutations in proteins S3, L5, L7 (L12), L29, L30 and L33. One of them apparently lacks protein L7 of the large subunit. These mutants together with those reported previously (Isono et al., 1976) total one hundred and one ribosomal mutants in thirty different proteins.", "contents": "Further temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli with altered ribosomal proteins. Various alterations in ribosomal proteins were detected in forty-one mutants of E. coli isolated as temperature-sensitive mutants. Out of these, six are new classes of mutants harboring mutations in proteins S3, L5, L7 (L12), L29, L30 and L33. One of them apparently lacks protein L7 of the large subunit. These mutants together with those reported previously (Isono et al., 1976) total one hundred and one ribosomal mutants in thirty different proteins.", "PMID": 327280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10360", "title": "Kinetics of ribosome synthesis during a nutritional shift-up in Escherischia coli K-12.", "content": "The rates of total protein synthesis, polyribosome formation and 70S ribosome accumulation were measured following a nutritional shift-up of Escherichia coli K-12. Changes in ribosome content and distribution during the shift-up were measured by examining the total cellular content of free and polysome-associated ribosomes using a sensitive double isotope labeling method. The kinetics of ribosomal subunit formation and the biosynthesis of subunit protein and RNA species were also defined. The results indicated that a pre-shift population of ribosomal subunits was utilized for the immediate post shift increase in both total and ribosomal-specific protein synthesis. An assembly time for new subunits of about 3 min was observed. The formation of certain ribosomal proteins during the shift suggested that new subunit assembly was limited by the rate of synthesis of particular ribosomal proteins during this growth transition.", "contents": "Kinetics of ribosome synthesis during a nutritional shift-up in Escherischia coli K-12. The rates of total protein synthesis, polyribosome formation and 70S ribosome accumulation were measured following a nutritional shift-up of Escherichia coli K-12. Changes in ribosome content and distribution during the shift-up were measured by examining the total cellular content of free and polysome-associated ribosomes using a sensitive double isotope labeling method. The kinetics of ribosomal subunit formation and the biosynthesis of subunit protein and RNA species were also defined. The results indicated that a pre-shift population of ribosomal subunits was utilized for the immediate post shift increase in both total and ribosomal-specific protein synthesis. An assembly time for new subunits of about 3 min was observed. The formation of certain ribosomal proteins during the shift suggested that new subunit assembly was limited by the rate of synthesis of particular ribosomal proteins during this growth transition.", "PMID": 327281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10361", "title": "Mitochondrial DNA replication in petite mutants of yeast: resistance to inhibition by ethidium bromide, berenil and euflavine.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication in petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is generally less sensitive to inhibition by ethidium bromide than in grande (respiratory competent) cells. In every petite that we have examined, which retain a range of different grande mtDNA sequences, this general phenomenon has been demonstrated by measurements of the loss of mtDNA from cultures grown in the presence of the drug. The resistance is also demonstrable by direct analysis of drug inhibition of mtDNA replication in isolated mitochondria. Furthermore, the resistance to ethidium bromide is accompanied, in every case tested, by cross-resistance to berenil and euflavine, although variations in the levels of resistance are observed. In one petite the level of in vivo resistance to the three drugs was very similar (4-fold over the grande parent) whilst another petite was mildly resistant to ethidium bromide and berenil (each 1.6-fold over the parent) and strongly resistant (nearly 8-fold) to inhibition of mtDNA replication by euflavine. The level of resistance to ethidium bromide in several other petite clones tested was found to vary markedly. Using genetic techniques it is possible to identify those petites which display an enhanced resistance to ethidium bromide inhibition of mtDNA replication. It is considered that the general resistance of petites arises because a product of mitochondrial protein synthesis is normally involved in facilitating the inhibitory action of these drugs on mtDNA synthesis in grande cells. The various levels of resistance in petites may be modulated by the particular mtDNA sequences retained in each petite.", "contents": "Mitochondrial DNA replication in petite mutants of yeast: resistance to inhibition by ethidium bromide, berenil and euflavine. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication in petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is generally less sensitive to inhibition by ethidium bromide than in grande (respiratory competent) cells. In every petite that we have examined, which retain a range of different grande mtDNA sequences, this general phenomenon has been demonstrated by measurements of the loss of mtDNA from cultures grown in the presence of the drug. The resistance is also demonstrable by direct analysis of drug inhibition of mtDNA replication in isolated mitochondria. Furthermore, the resistance to ethidium bromide is accompanied, in every case tested, by cross-resistance to berenil and euflavine, although variations in the levels of resistance are observed. In one petite the level of in vivo resistance to the three drugs was very similar (4-fold over the grande parent) whilst another petite was mildly resistant to ethidium bromide and berenil (each 1.6-fold over the parent) and strongly resistant (nearly 8-fold) to inhibition of mtDNA replication by euflavine. The level of resistance to ethidium bromide in several other petite clones tested was found to vary markedly. Using genetic techniques it is possible to identify those petites which display an enhanced resistance to ethidium bromide inhibition of mtDNA replication. It is considered that the general resistance of petites arises because a product of mitochondrial protein synthesis is normally involved in facilitating the inhibitory action of these drugs on mtDNA synthesis in grande cells. The various levels of resistance in petites may be modulated by the particular mtDNA sequences retained in each petite.", "PMID": 327283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10362", "title": "Temperature-sensitive respiratory-deficient mitochondrial mutations: isolation and genetic mapping.", "content": "In order to find new genetic loci and functions on the yeast mitochondrial DNA, especially mutations affecting the mitochondrial protein synthesis apparatus, temperature sensitive mutants have been isolated after MnCl2 mutagenesis and mitochondrial and nuclear mutants classified according to their pattern of recombination with three rho- tester strains. Eighteen cold- and heat-sensitive respiratory deficient mitochondrial mutants have been isolated and localized on the mitochondrial genome by deletion mapping using 113 rho- strains. Eight of them appear to represent new loci, among which some are probably mutations of the tRNA and rRNA genes.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive respiratory-deficient mitochondrial mutations: isolation and genetic mapping. In order to find new genetic loci and functions on the yeast mitochondrial DNA, especially mutations affecting the mitochondrial protein synthesis apparatus, temperature sensitive mutants have been isolated after MnCl2 mutagenesis and mitochondrial and nuclear mutants classified according to their pattern of recombination with three rho- tester strains. Eighteen cold- and heat-sensitive respiratory deficient mitochondrial mutants have been isolated and localized on the mitochondrial genome by deletion mapping using 113 rho- strains. Eight of them appear to represent new loci, among which some are probably mutations of the tRNA and rRNA genes.", "PMID": 327284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10363", "title": "Cold-sensitive growth of a mutant of Escherichia coli with an altered ribosomal protein S8: analysis of revertants.", "content": "26 cold-resistant revertants of a cold-sensitive Escherichia coli mutant with an altered ribosomal protein S8 were analyzed for their ribosomal protein pattern by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that 16 of them had acquired the apparent wild-type form of protein S8, one exhibits a more strongly altered SC than the original mutant and two revertants regained the wildtype form of S8 and, in addition, possess alterations in protein L30. The ribosomes of the residual revertants showed no detectable difference from those of the parental S8 mutant. The mutation leading to the more strongly altered S8 was genetically not separable from the primary S8 mutation; this indicates that both mutations are very close to each other or at the same site. The structural gene for ribosomal protein L30 was mapped relative to two other ribosomal protein genes (for proteins S5 and S8) by the aid of one of the L30 mutants: The relative order obtained is: aroE....rpmD(L30)....rpsE(S5)....rpsH(S8)....rpsL(S12). The L30 mutation impairs growth and ribosomal assembly at 20 degrees C and is therefore the first example of a mutant with defined 50S alteration that has (partial) cold-sensitive ribosome assembly. A double mutant was constructed which possesses both the S8 and the L30 mutations. It was found that the L30 mutation had a slight antagonistic effect on the growth inhibition caused by the S8 mutation. Thus the L30 mutants might have possibly arisen from the original S8 mutant first as S8/L30 double mutants which was followed by the loss of the original S8 lesion.", "contents": "Cold-sensitive growth of a mutant of Escherichia coli with an altered ribosomal protein S8: analysis of revertants. 26 cold-resistant revertants of a cold-sensitive Escherichia coli mutant with an altered ribosomal protein S8 were analyzed for their ribosomal protein pattern by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that 16 of them had acquired the apparent wild-type form of protein S8, one exhibits a more strongly altered SC than the original mutant and two revertants regained the wildtype form of S8 and, in addition, possess alterations in protein L30. The ribosomes of the residual revertants showed no detectable difference from those of the parental S8 mutant. The mutation leading to the more strongly altered S8 was genetically not separable from the primary S8 mutation; this indicates that both mutations are very close to each other or at the same site. The structural gene for ribosomal protein L30 was mapped relative to two other ribosomal protein genes (for proteins S5 and S8) by the aid of one of the L30 mutants: The relative order obtained is: aroE....rpmD(L30)....rpsE(S5)....rpsH(S8)....rpsL(S12). The L30 mutation impairs growth and ribosomal assembly at 20 degrees C and is therefore the first example of a mutant with defined 50S alteration that has (partial) cold-sensitive ribosome assembly. A double mutant was constructed which possesses both the S8 and the L30 mutations. It was found that the L30 mutation had a slight antagonistic effect on the growth inhibition caused by the S8 mutation. Thus the L30 mutants might have possibly arisen from the original S8 mutant first as S8/L30 double mutants which was followed by the loss of the original S8 lesion.", "PMID": 327286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10364", "title": "Mapping of mutation tsm-8 with respect to transfer RNA genes on the mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A precise localization of the tsm-8 mutation in relation to the transfer RNA genes has been attempted by rho- deletion analysis. The data show that the tsm-8 mutation is in close proximity to the isoleucyl transfer RNA gene. However, it is not yet possible to decide whether the tsm-8 mutation is within this transfer RNA gene.", "contents": "Mapping of mutation tsm-8 with respect to transfer RNA genes on the mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A precise localization of the tsm-8 mutation in relation to the transfer RNA genes has been attempted by rho- deletion analysis. The data show that the tsm-8 mutation is in close proximity to the isoleucyl transfer RNA gene. However, it is not yet possible to decide whether the tsm-8 mutation is within this transfer RNA gene.", "PMID": 327285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10365", "title": "[Do modern surgical methods in the treatment of retinal detachment represent progress?].", "content": "The results of plombage and encircling procedures in 417 eyes operated on for retinal detachment are compared with the rate of success obtained by lamellar or penetrating scleral resection in the past.", "contents": "[Do modern surgical methods in the treatment of retinal detachment represent progress?]. The results of plombage and encircling procedures in 417 eyes operated on for retinal detachment are compared with the rate of success obtained by lamellar or penetrating scleral resection in the past.", "PMID": 327290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10366", "title": "Population and family studies to demonstrate Ir genes: HLA haplotype in atopic allergy.", "content": "47 normal healthy controls and 45 atopic individuals together with five families with allergic diathesis and sensitive to mite antigen were typed for 13 HLA antigens. In general population, HLA-A1 and HLA-A8 were found to be higher than in normal controls. But the difference was significant at a level of p 0.05 after correction was made for the number of HLA antigens used. In one family, an HLA-A1 -B8 haplotype seems to be linked to the manifestation of atopic disease. The pattern of association of an HLA-A9 -B7 haplotype with the disease process in another family indicates that multiple genes may be involved in the manifestation of a variety of allergic disorders. Although more than one HLA haplotype of HLA-associated Ir gene for one antigen have been postulated, we still do not have enough evidence to suggest linkage between HLA haplotypes and atopic allergy. Further studies utilizing mixed lymphocyte culture and carefully matched control with a large number of subjects and more families are in progress to study the genetic basis of allergic diseases.", "contents": "Population and family studies to demonstrate Ir genes: HLA haplotype in atopic allergy. 47 normal healthy controls and 45 atopic individuals together with five families with allergic diathesis and sensitive to mite antigen were typed for 13 HLA antigens. In general population, HLA-A1 and HLA-A8 were found to be higher than in normal controls. But the difference was significant at a level of p 0.05 after correction was made for the number of HLA antigens used. In one family, an HLA-A1 -B8 haplotype seems to be linked to the manifestation of atopic disease. The pattern of association of an HLA-A9 -B7 haplotype with the disease process in another family indicates that multiple genes may be involved in the manifestation of a variety of allergic disorders. Although more than one HLA haplotype of HLA-associated Ir gene for one antigen have been postulated, we still do not have enough evidence to suggest linkage between HLA haplotypes and atopic allergy. Further studies utilizing mixed lymphocyte culture and carefully matched control with a large number of subjects and more families are in progress to study the genetic basis of allergic diseases.", "PMID": 327293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10367", "title": "The use of rec-bacteria for testing of carcinogenic substances.", "content": "A series of rec-Escherichia coli strains were tested for their sensitivity to four known carcinogenic compounds by examination of a zone of inhibited bacterial growth around a central well containing the test chemical. The mutants recA-, recB-, recC-, and recA- recB- recC- were all more sensitive to the mutagens than the parental strain AB1157. The recB- recC- strain was examined with a larger series of compounds and was found to respond to many of the substances in a similar way as the Salmonella typhimurium strains of Ames but with some notable exceptions. Nitrosamines, with rat liver microsomal activation, could be detected at lower levels and a group of aromatic amino compounds failed to react with these rec-E. coli. An unusual feature of these rec-mutants is their sensitivity to mixtures of nitrosamines and 2-acetyl amino-fluorene in the absence of microsomal activation.", "contents": "The use of rec-bacteria for testing of carcinogenic substances. A series of rec-Escherichia coli strains were tested for their sensitivity to four known carcinogenic compounds by examination of a zone of inhibited bacterial growth around a central well containing the test chemical. The mutants recA-, recB-, recC-, and recA- recB- recC- were all more sensitive to the mutagens than the parental strain AB1157. The recB- recC- strain was examined with a larger series of compounds and was found to respond to many of the substances in a similar way as the Salmonella typhimurium strains of Ames but with some notable exceptions. Nitrosamines, with rat liver microsomal activation, could be detected at lower levels and a group of aromatic amino compounds failed to react with these rec-E. coli. An unusual feature of these rec-mutants is their sensitivity to mixtures of nitrosamines and 2-acetyl amino-fluorene in the absence of microsomal activation.", "PMID": 327303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10368", "title": "Relative efficiencies of a series of square-planar plantinum(II) compounds on Salmonella mutagenesis.", "content": "Twelve Pt(II) compounds have been tested for mutagenicity on Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA 100). Very high mutagenic activities were found for the cis derivatives. A correlation is suggested between these results and a formerly described model of chemical reactivity towards DNA, according to which cis derivatives from intra-strand chelates with guanine. A smaller activity was found with monodentate complexes with DNA.", "contents": "Relative efficiencies of a series of square-planar plantinum(II) compounds on Salmonella mutagenesis. Twelve Pt(II) compounds have been tested for mutagenicity on Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA 100). Very high mutagenic activities were found for the cis derivatives. A correlation is suggested between these results and a formerly described model of chemical reactivity towards DNA, according to which cis derivatives from intra-strand chelates with guanine. A smaller activity was found with monodentate complexes with DNA.", "PMID": 327304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10369", "title": "Mutagenicity of anti-cancer nitrobenzofuroxans.", "content": "Anti-leukaemically active benzofuroxans were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutagenicity was not found to be correlated to the previously established anti-leukaemic activity. One anti-leukaemically inactive compound after exposure to liver microsomal enzymes proved the most mutagenic of the derivatives for TA100, whereas after similar treatment, the mutagenicity of the most potent anti-leukaemic compound was reduced. All twelve derivatives tested were mutagenic in a base-substitution strain which was defective in excision-repair and also carried a plasmid-linked repair deficiency. Mutagenicity of five dervatives was undetectable in strains proficient for one or the other of the above repair pathways. Nine of the benzofuroxans could also be detected as mutagens in the frameshift tester strain TA98.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of anti-cancer nitrobenzofuroxans. Anti-leukaemically active benzofuroxans were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutagenicity was not found to be correlated to the previously established anti-leukaemic activity. One anti-leukaemically inactive compound after exposure to liver microsomal enzymes proved the most mutagenic of the derivatives for TA100, whereas after similar treatment, the mutagenicity of the most potent anti-leukaemic compound was reduced. All twelve derivatives tested were mutagenic in a base-substitution strain which was defective in excision-repair and also carried a plasmid-linked repair deficiency. Mutagenicity of five dervatives was undetectable in strains proficient for one or the other of the above repair pathways. Nine of the benzofuroxans could also be detected as mutagens in the frameshift tester strain TA98.", "PMID": 327305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10370", "title": "The mutagenic action of nitroimidazoles. II. Tinidazole, ipronidazole, panidazole and ornidazole.", "content": "The 5-nitroimidazoles tinidazole (Fasigyn), ipronidazole (Ro-7-1554), panidazole and ornidazole (Tiberal, Ro-7-0207) in concentrations of 0.02--1 mM per liter increased the mutation frequency of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Escherichia coli K12 and Citrobacter freundii to streptomycin resistance, including streptomycin dependence, in Luria and Delbr\u00fcck's fluctuation test. At low concentration (0.1 mM), the increase of the mutation frequency caused by each compound was nearly the same, i.e. 3--4 times the spontaneous mutation frequency. At higher concentrations, considerable differences between the mutagenic activities of the compounds occurred.", "contents": "The mutagenic action of nitroimidazoles. II. Tinidazole, ipronidazole, panidazole and ornidazole. The 5-nitroimidazoles tinidazole (Fasigyn), ipronidazole (Ro-7-1554), panidazole and ornidazole (Tiberal, Ro-7-0207) in concentrations of 0.02--1 mM per liter increased the mutation frequency of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Escherichia coli K12 and Citrobacter freundii to streptomycin resistance, including streptomycin dependence, in Luria and Delbr\u00fcck's fluctuation test. At low concentration (0.1 mM), the increase of the mutation frequency caused by each compound was nearly the same, i.e. 3--4 times the spontaneous mutation frequency. At higher concentrations, considerable differences between the mutagenic activities of the compounds occurred.", "PMID": 327306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10371", "title": "Resistance and mitotic instability to chloroneb and 1,4-oxathiin in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Mutants resistant to two fungicides, chloroneb (1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene) and vitavax (2,3-dihydro-5-carboxanilido-6-methyl-1,4-oxathiin) were spontaneously obtained from a strain of Aspergillus nidulans with frequencies of 12.5 and 1.1 respectively, in 10(8) conidia. One chloroneb-resistant mutant (Chl 1) segregated as a single gene and was mapped in linkage group IV. It also caused a partial dependence of the strain on the fungicide and was semi-dominant. The mutant resistant to vitavax (Vit 1) also segregated as a single gene and was dominant. Both fungicides altered the instability of diploid and duplication strains. Chloroneb mainly increased haploidization, and vitavax reduced the mitotic recombination in diploids. Chloroneb increased the instability of duplication strains, and vitavax reduced such instability. The possible mode of action of such fungicides affecting stability is discussed.", "contents": "Resistance and mitotic instability to chloroneb and 1,4-oxathiin in Aspergillus nidulans. Mutants resistant to two fungicides, chloroneb (1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene) and vitavax (2,3-dihydro-5-carboxanilido-6-methyl-1,4-oxathiin) were spontaneously obtained from a strain of Aspergillus nidulans with frequencies of 12.5 and 1.1 respectively, in 10(8) conidia. One chloroneb-resistant mutant (Chl 1) segregated as a single gene and was mapped in linkage group IV. It also caused a partial dependence of the strain on the fungicide and was semi-dominant. The mutant resistant to vitavax (Vit 1) also segregated as a single gene and was dominant. Both fungicides altered the instability of diploid and duplication strains. Chloroneb mainly increased haploidization, and vitavax reduced the mitotic recombination in diploids. Chloroneb increased the instability of duplication strains, and vitavax reduced such instability. The possible mode of action of such fungicides affecting stability is discussed.", "PMID": 327307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10372", "title": "Detection of mutagenic activity in particulate air pollutants.", "content": "Ames's strains of Salmonella typhimurium were used to evaluate the mutagenic activity of airbone particulate materials collected at six different points in the industrial area of Ohmuta and the residential area Fukuoka. Tests were done in presence of rat-liver S-9 fraction isolated from rats that had been treated with Aroclor 1254. When the number of revertant colonies per plate was plotted against the amount of methanol extract of particulate air pollutants, using strain TA98, approximately linear relationships were observed for active samples. Generally, mutagenic activity of the samples increased in proportion to the density of air pollutants. In our system, 38--349 microng of methanol extract, from 0.225--4.51 m3 of air from the factory districts in Ohmuta City gave 100 his+ revertants per plate. On the other hand, 54--2300 microng of air pollutants, from 1.29--14.1 m3 of air from the residential districts in Fukuoka City, gave a comparable activity. Every sample from each area had mutagenic activity. Chemicals in air pollutants were fractionated by alumina column chromatography and identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. More than 28 compounds, including 12 unknown substances were identified as polycyclic hydrocarbons. Twelve of these compounds are already known to be carcinogens and to induce reversions to histidine independence in strain TA98 of Salmonella.", "contents": "Detection of mutagenic activity in particulate air pollutants. Ames's strains of Salmonella typhimurium were used to evaluate the mutagenic activity of airbone particulate materials collected at six different points in the industrial area of Ohmuta and the residential area Fukuoka. Tests were done in presence of rat-liver S-9 fraction isolated from rats that had been treated with Aroclor 1254. When the number of revertant colonies per plate was plotted against the amount of methanol extract of particulate air pollutants, using strain TA98, approximately linear relationships were observed for active samples. Generally, mutagenic activity of the samples increased in proportion to the density of air pollutants. In our system, 38--349 microng of methanol extract, from 0.225--4.51 m3 of air from the factory districts in Ohmuta City gave 100 his+ revertants per plate. On the other hand, 54--2300 microng of air pollutants, from 1.29--14.1 m3 of air from the residential districts in Fukuoka City, gave a comparable activity. Every sample from each area had mutagenic activity. Chemicals in air pollutants were fractionated by alumina column chromatography and identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. More than 28 compounds, including 12 unknown substances were identified as polycyclic hydrocarbons. Twelve of these compounds are already known to be carcinogens and to induce reversions to histidine independence in strain TA98 of Salmonella.", "PMID": 327308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10373", "title": "Mutagenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbons. II. Monitoring genetical hazards of chrysene in vitro and vivo.", "content": "Mutagenicity tests were performed with chrysene in the Salmonella/microsome test, NMRI-mice oocytes, bone-marrow cells and spermatogonia of Chinese hamsters. Only in mice oocytes was a weak but significant increase of structural chromosome aberrations observed. Correlations were found between weak carcinogenic and observed weak mutagenic activities of chrysene in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbons. II. Monitoring genetical hazards of chrysene in vitro and vivo. Mutagenicity tests were performed with chrysene in the Salmonella/microsome test, NMRI-mice oocytes, bone-marrow cells and spermatogonia of Chinese hamsters. Only in mice oocytes was a weak but significant increase of structural chromosome aberrations observed. Correlations were found between weak carcinogenic and observed weak mutagenic activities of chrysene in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 327309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10374", "title": "Marijuana exposure in vivo and human lymphocyte chromosomes.", "content": "Sequential chromosome examinations of peripheral lymphocte cultures were carried out on 21 adult male volunteers who smoked natural blend marijuana cigarettes containing about 1%, 2%, or no delta9-THC. For a limited number of subjects, blood samples from a single venipuncture were cultured independently in two cytogenetic laboratories, and later the slides were exchaged for re-analysis. There were significant differences between laboratories in the absolute break frequencies recorded. These inter-laboratory differences were demonstrated for both techniques of cell culture and metaphase analysis. Neither laboratory found a statistically significant increase in break frequencies asssociated with marijuana smoking. The present study, therefore, failed to detect a measurable effect of marijuana smoking on chromosomal aberrations in subjects experienced in the use of the drug.", "contents": "Marijuana exposure in vivo and human lymphocyte chromosomes. Sequential chromosome examinations of peripheral lymphocte cultures were carried out on 21 adult male volunteers who smoked natural blend marijuana cigarettes containing about 1%, 2%, or no delta9-THC. For a limited number of subjects, blood samples from a single venipuncture were cultured independently in two cytogenetic laboratories, and later the slides were exchaged for re-analysis. There were significant differences between laboratories in the absolute break frequencies recorded. These inter-laboratory differences were demonstrated for both techniques of cell culture and metaphase analysis. Neither laboratory found a statistically significant increase in break frequencies asssociated with marijuana smoking. The present study, therefore, failed to detect a measurable effect of marijuana smoking on chromosomal aberrations in subjects experienced in the use of the drug.", "PMID": 327310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10375", "title": "Mutagenic studies with acrylonitrile.", "content": "The mutagenicity of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide, propenenitrile) has been demonstrated in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium/liver microsome assay system. Acrylonitrile, in the presence of a mouse liver homogenate produced mutations in the TA 1535, TA 1538 and TA 1978 strains. Exposure of the bacteria was achieved by spotting the acrylonitrile on a \"lawn\" of salmonella, by shaking a reaction mixture consisting of bacteria, liver homogenate and acrylonitrile, and by exposing the homogenate and bacteria to an atmosphere containing the acrylonitrile. Mutagenesis by this latter method was observed at exposures as low as 57 ppm, less than three times the TLV of 20 ppm that is designated in the United States.", "contents": "Mutagenic studies with acrylonitrile. The mutagenicity of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide, propenenitrile) has been demonstrated in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium/liver microsome assay system. Acrylonitrile, in the presence of a mouse liver homogenate produced mutations in the TA 1535, TA 1538 and TA 1978 strains. Exposure of the bacteria was achieved by spotting the acrylonitrile on a \"lawn\" of salmonella, by shaking a reaction mixture consisting of bacteria, liver homogenate and acrylonitrile, and by exposing the homogenate and bacteria to an atmosphere containing the acrylonitrile. Mutagenesis by this latter method was observed at exposures as low as 57 ppm, less than three times the TLV of 20 ppm that is designated in the United States.", "PMID": 327311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10376", "title": "Mutagenic activity of amino acid pyrolyzates in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98.", "content": "Pyrolyzates of 25 amino acids and 5 indole derivatives were tested for mutagenicity in the histidine-requiring mutant Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Significant mutagenic activity was detected with pyrolyzates of most of the amino acids. These pyrolyzates required a liver microsomal fraction, as representative of mammalian metabolism, to be detected as mutagens. Among the pyrolyzates tested, the highest mutagenic activity was observed with that of L-tryptophan. As little as 10 microgram of the pyrolyzate of L-tryptophan had detectable mutagenic activity toward TA 98. The optimal pyrolysis temperatures for the formation of mutagenic products were shown to be 500 degrees C for L-tryptophan and 600 degrees C for the other amino acids. The results from pyrolyses of some indole derivatives suggest that an amino group at the alpha-position to the carboxyl group of L-tryptophan plays an important role in the formation of mutagens.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of amino acid pyrolyzates in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Pyrolyzates of 25 amino acids and 5 indole derivatives were tested for mutagenicity in the histidine-requiring mutant Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Significant mutagenic activity was detected with pyrolyzates of most of the amino acids. These pyrolyzates required a liver microsomal fraction, as representative of mammalian metabolism, to be detected as mutagens. Among the pyrolyzates tested, the highest mutagenic activity was observed with that of L-tryptophan. As little as 10 microgram of the pyrolyzate of L-tryptophan had detectable mutagenic activity toward TA 98. The optimal pyrolysis temperatures for the formation of mutagenic products were shown to be 500 degrees C for L-tryptophan and 600 degrees C for the other amino acids. The results from pyrolyses of some indole derivatives suggest that an amino group at the alpha-position to the carboxyl group of L-tryptophan plays an important role in the formation of mutagens.", "PMID": 327312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10377", "title": "Mutagenicity tests on anthelmintics: microsomal activation of viprynium embonate to a mutagen.", "content": "Eight anthelmintic preparations readily available in Australia were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella typhimurium test system. A slightly modified version of the procedure recommended by Ames et al. [2] was adopted, in that the test samples were placed in \"wells\" cut out of the agar of a plate previously seeded with the appropriate tester strain. Addition of a mixture of rat liver microsomal enzymes and appropriate co-factors (\"S-9 mix\") to one of the two wells on a single plate allowed a possible requirement for metabolic activation to be recognised. Using this procedure, viprynium embonate was found to be non-mutagenic. It was however, activated by the rat liver microsome preparation to a mutagen capable of causing both base-pair substitution (detected with strain TA100) and frameshift (detected with strain TA98) mutations. The other seven compounds tested all gave negative results in this system.", "contents": "Mutagenicity tests on anthelmintics: microsomal activation of viprynium embonate to a mutagen. Eight anthelmintic preparations readily available in Australia were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella typhimurium test system. A slightly modified version of the procedure recommended by Ames et al. [2] was adopted, in that the test samples were placed in \"wells\" cut out of the agar of a plate previously seeded with the appropriate tester strain. Addition of a mixture of rat liver microsomal enzymes and appropriate co-factors (\"S-9 mix\") to one of the two wells on a single plate allowed a possible requirement for metabolic activation to be recognised. Using this procedure, viprynium embonate was found to be non-mutagenic. It was however, activated by the rat liver microsome preparation to a mutagen capable of causing both base-pair substitution (detected with strain TA100) and frameshift (detected with strain TA98) mutations. The other seven compounds tested all gave negative results in this system.", "PMID": 327314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10378", "title": "Mutagenicity of nitrovin--a nitrofuran feed additive.", "content": "Nitrovin, a nitrofuran feed additive, is shown to be directly mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100 between 0.1 and 2.5 microgram per plate (0.09--2.3 micrometer). Addition of a rat-liver homogenate reduces the mutation rates. Nitrovin inhibits growth of the same bacteria in suspension cultures at concentrations above 0.09 micrometer.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of nitrovin--a nitrofuran feed additive. Nitrovin, a nitrofuran feed additive, is shown to be directly mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100 between 0.1 and 2.5 microgram per plate (0.09--2.3 micrometer). Addition of a rat-liver homogenate reduces the mutation rates. Nitrovin inhibits growth of the same bacteria in suspension cultures at concentrations above 0.09 micrometer.", "PMID": 327315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10379", "title": "Relation between chemical constituents of tobacco and mutagenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate.", "content": "Mutagenic activities of cigarette smoke condensate were assayed in the presence of S-9 Mix using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The results were examined in relation to chemical data of tobacco leaves. Among the nitrogenous constituents examined, the contents of total nitrogen and protein nitrogen and the soluble nitrogenous fraction were positively and significantly related to an increase in mutagenic activity of the smoke condensate, whereas nicotine and nitrate were not important in contributing to mutagenic potency of such condensates. The age of tobacco leaves influenced the mutagenic potency of the condensate, which was lowest in leaves from the lower stalk position and increased with ascending leaf position on the stalk. Smoke condensate from tobacco with higher sugar content resulted in lower mutagenic activity. The present results, together with the previous study on the mutagenicity of the amino acid pyrolyzates, suggest that potent mutagens in cigarette smoke condensate are nitrogen-containing compounds, which may be formed from proteins and amino acids during the burning of a cigarette.", "contents": "Relation between chemical constituents of tobacco and mutagenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate. Mutagenic activities of cigarette smoke condensate were assayed in the presence of S-9 Mix using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The results were examined in relation to chemical data of tobacco leaves. Among the nitrogenous constituents examined, the contents of total nitrogen and protein nitrogen and the soluble nitrogenous fraction were positively and significantly related to an increase in mutagenic activity of the smoke condensate, whereas nicotine and nitrate were not important in contributing to mutagenic potency of such condensates. The age of tobacco leaves influenced the mutagenic potency of the condensate, which was lowest in leaves from the lower stalk position and increased with ascending leaf position on the stalk. Smoke condensate from tobacco with higher sugar content resulted in lower mutagenic activity. The present results, together with the previous study on the mutagenicity of the amino acid pyrolyzates, suggest that potent mutagens in cigarette smoke condensate are nitrogen-containing compounds, which may be formed from proteins and amino acids during the burning of a cigarette.", "PMID": 327316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10380", "title": "Is an early calcium flux necessary to stimulate lymphocytes?", "content": "Concentrations of concanavalin A or the calcium ionophore A23187 that are optimal for the transformation of pig or mouse lymphocytes do not normally cause a measurable increase in calcium influx compared with unstimulated cells. If the cells are treated with the mitogens in conditions where a measurable increase in calcium influx occurs, no stimulation of the cells can occur while the flux is maintained. If an early influx of extracellular calcium is necessary for stimulation, then a much smaller increase in the total concentration of cellular calcium than reported previously is sufficient to allow the entry of lymphocytes into the cell cycle.", "contents": "Is an early calcium flux necessary to stimulate lymphocytes? Concentrations of concanavalin A or the calcium ionophore A23187 that are optimal for the transformation of pig or mouse lymphocytes do not normally cause a measurable increase in calcium influx compared with unstimulated cells. If the cells are treated with the mitogens in conditions where a measurable increase in calcium influx occurs, no stimulation of the cells can occur while the flux is maintained. If an early influx of extracellular calcium is necessary for stimulation, then a much smaller increase in the total concentration of cellular calcium than reported previously is sufficient to allow the entry of lymphocytes into the cell cycle.", "PMID": 327331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10381", "title": "[Psychiatry and mental health in the Institutp de Seguridad Social para los Trabajadores del Estado. Philosophy of its development].", "content": "In 1972, prepaid medical care for government employees provided by their social security institute, ISSSTE, was reorganized. A division of planning and technical standards was established, within which a Department of Psychiatry was included. Psychiatric care was restructured at three levels: psychiatric hospital, psychiatric OPD at clinic and hospital level and a pilot program in community psychiatry. A three-year psychiatric residency program was established, in addition to participation in other postgraduate, in-service training and monographic courses. Systematic research was started, as well as a publications program, working relationship with other institutions and societies were enhanced. A descriptive example is Child Psychiatry. Most frequent diagnoses are reviewed, and development of services is followed in relation to pediatric departments.", "contents": "[Psychiatry and mental health in the Institutp de Seguridad Social para los Trabajadores del Estado. Philosophy of its development]. In 1972, prepaid medical care for government employees provided by their social security institute, ISSSTE, was reorganized. A division of planning and technical standards was established, within which a Department of Psychiatry was included. Psychiatric care was restructured at three levels: psychiatric hospital, psychiatric OPD at clinic and hospital level and a pilot program in community psychiatry. A three-year psychiatric residency program was established, in addition to participation in other postgraduate, in-service training and monographic courses. Systematic research was started, as well as a publications program, working relationship with other institutions and societies were enhanced. A descriptive example is Child Psychiatry. Most frequent diagnoses are reviewed, and development of services is followed in relation to pediatric departments.", "PMID": 327343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10382", "title": "Reorganizations of health agencies by local government in American urban centers: what do they portend for \"public health\"?", "content": "The major health agencies of local urban governments--public health department and public hospital--are often dismissed as \"irrelevant\" or attacked as \"unresponsive\". The rush to reform through reorganization hasn't often addressed the underlying problems of an eroded tax base, an indifferent federal policy, and intra-professional disputes. Newer corrective steps are called for if complex demands for public and personal service are to be met.", "contents": "Reorganizations of health agencies by local government in American urban centers: what do they portend for \"public health\"? The major health agencies of local urban governments--public health department and public hospital--are often dismissed as \"irrelevant\" or attacked as \"unresponsive\". The rush to reform through reorganization hasn't often addressed the underlying problems of an eroded tax base, an indifferent federal policy, and intra-professional disputes. Newer corrective steps are called for if complex demands for public and personal service are to be met.", "PMID": 327345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10383", "title": "Licensure of foreign medical graduates: an historical perspective.", "content": "Today, one out of five practicing physicians in the U.S. is a graduate of a foreign medical school. The sixfold growth in their number over the past two decades results from national policy; but the place and conditions of practice have been controlled by state governments. The several states have used their jurisdiction over licensure in ways that have often been unfair and irrational. Recent trends toward uniform standards, however, may lead to more equitable assurance of professional competence, and to interstate mobility related to local and national needs.", "contents": "Licensure of foreign medical graduates: an historical perspective. Today, one out of five practicing physicians in the U.S. is a graduate of a foreign medical school. The sixfold growth in their number over the past two decades results from national policy; but the place and conditions of practice have been controlled by state governments. The several states have used their jurisdiction over licensure in ways that have often been unfair and irrational. Recent trends toward uniform standards, however, may lead to more equitable assurance of professional competence, and to interstate mobility related to local and national needs.", "PMID": 327346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10384", "title": "[Lymphoid myelofibrosis or hairy cell leukemia].", "content": "By lymphoid myelofibrosis or hairy cell leukaemia or tricholeukaemia is meant an unusual haemopathic condition known only for the past few years. It is characterized pathognomonically by the presence of lymphocyte type cells with villous extroflexions, hence the name \"hairy cell\". Clinically the disease presents as an involutive myelopathy associated with splenomegaly, generally without any particular lymph gland involvement. The attention of students today is concentrated on the nature of the hairy cells; while some are inclined to admit their monocyte or histiocyte derivation, others consider that they derive from B lymphocytes. Therapeutically, almost everybody agrees that splenectomy is the only valid step. A case of H.C.L., which was typical from the clinical and laboratory viewpoints is reported. It is probable that certain haemopathic pictures once classified among atypical leucoses and lymphomas, would today be more correctly classed as hairy cell leukaemia.", "contents": "[Lymphoid myelofibrosis or hairy cell leukemia]. By lymphoid myelofibrosis or hairy cell leukaemia or tricholeukaemia is meant an unusual haemopathic condition known only for the past few years. It is characterized pathognomonically by the presence of lymphocyte type cells with villous extroflexions, hence the name \"hairy cell\". Clinically the disease presents as an involutive myelopathy associated with splenomegaly, generally without any particular lymph gland involvement. The attention of students today is concentrated on the nature of the hairy cells; while some are inclined to admit their monocyte or histiocyte derivation, others consider that they derive from B lymphocytes. Therapeutically, almost everybody agrees that splenectomy is the only valid step. A case of H.C.L., which was typical from the clinical and laboratory viewpoints is reported. It is probable that certain haemopathic pictures once classified among atypical leucoses and lymphomas, would today be more correctly classed as hairy cell leukaemia.", "PMID": 327348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10385", "title": "Pelvic floor reconstruction following gynecologic exenterative surgery.", "content": "At the end of exenterative procedures, the problem of bowel placement in the pelvic cavity denuded of peritoneum is still one of the most taxing and potentially troublesome problems of radical pelvic surgery. A technic which utilizes pelvic peritoneum to form a complete peritoneal diaphragm between the abdominal and pelvic cavities is described. Experience with this technic is with a small personal series of 15 patients which is presented.", "contents": "Pelvic floor reconstruction following gynecologic exenterative surgery. At the end of exenterative procedures, the problem of bowel placement in the pelvic cavity denuded of peritoneum is still one of the most taxing and potentially troublesome problems of radical pelvic surgery. A technic which utilizes pelvic peritoneum to form a complete peritoneal diaphragm between the abdominal and pelvic cavities is described. Experience with this technic is with a small personal series of 15 patients which is presented.", "PMID": 327361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10386", "title": "Studies of pathophysiology in primary amenorrhea.", "content": "Patients with primary amenorrhea underwent stimulation with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) before and after clomiphene administration to determine the maturational status of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and to assess the development of feedback control mechanisms. Four patients with clinically recognizable conditions served as models. One patient had panhypopituitarism with undetectable baseline FSH and LH values, no response to LRH or clomiphene, and no detectable feedback control. One patient with a \"specific\" hypothalamic hypogonadotropism had low baseline gonadotropins with a normal response to LRH and no positive or negative feedback mechanisms reflected by no change in LRH response after clomiphene. A patient with delayed puberty due to low bodyweight had low FSH and LH baseline values and an \"immature\" response to clomiphene, characterized by lowered baseline gonadotropins and an increased peak LH following LRH stimulation. The fourth patient, with an adolescent polycystic ovarian syndrome, had a high baseline LH, normal FSH, hyperresponse to LRH, and a \"mature feedback control\" as evidenced by an increase in baseline FSH and LH, and a decrease in the LRH response while on clomiphene. The remaining patients showed inappropriate responses. They are regarded as having defects rather than dysfunctions, and the possible abnormalities are discussed in relation to the clinical findings.", "contents": "Studies of pathophysiology in primary amenorrhea. Patients with primary amenorrhea underwent stimulation with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) before and after clomiphene administration to determine the maturational status of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and to assess the development of feedback control mechanisms. Four patients with clinically recognizable conditions served as models. One patient had panhypopituitarism with undetectable baseline FSH and LH values, no response to LRH or clomiphene, and no detectable feedback control. One patient with a \"specific\" hypothalamic hypogonadotropism had low baseline gonadotropins with a normal response to LRH and no positive or negative feedback mechanisms reflected by no change in LRH response after clomiphene. A patient with delayed puberty due to low bodyweight had low FSH and LH baseline values and an \"immature\" response to clomiphene, characterized by lowered baseline gonadotropins and an increased peak LH following LRH stimulation. The fourth patient, with an adolescent polycystic ovarian syndrome, had a high baseline LH, normal FSH, hyperresponse to LRH, and a \"mature feedback control\" as evidenced by an increase in baseline FSH and LH, and a decrease in the LRH response while on clomiphene. The remaining patients showed inappropriate responses. They are regarded as having defects rather than dysfunctions, and the possible abnormalities are discussed in relation to the clinical findings.", "PMID": 327362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10387", "title": "Gonadotropic responsiveness to clomiphene, LRH, estradiol, and bromocriptine in galactorrheic women.", "content": "Twenty hyperprolactinemic patients with galactorrhea were studied to determine their gonadotropic responses to various stimuli. Five women lacked response to gonadotropin following the administration of clomiphene citrate. Ten patients who had luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) tests before and during bromocriptine administration exhibited varied FSH and LH responses that apparently were unaffected by bromocriptine therapy. A loss of the normal positive feedback of estrogens at the level of the hypothalamus was demonstrated in most patients before and during bromocriptine therapy. Long-term treatment with bromocriptine in 11 women resulted in a decrease of serum prolactin, cessation of lactation in all, and pregnancy in 8. These results suggest that the failure of normal secretion of gonadotropins in hyperprolactinemic women may result from 1) inadequate release of endogenous LRH, and 2) loss of the positive feedback of estrogens, as a result of the same hypothalamic disturbance that provokes the hyperprolactinemia. In turn, the elevated prolactin levels may exert a short-loop negative feedback at the hypothalamic level, inhibiting cyclic gonadotropin release.", "contents": "Gonadotropic responsiveness to clomiphene, LRH, estradiol, and bromocriptine in galactorrheic women. Twenty hyperprolactinemic patients with galactorrhea were studied to determine their gonadotropic responses to various stimuli. Five women lacked response to gonadotropin following the administration of clomiphene citrate. Ten patients who had luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) tests before and during bromocriptine administration exhibited varied FSH and LH responses that apparently were unaffected by bromocriptine therapy. A loss of the normal positive feedback of estrogens at the level of the hypothalamus was demonstrated in most patients before and during bromocriptine therapy. Long-term treatment with bromocriptine in 11 women resulted in a decrease of serum prolactin, cessation of lactation in all, and pregnancy in 8. These results suggest that the failure of normal secretion of gonadotropins in hyperprolactinemic women may result from 1) inadequate release of endogenous LRH, and 2) loss of the positive feedback of estrogens, as a result of the same hypothalamic disturbance that provokes the hyperprolactinemia. In turn, the elevated prolactin levels may exert a short-loop negative feedback at the hypothalamic level, inhibiting cyclic gonadotropin release.", "PMID": 327363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10388", "title": "Antenatal glucocorticoid therapy for the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in the premature infant.", "content": "A double-blind study was designed to investigate the effects of antenatal glucocorticoids on the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in 128 premature human infants. There was a significant reduction (P less than 0.05) in the incidence of RDS in the betamethasone-treated infants to 8.7% compared to an incidence of 22.6% in the saline-treated controls and 25.0% in infants whose mothers received methylprednisolone. The effectiveness of betamethasone in reducing RDS was limited to premature infants delivered to mothers with intact fetal membranes and with an initial L/S ratio less than 2.0. The time between administration of the glucocorticoid and delivery did not significantly affect the incidence of RDS in this study. The failure of methylprednisolone to reduce the development of RDS in premature infants suggests its potential use in maternal therapy during pregnancy with minimal effects on fetal maturation.", "contents": "Antenatal glucocorticoid therapy for the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in the premature infant. A double-blind study was designed to investigate the effects of antenatal glucocorticoids on the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in 128 premature human infants. There was a significant reduction (P less than 0.05) in the incidence of RDS in the betamethasone-treated infants to 8.7% compared to an incidence of 22.6% in the saline-treated controls and 25.0% in infants whose mothers received methylprednisolone. The effectiveness of betamethasone in reducing RDS was limited to premature infants delivered to mothers with intact fetal membranes and with an initial L/S ratio less than 2.0. The time between administration of the glucocorticoid and delivery did not significantly affect the incidence of RDS in this study. The failure of methylprednisolone to reduce the development of RDS in premature infants suggests its potential use in maternal therapy during pregnancy with minimal effects on fetal maturation.", "PMID": 327364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10389", "title": "Basal cell carcinoma recurrence: early diagnosis and surgical treatment.", "content": "Twelve patients with twenty recurrent basal cell carcinomas of the lids and adnexa were studied. Observations on the behavior and treatment were discussed. Suggested management was also given. The radical aggressive approach towards these recurrent lesions is suggested, although initial excision of some basal cells need not be as radical. As in all malignancies the prompt recognition of lesion, combined with appropriate treatment and regular follow-up are emphasized to effect a cure with good functional and cosmetic results.", "contents": "Basal cell carcinoma recurrence: early diagnosis and surgical treatment. Twelve patients with twenty recurrent basal cell carcinomas of the lids and adnexa were studied. Observations on the behavior and treatment were discussed. Suggested management was also given. The radical aggressive approach towards these recurrent lesions is suggested, although initial excision of some basal cells need not be as radical. As in all malignancies the prompt recognition of lesion, combined with appropriate treatment and regular follow-up are emphasized to effect a cure with good functional and cosmetic results.", "PMID": 327370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10390", "title": "Histocompatibility matching in poor prognosis combined procedure keratoplasty.", "content": "To determine the effect of histocompatibility matching and mismatching at the rabbit leukocyte-locus A (RL-A locus) on graft survival in rabbits, we created a model to enhance graft failure. Rabbit corneas received alkali burns with consequent vascularization of the graft bed. Each rabbit underwent large (10-mm) penetrating keratoplasty and simultaneous lens extraction. Grafts in four of six corneas from the matched group remained transparent for the extent of the experiment; none of the grafts in the mismatched group were transparent at the end of the experiment.", "contents": "Histocompatibility matching in poor prognosis combined procedure keratoplasty. To determine the effect of histocompatibility matching and mismatching at the rabbit leukocyte-locus A (RL-A locus) on graft survival in rabbits, we created a model to enhance graft failure. Rabbit corneas received alkali burns with consequent vascularization of the graft bed. Each rabbit underwent large (10-mm) penetrating keratoplasty and simultaneous lens extraction. Grafts in four of six corneas from the matched group remained transparent for the extent of the experiment; none of the grafts in the mismatched group were transparent at the end of the experiment.", "PMID": 327371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10391", "title": "Keratoplasty and intraocular lenses: follow-up study.", "content": "In an effort of explore new approaches with the possibility of improving on existing methods of managing problem cases with combined corneal disease and cataracts, 35 patients were treated by keratoplasty, cataract extraction, and intraocular lens implantation in various combinations or by cataract extraction and lens implantation without keratoplasty over the past two years. Twenty-four of twenty-six grafts have remained clear over a 3- to 21-month period of observation. The two failures have been successfully regrafted. Eleven patients received a penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction and intraocular lens with ten remaining clear. Eight patients with corneal disease and aphakia received a penetrating graft and intraocular lens with all grafts remaining clear. Seven patients with a clear graft received a subsequent cataract extraction and lens implantation with six remaining clear. Nine patients with endothelial dystrophy and cataracts were not affected by cataract extraction and lens implantation. The relatively high success rate, rapid visual rehabilitation, and reduction in the incidence of vitreous loss, vitrectomy, and delayed vitreous complications via the methods employed have, to date, proven encouraging. Caution is advised until data from a larger case series and long-term follow-up become available. Short-term success is directly related to technique. To achieve immediate success, the need for considerable experience in keratoplasty and lens implantation can not be overemphasized.", "contents": "Keratoplasty and intraocular lenses: follow-up study. In an effort of explore new approaches with the possibility of improving on existing methods of managing problem cases with combined corneal disease and cataracts, 35 patients were treated by keratoplasty, cataract extraction, and intraocular lens implantation in various combinations or by cataract extraction and lens implantation without keratoplasty over the past two years. Twenty-four of twenty-six grafts have remained clear over a 3- to 21-month period of observation. The two failures have been successfully regrafted. Eleven patients received a penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction and intraocular lens with ten remaining clear. Eight patients with corneal disease and aphakia received a penetrating graft and intraocular lens with all grafts remaining clear. Seven patients with a clear graft received a subsequent cataract extraction and lens implantation with six remaining clear. Nine patients with endothelial dystrophy and cataracts were not affected by cataract extraction and lens implantation. The relatively high success rate, rapid visual rehabilitation, and reduction in the incidence of vitreous loss, vitrectomy, and delayed vitreous complications via the methods employed have, to date, proven encouraging. Caution is advised until data from a larger case series and long-term follow-up become available. Short-term success is directly related to technique. To achieve immediate success, the need for considerable experience in keratoplasty and lens implantation can not be overemphasized.", "PMID": 327372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10392", "title": "Staged excision and reconstruction of extensive facial-orbital tumors.", "content": "Extensive facial-orbital tumors are basal cell carcinomas which are exceptionally difficult to treat by conventional therapy because of: (1) skin involvement of more than one square inch of the eyelids of face; (2) fixation to bone or periosteum at the orbital rim; and (3) extension onto the inner surface of the eyelid or through the orbital septum. Due to indistinct skin margins, visual impressions of the extent of these tumors are unreliable. Radiation is usually contraindicated because of possible bone involvement. Single stage excision of the entire tumor with frozen section evaluation of the margins is difficult because of the extent of the facial and orbital components of the lesion. A technique is described which involves staged excision and reconstruction of such extensive tumors. Stage one involves lamellar resection of the skin tumor. Lamellar resection is a modification of the Mohs technique, using permanent section evaluation of all margins, after which the surgical defect is allowed to heal by granulation or is grafted. Stage two involves en bloc resection of the remaining tumor, with frozen section evaluation of all margins. Stage three involves later cosmetic and functional reconstruction of the orbit and eyelids in a tumor-free location. The use of this technique is demonstrated by the description of a patient who would probably have required exenteration if conventional surgical methods had been used.", "contents": "Staged excision and reconstruction of extensive facial-orbital tumors. Extensive facial-orbital tumors are basal cell carcinomas which are exceptionally difficult to treat by conventional therapy because of: (1) skin involvement of more than one square inch of the eyelids of face; (2) fixation to bone or periosteum at the orbital rim; and (3) extension onto the inner surface of the eyelid or through the orbital septum. Due to indistinct skin margins, visual impressions of the extent of these tumors are unreliable. Radiation is usually contraindicated because of possible bone involvement. Single stage excision of the entire tumor with frozen section evaluation of the margins is difficult because of the extent of the facial and orbital components of the lesion. A technique is described which involves staged excision and reconstruction of such extensive tumors. Stage one involves lamellar resection of the skin tumor. Lamellar resection is a modification of the Mohs technique, using permanent section evaluation of all margins, after which the surgical defect is allowed to heal by granulation or is grafted. Stage two involves en bloc resection of the remaining tumor, with frozen section evaluation of all margins. Stage three involves later cosmetic and functional reconstruction of the orbit and eyelids in a tumor-free location. The use of this technique is demonstrated by the description of a patient who would probably have required exenteration if conventional surgical methods had been used.", "PMID": 327373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10393", "title": "[Automatic analysis of gastrographies by means of optical digital equipment (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper is concerned with problems of automatic analysis of radiograms, specially cinegastrographies. This study is connected with the utilisation of an interactive system including optical digitizer with its units of control and visualization. This system can explore the radiologic film in its current size of 30 X 40 cm. The particular interest of this application is extracting several parameters characterizing the size and the shape of the stomach. A middle axis can be extracted by computing, from this one a spatio-temporal diagram can be obtained. From this methodology of representation, several states of gastric motility could be characterized.", "contents": "[Automatic analysis of gastrographies by means of optical digital equipment (author's transl)]. The present paper is concerned with problems of automatic analysis of radiograms, specially cinegastrographies. This study is connected with the utilisation of an interactive system including optical digitizer with its units of control and visualization. This system can explore the radiologic film in its current size of 30 X 40 cm. The particular interest of this application is extracting several parameters characterizing the size and the shape of the stomach. A middle axis can be extracted by computing, from this one a spatio-temporal diagram can be obtained. From this methodology of representation, several states of gastric motility could be characterized.", "PMID": 327403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10394", "title": "Catabolism of deoxythymidylate in some trypanosomatids.", "content": "An initial observation concerning the failure of [3H]thymidine at high specific activity to be incorporated into the DNA of Crithidia fasciculata for more than a brief initial period has been correlated with the presence at high specific activity in the organism of a thymidine phosphorylase activity with an equilibrium in the direction of catabolism. This enzyme degrades thymidine to thymine which is not utilized by the organism. The enzyme has also been shown to be present in a number of other trypanosomatids, including the culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, where the specific activity was nearly as high as that in C. fasciculata. Evidence is presented that in C. fasciculata, the culture forms of T. cruzi and possibly other species of trypanosomatid, the thymidine phosphorylae, together with a thymidylate phosphatase, forms a catabolic pathway which degrades thymine nucleotides to thymine, which is then excreted. About 60% of the thymine nucleotides made by organisms appear to be metabolized through the pathway, suggesting that their synthesis is not subject to completely effective regulatory control.", "contents": "Catabolism of deoxythymidylate in some trypanosomatids. An initial observation concerning the failure of [3H]thymidine at high specific activity to be incorporated into the DNA of Crithidia fasciculata for more than a brief initial period has been correlated with the presence at high specific activity in the organism of a thymidine phosphorylase activity with an equilibrium in the direction of catabolism. This enzyme degrades thymidine to thymine which is not utilized by the organism. The enzyme has also been shown to be present in a number of other trypanosomatids, including the culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, where the specific activity was nearly as high as that in C. fasciculata. Evidence is presented that in C. fasciculata, the culture forms of T. cruzi and possibly other species of trypanosomatid, the thymidine phosphorylae, together with a thymidylate phosphatase, forms a catabolic pathway which degrades thymine nucleotides to thymine, which is then excreted. About 60% of the thymine nucleotides made by organisms appear to be metabolized through the pathway, suggesting that their synthesis is not subject to completely effective regulatory control.", "PMID": 327402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10395", "title": "[Demonstration and partial characterization of cardiotoxic and neutrotoxic substances in the serum of burnt patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardio-circulatory and neurological complications may appear between the second and seventh day of treatment of severely burnt (greater than 30% of body surface, 3rd degree) patients between the 2nd and 7th day, even if their lesions follow an apparently favorable course. The purpose of the present work was to isolate substances from the sera of such patients which would be responsible for the toxic effects. The sera of several patients were fractionated by Cohn's method n degree 6 and the fractions were tested in vivo in rabbits, rats and mice for their toxic effects. We could demonstrate in some of the fractions (II + III, IV and VI) toxic activity on the central nervous system, on the cardiocirculatory and respiratory systems. An acute toxic activity was also present as well as a substance increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. All these factors together may be involved in the production of the above-mentioned clinical symptoms. Their appearance may depend on the concentration of toxic substances in the blood and on the resistance of the patients.", "contents": "[Demonstration and partial characterization of cardiotoxic and neutrotoxic substances in the serum of burnt patients (author's transl)]. Cardio-circulatory and neurological complications may appear between the second and seventh day of treatment of severely burnt (greater than 30% of body surface, 3rd degree) patients between the 2nd and 7th day, even if their lesions follow an apparently favorable course. The purpose of the present work was to isolate substances from the sera of such patients which would be responsible for the toxic effects. The sera of several patients were fractionated by Cohn's method n degree 6 and the fractions were tested in vivo in rabbits, rats and mice for their toxic effects. We could demonstrate in some of the fractions (II + III, IV and VI) toxic activity on the central nervous system, on the cardiocirculatory and respiratory systems. An acute toxic activity was also present as well as a substance increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. All these factors together may be involved in the production of the above-mentioned clinical symptoms. Their appearance may depend on the concentration of toxic substances in the blood and on the resistance of the patients.", "PMID": 327404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10396", "title": "[Estrogen and progesterone receptors in non carcinomatous breast diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytosolic receptors for estrogens and progesterone are studied using an exchange method in various types of benign breast diseases: fibroadenomas, fibrocystic mastosis, phylloid tumors and gynecomastias. The results show clearly that, contrary to breast carcinomas, receptors are generally not present in benign tumors. These results are statistically significant for all the women studied. Studying the pathological aspects of the tumors, it can be noted that the presence of receptors, is correlated with proliferation forms with large epithelial components. Furthermore, these results show that receptors are not found in gynecomastia. In conclusion, the physician should follow up very carefully the patients with a benign tumor, when hormono-receptors are present.", "contents": "[Estrogen and progesterone receptors in non carcinomatous breast diseases (author's transl)]. Cytosolic receptors for estrogens and progesterone are studied using an exchange method in various types of benign breast diseases: fibroadenomas, fibrocystic mastosis, phylloid tumors and gynecomastias. The results show clearly that, contrary to breast carcinomas, receptors are generally not present in benign tumors. These results are statistically significant for all the women studied. Studying the pathological aspects of the tumors, it can be noted that the presence of receptors, is correlated with proliferation forms with large epithelial components. Furthermore, these results show that receptors are not found in gynecomastia. In conclusion, the physician should follow up very carefully the patients with a benign tumor, when hormono-receptors are present.", "PMID": 327405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10397", "title": "[HLA antigen and Willebrand's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of HLA antigens was determined in 28 unrelated patients with Willebrand's disease and in 326 healthy controls. There was no significant difference between the two groups for any of the HLA antigens tested. Segregation analysis processed among the families of 26 of these patients didn't allow us to find any disorder of the HLA antigens distribution in the patient's group: transmission of the disease and transmission of the HLA haplotypes appear to be independant in 25 of 26 families studied. There is no linkage and no association between the Willebrand's disease genes and the HLA system genes.", "contents": "[HLA antigen and Willebrand's disease (author's transl)]. The frequency of HLA antigens was determined in 28 unrelated patients with Willebrand's disease and in 326 healthy controls. There was no significant difference between the two groups for any of the HLA antigens tested. Segregation analysis processed among the families of 26 of these patients didn't allow us to find any disorder of the HLA antigens distribution in the patient's group: transmission of the disease and transmission of the HLA haplotypes appear to be independant in 25 of 26 families studied. There is no linkage and no association between the Willebrand's disease genes and the HLA system genes.", "PMID": 327406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10398", "title": "[Report of a case of subcutaneous abscess due to Eikenella corrodens in a splenectomized patient (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of subcutaneous abscess of the chest-wall due to Eikenella corrodens is reported in a patient recently splenectomized. This bacillus was grown in pure culture. Processing specimens and identification methods of this little Gram-negative bacillus are described. Eikenella corrodens is a commensal frequently encountered in mucous membrane surfaces. It is likely that this microorganism may be an \"opportunist\" pathogen.", "contents": "[Report of a case of subcutaneous abscess due to Eikenella corrodens in a splenectomized patient (author's transl)]. A case of subcutaneous abscess of the chest-wall due to Eikenella corrodens is reported in a patient recently splenectomized. This bacillus was grown in pure culture. Processing specimens and identification methods of this little Gram-negative bacillus are described. Eikenella corrodens is a commensal frequently encountered in mucous membrane surfaces. It is likely that this microorganism may be an \"opportunist\" pathogen.", "PMID": 327407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10399", "title": "[Oncornaviruses genome: properties of viral RNAs in virions and cells (author's transl)].", "content": "This review tentatively recaptitulates most of the known data concerning the genome of oncornaviruses (Retroviruses). The first part deals with the structural features of the 60-70S RNA and its constituting subunits and other cellular RNAs which are present inside the viruses. The second part describes the viral RNA species which have been found in various cell systems including infected producer cells, transformed and non producer cells, normal and inductible cells. A special part is devoted to viral RNAs isolated from human cancer cells.", "contents": "[Oncornaviruses genome: properties of viral RNAs in virions and cells (author's transl)]. This review tentatively recaptitulates most of the known data concerning the genome of oncornaviruses (Retroviruses). The first part deals with the structural features of the 60-70S RNA and its constituting subunits and other cellular RNAs which are present inside the viruses. The second part describes the viral RNA species which have been found in various cell systems including infected producer cells, transformed and non producer cells, normal and inductible cells. A special part is devoted to viral RNAs isolated from human cancer cells.", "PMID": 327408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10400", "title": "[Liquid scintillation counting of 51chromium. Application to a micromethod of cell-mediated cytotoxic assay (author's transl)].", "content": "Detection of gamma emitting isotopes is achieved conventionally by using a gamma spectrometer, or in some cases by liquid scintillation counting. We applied these two methods to the detection of 51 Chromium released in a lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic reaction. Detection in liquid scintillation appeared more efficient than conventional gamma detection: 16.74% vs 1,11%. It is therefore possible to reduce by a factor of 10 the number of target cells in the cytotoxic assay if liquid scintillation counting is used. Either method gave the same results when applied on the same samples. Liquid scintillation counting is to be preferred when high sensitivity is needed. In addition it offers the advantage of using the same apparatus for detection of gamma or beta emitting isotopes.", "contents": "[Liquid scintillation counting of 51chromium. Application to a micromethod of cell-mediated cytotoxic assay (author's transl)]. Detection of gamma emitting isotopes is achieved conventionally by using a gamma spectrometer, or in some cases by liquid scintillation counting. We applied these two methods to the detection of 51 Chromium released in a lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic reaction. Detection in liquid scintillation appeared more efficient than conventional gamma detection: 16.74% vs 1,11%. It is therefore possible to reduce by a factor of 10 the number of target cells in the cytotoxic assay if liquid scintillation counting is used. Either method gave the same results when applied on the same samples. Liquid scintillation counting is to be preferred when high sensitivity is needed. In addition it offers the advantage of using the same apparatus for detection of gamma or beta emitting isotopes.", "PMID": 327409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10401", "title": "[Effects of hyperbaric environment on the course of experimental lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) in the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "During a week, adult Swiss mice inoculated with LCM virus were exposed to hyperbaric environment (51 ATA) in He-O2 mixture. This exposure delayed the mortality by virus infection for 5-6 days and/or lowered or abolished the specific cerebral pathology. However, at the moment of death, the infectious titer of virus in the brain of exposed mice was not significantly decreased. Some physico-chemical factors involved in hyperbaric environment were investigated in order to determine their possible role in inducing the delayed mortality. Temperature has no effect on the course of experimental LCM in the mouse while He-O2 mixture at atmospheric pressure aggravate the viral disease. Pure O2 applied at 2 ATA intermittently has some beneficial effect but only on specific cerebral alterations. Thus, it seems likely that \"per se\" hydrostatic pressure and/or an hyperabaric helium specific effect is responsible for the delay of mortality after hyperbaric exposure. Possible mechanisms leading to this delay, i.e. a transient abolition of immunologic response of mice to LCM virus, are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Effects of hyperbaric environment on the course of experimental lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) in the mouse (author's transl)]. During a week, adult Swiss mice inoculated with LCM virus were exposed to hyperbaric environment (51 ATA) in He-O2 mixture. This exposure delayed the mortality by virus infection for 5-6 days and/or lowered or abolished the specific cerebral pathology. However, at the moment of death, the infectious titer of virus in the brain of exposed mice was not significantly decreased. Some physico-chemical factors involved in hyperbaric environment were investigated in order to determine their possible role in inducing the delayed mortality. Temperature has no effect on the course of experimental LCM in the mouse while He-O2 mixture at atmospheric pressure aggravate the viral disease. Pure O2 applied at 2 ATA intermittently has some beneficial effect but only on specific cerebral alterations. Thus, it seems likely that \"per se\" hydrostatic pressure and/or an hyperabaric helium specific effect is responsible for the delay of mortality after hyperbaric exposure. Possible mechanisms leading to this delay, i.e. a transient abolition of immunologic response of mice to LCM virus, are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 327411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10402", "title": "[Gastro-intestinal electromyography: interest in the study of mechansims of regulation of intestinal motility (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations we carried out in man and animals in order to study the relationships between the electrical and the mechanical activities of the intestine, and to precise the role of BER in the regulation of intestinal motility. In the dog, an intestinal movements transducer allowed to establish that spiking activities were concomitant with circular contractions, and that these two phenomena were rhythmed by the slow waves. Under basal conditions, the longitudinal movements occurred independently; under stimulation longitudinal movements occurred independently; under stimulation longitudinal relaxations were observed to correspond to circular contractions. In man, the post-laparotomy paralytic ileus provoked abnormalities in the BER which seemed to be related to a disturbance of the coordination of the motility, resulting in the absence of intraluminal propulsion. Administration of coherin, a postpituitary extract, was followed by a regularization of the BER and by a decrease of paralytic ileus duration. This confirms the important role of the BER in the myogenic regulation of the intestinal motility.", "contents": "[Gastro-intestinal electromyography: interest in the study of mechansims of regulation of intestinal motility (author's transl)]. Investigations we carried out in man and animals in order to study the relationships between the electrical and the mechanical activities of the intestine, and to precise the role of BER in the regulation of intestinal motility. In the dog, an intestinal movements transducer allowed to establish that spiking activities were concomitant with circular contractions, and that these two phenomena were rhythmed by the slow waves. Under basal conditions, the longitudinal movements occurred independently; under stimulation longitudinal movements occurred independently; under stimulation longitudinal relaxations were observed to correspond to circular contractions. In man, the post-laparotomy paralytic ileus provoked abnormalities in the BER which seemed to be related to a disturbance of the coordination of the motility, resulting in the absence of intraluminal propulsion. Administration of coherin, a postpituitary extract, was followed by a regularization of the BER and by a decrease of paralytic ileus duration. This confirms the important role of the BER in the myogenic regulation of the intestinal motility.", "PMID": 327412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10403", "title": "[Drug sensitivity of Haemophilus sp. and transfer of resistance into E. coli (author's transl)].", "content": "From June 1973 to July 1976, 742 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae, isolated from clinical specimens, were routinely tested for in vitro sensitivity to twelve antibiotics: penicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin, minocyclin, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazol, trimethoprim. 61 strains were found resistant to one or more of these antibiotics (ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol and tetracyclin). The MICs of 23 antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method on most of the resistant strains and on 60 sensitive strains isolated during the same period and considered as control. 21 strains transferred their resistance determinants into E. coli K12; 23 plasmids were obtained isolated from these strains: 2 strains contained two different plasmids. 90% of the transconjugants were stable after repeated subcultures.", "contents": "[Drug sensitivity of Haemophilus sp. and transfer of resistance into E. coli (author's transl)]. From June 1973 to July 1976, 742 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae, isolated from clinical specimens, were routinely tested for in vitro sensitivity to twelve antibiotics: penicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin, minocyclin, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazol, trimethoprim. 61 strains were found resistant to one or more of these antibiotics (ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol and tetracyclin). The MICs of 23 antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method on most of the resistant strains and on 60 sensitive strains isolated during the same period and considered as control. 21 strains transferred their resistance determinants into E. coli K12; 23 plasmids were obtained isolated from these strains: 2 strains contained two different plasmids. 90% of the transconjugants were stable after repeated subcultures.", "PMID": 327413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10404", "title": "[Comparative study of three technics of inverse passive hemagglutination in the search for a surface antigen of the hepatitis b virus (Ag HBs) (author's transl)].", "content": "The following three different versions of reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) were evaluated for the detection of HBs antigen: Auscell I - Abbott, WH HBs - Wellcome and the hepanosticon - Organon technique and results obtained were compared with those obtained by the radio immuno assay (Ausria II of Abbott). In 493 sera studied, up to 16,8% were found positive by RPHA as compared to 17,2% positives by RIA. The percentage of false positives by the different methods varied from 4,9 to 7,3. Confirmatory tests, either absorption or neutralization, are necessary to ascertain accuracy of positive results in each of the 3 RPHA methods. The high quality of the Auscell and WH HBs confirmative test allows their sole use although they are slightly less sensitive than the RIA. We would recommand use of the Hepanosticon test whenever positive sera can be confirmed by RIA.", "contents": "[Comparative study of three technics of inverse passive hemagglutination in the search for a surface antigen of the hepatitis b virus (Ag HBs) (author's transl)]. The following three different versions of reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) were evaluated for the detection of HBs antigen: Auscell I - Abbott, WH HBs - Wellcome and the hepanosticon - Organon technique and results obtained were compared with those obtained by the radio immuno assay (Ausria II of Abbott). In 493 sera studied, up to 16,8% were found positive by RPHA as compared to 17,2% positives by RIA. The percentage of false positives by the different methods varied from 4,9 to 7,3. Confirmatory tests, either absorption or neutralization, are necessary to ascertain accuracy of positive results in each of the 3 RPHA methods. The high quality of the Auscell and WH HBs confirmative test allows their sole use although they are slightly less sensitive than the RIA. We would recommand use of the Hepanosticon test whenever positive sera can be confirmed by RIA.", "PMID": 327414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10405", "title": "[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infections. General review of 31 cases of septicemia with endocarditis reported in the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is widely distributed in nature (animal, soil). It is commonly known as the causative agent of cutaneous lesions called \"erysipeloid of Rosenbach\". Only 31 cases of bacterial endocarditis have been reported in the literature. The etiologic diagnosis of Esysipelothrix infection was established by the presence of bacteria in blood cultures or heart-valve cultures. Immunological study is unusual owing to the rapid course of the infection. The histologic observation of heart lesions corroborates the diagnosis. The patient's receptivity depends on his occupation, general health (importance of rheumatic heart disease), sex (male), age (from 40 to 60 years old), but also on the season (from July to October) and climate (temperate). With the exception of the few cases where it is possible to recognize a portal of entry of infection or the appearance of typical cutaneous manifestations, bacterial endocarditis due to Erysipelothrix presents a clinical picture similar to that of most other bacterial endocarditis. The antibiotic treatment is an association of penicillin-streptomycin, administered in large doses over a period of at least four weeks. In spite of intensive therapy, many patients died.", "contents": "[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infections. General review of 31 cases of septicemia with endocarditis reported in the literature (author's transl)]. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is widely distributed in nature (animal, soil). It is commonly known as the causative agent of cutaneous lesions called \"erysipeloid of Rosenbach\". Only 31 cases of bacterial endocarditis have been reported in the literature. The etiologic diagnosis of Esysipelothrix infection was established by the presence of bacteria in blood cultures or heart-valve cultures. Immunological study is unusual owing to the rapid course of the infection. The histologic observation of heart lesions corroborates the diagnosis. The patient's receptivity depends on his occupation, general health (importance of rheumatic heart disease), sex (male), age (from 40 to 60 years old), but also on the season (from July to October) and climate (temperate). With the exception of the few cases where it is possible to recognize a portal of entry of infection or the appearance of typical cutaneous manifestations, bacterial endocarditis due to Erysipelothrix presents a clinical picture similar to that of most other bacterial endocarditis. The antibiotic treatment is an association of penicillin-streptomycin, administered in large doses over a period of at least four weeks. In spite of intensive therapy, many patients died.", "PMID": 327415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10406", "title": "[Simultaneous electrochemical determinations of total co2 and chlorides in biological fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "We thought it was interesting to study the results provided by an instrument intended for chlorides and total CO2 plasmatic determinations using specific electrodes. The main qualities observed are the following: -Chloride linearity 10 up to 300 mmol/I. -Total CO2 linearity 5 up to 50 mmol/I. The within run precision for chloride is 0,74% CV and for total CO2 is 1,56% CV. The between day precision is excellent: CI--0,95% CV. Total CO2 1,54% CV. --No contamination at all. --Throughput: 55 samples per hour. --Good correlation with the routine methods used in our laboratory CI--r = 0,90. Total CO2 r = 0,98. --No interferences at all by compounds such as hemoglobulin, bilirubin. --Possible measurement with urine, CSF, gastric fluid, ascites and pleural punctures and sweat. This instrument seems well adapted for pediatric, resuscitation and \"stat\" setting in a clinical laboratory.", "contents": "[Simultaneous electrochemical determinations of total co2 and chlorides in biological fluids (author's transl)]. We thought it was interesting to study the results provided by an instrument intended for chlorides and total CO2 plasmatic determinations using specific electrodes. The main qualities observed are the following: -Chloride linearity 10 up to 300 mmol/I. -Total CO2 linearity 5 up to 50 mmol/I. The within run precision for chloride is 0,74% CV and for total CO2 is 1,56% CV. The between day precision is excellent: CI--0,95% CV. Total CO2 1,54% CV. --No contamination at all. --Throughput: 55 samples per hour. --Good correlation with the routine methods used in our laboratory CI--r = 0,90. Total CO2 r = 0,98. --No interferences at all by compounds such as hemoglobulin, bilirubin. --Possible measurement with urine, CSF, gastric fluid, ascites and pleural punctures and sweat. This instrument seems well adapted for pediatric, resuscitation and \"stat\" setting in a clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 327416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10407", "title": "Terbutaline and ephedrine in asthmatic children.", "content": "The effects of terbutaline, ephedrine, and placebo on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems have been compared in 24 asthmatic children. Ephedrine and terbutaline were both found to be effective bronchodilators, with onset of action within 30 minutes. The bronchodilator effect of ephedrine was maintained for three hours, while terbutaline was active for five hours. Terbutaline caused significantly greater improvement in pulmonary functions than did ephedrine. Both terbutaline and ephedrine were associated with clinically insignificant changes in blood pressure and pulse rate. The only significant side effect observed was hand tremor in children receiving terbutaline and this appeared only early in the course of drug treatment. There was no evidence of tolerance to the bronchodilator effect of ephedrine or terbutaline after eight weeks of therapy.", "contents": "Terbutaline and ephedrine in asthmatic children. The effects of terbutaline, ephedrine, and placebo on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems have been compared in 24 asthmatic children. Ephedrine and terbutaline were both found to be effective bronchodilators, with onset of action within 30 minutes. The bronchodilator effect of ephedrine was maintained for three hours, while terbutaline was active for five hours. Terbutaline caused significantly greater improvement in pulmonary functions than did ephedrine. Both terbutaline and ephedrine were associated with clinically insignificant changes in blood pressure and pulse rate. The only significant side effect observed was hand tremor in children receiving terbutaline and this appeared only early in the course of drug treatment. There was no evidence of tolerance to the bronchodilator effect of ephedrine or terbutaline after eight weeks of therapy.", "PMID": 327422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10408", "title": "C-reactive protein in streptococcal pharyngitis.", "content": "This study was designed to explore whether the test for C-reactive protein (CRP) is useful in differentiating bona fide streptococcal infection from the symptomatic carrier at the time of the acute visit to the physician. Serial blood samples from 157 children with symptomatic pharyngitis and a positive culture for group A streptococci were analyzed for the presence or absence of CRP. These data were compared with the patients' antibody responses to two streptococcal extracellular antigens (antistreptolysin O and antistreptococcal deoxyribonuclease B). Seventy-eight percent of patients with serologically confirmed streptococcal pharyngitis had a positive CRP test at the initial visit. Conversely, if the CRP test was negative at the acute visit, only about 25% later showed an antibody response. This latter finding held regardless of the degree of positivity of the initial culture, the presence of exudate or adenitis, or the presence of a temperature greater than 38.3 C (101 F) or coryza. These data suggest that the CRP test may be helpful to the clinician, especially if this abnormal protein is absent at the time of the acute visit.", "contents": "C-reactive protein in streptococcal pharyngitis. This study was designed to explore whether the test for C-reactive protein (CRP) is useful in differentiating bona fide streptococcal infection from the symptomatic carrier at the time of the acute visit to the physician. Serial blood samples from 157 children with symptomatic pharyngitis and a positive culture for group A streptococci were analyzed for the presence or absence of CRP. These data were compared with the patients' antibody responses to two streptococcal extracellular antigens (antistreptolysin O and antistreptococcal deoxyribonuclease B). Seventy-eight percent of patients with serologically confirmed streptococcal pharyngitis had a positive CRP test at the initial visit. Conversely, if the CRP test was negative at the acute visit, only about 25% later showed an antibody response. This latter finding held regardless of the degree of positivity of the initial culture, the presence of exudate or adenitis, or the presence of a temperature greater than 38.3 C (101 F) or coryza. These data suggest that the CRP test may be helpful to the clinician, especially if this abnormal protein is absent at the time of the acute visit.", "PMID": 327423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10409", "title": "Characteristics of the Inside-of-the Body Test drawings performed by normal school children.", "content": "The Inside-of-the-Body test was administered to an unselected group of 150 elementary school children in Grades 1 to 6. The most frequently identified body part was the heart. Musculoskeletal and visible body parts were identified in younger children. Children in the higher grade levels drew more cavity organs and their drawings more frequently showed the organs in the correct anatomic arrangement. The Inside-of-the-Body test may be a useful adjunctive tool in the psychological assessment of children by identifying the development of internal body perception in normal children as well as those with physical and psychological disorders.", "contents": "Characteristics of the Inside-of-the Body Test drawings performed by normal school children. The Inside-of-the-Body test was administered to an unselected group of 150 elementary school children in Grades 1 to 6. The most frequently identified body part was the heart. Musculoskeletal and visible body parts were identified in younger children. Children in the higher grade levels drew more cavity organs and their drawings more frequently showed the organs in the correct anatomic arrangement. The Inside-of-the-Body test may be a useful adjunctive tool in the psychological assessment of children by identifying the development of internal body perception in normal children as well as those with physical and psychological disorders.", "PMID": 327430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10410", "title": "Effect of birth order and perceived stress on social schemata.", "content": "This experiment used the Felt Figure Technique developed by Kuethe in an attempt to investigate the relationship between birth order and the use of specific social schemata. Seven object sets were used, three two-figure sets and four three-figure sets. The results indicated that for the two-figure sets, firstborn individuals placed the figures closer together than laterborn individuals. For the three-figure sets, firstborn individuals under stress placed the figures closer together. The three-figure sets were also ordered in terms of the number of human figures in the object set. The results suggest that there is a measurable relationship between birth order and social schemata used by an individual.", "contents": "Effect of birth order and perceived stress on social schemata. This experiment used the Felt Figure Technique developed by Kuethe in an attempt to investigate the relationship between birth order and the use of specific social schemata. Seven object sets were used, three two-figure sets and four three-figure sets. The results indicated that for the two-figure sets, firstborn individuals placed the figures closer together than laterborn individuals. For the three-figure sets, firstborn individuals under stress placed the figures closer together. The three-figure sets were also ordered in terms of the number of human figures in the object set. The results suggest that there is a measurable relationship between birth order and social schemata used by an individual.", "PMID": 327431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10411", "title": "Comparison of biofeedback pulse wave velocity and progressive relaxation on essential hypertensives.", "content": "In a study undertaken to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of two behavioral treatments for essential hypertension (biofeedback on arterial pulse-wave velocity and progressive relaxation) 24 hypertensive subjects were randomly assigned to either a relaxation or biofeedback treatment group for 5 weekly sessions. In a second stage of the study 16 of the original subjects received both biofeedback and relaxation treatments during 5 additional weekly sessions. Results indicated that biofeedback and relaxation were equally effective in initial lowering of blood pressure in hypertensives. Although biofeedback training lead to superior reductions at the 3-mo. follow-up point, after 1 yr. the blood pressures of both groups were not only equal but well below those presented at the beginning of the study.", "contents": "Comparison of biofeedback pulse wave velocity and progressive relaxation on essential hypertensives. In a study undertaken to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of two behavioral treatments for essential hypertension (biofeedback on arterial pulse-wave velocity and progressive relaxation) 24 hypertensive subjects were randomly assigned to either a relaxation or biofeedback treatment group for 5 weekly sessions. In a second stage of the study 16 of the original subjects received both biofeedback and relaxation treatments during 5 additional weekly sessions. Results indicated that biofeedback and relaxation were equally effective in initial lowering of blood pressure in hypertensives. Although biofeedback training lead to superior reductions at the 3-mo. follow-up point, after 1 yr. the blood pressures of both groups were not only equal but well below those presented at the beginning of the study.", "PMID": 327432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10412", "title": "Adaptive training and individual differences in perception.", "content": "Four types of training techniques were compared in the training of a perceptual concept-formation task. Adaptive training, a technique in which one parameter in the learning situation is varied so that the difficulty of a learning task remains constant for that individual, was compared to three intermediate approaches to training (self-adaptive, in which the trainees could control their own pace of learning by indicating when they felt they had mastered the problem, fixed sequence, and fixed task). The relationship between individual trainee's perceptual style and various stages of training was also investigated. Perceptual style was measured by the Hidden Figures Test, the Rod-and-frame Test, a Distracting Context Test, and a Cancellation Test. Results showed a definite (time to perform the task) advantage in favor of the adaptive training method. Fewer errors were committed under the self-adaptive approach, but the task completion time was significantly higher. Further analysis showed that for the adaptive-training group, measures of perceptual style could be used as predictors of future task success. No such relationship was found for other training techniques. In particular, field-independence appears to be important early in training but becomes increasingly less important, and for the final training criterion trials, is not predictive of performance. In contrast, the Distracting Contest Test-II, early in training, is not an important predictor but is an important predictor for the final criterion trials.", "contents": "Adaptive training and individual differences in perception. Four types of training techniques were compared in the training of a perceptual concept-formation task. Adaptive training, a technique in which one parameter in the learning situation is varied so that the difficulty of a learning task remains constant for that individual, was compared to three intermediate approaches to training (self-adaptive, in which the trainees could control their own pace of learning by indicating when they felt they had mastered the problem, fixed sequence, and fixed task). The relationship between individual trainee's perceptual style and various stages of training was also investigated. Perceptual style was measured by the Hidden Figures Test, the Rod-and-frame Test, a Distracting Context Test, and a Cancellation Test. Results showed a definite (time to perform the task) advantage in favor of the adaptive training method. Fewer errors were committed under the self-adaptive approach, but the task completion time was significantly higher. Further analysis showed that for the adaptive-training group, measures of perceptual style could be used as predictors of future task success. No such relationship was found for other training techniques. In particular, field-independence appears to be important early in training but becomes increasingly less important, and for the final training criterion trials, is not predictive of performance. In contrast, the Distracting Contest Test-II, early in training, is not an important predictor but is an important predictor for the final criterion trials.", "PMID": 327433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10413", "title": "Contemporary dilemmas in personality assessment illustrated in a diagnostic case study.", "content": "Hand Test and California Psychological Inventory data produced by two nonviolent sex offenders are presented in case study format. Marked similarities in personality of these subjects are noted and discussed in relation to difficulties which plague the field of measurement and evaluation. Social relevancy is noted and the need for systematic study of large samples is emphasized.", "contents": "Contemporary dilemmas in personality assessment illustrated in a diagnostic case study. Hand Test and California Psychological Inventory data produced by two nonviolent sex offenders are presented in case study format. Marked similarities in personality of these subjects are noted and discussed in relation to difficulties which plague the field of measurement and evaluation. Social relevancy is noted and the need for systematic study of large samples is emphasized.", "PMID": 327434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10414", "title": "[The action of acupuncture on pain. Physiological basis].", "content": "A review of experimental studies concerning acupuncture gives a current indication as to the neurophysiological mechanisms of its hypoalgesic effects. In man, these effects are demonstrated by study of the nociceptive flexion reflex. Other methods for the study of pain threshold have revealed a hypoalgesic action in man and in the animal. The authors analyse the pathways and structures necessary to analgesia: peripheral afferent pathway, ascending pathways, suprasegmental controls. The inhibitory mechanisms activated by acupuncture appear to be identical to those involved in analgesia by morphine and by central stimulation.", "contents": "[The action of acupuncture on pain. Physiological basis]. A review of experimental studies concerning acupuncture gives a current indication as to the neurophysiological mechanisms of its hypoalgesic effects. In man, these effects are demonstrated by study of the nociceptive flexion reflex. Other methods for the study of pain threshold have revealed a hypoalgesic action in man and in the animal. The authors analyse the pathways and structures necessary to analgesia: peripheral afferent pathway, ascending pathways, suprasegmental controls. The inhibitory mechanisms activated by acupuncture appear to be identical to those involved in analgesia by morphine and by central stimulation.", "PMID": 327437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10415", "title": "Screening for bacteriuria: Microstix and dipslides.", "content": "The Microstix system has been tested, in parallel with dipslides, for suitability as a screening technique for the detection of bacteriuria. Results obtained using each method on 228 urine specimens were assessed by comparison with the results of quantitative counts. Dipslides had a higher sensitivity (86-7%) than Microstix. The best specificity (100%) was obtained from those results (77-6%) where both components of the Microstix system were in agreement. Advantages of Microstix are its greater shelf-life and its compactness.", "contents": "Screening for bacteriuria: Microstix and dipslides. The Microstix system has been tested, in parallel with dipslides, for suitability as a screening technique for the detection of bacteriuria. Results obtained using each method on 228 urine specimens were assessed by comparison with the results of quantitative counts. Dipslides had a higher sensitivity (86-7%) than Microstix. The best specificity (100%) was obtained from those results (77-6%) where both components of the Microstix system were in agreement. Advantages of Microstix are its greater shelf-life and its compactness.", "PMID": 327452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10416", "title": "[Intermittent ventilatory assistance with a mouthpiece (volumetric type respirator): optical technic of rehabilitation].", "content": "The authors described an optical technique enabling patients with chronic respiratory insuffiency, at first to get used to assisted ventilation, then to control it, to obtain an active ventilation operated by machine corresponding to a particular shape of the pressure curve and to the lesser haemodynamic repercussion.", "contents": "[Intermittent ventilatory assistance with a mouthpiece (volumetric type respirator): optical technic of rehabilitation]. The authors described an optical technique enabling patients with chronic respiratory insuffiency, at first to get used to assisted ventilation, then to control it, to obtain an active ventilation operated by machine corresponding to a particular shape of the pressure curve and to the lesser haemodynamic repercussion.", "PMID": 327459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10417", "title": "[Variations in gas exchange and hemodynamic effects of various means of oxygen administration (spontaneous ventilation, controlled ventilation and under I.P.P.B.) in 19 severely obstructed pulmonary hypertension patients].", "content": "In 19 cases of severe chronic respiratory insufficiency by obstruction, the authors studied the haemogasometry and haemodynamic incidence of inhaling a mixture with FiO2 by various ways and in respiratory reeducation. Controled ventilation with or without manual abdominal pressure, instrumental kinesitherapy under pressure relaxor and simple oxygen inhalation. The pressure relaxor seems particularly suited to patients suffering above all from hypercapnia and obstruction because of its limited haemodynamic repercussions.", "contents": "[Variations in gas exchange and hemodynamic effects of various means of oxygen administration (spontaneous ventilation, controlled ventilation and under I.P.P.B.) in 19 severely obstructed pulmonary hypertension patients]. In 19 cases of severe chronic respiratory insufficiency by obstruction, the authors studied the haemogasometry and haemodynamic incidence of inhaling a mixture with FiO2 by various ways and in respiratory reeducation. Controled ventilation with or without manual abdominal pressure, instrumental kinesitherapy under pressure relaxor and simple oxygen inhalation. The pressure relaxor seems particularly suited to patients suffering above all from hypercapnia and obstruction because of its limited haemodynamic repercussions.", "PMID": 327460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10418", "title": "[Rehabilitation of chronic pulmonary patients. Critical study of objectives and methods. Current state of the problem].", "content": "Having given a definition of chronic pulmonary patients and of readaptation by reference to the W.H.O. and to the results of an international survey and the study group of the special Unit of the European Society of respiratory Physiopathology, the authors report a critical study of the conception and the present aims of readaptation. They successively present the therapeutical, medico-social and psychological aspects of readaptation, the different techniques used today, and summarize the present functioning of Europeans centres of readaptation. Finally they draw the main lines of a program of readaptation with the public health scheme and envisage the problems of organization and functioning.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation of chronic pulmonary patients. Critical study of objectives and methods. Current state of the problem]. Having given a definition of chronic pulmonary patients and of readaptation by reference to the W.H.O. and to the results of an international survey and the study group of the special Unit of the European Society of respiratory Physiopathology, the authors report a critical study of the conception and the present aims of readaptation. They successively present the therapeutical, medico-social and psychological aspects of readaptation, the different techniques used today, and summarize the present functioning of Europeans centres of readaptation. Finally they draw the main lines of a program of readaptation with the public health scheme and envisage the problems of organization and functioning.", "PMID": 327461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10419", "title": "[Physiotherapy and aerosols with intermittent positive pressure in the rehabilitation of chronic obstructive lung diseases].", "content": "In patients with chronic obstructive bronchial disease, the maximal deposition of aerosol in the lung is obtained by intermittent positive pressure. In normal subjects the use of respirator hardly increases the aerosol deposition. On the contrary displacing the vaporizer in a lateral position reduces the bronchopulmonary deposition.", "contents": "[Physiotherapy and aerosols with intermittent positive pressure in the rehabilitation of chronic obstructive lung diseases]. In patients with chronic obstructive bronchial disease, the maximal deposition of aerosol in the lung is obtained by intermittent positive pressure. In normal subjects the use of respirator hardly increases the aerosol deposition. On the contrary displacing the vaporizer in a lateral position reduces the bronchopulmonary deposition.", "PMID": 327463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10420", "title": "Electron and light microscopy examination of capsules around breast implants.", "content": "An investigation, by scanning electron microscopy of the capsules formed around silicone breast implants revealed that they consist almost entirely of connective tissue. In contrast, the capsules around the Y-prostheses (with a polyurethane foam surface) showed a foreign body reaction. We believe that excessive capsule formation around silicone implants is, among other factors, most likely due to discrete or moderate bleeding with subsequent hematoma formation. Therefore, we favor a two-stage procedure for subcutaneous mastectomy with insertion of the implant at 4 to 6 months after the excision.", "contents": "Electron and light microscopy examination of capsules around breast implants. An investigation, by scanning electron microscopy of the capsules formed around silicone breast implants revealed that they consist almost entirely of connective tissue. In contrast, the capsules around the Y-prostheses (with a polyurethane foam surface) showed a foreign body reaction. We believe that excessive capsule formation around silicone implants is, among other factors, most likely due to discrete or moderate bleeding with subsequent hematoma formation. Therefore, we favor a two-stage procedure for subcutaneous mastectomy with insertion of the implant at 4 to 6 months after the excision.", "PMID": 327493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10421", "title": "The illness of Ludwig II of Bavaria.", "content": "It has been argued by many biographers of King Ludwig II that he was not mentally ill but simply labelled mad as part of a conspiracy to remove him from the throne. The evidence for his mental disorder is reviewed and the conclusion drawn that he was probably suffering from a schizophrenic illness of some twenty years duration prior to his suicide in 1886.", "contents": "The illness of Ludwig II of Bavaria. It has been argued by many biographers of King Ludwig II that he was not mentally ill but simply labelled mad as part of a conspiracy to remove him from the throne. The evidence for his mental disorder is reviewed and the conclusion drawn that he was probably suffering from a schizophrenic illness of some twenty years duration prior to his suicide in 1886.", "PMID": 327496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10422", "title": "Microradiographic studies of renal lymphatics.", "content": "Cortical and medullary lymphatics have been observed during micro-angiographic studies of canine renal allograft rejection and retrograde ureteral injection in normal pigs. Lymphatic filling results from microvascular damage in the canine model and forniceal rupture in the pig. Renal lymphatics function as an alternate route for drainage during altered physiological states.", "contents": "Microradiographic studies of renal lymphatics. Cortical and medullary lymphatics have been observed during micro-angiographic studies of canine renal allograft rejection and retrograde ureteral injection in normal pigs. Lymphatic filling results from microvascular damage in the canine model and forniceal rupture in the pig. Renal lymphatics function as an alternate route for drainage during altered physiological states.", "PMID": 327509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10423", "title": "New techniques for interruption of gastroesophageal venous blood flow.", "content": "Enlarged gastroesophageal veins were successfully obliterated in 41 patients using embolization with modified autogenous clots and/or Gelfoam, balloon occlusion, iatrogenic perivenous hematoma, sclerosing agents (Sotradecol and Keflin), or a combination of these methods. Thirteen patients were actively bleeding when studied, and the site of bleeding was detected in 4. Surgical exploration of 16 patients and autopsy study of 5 showed persistent obliteration ranging between three weeks and seven months. No major complications requiring reparative surgery were encountered. Gelfoam soaked with Sotradecol is the preferred agent because it provides persistent obliteration of the embolized veins. Patients who are acutely bleeding or have done so previously are candidates for selective obliteration of the gastroesophageal veins.", "contents": "New techniques for interruption of gastroesophageal venous blood flow. Enlarged gastroesophageal veins were successfully obliterated in 41 patients using embolization with modified autogenous clots and/or Gelfoam, balloon occlusion, iatrogenic perivenous hematoma, sclerosing agents (Sotradecol and Keflin), or a combination of these methods. Thirteen patients were actively bleeding when studied, and the site of bleeding was detected in 4. Surgical exploration of 16 patients and autopsy study of 5 showed persistent obliteration ranging between three weeks and seven months. No major complications requiring reparative surgery were encountered. Gelfoam soaked with Sotradecol is the preferred agent because it provides persistent obliteration of the embolized veins. Patients who are acutely bleeding or have done so previously are candidates for selective obliteration of the gastroesophageal veins.", "PMID": 327510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10424", "title": "Computed tomography of the kidney.", "content": "Computed tomography is an extremely accurate method of obtaining more definitive diagnostic information about a renal mass discovered on a urogram. Benign renal cysts are readily distinguished from solid renal neoplasms, and CT is often valuable in characterizing possible juxtarenal masses. The cause of a nonfunctioning kidney(s) on a urogram can often be discerned, and hydronephrosis is easily detected.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the kidney. Computed tomography is an extremely accurate method of obtaining more definitive diagnostic information about a renal mass discovered on a urogram. Benign renal cysts are readily distinguished from solid renal neoplasms, and CT is often valuable in characterizing possible juxtarenal masses. The cause of a nonfunctioning kidney(s) on a urogram can often be discerned, and hydronephrosis is easily detected.", "PMID": 327511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10425", "title": "The serological relationship of a British Theileria with other Theileria species using the indirect fluorescent antibody test.", "content": "Antisera and antigens of a Theileria species isolated from British cattle were compared with those of six strains of Theileria mutans from geographically separated areas in East and South Africa, using the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. It was found that the British Theileria species did not react in the IFA test with these strains of T mutans. The British Theileria species was also compared with a variety of other Theileria species using the IFA test and no reactions were detected. It was concluded that the British Theileria species, which has been designated T mutans Essex, could be distinct from African T mutans.", "contents": "The serological relationship of a British Theileria with other Theileria species using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Antisera and antigens of a Theileria species isolated from British cattle were compared with those of six strains of Theileria mutans from geographically separated areas in East and South Africa, using the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. It was found that the British Theileria species did not react in the IFA test with these strains of T mutans. The British Theileria species was also compared with a variety of other Theileria species using the IFA test and no reactions were detected. It was concluded that the British Theileria species, which has been designated T mutans Essex, could be distinct from African T mutans.", "PMID": 327522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10426", "title": "Antibody response of calves to a single infection of Fasciola gigantica determined by an indirect fluorescent antibody technique.", "content": "The antibody response of six calves infected with 500 metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica each was monitored throughout 30 weeks of infection using an indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFA). In vitro excysted F gigantica were employed as the test antigen. All animals showed high antibody titres from two to six weeks post-infection. Thereafter the antibody titres diminished gradually. Although all the experimentally infected animals harboured fluke burdens at autopsy, most gave negative IFA tests from 22 weeks post infection onwards. Specific immunofluorescent staining occurred on the surface glycocalyx of the newly excysted flukes. It is likely that this glycocalyx provides one of the earliest antigenic stimuli for the host's immune reactions to fascioliasis.", "contents": "Antibody response of calves to a single infection of Fasciola gigantica determined by an indirect fluorescent antibody technique. The antibody response of six calves infected with 500 metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica each was monitored throughout 30 weeks of infection using an indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFA). In vitro excysted F gigantica were employed as the test antigen. All animals showed high antibody titres from two to six weeks post-infection. Thereafter the antibody titres diminished gradually. Although all the experimentally infected animals harboured fluke burdens at autopsy, most gave negative IFA tests from 22 weeks post infection onwards. Specific immunofluorescent staining occurred on the surface glycocalyx of the newly excysted flukes. It is likely that this glycocalyx provides one of the earliest antigenic stimuli for the host's immune reactions to fascioliasis.", "PMID": 327523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10427", "title": "Observations on the possible invasiveness of Clostridium botulinum for waterfowl.", "content": "Twenty-four ducklings given multiple doses of Clostridium botulinum type C spores and toxin per os and 27 affected waterfowl from four natural outbreaks of the disease were examined bacteriologically. No evidence of invasion of the blood or liver was found in any bird and it is suggested that invasiveness and toxigenesis in internal organs are probably of little, if any, importance in the causation of botulism in waterfowl.", "contents": "Observations on the possible invasiveness of Clostridium botulinum for waterfowl. Twenty-four ducklings given multiple doses of Clostridium botulinum type C spores and toxin per os and 27 affected waterfowl from four natural outbreaks of the disease were examined bacteriologically. No evidence of invasion of the blood or liver was found in any bird and it is suggested that invasiveness and toxigenesis in internal organs are probably of little, if any, importance in the causation of botulism in waterfowl.", "PMID": 327524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10428", "title": "Discrimination of B, T and null lymphocytes by esterase cytochemistry.", "content": "A technique has been devised which optimally demonstrates non-specific esterase activity in human blood lymphocytes. The reaction is carried out on smears fixed with formalin vapour, using alpha-naphthol butyrate as substrate at pH 8 and at a low concentration for a short incubation period. The pattern of esterase activity revealed by this method provides a discriminating marker for mature T-lymphocytes, which show dense, localised, dot-like positivity, and a probable marker for 'null' cells in the form of scattered granular positivity. B cells appear to be negative. Monocytes show a clearly different pattern of granular positivity.", "contents": "Discrimination of B, T and null lymphocytes by esterase cytochemistry. A technique has been devised which optimally demonstrates non-specific esterase activity in human blood lymphocytes. The reaction is carried out on smears fixed with formalin vapour, using alpha-naphthol butyrate as substrate at pH 8 and at a low concentration for a short incubation period. The pattern of esterase activity revealed by this method provides a discriminating marker for mature T-lymphocytes, which show dense, localised, dot-like positivity, and a probable marker for 'null' cells in the form of scattered granular positivity. B cells appear to be negative. Monocytes show a clearly different pattern of granular positivity.", "PMID": 327533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10429", "title": "[Disorders of the cerebral function in patients in a dialysis-transplantation program].", "content": "36 patients of a dialysis-transplantation program with well functioning cadaver kidneys were investigated psychometrically for organic losses in intellectual function. 50% of the patients showed organicity an average of 16 months after transplantation. These organic deficits were found significantly more often when dialysis treatment had been complicated by marked medical problems. It is concluded that early transplantation of well dialyzed, medically fit patients will contribute to preventing persistent organic brain syndromes.", "contents": "[Disorders of the cerebral function in patients in a dialysis-transplantation program]. 36 patients of a dialysis-transplantation program with well functioning cadaver kidneys were investigated psychometrically for organic losses in intellectual function. 50% of the patients showed organicity an average of 16 months after transplantation. These organic deficits were found significantly more often when dialysis treatment had been complicated by marked medical problems. It is concluded that early transplantation of well dialyzed, medically fit patients will contribute to preventing persistent organic brain syndromes.", "PMID": 327535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10430", "title": "[Extramembranous glomerulitis. Apropos of 92 cases].", "content": "92 cases of extramembranous glomerulitis (EMG) documented by histology and immunofluorescence have been studied. At the time of renal biopsy the clinical and biologic picture was as follows: no proteinuria in 2%, isolated proteinuria in 18%, nephrotic syndrome without hypertension or azotemia in 41%, and hypertension and/or azotemia associated with proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome in 39%. A possible cause of the EMG was found in 27 cases: it was drug-induced or toxic in 10 instances, paraneoplastic in 7, lupus in 5 and parasitic (loasis) in 5.65 cases are regarded as idiopathic. The evolution is known in 66 cases and varies with the etiology: it is usually benign in secondary forms except the paraneoplastic cases. In the idiopathic forms it results in hypertension or more or less severe chronic renal failure in 62% of cases. The prognosis cannot be established on the basis of the initial histology. No treatment has proved effective.", "contents": "[Extramembranous glomerulitis. Apropos of 92 cases]. 92 cases of extramembranous glomerulitis (EMG) documented by histology and immunofluorescence have been studied. At the time of renal biopsy the clinical and biologic picture was as follows: no proteinuria in 2%, isolated proteinuria in 18%, nephrotic syndrome without hypertension or azotemia in 41%, and hypertension and/or azotemia associated with proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome in 39%. A possible cause of the EMG was found in 27 cases: it was drug-induced or toxic in 10 instances, paraneoplastic in 7, lupus in 5 and parasitic (loasis) in 5.65 cases are regarded as idiopathic. The evolution is known in 66 cases and varies with the etiology: it is usually benign in secondary forms except the paraneoplastic cases. In the idiopathic forms it results in hypertension or more or less severe chronic renal failure in 62% of cases. The prognosis cannot be established on the basis of the initial histology. No treatment has proved effective.", "PMID": 327537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10431", "title": "Studies on a new antibiotic--Chuangxinmycin.", "content": "A new antibiotic, designated Chuangxinmycin and produced by a new species of microorganism Actinoplanes tsinanensis n. sp., has been isolated in crystalline form. Assay methods, fermentation and isolation procedures for the antibiotic are described. UV-IR-, NMR- and mass spectra as well as specific rotation of the antibiotic are given. Its molecular formula is C12H11NO2S. Studies on its chemical structure and total synthesis have been completed. According to its chemical structure, Chuangxinmycin is a new type of compound of natural origin. It is active in vitro against a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, whereas in vivo it is active in mice against Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae infections. It shows a low toxicity in mice, LD50 being 600 mg/kg (iv) and 1,770 mg/kg (p. o.) respectively. Preliminary clinical results show that Chuangxinmycin is effective in the treatment of septicaemia, urinary and biliary infections caused by Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Studies on a new antibiotic--Chuangxinmycin. A new antibiotic, designated Chuangxinmycin and produced by a new species of microorganism Actinoplanes tsinanensis n. sp., has been isolated in crystalline form. Assay methods, fermentation and isolation procedures for the antibiotic are described. UV-IR-, NMR- and mass spectra as well as specific rotation of the antibiotic are given. Its molecular formula is C12H11NO2S. Studies on its chemical structure and total synthesis have been completed. According to its chemical structure, Chuangxinmycin is a new type of compound of natural origin. It is active in vitro against a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, whereas in vivo it is active in mice against Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae infections. It shows a low toxicity in mice, LD50 being 600 mg/kg (iv) and 1,770 mg/kg (p. o.) respectively. Preliminary clinical results show that Chuangxinmycin is effective in the treatment of septicaemia, urinary and biliary infections caused by Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 327539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10432", "title": "Extraordinary severe burn cases treated with integrated Chinese traditional and Western medicine.", "content": "The treatment of two cases of extensive 3rd degree burn by means of integrated Chinese traditional and Western medicine is reported. The main factors of success are: the shock stage was tided over uneventfully; active measures were taken to build up the patients' vital energy; operative excision and spontaneous separation of eschar were combined; both auto- and homo-grafts were used to cover the wound surface to facilitate elimination of the wound; infections were tackled with the administration of Chinese herb drugs. In operations of severe burn cases, acupuncture anesthesia has also shown its superiority.", "contents": "Extraordinary severe burn cases treated with integrated Chinese traditional and Western medicine. The treatment of two cases of extensive 3rd degree burn by means of integrated Chinese traditional and Western medicine is reported. The main factors of success are: the shock stage was tided over uneventfully; active measures were taken to build up the patients' vital energy; operative excision and spontaneous separation of eschar were combined; both auto- and homo-grafts were used to cover the wound surface to facilitate elimination of the wound; infections were tackled with the administration of Chinese herb drugs. In operations of severe burn cases, acupuncture anesthesia has also shown its superiority.", "PMID": 327540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10433", "title": "Experimental infarct sizing using computer processing and a three-dimensional model.", "content": "A method for noninvasive sizing of myocardial infarction, in which data from technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigrams and a three-dimensional model were used, was tested on experimental, acute anterior infarcts in dogs. The results indicate that the method does size experimental anterior infarcts accurately, but further testing will be necessary to assess the capabilities of the technique for sizing other types of infarcts.", "contents": "Experimental infarct sizing using computer processing and a three-dimensional model. A method for noninvasive sizing of myocardial infarction, in which data from technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigrams and a three-dimensional model were used, was tested on experimental, acute anterior infarcts in dogs. The results indicate that the method does size experimental anterior infarcts accurately, but further testing will be necessary to assess the capabilities of the technique for sizing other types of infarcts.", "PMID": 327541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10434", "title": "Mechanism of carbon isotope fractionation associated with lipid synthesis.", "content": "The low carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio of lipids is shown to result from isotopic fractionation during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. In vitro analysis of the kinetic isotope effects of this reaction indicates that there will be a large, temperature-dependent difference in the carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio between the methyl and carbonyl carbon atoms of acetyl coenzyme A and between those carbon atoms of lipid components which derive from them.", "contents": "Mechanism of carbon isotope fractionation associated with lipid synthesis. The low carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio of lipids is shown to result from isotopic fractionation during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. In vitro analysis of the kinetic isotope effects of this reaction indicates that there will be a large, temperature-dependent difference in the carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio between the methyl and carbonyl carbon atoms of acetyl coenzyme A and between those carbon atoms of lipid components which derive from them.", "PMID": 327543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10435", "title": "A bactericidal effect for human lactoferrin.", "content": "Streptococcus mutans and Vibrio cholerae, but not Escherichia coli, were killed by incubation with purified human apolactoferrin. Concentrations of lactoferrin below that necessary for total inhibition resulted in a marked reduction in viable colony-forming units. This bactericidal effect was contingent upon the metal-chelating properties of the lactoferrin molecule.", "contents": "A bactericidal effect for human lactoferrin. Streptococcus mutans and Vibrio cholerae, but not Escherichia coli, were killed by incubation with purified human apolactoferrin. Concentrations of lactoferrin below that necessary for total inhibition resulted in a marked reduction in viable colony-forming units. This bactericidal effect was contingent upon the metal-chelating properties of the lactoferrin molecule.", "PMID": 327545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10436", "title": "Antiserums to neurons and to oligodendroglia from mammalian brain.", "content": "Two specific antiserums were produced, one to rat neurons and one to lamb oligodendroglia isolated in bulk from brain. On the basis of immunofluorescence and absorption studies with bulk isolated cells, the antiserums were produced to specific surface components. The antiserums are useful as markers for cell identification and for studying proteins in plasma membranes.", "contents": "Antiserums to neurons and to oligodendroglia from mammalian brain. Two specific antiserums were produced, one to rat neurons and one to lamb oligodendroglia isolated in bulk from brain. On the basis of immunofluorescence and absorption studies with bulk isolated cells, the antiserums were produced to specific surface components. The antiserums are useful as markers for cell identification and for studying proteins in plasma membranes.", "PMID": 327546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10437", "title": "Macrophage tumor killing: influence of the local environment.", "content": "Tumor killing by activated macrophages is not a highly determined biologic event, but a relative capability influenced by the local environment. An intrinsic macrophage cytotoxic effector system is modulated by serum and other environmental factors that can either enhance or suppress tumor killing. Activated macrophages kill tumor cells only when a regulating threshold drops to a critically low level.", "contents": "Macrophage tumor killing: influence of the local environment. Tumor killing by activated macrophages is not a highly determined biologic event, but a relative capability influenced by the local environment. An intrinsic macrophage cytotoxic effector system is modulated by serum and other environmental factors that can either enhance or suppress tumor killing. Activated macrophages kill tumor cells only when a regulating threshold drops to a critically low level.", "PMID": 327547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10438", "title": "In vitro growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium, an obligate intracellular microbe.", "content": "By using an ultrasensitive technique to measure adenosine triphosphate in terms of functional biomass, we have confirmed that Mycobacterium lepraemurium (the agent of rat leprosy and a classical obligate intracellular microbe) grows in vitro in the Nakamura system. By using a sulfhydryl-containing medium that ocupies 65 to 75% of the culture tube volume, together with the five supplements recommended by Nakamura, we have obtained growth rates some eight times above the original. The new physicochemical environment and the use of adenosine triphosphate as an index of energy status in the presence and absence of growth provide a basis for investigating the physiology and growth of other noncultivated microbes.", "contents": "In vitro growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium, an obligate intracellular microbe. By using an ultrasensitive technique to measure adenosine triphosphate in terms of functional biomass, we have confirmed that Mycobacterium lepraemurium (the agent of rat leprosy and a classical obligate intracellular microbe) grows in vitro in the Nakamura system. By using a sulfhydryl-containing medium that ocupies 65 to 75% of the culture tube volume, together with the five supplements recommended by Nakamura, we have obtained growth rates some eight times above the original. The new physicochemical environment and the use of adenosine triphosphate as an index of energy status in the presence and absence of growth provide a basis for investigating the physiology and growth of other noncultivated microbes.", "PMID": 327548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10439", "title": "Biochemical identification of homogentisic acid pigment in an ochronotic egyptian mummy.", "content": "Roentgenograms of an Egyptian mummy, dating from 1500 B.C., showed extensive calcification of the intervertebral discs and articular narrowing in both hip and knee joints. Biopsy cores from the right hip showed parallel black zones in the region of the articular surfaces, leading to a clinical diagnosis of ochrinosis. The black pigment was extracted, analyzed, and compared to an air-oxidized homogentistic acid polymer. The two substances apparently were identical. The chemical evidence thus confirms the clinical finding of ochronosis, an autosomal recessive disorder. This is, so far as known, the earliest verified case of this disorder.", "contents": "Biochemical identification of homogentisic acid pigment in an ochronotic egyptian mummy. Roentgenograms of an Egyptian mummy, dating from 1500 B.C., showed extensive calcification of the intervertebral discs and articular narrowing in both hip and knee joints. Biopsy cores from the right hip showed parallel black zones in the region of the articular surfaces, leading to a clinical diagnosis of ochrinosis. The black pigment was extracted, analyzed, and compared to an air-oxidized homogentistic acid polymer. The two substances apparently were identical. The chemical evidence thus confirms the clinical finding of ochronosis, an autosomal recessive disorder. This is, so far as known, the earliest verified case of this disorder.", "PMID": 327549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10440", "title": "Mutagenic activity of quercetin and related compounds.", "content": "The mutagenic activities of several flavonoids and flavonoid metabolites were examined by means of Salmonella typhimurium mutants that reveal base-pair substitution and frameshift mutagens. Of the compounds tested (naringin, rutin, neohesperetin, hesperetin, dihydroquercetin, quercetin, quercetin pentaacetate, permethylquercetin, m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and m,p-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid), only quercetin was mutagenic without microsomal activation. With activation, however, the mutagenic activity of quercetin was increased significantly and that of quercetin pentaacetate was revealed. The health implications of these findings and aspects of flavonoid structural requirements for mutagenic activity are discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of quercetin and related compounds. The mutagenic activities of several flavonoids and flavonoid metabolites were examined by means of Salmonella typhimurium mutants that reveal base-pair substitution and frameshift mutagens. Of the compounds tested (naringin, rutin, neohesperetin, hesperetin, dihydroquercetin, quercetin, quercetin pentaacetate, permethylquercetin, m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and m,p-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid), only quercetin was mutagenic without microsomal activation. With activation, however, the mutagenic activity of quercetin was increased significantly and that of quercetin pentaacetate was revealed. The health implications of these findings and aspects of flavonoid structural requirements for mutagenic activity are discussed.", "PMID": 327550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10441", "title": "One strand equivalent of the Escherichia coli genome is transcribed: complexity and abundance classes of mRNA.", "content": "DNA-RNA hybridization experiments show that essentially all of the genomic information is transcribed. High, intermediate, and rare abundance classes of messenger RNA (mRNA) are present, and their estimated complexities are equal to about 240, 1300, and 700 average-sized mRNA species, respectively. The high abundance mRNA species are present, an average, two to three copies per cell and constitute about 95 percent of the mRNA mass. Intermediate abundance mRNA species are present, on average, about once per 35 cells. The relative abundance and complexity of these mRNA classes correspond well with previous respective measurements on protein. Rare RNA species are thought to represent maximally repressed genes. Analysis of RNA synthesized in vitro by isolated nucleoids (chromosomes) suggests that sense and nonsense sequences are extensively interspersed on a given strand of the DNA.", "contents": "One strand equivalent of the Escherichia coli genome is transcribed: complexity and abundance classes of mRNA. DNA-RNA hybridization experiments show that essentially all of the genomic information is transcribed. High, intermediate, and rare abundance classes of messenger RNA (mRNA) are present, and their estimated complexities are equal to about 240, 1300, and 700 average-sized mRNA species, respectively. The high abundance mRNA species are present, an average, two to three copies per cell and constitute about 95 percent of the mRNA mass. Intermediate abundance mRNA species are present, on average, about once per 35 cells. The relative abundance and complexity of these mRNA classes correspond well with previous respective measurements on protein. Rare RNA species are thought to represent maximally repressed genes. Analysis of RNA synthesized in vitro by isolated nucleoids (chromosomes) suggests that sense and nonsense sequences are extensively interspersed on a given strand of the DNA.", "PMID": 327551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10442", "title": "Local tissue flaps in reconstructive facial plastic surgery.", "content": "When a lesion is excised from the facial are and the defect cannot feasibly be closed primarily or by secondary healing, skin grafting or adjacent tissue transfer is usually used to close the defect. In the facial area, adjacent tissue transfer gives a better color and texture match and is preferred over skin grafting whenever possible. This paper presents some local flaps which are available for reconstruction of surgical defects in the facial area.", "contents": "Local tissue flaps in reconstructive facial plastic surgery. When a lesion is excised from the facial are and the defect cannot feasibly be closed primarily or by secondary healing, skin grafting or adjacent tissue transfer is usually used to close the defect. In the facial area, adjacent tissue transfer gives a better color and texture match and is preferred over skin grafting whenever possible. This paper presents some local flaps which are available for reconstruction of surgical defects in the facial area.", "PMID": 327561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10443", "title": "Paranasal aspergilloma caused by an albino variant of Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "An unusual case of aspergilloma in the maxillary sinus caused by an albino variant of Aspergillus fumigatus var ellipticus is presented. Removal of the fungus ball by a left Caldwell-Luc procedure resulted in complete recovery for the patient. This case is the 17th culturally proven case of paranasal aspergilloma caused by A fumigatus, the third case reported from the United States, the first case due to aspergillosis caused by an albino strain of A fumigatus.", "contents": "Paranasal aspergilloma caused by an albino variant of Aspergillus fumigatus. An unusual case of aspergilloma in the maxillary sinus caused by an albino variant of Aspergillus fumigatus var ellipticus is presented. Removal of the fungus ball by a left Caldwell-Luc procedure resulted in complete recovery for the patient. This case is the 17th culturally proven case of paranasal aspergilloma caused by A fumigatus, the third case reported from the United States, the first case due to aspergillosis caused by an albino strain of A fumigatus.", "PMID": 327569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10444", "title": "Clinical experience with amikacin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic.", "content": "Amikacin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic, was administered parenterally to 20 patients suffering from severe Gram-negative bacterial infections. The antibiotic was found to be highly effective in controlling infection. It was well tolerated and no signs of nephro- or otoxicity were observed. The few side-effects which were seen appeared to be dose-related. The recommended 12-hourly dosage regimen has also proved useful in medium- to long-term management of refractory pulmonary infections.", "contents": "Clinical experience with amikacin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic. Amikacin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic, was administered parenterally to 20 patients suffering from severe Gram-negative bacterial infections. The antibiotic was found to be highly effective in controlling infection. It was well tolerated and no signs of nephro- or otoxicity were observed. The few side-effects which were seen appeared to be dose-related. The recommended 12-hourly dosage regimen has also proved useful in medium- to long-term management of refractory pulmonary infections.", "PMID": 327583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10445", "title": "A comparison of tolmetin with aspirin in the treatment of osteo-arthritis of the knee.", "content": "A randomized, double-blind crossover study conducted on 55 patients showed tolmetin (Tolectin; Ethnor) (900 mg daily) to be as effective as aspirin (4 500 mg daily) in relieving the symptoms and signs of osteo-arthritis of the knee. Overall, aspirin produced significantly more side-effects, but the incidence of gastro-intestinal side-effects did not differ significantly. In almost every comparison tolmetin had the better score, but differences were not statistically significant; the only exception was the evaluation of the patients' well-being at mid-therapy, which significanlty favoured tolmetin.", "contents": "A comparison of tolmetin with aspirin in the treatment of osteo-arthritis of the knee. A randomized, double-blind crossover study conducted on 55 patients showed tolmetin (Tolectin; Ethnor) (900 mg daily) to be as effective as aspirin (4 500 mg daily) in relieving the symptoms and signs of osteo-arthritis of the knee. Overall, aspirin produced significantly more side-effects, but the incidence of gastro-intestinal side-effects did not differ significantly. In almost every comparison tolmetin had the better score, but differences were not statistically significant; the only exception was the evaluation of the patients' well-being at mid-therapy, which significanlty favoured tolmetin.", "PMID": 327585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10446", "title": "Differentiation between mitochondrial antibodies and other auto-antibodies.", "content": "A thin-section technique for demonstrating indirect immunofluorescence in tissue section is described. This technique makes it possible to differentiate a mitochondrial antibody from other cytoplasmic antibodies.", "contents": "Differentiation between mitochondrial antibodies and other auto-antibodies. A thin-section technique for demonstrating indirect immunofluorescence in tissue section is described. This technique makes it possible to differentiate a mitochondrial antibody from other cytoplasmic antibodies.", "PMID": 327586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10447", "title": "Sugar intake and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Within the last century the prevalence and mortality rates of diabetes and other degenerative diseases have increased considerably. Simultaneously, there have been marked alterations in the types and amounts of food consumed. One of the most conspicuous dietary changes has been the very considerable rise in sugar intake. Some regard this change specifically as the factor most responsible for the increase in diabetes. In this review, the relationship between rises in sugar intake and prevalences of diabetes and the bearing of sugar intake on obesity are discussed. There is not enough evidence that a high intake of sugar specifically promotes the development of diabetes, but this does not imply that sugar intake is unimportant. Because of the high prevalence of obesity in some populations, restriction of sugar intake is as important as other dietary restrictions.", "contents": "Sugar intake and diabetes mellitus. Within the last century the prevalence and mortality rates of diabetes and other degenerative diseases have increased considerably. Simultaneously, there have been marked alterations in the types and amounts of food consumed. One of the most conspicuous dietary changes has been the very considerable rise in sugar intake. Some regard this change specifically as the factor most responsible for the increase in diabetes. In this review, the relationship between rises in sugar intake and prevalences of diabetes and the bearing of sugar intake on obesity are discussed. There is not enough evidence that a high intake of sugar specifically promotes the development of diabetes, but this does not imply that sugar intake is unimportant. Because of the high prevalence of obesity in some populations, restriction of sugar intake is as important as other dietary restrictions.", "PMID": 327590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10448", "title": "A simple method of posterior rectopexy for rectal procidentia.", "content": "A simple method of posterior rectopexy as a treatment for rectal procidentia involved a series of horizontal nonabsorbable purse string sutures placed between the posterior one-third of the circumference of the rectum and the sacrum. The procedure seems to be effective.", "contents": "A simple method of posterior rectopexy for rectal procidentia. A simple method of posterior rectopexy as a treatment for rectal procidentia involved a series of horizontal nonabsorbable purse string sutures placed between the posterior one-third of the circumference of the rectum and the sacrum. The procedure seems to be effective.", "PMID": 327594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10449", "title": "Donor pretreatment in cadaver renal transplantation.", "content": "Excellent cadaver allograft survival has been achieved with kidneys from cadaver donors pretreated with high intravenously given dosages of cyclophosphamide and intravenous injections of methylprednisolone. To test the efficacy of this method of pretreating the donor, allograft survival in 21 patients, group A, receiving kidneys from cadaver donors pretreated with 4 grams of cyclophosphamide and 4 to 6 grams of methylprednisolone given intravenously was compared with two other groups of cadaver allograft recipients, 39 patients, 23 group B patients receiving untreated kidneys harvested at the Mayo Clinic and 16 group C patients receiving untreated kidneys harvested elsewhere. Two year actuarial allograft survivors were 16 of 21 in group A, 13 of 23 in group B and seven of 16 in group C. We believe that cadaver donor pretreatment improves allograft survival significantly.", "contents": "Donor pretreatment in cadaver renal transplantation. Excellent cadaver allograft survival has been achieved with kidneys from cadaver donors pretreated with high intravenously given dosages of cyclophosphamide and intravenous injections of methylprednisolone. To test the efficacy of this method of pretreating the donor, allograft survival in 21 patients, group A, receiving kidneys from cadaver donors pretreated with 4 grams of cyclophosphamide and 4 to 6 grams of methylprednisolone given intravenously was compared with two other groups of cadaver allograft recipients, 39 patients, 23 group B patients receiving untreated kidneys harvested at the Mayo Clinic and 16 group C patients receiving untreated kidneys harvested elsewhere. Two year actuarial allograft survivors were 16 of 21 in group A, 13 of 23 in group B and seven of 16 in group C. We believe that cadaver donor pretreatment improves allograft survival significantly.", "PMID": 327596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10450", "title": "Hepatocellular transplantation in acute liver failure.", "content": "Acute liver failure carries a high rate of mortality, but if metabolic support can be maintained for a critical period, liver healing and recovery are possible. Current techniques of temporary hepatic support are cumbersome and inconsistently effective. We studied the ability of dispersed hepatocytes to provide metabolic support when transplanted to rats with liver failure induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), a rapidly metabolized agent that is selectively toxic to liver cells. DMNA (20 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to 92 Lewis rats. Animals were divided into four groups receiving the following treatments 24 hours after DMNA administration: group I-intraperitoneal transplantation of hepatocytes prepared from 2.0 gm of normal isologous rat liver; group II-infusion into the portal vein of hepatocytes prepared from 1.5 gm of liver; group III-infusion of saline into the portal vein; group IV-no further treatment. The percentages surviving in each group 3 weeks after DMNA administration were 63%, 71%, 17%, and 6%, respectively. Mean serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels 3 days after DMNA administration were similar in the four groups, indicating that the degree of liver damage was equivalent. A significantly higher proportion of hepatocyte treated rats survived. Liver histology after DMNA administration showed hemorrhagic central lobular necrosis. A return to near-normal architecture occurred by 3 weeks in surviving animals. In group II hepatocytes were seen in portal venules, sinusoids, and central veins. We conclude that dispersed hepatocytes, transplanted either intraperitoneally or via the portal vein, can provide sufficient metabolic support to allow for recovery from drug-induced hepatic necrosis.", "contents": "Hepatocellular transplantation in acute liver failure. Acute liver failure carries a high rate of mortality, but if metabolic support can be maintained for a critical period, liver healing and recovery are possible. Current techniques of temporary hepatic support are cumbersome and inconsistently effective. We studied the ability of dispersed hepatocytes to provide metabolic support when transplanted to rats with liver failure induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), a rapidly metabolized agent that is selectively toxic to liver cells. DMNA (20 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to 92 Lewis rats. Animals were divided into four groups receiving the following treatments 24 hours after DMNA administration: group I-intraperitoneal transplantation of hepatocytes prepared from 2.0 gm of normal isologous rat liver; group II-infusion into the portal vein of hepatocytes prepared from 1.5 gm of liver; group III-infusion of saline into the portal vein; group IV-no further treatment. The percentages surviving in each group 3 weeks after DMNA administration were 63%, 71%, 17%, and 6%, respectively. Mean serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels 3 days after DMNA administration were similar in the four groups, indicating that the degree of liver damage was equivalent. A significantly higher proportion of hepatocyte treated rats survived. Liver histology after DMNA administration showed hemorrhagic central lobular necrosis. A return to near-normal architecture occurred by 3 weeks in surviving animals. In group II hepatocytes were seen in portal venules, sinusoids, and central veins. We conclude that dispersed hepatocytes, transplanted either intraperitoneally or via the portal vein, can provide sufficient metabolic support to allow for recovery from drug-induced hepatic necrosis.", "PMID": 327598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10451", "title": "Quantitative bacteriology and pathology of the lung in experimental Pseudomonas pneumonia treated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).", "content": "Mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pre-sure (PEEP) is widely used to treat ventilatory failure complicating pulmonary infection. The present experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that PEEP is beneficial in an experimental model of canine pneumonia studied for 24 hours. Sixteen mongrel dogs were assigned to ventilation with either zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) or 10 cm H2O PEEP. Pneumonia was induced in half of each group by intratracheal inoculation with Pseudomonas. Tissues for quantitative bacteriology and pathology were obtained at the time of death at 24 hours. Three of four infected-ZEEP dogs died before 24 hours. The geometrical mean of quantitative bacterial counts from infected-ZEEP lobes was 2.0 X 10(6) (+/-3.9) (organisms/gm of tissue), while the mean of the infected-PEEP lobes was 1.7 X 10(4) (+/-3.6) (p less than 0.05). Semiquantitative pathology scores indicated greater injury to the ZEEP-infected than to the PEEP-infected lungs. Quantitative bacteriology and microscopic evidence of parenchymal injury were positively correlated. Thus PEEP-treated animals had lower quantitative bacterial counts, less microscopic pulmonary damage, and improved survival. The advantage conferred by PEEP may be due to facilitation of local mechanisms of pulmonary defense against infection, to increased systemic resistance to sepsis, or to both.", "contents": "Quantitative bacteriology and pathology of the lung in experimental Pseudomonas pneumonia treated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pre-sure (PEEP) is widely used to treat ventilatory failure complicating pulmonary infection. The present experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that PEEP is beneficial in an experimental model of canine pneumonia studied for 24 hours. Sixteen mongrel dogs were assigned to ventilation with either zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) or 10 cm H2O PEEP. Pneumonia was induced in half of each group by intratracheal inoculation with Pseudomonas. Tissues for quantitative bacteriology and pathology were obtained at the time of death at 24 hours. Three of four infected-ZEEP dogs died before 24 hours. The geometrical mean of quantitative bacterial counts from infected-ZEEP lobes was 2.0 X 10(6) (+/-3.9) (organisms/gm of tissue), while the mean of the infected-PEEP lobes was 1.7 X 10(4) (+/-3.6) (p less than 0.05). Semiquantitative pathology scores indicated greater injury to the ZEEP-infected than to the PEEP-infected lungs. Quantitative bacteriology and microscopic evidence of parenchymal injury were positively correlated. Thus PEEP-treated animals had lower quantitative bacterial counts, less microscopic pulmonary damage, and improved survival. The advantage conferred by PEEP may be due to facilitation of local mechanisms of pulmonary defense against infection, to increased systemic resistance to sepsis, or to both.", "PMID": 327599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10452", "title": "Aspiration pneumonia: beneficial and harmful effects of positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "With an ex vivo, isolated, ventilated, perfused canine pulmonary lobe, the effects of various levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were evaluated following acid injury. Following intrabronchial instillation of hydrochloric acid, eight lobes were ventilated with 5 cm of H2O of PEEP, 12 lobes with 10 cm of PEEP, and eight lobes with 15 cm of PEEP during a 4 hour perfusion period. Blood flow was kept constant in all preparations. Lobes with 5 cm of PEEP developed a 39% intrapulmonary shunt and increased their weight by 220%. When PEEP was increased to 10 cm, weight gain was similar (184%), but shunting decreased markedly, to 7%. When PEEP was increased further to 15 cm, shunting remained low (13%), but weight gain increased markedly, to 411% of the initial lobe weight. This study demonstrates the beneficial effects of PEEP in aspiration pneumonia, but it also points out that increasing levels of PEEP can magnify acid-pulmonary injury by causing a further increase in interstitial and intralveolar edema.", "contents": "Aspiration pneumonia: beneficial and harmful effects of positive end-expiratory pressure. With an ex vivo, isolated, ventilated, perfused canine pulmonary lobe, the effects of various levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were evaluated following acid injury. Following intrabronchial instillation of hydrochloric acid, eight lobes were ventilated with 5 cm of H2O of PEEP, 12 lobes with 10 cm of PEEP, and eight lobes with 15 cm of PEEP during a 4 hour perfusion period. Blood flow was kept constant in all preparations. Lobes with 5 cm of PEEP developed a 39% intrapulmonary shunt and increased their weight by 220%. When PEEP was increased to 10 cm, weight gain was similar (184%), but shunting decreased markedly, to 7%. When PEEP was increased further to 15 cm, shunting remained low (13%), but weight gain increased markedly, to 411% of the initial lobe weight. This study demonstrates the beneficial effects of PEEP in aspiration pneumonia, but it also points out that increasing levels of PEEP can magnify acid-pulmonary injury by causing a further increase in interstitial and intralveolar edema.", "PMID": 327600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10453", "title": "Properties of washed human platelets.", "content": "We have shown previously that washed human platelets resuspended in Tyrode solution containing albumin and apyrase maintain their disc shape and their ability to aggregate upon the addition of low concentration of ADP, providing fibrinogen is added to the suspending medium. We have now examined their responses to other aggregating and release-inducing agents. Collagen, arachidonate, thrombin, immune serum globulin, the ionophore A23, 187 and phytohaemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris caused aggregation and release of granule contents. The response to adrenaline was variable. Serotonin caused the platelets to change shape but no aggregation or release occurred. Addition of a small amount of plasma was necessary for ristocetin-induced aggregation. Polylysine caused immediate platelet-to-platelet adherence with little or no release of granule contents. Responses to collagen or thrombin were greater in a modified medium containing magnesium but no calcium; in this medium, aggregation caused by ADP or polylysine was followed by the release of granule contents whereas these agents caused aggregation without release in a medium with both calcium and magnesium. When protein was omitted from the suspending medium, platelet aggregation in response to ADP was variable. In this medium, collagen and thrombin caused more extensive release than in the albumin-containing medium. Aggregation by polylysine was accompanied by release and extensive lysis in the protein-free medium. Thus, the composition of the final resuspending medium has a major effect on the responses of washed human platelets to aggregating agents.", "contents": "Properties of washed human platelets. We have shown previously that washed human platelets resuspended in Tyrode solution containing albumin and apyrase maintain their disc shape and their ability to aggregate upon the addition of low concentration of ADP, providing fibrinogen is added to the suspending medium. We have now examined their responses to other aggregating and release-inducing agents. Collagen, arachidonate, thrombin, immune serum globulin, the ionophore A23, 187 and phytohaemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris caused aggregation and release of granule contents. The response to adrenaline was variable. Serotonin caused the platelets to change shape but no aggregation or release occurred. Addition of a small amount of plasma was necessary for ristocetin-induced aggregation. Polylysine caused immediate platelet-to-platelet adherence with little or no release of granule contents. Responses to collagen or thrombin were greater in a modified medium containing magnesium but no calcium; in this medium, aggregation caused by ADP or polylysine was followed by the release of granule contents whereas these agents caused aggregation without release in a medium with both calcium and magnesium. When protein was omitted from the suspending medium, platelet aggregation in response to ADP was variable. In this medium, collagen and thrombin caused more extensive release than in the albumin-containing medium. Aggregation by polylysine was accompanied by release and extensive lysis in the protein-free medium. Thus, the composition of the final resuspending medium has a major effect on the responses of washed human platelets to aggregating agents.", "PMID": 327607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10454", "title": "A short-term culture method for the preparation of chromosome spreads from Rana pipiens.", "content": "Chromosomes suitable for karyotyping were produced from short-term cultures of cells from embryonic northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, at various growth stages. Embryos were minced in a trypsin solution. The tissue fragments were subsequently cultured in an electrolytic solution containing fetal calf serum and Colcemid. We found this technique to be highly reproducible. In contrast to the conventional squash technique we were able to obtain a greater number of metaphase spreads suitable for identification and analysis of individual chromosomal aberrations.", "contents": "A short-term culture method for the preparation of chromosome spreads from Rana pipiens. Chromosomes suitable for karyotyping were produced from short-term cultures of cells from embryonic northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, at various growth stages. Embryos were minced in a trypsin solution. The tissue fragments were subsequently cultured in an electrolytic solution containing fetal calf serum and Colcemid. We found this technique to be highly reproducible. In contrast to the conventional squash technique we were able to obtain a greater number of metaphase spreads suitable for identification and analysis of individual chromosomal aberrations.", "PMID": 327613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10455", "title": "[Total-body irradiation in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas as an alternative to chemotherapy].", "content": "On the bases of previous experiences and present results it can be stated that total-body irradiation is an effective therapeutical technique for treatment of lymphocytic non-Hodkin's lymphomas including chronic lymphatic leukemia; first results from prospectively randomized studies even revealed a slight superiority of this method as compared to the scheme of combined cytostatical therapy (CVP) mostly applied at present. Particular advantages of total-body irradiation are the easy applicability, the relatively short time needed for treatment, and the lack of subjective secondary effects. Thus, ambulatory therapy can be performed without any difficulty. The only complication which may occur arises from myelotoxicity reaching its maximum not earlier than after the end of treatment. Careful follow-up of the patients, therefore, is indispensable. The indication of total-body irradiation for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas depends on the objective findings, the stage of disease, and mainly on the histological classification.", "contents": "[Total-body irradiation in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas as an alternative to chemotherapy]. On the bases of previous experiences and present results it can be stated that total-body irradiation is an effective therapeutical technique for treatment of lymphocytic non-Hodkin's lymphomas including chronic lymphatic leukemia; first results from prospectively randomized studies even revealed a slight superiority of this method as compared to the scheme of combined cytostatical therapy (CVP) mostly applied at present. Particular advantages of total-body irradiation are the easy applicability, the relatively short time needed for treatment, and the lack of subjective secondary effects. Thus, ambulatory therapy can be performed without any difficulty. The only complication which may occur arises from myelotoxicity reaching its maximum not earlier than after the end of treatment. Careful follow-up of the patients, therefore, is indispensable. The indication of total-body irradiation for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas depends on the objective findings, the stage of disease, and mainly on the histological classification.", "PMID": 327622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10456", "title": "[O.E.R.T.C. study on the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: origin-aims-means (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1975, the radiotherapy-chemotherapy group of the O.E.R.T.C. has proposed a therapeutic study upon non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Patients are  included in the experiment but for the term of balance particularly considering medullar and hepatic involvement; exploratory laparotomy is performed only in patients aged less than sixty. The Ann Arbor classification is used for staging. Stage I cases undergo primary radiation therapy without randomization, followed or not by maintenance chemotherapy. Supradiaphragmatic stages II receive mantle field therapy followed if necessary by a prophylactic infradiaphragmatic irradiation. Infradiaphragmatic stages II are exposed to total abdominal irradiation, and after this, to supradiaphragmatic prophylaxis if needed. All stages II are randomized between two regimens of maintenance chemotherapy. Stages III and IV may be treated with two regimens of induction chemotherapy and following maintenance chemotherapy; in stage III cases an irradiation of the icebergs is performed. Finally, total irradiation of stages III or IV is possible for centers desiring it.", "contents": "[O.E.R.T.C. study on the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: origin-aims-means (author's transl)]. In 1975, the radiotherapy-chemotherapy group of the O.E.R.T.C. has proposed a therapeutic study upon non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Patients are  included in the experiment but for the term of balance particularly considering medullar and hepatic involvement; exploratory laparotomy is performed only in patients aged less than sixty. The Ann Arbor classification is used for staging. Stage I cases undergo primary radiation therapy without randomization, followed or not by maintenance chemotherapy. Supradiaphragmatic stages II receive mantle field therapy followed if necessary by a prophylactic infradiaphragmatic irradiation. Infradiaphragmatic stages II are exposed to total abdominal irradiation, and after this, to supradiaphragmatic prophylaxis if needed. All stages II are randomized between two regimens of maintenance chemotherapy. Stages III and IV may be treated with two regimens of induction chemotherapy and following maintenance chemotherapy; in stage III cases an irradiation of the icebergs is performed. Finally, total irradiation of stages III or IV is possible for centers desiring it.", "PMID": 327623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10457", "title": "[Pathology of the malignant ovarian tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the principles of histological classification of the malignant ovarian tumours is given. In the center of the discussion figure the tumours originating from the surface epithelium, which make up the majority of ovarian tumours. In dependence on the tumour type they differ in tendency to spread and in prognosis. The clinico-pathological serial examinations existing so far stress the importance of the histopathologic differentiation between facultatively malignant ovarian tumours (borderline tumours) and indubitable carcinomas. Close relations between the type of a tumour and its tendency to spread manifest themselves, for instance, by the different frequency of an affection of both the ovaries, which relates to the different types of carcinomas. Apart from the lymphogenic dissemination, an early development of metastases to the diaphragm seems to have a particular bearing on the spreading of ovarian cancers.", "contents": "[Pathology of the malignant ovarian tumours (author's transl)]. A review of the principles of histological classification of the malignant ovarian tumours is given. In the center of the discussion figure the tumours originating from the surface epithelium, which make up the majority of ovarian tumours. In dependence on the tumour type they differ in tendency to spread and in prognosis. The clinico-pathological serial examinations existing so far stress the importance of the histopathologic differentiation between facultatively malignant ovarian tumours (borderline tumours) and indubitable carcinomas. Close relations between the type of a tumour and its tendency to spread manifest themselves, for instance, by the different frequency of an affection of both the ovaries, which relates to the different types of carcinomas. Apart from the lymphogenic dissemination, an early development of metastases to the diaphragm seems to have a particular bearing on the spreading of ovarian cancers.", "PMID": 327624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10458", "title": "[Radiation therapy of oropharyngeal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical data as well as a statistical evaluation of the treatment of patients with oropharyngeal tumors, who had undergone a combined treatment by interstitial radium therapy, megavoltage irradiation, and operation, lead to the conclusion that better final results and palliation effects may be obtained by a megavoltage irradiation of the tonsillar region and soft palate than by means of ultraradical surgery. Good results have been observed after interstitial radium therapy or electrosurgical operations of keratoid squamous cell carcinomas. The radical operation with preceding telecobalt irradiation, however, is to be preferred in the case of basioglossal squamous cell carcinomas.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy of oropharyngeal tumors (author's transl)]. The clinical data as well as a statistical evaluation of the treatment of patients with oropharyngeal tumors, who had undergone a combined treatment by interstitial radium therapy, megavoltage irradiation, and operation, lead to the conclusion that better final results and palliation effects may be obtained by a megavoltage irradiation of the tonsillar region and soft palate than by means of ultraradical surgery. Good results have been observed after interstitial radium therapy or electrosurgical operations of keratoid squamous cell carcinomas. The radical operation with preceding telecobalt irradiation, however, is to be preferred in the case of basioglossal squamous cell carcinomas.", "PMID": 327626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10459", "title": "The immunological diagnosis of human hydatid disease.", "content": "There is evidence that the yearly incidence rate of hydatid disease may be increasing in endemic areas and in regions of the world hitherto free of the infection. The availability of an accurate method of detection in both man and other animals would facilitate understanding of the global epidemiology. The diagnostic procedures in use in human hydatidosis have often given inconclusive results in animal infections. The following tests are discussed and their usefulness appraised: intradermal, complement fixation, haemagglutination, latex agglutination, indirect fluorescent antibody, immunoelectrophoresis, counter immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, radio-immuno assay and lymphocyte transformation.", "contents": "The immunological diagnosis of human hydatid disease. There is evidence that the yearly incidence rate of hydatid disease may be increasing in endemic areas and in regions of the world hitherto free of the infection. The availability of an accurate method of detection in both man and other animals would facilitate understanding of the global epidemiology. The diagnostic procedures in use in human hydatidosis have often given inconclusive results in animal infections. The following tests are discussed and their usefulness appraised: intradermal, complement fixation, haemagglutination, latex agglutination, indirect fluorescent antibody, immunoelectrophoresis, counter immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, radio-immuno assay and lymphocyte transformation.", "PMID": 327627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10460", "title": "Host antigens and parasite antigens of murine Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "An indirect fluorescent antibody technique was used to detect mouse host antigens and parasite antigens on the surface of Schistosoma mansoni. A rabbit anti-mouse rbc antiserum to detect host antigens, and serum from mice immune to S. mansoni was used to detect parasite antigens. Schistosomula prepared after penetration of isolated mouse skin did not possess host antigens but bound antibody from immune serum (immune antibody); schistosomula recovered from the lungs of mice five days after infection possessed host antigens and failed to bind immune antibody. In contrast, schistosomula recovered from the skin of normal or immune mice three and 20 hours after cercarial penetration, adult worms, and cryostat sections of adult worms, were positive for host antigens but also bound immune antibody. Strong binding of immune antibody only occurred with the cryostat sections. Anti-schistosome antibody can therefore bind to schistosomes in the presence of host antigen. The lung forms of schistosomula however, may have different surface properties as there is no evidence that immune antibody binds to these forms.", "contents": "Host antigens and parasite antigens of murine Schistosoma mansoni. An indirect fluorescent antibody technique was used to detect mouse host antigens and parasite antigens on the surface of Schistosoma mansoni. A rabbit anti-mouse rbc antiserum to detect host antigens, and serum from mice immune to S. mansoni was used to detect parasite antigens. Schistosomula prepared after penetration of isolated mouse skin did not possess host antigens but bound antibody from immune serum (immune antibody); schistosomula recovered from the lungs of mice five days after infection possessed host antigens and failed to bind immune antibody. In contrast, schistosomula recovered from the skin of normal or immune mice three and 20 hours after cercarial penetration, adult worms, and cryostat sections of adult worms, were positive for host antigens but also bound immune antibody. Strong binding of immune antibody only occurred with the cryostat sections. Anti-schistosome antibody can therefore bind to schistosomes in the presence of host antigen. The lung forms of schistosomula however, may have different surface properties as there is no evidence that immune antibody binds to these forms.", "PMID": 327628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10461", "title": "Immunofluorescence and counter immunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of kala-azar.", "content": "Techniques of indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and counter current immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) were employed and compared for the diagnosis of kala-azar among children in Fars Province of Iran. It is suggested that the diagnostic titre for kala-azar by immuno fluorescence is over 1 in 64. In fact a majority of the cases had a titre of more than 1 in 256. CIEP using soluble antigens prepared form the promastigote form of Leishmania donovani, was also applied to sera from patients with systemic leishmaniasis and other diseases. The CIEP test correlated well with the indirect immunofluorescent test. It is therefore suggested that CIEP, which is a rapid and less sophisticated test, can be applied for the diagnosis of kala-azar cases and epidemiological surveys.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence and counter immunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of kala-azar. Techniques of indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and counter current immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) were employed and compared for the diagnosis of kala-azar among children in Fars Province of Iran. It is suggested that the diagnostic titre for kala-azar by immuno fluorescence is over 1 in 64. In fact a majority of the cases had a titre of more than 1 in 256. CIEP using soluble antigens prepared form the promastigote form of Leishmania donovani, was also applied to sera from patients with systemic leishmaniasis and other diseases. The CIEP test correlated well with the indirect immunofluorescent test. It is therefore suggested that CIEP, which is a rapid and less sophisticated test, can be applied for the diagnosis of kala-azar cases and epidemiological surveys.", "PMID": 327629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10462", "title": "The survival in nature of Wuchereia-infected Anopheles funestus Giles in North-eastern Tanzania.", "content": "Hungry Anopheles funestus females were caught in CDC light traps positioned overnight in village houses in which the occupants were protected by bed nets. The sampling was performed in six huts near Muheza, in North-eastern Tanzania, September to November 1972. Parous, unfed mosquitoes were carefully examined, usually under phase-contrast optics, for the presence of developing Wuchereria bancrofti larvae. Because A. funestus seek blood meals at three-day intervals, most filariae were three, six, nine, 12 and 15 days old, and could with confidence be assigned to one of these five easily recognized age groups. Of 3,289 unfed A. funestus examined, 1,723 (52%) were parous. Developing and mature infections amongst the parous were 272 in number. Simultaneous infections of two age groups numbered 21, one mosquito was triply infected, thus there were 249 infected mosquitoes (7-57% of the total). The regression of loge number of infections (y) on estimated age in days (X), agreed with the hypothesis of linearity (r=-0-9967); the equation loge y=5-52-0-1646X suggested an average daily mortality rate of 16-46% in good agreement with the mean 15-6% observed in A. funestus by Gillies & Wilkes. The equation above affords an estimate of the probability of an A. funestus becoming infected at a single random feeding. The expected number of day 0 infections, given by the antilog of the first term of the equation and taken as a fraction of the biting population, gives the estimate. The values obtained were 0-058-0-087. Use of Macdonald's (1952) formula for the sporozoite rate provided estimates of 0-071-081. Age-specific worm densities in A. funestus did not vary significantly between day three and day 15 infections, and no evidence was obtained to suggest that the higher worm burdens influenced the survival of their hosts. The frequency of superinfections did not support the  contention that a previously established infection inhibits the chance of a second, younger infection from becoming established.", "contents": "The survival in nature of Wuchereia-infected Anopheles funestus Giles in North-eastern Tanzania. Hungry Anopheles funestus females were caught in CDC light traps positioned overnight in village houses in which the occupants were protected by bed nets. The sampling was performed in six huts near Muheza, in North-eastern Tanzania, September to November 1972. Parous, unfed mosquitoes were carefully examined, usually under phase-contrast optics, for the presence of developing Wuchereria bancrofti larvae. Because A. funestus seek blood meals at three-day intervals, most filariae were three, six, nine, 12 and 15 days old, and could with confidence be assigned to one of these five easily recognized age groups. Of 3,289 unfed A. funestus examined, 1,723 (52%) were parous. Developing and mature infections amongst the parous were 272 in number. Simultaneous infections of two age groups numbered 21, one mosquito was triply infected, thus there were 249 infected mosquitoes (7-57% of the total). The regression of loge number of infections (y) on estimated age in days (X), agreed with the hypothesis of linearity (r=-0-9967); the equation loge y=5-52-0-1646X suggested an average daily mortality rate of 16-46% in good agreement with the mean 15-6% observed in A. funestus by Gillies & Wilkes. The equation above affords an estimate of the probability of an A. funestus becoming infected at a single random feeding. The expected number of day 0 infections, given by the antilog of the first term of the equation and taken as a fraction of the biting population, gives the estimate. The values obtained were 0-058-0-087. Use of Macdonald's (1952) formula for the sporozoite rate provided estimates of 0-071-081. Age-specific worm densities in A. funestus did not vary significantly between day three and day 15 infections, and no evidence was obtained to suggest that the higher worm burdens influenced the survival of their hosts. The frequency of superinfections did not support the  contention that a previously established infection inhibits the chance of a second, younger infection from becoming established.", "PMID": 327630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10463", "title": "Strain differences in Echinococcus granulosus, with special reference to the status of equine hydatidosis in the United Kingdom.", "content": "The genetics of speciation in the genus Echinococcus are briefly discussed. As the organism is a hermaphrodite and multiplies asexually in the larval stage, the genetic mechanism for the ready production of new strains is inherent in the life-cycle. Some biological, biochemical and nutritional differences between the horse and sheep strains are examined. The sheep strain may be grown to sexual maturity, in vitro, in a diphasic system; the horse strain fails to grow in such a system. Differences have also been demonstrated between the soluble proteins of the two strains. The sheep strain is infective to man but, probably, non-infective to horses. The horse strain (which is now the major strain in the U.K and Ireland) appears to be poorly infective to sheep and may prove to be non-infective to man. The importance of determining the basic characteristics of other strains of E. granulosus are also stressed.", "contents": "Strain differences in Echinococcus granulosus, with special reference to the status of equine hydatidosis in the United Kingdom. The genetics of speciation in the genus Echinococcus are briefly discussed. As the organism is a hermaphrodite and multiplies asexually in the larval stage, the genetic mechanism for the ready production of new strains is inherent in the life-cycle. Some biological, biochemical and nutritional differences between the horse and sheep strains are examined. The sheep strain may be grown to sexual maturity, in vitro, in a diphasic system; the horse strain fails to grow in such a system. Differences have also been demonstrated between the soluble proteins of the two strains. The sheep strain is infective to man but, probably, non-infective to horses. The horse strain (which is now the major strain in the U.K and Ireland) appears to be poorly infective to sheep and may prove to be non-infective to man. The importance of determining the basic characteristics of other strains of E. granulosus are also stressed.", "PMID": 327631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10464", "title": "Fetal and neonatal fatality in rat hybrids from mothers stimulated with parental skin.", "content": "A breeding experiment was conducted in which MAXX female rats were mated with BN male rats. These two strains of inbred rats are identical for AgB antigens and differ only in antigens governed by minor histocompatibility loci. MAXX females, which were exposed before pregnancies to four BN skin grafts, delivered 117 offspring of which 28 (23.9%) were stillborn and 10 (8.5%) dead within 24 hr of birth. In contrast, of 126 offspring in control groups, only one was stillborn and one dead within 24 hr. In BN-grafted MAXX females, placentas were partially necrotic with marked polymorphonuclear reaction, which could account for stillbirths or the newborn deaths shortly after birth. The stillborn fetuses had grossly noticeable wrinkled skin. Histologically, the architecture of the epidermis was disturbed. The dermis was edematous and contained occasional mononuclear cells.", "contents": "Fetal and neonatal fatality in rat hybrids from mothers stimulated with parental skin. A breeding experiment was conducted in which MAXX female rats were mated with BN male rats. These two strains of inbred rats are identical for AgB antigens and differ only in antigens governed by minor histocompatibility loci. MAXX females, which were exposed before pregnancies to four BN skin grafts, delivered 117 offspring of which 28 (23.9%) were stillborn and 10 (8.5%) dead within 24 hr of birth. In contrast, of 126 offspring in control groups, only one was stillborn and one dead within 24 hr. In BN-grafted MAXX females, placentas were partially necrotic with marked polymorphonuclear reaction, which could account for stillbirths or the newborn deaths shortly after birth. The stillborn fetuses had grossly noticeable wrinkled skin. Histologically, the architecture of the epidermis was disturbed. The dermis was edematous and contained occasional mononuclear cells.", "PMID": 327637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10465", "title": "[Extravesical antirefluxplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "The indications and the detailed technique of extravesical antirefluxplasty are presented. Realized on 409 ureters (247 cases), extravesical antirefluxplasty has been successful in 95% of these cases. The failures, i.e., obstructions (1,5%) and persistent reflux (3%), are analized.", "contents": "[Extravesical antirefluxplasty (author's transl)]. The indications and the detailed technique of extravesical antirefluxplasty are presented. Realized on 409 ureters (247 cases), extravesical antirefluxplasty has been successful in 95% of these cases. The failures, i.e., obstructions (1,5%) and persistent reflux (3%), are analized.", "PMID": 327648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10466", "title": "[Intraluminal balloon occlusion of the renal artery: clinical applications and observations (author's transl)].", "content": "A method permitting percutaneous catheterization and temporary balloon occlusion of the human renal artery with a 5-F-Swan-Ganz-Catheter is presented. When properly performed, the arterial occlusion is reliable, low in complications, and less traumatizing to the vessel than external clamp occlusion. The technique was employed in 112 patients for occlusion of the renal artery prior to tumor nephrectomy, for attaining stop-flow conditions for improved nephrophlebography, for preventing the reflux of emboli at transarterial embolisation of inoperable kidney tumors, or, combined with simultaneous hypothermic perfusion via the second lumen of the catheter, in extensive kidney surgery necessitating ischemia. Particularly this last range of application offers new possibilities for in-situ surgery of the kidney, as it renders dissection of the renal pedicle and cumbersome surface cooling of the kidney unnecessary.", "contents": "[Intraluminal balloon occlusion of the renal artery: clinical applications and observations (author's transl)]. A method permitting percutaneous catheterization and temporary balloon occlusion of the human renal artery with a 5-F-Swan-Ganz-Catheter is presented. When properly performed, the arterial occlusion is reliable, low in complications, and less traumatizing to the vessel than external clamp occlusion. The technique was employed in 112 patients for occlusion of the renal artery prior to tumor nephrectomy, for attaining stop-flow conditions for improved nephrophlebography, for preventing the reflux of emboli at transarterial embolisation of inoperable kidney tumors, or, combined with simultaneous hypothermic perfusion via the second lumen of the catheter, in extensive kidney surgery necessitating ischemia. Particularly this last range of application offers new possibilities for in-situ surgery of the kidney, as it renders dissection of the renal pedicle and cumbersome surface cooling of the kidney unnecessary.", "PMID": 327649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10467", "title": "Occult neuropathic bladder.", "content": "The occult neuropathic bladder is a condition of uncertain etiology about which confusion has arisen with regard to diagnosis and management. Incontinence and upper urinary tract deterioration are secondary to high intravesical pressure associated with urinary retention and functional outflow resistance. Diagnosis is a matter of exclusion, and the various methods of investigation are discussed. Development of continence and preservation of renal function may be achieved by improving bladder evacuation and preventing reflux. Diversion may be unavoidable but should be considered only when conservative methods have failed.", "contents": "Occult neuropathic bladder. The occult neuropathic bladder is a condition of uncertain etiology about which confusion has arisen with regard to diagnosis and management. Incontinence and upper urinary tract deterioration are secondary to high intravesical pressure associated with urinary retention and functional outflow resistance. Diagnosis is a matter of exclusion, and the various methods of investigation are discussed. Development of continence and preservation of renal function may be achieved by improving bladder evacuation and preventing reflux. Diversion may be unavoidable but should be considered only when conservative methods have failed.", "PMID": 327650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10468", "title": "Action of oral and parenteral bethanechol on decompensated bladder.", "content": "A double blind balanced Latin-square study was conducted on 20 adult patients with decompensated bladders to determine the relative effectiveness of oral and parenteral bethanechol chloride (Urecholine) on the stretch response of bladder muscle. Detrusor reaction was measured by modified cystometry. Five mg. of subcutaneous bethanechol chloride produced a significant increase in intravesical pressure which was more rapid in onset, of larger magnitude, and of shorter duration than oral doses of 100 and 200 mg.", "contents": "Action of oral and parenteral bethanechol on decompensated bladder. A double blind balanced Latin-square study was conducted on 20 adult patients with decompensated bladders to determine the relative effectiveness of oral and parenteral bethanechol chloride (Urecholine) on the stretch response of bladder muscle. Detrusor reaction was measured by modified cystometry. Five mg. of subcutaneous bethanechol chloride produced a significant increase in intravesical pressure which was more rapid in onset, of larger magnitude, and of shorter duration than oral doses of 100 and 200 mg.", "PMID": 327652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10469", "title": "Bilateral chronic ureteritis associated with Serratia marcescens.", "content": "To our knowledge this is the first case of bilateral obstructive uropathy caused by nonspecific chronic ureteritis to be reported. Prior to operation the bilateral involvement was throught to be due to a tuberculous infection or retroperitoneal fibrosis. The diagnostic difficulties were similar to those previously reported in the unilateral involvement. The focus of the infective organism found was Serratia marcescens which originated in the right kindey.", "contents": "Bilateral chronic ureteritis associated with Serratia marcescens. To our knowledge this is the first case of bilateral obstructive uropathy caused by nonspecific chronic ureteritis to be reported. Prior to operation the bilateral involvement was throught to be due to a tuberculous infection or retroperitoneal fibrosis. The diagnostic difficulties were similar to those previously reported in the unilateral involvement. The focus of the infective organism found was Serratia marcescens which originated in the right kindey.", "PMID": 327653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10470", "title": "The use and preliminary results of the Troutman surgical keratometer in cataract and corneal surgery.", "content": "The Troutman microsurgical keratometer has been shown to be useful in monitoring intraoperative procedures, and it has been demonstrated in the case of cataract and keratoplasty to have a significant influence on the control of operatively induced astigmatism. It is applicable to any surgical procedure which has the potential of altering permanently and unpredictably the corneal curvatures. Intraoperative keratometry has clearly demonstrated some inadequacies of our current cataract and keratoplasty techniques. It is now being used to guide our efforts toward a more rational control of the vexing problem of astigmatism.", "contents": "The use and preliminary results of the Troutman surgical keratometer in cataract and corneal surgery. The Troutman microsurgical keratometer has been shown to be useful in monitoring intraoperative procedures, and it has been demonstrated in the case of cataract and keratoplasty to have a significant influence on the control of operatively induced astigmatism. It is applicable to any surgical procedure which has the potential of altering permanently and unpredictably the corneal curvatures. Intraoperative keratometry has clearly demonstrated some inadequacies of our current cataract and keratoplasty techniques. It is now being used to guide our efforts toward a more rational control of the vexing problem of astigmatism.", "PMID": 327656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10471", "title": "Radical anterior segment surgery for epithelial invasion of the anterior chamber: report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients who developed epithelial invasion of the anterior chamber were treated by radical anterior segment surgery. Two adults had typical epithelial downgrowth of the anterior chamber, while the third patient, an 8-year-old child, developed large serous cysts following evacuation of a traumatic hyphema. In all three patients, the invading epithelium involved the iris, cornea, and angle, while the two adults had epithelium on the vitreous face as well. The operation consisted of an en bloc excision of cornea and sclera with contiguous iris, ciliary body, and vitreous when necessary. A free-hand corneoscleral graft was fashioned and sewn into the bed using interrupted 9-0 nylon sutures on the scleral side and continuous 10-0 nylon sutures on the corneal side. The patients all developed transitory glaucoma in the early post-operative period. The glaucoma was controlled with acetazolamide. A mild anterior uveitis usually was present for several months and was suppressed with topical applications of corticosteroids. Histopathologic study of the excised tissue showed complete removal of the epithelium.", "contents": "Radical anterior segment surgery for epithelial invasion of the anterior chamber: report of three cases. Three patients who developed epithelial invasion of the anterior chamber were treated by radical anterior segment surgery. Two adults had typical epithelial downgrowth of the anterior chamber, while the third patient, an 8-year-old child, developed large serous cysts following evacuation of a traumatic hyphema. In all three patients, the invading epithelium involved the iris, cornea, and angle, while the two adults had epithelium on the vitreous face as well. The operation consisted of an en bloc excision of cornea and sclera with contiguous iris, ciliary body, and vitreous when necessary. A free-hand corneoscleral graft was fashioned and sewn into the bed using interrupted 9-0 nylon sutures on the scleral side and continuous 10-0 nylon sutures on the corneal side. The patients all developed transitory glaucoma in the early post-operative period. The glaucoma was controlled with acetazolamide. A mild anterior uveitis usually was present for several months and was suppressed with topical applications of corticosteroids. Histopathologic study of the excised tissue showed complete removal of the epithelium.", "PMID": 327655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10472", "title": "[2 methods of phalangization of the 1st metacarpal bone].", "content": "The author has elaborated two technics of phalangization of the first metacarpal bone based on transposition of four triangle skin grafts. The technic concerned was employed in 21 patients on 23 stumps with good functional results.", "contents": "[2 methods of phalangization of the 1st metacarpal bone]. The author has elaborated two technics of phalangization of the first metacarpal bone based on transposition of four triangle skin grafts. The technic concerned was employed in 21 patients on 23 stumps with good functional results.", "PMID": 327666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10473", "title": "[Osteosynthesis with a rod in crushing injuries of the knee joint and periarthric fractures of the femur and crural bones].", "content": "The authors describe the treatment of 14 patients having crushing injuries of the knee joint of periarthric fragmentation fractures of femoral and crural bones with a wide zone of soft tissues damage. Economic resection of the joint with subsequent formation  of a juncture between the femoral and tibial bones with a long rod (65--75 cm) seems to be mostly rational.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis with a rod in crushing injuries of the knee joint and periarthric fractures of the femur and crural bones]. The authors describe the treatment of 14 patients having crushing injuries of the knee joint of periarthric fragmentation fractures of femoral and crural bones with a wide zone of soft tissues damage. Economic resection of the joint with subsequent formation  of a juncture between the femoral and tibial bones with a long rod (65--75 cm) seems to be mostly rational.", "PMID": 327667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10474", "title": "An outbreak of type C botulism in broiler chickens.", "content": "An outbreak of type C botulism involving three-week-old broiler chickens on deep litter is described. No direct source of toxin was found. Cl botulinum type C was distributed widely in the litter, and several thousand per gram were demonstrated both in the litter and in the intestinal contents of chicken.", "contents": "An outbreak of type C botulism in broiler chickens. An outbreak of type C botulism involving three-week-old broiler chickens on deep litter is described. No direct source of toxin was found. Cl botulinum type C was distributed widely in the litter, and several thousand per gram were demonstrated both in the litter and in the intestinal contents of chicken.", "PMID": 327671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10475", "title": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in the cat.", "content": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in the cat is described. Clinical findings included inappetence, lethargy, rapid emaciation, jaundice and an enlarged left kidney. Chronic pseudotubercular lesions were found in the kidneys and lungs and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type IIB was recovered from both sites.", "contents": "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in the cat. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in the cat is described. Clinical findings included inappetence, lethargy, rapid emaciation, jaundice and an enlarged left kidney. Chronic pseudotubercular lesions were found in the kidneys and lungs and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type IIB was recovered from both sites.", "PMID": 327672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10476", "title": "Corynebacterium pyogenes mastitis among heifer calves.", "content": "In August 1975 an outbreak of C pyogenes mastitis occurred involving 18 heifer calves at the National Institute for Research in Dairying. This paper describes the outbreak which affected animals varying in age from five to 22 months. Fourteen of the cases (77%) were among calves less than 10 months old. The advisability of using fly control measures among young stock in the summer months is discussed.", "contents": "Corynebacterium pyogenes mastitis among heifer calves. In August 1975 an outbreak of C pyogenes mastitis occurred involving 18 heifer calves at the National Institute for Research in Dairying. This paper describes the outbreak which affected animals varying in age from five to 22 months. Fourteen of the cases (77%) were among calves less than 10 months old. The advisability of using fly control measures among young stock in the summer months is discussed.", "PMID": 327674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10477", "title": "Control of ovulation and fixed time insemination in heifers following cloprostenol.", "content": "The time of ovulation was determined in heifers following two injections 11 days apart of 500 microgram of cloprostenol by recovery of reproductive tracts at slaughter. Ovulation had not begun by 72 hours while 31%, 61% and 95% had ovulated by 78, 92 and 96 hours respectively after the second injection of cloprostenol. Injection of synthetic LH-releasing factor (GnRH) given 48 hours after cloprostenol significantly hastened the time of ovulation in animals slaughtered at 78 hours after the second cloprostenol injection. Insemination of heifers at 48, 60 or 72 hours resulted in lower fertility than two inseminations at 60 and 72 hours or at 48 and 72 hours after treatment. Controlling the time of ovulation with GnRH did not increase the fertility following a single insemination 71 hours after the treatment with cloprostenol.", "contents": "Control of ovulation and fixed time insemination in heifers following cloprostenol. The time of ovulation was determined in heifers following two injections 11 days apart of 500 microgram of cloprostenol by recovery of reproductive tracts at slaughter. Ovulation had not begun by 72 hours while 31%, 61% and 95% had ovulated by 78, 92 and 96 hours respectively after the second injection of cloprostenol. Injection of synthetic LH-releasing factor (GnRH) given 48 hours after cloprostenol significantly hastened the time of ovulation in animals slaughtered at 78 hours after the second cloprostenol injection. Insemination of heifers at 48, 60 or 72 hours resulted in lower fertility than two inseminations at 60 and 72 hours or at 48 and 72 hours after treatment. Controlling the time of ovulation with GnRH did not increase the fertility following a single insemination 71 hours after the treatment with cloprostenol.", "PMID": 327675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10478", "title": "Evaluation of the indirect fluorescent antibody test for Babesia major and Theileria mutans in Britain.", "content": "Use of the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests is described to detect antibodies to Theileria mutans and Babesia major in the sera of infected cattle. When antisera against T mutans and B major were tested against homologous antigens high antibody titres were recorded: when they were tested against each other or against Babesia divergens antigen insignificant titres (1/40 or less) were recorded. Thus the test was found to be species specific. Animals recovered from T mutans and B major infections retained significant levels of IFA titres for 22 and 11 months respectively. It is suggested that the IFA test could be used for field survey of the piroplasms of cattle in Britain.", "contents": "Evaluation of the indirect fluorescent antibody test for Babesia major and Theileria mutans in Britain. Use of the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests is described to detect antibodies to Theileria mutans and Babesia major in the sera of infected cattle. When antisera against T mutans and B major were tested against homologous antigens high antibody titres were recorded: when they were tested against each other or against Babesia divergens antigen insignificant titres (1/40 or less) were recorded. Thus the test was found to be species specific. Animals recovered from T mutans and B major infections retained significant levels of IFA titres for 22 and 11 months respectively. It is suggested that the IFA test could be used for field survey of the piroplasms of cattle in Britain.", "PMID": 327676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10479", "title": "[Serum siderophilin (transferrin) and ekkrinosiderophilin (lactoferrin) as non-specific microbiostatic agents in human health and disease: clinical implications (author's transl)].", "content": "A short historical review of the antimicrobial effects of siderophilin, the iron chelator in human plasma and serum, is followed by a presentation of the rational basis for assigning it a role in the overall defence mechanisms of the host against infectious disease. Details are given of the qualitative and quantitative activities of normal and pathological sera on the growth and nutrition of several pathogenic bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans as governed by the percentage iron saturation of their contained siderophilin. Staphylococcus aureus is differentiated from Staphylococcus albus by its ability to grow in normal serum whose percentage iron saturation affects not only the metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus but also its production of diffusible factors and sensitivity to antibiotics. The protein iron chelator of bodily secretions, ekkrinosiderophilin, found in relatively high concentrations in human milk is likewise evaluated for its antimicrobial properties and their relevance to the health of the newborn.", "contents": "[Serum siderophilin (transferrin) and ekkrinosiderophilin (lactoferrin) as non-specific microbiostatic agents in human health and disease: clinical implications (author's transl)]. A short historical review of the antimicrobial effects of siderophilin, the iron chelator in human plasma and serum, is followed by a presentation of the rational basis for assigning it a role in the overall defence mechanisms of the host against infectious disease. Details are given of the qualitative and quantitative activities of normal and pathological sera on the growth and nutrition of several pathogenic bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans as governed by the percentage iron saturation of their contained siderophilin. Staphylococcus aureus is differentiated from Staphylococcus albus by its ability to grow in normal serum whose percentage iron saturation affects not only the metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus but also its production of diffusible factors and sensitivity to antibiotics. The protein iron chelator of bodily secretions, ekkrinosiderophilin, found in relatively high concentrations in human milk is likewise evaluated for its antimicrobial properties and their relevance to the health of the newborn.", "PMID": 327698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10480", "title": "[Long-time survival after experimental lung homotransplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemodynamic and respiratory function tests were carried out in a dog submitted to left-sided lung homotransplantation. It was observed that successful immunosuppressive therapy enabled the graft to maintain adequate function for the entire 28-month period of observation.", "contents": "[Long-time survival after experimental lung homotransplantation (author's transl)]. Haemodynamic and respiratory function tests were carried out in a dog submitted to left-sided lung homotransplantation. It was observed that successful immunosuppressive therapy enabled the graft to maintain adequate function for the entire 28-month period of observation.", "PMID": 327699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10481", "title": "[Colon transplant for oesophageal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The most suitable procedure for oesophageal replacement is colon interposition. The extent and staging of the tumour and the patient's general condition must be considered more than hitherto in the assessment of the indication for surgical intervention. Colon interposition only for the purpose of restoring the act of swallowing is not indicated because of the poor life expectation and the high operative mortality. Alternative modern methods are megavoltage irradiation and tubular prosthetics in the case of disturbance in swallowing. In accordance with the literature we elect to use one layer of interrupted sutures. With anisoperistaltic interposition the incidence of cervical fistula development seems to be higher.", "contents": "[Colon transplant for oesophageal carcinoma (author's transl)]. The most suitable procedure for oesophageal replacement is colon interposition. The extent and staging of the tumour and the patient's general condition must be considered more than hitherto in the assessment of the indication for surgical intervention. Colon interposition only for the purpose of restoring the act of swallowing is not indicated because of the poor life expectation and the high operative mortality. Alternative modern methods are megavoltage irradiation and tubular prosthetics in the case of disturbance in swallowing. In accordance with the literature we elect to use one layer of interrupted sutures. With anisoperistaltic interposition the incidence of cervical fistula development seems to be higher.", "PMID": 327700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10482", "title": "[Pancreatic fistulae (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of postoperative persistent external fistulae following inflammatory or traumatic lesions of the pancreas has increased over the past years. The choice of the optimum time for surgical rectification of this condition, as well as the operative technique is discussed in this review of the literature and 11 cases treated under our care over the past 15 years. It appears advisable 1) not to wait longer than about 6 weeks to carry out operative closure of the fistula (this period of time being necessary for the fistula to develop by granulation), 2) to undertake fistulo-jejunostomy with long section of the canal of the fistula, if possible, especially when applying the \"pull through\" method and 3) to place, if possible, the drainage tubing along the gastrocolic ligament, during the initial operation thereby selecting the most advantageous site for the development of any subsequent fistula.", "contents": "[Pancreatic fistulae (author's transl)]. The incidence of postoperative persistent external fistulae following inflammatory or traumatic lesions of the pancreas has increased over the past years. The choice of the optimum time for surgical rectification of this condition, as well as the operative technique is discussed in this review of the literature and 11 cases treated under our care over the past 15 years. It appears advisable 1) not to wait longer than about 6 weeks to carry out operative closure of the fistula (this period of time being necessary for the fistula to develop by granulation), 2) to undertake fistulo-jejunostomy with long section of the canal of the fistula, if possible, especially when applying the \"pull through\" method and 3) to place, if possible, the drainage tubing along the gastrocolic ligament, during the initial operation thereby selecting the most advantageous site for the development of any subsequent fistula.", "PMID": 327701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10483", "title": "[A rare complication during insertion of a vena cava catheter according to the Seldinger method: fragmentation of the guide-spiral (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports the occurrence (10 occasions) of fragmentation of the guide-spiral during catheterization of the superior vena cava in 9 patients according to the Seldinger method. Reasons for this severe complication are faults in the material, technical inadequacy or lack of supervision. Such complications are dangerous for the patient and have a high mortality. Better results can only be achieved by early diagnosis and--if possible--removal of the foreign body.", "contents": "[A rare complication during insertion of a vena cava catheter according to the Seldinger method: fragmentation of the guide-spiral (author's transl)]. This paper reports the occurrence (10 occasions) of fragmentation of the guide-spiral during catheterization of the superior vena cava in 9 patients according to the Seldinger method. Reasons for this severe complication are faults in the material, technical inadequacy or lack of supervision. Such complications are dangerous for the patient and have a high mortality. Better results can only be achieved by early diagnosis and--if possible--removal of the foreign body.", "PMID": 327702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10484", "title": "[Sociological, legal and theological aspects of selection for treatment in myelomeningocele (author's transl)].", "content": "The arbitrary and arrogant presumption to be entitled to select cases for treatment amongst severely handicapped children cannot be justified at all, either from the legal or the theological point of view. The idea of selection can only be explained on the basis of the discrepancy in modern medicine between being forced, on the one hand, to continue in the tradition of the great biological and technical discoveries of the past decodes and, on the other hand, not being able to solve important current problems such as the determination of the time of death, the beginning of life or the inability to influence or prevent congenital malformations. The doctor, however, is charged against all exhortations of social Darwinism by society to help his patient to the best of his knowledge and skill.", "contents": "[Sociological, legal and theological aspects of selection for treatment in myelomeningocele (author's transl)]. The arbitrary and arrogant presumption to be entitled to select cases for treatment amongst severely handicapped children cannot be justified at all, either from the legal or the theological point of view. The idea of selection can only be explained on the basis of the discrepancy in modern medicine between being forced, on the one hand, to continue in the tradition of the great biological and technical discoveries of the past decodes and, on the other hand, not being able to solve important current problems such as the determination of the time of death, the beginning of life or the inability to influence or prevent congenital malformations. The doctor, however, is charged against all exhortations of social Darwinism by society to help his patient to the best of his knowledge and skill.", "PMID": 327703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10485", "title": "[Dependence of the specific growth rate of Escherichia coli MI 30 on the ammonia concentration].", "content": "The transient behaviour of ammonium limited continuous cultures of E. coli ML 30 led to the hypothesis that the bistability of pyruvate formation primarily is caused by a bistability of the ammonia metabolism. Therefore, a function of mu([NH+4]) should be expected different from that of Monod type. Measurements of the specific growth rate during washout of continuous cultures at different ammonium concentrations and at such low cell concentrations that the changes in the ammonium concentration of the medium could be neglected, showed a complex function with a relative minimum near 2 mg/1NH+4. This function allows bistability of the ammonium concentration in an ammonium limited continuous culture. The results are discussed on the basis of the two systems of ammonia assimilation found in prokaryotic cells.", "contents": "[Dependence of the specific growth rate of Escherichia coli MI 30 on the ammonia concentration]. The transient behaviour of ammonium limited continuous cultures of E. coli ML 30 led to the hypothesis that the bistability of pyruvate formation primarily is caused by a bistability of the ammonia metabolism. Therefore, a function of mu([NH+4]) should be expected different from that of Monod type. Measurements of the specific growth rate during washout of continuous cultures at different ammonium concentrations and at such low cell concentrations that the changes in the ammonium concentration of the medium could be neglected, showed a complex function with a relative minimum near 2 mg/1NH+4. This function allows bistability of the ammonium concentration in an ammonium limited continuous culture. The results are discussed on the basis of the two systems of ammonia assimilation found in prokaryotic cells.", "PMID": 327707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10486", "title": "Anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on formate by reduction of nitrate, fumarate, and trimethylamine N-oxide.", "content": "Anaerobic growth of E. coli, strain K-10, depending on formate oxidation by nitrate, fumarate, and trimethylamine N-oxide was followed in a medium containing peptone. The presence of formate and peptone was indispensable for growth with fumarate and trimethylamine N-oxide reduction. While there was no growth in the absence of acceptor, growth was observed in the absence of formate by nitrate reduction though not as much as under aerobic conditions. Per mole consumed formate equimolar succinate or trimethylamine was formed, but 1.2 mole of nitrate was produced, probably depending partly on peptone oxidation. The molar growth yield on formate was found to be 6.5, 7.6, and 7.0 g cells/mole depending on the reduction of nitrate, fumarate, and trimethylamine N-oxide, respectively, suggesting the formation of one mole ATP coupled to the anaerobic electron transfers from formate.", "contents": "Anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on formate by reduction of nitrate, fumarate, and trimethylamine N-oxide. Anaerobic growth of E. coli, strain K-10, depending on formate oxidation by nitrate, fumarate, and trimethylamine N-oxide was followed in a medium containing peptone. The presence of formate and peptone was indispensable for growth with fumarate and trimethylamine N-oxide reduction. While there was no growth in the absence of acceptor, growth was observed in the absence of formate by nitrate reduction though not as much as under aerobic conditions. Per mole consumed formate equimolar succinate or trimethylamine was formed, but 1.2 mole of nitrate was produced, probably depending partly on peptone oxidation. The molar growth yield on formate was found to be 6.5, 7.6, and 7.0 g cells/mole depending on the reduction of nitrate, fumarate, and trimethylamine N-oxide, respectively, suggesting the formation of one mole ATP coupled to the anaerobic electron transfers from formate.", "PMID": 327708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10487", "title": "[Early symptoms of hyperparathyroidism in nephropathies].", "content": "The development of an autonomous (tertiary) hyperparathyroidism in patients with renal diseases must clinically be taken into consideration, when by therapeutic measures the causes of a compensatory overfunction of the parathyroid glands were excluded, but the symptoms of a hyperparathyroidism continue or even increase. This is of special importance in the control of patients with renal grafts. The increase of the serum calcium on more than the normal value in simultaneously increased serum phosphate level and increased activity of the alkaline bone phosphatase in connection with demineralisation of the skeleton, osteoclastic changes of the bones and estraossary calcifications may be regarded as early symptoms of a hyperparathyroidism. It is to be discussed the hypothesis, whether in every autonomous hyperparathyroidism a regulative reaction precedes. In patients with renal diseases in a limited number a prevention of the regulative overfunction of the parathyroid glands is possible by an early compensation of a calcium deficit (acquired vitamin D resistance), a hyperphosphataemia and a renal acidosis.", "contents": "[Early symptoms of hyperparathyroidism in nephropathies]. The development of an autonomous (tertiary) hyperparathyroidism in patients with renal diseases must clinically be taken into consideration, when by therapeutic measures the causes of a compensatory overfunction of the parathyroid glands were excluded, but the symptoms of a hyperparathyroidism continue or even increase. This is of special importance in the control of patients with renal grafts. The increase of the serum calcium on more than the normal value in simultaneously increased serum phosphate level and increased activity of the alkaline bone phosphatase in connection with demineralisation of the skeleton, osteoclastic changes of the bones and estraossary calcifications may be regarded as early symptoms of a hyperparathyroidism. It is to be discussed the hypothesis, whether in every autonomous hyperparathyroidism a regulative reaction precedes. In patients with renal diseases in a limited number a prevention of the regulative overfunction of the parathyroid glands is possible by an early compensation of a calcium deficit (acquired vitamin D resistance), a hyperphosphataemia and a renal acidosis.", "PMID": 327710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10488", "title": "Properties of insoluble collagen from three different types of muscles.", "content": "1. Lyotropic solubilization of insoluble collagen from heart, M. longissimus dorsi and M. semimembranosus offers differently polymerized structures. In M. semimembranosus and in heart muscle the degree of polymerization is the highest, whilst in the solubilized portion of M. longissimus dorsi considerable proportions of alpha-and beta-chains can be observed. 2. All the polymeric structures can be broken down by pepsin and dithiothreitol treatment. 3. The proportion of collagen type I to III varies in different muscles. Collagen type I constitutes a considerable portion of the collagenous core in M. longissimus dorsi and in heart muscle, whilst in M. semimembranosus the predominating type is collagen type III.", "contents": "Properties of insoluble collagen from three different types of muscles. 1. Lyotropic solubilization of insoluble collagen from heart, M. longissimus dorsi and M. semimembranosus offers differently polymerized structures. In M. semimembranosus and in heart muscle the degree of polymerization is the highest, whilst in the solubilized portion of M. longissimus dorsi considerable proportions of alpha-and beta-chains can be observed. 2. All the polymeric structures can be broken down by pepsin and dithiothreitol treatment. 3. The proportion of collagen type I to III varies in different muscles. Collagen type I constitutes a considerable portion of the collagenous core in M. longissimus dorsi and in heart muscle, whilst in M. semimembranosus the predominating type is collagen type III.", "PMID": 327721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10489", "title": "Determination of IgG antibodies produced by the kinetoplast fraction antigens of Trypanosoma rhodesiense, T. vivax and T. brucei by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "Antibodies to trypanosome homegenate and subcellular particles of different trypanosome species, with emphasis on the kinetoplast fraction, were measured by the ELISA method. The antibodies formed to these homogenates and subcellular particles could be titrated; the kinetoplast fraction, particularly, not only gave titration against a heterologous strain, but also showed activity against this strain after two to three antigenic variations.", "contents": "Determination of IgG antibodies produced by the kinetoplast fraction antigens of Trypanosoma rhodesiense, T. vivax and T. brucei by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies to trypanosome homegenate and subcellular particles of different trypanosome species, with emphasis on the kinetoplast fraction, were measured by the ELISA method. The antibodies formed to these homogenates and subcellular particles could be titrated; the kinetoplast fraction, particularly, not only gave titration against a heterologous strain, but also showed activity against this strain after two to three antigenic variations.", "PMID": 327720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10490", "title": "[The action of selected herbicides on bacteriophages and Escherichia coli (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of eight herbicides on the multiplication of bacteria and bacteriophages was tested with Escherichia coli, strains W1665F+ and C600, and with the RNA-phage M12 and the DNA-phage lambda in turbidimetric investigations and one-step growth experiments. E. coli is inhibited by seven of the herbicides investigated in concentrations of 10(-3)M, partly of 10(-4)M, too, and is promoted by some compounds in weaker concentrations. Naphthylacetic acid, (NES) largely independent of its concentration, causes increased density of bacteria in fluid culture. The multiplication of the M12 phage is inhibited in sometimes wide ranges of concentration by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4-DP, and CMPP but it is stimulated by NES and amitrole. The lambda-phage multiplication is inhibited only by CMPP, MCPA, MCPB, and phenylacetic acid interfere with the lysogenization of the bacteria and increase the lytic activity of the lambda-phages as 2,4-DP and NES do. 2,4-D strongly inhibits the plaque-forming ability of M12 phages already prior to their contact with the host cells, whereas MCPA and CMPP are inhibitory in the first phases and 2,4-DP in all phases of the phage replication. In the lambda-phage replication, too, CMPP is effective only in the first phases. Aspects of the mode of action of the herbicides in the procaryoute virus system are discussed.", "contents": "[The action of selected herbicides on bacteriophages and Escherichia coli (author's transl)]. The effect of eight herbicides on the multiplication of bacteria and bacteriophages was tested with Escherichia coli, strains W1665F+ and C600, and with the RNA-phage M12 and the DNA-phage lambda in turbidimetric investigations and one-step growth experiments. E. coli is inhibited by seven of the herbicides investigated in concentrations of 10(-3)M, partly of 10(-4)M, too, and is promoted by some compounds in weaker concentrations. Naphthylacetic acid, (NES) largely independent of its concentration, causes increased density of bacteria in fluid culture. The multiplication of the M12 phage is inhibited in sometimes wide ranges of concentration by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4-DP, and CMPP but it is stimulated by NES and amitrole. The lambda-phage multiplication is inhibited only by CMPP, MCPA, MCPB, and phenylacetic acid interfere with the lysogenization of the bacteria and increase the lytic activity of the lambda-phages as 2,4-DP and NES do. 2,4-D strongly inhibits the plaque-forming ability of M12 phages already prior to their contact with the host cells, whereas MCPA and CMPP are inhibitory in the first phases and 2,4-DP in all phases of the phage replication. In the lambda-phage replication, too, CMPP is effective only in the first phases. Aspects of the mode of action of the herbicides in the procaryoute virus system are discussed.", "PMID": 327728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10491", "title": "Gentamicins.", "content": "Gentamicin is a new broad-spectrum antibiotic, basic and water-soluble, produced and developed by Schering Corporation-Bloomfield, New Jersey (1967 and 1968). It is produced by Micromonospora purpurea, a member of a genus of microorganisms from which no other antibiotics have been derived. Paper chromatographic techniques showed the components of gentamicin complex designated as C', C'a, and C2. Gentamicins are bactericidal antibiotics, active in vivo in low concentrations against a wide spectrum of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Among the responsive Gram-positive groups of microorganisms are Staphylococcus aureus including many resistant penicillinase producing strains and group A betahemolytic Streptococci. Among the clinically more important species of Gram-positive organisms responsive to gentamicin are both indole-positive and indole-negative Proteus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Aerobacter, Klebsiella, Salmonella, and Shigella. The production of gentamicins was improved by adding cobalt to the growth medium.", "contents": "Gentamicins. Gentamicin is a new broad-spectrum antibiotic, basic and water-soluble, produced and developed by Schering Corporation-Bloomfield, New Jersey (1967 and 1968). It is produced by Micromonospora purpurea, a member of a genus of microorganisms from which no other antibiotics have been derived. Paper chromatographic techniques showed the components of gentamicin complex designated as C', C'a, and C2. Gentamicins are bactericidal antibiotics, active in vivo in low concentrations against a wide spectrum of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Among the responsive Gram-positive groups of microorganisms are Staphylococcus aureus including many resistant penicillinase producing strains and group A betahemolytic Streptococci. Among the clinically more important species of Gram-positive organisms responsive to gentamicin are both indole-positive and indole-negative Proteus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Aerobacter, Klebsiella, Salmonella, and Shigella. The production of gentamicins was improved by adding cobalt to the growth medium.", "PMID": 327729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10492", "title": "[Possibilities of drug-induced prevention of thrombosis with special reference to pre-, per- and postoperative time of treatment].", "content": "According to the postoperative prophylaxis of thromboembolia a review of actual publications is given. The therapeutical problems of Coumarin, Dextran, Acetylsalicylic acid and low dosis Heparin were discussed. A final answer to the various questions can not be given. Concerning the prophylaxis low dosis Heparin seems to become the anticoagulant of choice.", "contents": "[Possibilities of drug-induced prevention of thrombosis with special reference to pre-, per- and postoperative time of treatment]. According to the postoperative prophylaxis of thromboembolia a review of actual publications is given. The therapeutical problems of Coumarin, Dextran, Acetylsalicylic acid and low dosis Heparin were discussed. A final answer to the various questions can not be given. Concerning the prophylaxis low dosis Heparin seems to become the anticoagulant of choice.", "PMID": 327730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10493", "title": "Transcription of rat DNA fractions reassociated to various cOt values.", "content": "Two fractions of rat liver DNA: \"intermediate\" (reassociated to COt = 1 - 10(2), moleXsecX1(-1)) and \"slow\" (COt = 10(2) - 10(5) showed differences in template activity on transcription with E. coli RNA-polymerase. The \"intermediate\" fraction both in double- and single-stranded form was a better template than the \"slow\" one. The efficiency of transcription dropped progressively for the template obtained at COt values increasing from 10(2) to 10(6). No differences in the template activity of the \"intermediate\" and \"slow\" fractions were observed when rifampicin-resistant transcription was studied.", "contents": "Transcription of rat DNA fractions reassociated to various cOt values. Two fractions of rat liver DNA: \"intermediate\" (reassociated to COt = 1 - 10(2), moleXsecX1(-1)) and \"slow\" (COt = 10(2) - 10(5) showed differences in template activity on transcription with E. coli RNA-polymerase. The \"intermediate\" fraction both in double- and single-stranded form was a better template than the \"slow\" one. The efficiency of transcription dropped progressively for the template obtained at COt values increasing from 10(2) to 10(6). No differences in the template activity of the \"intermediate\" and \"slow\" fractions were observed when rifampicin-resistant transcription was studied.", "PMID": 327734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10494", "title": "[Experimental models for the pharmacologic study of anti-arrhythmia drugs].", "content": "In order to assess the value and therapeutic safety of an antiarrhythmic drug, it must be submitted to multiple tests, which reproduce as faithfully as possible the conditions observed in human pathology. The main experimental approaches are presented here: screening and control tests. For each test, the authors emphasize the various experimental factors limiting their interpretation and allowing the extrapolation to men.", "contents": "[Experimental models for the pharmacologic study of anti-arrhythmia drugs]. In order to assess the value and therapeutic safety of an antiarrhythmic drug, it must be submitted to multiple tests, which reproduce as faithfully as possible the conditions observed in human pathology. The main experimental approaches are presented here: screening and control tests. For each test, the authors emphasize the various experimental factors limiting their interpretation and allowing the extrapolation to men.", "PMID": 327735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10495", "title": "[Transplantation of the kidney in children and young adolescents. Report of 8 cases].", "content": "In this article we reviewed our experience in transplantation of children and young adolescents. Basic data of patients, immunosuppression and transplant function are reported. Favouralbe and unfavourable effects of transplantation have been discussed. A small number of patients cannot permit to make statistical conclusions. The only possible conclusion is the increasing number of such patients in our country require a more rapid development of regular dialysis and transplant program in Yugoslavia.", "contents": "[Transplantation of the kidney in children and young adolescents. Report of 8 cases]. In this article we reviewed our experience in transplantation of children and young adolescents. Basic data of patients, immunosuppression and transplant function are reported. Favouralbe and unfavourable effects of transplantation have been discussed. A small number of patients cannot permit to make statistical conclusions. The only possible conclusion is the increasing number of such patients in our country require a more rapid development of regular dialysis and transplant program in Yugoslavia.", "PMID": 327739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10496", "title": "[Experience with 38 deltopectoral flaps in reconstructive surgery of the head and neck (author's transl)].", "content": "The deltopectoral flap was described by Bakamjian in 1965 for pharyngo-oesophageal reconstruction. Since then, the indications of this excellent flap have been extended and the versatility of the flap has allowed extensive skin and mucous membrane resections in cancerology. The authors have used 38 deltopectoral flaps in 36 patients with difficult reconstructive problems. The results have been good in 31 cases. There were 7 failures.", "contents": "[Experience with 38 deltopectoral flaps in reconstructive surgery of the head and neck (author's transl)]. The deltopectoral flap was described by Bakamjian in 1965 for pharyngo-oesophageal reconstruction. Since then, the indications of this excellent flap have been extended and the versatility of the flap has allowed extensive skin and mucous membrane resections in cancerology. The authors have used 38 deltopectoral flaps in 36 patients with difficult reconstructive problems. The results have been good in 31 cases. There were 7 failures.", "PMID": 327736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10497", "title": "Soft tissue defects of the lower extremities.", "content": "Based upon our experience with 459 skin and soft tissue defects of the lower extremities, of which 326 were covered surgically, the different etiologies of these defects are listed and the factors influencing the choice of a method of coverage are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the different reconstructive methods are reviewed and illustrated with representative cases.", "contents": "Soft tissue defects of the lower extremities. Based upon our experience with 459 skin and soft tissue defects of the lower extremities, of which 326 were covered surgically, the different etiologies of these defects are listed and the factors influencing the choice of a method of coverage are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the different reconstructive methods are reviewed and illustrated with representative cases.", "PMID": 327737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10498", "title": "[Flat crossleg flaps in the repair of large skin, muscle and bone defect of the leg. Present indications, new techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report on a patient who suffered a large skin, muscle and bone defect of the leg following a Volkmann's ischemia. The author's indications for a flat crossleg flap are explained : extended skin defect at the anterior and inner aspect of the broken tibia or a skin defect associated to a tibial defect making a secondary bone graft necessary. Finally the authors describe an original technique of crossleg flap : this consists in a trapezoidal flap with the large side being the implantation basis.", "contents": "[Flat crossleg flaps in the repair of large skin, muscle and bone defect of the leg. Present indications, new techniques (author's transl)]. This is a report on a patient who suffered a large skin, muscle and bone defect of the leg following a Volkmann's ischemia. The author's indications for a flat crossleg flap are explained : extended skin defect at the anterior and inner aspect of the broken tibia or a skin defect associated to a tibial defect making a secondary bone graft necessary. Finally the authors describe an original technique of crossleg flap : this consists in a trapezoidal flap with the large side being the implantation basis.", "PMID": 327738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10499", "title": "Effect of different respirator adjustments on central haemodynamics in open-heart surgery patients.", "content": "Changes in cardiac index (CI) mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), and pulmonary artery vascular resistance (PVR), associated with spontaneous respiration (SR) and two different types of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPPV and IPNPV) were studied in a total of 17 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement or myocardial revascularization. Swan-Ganz thermodilution pulmonary artery cardiac output catheters were used and the aim was to determine: whether postoperative cardiac output may paradoxically be greater during IPPPV than during IPNPV or SR; whether the use of \"negative\" pressure in the expiratory phase during controlled ventilation may be responsible for bringing about the central haemodynamic conditions prevailing during spontaneous respiration; and whether, in weaning from postoperative IPPPV to SR, there is a risk of pulmonary congestion as a consequence of possible autotransfusion. IPPPV connected with anaesthesia induction caused a highly significant deterioration central haemodynamics. The use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is not to be recommended for such patients at this stage. On the first postoperative day, the mean CI was lower during IPPPV than during IPNPV (P less than 0.1) or during SR (P less than 0.05). The changes observed in CI, were, however, so slight that the authors consider the routine use of PEEP to be beneficial during controlled ventilation following major open-heart surgery. In some patients, the CI was paradoxically higher during IPPPV than during IPNPV or SR. The mean CI was nearly the same during IPNPV (3.32) as during SR (3.38). However, PAP, PCWP and PVR values were significantly higher during SR than during IPNPV. Thus, according to this study, the use of \"negative\" end-expiratory pressure during controlled ventilation did not in these patients produce central pressure conditions corresponding to spontaneous respiration. The present study supports the finding that in weaning from controlled ventilation with PEEP to SR there is a danger of pulmonary congestion. This could be predicted by measurement of pulmonary wedge pressure, but not by measurement of central venous pressure.", "contents": "Effect of different respirator adjustments on central haemodynamics in open-heart surgery patients. Changes in cardiac index (CI) mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), and pulmonary artery vascular resistance (PVR), associated with spontaneous respiration (SR) and two different types of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPPV and IPNPV) were studied in a total of 17 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement or myocardial revascularization. Swan-Ganz thermodilution pulmonary artery cardiac output catheters were used and the aim was to determine: whether postoperative cardiac output may paradoxically be greater during IPPPV than during IPNPV or SR; whether the use of \"negative\" pressure in the expiratory phase during controlled ventilation may be responsible for bringing about the central haemodynamic conditions prevailing during spontaneous respiration; and whether, in weaning from postoperative IPPPV to SR, there is a risk of pulmonary congestion as a consequence of possible autotransfusion. IPPPV connected with anaesthesia induction caused a highly significant deterioration central haemodynamics. The use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is not to be recommended for such patients at this stage. On the first postoperative day, the mean CI was lower during IPPPV than during IPNPV (P less than 0.1) or during SR (P less than 0.05). The changes observed in CI, were, however, so slight that the authors consider the routine use of PEEP to be beneficial during controlled ventilation following major open-heart surgery. In some patients, the CI was paradoxically higher during IPPPV than during IPNPV or SR. The mean CI was nearly the same during IPNPV (3.32) as during SR (3.38). However, PAP, PCWP and PVR values were significantly higher during SR than during IPNPV. Thus, according to this study, the use of \"negative\" end-expiratory pressure during controlled ventilation did not in these patients produce central pressure conditions corresponding to spontaneous respiration. The present study supports the finding that in weaning from controlled ventilation with PEEP to SR there is a danger of pulmonary congestion. This could be predicted by measurement of pulmonary wedge pressure, but not by measurement of central venous pressure.", "PMID": 327744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10500", "title": "Weaning from mechanical ventilation by means of intermittent assisted ventilation I.A.V. Case reports.", "content": "A new ventilator is described which is capable of interposing controlled breaths synchronized with the patient's own breathing rhythm. This ventilation pattern is called \"intermittent assisted ventilation\" (IAV). It differs from intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) in that each ventilator cycle is triggered by the patient. IAV constitutes a new approach to the problems during the critical period of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Further, this new ventilator provides means for continuous display and recording of airway gas flow and pressures and expired minute volume (EMV) during different types of ventilation, e.g. controlled ventilation, intermittent assisted, and spontaneous ventilation.", "contents": "Weaning from mechanical ventilation by means of intermittent assisted ventilation I.A.V. Case reports. A new ventilator is described which is capable of interposing controlled breaths synchronized with the patient's own breathing rhythm. This ventilation pattern is called \"intermittent assisted ventilation\" (IAV). It differs from intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) in that each ventilator cycle is triggered by the patient. IAV constitutes a new approach to the problems during the critical period of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Further, this new ventilator provides means for continuous display and recording of airway gas flow and pressures and expired minute volume (EMV) during different types of ventilation, e.g. controlled ventilation, intermittent assisted, and spontaneous ventilation.", "PMID": 327745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10501", "title": "A comparison between placebo, pizotifen and 1-isopropyl-3-hydroxy-5-semicarbazono-6-oxo-2.3.5.6-tetrahydroindol (Divascan) in migraine prophylaxis.", "content": "The effects and side-effects in migraine prophylaxis of placebo, Divascan (1-isopropylnoradrenochrome--5--monosemicarbazone) and pizotifen were compared in a double-blind cross-over study. The dosage was for Divascan 15 mg a day and for pizotifen 3 mg a day. Data from the last 6 weeks of each test period of 8 weeks were used to assess the effect of the treatment. Thirty patients entered the trial. Data from 28 patients treated with placebo and Divascan and 27 patients treated with pizotifen were used for final evaluation. Pizotifen significantly reduced the number of migraine attacks, headache index and the consumption of ergotamine. Divascan also seemed to have effect. The consumption of ergotamine was reduced compared with placebo and there was a reduction, although not significant, of headache frequency and headache index. Pizotifen gave significantly larger reduction in headache frequency and headache index than Divascan and signficantly more patients stated a preference for pizotifen compared with Divascan. A good or very good effect was reported by 11 per cent of the patients on placebo, 39 per cent on Divascan and 70 per cent on pizotifen. Pizotifen had frequent side-effects, mainly drowsiness and weight gain, whereas Divascan in this respect did not differ from placebo. Physical examinations and laboratory investigations did not show any significant changes, apart from weight gain.", "contents": "A comparison between placebo, pizotifen and 1-isopropyl-3-hydroxy-5-semicarbazono-6-oxo-2.3.5.6-tetrahydroindol (Divascan) in migraine prophylaxis. The effects and side-effects in migraine prophylaxis of placebo, Divascan (1-isopropylnoradrenochrome--5--monosemicarbazone) and pizotifen were compared in a double-blind cross-over study. The dosage was for Divascan 15 mg a day and for pizotifen 3 mg a day. Data from the last 6 weeks of each test period of 8 weeks were used to assess the effect of the treatment. Thirty patients entered the trial. Data from 28 patients treated with placebo and Divascan and 27 patients treated with pizotifen were used for final evaluation. Pizotifen significantly reduced the number of migraine attacks, headache index and the consumption of ergotamine. Divascan also seemed to have effect. The consumption of ergotamine was reduced compared with placebo and there was a reduction, although not significant, of headache frequency and headache index. Pizotifen gave significantly larger reduction in headache frequency and headache index than Divascan and signficantly more patients stated a preference for pizotifen compared with Divascan. A good or very good effect was reported by 11 per cent of the patients on placebo, 39 per cent on Divascan and 70 per cent on pizotifen. Pizotifen had frequent side-effects, mainly drowsiness and weight gain, whereas Divascan in this respect did not differ from placebo. Physical examinations and laboratory investigations did not show any significant changes, apart from weight gain.", "PMID": 327746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10502", "title": "So-called neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Histochemical study with evidence of extractibility of the stored material.", "content": "Histochemical study of so-called neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) showed that the stored material is extractable in the unfixed state especially with alkalized or acidified chloroform-methanol mixtures when compared with other solvents. The extractability was strongly reduced or almost abolished by fixation with formaldehyde. Identical results were obtained with the type one storage material (see Elleder, 1977) in all late infantile cases and in a juvenile case studied, in which, contrary to the infantile form, the stored material displayed a significantly higher degree of extractability. As far as the extractability of the type two storage material is concerned insufficient data have been accumulated, but it seems that it does not differ significantly from the first one. In the control group of lipopigments ceroid was found to be much more extractable under identical conditions than matured lipofuscin which was almost entirely resistant to all extraction procedures. The significance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "So-called neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Histochemical study with evidence of extractibility of the stored material. Histochemical study of so-called neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) showed that the stored material is extractable in the unfixed state especially with alkalized or acidified chloroform-methanol mixtures when compared with other solvents. The extractability was strongly reduced or almost abolished by fixation with formaldehyde. Identical results were obtained with the type one storage material (see Elleder, 1977) in all late infantile cases and in a juvenile case studied, in which, contrary to the infantile form, the stored material displayed a significantly higher degree of extractability. As far as the extractability of the type two storage material is concerned insufficient data have been accumulated, but it seems that it does not differ significantly from the first one. In the control group of lipopigments ceroid was found to be much more extractable under identical conditions than matured lipofuscin which was almost entirely resistant to all extraction procedures. The significance of the results is discussed.", "PMID": 327747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10503", "title": "Ferritin immune complex deposits in the choroid plexus.", "content": "Mice injected intraperitoneally with 20 mg of ferritin twice weekly for more than 4 weeks developed proteinuria due to the deposition of ferritin-antiferritin antibody complexes in renal glomeruli. Deposits of ferritin, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and third complement component (C3) also accumulated in the perivascular, extracellular space of the choroid plexus as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The findings confirm previous observations on immune complex deposits in the choroid plexus in spontaneous autoimmune disease and persistent viral infections. The occurrence of similar deposits in the human choroid plexus and the possibility of an associated disturbance of the blood-spinal fluid barrier are discussed.", "contents": "Ferritin immune complex deposits in the choroid plexus. Mice injected intraperitoneally with 20 mg of ferritin twice weekly for more than 4 weeks developed proteinuria due to the deposition of ferritin-antiferritin antibody complexes in renal glomeruli. Deposits of ferritin, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and third complement component (C3) also accumulated in the perivascular, extracellular space of the choroid plexus as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The findings confirm previous observations on immune complex deposits in the choroid plexus in spontaneous autoimmune disease and persistent viral infections. The occurrence of similar deposits in the human choroid plexus and the possibility of an associated disturbance of the blood-spinal fluid barrier are discussed.", "PMID": 327748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10504", "title": "Stilbestrol administration in the puerperium and its effect on the prolactin excretion of non-lactacting patients.", "content": "The relationship between stilbestrol treatment and placebo treatment was studied in 2 groups of non-nursing patients. Plasma prolactin levels were evaluated in these 2 groups on day 1, 3 and 7 of the treatment, by a radioimmunoassay technique with the double antibody method using Serono hPRL kit. Our results show that prolactin values increased significantly in the stilbestrol-group and decreased in the placebo group. It seems that the main reason for \"the drying up of milk\" is the lack of stimulation of the nipples, which after a releatively constant time of 5--10 days will lead to decreased prolactin levels. Stilbestrol treatment is not effective in \"drying up\" the milk more rapidly in patients who do not want to nurse. When patients have symptoms a combination of analgesia and breast support usually brings relief within 24 to 48 hours.", "contents": "Stilbestrol administration in the puerperium and its effect on the prolactin excretion of non-lactacting patients. The relationship between stilbestrol treatment and placebo treatment was studied in 2 groups of non-nursing patients. Plasma prolactin levels were evaluated in these 2 groups on day 1, 3 and 7 of the treatment, by a radioimmunoassay technique with the double antibody method using Serono hPRL kit. Our results show that prolactin values increased significantly in the stilbestrol-group and decreased in the placebo group. It seems that the main reason for \"the drying up of milk\" is the lack of stimulation of the nipples, which after a releatively constant time of 5--10 days will lead to decreased prolactin levels. Stilbestrol treatment is not effective in \"drying up\" the milk more rapidly in patients who do not want to nurse. When patients have symptoms a combination of analgesia and breast support usually brings relief within 24 to 48 hours.", "PMID": 327749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10505", "title": "Sex-linked values of E-rosette forming lymphocytes in mother and newborn.", "content": "The T-cell marker of spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes was determined in 34 normal term-deliveries on the peripheral lymphocytes of the mother and the corresponding cord-blood lymphocytes of the newborn, immediately after delivery. A consistently lower level of E-rosette forming lymphocytes was observed in male as compared to female newborns in different parity groups and in twin deliveries. When the mean values were calculated for corresponding E-rosettes of maternal and newborn lymphocytes in each group (female and male group of offsprings) they were nearly identical.", "contents": "Sex-linked values of E-rosette forming lymphocytes in mother and newborn. The T-cell marker of spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes was determined in 34 normal term-deliveries on the peripheral lymphocytes of the mother and the corresponding cord-blood lymphocytes of the newborn, immediately after delivery. A consistently lower level of E-rosette forming lymphocytes was observed in male as compared to female newborns in different parity groups and in twin deliveries. When the mean values were calculated for corresponding E-rosettes of maternal and newborn lymphocytes in each group (female and male group of offsprings) they were nearly identical.", "PMID": 327750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10506", "title": "A quantitative study of the renal corpuscles in acute renal allograft rejection.", "content": "A quantitative examination including total and differential counts of nuclei and determination of total glomerular and mesangial areas was carried out in a consecutive series of biopsies from 14 patients with acute renal allograft rejections. The biopsies included in the study were taken within 4--30 days after transplantation because of suspected acute rejection, and histological examination revealed interstitial and vascular signs of rejection without the presence of cortical infarcts. Mesangial area per cent of total area was found to be significantly higher in allografts than in control kidneys, just as a statistically significant increase in the number of mesangial nuclei was demonstrated. Three of the 14 allografts had to be rechanges in these 3 biopsies were more pronounced than those in the remaining biopsies. It is suggested that quantitative glomerular studies might yield data of significance for prediction of the ultimate fate of the graft.", "contents": "A quantitative study of the renal corpuscles in acute renal allograft rejection. A quantitative examination including total and differential counts of nuclei and determination of total glomerular and mesangial areas was carried out in a consecutive series of biopsies from 14 patients with acute renal allograft rejections. The biopsies included in the study were taken within 4--30 days after transplantation because of suspected acute rejection, and histological examination revealed interstitial and vascular signs of rejection without the presence of cortical infarcts. Mesangial area per cent of total area was found to be significantly higher in allografts than in control kidneys, just as a statistically significant increase in the number of mesangial nuclei was demonstrated. Three of the 14 allografts had to be rechanges in these 3 biopsies were more pronounced than those in the remaining biopsies. It is suggested that quantitative glomerular studies might yield data of significance for prediction of the ultimate fate of the graft.", "PMID": 327751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10507", "title": "Inhibitory effects of plasma from uraemic patients on human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro.", "content": "Human mononuclear phagocytes were cultured in plasma from uraemic patients. The presence of uraemic plasma during the engulfment or digestion of 125I-labelled Candida albicans did not inhibit these functions in mononuclear phagocytes cultured for 8 days under normal condition. When normal human macrophages were cultured in the presence of uraemic plasma for 2-4 days, a marked detachment of the cells from the glass coverslips was registered. The phagocytic function of the remaining cells was impaired. Creatinine, urea and methylguanidine in concentrations higher than those usually measured in plasma from uraemic patients did not influence the functional properties of the cells. The inhibitory effect of uraemic plasma on the mononuclear phagocytes is suggested as an explanation for the increased frequency of infections in uraemic patients.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of plasma from uraemic patients on human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro. Human mononuclear phagocytes were cultured in plasma from uraemic patients. The presence of uraemic plasma during the engulfment or digestion of 125I-labelled Candida albicans did not inhibit these functions in mononuclear phagocytes cultured for 8 days under normal condition. When normal human macrophages were cultured in the presence of uraemic plasma for 2-4 days, a marked detachment of the cells from the glass coverslips was registered. The phagocytic function of the remaining cells was impaired. Creatinine, urea and methylguanidine in concentrations higher than those usually measured in plasma from uraemic patients did not influence the functional properties of the cells. The inhibitory effect of uraemic plasma on the mononuclear phagocytes is suggested as an explanation for the increased frequency of infections in uraemic patients.", "PMID": 327752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10508", "title": "IgA levels, bacterial carrier rate, and the development of bronchial asthma in children.", "content": "A total of 54 children, earlier hospitalized for asthma, were reinvestigated with regard to immunoglobulin formation in serum and saliva. Furthermore, the carrier rate of pathogenic bacteria in their throats was investigated, and in some of the children, who had their adenoids removed, immunofluorescent studies were performed. The study revealed highly reduced levels of serum and saliva IgA in the younger children with asthma. In addition, in these children a connection between recurring respiratory infections and high carrier rate of presumably pathogenic bacteria was observed. Also in the older children, significantly reduced levels of serum and saliva IgA compared with age related controls were found, but these children did not have an increased frequency of pathogenic bacteria or repiratory infections. In addition, low levels of serum IgM were found in the older children with asthma. The results of the study support the theory that low IgA levels facilitate the entrance of pathogenic bacteria through the epithelial surfaces, resulting in an overstimulation of the IgE system and the development of bronchial asthma in the younger children. In the younger as well as the older patients, a high frequency of atopy among the closest relatives was observed.", "contents": "IgA levels, bacterial carrier rate, and the development of bronchial asthma in children. A total of 54 children, earlier hospitalized for asthma, were reinvestigated with regard to immunoglobulin formation in serum and saliva. Furthermore, the carrier rate of pathogenic bacteria in their throats was investigated, and in some of the children, who had their adenoids removed, immunofluorescent studies were performed. The study revealed highly reduced levels of serum and saliva IgA in the younger children with asthma. In addition, in these children a connection between recurring respiratory infections and high carrier rate of presumably pathogenic bacteria was observed. Also in the older children, significantly reduced levels of serum and saliva IgA compared with age related controls were found, but these children did not have an increased frequency of pathogenic bacteria or repiratory infections. In addition, low levels of serum IgM were found in the older children with asthma. The results of the study support the theory that low IgA levels facilitate the entrance of pathogenic bacteria through the epithelial surfaces, resulting in an overstimulation of the IgE system and the development of bronchial asthma in the younger children. In the younger as well as the older patients, a high frequency of atopy among the closest relatives was observed.", "PMID": 327753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10509", "title": "Characteristics of the phagocytic process assessed by Coulter Counter.", "content": "The phagocytosis in suspensions of heat-killed yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes was studied in vitro by means of an electronic particle counter, the Coulter Counter, and a 100-channel pulse-height analyzer, the Channelyzer. The two cell populations were separated from each other electronically by the Channelyzer. Phagocytosis was recorded as disappearence of yeast cells. Concomitantly, aggregation and swelling of the PMN-cells were observed, which increased with the concentration of the prey. The process could be inhibited by cytochalasin B and iodoacetamide. With the latter inhibitor, the analysis of the kinetics showed that ingestion, but not adhesion, was affected. The ingestion of yeast cells was augmented on increase of the initial ratio between the number of yeast and PMN cells to around 5:1, but was then reduced on further increase. A ratio of 2:1 and a reaction time of 30 min seemed suitable for studying the phagocytic process. First-order kinetics were obeyed under these circumstances.", "contents": "Characteristics of the phagocytic process assessed by Coulter Counter. The phagocytosis in suspensions of heat-killed yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes was studied in vitro by means of an electronic particle counter, the Coulter Counter, and a 100-channel pulse-height analyzer, the Channelyzer. The two cell populations were separated from each other electronically by the Channelyzer. Phagocytosis was recorded as disappearence of yeast cells. Concomitantly, aggregation and swelling of the PMN-cells were observed, which increased with the concentration of the prey. The process could be inhibited by cytochalasin B and iodoacetamide. With the latter inhibitor, the analysis of the kinetics showed that ingestion, but not adhesion, was affected. The ingestion of yeast cells was augmented on increase of the initial ratio between the number of yeast and PMN cells to around 5:1, but was then reduced on further increase. A ratio of 2:1 and a reaction time of 30 min seemed suitable for studying the phagocytic process. First-order kinetics were obeyed under these circumstances.", "PMID": 327754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10510", "title": "Effect of angiotensin on normal renal circulation determined by angiography and a dye dilution technique.", "content": "Angiotensin in a dose of 0.5 to 1.0 microgran injected into the renal artery of healthy kidneys initially decreased renal blood flow and increased the appearance time and mean transit time of dye and contrast medium as examined by a dye dilution technique and angiography. The initial phase is followed by a reactive hyperemia.  The increased vascular resistance is probably localized peripherally on the arterial side of the vascular tree. Optimum dose is 0.5 to 1.0 microgram angiotensin in diagnosis of renal tumours. Optimum interval between drug administration and angiography is 10 to 60 s.", "contents": "Effect of angiotensin on normal renal circulation determined by angiography and a dye dilution technique. Angiotensin in a dose of 0.5 to 1.0 microgran injected into the renal artery of healthy kidneys initially decreased renal blood flow and increased the appearance time and mean transit time of dye and contrast medium as examined by a dye dilution technique and angiography. The initial phase is followed by a reactive hyperemia.  The increased vascular resistance is probably localized peripherally on the arterial side of the vascular tree. Optimum dose is 0.5 to 1.0 microgram angiotensin in diagnosis of renal tumours. Optimum interval between drug administration and angiography is 10 to 60 s.", "PMID": 327756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10511", "title": "The effect of clofibrate on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, triglycerides and fibrinogen in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "The effects of clofibrate treatment have been monitored in a double-blind cross-over study conducted in 16 male patients with coronary heart disease. Most had latent diabetes mellitus with elevated and delayed insulin release after i.v. glucose administration. Blood glucose and insulin levels were measured during repeated i.v. glucose tolerance tests in each patient and serum triglyceride and plasma fibrinogen were estimated at intervals. Clofibrate treatment significantly lowered fasting blood glucose levels (p less than 0.01) and improved the glucose tolerance (p less than 0.01). Fasting plasma insulin levels and those at 30 min after glucose loading were reduced (p less than 0.05). Serum triglycerides (p less than 0.01) and plasma fibrinogen levels (p less than 0.05) were lowered during the treatment period. The change in k-value (glucose utilization) did not correlate to changes in  triglyceride or fibrinogen. This study confirms the beneficial effect of clofibrate therapy on abnormal glucose tolerance observed by other workers. It is suggested that clofibrate acts by reducing peripheral insulin resistance.", "contents": "The effect of clofibrate on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, triglycerides and fibrinogen in patients with coronary heart disease. The effects of clofibrate treatment have been monitored in a double-blind cross-over study conducted in 16 male patients with coronary heart disease. Most had latent diabetes mellitus with elevated and delayed insulin release after i.v. glucose administration. Blood glucose and insulin levels were measured during repeated i.v. glucose tolerance tests in each patient and serum triglyceride and plasma fibrinogen were estimated at intervals. Clofibrate treatment significantly lowered fasting blood glucose levels (p less than 0.01) and improved the glucose tolerance (p less than 0.01). Fasting plasma insulin levels and those at 30 min after glucose loading were reduced (p less than 0.05). Serum triglycerides (p less than 0.01) and plasma fibrinogen levels (p less than 0.05) were lowered during the treatment period. The change in k-value (glucose utilization) did not correlate to changes in  triglyceride or fibrinogen. This study confirms the beneficial effect of clofibrate therapy on abnormal glucose tolerance observed by other workers. It is suggested that clofibrate acts by reducing peripheral insulin resistance.", "PMID": 327758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10512", "title": "A modification of the Guiot-Gillingham stereotaxic frame to allow of angular insertion.", "content": "A method of modification of the Guior-Gillingham Stereotaxic frame is described, which will allow of angular insertion of a leucotome or electrode. In our experience, this has prevented the complication of radiation damage and hemianopia and it also permits greater flexibility in the operative approach to structures at or near the midline.", "contents": "A modification of the Guiot-Gillingham stereotaxic frame to allow of angular insertion. A method of modification of the Guior-Gillingham Stereotaxic frame is described, which will allow of angular insertion of a leucotome or electrode. In our experience, this has prevented the complication of radiation damage and hemianopia and it also permits greater flexibility in the operative approach to structures at or near the midline.", "PMID": 327759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10513", "title": "Nocardia asteroides primary cerebral abscess and secondary meningitis.", "content": "A rare case of primary cerebral abscess due to Nocardia asteroides, and its surgical removal, are described. Postoperative meningitis caused by the same fungi was succesfully cured with sulphadiazine and cycloserine. The nocardial disease, its neurological complications, and therapy are reviewed.", "contents": "Nocardia asteroides primary cerebral abscess and secondary meningitis. A rare case of primary cerebral abscess due to Nocardia asteroides, and its surgical removal, are described. Postoperative meningitis caused by the same fungi was succesfully cured with sulphadiazine and cycloserine. The nocardial disease, its neurological complications, and therapy are reviewed.", "PMID": 327760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10514", "title": "Physiologically controlled selective thalamotomy for the treatment of abnormal movement by Leksell's open system.", "content": "In the course of stereotaxic thalamotomy by Leksell's open system in 20 cases of abnormal movement, recording and stimulation of the subcortical structures have been performed by means of two semimicro-electrodes introduced parallel to the frontal plane. Taking advantage of simultaneous recording and electrical stimulation through these two electrodes, several critical points in the caudate nucleus and thalamus have been clearly delineated. Thus in each individual case an outline of the thalamic configuration in the frontal plane could be obtained, so that the final therapeutic lesion was placed with good precision at the lower-most border of VL or Vim nucleus. It has been shown that the physiologically determined minimum lesion resulted in satisfactory alleviation of the abnormal movements without notable untoward effects.", "contents": "Physiologically controlled selective thalamotomy for the treatment of abnormal movement by Leksell's open system. In the course of stereotaxic thalamotomy by Leksell's open system in 20 cases of abnormal movement, recording and stimulation of the subcortical structures have been performed by means of two semimicro-electrodes introduced parallel to the frontal plane. Taking advantage of simultaneous recording and electrical stimulation through these two electrodes, several critical points in the caudate nucleus and thalamus have been clearly delineated. Thus in each individual case an outline of the thalamic configuration in the frontal plane could be obtained, so that the final therapeutic lesion was placed with good precision at the lower-most border of VL or Vim nucleus. It has been shown that the physiologically determined minimum lesion resulted in satisfactory alleviation of the abnormal movements without notable untoward effects.", "PMID": 327762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10515", "title": "TQ-ST segment mapping: critical review and analysis of current concepts.", "content": "Controversy and confusion surround many aspects of TQ-ST segment mapping today. Technical standards pertaining to the recording and measurement of the TQ-ST deflection have not been uniformly established nor has the correlative value of the deflection as an indicator of myocardial injury been clearly ascertained. The TQ-ST deflection is believed to originate primarily although not exclusively as a result of extracellular potassium accumulation in the ischemic region and subsequent establishment of a transmembrane potential gradient during diastole and systole at the ischemic boundary. Nonspatial factors (including electrolytes, antiarrhythmic agents, heart rate) influence the TQ-ST deflection by altering this gradient. Spatial factors (including ischemic area and shape, electrode location) alter the relative position of the ischemic boundary to the electrode site and as such can be analyzed with the solid angle theorem. Further study of the complex behavior of the TQ-ST segment deflection, particularly in the presence of pharmacologic intervention, is necessary before mapping techniques can be used reliably in clinical studies designed to quantitate and modify ischemic damage.", "contents": "TQ-ST segment mapping: critical review and analysis of current concepts. Controversy and confusion surround many aspects of TQ-ST segment mapping today. Technical standards pertaining to the recording and measurement of the TQ-ST deflection have not been uniformly established nor has the correlative value of the deflection as an indicator of myocardial injury been clearly ascertained. The TQ-ST deflection is believed to originate primarily although not exclusively as a result of extracellular potassium accumulation in the ischemic region and subsequent establishment of a transmembrane potential gradient during diastole and systole at the ischemic boundary. Nonspatial factors (including electrolytes, antiarrhythmic agents, heart rate) influence the TQ-ST deflection by altering this gradient. Spatial factors (including ischemic area and shape, electrode location) alter the relative position of the ischemic boundary to the electrode site and as such can be analyzed with the solid angle theorem. Further study of the complex behavior of the TQ-ST segment deflection, particularly in the presence of pharmacologic intervention, is necessary before mapping techniques can be used reliably in clinical studies designed to quantitate and modify ischemic damage.", "PMID": 327784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10516", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of intravenously administered quinidine on the transplanted human heart.", "content": "The acute hemodynamic effects of intravenously administered quinidine were studied in five heart transplant recipients with an anatomically denervated heart. Quinidine, 10 mg/kg body weight, was infused over a 20 minute period, and mild wall left ventricular dynamics were measured with a new technique using metallic markers surgically implanted in the myocardial wall. Heart rate was maintained constant with atrial pacing, and aortic blood pressure was measured through an indwelling catheter. In each patient the hemodynamic responses to quinidine were similar. End-diastolic, end-systolic and stroke volumes decreased by an average of 19, 26 and 18 percent, respectively. Cardiac output decreased by a mean 0.92 liters/min (-18%), and the mean aortic blood pressure decreased by 10 mm Hg (-11%). All of these changes were statistically significant. Three indexes of the contractile state of the left ventricle--mean circumferential velocity, mean systolic diameter shortening and ejection fraction--were not significantly changed. We conclude that quinidine exerts no acute inotropic myocardial effects in the human transplanted heart and that, when given intravenously, its hemodynamic action is most consistent with venodilatation.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of intravenously administered quinidine on the transplanted human heart. The acute hemodynamic effects of intravenously administered quinidine were studied in five heart transplant recipients with an anatomically denervated heart. Quinidine, 10 mg/kg body weight, was infused over a 20 minute period, and mild wall left ventricular dynamics were measured with a new technique using metallic markers surgically implanted in the myocardial wall. Heart rate was maintained constant with atrial pacing, and aortic blood pressure was measured through an indwelling catheter. In each patient the hemodynamic responses to quinidine were similar. End-diastolic, end-systolic and stroke volumes decreased by an average of 19, 26 and 18 percent, respectively. Cardiac output decreased by a mean 0.92 liters/min (-18%), and the mean aortic blood pressure decreased by 10 mm Hg (-11%). All of these changes were statistically significant. Three indexes of the contractile state of the left ventricle--mean circumferential velocity, mean systolic diameter shortening and ejection fraction--were not significantly changed. We conclude that quinidine exerts no acute inotropic myocardial effects in the human transplanted heart and that, when given intravenously, its hemodynamic action is most consistent with venodilatation.", "PMID": 327786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10517", "title": "Diagnosis of myocardial infarction: historical notes from the Soviet Union and the United States.", "content": "Soviet physicians attribute the first description of the clinical presentation of a nonfatal myocardial infarction to V.P. Obraztsov and N.D. Strazhesko; American physicians attribute the same achievement to James B. Herrick. Investigation of the origins of the conflicting claims reveals that the Russian physicians published an accurate account of the syndrome in 1910. Herrick, in his article published in 1912, cites a German translation of the Russian article. Herrick's major contribution consisted of informing American physicians of the symptoms of infarction, and stimulating development of the electrocardiogram as a diagnostic aid.", "contents": "Diagnosis of myocardial infarction: historical notes from the Soviet Union and the United States. Soviet physicians attribute the first description of the clinical presentation of a nonfatal myocardial infarction to V.P. Obraztsov and N.D. Strazhesko; American physicians attribute the same achievement to James B. Herrick. Investigation of the origins of the conflicting claims reveals that the Russian physicians published an accurate account of the syndrome in 1910. Herrick, in his article published in 1912, cites a German translation of the Russian article. Herrick's major contribution consisted of informing American physicians of the symptoms of infarction, and stimulating development of the electrocardiogram as a diagnostic aid.", "PMID": 327787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10518", "title": "Osteopetrosis in the toothless (t1) rat: presence of osteoclasts but failure to respond to parathyroid extract or to be cured by infusion of spleen or bone marrow cells from normal littermates.", "content": "Osteoclast have been observe for the first time in toothless (t1) rats, a mutation with inherits osteopetrosis as an autosomal recessive. The ability of t1 rats to raise the serum calcium concentration after injection of parathyroid extract was severely limited when compared with normal littermates. In addition, osteopetrosis in t1 rats is not cured by radiation and infusion of normal spleen or bone marrow cells from normal littermates, a method know to cure osteopetrosis in mutants of this and other species. This indirect evidence for a reduction in bone resorption as a cause of osteopetrosis in this mutation and the failure of transplanted cells to cure the disease are discussed in relation to the development and function of osteoclasts.", "contents": "Osteopetrosis in the toothless (t1) rat: presence of osteoclasts but failure to respond to parathyroid extract or to be cured by infusion of spleen or bone marrow cells from normal littermates. Osteoclast have been observe for the first time in toothless (t1) rats, a mutation with inherits osteopetrosis as an autosomal recessive. The ability of t1 rats to raise the serum calcium concentration after injection of parathyroid extract was severely limited when compared with normal littermates. In addition, osteopetrosis in t1 rats is not cured by radiation and infusion of normal spleen or bone marrow cells from normal littermates, a method know to cure osteopetrosis in mutants of this and other species. This indirect evidence for a reduction in bone resorption as a cause of osteopetrosis in this mutation and the failure of transplanted cells to cure the disease are discussed in relation to the development and function of osteoclasts.", "PMID": 327788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10519", "title": "Effect of mega doses of vitamin C on bactericidal ativity of leukocytes.", "content": "Effect of ingesting mega doses of ascorbic acid was studied on the leukocyte function in five normal human subjects. During the first 15 days the subjects received daily supplements of 200 mg of ascorbic acid, and during the next 2 weeks they were given 2 g of vitamin C per day. Supplementation of 200 mg as well as 2 g of ascorbic acid stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt activity of resting leukocytes indicating an increase in resting metabolism. Intakes of 200 mg of ascorbic acid per day did not affect bacterial killing by leukocytes. On the other hand, daily intakes of 2 g of ascorbic acid for 2 weeks significantly impaired bactericidal activity. Four weeks after withdrawal of the viatmin supplementation, bactericidal activity returned to normal.", "contents": "Effect of mega doses of vitamin C on bactericidal ativity of leukocytes. Effect of ingesting mega doses of ascorbic acid was studied on the leukocyte function in five normal human subjects. During the first 15 days the subjects received daily supplements of 200 mg of ascorbic acid, and during the next 2 weeks they were given 2 g of vitamin C per day. Supplementation of 200 mg as well as 2 g of ascorbic acid stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt activity of resting leukocytes indicating an increase in resting metabolism. Intakes of 200 mg of ascorbic acid per day did not affect bacterial killing by leukocytes. On the other hand, daily intakes of 2 g of ascorbic acid for 2 weeks significantly impaired bactericidal activity. Four weeks after withdrawal of the viatmin supplementation, bactericidal activity returned to normal.", "PMID": 327791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10520", "title": "A method for determining in-vitro drug susceptibilities of some Nocardiae and Actinomadurae: results with 17 antimicrobial agents.", "content": "A simple timesaving method for determining drug susceptibilities in vitro of isolates of Nocardia and Actinomadura is reported. An isolate is considered \"susceptible\" when the quantity of drug required for inhibition of growth is that concentration which might be obtained in serum by conventional therapy. Sulfonamides remain the drugs of choice for treating disease due to Nocardia species. Although doxycycline and minocycline appear to be very effective against Nocardia species, susceptibility testing may be desirable when a physician is considering substitution of an antibiotic for a sulfonamide. Susceptibility testing also may be desired before a drug is selected for treating disease due to Actinomadura madurae.", "contents": "A method for determining in-vitro drug susceptibilities of some Nocardiae and Actinomadurae: results with 17 antimicrobial agents. A simple timesaving method for determining drug susceptibilities in vitro of isolates of Nocardia and Actinomadura is reported. An isolate is considered \"susceptible\" when the quantity of drug required for inhibition of growth is that concentration which might be obtained in serum by conventional therapy. Sulfonamides remain the drugs of choice for treating disease due to Nocardia species. Although doxycycline and minocycline appear to be very effective against Nocardia species, susceptibility testing may be desirable when a physician is considering substitution of an antibiotic for a sulfonamide. Susceptibility testing also may be desired before a drug is selected for treating disease due to Actinomadura madurae.", "PMID": 327792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10521", "title": "Infections in patients with neutropenia.", "content": "We review published reports and our experience in regard to the causative organisms of infections in patients with neutropenia. The organisms isolated from infected patients were almost exclusively pyogenic and enteric bacteria, and our patients had no history of serious viral or fungal infections, documenting the importance of the neutrophil in normal host defense against extracellular but not intracellular pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus was the single most commonly cultured organism; however, Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli were almost as commonly isolated. Positive cultures were obtained primarily from the blood or cutaneous, subcutaneous, or deep tissue abscesses. In patients with congenital neutropenia, pneumonia, otitis media, and abscesses were the most frequent infections diagnosed clinically. There is a suggestion that recent antibiotic therapy shifted the spectrum of infecting organisms toward enteric bacteria.", "contents": "Infections in patients with neutropenia. We review published reports and our experience in regard to the causative organisms of infections in patients with neutropenia. The organisms isolated from infected patients were almost exclusively pyogenic and enteric bacteria, and our patients had no history of serious viral or fungal infections, documenting the importance of the neutrophil in normal host defense against extracellular but not intracellular pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus was the single most commonly cultured organism; however, Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli were almost as commonly isolated. Positive cultures were obtained primarily from the blood or cutaneous, subcutaneous, or deep tissue abscesses. In patients with congenital neutropenia, pneumonia, otitis media, and abscesses were the most frequent infections diagnosed clinically. There is a suggestion that recent antibiotic therapy shifted the spectrum of infecting organisms toward enteric bacteria.", "PMID": 327794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10522", "title": "Location of food consumption and travelers' diarrhea.", "content": "Daily food histories for one month were obtained in summer, 1975, from students attending a Mexican university to determine the influence of food consumption on the development and etiology of diarrhea. In newly-arrived students from the U.S. who ate half or more of their meals in the school cafeteria and public restaurants there were significant increases in diarrhea (p less than 0.005); shigella infection (p less than 0.05) and toxigenic E. coli infection (p less than 0.025) compared to the students eating a comparable number of meals in private homes. In the summer U.S. students there was also an association of diarrhea and eating from street vendors (p less than 0.05). In full-time U.S. students who had lived in Mexico a year or longer as well as in Latin American students a relationship between location of meals and occurrence of enteric disease was not apparent. High numbers of enteric bacteria were recovered from food from the school's cafeteria, public restaurants, street vendors and small grocery stores. Shigella were isolated from cooked and uncooked hamburger patties from the school cafeteria. Four shigella carriers were found among kitchen personnel at the school. This study demonstrates that food serves as a major vehicle through which travelers' diarrhea occurs.", "contents": "Location of food consumption and travelers' diarrhea. Daily food histories for one month were obtained in summer, 1975, from students attending a Mexican university to determine the influence of food consumption on the development and etiology of diarrhea. In newly-arrived students from the U.S. who ate half or more of their meals in the school cafeteria and public restaurants there were significant increases in diarrhea (p less than 0.005); shigella infection (p less than 0.05) and toxigenic E. coli infection (p less than 0.025) compared to the students eating a comparable number of meals in private homes. In the summer U.S. students there was also an association of diarrhea and eating from street vendors (p less than 0.05). In full-time U.S. students who had lived in Mexico a year or longer as well as in Latin American students a relationship between location of meals and occurrence of enteric disease was not apparent. High numbers of enteric bacteria were recovered from food from the school's cafeteria, public restaurants, street vendors and small grocery stores. Shigella were isolated from cooked and uncooked hamburger patties from the school cafeteria. Four shigella carriers were found among kitchen personnel at the school. This study demonstrates that food serves as a major vehicle through which travelers' diarrhea occurs.", "PMID": 327798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10523", "title": "Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology and therapeutic use of antibiotics. Part 3: cephalosporins.", "content": "Various aspects of the cephalosporin antibiotics are reviewed, including mode of action and mechanisms of bacterial resistance, antibacterial activity, clinical pharmacology, adverse reactions, and therapeutic use. There are no important therapeutic differences between the two oral agents, cephalexin and cephradine. For intramuscular injection, cephaloridine has largely been replaced by cefazolin which is equally well tolerated and not as nephrotoxic; further, cefazolin has a relatively long half-life which permits its administration three or four times daily. There are no substantial therapeutic differences among the cephalosporins most commonly used intravenously--cephalothin, cefazolin and cephapirin. However, cefazolin is administered in a lower dosage and somewhat less frequently.", "contents": "Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology and therapeutic use of antibiotics. Part 3: cephalosporins. Various aspects of the cephalosporin antibiotics are reviewed, including mode of action and mechanisms of bacterial resistance, antibacterial activity, clinical pharmacology, adverse reactions, and therapeutic use. There are no important therapeutic differences between the two oral agents, cephalexin and cephradine. For intramuscular injection, cephaloridine has largely been replaced by cefazolin which is equally well tolerated and not as nephrotoxic; further, cefazolin has a relatively long half-life which permits its administration three or four times daily. There are no substantial therapeutic differences among the cephalosporins most commonly used intravenously--cephalothin, cefazolin and cephapirin. However, cefazolin is administered in a lower dosage and somewhat less frequently.", "PMID": 327800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10524", "title": "Echocardiography in ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Echocardiographic findings in patients with ischemic heart disease are described; their correlations with clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic data are presented and discussed. Regional abnormalities of left ventricular wall motion and/or thickening during systole are detected in 84 per cent of patients with acute myocardial infarction and in a high percentage of patients with larger than or equal to 75 per cent narrowing of a major coronary artery. These abnormalities may occur with stress and may be reversible. Left ventricular wall thinning during systole indicates acute ischemia or infarction and thin, dense myocardial echoes indicate scar. Echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dysfunction is useful in predicting heart failure and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in predicting surgical mortality for patients undergoing aneurysmectomy and/or coronary artery bypass surgery. Echocardiography has not proved useful in determining graft patency following coronary artery bypass surgery. Technical difficulties and limitations of echocardiography in patients with coronary artery disease are discussed.", "contents": "Echocardiography in ischemic heart disease. Echocardiographic findings in patients with ischemic heart disease are described; their correlations with clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic data are presented and discussed. Regional abnormalities of left ventricular wall motion and/or thickening during systole are detected in 84 per cent of patients with acute myocardial infarction and in a high percentage of patients with larger than or equal to 75 per cent narrowing of a major coronary artery. These abnormalities may occur with stress and may be reversible. Left ventricular wall thinning during systole indicates acute ischemia or infarction and thin, dense myocardial echoes indicate scar. Echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dysfunction is useful in predicting heart failure and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in predicting surgical mortality for patients undergoing aneurysmectomy and/or coronary artery bypass surgery. Echocardiography has not proved useful in determining graft patency following coronary artery bypass surgery. Technical difficulties and limitations of echocardiography in patients with coronary artery disease are discussed.", "PMID": 327801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10525", "title": "The ocular manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Fifteen years experience and review of the literature.", "content": "Ocular manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis may occur secondary to contiguous granulomatous sinusitis or as a result of focal vasculitis. Contiguous granulomatous sinus disease causes nasolacrimal duct obstruction, proptosis and ocular muscle or optic nerve involvement. Focal vasculitis unrelated to contiguous upper respiratory tract disease is manifested by conjunctivitis, episcleritis, scleritis, corneoscleral ulceration, uveitis, and granulomatous vasculitis of the retina and optic nerve. A review of 29 cases of Wegener's granulomatosis and three cases of lymphomatoid granulomatosis studied over the past 15 years at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) disclosed single or multiple ocular manifestations of disease in 15 patients (47 per cent). The pattern of ocular disease, its relationship to systemic involvement, diagnostic methods and the response to therapy are discussed.", "contents": "The ocular manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Fifteen years experience and review of the literature. Ocular manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis may occur secondary to contiguous granulomatous sinusitis or as a result of focal vasculitis. Contiguous granulomatous sinus disease causes nasolacrimal duct obstruction, proptosis and ocular muscle or optic nerve involvement. Focal vasculitis unrelated to contiguous upper respiratory tract disease is manifested by conjunctivitis, episcleritis, scleritis, corneoscleral ulceration, uveitis, and granulomatous vasculitis of the retina and optic nerve. A review of 29 cases of Wegener's granulomatosis and three cases of lymphomatoid granulomatosis studied over the past 15 years at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) disclosed single or multiple ocular manifestations of disease in 15 patients (47 per cent). The pattern of ocular disease, its relationship to systemic involvement, diagnostic methods and the response to therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 327802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10526", "title": "Echocardiography in pericardial effusion.", "content": "Echocardiography has become established as the procedure of choice for the detection, confirmation and serial follow-up of patients with pericardial effusion. In this article the technic and pitfalls of recording, and the criteria and their sensitivity for the diagnosis of pericardial effusion are reviewed. In addition, echographic findings in special instances, such as accumulation of pericardial effusion behind the left atrium, the swinging heart syndrome and cardiac tamponade, are discussed.", "contents": "Echocardiography in pericardial effusion. Echocardiography has become established as the procedure of choice for the detection, confirmation and serial follow-up of patients with pericardial effusion. In this article the technic and pitfalls of recording, and the criteria and their sensitivity for the diagnosis of pericardial effusion are reviewed. In addition, echographic findings in special instances, such as accumulation of pericardial effusion behind the left atrium, the swinging heart syndrome and cardiac tamponade, are discussed.", "PMID": 327803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10527", "title": "Echocardiography in congenital heart disease.", "content": "The utility of echocardiography in the evaluation of congenital cardiac disease is well established. The following discussion will be devoted to the application of single dimensional equipment in the assessment of selected congenital defects which will include secundum atrial defects, endocardial cushion defects, tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve, and the use of systolic time intervals in assessing pulmonary artery diastolic pressures and pulmonary vasculature resistance. Since space is limited, only brief descriptions of these specific applications are possible and the readers are referred to more complete descriptions of the technic.", "contents": "Echocardiography in congenital heart disease. The utility of echocardiography in the evaluation of congenital cardiac disease is well established. The following discussion will be devoted to the application of single dimensional equipment in the assessment of selected congenital defects which will include secundum atrial defects, endocardial cushion defects, tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve, and the use of systolic time intervals in assessing pulmonary artery diastolic pressures and pulmonary vasculature resistance. Since space is limited, only brief descriptions of these specific applications are possible and the readers are referred to more complete descriptions of the technic.", "PMID": 327804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10528", "title": "Effect of prophylactic outpatient administration of fenoterol on the time of onset of spontaneous labor and fetal growth rate in twin pregnancy.", "content": "A double-blind trial was conducted on outpatients with twin gestations to assess the effect of prophylactic administration of fenoterol on the fetal growth rate and the timing of the spontaneous onset of labor. No significant differences could be shown between the fenoterol-treated group of patients and the control group given a placebo. It is concluded that prophylactic administration of fenoterol does not have a significant effect upon the incidence of preterm labor or growth retardation in twin pregnancy.", "contents": "Effect of prophylactic outpatient administration of fenoterol on the time of onset of spontaneous labor and fetal growth rate in twin pregnancy. A double-blind trial was conducted on outpatients with twin gestations to assess the effect of prophylactic administration of fenoterol on the fetal growth rate and the timing of the spontaneous onset of labor. No significant differences could be shown between the fenoterol-treated group of patients and the control group given a placebo. It is concluded that prophylactic administration of fenoterol does not have a significant effect upon the incidence of preterm labor or growth retardation in twin pregnancy.", "PMID": 327814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10529", "title": "Uterine toxoplasma infections and repeated abortions.", "content": "Serologic testing for Toxoplasma antibodies (dye test, indirect fluorescent antibody test on serum, and complement-fixation test) was done in 96 women with habitual abortions and 61 women with sporadic abortions. In 61 of these women, endometrial biopsies were examined for content of T. gondii (animal inoculation procedures, immunofluorescence microscopy). Control subjects were 59 women with no spontaneous abortions. In seven patients (one control patient and six with habitual abortion), tachyzoites of T. gondii were observed in repeated biopsies from the endometrium and in menstrual blood by the immunofluorescence method. In no case, however, could T. gondii be isolated from the endometrium by inoculations. Moreover, the serologic results obtained among the patients with habitual abortion did not differ significantly from those obtained among the ones with sporadic abortion or among the control subjects. Five of the women with Toxoplasma-positive endometrium were serologically negative. Treatment of the Toxoplasma-positive women with antitoxoplasma drugs led to removal of parasites from the endometrium. T. gondii was not observed in the semen of the husbands.", "contents": "Uterine toxoplasma infections and repeated abortions. Serologic testing for Toxoplasma antibodies (dye test, indirect fluorescent antibody test on serum, and complement-fixation test) was done in 96 women with habitual abortions and 61 women with sporadic abortions. In 61 of these women, endometrial biopsies were examined for content of T. gondii (animal inoculation procedures, immunofluorescence microscopy). Control subjects were 59 women with no spontaneous abortions. In seven patients (one control patient and six with habitual abortion), tachyzoites of T. gondii were observed in repeated biopsies from the endometrium and in menstrual blood by the immunofluorescence method. In no case, however, could T. gondii be isolated from the endometrium by inoculations. Moreover, the serologic results obtained among the patients with habitual abortion did not differ significantly from those obtained among the ones with sporadic abortion or among the control subjects. Five of the women with Toxoplasma-positive endometrium were serologically negative. Treatment of the Toxoplasma-positive women with antitoxoplasma drugs led to removal of parasites from the endometrium. T. gondii was not observed in the semen of the husbands.", "PMID": 327815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10530", "title": "Methods for quantitative vaginal flora studies.", "content": "Quantitative bacteriology of the vaginal flora was performed with two techniques: One was a quantitative loop of vaginal secretions and the second was duplicate swabs of the vaginal fornix with one swab for bacteriologic studies and the second to determine specimen weight. Both sampling methods were evaluated for accuracy in weight or volume measurements. Comparison of the two methods in eight volunteers showed reasonably good correlation although the duplicate swab technique gave somewhat higher mean counts and more bacterial species. Advantages and limitations of these methods for quantitative vaginal flora studies are discussed.", "contents": "Methods for quantitative vaginal flora studies. Quantitative bacteriology of the vaginal flora was performed with two techniques: One was a quantitative loop of vaginal secretions and the second was duplicate swabs of the vaginal fornix with one swab for bacteriologic studies and the second to determine specimen weight. Both sampling methods were evaluated for accuracy in weight or volume measurements. Comparison of the two methods in eight volunteers showed reasonably good correlation although the duplicate swab technique gave somewhat higher mean counts and more bacterial species. Advantages and limitations of these methods for quantitative vaginal flora studies are discussed.", "PMID": 327816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10531", "title": "Pregnancy in liver cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension.", "content": "Clinical features of pregnancy in women with liver cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension have been reviewed. Termination of pregnancy is seldom indicated in a woman with compensated cirrhosis or a young woman with extrahepatic venous obstruction. However, the risk of spontaneous abortion is increased in cirrhotic women without shunt even if there is no deterioration of liver function. The risk of bleeding from esophageal varices or deterioration of liver function is usually unpredictable. Shunt surgery can be done with relatively little effect on both the mother and the fetus if conservative measurements fail to control the hematemesis. Vaginal delivery can be anticipated in most women, and cesarean section should be preserved for obstetric indications. The risk of postpartum hemorrhage is greatly increased, particularly in patients with previous shunt surgery. Perinatal loss is high because of the increased rate of premature delivery and stillbirth. Maternal prognosis is grave in women with cirrhosis.", "contents": "Pregnancy in liver cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension. Clinical features of pregnancy in women with liver cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension have been reviewed. Termination of pregnancy is seldom indicated in a woman with compensated cirrhosis or a young woman with extrahepatic venous obstruction. However, the risk of spontaneous abortion is increased in cirrhotic women without shunt even if there is no deterioration of liver function. The risk of bleeding from esophageal varices or deterioration of liver function is usually unpredictable. Shunt surgery can be done with relatively little effect on both the mother and the fetus if conservative measurements fail to control the hematemesis. Vaginal delivery can be anticipated in most women, and cesarean section should be preserved for obstetric indications. The risk of postpartum hemorrhage is greatly increased, particularly in patients with previous shunt surgery. Perinatal loss is high because of the increased rate of premature delivery and stillbirth. Maternal prognosis is grave in women with cirrhosis.", "PMID": 327818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10532", "title": "Experimental pancreatic carcinogenesis. I. Morphogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the Syrian golden hamster induced by N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine.", "content": "In serial sacrifice experiment, outbred male Syrian golden hamsters were treated once weekly for life with subcutaneous injections of N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxypropyl) amine (DIPN). The pancreas was examined by high resolution light (1-micro sections) and transmission electron microscopy. Early nonspecific changes in all pancreatic epithelial cellular elements were followed by a progressive proliferation of intra- and interlobular duct cells, with the development of multicentric foci of cystic and papillary cystic adenomas, intraductal carcinomas, and invasive ductal neoplasms. These observations were consistent with multistage morphogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma of ductal origin.", "contents": "Experimental pancreatic carcinogenesis. I. Morphogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the Syrian golden hamster induced by N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine. In serial sacrifice experiment, outbred male Syrian golden hamsters were treated once weekly for life with subcutaneous injections of N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxypropyl) amine (DIPN). The pancreas was examined by high resolution light (1-micro sections) and transmission electron microscopy. Early nonspecific changes in all pancreatic epithelial cellular elements were followed by a progressive proliferation of intra- and interlobular duct cells, with the development of multicentric foci of cystic and papillary cystic adenomas, intraductal carcinomas, and invasive ductal neoplasms. These observations were consistent with multistage morphogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma of ductal origin.", "PMID": 327823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10533", "title": "Influence of the ionophore A23187 on the plastic behavior of normal erythrocytes.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that A23187, an ionophore which selectively transports divalent cations across cell membranes, has profound effects on human erythrocytes: it causes red cells to take up calcium; lose potassium, water, and ATP; convert from biconcave discs to echinocytes and spheroechinocytes; and become more rigid. The present study has explored the influence of calcium uptake induced by the ionophore on the behavior of individual erythrocyte membranes by the micropipette aspiration technique. Exposure of erythrocytes to calcium and A23187 for intervals of up to 30 minutes resulted in marked changes in membrane viscoelastic properties, including the development of increased resistance to aspiration. The most striking manifestation of altered membrane mechanics was apparent after 10 minutes on incubation. Cells pulled into the pipette for a few seconds and the extruded back into the medium retained the deformity imposed by the pipette for several seconds to a few minutes before regaining the form they manifested prior to initial aspiration. The calcium-induced changes in erythrocyte behavior observed in this study strongly support the concept that extrinsic proteins located inside the membrane provide mechanical support to the cell wall, and that increased levels of calcium cause precipitation or cross-linking of the proteins responsible for the increased resistence to deformation and recoil observed after aspiration into micropipettes.", "contents": "Influence of the ionophore A23187 on the plastic behavior of normal erythrocytes. Previous studies have demonstrated that A23187, an ionophore which selectively transports divalent cations across cell membranes, has profound effects on human erythrocytes: it causes red cells to take up calcium; lose potassium, water, and ATP; convert from biconcave discs to echinocytes and spheroechinocytes; and become more rigid. The present study has explored the influence of calcium uptake induced by the ionophore on the behavior of individual erythrocyte membranes by the micropipette aspiration technique. Exposure of erythrocytes to calcium and A23187 for intervals of up to 30 minutes resulted in marked changes in membrane viscoelastic properties, including the development of increased resistance to aspiration. The most striking manifestation of altered membrane mechanics was apparent after 10 minutes on incubation. Cells pulled into the pipette for a few seconds and the extruded back into the medium retained the deformity imposed by the pipette for several seconds to a few minutes before regaining the form they manifested prior to initial aspiration. The calcium-induced changes in erythrocyte behavior observed in this study strongly support the concept that extrinsic proteins located inside the membrane provide mechanical support to the cell wall, and that increased levels of calcium cause precipitation or cross-linking of the proteins responsible for the increased resistence to deformation and recoil observed after aspiration into micropipettes.", "PMID": 327824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10534", "title": "Localization of human T lymphocytes in tissue sections by a rosetting technique.", "content": "A technique for the formation of sheep erythrocyte (E) rosettes in frozen human tissue sections is reported. The labile nature of the receptor for E rosettes on lymphocytes requires the use of controlled conditions for tissue processing and the reaction with indicator cells. The distribution of E rosettes in sections of normal human thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleens was comparable to that of the T marker-positive cells identified by immunofluorescence with the specific anti-human T cell serum. There with no overlap with areas positive for 19S EAC and 7S EA rosettes. Erythrocytes treated with a sulfhydryl reagent, 2-aminoethylisothiuronium bromide (AET), and with neuraminidase formed better rosettes in sections than did untreated erythrocytes. E rosettes in tissue sections can determine changes in the distribution of T cells in different lymphoproliferative and infiltrating disorders.", "contents": "Localization of human T lymphocytes in tissue sections by a rosetting technique. A technique for the formation of sheep erythrocyte (E) rosettes in frozen human tissue sections is reported. The labile nature of the receptor for E rosettes on lymphocytes requires the use of controlled conditions for tissue processing and the reaction with indicator cells. The distribution of E rosettes in sections of normal human thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleens was comparable to that of the T marker-positive cells identified by immunofluorescence with the specific anti-human T cell serum. There with no overlap with areas positive for 19S EAC and 7S EA rosettes. Erythrocytes treated with a sulfhydryl reagent, 2-aminoethylisothiuronium bromide (AET), and with neuraminidase formed better rosettes in sections than did untreated erythrocytes. E rosettes in tissue sections can determine changes in the distribution of T cells in different lymphoproliferative and infiltrating disorders.", "PMID": 327825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10535", "title": "The production of migration inhibitory factor and reproductive capacity in allogeneic pregnancies.", "content": "Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is produced during allogeneic pregnancies but not during syngeneic pregnancies. Removal of the paraaortic or paraaortic and renal lymph nodes significantly decreased MIF production whereas splenectomy did not. Removal of these regional lymph nodes decreased the mean litter size and increased the variance in the weights of the offspring, with the greatest changes occurring when both the paraaortic and renal lymph nodes were removed; splenectomy did not alter either parameter. None of the surgical procedures affected the gestation period significantly, but removal of the paraaortic and renal lymph nodes greatly reduced the rate of conception and increased the incidence of stillbirths. These findings support the proposition that a vigorous immune response occurs during allogeneic pregnancies and that this response provides reproductive advantages to the offspring.", "contents": "The production of migration inhibitory factor and reproductive capacity in allogeneic pregnancies. Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is produced during allogeneic pregnancies but not during syngeneic pregnancies. Removal of the paraaortic or paraaortic and renal lymph nodes significantly decreased MIF production whereas splenectomy did not. Removal of these regional lymph nodes decreased the mean litter size and increased the variance in the weights of the offspring, with the greatest changes occurring when both the paraaortic and renal lymph nodes were removed; splenectomy did not alter either parameter. None of the surgical procedures affected the gestation period significantly, but removal of the paraaortic and renal lymph nodes greatly reduced the rate of conception and increased the incidence of stillbirths. These findings support the proposition that a vigorous immune response occurs during allogeneic pregnancies and that this response provides reproductive advantages to the offspring.", "PMID": 327826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10536", "title": "Histologic changes in preserved cadaveric renal transplants.", "content": "The histologic changes in human cadaveric kidneys preserved by either simple hypothermia or continuous pulsatile perfusion were studied by light and electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence in biopsies obtained immediately before (15 kidneys) and approximately 1 hour after (41 kidneys) transplantation. The changes observed in pretransplantation biopsies were largely similar in kidneys preserved by either method with the exception that foreign material was found in the vasculature of perfused kidneys only. Endothelial edema was more frequent and more severe in nonperfused kidneys only. Endothelial edema was more frequent and more severe in nonperfused kidneys. In the 1 hour posttransplantation biopsies, a lesion resembling intravascular coagulation (IVC) was noted in 18 of  the 25 perfused kidneys but was absent from all 16 nonperfused kidneys. Transplants with severe IVC lesions failed to function and had extensive cortical necrosis when removed by the end of the first month. In follow-up biopsies, milder lesions appeared to heal fast and were compatible with transplant function. The IVC lesion is probably due to endothelial cell damage during perfusion of the kidneys.", "contents": "Histologic changes in preserved cadaveric renal transplants. The histologic changes in human cadaveric kidneys preserved by either simple hypothermia or continuous pulsatile perfusion were studied by light and electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence in biopsies obtained immediately before (15 kidneys) and approximately 1 hour after (41 kidneys) transplantation. The changes observed in pretransplantation biopsies were largely similar in kidneys preserved by either method with the exception that foreign material was found in the vasculature of perfused kidneys only. Endothelial edema was more frequent and more severe in nonperfused kidneys only. Endothelial edema was more frequent and more severe in nonperfused kidneys. In the 1 hour posttransplantation biopsies, a lesion resembling intravascular coagulation (IVC) was noted in 18 of  the 25 perfused kidneys but was absent from all 16 nonperfused kidneys. Transplants with severe IVC lesions failed to function and had extensive cortical necrosis when removed by the end of the first month. In follow-up biopsies, milder lesions appeared to heal fast and were compatible with transplant function. The IVC lesion is probably due to endothelial cell damage during perfusion of the kidneys.", "PMID": 327827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10537", "title": "An analysis of the determinants of nephron filtration rate.", "content": "Studies on glomerular filtration in the Munich-Wistar rat, a strain with surface glomeruli, have permitted for the first time the evaluation of the four factors that determine filtration rate: 1) the rate of nephron plasma flow (RPF), 2) the glomerular hydrostatic pressure gradient (deltaP) from capillary to Bowman's space, 3) systemic oncotic pressure (piA), and 4) the glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA), and their respective roles in producing change in filtration rate. The process of filtration in the Munich-Wistar rat is characterized by filtration  pressure equilibrium and, therefore, filtration should be highly plasma flow-dependent. Analysis of data from this strain suggests that multiple factors can change LpA, and, at least in animals which do not achieve filtration pressure equilibrium, these alterations in LpA can influence the final filtration rate. Multivariate statistical analysis in a variety of experimental conditions in the Munich-Wistar rat suggest that changes in RPF remain the major mediator of change in nephron filtration rate, both in rats at filtration pressure equilibrium and in disequilibrated animals. Although the glomerulus is an ultrafilter driven by hydrostatic forces, changes in deltaP assume a lesser role in producing alterations in filtration rate.", "contents": "An analysis of the determinants of nephron filtration rate. Studies on glomerular filtration in the Munich-Wistar rat, a strain with surface glomeruli, have permitted for the first time the evaluation of the four factors that determine filtration rate: 1) the rate of nephron plasma flow (RPF), 2) the glomerular hydrostatic pressure gradient (deltaP) from capillary to Bowman's space, 3) systemic oncotic pressure (piA), and 4) the glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA), and their respective roles in producing change in filtration rate. The process of filtration in the Munich-Wistar rat is characterized by filtration  pressure equilibrium and, therefore, filtration should be highly plasma flow-dependent. Analysis of data from this strain suggests that multiple factors can change LpA, and, at least in animals which do not achieve filtration pressure equilibrium, these alterations in LpA can influence the final filtration rate. Multivariate statistical analysis in a variety of experimental conditions in the Munich-Wistar rat suggest that changes in RPF remain the major mediator of change in nephron filtration rate, both in rats at filtration pressure equilibrium and in disequilibrated animals. Although the glomerulus is an ultrafilter driven by hydrostatic forces, changes in deltaP assume a lesser role in producing alterations in filtration rate.", "PMID": 327829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10538", "title": "Rate of heat production related to degree of filament overlap in chick ALD muscle.", "content": "The anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) of chicks (2 wk old) was examined for rate of heat liberation when the muscle was reversibly stretched from L0 to about 1.6 L0. The \"plateau\" forces of isometric tetani were related to the corresponding rates of heat liberation. Presumably, in this region of length change the degree of overlap between the thick and thin filaments is changing. If the amount of overlap is known, the number of heavy meromyosin cross bridges in activity can be estimated. From this information, the amount of liberated energy can be calculated for a single cross-bridge cycling. In all of our measurements, there was heat production even at muscle lengths so great that no filament overlap would have to be assumed. This finding was incorported into the estimate for energy release per cross-bridge cycling.", "contents": "Rate of heat production related to degree of filament overlap in chick ALD muscle. The anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) of chicks (2 wk old) was examined for rate of heat liberation when the muscle was reversibly stretched from L0 to about 1.6 L0. The \"plateau\" forces of isometric tetani were related to the corresponding rates of heat liberation. Presumably, in this region of length change the degree of overlap between the thick and thin filaments is changing. If the amount of overlap is known, the number of heavy meromyosin cross bridges in activity can be estimated. From this information, the amount of liberated energy can be calculated for a single cross-bridge cycling. In all of our measurements, there was heat production even at muscle lengths so great that no filament overlap would have to be assumed. This finding was incorported into the estimate for energy release per cross-bridge cycling.", "PMID": 327830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10539", "title": "Uptake of amino acids by islet of Langerhans and other tissues of the toadfish.", "content": "The uptake of injected radioactive amino acids by the isolated islet and other tissues of the toadfish has been examined. The islet and most other tissues appear to actively transport most amino acids and, of the tissues studied, the islet is one of the most active in this regard. Most tissues accumulated the dicarboxylic acids to the greatest extent, with the basic amino acids and the neutral amino acids with unbranched side chains also being taken up well. However, each tissue showed a unique pattern of uptake of the different amino acids, and islet was distinguished by its high uptake of glycine 15 min after injection. The pattern of uptake of amino acids by toadfish islet does not appear to be related to their relative ability to stimulate insulin release from islets of other species or to their relative rates of metabolism, but does correlate well with the content of free amino acids in mouse islets and with the sum of the amino acid contents of anglerfish proinsulin and proglucagon.", "contents": "Uptake of amino acids by islet of Langerhans and other tissues of the toadfish. The uptake of injected radioactive amino acids by the isolated islet and other tissues of the toadfish has been examined. The islet and most other tissues appear to actively transport most amino acids and, of the tissues studied, the islet is one of the most active in this regard. Most tissues accumulated the dicarboxylic acids to the greatest extent, with the basic amino acids and the neutral amino acids with unbranched side chains also being taken up well. However, each tissue showed a unique pattern of uptake of the different amino acids, and islet was distinguished by its high uptake of glycine 15 min after injection. The pattern of uptake of amino acids by toadfish islet does not appear to be related to their relative ability to stimulate insulin release from islets of other species or to their relative rates of metabolism, but does correlate well with the content of free amino acids in mouse islets and with the sum of the amino acid contents of anglerfish proinsulin and proglucagon.", "PMID": 327831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10540", "title": "Psychotherapies: an overview.", "content": "The author schematically describes the three predominating themes in the development of the psychotherapies: dynamic, behavioral, and experiential. These themes represent different conceptualizations of the fundamental nature of man and his ills, therapeutic processes or change agents, the basic nature of the physician-patient relationship, and the primary techniques and methods used. Although there appears to be some unifying thread connecting the four different areas within each theme, a comparable bond does not exist across the three themes. The author questions the potential unification of the psychotherapies and poses specific dimensions for further exploration.", "contents": "Psychotherapies: an overview. The author schematically describes the three predominating themes in the development of the psychotherapies: dynamic, behavioral, and experiential. These themes represent different conceptualizations of the fundamental nature of man and his ills, therapeutic processes or change agents, the basic nature of the physician-patient relationship, and the primary techniques and methods used. Although there appears to be some unifying thread connecting the four different areas within each theme, a comparable bond does not exist across the three themes. The author questions the potential unification of the psychotherapies and poses specific dimensions for further exploration.", "PMID": 327833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10541", "title": "Life planning: an educational approach to change.", "content": "Life-planning methods that have emerged over the past several years offer alternatives to psychotherapy for the person experiencing the crises of mid-life and mid-career. The author describes several approaches to life planning and presents details regarding the implementation of life-planning methods.", "contents": "Life planning: an educational approach to change. Life-planning methods that have emerged over the past several years offer alternatives to psychotherapy for the person experiencing the crises of mid-life and mid-career. The author describes several approaches to life planning and presents details regarding the implementation of life-planning methods.", "PMID": 327834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10542", "title": "Brief family therapy may lead to deep personality change.", "content": "A 15 1/2-year-old boy with a falsetto voice and his family were treated by brief family therapy. The pace and direction of the patient's overall ego integration coincided closely with constant and rapid alteration of his conception of the human body. This change was clearly seen in his drawings done over aperiod of time. The authors suggest that deep personality changes may follow brief family therapy.", "contents": "Brief family therapy may lead to deep personality change. A 15 1/2-year-old boy with a falsetto voice and his family were treated by brief family therapy. The pace and direction of the patient's overall ego integration coincided closely with constant and rapid alteration of his conception of the human body. This change was clearly seen in his drawings done over aperiod of time. The authors suggest that deep personality changes may follow brief family therapy.", "PMID": 327836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10543", "title": "Collection of a clean voided urine specimen: a comparison among spoken, written, and computer-based instructions.", "content": "In an effort to compare different methods of instructing patients, 99 women 18-25 years of age were given computer, spoken, weitten, or no instructions for the collection of a clean voided urine specimen. The group who received computer instructions was the most uniform in its performance (P less than 0.002, F-test) and reported the fewest procedural problems (P less than 0.02, Fisher test). In addition, this group had fewer contaminating bacteria than the group who received written instructions (P less than 0.03 , Mann-Whitney test). The group who received no instructions had more bacteria (P less than 0.0001, Mann-Whitney test) than any of the other groups. The effectiveness of the computer instruction was probably related to numerous attributes, including the individualized quality of the dialogue, self-pacing, self-testing, and privacy.", "contents": "Collection of a clean voided urine specimen: a comparison among spoken, written, and computer-based instructions. In an effort to compare different methods of instructing patients, 99 women 18-25 years of age were given computer, spoken, weitten, or no instructions for the collection of a clean voided urine specimen. The group who received computer instructions was the most uniform in its performance (P less than 0.002, F-test) and reported the fewest procedural problems (P less than 0.02, Fisher test). In addition, this group had fewer contaminating bacteria than the group who received written instructions (P less than 0.03 , Mann-Whitney test). The group who received no instructions had more bacteria (P less than 0.0001, Mann-Whitney test) than any of the other groups. The effectiveness of the computer instruction was probably related to numerous attributes, including the individualized quality of the dialogue, self-pacing, self-testing, and privacy.", "PMID": 327837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10544", "title": "Further experience with anterior gastric fixation in the management of hiatal hernia.", "content": "Anterior gastropexy in properly selected patients is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for the surgical correction of symptomatic esophageal reflux in the presence of a sliding type of hiatal hernia not accompanied by fibrosis and secondary shortening of the esophagus. This technic is particularly useful in poor risk, elderly, and excessively obese patients and as an adjunct to other intraabdominal procedures.", "contents": "Further experience with anterior gastric fixation in the management of hiatal hernia. Anterior gastropexy in properly selected patients is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for the surgical correction of symptomatic esophageal reflux in the presence of a sliding type of hiatal hernia not accompanied by fibrosis and secondary shortening of the esophagus. This technic is particularly useful in poor risk, elderly, and excessively obese patients and as an adjunct to other intraabdominal procedures.", "PMID": 327839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10545", "title": "Injuries to the inferior vena cava and their management.", "content": "Injuries to the inferior vena cava are being seen with increasing frequency in the civilian population. A review of the experience at UCLA/Harbor General Hospital Medical Center over a ten year period (1966 to 1976) discloses thirty-four patients with major injuries to the inferior vena cava, with an overall mortality of 53%. The factors that appear critical to patient survival are: (1) level of injury (suprarenal versus infrarenal sites); (2) presence or absence of profound shock on admission; and (3) the speed with which diagnosis is made and treatment carried out. Technical considerations regarding identification and handling of inferior vena caval injuries are presented. The mortality rate for major inferior vena caval injuries remains distressingly high and serves as a challenge for future improvement.", "contents": "Injuries to the inferior vena cava and their management. Injuries to the inferior vena cava are being seen with increasing frequency in the civilian population. A review of the experience at UCLA/Harbor General Hospital Medical Center over a ten year period (1966 to 1976) discloses thirty-four patients with major injuries to the inferior vena cava, with an overall mortality of 53%. The factors that appear critical to patient survival are: (1) level of injury (suprarenal versus infrarenal sites); (2) presence or absence of profound shock on admission; and (3) the speed with which diagnosis is made and treatment carried out. Technical considerations regarding identification and handling of inferior vena caval injuries are presented. The mortality rate for major inferior vena caval injuries remains distressingly high and serves as a challenge for future improvement.", "PMID": 327840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10546", "title": "Breast reconstruction after mastectomy.", "content": "Reconstruction of the breast contour and areolanipple complex can be undertaken in patients who have had mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast. Although the reconstructed breast is not normal, the restored contour and simulation is gratifying for those patients who have sought this procedure.", "contents": "Breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Reconstruction of the breast contour and areolanipple complex can be undertaken in patients who have had mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast. Although the reconstructed breast is not normal, the restored contour and simulation is gratifying for those patients who have sought this procedure.", "PMID": 327843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10547", "title": "Bacteriology of necrotizing fasciitis.", "content": "Sixteen patients with necrotizing fasciitis were observed under clinical and laboratory conditions for collection, preservation, and culture that permitted optimal retrieval of anaerobes. The clinical observations of necrosis of fascia, subcutaneous fat and skin with thrombosis of the microvasculature, and absence of myonecrosis were clearly apparent in these patients. Two clear-cut groups of culture and gram stain results were found, suggesting that the clinical entity of necrotizing fasciitis can occur after infection by different infecting organisms. The cultivation of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A), either alone or in combination with staphylococcus, in three patients conforms to the culture results found by Meleney [1] in his original description.", "contents": "Bacteriology of necrotizing fasciitis. Sixteen patients with necrotizing fasciitis were observed under clinical and laboratory conditions for collection, preservation, and culture that permitted optimal retrieval of anaerobes. The clinical observations of necrosis of fascia, subcutaneous fat and skin with thrombosis of the microvasculature, and absence of myonecrosis were clearly apparent in these patients. Two clear-cut groups of culture and gram stain results were found, suggesting that the clinical entity of necrotizing fasciitis can occur after infection by different infecting organisms. The cultivation of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A), either alone or in combination with staphylococcus, in three patients conforms to the culture results found by Meleney [1] in his original description.", "PMID": 327844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10548", "title": "Multiple coronary artery bypass using sequential technic.", "content": "The relief of symptoms of myocardial ischemia and its lasting effect may be related to completeness of myocardial revascularization. Multiple bypass grafting to arteries with lesser stenosis and to small arteries can be simplified by use of the sequential technic. This can be done with no added risk, but its ultimate effectiveness will have to be determined at a much later date.", "contents": "Multiple coronary artery bypass using sequential technic. The relief of symptoms of myocardial ischemia and its lasting effect may be related to completeness of myocardial revascularization. Multiple bypass grafting to arteries with lesser stenosis and to small arteries can be simplified by use of the sequential technic. This can be done with no added risk, but its ultimate effectiveness will have to be determined at a much later date.", "PMID": 327845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10549", "title": "Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and oxygen affinity.", "content": "The ease with which haemoglobin releases oxygen to the tissues is controlled by erythrocytic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) such that an increase in the concentration of 2,3-DPG decreases oxygen affinity and vice versa. This review article describes the synthesis and breakdown of 2,3-DPG in the Embden-Meyerof pathway in red cells and briefly explains the molecular basis for its effect on oxygen affinity. Interaction of the effects of pH, Pco2, temperature and 2,3-DPG on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve are discussed. The role of 2,3-DPG in the intraerythrocytic adaptation to various types of hypoxaemia is described. The increased oxygen affinity of blood stored in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution has been shown to be due to the decrease in the concentration of 2,3-DPG which occurs during storage. Methods of maintaining the concentration of 2,3-DPG in stored blood are described. The clinical implication of transfusion of elderly people, anaemic or pregnant patients with ACD stored blood to anaesthetically and surgically acceptable haemoglobin concentrations are discussed. Hypophosphataemia in association with parenteral feeding reduces 2,3-DPG concentration and so increases oxygen affinity. Since post-operative use of intravenous fluids such as dextrose or dextrose/saline also lead to hypophosphataemia, the addition of inorganic phosphorus to routine post-operative intravenous fluid may be advisable. Disorders of acid-base balance effect oxygen affinity not only by the direct effect of pH on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve but by its control of 2,3-DPG metabolism. Management of acid-base disorders and pre-operative aklalinization of patients with sickle cell disease whould take account of this. It is known that anaesthesia alters the position of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, but it is thought that this is independent of any effects which anaesthetic agents may have on 2,3-DPG concentration. In vitro manipulation of 2,3-DPG concentration with steroids has already been carried out. Elucidation of the role of 2,3-DPG in the control of oxygen affinity may ultimately lead to iatrogenic manipulation of oxygen affinity in vivo.", "contents": "Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and oxygen affinity. The ease with which haemoglobin releases oxygen to the tissues is controlled by erythrocytic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) such that an increase in the concentration of 2,3-DPG decreases oxygen affinity and vice versa. This review article describes the synthesis and breakdown of 2,3-DPG in the Embden-Meyerof pathway in red cells and briefly explains the molecular basis for its effect on oxygen affinity. Interaction of the effects of pH, Pco2, temperature and 2,3-DPG on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve are discussed. The role of 2,3-DPG in the intraerythrocytic adaptation to various types of hypoxaemia is described. The increased oxygen affinity of blood stored in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution has been shown to be due to the decrease in the concentration of 2,3-DPG which occurs during storage. Methods of maintaining the concentration of 2,3-DPG in stored blood are described. The clinical implication of transfusion of elderly people, anaemic or pregnant patients with ACD stored blood to anaesthetically and surgically acceptable haemoglobin concentrations are discussed. Hypophosphataemia in association with parenteral feeding reduces 2,3-DPG concentration and so increases oxygen affinity. Since post-operative use of intravenous fluids such as dextrose or dextrose/saline also lead to hypophosphataemia, the addition of inorganic phosphorus to routine post-operative intravenous fluid may be advisable. Disorders of acid-base balance effect oxygen affinity not only by the direct effect of pH on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve but by its control of 2,3-DPG metabolism. Management of acid-base disorders and pre-operative aklalinization of patients with sickle cell disease whould take account of this. It is known that anaesthesia alters the position of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, but it is thought that this is independent of any effects which anaesthetic agents may have on 2,3-DPG concentration. In vitro manipulation of 2,3-DPG concentration with steroids has already been carried out. Elucidation of the role of 2,3-DPG in the control of oxygen affinity may ultimately lead to iatrogenic manipulation of oxygen affinity in vivo.", "PMID": 327846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10550", "title": "The basle PEEP weaner. A versatile device for respiratory assistance.", "content": "A device to modify the physiological impact of the abrupt transition of IPPV and PEEP to spontaneous breathing is described. It consists of a coaxial breathing system with a spring-loaded reservoir bag and underwater pressure limit. Electric alarms are incorporated.", "contents": "The basle PEEP weaner. A versatile device for respiratory assistance. A device to modify the physiological impact of the abrupt transition of IPPV and PEEP to spontaneous breathing is described. It consists of a coaxial breathing system with a spring-loaded reservoir bag and underwater pressure limit. Electric alarms are incorporated.", "PMID": 327847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10551", "title": "Comparison of the effects of acupuncture and codeine on postoperative dental pain.", "content": "The analgesic effects of acupuncture were compared with those of codeine in the treatment of postoperative dental pain in 40 healthy male volunteers 18 to 30 years old. Upon the patient's recovery from local anesthesia (lidocaine), he was asked by a trained observer to classify the intensity of his pain as none, mild, moderate, or severe. He then received one of the following treatments: 1. Placebo: lactose, plus acupuncture placebo 2. Codeine: codeine, plus acupuncture placebo 3. Acupuncture (Ho-Ku): lactose, plus 2 Ho-Ku points 4. Codeine-acupuncture: codeine, plus 2 Ho-Ku points. The pain intensity score was recorded by the observer at half-hour intervals for 3 hours. Patients in treatment groups 2, 3 and 4 showed significantly greater pain relief than those in treatment group 1. For the 1st half hour, there was more pain relief with Ho-Ku alone than with codeine plus Ho-Ko (p less than 0.01). However, for the 2, 2 1/2, and 3-hour periods, codeine plus Ho-Ku produced more pain relief than any of the other treatments.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of acupuncture and codeine on postoperative dental pain. The analgesic effects of acupuncture were compared with those of codeine in the treatment of postoperative dental pain in 40 healthy male volunteers 18 to 30 years old. Upon the patient's recovery from local anesthesia (lidocaine), he was asked by a trained observer to classify the intensity of his pain as none, mild, moderate, or severe. He then received one of the following treatments: 1. Placebo: lactose, plus acupuncture placebo 2. Codeine: codeine, plus acupuncture placebo 3. Acupuncture (Ho-Ku): lactose, plus 2 Ho-Ku points 4. Codeine-acupuncture: codeine, plus 2 Ho-Ku points. The pain intensity score was recorded by the observer at half-hour intervals for 3 hours. Patients in treatment groups 2, 3 and 4 showed significantly greater pain relief than those in treatment group 1. For the 1st half hour, there was more pain relief with Ho-Ku alone than with codeine plus Ho-Ko (p less than 0.01). However, for the 2, 2 1/2, and 3-hour periods, codeine plus Ho-Ku produced more pain relief than any of the other treatments.", "PMID": 327853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10552", "title": "A comparison of droperidol, diazepam, and hydroxyzine hydrochloride as premedication.", "content": "A double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of droperidol (5 mg), hydroxyzine  HCl (50 mg), diazepam (5 mg), and saline placebo, given concomitantly with meperidine (50 or 75 mg) for preoperative medication, was conducted in 280 female patients scheduled for minor gynecologic procedures. Droperidol proved to significantly superior to the other study drugs in alleviating apprehension (83% of patients calm versus 54, 46, and 34% for hydroxyzine, diazepam, and placebo, respectively). Some drowsiness, occurred in 68 percent of the droperidol-treated patients versus 31, 30, and 21 percent of the other 3 groups, respectively. Global evaluations were consistent with these findings. No clinically significant changes were observed in vital signs in any of the study-drug groups. Adverse reactions were unremarkable in all groups. Significantly less nausea occurred with droperidol than with other treatments, and signficantly less vomiting occurred with droperidol or hydroxyzine. Significantly fewer patients in the droperidol group than in the diazepam group required postoperative antiemetics.", "contents": "A comparison of droperidol, diazepam, and hydroxyzine hydrochloride as premedication. A double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of droperidol (5 mg), hydroxyzine  HCl (50 mg), diazepam (5 mg), and saline placebo, given concomitantly with meperidine (50 or 75 mg) for preoperative medication, was conducted in 280 female patients scheduled for minor gynecologic procedures. Droperidol proved to significantly superior to the other study drugs in alleviating apprehension (83% of patients calm versus 54, 46, and 34% for hydroxyzine, diazepam, and placebo, respectively). Some drowsiness, occurred in 68 percent of the droperidol-treated patients versus 31, 30, and 21 percent of the other 3 groups, respectively. Global evaluations were consistent with these findings. No clinically significant changes were observed in vital signs in any of the study-drug groups. Adverse reactions were unremarkable in all groups. Significantly less nausea occurred with droperidol than with other treatments, and signficantly less vomiting occurred with droperidol or hydroxyzine. Significantly fewer patients in the droperidol group than in the diazepam group required postoperative antiemetics.", "PMID": 327854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10553", "title": "[Dysimmunologic and pseudolymphomatous adenopathies. I. Immunoblastic and plasmocytic lymphadenopathies].", "content": "The authors report 9 cases with pseudo-lymphomatous lesions associated with dysimmunitary features. They discuss the correlations between these cases and similar entities, for instance angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (LAID). It seems that all these anatomoclinical syndromes could be referred to as dysimmunitary and pseudolymphomatous adenopathies (ADPL). The first type--ADPL type I--rich in immunoblasts and plasmocytes is defined. LAID is the most common form. The term \"dysimmunitary\" reflects not only the biological disturbances which accompany these lesions, but also their possible physiopathological mechanism, type I ADPL being apparently due to problem chiefly affecting humoral immunity.", "contents": "[Dysimmunologic and pseudolymphomatous adenopathies. I. Immunoblastic and plasmocytic lymphadenopathies]. The authors report 9 cases with pseudo-lymphomatous lesions associated with dysimmunitary features. They discuss the correlations between these cases and similar entities, for instance angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (LAID). It seems that all these anatomoclinical syndromes could be referred to as dysimmunitary and pseudolymphomatous adenopathies (ADPL). The first type--ADPL type I--rich in immunoblasts and plasmocytes is defined. LAID is the most common form. The term \"dysimmunitary\" reflects not only the biological disturbances which accompany these lesions, but also their possible physiopathological mechanism, type I ADPL being apparently due to problem chiefly affecting humoral immunity.", "PMID": 327868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10554", "title": "[Silent pyloroduodenal gastrinomas. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "The authors report three anatomoclinical studies concerning apparently moderately aggressive endocrine tumors developped in the sub-mucosa of the duodenal bulb (2 cases) and of the pyloro-bulbar region (1 case), not connected with the pancreas, and occuring in the absence of a parietal ectopic pancreas. Two of these tumors were ulcerous but the associated syndromes (pains and hemorrhage) did not evoke, clinically, a Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. However, examination with immunofluorescence showed the presence of immunoreactive gastrine in a large number of cells. Having found some similar cases in the literature, the authors precise the features of these silent pyloro-duodenal gastrinomas: it is a variety of carcinoids or of \"carcinoid-islet cell tumors\". The cells contain argyrophile granules (Grimelius stain) which correspond in electron microscopy to neuro-secretory granules that may be quite different from G. granules. In the absence of significant clinical signs and of a radio-immunologic blood test, the presence of immunoreactive gastrin in the cells is the main feature for the diagnostic of these tumors. These tumors seem to arise from the gastrin cells of the mucosa or from their precursors as is suggested by the transitional forms with the fundus of the glands. Whatever the reason of the peculiar functional behavior, these neoplasms can be easily isolated from the anonymous group of duodenal carcinoids.", "contents": "[Silent pyloroduodenal gastrinomas. Apropos of 3 cases]. The authors report three anatomoclinical studies concerning apparently moderately aggressive endocrine tumors developped in the sub-mucosa of the duodenal bulb (2 cases) and of the pyloro-bulbar region (1 case), not connected with the pancreas, and occuring in the absence of a parietal ectopic pancreas. Two of these tumors were ulcerous but the associated syndromes (pains and hemorrhage) did not evoke, clinically, a Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. However, examination with immunofluorescence showed the presence of immunoreactive gastrine in a large number of cells. Having found some similar cases in the literature, the authors precise the features of these silent pyloro-duodenal gastrinomas: it is a variety of carcinoids or of \"carcinoid-islet cell tumors\". The cells contain argyrophile granules (Grimelius stain) which correspond in electron microscopy to neuro-secretory granules that may be quite different from G. granules. In the absence of significant clinical signs and of a radio-immunologic blood test, the presence of immunoreactive gastrin in the cells is the main feature for the diagnostic of these tumors. These tumors seem to arise from the gastrin cells of the mucosa or from their precursors as is suggested by the transitional forms with the fundus of the glands. Whatever the reason of the peculiar functional behavior, these neoplasms can be easily isolated from the anonymous group of duodenal carcinoids.", "PMID": 327869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10555", "title": "[Dysimmunologic and pseudolymphomatous adenopathies. II. Lymphadenopathies rich in epithelial cells].", "content": "Besides the dysimmunitary and pseudo-lymphomatous adenopathies rich in immunoblasts and plasmocytes (ADPL type I) five cases showed similar clinical and biological data but with frequently otorhinolaryngologic location. The lesions are characterized by important structural changes and abundant epithelioid cells are comparable to Lukes' type III immunoblastic lymphadenopathies and to Lennert's lymphoepithelioid lymphomas. They must be distinguished from Hodgkin's granulomas which are rich in epithelioid cells. They are perhaps due to a disturbancy bearing mainly on the cellular immunity.", "contents": "[Dysimmunologic and pseudolymphomatous adenopathies. II. Lymphadenopathies rich in epithelial cells]. Besides the dysimmunitary and pseudo-lymphomatous adenopathies rich in immunoblasts and plasmocytes (ADPL type I) five cases showed similar clinical and biological data but with frequently otorhinolaryngologic location. The lesions are characterized by important structural changes and abundant epithelioid cells are comparable to Lukes' type III immunoblastic lymphadenopathies and to Lennert's lymphoepithelioid lymphomas. They must be distinguished from Hodgkin's granulomas which are rich in epithelioid cells. They are perhaps due to a disturbancy bearing mainly on the cellular immunity.", "PMID": 327870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10556", "title": "Changes of resistance of enteric bacteria in mice given tetracycline in drinking water.", "content": "Tetracycline given to mice via their drinking water for long periods changed the gram-negative enteric flora and increased the minimal inhibitory concentration of tetracycline for Proteus and Escherichia coli in the feces.", "contents": "Changes of resistance of enteric bacteria in mice given tetracycline in drinking water. Tetracycline given to mice via their drinking water for long periods changed the gram-negative enteric flora and increased the minimal inhibitory concentration of tetracycline for Proteus and Escherichia coli in the feces.", "PMID": 327871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10557", "title": "Immunosuppression in deer mice with experimentally induced trypanosomiasis.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic examinations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) chronically infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum revealed hyperplasia of germinal center lymphocytes (germanocytes) in the lymph follicles of spleen and lymph nodes and infiltration of the splenic red pulp cords and nodal medullary cords with plasma cells. Proliferation and infiltration of plasma cells caused disruption of the B- and T-lymphocyte areas in these organs. Stimulation of splenic lymphocytes in vitro by phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A revealed marked depression in T-lymphocyte response; stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and pokeweed mitogens showed depression of B-cell response. Deer mice infected with virulent trypanosomes had decreased immunologic response to injection of sheep red blood cells, whereas deer mice given radioattenuated trypanosomes had normal to enhanced immunologic response to injection of sheep red blood cells.", "contents": "Immunosuppression in deer mice with experimentally induced trypanosomiasis. Light and electron microscopic examinations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) chronically infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum revealed hyperplasia of germinal center lymphocytes (germanocytes) in the lymph follicles of spleen and lymph nodes and infiltration of the splenic red pulp cords and nodal medullary cords with plasma cells. Proliferation and infiltration of plasma cells caused disruption of the B- and T-lymphocyte areas in these organs. Stimulation of splenic lymphocytes in vitro by phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A revealed marked depression in T-lymphocyte response; stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and pokeweed mitogens showed depression of B-cell response. Deer mice infected with virulent trypanosomes had decreased immunologic response to injection of sheep red blood cells, whereas deer mice given radioattenuated trypanosomes had normal to enhanced immunologic response to injection of sheep red blood cells.", "PMID": 327872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10558", "title": "Flow rates from an intermittent positive pressure breathing-anesthetic delivery apparatus for horses.", "content": "Inspiratory flow rates were measured and compared in an equine intermittent positive pressure breathing-anesthesia delivery apparatus powered by a positive phase ventilator, a positive-negative phase ventilator, and a modified positive phase ventilator with automatic flow acceleration at driving pressures of 2,600, 4,400, and 5,200 mm of Hg (50, 85, and 100 psi). The last-named apparatus consistently produced the highest flows for a given ventilator setting and driving pressure. Regardless of the unit used, the greater driving pressures and high ventilator range settings produced the greatest flows.", "contents": "Flow rates from an intermittent positive pressure breathing-anesthetic delivery apparatus for horses. Inspiratory flow rates were measured and compared in an equine intermittent positive pressure breathing-anesthesia delivery apparatus powered by a positive phase ventilator, a positive-negative phase ventilator, and a modified positive phase ventilator with automatic flow acceleration at driving pressures of 2,600, 4,400, and 5,200 mm of Hg (50, 85, and 100 psi). The last-named apparatus consistently produced the highest flows for a given ventilator setting and driving pressure. Regardless of the unit used, the greater driving pressures and high ventilator range settings produced the greatest flows.", "PMID": 327874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10559", "title": "R factor types found in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli isolated from calves in a confined environment.", "content": "Typing of R factors by genetic properties was done with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli isolated from calves on a feedlot where epizootics of clinical or subclinical calf salmonellosis had repeatedly occurred during 5 years. Forty-nine R factors from S typhimurium were fi- (no fertility inhibition) and spp- (no restriction against phage lambda vir). Twenty-three (46.9%) of them belonged to compatibility group Ialpha and the remainder were nontypable. Fourteen R factors from E coli belonged to different genetic types: fi+ (11=78.6%) and fi- (3=21.4%); spp+ (1=7.1%) and spp- (13=92.9%); compatibility groups FII (5=35.7%), N (1=7.1%), and nontypable (8=57.2%). In contrast to the R factors of S typhimurium, 9 (64.3%) of the 14 R factors of E coli carried resistance against aminobenzyl penicillin with or without kanamycin resistance. The compatibility groups of R factors of S typhimurium seemed to be useful as a subsidiary epizootiologic marker in this feedlot.", "contents": "R factor types found in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli isolated from calves in a confined environment. Typing of R factors by genetic properties was done with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli isolated from calves on a feedlot where epizootics of clinical or subclinical calf salmonellosis had repeatedly occurred during 5 years. Forty-nine R factors from S typhimurium were fi- (no fertility inhibition) and spp- (no restriction against phage lambda vir). Twenty-three (46.9%) of them belonged to compatibility group Ialpha and the remainder were nontypable. Fourteen R factors from E coli belonged to different genetic types: fi+ (11=78.6%) and fi- (3=21.4%); spp+ (1=7.1%) and spp- (13=92.9%); compatibility groups FII (5=35.7%), N (1=7.1%), and nontypable (8=57.2%). In contrast to the R factors of S typhimurium, 9 (64.3%) of the 14 R factors of E coli carried resistance against aminobenzyl penicillin with or without kanamycin resistance. The compatibility groups of R factors of S typhimurium seemed to be useful as a subsidiary epizootiologic marker in this feedlot.", "PMID": 327875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10560", "title": "Frequency of ovarian follicular cysts, reasons for culling, and fertility in Holstein-Friesian cows given gonadotropin-releasing hormone at two weeks after parturition.", "content": "Holstein-Friesian cows (n=204) were given saline solution or 200 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by intramuscular injection at 8 to 23 days after parturition. Of cows culled, fewer GnRH-treated cows were culled for infertility, compared with number of cows given saline solution (26 vs 57%; P less than 0.05). Frequency of ovarian follicular cysts was reduced from 15.2% in controls to 5.7% for cows given GnRH (P less than 0.01). The interval to 1st insemination, interval to conception, and inseminations per conception did not differ among saline solution or GnRH-treated cows which remained in the herds. These data provide evidence for reduction in infertility and reproductive disorders in early postpartum dairy cows given GnRH as a prophylactic.", "contents": "Frequency of ovarian follicular cysts, reasons for culling, and fertility in Holstein-Friesian cows given gonadotropin-releasing hormone at two weeks after parturition. Holstein-Friesian cows (n=204) were given saline solution or 200 microgram of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by intramuscular injection at 8 to 23 days after parturition. Of cows culled, fewer GnRH-treated cows were culled for infertility, compared with number of cows given saline solution (26 vs 57%; P less than 0.05). Frequency of ovarian follicular cysts was reduced from 15.2% in controls to 5.7% for cows given GnRH (P less than 0.01). The interval to 1st insemination, interval to conception, and inseminations per conception did not differ among saline solution or GnRH-treated cows which remained in the herds. These data provide evidence for reduction in infertility and reproductive disorders in early postpartum dairy cows given GnRH as a prophylactic.", "PMID": 327876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10561", "title": "Migration-inhibition response of peripheral leukocytes to tuberculin in cats sensitized with viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG).", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to antigens injected intradermally are reported as not occurring in the cat. Cats infected with viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) organisms developed a transient migration-inhibition response of their leukocytes to tuberculin. The migration-inhibition response subsided in 6 weeks in spite of the persistance of viable BCG. Significant intradermal reactions to tuberculin 60 days after BCG injection did not occur. The response of the cat differs from that of many mammalian species in which strong in vivo and in vitro delayed hypersensitivity type reactions persist with mycobacterial infections. Despite the lack of continued measurable delayed hypersensitivity, the cat appears to have adequate resistance to mycobacterial infections.", "contents": "Migration-inhibition response of peripheral leukocytes to tuberculin in cats sensitized with viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG). Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to antigens injected intradermally are reported as not occurring in the cat. Cats infected with viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) organisms developed a transient migration-inhibition response of their leukocytes to tuberculin. The migration-inhibition response subsided in 6 weeks in spite of the persistance of viable BCG. Significant intradermal reactions to tuberculin 60 days after BCG injection did not occur. The response of the cat differs from that of many mammalian species in which strong in vivo and in vitro delayed hypersensitivity type reactions persist with mycobacterial infections. Despite the lack of continued measurable delayed hypersensitivity, the cat appears to have adequate resistance to mycobacterial infections.", "PMID": 327877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10562", "title": "Isolation of Mycobacterium bovis from the prepuce of a herd bull.", "content": "A tuberculous lesion was found in the prepuce of a 5-year-old tuberculin-positive herd bull at necropsy. Microscopic examination revealed granulomas with Langhans'-type giant cells; Mycobacterium bovis was isolated. The bull had been used in artificial insemination procedures and for natural breeding.", "contents": "Isolation of Mycobacterium bovis from the prepuce of a herd bull. A tuberculous lesion was found in the prepuce of a 5-year-old tuberculin-positive herd bull at necropsy. Microscopic examination revealed granulomas with Langhans'-type giant cells; Mycobacterium bovis was isolated. The bull had been used in artificial insemination procedures and for natural breeding.", "PMID": 327878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10563", "title": "[Treatment with Chloranphenicol of neonatal sepsis-meningitis by gram-negative bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight newborn infants having previously received broad spectrum antibiotics were treated with intravenous chloranphenicol succinate for sepsis-meningitis during a klebsiella neumoniae outbreak. Five of them survived without sequelae. Over the third week of treatment two infants developed a transient bone marrow suppresion accompanied by a \"pseudo-septic\" clinical picture; this syndrome, that we have not found previously reported, was benign, disappearing when the drug was discontinued.", "contents": "[Treatment with Chloranphenicol of neonatal sepsis-meningitis by gram-negative bacteria (author's transl)]. Eight newborn infants having previously received broad spectrum antibiotics were treated with intravenous chloranphenicol succinate for sepsis-meningitis during a klebsiella neumoniae outbreak. Five of them survived without sequelae. Over the third week of treatment two infants developed a transient bone marrow suppresion accompanied by a \"pseudo-septic\" clinical picture; this syndrome, that we have not found previously reported, was benign, disappearing when the drug was discontinued.", "PMID": 327883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10564", "title": "The literature and history of internal medicine: an annotated bibliography.", "content": "This bibliography includes 58 books on the history of various medical subspecialties and general reference works useful in obtaining historical and biographical material relevant to internal medicine and related areas. In addition to a brief review of the contents of each volume, information is included on their publication and availability. It is designed to serve as an introduction to the history of internal medicine as well as a source of reference.", "contents": "The literature and history of internal medicine: an annotated bibliography. This bibliography includes 58 books on the history of various medical subspecialties and general reference works useful in obtaining historical and biographical material relevant to internal medicine and related areas. In addition to a brief review of the contents of each volume, information is included on their publication and availability. It is designed to serve as an introduction to the history of internal medicine as well as a source of reference.", "PMID": 327886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10565", "title": "Amyloid deposition in a renal transplant in familial Mediterranean fever.", "content": "A patient with familial Mediterranean fever and amyloidosis who received a cadaver renal transplant 6 1/2 years ago was studied to determine the relation of the serum precursor of secondary amyloid (SAA) to the clinical course and to the deposition of amyloid in the transplant. Amyloid fibrils extracted from the patient's kidneys contained protein AA as a major constituent, which identified the amyloid as secondary. Protein AA antiserum was used in an indirect immunofluorescent technique to stain amyloid deposits in sections of the original kidney. A renal biopsy at 2 years showed no amyloid, but a renal biopsy at 4 years showed amyloid. Serum levels of SAA from 3 years before transplant to 6 years after transplant were elevated throughout most of the course.", "contents": "Amyloid deposition in a renal transplant in familial Mediterranean fever. A patient with familial Mediterranean fever and amyloidosis who received a cadaver renal transplant 6 1/2 years ago was studied to determine the relation of the serum precursor of secondary amyloid (SAA) to the clinical course and to the deposition of amyloid in the transplant. Amyloid fibrils extracted from the patient's kidneys contained protein AA as a major constituent, which identified the amyloid as secondary. Protein AA antiserum was used in an indirect immunofluorescent technique to stain amyloid deposits in sections of the original kidney. A renal biopsy at 2 years showed no amyloid, but a renal biopsy at 4 years showed amyloid. Serum levels of SAA from 3 years before transplant to 6 years after transplant were elevated throughout most of the course.", "PMID": 327890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10566", "title": "Lymphoma presenting in bone: results of histopathology, staging, and therapy.", "content": "Lymphoma presenting in bone (that is \"reticulum cell sarcoma of bone\") is a form of extranodal lymphoma historically described as frequently localized (this is, stage IE or stage IIE). Between 1970 and 1975, 14 patients with this entity were seen at the National Cancer Institute. This group had a variety of histologic subtypes of diffuse lymphoma. Thorough staging showed extensive disease (stage IV) in 12 of these patients (86%). In 10 of these the metastatic disease was unsuspected clinically. Seven patients achieved complete remissions after treatment was combination chemotherapy alone (two patients), irradiation alone (one patient), surgery alone (one patient), and both chemotherapy and irradiation (three patients) and are alive and free of disease 11 + to 70 + months after diagnosis. The other seven patients did not achieve complete remission status and have all died. Although lymphomas presenting in bone may occasionally be localized, careful staging in this series frequently showed extensive disease and altered the therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Lymphoma presenting in bone: results of histopathology, staging, and therapy. Lymphoma presenting in bone (that is \"reticulum cell sarcoma of bone\") is a form of extranodal lymphoma historically described as frequently localized (this is, stage IE or stage IIE). Between 1970 and 1975, 14 patients with this entity were seen at the National Cancer Institute. This group had a variety of histologic subtypes of diffuse lymphoma. Thorough staging showed extensive disease (stage IV) in 12 of these patients (86%). In 10 of these the metastatic disease was unsuspected clinically. Seven patients achieved complete remissions after treatment was combination chemotherapy alone (two patients), irradiation alone (one patient), surgery alone (one patient), and both chemotherapy and irradiation (three patients) and are alive and free of disease 11 + to 70 + months after diagnosis. The other seven patients did not achieve complete remission status and have all died. Although lymphomas presenting in bone may occasionally be localized, careful staging in this series frequently showed extensive disease and altered the therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 327894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10567", "title": "[The relationship between the degree of dissemination of pharyngolaryngeal tumours and immunological changes (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation was carried out on 34 patients with malignant pharyngolaryngeal tumours which had been operated on, microscopic changes in the regional ganglia (sinusal histocytosis, hypertrophy of the germinal centres, the paracortical area, the number of pyroninophilic plasmocytes, the behaviour of the mastocytes) and into certain cell immunity tests (the cytological formula of the inflammatory reaction in the cutaneous window, intracutaneous reaction to tuberculin, the time taken to reject normal skin homografts). The results were correlated with the presence or absence of ganglionic metastases. A relative correlation was found between the absence of metastasis, and manifest sinusal histiocytosis, the hypertrophied paracortical zone, the considerable number of young mastocytes, early mobilisation of macrophages, a normal amount of time taken to reject the cutaneous homograft. These tests enable certain prognostic conclusions to be drawn and draw attention to the need, in some cases, to build up the low level of immunity.", "contents": "[The relationship between the degree of dissemination of pharyngolaryngeal tumours and immunological changes (author's transl)]. An investigation was carried out on 34 patients with malignant pharyngolaryngeal tumours which had been operated on, microscopic changes in the regional ganglia (sinusal histocytosis, hypertrophy of the germinal centres, the paracortical area, the number of pyroninophilic plasmocytes, the behaviour of the mastocytes) and into certain cell immunity tests (the cytological formula of the inflammatory reaction in the cutaneous window, intracutaneous reaction to tuberculin, the time taken to reject normal skin homografts). The results were correlated with the presence or absence of ganglionic metastases. A relative correlation was found between the absence of metastasis, and manifest sinusal histiocytosis, the hypertrophied paracortical zone, the considerable number of young mastocytes, early mobilisation of macrophages, a normal amount of time taken to reject the cutaneous homograft. These tests enable certain prognostic conclusions to be drawn and draw attention to the need, in some cases, to build up the low level of immunity.", "PMID": 327897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10568", "title": "Serum fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products in patients with ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "Fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP) in the serum of 50 patients with ovarian carcinoma was examined by Nyl\u00e9hn's immunochemical method. FDP were rarely found in early but frequently in advanced stages of ovarian tumours. With successful treatment, FDP decreased; otherwise persistently high FDP concentrations were observed in the serum. The determination serum FDP might be a valuable aid in assessing the effect of treatment.", "contents": "Serum fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP) in the serum of 50 patients with ovarian carcinoma was examined by Nyl\u00e9hn's immunochemical method. FDP were rarely found in early but frequently in advanced stages of ovarian tumours. With successful treatment, FDP decreased; otherwise persistently high FDP concentrations were observed in the serum. The determination serum FDP might be a valuable aid in assessing the effect of treatment.", "PMID": 327909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10569", "title": "Predominance of extreme geographical proximity of the spouses of heirs to independent farms in a mountain valley in Norway between 1600 and 1850.", "content": "The marriages contracted between 1600 and 1850 in the parishes Vang and Slidre in the mountain valley of Valdres in Norway were investigated, using the information in the genealogical and local history of the parishes and in various public archives. The parishes functioned as a marriage isolate, in spite of regular communication with neighbouring districts. Only 54 of 4334 marriages were with residents outside the parishes, and marriages with a non-farming class (clergy) were as rare (47); 1130 marriages were probably between offspring of crofters and independent farmers. The further analysis concerns 3103 marriages contracted by the eldest sons and other heirs to 463 of the 493 farms, with members of the farming class within the parishes. Because of the linear settlement with clusters of same-named farms along both sides of the river, marital distance was measured by counting the number of farm-clusters (neighbourhood steps) between places of birth. In comparison with expectation when the marriage partner is chosen at random, marriages within the cluster occurred 13 times more frequently than expected, with an adjoining cluster 8 times more frequently and with a neighbour 1-2 clusters away 6 times as frequently as expected. One-third of the 3103 marriages were contracted within a distance of two clusters or less, and 60% eight clusters or less apart. A marital distance of 15 clusters (= 7 km) included 74% of the marriages. The predominance of a marriage pattern based on such geographical proximity must necessarily imply similarity in genetic structure of the descendants. Close consanguineous mating was apparently consciously avoided. This extreme geographical proximity of the spouses of heirs to the independent farms is probably explained by the function of a marriage as a contract to benefit the farm: promoting good neighbourliness and preventing quarrels and lawsuits related to the already very complicated ownership of cultivated land.", "contents": "Predominance of extreme geographical proximity of the spouses of heirs to independent farms in a mountain valley in Norway between 1600 and 1850. The marriages contracted between 1600 and 1850 in the parishes Vang and Slidre in the mountain valley of Valdres in Norway were investigated, using the information in the genealogical and local history of the parishes and in various public archives. The parishes functioned as a marriage isolate, in spite of regular communication with neighbouring districts. Only 54 of 4334 marriages were with residents outside the parishes, and marriages with a non-farming class (clergy) were as rare (47); 1130 marriages were probably between offspring of crofters and independent farmers. The further analysis concerns 3103 marriages contracted by the eldest sons and other heirs to 463 of the 493 farms, with members of the farming class within the parishes. Because of the linear settlement with clusters of same-named farms along both sides of the river, marital distance was measured by counting the number of farm-clusters (neighbourhood steps) between places of birth. In comparison with expectation when the marriage partner is chosen at random, marriages within the cluster occurred 13 times more frequently than expected, with an adjoining cluster 8 times more frequently and with a neighbour 1-2 clusters away 6 times as frequently as expected. One-third of the 3103 marriages were contracted within a distance of two clusters or less, and 60% eight clusters or less apart. A marital distance of 15 clusters (= 7 km) included 74% of the marriages. The predominance of a marriage pattern based on such geographical proximity must necessarily imply similarity in genetic structure of the descendants. Close consanguineous mating was apparently consciously avoided. This extreme geographical proximity of the spouses of heirs to the independent farms is probably explained by the function of a marriage as a contract to benefit the farm: promoting good neighbourliness and preventing quarrels and lawsuits related to the already very complicated ownership of cultivated land.", "PMID": 327910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10570", "title": "[Comparative study of the physicochemical properties of the surface of Escherichia, their sensitivity to ampicillin and tetracycline and their capacity to absorb tetracycline].", "content": "Development of resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline in Escherichia resulted in an increase in the electrokinetic potential and a decrease in the level of hydration and isoelectric values of pH. The changes in the hydration level mainly depended on the accompanying dissociation. Studies on 3H-tetracycline binding revealed a low accumulation capacity of the resistant mutants. The rate of 3H-tetracycline binding did not depend on the changes in the physico-chemical parameters of the cell surface due to resistance and dissociation.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the physicochemical properties of the surface of Escherichia, their sensitivity to ampicillin and tetracycline and their capacity to absorb tetracycline]. Development of resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline in Escherichia resulted in an increase in the electrokinetic potential and a decrease in the level of hydration and isoelectric values of pH. The changes in the hydration level mainly depended on the accompanying dissociation. Studies on 3H-tetracycline binding revealed a low accumulation capacity of the resistant mutants. The rate of 3H-tetracycline binding did not depend on the changes in the physico-chemical parameters of the cell surface due to resistance and dissociation.", "PMID": 327911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10571", "title": "[Effect of amphotericin B on the enzyme system of Candida albicans].", "content": "The mechanism of amphotericin B action was studied with the aid of cytochemical methods providing determination of the activity of the 4 main enzymes characterizing the cell energetics, i. e. succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inside the cell. With an increase in the concentration of amphotericin B in the medium the activity of all the 4 enzymes decreased, the percentage of the inactive cells being regularly increased. Changes in the fermentative activity of C. albicans as dependent on the incubation time with the antibiotic were studied. Only the respiration activity decreased in 2 hours. As a result of a 4-hour exposure to the polyen in the cells of C. albicans the activity of the lactic acid fermentation, respiration through succinate dehydrogenase and activity of the pentose shunt decreased 1.5--2 times. In 24 hours of incubation the activity of the above decreased 80--90 per cent as compared to the activity of the initial culture.", "contents": "[Effect of amphotericin B on the enzyme system of Candida albicans]. The mechanism of amphotericin B action was studied with the aid of cytochemical methods providing determination of the activity of the 4 main enzymes characterizing the cell energetics, i. e. succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inside the cell. With an increase in the concentration of amphotericin B in the medium the activity of all the 4 enzymes decreased, the percentage of the inactive cells being regularly increased. Changes in the fermentative activity of C. albicans as dependent on the incubation time with the antibiotic were studied. Only the respiration activity decreased in 2 hours. As a result of a 4-hour exposure to the polyen in the cells of C. albicans the activity of the lactic acid fermentation, respiration through succinate dehydrogenase and activity of the pentose shunt decreased 1.5--2 times. In 24 hours of incubation the activity of the above decreased 80--90 per cent as compared to the activity of the initial culture.", "PMID": 327912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10572", "title": "[Action of various surface-active substances on the genetic transmission of R-plasmids in E. coli].", "content": "The effect of 4 groups of surface active-substances (SAS) on conjugation and transduction transfer of plasmid RIdrd from the donor of E. coli J 5-3 to the recipient of E. coli C600 was studied. It was shown that the anionic SAS (8 compounds) had the highest inhibitory effect. They completely inhibited both the conjugation and the transduction transfer of R-plasmids. The amphoteric SAS, i. e. tego-51 and ampholan had the same effect only on the transduction R-transfer. The conjugation R-transfer was inhibited by the above compounds to a significant extent but not completely, i. e. by 70.8 and 361.9 times respectively. The effect of the non-ionogenic preparations, i. e. sintanol DT-7 was even less (the inhibition coefficients of 54.8 and 22.8 on conjuction and transduction respectively). The cationic SAS, i. e. catamine AB and HIPC-200 had no effect on the genetic R-transfer. It was shown that the anionic SAS had a phagocytic effect on phage Plks. It is of interest to note that the anionic SAS, i. e. sintanol NP-3 effectively suppressed the conjugation transfer even in a concentration of 100 gamma/ml which was 1000 times lower than the subbacteriostatic one. The effectiveness of the anionic SAS did not depend on the length of the dydrocarbon chain and was the same in separate homologues and their mixtures. The high inhibitory activity of most of the SAS and especially the anionic ones with respect to both the conjugation and the transduction R-transfer was of interest.", "contents": "[Action of various surface-active substances on the genetic transmission of R-plasmids in E. coli]. The effect of 4 groups of surface active-substances (SAS) on conjugation and transduction transfer of plasmid RIdrd from the donor of E. coli J 5-3 to the recipient of E. coli C600 was studied. It was shown that the anionic SAS (8 compounds) had the highest inhibitory effect. They completely inhibited both the conjugation and the transduction transfer of R-plasmids. The amphoteric SAS, i. e. tego-51 and ampholan had the same effect only on the transduction R-transfer. The conjugation R-transfer was inhibited by the above compounds to a significant extent but not completely, i. e. by 70.8 and 361.9 times respectively. The effect of the non-ionogenic preparations, i. e. sintanol DT-7 was even less (the inhibition coefficients of 54.8 and 22.8 on conjuction and transduction respectively). The cationic SAS, i. e. catamine AB and HIPC-200 had no effect on the genetic R-transfer. It was shown that the anionic SAS had a phagocytic effect on phage Plks. It is of interest to note that the anionic SAS, i. e. sintanol NP-3 effectively suppressed the conjugation transfer even in a concentration of 100 gamma/ml which was 1000 times lower than the subbacteriostatic one. The effectiveness of the anionic SAS did not depend on the length of the dydrocarbon chain and was the same in separate homologues and their mixtures. The high inhibitory activity of most of the SAS and especially the anionic ones with respect to both the conjugation and the transduction R-transfer was of interest.", "PMID": 327913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10573", "title": "[Effect of the cultivation conditions of Candida species yeast-like fungi on their sensitivity to levorin].", "content": "The effect of levorin on yeast-like fungi under (different) cultivation conditions was studied. It was shown that the medium composition and incubation temperature affected the results of determination of the test-culture sensitivity to levorin. There was correlation between the time of the population lag-phase and the critical time of the zone formation and these values depended on the temperature of the test-microbe vegetation. Strain 037 of C. utilis was more sensitive to levorin and had a longer lag-phase as compared to the other species of the yeast-like fungi, which provided favourable conditions for formation of the growth inhibition zones.", "contents": "[Effect of the cultivation conditions of Candida species yeast-like fungi on their sensitivity to levorin]. The effect of levorin on yeast-like fungi under (different) cultivation conditions was studied. It was shown that the medium composition and incubation temperature affected the results of determination of the test-culture sensitivity to levorin. There was correlation between the time of the population lag-phase and the critical time of the zone formation and these values depended on the temperature of the test-microbe vegetation. Strain 037 of C. utilis was more sensitive to levorin and had a longer lag-phase as compared to the other species of the yeast-like fungi, which provided favourable conditions for formation of the growth inhibition zones.", "PMID": 327914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10574", "title": "[Sensitivity of Proteus hauseri bacteria to chemotherapeutic preparations depending on the cultivation conditions and on the composition of the nutrient medium].", "content": "Sensitivity of 227 Proteus strains isolated from patients was studied comparatively using the agar-diffusion method (disks) and the method of serial dilutions. Marked differences in the numbers of the strains resistant to benzylpenicillin and chloramphenicol were found with the above methods. It was shown that the ingredients of Ploskirev's medium significantly (by 2.8--13.5 times) inhibited the antibacterial activity of streptomycin, neomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin and nalidixic acid and had practically no effect on the activity of benzylpenicillin, chloramphenicol and furazolidone. The values of the MIC of the drugs used in the experiment with liquid media correlated with those obtained with Sabouro's medium, which provided recommendation of the latter for determination of Proteus sensitivity by the method of serial dilutions in the solid medium, Cultivation of Proteus at a temperature of 40 degrees C resulted in a decrease of the resistance to most of the drugs tested by (by 3--12.4 times).", "contents": "[Sensitivity of Proteus hauseri bacteria to chemotherapeutic preparations depending on the cultivation conditions and on the composition of the nutrient medium]. Sensitivity of 227 Proteus strains isolated from patients was studied comparatively using the agar-diffusion method (disks) and the method of serial dilutions. Marked differences in the numbers of the strains resistant to benzylpenicillin and chloramphenicol were found with the above methods. It was shown that the ingredients of Ploskirev's medium significantly (by 2.8--13.5 times) inhibited the antibacterial activity of streptomycin, neomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin and nalidixic acid and had practically no effect on the activity of benzylpenicillin, chloramphenicol and furazolidone. The values of the MIC of the drugs used in the experiment with liquid media correlated with those obtained with Sabouro's medium, which provided recommendation of the latter for determination of Proteus sensitivity by the method of serial dilutions in the solid medium, Cultivation of Proteus at a temperature of 40 degrees C resulted in a decrease of the resistance to most of the drugs tested by (by 3--12.4 times).", "PMID": 327915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10575", "title": "[Action of tetracyclines on the pseudotuberculosis microbe in vitro experiments and their effectiveness in experimental pseudotuberculosis in white mice].", "content": "227 out of 228 strains of pseudotuberculosis microbes studied in vitro proved to be sensitive to tetracyclines. The MIC of tetracycline and morphocycline ranged within 0.25--25 gamma/ml. The MIC of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline was somewhat lower, i. e. 1--50 gamma/ml. When administered intramuscularly all the tetracyclines had pronounced therapeutic effect in experiments with albino mice infected with the antibiotic sensitive strains of J. pseudotuberculosis. Chlortetracycline proved to be the most active drug in treatment of albino mice per os.", "contents": "[Action of tetracyclines on the pseudotuberculosis microbe in vitro experiments and their effectiveness in experimental pseudotuberculosis in white mice]. 227 out of 228 strains of pseudotuberculosis microbes studied in vitro proved to be sensitive to tetracyclines. The MIC of tetracycline and morphocycline ranged within 0.25--25 gamma/ml. The MIC of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline was somewhat lower, i. e. 1--50 gamma/ml. When administered intramuscularly all the tetracyclines had pronounced therapeutic effect in experiments with albino mice infected with the antibiotic sensitive strains of J. pseudotuberculosis. Chlortetracycline proved to be the most active drug in treatment of albino mice per os.", "PMID": 327916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10576", "title": "Amoxicillin therapy of acute urinary infections in adults.", "content": "Fifty-two patients, 48 females and 4 males, with suspected urinary infection were treated with amoxicillin. Twenty-two females with presumed bladder infection were treated with amoxicillin, 250 mg three times a day for 7 days; 26 females and 4 males with presumed renal infection were treated with amoxicillin, 500 mg three times a day for 14 days. Five patients were immediate treatment failures, with positive urine cultures during therapy. All five patients had been infected with amoxicillin-resistant urinary pathogens. Three patients, treated as for bladder infections, reinfected during 6 weeks of follow-up, and only one relapsed. Two patients, treated as for renal infections, reinfected, whereas four relapsed. During therapy, amoxicillin-susceptible gram-negative rods were eradicated from the periurethral area in all but one patient. Of 28 patients studied, 19 acquired a predominant growth of either resistant aerobic gram-negative rods or Candida albicans from periurethral cultures. Our findings suggest that these two regimens of amoxicillin achieve satisfactory cure rates in urinary infection, but both regimens significantly alter the normal periurethral flora.", "contents": "Amoxicillin therapy of acute urinary infections in adults. Fifty-two patients, 48 females and 4 males, with suspected urinary infection were treated with amoxicillin. Twenty-two females with presumed bladder infection were treated with amoxicillin, 250 mg three times a day for 7 days; 26 females and 4 males with presumed renal infection were treated with amoxicillin, 500 mg three times a day for 14 days. Five patients were immediate treatment failures, with positive urine cultures during therapy. All five patients had been infected with amoxicillin-resistant urinary pathogens. Three patients, treated as for bladder infections, reinfected during 6 weeks of follow-up, and only one relapsed. Two patients, treated as for renal infections, reinfected, whereas four relapsed. During therapy, amoxicillin-susceptible gram-negative rods were eradicated from the periurethral area in all but one patient. Of 28 patients studied, 19 acquired a predominant growth of either resistant aerobic gram-negative rods or Candida albicans from periurethral cultures. Our findings suggest that these two regimens of amoxicillin achieve satisfactory cure rates in urinary infection, but both regimens significantly alter the normal periurethral flora.", "PMID": 327919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10577", "title": "Antimicrobial therapy of experimental group B streptococcal infection in mice.", "content": "Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GB-BHS) frequently cause severe infection in newborns. Previous in vitro studies showed accelerated killing of GB-BHS by ampicillin plus gentamicin as compared with ampicillin alone. To extend the in vitro observations, mice were infected experimentally with GB-BHS and treated with gentamicin plus ampicillin or ampicillin alone. Untreated mice died within 10 to 48 h. Compared with treatment with ampicillin alone, ampicillin-and-gentamicin therapy resulted in improved survival when the antibiotics were given in established infection or as a single dose at the time of infection. Ampicillin and gentamicin accelerated the clearing of bacteremia as compared with treatment with ampicillin alone. In view of these findings, the therapy of GB-BHS infection in newborns and other patients should be reconsidered in that a combination of ampicillin or penicillin G plus gentamicin might be superior to the use of ampicillin or penicillin G alone.", "contents": "Antimicrobial therapy of experimental group B streptococcal infection in mice. Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GB-BHS) frequently cause severe infection in newborns. Previous in vitro studies showed accelerated killing of GB-BHS by ampicillin plus gentamicin as compared with ampicillin alone. To extend the in vitro observations, mice were infected experimentally with GB-BHS and treated with gentamicin plus ampicillin or ampicillin alone. Untreated mice died within 10 to 48 h. Compared with treatment with ampicillin alone, ampicillin-and-gentamicin therapy resulted in improved survival when the antibiotics were given in established infection or as a single dose at the time of infection. Ampicillin and gentamicin accelerated the clearing of bacteremia as compared with treatment with ampicillin alone. In view of these findings, the therapy of GB-BHS infection in newborns and other patients should be reconsidered in that a combination of ampicillin or penicillin G plus gentamicin might be superior to the use of ampicillin or penicillin G alone.", "PMID": 327920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10578", "title": "Energy coupling factor as target of colicin K: characterization of a colicin K-insensitive ecf mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "We isolated a colicin K-insensitive energy uncoupled mutant of Escherichia coli. This mutant was presumed to be an ecf mutant as evidenced by its similarity to a known ecf mutant (M. A. Lieberman and J.-S. Hong, 1974) with respect to the mutational site, reversion pattern, and defects in transport and growth. The mutation conferring the colicin K-insensitivity resided in the ecf gene as the majority of the secondary mutations overcoming the ecf phenotype reverted the colicin K-insensitive phenotype to colicin K-sensitive. The insensitivity of the mutant to colicin K was not due to either a defect in adsorption or to a lack of the energized membrane state. The defect was most probably due to the inability of colicin K molecules to interact with their target. Our previous studies concerning the role of the ecf gene product in energy coupling to active transport and oxidative phosphorylation support the contention that the ECF protein is itself the direct target of colicin K.", "contents": "Energy coupling factor as target of colicin K: characterization of a colicin K-insensitive ecf mutant of Escherichia coli. We isolated a colicin K-insensitive energy uncoupled mutant of Escherichia coli. This mutant was presumed to be an ecf mutant as evidenced by its similarity to a known ecf mutant (M. A. Lieberman and J.-S. Hong, 1974) with respect to the mutational site, reversion pattern, and defects in transport and growth. The mutation conferring the colicin K-insensitivity resided in the ecf gene as the majority of the secondary mutations overcoming the ecf phenotype reverted the colicin K-insensitive phenotype to colicin K-sensitive. The insensitivity of the mutant to colicin K was not due to either a defect in adsorption or to a lack of the energized membrane state. The defect was most probably due to the inability of colicin K molecules to interact with their target. Our previous studies concerning the role of the ecf gene product in energy coupling to active transport and oxidative phosphorylation support the contention that the ECF protein is itself the direct target of colicin K.", "PMID": 327921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10579", "title": "Semiautomated turbidimetric bioassay for the ionophore A23187.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of A23187 against Staphylococcus aureus was used to quantitate the activity of this ionophore in fermentation samples and in isolation and crystallization samples. The assay was shown to be rapid and reproducible.", "contents": "Semiautomated turbidimetric bioassay for the ionophore A23187. The inhibitory effect of A23187 against Staphylococcus aureus was used to quantitate the activity of this ionophore in fermentation samples and in isolation and crystallization samples. The assay was shown to be rapid and reproducible.", "PMID": 327922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10580", "title": "Double-osmotic-shock procedure to prepare gentamicin adenine mononucleotide transferase for the enzymatic assay of gentamicin.", "content": "The release of gentamicin adenine mononucleotide transferase during single, cold, osmotic-shock treatment of Escherichia coli K-12 W677/HJR66 is not always maximal. The quantity of gentamicin adenine mononucleotide transferase in osmotic extracts could be significantly increased when a double-shock procedure was performed.", "contents": "Double-osmotic-shock procedure to prepare gentamicin adenine mononucleotide transferase for the enzymatic assay of gentamicin. The release of gentamicin adenine mononucleotide transferase during single, cold, osmotic-shock treatment of Escherichia coli K-12 W677/HJR66 is not always maximal. The quantity of gentamicin adenine mononucleotide transferase in osmotic extracts could be significantly increased when a double-shock procedure was performed.", "PMID": 327923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10581", "title": "Beta-lactamase-directed barrier for penicillins of Escherichia coli carrying R plasmids.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium carrying R plasmids, which were obtained from ampicillin-resistant clinical isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. and specified either the type IIIa (TEM-type) or type Va (oxacillin-hydrolyzing) beta-lactamase, are resistant not only to ampicillin but also to carbenicillin and sulbenicillin. The latter two derivatives, however, are poorly hydrolyzed in vitro by the beta-lactamases. Although values of K(m) of the enzymes are lower for sulbenicillin and carbenicillin than for ampicillin, the ratios of V(max) to K(m) for sulbenicillin and carbenicillin are not high enough to explain the high resistance in E. coli bearing the R plasmid. Two mutants of the plasmids conferring a temperature-sensitive ampicillin resistance were induced by nitrosoguanidine treatment. It was confirmed that E. coli CSH2, harboring the mutant plasmid, produces a temperature-sensitive beta-lactamase and is resistant only at low temperatures (below 33 degrees C), but not at 42 degrees C, to ampicillin, sulbenicillin, and carbenicillin simultaneously. It is thus concluded that beta-lactamase itself is responsible for the mechanism of resistance not only to ampicillin but also to sulbenicillin and carbenicillin, even though the enzyme as determined in cell-free extracts hydrolyzes the latter two drugs poorly. An unknown barrier for sulbenicillin and carbenicillin directed by beta-lactamase in E. coli strains carrying R (bla) plasmids is postulated.", "contents": "Beta-lactamase-directed barrier for penicillins of Escherichia coli carrying R plasmids. Strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium carrying R plasmids, which were obtained from ampicillin-resistant clinical isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. and specified either the type IIIa (TEM-type) or type Va (oxacillin-hydrolyzing) beta-lactamase, are resistant not only to ampicillin but also to carbenicillin and sulbenicillin. The latter two derivatives, however, are poorly hydrolyzed in vitro by the beta-lactamases. Although values of K(m) of the enzymes are lower for sulbenicillin and carbenicillin than for ampicillin, the ratios of V(max) to K(m) for sulbenicillin and carbenicillin are not high enough to explain the high resistance in E. coli bearing the R plasmid. Two mutants of the plasmids conferring a temperature-sensitive ampicillin resistance were induced by nitrosoguanidine treatment. It was confirmed that E. coli CSH2, harboring the mutant plasmid, produces a temperature-sensitive beta-lactamase and is resistant only at low temperatures (below 33 degrees C), but not at 42 degrees C, to ampicillin, sulbenicillin, and carbenicillin simultaneously. It is thus concluded that beta-lactamase itself is responsible for the mechanism of resistance not only to ampicillin but also to sulbenicillin and carbenicillin, even though the enzyme as determined in cell-free extracts hydrolyzes the latter two drugs poorly. An unknown barrier for sulbenicillin and carbenicillin directed by beta-lactamase in E. coli strains carrying R (bla) plasmids is postulated.", "PMID": 327924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10582", "title": "Inhibition of amino acid transport in Escherichia coli by some beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "Among 10 antibiotics tested, cephaloridine and cephalothin showed the greatest inhibition of proline active transport. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate pretreatment of the cells did not enhance inhibition by any of these 10 antibiotics. The inhibition of active transport of 10 additional amino acids by cephaloridine and cephalothin was studied. Both antibiotics inhibited transport of three amino acids which, like proline, have transport systems resistant to osmotic shock; neither antibiotic inhibited transport of the remaining amino acids, including three with shock-resistant and four with shock-sensitive systems.", "contents": "Inhibition of amino acid transport in Escherichia coli by some beta-lactam antibiotics. Among 10 antibiotics tested, cephaloridine and cephalothin showed the greatest inhibition of proline active transport. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate pretreatment of the cells did not enhance inhibition by any of these 10 antibiotics. The inhibition of active transport of 10 additional amino acids by cephaloridine and cephalothin was studied. Both antibiotics inhibited transport of three amino acids which, like proline, have transport systems resistant to osmotic shock; neither antibiotic inhibited transport of the remaining amino acids, including three with shock-resistant and four with shock-sensitive systems.", "PMID": 327925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10583", "title": "Altered surface properties of Escherichia coli associated with a specific amino acid change in the S12 ribosomal protein of streptomycin-resistant mutants.", "content": "Escherichia coli mutants resistant to streptomycin exhibited differences in countercurrent distribution from the parental strains. The degree of difference from the parental strain correlated with the degree of restriction of translation and thus the particular strA allele. The changes in countercurrent distribution in the phase systems used probably resulted predominantly from surface charge alterations. The differences in countercurrent distribution in these and other mutants may be a useful selective technique to obtain different types of mutants for which specific selective techniques may not be available. In addition, it appears that the surface properties of cells, which determine their position in countercurrent distribution, are a function of the translational efficiency and fidelity, and that the surface of cells consists of a mosaic that is an expression of this translational fidelity.", "contents": "Altered surface properties of Escherichia coli associated with a specific amino acid change in the S12 ribosomal protein of streptomycin-resistant mutants. Escherichia coli mutants resistant to streptomycin exhibited differences in countercurrent distribution from the parental strains. The degree of difference from the parental strain correlated with the degree of restriction of translation and thus the particular strA allele. The changes in countercurrent distribution in the phase systems used probably resulted predominantly from surface charge alterations. The differences in countercurrent distribution in these and other mutants may be a useful selective technique to obtain different types of mutants for which specific selective techniques may not be available. In addition, it appears that the surface properties of cells, which determine their position in countercurrent distribution, are a function of the translational efficiency and fidelity, and that the surface of cells consists of a mosaic that is an expression of this translational fidelity.", "PMID": 327926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10584", "title": "Destruction of coliforms in water and sewage water by dye-sensitized photooxidation.", "content": "A new approach to disinfection of water and sewage water, by oxidative destruction of microorganisms by photosensitization, is described. Samples of water and sewage water, to which an inoculum of fecal Escherichia coli had been added, were exposed to solar radiation in the presence of a dye sensitizer, under continuous aeration. The effects of the sensitizer methylene blue at concentrations of 0 to 10 mg/liter, different radiation times from 0 to 2 h, and sunlight intensities of 0, 68, and 2,030 muE/m2 per s were investigated. In laboratory-scale experiments, 1.3 X 10(9) coliforms in 100 ml of oxidation pond municipal sewage water containing 0.5 mg of methylene blue were destroyed in about 30 min. Similar results were obtained with nonchlorinated potable water. These results demonstrate the possibilities available for the disinfection of water and sewage water by this method.", "contents": "Destruction of coliforms in water and sewage water by dye-sensitized photooxidation. A new approach to disinfection of water and sewage water, by oxidative destruction of microorganisms by photosensitization, is described. Samples of water and sewage water, to which an inoculum of fecal Escherichia coli had been added, were exposed to solar radiation in the presence of a dye sensitizer, under continuous aeration. The effects of the sensitizer methylene blue at concentrations of 0 to 10 mg/liter, different radiation times from 0 to 2 h, and sunlight intensities of 0, 68, and 2,030 muE/m2 per s were investigated. In laboratory-scale experiments, 1.3 X 10(9) coliforms in 100 ml of oxidation pond municipal sewage water containing 0.5 mg of methylene blue were destroyed in about 30 min. Similar results were obtained with nonchlorinated potable water. These results demonstrate the possibilities available for the disinfection of water and sewage water by this method.", "PMID": 327928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10585", "title": "Mercury resistance and R plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from clinical lesions in Japan.", "content": "The mercury and antibiotic resistance of 338 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from hospital patients was determined. Resistance to mercury was found in 58.6% of the isolates. The frequencies of resistance to streptomycin (Sm), tetracycline (Tc), chloramphenicol (Cm), kanamycin (Kan), cephaloridine (Cer), and gentamicin (Gm) were 66.3, 60.3, 56.5, 42.9, 32.1, and 1.5%, respectively. Among the above, 198 mercury- and antibiotic-resistant isolates were selected and tested for their ability to transfer the resistance to susceptible strains of E. coli K-12 and Klebsiella pneumoniae JK5. R plasmids carrying mercury resistance were demonstrated in 89.9% of the mercury-resistant strains of E. coli. Furthermore, R(Hg,Sm,Tc,Cm) plasmids were demonstrated most frequently, followed by R(Hg,Sm,Tc,Cm,Kan), R(Hg,Cm,Kan), and R(Hg,Sm,Tc,Cm,Kan,Cer) plasmids.", "contents": "Mercury resistance and R plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from clinical lesions in Japan. The mercury and antibiotic resistance of 338 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from hospital patients was determined. Resistance to mercury was found in 58.6% of the isolates. The frequencies of resistance to streptomycin (Sm), tetracycline (Tc), chloramphenicol (Cm), kanamycin (Kan), cephaloridine (Cer), and gentamicin (Gm) were 66.3, 60.3, 56.5, 42.9, 32.1, and 1.5%, respectively. Among the above, 198 mercury- and antibiotic-resistant isolates were selected and tested for their ability to transfer the resistance to susceptible strains of E. coli K-12 and Klebsiella pneumoniae JK5. R plasmids carrying mercury resistance were demonstrated in 89.9% of the mercury-resistant strains of E. coli. Furthermore, R(Hg,Sm,Tc,Cm) plasmids were demonstrated most frequently, followed by R(Hg,Sm,Tc,Cm,Kan), R(Hg,Cm,Kan), and R(Hg,Sm,Tc,Cm,Kan,Cer) plasmids.", "PMID": 327927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10586", "title": "New microbial growth factor.", "content": "A screening procedure was used to isolate from soil a Penicillium sp., two bacterial isolates, and a Streptomyces sp. that produced a new microbial growth factor. This factor was an absolute growth requirement for three soil bacteria. The Penicillium sp. and one of the bacteria requiring the factor, an Arthrobacter sp., were selected for more extensive study concerning the production and characteristics of the growth factor. It did not seem to be related to the siderochromes. It was not present in soil extract, rumen fluid, or any other medium component tested. It appears to be a glycoprotein of high molecular weight, and it has high specific activity. When added to the diets for a meadow vole mammalian test system, it caused an increased consumption of diet without a concurrent increase in rate of weight gain.", "contents": "New microbial growth factor. A screening procedure was used to isolate from soil a Penicillium sp., two bacterial isolates, and a Streptomyces sp. that produced a new microbial growth factor. This factor was an absolute growth requirement for three soil bacteria. The Penicillium sp. and one of the bacteria requiring the factor, an Arthrobacter sp., were selected for more extensive study concerning the production and characteristics of the growth factor. It did not seem to be related to the siderochromes. It was not present in soil extract, rumen fluid, or any other medium component tested. It appears to be a glycoprotein of high molecular weight, and it has high specific activity. When added to the diets for a meadow vole mammalian test system, it caused an increased consumption of diet without a concurrent increase in rate of weight gain.", "PMID": 327929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10587", "title": "Osmoregulation in symbiosis-independent mutants of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.", "content": "Bdellovibrios capable of axenic growth grow in a cell-free medium at a rate considerably lower than that attainable in a two-membered culture with Escherichia coli. The axenic growth rate may be improved either by adjustment of the osmosity of the medium or by the addition of low concentrations of spermine.", "contents": "Osmoregulation in symbiosis-independent mutants of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Bdellovibrios capable of axenic growth grow in a cell-free medium at a rate considerably lower than that attainable in a two-membered culture with Escherichia coli. The axenic growth rate may be improved either by adjustment of the osmosity of the medium or by the addition of low concentrations of spermine.", "PMID": 327930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10588", "title": "Gentle lysis of Staphylococcus aureus at low temperature.", "content": "A low-temperature lysis procedure for Staphylococcus aureus is described. It is simple and requires no special equipment.", "contents": "Gentle lysis of Staphylococcus aureus at low temperature. A low-temperature lysis procedure for Staphylococcus aureus is described. It is simple and requires no special equipment.", "PMID": 327931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10589", "title": "Use of nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Polycarbonate Nuclepore filters are better than cellulose filters for the direct counting of bacteria because they have uniform pore size and a flat surface that retains all of the bacteria on top of the filter. Although cellulose filters also retain all of the bacteria, many are trapped inside the filter where they cannot be counted. Before use, the Nuclepore filters must be dyed with irgalan black to eliminate autofluorescence. Direct counts of bacteria in lake and ocean waters are twice as high with Nuclepore filters as with cellulose filters.", "contents": "Use of nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Polycarbonate Nuclepore filters are better than cellulose filters for the direct counting of bacteria because they have uniform pore size and a flat surface that retains all of the bacteria on top of the filter. Although cellulose filters also retain all of the bacteria, many are trapped inside the filter where they cannot be counted. Before use, the Nuclepore filters must be dyed with irgalan black to eliminate autofluorescence. Direct counts of bacteria in lake and ocean waters are twice as high with Nuclepore filters as with cellulose filters.", "PMID": 327932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10590", "title": "Comparison of two direct-count techniques for enumerating aquatic bacteria.", "content": "Planktonic bacteria from an estuary were concentrated on membrane filters and counted with both a scanning electron microscope and an epi-illuminated fluorescent microscope. Counts on 0.2 micron Nuclepore filters (polycarbonate) were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than counts on 0.2-micron Sartorius filters (cellulose). In contrast, there was not a statistically significant difference between the two techniques when Nuclepore filters were used (0.5 less than P less than 0.9). The average cell volume from this study area was 0.047 micron3. The estimated number of bacteria ranged from 10(6) to 10(7) bacteria per ml, representing from 4 to 40 mg of C per m3.", "contents": "Comparison of two direct-count techniques for enumerating aquatic bacteria. Planktonic bacteria from an estuary were concentrated on membrane filters and counted with both a scanning electron microscope and an epi-illuminated fluorescent microscope. Counts on 0.2 micron Nuclepore filters (polycarbonate) were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than counts on 0.2-micron Sartorius filters (cellulose). In contrast, there was not a statistically significant difference between the two techniques when Nuclepore filters were used (0.5 less than P less than 0.9). The average cell volume from this study area was 0.047 micron3. The estimated number of bacteria ranged from 10(6) to 10(7) bacteria per ml, representing from 4 to 40 mg of C per m3.", "PMID": 327933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10591", "title": "Changes in lipid composition of Escherichia coli resulting from growth with organic solvents and with food additives.", "content": "Cells of Escherichia coli contain an altered fatty acid and phospholipid composition when grown in the presence of sublethal concentrations of a variety of organic solvents and food additives. The diversity of compounds examined which caused these changes indicates that no single catabolic pathway is involved. Many of the observed changes are consistent with the hypothesis that cells adapt their membrane lipids to compensate for the presence of these compounds in the environment. Both sodium benzoate and calcium propionate caused the synthesis of unusual fatty acids.", "contents": "Changes in lipid composition of Escherichia coli resulting from growth with organic solvents and with food additives. Cells of Escherichia coli contain an altered fatty acid and phospholipid composition when grown in the presence of sublethal concentrations of a variety of organic solvents and food additives. The diversity of compounds examined which caused these changes indicates that no single catabolic pathway is involved. Many of the observed changes are consistent with the hypothesis that cells adapt their membrane lipids to compensate for the presence of these compounds in the environment. Both sodium benzoate and calcium propionate caused the synthesis of unusual fatty acids.", "PMID": 327934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10592", "title": "Two-temperature membrane filter method for enumerating fecal coliform bacteria from chlorinated effluents.", "content": "Reports indicate that the standard membrane filter (MF) technique for recovery of fecal coliform bacteria from chlorinated sewage effluents is less effective than the multiple-tube (or most-probable-number [MPN]) procedure. A modified MF method was developed that requires a preincubation period of 5 h at 35 degrees C followed by 18+/-1 h at 44.5 degrees C. This procedure was evaluated by using both laboratory- and plant-chlorinated primary and secondary effluents. Results obtained by the modified MF method compared favorably with those of the MPN technique for the enumeration of fecal coliforms from chlorinated effluent. Agreement between these two methods was greatest with samples from secondary treatment plants. The average recovery of fecal coliforms by the standard MF procedure was only 14% that of the MPN method, whereas with the modified technique recovery was increased to 68% of the MPN counts. Enhanced recovery resulting from a simple modification in the incubation schedule makes the MF method a valuable adjunct for enumerating fecal coliforms from chlorinated effluents.", "contents": "Two-temperature membrane filter method for enumerating fecal coliform bacteria from chlorinated effluents. Reports indicate that the standard membrane filter (MF) technique for recovery of fecal coliform bacteria from chlorinated sewage effluents is less effective than the multiple-tube (or most-probable-number [MPN]) procedure. A modified MF method was developed that requires a preincubation period of 5 h at 35 degrees C followed by 18+/-1 h at 44.5 degrees C. This procedure was evaluated by using both laboratory- and plant-chlorinated primary and secondary effluents. Results obtained by the modified MF method compared favorably with those of the MPN technique for the enumeration of fecal coliforms from chlorinated effluent. Agreement between these two methods was greatest with samples from secondary treatment plants. The average recovery of fecal coliforms by the standard MF procedure was only 14% that of the MPN method, whereas with the modified technique recovery was increased to 68% of the MPN counts. Enhanced recovery resulting from a simple modification in the incubation schedule makes the MF method a valuable adjunct for enumerating fecal coliforms from chlorinated effluents.", "PMID": 327935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10593", "title": "Comparison of limulus amebocyte lysates and correlation with the United States Pharmacopeial pyrogen test.", "content": "Six limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) preparations obtained from five different suppliers were evaluated for sensitivity, dependability, cost, convenience of use, and correlation with the United States Pharmacopeial (USP) rabbit pyrogen test method. Endotoxins from various gram-negative microorganisms were used for the evaluation. Major differences among the LAL preparations lie in the area of sensitivity. Differences, up to 100-fold, exist in the sensitivity of the various LAL preparations to the same endotoxin. The LAL tests in general were 3 to 300 times more sensitive than was the USP rabbit pyrogen test method. The LAL and the USP rabbit pyrogen test data correlated well when the endotoxin in a relatively pure and undegraded form was examined. However, large discrepancies in correlation were found when partially degraded endotoxins were compared. One LAL preparation responded to both intact and degraded endotoxin, whereas others responded only to intact endotoxin; the latter closely correlated with the febrile response of the rabbit. Therefore, proper selection of an LAL preparation is important for its application in clinical, pharmaceutical, public health, and environmental areas.", "contents": "Comparison of limulus amebocyte lysates and correlation with the United States Pharmacopeial pyrogen test. Six limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) preparations obtained from five different suppliers were evaluated for sensitivity, dependability, cost, convenience of use, and correlation with the United States Pharmacopeial (USP) rabbit pyrogen test method. Endotoxins from various gram-negative microorganisms were used for the evaluation. Major differences among the LAL preparations lie in the area of sensitivity. Differences, up to 100-fold, exist in the sensitivity of the various LAL preparations to the same endotoxin. The LAL tests in general were 3 to 300 times more sensitive than was the USP rabbit pyrogen test method. The LAL and the USP rabbit pyrogen test data correlated well when the endotoxin in a relatively pure and undegraded form was examined. However, large discrepancies in correlation were found when partially degraded endotoxins were compared. One LAL preparation responded to both intact and degraded endotoxin, whereas others responded only to intact endotoxin; the latter closely correlated with the febrile response of the rabbit. Therefore, proper selection of an LAL preparation is important for its application in clinical, pharmaceutical, public health, and environmental areas.", "PMID": 327936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10594", "title": "Use of the Minitek system for characterizing lactobacilli.", "content": "Incubation of inoculated substrates of the Minitek system in anaerobic GasPak jars provided a method that produced results comparable to those of conventional tubed media for characterizing species of Lactobacillus. The use of sterile mineral oil to overlay inoculated substrate disks was responsible for erroneous results.", "contents": "Use of the Minitek system for characterizing lactobacilli. Incubation of inoculated substrates of the Minitek system in anaerobic GasPak jars provided a method that produced results comparable to those of conventional tubed media for characterizing species of Lactobacillus. The use of sterile mineral oil to overlay inoculated substrate disks was responsible for erroneous results.", "PMID": 327937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10595", "title": "Pemphigus vegetans of Hallopeau: immunofluorescent studies.", "content": "Immunofluorescent techniques were used in the study of tissue from a patient with pemphigus vegetans of Hallopeau. The findings were typical of pemphigus, confirming the propriety of classifying this entity as a benign variant of pemphigus, rather than a disease of purely microbial etiology. The question is raised whether other types of vegetating pyodermas actually are separate diseases or represent a spectrum of pemphigus with the clinical appearance dependent on the patient's immunity to his disease. Immunofluorescent studies are proposed as a basis for classification.", "contents": "Pemphigus vegetans of Hallopeau: immunofluorescent studies. Immunofluorescent techniques were used in the study of tissue from a patient with pemphigus vegetans of Hallopeau. The findings were typical of pemphigus, confirming the propriety of classifying this entity as a benign variant of pemphigus, rather than a disease of purely microbial etiology. The question is raised whether other types of vegetating pyodermas actually are separate diseases or represent a spectrum of pemphigus with the clinical appearance dependent on the patient's immunity to his disease. Immunofluorescent studies are proposed as a basis for classification.", "PMID": 327939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10596", "title": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis in children.", "content": "Forty-four children with perennial allergic rhinitis who had failed to respond to conventional therapy, including sodium cromoglycate insufflation and hyposensitization, were treated with beclomethasone aerosol given intranasally. The study was conducted in a double-blind manner, the patients being allocated active drug or placebo for a 3-week period, followed by a 1-week rest period. The treatments were then crossed over for a period of 3 weeks. After this all children were put on active drug and followed-up at monthly intervals for a period of 3 months. Results were graded as either success of failure, and success had to be an unequivocal vote for the active drug by the patient, parent, and doctor. An overall success rate of 77% was obtained and no untoward or toxic effect was noted in any child. Tetracosactrin tests in 5 children remained normal at the end of the study period. We found intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate to be the most effective drug we have used for treating perennial allergic rhinitis in children.", "contents": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis in children. Forty-four children with perennial allergic rhinitis who had failed to respond to conventional therapy, including sodium cromoglycate insufflation and hyposensitization, were treated with beclomethasone aerosol given intranasally. The study was conducted in a double-blind manner, the patients being allocated active drug or placebo for a 3-week period, followed by a 1-week rest period. The treatments were then crossed over for a period of 3 weeks. After this all children were put on active drug and followed-up at monthly intervals for a period of 3 months. Results were graded as either success of failure, and success had to be an unequivocal vote for the active drug by the patient, parent, and doctor. An overall success rate of 77% was obtained and no untoward or toxic effect was noted in any child. Tetracosactrin tests in 5 children remained normal at the end of the study period. We found intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate to be the most effective drug we have used for treating perennial allergic rhinitis in children.", "PMID": 327942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10597", "title": "Intramuscular salbutamol in treatment of acute exacerbations of childhood asthma.", "content": "Salbutamol was given by the intramuscular route to children aged 3 to 16 years with an attack of asthma. Results with a dose of 8 microgram/kg were favourable but suggested that a higher dose might be more so. 16 children thereafter were treated with 20 microgram/kg which produced a greater mean increase in peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) without increase in side effects. This dose was then used in a double-blind crossover trial of salbutamol against a saline placebo. Half of 36 children treated with 20 microgram/kg showed rapid clinical improvement, the maximum rise in PEFR occurring within the first 5 minutes. A rise in pulse rate and occasionally a tremor were the only side effects noted. We conclude that intramuscular salbutamol 20 microgram/kg is a safe and useful initial medication in the management of the asthmatic child suffering an acute exacerbation.", "contents": "Intramuscular salbutamol in treatment of acute exacerbations of childhood asthma. Salbutamol was given by the intramuscular route to children aged 3 to 16 years with an attack of asthma. Results with a dose of 8 microgram/kg were favourable but suggested that a higher dose might be more so. 16 children thereafter were treated with 20 microgram/kg which produced a greater mean increase in peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) without increase in side effects. This dose was then used in a double-blind crossover trial of salbutamol against a saline placebo. Half of 36 children treated with 20 microgram/kg showed rapid clinical improvement, the maximum rise in PEFR occurring within the first 5 minutes. A rise in pulse rate and occasionally a tremor were the only side effects noted. We conclude that intramuscular salbutamol 20 microgram/kg is a safe and useful initial medication in the management of the asthmatic child suffering an acute exacerbation.", "PMID": 327944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10598", "title": "Evaluation of Vickers-Trexler isolator in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "Four children, 5 months to 15 years of age, underwent bone marrow transplantation in Vickers-Trexler isolator tents. Two grafts were elective. During 170 days of isolation no clinical infections due to exogenous micro-organisms developed despite severe immunodeficiency. The decontamination regimen and sterile procedures used, as well as the microbiological results, are described. This form of isolation in paediatric practice was found to be highly acceptable to both patients and staff.", "contents": "Evaluation of Vickers-Trexler isolator in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Four children, 5 months to 15 years of age, underwent bone marrow transplantation in Vickers-Trexler isolator tents. Two grafts were elective. During 170 days of isolation no clinical infections due to exogenous micro-organisms developed despite severe immunodeficiency. The decontamination regimen and sterile procedures used, as well as the microbiological results, are described. This form of isolation in paediatric practice was found to be highly acceptable to both patients and staff.", "PMID": 327945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10599", "title": "Polymyalgia rheumatica. Abrupt and gradual withdrawal of prednisolone treatment, clinical and laboratory observations.", "content": "Eighteen patients with polymyalgia rheumatica had corticosteroid treatment withdrawn abruptly under close observation. In each case polymyalgic symptoms reappeared but were controlled rapidly when prednisolone was reintroduced. Prednisolone withdrawal was then started by slow decrements of dose. In no patient was it possible to withdraw prednisolone treatment, after using either method, during the period of observation.", "contents": "Polymyalgia rheumatica. Abrupt and gradual withdrawal of prednisolone treatment, clinical and laboratory observations. Eighteen patients with polymyalgia rheumatica had corticosteroid treatment withdrawn abruptly under close observation. In each case polymyalgic symptoms reappeared but were controlled rapidly when prednisolone was reintroduced. Prednisolone withdrawal was then started by slow decrements of dose. In no patient was it possible to withdraw prednisolone treatment, after using either method, during the period of observation.", "PMID": 327947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10600", "title": "Double-blind study of erbium 169 injection (synoviorthesis) in rheumatoid digital joints.", "content": "A double-blind study of erbium 169 injection into rheumatoid digital joints was carried out with saline as control. 201 joints in 36 patients were studied (137 metacarpophalalangeal, 64 proximal interphalangeal). Erbium 169 was injected into 121 joints and saline water into 80 joints. Local injection of corticosteroids was given to both groups. A definite improvement was observed in 55% to 58% of cases with erbium 169 (+prednisolone acetate) and in 26% to 28% of cases with saline (+prednisolone acetate). The difference was highly significant.", "contents": "Double-blind study of erbium 169 injection (synoviorthesis) in rheumatoid digital joints. A double-blind study of erbium 169 injection into rheumatoid digital joints was carried out with saline as control. 201 joints in 36 patients were studied (137 metacarpophalalangeal, 64 proximal interphalangeal). Erbium 169 was injected into 121 joints and saline water into 80 joints. Local injection of corticosteroids was given to both groups. A definite improvement was observed in 55% to 58% of cases with erbium 169 (+prednisolone acetate) and in 26% to 28% of cases with saline (+prednisolone acetate). The difference was highly significant.", "PMID": 327948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10601", "title": "When should the third renal transplant rejection episode be treated?", "content": "Recent reports cite better survival when repeatedly rejecting renal allografts are removed and patients returned to hemodialysis. However, the criteria for graft removal remain undefined; although some reports recommend removing all kidneys undergoing a third rejection. In our series (1968-1973) of 316 patients with technically successful first grafts followed 2(1/2)-8 years, graft survival was inversely related to the number of rejection episodes. One hundred per cent of kidneys without rejection are currently functioning or functioned at the time of death compared to 90% with one rejection, 67.4% with two and 21% with three. However, 40% of kidneys having three rejection episodes functioned longer than one year after treatment of the third rejection episode. In an attempt to determine the predictability of one year graft survival or failure following treatment of the third rejection, a formula was developed that correctly predicted in 33 of 38 (87%) patients. The formula was based on information available prior to treatment of the third rejection episode, and represents an index of baseline renal function (serum creatinine after second rejection episode) and two indices of the severity of rejection episodes (serum creatinine change between the first and second rejection episodes; rapidity of sequential rejection).Following its derivation, the formula was applied to a second group (1974) of 19 patients having had three rejection episodes. The formula correctly predicted one year allograft survival or failure following treatment of the third rejection episode in 68% of these patients. A striking finding of our review was a significant difference in current patient survival between those having no rejection episodes (89%) and those having one or more rejection episodes (65%) (p < .00001). There was no significantly greater long-term curtailment in survival if more than one rejection eipsode was treated. Patients having one rejection eipsode seemed to die from varying causes and at varying time periods. Patients dying after two or more rejection episodes had an increased incidence of deaths due to bacterial infection.", "contents": "When should the third renal transplant rejection episode be treated? Recent reports cite better survival when repeatedly rejecting renal allografts are removed and patients returned to hemodialysis. However, the criteria for graft removal remain undefined; although some reports recommend removing all kidneys undergoing a third rejection. In our series (1968-1973) of 316 patients with technically successful first grafts followed 2(1/2)-8 years, graft survival was inversely related to the number of rejection episodes. One hundred per cent of kidneys without rejection are currently functioning or functioned at the time of death compared to 90% with one rejection, 67.4% with two and 21% with three. However, 40% of kidneys having three rejection episodes functioned longer than one year after treatment of the third rejection episode. In an attempt to determine the predictability of one year graft survival or failure following treatment of the third rejection, a formula was developed that correctly predicted in 33 of 38 (87%) patients. The formula was based on information available prior to treatment of the third rejection episode, and represents an index of baseline renal function (serum creatinine after second rejection episode) and two indices of the severity of rejection episodes (serum creatinine change between the first and second rejection episodes; rapidity of sequential rejection).Following its derivation, the formula was applied to a second group (1974) of 19 patients having had three rejection episodes. The formula correctly predicted one year allograft survival or failure following treatment of the third rejection episode in 68% of these patients. A striking finding of our review was a significant difference in current patient survival between those having no rejection episodes (89%) and those having one or more rejection episodes (65%) (p < .00001). There was no significantly greater long-term curtailment in survival if more than one rejection eipsode was treated. Patients having one rejection eipsode seemed to die from varying causes and at varying time periods. Patients dying after two or more rejection episodes had an increased incidence of deaths due to bacterial infection.", "PMID": 327950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10602", "title": "Fungus infections after liver transplantation.", "content": "The problem of fungus infections after liver transplantation was studied. In 100 consecutive recipients of orthotopic liver homografts there were 10 and 8 examples, respectively, of localized and disseminated infections caused by Candida species. Candidemia was demonstrated in 8 of these 18 patients. One patient who had a localized Candida infection also had disseminated cryptococcosis. An additional 31 patients were infested in that Candida could be cultured from sites where it is not normally found, such as the blood (8 examples), urine (8), ascitic fluid (8), and wounds (22). This exorbitant incidence of monilial infections and infestations was associated with a high frequency of complications involving the homograft as well as the hosts' gastrointestinal tract during the post-transplantation period. The yeasts found in blood, urine, ascitic fluid and elsewhere were thought to have originated from the gut. Ten of the 100 patients had aspergillosis which was localized in 7 instances and disseminated in 3. The lung was the most frequently affected organ. The fungus infections played a contributory role in the downhill course of our patients but in the event of death more fundamental and more frequent causes of failure were technical complications involving the homografts, difficulties in controlling rejection with reasonable immunosuppressive doses and bacterial sepsis. Suggestions have been made for the better control of fungal infections in liver recipients.", "contents": "Fungus infections after liver transplantation. The problem of fungus infections after liver transplantation was studied. In 100 consecutive recipients of orthotopic liver homografts there were 10 and 8 examples, respectively, of localized and disseminated infections caused by Candida species. Candidemia was demonstrated in 8 of these 18 patients. One patient who had a localized Candida infection also had disseminated cryptococcosis. An additional 31 patients were infested in that Candida could be cultured from sites where it is not normally found, such as the blood (8 examples), urine (8), ascitic fluid (8), and wounds (22). This exorbitant incidence of monilial infections and infestations was associated with a high frequency of complications involving the homograft as well as the hosts' gastrointestinal tract during the post-transplantation period. The yeasts found in blood, urine, ascitic fluid and elsewhere were thought to have originated from the gut. Ten of the 100 patients had aspergillosis which was localized in 7 instances and disseminated in 3. The lung was the most frequently affected organ. The fungus infections played a contributory role in the downhill course of our patients but in the event of death more fundamental and more frequent causes of failure were technical complications involving the homografts, difficulties in controlling rejection with reasonable immunosuppressive doses and bacterial sepsis. Suggestions have been made for the better control of fungal infections in liver recipients.", "PMID": 327951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10603", "title": "Surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma.", "content": "Fourteen patients with aspergilloma (fungus ball) were reviewed. Hemoptysis was the major symptom (93%). Chest roentgenograms disclosed a \"fungus ball\" in every patient, and the mycelia of Aspergillus fumigatus were recovered from all resected specimens. One of three patients treated by pneumonectomy died post-operatively. A lobectomy was performed in ten patients, and segmental resection in one without mortality or significant morbidity. There has been no evidence of recurrence in a follow up of six months to ten years. On the basis of this experience and a review of the literature, excision of a solitary \"fungus ball\" is recommended when the diagnosis is made. Non-surgical therapy should be reserved for patients whose general medical status or pulmonary reserved prohibit resection.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma. Fourteen patients with aspergilloma (fungus ball) were reviewed. Hemoptysis was the major symptom (93%). Chest roentgenograms disclosed a \"fungus ball\" in every patient, and the mycelia of Aspergillus fumigatus were recovered from all resected specimens. One of three patients treated by pneumonectomy died post-operatively. A lobectomy was performed in ten patients, and segmental resection in one without mortality or significant morbidity. There has been no evidence of recurrence in a follow up of six months to ten years. On the basis of this experience and a review of the literature, excision of a solitary \"fungus ball\" is recommended when the diagnosis is made. Non-surgical therapy should be reserved for patients whose general medical status or pulmonary reserved prohibit resection.", "PMID": 327952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10604", "title": "Treatment of peptic ulcer disease in the renal transplant patient.", "content": "This study reviews previous reports of peptic ulcer disease in kidney transplant recipients and includes our own experience. Between 1968-1976, 12 transplant centers reported on gastrointestinal complications occurring in 1853 renal transplant recipients. Among these are 52 patients in whom peptic ulcers developed before trnasplantation and 72 patients in whom peptic ulcers developed after transplantation. Included are 21 patients with peptic ulcer from 115 renal transplant recipients at VA Wadsworth Hospital. Patients who were operated upon for peptic ulcer before trnasplant were compared to patients with peptic ulcer before transplant but who were not operated upon. Ulcer recurrence was significantly lower in the operated group p less than .0003. Following transplantation 59 of 68 patients with peptic ulcer disease presented with bleeding or perforation. Mortality was high: 31 deaths in 72 patients (43%). Symptoms usually occurred early, 74% in 6 months, but 19% occurred after one year. The mortality from duodenal, gastric, combined gastric and duodenal and recurrent ulcers did not differ significantly. Elective surgery is indicated for peptic ulcer when demonstrated before or after kidney transplantation.", "contents": "Treatment of peptic ulcer disease in the renal transplant patient. This study reviews previous reports of peptic ulcer disease in kidney transplant recipients and includes our own experience. Between 1968-1976, 12 transplant centers reported on gastrointestinal complications occurring in 1853 renal transplant recipients. Among these are 52 patients in whom peptic ulcers developed before trnasplantation and 72 patients in whom peptic ulcers developed after transplantation. Included are 21 patients with peptic ulcer from 115 renal transplant recipients at VA Wadsworth Hospital. Patients who were operated upon for peptic ulcer before trnasplant were compared to patients with peptic ulcer before transplant but who were not operated upon. Ulcer recurrence was significantly lower in the operated group p less than .0003. Following transplantation 59 of 68 patients with peptic ulcer disease presented with bleeding or perforation. Mortality was high: 31 deaths in 72 patients (43%). Symptoms usually occurred early, 74% in 6 months, but 19% occurred after one year. The mortality from duodenal, gastric, combined gastric and duodenal and recurrent ulcers did not differ significantly. Elective surgery is indicated for peptic ulcer when demonstrated before or after kidney transplantation.", "PMID": 327953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10605", "title": "Pseudorejection: factors mimicking rejection in renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Serum creatinine level is used as a major measure of post-transplant renal function at most centers. A significant elevation of creatinine level suggests allograft rejection. However, other factors affect renal function in the transplant recipient and each may cause an elevation in serum creatinine level, suggesting a rejection episode. It is important to make the correct diagnosis and not treat these episodes with anti-rejection therapy. We reviewed the course of patients transplanted between 1969 and 1974 to determine the pathogenesis of creatinine elevations retrospectively found to be due to causes other than rejection. Six distinct causes were found: hyperglycemia, ureteral obstruction, infection, lymphocele, arterial stenosis, and recurrence of the original disease. Each of these is discussed individually. In order to make the diagnosis of pseudorejection, a high index of suspicion is necessary.", "contents": "Pseudorejection: factors mimicking rejection in renal allograft recipients. Serum creatinine level is used as a major measure of post-transplant renal function at most centers. A significant elevation of creatinine level suggests allograft rejection. However, other factors affect renal function in the transplant recipient and each may cause an elevation in serum creatinine level, suggesting a rejection episode. It is important to make the correct diagnosis and not treat these episodes with anti-rejection therapy. We reviewed the course of patients transplanted between 1969 and 1974 to determine the pathogenesis of creatinine elevations retrospectively found to be due to causes other than rejection. Six distinct causes were found: hyperglycemia, ureteral obstruction, infection, lymphocele, arterial stenosis, and recurrence of the original disease. Each of these is discussed individually. In order to make the diagnosis of pseudorejection, a high index of suspicion is necessary.", "PMID": 327954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10606", "title": "Comparison of the fecal microflora of Seventh-Day Adventists with individuals consuming a general diet. Implications concerning colonic carcinoma.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative fecal microflora was studied in a double blind fashion in 28 subjects. Fourteen were Seventh-Day Adventists, who were strict vegetarians, while the remaining 14 subjects were individuals consuming a general western diet. No statistically significant differences were identified in the fecal microflora of the two groups. The bacteriologic analysis included total aerobes and total anaerobes as well as each of the major fecal aerobes and anaerobes. This study seems to indicate that the dietary intake of animal fat and protein does not significantly alter the fecal microflora, a possibility which has previously been suggested as being part of the explanation for the higher incidence of colonic carcinoma in those who consume meat compared with vegetarians. It does not, however, invalidate the concept that dietary animal fat does increase bile acid degradation within the gastrointestinal tract, a factor which has been related to colon cancer. Future studies should be directed at identifying the factors that may be present in the gastrointestinal tracts of vegetarians which modify the ability of their colonic microflora to degrade bile acids, an essential step in the production of intraluminal carcinogens or co-carcinogens.", "contents": "Comparison of the fecal microflora of Seventh-Day Adventists with individuals consuming a general diet. Implications concerning colonic carcinoma. Qualitative and quantitative fecal microflora was studied in a double blind fashion in 28 subjects. Fourteen were Seventh-Day Adventists, who were strict vegetarians, while the remaining 14 subjects were individuals consuming a general western diet. No statistically significant differences were identified in the fecal microflora of the two groups. The bacteriologic analysis included total aerobes and total anaerobes as well as each of the major fecal aerobes and anaerobes. This study seems to indicate that the dietary intake of animal fat and protein does not significantly alter the fecal microflora, a possibility which has previously been suggested as being part of the explanation for the higher incidence of colonic carcinoma in those who consume meat compared with vegetarians. It does not, however, invalidate the concept that dietary animal fat does increase bile acid degradation within the gastrointestinal tract, a factor which has been related to colon cancer. Future studies should be directed at identifying the factors that may be present in the gastrointestinal tracts of vegetarians which modify the ability of their colonic microflora to degrade bile acids, an essential step in the production of intraluminal carcinogens or co-carcinogens.", "PMID": 327955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10607", "title": "Guilds, boards, and hobgoblins.", "content": "The American specialty board system is viewed in the historical perspective of a quest for quality assessment of surgical trainees. Beginning with the American Board for Ophthalmic Examinations in 1916, a system of 22 boards has developed which, by their training requirements and examinations, essentially dictate the length and content of all postgraduate educational programs. The time has come for the boards, as a powerful force in postgraduate education and in organized medicine, to reassess their position and to be sensitive to the responsibilities they have for the future. The events of history suggest six changes that might be profitable. (1) Recognize their purpose to be broader than the administration of certifying examinations. (2) Recognize that the certificate is now a license, and deal squarely with this issue. (3) Initiate and support needed medical reforms while the private sector can still do so. (4) Assume a leadership role in the shaping and future direction of graduate medical education. (5) Relinquish a degree of autonomy in order to strengthen the American Board of Medical Specialties. (6) Define their place in the medical scene and reorganize their board structures accordingly. The primary responsibility of the boards should be to make certain all aspects of resident training in approved programs are sound. Long-range goals should be the elimination of the certifying examination, and public recognition and approval of specialty status attainment.", "contents": "Guilds, boards, and hobgoblins. The American specialty board system is viewed in the historical perspective of a quest for quality assessment of surgical trainees. Beginning with the American Board for Ophthalmic Examinations in 1916, a system of 22 boards has developed which, by their training requirements and examinations, essentially dictate the length and content of all postgraduate educational programs. The time has come for the boards, as a powerful force in postgraduate education and in organized medicine, to reassess their position and to be sensitive to the responsibilities they have for the future. The events of history suggest six changes that might be profitable. (1) Recognize their purpose to be broader than the administration of certifying examinations. (2) Recognize that the certificate is now a license, and deal squarely with this issue. (3) Initiate and support needed medical reforms while the private sector can still do so. (4) Assume a leadership role in the shaping and future direction of graduate medical education. (5) Relinquish a degree of autonomy in order to strengthen the American Board of Medical Specialties. (6) Define their place in the medical scene and reorganize their board structures accordingly. The primary responsibility of the boards should be to make certain all aspects of resident training in approved programs are sound. Long-range goals should be the elimination of the certifying examination, and public recognition and approval of specialty status attainment.", "PMID": 327956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10608", "title": "Mechanics of ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "The effect of graded increments in positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) and shunt fraction (Qs/QT), oxygen delivery, and respiratory mechanics and work required to ventilate 8 critically ill patients is reported. The work required to ventilate the patients increases markedly with the application and progressive increase in the level of PEEP. However, improvement in lung mechanics lowers the net work of ventilating the lungs. At 20 cm H2O PEEP, the mean value for the work of ventilation in this group of patients is twice the mean value without PEEP. The increase in work of ventilation with PEEP is critical in the use of PEEP when patients are breathing spontaneously with or without intermittent mandatory ventilation.", "contents": "Mechanics of ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure. The effect of graded increments in positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) and shunt fraction (Qs/QT), oxygen delivery, and respiratory mechanics and work required to ventilate 8 critically ill patients is reported. The work required to ventilate the patients increases markedly with the application and progressive increase in the level of PEEP. However, improvement in lung mechanics lowers the net work of ventilating the lungs. At 20 cm H2O PEEP, the mean value for the work of ventilation in this group of patients is twice the mean value without PEEP. The increase in work of ventilation with PEEP is critical in the use of PEEP when patients are breathing spontaneously with or without intermittent mandatory ventilation.", "PMID": 327957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10609", "title": "Gross and microscopical blood supply of the trachea.", "content": "Twenty-one human tracheal specimens were perfused and dissected, 10 with conventional techniques and 11 with clearing and microdissection techniques. The lateral pedicles of the trachea and esophagus induct vessels from the inferior thyroid, subclavian, supreme intercostal, internal thoracic, innominate, and superior and middle bronchial arteries. These vessels are interconnected along the lateral surface of the trachea by an important longitudinal vascular anstomosis. From the 2 lateral longitudinal anastomoses the lateral and anterior tracheal walls receive their blood supply through transverse segmental vessels that run in the soft tissues between the cartilages. These transverse vessels interconnect the longitudinal anastomoses across the midline and feed the submucosal capillary network that arborizes richly beneath the endotracheal mucosa. The tracheal cartilages receive nourishment from the capillary bed applied to their internal surface. The esophageal arteries and their subdivisions that supply the posterior membranous wall of the trachea contribute almost nothing to the circulation of the cartilaginous walls.", "contents": "Gross and microscopical blood supply of the trachea. Twenty-one human tracheal specimens were perfused and dissected, 10 with conventional techniques and 11 with clearing and microdissection techniques. The lateral pedicles of the trachea and esophagus induct vessels from the inferior thyroid, subclavian, supreme intercostal, internal thoracic, innominate, and superior and middle bronchial arteries. These vessels are interconnected along the lateral surface of the trachea by an important longitudinal vascular anstomosis. From the 2 lateral longitudinal anastomoses the lateral and anterior tracheal walls receive their blood supply through transverse segmental vessels that run in the soft tissues between the cartilages. These transverse vessels interconnect the longitudinal anastomoses across the midline and feed the submucosal capillary network that arborizes richly beneath the endotracheal mucosa. The tracheal cartilages receive nourishment from the capillary bed applied to their internal surface. The esophageal arteries and their subdivisions that supply the posterior membranous wall of the trachea contribute almost nothing to the circulation of the cartilaginous walls.", "PMID": 327958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10610", "title": "Clinical spectrum of infantile lobar emphysema.", "content": "Infantile lobar emphysema in an uncommon disease affecting newborns and infants with varying degrees of respiratory distress, evidence of lobar overaeration, mediastinal shift, and herniation. Congenital malformations of the bronchi and alveoli and extrinsic compression by vessels and cysts account for less than 50% of these cases. All segments of the upper and middle lobe may be involved, but the major overexpansion occurs in the anterior segment. Respiratory distress may be absent, mild, or severe, and the condition may be acutely progressive, acutely reverisble, chronic, or recurrent. This symptom complex is the result of multiple factors requiring investigation prior to definitive operation.", "contents": "Clinical spectrum of infantile lobar emphysema. Infantile lobar emphysema in an uncommon disease affecting newborns and infants with varying degrees of respiratory distress, evidence of lobar overaeration, mediastinal shift, and herniation. Congenital malformations of the bronchi and alveoli and extrinsic compression by vessels and cysts account for less than 50% of these cases. All segments of the upper and middle lobe may be involved, but the major overexpansion occurs in the anterior segment. Respiratory distress may be absent, mild, or severe, and the condition may be acutely progressive, acutely reverisble, chronic, or recurrent. This symptom complex is the result of multiple factors requiring investigation prior to definitive operation.", "PMID": 327959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10611", "title": "Levo-bunolol and propranolol: further evaluation of oral beta-blocking activity in conscious dogs.", "content": "The oral beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity of bunolol, propanolol, and their levo-isomers was compared against isoproterenol- and treadmill exercise-induced tachycardias in normal conscious dogs. Relative potencies against isoproterenol were (ascending order): propranolol=1, levo-propranolol=2, bunolol=40, and levo-bunolol=102. Large oral doses of levo-bunolol and propranolol suppressed exercise tachycardia by only 18% (range 10 to 22%). Compared to the isoproterenol response, the tachycardia associated with severe exercise in the healthy trained dog was largely resistant to beta-receptor blockade showing factors other than beta-receptor stimulation to be involved. Differences in duration of beta-blockade were observed at equiactive doses of levo-bunolol and propranolol. The isoproterenol response had returned to greater than 50% of control by 12 hr after propranolol but was less than 10% of control at 12 hr after levo-bunolol. The time to 50% recovery of the exercise tachycardia was 24 hr after levo-bunolol and 6 to 9 hr after propranolol. The results show oral levo-bunolol to be considerably more potent and to have a longer duration of action than propranolol in inhibiting both isoproterenol and exercise-induced tachycardias in conscious dogs.", "contents": "Levo-bunolol and propranolol: further evaluation of oral beta-blocking activity in conscious dogs. The oral beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity of bunolol, propanolol, and their levo-isomers was compared against isoproterenol- and treadmill exercise-induced tachycardias in normal conscious dogs. Relative potencies against isoproterenol were (ascending order): propranolol=1, levo-propranolol=2, bunolol=40, and levo-bunolol=102. Large oral doses of levo-bunolol and propranolol suppressed exercise tachycardia by only 18% (range 10 to 22%). Compared to the isoproterenol response, the tachycardia associated with severe exercise in the healthy trained dog was largely resistant to beta-receptor blockade showing factors other than beta-receptor stimulation to be involved. Differences in duration of beta-blockade were observed at equiactive doses of levo-bunolol and propranolol. The isoproterenol response had returned to greater than 50% of control by 12 hr after propranolol but was less than 10% of control at 12 hr after levo-bunolol. The time to 50% recovery of the exercise tachycardia was 24 hr after levo-bunolol and 6 to 9 hr after propranolol. The results show oral levo-bunolol to be considerably more potent and to have a longer duration of action than propranolol in inhibiting both isoproterenol and exercise-induced tachycardias in conscious dogs.", "PMID": 327960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10612", "title": "Development of a lesion resembling diabetic nephropathy in a renal homograft.", "content": "One month following a cadaver renal transplant for obstructive uropathy, a 27-year-old man developed diabetes mellitus. Two years later, marked proteinuria and decreased renal function were detected. Eight months later, a second decline in function occurred. Light microscopy of graft biopsy specimens obtained after each decline in renal function showed increased mesangial cells and matrix, thickening of Bowman capsule, and tubular atrophy with basement membrane thickening. Vascular changes, interstitial infiltrate, and fibrosis were not prominent. Electron microscopic studies of the second biopsy specimen confirmed the light microscopic changes; subepithelial dense deposits were also detected. Immunofluorescent studies of both biopsy specimens demonstrated linear staining of glomerular and tubular basement membranes and Bowman capsule for IgG and albumin. Antikidney antibodies were not detected in the patient's serum. These observations suggest development of the diffuse form of diabetic nephropathy in a renal homograft following steroid-induced diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Development of a lesion resembling diabetic nephropathy in a renal homograft. One month following a cadaver renal transplant for obstructive uropathy, a 27-year-old man developed diabetes mellitus. Two years later, marked proteinuria and decreased renal function were detected. Eight months later, a second decline in function occurred. Light microscopy of graft biopsy specimens obtained after each decline in renal function showed increased mesangial cells and matrix, thickening of Bowman capsule, and tubular atrophy with basement membrane thickening. Vascular changes, interstitial infiltrate, and fibrosis were not prominent. Electron microscopic studies of the second biopsy specimen confirmed the light microscopic changes; subepithelial dense deposits were also detected. Immunofluorescent studies of both biopsy specimens demonstrated linear staining of glomerular and tubular basement membranes and Bowman capsule for IgG and albumin. Antikidney antibodies were not detected in the patient's serum. These observations suggest development of the diffuse form of diabetic nephropathy in a renal homograft following steroid-induced diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 327961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10613", "title": "Potassium homeostasis in chronic diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Potassium homeostasis was evaluated in 13 patients with diabetes mellitus. In eight, plasma renin activity was low; plasma aldosterone concentration was decreased in all; seven had a history of spontaneous hyperkalemia. After administration of glucose orally, there were paradoxical increases in serum potassium levels in seven patients. After potassium loading, maximal values and increments of serum potassium were higher and fractional potassium excretion was lower in the diabetic than in the control subjects, although the differences were not statistically significant. Abnormalities of potassium homeostasis in diabetes are probably related to insulin and mineralocorticoid deficiency. Diabetic patients with hypoaldosteronism have the potential for severe hyperkalemia should renal or extrarenal mechanisms for potassium homeostasis be challenged by severe acidosis be challenged by severe acidosis, diminished renal function, marked hyperglycemia, or administration of potassium salts or potassium-sparing diuretics.", "contents": "Potassium homeostasis in chronic diabetes mellitus. Potassium homeostasis was evaluated in 13 patients with diabetes mellitus. In eight, plasma renin activity was low; plasma aldosterone concentration was decreased in all; seven had a history of spontaneous hyperkalemia. After administration of glucose orally, there were paradoxical increases in serum potassium levels in seven patients. After potassium loading, maximal values and increments of serum potassium were higher and fractional potassium excretion was lower in the diabetic than in the control subjects, although the differences were not statistically significant. Abnormalities of potassium homeostasis in diabetes are probably related to insulin and mineralocorticoid deficiency. Diabetic patients with hypoaldosteronism have the potential for severe hyperkalemia should renal or extrarenal mechanisms for potassium homeostasis be challenged by severe acidosis be challenged by severe acidosis, diminished renal function, marked hyperglycemia, or administration of potassium salts or potassium-sparing diuretics.", "PMID": 327962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10614", "title": "Relationship of plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels with hemodynamic functions in essential hypertension.", "content": "Correlates of plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone levels with hemodynamic functions were studied in 47 male patients with untreated, permanent essential hypertension. All subjects had a normal creatinine clearance and received a diet of 110 mEq/day of sodium. Supine plasma renin activity was directly correlated with cardiac index (P less than.01) and cardiopulmonary blood volume (P=.01). Percentage changes in plasma renin activity and total peripheral resistance in response to upright position were positively correlated (P less than.001). Supine plasma aldosterone level was directly correlated with stroke index (P less than .001) and negatively correlated with hear rate (P less than .05). No significant correlation of aldosterone level was observed with the other measurements, including plasma renin activity. The study points to the neural sympathetic control of plasma renin activity in essential hypertension and suggests the existence of some interrelationships between aldosterone level and cardiac performance.", "contents": "Relationship of plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels with hemodynamic functions in essential hypertension. Correlates of plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone levels with hemodynamic functions were studied in 47 male patients with untreated, permanent essential hypertension. All subjects had a normal creatinine clearance and received a diet of 110 mEq/day of sodium. Supine plasma renin activity was directly correlated with cardiac index (P less than.01) and cardiopulmonary blood volume (P=.01). Percentage changes in plasma renin activity and total peripheral resistance in response to upright position were positively correlated (P less than.001). Supine plasma aldosterone level was directly correlated with stroke index (P less than .001) and negatively correlated with hear rate (P less than .05). No significant correlation of aldosterone level was observed with the other measurements, including plasma renin activity. The study points to the neural sympathetic control of plasma renin activity in essential hypertension and suggests the existence of some interrelationships between aldosterone level and cardiac performance.", "PMID": 327963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10615", "title": "[Incorporation of glycine and serine in sideramines of the ferrichrome type with fungi of the genus Aspergillus in vivo and in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "A 1.6-11.8% incorporation of labelled glycine and serine into ferrichrome, ferricrocin and ferrichrysin has been achieved with four strains of Aspergillus in vivo. Cell-free extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus and A. quadricinctus capable of cyclohexa-peptide biosynthesis have been prepared.", "contents": "[Incorporation of glycine and serine in sideramines of the ferrichrome type with fungi of the genus Aspergillus in vivo and in vitro (author's transl)]. A 1.6-11.8% incorporation of labelled glycine and serine into ferrichrome, ferricrocin and ferrichrysin has been achieved with four strains of Aspergillus in vivo. Cell-free extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus and A. quadricinctus capable of cyclohexa-peptide biosynthesis have been prepared.", "PMID": 327964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10616", "title": "Isothermic variation of the specific growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in batch culture.", "content": "The specific growth rate (mu) of a respiration-deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under defined experimental conditions in batch culture (mineral medium plus glucose and vitamins at 25 degrees C) varied from experiment to experiment over a wide range (0.10-0.24 h-1) and showed a normal distribution. Neither the age of the culture, the history of the inoculum, nor experimental error accounted wholly for the variability of mu. The variation was positively correlated with the specific rate of glucose transfer and negatively with the specific rate of production of non-fermentative CO2. The yield decreased with mu implying higher maintenance requirements in batch culture (4.7 mmoles g-1 h-1) than in continuous culture (0.8 mmoles g-1 h-1). It was concluded that the strain is capable of establishing any one of several steady states of growth under the same experimental conditions, each steady state displaying some build in inertia with respect to change. The variations of the specific rates of glucose transfer and non-fermentative CO2 production, and of the yield appeared to be consequences rather than causes of the variation of mu. The ultimate causes of the variation of mu remained unidentified.", "contents": "Isothermic variation of the specific growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in batch culture. The specific growth rate (mu) of a respiration-deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under defined experimental conditions in batch culture (mineral medium plus glucose and vitamins at 25 degrees C) varied from experiment to experiment over a wide range (0.10-0.24 h-1) and showed a normal distribution. Neither the age of the culture, the history of the inoculum, nor experimental error accounted wholly for the variability of mu. The variation was positively correlated with the specific rate of glucose transfer and negatively with the specific rate of production of non-fermentative CO2. The yield decreased with mu implying higher maintenance requirements in batch culture (4.7 mmoles g-1 h-1) than in continuous culture (0.8 mmoles g-1 h-1). It was concluded that the strain is capable of establishing any one of several steady states of growth under the same experimental conditions, each steady state displaying some build in inertia with respect to change. The variations of the specific rates of glucose transfer and non-fermentative CO2 production, and of the yield appeared to be consequences rather than causes of the variation of mu. The ultimate causes of the variation of mu remained unidentified.", "PMID": 327965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10617", "title": "First-rank symptoms of schizophrenia in Schneider-oriented German centers.", "content": "First-rank symptoms of schizophrenia, such as thought insertion, thought broadcasting, \"made\" volition, and delusional perception, were introduced for purposes of diagnosis into a German university clinic. Such \"Schneiderian\" criteria were evaluated in 210 case records. Ratings employed formal definitions. Of 210 records examined, 69 (33%) of the schizophrenic patients had first-rank symptoms. The frequency of finding such symptoms in a group of schizophrenics is compared to other reports. There are considerable differences in frequency of individual symptoms as well as total number of such symptoms across centers, but the use of precisely agreed on definitions of first-rank symptoms may lead to better agreement.", "contents": "First-rank symptoms of schizophrenia in Schneider-oriented German centers. First-rank symptoms of schizophrenia, such as thought insertion, thought broadcasting, \"made\" volition, and delusional perception, were introduced for purposes of diagnosis into a German university clinic. Such \"Schneiderian\" criteria were evaluated in 210 case records. Ratings employed formal definitions. Of 210 records examined, 69 (33%) of the schizophrenic patients had first-rank symptoms. The frequency of finding such symptoms in a group of schizophrenics is compared to other reports. There are considerable differences in frequency of individual symptoms as well as total number of such symptoms across centers, but the use of precisely agreed on definitions of first-rank symptoms may lead to better agreement.", "PMID": 327966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10618", "title": "[Oncogenic virus induction by halogenated pyrimidines (author's transl)].", "content": "Oncongenic DNA and RNA Viruses are integrated into the cell genome of vertebrates. Physical, chemical and biological agents, among them the halogenated pyrimidines ododeoxyuridine (IdU) and bromodeoxyuridine (BdU) cause the induction of these viruses in cells of many species. In this review the action of IdU and BdU in certain cell differentiation systems chondrogenesis, myogenesis and others) and on activation of oncogenic viruses, first of all of type C-RNA viruses, is described and some possible mechanisms of induction are discussed.", "contents": "[Oncogenic virus induction by halogenated pyrimidines (author's transl)]. Oncongenic DNA and RNA Viruses are integrated into the cell genome of vertebrates. Physical, chemical and biological agents, among them the halogenated pyrimidines ododeoxyuridine (IdU) and bromodeoxyuridine (BdU) cause the induction of these viruses in cells of many species. In this review the action of IdU and BdU in certain cell differentiation systems chondrogenesis, myogenesis and others) and on activation of oncogenic viruses, first of all of type C-RNA viruses, is described and some possible mechanisms of induction are discussed.", "PMID": 327967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10619", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in experimental syphilis in rabbits.", "content": "The development of cell-mediated immunity was studied in rabbits: a) experimentally injected with T. pallidum, and b) artificially immunized with nonviable T. pallidum. The macrophage migration inhibition test (MMI test) using ultrasonicate of T. pallidum as antigen was employed to demonstrate this type of immunologic response. Lymphocytes of syphilitic rabbits were found to exert a pronounced inhibitory effect upon macrophage migration as early as one month after infection; between the fourth and sixth month, a transient decrease of this capacity occurred, followed by a slow but steady increase during the next two years, i.e. until the end of the observation period. In rabbits in which the infection had been controlled by penicillin treatment in the fifth month, no increase but gradual diminution of this capacity was observed. In the group of rabbits artificially immunized with nonviable T. pallidum, the MMI response appeared very shortly after commencement of the immunization and persisted for about nine months after completion of the immunization procedure. Only a crude correlation could be established between levels of the MMI response of the immunized animals and their resistance to infection with T. pallidum.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in experimental syphilis in rabbits. The development of cell-mediated immunity was studied in rabbits: a) experimentally injected with T. pallidum, and b) artificially immunized with nonviable T. pallidum. The macrophage migration inhibition test (MMI test) using ultrasonicate of T. pallidum as antigen was employed to demonstrate this type of immunologic response. Lymphocytes of syphilitic rabbits were found to exert a pronounced inhibitory effect upon macrophage migration as early as one month after infection; between the fourth and sixth month, a transient decrease of this capacity occurred, followed by a slow but steady increase during the next two years, i.e. until the end of the observation period. In rabbits in which the infection had been controlled by penicillin treatment in the fifth month, no increase but gradual diminution of this capacity was observed. In the group of rabbits artificially immunized with nonviable T. pallidum, the MMI response appeared very shortly after commencement of the immunization and persisted for about nine months after completion of the immunization procedure. Only a crude correlation could be established between levels of the MMI response of the immunized animals and their resistance to infection with T. pallidum.", "PMID": 327968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10620", "title": "Characterization of lymphocyte E rosette inhibitory factor in sera from tuberculous patients.", "content": "Rosette inhibitory factor (RIF) in serum of patients suffering from active pulmonary tuberculosis, after in vitro contact with lymphocytes from healthy subjects, inhibits spontaneous rosette formation of these lymphocytes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). RIF is not a C-reactive protein. By the use of chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and single analytic flotation, RIF was found to be contained in the beta-lipoprotein fraction. The presumable mechanism of formation of this factor and suggestions concerning its action on T cells are discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of lymphocyte E rosette inhibitory factor in sera from tuberculous patients. Rosette inhibitory factor (RIF) in serum of patients suffering from active pulmonary tuberculosis, after in vitro contact with lymphocytes from healthy subjects, inhibits spontaneous rosette formation of these lymphocytes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). RIF is not a C-reactive protein. By the use of chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and single analytic flotation, RIF was found to be contained in the beta-lipoprotein fraction. The presumable mechanism of formation of this factor and suggestions concerning its action on T cells are discussed.", "PMID": 327969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10621", "title": "Immune processes in the course of infection with dysentery bacilli. III. Protective activity of spleen cells and serum from mice immunized with killed dysentery bacilli.", "content": "Killed dysentery bacilli induce immunity in mice which can be transferred to other mice with serum. Spleen cells do not transfer this immunity, in contrast to spleen cells from mice immunized with live dysentery bacilli. The results of this and previous studies 5,17 suggest that immunity in mice infected with dysentery bacilli depends on two coexisting effector mechanisms--cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Live bacilli induce both, however killed bacilli stimulated humoral immunity and protect mice equally effectively against lethal infection with dysentery bacilli.", "contents": "Immune processes in the course of infection with dysentery bacilli. III. Protective activity of spleen cells and serum from mice immunized with killed dysentery bacilli. Killed dysentery bacilli induce immunity in mice which can be transferred to other mice with serum. Spleen cells do not transfer this immunity, in contrast to spleen cells from mice immunized with live dysentery bacilli. The results of this and previous studies 5,17 suggest that immunity in mice infected with dysentery bacilli depends on two coexisting effector mechanisms--cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Live bacilli induce both, however killed bacilli stimulated humoral immunity and protect mice equally effectively against lethal infection with dysentery bacilli.", "PMID": 327970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10622", "title": "Partial characterization of a factor present in normal human and animal serum which stimulate E rosette formation by lymphocytes from tuberculous patients.", "content": "The influence of sera from healthy human beings on ability of lymphocytes from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis to form rosettes with SRBC was studied. Lymphocytes incubated for 2 hours with sera from healthy subjects recovered ability to form rosettes spontaneously with SRBC. The factor responsible for stimulation of the lymphocytes is contaned in the albumin fraction. Sera from mice, rabbits, guinea pigs and fetal calf serum had a similar effect to that of sera from healthy human beings. The character of this factor and the mechanism of its action are discussed. The stimulating factor is accompanied by an inhibitor.", "contents": "Partial characterization of a factor present in normal human and animal serum which stimulate E rosette formation by lymphocytes from tuberculous patients. The influence of sera from healthy human beings on ability of lymphocytes from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis to form rosettes with SRBC was studied. Lymphocytes incubated for 2 hours with sera from healthy subjects recovered ability to form rosettes spontaneously with SRBC. The factor responsible for stimulation of the lymphocytes is contaned in the albumin fraction. Sera from mice, rabbits, guinea pigs and fetal calf serum had a similar effect to that of sera from healthy human beings. The character of this factor and the mechanism of its action are discussed. The stimulating factor is accompanied by an inhibitor.", "PMID": 327971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10623", "title": "Heterologous reactivity of in vitro cultured mouse cells with natural human serum antibodies.", "content": "Studies employing the cytotoxic and immunofluorescence tests revealed presence of natural human serum antibodies in the serum of various human donors, which reacted with normal and pathologic mouse cells cultivated in vitro. This reactivity was due to presence on the cell surface of heterologous HMAg antigen incorporated into the cell membrane from calf serum. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated localization of this antigen on the cell surface. Absorption of human sera with calf serum or with lyophilized cow's milk abolished or markedly weakened the ability of these sera to react with cultured mouse cells.", "contents": "Heterologous reactivity of in vitro cultured mouse cells with natural human serum antibodies. Studies employing the cytotoxic and immunofluorescence tests revealed presence of natural human serum antibodies in the serum of various human donors, which reacted with normal and pathologic mouse cells cultivated in vitro. This reactivity was due to presence on the cell surface of heterologous HMAg antigen incorporated into the cell membrane from calf serum. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated localization of this antigen on the cell surface. Absorption of human sera with calf serum or with lyophilized cow's milk abolished or markedly weakened the ability of these sera to react with cultured mouse cells.", "PMID": 327972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10624", "title": "John and William Hunter on aneurysms.", "content": "John and William Hunter made important contributions to vascular surgery that have prevailed until today. Their studies of aneurysm formation, pathology, and treatment laid the foundation for many modern surgical concepts. In the Great Wind mill School of Anatomy, and subsequently at St George's Hospital, London, the Hunters defined true and false aneurysms. William Hunter, in addition, was the first to describe the arteriovenous aneurysm or fistula. Later, John Hunter developed a successful operation for popliteal aneurysm based on his meticulous laboratory investigations. These Scots showed a unique experimental and clinical genius rarely present in late 18th-century medicine.", "contents": "John and William Hunter on aneurysms. John and William Hunter made important contributions to vascular surgery that have prevailed until today. Their studies of aneurysm formation, pathology, and treatment laid the foundation for many modern surgical concepts. In the Great Wind mill School of Anatomy, and subsequently at St George's Hospital, London, the Hunters defined true and false aneurysms. William Hunter, in addition, was the first to describe the arteriovenous aneurysm or fistula. Later, John Hunter developed a successful operation for popliteal aneurysm based on his meticulous laboratory investigations. These Scots showed a unique experimental and clinical genius rarely present in late 18th-century medicine.", "PMID": 327974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10625", "title": "Renal transplantation in Lindau-von Hippel Disease.", "content": "Renal cell carcinoma may develop in up to 25% of patients with Lindau-von Hippel disease who survive the earlier manifestations of this disease, and this neoplasm may frequently be bilateral. With early detection of such lesions, operative cure of renal cell carcinoma is more likely in these patients. However, some patients may need to undergo bilateral nephrectomy for cure. Such a patient may benefit from cadaver renal transplant in spite of the increased risk of cancer in immunosuppressed patients. We present such a case in a patient with Lindau-von Hippel disease.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in Lindau-von Hippel Disease. Renal cell carcinoma may develop in up to 25% of patients with Lindau-von Hippel disease who survive the earlier manifestations of this disease, and this neoplasm may frequently be bilateral. With early detection of such lesions, operative cure of renal cell carcinoma is more likely in these patients. However, some patients may need to undergo bilateral nephrectomy for cure. Such a patient may benefit from cadaver renal transplant in spite of the increased risk of cancer in immunosuppressed patients. We present such a case in a patient with Lindau-von Hippel disease.", "PMID": 327975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10626", "title": "Salmonella abscess. A potential nosocomial hazard.", "content": "Abscess formation by Salmonella species is an uncommon but significant manifestation of salmonellosis. These localized infections can serve as sources for hospital outbreaks. Appropriate isolation measures and management require early recognition. Three patients with Salmonella abscess were admitted to hospital with a diagnosis other than Salmonella infection. In two, admitted with diagnoses of cholelithiasis and acute appendicitis, respectively, postoperative Salmonella infections developed. A third was diagnosed as having traumatic epididymitis, but was found to have Salmonella orchitis. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was effective in two of the three instances; the other resolved spontaneously. There were no recognized nosocomial infections related to these patients, in spite of delayed diagnosis and treatment. Proper routine wound care plus handwashing after patient contact can minimize the spread of these organisms from unsuspected infections.", "contents": "Salmonella abscess. A potential nosocomial hazard. Abscess formation by Salmonella species is an uncommon but significant manifestation of salmonellosis. These localized infections can serve as sources for hospital outbreaks. Appropriate isolation measures and management require early recognition. Three patients with Salmonella abscess were admitted to hospital with a diagnosis other than Salmonella infection. In two, admitted with diagnoses of cholelithiasis and acute appendicitis, respectively, postoperative Salmonella infections developed. A third was diagnosed as having traumatic epididymitis, but was found to have Salmonella orchitis. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was effective in two of the three instances; the other resolved spontaneously. There were no recognized nosocomial infections related to these patients, in spite of delayed diagnosis and treatment. Proper routine wound care plus handwashing after patient contact can minimize the spread of these organisms from unsuspected infections.", "PMID": 327976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10627", "title": "Rapid application of skin grafts.", "content": "We describe the use of modern surgical staplers and clips to permit the rapid application of skin grafts over large and complex defects. This saves anesthesia time, permitting more extensive surgery. \"Skin tunnels\" are virtually eliminated.", "contents": "Rapid application of skin grafts. We describe the use of modern surgical staplers and clips to permit the rapid application of skin grafts over large and complex defects. This saves anesthesia time, permitting more extensive surgery. \"Skin tunnels\" are virtually eliminated.", "PMID": 327977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10628", "title": "A simple stereotactic method to isolate and remove foreign bodies.", "content": "For the past several years, a simple technique using an image intensifier has been employed to isolate and remove foreign bodies from the extremities. Five consecutive cases were recorded to demonstrate its accuracy and simplicity. After the foreign body was identified by an x-ray film, the wound was infiltrated with local anesthesia and the foreign body was \"located\" by two venipuncture needles placed with the aid of an image intensifier. A small incision was then made between the needles to locate the foreign body at their tips. In this manner, foreign bodies have been consistently removed successfully in the emergency room in a relatively short period of time.", "contents": "A simple stereotactic method to isolate and remove foreign bodies. For the past several years, a simple technique using an image intensifier has been employed to isolate and remove foreign bodies from the extremities. Five consecutive cases were recorded to demonstrate its accuracy and simplicity. After the foreign body was identified by an x-ray film, the wound was infiltrated with local anesthesia and the foreign body was \"located\" by two venipuncture needles placed with the aid of an image intensifier. A small incision was then made between the needles to locate the foreign body at their tips. In this manner, foreign bodies have been consistently removed successfully in the emergency room in a relatively short period of time.", "PMID": 327978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10629", "title": "Acupuncture analgesia and anesthesia.", "content": "After the war of liberation, Mao Tse Tung encouraged an integration of Western and traditional Chinese medicine. Several schools of therapeutic acupuncture have defined different points of puncture, originally assumed to be on an empiric basis but now rationalized as areas where nerve endings congregate. Results of therapeutic acupuncture in China cannog be evaluated because of inadequate record keeping. At the University of Washington Pain Clinic, immediate results (two to three days) are good but never lasting, nor do they decrease concomitant medication. For anesthesia, acupuncture acts to produce only hypalgesia in most patients, although some experience total analgesia. Patient selection and mental preparation are careful. Hence, the method is used in much less than 10% of the operations in China, and in these the analgesia is satisfactory by Western standards in only approximately 30%. Concepts as to the mode of action of acupuncture analgesia range from an attitudinal change towards sensory input to the release of a neurohumoral analgesic substances.", "contents": "Acupuncture analgesia and anesthesia. After the war of liberation, Mao Tse Tung encouraged an integration of Western and traditional Chinese medicine. Several schools of therapeutic acupuncture have defined different points of puncture, originally assumed to be on an empiric basis but now rationalized as areas where nerve endings congregate. Results of therapeutic acupuncture in China cannog be evaluated because of inadequate record keeping. At the University of Washington Pain Clinic, immediate results (two to three days) are good but never lasting, nor do they decrease concomitant medication. For anesthesia, acupuncture acts to produce only hypalgesia in most patients, although some experience total analgesia. Patient selection and mental preparation are careful. Hence, the method is used in much less than 10% of the operations in China, and in these the analgesia is satisfactory by Western standards in only approximately 30%. Concepts as to the mode of action of acupuncture analgesia range from an attitudinal change towards sensory input to the release of a neurohumoral analgesic substances.", "PMID": 327979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10630", "title": "Immune responses in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the breast. Effects of adrenalectomy.", "content": "We set out to answer the question, \"Is the effect of adrenalectomy associated with or mediated through the immune response?\" Eleven patients were studied preoperatively and postoperatively by in vitro immunologic tests. The assay system used included absolute T cell counts, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) blastogenesis, leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) after contact with 3M potassium chloride breast antigens, and blocking as measured in the blastogenesis and LAI assays. Good correlation was found between favorable clinical response to adrenalectomy and a rise in the number of absolute T cells, an increase in LAI positivity, and a decrease in blocking as measured by LAI blocking assay, but no correlation was seen in PHA blastogenesis assays. The association of clinical objective responses and improved immune responses is of significance.", "contents": "Immune responses in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the breast. Effects of adrenalectomy. We set out to answer the question, \"Is the effect of adrenalectomy associated with or mediated through the immune response?\" Eleven patients were studied preoperatively and postoperatively by in vitro immunologic tests. The assay system used included absolute T cell counts, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) blastogenesis, leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) after contact with 3M potassium chloride breast antigens, and blocking as measured in the blastogenesis and LAI assays. Good correlation was found between favorable clinical response to adrenalectomy and a rise in the number of absolute T cells, an increase in LAI positivity, and a decrease in blocking as measured by LAI blocking assay, but no correlation was seen in PHA blastogenesis assays. The association of clinical objective responses and improved immune responses is of significance.", "PMID": 327980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10631", "title": "Inhibition of beta-glucuronidase by chlorinated hydroquinones and benzoquinones.", "content": "An earlier study of the metabolism of pentachlorophenol has shown that a metabolite, tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone, possessed pronounced inhibitory action on the activity of beta-glucuronidase from bacterial origin. Several other chlorinated hydroquinones and benzoquinones have now been studied with regard to their ability to inhibit beta-glucuronidase of various origin in vitro and in vivo. All the studied chlorinated hydroquinones and benzoquinones were found to be potent inhibitors of beta-glucuronidase of bacterial origin. D-glucaric acid-1.4-lactone was included for comparison and was found to be less active than the other studied compounds. The inhibition was found to be competitive in nature. No inhibitory effect of the benzo- and hydroquinones studied in vitro or in vivo could be demonstrated on beta-glucuronidase from livers. The result calls for precaution when using bacterial beta-glucuronidase to split urinary conjugates of glucuronic acid.", "contents": "Inhibition of beta-glucuronidase by chlorinated hydroquinones and benzoquinones. An earlier study of the metabolism of pentachlorophenol has shown that a metabolite, tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone, possessed pronounced inhibitory action on the activity of beta-glucuronidase from bacterial origin. Several other chlorinated hydroquinones and benzoquinones have now been studied with regard to their ability to inhibit beta-glucuronidase of various origin in vitro and in vivo. All the studied chlorinated hydroquinones and benzoquinones were found to be potent inhibitors of beta-glucuronidase of bacterial origin. D-glucaric acid-1.4-lactone was included for comparison and was found to be less active than the other studied compounds. The inhibition was found to be competitive in nature. No inhibitory effect of the benzo- and hydroquinones studied in vitro or in vivo could be demonstrated on beta-glucuronidase from livers. The result calls for precaution when using bacterial beta-glucuronidase to split urinary conjugates of glucuronic acid.", "PMID": 327981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10632", "title": "[Immunofluorescent demonstration of the 3d component of complement in alveolar pyorrhea].", "content": "Biopsy material of the gingiva obtained from 15 patients with alveolar pyorrhea and 5 persons comprising a control group at the age of 20 to 40 years were investigated by direct immunofluorescent method with the use of labeled fluorescein-isothiocyanatoms of rabbit antisera against IgG and C3 (the third component of compliment) of man, as well as histologically. Clinically, the degree of severity of the lesion was determined by the Russell's index (1956): 0--healthy persons (25%), 1--moderate gingivitis (5%), 2--gingivitis (10%), 6--parodontitis (55%), 8--severe parodontitis (5%). Histologically, mild, moderate, and severe forms of alveolar pyorrhea were singled out. The mild degree of lesion was noted in 30%, moderate--in 15%, and severe--in 45% of patients. The mild form corresponded to 0, 1, and 2, and the severe form--to 6 and 8 according to the Russell's index. In all observations, control including, the presence of IgG in cells of the connective tissue and inside the epithelium was noted. Positive reaction to C3 was observed only in diseased persons, being most pronounced in severe forms of histopathological changes and maximal clinical manifestations.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescent demonstration of the 3d component of complement in alveolar pyorrhea]. Biopsy material of the gingiva obtained from 15 patients with alveolar pyorrhea and 5 persons comprising a control group at the age of 20 to 40 years were investigated by direct immunofluorescent method with the use of labeled fluorescein-isothiocyanatoms of rabbit antisera against IgG and C3 (the third component of compliment) of man, as well as histologically. Clinically, the degree of severity of the lesion was determined by the Russell's index (1956): 0--healthy persons (25%), 1--moderate gingivitis (5%), 2--gingivitis (10%), 6--parodontitis (55%), 8--severe parodontitis (5%). Histologically, mild, moderate, and severe forms of alveolar pyorrhea were singled out. The mild degree of lesion was noted in 30%, moderate--in 15%, and severe--in 45% of patients. The mild form corresponded to 0, 1, and 2, and the severe form--to 6 and 8 according to the Russell's index. In all observations, control including, the presence of IgG in cells of the connective tissue and inside the epithelium was noted. Positive reaction to C3 was observed only in diseased persons, being most pronounced in severe forms of histopathological changes and maximal clinical manifestations.", "PMID": 327983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10633", "title": "[State of humoral and cellular immunity in experimental amyloidosis].", "content": "On a model of caseine amyloidosis in 52 rabbits it was shown that in the preamyloid phase the humoral immunity was stimulated, but as soon as the first deposits of amyloid appeared, it was inhibited. The cellular immunity was inhibited starting from the 20th day of the experiment. On the 40th day of the experiment the cellular immunity was found to be less inhibited in the animals with initial deposits of amyloid as compared with the animals with no amyloidosis; on the 60--80th day in progressing of amyloidosis differences in the degree of inhibition of the cellular immunity were obliterated. The degree of fixation of IgG in amyloid was directly dependent on its content in the blood serum and on the \"age\" of amyloid.", "contents": "[State of humoral and cellular immunity in experimental amyloidosis]. On a model of caseine amyloidosis in 52 rabbits it was shown that in the preamyloid phase the humoral immunity was stimulated, but as soon as the first deposits of amyloid appeared, it was inhibited. The cellular immunity was inhibited starting from the 20th day of the experiment. On the 40th day of the experiment the cellular immunity was found to be less inhibited in the animals with initial deposits of amyloid as compared with the animals with no amyloidosis; on the 60--80th day in progressing of amyloidosis differences in the degree of inhibition of the cellular immunity were obliterated. The degree of fixation of IgG in amyloid was directly dependent on its content in the blood serum and on the \"age\" of amyloid.", "PMID": 327984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10634", "title": "[Morphologic demonstration of adsorption of Sonne shigellae onto intestinal epithelium].", "content": "Electron-microscopy studies of the process of absorption of Shigella sonnei on the epithelium of the intestine villi of Syrian hamstes were carried out. In the study there were used 20 animals and 8 stains of Shigellae isolated from patients with acute dysentery. It was shown that in inoculating into an isolated loop of the intestine adhesion of Shigellae to the surface of border cells was accompanied by rearrangement of glycocalyx with subsequent destruction of microvilli in the zone of adsorption. Simultaneously, lysis of adsorbed bacteria occurred. An assumption is put forward that penetration of Shigellae into the epithelium is a multistaged process which is realised in the phase of adsorption not by one bacterium but by the whole pepulation with the help of soluable substances producing a toxic effect.", "contents": "[Morphologic demonstration of adsorption of Sonne shigellae onto intestinal epithelium]. Electron-microscopy studies of the process of absorption of Shigella sonnei on the epithelium of the intestine villi of Syrian hamstes were carried out. In the study there were used 20 animals and 8 stains of Shigellae isolated from patients with acute dysentery. It was shown that in inoculating into an isolated loop of the intestine adhesion of Shigellae to the surface of border cells was accompanied by rearrangement of glycocalyx with subsequent destruction of microvilli in the zone of adsorption. Simultaneously, lysis of adsorbed bacteria occurred. An assumption is put forward that penetration of Shigellae into the epithelium is a multistaged process which is realised in the phase of adsorption not by one bacterium but by the whole pepulation with the help of soluable substances producing a toxic effect.", "PMID": 327985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10635", "title": "Baclofen, a new antispastic drug. A controlled, multicenter trial in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A double-blind, five-week, multicenter trial was conducted to compare the effect of baclofen, a unique amino acid derivative, with that of placebo in the treatment of 106 patients with spasticity secondary to multiple sclerosis. A spasticity assessment method that included a neurological examination, physicians' clinical impressions of changes during treatment, and a patient's self-evaluation was used to determine efficacy. This method showed baclofen (70 to 80 mg daily maximum, titrated) is effective relative to placebo in relieving symptoms of spasticity, such as flexor spasms, pain and stiffness, resistance to passive joint movements, and tendon stretch reflexes. Patient self-evaluation results also showed a significant reduction in clonus. Side effects were generally mild and transient.", "contents": "Baclofen, a new antispastic drug. A controlled, multicenter trial in patients with multiple sclerosis. A double-blind, five-week, multicenter trial was conducted to compare the effect of baclofen, a unique amino acid derivative, with that of placebo in the treatment of 106 patients with spasticity secondary to multiple sclerosis. A spasticity assessment method that included a neurological examination, physicians' clinical impressions of changes during treatment, and a patient's self-evaluation was used to determine efficacy. This method showed baclofen (70 to 80 mg daily maximum, titrated) is effective relative to placebo in relieving symptoms of spasticity, such as flexor spasms, pain and stiffness, resistance to passive joint movements, and tendon stretch reflexes. Patient self-evaluation results also showed a significant reduction in clonus. Side effects were generally mild and transient.", "PMID": 327987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10636", "title": "[Arthrodesis of the wrist with the use of bone graft and stable plate osteosynthesis. Results in 27 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "36 arthrodesis of the wrist have been controlled. The operative technique could be divided into two groups. On the first group a stable osteosynthesis and cortico-cancellous bone graft have been used. The second group has been treated by other internal rigid fixation. 13 patients of the first and 14 of the second group have been followed up. It was possible to obtain an arthrodesis by all methods. The stable kind of arthrodesis makes the  handposition secure, the postoperative immobilization in cast much shorter and avoids the danger of pseudarthrosis.", "contents": "[Arthrodesis of the wrist with the use of bone graft and stable plate osteosynthesis. Results in 27 patients (author's transl)]. 36 arthrodesis of the wrist have been controlled. The operative technique could be divided into two groups. On the first group a stable osteosynthesis and cortico-cancellous bone graft have been used. The second group has been treated by other internal rigid fixation. 13 patients of the first and 14 of the second group have been followed up. It was possible to obtain an arthrodesis by all methods. The stable kind of arthrodesis makes the  handposition secure, the postoperative immobilization in cast much shorter and avoids the danger of pseudarthrosis.", "PMID": 327988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10637", "title": "Effect of inflammatory mediators on nasal mucosa.", "content": "A technique used for study of permeability and vasodilation in the middle ear has been adapted to study the response of nasal mucosa to common inflammatory mediators involved in the natural production of allergic or infectious rhinitis. All of the mediators tested (histamine, prostaglandin E1, bradykinin, the C3a fraction of complement, Escherichia coli endotoxin, and lysozyme) were found to increase nasal permeability to the isotopic tracer 99mTc as the pertechnetate ion. Histamine increased the permeability of nasal mucosa to technetium-labeled plasma protein. Results indicate that the nasal mucosa is approximately ten times as permeable to the pertechnetate ion as middle ear mucosa. Nasal mucosa was also noted to be permeable to protein, even in the absence of inflammatory mediator, in contrast to prior studies of middle ear mucosa that showed little or no permeability in the absence of inflammatory mediator. In almost all cases, a corresponding change in vasodilation accompanied permeability changes.", "contents": "Effect of inflammatory mediators on nasal mucosa. A technique used for study of permeability and vasodilation in the middle ear has been adapted to study the response of nasal mucosa to common inflammatory mediators involved in the natural production of allergic or infectious rhinitis. All of the mediators tested (histamine, prostaglandin E1, bradykinin, the C3a fraction of complement, Escherichia coli endotoxin, and lysozyme) were found to increase nasal permeability to the isotopic tracer 99mTc as the pertechnetate ion. Histamine increased the permeability of nasal mucosa to technetium-labeled plasma protein. Results indicate that the nasal mucosa is approximately ten times as permeable to the pertechnetate ion as middle ear mucosa. Nasal mucosa was also noted to be permeable to protein, even in the absence of inflammatory mediator, in contrast to prior studies of middle ear mucosa that showed little or no permeability in the absence of inflammatory mediator. In almost all cases, a corresponding change in vasodilation accompanied permeability changes.", "PMID": 327989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10638", "title": "Proplast in the middle ear and oval window of cats.", "content": "Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) carbon fiber implant material (Proplast), an all-plastic material, was evaluated for use in otologic surgery. Response to the implant was studied in the middle ear and vestibule of 14 cats by placing the Proplast in the oval window after stapedectomy. After a one year follow-up, it appears that Proplast was tolerated well, causing no inflammatory reaction in either the vestibule or cochlea, or in the middle ear cavity. Fibrous tissue ingrowth was found throughout the implant, and a fibrous tissue membrane covered both the vestibular and the tympanic surfaces of the Proplast. Being well tolerated by both middle ear and inner ear tissues, this porous, all-plastic material offers several otologic applications.", "contents": "Proplast in the middle ear and oval window of cats. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) carbon fiber implant material (Proplast), an all-plastic material, was evaluated for use in otologic surgery. Response to the implant was studied in the middle ear and vestibule of 14 cats by placing the Proplast in the oval window after stapedectomy. After a one year follow-up, it appears that Proplast was tolerated well, causing no inflammatory reaction in either the vestibule or cochlea, or in the middle ear cavity. Fibrous tissue ingrowth was found throughout the implant, and a fibrous tissue membrane covered both the vestibular and the tympanic surfaces of the Proplast. Being well tolerated by both middle ear and inner ear tissues, this porous, all-plastic material offers several otologic applications.", "PMID": 327990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10639", "title": "[Experimental research to carry out a contralateral anastomosis of the arteria carotis (author's transl)].", "content": "The contribution is presenting a procedure for reconstruction of cerebral blood flow after resection of the A. carotis communis and the A. carotis externa in animal experiments. The preparation in human corps will demonstrate the possibilities on anatomical points. The surgical intervention is based on the fact that we can tie up the A. carotis externa on both sides without disadvantage. On the healthy side, without formation of metastasis, we prepare the A. carotis externa from the bifurcation up to the region of the Mm. pterygoidei. There we will tie up the vessel. The vessel can be transplanted to the contralateral side via a retropharyngeal \"tunnel\". On this side we dissect the big vessels of the neck. There the suture will be applied to the transplanted A. carotis externa and to the stump of the A. carotis interna by end-to-end or end-to-side anastomosis. The results are documentated by angiographies and local pressure measurements during the operation.", "contents": "[Experimental research to carry out a contralateral anastomosis of the arteria carotis (author's transl)]. The contribution is presenting a procedure for reconstruction of cerebral blood flow after resection of the A. carotis communis and the A. carotis externa in animal experiments. The preparation in human corps will demonstrate the possibilities on anatomical points. The surgical intervention is based on the fact that we can tie up the A. carotis externa on both sides without disadvantage. On the healthy side, without formation of metastasis, we prepare the A. carotis externa from the bifurcation up to the region of the Mm. pterygoidei. There we will tie up the vessel. The vessel can be transplanted to the contralateral side via a retropharyngeal \"tunnel\". On this side we dissect the big vessels of the neck. There the suture will be applied to the transplanted A. carotis externa and to the stump of the A. carotis interna by end-to-end or end-to-side anastomosis. The results are documentated by angiographies and local pressure measurements during the operation.", "PMID": 327991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10640", "title": "[Nystagmus analysis by computer (author's transl)].", "content": "Automatic quantitative nystagmus analysis by means of a digital computer primarily gives a lot of data. Analysis then means reducing this amount of numerical data to a few relevant results. Because the diagnostic importance is not known yet for all available nystagmus parameters, this implies the risk of losing essential informations. Therefore, limitations of the number of parameters as well as of the duration of the investigated intervals by the method of analysis have to be avoided. This then allows studying the diagnostic value of new parameters (e.g. of the fast components) or the time course of reaction intensity. From this point of view a method of quantitative nystagmus analysis is described.", "contents": "[Nystagmus analysis by computer (author's transl)]. Automatic quantitative nystagmus analysis by means of a digital computer primarily gives a lot of data. Analysis then means reducing this amount of numerical data to a few relevant results. Because the diagnostic importance is not known yet for all available nystagmus parameters, this implies the risk of losing essential informations. Therefore, limitations of the number of parameters as well as of the duration of the investigated intervals by the method of analysis have to be avoided. This then allows studying the diagnostic value of new parameters (e.g. of the fast components) or the time course of reaction intensity. From this point of view a method of quantitative nystagmus analysis is described.", "PMID": 327992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10641", "title": "Foetal breathing.", "content": "This article looks at the current thinking about foetal breathing. Initially, animal studies are discussed and factors affecting foetal breathing defined. These studies are then correlated with preliminary human foetal studies, leading to the possible role that breathing movements may play in defining hypoxaemia in the foetus a risk.", "contents": "Foetal breathing. This article looks at the current thinking about foetal breathing. Initially, animal studies are discussed and factors affecting foetal breathing defined. These studies are then correlated with preliminary human foetal studies, leading to the possible role that breathing movements may play in defining hypoxaemia in the foetus a risk.", "PMID": 327995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10642", "title": "The treatment of flail chest injury.", "content": "Flail chest injuries are traditionally managed by long-term artificial ventilation, which in itself is hazardous and expensive. A more conservative therapeutic regime is described, and the results of this regime are compared with those following the previous traditional regime used in the Respiratory Unit, Royal Brisbane Hospital. The place of artificial ventilation in relation to spontaneous ventilation is redefined in the context of this new regime.", "contents": "The treatment of flail chest injury. Flail chest injuries are traditionally managed by long-term artificial ventilation, which in itself is hazardous and expensive. A more conservative therapeutic regime is described, and the results of this regime are compared with those following the previous traditional regime used in the Respiratory Unit, Royal Brisbane Hospital. The place of artificial ventilation in relation to spontaneous ventilation is redefined in the context of this new regime.", "PMID": 327997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10643", "title": "Pseudotumours due to oil palm thorn injury.", "content": "Three cases are reported in which pseudotumours developed in the hand following injury by oil palm thorns. In one patient there was a periosteal reaction of the proximal phalanx adjoining the site of injury. The lesions were excised, and the embedded oil palm thorn was identified in all three. The clinical and pathological features of the lesions and problems in their diagnosis are described. In every case the local tissue reaction was out of proportion to the size of the foreign body, raising the possibility that a toxic substance might have been released by the thorn.", "contents": "Pseudotumours due to oil palm thorn injury. Three cases are reported in which pseudotumours developed in the hand following injury by oil palm thorns. In one patient there was a periosteal reaction of the proximal phalanx adjoining the site of injury. The lesions were excised, and the embedded oil palm thorn was identified in all three. The clinical and pathological features of the lesions and problems in their diagnosis are described. In every case the local tissue reaction was out of proportion to the size of the foreign body, raising the possibility that a toxic substance might have been released by the thorn.", "PMID": 327998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10644", "title": "Loudness balance procedures for the measurement of recruitment.", "content": "COLES and PRIEDE have recommended that in the alternate binaural loudness balance test use of the normal ear as the reference standard be now abandoned in favour of the worse ear. Their data are critically reviewed and shown to be subject to cumulative errors of methodology and interpretation.", "contents": "Loudness balance procedures for the measurement of recruitment. COLES and PRIEDE have recommended that in the alternate binaural loudness balance test use of the normal ear as the reference standard be now abandoned in favour of the worse ear. Their data are critically reviewed and shown to be subject to cumulative errors of methodology and interpretation.", "PMID": 327993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10645", "title": "The repair of large oral fistulae.", "content": "Reports of three cases of large oral fistula following tumour excision are presented. The repairs utilized deltopectoral, forehead, and scalp flaps. Technical points discussed include the de-epithelialization of folded flaps, the preservation of vermilion, the placement of immediate fascial slings and the use of island flaps.", "contents": "The repair of large oral fistulae. Reports of three cases of large oral fistula following tumour excision are presented. The repairs utilized deltopectoral, forehead, and scalp flaps. Technical points discussed include the de-epithelialization of folded flaps, the preservation of vermilion, the placement of immediate fascial slings and the use of island flaps.", "PMID": 327999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10646", "title": "The separation of oligonucleotides of baker's-yeast value transfer ribonucleic acid 2b by high-voltage electrophoresis on DEAE-paper and by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A modified procedure for the separation of oligoribonucleotides is described that is based on the combination of t.l.c. on cellulose and electrophoresis on DEAE-paper at 4000 V on a cooling plate. The technique is relatively rapid and allows the analysis of larger quantities than is possible by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate.", "contents": "The separation of oligonucleotides of baker's-yeast value transfer ribonucleic acid 2b by high-voltage electrophoresis on DEAE-paper and by thin-layer chromatography. A modified procedure for the separation of oligoribonucleotides is described that is based on the combination of t.l.c. on cellulose and electrophoresis on DEAE-paper at 4000 V on a cooling plate. The technique is relatively rapid and allows the analysis of larger quantities than is possible by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate.", "PMID": 328008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10647", "title": "Activation of selenate by adenosine 5'-triphosphate sulphurylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "In the presence of ATP and Mg2+, ATP sulphurylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalysed the conversion of selenate into a compound with the electrophoretic and acid-lability properties of adenosine 5'-sulphatophosphate. Structural characterization, involving extensive purification of adenosine 5'-selenophosphate, proved impossible. However, we showed ATP-, Mg2+- and ATP sulphurylase-dependent, and inorganic pyrophosphatase-stimulated, production of elemental selenium from selenate in the presence of GSH (reduced glutathione). Since selenate was not reduced by GSH, this reaction proved that ATP sulphurylase had formed an active selenate. The enzyme catalysed formation of elemental selenium had the same kinetics and GSH-dependency as the non-enzymic reduction of selenite to elemental selenium by GSH. In the presence of inorganic pyrophosphatase, 2 mol of Pi was released for each mol of 'active selenate' formed. This was shown by a spectrophotometric assay for elemental selenium. The observed reactivity with thiols and the instability of the enzymic product were those predicted for selenium anhydrides. By analogy with the chemistry of sulphur, the product of the thiolytic cleavage of a selenium anhydride would be converted into selenite. The selenite would then be reduced by the thiol to elemental selenium. We conclude that ATP sulphurylase can catalyse the formation of adenosine 5'-selenophosphate. The anhydride can be reduced by thiols in a manner similar to the reduction of selenite. These results probably explain the ability of mammals, lacking a sulphate reductase system, to incorporate selenium from selenate into seleno-amino acids.", "contents": "Activation of selenate by adenosine 5'-triphosphate sulphurylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the presence of ATP and Mg2+, ATP sulphurylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalysed the conversion of selenate into a compound with the electrophoretic and acid-lability properties of adenosine 5'-sulphatophosphate. Structural characterization, involving extensive purification of adenosine 5'-selenophosphate, proved impossible. However, we showed ATP-, Mg2+- and ATP sulphurylase-dependent, and inorganic pyrophosphatase-stimulated, production of elemental selenium from selenate in the presence of GSH (reduced glutathione). Since selenate was not reduced by GSH, this reaction proved that ATP sulphurylase had formed an active selenate. The enzyme catalysed formation of elemental selenium had the same kinetics and GSH-dependency as the non-enzymic reduction of selenite to elemental selenium by GSH. In the presence of inorganic pyrophosphatase, 2 mol of Pi was released for each mol of 'active selenate' formed. This was shown by a spectrophotometric assay for elemental selenium. The observed reactivity with thiols and the instability of the enzymic product were those predicted for selenium anhydrides. By analogy with the chemistry of sulphur, the product of the thiolytic cleavage of a selenium anhydride would be converted into selenite. The selenite would then be reduced by the thiol to elemental selenium. We conclude that ATP sulphurylase can catalyse the formation of adenosine 5'-selenophosphate. The anhydride can be reduced by thiols in a manner similar to the reduction of selenite. These results probably explain the ability of mammals, lacking a sulphate reductase system, to incorporate selenium from selenate into seleno-amino acids.", "PMID": 328009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10648", "title": "Sites and specificity of the reaction of bipyridylium compounds with anaerobic respiratory enzymes of Escherichia coli. Effects of permeability barriers imposed by the cytoplasmic membrane.", "content": "The ability of the oxidized and singly reduced species of several bipyridylium cations to cross the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli was studied to locate the sites of reaction of the dyes with anaerobic respiratory enzymes. Benzyl Viologen radical crossed the membrane rapidly, whereas the oxidized species did not. The oxidized or radical species of Methyl Viologen, Morfamquat or Diquat did not rapidly cross the membrane. It was also shown that the dithionite anion does not cross the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli. Diquat radical donates electrons to the nitrate reductase pathway at the periplasmic aspect of the membrane, whereas Benzyl Viologen radical reacted directly with nitrate reductase itself (EC 1.7.99.4) at the cytoplasmic aspect of the membrane. Thus the pathway of electron transfer in the nitrate reductase pathway is transmembranous. Formate hydrogenlyase (EC 1.2.1.2) and an uncharacterized nitrite reductase activity react with bipyridylium dyes at the periplasmic aspect of the membrane. Fumarate reductase (succinate dehydrogenase; EC 1.3.99.1) reacts with bipyridylium radicals, and formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (EC 1.2.2.1) with ferricyanide, at the cytoplasmic aspect of the membrane. The differing charge and membrane permeation of oxidized and radical species of bipyridylium dyes greatly complicate their use as potentiometric mediators in suspensions of cells or membrane vesicles.", "contents": "Sites and specificity of the reaction of bipyridylium compounds with anaerobic respiratory enzymes of Escherichia coli. Effects of permeability barriers imposed by the cytoplasmic membrane. The ability of the oxidized and singly reduced species of several bipyridylium cations to cross the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli was studied to locate the sites of reaction of the dyes with anaerobic respiratory enzymes. Benzyl Viologen radical crossed the membrane rapidly, whereas the oxidized species did not. The oxidized or radical species of Methyl Viologen, Morfamquat or Diquat did not rapidly cross the membrane. It was also shown that the dithionite anion does not cross the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli. Diquat radical donates electrons to the nitrate reductase pathway at the periplasmic aspect of the membrane, whereas Benzyl Viologen radical reacted directly with nitrate reductase itself (EC 1.7.99.4) at the cytoplasmic aspect of the membrane. Thus the pathway of electron transfer in the nitrate reductase pathway is transmembranous. Formate hydrogenlyase (EC 1.2.1.2) and an uncharacterized nitrite reductase activity react with bipyridylium dyes at the periplasmic aspect of the membrane. Fumarate reductase (succinate dehydrogenase; EC 1.3.99.1) reacts with bipyridylium radicals, and formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (EC 1.2.2.1) with ferricyanide, at the cytoplasmic aspect of the membrane. The differing charge and membrane permeation of oxidized and radical species of bipyridylium dyes greatly complicate their use as potentiometric mediators in suspensions of cells or membrane vesicles.", "PMID": 328010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10649", "title": "Some factors affecting the production, by cultured baby-hamster kidney cells, of BHK glycoprotein I which cross-reacts immunologically with Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein.", "content": "Cultured baby-hamster kidney cells (BHK-21/C13), which are adapted to grow in suspension (strain 2P), roduce a glycoprotein, termed BHK glycoprotein I, which cross-reacts immunologically with hamster urinary (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. BHK glycoprotein I was isolated in an electrophoretically (sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel) homogeneous form by application of affinity chromatography to the medium in which cells had been cultured. Insolubilized anti-(Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein immunoglobulin G) was used as the adsorbent. The amount of BHK glycoprotein I associated with the cultured cells was found by both radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence to be related to the amount of Ca2+ in the medium and to the particular stage of the cell cycle. 5'-Nucleotidase was also shed by the cells into the culture medium in amounts related to the stage of the cell cycle. The turnover of hamster Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in vivo appeared to be considerably more rapid than can be accounted for by cell turnover. Hamster Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was shown to be ineffective in inhibiting agglutination of chicken erythrocytes caused by influenza virus.", "contents": "Some factors affecting the production, by cultured baby-hamster kidney cells, of BHK glycoprotein I which cross-reacts immunologically with Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. Cultured baby-hamster kidney cells (BHK-21/C13), which are adapted to grow in suspension (strain 2P), roduce a glycoprotein, termed BHK glycoprotein I, which cross-reacts immunologically with hamster urinary (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. BHK glycoprotein I was isolated in an electrophoretically (sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel) homogeneous form by application of affinity chromatography to the medium in which cells had been cultured. Insolubilized anti-(Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein immunoglobulin G) was used as the adsorbent. The amount of BHK glycoprotein I associated with the cultured cells was found by both radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence to be related to the amount of Ca2+ in the medium and to the particular stage of the cell cycle. 5'-Nucleotidase was also shed by the cells into the culture medium in amounts related to the stage of the cell cycle. The turnover of hamster Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in vivo appeared to be considerably more rapid than can be accounted for by cell turnover. Hamster Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was shown to be ineffective in inhibiting agglutination of chicken erythrocytes caused by influenza virus.", "PMID": 328011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10650", "title": "A comparison of the effects of phytohaemagglutinin and of calcium ionophore A23187 on the metabolism of glycerolipids in small lymphocytes.", "content": "1. The effects of phytohaemagglutinin and of a Ca2+ ionophore (A23187) on glycerolipid metabolism in lymphocytes from pig lymph nodes were compared (a) by studying the incorporation of [32P]Pi and [3H]glycerol, and (b) by following the redistribution of [3H]glycerol among the lipids caused by these agents in pulse-chase experiments. 2. Phytohaemagglutinin only stimulated 32P incorporation into phosphatidylinositol and, to a slight extent, phosphatidate. Removal of most of the extracellular Ca2+ somewhat decreased this response. 3. Ionophore A23187 stimulated the labelling of phosphatidate and phosphatidylinositol with 32P to a much greater extent than did phytohaemagglutinin: the increase in phosphatidate labelling, but not that of phosphatidylinositol, was almost abolished by the removal of extracellular Ca2+. 4. The combined effects of phytohaemagglutinin and ionophore appeared to be additive, rather than synergistic. 5. Treatment with ionophore A23187 somewhat decreased the total incorporation of [3H]glycerol into glycerolipids, possibly because it lowered cell ATP content. In these experiments di- and tri-acylglycerol behaved anomalously, triacylglycerol labelling being suppressed completely, whereas that of diacylglycerol was enhanced. The pulse-chase results revealed that triacylglycerol was converted into diacylglycerol in the ionophore-treated cells, and the availability of this diacylglycerol probably led to the enhanced labelling of phosphatidate and phosphatidylinositol in the these cells. 6. Thus an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration appeared to have three effects on glycerolipid metabolism: (a) slight inhibition of some metabolic step preceding phosphatidate synthesis, (b) inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase and (c) activation of a triacylglycerol lipase. 7. In contrast, it seems likely that the only effect of phytohaemagglutinin is to stimulate phosphatidylinositol breakdown. 8. Pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes treated with ionophore A23187 showed metabolic changes that were similar to those demonstrated with lymphocytes. 9. A possible similarity is suggested between Ca2+-stimulated triacylglycerol lipase in lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes and previous observations of enhanced triacylglycerol metabolism in stimulated cells whose metabolic functions involve membrane fusion.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of phytohaemagglutinin and of calcium ionophore A23187 on the metabolism of glycerolipids in small lymphocytes. 1. The effects of phytohaemagglutinin and of a Ca2+ ionophore (A23187) on glycerolipid metabolism in lymphocytes from pig lymph nodes were compared (a) by studying the incorporation of [32P]Pi and [3H]glycerol, and (b) by following the redistribution of [3H]glycerol among the lipids caused by these agents in pulse-chase experiments. 2. Phytohaemagglutinin only stimulated 32P incorporation into phosphatidylinositol and, to a slight extent, phosphatidate. Removal of most of the extracellular Ca2+ somewhat decreased this response. 3. Ionophore A23187 stimulated the labelling of phosphatidate and phosphatidylinositol with 32P to a much greater extent than did phytohaemagglutinin: the increase in phosphatidate labelling, but not that of phosphatidylinositol, was almost abolished by the removal of extracellular Ca2+. 4. The combined effects of phytohaemagglutinin and ionophore appeared to be additive, rather than synergistic. 5. Treatment with ionophore A23187 somewhat decreased the total incorporation of [3H]glycerol into glycerolipids, possibly because it lowered cell ATP content. In these experiments di- and tri-acylglycerol behaved anomalously, triacylglycerol labelling being suppressed completely, whereas that of diacylglycerol was enhanced. The pulse-chase results revealed that triacylglycerol was converted into diacylglycerol in the ionophore-treated cells, and the availability of this diacylglycerol probably led to the enhanced labelling of phosphatidate and phosphatidylinositol in the these cells. 6. Thus an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration appeared to have three effects on glycerolipid metabolism: (a) slight inhibition of some metabolic step preceding phosphatidate synthesis, (b) inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase and (c) activation of a triacylglycerol lipase. 7. In contrast, it seems likely that the only effect of phytohaemagglutinin is to stimulate phosphatidylinositol breakdown. 8. Pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes treated with ionophore A23187 showed metabolic changes that were similar to those demonstrated with lymphocytes. 9. A possible similarity is suggested between Ca2+-stimulated triacylglycerol lipase in lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes and previous observations of enhanced triacylglycerol metabolism in stimulated cells whose metabolic functions involve membrane fusion.", "PMID": 328012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10651", "title": "Adenosine and the regulation of insulin secretion by isolated rat islets of Langerhans.", "content": "The effect of adenosine in insulin secretion and adenylate cyclase activity of rat islets of Langerhans was investigated. Adenosine inhibited insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, glucagon, prostaglandin E2, tolbutamine and theophylline. Adenosine decreased basal adenylate cyclase activity of the islets as well as that stimulated by glucagon prostaglandin E2 and GTP, although fluoride-stimulated activity was not affected. Neither insulin secretion nor adenylate cyclase activity of the islets was affected by adenine, AMP or ADP. The inhibitory effect of adenosine on adenylate cyclase activity was not altered by either phenoxybenzamine (alpha-adrenergic blocker) or propranolol (beta-adrenergic blocker), suggesting that the effect is not mediated through the adrenergic receptors of the islet cells. These results suggest that the intracellular concentration of adenosine in the beta-cell may play a role in regulating insulin secretion and that this effect may be mediated via alterations in the activity of adenylate cyclase in the beta-cell.", "contents": "Adenosine and the regulation of insulin secretion by isolated rat islets of Langerhans. The effect of adenosine in insulin secretion and adenylate cyclase activity of rat islets of Langerhans was investigated. Adenosine inhibited insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, glucagon, prostaglandin E2, tolbutamine and theophylline. Adenosine decreased basal adenylate cyclase activity of the islets as well as that stimulated by glucagon prostaglandin E2 and GTP, although fluoride-stimulated activity was not affected. Neither insulin secretion nor adenylate cyclase activity of the islets was affected by adenine, AMP or ADP. The inhibitory effect of adenosine on adenylate cyclase activity was not altered by either phenoxybenzamine (alpha-adrenergic blocker) or propranolol (beta-adrenergic blocker), suggesting that the effect is not mediated through the adrenergic receptors of the islet cells. These results suggest that the intracellular concentration of adenosine in the beta-cell may play a role in regulating insulin secretion and that this effect may be mediated via alterations in the activity of adenylate cyclase in the beta-cell.", "PMID": 328013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10652", "title": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Insulin release due to glycogenolysis in glucose-deprived islets.", "content": "1. When pancreatic islets are preincubated for 20h in the presence of glucose (83.3mM) and thereafter transferred to a glucose-free medium, theophylline (1.4mM) provokes a dramatic stimulation of insulin release. This phenomenon does not occur when the islets are preincubated for either 20h at low glucose concentration (5.6mM) or only 30 min at the high glucose concentration (83.3mM). 2. The insulinotropic action of theophylline cannot be attributed to contamination of the islets with exogenous glucose and is not suppressed by mannoheptulose. 3. The secretory response to theophylline is an immediate phenomenon, but disappears after 60min of exposure to the drug. 4. The release of insulin evoked by theophylline is abolished in calcium-depleted media containing EGTA. Theophylline enhances the net uptake of 45Ca by the islets. 5. Glycogen accumulates in the islets during the preincubation period, as judged by both ultrastructural and biochemical criteria. Theophylline significantly increases the rate of glycogenolysis during the final incubation in the glucose-free medium. 6. The theophylline-induced increase in glycogenolysis coincides with a higher rate of both lactate output and oxidation of endogenous 14C-labelled substrates. 7. These data suggest that stimulation of glycolysis from endogenous stores of glycogen is sufficient to provoke insulin release even in glucose-deprived islets, as if the binding of extracellular glucose to hypothetical plasma-membrane glucoreceptors is not an essential feature of the stimulus-secretion coupling process.", "contents": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Insulin release due to glycogenolysis in glucose-deprived islets. 1. When pancreatic islets are preincubated for 20h in the presence of glucose (83.3mM) and thereafter transferred to a glucose-free medium, theophylline (1.4mM) provokes a dramatic stimulation of insulin release. This phenomenon does not occur when the islets are preincubated for either 20h at low glucose concentration (5.6mM) or only 30 min at the high glucose concentration (83.3mM). 2. The insulinotropic action of theophylline cannot be attributed to contamination of the islets with exogenous glucose and is not suppressed by mannoheptulose. 3. The secretory response to theophylline is an immediate phenomenon, but disappears after 60min of exposure to the drug. 4. The release of insulin evoked by theophylline is abolished in calcium-depleted media containing EGTA. Theophylline enhances the net uptake of 45Ca by the islets. 5. Glycogen accumulates in the islets during the preincubation period, as judged by both ultrastructural and biochemical criteria. Theophylline significantly increases the rate of glycogenolysis during the final incubation in the glucose-free medium. 6. The theophylline-induced increase in glycogenolysis coincides with a higher rate of both lactate output and oxidation of endogenous 14C-labelled substrates. 7. These data suggest that stimulation of glycolysis from endogenous stores of glycogen is sufficient to provoke insulin release even in glucose-deprived islets, as if the binding of extracellular glucose to hypothetical plasma-membrane glucoreceptors is not an essential feature of the stimulus-secretion coupling process.", "PMID": 328014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10653", "title": "The effects of antioxidants on the metabolism and mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene in vitro.", "content": "Antioxidants inhibit the rat liver microsomal mixed-function-oxidase-catalysed hydroxylation of benzo[a]pyrene. These antioxidants also decrease the formation of mutagenic products from benzo[a]pyrene as judged by the Ames bacterial-mutagenicity assay [B.N. Ames, J. McCann & E. Yamazaki (1975) Mutat. Res. 31, 347-364]. It is suggested that antioxidants exert their protective effect against cancer by inhibiting the formation of carcinogenic metabolites.", "contents": "The effects of antioxidants on the metabolism and mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene in vitro. Antioxidants inhibit the rat liver microsomal mixed-function-oxidase-catalysed hydroxylation of benzo[a]pyrene. These antioxidants also decrease the formation of mutagenic products from benzo[a]pyrene as judged by the Ames bacterial-mutagenicity assay [B.N. Ames, J. McCann & E. Yamazaki (1975) Mutat. Res. 31, 347-364]. It is suggested that antioxidants exert their protective effect against cancer by inhibiting the formation of carcinogenic metabolites.", "PMID": 328015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10654", "title": "Interlaboratory variability of valproic acid determinations.", "content": "19 pooled plasma specimens were sent as unknowns to 13 participating research laboratories. The interlaboratory variability between the results was very high. Only 4 out of 13 laboratories had 6--12% of their results within the 95% confidence limit for each sample. The precision of repeated determinations was fairly good. 6 out of 10 participating laboratories had a coefficient of variation of less then 5%. The reproducibility and the agreement between the different procedures for quantitative analysis of dipropylacetate is similar to that reported for other major antiepileptic drugs.", "contents": "Interlaboratory variability of valproic acid determinations. 19 pooled plasma specimens were sent as unknowns to 13 participating research laboratories. The interlaboratory variability between the results was very high. Only 4 out of 13 laboratories had 6--12% of their results within the 95% confidence limit for each sample. The precision of repeated determinations was fairly good. 6 out of 10 participating laboratories had a coefficient of variation of less then 5%. The reproducibility and the agreement between the different procedures for quantitative analysis of dipropylacetate is similar to that reported for other major antiepileptic drugs.", "PMID": 328016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10655", "title": "[On the mechanism of action of valproid acid].", "content": "In mice, the influence of valproic acid (di-n-propylacetate, DPA) on central level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as the activity of the enzymes regulating GABA metabolism, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA-alpha-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GABA-T) were studied. It was shown that the elevation of GABA by DPA was accompanied by an activation of GAD. GABA-T was inhibited only by toxic doses or high concentrations of DPA in vivo and in vitro, and so was GAD. DPA proved able to antagonize the biochemical alterations induced by convulsant doses of isoniazid, i.e., decreases in the level of GABA and the activity of GAD. These results point to a role of the transmitter pool of GABA regulated by GAD in the anticonvulsant effect of DPA.", "contents": "[On the mechanism of action of valproid acid]. In mice, the influence of valproic acid (di-n-propylacetate, DPA) on central level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as the activity of the enzymes regulating GABA metabolism, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA-alpha-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GABA-T) were studied. It was shown that the elevation of GABA by DPA was accompanied by an activation of GAD. GABA-T was inhibited only by toxic doses or high concentrations of DPA in vivo and in vitro, and so was GAD. DPA proved able to antagonize the biochemical alterations induced by convulsant doses of isoniazid, i.e., decreases in the level of GABA and the activity of GAD. These results point to a role of the transmitter pool of GABA regulated by GAD in the anticonvulsant effect of DPA.", "PMID": 328017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10656", "title": "Preliminary observations on valproic acid kinetics in patients with epilepsy.", "content": "A rapid gas chromatographic method for determination of sodium valproic acid (di-n-propylacetate, DPA) is described. A new sample can be injected every third min, and the reproducibility, in terms of the coefficient of variation, is better than 3%. The method has been used to study clinical pharmacokinetics of DPA in patients with epilepsy during long-term treatment. A poor correlation between daily dose (mg/kg) of DPA and steady state serum levels, attained within few days, was observed. A fixed sampling time in the individual patient, preferably before ingestion of the morning dose, is of great importance for DPA due to extended fluctuations of the serum levels during the day. Most patients had DPA serum levels in the order of 50 microng/ml. No constant relationship was found between increase of the dose and the corresponding increase of the serum levels. Interactions of clinical importance was observed between DPA and other antiepileptic drugs, as addition of DPA resulted in elevated serum levels of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital. Carbamazepine levels were unaltered. After withdrawal of DPA the half-life was about 14 h in adult patients. DPA levels in CSF were in the order of 10% of the corresponding serum levels.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on valproic acid kinetics in patients with epilepsy. A rapid gas chromatographic method for determination of sodium valproic acid (di-n-propylacetate, DPA) is described. A new sample can be injected every third min, and the reproducibility, in terms of the coefficient of variation, is better than 3%. The method has been used to study clinical pharmacokinetics of DPA in patients with epilepsy during long-term treatment. A poor correlation between daily dose (mg/kg) of DPA and steady state serum levels, attained within few days, was observed. A fixed sampling time in the individual patient, preferably before ingestion of the morning dose, is of great importance for DPA due to extended fluctuations of the serum levels during the day. Most patients had DPA serum levels in the order of 50 microng/ml. No constant relationship was found between increase of the dose and the corresponding increase of the serum levels. Interactions of clinical importance was observed between DPA and other antiepileptic drugs, as addition of DPA resulted in elevated serum levels of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital. Carbamazepine levels were unaltered. After withdrawal of DPA the half-life was about 14 h in adult patients. DPA levels in CSF were in the order of 10% of the corresponding serum levels.", "PMID": 328018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10657", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies with valproic acid in man.", "content": "A specific gaschromatographic assay for the simultaneous determination of valproic acid (dipropylacetate, DPA) and ethosuximide was developed. In 13 epileptic patients only treated with DPA a significant correlation(r = 0.88; p less than 0.01) between the minimal steady state plasma level of DPA and its dose (mg/kg body weight) was found. Plasma protein binding experiments in 3 healthy volunteers revealed a relatively strong binding of approximately 95%. The pharmacokinetics of DPA was evaluated after a single oral solution of 600 mg in 2 healthy subjects. Absorption was rapid with maximum plasma levels of approximately 70 microng/ml within 1--3 h. DPA was eliminated with a half-life of 7.9 and 10 h. Assuming 100% absorption a total plasma clearance of 10--13 ml/min and an apparent distribution volume of 0.13--0.16 l/kg were calculated. The urinary excretion of unchanged DPA is neglegible (1% of dose). It is suggested that the great fluctuations of the plasma concentrations within a dosing interval may be minimized by special galenic formulations.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies with valproic acid in man. A specific gaschromatographic assay for the simultaneous determination of valproic acid (dipropylacetate, DPA) and ethosuximide was developed. In 13 epileptic patients only treated with DPA a significant correlation(r = 0.88; p less than 0.01) between the minimal steady state plasma level of DPA and its dose (mg/kg body weight) was found. Plasma protein binding experiments in 3 healthy volunteers revealed a relatively strong binding of approximately 95%. The pharmacokinetics of DPA was evaluated after a single oral solution of 600 mg in 2 healthy subjects. Absorption was rapid with maximum plasma levels of approximately 70 microng/ml within 1--3 h. DPA was eliminated with a half-life of 7.9 and 10 h. Assuming 100% absorption a total plasma clearance of 10--13 ml/min and an apparent distribution volume of 0.13--0.16 l/kg were calculated. The urinary excretion of unchanged DPA is neglegible (1% of dose). It is suggested that the great fluctuations of the plasma concentrations within a dosing interval may be minimized by special galenic formulations.", "PMID": 328019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10658", "title": "[On the enteral absorption of valproic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "The absorption of valproic acid (dipropylacetic acid, DPA)--administered by capsules (free valproic acid) and dragees (valproate sodium)--has been studied. Regarding their bioavailability, both forms of administration examined are equivalent, which means that they are representing therapeutical alternatives.", "contents": "[On the enteral absorption of valproic acid (author's transl)]. The absorption of valproic acid (dipropylacetic acid, DPA)--administered by capsules (free valproic acid) and dragees (valproate sodium)--has been studied. Regarding their bioavailability, both forms of administration examined are equivalent, which means that they are representing therapeutical alternatives.", "PMID": 328020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10659", "title": "Massive digoxin ingestion. Report of a case and review of currently available therapies.", "content": "Recent reports of treatment of massive digoxin overdosage have emphasized the success of medical therapy. This report describes a fatal outcome to this problem despite aggressive medical management, including pervenous cardiac pacing and draws attention to deficiencies in current treatment of a serious problem.", "contents": "Massive digoxin ingestion. Report of a case and review of currently available therapies. Recent reports of treatment of massive digoxin overdosage have emphasized the success of medical therapy. This report describes a fatal outcome to this problem despite aggressive medical management, including pervenous cardiac pacing and draws attention to deficiencies in current treatment of a serious problem.", "PMID": 328024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10660", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of salbutamol and nitroprusside after cardiac surgery.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of a continuous intravenous infusion of salbutamol (15 to 30 microgram/min) and nitroprusside (50 to 100 microgram/min) were compared in 9 patients after cardiac surgical operations. The mean falls in left atrial pressure and systemic vascular resistance were similar with the two drugs but salbutamol caused a greater increase in heart rate, maximum acceleration of aortic blood flow, and maximum rate of change of left ventricular power. Because these differences would cause greater myocardial oxygen consumption with salbutamol and because the infusion of salbutamol is less easily controlled, nitroprusside is the preferred drug after cardiac operations.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of salbutamol and nitroprusside after cardiac surgery. The haemodynamic effects of a continuous intravenous infusion of salbutamol (15 to 30 microgram/min) and nitroprusside (50 to 100 microgram/min) were compared in 9 patients after cardiac surgical operations. The mean falls in left atrial pressure and systemic vascular resistance were similar with the two drugs but salbutamol caused a greater increase in heart rate, maximum acceleration of aortic blood flow, and maximum rate of change of left ventricular power. Because these differences would cause greater myocardial oxygen consumption with salbutamol and because the infusion of salbutamol is less easily controlled, nitroprusside is the preferred drug after cardiac operations.", "PMID": 328027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10661", "title": "Diflunisal: efficacy in postoperative pain.", "content": "1. Seven hundred and forty patients complaining of pain after oral or orthopaedic surgery or episiotomy were studied in five single dose or short-term double-blind, controlled, randomized studies comparing efficacy and safety of diflunisal with that of acetylsalicylic acid, glafenin or placebo. 2. Diflunisal was found to be effective in relieving postoperative pain in 75-85% of patients. A twice day dosage schedule seems to be clinically adequate, 375 mg twice daily proving to be equally effective as glafenin 200 mg three times daily. No serious drug-related clinical or laboratory adverse experiences were encountered in any of the five studies.", "contents": "Diflunisal: efficacy in postoperative pain. 1. Seven hundred and forty patients complaining of pain after oral or orthopaedic surgery or episiotomy were studied in five single dose or short-term double-blind, controlled, randomized studies comparing efficacy and safety of diflunisal with that of acetylsalicylic acid, glafenin or placebo. 2. Diflunisal was found to be effective in relieving postoperative pain in 75-85% of patients. A twice day dosage schedule seems to be clinically adequate, 375 mg twice daily proving to be equally effective as glafenin 200 mg three times daily. No serious drug-related clinical or laboratory adverse experiences were encountered in any of the five studies.", "PMID": 328033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10662", "title": "The effect of temperature on concanavalin A-mediated agglutination of cells with rigid receptors.", "content": "The agglutination of a yeast, Candida albicans, by concanavalin A has been described. The agglutination was cell-number dependent. Prolonged incubation (60 min) was needed to reach maximum agglutination at 37 degrees C. The rate but not the extent of agglutination was temperature dependent. The dimeric forms of concanavalin A, obtained either at low pH or after succinylation, agglutinated the yeast cells as well as the tetramer. Temperature changes affected the agglutination of yeast cells by dimers and by tetramers to the same extent.", "contents": "The effect of temperature on concanavalin A-mediated agglutination of cells with rigid receptors. The agglutination of a yeast, Candida albicans, by concanavalin A has been described. The agglutination was cell-number dependent. Prolonged incubation (60 min) was needed to reach maximum agglutination at 37 degrees C. The rate but not the extent of agglutination was temperature dependent. The dimeric forms of concanavalin A, obtained either at low pH or after succinylation, agglutinated the yeast cells as well as the tetramer. Temperature changes affected the agglutination of yeast cells by dimers and by tetramers to the same extent.", "PMID": 328040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10663", "title": "Functional symmetry of the beta-galactoside carrier in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Cytoplasmic membrane vesicles with either normal or inverted orientation were prepared from Escherichia coli. The lactose transport activity of these vesicle preparations was compared. The parameters measured were net efflux, counterflux, and K+/valinomycin-induced active uptake of lactose. With membrane vesicles derived from both wild-type and cytochrome-deficient strains the right-side-out and inverted membrane preparations showed similar rates of lactose flux in all assays. According to these criteria, the activity of the beta-galactoside transport protein is inherently symmetrical. One major difference was observed between the native and inverted vesicle preparations: the inverted vesicles had approximately twice the specific activity of native vesicles in the counterflux and K+/valinomycin-induced uptake assays. This difference can be largely ascribed to the presence in the normal vesicle preparation of vesicles with a high passive permeability to lactose. Such vesicles are apparently absent from the inverted vesicle preparations.", "contents": "Functional symmetry of the beta-galactoside carrier in Escherichia coli. Cytoplasmic membrane vesicles with either normal or inverted orientation were prepared from Escherichia coli. The lactose transport activity of these vesicle preparations was compared. The parameters measured were net efflux, counterflux, and K+/valinomycin-induced active uptake of lactose. With membrane vesicles derived from both wild-type and cytochrome-deficient strains the right-side-out and inverted membrane preparations showed similar rates of lactose flux in all assays. According to these criteria, the activity of the beta-galactoside transport protein is inherently symmetrical. One major difference was observed between the native and inverted vesicle preparations: the inverted vesicles had approximately twice the specific activity of native vesicles in the counterflux and K+/valinomycin-induced uptake assays. This difference can be largely ascribed to the presence in the normal vesicle preparation of vesicles with a high passive permeability to lactose. Such vesicles are apparently absent from the inverted vesicle preparations.", "PMID": 328041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10664", "title": "The effect of A23187 upon calcium metabolism in the human lymphocyte.", "content": "Treatment of human peripheral lymphocytes with mitogenic concentrations of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 led to an initial marked increase in the uptake of calcium by these cells, but the amount of accumulated calcium retained decreased with time so that after 8-12 h of culture, the calcium content of treated cells was only 1.5-2.0-fold higher than that of control cells. Three possible explanations for the biphasic nature of ionophore-induced calcium uptake were considered: (1) the ionophore underwent chemical or metabolic inactivation upon prolonged incubation; (2) massive accumulation of calcium caused irreversible uncoupling of mitochondria in these cells with consequent loss of accumulated calcium; or (3) with time there was a redistribution of ionophore within the cell, and sufficient ionophore was taken up by internal, most likely mitochondrial, membranes to cause an efflux of calcium from internal stores. By developing a bioassay for ionophore and examining the time-dependent effects of ionophore in the presence and absence of calcium, it was concluded that the third explanation was the most likely. The general implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of A23187 upon calcium metabolism in the human lymphocyte. Treatment of human peripheral lymphocytes with mitogenic concentrations of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 led to an initial marked increase in the uptake of calcium by these cells, but the amount of accumulated calcium retained decreased with time so that after 8-12 h of culture, the calcium content of treated cells was only 1.5-2.0-fold higher than that of control cells. Three possible explanations for the biphasic nature of ionophore-induced calcium uptake were considered: (1) the ionophore underwent chemical or metabolic inactivation upon prolonged incubation; (2) massive accumulation of calcium caused irreversible uncoupling of mitochondria in these cells with consequent loss of accumulated calcium; or (3) with time there was a redistribution of ionophore within the cell, and sufficient ionophore was taken up by internal, most likely mitochondrial, membranes to cause an efflux of calcium from internal stores. By developing a bioassay for ionophore and examining the time-dependent effects of ionophore in the presence and absence of calcium, it was concluded that the third explanation was the most likely. The general implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 328042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10665", "title": "A new method for the isolation of renal basement membranes.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation of basement membranes from rabbit renal cortex in which the detergent N-lauroyl sarcosine is used as the disruptive agent. The isolated membranes have been compared with membranes prepared using ultrasonication and they were comparable both in terms of purity and gross chemical composition. Glomerular and tubular basement membranes were isolated by first separating glomeruli from tubules by density gradient centrifugation followed by detergent treatment of the separated tissues. The detergent method has the advantage that the basement membranes retained their native structure to a large degree, whereas sonicated membranes were severely fragmented. Collagen fibres were a significant contaminant in both preparations and were revealed more clearly by negative staining than by examination of thin sections. Studies with the detergent-treated membrane revealed that a few proteins, which seemed to be membrane components, were extracted with 1 M NaCl and that these proteins were lost from the basement membranes during sonication used in the conventional isolation procedure.", "contents": "A new method for the isolation of renal basement membranes. A method is described for the isolation of basement membranes from rabbit renal cortex in which the detergent N-lauroyl sarcosine is used as the disruptive agent. The isolated membranes have been compared with membranes prepared using ultrasonication and they were comparable both in terms of purity and gross chemical composition. Glomerular and tubular basement membranes were isolated by first separating glomeruli from tubules by density gradient centrifugation followed by detergent treatment of the separated tissues. The detergent method has the advantage that the basement membranes retained their native structure to a large degree, whereas sonicated membranes were severely fragmented. Collagen fibres were a significant contaminant in both preparations and were revealed more clearly by negative staining than by examination of thin sections. Studies with the detergent-treated membrane revealed that a few proteins, which seemed to be membrane components, were extracted with 1 M NaCl and that these proteins were lost from the basement membranes during sonication used in the conventional isolation procedure.", "PMID": 328043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10666", "title": "Manganese(II) as a paramagnetic probe of the tertiary structure of transfer RNA.", "content": "The effect of manganese on both the low field (10--15 ppm) and the high field (o--3 ppm) NMR spectra of unfractionated tRNA and yeast tRNAPhe has been investigated. Trace amounts of Mn2+ cause selective broadening of resonances which are assigned to specific tertiary interactions. The order in which resonances broaden is the same as the order in which they are stabilized by the addition of magnesium, namely s4U8 - A14, U33 and A58 - T54. From this we conclude that three of the strong binding sites probably are the same for both Mn2+ and Mg2+, and that these sites are located close to the tertiary interactions which are stabilized by the strongly bound metals. The broadening data, taken in conjunction with published X-ray data on yeast tRNAPhe, permit us to suggest some plausible locations for the strong binding sites.", "contents": "Manganese(II) as a paramagnetic probe of the tertiary structure of transfer RNA. The effect of manganese on both the low field (10--15 ppm) and the high field (o--3 ppm) NMR spectra of unfractionated tRNA and yeast tRNAPhe has been investigated. Trace amounts of Mn2+ cause selective broadening of resonances which are assigned to specific tertiary interactions. The order in which resonances broaden is the same as the order in which they are stabilized by the addition of magnesium, namely s4U8 - A14, U33 and A58 - T54. From this we conclude that three of the strong binding sites probably are the same for both Mn2+ and Mg2+, and that these sites are located close to the tertiary interactions which are stabilized by the strongly bound metals. The broadening data, taken in conjunction with published X-ray data on yeast tRNAPhe, permit us to suggest some plausible locations for the strong binding sites.", "PMID": 328046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10667", "title": "Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase inactivation and the extent of aminoacylation of tRNAIle from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A difference in isoleucine acceptance between normal and sulfur-deficient tRNA from Escherichia coli C6 (rel-, met-, cys-) was eliminated when more isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase was added at the reaction plateau. Enzymatic deacylation was similar for both tRNAs. These results suggest that enzyme inactivation caused a premature reaction plateau which was not predicted by the rates of acylation and deacylation.", "contents": "Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase inactivation and the extent of aminoacylation of tRNAIle from Escherichia coli. A difference in isoleucine acceptance between normal and sulfur-deficient tRNA from Escherichia coli C6 (rel-, met-, cys-) was eliminated when more isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase was added at the reaction plateau. Enzymatic deacylation was similar for both tRNAs. These results suggest that enzyme inactivation caused a premature reaction plateau which was not predicted by the rates of acylation and deacylation.", "PMID": 328047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10668", "title": "Inhibition of DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta of calf thymus by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-5'-triphosphate.", "content": "1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate (araCTP), an active form of a inhibitor of DNA replication, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC) was tested for its inhibitory action on the DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta (EC 2.7.7.7) purified from calf thymus. The reaction of DNA polymerase-alpha was shown to be more sensitive to the inhibition by araCTP than that of DNA polymerase-beta. The mode of the inhibition by araCTP was competitive to dCTP in the reaction catalysed by either DNA polymerase-alpha or -beta. The Ki value of DNA polymerase-beta for araCTP was 32 micron; eight times higher than that of DNA polymerase-alpha (4 micron) for this inhibition.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta of calf thymus by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-5'-triphosphate. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate (araCTP), an active form of a inhibitor of DNA replication, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC) was tested for its inhibitory action on the DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta (EC 2.7.7.7) purified from calf thymus. The reaction of DNA polymerase-alpha was shown to be more sensitive to the inhibition by araCTP than that of DNA polymerase-beta. The mode of the inhibition by araCTP was competitive to dCTP in the reaction catalysed by either DNA polymerase-alpha or -beta. The Ki value of DNA polymerase-beta for araCTP was 32 micron; eight times higher than that of DNA polymerase-alpha (4 micron) for this inhibition.", "PMID": 328050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10669", "title": "A comparison of the differential DNA melting profiles with the CsCl density profiles of DNA from Escherichia coli, cow, mouse, rat and chicken.", "content": "Moderate resolution thermal denaturation profiles are presented for the purified DNAs from Escherichia coli, cow, mouse, rat and chicken. All show multiple thermal transitions indicative of large blocks of DNA with very similar base composition. The eucaryotes all have much more of this kind of DNA than does E. coli. The satellite DNAs of cow and mouse are clearly visible and it is likely that the other transitions represent additional families of repeated DNA.", "contents": "A comparison of the differential DNA melting profiles with the CsCl density profiles of DNA from Escherichia coli, cow, mouse, rat and chicken. Moderate resolution thermal denaturation profiles are presented for the purified DNAs from Escherichia coli, cow, mouse, rat and chicken. All show multiple thermal transitions indicative of large blocks of DNA with very similar base composition. The eucaryotes all have much more of this kind of DNA than does E. coli. The satellite DNAs of cow and mouse are clearly visible and it is likely that the other transitions represent additional families of repeated DNA.", "PMID": 328051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10670", "title": "Polyamine levels in Escherichia coli during nutritional shiftup and exponential growth.", "content": "At different exponential growth rates obtained either by varying the carbon source of the culture medium or limiting glucose uptake, intracellular levels of putrescine and spermidine were measured. Over a ten-fold increase in growth rate an approximately three-fold increase in putrescine level and a 3.5-fold increase in spermidine level per cell absorbance were observed. Conditions favoring an abrupt alteration in growth rate, such as occur following nutritional shiftup of Escherichia coli, resulted in a significant increase in the intracellular level of putrescine and virtually no change in the spermidine level. Because of the magnitude and the timing of the change in polyamine levels, the hypothesis that polyamines are (the components) responsible for inducing the rapid increase in the rate of RNA synthesis following nutritional shiftup is rejected.", "contents": "Polyamine levels in Escherichia coli during nutritional shiftup and exponential growth. At different exponential growth rates obtained either by varying the carbon source of the culture medium or limiting glucose uptake, intracellular levels of putrescine and spermidine were measured. Over a ten-fold increase in growth rate an approximately three-fold increase in putrescine level and a 3.5-fold increase in spermidine level per cell absorbance were observed. Conditions favoring an abrupt alteration in growth rate, such as occur following nutritional shiftup of Escherichia coli, resulted in a significant increase in the intracellular level of putrescine and virtually no change in the spermidine level. Because of the magnitude and the timing of the change in polyamine levels, the hypothesis that polyamines are (the components) responsible for inducing the rapid increase in the rate of RNA synthesis following nutritional shiftup is rejected.", "PMID": 328052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10671", "title": "Nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Water proton NMR relaxation studies on the binding of divalent metal ions and nucleotides to the iron protein.", "content": "Interactions between the iron protein, Kp2, of nitrogenase manganese ions, magnesium ions, and the nucleotides ATP or ADP, have been studied in aqueous solution by monitoring the water proton NMR relaxation rate enhancement caused by Mn2+. Binding of Mn2+ to a molecule of Kp2 occurs at four sites, indistinguishable within experimental error, having a Kd = 350 +/- 50 micron. The Mn2+ - Kp2 complex has a low characteristic enhancement (epsilonb = 6 +/- 0.5). All four sites can alternatively bind Mg2+, not necessarily with the same dissociation constant, but with a mean Kd = 1.7 +/- 0.3 mM. Ternary complexes with the configuration EMS or (formula: see text) are formed between Kp2, Mn2+ and nucleotide (ATP or ADP). The ternary complexes with Mg2+ in place of Mn2+ probably have the latter configuration. A novel treatment of enhancement data (a 'high metal' approximation) is given.", "contents": "Nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Water proton NMR relaxation studies on the binding of divalent metal ions and nucleotides to the iron protein. Interactions between the iron protein, Kp2, of nitrogenase manganese ions, magnesium ions, and the nucleotides ATP or ADP, have been studied in aqueous solution by monitoring the water proton NMR relaxation rate enhancement caused by Mn2+. Binding of Mn2+ to a molecule of Kp2 occurs at four sites, indistinguishable within experimental error, having a Kd = 350 +/- 50 micron. The Mn2+ - Kp2 complex has a low characteristic enhancement (epsilonb = 6 +/- 0.5). All four sites can alternatively bind Mg2+, not necessarily with the same dissociation constant, but with a mean Kd = 1.7 +/- 0.3 mM. Ternary complexes with the configuration EMS or (formula: see text) are formed between Kp2, Mn2+ and nucleotide (ATP or ADP). The ternary complexes with Mg2+ in place of Mn2+ probably have the latter configuration. A novel treatment of enhancement data (a 'high metal' approximation) is given.", "PMID": 328053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10672", "title": "The characterization of type I and type III collagens from human peripheral nerve.", "content": "The normal chemical features of peripheral nerve collagens were determined on postmortem, histologically normal adult human femoral nerve. 1. Genetically distinct type I, [alpha1(I)2]alpha2, and type III, [alpha1(III)]3, were isolated by differential salt precipitation and the component subunit chains, alphal(I), alpha2 and alphal(III) were obtained by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. 2. The molecular weight of alphal(I) and alpha2 of type I collagen was 95 000 and that for type III was 280 000. Reduction of type III with dithiothreitol yielded expected alpha1(III) chains of 95 000 molecular weight. 3. The amino acid composition of the three collagen chains, alpha1(I), alpha2, and alpha1(III), was the same as previously reported values for the corresponding chains from human skin except for slightly elevated hydroxylysine content. 4. Peripheral nerve collagen was found to contain 81% type I collagen and 19% type III. These results indicate that peripheral nerve collagen characteristics closely simulate that of human skin and differ from that of human aorta and other parenchymal organs. These data will permit a chemical analysis for possible abnormalities of peripheral nerve collagen in various neurogenic disorders.", "contents": "The characterization of type I and type III collagens from human peripheral nerve. The normal chemical features of peripheral nerve collagens were determined on postmortem, histologically normal adult human femoral nerve. 1. Genetically distinct type I, [alpha1(I)2]alpha2, and type III, [alpha1(III)]3, were isolated by differential salt precipitation and the component subunit chains, alphal(I), alpha2 and alphal(III) were obtained by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. 2. The molecular weight of alphal(I) and alpha2 of type I collagen was 95 000 and that for type III was 280 000. Reduction of type III with dithiothreitol yielded expected alpha1(III) chains of 95 000 molecular weight. 3. The amino acid composition of the three collagen chains, alpha1(I), alpha2, and alpha1(III), was the same as previously reported values for the corresponding chains from human skin except for slightly elevated hydroxylysine content. 4. Peripheral nerve collagen was found to contain 81% type I collagen and 19% type III. These results indicate that peripheral nerve collagen characteristics closely simulate that of human skin and differ from that of human aorta and other parenchymal organs. These data will permit a chemical analysis for possible abnormalities of peripheral nerve collagen in various neurogenic disorders.", "PMID": 328055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10673", "title": "Purification of protein A, an outer membrane component missing in Escherichia coli K-12 ompA mutants.", "content": "Outer membrane materials prepared from an Escherichia coli ompA (tolG) strain do not contain one of the major outer membrane proteins found in ompA+ strains. This protein has been purified in high yield from detergent-solubilized cell envelope material prepared from an ompA+ strain by preparative electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The purified protein is homogeneous in three electrophoretic systems, contains 2 mol of reducing sugar/mol of peptide and has alanine as the N-terminal amino acid. The amino acid composition is nearly identical to outer membrane protein II or B purified by others from incompletely solubilized cell envelope material. Thus, the fraction of outer membrane protein II or B that is difficult to solubilize is identical with the more readily solubilized fraction.", "contents": "Purification of protein A, an outer membrane component missing in Escherichia coli K-12 ompA mutants. Outer membrane materials prepared from an Escherichia coli ompA (tolG) strain do not contain one of the major outer membrane proteins found in ompA+ strains. This protein has been purified in high yield from detergent-solubilized cell envelope material prepared from an ompA+ strain by preparative electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The purified protein is homogeneous in three electrophoretic systems, contains 2 mol of reducing sugar/mol of peptide and has alanine as the N-terminal amino acid. The amino acid composition is nearly identical to outer membrane protein II or B purified by others from incompletely solubilized cell envelope material. Thus, the fraction of outer membrane protein II or B that is difficult to solubilize is identical with the more readily solubilized fraction.", "PMID": 328056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10674", "title": "Stereoselectivity and stereospecificity of the alpha,beta-dihydroxyacid dehydratase from Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "1. In addition to the known 2R,3R- and 2R, 3S-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acids (DHI), the 1S,3S- and sS,DR-isomers were prepared. 2S-2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid (DHV) was also prepared in addition to the known 2R-isomer. 2. The six dihydroxy acids were examined for their ability to promote the growth of isoleucine-valine (ilv)-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium and to serve as substrates for the alpha,beta-dihydroxyacid dehydratase of the same organism. 3. Only 2R,3R-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic and 2R-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acids supported growth of the ilv strains of S. typhimurium. 4. alpha,beta-Dihydroxyacid dehydratase utilized the three isomers with the 2R-configuration as substrates but not those with the 2S-configuration. 5. In an additional growth study that utilized the 3R- and 3S-isomers of 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid, the alpha-keto acid analogue of isoleucine, only the 3S-isomer supported growth. 6. It is concluded that the mechanism of action of the dehydratase is stereospecific in that the proton that is attached to C-3 of the substrate occupies the same steriochemical position as the departing hydroxyl group (Fig. 6).", "contents": "Stereoselectivity and stereospecificity of the alpha,beta-dihydroxyacid dehydratase from Salmonella typhimurium. 1. In addition to the known 2R,3R- and 2R, 3S-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acids (DHI), the 1S,3S- and sS,DR-isomers were prepared. 2S-2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid (DHV) was also prepared in addition to the known 2R-isomer. 2. The six dihydroxy acids were examined for their ability to promote the growth of isoleucine-valine (ilv)-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium and to serve as substrates for the alpha,beta-dihydroxyacid dehydratase of the same organism. 3. Only 2R,3R-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic and 2R-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acids supported growth of the ilv strains of S. typhimurium. 4. alpha,beta-Dihydroxyacid dehydratase utilized the three isomers with the 2R-configuration as substrates but not those with the 2S-configuration. 5. In an additional growth study that utilized the 3R- and 3S-isomers of 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid, the alpha-keto acid analogue of isoleucine, only the 3S-isomer supported growth. 6. It is concluded that the mechanism of action of the dehydratase is stereospecific in that the proton that is attached to C-3 of the substrate occupies the same steriochemical position as the departing hydroxyl group (Fig. 6).", "PMID": 328058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10675", "title": "[Primary structure of the casein macropeptide of kappa casein of buffalo].", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of Italian water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) caseinomacropeptide, the C-terminal fragment released from kappa-casein by chymosin, has been determined. It contains 64 amino acid residues including one phosphoserine and differs from its bovine (Bos taurus) B counterpart by 10 amino acid substitutions. The sequence of the last 11 amino acid residues of para-kappa-casein is also reported. In relation to the Ala148/Asp substitution which is responsible for the different electrophoretic behaviour of bovine kappa-caseins B and A, water buffalo kappa-casein is homologous to the bovine variant B. It is suggested that a variant Thr136-Ala148 might be the wild type of the Bos genus.", "contents": "[Primary structure of the casein macropeptide of kappa casein of buffalo]. The complete amino acid sequence of Italian water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) caseinomacropeptide, the C-terminal fragment released from kappa-casein by chymosin, has been determined. It contains 64 amino acid residues including one phosphoserine and differs from its bovine (Bos taurus) B counterpart by 10 amino acid substitutions. The sequence of the last 11 amino acid residues of para-kappa-casein is also reported. In relation to the Ala148/Asp substitution which is responsible for the different electrophoretic behaviour of bovine kappa-caseins B and A, water buffalo kappa-casein is homologous to the bovine variant B. It is suggested that a variant Thr136-Ala148 might be the wild type of the Bos genus.", "PMID": 328059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10676", "title": "Oxidative phosphorylation in intact chl-r mutants of Escherichia coli K 12.", "content": "The efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation was estimated in intact resting cells of Escherichia coli K 12, strain PA 601 (chl-s) and its chl-r mutants, all of them grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate. The oxidation of endogenous NADH in intact chl-s cells was accompanied by the formation of ATP whatever the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen or nitrate, so that it was possible to conclude that the energy conservation sites are operating with either of the two acceptors in cells grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate. For chl-r mutants oxidation of endogenous NADH correlated with ATP-production was found only with oxygen as electron acceptor. It is concluded that the energy-conservation sites are preserved in these mutants, the nitrate respiratory chain of which is altered. This assumption is corroborated by the effects of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on ATP-synthesis.", "contents": "Oxidative phosphorylation in intact chl-r mutants of Escherichia coli K 12. The efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation was estimated in intact resting cells of Escherichia coli K 12, strain PA 601 (chl-s) and its chl-r mutants, all of them grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate. The oxidation of endogenous NADH in intact chl-s cells was accompanied by the formation of ATP whatever the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen or nitrate, so that it was possible to conclude that the energy conservation sites are operating with either of the two acceptors in cells grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate. For chl-r mutants oxidation of endogenous NADH correlated with ATP-production was found only with oxygen as electron acceptor. It is concluded that the energy-conservation sites are preserved in these mutants, the nitrate respiratory chain of which is altered. This assumption is corroborated by the effects of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on ATP-synthesis.", "PMID": 328060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10677", "title": "Metabolic and EEG changes during transcendental meditation: an explanation.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to measure the oxygen uptake (Experiment II) and the carbon dioxide production (Experiment I) during transcendental meditation. A control group of non-meditators and a few meditators listening to music was used for both experiments. In Experiment I, a controlled group of fasting meditators was also included. A drop in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, found by previous authors during transcendental meditation, was confirmed. It was, however, possible to show that these drops were physiologically of small significance, and were of the magnitude to be expected from muscle relaxation. EEG recordings were taken during Experiment II in the meditating group. The EEG results showed transcendental meditation to be a method of holding the mediator's level of consciousness at stage 'onset' sleep. No evidence could be found to suggest that meditation produced a hypometabolic state beyond that produced by muscle relaxation and there was no evidence that the EEG changes were different from those observed in stage 'onset' sleep. No support was found for the idea that transcendental meditation is a fourth stage of consciousness.", "contents": "Metabolic and EEG changes during transcendental meditation: an explanation. Two experiments were conducted to measure the oxygen uptake (Experiment II) and the carbon dioxide production (Experiment I) during transcendental meditation. A control group of non-meditators and a few meditators listening to music was used for both experiments. In Experiment I, a controlled group of fasting meditators was also included. A drop in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, found by previous authors during transcendental meditation, was confirmed. It was, however, possible to show that these drops were physiologically of small significance, and were of the magnitude to be expected from muscle relaxation. EEG recordings were taken during Experiment II in the meditating group. The EEG results showed transcendental meditation to be a method of holding the mediator's level of consciousness at stage 'onset' sleep. No evidence could be found to suggest that meditation produced a hypometabolic state beyond that produced by muscle relaxation and there was no evidence that the EEG changes were different from those observed in stage 'onset' sleep. No support was found for the idea that transcendental meditation is a fourth stage of consciousness.", "PMID": 328063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10678", "title": "Biofeedback-aided relaxation and meditation in the management of hypertension.", "content": "Based on clinical, epidemiological, and experimental work, a possible pathogenesis of essential hypertension is outlined. In the light of this possible pathogenesis, a behavioral treatment program is suggested which centers on the regular use of systematic training. Several controlled studies are described in which experimental patients given such training show clinically significant and lasting reductions in systolic and diastolic pressure. Following training, experimental patients also show quicker recovery of blood pressures to baseline levels after exposure to standardized laboratory stressors. Probable long-term benefits of relaxation training are suggested. Such benefits, however, can only be maintained if the patient regularly practices relaxation and integrates this into his everyday activities. How to motivated symptomless hypertensives to accept this requirement is discussed in the light of the writer's personal experience.", "contents": "Biofeedback-aided relaxation and meditation in the management of hypertension. Based on clinical, epidemiological, and experimental work, a possible pathogenesis of essential hypertension is outlined. In the light of this possible pathogenesis, a behavioral treatment program is suggested which centers on the regular use of systematic training. Several controlled studies are described in which experimental patients given such training show clinically significant and lasting reductions in systolic and diastolic pressure. Following training, experimental patients also show quicker recovery of blood pressures to baseline levels after exposure to standardized laboratory stressors. Probable long-term benefits of relaxation training are suggested. Such benefits, however, can only be maintained if the patient regularly practices relaxation and integrates this into his everyday activities. How to motivated symptomless hypertensives to accept this requirement is discussed in the light of the writer's personal experience.", "PMID": 328062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10679", "title": "An NMR approach to tRNA tertiary structure in solution.", "content": "Atomic coordinates of E. Coli tRNA1Val have been generated from the X-ray crystal structure of Yeast tRNAPhe by base substitution followed by idealization...", "contents": "An NMR approach to tRNA tertiary structure in solution. Atomic coordinates of E. Coli tRNA1Val have been generated from the X-ray crystal structure of Yeast tRNAPhe by base substitution followed by idealization...", "PMID": 328065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10680", "title": "Association kinetics with coupled diffusion. An extension to coiled-chain macromolecules applied to the lac repressor-operator system.", "content": "The association of a molecule onto a specified binding site on a large chain-like macromolecule is described in the \"sliding\" model, where the molecule is allowed to move along the chain in a one-dimensional diffusion which is coupled to the three-dimensional diffusion in solution. The present work extends a previous one by treating the chains more generally as coiled instead of straight. The model is applied to the lac repressor-operator association. A general expression for the rate of unspecific attachment to a chain-like macromolecule is also derived.", "contents": "Association kinetics with coupled diffusion. An extension to coiled-chain macromolecules applied to the lac repressor-operator system. The association of a molecule onto a specified binding site on a large chain-like macromolecule is described in the \"sliding\" model, where the molecule is allowed to move along the chain in a one-dimensional diffusion which is coupled to the three-dimensional diffusion in solution. The present work extends a previous one by treating the chains more generally as coiled instead of straight. The model is applied to the lac repressor-operator association. A general expression for the rate of unspecific attachment to a chain-like macromolecule is also derived.", "PMID": 328068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10681", "title": "Models of membranes of cerebral cells as substrates for information storage.", "content": "The past decade has seen a growing understanding of functional capacities and structural organization of cell membranes. Studies in immunology, endocrinology and neurobiology have led to some unifying concepts about processes of transduction at the membrane surface, and the coupling of surface events to the interior of the cell. My interest in these problems has been directed in no small measure by interactions with Lars Onsager. His kindly tutelage and rigorous criticism have been a source of endless encouragement to those who sought the full measure of his wisdom in the difficult area of the energetics of membrane excitation. Onsager's unflagging interest in mechanisms of ion transportation led him to earnest consideration of a variety of non-classical models of conduction in proteins, always tempered by his deep insight essential aspects of physical chemistry. My discussions with him at the MIT Neuroscience Research Program were a regular stimulus to the experiments which our groups have undertaken in search of answers to questions raised by the models presented here. Above all, Lars Onsager was a kindly, gentle man. In this personal example, he will be as sadly missed as for his broad and imaginative approach to critical questions in the physical and biological sciences.", "contents": "Models of membranes of cerebral cells as substrates for information storage. The past decade has seen a growing understanding of functional capacities and structural organization of cell membranes. Studies in immunology, endocrinology and neurobiology have led to some unifying concepts about processes of transduction at the membrane surface, and the coupling of surface events to the interior of the cell. My interest in these problems has been directed in no small measure by interactions with Lars Onsager. His kindly tutelage and rigorous criticism have been a source of endless encouragement to those who sought the full measure of his wisdom in the difficult area of the energetics of membrane excitation. Onsager's unflagging interest in mechanisms of ion transportation led him to earnest consideration of a variety of non-classical models of conduction in proteins, always tempered by his deep insight essential aspects of physical chemistry. My discussions with him at the MIT Neuroscience Research Program were a regular stimulus to the experiments which our groups have undertaken in search of answers to questions raised by the models presented here. Above all, Lars Onsager was a kindly, gentle man. In this personal example, he will be as sadly missed as for his broad and imaginative approach to critical questions in the physical and biological sciences.", "PMID": 328072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10682", "title": "Considerations in predicting phenotypic modifications in amino acid profiles of total cell protein of microorganisms.", "content": "A mathematical model is presented that describes the concentration of an amino acid in total cell protein as a function of its concentration in individual cell proteins or in sets of cell proteins. The resulting equation makes it possible to calculate how the makeup of cell proteins must change to obtain a specified alteration in the content of an amino acid in the total cell protein. It is recognized that protein species or sets of proteins that are distinguished by being richer or poorer in a key amino acid than the overall protein must undergo considerable variations in content. The necessary extent of these shifts suggests that the amino acid composition of total cell protein is not likely to be affected significantly by variations in the cultivation conditions.", "contents": "Considerations in predicting phenotypic modifications in amino acid profiles of total cell protein of microorganisms. A mathematical model is presented that describes the concentration of an amino acid in total cell protein as a function of its concentration in individual cell proteins or in sets of cell proteins. The resulting equation makes it possible to calculate how the makeup of cell proteins must change to obtain a specified alteration in the content of an amino acid in the total cell protein. It is recognized that protein species or sets of proteins that are distinguished by being richer or poorer in a key amino acid than the overall protein must undergo considerable variations in content. The necessary extent of these shifts suggests that the amino acid composition of total cell protein is not likely to be affected significantly by variations in the cultivation conditions.", "PMID": 328076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10683", "title": "[Origin of hematopoietic cells in a syngenous and semisyngenous focus of heterotopic hematopoiesis].", "content": "Heterotopic hemopoiesis foci were produced by the bone marrow of C57BL/6 or (CBA X C57BL)F1 mice grafted under the renal capsule of (CBAT6T6XC57BL)F1 mice, bearing the chromosomal translocation. The cytogenetic analysis of the hemopoietic cells in the foci 20 to 120 days after the transplantation showed that in 40% of the transplants only the recipient's hemopoietic cells proliferated, whereas the rest were mosaic and contained on the average less than 20% of donor's cells both in the syngeneic and in the semisyngeneic systems. These characteristics remained stable for at least 4 months. The data obtained suggest a single inflow of not less than 10 effective hemopoietic stem cells per graft. The clone stability indicated that during the steady-state hemopoiesis the cell exchange between various regions of the hemopoietic system was not great, if any.", "contents": "[Origin of hematopoietic cells in a syngenous and semisyngenous focus of heterotopic hematopoiesis]. Heterotopic hemopoiesis foci were produced by the bone marrow of C57BL/6 or (CBA X C57BL)F1 mice grafted under the renal capsule of (CBAT6T6XC57BL)F1 mice, bearing the chromosomal translocation. The cytogenetic analysis of the hemopoietic cells in the foci 20 to 120 days after the transplantation showed that in 40% of the transplants only the recipient's hemopoietic cells proliferated, whereas the rest were mosaic and contained on the average less than 20% of donor's cells both in the syngeneic and in the semisyngeneic systems. These characteristics remained stable for at least 4 months. The data obtained suggest a single inflow of not less than 10 effective hemopoietic stem cells per graft. The clone stability indicated that during the steady-state hemopoiesis the cell exchange between various regions of the hemopoietic system was not great, if any.", "PMID": 328078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10684", "title": "[Interaction of the isolated DNA of lambda phage with spheroplasts of E. coli treated with sturine].", "content": "The method of centrifugation in sucrose density gradient (30-55%) of the spheroplast membrane preparations treated and untreated with sturine and infected with phage lambda DNA demonstrated that sturine, treatment increased the phage lambda DNA absorption three-fold. About 50% of the lambda DNA molecules adsorbed by spheroplasts are bound with the cytoplasmic membrane of spheroplasts treated with sturine; 50% of the lambda DNA molecules are bound with the cell wall membrane on the sturine-untreated spheroplasts. The data obtained allow to conclude that the stimulating effect of sturine in E. coli spheroplasts transfection by lambda DNA is connected with redistribution of phage DNA absorbed on spheroplasts from the cell wall to the cytoplasmic membrane facilitating the penetration of DNA and its fastening on the membrane.", "contents": "[Interaction of the isolated DNA of lambda phage with spheroplasts of E. coli treated with sturine]. The method of centrifugation in sucrose density gradient (30-55%) of the spheroplast membrane preparations treated and untreated with sturine and infected with phage lambda DNA demonstrated that sturine, treatment increased the phage lambda DNA absorption three-fold. About 50% of the lambda DNA molecules adsorbed by spheroplasts are bound with the cytoplasmic membrane of spheroplasts treated with sturine; 50% of the lambda DNA molecules are bound with the cell wall membrane on the sturine-untreated spheroplasts. The data obtained allow to conclude that the stimulating effect of sturine in E. coli spheroplasts transfection by lambda DNA is connected with redistribution of phage DNA absorbed on spheroplasts from the cell wall to the cytoplasmic membrane facilitating the penetration of DNA and its fastening on the membrane.", "PMID": 328079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10685", "title": "[Barrier-fixing function in germ-free animals].", "content": "The state of barrier-fixative function was studied in germfree and conventional guinea pigs and rats. Under conditions of conventional animals contamination with E. coli 055 (in doses of 500 million and 10 milliard microbial bodies for subcutaneous and oral inoculation, respectively) only an early transitory bacteremia developed at the early postinfection periods. As to bacteriemia in gnotobiotes, it increased progressively leading to the animal death in the course of 2 to 3 days. A decreased fixative and bactericidal capacity of the regional lymphatic apparatus and deep structures of the mononuclear-phagocytic system was revealed in germfree animals. An experimental confirmation of the participance of antibodies in the manifestation of the barrier-fixative function to E. coli was obtained. These studies demonstrated an important role of the microbial factor in the formation of the macroorganism barrier-fixative function.", "contents": "[Barrier-fixing function in germ-free animals]. The state of barrier-fixative function was studied in germfree and conventional guinea pigs and rats. Under conditions of conventional animals contamination with E. coli 055 (in doses of 500 million and 10 milliard microbial bodies for subcutaneous and oral inoculation, respectively) only an early transitory bacteremia developed at the early postinfection periods. As to bacteriemia in gnotobiotes, it increased progressively leading to the animal death in the course of 2 to 3 days. A decreased fixative and bactericidal capacity of the regional lymphatic apparatus and deep structures of the mononuclear-phagocytic system was revealed in germfree animals. An experimental confirmation of the participance of antibodies in the manifestation of the barrier-fixative function to E. coli was obtained. These studies demonstrated an important role of the microbial factor in the formation of the macroorganism barrier-fixative function.", "PMID": 328080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10686", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of ftorafur-2-14C in rats with Walker carcinosarcoma].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of phthorafur-2-14C (Ph) was investigated after its intravenous injection to rats with Walker carcinosarcoma. The blood plasma level of Ph-2-14C and its metabolites proved to decrease in to a three-phase process. The content of the agent in the tissues decreased in the following sequence: the kidney, small intestine, tumour, stomach, muscle, heart, liver, lungs, spleen, brain and fat. The tumour was observed to contain Ph-2-14C and endogenous metabolite 5-phthoruracil-2-14C. Excretion of the agent continued for 48 hrs, 52.2% of the administered dose being eliminated via the urinary tract, 30% as 14CO2, and 0.8% in feces.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of ftorafur-2-14C in rats with Walker carcinosarcoma]. The pharmacokinetics of phthorafur-2-14C (Ph) was investigated after its intravenous injection to rats with Walker carcinosarcoma. The blood plasma level of Ph-2-14C and its metabolites proved to decrease in to a three-phase process. The content of the agent in the tissues decreased in the following sequence: the kidney, small intestine, tumour, stomach, muscle, heart, liver, lungs, spleen, brain and fat. The tumour was observed to contain Ph-2-14C and endogenous metabolite 5-phthoruracil-2-14C. Excretion of the agent continued for 48 hrs, 52.2% of the administered dose being eliminated via the urinary tract, 30% as 14CO2, and 0.8% in feces.", "PMID": 328081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10687", "title": "Low molecular weight intracellular iron transport compounds.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the existence of an intracellular pool of low molecular weight iron compounds which acts as an intermediate between extracellular iron and a wide variety of intracellular processes. It is in equilibrium with storage iron and iron enzymes and is of major importance in iron toxicity and chelation therapy.", "contents": "Low molecular weight intracellular iron transport compounds. Evidence is presented for the existence of an intracellular pool of low molecular weight iron compounds which acts as an intermediate between extracellular iron and a wide variety of intracellular processes. It is in equilibrium with storage iron and iron enzymes and is of major importance in iron toxicity and chelation therapy.", "PMID": 328083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10688", "title": "Determination of continuing medical education needs of clinicians from a literature search study, Part I. The study.", "content": "Continuing medical education is an area of current concern to health sciences librarians. A comprehensive study of literature searches requested by physicians and by fourth-year medical students serving their five-week preceptorship with a rural physician was conducted: (1) to determine if there is any pattern to the requests received so that areas of study for continuing medical education can be ascertained; and (2) to determine whether there is any appreciable difference in nature and complexity between those searches requested by clinicians and those requested by medical student preceptees. Literature search requests were examined in terms of individual MeSH subjects, subcategories, and categories for each subject covered in every search. This analysis has demonstrated that assessing the clinical problems of practicing physicians may be one method of determining needed continuing medical education topics.", "contents": "Determination of continuing medical education needs of clinicians from a literature search study, Part I. The study. Continuing medical education is an area of current concern to health sciences librarians. A comprehensive study of literature searches requested by physicians and by fourth-year medical students serving their five-week preceptorship with a rural physician was conducted: (1) to determine if there is any pattern to the requests received so that areas of study for continuing medical education can be ascertained; and (2) to determine whether there is any appreciable difference in nature and complexity between those searches requested by clinicians and those requested by medical student preceptees. Literature search requests were examined in terms of individual MeSH subjects, subcategories, and categories for each subject covered in every search. This analysis has demonstrated that assessing the clinical problems of practicing physicians may be one method of determining needed continuing medical education topics.", "PMID": 328092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10689", "title": "Determination of continuing medical education needs of clinicians from a literature search study. Part II. Questionnaire results.", "content": "Part II of this study of the needs of clinicians for continuing medical education (CME) examines the results of a questionnaire sent of Oklahoma physicians to determine if they would request formal CME courses in the same subject areas in which they had previously requested in formation from librarians. The degree of correlation between literature search requests and responses to the questionnaire confirms that the analysis of library information requests may be one approach to determining CME needs.", "contents": "Determination of continuing medical education needs of clinicians from a literature search study. Part II. Questionnaire results. Part II of this study of the needs of clinicians for continuing medical education (CME) examines the results of a questionnaire sent of Oklahoma physicians to determine if they would request formal CME courses in the same subject areas in which they had previously requested in formation from librarians. The degree of correlation between literature search requests and responses to the questionnaire confirms that the analysis of library information requests may be one approach to determining CME needs.", "PMID": 328093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10690", "title": "[Control of pulmonary ventilation during muscular exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "The ventilatory changes as function of time or power depend on the type of exercise. However, in any case, two kinds of factors are involved in these changes : fast, neurogenic, factors and other factors, slower, which are thought to be humoral. Neurogenic stimuli arise from the periphery and from the central nervous system. Peripheral stimuli are induced by the repetitive changes of muscle length and by the motion of articulations. Ventilatory output is also increased by stimuli coming from motor centers. These two kinds of factors induce a ventilatory increase at the start of exercise (\"accrochage ventilatoire\"). Both chemical and physical stimuli act as humoral factors. The arterial PO2 is scarcely reduced even during maximal exercise, but the increased blood level of norepinephrine may account for the enhanced sensitivity of the centers to the oxygen drive. The sensitivity of the respiratory centers to PaCO2 is not increased. The pH is lowered and can reach 7.15 during very intense exercise. tthis acidity may account for the increased ventillatoy output under these circumstances. The increased body temperature may partly explain the progressive increase of ventilatory output during long lasting exercise, but it does not change the alveolar ventilation. It thus appears that the exercise ventilatory behaviour meets the metabolic, acid-base balance and thermolytic requirements.", "contents": "[Control of pulmonary ventilation during muscular exercise (author's transl)]. The ventilatory changes as function of time or power depend on the type of exercise. However, in any case, two kinds of factors are involved in these changes : fast, neurogenic, factors and other factors, slower, which are thought to be humoral. Neurogenic stimuli arise from the periphery and from the central nervous system. Peripheral stimuli are induced by the repetitive changes of muscle length and by the motion of articulations. Ventilatory output is also increased by stimuli coming from motor centers. These two kinds of factors induce a ventilatory increase at the start of exercise (\"accrochage ventilatoire\"). Both chemical and physical stimuli act as humoral factors. The arterial PO2 is scarcely reduced even during maximal exercise, but the increased blood level of norepinephrine may account for the enhanced sensitivity of the centers to the oxygen drive. The sensitivity of the respiratory centers to PaCO2 is not increased. The pH is lowered and can reach 7.15 during very intense exercise. tthis acidity may account for the increased ventillatoy output under these circumstances. The increased body temperature may partly explain the progressive increase of ventilatory output during long lasting exercise, but it does not change the alveolar ventilation. It thus appears that the exercise ventilatory behaviour meets the metabolic, acid-base balance and thermolytic requirements.", "PMID": 328091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10691", "title": "Malaria field studies in a high-incidence coastal area of El Salvador, C.A.", "content": "A three-year investigation was made of the incidence patterns and characteristics of malaria in a small high-incidence coastal area of El Salvador with a resident population of about 6,000 persons and a migrant population of 3,000 to 4,000 others. It found a significant increase in the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum cases during the three-year period, combined with relative stability in the annual number of Plasmodium vivax cases. A close correlation was observed between the seasonal occurence of P. falciparum cases in 1973 and vector densities, and between vector densities and aerial application of agricultural insecticides. Cases of P. vivax appeared about twice as common in the 5 to 14 year age group as in older or younger groups, and cases of P. falciparum seemed only about one-third as frequent in the 0 to 4 year group as in older groups. The attack rate in 1973 was somewhat higher in males than in females. There appeared to be a decrease in parasite densities with age, as well as a direct correlation between parasite densities and the degree of disability (symptoms and \"in bed\" time) reported by patients.", "contents": "Malaria field studies in a high-incidence coastal area of El Salvador, C.A. A three-year investigation was made of the incidence patterns and characteristics of malaria in a small high-incidence coastal area of El Salvador with a resident population of about 6,000 persons and a migrant population of 3,000 to 4,000 others. It found a significant increase in the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum cases during the three-year period, combined with relative stability in the annual number of Plasmodium vivax cases. A close correlation was observed between the seasonal occurence of P. falciparum cases in 1973 and vector densities, and between vector densities and aerial application of agricultural insecticides. Cases of P. vivax appeared about twice as common in the 5 to 14 year age group as in older or younger groups, and cases of P. falciparum seemed only about one-third as frequent in the 0 to 4 year group as in older groups. The attack rate in 1973 was somewhat higher in males than in females. There appeared to be a decrease in parasite densities with age, as well as a direct correlation between parasite densities and the degree of disability (symptoms and \"in bed\" time) reported by patients.", "PMID": 328096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10692", "title": "[Kidney biopsy from the viewpoint of a clinician].", "content": "Technique, indications, contraindications and complications of percutaneous biopsy of the kidney and the renal transplant are reviewed. In Basle, after introducing fluoroscopic control, 347 consecutive percutaneous biopsies were followed by two serious complications only: persistent bleeding led to partial nephrectomy of the lower pole in one case and nephrectomy in a second case where spontaneous hemorrhage had occurred at the upper pole (temporally but not causally related to the biopsy of the lower pole). A further 110 biopsies of renal transplants done also with fluoroscopic control resulted in no complication whatsoever.", "contents": "[Kidney biopsy from the viewpoint of a clinician]. Technique, indications, contraindications and complications of percutaneous biopsy of the kidney and the renal transplant are reviewed. In Basle, after introducing fluoroscopic control, 347 consecutive percutaneous biopsies were followed by two serious complications only: persistent bleeding led to partial nephrectomy of the lower pole in one case and nephrectomy in a second case where spontaneous hemorrhage had occurred at the upper pole (temporally but not causally related to the biopsy of the lower pole). A further 110 biopsies of renal transplants done also with fluoroscopic control resulted in no complication whatsoever.", "PMID": 328101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10693", "title": "[Application of modern methods to clinical autopsy].", "content": "Among the numerous modern methods at the disposal of pathologists, four techniques and their applications are demonstrated: 1. An enzymatic stain for macroscopic diagnosis of early myocardial infarcts. 2. Immuno-histochemistry in juvenile diabetes. 3. Electron microscopy in pulmonary hypertension in relationship with the intake of slimming pills. 4. X-ray micro-analysis in the the diagnosis of asbestosis. These various techniques are of great interest but can only be performed on fresh necropsy specimens taken early after death.", "contents": "[Application of modern methods to clinical autopsy]. Among the numerous modern methods at the disposal of pathologists, four techniques and their applications are demonstrated: 1. An enzymatic stain for macroscopic diagnosis of early myocardial infarcts. 2. Immuno-histochemistry in juvenile diabetes. 3. Electron microscopy in pulmonary hypertension in relationship with the intake of slimming pills. 4. X-ray micro-analysis in the the diagnosis of asbestosis. These various techniques are of great interest but can only be performed on fresh necropsy specimens taken early after death.", "PMID": 328102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10694", "title": "[Pathology and clinical medicine. An introduction].", "content": "In the introduction the author presents a review of themes connected with the autopsy and some problems of pathology which are not discussed in further detail during the course of the symposium. Thus, the signification and influence of religious, metaphysical, legal, socioeconomical and certain technical factors of the autopsy practice are briefly described, followed by a synopsis of the situation of the pathologist facing the demands of medicine, science, education, and administration. As a conclusion, follows a survey of the history and the activities of the Neuch\u00e2tel Institute of pathological anatomy.", "contents": "[Pathology and clinical medicine. An introduction]. In the introduction the author presents a review of themes connected with the autopsy and some problems of pathology which are not discussed in further detail during the course of the symposium. Thus, the signification and influence of religious, metaphysical, legal, socioeconomical and certain technical factors of the autopsy practice are briefly described, followed by a synopsis of the situation of the pathologist facing the demands of medicine, science, education, and administration. As a conclusion, follows a survey of the history and the activities of the Neuch\u00e2tel Institute of pathological anatomy.", "PMID": 328103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10695", "title": "Marital stability following the birth of a child with spina bifida.", "content": "The matrimonial stability of 142 families where a child with neural tube malformation (mostly spina bifida) was born between 1964 and 1966, including 56 families with a surviving spina bifida child, was examined in January 1976. The divorce rate for families with a surviving child was found to be nine times higher than that for the local population and three times higher than for families experiencing bereavement of their spina bifida child. Marriages which followed a pre-nuptial conception resulting in a spina bifida child were particularly vulnerable and had a divorce or separation risk of 50 per cent. All the divorced fathers had remarried, but only one of the mothers. It is concluded that a handicapped child adds greatly to the strain on a marriage, especially when this has not been cemented before the arrival of a child. This strain is diminished by the child's early death.", "contents": "Marital stability following the birth of a child with spina bifida. The matrimonial stability of 142 families where a child with neural tube malformation (mostly spina bifida) was born between 1964 and 1966, including 56 families with a surviving spina bifida child, was examined in January 1976. The divorce rate for families with a surviving child was found to be nine times higher than that for the local population and three times higher than for families experiencing bereavement of their spina bifida child. Marriages which followed a pre-nuptial conception resulting in a spina bifida child were particularly vulnerable and had a divorce or separation risk of 50 per cent. All the divorced fathers had remarried, but only one of the mothers. It is concluded that a handicapped child adds greatly to the strain on a marriage, especially when this has not been cemented before the arrival of a child. This strain is diminished by the child's early death.", "PMID": 328106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10696", "title": "The possible roles of histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and prostaglandin F2alpha as mediators of the acute pulmonary effects of endotoxin.", "content": "1 In an attempt to investigate the possible role of released vasoactive substances in mediating the pulmonary pressor responses to E. coli endotoxin, cats were pretreated with histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or prostaglandin antagonists, with a histamine depleting agent (compound 48/80) or with an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase (sodium meclofenamate).2 The administration of endotoxin (2 mg/kg) resulted in a rapidly developing pulmonary hypertension (pressure twice normal after 2-3 min), increases in right atrial and intratracheal pressures, systemic hypotension and bradycardia. These effects were unaffected by methysergide in a dose sufficient to prevent the effects of intravenously administered 5-HT.3 Endotoxin responses were also unaffected by a combination of mepyramine and burimamide in doses sufficient to reduce markedly the effects of intravenously-administered histamine. In cats pretreated (chronically or acutely) with compound 48/80, endotoxin induced a transient pulmonary pressor response which was not maintained.4 The pulmonary and systemic responses to endotoxin were prevented by the prior administration of the prostaglandin antagonist, polyphloretin phosphate and by pretreatment with the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, sodium meclofenamate.5 It is concluded that a pulmonary vasoconstrictor prostaglandin is involved in the acute response to endotoxin in the cat.", "contents": "The possible roles of histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and prostaglandin F2alpha as mediators of the acute pulmonary effects of endotoxin. 1 In an attempt to investigate the possible role of released vasoactive substances in mediating the pulmonary pressor responses to E. coli endotoxin, cats were pretreated with histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or prostaglandin antagonists, with a histamine depleting agent (compound 48/80) or with an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase (sodium meclofenamate).2 The administration of endotoxin (2 mg/kg) resulted in a rapidly developing pulmonary hypertension (pressure twice normal after 2-3 min), increases in right atrial and intratracheal pressures, systemic hypotension and bradycardia. These effects were unaffected by methysergide in a dose sufficient to prevent the effects of intravenously administered 5-HT.3 Endotoxin responses were also unaffected by a combination of mepyramine and burimamide in doses sufficient to reduce markedly the effects of intravenously-administered histamine. In cats pretreated (chronically or acutely) with compound 48/80, endotoxin induced a transient pulmonary pressor response which was not maintained.4 The pulmonary and systemic responses to endotoxin were prevented by the prior administration of the prostaglandin antagonist, polyphloretin phosphate and by pretreatment with the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, sodium meclofenamate.5 It is concluded that a pulmonary vasoconstrictor prostaglandin is involved in the acute response to endotoxin in the cat.", "PMID": 328105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10697", "title": "An outcome study of group psychotherapy.", "content": "In 1975 a long-term follow-up was undertaken on patients collected as in-patients, treated and studied in 1962-64 (Bovill, 1972). Treatment was by didactic group psychotherapy and relaxation. Treatment was for a mean of six months and of 30 sessions, treatment remained available on demand for a mean of two years after discharge from attendance. In 1975 30 treated patients and 24 control patients were traced out of the original 36 in each group. The criterion of success was, as before, the inverse of days spent re-hospitalized. The success ratio fell from 7: 1 in 1962-64 to 2 1/2: 1 in 1965-74 and to 2: 1 in the single year 1974. This fall was expected in view of the known spontaneous recovery rate operating on the controls.", "contents": "An outcome study of group psychotherapy. In 1975 a long-term follow-up was undertaken on patients collected as in-patients, treated and studied in 1962-64 (Bovill, 1972). Treatment was by didactic group psychotherapy and relaxation. Treatment was for a mean of six months and of 30 sessions, treatment remained available on demand for a mean of two years after discharge from attendance. In 1975 30 treated patients and 24 control patients were traced out of the original 36 in each group. The criterion of success was, as before, the inverse of days spent re-hospitalized. The success ratio fell from 7: 1 in 1962-64 to 2 1/2: 1 in 1965-74 and to 2: 1 in the single year 1974. This fall was expected in view of the known spontaneous recovery rate operating on the controls.", "PMID": 328107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10698", "title": "Effects of naloxone on pethidine-induced neonatal depression. Part I--Intravenous naloxone.", "content": "Infants whose mothers had had pethidine during labour were given either naloxone 40 microgram or isotonic saline administered intravenously double-blind within one minute of birth. Peak alveolar carbon dioxide tension, carbon dioxide excretion, alveolar ventilation, feeding behaviour, and habituation to a specific sound stimulus were measured regularly up to 48 hours after birth. Alveolar carbon dioxide tension was significantly lower and alveolar ventilation significantly higher half an hour after birth in the naloxone-treated group than in the saline-treated group, but these differences between the groups were not significant at any other time, and there were no significant differences in sucking frequency or pressure, milk consumption, or habituation to the auditory stimulus.", "contents": "Effects of naloxone on pethidine-induced neonatal depression. Part I--Intravenous naloxone. Infants whose mothers had had pethidine during labour were given either naloxone 40 microgram or isotonic saline administered intravenously double-blind within one minute of birth. Peak alveolar carbon dioxide tension, carbon dioxide excretion, alveolar ventilation, feeding behaviour, and habituation to a specific sound stimulus were measured regularly up to 48 hours after birth. Alveolar carbon dioxide tension was significantly lower and alveolar ventilation significantly higher half an hour after birth in the naloxone-treated group than in the saline-treated group, but these differences between the groups were not significant at any other time, and there were no significant differences in sucking frequency or pressure, milk consumption, or habituation to the auditory stimulus.", "PMID": 328108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10699", "title": "Ontogeny of neurophysin in the rat pituitary gland. An electron microscope immunohistochemical study.", "content": "The ontogenic development of neurophysin has not been investigated so far. To study this problem, electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was performed on ultrathin sections of the posterior pituitary of foetal and newborn rats. A concomitant appearance of secretory granules and neurophysin was first noted in the posterior pituitary of 18-day foetus. Neurophysin was detected only in the secretory granules, all of which were labelled. The number of granules (75-110 nm in diameter) as well as the intensity of the reaction for neurophysin increased as the foetus became older. In the newborn rat, the secretory granules were more numerous and showed a strong neurophysin positive reaction. The results support the hypothesis that neurophysin is an essential component for the formation of the secretory granules in the hypothalamo-neurophypophysial system.", "contents": "Ontogeny of neurophysin in the rat pituitary gland. An electron microscope immunohistochemical study. The ontogenic development of neurophysin has not been investigated so far. To study this problem, electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was performed on ultrathin sections of the posterior pituitary of foetal and newborn rats. A concomitant appearance of secretory granules and neurophysin was first noted in the posterior pituitary of 18-day foetus. Neurophysin was detected only in the secretory granules, all of which were labelled. The number of granules (75-110 nm in diameter) as well as the intensity of the reaction for neurophysin increased as the foetus became older. In the newborn rat, the secretory granules were more numerous and showed a strong neurophysin positive reaction. The results support the hypothesis that neurophysin is an essential component for the formation of the secretory granules in the hypothalamo-neurophypophysial system.", "PMID": 328110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10700", "title": "The maintenance and identification of mouse cerebellar granule cells in monolayer culture.", "content": "Methods are described for maintaining postnatal mouse cerebellar cells in monolayer culture, and for identifying granule cells in such cultures. Cells from cerebella of 7-day-old mice are dissociated with trypsin and DNAse, then plated at 1-1.5 X 10(6) cells/35 mm dish in a high-potassium modification of Hams F12 medium plus 10% fetal calf serum. Under these conditions, cells grow either singly or in small clumps, and develop complex meshes of single fibers and fiber bundles over a period of several days. Granule cells are identified by a combination of several criteria including their size, shape and relative proportion of the total cell population as determined by phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy; nuclear morphology, demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy, and failure to take up [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the presence of several other cell types which do, shown by autoradiography.", "contents": "The maintenance and identification of mouse cerebellar granule cells in monolayer culture. Methods are described for maintaining postnatal mouse cerebellar cells in monolayer culture, and for identifying granule cells in such cultures. Cells from cerebella of 7-day-old mice are dissociated with trypsin and DNAse, then plated at 1-1.5 X 10(6) cells/35 mm dish in a high-potassium modification of Hams F12 medium plus 10% fetal calf serum. Under these conditions, cells grow either singly or in small clumps, and develop complex meshes of single fibers and fiber bundles over a period of several days. Granule cells are identified by a combination of several criteria including their size, shape and relative proportion of the total cell population as determined by phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy; nuclear morphology, demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy, and failure to take up [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the presence of several other cell types which do, shown by autoradiography.", "PMID": 328111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10701", "title": "In vitro behavior of granule cells from Staggerer and Weaver mutants of mice.", "content": "The survival, in monolayer culture, of cerebellar granule cells from the cerebellar mutants Staggerer and Weaver was studied to examine whether the observed in vivo granule cell degeneration is intrinsic or environmentally induced. Granule cells in vitro can be identified by means of a combination of criteria including their size, shape, nuclear morphology, relative proportion of the total cell population, and failure to take up gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the presence of several other cell types which do. Cultures from both Staggerer and Weaver cerebella had surviving granule cells for at least 3 weeks in vitro. Therefore, since the mice used as the source of the cells were 7 days of age, the degeneration observed in vivo cannot be a case of irreversibly programmed cell death determined before postnatal day 7. While the behavior of Weaver granule cells is essentially the same as littermate controls, cells from Staggerer cerebella both clump less and survive considerably longer than those from wild-type. The role of intrinsic granule cell differences vs. primary changes in some other cell type is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro behavior of granule cells from Staggerer and Weaver mutants of mice. The survival, in monolayer culture, of cerebellar granule cells from the cerebellar mutants Staggerer and Weaver was studied to examine whether the observed in vivo granule cell degeneration is intrinsic or environmentally induced. Granule cells in vitro can be identified by means of a combination of criteria including their size, shape, nuclear morphology, relative proportion of the total cell population, and failure to take up gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the presence of several other cell types which do. Cultures from both Staggerer and Weaver cerebella had surviving granule cells for at least 3 weeks in vitro. Therefore, since the mice used as the source of the cells were 7 days of age, the degeneration observed in vivo cannot be a case of irreversibly programmed cell death determined before postnatal day 7. While the behavior of Weaver granule cells is essentially the same as littermate controls, cells from Staggerer cerebella both clump less and survive considerably longer than those from wild-type. The role of intrinsic granule cell differences vs. primary changes in some other cell type is discussed.", "PMID": 328112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10702", "title": "N-terminal amino acid sequences of acid proteases: acid proteases from Penicillium roqueforti and Rhizopus chinensis and alignment with penicillopepsin and mammalian proteases.", "content": "The amino-terminal sequence (33 residues) of the acid protease from Penicillium roqueforti has been determined with an automated sequencer. The amino-terminal sequence of Rhizopus pepsin (published by Sepulveda, P., Jackson, K. W. & Tang, J. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 63, 1106-1112) has been extended from 27 residues to 39 residues. Also, it was found that two forms of Rhizopus pepsin differ in position 15, where Rhizopus pepsin I has an isoleucine and Rhizopus pepsin II a valine residue. The new sequences have been aligned with the amino-terminal sequences of penicillopepsin (EC 3.4.23.7), pig pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1), calf chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4), human pepsin (EC 3.4.23.2), human gastricsin (EC 3.4.23.3), and cow pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1). Residues 31-35 (numbering based on pig pepsin, Tang, J., Sepulveda, P., Marciniszyn, Jr., J., Chen, K.S.C., Huang, W.-Y. , Tao, N., Liu, D. & Lanier, P. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 3437-3739) are identical in all enzymes. This section contains one of the two aspartic acids (Asp-32) implicated in the active site. The similarity of the sequences provides strong evidence for the homology of these acid proteases.", "contents": "N-terminal amino acid sequences of acid proteases: acid proteases from Penicillium roqueforti and Rhizopus chinensis and alignment with penicillopepsin and mammalian proteases. The amino-terminal sequence (33 residues) of the acid protease from Penicillium roqueforti has been determined with an automated sequencer. The amino-terminal sequence of Rhizopus pepsin (published by Sepulveda, P., Jackson, K. W. & Tang, J. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 63, 1106-1112) has been extended from 27 residues to 39 residues. Also, it was found that two forms of Rhizopus pepsin differ in position 15, where Rhizopus pepsin I has an isoleucine and Rhizopus pepsin II a valine residue. The new sequences have been aligned with the amino-terminal sequences of penicillopepsin (EC 3.4.23.7), pig pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1), calf chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4), human pepsin (EC 3.4.23.2), human gastricsin (EC 3.4.23.3), and cow pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1). Residues 31-35 (numbering based on pig pepsin, Tang, J., Sepulveda, P., Marciniszyn, Jr., J., Chen, K.S.C., Huang, W.-Y. , Tao, N., Liu, D. & Lanier, P. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 3437-3739) are identical in all enzymes. This section contains one of the two aspartic acids (Asp-32) implicated in the active site. The similarity of the sequences provides strong evidence for the homology of these acid proteases.", "PMID": 328116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10703", "title": "The effect of proflavine on pyruvate kinase I of Escherichia coli B.", "content": "Proflavine (PF) inhibited glucose use in sensitive but not resistant Escherichia coli B. Glucose transport (as measured by alpha-methylglucoside accumulation) was only partly inhibited by PF concentration that completely blocked glucose use. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate-(FDP)-regulated pyruvate kinase (PK1) (EC 2.7.1.40), the only glycolytic enzyme affected by PF, was completely inhibited by a dye concentration of 0.8 mM. The inhibition curve for PF was sigmoidal, suggesting that PF was acting as an allosteric inhibitor. PF increased the K 1/2 for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and lowered the V; however, it had no effect on the Hill number for PEP. PF inhibition was partially reversed by FDP but not by cyclic AMP, AMP, ATP, fuctose 6-phosphate, or dithiothreitol. Studies with a variety of acridines indicated that those substituted at the 3-position are the most effective inhibitors and also that hydrophobic interactions may be involved in PF inhibition of PK I. PK I for E. coli B/Pr was also strongly inhibited by PF, indicating that PF resistance does not lie at the level of this enzyme. Ribose-5-phosphate-regulated pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) was much less sensitive that PK I to the inhibitory effects of PF. A role for PF as a molecular probe for PK I has been proposed.", "contents": "The effect of proflavine on pyruvate kinase I of Escherichia coli B. Proflavine (PF) inhibited glucose use in sensitive but not resistant Escherichia coli B. Glucose transport (as measured by alpha-methylglucoside accumulation) was only partly inhibited by PF concentration that completely blocked glucose use. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate-(FDP)-regulated pyruvate kinase (PK1) (EC 2.7.1.40), the only glycolytic enzyme affected by PF, was completely inhibited by a dye concentration of 0.8 mM. The inhibition curve for PF was sigmoidal, suggesting that PF was acting as an allosteric inhibitor. PF increased the K 1/2 for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and lowered the V; however, it had no effect on the Hill number for PEP. PF inhibition was partially reversed by FDP but not by cyclic AMP, AMP, ATP, fuctose 6-phosphate, or dithiothreitol. Studies with a variety of acridines indicated that those substituted at the 3-position are the most effective inhibitors and also that hydrophobic interactions may be involved in PF inhibition of PK I. PK I for E. coli B/Pr was also strongly inhibited by PF, indicating that PF resistance does not lie at the level of this enzyme. Ribose-5-phosphate-regulated pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) was much less sensitive that PK I to the inhibitory effects of PF. A role for PF as a molecular probe for PK I has been proposed.", "PMID": 328117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10704", "title": "[Comparative value of 2 technics of corneal preservation for rabbit corneal grafts].", "content": "The author compares corneal cryo-preservation in liquid nitrogen with corneal preservation using McCarey-Kaufman solution. Corneal grafts were performed on 38 rabbits which were then studied histologically at different intervals after surgery. The clinical results were similar: 45.5% clear grafts 1-2 months after surgery in the first group (cryo-preservation) and 50% clear grafts 1-3 months after surgery in the second group (preservation with the McCarey-Kaufman solution). The histological results indicated that in both groups, enough donor endothelial cells survive to keep the corneal graft clear; however there were many important endothelial changes in the first group and only a few in the second group.", "contents": "[Comparative value of 2 technics of corneal preservation for rabbit corneal grafts]. The author compares corneal cryo-preservation in liquid nitrogen with corneal preservation using McCarey-Kaufman solution. Corneal grafts were performed on 38 rabbits which were then studied histologically at different intervals after surgery. The clinical results were similar: 45.5% clear grafts 1-2 months after surgery in the first group (cryo-preservation) and 50% clear grafts 1-3 months after surgery in the second group (preservation with the McCarey-Kaufman solution). The histological results indicated that in both groups, enough donor endothelial cells survive to keep the corneal graft clear; however there were many important endothelial changes in the first group and only a few in the second group.", "PMID": 328118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10705", "title": "The relationship between oxygen extraction and extravascular mean transit time in the canine heart.", "content": "A significant relationship was observed between myocardial oxygen extraction and the extravascular mean time transit time. This relationship implies that oxygen extraction by the myocardium is a time-dependent process, and emphasizes the critical link between blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption.", "contents": "The relationship between oxygen extraction and extravascular mean transit time in the canine heart. A significant relationship was observed between myocardial oxygen extraction and the extravascular mean time transit time. This relationship implies that oxygen extraction by the myocardium is a time-dependent process, and emphasizes the critical link between blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 328120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10706", "title": "Serological reactivity of chemical fractions of Mycoplasma bovis.", "content": "Crude chemical fractions, homogenates, and whole cells of Mycoplasma bovis were tested for serological reactivity using agar gel diffusion, ring precipitation, indirect hemagglutination, inhibition of growth inhibition (IGI), and complement-fixation (CF) tests. Only the IGI and the CF tests gave sensitive and reproducible serological information. Preliminary studies indicated lipids to be the serologically reactive components of M. bovis.", "contents": "Serological reactivity of chemical fractions of Mycoplasma bovis. Crude chemical fractions, homogenates, and whole cells of Mycoplasma bovis were tested for serological reactivity using agar gel diffusion, ring precipitation, indirect hemagglutination, inhibition of growth inhibition (IGI), and complement-fixation (CF) tests. Only the IGI and the CF tests gave sensitive and reproducible serological information. Preliminary studies indicated lipids to be the serologically reactive components of M. bovis.", "PMID": 328121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10707", "title": "Alternatives to hexachlorophene bathing of newborn infants.", "content": "In controlled trials newborn infants were bathed with Lactacyd, pHisoHex, Hibitane, Lanohex or tap water. Bacteriologic samples were taken from three sites (groin, axilla and cord) immediately after birth, following an initial bath with one of the test agents, and on day 3 or 5 after a water bath. Initial bathing with all agents, including water, reduced the concentration of bacteria on the skin to a similar extent. However, comparisons of bacterial flora at birth versus those on days 3 and 5 indicated differences in the actions of the various agents on pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms. Lactacyd and Hibitane appeared to be suitable alternatives to hexachlorophene in the control of pathogenic bacteria on the skin of newborns. However, their absorption and toxicity in the newborn are unknown and, unless use of a skin disinfectant is warranted, routine bathing of newborns with tap water appears to be satisfactory.", "contents": "Alternatives to hexachlorophene bathing of newborn infants. In controlled trials newborn infants were bathed with Lactacyd, pHisoHex, Hibitane, Lanohex or tap water. Bacteriologic samples were taken from three sites (groin, axilla and cord) immediately after birth, following an initial bath with one of the test agents, and on day 3 or 5 after a water bath. Initial bathing with all agents, including water, reduced the concentration of bacteria on the skin to a similar extent. However, comparisons of bacterial flora at birth versus those on days 3 and 5 indicated differences in the actions of the various agents on pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms. Lactacyd and Hibitane appeared to be suitable alternatives to hexachlorophene in the control of pathogenic bacteria on the skin of newborns. However, their absorption and toxicity in the newborn are unknown and, unless use of a skin disinfectant is warranted, routine bathing of newborns with tap water appears to be satisfactory.", "PMID": 328126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10708", "title": "VM 26 and VP 16-213: a comparative analysis.", "content": "VM 26 and VP 16-213 are epipodophyllotoxin analogs. This paper presents a comparative analysis of their experimental and clinical features but fails to disclose any significant difference between these drugs. Similar studies with other classes of compounds might help to define some rationale for the development of analogous cytotoxic agents.", "contents": "VM 26 and VP 16-213: a comparative analysis. VM 26 and VP 16-213 are epipodophyllotoxin analogs. This paper presents a comparative analysis of their experimental and clinical features but fails to disclose any significant difference between these drugs. Similar studies with other classes of compounds might help to define some rationale for the development of analogous cytotoxic agents.", "PMID": 328129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10709", "title": "Chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "The field of chemical carcinogenesis is reviewed, with emphasis on three aspects: 1) environmental chemicals are a major cause of human cancer; 2) most chemical carcinogens require metabolic activation by mixed-function oxidases to electrophilic metabolites that form strong covalent chemical bonds with cellular macromolecules and thereby initiate the carcinogenic process; and 3) several systems are available in which normal cells can be transformed by chemical carcinogens into malignant cancer cells. Much has been learned about the cellular mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis using these systems. They also have considerable potential to be used as prescreens for environmental carcinogens.", "contents": "Chemical carcinogenesis. The field of chemical carcinogenesis is reviewed, with emphasis on three aspects: 1) environmental chemicals are a major cause of human cancer; 2) most chemical carcinogens require metabolic activation by mixed-function oxidases to electrophilic metabolites that form strong covalent chemical bonds with cellular macromolecules and thereby initiate the carcinogenic process; and 3) several systems are available in which normal cells can be transformed by chemical carcinogens into malignant cancer cells. Much has been learned about the cellular mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis using these systems. They also have considerable potential to be used as prescreens for environmental carcinogens.", "PMID": 328130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10710", "title": "Molecular biology of the response of cells to radiation and to radiomimetic chemicals.", "content": "Radiation and radiomimetic chemicals can be both carcinostatic and also carcinogenic and mutagenic. In all cases the critical reaction is with the cellular DNA in which both ionizing radiation and radiomimetic chemicals produce a variety of adducts and changes. Human cells respond to these lesions in several ways. Some adducts are ignored. Other are recognized as different by the excision repair mechanism and are cut out of the DNA. Other adducts may be by-passed by special post-replication repair mechanisms so that viable daughter cells still containing altered DNA are produced. Unrepaired lesions may lead to chromosome aberrations and cell death. Since only viable cells can produce tumors, post replication repair is critical to the initial events in carcinogenesis. Lesions which are converted to DNA strand breaks, on the other hand, lead to cell death. Knowledge of the changes produced in DNA and understanding of the different cellular responses possible should permit prediction of the relative tumorigenic and tumoristatic properties of compounds.", "contents": "Molecular biology of the response of cells to radiation and to radiomimetic chemicals. Radiation and radiomimetic chemicals can be both carcinostatic and also carcinogenic and mutagenic. In all cases the critical reaction is with the cellular DNA in which both ionizing radiation and radiomimetic chemicals produce a variety of adducts and changes. Human cells respond to these lesions in several ways. Some adducts are ignored. Other are recognized as different by the excision repair mechanism and are cut out of the DNA. Other adducts may be by-passed by special post-replication repair mechanisms so that viable daughter cells still containing altered DNA are produced. Unrepaired lesions may lead to chromosome aberrations and cell death. Since only viable cells can produce tumors, post replication repair is critical to the initial events in carcinogenesis. Lesions which are converted to DNA strand breaks, on the other hand, lead to cell death. Knowledge of the changes produced in DNA and understanding of the different cellular responses possible should permit prediction of the relative tumorigenic and tumoristatic properties of compounds.", "PMID": 328132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10711", "title": "Advances in diagnostic radiology: problems and prospects.", "content": "The advances in diagnostic radiology are summarized under the headings of new techniques, new procedures and new programs. The most dramatic progress has occurred in the field of imaging technology, where computerized tomography (CT) has revolutionized the approach to brain imaging. Less obvious and secure is the position of body CT imaging, partly a result of technological deficiencies but also, as a result of imaging potential. Improved image amplification and angiographic techniques have made possible interventional radiographic procedures that hold great promise for the future. Radiologists with an interest in diagnostic oncology must play a dominant role in helping guide these new advances and direct the more appropriate application of conventional radiographic techniques in the diagnosis and followup of neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "Advances in diagnostic radiology: problems and prospects. The advances in diagnostic radiology are summarized under the headings of new techniques, new procedures and new programs. The most dramatic progress has occurred in the field of imaging technology, where computerized tomography (CT) has revolutionized the approach to brain imaging. Less obvious and secure is the position of body CT imaging, partly a result of technological deficiencies but also, as a result of imaging potential. Improved image amplification and angiographic techniques have made possible interventional radiographic procedures that hold great promise for the future. Radiologists with an interest in diagnostic oncology must play a dominant role in helping guide these new advances and direct the more appropriate application of conventional radiographic techniques in the diagnosis and followup of neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 328133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10712", "title": "The mechanisms of lethal action of arabinosyl cytosine (araC) and arabinosyl adenine (araA).", "content": "Certain D-arabinosyl nucleosides, notably arabinosyl cytosine (araC) and arabinosyl adenine (araA), are useful in the treatment of certain leukemias and some DNA virus infections, respectively. The compounds are lethal to animal cells and some bacteria. Despite extensive deamination, the parent nucleosides are transported within sensitive cells and phosphorylated to the mono-, di- and triphosphates. AraCTP and araATP are good specific competitive inhibitors of tumor cell of virus-induced DNA polymerases, competing with dCTP and dATP respectively. In addition to markedly inhibiting DNA synthesis, the aranucleotides enter newly formed DNA in internucleotide linkage. Sensitivity to the nucleosides appears to correlate with the relative ratio of formation of the triphosphate via a nucleoside kinase to degradation of the nucleoside via a nucleoside deaminase. Inhibition of the deaminase increases formation of the aranucleoside triphosphate in leukemic or virus-infected cells and markedly increases the toxicity of the nucleosides. Combinations of inhibitors of the deaminases and of the aranucleoside are being explored in clinical situations. In addition, the slow penetration of aranucleotides into cells has been observed and some of these 5'-phosphates are useful antiviral agents, e.g., against herpes virus in herpetic kiratitis.", "contents": "The mechanisms of lethal action of arabinosyl cytosine (araC) and arabinosyl adenine (araA). Certain D-arabinosyl nucleosides, notably arabinosyl cytosine (araC) and arabinosyl adenine (araA), are useful in the treatment of certain leukemias and some DNA virus infections, respectively. The compounds are lethal to animal cells and some bacteria. Despite extensive deamination, the parent nucleosides are transported within sensitive cells and phosphorylated to the mono-, di- and triphosphates. AraCTP and araATP are good specific competitive inhibitors of tumor cell of virus-induced DNA polymerases, competing with dCTP and dATP respectively. In addition to markedly inhibiting DNA synthesis, the aranucleotides enter newly formed DNA in internucleotide linkage. Sensitivity to the nucleosides appears to correlate with the relative ratio of formation of the triphosphate via a nucleoside kinase to degradation of the nucleoside via a nucleoside deaminase. Inhibition of the deaminase increases formation of the aranucleoside triphosphate in leukemic or virus-infected cells and markedly increases the toxicity of the nucleosides. Combinations of inhibitors of the deaminases and of the aranucleoside are being explored in clinical situations. In addition, the slow penetration of aranucleotides into cells has been observed and some of these 5'-phosphates are useful antiviral agents, e.g., against herpes virus in herpetic kiratitis.", "PMID": 328134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10713", "title": "Pharmacokinetics: selectivity of action related to physicochemical properties and kinetic patterns of anticancer drugs.", "content": "Since the therapeutic index of drugs used for the treatment of cancer is small, optimal use depends on whatever advantage can be gained by achieving an effective concentration at the critical site in the cancer cell for a period of time sufficient to kill that cell while minimizing the action on normal cells or allowing their recovery. Advances in 1) methodology for measurement of minute amounts of drugs in tissues and body fluids, 2) better understanding of cell cycle kinetics and 3) development of kinetic models and computer simulation of compartmental drug distribution now aid better choice of dosage, mode of administration and treatment schedules. Limitations on the entry of amethopterin (Methotrexate) into cells and body compartments is compared with another folate antagonist, metroprine (DDMP), having the same mode of action, yet able to penetrate into brain. CSF and amethopterin-resistant cells because of greater lipid solubility. Pharmacokinetic considerations related to the limited effectiveness of present drugs for the treatment of brain tumors lead to the concept of \"compartmental chemotherapy\" based on selective drug contact with tumor combined with selective protection of tissues of limiting toxicity.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics: selectivity of action related to physicochemical properties and kinetic patterns of anticancer drugs. Since the therapeutic index of drugs used for the treatment of cancer is small, optimal use depends on whatever advantage can be gained by achieving an effective concentration at the critical site in the cancer cell for a period of time sufficient to kill that cell while minimizing the action on normal cells or allowing their recovery. Advances in 1) methodology for measurement of minute amounts of drugs in tissues and body fluids, 2) better understanding of cell cycle kinetics and 3) development of kinetic models and computer simulation of compartmental drug distribution now aid better choice of dosage, mode of administration and treatment schedules. Limitations on the entry of amethopterin (Methotrexate) into cells and body compartments is compared with another folate antagonist, metroprine (DDMP), having the same mode of action, yet able to penetrate into brain. CSF and amethopterin-resistant cells because of greater lipid solubility. Pharmacokinetic considerations related to the limited effectiveness of present drugs for the treatment of brain tumors lead to the concept of \"compartmental chemotherapy\" based on selective drug contact with tumor combined with selective protection of tissues of limiting toxicity.", "PMID": 328135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10714", "title": "Multiple basis of combination chemotherapy.", "content": "In combination chemotherapy, the type of drug interactions can be divided into three broad categories: 1) combinations based on cooperative effects of active drugs; 2) combinations in which the effectiveness of an active drug is increased by the concurrent administration of an inactive agent; and 3) combination of an active drug with an agent capable of selectively reversing the toxicity of the first drug. Many concepts have been proposed to explain the synergistic interaction between two active drugs at the level of the target cell. These include multiple inhibition of a single enzyme, enhanced activation, decreased inactivation, increased drug uptake, sequential blockade, concurrent inhibition, complimentary inhibition, and concerted inhibition. The therapeutic advantage of combination chemotherapy may reside in the whole organism, reflecting increased bioavailability of drug, reduced dose-limiting toxicity or reduced impairment of host defenses; it may reside in the tumor cells, reflecting the multiple molecular mechanisms of interaction mentioned above. Examples discussed include among others methotrexate plus citrovorum factor, thymidine or allopurinol, araC plus tetrahydrouridine and 3-deazauridine plus testosterone.", "contents": "Multiple basis of combination chemotherapy. In combination chemotherapy, the type of drug interactions can be divided into three broad categories: 1) combinations based on cooperative effects of active drugs; 2) combinations in which the effectiveness of an active drug is increased by the concurrent administration of an inactive agent; and 3) combination of an active drug with an agent capable of selectively reversing the toxicity of the first drug. Many concepts have been proposed to explain the synergistic interaction between two active drugs at the level of the target cell. These include multiple inhibition of a single enzyme, enhanced activation, decreased inactivation, increased drug uptake, sequential blockade, concurrent inhibition, complimentary inhibition, and concerted inhibition. The therapeutic advantage of combination chemotherapy may reside in the whole organism, reflecting increased bioavailability of drug, reduced dose-limiting toxicity or reduced impairment of host defenses; it may reside in the tumor cells, reflecting the multiple molecular mechanisms of interaction mentioned above. Examples discussed include among others methotrexate plus citrovorum factor, thymidine or allopurinol, araC plus tetrahydrouridine and 3-deazauridine plus testosterone.", "PMID": 328136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10715", "title": "Clinical trials in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "The success of cancer chemotherapy has increased greatly the potential areas for its inclusion in clinical trials and therefore has made the experimental design considerations more complex in these trials. New drugs still go through the three classic phases of clinical study beginning with clinical pharmacology (Phase I), efficacy screening (Phase 2) and role delineation (Phase 3). The Phase 2 and 3 trials now need to be considered within the overall therapeutic strategies which are required for each of the many diseases which are called cancer. The exigencies of a disease-oriented strategy which requires a blend of therapeutic modalities many times require a modification of what would be an ideal modality-oriented strategy geared solely to effectively testing a new agent. A new drug may need many Phase 2 and 3 trials in a variety of tumors before it can be considered adequately evaluated. Essential aspects of valid clinical trials include an adequate protocol which details the study and a design which is feasible for answering the question. Historical controls are advocated by many as a valid approach to clinical trials. Unless the numbers in the historical control are large and the prognostic variables well matches this approach should be viewed cautiously by the practicing physician.", "contents": "Clinical trials in cancer chemotherapy. The success of cancer chemotherapy has increased greatly the potential areas for its inclusion in clinical trials and therefore has made the experimental design considerations more complex in these trials. New drugs still go through the three classic phases of clinical study beginning with clinical pharmacology (Phase I), efficacy screening (Phase 2) and role delineation (Phase 3). The Phase 2 and 3 trials now need to be considered within the overall therapeutic strategies which are required for each of the many diseases which are called cancer. The exigencies of a disease-oriented strategy which requires a blend of therapeutic modalities many times require a modification of what would be an ideal modality-oriented strategy geared solely to effectively testing a new agent. A new drug may need many Phase 2 and 3 trials in a variety of tumors before it can be considered adequately evaluated. Essential aspects of valid clinical trials include an adequate protocol which details the study and a design which is feasible for answering the question. Historical controls are advocated by many as a valid approach to clinical trials. Unless the numbers in the historical control are large and the prognostic variables well matches this approach should be viewed cautiously by the practicing physician.", "PMID": 328137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10716", "title": "Gastrointestinal cancer--colon (surgery-radiotherapy). The role of radiation therapy in the management of rectosigmoid cancer.", "content": "The lack of an improvement in the gross survival statistics for colorectal cancer during the last decade and the negative results of randomized trials, suggests that 5-FU used as an adjuvant treatment has not increased survival. Current chemotherapeutic drug combinations, however, may prove effective in the adjuvant situation. The adjuvant use of preoperative radiation has shown improved survival in one randomized study and no change in the second study. Current preoperative radiotherapy studies using a more effective radiation dose will confirm the effect of preoperative radiation both on the primary tumor control and on metastases. Current postoperative adjuvant trials incorporating radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of the two, when completed, will provide clear indications for the physician as to the optimum treatment of Duke's B and C cancer of the colorectum. Three national randomized studies for inoperable, recurrent or residual carcinoma of the colorectum are testing the effect of radiation alone or in combination with chemotherapy or chemotherapy followed by immunotherapy.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal cancer--colon (surgery-radiotherapy). The role of radiation therapy in the management of rectosigmoid cancer. The lack of an improvement in the gross survival statistics for colorectal cancer during the last decade and the negative results of randomized trials, suggests that 5-FU used as an adjuvant treatment has not increased survival. Current chemotherapeutic drug combinations, however, may prove effective in the adjuvant situation. The adjuvant use of preoperative radiation has shown improved survival in one randomized study and no change in the second study. Current preoperative radiotherapy studies using a more effective radiation dose will confirm the effect of preoperative radiation both on the primary tumor control and on metastases. Current postoperative adjuvant trials incorporating radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of the two, when completed, will provide clear indications for the physician as to the optimum treatment of Duke's B and C cancer of the colorectum. Three national randomized studies for inoperable, recurrent or residual carcinoma of the colorectum are testing the effect of radiation alone or in combination with chemotherapy or chemotherapy followed by immunotherapy.", "PMID": 328139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10717", "title": "The effects of specific antibody-complement-mediated cytotoxicity on transformed and untransformed Syrian hamster cells.", "content": "Antibodies were produced against 220,000-molecular-weight proteins of Syrian hamster embryo cells. The antiserum containing these antibodies is capable of immunologically staining the surfaces and a fibrillar network around untransformed Syrian hamster embryo cells. The staining is removed by adsorption of the antiserum with Syrian hamster embryo cells and by mild trypsin treatment. Several lines of neoplastically transformed Syrian hamster embryo cells isolated and cloned after treatment with chemical carcinogens show little or no immune staining. Adsorption of the antiserum with certain transformed cells does not significantly reduce the immune staining of untransformed Syrian hamster embryo cells. The immune antiserum, in the presence of complement, is selectively cytotoxic to the untransformed Syrian hamster embryo cells. However, the transformed lines show resistance to this treatment. Analysis of the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed, iodinated cell surface proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that the transformed lines have either no detectable labeling or a marked reduction in the labeling of 220,000-molecular-weight proteins that are major iodinatable cell surface proteins on untransformed Syrian hamster embryo cells.", "contents": "The effects of specific antibody-complement-mediated cytotoxicity on transformed and untransformed Syrian hamster cells. Antibodies were produced against 220,000-molecular-weight proteins of Syrian hamster embryo cells. The antiserum containing these antibodies is capable of immunologically staining the surfaces and a fibrillar network around untransformed Syrian hamster embryo cells. The staining is removed by adsorption of the antiserum with Syrian hamster embryo cells and by mild trypsin treatment. Several lines of neoplastically transformed Syrian hamster embryo cells isolated and cloned after treatment with chemical carcinogens show little or no immune staining. Adsorption of the antiserum with certain transformed cells does not significantly reduce the immune staining of untransformed Syrian hamster embryo cells. The immune antiserum, in the presence of complement, is selectively cytotoxic to the untransformed Syrian hamster embryo cells. However, the transformed lines show resistance to this treatment. Analysis of the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed, iodinated cell surface proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that the transformed lines have either no detectable labeling or a marked reduction in the labeling of 220,000-molecular-weight proteins that are major iodinatable cell surface proteins on untransformed Syrian hamster embryo cells.", "PMID": 328140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10718", "title": "The origin of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic fibres of the external region of the median eminence of the rat hypophysis.", "content": "The origin of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic nerve fibres of the external region of the rat median eminence was investigated by means of hypothalamic lesions, adrenalectomy and immunocytochemistry. The results obtained in bilaterally adrenalectomized animals with complete, or incomplete, destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei showed that, at least, the great majority of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic nerve fibres of the external region of the rat median eminence do not originate from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. From the observations obtained in bilaterally adrenalectomized animals with total or subtotal destruction of both paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, it appears that the paraventricular nuclei must be the origin of (nearly) all the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic nerve fibres of the external region of the rat median eminence. The results strongly suggest that both types of fibres originate from all parts of the paraventricular nuclei.", "contents": "The origin of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic fibres of the external region of the median eminence of the rat hypophysis. The origin of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic nerve fibres of the external region of the rat median eminence was investigated by means of hypothalamic lesions, adrenalectomy and immunocytochemistry. The results obtained in bilaterally adrenalectomized animals with complete, or incomplete, destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei showed that, at least, the great majority of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic nerve fibres of the external region of the rat median eminence do not originate from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. From the observations obtained in bilaterally adrenalectomized animals with total or subtotal destruction of both paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, it appears that the paraventricular nuclei must be the origin of (nearly) all the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic nerve fibres of the external region of the rat median eminence. The results strongly suggest that both types of fibres originate from all parts of the paraventricular nuclei.", "PMID": 328151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10719", "title": "Electron microscopic study on the innervation of the pancreas of the domestic fowl.", "content": "The innervation of the pancreas of the domestic fowl was studied electron microscopically. The extrapancreatic nerve is composed mostly of unmyelinated nerve fibers with a smaller component of myelinated nerve fibers. The latter are not found in the parenchyma. The pancreas contains ganglion cells in the interlobular connective tissue. The unmyelinated nerve fibers branch off along blood vessels. Their synaptic terminals contact with the exocrine and endocrine tissues. The synaptic terminals can be divided into four types based on a combination of three kinds of synaptic vesicles. Type I synaptic terminals contain only small clear vesicles about 600 A in diameter. Type II terminals are cgaracteruzed by small clear and large dense core vesicles 1,000 A in diameter. Type III terminals contain small vesicles and small dense core vesicles 500 A in diameter. Type IV terminals are characterized by small and large dense core vesicles. The exocrine tissue receives a richer nervous supply than the endocrine tissue. Type II and IV terminals are distributed in the acinus, and they contact A and D cells of the islets. B cells and pancreatic ducts are supplied mainly by Type II terminals, the blood vessels by Type IV terminals.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study on the innervation of the pancreas of the domestic fowl. The innervation of the pancreas of the domestic fowl was studied electron microscopically. The extrapancreatic nerve is composed mostly of unmyelinated nerve fibers with a smaller component of myelinated nerve fibers. The latter are not found in the parenchyma. The pancreas contains ganglion cells in the interlobular connective tissue. The unmyelinated nerve fibers branch off along blood vessels. Their synaptic terminals contact with the exocrine and endocrine tissues. The synaptic terminals can be divided into four types based on a combination of three kinds of synaptic vesicles. Type I synaptic terminals contain only small clear vesicles about 600 A in diameter. Type II terminals are cgaracteruzed by small clear and large dense core vesicles 1,000 A in diameter. Type III terminals contain small vesicles and small dense core vesicles 500 A in diameter. Type IV terminals are characterized by small and large dense core vesicles. The exocrine tissue receives a richer nervous supply than the endocrine tissue. Type II and IV terminals are distributed in the acinus, and they contact A and D cells of the islets. B cells and pancreatic ducts are supplied mainly by Type II terminals, the blood vessels by Type IV terminals.", "PMID": 328152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10720", "title": "Immunocytochemical study of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. II. Distribution of neurophysin, vasopressin and oxytocin in the normal and osmotically stimulated rat.", "content": "Antisera, with cross reactive antibodies removed by affinity chromatography, were used in the immunoperoxidase-bridge technique to study the distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin together with neurophysin in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat. The hormones were demonstrated in different areas of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), in neurosecretory fibres of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract, median eminence, and in nerve terminals of the neurohypophysis. Intact normal and rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain), and rats dehydrated by the administration of oral hypertonic saline were studied. In dehydrated rats the hormone concentration in the neurons, and the number of neurons containing hormone varied according to the time of dehydration stress. The observations support the hypotheses that: 1) oxytocin and oxytocin-neurophysin, and vasopressin and vasopressin-neurophysin are synthesised in different neurons and are transported along different axons; 2) the SON and PVN are functionally indistinguishable in that neurons containing oxytocin or vasopressin are present in both nuclei; and 3) the two types of neurons respond to osmotic stimulation in a way that is qualitatively the same but quantitatively different.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical study of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. II. Distribution of neurophysin, vasopressin and oxytocin in the normal and osmotically stimulated rat. Antisera, with cross reactive antibodies removed by affinity chromatography, were used in the immunoperoxidase-bridge technique to study the distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin together with neurophysin in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat. The hormones were demonstrated in different areas of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), in neurosecretory fibres of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract, median eminence, and in nerve terminals of the neurohypophysis. Intact normal and rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain), and rats dehydrated by the administration of oral hypertonic saline were studied. In dehydrated rats the hormone concentration in the neurons, and the number of neurons containing hormone varied according to the time of dehydration stress. The observations support the hypotheses that: 1) oxytocin and oxytocin-neurophysin, and vasopressin and vasopressin-neurophysin are synthesised in different neurons and are transported along different axons; 2) the SON and PVN are functionally indistinguishable in that neurons containing oxytocin or vasopressin are present in both nuclei; and 3) the two types of neurons respond to osmotic stimulation in a way that is qualitatively the same but quantitatively different.", "PMID": 328153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10721", "title": "Immunocytochemical study of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. III. Localization of oxytocin- and vasopressin-containing neurons in the pig hypothalamus.", "content": "Synthetic oxytocin and [8-arginine]-vasopressin conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin were used to induce specific antibodies in rabbits. The specificity of the anti-oxytocin serum, and the suitability of the anti-[8-arginine]-vasopressin serum for the detection of [8-lysine]-vasopressin, was evaluated by immunofluorescent studies of the respective hormones bound to Sepharose 4B particles. Oxytocin and [8-lysine]-vasopressin were specifically localized in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei of the pig hypothalamus using the immunoperoxidase staining technique. After an examination of serial transverse and sagittal sections stained for either of the hormones we observed that: 1. In the rostral SON, oxytocin and vasopressin containing neurons were uniformly distributed; 2. In the caudal SON, most of the neurons contained oxytocin, but there were still a few 'vasopressin' neurons; 3. In the rostral PVN, the two hormones were evenly spread in neurons close to the third ventricle; 4. In the caudal PVN, the oxytocin and vasopressin containing neurons were differentially distributed, with 'oxytocin' neurons adjacent to the third ventricle, and 'vasopressin' neurons lateral to these and concentrated in the dorso-caudal PVN. In the cells of the PVN, there was evidence that the distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin is similar to the distribution of porcine neurophysin-II and porcine neurophysin-I respectively. This similarity is consistent with the one hormone--one neurophysin concept in the pig.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical study of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. III. Localization of oxytocin- and vasopressin-containing neurons in the pig hypothalamus. Synthetic oxytocin and [8-arginine]-vasopressin conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin were used to induce specific antibodies in rabbits. The specificity of the anti-oxytocin serum, and the suitability of the anti-[8-arginine]-vasopressin serum for the detection of [8-lysine]-vasopressin, was evaluated by immunofluorescent studies of the respective hormones bound to Sepharose 4B particles. Oxytocin and [8-lysine]-vasopressin were specifically localized in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei of the pig hypothalamus using the immunoperoxidase staining technique. After an examination of serial transverse and sagittal sections stained for either of the hormones we observed that: 1. In the rostral SON, oxytocin and vasopressin containing neurons were uniformly distributed; 2. In the caudal SON, most of the neurons contained oxytocin, but there were still a few 'vasopressin' neurons; 3. In the rostral PVN, the two hormones were evenly spread in neurons close to the third ventricle; 4. In the caudal PVN, the oxytocin and vasopressin containing neurons were differentially distributed, with 'oxytocin' neurons adjacent to the third ventricle, and 'vasopressin' neurons lateral to these and concentrated in the dorso-caudal PVN. In the cells of the PVN, there was evidence that the distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin is similar to the distribution of porcine neurophysin-II and porcine neurophysin-I respectively. This similarity is consistent with the one hormone--one neurophysin concept in the pig.", "PMID": 328154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10722", "title": "Immunofluorescence study of LRF neurons in man.", "content": "Human LRF neurons were characterized by immunofluorescence, using rabbit immunesera against unconjugated synthetic LRF, previously adsorbed on polyvinylpyrrolidone. These neurons, which vary in number from one specimen to another, are mainly concentrated in the mediobasal hypothalamus (infundibular and premammillary nuclei in particular) and in the lamina terminalis and the neighbouring preoptic area. The give rise respectively to a hypothalamo-infundibular LRF tract (ending around the capillaries of the primary portal plexus of the  infundibulum) and to a preoptico-terminal tract (ending mainly around the capillaries of the primary and secondary plexuses of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis and, in addition, between the ependymal cells lining its ventricular surface). It is suggested that these two tracts could be implicated in the tonic and cyclic control of gonadotropic secretion. Some reactive neurons are also present in the septal and pericommissural regions and in the retromammillary area and rostral mesencephalon. These neurons give rise to various extrahypophyseal LRF tracts, probably ending in the telencephalon and the brainstem. It is suggested that LRF, in addition to its major \"prehypophysiotropic\" action, is able to modulate the activity of certain telencephalic or mesencephalic structures.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence study of LRF neurons in man. Human LRF neurons were characterized by immunofluorescence, using rabbit immunesera against unconjugated synthetic LRF, previously adsorbed on polyvinylpyrrolidone. These neurons, which vary in number from one specimen to another, are mainly concentrated in the mediobasal hypothalamus (infundibular and premammillary nuclei in particular) and in the lamina terminalis and the neighbouring preoptic area. The give rise respectively to a hypothalamo-infundibular LRF tract (ending around the capillaries of the primary portal plexus of the  infundibulum) and to a preoptico-terminal tract (ending mainly around the capillaries of the primary and secondary plexuses of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis and, in addition, between the ependymal cells lining its ventricular surface). It is suggested that these two tracts could be implicated in the tonic and cyclic control of gonadotropic secretion. Some reactive neurons are also present in the septal and pericommissural regions and in the retromammillary area and rostral mesencephalon. These neurons give rise to various extrahypophyseal LRF tracts, probably ending in the telencephalon and the brainstem. It is suggested that LRF, in addition to its major \"prehypophysiotropic\" action, is able to modulate the activity of certain telencephalic or mesencephalic structures.", "PMID": 328155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10723", "title": "Localisation of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH) in the forebrain and neurohypophysis of the trout (salmo gairdneri). An immunofluorescence study.", "content": "The double antibody immunofluorescence technique was applied to serial coronal and sagittal sections of the brains of the trout, Salmo gairdneri, using an antibody against mammalian LH-RH. Immunoreactive material was found in small perikarya, situated at both sides of the ventriculus communis in the area dorsalis pars medialis of the telencephalon. The axons of these perikarya, also containing immunoreactive material, do not form a tract, but run diffusely in a caudo-ventral direction towards the pituitary stalk. The ending of these fibres has not yet been established.", "contents": "Localisation of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH) in the forebrain and neurohypophysis of the trout (salmo gairdneri). An immunofluorescence study. The double antibody immunofluorescence technique was applied to serial coronal and sagittal sections of the brains of the trout, Salmo gairdneri, using an antibody against mammalian LH-RH. Immunoreactive material was found in small perikarya, situated at both sides of the ventriculus communis in the area dorsalis pars medialis of the telencephalon. The axons of these perikarya, also containing immunoreactive material, do not form a tract, but run diffusely in a caudo-ventral direction towards the pituitary stalk. The ending of these fibres has not yet been established.", "PMID": 328156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10724", "title": "Tentative immunohistochemical demonstration of melatonin in the rat pineal gland.", "content": "In the present study an attempt was made to demonstrate melatonin in the rat pineal gland by means of immunohistochemistry. The anitbody used was raised against 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptophan which is chemically similar to melatonin. Specific fluorescence was demonstrable only in pineals from rats killed during the night, when melatonin formation is high. It was restricted to parenchymal cells lying in a marginal zone of the organ. These results are discussed in relation to a subdivision of the pineal parenchyma into cortical and medullary areas.", "contents": "Tentative immunohistochemical demonstration of melatonin in the rat pineal gland. In the present study an attempt was made to demonstrate melatonin in the rat pineal gland by means of immunohistochemistry. The anitbody used was raised against 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptophan which is chemically similar to melatonin. Specific fluorescence was demonstrable only in pineals from rats killed during the night, when melatonin formation is high. It was restricted to parenchymal cells lying in a marginal zone of the organ. These results are discussed in relation to a subdivision of the pineal parenchyma into cortical and medullary areas.", "PMID": 328157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10725", "title": "Regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in the Guinea pig.", "content": "The regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in the guinea pig was studied after intravenous injection of alloxan. A number of beta cells in the islets was destroyed within 24h after alloxan, but after 48h there was a rapid proliferation of the surviving cells of the islets. This depended on the dosage of the drug as well as the timing. Electron microscopy of the islet at 48h showed that the dividing cells had small electron dense granules and resembled a sub-type of normal A cells, whose function is not yet known. There were also many agranular cells in the islet. These two groups of cells seen in the regenerating islet could be precursor cells, which could differentiate into beta cells. There was no evidence for transformation of duct cells or acinar cells into islet cells. None of the guinea pigs became permanently diabetic. This was probably due to inadequate dosage which resulted in only partial degeneration of the beta cells followed by regeneration and recovery. There was also some regeneration of the liver, kidney and the adrenal cortex following alloxan.", "contents": "Regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in the Guinea pig. The regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in the guinea pig was studied after intravenous injection of alloxan. A number of beta cells in the islets was destroyed within 24h after alloxan, but after 48h there was a rapid proliferation of the surviving cells of the islets. This depended on the dosage of the drug as well as the timing. Electron microscopy of the islet at 48h showed that the dividing cells had small electron dense granules and resembled a sub-type of normal A cells, whose function is not yet known. There were also many agranular cells in the islet. These two groups of cells seen in the regenerating islet could be precursor cells, which could differentiate into beta cells. There was no evidence for transformation of duct cells or acinar cells into islet cells. None of the guinea pigs became permanently diabetic. This was probably due to inadequate dosage which resulted in only partial degeneration of the beta cells followed by regeneration and recovery. There was also some regeneration of the liver, kidney and the adrenal cortex following alloxan.", "PMID": 328158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10726", "title": "Distribution, ontogeny and ultrastructure of the mammalian secretin cell.", "content": "Immunocytochemically, secretin cells have been demonstrated to occur in the duodenum and jejunum of several mammals. Calculations on the relative frequency of such cells indicate that the bulk of secretin occurs in the jejunum, a fact supporting the view that secretin may be released by physiological stimulants other than hydrochloric acid. Electron microscopical identification of cat and pig secretin cells confirmed their identity with the ultrastructurally defined S cells, and staining experiments revealed that secretin cells were argyrophilic both with the method of Grimelius and with that of Hellerstr\u00f6m and Hellman. Secretin cells are detected already in the 17-day old fetal rat duodenum and show a developmental pattern similar to that displayed by the gastrin cells. It is suggested that secretin may play a role in the early regulation of growth of the fetal gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Distribution, ontogeny and ultrastructure of the mammalian secretin cell. Immunocytochemically, secretin cells have been demonstrated to occur in the duodenum and jejunum of several mammals. Calculations on the relative frequency of such cells indicate that the bulk of secretin occurs in the jejunum, a fact supporting the view that secretin may be released by physiological stimulants other than hydrochloric acid. Electron microscopical identification of cat and pig secretin cells confirmed their identity with the ultrastructurally defined S cells, and staining experiments revealed that secretin cells were argyrophilic both with the method of Grimelius and with that of Hellerstr\u00f6m and Hellman. Secretin cells are detected already in the 17-day old fetal rat duodenum and show a developmental pattern similar to that displayed by the gastrin cells. It is suggested that secretin may play a role in the early regulation of growth of the fetal gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 328159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10727", "title": "Localization of myosin and actin in ocular nonmuscle cells. Immunofluorescence-microscopic, biochemical, and electron-microscopic studies.", "content": "Myosin and actin were localized by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using specific antibodies prepared in rabbits against highly purified gizzard myosin and actin. A strong fluorescence staining with both antibodies was observed in rat corneal epithelial cells, anterior lens epithelial cells, rod inner segments, and in rat and frog pigment epithelial cells. The immunohistochemical localization of myosin in corneal epithelial cells was further supported by the electrophoretic and immunological identification of smooth muscle type myosin heavy chain in pure corneal epithelial abrasions. Electron-microscopic observations revealed a clear correlation between staining with actin antibodies and the presence of numerous thin cytoplasmic filaments (50-80 A in diameter). The functional and biochemical nature of 90-110 A filaments occurring in corneal and lens epithelial cells, as well as the ultrastructural localization of myosin in ocular nonmuscle cells under study remains obscure.", "contents": "Localization of myosin and actin in ocular nonmuscle cells. Immunofluorescence-microscopic, biochemical, and electron-microscopic studies. Myosin and actin were localized by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using specific antibodies prepared in rabbits against highly purified gizzard myosin and actin. A strong fluorescence staining with both antibodies was observed in rat corneal epithelial cells, anterior lens epithelial cells, rod inner segments, and in rat and frog pigment epithelial cells. The immunohistochemical localization of myosin in corneal epithelial cells was further supported by the electrophoretic and immunological identification of smooth muscle type myosin heavy chain in pure corneal epithelial abrasions. Electron-microscopic observations revealed a clear correlation between staining with actin antibodies and the presence of numerous thin cytoplasmic filaments (50-80 A in diameter). The functional and biochemical nature of 90-110 A filaments occurring in corneal and lens epithelial cells, as well as the ultrastructural localization of myosin in ocular nonmuscle cells under study remains obscure.", "PMID": 328160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10728", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization and ultrastructural characterization of gonadotrophe cells in the adenohypophysis of the barbary drake (Cairina moschata L.) using anti-chicken LH serum.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescence technique and an anti-chicken LH serum were used to localize cells in the adenohypophyses of drakes at different stages of their breeding cycle, after castration, and after castration combined with thyroxine treatment. Immunofluorescent cells were distributed throughout both lobes of the adenohypophyses from control and experimental birds and were shown to be alcian blue positive. PAS negative, basophiles. Immunofluorescent cells were as numerous in castrated birds as in castrated birds treated with thyroxine. Adjacent thin and semi-thin sections were used to study the cells binding anti-LH serum at light microscope and ultrastructural levels. The cells contained spherical granules with variable densities and diameters ranging between 40 and 280 nm in the rostral (=cephalic) lobe, and between 60 and 260 nm in the caudal lobe. The light microscope and ultrastructural observations showed that the anti-LH serum binds to cells which have been classified by other authors in the Pekin duck, quail and pigeon as TSH producing delta cells. The experimental technique used did not permit a distinction to be made between cells producing FSH and LH.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization and ultrastructural characterization of gonadotrophe cells in the adenohypophysis of the barbary drake (Cairina moschata L.) using anti-chicken LH serum. An indirect immunofluorescence technique and an anti-chicken LH serum were used to localize cells in the adenohypophyses of drakes at different stages of their breeding cycle, after castration, and after castration combined with thyroxine treatment. Immunofluorescent cells were distributed throughout both lobes of the adenohypophyses from control and experimental birds and were shown to be alcian blue positive. PAS negative, basophiles. Immunofluorescent cells were as numerous in castrated birds as in castrated birds treated with thyroxine. Adjacent thin and semi-thin sections were used to study the cells binding anti-LH serum at light microscope and ultrastructural levels. The cells contained spherical granules with variable densities and diameters ranging between 40 and 280 nm in the rostral (=cephalic) lobe, and between 60 and 260 nm in the caudal lobe. The light microscope and ultrastructural observations showed that the anti-LH serum binds to cells which have been classified by other authors in the Pekin duck, quail and pigeon as TSH producing delta cells. The experimental technique used did not permit a distinction to be made between cells producing FSH and LH.", "PMID": 328161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10729", "title": "Somatotrophs in the human fetal anterior pituitary. An electron microscopic-immunocytochemical study.", "content": "An immunocytochemical staining of ultrathin sections using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex was employed to localize the somatotrophs in  the anterior pituitary of the human fetus. This technique allowed a specific identification of the somatotrophs and a detailed description of their ultrastructure which was well preserved by the fixation employed. They appeared as cells with a dense cytoplasmic matrix, lamellar rough endoplasmic reticulum, and prominent Golgi apparatus. Their secretory granules had a mean diameter of 300 nm.", "contents": "Somatotrophs in the human fetal anterior pituitary. An electron microscopic-immunocytochemical study. An immunocytochemical staining of ultrathin sections using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex was employed to localize the somatotrophs in  the anterior pituitary of the human fetus. This technique allowed a specific identification of the somatotrophs and a detailed description of their ultrastructure which was well preserved by the fixation employed. They appeared as cells with a dense cytoplasmic matrix, lamellar rough endoplasmic reticulum, and prominent Golgi apparatus. Their secretory granules had a mean diameter of 300 nm.", "PMID": 328162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10730", "title": "Innervation of the cultured fetal rat pancreas.", "content": "The fetal rat pancreas, explanted at 18 days of gestation and cultured up to ten days, contains numerous acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons. These nerves usually appear in small ganglia although single nerve cells are encountered. The axons of these intrapancreatic nerves appear to terminate only in the islet tissue and not on any exocrine components of the explant. It is concluded that the fetal rat pancreas contains an islet-specific group of cholinergic neurons.", "contents": "Innervation of the cultured fetal rat pancreas. The fetal rat pancreas, explanted at 18 days of gestation and cultured up to ten days, contains numerous acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons. These nerves usually appear in small ganglia although single nerve cells are encountered. The axons of these intrapancreatic nerves appear to terminate only in the islet tissue and not on any exocrine components of the explant. It is concluded that the fetal rat pancreas contains an islet-specific group of cholinergic neurons.", "PMID": 328163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10731", "title": "Calcium containing particles in mitochondria of heart muscle cells as shown by cryo-ultramicrotomy and X-ray microanalysis.", "content": "Mitochondria of normal myocardial cells of the sand rat and the mouse as well as of the left ventricle of man, have been examined for their content of calcium. Ultrahistochemistry and X-ray microanalysis revealed two basically different inclusions: Osmiophilic mitochondrial granules and spherical mitochondrial particles. Osmiophilic mitochondrial granules were found in conventionally fixed and plastic embedded tissues as well as in cryosections of chemically fixed and sucrose infused tissues. Such granules lacked inert electron density and probably consisted mainly of unsaturated lipids. X-ray spectra obtained from these tissues revealed no peaks for calcium. Spherical mitochondrial particles were present in dry-cut cryo-sections of N2-frozen tissues not treated by fixatives and/or cryoprotectants. These particles were deeply electron dense in unstained, freeze-dried cryo-sections. They usually measured from 600 A-900 A in diameter in the normal myocardium of the sand rat and the mouse and from 250 A-400 A in diameter in the left ventricular myocardium of man. Significant calcium peaks could be identified in the X-ray spectra of these particles, whereas none occurred in the analyses of other tissue regions. Potassium was detected with about equal frequency in the particles and in other parts of the tissue. On the basis of the inert electron density of the particles and their absence in chemically fixed tissues as well as of the results of the X-ray analysis, it is concluded that they contain precipitates of extremely labile ions of mitochondrial calcium.", "contents": "Calcium containing particles in mitochondria of heart muscle cells as shown by cryo-ultramicrotomy and X-ray microanalysis. Mitochondria of normal myocardial cells of the sand rat and the mouse as well as of the left ventricle of man, have been examined for their content of calcium. Ultrahistochemistry and X-ray microanalysis revealed two basically different inclusions: Osmiophilic mitochondrial granules and spherical mitochondrial particles. Osmiophilic mitochondrial granules were found in conventionally fixed and plastic embedded tissues as well as in cryosections of chemically fixed and sucrose infused tissues. Such granules lacked inert electron density and probably consisted mainly of unsaturated lipids. X-ray spectra obtained from these tissues revealed no peaks for calcium. Spherical mitochondrial particles were present in dry-cut cryo-sections of N2-frozen tissues not treated by fixatives and/or cryoprotectants. These particles were deeply electron dense in unstained, freeze-dried cryo-sections. They usually measured from 600 A-900 A in diameter in the normal myocardium of the sand rat and the mouse and from 250 A-400 A in diameter in the left ventricular myocardium of man. Significant calcium peaks could be identified in the X-ray spectra of these particles, whereas none occurred in the analyses of other tissue regions. Potassium was detected with about equal frequency in the particles and in other parts of the tissue. On the basis of the inert electron density of the particles and their absence in chemically fixed tissues as well as of the results of the X-ray analysis, it is concluded that they contain precipitates of extremely labile ions of mitochondrial calcium.", "PMID": 328164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10732", "title": "The araC promoter: transcription, mapping and interaction with the araBAD promoter.", "content": "The start sites of the araC and araBAD gene messenger of E. coli were located by transcription in vitro from short DNA fragments, by high magnification electron microscopy and by genetic mapping. Transcription for these messengers proceeds in opposite directions from the start sites that are 150 base pairs apart. Transcription from the araBAD promoter requires araC protein plus arabinose and CAP protein plus cyclic AMP. In the experiments performed in vitro, inducing the araBAD promoter represses activity of the araC promoter.", "contents": "The araC promoter: transcription, mapping and interaction with the araBAD promoter. The start sites of the araC and araBAD gene messenger of E. coli were located by transcription in vitro from short DNA fragments, by high magnification electron microscopy and by genetic mapping. Transcription for these messengers proceeds in opposite directions from the start sites that are 150 base pairs apart. Transcription from the araBAD promoter requires araC protein plus arabinose and CAP protein plus cyclic AMP. In the experiments performed in vitro, inducing the araBAD promoter represses activity of the araC promoter.", "PMID": 328165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10733", "title": "Synthesis and assembly of the membrane proteins in E. coli.", "content": "Kinetics of integration of membrane proteins were studied in E. coli to discover how membrane proteins find their final location in the functional membrane. The experiments make use of a simple and convenient method developed for isolating inner and outer membranes from a number of small-scale cultures with high recovery. Among the proteins that constitute the cell surface structures, inner membrane proteins are integrated most rapidly after synthesis, whereas outer membrane proteins delay somewhat, and periplasmic proteins delay further in reaching their destinations. Protein I, a major outer membrane protein with molecular weight of about 37,000 daltons, exhibits significantly slower rates of integration than other outer membrane proteins. The decreased fluidity of membrane lipids by temperature shiftdown of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph grown on elaidate results in abnormally slow assembly of the outer membrane proteins and also in an anomalous assembly of the inner membrane proteins, suggesting that the fluid state of the lipids is required for normal operation of these processes. The possible relevance of these findings to the mechanism of membrane formation is discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and assembly of the membrane proteins in E. coli. Kinetics of integration of membrane proteins were studied in E. coli to discover how membrane proteins find their final location in the functional membrane. The experiments make use of a simple and convenient method developed for isolating inner and outer membranes from a number of small-scale cultures with high recovery. Among the proteins that constitute the cell surface structures, inner membrane proteins are integrated most rapidly after synthesis, whereas outer membrane proteins delay somewhat, and periplasmic proteins delay further in reaching their destinations. Protein I, a major outer membrane protein with molecular weight of about 37,000 daltons, exhibits significantly slower rates of integration than other outer membrane proteins. The decreased fluidity of membrane lipids by temperature shiftdown of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph grown on elaidate results in abnormally slow assembly of the outer membrane proteins and also in an anomalous assembly of the inner membrane proteins, suggesting that the fluid state of the lipids is required for normal operation of these processes. The possible relevance of these findings to the mechanism of membrane formation is discussed.", "PMID": 328166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10734", "title": "Effect of some drugs on excision repair in E. coli cells.", "content": "The intercalating dye ethidium bromide (EB), inhibits excision of pyrimidine dimers from UV-irradiated excision-proficient Escherichia coli B/r hcr+ cells. Inhibition is total at a 2.5 - 10(-4) M concentration 120 min after irradiation with a dose of 750 erg/mm2. The viability of irradiated cells diminishes in proportion to the EB concentration. Under wholly analogous conditions of cultivation and irradiation no inhibitory effect of KCN and caffeine (CFF) and only a slight effect of chloramphenicol (CAP) on dimer excision has been observed. The viability of cells is affected by these compounds but it does not appear to depend on the quantity of excised photoproducts. A change in the secondary structure of DNA induced by intercalation of EB appears to be the reason for the depression of excision of UV photoproducts.", "contents": "Effect of some drugs on excision repair in E. coli cells. The intercalating dye ethidium bromide (EB), inhibits excision of pyrimidine dimers from UV-irradiated excision-proficient Escherichia coli B/r hcr+ cells. Inhibition is total at a 2.5 - 10(-4) M concentration 120 min after irradiation with a dose of 750 erg/mm2. The viability of irradiated cells diminishes in proportion to the EB concentration. Under wholly analogous conditions of cultivation and irradiation no inhibitory effect of KCN and caffeine (CFF) and only a slight effect of chloramphenicol (CAP) on dimer excision has been observed. The viability of cells is affected by these compounds but it does not appear to depend on the quantity of excised photoproducts. A change in the secondary structure of DNA induced by intercalation of EB appears to be the reason for the depression of excision of UV photoproducts.", "PMID": 328180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10735", "title": "Isosteres of natural phosphates. 6. The preparation and properties of lysophosphotidic acid.", "content": "We herein report the first chemical synthesis of phosphonic acid analogues of lysophosphatidic acid. The racemic isosteric analogues, 4-acyloxy-3-hydroxybutyl-1-phosphonic acids, of lysophosphatidic acid were prepared by both catalytic and hydride reductions of the 4-acyloxy-3-oxobutyl-1-phosphonic acids, a general method for the preparation of the latter having been reported previously. The lysophosphatidic acids have been found to substrates for lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase, and may be acylated chemically to yield phosphotidic acids. The latter reaction is of use in the preparations of differentially acylated phosphatidic acids.", "contents": "Isosteres of natural phosphates. 6. The preparation and properties of lysophosphotidic acid. We herein report the first chemical synthesis of phosphonic acid analogues of lysophosphatidic acid. The racemic isosteric analogues, 4-acyloxy-3-hydroxybutyl-1-phosphonic acids, of lysophosphatidic acid were prepared by both catalytic and hydride reductions of the 4-acyloxy-3-oxobutyl-1-phosphonic acids, a general method for the preparation of the latter having been reported previously. The lysophosphatidic acids have been found to substrates for lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase, and may be acylated chemically to yield phosphotidic acids. The latter reaction is of use in the preparations of differentially acylated phosphatidic acids.", "PMID": 328182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10736", "title": "Effects of heart rate augmentation on left ventricular volumes and cardiac output of the transplanted human heart.", "content": "The response of the donor left ventricle to atrial pacing was measured in 11 patients 12 to 64 days after cardiac transplantation. At operation seven miniature tantalum coils were placed into the midwall of the donor left ventricle so as to outline the ventricle in a 30 degrees right anterior oblique projection. Computer aided fluoroscopic analysis of marker dynamics allowed calculation of end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, stroke volume, cardiac output, and ventricular filling characteristics. Recipients were studied in a resting, unsedated state during a period of clinical stability that did not immediately follow or precede an episode of graft rejection. Augmentation of heart rate by an average of 40 beats per minute above sinus rate produced significant reductions in end-diastolic volume (-19%), end-systolic volume (-8%), stroke volume (-31%), and the duration of systole (-19%), and diastole (-40%). Cardiac output was invariant with rate. In all patients, end-diastolic volume reduction at augmented rates was brought about by abbreviated diastolic filling as initiation of contraction occurred at an earlier point on a common, incremental filling curve. Previous studies have shown that the normal inverse relationship between heart rate and stroke volume is not available to the transplanted heart in the immediate postoperative period. The present study shows that this intrinsic mechanism becomes available to the denervated heart in the subsequent recovery period after surgery.", "contents": "Effects of heart rate augmentation on left ventricular volumes and cardiac output of the transplanted human heart. The response of the donor left ventricle to atrial pacing was measured in 11 patients 12 to 64 days after cardiac transplantation. At operation seven miniature tantalum coils were placed into the midwall of the donor left ventricle so as to outline the ventricle in a 30 degrees right anterior oblique projection. Computer aided fluoroscopic analysis of marker dynamics allowed calculation of end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, stroke volume, cardiac output, and ventricular filling characteristics. Recipients were studied in a resting, unsedated state during a period of clinical stability that did not immediately follow or precede an episode of graft rejection. Augmentation of heart rate by an average of 40 beats per minute above sinus rate produced significant reductions in end-diastolic volume (-19%), end-systolic volume (-8%), stroke volume (-31%), and the duration of systole (-19%), and diastole (-40%). Cardiac output was invariant with rate. In all patients, end-diastolic volume reduction at augmented rates was brought about by abbreviated diastolic filling as initiation of contraction occurred at an earlier point on a common, incremental filling curve. Previous studies have shown that the normal inverse relationship between heart rate and stroke volume is not available to the transplanted heart in the immediate postoperative period. The present study shows that this intrinsic mechanism becomes available to the denervated heart in the subsequent recovery period after surgery.", "PMID": 328184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10737", "title": "Determination of B lymphocyte population using antibody-coated polyacrylamide beads.", "content": "The present study describes a method for the determination of the human B cell population by the use of polyacrylamide beads which are coated with antibody specific for each of the immunoglobulin classes. This method provides a simpler determination of the B cell count than the EA or EAC rosette tests. The antibodycoated beads also have the potential of being used to quantify the subpopulations of B cells bearing specific classes of immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Determination of B lymphocyte population using antibody-coated polyacrylamide beads. The present study describes a method for the determination of the human B cell population by the use of polyacrylamide beads which are coated with antibody specific for each of the immunoglobulin classes. This method provides a simpler determination of the B cell count than the EA or EAC rosette tests. The antibodycoated beads also have the potential of being used to quantify the subpopulations of B cells bearing specific classes of immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 328185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10738", "title": "Linear growth and pubertal development in treated congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.", "content": "21 years experience with management of seventeen cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency has been analysed with respect to growth, bone maturation and related events at puberty: age at menarche and the occurrence of menstrual irregularities, this study showed that growth retardation is still a problem; that irregular treatment and prolonged exposure to adrenal androgens or oestrogens, may lead to disturbance in hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function and may be the cause fo delayed menarche, or menstrual irregularities in the case of the female. In males the start of puberty and its completion was within the normal range.", "contents": "Linear growth and pubertal development in treated congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. 21 years experience with management of seventeen cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency has been analysed with respect to growth, bone maturation and related events at puberty: age at menarche and the occurrence of menstrual irregularities, this study showed that growth retardation is still a problem; that irregular treatment and prolonged exposure to adrenal androgens or oestrogens, may lead to disturbance in hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function and may be the cause fo delayed menarche, or menstrual irregularities in the case of the female. In males the start of puberty and its completion was within the normal range.", "PMID": 328186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10739", "title": "The effects of halothane on plasma vasopressin during cardio-pulmonary bypass.", "content": "Plasma vasopressin concentrations were estimated in twelve patients undergoing cardio-pulmonary bypass for open heart surgery. In six patients anaesthesia was maintained with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen, whilst the remaining six additionally received halothan as a vasodilator during the bypass period. Induction of anaesthesia had little effect on plasma vasopressin concentrations, whilst marked increases were seen during surgery and bypass in both groups of patients. However, in those patients receiving halothane, significantly higher concentrations were reached, a maximun b36.1 +/- 8.9 (SEM) muu/ml being seen in contrase to 15.4 +/- 2.2 muu/ml in the group receiving nitrous oxide in oxygen alone.", "contents": "The effects of halothane on plasma vasopressin during cardio-pulmonary bypass. Plasma vasopressin concentrations were estimated in twelve patients undergoing cardio-pulmonary bypass for open heart surgery. In six patients anaesthesia was maintained with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen, whilst the remaining six additionally received halothan as a vasodilator during the bypass period. Induction of anaesthesia had little effect on plasma vasopressin concentrations, whilst marked increases were seen during surgery and bypass in both groups of patients. However, in those patients receiving halothane, significantly higher concentrations were reached, a maximun b36.1 +/- 8.9 (SEM) muu/ml being seen in contrase to 15.4 +/- 2.2 muu/ml in the group receiving nitrous oxide in oxygen alone.", "PMID": 328188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10740", "title": "The interaction of fructose, dextrose and ethanol on human performance.", "content": "1. The effects of orally administered fructose (1.2 g.kg-1) and dextrose (1.2 g.kg-1) on the performance decrement induced by ethanol (1.0 g.kg-1) in a series of perceptual, cognitive and motor tests were studied in twelve healthy, paid University student volunteers using a double-blind cross-over design. Ethanol was consumed at a constant rate over 20 min and the hexoses or placebo were given approximately 40 min later. 2. The peak blood ethanol concentration was attained earlier when the subjects also received either hexose than after placebo but although its rate of fall was unaffected, significantly lower ethanol concentrations were encountered in the hexose-treated groups in the latter part of the experiment. 3. In general, the subjects were impaired to a slightly lesser degree when they received a combination of hexose and ethanol than after ethanol alone. There were no differences between the effects of fructose and dextrose. 4. The results do not support contentions that fructose is able to accelerate a return to sobriety and observed differences between hexose and placebo-treated groups were attributed to an effect on the absorption of ethanol rather than its metabolism.", "contents": "The interaction of fructose, dextrose and ethanol on human performance. 1. The effects of orally administered fructose (1.2 g.kg-1) and dextrose (1.2 g.kg-1) on the performance decrement induced by ethanol (1.0 g.kg-1) in a series of perceptual, cognitive and motor tests were studied in twelve healthy, paid University student volunteers using a double-blind cross-over design. Ethanol was consumed at a constant rate over 20 min and the hexoses or placebo were given approximately 40 min later. 2. The peak blood ethanol concentration was attained earlier when the subjects also received either hexose than after placebo but although its rate of fall was unaffected, significantly lower ethanol concentrations were encountered in the hexose-treated groups in the latter part of the experiment. 3. In general, the subjects were impaired to a slightly lesser degree when they received a combination of hexose and ethanol than after ethanol alone. There were no differences between the effects of fructose and dextrose. 4. The results do not support contentions that fructose is able to accelerate a return to sobriety and observed differences between hexose and placebo-treated groups were attributed to an effect on the absorption of ethanol rather than its metabolism.", "PMID": 328192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10741", "title": "Allograft survival in patients receiving anticonvulsant medications.", "content": "The use of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin in transplant recipients is associated with reduced cadaver allograft survival when compared to transplant recipients not receiving anticonvulsant medication. An attempt was made to overcome the adserve effect on allograft survival by either discontinuing the anticonvulsants (2 patients) or maintaining the dose of prednisone at greater than 1 mg/kg/day (2 patients). Discontinuation of phenobarbital was successful after transplantation, with subsequent stabilization of allograft function. Of the 2 patients receiving greater than 1 mg/kg/day of prednisone, renal function is normal in one patient; however, the second is undergoing chronic rejection. Neither patient appears cushingoid. Anticonvulsant medication should be discontinued prior to transplantation. If the patient has an active seizure disorder, prednisone dosage should be maintained at a higher level.", "contents": "Allograft survival in patients receiving anticonvulsant medications. The use of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin in transplant recipients is associated with reduced cadaver allograft survival when compared to transplant recipients not receiving anticonvulsant medication. An attempt was made to overcome the adserve effect on allograft survival by either discontinuing the anticonvulsants (2 patients) or maintaining the dose of prednisone at greater than 1 mg/kg/day (2 patients). Discontinuation of phenobarbital was successful after transplantation, with subsequent stabilization of allograft function. Of the 2 patients receiving greater than 1 mg/kg/day of prednisone, renal function is normal in one patient; however, the second is undergoing chronic rejection. Neither patient appears cushingoid. Anticonvulsant medication should be discontinued prior to transplantation. If the patient has an active seizure disorder, prednisone dosage should be maintained at a higher level.", "PMID": 328199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10742", "title": "Paralytic instability of the hip in myelomengoceles.", "content": "The results of a Colonna type arthroplasty with several modifications were evaluated in 29 hips of 22 myelomeningocele children with subluxations or dislocations. The operations were performed only in children with high neurosegmental levels where no muscle transfers were possible or when previous surgical procedures failed to maintain hip stability. Improvement in radiographic and clinical stability was demonstrated in 79 per cent of the hips. Eighty-three per cent of the hips lost motion in the flexion-extension arch with a mean loss of 30 degrees. The arthroplasty improved hip stability but at the expense of some loss of flexion-extension. Favorable results are more likely when the neurosegmental level is T-12 or above, the hip has had no previous operative procedure and the arthroplasty is accomplished without capsular interposition. Improvement of ambulatory status was impossible to evaluate because in any one case, the level of ambulation was determined by influences and physical factors other than the operation.", "contents": "Paralytic instability of the hip in myelomengoceles. The results of a Colonna type arthroplasty with several modifications were evaluated in 29 hips of 22 myelomeningocele children with subluxations or dislocations. The operations were performed only in children with high neurosegmental levels where no muscle transfers were possible or when previous surgical procedures failed to maintain hip stability. Improvement in radiographic and clinical stability was demonstrated in 79 per cent of the hips. Eighty-three per cent of the hips lost motion in the flexion-extension arch with a mean loss of 30 degrees. The arthroplasty improved hip stability but at the expense of some loss of flexion-extension. Favorable results are more likely when the neurosegmental level is T-12 or above, the hip has had no previous operative procedure and the arthroplasty is accomplished without capsular interposition. Improvement of ambulatory status was impossible to evaluate because in any one case, the level of ambulation was determined by influences and physical factors other than the operation.", "PMID": 328201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10743", "title": "Phenytoin in the treatment of diabetic symmetrical polyneuropathy.", "content": "The efficacy of phenytoin in the treatment of the symptoms of diabetic symmetrical polyneuropathy has been tested in a double-blind, crossover study. Symptoms were evaluated daily by linear analogue self-assessment, while control of blood glucose and plasma phenytoin level were monitored on a weekly basis. There was no significant improvement in symptoms on phenytoin, whether analyzed in aggregate, as pain alone, or on the last 3 days of each treatment week. Blood glucose, however, was elevated in diabetic patients taking phenytoin, and the incidence of  undesirable side effects was increased. It is concluded that phenytoin has no role in the treatment of diabetic symmetrical polyneuropathy.", "contents": "Phenytoin in the treatment of diabetic symmetrical polyneuropathy. The efficacy of phenytoin in the treatment of the symptoms of diabetic symmetrical polyneuropathy has been tested in a double-blind, crossover study. Symptoms were evaluated daily by linear analogue self-assessment, while control of blood glucose and plasma phenytoin level were monitored on a weekly basis. There was no significant improvement in symptoms on phenytoin, whether analyzed in aggregate, as pain alone, or on the last 3 days of each treatment week. Blood glucose, however, was elevated in diabetic patients taking phenytoin, and the incidence of  undesirable side effects was increased. It is concluded that phenytoin has no role in the treatment of diabetic symmetrical polyneuropathy.", "PMID": 328209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10744", "title": "Influence of sex on drug kinetics in man.", "content": "Very few investigations in man have been specifically devoted to the influence of sex on drug kinetics. Although the potential role of various factors such as the phase of the menstrual cycle, hormonal steroid contraceptive use, menopause or andropause is virtually never taken into account, sex-linked differences in drug kinetics do exist for a limited number of substances such as certain antibiotics, a few tricyclic antidepressants, lithium and aspirin. These sex-linked differences are relatively minor from a quantitative standpoint and appear to be due chiefly to differences in body composition and activity of circulating enzymes and hormones. On the basis of present knowledge, in general these differences in drug kinetics do not warrant modifying dosage as a function of sex.", "contents": "Influence of sex on drug kinetics in man. Very few investigations in man have been specifically devoted to the influence of sex on drug kinetics. Although the potential role of various factors such as the phase of the menstrual cycle, hormonal steroid contraceptive use, menopause or andropause is virtually never taken into account, sex-linked differences in drug kinetics do exist for a limited number of substances such as certain antibiotics, a few tricyclic antidepressants, lithium and aspirin. These sex-linked differences are relatively minor from a quantitative standpoint and appear to be due chiefly to differences in body composition and activity of circulating enzymes and hormones. On the basis of present knowledge, in general these differences in drug kinetics do not warrant modifying dosage as a function of sex.", "PMID": 328204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10745", "title": "Prolongation of gastric emptying by oral propantheline.", "content": "The present study shows that a single oral recommended dose of propantheline bromide normally doubles the mean gastric half-emptying time in man. In a prospective, double-blind, randomized crossover design 13 normal subjects were given 30 mg propantheline or placebo 90 min before taking a 113m-indium-labeled liquid test meal, the volume of which was adjusted to body weight. The disappearance of radioisotope from the area of the stomach was determined by external gamma counting. After placebo the mean half-emptying time was 68 min and after propantheline it was 135 min (p  less than 0.005). Although salivary flow decreased and pulse rate increased there were no visual disturbances. In studies already reported maximally tolerated oral doses of quaternary ammonium anticholinergic drugs have not consistently retarded gastric emptying in man.", "contents": "Prolongation of gastric emptying by oral propantheline. The present study shows that a single oral recommended dose of propantheline bromide normally doubles the mean gastric half-emptying time in man. In a prospective, double-blind, randomized crossover design 13 normal subjects were given 30 mg propantheline or placebo 90 min before taking a 113m-indium-labeled liquid test meal, the volume of which was adjusted to body weight. The disappearance of radioisotope from the area of the stomach was determined by external gamma counting. After placebo the mean half-emptying time was 68 min and after propantheline it was 135 min (p  less than 0.005). Although salivary flow decreased and pulse rate increased there were no visual disturbances. In studies already reported maximally tolerated oral doses of quaternary ammonium anticholinergic drugs have not consistently retarded gastric emptying in man.", "PMID": 328210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10746", "title": "Drug kinetics in pregnancy.", "content": "Any drug given to a pregnant woman must be considered as possibly harmful in the fetus, since all drugs administered to the mother cross the placental membrane, although at different rates. Important physiological changes occur in pregnancy, which may influence the kinetics of drugs. Differences in  gastrointestinal function are likely to alter drug absorption rates in the stomach or gut. Ventilatory alterations modify pulmonary drug absorption or elimination. Important changes in haemodynamics and alterations in body water compartments influence drug distribution and elimination. Renal drug elimination is generally enhanced, whereas hepatic drug elimination may be modified in different ways. Computerised pharmacokinetic models representing the compartmental aspects of the fetal-maternal unit and fetal-maternal drug interrelationships may be used to predict kinetic consequences of fetal drug exposure. Such information may be a useful guide for the clinical use of drugs during pregnancy, particularly for treatment of fetal disease.", "contents": "Drug kinetics in pregnancy. Any drug given to a pregnant woman must be considered as possibly harmful in the fetus, since all drugs administered to the mother cross the placental membrane, although at different rates. Important physiological changes occur in pregnancy, which may influence the kinetics of drugs. Differences in  gastrointestinal function are likely to alter drug absorption rates in the stomach or gut. Ventilatory alterations modify pulmonary drug absorption or elimination. Important changes in haemodynamics and alterations in body water compartments influence drug distribution and elimination. Renal drug elimination is generally enhanced, whereas hepatic drug elimination may be modified in different ways. Computerised pharmacokinetic models representing the compartmental aspects of the fetal-maternal unit and fetal-maternal drug interrelationships may be used to predict kinetic consequences of fetal drug exposure. Such information may be a useful guide for the clinical use of drugs during pregnancy, particularly for treatment of fetal disease.", "PMID": 328205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10747", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and response to diazoxide in renal failure.", "content": "Diazoxide is given by rapid intravenous injection for the urgent reduction of high blood pressure in patients with all grades of renal function. Oral diazoxide produces less consistent effects. Protein binding of diazoxide is reduced in renal failure and this can be related to reduction of albumin concentration. There is a relation between impairment of renal function and the hypotensive effect of rapidly injected diazoxide. This is explicable in terms of the greater concentration of free (unbound) drug achieved after rapid injection in patients with renal failure. Renal clearance of diazoxide and its metabolites is impaired in renal failure but this is unlikely to affect its activity.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and response to diazoxide in renal failure. Diazoxide is given by rapid intravenous injection for the urgent reduction of high blood pressure in patients with all grades of renal function. Oral diazoxide produces less consistent effects. Protein binding of diazoxide is reduced in renal failure and this can be related to reduction of albumin concentration. There is a relation between impairment of renal function and the hypotensive effect of rapidly injected diazoxide. This is explicable in terms of the greater concentration of free (unbound) drug achieved after rapid injection in patients with renal failure. Renal clearance of diazoxide and its metabolites is impaired in renal failure but this is unlikely to affect its activity.", "PMID": 328207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10748", "title": "Protein binding of cardiac glycosides in disease states.", "content": "Digitoxin in 97% bound to serum albumin and digoxin only to the extent of 24%. Hypoalbuminaemia significantly changes the  protein binding of digoxin in Kwashorkor serum and the binding of digitoxin in patients with chronic active hepatitis and the nephrotic syndrome. Sprue patiens with normal albumin values have normal binding of digitoxin. Preliminary data in patients with thyrotoxicosis and myxoedema show digitoxin binding within the normal range. The effect of uraemia per se on digitoxin binding is controversial as both normal and slightly decreased values have been reported. In uraemic patients on treatment with haemodialysis, heparin administration has been shown to be a powerful serum binding displacing agent for both digitoxin and digoxin, the mechanism probably being a heparin-induced release of free fatty acids. Patients with a significant decrease in serum protein binding of digitoxin or digoxin should be maintained on a total serum concentration lower than usually considered within the therapeutic range.", "contents": "Protein binding of cardiac glycosides in disease states. Digitoxin in 97% bound to serum albumin and digoxin only to the extent of 24%. Hypoalbuminaemia significantly changes the  protein binding of digoxin in Kwashorkor serum and the binding of digitoxin in patients with chronic active hepatitis and the nephrotic syndrome. Sprue patiens with normal albumin values have normal binding of digitoxin. Preliminary data in patients with thyrotoxicosis and myxoedema show digitoxin binding within the normal range. The effect of uraemia per se on digitoxin binding is controversial as both normal and slightly decreased values have been reported. In uraemic patients on treatment with haemodialysis, heparin administration has been shown to be a powerful serum binding displacing agent for both digitoxin and digoxin, the mechanism probably being a heparin-induced release of free fatty acids. Patients with a significant decrease in serum protein binding of digitoxin or digoxin should be maintained on a total serum concentration lower than usually considered within the therapeutic range.", "PMID": 328208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10749", "title": "Plasma calcitonin in chronic renal failure: relation to other factors of importance in bivalent ion metabolism.", "content": "1. Plasma concentrations of human calcitonin were measured in groups of patients with chronic renal failure, treated either conservatively or by haemodialysis, and compared with a normal group of persons. 2. Plasma calcitonin was statistically significantly elevated in both groups with renal failure. 3. When the data from the three groups were pooled, plasma calcitonin was found to be inversely correlated with total calcium and directly correlated with plasma creatinine.", "contents": "Plasma calcitonin in chronic renal failure: relation to other factors of importance in bivalent ion metabolism. 1. Plasma concentrations of human calcitonin were measured in groups of patients with chronic renal failure, treated either conservatively or by haemodialysis, and compared with a normal group of persons. 2. Plasma calcitonin was statistically significantly elevated in both groups with renal failure. 3. When the data from the three groups were pooled, plasma calcitonin was found to be inversely correlated with total calcium and directly correlated with plasma creatinine.", "PMID": 328218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10750", "title": "Two main features of T-cell development: thymus traffic and postthymic maturation.", "content": "It appears from the results presented in Table V and discussed in the preceding pages that a precursor population of immunologically competent T cells can be characterized and defined by multiple biological criteria as being probably of postthymic origin and substantially different from either the immunologically competent T lymphocyte or the prethymic stem cells. On the basis of recent data on functional characteristics of of different subsets of T cells, which suggest parallel lines of differentiation (see Chapter 2), it is possibile that the postthymic precursor compartment may also show heterogeneity; however, this cannot be presently asserted from our results.", "contents": "Two main features of T-cell development: thymus traffic and postthymic maturation. It appears from the results presented in Table V and discussed in the preceding pages that a precursor population of immunologically competent T cells can be characterized and defined by multiple biological criteria as being probably of postthymic origin and substantially different from either the immunologically competent T lymphocyte or the prethymic stem cells. On the basis of recent data on functional characteristics of of different subsets of T cells, which suggest parallel lines of differentiation (see Chapter 2), it is possibile that the postthymic precursor compartment may also show heterogeneity; however, this cannot be presently asserted from our results.", "PMID": 328222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10751", "title": "Roentgenographic assessment of causes of cardiac pacemaker failure and complications.", "content": "Implantation of a permanent pacemaker to stimulate the heart is a well established procedure of great benefit. However, a malfunctioning pacemaker is a hazard to well-bing and to life. Once a pacemaker has been installed the physician's attention is directed not only to the patient's illness but also the unique complications of cardiac pacemakers. Roentgenograms are a valuable resource in the assessment of patients with pacemakers. It is essential that the radiologist thorougly understand the extent to which radiologic studies can depict the functioning of the complications associated with pacemakers. The roentgenographic assessment of the causes of pacemaker failure and the complications associated with permanent pacemakers are reviewed and the role of the roentgenogram is defined.", "contents": "Roentgenographic assessment of causes of cardiac pacemaker failure and complications. Implantation of a permanent pacemaker to stimulate the heart is a well established procedure of great benefit. However, a malfunctioning pacemaker is a hazard to well-bing and to life. Once a pacemaker has been installed the physician's attention is directed not only to the patient's illness but also the unique complications of cardiac pacemakers. Roentgenograms are a valuable resource in the assessment of patients with pacemakers. It is essential that the radiologist thorougly understand the extent to which radiologic studies can depict the functioning of the complications associated with pacemakers. The roentgenographic assessment of the causes of pacemaker failure and the complications associated with permanent pacemakers are reviewed and the role of the roentgenogram is defined.", "PMID": 328226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10752", "title": "The coronary collaterals: their development, morphology, function, and classification.", "content": "Coronary collaterals are important in evaluations made for bypass coronary artery surgery because of their role in the preservation of myocardial function. This paper attempts to define collaterals, explain how they develop, and describe what role they play in the normal heart. It presents a model of the different types of coronary collaterals, emphasizing the intracoronary and intercoronary anastomoses. The controversial role of the function of collaterals in coronary artery disease is discussed extensively, with special attention given to more recent angiographic in vivo studies. Recent investigations indicate that collaterals may limit the size of myocardial infarction as they help to preserve myocardial functions; they assist in the evaluation of both runoff and function for patients being considered for bypass surgery. As more is learned about collaterals, undoubtedly we shall gain a greater appreciation of their significance.", "contents": "The coronary collaterals: their development, morphology, function, and classification. Coronary collaterals are important in evaluations made for bypass coronary artery surgery because of their role in the preservation of myocardial function. This paper attempts to define collaterals, explain how they develop, and describe what role they play in the normal heart. It presents a model of the different types of coronary collaterals, emphasizing the intracoronary and intercoronary anastomoses. The controversial role of the function of collaterals in coronary artery disease is discussed extensively, with special attention given to more recent angiographic in vivo studies. Recent investigations indicate that collaterals may limit the size of myocardial infarction as they help to preserve myocardial functions; they assist in the evaluation of both runoff and function for patients being considered for bypass surgery. As more is learned about collaterals, undoubtedly we shall gain a greater appreciation of their significance.", "PMID": 328227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10753", "title": "Renal osteodystrophy--a radiological review.", "content": "Renal osteodystrophy is an amalgam of a number of distinct pathological conditions, in particular, hyperparathyroidism and osteomalacia. In addition, there may be a change in the guantity of bone, i.e., osteopenia (osteoporosis) or osteosclerosis. While bone biopsy may be the most reliable method for detecting these lesions, it is not yet a routine procedure in many centers. Radiological assessment of the bones, therefore, is the most widely used method for assessing the type and severity of the bone lesions in patients with chronic renal failure. This article reviews the world literature and pays attention to conventional radiological techniques as well as macroradiography. In addition, studies in which radiological appearances are correlated with histological appearances are described. Mention is also made of the effects on radiological bone disease of dialysis and transplantation. Consideration is also given to the manifestations of soft-tissue calcification, both of the vascular and subcutaneous type, and to the effects of treatment.", "contents": "Renal osteodystrophy--a radiological review. Renal osteodystrophy is an amalgam of a number of distinct pathological conditions, in particular, hyperparathyroidism and osteomalacia. In addition, there may be a change in the guantity of bone, i.e., osteopenia (osteoporosis) or osteosclerosis. While bone biopsy may be the most reliable method for detecting these lesions, it is not yet a routine procedure in many centers. Radiological assessment of the bones, therefore, is the most widely used method for assessing the type and severity of the bone lesions in patients with chronic renal failure. This article reviews the world literature and pays attention to conventional radiological techniques as well as macroradiography. In addition, studies in which radiological appearances are correlated with histological appearances are described. Mention is also made of the effects on radiological bone disease of dialysis and transplantation. Consideration is also given to the manifestations of soft-tissue calcification, both of the vascular and subcutaneous type, and to the effects of treatment.", "PMID": 328228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10754", "title": "Radionuclide techniques in the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid shunts.", "content": "Currently, radionuclide studies offer the simplest and most accurate means of determining the patency of CSF shunts. The selection of the best test procedure depends upon the type of hydrocephalus and the type of shunt which has been inserted. This review documents the development of radionuclide shunt patency tests and suggests the optimum test procedure for a given clinical problem.", "contents": "Radionuclide techniques in the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid shunts. Currently, radionuclide studies offer the simplest and most accurate means of determining the patency of CSF shunts. The selection of the best test procedure depends upon the type of hydrocephalus and the type of shunt which has been inserted. This review documents the development of radionuclide shunt patency tests and suggests the optimum test procedure for a given clinical problem.", "PMID": 328229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10755", "title": "Comparison between simple nebulization and intermittent positive-pressure in asthmatic children with severe bronchospasm.", "content": "Tweinty-three asthmatic children had severe sudden bronchospasm due to numerous factors. Baseline values for the peak expiratory flow rate were less than 25 percent of predicted. Utilizing an analysis of variance, three methods of administering isoproterenol hydrochloride (hand-held Freon-propelled nebulization, continuous nebulization, and intermittent positive-pressure breathing [IPPB]) were compared and found to be similar in reversing the bronchospasm (F = 1.56; degrees of freedom, 2/44; P = 0.22). There were no patients whose condition consistently improved with IPPB over the methods of therapy using simple nebulization. Therapy with IPPB did not offer any advantage over simple nebulization in patients with severe, reversible airway obstruction.", "contents": "Comparison between simple nebulization and intermittent positive-pressure in asthmatic children with severe bronchospasm. Tweinty-three asthmatic children had severe sudden bronchospasm due to numerous factors. Baseline values for the peak expiratory flow rate were less than 25 percent of predicted. Utilizing an analysis of variance, three methods of administering isoproterenol hydrochloride (hand-held Freon-propelled nebulization, continuous nebulization, and intermittent positive-pressure breathing [IPPB]) were compared and found to be similar in reversing the bronchospasm (F = 1.56; degrees of freedom, 2/44; P = 0.22). There were no patients whose condition consistently improved with IPPB over the methods of therapy using simple nebulization. Therapy with IPPB did not offer any advantage over simple nebulization in patients with severe, reversible airway obstruction.", "PMID": 328233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10756", "title": "Exfoliative cytology in the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary blastomycosis.", "content": "Four patients with pulmonary blastomycosis are reported. Their bronchial washings, submitted for cytologic evaluation and stained by the standard Papanicolau technique, yielded the diagnosis, subsequently confirmed by cultural identification of the fungus. In three additional cases, retrospective evaluation of cytologic material also revealed the organism, even though the diagnostic significance was not appreciated originally. Since cytologic techniques are simple, readily available, and rapid, they can be helpful in differentiating pulmonary neoplasms from pulmonary blastomycosis, thus reducing the need for diagnostic thoracotomies.", "contents": "Exfoliative cytology in the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary blastomycosis. Four patients with pulmonary blastomycosis are reported. Their bronchial washings, submitted for cytologic evaluation and stained by the standard Papanicolau technique, yielded the diagnosis, subsequently confirmed by cultural identification of the fungus. In three additional cases, retrospective evaluation of cytologic material also revealed the organism, even though the diagnostic significance was not appreciated originally. Since cytologic techniques are simple, readily available, and rapid, they can be helpful in differentiating pulmonary neoplasms from pulmonary blastomycosis, thus reducing the need for diagnostic thoracotomies.", "PMID": 328234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10757", "title": "Saddle embolism of the innominate artery.", "content": "A case of saddle embolism to the innominate artery in a patient with congestive myocardiopathy is presented. Embolectomy was successfully performed under local anesthesia using a combined carotid and axillary approach.", "contents": "Saddle embolism of the innominate artery. A case of saddle embolism to the innominate artery in a patient with congestive myocardiopathy is presented. Embolectomy was successfully performed under local anesthesia using a combined carotid and axillary approach.", "PMID": 328235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10758", "title": "Interactions stabilizing DNA tertiary structure in the Escherichia coli chromosome investigated with ionizing radiation.", "content": "The structure of the bacterial chromosome was investigated after introducing breaks in the DNA with gamma irradiation. It is demonstrated that irradiation of the chromosome in the cell prior to isolation results in partial unfolding of the isolated condensed DNA, while irradiation of the chromosome after it is released from the cell has no demonstrable effect on DNA folding. The results indicate that RNA/DNA interactions which stabilize DNA folds are unstable when breaks are introduced in the DNA prior to isolation of the chromosome. It is suggested that the supercoiled state of the DNA is required for the initial stabilization of some of the critical RNA/DNA interaction in the isolated nucleoid. However, some of these interactions are not affected by irradiation of the cells. Remnant supercoiling in partially relaxed chromosomes containing a limited number of DNA breaks has the same superhelical density as the unirradiated chromosome. This suggests that restraints on rotation of the packaged DNA are formed prior to the physical unwinding which occurs at the sites of the radiation induced DNA breads. - Analysis of the in vitro irradiated chromosomes shows that there are 100 +/- 30 domains of supercoiling per genome equivalent of DNA. The introduction of up to 50 double-strand breaks per nucleoid does not influence rotor speed effects of the sedimentation coefficient of the chromosome.", "contents": "Interactions stabilizing DNA tertiary structure in the Escherichia coli chromosome investigated with ionizing radiation. The structure of the bacterial chromosome was investigated after introducing breaks in the DNA with gamma irradiation. It is demonstrated that irradiation of the chromosome in the cell prior to isolation results in partial unfolding of the isolated condensed DNA, while irradiation of the chromosome after it is released from the cell has no demonstrable effect on DNA folding. The results indicate that RNA/DNA interactions which stabilize DNA folds are unstable when breaks are introduced in the DNA prior to isolation of the chromosome. It is suggested that the supercoiled state of the DNA is required for the initial stabilization of some of the critical RNA/DNA interaction in the isolated nucleoid. However, some of these interactions are not affected by irradiation of the cells. Remnant supercoiling in partially relaxed chromosomes containing a limited number of DNA breaks has the same superhelical density as the unirradiated chromosome. This suggests that restraints on rotation of the packaged DNA are formed prior to the physical unwinding which occurs at the sites of the radiation induced DNA breads. - Analysis of the in vitro irradiated chromosomes shows that there are 100 +/- 30 domains of supercoiling per genome equivalent of DNA. The introduction of up to 50 double-strand breaks per nucleoid does not influence rotor speed effects of the sedimentation coefficient of the chromosome.", "PMID": 328241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10759", "title": "Chromosomes and DNA of Microtus. III. Heterochromatin rearrangements in M. agrestis bone marrow clones.", "content": "Newborn Microtus agrestis were given single acute whole-body gamma-irradiation (350, 500, or 750R). C-banded bone marrow preparations showed cells with radiation-induced rearrangements of constitutive heterochromatin of the sex chromosomes, usually the consequence of single events, encompassing a wide spectrum of deletions and translocations. These cells persisted in bone marrow for more than a year after irradiation; however, many cells showing the same redistribution of heterochromatin constituted clones of both deletions and translocations. These results indicate that deletion or rearrangement of constitutive heterochromatin does not impair the capacity of bone marrow cells for further proliferation.", "contents": "Chromosomes and DNA of Microtus. III. Heterochromatin rearrangements in M. agrestis bone marrow clones. Newborn Microtus agrestis were given single acute whole-body gamma-irradiation (350, 500, or 750R). C-banded bone marrow preparations showed cells with radiation-induced rearrangements of constitutive heterochromatin of the sex chromosomes, usually the consequence of single events, encompassing a wide spectrum of deletions and translocations. These cells persisted in bone marrow for more than a year after irradiation; however, many cells showing the same redistribution of heterochromatin constituted clones of both deletions and translocations. These results indicate that deletion or rearrangement of constitutive heterochromatin does not impair the capacity of bone marrow cells for further proliferation.", "PMID": 328242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10760", "title": "Parenteral haloperidol in psychiatric emergencies. Double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine.", "content": "In a double-blind study of 58 acutely disturbed men and women brought to an emergency psychiatric unit, parenteral haloperidol was generally more useful than parenteral chlorpromazine in the control of disruptive signs and symptoms of psychosis. Half the patients (15/30) who received one injection of haloperidol 5 mg were calmed, cooperative and alert, and another fourth (8/30) were improved. By contrast, only 3 of 28 patients who received chlorpromazine were controlled successfully, and 11 of 28 were partly controlled. Covariant analysis of data from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale showed that haloperidol was superior (p less than .05) to chlorpromazine in five of the signs and symptoms evaluated, notably hostility and excitement. None of the statistical comparisons favored chlorpromazine. There were no adverse reactions in any of the patients. Results of this study and of work reported elsewhere indicate that haloperidol is the drug of choice for the control of disruptive symptoms and signs of psychosis in patients who require emergency treatment with an antipsychotic agent.", "contents": "Parenteral haloperidol in psychiatric emergencies. Double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. In a double-blind study of 58 acutely disturbed men and women brought to an emergency psychiatric unit, parenteral haloperidol was generally more useful than parenteral chlorpromazine in the control of disruptive signs and symptoms of psychosis. Half the patients (15/30) who received one injection of haloperidol 5 mg were calmed, cooperative and alert, and another fourth (8/30) were improved. By contrast, only 3 of 28 patients who received chlorpromazine were controlled successfully, and 11 of 28 were partly controlled. Covariant analysis of data from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale showed that haloperidol was superior (p less than .05) to chlorpromazine in five of the signs and symptoms evaluated, notably hostility and excitement. None of the statistical comparisons favored chlorpromazine. There were no adverse reactions in any of the patients. Results of this study and of work reported elsewhere indicate that haloperidol is the drug of choice for the control of disruptive symptoms and signs of psychosis in patients who require emergency treatment with an antipsychotic agent.", "PMID": 328243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10761", "title": "Amantadine and a fixed combination of levodopa and carbidopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Forty-two patients with Parkinson's disease were given amantadine HC1 (Symmetrel) and placebo in an 18 week double-blind cross-over study to determine if amantadine provided additional benefit when combined with levodopa and carbidopa (Sinemet). Analysis of our results showed that amantadine effected a 92% improvement over baseline in symptom scores and a 95% improvement over baseline in activity impairment scores, compared with corresponding values of 4% and 18% for placebo. The difference between amantadine and placebo was statistically significant. Except for one case of mild livedo reticularis and two of blurred vision in the amantadine group, side effects were generally similar for amantadine and placebo in type and frequency. This study provides new evidence of the importance of combinations of antiparkinson drugs to achieve maximum therapeutic benefit.", "contents": "Amantadine and a fixed combination of levodopa and carbidopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Forty-two patients with Parkinson's disease were given amantadine HC1 (Symmetrel) and placebo in an 18 week double-blind cross-over study to determine if amantadine provided additional benefit when combined with levodopa and carbidopa (Sinemet). Analysis of our results showed that amantadine effected a 92% improvement over baseline in symptom scores and a 95% improvement over baseline in activity impairment scores, compared with corresponding values of 4% and 18% for placebo. The difference between amantadine and placebo was statistically significant. Except for one case of mild livedo reticularis and two of blurred vision in the amantadine group, side effects were generally similar for amantadine and placebo in type and frequency. This study provides new evidence of the importance of combinations of antiparkinson drugs to achieve maximum therapeutic benefit.", "PMID": 328244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10762", "title": "The indoleamine hypothesis of depression: an overview and pilot study.", "content": "This paper reviews the evidence for a specific indoleamine deficiency in depression and the attempts to correct this suspected deficiency with serotonin precursors. It also presents the clinical and biochemical data on six patients with depression treated with L-5-HTP in a nonrandom, double-blind protocol. The oral administration of L5-HTP was associated with a rise in CSF5-HIAA, but only two of six patients studied had any decrease in depression ratings. 5-HTP was also shown to decrease urinary excretion of 17 hydroxycorticosteroids in twodepressed patients and three normal controls suggesting an interrelationship between serotonin metabolism and the pituitary adrenal system. This leads to the suggestion that in a postulated subgroup of depressed patients with pituitary adrenal hyperactivity and evidence of serotonin deficiency, L5-HTP deserves a further trial as an experimental treatment.", "contents": "The indoleamine hypothesis of depression: an overview and pilot study. This paper reviews the evidence for a specific indoleamine deficiency in depression and the attempts to correct this suspected deficiency with serotonin precursors. It also presents the clinical and biochemical data on six patients with depression treated with L-5-HTP in a nonrandom, double-blind protocol. The oral administration of L5-HTP was associated with a rise in CSF5-HIAA, but only two of six patients studied had any decrease in depression ratings. 5-HTP was also shown to decrease urinary excretion of 17 hydroxycorticosteroids in twodepressed patients and three normal controls suggesting an interrelationship between serotonin metabolism and the pituitary adrenal system. This leads to the suggestion that in a postulated subgroup of depressed patients with pituitary adrenal hyperactivity and evidence of serotonin deficiency, L5-HTP deserves a further trial as an experimental treatment.", "PMID": 328245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10763", "title": "Computer-aided teaching in ophthalmology.", "content": "Computer-aided teaching is of a growing importance in ophthalmology. The following problems are particularly reviewed: sequential, ramified and tutorial teaching, exercises in simulation and the checking of knowledge. Most of the technical obstacles have now been resolved. The aim of this paper is to overcome some psychological obstacles due to partial ignorance of the subject by most lecturers in our field.", "contents": "Computer-aided teaching in ophthalmology. Computer-aided teaching is of a growing importance in ophthalmology. The following problems are particularly reviewed: sequential, ramified and tutorial teaching, exercises in simulation and the checking of knowledge. Most of the technical obstacles have now been resolved. The aim of this paper is to overcome some psychological obstacles due to partial ignorance of the subject by most lecturers in our field.", "PMID": 328246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10764", "title": "The use of mini- and micro-computers in eye clinical practice.", "content": "In an ophthalmological department there are many sectors in which the use of computers can give useful support. We have singled out three major areas of interest: 1. the rationalization of the flow of patients; 2. the management of clinical records; 3. the automatization of ophthalmological devices. Instead of using different dedicated computational systems we preferred to focus our attention on a unique system based on a minicomputer driving several parallel micro-processors. Preliminary results are given.", "contents": "The use of mini- and micro-computers in eye clinical practice. In an ophthalmological department there are many sectors in which the use of computers can give useful support. We have singled out three major areas of interest: 1. the rationalization of the flow of patients; 2. the management of clinical records; 3. the automatization of ophthalmological devices. Instead of using different dedicated computational systems we preferred to focus our attention on a unique system based on a minicomputer driving several parallel micro-processors. Preliminary results are given.", "PMID": 328247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10765", "title": "The visual field examination and its automation.", "content": "An automated system for examination of the visual fields is described. The entire campimetric examination was simulated in order to enable an in-depth analysis of actual examinations. The program runs on a HP2100 computer with a 16K core. The main advantages of the system are: greater speed, less patient fatigue, greater reliability, repeatability and accuracy.", "contents": "The visual field examination and its automation. An automated system for examination of the visual fields is described. The entire campimetric examination was simulated in order to enable an in-depth analysis of actual examinations. The program runs on a HP2100 computer with a 16K core. The main advantages of the system are: greater speed, less patient fatigue, greater reliability, repeatability and accuracy.", "PMID": 328248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10766", "title": "Automatic testing of the visual field using electro-oculographic potentials.", "content": "The central visual field is tested using static perimetry on a tangent screen located 1 m from the patient. During the test electro-oculographic (EOG) potentials, associated with eye movements, are recorded. For this purpose two pairs of electrodes are placed in such a way that one pair records the vertical and the other the horizontal component of the EOG potential. The EOG signals that are produced when the tested eye moves toward the light target on the screen are digitized and fed into a computer programmed to relate each pair of signals to the specific lamp on the tangent screen. The results of the test appear on a computer-printed chart that shows the distribution of the lamps on the testing board together with the information whether the lamp was seen by the subject. This method of visual field testing is both objective and automatic.", "contents": "Automatic testing of the visual field using electro-oculographic potentials. The central visual field is tested using static perimetry on a tangent screen located 1 m from the patient. During the test electro-oculographic (EOG) potentials, associated with eye movements, are recorded. For this purpose two pairs of electrodes are placed in such a way that one pair records the vertical and the other the horizontal component of the EOG potential. The EOG signals that are produced when the tested eye moves toward the light target on the screen are digitized and fed into a computer programmed to relate each pair of signals to the specific lamp on the tangent screen. The results of the test appear on a computer-printed chart that shows the distribution of the lamps on the testing board together with the information whether the lamp was seen by the subject. This method of visual field testing is both objective and automatic.", "PMID": 328249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10767", "title": "[Tissue distribution of native and enzyme-treated human immunoglobulin (author's transl)].", "content": "The tissue distribution of intravenously injected native and enzyme-treated human gammaglobulin has been investigated in the small intestine, kidney, striated muscle and the salivary gland of the mouse. Peroxidase-as well as FITC-labeled antibodies to human gammaglobulin were used to locate the injected antibody preparation. With this assay, the enzyme-treated immunoglobulin was found intracellularly, whereas the intact molecule seemed not to penetrate the cell wall and could mostly be found intra-and perivascularly. Since highly purified tetanus toxoid was fixed by thin sections of the intestine tissue containing intracellularly located enzyme-treated gammaglobulin it is concluded that the antibodies penetrating the cell wall retain their biological activity.", "contents": "[Tissue distribution of native and enzyme-treated human immunoglobulin (author's transl)]. The tissue distribution of intravenously injected native and enzyme-treated human gammaglobulin has been investigated in the small intestine, kidney, striated muscle and the salivary gland of the mouse. Peroxidase-as well as FITC-labeled antibodies to human gammaglobulin were used to locate the injected antibody preparation. With this assay, the enzyme-treated immunoglobulin was found intracellularly, whereas the intact molecule seemed not to penetrate the cell wall and could mostly be found intra-and perivascularly. Since highly purified tetanus toxoid was fixed by thin sections of the intestine tissue containing intracellularly located enzyme-treated gammaglobulin it is concluded that the antibodies penetrating the cell wall retain their biological activity.", "PMID": 328255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10768", "title": "[Surgical aspects of secondary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "During long-term dialysis of patients in chronic renal failure disorders of mineral metabolism in the sense of renal osteodystrophy occur increasingly with time. Quite separate from these patients with renal osteopathy (osteomalacia and osteopenia) as a result of dialysis there is a group of patients in whom, despite appropriate dialysate composition, a full-blown picture of renal osteodystrophy due to secondary hyperparathyroidism develops. Subtotal parathyroidectomy will significantly improve them. Experience in 12 patients has demonstrated that, in addition to the clinical signs, biochemical findings and radiological changes, the quantitative evaluation of iliac crest biopsy and determination of parathormone and ionised serum-calcium fraction are decisive as indications for surgery. In these patients subtotal parathyroidectomy gave satisfactory results, but the treatment of renal osteopathy in the sense of osteopenia is often unsatisfactory and the full clinical picture can often be improved only by early renal transplantation.", "contents": "[Surgical aspects of secondary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. During long-term dialysis of patients in chronic renal failure disorders of mineral metabolism in the sense of renal osteodystrophy occur increasingly with time. Quite separate from these patients with renal osteopathy (osteomalacia and osteopenia) as a result of dialysis there is a group of patients in whom, despite appropriate dialysate composition, a full-blown picture of renal osteodystrophy due to secondary hyperparathyroidism develops. Subtotal parathyroidectomy will significantly improve them. Experience in 12 patients has demonstrated that, in addition to the clinical signs, biochemical findings and radiological changes, the quantitative evaluation of iliac crest biopsy and determination of parathormone and ionised serum-calcium fraction are decisive as indications for surgery. In these patients subtotal parathyroidectomy gave satisfactory results, but the treatment of renal osteopathy in the sense of osteopenia is often unsatisfactory and the full clinical picture can often be improved only by early renal transplantation.", "PMID": 328256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10769", "title": "[Filling of the neck of the tooth by means of acid etching].", "content": "The technique of acid cauterisation is only effective in the area of the enamel. The technique of preparation has to be modified if fillings go beyond the area of the enamel. Those modifications and solutions are discussed which combine the anchoring possibilities of conventional preparations with the technique of acid cauterisation.", "contents": "[Filling of the neck of the tooth by means of acid etching]. The technique of acid cauterisation is only effective in the area of the enamel. The technique of preparation has to be modified if fillings go beyond the area of the enamel. Those modifications and solutions are discussed which combine the anchoring possibilities of conventional preparations with the technique of acid cauterisation.", "PMID": 328263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10770", "title": "Stimulation of glucagon release by addition of anti-stomatostatin serum to islets of Langerhans in vitro.", "content": "Addition of anti-somatostatin serum to rat islets of Langerhans which had been previously maintained in organ culture for 48h, resulted in a marked stimulation of glucagon release with no change in the rate of insulin secretion during the entire 90 min period during which the secretion of both hormones was followed. Prior saturation of the anti-somatostatin serum with somatostatin prevented the stimulatory acting on glucagon release. These data strongly suggest a physiological role for endogenous somatostatin in the control of glucagon secretion.", "contents": "Stimulation of glucagon release by addition of anti-stomatostatin serum to islets of Langerhans in vitro. Addition of anti-somatostatin serum to rat islets of Langerhans which had been previously maintained in organ culture for 48h, resulted in a marked stimulation of glucagon release with no change in the rate of insulin secretion during the entire 90 min period during which the secretion of both hormones was followed. Prior saturation of the anti-somatostatin serum with somatostatin prevented the stimulatory acting on glucagon release. These data strongly suggest a physiological role for endogenous somatostatin in the control of glucagon secretion.", "PMID": 328268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10771", "title": "The influence of glycyl residues on the flexibility of peptide hormones in solution. A 13C-nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (luliberin) and its des-glycinamide10 N-ethylamide analog.", "content": "13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in used to gain information on the flexibility of the backbone in peptide hormones and peptide hormone analogs. 13C spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) were measured on luliberin, the luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone and des(Gly-NH2)10-luliberin-N-ethylamide in aqueous solution at 25.2 and 67.9 MHz at temperatures of 32 degrees, 40 degrees and 55 degrees C. The 13C spin-lattice relaxation times indicate increased flexibility of the peptide backbone in the immediate environment of glycyl residues in luliberin (less than Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2) and the hormone analog des(Gly-NH2)10-luliberin-N-ethylamide (less than Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-NH-CH2CH3) in aqueous solutions. 13 C NMR spectroscopy is shown to be a sensitive technique for monitoring the time-averaged conformational flexibility of peptides in solution. Activation energies (Ea) of about 25 kJ/mol were obtained for rotational reorientation of non-terminal alpha-carbons in the peptide backbone. Rotation of methyl groups was characterized by an Ea of 9.6 kJ/mol whereas reorientation of the N-terminal pyroglutamyl residue showed an Ea value of 14.6 kJ/mol. The Ea values of individual carbons in the side-chains of prolyl, arginyl and leucyl residues in the peptides were similar to those obtained for the alpha-carbon of the same amino acid residue in the peptide backbone of the hormones.", "contents": "The influence of glycyl residues on the flexibility of peptide hormones in solution. A 13C-nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (luliberin) and its des-glycinamide10 N-ethylamide analog. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in used to gain information on the flexibility of the backbone in peptide hormones and peptide hormone analogs. 13C spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) were measured on luliberin, the luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone and des(Gly-NH2)10-luliberin-N-ethylamide in aqueous solution at 25.2 and 67.9 MHz at temperatures of 32 degrees, 40 degrees and 55 degrees C. The 13C spin-lattice relaxation times indicate increased flexibility of the peptide backbone in the immediate environment of glycyl residues in luliberin (less than Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2) and the hormone analog des(Gly-NH2)10-luliberin-N-ethylamide (less than Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-NH-CH2CH3) in aqueous solutions. 13 C NMR spectroscopy is shown to be a sensitive technique for monitoring the time-averaged conformational flexibility of peptides in solution. Activation energies (Ea) of about 25 kJ/mol were obtained for rotational reorientation of non-terminal alpha-carbons in the peptide backbone. Rotation of methyl groups was characterized by an Ea of 9.6 kJ/mol whereas reorientation of the N-terminal pyroglutamyl residue showed an Ea value of 14.6 kJ/mol. The Ea values of individual carbons in the side-chains of prolyl, arginyl and leucyl residues in the peptides were similar to those obtained for the alpha-carbon of the same amino acid residue in the peptide backbone of the hormones.", "PMID": 328272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10772", "title": "Energy-dependent transport of manganese into yeast cells and distribution of accumulated ions.", "content": "Manganese transport into yeast cells is energy-dependent. It is dependent on endogenous sources of energy and is inhibited by olygomycin (12.5-25 microgramg/ml), 2,4-dinitrophenol (1 mM), 2-deoxyglucose (1-50 mM) and sodium azide (1-10 mM), but is stimulated by cyanide and glucose. The stimulating effect of glucose is eliminated by N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetate, which apparently inhibit the transport of glucose itself. About 75% of the manganese accumulated in the presence of glucose is found in yeast protoplasts and nearly 25% in the cell walls. A major portion of the accumulated manganese is found in vacuoles. The concentration of osmotically free manganese in the cytosol did not exceed 2 mM, but the concentration in vacuoles was up to 14 mM. The tonoplast is assumed to have a transport system for divalent cations, thereby regulating their concentration in the cytosol.", "contents": "Energy-dependent transport of manganese into yeast cells and distribution of accumulated ions. Manganese transport into yeast cells is energy-dependent. It is dependent on endogenous sources of energy and is inhibited by olygomycin (12.5-25 microgramg/ml), 2,4-dinitrophenol (1 mM), 2-deoxyglucose (1-50 mM) and sodium azide (1-10 mM), but is stimulated by cyanide and glucose. The stimulating effect of glucose is eliminated by N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetate, which apparently inhibit the transport of glucose itself. About 75% of the manganese accumulated in the presence of glucose is found in yeast protoplasts and nearly 25% in the cell walls. A major portion of the accumulated manganese is found in vacuoles. The concentration of osmotically free manganese in the cytosol did not exceed 2 mM, but the concentration in vacuoles was up to 14 mM. The tonoplast is assumed to have a transport system for divalent cations, thereby regulating their concentration in the cytosol.", "PMID": 328273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10773", "title": "Tyroslyl-tRNA synthetase from baker's yeast. Rapid isolation by affinity elution, molecular weight of the enzyme, and determination of essential sulfhydryl groups.", "content": "Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.1) has been isolated from baker's yeast with an overall purification factor of more than 5000. After opening the cells, pH 4.8 precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, removal of the nucleic acids with DEAE-cellulose and chromatography on CM-Sephadex, the critical purification step is the elution of the cation-exchanger-bound tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase with tRNATyr. The homogeneous enzyme exhibits a molecular weight of 40 000 as estimated by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation and dodecylsulfate-gel electrophoresis under reducing and non-reducing conditions. Gel filtration experiments show a molecular weight of about 100 000 indicating the existence of an active dimeric form. The possibility of proteolytic cleavage of the enzyme is excluded. The reaction of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase with p-chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide reveals two repidly reacting sulfhydryl groups per subunit of molecular weight 40 000, as demonstrated by the inhibition of aminoacylation and the isolation of enzyme-inhibitor complexes. In addition an efficient purification method is described for isolating tRNATyr from soluble ribonucleic acid from baker's yeast in three chromatographic steps in a yield of 28%.", "contents": "Tyroslyl-tRNA synthetase from baker's yeast. Rapid isolation by affinity elution, molecular weight of the enzyme, and determination of essential sulfhydryl groups. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.1) has been isolated from baker's yeast with an overall purification factor of more than 5000. After opening the cells, pH 4.8 precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, removal of the nucleic acids with DEAE-cellulose and chromatography on CM-Sephadex, the critical purification step is the elution of the cation-exchanger-bound tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase with tRNATyr. The homogeneous enzyme exhibits a molecular weight of 40 000 as estimated by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation and dodecylsulfate-gel electrophoresis under reducing and non-reducing conditions. Gel filtration experiments show a molecular weight of about 100 000 indicating the existence of an active dimeric form. The possibility of proteolytic cleavage of the enzyme is excluded. The reaction of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase with p-chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide reveals two repidly reacting sulfhydryl groups per subunit of molecular weight 40 000, as demonstrated by the inhibition of aminoacylation and the isolation of enzyme-inhibitor complexes. In addition an efficient purification method is described for isolating tRNATyr from soluble ribonucleic acid from baker's yeast in three chromatographic steps in a yield of 28%.", "PMID": 328277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10774", "title": "L-Ornithine carbamoyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: steady-state kinetic analysis.", "content": "Ornithine carbamoyltransferase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is subjected to an enzymatic regulation of its anabolic activity when it is bound to the inducible catabolic arginase as described earlier. This regulatory ornithine carbamoyltransferase essentially catalyzes the synthesis of citrulline, but the reverse reaction could be demonstrated using arsenate instead of phosphate. Steady-state initial velocity studies of the reverse reaction indicate that the mechanism is consistent with a rapid-equilibrium random model (in which all steps are in equilibrium, except that concerned with the interconversion of the central ternary complexes) involving the formation of enzyme - ornithine - arsenate and enzyme - citrulline - phosphate dead-end complexes. In the forward direction, although the mechanism also appears to be random, the results are in better agreement with a preferred ordered binding of substrates, with carbamoylphosphate adding first. This degenerate form of the random mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "L-Ornithine carbamoyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: steady-state kinetic analysis. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is subjected to an enzymatic regulation of its anabolic activity when it is bound to the inducible catabolic arginase as described earlier. This regulatory ornithine carbamoyltransferase essentially catalyzes the synthesis of citrulline, but the reverse reaction could be demonstrated using arsenate instead of phosphate. Steady-state initial velocity studies of the reverse reaction indicate that the mechanism is consistent with a rapid-equilibrium random model (in which all steps are in equilibrium, except that concerned with the interconversion of the central ternary complexes) involving the formation of enzyme - ornithine - arsenate and enzyme - citrulline - phosphate dead-end complexes. In the forward direction, although the mechanism also appears to be random, the results are in better agreement with a preferred ordered binding of substrates, with carbamoylphosphate adding first. This degenerate form of the random mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 328278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10775", "title": "Subunit structure of the methionine-repressible aspartokinase II--homoserine dehydrogenase II from Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The quaternary structure of Escherichia coli K12 aspartokinase II--homoserine dehydrogenase II has been examined. This multifunctional protein has a molecular weight Mr = 176000. It is composed of two subunits having the same molecular weight and the same charge. The results obtained from the examination of tryptic maps, the number and amino acid composition of cysteine-containing peptides and the uniqueness of the N-terminal sequence, strongly suggest that the 2 subunits are identical. The properties of aspartokinase II--homoserine dehydrogenase II can be compared to those of the much better known protein aspartokinase I--homoserine dehydrogenase I.", "contents": "Subunit structure of the methionine-repressible aspartokinase II--homoserine dehydrogenase II from Escherichia coli K12. The quaternary structure of Escherichia coli K12 aspartokinase II--homoserine dehydrogenase II has been examined. This multifunctional protein has a molecular weight Mr = 176000. It is composed of two subunits having the same molecular weight and the same charge. The results obtained from the examination of tryptic maps, the number and amino acid composition of cysteine-containing peptides and the uniqueness of the N-terminal sequence, strongly suggest that the 2 subunits are identical. The properties of aspartokinase II--homoserine dehydrogenase II can be compared to those of the much better known protein aspartokinase I--homoserine dehydrogenase I.", "PMID": 328280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10776", "title": "On the stereochemistry of activation of phenylalanine by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from baker's yeast.", "content": "Because of its chiralic alpha-phosphorus atom adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (ATPalphaS) exists in two diastereomeric forms, arbitrarily named (A) and (B). For phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase ATPalphaS (A) is a substrate whereas ATPalphaS (B) is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor. During the ATPalphaS (A)/PPi exchange reaction with phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase the configuration at the alpha-phosphorus is retained. The mechanistic implications of these findings are discussed. Preliminary investigations with several other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases show that the stereochemical requirement with respect to the alpha-phosphorus of ATP is not identical for all aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.", "contents": "On the stereochemistry of activation of phenylalanine by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from baker's yeast. Because of its chiralic alpha-phosphorus atom adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (ATPalphaS) exists in two diastereomeric forms, arbitrarily named (A) and (B). For phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase ATPalphaS (A) is a substrate whereas ATPalphaS (B) is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor. During the ATPalphaS (A)/PPi exchange reaction with phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase the configuration at the alpha-phosphorus is retained. The mechanistic implications of these findings are discussed. Preliminary investigations with several other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases show that the stereochemical requirement with respect to the alpha-phosphorus of ATP is not identical for all aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.", "PMID": 328281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10777", "title": "Isolation of mutants conditionally blocked in the biosynthesis of the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic-acid--lipid-A part of lipopolysaccharides derived from Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A procedure is described for the selection of conditional 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic-acid--Lipid A mutants which depends on temperature sensitivity for both synthesis of complete lipopolysaccharide and for growth. Using this procedure new types of mutants were isolated which cease growth and accumulate lipid A precursors following a shift to nonpermissive temperatures. All precursor molecules differ in their charge as judged by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. While they all contain glucosamine, phosphate and 3-hydroxymyristic acid, they lack detectable 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (dOclA) as well as the nonhydroxylated fatty acids of the complete lipid A structure. Three mutants proved to be conditionally defective in dOclA metabolism, whereas one seems to be blocked at a relatively early step in lipid A synthesis. The phenotypes of all these mutants appear to be due to single mutations by reversion analysis and by characterization of the temperature-resistant revertants. Studies of these mutants may shed light on the essential role of the complete dOclA--lipid A part of lipopolysaccharides in membrane function.", "contents": "Isolation of mutants conditionally blocked in the biosynthesis of the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic-acid--lipid-A part of lipopolysaccharides derived from Salmonella typhimurium. A procedure is described for the selection of conditional 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic-acid--Lipid A mutants which depends on temperature sensitivity for both synthesis of complete lipopolysaccharide and for growth. Using this procedure new types of mutants were isolated which cease growth and accumulate lipid A precursors following a shift to nonpermissive temperatures. All precursor molecules differ in their charge as judged by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. While they all contain glucosamine, phosphate and 3-hydroxymyristic acid, they lack detectable 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (dOclA) as well as the nonhydroxylated fatty acids of the complete lipid A structure. Three mutants proved to be conditionally defective in dOclA metabolism, whereas one seems to be blocked at a relatively early step in lipid A synthesis. The phenotypes of all these mutants appear to be due to single mutations by reversion analysis and by characterization of the temperature-resistant revertants. Studies of these mutants may shed light on the essential role of the complete dOclA--lipid A part of lipopolysaccharides in membrane function.", "PMID": 328282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10778", "title": "A trypsin-resistant fragment from complexes of ribosomal protein S4 with 16-S RNA of Escherichia coli and from the uncomplexed protein.", "content": "A fragment of ribosomal protein S4 was prepared by limited trypsin degestion of a specific complex between protein S4 and 16-S RNA. It was characterised for amino acid sequence and the N-terminal 46 amino acids were found to be absent. An intermediate fragment, cut at Arg-43, was also observed at low trypsin concentrations. Evidence is presented that the protected fragment constitutes the primary RNA-binding region of the protein. No smaller protein fragments were found that rebound to the RNA. A mechanism for the degradation of the N-terminal region of the protein is proposed and two probable functions of the excised region are given. Under milder trypsin digestion conditions than for the complex, the same fragment, cut at Arg-46, was also prepared from the free protein. This result, together with that from a control experiment, indicates that at least within this local region, the protein conformation is conserved in both the free protein and the protein-RNA complex. This is the first direct evidence for the conservation of conformation in a protein when both complexed and uncomplexed with a ribosomal RNA.", "contents": "A trypsin-resistant fragment from complexes of ribosomal protein S4 with 16-S RNA of Escherichia coli and from the uncomplexed protein. A fragment of ribosomal protein S4 was prepared by limited trypsin degestion of a specific complex between protein S4 and 16-S RNA. It was characterised for amino acid sequence and the N-terminal 46 amino acids were found to be absent. An intermediate fragment, cut at Arg-43, was also observed at low trypsin concentrations. Evidence is presented that the protected fragment constitutes the primary RNA-binding region of the protein. No smaller protein fragments were found that rebound to the RNA. A mechanism for the degradation of the N-terminal region of the protein is proposed and two probable functions of the excised region are given. Under milder trypsin digestion conditions than for the complex, the same fragment, cut at Arg-46, was also prepared from the free protein. This result, together with that from a control experiment, indicates that at least within this local region, the protein conformation is conserved in both the free protein and the protein-RNA complex. This is the first direct evidence for the conservation of conformation in a protein when both complexed and uncomplexed with a ribosomal RNA.", "PMID": 328283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10779", "title": "The LH and FSH responses to LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in girls with true precocious puberty treated with cyproterone acetate.", "content": "Ten girls with precocious puberty ranging in age from 7 to 10 7/12 years who were treated with oral cyproterone acetate on a long term basis, were subjected to LH-RH tests, prior to and 3 to 16 months after the institution of therapy. Cyproterone acetate was given in doses from 60 to 153 mg/m2, which proved to be clinically effective, as evidenced by the slowing down of sexual maturation. The basal levels of LH were found to be unaffected by therapy and corresponded to the pubertal stages of the individual girls. The peak increment of LH after LH-RH stimulation was markedly suppressed by the therapy. FSH secretion and its responsiveness to LH-RH was not affected by cyprotereone acetate. The basal levels of FSH were higher during therapy than before, but the peak FSH increment remained  the same. An escape phenomenon in the LH peak response was evident in 2 patients upon retesting after prolonged therapy. It is possible that the antigonadotrophic action of cyproterone acetate is due to its progestational nature.", "contents": "The LH and FSH responses to LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in girls with true precocious puberty treated with cyproterone acetate. Ten girls with precocious puberty ranging in age from 7 to 10 7/12 years who were treated with oral cyproterone acetate on a long term basis, were subjected to LH-RH tests, prior to and 3 to 16 months after the institution of therapy. Cyproterone acetate was given in doses from 60 to 153 mg/m2, which proved to be clinically effective, as evidenced by the slowing down of sexual maturation. The basal levels of LH were found to be unaffected by therapy and corresponded to the pubertal stages of the individual girls. The peak increment of LH after LH-RH stimulation was markedly suppressed by the therapy. FSH secretion and its responsiveness to LH-RH was not affected by cyprotereone acetate. The basal levels of FSH were higher during therapy than before, but the peak FSH increment remained  the same. An escape phenomenon in the LH peak response was evident in 2 patients upon retesting after prolonged therapy. It is possible that the antigonadotrophic action of cyproterone acetate is due to its progestational nature.", "PMID": 328285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10780", "title": "The importance of continuous pump suction in TUR hydraulic hemostasis.", "content": "An intravesicoprostatic hydrostatic pressure below 10 mm Hg maintains normal anatomy and physiology of the muscular and vascular prostatic structures by continuous pump suction. An increase of the hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure above 10 mm Hg produces a distortion in the musculature of the prostate, especially at the true capsule, opening the cut vessels, making possible the absorption of the irrigant free of electrolytes (TUR syndrome). A low hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure permits the compression of cut vessels by the inflow hydraulic pressure of 90 cm H2O achieving hydraulic hemostasis during TURP reducing the bleeding and operative time by more than 50% and making hemostasis easier. In our last 400 TURs, blood transfusions have been unnecessary. Less electrocoagulation is required, resulting in a more rapid recovery.", "contents": "The importance of continuous pump suction in TUR hydraulic hemostasis. An intravesicoprostatic hydrostatic pressure below 10 mm Hg maintains normal anatomy and physiology of the muscular and vascular prostatic structures by continuous pump suction. An increase of the hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure above 10 mm Hg produces a distortion in the musculature of the prostate, especially at the true capsule, opening the cut vessels, making possible the absorption of the irrigant free of electrolytes (TUR syndrome). A low hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure permits the compression of cut vessels by the inflow hydraulic pressure of 90 cm H2O achieving hydraulic hemostasis during TURP reducing the bleeding and operative time by more than 50% and making hemostasis easier. In our last 400 TURs, blood transfusions have been unnecessary. Less electrocoagulation is required, resulting in a more rapid recovery.", "PMID": 328286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10781", "title": "Renal function after warm ischaemia. I. Effect of initial perfusate and its temperature.", "content": "The left kidneys of anaesthetized, heparinized rats were subjected to a 60-min period of warm ischaemia in vivo and perfused in situ with either isotonic saline, human plasma protein fraction, Perfudex (Pharmacia), 20% mannitol or Sacks' solution at 37 degrees C. A second similar series were perfused at 4 degrees C. One further group had autologous arterial blood perfusion at body temperature. Immediate contralateral nephrectomy was done and function was assessed by regular plasma creatinine estimation and survival (life supporting function). Control groups consisted of unilateral nephrectomy alone, 45 or 60 min of ischaemia with immediate contralateral nephrectomy. The only significant improvement in function in the experimental groups when compared to the 60-min ischaemia control group was seen following perfusion with isotonic saline at 37 degrees C (p less than 0.05) and with autologous arterial blood perfusion (p less than 0.005). Renal function following this period of warm ischaemia was not significantly improved by any of the other perfusates tested.", "contents": "Renal function after warm ischaemia. I. Effect of initial perfusate and its temperature. The left kidneys of anaesthetized, heparinized rats were subjected to a 60-min period of warm ischaemia in vivo and perfused in situ with either isotonic saline, human plasma protein fraction, Perfudex (Pharmacia), 20% mannitol or Sacks' solution at 37 degrees C. A second similar series were perfused at 4 degrees C. One further group had autologous arterial blood perfusion at body temperature. Immediate contralateral nephrectomy was done and function was assessed by regular plasma creatinine estimation and survival (life supporting function). Control groups consisted of unilateral nephrectomy alone, 45 or 60 min of ischaemia with immediate contralateral nephrectomy. The only significant improvement in function in the experimental groups when compared to the 60-min ischaemia control group was seen following perfusion with isotonic saline at 37 degrees C (p less than 0.05) and with autologous arterial blood perfusion (p less than 0.005). Renal function following this period of warm ischaemia was not significantly improved by any of the other perfusates tested.", "PMID": 328287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10782", "title": "Interactions between cardioactive drugs and antidepressants.", "content": "The most important cardiovascular interactions between cardioactive drugs and monoamino-oxidase inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants are reviewed. Post-ganglion blocking agents (e.g., guanethidine), clonidine, reserpine, and alpha-methyl-dopa should not be used in patients needing antide-present therapy. For hypertension, diuretics, beta-blokkers, and vasodilators should be used. In patients with cardiac disease negative interactions between membrane-stabilizing antiarrhythmic agents and tricyclic antidepressants may be observed. Caution is recommended when using both drugs. On the other hand, the use of digitalis is relatively free of negative interactions. Some of the mechanisms possibly involved are discussed. The practical implications of such effects are presented and some clinically useful guidelines are suggested.", "contents": "Interactions between cardioactive drugs and antidepressants. The most important cardiovascular interactions between cardioactive drugs and monoamino-oxidase inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants are reviewed. Post-ganglion blocking agents (e.g., guanethidine), clonidine, reserpine, and alpha-methyl-dopa should not be used in patients needing antide-present therapy. For hypertension, diuretics, beta-blokkers, and vasodilators should be used. In patients with cardiac disease negative interactions between membrane-stabilizing antiarrhythmic agents and tricyclic antidepressants may be observed. Caution is recommended when using both drugs. On the other hand, the use of digitalis is relatively free of negative interactions. Some of the mechanisms possibly involved are discussed. The practical implications of such effects are presented and some clinically useful guidelines are suggested.", "PMID": 328290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10783", "title": "[Studies on the resistance of a congenic resistant strain of mice (DKIR) against infection with Salmonella enteritidis (author's transl)].", "content": "A congenic strain of mice (DKIR) having a relatively resistant gene for mouse typhoid was established by the beckcross mating between C3H/He and DKI strains. DKI strain is highly and uniformly susceptible to the infection with Salmonella enteritidis and C3H/He is relatively resistant to that infection. The present paper reported the consistency of resistance to Salmonella infection of DKIR strain throughout generations after 10 backcross matings. Difference of the number of infected organisms in the peritoneal fluid and organs between DKIR and DKI or C3H/He strains was also described. The newly established DKIR strain seems to be a suitable experimental animal for the study of genetical resistance for mouse typhoid when compared with its original DKI strain.", "contents": "[Studies on the resistance of a congenic resistant strain of mice (DKIR) against infection with Salmonella enteritidis (author's transl)]. A congenic strain of mice (DKIR) having a relatively resistant gene for mouse typhoid was established by the beckcross mating between C3H/He and DKI strains. DKI strain is highly and uniformly susceptible to the infection with Salmonella enteritidis and C3H/He is relatively resistant to that infection. The present paper reported the consistency of resistance to Salmonella infection of DKIR strain throughout generations after 10 backcross matings. Difference of the number of infected organisms in the peritoneal fluid and organs between DKIR and DKI or C3H/He strains was also described. The newly established DKIR strain seems to be a suitable experimental animal for the study of genetical resistance for mouse typhoid when compared with its original DKI strain.", "PMID": 328292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10784", "title": "Relationship between myocardial contractility and the effects of digitalis on ionic exchange.", "content": "Therapeutic concentrations of the digitalis glycosides that produce significant positive inotropy cannot be dissociated from certain effects on ionic exchange. These effects produce an increase in cellular Na and an augmentation of Ca influx. An increase of K efflux can be dissociated from the therapeutic action of the glycosides. The increase of Ca influx does not produce an increase of a component of slow inward current that is usually ascribed to transmembranous movement of Ca with voltage clamp technique. It is proposed that the primary action of the glycosides is to produce an elevation of intracellular Na--secondary to inhibition of the cellular Na-K pump. The increase of cellular Na results in augmentation of the activity of an electroneutral Na-Ca carrier system with stimulation of outward Na and inward Ca movement. The enhanced inward Ca movement is directly responsible for the positive inotropic effect of the drug.", "contents": "Relationship between myocardial contractility and the effects of digitalis on ionic exchange. Therapeutic concentrations of the digitalis glycosides that produce significant positive inotropy cannot be dissociated from certain effects on ionic exchange. These effects produce an increase in cellular Na and an augmentation of Ca influx. An increase of K efflux can be dissociated from the therapeutic action of the glycosides. The increase of Ca influx does not produce an increase of a component of slow inward current that is usually ascribed to transmembranous movement of Ca with voltage clamp technique. It is proposed that the primary action of the glycosides is to produce an elevation of intracellular Na--secondary to inhibition of the cellular Na-K pump. The increase of cellular Na results in augmentation of the activity of an electroneutral Na-Ca carrier system with stimulation of outward Na and inward Ca movement. The enhanced inward Ca movement is directly responsible for the positive inotropic effect of the drug.", "PMID": 328306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10785", "title": "The effects of a \"low-estrogen\" oral contraceptive on carbohydrate metabolism during six months of treatment: a preliminary report of blood glucose and plasma insulin values.", "content": "A prospective study of carbohydrate metabolism was carried out on seven women by using an oral glucose tolerance stimulation test and measuring blood glucose and plasma insulin values over a 3-hour time period. The test was performed before and after 6 months of treatment with a \"low-estrogen\" oral contraceptive containing 0.4 mg of norethindrone and 35 micrograms of ethinylestradiol. There was no change in the weight or diastolic blood pressure of the women, but there was a slight elevation of the systolic blood pressure with treatment. There was no significant change in the plasma insulin values or in four of five blood glucose values. The 1-hour blood glucose value was significantly lower after 6 months of treatment. These results suggest that the \"low-estrogen\" oral contraceptives may reduce the secondary effects on carbohydrate metabolism seen with regular oral contraceptives.", "contents": "The effects of a \"low-estrogen\" oral contraceptive on carbohydrate metabolism during six months of treatment: a preliminary report of blood glucose and plasma insulin values. A prospective study of carbohydrate metabolism was carried out on seven women by using an oral glucose tolerance stimulation test and measuring blood glucose and plasma insulin values over a 3-hour time period. The test was performed before and after 6 months of treatment with a \"low-estrogen\" oral contraceptive containing 0.4 mg of norethindrone and 35 micrograms of ethinylestradiol. There was no change in the weight or diastolic blood pressure of the women, but there was a slight elevation of the systolic blood pressure with treatment. There was no significant change in the plasma insulin values or in four of five blood glucose values. The 1-hour blood glucose value was significantly lower after 6 months of treatment. These results suggest that the \"low-estrogen\" oral contraceptives may reduce the secondary effects on carbohydrate metabolism seen with regular oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 328310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10786", "title": "Surface immunoglobulins on stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of phytohaemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide, lipid A and streptococcal erythrogenic toxin on the expression of surface immunoglobulins on nerborn piglet spleen lymphocytes was studied, using iodinated anti-pig Ig, L-, mu- or gamma-antisera. It has been concluded that only IgM is the surface immunoglobulin on non-stimulated as well as LPS-stimulated piglet lymphoid cells. An increase in the numberof labelled cells was observed after cultivation of piglet spleen cells with all the mitogens tested.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulins on stimulated lymphocytes. The effect of phytohaemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide, lipid A and streptococcal erythrogenic toxin on the expression of surface immunoglobulins on nerborn piglet spleen lymphocytes was studied, using iodinated anti-pig Ig, L-, mu- or gamma-antisera. It has been concluded that only IgM is the surface immunoglobulin on non-stimulated as well as LPS-stimulated piglet lymphoid cells. An increase in the numberof labelled cells was observed after cultivation of piglet spleen cells with all the mitogens tested.", "PMID": 328317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10787", "title": "In vitro and in viro effects of the fifth thymosin fraction.", "content": "Using the 5th fraction of thymosin, it was possible to enhance the capacities of peripheral blood lymphocytes to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and to respond to PHA in those cases of cancer or sarcoidosis in which these functions were depressed. Moreover, the 5th thymosin fraction increased the resistance of CBA mice to infection with virulent H37Rv mycobacteria and augmented their ability to acquire delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "In vitro and in viro effects of the fifth thymosin fraction. Using the 5th fraction of thymosin, it was possible to enhance the capacities of peripheral blood lymphocytes to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and to respond to PHA in those cases of cancer or sarcoidosis in which these functions were depressed. Moreover, the 5th thymosin fraction increased the resistance of CBA mice to infection with virulent H37Rv mycobacteria and augmented their ability to acquire delayed hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 328318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10788", "title": "Active rosette test in cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes were evaluated in 17 patients with clinical and histological evidence of mycosis fungoides and in ten patients with benign lymphoplasias of the skin. The T subpopulation (T-Ea) characterized by a rapid rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes was also measured in these patients. While both T-total population (T-Et) and T-Ea subpopulation were within the normal range in pseudolymphoma group, a statistically significant decrease was observed in T-Ea and T-Et populations in the mycosis fungoides group. Moreover, the decrease in T-Ea subpopulation was found in all cases under investigation, even when T-Et population was still at the normal levels. A close relation between T-Ea values and clinical status was observed. B and null cells were substantially unchanged in all patients.", "contents": "Active rosette test in cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes were evaluated in 17 patients with clinical and histological evidence of mycosis fungoides and in ten patients with benign lymphoplasias of the skin. The T subpopulation (T-Ea) characterized by a rapid rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes was also measured in these patients. While both T-total population (T-Et) and T-Ea subpopulation were within the normal range in pseudolymphoma group, a statistically significant decrease was observed in T-Ea and T-Et populations in the mycosis fungoides group. Moreover, the decrease in T-Ea subpopulation was found in all cases under investigation, even when T-Et population was still at the normal levels. A close relation between T-Ea values and clinical status was observed. B and null cells were substantially unchanged in all patients.", "PMID": 328325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10789", "title": "A double-blind comparative study of the inhibitory effect of intraduodenally administered hyoscine-N-butylbromide on human duodenal motility.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover study hyoscine-N-butylbromide (HBB) was compared with placebo in its inhibitory effect on duodenal motility stimulated by metoclopramide. Measurements were made both by the balloon technique and the open-tipped tube method with pressure transducer. 20 mg or 50 mg HBB or placebo were instilled in random sequence into the intestinal tract of 12 healthy volunteers. The frequency of Type II waves was determined in each experiment after administration of the test substance following prior metoclopramide stimulation. This frequency was used as the inhibitory index for each drug. The test substance was administered 15 minutes before a second stimulation. A four-way analysis of variance (mixed model) was applied to the calculated number of waves per period. Subjects were required to respond equally to stimulation with increased motility on both trial days as evidenced by a minimal difference in the averages following the first stimulation on each trial day and before application of the test substance. The frequency of Type II waves after 20 mg and 50 mg HBB was reduced in a statistically significant manner in each case when compared with placebo. The probabilities of error were p less than 0-05 and p less than 0-025.", "contents": "A double-blind comparative study of the inhibitory effect of intraduodenally administered hyoscine-N-butylbromide on human duodenal motility. In a double-blind crossover study hyoscine-N-butylbromide (HBB) was compared with placebo in its inhibitory effect on duodenal motility stimulated by metoclopramide. Measurements were made both by the balloon technique and the open-tipped tube method with pressure transducer. 20 mg or 50 mg HBB or placebo were instilled in random sequence into the intestinal tract of 12 healthy volunteers. The frequency of Type II waves was determined in each experiment after administration of the test substance following prior metoclopramide stimulation. This frequency was used as the inhibitory index for each drug. The test substance was administered 15 minutes before a second stimulation. A four-way analysis of variance (mixed model) was applied to the calculated number of waves per period. Subjects were required to respond equally to stimulation with increased motility on both trial days as evidenced by a minimal difference in the averages following the first stimulation on each trial day and before application of the test substance. The frequency of Type II waves after 20 mg and 50 mg HBB was reduced in a statistically significant manner in each case when compared with placebo. The probabilities of error were p less than 0-05 and p less than 0-025.", "PMID": 328327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10790", "title": "Penbutolol in hypertension: a pilot study with single daily doses.", "content": "A pilot single-blind placebo controlled crossover within-patient study was undertaken in essential hypertension. In ten patients single daily doses of 25 mg and 50 mg and in two patients 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg were used. Satisfactory reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the supine and erect postures were observed. Reduction in heart rate was of the order of 6-32%, there being no correlation between reductions in blood pressure and decrements in heart rate. Three patients were dropped from the final analyses. Seventy-eight per cent (7/9) of patients had a final diastolic pressure (lying) of 90 mm Hg or less. Single doses of penbutolol controlled blood pressure for at least twenty-four hours. At the end of two weeks on placebo medication, following nine weeks of active drug medication, blood pressure had reverted to near pre-treatment levels. Penbutolol was well tolerated.", "contents": "Penbutolol in hypertension: a pilot study with single daily doses. A pilot single-blind placebo controlled crossover within-patient study was undertaken in essential hypertension. In ten patients single daily doses of 25 mg and 50 mg and in two patients 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg were used. Satisfactory reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the supine and erect postures were observed. Reduction in heart rate was of the order of 6-32%, there being no correlation between reductions in blood pressure and decrements in heart rate. Three patients were dropped from the final analyses. Seventy-eight per cent (7/9) of patients had a final diastolic pressure (lying) of 90 mm Hg or less. Single doses of penbutolol controlled blood pressure for at least twenty-four hours. At the end of two weeks on placebo medication, following nine weeks of active drug medication, blood pressure had reverted to near pre-treatment levels. Penbutolol was well tolerated.", "PMID": 328328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10791", "title": "Free calcium in full grown Xenopus laevis oocyte following treatment with ionophore A 23187 or progesterone.", "content": "Free intracellular Ca2+ was monitored in isolated Xenopus laevis oocyte during induced maturation using the Ca2+ -sensitive luminescent protein, aequorin. Internal free Ca2+ was not precisely measured but data suggest it was quite low (in the micromolar range). No change in internal free Ca2+ was detected during maturation induced either by progesterone or by p-chloromercuribenzoate. By contrast, the ionophore A 23187 gave an increase in the free Ca2+ level when there was a raised external Ca2+ (10 mM), conditions which also induce oocyte maturation. About 3 h after progesterone or p-chloromercuribenzoate stimulation, the oocyte membrane potential decreased by about 50 mV while the membrane resistance increased transitorily.", "contents": "Free calcium in full grown Xenopus laevis oocyte following treatment with ionophore A 23187 or progesterone. Free intracellular Ca2+ was monitored in isolated Xenopus laevis oocyte during induced maturation using the Ca2+ -sensitive luminescent protein, aequorin. Internal free Ca2+ was not precisely measured but data suggest it was quite low (in the micromolar range). No change in internal free Ca2+ was detected during maturation induced either by progesterone or by p-chloromercuribenzoate. By contrast, the ionophore A 23187 gave an increase in the free Ca2+ level when there was a raised external Ca2+ (10 mM), conditions which also induce oocyte maturation. About 3 h after progesterone or p-chloromercuribenzoate stimulation, the oocyte membrane potential decreased by about 50 mV while the membrane resistance increased transitorily.", "PMID": 328329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10792", "title": "Identification of four cell types in the human endocrine pancreas by immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "In order to correlate the different cell types of the human endocrine pancreas to a specific secretion product, an immunoelectron microscopic localization of the hormones whose production had been attributed to pancreatic islets was conducted. Glucagon and insulin were respectively localized in the typical A- and B-cells, whereas no subclasses of A-cells could be identified. With antibodies that reacted with the gastrin cells in the human gastric mucosa, it was not possible to detect gastrin in any of the islet cell types. In confirmation of recent results obtained by light microscopy, somatostatin was found in all the typical D-cells containing large, weakly electron-dense secretory granules. The human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), a newly postulated hormone, was clearly associated with a fourth cell type, which is characterized by the presence of small secretory granules (100-150 nm.). These results suggest that each of the four cell types that are easily identifiable by ultrastructural observations is responsible for the production of a specific secretory product.", "contents": "Identification of four cell types in the human endocrine pancreas by immunoelectron microscopy. In order to correlate the different cell types of the human endocrine pancreas to a specific secretion product, an immunoelectron microscopic localization of the hormones whose production had been attributed to pancreatic islets was conducted. Glucagon and insulin were respectively localized in the typical A- and B-cells, whereas no subclasses of A-cells could be identified. With antibodies that reacted with the gastrin cells in the human gastric mucosa, it was not possible to detect gastrin in any of the islet cell types. In confirmation of recent results obtained by light microscopy, somatostatin was found in all the typical D-cells containing large, weakly electron-dense secretory granules. The human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), a newly postulated hormone, was clearly associated with a fourth cell type, which is characterized by the presence of small secretory granules (100-150 nm.). These results suggest that each of the four cell types that are easily identifiable by ultrastructural observations is responsible for the production of a specific secretory product.", "PMID": 328332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10793", "title": "[The effect of several sexual steroids, 2-bromo-ergokryptin and lisurid-hydrogenmaleate an the postpartum concentration of serum prolactin and lactation (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of Ablacton, Estrovis 4000, 2 Brom-alpha-ergokryptin (Cb 154) and of Lisurid-hydrogenmaleate (LHM) on lactation and the serum concentration of prolactin postpartum was studied. 10 normal nursing postpartum patients served as control. LHM was tested in a double blind study compared to placebo. The serum prolactin (PRL) was determined daily for the first 10 postpartum days by radioimmunoassay. Inhibition of lactation was consistent with Cb 154 (89% of the cases). Within two to three days after the onset of treatment with Cb 154 the changes of pregnancy in the breasts had completely subsided. The sexual steroids resulted in inhibition of lactation in 60% of the postpartum patients but mastodynia continued. LHM showed no difference from group taking placebo. The serum prolactin levels postpartum remained as high as a nursing mother's or rose with the administration of steroids. The administration of Cb 154 resulted in a drop of the serum prolactin to non-pregnant levels with in 2 days. The serum prolactin levels under treatment with LHM were not different from the group slowly. In nursing mothers, the stimulus of suckling maintain the pituitary secretion of prolactin as showed by higher serum prolactin levels and a slower decreased to normals than in the non-nursing mothers.", "contents": "[The effect of several sexual steroids, 2-bromo-ergokryptin and lisurid-hydrogenmaleate an the postpartum concentration of serum prolactin and lactation (author's transl)]. The effect of Ablacton, Estrovis 4000, 2 Brom-alpha-ergokryptin (Cb 154) and of Lisurid-hydrogenmaleate (LHM) on lactation and the serum concentration of prolactin postpartum was studied. 10 normal nursing postpartum patients served as control. LHM was tested in a double blind study compared to placebo. The serum prolactin (PRL) was determined daily for the first 10 postpartum days by radioimmunoassay. Inhibition of lactation was consistent with Cb 154 (89% of the cases). Within two to three days after the onset of treatment with Cb 154 the changes of pregnancy in the breasts had completely subsided. The sexual steroids resulted in inhibition of lactation in 60% of the postpartum patients but mastodynia continued. LHM showed no difference from group taking placebo. The serum prolactin levels postpartum remained as high as a nursing mother's or rose with the administration of steroids. The administration of Cb 154 resulted in a drop of the serum prolactin to non-pregnant levels with in 2 days. The serum prolactin levels under treatment with LHM were not different from the group slowly. In nursing mothers, the stimulus of suckling maintain the pituitary secretion of prolactin as showed by higher serum prolactin levels and a slower decreased to normals than in the non-nursing mothers.", "PMID": 328335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10794", "title": "[Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In present day, recognized factors which influence the carbohydrate metabolism of a diabetic during pregnancy have been reviewed. Possible effects on the fetus are discussed. Based on the good results obtained by Roversi and Canussio with the \"Maximal tolerated dose of insulin\", a state of glycemia within the normal limits was sought; this aim is attained most readily with a 3-4 times daily injection of soluble insulin. With satisfactory control of metabolism and regular surveillance of fetal parameters (ultrasonics, CTG, oestriol, HPL), the time for delivery can approach the calculated date: thus, the danger of fetal respiratory distress is reduced. Also, fetal hyperinsulinism can be avoided by stabilising the diabetic condition as early as possible within the normal limits of glycemia. Spontaneous birth is attempted with preparations made for caesarean section.", "contents": "[Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy (author's transl)]. In present day, recognized factors which influence the carbohydrate metabolism of a diabetic during pregnancy have been reviewed. Possible effects on the fetus are discussed. Based on the good results obtained by Roversi and Canussio with the \"Maximal tolerated dose of insulin\", a state of glycemia within the normal limits was sought; this aim is attained most readily with a 3-4 times daily injection of soluble insulin. With satisfactory control of metabolism and regular surveillance of fetal parameters (ultrasonics, CTG, oestriol, HPL), the time for delivery can approach the calculated date: thus, the danger of fetal respiratory distress is reduced. Also, fetal hyperinsulinism can be avoided by stabilising the diabetic condition as early as possible within the normal limits of glycemia. Spontaneous birth is attempted with preparations made for caesarean section.", "PMID": 328336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10795", "title": "Effects of the mitotic cell-cycle mutation cdc4 on yeast meiosis.", "content": "The mitotic cell-cycle mutation cdc4 has been reported to block the initiation of nuclear DNA replication and the separation of spindle plaques after their replication. Meiosis in cdc4/cdc4 diploids is normal at the permissive temperature (25 degrees) and is arrested at the first division (one-nucleus stage) at the restrictive temperature (34 degrees or 36 degrees). Arrested cells at 34 degrees show a high degree of commitment to recombination (at least 50% of the controls) but no haploidization, while cells arrested at 36 degrees are not committed to recombination. Meiotic cells arrested at 34 degrees show a delayed and reduced synthesis of DNA (at most 40% of the control), at least half of which is probably mitochondrial. It is suggested that recombination commitment does not depend on the completion of nuclear premeiotic DNA replication in sporulation medium.--Transfer of cdc4/cdc4 cells to the restrictive temperature at the onset of sporulation produces a uniform phenotype of arrest at a 1-nucleus morphology. On the other hand, shifts of the meiotic cells to the restrictive temperature at later times produce two additional phenotypes of arrest, thus suggesting that the function of cdc4 is required at several points in meiosis (at least at three different times).", "contents": "Effects of the mitotic cell-cycle mutation cdc4 on yeast meiosis. The mitotic cell-cycle mutation cdc4 has been reported to block the initiation of nuclear DNA replication and the separation of spindle plaques after their replication. Meiosis in cdc4/cdc4 diploids is normal at the permissive temperature (25 degrees) and is arrested at the first division (one-nucleus stage) at the restrictive temperature (34 degrees or 36 degrees). Arrested cells at 34 degrees show a high degree of commitment to recombination (at least 50% of the controls) but no haploidization, while cells arrested at 36 degrees are not committed to recombination. Meiotic cells arrested at 34 degrees show a delayed and reduced synthesis of DNA (at most 40% of the control), at least half of which is probably mitochondrial. It is suggested that recombination commitment does not depend on the completion of nuclear premeiotic DNA replication in sporulation medium.--Transfer of cdc4/cdc4 cells to the restrictive temperature at the onset of sporulation produces a uniform phenotype of arrest at a 1-nucleus morphology. On the other hand, shifts of the meiotic cells to the restrictive temperature at later times produce two additional phenotypes of arrest, thus suggesting that the function of cdc4 is required at several points in meiosis (at least at three different times).", "PMID": 328339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10796", "title": "Inheritance of the 2 micrometer m DNA plasmid from Saccharomyces.", "content": "A variety of Saccharomyces strains were examined for the presence of 2micro DNA and, if present, for the pattern of fragments produced by its digestion with site-specific (restriction) endonucleases. Two strains were found that did not contain detectable levels of 2micro DNA, and two strains contained 2micro DNA molecules having only one EcoRI restriction endonuclease recognition site rather than the usual two.-A haploid containing 2micro DNA with one EcoRI restriction site was mated with a haploid containing 2micro DNA with two EcoRI restriction sites and the resulting diploid maintained both types during vegetative growth. Sporulation of the diploid produced four spores, and the clones from these spores contained both types.-A haploid lacking 2micro DNA was mated with a haploid containing 2micro DNA and the resulting diploid contained 2micro DNA. The four clones derived from the haploid spores after sporulation of this diploid all contained 2micro DNA. A rho(-) strain without 2micro DNA was mated to a rho(+) strain with 2micro DNA, and heteroplasmons were selected that had received the nucleus from the strain without 2micro DNA and the mitochondria from the strain with 2micro DNA. Twelve of twenty-four such clones contained 2micro DNA.-I conclude that: (1) the different types of 2micro DNA identified in these strains do not restrict one another, (2) the different types are inherited extrachromosomally, (3) lack of 2micro DNA in two strains is not due to the absence of genes needed for maintenance and (4) the approximately 100 copies of 2micro DNA contained within a single cell are probably clustered within one or a few cytoplasmic organelles.", "contents": "Inheritance of the 2 micrometer m DNA plasmid from Saccharomyces. A variety of Saccharomyces strains were examined for the presence of 2micro DNA and, if present, for the pattern of fragments produced by its digestion with site-specific (restriction) endonucleases. Two strains were found that did not contain detectable levels of 2micro DNA, and two strains contained 2micro DNA molecules having only one EcoRI restriction endonuclease recognition site rather than the usual two.-A haploid containing 2micro DNA with one EcoRI restriction site was mated with a haploid containing 2micro DNA with two EcoRI restriction sites and the resulting diploid maintained both types during vegetative growth. Sporulation of the diploid produced four spores, and the clones from these spores contained both types.-A haploid lacking 2micro DNA was mated with a haploid containing 2micro DNA and the resulting diploid contained 2micro DNA. The four clones derived from the haploid spores after sporulation of this diploid all contained 2micro DNA. A rho(-) strain without 2micro DNA was mated to a rho(+) strain with 2micro DNA, and heteroplasmons were selected that had received the nucleus from the strain without 2micro DNA and the mitochondria from the strain with 2micro DNA. Twelve of twenty-four such clones contained 2micro DNA.-I conclude that: (1) the different types of 2micro DNA identified in these strains do not restrict one another, (2) the different types are inherited extrachromosomally, (3) lack of 2micro DNA in two strains is not due to the absence of genes needed for maintenance and (4) the approximately 100 copies of 2micro DNA contained within a single cell are probably clustered within one or a few cytoplasmic organelles.", "PMID": 328340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10797", "title": "Mutants of formyltetrahydrofolate interconversion pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Thirteen mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that lack one or more of the three enzyme activities of the pathway for interconversion of tetrahydrofolate coenzymes at the formate level of oxidation have been isolated. They do not require adenine. All fail to complement mutations in the ade3 locus. Mutations that greatly reduce activity for the other two interconversion enzymes. The three enzyme activities cochromatograph on TEAE-cellulose columns. A mutation that eliminates synthetase activity also alters the chromatographic behavior of the remaining cyclohydrolase and dehydrogenase activities. It is suggested that the three activities reside in an enzyme complex encoded by the ade3 locus.", "contents": "Mutants of formyltetrahydrofolate interconversion pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thirteen mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that lack one or more of the three enzyme activities of the pathway for interconversion of tetrahydrofolate coenzymes at the formate level of oxidation have been isolated. They do not require adenine. All fail to complement mutations in the ade3 locus. Mutations that greatly reduce activity for the other two interconversion enzymes. The three enzyme activities cochromatograph on TEAE-cellulose columns. A mutation that eliminates synthetase activity also alters the chromatographic behavior of the remaining cyclohydrolase and dehydrogenase activities. It is suggested that the three activities reside in an enzyme complex encoded by the ade3 locus.", "PMID": 328341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10798", "title": "Ochre suppression in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A bacterial strain was constructed which permitted positive selection for ochre suppressor mutations as well as for the loss of suppressor function. A derivative bearing an ochre suppressor mutation was selected following mutagenesis with N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine. The suppressor-bearing strain was treated with nitrous acid to eliminate suppressor function by mutation, and a strain lacking suppressor activity was selected. The selected strain which had lost suppressor function was then subjected to mutagenesis to induce a second suppressor mutation. The alternating sequence (induction of an ochre suppressor mutation leads to induction of a mutation eliminating ochre suppressor activity) was repeated 29 and one-half times in a single strain. Some of the suppressor mutations were tentatively mapped at four locations on the chromosome. The first suppressor mutation selected maps at about minute 30 on the chromosome. The second suppressor selected maps at approximately minute 60, while the third suppressor maps nearby, possibly as far as minute 72. Among the subsequently selected suppressor mutations, all eleven which were mapped were cotransducible with the gal and nic loci near minute 36 on the chromosome and may represent more than one suppressor gene. Deletions were selected which inactivate two of the ochre suppressor alleles mapping near the gal-nic region, suggesting that one or more such genes are dispensable. Some evidence also suggests that the occurrence of either deletion mutations or transduction-mediated recombination events in the gal-nic region can cause instability of nearby suppressor alleles.", "contents": "Ochre suppression in Salmonella typhimurium. A bacterial strain was constructed which permitted positive selection for ochre suppressor mutations as well as for the loss of suppressor function. A derivative bearing an ochre suppressor mutation was selected following mutagenesis with N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine. The suppressor-bearing strain was treated with nitrous acid to eliminate suppressor function by mutation, and a strain lacking suppressor activity was selected. The selected strain which had lost suppressor function was then subjected to mutagenesis to induce a second suppressor mutation. The alternating sequence (induction of an ochre suppressor mutation leads to induction of a mutation eliminating ochre suppressor activity) was repeated 29 and one-half times in a single strain. Some of the suppressor mutations were tentatively mapped at four locations on the chromosome. The first suppressor mutation selected maps at about minute 30 on the chromosome. The second suppressor selected maps at approximately minute 60, while the third suppressor maps nearby, possibly as far as minute 72. Among the subsequently selected suppressor mutations, all eleven which were mapped were cotransducible with the gal and nic loci near minute 36 on the chromosome and may represent more than one suppressor gene. Deletions were selected which inactivate two of the ochre suppressor alleles mapping near the gal-nic region, suggesting that one or more such genes are dispensable. Some evidence also suggests that the occurrence of either deletion mutations or transduction-mediated recombination events in the gal-nic region can cause instability of nearby suppressor alleles.", "PMID": 328342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10799", "title": "The effects of genotype frequency and population density on fitness differentials in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Two strains of Escherichia coli K-12, a lac+ wild type and a lac- auxotroph, were grown both as pure and mixed cultures, using a serial transfer procedure. Four different growth media were employed, consisting of the same minimal salts solution, but different total concentrations of the sugars lactose, arabinose, and glucose (in proportions 5:4:1). Population densities and genotypic frequencies were assayed every 48 hours, at the time of transfer. Population density of the pure lac+ culture was greater than that of the pure lac- culture for all media; this was expected, since the latter cannot utilize lactose. Mixed cultures quickly approached the same density as the corresponding lac+ controls, and the frequency of the lac+ genotype increased steadily for all media. Trajectories of lambda = log (P divided by Q) were strictly nonlinear, indicating a dependence of the selective differential on population density and genotypic frequency. The rate of substitution decreased slightly with increasing sugar concentration, contrary to theoretical expectation. It was speculated that either the generation interval was longer for denser cultures (higher substrate concentrations) of that buildup of organic by-products reduced the selective differential in denser cultures. For a single medium, however, the behavior of completing genotypic strains was reasonably well predicted by theoretical models of frequency and density-dependent selection, the parameters of which may be related to the experimental inputs.", "contents": "The effects of genotype frequency and population density on fitness differentials in Escherichia coli. Two strains of Escherichia coli K-12, a lac+ wild type and a lac- auxotroph, were grown both as pure and mixed cultures, using a serial transfer procedure. Four different growth media were employed, consisting of the same minimal salts solution, but different total concentrations of the sugars lactose, arabinose, and glucose (in proportions 5:4:1). Population densities and genotypic frequencies were assayed every 48 hours, at the time of transfer. Population density of the pure lac+ culture was greater than that of the pure lac- culture for all media; this was expected, since the latter cannot utilize lactose. Mixed cultures quickly approached the same density as the corresponding lac+ controls, and the frequency of the lac+ genotype increased steadily for all media. Trajectories of lambda = log (P divided by Q) were strictly nonlinear, indicating a dependence of the selective differential on population density and genotypic frequency. The rate of substitution decreased slightly with increasing sugar concentration, contrary to theoretical expectation. It was speculated that either the generation interval was longer for denser cultures (higher substrate concentrations) of that buildup of organic by-products reduced the selective differential in denser cultures. For a single medium, however, the behavior of completing genotypic strains was reasonably well predicted by theoretical models of frequency and density-dependent selection, the parameters of which may be related to the experimental inputs.", "PMID": 328343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10800", "title": "Clotting factors and platelets. Immunofluorescence evidence that fibrinogen and factor VIII are present in human washed platelets, whereas prothrombin complex factors and factor XIII are lacking.", "content": "Factor I (fibrinogen) and factor VIII were shown, by an indirect immunofluorescence technique, to be present in human washed platelets. In the case of fibrinogen, the immunofluorescent pattern had a 'clod distribution' up to a 1:128 dilution of the antiserum. Factor VIII showed a 'speckled' pattern up to the 1:64 dilution. Cross-absorption studies confirmed the presence of such factors. Factor II, VII, IX, X and XIII, however, were not found in washed platelets. A diffuse fluorescence was noted using normal rabbit sera, but this was due to a cross-reaction, since it disappeared using a 1:32 diluted sera.", "contents": "Clotting factors and platelets. Immunofluorescence evidence that fibrinogen and factor VIII are present in human washed platelets, whereas prothrombin complex factors and factor XIII are lacking. Factor I (fibrinogen) and factor VIII were shown, by an indirect immunofluorescence technique, to be present in human washed platelets. In the case of fibrinogen, the immunofluorescent pattern had a 'clod distribution' up to a 1:128 dilution of the antiserum. Factor VIII showed a 'speckled' pattern up to the 1:64 dilution. Cross-absorption studies confirmed the presence of such factors. Factor II, VII, IX, X and XIII, however, were not found in washed platelets. A diffuse fluorescence was noted using normal rabbit sera, but this was due to a cross-reaction, since it disappeared using a 1:32 diluted sera.", "PMID": 328347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10801", "title": "[Metabolic fate of carteolol hydrochloride (OPC-1085), a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent. (6) Pharmacokinetics of carteolol in the rat, dog, rabbit and man].", "content": "The kinetics (absorption, distribution and excretion) of carteolol were investigated after oral and intravenous administration to man, rats, Beagle dogs and rabbits. The half-life of carteolol in plasma was 1.22 approximately 1.45 hr in rats, 1.73 approximately 2.08 hr in dogs and 1.42 approximately 1.43 hr in rabbits, and was independent of the route of administration. The absorption rate constants, obtained from log(C1-C) approximately time plot, after oral administration were 1.89 hr-1 in rats, 1.04 hr-1 in dogs and 1.54 hr-1 in rabbits. There were no differences between tablet and film coated tablet in the pharmacokinetic parameters of carteolol in man after oral 30 mg (tablet or film coated tablet) administration [half life (t1/2)=4.50 hr (tablet), 4.30 hr (film coated tablet), elimination rate constant (k2) equals 0.154 hr-1 (tablet), 0.161 hr-1 (film coated tablet)]. The elimination rate constant, obtained from Sigma-minus plot after 2, 5 and 10 mg oral administration, was 0.137 approximately 0.160 hr-1.", "contents": "[Metabolic fate of carteolol hydrochloride (OPC-1085), a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent. (6) Pharmacokinetics of carteolol in the rat, dog, rabbit and man]. The kinetics (absorption, distribution and excretion) of carteolol were investigated after oral and intravenous administration to man, rats, Beagle dogs and rabbits. The half-life of carteolol in plasma was 1.22 approximately 1.45 hr in rats, 1.73 approximately 2.08 hr in dogs and 1.42 approximately 1.43 hr in rabbits, and was independent of the route of administration. The absorption rate constants, obtained from log(C1-C) approximately time plot, after oral administration were 1.89 hr-1 in rats, 1.04 hr-1 in dogs and 1.54 hr-1 in rabbits. There were no differences between tablet and film coated tablet in the pharmacokinetic parameters of carteolol in man after oral 30 mg (tablet or film coated tablet) administration [half life (t1/2)=4.50 hr (tablet), 4.30 hr (film coated tablet), elimination rate constant (k2) equals 0.154 hr-1 (tablet), 0.161 hr-1 (film coated tablet)]. The elimination rate constant, obtained from Sigma-minus plot after 2, 5 and 10 mg oral administration, was 0.137 approximately 0.160 hr-1.", "PMID": 328355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10802", "title": "Inhibition of beta-galactosidase synthesis in Escherichia coli after infection with different DNA and RNA phages.", "content": "Infection of Escherichia cooi with T1, T2r+, T3 and T4 phages leads to an immediate inhibition of beta-galactosidase synthesis. Similar results were obtained with the virulent mutant of phage lambda. The degree of inhibition of beta-galactosidase synthesis depends on the time delay between the addition of the inducer and the phage particles, and on the amount of phage DNA, which has penetrated into the host cell. RNA phage MS2 exhibited no inhibitory effect on enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of beta-galactosidase synthesis in Escherichia coli after infection with different DNA and RNA phages. Infection of Escherichia cooi with T1, T2r+, T3 and T4 phages leads to an immediate inhibition of beta-galactosidase synthesis. Similar results were obtained with the virulent mutant of phage lambda. The degree of inhibition of beta-galactosidase synthesis depends on the time delay between the addition of the inducer and the phage particles, and on the amount of phage DNA, which has penetrated into the host cell. RNA phage MS2 exhibited no inhibitory effect on enzyme synthesis.", "PMID": 328356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10803", "title": "Replication of DNA in UV-irradiated Escherichia coli in the absence of amino acids.", "content": "Since pyrimidine dimers are considered to be the cause of the synthesis of short DNA segments, normalization of DNA replication after UV irradiation should be in a temporal correlation with their removal. This correlation holds in exponentially growing excision-proficient Escherichia coli cells. However, when these cells are preincubated and postincubated without amino acids, synthesis of short segments continues although dimers are efficiently excised.", "contents": "Replication of DNA in UV-irradiated Escherichia coli in the absence of amino acids. Since pyrimidine dimers are considered to be the cause of the synthesis of short DNA segments, normalization of DNA replication after UV irradiation should be in a temporal correlation with their removal. This correlation holds in exponentially growing excision-proficient Escherichia coli cells. However, when these cells are preincubated and postincubated without amino acids, synthesis of short segments continues although dimers are efficiently excised.", "PMID": 328357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10804", "title": "[T- and B-lymphocyte determination in infectious mononucleosis].", "content": "In 12 children with infectious mononucleosis the peripheral blood T- and B-lymphocytes were studied and compared to a control group of 26 children, aged 2 to 13 years, without any infection. Spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosettes were used as a T-cell marker, demonstration of surface immunoglobulins by immunofluorescence technique was used as a B-cell marker. Patients with infectious mononucleosis showed a marked increase of T-lymphocytes (percentage and absolute numbers) in comparison with the control group; the difference was statistically significant. Since only B-lymphocytes are the target cells fo Epstein-Barr virus, the increase of T-lymphocytes in infectious mononucleosis probably represents the response of cell mediated immunity against B-lymphocytes which are altered in their antigenic properties by Epstein-Barr virus.", "contents": "[T- and B-lymphocyte determination in infectious mononucleosis]. In 12 children with infectious mononucleosis the peripheral blood T- and B-lymphocytes were studied and compared to a control group of 26 children, aged 2 to 13 years, without any infection. Spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosettes were used as a T-cell marker, demonstration of surface immunoglobulins by immunofluorescence technique was used as a B-cell marker. Patients with infectious mononucleosis showed a marked increase of T-lymphocytes (percentage and absolute numbers) in comparison with the control group; the difference was statistically significant. Since only B-lymphocytes are the target cells fo Epstein-Barr virus, the increase of T-lymphocytes in infectious mononucleosis probably represents the response of cell mediated immunity against B-lymphocytes which are altered in their antigenic properties by Epstein-Barr virus.", "PMID": 328360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10805", "title": "[First rank symptoms of schizophrenia (Kurt Schneider): Are they still of any importance? (author's transl)].", "content": "The general importance of paying attention to symptomatology in psychiatry is stressed. Research in this area has been advanced by modern psychopathometric methods. A renewal of general interest in the \"classical\" symptomatology of the older German authors is also shown by research involving Kurt Schneider's first rank symptoms of schizophrenia in England and the USA. Important papers concerned with this latter trend are discussed.", "contents": "[First rank symptoms of schizophrenia (Kurt Schneider): Are they still of any importance? (author's transl)]. The general importance of paying attention to symptomatology in psychiatry is stressed. Research in this area has been advanced by modern psychopathometric methods. A renewal of general interest in the \"classical\" symptomatology of the older German authors is also shown by research involving Kurt Schneider's first rank symptoms of schizophrenia in England and the USA. Important papers concerned with this latter trend are discussed.", "PMID": 328363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10806", "title": "Maize silage: incidence of moulds during conservation.", "content": "The basic principle of silage making--preservation under anaerobiosis--is recognized. With this environment the substrate can harbour a spontaneous and active microflora that can be divided into two sequential phases; a bacterial phase followed by a yeast phase. The imperfections of the techniques used in making silage, however, frequently result in invasion by fungi. The moulds that are responsible for serious changes (loss of nutrients, mycotoxins) are classified into a dozen characteristic divisions (species or groups of ecologically related species). These appear in a definite chronological order and form a relatively simple model of the development of the flora. This dynamic transformation can also be utilized profitably to determine the quality of the fodder and estimate the storage life. A simple mycological puncture analysis reveals in fact the stage reached in the fixed sequence, and the results enable extrapolations to be made regarding the history and the future of the material. It is also hoped that a better knowledge of the biotope will lead to complete control of the floral equilibrium, good conservation and high quality foodstuffs.", "contents": "Maize silage: incidence of moulds during conservation. The basic principle of silage making--preservation under anaerobiosis--is recognized. With this environment the substrate can harbour a spontaneous and active microflora that can be divided into two sequential phases; a bacterial phase followed by a yeast phase. The imperfections of the techniques used in making silage, however, frequently result in invasion by fungi. The moulds that are responsible for serious changes (loss of nutrients, mycotoxins) are classified into a dozen characteristic divisions (species or groups of ecologically related species). These appear in a definite chronological order and form a relatively simple model of the development of the flora. This dynamic transformation can also be utilized profitably to determine the quality of the fodder and estimate the storage life. A simple mycological puncture analysis reveals in fact the stage reached in the fixed sequence, and the results enable extrapolations to be made regarding the history and the future of the material. It is also hoped that a better knowledge of the biotope will lead to complete control of the floral equilibrium, good conservation and high quality foodstuffs.", "PMID": 328359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10807", "title": "Malaria and hereditary ovalocytosis.", "content": "Hereditary ovalocytosis in Papua New Guinea is restricted to areas of endemic malaria and may confer increased resistance to the disease. The incidence of malaria was investigated in 1616 Melanesiams of known red cell morphology and severity of infection determined in a smaller subsample. Ovalocytics tended to be more resistant to severe malarial infections than normocytics. The ratio of parasitaemia in 112 ovalocytics compared with 741 normocytic children was 1.05 for P. falciparum; 0.90 for P. vivax; 0.54 for P. malariae, and 0.91 for infection with any species. The difficulties in conclusively demonstrating any selective advantage of the condition are discussed.", "contents": "Malaria and hereditary ovalocytosis. Hereditary ovalocytosis in Papua New Guinea is restricted to areas of endemic malaria and may confer increased resistance to the disease. The incidence of malaria was investigated in 1616 Melanesiams of known red cell morphology and severity of infection determined in a smaller subsample. Ovalocytics tended to be more resistant to severe malarial infections than normocytics. The ratio of parasitaemia in 112 ovalocytics compared with 741 normocytic children was 1.05 for P. falciparum; 0.90 for P. vivax; 0.54 for P. malariae, and 0.91 for infection with any species. The difficulties in conclusively demonstrating any selective advantage of the condition are discussed.", "PMID": 328370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10808", "title": "[Technical advances in demonstration of treponema-specific 19S-IgM antibodies in patients with latent or late-latent syphilis (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients with latent or late-latent syphilis as well as neurosyphilis the demonstration of treponema-specific 19S-IgM antibodies is not regularly possible. In this publication it is shown that high IgG antibodies are the reason for a competitive IgM inhibition in the indirect immunofluorescence tests. It is demonstrated that in the above mentioned states of the infection the IgM-FTA-19S test seemed to be the method of choice to realize the existence of 19S-IgM antibodies. In sera with competitive inhibited IgM it is possible to calculate the IgM antibody activity with the aid of the socalled F factor.", "contents": "[Technical advances in demonstration of treponema-specific 19S-IgM antibodies in patients with latent or late-latent syphilis (author's transl)]. In patients with latent or late-latent syphilis as well as neurosyphilis the demonstration of treponema-specific 19S-IgM antibodies is not regularly possible. In this publication it is shown that high IgG antibodies are the reason for a competitive IgM inhibition in the indirect immunofluorescence tests. It is demonstrated that in the above mentioned states of the infection the IgM-FTA-19S test seemed to be the method of choice to realize the existence of 19S-IgM antibodies. In sera with competitive inhibited IgM it is possible to calculate the IgM antibody activity with the aid of the socalled F factor.", "PMID": 328375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10809", "title": "[Delayed type hypersensitivity and Immunity (author's transl)].", "content": "Delayed type hypersensitivity is a T-cell-mediated phenomenon. It is characterized by the following features: a) development within 24-72 h after antigen challenge in sensitized individuals, b) perivascular infiltration by mononuclear cells at the inflammatory site, c) transfer by lymphocytes, but not by serum. Delayed type hypersensitivity occurs during infections with facultatively intracellular bacteria and certain viruses, tumor diseases and rejection of transplanted foreign tissue. This article samples evidence that delayed type hypersensitivity is an outward phenomenon indicating the presence of specific T-cells and mononuclear phagocytes, both acting together to produce local immunity which results in the elimination or containment of the noxious agent.", "contents": "[Delayed type hypersensitivity and Immunity (author's transl)]. Delayed type hypersensitivity is a T-cell-mediated phenomenon. It is characterized by the following features: a) development within 24-72 h after antigen challenge in sensitized individuals, b) perivascular infiltration by mononuclear cells at the inflammatory site, c) transfer by lymphocytes, but not by serum. Delayed type hypersensitivity occurs during infections with facultatively intracellular bacteria and certain viruses, tumor diseases and rejection of transplanted foreign tissue. This article samples evidence that delayed type hypersensitivity is an outward phenomenon indicating the presence of specific T-cells and mononuclear phagocytes, both acting together to produce local immunity which results in the elimination or containment of the noxious agent.", "PMID": 328376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10810", "title": "The influence of thymosin on affinity binding in the E-rosette assay.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were analyzed in the E rosette assay with respect to (1) the effect of SRBC/lymphocyte ratio on rosette number; (2) the effect of this ratio on the presence of lymphocytes with multiple binding sites for SRBC; and (3) the influence of thymosin on increasing the number of lymphocyte receptors for SRBC. An increase in the SRBC/lymphocyte ratio was associated with an increase in rosette number. The number of multiple binding rosettes was also dependent on the SRBC/lymphocyte ratio. At saturing SRBC concentrations, greater than 30% of the rosettes were in the morula form. Treatment of PBL with thymosin was associated with a slight increase in the number of total rosettes and a large increase in number of morulas. It is suggested that the morula represents a mature form of T cell in contrast to the 2 - 3 SRBC rosette, which may be induced by thymosin to become a morula form.", "contents": "The influence of thymosin on affinity binding in the E-rosette assay. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were analyzed in the E rosette assay with respect to (1) the effect of SRBC/lymphocyte ratio on rosette number; (2) the effect of this ratio on the presence of lymphocytes with multiple binding sites for SRBC; and (3) the influence of thymosin on increasing the number of lymphocyte receptors for SRBC. An increase in the SRBC/lymphocyte ratio was associated with an increase in rosette number. The number of multiple binding rosettes was also dependent on the SRBC/lymphocyte ratio. At saturing SRBC concentrations, greater than 30% of the rosettes were in the morula form. Treatment of PBL with thymosin was associated with a slight increase in the number of total rosettes and a large increase in number of morulas. It is suggested that the morula represents a mature form of T cell in contrast to the 2 - 3 SRBC rosette, which may be induced by thymosin to become a morula form.", "PMID": 328379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10811", "title": "Effects of the new anti-lymphocytic peptide cyclosporin A in animals.", "content": "The fungus metabolite cyclosporin A is a small cyclic peptide acting as a novel antilymphocytic agent. It is effective following either parenteral or oral administration in mice, rats and guinea-pigs. The suppressive effect after short and prolonged treatment on plaque-forming cells, the inhibition of the secondary humoral response and the reversibility of its effect on haemagglutinin formation is demonstrated. Cyclosporin A inhibits delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to oxazolone (primary and secondary responses) in mice and to tuberculin in guinea-pigs. Its failure to suppress antibody synthesis to lipopolysaccharide antigens in nude mice suggests a selective effect on T cells. High doses of the compound affect the haemopoietic tissues very weakly as shown by the bone marrow and stem cell numbers in mice, which finding markedly contrasts with most other immunosuppressive and cytostatic drugs.", "contents": "Effects of the new anti-lymphocytic peptide cyclosporin A in animals. The fungus metabolite cyclosporin A is a small cyclic peptide acting as a novel antilymphocytic agent. It is effective following either parenteral or oral administration in mice, rats and guinea-pigs. The suppressive effect after short and prolonged treatment on plaque-forming cells, the inhibition of the secondary humoral response and the reversibility of its effect on haemagglutinin formation is demonstrated. Cyclosporin A inhibits delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to oxazolone (primary and secondary responses) in mice and to tuberculin in guinea-pigs. Its failure to suppress antibody synthesis to lipopolysaccharide antigens in nude mice suggests a selective effect on T cells. High doses of the compound affect the haemopoietic tissues very weakly as shown by the bone marrow and stem cell numbers in mice, which finding markedly contrasts with most other immunosuppressive and cytostatic drugs.", "PMID": 328380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10812", "title": "Leucocyte migration inhibitory activity in supernatants of cultured human mono-nuclear cells stimulated with mitogens or C3- and Fc-receptor reactions.", "content": "We studied whether reactions at the lymphocyte membrane receptors for complement, immunoglobulin or mitogens would induce lymphokine production. Human peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells were stimulated by C3- or Fc-receptor reactions and with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cultured for 3 or 4 days. C3- and Fc-receptor reactions were brought about by rosette formation with red cells coated with human complement or antibody. Culture supernatants were assayed for migration inhibitory activity with human leucocytes by the leucocyte-migration-in-agarose test. On the average, no migration inhibitory activity could be detected in cultures stimulated by C3- or Fc-rosette formation, mean migration indices (MI) being 99-2 and 96-1, respectively. Of the mitogens, PHA induced distinct lymphokine synthesis (mean MI 60-2) while the mean MI with LPS varied from 97-9-69-8, depending on the mitogen preparation used and the conditions of culture. We conclude that PHA and LPS are able to activate human lymphocytes into elaboration of migration inhibitory factors whilst reactions at C3- or Fc-receptors fail to do so.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration inhibitory activity in supernatants of cultured human mono-nuclear cells stimulated with mitogens or C3- and Fc-receptor reactions. We studied whether reactions at the lymphocyte membrane receptors for complement, immunoglobulin or mitogens would induce lymphokine production. Human peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells were stimulated by C3- or Fc-receptor reactions and with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cultured for 3 or 4 days. C3- and Fc-receptor reactions were brought about by rosette formation with red cells coated with human complement or antibody. Culture supernatants were assayed for migration inhibitory activity with human leucocytes by the leucocyte-migration-in-agarose test. On the average, no migration inhibitory activity could be detected in cultures stimulated by C3- or Fc-rosette formation, mean migration indices (MI) being 99-2 and 96-1, respectively. Of the mitogens, PHA induced distinct lymphokine synthesis (mean MI 60-2) while the mean MI with LPS varied from 97-9-69-8, depending on the mitogen preparation used and the conditions of culture. We conclude that PHA and LPS are able to activate human lymphocytes into elaboration of migration inhibitory factors whilst reactions at C3- or Fc-receptors fail to do so.", "PMID": 328381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10813", "title": "The immunological response of CBA mice to P. yoelii. I. General characteristics, the effects of T-cell deprivation and reconstitution with thymus grafts.", "content": "Experimental infection of normal CBA mice with the parasite Plasmodium berghei yoelii (P. yoelii) resulted in a mild, non-fatal and self-limiting infection which lasted for 15-17 days. Animals which recovered from the primary infection were immune to reinfection though parasites could be detected in the kidneys of such mice 4 weeks after recovery from infection. (No plasmodia were demonstrated in the peripheral blood and other tissues examined.) In T cell-deprived mice, P. yoelii infections resulted in a progressive parasitaemia and proved fatal in 35-40 days. Studies of fluorescent antibody levels and morphological changes in the spleens of infected normal and T cell-deprived mice showed that while normal mice produced high levels of IgG1, IgG2 and IgM antiplasmodial antibodies and developed a strong and sustained germinal centre response, in T cell-deprived animals the production of IgG1 antibodies was almost completely abolished and the germinal centre response severely impaired. Reconstitution of T cell-deprived mice with syngeneic thymus grafts resulted in partial restoration of immunological responsiveness. P. yoelii infections in these reconstituted animals ran a self-limiting course akin to that seen in normal CBA mice; the level of protective immunity and the germinal centre response correlated with the degree of reconstitution achieved.", "contents": "The immunological response of CBA mice to P. yoelii. I. General characteristics, the effects of T-cell deprivation and reconstitution with thymus grafts. Experimental infection of normal CBA mice with the parasite Plasmodium berghei yoelii (P. yoelii) resulted in a mild, non-fatal and self-limiting infection which lasted for 15-17 days. Animals which recovered from the primary infection were immune to reinfection though parasites could be detected in the kidneys of such mice 4 weeks after recovery from infection. (No plasmodia were demonstrated in the peripheral blood and other tissues examined.) In T cell-deprived mice, P. yoelii infections resulted in a progressive parasitaemia and proved fatal in 35-40 days. Studies of fluorescent antibody levels and morphological changes in the spleens of infected normal and T cell-deprived mice showed that while normal mice produced high levels of IgG1, IgG2 and IgM antiplasmodial antibodies and developed a strong and sustained germinal centre response, in T cell-deprived animals the production of IgG1 antibodies was almost completely abolished and the germinal centre response severely impaired. Reconstitution of T cell-deprived mice with syngeneic thymus grafts resulted in partial restoration of immunological responsiveness. P. yoelii infections in these reconstituted animals ran a self-limiting course akin to that seen in normal CBA mice; the level of protective immunity and the germinal centre response correlated with the degree of reconstitution achieved.", "PMID": 328382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10814", "title": "Expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from mice lacking antibody production potential.", "content": "Expulsion of the intestinal nematode of rodents, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, was assessed in mice experiencing the immunosuppressive effects of anti-micron antibodies. Anti-micron treatment resulted in complete elimination of IgM and severe reduction of IgG1, IgG2 and IgA serum immunoglobulin levels. Specific antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes were virtually eliminated in anti-micron-treated mice as determined by direct and indirect plaque-forming-cell responses, haemagglutination and haemolytic assays. Using passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) assays, antibodies against N. brasiliensis were not detectable in sera of anti-micron-treated mice; control mice, however, generated strong PCA and IHA responses. The kinetics of worm egg production coupled with adult worm recoveries at necropsy indicate that anti-micron treatment of mice had little or no effect on the capacity of mice to expel N. brasiliensis even though antibody production potential had been eliminated in these mice. Thus, anti-worm antibodies may not be requisite in the mechanism of N. brasiliensis expulsion from mice.", "contents": "Expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from mice lacking antibody production potential. Expulsion of the intestinal nematode of rodents, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, was assessed in mice experiencing the immunosuppressive effects of anti-micron antibodies. Anti-micron treatment resulted in complete elimination of IgM and severe reduction of IgG1, IgG2 and IgA serum immunoglobulin levels. Specific antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes were virtually eliminated in anti-micron-treated mice as determined by direct and indirect plaque-forming-cell responses, haemagglutination and haemolytic assays. Using passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) assays, antibodies against N. brasiliensis were not detectable in sera of anti-micron-treated mice; control mice, however, generated strong PCA and IHA responses. The kinetics of worm egg production coupled with adult worm recoveries at necropsy indicate that anti-micron treatment of mice had little or no effect on the capacity of mice to expel N. brasiliensis even though antibody production potential had been eliminated in these mice. Thus, anti-worm antibodies may not be requisite in the mechanism of N. brasiliensis expulsion from mice.", "PMID": 328383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10815", "title": "Presence and production of migration inhibitory activity in the peritoneal cavity.", "content": "The presence of migration inhibitory (MI) activity was investigated in the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction induced by i.p. injection of PPD into FCA-sensitized guinea-pigs. Peritoneal exudates were studied at several times before and after the induction of the DH reaction and a non-immune control inflammation. Lymphokine (LK) fractions were prepared from individual exudates and tested in a conventional macrophage migration inhibition assay at concentrations determined to occur in vivo. The results suggest a continuous local production of MI activity and an augmented production during development of a DH reaction.", "contents": "Presence and production of migration inhibitory activity in the peritoneal cavity. The presence of migration inhibitory (MI) activity was investigated in the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction induced by i.p. injection of PPD into FCA-sensitized guinea-pigs. Peritoneal exudates were studied at several times before and after the induction of the DH reaction and a non-immune control inflammation. Lymphokine (LK) fractions were prepared from individual exudates and tested in a conventional macrophage migration inhibition assay at concentrations determined to occur in vivo. The results suggest a continuous local production of MI activity and an augmented production during development of a DH reaction.", "PMID": 328384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10816", "title": "Characterization of the direct effects of cyclophosphamide on cell-mediated immunological responses.", "content": "The direct immunosuppressive effects of cyclophosphamide were examined by incubating normal guinea-pig mononuclear cells with activated cyclophosphamide prepared from the serum of separate animals which were treated with cyclophosphamide in vivo. Treated cells were subsequently assayed in a panel of tests of cell-mediated immunity either immediately or following recovery during variable periods of incubation. It was found that cyclophosphamide (1) induces changes in lymphocyte functions which are not due simply to cell death; (2) is markedly antiproliferative in mitogen-induced blastogenesis; (3) depresses migration inhibitory factor production only after a delay of several hours and (4) depresses certain cytotoxicity reactions immediately following treatment, such responses are subsequently normalized when the cells are allowed to recover in culture.", "contents": "Characterization of the direct effects of cyclophosphamide on cell-mediated immunological responses. The direct immunosuppressive effects of cyclophosphamide were examined by incubating normal guinea-pig mononuclear cells with activated cyclophosphamide prepared from the serum of separate animals which were treated with cyclophosphamide in vivo. Treated cells were subsequently assayed in a panel of tests of cell-mediated immunity either immediately or following recovery during variable periods of incubation. It was found that cyclophosphamide (1) induces changes in lymphocyte functions which are not due simply to cell death; (2) is markedly antiproliferative in mitogen-induced blastogenesis; (3) depresses migration inhibitory factor production only after a delay of several hours and (4) depresses certain cytotoxicity reactions immediately following treatment, such responses are subsequently normalized when the cells are allowed to recover in culture.", "PMID": 328385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10817", "title": "Immunoglobulin class and subclass levels in the serum of CBA mice throughout life.", "content": "The levels of IgA, IgM, and the four subclasses of IgG in the serum of CBA mice of different ages were measured by the Sepharose bead immunofluorescence assay. The developmental curves of the CBA serum levels indicate three periods in the life of the mice during which changes occur. The respective adult levels of the different Ig's are reached during the first 6 months. Between 6 and 24 months of age, individual class and subclass levels do not show much change, except for the IgG1 and IgG2b subclasses, which clearly increase. The last period, from 24 months on, is characterized by great variation among the Ig levels of individual animals, while the mean levels do not show distinct trends. Although some differences between the levels of Ig's of female and male mice were observed at certain ages and for certain Ig's, no systematic trend was clear. The generally recognized age-related decline in immunocompetence is thus not accompanied by decreasing levels of serum immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin class and subclass levels in the serum of CBA mice throughout life. The levels of IgA, IgM, and the four subclasses of IgG in the serum of CBA mice of different ages were measured by the Sepharose bead immunofluorescence assay. The developmental curves of the CBA serum levels indicate three periods in the life of the mice during which changes occur. The respective adult levels of the different Ig's are reached during the first 6 months. Between 6 and 24 months of age, individual class and subclass levels do not show much change, except for the IgG1 and IgG2b subclasses, which clearly increase. The last period, from 24 months on, is characterized by great variation among the Ig levels of individual animals, while the mean levels do not show distinct trends. Although some differences between the levels of Ig's of female and male mice were observed at certain ages and for certain Ig's, no systematic trend was clear. The generally recognized age-related decline in immunocompetence is thus not accompanied by decreasing levels of serum immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 328386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10818", "title": "Complement activation by the alternative pathway and macrophage enzyme secretion in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.", "content": "A number of stimuli known to induce acid hydrolase secretion from cultured macrophages were examined for their ability to activate C3 via the alternative pathway of the complement system. Loss of haemolytically active C3 was checked in normal and C4-deficient guinea-pig serum. For comparison the interactions of cultured macrophages with other agents well known as potent activators of the alternative pathway of the complement system have been investigated. As judged by their activity in these assays, group A streptococcal cell walls, different carrageenan preparations, dental plaque and Actinomyces viscosus were all capable of initiating the alternative pathway but differed with respect to their potency and their ability to inhibit C3 turnover at high concentrations. Zymosan, some carrageenans, polyanethol sulphonate, and Corynebacterium parvum all induce the release of hydrolytic enzymes from macrophages in culture, even in the absence of serum in the medium. The release is time- and dose-dependent and is not associated with loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase or any other sign of cell death. The parallelism between the capacity of several agents to activate the complement system via the alternative pathway and to induce inflammatory responses in vivo and selective lysosoma enzyme secretion from cultures of macrophages is discussed.", "contents": "Complement activation by the alternative pathway and macrophage enzyme secretion in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. A number of stimuli known to induce acid hydrolase secretion from cultured macrophages were examined for their ability to activate C3 via the alternative pathway of the complement system. Loss of haemolytically active C3 was checked in normal and C4-deficient guinea-pig serum. For comparison the interactions of cultured macrophages with other agents well known as potent activators of the alternative pathway of the complement system have been investigated. As judged by their activity in these assays, group A streptococcal cell walls, different carrageenan preparations, dental plaque and Actinomyces viscosus were all capable of initiating the alternative pathway but differed with respect to their potency and their ability to inhibit C3 turnover at high concentrations. Zymosan, some carrageenans, polyanethol sulphonate, and Corynebacterium parvum all induce the release of hydrolytic enzymes from macrophages in culture, even in the absence of serum in the medium. The release is time- and dose-dependent and is not associated with loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase or any other sign of cell death. The parallelism between the capacity of several agents to activate the complement system via the alternative pathway and to induce inflammatory responses in vivo and selective lysosoma enzyme secretion from cultures of macrophages is discussed.", "PMID": 328387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10819", "title": "The role of Fc and C3b receptors in phagocytosis by inflammatory polymorphonuclear leucocytes in man.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the gingival crevice (CREV-PMN) in man have a defective capacity to phagocytose Candida albicans blastospores. Phagocytosis of zymosan particles, which detect C3b receptors, is also impaired but ingestion of latex beads coated with heat-aggregated IgG, which detects Fc receptors, is normal compared to peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PB-PMN). If phagocytosis is inhibited by Cytochalasin B, fewer CREV-PMN bind Candida and zymosan but the binding of IgG-coated latex beads remains unchanged. CREV-PMN have IgG (88%), IgM (45%) and C3 (48%) on their cell membrane, whilst less than 5% of PB-PMN have any of these components. Incubation of PB-PMN in fluid from the gingival crevice confers surface IgG and C3 to the cells. Such treatment also inhibits the subsequent binding of IgG coated latex beads. The results suggest that the deficiency of phagocytosis by CREV-PMN is due to decreased binding of particles to the C3b receptor of PMN, whilst the Fc receptor system remains intact.", "contents": "The role of Fc and C3b receptors in phagocytosis by inflammatory polymorphonuclear leucocytes in man. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the gingival crevice (CREV-PMN) in man have a defective capacity to phagocytose Candida albicans blastospores. Phagocytosis of zymosan particles, which detect C3b receptors, is also impaired but ingestion of latex beads coated with heat-aggregated IgG, which detects Fc receptors, is normal compared to peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PB-PMN). If phagocytosis is inhibited by Cytochalasin B, fewer CREV-PMN bind Candida and zymosan but the binding of IgG-coated latex beads remains unchanged. CREV-PMN have IgG (88%), IgM (45%) and C3 (48%) on their cell membrane, whilst less than 5% of PB-PMN have any of these components. Incubation of PB-PMN in fluid from the gingival crevice confers surface IgG and C3 to the cells. Such treatment also inhibits the subsequent binding of IgG coated latex beads. The results suggest that the deficiency of phagocytosis by CREV-PMN is due to decreased binding of particles to the C3b receptor of PMN, whilst the Fc receptor system remains intact.", "PMID": 328388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10820", "title": "Dextran sulphate: an adjuvant for cell-mediated immune responses.", "content": "The effect of high mol. wt dextran sulphate (DS) on cell-mediated immune responses was studied. Three criteria were used to assess cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity: footpad swelling, i.d. skin tests and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production. Guinea-pigs sensitized with egg albumin (EA) and treated with DS showed strong positive delayed skin tests. Control animals given only EA showed negative skin tests. Lymphocytes from mice sensitized s.c. with EA and treated with DS showed an increase in MIF production. Delayed footpad swelling responses in mice sensitized s.c. with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and treated with DS were increased when the mice were challenged 8 days after sensitization. Doses of DS which were effective in increasing delayed footpad swelling ranged from 50-200 mg DS/kg body weight. DS was only capable of increasing delayed footpad swelling responses when both SRBC and DS were injected s.c. at the same site. Intraperitoneal injection of both SRBC and DS obeebction of both s.c. but at different sites did not result in increased delayed footpad swelling. DS was capable of augmenting footpad swelling responses when given s.c. as much as 6 days before SRBC. The optimal time for administration of DS was 2 days before SRBC. Injection of DS 2 days or more after SRBC resulted in no increase in delayed footpad swelling responses. The results of this study indicate that dextran sulphate is a potent adjuvant for cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity immune responses in both mice and guinea-pigs.", "contents": "Dextran sulphate: an adjuvant for cell-mediated immune responses. The effect of high mol. wt dextran sulphate (DS) on cell-mediated immune responses was studied. Three criteria were used to assess cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity: footpad swelling, i.d. skin tests and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production. Guinea-pigs sensitized with egg albumin (EA) and treated with DS showed strong positive delayed skin tests. Control animals given only EA showed negative skin tests. Lymphocytes from mice sensitized s.c. with EA and treated with DS showed an increase in MIF production. Delayed footpad swelling responses in mice sensitized s.c. with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and treated with DS were increased when the mice were challenged 8 days after sensitization. Doses of DS which were effective in increasing delayed footpad swelling ranged from 50-200 mg DS/kg body weight. DS was only capable of increasing delayed footpad swelling responses when both SRBC and DS were injected s.c. at the same site. Intraperitoneal injection of both SRBC and DS obeebction of both s.c. but at different sites did not result in increased delayed footpad swelling. DS was capable of augmenting footpad swelling responses when given s.c. as much as 6 days before SRBC. The optimal time for administration of DS was 2 days before SRBC. Injection of DS 2 days or more after SRBC resulted in no increase in delayed footpad swelling responses. The results of this study indicate that dextran sulphate is a potent adjuvant for cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity immune responses in both mice and guinea-pigs.", "PMID": 328389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10821", "title": "Nocardia water-soluble mitogen and lipopolysaccharide. Comparative study of two adjuvants and B-cell mitogens in mice.", "content": "The activity of Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM) and LPS were compared in several experimental systems, since both compounds are B-cell mitogens and polyclonal activators in vitro. The results reported here demonstrated that NWSM like LPS also has a strong adjuvant activity in vivo if administered in saline with a strong antigen (heterologous red blood cells) or even with a weak immunogen such as theta alloantigen. However, in contrast to LPS, NWSM administered to mice failed to induce in vivo proliferation of lymphocytes, polyclonal activation and PFC against syngeneic bromelain-treated erythrocytes and thymocytes. It is possible therefore, that different mechanisms may be responsible for adjuvant activity of NWSM and LPS.", "contents": "Nocardia water-soluble mitogen and lipopolysaccharide. Comparative study of two adjuvants and B-cell mitogens in mice. The activity of Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM) and LPS were compared in several experimental systems, since both compounds are B-cell mitogens and polyclonal activators in vitro. The results reported here demonstrated that NWSM like LPS also has a strong adjuvant activity in vivo if administered in saline with a strong antigen (heterologous red blood cells) or even with a weak immunogen such as theta alloantigen. However, in contrast to LPS, NWSM administered to mice failed to induce in vivo proliferation of lymphocytes, polyclonal activation and PFC against syngeneic bromelain-treated erythrocytes and thymocytes. It is possible therefore, that different mechanisms may be responsible for adjuvant activity of NWSM and LPS.", "PMID": 328390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10822", "title": "Vascular changes in flexor tendons after injury and repair: an experimental study.", "content": "Two groups of experiments were carried out on the profundus tendons of New Zealand rabbits: 1. Simple closed tenotomies at various levels along the digit. 2. Open tendon division followed by repair with a Bunnell criss-cross suture. At intervals after the operation injection studies were performed to outline the vascular pattern within the tendons. The results indicate that the circulation through the intratendinous vessels is precarious and it may be impaired both by tenotomy and by the presence of sutures. It is suggested that this may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of adhesions. The clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Vascular changes in flexor tendons after injury and repair: an experimental study. Two groups of experiments were carried out on the profundus tendons of New Zealand rabbits: 1. Simple closed tenotomies at various levels along the digit. 2. Open tendon division followed by repair with a Bunnell criss-cross suture. At intervals after the operation injection studies were performed to outline the vascular pattern within the tendons. The results indicate that the circulation through the intratendinous vessels is precarious and it may be impaired both by tenotomy and by the presence of sutures. It is suggested that this may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of adhesions. The clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 328391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10823", "title": "Patterns of loss of enterotoxigenicity by Escherichia coli isolated from adults with diarrhea: suggestive evidence for an interrelationship with serotype.", "content": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates obtained in Mexico from adult subjects with diarrhea and from healthy controls were examined for the production of heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) and heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) after serial passage in the laboratory. Isolates were found to be either stable for the production of ST and LT or unstable with respect to ST, LT, or both. Unilateral loss of either ST or LT production allowed classification of E. coli isolates into four groups according to stability/instability of enterotoxin production. Fewer serotypes, with more representative isolates, were in group I (stable) than in group IV (completely unstable). Isolates from Dacca, Bangladesh, could be similarly classified into stability groups. There is an apparent relationship between serotype, stability of enterotoxin production, particularly LT, and isolation from diarrhea cases as opposed to isolation from healthy controls.", "contents": "Patterns of loss of enterotoxigenicity by Escherichia coli isolated from adults with diarrhea: suggestive evidence for an interrelationship with serotype. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates obtained in Mexico from adult subjects with diarrhea and from healthy controls were examined for the production of heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) and heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) after serial passage in the laboratory. Isolates were found to be either stable for the production of ST and LT or unstable with respect to ST, LT, or both. Unilateral loss of either ST or LT production allowed classification of E. coli isolates into four groups according to stability/instability of enterotoxin production. Fewer serotypes, with more representative isolates, were in group I (stable) than in group IV (completely unstable). Isolates from Dacca, Bangladesh, could be similarly classified into stability groups. There is an apparent relationship between serotype, stability of enterotoxin production, particularly LT, and isolation from diarrhea cases as opposed to isolation from healthy controls.", "PMID": 328392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10824", "title": "Experimental Candida albicans endocarditis: characterization of the disease and response to therapy.", "content": "Endocarditis caused by Candida albicans was induced in rabbits after insertion of a catheter across the aortic valve. The mean survival time of 34 rabbits was 26 days. Only 7% of temperature recordings taken were elevated. Candida was recovered from only 9% of blood cultures taken. Precipitating and agglutinating serum antibody was detected after 12 days of infection. Antibody titers rose progressively until death in rabbits with endocarditis, whereas titers peaked early and subsequently decreased in animals that received an intravenous injection of C. albicans without precatheterization. Three groups of rabbits were treated for 6 days with amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, or the two durgs in combination. Amphotericin B alone reduced the mean titer of organisms from log10 8.79 +/- 1.46 to log 10 3.1 +/- 1.9 colony-forming units/g. 5-Fluorocytosine was less effective (mean titer after 6 days of therapy was log10 7.4 +/- 0.33 colony-forming units/g). The addition of 5-fluorocytosine to amphotericin B did not increase the rate at which Candida cells were eradicated from the vegetations. These in vivo results corrleated with the failure to demonstrate an increased rate of fungicidal activity in vitro with the two drugs.", "contents": "Experimental Candida albicans endocarditis: characterization of the disease and response to therapy. Endocarditis caused by Candida albicans was induced in rabbits after insertion of a catheter across the aortic valve. The mean survival time of 34 rabbits was 26 days. Only 7% of temperature recordings taken were elevated. Candida was recovered from only 9% of blood cultures taken. Precipitating and agglutinating serum antibody was detected after 12 days of infection. Antibody titers rose progressively until death in rabbits with endocarditis, whereas titers peaked early and subsequently decreased in animals that received an intravenous injection of C. albicans without precatheterization. Three groups of rabbits were treated for 6 days with amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, or the two durgs in combination. Amphotericin B alone reduced the mean titer of organisms from log10 8.79 +/- 1.46 to log 10 3.1 +/- 1.9 colony-forming units/g. 5-Fluorocytosine was less effective (mean titer after 6 days of therapy was log10 7.4 +/- 0.33 colony-forming units/g). The addition of 5-fluorocytosine to amphotericin B did not increase the rate at which Candida cells were eradicated from the vegetations. These in vivo results corrleated with the failure to demonstrate an increased rate of fungicidal activity in vitro with the two drugs.", "PMID": 328393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10825", "title": "Parasitism by virulent Treponema pallidum of host cell surfaces.", "content": "The interaction between virulent Treponema pallidum extracted from infected rabbit testes and animal cells in culture was examined. The extent of treponemal attachment to monolayers of normal rabbit testicular and HEp-2 cells was dependent upon the incubation temperature and retained motility of the spirochetes. The specific orientation of treponemes to host cell surfaces was demonstrated by dark-field microscopic examination of wet-mount preparations and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Once attached, T. pallidum organisms remained actively motile yet anchored in place by their terminal tapered structures. After several hours of co-incubation, maximal attachment was attained, and the degree of parasitism seemed regulated not only by available surface sites on individual host cells but also by the proposed membrane response of parasitized cells to continued exposure to treponemes. The avirulent strain, Treponema phagedenis biotype Reiter, did not adhere to monolayer cultures. Characterization of host cell determinants that permitted surface colonization by T. pallidum was attempted. Also, properties of virulent treponemes that enabled surface parasitism were monitored by measuring the effects of enzymes, detergents, and metabolic inhibitors on the host-parasite interaction. Results reinforced the specific nature of the treponemal attachment mechanism. Furthermore, the ability of convalescent rabbit sera to reduce attachment of treponemes to host cells suggested that surface structures on T. pallidum could be masked or inactivated by host components, thus providing a potentially effective research approach for investigating the pathogenesis of syphilis and screening appropriate vaccine candidates.", "contents": "Parasitism by virulent Treponema pallidum of host cell surfaces. The interaction between virulent Treponema pallidum extracted from infected rabbit testes and animal cells in culture was examined. The extent of treponemal attachment to monolayers of normal rabbit testicular and HEp-2 cells was dependent upon the incubation temperature and retained motility of the spirochetes. The specific orientation of treponemes to host cell surfaces was demonstrated by dark-field microscopic examination of wet-mount preparations and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Once attached, T. pallidum organisms remained actively motile yet anchored in place by their terminal tapered structures. After several hours of co-incubation, maximal attachment was attained, and the degree of parasitism seemed regulated not only by available surface sites on individual host cells but also by the proposed membrane response of parasitized cells to continued exposure to treponemes. The avirulent strain, Treponema phagedenis biotype Reiter, did not adhere to monolayer cultures. Characterization of host cell determinants that permitted surface colonization by T. pallidum was attempted. Also, properties of virulent treponemes that enabled surface parasitism were monitored by measuring the effects of enzymes, detergents, and metabolic inhibitors on the host-parasite interaction. Results reinforced the specific nature of the treponemal attachment mechanism. Furthermore, the ability of convalescent rabbit sera to reduce attachment of treponemes to host cells suggested that surface structures on T. pallidum could be masked or inactivated by host components, thus providing a potentially effective research approach for investigating the pathogenesis of syphilis and screening appropriate vaccine candidates.", "PMID": 328394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10826", "title": "Immunogenic cross-reactivity between human tissues and the enterobacterial common antigen.", "content": "Sterile tissues of human subjects free from infection and malignancy were assessed for an antigen that cross-reacts with the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). Extracts of heated homogenates (HE) and ethanol-soluble (ES) fractions of liver, kidney, muscle, and heart tissues were examined for their capacities to react with ECA antibodies, as measured by hemagglutination procedures, and to elicit ECA humoral antibodies in rabbits. Both HE and ES extracts of human liver and kidney tissues specifically inhibited ECA hemagglutination. However, ES fractions of HE preparations demonstrated significantly greater inhibiton than their HE sources. In addition, both liver and kidney ES fractions primed rabbits for a rapid and specific secondary ECA humoral response to a single administration of ECA. The cross-reactivity noted between human tissue and ECA cannot be attributed to indigenous microorganisms present in the tissues, as subcultures of tissue homogenates were always sterile. Moreover, preliminary experiments with human fetal subjects, devoid of microbial flora, yielded similar results.", "contents": "Immunogenic cross-reactivity between human tissues and the enterobacterial common antigen. Sterile tissues of human subjects free from infection and malignancy were assessed for an antigen that cross-reacts with the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). Extracts of heated homogenates (HE) and ethanol-soluble (ES) fractions of liver, kidney, muscle, and heart tissues were examined for their capacities to react with ECA antibodies, as measured by hemagglutination procedures, and to elicit ECA humoral antibodies in rabbits. Both HE and ES extracts of human liver and kidney tissues specifically inhibited ECA hemagglutination. However, ES fractions of HE preparations demonstrated significantly greater inhibiton than their HE sources. In addition, both liver and kidney ES fractions primed rabbits for a rapid and specific secondary ECA humoral response to a single administration of ECA. The cross-reactivity noted between human tissue and ECA cannot be attributed to indigenous microorganisms present in the tissues, as subcultures of tissue homogenates were always sterile. Moreover, preliminary experiments with human fetal subjects, devoid of microbial flora, yielded similar results.", "PMID": 328395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10827", "title": "Rough mutant of Shigella flexneri 2a that penetrates tissue culture cells but does not evoke keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs.", "content": "A rough mutant, designated 5503-01, has been isolated from a virulent strain of Shigella flexneri 2a 5503. Strain 5503-01 produced smooth opaque colonies, whereas its parent strain produced characteristic green-gold translucent ones. Characterization of 5503-01 by agglutination tests, rhamnose content, and sensitivity spectra to \"rough-specific\" phages revealed that it had lost the specific somatic antigens. When 5503-01 was used to infect HeLa or L cells, it penetrated the cells and multiplied within the cytoplasm. On the other hand, it could not evoke keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. The properties of this strain were remarkably stable against serial passages and preservation for a long period. The presence of a rough mutant with the ability to penetrate tissue culture cells suggest that specific O antigen is not of significance in the early step of the invasive process of shigellosis.", "contents": "Rough mutant of Shigella flexneri 2a that penetrates tissue culture cells but does not evoke keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. A rough mutant, designated 5503-01, has been isolated from a virulent strain of Shigella flexneri 2a 5503. Strain 5503-01 produced smooth opaque colonies, whereas its parent strain produced characteristic green-gold translucent ones. Characterization of 5503-01 by agglutination tests, rhamnose content, and sensitivity spectra to \"rough-specific\" phages revealed that it had lost the specific somatic antigens. When 5503-01 was used to infect HeLa or L cells, it penetrated the cells and multiplied within the cytoplasm. On the other hand, it could not evoke keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. The properties of this strain were remarkably stable against serial passages and preservation for a long period. The presence of a rough mutant with the ability to penetrate tissue culture cells suggest that specific O antigen is not of significance in the early step of the invasive process of shigellosis.", "PMID": 328396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10828", "title": "Diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli that produce only heat-stable enterotoxin.", "content": "To determine the role of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) as a virulence factor in human diarrhea, a strain that elaborates only ST (E. coli 214-4) was fed to free-living volunteers in doses of 10(6), 10(8), and 10(10) organisms. Short-lived (1 day) mild illness consisting of abdominal cramps with vomiting or diarrhea occurred in three of five individuals fed 10(8). Typical travelers' diarrhea (loose stools, abdominal cramps, and low-grade fever for 2 to 3 days) was seen in four of five volunteers given 10(10); two had brief cholera-like purging of rice-water stools. Despite fever, there was no evidence of mucosal invasion. E. coli 214-4 became the predominant coliform in stools; coproculture isolates were uniformly negative for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), whereas most produced ST. Ten of 13 individuals developed rises in antibody to somatic E. coli antigen, and none had rises in LT antitoxin. E. coli that elaborate only ST can cause diarrheal disease in adults.", "contents": "Diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli that produce only heat-stable enterotoxin. To determine the role of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) as a virulence factor in human diarrhea, a strain that elaborates only ST (E. coli 214-4) was fed to free-living volunteers in doses of 10(6), 10(8), and 10(10) organisms. Short-lived (1 day) mild illness consisting of abdominal cramps with vomiting or diarrhea occurred in three of five individuals fed 10(8). Typical travelers' diarrhea (loose stools, abdominal cramps, and low-grade fever for 2 to 3 days) was seen in four of five volunteers given 10(10); two had brief cholera-like purging of rice-water stools. Despite fever, there was no evidence of mucosal invasion. E. coli 214-4 became the predominant coliform in stools; coproculture isolates were uniformly negative for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), whereas most produced ST. Ten of 13 individuals developed rises in antibody to somatic E. coli antigen, and none had rises in LT antitoxin. E. coli that elaborate only ST can cause diarrheal disease in adults.", "PMID": 328397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10829", "title": "Effect of neonatal gastrointestinal colonization with cross reacting Escherichia coli on anticapsular antibody production and bacteremia in experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b disease of rats.", "content": "Neonatal gastrointestinal colonization of newborn rats with Escherichia coli 075:K100:H5, cross-reactive with the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, was harmless but failed to stimulated detectable ( greater than 200 ng/ml) serum anticapsular antibodies. Neonatally colonized rats, when challenged at age 13 weeks by intraperitoneal inoculation of H. influenzae b, showed no difference in the frequency, magnitude, or duration of bacteremia or in the postinfection anticapsular antibody response when compared with saline-fed controls. However, neonatally colonized rats challenged at age 4 weeks had a significantly decreased incidence of sustained bacteremia and/or endophthalmitis when compared with controls. This decreased frequency of disease correlated with a significant increase in postinfection serum anticapsular antibodies. Neonatal gastrointestinal colonization with cross-reacting E. coli appears to \"prime\" the young host to respond to infection with H. influenzae b with an anticapsular antibody response that protects against sustained H. influenzae b bacteremia and its complications.", "contents": "Effect of neonatal gastrointestinal colonization with cross reacting Escherichia coli on anticapsular antibody production and bacteremia in experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b disease of rats. Neonatal gastrointestinal colonization of newborn rats with Escherichia coli 075:K100:H5, cross-reactive with the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, was harmless but failed to stimulated detectable ( greater than 200 ng/ml) serum anticapsular antibodies. Neonatally colonized rats, when challenged at age 13 weeks by intraperitoneal inoculation of H. influenzae b, showed no difference in the frequency, magnitude, or duration of bacteremia or in the postinfection anticapsular antibody response when compared with saline-fed controls. However, neonatally colonized rats challenged at age 4 weeks had a significantly decreased incidence of sustained bacteremia and/or endophthalmitis when compared with controls. This decreased frequency of disease correlated with a significant increase in postinfection serum anticapsular antibodies. Neonatal gastrointestinal colonization with cross-reacting E. coli appears to \"prime\" the young host to respond to infection with H. influenzae b with an anticapsular antibody response that protects against sustained H. influenzae b bacteremia and its complications.", "PMID": 328398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10830", "title": "Role of endotoxin contamination in ribiosomal vaccines prepared from Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Ribosomal vaccines prepared from Salmonella typhimurium SR-11 and 6707 an Re mutant bacterium of strain LT2, were effective immunogens in A/J and C3H/HeDub inbred mice. Only SR-11 ribosomes were able to induce significant protection in C3H/HeJ mice. C57BL/6J mice were not protected by either ribosomal preparation. A/J mice were protected against salmonella infection by purified SR-11 endotoxin preparations. Neither the C3H/HeDub, the C3H/HeJ, nor the C57BL/6J mice were protected by the endotoxin preparation. Passive hemagglutination studies showed that C3H/HeJ mice had no antibodies to O antigen but were significantly protected by SR-11 ribosomes. In contrast, C57BL/6J mice, which had the highest titers of O antibodies of the four inbred mouse strains, were not protected by SR-11 ribosomes. Endotoxin cannot totally  account for the effectiveness fo ribosomal account for the effectiveness of ribosomal vaccines prepared from S. typhimurium.", "contents": "Role of endotoxin contamination in ribiosomal vaccines prepared from Salmonella typhimurium. Ribosomal vaccines prepared from Salmonella typhimurium SR-11 and 6707 an Re mutant bacterium of strain LT2, were effective immunogens in A/J and C3H/HeDub inbred mice. Only SR-11 ribosomes were able to induce significant protection in C3H/HeJ mice. C57BL/6J mice were not protected by either ribosomal preparation. A/J mice were protected against salmonella infection by purified SR-11 endotoxin preparations. Neither the C3H/HeDub, the C3H/HeJ, nor the C57BL/6J mice were protected by the endotoxin preparation. Passive hemagglutination studies showed that C3H/HeJ mice had no antibodies to O antigen but were significantly protected by SR-11 ribosomes. In contrast, C57BL/6J mice, which had the highest titers of O antibodies of the four inbred mouse strains, were not protected by SR-11 ribosomes. Endotoxin cannot totally  account for the effectiveness fo ribosomal account for the effectiveness of ribosomal vaccines prepared from S. typhimurium.", "PMID": 328399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10831", "title": "Isolation of mycoplasma species from infertile patients: an epidemiological contribution.", "content": "In this study the presence of Mycoplasma species in patients suffering from infertility was examined. 41 women and 37 men were examined, including 31 couples, and ten single women and six single men. Samples of vaginal and cervical mucus were taken from each woman, and samples of seminal fluid from each man. Identification and typing of the organisms were performed on the basis of microscopic and cultural characteristics and inhibition of growth by specific antibodies. Out of the 78 patients examined, 35 harboured Mycoplasma, either as Ureaplasma urealyticum or Mycoplasma hominis. Further investigation is needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings.", "contents": "Isolation of mycoplasma species from infertile patients: an epidemiological contribution. In this study the presence of Mycoplasma species in patients suffering from infertility was examined. 41 women and 37 men were examined, including 31 couples, and ten single women and six single men. Samples of vaginal and cervical mucus were taken from each woman, and samples of seminal fluid from each man. Identification and typing of the organisms were performed on the basis of microscopic and cultural characteristics and inhibition of growth by specific antibodies. Out of the 78 patients examined, 35 harboured Mycoplasma, either as Ureaplasma urealyticum or Mycoplasma hominis. Further investigation is needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings.", "PMID": 328400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10832", "title": "Controlled clinical trials in periodontal disease by general practitioners.", "content": "The general practitioner with loyal and regular patients is in a good position to undertake long-term clinical trials of periodontal treatment. Ethically, these should be comparisons of agents or procedures acknowledged to be beneficial but lacking confirmation of the long-term effects. Standardized bite-wing radiographs can represent a valuable record in this type of study.", "contents": "Controlled clinical trials in periodontal disease by general practitioners. The general practitioner with loyal and regular patients is in a good position to undertake long-term clinical trials of periodontal treatment. Ethically, these should be comparisons of agents or procedures acknowledged to be beneficial but lacking confirmation of the long-term effects. Standardized bite-wing radiographs can represent a valuable record in this type of study.", "PMID": 328402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10833", "title": "Critical discussion of previous experience and new approaches in the development of composite filling materials.", "content": "Following the 1975 report in Chicago, an attempt is made to discover the present position with regard to the development of composite filling materials, and to determine whether further development is necessary or even possible. The reasons for considering clinical trials important are given, and the problem of the chemical bond to hard dental tissues is discussed. The influence of the thermal coefficient of expansion on the marginal seal is discussed in relation to border discolouration, and a critical assessment given of acid etching and remineralization. The significance of wear for the maintenance of contours is pointed out, in particular in connection with occlusal surface fillings in the cheek teeth, as well as the problem of contact-point characterization and fracture strength after repair of an old filling. Improvements in UV light polymerization are described. A critical discussion of the different opinions on the significance of histological findings in relation to pulp tolerance is presented, and finally the significance of water uptake and radiological opacity is discussed. In conclusion indications in relation to the present state of development are listed.", "contents": "Critical discussion of previous experience and new approaches in the development of composite filling materials. Following the 1975 report in Chicago, an attempt is made to discover the present position with regard to the development of composite filling materials, and to determine whether further development is necessary or even possible. The reasons for considering clinical trials important are given, and the problem of the chemical bond to hard dental tissues is discussed. The influence of the thermal coefficient of expansion on the marginal seal is discussed in relation to border discolouration, and a critical assessment given of acid etching and remineralization. The significance of wear for the maintenance of contours is pointed out, in particular in connection with occlusal surface fillings in the cheek teeth, as well as the problem of contact-point characterization and fracture strength after repair of an old filling. Improvements in UV light polymerization are described. A critical discussion of the different opinions on the significance of histological findings in relation to pulp tolerance is presented, and finally the significance of water uptake and radiological opacity is discussed. In conclusion indications in relation to the present state of development are listed.", "PMID": 328403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10834", "title": "Surgery of the alveolar process as related to prosthesis.", "content": "The healing of an extraction wound is taken as starting-point, and complications and their avoidance are discussed insofar as they affect the shape of the alveolar process. Surgical methods of treating cysts and other tumours are reviewed, and it is shown how these may be carried out with little damage to the form of the denture-base. Every dentist should bear in mind subsequent prosthetic care whenever undertaking surgery of the oral cavity.", "contents": "Surgery of the alveolar process as related to prosthesis. The healing of an extraction wound is taken as starting-point, and complications and their avoidance are discussed insofar as they affect the shape of the alveolar process. Surgical methods of treating cysts and other tumours are reviewed, and it is shown how these may be carried out with little damage to the form of the denture-base. Every dentist should bear in mind subsequent prosthetic care whenever undertaking surgery of the oral cavity.", "PMID": 328404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10835", "title": "The impression tray--an important factor in impression precision.", "content": "The flow behaviour of impression materials during impression taking was first investigated, and reference made to the pressure which occurs in the compound. Individual trays of plastic and shellac-bases which could be softened by heating, and a cold-curing tray material were then also examined: (1) for their distortion by slight loads upon the tray walls; (2) for their ability to retain their shape when stored, and (3) their distortion when temporarily warmed to body temperature. It was found that no tray materials, although graded according to type and thickness, can be considered rigid under experimental conditions, since distortions which were in some cases considerable could be measured. In laboratory experiments, the behaviour of the tray was then measured while taking impressions of models and the precision of the impression was examined at the same time. This confirmed the suspicion that the precision of an impression is to a considerable extent related to the tray material used. The smallest alterations were found when using cold-curing plastic material of a sufficient thickness (greater than 2 mm).", "contents": "The impression tray--an important factor in impression precision. The flow behaviour of impression materials during impression taking was first investigated, and reference made to the pressure which occurs in the compound. Individual trays of plastic and shellac-bases which could be softened by heating, and a cold-curing tray material were then also examined: (1) for their distortion by slight loads upon the tray walls; (2) for their ability to retain their shape when stored, and (3) their distortion when temporarily warmed to body temperature. It was found that no tray materials, although graded according to type and thickness, can be considered rigid under experimental conditions, since distortions which were in some cases considerable could be measured. In laboratory experiments, the behaviour of the tray was then measured while taking impressions of models and the precision of the impression was examined at the same time. This confirmed the suspicion that the precision of an impression is to a considerable extent related to the tray material used. The smallest alterations were found when using cold-curing plastic material of a sufficient thickness (greater than 2 mm).", "PMID": 328405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10836", "title": "Expermental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens. III. In vitro evaluation of cell-mediated immune responses against immune complexes influenced by immunosuppressive therapy.", "content": "In this paper, cell-mediated immunity (CMI) as evaluated by in vitro migration inhibition assays an in vivo delayed type skin reactions in experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis (ECGN) was studied as well as the effect of treatment with immunosuppressive drugs on these immune responses. In glomerulonephritic rats MIF production as well as delayed type skin reactions could be demonstrated directed against tubular brushborder antigen (Fx1A) containing immune complexes or to their constituents (FX1A or rabbit IgG). Treatment of the animals with immunosuppressive drugs during settled disease state (autologous phase) abolished these cellular immune reactions. However, neither the glomerular depositions of rat IgG associated with the autologous phase, nor the urinary excretion was influenced. When treatment of the animals was started simultaneously with the induction of the ECGN both cellular and humoral immune responses as well as proteinuria were affected. It was concluded that although in this glomerulonephritis model specific MIF response after specific stimulation in vitro as well as DTH reactions could be detected against immune complexes or their constituents, these immune reactions seem not to play important role in this ECGN in particular with respect to the proteinuria.", "contents": "Expermental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens. III. In vitro evaluation of cell-mediated immune responses against immune complexes influenced by immunosuppressive therapy. In this paper, cell-mediated immunity (CMI) as evaluated by in vitro migration inhibition assays an in vivo delayed type skin reactions in experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis (ECGN) was studied as well as the effect of treatment with immunosuppressive drugs on these immune responses. In glomerulonephritic rats MIF production as well as delayed type skin reactions could be demonstrated directed against tubular brushborder antigen (Fx1A) containing immune complexes or to their constituents (FX1A or rabbit IgG). Treatment of the animals with immunosuppressive drugs during settled disease state (autologous phase) abolished these cellular immune reactions. However, neither the glomerular depositions of rat IgG associated with the autologous phase, nor the urinary excretion was influenced. When treatment of the animals was started simultaneously with the induction of the ECGN both cellular and humoral immune responses as well as proteinuria were affected. It was concluded that although in this glomerulonephritis model specific MIF response after specific stimulation in vitro as well as DTH reactions could be detected against immune complexes or their constituents, these immune reactions seem not to play important role in this ECGN in particular with respect to the proteinuria.", "PMID": 328407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10837", "title": "Suppression of cell-mediated immunity by metronidazole.", "content": "Metronidazole administered orally in doses of 20 and 200 mg/kg daily suppressed granuloma formation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs which were injected intravenously and lodged in the pulmonary microvasculature of mice. The same doses did not suppress granuloma formation in animals which had previously been sensitized to the eggs. Nonspecific granulomatous inflammation around divinyl benzene copolymer beads was unaffected by the drug. In a daily dose of 20 mg/kg, metronidazole inhibited delayed footpad reactions to soluble schistosome egg antigen, but 200 mg/kg on alternate days failed to suppress skin allograft rejection. The drug appears to suppress selectively some aspects of cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Suppression of cell-mediated immunity by metronidazole. Metronidazole administered orally in doses of 20 and 200 mg/kg daily suppressed granuloma formation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs which were injected intravenously and lodged in the pulmonary microvasculature of mice. The same doses did not suppress granuloma formation in animals which had previously been sensitized to the eggs. Nonspecific granulomatous inflammation around divinyl benzene copolymer beads was unaffected by the drug. In a daily dose of 20 mg/kg, metronidazole inhibited delayed footpad reactions to soluble schistosome egg antigen, but 200 mg/kg on alternate days failed to suppress skin allograft rejection. The drug appears to suppress selectively some aspects of cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 328408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10838", "title": "Cell-bound IgE on human mast cells and basophilic granulocytes in atopic and nonatopic subjects.", "content": "In previous studies basophil-bound IgE was measured by means of quantitative immunofluorescence miscroscopy. But mast cells are of particular importance in local atopic reactions, we thought it necessary to investigate the IgE-load on both cell types. The amount of mast cell-bound IgE can be estimated in a semiquantitative way by end point titration with a fluoresceinated sheep antihuman IgE (FlaIgE). The amount of mast cell-bound IgE was estimated this way in tonsils, adenoids, bronchial and tracheal tissues, and was compared with the amount of IgE on the basophils. A correlation was found between the IgE-load on mast cells and on basophils. Atopic patients had a higher mast cell fluorescence titer (MCFT) than nonatopic controls. It was demonstrated that, as on basophils, the IgE level of the serum contributes to this difference.", "contents": "Cell-bound IgE on human mast cells and basophilic granulocytes in atopic and nonatopic subjects. In previous studies basophil-bound IgE was measured by means of quantitative immunofluorescence miscroscopy. But mast cells are of particular importance in local atopic reactions, we thought it necessary to investigate the IgE-load on both cell types. The amount of mast cell-bound IgE can be estimated in a semiquantitative way by end point titration with a fluoresceinated sheep antihuman IgE (FlaIgE). The amount of mast cell-bound IgE was estimated this way in tonsils, adenoids, bronchial and tracheal tissues, and was compared with the amount of IgE on the basophils. A correlation was found between the IgE-load on mast cells and on basophils. Atopic patients had a higher mast cell fluorescence titer (MCFT) than nonatopic controls. It was demonstrated that, as on basophils, the IgE level of the serum contributes to this difference.", "PMID": 328409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10839", "title": "Observations on rosette formation by thymocytes and T lymphocytes in guinea pigs. Effect of neonatal thymectomy, irradiation, thymosin, albumin and the influence of cell viability.", "content": "Irradiation (300 rad) of guinea pigs and subsequent transfer of bone marrow cells was followed by a decreased frequency of rabbit erythrocyte rosettes (a T lymphocyte marker) in peripheral lymphoid organs. Neonatal thymectomy did not potentiate this effect. A reduced amount of rosette-forming cells was also found in the thymus of irradiated animals. This was not affected by treatment with thymosin in vivo or in vitro, and was probably due to a reduced viability of the cells after irradiation since it was demonstrated that rosette formation among dead thymus cells was significantly less than among living cells. Incubation of normal thymocytes in non-supplemented medium for 2--4 h at 37 degrees C was also followed by a diminished rosette-forming capacity. The addition of thymosin or bovine serum albumin prevented both the decrease of rosette-forming cells and the reduction of viable cells during incubation. Thus, a diminished rosette formation may have been caused by reduced viability after incubation as well as after irradiation. The rosette-forming ability of only some dead thymocytes may reflect different subpopulations.", "contents": "Observations on rosette formation by thymocytes and T lymphocytes in guinea pigs. Effect of neonatal thymectomy, irradiation, thymosin, albumin and the influence of cell viability. Irradiation (300 rad) of guinea pigs and subsequent transfer of bone marrow cells was followed by a decreased frequency of rabbit erythrocyte rosettes (a T lymphocyte marker) in peripheral lymphoid organs. Neonatal thymectomy did not potentiate this effect. A reduced amount of rosette-forming cells was also found in the thymus of irradiated animals. This was not affected by treatment with thymosin in vivo or in vitro, and was probably due to a reduced viability of the cells after irradiation since it was demonstrated that rosette formation among dead thymus cells was significantly less than among living cells. Incubation of normal thymocytes in non-supplemented medium for 2--4 h at 37 degrees C was also followed by a diminished rosette-forming capacity. The addition of thymosin or bovine serum albumin prevented both the decrease of rosette-forming cells and the reduction of viable cells during incubation. Thus, a diminished rosette formation may have been caused by reduced viability after incubation as well as after irradiation. The rosette-forming ability of only some dead thymocytes may reflect different subpopulations.", "PMID": 328410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10840", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on human basophils from atopic and nonatopic subjects, using horse radish peroxidase labelled anti-IgE.", "content": "In previous studies, quantitative differences in cell-bound IgE on the basophils from various donors were measured by means of a quantitative immunofluorescence technique. In this study, cell-bound IgE was demonstrated on basophilic granulocytes by immunoelectron microscopy, using horse radish peroxidase labelled anti-IgE. The distribution of IgE on the basophils was studied in both atopic and nonatopic subjects. The intensity of the peroxidase staining on the basophils varied and appeared to correlate with the amount of cell-bound IgE, as estimated by quantitative immunofluorescence.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on human basophils from atopic and nonatopic subjects, using horse radish peroxidase labelled anti-IgE. In previous studies, quantitative differences in cell-bound IgE on the basophils from various donors were measured by means of a quantitative immunofluorescence technique. In this study, cell-bound IgE was demonstrated on basophilic granulocytes by immunoelectron microscopy, using horse radish peroxidase labelled anti-IgE. The distribution of IgE on the basophils was studied in both atopic and nonatopic subjects. The intensity of the peroxidase staining on the basophils varied and appeared to correlate with the amount of cell-bound IgE, as estimated by quantitative immunofluorescence.", "PMID": 328411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10841", "title": "Computer simulation of medical reasoning in the assessment of kidney disease.", "content": "A system for the simulation of clinical reasoning was applied to the evaluation of patient data in nephrological diseases. The system allows the physician to computerise the medical logic in his area of specialisation, to prepare suitable protocols for recording clinical observations, to analyse the patient data for assessing his present clinical status and to plan appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. The medical logic is expressed in modular form as a series of inferences to be confirmed or rejected on the basis of Boolean combinations of clinical findings and previous inferences. The acceptable Boolean combinations are formulated in terms of threshold logic. The computer programs produce alphabetical lists of the clinical findings appearing in the medical logic, which are organised by the physician into data acquisition protocols appropriate to each phase of clinical activity. The system was run on a series of 22 patients hospitalised in the Department of Nephrology. The patient status reports produced by the computer were in substantial agreement with the assessment of a senior nephrologist. The protocols assured a more complete and accurate recording of patient data than that appearing in the routine patient chart. The program was of value in standardising patient examinations and in the training of new medical staff.", "contents": "Computer simulation of medical reasoning in the assessment of kidney disease. A system for the simulation of clinical reasoning was applied to the evaluation of patient data in nephrological diseases. The system allows the physician to computerise the medical logic in his area of specialisation, to prepare suitable protocols for recording clinical observations, to analyse the patient data for assessing his present clinical status and to plan appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. The medical logic is expressed in modular form as a series of inferences to be confirmed or rejected on the basis of Boolean combinations of clinical findings and previous inferences. The acceptable Boolean combinations are formulated in terms of threshold logic. The computer programs produce alphabetical lists of the clinical findings appearing in the medical logic, which are organised by the physician into data acquisition protocols appropriate to each phase of clinical activity. The system was run on a series of 22 patients hospitalised in the Department of Nephrology. The patient status reports produced by the computer were in substantial agreement with the assessment of a senior nephrologist. The protocols assured a more complete and accurate recording of patient data than that appearing in the routine patient chart. The program was of value in standardising patient examinations and in the training of new medical staff.", "PMID": 328412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10842", "title": "The medical \"brain drain\" and health priorities in Latin America.", "content": "This analysis of the medical brain drain places the problem in the context of the health care infrastructure in the developing world. It emphasizes Latin American social realities as a corrective to the self-interest which characterizes much of the current debate in the United States. It is argued that the same factors constituting emigration \"push\" factors in Latin America simultaneously underscore the relative unimportance of medical manpower migration compared to other obstacles to health progress. That conclusion is supported by a comparison of the relative damage caused by the brain drain by itself and the damage caused by factors which the brain drain concomitantly symbolizes and flows from: elitist objectives, misdirected priorities, unrealistic policies, and inadequate planning on the part of most Latin American nations. In the absence of urgently needed change in traditional structures, merely closing the gates on foreign medical graduates will not serve to ameliorate health conditions in the region. Those who seek real health improvements for developing nations must address greater challenges than the brain drain.", "contents": "The medical \"brain drain\" and health priorities in Latin America. This analysis of the medical brain drain places the problem in the context of the health care infrastructure in the developing world. It emphasizes Latin American social realities as a corrective to the self-interest which characterizes much of the current debate in the United States. It is argued that the same factors constituting emigration \"push\" factors in Latin America simultaneously underscore the relative unimportance of medical manpower migration compared to other obstacles to health progress. That conclusion is supported by a comparison of the relative damage caused by the brain drain by itself and the damage caused by factors which the brain drain concomitantly symbolizes and flows from: elitist objectives, misdirected priorities, unrealistic policies, and inadequate planning on the part of most Latin American nations. In the absence of urgently needed change in traditional structures, merely closing the gates on foreign medical graduates will not serve to ameliorate health conditions in the region. Those who seek real health improvements for developing nations must address greater challenges than the brain drain.", "PMID": 328414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10843", "title": "The effect of alternate-day prednisone therapy on cortisol secretion rate in corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics.", "content": "The effect of alternate-day prednisone regimen (nine-patients) on cortisol secretion rate was compared with daily therapeutic regimen (ten patients) in corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics. Only the alternate-day regimen did  not suppress the adrenal function. The therapeutic efficacy of both regimens was equal. The advantages of alternate-day corticosteroid therapy are presented and the optimal way of starting this therapy discussed.", "contents": "The effect of alternate-day prednisone therapy on cortisol secretion rate in corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics. The effect of alternate-day prednisone regimen (nine-patients) on cortisol secretion rate was compared with daily therapeutic regimen (ten patients) in corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics. Only the alternate-day regimen did  not suppress the adrenal function. The therapeutic efficacy of both regimens was equal. The advantages of alternate-day corticosteroid therapy are presented and the optimal way of starting this therapy discussed.", "PMID": 328415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10844", "title": "Influence of a uvrD mutation on survival and repair of X-irradiated Escherichia coli K-12 cells.", "content": "The presence of a uvrD mutation increased the X-ray sensitivities of E. coli wild-type and polA strains, but had no effect on the sensitivities of recA and recB strains, and little effect on a lexA strain. Incubation of irradiated cells in medium containing 2,4-dinitrophenol or chloramphenicol decreased the survival of wild-type and uvrD cells, but had no effect on the survival of recA, recB and lexA strains. Alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation studies indicated that the uvrD strain is deficient in the growth-medium-dependent (Type III) repair of DNA single-strand breaks. These results indicate that the uvrD mutation inhibits certain rec+lex+-dependent repair processes, including the growth-medium-dependent (Type III) repair of X-ray-induced DNA single-strand breaks, but does not inhibit other rec+lex+-dependent processes that are sensitive to 2,4-dinitrophenol and chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Influence of a uvrD mutation on survival and repair of X-irradiated Escherichia coli K-12 cells. The presence of a uvrD mutation increased the X-ray sensitivities of E. coli wild-type and polA strains, but had no effect on the sensitivities of recA and recB strains, and little effect on a lexA strain. Incubation of irradiated cells in medium containing 2,4-dinitrophenol or chloramphenicol decreased the survival of wild-type and uvrD cells, but had no effect on the survival of recA, recB and lexA strains. Alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation studies indicated that the uvrD strain is deficient in the growth-medium-dependent (Type III) repair of DNA single-strand breaks. These results indicate that the uvrD mutation inhibits certain rec+lex+-dependent repair processes, including the growth-medium-dependent (Type III) repair of X-ray-induced DNA single-strand breaks, but does not inhibit other rec+lex+-dependent processes that are sensitive to 2,4-dinitrophenol and chloramphenicol.", "PMID": 328416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10845", "title": "Some mechanisms involved in the radiosensitization of E. coli B/r by paracetamol.", "content": "Paracetamol, a widely-used analgestic and antipyretic drug, sensitized E. coli B/r to 60Co gamma-rays under hypoxic conditions. Part of the sensitizing effect has been shown to be due to an electron adduct of the drug. Paracetamol inhibited both post-irradiation DNA and protein syntheses. The targets involved in the inhibition of post-irradiation DNA synthesis have been shown to be different in the presence of the sensitizer. Increased DNA degradation after irradiation was also observed when E. coli B/r were irradiated in the presence of the drug. The presence of paracetamol during hypoxic irradiation of E. coli B/r resulted in the enhancement of DNA single-strand scissions with no apparent effect on their rejoining.", "contents": "Some mechanisms involved in the radiosensitization of E. coli B/r by paracetamol. Paracetamol, a widely-used analgestic and antipyretic drug, sensitized E. coli B/r to 60Co gamma-rays under hypoxic conditions. Part of the sensitizing effect has been shown to be due to an electron adduct of the drug. Paracetamol inhibited both post-irradiation DNA and protein syntheses. The targets involved in the inhibition of post-irradiation DNA synthesis have been shown to be different in the presence of the sensitizer. Increased DNA degradation after irradiation was also observed when E. coli B/r were irradiated in the presence of the drug. The presence of paracetamol during hypoxic irradiation of E. coli B/r resulted in the enhancement of DNA single-strand scissions with no apparent effect on their rejoining.", "PMID": 328417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10846", "title": "Split-dose and liquid-holding recovery after X-irradiation in diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Dependence of the recovery process on cellular protein metabolism.", "content": "In diploid yeast, split-dose recovery (SDR) after X-irradiation was affected, if incubation between split doses was performed in the presence of the protein-synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. In exponentially-growing cell-cultures, early SDR was undisturbed but complete recovery was not achieved. Concomitantly the cells show a decresing ability to perform subsequent liquid-holding recovery (LHR). In stationary-phase cell-cultures, SDR was completely suppressed. The cells show, however, recovery from potentially lethal damage in the presence of cycloheximide during incubation between the dose-fractions. The experimental results suggest that in diploid yeast SDR after X-irradiation is an enzymatic process dependent on a functioning protein metabolism.", "contents": "Split-dose and liquid-holding recovery after X-irradiation in diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Dependence of the recovery process on cellular protein metabolism. In diploid yeast, split-dose recovery (SDR) after X-irradiation was affected, if incubation between split doses was performed in the presence of the protein-synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. In exponentially-growing cell-cultures, early SDR was undisturbed but complete recovery was not achieved. Concomitantly the cells show a decresing ability to perform subsequent liquid-holding recovery (LHR). In stationary-phase cell-cultures, SDR was completely suppressed. The cells show, however, recovery from potentially lethal damage in the presence of cycloheximide during incubation between the dose-fractions. The experimental results suggest that in diploid yeast SDR after X-irradiation is an enzymatic process dependent on a functioning protein metabolism.", "PMID": 328419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10847", "title": "Specific detection of mycobacteria by the immunofluorescent technique.", "content": "Using an indirect immunofluorescent technique, M. bovis var. BCG can be differentiated from M. avium in pure culture. The test involves using an unlabeled antiserum prepared against B-24, a type specific antigen of M. bovis var. BCG. In the same system M. bovis could be differentiated from other pathogenic my cobacteria in tissue sections of naturally and experimentally infected animals.", "contents": "Specific detection of mycobacteria by the immunofluorescent technique. Using an indirect immunofluorescent technique, M. bovis var. BCG can be differentiated from M. avium in pure culture. The test involves using an unlabeled antiserum prepared against B-24, a type specific antigen of M. bovis var. BCG. In the same system M. bovis could be differentiated from other pathogenic my cobacteria in tissue sections of naturally and experimentally infected animals.", "PMID": 328424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10848", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of renal and retroperitoneal lesions.", "content": "The unique ability of ultrasound to detect soft tissue interfaces makes it a prime tool for at least one major diagnostic approach to soft tissue lesions. Systematic ultrasonic examination of suspected masses in the abdomen should be performed early in the course of investigation. It will help direct additional studies and often result in cost savings by making the diagnostic process more efficient. The method is painless, to the best of our knowledge harmless and can be repeated at will for early study or late follow-up. The ultrasonic look into the body has provided us with a major tool for obtaining far more information on internal structures than was possible even a few years ago. Ultrasonic scans, radioisotope examinations and computerized x-ray tomography are leading us into an era of much increased anatomic knowledge about lesions which heretofore were obscure and difficult to evaluate.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of renal and retroperitoneal lesions. The unique ability of ultrasound to detect soft tissue interfaces makes it a prime tool for at least one major diagnostic approach to soft tissue lesions. Systematic ultrasonic examination of suspected masses in the abdomen should be performed early in the course of investigation. It will help direct additional studies and often result in cost savings by making the diagnostic process more efficient. The method is painless, to the best of our knowledge harmless and can be repeated at will for early study or late follow-up. The ultrasonic look into the body has provided us with a major tool for obtaining far more information on internal structures than was possible even a few years ago. Ultrasonic scans, radioisotope examinations and computerized x-ray tomography are leading us into an era of much increased anatomic knowledge about lesions which heretofore were obscure and difficult to evaluate.", "PMID": 328426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10849", "title": "Aortosonography.", "content": "Ultrasound should be considered as the primary procedure of choice in the evaluation of the abdominal aorta. It is noninvasive and does not require injection of contrast material. Both normal and abnormal ultrasonic aortic patterns are usually so typical that independent confirmation is not needed unless surgery is anticipated. In emergency situations involving rupture or dissection, the detection of an aneurysm by ultrasound often dramatically shortens the time interval between the emergency admission and actual surgery. The established uses for aortosonography are as follows: 1. Detection of a normal aorta. 2. Demonstration of an aneurysm (diffuse or localized). 3. Determination of its size, including both internal and external diameters. 4. Evaluation of internal echo patterns (clot or dissection). 5. Detection of lumen narrowing or occlusion. 6. Determination of aneurysm extension into the iliacs or thoracic aorta. 7. Evaluation of the major branches of the aorta. 8. Demonstration of other vessels such as the vena cava and portal vein as well as their branches. 9. Detection and differentiation of masses misdiagnosed as aneurysms. 10. Serial evaluation of aneurysms not having surgery to detect any change in size or internal pattern.", "contents": "Aortosonography. Ultrasound should be considered as the primary procedure of choice in the evaluation of the abdominal aorta. It is noninvasive and does not require injection of contrast material. Both normal and abnormal ultrasonic aortic patterns are usually so typical that independent confirmation is not needed unless surgery is anticipated. In emergency situations involving rupture or dissection, the detection of an aneurysm by ultrasound often dramatically shortens the time interval between the emergency admission and actual surgery. The established uses for aortosonography are as follows: 1. Detection of a normal aorta. 2. Demonstration of an aneurysm (diffuse or localized). 3. Determination of its size, including both internal and external diameters. 4. Evaluation of internal echo patterns (clot or dissection). 5. Detection of lumen narrowing or occlusion. 6. Determination of aneurysm extension into the iliacs or thoracic aorta. 7. Evaluation of the major branches of the aorta. 8. Demonstration of other vessels such as the vena cava and portal vein as well as their branches. 9. Detection and differentiation of masses misdiagnosed as aneurysms. 10. Serial evaluation of aneurysms not having surgery to detect any change in size or internal pattern.", "PMID": 328429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10850", "title": "Echocardiography in congenital heart disease. An aid to surgical diagnosis.", "content": "Echocardiography is an important noninvasive method for accurately diagnosing many congenital cardiac defects. This method provides significant information so that cardiac surgery, when necessary, can be planned with greater facility. The value of the sonar method rests not only on its ability to diagnose specific cardiac defects but also to exclude heart disease, especially in infants with shock or cyanosis from noncardiac causes. Development of two-dimensional real-time scanning systems should provide greater understanding of anatomic spatial relationships and ease of diagnosis.", "contents": "Echocardiography in congenital heart disease. An aid to surgical diagnosis. Echocardiography is an important noninvasive method for accurately diagnosing many congenital cardiac defects. This method provides significant information so that cardiac surgery, when necessary, can be planned with greater facility. The value of the sonar method rests not only on its ability to diagnose specific cardiac defects but also to exclude heart disease, especially in infants with shock or cyanosis from noncardiac causes. Development of two-dimensional real-time scanning systems should provide greater understanding of anatomic spatial relationships and ease of diagnosis.", "PMID": 328431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10851", "title": "In vitro specular microscope perfusion of M-K- and moist chamber-stored human corneas.", "content": "Human donor corneas were stored in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium for 3 to 6 days; then they were mounted in the specular microscope, and the endothelial surface perfused with a glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer solution. During storage, the corneal thickness increased 37% above an assumed normal of 0.520 mm. The corneas did not have sufficient active thinning to be accepted as viable when tested by the temperature-reversal phenomenon. Since comparable donor corneas have been used in successful penetrating keratoplasties, there must be a discrepancy between the cell viability as tested by the temperature-reversal phenomenon and clinical application.", "contents": "In vitro specular microscope perfusion of M-K- and moist chamber-stored human corneas. Human donor corneas were stored in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium for 3 to 6 days; then they were mounted in the specular microscope, and the endothelial surface perfused with a glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer solution. During storage, the corneal thickness increased 37% above an assumed normal of 0.520 mm. The corneas did not have sufficient active thinning to be accepted as viable when tested by the temperature-reversal phenomenon. Since comparable donor corneas have been used in successful penetrating keratoplasties, there must be a discrepancy between the cell viability as tested by the temperature-reversal phenomenon and clinical application.", "PMID": 328445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10852", "title": "A comparison of antinuclear antibodies and DNA-binding antibodies in chronic open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were examined in the sera of 28 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma (COAG) and 24 normal volunteers by an immunoperoxidase technique. Unlike the results of a previous report, no significant difference in titers was found between the two groups. A highly objective radioimmunoassay for DNA antibody was also employed, giving similar results. The increased incidence of ANA at low dilutions in both COAG and normal groups in this study and its absence when measured by radioimmunoassay suggest that positive ANA reactions at such low dilutions are the result of nonspecific binding. The lack of demonstrable differences from normal in ANA- or DNA-binding antibody does not support the results of earlier studies suggesting a humoral immune or autoimmune mechanism in COAG.", "contents": "A comparison of antinuclear antibodies and DNA-binding antibodies in chronic open-angle glaucoma. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were examined in the sera of 28 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma (COAG) and 24 normal volunteers by an immunoperoxidase technique. Unlike the results of a previous report, no significant difference in titers was found between the two groups. A highly objective radioimmunoassay for DNA antibody was also employed, giving similar results. The increased incidence of ANA at low dilutions in both COAG and normal groups in this study and its absence when measured by radioimmunoassay suggest that positive ANA reactions at such low dilutions are the result of nonspecific binding. The lack of demonstrable differences from normal in ANA- or DNA-binding antibody does not support the results of earlier studies suggesting a humoral immune or autoimmune mechanism in COAG.", "PMID": 328446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10853", "title": "Rapid detection of specific treponemal antibodies by counterimmunoelectrophoresis using an extract of Treponema pallidum.", "content": "Specific treponemal antibodies were detected in small amounts by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) in agar gel, using an extract of Treponema pallidum. The T. pallidum-CIE test was compared with the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test and with the Reiter protein complement fixation (RPCF) test. The results of the T. pallidum-CIE and FTA-ABS tests agreed in 96% of cases. There was no agreement between the T. pallidum-CIE and RPCF tests in 14% of cases. The three tests were compared in 56 sera--17 from cases of untreated syphilis and 39 from biologically false positive (BFP) reactors. RPCF was positive in 10 (59%) of the 17 specimens from cases of untreated syphilis; all 17 sera were FTA-ABS positive. The T. pallidum-CIE test was positive in 14 (82%) of the 17 specimens. All of the 39 BFP reactors, positive by the RPCF test, were shown to be negative by the FTA-ABS and T. pallidum-CIE tests. These results suggest that the T. pallidum-CIE test is more specific than the RPCF test and slightly less specific than the FTA-ABS test. The advantages of the T. pallidum-CIE test as a convenient method are speed of performance, simplicity and economy.", "contents": "Rapid detection of specific treponemal antibodies by counterimmunoelectrophoresis using an extract of Treponema pallidum. Specific treponemal antibodies were detected in small amounts by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) in agar gel, using an extract of Treponema pallidum. The T. pallidum-CIE test was compared with the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test and with the Reiter protein complement fixation (RPCF) test. The results of the T. pallidum-CIE and FTA-ABS tests agreed in 96% of cases. There was no agreement between the T. pallidum-CIE and RPCF tests in 14% of cases. The three tests were compared in 56 sera--17 from cases of untreated syphilis and 39 from biologically false positive (BFP) reactors. RPCF was positive in 10 (59%) of the 17 specimens from cases of untreated syphilis; all 17 sera were FTA-ABS positive. The T. pallidum-CIE test was positive in 14 (82%) of the 17 specimens. All of the 39 BFP reactors, positive by the RPCF test, were shown to be negative by the FTA-ABS and T. pallidum-CIE tests. These results suggest that the T. pallidum-CIE test is more specific than the RPCF test and slightly less specific than the FTA-ABS test. The advantages of the T. pallidum-CIE test as a convenient method are speed of performance, simplicity and economy.", "PMID": 328449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10854", "title": "Studies on the immune response to fixed antigens. II. Optimal conditions for inducing and eliciting helper function by fixed antigens and the mechanism responsible for this effect.", "content": "Heavily trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (RBC) (TNP128SRBC) and glutaraldehyde-treated SRBC (G-SRBC) induced helper function. This helper function could accelerate anti-SRBC and anti-TNP secondary responses to subsequent challenge with TNP0.14SRBC in different strains of mouse. Preferential induction of helper function over primary antibody response was obtained with fixed antigens only. High doses of fixed RBC (4 X 10(7) or 4 x 10(8)/mouse) could induce optimal helper function and high doses of the challenger TNP0.14SRBC (4 X 10(7) or 4 x 10(8)/mouse) could optimally recall this function and stimulate secondary responses. G-SRBC was a better inducer of helper function than low doses of nonmodified SRBC. TNP128SRBC-primed mice produced a significant anti-SRBC response after subsequent challenge with TNP0.14 mouse RBC. Reverse help was suggested as one of the possible mechanisms of this response. Early helper function which developed four days after priming with TNP128SRBC or G-SRBC could be transferred to irradiated recipients with T, but not B, cells. Late immunologic memory which appeared 18 days after priming with TNP128SRBC could be transferred to irradiated recipients only with a mixture of T and B cells.", "contents": "Studies on the immune response to fixed antigens. II. Optimal conditions for inducing and eliciting helper function by fixed antigens and the mechanism responsible for this effect. Heavily trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (RBC) (TNP128SRBC) and glutaraldehyde-treated SRBC (G-SRBC) induced helper function. This helper function could accelerate anti-SRBC and anti-TNP secondary responses to subsequent challenge with TNP0.14SRBC in different strains of mouse. Preferential induction of helper function over primary antibody response was obtained with fixed antigens only. High doses of fixed RBC (4 X 10(7) or 4 x 10(8)/mouse) could induce optimal helper function and high doses of the challenger TNP0.14SRBC (4 X 10(7) or 4 x 10(8)/mouse) could optimally recall this function and stimulate secondary responses. G-SRBC was a better inducer of helper function than low doses of nonmodified SRBC. TNP128SRBC-primed mice produced a significant anti-SRBC response after subsequent challenge with TNP0.14 mouse RBC. Reverse help was suggested as one of the possible mechanisms of this response. Early helper function which developed four days after priming with TNP128SRBC or G-SRBC could be transferred to irradiated recipients with T, but not B, cells. Late immunologic memory which appeared 18 days after priming with TNP128SRBC could be transferred to irradiated recipients only with a mixture of T and B cells.", "PMID": 328450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10855", "title": "Computer study of thyroid diseases. III. Statistical models.", "content": "A binary-variable multiple-regression model is proposed for the computer diagnosis of thyroid disease. The procedure employs a multiple-regression technique in which each variable is assigned a value of either unity or zero. Unlike other current approaches, the proposed model uses only information about the patients themselves; no prior knowledge of the incidence of the disease in the population under study is required. The model was applied to data on 906 patients with suspected thyroid disorders referred to endocrine clinics in Israel. On the basis of simple physical findings and clinical signs and symptoms, the correct diagnosis was obtained in 95% of the cases for males and in 85% for females.", "contents": "Computer study of thyroid diseases. III. Statistical models. A binary-variable multiple-regression model is proposed for the computer diagnosis of thyroid disease. The procedure employs a multiple-regression technique in which each variable is assigned a value of either unity or zero. Unlike other current approaches, the proposed model uses only information about the patients themselves; no prior knowledge of the incidence of the disease in the population under study is required. The model was applied to data on 906 patients with suspected thyroid disorders referred to endocrine clinics in Israel. On the basis of simple physical findings and clinical signs and symptoms, the correct diagnosis was obtained in 95% of the cases for males and in 85% for females.", "PMID": 328451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10856", "title": "[Cryomacroglobulinemic purpura with liver cirrhosis and hepatic porphyria].", "content": "Hepatic porphoria and histologically verified cirrhosis, teleangiectasia, purpose, papular skin lesions existing for eight years, as well as cryomacroglobulin were found in a 49 year old man. Pathogenetically the liver disease is considered to be the primary event, which was accompanied by secondary cryoglobulinemia. IgG and IgM type of thrombus in the vessels and of small granular deposits corresponding to the type of cryoprotein in the blood, were detected in the vessel walls of the upper part in the dermis and along these vessels of both purpuri and papular skin lesions. Immunoprecipitates could be revealed by FTC-labelled antihuman complement. In the skin lesions porphyrin could not be demonstrated. The investigation of cryoglobulin and of porphyrin disorders is reasonable in every patient with purpura accompanying pathological liver processes.", "contents": "[Cryomacroglobulinemic purpura with liver cirrhosis and hepatic porphyria]. Hepatic porphoria and histologically verified cirrhosis, teleangiectasia, purpose, papular skin lesions existing for eight years, as well as cryomacroglobulin were found in a 49 year old man. Pathogenetically the liver disease is considered to be the primary event, which was accompanied by secondary cryoglobulinemia. IgG and IgM type of thrombus in the vessels and of small granular deposits corresponding to the type of cryoprotein in the blood, were detected in the vessel walls of the upper part in the dermis and along these vessels of both purpuri and papular skin lesions. Immunoprecipitates could be revealed by FTC-labelled antihuman complement. In the skin lesions porphyrin could not be demonstrated. The investigation of cryoglobulin and of porphyrin disorders is reasonable in every patient with purpura accompanying pathological liver processes.", "PMID": 328452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10857", "title": "Ribosome maturation in E. coli.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that processing of ribosomal RNA is a late event in ribosome biogenesis. The precursor form of RNA is probably necessary to speed up the assembly of ribomal proteins. Newly formed ribosomal particles which have already entered polyribosomes differ from mature ribosomes not only in their RNA content but also in their susceptibility to unfolding in low Mg concentration and to RNase attack. Final maturation of new ribosomes is probably dependent on their functioning in protein synthesis. Thus only those ribosomes which have proven to be functional may be converted into stable cellular structures.", "contents": "Ribosome maturation in E. coli. In vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that processing of ribosomal RNA is a late event in ribosome biogenesis. The precursor form of RNA is probably necessary to speed up the assembly of ribomal proteins. Newly formed ribosomal particles which have already entered polyribosomes differ from mature ribosomes not only in their RNA content but also in their susceptibility to unfolding in low Mg concentration and to RNase attack. Final maturation of new ribosomes is probably dependent on their functioning in protein synthesis. Thus only those ribosomes which have proven to be functional may be converted into stable cellular structures.", "PMID": 328448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10858", "title": "Communicating cancer control to the public.", "content": "A fifty-year historical review of public communications research, an analysis of factors influencing communication effectiveness, descriptions of fifteen cancer public communication programs, and recommendations for future cancer communications programs are presented. The programs described were specific to five cancer sites, were targeted to six types of audiences and included several types of educational objectives and communication modes. Recommendations include greater use of social science literature and evaluative designs in program planning; cooperative research to provide data suitable for educational diagnosis; and standardization of evaluation results to document effectiveness of techniques and strategies.", "contents": "Communicating cancer control to the public. A fifty-year historical review of public communications research, an analysis of factors influencing communication effectiveness, descriptions of fifteen cancer public communication programs, and recommendations for future cancer communications programs are presented. The programs described were specific to five cancer sites, were targeted to six types of audiences and included several types of educational objectives and communication modes. Recommendations include greater use of social science literature and evaluative designs in program planning; cooperative research to provide data suitable for educational diagnosis; and standardization of evaluation results to document effectiveness of techniques and strategies.", "PMID": 328454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10859", "title": "Bactericidal studies of penicillin-gentamicin combinations against group B streptococci.", "content": "The bactericidal activity of penicillin-aminoglycoside combinations was studied in 16 strains of Group B streptococci. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against kanamycin or gentamicin were greater than 50 microgram/ml, whereas ampicillin or penicillin inhibitory concentrations were uniformly less than 0.1 microgram/ml. Although all strains had bactericidal concentrations (MBC) less than 0.1 microgram penicillin/ml, penicillin at a concentration equal to each strains respective MBC reduced inoculum colony forming units (CFU) 2 logs in only 6 of 16 strains in bactericidal kinetic studies. However, the addition of gentamicin in concentrations of 5.0 or 10.0 microgram/ml to penicillin markedly enhanced bactericidal activity in all strains tested. The addition of lower concentrations of gentamicin (1.0 microgram/ml) had minimal advantage over penicillin alone. No distinct advantage was noted for combinations including either ampicillin or kanamycin. The theoretical advantage of penicillin-aminoglycoside combinations in experimental conditions, suggests that the use of antibiotic combinations in clinical infections due to Group B streptococci, may result in a more rapid eradication of these organisms.", "contents": "Bactericidal studies of penicillin-gentamicin combinations against group B streptococci. The bactericidal activity of penicillin-aminoglycoside combinations was studied in 16 strains of Group B streptococci. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against kanamycin or gentamicin were greater than 50 microgram/ml, whereas ampicillin or penicillin inhibitory concentrations were uniformly less than 0.1 microgram/ml. Although all strains had bactericidal concentrations (MBC) less than 0.1 microgram penicillin/ml, penicillin at a concentration equal to each strains respective MBC reduced inoculum colony forming units (CFU) 2 logs in only 6 of 16 strains in bactericidal kinetic studies. However, the addition of gentamicin in concentrations of 5.0 or 10.0 microgram/ml to penicillin markedly enhanced bactericidal activity in all strains tested. The addition of lower concentrations of gentamicin (1.0 microgram/ml) had minimal advantage over penicillin alone. No distinct advantage was noted for combinations including either ampicillin or kanamycin. The theoretical advantage of penicillin-aminoglycoside combinations in experimental conditions, suggests that the use of antibiotic combinations in clinical infections due to Group B streptococci, may result in a more rapid eradication of these organisms.", "PMID": 328471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10860", "title": "Total body water and lean body mass estimated by ethanol dilution.", "content": "Total body water (TBW) was determined on 35 subjects with a tritium (HTO) and an ethanol (ETH) dilution method, the latter using breath analyses for blood ethanol content. Lean body mass (LBM) was estimated by hydrostatic weighing. Mean values for water fraction (TBW/wt) were 0.618 +/- 0.05 with HTO and 0.603 +/- 0.06 with ETH. The difference was not significant. The correlation between the two methods was highly significant (r = 0.90, SEE = 3.5 liters, P less than 0.0001). High correlations were also found between TBW and LBM with either method for TBW (r = 0.94 with HTO, r = 0.91 with ETH). Mean values for TBW/LBM were 0.735 with HTO and 0.717 with ETH. The ETH method compares favorably with the HTO, it has the advantage that it is nonradioactive and can be repeated daily if necessary.", "contents": "Total body water and lean body mass estimated by ethanol dilution. Total body water (TBW) was determined on 35 subjects with a tritium (HTO) and an ethanol (ETH) dilution method, the latter using breath analyses for blood ethanol content. Lean body mass (LBM) was estimated by hydrostatic weighing. Mean values for water fraction (TBW/wt) were 0.618 +/- 0.05 with HTO and 0.603 +/- 0.06 with ETH. The difference was not significant. The correlation between the two methods was highly significant (r = 0.90, SEE = 3.5 liters, P less than 0.0001). High correlations were also found between TBW and LBM with either method for TBW (r = 0.94 with HTO, r = 0.91 with ETH). Mean values for TBW/LBM were 0.735 with HTO and 0.717 with ETH. The ETH method compares favorably with the HTO, it has the advantage that it is nonradioactive and can be repeated daily if necessary.", "PMID": 328477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10861", "title": "Mutations of temperature sensitivity in R plasmid pSC101.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive (Ts) mutant plasmids isolated from tetracycline resistance R plasmid pSC101 were investigated for their segregation kinetics and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication. The results fit well with the hypothesis that multiple copies of a plasmid are distributed to daughter cells in a random fashion and are thus diluted out when a new round of plasmid DNA replication is blocked. When cells harboring type I mutant plasmids were grown at 43 degrees C in the absence of tetracycline, antibiotic-sensitive cells were segregated after a certain lag time. This lag most likely corresponds to a dilution of plasmids existing prior to the temperature shift. The synthesis of plasmid DNA in cells harboring type I mutant plasmids was almost completely blocked at 43 degrees C. It seems that these plasmids have mutations in the gene(s) necessary for plasmid DNA replication. Cells haboring a type II mutant plasmid exhibited neither segregation due to antibiotic sensitivity nor inhibition of plasmid DNA replication throughout cultivation at high temperature. It is likely that the type II mutant plasmid has a temperature-sensitive mutation in the tetracycline resistance gene. Antibiotic-sensitive cells haboring type III mutant plasmids appeared at high frequency after a certain lag time, and the plasmid DNA synthesis was partially suppressed at the nonpermissive temperature. They exhibited also a pleiotrophic phenotype, such as an increase of drug resistance level at 30 degrees C and a decrease in the number of plasmid genomes in a cell.", "contents": "Mutations of temperature sensitivity in R plasmid pSC101. Temperature-sensitive (Ts) mutant plasmids isolated from tetracycline resistance R plasmid pSC101 were investigated for their segregation kinetics and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication. The results fit well with the hypothesis that multiple copies of a plasmid are distributed to daughter cells in a random fashion and are thus diluted out when a new round of plasmid DNA replication is blocked. When cells harboring type I mutant plasmids were grown at 43 degrees C in the absence of tetracycline, antibiotic-sensitive cells were segregated after a certain lag time. This lag most likely corresponds to a dilution of plasmids existing prior to the temperature shift. The synthesis of plasmid DNA in cells harboring type I mutant plasmids was almost completely blocked at 43 degrees C. It seems that these plasmids have mutations in the gene(s) necessary for plasmid DNA replication. Cells haboring a type II mutant plasmid exhibited neither segregation due to antibiotic sensitivity nor inhibition of plasmid DNA replication throughout cultivation at high temperature. It is likely that the type II mutant plasmid has a temperature-sensitive mutation in the tetracycline resistance gene. Antibiotic-sensitive cells haboring type III mutant plasmids appeared at high frequency after a certain lag time, and the plasmid DNA synthesis was partially suppressed at the nonpermissive temperature. They exhibited also a pleiotrophic phenotype, such as an increase of drug resistance level at 30 degrees C and a decrease in the number of plasmid genomes in a cell.", "PMID": 328479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10862", "title": "Further characterization of the F fertility inhibition systems of \"unusual\" Fin+ plasmids.", "content": "Flac mutants insensitive to transfer inhibition by R factors. JR66a and R485 were isolated and characterized. Representative mutations were cis dominant and are therefore presumed to be at the sites of action, fisU and fisV, respectively, of the FinU and FinV transfer inhibition systems encoded by JR66a and R485. The mutants were used to confirm that the FinU and FinV fertility inhibition systems are different from each other and from the FinOP, FinQ, and FinW systems of R100, R62, and R455, respectively. Together with traO and fisQ mutants of Flac, the new mutants were also used to investigate the nature of the F fertility inhibition systems encoded by a further group of \"unusual\" Fin+ plasmids. Of these, two incompatibility group X plasmids were found to carry finO+ genes, and of five incompatibility group I plasmids, three encoded FinQ systems, one the FinU system, and one a new system (FinR). Transfer of a variety of derepressed F-like plasmids was inhibited by the FinQ, FinU, and FinV systems, but a quantitatively very different levels; this emphasizes the differences as well as the similarities between the conjugation systems of F-like plasmids.", "contents": "Further characterization of the F fertility inhibition systems of \"unusual\" Fin+ plasmids. Flac mutants insensitive to transfer inhibition by R factors. JR66a and R485 were isolated and characterized. Representative mutations were cis dominant and are therefore presumed to be at the sites of action, fisU and fisV, respectively, of the FinU and FinV transfer inhibition systems encoded by JR66a and R485. The mutants were used to confirm that the FinU and FinV fertility inhibition systems are different from each other and from the FinOP, FinQ, and FinW systems of R100, R62, and R455, respectively. Together with traO and fisQ mutants of Flac, the new mutants were also used to investigate the nature of the F fertility inhibition systems encoded by a further group of \"unusual\" Fin+ plasmids. Of these, two incompatibility group X plasmids were found to carry finO+ genes, and of five incompatibility group I plasmids, three encoded FinQ systems, one the FinU system, and one a new system (FinR). Transfer of a variety of derepressed F-like plasmids was inhibited by the FinQ, FinU, and FinV systems, but a quantitatively very different levels; this emphasizes the differences as well as the similarities between the conjugation systems of F-like plasmids.", "PMID": 328480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10863", "title": "Suppression of an Escherichia coli dnaA mutation by the integrated R factor R100.1: origin of chromosome replication during exponential growth.", "content": "We have investigated the behavior, during exponential growth, of strains of Escherichia coli carrying a dnaA(Ts) mutation that has been suppressed by the integration of the F-like R plasmid R100.1. We present evidence showing that replication in these strains proceeds largely from the normal chromosome origin at 30 degrees C, a permissive temperature for the dnaA(Ts) gene product, whereas, at 42 degrees C, replication proceeds largely from the integrated plasmid. These conclusions are based on measurements made by deoxyribonucleic acid:deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization of the relative frequencies of the prophages Mu-1 and lambdaind- and R100.1 integrated at known locations on the E. coli chromosome in these Hfr strains.", "contents": "Suppression of an Escherichia coli dnaA mutation by the integrated R factor R100.1: origin of chromosome replication during exponential growth. We have investigated the behavior, during exponential growth, of strains of Escherichia coli carrying a dnaA(Ts) mutation that has been suppressed by the integration of the F-like R plasmid R100.1. We present evidence showing that replication in these strains proceeds largely from the normal chromosome origin at 30 degrees C, a permissive temperature for the dnaA(Ts) gene product, whereas, at 42 degrees C, replication proceeds largely from the integrated plasmid. These conclusions are based on measurements made by deoxyribonucleic acid:deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization of the relative frequencies of the prophages Mu-1 and lambdaind- and R100.1 integrated at known locations on the E. coli chromosome in these Hfr strains.", "PMID": 328481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10864", "title": "Induction of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli: effect of procaine hydrochloride.", "content": "The effect of procaine hydrochloride, an anesthetic known to alter membrane structure, on the induced formation of alkaline phosphatase, a periplasmic enzyme, in Escherichia coli was investigated. Procaine hydrochloride specifically arrested the appearance of active alkaline phosphatase while permitting the induction of another enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which is internally localized. Evidence has been obtained to show that procaine hydrochloride does not arrest synthesis of inactive monomer subunits of the enzyme, indicating that the drug interferes in the conversion of monomer subunits to an active dimer enzyme.", "contents": "Induction of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli: effect of procaine hydrochloride. The effect of procaine hydrochloride, an anesthetic known to alter membrane structure, on the induced formation of alkaline phosphatase, a periplasmic enzyme, in Escherichia coli was investigated. Procaine hydrochloride specifically arrested the appearance of active alkaline phosphatase while permitting the induction of another enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which is internally localized. Evidence has been obtained to show that procaine hydrochloride does not arrest synthesis of inactive monomer subunits of the enzyme, indicating that the drug interferes in the conversion of monomer subunits to an active dimer enzyme.", "PMID": 328482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10865", "title": "Chromosome structure of Escherichia coli mutants temperature sensitive for deoxyribonucleic acid replication.", "content": "Folded chromosomes were isolated from Eschericia coli thermosensitive dnaA initiation mutants incubated at the nonpermissive temperature and were analyzed by neutral sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A chromosomal structure that sedimented at approximately 1,500S accumulated when the dnaA gene product was inactive. When the cells were returned to a permissive temperature, the folded chromosomes exhibited a decrease in sedimentation velocity to 1,300S but still retained their uniform structure. Very little deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis occurred during the period in which the chromosomes exhibited the reduction in sedimentation velocity. A dnaG elongation mutant showed no unique chromosome structure when the dnaG gene product was inactive.", "contents": "Chromosome structure of Escherichia coli mutants temperature sensitive for deoxyribonucleic acid replication. Folded chromosomes were isolated from Eschericia coli thermosensitive dnaA initiation mutants incubated at the nonpermissive temperature and were analyzed by neutral sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A chromosomal structure that sedimented at approximately 1,500S accumulated when the dnaA gene product was inactive. When the cells were returned to a permissive temperature, the folded chromosomes exhibited a decrease in sedimentation velocity to 1,300S but still retained their uniform structure. Very little deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis occurred during the period in which the chromosomes exhibited the reduction in sedimentation velocity. A dnaG elongation mutant showed no unique chromosome structure when the dnaG gene product was inactive.", "PMID": 328483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10866", "title": "Two systems for the uptake of phosphate in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 were constructed such that each possessed one single major system for phosphate transport. A comparison of these strains showed that one of the systems (PIT) was fully constitutive, required no binding protein, and operated in spheroplasts. It permitted the complete exchange of intracellular phosphate with extracellular phosphate (or arsenate) and was completely inhibited by uncouplers. The other system, PST, was repressible by phosphate concentrations above 1 mM, required the phosphate-binding protein for full activity, and did not operate in spheroplasts. It catalyzed very little exchange between internal and external phosphate and was resistant to uncouplers. The maximal velocities attained by the two systems were approximately the same, but the affinity for phosphate in the PST system was greater by two orders of magnitude. In strains in which both systems were fully operative, the initial rates of uptake was nearly additive, and the systems appeared to interact with a common intracellular phosphate pool.", "contents": "Two systems for the uptake of phosphate in Escherichia coli. Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 were constructed such that each possessed one single major system for phosphate transport. A comparison of these strains showed that one of the systems (PIT) was fully constitutive, required no binding protein, and operated in spheroplasts. It permitted the complete exchange of intracellular phosphate with extracellular phosphate (or arsenate) and was completely inhibited by uncouplers. The other system, PST, was repressible by phosphate concentrations above 1 mM, required the phosphate-binding protein for full activity, and did not operate in spheroplasts. It catalyzed very little exchange between internal and external phosphate and was resistant to uncouplers. The maximal velocities attained by the two systems were approximately the same, but the affinity for phosphate in the PST system was greater by two orders of magnitude. In strains in which both systems were fully operative, the initial rates of uptake was nearly additive, and the systems appeared to interact with a common intracellular phosphate pool.", "PMID": 328484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10867", "title": "Restoration of phosphate transport by the phosphate-binding protein in spheroplasts of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Reconstitution of phosphate transport in Escherichia coli was demonstrated. Conversion of E. coli K10 cells to spheroplasts decreased phosphate transport to about 2%. Addition of purified phosphate-binding protein at physiological levels to these spheroplasts caused a mean 14-fold increase in phosphate transport rate. Crude shock fluid fractions were also stimulatory but not if the shock fluid was obtained from mutants lacking phosphate-binding protein. The effect of the binding protein was abolished by its specific antibody. The phosphate was shown to have entered the cell, where it became esterified. Reconstitution was not possible with cold-shocked or osmotically shocked cells.", "contents": "Restoration of phosphate transport by the phosphate-binding protein in spheroplasts of Escherichia coli. Reconstitution of phosphate transport in Escherichia coli was demonstrated. Conversion of E. coli K10 cells to spheroplasts decreased phosphate transport to about 2%. Addition of purified phosphate-binding protein at physiological levels to these spheroplasts caused a mean 14-fold increase in phosphate transport rate. Crude shock fluid fractions were also stimulatory but not if the shock fluid was obtained from mutants lacking phosphate-binding protein. The effect of the binding protein was abolished by its specific antibody. The phosphate was shown to have entered the cell, where it became esterified. Reconstitution was not possible with cold-shocked or osmotically shocked cells.", "PMID": 328485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10868", "title": "Characterization of lexB mutations in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Two mutations have been located at the recA locus and phenotypically characterized along with a third one, previously called rec-34. The three mutants behaved similarly to lexA mutants. They were sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light and X rays, and lambdaFec- phages were able to plate on them. The three mutations were called lexB because they could be distinguished from recA mutations by the last property. lexB mutants were less sensitive to UV and X irradiations than were recA mutants and were, to various degrees, recombination proficient. UV light failed to induce prophage lambda in all three lexB lysogens. In contrast, thymine starvation induced lexB31 and lexB34 lysogens. In lexB34 mutants, but not in lexB30 and lexB31 mutants, UV reactivation occurred at a low level. In Escherichia coli K-12, the recA gene has basic functions in the repair of deoxyribonucleic acid lesions, deoxyribonucleic acid recombination, and prophage induction. The three lexB mutations alter unequally and independently the three functions. This suggests that the recA and lexB mutations affect the same gene.", "contents": "Characterization of lexB mutations in Escherichia coli K-12. Two mutations have been located at the recA locus and phenotypically characterized along with a third one, previously called rec-34. The three mutants behaved similarly to lexA mutants. They were sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light and X rays, and lambdaFec- phages were able to plate on them. The three mutations were called lexB because they could be distinguished from recA mutations by the last property. lexB mutants were less sensitive to UV and X irradiations than were recA mutants and were, to various degrees, recombination proficient. UV light failed to induce prophage lambda in all three lexB lysogens. In contrast, thymine starvation induced lexB31 and lexB34 lysogens. In lexB34 mutants, but not in lexB30 and lexB31 mutants, UV reactivation occurred at a low level. In Escherichia coli K-12, the recA gene has basic functions in the repair of deoxyribonucleic acid lesions, deoxyribonucleic acid recombination, and prophage induction. The three lexB mutations alter unequally and independently the three functions. This suggests that the recA and lexB mutations affect the same gene.", "PMID": 328486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10869", "title": "Two modes of metabolic regulation of lysyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Lysyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase activity was compared in three independently isolated Escherichia coli K-12 mutants of the enzyme S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (metK mutants) and their isogenic parents. In all three cases the activity of the lysyl-tRNA synthetase was elevated two- to fourfold in the mutant strains. Glycyl-L-leucine (3 mM) usually enhanced lysyl-tRNA synthetase activity two- to threefold in wild-type cells but did not further stimulate the synthetase activity in metK mutants. By two other criteria, the lysyl-tRNA synthetase from wild-type cells grown with the peptide and from the metK mutant RG62, grown in minimal medium, were similar. These criteria are enhanced resistance to thermal inactivation and altered susceptibility to endogenous proteases when compared with the synthetase from wild-type cells grown in minimal medium. In a separate set of experiments, the activities of the lysyl-, arginyl-, seryl-, and valyl-tRNA synthetases were measured in an isogenic pair of relt and rel strains of E. coli grown in a relatively poor growth medium (acetate) and in enriched medium. In the rel+ strain the level of all four synthetases was higher (two- to fourfold) in the enriched medium as expected. In the rel strain the difference in the activities of the synthetases between the two media were diminished. In all four cases the activities of the synthetases were higher in acetate medium in the rel strain. Evidence is presented that these two modes of metabolic regulation act independently.", "contents": "Two modes of metabolic regulation of lysyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase in Escherichia coli K-12. Lysyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase activity was compared in three independently isolated Escherichia coli K-12 mutants of the enzyme S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (metK mutants) and their isogenic parents. In all three cases the activity of the lysyl-tRNA synthetase was elevated two- to fourfold in the mutant strains. Glycyl-L-leucine (3 mM) usually enhanced lysyl-tRNA synthetase activity two- to threefold in wild-type cells but did not further stimulate the synthetase activity in metK mutants. By two other criteria, the lysyl-tRNA synthetase from wild-type cells grown with the peptide and from the metK mutant RG62, grown in minimal medium, were similar. These criteria are enhanced resistance to thermal inactivation and altered susceptibility to endogenous proteases when compared with the synthetase from wild-type cells grown in minimal medium. In a separate set of experiments, the activities of the lysyl-, arginyl-, seryl-, and valyl-tRNA synthetases were measured in an isogenic pair of relt and rel strains of E. coli grown in a relatively poor growth medium (acetate) and in enriched medium. In the rel+ strain the level of all four synthetases was higher (two- to fourfold) in the enriched medium as expected. In the rel strain the difference in the activities of the synthetases between the two media were diminished. In all four cases the activities of the synthetases were higher in acetate medium in the rel strain. Evidence is presented that these two modes of metabolic regulation act independently.", "PMID": 328487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10870", "title": "Outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. V. Evidence that protein 1 and bacteriophage-directed protein 2 are different polypeptides.", "content": "Protein 1 from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12 and protein 2 from a phage PA-2 lysogen of the same strain were isolated by differential sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction and purified by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Rabbit antisera were prepared against these proteins and showed no cross-reaction between proteins 1 and 2. The proteins have the same N-terminal amino acid but show small yet significant differences in amino acid composition. The proteins were cleaved with cyanogenbromide in solvents containing both formic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. By comparing the cleavage in these solvents, it was established that protein 1 yielded 5 cyanogen bromide peptides, and the sum of the molecular weights of these was equivalent to the molecular weight of the uncleaved protein. Protein 2 yielded 4 cyanogen bromide peptides, none of which was identical to those of protein 1, and the sum of these peptides was also equivalent to the apparent molecular weight of the uncleaved protein. Significant differences were also observed when tryptic peptides from the two proteins were compared. These results indicate that protein 1 and the phage-directed protein 2 are distinct, different, and apparently homogeneous proteins.", "contents": "Outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. V. Evidence that protein 1 and bacteriophage-directed protein 2 are different polypeptides. Protein 1 from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12 and protein 2 from a phage PA-2 lysogen of the same strain were isolated by differential sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction and purified by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Rabbit antisera were prepared against these proteins and showed no cross-reaction between proteins 1 and 2. The proteins have the same N-terminal amino acid but show small yet significant differences in amino acid composition. The proteins were cleaved with cyanogenbromide in solvents containing both formic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. By comparing the cleavage in these solvents, it was established that protein 1 yielded 5 cyanogen bromide peptides, and the sum of the molecular weights of these was equivalent to the molecular weight of the uncleaved protein. Protein 2 yielded 4 cyanogen bromide peptides, none of which was identical to those of protein 1, and the sum of these peptides was also equivalent to the apparent molecular weight of the uncleaved protein. Significant differences were also observed when tryptic peptides from the two proteins were compared. These results indicate that protein 1 and the phage-directed protein 2 are distinct, different, and apparently homogeneous proteins.", "PMID": 328488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10871", "title": "Outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. VI. Protein alteration in bacteriophage-resistant mutants.", "content": "Protein 1 was shown to be the receptor for phage PA-2 by the observations that the purified protein inactivates the phage, mutants lacking the protein are resistant to the phage, and mutants selected for PA-2 resistance have altered protein. Protein 1 appears as two bands (1a and 1b) on high-resolution polyacrylamide gels. The most abundant classes of mutants (ParI and ParII) selected for PA-2 resistance were found to lack band 1b. The mutations responsible for the ParI and ParII phenotypes were mapped at a locus termed par, which is near nalA on the Escherichia coli chromosome. The cyanogen bromide peptides of proteins 1a and 1b are similar, suggesting that these bands represent modified forms of the same polypeptide. Strains carrying the tolF mutation produce only band 1b. When a par tolF double mutant was constructed, this strain produced only band 1a. These results suggest that genes at the par and tolF loci are involved in modification of protein 1, or regulation of such modification, and are not structural genes for protein 1.", "contents": "Outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. VI. Protein alteration in bacteriophage-resistant mutants. Protein 1 was shown to be the receptor for phage PA-2 by the observations that the purified protein inactivates the phage, mutants lacking the protein are resistant to the phage, and mutants selected for PA-2 resistance have altered protein. Protein 1 appears as two bands (1a and 1b) on high-resolution polyacrylamide gels. The most abundant classes of mutants (ParI and ParII) selected for PA-2 resistance were found to lack band 1b. The mutations responsible for the ParI and ParII phenotypes were mapped at a locus termed par, which is near nalA on the Escherichia coli chromosome. The cyanogen bromide peptides of proteins 1a and 1b are similar, suggesting that these bands represent modified forms of the same polypeptide. Strains carrying the tolF mutation produce only band 1b. When a par tolF double mutant was constructed, this strain produced only band 1a. These results suggest that genes at the par and tolF loci are involved in modification of protein 1, or regulation of such modification, and are not structural genes for protein 1.", "PMID": 328489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10872", "title": "Influence of osmolarity of the growth medium on the outer membrane protein pattern of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Supplementation of the growth medium with high concentrations of NaCl, KCl, or sucrose caused a drastic change in the ratio of the two peptidoglycan-associated major outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli K-12 in that the amounts of proteins b and c present in cell envelope preparations decreased and increased, respectively. Kinetic studies showed that, after the osmolarity of the medium was changed, one protein was hardly incorporated into the membrane, whereas the other was incorporated with an increased rate. After about 1.5 to 2 generations, the cell envelopes obtained the b/c ratio characteristic for the new medium, and both proteins were subsequently incorporated in the cell ensured this new ratio. Once proteins b and c were incorporated in the cell envelope, they were not converted into each other by changes in osmolarity of the growth medium.", "contents": "Influence of osmolarity of the growth medium on the outer membrane protein pattern of Escherichia coli. Supplementation of the growth medium with high concentrations of NaCl, KCl, or sucrose caused a drastic change in the ratio of the two peptidoglycan-associated major outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli K-12 in that the amounts of proteins b and c present in cell envelope preparations decreased and increased, respectively. Kinetic studies showed that, after the osmolarity of the medium was changed, one protein was hardly incorporated into the membrane, whereas the other was incorporated with an increased rate. After about 1.5 to 2 generations, the cell envelopes obtained the b/c ratio characteristic for the new medium, and both proteins were subsequently incorporated in the cell ensured this new ratio. Once proteins b and c were incorporated in the cell envelope, they were not converted into each other by changes in osmolarity of the growth medium.", "PMID": 328490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10873", "title": "Role of a major outer membrane protein in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli B/r lacking a major outer membrane protein, protein b, were obtained by selecting for resistance to copper. These mutants showed a decreased ability to utilize a variety of metabolites when the metabolites were present at low concentrations. Also, mutants of E. coli K-12 lacking proteins b and c from the outer membrane were shown to have an identical defect in the uptake of various metabolites. These results are discussed with regard to their implications as to the role of these proteins in permeability of the outer membrane,", "contents": "Role of a major outer membrane protein in Escherichia coli. Mutants of Escherichia coli B/r lacking a major outer membrane protein, protein b, were obtained by selecting for resistance to copper. These mutants showed a decreased ability to utilize a variety of metabolites when the metabolites were present at low concentrations. Also, mutants of E. coli K-12 lacking proteins b and c from the outer membrane were shown to have an identical defect in the uptake of various metabolites. These results are discussed with regard to their implications as to the role of these proteins in permeability of the outer membrane,", "PMID": 328491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10874", "title": "Localization of acid phosphatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a clue to cell wall formation.", "content": "Acid phosphatase is present in two layers of the cell envelope of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These are separated by another layer, which is free of acid phosphatase. We have evidence that the cell wall is built up in two stages, which are independent. In the first stage, the cell wall is built up during the formation of the bud. Glucanase vesicles are involved in this process. In the second stage, a thick layer is deposited at the inside against the new cell wall. This results in the thick, rigid wall of the mature yeast cell. This latter layer is probably assembled on the outer surface of the plasmalemma.", "contents": "Localization of acid phosphatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a clue to cell wall formation. Acid phosphatase is present in two layers of the cell envelope of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These are separated by another layer, which is free of acid phosphatase. We have evidence that the cell wall is built up in two stages, which are independent. In the first stage, the cell wall is built up during the formation of the bud. Glucanase vesicles are involved in this process. In the second stage, a thick layer is deposited at the inside against the new cell wall. This results in the thick, rigid wall of the mature yeast cell. This latter layer is probably assembled on the outer surface of the plasmalemma.", "PMID": 328492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10875", "title": "Secondary promoter of the guanine operon of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Evidence of a secondary promoter for the guaA gene within the guaB gene was obtained by using lambdapguaA transducing phage. The technique is generally applicable to distinguish a promoter present within a bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid segment, which has replaced the lambda b2 region of transducing phage, from the phage pI promoter.", "contents": "Secondary promoter of the guanine operon of Escherichia coli K-12. Evidence of a secondary promoter for the guaA gene within the guaB gene was obtained by using lambdapguaA transducing phage. The technique is generally applicable to distinguish a promoter present within a bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid segment, which has replaced the lambda b2 region of transducing phage, from the phage pI promoter.", "PMID": 328493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10876", "title": "Influence of rec and pol genes on the maintenance of a Proteus plasmid (P-lac) in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The maintenance requirements of a Proteus plasmid, P-lac, in Escherichia coli have been investigated. P-lac could not be inherited by recB and polA1 mutants, and it requires a functional recC gene for maintenance. P-lac replication was inhibited by chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Influence of rec and pol genes on the maintenance of a Proteus plasmid (P-lac) in Escherichia coli. The maintenance requirements of a Proteus plasmid, P-lac, in Escherichia coli have been investigated. P-lac could not be inherited by recB and polA1 mutants, and it requires a functional recC gene for maintenance. P-lac replication was inhibited by chloramphenicol.", "PMID": 328494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10877", "title": "Phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system in Ancalomicrobium adetum.", "content": "Ancalomicrobium adetum possesses a membrane-associated phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system, the components of which exhibited enzymatic cross-reactivity with those from Salmonella typhimurium.", "contents": "Phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system in Ancalomicrobium adetum. Ancalomicrobium adetum possesses a membrane-associated phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system, the components of which exhibited enzymatic cross-reactivity with those from Salmonella typhimurium.", "PMID": 328495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10878", "title": "Effects of detergents on the conformation of Escherichia coli tRNA as measured by circular dichroism.", "content": "The effect of a cationic detergent, lauryl pyridiniumchloride (LPC), and an anionic one, sodium n-octylbenzenesulfonate (SOBS), on the conformation of unfractionated Escherichia coli tRNA was investigated at various molar ratios of detergent to tRNA (D/R) in the presence and absence of Mg2+ and Na+ ions by measuring the circular dichroism (CD) at 265 nm and 340 nm, which reflects conformational change involving base pairs and/or base stacking, and the disymmetry in the vicinity of 4-thiouridylate (4-TU), respectively. In the presence of Mg2+ and Na+ ions, the tRNA retains its native structure even in the presence of high molar ratios of detergent to tRNA (D/R congruent to 40 at 265 nm and D/R congruent to 20 at 340 nm). However, in the absence of these metal ions, the ellipticity at 340 nm was very sensitive to LPC concentration and decreased from 5,600 to nearly--1,600 at 25 degrees C with the increase of D/R ratios up to 20, and a similar decrease in the ellipticity at 340 nm was observed on thermal denaturation. This result suggests that the local environment involving the 4-TU region might be readily influenced by LPC, reflecting a large conformational change. However, no effect was observed in the case of the SOBS: tRNA system. On the other hand, secondary base pairing and/or base stacking structure was virtually invariant on adding both LPC and SOBS even at high D/R ratios in the absence of Mg2+ and Na+ ions.", "contents": "Effects of detergents on the conformation of Escherichia coli tRNA as measured by circular dichroism. The effect of a cationic detergent, lauryl pyridiniumchloride (LPC), and an anionic one, sodium n-octylbenzenesulfonate (SOBS), on the conformation of unfractionated Escherichia coli tRNA was investigated at various molar ratios of detergent to tRNA (D/R) in the presence and absence of Mg2+ and Na+ ions by measuring the circular dichroism (CD) at 265 nm and 340 nm, which reflects conformational change involving base pairs and/or base stacking, and the disymmetry in the vicinity of 4-thiouridylate (4-TU), respectively. In the presence of Mg2+ and Na+ ions, the tRNA retains its native structure even in the presence of high molar ratios of detergent to tRNA (D/R congruent to 40 at 265 nm and D/R congruent to 20 at 340 nm). However, in the absence of these metal ions, the ellipticity at 340 nm was very sensitive to LPC concentration and decreased from 5,600 to nearly--1,600 at 25 degrees C with the increase of D/R ratios up to 20, and a similar decrease in the ellipticity at 340 nm was observed on thermal denaturation. This result suggests that the local environment involving the 4-TU region might be readily influenced by LPC, reflecting a large conformational change. However, no effect was observed in the case of the SOBS: tRNA system. On the other hand, secondary base pairing and/or base stacking structure was virtually invariant on adding both LPC and SOBS even at high D/R ratios in the absence of Mg2+ and Na+ ions.", "PMID": 328496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10879", "title": "Fluorescent probes for antibody active sites. II. Further studies on two groups of anti-MANS antibodies with significantly different effects on MANSamide fluorescence produced by a single rabbit.", "content": "As described previously, a single rabbit (No. 13) produced two groups of anti-MANS antibodies with significantly different effects on MANSamide fluorescence. These groups, anti-MANS antibody (415 nm) and anti-MANS antibody (465 nm), had emission maxima at 415 nm and 465 nm, respectively. This paper deals with the immunochemical properties of the two groups of antibodies (1) The results of fluorometric titration of these groups with MANSamide indicated that anti-MANS antibody (465 nm) had a higher affinity for MANSamide than did anti-MANS antibody (415 nm). (2) More than 70% of anti-MANS antibody (415 nm) was adsorbed on Sepharose covalently coupled with bovine serum albumin, which was used as a carrier during immunization, while a hlaf of anti-MANS antibody (465 nm) was adsorbed. (3) Only one of the groups, anti-MANS antibody (465 nm), had precipitating activity toward MANS-rabbit serum albumin used as a test antigen.", "contents": "Fluorescent probes for antibody active sites. II. Further studies on two groups of anti-MANS antibodies with significantly different effects on MANSamide fluorescence produced by a single rabbit. As described previously, a single rabbit (No. 13) produced two groups of anti-MANS antibodies with significantly different effects on MANSamide fluorescence. These groups, anti-MANS antibody (415 nm) and anti-MANS antibody (465 nm), had emission maxima at 415 nm and 465 nm, respectively. This paper deals with the immunochemical properties of the two groups of antibodies (1) The results of fluorometric titration of these groups with MANSamide indicated that anti-MANS antibody (465 nm) had a higher affinity for MANSamide than did anti-MANS antibody (415 nm). (2) More than 70% of anti-MANS antibody (415 nm) was adsorbed on Sepharose covalently coupled with bovine serum albumin, which was used as a carrier during immunization, while a hlaf of anti-MANS antibody (465 nm) was adsorbed. (3) Only one of the groups, anti-MANS antibody (465 nm), had precipitating activity toward MANS-rabbit serum albumin used as a test antigen.", "PMID": 328497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10880", "title": "Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 recognizes two sites in bacteriophage Qbeta RNA.", "content": "As a component of bacteriophage Qbeta replicase, S1 is required both for initiation of Qbeta minus strand RNA synthesis and for translational repression, which has been traced to the ability of the enzyme to bind to an internal site in the Qbeta RNA molecule. Previously, Senear and Steitz (Senear, A. W., and Steitz, J. A. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 1902-1912) found that isolated S1 protein binds specifically to an oligonucleotide spanning residues -38 to -63 from the 3' terminus of Qbeta RNA. Here we report that S1 also interacts strongly with a second oligonucleotide in Qbeta RNA, which is derived from the region recognized by replicase just 5' to the Qbeta coat protein cistron. Both sequences exhibit pyrimidine-rich regions.", "contents": "Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 recognizes two sites in bacteriophage Qbeta RNA. As a component of bacteriophage Qbeta replicase, S1 is required both for initiation of Qbeta minus strand RNA synthesis and for translational repression, which has been traced to the ability of the enzyme to bind to an internal site in the Qbeta RNA molecule. Previously, Senear and Steitz (Senear, A. W., and Steitz, J. A. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 1902-1912) found that isolated S1 protein binds specifically to an oligonucleotide spanning residues -38 to -63 from the 3' terminus of Qbeta RNA. Here we report that S1 also interacts strongly with a second oligonucleotide in Qbeta RNA, which is derived from the region recognized by replicase just 5' to the Qbeta coat protein cistron. Both sequences exhibit pyrimidine-rich regions.", "PMID": 328498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10881", "title": "Threonine-sensitive homoserine dehydrogenase and aspartokinase activities of Escherichia coli K12. Kinetic and spectroscopic effects upon binding of serine and threonine.", "content": "The two threonine-sensitive activities aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase are inhibited by L-serine. The inhibition of the aspartokinase by L-serine displays homotropic cooperative effects and is competitive versus aspartate. The inhibition by L-serine of the homoserine dehydrogenase displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics which are of a competitive nature versus homoserine. Characteristic effects of L-serine on the protein include a perturbation of its absorption and fluorescence spectra, with an increase in the fluorescence of the protein-NADPH complex. L-serine shifts the allosteric equilibrium of the protein to a \"T-like\" conformation to which L-threonine binds noncooperatively. L-Serine, a threonine analog, is not capable, as the physiological effector, of inducing a complete R to T transition of the enzyme; the aspartokinase globules show a cooperative conformation change upon serine binding, but this conformation change is not found in the homoserine dehydrogenase globules.", "contents": "Threonine-sensitive homoserine dehydrogenase and aspartokinase activities of Escherichia coli K12. Kinetic and spectroscopic effects upon binding of serine and threonine. The two threonine-sensitive activities aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase are inhibited by L-serine. The inhibition of the aspartokinase by L-serine displays homotropic cooperative effects and is competitive versus aspartate. The inhibition by L-serine of the homoserine dehydrogenase displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics which are of a competitive nature versus homoserine. Characteristic effects of L-serine on the protein include a perturbation of its absorption and fluorescence spectra, with an increase in the fluorescence of the protein-NADPH complex. L-serine shifts the allosteric equilibrium of the protein to a \"T-like\" conformation to which L-threonine binds noncooperatively. L-Serine, a threonine analog, is not capable, as the physiological effector, of inducing a complete R to T transition of the enzyme; the aspartokinase globules show a cooperative conformation change upon serine binding, but this conformation change is not found in the homoserine dehydrogenase globules.", "PMID": 328500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10882", "title": "Binding of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to T7 DNA. Displacement of holoenzyme from promoter complexes by heparin.", "content": "Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme bound to promoter sites on T7 DNA is attacked and inactivated by the polyanion heparin. The highly stable RNA polymerase-T7 DNA complex formed at the major T7 A1 promoter can be completely inactivated by treatment with heparin, as shown by monitoring the loss of activity of such complexes, and by gel electrophoresis of the RNA products transcribed. The rate of this inactivation is much faster than the rate of dissociation of RNA polymerase from promoter complexes, and thus represents a direct attack of heparin on the polymerase molecule bound at promoter A1. Experiments employing the nitrocellulose filter binding technique suggest that heparin inactivates E. coli RNA polymerase when bound to T7 DNA by directly displacing the enzyme from the DNA. RNA polymerase bound at a minor T7 promoter (promoter C) is much less sensitive to heparin attack than enzyme bound at promoter A1. Thus, the rate of inactivation of RNA polymerase-T7 DNA complexes by heparin is dependent upon the structure of the promoter involved even though the inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme molecule.", "contents": "Binding of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to T7 DNA. Displacement of holoenzyme from promoter complexes by heparin. Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme bound to promoter sites on T7 DNA is attacked and inactivated by the polyanion heparin. The highly stable RNA polymerase-T7 DNA complex formed at the major T7 A1 promoter can be completely inactivated by treatment with heparin, as shown by monitoring the loss of activity of such complexes, and by gel electrophoresis of the RNA products transcribed. The rate of this inactivation is much faster than the rate of dissociation of RNA polymerase from promoter complexes, and thus represents a direct attack of heparin on the polymerase molecule bound at promoter A1. Experiments employing the nitrocellulose filter binding technique suggest that heparin inactivates E. coli RNA polymerase when bound to T7 DNA by directly displacing the enzyme from the DNA. RNA polymerase bound at a minor T7 promoter (promoter C) is much less sensitive to heparin attack than enzyme bound at promoter A1. Thus, the rate of inactivation of RNA polymerase-T7 DNA complexes by heparin is dependent upon the structure of the promoter involved even though the inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme molecule.", "PMID": 328501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10883", "title": "Mechanism of the apparent regulation of Escherichia coli unsaturated fatty acid synthesis by exogenous oleic acid.", "content": "Starvation of strains of Escherichia coli which are glycerol auxotrophs and are also defective in beta oxidation results in the accumulation of large amounts of free fatty acid (Cronan, J. E., Jr., Weisberg, L. W., and Allen, R. G. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 5835-5840). We now report that addition of exogenous oleic acid to these cultures results in no decrease in the synthesis of the unsaturated acids of the free fatty acid fraction although a 40 to 60% decrease of [14C]acetate incorporation into phospholipid unsaturated acyl moieties occurs under these conditions. This result indicates that the decreased synthesis of phospholipid unsaturated acyl moieties observed by others during oleic acid supplementation can be attributed to competition between exogenous and endogenously synthesized unsaturated fatty acids rather than a curtailment of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis per se.", "contents": "Mechanism of the apparent regulation of Escherichia coli unsaturated fatty acid synthesis by exogenous oleic acid. Starvation of strains of Escherichia coli which are glycerol auxotrophs and are also defective in beta oxidation results in the accumulation of large amounts of free fatty acid (Cronan, J. E., Jr., Weisberg, L. W., and Allen, R. G. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 5835-5840). We now report that addition of exogenous oleic acid to these cultures results in no decrease in the synthesis of the unsaturated acids of the free fatty acid fraction although a 40 to 60% decrease of [14C]acetate incorporation into phospholipid unsaturated acyl moieties occurs under these conditions. This result indicates that the decreased synthesis of phospholipid unsaturated acyl moieties observed by others during oleic acid supplementation can be attributed to competition between exogenous and endogenously synthesized unsaturated fatty acids rather than a curtailment of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis per se.", "PMID": 328502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10884", "title": "Purification and some properties of Escherichia coli tRNA nucleotidyltransferase.", "content": "Adenylyl (cytidylyl)-tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (ATP (CTP): tRNA adenylyl (cytidylyl)transferase, EC2.7.7.25) has been purified 11,800-fold from a crude extract of Escherichia coli B in an overall yield of 23%. The key step in this purification is the use of a tRNA-Sepharose affinity column. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of approximately 280 mumol of AMP incorporated/min/mg of protein at 37 degrees and has a molecular weight of 52,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of Sephadex chromatography. The turnover number of the pure enzyme, under optimal assay conditions, is estimated as 21,000, and we believe it constitutes only o.oo6% of the total cellular protein. Both AMP- and CMP-incorporating activities have an identical isoelectric point of 5.85. The AMP-incorporating activity of the enzyme is inhibitied by some transition metal chelating agents but not by others.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of Escherichia coli tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. Adenylyl (cytidylyl)-tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (ATP (CTP): tRNA adenylyl (cytidylyl)transferase, EC2.7.7.25) has been purified 11,800-fold from a crude extract of Escherichia coli B in an overall yield of 23%. The key step in this purification is the use of a tRNA-Sepharose affinity column. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of approximately 280 mumol of AMP incorporated/min/mg of protein at 37 degrees and has a molecular weight of 52,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of Sephadex chromatography. The turnover number of the pure enzyme, under optimal assay conditions, is estimated as 21,000, and we believe it constitutes only o.oo6% of the total cellular protein. Both AMP- and CMP-incorporating activities have an identical isoelectric point of 5.85. The AMP-incorporating activity of the enzyme is inhibitied by some transition metal chelating agents but not by others.", "PMID": 328503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10885", "title": "Synthesis of RNA from cellulose-bound complementary DNA.", "content": "Radioactively labeled RNAs were synthesized from cellulose-bound cDNA templates using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Hybridization of this RNA to excess unlabeled cDNA approached 100%, indicating the complementarity of product and template. The average length of the RNA product, as determined by formamide gels, was approximately 40% of the template length. Hybridization of unlabeled globin RNA produced by this technique to labeled globin cDNA indicated the population of RNA sequences represented at least 80% of the template sequences. Approximately 30% of the RNA product by mass contains poly(A) tails as determined by binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose. The template can be reused for several cycles of synthesis with little loss of synthetic capability and therefore, can amplify the amount of mRNA initially used to produce the template.", "contents": "Synthesis of RNA from cellulose-bound complementary DNA. Radioactively labeled RNAs were synthesized from cellulose-bound cDNA templates using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Hybridization of this RNA to excess unlabeled cDNA approached 100%, indicating the complementarity of product and template. The average length of the RNA product, as determined by formamide gels, was approximately 40% of the template length. Hybridization of unlabeled globin RNA produced by this technique to labeled globin cDNA indicated the population of RNA sequences represented at least 80% of the template sequences. Approximately 30% of the RNA product by mass contains poly(A) tails as determined by binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose. The template can be reused for several cycles of synthesis with little loss of synthetic capability and therefore, can amplify the amount of mRNA initially used to produce the template.", "PMID": 328504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10886", "title": "Base-unpaired regions in supercoiled replicative form DNA of coliphage M13.", "content": "Superhelical covalently closed circular replicative form DNA (RF I) of coliphage M13 appears as a relaxed molecule that has a base-unpaired region in the form of a bubble (100 to 200 base pairs long) seen in electron micrographs when spread in the presence of formaldehyde and formamide or after pretreatment with glyoxal. S1 endonuclease, specific for single-stranded DNA, converts superhelical M13 RF I DNA, but not nonsuperhelical M13 RF I to a significant extent, into unit-length linear molecules by sequential nicking of two strands. The locations of S1 nuclease-susceptible sites and glyoxal-fixed base-unpaired regions were both related to the five A-T-rich regions in M13 RF DNA. While S1 nuclease does not show preference for any of these sites, glyoxal-fixed bubbles occur predominantly at the major A-T-rich region in M13 RF DNA.", "contents": "Base-unpaired regions in supercoiled replicative form DNA of coliphage M13. Superhelical covalently closed circular replicative form DNA (RF I) of coliphage M13 appears as a relaxed molecule that has a base-unpaired region in the form of a bubble (100 to 200 base pairs long) seen in electron micrographs when spread in the presence of formaldehyde and formamide or after pretreatment with glyoxal. S1 endonuclease, specific for single-stranded DNA, converts superhelical M13 RF I DNA, but not nonsuperhelical M13 RF I to a significant extent, into unit-length linear molecules by sequential nicking of two strands. The locations of S1 nuclease-susceptible sites and glyoxal-fixed base-unpaired regions were both related to the five A-T-rich regions in M13 RF DNA. While S1 nuclease does not show preference for any of these sites, glyoxal-fixed bubbles occur predominantly at the major A-T-rich region in M13 RF DNA.", "PMID": 328505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10887", "title": "Possible use of the oxygen uptake rate in the evaluation of BCG vaccines.", "content": "Two existing methods suitable for the determination of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) in BCG suspensions (Warburg and Gilson Oxygraph) are described and compared. With the former method the oxygen uptake rates of the 10 samples of the BCG collaborative assay of the BCG Steering Committee of the International Association of Biological Standardization were determined. When the results are compared with those of colony count and skin reactivity from the collaborative assay, there is a better correlation between OUR and skin reactivity than between OUR and colony count. From the results of our study there is a strong indication that the OUR is a good parameter for quality, and most probably better suited for interlaboratory comparisons than the colony count.", "contents": "Possible use of the oxygen uptake rate in the evaluation of BCG vaccines. Two existing methods suitable for the determination of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) in BCG suspensions (Warburg and Gilson Oxygraph) are described and compared. With the former method the oxygen uptake rates of the 10 samples of the BCG collaborative assay of the BCG Steering Committee of the International Association of Biological Standardization were determined. When the results are compared with those of colony count and skin reactivity from the collaborative assay, there is a better correlation between OUR and skin reactivity than between OUR and colony count. From the results of our study there is a strong indication that the OUR is a good parameter for quality, and most probably better suited for interlaboratory comparisons than the colony count.", "PMID": 328506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10888", "title": "Evaluation of BCG vaccines in children, the effect of strain and dose.", "content": "This paper presents results from a number of studies where different BCG products and BCG strains were compared and evaluated by the immediate effect after vaccination. It was shown that BCG strains differ in terms of allergenic potency. However, two products prepared from the same strain in different laboratories may differ more than two products prepared from different strains in one laboratory. Thus for products prepared from different strains in different laboratories the allergenic potency may differ as a result of differences between strains, production methods and concentrations. Any difference in allergenic potency observed between products from different laboratories, therefore, cannot give conclusive information on a single characteristic.", "contents": "Evaluation of BCG vaccines in children, the effect of strain and dose. This paper presents results from a number of studies where different BCG products and BCG strains were compared and evaluated by the immediate effect after vaccination. It was shown that BCG strains differ in terms of allergenic potency. However, two products prepared from the same strain in different laboratories may differ more than two products prepared from different strains in one laboratory. Thus for products prepared from different strains in different laboratories the allergenic potency may differ as a result of differences between strains, production methods and concentrations. Any difference in allergenic potency observed between products from different laboratories, therefore, cannot give conclusive information on a single characteristic.", "PMID": 328507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10889", "title": "Report on results of a collaborative assay of BCG vaccines organized by the International Associaton of Biological Standardization.", "content": "In a collaborative assay initiated by the International Association of Biological Standardization 13 laboratories investigated the properties of 10 freeze-dried BCG vaccines made in different ways by different producers which met the requirements of the World Health Organization. The in vitro tests with respect to the dry weight of the bacteria, the number of culturable particles and the stability during storage at 37 degrees C gave results which showed statistically significant differences between vaccines as well as between laboratories. The use of a reference vaccine in the tests for the number of culturable particles did not improve the precision of the results. These tests are useful as in-process tests to assure the producer that his vaccine will consist of the required amount of bacteria of which a high percentage is living. It was found that all vaccines had a survival of more than 25% after 1 month at 37 degrees C with the exception of two vaccines in rubber-stoppered vials. The two in vivo tests, determining skin reactivity in guinea-pigs and multiplication of BCG in spleens of mice, resulted in nearly the same ranking of the vaccines with respect to their virulence, differing from that of the in vitro tests. In the skin reactivity test the simultaneous injection of both the reference vaccine and a test vaccine into the same animal achieved the elimination of the inter-laboratory variation of the results.", "contents": "Report on results of a collaborative assay of BCG vaccines organized by the International Associaton of Biological Standardization. In a collaborative assay initiated by the International Association of Biological Standardization 13 laboratories investigated the properties of 10 freeze-dried BCG vaccines made in different ways by different producers which met the requirements of the World Health Organization. The in vitro tests with respect to the dry weight of the bacteria, the number of culturable particles and the stability during storage at 37 degrees C gave results which showed statistically significant differences between vaccines as well as between laboratories. The use of a reference vaccine in the tests for the number of culturable particles did not improve the precision of the results. These tests are useful as in-process tests to assure the producer that his vaccine will consist of the required amount of bacteria of which a high percentage is living. It was found that all vaccines had a survival of more than 25% after 1 month at 37 degrees C with the exception of two vaccines in rubber-stoppered vials. The two in vivo tests, determining skin reactivity in guinea-pigs and multiplication of BCG in spleens of mice, resulted in nearly the same ranking of the vaccines with respect to their virulence, differing from that of the in vitro tests. In the skin reactivity test the simultaneous injection of both the reference vaccine and a test vaccine into the same animal achieved the elimination of the inter-laboratory variation of the results.", "PMID": 328509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10890", "title": "Physiological regulation of total tubulin and polymerized tubulin in tissues.", "content": "Polymerized and depolymerized forms of tubulin were measured in rat and mouse liver, rat islets, human lymphocytes, and platelets. The percent of the total tubulin present in the polymerized form varied from 30.3 +/- 1.5% in the liver of the fed rat to 89.2 +/- 0.2% in human platelets. Fasting decreased the total tubulin and to a greater extent the polymerized form of tubulin in both rat and mouse liver. Glucose feeding increased the polymerized tubulin without affecting the total tubulin content in rat liver. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes exhibited at least a three-fold increase in total tubulin (expressed in terms of DNA content), which during the initial 48 h of incubation was accounted for in toto by an increase in polymerized tubulin. It is suggested that the lectin not only accelerates tubulin synthesis but also stimulated the polymerization process. Storage of platelets at 4 degrees C for 6 days resulted in a marked decrease in total tubulin and an even greater reduction in the polymerized form. It is concluded that both the total tubulin content and its degree of polymerization can be modulated independently by a wide variety of physiological factors.", "contents": "Physiological regulation of total tubulin and polymerized tubulin in tissues. Polymerized and depolymerized forms of tubulin were measured in rat and mouse liver, rat islets, human lymphocytes, and platelets. The percent of the total tubulin present in the polymerized form varied from 30.3 +/- 1.5% in the liver of the fed rat to 89.2 +/- 0.2% in human platelets. Fasting decreased the total tubulin and to a greater extent the polymerized form of tubulin in both rat and mouse liver. Glucose feeding increased the polymerized tubulin without affecting the total tubulin content in rat liver. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes exhibited at least a three-fold increase in total tubulin (expressed in terms of DNA content), which during the initial 48 h of incubation was accounted for in toto by an increase in polymerized tubulin. It is suggested that the lectin not only accelerates tubulin synthesis but also stimulated the polymerization process. Storage of platelets at 4 degrees C for 6 days resulted in a marked decrease in total tubulin and an even greater reduction in the polymerized form. It is concluded that both the total tubulin content and its degree of polymerization can be modulated independently by a wide variety of physiological factors.", "PMID": 328515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10891", "title": "Changes in the distribution of a major fibroblast protein, fibronectin, during mitosis and interphase.", "content": "The distribution of a major fibroblast protein, fibronectin, was studied by immunofluorescence and immunoscanning electron microscopy in cultures of human and chicken fibroblasts during different phases of the cell cycle. The main findings were: (a) In interphase cells, the intensity of surface-associated fibronectin fluorescence correlated with that of intracellular fibronectin fluorescence. (b) The intensity of the fluorescence of both surface-associated and intracellular fibronectins was not changed in cells that were synthesizing DNA. (c) Mitotic cells had reduced amounts of surface-associated but not of intracellular fibronectin. The surface fibronectin that remained on meta-, ana-, or telophase cells had a distinct punctate distribution and was also localized to strands attaching the cells to the substratum. Fibronectin strands first reappeared on the surface of flattening cytoplasmic parts of telophase cells. (d) Fibronectin was also detected in extracellular fibrillar material on the growth substratum, particularly around dividing cells. Thus, surface-associated fibrillar fibronectin was present during G(1), S, and G(2) but in cells undergoing mitosis the distribution was altered and the amount appeared to be reduced. The observations on the distribution of surface-associated fibronectin suggest that rather than being involved in growth control this fibronectin plays a structural role in interactions of cells with the environment.", "contents": "Changes in the distribution of a major fibroblast protein, fibronectin, during mitosis and interphase. The distribution of a major fibroblast protein, fibronectin, was studied by immunofluorescence and immunoscanning electron microscopy in cultures of human and chicken fibroblasts during different phases of the cell cycle. The main findings were: (a) In interphase cells, the intensity of surface-associated fibronectin fluorescence correlated with that of intracellular fibronectin fluorescence. (b) The intensity of the fluorescence of both surface-associated and intracellular fibronectins was not changed in cells that were synthesizing DNA. (c) Mitotic cells had reduced amounts of surface-associated but not of intracellular fibronectin. The surface fibronectin that remained on meta-, ana-, or telophase cells had a distinct punctate distribution and was also localized to strands attaching the cells to the substratum. Fibronectin strands first reappeared on the surface of flattening cytoplasmic parts of telophase cells. (d) Fibronectin was also detected in extracellular fibrillar material on the growth substratum, particularly around dividing cells. Thus, surface-associated fibrillar fibronectin was present during G(1), S, and G(2) but in cells undergoing mitosis the distribution was altered and the amount appeared to be reduced. The observations on the distribution of surface-associated fibronectin suggest that rather than being involved in growth control this fibronectin plays a structural role in interactions of cells with the environment.", "PMID": 328516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10892", "title": "Studies on proinsulin and proglucagon biosynthesis and conversion at the subcellular level. I. Fractionation procedure and characterization of the subcellular fractions.", "content": "Anglerfish islets were homogenized in 0.25 M sucrose and separated into seven separate subcellular fractions by differential and discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. The objective was to isolate microsomes and secretory granules in a highly purified state. The fractions were characterized by electron microscopy and chemical analyses. Each fraction was assayed for its content of protein, RNA, DNA, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG). Ultrastructural examination showed that two of the seven subcellular fractions contain primarily mitochondria, and that two others consist almost exclusively of secretory granules. A fifth fraction contains rough and smooth microsomal vesicles. The remaining two fractions are the cell supernate and the nuclei and cell debris. The content of DNA and RNA in all fractions is consistent with the observed ultrastructure. More than 82 percent of the total cellular IRI and 89(percent) of the total cellular IRG are found in the fractions of secretory granules. The combined fractions of secretory granules and microsomes consistently yield >93 percent of the total IRG. These results indicate that the fractionation procedure employed yields fractions of microsomes and secretory granules that contain nearly all the immunoassayable insulin and glucagons found in whole islet tissue. These fractions are thus considered suitable for study of proinsulin and proglucagon biosynthesis and their metabolic conversion at the subcellular level.", "contents": "Studies on proinsulin and proglucagon biosynthesis and conversion at the subcellular level. I. Fractionation procedure and characterization of the subcellular fractions. Anglerfish islets were homogenized in 0.25 M sucrose and separated into seven separate subcellular fractions by differential and discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. The objective was to isolate microsomes and secretory granules in a highly purified state. The fractions were characterized by electron microscopy and chemical analyses. Each fraction was assayed for its content of protein, RNA, DNA, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG). Ultrastructural examination showed that two of the seven subcellular fractions contain primarily mitochondria, and that two others consist almost exclusively of secretory granules. A fifth fraction contains rough and smooth microsomal vesicles. The remaining two fractions are the cell supernate and the nuclei and cell debris. The content of DNA and RNA in all fractions is consistent with the observed ultrastructure. More than 82 percent of the total cellular IRI and 89(percent) of the total cellular IRG are found in the fractions of secretory granules. The combined fractions of secretory granules and microsomes consistently yield >93 percent of the total IRG. These results indicate that the fractionation procedure employed yields fractions of microsomes and secretory granules that contain nearly all the immunoassayable insulin and glucagons found in whole islet tissue. These fractions are thus considered suitable for study of proinsulin and proglucagon biosynthesis and their metabolic conversion at the subcellular level.", "PMID": 328517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10893", "title": "Time dependent modifications in arterial flow in a transplanted pulmonary lobe.", "content": "Study of pulmonary arterial flow in the transplanted lung by means of an implanted ultrasonic flowmeter enables us: 1. To confirm results obtained by other methods (De Bono,8 Strider14 and Strandberg18): without specific treatment, rejection of graft causes increased peripheral resistances and the pulmonary arterial flow decreases progressively. 2. To prove by direct observation the existence in the treated animal of authentic precapillary shunts whose importance can cause the animal's death through functional disorder alone.", "contents": "Time dependent modifications in arterial flow in a transplanted pulmonary lobe. Study of pulmonary arterial flow in the transplanted lung by means of an implanted ultrasonic flowmeter enables us: 1. To confirm results obtained by other methods (De Bono,8 Strider14 and Strandberg18): without specific treatment, rejection of graft causes increased peripheral resistances and the pulmonary arterial flow decreases progressively. 2. To prove by direct observation the existence in the treated animal of authentic precapillary shunts whose importance can cause the animal's death through functional disorder alone.", "PMID": 328514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10894", "title": "Studies on proinsulin and problucagon biosynthesis and conversion at the subcellular level. II. Distribution of radioactive peptide hormones and hormone precursors in subcellular fractions after pulse and pulse-chase incubation of islet tissue.", "content": "Anglerfish proinsulin and insulin were selectively labeled with [(14)C]isoleucine, while proglucagon, conversion intermediate(s), and glucagon were selectively labeled with[(3)H]tryptophan. After various periods of continuous or pulse-chase incubation, islet tissue was subjected to subcellular fractionation. Fraction extracts were analyzed by gel filtration for their content of precursor, conversion intermediate(s), and product peptides. Of the seven subcellular fractions prepared after each incubation, only the microsome and secretory granule fractions yielded significant amounts of labeled insulin-related and glucagon-related peptides. After short-pulse incubations, levels of both [(14)C]proinsulin and [(3)H]proglucagon (mol wt approximately 12,000) were highest in the microsome fraction. This fraction is therefore identified as the site of synthesis. With increasing duration of continuous incubation or during chase incubation in the absence of isotopes, proinsulin, proglucagon, and conversion intermediate(s) are transported to secretory granules. Conversion of proinsulin to insulin and proglucagon to a approximately 4,900 mol wt conversion intermediate and 3,500 mol wt glucagon occurs in the secretory granules. Converting activity also was observed in the microsome fraction. The recovery of most of the incorporated radioactivity in microsome and secretory granule fractions indicates that the newly synthesized islet peptides are relegated to a membrane-bound state soon after synthesis at the RER is completed. This finding supports the concept of intracisternal sequestration and intragranular maintenance of peptides synthesized for export from the cell of origin.", "contents": "Studies on proinsulin and problucagon biosynthesis and conversion at the subcellular level. II. Distribution of radioactive peptide hormones and hormone precursors in subcellular fractions after pulse and pulse-chase incubation of islet tissue. Anglerfish proinsulin and insulin were selectively labeled with [(14)C]isoleucine, while proglucagon, conversion intermediate(s), and glucagon were selectively labeled with[(3)H]tryptophan. After various periods of continuous or pulse-chase incubation, islet tissue was subjected to subcellular fractionation. Fraction extracts were analyzed by gel filtration for their content of precursor, conversion intermediate(s), and product peptides. Of the seven subcellular fractions prepared after each incubation, only the microsome and secretory granule fractions yielded significant amounts of labeled insulin-related and glucagon-related peptides. After short-pulse incubations, levels of both [(14)C]proinsulin and [(3)H]proglucagon (mol wt approximately 12,000) were highest in the microsome fraction. This fraction is therefore identified as the site of synthesis. With increasing duration of continuous incubation or during chase incubation in the absence of isotopes, proinsulin, proglucagon, and conversion intermediate(s) are transported to secretory granules. Conversion of proinsulin to insulin and proglucagon to a approximately 4,900 mol wt conversion intermediate and 3,500 mol wt glucagon occurs in the secretory granules. Converting activity also was observed in the microsome fraction. The recovery of most of the incorporated radioactivity in microsome and secretory granule fractions indicates that the newly synthesized islet peptides are relegated to a membrane-bound state soon after synthesis at the RER is completed. This finding supports the concept of intracisternal sequestration and intragranular maintenance of peptides synthesized for export from the cell of origin.", "PMID": 328518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10895", "title": "Quantitation of a transformation-sensitive, adhesive cell surface glycoprotein. Decrease of several untransformed permanent cell lines.", "content": "We have quantitated the transformation-sensitive, cell surface LETS glycoprotein on many untransformed cell types. By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this trypsin-sensitive iodinatable glycoprotein comprises 1-3% of total cellular protein of the seven early passage cell types tested. In contrast, it constitutes less than 0.15% of the protein in four of six continuous cell lines. This decrease is reflected in alterations both in [14C]glucosamine labeling and in the immunofluorescent staining of early passage vs. these four permanent cell lines. These results help to clarify previous experiments in which CSP, a purified LETS protein, partially restored a fibroblastic phenotype to cells transformed by tumor viruses. These findings also indicate that a major decrease in this cell surface glycoprotein can occur in the establishment of a continuous cell line without resulting in cellular transformation.", "contents": "Quantitation of a transformation-sensitive, adhesive cell surface glycoprotein. Decrease of several untransformed permanent cell lines. We have quantitated the transformation-sensitive, cell surface LETS glycoprotein on many untransformed cell types. By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this trypsin-sensitive iodinatable glycoprotein comprises 1-3% of total cellular protein of the seven early passage cell types tested. In contrast, it constitutes less than 0.15% of the protein in four of six continuous cell lines. This decrease is reflected in alterations both in [14C]glucosamine labeling and in the immunofluorescent staining of early passage vs. these four permanent cell lines. These results help to clarify previous experiments in which CSP, a purified LETS protein, partially restored a fibroblastic phenotype to cells transformed by tumor viruses. These findings also indicate that a major decrease in this cell surface glycoprotein can occur in the establishment of a continuous cell line without resulting in cellular transformation.", "PMID": 328519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10896", "title": "[Endom\u00e9triosis of the small intestine. Report of 4 new cases of stenosis of the small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 4 new cases of stenosis of the small intestine of endometrial origin. They emphasize the rareness of these stenosing forms which in most recent series intervened in 1 case of endometriosis out of 1,000 (Martinbeau). They consider the various clinical presentations encountered, asymptomatic forms discovered by chance, forms associated with suggestive gynecological disorders, chronic stenosis of the small intestine or presentation with intestinal obstruction. They consider the diagnostic difficulty in the isolated forms (2 cases) in the absence of pelvi-genital lesions. Among the positive factors, they consider the recrudescence during theperiods of the digestive signs, the macroscopic appearance of the lesions and, above all, the mucosal integrity noted on opening the specimen after intestinal resection. Finally, they consider certain special problems, that of bi-polar intestinal involvement with double localisation, involving the ileum and the recto-sigmoid areas.", "contents": "[Endom\u00e9triosis of the small intestine. Report of 4 new cases of stenosis of the small intestine (author's transl)]. The authors report 4 new cases of stenosis of the small intestine of endometrial origin. They emphasize the rareness of these stenosing forms which in most recent series intervened in 1 case of endometriosis out of 1,000 (Martinbeau). They consider the various clinical presentations encountered, asymptomatic forms discovered by chance, forms associated with suggestive gynecological disorders, chronic stenosis of the small intestine or presentation with intestinal obstruction. They consider the diagnostic difficulty in the isolated forms (2 cases) in the absence of pelvi-genital lesions. Among the positive factors, they consider the recrudescence during theperiods of the digestive signs, the macroscopic appearance of the lesions and, above all, the mucosal integrity noted on opening the specimen after intestinal resection. Finally, they consider certain special problems, that of bi-polar intestinal involvement with double localisation, involving the ileum and the recto-sigmoid areas.", "PMID": 328520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10897", "title": "[Hemorrhage complications of acute pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 11 cases of hemorrhage due to vascular ulcerations arising early or late in the course of acute pancreatitis. The seriousness of these hemorrhages, the difficulties of their therapy are pointed out. In all cases, bleeding should be controlled by surgery. Therefore, attention is drawn to the need for prompt laparotomy in all the shocked patients who failed to respond to conservative measures, for in such cases, a fatal outcome may rapidly occur. The respective advantages and inconveniences of the 2 main surgical treatments, ligation of bleeding vessels or pancreatectomy removing the source of bleeding, are discussed, basing on the presently reported cases and the data of the literature.", "contents": "[Hemorrhage complications of acute pancreatitis (author's transl)]. The authors report 11 cases of hemorrhage due to vascular ulcerations arising early or late in the course of acute pancreatitis. The seriousness of these hemorrhages, the difficulties of their therapy are pointed out. In all cases, bleeding should be controlled by surgery. Therefore, attention is drawn to the need for prompt laparotomy in all the shocked patients who failed to respond to conservative measures, for in such cases, a fatal outcome may rapidly occur. The respective advantages and inconveniences of the 2 main surgical treatments, ligation of bleeding vessels or pancreatectomy removing the source of bleeding, are discussed, basing on the presently reported cases and the data of the literature.", "PMID": 328521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10898", "title": "[The removal of gastrin secreting tissue in the treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of 24 cases, routine total gastrectomy in the treatment of Zollinger-Ellison's syndrome should be abandoned in favour of the removal of gastrin-secreting tissue. This treatment which gives just as good results on the ulcer disease, also has the advantage of removal of the tumour tissue malignant in almost 2/3 of cases. Removal of the gastrin secreting tissue thus becomes the operation of choice. Total gastrectomy remains a last resort operation if it proves impossible to find or remove the gastrinoma, or, if after removal of the original tumour, there occurs a relapse of the ulcers or spread of the neoplasm.", "contents": "[The removal of gastrin secreting tissue in the treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (author's transl)]. In the light of 24 cases, routine total gastrectomy in the treatment of Zollinger-Ellison's syndrome should be abandoned in favour of the removal of gastrin-secreting tissue. This treatment which gives just as good results on the ulcer disease, also has the advantage of removal of the tumour tissue malignant in almost 2/3 of cases. Removal of the gastrin secreting tissue thus becomes the operation of choice. Total gastrectomy remains a last resort operation if it proves impossible to find or remove the gastrinoma, or, if after removal of the original tumour, there occurs a relapse of the ulcers or spread of the neoplasm.", "PMID": 328522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10899", "title": "Rapid micro-method for the measurement of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam in blood plasma by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic technique has been developed for use in the simultaneous measurement of both diazepam and its major metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, in blood plasma. Neither solvent transfer nor evaporation steps are required in this procedure. Extremely small plasma volumes (20 to 100 microleter) are used and this has proved advantageous, especially when analysing samples from neonates. A linear response to amounts from 1-10(-12) to 1-10(-9) g/sec of both diazepam and desmethyldiazepam has been obtained and thus the direct analyses of these compounds both during therapy and after overdosage has been possible. Interference from either endogenous or exogenous sources has been found to be minimal.", "contents": "Rapid micro-method for the measurement of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam in blood plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic technique has been developed for use in the simultaneous measurement of both diazepam and its major metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, in blood plasma. Neither solvent transfer nor evaporation steps are required in this procedure. Extremely small plasma volumes (20 to 100 microleter) are used and this has proved advantageous, especially when analysing samples from neonates. A linear response to amounts from 1-10(-12) to 1-10(-9) g/sec of both diazepam and desmethyldiazepam has been obtained and thus the direct analyses of these compounds both during therapy and after overdosage has been possible. Interference from either endogenous or exogenous sources has been found to be minimal.", "PMID": 328523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10900", "title": "Recovery of anaerobic, facultative, and aerobic bacteria from clinical specimens in three anaerobic transport systems.", "content": "With aspirated specimens from clinical infections, we evaluated the recovery of anaerobic, aerobic, and facultative bacteria in three widely used transport systems: (i) aspirated fluid in a gassed-out tube (FGT), (ii) swab in modified Cary and Blair transport medium (SCB), and (iii) swab in a gassed-out tube (SGT). Transport tubes were held at 25 degrees C and semiquantitatively sampled at 0, 2, 24, and 48 h. Twenty-five clinical specimens yielded 75 anaerobic strains and 43 isolates of facultative and 3 of aerobic bacteria. Only one anaerobic isolate was not recovered in the first 24 h, and then, only in the SGT. At 48 h, 73 anaerobic strains (97%) were recovered in the FGT, 69 (92%) in the SCB, and 64 (85%) in the SGT. Two problems hindered the recovery of anaerobes in the SCB and SGT systems: first die-off of organisms, as evidenced by a decrease in colony-forming units of 20 strains (27%) in the SCB and 25 strains (33%) in the SGT, as compared with 7 strains (9%) in the FGT, over 48 h; and second, overgrowth of facultative bacteria, more frequent with SCB and SGT. The FGT method was clearly superior at 48 h to the SCB and SGT systems in this study and is recommended as the preferred method for transporting specimens for anaerobic culture.", "contents": "Recovery of anaerobic, facultative, and aerobic bacteria from clinical specimens in three anaerobic transport systems. With aspirated specimens from clinical infections, we evaluated the recovery of anaerobic, aerobic, and facultative bacteria in three widely used transport systems: (i) aspirated fluid in a gassed-out tube (FGT), (ii) swab in modified Cary and Blair transport medium (SCB), and (iii) swab in a gassed-out tube (SGT). Transport tubes were held at 25 degrees C and semiquantitatively sampled at 0, 2, 24, and 48 h. Twenty-five clinical specimens yielded 75 anaerobic strains and 43 isolates of facultative and 3 of aerobic bacteria. Only one anaerobic isolate was not recovered in the first 24 h, and then, only in the SGT. At 48 h, 73 anaerobic strains (97%) were recovered in the FGT, 69 (92%) in the SCB, and 64 (85%) in the SGT. Two problems hindered the recovery of anaerobes in the SCB and SGT systems: first die-off of organisms, as evidenced by a decrease in colony-forming units of 20 strains (27%) in the SCB and 25 strains (33%) in the SGT, as compared with 7 strains (9%) in the FGT, over 48 h; and second, overgrowth of facultative bacteria, more frequent with SCB and SGT. The FGT method was clearly superior at 48 h to the SCB and SGT systems in this study and is recommended as the preferred method for transporting specimens for anaerobic culture.", "PMID": 328525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10901", "title": "Clinical trial with \"R-75\" strain live, attenuated, serum inhibitor-resistant intranasal influenza B vaccine.", "content": "The \"R-75\" strain live, attenuated, serum inhibitor-resistant influenza B vaccine was administered intranasally by drops in two doses 14 days apart to 21 volunteers. Each vaccinee was paired with a close associate (roommate or workmate) who similarly received two doses of a placebo solution. Although about 50% of both vaccine and placebo recipients complained of symptoms after dosage, the severity of symptoms was greater in vaccine recipients. Fourfold serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer rises occurred in 38% of vaccine recipients, and four vaccines had fourfold titer rises of nasal hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody. Vaccine virus was isolated from three asymptomatic vaccine recipients. There was no virological or serological evidence of the vaccine virus spreading to placebo recipients.", "contents": "Clinical trial with \"R-75\" strain live, attenuated, serum inhibitor-resistant intranasal influenza B vaccine. The \"R-75\" strain live, attenuated, serum inhibitor-resistant influenza B vaccine was administered intranasally by drops in two doses 14 days apart to 21 volunteers. Each vaccinee was paired with a close associate (roommate or workmate) who similarly received two doses of a placebo solution. Although about 50% of both vaccine and placebo recipients complained of symptoms after dosage, the severity of symptoms was greater in vaccine recipients. Fourfold serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer rises occurred in 38% of vaccine recipients, and four vaccines had fourfold titer rises of nasal hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody. Vaccine virus was isolated from three asymptomatic vaccine recipients. There was no virological or serological evidence of the vaccine virus spreading to placebo recipients.", "PMID": 328526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10902", "title": "Precipitating antibodies in mycoplasma infection.", "content": "The effectiveness of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) for detecting human precipitating antibodies to mcyoplasma antigen was compared with the conventional complement fixation (CF) method in a double-blind experiment. Fifty-one sera from patients suspected of having acute mycoplasma infection were tested by both techniques. Dense precipitin lines to mycoplasma antigen developed in 28 sera with CIEP. Twenty-six of 28 had elevated CF titers to this antigen. No precipitin bands were observed in sera with low antibody titers to mycoplasma. These findings indicate that the CIEP test is a specific method for reliably detecting elevated serum CF antibody levels in patients with acute or recent mycoplasma infection.", "contents": "Precipitating antibodies in mycoplasma infection. The effectiveness of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) for detecting human precipitating antibodies to mcyoplasma antigen was compared with the conventional complement fixation (CF) method in a double-blind experiment. Fifty-one sera from patients suspected of having acute mycoplasma infection were tested by both techniques. Dense precipitin lines to mycoplasma antigen developed in 28 sera with CIEP. Twenty-six of 28 had elevated CF titers to this antigen. No precipitin bands were observed in sera with low antibody titers to mycoplasma. These findings indicate that the CIEP test is a specific method for reliably detecting elevated serum CF antibody levels in patients with acute or recent mycoplasma infection.", "PMID": 328527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10903", "title": "Isolation of Francisella tularensis from infected frozen human blood.", "content": "Francisella tularensis was isolated from human blood that was frozen for 3 months before it was examined. Before he became ill, the patient operated a \"bush-hog\" in an area thickly populated with rabbits. His illness was undiagnosed and untreated before his death. Portions of blood and tissue homogenates from necropsy were injected intraperitoneally into mice and inoculated onto glucose-cysteine-blood agar plates. F. tularensis did not grow from the culture plates, but mice inoculated with the blood died in 48 to 72 h. Fluorescent-antibody stains of mouse liver and spleen impression smears showed clumps of cells or amorphous masses of brightly staining envelope material around the cells. Tissue impressions of liver, spleen, and heart blood inoculated onto glucose-cysteine-blood agar yielded pure cultures of F. tularensis.", "contents": "Isolation of Francisella tularensis from infected frozen human blood. Francisella tularensis was isolated from human blood that was frozen for 3 months before it was examined. Before he became ill, the patient operated a \"bush-hog\" in an area thickly populated with rabbits. His illness was undiagnosed and untreated before his death. Portions of blood and tissue homogenates from necropsy were injected intraperitoneally into mice and inoculated onto glucose-cysteine-blood agar plates. F. tularensis did not grow from the culture plates, but mice inoculated with the blood died in 48 to 72 h. Fluorescent-antibody stains of mouse liver and spleen impression smears showed clumps of cells or amorphous masses of brightly staining envelope material around the cells. Tissue impressions of liver, spleen, and heart blood inoculated onto glucose-cysteine-blood agar yielded pure cultures of F. tularensis.", "PMID": 328528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10904", "title": "Selective and enhanced recovery of group A and B streptococci from throat cultures with sheep blood agar containing sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim.", "content": "Sheep blood agar containing 23.75 microgram of sulfamethoxazole and 1.25 microgram of trimethoprim (SXT-BA) per ml was compared with conventional sheep blood agar (SBA) for isolating group A and B streptococci from throat cultures. This selective medium allowed much better recovery of group A and B streptococci and suppressed the growth of the normal flora, including \"viridans\" streptococci. In an initial study of 700 throat cultures, SXT-BA recovered 42% more group A and 49% more group B streptococci than did SBA. When SXT-BA was introduced into the routine microbiology laboratory and used by a number of medical technologists. SXT-BA recovered 28% more group A and 37% more group B streptococci than did SBA. In addition, the selective medium inhibited 83% of the non-group A and B streptococci that were recovered by SBA.", "contents": "Selective and enhanced recovery of group A and B streptococci from throat cultures with sheep blood agar containing sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Sheep blood agar containing 23.75 microgram of sulfamethoxazole and 1.25 microgram of trimethoprim (SXT-BA) per ml was compared with conventional sheep blood agar (SBA) for isolating group A and B streptococci from throat cultures. This selective medium allowed much better recovery of group A and B streptococci and suppressed the growth of the normal flora, including \"viridans\" streptococci. In an initial study of 700 throat cultures, SXT-BA recovered 42% more group A and 49% more group B streptococci than did SBA. When SXT-BA was introduced into the routine microbiology laboratory and used by a number of medical technologists. SXT-BA recovered 28% more group A and 37% more group B streptococci than did SBA. In addition, the selective medium inhibited 83% of the non-group A and B streptococci that were recovered by SBA.", "PMID": 328529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10905", "title": "Rapid urease test for mycobacteria: preliminary observations.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive urease test for mycobacteria utilizing a cumulative radiometric technique is described. Definitive results were obtained within a 30-min incubation period. The procedure is simple and economical. Technical time involved is no greater than in conventional procedures.", "contents": "Rapid urease test for mycobacteria: preliminary observations. A rapid and sensitive urease test for mycobacteria utilizing a cumulative radiometric technique is described. Definitive results were obtained within a 30-min incubation period. The procedure is simple and economical. Technical time involved is no greater than in conventional procedures.", "PMID": 328530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10906", "title": "An inexpensive device for evacuating and gassing anaerobic systems with in-house vacuum.", "content": "An inexpensive, compact device to aid in establishing an anaerobic environment for bacterial cultures is described. This device is designed for use with an in-house vacuum system and can replace the vacuum pump, \"U\" utbe manometer system commonly used for this purpose.", "contents": "An inexpensive device for evacuating and gassing anaerobic systems with in-house vacuum. An inexpensive, compact device to aid in establishing an anaerobic environment for bacterial cultures is described. This device is designed for use with an in-house vacuum system and can replace the vacuum pump, \"U\" utbe manometer system commonly used for this purpose.", "PMID": 328531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10907", "title": "Biochemical characterization of anaerobic bacteria by an impregnated disk method.", "content": "An impregnated disk method was used to characterize 20 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria by utilization of substrate. The procedure was easy to perform, reliable, and economical.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of anaerobic bacteria by an impregnated disk method. An impregnated disk method was used to characterize 20 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria by utilization of substrate. The procedure was easy to perform, reliable, and economical.", "PMID": 328532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10908", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of a rapid four-hour serological grouping of groups A,B,C, and G beta-streptococci by the Phadebact streptococcus test.", "content": "Grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates by staphylococcal coagglutination was performed with the Phadebact Streptococcus Test to determine whether such isolates could be accurately grouped serologically with 4 h after examination of the primary isolation plates. Of 132 clinical isolates, 131 were correctly grouped by the Phadebact method using the Lancefield precipitation method as the accepted standard. Of the correctly grouped streptococci, 119 were definitively grouped within 4 h after examination of the primary plates, and the remaining 12 isolates were grouped within 24 h. Since the Phadebact Streptococcus Test contains coagglutination reagents for groups A, B, C, and G, those isolates that failed to react were considered as positive for groups other than the four included in the test system. There were 23 such isolates in this study. Lancefield grouping of these isolates indicated that nine were group F, five were group D, and the remaining nine were not groupable with the Lancefield reagents employed in this study. The one Phadebact \"failure\" involved an isolate that produced a 4 + reaction with the Phadebact group A reagent and a 4 + reaction with Lancefield group F reagent.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of a rapid four-hour serological grouping of groups A,B,C, and G beta-streptococci by the Phadebact streptococcus test. Grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates by staphylococcal coagglutination was performed with the Phadebact Streptococcus Test to determine whether such isolates could be accurately grouped serologically with 4 h after examination of the primary isolation plates. Of 132 clinical isolates, 131 were correctly grouped by the Phadebact method using the Lancefield precipitation method as the accepted standard. Of the correctly grouped streptococci, 119 were definitively grouped within 4 h after examination of the primary plates, and the remaining 12 isolates were grouped within 24 h. Since the Phadebact Streptococcus Test contains coagglutination reagents for groups A, B, C, and G, those isolates that failed to react were considered as positive for groups other than the four included in the test system. There were 23 such isolates in this study. Lancefield grouping of these isolates indicated that nine were group F, five were group D, and the remaining nine were not groupable with the Lancefield reagents employed in this study. The one Phadebact \"failure\" involved an isolate that produced a 4 + reaction with the Phadebact group A reagent and a 4 + reaction with Lancefield group F reagent.", "PMID": 328533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10909", "title": "CAMP-disk test for presumptive identification of group B streptococci.", "content": "The modification of the CAMP test for goup B streptococci involved substituting a paper disk impregnated with partially purified beta-hemolysin for the staphylococcal culture that was the source of beta-hemolysin in the original test. The disk is placed onto a sheep blood agar plate beside the streak of Streptococcus being tested. The plate is then incubated aerobically at 35 degrees C. A positive reaction consists of a lunar-shaped clear zone that appears within 24 h in the dark beta-hemolysin zone surrounding the disk. A double-blind study of 135 randomly coded streptococcal isolates showed complete agreement between the CAMP-disk test and the standard Lancefield precipitin test. All group B streptococci tested had positive reactions, and all strains tested from streptococcal groups A, C, D, and G were negative. The CAMP-disk test is a simple and convenient way to identify presumptively group B streptococci.", "contents": "CAMP-disk test for presumptive identification of group B streptococci. The modification of the CAMP test for goup B streptococci involved substituting a paper disk impregnated with partially purified beta-hemolysin for the staphylococcal culture that was the source of beta-hemolysin in the original test. The disk is placed onto a sheep blood agar plate beside the streak of Streptococcus being tested. The plate is then incubated aerobically at 35 degrees C. A positive reaction consists of a lunar-shaped clear zone that appears within 24 h in the dark beta-hemolysin zone surrounding the disk. A double-blind study of 135 randomly coded streptococcal isolates showed complete agreement between the CAMP-disk test and the standard Lancefield precipitin test. All group B streptococci tested had positive reactions, and all strains tested from streptococcal groups A, C, D, and G were negative. The CAMP-disk test is a simple and convenient way to identify presumptively group B streptococci.", "PMID": 328534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10910", "title": "Comparison of coagulase, deoxyribonuclease (DNase), and heat-stable nuclease tests for identification of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "One thousand and thirty-five clinical isolates of the genus staphylococcus were used to compare the coagulase test with the deoxyribonuclease (DNase) and heat-stable nuclease tests as methods for identifying Staphylococcus aureus. Conflicting results were obtained with 65 isolates when the coagulase test was compared with the DNase test but with only one isolate when the coagulase test was compared with the heat-stable nuclease test. The heat-stable nuclease test produced reliable results after four hours' incubation and was considered a satisfactory substitute for the coagulase test in the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Comparison of coagulase, deoxyribonuclease (DNase), and heat-stable nuclease tests for identification of Staphylococcus aureus. One thousand and thirty-five clinical isolates of the genus staphylococcus were used to compare the coagulase test with the deoxyribonuclease (DNase) and heat-stable nuclease tests as methods for identifying Staphylococcus aureus. Conflicting results were obtained with 65 isolates when the coagulase test was compared with the DNase test but with only one isolate when the coagulase test was compared with the heat-stable nuclease test. The heat-stable nuclease test produced reliable results after four hours' incubation and was considered a satisfactory substitute for the coagulase test in the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 328535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10911", "title": "Recovery of anaerobic bacteria from small inocula: a model for blood culture studies.", "content": "The recovery of anaerobic, facultative anaerobic, and aerobic pathogens from very small inocula was studied under conditions that could be related to routine blood culture procedures. Results with Brain Heart Infusion broth were unsatisfactory. Freshly prepared Brewer thioglycollate medium gave apparently good results, but there are disadvantages when this medium is used for blood culture. Results with Difco Thiol broth were disappointing. A modification of Robertson's cooked-meat broth supplemented with Brain Heart Infusion gave good recovery and sustained viability with a wide range of test organisms including exacting strains. The findings raise points of practical importance.", "contents": "Recovery of anaerobic bacteria from small inocula: a model for blood culture studies. The recovery of anaerobic, facultative anaerobic, and aerobic pathogens from very small inocula was studied under conditions that could be related to routine blood culture procedures. Results with Brain Heart Infusion broth were unsatisfactory. Freshly prepared Brewer thioglycollate medium gave apparently good results, but there are disadvantages when this medium is used for blood culture. Results with Difco Thiol broth were disappointing. A modification of Robertson's cooked-meat broth supplemented with Brain Heart Infusion gave good recovery and sustained viability with a wide range of test organisms including exacting strains. The findings raise points of practical importance.", "PMID": 328536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10912", "title": "Multiplication of contaminant bacteria in urine and interpretation of delayed culture.", "content": "A prospective study of the bacterial populations of non-infected urine was mounted in an attempt to define the length of delay between voiding and analysis during which culture would not give false positive results due to the multiplication of contaminant bacteria present at the time of voiding. The findings suggest that culture of urine within four hours of voiding is likely to give a true indication of the presence or absence of infection. With further delay the interpretation of a heavy growth of bacteria in urine becomes progressively more unreliable, even if that growth is in pure culture.", "contents": "Multiplication of contaminant bacteria in urine and interpretation of delayed culture. A prospective study of the bacterial populations of non-infected urine was mounted in an attempt to define the length of delay between voiding and analysis during which culture would not give false positive results due to the multiplication of contaminant bacteria present at the time of voiding. The findings suggest that culture of urine within four hours of voiding is likely to give a true indication of the presence or absence of infection. With further delay the interpretation of a heavy growth of bacteria in urine becomes progressively more unreliable, even if that growth is in pure culture.", "PMID": 328537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10913", "title": "Comparison between the automated reagin test and reagin screen test methods of VDRL screening tests for syphilis in use in a routine laboratory.", "content": "A comparison is made between the automated reagin test (ART) using Technicon AutoAnalyzer equipment and the reagin screen test (RST) introduced by Lederle using a new antigen formulation. Treponemal haemagglutination tests (TPHA) were done simultaneously as second screen tests. The absorbed fluorescent treponemal antibody test (FTA-ABS) was used in all seropositive cases. Altogether 1154 sera were tested; 1028 were negative with all tests, 66 were positive with all tests, 42 were positive with TPHA and negative with ART and RST, and 16 were positive with TPHA and RST and negative with ART. It was concluded that the use of the RST and TPHA together would be the more sensitive screen test.", "contents": "Comparison between the automated reagin test and reagin screen test methods of VDRL screening tests for syphilis in use in a routine laboratory. A comparison is made between the automated reagin test (ART) using Technicon AutoAnalyzer equipment and the reagin screen test (RST) introduced by Lederle using a new antigen formulation. Treponemal haemagglutination tests (TPHA) were done simultaneously as second screen tests. The absorbed fluorescent treponemal antibody test (FTA-ABS) was used in all seropositive cases. Altogether 1154 sera were tested; 1028 were negative with all tests, 66 were positive with all tests, 42 were positive with TPHA and negative with ART and RST, and 16 were positive with TPHA and RST and negative with ART. It was concluded that the use of the RST and TPHA together would be the more sensitive screen test.", "PMID": 328538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10914", "title": "Reaction of human smooth muscle autoantibody with gastric parietal cells: a pitfall in the diagnosis of parietal cell autoantibody.", "content": "Thirteen smooth muscle antibody (SMA) sera obtained from patients with active chronic hepatitis were examined for immunofluorescence reactivity with gastric mucosal cells. Eight out of 13 sera stained the cytoplasm of gastric parietal cells in a pattern indistinguishable from that obtained with parietal cell autoantibody (PCA). The staining reaction was localised to parietal cells by the demonstration that the same cells stained with both SMA and PCA in double immunofluorescent tests. The SMA staining intensity for parietal cells was weaker than that for smooth muscle. Specificity of the staining reaction for actin was established by the observation that parietal cell staining by SMA was inhibition by serum absorption with skeletal muscle F-actin but not by a microsomal fraction derived from gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Reaction of human smooth muscle autoantibody with gastric parietal cells: a pitfall in the diagnosis of parietal cell autoantibody. Thirteen smooth muscle antibody (SMA) sera obtained from patients with active chronic hepatitis were examined for immunofluorescence reactivity with gastric mucosal cells. Eight out of 13 sera stained the cytoplasm of gastric parietal cells in a pattern indistinguishable from that obtained with parietal cell autoantibody (PCA). The staining reaction was localised to parietal cells by the demonstration that the same cells stained with both SMA and PCA in double immunofluorescent tests. The SMA staining intensity for parietal cells was weaker than that for smooth muscle. Specificity of the staining reaction for actin was established by the observation that parietal cell staining by SMA was inhibition by serum absorption with skeletal muscle F-actin but not by a microsomal fraction derived from gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 328539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10915", "title": "The efficacy and safety of furosemide and a combination of spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide in congestive heart failure.", "content": "The therapeutic and biochemical effects of two commonly employed diuretic preparations were compared in a double-blind fashion in 32 patients with congestive heart failure. At the doses employed, furosemide and a fixed combination of spironolactone and hydrochlothiazide maintained control of the clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure to about the same degree. However, significant biochemical changes in the renin-aldosterone system were found in patients receiving the spironolactone/thiazide combination therapy. A significant increase in plasma renin activity and a significantly greater increase in aldosterone excretion were found in the spironolactone/thiazide group compared to the furosemide group. No significant differences were observed in serum potassium levels or 24-hour potassium excretion rates in patients treated with the two diuretic preparations.", "contents": "The efficacy and safety of furosemide and a combination of spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide in congestive heart failure. The therapeutic and biochemical effects of two commonly employed diuretic preparations were compared in a double-blind fashion in 32 patients with congestive heart failure. At the doses employed, furosemide and a fixed combination of spironolactone and hydrochlothiazide maintained control of the clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure to about the same degree. However, significant biochemical changes in the renin-aldosterone system were found in patients receiving the spironolactone/thiazide combination therapy. A significant increase in plasma renin activity and a significantly greater increase in aldosterone excretion were found in the spironolactone/thiazide group compared to the furosemide group. No significant differences were observed in serum potassium levels or 24-hour potassium excretion rates in patients treated with the two diuretic preparations.", "PMID": 328540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10916", "title": "The \"spastic colon\" syndrome: therapeutic and pathophysiologic considerations.", "content": "Low doses of d-amphetamine plus propranolol rapidly improved the abdominal pain in 165 \"spastic colon\" patients. Concomitantly, these drugs reduced the sigmoidal hypertonicity and the rectal inhibition found in the manometric studies performed in some of those patients. The sigmoidal tone and phasic activity were also decreased by anticholinergic drugs. These results suggest that a cholinergic-serotonergic hyperactivity of the myenteric plexus may be responsible for the \"spastic colon\" syndrome.", "contents": "The \"spastic colon\" syndrome: therapeutic and pathophysiologic considerations. Low doses of d-amphetamine plus propranolol rapidly improved the abdominal pain in 165 \"spastic colon\" patients. Concomitantly, these drugs reduced the sigmoidal hypertonicity and the rectal inhibition found in the manometric studies performed in some of those patients. The sigmoidal tone and phasic activity were also decreased by anticholinergic drugs. These results suggest that a cholinergic-serotonergic hyperactivity of the myenteric plexus may be responsible for the \"spastic colon\" syndrome.", "PMID": 328541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10917", "title": "The influence of pyrithioxine on certain factors of intelligence1.", "content": "A double-blind trial with pyrithioxine was made with 22 pairs of visually handicapped children who were equal in IQ scores and in chronological age. Although an improvement of abstraction ability was noticed, the overall results were not in concurrence with the general tendency in relevant literature.", "contents": "The influence of pyrithioxine on certain factors of intelligence1. A double-blind trial with pyrithioxine was made with 22 pairs of visually handicapped children who were equal in IQ scores and in chronological age. Although an improvement of abstraction ability was noticed, the overall results were not in concurrence with the general tendency in relevant literature.", "PMID": 328549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10918", "title": "Review of ADA licensure policy.", "content": "ADA policies on licensure encourage states to ease mobility restrictions while maintaining sufficient control to ensure that only qualified individuals provide dental treatment within the state. Many states have had provision to license by credentials for a long time. Licensure by credentials is rapidly replacing reciprocity as an alternate form of licensure. Only four states still participate in what can be termed purely reciprocal licensure agreements. In contrast, 21 states currently offer licensure by credentials. Another trend in licensure in recent years has been increased state participation in regional clinical examination services. Today, 32 states participate in four regional clinical examination services. With the increasing number of states offering licensure by credentials and participating in regional boards, the prospect for increased mobility for dentists appears good.", "contents": "Review of ADA licensure policy. ADA policies on licensure encourage states to ease mobility restrictions while maintaining sufficient control to ensure that only qualified individuals provide dental treatment within the state. Many states have had provision to license by credentials for a long time. Licensure by credentials is rapidly replacing reciprocity as an alternate form of licensure. Only four states still participate in what can be termed purely reciprocal licensure agreements. In contrast, 21 states currently offer licensure by credentials. Another trend in licensure in recent years has been increased state participation in regional clinical examination services. Today, 32 states participate in four regional clinical examination services. With the increasing number of states offering licensure by credentials and participating in regional boards, the prospect for increased mobility for dentists appears good.", "PMID": 328550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10919", "title": "Wheat bran as an etiologic factor in certain diseases. Some second thoughts.", "content": "The author questions \"the bran hypothesis\" that a deficiency of natural fiber--wheat bran in particular--is responsible for a number of prevalent diseases in Western societies, namely diverticular disease, cancer of the colon, gallstones, and myocardial disease. In re-examining the hypothesis, he cites reports which fail to support the theory. For instance, the incidence of diverticular disease in women has increased since 1925, yet there is no evidence that their diets have changed or are different from those of men. Also, it is a mistake to equate wheat bran with fiber in general, and it cannot be shown that dietary fiber in general has declined. In addition, clinical studies have failed to show beneficial results in treating diverticular disease and irritable colon by adding bran to the diet. Similar problems arise in testing the hypothesis that natural fiber can prevent cancer of the colon and lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Recent interest in dietary fiber is welcome, for it has been grossly neglected, but much research is still needed to place it in proper perspective.", "contents": "Wheat bran as an etiologic factor in certain diseases. Some second thoughts. The author questions \"the bran hypothesis\" that a deficiency of natural fiber--wheat bran in particular--is responsible for a number of prevalent diseases in Western societies, namely diverticular disease, cancer of the colon, gallstones, and myocardial disease. In re-examining the hypothesis, he cites reports which fail to support the theory. For instance, the incidence of diverticular disease in women has increased since 1925, yet there is no evidence that their diets have changed or are different from those of men. Also, it is a mistake to equate wheat bran with fiber in general, and it cannot be shown that dietary fiber in general has declined. In addition, clinical studies have failed to show beneficial results in treating diverticular disease and irritable colon by adding bran to the diet. Similar problems arise in testing the hypothesis that natural fiber can prevent cancer of the colon and lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Recent interest in dietary fiber is welcome, for it has been grossly neglected, but much research is still needed to place it in proper perspective.", "PMID": 328553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10920", "title": "Physiologic and psychotropic effects of caffeine on man. A review.", "content": "Caffeine, in substantive amounts, is frequently taken by the clinical or hospitalized patient. Caffeine content of coffees, teas, cola drinks, cocoa, and drugs is summarized. Systems and organs affected by caffeine include the central nervous system, the cardiac muscle, the kidney, the gastric mucosa, and smooth muscle. Psychotropic and sleep response varies with age and degree of habituation. Symptoms of caffeinism, caffeine withdrawal, and caffeine-drug interactions are described.", "contents": "Physiologic and psychotropic effects of caffeine on man. A review. Caffeine, in substantive amounts, is frequently taken by the clinical or hospitalized patient. Caffeine content of coffees, teas, cola drinks, cocoa, and drugs is summarized. Systems and organs affected by caffeine include the central nervous system, the cardiac muscle, the kidney, the gastric mucosa, and smooth muscle. Psychotropic and sleep response varies with age and degree of habituation. Symptoms of caffeinism, caffeine withdrawal, and caffeine-drug interactions are described.", "PMID": 328554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10921", "title": "Prolactin cells of the human pituitary gland in old age.", "content": "Pituitary glands obtained at autopsy from 20 male and 20 female subjects, over 80 years of age, have been investigated with various staining procedures, including the immunoperoxidase technique for the cytological localization of prolactin. Prolactin cells were numerous and well developed in the anterior lobes. The incidence, distribution, granulation and immunoreactivity of prolactin cells showed no apparent difference between old male and female subjects dying of acute or chronic illnesses. It can be concluded that prolactin cells do not regress in old age. The morphologic findings are consistent with the assumption that the pituitary gland is capable of secreting prolactin in aging subjects.", "contents": "Prolactin cells of the human pituitary gland in old age. Pituitary glands obtained at autopsy from 20 male and 20 female subjects, over 80 years of age, have been investigated with various staining procedures, including the immunoperoxidase technique for the cytological localization of prolactin. Prolactin cells were numerous and well developed in the anterior lobes. The incidence, distribution, granulation and immunoreactivity of prolactin cells showed no apparent difference between old male and female subjects dying of acute or chronic illnesses. It can be concluded that prolactin cells do not regress in old age. The morphologic findings are consistent with the assumption that the pituitary gland is capable of secreting prolactin in aging subjects.", "PMID": 328557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10922", "title": "[Risk of neonatal Streptococcus B infection].", "content": "23 cases of contamination with streptococcus group B have been seen after premature rupture of the membranes. Mothers and fetuses have been affected. The systematic study of swabs or liquor or cervical discharge carried out on the mother since the time her membranes had ruptured show that in 74 per cent of cases studied contamination existed within the first 24 hours. Giving antibiotics to the mother before delivery gave very variable results. These multiple tests, before and around the time of birth, made it possible to detect the children at risk of infection and to start antibiotic therapy with a narrow spectrum antibiotic of the type Penicillin G. The clinical progress of these children, which is usually favourable, gives no reason for postponing prophylactic cover antibiotic treatment when the membranes have ruptured prematurely.", "contents": "[Risk of neonatal Streptococcus B infection]. 23 cases of contamination with streptococcus group B have been seen after premature rupture of the membranes. Mothers and fetuses have been affected. The systematic study of swabs or liquor or cervical discharge carried out on the mother since the time her membranes had ruptured show that in 74 per cent of cases studied contamination existed within the first 24 hours. Giving antibiotics to the mother before delivery gave very variable results. These multiple tests, before and around the time of birth, made it possible to detect the children at risk of infection and to start antibiotic therapy with a narrow spectrum antibiotic of the type Penicillin G. The clinical progress of these children, which is usually favourable, gives no reason for postponing prophylactic cover antibiotic treatment when the membranes have ruptured prematurely.", "PMID": 328559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10923", "title": "Toxocara infection in pigs. The use of indirect fluorescent antibody tests and an in vitro larval precipitate test for detecting specific antibodies.", "content": "An in vitro larval precipitate test using second-stage Toxocara canis larvae and an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test employing cuticles of T. canis larvae as antigen were evaluated using antisera produced in pigs experimentally infected with T. canis, T. cati, Ascaris suum, Toxascaris leonina and Parascaris equorum. The former test was both specific and sensitive and is suggested as a reliable and simple method of detecting Toxocara antibodies in pigs. The latter test was considered unsuitable because of cross-reactions that occurred when sera from pigs infected with other ascarids were tested. An IFA test for Ascaris antibodies, employing cuticles of A. suum larvae as antigen, is described. The degree of specificity of this test suggests that it may be of value in the detection of antibodies to Ascaris in pigs under natural conditions.", "contents": "Toxocara infection in pigs. The use of indirect fluorescent antibody tests and an in vitro larval precipitate test for detecting specific antibodies. An in vitro larval precipitate test using second-stage Toxocara canis larvae and an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test employing cuticles of T. canis larvae as antigen were evaluated using antisera produced in pigs experimentally infected with T. canis, T. cati, Ascaris suum, Toxascaris leonina and Parascaris equorum. The former test was both specific and sensitive and is suggested as a reliable and simple method of detecting Toxocara antibodies in pigs. The latter test was considered unsuitable because of cross-reactions that occurred when sera from pigs infected with other ascarids were tested. An IFA test for Ascaris antibodies, employing cuticles of A. suum larvae as antigen, is described. The degree of specificity of this test suggests that it may be of value in the detection of antibodies to Ascaris in pigs under natural conditions.", "PMID": 328560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10924", "title": "Limulus polyphemus lectin sites in human bronchial mucosa.", "content": "The lectin from Limulus polyphemus (limulin) has an affinity for glycoproteins containing N-glycolyl or N-acetylneuraminic residues. By using a peroxidase labeled limulin on human bronchial mucosa sections, it has been possible to demonstrate selectively a diffuse staining within the apical part of the epithelial goblet cells. Whereas, in the submucosal glands serous cells, the labeling appears as small granules localized either at the apical pole or in the whole cytoplasm. In our experimental conditions the  labeled limulin has no affinity for mucous cells that are known to contain sialic acid residues.", "contents": "Limulus polyphemus lectin sites in human bronchial mucosa. The lectin from Limulus polyphemus (limulin) has an affinity for glycoproteins containing N-glycolyl or N-acetylneuraminic residues. By using a peroxidase labeled limulin on human bronchial mucosa sections, it has been possible to demonstrate selectively a diffuse staining within the apical part of the epithelial goblet cells. Whereas, in the submucosal glands serous cells, the labeling appears as small granules localized either at the apical pole or in the whole cytoplasm. In our experimental conditions the  labeled limulin has no affinity for mucous cells that are known to contain sialic acid residues.", "PMID": 328765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10925", "title": "A selective oleic acid albumin agar medium for the cultivation of Mycobacterium bovis.", "content": "The modification of Middlebrook's 7H11 oleic acid albumin agar medium by the addition of fresh bovine serum and lysed sheep red cells to encourage growth of Mycobacterium bovis is described. The improved medium was made selective by the addition of antibiotics and a comparative trial of this medium and the guineapig test in the isolation of M. bovis from badger tissues is reported. A close agreement between the two tests was found; the guinea-pig test detected 95% of all isolations and culture detected 91%.", "contents": "A selective oleic acid albumin agar medium for the cultivation of Mycobacterium bovis. The modification of Middlebrook's 7H11 oleic acid albumin agar medium by the addition of fresh bovine serum and lysed sheep red cells to encourage growth of Mycobacterium bovis is described. The improved medium was made selective by the addition of antibiotics and a comparative trial of this medium and the guineapig test in the isolation of M. bovis from badger tissues is reported. A close agreement between the two tests was found; the guinea-pig test detected 95% of all isolations and culture detected 91%.", "PMID": 328766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10926", "title": "The immunization of mice and calves with gal E mutants of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A galactose epimeraseless (gal E) mutant of Salmonella typhimurium was investigated in mice and calves for its suitability as a live vaccine. In mice, a very highly significant difference in the mortality rates was observed when vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals were challenged with virulent strains of S. typhimurium and S. dublin. In calves, doses of 10(6) and above of gal E mutant injected subcutaneously provided highly significant protection both in terms of mortality and prevalence of symptoms when calves were challenged orally with S. typhimurium. However, there appeared to be a relation between the vaccine and the presence of renal lesions and before gal E mutants can be recommended, further work is necessary to determine the pathogenesis of these lesions.", "contents": "The immunization of mice and calves with gal E mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. A galactose epimeraseless (gal E) mutant of Salmonella typhimurium was investigated in mice and calves for its suitability as a live vaccine. In mice, a very highly significant difference in the mortality rates was observed when vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals were challenged with virulent strains of S. typhimurium and S. dublin. In calves, doses of 10(6) and above of gal E mutant injected subcutaneously provided highly significant protection both in terms of mortality and prevalence of symptoms when calves were challenged orally with S. typhimurium. However, there appeared to be a relation between the vaccine and the presence of renal lesions and before gal E mutants can be recommended, further work is necessary to determine the pathogenesis of these lesions.", "PMID": 328767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10927", "title": "The effect of diet on intestinal Escherichia coli.", "content": "During an 8-week period all specimens of stool passed by six nurses were examined for the presence of Escherichia coli and all isolations of this organism were serotyped. During the middle 4 weeks of the period the nurses ate a sterile diet. A smaller number of serotypes was isolated during the period of sterile diet than during the period when normal food was eaten. This finding supports the view that normal food is a source of strains of E. coli present in the bowel. Some new serotypes of E. coli did appear during the period of sterile diet. The possible sources of these are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of diet on intestinal Escherichia coli. During an 8-week period all specimens of stool passed by six nurses were examined for the presence of Escherichia coli and all isolations of this organism were serotyped. During the middle 4 weeks of the period the nurses ate a sterile diet. A smaller number of serotypes was isolated during the period of sterile diet than during the period when normal food was eaten. This finding supports the view that normal food is a source of strains of E. coli present in the bowel. Some new serotypes of E. coli did appear during the period of sterile diet. The possible sources of these are discussed.", "PMID": 328769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10928", "title": "The diagnosis of salmonella abortion in cattle with particular reference to Salmonella dublin. A review.", "content": "The diagnosis of abortion in cattle caused by Salmonella dublin depends upon the isolation of the organism from either the products of conception, uterine discharges, vaginal mucus or milk together with serological evidence of active infection. S. dublin may be isolated when an active or a latent carrier cow abourts but in these cases an active infection will not be demonstrable. The retrospective identification of a case of S. dublin abortion may prove difficult as excretion of the organism is usually transient and the serum agglutinating antibodies frequently fall to low titres soon after the abortion.", "contents": "The diagnosis of salmonella abortion in cattle with particular reference to Salmonella dublin. A review. The diagnosis of abortion in cattle caused by Salmonella dublin depends upon the isolation of the organism from either the products of conception, uterine discharges, vaginal mucus or milk together with serological evidence of active infection. S. dublin may be isolated when an active or a latent carrier cow abourts but in these cases an active infection will not be demonstrable. The retrospective identification of a case of S. dublin abortion may prove difficult as excretion of the organism is usually transient and the serum agglutinating antibodies frequently fall to low titres soon after the abortion.", "PMID": 328768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10929", "title": "A comparison of typing methods for Serratia marcescens.", "content": "A simple method for the bacteriocine typing of Serratia marcescens without the use of induction was sought. The results of a mutual inhibition experiment with 89 unrelated cultures indicated that a bacteriocine-susceptibility method would give more discrimination between strains than would a bacteriocine-production method. A cross-streaking technique for bacteriocine-susceptibility typing without previous induction was developed, and its performance was compared with that of another susceptibility-typing method in which cell-free lysates of the producer strains were obtained by induction with mitomycin C.Replicate typing of the same collection of cultures by both methods indicated that small variations in pattern were common and that larger variations occurred occasionally. Differences in pattern of less than two strong reactions in the mitomycin-C induction method, and of less than three strong reactions in the cross-streaking method, should therefore not be taken as evidence that strains can be distinguished.Sets of cultures of Ser. marcescens, 178 in total, from a number of supposed incidents of infection in hospitals, were used to evaluate the two bacteriocine-typing methods; all of the cultures were also O serogrouped. Comparison of the typing patterns of members of the same O serogroup from clear-cut incidents of infection confirmed that results of acceptable reliability could be obtained by either bacteriocine-typing method by the application of the appropriate ;difference' rule. When so interpreted, the cross-streaking method appeared to be slightly the more discriminatory.The greatest discrimination between strains was obtained by the use of a ;hierarchical' typing system in which the strains were first O serogrouped, and the cross-streaking method of bacteriocine typing was then used to make subdivisions within O serogroups.", "contents": "A comparison of typing methods for Serratia marcescens. A simple method for the bacteriocine typing of Serratia marcescens without the use of induction was sought. The results of a mutual inhibition experiment with 89 unrelated cultures indicated that a bacteriocine-susceptibility method would give more discrimination between strains than would a bacteriocine-production method. A cross-streaking technique for bacteriocine-susceptibility typing without previous induction was developed, and its performance was compared with that of another susceptibility-typing method in which cell-free lysates of the producer strains were obtained by induction with mitomycin C.Replicate typing of the same collection of cultures by both methods indicated that small variations in pattern were common and that larger variations occurred occasionally. Differences in pattern of less than two strong reactions in the mitomycin-C induction method, and of less than three strong reactions in the cross-streaking method, should therefore not be taken as evidence that strains can be distinguished.Sets of cultures of Ser. marcescens, 178 in total, from a number of supposed incidents of infection in hospitals, were used to evaluate the two bacteriocine-typing methods; all of the cultures were also O serogrouped. Comparison of the typing patterns of members of the same O serogroup from clear-cut incidents of infection confirmed that results of acceptable reliability could be obtained by either bacteriocine-typing method by the application of the appropriate ;difference' rule. When so interpreted, the cross-streaking method appeared to be slightly the more discriminatory.The greatest discrimination between strains was obtained by the use of a ;hierarchical' typing system in which the strains were first O serogrouped, and the cross-streaking method of bacteriocine typing was then used to make subdivisions within O serogroups.", "PMID": 328770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10930", "title": "A study of enteropathogenic organisms isolated in the public health laboratory, Lusaka.", "content": "A total of 328 specimens of stools were examined in the Public Health Laboratory during January and February 1973. Enteropathogens were isolated from 117 of these specimens. Besides these, 12 strains of Salmonellae were isolated from blood and 8 from urine. An occasional Salmonella was isolated from the pleural fluid (S. paratyphi A) pus from the knee (S. enteritidis) and from the C.S.F. of an infant (S. paratyphi C.). Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A are the predominant Salmonella species. No Salmonella paratyphi B has been isolated. Shigella, was isolated with slightly less frequency than Salmonella, and Shigella flexneriis was the predominant species. E. coli 0112/K66 is the most common enteropathogenic E. coli. The majority of the Shigella and Salmonella species are sensitive to the common antibiotics used. The E. coli organisms show multiple resistance to a number of antibiotics.", "contents": "A study of enteropathogenic organisms isolated in the public health laboratory, Lusaka. A total of 328 specimens of stools were examined in the Public Health Laboratory during January and February 1973. Enteropathogens were isolated from 117 of these specimens. Besides these, 12 strains of Salmonellae were isolated from blood and 8 from urine. An occasional Salmonella was isolated from the pleural fluid (S. paratyphi A) pus from the knee (S. enteritidis) and from the C.S.F. of an infant (S. paratyphi C.). Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A are the predominant Salmonella species. No Salmonella paratyphi B has been isolated. Shigella, was isolated with slightly less frequency than Salmonella, and Shigella flexneriis was the predominant species. E. coli 0112/K66 is the most common enteropathogenic E. coli. The majority of the Shigella and Salmonella species are sensitive to the common antibiotics used. The E. coli organisms show multiple resistance to a number of antibiotics.", "PMID": 328771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10931", "title": "To Shigella sonnei phage typing.", "content": "The epidemiological significance of phage types changes in the course of years. In Czechoslovakia, in the years 1967-1971, the most frequent phage types were 2,6, 3, 30 and 65, and, in the Middle-Bohemian Region, 2,30, 6, 3 and 65. In the epidemiological years 1972-1973 the sequence of the most frequent S. sonnet phage types changed in the Middle-Bohemian region to: 65, 23, 6, 2 and 12. Some problems concerning the instability of phage types and the part of further auxiliary tests (biochemical differentiation according to Bojlen and drug sensitivity pattern) are discussed.", "contents": "To Shigella sonnei phage typing. The epidemiological significance of phage types changes in the course of years. In Czechoslovakia, in the years 1967-1971, the most frequent phage types were 2,6, 3, 30 and 65, and, in the Middle-Bohemian Region, 2,30, 6, 3 and 65. In the epidemiological years 1972-1973 the sequence of the most frequent S. sonnet phage types changed in the Middle-Bohemian region to: 65, 23, 6, 2 and 12. Some problems concerning the instability of phage types and the part of further auxiliary tests (biochemical differentiation according to Bojlen and drug sensitivity pattern) are discussed.", "PMID": 328772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10932", "title": "Effect of colicin V on S. sonnei in vivo and in tissue culture.", "content": "The effect of the preparation of colicin V, freed from the endotoxin of the producer strain E. coli Ca-7 on Sh. sonnei was studied in the keratoconjunctival tests on guinea pigs and in the cell culture Hep-2. Colicin V was found to inhibit the development of dysenteric infection in vivo by delaying the incubation period. It has been demonstrated that the mentioned colicin blocks the process of adsorption of the causative agent on the surface of epithelial cells. Obviously, colicin V can also display bactericidal effect at the moment of intercellular migration of Shigellae, but it has no effect on bacteria which have penetrated into the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. The obtained data support the opinion of the role of colicins played in the development and course of infectious processes.", "contents": "Effect of colicin V on S. sonnei in vivo and in tissue culture. The effect of the preparation of colicin V, freed from the endotoxin of the producer strain E. coli Ca-7 on Sh. sonnei was studied in the keratoconjunctival tests on guinea pigs and in the cell culture Hep-2. Colicin V was found to inhibit the development of dysenteric infection in vivo by delaying the incubation period. It has been demonstrated that the mentioned colicin blocks the process of adsorption of the causative agent on the surface of epithelial cells. Obviously, colicin V can also display bactericidal effect at the moment of intercellular migration of Shigellae, but it has no effect on bacteria which have penetrated into the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. The obtained data support the opinion of the role of colicins played in the development and course of infectious processes.", "PMID": 328773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10933", "title": "Target cell-substratum interaction. II. Complement-dependent antibody-induced inhibition of adherence.", "content": "When trypsinized cells were treated with alloantibody and complement they initially adhered to their substratum, then detached. Specific cytolysis did not occur. In addition to demonstrating an immunologically mediated reaction, this phenomenon has permitted the development of a new, simple, rapid assay for alloantibody that does not require a cytolytic reaction.", "contents": "Target cell-substratum interaction. II. Complement-dependent antibody-induced inhibition of adherence. When trypsinized cells were treated with alloantibody and complement they initially adhered to their substratum, then detached. Specific cytolysis did not occur. In addition to demonstrating an immunologically mediated reaction, this phenomenon has permitted the development of a new, simple, rapid assay for alloantibody that does not require a cytolytic reaction.", "PMID": 328775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10934", "title": "Induction of unresponsiveness to bone marrow grafts.", "content": "Unresponsiveness to Hh incompatible bone marrow grafts was induced in mice by single or multiple injections of various tissues from a prospective donor before irradiation and bone marrow grafting. The results show that lymph node cells and splenocytes (both adherent and nonadherent) were the most effective in inducing unresponsiveness; thymocytes showed only a marginal effect in female and no effect in male mice, and hepatocytes had no effect. There was a direct relationship between the number of cells required for unresponsiveness induction and the strength of incompatibility between donor and recipient, i.e., the stronger the donor-recipient incompatibility, the more cells were required to induce unresponsiveness. The rapidity of unresponsiveness induction and its duration were also dependent on the number of cells in the \"immunizing\" inoculum. In general, unresponsiveness was induced sooner and persisted longer when larger cell doses were used. The unresponsiveness was highly specific with regard to donor antigens.", "contents": "Induction of unresponsiveness to bone marrow grafts. Unresponsiveness to Hh incompatible bone marrow grafts was induced in mice by single or multiple injections of various tissues from a prospective donor before irradiation and bone marrow grafting. The results show that lymph node cells and splenocytes (both adherent and nonadherent) were the most effective in inducing unresponsiveness; thymocytes showed only a marginal effect in female and no effect in male mice, and hepatocytes had no effect. There was a direct relationship between the number of cells required for unresponsiveness induction and the strength of incompatibility between donor and recipient, i.e., the stronger the donor-recipient incompatibility, the more cells were required to induce unresponsiveness. The rapidity of unresponsiveness induction and its duration were also dependent on the number of cells in the \"immunizing\" inoculum. In general, unresponsiveness was induced sooner and persisted longer when larger cell doses were used. The unresponsiveness was highly specific with regard to donor antigens.", "PMID": 328776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10935", "title": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. IV. Regulatory effects of corticosteroids on the triggering signal in the plaque-forming cell response of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes to polyclonal activation.", "content": "In vitro hydrocortisone in physiologic and pharmacologically attainable concentrations caused a marked enhancement of the PWM-induced PFC response of normal human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. This effect was seen only when hydrocortisone was added within the first 24 hr of culture and only when hydrocortisone and PWM were present together in cultures. Only suprapharmacologic concentrations of hydrocortisone (10(-3) M) were capable of suppressing early B cell activation. Late stages of antibody production and secretion were resistant to suppression by even these extraordinarily high concentrations. Hydrocortisone did not replace the T cell requirement of PWM-induced PFC responses. A single dose of in vivo hydrocortisone (400 mg) to normal adult volunteers did not produce this enhancing effect when PFC responses were measured in vitro in the absence of hydrocortisone. The data strongly suggest that the enhancing effect of hydrocortisone was due not to elimination of naturally occurring suppressor cells, but to a modulation of the triggering signal either directly on the B cell itself or via the balance of positive and negative T cell regulation of B cell activation.", "contents": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. IV. Regulatory effects of corticosteroids on the triggering signal in the plaque-forming cell response of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes to polyclonal activation. In vitro hydrocortisone in physiologic and pharmacologically attainable concentrations caused a marked enhancement of the PWM-induced PFC response of normal human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. This effect was seen only when hydrocortisone was added within the first 24 hr of culture and only when hydrocortisone and PWM were present together in cultures. Only suprapharmacologic concentrations of hydrocortisone (10(-3) M) were capable of suppressing early B cell activation. Late stages of antibody production and secretion were resistant to suppression by even these extraordinarily high concentrations. Hydrocortisone did not replace the T cell requirement of PWM-induced PFC responses. A single dose of in vivo hydrocortisone (400 mg) to normal adult volunteers did not produce this enhancing effect when PFC responses were measured in vitro in the absence of hydrocortisone. The data strongly suggest that the enhancing effect of hydrocortisone was due not to elimination of naturally occurring suppressor cells, but to a modulation of the triggering signal either directly on the B cell itself or via the balance of positive and negative T cell regulation of B cell activation.", "PMID": 328777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10936", "title": "Physicochemical consequences of opsonization: perturbation of liposomal membranes by Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS opsonized with IgG antibodies.", "content": "When phagocytosis-resistant Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS bacteria sensitized with anti-MS IgG antibodies were incubated with liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate, a previously sequestered liposomal marker (4-methylumbelliferylphosphate) was released. Unsensitized or F(ab')2-sensitized bacteria had no such effect. This perturbation was neither dependent upon negatively charged dicetylphosphate nor upon cholesterol. It was further evident that palmitoyl-poly(ethyleneglycol) caused release of the trapped marker in a similar way as  sensitized bacteria. These findings demonstrate a similarity between sensitized bacteria and a hydrophobic probe and lend support to the hypothesis that the perturbation was brought about by hydrophobic interaction. The observations indicate that liposomes, like phagocytes, possess \"receptor sites\" for the activated part of IgG and raise the possibility that phagocytic effectors can operate in a relatively nonspecific manner.", "contents": "Physicochemical consequences of opsonization: perturbation of liposomal membranes by Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS opsonized with IgG antibodies. When phagocytosis-resistant Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS bacteria sensitized with anti-MS IgG antibodies were incubated with liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate, a previously sequestered liposomal marker (4-methylumbelliferylphosphate) was released. Unsensitized or F(ab')2-sensitized bacteria had no such effect. This perturbation was neither dependent upon negatively charged dicetylphosphate nor upon cholesterol. It was further evident that palmitoyl-poly(ethyleneglycol) caused release of the trapped marker in a similar way as  sensitized bacteria. These findings demonstrate a similarity between sensitized bacteria and a hydrophobic probe and lend support to the hypothesis that the perturbation was brought about by hydrophobic interaction. The observations indicate that liposomes, like phagocytes, possess \"receptor sites\" for the activated part of IgG and raise the possibility that phagocytic effectors can operate in a relatively nonspecific manner.", "PMID": 328778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10937", "title": "Release of slow reacting substance (SRS) from rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells.", "content": "When rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells were exposed to the ionophore A23187, a substance was released that produced a prolonged contraction of guinea pig ileum resembling that seen with slow reacting substances (SRSs) from various sources. The response was temperature, dose, and the time dependent with no activity being demonstrated in unstimulated cells. Several lines of evidence indicated that the RBL-1 product was markedly similar or identical to SRSs obtained from non-neoplastic tissues: 1) appropriate behavior in seven different chromatographic systems, 2) an appropriate profile of activity on various smooth muscle preparations, 3) an ability of low concentrations of the selective SRS inhibitor FPL 55712 to block the guinea pig ileal response, 4) failure of chymotrypsin to destroy activity, 5) loss of the activity after incubation with arylsulfatase, and 6) an ability to release activity from cells preincubated with indomethacin. Since RBL-1 cells can be grown in considerable guantity and under optimal conditions an average of 1500 SRS units/10(7) cells can be obtained, these cells should be useful as a biosynthetic source in further attempts to purify and characterize the SRS molecule.", "contents": "Release of slow reacting substance (SRS) from rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells. When rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells were exposed to the ionophore A23187, a substance was released that produced a prolonged contraction of guinea pig ileum resembling that seen with slow reacting substances (SRSs) from various sources. The response was temperature, dose, and the time dependent with no activity being demonstrated in unstimulated cells. Several lines of evidence indicated that the RBL-1 product was markedly similar or identical to SRSs obtained from non-neoplastic tissues: 1) appropriate behavior in seven different chromatographic systems, 2) an appropriate profile of activity on various smooth muscle preparations, 3) an ability of low concentrations of the selective SRS inhibitor FPL 55712 to block the guinea pig ileal response, 4) failure of chymotrypsin to destroy activity, 5) loss of the activity after incubation with arylsulfatase, and 6) an ability to release activity from cells preincubated with indomethacin. Since RBL-1 cells can be grown in considerable guantity and under optimal conditions an average of 1500 SRS units/10(7) cells can be obtained, these cells should be useful as a biosynthetic source in further attempts to purify and characterize the SRS molecule.", "PMID": 328779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10938", "title": "Suppression of B cell MIF production by T cells and soluble T cell-derived factors.", "content": "Purified populations of guinea pig B cells from nonimmunized animals may be stimualted by PPD or LPS to produce MIF. Unfractionated lymphocyte suspensions from these animals do not produce MIF under these conditions. Reconstitution of B cells with T cells abolishes their ability to generate detectable MIF. A soluble factor obtained from stimulated T cell cultures (MIFIF) is also capable of suppressing this B cell activity. Thus suppressor T cells can interfere with lymphokine production by B cells and this effect is mediated at least in part by a soluble factor. This previously undescribed capacity of T cells may provide an explanation for the fact that B cells do not appear to play a role in reactions of cell-mediated immunity in vivo.", "contents": "Suppression of B cell MIF production by T cells and soluble T cell-derived factors. Purified populations of guinea pig B cells from nonimmunized animals may be stimualted by PPD or LPS to produce MIF. Unfractionated lymphocyte suspensions from these animals do not produce MIF under these conditions. Reconstitution of B cells with T cells abolishes their ability to generate detectable MIF. A soluble factor obtained from stimulated T cell cultures (MIFIF) is also capable of suppressing this B cell activity. Thus suppressor T cells can interfere with lymphokine production by B cells and this effect is mediated at least in part by a soluble factor. This previously undescribed capacity of T cells may provide an explanation for the fact that B cells do not appear to play a role in reactions of cell-mediated immunity in vivo.", "PMID": 328780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10939", "title": "Modified micromethod for detection of human Fc receptor-like material.", "content": "Soluble FcR-like material can be demonstrated in the culture supernatants of activated lymphocytes. We modified as assay for its detection which was based upon inhibition of complement dependent hemolysis, an unreliable phenomenon in our hands. The micromethod presented was developed using the culture supernatants of FcR producing and FcR non-producing lymphoblastoid cell lines. Suppression of hemolysis was consistently observed providing the assay was performed below 22 degrees C. It is suggested that the classical pathway of complement activation is inhibited by this material but not the alternative pathway. By this method FcR material can be detected in small cultures where cells are limited in number.", "contents": "Modified micromethod for detection of human Fc receptor-like material. Soluble FcR-like material can be demonstrated in the culture supernatants of activated lymphocytes. We modified as assay for its detection which was based upon inhibition of complement dependent hemolysis, an unreliable phenomenon in our hands. The micromethod presented was developed using the culture supernatants of FcR producing and FcR non-producing lymphoblastoid cell lines. Suppression of hemolysis was consistently observed providing the assay was performed below 22 degrees C. It is suggested that the classical pathway of complement activation is inhibited by this material but not the alternative pathway. By this method FcR material can be detected in small cultures where cells are limited in number.", "PMID": 328782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10940", "title": "Immunology of DNA. VI. The effect of mercaptans on IgG and IgM anti-dsDNA.", "content": "Reduction of IgM antibodies to DNA with mercaptans such as dithioerythrol or 2-mercaptoethanol completely destroys DNA binding in the Farr assay and in the immunofluorescence technique by Crithidia luciliae. In contrast reduction of IgG antibodies to DNA results in a six-fold increase of DNA binding in the Farr assay while no effect on titres in the immunofluorescence technique can be observed. Our results lead to the following conclusions: 1) The Farr assay is selective for high avidity interactions; only a minor part of IgG antibodies to DNA is measured; 2) 7S IgM antibodies to DNA cannot be demonstrated in the Farr assay or the immunofluorescence technique; obviously only multivalent interactions, as obtained with the intact 19S IgM molecule are stable in these assays; 3) reduction of IgG leads to a greater flexibility of this molecule; this facilitates monogamous bivalent binding to DNA; 4) THE PRESENTATION OF DNA in the kinetoplast of Crithidia luciliae favours a monogamous bivalent binding of antibodies to DNA with high avidity; this accounts for occasionally observed discrepancies between anti-DNA activity in the Farr assay and in the immunofluorescence technique.", "contents": "Immunology of DNA. VI. The effect of mercaptans on IgG and IgM anti-dsDNA. Reduction of IgM antibodies to DNA with mercaptans such as dithioerythrol or 2-mercaptoethanol completely destroys DNA binding in the Farr assay and in the immunofluorescence technique by Crithidia luciliae. In contrast reduction of IgG antibodies to DNA results in a six-fold increase of DNA binding in the Farr assay while no effect on titres in the immunofluorescence technique can be observed. Our results lead to the following conclusions: 1) The Farr assay is selective for high avidity interactions; only a minor part of IgG antibodies to DNA is measured; 2) 7S IgM antibodies to DNA cannot be demonstrated in the Farr assay or the immunofluorescence technique; obviously only multivalent interactions, as obtained with the intact 19S IgM molecule are stable in these assays; 3) reduction of IgG leads to a greater flexibility of this molecule; this facilitates monogamous bivalent binding to DNA; 4) THE PRESENTATION OF DNA in the kinetoplast of Crithidia luciliae favours a monogamous bivalent binding of antibodies to DNA with high avidity; this accounts for occasionally observed discrepancies between anti-DNA activity in the Farr assay and in the immunofluorescence technique.", "PMID": 328783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10941", "title": "Parasitologic and serologic observations of infection with Pneumocystis in humans.", "content": "More than 500 specimens of lung tissue were examined for Pneumocystis. Of the 38 infections detected, most were in immunodeficient patients. Samples of serum from approximately 600 healthy normal subjects and 117 children with acute lymphatic leukemia were examined by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. The age-related data from the normal children suggested that nearly 100% of children are infected with Pneumocystis during the first two years of life. Groups of patients with leukemia who had symptoms of pneumocystis pneumonia had significantly higher titers of IgG antibody than groups of patients with leukemia who did not have clinical symptoms and normal subjects. Nevertheless, the diagnostic value of the indirect fluorescent antibody test is limited, but serologic follow-up study can be useful. Groups of children with leukemia had lower mean titers of IgM antibody regardless of their clinical condition.", "contents": "Parasitologic and serologic observations of infection with Pneumocystis in humans. More than 500 specimens of lung tissue were examined for Pneumocystis. Of the 38 infections detected, most were in immunodeficient patients. Samples of serum from approximately 600 healthy normal subjects and 117 children with acute lymphatic leukemia were examined by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. The age-related data from the normal children suggested that nearly 100% of children are infected with Pneumocystis during the first two years of life. Groups of patients with leukemia who had symptoms of pneumocystis pneumonia had significantly higher titers of IgG antibody than groups of patients with leukemia who did not have clinical symptoms and normal subjects. Nevertheless, the diagnostic value of the indirect fluorescent antibody test is limited, but serologic follow-up study can be useful. Groups of children with leukemia had lower mean titers of IgM antibody regardless of their clinical condition.", "PMID": 328785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10942", "title": "Clinical studies of an interferon inducer, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly (I)-poly (C)], in children.", "content": "Fifteen children ranging in age from one and one-half to 14 years received intravenous polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly (I)-poly (C)], an interferon inducer. The patients all had serious neurologic illness either directly or circumstatially related to viral infection. Peak titers of interferon in serum ranged from 8 to 500 units/ml in response to doses of poly (I)-poly (C) of 0.1-1.0 mg/kg. Serum interferon persisted for less than or equal to 24 hr after induction. Hyporesponsiveness to a second dose of poly (I)-poly (C) persisted for seven days after initial induction, after which time full response again occurred. The half-life of poly (I) poly (C) in plasma as measured in three patients was less than 30 min. poly (I-poly(C) appears to be safe when given intravenously, but the low titers of interferon induced may limit its clinical usefulness as an antiviral drug.", "contents": "Clinical studies of an interferon inducer, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly (I)-poly (C)], in children. Fifteen children ranging in age from one and one-half to 14 years received intravenous polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly (I)-poly (C)], an interferon inducer. The patients all had serious neurologic illness either directly or circumstatially related to viral infection. Peak titers of interferon in serum ranged from 8 to 500 units/ml in response to doses of poly (I)-poly (C) of 0.1-1.0 mg/kg. Serum interferon persisted for less than or equal to 24 hr after induction. Hyporesponsiveness to a second dose of poly (I)-poly (C) persisted for seven days after initial induction, after which time full response again occurred. The half-life of poly (I) poly (C) in plasma as measured in three patients was less than 30 min. poly (I-poly(C) appears to be safe when given intravenously, but the low titers of interferon induced may limit its clinical usefulness as an antiviral drug.", "PMID": 328786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10943", "title": "Isolation and identification of encapsulated strains of Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "One hundred three clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis were identified during a two-year period. Most of these isolates were strains of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis, which constitutes a minor component of the fecal flora in comparison with the other subspecies of B. fragilis. By use of several techniques for demonstration of capsules, it was found that only B. fragilis strains classified as subspecies fragilis were encapsulated. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was developed for identification of clinical isolates possessing capsular material that was immunologically similar to that found in the reference strain of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis. All strains examined that were classified as subspecies fragilis were positive in this assay for the capsular material, whereas strains of the other subspecies were negative. This tests represents a rapid and sensitive means of identifying the most prevalent anaerobic gram-negative bacillus involved in human infections. The capsular polysaccharide of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis is a unique factor associated with the predominant subspecies of B. fragilis isolated from clinical material.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of encapsulated strains of Bacteroides fragilis. One hundred three clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis were identified during a two-year period. Most of these isolates were strains of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis, which constitutes a minor component of the fecal flora in comparison with the other subspecies of B. fragilis. By use of several techniques for demonstration of capsules, it was found that only B. fragilis strains classified as subspecies fragilis were encapsulated. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was developed for identification of clinical isolates possessing capsular material that was immunologically similar to that found in the reference strain of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis. All strains examined that were classified as subspecies fragilis were positive in this assay for the capsular material, whereas strains of the other subspecies were negative. This tests represents a rapid and sensitive means of identifying the most prevalent anaerobic gram-negative bacillus involved in human infections. The capsular polysaccharide of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis is a unique factor associated with the predominant subspecies of B. fragilis isolated from clinical material.", "PMID": 328787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10944", "title": "Adjuvant protection against bacterial infection in granulocytopenic mice.", "content": "The hypothesis that the induction of nonspecific resistance to infection by immunostimulation prior to drug-induced granulocytopenia would afford increased protection to subsequent bacterial challenge was tested in a murine model of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus in mice rendered granulocytopenic with cyclophosphamide. Prior intraperitoneal immunostimulation of mice with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or Mycobacterium bovis (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e8rin; BCG) increased the 50% lethal dose in mice challenged subcutaneously with P. aeruginosa, but only CFA protected against challenge with S. aureus. The degree of protection was 1-2 log 10. Corynebacterium parvum provided no protection against infection with P. aeruginosa. The protective effect observed with CFA and BCG substantiates our hypothesis and indicates that nonspecific immunostimulation may be of value in protection of granulocytopenic patients from opportunistic infections.", "contents": "Adjuvant protection against bacterial infection in granulocytopenic mice. The hypothesis that the induction of nonspecific resistance to infection by immunostimulation prior to drug-induced granulocytopenia would afford increased protection to subsequent bacterial challenge was tested in a murine model of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus in mice rendered granulocytopenic with cyclophosphamide. Prior intraperitoneal immunostimulation of mice with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or Mycobacterium bovis (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e8rin; BCG) increased the 50% lethal dose in mice challenged subcutaneously with P. aeruginosa, but only CFA protected against challenge with S. aureus. The degree of protection was 1-2 log 10. Corynebacterium parvum provided no protection against infection with P. aeruginosa. The protective effect observed with CFA and BCG substantiates our hypothesis and indicates that nonspecific immunostimulation may be of value in protection of granulocytopenic patients from opportunistic infections.", "PMID": 328788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10945", "title": "Fungicidal components of mammalian granulocytes active against Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "Citric acid extracts of granule-rich fractions, prepared from rabbit and guinea pig heterophils or human neutrophis, killed Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. These extracts sere fractionated by micropreparative electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. In preparation of rabbit and guinea pig heterophils, cryptococcidal activity was associated predominantely with lysosomal cationic protein complex. Human neutrophils lacked strictly comparable cationic proteins but contained other components that killed C. neoformans. These components appeared to be identical to previously described proteins of the human neutrophil active against Candida parapsilosis.", "contents": "Fungicidal components of mammalian granulocytes active against Cryptococcus neoformans. Citric acid extracts of granule-rich fractions, prepared from rabbit and guinea pig heterophils or human neutrophis, killed Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. These extracts sere fractionated by micropreparative electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. In preparation of rabbit and guinea pig heterophils, cryptococcidal activity was associated predominantely with lysosomal cationic protein complex. Human neutrophils lacked strictly comparable cationic proteins but contained other components that killed C. neoformans. These components appeared to be identical to previously described proteins of the human neutrophil active against Candida parapsilosis.", "PMID": 328789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10946", "title": "Comparison of killing of bacteria by guinea pig neutrophils and monocytes.", "content": "Guinea pig polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN's; harvested from the blood and from peritoneal exudates) and monocytes (harvested from the peritoneal cavity with and without stimulation of an exudate) were compared in their capacities to kill three pyogenic bacteria. All combinations of phagocytes and bacteria required heat-labile opsonic factors. No significant differences in killing of the three organisms were observed between blood and peritoneal PMN's or between stimulated and unstimulated monocytes. PMN's killed Staphylococcus aureus more effectively than monocytes after both 1 and 2 hr of incubation (p less than 0.05). Although PMN's appeared to have greater bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli than did monocytes, this differences was significant only after 2 hr of incubation (p less than 0.05). The killing of Bacteroides fragilis by PMN's and monocytes was identical. These data demonstrate that guinea pig exudates provide suitable models for the study of phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and suggest that the relative bactericidal capacities of phagocytes depend not only on the phagocyte but also on the species of pyogenic bacteria being studied. These observations may have important implications in host defense against serious infections.", "contents": "Comparison of killing of bacteria by guinea pig neutrophils and monocytes. Guinea pig polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN's; harvested from the blood and from peritoneal exudates) and monocytes (harvested from the peritoneal cavity with and without stimulation of an exudate) were compared in their capacities to kill three pyogenic bacteria. All combinations of phagocytes and bacteria required heat-labile opsonic factors. No significant differences in killing of the three organisms were observed between blood and peritoneal PMN's or between stimulated and unstimulated monocytes. PMN's killed Staphylococcus aureus more effectively than monocytes after both 1 and 2 hr of incubation (p less than 0.05). Although PMN's appeared to have greater bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli than did monocytes, this differences was significant only after 2 hr of incubation (p less than 0.05). The killing of Bacteroides fragilis by PMN's and monocytes was identical. These data demonstrate that guinea pig exudates provide suitable models for the study of phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and suggest that the relative bactericidal capacities of phagocytes depend not only on the phagocyte but also on the species of pyogenic bacteria being studied. These observations may have important implications in host defense against serious infections.", "PMID": 328806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10947", "title": "Serious cerebral complications following unilateral ligation of the internal jugular vein. Review of the literature and a case report.", "content": "Serious intracranial sequelae of unilateral internal jugular vein ligation or resection are extremely rare. 22 cases including our own, were found in the literature, eight of them with a fatal outcome. Factors involved such as abnormalities of the cerebral venous sinus system, controlled hypotension, hypovolemia, posture, and dressings are discussed, as well as safeguards and possible preoperative diagnostic measures.", "contents": "Serious cerebral complications following unilateral ligation of the internal jugular vein. Review of the literature and a case report. Serious intracranial sequelae of unilateral internal jugular vein ligation or resection are extremely rare. 22 cases including our own, were found in the literature, eight of them with a fatal outcome. Factors involved such as abnormalities of the cerebral venous sinus system, controlled hypotension, hypovolemia, posture, and dressings are discussed, as well as safeguards and possible preoperative diagnostic measures.", "PMID": 328808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10948", "title": "[Immunofluorescent study of the distribution of adult neuro-specific antigens in the chick embryo (author's transl)].", "content": "The adult neuro-specific antigens have been localized by immunofluorescence techniques in diencephalon and mesencephalon of chick embryo. This study has been made using fresh or fixed tissues from embryos 72, 48 or 36 h old. At 72 h of incubation the wall of diencephalon shows marked fluorescence; at 48 h of incubation the fluorescent cells are localized in an outer layer and an inner one. In the 48 h-old embryo the reaction is more distinct and intensive in fresh tissues than in fixed tissues. At 36 h of incubation no fluorescence has been detected either in fresh tissues or in fixed tissues.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescent study of the distribution of adult neuro-specific antigens in the chick embryo (author's transl)]. The adult neuro-specific antigens have been localized by immunofluorescence techniques in diencephalon and mesencephalon of chick embryo. This study has been made using fresh or fixed tissues from embryos 72, 48 or 36 h old. At 72 h of incubation the wall of diencephalon shows marked fluorescence; at 48 h of incubation the fluorescent cells are localized in an outer layer and an inner one. In the 48 h-old embryo the reaction is more distinct and intensive in fresh tissues than in fixed tissues. At 36 h of incubation no fluorescence has been detected either in fresh tissues or in fixed tissues.", "PMID": 328815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10949", "title": "Reactivity of rat placental cells with alloantisera.", "content": "The nature of the protection afforded the placental structure against the immunologic consequences that could result from maternal exposure to paternal alloantigens remains obscure. One problem has been difficulty in antigenically defining the individual cellular components of the intact placenta. These studies were designed to examine serologically, with specific antisera, five cell types isolated from the rat placenta. The results indicate that non-Ag-B antigens are present on the cytotrophoblast cells, while Ag-G antigens are absent on all the cells except an undefined population of fibroblasts. Of particular significance is the obvious absence of detectable surface antigens on the cells directly in contact with the maternal tissues, the trophoblast mononuclear giant cells.", "contents": "Reactivity of rat placental cells with alloantisera. The nature of the protection afforded the placental structure against the immunologic consequences that could result from maternal exposure to paternal alloantigens remains obscure. One problem has been difficulty in antigenically defining the individual cellular components of the intact placenta. These studies were designed to examine serologically, with specific antisera, five cell types isolated from the rat placenta. The results indicate that non-Ag-B antigens are present on the cytotrophoblast cells, while Ag-G antigens are absent on all the cells except an undefined population of fibroblasts. Of particular significance is the obvious absence of detectable surface antigens on the cells directly in contact with the maternal tissues, the trophoblast mononuclear giant cells.", "PMID": 328816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10950", "title": "Indirect immunofluorescent identification of 19S immunoglobulin-containing cells in the intestinal mucosa of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The lymphoid structures in the gastrointestinal tract of immunized and non-immunized adult Xenopus laevis were studied by light and fluorescent microscopy. Serial sections stained with May-Grunnwald Giemsa showed that lymphoid aggregations and scattered lymphoid cells are present along the whole digestive tract. The aggregations are few and rather small in the oesophagus and stomach, they are particularly voluminous in the duodenum. An indirect immunofluorescent technique using antisera against Xenopus laevis 19S and 7S immunoglobulins and their heavy polypeptide chains, revealed the presence of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the duodenal region. The oesophagus and stomach were devoid of these. It has been shown that the immunoglobulins produced in the duodenal lamina propria are formed of both heavy and light polypeptide chains, and that the heavy chains are of the 19S H-type.", "contents": "Indirect immunofluorescent identification of 19S immunoglobulin-containing cells in the intestinal mucosa of Xenopus laevis. The lymphoid structures in the gastrointestinal tract of immunized and non-immunized adult Xenopus laevis were studied by light and fluorescent microscopy. Serial sections stained with May-Grunnwald Giemsa showed that lymphoid aggregations and scattered lymphoid cells are present along the whole digestive tract. The aggregations are few and rather small in the oesophagus and stomach, they are particularly voluminous in the duodenum. An indirect immunofluorescent technique using antisera against Xenopus laevis 19S and 7S immunoglobulins and their heavy polypeptide chains, revealed the presence of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the duodenal region. The oesophagus and stomach were devoid of these. It has been shown that the immunoglobulins produced in the duodenal lamina propria are formed of both heavy and light polypeptide chains, and that the heavy chains are of the 19S H-type.", "PMID": 328818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10951", "title": "A comparison between John Dewey's theory of inquiry and Jean Piaget's genetic analysis of intelligence.", "content": "This article compares John Dewey's theory of inquiry with Jean Piaget's analysis of the mechanisms implied in the increase of knowledge. The sources for this paper are Dewey's studies on logic and the theory of inquiry and Piaget's historical-critical and psychogenetic investigations. Three major conclusions result from the comparison: first, there are significant convergences between the two theories; second, Piaget's developmental analysis makes explicit what is programmatic in Dewey's investigations; and, finally, Piaget is incorrect in characterizing Dewey's pragmatism as a method that does not meet the criteria of intelligent activity.", "contents": "A comparison between John Dewey's theory of inquiry and Jean Piaget's genetic analysis of intelligence. This article compares John Dewey's theory of inquiry with Jean Piaget's analysis of the mechanisms implied in the increase of knowledge. The sources for this paper are Dewey's studies on logic and the theory of inquiry and Piaget's historical-critical and psychogenetic investigations. Three major conclusions result from the comparison: first, there are significant convergences between the two theories; second, Piaget's developmental analysis makes explicit what is programmatic in Dewey's investigations; and, finally, Piaget is incorrect in characterizing Dewey's pragmatism as a method that does not meet the criteria of intelligent activity.", "PMID": 328823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10952", "title": "Illness behavior, social adaptation, and the management of illness. A comparison of educational and medical models.", "content": "Motivational needs and coping are important aspects of illness response. Clinicians must help guide illness response by suggesting constructive adaptive opportunities and by avoiding reinforcement of maladaptive patterns. This paper examines how the patient's search for meaning, social attributions, and social comparisons shapes adaptation to illness and subsequent disability. It proposes a coping-adaptation model involving the following five resources relevant to rehabilitation: economic assets, abilities and skills, defensive techniques, social supports, and motivational impetus. It is maintained that confusion between illness and illness behavior obfuscates the alternatives available to guide patients through smoother adaptations and resumption of social roles.", "contents": "Illness behavior, social adaptation, and the management of illness. A comparison of educational and medical models. Motivational needs and coping are important aspects of illness response. Clinicians must help guide illness response by suggesting constructive adaptive opportunities and by avoiding reinforcement of maladaptive patterns. This paper examines how the patient's search for meaning, social attributions, and social comparisons shapes adaptation to illness and subsequent disability. It proposes a coping-adaptation model involving the following five resources relevant to rehabilitation: economic assets, abilities and skills, defensive techniques, social supports, and motivational impetus. It is maintained that confusion between illness and illness behavior obfuscates the alternatives available to guide patients through smoother adaptations and resumption of social roles.", "PMID": 328824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10953", "title": "On the presence of different populations of pinealocytes in the mammalian pineal gland.", "content": "The different categories of cells described by many authors in the pineal gland of mammals have been critically considered. In some mammalian species, two different populations of pinealocytes have been observed. To each of these populations a specific secretory process can be attributed. One is characterized by the formation of granular vesicles originating from the Golgi apparatus, the other by the formation of material directly from the cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Both of these secretory processes appear to be also present in the pineal of the mole, the hedgehog, and the rat, mammals in which generally only one population of pinealocytes has been described. The physiological consequences of these findings have been discussed.", "contents": "On the presence of different populations of pinealocytes in the mammalian pineal gland. The different categories of cells described by many authors in the pineal gland of mammals have been critically considered. In some mammalian species, two different populations of pinealocytes have been observed. To each of these populations a specific secretory process can be attributed. One is characterized by the formation of granular vesicles originating from the Golgi apparatus, the other by the formation of material directly from the cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Both of these secretory processes appear to be also present in the pineal of the mole, the hedgehog, and the rat, mammals in which generally only one population of pinealocytes has been described. The physiological consequences of these findings have been discussed.", "PMID": 328826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10954", "title": "Identification of glial fibrillary acidic protein by the immunoperoxidase method in human brain tumors.", "content": "The immunocytochemical localization of glial fibrillary acidic portein within glioma cell bodies and their processes by the immunoperoxidase method is demonstrated to be of diagnostic value. This method has advantages over \"special\" stains because it is not so dependent upon color alone, and because it identifies a specific protein in the cells. The immunoperoxidase method using antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein is shown to be useful for the differentiation of mixed glial and mesenchymal tumors, and for the diagnosis of tumors in which a glial or mesenchymal cell origin is in doubt.", "contents": "Identification of glial fibrillary acidic protein by the immunoperoxidase method in human brain tumors. The immunocytochemical localization of glial fibrillary acidic portein within glioma cell bodies and their processes by the immunoperoxidase method is demonstrated to be of diagnostic value. This method has advantages over \"special\" stains because it is not so dependent upon color alone, and because it identifies a specific protein in the cells. The immunoperoxidase method using antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein is shown to be useful for the differentiation of mixed glial and mesenchymal tumors, and for the diagnosis of tumors in which a glial or mesenchymal cell origin is in doubt.", "PMID": 328828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10955", "title": "The immunopathophysiological effects of chronic serum sickness on rat choroid plexus, ciliary process and renal glomeruli.", "content": "The immunopathological findings and their effects upon the vascular permeability of the ciliary process, choroid plexus and renal glomeruli to intravenously injected 125I-bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been studied in 26 rats who survived a prolonged period of bovine serum albuminemia following the experimental chronic serum sickness model of Fennell and Pardo (8). Rat IgG and C3 and BSA were demonstrated in the experimental rats by direct immunofluorescence in glomeruli, ciliary process and choroid plexus of 85, 38 and 39 percent of animals respectively. Age and sex matched control tissues were negative. Statistically significant differences in the 125I-BSA content of urine, eye and brain were observed between the experimental and control groups. This experimental model offers an approach to the understanding of ocular and central nervous system involvement in clinical situations characterized by circulating immune complexes as well as an experimental tool with which to explore further the physiological consequences of immune deposits within the choroid plexus and ciliary body.", "contents": "The immunopathophysiological effects of chronic serum sickness on rat choroid plexus, ciliary process and renal glomeruli. The immunopathological findings and their effects upon the vascular permeability of the ciliary process, choroid plexus and renal glomeruli to intravenously injected 125I-bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been studied in 26 rats who survived a prolonged period of bovine serum albuminemia following the experimental chronic serum sickness model of Fennell and Pardo (8). Rat IgG and C3 and BSA were demonstrated in the experimental rats by direct immunofluorescence in glomeruli, ciliary process and choroid plexus of 85, 38 and 39 percent of animals respectively. Age and sex matched control tissues were negative. Statistically significant differences in the 125I-BSA content of urine, eye and brain were observed between the experimental and control groups. This experimental model offers an approach to the understanding of ocular and central nervous system involvement in clinical situations characterized by circulating immune complexes as well as an experimental tool with which to explore further the physiological consequences of immune deposits within the choroid plexus and ciliary body.", "PMID": 328830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10956", "title": "Glycolytic, hexose monophosphate shunt and bactericidal activities of leukocytes in ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs.", "content": "It is well known that glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt activities of leukocytes increase during phagocytosis. The relevance of these metabolic changes to particle uptake and particle destruction is also well established. In the present study, these metabolic activities were studied to assess the phagocytic function of leukocytes isolated from ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs. Glycolytic activity which provides the necessary energy for particle uptake was found to be decreased in both resting and phagocytizing leukocytes for ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs. The direct oxidation of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) was stimulated to a significantly lesser extent during phagocytosis in ascorbic acid deficient leukocytes. There was a progressive decline in phagocytosis induced shunt activity of leukocytes as the deficiency of ascorbic acid progressed. These findings show that particle uptake (as indicated by glycolytic activity) as well as particle destruction (as indicated by HMS activity) by leukocytes are impaired in ascorbic acid deficiency. Bactericidal capacity of leukocytes against Escherichia coli was also found to be low in ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs as compared to those in the pair-fed control group.", "contents": "Glycolytic, hexose monophosphate shunt and bactericidal activities of leukocytes in ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs. It is well known that glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt activities of leukocytes increase during phagocytosis. The relevance of these metabolic changes to particle uptake and particle destruction is also well established. In the present study, these metabolic activities were studied to assess the phagocytic function of leukocytes isolated from ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs. Glycolytic activity which provides the necessary energy for particle uptake was found to be decreased in both resting and phagocytizing leukocytes for ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs. The direct oxidation of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) was stimulated to a significantly lesser extent during phagocytosis in ascorbic acid deficient leukocytes. There was a progressive decline in phagocytosis induced shunt activity of leukocytes as the deficiency of ascorbic acid progressed. These findings show that particle uptake (as indicated by glycolytic activity) as well as particle destruction (as indicated by HMS activity) by leukocytes are impaired in ascorbic acid deficiency. Bactericidal capacity of leukocytes against Escherichia coli was also found to be low in ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs as compared to those in the pair-fed control group.", "PMID": 328832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10957", "title": "Diverse effects of triamicinolone on the ocular response to circulating endotoxin.", "content": "The ocular response to circulating bacterial endotoxin (E coli 055:B5, 100 microgram/kg) can be either significantly reduced or made more servere by pretreatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid triamcinolone. A single injection (25 mg/kg) 3 hr prior to endotoxin sharply curtails the response. Daily injections for 3 days preceding endotoxin produces an enhanced response. With this regimen, an enhanced alteration in ocular vascular permeability is produced 4 hr following endotoxin if 5 mg of triamcinolone is injected daily; if larger quantities of steroid are employed (25 mg), there is a slight reduction in ocular vascular permeability, but an enhanced intravascular fibrin accumulation in ocular blood vessels as well as in capillaries of renal glomeruli (generalised Shwartzman reaction). Once the enhancement of the ocular response to endotoxin has been established by prior treatment with steroids, additional triamcinolone given 2--3 hr before endotoxin is no longer effective in protecting against ocular or renal changes. These divergent effects of steroid could be produced by either subcutaneous or intra-orbital injection, and the response was equal in both eyes following intra-orbital injection, suggesting that steroids probably do not exert their effects locally in this situation. Although different mechanisms of action of corticosteroids may be responsible for these diverse effects, it is suggested that a loss of responsiveness to steroids may be important in their ability to enhance the effects of endotoxinemia.", "contents": "Diverse effects of triamicinolone on the ocular response to circulating endotoxin. The ocular response to circulating bacterial endotoxin (E coli 055:B5, 100 microgram/kg) can be either significantly reduced or made more servere by pretreatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid triamcinolone. A single injection (25 mg/kg) 3 hr prior to endotoxin sharply curtails the response. Daily injections for 3 days preceding endotoxin produces an enhanced response. With this regimen, an enhanced alteration in ocular vascular permeability is produced 4 hr following endotoxin if 5 mg of triamcinolone is injected daily; if larger quantities of steroid are employed (25 mg), there is a slight reduction in ocular vascular permeability, but an enhanced intravascular fibrin accumulation in ocular blood vessels as well as in capillaries of renal glomeruli (generalised Shwartzman reaction). Once the enhancement of the ocular response to endotoxin has been established by prior treatment with steroids, additional triamcinolone given 2--3 hr before endotoxin is no longer effective in protecting against ocular or renal changes. These divergent effects of steroid could be produced by either subcutaneous or intra-orbital injection, and the response was equal in both eyes following intra-orbital injection, suggesting that steroids probably do not exert their effects locally in this situation. Although different mechanisms of action of corticosteroids may be responsible for these diverse effects, it is suggested that a loss of responsiveness to steroids may be important in their ability to enhance the effects of endotoxinemia.", "PMID": 328838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10958", "title": "Histological criteria for immunological rejection of mouse skin homografts.", "content": "The sequence of events in homograft rejection of skin in mice was studied by light microscopy in comparison to the reactions to isografts. Male C3H mice were used as donors and Balb/c mice were the recipients. In non-infected grafts no invasion of graft tissue by inflammatory cells occurred except for the marginal areas bordering on the graft bed. The most constant feature of immunological rejection was occlusion of blood vessels at the graft-host border with ischaemia of the graft. This indicated that skin homograft rejection is mainly a vascular phenomenon which can be best diagnosed by the presence of empty venules and capillaries. Leukocytic infiltration was prominent in presumably infected grafts. Destruction and inflammatory infiltration of the epidermis was not found to be a criterion for immunological rejection. In the graft bed adjoining the graft the granulation tissue contained basophilic and small lymphocytes, and macrophages. These cell tended to concentrate nearest to the graft and were surrounded on the outside by the lymphoid cells. It is probable that the macrophages were active in digestion of breakdown products.", "contents": "Histological criteria for immunological rejection of mouse skin homografts. The sequence of events in homograft rejection of skin in mice was studied by light microscopy in comparison to the reactions to isografts. Male C3H mice were used as donors and Balb/c mice were the recipients. In non-infected grafts no invasion of graft tissue by inflammatory cells occurred except for the marginal areas bordering on the graft bed. The most constant feature of immunological rejection was occlusion of blood vessels at the graft-host border with ischaemia of the graft. This indicated that skin homograft rejection is mainly a vascular phenomenon which can be best diagnosed by the presence of empty venules and capillaries. Leukocytic infiltration was prominent in presumably infected grafts. Destruction and inflammatory infiltration of the epidermis was not found to be a criterion for immunological rejection. In the graft bed adjoining the graft the granulation tissue contained basophilic and small lymphocytes, and macrophages. These cell tended to concentrate nearest to the graft and were surrounded on the outside by the lymphoid cells. It is probable that the macrophages were active in digestion of breakdown products.", "PMID": 328839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10959", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis with associated \"reticulum celled sarcoma\".", "content": "A case of malignant histiocytosis associated with a \"reticulum celled sarcoma\" of the stomach is described. It is considered that both neoplasms represent progressive degrees of anaplasia of the same neoplastic process.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis with associated \"reticulum celled sarcoma\". A case of malignant histiocytosis associated with a \"reticulum celled sarcoma\" of the stomach is described. It is considered that both neoplasms represent progressive degrees of anaplasia of the same neoplastic process.", "PMID": 328841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10960", "title": "Lymphoproliferative response during resolution and recurrence of naturally occurring gingivitis.", "content": "The lymphocyte blastogenic response in humans to oral bacterial antigens was investigated during resolution and recurrence of naturally occurring gingivitis. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. Actinomyces and Fusobacterium and the host responses they evoke, are associated with gingival inflammation. 2. The magnitude of the blastogenic response to these antigens is directly related to the severity of gingival inflammation. 3. Scaling may cause a transient rise in the blastogenic response. 4. Conservative therapy not only improves the clinical state of gingival health, but also interrupts a possible pathogenic mechanism of periodontal disease.", "contents": "Lymphoproliferative response during resolution and recurrence of naturally occurring gingivitis. The lymphocyte blastogenic response in humans to oral bacterial antigens was investigated during resolution and recurrence of naturally occurring gingivitis. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. Actinomyces and Fusobacterium and the host responses they evoke, are associated with gingival inflammation. 2. The magnitude of the blastogenic response to these antigens is directly related to the severity of gingival inflammation. 3. Scaling may cause a transient rise in the blastogenic response. 4. Conservative therapy not only improves the clinical state of gingival health, but also interrupts a possible pathogenic mechanism of periodontal disease.", "PMID": 328846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10961", "title": "Precocious periodontitis: a clinical entity and a treatment responsibility.", "content": "This report has proposed that the term, periodontosis, be discarded and replaced with the term, precocious periodontitis. The literature review has shown that, although the exact causative agents are unknown, certain microbiological reactions do occur and the condition is a periodontitis. The term, precocious periodontitis, has been suggested because the disease entity differs from chronic periodontitis in some of its characteristic features and etiologic factors. Three important local etiologic factors are: (1) contact and eruption of the first molars, (2) occlusal traumatism, and (3) ineffective oral hygiene. The recent literature concerning possible hereditary characteristics, bacteriological findings, and immunological reactions has been cited. The reports presented showing successful results of therapy were selected to illustrate that this condition can have the same prognosis and response to therapy as other similarly involved cases of periodontitis as a clinical entity with a definitive treatment responsibilities.", "contents": "Precocious periodontitis: a clinical entity and a treatment responsibility. This report has proposed that the term, periodontosis, be discarded and replaced with the term, precocious periodontitis. The literature review has shown that, although the exact causative agents are unknown, certain microbiological reactions do occur and the condition is a periodontitis. The term, precocious periodontitis, has been suggested because the disease entity differs from chronic periodontitis in some of its characteristic features and etiologic factors. Three important local etiologic factors are: (1) contact and eruption of the first molars, (2) occlusal traumatism, and (3) ineffective oral hygiene. The recent literature concerning possible hereditary characteristics, bacteriological findings, and immunological reactions has been cited. The reports presented showing successful results of therapy were selected to illustrate that this condition can have the same prognosis and response to therapy as other similarly involved cases of periodontitis as a clinical entity with a definitive treatment responsibilities.", "PMID": 328847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10962", "title": "Effect of fluoride on autogenous iliac cancellous bone and marrow transplants in surgically created intrabony pockets in dogs.", "content": "The effect of the osteogenic capacity of fluoride on autogenous iliac cancellous bone and marrow transplants was studied in experimentally created periodontal defects. Eight dogs, 2 years old, weighing between 10 to 15 kg each, were used. The right side of the upper jaw served for creation of the experimental (fluoride-treated) pockets and the left side for the control (saline-treated) pockets. Fluoride treatment was carried out by a single topical application of a high concentration of fluoride in the periodontal defects and by application of a low concentration of fluoride to the bone marrow transplants. Intraoral periapical radiographs were taken immediately after implantation, and at time of sacrifice. Changes during bone healing were assessed histologically and by radioopacity measurements. The newly formed bone in the control and fluoride-treated areas did not differ in quality. Radioopacity in the experimental defects was significantly higher in comparison with that found in the control areas. The increase was probably due to greater bone formation in the fluoride-treated defects. The difference decreased with the duration of the healing intervals. Cementum was deposited in both control and experimental sites.", "contents": "Effect of fluoride on autogenous iliac cancellous bone and marrow transplants in surgically created intrabony pockets in dogs. The effect of the osteogenic capacity of fluoride on autogenous iliac cancellous bone and marrow transplants was studied in experimentally created periodontal defects. Eight dogs, 2 years old, weighing between 10 to 15 kg each, were used. The right side of the upper jaw served for creation of the experimental (fluoride-treated) pockets and the left side for the control (saline-treated) pockets. Fluoride treatment was carried out by a single topical application of a high concentration of fluoride in the periodontal defects and by application of a low concentration of fluoride to the bone marrow transplants. Intraoral periapical radiographs were taken immediately after implantation, and at time of sacrifice. Changes during bone healing were assessed histologically and by radioopacity measurements. The newly formed bone in the control and fluoride-treated areas did not differ in quality. Radioopacity in the experimental defects was significantly higher in comparison with that found in the control areas. The increase was probably due to greater bone formation in the fluoride-treated defects. The difference decreased with the duration of the healing intervals. Cementum was deposited in both control and experimental sites.", "PMID": 328848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10963", "title": "Strength determination of periodontal splints fabricated from acid-etched retained materials.", "content": "Six systems (one polycarboxylate, one polymethyl methacrylate, one unfilled BIS-GMA resin, two combinations of methyl cyanoacrylate and polymethyl methacrylate, and one combination of unfilled BIS-GMA and filled composite resin) were evaluated for in vitro retention to acid-etched human enamel. Also tested were one unfilled-filled resin combination backed by perforated orthodontic band metal and another unfilled resin backed by stainless steel wire mesh. Significant differences in retention were found. Results show that retention depends pril surface and to resist subsequent chemical degradation.", "contents": "Strength determination of periodontal splints fabricated from acid-etched retained materials. Six systems (one polycarboxylate, one polymethyl methacrylate, one unfilled BIS-GMA resin, two combinations of methyl cyanoacrylate and polymethyl methacrylate, and one combination of unfilled BIS-GMA and filled composite resin) were evaluated for in vitro retention to acid-etched human enamel. Also tested were one unfilled-filled resin combination backed by perforated orthodontic band metal and another unfilled resin backed by stainless steel wire mesh. Significant differences in retention were found. Results show that retention depends pril surface and to resist subsequent chemical degradation.", "PMID": 328849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10964", "title": "Handwriting characteristics and their relationship to Eysenck's extraversion-introversion and Kagan's impulsivity-reflectivity dimensions.", "content": "Examined the relationship between certain handwriting characteristics and Eysenck's Extraversion-Introversion and Kagan's Impulsivity-Reflectivity personality dimensions. Using 46 female subjects, scores on the EPQ inventory and Matching Familiar Figures test were compared by factor analysis to the handwriting characteristics of: middle zone height; middle zone breadth; upper zone height; lower zone height; space between words; right margin breadth; left margin breadth; a general size measure; handwriting time; paragraph indention; slant. The factor analysis revealed three distinct writing styles: one related to Extraversion; another related to Introversion; and a final one related to Reflectivity. These findings were discussed in relation to statements made by graphologists. Also, the significance of trait-sign and factor analysis in comparison with other methods of graphoanalysis was discussed.", "contents": "Handwriting characteristics and their relationship to Eysenck's extraversion-introversion and Kagan's impulsivity-reflectivity dimensions. Examined the relationship between certain handwriting characteristics and Eysenck's Extraversion-Introversion and Kagan's Impulsivity-Reflectivity personality dimensions. Using 46 female subjects, scores on the EPQ inventory and Matching Familiar Figures test were compared by factor analysis to the handwriting characteristics of: middle zone height; middle zone breadth; upper zone height; lower zone height; space between words; right margin breadth; left margin breadth; a general size measure; handwriting time; paragraph indention; slant. The factor analysis revealed three distinct writing styles: one related to Extraversion; another related to Introversion; and a final one related to Reflectivity. These findings were discussed in relation to statements made by graphologists. Also, the significance of trait-sign and factor analysis in comparison with other methods of graphoanalysis was discussed.", "PMID": 328851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10965", "title": "A reply to \"Validity and student acceptance of a graphoanalytic approach to personality\" by Vestewig, Santee, and Moss.", "content": "Vestewig, Santee, and Moss have interpreted their 1976 study of graphoanalysis as wholly offensive to the validity of this system of personality assessment. But re-examination of their data reveals that some findings actually support the validity of graphoanalysis in spite of the fact that their methodology stacked the cards against the handwriting experts. Suggestions are made as to how this study could have been made comparable to those studies which show validity of handwriting analysis by the \"global\" or \"holistic\" method, and it is noted that under these conditions the results might have been quite different.", "contents": "A reply to \"Validity and student acceptance of a graphoanalytic approach to personality\" by Vestewig, Santee, and Moss. Vestewig, Santee, and Moss have interpreted their 1976 study of graphoanalysis as wholly offensive to the validity of this system of personality assessment. But re-examination of their data reveals that some findings actually support the validity of graphoanalysis in spite of the fact that their methodology stacked the cards against the handwriting experts. Suggestions are made as to how this study could have been made comparable to those studies which show validity of handwriting analysis by the \"global\" or \"holistic\" method, and it is noted that under these conditions the results might have been quite different.", "PMID": 328852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10966", "title": "Need associations and psychopathology.", "content": "The 1960 Picture Identification Test (PIT) provides association scores for 210 need dyads derived from 21 Murray needs. Association scores for 16 clinical-control group pairs were analyzed for differences by t test. The clinical groups represented schizophrenic, neurotic, sex disturbance, and behavior disorder categories. Assertive needs produced the largest number od dyads which discriminated (p less than .05) clinical and control groups. Schizophrenic groups had the largest number of differences from normal controls. Schizophrenics tended to under-associate pairs of Assertive needs, as compared to normals, whereas other groups tended to over-associate these needs. Clinical groups in general over-associated 379 need dyads and under-associated 99 dyads (p less than .05). These results suggest that the frustations of maladjusted people, with regard to need association, are most generally related to insuficient conceptual differentiation of needs.", "contents": "Need associations and psychopathology. The 1960 Picture Identification Test (PIT) provides association scores for 210 need dyads derived from 21 Murray needs. Association scores for 16 clinical-control group pairs were analyzed for differences by t test. The clinical groups represented schizophrenic, neurotic, sex disturbance, and behavior disorder categories. Assertive needs produced the largest number od dyads which discriminated (p less than .05) clinical and control groups. Schizophrenic groups had the largest number of differences from normal controls. Schizophrenics tended to under-associate pairs of Assertive needs, as compared to normals, whereas other groups tended to over-associate these needs. Clinical groups in general over-associated 379 need dyads and under-associated 99 dyads (p less than .05). These results suggest that the frustations of maladjusted people, with regard to need association, are most generally related to insuficient conceptual differentiation of needs.", "PMID": 328853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10967", "title": "Intelligence and imagery in personality.", "content": "One hundred college undergraduates were administered the Richardson revision of the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control, the Betts-Sheehan Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery, and the Shipley-Hartford Institute of Living Scale. The latter provided a conceptual quotient (CQ) score of intellectual impairment based upon a ratio between vocabulary and abstraction scores. Subjects with CQs above 100 had significantly higher control scores (p less than .02). High control subjects had significantly higher total IQ scores than did low control subjects (p less than .04). Subjects with high and medium range control had higher vocabulary scores than those with low control. This suggests possible assessment of proneness toward introverted and extraverted neuroticism based upon a combination type of imagery score and the ratio between abstract or vocabulary scores. The connection of imagery with dimensions of IQ may be a start toward a more refined measure of this aspect of personality. Problems and implications are discussed.", "contents": "Intelligence and imagery in personality. One hundred college undergraduates were administered the Richardson revision of the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control, the Betts-Sheehan Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery, and the Shipley-Hartford Institute of Living Scale. The latter provided a conceptual quotient (CQ) score of intellectual impairment based upon a ratio between vocabulary and abstraction scores. Subjects with CQs above 100 had significantly higher control scores (p less than .02). High control subjects had significantly higher total IQ scores than did low control subjects (p less than .04). Subjects with high and medium range control had higher vocabulary scores than those with low control. This suggests possible assessment of proneness toward introverted and extraverted neuroticism based upon a combination type of imagery score and the ratio between abstract or vocabulary scores. The connection of imagery with dimensions of IQ may be a start toward a more refined measure of this aspect of personality. Problems and implications are discussed.", "PMID": 328854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10968", "title": "Physiologically active substances from marine sponges IV: Heterocyclic compounds.", "content": "Several guanidine compounds were synthesized by the reaction of acid chlorides of thiophene and furan with guanidines. Some of these compounds showed antibiotic and cytotoxic activities. Series of pyrrole compounds were synthesized and found to have significant antibiotic activity.", "contents": "Physiologically active substances from marine sponges IV: Heterocyclic compounds. Several guanidine compounds were synthesized by the reaction of acid chlorides of thiophene and furan with guanidines. Some of these compounds showed antibiotic and cytotoxic activities. Series of pyrrole compounds were synthesized and found to have significant antibiotic activity.", "PMID": 328855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10969", "title": "Direct evidence for the location of kallikrein in the striated ducts of the cat's submandibular gland by the use of specific antibody.", "content": "Kallikrein was located in the apical portion of the striated duct cells of the cat's submandibular gland by an immunohistochemical technique. This portion only of these cells showed an intense band of specific fluorescence. There was no evidence of specific fluorescence in the acinar and demilune cells nor in the interstitial tissue or blood besells. In some sections the collecting ducts showed a very fine fluorescent luminal rim.", "contents": "Direct evidence for the location of kallikrein in the striated ducts of the cat's submandibular gland by the use of specific antibody. Kallikrein was located in the apical portion of the striated duct cells of the cat's submandibular gland by an immunohistochemical technique. This portion only of these cells showed an intense band of specific fluorescence. There was no evidence of specific fluorescence in the acinar and demilune cells nor in the interstitial tissue or blood besells. In some sections the collecting ducts showed a very fine fluorescent luminal rim.", "PMID": 328857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10970", "title": "Hemisected molars for additional overdenture support.", "content": "A preventive prosthodontic technique has been described which utilizes hemisected teeth for overdenture support. This multidiscipline procedure provides firm denture support and preserves posterior residual alveolar ridges. By retaining posterior roots, proprioceptive mechanisms are maintained, and psychologically, the patient does not seem edentulous. As Brewer and Fenton stated, \"The application of this method of treatment is limited only by the imagination of the dentist.\"", "contents": "Hemisected molars for additional overdenture support. A preventive prosthodontic technique has been described which utilizes hemisected teeth for overdenture support. This multidiscipline procedure provides firm denture support and preserves posterior residual alveolar ridges. By retaining posterior roots, proprioceptive mechanisms are maintained, and psychologically, the patient does not seem edentulous. As Brewer and Fenton stated, \"The application of this method of treatment is limited only by the imagination of the dentist.\"", "PMID": 328860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10971", "title": "Repair technique for porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations.", "content": "A technique has been described which can be used to repair many fractured porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. The primary advantage of this technique is that it can salvage many restorations which might otherwise require remaking to achieve a satisfactory esthetic result. The disadvantage of the technique is its lack of universal application. There are situations which, due to the nature of the fracture or the framework, are not suitable for this repair technique.", "contents": "Repair technique for porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. A technique has been described which can be used to repair many fractured porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. The primary advantage of this technique is that it can salvage many restorations which might otherwise require remaking to achieve a satisfactory esthetic result. The disadvantage of the technique is its lack of universal application. There are situations which, due to the nature of the fracture or the framework, are not suitable for this repair technique.", "PMID": 328863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10972", "title": "Correlation of encystment and division in Schizopyrenus russelli.", "content": "Schizopyrenus russelli, a free-living soil ameba, grows and encysts in the presence of bacteria. The encystment occurs with decline in the division rate. This is accompanied by incorporation of [U-14C] glucose into cyst cellulose. The degree of multiplication (but not of encystment) is a function of bacterial concentration. Berenil, a trypanocidal drug, while allowing excystment, completely inhibited multiplication of emerged amebae and their encystment. Addition of this drug after 24 hr, when amebae had gone into a phase of active division failed to check encystment, although it still inhibited further multiplication of the amebae. The findings suggest that a phase of cell division may be a prerequisite for encystment.", "contents": "Correlation of encystment and division in Schizopyrenus russelli. Schizopyrenus russelli, a free-living soil ameba, grows and encysts in the presence of bacteria. The encystment occurs with decline in the division rate. This is accompanied by incorporation of [U-14C] glucose into cyst cellulose. The degree of multiplication (but not of encystment) is a function of bacterial concentration. Berenil, a trypanocidal drug, while allowing excystment, completely inhibited multiplication of emerged amebae and their encystment. Addition of this drug after 24 hr, when amebae had gone into a phase of active division failed to check encystment, although it still inhibited further multiplication of the amebae. The findings suggest that a phase of cell division may be a prerequisite for encystment.", "PMID": 328865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10973", "title": "Response of cyclic and post-partum suckled cows to injections of synthetic LH-RH.", "content": "Doses of 125, 250 or 500 micrograms LH-RH were injected i.m. into suckled beef cows on approximately Day 11 of an oestrous cycle synchronized by prostaglandin treatment. There was a positive linear relationship between dose of LH-RH and the area under the measured LH peak. Administration of 500 micrograms LH-RH as a single injection to suckled cows 13-32 days post partum resulted in LH release but failed to induce normal ovarian activity. A small transient rise in plasma progesterone for 6--9 days occurred at the expected time after injection in 50% of animals. Administration of 500 micrograms LH-RH to suckled beef cows approximately 20--30 days post partum and a second injection approximately 10 days later at the time when the resulting transient rise in plasma progesterone had returned to basal values induced normal cyclic activity (as shown by progesterone concentrations and observed oestrus) at 35 days compared with 70 days for untreated controls. Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH, as assessed by LH levels, was found to increase up to 20 days post partum.", "contents": "Response of cyclic and post-partum suckled cows to injections of synthetic LH-RH. Doses of 125, 250 or 500 micrograms LH-RH were injected i.m. into suckled beef cows on approximately Day 11 of an oestrous cycle synchronized by prostaglandin treatment. There was a positive linear relationship between dose of LH-RH and the area under the measured LH peak. Administration of 500 micrograms LH-RH as a single injection to suckled cows 13-32 days post partum resulted in LH release but failed to induce normal ovarian activity. A small transient rise in plasma progesterone for 6--9 days occurred at the expected time after injection in 50% of animals. Administration of 500 micrograms LH-RH to suckled beef cows approximately 20--30 days post partum and a second injection approximately 10 days later at the time when the resulting transient rise in plasma progesterone had returned to basal values induced normal cyclic activity (as shown by progesterone concentrations and observed oestrus) at 35 days compared with 70 days for untreated controls. Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH, as assessed by LH levels, was found to increase up to 20 days post partum.", "PMID": 328872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10974", "title": "Effect of neonatal testosterone and oestradiol treatment on the development of the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis in the female rat.", "content": "The hypothalamic LH-RH content and the concentrations of pituitary and plasma LH were measured at various ages in female rats treated daily with 10 micrograms testosterone propionate or 10 micrograms oestradiol-17beta from birth to Day 15. Persistent vaginal oestrus was induced in all the treated rats. Both hormones significantly reduced the hypothalamic LH-RH content and pituitary and plasma LH concentrations. Hypothalamic LH-RH increased after cessation of treatment but pituitary LH did not return to normal levels. Plasma LH levels were significantly lower than those in control rats. It is concluded that testosterone propionate and oestradiol-17beta (1) have a direct negative feed-back influence on the hypothalamus in the neonatal female rat; (2) alter the normal pattern of plasma and pituitary LH in developing female rats; (3) prevent the cyclic secretion of plasma LH after maturity; and (4) probably cause a chronic impairment in the release of LH-RH.", "contents": "Effect of neonatal testosterone and oestradiol treatment on the development of the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis in the female rat. The hypothalamic LH-RH content and the concentrations of pituitary and plasma LH were measured at various ages in female rats treated daily with 10 micrograms testosterone propionate or 10 micrograms oestradiol-17beta from birth to Day 15. Persistent vaginal oestrus was induced in all the treated rats. Both hormones significantly reduced the hypothalamic LH-RH content and pituitary and plasma LH concentrations. Hypothalamic LH-RH increased after cessation of treatment but pituitary LH did not return to normal levels. Plasma LH levels were significantly lower than those in control rats. It is concluded that testosterone propionate and oestradiol-17beta (1) have a direct negative feed-back influence on the hypothalamus in the neonatal female rat; (2) alter the normal pattern of plasma and pituitary LH in developing female rats; (3) prevent the cyclic secretion of plasma LH after maturity; and (4) probably cause a chronic impairment in the release of LH-RH.", "PMID": 328873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10975", "title": "Immunofluorescent technique for the detection of antibodies to n-DNA: comparison with radioimmunoassay.", "content": "One hundred and six sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 20 from patients without SLE but with a positive FANA, and 50 controls were tested for the presence of antibodies to n-DNA, using an immunofluorescent technique with the kinetoplast of Crithidia luciliae as a substrate. A high degree of correlation existed between the results obtained with this technique and a Millipore radioimmunoassay method using a well characterized tritiated native human DNA. The result with the immunofluorescent method could be expressed semiquantitatively as a titer, if serial serum dilutions were used. Results in patients with SLE correlated well with disease activity. We conclude that the immunofluorescent technique can provide a useful alternative to a radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies to n-DNA. In addition, as this substrate is known to contain pure n-DNA, problems do not arise with contamination with singlestranded DNA as sometimes occurs with other test antigens. This avoids the detection of antibodies reacting only with single-stranded areas and consequently increased the specificity of the reaction.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent technique for the detection of antibodies to n-DNA: comparison with radioimmunoassay. One hundred and six sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 20 from patients without SLE but with a positive FANA, and 50 controls were tested for the presence of antibodies to n-DNA, using an immunofluorescent technique with the kinetoplast of Crithidia luciliae as a substrate. A high degree of correlation existed between the results obtained with this technique and a Millipore radioimmunoassay method using a well characterized tritiated native human DNA. The result with the immunofluorescent method could be expressed semiquantitatively as a titer, if serial serum dilutions were used. Results in patients with SLE correlated well with disease activity. We conclude that the immunofluorescent technique can provide a useful alternative to a radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies to n-DNA. In addition, as this substrate is known to contain pure n-DNA, problems do not arise with contamination with singlestranded DNA as sometimes occurs with other test antigens. This avoids the detection of antibodies reacting only with single-stranded areas and consequently increased the specificity of the reaction.", "PMID": 328878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10976", "title": "Temporal arteriography and immunofluorescence as diagnostic tools in temporal arteritis.", "content": "Nineteen patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and/or temporal arteritis were classified by degree of clinical and arteriographic abnormality, biopsy grade of arteriosclerosis, and giant cell arteritis (GCA). Temporal arteriograms were very sensitive in detecting abnormal arteries. However, the assumption of some previous studies, that certain angiographic abnormalities are synonymous with GCA, was not supported, since biopsies from distal sites in a Class I and a Class II arteriogram revealed only arteriosclerosis. Class III arteriograms correlated with proximal biopsies of GCA. Immunofluorescent staining was negative in all cases.", "contents": "Temporal arteriography and immunofluorescence as diagnostic tools in temporal arteritis. Nineteen patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and/or temporal arteritis were classified by degree of clinical and arteriographic abnormality, biopsy grade of arteriosclerosis, and giant cell arteritis (GCA). Temporal arteriograms were very sensitive in detecting abnormal arteries. However, the assumption of some previous studies, that certain angiographic abnormalities are synonymous with GCA, was not supported, since biopsies from distal sites in a Class I and a Class II arteriogram revealed only arteriosclerosis. Class III arteriograms correlated with proximal biopsies of GCA. Immunofluorescent staining was negative in all cases.", "PMID": 328879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10977", "title": "Double-blind, multi-centre parallel trial of ketoprofen and ibuprofen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind parallel multi-centre study of 102 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was performed, comparing ibuprofen (1200-2400 mg daily) and ketoprofen (150-300 mg daily) a new non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory agent, over a three month period. Ketoprofen was well tolerated and shown to have comparable efficacy with ibuprofen. Longterm efficacy and tolerance studies are indicated.", "contents": "Double-blind, multi-centre parallel trial of ketoprofen and ibuprofen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind parallel multi-centre study of 102 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was performed, comparing ibuprofen (1200-2400 mg daily) and ketoprofen (150-300 mg daily) a new non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory agent, over a three month period. Ketoprofen was well tolerated and shown to have comparable efficacy with ibuprofen. Longterm efficacy and tolerance studies are indicated.", "PMID": 328880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10978", "title": "Increased frequency of leukocyte-reactive antinuclear antibody in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Immunofluorescent studies were conducted for leukocyte-reactive antinuclear antibody (LR-ANA) with sera from 125 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (as), 124 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 74 with miscellaneous immune disorders (MID), 34 with acute inflammatory disorders (AID) and 122 non-immune controls. Positive reactions occurred with 60% of AS patients, 47% of RA, 40% of MID, 12% of AID, and 9% of non-immune controls. LR-ANA in AS sera invariably showed a homogeneous pattern of immunofluorescent staining with human granulocytes, occasionally reacted with human lymphocytes but did not react with other human and non-human substrates. Studies of 61 members of seven families with 18 cases of AS revealed a frequency of 38% LR-ANA, 30% AS and 55% HLA-B27, but no correlations were found among these parameters. These studies provide evidence of altered humoral immunity to human nucleic acids in the majority of patients with AS.", "contents": "Increased frequency of leukocyte-reactive antinuclear antibody in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Immunofluorescent studies were conducted for leukocyte-reactive antinuclear antibody (LR-ANA) with sera from 125 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (as), 124 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 74 with miscellaneous immune disorders (MID), 34 with acute inflammatory disorders (AID) and 122 non-immune controls. Positive reactions occurred with 60% of AS patients, 47% of RA, 40% of MID, 12% of AID, and 9% of non-immune controls. LR-ANA in AS sera invariably showed a homogeneous pattern of immunofluorescent staining with human granulocytes, occasionally reacted with human lymphocytes but did not react with other human and non-human substrates. Studies of 61 members of seven families with 18 cases of AS revealed a frequency of 38% LR-ANA, 30% AS and 55% HLA-B27, but no correlations were found among these parameters. These studies provide evidence of altered humoral immunity to human nucleic acids in the majority of patients with AS.", "PMID": 328881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10979", "title": "A method for handling free cells through critical point drying.", "content": "A method is described in which free cells were dehydrated in suspension, put one double-coated tape attached to a specimen stub and dried from CO2. The method provides a simple, fast means of handling free cells when using the critical point method of drying.", "contents": "A method for handling free cells through critical point drying. A method is described in which free cells were dehydrated in suspension, put one double-coated tape attached to a specimen stub and dried from CO2. The method provides a simple, fast means of handling free cells when using the critical point method of drying.", "PMID": 328888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10980", "title": "The use of PIPES buffer in the fixation of mammalian and marine tissues for electron microscopy.", "content": "PIPES, an organic based buffer, was used in the preparation of a variety of marine and mammalian tissues for electron microscopic study. The ultrastructural results demonstrate that this buffer renders superior ultrastructural details to those obtained with some of the more common inorganic buffers especially when long fixation times are required. Furthermore, this buffer system does not appear to contribute extraneous anions or cations to the tissues and thus permits accurate elemental determinations to be performed on thin sections of the plastic embedded specimens by means of energy dispersive X-ray analysis.", "contents": "The use of PIPES buffer in the fixation of mammalian and marine tissues for electron microscopy. PIPES, an organic based buffer, was used in the preparation of a variety of marine and mammalian tissues for electron microscopic study. The ultrastructural results demonstrate that this buffer renders superior ultrastructural details to those obtained with some of the more common inorganic buffers especially when long fixation times are required. Furthermore, this buffer system does not appear to contribute extraneous anions or cations to the tissues and thus permits accurate elemental determinations to be performed on thin sections of the plastic embedded specimens by means of energy dispersive X-ray analysis.", "PMID": 328889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10981", "title": "Use of an automated image analyser to quantitate cellular hyperplasia in urinary bladder epithelium.", "content": "The feasibility of using an automated image analyser to evaluate quantitatively hyperplasia caused by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine in bladder epithelium was studied. The number of cells per unit length of epithelium was counted manually, and compared with automated measurements of: (1) the number of nuclei, (2) the number of positive tangents to the lower edge of nuclei, (3) the nuclear cross-sectional area, and (4) the epithelial cross-sectional area per unit length respectively. Regression of each of the automated measurements on the manual counts all revealed close linear relationships with correlation coefficients in excess of 0-9. Coefficients of variation for repetitive automated measurements were less than or equal to 0-06 in each of the four modes. The automated system resulted in a great saving in time over manual counting. It is concluded that the automated image analyser provides an accurate, precise, and efficient tool for estimating epithelial cell numbers in normal and hyperplastic bladder epithelia.", "contents": "Use of an automated image analyser to quantitate cellular hyperplasia in urinary bladder epithelium. The feasibility of using an automated image analyser to evaluate quantitatively hyperplasia caused by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine in bladder epithelium was studied. The number of cells per unit length of epithelium was counted manually, and compared with automated measurements of: (1) the number of nuclei, (2) the number of positive tangents to the lower edge of nuclei, (3) the nuclear cross-sectional area, and (4) the epithelial cross-sectional area per unit length respectively. Regression of each of the automated measurements on the manual counts all revealed close linear relationships with correlation coefficients in excess of 0-9. Coefficients of variation for repetitive automated measurements were less than or equal to 0-06 in each of the four modes. The automated system resulted in a great saving in time over manual counting. It is concluded that the automated image analyser provides an accurate, precise, and efficient tool for estimating epithelial cell numbers in normal and hyperplastic bladder epithelia.", "PMID": 328890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10982", "title": "Metabolic activation of mycotoxins by animals and humans: an overview.", "content": "Aflatoxins are associated with acute toxicoses in poultry and livestock and with liver cancer in human populations in Africa and Southeast Asia. Comparative metabolism studies indicate that aflatoxin B1, the most potent of these compounds, requires metabolic activation to the ultimate carcinogen. The mycotoxin (1) is oxidatively demethylated to form the phenolic derivative, (2) is hydroxylated directly at three sites, and (3) undergoes reduction of the carbonyl group in the cyclopentenone ring to a hydroxyl group; these five hydroxy derivatives all appear to be part of detoxication pathways. Considerable evidence is now available to support the hypothesis that activation of aflatoxin B1 to the ultimate carcinogen involves epoxidation of the double bond in the terminal furan ring. The epoxide decomposes to form a carbonium ion at C-2, which attacks nucleophilic sites in DNA, especially on the guanine moiety. Thus, like carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and N-nitroso compounds, aflatoxin B1 appears to be activated to an alkylating agent.", "contents": "Metabolic activation of mycotoxins by animals and humans: an overview. Aflatoxins are associated with acute toxicoses in poultry and livestock and with liver cancer in human populations in Africa and Southeast Asia. Comparative metabolism studies indicate that aflatoxin B1, the most potent of these compounds, requires metabolic activation to the ultimate carcinogen. The mycotoxin (1) is oxidatively demethylated to form the phenolic derivative, (2) is hydroxylated directly at three sites, and (3) undergoes reduction of the carbonyl group in the cyclopentenone ring to a hydroxyl group; these five hydroxy derivatives all appear to be part of detoxication pathways. Considerable evidence is now available to support the hypothesis that activation of aflatoxin B1 to the ultimate carcinogen involves epoxidation of the double bond in the terminal furan ring. The epoxide decomposes to form a carbonium ion at C-2, which attacks nucleophilic sites in DNA, especially on the guanine moiety. Thus, like carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and N-nitroso compounds, aflatoxin B1 appears to be activated to an alkylating agent.", "PMID": 328914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10983", "title": "Benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenesis: a biochemical selection mechanism.", "content": "Separation of the metabolic products of benzo[a]pyrene has been readily accomplished by high-pressure liquid chromatography. This technique is uniquely suited for compounds labile to air and light and resolving positional isomers of phenolic or other types of oxygenated metabolites of this carcinogen. This procedure has been utilized to separate and compare benzo[a]pyrene activation and detoxification products between rat, mouse, and hamster hepatic microsomes and mouse and hamster embryo cell cultures. While metabolic profiles exhibited the same types of derivatives, marked quantitative variation was observed. Microsomal preparation produced large amounts of noncarcinogenic phenols, while intact cell metabolism favored diol formation. These results are in agreement with reactivation of metabolic diols as substrates for further activation to a more proximate carcinogenic species of benzo[a]pyrene and caution against extrapolating metabolic results from any single test system to other species or tissues.", "contents": "Benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenesis: a biochemical selection mechanism. Separation of the metabolic products of benzo[a]pyrene has been readily accomplished by high-pressure liquid chromatography. This technique is uniquely suited for compounds labile to air and light and resolving positional isomers of phenolic or other types of oxygenated metabolites of this carcinogen. This procedure has been utilized to separate and compare benzo[a]pyrene activation and detoxification products between rat, mouse, and hamster hepatic microsomes and mouse and hamster embryo cell cultures. While metabolic profiles exhibited the same types of derivatives, marked quantitative variation was observed. Microsomal preparation produced large amounts of noncarcinogenic phenols, while intact cell metabolism favored diol formation. These results are in agreement with reactivation of metabolic diols as substrates for further activation to a more proximate carcinogenic species of benzo[a]pyrene and caution against extrapolating metabolic results from any single test system to other species or tissues.", "PMID": 328915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10984", "title": "Relationships of quantum mechanical calculations, relative mutagenicity of benzo[a]anthracene diol epoxides, and \"bay region\" concept of aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity.", "content": "Evidence supporting the conclusion that 7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrenes are ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic forms of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is summarized. Qauntum mechanical calculations that predict reactivity of diol epoxides derived from BP and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are described. The calculations predict that diol epoxides in which the oxirane ring forms part of a \"bay region\" of a tetrahydrobenzo ring should be the most reactive for a given aromatic hydrocarbon. Experiments with dihydrodiols and diol epoxides from benzo[a]anthracene (BA) are described. The ability to metabolically activate BA 3,4-dihydrodiol to species much more mutagenic that those obtained from other BA dihydrodiols ant the much greater mutagenicity of the diastereoisomeric 3,4-diol 1,2-epoxides of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro BA relative to other diol epoxides of BA are in accord with predictions of the quantum mechanical calculations.", "contents": "Relationships of quantum mechanical calculations, relative mutagenicity of benzo[a]anthracene diol epoxides, and \"bay region\" concept of aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity. Evidence supporting the conclusion that 7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrenes are ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic forms of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is summarized. Qauntum mechanical calculations that predict reactivity of diol epoxides derived from BP and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are described. The calculations predict that diol epoxides in which the oxirane ring forms part of a \"bay region\" of a tetrahydrobenzo ring should be the most reactive for a given aromatic hydrocarbon. Experiments with dihydrodiols and diol epoxides from benzo[a]anthracene (BA) are described. The ability to metabolically activate BA 3,4-dihydrodiol to species much more mutagenic that those obtained from other BA dihydrodiols ant the much greater mutagenicity of the diastereoisomeric 3,4-diol 1,2-epoxides of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro BA relative to other diol epoxides of BA are in accord with predictions of the quantum mechanical calculations.", "PMID": 328916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10985", "title": "N-nitroso compounds: their chemical and in vivo formation and possible importance as environmental carcinogens.", "content": "Brief reviews are presented on the occurrence of N-nitroso (NNO) compounds, the chemistry and kinetics of NNO compound formation from nitrite and amines or amides, the in vivo formation of these compounds (as detected by tumor induction) on feeding nitrite with amines or amides to rodents, and the carcinogenicity for rats of some new nitrosamides. The possible human hazard caused by exposure to specific readily nitrosated compounds is reviewed. Whether NNO compounds might be causing human cancer of various organs (e.g., pancreatic, nasopharyngeal, and esophageal cancer) is discussed. Some of our results in [3H]thymidine incorporation in the rat esophageal epithelium are presented. Nitrosamines that cause esophageal cancer in rats were found to inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation, both in vivo and in vitro, when esophagi were incubated with nitrosamines. With reference to the hypothesis that human gastric cancer is caused by nitrosamides (e.g., nitrosoureas), certain correlations were examined between gastric cancer and environmental exposure to nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosatable amides. In studies from our laboratory, dried, salted fish, which was treated with excess nitrite at pH 1 and then \"denitrosated\" at pH O, yielded 16 mg methylurae/kh fish, possibly derived from methylguanidine.", "contents": "N-nitroso compounds: their chemical and in vivo formation and possible importance as environmental carcinogens. Brief reviews are presented on the occurrence of N-nitroso (NNO) compounds, the chemistry and kinetics of NNO compound formation from nitrite and amines or amides, the in vivo formation of these compounds (as detected by tumor induction) on feeding nitrite with amines or amides to rodents, and the carcinogenicity for rats of some new nitrosamides. The possible human hazard caused by exposure to specific readily nitrosated compounds is reviewed. Whether NNO compounds might be causing human cancer of various organs (e.g., pancreatic, nasopharyngeal, and esophageal cancer) is discussed. Some of our results in [3H]thymidine incorporation in the rat esophageal epithelium are presented. Nitrosamines that cause esophageal cancer in rats were found to inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation, both in vivo and in vitro, when esophagi were incubated with nitrosamines. With reference to the hypothesis that human gastric cancer is caused by nitrosamides (e.g., nitrosoureas), certain correlations were examined between gastric cancer and environmental exposure to nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosatable amides. In studies from our laboratory, dried, salted fish, which was treated with excess nitrite at pH 1 and then \"denitrosated\" at pH O, yielded 16 mg methylurae/kh fish, possibly derived from methylguanidine.", "PMID": 328917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10986", "title": "Sites in nucleic acids reacting with alkylating agents of differing carcinogenicity of mutagenicity.", "content": "The site of alkylation of a nucleic acid, in vivo, is greatly dependent on the type of alkylating agent. Most alkylating agents of low mutagenicity or carcinogenicity (such as dimethylsulfate) react primarily with the ring nitrogens. The carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds have a great affinity for alkylating oxygens and react with all ring oxygens as well as the phosphodiesters and, in the case of RNA, with the 2'-O of ribose. Ethylating agents, though in absolute terms less reactive than the corresponding methylating agents, show even greater affinity toward oxygens. It appears that the ethyl nitroso compounds that are carcinogenic are also the most reactive with oxygens.", "contents": "Sites in nucleic acids reacting with alkylating agents of differing carcinogenicity of mutagenicity. The site of alkylation of a nucleic acid, in vivo, is greatly dependent on the type of alkylating agent. Most alkylating agents of low mutagenicity or carcinogenicity (such as dimethylsulfate) react primarily with the ring nitrogens. The carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds have a great affinity for alkylating oxygens and react with all ring oxygens as well as the phosphodiesters and, in the case of RNA, with the 2'-O of ribose. Ethylating agents, though in absolute terms less reactive than the corresponding methylating agents, show even greater affinity toward oxygens. It appears that the ethyl nitroso compounds that are carcinogenic are also the most reactive with oxygens.", "PMID": 328918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10987", "title": "Some aspects of the basic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "An extended summary is presented of current progress in research on the basic mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis conducted in the Division of Biophysics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, at the Johns Hopkins University. The first section concerns the involvement of free radicals in benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and carcinogenesis, the second the relationship between neoplastic transformation and somatic mutation, and the third the changes in DNA sequence organization and gene expression in neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "Some aspects of the basic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. An extended summary is presented of current progress in research on the basic mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis conducted in the Division of Biophysics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, at the Johns Hopkins University. The first section concerns the involvement of free radicals in benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and carcinogenesis, the second the relationship between neoplastic transformation and somatic mutation, and the third the changes in DNA sequence organization and gene expression in neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 328919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10988", "title": "Mutational approaches to the study of carcinogenesis.", "content": "A number of circumstantial lines of evidence are consistent with the somatic mutation theory of carcinogenesis, but there has been a paucity of experimental data that either support or contradict the genetic theory. In this paper, we summarize the predictions, the recent experimental approaches, and the problems involved in testing the theory. Results are presented that define the conditions and demonstrate the existence of two-stage processes of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in vitro. We conclude that mutagenesis is responsible for the initiation of carcinogenesis and an epigenetic mechanism is responsible for its promotion. Carcinogenic agents can induce a stable transformation of a cell by either mutation or epigenetic alteration in gene expression. This conclusion has led us to propose a new integrative theory of carcinogenesis, encompassing the tenets of four main theories: (1) the mutation and epigenetic basis for carcinogenesis, (2) the two-stage theory of carcinogenesis, (3) a general theory of carcinogenesis, and (4) the somatic deletion mutation theory of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Mutational approaches to the study of carcinogenesis. A number of circumstantial lines of evidence are consistent with the somatic mutation theory of carcinogenesis, but there has been a paucity of experimental data that either support or contradict the genetic theory. In this paper, we summarize the predictions, the recent experimental approaches, and the problems involved in testing the theory. Results are presented that define the conditions and demonstrate the existence of two-stage processes of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in vitro. We conclude that mutagenesis is responsible for the initiation of carcinogenesis and an epigenetic mechanism is responsible for its promotion. Carcinogenic agents can induce a stable transformation of a cell by either mutation or epigenetic alteration in gene expression. This conclusion has led us to propose a new integrative theory of carcinogenesis, encompassing the tenets of four main theories: (1) the mutation and epigenetic basis for carcinogenesis, (2) the two-stage theory of carcinogenesis, (3) a general theory of carcinogenesis, and (4) the somatic deletion mutation theory of carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 328920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10989", "title": "Relationship between differentiation and carcinogenesis.", "content": "Carcinomas are caricatures of the normal process of tissue renerwal. Malignant stem cells proliferate, and some of their progeny differentiati and form benign functional cells. In teratocarcinoma, it has been demonstrated that the stem cells are the target in carcinogenesis and become malignant stem cells. The normal and malignant stem cells are equally differentiated. Normal stem cells of breast and colon are no more differentiated than their counterparts. If they are the target in carcinogenesis, then the concept of dedifferentiation is bypassed as an explanation for the undifferentiated appearance of tumors. While the focus of this meeting has been on mutation as an explanation for carcinogenesis, in this paper emphasis is placed on electrophilic carcinogens acting on cytoplasmic molecules that control gene expression. A type of gene control in addition to the operon is postulated.", "contents": "Relationship between differentiation and carcinogenesis. Carcinomas are caricatures of the normal process of tissue renerwal. Malignant stem cells proliferate, and some of their progeny differentiati and form benign functional cells. In teratocarcinoma, it has been demonstrated that the stem cells are the target in carcinogenesis and become malignant stem cells. The normal and malignant stem cells are equally differentiated. Normal stem cells of breast and colon are no more differentiated than their counterparts. If they are the target in carcinogenesis, then the concept of dedifferentiation is bypassed as an explanation for the undifferentiated appearance of tumors. While the focus of this meeting has been on mutation as an explanation for carcinogenesis, in this paper emphasis is placed on electrophilic carcinogens acting on cytoplasmic molecules that control gene expression. A type of gene control in addition to the operon is postulated.", "PMID": 328921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10990", "title": "Adenovirus DNA-binding protein in cells infected with wild-type 5 adenovirus and two DNA-minus, temperature-sensitive mutants, H5ts125 and H5ts149.", "content": "Studies have been done to characterize further H5ts125, an adenovirus type 5 conditionally lethal, temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant defective in initiation of DNA synthesis and to investigate whether the single-strand-specific DNA-binding (72,000 molecular weight) protein is coded by the mutated viral gene. When H5ts125-infected cells were labeled with [35S]methionine at 32 degrees C and then incubated without isotope at 39.5 degrees C, the mutant's nonpermissive temperature, the 72,000 molecular weight polypeptide was progressively degraded. Immunofluorescence examination of cells infected with wild-type virus, H5ts125, and H5ts149 (a second, unique DNA-minus mutant) showed that immunologically reactive DNA-binding protein was barely detectable in H5ts125-infected cells at 39.5 degrees C, whereas this protein was present in wild-type- and H5TS149-infected cells, that the protein made at 32 degrees C in H5ts125-infected cells lost its ability to bind specific DNA-binding protein antibody when the infected cells were shifted to 39.5 degrees C, and that if H5ts125-infected cells were shifted from the restrictive temperature to 32 degrees C, even in the presence of cycloheximide to stop protein synthesis, immunologically reactive DNA-binding protein reappeared.", "contents": "Adenovirus DNA-binding protein in cells infected with wild-type 5 adenovirus and two DNA-minus, temperature-sensitive mutants, H5ts125 and H5ts149. Studies have been done to characterize further H5ts125, an adenovirus type 5 conditionally lethal, temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant defective in initiation of DNA synthesis and to investigate whether the single-strand-specific DNA-binding (72,000 molecular weight) protein is coded by the mutated viral gene. When H5ts125-infected cells were labeled with [35S]methionine at 32 degrees C and then incubated without isotope at 39.5 degrees C, the mutant's nonpermissive temperature, the 72,000 molecular weight polypeptide was progressively degraded. Immunofluorescence examination of cells infected with wild-type virus, H5ts125, and H5ts149 (a second, unique DNA-minus mutant) showed that immunologically reactive DNA-binding protein was barely detectable in H5ts125-infected cells at 39.5 degrees C, whereas this protein was present in wild-type- and H5TS149-infected cells, that the protein made at 32 degrees C in H5ts125-infected cells lost its ability to bind specific DNA-binding protein antibody when the infected cells were shifted to 39.5 degrees C, and that if H5ts125-infected cells were shifted from the restrictive temperature to 32 degrees C, even in the presence of cycloheximide to stop protein synthesis, immunologically reactive DNA-binding protein reappeared.", "PMID": 328925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10991", "title": "Further studies on bacteriophage T4 DNA synthesis in sucrose-plasmolyzed cells.", "content": "This paper describes several technical improvements in the sucrose-plasmolyzed cell system used in earlier experiments on DNA synthesis in situ with Escherichia coli infected by DNA-defective mutants of bacteriophage T4 (W. L. Collinsworth and C. K. Mathews, J. Virol. 13:908-915, 1974). Using this system, which is based primarily on that of M. G. Wovcha et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70:2196-2200, 1973), we reinvestigated the properties of mutants bearing lesions in genes 1, 41, and 62, and we resolved some disagreements with data reported from that laboratory. We also asked whether the DNA-delay phenotype of T4 mutants is related to possible early leakage of DNA precursors from infected cells. Such cells display defective DNA synthesis in situ, even when ample DNA precursors are made available. Thus, the lesions associated with these mutations seem to manifest themselves at the level of macromolecular metabolism. Similarly, we examined an E. coli mutant defective in its ability to support T4 production, apparently because of a lesion affecting DNA synthesis (L. Simon et al., Nature [London] 252:451-455). In the plasmolyzed cell system, reduced nucleotide incorporation is seen, indicating also that the genetic defect does not involve DNA precursor synthesis. The plasmolyzed cell system incorporates deoxynucleotide 5'-monophosphates into DNA severalfold more rapidly than the corresponding 5'-triphosphates. This is consistent with the idea that DNA precursor-synthesizing enzymes are functionally organized to shuttle substrates to their sites of utilization.", "contents": "Further studies on bacteriophage T4 DNA synthesis in sucrose-plasmolyzed cells. This paper describes several technical improvements in the sucrose-plasmolyzed cell system used in earlier experiments on DNA synthesis in situ with Escherichia coli infected by DNA-defective mutants of bacteriophage T4 (W. L. Collinsworth and C. K. Mathews, J. Virol. 13:908-915, 1974). Using this system, which is based primarily on that of M. G. Wovcha et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70:2196-2200, 1973), we reinvestigated the properties of mutants bearing lesions in genes 1, 41, and 62, and we resolved some disagreements with data reported from that laboratory. We also asked whether the DNA-delay phenotype of T4 mutants is related to possible early leakage of DNA precursors from infected cells. Such cells display defective DNA synthesis in situ, even when ample DNA precursors are made available. Thus, the lesions associated with these mutations seem to manifest themselves at the level of macromolecular metabolism. Similarly, we examined an E. coli mutant defective in its ability to support T4 production, apparently because of a lesion affecting DNA synthesis (L. Simon et al., Nature [London] 252:451-455). In the plasmolyzed cell system, reduced nucleotide incorporation is seen, indicating also that the genetic defect does not involve DNA precursor synthesis. The plasmolyzed cell system incorporates deoxynucleotide 5'-monophosphates into DNA severalfold more rapidly than the corresponding 5'-triphosphates. This is consistent with the idea that DNA precursor-synthesizing enzymes are functionally organized to shuttle substrates to their sites of utilization.", "PMID": 328926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10992", "title": "E proteins of bacteriophage P22. I. Identification and ejection from wild-type and defective particles.", "content": "Of the nine proteins found in the virion of phage P22, four are ejected into the cell after adsorption. The four ejected proteins, termed E proteins, are gp16, gp20, gp26, and gp7. This was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radioactively labeled phage that had been adsorbed to cells and then eluted off the surface with distilled water. Phage particles that lack gp7 (7- particles) or gp20 (20- particles) successfully eject all their E proteins. The 16- particles do not eject gp7. Analysis of phage ghosts showed that they lack gp16, gp20, and gp7, but they have gp26 in close to normal quantities. Our results suggest roles for gp16 and gp26 in DNA and E protein ejection. All four E proteins are possible candidates for roles in helping the phage DNA cross the plasma membrane.", "contents": "E proteins of bacteriophage P22. I. Identification and ejection from wild-type and defective particles. Of the nine proteins found in the virion of phage P22, four are ejected into the cell after adsorption. The four ejected proteins, termed E proteins, are gp16, gp20, gp26, and gp7. This was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radioactively labeled phage that had been adsorbed to cells and then eluted off the surface with distilled water. Phage particles that lack gp7 (7- particles) or gp20 (20- particles) successfully eject all their E proteins. The 16- particles do not eject gp7. Analysis of phage ghosts showed that they lack gp16, gp20, and gp7, but they have gp26 in close to normal quantities. Our results suggest roles for gp16 and gp26 in DNA and E protein ejection. All four E proteins are possible candidates for roles in helping the phage DNA cross the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 328927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10993", "title": "Membrane damage in abortive infections of colicin Ib-containing Escherichia coli by bacteriophage T5.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 containing the colicin Ib (Col Ib) factor did not produce progeny phage when infected by T5 bacteriophage. The cells were killed but did not lyse. If sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was added to T5-infected E. coli (Col Ib), lysis occurred prematurely, but no phage were produced. SDS had no effect on infected cells that did not contain the Col Ib factor or on uninfected cells with or without the Col Ib factor. Cells that contained a mutant Col Ib factor that allowed phage production were not prematurely lysed after infection in the presence of SDS. When the Col Ib-containing cells were infected, protein and RNA synthesis stopped at about 10 min postinfection, and the cells released abnormal amounts of 32P-containing material, ATP, and beta-galactosidase into the medium. They also became inhibited in their ability to accumulate thiomethyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and to utilize glycerol. Two alternative hypotheses are presented to explain these results.", "contents": "Membrane damage in abortive infections of colicin Ib-containing Escherichia coli by bacteriophage T5. Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 containing the colicin Ib (Col Ib) factor did not produce progeny phage when infected by T5 bacteriophage. The cells were killed but did not lyse. If sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was added to T5-infected E. coli (Col Ib), lysis occurred prematurely, but no phage were produced. SDS had no effect on infected cells that did not contain the Col Ib factor or on uninfected cells with or without the Col Ib factor. Cells that contained a mutant Col Ib factor that allowed phage production were not prematurely lysed after infection in the presence of SDS. When the Col Ib-containing cells were infected, protein and RNA synthesis stopped at about 10 min postinfection, and the cells released abnormal amounts of 32P-containing material, ATP, and beta-galactosidase into the medium. They also became inhibited in their ability to accumulate thiomethyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and to utilize glycerol. Two alternative hypotheses are presented to explain these results.", "PMID": 328928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10994", "title": "Amikacin therapy. Use against infections caused by gentamicin- and tobramycin-resistant organisms.", "content": "Amikacin sulfate was used in 24 treatment courses for 25 serious infections caused by aerobic or facultative anaerobic Gram-negative organisms resistant to numerous drugs. Sites of infection included urinary tract (11 cases), pleuropulmonary (6 cases), primary bacteremia (5 cases), and miscellaneous (3 cases). Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas sp accounted for 73% of the isolates. The mean minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these organisms to amikacin was 3.6 microgram/ml; to gentamicin, 39 microgram/ml; and to tobramycin, 32 microgram/ml. The mean peak serum concentration of the drug was 20.8 microgram/ml. Eleven patients were critically ill at the onset of therapy, and seven patients were bacteremic. The overall favorable response rate was 80%. The most serious side effect was ototoxicity, which occurred in three of 15 patients examined by serial audiometry.", "contents": "Amikacin therapy. Use against infections caused by gentamicin- and tobramycin-resistant organisms. Amikacin sulfate was used in 24 treatment courses for 25 serious infections caused by aerobic or facultative anaerobic Gram-negative organisms resistant to numerous drugs. Sites of infection included urinary tract (11 cases), pleuropulmonary (6 cases), primary bacteremia (5 cases), and miscellaneous (3 cases). Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas sp accounted for 73% of the isolates. The mean minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these organisms to amikacin was 3.6 microgram/ml; to gentamicin, 39 microgram/ml; and to tobramycin, 32 microgram/ml. The mean peak serum concentration of the drug was 20.8 microgram/ml. Eleven patients were critically ill at the onset of therapy, and seven patients were bacteremic. The overall favorable response rate was 80%. The most serious side effect was ototoxicity, which occurred in three of 15 patients examined by serial audiometry.", "PMID": 328950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10995", "title": "Changes in sensitivity of mice to anticonvulsant drugs following bilateral olfactory bulb ablations.", "content": "Changes in sensitivity to anticonvulsant drugs were investigated after bilateral olfactory bulb ablations in mice. The sensitivity to benzodiazepines and acetazolamide increased, whereas that to phenylacetylurea and dipropylacetic acid decreased, and sensitivity to phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin and trimethadion was not significantly changes after olfactory bulb ablations. Increase in sensitivity to benzodiazepines was the most significant in both electroshock and pentetrazol convulsions. It was suggested that altered activities and denervation supersensitivity in the limbic system, hypothalamus and midbrain might account for these changes in sensitivity to anticonvulsant drugs after olfactory bulb ablations.", "contents": "Changes in sensitivity of mice to anticonvulsant drugs following bilateral olfactory bulb ablations. Changes in sensitivity to anticonvulsant drugs were investigated after bilateral olfactory bulb ablations in mice. The sensitivity to benzodiazepines and acetazolamide increased, whereas that to phenylacetylurea and dipropylacetic acid decreased, and sensitivity to phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin and trimethadion was not significantly changes after olfactory bulb ablations. Increase in sensitivity to benzodiazepines was the most significant in both electroshock and pentetrazol convulsions. It was suggested that altered activities and denervation supersensitivity in the limbic system, hypothalamus and midbrain might account for these changes in sensitivity to anticonvulsant drugs after olfactory bulb ablations.", "PMID": 328966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10996", "title": "Central venous cannulation and pressure monitoring.", "content": "Central venous pressure (CVP) varies directly with circulating blood volume and vascular tone and inversely with right heart competency. Indications for central cannulation include cardiorespiratory arrest. The two general approaches to cannulation of central veins are peripheral and central. The physician's skill, patient's body habitus, clinical circumstances, age and thoracic deformity all influence the choice of technique. Three of the possible complications discussed are pneumothorax, arterial puncture and air embolus. Accurate measurement of CVP depends on the patient being supine, a patent and accurately located catheter and the establishment of a baseline external zero point.", "contents": "Central venous cannulation and pressure monitoring. Central venous pressure (CVP) varies directly with circulating blood volume and vascular tone and inversely with right heart competency. Indications for central cannulation include cardiorespiratory arrest. The two general approaches to cannulation of central veins are peripheral and central. The physician's skill, patient's body habitus, clinical circumstances, age and thoracic deformity all influence the choice of technique. Three of the possible complications discussed are pneumothorax, arterial puncture and air embolus. Accurate measurement of CVP depends on the patient being supine, a patent and accurately located catheter and the establishment of a baseline external zero point.", "PMID": 328969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10997", "title": "Cerebral malaria.", "content": "Cerebral malaria is an unusual and treatable cause of stupor and coma, and it can present suddenly in a healthy person. It is diagnosed by finding parasites on a blood smear and is treated either with chloroquine or with quinine, pyrimethamine, and sulfadiazine.", "contents": "Cerebral malaria. Cerebral malaria is an unusual and treatable cause of stupor and coma, and it can present suddenly in a healthy person. It is diagnosed by finding parasites on a blood smear and is treated either with chloroquine or with quinine, pyrimethamine, and sulfadiazine.", "PMID": 328970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10998", "title": "Mycotic aneurysm with recurrent sepsis complicating post-transplant nephrectomy.", "content": "A hypertensive 37-year-old man underwent renal transplantation. The transplanted kidney was removed 5 days later, 21 months before his death. He was maintained after transplantation by hemodialysis. His postoperative course was complicated by recurrent pseudomonal infection with bacteremia. He presented with symptoms of acute peritoneal irritation and hypovolemia followed by sudden death. Postmortem examination revealed that a saccular mycotic aneurysm of the left common iliac artery, which was the site of post-transplant nephrectomy, had ruptured into the peritoneal cavity. The case exemplifies postoperative mycotic aneurysm, the frequently obscure clinical findings of iliac artery aneurysms, and the need for a high index of suspicion of mycotic aneurysm in patients undergoing renal transplantation.", "contents": "Mycotic aneurysm with recurrent sepsis complicating post-transplant nephrectomy. A hypertensive 37-year-old man underwent renal transplantation. The transplanted kidney was removed 5 days later, 21 months before his death. He was maintained after transplantation by hemodialysis. His postoperative course was complicated by recurrent pseudomonal infection with bacteremia. He presented with symptoms of acute peritoneal irritation and hypovolemia followed by sudden death. Postmortem examination revealed that a saccular mycotic aneurysm of the left common iliac artery, which was the site of post-transplant nephrectomy, had ruptured into the peritoneal cavity. The case exemplifies postoperative mycotic aneurysm, the frequently obscure clinical findings of iliac artery aneurysms, and the need for a high index of suspicion of mycotic aneurysm in patients undergoing renal transplantation.", "PMID": 328972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_10999", "title": "[Twenty-five years of experience with corneal grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "The progress in instrumentation and surgical techniques, as well as improvements in the knowledge of the biologic mechanisms have considerably enlarged the indications for keratoplasty. Even in unfavourable cases the prognosis has been notably improved by recent advances in medications and techniques to improve the conditions of the recipient and the operative technique, and also to limit the immunologic response. The use of impeccable instruments, meticulous selection of the graft and a refined surgical technique during the the operation are essential since neglect of any small detail may lead to failure of the operation. The graft and the recipient bed must be in perfect apposition. A very neat, smooth incision of the graft and the host window are imperative, as well as the application of a sufficient number of sutures. The sutures must be left in place for a sufficiently long period of time to ensure good cicatrization of the graft. Peripheral iridotomies or iridectomies facilitate the circulation of the aqueous humor avoiding the danger of postoperative pupillary block with all its consequences. The anterior chamber must be carefully restored, preferibly by air injection, to maintain the iris well away from the incision. It should be taken into account during the whole procedure that the endothelium is the most delicate and the most important structure of the graft as well as the host cornea. Contact with the instruments should be avoided and the sutures should provide good apposition of the endothelial edges. Early diagnosis and prompt adequate treatment of any accident or complication are essential. Undetected complications or incorrect management of the same may be responsible for failure of the operation and the final result may vary between a more or less opacified graft and the full-blown picture of phthisis bulbi. A number of illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "[Twenty-five years of experience with corneal grafts (author's transl)]. The progress in instrumentation and surgical techniques, as well as improvements in the knowledge of the biologic mechanisms have considerably enlarged the indications for keratoplasty. Even in unfavourable cases the prognosis has been notably improved by recent advances in medications and techniques to improve the conditions of the recipient and the operative technique, and also to limit the immunologic response. The use of impeccable instruments, meticulous selection of the graft and a refined surgical technique during the the operation are essential since neglect of any small detail may lead to failure of the operation. The graft and the recipient bed must be in perfect apposition. A very neat, smooth incision of the graft and the host window are imperative, as well as the application of a sufficient number of sutures. The sutures must be left in place for a sufficiently long period of time to ensure good cicatrization of the graft. Peripheral iridotomies or iridectomies facilitate the circulation of the aqueous humor avoiding the danger of postoperative pupillary block with all its consequences. The anterior chamber must be carefully restored, preferibly by air injection, to maintain the iris well away from the incision. It should be taken into account during the whole procedure that the endothelium is the most delicate and the most important structure of the graft as well as the host cornea. Contact with the instruments should be avoided and the sutures should provide good apposition of the endothelial edges. Early diagnosis and prompt adequate treatment of any accident or complication are essential. Undetected complications or incorrect management of the same may be responsible for failure of the operation and the final result may vary between a more or less opacified graft and the full-blown picture of phthisis bulbi. A number of illustrative cases are presented.", "PMID": 328992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11000", "title": "[A modification of Toti's operation (author's transl)].", "content": "An external dacryocystorhinostomy with simplified suture is described. This method was suggested in 1937 by Kaleff and further developed by us. The modified operation consists of the following: The nasal mucous membrane is prepared free, and from this a complete pedicle is made with the base underneath. The tear sac is split in the long axis into a broad upper and a narrower lower part. The narrow lower part is sewed to the nasal mucous membrane with 3 atraumatic catgut sutures. The broader upper lobe of the sac is fixed to the covering subcutis with 3 catgut sutures.", "contents": "[A modification of Toti's operation (author's transl)]. An external dacryocystorhinostomy with simplified suture is described. This method was suggested in 1937 by Kaleff and further developed by us. The modified operation consists of the following: The nasal mucous membrane is prepared free, and from this a complete pedicle is made with the base underneath. The tear sac is split in the long axis into a broad upper and a narrower lower part. The narrow lower part is sewed to the nasal mucous membrane with 3 atraumatic catgut sutures. The broader upper lobe of the sac is fixed to the covering subcutis with 3 catgut sutures.", "PMID": 328994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11001", "title": "[Patterns of renal and haemodynamic functions in cadaver kidney donors under dopamine (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemodynamics and renal function have been examined before and during i.v. infusion of dopamine (175 microgram/min) in 11 patients admitted as potential kidney donors to an intensive care unit. The findings of the control period revealed an extreme decrease of renal tubular function which points to a cessation of central regulation. The cardiovascular system showed a slight increase of blood pressure and heart rate during dopamine. Urine flow and renal blood flow increased significantly as well as the excretion of sodium while inulin-clearance showed only a minimal rise. The functional renal impairment under conditions of brain death as well as the influence of dopamine on circulation and renal function are discussed. The results indicate that dopamine may exert a favourable effect in preparation of kidney donors for the withdrawal of the organs.", "contents": "[Patterns of renal and haemodynamic functions in cadaver kidney donors under dopamine (author's transl)]. Haemodynamics and renal function have been examined before and during i.v. infusion of dopamine (175 microgram/min) in 11 patients admitted as potential kidney donors to an intensive care unit. The findings of the control period revealed an extreme decrease of renal tubular function which points to a cessation of central regulation. The cardiovascular system showed a slight increase of blood pressure and heart rate during dopamine. Urine flow and renal blood flow increased significantly as well as the excretion of sodium while inulin-clearance showed only a minimal rise. The functional renal impairment under conditions of brain death as well as the influence of dopamine on circulation and renal function are discussed. The results indicate that dopamine may exert a favourable effect in preparation of kidney donors for the withdrawal of the organs.", "PMID": 328997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11002", "title": "[Prostaglandins in reproductive physiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Up to the present time, the most extensive knowledge in prostaglandin research has been achieved in the field of reproductive physiology. It seems now certain that prostaglandins are involved in each phase of the reproductive process although their precise physiological functions cannot yet be completely explained. For example they are thought to play an important role in the hypothalamic -- pituitary system in the liberation of LHRH and in the ovary in steroid genesis, ovulation and luteolysis; also, in the non-pregnant uterus in the onset of menstruation while at conception both sperm and ovum transport are influenced by prostaglandins. In pregnancy, a prostaglandin function has been demonstrated in the uterus in initiating labour in cases of abortion and in birth at term. Further, they appear to be involved in regulating the blood circulation in placenta, cord and fetus. Already, because of their established physiological functions, the prostaglandins have been introduced successfully into clinical use.", "contents": "[Prostaglandins in reproductive physiology (author's transl)]. Up to the present time, the most extensive knowledge in prostaglandin research has been achieved in the field of reproductive physiology. It seems now certain that prostaglandins are involved in each phase of the reproductive process although their precise physiological functions cannot yet be completely explained. For example they are thought to play an important role in the hypothalamic -- pituitary system in the liberation of LHRH and in the ovary in steroid genesis, ovulation and luteolysis; also, in the non-pregnant uterus in the onset of menstruation while at conception both sperm and ovum transport are influenced by prostaglandins. In pregnancy, a prostaglandin function has been demonstrated in the uterus in initiating labour in cases of abortion and in birth at term. Further, they appear to be involved in regulating the blood circulation in placenta, cord and fetus. Already, because of their established physiological functions, the prostaglandins have been introduced successfully into clinical use.", "PMID": 328996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11003", "title": "[Immunofluorescence studies of experimental glomerulonephritis in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies are an essential part of the diagnosis in glomerulonephritis. For these studies unfixed, frozen material was used only, on account of intense background staining of formalin-fixed slides. A method developed by Huang (1975) was tested on experimental glomerulonephritis. He succeeded in minimizing the background staining of formalin-fixed liver tissue with pronase-treatment. Our results show no differences in the immunofluorescence of the experimental glomerulonephritis between frozen and paraffin-embedded sections. It seems to be possible therefore to investigate a glomerulonephritis in formalin-fixed material by this method.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence studies of experimental glomerulonephritis in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material (author's transl)]. Immunofluorescence studies are an essential part of the diagnosis in glomerulonephritis. For these studies unfixed, frozen material was used only, on account of intense background staining of formalin-fixed slides. A method developed by Huang (1975) was tested on experimental glomerulonephritis. He succeeded in minimizing the background staining of formalin-fixed liver tissue with pronase-treatment. Our results show no differences in the immunofluorescence of the experimental glomerulonephritis between frozen and paraffin-embedded sections. It seems to be possible therefore to investigate a glomerulonephritis in formalin-fixed material by this method.", "PMID": 328998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11004", "title": "Immunoultrastructural study of surfactant system. Distribution of specific protein of surface active material in rabbit lung.", "content": "Ducks were immunized with rabbit pulmonary surface active material that had been prepared with Sephadex chromatographic separation on lung washings. Specific antibody against a protein of surface active material was obtained after absorption of duck antisera with rabbit serum. Using the ultrastructural immunoperoxidase method, dense reaction product was recognized in alveolar lining material as granular deposits, closely associating with tubular myelin figures that were often observed in the basal layer of alveolar lining layer. In type I pneumocytes, reaction product was noted only in some pinocytotic vesicles. By contrast, in type II pneumocytes there was positivity in association with lamellar inclusion bodies, multivesicular bodies, Golgi complex, and endoplasmic reticulum. No reaction product was detected in bronchiolar and bronchial epithelial cells, including nonciliated bronchiolar and goblet cells. These findings indicate that specific protein in surfactant is synthesized in type II pneumocytes and secreted into the alveolar space to become a part of the alveolar lining layer, thus suggesting that specific protein plays an important role in surfactant system. Furthermore, reaction product could be detected in phagocytic vacuoles in alveolar macrophages and thus seems to be related to the clearance mechanism of the protein component of surfactant.", "contents": "Immunoultrastructural study of surfactant system. Distribution of specific protein of surface active material in rabbit lung. Ducks were immunized with rabbit pulmonary surface active material that had been prepared with Sephadex chromatographic separation on lung washings. Specific antibody against a protein of surface active material was obtained after absorption of duck antisera with rabbit serum. Using the ultrastructural immunoperoxidase method, dense reaction product was recognized in alveolar lining material as granular deposits, closely associating with tubular myelin figures that were often observed in the basal layer of alveolar lining layer. In type I pneumocytes, reaction product was noted only in some pinocytotic vesicles. By contrast, in type II pneumocytes there was positivity in association with lamellar inclusion bodies, multivesicular bodies, Golgi complex, and endoplasmic reticulum. No reaction product was detected in bronchiolar and bronchial epithelial cells, including nonciliated bronchiolar and goblet cells. These findings indicate that specific protein in surfactant is synthesized in type II pneumocytes and secreted into the alveolar space to become a part of the alveolar lining layer, thus suggesting that specific protein plays an important role in surfactant system. Furthermore, reaction product could be detected in phagocytic vacuoles in alveolar macrophages and thus seems to be related to the clearance mechanism of the protein component of surfactant.", "PMID": 329000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11005", "title": "[The structure of the nucleolus during the inhibition of RNA-and protein synthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "In cells treated with antimetabolites to inhibit RNA- and protein synthesis, electron microscopic studies reveal structural alterations of the nucleolus. The morphological appearance of the nucleolus differs depending of the inhibitor used. If transcription is prevented, segregation of nucleolar components is observed. Inhibition of processing of newly synthesized RNA results in a degranulation and an increase in the amount of nucleolar fibrils. A disturbance of the release of nucleolar ribonucleoproteins into the cytoplasm leads to an enlargement and a hypergranulation of the nucleolus. On the other hand interruption of translation of mRNAs has no immediate effect on the appearance of the nucleolar structure. Only after longer treatment of the cells with the translation inhibitor the nucleolus shrinks and becomes degranulated. The use of inhibitors with clearly defined mechanisms of action in a morphological study should make it possible to interpret similar nucleolar alterations seen in cancer cells and virus-infected cells on a molecular biological basis.", "contents": "[The structure of the nucleolus during the inhibition of RNA-and protein synthesis (author's transl)]. In cells treated with antimetabolites to inhibit RNA- and protein synthesis, electron microscopic studies reveal structural alterations of the nucleolus. The morphological appearance of the nucleolus differs depending of the inhibitor used. If transcription is prevented, segregation of nucleolar components is observed. Inhibition of processing of newly synthesized RNA results in a degranulation and an increase in the amount of nucleolar fibrils. A disturbance of the release of nucleolar ribonucleoproteins into the cytoplasm leads to an enlargement and a hypergranulation of the nucleolus. On the other hand interruption of translation of mRNAs has no immediate effect on the appearance of the nucleolar structure. Only after longer treatment of the cells with the translation inhibitor the nucleolus shrinks and becomes degranulated. The use of inhibitors with clearly defined mechanisms of action in a morphological study should make it possible to interpret similar nucleolar alterations seen in cancer cells and virus-infected cells on a molecular biological basis.", "PMID": 328999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11006", "title": "Hyperacute rejection of cardiac allografts in a rat strain with a hereditary platelet function defect.", "content": "Graft hypoperfusion secondary to widespread vascular occlusion by recipient-derived platelet aggregates may be a major determinant of hyperacute cardiac allograft rejection in the rat. Since a hereditary platelet aggregation defect, attributed to decreased platelet levels of serotonin and adenine nucleotides and a depressed release reaction, has been described in the fawn-hooded rat strain, the effects of this intrinsic platelet function defect on the time course and morphologic features of hyperacute rejection have been evaluated. A series of nine heterotopic ACI cardiac allografts in fawn-hooded recipients actively immunized with ACI skin grafts were studied. Functional rejection with asystole was observed in all allografts from 8 to 40 minutes posttransplantation. Widespread platelet aggregation, endothelial cell destruction, interstitial widening, and focal myocardial alterations consistent with ischemic damage characterized all allograft. This study indicates that the platelet aggregation defect described for the fawn-hooded rat strain is one that does not alter the time course of the morphologic features of hyperacute cardiac allograft rejection, and thus this platelet aggregation abnormality has no essential role in the pathogenesis of this type of tissue damage.", "contents": "Hyperacute rejection of cardiac allografts in a rat strain with a hereditary platelet function defect. Graft hypoperfusion secondary to widespread vascular occlusion by recipient-derived platelet aggregates may be a major determinant of hyperacute cardiac allograft rejection in the rat. Since a hereditary platelet aggregation defect, attributed to decreased platelet levels of serotonin and adenine nucleotides and a depressed release reaction, has been described in the fawn-hooded rat strain, the effects of this intrinsic platelet function defect on the time course and morphologic features of hyperacute rejection have been evaluated. A series of nine heterotopic ACI cardiac allografts in fawn-hooded recipients actively immunized with ACI skin grafts were studied. Functional rejection with asystole was observed in all allografts from 8 to 40 minutes posttransplantation. Widespread platelet aggregation, endothelial cell destruction, interstitial widening, and focal myocardial alterations consistent with ischemic damage characterized all allograft. This study indicates that the platelet aggregation defect described for the fawn-hooded rat strain is one that does not alter the time course of the morphologic features of hyperacute cardiac allograft rejection, and thus this platelet aggregation abnormality has no essential role in the pathogenesis of this type of tissue damage.", "PMID": 329001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11007", "title": "Abstinence and controlled drinking in the treatment of problem drinkers.", "content": "Issues regarding abstinence and restricted drinking as treatment goals are discussed. It is argued that therapies oriented to both controlled drinking and abstinence are needed. Problems with differential assignment of patients to treatment modalities are considered, and tentative guidelines for the selection of treatment goals are proposed.", "contents": "Abstinence and controlled drinking in the treatment of problem drinkers. Issues regarding abstinence and restricted drinking as treatment goals are discussed. It is argued that therapies oriented to both controlled drinking and abstinence are needed. Problems with differential assignment of patients to treatment modalities are considered, and tentative guidelines for the selection of treatment goals are proposed.", "PMID": 329004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11008", "title": "Trans-pulmonary arterial closure of ventricular septal defect.", "content": "Fourteen patients ranging in age from 4 months to 28 years underwent closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) through the pulmonary valve after pulmonary arteriotomy. In 13 of these the VSD was of the supracristal type and in one patient it was of the bulboventricular type. In all patients, including two infants whose VSD was closed under circulatory arrest, the operative and postoperative courses were uneventful except in one, who needed prolonged respiratory care. Right bundle branch block (RBBB) resulted in four patients, one of whom had a bulboventricular defect. The procedure is technically feasible without difficulty when the VSD is of the supracristal type and when the patient is too small. Trans-pulmonary arterial closure is the method of choice for treating a supracristal VSD, as this procedure leaves no postoperative right ventricular scar. However, the advisability of continuing to use this procedure is to be decided after statistical analysis of the frequency of postoperative RBBB can be made with a larger series of patients.", "contents": "Trans-pulmonary arterial closure of ventricular septal defect. Fourteen patients ranging in age from 4 months to 28 years underwent closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) through the pulmonary valve after pulmonary arteriotomy. In 13 of these the VSD was of the supracristal type and in one patient it was of the bulboventricular type. In all patients, including two infants whose VSD was closed under circulatory arrest, the operative and postoperative courses were uneventful except in one, who needed prolonged respiratory care. Right bundle branch block (RBBB) resulted in four patients, one of whom had a bulboventricular defect. The procedure is technically feasible without difficulty when the VSD is of the supracristal type and when the patient is too small. Trans-pulmonary arterial closure is the method of choice for treating a supracristal VSD, as this procedure leaves no postoperative right ventricular scar. However, the advisability of continuing to use this procedure is to be decided after statistical analysis of the frequency of postoperative RBBB can be made with a larger series of patients.", "PMID": 329006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11009", "title": "Successful correction of a complete form of atrioventricular canal associated with tetralogy of Fallot: case report.", "content": "This is the third reported case of successful correction of a complete form of atrioventricular (AV) canal associated with tetralogy of Fallot. The surgical mortality rate from this combination is high, in part due to failure to recognize the associated anomaly and to completely close the ventricular septal defect. This successful correction was accomplished by giving the ventricular portion of the patch more width and by suturing it from both the atrium and ventricle. This patient reported herein is doing well 6 months after the operation.", "contents": "Successful correction of a complete form of atrioventricular canal associated with tetralogy of Fallot: case report. This is the third reported case of successful correction of a complete form of atrioventricular (AV) canal associated with tetralogy of Fallot. The surgical mortality rate from this combination is high, in part due to failure to recognize the associated anomaly and to completely close the ventricular septal defect. This successful correction was accomplished by giving the ventricular portion of the patch more width and by suturing it from both the atrium and ventricle. This patient reported herein is doing well 6 months after the operation.", "PMID": 329007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11010", "title": "Correction of the univentricular heart having two atrioventricular valves.", "content": "Problems associated with the early evolution of corrective operation (septation) for univentricular heart (single or common ventricle) are illustrated in a total experience of 36 such operations, 30 of which were recent. Complete heart block existed preoperatively in five of the 30 patients and developed at operation in another 10; only two of these 15 patients attained a satisfactory result. Associated pulmonary stenosis was present in 16 patients, and this seemed to influence the result favorably. An extracardiac conduit between the right-sided ventricular chamber and the distal pulmonary trunk was employed in 20 patients. The presence of associated anomalies, including function of the atrioventricular valves in seven, had a highly unfavorable influence on the result. Although all seven of the most favorable candidates attained a satisfactory result, only 13 (43 percent) in the total group of 30 attained a satisfactory result. Further evolution of this operation, as in previous operations for complex congenital heart disease, should provide more results that are satisfactory.", "contents": "Correction of the univentricular heart having two atrioventricular valves. Problems associated with the early evolution of corrective operation (septation) for univentricular heart (single or common ventricle) are illustrated in a total experience of 36 such operations, 30 of which were recent. Complete heart block existed preoperatively in five of the 30 patients and developed at operation in another 10; only two of these 15 patients attained a satisfactory result. Associated pulmonary stenosis was present in 16 patients, and this seemed to influence the result favorably. An extracardiac conduit between the right-sided ventricular chamber and the distal pulmonary trunk was employed in 20 patients. The presence of associated anomalies, including function of the atrioventricular valves in seven, had a highly unfavorable influence on the result. Although all seven of the most favorable candidates attained a satisfactory result, only 13 (43 percent) in the total group of 30 attained a satisfactory result. Further evolution of this operation, as in previous operations for complex congenital heart disease, should provide more results that are satisfactory.", "PMID": 329008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11011", "title": "Pediatric esophageal perforation.", "content": "Although esophageal perforation in children is associated with a spectrum of disease different from the one in adults, management is essentially the same for both groups. Over the past 11 years, 12 patients ranging in age from 2 days to 10 years were treated for 13 perforations. Perforation in the adult is associated with a high mortality rate. All children in this series survived. Injury was secondary to instrumentation in 10 cases and three resulted from the chronic erosion of a trapped foreign body. Of the 10 acute perforations, five occurred 12 days to 5 months after lye ingestion. Anastomotic narrowing was a factor in three other cases. Seven of the acute perforations involved the thoracic esophagus and were associated with a high morbidity rate. Management consisted of operative as well as nonoperative approaches. Consideration must be given to several clinical variables including location, cause, predisposing factors, underlying illnesses, associated injury, and promptness of medical attention.", "contents": "Pediatric esophageal perforation. Although esophageal perforation in children is associated with a spectrum of disease different from the one in adults, management is essentially the same for both groups. Over the past 11 years, 12 patients ranging in age from 2 days to 10 years were treated for 13 perforations. Perforation in the adult is associated with a high mortality rate. All children in this series survived. Injury was secondary to instrumentation in 10 cases and three resulted from the chronic erosion of a trapped foreign body. Of the 10 acute perforations, five occurred 12 days to 5 months after lye ingestion. Anastomotic narrowing was a factor in three other cases. Seven of the acute perforations involved the thoracic esophagus and were associated with a high morbidity rate. Management consisted of operative as well as nonoperative approaches. Consideration must be given to several clinical variables including location, cause, predisposing factors, underlying illnesses, associated injury, and promptness of medical attention.", "PMID": 329009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11012", "title": "Collection and physiological measurements of peripheral lymph and interstitial fluid in man.", "content": "Methods used for collection and measurement of physiological parameters of peripheral lymph and interstitial fluid in man have been described, basing on the experience of lymphological groups from Warsaw and Oslo and on data from the relevant literature. The review consists of description of methods for chronic cannulation of leg lymphatics, collection of lymph from skin lymphatic vessels, measurement of peripheral lymph flow, lymph hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, collection of interstitial fluid with the capsular, liquid-paraffin cavity, wick and skin window methods, interstitial fluid hydrostatic and oncotic pressure measurement.", "contents": "Collection and physiological measurements of peripheral lymph and interstitial fluid in man. Methods used for collection and measurement of physiological parameters of peripheral lymph and interstitial fluid in man have been described, basing on the experience of lymphological groups from Warsaw and Oslo and on data from the relevant literature. The review consists of description of methods for chronic cannulation of leg lymphatics, collection of lymph from skin lymphatic vessels, measurement of peripheral lymph flow, lymph hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, collection of interstitial fluid with the capsular, liquid-paraffin cavity, wick and skin window methods, interstitial fluid hydrostatic and oncotic pressure measurement.", "PMID": 329010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11013", "title": "Cells and immunoglobulins in lymph.", "content": "Studies of the free-floating lymphocytes and of the immunoglobulins in lymph collected over long periods of time from ducts draining individual tissues of the body as well as from the thoracic duct of the fetus in utero have been reviewed. The findings show that stimuli within the internal milieu act on different classes of lymphocytes to alter their migration pattern, morphology, metabolic activity, and range of immunological potentialities. As the lymphoid cells migrate between the blood, tissue fluid, and lymph, a continual process of reassortment occurs leading to the establishment of heterogeneous lymphoid cell populations in different regions of the lymphatic apparatus. It seems that the biological activities of these cells are not decided only in terms of a thymus or a bone-marrow origin. The immunoglobulins, like other proteins in lymph, are mainly derived by filtration from the circulating plasma. Some of the immunoglobulins and specific antibodies are synthesized, however, by lymphoid cells and secreted directly into the lymph.", "contents": "Cells and immunoglobulins in lymph. Studies of the free-floating lymphocytes and of the immunoglobulins in lymph collected over long periods of time from ducts draining individual tissues of the body as well as from the thoracic duct of the fetus in utero have been reviewed. The findings show that stimuli within the internal milieu act on different classes of lymphocytes to alter their migration pattern, morphology, metabolic activity, and range of immunological potentialities. As the lymphoid cells migrate between the blood, tissue fluid, and lymph, a continual process of reassortment occurs leading to the establishment of heterogeneous lymphoid cell populations in different regions of the lymphatic apparatus. It seems that the biological activities of these cells are not decided only in terms of a thymus or a bone-marrow origin. The immunoglobulins, like other proteins in lymph, are mainly derived by filtration from the circulating plasma. Some of the immunoglobulins and specific antibodies are synthesized, however, by lymphoid cells and secreted directly into the lymph.", "PMID": 329011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11014", "title": "Separation of lymphocytes, lymphocyte subgroups and monocytes: a review.", "content": "Several techniques are now available for isolating lymphocytes from blood and other sources, but no single technique can be considered best for all purposes. In selecting a separation procedure, it is recommended that the procedure be as simple as possible, if otherwise satisfactory. The present paper reviews the most widely used techniques, including the separation of lymphocyte subpopulations and monocytes.", "contents": "Separation of lymphocytes, lymphocyte subgroups and monocytes: a review. Several techniques are now available for isolating lymphocytes from blood and other sources, but no single technique can be considered best for all purposes. In selecting a separation procedure, it is recommended that the procedure be as simple as possible, if otherwise satisfactory. The present paper reviews the most widely used techniques, including the separation of lymphocyte subpopulations and monocytes.", "PMID": 329012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11015", "title": "Morphological and cytochemical identification of lymphoid cells.", "content": "This paper reviews the contribution of light and electron microscopy, surface structure and cytochemistry (acid phosphatase, B-glucuronidase, alpha-naphthyl esterase, and PAS reactions) in the recognition and classification of normal and abnormal lymphocyte populations.", "contents": "Morphological and cytochemical identification of lymphoid cells. This paper reviews the contribution of light and electron microscopy, surface structure and cytochemistry (acid phosphatase, B-glucuronidase, alpha-naphthyl esterase, and PAS reactions) in the recognition and classification of normal and abnormal lymphocyte populations.", "PMID": 329013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11016", "title": "Immunological identification of human lymphoid cell populations.", "content": "Lymphocytes can be subdivided into two major groups according to origin and function (1,2). T lymphocytes are thymus dependent and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity while the B lymphocytes represent precursors of immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells and give rise to humoral immunity. Considerable knowledge concerning the biological properties of T and B lymphocytes and their mutual interaction has been obtained in the last few years. Recent data also demonstrate further heterogeneity within each of the two main lymphocyte populations. Certain lymphoid cells are capable of mediating cytotoxicity against target cells coated with specific antibody. These cells are termed K cells, and although some evidence seems to suggest that they comprise a subpopulation of B lymphocytes, their nature and localization in lymphoid organ is not well known. This article will attempt to cover the methodologies involved in assays of T, B, and K cells. The methods to be discussed are used to detect the presence of different lymphoid cell populations; the markers used are not necessarily related to cell function.", "contents": "Immunological identification of human lymphoid cell populations. Lymphocytes can be subdivided into two major groups according to origin and function (1,2). T lymphocytes are thymus dependent and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity while the B lymphocytes represent precursors of immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells and give rise to humoral immunity. Considerable knowledge concerning the biological properties of T and B lymphocytes and their mutual interaction has been obtained in the last few years. Recent data also demonstrate further heterogeneity within each of the two main lymphocyte populations. Certain lymphoid cells are capable of mediating cytotoxicity against target cells coated with specific antibody. These cells are termed K cells, and although some evidence seems to suggest that they comprise a subpopulation of B lymphocytes, their nature and localization in lymphoid organ is not well known. This article will attempt to cover the methodologies involved in assays of T, B, and K cells. The methods to be discussed are used to detect the presence of different lymphoid cell populations; the markers used are not necessarily related to cell function.", "PMID": 329014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11017", "title": "Experimental results of cancellous autografts and frozen allografts transplanted into the canine frontal sinus.", "content": "Autograft and frozen allograft cancellous bone were each placed into one of the canine frontal sinus cavities of eight animals and analyzed by radiographic and histologic methods after one year. Complete and equal bony obliteration was demonstrated. Thus no advantage was seen in using an autograft over a frozen allograft in obliterating the frontal sinus cavity.", "contents": "Experimental results of cancellous autografts and frozen allografts transplanted into the canine frontal sinus. Autograft and frozen allograft cancellous bone were each placed into one of the canine frontal sinus cavities of eight animals and analyzed by radiographic and histologic methods after one year. Complete and equal bony obliteration was demonstrated. Thus no advantage was seen in using an autograft over a frozen allograft in obliterating the frontal sinus cavity.", "PMID": 329022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11018", "title": "Otoplasty--an eclectic technique.", "content": "The authors report their experience in the surgical treatment of 78 patients with lop, prominent, or protruding ears. Four patients had a unilateral deformity. The procedure used in 110 ears consisted of a cartilage excision-incision and horizontal mattress suture technique. In 42 ears, horizontal mattress sutures only, with or without scoring of cartilage, were used. The complications and unsatisfactory cosmetic results are reported. No major complications such as perichondritis, severe infection or unsightly postoperative deformities occurred. In conclusion, 94,7% of all cases had a good cosmetic result. The techniques are easy to learn and very useful in training residents.", "contents": "Otoplasty--an eclectic technique. The authors report their experience in the surgical treatment of 78 patients with lop, prominent, or protruding ears. Four patients had a unilateral deformity. The procedure used in 110 ears consisted of a cartilage excision-incision and horizontal mattress suture technique. In 42 ears, horizontal mattress sutures only, with or without scoring of cartilage, were used. The complications and unsatisfactory cosmetic results are reported. No major complications such as perichondritis, severe infection or unsightly postoperative deformities occurred. In conclusion, 94,7% of all cases had a good cosmetic result. The techniques are easy to learn and very useful in training residents.", "PMID": 329023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11019", "title": "The neurological manifestations of porphyria: a review.", "content": "The hereditary hepatic porphyrias, PV, AIP and HC, are characterized biochemically by increased excretion of porphyrins and the porphyrin precursors ALA and PBG. They are characterized clinically by episodes of acute neurological involvement. The increased production of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors has been shown to be due to partial enzyme blocks along the heme biosynthetic pathway which results in secondary depression of the key enzyme ALA-synthetase. The neurological manifestations could therefore be related to either a decrease in essential heme-proteins or other heme-containing compounds within the nervous system, or to a toxic effect of the over-production of the porphyrin precursors ALA and PBG. There is evidence for and against both theories. Recent work from a number of research groups has shown the porphyrin precursors to have potent pharmacological effects on the nervous system, and these are possibly related to the GABA receptor and binding site-porphyrin precursor interactions. Current studies on therapy of the acute attack have concentrated on suppression of ALA-synthetase activity, and consequently, on reduced ALA and PBG production. A number of such methods of therapy have met with remarkable success and hold promise for the future treatment of the acute attack.", "contents": "The neurological manifestations of porphyria: a review. The hereditary hepatic porphyrias, PV, AIP and HC, are characterized biochemically by increased excretion of porphyrins and the porphyrin precursors ALA and PBG. They are characterized clinically by episodes of acute neurological involvement. The increased production of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors has been shown to be due to partial enzyme blocks along the heme biosynthetic pathway which results in secondary depression of the key enzyme ALA-synthetase. The neurological manifestations could therefore be related to either a decrease in essential heme-proteins or other heme-containing compounds within the nervous system, or to a toxic effect of the over-production of the porphyrin precursors ALA and PBG. There is evidence for and against both theories. Recent work from a number of research groups has shown the porphyrin precursors to have potent pharmacological effects on the nervous system, and these are possibly related to the GABA receptor and binding site-porphyrin precursor interactions. Current studies on therapy of the acute attack have concentrated on suppression of ALA-synthetase activity, and consequently, on reduced ALA and PBG production. A number of such methods of therapy have met with remarkable success and hold promise for the future treatment of the acute attack.", "PMID": 329053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11020", "title": "[Comparison of various aspects of normal and filamentous forms of S. enteritidis].", "content": "For more detailed information on filamentous and normal forms of S. enteritidis, electronmicrographic studies and slide cultures were carried out. The filaments show similarity to normal forms of S. entertidis except for their length. They produce the normal forms of bacteria when transferred to suitable media. Some of the filaments exhibited various degrees of degeneration in their walls. Some of them consist of only a collapsed cell wall, because they lose their cell content. We think those are the filaments which are irreversible and not able to produce the normal forms of bacteria.", "contents": "[Comparison of various aspects of normal and filamentous forms of S. enteritidis]. For more detailed information on filamentous and normal forms of S. enteritidis, electronmicrographic studies and slide cultures were carried out. The filaments show similarity to normal forms of S. entertidis except for their length. They produce the normal forms of bacteria when transferred to suitable media. Some of the filaments exhibited various degrees of degeneration in their walls. Some of them consist of only a collapsed cell wall, because they lose their cell content. We think those are the filaments which are irreversible and not able to produce the normal forms of bacteria.", "PMID": 329071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11021", "title": "[Lipid composition of Escherichia coli cells sensitive and resistant to tetracycline].", "content": "The following variants of E. coli resistant to tetracycline have been obtained from a strain of E. coli W-677 susceptible to 2.5 mcg/ml of the antibiotic: Ri, a recombinant resulting from crossing E. coli W-677 (recipient) and E. coli CSH-222 (donor), resistant to 200 mcg/ml of tetracycline; R2, a strain isolated upon numeros passaging E. coli W-677 on media containing the antibiotic, resistant to 25 mcg/ml of tetracycline. The ability of the resistant variants to bind the antibiotic decreased, as was found in experiments with 14C-tetracycline. Preincubation with low concentrations of the antibiotic resulted in an additional decrease of the sorption by the resistant variants, and in a decrease by 15--18 per cent in the case of the susceptible culture. The R2 variant differed in lipid composition from the parent, susceptible culture: it contained less total lipids and unsaturated fatty acids, and more branched fatty acids. The R1 variant hardly differed in lipid composition from the susceptible culture.", "contents": "[Lipid composition of Escherichia coli cells sensitive and resistant to tetracycline]. The following variants of E. coli resistant to tetracycline have been obtained from a strain of E. coli W-677 susceptible to 2.5 mcg/ml of the antibiotic: Ri, a recombinant resulting from crossing E. coli W-677 (recipient) and E. coli CSH-222 (donor), resistant to 200 mcg/ml of tetracycline; R2, a strain isolated upon numeros passaging E. coli W-677 on media containing the antibiotic, resistant to 25 mcg/ml of tetracycline. The ability of the resistant variants to bind the antibiotic decreased, as was found in experiments with 14C-tetracycline. Preincubation with low concentrations of the antibiotic resulted in an additional decrease of the sorption by the resistant variants, and in a decrease by 15--18 per cent in the case of the susceptible culture. The R2 variant differed in lipid composition from the parent, susceptible culture: it contained less total lipids and unsaturated fatty acids, and more branched fatty acids. The R1 variant hardly differed in lipid composition from the susceptible culture.", "PMID": 329066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11022", "title": "[Properties of the common fractions of candida, various yeasts and Salmonella cholerae suis 0 6,7 antigens].", "content": "The agglutinating serum of S. cholerae suis, obtained against the 0 6,7 antigens, agglutinated C. guilliermondii var. Carpophila and T. candida, both in tube and on slide. The anti-0 serum obtained from R phase of S. cholerae suis did not agglutinate the mentioned strains anylonger.", "contents": "[Properties of the common fractions of candida, various yeasts and Salmonella cholerae suis 0 6,7 antigens]. The agglutinating serum of S. cholerae suis, obtained against the 0 6,7 antigens, agglutinated C. guilliermondii var. Carpophila and T. candida, both in tube and on slide. The anti-0 serum obtained from R phase of S. cholerae suis did not agglutinate the mentioned strains anylonger.", "PMID": 329072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11023", "title": "[Salmonella typhimurium isolated from the spinal fluid of 2 children].", "content": "In this article isolation of S. typhimurium bacteria from cebrospinal fluid of two children is reported.", "contents": "[Salmonella typhimurium isolated from the spinal fluid of 2 children]. In this article isolation of S. typhimurium bacteria from cebrospinal fluid of two children is reported.", "PMID": 329073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11024", "title": "[Magnius' E-antigen].", "content": "The \"e\" Ag/Ac system found by Magnius in 1972 is discussed briefly. The new antigen has the same immologic and physiochemical characteristics of HBs and HBc of the hepatitis virus. Its existence shows the chronic evolution of the disease in Ag HBs carriers. Therefore the \"e\" antigen has a prognostic value in Ag HBs carries.", "contents": "[Magnius' E-antigen]. The \"e\" Ag/Ac system found by Magnius in 1972 is discussed briefly. The new antigen has the same immologic and physiochemical characteristics of HBs and HBc of the hepatitis virus. Its existence shows the chronic evolution of the disease in Ag HBs carriers. Therefore the \"e\" antigen has a prognostic value in Ag HBs carries.", "PMID": 329074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11025", "title": "[Prodigiosin as a possible inhibitor of Serratia marcescens nuclease].", "content": "Preparations of prodigiosin inhibited the activity of nuclese of Serratia marcescens. The preparations were fractionated on an alumina column. The activity of nuclease was inhibited by both fractions containing pyrryldipyrrylmethene compounds and fractions in which these compounds were not found by spectrophotometry. The inhibitor was isolated also from the cells of a pigmentless strain. Therefore, the inhibition is exhibited by compounds that are extracted from the cells with acetone and petroleum ether, rather than by prodigiosin.", "contents": "[Prodigiosin as a possible inhibitor of Serratia marcescens nuclease]. Preparations of prodigiosin inhibited the activity of nuclese of Serratia marcescens. The preparations were fractionated on an alumina column. The activity of nuclease was inhibited by both fractions containing pyrryldipyrrylmethene compounds and fractions in which these compounds were not found by spectrophotometry. The inhibitor was isolated also from the cells of a pigmentless strain. Therefore, the inhibition is exhibited by compounds that are extracted from the cells with acetone and petroleum ether, rather than by prodigiosin.", "PMID": 329065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11026", "title": "Teaching decision making to medical undergraduates by computer-assisted learning.", "content": "Undergraduate medical students improve their ability to make patient management decisions through using computer-assisted learning. With this problem-solving approach an improvement in their factural knowledge also occurs and they retain a significant amount of the content.", "contents": "Teaching decision making to medical undergraduates by computer-assisted learning. Undergraduate medical students improve their ability to make patient management decisions through using computer-assisted learning. With this problem-solving approach an improvement in their factural knowledge also occurs and they retain a significant amount of the content.", "PMID": 329075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11027", "title": "[Riboflavin transport in cells of riboflavin-dependent yeast mutants].", "content": "Riboflavin was transported at a high rate into yeast cells of Pichia guilliermondii and Schwanniomyces occidentalis mutants capable of growth in a medium containing low concentrations of riboflavin, and having multiple susceptibility to some antibiotics and antimetabolites. Sucrose and sodium azide inhibited transport of riboflavin. Other riboflavin dependent mutants of Pichia guilliermondii, Pichia ohmeri, Torulopsis candida, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also growing in media containing low concentrations of riboflavin, were not capable of its active transport.", "contents": "[Riboflavin transport in cells of riboflavin-dependent yeast mutants]. Riboflavin was transported at a high rate into yeast cells of Pichia guilliermondii and Schwanniomyces occidentalis mutants capable of growth in a medium containing low concentrations of riboflavin, and having multiple susceptibility to some antibiotics and antimetabolites. Sucrose and sodium azide inhibited transport of riboflavin. Other riboflavin dependent mutants of Pichia guilliermondii, Pichia ohmeri, Torulopsis candida, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also growing in media containing low concentrations of riboflavin, were not capable of its active transport.", "PMID": 329070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11028", "title": "[Relationship between adsorption of microorganisms and the stage of their development].", "content": "Bond strength during adsorption of microorganisms depends on their growth stages, as was found by light optical and scanning electron microscopy. The strenth of adsorption often decreases as a culture growth on the surface of an adsorbent. Adsorption of microorganisms is an important ecological process. Under favourable conditions, microorganisms grow at a high rate when they are firmly bound to a solid surface. After abundant growth which deteriorates their microenvironment, microorganisms desorb and are dispersed. Such is a distribution of microorganisms growing on solid surfaces.", "contents": "[Relationship between adsorption of microorganisms and the stage of their development]. Bond strength during adsorption of microorganisms depends on their growth stages, as was found by light optical and scanning electron microscopy. The strenth of adsorption often decreases as a culture growth on the surface of an adsorbent. Adsorption of microorganisms is an important ecological process. Under favourable conditions, microorganisms grow at a high rate when they are firmly bound to a solid surface. After abundant growth which deteriorates their microenvironment, microorganisms desorb and are dispersed. Such is a distribution of microorganisms growing on solid surfaces.", "PMID": 329067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11029", "title": "Increased healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers in a controlled trial using tripotassium dicitrato-bismuthate.", "content": "Thirty-seven outpatients with benign gastric ulcers proved by endoscopy were randomized and treated with tripotassium dicitrato-bismuthate (TDB) and a placebo for four weeks. They were assessed on the basis of symptoms and endoscopy examination. Ulcer healing observed by endoscopy was significantly better in the TDB treated group (18 of 20) than in the placebo treated group (six of 17). There was no statistical difference in symptomatic improvement. Nineteen patients with duodenal ulcers proved by endoscopy were randomized in a double-blind trial and given TDB and a placebo for four weeks. Ulcer healing in the TDB treated group (eight of nine) was significantly better than in the placebo treated group (two of 10). No significant difference was found in the symptomatic improvement of both groups. It is concluded that TDB is an effective agent for the treatment of chronic gastric and duodenal ulcers.", "contents": "Increased healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers in a controlled trial using tripotassium dicitrato-bismuthate. Thirty-seven outpatients with benign gastric ulcers proved by endoscopy were randomized and treated with tripotassium dicitrato-bismuthate (TDB) and a placebo for four weeks. They were assessed on the basis of symptoms and endoscopy examination. Ulcer healing observed by endoscopy was significantly better in the TDB treated group (18 of 20) than in the placebo treated group (six of 17). There was no statistical difference in symptomatic improvement. Nineteen patients with duodenal ulcers proved by endoscopy were randomized in a double-blind trial and given TDB and a placebo for four weeks. Ulcer healing in the TDB treated group (eight of nine) was significantly better than in the placebo treated group (two of 10). No significant difference was found in the symptomatic improvement of both groups. It is concluded that TDB is an effective agent for the treatment of chronic gastric and duodenal ulcers.", "PMID": 329077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11030", "title": "Lung abscess due to Corynebacterium equi in a renal transplant recipient.", "content": "A case of Corynebacterium equi infection in a renal transplant recipient is reported. This not uncommon pathogen of farm animals caused a lung abscess in a graft recipient who had received continuous immunosuppression with azathioprine and prednisone for seven years. Antibiotic therapy yielded radiological improvement, although the patient died from other causes. C. equi joins a growing list of rare opportunistic organisms which may cause disease in subjects who have received transplants.", "contents": "Lung abscess due to Corynebacterium equi in a renal transplant recipient. A case of Corynebacterium equi infection in a renal transplant recipient is reported. This not uncommon pathogen of farm animals caused a lung abscess in a graft recipient who had received continuous immunosuppression with azathioprine and prednisone for seven years. Antibiotic therapy yielded radiological improvement, although the patient died from other causes. C. equi joins a growing list of rare opportunistic organisms which may cause disease in subjects who have received transplants.", "PMID": 329078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11031", "title": "[Propranolol for prophylaxis of migraine (author's transl)].", "content": "The prophylactic effectiveness of propranolol (80 to 120 mg per day) in 18 migraine patients was compared with a placebo group of 19 migraine patients in a double blind study without cross over for a treatment period of six and twelve weeks. A statistically significant difference in effect could not be ascertained. The results and methodological assumptions of the double blind studies with cross over already under consideration in the literature are discussed.", "contents": "[Propranolol for prophylaxis of migraine (author's transl)]. The prophylactic effectiveness of propranolol (80 to 120 mg per day) in 18 migraine patients was compared with a placebo group of 19 migraine patients in a double blind study without cross over for a treatment period of six and twelve weeks. A statistically significant difference in effect could not be ascertained. The results and methodological assumptions of the double blind studies with cross over already under consideration in the literature are discussed.", "PMID": 329085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11032", "title": "[Dopamine in patients with cardiogenic shock (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of dopamine was tested in 20 patients with cardiogenic shock. 14 patients suffered from acute myocardial infarction, 6 patients from severe heart failure. In the beginning the dosis of dopamine was 200 to 300 microgram/min. 4 patients with an acute myocardial infarction died in shock. The remaining 10 patients survived the first shock symptomes. All patients with heart failure survived the cardiogenic shock. Hemodynamic studies showed a sigificant increase of the arterial mean pressure and a decrease of the diastolic arterial pulmonary pressure. During dopamine a statistically not significant increase of cardiac index and stroke volume was observed.", "contents": "[Dopamine in patients with cardiogenic shock (author's transl)]. The effect of dopamine was tested in 20 patients with cardiogenic shock. 14 patients suffered from acute myocardial infarction, 6 patients from severe heart failure. In the beginning the dosis of dopamine was 200 to 300 microgram/min. 4 patients with an acute myocardial infarction died in shock. The remaining 10 patients survived the first shock symptomes. All patients with heart failure survived the cardiogenic shock. Hemodynamic studies showed a sigificant increase of the arterial mean pressure and a decrease of the diastolic arterial pulmonary pressure. During dopamine a statistically not significant increase of cardiac index and stroke volume was observed.", "PMID": 329088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11033", "title": "Designing a wax phantom to simulate a flat tumor with diffuse edges.", "content": "A suitable was phantom was designed for evaluating various film techniques used in subtraction radiography. Holes are drilled in a slab of wax and filled with various concentrations of iodinated wax, producing disk-shaped regions with diffuse borders. The technical details of construction and a representative application are described.", "contents": "Designing a wax phantom to simulate a flat tumor with diffuse edges. A suitable was phantom was designed for evaluating various film techniques used in subtraction radiography. Holes are drilled in a slab of wax and filled with various concentrations of iodinated wax, producing disk-shaped regions with diffuse borders. The technical details of construction and a representative application are described.", "PMID": 329090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11034", "title": "Toxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "In cats, aminoclycosides cause vestibular damage followed in a few days by renal damage. The reverse is true in the dog, except that streptomycin causes vestibular damage prior to renal damage. To avoid toxicities, therapeutic doses of aminoglycosides should not be given longer than a week and they should be given cautiously in animals with renal impairment. Failure of the kidneys to eliminate aminoglycosides will result in very high blood levels, even with therapeutic doses, that can cause further renal and vestibular damage. The oral administration of aminoglycosides is seldom dangerous when normal therapeutic doses are employed. Although it is remote, the possibility exists that animals with renal impairment and intestinal obstruction may become intoxicated. Kanamycin is less nephrotoxic to dogs than neomycin and it is less destructive to the auditory nerve than vestibular damage than streptomycin. Gentamicin in cats is twice as toxic to the vestibular apparatus as streptomycin and more toxic to the cochlea than streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin. Neomycin is more toxic than kanamycin, gentamicin, and streptomycin to both cats and dogs. Amikacin causes renal damage in dogs similar to other aminoglycosides. It also causes vestibular damage.", "contents": "Toxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics. In cats, aminoclycosides cause vestibular damage followed in a few days by renal damage. The reverse is true in the dog, except that streptomycin causes vestibular damage prior to renal damage. To avoid toxicities, therapeutic doses of aminoglycosides should not be given longer than a week and they should be given cautiously in animals with renal impairment. Failure of the kidneys to eliminate aminoglycosides will result in very high blood levels, even with therapeutic doses, that can cause further renal and vestibular damage. The oral administration of aminoglycosides is seldom dangerous when normal therapeutic doses are employed. Although it is remote, the possibility exists that animals with renal impairment and intestinal obstruction may become intoxicated. Kanamycin is less nephrotoxic to dogs than neomycin and it is less destructive to the auditory nerve than vestibular damage than streptomycin. Gentamicin in cats is twice as toxic to the vestibular apparatus as streptomycin and more toxic to the cochlea than streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin. Neomycin is more toxic than kanamycin, gentamicin, and streptomycin to both cats and dogs. Amikacin causes renal damage in dogs similar to other aminoglycosides. It also causes vestibular damage.", "PMID": 329097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11035", "title": "Genetic analysis of mutations affecting ribonuclease II in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Exonuclease activity in an Escherichia coli K12 mutant S296 is less than 1% of that in the wild type strain (Nikolaev et al., 1976). Another mutant N464 has thermolabile ribonuclease II (Castles and Singer, 1968; Kuwano et al., 1969). Genetic analysis of these mutants by Hfr conjugation and P1 transduction indicates that the structural gene (rnb) for ribonuclease II is located near the pyrF gene (28 min on the E. coli genetic map of Bachmann, Low and Taylor (1976)), and the most probable gene order is tyrT-trp-pyrF-rnb.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of mutations affecting ribonuclease II in Escherichia coli. Exonuclease activity in an Escherichia coli K12 mutant S296 is less than 1% of that in the wild type strain (Nikolaev et al., 1976). Another mutant N464 has thermolabile ribonuclease II (Castles and Singer, 1968; Kuwano et al., 1969). Genetic analysis of these mutants by Hfr conjugation and P1 transduction indicates that the structural gene (rnb) for ribonuclease II is located near the pyrF gene (28 min on the E. coli genetic map of Bachmann, Low and Taylor (1976)), and the most probable gene order is tyrT-trp-pyrF-rnb.", "PMID": 329098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11036", "title": "Host-dependent modification of bacteriophage T7 and SAMase-negative T3 derivatives affecting their adsorption ability.", "content": "When passaging phage T7 and SAMase-negative T3 mutants between E. coli strains with identical (EcoB) or without (EcoO) DNA host specificity, phenotypically a host-controlled modification and restriction is observed. This phenomenon is not due to \"classical\" modification and restriction of the bacteriophage DNA but depends on the reversibly altered adsorption capacity of the phages on the different host strains.", "contents": "Host-dependent modification of bacteriophage T7 and SAMase-negative T3 derivatives affecting their adsorption ability. When passaging phage T7 and SAMase-negative T3 mutants between E. coli strains with identical (EcoB) or without (EcoO) DNA host specificity, phenotypically a host-controlled modification and restriction is observed. This phenomenon is not due to \"classical\" modification and restriction of the bacteriophage DNA but depends on the reversibly altered adsorption capacity of the phages on the different host strains.", "PMID": 329099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11037", "title": "[Prosthetic rehabilitation by means of removable dentures with wires for the distribution of forces in Kennedy class 2a and 2a modification 1].", "content": "Prosthetic rehabilitation of unilateral distal edentulism (Kennedy class 2) and its combination with intercalated absence on the other side (class 2, modification 1) is discussed. Success obtained in a series of 29 cases followed for 9 yr using a removable prosthesis is described. This solved the difficult problems involved by employing metal wires to distribute the forces axially on the abutment teeth and over the unilateral edentulous ridge, thus creating a mixed dental and mucosal support.", "contents": "[Prosthetic rehabilitation by means of removable dentures with wires for the distribution of forces in Kennedy class 2a and 2a modification 1]. Prosthetic rehabilitation of unilateral distal edentulism (Kennedy class 2) and its combination with intercalated absence on the other side (class 2, modification 1) is discussed. Success obtained in a series of 29 cases followed for 9 yr using a removable prosthesis is described. This solved the difficult problems involved by employing metal wires to distribute the forces axially on the abutment teeth and over the unilateral edentulous ridge, thus creating a mixed dental and mucosal support.", "PMID": 329096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11038", "title": "Relative properties of tomography, K-edge imaging, and K-edge tomography.", "content": "The properties of tomography, K-edge imaging, and K-edge tomography are discussed in relation to the imaging of small concentrations of elements such as iodine and xenon and are compared by means of phantom images. It is demonstrated that the complementary selectivities provided by depth and energy subtraction are combined in K-edge tomography. Using a three-spectrum subtraction technique, the iodine difference signal predicted by computer calculations is on the order of 8000 times that of an equal concentration fo bone. The corresponding ratio in tomography without energy subtraction is 20:1. It is argued that K-edge tomography can successfully eliminate artifacts due to tissue inhomogeneities which presently enable 0.6% variations in tissue attenuation to mimic minimum detectable iodine signals in conventional computed tomography. Various instrumentation possibilities and energy subtraction techniques are discussed.", "contents": "Relative properties of tomography, K-edge imaging, and K-edge tomography. The properties of tomography, K-edge imaging, and K-edge tomography are discussed in relation to the imaging of small concentrations of elements such as iodine and xenon and are compared by means of phantom images. It is demonstrated that the complementary selectivities provided by depth and energy subtraction are combined in K-edge tomography. Using a three-spectrum subtraction technique, the iodine difference signal predicted by computer calculations is on the order of 8000 times that of an equal concentration fo bone. The corresponding ratio in tomography without energy subtraction is 20:1. It is argued that K-edge tomography can successfully eliminate artifacts due to tissue inhomogeneities which presently enable 0.6% variations in tissue attenuation to mimic minimum detectable iodine signals in conventional computed tomography. Various instrumentation possibilities and energy subtraction techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 329091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11039", "title": "X-ray photographic method for determination of stable iodine in tissues.", "content": "A new x-ray photographic technique for imaging of small concentrations of iodine in tissues is presented. The method is based on the use of two x-ray beams of slightly different energies, which are obtained from the same primary source by appropriate use of critical absorbers. The beam energies are chosen so that the more energetic one is high enough to excite K x rays of the element under study while the less energetic beam is just below the required excitation energy. Two x-ray pictures are taken using the beams consecutively; thereafter, a difference picture is made by subtracting photographically the lower energy beam picture from that of higher energy. The difference picture then displays the distribution of the element to be imaged. This method is sensitive to iodine concentrations less than 100 microgram/mm2.", "contents": "X-ray photographic method for determination of stable iodine in tissues. A new x-ray photographic technique for imaging of small concentrations of iodine in tissues is presented. The method is based on the use of two x-ray beams of slightly different energies, which are obtained from the same primary source by appropriate use of critical absorbers. The beam energies are chosen so that the more energetic one is high enough to excite K x rays of the element under study while the less energetic beam is just below the required excitation energy. Two x-ray pictures are taken using the beams consecutively; thereafter, a difference picture is made by subtracting photographically the lower energy beam picture from that of higher energy. The difference picture then displays the distribution of the element to be imaged. This method is sensitive to iodine concentrations less than 100 microgram/mm2.", "PMID": 329092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11040", "title": "Dependence of DNA dark repair on protein synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "We investigated the influence of amino-acidless treatments applied prior and after UV irradiation (AA-irradiated AA+; AA-irradiated A-; AA+ irradiated AA-) on survival, dimer excision, postirradiation DNA degradation, DNA synthesis and sedimentation profiles of parental DNA of E. coli B/r Hcr+ cells. In dependence on the treatment applied, the fluence 50 J/m2 yielded distinctly different fractions of survivors within 0,03-85%. In all cases dimers were completely excised. The rate of DNA degradation was similar during a 30-40 min period after UV during which the bulk of dimers was excised. Degradation ceased, however, earlier in the prestarved cells than in exponentially growing ones; it was prolonged by aminoacidless postincubation. Sedimentation profiles of parental DNA did not differ during the whole period of dimer excision. In AA+ AA- cells DNA synthesis was not restored for several hours after addition of amino acids. In AA- AA- cells addition of amino acids resulted in a fast resumption of DNA synthesis. We conclude that removal of dimers and repair of gaps were similar in all cases. We believe that aminoacidless treatments influence production and repair of damage to the sites of DNA replication. The treatment appears to prevent this damage when applied before UV irradiation, but interferes with its restoration when applied after UV irradiation. Consequently, the former treatment increases survival of cells while the latter produces an opposite effect.", "contents": "Dependence of DNA dark repair on protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. We investigated the influence of amino-acidless treatments applied prior and after UV irradiation (AA-irradiated AA+; AA-irradiated A-; AA+ irradiated AA-) on survival, dimer excision, postirradiation DNA degradation, DNA synthesis and sedimentation profiles of parental DNA of E. coli B/r Hcr+ cells. In dependence on the treatment applied, the fluence 50 J/m2 yielded distinctly different fractions of survivors within 0,03-85%. In all cases dimers were completely excised. The rate of DNA degradation was similar during a 30-40 min period after UV during which the bulk of dimers was excised. Degradation ceased, however, earlier in the prestarved cells than in exponentially growing ones; it was prolonged by aminoacidless postincubation. Sedimentation profiles of parental DNA did not differ during the whole period of dimer excision. In AA+ AA- cells DNA synthesis was not restored for several hours after addition of amino acids. In AA- AA- cells addition of amino acids resulted in a fast resumption of DNA synthesis. We conclude that removal of dimers and repair of gaps were similar in all cases. We believe that aminoacidless treatments influence production and repair of damage to the sites of DNA replication. The treatment appears to prevent this damage when applied before UV irradiation, but interferes with its restoration when applied after UV irradiation. Consequently, the former treatment increases survival of cells while the latter produces an opposite effect.", "PMID": 329100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11041", "title": "Host factor for coliphage Q beta RNA replication: presence in procaryotes and association with the 30S ribosomal subunit in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The Host Factor required for in vitro coliphage Q beta RNA replication, a heat-stable RNA binding protein present in uninfected Escherichia coli, has been detected by both immunological and functional tests in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida. It was not detectable by these criteria in Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Caulobacter crescentus, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Escherichia coli the Host Factor protein has been shown to be associated with ribosomes. It is demonstrated here that this association is specific for the 30S ribosomal subunit.", "contents": "Host factor for coliphage Q beta RNA replication: presence in procaryotes and association with the 30S ribosomal subunit in Escherichia coli. The Host Factor required for in vitro coliphage Q beta RNA replication, a heat-stable RNA binding protein present in uninfected Escherichia coli, has been detected by both immunological and functional tests in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida. It was not detectable by these criteria in Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Caulobacter crescentus, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Escherichia coli the Host Factor protein has been shown to be associated with ribosomes. It is demonstrated here that this association is specific for the 30S ribosomal subunit.", "PMID": 329101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11042", "title": "Trans-dominance of dnaA mutants in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Temperature sensitivity of growth and DNA synthesis was tested in merogenotes heterozygous for the dnaA allele. All combinations tested (F dnaA+/dnaA5, F dnaA+/dnaA46, F dnaA+/dnaA204, F dnaA5/dnaA+, F dnaA204/dnaA+) were temperature sensitive. The mutant dnaA allele is thus trans-dominant to the wild type allele.", "contents": "Trans-dominance of dnaA mutants in Escherichia coli. Temperature sensitivity of growth and DNA synthesis was tested in merogenotes heterozygous for the dnaA allele. All combinations tested (F dnaA+/dnaA5, F dnaA+/dnaA46, F dnaA+/dnaA204, F dnaA5/dnaA+, F dnaA204/dnaA+) were temperature sensitive. The mutant dnaA allele is thus trans-dominant to the wild type allele.", "PMID": 329102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11043", "title": "Incompatibility and bacteriophage inhibition properties of N-1, a plasmid belonging to the H2 incompatibility group.", "content": "N-1, a plasmid isolated from a strain of Shigella flexneri in Japan more than 10 years ago, mediates the phage inhibition phenotype which has recently been found to be characteristic of plasmids of the H2 incompatibility group. Using the criteria of phage inhibition, surface exclusion and incompatibility, the N-1 plasmid is shown to be closely related to H2 plasmids isolated from non-typhoid salmonella and distantly related to H1 plasmids isolated from Salmonella typhi. Plasmids of other incompatibility groups did not show the H2 type of phage inhibition.", "contents": "Incompatibility and bacteriophage inhibition properties of N-1, a plasmid belonging to the H2 incompatibility group. N-1, a plasmid isolated from a strain of Shigella flexneri in Japan more than 10 years ago, mediates the phage inhibition phenotype which has recently been found to be characteristic of plasmids of the H2 incompatibility group. Using the criteria of phage inhibition, surface exclusion and incompatibility, the N-1 plasmid is shown to be closely related to H2 plasmids isolated from non-typhoid salmonella and distantly related to H1 plasmids isolated from Salmonella typhi. Plasmids of other incompatibility groups did not show the H2 type of phage inhibition.", "PMID": 329103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11044", "title": "Transcription of insertion elements IS1 and IS2 in vitro.", "content": "Insertion elements IS1 and IS2 integrated within the gal operator-promoter region, an IS1 element in gene galT and insertions IS1 and IS2 integrated in the xycIIOP region of phage lambda were transcribed in vitro with E. coli RNA-polymerase. The insertion elements are transcribed exclusively by polymerase molecules started at the gal promoter and the lambdaPR promoter respectively. No promoter exists on IS1 or IS2 which can be recognized by RNA-polymerase in the pure in vitro transcription system used. Both insertions apparently are transcribed with a lower elongation rate than gal operon DNA or lambdaDNA. RNAs transcribed from the termini of IS1 and IS2 respectively were analysed by hybridization experiments. They are different in sequence.", "contents": "Transcription of insertion elements IS1 and IS2 in vitro. Insertion elements IS1 and IS2 integrated within the gal operator-promoter region, an IS1 element in gene galT and insertions IS1 and IS2 integrated in the xycIIOP region of phage lambda were transcribed in vitro with E. coli RNA-polymerase. The insertion elements are transcribed exclusively by polymerase molecules started at the gal promoter and the lambdaPR promoter respectively. No promoter exists on IS1 or IS2 which can be recognized by RNA-polymerase in the pure in vitro transcription system used. Both insertions apparently are transcribed with a lower elongation rate than gal operon DNA or lambdaDNA. RNAs transcribed from the termini of IS1 and IS2 respectively were analysed by hybridization experiments. They are different in sequence.", "PMID": 329104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11045", "title": "The effect of the ribosomal protein S1 from Escherichia coli on the synthesis in vitro of bacterial-, DNA phage- and RNA phage proteins.", "content": "Using an in vitro preparation for protein synthesis, we have studied the effect of the ribosomal protein S1 from Escherichia coli on the synthesis of the coat protein of the RNA-containing phages Qbeta and MS2, on that of an \"early\" and a \"late\" enzyme encoded by the DNA containing phage T7, and on that of anthranilate synthetase, an enzyme encoded by the bacterial tryptophan operon. Our results indicate that for the synthesis of these five proteins the presence of S1 is required. From these results we conclude that S1 is an essential protein for the translation of bacterial and bacteriophage messenger RNA.", "contents": "The effect of the ribosomal protein S1 from Escherichia coli on the synthesis in vitro of bacterial-, DNA phage- and RNA phage proteins. Using an in vitro preparation for protein synthesis, we have studied the effect of the ribosomal protein S1 from Escherichia coli on the synthesis of the coat protein of the RNA-containing phages Qbeta and MS2, on that of an \"early\" and a \"late\" enzyme encoded by the DNA containing phage T7, and on that of anthranilate synthetase, an enzyme encoded by the bacterial tryptophan operon. Our results indicate that for the synthesis of these five proteins the presence of S1 is required. From these results we conclude that S1 is an essential protein for the translation of bacterial and bacteriophage messenger RNA.", "PMID": 329105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11046", "title": "Bacteria with defective rho factors suppress the effects of N mutations in bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "A prediction based on the model for N-gene function of bacteriophage lambda proposed by Roberts (1971) is confirmed by showing that a lambdaN- double mutant is able to grow in strains of E. coli with defective rho transcription termination factors. The burst sizes for lambdaN- in these strains range from 5 to 24% the burst sizes for lambdaN+ in the same strain. This low level of suppression is also evident in the levels of synthesis of the lambda exonuclease and is consistent with other evidence that the defect in the rho factors of these strains is only partial. These strains do not suppress the effects of mutations in genes O, P and Q of lambda nor in genes 30 and 43 of bacteriophage T4. The lack of suppression of lambdaQ- is significant because the Q-gene product, like the N-gene product, is believed to function as an anti-terminator of lambda transcription but at termination sites that may not require rho factor action.", "contents": "Bacteria with defective rho factors suppress the effects of N mutations in bacteriophage lambda. A prediction based on the model for N-gene function of bacteriophage lambda proposed by Roberts (1971) is confirmed by showing that a lambdaN- double mutant is able to grow in strains of E. coli with defective rho transcription termination factors. The burst sizes for lambdaN- in these strains range from 5 to 24% the burst sizes for lambdaN+ in the same strain. This low level of suppression is also evident in the levels of synthesis of the lambda exonuclease and is consistent with other evidence that the defect in the rho factors of these strains is only partial. These strains do not suppress the effects of mutations in genes O, P and Q of lambda nor in genes 30 and 43 of bacteriophage T4. The lack of suppression of lambdaQ- is significant because the Q-gene product, like the N-gene product, is believed to function as an anti-terminator of lambda transcription but at termination sites that may not require rho factor action.", "PMID": 329106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11047", "title": "A conditional antimutator in E. coli.", "content": "A pleiotropic mutation in the purB gene of E. coli is described which lowers the spontaneous mutation frequency of other genes. The antimutator effect is very large for some genetic loci, but is absent at other sites. Both forward and reverse mutations are affected. This mutation in purB is temperature sensitive for both adenine auxotrophy and the antimutator action. Adenine, or adenosine, or low temperature growth abolish the antimutator effect. The mutagenicity of base analogs and nitrosoguanidine at several loci was found to be reduced by this purB mutation. The antimutator effect is recessive in strains merodiploid for the purB region. The frequency of reversion of mutation on F' episomes is affected by the chromosomal antimutator, which therefore acts in trans. Xray and UV sensitivity are normal in this mutant, which is the first antimutator characterized in E. coli.", "contents": "A conditional antimutator in E. coli. A pleiotropic mutation in the purB gene of E. coli is described which lowers the spontaneous mutation frequency of other genes. The antimutator effect is very large for some genetic loci, but is absent at other sites. Both forward and reverse mutations are affected. This mutation in purB is temperature sensitive for both adenine auxotrophy and the antimutator action. Adenine, or adenosine, or low temperature growth abolish the antimutator effect. The mutagenicity of base analogs and nitrosoguanidine at several loci was found to be reduced by this purB mutation. The antimutator effect is recessive in strains merodiploid for the purB region. The frequency of reversion of mutation on F' episomes is affected by the chromosomal antimutator, which therefore acts in trans. Xray and UV sensitivity are normal in this mutant, which is the first antimutator characterized in E. coli.", "PMID": 329107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11048", "title": "Active protection by bacteriophages T3 and T7 against E. coli B- and K-specific restriction of their DNA.", "content": "The bacteriophages T3 and T7 are not modified and restricted by E. coli strains with different host specificity (E. coli B, K, O) in vivo. The phages code for a gene product with the ability to overcome classical restriction (ocr): ocr- mutants are subject to modification and restriction via DNA methylation vs cleavage. The T3 genome possesses recognition sites for the restriction endonuclease R.EcoB which, unless the DNA is B-specifically modified, trigger 5-7 DNA cleavages. The ocr gene function of T3 and T7 is located within the gene 0.3 region of these phages and is not identical with the sam (SAMase) function of T3. The mechanism of ocr protection remains unclear, while it is certain that this protection by the gene 0.3 protein is exerted in the infected cell and not through \"over-all\" modification in the preceding growth cycle of the phage.", "contents": "Active protection by bacteriophages T3 and T7 against E. coli B- and K-specific restriction of their DNA. The bacteriophages T3 and T7 are not modified and restricted by E. coli strains with different host specificity (E. coli B, K, O) in vivo. The phages code for a gene product with the ability to overcome classical restriction (ocr): ocr- mutants are subject to modification and restriction via DNA methylation vs cleavage. The T3 genome possesses recognition sites for the restriction endonuclease R.EcoB which, unless the DNA is B-specifically modified, trigger 5-7 DNA cleavages. The ocr gene function of T3 and T7 is located within the gene 0.3 region of these phages and is not identical with the sam (SAMase) function of T3. The mechanism of ocr protection remains unclear, while it is certain that this protection by the gene 0.3 protein is exerted in the infected cell and not through \"over-all\" modification in the preceding growth cycle of the phage.", "PMID": 329108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11049", "title": "A new ribosomal protein locus in Escherichia coli: the gene for protein S6 maps at 97 min.", "content": "A mutant of E. coli selected for temperature-sensitive growth on rich medium harbored an altered ribosomal protein S6 (Isono et al., 1976). This mutant was found to  possess at least two mutations, one being responsible for the temperature-sensitivity and the other for the S6 alteration. Crosses with various Hfr strains as well as transductions with P 1kc revealed that the former mutation mapped at 98 min and the latter at 97 min. Furthermore, rec A derivatives of this mutant heteromerodiploid for this region possessed both the wild type and themutant forms of S6. Thus it was established that the gene at 97 min was indeed the structural gene for protein S6 (rpsF) and not a gene modifying it.", "contents": "A new ribosomal protein locus in Escherichia coli: the gene for protein S6 maps at 97 min. A mutant of E. coli selected for temperature-sensitive growth on rich medium harbored an altered ribosomal protein S6 (Isono et al., 1976). This mutant was found to  possess at least two mutations, one being responsible for the temperature-sensitivity and the other for the S6 alteration. Crosses with various Hfr strains as well as transductions with P 1kc revealed that the former mutation mapped at 98 min and the latter at 97 min. Furthermore, rec A derivatives of this mutant heteromerodiploid for this region possessed both the wild type and themutant forms of S6. Thus it was established that the gene at 97 min was indeed the structural gene for protein S6 (rpsF) and not a gene modifying it.", "PMID": 329109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11050", "title": "A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that exhibits multiple isoacceptors for several of its transfer RNAs.", "content": "A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, known to produce multiple isoaccepting forms of several tRNA's which differ from a standard wild type strain, has been studied genetically. The multiple isoaccepting tRNA phenotype behaves as if it is caused by a single recessive mutation. Five tetrads were analyzed and all showed a 2:2 segregation of mutant to wild type profiles for Phe-tRNA Phe. Furthermore, the multiple isoacceptors for the other tRNA's in the mutant strain are probably caused by the same mutation, since Tyr-tRNA Tyr and Val-tRNA Val also exhibit 2:2 segregation for mutant versus wild type tRNA profiles and the segregation pattern is the same as that for Phe-tRNA Phe.", "contents": "A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that exhibits multiple isoacceptors for several of its transfer RNAs. A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, known to produce multiple isoaccepting forms of several tRNA's which differ from a standard wild type strain, has been studied genetically. The multiple isoaccepting tRNA phenotype behaves as if it is caused by a single recessive mutation. Five tetrads were analyzed and all showed a 2:2 segregation of mutant to wild type profiles for Phe-tRNA Phe. Furthermore, the multiple isoacceptors for the other tRNA's in the mutant strain are probably caused by the same mutation, since Tyr-tRNA Tyr and Val-tRNA Val also exhibit 2:2 segregation for mutant versus wild type tRNA profiles and the segregation pattern is the same as that for Phe-tRNA Phe.", "PMID": 329112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11051", "title": "Glucosamine resistance in yeast. II. Cytoplasmic determinants conferring resistance.", "content": "Two cytoplasmic, glucosamine resistant (GR) mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, GR6 and GR10, were crossed to strains bearing known mitochondrial markers. Analysis of vegetative and meiotic segregation patterns in these crosses suggested that the glucosamine resistance conferring factor did not reside on mitDNA. This was confirmed by ethidium bromide treatments which completely abolished oligomycin resistance due to a mitochondrial mutation at the OL12 locus but which failed to eliminate the GR factor present in the same strain. Comparison of GR6 and GR10 to some other known cytoplasmic determinants suggested that while glucosamine resistance is not related to the killer plasmid it may be allelic to the URE3 determinant and/or to the PSI factor.", "contents": "Glucosamine resistance in yeast. II. Cytoplasmic determinants conferring resistance. Two cytoplasmic, glucosamine resistant (GR) mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, GR6 and GR10, were crossed to strains bearing known mitochondrial markers. Analysis of vegetative and meiotic segregation patterns in these crosses suggested that the glucosamine resistance conferring factor did not reside on mitDNA. This was confirmed by ethidium bromide treatments which completely abolished oligomycin resistance due to a mitochondrial mutation at the OL12 locus but which failed to eliminate the GR factor present in the same strain. Comparison of GR6 and GR10 to some other known cytoplasmic determinants suggested that while glucosamine resistance is not related to the killer plasmid it may be allelic to the URE3 determinant and/or to the PSI factor.", "PMID": 329114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11052", "title": "On the ability of Salmonella typhimurium cells to form deoxycytidine nucleotides.", "content": "It is known that cdd- S. typhimurium mutants selected for resistance to 5-fluorodeoxycytidine (FdCyd) possess no deoxycytidine kinase activity. The present study postulates that this method of screening selects double mutants defective in cytidine deaminase and in deoxycytidine kinase. To prove this hypothesis, the cdd mutant of S. typhimurium was constructed by P1-mediated transfer of ccd- gene into a new genetic background, and the activity of deoxycytidine kinase was assayed. Transductants exhibited no deoxycytidine kinase activity, showing that the absence of this enzyme is not limited to a specific cdd- mutant, but includes all strains of S. typhimurium. The toxicity of FdCyd for the bacterial strains possessing deoxycytidine kinase, as well as the role of nucleoside phosphorylase in nucleotide formation by S. typhimurium, is discussed.", "contents": "On the ability of Salmonella typhimurium cells to form deoxycytidine nucleotides. It is known that cdd- S. typhimurium mutants selected for resistance to 5-fluorodeoxycytidine (FdCyd) possess no deoxycytidine kinase activity. The present study postulates that this method of screening selects double mutants defective in cytidine deaminase and in deoxycytidine kinase. To prove this hypothesis, the cdd mutant of S. typhimurium was constructed by P1-mediated transfer of ccd- gene into a new genetic background, and the activity of deoxycytidine kinase was assayed. Transductants exhibited no deoxycytidine kinase activity, showing that the absence of this enzyme is not limited to a specific cdd- mutant, but includes all strains of S. typhimurium. The toxicity of FdCyd for the bacterial strains possessing deoxycytidine kinase, as well as the role of nucleoside phosphorylase in nucleotide formation by S. typhimurium, is discussed.", "PMID": 329115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11053", "title": "Repression of inducible enzyme synthesis in a mutant of Escherichia coli K 12 deleted for the ptsH gene.", "content": "The genome of lambda phage with thermosensitive repressor was inserted into the pts region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. This lysogenic culture possessed the PTS1 phenotype at 30 degrees C. A mutant strain with a deletion covering the ptsH gene was isolated after a prophage curing procedure. The deletion nature of the pts mutation was confirmed in genetical and biochemical experiments. The deletion covered a small fragment of the bacterial genome not extending in the ptsI and lig genes. The isolated deltaptsH mutant possessed all characteristics of known pts mutants: pleiotropical disturbances of transport and utilization of a number of carbohydrates, repression of the enzyme inducible synthesis, and resistance to glucose catabolite repression. From these and other data we can conclude that the phosphorylated form of the heat-stable protein HPr is involved (directly or indirectly) in activation of the DNA transcription process.", "contents": "Repression of inducible enzyme synthesis in a mutant of Escherichia coli K 12 deleted for the ptsH gene. The genome of lambda phage with thermosensitive repressor was inserted into the pts region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. This lysogenic culture possessed the PTS1 phenotype at 30 degrees C. A mutant strain with a deletion covering the ptsH gene was isolated after a prophage curing procedure. The deletion nature of the pts mutation was confirmed in genetical and biochemical experiments. The deletion covered a small fragment of the bacterial genome not extending in the ptsI and lig genes. The isolated deltaptsH mutant possessed all characteristics of known pts mutants: pleiotropical disturbances of transport and utilization of a number of carbohydrates, repression of the enzyme inducible synthesis, and resistance to glucose catabolite repression. From these and other data we can conclude that the phosphorylated form of the heat-stable protein HPr is involved (directly or indirectly) in activation of the DNA transcription process.", "PMID": 329116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11054", "title": "A new ribosomal mutation which affects the two ribosomal subunits in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A new ribosomal mutant resistant to erythromycin is described. The product of the gene eryC seems to be implicated in the assembly of the two ribosomal subunits, particularly in the maturation process of the RNA 23S and 16S.", "contents": "A new ribosomal mutation which affects the two ribosomal subunits in Escherichia coli. A new ribosomal mutant resistant to erythromycin is described. The product of the gene eryC seems to be implicated in the assembly of the two ribosomal subunits, particularly in the maturation process of the RNA 23S and 16S.", "PMID": 329117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11055", "title": "Effect of mutant host RNA polymerase on the bifunctional activities of P22 gene c1.", "content": "The product of phage P22 gene c1 has two functions: (1) it promotes synthesis of repressor and (2) during the first minutes of infection it retards expression of some lytic genes. We call the second, negative function \"c1 retardation\". We investigated c1 retardation in a mutant host of Salmonella typhimurium that is resistant to rifampicin and carries an altered RNA polymerase. No c1 retardation of DNA synthesis was detectable in this  host after infection with wild-type phages. This elimination of the normally detectable c1 function leads to the conclusion that the mutant RNA polymerase interferes with the expression of c1 gene activity. Wild-type genes form clear plaques on the mutant host. Mutants of P22 called cly were isolated by others. These mutants form turbid plaques on the altered RNA polymerase host. Infections with P22 cly in the mutant host resulted in detectable c1 retardation. The cly mutation therefore restores c1 activity in a host which wild-type c1 is not expressed. Two spontaneous mutants were isolated from the mutant host. These two strains allowed partial expression of c1 retardation, although they remained rifampicin resistant. We interpret our data to indicate that expression of the normal functions of the gene c1 product requires an interaction of that product with the host RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Effect of mutant host RNA polymerase on the bifunctional activities of P22 gene c1. The product of phage P22 gene c1 has two functions: (1) it promotes synthesis of repressor and (2) during the first minutes of infection it retards expression of some lytic genes. We call the second, negative function \"c1 retardation\". We investigated c1 retardation in a mutant host of Salmonella typhimurium that is resistant to rifampicin and carries an altered RNA polymerase. No c1 retardation of DNA synthesis was detectable in this  host after infection with wild-type phages. This elimination of the normally detectable c1 function leads to the conclusion that the mutant RNA polymerase interferes with the expression of c1 gene activity. Wild-type genes form clear plaques on the mutant host. Mutants of P22 called cly were isolated by others. These mutants form turbid plaques on the altered RNA polymerase host. Infections with P22 cly in the mutant host resulted in detectable c1 retardation. The cly mutation therefore restores c1 activity in a host which wild-type c1 is not expressed. Two spontaneous mutants were isolated from the mutant host. These two strains allowed partial expression of c1 retardation, although they remained rifampicin resistant. We interpret our data to indicate that expression of the normal functions of the gene c1 product requires an interaction of that product with the host RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 329118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11056", "title": "[On certain embryopathies induced by teratogenic agents (author's transl].", "content": "In a survey of the literature the teratogenic effects of radiation and some drugs are discussed. Teratogenicity is proved for thalidomide, aminopterin, busulfan, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, mercaptopurin and diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione and warfarin. After the thalidomide-tragedy drug-induced malformations of the embryo are extremely rare, whereas malformations due to alcohol are rather frequent. Own experiences with more than 70 patients with alcoholembryopathy are reported. Nicotin seems not to be teratogenic, but due to nicotin the perinatal mortality is elevated. The questionable teratogenic effects of Heroin and LSD are discussed.", "contents": "[On certain embryopathies induced by teratogenic agents (author's transl]. In a survey of the literature the teratogenic effects of radiation and some drugs are discussed. Teratogenicity is proved for thalidomide, aminopterin, busulfan, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, mercaptopurin and diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione and warfarin. After the thalidomide-tragedy drug-induced malformations of the embryo are extremely rare, whereas malformations due to alcohol are rather frequent. Own experiences with more than 70 patients with alcoholembryopathy are reported. Nicotin seems not to be teratogenic, but due to nicotin the perinatal mortality is elevated. The questionable teratogenic effects of Heroin and LSD are discussed.", "PMID": 329123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11057", "title": "Polyamines and protein synthesis: studies in various polyamine-requiring mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Different Escherichia coli mutants auxotrophic for polyamines were studied in order to investigate the relationships among polypeptide synthesis in cell-free systems, ribosomal distribution profiles and endogenous polyamine pools. The in vitro protein synthetic activity and the polyribosomal content were reduced in extracts from putrescine-starved cells of the double mutans MA 255 and MA 261, but not in the arginine-conditional auxotroph DK 6. Putrescine addition to the cultures of all these strains previously starved for polyamines, provoked a shift towards monomers in the equilibrium involving ribosomal particles. Concomitant changes in the intracellular levels of polyamines were observed: putrescine and spermidine increased markedly, and cadaverine disappeared.", "contents": "Polyamines and protein synthesis: studies in various polyamine-requiring mutants of Escherichia coli. Different Escherichia coli mutants auxotrophic for polyamines were studied in order to investigate the relationships among polypeptide synthesis in cell-free systems, ribosomal distribution profiles and endogenous polyamine pools. The in vitro protein synthetic activity and the polyribosomal content were reduced in extracts from putrescine-starved cells of the double mutans MA 255 and MA 261, but not in the arginine-conditional auxotroph DK 6. Putrescine addition to the cultures of all these strains previously starved for polyamines, provoked a shift towards monomers in the equilibrium involving ribosomal particles. Concomitant changes in the intracellular levels of polyamines were observed: putrescine and spermidine increased markedly, and cadaverine disappeared.", "PMID": 329122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11058", "title": "[Diagnostic therapeutic problems of defibrination syndrome in shock, sepsis, and neonatal hypoxia (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of defibrination syndrome in shock, sepsis and neonatal hypoxia is based, in addition to the clinical picture, upon a few parameters of the hemostatic system, which, in part as global tests, provide information about the course of coagulation. The parameters measured are partial thromboplastin time, thromboplastin time, plasma thrombin time, fibrinogen, thrombin-coagulase and reptilase times as well as platelet count. Normal values of these laboratory parameters were established for healthy newborns 1--5 days of age, and for healthy adults. It is suggested that especially partial thromboplastin time, the thrombin-coagulase and reptilase times, the latter influenced by fibrinolysis cleavage products, are representative for the tentative diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation with fibrinolysis syndrome (DICFS). The platelet fall often lags 1--2 days behind the event. Moreover normal values for newborns, are markedly higher than those for older children or adults. In the presence of DICFS, a low-dose heparin therapy is immediately initiated. If completed defibrination is manifest, therapy is supplemented with urokinase and streptokinase, For DICFS with congenital sepsis, an exchange transfusion with heparinized fresh blood is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[Diagnostic therapeutic problems of defibrination syndrome in shock, sepsis, and neonatal hypoxia (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of defibrination syndrome in shock, sepsis and neonatal hypoxia is based, in addition to the clinical picture, upon a few parameters of the hemostatic system, which, in part as global tests, provide information about the course of coagulation. The parameters measured are partial thromboplastin time, thromboplastin time, plasma thrombin time, fibrinogen, thrombin-coagulase and reptilase times as well as platelet count. Normal values of these laboratory parameters were established for healthy newborns 1--5 days of age, and for healthy adults. It is suggested that especially partial thromboplastin time, the thrombin-coagulase and reptilase times, the latter influenced by fibrinolysis cleavage products, are representative for the tentative diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation with fibrinolysis syndrome (DICFS). The platelet fall often lags 1--2 days behind the event. Moreover normal values for newborns, are markedly higher than those for older children or adults. In the presence of DICFS, a low-dose heparin therapy is immediately initiated. If completed defibrination is manifest, therapy is supplemented with urokinase and streptokinase, For DICFS with congenital sepsis, an exchange transfusion with heparinized fresh blood is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 329124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11059", "title": "Risks of vesicoureteric reflux in the transplanted kidney.", "content": "The risk to the transplanted kidney of vesicoureteric reflux was evaluated in 150 consecutive first cadaveric renal allografts surviving for over three months. Of the 119 (79 per cent) allografts studied by micturating cystography 29 (24 per cent) were shown to reflux. The presence of reflux was associated with urine leakage and reoperation, and with ureteric insertion involving a short intramural tunnel. Graft failure (graft nephrectomy or death from renal failure) occurred in 14 of 29 refluxing grafts as compared to 14 failures in 90 nonrefluxing grafts (P less than 0.01). Graft failure in the refluxing group was typically slow, and commonly associated with proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, hypertension and a biopsy appearance of mesangiocapillary glomerular change. Urinary infection, though frequent (69 per cent), was not more common in the group with than in that without reflux. Vesicoureteric reflux is an important cause of late renal-graft failure.", "contents": "Risks of vesicoureteric reflux in the transplanted kidney. The risk to the transplanted kidney of vesicoureteric reflux was evaluated in 150 consecutive first cadaveric renal allografts surviving for over three months. Of the 119 (79 per cent) allografts studied by micturating cystography 29 (24 per cent) were shown to reflux. The presence of reflux was associated with urine leakage and reoperation, and with ureteric insertion involving a short intramural tunnel. Graft failure (graft nephrectomy or death from renal failure) occurred in 14 of 29 refluxing grafts as compared to 14 failures in 90 nonrefluxing grafts (P less than 0.01). Graft failure in the refluxing group was typically slow, and commonly associated with proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, hypertension and a biopsy appearance of mesangiocapillary glomerular change. Urinary infection, though frequent (69 per cent), was not more common in the group with than in that without reflux. Vesicoureteric reflux is an important cause of late renal-graft failure.", "PMID": 329132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11060", "title": "[Neuromuscular interactions--tendencies toward a biochemical-genetic analysis].", "content": "The analysis of hereditary neuro-muscular diseases in the mouse and in other vertebrates may contribute to our understanding of the developmental interactions between spinal cord and sceletal muscle. Meaningful biochemical analysis must be preceded by \"biological mixing experiments\" to demonstrate whether a given mutation is cell-autonomous, and, if so, which cell type caries the primary defect. Techniques are available to carry out the critical experiment in vivo (artificial chimaeras) or in culture.", "contents": "[Neuromuscular interactions--tendencies toward a biochemical-genetic analysis]. The analysis of hereditary neuro-muscular diseases in the mouse and in other vertebrates may contribute to our understanding of the developmental interactions between spinal cord and sceletal muscle. Meaningful biochemical analysis must be preceded by \"biological mixing experiments\" to demonstrate whether a given mutation is cell-autonomous, and, if so, which cell type caries the primary defect. Techniques are available to carry out the critical experiment in vivo (artificial chimaeras) or in culture.", "PMID": 329151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11061", "title": "Combined stereotaxic surgery for relief of intractable pain.", "content": "We have carried out 43 of our standard combined stereotaxic thalamotomies in 37 patients with intractable pain. Our standard targets in thalamotomy for pain relief consisted of pulvinar, dorsomedial, centromedial, parafascicular and limitans nuclei. 91% of all the cases had excellent or good results. Six patients had bilateral thalamotomy because of severe relapse. Five patients developed mental disorientation and confusion after operation, but in a week returned to a normal state. One of the 37 patients died. Autopsy revealed cardiac infarction. On the basis of our results we consider the use of our standard targets to be most suitable for relieving intractable pain.", "contents": "Combined stereotaxic surgery for relief of intractable pain. We have carried out 43 of our standard combined stereotaxic thalamotomies in 37 patients with intractable pain. Our standard targets in thalamotomy for pain relief consisted of pulvinar, dorsomedial, centromedial, parafascicular and limitans nuclei. 91% of all the cases had excellent or good results. Six patients had bilateral thalamotomy because of severe relapse. Five patients developed mental disorientation and confusion after operation, but in a week returned to a normal state. One of the 37 patients died. Autopsy revealed cardiac infarction. On the basis of our results we consider the use of our standard targets to be most suitable for relieving intractable pain.", "PMID": 329154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11062", "title": "VEP and SEP in non-specific thalamic nuclei and pulvinar during stereotaxic surgery.", "content": "This report is based on recordings of evoked photic (VEP) and somatosensory response (SEP) from the thalamic nuclei and cortex of 17 humans during stereotaxic surgery. The cortical SEP and VEP have relatively uniform patterns. The initial latency of the cortical VEP is shorter than that of SEP. Both thalamic SEP and VEP give relatively constant response to Limitans and Parafascicularis, Centromedian and Pulvinar but Dorsomedial nucleus has a smaller and variable latency. Thalamic SEP gives a better response than thalamic VEP in Nucleus Limitans and Parafascicularis, Nucleus Centromedian, and Pulvinar. This suggests that the non-specific thalamic nuclei, especially Centromedian, Limitans and the nucleus Parafascicularis and Pulvinar, play an important role in pain conduction and function as a relay station in the transmission of non-specific visual impulses. The visual evoked response pattern as well as somato-sensory evoked response from the thalamic nuclei can serve as a very reliable means of controlling the target area prior to subcortical destruction.", "contents": "VEP and SEP in non-specific thalamic nuclei and pulvinar during stereotaxic surgery. This report is based on recordings of evoked photic (VEP) and somatosensory response (SEP) from the thalamic nuclei and cortex of 17 humans during stereotaxic surgery. The cortical SEP and VEP have relatively uniform patterns. The initial latency of the cortical VEP is shorter than that of SEP. Both thalamic SEP and VEP give relatively constant response to Limitans and Parafascicularis, Centromedian and Pulvinar but Dorsomedial nucleus has a smaller and variable latency. Thalamic SEP gives a better response than thalamic VEP in Nucleus Limitans and Parafascicularis, Nucleus Centromedian, and Pulvinar. This suggests that the non-specific thalamic nuclei, especially Centromedian, Limitans and the nucleus Parafascicularis and Pulvinar, play an important role in pain conduction and function as a relay station in the transmission of non-specific visual impulses. The visual evoked response pattern as well as somato-sensory evoked response from the thalamic nuclei can serve as a very reliable means of controlling the target area prior to subcortical destruction.", "PMID": 329155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11063", "title": "Eikenella corrodens isolated in oral infections of dental origin.", "content": "Eikenella corrodens causes significant clinical infection more frequently than is suspected at the present time. The laboratory must be made aware of the organism and the techniques that are necessary to identify it. The clinician must be aware of the methods of isolating organisms in general. The use of a transport solution was shown to be a highly effective and clinically practical way of isolating those organisms present. The pathogenic potential of E. corrodens can no longer be doubted.", "contents": "Eikenella corrodens isolated in oral infections of dental origin. Eikenella corrodens causes significant clinical infection more frequently than is suspected at the present time. The laboratory must be made aware of the organism and the techniques that are necessary to identify it. The clinician must be aware of the methods of isolating organisms in general. The use of a transport solution was shown to be a highly effective and clinically practical way of isolating those organisms present. The pathogenic potential of E. corrodens can no longer be doubted.", "PMID": 329171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11064", "title": "Harmful effects of \"aspirin compounds\".", "content": "\"Aspirin\" is the most widely used medication which is considered to be safe and effective, and which can be obtained universally without prescription. A review of the literature and clinical experience reveal that many complications can be attributed to the prolonged use of it. Some of these complications involve damage to various tissues and organs (particularly the gastric mucosa, the renal papilla, red blood cells, and the inner ear) and to coagulation and body temperature control. Hemorrhagic gastritis may result with as little as 600 mg. of salicylate four times a day for 5 days. Papillitis of the renal system may result from a comparable dosage of aspirin compound mediates with phenacetin. The purpose of this article has been to call attention to some of the important complications which may result from salicylate abuse. It is hoped that many of these complications may be avoided by proper and effective indoctrination of patients to the hazards associated with prolonged or indiscriminate intake of salicylates.", "contents": "Harmful effects of \"aspirin compounds\". \"Aspirin\" is the most widely used medication which is considered to be safe and effective, and which can be obtained universally without prescription. A review of the literature and clinical experience reveal that many complications can be attributed to the prolonged use of it. Some of these complications involve damage to various tissues and organs (particularly the gastric mucosa, the renal papilla, red blood cells, and the inner ear) and to coagulation and body temperature control. Hemorrhagic gastritis may result with as little as 600 mg. of salicylate four times a day for 5 days. Papillitis of the renal system may result from a comparable dosage of aspirin compound mediates with phenacetin. The purpose of this article has been to call attention to some of the important complications which may result from salicylate abuse. It is hoped that many of these complications may be avoided by proper and effective indoctrination of patients to the hazards associated with prolonged or indiscriminate intake of salicylates.", "PMID": 329172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11065", "title": "Enteric pathogens in infants and children in Shiraz, Iran: A study of their incidences and infectious drug resistance.", "content": "Gastroenteritis is a serious problem among young children in Shiraz Iran and often requires antibiotic therapy as it is commonly superimposed on other debilitating clinical conditions. Stool specimens from over four hundred cases of gastroenteritis among children up to six years of age were examined for the presence of bacterial pathogens and the pattern of drug sensitivity for each pathogenic genus was determined. The presence of infectious drug resistance factors among these isolates was also established.", "contents": "Enteric pathogens in infants and children in Shiraz, Iran: A study of their incidences and infectious drug resistance. Gastroenteritis is a serious problem among young children in Shiraz Iran and often requires antibiotic therapy as it is commonly superimposed on other debilitating clinical conditions. Stool specimens from over four hundred cases of gastroenteritis among children up to six years of age were examined for the presence of bacterial pathogens and the pattern of drug sensitivity for each pathogenic genus was determined. The presence of infectious drug resistance factors among these isolates was also established.", "PMID": 329190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11066", "title": "Acute pneumonia in the newborn: changing picture.", "content": "Pneumonia is one of the most serious infections in the neonate and is responsible for a large percentage of neonatal mortality. Pneumonia in a premature or term infant who is debilitated by an underlying problem such as hyaline membrane disease carries an extremely high morbidity and mortality. Since most of the bacterial pneumonias are treatable, early recognition and diagnosis and vigorous treatment are essential. X-ray findings, though helpful, serve only as a guideline. Prognosis is adversely affected if pneumonia results in generalized sepsis, leading to meningitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and osteomyelitis. Prompt antibiotic treatment should be begun before the etiologic agent or drug susceptibility is known.", "contents": "Acute pneumonia in the newborn: changing picture. Pneumonia is one of the most serious infections in the neonate and is responsible for a large percentage of neonatal mortality. Pneumonia in a premature or term infant who is debilitated by an underlying problem such as hyaline membrane disease carries an extremely high morbidity and mortality. Since most of the bacterial pneumonias are treatable, early recognition and diagnosis and vigorous treatment are essential. X-ray findings, though helpful, serve only as a guideline. Prognosis is adversely affected if pneumonia results in generalized sepsis, leading to meningitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and osteomyelitis. Prompt antibiotic treatment should be begun before the etiologic agent or drug susceptibility is known.", "PMID": 329196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11067", "title": "Protection against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis by maternal milk. I. Role of milk leukocytes.", "content": "A rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis of the neonate in which maternal milk had been protective was studied to determine what components of the milk afforded protection and by what mechanism. Frozen and thrawed rat milk was not protective, but formula supplemented with rat milk cells was. It was concluded that the cells provided protection. The cells, which are principally mononuclear phagocytes, can phagocytize and kill the Klebsiella pneumoniae strain used in the animal model. Animals with necrotizing enterolitis had peritonitis and bacteremia caused by this bacillus.", "contents": "Protection against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis by maternal milk. I. Role of milk leukocytes. A rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis of the neonate in which maternal milk had been protective was studied to determine what components of the milk afforded protection and by what mechanism. Frozen and thrawed rat milk was not protective, but formula supplemented with rat milk cells was. It was concluded that the cells provided protection. The cells, which are principally mononuclear phagocytes, can phagocytize and kill the Klebsiella pneumoniae strain used in the animal model. Animals with necrotizing enterolitis had peritonitis and bacteremia caused by this bacillus.", "PMID": 329204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11068", "title": "Characterization and localization of the human genes for ribosomal ribonucleic acid.", "content": "The genetic sequence complementary to ribosomal RNA was separated from human DNA and its characteristics studied. Both 18S and 28S sequences were located on the same isolated strand. DNA-rRNA hybrids have a melting temperature of 80 degrees or 4 degrees less than that of native ribosomal DNA. Ribosomal genes behave as a satellite when complexed with Ag+ in the Cs2SO4 gradient. With in situ hybridization, these rRNA genes can be shown to chromosomally translocate. The study of a highly fluorescent chromosome indicates that the ribosomal DNA does not contribute to the fluorescent nature of the secondary constrictions. This study examines the molecular organization of human ribosomal genes. The chromosomal inheritance of these genes is explored by in situ hybridization.", "contents": "Characterization and localization of the human genes for ribosomal ribonucleic acid. The genetic sequence complementary to ribosomal RNA was separated from human DNA and its characteristics studied. Both 18S and 28S sequences were located on the same isolated strand. DNA-rRNA hybrids have a melting temperature of 80 degrees or 4 degrees less than that of native ribosomal DNA. Ribosomal genes behave as a satellite when complexed with Ag+ in the Cs2SO4 gradient. With in situ hybridization, these rRNA genes can be shown to chromosomally translocate. The study of a highly fluorescent chromosome indicates that the ribosomal DNA does not contribute to the fluorescent nature of the secondary constrictions. This study examines the molecular organization of human ribosomal genes. The chromosomal inheritance of these genes is explored by in situ hybridization.", "PMID": 329205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11069", "title": "Peroxidase technique for the detection of photochemical lesions in intracellular deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "The widespread use of phototherapy for the prevention and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia has generated some conxern as physiologic substances other than bilirubin may be photoactivated. Little information is available on the long term toxicity of these photodecomposition products. Recent observations of the in vitro DNA-modifying activity of phototherapy lights has encouraged us to develop laboratory procedures which can identify and quantitate these light-induced alterations. The purpose of the present study was to develop a technique capable of detecting photochemical changes in the genetic material of human cells in tissue culture. The results demonstrate that the antinucleoside peroxidase staining procedure is capable of detecting changes in the DNA of human cells exposed to physiologic (riboflavin) and nonphysiologic (methylene blue) photosensitizing agents in the presence of light with a fluence rate (450 nm) of 141 muW-cm2.", "contents": "Peroxidase technique for the detection of photochemical lesions in intracellular deoxyribonucleic acid. The widespread use of phototherapy for the prevention and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia has generated some conxern as physiologic substances other than bilirubin may be photoactivated. Little information is available on the long term toxicity of these photodecomposition products. Recent observations of the in vitro DNA-modifying activity of phototherapy lights has encouraged us to develop laboratory procedures which can identify and quantitate these light-induced alterations. The purpose of the present study was to develop a technique capable of detecting photochemical changes in the genetic material of human cells in tissue culture. The results demonstrate that the antinucleoside peroxidase staining procedure is capable of detecting changes in the DNA of human cells exposed to physiologic (riboflavin) and nonphysiologic (methylene blue) photosensitizing agents in the presence of light with a fluence rate (450 nm) of 141 muW-cm2.", "PMID": 329206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11070", "title": "Congenital malaria: a rare cause of splenomegaly and anemia in an American infant.", "content": "A 38-day-old infant had fever, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and a hemolytic anemia. A peripheral blood smear demonstrated intraerythrocytic malarial parasites identified as Plasmodium vivax. Maternal and infant sera contained antibodies to this species. A directed history revealed the mother had suffered several febrile illnesses in Mexico during her pregnancy. Malaria had not been diagnosed nor was it considered at the time of her delivery at this hospital. Review of this and six other cases of congenital malaria reported in this country since 1950 indicates clinical manifestations seldom appear before 3 weeks of age. Although these signs are more frequently associated with other transplacental infections, their occurrence in an infant whose mother is from or who has traveled in an endemic area should prompt consideration of the diagnosis of congenital malaria.", "contents": "Congenital malaria: a rare cause of splenomegaly and anemia in an American infant. A 38-day-old infant had fever, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and a hemolytic anemia. A peripheral blood smear demonstrated intraerythrocytic malarial parasites identified as Plasmodium vivax. Maternal and infant sera contained antibodies to this species. A directed history revealed the mother had suffered several febrile illnesses in Mexico during her pregnancy. Malaria had not been diagnosed nor was it considered at the time of her delivery at this hospital. Review of this and six other cases of congenital malaria reported in this country since 1950 indicates clinical manifestations seldom appear before 3 weeks of age. Although these signs are more frequently associated with other transplacental infections, their occurrence in an infant whose mother is from or who has traveled in an endemic area should prompt consideration of the diagnosis of congenital malaria.", "PMID": 329210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11071", "title": "Human time estimation: bibliography.", "content": "Journal articles and several other types of publications concerned with human time estimation are divided into the following three chronological sections: 1960-1964, 1965-1969, and post 1969. Each section includes experimental, theoretical, and methodological papers.", "contents": "Human time estimation: bibliography. Journal articles and several other types of publications concerned with human time estimation are divided into the following three chronological sections: 1960-1964, 1965-1969, and post 1969. Each section includes experimental, theoretical, and methodological papers.", "PMID": 329215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11072", "title": "Bibliography: Piaget's theory and exceptional children, 1974.", "content": "This is a bibliography of 55 citations which, in lieu of annotations, is keyed to abstracts in Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography, Dissertation Abstracts International, ERIC Research in Education, Exceptional Child Education Abstracts, Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Abstracts, and Psychological Abstracts.", "contents": "Bibliography: Piaget's theory and exceptional children, 1974. This is a bibliography of 55 citations which, in lieu of annotations, is keyed to abstracts in Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography, Dissertation Abstracts International, ERIC Research in Education, Exceptional Child Education Abstracts, Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Abstracts, and Psychological Abstracts.", "PMID": 329216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11073", "title": "[Wound healing in viscera studied using a hemostatic gelatin-starch sponge of Polish manufacture].", "content": "The authors studied the reaction of liver, spleen and kidneys in rats to the implantation of Polish made hemostatic gelatin-starch sponge. The sponge under study evoked no disadvantageous tissue reactions in the case of liver; it was readily resorbed and did not inhibit the wound healing. It facilitated the healing of lienal wounds without any suturing and produced neither local nor general disadvantageous results. When dressing renal wounds, the sponge was completely resorbed within 3 weeks and the wound was completely healed. The renal wounds healed without any complications despite of a greater tissue reaction compared with that of liver and spleen.", "contents": "[Wound healing in viscera studied using a hemostatic gelatin-starch sponge of Polish manufacture]. The authors studied the reaction of liver, spleen and kidneys in rats to the implantation of Polish made hemostatic gelatin-starch sponge. The sponge under study evoked no disadvantageous tissue reactions in the case of liver; it was readily resorbed and did not inhibit the wound healing. It facilitated the healing of lienal wounds without any suturing and produced neither local nor general disadvantageous results. When dressing renal wounds, the sponge was completely resorbed within 3 weeks and the wound was completely healed. The renal wounds healed without any complications despite of a greater tissue reaction compared with that of liver and spleen.", "PMID": 329242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11074", "title": "Recent developments in diarrheal diseases.", "content": "Diarrheal diseases result from two different processes: toxin elaboration by pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae and some strains of Escherichia coli and invasion of tissue, eg, by shigellae and salmonellae. Intestinal motility serves as a normal cleansing mechanism of the intestine, and drugs that decrease this motility may facilitate replication of pathogens and their attachment to or invasion of the intestinal tissue. Therapy should not be aimed at suppressing the symptom of diarrhea. It is now known that the electrolytes lost in the course of diarrheal disease can be replaced orally if they are given in solution with glucose. Although commercial preparations are not readily available, an effective solution can be made from ingredients commonly found in the home. Oral rehydration has greatly simplified treatment and has significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with diarrheal diseases.", "contents": "Recent developments in diarrheal diseases. Diarrheal diseases result from two different processes: toxin elaboration by pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae and some strains of Escherichia coli and invasion of tissue, eg, by shigellae and salmonellae. Intestinal motility serves as a normal cleansing mechanism of the intestine, and drugs that decrease this motility may facilitate replication of pathogens and their attachment to or invasion of the intestinal tissue. Therapy should not be aimed at suppressing the symptom of diarrhea. It is now known that the electrolytes lost in the course of diarrheal disease can be replaced orally if they are given in solution with glucose. Although commercial preparations are not readily available, an effective solution can be made from ingredients commonly found in the home. Oral rehydration has greatly simplified treatment and has significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with diarrheal diseases.", "PMID": 329247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11075", "title": "Influenza virus pneumonia after renal transplant.", "content": "A 40-year-old woman who had recently undergone kidney transplantation was succesfully treated for diffuse influenza virus pneumonia. The illness was acute, with rapid onset, high fever, nonproductive cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, crepitations and rales over both lung bases, and associated arterial hypoxemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Prophylactic use of antibiotics to prevent superimposed bacterial infection and reduction of immunosuppressive therapy to minimal dosage during the critical phase of the respiratory infection contributed to the patient's survival. An episode of graft rejection was reversed by resumption of immunosuppressive therapy at standard dosage levels.", "contents": "Influenza virus pneumonia after renal transplant. A 40-year-old woman who had recently undergone kidney transplantation was succesfully treated for diffuse influenza virus pneumonia. The illness was acute, with rapid onset, high fever, nonproductive cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, crepitations and rales over both lung bases, and associated arterial hypoxemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Prophylactic use of antibiotics to prevent superimposed bacterial infection and reduction of immunosuppressive therapy to minimal dosage during the critical phase of the respiratory infection contributed to the patient's survival. An episode of graft rejection was reversed by resumption of immunosuppressive therapy at standard dosage levels.", "PMID": 329248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11076", "title": "Hepatic porphyrias. Current concepts.", "content": "Acute intermittent porphyria, variegate porphyria, and hereditary coproporphyria are hepatic porphyrias due to enzyme defects that are inherited as autosomal dominants. Porphyria cutanea tarda is considered an acquired disorder. Similar drugs or circumstances are precipitants of acute attacks in all three inherited hepatic porphyrias. The respective biochemical abnormalities are identifiable by simple, readily available laboratory tests. Management of patients with any of the inherited hepatic porphyrias is directed primarily toward prevention of attacks through avoidance of precipitants and through a diet high in carbohydrate. Therapy for porphyria cutanea tarda includes interdiction of alcohol use and repeated phlebotomy.", "contents": "Hepatic porphyrias. Current concepts. Acute intermittent porphyria, variegate porphyria, and hereditary coproporphyria are hepatic porphyrias due to enzyme defects that are inherited as autosomal dominants. Porphyria cutanea tarda is considered an acquired disorder. Similar drugs or circumstances are precipitants of acute attacks in all three inherited hepatic porphyrias. The respective biochemical abnormalities are identifiable by simple, readily available laboratory tests. Management of patients with any of the inherited hepatic porphyrias is directed primarily toward prevention of attacks through avoidance of precipitants and through a diet high in carbohydrate. Therapy for porphyria cutanea tarda includes interdiction of alcohol use and repeated phlebotomy.", "PMID": 329249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11077", "title": "[Renal transplantation: results and conditions for donor-nephrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of renal transplantation as a method of treatment of chronically uraemic patients is presented considering recent data. The number of chronically haemodialysed patients is 64,0000 in the world. About 20,000 kidneys have been transplanted. In spite of advantages of a combined treatment by dialysis and transplantation, the frequency of transplantation is very low in West Germany. Lack of donor-organs is one of the most striking factors in this situation. Cooperation between the different disciplines would solve these problems. The conditions for donor procurement are presented.", "contents": "[Renal transplantation: results and conditions for donor-nephrectomy (author's transl)]. The role of renal transplantation as a method of treatment of chronically uraemic patients is presented considering recent data. The number of chronically haemodialysed patients is 64,0000 in the world. About 20,000 kidneys have been transplanted. In spite of advantages of a combined treatment by dialysis and transplantation, the frequency of transplantation is very low in West Germany. Lack of donor-organs is one of the most striking factors in this situation. Cooperation between the different disciplines would solve these problems. The conditions for donor procurement are presented.", "PMID": 329262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11078", "title": "[Anaesthesiological problems in donor-nephrectomie and kidney transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "The quality of cadaver renal homografts is not at least dependent on the anaesthesiological management. The latter should include artificial ventilation with oxygen, correction of acidosis, abundant infusion of iso- and hyperosmolar solutions, phenoxybenzamine infusion, heparin i.v. Preoperative disorders and anaesthesiological problems in patients undergoing renal transplantation are discussed. Neuroleptanalgesia was performed in all 112 patients.", "contents": "[Anaesthesiological problems in donor-nephrectomie and kidney transplantation (author's transl)]. The quality of cadaver renal homografts is not at least dependent on the anaesthesiological management. The latter should include artificial ventilation with oxygen, correction of acidosis, abundant infusion of iso- and hyperosmolar solutions, phenoxybenzamine infusion, heparin i.v. Preoperative disorders and anaesthesiological problems in patients undergoing renal transplantation are discussed. Neuroleptanalgesia was performed in all 112 patients.", "PMID": 329263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11079", "title": "[Intravenous glucose tolerance test and insulin and growth hormone secretion in chronic pancreatitis].", "content": "The serum content of immunoreactive insulin and growth hormone was determined during the intravenous glucose tolerance test in 104 patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis at the stage of exacerbation and of clinical remission. Reduction of glucose tolerance was more pronounced during the exacerbation of the disease than at the period of clinical remission. In comparison with the control group, insulin hypersecretion (more pronounced during the exacerbation) was revealed in these groups of patients as a whole. A reduction of the insulin/glucose ratio in the patients indicated a relative character of insulin deficiency. The maximal reduction of the insulin/glucose ratio was noted in the patients with a diabetic character of glucose tolerance. Elevation of the growth hormone basal secretion in comparison with control was revealed in the patients at the period of exacerbation.", "contents": "[Intravenous glucose tolerance test and insulin and growth hormone secretion in chronic pancreatitis]. The serum content of immunoreactive insulin and growth hormone was determined during the intravenous glucose tolerance test in 104 patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis at the stage of exacerbation and of clinical remission. Reduction of glucose tolerance was more pronounced during the exacerbation of the disease than at the period of clinical remission. In comparison with the control group, insulin hypersecretion (more pronounced during the exacerbation) was revealed in these groups of patients as a whole. A reduction of the insulin/glucose ratio in the patients indicated a relative character of insulin deficiency. The maximal reduction of the insulin/glucose ratio was noted in the patients with a diabetic character of glucose tolerance. Elevation of the growth hormone basal secretion in comparison with control was revealed in the patients at the period of exacerbation.", "PMID": 329269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11080", "title": "[Experimental aspects of the central nervous system - the insular system. 2. Reaction of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve to insulin deficiency].", "content": "The kariometric method was used to study the response of the nerve cells of the Nucl. dorsalis nervi vagi to insulin deficiency in rats with alloxan diabetes. Response to experimentally-induced diabetes of the nerve cells of the Nucl. tractus solitarii, adjacent nucleus in the medulla oblongata, served as control. In both cases the size of the cell nuclei of the areas under study was compared with the size of the cell nuclei in the same regions of the medulla oblongata of intact rats. Distinct and statistically significant shifts in the size of the cell nuclei of the Nucl. dorsalis nervi vagi in rats with alloxan diabetes were revealed in comparison with control measurements. Thus, sensitivity of the central nucleus of the vagus to insulin deficiency was revealed. Possible ways of participation of the vagus in the control of the insular apparatus are discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental aspects of the central nervous system - the insular system. 2. Reaction of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve to insulin deficiency]. The kariometric method was used to study the response of the nerve cells of the Nucl. dorsalis nervi vagi to insulin deficiency in rats with alloxan diabetes. Response to experimentally-induced diabetes of the nerve cells of the Nucl. tractus solitarii, adjacent nucleus in the medulla oblongata, served as control. In both cases the size of the cell nuclei of the areas under study was compared with the size of the cell nuclei in the same regions of the medulla oblongata of intact rats. Distinct and statistically significant shifts in the size of the cell nuclei of the Nucl. dorsalis nervi vagi in rats with alloxan diabetes were revealed in comparison with control measurements. Thus, sensitivity of the central nucleus of the vagus to insulin deficiency was revealed. Possible ways of participation of the vagus in the control of the insular apparatus are discussed.", "PMID": 329270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11081", "title": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the effect of alloxan on the insular apparatus of the pancreas in amphibia].", "content": "Administration of alloxan to Rana temporaria in a dose of 300 mg/kg caused a complex of reactive changes in the pancreas (degranulation of B-cells, of acino-islar cells of B type, and of the exocrine pancreocytes; edema of the secretory granules, lysosome activation, disturbance of the secretory cycle course), which were irreversible in the majority of cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the effect of alloxan on the insular apparatus of the pancreas in amphibia]. Administration of alloxan to Rana temporaria in a dose of 300 mg/kg caused a complex of reactive changes in the pancreas (degranulation of B-cells, of acino-islar cells of B type, and of the exocrine pancreocytes; edema of the secretory granules, lysosome activation, disturbance of the secretory cycle course), which were irreversible in the majority of cells.", "PMID": 329271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11082", "title": "Experimental evidence for kinetic proofreading in the aminoacylation of tRNA by synthetase.", "content": "The enzymatic aminoacylation of tRNA can be viewed as a means of proofreading either the amino acid or the tRNA or both. We have conducted further experimental tests of kinetic proofreading in  discriminating between cognate and noncognate amino acids and tRNAs as follows: (formula: see text). In cases (i) and (ii) the amino acids are proofread, in cases (iii) and (iv) the tRNA is proofread, and in case (v), both the amino acid and the tRNA are proofread. ATP consumed per acylation was 400, 1.5, 40, 25, and 1000, respectively. High ATP/aminoacylation ratios are diagnostic for kinetic proofreading.", "contents": "Experimental evidence for kinetic proofreading in the aminoacylation of tRNA by synthetase. The enzymatic aminoacylation of tRNA can be viewed as a means of proofreading either the amino acid or the tRNA or both. We have conducted further experimental tests of kinetic proofreading in  discriminating between cognate and noncognate amino acids and tRNAs as follows: (formula: see text). In cases (i) and (ii) the amino acids are proofread, in cases (iii) and (iv) the tRNA is proofread, and in case (v), both the amino acid and the tRNA are proofread. ATP consumed per acylation was 400, 1.5, 40, 25, and 1000, respectively. High ATP/aminoacylation ratios are diagnostic for kinetic proofreading.", "PMID": 329276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11083", "title": "Inactivation and proteolytic cleavage of phage lambda repressor in vitro in an ATP-dependent reaction.", "content": "We have reproduced in vitro the inactivation of bacteriophage lambda repressor that occurs in vivo when a lambda lysogen is treated with agents such as ultraviolet radiation that attack DNA. ATP and a divalent cation are required for the inactivation reaction. The ind- repressor is insensitive to the inactivation mechanism. A proteolytic cleavage of repressor accompanies inactivation in vitro, as it does in vivo.", "contents": "Inactivation and proteolytic cleavage of phage lambda repressor in vitro in an ATP-dependent reaction. We have reproduced in vitro the inactivation of bacteriophage lambda repressor that occurs in vivo when a lambda lysogen is treated with agents such as ultraviolet radiation that attack DNA. ATP and a divalent cation are required for the inactivation reaction. The ind- repressor is insensitive to the inactivation mechanism. A proteolytic cleavage of repressor accompanies inactivation in vitro, as it does in vivo.", "PMID": 329277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11084", "title": "Use of polylysine for adsorption of nuclei acids and enzymes to electron microscope specimen films.", "content": "Enzymes and nucleic acids, both free and as bound in binary complexes, adsorb to electron microscope specimen films in well-distributed fashion if a dilute solution of polylysine is previously applied to the films. Electron micrographs are exhibited that demonstrate the usefulness of the technique in visualizing double- and single-stranded DNA, Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) in negative stain, and polymerase complexed to poly(dA-dT) and to an 1100 base-pair restriction fragment of bacteriophage T7 DNA containing the early promoters. The base-pair spacing of DNA prepared for electron microscopy by the polylysine method was found to be 0.326 nm. Four promoter sites on the T7 fragment were located at 215, 440, 560, and 670 base-pair distances from the left terminus. When poly(dA-dT) was incubated with a 20-to-1 weight ratio of polymerase the bound enzyme particles were found to be about two-thirds as closely packed as is sterically permissible.", "contents": "Use of polylysine for adsorption of nuclei acids and enzymes to electron microscope specimen films. Enzymes and nucleic acids, both free and as bound in binary complexes, adsorb to electron microscope specimen films in well-distributed fashion if a dilute solution of polylysine is previously applied to the films. Electron micrographs are exhibited that demonstrate the usefulness of the technique in visualizing double- and single-stranded DNA, Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) in negative stain, and polymerase complexed to poly(dA-dT) and to an 1100 base-pair restriction fragment of bacteriophage T7 DNA containing the early promoters. The base-pair spacing of DNA prepared for electron microscopy by the polylysine method was found to be 0.326 nm. Four promoter sites on the T7 fragment were located at 215, 440, 560, and 670 base-pair distances from the left terminus. When poly(dA-dT) was incubated with a 20-to-1 weight ratio of polymerase the bound enzyme particles were found to be about two-thirds as closely packed as is sterically permissible.", "PMID": 329278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11085", "title": "Shape of the 50S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "Extrapolation of a series of low-angle neutron scattering curves to infinitely high contrast gives a scattering function IC(kappa) which is dependent on the shape of the solute molecule. For the 50S subunit of E. coli ribosomes, the first part of the structure determination by neutron scattering, namely the determination of the molecular shape from IC(kappa), is reported. The result is in good agreement with models of the 50S subunit determined by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Shape of the 50S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes. Extrapolation of a series of low-angle neutron scattering curves to infinitely high contrast gives a scattering function IC(kappa) which is dependent on the shape of the solute molecule. For the 50S subunit of E. coli ribosomes, the first part of the structure determination by neutron scattering, namely the determination of the molecular shape from IC(kappa), is reported. The result is in good agreement with models of the 50S subunit determined by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 329279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11086", "title": "The complete amino acid sequence of prochymosin.", "content": "The total sequence of 365 amino acid residues in bovine prochymosin is presented. Alignment with the amino acid sequence of porcine pepsinogen shows that 204 amino acid residues are common to the two zymogens. Further comparison and alignment with the amino acid sequence of penicillopepsin shows that 66 residues are located at identical positions in all three proteases. The three enzymes belong to a large group of proteases with two aspartate residues in the active center. This group forms a family derived from one common ancestor.", "contents": "The complete amino acid sequence of prochymosin. The total sequence of 365 amino acid residues in bovine prochymosin is presented. Alignment with the amino acid sequence of porcine pepsinogen shows that 204 amino acid residues are common to the two zymogens. Further comparison and alignment with the amino acid sequence of penicillopepsin shows that 66 residues are located at identical positions in all three proteases. The three enzymes belong to a large group of proteases with two aspartate residues in the active center. This group forms a family derived from one common ancestor.", "PMID": 329280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11087", "title": "Nucleic acid helix-unwinding properties of ribosomal protein S1 and the role of S1 in mRNA binding to ribosomes.", "content": "The presence of ribosomal protein S1 in 30S ribosomes is indispensable for the formation of 30S initiation complexes with natural mRNA. The 30S subunits lacking S1 retain activity with AUG as mRNA and are also active in poly(rU)-directed binding of Phe-tRNA. Isolated protein S1 stoichiometrically disrupts the secondary structure of helical and stacked single-stranded polynucleotides and converts them into their fully or partially denatured forms. A mono-N-ethylmaleimide derivatives of S1 is nearly devoid of any RNA helix-unwinding properties but is readily incorporated into 30S subunits deficient in S1. The resulting N-ethylmaleimide-S1-containing 30S subunits are completely inactive in the binding of MS2 [3H]RNA and in the formation of an initiation complex with MS2 RNA as mRNA. They retain activity in the binding of the initiator fMet-tRNA in response to the trinucleotide AUG and in the binding of Phe-tRNA in response to poly(U). They also retain the capacity to bind 50S subunits and to form 70S couples. These results suggest that a correlation exists between the RNA helix-unwinding capacity of isolated S1 and the function of S1 in the ribosomal binding of natural mRNA when the protein becomes part of the 30S subunit.", "contents": "Nucleic acid helix-unwinding properties of ribosomal protein S1 and the role of S1 in mRNA binding to ribosomes. The presence of ribosomal protein S1 in 30S ribosomes is indispensable for the formation of 30S initiation complexes with natural mRNA. The 30S subunits lacking S1 retain activity with AUG as mRNA and are also active in poly(rU)-directed binding of Phe-tRNA. Isolated protein S1 stoichiometrically disrupts the secondary structure of helical and stacked single-stranded polynucleotides and converts them into their fully or partially denatured forms. A mono-N-ethylmaleimide derivatives of S1 is nearly devoid of any RNA helix-unwinding properties but is readily incorporated into 30S subunits deficient in S1. The resulting N-ethylmaleimide-S1-containing 30S subunits are completely inactive in the binding of MS2 [3H]RNA and in the formation of an initiation complex with MS2 RNA as mRNA. They retain activity in the binding of the initiator fMet-tRNA in response to the trinucleotide AUG and in the binding of Phe-tRNA in response to poly(U). They also retain the capacity to bind 50S subunits and to form 70S couples. These results suggest that a correlation exists between the RNA helix-unwinding capacity of isolated S1 and the function of S1 in the ribosomal binding of natural mRNA when the protein becomes part of the 30S subunit.", "PMID": 329281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11088", "title": "Sensitivity, polarity, and conductance change in the response of vertebrate hair cells to controlled mechanical stimuli.", "content": "Hair cells, the primary receptors of the auditory, vestibular, and lateral-line sensory systems, produce electrical signals in response to mechanical stimulation of their apical hair bundles. We employed an in vitro preparation and intracellular recording to investigate the transduction mechanism of hair cells in the sacculus from the inner ear of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). When stimulated directly by mechanical deflection of their hair bundles, these cells gave graded responses up to 15 mV in amplitude; the peak sensitivity was about 20 mV/micron deflection. The depolarizing component of the receptor potential corresponding to stimuli directed towards the kinocilium. Depolarizing responses were associated with a membrane resistance decrease, and hyperpolarizing responses with a resistance increase. Action potentials, possibly calcium spikes, were occasionally evoked in hair cells by mechanical or electrical stimulation.", "contents": "Sensitivity, polarity, and conductance change in the response of vertebrate hair cells to controlled mechanical stimuli. Hair cells, the primary receptors of the auditory, vestibular, and lateral-line sensory systems, produce electrical signals in response to mechanical stimulation of their apical hair bundles. We employed an in vitro preparation and intracellular recording to investigate the transduction mechanism of hair cells in the sacculus from the inner ear of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). When stimulated directly by mechanical deflection of their hair bundles, these cells gave graded responses up to 15 mV in amplitude; the peak sensitivity was about 20 mV/micron deflection. The depolarizing component of the receptor potential corresponding to stimuli directed towards the kinocilium. Depolarizing responses were associated with a membrane resistance decrease, and hyperpolarizing responses with a resistance increase. Action potentials, possibly calcium spikes, were occasionally evoked in hair cells by mechanical or electrical stimulation.", "PMID": 329282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11089", "title": "Membrane ultrastructural changes during calcium phosphate-induced fusion of human erythrocyte ghosts.", "content": "Nascent calcium phosphate promotes the agglutination and fusion of human erythrocyte ghosts. Membrane phospholipids of erythrocyte ghosts treated with Ca2+ and phosphate ions become exposed to attack by phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.3) (Bacillus cereus). Freeze-fracture pictures of fused erythrocyte ghosts show the presence of regions deficient in intramemebrane particles in the protoplasmic face which we believe to be regions of fusion. Discontinuous regions of the protoplasmic and exoplasmic faces are observed, which are apparently intermediate stages in the process of fusion. TH-in-section electron micrographs reveal deposits of calcium phosphate in areas of contact and fusion of ghosts. Ca2+ in the presence of N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine (Tricine) buffer causes the formation of blebs in the membrane but does not cause changes in the intramembrane particle pattern or induce fusion. It is suggested that nascent calcium phosphate acts by forming protein-free regions of phospholipid bilayer which can fuse readily.", "contents": "Membrane ultrastructural changes during calcium phosphate-induced fusion of human erythrocyte ghosts. Nascent calcium phosphate promotes the agglutination and fusion of human erythrocyte ghosts. Membrane phospholipids of erythrocyte ghosts treated with Ca2+ and phosphate ions become exposed to attack by phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.3) (Bacillus cereus). Freeze-fracture pictures of fused erythrocyte ghosts show the presence of regions deficient in intramemebrane particles in the protoplasmic face which we believe to be regions of fusion. Discontinuous regions of the protoplasmic and exoplasmic faces are observed, which are apparently intermediate stages in the process of fusion. TH-in-section electron micrographs reveal deposits of calcium phosphate in areas of contact and fusion of ghosts. Ca2+ in the presence of N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine (Tricine) buffer causes the formation of blebs in the membrane but does not cause changes in the intramembrane particle pattern or induce fusion. It is suggested that nascent calcium phosphate acts by forming protein-free regions of phospholipid bilayer which can fuse readily.", "PMID": 329283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11090", "title": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of 10-nm filaments from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells.", "content": "A procedure for isolating 10-nm filaments as juxtanuclear caps from normal and colchicine-treated BHK-21 cells is described. These aggregates of 10-nm filaments retain their birefringence and their structural integrity. The major proteins comprising the filament preparations can be resolved as two bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, corresponding to approximate molecular weights of 54,000 and 55,000.", "contents": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of 10-nm filaments from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. A procedure for isolating 10-nm filaments as juxtanuclear caps from normal and colchicine-treated BHK-21 cells is described. These aggregates of 10-nm filaments retain their birefringence and their structural integrity. The major proteins comprising the filament preparations can be resolved as two bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, corresponding to approximate molecular weights of 54,000 and 55,000.", "PMID": 329284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11091", "title": "Immunoflourescent staining of cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules in mouse fibroblasts with antibody to tau protein.", "content": "tau protein isolated from porcine brain microtubules was further purified by electrophoretic elution from polyacrylamide gels and used to prepare antisera in rabbits. The antiserum to tau specifically stains mitotic spindles and a filamentous network within mouse fibroblasts when the indirect immunofluorescence technique is used. The staining of the filamentous network and mitotic spindles is identical to that observed when cells are treated with antiserum prepared against electrophoretically purified tubulin. The filamentous network observed with either serum is sensitive to Colcemid. Absorption of anti-tau serum with electrophoretically purified tubulin does not remove the immunofluorescent staining of the mitotic spindle, whereas absorption with electrophoretically purified tau protein does. Conversely, absorption of antitubulin serum with tubulin eliminates its ability to stain the mitotic spindle, whereas absorption with tau has no effect. We conclude that tau protein and tubulin are antigenically distinct proteins and that tau is an integral part of microtubules in vivo. These results also provide evidence that tau protein, or an antigenically related protein, is associated with microtubules not only in brain but also in other cell types.", "contents": "Immunoflourescent staining of cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules in mouse fibroblasts with antibody to tau protein. tau protein isolated from porcine brain microtubules was further purified by electrophoretic elution from polyacrylamide gels and used to prepare antisera in rabbits. The antiserum to tau specifically stains mitotic spindles and a filamentous network within mouse fibroblasts when the indirect immunofluorescence technique is used. The staining of the filamentous network and mitotic spindles is identical to that observed when cells are treated with antiserum prepared against electrophoretically purified tubulin. The filamentous network observed with either serum is sensitive to Colcemid. Absorption of anti-tau serum with electrophoretically purified tubulin does not remove the immunofluorescent staining of the mitotic spindle, whereas absorption with electrophoretically purified tau protein does. Conversely, absorption of antitubulin serum with tubulin eliminates its ability to stain the mitotic spindle, whereas absorption with tau has no effect. We conclude that tau protein and tubulin are antigenically distinct proteins and that tau is an integral part of microtubules in vivo. These results also provide evidence that tau protein, or an antigenically related protein, is associated with microtubules not only in brain but also in other cell types.", "PMID": 329285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11092", "title": "Selection of reconstituted cells from karyoplasts fused to chloramphenicol-resistant cytoplasts.", "content": "Murine Balb/3T3 and murine A-MT-BU-A1 mammary tumor cells were separated in the presence of cytochalasin B into enucleated cytoplasmic components (cytoplasts) and nucleated subcellular components (karyoplasts). Karyoplasts were derived from 3T3 cells, while cytoplasts were derived from A-MT-BU-A1 cells that were both chloramphenicol-resistant (CAP(r)) and sensitive to hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine (HAT(s)). CAP(r) has been shown to be cytoplasmically transmitted (possibly a mitochondrial gene mutation), while sensitivity to medium containing HAT has been shown to be transmitted by the nucleus (i.e., nuclear gene mutation). Such CAP(r) cytoplasts derived from A-MT-BU-A1 cells were then fused, using polyethylene glycol, to HAT-resistant 3T3 karyoplasts. The mononucleated reconstituted cells produced by such procedures were cloned in medium containing both HAT and CAP. Some of the reconstituted cells survived, because they were resistant to both drugs, while the nuclear and cytoplasmic whole cell contaminants were killed by one or the other of the two drugs. The results of these experiments indicate that reconstituted cells that are derived from two different cell lines are viable, as indicated by their ability for long-term proliferation in culture. Most of the clones derived resembled morphologically the 3T3 nuclear donor parent cells, but some of the clones did not resemble either parental cell line. It is anticipated that such selection techniques will permit more complete analysis of interrelationships between nucleus and cytoplasm.", "contents": "Selection of reconstituted cells from karyoplasts fused to chloramphenicol-resistant cytoplasts. Murine Balb/3T3 and murine A-MT-BU-A1 mammary tumor cells were separated in the presence of cytochalasin B into enucleated cytoplasmic components (cytoplasts) and nucleated subcellular components (karyoplasts). Karyoplasts were derived from 3T3 cells, while cytoplasts were derived from A-MT-BU-A1 cells that were both chloramphenicol-resistant (CAP(r)) and sensitive to hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine (HAT(s)). CAP(r) has been shown to be cytoplasmically transmitted (possibly a mitochondrial gene mutation), while sensitivity to medium containing HAT has been shown to be transmitted by the nucleus (i.e., nuclear gene mutation). Such CAP(r) cytoplasts derived from A-MT-BU-A1 cells were then fused, using polyethylene glycol, to HAT-resistant 3T3 karyoplasts. The mononucleated reconstituted cells produced by such procedures were cloned in medium containing both HAT and CAP. Some of the reconstituted cells survived, because they were resistant to both drugs, while the nuclear and cytoplasmic whole cell contaminants were killed by one or the other of the two drugs. The results of these experiments indicate that reconstituted cells that are derived from two different cell lines are viable, as indicated by their ability for long-term proliferation in culture. Most of the clones derived resembled morphologically the 3T3 nuclear donor parent cells, but some of the clones did not resemble either parental cell line. It is anticipated that such selection techniques will permit more complete analysis of interrelationships between nucleus and cytoplasm.", "PMID": 329286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11093", "title": "Cell surface-associated structural proteins in connective tissue cells.", "content": "Collagen and/or procollagen was demonstrated on the surface of monolayers of fibroblasts from normal rat kidney by indirect immunofluorescence with affinity-purified antibodies to collagen. The protein was arrayed in a reticular fashion on the cell surface and, in cells attached to a substratum, was severely restricted in its ability to undergo antibody-induced translational movement in the plane of the membrane. A similar pattern was observed for fibronectin (LETS protein, fibroblast surface antigen). These macromolecules were lost when fibroblasts were dissociated and examined in suspension cultures and were not regained until after the cells were replated. On the basis of the morphological findings, and in view of the likelihood of an interaction between fibronectin and collagen, we propose that these that these proteins form a meshwork on the cell surface. This external protein meshwork may mediate a number of important cellular functions, including attachment to a substratum and other interactions with the extracellular matrix.", "contents": "Cell surface-associated structural proteins in connective tissue cells. Collagen and/or procollagen was demonstrated on the surface of monolayers of fibroblasts from normal rat kidney by indirect immunofluorescence with affinity-purified antibodies to collagen. The protein was arrayed in a reticular fashion on the cell surface and, in cells attached to a substratum, was severely restricted in its ability to undergo antibody-induced translational movement in the plane of the membrane. A similar pattern was observed for fibronectin (LETS protein, fibroblast surface antigen). These macromolecules were lost when fibroblasts were dissociated and examined in suspension cultures and were not regained until after the cells were replated. On the basis of the morphological findings, and in view of the likelihood of an interaction between fibronectin and collagen, we propose that these that these proteins form a meshwork on the cell surface. This external protein meshwork may mediate a number of important cellular functions, including attachment to a substratum and other interactions with the extracellular matrix.", "PMID": 329287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11094", "title": "Visualization of a system of filaments 7-10 nm thick in cultured cells of an epithelioid line (Pt K2) by immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "During our studies with antibodies against structural proteins of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells we have observed that sera from many normal rabbits decorate a fiber system in cells of the established rat kangaroo cell line Pt K2. The display and organization of these fibers are different from those of microfilament bundles (decorated by antibody to actin) and microtubules (decorated by antibody to tubulin). This new fiber system can be further distinguished by its resistance to reorganization when cells are treated with Colcemid or cytochalasin B. The decoration of this fiber system is not detected if Pt K2 cells are fixed with formaldehyde. Such sera also appear to decorate swirls of perinuclear fibers in mouse Neuro 2a cells, and in mouse 3T3 cells treated with mitotic drugs. Comparison of the immunofluorescence pictures with electron microscopic data suggests that the sera are visualizing bundles of intermediate 7- to 10-nm filaments.", "contents": "Visualization of a system of filaments 7-10 nm thick in cultured cells of an epithelioid line (Pt K2) by immunofluorescence microscopy. During our studies with antibodies against structural proteins of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells we have observed that sera from many normal rabbits decorate a fiber system in cells of the established rat kangaroo cell line Pt K2. The display and organization of these fibers are different from those of microfilament bundles (decorated by antibody to actin) and microtubules (decorated by antibody to tubulin). This new fiber system can be further distinguished by its resistance to reorganization when cells are treated with Colcemid or cytochalasin B. The decoration of this fiber system is not detected if Pt K2 cells are fixed with formaldehyde. Such sera also appear to decorate swirls of perinuclear fibers in mouse Neuro 2a cells, and in mouse 3T3 cells treated with mitotic drugs. Comparison of the immunofluorescence pictures with electron microscopic data suggests that the sera are visualizing bundles of intermediate 7- to 10-nm filaments.", "PMID": 329288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11095", "title": "Selective amplification of genes on the R plasmid, NR1, in Proteus mirabilis: an example of the induction of selective gene amplification.", "content": "The drug-resistance plasmid, NR1, is a 37-micron circular DNA molecule that contains two components: the resistance transfer factor (29 micron) carrying the transfer genes and the genes for tetracycline resistance, and the r-determinant (8 micron) carrying the genes for resistance to several other antibiotics including chloramphenicol (Cm). In Proteus mirabilis, these two components are capable of independent replication, or they may replicate as a composite molecule. When cells of P. mirabilis containing NR1 are cultured in medium containing Cm at 250 microgram/ml a growth lag of 20-35 hr ensues. During this lag, Cm induces the selective amplification of the r-determinant, including the gene for resistance to Cm. The amplification results from the excision of the r-determinant from the R plasmid, the independent replication of the r-determinant to give polymeric as well as monomeric r-determinants, and the eventual reintegration of multiple tandem copies of the r-determinant with the resistance transfer factor to form a new R plasmid with multiple copies of the r-determinant. This mechanism represents a new level of control of gene expression in bacterial systems--namely, the induction of selective gene amplification.", "contents": "Selective amplification of genes on the R plasmid, NR1, in Proteus mirabilis: an example of the induction of selective gene amplification. The drug-resistance plasmid, NR1, is a 37-micron circular DNA molecule that contains two components: the resistance transfer factor (29 micron) carrying the transfer genes and the genes for tetracycline resistance, and the r-determinant (8 micron) carrying the genes for resistance to several other antibiotics including chloramphenicol (Cm). In Proteus mirabilis, these two components are capable of independent replication, or they may replicate as a composite molecule. When cells of P. mirabilis containing NR1 are cultured in medium containing Cm at 250 microgram/ml a growth lag of 20-35 hr ensues. During this lag, Cm induces the selective amplification of the r-determinant, including the gene for resistance to Cm. The amplification results from the excision of the r-determinant from the R plasmid, the independent replication of the r-determinant to give polymeric as well as monomeric r-determinants, and the eventual reintegration of multiple tandem copies of the r-determinant with the resistance transfer factor to form a new R plasmid with multiple copies of the r-determinant. This mechanism represents a new level of control of gene expression in bacterial systems--namely, the induction of selective gene amplification.", "PMID": 329289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11096", "title": "Regulatory deficits after surgical transections of three components of the MFB: correlation with regional amine depletions.", "content": "Parasagittal knife cuts along the lateral border of the diencephalon (PS), coronal cuts across the lateral (LMFB) or medial (MMFB) components of the medial forebrain bundle reproduce most of the persisting deficits in responding to glucoprivic and hydrational challenges that characterize rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions or intracranial injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (60HDA). Each of these cuts produced a differnet pattern of regulatory deficits, suggesting that individual components of the LH syndrome may be mediated by different neural substrates. This interpretation is supported by the results of our correlational analysis of the relationships between specific behavioral and biochemical effects of our cuts. For example, feeding responses to insulin were reliably correlated with striatal DA concentrations but feeding responses to 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) were not. Water intake during periods of food deprivation was reliably correlated with striatal DA but water intake after an experimental osmotic challenge was not. Only one of the common persisting deficits (impaired feeding response to peripheral injections of insulin) was positively correlated with the duration of aphagia and adipsia.", "contents": "Regulatory deficits after surgical transections of three components of the MFB: correlation with regional amine depletions. Parasagittal knife cuts along the lateral border of the diencephalon (PS), coronal cuts across the lateral (LMFB) or medial (MMFB) components of the medial forebrain bundle reproduce most of the persisting deficits in responding to glucoprivic and hydrational challenges that characterize rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions or intracranial injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (60HDA). Each of these cuts produced a differnet pattern of regulatory deficits, suggesting that individual components of the LH syndrome may be mediated by different neural substrates. This interpretation is supported by the results of our correlational analysis of the relationships between specific behavioral and biochemical effects of our cuts. For example, feeding responses to insulin were reliably correlated with striatal DA concentrations but feeding responses to 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) were not. Water intake during periods of food deprivation was reliably correlated with striatal DA but water intake after an experimental osmotic challenge was not. Only one of the common persisting deficits (impaired feeding response to peripheral injections of insulin) was positively correlated with the duration of aphagia and adipsia.", "PMID": 329290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11097", "title": "[Effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) on tests of psychoticism (author's transl)].", "content": "In a controlled study on 38 volunteers the effects of 250 micrograms/kg N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) i.m. on objective and performance tests measuring psychoticism according to Eysenck were assessed. The hypothesis was tested that subjects treated with DMT (N = 26) differ from those receiving placebo (N = 12) in the same way as endogenous psychotics differ from normals. Confirmation was obtained in 7 out of 19 variables, most of which may be considered as tests of concentration. These results are similar to those of a previous study on the effects of (-) delta9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol.", "contents": "[Effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) on tests of psychoticism (author's transl)]. In a controlled study on 38 volunteers the effects of 250 micrograms/kg N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) i.m. on objective and performance tests measuring psychoticism according to Eysenck were assessed. The hypothesis was tested that subjects treated with DMT (N = 26) differ from those receiving placebo (N = 12) in the same way as endogenous psychotics differ from normals. Confirmation was obtained in 7 out of 19 variables, most of which may be considered as tests of concentration. These results are similar to those of a previous study on the effects of (-) delta9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol.", "PMID": 329291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11098", "title": "Baclofen (para-chlorphenyl-GABA) in schizophrenia.", "content": "21 schizophrenic patients were treated in a single blind study with para-chlorphenyl-GABA (baclofen) for 20 days after a placebo period of at least 1 week. Global clinical impression identified five patients as behaviorally unchanged, seven as improved and nine as worsened during the active drug administration. Four patients had to be withdrawn from the trial because of serious and unmanageable psychotic exacerbations. Overall incidence of psychotic symptoms in the group of the schizophrenic patients did not change substantially neither did the remission coefficient as calculated from the AMP documentation system. No differential effect was detected either on selected Schneiderian first rank symptoms or on symptoms more characteristic for chronic defectuous schizophrenia. It is concluded that baclofen is not a useful drug in the therapy of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Baclofen (para-chlorphenyl-GABA) in schizophrenia. 21 schizophrenic patients were treated in a single blind study with para-chlorphenyl-GABA (baclofen) for 20 days after a placebo period of at least 1 week. Global clinical impression identified five patients as behaviorally unchanged, seven as improved and nine as worsened during the active drug administration. Four patients had to be withdrawn from the trial because of serious and unmanageable psychotic exacerbations. Overall incidence of psychotic symptoms in the group of the schizophrenic patients did not change substantially neither did the remission coefficient as calculated from the AMP documentation system. No differential effect was detected either on selected Schneiderian first rank symptoms or on symptoms more characteristic for chronic defectuous schizophrenia. It is concluded that baclofen is not a useful drug in the therapy of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 329292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11099", "title": "Considerations of the application of indicator dilution methods to the measurement of the flow rates of fluids.", "content": "In circumstances when the flow velocity of a fluid non-homogeneous, difficulties arise in the application of the familiar indicator dilution equations. These and other relevant relationships have therefore been derived from first principles in order to clarify the conditions in which they may be expected to apply. It is shown that the method of introduction of the tracer into a fluid stream as well as its method of measurement are important factors, and the implications of these results for biological measurements are discussed. Illustrations are provided of the indicator dilution curves which are likely to be obtained under conditions of laminar fluid flow in a straight tube and when the diffusion of the tracer can be neglected.", "contents": "Considerations of the application of indicator dilution methods to the measurement of the flow rates of fluids. In circumstances when the flow velocity of a fluid non-homogeneous, difficulties arise in the application of the familiar indicator dilution equations. These and other relevant relationships have therefore been derived from first principles in order to clarify the conditions in which they may be expected to apply. It is shown that the method of introduction of the tracer into a fluid stream as well as its method of measurement are important factors, and the implications of these results for biological measurements are discussed. Illustrations are provided of the indicator dilution curves which are likely to be obtained under conditions of laminar fluid flow in a straight tube and when the diffusion of the tracer can be neglected.", "PMID": 329293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11100", "title": "Indicator dilution measurements of flow parameters in curved tubes and branching networks.", "content": "An experimental investigation has been made of the application of the indicator-dilution bolus-injection technique to measure flow rate, mean transit time and vessel volume with steady flow in curved tubes and branching networks. Measurements were made with 131I in 2N KCl and 131I-human serum albumin in isotonic saline, plasma and whole blood under laminar flow conditions up to a Reynolds' number of 460. The flow rate estimations are more reliable than those obtained for flow through straight tubes, due to secondary flows tending to disperse the indicator uniformly over the vessel cross-section. Even so, estimations of mean transit time and vessel volumes, using accepted theoretical formulae, may be as much as 200% in error. Similar measurements have been made of the flow parameters with bifurcations and branching networks. The indicator is not partitioned between the branches in proportion to the flow rate, as is assumed in the original indicator dilution theory, except when there is complete symmetry of the flow. An alternative method of estimating the vessel volume was used and shown to give an accurate estimate of the true volume in these circumstances.", "contents": "Indicator dilution measurements of flow parameters in curved tubes and branching networks. An experimental investigation has been made of the application of the indicator-dilution bolus-injection technique to measure flow rate, mean transit time and vessel volume with steady flow in curved tubes and branching networks. Measurements were made with 131I in 2N KCl and 131I-human serum albumin in isotonic saline, plasma and whole blood under laminar flow conditions up to a Reynolds' number of 460. The flow rate estimations are more reliable than those obtained for flow through straight tubes, due to secondary flows tending to disperse the indicator uniformly over the vessel cross-section. Even so, estimations of mean transit time and vessel volumes, using accepted theoretical formulae, may be as much as 200% in error. Similar measurements have been made of the flow parameters with bifurcations and branching networks. The indicator is not partitioned between the branches in proportion to the flow rate, as is assumed in the original indicator dilution theory, except when there is complete symmetry of the flow. An alternative method of estimating the vessel volume was used and shown to give an accurate estimate of the true volume in these circumstances.", "PMID": 329294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11101", "title": "Reconstruction of the lower lip after radical resection for cancer: the \"Pharaoh technique\".", "content": "For patients affected by far advanced lower lip cancer, with great local tumor destruction but few or no metastases, we advocate radical resection. Here we describe a method for these repairs, using two deltopectoral flaps. It produces a good functional result and satisfactory appearance. No recurrences have been observed in our 5 cases during a two-year follow-up.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the lower lip after radical resection for cancer: the \"Pharaoh technique\". For patients affected by far advanced lower lip cancer, with great local tumor destruction but few or no metastases, we advocate radical resection. Here we describe a method for these repairs, using two deltopectoral flaps. It produces a good functional result and satisfactory appearance. No recurrences have been observed in our 5 cases during a two-year follow-up.", "PMID": 329301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11102", "title": "Experimental definition of independent myocutaneous vascular territories.", "content": "Experimental studies were undertaken in dogs to determine whether useful island myocutaneous flaps could be based on the gracilis, sartorius, biceps femoris, trapezius, or rectus abdominis muscles. Dissection and injection studies on these muscles were also undertaken in human cadavers to determine the contributions of these muscles to the blood supply of the overlying skin. In most instances it was considerable. The use of island myocutaneous flaps seems promising in many situations. Such transfers can be done in one operation, without delay procedures, and result usually in a better blood supply with the transfer of a thicker amount of tissue. Clinical research on such flaps in patients will be described in a subsequent paper.", "contents": "Experimental definition of independent myocutaneous vascular territories. Experimental studies were undertaken in dogs to determine whether useful island myocutaneous flaps could be based on the gracilis, sartorius, biceps femoris, trapezius, or rectus abdominis muscles. Dissection and injection studies on these muscles were also undertaken in human cadavers to determine the contributions of these muscles to the blood supply of the overlying skin. In most instances it was considerable. The use of island myocutaneous flaps seems promising in many situations. Such transfers can be done in one operation, without delay procedures, and result usually in a better blood supply with the transfer of a thicker amount of tissue. Clinical research on such flaps in patients will be described in a subsequent paper.", "PMID": 329302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11103", "title": "Gluteus maximus myocutaneous flaps for repair of pressure sores.", "content": "Myocutaneous flaps based on the gluteus maximus muscle, and its blood supply, have many advantages for the surgical repair of pressure sores in paraplegics. These are described, as well as the techniques used in various areas.", "contents": "Gluteus maximus myocutaneous flaps for repair of pressure sores. Myocutaneous flaps based on the gluteus maximus muscle, and its blood supply, have many advantages for the surgical repair of pressure sores in paraplegics. These are described, as well as the techniques used in various areas.", "PMID": 329304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11104", "title": "[From Paul Flechsig to the Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research. Development of brain research at the Karl Marx University].", "content": "A review is given on the development of the brain research institute of the Karl-Marx-University of Leipzig during the directorates of Paul Flechsig (1883-1920), Richard Arwed Pfeifer (1925-1957), and Wolfgang W\u00fcnscher (1957-1971).", "contents": "[From Paul Flechsig to the Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research. Development of brain research at the Karl Marx University]. A review is given on the development of the brain research institute of the Karl-Marx-University of Leipzig during the directorates of Paul Flechsig (1883-1920), Richard Arwed Pfeifer (1925-1957), and Wolfgang W\u00fcnscher (1957-1971).", "PMID": 329308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11105", "title": "Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902-1959) and a holistic approach to psychosomatic problems. I. The rise and fall of a medical philosophy.", "content": "Despite Dunbar's central in the American psychosomatic movement, few successors seem to have grasped the nature and context of her work. This is partially because most histories of psychosomatic theory and research overlook the holistic, organismic point of view shared by Dunbar and other psychoanalysts of the psychobiologic persuasion. The medical-philosophical context of Dunbar's work is here reviewed.", "contents": "Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902-1959) and a holistic approach to psychosomatic problems. I. The rise and fall of a medical philosophy. Despite Dunbar's central in the American psychosomatic movement, few successors seem to have grasped the nature and context of her work. This is partially because most histories of psychosomatic theory and research overlook the holistic, organismic point of view shared by Dunbar and other psychoanalysts of the psychobiologic persuasion. The medical-philosophical context of Dunbar's work is here reviewed.", "PMID": 329311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11106", "title": "A view of the background of Freudian theory.", "content": "A major concern of nineteenth century scientists was to delineate the objective units or entities with which science deals. While some philosophers of science abandoned the search as futile and tried to redefine science, investigators in the biological sciences and the sciences of man attempted to discover new entities upon which to base their disciplines. A new understanding of hypnotism gave Freud the opportunity to isolate objective entities within the mind and to found a psychology on that basis.", "contents": "A view of the background of Freudian theory. A major concern of nineteenth century scientists was to delineate the objective units or entities with which science deals. While some philosophers of science abandoned the search as futile and tried to redefine science, investigators in the biological sciences and the sciences of man attempted to discover new entities upon which to base their disciplines. A new understanding of hypnotism gave Freud the opportunity to isolate objective entities within the mind and to found a psychology on that basis.", "PMID": 329313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11107", "title": "[Drugs and sexual behavior].", "content": "The abundant scientific literature on the addictions does not unclude many papers on the subject of sexual behaviors under the effect of self-administration of drugs. The results of the studies and of the experiments carried out in this field do not allow a classification of drugs in homogeneous groups according to their specific actions on sexual behavior. For each of the most common drugs the most reliable existing data have been examined. Final conclusions cannot be reached for each drug, since several substances may often act, according to many variables, in different cases as depressants or stimulants. The need to study this aspect of drug addiction has been underlined with the aim to improve our knowledge both in the field of the new sexual therapies and of the prevention and control of drug addiction.", "contents": "[Drugs and sexual behavior]. The abundant scientific literature on the addictions does not unclude many papers on the subject of sexual behaviors under the effect of self-administration of drugs. The results of the studies and of the experiments carried out in this field do not allow a classification of drugs in homogeneous groups according to their specific actions on sexual behavior. For each of the most common drugs the most reliable existing data have been examined. Final conclusions cannot be reached for each drug, since several substances may often act, according to many variables, in different cases as depressants or stimulants. The need to study this aspect of drug addiction has been underlined with the aim to improve our knowledge both in the field of the new sexual therapies and of the prevention and control of drug addiction.", "PMID": 329333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11108", "title": "Developmental abnormalities of the cervical spine below the axis.", "content": "The majority of cervical spine anomalies of clinical significance occur in the occipital, atlas, and axis areas. Below the axis, changes may occur as local solitary anomalies simulating significant disease, or in the form of more widespread segmentation and ossification anomalies categorized as the Klippel-Feil syndrome.", "contents": "Developmental abnormalities of the cervical spine below the axis. The majority of cervical spine anomalies of clinical significance occur in the occipital, atlas, and axis areas. Below the axis, changes may occur as local solitary anomalies simulating significant disease, or in the form of more widespread segmentation and ossification anomalies categorized as the Klippel-Feil syndrome.", "PMID": 329345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11109", "title": "Lumbar spinal stenosis.", "content": "Recognition and management of problems inherent in spinal stenosis require a clear understanding of the diverse anatomic changes, their radiologic representations, and careful correlation with a wide spectrum of fluctuating clinical manifestations. Although a common basis might be postulated for narrowing of the spinal canal, emphasis should be placed on its various forms.", "contents": "Lumbar spinal stenosis. Recognition and management of problems inherent in spinal stenosis require a clear understanding of the diverse anatomic changes, their radiologic representations, and careful correlation with a wide spectrum of fluctuating clinical manifestations. Although a common basis might be postulated for narrowing of the spinal canal, emphasis should be placed on its various forms.", "PMID": 329346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11110", "title": "The pathophysiology of spinal cord injury.", "content": "The definitive treatment of severe injuries to the spinal cord is yet to be established, except in the few rare cases in which realignment or decompression results in functionally significant salvage of long tracts coursing through the injured cord segments. The author believes that the best chances for successful therapy lie in a better understanding of the process of spinal cord self-destruction.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of spinal cord injury. The definitive treatment of severe injuries to the spinal cord is yet to be established, except in the few rare cases in which realignment or decompression results in functionally significant salvage of long tracts coursing through the injured cord segments. The author believes that the best chances for successful therapy lie in a better understanding of the process of spinal cord self-destruction.", "PMID": 329347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11111", "title": "Application of the radiological sciences to advance clinical and fundamental knowledge of the animal kingdom. New Horizons for Radiologists Lecture.", "content": "Many radiological techniques are useful in fundamental research. Selected clinical problems in animals as well as certain basic research projects are utilized to emphasize the potential of radiological imaging. The author describes the use of several radiological methods in studies of how birds breathe.", "contents": "Application of the radiological sciences to advance clinical and fundamental knowledge of the animal kingdom. New Horizons for Radiologists Lecture. Many radiological techniques are useful in fundamental research. Selected clinical problems in animals as well as certain basic research projects are utilized to emphasize the potential of radiological imaging. The author describes the use of several radiological methods in studies of how birds breathe.", "PMID": 329348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11112", "title": "Radiographic changes in the posterior-superior iliac crests following bone marrow aspiration.", "content": "The appearance of multiple lucencies in the posterior-superior iliac crests of patients in a bone marrow transplantation program is described. These benign lucencies should not be misinterpreted as bone destruction in patients with malignant disease who undergo multiple bone marrow aspirations.", "contents": "Radiographic changes in the posterior-superior iliac crests following bone marrow aspiration. The appearance of multiple lucencies in the posterior-superior iliac crests of patients in a bone marrow transplantation program is described. These benign lucencies should not be misinterpreted as bone destruction in patients with malignant disease who undergo multiple bone marrow aspirations.", "PMID": 329349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11113", "title": "Clinical significance of 99mtechnetium sulfur colloid accumulation in renal transplant patients.", "content": "The accumulation of 99mtechnetium sulfur colloid (99mTcSC) was evaluated in 47 studies performed on 19 renal transplant patients by comparing its transplant activity to its bone marrow accumulation. There was a diagnosis of rejection of 21 of 22 studies (96.5%) in which marked transplant accumulation was noted. In 11 studies of patients with a clinical diagnosis of post-transplant acute tubular necrosis (ATN), the transplant activity varied from none to moderate. Rejection developed in 5 of 6 studies with minimal to moderate accumulation. Normally functioning renal transplant patients, or those with ATN and no superimposed rejection, do not show evidence of 99mTcSC accumulation.", "contents": "Clinical significance of 99mtechnetium sulfur colloid accumulation in renal transplant patients. The accumulation of 99mtechnetium sulfur colloid (99mTcSC) was evaluated in 47 studies performed on 19 renal transplant patients by comparing its transplant activity to its bone marrow accumulation. There was a diagnosis of rejection of 21 of 22 studies (96.5%) in which marked transplant accumulation was noted. In 11 studies of patients with a clinical diagnosis of post-transplant acute tubular necrosis (ATN), the transplant activity varied from none to moderate. Rejection developed in 5 of 6 studies with minimal to moderate accumulation. Normally functioning renal transplant patients, or those with ATN and no superimposed rejection, do not show evidence of 99mTcSC accumulation.", "PMID": 329350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11114", "title": "[Humoral and cellular immunity in children vaccinated with oral B.C.G. (author's transl)].", "content": "The humoral and cellular immunity of 23 children with ages between 1 and 5 years, nonreactors to 10 mu of PPD, were investigated after oral vaccination with one dose of 100 mg of fresh oral BCG, Rio de Janeiro strain (Moreau strain). The tests performed shortly before and 70 days after vaccination showed that the schedule used was neither sufficient to stimulate the production of antibody anti-PPD, nor to change the levels of serum immunoglobulins and T, T-active and B blood lymphocytes. However, about 60% of the children became responsive to 10 mu of PPD after treatment and all gave positive reactions to PPD on \"in vitro\" assays of leukocyte migration inhibition. New schedules for oral vaccination with fresh BCG are in progress in our laboratory.", "contents": "[Humoral and cellular immunity in children vaccinated with oral B.C.G. (author's transl)]. The humoral and cellular immunity of 23 children with ages between 1 and 5 years, nonreactors to 10 mu of PPD, were investigated after oral vaccination with one dose of 100 mg of fresh oral BCG, Rio de Janeiro strain (Moreau strain). The tests performed shortly before and 70 days after vaccination showed that the schedule used was neither sufficient to stimulate the production of antibody anti-PPD, nor to change the levels of serum immunoglobulins and T, T-active and B blood lymphocytes. However, about 60% of the children became responsive to 10 mu of PPD after treatment and all gave positive reactions to PPD on \"in vitro\" assays of leukocyte migration inhibition. New schedules for oral vaccination with fresh BCG are in progress in our laboratory.", "PMID": 329367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11115", "title": "Problems in evaluating the effect of secretolytic agents on the mucociliary system by means of radioactive particles.", "content": "In a double-blind cross-over study the effect of two secretolytic agents on the mucociliary clearance was tested in 8 patients with mild chronic obstructive bronchitis. Clearance was assessed from the removal rate of previously inhaled sulfur colloid particles, tagged with 99Tcm. For the interpreatation of the results, obtained by this method, it is essential to take into account the pattern of particle deposition. For example there was a faster clearance under placebo compared to the secretolytic drugs because of a more central deposition. To overcome this problem different approaches were therefore tested. The following constellations proved to be useful in assessing the effect of secretolytic drugs: (1) change in deposition patter; (2) clearance rate, if no change in deposition takes place; (3) clearance rate from a peripheral area of the lung. An attempt to apply a simple three compartment model proved to be unpracticable probably becuase of the complexity of the mechanism involved. One of these mechanisms could be a reversal in mucus transport, observed at least in one patient, a finding which might be of pathophysiological relevance.", "contents": "Problems in evaluating the effect of secretolytic agents on the mucociliary system by means of radioactive particles. In a double-blind cross-over study the effect of two secretolytic agents on the mucociliary clearance was tested in 8 patients with mild chronic obstructive bronchitis. Clearance was assessed from the removal rate of previously inhaled sulfur colloid particles, tagged with 99Tcm. For the interpreatation of the results, obtained by this method, it is essential to take into account the pattern of particle deposition. For example there was a faster clearance under placebo compared to the secretolytic drugs because of a more central deposition. To overcome this problem different approaches were therefore tested. The following constellations proved to be useful in assessing the effect of secretolytic drugs: (1) change in deposition patter; (2) clearance rate, if no change in deposition takes place; (3) clearance rate from a peripheral area of the lung. An attempt to apply a simple three compartment model proved to be unpracticable probably becuase of the complexity of the mechanism involved. One of these mechanisms could be a reversal in mucus transport, observed at least in one patient, a finding which might be of pathophysiological relevance.", "PMID": 329375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11116", "title": "[Tumors of the upper air-ways in xerotomograms (Part II) (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "Results of 92 xerotomographies of the upper air-ways are demonstrated on selected cases of benign and malignant neoplasms. In tomography of the throat we prefer the positive type of development. Xerography provides a good insight into site and size of tumors in larynx and pharynx.", "contents": "[Tumors of the upper air-ways in xerotomograms (Part II) (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. Results of 92 xerotomographies of the upper air-ways are demonstrated on selected cases of benign and malignant neoplasms. In tomography of the throat we prefer the positive type of development. Xerography provides a good insight into site and size of tumors in larynx and pharynx.", "PMID": 329393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11117", "title": "[Study of T and B lymphocytes in blood and synovial fluid during rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "The quantitative study of lymphocyte populations is one means of approaching the immunological profile of patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis. In the present work we have studied the proportions of T and B lymphocytes in the blood and synovial fluid of 70 patients presenting classical or clearly defined rheumatoid polyarthritis. The number of T cells (E rosettes and anti HTLA serum) and B cells (membrane immunofluorescence and EAC rosettes) were found to be identical in both patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis and healthy subjects of the same age. On the other hand the number of \"fast\" rosettes, indicating a sub-population of T effector cells, and of EA rosettes formed at the expemnse of cells with a receptor for IgG Fc, are reduced in the blood and increased in the rheumatoid synovial fluid. In the course of rheumatoid polyarthritis there is therefore a displacement of certain lymphocytic sub-populations from the blood towards the synovial site where they are probably involved in lesional mechanisms.", "contents": "[Study of T and B lymphocytes in blood and synovial fluid during rheumatoid arthritis]. The quantitative study of lymphocyte populations is one means of approaching the immunological profile of patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis. In the present work we have studied the proportions of T and B lymphocytes in the blood and synovial fluid of 70 patients presenting classical or clearly defined rheumatoid polyarthritis. The number of T cells (E rosettes and anti HTLA serum) and B cells (membrane immunofluorescence and EAC rosettes) were found to be identical in both patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis and healthy subjects of the same age. On the other hand the number of \"fast\" rosettes, indicating a sub-population of T effector cells, and of EA rosettes formed at the expemnse of cells with a receptor for IgG Fc, are reduced in the blood and increased in the rheumatoid synovial fluid. In the course of rheumatoid polyarthritis there is therefore a displacement of certain lymphocytic sub-populations from the blood towards the synovial site where they are probably involved in lesional mechanisms.", "PMID": 329397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11118", "title": "[Diagnostic value of synovial membrane immunofluorescence].", "content": "The immunofluorescent study of 93 synovial membranes of persons suffering from various types of arthropathy has shown that the only element sufficiently specific to have real diagnostic  value is the presence of cells with a fluorescent cytoplasm. This appearance was in fact found in 63% of the cases of rheumatoid arthritis, irrespective of their being either seropositive or seronegative, in 69% of the cases of probable rheumatoid arthritis, in only 15% of the unclassified cases of arthritis, in 28% of the cases of various types of arthritis (20% with exclusion of a case of mixed connectivitis and of a case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia with rheumatoid arthritis) and in 0% of the cases of mechanical arthropathy. The results of immunofluorescent examination compare favorably with those of standard histology: the classical histologic appearance of rheumatoid synovitis with a node-forming tendency of the infiltrate was observed in only 36% of the verified cases of rheumatoid arthritis, while immunofluorescence was positive in 63% of the cases in this group. In the category of unclassified arthritis, these percentages were comparable, viz. 19% and 20%, repectively. The presence of cells with fluorescent cytoplasm during immunofluorescent examination of the synovial membrane may be regarded as an additional criterion supporting the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of synovial membrane immunofluorescence]. The immunofluorescent study of 93 synovial membranes of persons suffering from various types of arthropathy has shown that the only element sufficiently specific to have real diagnostic  value is the presence of cells with a fluorescent cytoplasm. This appearance was in fact found in 63% of the cases of rheumatoid arthritis, irrespective of their being either seropositive or seronegative, in 69% of the cases of probable rheumatoid arthritis, in only 15% of the unclassified cases of arthritis, in 28% of the cases of various types of arthritis (20% with exclusion of a case of mixed connectivitis and of a case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia with rheumatoid arthritis) and in 0% of the cases of mechanical arthropathy. The results of immunofluorescent examination compare favorably with those of standard histology: the classical histologic appearance of rheumatoid synovitis with a node-forming tendency of the infiltrate was observed in only 36% of the verified cases of rheumatoid arthritis, while immunofluorescence was positive in 63% of the cases in this group. In the category of unclassified arthritis, these percentages were comparable, viz. 19% and 20%, repectively. The presence of cells with fluorescent cytoplasm during immunofluorescent examination of the synovial membrane may be regarded as an additional criterion supporting the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 329398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11119", "title": "[Cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Effect of therapy].", "content": "In 89 cases of rheumatoid polyarthritis the number of B lymphocytes was shown by an immunofluorescence technique and the number T lymphocytes by a rosette test. 30 untreated polyarthritics were distinguished into two groups: in one there was no change in the number of T cellules; in the other there was a reduction in the number of T cells and lymphopenia. The same differences were found under corticotherapy (10 cases), antimalarial drugs (8 cases), penicillamine (21 cases), chrysotherapy (11 cases) and levamisole (9 cases). Levamisole only infrequently increases the number of T cellules (2/9). No relation with any developmental parameter was found in any group.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Effect of therapy]. In 89 cases of rheumatoid polyarthritis the number of B lymphocytes was shown by an immunofluorescence technique and the number T lymphocytes by a rosette test. 30 untreated polyarthritics were distinguished into two groups: in one there was no change in the number of T cellules; in the other there was a reduction in the number of T cells and lymphopenia. The same differences were found under corticotherapy (10 cases), antimalarial drugs (8 cases), penicillamine (21 cases), chrysotherapy (11 cases) and levamisole (9 cases). Levamisole only infrequently increases the number of T cellules (2/9). No relation with any developmental parameter was found in any group.", "PMID": 329399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11120", "title": "[The action of D-penicillamine on the distribution of T and B-lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Comparative study of the numbers of T and B lymphocytes in cases of rheumatoid polyarthritis treated and untreated with D-penicillamine shows that in the untreated subjects  the distribution of these two types of lymphocytes is comparable with that in normal subjects and that D-penicillamine does not alter this distribution. This purely quantitative investigation does not rule out the possibility of functional modifications in the cells studied.", "contents": "[The action of D-penicillamine on the distribution of T and B-lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis]. Comparative study of the numbers of T and B lymphocytes in cases of rheumatoid polyarthritis treated and untreated with D-penicillamine shows that in the untreated subjects  the distribution of these two types of lymphocytes is comparable with that in normal subjects and that D-penicillamine does not alter this distribution. This purely quantitative investigation does not rule out the possibility of functional modifications in the cells studied.", "PMID": 329400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11121", "title": "[Value of the detection and characterization of circulating immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "The authors analyse the value of research into and identification of immune complexes (IC) in chronic inflammatory rheumatisms (CIR) and  in rheumatoid polyarthritis (RP) in 93 patients hospitalise in a Rheumatology Department. Comparative levels of ICs were established simple and quick technique of measuring the 50% haemolytic complement (HC 50) used up by the ICs. The rheumatoid factor (RF) is identified at the PEG IC precipitates with the Waaler-Rose test. The existence of raised levels of IC containing RF in both seropositive and seronegative PRs and to a similar degree in a non-negligable percentage of clinically non-classable RICs conforms the diagnostic value of this research. On the other hand there is no relationship between the levels of ICs and either clinical signs or age of the illness. In RPs other than CIR circulating ICs are found whose nature is still unknown.", "contents": "[Value of the detection and characterization of circulating immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis]. The authors analyse the value of research into and identification of immune complexes (IC) in chronic inflammatory rheumatisms (CIR) and  in rheumatoid polyarthritis (RP) in 93 patients hospitalise in a Rheumatology Department. Comparative levels of ICs were established simple and quick technique of measuring the 50% haemolytic complement (HC 50) used up by the ICs. The rheumatoid factor (RF) is identified at the PEG IC precipitates with the Waaler-Rose test. The existence of raised levels of IC containing RF in both seropositive and seronegative PRs and to a similar degree in a non-negligable percentage of clinically non-classable RICs conforms the diagnostic value of this research. On the other hand there is no relationship between the levels of ICs and either clinical signs or age of the illness. In RPs other than CIR circulating ICs are found whose nature is still unknown.", "PMID": 329401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11122", "title": "[Problems posed by fixation after Lefort III osteotomy].", "content": "The author confines himself to the problems posed by contention after Lefort type III osteotomy. He considers that the posterior iliac crest of the patient may be used to major advantage. Osteosynthesis is essential but it is sometimes possible to avoid maxillo-mandibular block. The results obtained in 18 cases are presented.", "contents": "[Problems posed by fixation after Lefort III osteotomy]. The author confines himself to the problems posed by contention after Lefort type III osteotomy. He considers that the posterior iliac crest of the patient may be used to major advantage. Osteosynthesis is essential but it is sometimes possible to avoid maxillo-mandibular block. The results obtained in 18 cases are presented.", "PMID": 329402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11123", "title": "[Prognostic significance of immunologic tests in cancer of the oral cavity].", "content": "An analysis of delayed action cell immunology tests involved 300 patients suffering from stomatological cancers. The tests used, tuberculine, candidine, varidase and DNCB have no particular value as far as discovering the size of the tumour, the quality of eradicating treatment or its progress. On the other hand, bias in the same direction and, even more, variations in the direction of immunity in the course of evolution seem to be a reflection of the patient's immune defence potential. This immune defence potential which can be roughly assessed in this way dose not seem to be reduced by chemotherapy or increased by immunotherapy, at least judging by the criteria used.", "contents": "[Prognostic significance of immunologic tests in cancer of the oral cavity]. An analysis of delayed action cell immunology tests involved 300 patients suffering from stomatological cancers. The tests used, tuberculine, candidine, varidase and DNCB have no particular value as far as discovering the size of the tumour, the quality of eradicating treatment or its progress. On the other hand, bias in the same direction and, even more, variations in the direction of immunity in the course of evolution seem to be a reflection of the patient's immune defence potential. This immune defence potential which can be roughly assessed in this way dose not seem to be reduced by chemotherapy or increased by immunotherapy, at least judging by the criteria used.", "PMID": 329403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11124", "title": "Effects of 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on food-stimulated pancreatic secretion and output of bile in man.", "content": "The effect of 140 microgram 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on food-stimulated pancreatic and biliary response has been studied in 7 healthy subjects, using a multiple indicator dilution technique. Intragastic administration of the methyl analogue decreased significantly the pancreatic and the biliary response, despite an enhanced gastric emptying rate of the test meal.", "contents": "Effects of 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on food-stimulated pancreatic secretion and output of bile in man. The effect of 140 microgram 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on food-stimulated pancreatic and biliary response has been studied in 7 healthy subjects, using a multiple indicator dilution technique. Intragastic administration of the methyl analogue decreased significantly the pancreatic and the biliary response, despite an enhanced gastric emptying rate of the test meal.", "PMID": 329405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11125", "title": "The effect of vitamin D2 treatment on bone mineral after partial gastrectomy.", "content": "A controlled clinical study of the effect of 1000 IU of calciferol daily for 8 months was performed on patients with postgastrectomy bone loss. The treatment produced no observable increase in bone mineral density measured by photon absorption.", "contents": "The effect of vitamin D2 treatment on bone mineral after partial gastrectomy. A controlled clinical study of the effect of 1000 IU of calciferol daily for 8 months was performed on patients with postgastrectomy bone loss. The treatment produced no observable increase in bone mineral density measured by photon absorption.", "PMID": 329406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11126", "title": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a cane-sugar mill.", "content": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is reported in two (1.5%) of 131 workers occupationally exposed to Aspergillus fumigatus at the U.D. Sugar Mills, Shamli. Twelve of the workers revealed Type I (9.2%) and three (2.8%) Type III skin hypersensitivity against with fungus. Serum preciptins were demonstrated in two out of 44 workers and positive sputum cultures in 26 out of 58 workers. It is suggested that constitutional predisposition of the host may be a more important factor than the extent of exposure to the fungus in the development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "contents": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a cane-sugar mill. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is reported in two (1.5%) of 131 workers occupationally exposed to Aspergillus fumigatus at the U.D. Sugar Mills, Shamli. Twelve of the workers revealed Type I (9.2%) and three (2.8%) Type III skin hypersensitivity against with fungus. Serum preciptins were demonstrated in two out of 44 workers and positive sputum cultures in 26 out of 58 workers. It is suggested that constitutional predisposition of the host may be a more important factor than the extent of exposure to the fungus in the development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "PMID": 329408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11127", "title": "Bronchial asthma of occupational origin: a review.", "content": "There are immediate benefits when one can establish the diagnosis of occupationally induced asthma. It is a man-made disease and is thus reversible. Diagnosis depends on knowledge of the source and types of exposure which can be correlated with the clinical, physiological and immunologic patterns of affected workers. The discovery of one case can often lead more readily to recognition of others. Individuals with asthma of an occupational origin should be removed from work. Equally as important is the initiation of proper industrial hygiene procedures which would improve the occupational environment and periodic medical surveillance of workers for the identification of early disease or individuals with few or no symptoms.", "contents": "Bronchial asthma of occupational origin: a review. There are immediate benefits when one can establish the diagnosis of occupationally induced asthma. It is a man-made disease and is thus reversible. Diagnosis depends on knowledge of the source and types of exposure which can be correlated with the clinical, physiological and immunologic patterns of affected workers. The discovery of one case can often lead more readily to recognition of others. Individuals with asthma of an occupational origin should be removed from work. Equally as important is the initiation of proper industrial hygiene procedures which would improve the occupational environment and periodic medical surveillance of workers for the identification of early disease or individuals with few or no symptoms.", "PMID": 329409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11128", "title": "Water-to-air transfer of virus.", "content": "Bubbles rising through suspensions of the bacteriophages T2 and T4 and of Escherichia coli adsorb and eject these particles in droplets that are formed when the bubbles burst. The concentration of the viruses in ejected droplets, determined from electron microscopy, exceeded the suspension concentration by 50 times. Similar results were obtained for Escherichia coli. The viability of some of the adsorbed particles was established by biological counts.", "contents": "Water-to-air transfer of virus. Bubbles rising through suspensions of the bacteriophages T2 and T4 and of Escherichia coli adsorb and eject these particles in droplets that are formed when the bubbles burst. The concentration of the viruses in ejected droplets, determined from electron microscopy, exceeded the suspension concentration by 50 times. Similar results were obtained for Escherichia coli. The viability of some of the adsorbed particles was established by biological counts.", "PMID": 329413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11129", "title": "Antibiotic agranulocytosis: association with cephalothin and carbenicillin.", "content": "A 65-year-old woman developed agranulocytosis on two separate occasions following prophylactic administration of antibiotics before cardiac surgery. In the first leukopenic episode, large doses of cephalosporin derivatives were the only drugs implicated, and in the second, carbenicillin was believed responsible. Life-threatening septicemia occurred with Pseduomonas aeruginosa and later with Escherichia coli. Erythrocytes, platelets, and lymphocytes were not affected during these granulocytopenias. Bone marrow examination revealed an arrest of maturation in the granulocytic series. Review of the hematologic complications of cephalosporins, particularly agranulocytosis, suggests an interesting association between carbenicillin-induced neutropenia and previous administration of cephalosporins.", "contents": "Antibiotic agranulocytosis: association with cephalothin and carbenicillin. A 65-year-old woman developed agranulocytosis on two separate occasions following prophylactic administration of antibiotics before cardiac surgery. In the first leukopenic episode, large doses of cephalosporin derivatives were the only drugs implicated, and in the second, carbenicillin was believed responsible. Life-threatening septicemia occurred with Pseduomonas aeruginosa and later with Escherichia coli. Erythrocytes, platelets, and lymphocytes were not affected during these granulocytopenias. Bone marrow examination revealed an arrest of maturation in the granulocytic series. Review of the hematologic complications of cephalosporins, particularly agranulocytosis, suggests an interesting association between carbenicillin-induced neutropenia and previous administration of cephalosporins.", "PMID": 329421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11130", "title": "Management of ankylosing spondylitis with flurbiprofen or indomethacin.", "content": "The effects of flurbiprofen (150-200 mg daily) and indomethacin (75-100 mg daily) were compared in the management of 26 patients with active ankylosing spondylitis in a parallel, double-blind, and randomized trial of six weeks' duration. No patient in either group withdrew from the study because of lack of efficacy of the drugs. Both drugs were equally effectivein relieving the pain and tenderness of the affected joints. Overall subjective improvement, assessed by the patient and the investigator at the end of the trial, was present in 90% of the patients in the flurbiprofen group and in 75% of the indomethacin group. The mean values of all the spinal motion tests improved in the flurbiprofen group but not in the indomethacin group. Statistically significant improvement of the Schober test was achieved in the flurbiprofen group and of the chest expansion measurement in the indomethacin group. Untoward effects related to the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract were present in a few patients in both groups.", "contents": "Management of ankylosing spondylitis with flurbiprofen or indomethacin. The effects of flurbiprofen (150-200 mg daily) and indomethacin (75-100 mg daily) were compared in the management of 26 patients with active ankylosing spondylitis in a parallel, double-blind, and randomized trial of six weeks' duration. No patient in either group withdrew from the study because of lack of efficacy of the drugs. Both drugs were equally effectivein relieving the pain and tenderness of the affected joints. Overall subjective improvement, assessed by the patient and the investigator at the end of the trial, was present in 90% of the patients in the flurbiprofen group and in 75% of the indomethacin group. The mean values of all the spinal motion tests improved in the flurbiprofen group but not in the indomethacin group. Statistically significant improvement of the Schober test was achieved in the flurbiprofen group and of the chest expansion measurement in the indomethacin group. Untoward effects related to the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract were present in a few patients in both groups.", "PMID": 329422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11131", "title": "Effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on intraocular pressure in humans.", "content": "As early as 1971, it was noted that smoking marijuana lowered intraocular pressure. In this study one of the active components of marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, was given intravenously to ten subjects with normal intraocular pressures. Two strengths were used--0.022 mg/kg of body weight and 0.044 mg/kg of body weight. Intraocular pressure was found to decrease as much as 51% of baseline normal with an average decrease of 37%. Heart rate increased in a range of 22% and 65% of the resting pulse. Respiratory rate was not affected. No analgesic properties were demonstrated by either cutaneous or periosteal stimulation. Anxiety levels were increased by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol over placebo and diazepam (Valium). The mechanism of action is still uncertain but it is believed by some workers to be similar to that of a beta-adrenergic stimulator.", "contents": "Effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on intraocular pressure in humans. As early as 1971, it was noted that smoking marijuana lowered intraocular pressure. In this study one of the active components of marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, was given intravenously to ten subjects with normal intraocular pressures. Two strengths were used--0.022 mg/kg of body weight and 0.044 mg/kg of body weight. Intraocular pressure was found to decrease as much as 51% of baseline normal with an average decrease of 37%. Heart rate increased in a range of 22% and 65% of the resting pulse. Respiratory rate was not affected. No analgesic properties were demonstrated by either cutaneous or periosteal stimulation. Anxiety levels were increased by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol over placebo and diazepam (Valium). The mechanism of action is still uncertain but it is believed by some workers to be similar to that of a beta-adrenergic stimulator.", "PMID": 329423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11132", "title": "Selection among benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal.", "content": "Four pharmacologic differences among the benzodiazepines, which are the drugs of choice to conduct alcohol withdrawal, guide selection of the appropriate one: chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, oxazepam, or chlorazepate. Bases for selection include: (1) availability of other than oral dosage forms; (2) differences in additive effect with alcohol in producing central nervous system depression; (3) differences in anticonvulsant effect; and (4) differences in duration of effect in the body (ie, half-life). Decreasing dosage schedules are preferred to a steady dosage. Illustrative dosage schedules for using chlordiazepoxide and diazepam to conduct alcohol withdrawal are given.", "contents": "Selection among benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal. Four pharmacologic differences among the benzodiazepines, which are the drugs of choice to conduct alcohol withdrawal, guide selection of the appropriate one: chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, oxazepam, or chlorazepate. Bases for selection include: (1) availability of other than oral dosage forms; (2) differences in additive effect with alcohol in producing central nervous system depression; (3) differences in anticonvulsant effect; and (4) differences in duration of effect in the body (ie, half-life). Decreasing dosage schedules are preferred to a steady dosage. Illustrative dosage schedules for using chlordiazepoxide and diazepam to conduct alcohol withdrawal are given.", "PMID": 329424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11133", "title": "Therapeutic acupuncture: a selective review.", "content": "The use and effectiveness of acupuncture has become a major controversy. The limited data on the subject and the wide variety of methods referred to as \"therapeutic acupuncture\" have added to the confusion. Among physicians who use acupuncture as one modality of treatment, there exist many opinions regarding the definition of an acupuncture point, the usefulness of the concepts of traditional acupuncture, the methods of stimulating the acupuncture points, the selection of points used, and the optimal frequency and number of treatments. This review analyzes some of the studies published in English language journals pertaining to these controversies. The possible effects of acupuncture in releasing endorphins and stimulating the autonomic nervous system are discussed. The differences in methods must be identified and resolved before an accurate assessment of \"acupuncture\" can be made.", "contents": "Therapeutic acupuncture: a selective review. The use and effectiveness of acupuncture has become a major controversy. The limited data on the subject and the wide variety of methods referred to as \"therapeutic acupuncture\" have added to the confusion. Among physicians who use acupuncture as one modality of treatment, there exist many opinions regarding the definition of an acupuncture point, the usefulness of the concepts of traditional acupuncture, the methods of stimulating the acupuncture points, the selection of points used, and the optimal frequency and number of treatments. This review analyzes some of the studies published in English language journals pertaining to these controversies. The possible effects of acupuncture in releasing endorphins and stimulating the autonomic nervous system are discussed. The differences in methods must be identified and resolved before an accurate assessment of \"acupuncture\" can be made.", "PMID": 329425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11134", "title": "Group B streptococcal colonization in a newborn nursery: effects of iodophor and triple dye cord care.", "content": "Control of nosocomial group B streptococcal (GBS) colonization of newborn infants was attempted in a four-cycle study alternately employing single applications of povidone-iodine (iodophor) and triple dye to the umbilical cord stump and periumbilical area. GBS colonization rates were 49% and 34% following iodophor cord care (cycles II and III) and 11% and 50% following triple dye cord care (cycles II and IV). The apparent significant reduction of GBS colonization during triple dye cycle II could not be reproduced in a subsequent follow-up culture survey and remains unexplained.", "contents": "Group B streptococcal colonization in a newborn nursery: effects of iodophor and triple dye cord care. Control of nosocomial group B streptococcal (GBS) colonization of newborn infants was attempted in a four-cycle study alternately employing single applications of povidone-iodine (iodophor) and triple dye to the umbilical cord stump and periumbilical area. GBS colonization rates were 49% and 34% following iodophor cord care (cycles II and III) and 11% and 50% following triple dye cord care (cycles II and IV). The apparent significant reduction of GBS colonization during triple dye cycle II could not be reproduced in a subsequent follow-up culture survey and remains unexplained.", "PMID": 329426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11135", "title": "The effect of diethylcarbamazine treatment on the development of bancroftian microfilariae in Culex p. fatigans.", "content": "Bancroftian microfilarie survived after one to three courses of diethylcarbamazine treatment in carriers and the larvae able to reach the infective stage in Culex p. fatigans. The infection rate and the development of infective larvae per infected mosquito from DEC-treated carriers was much lower than from the untreated carrier. The fact that surving MF can develop to infective stage in their vector indicates that such filarial carriers may be important sources for transmission of filariasis in the endemic areas after suspension of control measures.", "contents": "The effect of diethylcarbamazine treatment on the development of bancroftian microfilariae in Culex p. fatigans. Bancroftian microfilarie survived after one to three courses of diethylcarbamazine treatment in carriers and the larvae able to reach the infective stage in Culex p. fatigans. The infection rate and the development of infective larvae per infected mosquito from DEC-treated carriers was much lower than from the untreated carrier. The fact that surving MF can develop to infective stage in their vector indicates that such filarial carriers may be important sources for transmission of filariasis in the endemic areas after suspension of control measures.", "PMID": 329427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11136", "title": "Differentiation of nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli in the clinical laboratory.", "content": "A rapid and simplified system for the differentiation of nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli, encountered frequently in clinical specimens, is presented for use in the clinical laboratory. Nonfermentative bacteria can be grouped initially by the motility, oxidase and OF glucose reactions. This grouping simplifies the choice of additional tests for further identification. The additional tests included Gram stain, acid production from 10% lactose agar, nitrate reduction, arginine dihydrolase activity, fluorescein production, deoxyribonuclease activity, hydrolysis of aesculin, growth at 42 degrees C, gelatinase activity and susceptibility to antibiotics.", "contents": "Differentiation of nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli in the clinical laboratory. A rapid and simplified system for the differentiation of nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli, encountered frequently in clinical specimens, is presented for use in the clinical laboratory. Nonfermentative bacteria can be grouped initially by the motility, oxidase and OF glucose reactions. This grouping simplifies the choice of additional tests for further identification. The additional tests included Gram stain, acid production from 10% lactose agar, nitrate reduction, arginine dihydrolase activity, fluorescein production, deoxyribonuclease activity, hydrolysis of aesculin, growth at 42 degrees C, gelatinase activity and susceptibility to antibiotics.", "PMID": 329428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11137", "title": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and serum growth hormone in insulin-dependent diabetes.", "content": "Growth hormone (GH) responses were studied in 26 insulin-dependent diabetics after the intravenous administration of 100 microgram of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). Although the mean basal GH concentration was significantly higher than that of 20 matched non-diabetic controls, no significant increment occurred after the LH-RH injection. (The controls also showed no rise in GH.) It seems that the GH hypersecretion of insulin-requiring diabetics does not, as is frequently noted in acromegaly, respond to the injection of LH-RH.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and serum growth hormone in insulin-dependent diabetes. Growth hormone (GH) responses were studied in 26 insulin-dependent diabetics after the intravenous administration of 100 microgram of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). Although the mean basal GH concentration was significantly higher than that of 20 matched non-diabetic controls, no significant increment occurred after the LH-RH injection. (The controls also showed no rise in GH.) It seems that the GH hypersecretion of insulin-requiring diabetics does not, as is frequently noted in acromegaly, respond to the injection of LH-RH.", "PMID": 329438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11138", "title": "The pharmacological management of postoperative pain.", "content": "The physiology and pharmacological management of postoperative pain are briefly discussed. Although narcotic analgesics are still the mainstay in the management of postoperative pain the judicious use of non-narcotic analgesics, anticholinergics, tranquillizers and soporifics as well as the administration of local anaesthetic agents could contribute greatly to the alleviation of postoperative pain and discomfort. Certain regimens for intravenous medication are outlined and strong emphasis is placed on the fact that postoperative pain relief is the duty of the doctor and not that of unskilled nursing staff.", "contents": "The pharmacological management of postoperative pain. The physiology and pharmacological management of postoperative pain are briefly discussed. Although narcotic analgesics are still the mainstay in the management of postoperative pain the judicious use of non-narcotic analgesics, anticholinergics, tranquillizers and soporifics as well as the administration of local anaesthetic agents could contribute greatly to the alleviation of postoperative pain and discomfort. Certain regimens for intravenous medication are outlined and strong emphasis is placed on the fact that postoperative pain relief is the duty of the doctor and not that of unskilled nursing staff.", "PMID": 329439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11139", "title": "Medicare patients: geographic differences in hospital discharge rates and multiple stays.", "content": "Marked regional variations are found in patterns of use of short-stay hospitals by Medicare patients. Variations found in the rate of hospitalization, as measured by the number of discharges per 1,000 enrollees, and on the upward trend in that rate are the focus here. The data indicate that reductions in length of stay are offset by the rising number of admissions. An examination of multiple stays--a major factor in the number of discharges--shows that States with high rates of discharges have high percentages of patients with multiple stays. Furthermore, in these States the percentage of multiple stays is high, no matter what the diagnosis. In other States, the rate is low for all diagnoses. These findings suggest that options exist for the provision of care for the same or similar conditions and that geographic patterns appear in the use of those options. An urgent need exists for research to establish the variables affecting utilization and to explore ways of changing some of the patterns of delivering services.", "contents": "Medicare patients: geographic differences in hospital discharge rates and multiple stays. Marked regional variations are found in patterns of use of short-stay hospitals by Medicare patients. Variations found in the rate of hospitalization, as measured by the number of discharges per 1,000 enrollees, and on the upward trend in that rate are the focus here. The data indicate that reductions in length of stay are offset by the rising number of admissions. An examination of multiple stays--a major factor in the number of discharges--shows that States with high rates of discharges have high percentages of patients with multiple stays. Furthermore, in these States the percentage of multiple stays is high, no matter what the diagnosis. In other States, the rate is low for all diagnoses. These findings suggest that options exist for the provision of care for the same or similar conditions and that geographic patterns appear in the use of those options. An urgent need exists for research to establish the variables affecting utilization and to explore ways of changing some of the patterns of delivering services.", "PMID": 329448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11140", "title": "Systemic vascular performance in endotoxic shock.", "content": "Sixteen dogs were studied in an effort to investigate certain peripheral vascular and metabolic parameters in endotoxic shock. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted for 12 of the dogs to study systemic parameters at constant circulatory flow rates. From these studies, it appears that endotoxin is capable of initiating profound hemodynamic and metabolic changes. Initially, cardiac output and arterial pressure drop precipitiously, despite a transient rise in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. Subsequently, peripheral arterial pressures and systemic vascular resistance continue to decline, even if arterial flow remains at constant levels. Oxygen extraction by peripheral tissues decreases after endotoxin injection, despite adequate oxygen availability and constant hemoglobin levels.", "contents": "Systemic vascular performance in endotoxic shock. Sixteen dogs were studied in an effort to investigate certain peripheral vascular and metabolic parameters in endotoxic shock. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted for 12 of the dogs to study systemic parameters at constant circulatory flow rates. From these studies, it appears that endotoxin is capable of initiating profound hemodynamic and metabolic changes. Initially, cardiac output and arterial pressure drop precipitiously, despite a transient rise in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. Subsequently, peripheral arterial pressures and systemic vascular resistance continue to decline, even if arterial flow remains at constant levels. Oxygen extraction by peripheral tissues decreases after endotoxin injection, despite adequate oxygen availability and constant hemoglobin levels.", "PMID": 329452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11141", "title": "Reconstruction of extensive tissue defects of the scalp by microsurgical composite tissue transplantation.", "content": "Two cases of severe and extensive electrical burns of the scalp and skull are presented. Large segments of composite groin tissue were successfully transplanted to cover the scalp defects. Microvascular surgical techniques were employed. Both patients had short postoperative hospitalizations. It is possible that a cranioplasty may now be performed as a second stage under the healed full-thickness skin. The advantages of providing a thick protective skin cover in a single operation are outlined.", "contents": "Reconstruction of extensive tissue defects of the scalp by microsurgical composite tissue transplantation. Two cases of severe and extensive electrical burns of the scalp and skull are presented. Large segments of composite groin tissue were successfully transplanted to cover the scalp defects. Microvascular surgical techniques were employed. Both patients had short postoperative hospitalizations. It is possible that a cranioplasty may now be performed as a second stage under the healed full-thickness skin. The advantages of providing a thick protective skin cover in a single operation are outlined.", "PMID": 329454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11142", "title": "Intramedullary spinal abscess: a case report with a review of 53 previously described cases.", "content": "A patient suffering from intramedullary spinal cord abscess associated with an infected dermal sinus, meningitis, and low-lying  spinal cord, underwent laminectomy and drainage, after which there was marked improvement. Review of previously reported cases provides a better understanding of this process. The embryology and anatomy of cutaneous lumbrosacral defects are discussed with reference to their potential for subsequent infection and possible association with severe neurological dysfunction. Prophylactic intervention is recommended.", "contents": "Intramedullary spinal abscess: a case report with a review of 53 previously described cases. A patient suffering from intramedullary spinal cord abscess associated with an infected dermal sinus, meningitis, and low-lying  spinal cord, underwent laminectomy and drainage, after which there was marked improvement. Review of previously reported cases provides a better understanding of this process. The embryology and anatomy of cutaneous lumbrosacral defects are discussed with reference to their potential for subsequent infection and possible association with severe neurological dysfunction. Prophylactic intervention is recommended.", "PMID": 329455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11143", "title": "Percival Bailey Oration. Surgical treatment of epilepsy during childhood and adolescence.", "content": "Seizures, being symptoms of pathophysiological abnormalities of the brain, require thorough investigations to ascertain localization of the epileptic discharge and determination of the underlying pathology in each patient. This approach makes possible appropriate medical or surgical therapy which will provide meaningful life and reduce the chances of progressive disability. Neurosurgical procedures currently being used to treat epileptic children and adolescents are described, and include temporal lobectomy, nontemporal cortical exisions, hemicorticectomy, commissurotomy, stereotaxic ablations, and cerebellar stimulations. The results of surgical therapy in 50 young patients are discussed.", "contents": "Percival Bailey Oration. Surgical treatment of epilepsy during childhood and adolescence. Seizures, being symptoms of pathophysiological abnormalities of the brain, require thorough investigations to ascertain localization of the epileptic discharge and determination of the underlying pathology in each patient. This approach makes possible appropriate medical or surgical therapy which will provide meaningful life and reduce the chances of progressive disability. Neurosurgical procedures currently being used to treat epileptic children and adolescents are described, and include temporal lobectomy, nontemporal cortical exisions, hemicorticectomy, commissurotomy, stereotaxic ablations, and cerebellar stimulations. The results of surgical therapy in 50 young patients are discussed.", "PMID": 329457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11144", "title": "Treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis with di-iodohydroxyquinoline.", "content": "Thirteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis were treated with the anti-amoebic drug di-iodohydroxyquinoline, 1500-1800 mg/day orally, for 20 days. All were precipitin positive before treatment and all but one became negative after treatment. Sputum became negative in all of the 10 patients in whom it had been positive before treatment. Clinical improvement was marked in four patients, moderate in three, and slight in three, no change occurring in the remaining three. These results suggest that di-iodohydroxyquinoline may be of value in the treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis.", "contents": "Treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis with di-iodohydroxyquinoline. Thirteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis were treated with the anti-amoebic drug di-iodohydroxyquinoline, 1500-1800 mg/day orally, for 20 days. All were precipitin positive before treatment and all but one became negative after treatment. Sputum became negative in all of the 10 patients in whom it had been positive before treatment. Clinical improvement was marked in four patients, moderate in three, and slight in three, no change occurring in the remaining three. These results suggest that di-iodohydroxyquinoline may be of value in the treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis.", "PMID": 329460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11145", "title": "Studies in chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. 3. Immunological findings.", "content": "Precipitin tests by two different methods, double-diffusion (DD) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and measurements of total and specific IgE against Aspergillus fumigatus were made in 50 patients with chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and in three control groups--atopics with a positive immediate prick test to A. fumigatus but no evidence of allergic aspergillosis, atopics with a negative prick test to A. fumigatus, and non-atopics. Precipitins were found in 84% and 78% of the patients with aspergillosis by the DD and CIE methods respectively. Precipitins were also found in 6 out of 27 (22%) patients with a positive prick test to A. fumigatus but no evidence of aspergillosis and in 1 of 24 patients with a negative prick test to A. fumigatus. The means of specific and total IgE values were significantly higher in the group of patients with aspergillosis than in the three other groups of patients. The increase in specific but not total IgE showed a statistically significant correlation with positive precipitin tests in the patients with aspergillosis. Total IgE but not specific IgE values were significantly higher (0-02 less than P less than 0-05) in patients who had had a transient radiographic shadow in the previous three months. Positive precipitin tests were also significantly correlated with the number of transient shadows in the past and with the interval of time since the last transient shadow.", "contents": "Studies in chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. 3. Immunological findings. Precipitin tests by two different methods, double-diffusion (DD) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and measurements of total and specific IgE against Aspergillus fumigatus were made in 50 patients with chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and in three control groups--atopics with a positive immediate prick test to A. fumigatus but no evidence of allergic aspergillosis, atopics with a negative prick test to A. fumigatus, and non-atopics. Precipitins were found in 84% and 78% of the patients with aspergillosis by the DD and CIE methods respectively. Precipitins were also found in 6 out of 27 (22%) patients with a positive prick test to A. fumigatus but no evidence of aspergillosis and in 1 of 24 patients with a negative prick test to A. fumigatus. The means of specific and total IgE values were significantly higher in the group of patients with aspergillosis than in the three other groups of patients. The increase in specific but not total IgE showed a statistically significant correlation with positive precipitin tests in the patients with aspergillosis. Total IgE but not specific IgE values were significantly higher (0-02 less than P less than 0-05) in patients who had had a transient radiographic shadow in the previous three months. Positive precipitin tests were also significantly correlated with the number of transient shadows in the past and with the interval of time since the last transient shadow.", "PMID": 329461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11146", "title": "A computer system for processing data from routine pulmonary function tests.", "content": "In larger pulmonary function laboratories there is a need for computerised techniques of data processing. A flexible computer system, which is used routinely, is described. The system processes data from a relatively large range of tests. Two types of output are produced--one for laboratory purposes, and one for return to the referring physician. The system adds an automatic interpretative report for each set of results. In developing the interpretative system it has been necessary to utilise a number of arbitrary definitions. The present terminology for reporting pulmonary function tests has limitations. The computer interpretation system affords the opportunity to take account of known interaction between measurements of function and different pathological states.", "contents": "A computer system for processing data from routine pulmonary function tests. In larger pulmonary function laboratories there is a need for computerised techniques of data processing. A flexible computer system, which is used routinely, is described. The system processes data from a relatively large range of tests. Two types of output are produced--one for laboratory purposes, and one for return to the referring physician. The system adds an automatic interpretative report for each set of results. In developing the interpretative system it has been necessary to utilise a number of arbitrary definitions. The present terminology for reporting pulmonary function tests has limitations. The computer interpretation system affords the opportunity to take account of known interaction between measurements of function and different pathological states.", "PMID": 329462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11147", "title": "[Studies for the presence of Salmonella in the bone marrow of normal slaughtered pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Of sixty pigs in which the tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes, caecal contents, liver and bile, urinary bladder and bone marrow were examined for the presence of Salmonella, thirty-six (60 per cent) were found to be positive. The results were as follows: tonsils alone one, mesenteric lymph nodes alone five, tonsils plus mesenteric lymph nodes two, mesenteric lymph nodes plus caecal contents seven, tonsils plus caecal contents six, tonsils plus mesenteric lymph nodes plus caecal contents six, caecal contents plus liver and bile one, mesenteric lymph nodes plus caecal contents plus liver and bile one. Salmonella was not found to be present in the urinary bladder and bone marrow. It is oncluded that in the manufacture of \"meat\" (muscular tissue obtained by scraping bones), the bone marrow fraction does not contribute to contamination of this meat with Salmonella. Of the total number of seventy-eight strains isolated, fifty-two were of the sero-type S. typhimurium (66 2/3 per cent).", "contents": "[Studies for the presence of Salmonella in the bone marrow of normal slaughtered pigs (author's transl)]. Of sixty pigs in which the tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes, caecal contents, liver and bile, urinary bladder and bone marrow were examined for the presence of Salmonella, thirty-six (60 per cent) were found to be positive. The results were as follows: tonsils alone one, mesenteric lymph nodes alone five, tonsils plus mesenteric lymph nodes two, mesenteric lymph nodes plus caecal contents seven, tonsils plus caecal contents six, tonsils plus mesenteric lymph nodes plus caecal contents six, caecal contents plus liver and bile one, mesenteric lymph nodes plus caecal contents plus liver and bile one. Salmonella was not found to be present in the urinary bladder and bone marrow. It is oncluded that in the manufacture of \"meat\" (muscular tissue obtained by scraping bones), the bone marrow fraction does not contribute to contamination of this meat with Salmonella. Of the total number of seventy-eight strains isolated, fifty-two were of the sero-type S. typhimurium (66 2/3 per cent).", "PMID": 329469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11148", "title": "[Assessment of bacterial counts in the meat-processing industry. II. The plate-loop method and the droplet method (author's transl)].", "content": "Two methods used in making bacterial counts of meat and surfaces are discussed. When the plate-loop method is used, dilutions are prepared with calibrated loops in spotting tiles. These loops are also used to swab droplets of these dilutions on quadrants of previously dried agar plates. A formula is presented, which may be used in calculating bacterial counts. When the droplet method is adopted, an apparatus is used to prepare dilutions in tubes containing liquid agar. Drops of agar then are transferred into empty Petri dishes by this apparatus. After incubation, the colonies which have grown in these droplets are counted by a viewer included in the apparatus. Both the plate-loop method and the droplet method (if slightly modified) were found to satisfy the criteria simplicity, reliability and saving time and material. This only holds good when accurate counts are made and when bacterial counts are more than 2,500 bacteria per gram or per sq. cm. When these conditions are complied with, the two methods are suited for routine studies of large numbers of samples.", "contents": "[Assessment of bacterial counts in the meat-processing industry. II. The plate-loop method and the droplet method (author's transl)]. Two methods used in making bacterial counts of meat and surfaces are discussed. When the plate-loop method is used, dilutions are prepared with calibrated loops in spotting tiles. These loops are also used to swab droplets of these dilutions on quadrants of previously dried agar plates. A formula is presented, which may be used in calculating bacterial counts. When the droplet method is adopted, an apparatus is used to prepare dilutions in tubes containing liquid agar. Drops of agar then are transferred into empty Petri dishes by this apparatus. After incubation, the colonies which have grown in these droplets are counted by a viewer included in the apparatus. Both the plate-loop method and the droplet method (if slightly modified) were found to satisfy the criteria simplicity, reliability and saving time and material. This only holds good when accurate counts are made and when bacterial counts are more than 2,500 bacteria per gram or per sq. cm. When these conditions are complied with, the two methods are suited for routine studies of large numbers of samples.", "PMID": 329470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11149", "title": "[Botulism in a number of yearlings (author's transl)].", "content": "An outbreak of botulism in four yearlings of a single herd is reported. One animal recovered spontaneously. The other animals underwent euthanasia (animal A) or were slaughtered (animals B and C). Cl. botulinum toxin type C was detected in the sera of animals A and B as well as in the liver and abomasal contents of animal A. In addition, Cl. botulinum was isolated from the liver of animal A. The symptoms are described. Total muscular weakness, also resulting in lingual paralysis and inability to swallow, was the most important clinical feature. The mechanism of action of Cl. botulinum toxin, possible methods of treatment and aspects of meat inspection are discussed.", "contents": "[Botulism in a number of yearlings (author's transl)]. An outbreak of botulism in four yearlings of a single herd is reported. One animal recovered spontaneously. The other animals underwent euthanasia (animal A) or were slaughtered (animals B and C). Cl. botulinum toxin type C was detected in the sera of animals A and B as well as in the liver and abomasal contents of animal A. In addition, Cl. botulinum was isolated from the liver of animal A. The symptoms are described. Total muscular weakness, also resulting in lingual paralysis and inability to swallow, was the most important clinical feature. The mechanism of action of Cl. botulinum toxin, possible methods of treatment and aspects of meat inspection are discussed.", "PMID": 329471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11150", "title": "An apparatus for the simultaneous demineralization of fifty-four specimens.", "content": "An apparatus designed to demineralize 54 specimens simultaneously is described. A drum with built-in specimen holders rotates continuously through a bath of acid, allowing a free exchange of demineralizing fluid over the specimens. Individual specimens can be easily introduced or withdrawn from the apparatus without disturbing others.", "contents": "An apparatus for the simultaneous demineralization of fifty-four specimens. An apparatus designed to demineralize 54 specimens simultaneously is described. A drum with built-in specimen holders rotates continuously through a bath of acid, allowing a free exchange of demineralizing fluid over the specimens. Individual specimens can be easily introduced or withdrawn from the apparatus without disturbing others.", "PMID": 329474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11151", "title": "The atrioventricular node, His bundle and bundle branches-a new histologic technique.", "content": "A technique for examination of the conducting system of the heart is described. A block of tissue embracing the ostium of the coronary sinus, the pars membranacea, the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve, and appropriate amounts of interatrial and interventricular septum is flattened and fixed in a Kaiserling I solution. Blocks are subsequently cleared in methyl salicylate and trimmed. Sections are cut from the blocks after paraffin embedding beginning from the endocardial surfaces of the right heart chambers. The sections are mounted and stained on 35 mm unperforated leader film and covered with an acrylic preservative. For examination of the conducting system many fewer sections are required than with previous techniques.", "contents": "The atrioventricular node, His bundle and bundle branches-a new histologic technique. A technique for examination of the conducting system of the heart is described. A block of tissue embracing the ostium of the coronary sinus, the pars membranacea, the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve, and appropriate amounts of interatrial and interventricular septum is flattened and fixed in a Kaiserling I solution. Blocks are subsequently cleared in methyl salicylate and trimmed. Sections are cut from the blocks after paraffin embedding beginning from the endocardial surfaces of the right heart chambers. The sections are mounted and stained on 35 mm unperforated leader film and covered with an acrylic preservative. For examination of the conducting system many fewer sections are required than with previous techniques.", "PMID": 329475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11152", "title": "Ultrastructure of cells cultured on polycarbonate membranes.", "content": "A method is described for preparing undisturbed cell cultures for both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cells were propagated on polycarbonate membranes with pores of 0.2 micrometer or less. Cultured cells together with their supports were prepared for both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy using routine methods. For transmission electron microscopy a rapid schedule of infiltration and polymerization was used. The method described in this report yielded good results and it allowed the fine structure of cultured cells to be viewed in situ by both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of cells cultured on polycarbonate membranes. A method is described for preparing undisturbed cell cultures for both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cells were propagated on polycarbonate membranes with pores of 0.2 micrometer or less. Cultured cells together with their supports were prepared for both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy using routine methods. For transmission electron microscopy a rapid schedule of infiltration and polymerization was used. The method described in this report yielded good results and it allowed the fine structure of cultured cells to be viewed in situ by both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 329476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11153", "title": "A hydrostatic device for tissue dehydration.", "content": "A simple device for mixing water and organic solvents can be easily constructed to dehydrate tissue for electron microscopy. The device utilizes hydrostatic leveling between a reservoir and a mixing chamber to produce a continuously increasing concentration of dehydrating solvent. The rate of dehydration may be regulated by geometry and/or outflow rate. A prototype model is described which compactly incorporates the solvent reservoirs and a tissue tray that can accommodate ten tissue specimens in stainless steel mesh baskets. The device can be fabricated cheaply and replaces manual dehydration.", "contents": "A hydrostatic device for tissue dehydration. A simple device for mixing water and organic solvents can be easily constructed to dehydrate tissue for electron microscopy. The device utilizes hydrostatic leveling between a reservoir and a mixing chamber to produce a continuously increasing concentration of dehydrating solvent. The rate of dehydration may be regulated by geometry and/or outflow rate. A prototype model is described which compactly incorporates the solvent reservoirs and a tissue tray that can accommodate ten tissue specimens in stainless steel mesh baskets. The device can be fabricated cheaply and replaces manual dehydration.", "PMID": 329477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11154", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a new anthelmintic - C. 9333 Go./CGP 4540 in human hookworm infection.", "content": "A new antihookworm compound, C.9333 Go./CGP 4540, was evaluated clinically in 65 adult patients with hookworm infection. Several dosage schedules were evaluated to determine an effective, well tolerated and convenient regime. The lowest effective dose was 125 mg administered at four-hourly intervals for three doses. The compound was generally well tolerated; mild giddiness was observed in nine patients and severe giddiness was present in one patient. Clinical and biochemical monitoring revealed no other toxicity of the compound.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a new anthelmintic - C. 9333 Go./CGP 4540 in human hookworm infection. A new antihookworm compound, C.9333 Go./CGP 4540, was evaluated clinically in 65 adult patients with hookworm infection. Several dosage schedules were evaluated to determine an effective, well tolerated and convenient regime. The lowest effective dose was 125 mg administered at four-hourly intervals for three doses. The compound was generally well tolerated; mild giddiness was observed in nine patients and severe giddiness was present in one patient. Clinical and biochemical monitoring revealed no other toxicity of the compound.", "PMID": 329490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11155", "title": "The traffic of mononuclear phagocytes through renal allografts in sheep.", "content": "Five to ten per cent of the cells in lymph draining renal allografts in sheep have the morphology of mononuclear phagocytes (MNP). These cells have been examined by light and electron microscopy and their functional characteristics investigated. The vast majority of MNP were of recipient origin. Their traffic increased from about 10(6)/hr immediately after grafting to between 2 and 4 X 10(7)/hr just prior to rejection. During the 1st 2 to 3 days, the majority of MNP had the morphology of monocytes, but the proportion of mature macrophages increased steadily to 30%. During the later stages, many of these large macrophages showed features of activation in terms of their spreading and phagocytic capacities. No NDA synthesis was observed in MNP until the latest stages, when a small proportion (less than 1%) of MNP labelled in vitro. Short-term cultures of lymph cells from kidneys undergoing rejection gave rise to numerous giant cells. It is suggested that there is continual traffic of MNP through the grafted kidney and that a proportion of MNP differentiate within the kidney and show features of activation.", "contents": "The traffic of mononuclear phagocytes through renal allografts in sheep. Five to ten per cent of the cells in lymph draining renal allografts in sheep have the morphology of mononuclear phagocytes (MNP). These cells have been examined by light and electron microscopy and their functional characteristics investigated. The vast majority of MNP were of recipient origin. Their traffic increased from about 10(6)/hr immediately after grafting to between 2 and 4 X 10(7)/hr just prior to rejection. During the 1st 2 to 3 days, the majority of MNP had the morphology of monocytes, but the proportion of mature macrophages increased steadily to 30%. During the later stages, many of these large macrophages showed features of activation in terms of their spreading and phagocytic capacities. No NDA synthesis was observed in MNP until the latest stages, when a small proportion (less than 1%) of MNP labelled in vitro. Short-term cultures of lymph cells from kidneys undergoing rejection gave rise to numerous giant cells. It is suggested that there is continual traffic of MNP through the grafted kidney and that a proportion of MNP differentiate within the kidney and show features of activation.", "PMID": 329493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11156", "title": "Hypothermic perfusion of rabbit kidneys with solutions containing gelatin polypeptides.", "content": "Rabbit kidneys were perfused with a solution of extracellular electrolyte composition, made hypertonic with glucose and containing the gelatin polypeptide preparation Haemaccel (Hoechst) as the only colloid. Perfusions were carried out at 5 and 10 C for 19 hr, and function was tested by autografting. All of the kidneys perfused at the higher temperature showed immediate life-sustaining function after transplantation and contralateral nephrectomy, whereas only one graft of five perfused at the lower temperature showed any function. The suitability of the Haemaccel solution as a vehicle for introducing the cryoprotective agent glycerol was tested by perfusing kidneys for 4 hr with a solutiont containing 2% glycerol; the function of these organs was similar to that of kidneys transplanted without perfusion. Ultrastructural examination of kidneys perfused for 24 hr at 10 C showed excellent structural preservation, but measurements of water and ion contents and the penetration of marker molecules in nonmetabolizing kidneys showed 2.8% Haemaccel to be somewhat less effective than 6% bovine serum albumin in stabilizing these values. The Haemaccel perfusate is considered to be highly suitable for the introduction and removal of cryoprotective agents, and the results of hypothermic preservation by continuous perfusion are encouraging.", "contents": "Hypothermic perfusion of rabbit kidneys with solutions containing gelatin polypeptides. Rabbit kidneys were perfused with a solution of extracellular electrolyte composition, made hypertonic with glucose and containing the gelatin polypeptide preparation Haemaccel (Hoechst) as the only colloid. Perfusions were carried out at 5 and 10 C for 19 hr, and function was tested by autografting. All of the kidneys perfused at the higher temperature showed immediate life-sustaining function after transplantation and contralateral nephrectomy, whereas only one graft of five perfused at the lower temperature showed any function. The suitability of the Haemaccel solution as a vehicle for introducing the cryoprotective agent glycerol was tested by perfusing kidneys for 4 hr with a solutiont containing 2% glycerol; the function of these organs was similar to that of kidneys transplanted without perfusion. Ultrastructural examination of kidneys perfused for 24 hr at 10 C showed excellent structural preservation, but measurements of water and ion contents and the penetration of marker molecules in nonmetabolizing kidneys showed 2.8% Haemaccel to be somewhat less effective than 6% bovine serum albumin in stabilizing these values. The Haemaccel perfusate is considered to be highly suitable for the introduction and removal of cryoprotective agents, and the results of hypothermic preservation by continuous perfusion are encouraging.", "PMID": 329494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11157", "title": "Antitubular basement membrane antibodies in renal allograft rejection.", "content": "In a patient with an episode of acute renal allograft rejection, antibodies to tubular basement membranes (TBM) were noted by direct immunofluorescence in a renal biopsy and by indirect immunofluorescence in the serum. The serum antibodies decreased gradually and became undetectable 3 months after the rejected kidney was removed. Anti-RBM antibodies eluted from the rejected kidney were capable of binding in vitro to TBM but not to glomerular basement membranes (GBM) in 39 of 40 human kidneys and various animal kidneys. The specificity was confirmed by blocking studies showing inhibition with ultrasonicated human TBM but not with GBM preparations. Passive transfer experiments showed that anti-TBM antibodies were able to bind in vivo to normal rabbit kidneys, although they could not elicit an inflammatory response. The possible mechanisms of production of anti-TBM antibodies and their potential significance in graft loss are discussed.", "contents": "Antitubular basement membrane antibodies in renal allograft rejection. In a patient with an episode of acute renal allograft rejection, antibodies to tubular basement membranes (TBM) were noted by direct immunofluorescence in a renal biopsy and by indirect immunofluorescence in the serum. The serum antibodies decreased gradually and became undetectable 3 months after the rejected kidney was removed. Anti-RBM antibodies eluted from the rejected kidney were capable of binding in vitro to TBM but not to glomerular basement membranes (GBM) in 39 of 40 human kidneys and various animal kidneys. The specificity was confirmed by blocking studies showing inhibition with ultrasonicated human TBM but not with GBM preparations. Passive transfer experiments showed that anti-TBM antibodies were able to bind in vivo to normal rabbit kidneys, although they could not elicit an inflammatory response. The possible mechanisms of production of anti-TBM antibodies and their potential significance in graft loss are discussed.", "PMID": 329495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11158", "title": "Recurrent idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis.", "content": "This study reports the clinical and pathological findings in a patient with recurrent membranous glomerulonephritis following transplantation of an HLA-identical kidney. Such a recurrence has been previously reported only once, although membranous glomerulonephritis is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. This case confirms that membranous glomerulonephritis may occasionally recur following renal transplantation and demonstrates that immunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies may be necessary to distinguish recurrent, membranous glomerulonephritis from the membranous changes frequently seen with chronic rejection. In light of the apparent low incidence of recurrent membranous glomerulonephritis, renal transplantation remains an excellent therapeutic option in this disease.", "contents": "Recurrent idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. This study reports the clinical and pathological findings in a patient with recurrent membranous glomerulonephritis following transplantation of an HLA-identical kidney. Such a recurrence has been previously reported only once, although membranous glomerulonephritis is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. This case confirms that membranous glomerulonephritis may occasionally recur following renal transplantation and demonstrates that immunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies may be necessary to distinguish recurrent, membranous glomerulonephritis from the membranous changes frequently seen with chronic rejection. In light of the apparent low incidence of recurrent membranous glomerulonephritis, renal transplantation remains an excellent therapeutic option in this disease.", "PMID": 329496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11159", "title": "[Coated vesicles and their functional role in animal cells].", "content": "A review is made of the structural organization of coated vesicles, their contents, mode of formation and of destruction and intracellular routes in different cells of various species. Special attention is given to the participation of coated vesicles in the segregation and transferring of diverse substances in the cytoplasm, as well as to the final biological effects of these substances on cell metabolizm. The participation of coated vesicles in intracellular digestion, secretion and neurosecretion, in vitellogenesis and some other cellular function is considered in details.", "contents": "[Coated vesicles and their functional role in animal cells]. A review is made of the structural organization of coated vesicles, their contents, mode of formation and of destruction and intracellular routes in different cells of various species. Special attention is given to the participation of coated vesicles in the segregation and transferring of diverse substances in the cytoplasm, as well as to the final biological effects of these substances on cell metabolizm. The participation of coated vesicles in intracellular digestion, secretion and neurosecretion, in vitellogenesis and some other cellular function is considered in details.", "PMID": 329503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11160", "title": "[Effect of fixation in Carnoy's solution on nucleic acid and protein concentration in the rabbit superior cervical sympathetic ganglion].", "content": "By means of biochemical techniques, the stability of RNA, DNA and protein contents has been demonstrated in the rabbit superior cervical sympathetic node fixed in Carnoy's solution for 2 hours at 4 degrees C. A 2 hour fixation in Carnoy's fluid at room temperature, results, however, in a considerable loss of RNA (21%). The loss of DNA and protein did not exceed 2% of the total amount of the fresh ganglion tissue. Fixation at a higher temperature (37%) increased the loss percentage protein and of nucleic acids: 3.1, 5.5 and 42%, for protein, DNA and RNA, resp.", "contents": "[Effect of fixation in Carnoy's solution on nucleic acid and protein concentration in the rabbit superior cervical sympathetic ganglion]. By means of biochemical techniques, the stability of RNA, DNA and protein contents has been demonstrated in the rabbit superior cervical sympathetic node fixed in Carnoy's solution for 2 hours at 4 degrees C. A 2 hour fixation in Carnoy's fluid at room temperature, results, however, in a considerable loss of RNA (21%). The loss of DNA and protein did not exceed 2% of the total amount of the fresh ganglion tissue. Fixation at a higher temperature (37%) increased the loss percentage protein and of nucleic acids: 3.1, 5.5 and 42%, for protein, DNA and RNA, resp.", "PMID": 329504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11161", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction of shigellae with cell cultures. III. Functional-structural changes in transplanted amniotic cells exposed to extracellular Flexner shigellae].", "content": "A quantitative changes of RNA and proteins and structural peculiarities of compensative-regenerative character were discovered in amnion cells subjected to the action of extracellular virulent shigellas by means of successive cytophotometry and electron microscopy. The long contact with the bacteria lead to increased degenerative changes in the cell cytoplasm. The arising changes seem to involve toxicity caused by the action of exometabolites of Shigella flexneri.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction of shigellae with cell cultures. III. Functional-structural changes in transplanted amniotic cells exposed to extracellular Flexner shigellae]. A quantitative changes of RNA and proteins and structural peculiarities of compensative-regenerative character were discovered in amnion cells subjected to the action of extracellular virulent shigellas by means of successive cytophotometry and electron microscopy. The long contact with the bacteria lead to increased degenerative changes in the cell cytoplasm. The arising changes seem to involve toxicity caused by the action of exometabolites of Shigella flexneri.", "PMID": 329505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11162", "title": "[Preparation and characteristics of antisera to individual histone fractions].", "content": "A method is described of preparation and characterization of antisera to pure individual histone fractions not conjugated with other proteins or haptens. Rabbits were given two injections of the antigen and the whole immunization schedule took only three weeks. The antisera were characterized by immunofluorescent technique using mouse liver sections and smears of rat liver nuclei.", "contents": "[Preparation and characteristics of antisera to individual histone fractions]. A method is described of preparation and characterization of antisera to pure individual histone fractions not conjugated with other proteins or haptens. Rabbits were given two injections of the antigen and the whole immunization schedule took only three weeks. The antisera were characterized by immunofluorescent technique using mouse liver sections and smears of rat liver nuclei.", "PMID": 329506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11163", "title": "Advantages of megavolt electron microscopy in biological research.", "content": "New electron microscopes, operating within the megavolt range have opened important prospects for scientific research. These microscopes were, at first, mainly used by physicists and metallurgists; but nowadays more and more biologists are interested in high voltage electron microscopy: they have obtained important and significant results. The present paper gives more information concerning experiments that have been achieved in Toulouse with our two big instruments working at 1 million volts (1 MV) and three million volts (3 MV).", "contents": "Advantages of megavolt electron microscopy in biological research. New electron microscopes, operating within the megavolt range have opened important prospects for scientific research. These microscopes were, at first, mainly used by physicists and metallurgists; but nowadays more and more biologists are interested in high voltage electron microscopy: they have obtained important and significant results. The present paper gives more information concerning experiments that have been achieved in Toulouse with our two big instruments working at 1 million volts (1 MV) and three million volts (3 MV).", "PMID": 329512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11164", "title": "Malignancies associated with renal transplantation.", "content": "An increased incidence of cancer occurs in renal homograft recipients. Malignancies may be inadvertently transplanted with the kidney from donors with cancer, or may arise de novo at some time after transplantation. The latter tumors occur on an average of thirty-four months after the operation. The most common tumors are carcinomas of the skin and lip, lymphomas (mostly reticulum cell sarcomas), and carcinomas of the cervix of the uterus. The lymphomas have a marked predilection for the central nervous system. Besides conventional cancer therapy, reduction or cessation of immunosuppression may be warranted. The development of malignancies is not a contraindication to renal transplantation since the over-all death rate from cancer in kidney homograft recipients is low.", "contents": "Malignancies associated with renal transplantation. An increased incidence of cancer occurs in renal homograft recipients. Malignancies may be inadvertently transplanted with the kidney from donors with cancer, or may arise de novo at some time after transplantation. The latter tumors occur on an average of thirty-four months after the operation. The most common tumors are carcinomas of the skin and lip, lymphomas (mostly reticulum cell sarcomas), and carcinomas of the cervix of the uterus. The lymphomas have a marked predilection for the central nervous system. Besides conventional cancer therapy, reduction or cessation of immunosuppression may be warranted. The development of malignancies is not a contraindication to renal transplantation since the over-all death rate from cancer in kidney homograft recipients is low.", "PMID": 329521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11165", "title": "Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Comparative study of sisomicin and gentamicin.", "content": "The efficacy and safety of the two aminoglycoside antibiotics, sisomicin and gentamicin, were investigated in a prospective randomized study of 100 elderly male patients with complicated urinary tract infections. Both drugs were administered intramuscularly, sisomicin twice daily and gentamicin three times daily according to body weight. All bacteria isolated from the urine were sensitive to both antibiotics by disk sensitivity method. Seventy per cent of the patients treated with sisomicn and 63 per cent of those treated with gentamicin were cured of infection. There was no apparent toxicity noted from either drug. The twice daily sisomicin administration appeared to be as effective and safe as the three times daily administration of gentamicin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Comparative study of sisomicin and gentamicin. The efficacy and safety of the two aminoglycoside antibiotics, sisomicin and gentamicin, were investigated in a prospective randomized study of 100 elderly male patients with complicated urinary tract infections. Both drugs were administered intramuscularly, sisomicin twice daily and gentamicin three times daily according to body weight. All bacteria isolated from the urine were sensitive to both antibiotics by disk sensitivity method. Seventy per cent of the patients treated with sisomicn and 63 per cent of those treated with gentamicin were cured of infection. There was no apparent toxicity noted from either drug. The twice daily sisomicin administration appeared to be as effective and safe as the three times daily administration of gentamicin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 329522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11166", "title": "Intrarenal mycotic aneurysm.", "content": "A case is presented of a sixty-seven-year-old man in whom Escherichia coli septicemia developed after catheterization, followed by left renal hemorrhage due to an intrarenal mycotic aneurysm. Because of clinical circumstances that prevailed, treatment was nonsurgical consisting of multiple blood transfusions and intravenous antibiotics. The aneurysm healed spontaneously as proved by subsequent renal arteriography.", "contents": "Intrarenal mycotic aneurysm. A case is presented of a sixty-seven-year-old man in whom Escherichia coli septicemia developed after catheterization, followed by left renal hemorrhage due to an intrarenal mycotic aneurysm. Because of clinical circumstances that prevailed, treatment was nonsurgical consisting of multiple blood transfusions and intravenous antibiotics. The aneurysm healed spontaneously as proved by subsequent renal arteriography.", "PMID": 329523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11167", "title": "The historical development of the staging of bladder tumors: personal reminiscences.", "content": "Since 1943 we have attempted to stage infiltrating tumors of the bladder. This original grouping required minor revisions as time went on in order to furnish information of prognostic value. The original classification of tumors into A, B1, B2, and C, widely used in the United States and abroad, was improved by Marshall's addition fo O and D, and especially by its conversion into the Tumor Nodes and Metastasis (TNM) System. This latter now appears to be standard for the western World. It is disappointing that the surgical results are not better for the superficial group, even after external radiotherapy. Most probably a markedly improved success rate will depend on new anticancer agents.", "contents": "The historical development of the staging of bladder tumors: personal reminiscences. Since 1943 we have attempted to stage infiltrating tumors of the bladder. This original grouping required minor revisions as time went on in order to furnish information of prognostic value. The original classification of tumors into A, B1, B2, and C, widely used in the United States and abroad, was improved by Marshall's addition fo O and D, and especially by its conversion into the Tumor Nodes and Metastasis (TNM) System. This latter now appears to be standard for the western World. It is disappointing that the surgical results are not better for the superficial group, even after external radiotherapy. Most probably a markedly improved success rate will depend on new anticancer agents.", "PMID": 329533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11168", "title": "Retinal neovascularization in sickle cell retinopathy.", "content": "Neovascularization of the retina occurs in several types of sickle cell hemoglobinopathies and is highly characteristic in appearance. It arises in the equatorial plane of the fundus following preliminary arteriolar occlusions and arteriolar-venular anastomoses. Neovascular sea fans arise at the interface of perfused and nonperfused portions of the retina, starting during the first decade of life and continuing for many years thereafter. Although some sea fans undergo spontaneous autoinfarction, most show progressive growth and constant intravitreal transudation of plasma components. Traction on the sea fans and the retina results in bleeding into the vitreous, retinal tears, and retinal detachment. Therapeutic intervention with a variety of coagulative techniques is feasible and is usually indicated whenever sea fans are discovered. All therapeutic modalities are capable of inducing significant complications. This is particularly true of argon laser photocoagulation when energy is concentrated into small areas (less than 200 mu) for short durations (less than 0.2 second). With appropriate precautions, photocoagulation results in a high rate of successful obliteration of neovascular tissue. Both vitrectomy and scleral buckling are valuable therapeutic procedures, but both have disproportionately high complication rates in eyes with the propensity for intravascular sickling of erythrocytes. Specific prophylactic measures are therefore indicated when these operative techniques are employed in patients with sickle cell diseases.", "contents": "Retinal neovascularization in sickle cell retinopathy. Neovascularization of the retina occurs in several types of sickle cell hemoglobinopathies and is highly characteristic in appearance. It arises in the equatorial plane of the fundus following preliminary arteriolar occlusions and arteriolar-venular anastomoses. Neovascular sea fans arise at the interface of perfused and nonperfused portions of the retina, starting during the first decade of life and continuing for many years thereafter. Although some sea fans undergo spontaneous autoinfarction, most show progressive growth and constant intravitreal transudation of plasma components. Traction on the sea fans and the retina results in bleeding into the vitreous, retinal tears, and retinal detachment. Therapeutic intervention with a variety of coagulative techniques is feasible and is usually indicated whenever sea fans are discovered. All therapeutic modalities are capable of inducing significant complications. This is particularly true of argon laser photocoagulation when energy is concentrated into small areas (less than 200 mu) for short durations (less than 0.2 second). With appropriate precautions, photocoagulation results in a high rate of successful obliteration of neovascular tissue. Both vitrectomy and scleral buckling are valuable therapeutic procedures, but both have disproportionately high complication rates in eyes with the propensity for intravascular sickling of erythrocytes. Specific prophylactic measures are therefore indicated when these operative techniques are employed in patients with sickle cell diseases.", "PMID": 329529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11169", "title": "A review of exertional rhabdomyolysis in wild and domestic animals and man.", "content": "Exertional rhabdomyolysis is a condition arising in several species of newly captured wild animals after some form of physical exertion and stress. It is characterized by muscle necrosis and myoglobinuria. Death may result from secondary renal failure, acute or chronic heart failure and progressive emaciation.", "contents": "A review of exertional rhabdomyolysis in wild and domestic animals and man. Exertional rhabdomyolysis is a condition arising in several species of newly captured wild animals after some form of physical exertion and stress. It is characterized by muscle necrosis and myoglobinuria. Death may result from secondary renal failure, acute or chronic heart failure and progressive emaciation.", "PMID": 329536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11170", "title": "Reproductive failure in the pig: diagnosis and control.", "content": "An approach to reproductive failure in pigs, based on the regular collection and analysis of performance records is proposed. Inovlvement at this level gives veterinary surgeons familiarity with herd mangement and economics. The use of control charts to monitor performance is also advocated for detecting problems as they arise. When failure occurs, a stage-by-stage clinical investigation of the whole breeding programme is advisable. Post mortem studies may also be useful in detecting specific pathological changes. Diagnostic tests should only be used to confirm diagnoses. Having established the source and extent of the failure, and its likely cost, if uncorrected, appropriate measures can be considered. Three principal methods of control are discussed.", "contents": "Reproductive failure in the pig: diagnosis and control. An approach to reproductive failure in pigs, based on the regular collection and analysis of performance records is proposed. Inovlvement at this level gives veterinary surgeons familiarity with herd mangement and economics. The use of control charts to monitor performance is also advocated for detecting problems as they arise. When failure occurs, a stage-by-stage clinical investigation of the whole breeding programme is advisable. Post mortem studies may also be useful in detecting specific pathological changes. Diagnostic tests should only be used to confirm diagnoses. Having established the source and extent of the failure, and its likely cost, if uncorrected, appropriate measures can be considered. Three principal methods of control are discussed.", "PMID": 329537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11171", "title": "Medicare-Medicaid reimbursement policies: report of a study conducted by the Institute of Medicine.", "content": "On contract with the Social Security Administration, a special steering committee of the institute of Medicine was appointed to (1) study and report on equitable methods of reimbursement for physician's services under Titles 18 and 19 in teaching hospitals; (2) determine to what extent funds from the act are supporting training in specialties in excess supply; (3) determine how funds could be expended to support a more rational distribution of physician manpower both geographically and by specialty; (4) determine the extent these federal funds are being used to encourage teaching programs attracting disproportionate numbers of foreign medical graduates; and (5) determine the extent to which these funds are expended to meet the salaries of interns and residents. Ninety-six hospitals were field studied and 1,400 hospitals studied by questionnaire. These studies have now been completed and reports forwarded to Congress, the Health, Education and Welfare Department (HEW), and the Social Security Administration.", "contents": "Medicare-Medicaid reimbursement policies: report of a study conducted by the Institute of Medicine. On contract with the Social Security Administration, a special steering committee of the institute of Medicine was appointed to (1) study and report on equitable methods of reimbursement for physician's services under Titles 18 and 19 in teaching hospitals; (2) determine to what extent funds from the act are supporting training in specialties in excess supply; (3) determine how funds could be expended to support a more rational distribution of physician manpower both geographically and by specialty; (4) determine the extent these federal funds are being used to encourage teaching programs attracting disproportionate numbers of foreign medical graduates; and (5) determine the extent to which these funds are expended to meet the salaries of interns and residents. Ninety-six hospitals were field studied and 1,400 hospitals studied by questionnaire. These studies have now been completed and reports forwarded to Congress, the Health, Education and Welfare Department (HEW), and the Social Security Administration.", "PMID": 329531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11172", "title": "Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology in head and neck cancer surgery.", "content": "A prospective study of wound infections following major head and neck cancer surgery was undertaken to define a rational approach to trials of antibiotic prophylaxis and initial therapy of these infections. Preoperative aerobic cultures were taken from the planned site of skin incision and from the oropharynx. Both aerobic and anaerobic cultures were obtained from all wound infections. Patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics were excluded from the study. The data indicate that preoperative cultures are not usually predictive of the bacteriology of subsequent wound infection. Mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora were cultured from most wound infections, and usually reflected normal anaerobic oropharyngeal flora, exogenously acquired Staphylococcus aureus, or both. Bacteroides fragilis was not cultured in this series. Antibiotics selected for trials of prophylaxis or initial treatment of these infections should cover both the resident oral aerobic and anaerobic flora and S aureus. Coverage for B fragilis does not appear necessary. Antibiotic choices might include penicillin G plus a penicillinase-resistant penicillin or a parenteral cephalosporin.", "contents": "Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology in head and neck cancer surgery. A prospective study of wound infections following major head and neck cancer surgery was undertaken to define a rational approach to trials of antibiotic prophylaxis and initial therapy of these infections. Preoperative aerobic cultures were taken from the planned site of skin incision and from the oropharynx. Both aerobic and anaerobic cultures were obtained from all wound infections. Patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics were excluded from the study. The data indicate that preoperative cultures are not usually predictive of the bacteriology of subsequent wound infection. Mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora were cultured from most wound infections, and usually reflected normal anaerobic oropharyngeal flora, exogenously acquired Staphylococcus aureus, or both. Bacteroides fragilis was not cultured in this series. Antibiotics selected for trials of prophylaxis or initial treatment of these infections should cover both the resident oral aerobic and anaerobic flora and S aureus. Coverage for B fragilis does not appear necessary. Antibiotic choices might include penicillin G plus a penicillinase-resistant penicillin or a parenteral cephalosporin.", "PMID": 329532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11173", "title": "A case of tracheal collapse in the dog.", "content": "An eight-year-old male Yorkshire terrier which had had a cough for two years was presented and a diagnosis of tracheal collapse was made after examination with a bronchoscope. It was decided to try to correct the tracheal defect by plication. Two weeks after the operation the dog was examined under general anaesthesia. Although traction had exposed a part of the thoracic trachea it was not sufficient in this case to achieve a complete repair. In view of a grave prognosis, the dog was destroyed.", "contents": "A case of tracheal collapse in the dog. An eight-year-old male Yorkshire terrier which had had a cough for two years was presented and a diagnosis of tracheal collapse was made after examination with a bronchoscope. It was decided to try to correct the tracheal defect by plication. Two weeks after the operation the dog was examined under general anaesthesia. Although traction had exposed a part of the thoracic trachea it was not sufficient in this case to achieve a complete repair. In view of a grave prognosis, the dog was destroyed.", "PMID": 329544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11174", "title": "[Primary free dermatoplasty in surgical treatment of skin melanoma].", "content": "At the P. A. Herzen Research Institute of Oncology since 1967 to 1974 during surgical treatment of 108 patients with skin melanoma 114 plastic operations were performed, using free skin plasty with full-sickness graft perforated after the B. V. Parin technic. An analysis of the immediate results of the treatment indicated that complete healing of the graft was gained in 85 (76.4+) cases, partial necrosis being noted in 18 (15.8%), total necrosis--in 8 (7%), suppuration--in 3 (2.6%). Late results of the treatment were followed up in 105 of 108 patients. Recurrences in the graft were observed in 3 patients. Disseminated skin proximal to the transplanted graft--in 6 patients, recurrences in a scar above the graft--in 2.", "contents": "[Primary free dermatoplasty in surgical treatment of skin melanoma]. At the P. A. Herzen Research Institute of Oncology since 1967 to 1974 during surgical treatment of 108 patients with skin melanoma 114 plastic operations were performed, using free skin plasty with full-sickness graft perforated after the B. V. Parin technic. An analysis of the immediate results of the treatment indicated that complete healing of the graft was gained in 85 (76.4+) cases, partial necrosis being noted in 18 (15.8%), total necrosis--in 8 (7%), suppuration--in 3 (2.6%). Late results of the treatment were followed up in 105 of 108 patients. Recurrences in the graft were observed in 3 patients. Disseminated skin proximal to the transplanted graft--in 6 patients, recurrences in a scar above the graft--in 2.", "PMID": 329578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11175", "title": "[Immunologic reactivity in different courses of stomach cancer].", "content": "The immunological status was examined in 106 patients with cancer of the stomach, who were subjected to different operative interventions. 74 of them were considered to be operable and 32-inoperable. The immunological activity was compared (according to the tests of cell immunity and general immunological reactivity) in aggressive--unfavourable and torpid-favourable course of the disease. A torpid course of the lesion after surgery for gastric cancer was associated with stabilization and some activation of immune response indices. However, radical operations fail to provide the normalization of these tests, and the state of immune depression in the patients would persist. An aggressive course of the lesion after surgery for gastric cancer was associated with considerable shifts in immunological tests indices toward their suppression, these being increased with the approach of patient's death.", "contents": "[Immunologic reactivity in different courses of stomach cancer]. The immunological status was examined in 106 patients with cancer of the stomach, who were subjected to different operative interventions. 74 of them were considered to be operable and 32-inoperable. The immunological activity was compared (according to the tests of cell immunity and general immunological reactivity) in aggressive--unfavourable and torpid-favourable course of the disease. A torpid course of the lesion after surgery for gastric cancer was associated with stabilization and some activation of immune response indices. However, radical operations fail to provide the normalization of these tests, and the state of immune depression in the patients would persist. An aggressive course of the lesion after surgery for gastric cancer was associated with considerable shifts in immunological tests indices toward their suppression, these being increased with the approach of patient's death.", "PMID": 329579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11176", "title": "[Permeability of dextran-bound nuclease through the vascular barrier and tumor cell membrane].", "content": "Under study was the permeability of nuclease Ser marcescens, bound covalently by the method of diazocombinations with m-amino benzyloxymethyl-dextran of the molecular weight 20 000, 40 000, 60 000 via the vascular barrier and the membrane of tumor cells. It is shown that dextran-bound nuclease as well as the native enzyme would penetrate into the intacts cells of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The rate of the modified nuclease penetration is dependent on dextran molecular weight. Along with the native enzyme also nuclease bound to dextran of the molecular weight 20 000 and 40 000 penetrates the vascular barrier. The permeability of the vascular barrier for dextran-bound nuclease is found to be considerably higher in tumor-bearing animals than in intact ones.", "contents": "[Permeability of dextran-bound nuclease through the vascular barrier and tumor cell membrane]. Under study was the permeability of nuclease Ser marcescens, bound covalently by the method of diazocombinations with m-amino benzyloxymethyl-dextran of the molecular weight 20 000, 40 000, 60 000 via the vascular barrier and the membrane of tumor cells. It is shown that dextran-bound nuclease as well as the native enzyme would penetrate into the intacts cells of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The rate of the modified nuclease penetration is dependent on dextran molecular weight. Along with the native enzyme also nuclease bound to dextran of the molecular weight 20 000 and 40 000 penetrates the vascular barrier. The permeability of the vascular barrier for dextran-bound nuclease is found to be considerably higher in tumor-bearing animals than in intact ones.", "PMID": 329582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11177", "title": "Metabolic activation of haloalkanes and tests in vitro for mutagenicity.", "content": "1. During incubation of 14CCl4, 14CHCl3, [14C]halothane, or 14CCl3F with liver microsomes and NADPH, considerable radioactivity is bound irreversibly to endoplasmic protein and lipid. However, no 14C was detected in the ribosomal RNA. 2. None of the four haloalkanes studied induced mutations after incubation with liver microsomes and the bacterial tester strains S. typhimurium TA 1535 and TA 1538. 3. Very low or no activity was associated with soluble protein or RNA added to incubation mixtures of the four haloalkanes with liver microsomes.", "contents": "Metabolic activation of haloalkanes and tests in vitro for mutagenicity. 1. During incubation of 14CCl4, 14CHCl3, [14C]halothane, or 14CCl3F with liver microsomes and NADPH, considerable radioactivity is bound irreversibly to endoplasmic protein and lipid. However, no 14C was detected in the ribosomal RNA. 2. None of the four haloalkanes studied induced mutations after incubation with liver microsomes and the bacterial tester strains S. typhimurium TA 1535 and TA 1538. 3. Very low or no activity was associated with soluble protein or RNA added to incubation mixtures of the four haloalkanes with liver microsomes.", "PMID": 329590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11178", "title": "[Regulation of the endocrine system].", "content": "The universal significance of the endocrine system for the regulation of the vital functions and the extra ordinarily high biological activity of the hormones require sensitive mechanisms of regulation within this system. The central nervous system is integrated into these regulatory processes and controls by neurotransmitters and hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting of the hormones the secretion of the hypophyseal and peripheral hormones. Central and peripheral feed-back mechanisms making possible the adaptation of the neuroendocrine system to changing external and internal conditions are operative between the peripheral endocrine glands and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system as well as during synthesis, transport, action and metabolism of hormones. The knowledge of the fundamental regulatory mechanisms is a presupposition for the effective diagnosis and therapy of endocrine dysfunctions.", "contents": "[Regulation of the endocrine system]. The universal significance of the endocrine system for the regulation of the vital functions and the extra ordinarily high biological activity of the hormones require sensitive mechanisms of regulation within this system. The central nervous system is integrated into these regulatory processes and controls by neurotransmitters and hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting of the hormones the secretion of the hypophyseal and peripheral hormones. Central and peripheral feed-back mechanisms making possible the adaptation of the neuroendocrine system to changing external and internal conditions are operative between the peripheral endocrine glands and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system as well as during synthesis, transport, action and metabolism of hormones. The knowledge of the fundamental regulatory mechanisms is a presupposition for the effective diagnosis and therapy of endocrine dysfunctions.", "PMID": 329594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11179", "title": "[Intensive supervision of labor with the help of the computor (author's transl)].", "content": "A system of supervision which we developed was described. With this system it is possible to make on-line evaluations of the CTG and postpartal blood analyses from the cord blood via computors (AEG 60-10 and AEG 60-50). The computed parameters together with all obstetrical data collected during the pregnancy (results from ultrasonic tests, estrogen and HPL analyses, anamnestic data and additional \"clinical findings\") as well as off-line evaluated CTG findings made during the course of the pregnancy were scored. The CTG is evaluated on-line via the \"cross correlation function\" and can be produced in a wide variety of parameters at any time during labor. The complete system is demonstrated on the basis of an individual case analysis. The first statistical individual case analyses of deceleration in CTG were compared with the classical Hon and Caldeyro-Barcia method of calculation.", "contents": "[Intensive supervision of labor with the help of the computor (author's transl)]. A system of supervision which we developed was described. With this system it is possible to make on-line evaluations of the CTG and postpartal blood analyses from the cord blood via computors (AEG 60-10 and AEG 60-50). The computed parameters together with all obstetrical data collected during the pregnancy (results from ultrasonic tests, estrogen and HPL analyses, anamnestic data and additional \"clinical findings\") as well as off-line evaluated CTG findings made during the course of the pregnancy were scored. The CTG is evaluated on-line via the \"cross correlation function\" and can be produced in a wide variety of parameters at any time during labor. The complete system is demonstrated on the basis of an individual case analysis. The first statistical individual case analyses of deceleration in CTG were compared with the classical Hon and Caldeyro-Barcia method of calculation.", "PMID": 329595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11180", "title": "The effects of cobra venom factor, an inhibitor of the complement system, on the sequence of morphological events in the rat kidney in experimental pyelonephritis.", "content": "Acute experimental pyelonephritis has been produced by a combination of mechanical ureteral obstruction and intravenous injection of E. coli (strain IMRU-54). The effects of administration of cobra venom factor, an inhibitor of the complement system, on the sequence of morphologic events in the kidneys have been studied by light and electron microscopy.Pronounced bacterial colonization and suppression of the infiltration of acute inflammatory cells into the kidney were present in the cobra venom factor treated rats on day 2. In these rats, in which the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was inhibited, renal structural damage was significantly reduced. The findings appear to indicate that the polymorphonuclear leukocytes infiltrating into the kidney play some role in damaging the renal parenchymal tissue in the early phase of E. coli induced acute pyelonephritis in rats.", "contents": "The effects of cobra venom factor, an inhibitor of the complement system, on the sequence of morphological events in the rat kidney in experimental pyelonephritis. Acute experimental pyelonephritis has been produced by a combination of mechanical ureteral obstruction and intravenous injection of E. coli (strain IMRU-54). The effects of administration of cobra venom factor, an inhibitor of the complement system, on the sequence of morphologic events in the kidneys have been studied by light and electron microscopy.Pronounced bacterial colonization and suppression of the infiltration of acute inflammatory cells into the kidney were present in the cobra venom factor treated rats on day 2. In these rats, in which the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was inhibited, renal structural damage was significantly reduced. The findings appear to indicate that the polymorphonuclear leukocytes infiltrating into the kidney play some role in damaging the renal parenchymal tissue in the early phase of E. coli induced acute pyelonephritis in rats.", "PMID": 329591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11181", "title": "[Some new aspects on appendicitis (author's transl)].", "content": "50% of all perforations of the vermiform appendix happen 12 hours or less after onset of the disease. Due to the fact that appendectomy is often done too late that the total mortality rate is still to high. This refers especially to infants and elderly people. Prae-, intra- and postoperative mistakes are analysed. Bacteriologically there are some new aspects concerning anaerobic infections with Bacteroides and Yersinia enterocolitica.", "contents": "[Some new aspects on appendicitis (author's transl)]. 50% of all perforations of the vermiform appendix happen 12 hours or less after onset of the disease. Due to the fact that appendectomy is often done too late that the total mortality rate is still to high. This refers especially to infants and elderly people. Prae-, intra- and postoperative mistakes are analysed. Bacteriologically there are some new aspects concerning anaerobic infections with Bacteroides and Yersinia enterocolitica.", "PMID": 329613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11182", "title": "The possible role of prolactin in pre-eclampsia.", "content": "The primary feature of pre-eclampsia is the pregnancy-associated rise in arterial pressure. Oedema and proteinuria also frequently occur. There is increased responsiveness to pressor agents. Prolactin is present in elevated amounts in human pregnancy and is found in very large quantities in amniotic fluid. Prolactin can cause renal retention of fluid and electrolytes, can elevate arterial pressure and can protentiate responses to pressor agents. It is suggested that either elevated prolactin levels or an increased responsiveness to normal prolactin levels may play a key role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.", "contents": "The possible role of prolactin in pre-eclampsia. The primary feature of pre-eclampsia is the pregnancy-associated rise in arterial pressure. Oedema and proteinuria also frequently occur. There is increased responsiveness to pressor agents. Prolactin is present in elevated amounts in human pregnancy and is found in very large quantities in amniotic fluid. Prolactin can cause renal retention of fluid and electrolytes, can elevate arterial pressure and can protentiate responses to pressor agents. It is suggested that either elevated prolactin levels or an increased responsiveness to normal prolactin levels may play a key role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.", "PMID": 329615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11183", "title": "Hemolysis induced by streptolysin S: kinetics of hemoglobin and 86Rubidium release.", "content": "Hemolysis of human erythrocytes produced by streptolysin S (SLS) was investigated. Kinetic studies of hemoglobin (Hb) release exhibited typical for SLS latent phase with hemolysis 30-60 minutes after addition of the toxin. Hb release was preceded by efflux of 86Rubidium (86Rb) which started at 5th-15th minutes after addition of the toxin. In erythrocytes treated with 2 HU/ml of SLS about 100% of 86Rb was released after 15 minutes; no hemolysis was observed at this time. Incubation of blood cells in 0.3 M sucrose or 6% DMSO prevented SLS induced hemolysis. Trypan blue was also inhibitory. Bovine serum albumin acclerated 86Rb and Hb release. The possible mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed. The results obtained indicate that SLS-produced hemolysis of human erythrocytes is an osmotic process.", "contents": "Hemolysis induced by streptolysin S: kinetics of hemoglobin and 86Rubidium release. Hemolysis of human erythrocytes produced by streptolysin S (SLS) was investigated. Kinetic studies of hemoglobin (Hb) release exhibited typical for SLS latent phase with hemolysis 30-60 minutes after addition of the toxin. Hb release was preceded by efflux of 86Rubidium (86Rb) which started at 5th-15th minutes after addition of the toxin. In erythrocytes treated with 2 HU/ml of SLS about 100% of 86Rb was released after 15 minutes; no hemolysis was observed at this time. Incubation of blood cells in 0.3 M sucrose or 6% DMSO prevented SLS induced hemolysis. Trypan blue was also inhibitory. Bovine serum albumin acclerated 86Rb and Hb release. The possible mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed. The results obtained indicate that SLS-produced hemolysis of human erythrocytes is an osmotic process.", "PMID": 329616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11184", "title": "R-factor-mediated antibiotic resistance in E. coli strains isolated from piglets in Sweden.", "content": "E. coli strains, isolated from piglets over the periods 1964-1968 and 1974-1975, were investigated and compared with respect to antibiotic resistance. The frequency of monoresistant strains decreased from 50% in 1964-68 to 27% in 1974-75, while that of strains showing double or multiple resistance increased from 13% to 22%. The proportions of the different resistance determinants were as follows (figures for 1964-68 within parentheses): Tetracycline 23% (49%), sulphaisodimidine 38% (24%), streptomycin 9% (3%), ampicillin 6% (1%), chloramphenicol 6% (0.5%) and neomycin 4% (0%). All the strains were sensitive to trimethoprim. In 1974-75 the resistance determinants were R factor-carried to the percentage numbers as follows: Tetracycline 53%, sulphaisodimidine 64%, streptomycin 77%, neomycin 65%, ampicillin 95% and chloramphenicol 90%. These determinants were with the exception of tetracycline and sulphaisodimidine predominantly present in multiply resistant strains.", "contents": "R-factor-mediated antibiotic resistance in E. coli strains isolated from piglets in Sweden. E. coli strains, isolated from piglets over the periods 1964-1968 and 1974-1975, were investigated and compared with respect to antibiotic resistance. The frequency of monoresistant strains decreased from 50% in 1964-68 to 27% in 1974-75, while that of strains showing double or multiple resistance increased from 13% to 22%. The proportions of the different resistance determinants were as follows (figures for 1964-68 within parentheses): Tetracycline 23% (49%), sulphaisodimidine 38% (24%), streptomycin 9% (3%), ampicillin 6% (1%), chloramphenicol 6% (0.5%) and neomycin 4% (0%). All the strains were sensitive to trimethoprim. In 1974-75 the resistance determinants were R factor-carried to the percentage numbers as follows: Tetracycline 53%, sulphaisodimidine 64%, streptomycin 77%, neomycin 65%, ampicillin 95% and chloramphenicol 90%. These determinants were with the exception of tetracycline and sulphaisodimidine predominantly present in multiply resistant strains.", "PMID": 329617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11185", "title": "[The growth curves of enterobacteriaceae and the estimation of L-forms under the influence of cephalosporin antibiotics].", "content": "The antibacterial effectiveness of cephalothin, cefazolin, cephacetrile and cephradine was investigated on growing cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae recording the growth curves with a biophotometer. Thereby cefazolin has a greater antibacterial activity than the other cephalosporins. By raising the dose to 100 microgram/ml after initial bactericidal effect a second growth phase was observed. Phase microscopic observation showed that this was caused by an increasing number of L-forms. This phenomenon could be observed with two other strains and seems to be a strain-specific characteristic. It occurs only using cephalosporins and isotonic nutrient media. The medical importance of the described ability of some bacteria as a factor of pathogenicity is discussed.", "contents": "[The growth curves of enterobacteriaceae and the estimation of L-forms under the influence of cephalosporin antibiotics]. The antibacterial effectiveness of cephalothin, cefazolin, cephacetrile and cephradine was investigated on growing cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae recording the growth curves with a biophotometer. Thereby cefazolin has a greater antibacterial activity than the other cephalosporins. By raising the dose to 100 microgram/ml after initial bactericidal effect a second growth phase was observed. Phase microscopic observation showed that this was caused by an increasing number of L-forms. This phenomenon could be observed with two other strains and seems to be a strain-specific characteristic. It occurs only using cephalosporins and isotonic nutrient media. The medical importance of the described ability of some bacteria as a factor of pathogenicity is discussed.", "PMID": 329618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11186", "title": "[Seroepidemiological investigations on the incidence of Brucella canis antibodies in man (author's transl)].", "content": "1915 serum samples of humans were examined in the serum tube agglutination test for antibodies to Brucella canis. 1400 random samples were from blood-donors, 480 samples from clinical patients and 35 samples from persons, exposed to dogs and material infected with Br. canis. Agglutinating antibodies to Br. canis antigen were detected in 6 sera (titers 1 X 1:400, 2 X 1:200, 3 X 1:100). In 3 cases positive results were confirmed by complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence tests. All serum samples with agglutinating antibodies were from healthy blood-donors. Serum samples from patients, and from 7 veterinary surgeons, 9 laboratory assistants and 19 animal care-takers had no agglutinating antibodies to Br. canis in a serum dilution of 1:50.", "contents": "[Seroepidemiological investigations on the incidence of Brucella canis antibodies in man (author's transl)]. 1915 serum samples of humans were examined in the serum tube agglutination test for antibodies to Brucella canis. 1400 random samples were from blood-donors, 480 samples from clinical patients and 35 samples from persons, exposed to dogs and material infected with Br. canis. Agglutinating antibodies to Br. canis antigen were detected in 6 sera (titers 1 X 1:400, 2 X 1:200, 3 X 1:100). In 3 cases positive results were confirmed by complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence tests. All serum samples with agglutinating antibodies were from healthy blood-donors. Serum samples from patients, and from 7 veterinary surgeons, 9 laboratory assistants and 19 animal care-takers had no agglutinating antibodies to Br. canis in a serum dilution of 1:50.", "PMID": 329619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11187", "title": "[Psychopathometrical results of follow-up studies of trichloroethylene-exposed persons (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven clinical healthy volunteers were exposed to trichloroethylene concentration in air with 520 mg/m3 (100 ppm) at an average 6 hours a day on 5 consecutive days. Corresponding volunteers were exposed to a placebo for the same period. --The persons were examined psychopathometrically and biochemically at the beginning and after every day of exposure. The trichloroethylene-metabolites in blood and urine were dated in order to quantify the loads. --Purpose of the psychopathometrical testing methods was the observation, whether a psychological impairment in the sense of a \"psychoorganic syndrome\" may occur under these exposition-conditions. --Standardized achievement-tests and self-report rating scales were used in order to demonstrate reversible physical provable psychosis that may be possible. Comparing the psychopathometrical results of the exposed and non-exposed volunteers no statistical significant difference was visible in spite of the analytically proved considerable incorporation of the solvent.", "contents": "[Psychopathometrical results of follow-up studies of trichloroethylene-exposed persons (author's transl)]. Seven clinical healthy volunteers were exposed to trichloroethylene concentration in air with 520 mg/m3 (100 ppm) at an average 6 hours a day on 5 consecutive days. Corresponding volunteers were exposed to a placebo for the same period. --The persons were examined psychopathometrically and biochemically at the beginning and after every day of exposure. The trichloroethylene-metabolites in blood and urine were dated in order to quantify the loads. --Purpose of the psychopathometrical testing methods was the observation, whether a psychological impairment in the sense of a \"psychoorganic syndrome\" may occur under these exposition-conditions. --Standardized achievement-tests and self-report rating scales were used in order to demonstrate reversible physical provable psychosis that may be possible. Comparing the psychopathometrical results of the exposed and non-exposed volunteers no statistical significant difference was visible in spite of the analytically proved considerable incorporation of the solvent.", "PMID": 329621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11188", "title": "[A contribution on the existence of salmonella in surgical wounds (author's transl)].", "content": "In a female patient with metastasizing carcinoma S. typhimurium was identified in the laparotomy wound during a period of roughly three weeks. Agglutinating antibodies were not detected. Pathogenetic and hygienic aspects are discussed.", "contents": "[A contribution on the existence of salmonella in surgical wounds (author's transl)]. In a female patient with metastasizing carcinoma S. typhimurium was identified in the laparotomy wound during a period of roughly three weeks. Agglutinating antibodies were not detected. Pathogenetic and hygienic aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 329622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11189", "title": "[Investigations made to test the demarcation line method (DLM) after Dienes for its suitability in the epidemiology of Proteus mirabilis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1946, DIENES observed that non-identical Proteus-strains, when swarming towards each other, were froming distinctly demarcated lines (\"DIENES' phenomenon\", demarcation (=AGL) phenomenon). Strains of the same origin were amalgamating without demarcation. In 1970, STURDZA studied this phenomenon and commented on its relevance for the epidemiology of nosocomial Proteus-infections. An increased number of Proteus-infections in Berlin was the reason that this procedure was tested for epidemiological purposes. Approx. 300 Proteus mirabilis-strains, tested on normal meat fluid agar, could be divided into 52 AGL-groups. When tested by several investigators, the coordination to any AGL-group seemed to be very subjective. Consequently, a DNase-agar with o-toluidinblue as an indicator, as had been mentioned by CHAMBERS in 1975, was used in order to give a more exact demonstration of AGL. This resulted in a reduction from 52 to 42 AGL-groups. Another 140 newly isolated Proteus-strains belonged to the 42 known as well as to another 42 new AGL-groups. Whether these 84 AGL-groups possess the constancy which is imperative for practical purposes, is however, still rather doubtful.", "contents": "[Investigations made to test the demarcation line method (DLM) after Dienes for its suitability in the epidemiology of Proteus mirabilis (author's transl)]. In 1946, DIENES observed that non-identical Proteus-strains, when swarming towards each other, were froming distinctly demarcated lines (\"DIENES' phenomenon\", demarcation (=AGL) phenomenon). Strains of the same origin were amalgamating without demarcation. In 1970, STURDZA studied this phenomenon and commented on its relevance for the epidemiology of nosocomial Proteus-infections. An increased number of Proteus-infections in Berlin was the reason that this procedure was tested for epidemiological purposes. Approx. 300 Proteus mirabilis-strains, tested on normal meat fluid agar, could be divided into 52 AGL-groups. When tested by several investigators, the coordination to any AGL-group seemed to be very subjective. Consequently, a DNase-agar with o-toluidinblue as an indicator, as had been mentioned by CHAMBERS in 1975, was used in order to give a more exact demonstration of AGL. This resulted in a reduction from 52 to 42 AGL-groups. Another 140 newly isolated Proteus-strains belonged to the 42 known as well as to another 42 new AGL-groups. Whether these 84 AGL-groups possess the constancy which is imperative for practical purposes, is however, still rather doubtful.", "PMID": 329623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11190", "title": "The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and steroids on the release of LH and FSH from incubated turkey pituitary cells.", "content": "The secretion of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (IR-LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (IR-FSH) by turkey pituitary cell suspensions has been investigated. No significant effects of synthetic ovine luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) on gonadotrophin release were found with cells from 17 to 19 weeks old birds, though IR-LH secretion was elevated with tissue from young (13 weeks) birds. Although IR-FSH secretion was increased in the presence of progesterone alone, effects of oestradiol and testosterone on IR-FSH release and of oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone on LH-RH release were observed when the steroid treatment was combined with that of LH-RH.", "contents": "The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and steroids on the release of LH and FSH from incubated turkey pituitary cells. The secretion of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (IR-LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (IR-FSH) by turkey pituitary cell suspensions has been investigated. No significant effects of synthetic ovine luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) on gonadotrophin release were found with cells from 17 to 19 weeks old birds, though IR-LH secretion was elevated with tissue from young (13 weeks) birds. Although IR-FSH secretion was increased in the presence of progesterone alone, effects of oestradiol and testosterone on IR-FSH release and of oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone on LH-RH release were observed when the steroid treatment was combined with that of LH-RH.", "PMID": 329625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11191", "title": "Total and \"activated\" peripheral blood T lymphocytes in patients with thyroid disorders.", "content": "The percentage of total and \"activated\" peripheral blood T lymphocytes was measured in patients with (i) hyperthyroid Graves' disease selected for absence of ophthalmopathy, (ii) treated Graves' disease, with ophthalmopathy, and (iii) other thyroid disorders including subacute thyroiditis, using sheep red blood cell rosette tests. No patient had significantly increased levels of either total or \"activated\" T lymphocytes. On the other hand, the percentage of total T cells was below normal in 8 of 18 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease and in 6 of 18 patients with ophthalmopathy compared with only one of 12 patients with nodular goitres. Similarly, low levels of \"activated\" T cells were demonstrated in 5 of 18 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease and in 10 of 18 patients with ophthalmopathy compared with only one of 12 patients with nodular goitres. Three of four patients with subacute thyroiditis tested had depressed levels of total T lymphocytes whilst only one had low levels of \"activated\" T lymphocytes. Levels returned to normal during the recovery phase in the two patients with positive tests who were retested. Depressed levels of T lymphocyte populations in patients with Graves' disease and subacute thyroiditis may be due to feedback suppression and/or \"exhaustion\" in association with the thyroidal and orbital immunological reactions.", "contents": "Total and \"activated\" peripheral blood T lymphocytes in patients with thyroid disorders. The percentage of total and \"activated\" peripheral blood T lymphocytes was measured in patients with (i) hyperthyroid Graves' disease selected for absence of ophthalmopathy, (ii) treated Graves' disease, with ophthalmopathy, and (iii) other thyroid disorders including subacute thyroiditis, using sheep red blood cell rosette tests. No patient had significantly increased levels of either total or \"activated\" T lymphocytes. On the other hand, the percentage of total T cells was below normal in 8 of 18 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease and in 6 of 18 patients with ophthalmopathy compared with only one of 12 patients with nodular goitres. Similarly, low levels of \"activated\" T cells were demonstrated in 5 of 18 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease and in 10 of 18 patients with ophthalmopathy compared with only one of 12 patients with nodular goitres. Three of four patients with subacute thyroiditis tested had depressed levels of total T lymphocytes whilst only one had low levels of \"activated\" T lymphocytes. Levels returned to normal during the recovery phase in the two patients with positive tests who were retested. Depressed levels of T lymphocyte populations in patients with Graves' disease and subacute thyroiditis may be due to feedback suppression and/or \"exhaustion\" in association with the thyroidal and orbital immunological reactions.", "PMID": 329626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11192", "title": "Current concepts in intrahepatic cholestasis.", "content": "The investigations on experimental intrahepatic cholestasis of the last 10 years suggest that any of several different functional alterations may lead to cholestasis. In most studies very high doses of cholestatic compounds have been used. The relevance of these studies to clinical syndroms of cholestasis which usually are observed at much lower doses, is unclear. One target of cholestatic compounds may be the lipid phase of several cell structures such as the sinusoidal and canalicular membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. By their capacity to interact with the lipid layer and proteins of membranes these compounds impair specific cellular functions: the activity of carrier proteins, the activity of the hydroxylating system and the energy supply. Another target may be the binding proteins in the cytoplasma and possibly the microfilaments. One may suggest that other factors such as interference with regulatory processes in the cell may be of interest in the future. So far the primary event of drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis is still unknown and it is not even clear whether the increased bile acid levels are cause or consequence of the cholestatic condition.", "contents": "Current concepts in intrahepatic cholestasis. The investigations on experimental intrahepatic cholestasis of the last 10 years suggest that any of several different functional alterations may lead to cholestasis. In most studies very high doses of cholestatic compounds have been used. The relevance of these studies to clinical syndroms of cholestasis which usually are observed at much lower doses, is unclear. One target of cholestatic compounds may be the lipid phase of several cell structures such as the sinusoidal and canalicular membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. By their capacity to interact with the lipid layer and proteins of membranes these compounds impair specific cellular functions: the activity of carrier proteins, the activity of the hydroxylating system and the energy supply. Another target may be the binding proteins in the cytoplasma and possibly the microfilaments. One may suggest that other factors such as interference with regulatory processes in the cell may be of interest in the future. So far the primary event of drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis is still unknown and it is not even clear whether the increased bile acid levels are cause or consequence of the cholestatic condition.", "PMID": 329628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11193", "title": "Perfusion fixation of kidneys in adult pigs for electron microscopy.", "content": "In five female pigs, weighing approximately 100 kg, laparotomy was made under surgical anesthesia. One kidney was removed for immersion fixation and enzyme histochemistry, while the other kidney was fixed by vascular perfusion without prior interruption of the blood flow. A step-by-step description is given of the perfusion procedure, which requires three assistant. Prior to perfusion, heparin was given in order to prevent intravascular coagulation. 1% glutaraldehyde in Tyrode's solution was used as perfusion fluid. Polyvinylpyrrolidone 2.5% was added in order to adjust the colloid osmotic pressure of the perfusion fluid to that of the blood. Perfusion was maintained for 5 min. The tubules appeared with open lumina, and the proximal tubular cells had evenly arranged brush borders and both lateral and intercellular spaces were narrow and of constant width.", "contents": "Perfusion fixation of kidneys in adult pigs for electron microscopy. In five female pigs, weighing approximately 100 kg, laparotomy was made under surgical anesthesia. One kidney was removed for immersion fixation and enzyme histochemistry, while the other kidney was fixed by vascular perfusion without prior interruption of the blood flow. A step-by-step description is given of the perfusion procedure, which requires three assistant. Prior to perfusion, heparin was given in order to prevent intravascular coagulation. 1% glutaraldehyde in Tyrode's solution was used as perfusion fluid. Polyvinylpyrrolidone 2.5% was added in order to adjust the colloid osmotic pressure of the perfusion fluid to that of the blood. Perfusion was maintained for 5 min. The tubules appeared with open lumina, and the proximal tubular cells had evenly arranged brush borders and both lateral and intercellular spaces were narrow and of constant width.", "PMID": 329632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11194", "title": "PHA dose dependent defect in lymphocyte stimulation and E-rosette-forming cells in untreated Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "14 untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were tested for lymphocte reactivity in vitro to optimal and suboptimal doses of PHA. A PHA dose-dependent defect in lymphocyte stimulation was demonstrated in patients when compared with a group of normal individuals. No correlation between the in vitro defect and decreased absolute number of E-rosette-forming cells (T-lymphocytes) in peripheral blood was found.", "contents": "PHA dose dependent defect in lymphocyte stimulation and E-rosette-forming cells in untreated Hodgkin's disease. 14 untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were tested for lymphocte reactivity in vitro to optimal and suboptimal doses of PHA. A PHA dose-dependent defect in lymphocyte stimulation was demonstrated in patients when compared with a group of normal individuals. No correlation between the in vitro defect and decreased absolute number of E-rosette-forming cells (T-lymphocytes) in peripheral blood was found.", "PMID": 329629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11195", "title": "Microbial aggregate contamination of water lines in dental equipment and its control.", "content": "Water from some dental clinics has been examined and found to be discoloured, badly tasting and with a foul odour. Moreover, brown or black flakes were often present in tap water, as well as in the water lines of dental equipment. Examination by phase-contrast and electron microscope showed the flakes to consist of aggregated fungi and bacteria, and similar structures were found in a layer on the inner surfaces of the clinics water tubes and pipes. The ultrastructure of some aggregating microorganisms, including fungal hyphae and sheath-forming and stalked bacteria, was studied in detail, and several modes of aggregation were suggested. Cultivation of contaminated water samples revealed the presence of filamentous fungi, including Cladosporium and Cephalosporium, and of non-fluorescent Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, and Moraxella (?). Removal of microorganisms from the walls of the tubing was effectively accomplished by rinsing with the non-corrosive solution of 4 per cent Tween 80, coloured with Ponceau 4 R.", "contents": "Microbial aggregate contamination of water lines in dental equipment and its control. Water from some dental clinics has been examined and found to be discoloured, badly tasting and with a foul odour. Moreover, brown or black flakes were often present in tap water, as well as in the water lines of dental equipment. Examination by phase-contrast and electron microscope showed the flakes to consist of aggregated fungi and bacteria, and similar structures were found in a layer on the inner surfaces of the clinics water tubes and pipes. The ultrastructure of some aggregating microorganisms, including fungal hyphae and sheath-forming and stalked bacteria, was studied in detail, and several modes of aggregation were suggested. Cultivation of contaminated water samples revealed the presence of filamentous fungi, including Cladosporium and Cephalosporium, and of non-fluorescent Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, and Moraxella (?). Removal of microorganisms from the walls of the tubing was effectively accomplished by rinsing with the non-corrosive solution of 4 per cent Tween 80, coloured with Ponceau 4 R.", "PMID": 329637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11196", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of tellurite reduction in Acholeplasma species.", "content": "Aerobic reduction of tellurite by five Acholeplasma species and two Mycoplasma species was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Among the Acholeplasma species, colonies of A. laidlawii and A. oculi exhibited a heavy, macroscopically visible reduction of tellurite, whereas the reaction of A. axanthum was weaker. A. granularum and A. modicum did not reduce the substrate under the experimental conditions employed. The two subspecies of M. mycoides also reacted with tellurite, as did also the investigated strain of M. bovigenitalium although to a lesser extent. Ultrastructurally, reduction sites were localized to the cytoplasmic membrane in the three tellurite positive Acholeplasma species and apparently to the cytoplasm of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Reduction sites could not be demonstrated in M. mycoides subsp. capri and in M. bovigenitalium. The results support previous evidence obtained by biochemical methods which indicates membrane localization of redox enzymes in Acholeplasmas.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of tellurite reduction in Acholeplasma species. Aerobic reduction of tellurite by five Acholeplasma species and two Mycoplasma species was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Among the Acholeplasma species, colonies of A. laidlawii and A. oculi exhibited a heavy, macroscopically visible reduction of tellurite, whereas the reaction of A. axanthum was weaker. A. granularum and A. modicum did not reduce the substrate under the experimental conditions employed. The two subspecies of M. mycoides also reacted with tellurite, as did also the investigated strain of M. bovigenitalium although to a lesser extent. Ultrastructurally, reduction sites were localized to the cytoplasmic membrane in the three tellurite positive Acholeplasma species and apparently to the cytoplasm of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Reduction sites could not be demonstrated in M. mycoides subsp. capri and in M. bovigenitalium. The results support previous evidence obtained by biochemical methods which indicates membrane localization of redox enzymes in Acholeplasmas.", "PMID": 329638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11197", "title": "The tendency of smooth and rough Salmonella typhimurium bacteria and lipopolysaccharide to hydrophobic and ionic interaction, as studied in aqueous polymer two-phase systems.", "content": "In aqueous two-phase system, the partition of bacteria and lipopolysaccharide from a rough (R) strain (Rd-mutant) of Salmonella typhimurium is influenced by polymers with covalently linked hydrophobic groups indicating hydrophobic structures accessible at the cell surface. Furthermore, the partition of the R bacteria is influenced by a number of inorganic positive and negative ions, presumably as a consequence of interaction with negatively charged surface structures. In contrast, smooth (S) bacteria and lipopolysaccharide from the parent strain do not seem to participate in either hydrophobic or charge interaction indicating extensive hydrophilicity without charge. Thus, the S-specific polysaccharide side chain of S. typhimurium might serve the purpose of blindfolding aspecific host defence mechanisms dependent on hydrophobicity and charge. On the contrary, the R bacteria and R lipopolysaccharide have physico-chemical properties which predispose to interaction with several types of cells, organelles and molecules.", "contents": "The tendency of smooth and rough Salmonella typhimurium bacteria and lipopolysaccharide to hydrophobic and ionic interaction, as studied in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. In aqueous two-phase system, the partition of bacteria and lipopolysaccharide from a rough (R) strain (Rd-mutant) of Salmonella typhimurium is influenced by polymers with covalently linked hydrophobic groups indicating hydrophobic structures accessible at the cell surface. Furthermore, the partition of the R bacteria is influenced by a number of inorganic positive and negative ions, presumably as a consequence of interaction with negatively charged surface structures. In contrast, smooth (S) bacteria and lipopolysaccharide from the parent strain do not seem to participate in either hydrophobic or charge interaction indicating extensive hydrophilicity without charge. Thus, the S-specific polysaccharide side chain of S. typhimurium might serve the purpose of blindfolding aspecific host defence mechanisms dependent on hydrophobicity and charge. On the contrary, the R bacteria and R lipopolysaccharide have physico-chemical properties which predispose to interaction with several types of cells, organelles and molecules.", "PMID": 329639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11198", "title": "Observations on the morphology at the transition between the peripheral and the central nervous system in the cat. I. A preparative procedure useful for electron microscopy of the lumbosacral dorsal.", "content": "A preparatory method, considered to preserve the ultrastructure of the transitional region of lumbosacral dorsal roots in a \"useful\" way has been tested out. The method consists of vascular perfusion with 5% glutaraldehyde dissolyed in a 300 mOsm Millonig buffer containing 200 mOsm sucrose and 2.7% low molecular dextran, a postfixation in the same medium, a rinse overnight in a normoton phosphate buffer containing 200 mOsm sucrose, an asmication in 2% OsO4 dissolved in a phosphate buffer, an extensive stepwise dehydration starting in 10% acetone and, finally, embedding in Vestopal W.", "contents": "Observations on the morphology at the transition between the peripheral and the central nervous system in the cat. I. A preparative procedure useful for electron microscopy of the lumbosacral dorsal. A preparatory method, considered to preserve the ultrastructure of the transitional region of lumbosacral dorsal roots in a \"useful\" way has been tested out. The method consists of vascular perfusion with 5% glutaraldehyde dissolyed in a 300 mOsm Millonig buffer containing 200 mOsm sucrose and 2.7% low molecular dextran, a postfixation in the same medium, a rinse overnight in a normoton phosphate buffer containing 200 mOsm sucrose, an asmication in 2% OsO4 dissolved in a phosphate buffer, an extensive stepwise dehydration starting in 10% acetone and, finally, embedding in Vestopal W.", "PMID": 329640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11199", "title": "IgA immunocytes in tonsils.", "content": "Dimeric IgA-forming cells were studied by a secretory component (SC) affinity test on 20 palatine and 7 pharyngeal tonils from children. This study also included an investigation on the immunoflurescent localization of IgA immunocytes and IgA and SC deposits. The results showed that IgA immunocytes capable of binding SC in tissue sections are present in both palatine and pharyngeal tonsils. However, the number of cells positive for the SC affinity test was significantly lower than that of IgA immunocytes not binding SC. IgA immunocytes were located mainly in the subepithelial area, medullary portion, and occasionally the intraepithelial layer. SC determinants were detected only in some epithelial cells of the pharyngeal tonsils. The findings of the present study suggest that the pharyngeal tonsils share in the local immunological mucosal resistance regulated by secretory IgA, although its activity might be limited.", "contents": "IgA immunocytes in tonsils. Dimeric IgA-forming cells were studied by a secretory component (SC) affinity test on 20 palatine and 7 pharyngeal tonils from children. This study also included an investigation on the immunoflurescent localization of IgA immunocytes and IgA and SC deposits. The results showed that IgA immunocytes capable of binding SC in tissue sections are present in both palatine and pharyngeal tonsils. However, the number of cells positive for the SC affinity test was significantly lower than that of IgA immunocytes not binding SC. IgA immunocytes were located mainly in the subepithelial area, medullary portion, and occasionally the intraepithelial layer. SC determinants were detected only in some epithelial cells of the pharyngeal tonsils. The findings of the present study suggest that the pharyngeal tonsils share in the local immunological mucosal resistance regulated by secretory IgA, although its activity might be limited.", "PMID": 329636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11200", "title": "Psychological approaches to the treatment of the elderly.", "content": "Various psychological approaches to the treatment of elderly patients (including activity and stimulation programmes, reality orientation, environmental approaches and behabiour modification) are discussed with regard to their efficacy and those features that approaches claiming success have in common. The importance of the attitudes of the care staff is discussed, especially in relation to the consistency and intensity of application of treatment programmes. It is argued that the behavioural model is a useful starting point for future progress, and that much of the present literature is comprehensible in this framework.", "contents": "Psychological approaches to the treatment of the elderly. Various psychological approaches to the treatment of elderly patients (including activity and stimulation programmes, reality orientation, environmental approaches and behabiour modification) are discussed with regard to their efficacy and those features that approaches claiming success have in common. The importance of the attitudes of the care staff is discussed, especially in relation to the consistency and intensity of application of treatment programmes. It is argued that the behavioural model is a useful starting point for future progress, and that much of the present literature is comprehensible in this framework.", "PMID": 329661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11201", "title": "The differential effects of meclofenoxate on memory loss in the elderly.", "content": "A double-blind study of the effects of meclofenoxate on memory performance of fit, able, elderly subjects was carried out. A number of performance measures, designed to measure various aspects of memory function were employed. These revealed that meclofenoxate appears to increase the consolidation of new information into long-term memory, but does not affect other aspects of remembering. It was also found that significantly more of the subjects receiving meclofenoxate reported an increased level of mental alertness.", "contents": "The differential effects of meclofenoxate on memory loss in the elderly. A double-blind study of the effects of meclofenoxate on memory performance of fit, able, elderly subjects was carried out. A number of performance measures, designed to measure various aspects of memory function were employed. These revealed that meclofenoxate appears to increase the consolidation of new information into long-term memory, but does not affect other aspects of remembering. It was also found that significantly more of the subjects receiving meclofenoxate reported an increased level of mental alertness.", "PMID": 329662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11202", "title": "Nutritional effects of salmonellosis in mice.", "content": "Mice infected with a standard challenge of Salmonella typhimurium manifest a number of changes associated with endotoxemia. These changes result in profound alterations in the nutritional and metabolic status of the host. Food and water intake approaches levels of total inanition, blood glucose declines more rapidly than in fasted controls, hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (the enzyme that is rate limiting in gluconeogenesis) shows diminished activity and loss of cortisol inducibility, and hypothermia, rather than hyperthermia, becomes acute. These changes occur at a time when bacteremia is first demonstrable. This occurs on the 3rd day after infection under the conditions employed. Death occurs in most mice within the next 24 to 48 hr. Mice vaccinated with a highly immunogenic ribosomal preparation and subsequently infected with the standard number of organisms did not manifest the above changes. Other work from this laboratory has established that effects of the type described are elicited by bacterial endotoxin as a result of mediating substances released into the blood by cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Presumably these substances appear in blood of infected mice as well.", "contents": "Nutritional effects of salmonellosis in mice. Mice infected with a standard challenge of Salmonella typhimurium manifest a number of changes associated with endotoxemia. These changes result in profound alterations in the nutritional and metabolic status of the host. Food and water intake approaches levels of total inanition, blood glucose declines more rapidly than in fasted controls, hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (the enzyme that is rate limiting in gluconeogenesis) shows diminished activity and loss of cortisol inducibility, and hypothermia, rather than hyperthermia, becomes acute. These changes occur at a time when bacteremia is first demonstrable. This occurs on the 3rd day after infection under the conditions employed. Death occurs in most mice within the next 24 to 48 hr. Mice vaccinated with a highly immunogenic ribosomal preparation and subsequently infected with the standard number of organisms did not manifest the above changes. Other work from this laboratory has established that effects of the type described are elicited by bacterial endotoxin as a result of mediating substances released into the blood by cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Presumably these substances appear in blood of infected mice as well.", "PMID": 329666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11203", "title": "The sequelae of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal meningitis in early infancy.", "content": "The group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus is responsible for an escalating frequency of neonatal meningitis. Of the 18 consecutive cases we report in this study, the mortality was 17%. Among the 15 survivors, there were two children with extensive neurological and psychological impairment. There were no major differences between the survivors and controls in tests of hearing and language function, social skills, and psychological testing. There was a greater number of minor neurological signs among the study group. The mortality and morbidity of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal meningitis is apparently substantially less than that of all other types of neonatal bacterial meningitis.", "contents": "The sequelae of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal meningitis in early infancy. The group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus is responsible for an escalating frequency of neonatal meningitis. Of the 18 consecutive cases we report in this study, the mortality was 17%. Among the 15 survivors, there were two children with extensive neurological and psychological impairment. There were no major differences between the survivors and controls in tests of hearing and language function, social skills, and psychological testing. There was a greater number of minor neurological signs among the study group. The mortality and morbidity of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal meningitis is apparently substantially less than that of all other types of neonatal bacterial meningitis.", "PMID": 329668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11204", "title": "Comparison between fenoterol and salbutamol in asthmatic patients.", "content": "A comparative study was carried out on 76 asthmatic outpatients concerning their immediate response to the inhalation of Salbutamol and Fenoterol. Bronchodilation was evaluated by repeated peak-flow rate (PFR) determinations. All the patients inhaled two puffs of each of both drugs dispensed by metered aerosols. 131 assays were made and in 18 patients both bronchdilators were used. The mean increase of PFR after Salbutamol (200 microgram) was 15.2% and after Fenoterol (400 microgram), 19.5% this difference not being significant. In 18 patients where both drugs were used the increase in PFR was 19.9% after Fenoterol and 16.7% after Salbutamol. No differences between Fenoterol and Salbutamol in subjective clinical improvement and on pulse rate were observed after the use of these bronchodilators.", "contents": "Comparison between fenoterol and salbutamol in asthmatic patients. A comparative study was carried out on 76 asthmatic outpatients concerning their immediate response to the inhalation of Salbutamol and Fenoterol. Bronchodilation was evaluated by repeated peak-flow rate (PFR) determinations. All the patients inhaled two puffs of each of both drugs dispensed by metered aerosols. 131 assays were made and in 18 patients both bronchdilators were used. The mean increase of PFR after Salbutamol (200 microgram) was 15.2% and after Fenoterol (400 microgram), 19.5% this difference not being significant. In 18 patients where both drugs were used the increase in PFR was 19.9% after Fenoterol and 16.7% after Salbutamol. No differences between Fenoterol and Salbutamol in subjective clinical improvement and on pulse rate were observed after the use of these bronchodilators.", "PMID": 329664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11205", "title": "Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection.", "content": "One of the more intriguing aspects of the spleen is the protection against certain bacterial infections afforded by its unique vascular and immune function. There have been extensive clinical surveys which indicate an incidence of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) above that of the disease for which the splenectomy was done. In the absence of the spleen, either congenital or subsequent to surgical removal, this overwhelming sepsis has a 50% case fatality rate. The most common infective organism has been Diplococcus (tstreptococcus) pneumoniae (D. pneumoniae). Intensive investigations indicated loss of phagocytic function of the spleen, depression of serum IgM levels, a possible suppression of the lymphocyte responsiveness, and changes in opsonin-alternative complement system as potential causes of OPSI. Preventive measures against OPSI include trials of prophylactic Phenoxymethyl Penicillin (penicillin) and pneumococcal vaccine.", "contents": "Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. One of the more intriguing aspects of the spleen is the protection against certain bacterial infections afforded by its unique vascular and immune function. There have been extensive clinical surveys which indicate an incidence of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) above that of the disease for which the splenectomy was done. In the absence of the spleen, either congenital or subsequent to surgical removal, this overwhelming sepsis has a 50% case fatality rate. The most common infective organism has been Diplococcus (tstreptococcus) pneumoniae (D. pneumoniae). Intensive investigations indicated loss of phagocytic function of the spleen, depression of serum IgM levels, a possible suppression of the lymphocyte responsiveness, and changes in opsonin-alternative complement system as potential causes of OPSI. Preventive measures against OPSI include trials of prophylactic Phenoxymethyl Penicillin (penicillin) and pneumococcal vaccine.", "PMID": 329670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11206", "title": "Evidence that Aspergillus fumigatus growing in the airway of man can be a potent stimulus of specific and nonspecific IgE formation.", "content": "Serum IgE levels in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis are elevated but the degree of elevation varies markedly. Serum IgE levels in patients with aspergillomas may be strikingly elevated or normal. Absorption of serums with antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus combined with a solid phase radioimmunoassay technic demonstrated that both immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody activity against A. fumigatus were markedly reduced without a parallel reduction in serum total IgE. These results indicate that the very high levels of serum IgE found in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and aspergilloma are not all specific IgE. These results are similar to those observed in rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. An explanation for the elevations of IgE levels in infestations with A. fumigatus may be analogous to the postulate that parasite-produced materials may result in T cell stimulatory factors for IgE-producing cells. Alternatively, A. fumigatus organisms may produce materials that inhibit T suppressor lymphocytes.", "contents": "Evidence that Aspergillus fumigatus growing in the airway of man can be a potent stimulus of specific and nonspecific IgE formation. Serum IgE levels in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis are elevated but the degree of elevation varies markedly. Serum IgE levels in patients with aspergillomas may be strikingly elevated or normal. Absorption of serums with antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus combined with a solid phase radioimmunoassay technic demonstrated that both immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody activity against A. fumigatus were markedly reduced without a parallel reduction in serum total IgE. These results indicate that the very high levels of serum IgE found in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and aspergilloma are not all specific IgE. These results are similar to those observed in rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. An explanation for the elevations of IgE levels in infestations with A. fumigatus may be analogous to the postulate that parasite-produced materials may result in T cell stimulatory factors for IgE-producing cells. Alternatively, A. fumigatus organisms may produce materials that inhibit T suppressor lymphocytes.", "PMID": 329672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11207", "title": "Enteric pathogens: use of flow diagrams for identification.", "content": "A protocol is presented for the cultural processing of stool specimens. Flow diagrams were developed which allow all stool cultures to be processed in a consistent and efficient manner. Criteria have been established to indicate when definitive identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are required. A review of the food-poisoning syndrome and infective gastrointestinal disease due to bacterial agents is included.", "contents": "Enteric pathogens: use of flow diagrams for identification. A protocol is presented for the cultural processing of stool specimens. Flow diagrams were developed which allow all stool cultures to be processed in a consistent and efficient manner. Criteria have been established to indicate when definitive identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are required. A review of the food-poisoning syndrome and infective gastrointestinal disease due to bacterial agents is included.", "PMID": 329674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11208", "title": "Projective assessment of personal space among retarded and nonretarded children.", "content": "A figure-placement method was used to examine the personal space usage of 60 mildly retarded and 60 nonretarded children of comparable MA. Spatial distance between a self-figure and second figure for both groups was least when the second figure was designated with positive affect, greater when designated with neutral affect, and greatest when the designation involved negative affect. Retarded children used less spatial distance than nonretarded children when the interaction involved a self and teacher figure, supporting Zigler's (1973) positive- and negative-reaction tendency formulation. More space was used by both groups when the second figure was designated as not smart than when designated as smart.", "contents": "Projective assessment of personal space among retarded and nonretarded children. A figure-placement method was used to examine the personal space usage of 60 mildly retarded and 60 nonretarded children of comparable MA. Spatial distance between a self-figure and second figure for both groups was least when the second figure was designated with positive affect, greater when designated with neutral affect, and greatest when the designation involved negative affect. Retarded children used less spatial distance than nonretarded children when the interaction involved a self and teacher figure, supporting Zigler's (1973) positive- and negative-reaction tendency formulation. More space was used by both groups when the second figure was designated as not smart than when designated as smart.", "PMID": 329676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11209", "title": "Fluorinated corticosteroid toxicity in infants.", "content": "An 11-month-old girl died from complications of Cushing's syndrome. The latter was the result of routine topical and periocular dosages of fluorinated corticosteroids following corneal homografts for sclerocornea.", "contents": "Fluorinated corticosteroid toxicity in infants. An 11-month-old girl died from complications of Cushing's syndrome. The latter was the result of routine topical and periocular dosages of fluorinated corticosteroids following corneal homografts for sclerocornea.", "PMID": 329678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11210", "title": "Bishop Harmon forceps with tying platform.", "content": "A smooth platform added to the Bishop Harmon forceps makes these forceps ideal for tying larger sutures and holding the sclera during detachment surgery.", "contents": "Bishop Harmon forceps with tying platform. A smooth platform added to the Bishop Harmon forceps makes these forceps ideal for tying larger sutures and holding the sclera during detachment surgery.", "PMID": 329679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11211", "title": "The role of cell-mediated immunity in the induction of inflammatory responses. Parke-Davis Award Lecture, 1977.", "content": "Reactions of cell-mediated immunity fall into two broad categories: those that involve direct participation of intact lymphocytes in the effector mechanism of the reaction and those that involve mediation by soluble lymphocyte-derived factors known as lymphokines. The first kind of reaction is essentially limited to lymphocyte-dependent cytotoxicity, although certain aspects of T cell-B cell cooperation may fall into this category as well. The second category appears to comprise the bulk of the so-called cell-mediated immune response and provides a link between this system and the inflammatory system. Various lymphokines have been shown to exert profound influence upon inflammatory cell metabolism, cell surface properties, patterns of cell migration, and the activation of cells for various biologic activities involved in host defense. Although substantial information is now available about various physicochemical as well as biologic properties of lymphokines, purification and characterization data are as yet too incomplete to allow us to ascribe all of these activities to discrete mediator molecules. Current work involving the development of antibody-based techniques for mediator assay may shed light on this issue. Information on the kinds of cells capable of lymphokine production is now available. Contrary to prior expectation, T cells are not unique in their capacity for lymphokine production. Under appropriate circumstances, B cells and even nonlymphoid cells can do so as well. The unique property of lymphocytes in this regard appears to relate to their ability to respond to certain specialized signals such as specific antigen or an appropriate mitogen. Mediator production per se may represent a general biologic phenomenon. Although lymphokines have been defined mainly in terms of in vitro assays, early speculations about their in vivo importance are proving correct. Evidence for the role of lymphokines comes from studies involving detection of lymphokines in tissues, studies involving injection of exogenous lymphokines, and studies involving suppression of in vivo reactions by various techniques. The use of antilymphokine antibodies has proven useful in the latter kinds of experiments. Work in many laboratories is beginning to relate these findings to clinically relevant situations. A major unsolved problem relates to the regulation and control of lymphokine production and activity. At present only a limited body of information is available on this point. This is a potentially fruitful area for future investigation since it may provide techniques for manipulating the immune system in ways that are clinically useful.", "contents": "The role of cell-mediated immunity in the induction of inflammatory responses. Parke-Davis Award Lecture, 1977. Reactions of cell-mediated immunity fall into two broad categories: those that involve direct participation of intact lymphocytes in the effector mechanism of the reaction and those that involve mediation by soluble lymphocyte-derived factors known as lymphokines. The first kind of reaction is essentially limited to lymphocyte-dependent cytotoxicity, although certain aspects of T cell-B cell cooperation may fall into this category as well. The second category appears to comprise the bulk of the so-called cell-mediated immune response and provides a link between this system and the inflammatory system. Various lymphokines have been shown to exert profound influence upon inflammatory cell metabolism, cell surface properties, patterns of cell migration, and the activation of cells for various biologic activities involved in host defense. Although substantial information is now available about various physicochemical as well as biologic properties of lymphokines, purification and characterization data are as yet too incomplete to allow us to ascribe all of these activities to discrete mediator molecules. Current work involving the development of antibody-based techniques for mediator assay may shed light on this issue. Information on the kinds of cells capable of lymphokine production is now available. Contrary to prior expectation, T cells are not unique in their capacity for lymphokine production. Under appropriate circumstances, B cells and even nonlymphoid cells can do so as well. The unique property of lymphocytes in this regard appears to relate to their ability to respond to certain specialized signals such as specific antigen or an appropriate mitogen. Mediator production per se may represent a general biologic phenomenon. Although lymphokines have been defined mainly in terms of in vitro assays, early speculations about their in vivo importance are proving correct. Evidence for the role of lymphokines comes from studies involving detection of lymphokines in tissues, studies involving injection of exogenous lymphokines, and studies involving suppression of in vivo reactions by various techniques. The use of antilymphokine antibodies has proven useful in the latter kinds of experiments. Work in many laboratories is beginning to relate these findings to clinically relevant situations. A major unsolved problem relates to the regulation and control of lymphokine production and activity. At present only a limited body of information is available on this point. This is a potentially fruitful area for future investigation since it may provide techniques for manipulating the immune system in ways that are clinically useful.", "PMID": 329682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11212", "title": "The relationship of a serum protein, C1t, to a common nonfibrillar constituent of amyloid (P component) as revealed by immunohistochemical studies.", "content": "C1t, a serum protein isolated by affinity chromatography on Sepharose bears a remarkable ultrastructural and physiocochemical resemblance to P component, a common constituent of amyloid. This study provides further evidence for their similarity by the demonstration of immunologic identity and by the presence of C1t in amyloid deposits of various types using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent techniques. In addition, subcomponents of C1, as well as C3, C4, C5, and properdin, were demonstrated to a limited extent. The possible role of C1t/P component in amyloidogenesis is discussed in the light of recent advances in our knowledge of the nature of amyloid substance.", "contents": "The relationship of a serum protein, C1t, to a common nonfibrillar constituent of amyloid (P component) as revealed by immunohistochemical studies. C1t, a serum protein isolated by affinity chromatography on Sepharose bears a remarkable ultrastructural and physiocochemical resemblance to P component, a common constituent of amyloid. This study provides further evidence for their similarity by the demonstration of immunologic identity and by the presence of C1t in amyloid deposits of various types using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent techniques. In addition, subcomponents of C1, as well as C3, C4, C5, and properdin, were demonstrated to a limited extent. The possible role of C1t/P component in amyloidogenesis is discussed in the light of recent advances in our knowledge of the nature of amyloid substance.", "PMID": 329683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11213", "title": "Phagocytosis. Clinical disorders of recognition and ingestion.", "content": "Tentative conclusions concerning the role of recognition and ingestion of microorganisms by phagocytes in host defense and the consequences of disorders of phagocytosis can be derived by correlating a) knowledge about recognition and ingestion derived from studies in vitro, b) investigations of the clearance of particulate matter from the circulation of animals and man, and c) analyses of the behavior of phagocytes in patients susceptible to recurrent pyogenic infections. Deficiency of the major serum recognition-conferring (immunoglobulins and complement proteins that deposit a fragment of C3 on microbes) prevents the optimal clearance of virulent encapsulated pathogens by fixed mononuclear phagocytes. Confrontation of phagocytes with particulate matter appearing in pathologic states (viruses, immune complexes, damaged erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies) diverts them from their normal task of clearing opsonized encapsulated microorganisms. Corticosteroids impair the phagocytic capacity by an unknown mechanism. Major impediments to progress in this field are inadequate assays for phagocytosis and the difficulty in measuring phagocytosis in the intact organism.", "contents": "Phagocytosis. Clinical disorders of recognition and ingestion. Tentative conclusions concerning the role of recognition and ingestion of microorganisms by phagocytes in host defense and the consequences of disorders of phagocytosis can be derived by correlating a) knowledge about recognition and ingestion derived from studies in vitro, b) investigations of the clearance of particulate matter from the circulation of animals and man, and c) analyses of the behavior of phagocytes in patients susceptible to recurrent pyogenic infections. Deficiency of the major serum recognition-conferring (immunoglobulins and complement proteins that deposit a fragment of C3 on microbes) prevents the optimal clearance of virulent encapsulated pathogens by fixed mononuclear phagocytes. Confrontation of phagocytes with particulate matter appearing in pathologic states (viruses, immune complexes, damaged erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies) diverts them from their normal task of clearing opsonized encapsulated microorganisms. Corticosteroids impair the phagocytic capacity by an unknown mechanism. Major impediments to progress in this field are inadequate assays for phagocytosis and the difficulty in measuring phagocytosis in the intact organism.", "PMID": 329684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11214", "title": "Functional abnormalities of islets of Langerhans of obese hyperglycemic mouse.", "content": "Glucose-induced insulin release was studied in vitro with isolated islets of Langerhans obtained from obese hyperglycemic C57Bl/6J-ob/ob (ob/ob) and lean C57Bl/6J-+/+ (control) mice. The threshold concentrations of glucose for insulin release were determined. In addition, the effect of total fast and of chronic food restriction on in vitro insulin release were studied. The following was observed: 1) with fasting, islet volume decreased. Islets obtained from ob/ob mice were larger than control islets, except for the chronic food restricted group. 2) Ob/ob islets were more sensitive to glucose than were controls in that the threshold for glucose-induced insulin release occured at lower glucose concentrations. 3) Fasting for 48 h completely abolished glucose-induced insulin release in control islets, whereas glucose-induced insulin release was maintained in 48-h and 7-day fasted ob/ob islets. 4) The increased glucose sensitivity of the ob/ob islets was maintained despite chronic food restriction.", "contents": "Functional abnormalities of islets of Langerhans of obese hyperglycemic mouse. Glucose-induced insulin release was studied in vitro with isolated islets of Langerhans obtained from obese hyperglycemic C57Bl/6J-ob/ob (ob/ob) and lean C57Bl/6J-+/+ (control) mice. The threshold concentrations of glucose for insulin release were determined. In addition, the effect of total fast and of chronic food restriction on in vitro insulin release were studied. The following was observed: 1) with fasting, islet volume decreased. Islets obtained from ob/ob mice were larger than control islets, except for the chronic food restricted group. 2) Ob/ob islets were more sensitive to glucose than were controls in that the threshold for glucose-induced insulin release occured at lower glucose concentrations. 3) Fasting for 48 h completely abolished glucose-induced insulin release in control islets, whereas glucose-induced insulin release was maintained in 48-h and 7-day fasted ob/ob islets. 4) The increased glucose sensitivity of the ob/ob islets was maintained despite chronic food restriction.", "PMID": 329686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11215", "title": "Neurogenic regulation of renal tubular sodium reabsorption.", "content": "The evidence supporting a role for direct neurogenic control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption is reviewed. Electron microscopic and fluorescence histochemical studies have demonstrated adrenergic nerve terminals in direct contact with basement membranes of mammalian (rat, dog, and monkey) renal tubular epithelial cells. Low-level direct or baroreceptor reflex stimulation of renal sympathetic nerves produces an increase in renal tubular sodium reabsorption without alterations in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or intrarenal distribution of blood flow. Antinatriuresis was prevented by prior treatment of the kidney with guanethidine or phenoxybenzamine. Rat kidney micropuncture studies have localized a site of enhanced tubular sodium reabsorption to the proximal tubule. Possible indirect mediation of the antinatriuresis by other humoral agents known to be released from the kidney on renal nerve stimulation (angiotensin II, prostaglandin) was excluded by experiments with appropriate blocking agents. The possible effects of anesthesia and uncertainties about the completeness of surgical renal denervation and other tubular segmental sites of action are critically analyzed. The clinical implications of this mechanism in pathologic conditions of sodium and water retention are discussed and and a prospectus for future work is presented.", "contents": "Neurogenic regulation of renal tubular sodium reabsorption. The evidence supporting a role for direct neurogenic control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption is reviewed. Electron microscopic and fluorescence histochemical studies have demonstrated adrenergic nerve terminals in direct contact with basement membranes of mammalian (rat, dog, and monkey) renal tubular epithelial cells. Low-level direct or baroreceptor reflex stimulation of renal sympathetic nerves produces an increase in renal tubular sodium reabsorption without alterations in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or intrarenal distribution of blood flow. Antinatriuresis was prevented by prior treatment of the kidney with guanethidine or phenoxybenzamine. Rat kidney micropuncture studies have localized a site of enhanced tubular sodium reabsorption to the proximal tubule. Possible indirect mediation of the antinatriuresis by other humoral agents known to be released from the kidney on renal nerve stimulation (angiotensin II, prostaglandin) was excluded by experiments with appropriate blocking agents. The possible effects of anesthesia and uncertainties about the completeness of surgical renal denervation and other tubular segmental sites of action are critically analyzed. The clinical implications of this mechanism in pathologic conditions of sodium and water retention are discussed and and a prospectus for future work is presented.", "PMID": 329687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11216", "title": "Effect of the ionophore A23187 on chloride transport across isolated frog cornea.", "content": "The ionophore A23187 at a concentration of 10(-7) to 10(-5) M stimulated active transport of Cl across the isolated frog cornea. The ionophore had no effect in a Cl-free medium. Both unidirectional Cl fluxes were increased by A23187. The electrical resistance was decreased, and this can be totally accounted for by the increment in passive Cl fluxes. The effect of A23187 on Cl transport and permeability mimicked the effects of cyclic AMP, isoproterenol, and epinephrine. A23187 had no effect when the corneas were fully stimulated by epinephrine or isoproterenol. A23187 produced normal stimulation of the SCC in corneas pretreated with alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers. The stimulation of the SCC by A23187 was dependent on the presence of Ca in the Ringer solution. Excess Ca (10 mM) resulted in a reduced response. Increasing the Mg concentration in the medium reduced the stimulation of the SCC with Ca concentrations of 0.1-5 mM, but prevented the relative inhibition of 10 mM Ca. Intracellular Ca concentration seemed to regulate Cl permeability of the cornea.", "contents": "Effect of the ionophore A23187 on chloride transport across isolated frog cornea. The ionophore A23187 at a concentration of 10(-7) to 10(-5) M stimulated active transport of Cl across the isolated frog cornea. The ionophore had no effect in a Cl-free medium. Both unidirectional Cl fluxes were increased by A23187. The electrical resistance was decreased, and this can be totally accounted for by the increment in passive Cl fluxes. The effect of A23187 on Cl transport and permeability mimicked the effects of cyclic AMP, isoproterenol, and epinephrine. A23187 had no effect when the corneas were fully stimulated by epinephrine or isoproterenol. A23187 produced normal stimulation of the SCC in corneas pretreated with alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers. The stimulation of the SCC by A23187 was dependent on the presence of Ca in the Ringer solution. Excess Ca (10 mM) resulted in a reduced response. Increasing the Mg concentration in the medium reduced the stimulation of the SCC with Ca concentrations of 0.1-5 mM, but prevented the relative inhibition of 10 mM Ca. Intracellular Ca concentration seemed to regulate Cl permeability of the cornea.", "PMID": 329688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11217", "title": "Construction of a multipolar needle electrode for activation study of the heart.", "content": "The study of transmural activation of the intact heart requires placement of multipolar needle electrodes through the wall of the beating heart. This report describes a method developed for constructing lightweight multipolar needles with 10-30 leads mounted 1 mm apart. The electrodes are constructed from readily available materials and no special equipment is required. The electrodes are well suited to the intraoperative mapping studies required to surgically correct arrhythmias.", "contents": "Construction of a multipolar needle electrode for activation study of the heart. The study of transmural activation of the intact heart requires placement of multipolar needle electrodes through the wall of the beating heart. This report describes a method developed for constructing lightweight multipolar needles with 10-30 leads mounted 1 mm apart. The electrodes are constructed from readily available materials and no special equipment is required. The electrodes are well suited to the intraoperative mapping studies required to surgically correct arrhythmias.", "PMID": 329690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11218", "title": "Notes from \"Pavlov's Wednesdays\": sensory preconditioning.", "content": "Sensory preconditioning was first demonstrated in Pavlov's laboratory in 1931/32, rather than discovered by Brogden in 1939. Pavlov included nonassociative controls, forward pairing of the indifferent stimuli before reinforcing the second one with shock, and he avoided the development of inhibition to the compound by using a moving visual stimulus and a sound like that of scurrying mice, which both had persistent orienting reactions. Pavlov concluded that the indifferent stimuli were associated by temporal contiguity similar to human associations between successively spoken works. He did not consider the possibility of mediation via the orienting reactions.", "contents": "Notes from \"Pavlov's Wednesdays\": sensory preconditioning. Sensory preconditioning was first demonstrated in Pavlov's laboratory in 1931/32, rather than discovered by Brogden in 1939. Pavlov included nonassociative controls, forward pairing of the indifferent stimuli before reinforcing the second one with shock, and he avoided the development of inhibition to the compound by using a moving visual stimulus and a sound like that of scurrying mice, which both had persistent orienting reactions. Pavlov concluded that the indifferent stimuli were associated by temporal contiguity similar to human associations between successively spoken works. He did not consider the possibility of mediation via the orienting reactions.", "PMID": 329691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11219", "title": "Malaria endemicity among Orang Asli (Malaysian aborigines) as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody tests.", "content": "Fluorescent antibodies were detected in 89% of 288 Orang Asli (Malaysian aborigines) with Plasmodium falciparum antigen and in 62% with P. brasilianum (for P. malariae) antigen. Blood films from 18 donors were positive for P. falciparum; 2 of them had mixed infection with P. vivax. Seven of the P. falciparum-positive blood films were from children in the 2- to 9-year age group. Of 17 sera from cord blood, 16 had significant levels of P. falciparum antibody and 14 of P. malariae antibody, the levels being the same as those of the mothers. None of these babies had congenital malaria. A higher percentage of male donors reacted to both antigens. There was an age dependent increase in the number positive and the maximum titers.", "contents": "Malaria endemicity among Orang Asli (Malaysian aborigines) as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody tests. Fluorescent antibodies were detected in 89% of 288 Orang Asli (Malaysian aborigines) with Plasmodium falciparum antigen and in 62% with P. brasilianum (for P. malariae) antigen. Blood films from 18 donors were positive for P. falciparum; 2 of them had mixed infection with P. vivax. Seven of the P. falciparum-positive blood films were from children in the 2- to 9-year age group. Of 17 sera from cord blood, 16 had significant levels of P. falciparum antibody and 14 of P. malariae antibody, the levels being the same as those of the mothers. None of these babies had congenital malaria. A higher percentage of male donors reacted to both antigens. There was an age dependent increase in the number positive and the maximum titers.", "PMID": 329695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11220", "title": "Morphologic variants of Anopheles albimanus and susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum.", "content": "Three morphologically different, true-breeding phenotypes have been isolated from a strain of Anopheles albimanus from Lake Apastepeque, El Salvador. Studies with coindigenous strains of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum show that these phenotypes differ significantly in their susceptibility to malaria parasites. This difference is apparent both in the number of mosquitoes that become infected and the level of infection obtained. Variations in malaria susceptibility are markedly greater with P. vivax than with P. falciparum. The significance of genetic variants within a local vector population with respect to the epidemiology of malaria is discussed.", "contents": "Morphologic variants of Anopheles albimanus and susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum. Three morphologically different, true-breeding phenotypes have been isolated from a strain of Anopheles albimanus from Lake Apastepeque, El Salvador. Studies with coindigenous strains of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum show that these phenotypes differ significantly in their susceptibility to malaria parasites. This difference is apparent both in the number of mosquitoes that become infected and the level of infection obtained. Variations in malaria susceptibility are markedly greater with P. vivax than with P. falciparum. The significance of genetic variants within a local vector population with respect to the epidemiology of malaria is discussed.", "PMID": 329696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11221", "title": "Historical note on Loa loa: a reinterpretation.", "content": "Loa loa, also known as the African eye worm, is a common parasite in the central part of West Africa. As Chrysops silacea and C. dimidiata, the only important vectors of loaiasis, are found exclusively in the tropical rain forests of West Africa, the parasite's transmission is confined to this region. References by early writers to the extraction of Loa loa from the eye of a man on the Island of Ormus (today known as Hormuz or Hormus) in the Persian Gulf apparently were based on a misinterpretation of an illustration by de Bry (1595) of the blinding of a royal relative.", "contents": "Historical note on Loa loa: a reinterpretation. Loa loa, also known as the African eye worm, is a common parasite in the central part of West Africa. As Chrysops silacea and C. dimidiata, the only important vectors of loaiasis, are found exclusively in the tropical rain forests of West Africa, the parasite's transmission is confined to this region. References by early writers to the extraction of Loa loa from the eye of a man on the Island of Ormus (today known as Hormuz or Hormus) in the Persian Gulf apparently were based on a misinterpretation of an illustration by de Bry (1595) of the blinding of a royal relative.", "PMID": 329697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11222", "title": "Elution of renal antischistosome antibodies in human schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "Elution of complexed immunoglobulins was carried out in renal tissue obtained at autopsy from schistosomiasis mansoni and control cases. Substantial amounts of IgG were found in acid eluates of 2 of 5 schistosomiasis cases and 2 of 3 controls. The IgG from schistosomiasis cases produced specific indirect immunofluorescence reactions in gut and tegument of sections of adult Schistosoma mansoni; no reactivity was present against egg granulomas, cercariae, or mouse liver tissue. Control case eluates produced no fluorescence with S. mansoni antigens.", "contents": "Elution of renal antischistosome antibodies in human schistosomiasis mansoni. Elution of complexed immunoglobulins was carried out in renal tissue obtained at autopsy from schistosomiasis mansoni and control cases. Substantial amounts of IgG were found in acid eluates of 2 of 5 schistosomiasis cases and 2 of 3 controls. The IgG from schistosomiasis cases produced specific indirect immunofluorescence reactions in gut and tegument of sections of adult Schistosoma mansoni; no reactivity was present against egg granulomas, cercariae, or mouse liver tissue. Control case eluates produced no fluorescence with S. mansoni antigens.", "PMID": 329698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11223", "title": "Immunosuppression mediated by adult worms in chronic schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "A marked reduction in the number of plaque-forming cells from spleens of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli was observed. This reduction coincided with the late stages of the infection and was also observed in unisexual infection with male worms. Treatment of the animals with a schistosomicidal compound (oxamniquine) almost completely abolished the immunosuppression. The suppression could be induced by administration of 60 microgramg protein from worm membrane preparations (24 h before SRBC injection), but not by egg-extract injection. When the crude membrane preparation was injected 48 h before or 0 to 24 h after the SRBC challenge, the immunosuppression was not observed. Significant reduction of footpad swelling was also noted in infected mice when injected with SRBC.", "contents": "Immunosuppression mediated by adult worms in chronic schistosomiasis mansoni. A marked reduction in the number of plaque-forming cells from spleens of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli was observed. This reduction coincided with the late stages of the infection and was also observed in unisexual infection with male worms. Treatment of the animals with a schistosomicidal compound (oxamniquine) almost completely abolished the immunosuppression. The suppression could be induced by administration of 60 microgramg protein from worm membrane preparations (24 h before SRBC injection), but not by egg-extract injection. When the crude membrane preparation was injected 48 h before or 0 to 24 h after the SRBC challenge, the immunosuppression was not observed. Significant reduction of footpad swelling was also noted in infected mice when injected with SRBC.", "PMID": 329699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11224", "title": "An evolving pattern of human hydatid disease transmission in the United States.", "content": "Echinococcus granulosus infection was being acquired in the contiguous United States by Virginia sharecroppers and small-holders by the turn of the century. The last recorded human infection from that general area was diagnosed in 1947. By 1920 human infections were also being acquired in the lower Mississippi valley. Apparently, infection in both of these areas was maintained chiefly in swine. By 1940 a third transmission area definitely existed in the Central Valley of California, with its reservoir intermediate host sheep. Seemingly, infection has been disseminated from these California foci into Utah and more recently into northern New Mexico and Arizona. Human populations now at unusual risk in the western United States are transhumant sheep ranchers, including Basque-Americans in California, Mormons in central Utah, and Navajo and Zuni Indians in New Mexico and Arizona. Conditions highly favorable to E. granulosus transmission, intensification and spread now exist throughout relatively large areas of the American West.", "contents": "An evolving pattern of human hydatid disease transmission in the United States. Echinococcus granulosus infection was being acquired in the contiguous United States by Virginia sharecroppers and small-holders by the turn of the century. The last recorded human infection from that general area was diagnosed in 1947. By 1920 human infections were also being acquired in the lower Mississippi valley. Apparently, infection in both of these areas was maintained chiefly in swine. By 1940 a third transmission area definitely existed in the Central Valley of California, with its reservoir intermediate host sheep. Seemingly, infection has been disseminated from these California foci into Utah and more recently into northern New Mexico and Arizona. Human populations now at unusual risk in the western United States are transhumant sheep ranchers, including Basque-Americans in California, Mormons in central Utah, and Navajo and Zuni Indians in New Mexico and Arizona. Conditions highly favorable to E. granulosus transmission, intensification and spread now exist throughout relatively large areas of the American West.", "PMID": 329700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11225", "title": "Vein grafts: an historical perspective.", "content": "The use of autogenous vein for vascular grafting has been traced historically. Although vein remains the graft of chocie for smaller vessels, the results are imperfect and the need to identify an \"ideal\" graft is becoming critical.", "contents": "Vein grafts: an historical perspective. The use of autogenous vein for vascular grafting has been traced historically. Although vein remains the graft of chocie for smaller vessels, the results are imperfect and the need to identify an \"ideal\" graft is becoming critical.", "PMID": 329702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11226", "title": "The draping of the surgical field for major head and neck surgery.", "content": "Due to the complexities involved in extensive resections and primary reconstruction necessary in the management of head and neck cancer, a standard draping of the sterile surgical field has been adopted to allow the performance of the anticipated surgical plan or alternatives in an orderly fashion, without disrupting the function of other members of the surgical team.", "contents": "The draping of the surgical field for major head and neck surgery. Due to the complexities involved in extensive resections and primary reconstruction necessary in the management of head and neck cancer, a standard draping of the sterile surgical field has been adopted to allow the performance of the anticipated surgical plan or alternatives in an orderly fashion, without disrupting the function of other members of the surgical team.", "PMID": 329703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11227", "title": "Aspirin intolerance--a review.", "content": "1. Association of bronchial asthma, nasal pathology and intolerance to aspirin is a unique syndrome. Aspirin-induced prolongation of bleeding time, and a tendency for diabetes, may exist with it. 2. The syndrome occurs most often in the middle-aged female. 3. Progression of asthma and nasal polyposis is not prevented by avoidance of aspirin. 4. Salicylates other than aspirin are well tolerated but cross-reactivity with other analgesics, and with tartrazine, may occur. 5. The underlying mechanism is unknown. An immunologic basic is most unlikely.", "contents": "Aspirin intolerance--a review. 1. Association of bronchial asthma, nasal pathology and intolerance to aspirin is a unique syndrome. Aspirin-induced prolongation of bleeding time, and a tendency for diabetes, may exist with it. 2. The syndrome occurs most often in the middle-aged female. 3. Progression of asthma and nasal polyposis is not prevented by avoidance of aspirin. 4. Salicylates other than aspirin are well tolerated but cross-reactivity with other analgesics, and with tartrazine, may occur. 5. The underlying mechanism is unknown. An immunologic basic is most unlikely.", "PMID": 329717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11228", "title": "The 1977 Bela Schick Memorial Lecture: disorders of suppressor cells in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency, autoimmune and allergic diseases: human disease associated with disorders of an immunological breaking system.", "content": "A series of suppressor cell systems regulate virtually all immunological processes. Disorders of suppressor cells have been identified, including an increased number of activated suppressor T cells in some patients with hypogammaglobulinemia or with selective IgA deficiency. At the other end of the spectrum of immunological response a reduction in suppressor T cell activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and possibly allergic diseases.", "contents": "The 1977 Bela Schick Memorial Lecture: disorders of suppressor cells in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency, autoimmune and allergic diseases: human disease associated with disorders of an immunological breaking system. A series of suppressor cell systems regulate virtually all immunological processes. Disorders of suppressor cells have been identified, including an increased number of activated suppressor T cells in some patients with hypogammaglobulinemia or with selective IgA deficiency. At the other end of the spectrum of immunological response a reduction in suppressor T cell activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and possibly allergic diseases.", "PMID": 329718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11229", "title": "The status of immunotherapy in children--what are the problems?", "content": "Immunotherapy, widely used in the treatment of atopic disease, poses many problems. In asthma the multiple etiologic factors involved make clinical trials of its efficacy difficult to evaluate and immunological studies are badly needed. Allergen extracts of standard potency are essential. The author feels that practicing allergists must improve their knowledge of and expertise in immunotherapy if the patient is to derive maximum benefit from it.", "contents": "The status of immunotherapy in children--what are the problems? Immunotherapy, widely used in the treatment of atopic disease, poses many problems. In asthma the multiple etiologic factors involved make clinical trials of its efficacy difficult to evaluate and immunological studies are badly needed. Allergen extracts of standard potency are essential. The author feels that practicing allergists must improve their knowledge of and expertise in immunotherapy if the patient is to derive maximum benefit from it.", "PMID": 329719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11230", "title": "Method for evaluation of Mycobacterium bovis purified protein derivative tuberculin in experimentally infected cattle.", "content": "A method for the evaluation of Mycobacterium bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin in experimentally infected cattle is presented. The development of skin test responses in M bovis-infected cattle was determined for International Standard PPD-S, M bovis PPD-2, and M bovis PPD-5 at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Significantly larger reactions (dermal thickness) were observed at 48 and 72 hours than at 24 hours (P = 0.001). Statistically significant differences were not detected in the responses obtained with M bovis PPD-2, M bovis PPD-5, and International Standard PPD-S if comparisons were made at approximately the same concentrations in M bovis-infected cattle (P greater than 0.25). In Mycobacterium avium-infected cattle, M bovis PPD-2 produced skin test responses that were significantly smaller than responses obtained using M avium PPD-2 (P = 0.001). Significant variation was not observed in the PPD-S responses in 2 groups of M bovis-infected cattle (P greater than 0.1).", "contents": "Method for evaluation of Mycobacterium bovis purified protein derivative tuberculin in experimentally infected cattle. A method for the evaluation of Mycobacterium bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin in experimentally infected cattle is presented. The development of skin test responses in M bovis-infected cattle was determined for International Standard PPD-S, M bovis PPD-2, and M bovis PPD-5 at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Significantly larger reactions (dermal thickness) were observed at 48 and 72 hours than at 24 hours (P = 0.001). Statistically significant differences were not detected in the responses obtained with M bovis PPD-2, M bovis PPD-5, and International Standard PPD-S if comparisons were made at approximately the same concentrations in M bovis-infected cattle (P greater than 0.25). In Mycobacterium avium-infected cattle, M bovis PPD-2 produced skin test responses that were significantly smaller than responses obtained using M avium PPD-2 (P = 0.001). Significant variation was not observed in the PPD-S responses in 2 groups of M bovis-infected cattle (P greater than 0.1).", "PMID": 329720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11231", "title": "Isolation and identification of anaerobes in the veterinary diagnostic laboratory.", "content": "In a 1-year survey (1975 to 1976) of anaerobic bacteria recovered from diseased animals, anaerobes were as follows: Clostridium spp, 50%; gram-positive nonspore-forming anaerobic bacilli, 19%; gram-negative anaerobic bacilli, 19%; Actinomyces spp, 10%; and anaerobic cocci, 1%. Anaerobes were in approximately 61% of the specimens that were culturally positive for any bacteria. Approximately 25% of the specimens did not yield any bacteria (sterile specimens). The method for isolating and identifying anaerobes was based upon the use of reducible solid mediums and was specially designed for veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Emphasis was placed on the selection, collection, and transportation of specimens.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of anaerobes in the veterinary diagnostic laboratory. In a 1-year survey (1975 to 1976) of anaerobic bacteria recovered from diseased animals, anaerobes were as follows: Clostridium spp, 50%; gram-positive nonspore-forming anaerobic bacilli, 19%; gram-negative anaerobic bacilli, 19%; Actinomyces spp, 10%; and anaerobic cocci, 1%. Anaerobes were in approximately 61% of the specimens that were culturally positive for any bacteria. Approximately 25% of the specimens did not yield any bacteria (sterile specimens). The method for isolating and identifying anaerobes was based upon the use of reducible solid mediums and was specially designed for veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Emphasis was placed on the selection, collection, and transportation of specimens.", "PMID": 329721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11232", "title": "Defective monocyte leukotaxis in sarcoidosis: possible relationship to a plasma factor.", "content": "Monocyte leukotactic function was studied in 25 untreated patients with histologically confirmed sarcoidosis. Monocyte leukotactic responses were significantly depressed (P less than 0.001), most strikingly in patients with stage I disease; however, the severity of the leukotactic defect did not correlate with duration, activity, or extrathoracic dissemination of disease. Preincubation of normal monocytes in sarcoid plasma, but not normal plasma, resulted in partial inhibition of leukotactic responsiveness. The leukotactic inhibition was not reversed by washing the cells after preincubation or by subsequent exposure to normal plasma. The inhibitory activity, which was found in all sarcoid plasma samples, was nondialyzable, was heat stable, and could be localized to the 25 to 35 per cent saturated ammonium sulfate fraction of plasma. Lesser amounts of similar inhibitory activity were detected in comparable fractions of normal plasma. A highly significant correlation between monocyte leukotactic responses and plasma leukotactic inhibitory activity was found in patients with sarcoidosis, suggesting an important in vivo modulatory nole for this substance.", "contents": "Defective monocyte leukotaxis in sarcoidosis: possible relationship to a plasma factor. Monocyte leukotactic function was studied in 25 untreated patients with histologically confirmed sarcoidosis. Monocyte leukotactic responses were significantly depressed (P less than 0.001), most strikingly in patients with stage I disease; however, the severity of the leukotactic defect did not correlate with duration, activity, or extrathoracic dissemination of disease. Preincubation of normal monocytes in sarcoid plasma, but not normal plasma, resulted in partial inhibition of leukotactic responsiveness. The leukotactic inhibition was not reversed by washing the cells after preincubation or by subsequent exposure to normal plasma. The inhibitory activity, which was found in all sarcoid plasma samples, was nondialyzable, was heat stable, and could be localized to the 25 to 35 per cent saturated ammonium sulfate fraction of plasma. Lesser amounts of similar inhibitory activity were detected in comparable fractions of normal plasma. A highly significant correlation between monocyte leukotactic responses and plasma leukotactic inhibitory activity was found in patients with sarcoidosis, suggesting an important in vivo modulatory nole for this substance.", "PMID": 329726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11233", "title": "Acetaminophen.", "content": "Acetaminophen is an effective mild analgesic and antipyretic agent. In double-blind, controlled experimental pain studies of short duration, acetaminophen is superior to placebo and produces analgesia comparable to that produced by aspirin. The frequency of adverse reactions to therapeutic doses of acetaminophen is low, as is that of aspirin. Overdosage with acetaminophen, however, may result in irreversible hepatotoxicity. Since clinical manifestations of intoxication can be of slow onset, physicians may tend to delay initiation of definitive therapy. Intravenous cysteamine, and possibly oral methionine, appear to be effective in preventing hepatotoxicity if they are administered with 10 h of drug ingestion. Physicians should be aware of the potential danger of acetaminophen overdosage and alerted to its clinical manifestations.", "contents": "Acetaminophen. Acetaminophen is an effective mild analgesic and antipyretic agent. In double-blind, controlled experimental pain studies of short duration, acetaminophen is superior to placebo and produces analgesia comparable to that produced by aspirin. The frequency of adverse reactions to therapeutic doses of acetaminophen is low, as is that of aspirin. Overdosage with acetaminophen, however, may result in irreversible hepatotoxicity. Since clinical manifestations of intoxication can be of slow onset, physicians may tend to delay initiation of definitive therapy. Intravenous cysteamine, and possibly oral methionine, appear to be effective in preventing hepatotoxicity if they are administered with 10 h of drug ingestion. Physicians should be aware of the potential danger of acetaminophen overdosage and alerted to its clinical manifestations.", "PMID": 329728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11234", "title": "NIH conference. Pathophysiology of immune hemolytic anemia.", "content": "Studies of the pathophysiology of autoimmune hemolytic anemia emphasize the important role of cell membrane receptors for various immunologically active proteins in the clearance of foreign or damaged particulate materials from the blood stream. Receptors for the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and for opsonically active fragments of the third component of complement on cells of the reticuloendothelial system function to clear from the circulation erythrocytes coated with these proteins. Our studies show the key role that complement plays in the biologic function of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies like many cold agglutinins and isoagglutinins. They show how complement may contribute to IgG-mediated cell destruction. The IgG and IgM antibodies have dramatically different effects on erythrocyte survival, and these effects explain many of the clinical differences between IgG- and IgM-mediated hemolytic diseases. These studies also show that many of the factors that influence the course of autoimmune hemolytic anemia act by altering the level of immunologic sensitization required to mediate clearance.", "contents": "NIH conference. Pathophysiology of immune hemolytic anemia. Studies of the pathophysiology of autoimmune hemolytic anemia emphasize the important role of cell membrane receptors for various immunologically active proteins in the clearance of foreign or damaged particulate materials from the blood stream. Receptors for the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and for opsonically active fragments of the third component of complement on cells of the reticuloendothelial system function to clear from the circulation erythrocytes coated with these proteins. Our studies show the key role that complement plays in the biologic function of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies like many cold agglutinins and isoagglutinins. They show how complement may contribute to IgG-mediated cell destruction. The IgG and IgM antibodies have dramatically different effects on erythrocyte survival, and these effects explain many of the clinical differences between IgG- and IgM-mediated hemolytic diseases. These studies also show that many of the factors that influence the course of autoimmune hemolytic anemia act by altering the level of immunologic sensitization required to mediate clearance.", "PMID": 329729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11235", "title": "Acute severe aortic regurgitation. Pathophysiology, clinical recognition, and management.", "content": "Acute severe aortic regurgitation is a relatively unfamiliar, though life-threatening, disease. We review its diverse causes, anatomic faults, and hemodynamic sequelae and set the stage for an understanding of the clinical manifestations in light of their physiologic mechanisms. Clinical information includes the natural history, physical signs (physical appearance, systemic arterial pulse, jugular venous pulse, precordial palpation, auscultation), electrocardiogram, and chest roentgenogram. Echocardiographic features are especially emphasized and the need for prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention underscored, even in the setting of active infective endocarditis.", "contents": "Acute severe aortic regurgitation. Pathophysiology, clinical recognition, and management. Acute severe aortic regurgitation is a relatively unfamiliar, though life-threatening, disease. We review its diverse causes, anatomic faults, and hemodynamic sequelae and set the stage for an understanding of the clinical manifestations in light of their physiologic mechanisms. Clinical information includes the natural history, physical signs (physical appearance, systemic arterial pulse, jugular venous pulse, precordial palpation, auscultation), electrocardiogram, and chest roentgenogram. Echocardiographic features are especially emphasized and the need for prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention underscored, even in the setting of active infective endocarditis.", "PMID": 329730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11236", "title": "[Teachers in the public primary schools from 1881 to 1918 in France were the 1st pedagogues and the 1st child and juvenile psychologists of the nation].", "content": "The scientific history of Humanity can gather from the data coming from the comprehensive account of the existence of austere ways of life of a private person director of a public primary school in the Limousin country around the corner between the past century and the 20e century, illustrating: The work can be hailed as a typical major reform characterised by mastering heart and mind of the juvenile during the period of 1881 to 1918, who became soldiers of the National Army. The teachers of the public primary schools have had the significance of the pacemakers of civic duties and practised what one preaches to the civil population behind battle-front. Teachers of the public primary schools have been the first pioneers pedagogs and child psychologists to the large scale of the French Nation. They have illustrated a holy cause, the national idealism of Victor Duruy.", "contents": "[Teachers in the public primary schools from 1881 to 1918 in France were the 1st pedagogues and the 1st child and juvenile psychologists of the nation]. The scientific history of Humanity can gather from the data coming from the comprehensive account of the existence of austere ways of life of a private person director of a public primary school in the Limousin country around the corner between the past century and the 20e century, illustrating: The work can be hailed as a typical major reform characterised by mastering heart and mind of the juvenile during the period of 1881 to 1918, who became soldiers of the National Army. The teachers of the public primary schools have had the significance of the pacemakers of civic duties and practised what one preaches to the civil population behind battle-front. Teachers of the public primary schools have been the first pioneers pedagogs and child psychologists to the large scale of the French Nation. They have illustrated a holy cause, the national idealism of Victor Duruy.", "PMID": 329731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11237", "title": "[The psychiatrist, physician in question].", "content": "This article presents a comparative study of the respective fields of medicine and psychiatry resulting from the connection between the meaning of death and that of insanity. It deals, in particular, with the study of the position of certain mental and infections illnesses in the pathological sphere. This is the case, amongst others, of the possible viral etiology of the Kreutzfeld-Jacob disease.", "contents": "[The psychiatrist, physician in question]. This article presents a comparative study of the respective fields of medicine and psychiatry resulting from the connection between the meaning of death and that of insanity. It deals, in particular, with the study of the position of certain mental and infections illnesses in the pathological sphere. This is the case, amongst others, of the possible viral etiology of the Kreutzfeld-Jacob disease.", "PMID": 329732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11238", "title": "The brain and hearing: auditory discriminations affected by brain lesions.", "content": "After bilateral ablation of the auditory areas of the cerebral cortex, experimental animals have a severe deficit in ability to discriminate between temporal patterns of tonal stimuli and to localize sound in space. These two kinds of discrimination are basic for communication and for attack or avoidance of prey and predator. Recognition of which ear is stimulated may also depend upon excitation of auditory cortex contralateral to the given ear. Binaural discriminations are dependent upon interaction of nerve impulses from the two ears at a low level in the auditory nervous system. Similar hearing losses have been reported for human patients.", "contents": "The brain and hearing: auditory discriminations affected by brain lesions. After bilateral ablation of the auditory areas of the cerebral cortex, experimental animals have a severe deficit in ability to discriminate between temporal patterns of tonal stimuli and to localize sound in space. These two kinds of discrimination are basic for communication and for attack or avoidance of prey and predator. Recognition of which ear is stimulated may also depend upon excitation of auditory cortex contralateral to the given ear. Binaural discriminations are dependent upon interaction of nerve impulses from the two ears at a low level in the auditory nervous system. Similar hearing losses have been reported for human patients.", "PMID": 329733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11239", "title": "Otosclerotic stapes: morphological and microchemical correlates. An electron microscopic and x-ray analytical investigation.", "content": "A total of 32 otosclerotic stapes is thin-sectioned without decalcification and examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopes, with a nondispersive x-ray analyzer attached to the latter. These otosclerotic stapes are classified as spongiotic, sclerotic, or preotosclerotic, accoring to their pathologic characteristics and state of mineralization. Either diffuse or patchy demineralization in the ground substance appears to be the initial stage of otosclerosis, and this area coincides with preotosclerotic lesions (also known as blue mantle) in light microscopy. Therefore, it is interpreted that demineralization precedes the destruction of ground substance in the preotosclerotic lesion. Bone mineral deposits in new otosclerotic bone appear to be related to the collagen fibrils that are embedded in the ground substance. No mineral deposit could be seen without the ground substance deposition; therefore, it is suggested that this ground substance is the single most important factor in the poor mineralization of the otosclerosis. The sclerotic lesions are well mineralized and show a typical pattern of hydroxyapatite by x-ray diffraction study. We could not confirm the notion that the sclerotic lesion is hypermineralized as compared to the normal stapes. The spongiotic lesions are poorly mineralized, with low calcium salt. Using the Ca/P ratio and x-ray diffraction pattern as criteria, it was determined that spongiotic lesions belong to unstable, immature bone.", "contents": "Otosclerotic stapes: morphological and microchemical correlates. An electron microscopic and x-ray analytical investigation. A total of 32 otosclerotic stapes is thin-sectioned without decalcification and examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopes, with a nondispersive x-ray analyzer attached to the latter. These otosclerotic stapes are classified as spongiotic, sclerotic, or preotosclerotic, accoring to their pathologic characteristics and state of mineralization. Either diffuse or patchy demineralization in the ground substance appears to be the initial stage of otosclerosis, and this area coincides with preotosclerotic lesions (also known as blue mantle) in light microscopy. Therefore, it is interpreted that demineralization precedes the destruction of ground substance in the preotosclerotic lesion. Bone mineral deposits in new otosclerotic bone appear to be related to the collagen fibrils that are embedded in the ground substance. No mineral deposit could be seen without the ground substance deposition; therefore, it is suggested that this ground substance is the single most important factor in the poor mineralization of the otosclerosis. The sclerotic lesions are well mineralized and show a typical pattern of hydroxyapatite by x-ray diffraction study. We could not confirm the notion that the sclerotic lesion is hypermineralized as compared to the normal stapes. The spongiotic lesions are poorly mineralized, with low calcium salt. Using the Ca/P ratio and x-ray diffraction pattern as criteria, it was determined that spongiotic lesions belong to unstable, immature bone.", "PMID": 329734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11240", "title": "Chemotherapy in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "The effects of three different chemotherapeutic treatment regimens on the survival of one hundred inoperable lung cancer patients was studied in a randomized clinical trial. Of the patients 36 received cyclophosphamide as a single agent, 31 patients actinomycin D--vincristine combination and 33 patients cyclophosphamide--methotrexate--vincristine combination. Epidermoid carcinoma was the most sensitive to the actinomycin D--vincristine combination, whereas small cell anaplastic carcinoma responded to cyclophosphamide alone, and to the cyclophosphamide--methotrexate--vincristine combination. In spite of shrinkage of the tumour no differences were, however, observed in the survival times of the eifferent groups.", "contents": "Chemotherapy in bronchogenic carcinoma. The effects of three different chemotherapeutic treatment regimens on the survival of one hundred inoperable lung cancer patients was studied in a randomized clinical trial. Of the patients 36 received cyclophosphamide as a single agent, 31 patients actinomycin D--vincristine combination and 33 patients cyclophosphamide--methotrexate--vincristine combination. Epidermoid carcinoma was the most sensitive to the actinomycin D--vincristine combination, whereas small cell anaplastic carcinoma responded to cyclophosphamide alone, and to the cyclophosphamide--methotrexate--vincristine combination. In spite of shrinkage of the tumour no differences were, however, observed in the survival times of the eifferent groups.", "PMID": 329741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11241", "title": "Psychomotor skills during acute and two-week treatment with mianserin (ORG GB 94) and amitriptyline, and their combined effects with alcohol.", "content": "Twenty paid healthy volunteers took a placebo, 10 mg of mianserin and 25 mg of amitriptyline, t.i.d. for two weeks each, in a double-blind cross-over manner. There was one week's \"wash-out\" between the treatments. Several psychomotor tests were done on the first, 7th and 14th days of each period with either alcohol (0.5 g/kg) or a placebo drink. Co-ordinative and reactive skills and critical flicker frequency were affected by all the drug-drink combinations while attention was slightly impaired only after amitriptyline alone or mianserin together with alcohol. Drug actions and drug-alcohol interactions were most obvious on the first day but declined towards the end of the drug periods. After mianserin the skills were impaired on the first day only, but after amitriptyline up to the 7th day in most of the tests. Both drugs seemed to interact additively with alcohol. Impairment of flicker fusion by amitriptyline + alcohol remained constant over the whole 2-week period. Psychomotor effects of antidepressants have practical importance in the acute phase of treatment. Their concurrent use with alcohol must increase accident risk in traffic.", "contents": "Psychomotor skills during acute and two-week treatment with mianserin (ORG GB 94) and amitriptyline, and their combined effects with alcohol. Twenty paid healthy volunteers took a placebo, 10 mg of mianserin and 25 mg of amitriptyline, t.i.d. for two weeks each, in a double-blind cross-over manner. There was one week's \"wash-out\" between the treatments. Several psychomotor tests were done on the first, 7th and 14th days of each period with either alcohol (0.5 g/kg) or a placebo drink. Co-ordinative and reactive skills and critical flicker frequency were affected by all the drug-drink combinations while attention was slightly impaired only after amitriptyline alone or mianserin together with alcohol. Drug actions and drug-alcohol interactions were most obvious on the first day but declined towards the end of the drug periods. After mianserin the skills were impaired on the first day only, but after amitriptyline up to the 7th day in most of the tests. Both drugs seemed to interact additively with alcohol. Impairment of flicker fusion by amitriptyline + alcohol remained constant over the whole 2-week period. Psychomotor effects of antidepressants have practical importance in the acute phase of treatment. Their concurrent use with alcohol must increase accident risk in traffic.", "PMID": 329743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11242", "title": "The efficacy of single dose of pindolol in hypertension.", "content": "The effect of pindolol was studied in 32 patients suffering from hypertension of WHO grad I or II. 25 of these patients respondered to pindolol administered three times daily, and were thereafter treated with a single 20-40 mg dose of pindolol. Normotension was achieved in 15 patients and a satisfactory result in five patients but three patients did not respond to the single dose and two had to interrupt their treatment because of side effects. The side effects were generally mild. As a significant observation NaCl retention was found. It may be due to the preceeding diuretic treatment in most patients, but nevertheless needs further investigations.", "contents": "The efficacy of single dose of pindolol in hypertension. The effect of pindolol was studied in 32 patients suffering from hypertension of WHO grad I or II. 25 of these patients respondered to pindolol administered three times daily, and were thereafter treated with a single 20-40 mg dose of pindolol. Normotension was achieved in 15 patients and a satisfactory result in five patients but three patients did not respond to the single dose and two had to interrupt their treatment because of side effects. The side effects were generally mild. As a significant observation NaCl retention was found. It may be due to the preceeding diuretic treatment in most patients, but nevertheless needs further investigations.", "PMID": 329744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11243", "title": "[Antibiotics sensitivity of \"hospital\" strains of S. typhimurium].", "content": "Sensitivity of Styphimurium strains isolated under conditions of a hospital infection to antibiotics were studied in comparison with the strains of the given serological type isolated from other sources and with the strains of other serological types of groups B, C, D and E. It was shown that the strains causing outbreaks of hospital infections were characterized by polyresistance to 7 out of 9 antibiotics tested. All the Salmonella strains tested were sensitive to gentamicin and about a half of them was sensitive to polymyxin M.", "contents": "[Antibiotics sensitivity of \"hospital\" strains of S. typhimurium]. Sensitivity of Styphimurium strains isolated under conditions of a hospital infection to antibiotics were studied in comparison with the strains of the given serological type isolated from other sources and with the strains of other serological types of groups B, C, D and E. It was shown that the strains causing outbreaks of hospital infections were characterized by polyresistance to 7 out of 9 antibiotics tested. All the Salmonella strains tested were sensitive to gentamicin and about a half of them was sensitive to polymyxin M.", "PMID": 329746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11244", "title": "[Development of a method for the quantitative assessment of the microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics by using discs. A study of the patterns of doxycycline diffusion from discs into the nutrient agar].", "content": "Doxycycline concentrations provided by the antibiotic diffusion from paper discs into sterile agarized medium and the medium plated with staphylococci and Coli bacteria were studied at different distances from the disc center. Infection of the nutrient medium with the test cultures had no effect on the antibiotic diffusion rate. A linear relation between the logarithm of the antibiotic concentration in the agar and distance from the disc centre were found. Probably it is possible to determine the MIC of the antibiotic with respect to various microorganisms by the value of the radius of the growth inhibition zone around the disc using diagrams expressing such a relation.", "contents": "[Development of a method for the quantitative assessment of the microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics by using discs. A study of the patterns of doxycycline diffusion from discs into the nutrient agar]. Doxycycline concentrations provided by the antibiotic diffusion from paper discs into sterile agarized medium and the medium plated with staphylococci and Coli bacteria were studied at different distances from the disc center. Infection of the nutrient medium with the test cultures had no effect on the antibiotic diffusion rate. A linear relation between the logarithm of the antibiotic concentration in the agar and distance from the disc centre were found. Probably it is possible to determine the MIC of the antibiotic with respect to various microorganisms by the value of the radius of the growth inhibition zone around the disc using diagrams expressing such a relation.", "PMID": 329748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11245", "title": "[Effect of furosemide on the pharmacokinetics of benzylpenicillin and its penetration through the hematoencephalic barrier in experimental and clinical meningococcic meningitis].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of sodium benzylpenicillin after intramuscular administration in a dose of 250 000 gamma/kg and simultaneous intramuscular injection of furosemid (lazix) in doses of 0.5--1--2 mg/kg was studied in experiments on a model of meningococcal meningitis of rabbits and in clinics on patients with meningococcal meningitis. A pronounced effect of furosemid on pharmacokinetics of benzylpenicillin as dependent on a number of factors was found. Furosemid and meningococcal endotoxin had a synergic effect and decreased benzylpenicillin excretion with urine resulting in prolongation of the antibiotic effect in the blood. An increase in benzylpenicillin blood levels and inflammation of the soft brain membranes increased permeability of the hemato-encephalic barrier for the antibiotic.", "contents": "[Effect of furosemide on the pharmacokinetics of benzylpenicillin and its penetration through the hematoencephalic barrier in experimental and clinical meningococcic meningitis]. Pharmacokinetics of sodium benzylpenicillin after intramuscular administration in a dose of 250 000 gamma/kg and simultaneous intramuscular injection of furosemid (lazix) in doses of 0.5--1--2 mg/kg was studied in experiments on a model of meningococcal meningitis of rabbits and in clinics on patients with meningococcal meningitis. A pronounced effect of furosemid on pharmacokinetics of benzylpenicillin as dependent on a number of factors was found. Furosemid and meningococcal endotoxin had a synergic effect and decreased benzylpenicillin excretion with urine resulting in prolongation of the antibiotic effect in the blood. An increase in benzylpenicillin blood levels and inflammation of the soft brain membranes increased permeability of the hemato-encephalic barrier for the antibiotic.", "PMID": 329749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11246", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the combined action of ampicillin and cephalexin on E. coli].", "content": "The data of electron microscopy study of morphological variation of E. coli, strain 423 in the logarithmic phase after exposure to ampicillin (2 gamma/ml) and cephalexin (4 gamma/ml) are presented. Pronounced ultrastructural changes not only in the cell wall but also in the cytoplasm were found. After exposure to ampicillin alone changes of the same type were observed. However, after exposure to the combination of the 2 antibiotics these changes were more pronounced and observed in the predominating part of the cells. Examination of ultrathin slices of the strain treated with cephalexin revealed no ultrastructural changes. The morphological changes in the cells of E. coli, strain 423 after its treatment with ampicillin and cephalexin combination were due mainly to ampicillin effect, while cephalexin increased the level of the changes.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the combined action of ampicillin and cephalexin on E. coli]. The data of electron microscopy study of morphological variation of E. coli, strain 423 in the logarithmic phase after exposure to ampicillin (2 gamma/ml) and cephalexin (4 gamma/ml) are presented. Pronounced ultrastructural changes not only in the cell wall but also in the cytoplasm were found. After exposure to ampicillin alone changes of the same type were observed. However, after exposure to the combination of the 2 antibiotics these changes were more pronounced and observed in the predominating part of the cells. Examination of ultrathin slices of the strain treated with cephalexin revealed no ultrastructural changes. The morphological changes in the cells of E. coli, strain 423 after its treatment with ampicillin and cephalexin combination were due mainly to ampicillin effect, while cephalexin increased the level of the changes.", "PMID": 329750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11247", "title": "[Effectiveness of gentamicin sulfate in suppurative-inflammatory processes of varying localization].", "content": "Antibiotic sensitivity of 486 strains of grampositive and gramnegative organisms isolated from patients with purulent infections was studied in vitro. Gentamicin was shown to be highly active as compared to kanamycin and other antibiotics against the main causative agents of purulent inflammatory infections including multiresistant E. coli, Proteus, Ps. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus. High efficiency of gentamicin in therapy of peritonitis, septic conditions, purulent postoperative wounds, infections of the urinary tract, pneumonia, etc. (197 patients) was shown. Positive results were obtained in 87.4 per cent of the cases. Side effects, such as albuminuria, hyperthermic reaction, rash, pruritus were registered in 3 per cent of the patients.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of gentamicin sulfate in suppurative-inflammatory processes of varying localization]. Antibiotic sensitivity of 486 strains of grampositive and gramnegative organisms isolated from patients with purulent infections was studied in vitro. Gentamicin was shown to be highly active as compared to kanamycin and other antibiotics against the main causative agents of purulent inflammatory infections including multiresistant E. coli, Proteus, Ps. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus. High efficiency of gentamicin in therapy of peritonitis, septic conditions, purulent postoperative wounds, infections of the urinary tract, pneumonia, etc. (197 patients) was shown. Positive results were obtained in 87.4 per cent of the cases. Side effects, such as albuminuria, hyperthermic reaction, rash, pruritus were registered in 3 per cent of the patients.", "PMID": 329751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11248", "title": "[Use of aminoglycosides and other antibacterial preparations in gastroenterology].", "content": "Kanamycin and monomycin were used in the treatment of 945 severe surgical patients. Examination of antibiograms showed that the microflora of the patients was moderately and highly sensitive. The antibotic blood levels defined the tactics of the drug administration rate and route. The antibiotic treatment was accompanied by complex therapy for increasing the host protective forces. The antibiotic treatment was well tolerated by the patients. No impairements of the kidneys or the VIII pair of the cranial nerve were observed. Allergic reactions in the form of urticaria were registered in several patients.", "contents": "[Use of aminoglycosides and other antibacterial preparations in gastroenterology]. Kanamycin and monomycin were used in the treatment of 945 severe surgical patients. Examination of antibiograms showed that the microflora of the patients was moderately and highly sensitive. The antibotic blood levels defined the tactics of the drug administration rate and route. The antibiotic treatment was accompanied by complex therapy for increasing the host protective forces. The antibiotic treatment was well tolerated by the patients. No impairements of the kidneys or the VIII pair of the cranial nerve were observed. Allergic reactions in the form of urticaria were registered in several patients.", "PMID": 329752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11249", "title": "[Structure of the antibiotic resistance of the salmonellae found in Transcarpathia].", "content": "Resistance of 1280 strains of Salmonella of various serological types isolated in the Zakarpatskaya region within 1967-1976 was studied with respect to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin tetracycline, levomycetin, monomycin, neomycin, erythromycin and oleandomycin. An Increase in the resistance of Salmonella to streptomycin, tetracycline, levomycetin, monomycin and neomycin was shown. During the last years Salmonellae carrying 4-8 resistance determinants were spreading in the region. Among S. typhimurium strains with 7-8 resistance determinants predominated (58.8 per cent). The cases of salmonollosis were mainly due to these strains.", "contents": "[Structure of the antibiotic resistance of the salmonellae found in Transcarpathia]. Resistance of 1280 strains of Salmonella of various serological types isolated in the Zakarpatskaya region within 1967-1976 was studied with respect to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin tetracycline, levomycetin, monomycin, neomycin, erythromycin and oleandomycin. An Increase in the resistance of Salmonella to streptomycin, tetracycline, levomycetin, monomycin and neomycin was shown. During the last years Salmonellae carrying 4-8 resistance determinants were spreading in the region. Among S. typhimurium strains with 7-8 resistance determinants predominated (58.8 per cent). The cases of salmonollosis were mainly due to these strains.", "PMID": 329753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11250", "title": "[Morphological changes in experimental infection in guinea pigs under the influence of prodigiozan and S-methylmethionine].", "content": "The effect of prodigiozan and S-methylmethionine on the level of histomorphological changes in the organs and tissues of guinea pigs with experimental typhoid fever, dysentery and staphylococcal infections, as well as the effect of prednizolone with respect to dysentery and staphylococcal infections were studied. In the control animals the highest histomorphological changes were observed on the 4th day after the infection in the liver, kidneys and spleen. In the animals with staphylococcal infection such changes were also observed in the lung tissue. In the animals treated with prodigiozan or S-methylmethionine in a dose of 20 mg or 0.3 ml of a 5 per cent solution respectively simultaneously with or 2 days after the infection the changes in the organs were less pronounced than those in the control. Under the effect of prednizolone used in a dose of 10 mg according to the same schedule the inflammatory-dystrophic changes in the internal organs of the animals with dysentery and staphylococcal infections were much higher as compared to the control.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in experimental infection in guinea pigs under the influence of prodigiozan and S-methylmethionine]. The effect of prodigiozan and S-methylmethionine on the level of histomorphological changes in the organs and tissues of guinea pigs with experimental typhoid fever, dysentery and staphylococcal infections, as well as the effect of prednizolone with respect to dysentery and staphylococcal infections were studied. In the control animals the highest histomorphological changes were observed on the 4th day after the infection in the liver, kidneys and spleen. In the animals with staphylococcal infection such changes were also observed in the lung tissue. In the animals treated with prodigiozan or S-methylmethionine in a dose of 20 mg or 0.3 ml of a 5 per cent solution respectively simultaneously with or 2 days after the infection the changes in the organs were less pronounced than those in the control. Under the effect of prednizolone used in a dose of 10 mg according to the same schedule the inflammatory-dystrophic changes in the internal organs of the animals with dysentery and staphylococcal infections were much higher as compared to the control.", "PMID": 329754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11251", "title": "[Results of determining the sensitivity of hypernephroid cancer to cytostatic agents in vitro and clinically].", "content": "Sensitivity of the cells of 57 human hypernephromas was determined with respect to 8 drugs, i.e. tiodipin, fluorbenzotef, mithramycin, cyclophosphan, tiotef, rubomycin, 5-fluoruracyl and olivomycin with the help of the method of primary plasma cultures. Because of the changes introduced earlier into the estimative concentrations used in vitro, coincidence of the results of the sensitivity determined in vitro with the results obtained during the treatment of the same patients in clinics, significantly increased (up to 90 per cent).", "contents": "[Results of determining the sensitivity of hypernephroid cancer to cytostatic agents in vitro and clinically]. Sensitivity of the cells of 57 human hypernephromas was determined with respect to 8 drugs, i.e. tiodipin, fluorbenzotef, mithramycin, cyclophosphan, tiotef, rubomycin, 5-fluoruracyl and olivomycin with the help of the method of primary plasma cultures. Because of the changes introduced earlier into the estimative concentrations used in vitro, coincidence of the results of the sensitivity determined in vitro with the results obtained during the treatment of the same patients in clinics, significantly increased (up to 90 per cent).", "PMID": 329755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11252", "title": "Novel R-plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase from Klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "A novel beta-lactamase with a broad spectrum of activity against penicillins and cephalosporins has been detected in a strain of Klebsiella aerogenes. Its synthesis is mediated by an R-plasmid of molecular weight 64 x 10(6).", "contents": "Novel R-plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase from Klebsiella aerogenes. A novel beta-lactamase with a broad spectrum of activity against penicillins and cephalosporins has been detected in a strain of Klebsiella aerogenes. Its synthesis is mediated by an R-plasmid of molecular weight 64 x 10(6).", "PMID": 329756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11253", "title": "Antagonistic action of lipid components of membranes from Candida albicans and various other lipids on two imidazole antimycotics, clotrimazole and miconazole.", "content": "The growth-inhibitory activity of two imidazole antimycotics, clotrimazole and miconazole, against Candida albicans was significantly reversed when lipid extracts from protoplast membranes of the same organism were added to the assay medium together with the drugs. Of four major classes of lipids further separated from them, viz., phospholipids, triglycerides, sterol esters, and free sterols, the former two were capable of counteracting both drugs, whereas the latter two were not. However, even with phospholipids or triglycerides, no antagonism was noted when they were saturated by catalytic hydrogenation before use. The antagonistic effect of varying classes of commercial lipids, including phospholipids, acylglycerides, sterols, and fatty acids, was also studied by means of the agar diffusion technique. Significant antagonism to both drugs was observed with: (i) phospholipids with an unsaturated acyl group; (ii) acylglycerides, the ester portion of which consists of unsaturated fatty acid; (iii) ultraviolet-activated sterols; and (iv) unsaturated fatty acids of cis-configuration. By contrast, none of the saturated phospholipids and acylglycerides nor sterols was effective as an antagonist. With the exception only of lauric acid, all of a series of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated trans-fatty acids ranging from C(8) to C(18) in chain length were either minimally effective or completely ineffective. Essentially, there was no qualitative difference between clotrimazole and miconazole in the response to these various lipids.", "contents": "Antagonistic action of lipid components of membranes from Candida albicans and various other lipids on two imidazole antimycotics, clotrimazole and miconazole. The growth-inhibitory activity of two imidazole antimycotics, clotrimazole and miconazole, against Candida albicans was significantly reversed when lipid extracts from protoplast membranes of the same organism were added to the assay medium together with the drugs. Of four major classes of lipids further separated from them, viz., phospholipids, triglycerides, sterol esters, and free sterols, the former two were capable of counteracting both drugs, whereas the latter two were not. However, even with phospholipids or triglycerides, no antagonism was noted when they were saturated by catalytic hydrogenation before use. The antagonistic effect of varying classes of commercial lipids, including phospholipids, acylglycerides, sterols, and fatty acids, was also studied by means of the agar diffusion technique. Significant antagonism to both drugs was observed with: (i) phospholipids with an unsaturated acyl group; (ii) acylglycerides, the ester portion of which consists of unsaturated fatty acid; (iii) ultraviolet-activated sterols; and (iv) unsaturated fatty acids of cis-configuration. By contrast, none of the saturated phospholipids and acylglycerides nor sterols was effective as an antagonist. With the exception only of lauric acid, all of a series of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated trans-fatty acids ranging from C(8) to C(18) in chain length were either minimally effective or completely ineffective. Essentially, there was no qualitative difference between clotrimazole and miconazole in the response to these various lipids.", "PMID": 329757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11254", "title": "Mutagenic studies of folic acid antagonists.", "content": "Compounds that compete with folic acid (folic acid antagonists [FAAs]) become limited in their usefulness in the treatment of leukemia, malaria, and bacterial infections by the rapid development of resistance. Assays of the plasma levels of certain of these FAAs led to the observation, in about 25% of the determinations, that a higher density of growth of Streptococcus faecium var. durans (ATCC 8043) was obtained at an FAA concentration just below the completely inhibitory level than at one-half this concentration. This and other considerations suggested that FAAs may act not only as selective agents for resistant organisms but also as mutagens. Seven FAAs including amethopterin, pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, chlorguanide triazine, an experimental quinazoline, WR-158,122, and two experimental triazines, WR-99,210 and WR-38,839, were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella reversion assay developed by Ames et al. (1975). All were found to be negative for strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, and TA100, both with and without microsomal activation. These compounds were then tested as mutagens for three traits in the folic acid-requiring S. faecium. FAAs were shown to cause mutations to folic acid independence, rifampin resistance, and FAA resistance. It is postulated that the FAAs induce mutations by causing thymine deprivation in the folic acid-requiring host.", "contents": "Mutagenic studies of folic acid antagonists. Compounds that compete with folic acid (folic acid antagonists [FAAs]) become limited in their usefulness in the treatment of leukemia, malaria, and bacterial infections by the rapid development of resistance. Assays of the plasma levels of certain of these FAAs led to the observation, in about 25% of the determinations, that a higher density of growth of Streptococcus faecium var. durans (ATCC 8043) was obtained at an FAA concentration just below the completely inhibitory level than at one-half this concentration. This and other considerations suggested that FAAs may act not only as selective agents for resistant organisms but also as mutagens. Seven FAAs including amethopterin, pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, chlorguanide triazine, an experimental quinazoline, WR-158,122, and two experimental triazines, WR-99,210 and WR-38,839, were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella reversion assay developed by Ames et al. (1975). All were found to be negative for strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, and TA100, both with and without microsomal activation. These compounds were then tested as mutagens for three traits in the folic acid-requiring S. faecium. FAAs were shown to cause mutations to folic acid independence, rifampin resistance, and FAA resistance. It is postulated that the FAAs induce mutations by causing thymine deprivation in the folic acid-requiring host.", "PMID": 329758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11255", "title": "Rapid detection of microbial contamination in frozen vegetables by automated impedance measurements.", "content": "Automated impedance measurements can be used to rapidly assess whether a sample of frozen vegetables contains greater or less than 10(5) organisms per g. Microorganisms growing pureed food samples cause a change in the impedance of the medium when the organisms reach a threshold concentration of between 10(6) and 10(7) organisms per ml. Estimates of the concentration of microorganisms initially present in the food sample can be made by recording the time required for the organisms in the sample to replicate to threshold levels. In this study, the detection times for 357 samples of frozen vegetables were compared with standard plate counts for each sample. The agreement between the two methods in distinguishing samples containing more than 10(5) organisms per g was 92.6% for 257 assorted frozen vegetables and somewhat higher (93 to 96%) when separate cutoff times were used for each type of vegetable. The time required for analysis was about 5 h, compared to the 48 to 72 h required for standard plate counts.", "contents": "Rapid detection of microbial contamination in frozen vegetables by automated impedance measurements. Automated impedance measurements can be used to rapidly assess whether a sample of frozen vegetables contains greater or less than 10(5) organisms per g. Microorganisms growing pureed food samples cause a change in the impedance of the medium when the organisms reach a threshold concentration of between 10(6) and 10(7) organisms per ml. Estimates of the concentration of microorganisms initially present in the food sample can be made by recording the time required for the organisms in the sample to replicate to threshold levels. In this study, the detection times for 357 samples of frozen vegetables were compared with standard plate counts for each sample. The agreement between the two methods in distinguishing samples containing more than 10(5) organisms per g was 92.6% for 257 assorted frozen vegetables and somewhat higher (93 to 96%) when separate cutoff times were used for each type of vegetable. The time required for analysis was about 5 h, compared to the 48 to 72 h required for standard plate counts.", "PMID": 329759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11256", "title": "Thermal destruction of Clostridium botulinum spores suspended in tomato juice in aluminum thermal death time tubes.", "content": "The heat destruction characteristics of Clostridium botulinum spores suspended in tomato juice and phosphate buffer were determined by the survivor curve method with aluminum thermal death time tubes. Two type A strains of C. botulinum and a type B strain were evaluated. Strains A16037 and B15580 were implicated in outbreaks of botulism involving home-canned tomato products. Strain A16037 had a higher heat resistance than either 62A or B15580. The mean thermal resistance (D-values) for A16037 in tomato juice (pH 4.2) were: 115.6 degrees C, 0.4 min; 110.0 degrees C, 1.6 min; and 104.4 degrees C, 6.0 min. The mean D-values for A16037 in Sorensen 0.067 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) were: 115.6 degrees C, 1.3 min; 110.0 degrees C, 4.4 min; and 104.4 degrees C, 17.6 min. At each test temperature, the D-values were approximately three times higher in buffer than in tomato juice. The z-value for C. botulinum A16037 spores in tomato juice was 9.4 degrees C, and in buffer the z-value was 9.9 degrees C. The use of aluminum thermal death time tubes in a miniature retort system makes it possible to determine survivor curves for C. botulinum spores at 121.1 degrees C. This is possible because the lag correction factor for the aluminum tubes is only about 0.2 min, making possible heating times as short as 0.5 min.", "contents": "Thermal destruction of Clostridium botulinum spores suspended in tomato juice in aluminum thermal death time tubes. The heat destruction characteristics of Clostridium botulinum spores suspended in tomato juice and phosphate buffer were determined by the survivor curve method with aluminum thermal death time tubes. Two type A strains of C. botulinum and a type B strain were evaluated. Strains A16037 and B15580 were implicated in outbreaks of botulism involving home-canned tomato products. Strain A16037 had a higher heat resistance than either 62A or B15580. The mean thermal resistance (D-values) for A16037 in tomato juice (pH 4.2) were: 115.6 degrees C, 0.4 min; 110.0 degrees C, 1.6 min; and 104.4 degrees C, 6.0 min. The mean D-values for A16037 in Sorensen 0.067 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) were: 115.6 degrees C, 1.3 min; 110.0 degrees C, 4.4 min; and 104.4 degrees C, 17.6 min. At each test temperature, the D-values were approximately three times higher in buffer than in tomato juice. The z-value for C. botulinum A16037 spores in tomato juice was 9.4 degrees C, and in buffer the z-value was 9.9 degrees C. The use of aluminum thermal death time tubes in a miniature retort system makes it possible to determine survivor curves for C. botulinum spores at 121.1 degrees C. This is possible because the lag correction factor for the aluminum tubes is only about 0.2 min, making possible heating times as short as 0.5 min.", "PMID": 329760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11257", "title": "Effect of dredge spoil deposition on fecal coliform counts in sediments at a disposal site.", "content": "The most-probable-number of fecal coliforms in sediments was monitored at the New London dump site in Long Island Sound during the deposition of dredge spoil from the Thames River. Although the geometric mean for fecal coliforms at five stations in the river was 14,000/100 ml before dredging commenced, the deposition of this material did not increase the incidence of fecal coliforms at 17 spoil stations and 13 control stations in the disposal and surrounding areas. Fecal coliforms appear to occur only in the surface sediment material and are diluted by the subsurface material during the dredging operation. Fecal coliform analyses of bottom waters during high and low tides indicated that the flow of water from the Thames River played a major role in determining the most-probable-number of fecal coliforms in the sediments at the disposal site.", "contents": "Effect of dredge spoil deposition on fecal coliform counts in sediments at a disposal site. The most-probable-number of fecal coliforms in sediments was monitored at the New London dump site in Long Island Sound during the deposition of dredge spoil from the Thames River. Although the geometric mean for fecal coliforms at five stations in the river was 14,000/100 ml before dredging commenced, the deposition of this material did not increase the incidence of fecal coliforms at 17 spoil stations and 13 control stations in the disposal and surrounding areas. Fecal coliforms appear to occur only in the surface sediment material and are diluted by the subsurface material during the dredging operation. Fecal coliform analyses of bottom waters during high and low tides indicated that the flow of water from the Thames River played a major role in determining the most-probable-number of fecal coliforms in the sediments at the disposal site.", "PMID": 329761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11258", "title": "Membrane filter technique for the quantification of stressed fecal coliforms in the aquatic environment.", "content": "A two-layer membrane filtration (MF) medium (injury-mitigating MF [IM-MF]) and a procedure for the enumeration of injured fecal coliforms are described. These procedures included the addition of glycerol and acetate plus reducing agents to both layers of a two-layer medium and rinsing of the filter with a rich resuscitation medium. Some changes in incubation time and temperatures were used. This method was compared with the multiple-tube fermentation most-probable-number procedure and the one-step M-FC agar-membrane filter method (direct M-FC) in terms of fecal coliform recovery from various aquatic environments that cause bacterial injury. With chlorinated sewage effluents, results of the IM-MF technique were equal to or greater than the most probable number in 9 of 18 trials and were 1.3 to 19 times greater than the M-FC method. When sewage samples were chlorinated in the laboratory, fecal coliform counts with IM-MF equaled or exceeded the most probable number in 7 of 15 trials and always exceeded the M-FC. M-FC was exceeded by IM-MF in 30 of 33 trials with clean mountain stream water. Fecal coliform bacteria that were exposed to low levels of an iodophore in the laboratory produced IM-MF counts 3 to 10 times greater than those with M-FC. A biochemical rationale for the formation of the IM-MF medium is discussed.", "contents": "Membrane filter technique for the quantification of stressed fecal coliforms in the aquatic environment. A two-layer membrane filtration (MF) medium (injury-mitigating MF [IM-MF]) and a procedure for the enumeration of injured fecal coliforms are described. These procedures included the addition of glycerol and acetate plus reducing agents to both layers of a two-layer medium and rinsing of the filter with a rich resuscitation medium. Some changes in incubation time and temperatures were used. This method was compared with the multiple-tube fermentation most-probable-number procedure and the one-step M-FC agar-membrane filter method (direct M-FC) in terms of fecal coliform recovery from various aquatic environments that cause bacterial injury. With chlorinated sewage effluents, results of the IM-MF technique were equal to or greater than the most probable number in 9 of 18 trials and were 1.3 to 19 times greater than the M-FC method. When sewage samples were chlorinated in the laboratory, fecal coliform counts with IM-MF equaled or exceeded the most probable number in 7 of 15 trials and always exceeded the M-FC. M-FC was exceeded by IM-MF in 30 of 33 trials with clean mountain stream water. Fecal coliform bacteria that were exposed to low levels of an iodophore in the laboratory produced IM-MF counts 3 to 10 times greater than those with M-FC. A biochemical rationale for the formation of the IM-MF medium is discussed.", "PMID": 329762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11259", "title": "Comparison of the surface structure, metal binding, and fecal coliform recoveries of nine membrane filters.", "content": "A comparative study was made of nine commonly used membrane filters from five manufacturers, all recommended for enumeration of coliform bacteria. Bacterial recoveries and flow rates were examined from three types of water and were found to correlate with the surface pore structure determined by scanning electron microscopy. The sorption of metals was also determined. The results of these studies indicate that the five best membranes for fecal coliform recovery could be placed in two groups: Millipore HC and Gelman, followed by Johns-Manville SG and AG and Sartorius 13806.", "contents": "Comparison of the surface structure, metal binding, and fecal coliform recoveries of nine membrane filters. A comparative study was made of nine commonly used membrane filters from five manufacturers, all recommended for enumeration of coliform bacteria. Bacterial recoveries and flow rates were examined from three types of water and were found to correlate with the surface pore structure determined by scanning electron microscopy. The sorption of metals was also determined. The results of these studies indicate that the five best membranes for fecal coliform recovery could be placed in two groups: Millipore HC and Gelman, followed by Johns-Manville SG and AG and Sartorius 13806.", "PMID": 329763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11260", "title": "Aflatoxin localization by the enzyme-linked immunocytochemical technique.", "content": "Visualization of aflatoxin deposits within Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517 hyphae was made possible by using an enzyme-linked immunocytochemical technique.", "contents": "Aflatoxin localization by the enzyme-linked immunocytochemical technique. Visualization of aflatoxin deposits within Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517 hyphae was made possible by using an enzyme-linked immunocytochemical technique.", "PMID": 329764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11261", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis for aflatoxin B1.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis (ELISA) permitted the detection of less than 10 pg of aflatoxin B1 per ml. The antitoxin was most specific for aflatoxins B1 and B2alpha, and least specific for aflatoxin G1.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis for aflatoxin B1. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis (ELISA) permitted the detection of less than 10 pg of aflatoxin B1 per ml. The antitoxin was most specific for aflatoxins B1 and B2alpha, and least specific for aflatoxin G1.", "PMID": 329765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11262", "title": "Proteolytic mutants obtained from Clostridium botulinum type E.", "content": "Proteolytic mutants were isolated from toxigenic strains of Clostridium botulinum type E after several transfers. When these cultures were plated on blood agar, almost all of the colonies obtained were proteolytic, and there were fewer toxigenic colonies than nontoxigenic colonies. The proteolytic mutants and nonproteolytic original strains were different in their biological properties.", "contents": "Proteolytic mutants obtained from Clostridium botulinum type E. Proteolytic mutants were isolated from toxigenic strains of Clostridium botulinum type E after several transfers. When these cultures were plated on blood agar, almost all of the colonies obtained were proteolytic, and there were fewer toxigenic colonies than nontoxigenic colonies. The proteolytic mutants and nonproteolytic original strains were different in their biological properties.", "PMID": 329766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11263", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid. Clinical and immunologic follow-up after successful therapy.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) have been periodically evaluated for four years. This study demonstrates that BP may occur in a transient predominantly localized form that remits spontaneously, and most BP patients after successful therapy remain in prolonged clinical remission. In this study, all patients with active or recurrent disease had IgG and/or C3 basement membrane zone (BMZ) deposition. Serum anti-BMZ antibodies was an inconstant feature. In most instances, clinical remission of BP was associated with disappearance of BMZ ig and C3 deposition and serum BMZ antibodies. Fluorescein-conjugated, antihuman C3 appears to be a more sensitive immunoreagent than antihuman, class specific, immunoglobulin antisera in detecting positive BMZ staining in BP. Combined therapy with azathioprine plus prednisone appears to be superior to prednisone alone in the treatment of BP.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid. Clinical and immunologic follow-up after successful therapy. Thirty-six patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) have been periodically evaluated for four years. This study demonstrates that BP may occur in a transient predominantly localized form that remits spontaneously, and most BP patients after successful therapy remain in prolonged clinical remission. In this study, all patients with active or recurrent disease had IgG and/or C3 basement membrane zone (BMZ) deposition. Serum anti-BMZ antibodies was an inconstant feature. In most instances, clinical remission of BP was associated with disappearance of BMZ ig and C3 deposition and serum BMZ antibodies. Fluorescein-conjugated, antihuman C3 appears to be a more sensitive immunoreagent than antihuman, class specific, immunoglobulin antisera in detecting positive BMZ staining in BP. Combined therapy with azathioprine plus prednisone appears to be superior to prednisone alone in the treatment of BP.", "PMID": 329769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11264", "title": "Defective monocyte chemotaxis in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Monocyte-macrophage function was studied in 14 patients with histologically confirmed mycosis fungoides. Three component parts of the monocyte-macrophage system were examined. Monocyte bacterial phagocytosis and bacterial killing were normal. However, a defect in directional mobility (chemotaxis) was found in patients with mycosis fungiodes (P less than .0025) when compared to 35 healthy controls. Defective chemotaxis was present regardless of disease stage or therapy. This defect in monocyte chemotaxis represents a previously unrecognized immune deficiency and may help explain the frequent infections found in patients with mycosis fungoides.", "contents": "Defective monocyte chemotaxis in mycosis fungoides. Monocyte-macrophage function was studied in 14 patients with histologically confirmed mycosis fungoides. Three component parts of the monocyte-macrophage system were examined. Monocyte bacterial phagocytosis and bacterial killing were normal. However, a defect in directional mobility (chemotaxis) was found in patients with mycosis fungiodes (P less than .0025) when compared to 35 healthy controls. Defective chemotaxis was present regardless of disease stage or therapy. This defect in monocyte chemotaxis represents a previously unrecognized immune deficiency and may help explain the frequent infections found in patients with mycosis fungoides.", "PMID": 329770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11265", "title": "Immunopathologic study of herpes gestationis in mother and infant.", "content": "In vivo bound C3 was demonstrated by immunofluorescence in lesions of both maternal and infant skin in an immunopathologic study of herpes gestationis. Immunoglobulins and other complement components of both classical and alternative pathways were not found. The serum was also negative for circulating antibody to basement membrane of skin. Maternal serum had a factor present that was able to deposit C3 from fresh normal serum onto the basement membrane zone of skin. Hemolytic complement titrations showed a decrease of CH50 levels in serum of both classical and alternative pathways in the mother and the classical pathway in the infant, with a decrease of C2 and C4 in both. To our knowledge, this is the first reportof a decrease in serum complements in herpes gestationis and indicates that complement may not be activated locally.", "contents": "Immunopathologic study of herpes gestationis in mother and infant. In vivo bound C3 was demonstrated by immunofluorescence in lesions of both maternal and infant skin in an immunopathologic study of herpes gestationis. Immunoglobulins and other complement components of both classical and alternative pathways were not found. The serum was also negative for circulating antibody to basement membrane of skin. Maternal serum had a factor present that was able to deposit C3 from fresh normal serum onto the basement membrane zone of skin. Hemolytic complement titrations showed a decrease of CH50 levels in serum of both classical and alternative pathways in the mother and the classical pathway in the infant, with a decrease of C2 and C4 in both. To our knowledge, this is the first reportof a decrease in serum complements in herpes gestationis and indicates that complement may not be activated locally.", "PMID": 329771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11266", "title": "Eruptive nevocytic nevi after severe bullous disease.", "content": "In two patients, hundreds of nevocytic nevi (melanocytic nevi) appeared in sites of severe bullous dermatoses that were considered to be toxic epidermal necrolysis and erythema multiforme exudativum, respectively. This phenomenon may result from benign melanocytic hyperplasia accompanying keratinocytic hyperplasia during the healing process of some of the denuded areas of the skin.", "contents": "Eruptive nevocytic nevi after severe bullous disease. In two patients, hundreds of nevocytic nevi (melanocytic nevi) appeared in sites of severe bullous dermatoses that were considered to be toxic epidermal necrolysis and erythema multiforme exudativum, respectively. This phenomenon may result from benign melanocytic hyperplasia accompanying keratinocytic hyperplasia during the healing process of some of the denuded areas of the skin.", "PMID": 329772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11267", "title": "The immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the lamina propria and the clinical response to a gluten-free diet in dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "In 17 patients with DH, multiple duodenal and jejunal biopsies were performed. In all patients the small-intestinal biopsy-specimens showed histopathological changes compatible with coeliac disease. Fourteen of the patients maintained a gluten-free diet (GFD) for more than 8 months. The small-intestinal lesions improved in all patients investigated during the GFD. The dosage of Dapsone needed to control the sin lesions could be reduced by more than 50% in 4 patients and the Dapsone could be stopped in 5 other patients on GFD. The immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the lamina propria were counted in 8 patients not on a gluten-free diet, in 6 patients on gluten-free diet, and in 8 healthy controls. The numbers of IgA-, IgM- and IgG-bearing cells were increased in most of the DH patients who were not on a gluten-free diet. The number of IgM-bearing cells in the DH patients who were on a gluten-free diet was the same as that in the control group. This may indicate a mainly IgM response in the lamina propria induced by gluten.", "contents": "The immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the lamina propria and the clinical response to a gluten-free diet in dermatitis herpetiformis. In 17 patients with DH, multiple duodenal and jejunal biopsies were performed. In all patients the small-intestinal biopsy-specimens showed histopathological changes compatible with coeliac disease. Fourteen of the patients maintained a gluten-free diet (GFD) for more than 8 months. The small-intestinal lesions improved in all patients investigated during the GFD. The dosage of Dapsone needed to control the sin lesions could be reduced by more than 50% in 4 patients and the Dapsone could be stopped in 5 other patients on GFD. The immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the lamina propria were counted in 8 patients not on a gluten-free diet, in 6 patients on gluten-free diet, and in 8 healthy controls. The numbers of IgA-, IgM- and IgG-bearing cells were increased in most of the DH patients who were not on a gluten-free diet. The number of IgM-bearing cells in the DH patients who were on a gluten-free diet was the same as that in the control group. This may indicate a mainly IgM response in the lamina propria induced by gluten.", "PMID": 329776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11268", "title": "[Fibrin depostition in granuloma anulare (author's transl)].", "content": "In 6 cases of granuloma anulare direct immunofluorescence studies were carried out with anti-fibrinogen and anti-immunoglobulin sera. Fibrin deposition was found in all lesions. The result is discussed with reference to local fibrinolysis.", "contents": "[Fibrin depostition in granuloma anulare (author's transl)]. In 6 cases of granuloma anulare direct immunofluorescence studies were carried out with anti-fibrinogen and anti-immunoglobulin sera. Fibrin deposition was found in all lesions. The result is discussed with reference to local fibrinolysis.", "PMID": 329777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11269", "title": "The effect of serotonin on pepsin inhibition by duodenal fat.", "content": "The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the possible role of serotonin on pepsin secretion. The results of our data suggest that serotonin is a stimulator of pepsin secretion since (a) pretreatment with reserpine (which depletes serotonin stores) abolished the stimulatory effect of histamine on pepsin secretion; (b) pretreatment with UML-491 (a serotonin blocking agent at the effector level) augmented the pepsin inhibition induced by the intraduodenal infusion of fat, and (c) 5-hydroxytryptophan (a serotonin precursor) caused a significant stimulation of pepsin secretion. The mode of action of serotonin is probably by a direct hormonal action on the gastric chief cells.", "contents": "The effect of serotonin on pepsin inhibition by duodenal fat. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the possible role of serotonin on pepsin secretion. The results of our data suggest that serotonin is a stimulator of pepsin secretion since (a) pretreatment with reserpine (which depletes serotonin stores) abolished the stimulatory effect of histamine on pepsin secretion; (b) pretreatment with UML-491 (a serotonin blocking agent at the effector level) augmented the pepsin inhibition induced by the intraduodenal infusion of fat, and (c) 5-hydroxytryptophan (a serotonin precursor) caused a significant stimulation of pepsin secretion. The mode of action of serotonin is probably by a direct hormonal action on the gastric chief cells.", "PMID": 329778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11270", "title": "Observations on preservation, bile drainage and rejection in 64 human orthotopic liver allografts.", "content": "The combined Cambridge/King's College Hospital series of 64 orthotopic liver grafts' experience dates back to 1968. Many patients were referred for liver grafting late in the course of their diseases and were operated on when they were too ill or died before suitable livers could be found. Complications of biliary drainage were the most frequent causes of death. In the past two years we have acquired experience of a method of liver preservation which permits up to 8 hours of safe storage without any complicated machines and we have been able to transport 22 livers by air and road from other institutions to our own unit. This has enlarged the pool of potential donors and therefore reduced the average waiting time for a liver transplant. A new method of biliary drainage has been employed in 24 patients using the vascularised gall bladder as a conduit between the donor and recipient common ducts. This has resulted in a marked reduction in early postoperative complications of biliary fistula and obstructed bile drainage. Now that survival has improved, it has become clear that uncontrollable rejection of the allografted liver in man is much less severe than that experienced with kidney transplants. The results of liver grafting in our unit during the past year are better than those obtained with kidneys from cadaver donors.", "contents": "Observations on preservation, bile drainage and rejection in 64 human orthotopic liver allografts. The combined Cambridge/King's College Hospital series of 64 orthotopic liver grafts' experience dates back to 1968. Many patients were referred for liver grafting late in the course of their diseases and were operated on when they were too ill or died before suitable livers could be found. Complications of biliary drainage were the most frequent causes of death. In the past two years we have acquired experience of a method of liver preservation which permits up to 8 hours of safe storage without any complicated machines and we have been able to transport 22 livers by air and road from other institutions to our own unit. This has enlarged the pool of potential donors and therefore reduced the average waiting time for a liver transplant. A new method of biliary drainage has been employed in 24 patients using the vascularised gall bladder as a conduit between the donor and recipient common ducts. This has resulted in a marked reduction in early postoperative complications of biliary fistula and obstructed bile drainage. Now that survival has improved, it has become clear that uncontrollable rejection of the allografted liver in man is much less severe than that experienced with kidney transplants. The results of liver grafting in our unit during the past year are better than those obtained with kidneys from cadaver donors.", "PMID": 329780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11271", "title": "Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism.", "content": "This review of the epidemiology of venous thromboembolism includes estimates of incidence and prevalence of venous thrombosis and its sequelae, a discussion geographical, annual and seasonal variations and data concerning possible risk factors. Selection of patients at increased risk for development of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism for specific diagnostic screening or for prophylactic therapy with low-dose heparin may be a more effective approach to lowering morbidity and mortality from this disease.", "contents": "Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. This review of the epidemiology of venous thromboembolism includes estimates of incidence and prevalence of venous thrombosis and its sequelae, a discussion geographical, annual and seasonal variations and data concerning possible risk factors. Selection of patients at increased risk for development of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism for specific diagnostic screening or for prophylactic therapy with low-dose heparin may be a more effective approach to lowering morbidity and mortality from this disease.", "PMID": 329779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11272", "title": "Phenothiazine-induced ECG abnormalities: effect of a glucose load.", "content": "A total of 54 schizophrenic patients, 27 male and 27 female, satisfying study criteria, were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: placebo; perphenazine, 20 mg/day; or the combination of amitriptyline, 125 mg/day, with perphenazine, 20 mg/day. Medication was administered under double-blind conditions for 12 weeks, after which ECGs were taken following an overnight fast and again following a 600-calorie meal. Among patients receiving perphenazine or amitriptyline-perphenazine, there was a statistically significant increase in repolarization abnormally after eating, whereas placebo-treated patients incurred no such increases. This supports the hypothesis that phenothiazine-induced ECG changes may be caused or facilitated by the glucose load. The incidence of increase in repolarization abnormality after the meal was higher among female patients than among male patients. The findings are of practical significance for readings of abnormality in the ECG of phenothiazine-treated patients.", "contents": "Phenothiazine-induced ECG abnormalities: effect of a glucose load. A total of 54 schizophrenic patients, 27 male and 27 female, satisfying study criteria, were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: placebo; perphenazine, 20 mg/day; or the combination of amitriptyline, 125 mg/day, with perphenazine, 20 mg/day. Medication was administered under double-blind conditions for 12 weeks, after which ECGs were taken following an overnight fast and again following a 600-calorie meal. Among patients receiving perphenazine or amitriptyline-perphenazine, there was a statistically significant increase in repolarization abnormally after eating, whereas placebo-treated patients incurred no such increases. This supports the hypothesis that phenothiazine-induced ECG changes may be caused or facilitated by the glucose load. The incidence of increase in repolarization abnormality after the meal was higher among female patients than among male patients. The findings are of practical significance for readings of abnormality in the ECG of phenothiazine-treated patients.", "PMID": 329786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11273", "title": "Comparative studies on the immunologic properties of free endotoxin and lipopolysaccharide from Shigella sonnei.", "content": "Immunogenic, antigenic and toxic properties of free endotoxin isolated from culture media of Shigella sonnei, phase I, was studied. Experiments with mice showed that free endotoxin is about 3--4 times more active immunogenically and twice as toxic as cellular lipopolysaccharide. On the other hand, the antigenic activity of free endotoxin was about equal to that of lipopolysaccharide. In addition, free endotoxin had a common property characteristic for endotoxins isolated from Gram-negative bacteria, namely it stimulated the immunologic response to unrelated antigens, e.g. antigens of sheep red blood cells.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the immunologic properties of free endotoxin and lipopolysaccharide from Shigella sonnei. Immunogenic, antigenic and toxic properties of free endotoxin isolated from culture media of Shigella sonnei, phase I, was studied. Experiments with mice showed that free endotoxin is about 3--4 times more active immunogenically and twice as toxic as cellular lipopolysaccharide. On the other hand, the antigenic activity of free endotoxin was about equal to that of lipopolysaccharide. In addition, free endotoxin had a common property characteristic for endotoxins isolated from Gram-negative bacteria, namely it stimulated the immunologic response to unrelated antigens, e.g. antigens of sheep red blood cells.", "PMID": 329799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11274", "title": "Studies on the activity of antithymocyte serum (ATS), particularly on the relation between its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.", "content": "Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity of equine antirabbit antithymocyte serum (ATS) was studied. ATS lowered serum levels of complement, inhibited cell proliferation in the granulation test, and prolonged survival of allogeneic skin grafts. Its action was accompanied by lymphopenia. Repeated immunization enhanced the activity of ATS in the graft rejection test and the drop in serum complement, and at the same time attenuated the effect on the granulation process and lowered proteolytic activity.", "contents": "Studies on the activity of antithymocyte serum (ATS), particularly on the relation between its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity of equine antirabbit antithymocyte serum (ATS) was studied. ATS lowered serum levels of complement, inhibited cell proliferation in the granulation test, and prolonged survival of allogeneic skin grafts. Its action was accompanied by lymphopenia. Repeated immunization enhanced the activity of ATS in the graft rejection test and the drop in serum complement, and at the same time attenuated the effect on the granulation process and lowered proteolytic activity.", "PMID": 329800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11275", "title": "Intralysosomal lipid in long-term maintenance transplant atherosclerosis.", "content": "Intralysosomal accumulation of lipid has been implicated as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although atherosclerosis develops frequently in organ transplants maintained on a long-term basis, to our knowledge no studies to date have demonstrated the intracellular localization of the lipid in this setting. Light and electron microscopic study of a renal artery branch from a transplanted kidney maintained for 3 1/2 years demonstrates that the lipid is sequestered within intimal smooth muscle cell lysosomes. The features of the atherosclerotic plaque in long-term transplantation appear to be identical to spontaneous lesions or those induced experimentally.", "contents": "Intralysosomal lipid in long-term maintenance transplant atherosclerosis. Intralysosomal accumulation of lipid has been implicated as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although atherosclerosis develops frequently in organ transplants maintained on a long-term basis, to our knowledge no studies to date have demonstrated the intracellular localization of the lipid in this setting. Light and electron microscopic study of a renal artery branch from a transplanted kidney maintained for 3 1/2 years demonstrates that the lipid is sequestered within intimal smooth muscle cell lysosomes. The features of the atherosclerotic plaque in long-term transplantation appear to be identical to spontaneous lesions or those induced experimentally.", "PMID": 329801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11276", "title": "Bilateral intraocular Nocardia asteroides infection.", "content": "A 38-year-old man with hypogammaglobulinemia and pulmonary Nocardia asteroides infection developed an intraocular Nocardia infection. The diagnosis was confirmed by examination of a specimen removed at pars plana vitrectomy. The chorioretinal infection in one eye resolved partially, with no organisms visible on histopathologic examination of the globe at autopsy. One month before the patient's death from disseminated nocardial infection, the previously uninvolved right eye developed a new metastatic nocardial chorioretinal lesion. This lesion rapidly progressed in size until the patient's death and showed on postmortem examination the presence of organisms characteristic of N asteroides.", "contents": "Bilateral intraocular Nocardia asteroides infection. A 38-year-old man with hypogammaglobulinemia and pulmonary Nocardia asteroides infection developed an intraocular Nocardia infection. The diagnosis was confirmed by examination of a specimen removed at pars plana vitrectomy. The chorioretinal infection in one eye resolved partially, with no organisms visible on histopathologic examination of the globe at autopsy. One month before the patient's death from disseminated nocardial infection, the previously uninvolved right eye developed a new metastatic nocardial chorioretinal lesion. This lesion rapidly progressed in size until the patient's death and showed on postmortem examination the presence of organisms characteristic of N asteroides.", "PMID": 329816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11277", "title": "Tarsal pedicle flap for lower eyelid reconstruction.", "content": "When reconstructing the lower eyelid with use of a temporal-zygomatic skin flap, the inner lining can be provided by a tarsal pedicle flap from the upper eyelid. The flap is hinged in the superior cul de sac and is similar to the letter T on its side, obviating the need to use nasal septal cartilage and mucosa. This method maintains the upward curve of the lower eyelid and restores the lateral canthal angle while causing very little noticeable shortening of the horizontal fissure.", "contents": "Tarsal pedicle flap for lower eyelid reconstruction. When reconstructing the lower eyelid with use of a temporal-zygomatic skin flap, the inner lining can be provided by a tarsal pedicle flap from the upper eyelid. The flap is hinged in the superior cul de sac and is similar to the letter T on its side, obviating the need to use nasal septal cartilage and mucosa. This method maintains the upward curve of the lower eyelid and restores the lateral canthal angle while causing very little noticeable shortening of the horizontal fissure.", "PMID": 329817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11278", "title": "[Biocompatibility of wood in bone tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcohol-extracted and sterilised cylinders of ash- and birchwood were implanted into the tibia of rabbits. The selection criteria of these two wood species were thoroughly described. 28 implants were evaluated after 3, 5, 14 and 32 weeks using undecalcified microtome sections and ground sections employing polychromatic sequential-labelling and microradiography. In spite of a foreign-body-tissue reaction new bone is formed around the implants and within the pores of the wood as well. Both wood species therefore seem to be suitable implant materials, which were anchoraged by the bone itself. A tensile strength and elastic properties comparable to bone and simple handling would be the advantages of this material.", "contents": "[Biocompatibility of wood in bone tissue (author's transl)]. Alcohol-extracted and sterilised cylinders of ash- and birchwood were implanted into the tibia of rabbits. The selection criteria of these two wood species were thoroughly described. 28 implants were evaluated after 3, 5, 14 and 32 weeks using undecalcified microtome sections and ground sections employing polychromatic sequential-labelling and microradiography. In spite of a foreign-body-tissue reaction new bone is formed around the implants and within the pores of the wood as well. Both wood species therefore seem to be suitable implant materials, which were anchoraged by the bone itself. A tensile strength and elastic properties comparable to bone and simple handling would be the advantages of this material.", "PMID": 329818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11279", "title": "Porosity in gold cast against an electroformed gold matrix in an inlay technique.", "content": "The information obtained from the metallographic procedure used in this paper, as compared with techniques of the past, indicates that certain subgroups such as pinhole porosity, microporosity and subsurface porosity require re-evaluation.", "contents": "Porosity in gold cast against an electroformed gold matrix in an inlay technique. The information obtained from the metallographic procedure used in this paper, as compared with techniques of the past, indicates that certain subgroups such as pinhole porosity, microporosity and subsurface porosity require re-evaluation.", "PMID": 329819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11280", "title": "Anterior tooth positions in prosthodontics.", "content": "The problems associated with positioning anterior health teeth in prosthetic treatment procedures are discussed and some recent work reviewed. Useful guides for establishing the artificial anterior dental relationship have been described and an application of these guides has been illustrated.", "contents": "Anterior tooth positions in prosthodontics. The problems associated with positioning anterior health teeth in prosthetic treatment procedures are discussed and some recent work reviewed. Useful guides for establishing the artificial anterior dental relationship have been described and an application of these guides has been illustrated.", "PMID": 329820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11281", "title": "The clinical development of the glass-ionomer cement. II. Some clinical applications.", "content": "A description is given of the varied clinical applications of this cement; these applications include its use as a filling material, as a sealant and as a luting agent.", "contents": "The clinical development of the glass-ionomer cement. II. Some clinical applications. A description is given of the varied clinical applications of this cement; these applications include its use as a filling material, as a sealant and as a luting agent.", "PMID": 329821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11282", "title": "Secondary intention post and core.", "content": "Methods for restoring existing crown and bridge restorations to normal function following pulp death are reviewed. Endodontic therapy must be supplemental by a reinforcing post-core system if the crown or bridge is to withstand normal functional loads indefinitely.", "contents": "Secondary intention post and core. Methods for restoring existing crown and bridge restorations to normal function following pulp death are reviewed. Endodontic therapy must be supplemental by a reinforcing post-core system if the crown or bridge is to withstand normal functional loads indefinitely.", "PMID": 329822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11283", "title": "The stability of maxillary expansion.", "content": "The assessment and treatment by rapid maxillary expansion of 516 cases referred by medical practitioners for the treatment of poor nasal airway is reported. The technique is simple and most suitable for the correction of crossbite and Class III malocclusion and for establishing a nasal airway in habitual mouth breathers with a history of ENT problems.", "contents": "The stability of maxillary expansion. The assessment and treatment by rapid maxillary expansion of 516 cases referred by medical practitioners for the treatment of poor nasal airway is reported. The technique is simple and most suitable for the correction of crossbite and Class III malocclusion and for establishing a nasal airway in habitual mouth breathers with a history of ENT problems.", "PMID": 329824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11284", "title": "Tissue antigens: autoantigens, alloantigens, xenoantigens and neoantigens.", "content": "The subject of Clinical Immunology is developing hand in hand with a wide and rapidly moving area of laboratory technology. The result is a better understanding of autoimmune disease, tissue transplantation rejection, foetal-maternal incompatibility, allergic disease, immunodeficiency disorders, adverse reactions to drugs, aberrant responses to bacterial and viral infections, and growth and spread of malignant cells. Basic to this understanding is the need to appreciate the character and composition of natural substances which act as immunogens and elicit antibodies. These substances have, according to their origin, been classified as autoantigens, alloantigens, xenoantigens and neoantigens. This review summarizes our knowledge relating to such antigens, emphasizing those aspects relevant to human disease and pointing to the major gaps that future research must bridge.", "contents": "Tissue antigens: autoantigens, alloantigens, xenoantigens and neoantigens. The subject of Clinical Immunology is developing hand in hand with a wide and rapidly moving area of laboratory technology. The result is a better understanding of autoimmune disease, tissue transplantation rejection, foetal-maternal incompatibility, allergic disease, immunodeficiency disorders, adverse reactions to drugs, aberrant responses to bacterial and viral infections, and growth and spread of malignant cells. Basic to this understanding is the need to appreciate the character and composition of natural substances which act as immunogens and elicit antibodies. These substances have, according to their origin, been classified as autoantigens, alloantigens, xenoantigens and neoantigens. This review summarizes our knowledge relating to such antigens, emphasizing those aspects relevant to human disease and pointing to the major gaps that future research must bridge.", "PMID": 329826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11285", "title": "Inefficiency of sanitation measures aboard commercial aircraft: environmental pollution and disease.", "content": "Recent investigations at Tokyo International Airport have proven that environmental pollution resulting from the inefficient disposal of human excretion aboard aircraft is an important problem from the standpoint of quarantine. It is, therefore, recommended that the worldwide aviation industry take immediate measures to improve conditions and eliminate this problem, which has thus far been ignored by aircraft designers, airport administration, and CAB personnel.", "contents": "Inefficiency of sanitation measures aboard commercial aircraft: environmental pollution and disease. Recent investigations at Tokyo International Airport have proven that environmental pollution resulting from the inefficient disposal of human excretion aboard aircraft is an important problem from the standpoint of quarantine. It is, therefore, recommended that the worldwide aviation industry take immediate measures to improve conditions and eliminate this problem, which has thus far been ignored by aircraft designers, airport administration, and CAB personnel.", "PMID": 329830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11286", "title": "Immunomorphologic methods in routine pathology. Application of immunofluorescence and the unlabeled antibody-enzyme (peroxidase-antiperoxidase) technique to formalin fixed paraffin embedded kidney biopsies.", "content": "Immunofluorescence and the unlabeled antibody enzyme (peroxidase - antiperoxidase) method were applied to formalin fixed conventionally paraffin-embedded kidney biopsy material, and optimal working conditions are reported. Both methods were suitable for the demonstration of immunoglobulin and complement deposits within glomerula. They were equally sensitive on dewaxed pronase-treated sections. Pronase treatment decreased nonspecific background fluorescence and increased the sensitivity of both immunomorphologic techniques, possibly by enhancing antigenicity.", "contents": "Immunomorphologic methods in routine pathology. Application of immunofluorescence and the unlabeled antibody-enzyme (peroxidase-antiperoxidase) technique to formalin fixed paraffin embedded kidney biopsies. Immunofluorescence and the unlabeled antibody enzyme (peroxidase - antiperoxidase) method were applied to formalin fixed conventionally paraffin-embedded kidney biopsy material, and optimal working conditions are reported. Both methods were suitable for the demonstration of immunoglobulin and complement deposits within glomerula. They were equally sensitive on dewaxed pronase-treated sections. Pronase treatment decreased nonspecific background fluorescence and increased the sensitivity of both immunomorphologic techniques, possibly by enhancing antigenicity.", "PMID": 329835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11287", "title": "Chitin biosynthesis in protoplasts and subcellular fractions of Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "The biosynthesis of chitin has been obtained in broken mycelia and protoplasts of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The specific activity of chitin synthase (EC 2.4.1.16) in a membrane preparation from protoplasts derived from the hyphal tips of A. fumigatus was 26.8-fold greater than that of the chitin synthase in broken mycelia, indicating that the active chitin synthase is located primarily in a membrane-bound site at the hyphal tip. Polyoxin D was a potent competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, having Ki 5.2 +/- 0.8 micron with respect to the natural substrate UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, which has Km 1.58 mM.", "contents": "Chitin biosynthesis in protoplasts and subcellular fractions of Aspergillus fumigatus. The biosynthesis of chitin has been obtained in broken mycelia and protoplasts of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The specific activity of chitin synthase (EC 2.4.1.16) in a membrane preparation from protoplasts derived from the hyphal tips of A. fumigatus was 26.8-fold greater than that of the chitin synthase in broken mycelia, indicating that the active chitin synthase is located primarily in a membrane-bound site at the hyphal tip. Polyoxin D was a potent competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, having Ki 5.2 +/- 0.8 micron with respect to the natural substrate UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, which has Km 1.58 mM.", "PMID": 329836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11288", "title": "Purification and steady-state kinetics of adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate sulphurylase from baker's yeast.", "content": "ADP sulphurylase (EC 2.7.7.5) was purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose. The enzyme was assayed by measuring the incorporation of [32P]Pi into ADP in the presence of the substrate for the reverse reaction, adenosine 5'-sulphatophosphate. In the concentration ranges investigated, by using initial-velocity, product-inhibition and isotope-exchange studies, the data were consistent with a Ping Pong reaction mechanism, with Km for adenosine 5'-sulphatophosphate of 1.20 +/- 0.08 mM and a Km for Pi of 4.95 +/- 0.15 mM. Competitive substrate inhibition by Pi (Ki = 11.7 +/- 0.3 mM) was found. ADP sulphurylase catalyses a sulphate-independent Pi-ADP exchange reaction, the kinetics of which are consistent with the kinetics of the overall reaction, inconsistent with the assay of Burnell & Anderson [(1973) Biochem. J. 133, 417-428], which is based on a sulphate-dependent Pi-ADP exchange reaction.", "contents": "Purification and steady-state kinetics of adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate sulphurylase from baker's yeast. ADP sulphurylase (EC 2.7.7.5) was purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose. The enzyme was assayed by measuring the incorporation of [32P]Pi into ADP in the presence of the substrate for the reverse reaction, adenosine 5'-sulphatophosphate. In the concentration ranges investigated, by using initial-velocity, product-inhibition and isotope-exchange studies, the data were consistent with a Ping Pong reaction mechanism, with Km for adenosine 5'-sulphatophosphate of 1.20 +/- 0.08 mM and a Km for Pi of 4.95 +/- 0.15 mM. Competitive substrate inhibition by Pi (Ki = 11.7 +/- 0.3 mM) was found. ADP sulphurylase catalyses a sulphate-independent Pi-ADP exchange reaction, the kinetics of which are consistent with the kinetics of the overall reaction, inconsistent with the assay of Burnell & Anderson [(1973) Biochem. J. 133, 417-428], which is based on a sulphate-dependent Pi-ADP exchange reaction.", "PMID": 329837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11289", "title": "Evaluation of a new method for the continuous measurement of the distribution of the blood flow between the two lungs.", "content": "The magnitude of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia may be studied by measuring the reduction in blood flow when one lung is ventilated with nitrogen. A radioisotope technique has been developed which permits the distribution of blood flow between the two lungs to be measured continuously. This technique was evaluated in dogs and found to be satisfactory.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new method for the continuous measurement of the distribution of the blood flow between the two lungs. The magnitude of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia may be studied by measuring the reduction in blood flow when one lung is ventilated with nitrogen. A radioisotope technique has been developed which permits the distribution of blood flow between the two lungs to be measured continuously. This technique was evaluated in dogs and found to be satisfactory.", "PMID": 329847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11290", "title": "Glycopyrrolate-neostigmine mixture for antagonism of neuromuscular block: comparison with atropine-neostigmine mixture.", "content": "Glycopyrrolate, a new anticholinergic agent, was evaluated and compared with atropine. Glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg to neostigmine 1.0 mg was found to be safe and effective. The heart rates remained more stable with glycopyrrolate, and the frequency of arrhythmia, which was both transient and of no consequence, was similar in the two groups. The antisialogogue action of glycopyrrolate was superior to that of atropine.", "contents": "Glycopyrrolate-neostigmine mixture for antagonism of neuromuscular block: comparison with atropine-neostigmine mixture. Glycopyrrolate, a new anticholinergic agent, was evaluated and compared with atropine. Glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg to neostigmine 1.0 mg was found to be safe and effective. The heart rates remained more stable with glycopyrrolate, and the frequency of arrhythmia, which was both transient and of no consequence, was similar in the two groups. The antisialogogue action of glycopyrrolate was superior to that of atropine.", "PMID": 329848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11291", "title": "Facilitation of nodal metastasis from a non-immunogenic murine carcinoma by previous whole-body irradiation of tumour recipients.", "content": "Of 193 CBA mice kept under prolonged observation after excision of small intradermal transplants of a non-immunogenic tumour (CBA Carcinoma NT), 27 (14%) presented with local recurrence, 19 (10%) with regional lymphnodal metastasis (RNM) and 72 (37%), with pulmonary metastasis +/- other systemic metastases. When mice were exposed to sublethal whole-body irradiation (WBI) before tumour transplantation, the incidence of RNM rose to approximately 80% and the latent period was reduced from approximately 60 days to approximately 40 days after tumour transplantation. This enhancement of RNM by WBI was undiminished when the interval between WBI and tumour transplantation was increased from 1 to 90 days. An explanation for this effect in terms of immunosuppression by the WBI is unlikely for the following reasons: the tumour was non-immunogenic by standard quantitative tests; the effect persisted long after the expected time for recovery of immune reactivity; and i.v. injection of normal marrow and lymphoid cells after WBI failed to reduce the effect. That the effect was systemic was proved by failure of local pre-irradiation of the tumour bed or regional node to enhance RNM. The effect was not observed when WBI was given 4 days after excision of tumours. These and other experiments failed to indicate the mechanism of the effect of WBI, but its long persistence suggests that it may relate to stored lethal radiation damage in migrating cells of slow turnover tissues.", "contents": "Facilitation of nodal metastasis from a non-immunogenic murine carcinoma by previous whole-body irradiation of tumour recipients. Of 193 CBA mice kept under prolonged observation after excision of small intradermal transplants of a non-immunogenic tumour (CBA Carcinoma NT), 27 (14%) presented with local recurrence, 19 (10%) with regional lymphnodal metastasis (RNM) and 72 (37%), with pulmonary metastasis +/- other systemic metastases. When mice were exposed to sublethal whole-body irradiation (WBI) before tumour transplantation, the incidence of RNM rose to approximately 80% and the latent period was reduced from approximately 60 days to approximately 40 days after tumour transplantation. This enhancement of RNM by WBI was undiminished when the interval between WBI and tumour transplantation was increased from 1 to 90 days. An explanation for this effect in terms of immunosuppression by the WBI is unlikely for the following reasons: the tumour was non-immunogenic by standard quantitative tests; the effect persisted long after the expected time for recovery of immune reactivity; and i.v. injection of normal marrow and lymphoid cells after WBI failed to reduce the effect. That the effect was systemic was proved by failure of local pre-irradiation of the tumour bed or regional node to enhance RNM. The effect was not observed when WBI was given 4 days after excision of tumours. These and other experiments failed to indicate the mechanism of the effect of WBI, but its long persistence suggests that it may relate to stored lethal radiation damage in migrating cells of slow turnover tissues.", "PMID": 329849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11292", "title": "Lymphocyte markers in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "The lymphocyte marker pattern of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells was related to current concepts of lymphoma classification. In a series of 28 lymphomas lymphocyte markers indicated that 2 were of histiocytic origin, 2 were unclassifiable, none were derived from T cells and the remainder were B-cell neoplasms. The immunoglobulin heavy chain associated with the B-cell tumours was gamma in one case, alpha in one case but was mu in the majority of cases, reflecting the predominance of this heavy chain, together with delta chains, on normal lymph node lymphocytes in man. delta chains accompanied mu chains on the tumour cells in 6/17 lymphomas in which anti-delta staining was performed. delta chains were not found on any lymphomas other than well differentiated diffuse lymphocytic types. There was evidence of a reduction in surface immunoglobulin, Fcgamma and C3 receptors on undifferentiated lymphoma cells. T lymphocytes of normal morphology were present in all lymphomas except one, and were more numerous in follicular lymphomas than in diffuse tumours.", "contents": "Lymphocyte markers in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The lymphocyte marker pattern of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells was related to current concepts of lymphoma classification. In a series of 28 lymphomas lymphocyte markers indicated that 2 were of histiocytic origin, 2 were unclassifiable, none were derived from T cells and the remainder were B-cell neoplasms. The immunoglobulin heavy chain associated with the B-cell tumours was gamma in one case, alpha in one case but was mu in the majority of cases, reflecting the predominance of this heavy chain, together with delta chains, on normal lymph node lymphocytes in man. delta chains accompanied mu chains on the tumour cells in 6/17 lymphomas in which anti-delta staining was performed. delta chains were not found on any lymphomas other than well differentiated diffuse lymphocytic types. There was evidence of a reduction in surface immunoglobulin, Fcgamma and C3 receptors on undifferentiated lymphoma cells. T lymphocytes of normal morphology were present in all lymphomas except one, and were more numerous in follicular lymphomas than in diffuse tumours.", "PMID": 329850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11293", "title": "Characterization of mononuclear cells in the inflammatory infiltrates of cutaneous tumours.", "content": "The identification of mononuclear cells extracted from cutaneous tumours (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and superficial, spreading melanoma) has been investigated. The relative numbers of T cells and B cells have been determined using the E-rosette test and the EAC-rosette test. The results have been compared to those of delayed hypersensitivity type reactions. Different cell distribution patterns (E/EAC ratio) have been found in the infiltrates according to the type of tumour. An immunocytochemical technique has been developed for the identification in situ of immunoglobulin-producing cells in the inflammatory infiltrates. In each case the class of immunoglobulin (IgM, IgG or IgA) has been identified and the relative frequency of Ig-producing cells has been determined. The results indicate humoral and cellular immune responses with variations attributable to the type of tumour. In weakly malignant tumours, the infiltrate is characterized by an elevated number of T lymphocytes and numerous plasma cells which secrete all classes of Ig; in highly malignant tumours it is characterized by a reduced number of both T lymphocytes (E rosette) and plasma cells which do not secrete all classes of Ig.", "contents": "Characterization of mononuclear cells in the inflammatory infiltrates of cutaneous tumours. The identification of mononuclear cells extracted from cutaneous tumours (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and superficial, spreading melanoma) has been investigated. The relative numbers of T cells and B cells have been determined using the E-rosette test and the EAC-rosette test. The results have been compared to those of delayed hypersensitivity type reactions. Different cell distribution patterns (E/EAC ratio) have been found in the infiltrates according to the type of tumour. An immunocytochemical technique has been developed for the identification in situ of immunoglobulin-producing cells in the inflammatory infiltrates. In each case the class of immunoglobulin (IgM, IgG or IgA) has been identified and the relative frequency of Ig-producing cells has been determined. The results indicate humoral and cellular immune responses with variations attributable to the type of tumour. In weakly malignant tumours, the infiltrate is characterized by an elevated number of T lymphocytes and numerous plasma cells which secrete all classes of Ig; in highly malignant tumours it is characterized by a reduced number of both T lymphocytes (E rosette) and plasma cells which do not secrete all classes of Ig.", "PMID": 329852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11294", "title": "Autologous bone marrow repopulation following high dose cyclophosphamide and allogeneic marrow transplantation in aplastic anaemia.", "content": "Two patients are described who received allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anaemia. Both patients rejected their grafts but subsequently repopulated their marrow with autologous haematopoietic cells. The significance of this phenomenon and its relationship to the possible pathogenesis and therapy of aplastic anaemia and discussed.", "contents": "Autologous bone marrow repopulation following high dose cyclophosphamide and allogeneic marrow transplantation in aplastic anaemia. Two patients are described who received allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anaemia. Both patients rejected their grafts but subsequently repopulated their marrow with autologous haematopoietic cells. The significance of this phenomenon and its relationship to the possible pathogenesis and therapy of aplastic anaemia and discussed.", "PMID": 329854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11295", "title": "Activated T-cell in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "In 12 of 14 patients with clinically active autoimmune haemolytic anaemia high levels (9-78%) of homologous and autologous rosetting cells were found in the peripheral blood. In 10 of these patients, who were observed over a period of 2 years, the levels bore a direct relationship to the activity of the disease. The cells so identified were T-lymphocytes. The role of cells, identified by this method in AIHA, is discussed.", "contents": "Activated T-cell in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. In 12 of 14 patients with clinically active autoimmune haemolytic anaemia high levels (9-78%) of homologous and autologous rosetting cells were found in the peripheral blood. In 10 of these patients, who were observed over a period of 2 years, the levels bore a direct relationship to the activity of the disease. The cells so identified were T-lymphocytes. The role of cells, identified by this method in AIHA, is discussed.", "PMID": 329855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11296", "title": "Chronic lymphatic leukaemia: correlation of immunofluorescent characteristics and clinical features.", "content": "60 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) were classified according to the immunofluorescent characteristics of their lymphocytes. A group expressing surface membrane (Sm) IgM had a significantly less aggressive disease than those expressing a mixture of SmIgM and SmIgD or those without surface immunoglobulin. The patients were older than in most comparable series and had a 2:I preponderance of women. It is suggested that especially among old ladies there is a benign variety of CLL which expresses SmIgMK, and that determination of the SmIg class in CLL has prognostic value.", "contents": "Chronic lymphatic leukaemia: correlation of immunofluorescent characteristics and clinical features. 60 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) were classified according to the immunofluorescent characteristics of their lymphocytes. A group expressing surface membrane (Sm) IgM had a significantly less aggressive disease than those expressing a mixture of SmIgM and SmIgD or those without surface immunoglobulin. The patients were older than in most comparable series and had a 2:I preponderance of women. It is suggested that especially among old ladies there is a benign variety of CLL which expresses SmIgMK, and that determination of the SmIg class in CLL has prognostic value.", "PMID": 329856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11297", "title": "The detection of granulocyte alloantibodies with an indirect immunofluorescence test.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescence technique for the detection of alloantibodies against granulocytes was developed. A major problem was the unspecific fluorescence of granulocytes, due to unspecific adherence of immunoglobulins to the cell membrane. This could be suppressed by the prefixation of the granulocytes with paraformaldehyde. The developed test proved to be specific and sensitive and to have a high reproducibility. Strongly positive reactions were obtained with antisera containing granulocyte-specific agglutinins or granulocyte-cytotoxins, but also with some sera that did not react in either the agglutination or the cytotoxicity test. HLA antisera also gave positive reactions, but strong anti-A, anti-B or anti-D sera did not react. With this technique leucocyte antibodies can be detected in a higher percentage of patients with febrile transfusion reactions.", "contents": "The detection of granulocyte alloantibodies with an indirect immunofluorescence test. An indirect immunofluorescence technique for the detection of alloantibodies against granulocytes was developed. A major problem was the unspecific fluorescence of granulocytes, due to unspecific adherence of immunoglobulins to the cell membrane. This could be suppressed by the prefixation of the granulocytes with paraformaldehyde. The developed test proved to be specific and sensitive and to have a high reproducibility. Strongly positive reactions were obtained with antisera containing granulocyte-specific agglutinins or granulocyte-cytotoxins, but also with some sera that did not react in either the agglutination or the cytotoxicity test. HLA antisera also gave positive reactions, but strong anti-A, anti-B or anti-D sera did not react. With this technique leucocyte antibodies can be detected in a higher percentage of patients with febrile transfusion reactions.", "PMID": 329857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11298", "title": "Effect of bromocriptine on the premenstrual syndrome. A double-blind clinical trial.", "content": "Twenty-one patients suffering from the premenstrual syndrome were each studied during three menstrual cycles. After a control cycle, bromocriptine and placebo were given during the luteal phase of the cycle in a random double-blind cross-over manner, each patient serving as her own control. The dosage of bromocriptine was 2-5 mg twice daily. Serum prolactin levels were found to equal during the follicular and luteal phases, except when reduced by bromocriptine. Serum progesterone and oestradiol-17-beta were within normal ranges, and did not change during treatment. Medication considerably improved all the premenstrual symptoms, but mastodynia was the only one where bromocriptine was significantly better than the placebo.", "contents": "Effect of bromocriptine on the premenstrual syndrome. A double-blind clinical trial. Twenty-one patients suffering from the premenstrual syndrome were each studied during three menstrual cycles. After a control cycle, bromocriptine and placebo were given during the luteal phase of the cycle in a random double-blind cross-over manner, each patient serving as her own control. The dosage of bromocriptine was 2-5 mg twice daily. Serum prolactin levels were found to equal during the follicular and luteal phases, except when reduced by bromocriptine. Serum progesterone and oestradiol-17-beta were within normal ranges, and did not change during treatment. Medication considerably improved all the premenstrual symptoms, but mastodynia was the only one where bromocriptine was significantly better than the placebo.", "PMID": 329858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11299", "title": "Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy with methyldopa: blood pressure control and side effects.", "content": "A total of 242 women with moderate hypertension in pregnancy completed a controlled trial of methyldopa (Aldomet). The hypotensive effect of methyldopa was similar to its action in non-pregnant individuals and greatly reduced the frequency of severe hypertension occurring antenatally and in labour. As pregnancy advanced, an increasing daily dose of methyldopa was needed and there was a greater use of additional hypotensive therapy. Seventeen (14-5 per cent) women assigned to methyldopa had to be transferred to another drug or had to stop treatment completely because of minor side effects, of which the commonest were lack of energy and dizziness. No serious side effects were encountered. Nine per cent of the untreated women developed severe hypertension which required treatment later in their pregnancies. Six weeks after delivery, nearly all the patients were able to stop treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy with methyldopa: blood pressure control and side effects. A total of 242 women with moderate hypertension in pregnancy completed a controlled trial of methyldopa (Aldomet). The hypotensive effect of methyldopa was similar to its action in non-pregnant individuals and greatly reduced the frequency of severe hypertension occurring antenatally and in labour. As pregnancy advanced, an increasing daily dose of methyldopa was needed and there was a greater use of additional hypotensive therapy. Seventeen (14-5 per cent) women assigned to methyldopa had to be transferred to another drug or had to stop treatment completely because of minor side effects, of which the commonest were lack of energy and dizziness. No serious side effects were encountered. Nine per cent of the untreated women developed severe hypertension which required treatment later in their pregnancies. Six weeks after delivery, nearly all the patients were able to stop treatment.", "PMID": 329859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11300", "title": "Treatment of pregnancy sickness.", "content": "A double-blind comparison was undertaken between Debendox with 10mg of extra pyridoxine and placebo with 10mg of pyridoxine, in 56 women suffering from nausea and/or vomiting during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy. The results of treatment were assessed on the patient's own dialy records of:the time of nausea, the frequency of nausea, and the severity of nausea, retching and vomiting. There were statistically significant differences in favour of Debendox with extra pyridoxine in respect of the days of nausea all day (P les than 0-02), the severity of nausea (P less than 0-05) and the severity of retching (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Treatment of pregnancy sickness. A double-blind comparison was undertaken between Debendox with 10mg of extra pyridoxine and placebo with 10mg of pyridoxine, in 56 women suffering from nausea and/or vomiting during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy. The results of treatment were assessed on the patient's own dialy records of:the time of nausea, the frequency of nausea, and the severity of nausea, retching and vomiting. There were statistically significant differences in favour of Debendox with extra pyridoxine in respect of the days of nausea all day (P les than 0-02), the severity of nausea (P less than 0-05) and the severity of retching (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 329860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11301", "title": "Substrate selectivity of squalene synthetase.", "content": "Six 1-3H-labeled analogues of farnesyl pyrophosphate have been studied as potential substrates for yeast and rat liver squalene synthetases: 2-methylfarnesyl pyrophosphate (4), 3-demethylfarnesyl pyrophosphate (5), 7,11-dimethyl-3-ethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienyl pyrophosphate (6), 6,7,10,11-tetrahydrofarnesyl pyrophosphate (7), 4-methylthiofarnesyl pyrophosphate (8), and 4-fluorofarnesyl pyrophosphate (9). Analogues 4 and 5 are enzymatically incorporated into 11-methylsqualene (10) and 10-demethylsqualene (11), respectively, even if no farnesyl pyrophosphate is added to the incubations. None of the other analogues gives nonpolar products with either the yeast or liver enzymes. No tritium is enzymatically released to the medium from any of the analogues, indicating that they are not accepted at the first (proton exchanging) site. The data rule out formation of dead-end presqualene pyrophosphate products with analogues as first, but not as second, substrates. Implications of these results for the enzyme active-site topology and mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "Substrate selectivity of squalene synthetase. Six 1-3H-labeled analogues of farnesyl pyrophosphate have been studied as potential substrates for yeast and rat liver squalene synthetases: 2-methylfarnesyl pyrophosphate (4), 3-demethylfarnesyl pyrophosphate (5), 7,11-dimethyl-3-ethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienyl pyrophosphate (6), 6,7,10,11-tetrahydrofarnesyl pyrophosphate (7), 4-methylthiofarnesyl pyrophosphate (8), and 4-fluorofarnesyl pyrophosphate (9). Analogues 4 and 5 are enzymatically incorporated into 11-methylsqualene (10) and 10-demethylsqualene (11), respectively, even if no farnesyl pyrophosphate is added to the incubations. None of the other analogues gives nonpolar products with either the yeast or liver enzymes. No tritium is enzymatically released to the medium from any of the analogues, indicating that they are not accepted at the first (proton exchanging) site. The data rule out formation of dead-end presqualene pyrophosphate products with analogues as first, but not as second, substrates. Implications of these results for the enzyme active-site topology and mechanism are discussed.", "PMID": 329862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11302", "title": "Adsorption protein of the bacteriophage fd: isolation, molecular properties, and location in the virus.", "content": "The adsorption (minor coat) protein of the bacteriophage fd has been implicated to function in several steps of viral morphogenesis. The protein has been purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel filtration after dissociation of the virus. The adsorption protein preparation was estimated to have less than 5% contamination by analysis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and by the results of semiquantitative dansyl-Edman degradation. The amino-terminal sequence of the adsorption protein is H2N-Ala-Glx-Thr-Val-Glx-Ser-Pro-Leu-Pro-. Carboxypeptidase A plus B digestion of the protein under a variety of denaturing conditions did not release any amino acids. There are 3-4 adsorption proteins per virion as estimated by the distribution of E114C]leucine between the major and minor coat protein peaks on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Adsorption protein-specific antibodies were induced in the rabbit and used as electronmicroscopic markers to determine the position of the adsorption proteins in the viral particle. The adsorption proteins were found at only one end of the filamentous viral particles.", "contents": "Adsorption protein of the bacteriophage fd: isolation, molecular properties, and location in the virus. The adsorption (minor coat) protein of the bacteriophage fd has been implicated to function in several steps of viral morphogenesis. The protein has been purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel filtration after dissociation of the virus. The adsorption protein preparation was estimated to have less than 5% contamination by analysis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and by the results of semiquantitative dansyl-Edman degradation. The amino-terminal sequence of the adsorption protein is H2N-Ala-Glx-Thr-Val-Glx-Ser-Pro-Leu-Pro-. Carboxypeptidase A plus B digestion of the protein under a variety of denaturing conditions did not release any amino acids. There are 3-4 adsorption proteins per virion as estimated by the distribution of E114C]leucine between the major and minor coat protein peaks on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Adsorption protein-specific antibodies were induced in the rabbit and used as electronmicroscopic markers to determine the position of the adsorption proteins in the viral particle. The adsorption proteins were found at only one end of the filamentous viral particles.", "PMID": 329863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11303", "title": "Adsorption protein of bacteriophage fl: solubilization in deoxycholate and localization in the fl virion.", "content": "A complex containing the minor coat protein or adsorptionprotein (A protein) of bacteriophage fl has been solubilized from the fl virion, using the detergent deoxycholate. This complex was resolved from the fl DNA and from the fl major coat protein, or B protein, by gel filtration in the presence of deoxycholate. The A protein complex migrated as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gels corresponding to a molecular weight of 60 000. Analysis of the amino acid composition and amino terminal residues of this preparation indicates that the preparation contains a 20% contamination of additional protein species. Antibody against purified fd A protein is cross-reactive with deoxycholate-purified fl A protein and with fl phage. Electron microscopic observation of negatively stained complexes of fl phage with this anti-fd A protein antibody and ferritin conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody revealed phages with ferritin particles at their termini or complexes of two or more phages joined together at one end by ferritin, indicating that the complex of A protein molecules is located at one end of the filamentous fl virion.", "contents": "Adsorption protein of bacteriophage fl: solubilization in deoxycholate and localization in the fl virion. A complex containing the minor coat protein or adsorptionprotein (A protein) of bacteriophage fl has been solubilized from the fl virion, using the detergent deoxycholate. This complex was resolved from the fl DNA and from the fl major coat protein, or B protein, by gel filtration in the presence of deoxycholate. The A protein complex migrated as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gels corresponding to a molecular weight of 60 000. Analysis of the amino acid composition and amino terminal residues of this preparation indicates that the preparation contains a 20% contamination of additional protein species. Antibody against purified fd A protein is cross-reactive with deoxycholate-purified fl A protein and with fl phage. Electron microscopic observation of negatively stained complexes of fl phage with this anti-fd A protein antibody and ferritin conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody revealed phages with ferritin particles at their termini or complexes of two or more phages joined together at one end by ferritin, indicating that the complex of A protein molecules is located at one end of the filamentous fl virion.", "PMID": 329864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11304", "title": "Thermodynamic studies of the reversible association of Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits.", "content": "The kinetics of association of Escherichia coli 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits have been carried out as a function of temperature after a magnesium jump from 1.5 to 3 mM. Turbidimetric recordings combined with a stopped-flow apparatus were used to follow the kinetics. The data show that the rates of formation and dissociation of the 70S particles at 3 mM Mg2+ and +25 degrees C were, respectively: k2 = 10(5) M-1 s-1, k1 = 4,5 X 10(-3) s-1; lowering the temperature decreases the rate constants with activation energies equal to E2 = 7.5 kcal/mol, E1 = 26.5 kcal/mol and enhances the association equilibrium towards the 70S species with an enthalpy change (delta H degrees assoc = -19.9 kcal/mol) dominant over the entropy change (delta S degrees assoc = -33 cal/(deg mol)). These thermodynamic parameters were compared to those obtained from studies on the interactions of codon-anticodon in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA as well as of ribooligonucleotides. The kinetic and thermodynamic data are shown to be consistent with 16S-23S RNA interaction.", "contents": "Thermodynamic studies of the reversible association of Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits. The kinetics of association of Escherichia coli 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits have been carried out as a function of temperature after a magnesium jump from 1.5 to 3 mM. Turbidimetric recordings combined with a stopped-flow apparatus were used to follow the kinetics. The data show that the rates of formation and dissociation of the 70S particles at 3 mM Mg2+ and +25 degrees C were, respectively: k2 = 10(5) M-1 s-1, k1 = 4,5 X 10(-3) s-1; lowering the temperature decreases the rate constants with activation energies equal to E2 = 7.5 kcal/mol, E1 = 26.5 kcal/mol and enhances the association equilibrium towards the 70S species with an enthalpy change (delta H degrees assoc = -19.9 kcal/mol) dominant over the entropy change (delta S degrees assoc = -33 cal/(deg mol)). These thermodynamic parameters were compared to those obtained from studies on the interactions of codon-anticodon in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA as well as of ribooligonucleotides. The kinetic and thermodynamic data are shown to be consistent with 16S-23S RNA interaction.", "PMID": 329865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11305", "title": "Subunit topography of RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. A cross-linking study with bifunctional reagents.", "content": "The quaternary structures of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase holenzyme (alpha 2 beta beta' sigma) and core enzyme (alpha 2 beta beta') have been investigated by chemical cross-linking with a cleavable bifunctional reagent, methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate, and noncleavable reagents, dimethyl suberimidate and N,N'-(1,4-phenylene)bismaleimide. A model of the subunit organization deduced from cross-linked subunit neighbors identified by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that the large beta and beta' subunits constitute the backbone of both core and holoenzyme, while sigma and two alpha subunits interact with this structure along the contact domain of beta and beta' subunits. In holoenzyme, sigma subunit is in the vicinity of at least one alpha subunit. The two alpha subunits are close to each other in holoenzyme, core enzyme, and the isolated alpha 2 beta complex. Cross-linking of the \"premature\" core and holoenzyme intermediates in the in vitro reconstitution of active enzyme from isolated subunits suggests that these species are composed of subunit complexes of molecular weight lower than that of native core and holoenzyme, respectively. The structural information obtained for RNA polymerase and its subcomplexes has important implications for the enzyme-promoter recognition as well as the mechanism of subunit assembly of the enzyme.", "contents": "Subunit topography of RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. A cross-linking study with bifunctional reagents. The quaternary structures of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase holenzyme (alpha 2 beta beta' sigma) and core enzyme (alpha 2 beta beta') have been investigated by chemical cross-linking with a cleavable bifunctional reagent, methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate, and noncleavable reagents, dimethyl suberimidate and N,N'-(1,4-phenylene)bismaleimide. A model of the subunit organization deduced from cross-linked subunit neighbors identified by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that the large beta and beta' subunits constitute the backbone of both core and holoenzyme, while sigma and two alpha subunits interact with this structure along the contact domain of beta and beta' subunits. In holoenzyme, sigma subunit is in the vicinity of at least one alpha subunit. The two alpha subunits are close to each other in holoenzyme, core enzyme, and the isolated alpha 2 beta complex. Cross-linking of the \"premature\" core and holoenzyme intermediates in the in vitro reconstitution of active enzyme from isolated subunits suggests that these species are composed of subunit complexes of molecular weight lower than that of native core and holoenzyme, respectively. The structural information obtained for RNA polymerase and its subcomplexes has important implications for the enzyme-promoter recognition as well as the mechanism of subunit assembly of the enzyme.", "PMID": 329870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11306", "title": "Ficellomycin and feldamycin; inhibitors of bacterial semiconservative DNA replication.", "content": "The two peptide-like antibiotics ficellomycin and feldamycin impair semiconservative DNA replication but not DNA repair synthesis in bacteria. Specifically both antibiotics cause the accumulation of a 34S DNA species in toluenized Escherichia coli cells which lacks the capability of being integrated into larger DNA pieces and eventually the complete bacterial chromosome. Novobiocin, a known inhibitor of replicative DNA synthesis, was investigated for comparative purposes. The action of this latter antibiotic differs from the ones exerted by ficellomycin and feldamycin in the novobiocin appears to block an event associated with the initiation of Okazaki fragments. The fact that novobiocin impairs DNA gyrase suggests that this enzyme plays an essential role during the initiation of Okazaki pieces.", "contents": "Ficellomycin and feldamycin; inhibitors of bacterial semiconservative DNA replication. The two peptide-like antibiotics ficellomycin and feldamycin impair semiconservative DNA replication but not DNA repair synthesis in bacteria. Specifically both antibiotics cause the accumulation of a 34S DNA species in toluenized Escherichia coli cells which lacks the capability of being integrated into larger DNA pieces and eventually the complete bacterial chromosome. Novobiocin, a known inhibitor of replicative DNA synthesis, was investigated for comparative purposes. The action of this latter antibiotic differs from the ones exerted by ficellomycin and feldamycin in the novobiocin appears to block an event associated with the initiation of Okazaki fragments. The fact that novobiocin impairs DNA gyrase suggests that this enzyme plays an essential role during the initiation of Okazaki pieces.", "PMID": 329871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11307", "title": "Stereochemistry of internucleotidic bond formation by tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from baker's yeast.", "content": "Isomer A of adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (ATP alpha S) is a substrate for tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from baker's yeast, whereas isomer B is a competitive inhibitor. The tRNA resulting from this reaction has a phosphorothioate instead of a phosphate diester linkage at the last internucleotidic linkage between cytidine and adenosine. On limited digestion of this tRNA with RNase A, one can isolate cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphorothioate which can be deaminated to uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphorothioate. It can be shown that this compound is the endo isomer and that, therefore, the phosphorothioate diester bond in the tRNA must have had the R configuration. This result indicates that no racemization during the condensation of ATP alpha S, isomer A, onto the tRNA had occurred. Whether inversion or retention of configuration had taken place awaits elucidation of the absolute configuration of isomer A of ATP alpha S.", "contents": "Stereochemistry of internucleotidic bond formation by tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from baker's yeast. Isomer A of adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (ATP alpha S) is a substrate for tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from baker's yeast, whereas isomer B is a competitive inhibitor. The tRNA resulting from this reaction has a phosphorothioate instead of a phosphate diester linkage at the last internucleotidic linkage between cytidine and adenosine. On limited digestion of this tRNA with RNase A, one can isolate cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphorothioate which can be deaminated to uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphorothioate. It can be shown that this compound is the endo isomer and that, therefore, the phosphorothioate diester bond in the tRNA must have had the R configuration. This result indicates that no racemization during the condensation of ATP alpha S, isomer A, onto the tRNA had occurred. Whether inversion or retention of configuration had taken place awaits elucidation of the absolute configuration of isomer A of ATP alpha S.", "PMID": 329872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11308", "title": "Effect of proteolysis of transcriptional fidelity of reconstituted chromatin.", "content": "The effect of proteolysis on the transcriptional properties of reconstituted rat liver chromatin was studied. Within the sensitivity of currently available methods, proteolysis of chromosomal proteins by chromatin-bound protease during chromatin reconstitution has no apparent effect on: (1) number of initiation sites, (2) proportion of reiterating and unique sequences of DNA transcribed, (3) size of the RNA transcribed, and (4) transcription of DNA sequences complementary to poly(A) containing messenger RNA.", "contents": "Effect of proteolysis of transcriptional fidelity of reconstituted chromatin. The effect of proteolysis on the transcriptional properties of reconstituted rat liver chromatin was studied. Within the sensitivity of currently available methods, proteolysis of chromosomal proteins by chromatin-bound protease during chromatin reconstitution has no apparent effect on: (1) number of initiation sites, (2) proportion of reiterating and unique sequences of DNA transcribed, (3) size of the RNA transcribed, and (4) transcription of DNA sequences complementary to poly(A) containing messenger RNA.", "PMID": 329873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11309", "title": "Incorporation of phosphorothioate groups into fd and phi X174 DNA.", "content": "We have synthesized fd and phi X174DNA in the presence of 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (dATP alpha S) and the corresponding phosphorothioate derivatives of dCTP and dTTP using ether-permeabilized E. coli cells or crude cell extracts of E. coli DNA polymerase I. Reaction rates of enzymes involved in the formation or breakdown of DNA are decreased in the presence of phosphorothioates. The amount of label incorporated with [35S]dATP alpha S suggests that the dAMP has been completely substituted by 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-0-phosphorothioate (dAMPS). The substituted DNAs have the same sedimentation coefficients, similar buoyant density, infectivity, and thermal stability as the unsubstituted DNAs. The procedure therefore allows specific modification at the 5' position of dA, dC, or dT in the DNA. In view of the recent demonstration of specific binding of Pt2+ complexes to the phosphorothioate analogue of poly[r(A-U)] (Strothkamp, K.G., and Lippard, S.J. (1976), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2536), the synthesis of phosphorothioate containing DNA may be of use for DNA sequencing by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Incorporation of phosphorothioate groups into fd and phi X174 DNA. We have synthesized fd and phi X174DNA in the presence of 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (dATP alpha S) and the corresponding phosphorothioate derivatives of dCTP and dTTP using ether-permeabilized E. coli cells or crude cell extracts of E. coli DNA polymerase I. Reaction rates of enzymes involved in the formation or breakdown of DNA are decreased in the presence of phosphorothioates. The amount of label incorporated with [35S]dATP alpha S suggests that the dAMP has been completely substituted by 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-0-phosphorothioate (dAMPS). The substituted DNAs have the same sedimentation coefficients, similar buoyant density, infectivity, and thermal stability as the unsubstituted DNAs. The procedure therefore allows specific modification at the 5' position of dA, dC, or dT in the DNA. In view of the recent demonstration of specific binding of Pt2+ complexes to the phosphorothioate analogue of poly[r(A-U)] (Strothkamp, K.G., and Lippard, S.J. (1976), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2536), the synthesis of phosphorothioate containing DNA may be of use for DNA sequencing by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 329875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11310", "title": "Discrimination between Rb+ and K+ by Escherichia coli.", "content": "1. The K+ requirment of Escherichia coli is only partially fulfilled by Rb+. The molar growth yield on Rb+ was about 5% of that on K+ and the growth rate in Rb+-supplemented media is lower thatn in K+ influx by any of the four K+ transport systems of E. coli. The high-affinity Kdp system (Km = 2 micron) is poorly traced by 86Rb+. It discriminates against a 86Rb+ tracer at least 1000-fold. The two moderate affinity systems, the high-rate TrkA system (Km = 1.5 mM) and the moderate rate TrkD system (Km = 0.5 mM), discriminate against a 86Rb+ tracer by approximately 10-fold and 25-fold, respectively. 86Rb+ is preferred by the low-rate TrkF system and overestimates its K+ influx by 40%.", "contents": "Discrimination between Rb+ and K+ by Escherichia coli. 1. The K+ requirment of Escherichia coli is only partially fulfilled by Rb+. The molar growth yield on Rb+ was about 5% of that on K+ and the growth rate in Rb+-supplemented media is lower thatn in K+ influx by any of the four K+ transport systems of E. coli. The high-affinity Kdp system (Km = 2 micron) is poorly traced by 86Rb+. It discriminates against a 86Rb+ tracer at least 1000-fold. The two moderate affinity systems, the high-rate TrkA system (Km = 1.5 mM) and the moderate rate TrkD system (Km = 0.5 mM), discriminate against a 86Rb+ tracer by approximately 10-fold and 25-fold, respectively. 86Rb+ is preferred by the low-rate TrkF system and overestimates its K+ influx by 40%.", "PMID": 329878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11311", "title": "Lipid-protein interactions in the plasma lipoproteins.", "content": "The purpose of this review has been to discuss new information about the mechanism of lipid and apoprotein interaction in the plasma lipoproteins. A special form of the amphipathic helix has been identified as a major structural element of the apolipoproteins sequenced to date. Evidence is reviewed concerning the role of the amphipathic helix in the binding to phospholipids. Several different models for the organization of the components of HDL, LDL and LP-X have evolved from extensive structural studies. Resolution of the differences among these models will require additional experimental testing. Verification of models based on the study of reconstituted HDL will require rigorous proof of native structure in these particles. A detailed description of the molecular organization of the lipid and protein constituents of the plasma lipoproteins is still lacking. Further structural and sequence studies with apoB and the \"arginine-rich\" protein are needed. Crystallization of an apoprotein or lipoprotein and determination of the three-dimensional structure would be a major achievement. With such further detailed structural information, it may then be possible to correlate changes in structure with determinants of metabolism.", "contents": "Lipid-protein interactions in the plasma lipoproteins. The purpose of this review has been to discuss new information about the mechanism of lipid and apoprotein interaction in the plasma lipoproteins. A special form of the amphipathic helix has been identified as a major structural element of the apolipoproteins sequenced to date. Evidence is reviewed concerning the role of the amphipathic helix in the binding to phospholipids. Several different models for the organization of the components of HDL, LDL and LP-X have evolved from extensive structural studies. Resolution of the differences among these models will require additional experimental testing. Verification of models based on the study of reconstituted HDL will require rigorous proof of native structure in these particles. A detailed description of the molecular organization of the lipid and protein constituents of the plasma lipoproteins is still lacking. Further structural and sequence studies with apoB and the \"arginine-rich\" protein are needed. Crystallization of an apoprotein or lipoprotein and determination of the three-dimensional structure would be a major achievement. With such further detailed structural information, it may then be possible to correlate changes in structure with determinants of metabolism.", "PMID": 329882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11312", "title": "Translation in Escherichia coli mini-cells containing hamster mitochondrial DNA-Co1E1 - Ampr recombinant plasmids.", "content": "Hamster mitochondrial DNA is cleaved into two fragments (4.2 and 11.4 kilobase pairs of DNA (kb)) by the restriction enzyme, Eco RI. Recombinant DNA molecules formed in vitro between an Escherichia coli plasmid, Co1E1 - Ampr, and Eco RI-digested hamster mitochondrial DNA were transformed into E. coli K12. The translation products of the parent plasmid, Co1E1 - Ampr, and recombinant plasmid DNAs containing (i) the 4.2 kb mitochondrial DNA fragment and (ii) the 11.4 kb fragment were characterized on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using bacterial mini-cell lysates. The Co1E1 - Ampr plasmid specifies at least six polypeptides whose structural genes comprise 56% of the plasmid DNA. Insertion of hamster mitochondrial DNA at the Eco RI site of the plasmid alters the relative rate of synthesis of these six polypeptides and induces the occurrence of a new band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels which is probably not specified by the inserted mitochondrial DNA sequences.", "contents": "Translation in Escherichia coli mini-cells containing hamster mitochondrial DNA-Co1E1 - Ampr recombinant plasmids. Hamster mitochondrial DNA is cleaved into two fragments (4.2 and 11.4 kilobase pairs of DNA (kb)) by the restriction enzyme, Eco RI. Recombinant DNA molecules formed in vitro between an Escherichia coli plasmid, Co1E1 - Ampr, and Eco RI-digested hamster mitochondrial DNA were transformed into E. coli K12. The translation products of the parent plasmid, Co1E1 - Ampr, and recombinant plasmid DNAs containing (i) the 4.2 kb mitochondrial DNA fragment and (ii) the 11.4 kb fragment were characterized on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using bacterial mini-cell lysates. The Co1E1 - Ampr plasmid specifies at least six polypeptides whose structural genes comprise 56% of the plasmid DNA. Insertion of hamster mitochondrial DNA at the Eco RI site of the plasmid alters the relative rate of synthesis of these six polypeptides and induces the occurrence of a new band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels which is probably not specified by the inserted mitochondrial DNA sequences.", "PMID": 329883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11313", "title": "Unidirectional replication of the P-group plasmid RK2.", "content": "The mode of replication of the broad host-range plasmid RK2 has been determined from examination of molecular replicative forms cleaved with the restriction endonucleases EcoRI and Hind III. Replication is unidirectional, and proceeds from a unique origin. The location of the origin and other evidence suggests that genes involved in plasmid maintenance are not tightly clustered.", "contents": "Unidirectional replication of the P-group plasmid RK2. The mode of replication of the broad host-range plasmid RK2 has been determined from examination of molecular replicative forms cleaved with the restriction endonucleases EcoRI and Hind III. Replication is unidirectional, and proceeds from a unique origin. The location of the origin and other evidence suggests that genes involved in plasmid maintenance are not tightly clustered.", "PMID": 329885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11314", "title": "Lutropin stimulation of RNA synthesis in corpus luteum chromatin.", "content": "Lutropin and human choriogonadotropin stimulated the endogenous chromatin-associated polymerase activity in purified chromatin prepared from nuclei of bovine corpus luteum. Chromatin was incubated in two different buffer systems: one that mainly supports the activity of polymerase I, another that supports the activity of polymerase II and is largely alpha-amanitin sensitive. The hormones lutropin and chorigonadotropin stimulated an increase in the rate of incorporation of [14C]ATP or [14C]UTP into RNA in both buffer systems. Follitropin, prolactin and beta-corticotropin had no stimulatory effect. Neither the alpha nor beta subunit of lutropin stimulated RNA synthesis. When premixed, the subunits rapidly formed the active molecule. A maximum response to RNA synthesis was achieved by a 10(-9) M concentration of human choriogonadotropin. Considerable activity was obtained at 10(-11) M human choriogonadotropin. There was no lutropin stimulation to RNA synthesis using calf thymus DNA and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Lutropin stimulation of RNA synthesis in corpus luteum chromatin. Lutropin and human choriogonadotropin stimulated the endogenous chromatin-associated polymerase activity in purified chromatin prepared from nuclei of bovine corpus luteum. Chromatin was incubated in two different buffer systems: one that mainly supports the activity of polymerase I, another that supports the activity of polymerase II and is largely alpha-amanitin sensitive. The hormones lutropin and chorigonadotropin stimulated an increase in the rate of incorporation of [14C]ATP or [14C]UTP into RNA in both buffer systems. Follitropin, prolactin and beta-corticotropin had no stimulatory effect. Neither the alpha nor beta subunit of lutropin stimulated RNA synthesis. When premixed, the subunits rapidly formed the active molecule. A maximum response to RNA synthesis was achieved by a 10(-9) M concentration of human choriogonadotropin. Considerable activity was obtained at 10(-11) M human choriogonadotropin. There was no lutropin stimulation to RNA synthesis using calf thymus DNA and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 329886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11315", "title": "Expression of a bacterial gene for guanine synthesis inserted into colicin E1 factor by an in vitro recombination.", "content": "Regulation of expression of a bacterial guaA gene inserted into colicin E1 DNA by an in vitro recombination was studied under various growth conditions. In Escherichia coli K-12 cells that carried this hybrid ColEl plasmid the level of guaA enzyme activity was not regulated by the concentration of guanine in the medium, but by the number of plasmid DNA copies. The optimal conditions for amplifying the guaA gene product by chloramphenicol treatment were determined. The level of guaA enzyme activity found under the optimal conditions was about 37 times that in extracts of wild-type E. coli cultured in guanine-free medium. The properties of the promoter for the guaA gene and applicability of this hybrid ColEl plasmid for amplification of various gene products were discussed.", "contents": "Expression of a bacterial gene for guanine synthesis inserted into colicin E1 factor by an in vitro recombination. Regulation of expression of a bacterial guaA gene inserted into colicin E1 DNA by an in vitro recombination was studied under various growth conditions. In Escherichia coli K-12 cells that carried this hybrid ColEl plasmid the level of guaA enzyme activity was not regulated by the concentration of guanine in the medium, but by the number of plasmid DNA copies. The optimal conditions for amplifying the guaA gene product by chloramphenicol treatment were determined. The level of guaA enzyme activity found under the optimal conditions was about 37 times that in extracts of wild-type E. coli cultured in guanine-free medium. The properties of the promoter for the guaA gene and applicability of this hybrid ColEl plasmid for amplification of various gene products were discussed.", "PMID": 329887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11316", "title": "Thermometric enzyme linked immunosorbent assay: TELISA.", "content": "A new method, thermometric enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (TELISA), for the assay of endogenous and exogenous compounds in biological fluids is described. It is based on the previously described enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique, ELISA, but utilizes enzymic heat formation which is measured in an enzyme thermistor unit. In the model system studied determination of human serum albumin down to a concentration of 10(-10) M (5 ng/ml) was achieved, with both normal and catalase labelled human serum albumin competing for the binding sites on the immunosorbent, which was rabbit antihuman serum albumin immobilized onto Sepharose CL-4B.", "contents": "Thermometric enzyme linked immunosorbent assay: TELISA. A new method, thermometric enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (TELISA), for the assay of endogenous and exogenous compounds in biological fluids is described. It is based on the previously described enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique, ELISA, but utilizes enzymic heat formation which is measured in an enzyme thermistor unit. In the model system studied determination of human serum albumin down to a concentration of 10(-10) M (5 ng/ml) was achieved, with both normal and catalase labelled human serum albumin competing for the binding sites on the immunosorbent, which was rabbit antihuman serum albumin immobilized onto Sepharose CL-4B.", "PMID": 329888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11317", "title": "Modification of tyrosine residues of the lactose repressor protein.", "content": "Reaction of the lactose repressor protein from Escherichia coli with high molar excesses (up to 800 fold) of tetranitromethane resulted in modification of tyrosine residues in the amino-terminal and core regions of the molecule. Tyrosines 7 and 17 exhibit significant reactivity at low levels (5-10 fold molar excess) of tetranitromethane. The loss of operator binding activity upon nitration at these low concentrations of reagent indicates involvement of these two tyrosines in the binding process. Inducer binding activity was maintained at approx. 90% of unreacted repressor for all excesses of reagent studied. Addition of inducer to the repressor prior to reaction resulted in decreased modification of tyrosines in the core region, but anti-inducers did not affect the reaction significantly. The effect of inducers on the pattern of reaction apparently reflects the conformational change which occurs upon binding of these ligands. Acetylation of the repressor protein with N-acetylimidazole modified lysines and tyrosines with complete loss of operator binding activity and retention of 75-80% of inducer binding activity.", "contents": "Modification of tyrosine residues of the lactose repressor protein. Reaction of the lactose repressor protein from Escherichia coli with high molar excesses (up to 800 fold) of tetranitromethane resulted in modification of tyrosine residues in the amino-terminal and core regions of the molecule. Tyrosines 7 and 17 exhibit significant reactivity at low levels (5-10 fold molar excess) of tetranitromethane. The loss of operator binding activity upon nitration at these low concentrations of reagent indicates involvement of these two tyrosines in the binding process. Inducer binding activity was maintained at approx. 90% of unreacted repressor for all excesses of reagent studied. Addition of inducer to the repressor prior to reaction resulted in decreased modification of tyrosines in the core region, but anti-inducers did not affect the reaction significantly. The effect of inducers on the pattern of reaction apparently reflects the conformational change which occurs upon binding of these ligands. Acetylation of the repressor protein with N-acetylimidazole modified lysines and tyrosines with complete loss of operator binding activity and retention of 75-80% of inducer binding activity.", "PMID": 329889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11318", "title": "Histidinol dehydrogenase from salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Purification, some characteristics and the amino acid sequence around a reactive thiol group.", "content": "The purification and some physical properties of histidinol dehydrogenase, L-histidinol-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxido-reductase (EC 1.1.1.23) from either Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli are reported in this paper. Modification of histidinol dehydrogenase with one equivalent of N-(4-dimethylamino-3,5-dinitrophenyl)maleimide at pH 6.8 yields an enzyme that is inactive toward the oxidation of L-histidinol. The modified cysteine residue was located in an acid insoluble tryptic core. The amino acid sequence around the reactive thiol group in S. typhimurium is: Leu-Cys-Gly-Val-Glu-Glu-Ile-Phe, and in E. coli is: Leu-Cys-Gly-Val-Glu-Asp-Val-Phe. These unique sequences show no homology to the reactive thiol groups from some other dehydrogenases.", "contents": "Histidinol dehydrogenase from salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Purification, some characteristics and the amino acid sequence around a reactive thiol group. The purification and some physical properties of histidinol dehydrogenase, L-histidinol-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxido-reductase (EC 1.1.1.23) from either Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli are reported in this paper. Modification of histidinol dehydrogenase with one equivalent of N-(4-dimethylamino-3,5-dinitrophenyl)maleimide at pH 6.8 yields an enzyme that is inactive toward the oxidation of L-histidinol. The modified cysteine residue was located in an acid insoluble tryptic core. The amino acid sequence around the reactive thiol group in S. typhimurium is: Leu-Cys-Gly-Val-Glu-Glu-Ile-Phe, and in E. coli is: Leu-Cys-Gly-Val-Glu-Asp-Val-Phe. These unique sequences show no homology to the reactive thiol groups from some other dehydrogenases.", "PMID": 329890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11319", "title": "The yeast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Methodology for their complete or partial purification and comparison of their relative activities under various extraction conditions.", "content": "Several fractionation steps are described which can be applied to the partial purification of the 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from commercial baker's yeast. Comparative experiments performed in the presence or absence of protease inhibitors revealed that some enzymes prepared in the presence of the inhibitor exhibit much higher specific activities than the proteins extracted in the absence of the inhibitor. The methodology reported can be used for the simultaneous preparation of several pure aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. As examples, the large scale purification of phenylalanyl-and valyl-tRNA synthetases are described.", "contents": "The yeast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Methodology for their complete or partial purification and comparison of their relative activities under various extraction conditions. Several fractionation steps are described which can be applied to the partial purification of the 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from commercial baker's yeast. Comparative experiments performed in the presence or absence of protease inhibitors revealed that some enzymes prepared in the presence of the inhibitor exhibit much higher specific activities than the proteins extracted in the absence of the inhibitor. The methodology reported can be used for the simultaneous preparation of several pure aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. As examples, the large scale purification of phenylalanyl-and valyl-tRNA synthetases are described.", "PMID": 329894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11320", "title": "[On the role of N7 atoms of guanosine in tRNA-Phe (E. coli) in interaction with ribosomes].", "content": "The influence of alkylation of phe-tRNAPhe (E. coli) with 2',3'-O-[4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)-benzylidene]-uridine - 5' - methylphosphate on its ability to participate in non-enzymatic complex formation with ribosomes and poly-U was investigated. Phe-tRNAsPhe, containing alkylated guanosines at different positions, including anticodone, are active in binding with ribosomes. It is concluded, that N7 nitrogens of guanosine of the tRHAPhe are not elements, significant for the interaction with ribosomes.", "contents": "[On the role of N7 atoms of guanosine in tRNA-Phe (E. coli) in interaction with ribosomes]. The influence of alkylation of phe-tRNAPhe (E. coli) with 2',3'-O-[4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)-benzylidene]-uridine - 5' - methylphosphate on its ability to participate in non-enzymatic complex formation with ribosomes and poly-U was investigated. Phe-tRNAsPhe, containing alkylated guanosines at different positions, including anticodone, are active in binding with ribosomes. It is concluded, that N7 nitrogens of guanosine of the tRHAPhe are not elements, significant for the interaction with ribosomes.", "PMID": 329897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11321", "title": "[Some peculiarities of phage DDVI-specific methylases].", "content": "The types of methylases are found in the cellular extract of Escherichia coli B, infected with phage DDVI. One of them is a cellular enzyme, which methylates adenine to form 6-methylaminopurine (6-MAP) and is repressed in the infected cell in vivo. The second type, which is not found in the non-infected cells, is specific for phage DDVI and induces the formation of 7-methylguanine (7-MG). Both enzymes recognize various sites, which accounts for the ratio 6-MAP/7-MG to vary in heterological DNAs between 2.07 in phage Sd DNA and 0.40 in phage DDII DNA. During in vitro incubation with homologous methylases phage DDVI DNA and especially phage T2 DNA are subjected to further methylation, which is probably indicative of their \"undermethylation\" in vivo. The DDVI-specific enzyme, similar to B-specific type, methylates DNA with a normal set of nitrogenous bases (phages Sd and DDII), as well as DNAs containing 5-oxymethylcytosine and glucose (phages T2 and DDVI). Both methylases under study use only native double-helical DNA as substrate and are strongly inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine. Phage DDVI Methylase is characterized by low stability.", "contents": "[Some peculiarities of phage DDVI-specific methylases]. The types of methylases are found in the cellular extract of Escherichia coli B, infected with phage DDVI. One of them is a cellular enzyme, which methylates adenine to form 6-methylaminopurine (6-MAP) and is repressed in the infected cell in vivo. The second type, which is not found in the non-infected cells, is specific for phage DDVI and induces the formation of 7-methylguanine (7-MG). Both enzymes recognize various sites, which accounts for the ratio 6-MAP/7-MG to vary in heterological DNAs between 2.07 in phage Sd DNA and 0.40 in phage DDII DNA. During in vitro incubation with homologous methylases phage DDVI DNA and especially phage T2 DNA are subjected to further methylation, which is probably indicative of their \"undermethylation\" in vivo. The DDVI-specific enzyme, similar to B-specific type, methylates DNA with a normal set of nitrogenous bases (phages Sd and DDII), as well as DNAs containing 5-oxymethylcytosine and glucose (phages T2 and DDVI). Both methylases under study use only native double-helical DNA as substrate and are strongly inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine. Phage DDVI Methylase is characterized by low stability.", "PMID": 329898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11322", "title": "[Cinematics of fibroblast spreading. I. Analysis of a population].", "content": "Normal mouse fibroblasts were studied by means of time-lapse microcinematography under phase-contrast microscope. For 31 cells the area measurements during spreading were made with the intervals of 2.5--5 minutes. The following results have been obtained. The maximal area of spreaded cell is 3--4 times greater than the surface area of the sphere with the spherical cell radius. There is a tendency of the cell area to increase linearly in the middle, that is in a regime of a constant middle rate. Most cells spread either in one regime, or in two, when a more rapid regime is followed by a shower one. The change of the spreading regime is a result of the control of mean rate of spreading.", "contents": "[Cinematics of fibroblast spreading. I. Analysis of a population]. Normal mouse fibroblasts were studied by means of time-lapse microcinematography under phase-contrast microscope. For 31 cells the area measurements during spreading were made with the intervals of 2.5--5 minutes. The following results have been obtained. The maximal area of spreaded cell is 3--4 times greater than the surface area of the sphere with the spherical cell radius. There is a tendency of the cell area to increase linearly in the middle, that is in a regime of a constant middle rate. Most cells spread either in one regime, or in two, when a more rapid regime is followed by a shower one. The change of the spreading regime is a result of the control of mean rate of spreading.", "PMID": 329893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11323", "title": "[Limited proteolysis of bovine pepsin].", "content": "A limited proteolysis of bovine pepsin (EC 3.4.4.1) was carried out. A proteolysis-resistant C-terminal protein fragment containing about 170 amino acid residues was isolated and its N-terminal sequence was established, using Edman's automatic method. It was assumed that the fragment of bovine pepsin isolated, similar to the previosly obtained porcine pepsin fragment, is an independent constituent of the protein molecule.", "contents": "[Limited proteolysis of bovine pepsin]. A limited proteolysis of bovine pepsin (EC 3.4.4.1) was carried out. A proteolysis-resistant C-terminal protein fragment containing about 170 amino acid residues was isolated and its N-terminal sequence was established, using Edman's automatic method. It was assumed that the fragment of bovine pepsin isolated, similar to the previosly obtained porcine pepsin fragment, is an independent constituent of the protein molecule.", "PMID": 329899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11324", "title": "[T2 DNA, modified by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-bromoacetooxypiperidine-i-oxyl as a template for RNA polymerase from E. coli B].", "content": "T2-DNA was modified by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-bromoacetooxypiperidine-1-oxyl (I) at different NaCl concentrations (10(-1) M NaCl--10(-4) M NaCl). Modified DNA were investigated as templates for the RNA-polymerase from E. coli B. It was shown that T2-DNA modified I in 0,1 M NaCl completely preserves the native secondary structure, has a low degree modification (1 molecule I per 1000-2000 nucleotide pairs), but is a noneffective template for the RNA-polymerase from E. coli B (20%-40% as compared with unmodified T2-DNA). Under these conditions the modification occurs probably at the \"weakest\" (readily melting) sites of DNA. The role of these \"weak\" sites on DNA as promotors is discussed. The modification of T2-DNA by reagnet I has a stronger inhibitory effect on the total RNA synthesis than on the RNA-synthesis stable to rifampicin. Possible existence of two kinds of \"early\" promotors on T2-DNA is assumed.", "contents": "[T2 DNA, modified by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-bromoacetooxypiperidine-i-oxyl as a template for RNA polymerase from E. coli B]. T2-DNA was modified by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-bromoacetooxypiperidine-1-oxyl (I) at different NaCl concentrations (10(-1) M NaCl--10(-4) M NaCl). Modified DNA were investigated as templates for the RNA-polymerase from E. coli B. It was shown that T2-DNA modified I in 0,1 M NaCl completely preserves the native secondary structure, has a low degree modification (1 molecule I per 1000-2000 nucleotide pairs), but is a noneffective template for the RNA-polymerase from E. coli B (20%-40% as compared with unmodified T2-DNA). Under these conditions the modification occurs probably at the \"weakest\" (readily melting) sites of DNA. The role of these \"weak\" sites on DNA as promotors is discussed. The modification of T2-DNA by reagnet I has a stronger inhibitory effect on the total RNA synthesis than on the RNA-synthesis stable to rifampicin. Possible existence of two kinds of \"early\" promotors on T2-DNA is assumed.", "PMID": 329900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11325", "title": "[Proton translocation in membranes of submitochondrial particles].", "content": "Effect of an electrophilous inhibitor, chlorophenacyl, on energy-dependent functions of submitochondrial particles is studied. Chlorophenacyl at concentrations up to 1 mM is found practically not to affect the generation of membrane potential under NADH and succinate oxidation and ATP hydrolysis and to be a strong inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation and reverse electron transport. The mechanism of the inhibition of energy-dependent functions of submitochondrial particles with chlorophenacyl is different from that of electron transport inhibitor, energy transport inhibitors and classical uncoupling agents--protonophors. The data obtained are suggested to be due to the existence of two ways of proton translocation in submitochondrial particle membrane, phosphorylating and non-phosphorylating, the effect of chlorophenacyl being directed on phosphorylating way only.", "contents": "[Proton translocation in membranes of submitochondrial particles]. Effect of an electrophilous inhibitor, chlorophenacyl, on energy-dependent functions of submitochondrial particles is studied. Chlorophenacyl at concentrations up to 1 mM is found practically not to affect the generation of membrane potential under NADH and succinate oxidation and ATP hydrolysis and to be a strong inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation and reverse electron transport. The mechanism of the inhibition of energy-dependent functions of submitochondrial particles with chlorophenacyl is different from that of electron transport inhibitor, energy transport inhibitors and classical uncoupling agents--protonophors. The data obtained are suggested to be due to the existence of two ways of proton translocation in submitochondrial particle membrane, phosphorylating and non-phosphorylating, the effect of chlorophenacyl being directed on phosphorylating way only.", "PMID": 329901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11326", "title": "Microbiological relevance and clinical potential of ampicillin-cloxacillin synergism.", "content": "Recent demonstration \"in vitro\" that combinations of ampicillin and cloxacillin, using concentrations at which neither were previously effective, will kill certain resistant Gram negative bacteria, has important clinical potential. We therefore studied 50 ampicillin resistant Gram negative rods cultured from septicemic patients for synergism. 7 of 23 E. coli strains with a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 128 microgram/ml were killed by combinations containing 4-32 microgram/ml ampicillin and 16-32 microgram/ml cloxacillin. These same strains were also resistant to cephalothin. Synergism was also noted in 1/4 strains of Enterobacter, 1/3 strains of Serratia, 5/14 strains of Klebsiella and 1/6 strains of Pseudomonas. In separate experiments ampicillin (56 mg/kg) and cloxacillin (14 mg/kg) was administered intravenously over a period of thirty minutes. Peak serum levels measured simultaneously at the end of the infusion were 235 +/- 11 (SEM) microgram/ml for ampicillin and 85 +/- 7 microgram/ml for cloxacillin. Levels of ampicillin/cloxacillin measured one and two hours after the infusion were 117/32 and 43/8 microgram/ml. T 1/2 of ampicillin and cloxacillin were 0.8 and 0.5 h respectively. Since the serum concentrations of both antibiotics measured one hour after the infusion were greater that levels required for \"in vitro\" synergism, we suggest that combinations of ampicillin and cloxacillin would be of importance in the treatment of Gram negative septicemia, since such therapy would increase the bactericidal effect of the sera without increasing the risk of toxic side effects.", "contents": "Microbiological relevance and clinical potential of ampicillin-cloxacillin synergism. Recent demonstration \"in vitro\" that combinations of ampicillin and cloxacillin, using concentrations at which neither were previously effective, will kill certain resistant Gram negative bacteria, has important clinical potential. We therefore studied 50 ampicillin resistant Gram negative rods cultured from septicemic patients for synergism. 7 of 23 E. coli strains with a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 128 microgram/ml were killed by combinations containing 4-32 microgram/ml ampicillin and 16-32 microgram/ml cloxacillin. These same strains were also resistant to cephalothin. Synergism was also noted in 1/4 strains of Enterobacter, 1/3 strains of Serratia, 5/14 strains of Klebsiella and 1/6 strains of Pseudomonas. In separate experiments ampicillin (56 mg/kg) and cloxacillin (14 mg/kg) was administered intravenously over a period of thirty minutes. Peak serum levels measured simultaneously at the end of the infusion were 235 +/- 11 (SEM) microgram/ml for ampicillin and 85 +/- 7 microgram/ml for cloxacillin. Levels of ampicillin/cloxacillin measured one and two hours after the infusion were 117/32 and 43/8 microgram/ml. T 1/2 of ampicillin and cloxacillin were 0.8 and 0.5 h respectively. Since the serum concentrations of both antibiotics measured one hour after the infusion were greater that levels required for \"in vitro\" synergism, we suggest that combinations of ampicillin and cloxacillin would be of importance in the treatment of Gram negative septicemia, since such therapy would increase the bactericidal effect of the sera without increasing the risk of toxic side effects.", "PMID": 329905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11327", "title": "Collagen stimulates more platelet prostaglandin endoperoxides in thrombosis.", "content": "Platelets prostaglandin cyclic endoperoxides after collagen stimulation were measured in 7 patients with arterial thrombosis, 4 patients with recurrent deep venous thrombosis and 27 patients before undergoing total hip replacement. Patients with post-surgical D.V.T. synthetized more platelet cyclic-endoperoxides compared to those with no D.V.T. COULD BE DIVIDED INTO 2 SUBGROUPS : GROUP I with platelet cyclic endoperoxides and group II with higher cyclic-endoperoxides synthesis. Also, there was a higher ratio of platelet cyclic endoperoxides in patients with arterial thrombosis and in 2 patients with recurrent venous thrombosis and shortened platelet survival time. Thus, a greater synthesis of platelet prostaglandin cyclic, endoperoxides was formed in a number of patients with thrombosis.", "contents": "Collagen stimulates more platelet prostaglandin endoperoxides in thrombosis. Platelets prostaglandin cyclic endoperoxides after collagen stimulation were measured in 7 patients with arterial thrombosis, 4 patients with recurrent deep venous thrombosis and 27 patients before undergoing total hip replacement. Patients with post-surgical D.V.T. synthetized more platelet cyclic-endoperoxides compared to those with no D.V.T. COULD BE DIVIDED INTO 2 SUBGROUPS : GROUP I with platelet cyclic endoperoxides and group II with higher cyclic-endoperoxides synthesis. Also, there was a higher ratio of platelet cyclic endoperoxides in patients with arterial thrombosis and in 2 patients with recurrent venous thrombosis and shortened platelet survival time. Thus, a greater synthesis of platelet prostaglandin cyclic, endoperoxides was formed in a number of patients with thrombosis.", "PMID": 329906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11328", "title": "Immunologic status of cancer patients : correlation between number of active rosettes and analytical electrophoresis of lymphocytes.", "content": "Clinical findings in cancer patients and experimental results after separation of active rosettes-forming cells are compatible with the hypothesis that the lymphocytes which do form active rosettes are those whose electrophoretic mobility is about 1.20 micron. sec-1v.-1.cm.", "contents": "Immunologic status of cancer patients : correlation between number of active rosettes and analytical electrophoresis of lymphocytes. Clinical findings in cancer patients and experimental results after separation of active rosettes-forming cells are compatible with the hypothesis that the lymphocytes which do form active rosettes are those whose electrophoretic mobility is about 1.20 micron. sec-1v.-1.cm.", "PMID": 329907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11329", "title": "Human autologous and allogeneic rosettes with erythrocytes of the Bombay type.", "content": "Human red blood cells of the Bombay type which lack ABH group substances can bind to allogeneic lymphocytes just as well as erythrocytes of any other type. A much lower percentage of auto-rosettes between erythrocytes and lymphocytes from the Bombay donor was observed, a result which may be due at least partially to some T lymphocyte defect in the Bombay donor.", "contents": "Human autologous and allogeneic rosettes with erythrocytes of the Bombay type. Human red blood cells of the Bombay type which lack ABH group substances can bind to allogeneic lymphocytes just as well as erythrocytes of any other type. A much lower percentage of auto-rosettes between erythrocytes and lymphocytes from the Bombay donor was observed, a result which may be due at least partially to some T lymphocyte defect in the Bombay donor.", "PMID": 329908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11330", "title": "An approach to simultaneous immunofluorescent and autoradiographic analysis of human normal and neoplastic blood cells.", "content": "A technique for evaluating membrane immunofluorescence and isotope (3H-Thymidine, 3H-Uridine, 3H-Leucine) labelling in the same cell is described in detail. The possible interference of autoradiographic labelling on the fluorescent staining have been considered and found not to alter the final preparations. The technique proved valid both in normal and in neoplastic cells irrespective of their origin (peripheral blood, bone marrow, lymph node). Its possible extensions are finally discussed.", "contents": "An approach to simultaneous immunofluorescent and autoradiographic analysis of human normal and neoplastic blood cells. A technique for evaluating membrane immunofluorescence and isotope (3H-Thymidine, 3H-Uridine, 3H-Leucine) labelling in the same cell is described in detail. The possible interference of autoradiographic labelling on the fluorescent staining have been considered and found not to alter the final preparations. The technique proved valid both in normal and in neoplastic cells irrespective of their origin (peripheral blood, bone marrow, lymph node). Its possible extensions are finally discussed.", "PMID": 329909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11331", "title": "A phase II clinical trial of prednimustine. Clinical screening cooperative group of E.O.R.T.C.", "content": "In a phase II trial, prednimustine was often efficient in treating chronic lymphoid leukaemia (CLL) patients and was also active in some patients with lymphosarcoma, melanoma and bronchus carcinoma. Tolerance was generally excellent, the most critical side effect being thrombocytopenia in the case of CLL.", "contents": "A phase II clinical trial of prednimustine. Clinical screening cooperative group of E.O.R.T.C. In a phase II trial, prednimustine was often efficient in treating chronic lymphoid leukaemia (CLL) patients and was also active in some patients with lymphosarcoma, melanoma and bronchus carcinoma. Tolerance was generally excellent, the most critical side effect being thrombocytopenia in the case of CLL.", "PMID": 329910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11332", "title": "A kinetic model of cooperativity in aspartate transcarbamylase.", "content": "A relatively simple kinetic model is proposed to account simultaneously for data on the binding of carbamyl phosphate and succinate to aspartate trans carbamylase (ATCase), and for the relaxation spectrum associated with this binding. The model also accounts for measurements of the initial velocity of the reaction of ATCase with respect to aspartate and carbamyl phosphate. The principal assumption made is that ATCase consists of three identical noninteracting cooperative dimers. Ordered binding and both sequential and concerted conformational changes in the dimers are needed to account for the properties of ATCase. The values of the parameters of this model can be determined by fitting to existing experimental evidence. Various new quantitative predictions are made that can serve as additional tests of the proposed theory.", "contents": "A kinetic model of cooperativity in aspartate transcarbamylase. A relatively simple kinetic model is proposed to account simultaneously for data on the binding of carbamyl phosphate and succinate to aspartate trans carbamylase (ATCase), and for the relaxation spectrum associated with this binding. The model also accounts for measurements of the initial velocity of the reaction of ATCase with respect to aspartate and carbamyl phosphate. The principal assumption made is that ATCase consists of three identical noninteracting cooperative dimers. Ordered binding and both sequential and concerted conformational changes in the dimers are needed to account for the properties of ATCase. The values of the parameters of this model can be determined by fitting to existing experimental evidence. Various new quantitative predictions are made that can serve as additional tests of the proposed theory.", "PMID": 329911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11333", "title": "Some observations on oscillatory changes in the growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in aerobic continuous undisturbed culture.", "content": "Oscillatory changes in the growth rate were observed in undisturbed continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on sugar-cane molasses media when nitrogen sources (2.56 to 6.17 g/liter of ammonium sulfate or 1.22 g/liter of urea) were added to the feeding mash and when the air rate was 1.3 to 1.6 v/v/m. The oscillations were not affected by the addition of yeast extract. The suppression of the nitrogen source during the continous test leads to a nonoscillatory transient state. No oscillations occured at all when no nitrogen source was added to the medium and/or the air rate was equal to zero or equal to about 3.3 v/v/m. The oscillatory responses of the system were affected by a previous anaerobic continuous cultivation of the yeast.", "contents": "Some observations on oscillatory changes in the growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in aerobic continuous undisturbed culture. Oscillatory changes in the growth rate were observed in undisturbed continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on sugar-cane molasses media when nitrogen sources (2.56 to 6.17 g/liter of ammonium sulfate or 1.22 g/liter of urea) were added to the feeding mash and when the air rate was 1.3 to 1.6 v/v/m. The oscillations were not affected by the addition of yeast extract. The suppression of the nitrogen source during the continous test leads to a nonoscillatory transient state. No oscillations occured at all when no nitrogen source was added to the medium and/or the air rate was equal to zero or equal to about 3.3 v/v/m. The oscillatory responses of the system were affected by a previous anaerobic continuous cultivation of the yeast.", "PMID": 329912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11334", "title": "[Test-strains of E. coli for detection of chemical mutagens].", "content": "Two temperature-sensitive mutants--AP 16 and AP 18 were isolated after the treatment of E. coli AB2500 strain with two mutagens (acridine orange and 5-bromuracil). The mutants obtained proved to be sensitive and formed revertants when treated with the following agents: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, sodium metabisulfite, methylmethansulfonate, and proflavine. Introduction into the mentioned strains of additional mutation causing elevation of their sensitivity to crystal violet increased somewhat their capacity to form revertants under the effect of proflavine and methylmethansulfonate.", "contents": "[Test-strains of E. coli for detection of chemical mutagens]. Two temperature-sensitive mutants--AP 16 and AP 18 were isolated after the treatment of E. coli AB2500 strain with two mutagens (acridine orange and 5-bromuracil). The mutants obtained proved to be sensitive and formed revertants when treated with the following agents: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, sodium metabisulfite, methylmethansulfonate, and proflavine. Introduction into the mentioned strains of additional mutation causing elevation of their sensitivity to crystal violet increased somewhat their capacity to form revertants under the effect of proflavine and methylmethansulfonate.", "PMID": 329914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11335", "title": "[Transformation of the substrate specificity of EcoRI restrictase under the influence of glycerin].", "content": "The restriction endonuclease EcoRI hydrolyzes DNA to a greater number of fragments in the presence of glycerol than under normal conditions. This enzyme begins to work by the so-called EcoRI-type of restriction when glycerol concentration reaches 50%. The EcoRI activity appeared in experiments only when the ionic strength of the solution was decreased and pH of the solution was increased. However, under such extreme conditions the enzyme was quickly inactivated and it was difficult to obtain reproducible results especially for hydrolysis of the high-molecular DNA. The suggested conditions for the EcoRI activity permit to obtain reproducible results, this being practically equivalent to discovery of the new restriction endonuclease.", "contents": "[Transformation of the substrate specificity of EcoRI restrictase under the influence of glycerin]. The restriction endonuclease EcoRI hydrolyzes DNA to a greater number of fragments in the presence of glycerol than under normal conditions. This enzyme begins to work by the so-called EcoRI-type of restriction when glycerol concentration reaches 50%. The EcoRI activity appeared in experiments only when the ionic strength of the solution was decreased and pH of the solution was increased. However, under such extreme conditions the enzyme was quickly inactivated and it was difficult to obtain reproducible results especially for hydrolysis of the high-molecular DNA. The suggested conditions for the EcoRI activity permit to obtain reproducible results, this being practically equivalent to discovery of the new restriction endonuclease.", "PMID": 329915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11336", "title": "[Cytopathogenic effect of E. coli cells containing heterogeneous human O(H) type antigen on human cells in culture].", "content": "Interaction of two enteropathogenic strains E. coli O55-K59 and human Hela cells containing O(H) isoantigen was studied. When E. coli strain No. 5789 containing heterologic antigen O(H) was added to HeLa cell culture the cytopathogenic effect with the microbial doses of 2 X 10(10), 2 X 10(5), 2X 10(4) was revealed on the third day of the interaction. A dose of 2 X 10(3) of E. coli microbes gave no such effect. Strain No. 3827 containing no heterologic antigen of ABO type failed to exert any cytopathogenic effect with maximal, mean, and minimal doses of the microbes. It is assumed that the cytopathogenic effect of strain No. 5789 is connected with the presence of the strain antigen identical to the group antigen of the human cell culture under study.", "contents": "[Cytopathogenic effect of E. coli cells containing heterogeneous human O(H) type antigen on human cells in culture]. Interaction of two enteropathogenic strains E. coli O55-K59 and human Hela cells containing O(H) isoantigen was studied. When E. coli strain No. 5789 containing heterologic antigen O(H) was added to HeLa cell culture the cytopathogenic effect with the microbial doses of 2 X 10(10), 2 X 10(5), 2X 10(4) was revealed on the third day of the interaction. A dose of 2 X 10(3) of E. coli microbes gave no such effect. Strain No. 3827 containing no heterologic antigen of ABO type failed to exert any cytopathogenic effect with maximal, mean, and minimal doses of the microbes. It is assumed that the cytopathogenic effect of strain No. 5789 is connected with the presence of the strain antigen identical to the group antigen of the human cell culture under study.", "PMID": 329916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11337", "title": "[Specificity of antinuclear autoantibodies in diseases with systemic destruction of connective tissue].", "content": "By using the fluorescent antibody technique several patterns of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were detected in the systemic connective tissue diseases, as well as in some other diseases and in healthy donors, depending on the character of nuclear fluorescence. Homogeneous nuclear fluorescence, homogeneous fluorescence free of nucleaolar fluorescence, ring-shaped fluorescence, lumpy fluorescence, selective nuclealar fluorescence, nuclear fluorescence in the form of long fine plexiform bands associated with fluorescence in the nuclear membrane region. The latter ANA pattern was found only in several forms of lupus erythematosus, and this fluorescence was different from the previously reported \"reticular\" and \"filamentous\" patterns.", "contents": "[Specificity of antinuclear autoantibodies in diseases with systemic destruction of connective tissue]. By using the fluorescent antibody technique several patterns of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were detected in the systemic connective tissue diseases, as well as in some other diseases and in healthy donors, depending on the character of nuclear fluorescence. Homogeneous nuclear fluorescence, homogeneous fluorescence free of nucleaolar fluorescence, ring-shaped fluorescence, lumpy fluorescence, selective nuclealar fluorescence, nuclear fluorescence in the form of long fine plexiform bands associated with fluorescence in the nuclear membrane region. The latter ANA pattern was found only in several forms of lupus erythematosus, and this fluorescence was different from the previously reported \"reticular\" and \"filamentous\" patterns.", "PMID": 329917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11338", "title": "[Permeability of cutaneous macrophage lysosomal membrane in delayed hypersensitivity to streptococcal antigens].", "content": "The acid phosphatase (APh) was studied in the skin macrophage lysosomes of animals with delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the antigens of group A streptococci or tuberculoproteins. The histochemical procedure for the APh determination was employed in the skin sections without any preliminary tissue fixation. Intradermal injection of specific antigens in DTH proved to lead to the increase of the lysosomal membrane permeability in the skin macrophages. These data support the supposition that the lysosome enzymes of macrophages can act as factors causing tissue destruction in DTH.", "contents": "[Permeability of cutaneous macrophage lysosomal membrane in delayed hypersensitivity to streptococcal antigens]. The acid phosphatase (APh) was studied in the skin macrophage lysosomes of animals with delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the antigens of group A streptococci or tuberculoproteins. The histochemical procedure for the APh determination was employed in the skin sections without any preliminary tissue fixation. Intradermal injection of specific antigens in DTH proved to lead to the increase of the lysosomal membrane permeability in the skin macrophages. These data support the supposition that the lysosome enzymes of macrophages can act as factors causing tissue destruction in DTH.", "PMID": 329918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11339", "title": "Skin cover for exposed cardiac pacemakers.", "content": "Skin flap cover of exposed cardiac pacemakers in 3 patients was successful in 2. In the third, repeated plastic surgical procedures enabled the patient to have the continuous use of his pacemaker for nearly a year.", "contents": "Skin cover for exposed cardiac pacemakers. Skin flap cover of exposed cardiac pacemakers in 3 patients was successful in 2. In the third, repeated plastic surgical procedures enabled the patient to have the continuous use of his pacemaker for nearly a year.", "PMID": 329933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11340", "title": "Anaphylactic reactions to endotoxin in guinea-pig tissues: relationship to endotoxin toxicity.", "content": "1 A lipopolysaccharide extract of Escherichia coli 026:B6 cells (026:B6(B) endotoxin) was shown to be toxic to normal adult guinea-pigs. 2 The agent had no action on isolated preparations of ileum and heart taken from normal adult guinea-pigs. 3 Ileal segments from animals actively immunized against 026:B6(B) endotoxin showed dose-dependent contractions when exposed to endotoxin. Desensitization phenomena were demonstrated. 4 Reactivity of 026:B6(B) endotoxin was transferred to isolated preparations of ileum and heart from normal animals by passive transfer of immune serum. 5 Tissue responses to 026:B6(B) were associated with release of ileal spasmogen into the bath medium. Mepyramine blocked the effects of this spasmogen at bath concentrations which caused little change in ileal responses to carbachol. 6 It is concluded that E. coli endotoxin can elicit anaphylactic reactions, and that this process may potentiate endotoxin toxicity in sensitized animals. However, endotoxin toxicity in guinea-pigs does not appear to depend on this kind of allergic process.", "contents": "Anaphylactic reactions to endotoxin in guinea-pig tissues: relationship to endotoxin toxicity. 1 A lipopolysaccharide extract of Escherichia coli 026:B6 cells (026:B6(B) endotoxin) was shown to be toxic to normal adult guinea-pigs. 2 The agent had no action on isolated preparations of ileum and heart taken from normal adult guinea-pigs. 3 Ileal segments from animals actively immunized against 026:B6(B) endotoxin showed dose-dependent contractions when exposed to endotoxin. Desensitization phenomena were demonstrated. 4 Reactivity of 026:B6(B) endotoxin was transferred to isolated preparations of ileum and heart from normal animals by passive transfer of immune serum. 5 Tissue responses to 026:B6(B) were associated with release of ileal spasmogen into the bath medium. Mepyramine blocked the effects of this spasmogen at bath concentrations which caused little change in ileal responses to carbachol. 6 It is concluded that E. coli endotoxin can elicit anaphylactic reactions, and that this process may potentiate endotoxin toxicity in sensitized animals. However, endotoxin toxicity in guinea-pigs does not appear to depend on this kind of allergic process.", "PMID": 329934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11341", "title": "Feline endotoxin shock: effects of methylprednisolone on kininogen-depletion, on the pulmonary circulation and on survival.", "content": "1 Escherichia coli endotoxin, administered intravenously in a dose of 2 mg/kg to pentobarbitone anaesthetized, artificially ventilated cats resulted in pulmonary hypertension, systemic hypotension and an immediate (1-2 min) 30-40% reduction in plasma kininogen, an effect which probably indicates a release of plasma kinins. 2 Methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg), when administered 30 min before endotoxin, did not influence the endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension or systemic hypotension but completely prevented the depletion of plasma kininogen. 3 In spontaneously breathing cats, methylprednisolone, administered 30 min after endotoxin, caused a rapid repletion of kininogen and prolonged survival (47% at 6 h compared to 10% in the endotoxinalone animals). Methylprednisolone did not appear to influence lactate production or the hyperventilation observed during the delayed endotoxin shock phase. 4 It is concluded t,at methylprednisolone does not prevent the release, by  endotoxin, of a pulmonary vasoconstrictor prostaglandin, or its effects, but that perhaps by preventing kinin release it may reduce endotoxin-induced capillary leakage.", "contents": "Feline endotoxin shock: effects of methylprednisolone on kininogen-depletion, on the pulmonary circulation and on survival. 1 Escherichia coli endotoxin, administered intravenously in a dose of 2 mg/kg to pentobarbitone anaesthetized, artificially ventilated cats resulted in pulmonary hypertension, systemic hypotension and an immediate (1-2 min) 30-40% reduction in plasma kininogen, an effect which probably indicates a release of plasma kinins. 2 Methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg), when administered 30 min before endotoxin, did not influence the endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension or systemic hypotension but completely prevented the depletion of plasma kininogen. 3 In spontaneously breathing cats, methylprednisolone, administered 30 min after endotoxin, caused a rapid repletion of kininogen and prolonged survival (47% at 6 h compared to 10% in the endotoxinalone animals). Methylprednisolone did not appear to influence lactate production or the hyperventilation observed during the delayed endotoxin shock phase. 4 It is concluded t,at methylprednisolone does not prevent the release, by  endotoxin, of a pulmonary vasoconstrictor prostaglandin, or its effects, but that perhaps by preventing kinin release it may reduce endotoxin-induced capillary leakage.", "PMID": 329935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11342", "title": "Mechanical suture methods in thoracic and abdominal surgery.", "content": "Mechanical suturing procedures on the bowel, lung, bronchi and pulmonary vessels have been used on 264 occasions in 180 thoracic and abdominal operations. The instruments proved simple to use and produced reliable good quality closures, for the most part without manual reinforcement. There were 2 technical failures, one ending fatally, after colo-colostomy. Two minor postoperative suture leaks were encountered in 122 operations on the alimentary tract, but no leakage or other problem has arisen in 58 pulmonary cases. The staple-suturing methods described are safe and straightforward, and it is believed that they represent a significant advance in the techniques of thoracic and abdominal surgery, which can usefully be applied in many situations.", "contents": "Mechanical suture methods in thoracic and abdominal surgery. Mechanical suturing procedures on the bowel, lung, bronchi and pulmonary vessels have been used on 264 occasions in 180 thoracic and abdominal operations. The instruments proved simple to use and produced reliable good quality closures, for the most part without manual reinforcement. There were 2 technical failures, one ending fatally, after colo-colostomy. Two minor postoperative suture leaks were encountered in 122 operations on the alimentary tract, but no leakage or other problem has arisen in 58 pulmonary cases. The staple-suturing methods described are safe and straightforward, and it is believed that they represent a significant advance in the techniques of thoracic and abdominal surgery, which can usefully be applied in many situations.", "PMID": 329936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11343", "title": "Computer-aided diagnosis of lower abdominal pain in women.", "content": "This paper describes the use of a system of computer aided diagnosis in an unselected, prospective survey of 393 women suffering from lower abdominal pain of less than 1 week's duration. An accurate diagnosis was made by clinicians at first patient contact in 68-5 per cent of the group of patients. The computer's diagnostic prediction (based on the same data) matched the final diagnosis in 81-6 per cent of the patients. During this survey a marked improvement in diagnostic accuracy was observed amongst the junior clinicians. It is suggested that this is because of the discipline of data collection imposed and the intermittent feedback received, and also that this educational aspect of computer usage may be of wider benefit.", "contents": "Computer-aided diagnosis of lower abdominal pain in women. This paper describes the use of a system of computer aided diagnosis in an unselected, prospective survey of 393 women suffering from lower abdominal pain of less than 1 week's duration. An accurate diagnosis was made by clinicians at first patient contact in 68-5 per cent of the group of patients. The computer's diagnostic prediction (based on the same data) matched the final diagnosis in 81-6 per cent of the patients. During this survey a marked improvement in diagnostic accuracy was observed amongst the junior clinicians. It is suggested that this is because of the discipline of data collection imposed and the intermittent feedback received, and also that this educational aspect of computer usage may be of wider benefit.", "PMID": 329937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11344", "title": "Renal autotransplantation in the treatment of hypertension and uraemia due to renal artery stenosis.", "content": "Four cases of renovascular hypertension cured or improved by renal autotransplantation are described. In one case correction of renal ischaemia resulted in an improvement of renal function. Previous reports of this technique are reviewed and the limitations of the more standard operation of saphenous vein bypass graft are discussed.", "contents": "Renal autotransplantation in the treatment of hypertension and uraemia due to renal artery stenosis. Four cases of renovascular hypertension cured or improved by renal autotransplantation are described. In one case correction of renal ischaemia resulted in an improvement of renal function. Previous reports of this technique are reviewed and the limitations of the more standard operation of saphenous vein bypass graft are discussed.", "PMID": 329938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11345", "title": "Abdominal wound closure: a trial of nylon, polyglycolic acid and steel sutures.", "content": "Failures after abdominal wound closure (early dehiscences and late incisional hernias) are due to breakage of sutures, slippage of knots or tearing out of sutures from the tissues. The suture-holding capacity of the entire thickness of muscle and aponeurosis is nearly twice that of the anterior rectus sheath, and deep bites (1-0 cm from the cut edges) are nearly twice as secure as bites of 0-5 cm. In a random controlled clinical trial of 357 major laparotomies, closure with either layered monofilament nylon or mass polyglycolic acid or steel resulted in 2 burst abdomens (0-56%), 10 incisional hernias due to suture failure (3-4%) and 8 incisional hernias caused by deep sepsis (2-7%). There were no statistically significant differences among the treatment groups, but 1 patient in the nylon and 3 in the steel groups had persistent sinuses until their sutures were removed.", "contents": "Abdominal wound closure: a trial of nylon, polyglycolic acid and steel sutures. Failures after abdominal wound closure (early dehiscences and late incisional hernias) are due to breakage of sutures, slippage of knots or tearing out of sutures from the tissues. The suture-holding capacity of the entire thickness of muscle and aponeurosis is nearly twice that of the anterior rectus sheath, and deep bites (1-0 cm from the cut edges) are nearly twice as secure as bites of 0-5 cm. In a random controlled clinical trial of 357 major laparotomies, closure with either layered monofilament nylon or mass polyglycolic acid or steel resulted in 2 burst abdomens (0-56%), 10 incisional hernias due to suture failure (3-4%) and 8 incisional hernias caused by deep sepsis (2-7%). There were no statistically significant differences among the treatment groups, but 1 patient in the nylon and 3 in the steel groups had persistent sinuses until their sutures were removed.", "PMID": 329939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11346", "title": "Abdominal wound healing: a prospective clinical study.", "content": "The incidence of wound dehiscence and incisional hernia after two methods of abdominal wound closure (layered closure with retention sutures and single-layer \"mass closure\") was studied in a randomised prospective clinical trial in a consecutive series of 200 patients. Dehiscence occurred in 1% of patients and herniation in 4-7%; the incidence of these complications was similar with both methods of closure. Seven of the 11 cases of dehiscence or herniation occurred in infected wounds, and wound infection was associated with a tenfold increase in the incidence of these complications. The prevention of wound infection would reduce substantially the incidence of dehiscence and herniation in abdominal wounds.", "contents": "Abdominal wound healing: a prospective clinical study. The incidence of wound dehiscence and incisional hernia after two methods of abdominal wound closure (layered closure with retention sutures and single-layer \"mass closure\") was studied in a randomised prospective clinical trial in a consecutive series of 200 patients. Dehiscence occurred in 1% of patients and herniation in 4-7%; the incidence of these complications was similar with both methods of closure. Seven of the 11 cases of dehiscence or herniation occurred in infected wounds, and wound infection was associated with a tenfold increase in the incidence of these complications. The prevention of wound infection would reduce substantially the incidence of dehiscence and herniation in abdominal wounds.", "PMID": 329940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11347", "title": "Spina bifida and anencephaly: are miscarriages a possible cause?", "content": "The marriage-to-conception interval in 151 pregnancies producing infants with anencephaly or spina bifida was not significantly different from that in 218 pregnancies resulting in normal infants. Significantly more miscarriages occurred before than after the birth of 285 infants with anencephaly or spina bifida, but in 133 controls no before-after difference was observed. These observations seem to favour the idea that miscarriages are a manifestation rather than a cause of anencephaly and spina bifida.", "contents": "Spina bifida and anencephaly: are miscarriages a possible cause? The marriage-to-conception interval in 151 pregnancies producing infants with anencephaly or spina bifida was not significantly different from that in 218 pregnancies resulting in normal infants. Significantly more miscarriages occurred before than after the birth of 285 infants with anencephaly or spina bifida, but in 133 controls no before-after difference was observed. These observations seem to favour the idea that miscarriages are a manifestation rather than a cause of anencephaly and spina bifida.", "PMID": 329941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11348", "title": "Reduction in mortality after myocardial infarction with long-term beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Multicentre international study: supplementary report.", "content": "In a controlled multicentre trial carried out to assess the value of long-term practolol treatment after myocardial infarction the provisional results showed a significant reduction in mortality, though some of the data were lacking. These have now been included and the results updated. The final figures for all deaths were 78 in the placebo group of 1533 patients and 48 in the practolol group of 1520 patients. The reduction in mortality (38%) was significant at the 1% level. The figures for non-fatal reinfarction (97 in the placebo group, and 75 in the practolol group) were not significantly different. Patients with pre-entry anterior infarction, and especially those with a diastolic blood pressure equal to or below the mean (78 mm Hg) at entry to the trial, were at high risk but benefited particularly well from beta-adrenoceptor blockade. After pre-entry inferior infarction the percentage reduction in deaths occurring within two hours after symptoms of a new event was similar to that after anterior infarction, but the incidence of death more than two hours after the event was greater in the practolol-treated group. Thus the difference between groups in total deaths after pretrial inferior infarction was marginal. Until the results of further trials are reported long-term beta-adrenoceptor blockade (possibly up to two years) is recommended after uncomplicated anterior myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Reduction in mortality after myocardial infarction with long-term beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Multicentre international study: supplementary report. In a controlled multicentre trial carried out to assess the value of long-term practolol treatment after myocardial infarction the provisional results showed a significant reduction in mortality, though some of the data were lacking. These have now been included and the results updated. The final figures for all deaths were 78 in the placebo group of 1533 patients and 48 in the practolol group of 1520 patients. The reduction in mortality (38%) was significant at the 1% level. The figures for non-fatal reinfarction (97 in the placebo group, and 75 in the practolol group) were not significantly different. Patients with pre-entry anterior infarction, and especially those with a diastolic blood pressure equal to or below the mean (78 mm Hg) at entry to the trial, were at high risk but benefited particularly well from beta-adrenoceptor blockade. After pre-entry inferior infarction the percentage reduction in deaths occurring within two hours after symptoms of a new event was similar to that after anterior infarction, but the incidence of death more than two hours after the event was greater in the practolol-treated group. Thus the difference between groups in total deaths after pretrial inferior infarction was marginal. Until the results of further trials are reported long-term beta-adrenoceptor blockade (possibly up to two years) is recommended after uncomplicated anterior myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 329943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11349", "title": "Cellular reaction to group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal membrane antigen and its relation to complement levels in patients with rheumatic heart disease.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity and blood complement activities were studied in 35 patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and 17 normal subjects. The T-cell population in patients with RHD was reduced, as were the CH50 and C3 complement levels. The response to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation was deficient, but the lymphocytes of patients with RHD showed increased avidity for 3H-thymidine when stimulated with specific streptococcal membrane antigen. No differences were found between patients with acute rheumatic activity and those without such activity. The susceptibility of individual patients may be related to the specific sensitisation of lymphocytes, while the fact that this persisted even when T-cell numbers had returned to normal may account for the well-known recrudescenses after streptococcal infections in these patients.", "contents": "Cellular reaction to group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal membrane antigen and its relation to complement levels in patients with rheumatic heart disease. Cell-mediated immunity and blood complement activities were studied in 35 patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and 17 normal subjects. The T-cell population in patients with RHD was reduced, as were the CH50 and C3 complement levels. The response to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation was deficient, but the lymphocytes of patients with RHD showed increased avidity for 3H-thymidine when stimulated with specific streptococcal membrane antigen. No differences were found between patients with acute rheumatic activity and those without such activity. The susceptibility of individual patients may be related to the specific sensitisation of lymphocytes, while the fact that this persisted even when T-cell numbers had returned to normal may account for the well-known recrudescenses after streptococcal infections in these patients.", "PMID": 329944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11350", "title": "Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: effect of variation in length of treatment on duration of remission. Report to the Medical Research Council by the Working Party on Leukaemia in Childhood.", "content": "Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were allocated at random either to stop maintenance chemotherapy after six 12-week courses or continue with a further six. The main difference between the two groups was in the incidence of bone-marrow relapse within nine months after stopping treatment. Such relapses occurred less in older patients and those with higher leucocyte counts initially than in those who appeared to have the best prognosis--namely, those with typical low-count childhood ALL. No patient given prophylactic irradiation to cranium and spine combined with intrathecal methotrexate suffered meningeal relapses, whereas among those not given such prophylaxis the lack of benefit from continuing treatment was mainly attributable to meningeal relapses.", "contents": "Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: effect of variation in length of treatment on duration of remission. Report to the Medical Research Council by the Working Party on Leukaemia in Childhood. Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were allocated at random either to stop maintenance chemotherapy after six 12-week courses or continue with a further six. The main difference between the two groups was in the incidence of bone-marrow relapse within nine months after stopping treatment. Such relapses occurred less in older patients and those with higher leucocyte counts initially than in those who appeared to have the best prognosis--namely, those with typical low-count childhood ALL. No patient given prophylactic irradiation to cranium and spine combined with intrathecal methotrexate suffered meningeal relapses, whereas among those not given such prophylaxis the lack of benefit from continuing treatment was mainly attributable to meningeal relapses.", "PMID": 329946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11351", "title": "Contribution of atenolol, bendrofluazide, and hydrallazine to management of severe hypertension.", "content": "The efficacy of various combinations of atenolol, bendrofluazide, and hydraliazine given twice daily was assessed in a double-blind trial on 39 patients with moderate to severe essential hypertension. Concurrent treatment with all three drugs proved most effective and produced a mean reduction in blood pressure of 43/31 mm Hg. In the dosage used, hydrallazine affected only the diastolic blood pressure, and when added to either bendrofluazide or bendrofluazide plus atenolol it produced a further mean reduction in pressure of 6 mm Hg. Once-daily treatment with atenolol and bendrofluazide was as effective in reducing blood pressure as the same combination given twice daily, and the hypotensive effect was still present at least 24 hours after the last dose of tablets. A combined tablet of atenolol and bendrofluazide taken once daily would be a simple regimen to follow and would provide almost as much hypotensive effect as a twice-daily regimen incorporating a modest dose of hydrallazine. The hypotensive effect of atenolol was equal to that of bendrofluazide on systolic pressure but significantly better than that of bendrofluazide on diastolic pressure. Atenolol reduced plasma renin and urate concentrations but increased plasma potassium levels. The biochemical effects of atenolol, therefore, may be an advantage over those of bendrofluazide when deciding on first-line treatment for essential hypertension.", "contents": "Contribution of atenolol, bendrofluazide, and hydrallazine to management of severe hypertension. The efficacy of various combinations of atenolol, bendrofluazide, and hydraliazine given twice daily was assessed in a double-blind trial on 39 patients with moderate to severe essential hypertension. Concurrent treatment with all three drugs proved most effective and produced a mean reduction in blood pressure of 43/31 mm Hg. In the dosage used, hydrallazine affected only the diastolic blood pressure, and when added to either bendrofluazide or bendrofluazide plus atenolol it produced a further mean reduction in pressure of 6 mm Hg. Once-daily treatment with atenolol and bendrofluazide was as effective in reducing blood pressure as the same combination given twice daily, and the hypotensive effect was still present at least 24 hours after the last dose of tablets. A combined tablet of atenolol and bendrofluazide taken once daily would be a simple regimen to follow and would provide almost as much hypotensive effect as a twice-daily regimen incorporating a modest dose of hydrallazine. The hypotensive effect of atenolol was equal to that of bendrofluazide on systolic pressure but significantly better than that of bendrofluazide on diastolic pressure. Atenolol reduced plasma renin and urate concentrations but increased plasma potassium levels. The biochemical effects of atenolol, therefore, may be an advantage over those of bendrofluazide when deciding on first-line treatment for essential hypertension.", "PMID": 329948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11352", "title": "Amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole in presumed viral respiratory infections of childhood: placebo-controlled trial.", "content": "A double-blind randomized controlled trial of amoxycillin, co-trimoxazole, and placebo was conducted on 197 children presenting with presumed viral respiratory infections. Routine throat swabs were taken to exclude streptococcal diseases. The three disease categories studied--nasopharyngitis, pharyngotonsillitis, and bronchitis (including laryngotracheobronchitis)--showed a generally similar pattern of resolution irrespective of treatment. Nevertheless, seven out of 66 children receiving placebo were withdrawn from the trial with unremitting symptoms or complications thought to require antimicrobial treatment. Only two of 56 children receiving amoxycillin and none of 75 receiving co-trimoxazole were withdrawn. Three other children receiving amoxycillin and three receiving placebo were seen during the trial but further treatment was not thought to be necessary. Thus the return consultation rate in children receiving placebo therapy was 15% compared with 4% for those receiving antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrobial treatment was associated with less nasal discharge on the eighth day of treatment. Placebo treatment allowed an earlier return to normal activity. There was a high incidence of possible side effects on all regimens including placebo. It is concluded that the benefits of antimicrobial treatment in presumed viral respiratory infections are marginal, and they should not be routinely prescribed for these conditions.", "contents": "Amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole in presumed viral respiratory infections of childhood: placebo-controlled trial. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of amoxycillin, co-trimoxazole, and placebo was conducted on 197 children presenting with presumed viral respiratory infections. Routine throat swabs were taken to exclude streptococcal diseases. The three disease categories studied--nasopharyngitis, pharyngotonsillitis, and bronchitis (including laryngotracheobronchitis)--showed a generally similar pattern of resolution irrespective of treatment. Nevertheless, seven out of 66 children receiving placebo were withdrawn from the trial with unremitting symptoms or complications thought to require antimicrobial treatment. Only two of 56 children receiving amoxycillin and none of 75 receiving co-trimoxazole were withdrawn. Three other children receiving amoxycillin and three receiving placebo were seen during the trial but further treatment was not thought to be necessary. Thus the return consultation rate in children receiving placebo therapy was 15% compared with 4% for those receiving antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrobial treatment was associated with less nasal discharge on the eighth day of treatment. Placebo treatment allowed an earlier return to normal activity. There was a high incidence of possible side effects on all regimens including placebo. It is concluded that the benefits of antimicrobial treatment in presumed viral respiratory infections are marginal, and they should not be routinely prescribed for these conditions.", "PMID": 329949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11353", "title": "On the occurrence of substance P-containing fibers in sympathetic ganglia: immunohistochemical evidence.", "content": "Several sympathetic ganglia of the guinea pig, cat and rat were studied with indirect immunofluorescence technique using antibodies to substance P (SP) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), the latter of which represents a marker for noradrenaline containing neurons. In all ganglia studied SP-like immunoreactivity could be observed in certain nerve fibers (SP-positive fibers). Their number, localization fluorescence intensity and 'fluorescence morphology' varied considerably between the different ganglia as well as between species. In the inferior mesenteric ganglion and the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex of all species, and in particular of the guinea pig, a dense plexus of varicose SP-positive fibers was observed around the mostly DBH-positive, principal ganglion cells. In contrast no such fibers were seen in relation to the DBH-positive SIF cells of the ganglia. No SP-positive ganglion cells were observed in any of the ganglia studied. Previous biochemical and immunohistochemical studies have indicated that peripheral SP-positive fibers may represent the branches of primary sensory neurons. The rich supply of varicose, SP-positive nerve terminals, often surrounding the noradrenergic ganglion cells in a basket-like manner, may indicate that these fibers may play a functional role within the ganglia. Instead of merely passing through the ganglion they may be involved in special types of reflex arches.", "contents": "On the occurrence of substance P-containing fibers in sympathetic ganglia: immunohistochemical evidence. Several sympathetic ganglia of the guinea pig, cat and rat were studied with indirect immunofluorescence technique using antibodies to substance P (SP) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), the latter of which represents a marker for noradrenaline containing neurons. In all ganglia studied SP-like immunoreactivity could be observed in certain nerve fibers (SP-positive fibers). Their number, localization fluorescence intensity and 'fluorescence morphology' varied considerably between the different ganglia as well as between species. In the inferior mesenteric ganglion and the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex of all species, and in particular of the guinea pig, a dense plexus of varicose SP-positive fibers was observed around the mostly DBH-positive, principal ganglion cells. In contrast no such fibers were seen in relation to the DBH-positive SIF cells of the ganglia. No SP-positive ganglion cells were observed in any of the ganglia studied. Previous biochemical and immunohistochemical studies have indicated that peripheral SP-positive fibers may represent the branches of primary sensory neurons. The rich supply of varicose, SP-positive nerve terminals, often surrounding the noradrenergic ganglion cells in a basket-like manner, may indicate that these fibers may play a functional role within the ganglia. Instead of merely passing through the ganglion they may be involved in special types of reflex arches.", "PMID": 329951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11354", "title": "Facilitation of the lordosis reflex in female rats by electrical stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus.", "content": "(1) Electrical stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) facilitated lordosis reflex responses to somatosensory stimulation, in estrogen-primed female rats. (2) Unilateral LVN stimulation was sufficient for this effect. Currents as low as 10muA could be used. (3) With the stimulus parameters used, the effect develops within 5 min of LVN stimulation and decays within 10 min following cessation of stimulation. (4) Together with previous evidence that LVN lesions disrupt lordosis, these results suggest LVN facilitation of spinal reflex mechanisms for lordosis.", "contents": "Facilitation of the lordosis reflex in female rats by electrical stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus. (1) Electrical stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) facilitated lordosis reflex responses to somatosensory stimulation, in estrogen-primed female rats. (2) Unilateral LVN stimulation was sufficient for this effect. Currents as low as 10muA could be used. (3) With the stimulus parameters used, the effect develops within 5 min of LVN stimulation and decays within 10 min following cessation of stimulation. (4) Together with previous evidence that LVN lesions disrupt lordosis, these results suggest LVN facilitation of spinal reflex mechanisms for lordosis.", "PMID": 329952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11355", "title": "Matrix vesicles in newly synthesizing bone observed after ultracryotomy and ultramicroincineration.", "content": "Matrix vesicles were observed in femurs of 8-day-old chick embryos prepared by ultracryotomy. Some of the sections were subjected to ultramicroincineration. The unfixed tissues never came into contact with solutions, and thereby artifacts due to dissolution, redistribution, or rearrangement of the mineral constituents were avoided. In the osteoid, electron dense objects with the size and appearance of matrix vesicles were seen, although limiting membranes were not visible. After ultramicroincineration the vesicles were observed to contain small crystals and a less dense amorphous mineral material which may te the precursor of bone mineral. In addition, a ring of ash enclosed the crystalline and amorphous mineral and appeared to occupy the position of the vesicle membrane as seen in conventionally prepared material.", "contents": "Matrix vesicles in newly synthesizing bone observed after ultracryotomy and ultramicroincineration. Matrix vesicles were observed in femurs of 8-day-old chick embryos prepared by ultracryotomy. Some of the sections were subjected to ultramicroincineration. The unfixed tissues never came into contact with solutions, and thereby artifacts due to dissolution, redistribution, or rearrangement of the mineral constituents were avoided. In the osteoid, electron dense objects with the size and appearance of matrix vesicles were seen, although limiting membranes were not visible. After ultramicroincineration the vesicles were observed to contain small crystals and a less dense amorphous mineral material which may te the precursor of bone mineral. In addition, a ring of ash enclosed the crystalline and amorphous mineral and appeared to occupy the position of the vesicle membrane as seen in conventionally prepared material.", "PMID": 329954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11356", "title": "Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on lung mechanics during anaesthesia in dogs.", "content": "We studied supine anaesthetized dogs to determine whether the use of positive end-expiratory pressure to increase functional residual capacity (FRC) could thereby prevent the small lung compliance values frequently reported during anaesthesia. We first made control measurements of FRC and of both static (CSTAT) and dynamic (CDYN) lung compliance. Continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) with 5 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure was then commenced, and FRC and compliance measurements were repeated at 15-minute intervals during one hour of CPPV. We found that the positive end-expiratory pressure served to increase FRC to a level expected for unanaesthetized normally breathing dogs in the same posture (J. Appl. Physiol. 36: 93, 1974), and this FRC was well maintained during the one-hour observation period. Despite the volume preservation, we found a marked decline in lung compliance, equal in both CSTAT and CDYN; however, these changes were completely reversed to control values following hyperinflation of lung (artificial sighting). We conclude that diminution in lung compliance in our anaesthetized dogs was not dependent on low lung volume breathing but must have been due to another mechanism such as suppression of sighing or possibly regional hypoventilation. It might well be important to recognize that reversible reduction of compliance may occur despite increase of FRC in patients managed with positive end-expiratory pressure.", "contents": "Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on lung mechanics during anaesthesia in dogs. We studied supine anaesthetized dogs to determine whether the use of positive end-expiratory pressure to increase functional residual capacity (FRC) could thereby prevent the small lung compliance values frequently reported during anaesthesia. We first made control measurements of FRC and of both static (CSTAT) and dynamic (CDYN) lung compliance. Continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) with 5 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure was then commenced, and FRC and compliance measurements were repeated at 15-minute intervals during one hour of CPPV. We found that the positive end-expiratory pressure served to increase FRC to a level expected for unanaesthetized normally breathing dogs in the same posture (J. Appl. Physiol. 36: 93, 1974), and this FRC was well maintained during the one-hour observation period. Despite the volume preservation, we found a marked decline in lung compliance, equal in both CSTAT and CDYN; however, these changes were completely reversed to control values following hyperinflation of lung (artificial sighting). We conclude that diminution in lung compliance in our anaesthetized dogs was not dependent on low lung volume breathing but must have been due to another mechanism such as suppression of sighing or possibly regional hypoventilation. It might well be important to recognize that reversible reduction of compliance may occur despite increase of FRC in patients managed with positive end-expiratory pressure.", "PMID": 329955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11357", "title": "Glucagon from avian pancreatic islets: radioreceptor studies.", "content": "Glucagon extracted from isolated islets of the pigeon was studied by means of Sephadex gel filtration. Radioreceptor assay, using rat liver plasma membranes and radioiodinated porcine glucagon, showed that the bulk of the activity eluted with glucagon (molecular weight 3500). Avian glucagon appeared to be less effective than porcine glucagon in inhibiting the binding of labeled porcine glucagon to rat plasma membranes.", "contents": "Glucagon from avian pancreatic islets: radioreceptor studies. Glucagon extracted from isolated islets of the pigeon was studied by means of Sephadex gel filtration. Radioreceptor assay, using rat liver plasma membranes and radioiodinated porcine glucagon, showed that the bulk of the activity eluted with glucagon (molecular weight 3500). Avian glucagon appeared to be less effective than porcine glucagon in inhibiting the binding of labeled porcine glucagon to rat plasma membranes.", "PMID": 329956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11358", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies of Nitrobacter populations in soils.", "content": "Certain steps of a protocol to enumerate a bacterium directly in soil by immunofluorescence were studied with respect to the enumeration of Nitrobacter in soils of diverse properties. Maximal counts of Nitrobacter were obtained by varying factors involved in the release of bacteria from the soil. Differences with respect to these factors were related to soil-colloidal properties. Enumeration protocols modified with regard to soil properties were used with strain-specific fluorescent antibodies (FA) to enumerate Nitrobacter populations (a) in soil during storage, (b) in comparison with most probable number (MPN) enumeration, and (c) occurring in a spectrum of soil samples. FA counting was rapid and precise and gave counts generally 10- to 100-fold higher than obtained by MPN. Nitrobacter cells of the two serotypes studied, designated as agilis and Winogradsky, occurred in each soil at levels of 10(4)-10(5) per gram.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies of Nitrobacter populations in soils. Certain steps of a protocol to enumerate a bacterium directly in soil by immunofluorescence were studied with respect to the enumeration of Nitrobacter in soils of diverse properties. Maximal counts of Nitrobacter were obtained by varying factors involved in the release of bacteria from the soil. Differences with respect to these factors were related to soil-colloidal properties. Enumeration protocols modified with regard to soil properties were used with strain-specific fluorescent antibodies (FA) to enumerate Nitrobacter populations (a) in soil during storage, (b) in comparison with most probable number (MPN) enumeration, and (c) occurring in a spectrum of soil samples. FA counting was rapid and precise and gave counts generally 10- to 100-fold higher than obtained by MPN. Nitrobacter cells of the two serotypes studied, designated as agilis and Winogradsky, occurred in each soil at levels of 10(4)-10(5) per gram.", "PMID": 329959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11359", "title": "A single-bottle blood culture system: evaluation and comparison with two other systems.", "content": "A commercially available single-bottle blood culture system was evaluated at Ben Taub General Hospital, a Harris County District Hospital. Blood cultures from 1010 patients were examined with the Lederle Diagnostics one-bottle blood culture medium-SPS, Columbia broth (E-Vac, Pfizer), and an in-house-prepared brain heart infusion broth with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and 0.1% agar. Of the 1010 patients examined, blood cultures from 211 (20.8%) were positive, yielding a total of 23 different species of microorganisms. Comparison of the results during clinical evaluation, as well as those from simulated blood cultures, showed that the Lederle Diagnostics blood culture bottle was as effective as the in-house-prepared brain heart infusion and commercially available Columbia broths for isolation of aerobes as well as anaerobes. The techniques used in the evaluation and the advantages of a single-bottle culture system are discussed.", "contents": "A single-bottle blood culture system: evaluation and comparison with two other systems. A commercially available single-bottle blood culture system was evaluated at Ben Taub General Hospital, a Harris County District Hospital. Blood cultures from 1010 patients were examined with the Lederle Diagnostics one-bottle blood culture medium-SPS, Columbia broth (E-Vac, Pfizer), and an in-house-prepared brain heart infusion broth with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and 0.1% agar. Of the 1010 patients examined, blood cultures from 211 (20.8%) were positive, yielding a total of 23 different species of microorganisms. Comparison of the results during clinical evaluation, as well as those from simulated blood cultures, showed that the Lederle Diagnostics blood culture bottle was as effective as the in-house-prepared brain heart infusion and commercially available Columbia broths for isolation of aerobes as well as anaerobes. The techniques used in the evaluation and the advantages of a single-bottle culture system are discussed.", "PMID": 329960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11360", "title": "Lipids of antibiotic-resistant and -susceptible members of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Lipids of antibiotic-resistant and related -susceptible strains of the Enterobacteriaceae were extracted with chloroform-methanol and characterized by thin-layer chromatography, densitometry, and fatty acid analysis using gas chromatography. Quantitative differences which correlated with antibiotic resistance existed among the phospholipids and fatty acids. A relatively higher concentration of a ninhydrin-positive phospholipid concentration with a lower amount of phosphatidylethanolamine was observed in antibiotic-resistant strains of serratia marcescens. Bacterial strains which harbored R-factor 222 had a higher ratio of phosphatidylglycerol to diphosphatidylglycerol than their respective parent strains while those strains which were resistant to the polymyxins had a lower ratio of these phospholipids. Differences in the relative amounts of certain unsaturated and cyclopropane fatty acids were observed between susceptible and resistant strains. Such differences, however, were dependent upon a particular genus and species.", "contents": "Lipids of antibiotic-resistant and -susceptible members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Lipids of antibiotic-resistant and related -susceptible strains of the Enterobacteriaceae were extracted with chloroform-methanol and characterized by thin-layer chromatography, densitometry, and fatty acid analysis using gas chromatography. Quantitative differences which correlated with antibiotic resistance existed among the phospholipids and fatty acids. A relatively higher concentration of a ninhydrin-positive phospholipid concentration with a lower amount of phosphatidylethanolamine was observed in antibiotic-resistant strains of serratia marcescens. Bacterial strains which harbored R-factor 222 had a higher ratio of phosphatidylglycerol to diphosphatidylglycerol than their respective parent strains while those strains which were resistant to the polymyxins had a lower ratio of these phospholipids. Differences in the relative amounts of certain unsaturated and cyclopropane fatty acids were observed between susceptible and resistant strains. Such differences, however, were dependent upon a particular genus and species.", "PMID": 329961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11361", "title": "Reduced synthesis of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli infected with phage phi X 174.", "content": "The synthesis of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23;beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase) in E. coli was repressed as a result of infection with single-stranded DNA phage phi chi 174. Evidence is presented to show that this repression was not due to the restricted entry of the inducer molecules into the infected cells but to some phage-specified product(s). It was further shown that either the infected cells synthesized a fewer number of enzyme-specific mRNA or all such molecules were translated with a reduced efficiency; the half-lives of the mRNA's remained more or less unaffected.", "contents": "Reduced synthesis of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli infected with phage phi X 174. The synthesis of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23;beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase) in E. coli was repressed as a result of infection with single-stranded DNA phage phi chi 174. Evidence is presented to show that this repression was not due to the restricted entry of the inducer molecules into the infected cells but to some phage-specified product(s). It was further shown that either the infected cells synthesized a fewer number of enzyme-specific mRNA or all such molecules were translated with a reduced efficiency; the half-lives of the mRNA's remained more or less unaffected.", "PMID": 329962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11362", "title": "Structural proteins of a lipid-containing bacteriophage which replicates in Escherichia coli: phage PR4.", "content": "PR4 is a lipid-containing bacteriophage which is able to replicate in Escherichia coli. The virus was labeled with either [14C]leucine and [14C]threonine or H235SO4 and then purified by several rounds of sucrose gradient centrifugation. Autoradiographs showed the virus to be composed of six major protein species with molecular weights (1) 68 000, (2) 47 500, (3) 38 500, (4) 35 000, (5) 20 700, (6) 16 500 daltons. Electropherograms showed protein No. 2 to be the major protein, comprising about 43% of the total weight of viral protein.", "contents": "Structural proteins of a lipid-containing bacteriophage which replicates in Escherichia coli: phage PR4. PR4 is a lipid-containing bacteriophage which is able to replicate in Escherichia coli. The virus was labeled with either [14C]leucine and [14C]threonine or H235SO4 and then purified by several rounds of sucrose gradient centrifugation. Autoradiographs showed the virus to be composed of six major protein species with molecular weights (1) 68 000, (2) 47 500, (3) 38 500, (4) 35 000, (5) 20 700, (6) 16 500 daltons. Electropherograms showed protein No. 2 to be the major protein, comprising about 43% of the total weight of viral protein.", "PMID": 329963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11363", "title": "Isolation and distribution of oligotrophic marine bacteria.", "content": "A useful plate culture method for isolating oligotrophic bacteria found in the low-nutrient environment of the open sea has been developed. The method uses a glass-fiber filter substitute for agar. Nutritional requirements of oligotrophic bacteria consisted of a dilute mutrient solution containing 16.8 mg C/l total organic carbon aseptically added to the sterilized filter. Distribution of bacteria in oceanic and neritic seawater was determined using the membrane filter method. In the case of seawater containing less than 0.5 mg/l dissolved carbohydrates, plate counts of oligotrophic bacteria were found to be several- to 100-fold greater than the heterotrophic bacterial counts enumerated by standard methods routinely used for enumeration. However, in seawater containing approximately over 0.5 mg/l dissolved carbohydrates, heterotrophic bacterial counts were 10-fold greater than oligotrophic bacterial counts.", "contents": "Isolation and distribution of oligotrophic marine bacteria. A useful plate culture method for isolating oligotrophic bacteria found in the low-nutrient environment of the open sea has been developed. The method uses a glass-fiber filter substitute for agar. Nutritional requirements of oligotrophic bacteria consisted of a dilute mutrient solution containing 16.8 mg C/l total organic carbon aseptically added to the sterilized filter. Distribution of bacteria in oceanic and neritic seawater was determined using the membrane filter method. In the case of seawater containing less than 0.5 mg/l dissolved carbohydrates, plate counts of oligotrophic bacteria were found to be several- to 100-fold greater than the heterotrophic bacterial counts enumerated by standard methods routinely used for enumeration. However, in seawater containing approximately over 0.5 mg/l dissolved carbohydrates, heterotrophic bacterial counts were 10-fold greater than oligotrophic bacterial counts.", "PMID": 329965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11364", "title": "Transient monocular blindness.", "content": "This paper is a review of the causes of intermittent monocular blindness. The nature of cholesterol and platelet retinal emboli is discussed. Their sources, the frequency with which they may cause transient or fixed blindness and the association between these emboli and pathology of the major cerebral vessels and other organs is discussed. Consideration is given to the equally important abnormalities of platelet behavior and to some of the physiology of retinal blood flow and non-embolic blindness. The current treatment of this symptom may be anticoagulation, surgical correction of a stenotic artery or both. The effect of treatment is unpredictable and in some situations the rationale is suspect. This review may provide a summary on which to base future studies of the effectiveness of various therapeutic agents.", "contents": "Transient monocular blindness. This paper is a review of the causes of intermittent monocular blindness. The nature of cholesterol and platelet retinal emboli is discussed. Their sources, the frequency with which they may cause transient or fixed blindness and the association between these emboli and pathology of the major cerebral vessels and other organs is discussed. Consideration is given to the equally important abnormalities of platelet behavior and to some of the physiology of retinal blood flow and non-embolic blindness. The current treatment of this symptom may be anticoagulation, surgical correction of a stenotic artery or both. The effect of treatment is unpredictable and in some situations the rationale is suspect. This review may provide a summary on which to base future studies of the effectiveness of various therapeutic agents.", "PMID": 329966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11365", "title": "Alkaline gastritis and alkaline esophagitis: a review.", "content": "Alkaline gastritis and alkaline esophagitis are now precisely defined syndromes. They occur most often after gastric surgery in which function of the pyloric and lower esophageal sphincter is compromised. Reflux of bile in these patients can then lead to severe inflammation of the gastric and lower esophageal mucosa. Epigastric pain, nausea and bilious vomiting are characteristic symptoms. Gastroscopy with biopsy is, therefore, the definitive diagnostic test; during endoscopy bile is seen in the lower esophagus or stomach, and the mucosa is red, friable and contains acute erosions. Conservative therapy including the administration of cholestyramine has not been helpful. Surgery consisting of diversion of the duodenal contents away from the stomach and lower esophagus is the treatment of choice. The Roux-en-Y procedure has been used most often and has resulted in the amelioration of the symptoms and signs in most patients.", "contents": "Alkaline gastritis and alkaline esophagitis: a review. Alkaline gastritis and alkaline esophagitis are now precisely defined syndromes. They occur most often after gastric surgery in which function of the pyloric and lower esophageal sphincter is compromised. Reflux of bile in these patients can then lead to severe inflammation of the gastric and lower esophageal mucosa. Epigastric pain, nausea and bilious vomiting are characteristic symptoms. Gastroscopy with biopsy is, therefore, the definitive diagnostic test; during endoscopy bile is seen in the lower esophagus or stomach, and the mucosa is red, friable and contains acute erosions. Conservative therapy including the administration of cholestyramine has not been helpful. Surgery consisting of diversion of the duodenal contents away from the stomach and lower esophagus is the treatment of choice. The Roux-en-Y procedure has been used most often and has resulted in the amelioration of the symptoms and signs in most patients.", "PMID": 329967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11366", "title": "Ocular complications in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "The occurrence of ocular complications among 62 recipients of functioning renal transplants was reviewed 6 months to 7 1/2 years after transplantation. Posterior subcapsular cataracts were found in 29 (46.7%). A positive correlation was found between the development of cataracts and the total dose of corticosteroid, the number of days on which the dose exceeded 100 mg, and the number of rejection episodes treated with high doses of corticosteroid. Identification of specific high-risk periods in regard to cataract formation could lead to use of preventive therapy, as yet undetermined, during these periods. Lower doses of corticosteroids should be used to treat rejection episodes.", "contents": "Ocular complications in renal transplant recipients. The occurrence of ocular complications among 62 recipients of functioning renal transplants was reviewed 6 months to 7 1/2 years after transplantation. Posterior subcapsular cataracts were found in 29 (46.7%). A positive correlation was found between the development of cataracts and the total dose of corticosteroid, the number of days on which the dose exceeded 100 mg, and the number of rejection episodes treated with high doses of corticosteroid. Identification of specific high-risk periods in regard to cataract formation could lead to use of preventive therapy, as yet undetermined, during these periods. Lower doses of corticosteroids should be used to treat rejection episodes.", "PMID": 329970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11367", "title": "A comparison of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil (CAF) and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, prednisone (CMFVP) in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group project.", "content": "In an ongoing prospective randomized study, 113 evaluable patients have received either a three-drug combination that included cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil (CAF) or a five-drug combination including cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine and prednisone (CMFVP) given intermittently 1 week out of 4. Responses (64%), median duration of response (32 weeks), and median duration of disease control (32 weeks) achieved with CAF were superior to those achieved with CMFVP (37%, 22 weeks, 17 weeks, respectively). Morbidity secondary to CAF was significant, with nausea and vomiting, malaise, total alopecia, and granulocytopenia being the main features.", "contents": "A comparison of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil (CAF) and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, prednisone (CMFVP) in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group project. In an ongoing prospective randomized study, 113 evaluable patients have received either a three-drug combination that included cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil (CAF) or a five-drug combination including cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine and prednisone (CMFVP) given intermittently 1 week out of 4. Responses (64%), median duration of response (32 weeks), and median duration of disease control (32 weeks) achieved with CAF were superior to those achieved with CMFVP (37%, 22 weeks, 17 weeks, respectively). Morbidity secondary to CAF was significant, with nausea and vomiting, malaise, total alopecia, and granulocytopenia being the main features.", "PMID": 329975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11368", "title": "Mutagenicity of smoke condensates from cigarettes, cigars and pipe tobacco.", "content": "Smoke condensates from cigarettes, cigars and pipe tobacco were mutagenic on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 when activated with rat liver microsomal system. Mutagenicity of a unit weight of smoke condensate was rather high in cigars, low in pipe tobacco and intermediate in cigarettes. Specific mutagenic activity was almost comparable among smoke condensates from low- to high-tar cigarettes, although some variations were observed depending upon the country producing the cigarettes. Marked mutagenicity of cigarette smoke condensate could not be explained by the benzo (a) pyrene or nitroso compounds it actually contained, suggesting the presence of other very potent mutagens in tobacco smoke condensates.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of smoke condensates from cigarettes, cigars and pipe tobacco. Smoke condensates from cigarettes, cigars and pipe tobacco were mutagenic on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 when activated with rat liver microsomal system. Mutagenicity of a unit weight of smoke condensate was rather high in cigars, low in pipe tobacco and intermediate in cigarettes. Specific mutagenic activity was almost comparable among smoke condensates from low- to high-tar cigarettes, although some variations were observed depending upon the country producing the cigarettes. Marked mutagenicity of cigarette smoke condensate could not be explained by the benzo (a) pyrene or nitroso compounds it actually contained, suggesting the presence of other very potent mutagens in tobacco smoke condensates.", "PMID": 329976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11369", "title": "Phase II study of oral methyl-CCNU and prednisone in previously treated alkylating agent-resistant multiple myeloma.", "content": "Thirteen patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who either failed to respond to or who were relapsing from standard agents and who received four or more courses of methyl-CCNU + prednisone (adequate drug trial) are reported in this paper. Methyl-CCNU was given orally before breakfast at 6-week intervals at a starting dose of 50 mg/m2 with the intention of increasing the dose to 100, 150, and 200 mg/m2 with each subsequent course. The dose of prednisone was 75 mg/day x 7 with each course. The response rate was 46% (six of 13 patients). No patient had better than a fair response. Drug toxicity, severe enough to prevent further dose escalation, was observed in every case. Prior BCNU therapy or the lack of response to previous alkylating agents did not prevent a response to methyl-CCNU + prednisone. The response rate of methyl-CCNU + prednisone in MM is comparable to the results achieved with other agents in similar groups of patients.", "contents": "Phase II study of oral methyl-CCNU and prednisone in previously treated alkylating agent-resistant multiple myeloma. Thirteen patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who either failed to respond to or who were relapsing from standard agents and who received four or more courses of methyl-CCNU + prednisone (adequate drug trial) are reported in this paper. Methyl-CCNU was given orally before breakfast at 6-week intervals at a starting dose of 50 mg/m2 with the intention of increasing the dose to 100, 150, and 200 mg/m2 with each subsequent course. The dose of prednisone was 75 mg/day x 7 with each course. The response rate was 46% (six of 13 patients). No patient had better than a fair response. Drug toxicity, severe enough to prevent further dose escalation, was observed in every case. Prior BCNU therapy or the lack of response to previous alkylating agents did not prevent a response to methyl-CCNU + prednisone. The response rate of methyl-CCNU + prednisone in MM is comparable to the results achieved with other agents in similar groups of patients.", "PMID": 329977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11370", "title": "Evaluation of a MOPP-type regimen in histiocytosis X--a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "The overall 38% response rate in histiocytosis X for cyclophosphamide, vincristine (Oncovin), prednisone, and procarbazine was not superior to responses that can be achieved with the component single agents. This is in contrast to the higher response rates that can be achieved by the combination of these agents in Hodgkin's disease. This is the second study of combination chemotherapy with individually effective agents that has failed to improve the response rates in histiocytosis patients with poor prognostic indicators.", "contents": "Evaluation of a MOPP-type regimen in histiocytosis X--a Southwest Oncology Group study. The overall 38% response rate in histiocytosis X for cyclophosphamide, vincristine (Oncovin), prednisone, and procarbazine was not superior to responses that can be achieved with the component single agents. This is in contrast to the higher response rates that can be achieved by the combination of these agents in Hodgkin's disease. This is the second study of combination chemotherapy with individually effective agents that has failed to improve the response rates in histiocytosis patients with poor prognostic indicators.", "PMID": 329979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11371", "title": "Adriamycin-cyclophosphamide and adriamycin-cis-dichloro-diammineplatinum(II) combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "Patients with a wide variety of previously treated, advanced solid tumors were assigned to receive either adriamycin-cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) or adriamycin-cyclophosphamide as combination chemotherapy. Hematologic toxicity was prominent but short-lived in most patients; renal toxicity occurred in 14 of 23 patients receiving cis-platinum and frequently precluded further administration of that agent. Of the patients receiving adriamycin-cis-platinum, 37.5% had useful responses, with four of six patients with bronchogenic carcinomas showing partial regression of disease and two patients with embryonal cell carcinoma of the testes showing complete response. In the patients receiving adriamycin-cyclophosphamide, one complete response occurred in a patient with a malignant lymphoma, and the overall response rate was 18%. The combination of adriamycin-cis-platinum merits further study, especially in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "Adriamycin-cyclophosphamide and adriamycin-cis-dichloro-diammineplatinum(II) combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer. Patients with a wide variety of previously treated, advanced solid tumors were assigned to receive either adriamycin-cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) or adriamycin-cyclophosphamide as combination chemotherapy. Hematologic toxicity was prominent but short-lived in most patients; renal toxicity occurred in 14 of 23 patients receiving cis-platinum and frequently precluded further administration of that agent. Of the patients receiving adriamycin-cis-platinum, 37.5% had useful responses, with four of six patients with bronchogenic carcinomas showing partial regression of disease and two patients with embryonal cell carcinoma of the testes showing complete response. In the patients receiving adriamycin-cyclophosphamide, one complete response occurred in a patient with a malignant lymphoma, and the overall response rate was 18%. The combination of adriamycin-cis-platinum merits further study, especially in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "PMID": 329980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11372", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for disseminated malignant melanoma with DTIC, vincristine, and methyl-CCNU.", "content": "Thirty patients with disseminated melanoma were treated with DTIC (250 mg/m2 for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks), methyl-CCNU (175 mg/m2 orally every 6 weeks), and vincristine (1.4 mg/m2 weekly x 6 and then every 3 weeks). Seven patients died within 3 weeks of the start of chemotherapy. There was a 30% response rate (seven partial and two complete remissions) for all patients and a 39% response for evaluable patients. The median survival was 45 and 18 weeks respectively for responders versus non-responders and 22 weeks for all evaluable patients.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for disseminated malignant melanoma with DTIC, vincristine, and methyl-CCNU. Thirty patients with disseminated melanoma were treated with DTIC (250 mg/m2 for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks), methyl-CCNU (175 mg/m2 orally every 6 weeks), and vincristine (1.4 mg/m2 weekly x 6 and then every 3 weeks). Seven patients died within 3 weeks of the start of chemotherapy. There was a 30% response rate (seven partial and two complete remissions) for all patients and a 39% response for evaluable patients. The median survival was 45 and 18 weeks respectively for responders versus non-responders and 22 weeks for all evaluable patients.", "PMID": 329981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11373", "title": "Possibilities, limitations, and technique for the study of regional myocardial perfusion in man by Xenon-133.", "content": "The theoretical possibilities and the practical limitations of the Xenon-133 (133Xe) method for the study of regional myocardial perfusion in man are discussed. The techniques for data acqusition and processing developed over the past 5 years are described in detail. Illustrative examples of experimental findings are reported. The practical interpretation of the data, at the light of the influence of injection site, initial tracer distribution, constancy of counting geometry, spatial resolution, and Xenon retention in fat, is presented.", "contents": "Possibilities, limitations, and technique for the study of regional myocardial perfusion in man by Xenon-133. The theoretical possibilities and the practical limitations of the Xenon-133 (133Xe) method for the study of regional myocardial perfusion in man are discussed. The techniques for data acqusition and processing developed over the past 5 years are described in detail. Illustrative examples of experimental findings are reported. The practical interpretation of the data, at the light of the influence of injection site, initial tracer distribution, constancy of counting geometry, spatial resolution, and Xenon retention in fat, is presented.", "PMID": 329990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11374", "title": "Spacer transfer RNAs in ribosomal RNA transcripts of E. coli: processing of 30S ribosomal RNA in vitro.", "content": "At least three different transfer RNAs are produced by in vitro processing of 30S ribosomal RNA which accumulates in RNAase III- strains of E. coli. Two of these tRNAs, tRNAGlu2 and tRNAIle1, have previously been shown to be \"spacer tRNAs\"--that is, genes for their synthesis are located in rRNA transcription units between the cistrons for 16S and 23S rRNAs (Lund et al., 1976). The third tRNA whose sequences are contained in 30S rRNA is tRNAAla1B. In addition to the tRNAs, 5S rRNA and several other 4S fragments are produced. Some of these 4S fragments may represent additional spacer tRNAs. One fragment, about 70 nucleotides long, arises from the 5' end of the 17S precursor of 16S rRNA. Four or five other tRNAs are hydrogen-bonded to 30S rRNA as we prepare it; one or more of these tRNAs may also be a spacer tRNA. The enzymes that process tRNAs out of 30S rRNA are associated with ribosomes, but can be removed from them by washing in 0.2 M NH4Cl; the enzymes required for 5S rRNA processing remain bound to the 0.2 M NH4Cl-washed ribosomes. Treatment of 30S rRNA with purified RNAase III produces 6-8S fragments which contain the sequences of tRNAGlu2, tRNAAla1B and 5S rRNA.", "contents": "Spacer transfer RNAs in ribosomal RNA transcripts of E. coli: processing of 30S ribosomal RNA in vitro. At least three different transfer RNAs are produced by in vitro processing of 30S ribosomal RNA which accumulates in RNAase III- strains of E. coli. Two of these tRNAs, tRNAGlu2 and tRNAIle1, have previously been shown to be \"spacer tRNAs\"--that is, genes for their synthesis are located in rRNA transcription units between the cistrons for 16S and 23S rRNAs (Lund et al., 1976). The third tRNA whose sequences are contained in 30S rRNA is tRNAAla1B. In addition to the tRNAs, 5S rRNA and several other 4S fragments are produced. Some of these 4S fragments may represent additional spacer tRNAs. One fragment, about 70 nucleotides long, arises from the 5' end of the 17S precursor of 16S rRNA. Four or five other tRNAs are hydrogen-bonded to 30S rRNA as we prepare it; one or more of these tRNAs may also be a spacer tRNA. The enzymes that process tRNAs out of 30S rRNA are associated with ribosomes, but can be removed from them by washing in 0.2 M NH4Cl; the enzymes required for 5S rRNA processing remain bound to the 0.2 M NH4Cl-washed ribosomes. Treatment of 30S rRNA with purified RNAase III produces 6-8S fragments which contain the sequences of tRNAGlu2, tRNAAla1B and 5S rRNA.", "PMID": 329997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11375", "title": "The phagokinetic tracks of 3T3 cells.", "content": "This paper describes a technique of visualizing tracks of cultured cells moving on a glass substrate covered with gold particles. It leads to the following observations: -If the tracks of many cells are examined, cell line characteristic track patterns become apparent. -In several cases, second or third generation descendents of 3T3 cells were observed to repeat track patterns of their ancestor cell. -If a 3T3 cell collides with another 3T3 cell or a nonmigrating BSC-1 cell, it forms an outgoing track from the impact area as if the cell was elastically reflected at the target.", "contents": "The phagokinetic tracks of 3T3 cells. This paper describes a technique of visualizing tracks of cultured cells moving on a glass substrate covered with gold particles. It leads to the following observations: -If the tracks of many cells are examined, cell line characteristic track patterns become apparent. -In several cases, second or third generation descendents of 3T3 cells were observed to repeat track patterns of their ancestor cell. -If a 3T3 cell collides with another 3T3 cell or a nonmigrating BSC-1 cell, it forms an outgoing track from the impact area as if the cell was elastically reflected at the target.", "PMID": 329998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11376", "title": "Some aspects of the mechanisms by which industrial solvents produce neurotoxic effects.", "content": "A Short Review is given of the biochemical neurotoxic mechanisms of common industrial solvents of various structures. The acute effects of organic solvents may be caused by their direct action on the nerve cell membrane and energy metabolism, whereas chronic neurotoxic effects may be explained by the formation of chemically and biologically reactive intermediates. The stability of the toxic metabolites appears to correlate with the development of neuropathy although this is structuredependent. The role of reactive intermediates is also emphasized by the potentiating effect of the induction of the cytochrome P-450 complex.", "contents": "Some aspects of the mechanisms by which industrial solvents produce neurotoxic effects. A Short Review is given of the biochemical neurotoxic mechanisms of common industrial solvents of various structures. The acute effects of organic solvents may be caused by their direct action on the nerve cell membrane and energy metabolism, whereas chronic neurotoxic effects may be explained by the formation of chemically and biologically reactive intermediates. The stability of the toxic metabolites appears to correlate with the development of neuropathy although this is structuredependent. The role of reactive intermediates is also emphasized by the potentiating effect of the induction of the cytochrome P-450 complex.", "PMID": 330013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11377", "title": "Effects of pyrrol-carboxylic acid derivatives on the growth of coliphages.", "content": "Effects of 14 pyrrol-carboxylic acid derivatives and analogues (PY-compounds) on the growth of coliphage MS2 using E. coli E102 (Hfr) as the host were measured by the agar double-layer method. Enlargements of plaque size were observed with 7 PY-compounds but increase in plaque numbers was not induced. These enlargements of plaque size were specific to RNA coliphages MS2, GA and qbeta and not found with DNA coliphages delta AC and T4. Furthermore, the interaction between PY-compound PY-10 and the coliphage MS2 was dependent on the host bacterium (indicator strain). When E102 (Hfr) was used, the enlargement was marked, in the case of substrain W1895 (Hfr) it was less, while in the case of substrain W6 (F+) it was undetectable. The one-step growth of the phage MS2 and the production of intracellular phage MS2 were little affected by the PY-compound PY-10. However, the rate of one-step growth was increased in the early stage after infection. Accordingly, the enlargements of plaque size by the PY-compounds might be correlated with an increase in rate of release of phage particles.", "contents": "Effects of pyrrol-carboxylic acid derivatives on the growth of coliphages. Effects of 14 pyrrol-carboxylic acid derivatives and analogues (PY-compounds) on the growth of coliphage MS2 using E. coli E102 (Hfr) as the host were measured by the agar double-layer method. Enlargements of plaque size were observed with 7 PY-compounds but increase in plaque numbers was not induced. These enlargements of plaque size were specific to RNA coliphages MS2, GA and qbeta and not found with DNA coliphages delta AC and T4. Furthermore, the interaction between PY-compound PY-10 and the coliphage MS2 was dependent on the host bacterium (indicator strain). When E102 (Hfr) was used, the enlargement was marked, in the case of substrain W1895 (Hfr) it was less, while in the case of substrain W6 (F+) it was undetectable. The one-step growth of the phage MS2 and the production of intracellular phage MS2 were little affected by the PY-compound PY-10. However, the rate of one-step growth was increased in the early stage after infection. Accordingly, the enlargements of plaque size by the PY-compounds might be correlated with an increase in rate of release of phage particles.", "PMID": 330014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11378", "title": "[Immediate surgical treatment of penetrating wounds of the heart. Clinico-diagnostic and therapeutic considerations on 2 cases of suture of the myocardium].", "content": "The authors, on the basis of their experience on two cases of cardiac tamponade, and from the revision of literature, retain that immediate thoracotomy, followed by re-examination of the pericardial sac and myocardiorrhaphy, represents a treatment preferable to the evacuant pericardiocentesis, confining the latter only to diagnostic conditions and immediate decompression in cases which arrive in unequipped places.", "contents": "[Immediate surgical treatment of penetrating wounds of the heart. Clinico-diagnostic and therapeutic considerations on 2 cases of suture of the myocardium]. The authors, on the basis of their experience on two cases of cardiac tamponade, and from the revision of literature, retain that immediate thoracotomy, followed by re-examination of the pericardial sac and myocardiorrhaphy, represents a treatment preferable to the evacuant pericardiocentesis, confining the latter only to diagnostic conditions and immediate decompression in cases which arrive in unequipped places.", "PMID": 330015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11379", "title": "Laboratory techniques for rapid diagnosis of viral infections: a memorandum.", "content": "This Memorandum evaluates rapid laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of viral infections, especially with a view to their use in developing countries. These techniques comprise the detection of viral antigens by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques and methods of viral antibody and antigen determination by the enzyme immunoassay technique. A number of general and specific recommendations are made.", "contents": "Laboratory techniques for rapid diagnosis of viral infections: a memorandum. This Memorandum evaluates rapid laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of viral infections, especially with a view to their use in developing countries. These techniques comprise the detection of viral antigens by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques and methods of viral antibody and antigen determination by the enzyme immunoassay technique. A number of general and specific recommendations are made.", "PMID": 330016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11380", "title": "Malaria along the southernmost fringe of its distribution in Africa: epidemiology and control.", "content": "After more than thirty years of malaria control in northern Transvaal with residual insecticides, malaria prevalence has been reduced to a low level. However, low-grade transmission of Plasmodium falciparum continues, with periodic focal outbreaks after abnormally high rainfall. From October 1973 to September 1976, the operational and epidemiological factors involved in this residual transmission were studied in over 17 000 people of an area of northern Transvaal. Incidence surveys based on the screening of fever cases revealed 42 autochthonous cases of malaria in 1974-75 and 10 cases in 1975-76. Parasite prevalence surveys were not sensitive enough to assess the malaria situation, and serological testing indicated different levels of infection according to the method used. One of the two principal vectors of malaria in Africa-Anopheles funestus Giles-was not detected in the project area, and the A. gambiae group (species A and B) was found in extremely low numbers, so that it could not have accounted for the low-grade transmission in the area. A recently discovered member of the A. funestus group somewhat resembling A. aruni Sobti, and a species hitherto undiscovered in the Transvaal, which is abundant in the area and is indistinguishable from A. flavicosta Edwards, may be involved. Both were found biting man-mostly outdoors during the four hours following dusk, when people frequently gather outside their houses and are thus vulnerable to mosquito bites.", "contents": "Malaria along the southernmost fringe of its distribution in Africa: epidemiology and control. After more than thirty years of malaria control in northern Transvaal with residual insecticides, malaria prevalence has been reduced to a low level. However, low-grade transmission of Plasmodium falciparum continues, with periodic focal outbreaks after abnormally high rainfall. From October 1973 to September 1976, the operational and epidemiological factors involved in this residual transmission were studied in over 17 000 people of an area of northern Transvaal. Incidence surveys based on the screening of fever cases revealed 42 autochthonous cases of malaria in 1974-75 and 10 cases in 1975-76. Parasite prevalence surveys were not sensitive enough to assess the malaria situation, and serological testing indicated different levels of infection according to the method used. One of the two principal vectors of malaria in Africa-Anopheles funestus Giles-was not detected in the project area, and the A. gambiae group (species A and B) was found in extremely low numbers, so that it could not have accounted for the low-grade transmission in the area. A recently discovered member of the A. funestus group somewhat resembling A. aruni Sobti, and a species hitherto undiscovered in the Transvaal, which is abundant in the area and is indistinguishable from A. flavicosta Edwards, may be involved. Both were found biting man-mostly outdoors during the four hours following dusk, when people frequently gather outside their houses and are thus vulnerable to mosquito bites.", "PMID": 330017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11381", "title": "Assay procedures for polyamines in urine, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) and the polyamines spermidine and spermine have attracted interest as possible markers of malignancy and of response to chemotherapy. The assay methods currently in use for these amines are reviewed and compared in respect to sensitivity, reproducibility, and applicability to routine analysis for them in urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Assay procedures for polyamines in urine, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid. Putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) and the polyamines spermidine and spermine have attracted interest as possible markers of malignancy and of response to chemotherapy. The assay methods currently in use for these amines are reviewed and compared in respect to sensitivity, reproducibility, and applicability to routine analysis for them in urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 330019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11382", "title": "Comparison of enzyme immunoassay and gas chromatography for determination of carbamazepine and ethosuximide in human serum.", "content": "Patients' sera were analyzed for carbamazepine and ethosuximide by enzyme immunoassay (x) and gas chromatography (y), and the results were compared. The correlation coefficients were: for carbamazepine, x vs. y 0.94 (n = 93); for ethosuximide, x vs. y 0.99 (n = 30). These results suggest that the two methods could be used interchangeably. Ten serum samples supplemented with carbamazepine (2.5 to 12.5 mg/liter) and ethosuximide (20.0 to 130.0 mg/liter) were analyzed by both methods. The correlation coefficients were: x vs. y 0.99 (n = 10) for carbamazepine and x vs. y 0.99 (n =10) for ethosuximide.", "contents": "Comparison of enzyme immunoassay and gas chromatography for determination of carbamazepine and ethosuximide in human serum. Patients' sera were analyzed for carbamazepine and ethosuximide by enzyme immunoassay (x) and gas chromatography (y), and the results were compared. The correlation coefficients were: for carbamazepine, x vs. y 0.94 (n = 93); for ethosuximide, x vs. y 0.99 (n = 30). These results suggest that the two methods could be used interchangeably. Ten serum samples supplemented with carbamazepine (2.5 to 12.5 mg/liter) and ethosuximide (20.0 to 130.0 mg/liter) were analyzed by both methods. The correlation coefficients were: x vs. y 0.99 (n = 10) for carbamazepine and x vs. y 0.99 (n =10) for ethosuximide.", "PMID": 330020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11383", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatography and enzyme immunoassay compared with gas chromatography for determing phenytoin.", "content": "We compared a gas-chromatographic method for determination of phenytoin with a high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique and with enzyme immunoassay by three instrumental procedures. More than 100 sera from patients being treated with this drug were assayed by all these techniques. The coefficient of variation was the lowest (4.0%) with liquid chromatography, but all methods gave a CV of less than 10%. The correlation coefficients for all methods exceeded 0.97 when compared to gas chromatography. Operation costs varied with the number of tests per batch, reagent costs, and operator labor costs. All assays gave comparable values for the therapeutic range, so it would be plausible to use more than one method in a situation where (e.g.) satellite laboratories handle different quantities of assays. In any of these techniques, interferences from carbamazepine, mephenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone were negligible.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatography and enzyme immunoassay compared with gas chromatography for determing phenytoin. We compared a gas-chromatographic method for determination of phenytoin with a high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique and with enzyme immunoassay by three instrumental procedures. More than 100 sera from patients being treated with this drug were assayed by all these techniques. The coefficient of variation was the lowest (4.0%) with liquid chromatography, but all methods gave a CV of less than 10%. The correlation coefficients for all methods exceeded 0.97 when compared to gas chromatography. Operation costs varied with the number of tests per batch, reagent costs, and operator labor costs. All assays gave comparable values for the therapeutic range, so it would be plausible to use more than one method in a situation where (e.g.) satellite laboratories handle different quantities of assays. In any of these techniques, interferences from carbamazepine, mephenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone were negligible.", "PMID": 330021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11384", "title": "Aldosterone secretion rate: radioimmunoassay versus double isotope dilution derivative assay.", "content": "A simple and reliable radioimmunoassay for the measurement of the aldosterone secretion rate has been developed. In this method the urinary pH 1-hydrolyzed aldosterone is acetylated to its 21-monoacetate and purified by a single paper chromatogram. The isolated aldosterone 21-monoacetate is radioimmunoassayed using the N.I.H. antiserum lot 088. From the value obtained and the tritium amount present in the eluate the specific activity is calculated. The following results disclosed the reliability of the method: 1. The values obtained were in perfect agreement with values obtained by a double isotope assay. 2. The aldosterone secretion rate values calculated did not change upon extension of chromatographic steps. 3. Immunochromatographic analysis showed a sharp peak in the aldosterone 21-monoacetate area without significant background immunoreactivity. 4. The steroid concentration measured decreased linearly with dilution of the paper eluate. 5. Identical values were obtained with three antisera, raised against different aldosterone immunogens. In our laboratory no reliable results could be obtained when the conversion to the aldosterone 21-monoacetate was omitted and the specific activity was calculated after radioimmunoassay of chromatographically purified, pH 1-hydrolyzed, aldosterone per se. In that case the values obtained were systematically lower than the double isotope values, a problem which is discussed.", "contents": "Aldosterone secretion rate: radioimmunoassay versus double isotope dilution derivative assay. A simple and reliable radioimmunoassay for the measurement of the aldosterone secretion rate has been developed. In this method the urinary pH 1-hydrolyzed aldosterone is acetylated to its 21-monoacetate and purified by a single paper chromatogram. The isolated aldosterone 21-monoacetate is radioimmunoassayed using the N.I.H. antiserum lot 088. From the value obtained and the tritium amount present in the eluate the specific activity is calculated. The following results disclosed the reliability of the method: 1. The values obtained were in perfect agreement with values obtained by a double isotope assay. 2. The aldosterone secretion rate values calculated did not change upon extension of chromatographic steps. 3. Immunochromatographic analysis showed a sharp peak in the aldosterone 21-monoacetate area without significant background immunoreactivity. 4. The steroid concentration measured decreased linearly with dilution of the paper eluate. 5. Identical values were obtained with three antisera, raised against different aldosterone immunogens. In our laboratory no reliable results could be obtained when the conversion to the aldosterone 21-monoacetate was omitted and the specific activity was calculated after radioimmunoassay of chromatographically purified, pH 1-hydrolyzed, aldosterone per se. In that case the values obtained were systematically lower than the double isotope values, a problem which is discussed.", "PMID": 330026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11385", "title": "A comparative study of the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) and two radioimmunoassays (RIA's) for digoxin.", "content": "Our experience with the determination of digoxin in plasma or serum using a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technique (EMIT) is reported. The day-to-day precision of the EMIT digoxin assay was investigated with different series of calibrators. Coefficients of variation varied from 10 to 25 percent in the range of 0.65--7.0 ng digoxin/ml. The accuracy was established by determining the mean recovery (96 percen) of spiked serum samples (0.0--6.0 ng digoxin/ml). The cross reactivity of structure related compounds: digitoxin, spironolactone (Aldactone) and prednisone were investigated. Amniotic fluid, umbilical cord serum and serum of pregnant patients were examined for false positive reaction. Serum samples of 111 patients from two hospitals, who were treated with digoxin, were analysed by EMIT and 3H-radioimmunoassay (RIA); 38 of these samples were also determined by 125I-RIA. A good correlation was found between EMIT assay and these techniques (r =0.90 and 0.91, respectively).", "contents": "A comparative study of the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) and two radioimmunoassays (RIA's) for digoxin. Our experience with the determination of digoxin in plasma or serum using a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technique (EMIT) is reported. The day-to-day precision of the EMIT digoxin assay was investigated with different series of calibrators. Coefficients of variation varied from 10 to 25 percent in the range of 0.65--7.0 ng digoxin/ml. The accuracy was established by determining the mean recovery (96 percen) of spiked serum samples (0.0--6.0 ng digoxin/ml). The cross reactivity of structure related compounds: digitoxin, spironolactone (Aldactone) and prednisone were investigated. Amniotic fluid, umbilical cord serum and serum of pregnant patients were examined for false positive reaction. Serum samples of 111 patients from two hospitals, who were treated with digoxin, were analysed by EMIT and 3H-radioimmunoassay (RIA); 38 of these samples were also determined by 125I-RIA. A good correlation was found between EMIT assay and these techniques (r =0.90 and 0.91, respectively).", "PMID": 330027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11386", "title": "Supranormal FSH response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in oligospermic men with a normal basal serum FSH concentration.", "content": "Twenty-six men with severe oligospermia (sperm density less than 10 X 10(6)/ml, but greater than O), but normal serum concentration of FSH, as well as normal serum concentrations of LH and testosterone, were given a 250 microgram i.v. bolus dose of synthetic gonadotrophin releasing hormone (LHRH). The serum FSH and LH responses were compared to those of a group of normal men and a group of men with oligospermia or azoospermia and elevated basal serum FSH concentration. The mean FSH response to LHRH of the men with oligospermia but normal basal serum FSH concentration was 911 miu min/ml, nearly three times that of the normal men, 322 miu min/ml (P less than 0.001), though not so great as that of the men with oligo/azoospermia and elevated basal FSH concentration (2890 miu min/ml). Ten of the twenty-six men with oligospermia and normal basal serum FSH had a supranormal FSH response to LHRH. The mean LH response to LHRH of the men with oligospermia and normal basal serum FSH levels was not significantly different from that of the normal men. We conclude that LHRH stimulation can often elicit a deficiency of feedback inhibition of FSH secretion not readily recognizable by measurement of the basal serum FSH concentration.", "contents": "Supranormal FSH response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in oligospermic men with a normal basal serum FSH concentration. Twenty-six men with severe oligospermia (sperm density less than 10 X 10(6)/ml, but greater than O), but normal serum concentration of FSH, as well as normal serum concentrations of LH and testosterone, were given a 250 microgram i.v. bolus dose of synthetic gonadotrophin releasing hormone (LHRH). The serum FSH and LH responses were compared to those of a group of normal men and a group of men with oligospermia or azoospermia and elevated basal serum FSH concentration. The mean FSH response to LHRH of the men with oligospermia but normal basal serum FSH concentration was 911 miu min/ml, nearly three times that of the normal men, 322 miu min/ml (P less than 0.001), though not so great as that of the men with oligo/azoospermia and elevated basal FSH concentration (2890 miu min/ml). Ten of the twenty-six men with oligospermia and normal basal serum FSH had a supranormal FSH response to LHRH. The mean LH response to LHRH of the men with oligospermia and normal basal serum FSH levels was not significantly different from that of the normal men. We conclude that LHRH stimulation can often elicit a deficiency of feedback inhibition of FSH secretion not readily recognizable by measurement of the basal serum FSH concentration.", "PMID": 330028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11387", "title": "Diabetes and the heart: coronary heart disease.", "content": "1. Diabetics have a greater risk of experiencing and of dying from a CHD event than age matched non-diabetics. 2. The excess risk is particularly notable in insulin dependent female diabetics who seem to lose the usual 'protection' accorded to women. 3. The cause or causes of the excess risk are not known. There are a variety of 'risk factors' observed in diabetics which, in sum, may contribute. 4. At least in insulin-dependent diabetics some cardiac morbidity and mortality may also be due, not to coronary heart disease, but to a cardiomyopathy secondary to intramural obstructive vascular disease and/or disordered myocardial metabolism. 5. No therapy has yet been convincingly proved to reduce (or to increase) the risk of cardiac morbidity or mortality. Nevertheless, in treating diabetics there is an a priori case for using diets designed to lower plasma lipid levels as well as the blood sugar, for early treatment of hypertension and for discouraging cigarette smoking.", "contents": "Diabetes and the heart: coronary heart disease. 1. Diabetics have a greater risk of experiencing and of dying from a CHD event than age matched non-diabetics. 2. The excess risk is particularly notable in insulin dependent female diabetics who seem to lose the usual 'protection' accorded to women. 3. The cause or causes of the excess risk are not known. There are a variety of 'risk factors' observed in diabetics which, in sum, may contribute. 4. At least in insulin-dependent diabetics some cardiac morbidity and mortality may also be due, not to coronary heart disease, but to a cardiomyopathy secondary to intramural obstructive vascular disease and/or disordered myocardial metabolism. 5. No therapy has yet been convincingly proved to reduce (or to increase) the risk of cardiac morbidity or mortality. Nevertheless, in treating diabetics there is an a priori case for using diets designed to lower plasma lipid levels as well as the blood sugar, for early treatment of hypertension and for discouraging cigarette smoking.", "PMID": 330040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11388", "title": "The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man.", "content": "The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids may now be described in its broad outlines. Methodology presently available appears sufficient for overall characterization in health and disease. The challenge of the future is to gain insight into the control of the enterohepatic circulation so that new therapeutic approaches to liver, biliary and intestinal disease may be developed.", "contents": "The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man. The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids may now be described in its broad outlines. Methodology presently available appears sufficient for overall characterization in health and disease. The challenge of the future is to gain insight into the control of the enterohepatic circulation so that new therapeutic approaches to liver, biliary and intestinal disease may be developed.", "PMID": 330051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11389", "title": "Histamine-receptor leucocytes (HRL). Organ and lymphoid subpopulation distribution in man.", "content": "The frequency of lymphoid cells with a membrane receptor for histamine was determined in various lymphoid organs in man using a histamine-rosette assay. Thymus had very low numbers of histamine-receptor cells while lymph node and peripheral blood had increasing percentages. Through a combination of cell separation techniques, we demonstrated that about one third (1/3) of peripheral blood B lymphocytes and macrophages carry histamine receptors. Immature B cells or null cells (E-rosette and membrane-immunoglobulin-negative) do not have this receptor. Only 10% of peripheral blood T lymphocytes formed histamine rosettes. That these histamine receptor T lymphocytes are a subpopulation representing the differentiated suppressor/cytotoxic T cells is suggested by evidence showing complete removal of histamine receptor T lymphocytes on nylon wool adherence columns. Thus, the histamine receptor is expressed on differentiated B and T lymphocytes and may serve as a marker for developed suppressor/cytotoxic T cells in man.", "contents": "Histamine-receptor leucocytes (HRL). Organ and lymphoid subpopulation distribution in man. The frequency of lymphoid cells with a membrane receptor for histamine was determined in various lymphoid organs in man using a histamine-rosette assay. Thymus had very low numbers of histamine-receptor cells while lymph node and peripheral blood had increasing percentages. Through a combination of cell separation techniques, we demonstrated that about one third (1/3) of peripheral blood B lymphocytes and macrophages carry histamine receptors. Immature B cells or null cells (E-rosette and membrane-immunoglobulin-negative) do not have this receptor. Only 10% of peripheral blood T lymphocytes formed histamine rosettes. That these histamine receptor T lymphocytes are a subpopulation representing the differentiated suppressor/cytotoxic T cells is suggested by evidence showing complete removal of histamine receptor T lymphocytes on nylon wool adherence columns. Thus, the histamine receptor is expressed on differentiated B and T lymphocytes and may serve as a marker for developed suppressor/cytotoxic T cells in man.", "PMID": 330055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11390", "title": "Lymphocyte populations in peripheral blood during normal human pregnancy.", "content": "The effects of normal pregnancy on peripheral blood lymphocytes were investigated. The frequencies of thymus-derived and bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes in maternal peripheral blood does not vary significantly throughout pregnancy. This observation implies qualitative rather than quantitative alterations in lymphocyte functions to explain the reduced cell-mediated immune responses seen during pregnancy.", "contents": "Lymphocyte populations in peripheral blood during normal human pregnancy. The effects of normal pregnancy on peripheral blood lymphocytes were investigated. The frequencies of thymus-derived and bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes in maternal peripheral blood does not vary significantly throughout pregnancy. This observation implies qualitative rather than quantitative alterations in lymphocyte functions to explain the reduced cell-mediated immune responses seen during pregnancy.", "PMID": 330056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11391", "title": "Physiological variations of T cells during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Peripheral blood T lymphocytes were measured in healthy subjects during the various phases of the menstrual cycle. A significant decrease in T lymphocytes occurred during the menstrual period; T-lymphocyte numbers returned to the pre-levels 1 week after the end of the menstrual period.", "contents": "Physiological variations of T cells during the menstrual cycle. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes were measured in healthy subjects during the various phases of the menstrual cycle. A significant decrease in T lymphocytes occurred during the menstrual period; T-lymphocyte numbers returned to the pre-levels 1 week after the end of the menstrual period.", "PMID": 330057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11392", "title": "Membrane characteristics of adherent cells dissociated from rheumatoid synovial tissue.", "content": "Synovial tissues from rheumatoid-arthritis patients were dissociated by enzymes and the resulting cells incubated overnight in tissue-culture flasks. The adherent cell population was resuspended with EDTA-trypsin, and morphological examination showed 68--80% non-lymphoid cells, most of which had the appearance of synovial lining cells. The proportion of these cells increased during subsequent culture. Between 40 and 60% of the cells exhibited marked phagocytosis, and less than 14% of the non-lymphoid cells could form EA rosettes. Further culture diminished this Fc-receptor-bearing cell population. Indirect immunofluorescence studies with rabbit anti-human collagen sera revealed membrane staining for 30--60% of the cells; this proportion usually increased to greater than 90% after 6--14 days in culture. Omitting any changes of culture medium resulted in a marked decrease in the proportion of cells staining with anti-collagen sera, whereas the viability and phagocytic ability of the cells did not significantly alter. Subsequent cell passage was followed by an increase in the proportion of cells demonstrating membrane-associated collagen, and this effect was more pronounced when a high concentration (50%) of serum supplement was used. No clear definition could be made as to whether the membrane-associated collagen represents synthesis or phagocytosis of collagen by the cells. Faint membrane staining was also observed with non-immune rabbit serum for 4--20% of the cells after the initial overnight incubation, and this usually dropped to less than 5% during prolonged culture. Rabbit antisera to human albumin, F(ab')2 fragment of IgG or alpha2-macroglobulin also gave similar results, whereas the F(ab')2 fragment of rabbit IgG antibody to human alpha2-macroglobulin was completely negative. More than 99% of the cells commonly exhibited membrane-associated beta2-microglobulin.", "contents": "Membrane characteristics of adherent cells dissociated from rheumatoid synovial tissue. Synovial tissues from rheumatoid-arthritis patients were dissociated by enzymes and the resulting cells incubated overnight in tissue-culture flasks. The adherent cell population was resuspended with EDTA-trypsin, and morphological examination showed 68--80% non-lymphoid cells, most of which had the appearance of synovial lining cells. The proportion of these cells increased during subsequent culture. Between 40 and 60% of the cells exhibited marked phagocytosis, and less than 14% of the non-lymphoid cells could form EA rosettes. Further culture diminished this Fc-receptor-bearing cell population. Indirect immunofluorescence studies with rabbit anti-human collagen sera revealed membrane staining for 30--60% of the cells; this proportion usually increased to greater than 90% after 6--14 days in culture. Omitting any changes of culture medium resulted in a marked decrease in the proportion of cells staining with anti-collagen sera, whereas the viability and phagocytic ability of the cells did not significantly alter. Subsequent cell passage was followed by an increase in the proportion of cells demonstrating membrane-associated collagen, and this effect was more pronounced when a high concentration (50%) of serum supplement was used. No clear definition could be made as to whether the membrane-associated collagen represents synthesis or phagocytosis of collagen by the cells. Faint membrane staining was also observed with non-immune rabbit serum for 4--20% of the cells after the initial overnight incubation, and this usually dropped to less than 5% during prolonged culture. Rabbit antisera to human albumin, F(ab')2 fragment of IgG or alpha2-macroglobulin also gave similar results, whereas the F(ab')2 fragment of rabbit IgG antibody to human alpha2-macroglobulin was completely negative. More than 99% of the cells commonly exhibited membrane-associated beta2-microglobulin.", "PMID": 330058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11393", "title": "The reaction of cells with anti-actin sera in relation to the amount of cellular actin.", "content": "The staining pattern of anti-actin sera on various cells smeared on glass was compared to the relative amount of cellular actin estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with subsequent scanning of the gel. Although the cells showed a varying stainability the actin content was fairly constant. Thus, the staining differences reflected changes in the organization of cellular actin rather than actual differences in the amount of actin.", "contents": "The reaction of cells with anti-actin sera in relation to the amount of cellular actin. The staining pattern of anti-actin sera on various cells smeared on glass was compared to the relative amount of cellular actin estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with subsequent scanning of the gel. Although the cells showed a varying stainability the actin content was fairly constant. Thus, the staining differences reflected changes in the organization of cellular actin rather than actual differences in the amount of actin.", "PMID": 330059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11394", "title": "A human-specific mitochondrial antibody its importance in the identification of organ-specific reactions.", "content": "A previously unrecognized autoantibody, detected by immunofluorescence, reacted with all human organs but gave negative results on tissues from rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea-pig, calf and chicken. From its predilection for mitochondria-rich cells (oncocytes) and its selective absorption with human but not animal mitochondria, it was identified as an anti-human mitochondrial antibody and named AHMA. The antibody is found in about 1% of normal subjects and is mostly of IgG class and of low titres. Its prevalence is increased in primary biliary cirrhosis where it may be associated with the standard non-species-specific AMA used for the differential diagnosis of this disease. The importance of AHMA is mainly in possible confusion with organ-specific reactions in submaxillary duct, parathyroid oxyphil cells and in trying to identify new endocrine cells such as those producing pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) in human tissues. Animals immunized with human hormones develop reactions to human mitochondria and thus produce misleading immunofluorescence reactions when used in low dilutions.", "contents": "A human-specific mitochondrial antibody its importance in the identification of organ-specific reactions. A previously unrecognized autoantibody, detected by immunofluorescence, reacted with all human organs but gave negative results on tissues from rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea-pig, calf and chicken. From its predilection for mitochondria-rich cells (oncocytes) and its selective absorption with human but not animal mitochondria, it was identified as an anti-human mitochondrial antibody and named AHMA. The antibody is found in about 1% of normal subjects and is mostly of IgG class and of low titres. Its prevalence is increased in primary biliary cirrhosis where it may be associated with the standard non-species-specific AMA used for the differential diagnosis of this disease. The importance of AHMA is mainly in possible confusion with organ-specific reactions in submaxillary duct, parathyroid oxyphil cells and in trying to identify new endocrine cells such as those producing pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) in human tissues. Animals immunized with human hormones develop reactions to human mitochondria and thus produce misleading immunofluorescence reactions when used in low dilutions.", "PMID": 330060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11395", "title": "Colony formation by human T lymphocytes in agar medium.", "content": "An improved method is described for growing human T-lymphocyte colonies in agar medium containing phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Cluster and colony growth was obtained when blood mononuclear cells were plated directly in the agar-medium (one-step procedure) or after incubation of cells in liquid medium with PHA (two-step procedure). In the one-step procedure approximately 1 per 100 cells plated formed a cluster containing four to fifty cells. In the two-step procedure 1 per 20 cells plated formed a cluster or a colony (more than fifty cells). The proliferating cells were shown to be sheep-erythrocyte rosette-forming cells (E-RFC). Optimal proliferation was dependent on the presence of phagocytic cells in the cell suspensions cultured. No growth occurred in cultures depleted of E-RFC. Detailed studies of the cycle, velocity sedimentation, and density of the cells plated showed that the majority of cluster- and colony-forming cells were small non-cycline lymphocytes with a sedimentation velocity of 4 mm/hr, and a density between 1-069 and 1-077 g/cm3.", "contents": "Colony formation by human T lymphocytes in agar medium. An improved method is described for growing human T-lymphocyte colonies in agar medium containing phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Cluster and colony growth was obtained when blood mononuclear cells were plated directly in the agar-medium (one-step procedure) or after incubation of cells in liquid medium with PHA (two-step procedure). In the one-step procedure approximately 1 per 100 cells plated formed a cluster containing four to fifty cells. In the two-step procedure 1 per 20 cells plated formed a cluster or a colony (more than fifty cells). The proliferating cells were shown to be sheep-erythrocyte rosette-forming cells (E-RFC). Optimal proliferation was dependent on the presence of phagocytic cells in the cell suspensions cultured. No growth occurred in cultures depleted of E-RFC. Detailed studies of the cycle, velocity sedimentation, and density of the cells plated showed that the majority of cluster- and colony-forming cells were small non-cycline lymphocytes with a sedimentation velocity of 4 mm/hr, and a density between 1-069 and 1-077 g/cm3.", "PMID": 330061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11396", "title": "Histopathological and immunohistological changes in the rabbit lung after experimental exposure to a purified enzyme of Micropolyspora faeni.", "content": "Rabbits were exposed intratracheally to enzyme 1, a highly immunogenic esterase isolated from Micropolyspora faeni. A single exposure to active enzyme 1 induced no histologically or immunohistochemically detectable changes in the lungs of experimental animals, while signs of focal interstitial and perivascular inflammatory reactions were evident following a course of three exposures to the enzyme. Interstitial pneumonia with characteristic generalized vasculitis and perivasculitis was produced following seven or nine inoculations. An enzymatically inactive preparation of enzyme 1, even by repeated administration, proved ineffective in eliciting pneumonia. Intracellular antigen within macrophages/histiocytes was demonstrated in the lungs of all experimental animals, including those which had been exposed to inhibited enzyme. Repeated exposure to the enzymatically active preparation resulted in the deposition of immunoglobulin and complement in association with vascular endothelia and in the walls of small- and medium-sized blood vessels; both immunoglobulin and complement could also be demonstrated within macrophages/histiocytes. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that (1) Farmer's lung-like interstitial pneumonia may be produced in rabbits by exposure to a purified, enzymatically active derivative of M. faeni, (2) an important pathogenic principle of the disease may consist in the rapid vascular deposition of immune complexes (type III reaction), and (3) damage by direct enzyme action may prove to contribute significantly in eliciting tissue damage by (an) ancillary mechanism(s) not yet understood.", "contents": "Histopathological and immunohistological changes in the rabbit lung after experimental exposure to a purified enzyme of Micropolyspora faeni. Rabbits were exposed intratracheally to enzyme 1, a highly immunogenic esterase isolated from Micropolyspora faeni. A single exposure to active enzyme 1 induced no histologically or immunohistochemically detectable changes in the lungs of experimental animals, while signs of focal interstitial and perivascular inflammatory reactions were evident following a course of three exposures to the enzyme. Interstitial pneumonia with characteristic generalized vasculitis and perivasculitis was produced following seven or nine inoculations. An enzymatically inactive preparation of enzyme 1, even by repeated administration, proved ineffective in eliciting pneumonia. Intracellular antigen within macrophages/histiocytes was demonstrated in the lungs of all experimental animals, including those which had been exposed to inhibited enzyme. Repeated exposure to the enzymatically active preparation resulted in the deposition of immunoglobulin and complement in association with vascular endothelia and in the walls of small- and medium-sized blood vessels; both immunoglobulin and complement could also be demonstrated within macrophages/histiocytes. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that (1) Farmer's lung-like interstitial pneumonia may be produced in rabbits by exposure to a purified, enzymatically active derivative of M. faeni, (2) an important pathogenic principle of the disease may consist in the rapid vascular deposition of immune complexes (type III reaction), and (3) damage by direct enzyme action may prove to contribute significantly in eliciting tissue damage by (an) ancillary mechanism(s) not yet understood.", "PMID": 330062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11397", "title": "Impaired antibody responses in alloxan diabetic mice.", "content": "Alloxan diabetic BALB/C mice with high hyperglycaemia levels (larger than or equal to 600 mg/100 ml) when immunized either with T-dependent (SRCB) or T-independent (TNP-LPS) antigens show a significant decrease in the number of specific PFC when compared with normo-glycaemic controls. Moderate diabetes (greater than 350 mg/100 ml) does not affect the immune response and in some experiments a slight increase of anti-SRBC plaques was seen. In transfer experiments primed spleen cells of either diabetic or normal doners gave much better responses when transferred to normal rather than diabetic X-irradiated recipients. In Mishell-Dutton (MD) cultures anti-SRBC response of CBA spleen cells was moderately reduced only when the blood glucose level of cell donors exceeded 500 mg/100 ml. Glucose added to MD cultures of normal spleen cells diminished significantly the number of SFC when in concentrations exceeding 600 mg/100 ml. The data indicate that in diabetic animals B-lymphocyte function may be affected but give no clear-cut answer to whether this is also true for T-helper cells. Disabled lymphocytes, whatever population they represent, may partially recover when transferred into normo-insulinic milieu. It may be inferred that under conditions tested neither hyperglycaemia nor excess of corticosteroid accounted significantly for the impaired humoral responses in diabetic animals. These experiments imply, however, that in hypoinsulinaemia the lack of saturation of insulin receptors on the lymphocyte, and possibly also macrophage, membranes renders these cells functionally inactive presumably due to accumulation of cyclic AMP in the cell membrane.", "contents": "Impaired antibody responses in alloxan diabetic mice. Alloxan diabetic BALB/C mice with high hyperglycaemia levels (larger than or equal to 600 mg/100 ml) when immunized either with T-dependent (SRCB) or T-independent (TNP-LPS) antigens show a significant decrease in the number of specific PFC when compared with normo-glycaemic controls. Moderate diabetes (greater than 350 mg/100 ml) does not affect the immune response and in some experiments a slight increase of anti-SRBC plaques was seen. In transfer experiments primed spleen cells of either diabetic or normal doners gave much better responses when transferred to normal rather than diabetic X-irradiated recipients. In Mishell-Dutton (MD) cultures anti-SRBC response of CBA spleen cells was moderately reduced only when the blood glucose level of cell donors exceeded 500 mg/100 ml. Glucose added to MD cultures of normal spleen cells diminished significantly the number of SFC when in concentrations exceeding 600 mg/100 ml. The data indicate that in diabetic animals B-lymphocyte function may be affected but give no clear-cut answer to whether this is also true for T-helper cells. Disabled lymphocytes, whatever population they represent, may partially recover when transferred into normo-insulinic milieu. It may be inferred that under conditions tested neither hyperglycaemia nor excess of corticosteroid accounted significantly for the impaired humoral responses in diabetic animals. These experiments imply, however, that in hypoinsulinaemia the lack of saturation of insulin receptors on the lymphocyte, and possibly also macrophage, membranes renders these cells functionally inactive presumably due to accumulation of cyclic AMP in the cell membrane.", "PMID": 330063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11398", "title": "Migration inhibition factor and the blood clotting system: effects of defibrination, heparin and thrombin.", "content": "Heparin is not suitable as an anticoagulant in the leucocyte migration test used to demonostrate the presence of migration inhibition factor (MIF) due to a rapid disappearance of the response after even a short storage of the blood. The use of defibrinated blood is highly recommended and defibrinated blood can be stored for at least 90 min without any diminution of the response. The change in response when using heparinized blood is not due to any direct effect of heparin, because heparin has no effect when added to defibrinated blood. However, heparin, added together with thrombin, is capable of abolishing the MIF effect completely. The basis for this phenomenon is most probably the binding of the heparin-antithrombin cofactor (AT III) to a complex with heparin and thrombin. The activity of MIF requires the presence of AT III, its esterase-inhibiting activity probably being crucial, in order to express MIF activity on macrophages. This mechanism forms a link between certain cellular immune reactions and the blood-clotting system.", "contents": "Migration inhibition factor and the blood clotting system: effects of defibrination, heparin and thrombin. Heparin is not suitable as an anticoagulant in the leucocyte migration test used to demonostrate the presence of migration inhibition factor (MIF) due to a rapid disappearance of the response after even a short storage of the blood. The use of defibrinated blood is highly recommended and defibrinated blood can be stored for at least 90 min without any diminution of the response. The change in response when using heparinized blood is not due to any direct effect of heparin, because heparin has no effect when added to defibrinated blood. However, heparin, added together with thrombin, is capable of abolishing the MIF effect completely. The basis for this phenomenon is most probably the binding of the heparin-antithrombin cofactor (AT III) to a complex with heparin and thrombin. The activity of MIF requires the presence of AT III, its esterase-inhibiting activity probably being crucial, in order to express MIF activity on macrophages. This mechanism forms a link between certain cellular immune reactions and the blood-clotting system.", "PMID": 330064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11399", "title": "Blood lymphocyte subpopulations in breast cancer patients following radiotherapy.", "content": "Both T and non-T lymphocytes decreased immediately following radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. The relative depletion of non-T lymphocytes, however, was more marked than that of T cells. 3 years later the number and the proportion of non-T lymphocytes was higher than immediately after radiotherapy, while T lymphocytes were still depressed. The proportion of cells with membrane-associated Ig was higher in patients 3 years following radiotherapy than in non-treated patients and healthy controls. There was no difference in the proportion of T and non-T lymphocytes between patients with and without metastases, respectively.", "contents": "Blood lymphocyte subpopulations in breast cancer patients following radiotherapy. Both T and non-T lymphocytes decreased immediately following radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. The relative depletion of non-T lymphocytes, however, was more marked than that of T cells. 3 years later the number and the proportion of non-T lymphocytes was higher than immediately after radiotherapy, while T lymphocytes were still depressed. The proportion of cells with membrane-associated Ig was higher in patients 3 years following radiotherapy than in non-treated patients and healthy controls. There was no difference in the proportion of T and non-T lymphocytes between patients with and without metastases, respectively.", "PMID": 330065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11400", "title": "Crossreactivity with sporozoites, exoerythrocytic forms and blood schizonts of Plasmodium berghei in indirect fluorescent antibody tests with sera of rats immunized with sporozoites or infected blood.", "content": "IFA studies are reported using plasmodial antigens from three different stages of the life cycle of Plasmodium berghei: sporozoites (SP); exoerythrocytic schizonts in rat liver (EEF); and parasitized rat erythrocytes (SCH = schizonts). Two series of specific sera were applied: sera from adult rats with a blood-induced infection (series A) and sera from rats immunized against sporozoites by mosquito bites and protected against parasitaemia by chloroquine (series B). In series A antibody titres with all three antigens were seen, but those with SCH were generally the highest. Superinfection with parasitized rat blood did not change the titre. In series B sera, collected from rats after a single exposure to infected mosquitoes, showed only titres with SP from day 3 onwards, but after a second exposure titres to all three antigens developed. Crossreactivity with the heterologous antigens in series B was clearly less than in series A. Anti-P. berghei sporozoite antibodies did not crossreact with P. vivax sporozoites. Rats of series A were resistant to a challenge of parasitized blood and could also inhibit the development of sporozoites. Rats of series B were protected against a challenge of sporozoites but not of infected blood. The results are discussed.", "contents": "Crossreactivity with sporozoites, exoerythrocytic forms and blood schizonts of Plasmodium berghei in indirect fluorescent antibody tests with sera of rats immunized with sporozoites or infected blood. IFA studies are reported using plasmodial antigens from three different stages of the life cycle of Plasmodium berghei: sporozoites (SP); exoerythrocytic schizonts in rat liver (EEF); and parasitized rat erythrocytes (SCH = schizonts). Two series of specific sera were applied: sera from adult rats with a blood-induced infection (series A) and sera from rats immunized against sporozoites by mosquito bites and protected against parasitaemia by chloroquine (series B). In series A antibody titres with all three antigens were seen, but those with SCH were generally the highest. Superinfection with parasitized rat blood did not change the titre. In series B sera, collected from rats after a single exposure to infected mosquitoes, showed only titres with SP from day 3 onwards, but after a second exposure titres to all three antigens developed. Crossreactivity with the heterologous antigens in series B was clearly less than in series A. Anti-P. berghei sporozoite antibodies did not crossreact with P. vivax sporozoites. Rats of series A were resistant to a challenge of parasitized blood and could also inhibit the development of sporozoites. Rats of series B were protected against a challenge of sporozoites but not of infected blood. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 330066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11401", "title": "Immunobiology of primary intracranial tumours. II. Analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with primary brain tumours.", "content": "Circulating peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analysed in patients with primary intracranial neoplasia. Patients with tumours of glial origin demonstrated a significant depletion of E-rosetting lymphocytes whereas the quantitative lymphocyte profiles of patients with non-glial brain tumours were normal. The number of immunoglobulin and Fe receptor-bearing cells was not significantly altered in any group of patients: however, the EAC-RFC subpopulation was increased in those with malignant gliomas. Two hypotheses are suggested to explain these observations: first, the presence of cross-reacting antibody between T cells and brain (glial) cells, and secondly, the proliferation of EAC-RFC in response to malignant degeneration.", "contents": "Immunobiology of primary intracranial tumours. II. Analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with primary brain tumours. Circulating peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analysed in patients with primary intracranial neoplasia. Patients with tumours of glial origin demonstrated a significant depletion of E-rosetting lymphocytes whereas the quantitative lymphocyte profiles of patients with non-glial brain tumours were normal. The number of immunoglobulin and Fe receptor-bearing cells was not significantly altered in any group of patients: however, the EAC-RFC subpopulation was increased in those with malignant gliomas. Two hypotheses are suggested to explain these observations: first, the presence of cross-reacting antibody between T cells and brain (glial) cells, and secondly, the proliferation of EAC-RFC in response to malignant degeneration.", "PMID": 330067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11402", "title": "The effect of renal transplantation on middle molecules in plasma and urine.", "content": "The plasma level and urinary excretion of middle molecules were determined in 5 patients with chronic uremia undergoing renal transplantation. The results demonstrate that after successful transplantation, the uremic middle molecules disappear rapidly from plasma while being excreted in the urine. The reduction in plasma level of middle molecules after transplantation is more rapid than the reduction in creatinine concentration.", "contents": "The effect of renal transplantation on middle molecules in plasma and urine. The plasma level and urinary excretion of middle molecules were determined in 5 patients with chronic uremia undergoing renal transplantation. The results demonstrate that after successful transplantation, the uremic middle molecules disappear rapidly from plasma while being excreted in the urine. The reduction in plasma level of middle molecules after transplantation is more rapid than the reduction in creatinine concentration.", "PMID": 330068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11403", "title": "Presence of creatine phosphokinase brain band in the serum of chronic renal disease patients.", "content": "The almost universal presence of the isoenzyme creatine phosphokinase brain band (CPK-BB) in the sera of patients with chronic renal insufficiency and serum creatinine above 4.5 mg/dl is noted. It is absent in patients with severe acute renal failure and in transplanted patients with normal renal function. The source of the enzyme may be nerve tissue and may represent neuronal cell damage in uremics over a period of time.", "contents": "Presence of creatine phosphokinase brain band in the serum of chronic renal disease patients. The almost universal presence of the isoenzyme creatine phosphokinase brain band (CPK-BB) in the sera of patients with chronic renal insufficiency and serum creatinine above 4.5 mg/dl is noted. It is absent in patients with severe acute renal failure and in transplanted patients with normal renal function. The source of the enzyme may be nerve tissue and may represent neuronal cell damage in uremics over a period of time.", "PMID": 330069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11404", "title": "18F scintigraphy in the early diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in chronic hemodialysis and transplantation.", "content": "Osteonecrosis of the femoral head results in an increased uptake of 18F due to a reparative reaction in the necrotic area and its surroundings. Twenty hemodialysis and twenty-seven post-transplant patients were studied serially. In the hemodialysis group, nine patients had positive scintigraphs and eleven had negative studies. All were asymptomatic. In the transplant group, twelve were positive and fifteen were negative. Four patients with positive scans later developed unequivocal clinical and radiographic evidence of osteonecrosis. Patients with negative scans have been asymptomatic and without radiological abnormalities. Age, sex, duration of dialysis, bone mineral densitometry, total steroid dose, duration of hospitalization after transplantation, and serum chemistries were not different in positive and negative patients. All patients on alternate-day steroids have negative scans. A positive 18F scintigraph antedates the occurrence of clinical and radiological findings of osteonecrosis.", "contents": "18F scintigraphy in the early diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in chronic hemodialysis and transplantation. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head results in an increased uptake of 18F due to a reparative reaction in the necrotic area and its surroundings. Twenty hemodialysis and twenty-seven post-transplant patients were studied serially. In the hemodialysis group, nine patients had positive scintigraphs and eleven had negative studies. All were asymptomatic. In the transplant group, twelve were positive and fifteen were negative. Four patients with positive scans later developed unequivocal clinical and radiographic evidence of osteonecrosis. Patients with negative scans have been asymptomatic and without radiological abnormalities. Age, sex, duration of dialysis, bone mineral densitometry, total steroid dose, duration of hospitalization after transplantation, and serum chemistries were not different in positive and negative patients. All patients on alternate-day steroids have negative scans. A positive 18F scintigraph antedates the occurrence of clinical and radiological findings of osteonecrosis.", "PMID": 330070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11405", "title": "Dysfunctional uterine bleeding in adolescence.", "content": "Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is one of the most frequent urgent gynecologic problems of the adolescent. Its diagnosis is by exclusion. Dysfunctional bleeding is managed expectantly with the anticipation of ovulation, individualization of therapy and continuous observation. In severe cases, hormal hemostasis and 3 months of cyclic therapy are indicated. In a small percentage of patients dysfunctional bleeding may persist and be associated with serious chronic disturbances.", "contents": "Dysfunctional uterine bleeding in adolescence. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is one of the most frequent urgent gynecologic problems of the adolescent. Its diagnosis is by exclusion. Dysfunctional bleeding is managed expectantly with the anticipation of ovulation, individualization of therapy and continuous observation. In severe cases, hormal hemostasis and 3 months of cyclic therapy are indicated. In a small percentage of patients dysfunctional bleeding may persist and be associated with serious chronic disturbances.", "PMID": 330071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11406", "title": "Protriptyline plasma levels and antidepressant response.", "content": "Twenty-one depressed outpatients were treated for 4 wk with 20 mg/day of protriptyline. Protriptyline plasma in individuals after 4 wk ranged from 22 ng/ml to 167 ng/ml. There was a negative correlation (-0.50, less than 0.05) between the severity of depression measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS) and the wk 4 protriptyline concentration. Patients with plasma levels above 70 ng/ml (wk 4) had better outcomes measured by the HRS (p less than 0.05) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (p less than 0.05) and had greater percent decreases on both scales (p less than 0.05) during treatment than those with lower plasma levels. An upper limit to the therapeutic plasma level range beyond which response to treatment was less satisfactory was not demonstrated in this study.", "contents": "Protriptyline plasma levels and antidepressant response. Twenty-one depressed outpatients were treated for 4 wk with 20 mg/day of protriptyline. Protriptyline plasma in individuals after 4 wk ranged from 22 ng/ml to 167 ng/ml. There was a negative correlation (-0.50, less than 0.05) between the severity of depression measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS) and the wk 4 protriptyline concentration. Patients with plasma levels above 70 ng/ml (wk 4) had better outcomes measured by the HRS (p less than 0.05) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (p less than 0.05) and had greater percent decreases on both scales (p less than 0.05) during treatment than those with lower plasma levels. An upper limit to the therapeutic plasma level range beyond which response to treatment was less satisfactory was not demonstrated in this study.", "PMID": 330075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11407", "title": "Effect of beta adrenoceptor antagonists on baroreceptor reflex sensitivity in hypertension.", "content": "High-pressure baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) was estimated by measuring the reflex heart rate response to pharmacologic elevation of blood pressure (phenylephrine, 150 to 200 microgram intravenously) in 18 patients with essential hypertension on two occasions: after a 4-wk placebo period and after 9 wk of incremental doses of oral timolol (20, 40, and 60 mg daily). On placebo, measurements were performed both before and after propranolol (0.2 mg/kg intravenously). The level of cardiac vagal inhibition, estimated by the heart rate change after atropine (0.04 mg/kg intravenously), was similar in placebo and on timolol, thereby permitting comparisons of BRS. BRS on placebo (before and after propranolol) correlated with BRS on timolol ( r = 0.87 and 0.90, p less than 0.001), attesting to the reproducibility of BRS measurements. BRS was unchanged by either short-term (propranolol) or long-term (timolol) beta adrenoceptor inhibition. Results were similar in responders (n = 10), whose mean arterial blood pressure on timolol fell by 10 mm Hg or more, and in nonresponders. The findings do not provide evidence for a change in gain of the baroreceptor reflex arc under conditions of short- or long-term beta adrenoceptor inhibition.", "contents": "Effect of beta adrenoceptor antagonists on baroreceptor reflex sensitivity in hypertension. High-pressure baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) was estimated by measuring the reflex heart rate response to pharmacologic elevation of blood pressure (phenylephrine, 150 to 200 microgram intravenously) in 18 patients with essential hypertension on two occasions: after a 4-wk placebo period and after 9 wk of incremental doses of oral timolol (20, 40, and 60 mg daily). On placebo, measurements were performed both before and after propranolol (0.2 mg/kg intravenously). The level of cardiac vagal inhibition, estimated by the heart rate change after atropine (0.04 mg/kg intravenously), was similar in placebo and on timolol, thereby permitting comparisons of BRS. BRS on placebo (before and after propranolol) correlated with BRS on timolol ( r = 0.87 and 0.90, p less than 0.001), attesting to the reproducibility of BRS measurements. BRS was unchanged by either short-term (propranolol) or long-term (timolol) beta adrenoceptor inhibition. Results were similar in responders (n = 10), whose mean arterial blood pressure on timolol fell by 10 mm Hg or more, and in nonresponders. The findings do not provide evidence for a change in gain of the baroreceptor reflex arc under conditions of short- or long-term beta adrenoceptor inhibition.", "PMID": 330077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11408", "title": "Pathophysiologic and pharmacokinetic determinants of the antihypertensive response to propranolol.", "content": "The tendency for patients with essential hypertension to differ markedly in antihypertensive response to propranolol could arise from pathophysiologic or pharmacokinetic differences between them. This possibility was investigated in 23 men with mild to moderately severe essential hypertension. At each of three propranolol doses, 40 mg, 80 mg, and 320 mg daily, approximately a 20-fold range in steady-state plasma propranolol concentrations was observed. Clinical response however was unrelated to plasma propranolol: oral dose ratio, since patients with higher plasma levels were less sensitive to the existing plasma drug concentration. When falls in blood pressure and plasma propranolol concentration were compared overall, a biphasic dose-response relationship was noted, with a first component at plasma propranolol concentrations of 3 to 30 ng/ml and a second at concentrations above 30 ng/ml. Only patients with increased sympathetic nervous system activity and high plasma renin activity (PRA) had substantial falls in pressure at propranolol levels of 3 to 30 ng/ml. Cardiac beta adrenergic receptor blockade, not suppression of PRA, seemed to be the antihypertensive mechanism. This relation of pretreatment sympathetic nervous activity and PRA to antihypertensive response existed only at lower plasma propranolol concentrations. With a propranolol dose of 320 mg daily, both plasma norepinephrine concentration and PRA were unrelated to the clinical response.", "contents": "Pathophysiologic and pharmacokinetic determinants of the antihypertensive response to propranolol. The tendency for patients with essential hypertension to differ markedly in antihypertensive response to propranolol could arise from pathophysiologic or pharmacokinetic differences between them. This possibility was investigated in 23 men with mild to moderately severe essential hypertension. At each of three propranolol doses, 40 mg, 80 mg, and 320 mg daily, approximately a 20-fold range in steady-state plasma propranolol concentrations was observed. Clinical response however was unrelated to plasma propranolol: oral dose ratio, since patients with higher plasma levels were less sensitive to the existing plasma drug concentration. When falls in blood pressure and plasma propranolol concentration were compared overall, a biphasic dose-response relationship was noted, with a first component at plasma propranolol concentrations of 3 to 30 ng/ml and a second at concentrations above 30 ng/ml. Only patients with increased sympathetic nervous system activity and high plasma renin activity (PRA) had substantial falls in pressure at propranolol levels of 3 to 30 ng/ml. Cardiac beta adrenergic receptor blockade, not suppression of PRA, seemed to be the antihypertensive mechanism. This relation of pretreatment sympathetic nervous activity and PRA to antihypertensive response existed only at lower plasma propranolol concentrations. With a propranolol dose of 320 mg daily, both plasma norepinephrine concentration and PRA were unrelated to the clinical response.", "PMID": 330078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11409", "title": "A multicenter trial of sulindac in osteoarthritis of the hip.", "content": "Sulindac (cis-5-fluoro-2-methyl-l-[(p-methyl sulfinyl)-benzylidene]-indene-3-acetic acid) is a new nonsteroidal antirheumatic drug recently evaluated in a double-blind trial of 91 patients with hip osteoarthritis. Consecutive patients with documented flare following previous drug withdrawal were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment groups: (1) sulindac given twice daily, (2) sulindac given 4 times daily, and (3) placebo. The dosage of sulindac, 100 to 300 mg daily, was adjusted according to patient global response and tolerance at 3- to 7-day intervals over 3 wk. Of 15 efficacy measurements evalulated, there was no difference between sulindac given 2 or 4 times daily, but differences were disclosed between one or both sulindac treatment groups and placebo in 11 of the 15 efficacy measurements (p less than 0.05, less than 0.01). The frequency of adverse reactions was of the same order for each treatment group. These included gastrointestinal upset, rash, and dizziness, usually transient and mild to moderate in severity. Serial laboratory studies revealed no evidence of renal, hepatic, or hematopoietic toxicity.", "contents": "A multicenter trial of sulindac in osteoarthritis of the hip. Sulindac (cis-5-fluoro-2-methyl-l-[(p-methyl sulfinyl)-benzylidene]-indene-3-acetic acid) is a new nonsteroidal antirheumatic drug recently evaluated in a double-blind trial of 91 patients with hip osteoarthritis. Consecutive patients with documented flare following previous drug withdrawal were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment groups: (1) sulindac given twice daily, (2) sulindac given 4 times daily, and (3) placebo. The dosage of sulindac, 100 to 300 mg daily, was adjusted according to patient global response and tolerance at 3- to 7-day intervals over 3 wk. Of 15 efficacy measurements evalulated, there was no difference between sulindac given 2 or 4 times daily, but differences were disclosed between one or both sulindac treatment groups and placebo in 11 of the 15 efficacy measurements (p less than 0.05, less than 0.01). The frequency of adverse reactions was of the same order for each treatment group. These included gastrointestinal upset, rash, and dizziness, usually transient and mild to moderate in severity. Serial laboratory studies revealed no evidence of renal, hepatic, or hematopoietic toxicity.", "PMID": 330080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11410", "title": "Renal clearance and tissue accumulation of gentamicin.", "content": "Multiple-dose studies of gentamicin pharmacokinetics were performed in 2 treated patients. After the final dose, serum and urine concentration declined in biphasic fashion with beta half-lives of 87 and 173 hr. Recovery of the total dose administered required urine collection for at least 10 to 20 days after the last dose. A two-compartment model was used to describe the biphasic decline in serum concentrations, to simulate all measured concentrations during treatment, and to predict the amount of gentamicin in the tissue compartment. Analysis of autopsy tissues yielded the predicted amount of drug. A linear two-compartment model adequately quantitates gentamicin disposition until about 4 days after cessation of therapy when gentamicin renal clearance begins to decline because of tubular reabsorption.", "contents": "Renal clearance and tissue accumulation of gentamicin. Multiple-dose studies of gentamicin pharmacokinetics were performed in 2 treated patients. After the final dose, serum and urine concentration declined in biphasic fashion with beta half-lives of 87 and 173 hr. Recovery of the total dose administered required urine collection for at least 10 to 20 days after the last dose. A two-compartment model was used to describe the biphasic decline in serum concentrations, to simulate all measured concentrations during treatment, and to predict the amount of gentamicin in the tissue compartment. Analysis of autopsy tissues yielded the predicted amount of drug. A linear two-compartment model adequately quantitates gentamicin disposition until about 4 days after cessation of therapy when gentamicin renal clearance begins to decline because of tubular reabsorption.", "PMID": 330081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11411", "title": "Selected case histories and epidemiologic examples of human mercury poisoning.", "content": "To illustrate the various clinical pictures resulting from toxic effects of mercury and its compounds, highlighted literature excerpts have been prepared and arranged in a logical sequence. Particular emphasis is placed upon early diagnosis and prevention of epidemic outbreaks involving intoxication through organomercurials.", "contents": "Selected case histories and epidemiologic examples of human mercury poisoning. To illustrate the various clinical pictures resulting from toxic effects of mercury and its compounds, highlighted literature excerpts have been prepared and arranged in a logical sequence. Particular emphasis is placed upon early diagnosis and prevention of epidemic outbreaks involving intoxication through organomercurials.", "PMID": 330083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11412", "title": "Mechanism of B-cell activation and self-non-self discrimination.", "content": "The evidence for the one, nonspecific signal hypothesis, which states that the B lymphocytes are activated by nonclonally distributed receptors which are not the Ig receptors, has been summarized. Even though protein A is a polyclonal B-cell activator, it does not exert its effect by interacting with the Fc part of Ig receptors. One consequence of the one, nonspecific signal concept is that thymus-dependent antigens cannot activate or tolerize B cells. It was shown that B cells from animals tolerant to a thymus-dependent protein antigen could be activated by polyclonal B-cell activators to produce antibodies against the tolerogen. Experimentally induced tolerance did not differ from tolerance to self antigens, since LPS and PPD induced autoantibodies capable of lysing autologous red cells and isotope-labeled autologous and syngenic spleen cells. Thus B cells cannot discriminate self from non-self, whereas T cells have been shown to possess this ability.", "contents": "Mechanism of B-cell activation and self-non-self discrimination. The evidence for the one, nonspecific signal hypothesis, which states that the B lymphocytes are activated by nonclonally distributed receptors which are not the Ig receptors, has been summarized. Even though protein A is a polyclonal B-cell activator, it does not exert its effect by interacting with the Fc part of Ig receptors. One consequence of the one, nonspecific signal concept is that thymus-dependent antigens cannot activate or tolerize B cells. It was shown that B cells from animals tolerant to a thymus-dependent protein antigen could be activated by polyclonal B-cell activators to produce antibodies against the tolerogen. Experimentally induced tolerance did not differ from tolerance to self antigens, since LPS and PPD induced autoantibodies capable of lysing autologous red cells and isotope-labeled autologous and syngenic spleen cells. Thus B cells cannot discriminate self from non-self, whereas T cells have been shown to possess this ability.", "PMID": 330090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11413", "title": "Structure of HL-A A and B antigens isolated from cultured human lymphocytes.", "content": "From these data, a model was prepared which summarizes schematically our present knowledge of the structure and orientation of the HL-A antigenic molecule in the lymphocyte membrane (Fig. 3). It seems likely that the heavy chain spans the membrane, with the hydrophobic region inserted in the membrane and the hydrophilic C-terminus inside the cell. This C-terminal region bears one (possible two) SH residue which has the potential for forming interchain disulfides. Whether or not these are actually formed physiologically remains an interesting question. There is the attractive possibility that whatever the physiological functions of HL-A antigens are, structurally these molecules provide the potential for signaling from outside the cell to inside the cell because they span the membrane. It is even conceivable that this function might be expressed via the opening and closing of disulfide bridges.", "contents": "Structure of HL-A A and B antigens isolated from cultured human lymphocytes. From these data, a model was prepared which summarizes schematically our present knowledge of the structure and orientation of the HL-A antigenic molecule in the lymphocyte membrane (Fig. 3). It seems likely that the heavy chain spans the membrane, with the hydrophobic region inserted in the membrane and the hydrophilic C-terminus inside the cell. This C-terminal region bears one (possible two) SH residue which has the potential for forming interchain disulfides. Whether or not these are actually formed physiologically remains an interesting question. There is the attractive possibility that whatever the physiological functions of HL-A antigens are, structurally these molecules provide the potential for signaling from outside the cell to inside the cell because they span the membrane. It is even conceivable that this function might be expressed via the opening and closing of disulfide bridges.", "PMID": 330091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11414", "title": "Oral health status of institutionalized elderly Cape Coloreds from the Cape Peninsula of South Africa.", "content": "A study has been conducted to assess the oral health status and need for dental treatment among elderly Cape Coloreds resident in homes for the aged in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. This paper describes the prevalence of diseases of the mouth with special reference to denture-induced lesions and white lesions of the oral mucosa. Dental caries was the most prevalent oral lesion (27.2%). The most common conditions of the soft tissues were leukoedema (24.4%) and leukoplakia (4.4% for the tongue; 20.4% for the remainder of the oral mucosa). Leukoedema and leukoplakia showed statistically highly significant correlations with tobacco habits. Men more commonly had a tobacco habit than women (P less than 0.002) and leukoplakia, leukoedema and depigmented lesions of the lips were significantly more common in men than in women. No significant difference could be proven statistically when the frequency of irritative fibrous hyperplasia in females was compared with that in males.", "contents": "Oral health status of institutionalized elderly Cape Coloreds from the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. A study has been conducted to assess the oral health status and need for dental treatment among elderly Cape Coloreds resident in homes for the aged in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. This paper describes the prevalence of diseases of the mouth with special reference to denture-induced lesions and white lesions of the oral mucosa. Dental caries was the most prevalent oral lesion (27.2%). The most common conditions of the soft tissues were leukoedema (24.4%) and leukoplakia (4.4% for the tongue; 20.4% for the remainder of the oral mucosa). Leukoedema and leukoplakia showed statistically highly significant correlations with tobacco habits. Men more commonly had a tobacco habit than women (P less than 0.002) and leukoplakia, leukoedema and depigmented lesions of the lips were significantly more common in men than in women. No significant difference could be proven statistically when the frequency of irritative fibrous hyperplasia in females was compared with that in males.", "PMID": 330093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11415", "title": "From hospital to community care: the change in the mental health treatment system in California.", "content": "In 1968 California enacted a law transforming its state hospital centered mental health services to a single system of patient care based on local community responsibility. The 1968 law was not the cause of radical change in California, but rather the culmination of a process that began three decades earlier. The 1963 federal regulation enabling former mental patients to become eligible for categorical aid through public assistance programs and the development of psychoactive drugs were two necessary catalysts that provided the opportunity ot maintain many formerly hospitalized mental patients in the community and to avoid lengthy hospitalization of others.", "contents": "From hospital to community care: the change in the mental health treatment system in California. In 1968 California enacted a law transforming its state hospital centered mental health services to a single system of patient care based on local community responsibility. The 1968 law was not the cause of radical change in California, but rather the culmination of a process that began three decades earlier. The 1963 federal regulation enabling former mental patients to become eligible for categorical aid through public assistance programs and the development of psychoactive drugs were two necessary catalysts that provided the opportunity ot maintain many formerly hospitalized mental patients in the community and to avoid lengthy hospitalization of others.", "PMID": 330094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11416", "title": "Medical data base system with an ability of automated diagnosis.", "content": "We carried out an experiment on a medical information system in which a clinical data base is combined organically with computer programs for automated diagnosis. In this system, the parameters for automated diagnosis are devised to be renewed as the contents of the data base (patient's information) increase. This system can be regarded as a data base possessing a kind of diagnosing ability which grows up with time. We have named this system \"Intelligent Data Base\". The algorithm for computer diagnosis used in this study is based on maximum likelihood method, and each likelihood is weighted with a prior probability of each disease. The discrimination efficiency of this method is logically equal to that of the Bayes rule. First 27 cases were learnt by the system and correct diagnosis was obtained in 78% of the cases. When cases for learning increased to 82, the percentage of correct diagnosis was improved to 95%.", "contents": "Medical data base system with an ability of automated diagnosis. We carried out an experiment on a medical information system in which a clinical data base is combined organically with computer programs for automated diagnosis. In this system, the parameters for automated diagnosis are devised to be renewed as the contents of the data base (patient's information) increase. This system can be regarded as a data base possessing a kind of diagnosing ability which grows up with time. We have named this system \"Intelligent Data Base\". The algorithm for computer diagnosis used in this study is based on maximum likelihood method, and each likelihood is weighted with a prior probability of each disease. The discrimination efficiency of this method is logically equal to that of the Bayes rule. First 27 cases were learnt by the system and correct diagnosis was obtained in 78% of the cases. When cases for learning increased to 82, the percentage of correct diagnosis was improved to 95%.", "PMID": 330098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11417", "title": "Kidney in lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The pathologic abnormalities present in patients with SLE have been classified as follows: minimal lupus nephritis, mild (focal) proliferative lupus nephritis, severe (diffuse) proliferative lupus nephritis, and membranous lupus nephritis. Changes in individual patients from one form of nephritis to another are observed infrequently. Pathologic evidence of activity is usually present in patients with hematuria, although it may be found in patients with no evidence of clinical renal disease. Complement components and titer of antibody to native DNA may be helpful in estimating disease activity.", "contents": "Kidney in lupus erythematosus. The pathologic abnormalities present in patients with SLE have been classified as follows: minimal lupus nephritis, mild (focal) proliferative lupus nephritis, severe (diffuse) proliferative lupus nephritis, and membranous lupus nephritis. Changes in individual patients from one form of nephritis to another are observed infrequently. Pathologic evidence of activity is usually present in patients with hematuria, although it may be found in patients with no evidence of clinical renal disease. Complement components and titer of antibody to native DNA may be helpful in estimating disease activity.", "PMID": 330103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11418", "title": "Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis.", "content": "Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis now appears to be an immunologically mediated disease, common in children but rare in adults, and initiated by unknown antigen or antigens. We have reviewed this form of nephritis with particular attention to immunological changes, occurrence in adults and prognosis. Assessment and treatment are made difficult by varying diagnostic criteria, especially in adults, and lack of controlled data.", "contents": "Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis. Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis now appears to be an immunologically mediated disease, common in children but rare in adults, and initiated by unknown antigen or antigens. We have reviewed this form of nephritis with particular attention to immunological changes, occurrence in adults and prognosis. Assessment and treatment are made difficult by varying diagnostic criteria, especially in adults, and lack of controlled data.", "PMID": 330104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11419", "title": "Heroin addiction and renal disease.", "content": "In this paper, renal involvement secondary to other medical complications of heroin addiction is discussed. We review 12 published studies totalling 102 heroin addicts with renal disease. Of these, in only 40 patients could other discernible causes of renal disease be excluded. The existence of 40 reported cases of renal disease from a population of more than half a million is insufficient data upon which to postulate the existence of a type of renal disease unique to heroin addicts.", "contents": "Heroin addiction and renal disease. In this paper, renal involvement secondary to other medical complications of heroin addiction is discussed. We review 12 published studies totalling 102 heroin addicts with renal disease. Of these, in only 40 patients could other discernible causes of renal disease be excluded. The existence of 40 reported cases of renal disease from a population of more than half a million is insufficient data upon which to postulate the existence of a type of renal disease unique to heroin addicts.", "PMID": 330109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11420", "title": "Air contrast studies of the colon in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "The purpose of this review is to evaluate the role of double-contrast examination of the colon, in the detection and differential diagnosis of colitis. The emphasis is on correlation with endoscopy, (twelve color endoscopic photographs are included with the corresponding radiographs illustrating the spectrum of abnormalities in ulcerative and granulomatous colitis), differential diagnosis between ulcerative and granulomatous colitis (the double-contrast technique allows for accurate examination of the rectum and careful mapping of the extent and nature of disease in an involved segment. This facilitates the differential diagnosis between ulcerative and granulomatous colitis), and detection of early changes (in ulcerative colitis, the early stage of mucosal edema results in a finely granular mucosa on double-contrast study. In granulomatous colitis, small, shallow, \"aphthoid\" ulcers are frequently seen as the earliest lesion). The accuracy of the double-contrast technique is assessed by review of series comparing the radiologic and endoscopic findings. This is compared to the accuracy of the conventional enema. Some of the important technical considerations necessary for good double-contrast studies are discussed, as well as some of the potential pitfalls in interpretation.", "contents": "Air contrast studies of the colon in inflammatory bowel disease. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the role of double-contrast examination of the colon, in the detection and differential diagnosis of colitis. The emphasis is on correlation with endoscopy, (twelve color endoscopic photographs are included with the corresponding radiographs illustrating the spectrum of abnormalities in ulcerative and granulomatous colitis), differential diagnosis between ulcerative and granulomatous colitis (the double-contrast technique allows for accurate examination of the rectum and careful mapping of the extent and nature of disease in an involved segment. This facilitates the differential diagnosis between ulcerative and granulomatous colitis), and detection of early changes (in ulcerative colitis, the early stage of mucosal edema results in a finely granular mucosa on double-contrast study. In granulomatous colitis, small, shallow, \"aphthoid\" ulcers are frequently seen as the earliest lesion). The accuracy of the double-contrast technique is assessed by review of series comparing the radiologic and endoscopic findings. This is compared to the accuracy of the conventional enema. Some of the important technical considerations necessary for good double-contrast studies are discussed, as well as some of the potential pitfalls in interpretation.", "PMID": 330112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11421", "title": "Tunnelling in radiation chemistry.", "content": "This review is devoted to the radiation chemistry of frozen systems with emphasis on the recent theoretical and experimental investigations suggesting tunnel character of trapped electron transfer to scavenger molecule.", "contents": "Tunnelling in radiation chemistry. This review is devoted to the radiation chemistry of frozen systems with emphasis on the recent theoretical and experimental investigations suggesting tunnel character of trapped electron transfer to scavenger molecule.", "PMID": 330115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11422", "title": "Transfer of episome F'lac+ and chromosomal trp+ genes from Erwinia amylovora to Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The F'lac+ episome of Escherichia coli origin was transferred by conjugation with frequencies of 10(-7) to 10(-5) from Erwinia amylovora to 14 out of 15 Salmonella typhimurium trp female parents. The chromosomal trp+ genes were transferred with frequencies of 10(-7) to 10(-6) only to one trpB and 2 trpD female parents, which have a point mutation in the 2nd and fourth structural genes, respectively, of the tryptophan operon. The transferred male trp+ genes became integrated at the selected sites of the S. tryphimurium chromosome. The resulting Trp+ hybrids were phenotypically stable, lacked a cryptic trp allele selected against in the female parent, had high genetic homology values in the tryptophan region, and showed biochemical reactions and pathogenicity typical of S. typhimurium.", "contents": "Transfer of episome F'lac+ and chromosomal trp+ genes from Erwinia amylovora to Salmonella typhimurium. The F'lac+ episome of Escherichia coli origin was transferred by conjugation with frequencies of 10(-7) to 10(-5) from Erwinia amylovora to 14 out of 15 Salmonella typhimurium trp female parents. The chromosomal trp+ genes were transferred with frequencies of 10(-7) to 10(-6) only to one trpB and 2 trpD female parents, which have a point mutation in the 2nd and fourth structural genes, respectively, of the tryptophan operon. The transferred male trp+ genes became integrated at the selected sites of the S. tryphimurium chromosome. The resulting Trp+ hybrids were phenotypically stable, lacked a cryptic trp allele selected against in the female parent, had high genetic homology values in the tryptophan region, and showed biochemical reactions and pathogenicity typical of S. typhimurium.", "PMID": 330120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11423", "title": "Advances in the morphological diagnosis of bone tumours: cytology, cytochemistry, acrylate embedding and electron microscopy (author's transl).", "content": "An exact morphological diagnosis of bone tumours is the prerequisite for selective treatment. In a given case this may present great difficulties, partly because of the rarity of a tumour group and thus lack of experience, partly faulty removal of the specimen and unsatisfactory further technical handling. Progress can be expected only by widening the spectrum of methods by using modern morphological tests. In a programme using imprint cytology, cytochemistry, rapid section, histochemistry, paraffin, non-decalcified embedding in acrylate and electron microscopy it was demonstrated in 78 cases of bone tumour (seen over a period of two years) that with these tests, especially cytology, cytochemistry and non-decalcified acrylate histology, significant improvement can be obtained in the morphological diagnosis of bone tumours. In addition, new lights on cytogenesis and pathogenesis of these tumours and possible points of attack of cytostatic treatment are provided.", "contents": "Advances in the morphological diagnosis of bone tumours: cytology, cytochemistry, acrylate embedding and electron microscopy (author's transl). An exact morphological diagnosis of bone tumours is the prerequisite for selective treatment. In a given case this may present great difficulties, partly because of the rarity of a tumour group and thus lack of experience, partly faulty removal of the specimen and unsatisfactory further technical handling. Progress can be expected only by widening the spectrum of methods by using modern morphological tests. In a programme using imprint cytology, cytochemistry, rapid section, histochemistry, paraffin, non-decalcified embedding in acrylate and electron microscopy it was demonstrated in 78 cases of bone tumour (seen over a period of two years) that with these tests, especially cytology, cytochemistry and non-decalcified acrylate histology, significant improvement can be obtained in the morphological diagnosis of bone tumours. In addition, new lights on cytogenesis and pathogenesis of these tumours and possible points of attack of cytostatic treatment are provided.", "PMID": 330128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11424", "title": "[Immunopathological findings in herpes gestationis (author's transl)].", "content": "Herpes gestationis occurred in a 26-year-old woman during the last weeks of her second pregnancy. Within 8 days of the delivery the disease had progressed to such an extent that systemic treatment became necessary. Whereas pre-delivery treatment had consisted exclusively of local desinfection, and steroid and antibiotic ointments, treatment after delivery also included systemic use of prednisolone. After treatment for 3 weeks the skin changes had disappeared except for minimal pigmentation. Using immunofluorescent microscopy a complement activation in the dermo-epidermal junction and in adjacent clinically healthy skin could be demonstrated: There were massive linear depositions of C3, C1q and C4. In the basal membrane of the epidermis IgM could be demonstrated as an unusual finding. Further immunopathological features were found in the form of an immune complex vasculitis which could be shown during the active phase of the disease.", "contents": "[Immunopathological findings in herpes gestationis (author's transl)]. Herpes gestationis occurred in a 26-year-old woman during the last weeks of her second pregnancy. Within 8 days of the delivery the disease had progressed to such an extent that systemic treatment became necessary. Whereas pre-delivery treatment had consisted exclusively of local desinfection, and steroid and antibiotic ointments, treatment after delivery also included systemic use of prednisolone. After treatment for 3 weeks the skin changes had disappeared except for minimal pigmentation. Using immunofluorescent microscopy a complement activation in the dermo-epidermal junction and in adjacent clinically healthy skin could be demonstrated: There were massive linear depositions of C3, C1q and C4. In the basal membrane of the epidermis IgM could be demonstrated as an unusual finding. Further immunopathological features were found in the form of an immune complex vasculitis which could be shown during the active phase of the disease.", "PMID": 330132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11425", "title": "[Integrated teaching of morphological sciences in medical training].", "content": "To provide more information to participants in the Second Meeting of the Textbook Committee of PAHO/WHO for the teaching of the Morphological Sciences in the Medical Schools of Latin American, a survey was held of the departments of those sciences, in 150 Latin American schools to acquire updated information on the academic organization, the work schedule of the teachers, the levels of integration of the instruction, use of textbooks by students, and the degree of familiarity with the PAHO/WHO Testbook Program and its coverage. The results of the survey, presented in detail in this document, demonstrate the persistence of most of the problems discussed in the First Meeting of the Committee (1969), which makes it necessary to reconsider the integrated teaching of the morphological sciences and the strategies for attaining it. The document also analyzes the development of the morphological sciences and of integration in them.", "contents": "[Integrated teaching of morphological sciences in medical training]. To provide more information to participants in the Second Meeting of the Textbook Committee of PAHO/WHO for the teaching of the Morphological Sciences in the Medical Schools of Latin American, a survey was held of the departments of those sciences, in 150 Latin American schools to acquire updated information on the academic organization, the work schedule of the teachers, the levels of integration of the instruction, use of textbooks by students, and the degree of familiarity with the PAHO/WHO Testbook Program and its coverage. The results of the survey, presented in detail in this document, demonstrate the persistence of most of the problems discussed in the First Meeting of the Committee (1969), which makes it necessary to reconsider the integrated teaching of the morphological sciences and the strategies for attaining it. The document also analyzes the development of the morphological sciences and of integration in them.", "PMID": 330144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11426", "title": "[Endosseous blade implantations in the edentulous patient and the prosthetic superstructure].", "content": "Our suprastructures for blade vent implants are purely tissue-borne constructions. The retainers fixed to the denture base (Dolder jacket or Gilmore rider) are attached to the implant bar to guide the movement of the saddles. In addition, this is to counteract lifting to the dental replacement by the tongue or the muscles of the floor of the mouth. Cases in which this therapeutic method was applied are presented.", "contents": "[Endosseous blade implantations in the edentulous patient and the prosthetic superstructure]. Our suprastructures for blade vent implants are purely tissue-borne constructions. The retainers fixed to the denture base (Dolder jacket or Gilmore rider) are attached to the implant bar to guide the movement of the saddles. In addition, this is to counteract lifting to the dental replacement by the tongue or the muscles of the floor of the mouth. Cases in which this therapeutic method was applied are presented.", "PMID": 330145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11427", "title": "[Study of gastric secretion in white rats with a chronic gastric fistula on endotoxin exposure].", "content": "The author carried out a study on the stomach secretion in white rats endotoxin shock, induced by venous adminsitration of endotoxin, obtained from Escherichia coli. Stomach fistula was made on the rats in advance and the stomach juice was collected under the condition of chronic experiment. The amount of stomach juice was estimated in mililiter per hour as well as the content of free hydrochloric acid, total aidity and electrophoresis of proteolytic enzymes. There was a statistically significnat lowering of the amount of stomach juice, diminuation of free hydrochloric acid and of total acidity acidity as well as diminution of complete disappearence of its proteolytic activity in the rats after endotoxin action.", "contents": "[Study of gastric secretion in white rats with a chronic gastric fistula on endotoxin exposure]. The author carried out a study on the stomach secretion in white rats endotoxin shock, induced by venous adminsitration of endotoxin, obtained from Escherichia coli. Stomach fistula was made on the rats in advance and the stomach juice was collected under the condition of chronic experiment. The amount of stomach juice was estimated in mililiter per hour as well as the content of free hydrochloric acid, total aidity and electrophoresis of proteolytic enzymes. There was a statistically significnat lowering of the amount of stomach juice, diminuation of free hydrochloric acid and of total acidity acidity as well as diminution of complete disappearence of its proteolytic activity in the rats after endotoxin action.", "PMID": 330148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11428", "title": "[1-glutamine and dipropylacetic acid as subsidiary psychotropic agents in the treatment of psychiatric in-patients. Effect on the neuroleptic consumption].", "content": "In a division of the neuropsychiatric hospital of Racconigi, with acute and chronic inpatients, the use of 1-glutamine and N-dipropylacetic acid as subsidiary psychodrugs, after one year follow-up, showed to have reduced the whole administration of neuroleptics, without diminishing the therapeutic efficacity. This administration, during the four sampler months (December, March, June and September), face with the sames of the preceding year, has been lesser than 29,04% (lesser than 38,21%, if we take into consideration the last two months). Such result has been confirmed by a corresponding diminution of orphenadrine, the drug used to counteract the neuroleptic syndrome, which during the last two months considered in this research, respectively subsided of 28,57% and 36,36%.", "contents": "[1-glutamine and dipropylacetic acid as subsidiary psychotropic agents in the treatment of psychiatric in-patients. Effect on the neuroleptic consumption]. In a division of the neuropsychiatric hospital of Racconigi, with acute and chronic inpatients, the use of 1-glutamine and N-dipropylacetic acid as subsidiary psychodrugs, after one year follow-up, showed to have reduced the whole administration of neuroleptics, without diminishing the therapeutic efficacity. This administration, during the four sampler months (December, March, June and September), face with the sames of the preceding year, has been lesser than 29,04% (lesser than 38,21%, if we take into consideration the last two months). Such result has been confirmed by a corresponding diminution of orphenadrine, the drug used to counteract the neuroleptic syndrome, which during the last two months considered in this research, respectively subsided of 28,57% and 36,36%.", "PMID": 330149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11429", "title": "Production of antisera against electrophoretically separated relaxin and immunofluorescent localization of relaxin in the porcine corpus luteum.", "content": "Antisera to porcine relaxin were produced in rabbits injected with different fractions that had been separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Analyses by agar double immunodiffusion demonstrated that the different fractions of relaxin separated by PAGE have similar antigenic sites and the individual fractions are indistinguishable from one another by this procedure. Antiserum to porcine relaxin inhibited the interpubic ligament forming ability of the hormone in vivo. Indrict fluorescent antibody studies demonstrated that the hormone was localized only in the corpus luteum of the pregnant sow ovary. Large ovoid or polyhedral cells, assumed to be granulosa lutein cells, exhibited the heaviest fluorescence.", "contents": "Production of antisera against electrophoretically separated relaxin and immunofluorescent localization of relaxin in the porcine corpus luteum. Antisera to porcine relaxin were produced in rabbits injected with different fractions that had been separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Analyses by agar double immunodiffusion demonstrated that the different fractions of relaxin separated by PAGE have similar antigenic sites and the individual fractions are indistinguishable from one another by this procedure. Antiserum to porcine relaxin inhibited the interpubic ligament forming ability of the hormone in vivo. Indrict fluorescent antibody studies demonstrated that the hormone was localized only in the corpus luteum of the pregnant sow ovary. Large ovoid or polyhedral cells, assumed to be granulosa lutein cells, exhibited the heaviest fluorescence.", "PMID": 330150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11430", "title": "The effect of glucose on the acute uptake and efflux of calcium-45 in isolated rat islets.", "content": "The effect of glucose on acute 45Ca uptake and efflux in collagenase-isolated islets was studied using a double-isotope incubation technique with [3H]sucrose as an extracellular marker. Both 45Ca uptake (0-70 min) and efflux (0-80 min) were measured in either 3 or 20 mM glucose. Calcium-45 uptake and efflux were biphasic demonstrating a rapid phase (0-1 min) followed by a slow phase. Glucose (20 mM) increased the rate constant for slow-phase 45Ca uptake 7-fold and had no effect on the rapid phase. Suppression of insulin release by D2O (100%) did not affect glucose-induced 45Ca uptake indicating that this increased uptake occurred independent of insulin release. Rapid-phase and slow-phase 45Ca efflux rate constants were unaltered by 20 mM glucose and inhibition of insulin release by D2O did not influence 45Ca efflux. The rapid-phase movement of 45Ca may represent a rapidly exchangeable calcium pool at the cell membrane whereas the slow phase may be transmembranous calcium movement, as has been reported for calcium transport in HeLa and kidney cells.", "contents": "The effect of glucose on the acute uptake and efflux of calcium-45 in isolated rat islets. The effect of glucose on acute 45Ca uptake and efflux in collagenase-isolated islets was studied using a double-isotope incubation technique with [3H]sucrose as an extracellular marker. Both 45Ca uptake (0-70 min) and efflux (0-80 min) were measured in either 3 or 20 mM glucose. Calcium-45 uptake and efflux were biphasic demonstrating a rapid phase (0-1 min) followed by a slow phase. Glucose (20 mM) increased the rate constant for slow-phase 45Ca uptake 7-fold and had no effect on the rapid phase. Suppression of insulin release by D2O (100%) did not affect glucose-induced 45Ca uptake indicating that this increased uptake occurred independent of insulin release. Rapid-phase and slow-phase 45Ca efflux rate constants were unaltered by 20 mM glucose and inhibition of insulin release by D2O did not influence 45Ca efflux. The rapid-phase movement of 45Ca may represent a rapidly exchangeable calcium pool at the cell membrane whereas the slow phase may be transmembranous calcium movement, as has been reported for calcium transport in HeLa and kidney cells.", "PMID": 330151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11431", "title": "Serum gonadotropins in rats fed a low-valine diet.", "content": "Female rats fed a low-valine diet from the time of weaning have been shown to have delayed puberty compared to growth-matched controls. To explore the mechanism of this delay, serum LH and FSH were measured in rats fed the low-valine diet and in growth-matched control rats at several ages prior to puberty. Hormonal determinations at each time point were made both in the basal state and after LHRH administration or castration. After age 27 days, the mean basal serum FSH was lower in the low-valine group than in the control group. The mean serum levels of LH and FSH after oophorectomy were significantly lower in the low-valine group than in the control group, although the mean serum levels of LH and FSH after LHRH administration to intact animals were similar in both groups. The combination of impaired response to castration with unimpaired pituitary response to LHRH suggests that the low-valine group had a hypothalamic defect which accounts for their delayed sexual maturation when compared to growth-matched animals.", "contents": "Serum gonadotropins in rats fed a low-valine diet. Female rats fed a low-valine diet from the time of weaning have been shown to have delayed puberty compared to growth-matched controls. To explore the mechanism of this delay, serum LH and FSH were measured in rats fed the low-valine diet and in growth-matched control rats at several ages prior to puberty. Hormonal determinations at each time point were made both in the basal state and after LHRH administration or castration. After age 27 days, the mean basal serum FSH was lower in the low-valine group than in the control group. The mean serum levels of LH and FSH after oophorectomy were significantly lower in the low-valine group than in the control group, although the mean serum levels of LH and FSH after LHRH administration to intact animals were similar in both groups. The combination of impaired response to castration with unimpaired pituitary response to LHRH suggests that the low-valine group had a hypothalamic defect which accounts for their delayed sexual maturation when compared to growth-matched animals.", "PMID": 330152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11432", "title": "Application of ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) radioimmunoassay in the quantitation of LH in different mammalian species.", "content": "A sensitive double antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed for measuring luteinizing hormone (LH) in various African mammalian species, using rabbit anti-ovine LH serum (GDN 15) and radioiodinated rat LH or ovine LH. Serum and pituitary homogenates from some African mammals (hyrax, reedbuck, sable, impala, tsessebe, thar, spring-hare, ground squirrel and cheetah, as well as the domestic sheep, cow and horse and laboratory rat and hamster) produced displacement curves parallel to that of the ovine LH standards. The specificity of the assay was examined in detail for one species, the rock hyrax. Radioimmunoassay and bioassay estimates of LH in hyrax pituitaries containing widely differing quantities of pituitary hormones were similar. In sexually active male hyrax mean plasma LH was 12.1 ng/ml and pituitary LH 194 microgram/gland, but in sexually quiescent hyrax mean plasma LH was 2.4 ng/ml and mean pituitary LH 76 microgram/gland. Intravenous injection of 10 microgram of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone increased mean LH levels in hyrax from 0.9 ng/ml to 23.2 ng/ml by 30 min. Conversely, im injection of 250 microgram testosterone induced a fall in LH levels in male hyrax from 1.7 ng/ml to 0.7 ng/ml 6 h after administration. Although the specificity of the assay for quantitating plasma LH in other species was not categorically established, there was a good correlation between plasma LH concentration and reproductive state in the bontebok, impala, spring-hare, thar, cheetah, domestic horse and laboratory rat, suggesting the potential use of the antiserum in quantitating LH in a variety of mammalian species.", "contents": "Application of ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) radioimmunoassay in the quantitation of LH in different mammalian species. A sensitive double antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed for measuring luteinizing hormone (LH) in various African mammalian species, using rabbit anti-ovine LH serum (GDN 15) and radioiodinated rat LH or ovine LH. Serum and pituitary homogenates from some African mammals (hyrax, reedbuck, sable, impala, tsessebe, thar, spring-hare, ground squirrel and cheetah, as well as the domestic sheep, cow and horse and laboratory rat and hamster) produced displacement curves parallel to that of the ovine LH standards. The specificity of the assay was examined in detail for one species, the rock hyrax. Radioimmunoassay and bioassay estimates of LH in hyrax pituitaries containing widely differing quantities of pituitary hormones were similar. In sexually active male hyrax mean plasma LH was 12.1 ng/ml and pituitary LH 194 microgram/gland, but in sexually quiescent hyrax mean plasma LH was 2.4 ng/ml and mean pituitary LH 76 microgram/gland. Intravenous injection of 10 microgram of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone increased mean LH levels in hyrax from 0.9 ng/ml to 23.2 ng/ml by 30 min. Conversely, im injection of 250 microgram testosterone induced a fall in LH levels in male hyrax from 1.7 ng/ml to 0.7 ng/ml 6 h after administration. Although the specificity of the assay for quantitating plasma LH in other species was not categorically established, there was a good correlation between plasma LH concentration and reproductive state in the bontebok, impala, spring-hare, thar, cheetah, domestic horse and laboratory rat, suggesting the potential use of the antiserum in quantitating LH in a variety of mammalian species.", "PMID": 330153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11433", "title": "Somatostatin inhibition of pancreatic glucagon release from monolayer cultures and interactions with calcium.", "content": "The effects of somatostatin (SRIF) on glucagon release have been studied in the monolayer culture of newborn rat pancreas. It was found that SRIF inhibited glucagon release rapidly and in a dose dependent manner at concentrations of 1-1000 ng/ml. SRIF inhibited glucagon release under basal conditions and after stimulation by arginine, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), high Ca++ concentrations, ionophore A23187 and Ca++, and Ba++. SRIF inhibited ionophore-induced glucagon release over 60 min when a low concentration of A23187 was used (0.1  microgram/ml) but not when a high concentraion (10 microgram/ml) was used. The stimulant effect of 10 microgram/ml A23187 was, however, inhibited by SRIF during short periods of incubation. The per cent inhibition of arginine-stimulated glucagon release due to SRIF remained unchanged when the Ca++ concentration in the medium was varied from 1-10 mM. It is concluded that SRIF promptly inhibits glucagon release under basal conditions or when stimulated by a variety of agents. Thus, the action of SRIF appears to be basic to the granule release process and not specifically antagonisitc to any particular stimulants. Further, as SRIF inhibits release due to raised cytosol Ca++ (e.g., ionophore-Ca++ or high Ca++ experiments) the action is probably at a late point in the release mechanism.", "contents": "Somatostatin inhibition of pancreatic glucagon release from monolayer cultures and interactions with calcium. The effects of somatostatin (SRIF) on glucagon release have been studied in the monolayer culture of newborn rat pancreas. It was found that SRIF inhibited glucagon release rapidly and in a dose dependent manner at concentrations of 1-1000 ng/ml. SRIF inhibited glucagon release under basal conditions and after stimulation by arginine, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), high Ca++ concentrations, ionophore A23187 and Ca++, and Ba++. SRIF inhibited ionophore-induced glucagon release over 60 min when a low concentration of A23187 was used (0.1  microgram/ml) but not when a high concentraion (10 microgram/ml) was used. The stimulant effect of 10 microgram/ml A23187 was, however, inhibited by SRIF during short periods of incubation. The per cent inhibition of arginine-stimulated glucagon release due to SRIF remained unchanged when the Ca++ concentration in the medium was varied from 1-10 mM. It is concluded that SRIF promptly inhibits glucagon release under basal conditions or when stimulated by a variety of agents. Thus, the action of SRIF appears to be basic to the granule release process and not specifically antagonisitc to any particular stimulants. Further, as SRIF inhibits release due to raised cytosol Ca++ (e.g., ionophore-Ca++ or high Ca++ experiments) the action is probably at a late point in the release mechanism.", "PMID": 330154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11434", "title": "Spontaneous expulsion of a migrating infantry missile impacted in the duodenum and the common bile duct, 32 years after wounding.", "content": "32 years after the injury, an infantry bullet was found to extrude into the duodenum, with its sharp end impacted in the common bile duct. After several previous endoscopic examinations (duodenoscopy, ERCP), endoscopic removal was planned. In the meantime, the bullet was expelled per vias naturales, leaving a biliodigestive fistula.", "contents": "Spontaneous expulsion of a migrating infantry missile impacted in the duodenum and the common bile duct, 32 years after wounding. 32 years after the injury, an infantry bullet was found to extrude into the duodenum, with its sharp end impacted in the common bile duct. After several previous endoscopic examinations (duodenoscopy, ERCP), endoscopic removal was planned. In the meantime, the bullet was expelled per vias naturales, leaving a biliodigestive fistula.", "PMID": 330155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11435", "title": "Phenylbutazone and the horse--a review.", "content": "The clinical uses and side-effects of phenylbutazone in man, horses, and other animals are reviewed. The blood dyscrasias commonly described in man have not been reported in the horse, although several of the more minor side-effects have occasionally been seen (e.g. water retention, depression, transient staggering and phlebitis). Despite the lack of documented evidence, the toxicity of phenylbutazone in the horse is considered to be lower than that in man. This may be associated with the lower dose rates normally used, the more rapid plasma clearance rate and the comparatively younger age of most horses under treatment. The following guidelines for the use of phenylbutazone in practice are put toward. It should only be used under strict veterinary control and then only if there are clear clinical indications. It should not be given if there are signs of gastro-intestinal ulceration, clotting defects or any cardiac, renal or hepatic dysfunction. Dose rates should be kept to a minimum and the drug withdrawn immediately if any side-effects occur or if there is no clinical response within 4 days. If prolonged therapy is necessary, periodic haematological analyses should be carried out.", "contents": "Phenylbutazone and the horse--a review. The clinical uses and side-effects of phenylbutazone in man, horses, and other animals are reviewed. The blood dyscrasias commonly described in man have not been reported in the horse, although several of the more minor side-effects have occasionally been seen (e.g. water retention, depression, transient staggering and phlebitis). Despite the lack of documented evidence, the toxicity of phenylbutazone in the horse is considered to be lower than that in man. This may be associated with the lower dose rates normally used, the more rapid plasma clearance rate and the comparatively younger age of most horses under treatment. The following guidelines for the use of phenylbutazone in practice are put toward. It should only be used under strict veterinary control and then only if there are clear clinical indications. It should not be given if there are signs of gastro-intestinal ulceration, clotting defects or any cardiac, renal or hepatic dysfunction. Dose rates should be kept to a minimum and the drug withdrawn immediately if any side-effects occur or if there is no clinical response within 4 days. If prolonged therapy is necessary, periodic haematological analyses should be carried out.", "PMID": 330156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11436", "title": "Structural studies of the Shigella flexneri variant X, type 5 a and type 5 b O-antigens.", "content": "Previous studies of different Shigella flexneri O-antigens indicate that their O-specific region is composed of oligosaccharide repeating units containing a basic tetrasaccharide structure, to which alpha-D-glucopyranosyl groups and O-acetyl groups may be attached to different positions. Structural studies of O-antigens from variant X, type 5a and type 5b lend further support to this assumption. These antigens contain terminal alpha-D-glucopyranosyl groups, one each per repeating unit in X and 5a, two in 5b. The location of these groups in the repeating unit has been determined.", "contents": "Structural studies of the Shigella flexneri variant X, type 5 a and type 5 b O-antigens. Previous studies of different Shigella flexneri O-antigens indicate that their O-specific region is composed of oligosaccharide repeating units containing a basic tetrasaccharide structure, to which alpha-D-glucopyranosyl groups and O-acetyl groups may be attached to different positions. Structural studies of O-antigens from variant X, type 5a and type 5b lend further support to this assumption. These antigens contain terminal alpha-D-glucopyranosyl groups, one each per repeating unit in X and 5a, two in 5b. The location of these groups in the repeating unit has been determined.", "PMID": 330159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11437", "title": "Macromolecular synthesis and energy level in a mitochondrial conditional yeast mutant, tsm-8.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA, protein and ATP syntheses persist at non-permissive temperature (35 degrees C) in the mitochondrial, conditionally rho- petites forming yeast mutant, tsm8. Protein and ATP syntheses, however, are diminished during prolonged incubation at 35 degrees C in non-fermentable substrate. Mitochondrial RNA synthesis decreases rapidly to a residual constant level of about 10% of the initial value after the shift to 35 degrees C. The decrease is reversed by returning to permissive conditions. Evidence is presented that this temperature-induced decrease in mitochondrial transcription rate is effected by a mutationally altered regulatory process rather than by temperature sensitivity of mitochondrial RNA polymerase. It is concluded that rho- petite formation in mutant tsm8 is not effected by complete inhibition of macromolecular and ATP syntheses but is correlated with a reduction in mitochondrial transcription.", "contents": "Macromolecular synthesis and energy level in a mitochondrial conditional yeast mutant, tsm-8. Mitochondrial DNA, protein and ATP syntheses persist at non-permissive temperature (35 degrees C) in the mitochondrial, conditionally rho- petites forming yeast mutant, tsm8. Protein and ATP syntheses, however, are diminished during prolonged incubation at 35 degrees C in non-fermentable substrate. Mitochondrial RNA synthesis decreases rapidly to a residual constant level of about 10% of the initial value after the shift to 35 degrees C. The decrease is reversed by returning to permissive conditions. Evidence is presented that this temperature-induced decrease in mitochondrial transcription rate is effected by a mutationally altered regulatory process rather than by temperature sensitivity of mitochondrial RNA polymerase. It is concluded that rho- petite formation in mutant tsm8 is not effected by complete inhibition of macromolecular and ATP syntheses but is correlated with a reduction in mitochondrial transcription.", "PMID": 330160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11438", "title": "Effect of rifampicin on the infectivity of RNA bacteriophage f2.", "content": "RNA bacteriophage f2, treated in vitro with rifampicin, loses infectivity dramatically. Rifampicin interacts with phage RNA, binding to a few specific sites. Inhibition of phage RNA infectivity occurs at 10-100 times lower molar excess of rifampicin than inhibition of infectivity of intact phage particles. Thus the phage capsid acts as a barrier, diminishing interaction of the drug with phage RNA.", "contents": "Effect of rifampicin on the infectivity of RNA bacteriophage f2. RNA bacteriophage f2, treated in vitro with rifampicin, loses infectivity dramatically. Rifampicin interacts with phage RNA, binding to a few specific sites. Inhibition of phage RNA infectivity occurs at 10-100 times lower molar excess of rifampicin than inhibition of infectivity of intact phage particles. Thus the phage capsid acts as a barrier, diminishing interaction of the drug with phage RNA.", "PMID": 330161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11439", "title": "Somatic antigens of Shigella. Structural investigation on the O-specific polysaccharide chain of Shigella dysenteriae type-2 lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The O-specific polysaccharide obtained from Shigella dysenteriae type-2 lipopolysaccharide by mild acid hydrolysis consisted of N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, D-galactose, D-glucose, and O-acetyl group in the ratio of 2:1:1:1:1. A number of oligosaccharides were obtained by deamination of the N-deacetylated polysaccharide and by Smith degradation of the both native and O-deacetylated polysaccharides. The identification of oligosaccharides along with methylation analysis and chromic anhydride oxidation showed that the polysaccharide was built up of the repeating pentasaccharide units whose proposed structure is given below: (see article) Serological properties of Sh. dysenteriae O-specific polysaccharides are discussed.", "contents": "Somatic antigens of Shigella. Structural investigation on the O-specific polysaccharide chain of Shigella dysenteriae type-2 lipopolysaccharide. The O-specific polysaccharide obtained from Shigella dysenteriae type-2 lipopolysaccharide by mild acid hydrolysis consisted of N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, D-galactose, D-glucose, and O-acetyl group in the ratio of 2:1:1:1:1. A number of oligosaccharides were obtained by deamination of the N-deacetylated polysaccharide and by Smith degradation of the both native and O-deacetylated polysaccharides. The identification of oligosaccharides along with methylation analysis and chromic anhydride oxidation showed that the polysaccharide was built up of the repeating pentasaccharide units whose proposed structure is given below: (see article) Serological properties of Sh. dysenteriae O-specific polysaccharides are discussed.", "PMID": 330162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11440", "title": "The genetic control of molybdoflavoproteins in Aspergillus nidulans. A xanthine dehydrogenase I half-molecule in cnx- mutant strains of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "The cnx- group of mutants of Aspergillus nidulans lacks xanthine dehydrogenase (xanthine: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.37) and nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.3) activities and are thought to be defective in the synthesis of a molybdenum-containing cofactor, 'cnx', common to xanthine dehydrogenase and nitrate reductase [Pateman, J.A., Rever, B.M., Cove, D.J. and Roberts, D.B. (1964) Nature (Lond.) 201, 58-60]. The cnx cofactor has a role in maintaining the aggregated multimeric structure of nitrate reductase [MacDonald, D.W., Cove, D.J. and Coddington, A. (1974) Mol. Gen. Genet. 128, 187-199]. We report here that, in cnx- mutants grown under conditions inducing xanthine dehydrogenase I, a species cross-reacting with antisera to the native enzyme and of half its molecular weight is present, together with cross-reacting molecules of similar molecular weight to the native enzyme. This suggests that the cnx cofactor has a role in maintaining the aggregated structure of xanthine dehydrogenase I. Both cross-reacting species are capable of passing reducing equivalents from NADH to a tetrazolium salt, showing that the cnx cofactor is not necessary for enzymic activity towards NADH.", "contents": "The genetic control of molybdoflavoproteins in Aspergillus nidulans. A xanthine dehydrogenase I half-molecule in cnx- mutant strains of Aspergillus nidulans. The cnx- group of mutants of Aspergillus nidulans lacks xanthine dehydrogenase (xanthine: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.37) and nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.3) activities and are thought to be defective in the synthesis of a molybdenum-containing cofactor, 'cnx', common to xanthine dehydrogenase and nitrate reductase [Pateman, J.A., Rever, B.M., Cove, D.J. and Roberts, D.B. (1964) Nature (Lond.) 201, 58-60]. The cnx cofactor has a role in maintaining the aggregated multimeric structure of nitrate reductase [MacDonald, D.W., Cove, D.J. and Coddington, A. (1974) Mol. Gen. Genet. 128, 187-199]. We report here that, in cnx- mutants grown under conditions inducing xanthine dehydrogenase I, a species cross-reacting with antisera to the native enzyme and of half its molecular weight is present, together with cross-reacting molecules of similar molecular weight to the native enzyme. This suggests that the cnx cofactor has a role in maintaining the aggregated structure of xanthine dehydrogenase I. Both cross-reacting species are capable of passing reducing equivalents from NADH to a tetrazolium salt, showing that the cnx cofactor is not necessary for enzymic activity towards NADH.", "PMID": 330163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11441", "title": "The primary structure of a non-histone chromosomal protein.", "content": "The primary structure of the calf thymus non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-17 has been determined. The sequence was determined mainly from data provided by the peptides obtained by cleavage with staphylococcal protease. Additional information was obtained from peptides produced by cleavage with trypsin and alpha-protease (from Crotalus atrox venom) and by partial acid hydrolysis. The protein is 89 amino acid residues in length, and has molecular weight of 9247. The N-terminal two-thirds of the molecule is highly basic, 22 of the first 58 residues being lysine or arginine, whereas only seven residues are aspartic or glutamic acid residues. In contrast, the C-terminal region of the molecule has an overall negative charge, only four of the last 31 residues being basic, whereas seven aspartic and glutamic acid residues are present. The protein is also characterised by a region of high density of proline residues, there being six proline residues between residues 31 and 40. A region of 19 residues sequence similarity with the trout-specific histone, H6, is noted together with some smaller regions of sequence similarity with histones H1 and H5.", "contents": "The primary structure of a non-histone chromosomal protein. The primary structure of the calf thymus non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-17 has been determined. The sequence was determined mainly from data provided by the peptides obtained by cleavage with staphylococcal protease. Additional information was obtained from peptides produced by cleavage with trypsin and alpha-protease (from Crotalus atrox venom) and by partial acid hydrolysis. The protein is 89 amino acid residues in length, and has molecular weight of 9247. The N-terminal two-thirds of the molecule is highly basic, 22 of the first 58 residues being lysine or arginine, whereas only seven residues are aspartic or glutamic acid residues. In contrast, the C-terminal region of the molecule has an overall negative charge, only four of the last 31 residues being basic, whereas seven aspartic and glutamic acid residues are present. The protein is also characterised by a region of high density of proline residues, there being six proline residues between residues 31 and 40. A region of 19 residues sequence similarity with the trout-specific histone, H6, is noted together with some smaller regions of sequence similarity with histones H1 and H5.", "PMID": 330164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11442", "title": "Mapping of 23-S rRNA at the ribosomal peptidyl-transferase center by photo-affinity labeling.", "content": "Photo-sensitive peptidyl-tRNA's were used to scan the environment of the peptidyl-transferase center of the ribosome. The specificity of the previously described labeling in the 18-S fragment of 23-S rRNA by Boc-Phe(N3)-Phe-tRNA (4-azido-N-t-butoxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA) was demonstrated by the ability of the covalently anchored molecule to serve as donor substrate in peptide bond formation. Labeling patterns were also obtained with Boc-Phe(N3)-Phe-Phe-tRNA bound at the acceptor site and with Boc-Phe(N3)-(Gly)n-Phe-tRNA (n = 2,4). The results indicate that subsequences within the 18-S fragment of 23-S rRNA are located close to the acceptor site as well as along the path where the peptide moiety adheres to the ribosome. Identification of the labeled sequences is expected to shed light on the spatial arrangement as well as functional role of rRNA in the peptidyl transferase center.", "contents": "Mapping of 23-S rRNA at the ribosomal peptidyl-transferase center by photo-affinity labeling. Photo-sensitive peptidyl-tRNA's were used to scan the environment of the peptidyl-transferase center of the ribosome. The specificity of the previously described labeling in the 18-S fragment of 23-S rRNA by Boc-Phe(N3)-Phe-tRNA (4-azido-N-t-butoxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA) was demonstrated by the ability of the covalently anchored molecule to serve as donor substrate in peptide bond formation. Labeling patterns were also obtained with Boc-Phe(N3)-Phe-Phe-tRNA bound at the acceptor site and with Boc-Phe(N3)-(Gly)n-Phe-tRNA (n = 2,4). The results indicate that subsequences within the 18-S fragment of 23-S rRNA are located close to the acceptor site as well as along the path where the peptide moiety adheres to the ribosome. Identification of the labeled sequences is expected to shed light on the spatial arrangement as well as functional role of rRNA in the peptidyl transferase center.", "PMID": 330166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11443", "title": "Limited proteolysis of elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli, Multiple intermediates.", "content": "Limited proteolysis of native elongation factor Tu (Mr 44 000) by trypsin occurs in at least three distinct steps. The first intermediate arises through cleavage at a site about 65 residues from the amino-terminal end of the protein. It is functionally active [Jacobson, G. R. & Rosenbusch, J. P. (1976) Biochemistry, 15, 5105-5110] and is partially protected from further degradation by the antibiotic kirromycin. The second step converts this intermediate to one of similar size (Mr 37 000) which now is partially inactivated. It is likely to be identical with the intermediate described by Arai et al. [(1976) J. Biochem. Tokyo, 79, 69-83]. In the third step, the partially inactive intermediate is cleaved without any apparent change in the functional properties tested. The resulting two trypsin-resistant fragments have molecular weights of 24 000 and 14 000, and remain associated under nondenaturing conditions. When either of these polypeptides, after isolation in 8 M urea, is allowed to renature, no significant reactivation of GDP binding is observed unless the isolated fragments are mixed before renaturation. These results show that the two fragments are structurally and functionally interdependent.", "contents": "Limited proteolysis of elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli, Multiple intermediates. Limited proteolysis of native elongation factor Tu (Mr 44 000) by trypsin occurs in at least three distinct steps. The first intermediate arises through cleavage at a site about 65 residues from the amino-terminal end of the protein. It is functionally active [Jacobson, G. R. & Rosenbusch, J. P. (1976) Biochemistry, 15, 5105-5110] and is partially protected from further degradation by the antibiotic kirromycin. The second step converts this intermediate to one of similar size (Mr 37 000) which now is partially inactivated. It is likely to be identical with the intermediate described by Arai et al. [(1976) J. Biochem. Tokyo, 79, 69-83]. In the third step, the partially inactive intermediate is cleaved without any apparent change in the functional properties tested. The resulting two trypsin-resistant fragments have molecular weights of 24 000 and 14 000, and remain associated under nondenaturing conditions. When either of these polypeptides, after isolation in 8 M urea, is allowed to renature, no significant reactivation of GDP binding is observed unless the isolated fragments are mixed before renaturation. These results show that the two fragments are structurally and functionally interdependent.", "PMID": 330167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11444", "title": "Effects of disopyramide and aprindine on arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction was compared in a double blind study of disopyramide (33 patients), aprindine (34 patients) and placebo (31 patients). Total ventricular arrhythmias were less frequent in the aprindine group than in the disopyramide group (P less than 0.05) or than in the combined disopyramide and placebo groups (P less than 0.05). The incidence of life-threatening arrhythmias and of ventricular arrhythmias in high risk patients was also reduced by aprindine compared to disopyramide (P less than 0.001) or placebo (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that aprindine is effective in reducing ventricular arrhythmias and that further investigations on its preventive use after the onset of myocardial infarction are justified.", "contents": "Effects of disopyramide and aprindine on arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction was compared in a double blind study of disopyramide (33 patients), aprindine (34 patients) and placebo (31 patients). Total ventricular arrhythmias were less frequent in the aprindine group than in the disopyramide group (P less than 0.05) or than in the combined disopyramide and placebo groups (P less than 0.05). The incidence of life-threatening arrhythmias and of ventricular arrhythmias in high risk patients was also reduced by aprindine compared to disopyramide (P less than 0.001) or placebo (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that aprindine is effective in reducing ventricular arrhythmias and that further investigations on its preventive use after the onset of myocardial infarction are justified.", "PMID": 330168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11445", "title": "The antihypertensive effect of pindolol (Visken) alone and combined with clopamide (Brinaldix).", "content": "After a two week washout period 25 patients with moderate to severe essential hypertension were treated with pindolol. In 12 patients the reduction in blood pressure was excellent and treatment with pindolol was continued. In 13 patients treatment was supplemented subsequently with clopamide and 12 patients had a satisfactory result. Side-effects were few and mild.", "contents": "The antihypertensive effect of pindolol (Visken) alone and combined with clopamide (Brinaldix). After a two week washout period 25 patients with moderate to severe essential hypertension were treated with pindolol. In 12 patients the reduction in blood pressure was excellent and treatment with pindolol was continued. In 13 patients treatment was supplemented subsequently with clopamide and 12 patients had a satisfactory result. Side-effects were few and mild.", "PMID": 330169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11446", "title": "Distinct properties of Thy-1 antibodies elicited in rats by immunization with mouse brain.", "content": "Rats are known to possess antigenic determinants related to the Thy-1.1 allele. Immunization of rats with brain homogenates from mice carrying either the Thy-1.1 or the Thy-1.2 alleles resulted in the production antisera which were cytotoxic for thymus cells of both strains of mice. Lymph node, spleen and cortisone-resistant thymus cells were refractory to the cytotoxic effect of rat anti-mouse brain sera. Peripheral lymphocytes were fully capable of absorbing the cytotoxic activity of the sera on thymus cells, although the concentration of the antigen on their cell surface was considerably less than on thymus cells. Blocking experiments with allo- and xenoantisera to Thy-1 antigens suggested that the antigen detected by rat anti-mouse brain sera is related to the Thy-1 system. The Thy-1 specificity detected by rat antisera seems to differ from previously described Thy-1 antigens in that it attains a high concentration on thymus cells but is relatively deficient in its expression on peripheral T cells.", "contents": "Distinct properties of Thy-1 antibodies elicited in rats by immunization with mouse brain. Rats are known to possess antigenic determinants related to the Thy-1.1 allele. Immunization of rats with brain homogenates from mice carrying either the Thy-1.1 or the Thy-1.2 alleles resulted in the production antisera which were cytotoxic for thymus cells of both strains of mice. Lymph node, spleen and cortisone-resistant thymus cells were refractory to the cytotoxic effect of rat anti-mouse brain sera. Peripheral lymphocytes were fully capable of absorbing the cytotoxic activity of the sera on thymus cells, although the concentration of the antigen on their cell surface was considerably less than on thymus cells. Blocking experiments with allo- and xenoantisera to Thy-1 antigens suggested that the antigen detected by rat anti-mouse brain sera is related to the Thy-1 system. The Thy-1 specificity detected by rat antisera seems to differ from previously described Thy-1 antigens in that it attains a high concentration on thymus cells but is relatively deficient in its expression on peripheral T cells.", "PMID": 330171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11447", "title": "The antipyretic effect of flurbiprofen.", "content": "Flurbiprofen, like its predecessor ibuprofen, possesses antipyretic properties in the endotoxin-fevered rabbit. Comparison of flurbiprofen and ibuprofen at varying dosages, reveals that flurbiprofen is at least 15 times more potent in this species. In goats, flurbiprofen is more potent than in rabbits. Flurbiprofen inhibited the pyrogenic effect of intravenously administered leucocytic pyrogen, but it did not alter the release of leucocytic pyrogen from peritoneal exudate cells in vitro. Moreover, flurbiprofen did not inhibit endotoxin-induced release of endogenous pyrogen in vivo. Incubation of leucocytic pyrogen with flurbiprofen did not alter its pyrogenic poteny. These results suggest that the antipyretic activity of flurbiprofen is due neither to interference with endogenous pyrogen synthesis and release, nor to inactivation of circulating endogenous pyrogen.", "contents": "The antipyretic effect of flurbiprofen. Flurbiprofen, like its predecessor ibuprofen, possesses antipyretic properties in the endotoxin-fevered rabbit. Comparison of flurbiprofen and ibuprofen at varying dosages, reveals that flurbiprofen is at least 15 times more potent in this species. In goats, flurbiprofen is more potent than in rabbits. Flurbiprofen inhibited the pyrogenic effect of intravenously administered leucocytic pyrogen, but it did not alter the release of leucocytic pyrogen from peritoneal exudate cells in vitro. Moreover, flurbiprofen did not inhibit endotoxin-induced release of endogenous pyrogen in vivo. Incubation of leucocytic pyrogen with flurbiprofen did not alter its pyrogenic poteny. These results suggest that the antipyretic activity of flurbiprofen is due neither to interference with endogenous pyrogen synthesis and release, nor to inactivation of circulating endogenous pyrogen.", "PMID": 330173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11448", "title": "Relationship between the ventromedullary clonidine-sensitive area and the posterior hypothalamus.", "content": "The connections between the areas 'S' which have been previously described as the ventromedullary sites of the action of clonidine and the posterior hypothalamus have been investigated. Superficial electrocoagulation of the left area 'S' suppresses the pressor response to electrical stimulation of the homolateral part of the posterior hypothalamus. Although such medullary lesions cause a significant reduction of the mean arterial pressure, the contralateral hypothalamic stimulation can still increase blood pressure. Clonidine it self applied topically (8 micrograms/kg) to the ventral face of the brain stem decreases the blood pressure response to liminal hypothalamic stimulation. It is concluded that efferent pathways, which are involved in vasomotor regulation, originate in the posterior hypothalamus and run through the ventrolateral part of the brain stem. The mechanism of the blocking effect of clonidine on these pathways is discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between the ventromedullary clonidine-sensitive area and the posterior hypothalamus. The connections between the areas 'S' which have been previously described as the ventromedullary sites of the action of clonidine and the posterior hypothalamus have been investigated. Superficial electrocoagulation of the left area 'S' suppresses the pressor response to electrical stimulation of the homolateral part of the posterior hypothalamus. Although such medullary lesions cause a significant reduction of the mean arterial pressure, the contralateral hypothalamic stimulation can still increase blood pressure. Clonidine it self applied topically (8 micrograms/kg) to the ventral face of the brain stem decreases the blood pressure response to liminal hypothalamic stimulation. It is concluded that efferent pathways, which are involved in vasomotor regulation, originate in the posterior hypothalamus and run through the ventrolateral part of the brain stem. The mechanism of the blocking effect of clonidine on these pathways is discussed.", "PMID": 330175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11449", "title": "Mesenteric hemopoietic colonies: occurrence in BALB/c mice after transplantation of syngeneic normal or leukemic hemopoietic cells.", "content": "Intraperitoneal (ip) inoculation of BALB/c mice with syngeneic hemopoietic cells results in the formation of 'Mesenteric Hemopoietic Colonies' (MHC). In lethally irradiated mice actively growing erythroid, myeloid and megakaryocytic, or mixed colonies form and soon become confluent. It is therefore concluded that in mice the mesentery is a suitable site for growth of hemopoietic cells. The mesentery might play an important role in the recovery of the hemopoietic system in lethally irradiated mice, being the primary site of proliferation of stem cells and/or CFU before their migration to bone marrow and spleen. Bone marrow and spleen cells from animals infected with Rauscher Leukemia Virus (R-MuLV) also produce MHC and spleen colonies after ip injection into lethally irradiated mice. In addition to the undifferentiated cells in the MHC, cells with limited differentiation and/or retarded maturation were identified. The cytologic pattern of the majority of cells in MHC was of mixed type.", "contents": "Mesenteric hemopoietic colonies: occurrence in BALB/c mice after transplantation of syngeneic normal or leukemic hemopoietic cells. Intraperitoneal (ip) inoculation of BALB/c mice with syngeneic hemopoietic cells results in the formation of 'Mesenteric Hemopoietic Colonies' (MHC). In lethally irradiated mice actively growing erythroid, myeloid and megakaryocytic, or mixed colonies form and soon become confluent. It is therefore concluded that in mice the mesentery is a suitable site for growth of hemopoietic cells. The mesentery might play an important role in the recovery of the hemopoietic system in lethally irradiated mice, being the primary site of proliferation of stem cells and/or CFU before their migration to bone marrow and spleen. Bone marrow and spleen cells from animals infected with Rauscher Leukemia Virus (R-MuLV) also produce MHC and spleen colonies after ip injection into lethally irradiated mice. In addition to the undifferentiated cells in the MHC, cells with limited differentiation and/or retarded maturation were identified. The cytologic pattern of the majority of cells in MHC was of mixed type.", "PMID": 330182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11450", "title": "Coupling of fructose-1,6-P2 to aminated agarose by Schiff base reduction. Affinity chromatography of yeast aldolase.", "content": "Fructose-1,6-P2 was immobilized by sodium borohydride reduction of the Schiff base formed with aminated agarose (AH-Sepharose 4B). The coupling occurs with high yield (25 mumoles immobilized fructose-1,6-P2 per ml packed gel) at neutral pH and room temperature. Schiff base reduction thus provides a convenient and mild coupling prodecure for sugar phosphates preserving their labile phospho ester bonds. As exemplified by a new isolation procedure for fructose-1,6-P2 aldolase from yeast, sugar phosphates insolubilized in this manner may be used for affinity chromatography of the corresponding enzymes, provided that contaminating unspecific phosphatases are removed in a preceding fractionation step.", "contents": "Coupling of fructose-1,6-P2 to aminated agarose by Schiff base reduction. Affinity chromatography of yeast aldolase. Fructose-1,6-P2 was immobilized by sodium borohydride reduction of the Schiff base formed with aminated agarose (AH-Sepharose 4B). The coupling occurs with high yield (25 mumoles immobilized fructose-1,6-P2 per ml packed gel) at neutral pH and room temperature. Schiff base reduction thus provides a convenient and mild coupling prodecure for sugar phosphates preserving their labile phospho ester bonds. As exemplified by a new isolation procedure for fructose-1,6-P2 aldolase from yeast, sugar phosphates insolubilized in this manner may be used for affinity chromatography of the corresponding enzymes, provided that contaminating unspecific phosphatases are removed in a preceding fractionation step.", "PMID": 330192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11451", "title": "Regulation of glucose transport in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Pyruvate and acetate inhibited the uptake of glucose by Aspergillus nidulans; although there were significant variations in glucose uptake rate, the intracellular concentration of acetate was almost identical in biotin-supplemented, normal and deficient cells. The in vitro activity of glucose-binding protein was not affected by biotin, avidin, acetate or acetyl-CoA.", "contents": "Regulation of glucose transport in Aspergillus nidulans. Pyruvate and acetate inhibited the uptake of glucose by Aspergillus nidulans; although there were significant variations in glucose uptake rate, the intracellular concentration of acetate was almost identical in biotin-supplemented, normal and deficient cells. The in vitro activity of glucose-binding protein was not affected by biotin, avidin, acetate or acetyl-CoA.", "PMID": 330193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11452", "title": "Activation of complement by trypanosomes.", "content": "Factors exhibiting anti-complementary activity released from trypanosomes after incubation at 20 degrees C were described. The active material was shown to consume the first component of bovine complement. While the anti-complementary factor(s) from T. lewisi could activate bovine, human and guinea pig complement, the factor(s) from T. congolense was observed to activate bovine complement, but not guinea pig and only slightly human complement. The roles of complement activating factor(s) of trypanosomes in the pathology of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "Activation of complement by trypanosomes. Factors exhibiting anti-complementary activity released from trypanosomes after incubation at 20 degrees C were described. The active material was shown to consume the first component of bovine complement. While the anti-complementary factor(s) from T. lewisi could activate bovine, human and guinea pig complement, the factor(s) from T. congolense was observed to activate bovine complement, but not guinea pig and only slightly human complement. The roles of complement activating factor(s) of trypanosomes in the pathology of the disease are discussed.", "PMID": 330194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11453", "title": "Synthetic identification as a hexapeptide of alpha substance-IB inducing sexual agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "For the identification of a peptidyl principle inducing sexual agglutination in the yeast, 2 supposed hexapeptides (1a, b) were synthesized by the conventional method. The 1a (H-Arg-Gly-Pro-Phe-Pro-Ile-OH) revealed complete identity with the natural peptide in TLC, MS and biological property on agglutination. The 1b showed the sexual agglutinability in the same degree as 1a, though distinct differences were observed in the chemical data. Both 1a and 1b had a strong bitter taste.", "contents": "Synthetic identification as a hexapeptide of alpha substance-IB inducing sexual agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For the identification of a peptidyl principle inducing sexual agglutination in the yeast, 2 supposed hexapeptides (1a, b) were synthesized by the conventional method. The 1a (H-Arg-Gly-Pro-Phe-Pro-Ile-OH) revealed complete identity with the natural peptide in TLC, MS and biological property on agglutination. The 1b showed the sexual agglutinability in the same degree as 1a, though distinct differences were observed in the chemical data. Both 1a and 1b had a strong bitter taste.", "PMID": 330197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11454", "title": "Effects of bilateral lesions of the nuclei habenulae on plasma thyroxine levels in Japanese quail.", "content": "Electrolytic bilateral lesions of th nuclei habenulae were made in male, adult photostimulated quail. Habenular destruction led to a marked decrease in the plasma thyroxine level (40%), whereas sham operated birds did not differ from controls. This result appears to be somewhat different from those obtained in mammals and the mechanisms of habenular-thyroid interrelationships are unknown.", "contents": "Effects of bilateral lesions of the nuclei habenulae on plasma thyroxine levels in Japanese quail. Electrolytic bilateral lesions of th nuclei habenulae were made in male, adult photostimulated quail. Habenular destruction led to a marked decrease in the plasma thyroxine level (40%), whereas sham operated birds did not differ from controls. This result appears to be somewhat different from those obtained in mammals and the mechanisms of habenular-thyroid interrelationships are unknown.", "PMID": 330200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11455", "title": "Establishment of serum based essentiall free of proteolytic activity for the culture of mouse pancreatic islets.", "content": "The present study demonstrates that a) serum based culture medium degrades 125I inhibits its proteolytic activity leading to the recovery of more insulin secreted by islets cultured in the presence of high glucose concentration alone or with glucagon; c) aprotinin also favoured the accumulation of secreted insulin by protecting the hormone from a residual degradative capacity of the hear treated serum.", "contents": "Establishment of serum based essentiall free of proteolytic activity for the culture of mouse pancreatic islets. The present study demonstrates that a) serum based culture medium degrades 125I inhibits its proteolytic activity leading to the recovery of more insulin secreted by islets cultured in the presence of high glucose concentration alone or with glucagon; c) aprotinin also favoured the accumulation of secreted insulin by protecting the hormone from a residual degradative capacity of the hear treated serum.", "PMID": 330202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11456", "title": "Correlation between the susceptibility of E. coli to phagocytosis and their ability to invade HeLa cells in vitro.", "content": "The susceptibility of several strains of E. coli to phagocytic killing by polymorphonuclear lencocytes and the ability of the same strains to invade HeLa cells were studied. It was found that only the strains resistant to killing by leucocytes were able to penetrate and multiply within HeLa cells.", "contents": "Correlation between the susceptibility of E. coli to phagocytosis and their ability to invade HeLa cells in vitro. The susceptibility of several strains of E. coli to phagocytic killing by polymorphonuclear lencocytes and the ability of the same strains to invade HeLa cells were studied. It was found that only the strains resistant to killing by leucocytes were able to penetrate and multiply within HeLa cells.", "PMID": 330203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11457", "title": "Inhibition by verapamil of ionophore-mediated calcium translocation.", "content": "Verapamil and other organic calcium-antagonists inhibit the A23187-mediated translocation of calcium from an aqueous into an organic phase.", "contents": "Inhibition by verapamil of ionophore-mediated calcium translocation. Verapamil and other organic calcium-antagonists inhibit the A23187-mediated translocation of calcium from an aqueous into an organic phase.", "PMID": 330204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11458", "title": "In vitro mutagenicity of the soil nematicide 1,3-dichloropropene.", "content": "The cis- and trans-isomers of 1,3-dichloropropene have been tested in the Ames mutagenicity assay system on Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA 1535. Both isomers have been found to be mutagenic even without microsomal activation.", "contents": "In vitro mutagenicity of the soil nematicide 1,3-dichloropropene. The cis- and trans-isomers of 1,3-dichloropropene have been tested in the Ames mutagenicity assay system on Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA 1535. Both isomers have been found to be mutagenic even without microsomal activation.", "PMID": 330205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11459", "title": "Intracellular localization of calcitonin in the C cells of the rat.", "content": "Specific localization of C cells at the electron microscope level was achieved by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The hormone is present in the electron dense granules. The presence of granules apparently devoid of calcitonin was also detected.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of calcitonin in the C cells of the rat. Specific localization of C cells at the electron microscope level was achieved by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The hormone is present in the electron dense granules. The presence of granules apparently devoid of calcitonin was also detected.", "PMID": 330206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11460", "title": "Eye lens development and gamma crystallins in Discoglossus pictus (Anura).", "content": "The ontogeny and localization of the gamma crystallins in Discoglossus pictus lens development has been determined. Using antibody specific for amphibian gamma crystallins in the immunofluorescence technique, it was found that gamma crystallins first appear in primary lens fibre cells in the lens rudiment, and continue to be restricted to the fibre area as lens development progresses. Thus the role of gamma crystallins as indicators of a differentiated state remains constant in amphibian evolution, having been demonstrated in the most archaic anuran superfamily, as well as in others more recently evolved.", "contents": "Eye lens development and gamma crystallins in Discoglossus pictus (Anura). The ontogeny and localization of the gamma crystallins in Discoglossus pictus lens development has been determined. Using antibody specific for amphibian gamma crystallins in the immunofluorescence technique, it was found that gamma crystallins first appear in primary lens fibre cells in the lens rudiment, and continue to be restricted to the fibre area as lens development progresses. Thus the role of gamma crystallins as indicators of a differentiated state remains constant in amphibian evolution, having been demonstrated in the most archaic anuran superfamily, as well as in others more recently evolved.", "PMID": 330207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11461", "title": "The enterohepatic circulation of conjugated bile acids in healthy man: quantitative description and functions.", "content": "A multicompartmental model describing the enterohepatic circulation of conjugated bile acids in man under steady-state conditions is proposed. The model encompasses conjugation; deconjugation and reconjugation; dehydroxylation; sulfation, desulfation and resulfation; dehydrogenation; and stereoselective rehydrogenation. A dynamic description of the enterohepatic circulation and a brief description of bile acid functions in health and dysfunctions in disease are also discussed.", "contents": "The enterohepatic circulation of conjugated bile acids in healthy man: quantitative description and functions. A multicompartmental model describing the enterohepatic circulation of conjugated bile acids in man under steady-state conditions is proposed. The model encompasses conjugation; deconjugation and reconjugation; dehydroxylation; sulfation, desulfation and resulfation; dehydrogenation; and stereoselective rehydrogenation. A dynamic description of the enterohepatic circulation and a brief description of bile acid functions in health and dysfunctions in disease are also discussed.", "PMID": 330215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11462", "title": "Primary amides of bis-(2-carboxyphenyl)-disulfides with antimycotic activity.", "content": "A series of bis-amides of 2,2'-dicarboxydiphenyldisulfides with monosubstituted N-alkyl groups (substances I leads to XXVI) or N-aralkyl groups (substances XXVI leads to XLII) was prepared and examined for in vitro antifungal activity. The substances were obtained by condensing the chloride of 2,2'-dicarboxydiphenyldisulfide with suitable amines. The fungistatic activity of the products was tested in vitro against the following four strains: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The results obtained summarised in Tables I and II amplify the structure-antifungal activity relationships of this class of compound. The most active compounds proved to be bis-(N-n.heptyl-2-carboxami-dophenyl)disulfide (XX) and bis-(N-beta-4Cl-phenylethyl-2-carboxamidophenyl)disulfide (XXXV).", "contents": "Primary amides of bis-(2-carboxyphenyl)-disulfides with antimycotic activity. A series of bis-amides of 2,2'-dicarboxydiphenyldisulfides with monosubstituted N-alkyl groups (substances I leads to XXVI) or N-aralkyl groups (substances XXVI leads to XLII) was prepared and examined for in vitro antifungal activity. The substances were obtained by condensing the chloride of 2,2'-dicarboxydiphenyldisulfide with suitable amines. The fungistatic activity of the products was tested in vitro against the following four strains: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The results obtained summarised in Tables I and II amplify the structure-antifungal activity relationships of this class of compound. The most active compounds proved to be bis-(N-n.heptyl-2-carboxami-dophenyl)disulfide (XX) and bis-(N-beta-4Cl-phenylethyl-2-carboxamidophenyl)disulfide (XXXV).", "PMID": 330218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11463", "title": "Effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis and metabolism on ovum transport in the rabbit.", "content": "Several drugs known to affect prostaglandin synthesis, release, or metabolism have been tested for their effects on ovum transport in the rabbit after systemic or local administration. Acceleration of transport was obtained with several drugs; among the most effective were benzydamine, a blocker of thromboxane production, and L11204, an inhibitor of prostaglandin metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis and metabolism on ovum transport in the rabbit. Several drugs known to affect prostaglandin synthesis, release, or metabolism have been tested for their effects on ovum transport in the rabbit after systemic or local administration. Acceleration of transport was obtained with several drugs; among the most effective were benzydamine, a blocker of thromboxane production, and L11204, an inhibitor of prostaglandin metabolism.", "PMID": 330261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11464", "title": "[Disorders in automatism and atrioventricular conduction during Luciani periods].", "content": "In isolated perfused hearts of rabbits and in spontaneously active preparations of the Purkinje fibers, conditions for occurrence of Luciani's periods were studied. Hypoxia, inhibitors of energy metabolism, inhibitor of the membrane Na+, K+ - ATPase ouabain, and acetylcholin were shown to induce primarily disturbances of the intracardiac conduction up to complete atrioventricular blockade in isolated hearts, periodic asystolia of ventricles occurring under these conditions only. With the aid of microelectrode recording of transmembrane potentials, Luciani's periods were found to be a periodic suppression of the Purkinje fibers' automatism. As distinct from the ventricles, no Luciani's periods occur in atria which indicates functional stability of the nomotopic pace-maker of the heart: the sino-atrial node.", "contents": "[Disorders in automatism and atrioventricular conduction during Luciani periods]. In isolated perfused hearts of rabbits and in spontaneously active preparations of the Purkinje fibers, conditions for occurrence of Luciani's periods were studied. Hypoxia, inhibitors of energy metabolism, inhibitor of the membrane Na+, K+ - ATPase ouabain, and acetylcholin were shown to induce primarily disturbances of the intracardiac conduction up to complete atrioventricular blockade in isolated hearts, periodic asystolia of ventricles occurring under these conditions only. With the aid of microelectrode recording of transmembrane potentials, Luciani's periods were found to be a periodic suppression of the Purkinje fibers' automatism. As distinct from the ventricles, no Luciani's periods occur in atria which indicates functional stability of the nomotopic pace-maker of the heart: the sino-atrial node.", "PMID": 330267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11465", "title": "Age and parity influences on maternal mortality: United States, 1919-1969.", "content": "Comparisons of crude and standardized rates of maternal mortality show that changes in age and parity distributions of births had some influence on maternal mortality trends for the years 1919-1969 in the United States. Changes in the age and parity distributions of births for cohorts of U.S. women also influenced crude cohort maternal mortality rates to some extent.", "contents": "Age and parity influences on maternal mortality: United States, 1919-1969. Comparisons of crude and standardized rates of maternal mortality show that changes in age and parity distributions of births had some influence on maternal mortality trends for the years 1919-1969 in the United States. Changes in the age and parity distributions of births for cohorts of U.S. women also influenced crude cohort maternal mortality rates to some extent.", "PMID": 330269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11466", "title": "Mortality in nineteenth century America: estimates from New York and Pennsylvania census data, 1865 and 1900.", "content": "Given the lack of information on mortality in the nineteenth century United States, it seems appropriate to apply techniques which have been created for mortality estimation for developing nations with inadequate vital registration data, to the historical American experience. Two such related sets of techniques are the brass, Sullivan, and Trussell methods and the technique here called the Surviving Children Method, which utilizes the age structure of surviving children and the number of children ever born to women in various age or duration of marriage categories. Both techniques estimate child mortality. Coale and Demeny model life tables are used to extend child mortality estimates to adult mortality. The techniques are applied to census manuscript samples from seven New York counties in 1865 and seven Pennsylvania counties in 1900, both censuses having information on children ever born. The estimates confirm a drop in mortality between 1865 and 1900 in New York and large differentials between native and foreigh-born populations as well as between rural and urban populations.", "contents": "Mortality in nineteenth century America: estimates from New York and Pennsylvania census data, 1865 and 1900. Given the lack of information on mortality in the nineteenth century United States, it seems appropriate to apply techniques which have been created for mortality estimation for developing nations with inadequate vital registration data, to the historical American experience. Two such related sets of techniques are the brass, Sullivan, and Trussell methods and the technique here called the Surviving Children Method, which utilizes the age structure of surviving children and the number of children ever born to women in various age or duration of marriage categories. Both techniques estimate child mortality. Coale and Demeny model life tables are used to extend child mortality estimates to adult mortality. The techniques are applied to census manuscript samples from seven New York counties in 1865 and seven Pennsylvania counties in 1900, both censuses having information on children ever born. The estimates confirm a drop in mortality between 1865 and 1900 in New York and large differentials between native and foreigh-born populations as well as between rural and urban populations.", "PMID": 330270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11467", "title": "The size-density hypothesis in Great Britain: analysis of a deviant case.", "content": "Recent studies have found size of territorial units to vary inversely with population density, the only exception to this regularity being Great Britain, where size and density were found to be unrelated. The present research accounts for this anomaly by demonstrating Britain's historical conformity to the size-density relation. The size-density hypothesis is further supported by direct test, made possible by a recent reorganization of british counties. Results show that reorganization has restored the expected inverse relation between size and density and has restructured the size and density of counties in a manner precisely specified by underlying theory.", "contents": "The size-density hypothesis in Great Britain: analysis of a deviant case. Recent studies have found size of territorial units to vary inversely with population density, the only exception to this regularity being Great Britain, where size and density were found to be unrelated. The present research accounts for this anomaly by demonstrating Britain's historical conformity to the size-density relation. The size-density hypothesis is further supported by direct test, made possible by a recent reorganization of british counties. Results show that reorganization has restored the expected inverse relation between size and density and has restructured the size and density of counties in a manner precisely specified by underlying theory.", "PMID": 330271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11468", "title": "Epithelium of the human palatal tonsil used for new test antigen in  IIF examination (for pemphigus, pemphigoid antibodies and ANA).", "content": "The author presents the results of IIF examinations for pemphigus, pemphigoid antibodies and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) on the epithelium of the human palatal tonsil obtained by tonsillectomy in patients with chronic hypertrophic tonsillitis. Tonsil epithelium is more sensitive to intercellular antibodies (IC Ab), and antibodies of the basal membrane zone (BMZ Ab) than sample tissue of the monkey esophagus, while its reaction to ANA is the same or even weaker than monkey esophagus.", "contents": "Epithelium of the human palatal tonsil used for new test antigen in  IIF examination (for pemphigus, pemphigoid antibodies and ANA). The author presents the results of IIF examinations for pemphigus, pemphigoid antibodies and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) on the epithelium of the human palatal tonsil obtained by tonsillectomy in patients with chronic hypertrophic tonsillitis. Tonsil epithelium is more sensitive to intercellular antibodies (IC Ab), and antibodies of the basal membrane zone (BMZ Ab) than sample tissue of the monkey esophagus, while its reaction to ANA is the same or even weaker than monkey esophagus.", "PMID": 330273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11469", "title": "Gastro-intestinal blood loss during administration of indoprofen, aspirin and ibuprofen.", "content": "The acute effect of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and indoprofen, on faecal blood loss was investigated in 15 subjects by means of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes. Ibuprofen (900 mg/day for 5 days) and indoprofen capsules and tablets (300 mg and 600 mg/day for 5 days, respectively) slightly increased the amount of blood eliminated in faeces. The increase was of the same order of magnitude for both doses of indoprofen. ASA (1,500 mg/day for 5 days) caused about a 6-fold increase in blood loss. Four days after withdrawal of ASA, faecal blood was still about twice as high as in faeces of subjects given ibuprofen and indoprofen. The method appears sensitive and reliable for comparison of the immediate effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on gastro-intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "Gastro-intestinal blood loss during administration of indoprofen, aspirin and ibuprofen. The acute effect of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and indoprofen, on faecal blood loss was investigated in 15 subjects by means of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes. Ibuprofen (900 mg/day for 5 days) and indoprofen capsules and tablets (300 mg and 600 mg/day for 5 days, respectively) slightly increased the amount of blood eliminated in faeces. The increase was of the same order of magnitude for both doses of indoprofen. ASA (1,500 mg/day for 5 days) caused about a 6-fold increase in blood loss. Four days after withdrawal of ASA, faecal blood was still about twice as high as in faeces of subjects given ibuprofen and indoprofen. The method appears sensitive and reliable for comparison of the immediate effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on gastro-intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 330286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11470", "title": "Mefenamic acid compared with ibuprofen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A randomized double-blind within-patient study of mefenamic acid compared with ibuprofen was performed on forty patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It was concluded that mefenamic acid and ibuprofen had an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect which was not significantly different in the dosages employed. Apart from six complaints of drowsiness of ibuprofen with two complaints on mefenamic acid, the side-effects were similar.", "contents": "Mefenamic acid compared with ibuprofen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized double-blind within-patient study of mefenamic acid compared with ibuprofen was performed on forty patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It was concluded that mefenamic acid and ibuprofen had an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect which was not significantly different in the dosages employed. Apart from six complaints of drowsiness of ibuprofen with two complaints on mefenamic acid, the side-effects were similar.", "PMID": 330287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11471", "title": "Diclofenac (Voltaren) for the treatment of osteo-arthrosis: a double-blind comparison with naproxen.", "content": "A double-blind, between-patient, comparative trial of diclofenac (Voltaren) and naproxen was carried out in 30 patients suffering from osteo-arthrosis of the hip or the knee. The drugs were given twice daily, morning and evening, during a period of two weeks. The daily dose was 100 mg for Voltaren and 500 mg for naproxen. The results indicate that Voltaren brought relief of pain and stiffness in a greater number of patients than did naproxen. The same finding was made regarding the influence on the range of joint movements, the difference reaching statistical significance. Voltaren appeared also to be better tolerated since the number of patients reporting side-effects was smaller and the complaints of less severity.", "contents": "Diclofenac (Voltaren) for the treatment of osteo-arthrosis: a double-blind comparison with naproxen. A double-blind, between-patient, comparative trial of diclofenac (Voltaren) and naproxen was carried out in 30 patients suffering from osteo-arthrosis of the hip or the knee. The drugs were given twice daily, morning and evening, during a period of two weeks. The daily dose was 100 mg for Voltaren and 500 mg for naproxen. The results indicate that Voltaren brought relief of pain and stiffness in a greater number of patients than did naproxen. The same finding was made regarding the influence on the range of joint movements, the difference reaching statistical significance. Voltaren appeared also to be better tolerated since the number of patients reporting side-effects was smaller and the complaints of less severity.", "PMID": 330288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11472", "title": "A double-blind parallel study of acetylcysteine-isoproterenol and saline-isoproterenol in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "A double-blind parallel study in patients with asthma compared the safety and efficacy of saline-isoproterenol (SI) and acetylcysteine-isoproterenol (AI), when administered at home as an aerosol, over a one-week period, using a conventional nebulizer compressor. Measurements of pulmonary function revealed statistically significant differences between the two therapies for FEV1 and FVC in favour of AI. In the group treated with AI, the average sputum viscosity after six days of treatment was significantly less than pre-treatment values, or when compared to the results with SI treatment. No serious side-effects were reported during treatment with either therapy. These results indicate that acetylcysteine combined with a bronchodilator, such as isoproterenol, may be safe and of significant value in the treatment of patients with asthma who are also sputum producers.", "contents": "A double-blind parallel study of acetylcysteine-isoproterenol and saline-isoproterenol in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. A double-blind parallel study in patients with asthma compared the safety and efficacy of saline-isoproterenol (SI) and acetylcysteine-isoproterenol (AI), when administered at home as an aerosol, over a one-week period, using a conventional nebulizer compressor. Measurements of pulmonary function revealed statistically significant differences between the two therapies for FEV1 and FVC in favour of AI. In the group treated with AI, the average sputum viscosity after six days of treatment was significantly less than pre-treatment values, or when compared to the results with SI treatment. No serious side-effects were reported during treatment with either therapy. These results indicate that acetylcysteine combined with a bronchodilator, such as isoproterenol, may be safe and of significant value in the treatment of patients with asthma who are also sputum producers.", "PMID": 330289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11473", "title": "Clinical trial comparison of two sustained release forms of amitriptyline.", "content": "A double-blind between-group trial was carried out in 50 depressed patients to compare the efficacy of two sustained release forms of amitriptyline--Lentizol and Tryptizol 75. Patients received either Lentizol 50 mg or Tryptizol 75 75 mg each evening for the first week of the trial, and these dosages were then doubled for a further four-week trial period, with the proviso that dosage for individual patients could be maintained at, or altered to, original level where considered necessary by the investigator. Lentizol gave equivalent therapeutic effect to Tryptizol 75 despite the fact that overall dosage was one-third less than in the case of the latter.", "contents": "Clinical trial comparison of two sustained release forms of amitriptyline. A double-blind between-group trial was carried out in 50 depressed patients to compare the efficacy of two sustained release forms of amitriptyline--Lentizol and Tryptizol 75. Patients received either Lentizol 50 mg or Tryptizol 75 75 mg each evening for the first week of the trial, and these dosages were then doubled for a further four-week trial period, with the proviso that dosage for individual patients could be maintained at, or altered to, original level where considered necessary by the investigator. Lentizol gave equivalent therapeutic effect to Tryptizol 75 despite the fact that overall dosage was one-third less than in the case of the latter.", "PMID": 330290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11474", "title": "A comparison of lomotil and imodium in acute non-specific diarrhoea.", "content": "A multicentre trial was conducted to compare Lomotil and Imodium in the treatment of acute non-specific diarrhoea in general practice. A total of eighty-three patients contributed to the study and were randomly allocated to one of the two treatments. No statistically significant differences were found betwwen the drugs in their efficacy and speed of action in alleviating diarrhoea or in their palliative effect on nausea/vomiting and abdominal pain when present.", "contents": "A comparison of lomotil and imodium in acute non-specific diarrhoea. A multicentre trial was conducted to compare Lomotil and Imodium in the treatment of acute non-specific diarrhoea in general practice. A total of eighty-three patients contributed to the study and were randomly allocated to one of the two treatments. No statistically significant differences were found betwwen the drugs in their efficacy and speed of action in alleviating diarrhoea or in their palliative effect on nausea/vomiting and abdominal pain when present.", "PMID": 330291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11475", "title": "Topical treatment of eczema with triamcinolone acetonide benzoyl-beta-amino-isobutyrate: a double-blind comparison with betamethasone dipropionate.", "content": "The results are reported of a double-blind study of the topical efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide benzoyl-beta-amino-isobutyrate (TBI), in 21 patients with symmetrically paired lesions of acute eczema. The effects were compared with those of betamethasone dipropionate. On the indication chosen, the two corticosteroids were equally efficacious; tolerance, also, was the same for both substances.", "contents": "Topical treatment of eczema with triamcinolone acetonide benzoyl-beta-amino-isobutyrate: a double-blind comparison with betamethasone dipropionate. The results are reported of a double-blind study of the topical efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide benzoyl-beta-amino-isobutyrate (TBI), in 21 patients with symmetrically paired lesions of acute eczema. The effects were compared with those of betamethasone dipropionate. On the indication chosen, the two corticosteroids were equally efficacious; tolerance, also, was the same for both substances.", "PMID": 330292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11476", "title": "Effects of cimetidine and poldine on nocturnal gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Cimetidine inhibited nocturnal secretion of acid but only slightly inhibited the nocturnal secretion of pepsin in patients with duodenal ulcer. Administration of cimetidine (200 or 400 mg), together with an anticholinergic drug (poldine), augmented the inhibition of the nocturnal secretion of acid and of pepsin. The combination of an H2-receptor-blocking drug with an anticholinergic drug will have therapeutic application in the management of duodenal ulceration.", "contents": "Effects of cimetidine and poldine on nocturnal gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer. Cimetidine inhibited nocturnal secretion of acid but only slightly inhibited the nocturnal secretion of pepsin in patients with duodenal ulcer. Administration of cimetidine (200 or 400 mg), together with an anticholinergic drug (poldine), augmented the inhibition of the nocturnal secretion of acid and of pepsin. The combination of an H2-receptor-blocking drug with an anticholinergic drug will have therapeutic application in the management of duodenal ulceration.", "PMID": 330296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11477", "title": "[CK MB versus total CK in the estimation of myocardial necrosis. Comparative kinetic analysis and evaluation of an immunological method].", "content": "It has been suggested that the adoption of a relatively specific marker of the myocardial cell, such as creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, can yield improved accuracy in estimating infarct size by serial serum sampling and compartmental analysis. Nevertheless, current methods for the evaluation of isoenzyme activity are cumbersome and unsuitable for clinical use. We have therefore employed a new test for the rapid determination of CK MB activity, based on the immunological inhibition of M subunities. In 19 patients not submitted either to intramuscular injection or to repeated defibrillations, a good correlation was found between indexes of necrosis based on MB and total CK determination (r = 0.94), with the cumulative MB release amounting to 16 +/- 4% of total CK. Significant differences were observed in 3 patients submitted to external cardiac massage (MB = 9 +/- 1% of total CK) thus suggesting a considerable extracardiac source of total CK due to the trauma of the skeletal muscle. The comparative kinetic analysis shows substantial differences between the two isoenzymes, not only concerning the greater disappearance rate of CK MB but, more significantly, related to a faster release of this isoenzyme from the myocardium, which has not been previously reported. The good correlations found between maximal appearance rate and cumulative enzyme release (r = 0.86) suggest that the former may represent an index of the rate of degradation of cellular membranes. Practical implications of these data are discussed.", "contents": "[CK MB versus total CK in the estimation of myocardial necrosis. Comparative kinetic analysis and evaluation of an immunological method]. It has been suggested that the adoption of a relatively specific marker of the myocardial cell, such as creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, can yield improved accuracy in estimating infarct size by serial serum sampling and compartmental analysis. Nevertheless, current methods for the evaluation of isoenzyme activity are cumbersome and unsuitable for clinical use. We have therefore employed a new test for the rapid determination of CK MB activity, based on the immunological inhibition of M subunities. In 19 patients not submitted either to intramuscular injection or to repeated defibrillations, a good correlation was found between indexes of necrosis based on MB and total CK determination (r = 0.94), with the cumulative MB release amounting to 16 +/- 4% of total CK. Significant differences were observed in 3 patients submitted to external cardiac massage (MB = 9 +/- 1% of total CK) thus suggesting a considerable extracardiac source of total CK due to the trauma of the skeletal muscle. The comparative kinetic analysis shows substantial differences between the two isoenzymes, not only concerning the greater disappearance rate of CK MB but, more significantly, related to a faster release of this isoenzyme from the myocardium, which has not been previously reported. The good correlations found between maximal appearance rate and cumulative enzyme release (r = 0.86) suggest that the former may represent an index of the rate of degradation of cellular membranes. Practical implications of these data are discussed.", "PMID": 330298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11478", "title": "Effect of cholestyramine on the symptoms of reflux gastritis. A randomized, double blind, crossover study.", "content": "Bile acids have been proposed to be important in the pathophysiology of the syndrome of \"bile reflux gastritis\" after surgery. To examine the role of cholestyramine, an ion exchange resin that binds bile acids, on symptoms of this syndrome, we did a randomized, double-blind crossover study on 16 patients. No differences in frequency of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or bitter taste were observed among cholestyramine (4 g, three times daily for 3 weeks), placebo, and routine (dietary restriction and ad libitum antacid) treatment periods. We conclude that this regimen of cholestyramine was ineffective in symptomatic treatment of bile reflux gastritis.", "contents": "Effect of cholestyramine on the symptoms of reflux gastritis. A randomized, double blind, crossover study. Bile acids have been proposed to be important in the pathophysiology of the syndrome of \"bile reflux gastritis\" after surgery. To examine the role of cholestyramine, an ion exchange resin that binds bile acids, on symptoms of this syndrome, we did a randomized, double-blind crossover study on 16 patients. No differences in frequency of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or bitter taste were observed among cholestyramine (4 g, three times daily for 3 weeks), placebo, and routine (dietary restriction and ad libitum antacid) treatment periods. We conclude that this regimen of cholestyramine was ineffective in symptomatic treatment of bile reflux gastritis.", "PMID": 330302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11479", "title": "Ulcerative colitis in a patient with anti-B lymphocytotoxin and hypogammaglobulinemia.", "content": "Lymphocytotoxins (LCT) have been recently reported in the serum of patients with inflammatory disease of the bowel, but up to now these antibodies have shown no specificity for B or T lymphocyte subpopulations. A 32-year-old patient with chronic ulcerative colitis, primary hypogammaglobulinemia and a very low number (0.5 to 1.5%) of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood is described. The presence in the serum of a LCT reacting specifically with B cells was demonstrated by cytotoxicity and direct immunofluorescence experiments. Intestinal immunofluorescence studies indicated a dichotomy between blood and gut immunoglobulins, and showed a heterogeneous distribution of plasma cells of the three major classes from the jejunum to the rectum. The significance of the association of hypogammaglobulinemia, chronic ulcerative colitis, and anti-B LCT is discussed. To explain the dissociation between blood and gut immunoglobulins, it is suggested that the intestine was, in this patient, a privileged site for differentiation of B cells.", "contents": "Ulcerative colitis in a patient with anti-B lymphocytotoxin and hypogammaglobulinemia. Lymphocytotoxins (LCT) have been recently reported in the serum of patients with inflammatory disease of the bowel, but up to now these antibodies have shown no specificity for B or T lymphocyte subpopulations. A 32-year-old patient with chronic ulcerative colitis, primary hypogammaglobulinemia and a very low number (0.5 to 1.5%) of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood is described. The presence in the serum of a LCT reacting specifically with B cells was demonstrated by cytotoxicity and direct immunofluorescence experiments. Intestinal immunofluorescence studies indicated a dichotomy between blood and gut immunoglobulins, and showed a heterogeneous distribution of plasma cells of the three major classes from the jejunum to the rectum. The significance of the association of hypogammaglobulinemia, chronic ulcerative colitis, and anti-B LCT is discussed. To explain the dissociation between blood and gut immunoglobulins, it is suggested that the intestine was, in this patient, a privileged site for differentiation of B cells.", "PMID": 330304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11480", "title": "Correlation between titer of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and presence of viral antigens in the liver.", "content": "Liver specimens of 31 autopsied cases of liver cirrhosis who had had detectable levels of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) inthe serum were stained for hepatitis  B core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) by the direct immunofluorescence method. Their premortem serum samples were tested for HBSAg, antibody to HBSAg (anti-HBS) and anti-HBC. Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as judged by circulating and/or liver HB antigens was identified in 18 patients, and all of them revealed a high titer of anti-HBC ranging from 2(11) to 2(16) by the immune adherence hemagglutination method. In contrast, anti-HBC titer of the remaining 13 patients without detectable HB antigens was less than 2(9), and the geometric mean titer of anti-HBC of the patients with persistent HBV infection was significantly higher than that of the patients without (13.9+/-1.55 versus 7.23+/-1.30; t test, P less than 0.001). A combination of circulating anti-HBS and hepatic HB antigens was found in one patient, whose serum revealed an anti-HBC titer of 2(12). On the basis of these results, a high titer of anti-HBC in the serum (immune adherence hemagglutination titer of 2(11) or more) seems to be a reliable indicator of persistent HBV infection in the liver.", "contents": "Correlation between titer of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and presence of viral antigens in the liver. Liver specimens of 31 autopsied cases of liver cirrhosis who had had detectable levels of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) inthe serum were stained for hepatitis  B core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) by the direct immunofluorescence method. Their premortem serum samples were tested for HBSAg, antibody to HBSAg (anti-HBS) and anti-HBC. Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as judged by circulating and/or liver HB antigens was identified in 18 patients, and all of them revealed a high titer of anti-HBC ranging from 2(11) to 2(16) by the immune adherence hemagglutination method. In contrast, anti-HBC titer of the remaining 13 patients without detectable HB antigens was less than 2(9), and the geometric mean titer of anti-HBC of the patients with persistent HBV infection was significantly higher than that of the patients without (13.9+/-1.55 versus 7.23+/-1.30; t test, P less than 0.001). A combination of circulating anti-HBS and hepatic HB antigens was found in one patient, whose serum revealed an anti-HBC titer of 2(12). On the basis of these results, a high titer of anti-HBC in the serum (immune adherence hemagglutination titer of 2(11) or more) seems to be a reliable indicator of persistent HBV infection in the liver.", "PMID": 330306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11481", "title": "Symptomatic treatment of diarrhea with bismuth subsalicylate among students attending a Mexican university.", "content": "Students attending a Mexican university who developed diarrhea were randomly treated with bismuth subsalicylate or a placebo. One hundred and eleven were given 30 ml each 1/2 hr until eight doses (total dose of active drug 4.2 g) were given and 58 students received twice this dose (8.2 g of active drug) over the 3 1/2-hr treatment period. The number of unformed stools was significantly decreased in both bismuth subsalicylate treatment groups compared to the placebo controls for the period 4 to 24 hr after therapy. A reduction in diarrhea was additionally noted for the duration of the 48-hr surveillance period for the students receiving the higher dose of active drug. Subjective relief within 24 hr of therapy of the symptoms of diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain or cramps was reported with a significantly increased frequency in the bismuth subsalicylate group. The most pronounced effect of the treatment occurred in the United States students with diarrhea who had recently arrived in Mexico. This appeared to be related to the favorable effect of bismut subsalicylate on the course of toxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Students with shigellosis did not experience a prolonged illness in either treatment group.", "contents": "Symptomatic treatment of diarrhea with bismuth subsalicylate among students attending a Mexican university. Students attending a Mexican university who developed diarrhea were randomly treated with bismuth subsalicylate or a placebo. One hundred and eleven were given 30 ml each 1/2 hr until eight doses (total dose of active drug 4.2 g) were given and 58 students received twice this dose (8.2 g of active drug) over the 3 1/2-hr treatment period. The number of unformed stools was significantly decreased in both bismuth subsalicylate treatment groups compared to the placebo controls for the period 4 to 24 hr after therapy. A reduction in diarrhea was additionally noted for the duration of the 48-hr surveillance period for the students receiving the higher dose of active drug. Subjective relief within 24 hr of therapy of the symptoms of diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain or cramps was reported with a significantly increased frequency in the bismuth subsalicylate group. The most pronounced effect of the treatment occurred in the United States students with diarrhea who had recently arrived in Mexico. This appeared to be related to the favorable effect of bismut subsalicylate on the course of toxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Students with shigellosis did not experience a prolonged illness in either treatment group.", "PMID": 330307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11482", "title": "Frequencies of twelve ascus-types and arrangement of three genes from tetrad data.", "content": "Equations expressing the theoretical frequencies of twelve ascus-types in the tetrad analysis of a triply heterozygous diploid are described. Using these equations, a mapping procedure for a gene X, is proposed. The procedure requires that two genes, X and Y, of the same phenotype be heterozygous and that the map position of Y be known, and that another standard gene, Z, show an independent phenotype from X and Y. This procedure does not require the laborious allelism test of the segregants to determine the allelic 2:2 segregation in tetrads for the X and Y genes, which is indispensable for mapping by the conventional procedure. The exact placement of the X gene on a chromosome is possible by the chi2 minimization procedure in comparison with the expected frequencies of the six ascus-types or four spore-types deduced from the twelve expected ascus-types to give the optimal fit with the observed data.", "contents": "Frequencies of twelve ascus-types and arrangement of three genes from tetrad data. Equations expressing the theoretical frequencies of twelve ascus-types in the tetrad analysis of a triply heterozygous diploid are described. Using these equations, a mapping procedure for a gene X, is proposed. The procedure requires that two genes, X and Y, of the same phenotype be heterozygous and that the map position of Y be known, and that another standard gene, Z, show an independent phenotype from X and Y. This procedure does not require the laborious allelism test of the segregants to determine the allelic 2:2 segregation in tetrads for the X and Y genes, which is indispensable for mapping by the conventional procedure. The exact placement of the X gene on a chromosome is possible by the chi2 minimization procedure in comparison with the expected frequencies of the six ascus-types or four spore-types deduced from the twelve expected ascus-types to give the optimal fit with the observed data.", "PMID": 330312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11483", "title": "[Identification of 3 genes in the F-plasmid of Escherichia coli K-12].", "content": "The F'argG plasmid and its two transfer-deficient (tra-) analogues have been used to analyse the pleiotropic effect of a mutation in the integrated F-factor of HfrC strain. This mutation has been shown to disturb the functioning of at least three plasmid genes constituting, probably, a single regulon: the rsf gene determining the production of recombination-stimulating factor via conjugation (RSF); the prt gene responsible for the protective effect of the plasmid against N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, methyl methanesulphonate and UV-irradiation; the rep gene the product of which can be involved in the control of Hfr-chromosome replication. Possible location and order of the genes in the F-plasmid are discussed.", "contents": "[Identification of 3 genes in the F-plasmid of Escherichia coli K-12]. The F'argG plasmid and its two transfer-deficient (tra-) analogues have been used to analyse the pleiotropic effect of a mutation in the integrated F-factor of HfrC strain. This mutation has been shown to disturb the functioning of at least three plasmid genes constituting, probably, a single regulon: the rsf gene determining the production of recombination-stimulating factor via conjugation (RSF); the prt gene responsible for the protective effect of the plasmid against N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, methyl methanesulphonate and UV-irradiation; the rep gene the product of which can be involved in the control of Hfr-chromosome replication. Possible location and order of the genes in the F-plasmid are discussed.", "PMID": 330313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11484", "title": "[Mutation of bacteriophage T4 restoring phage supressor psul+ activity in bacterial strain Escherichia coli BN].", "content": "The mutant of bacteriophage T4psu1+XF2 carrying a mutational aleration in the central region of proline-serine tRNA precursor is isolated. The mutational alteration results in the recovery of amber suppressor activity of phage psu1+ serine tRNA in Escherichia coli BN in which the synthesis of this tRNA is normally blocked. Since the amber suppressor activity of mutant serine tRNA becomes sensitive to a restrictive action of strR mutations, its structure seems to be different from that of parental suppressor serine tRNA.", "contents": "[Mutation of bacteriophage T4 restoring phage supressor psul+ activity in bacterial strain Escherichia coli BN]. The mutant of bacteriophage T4psu1+XF2 carrying a mutational aleration in the central region of proline-serine tRNA precursor is isolated. The mutational alteration results in the recovery of amber suppressor activity of phage psu1+ serine tRNA in Escherichia coli BN in which the synthesis of this tRNA is normally blocked. Since the amber suppressor activity of mutant serine tRNA becomes sensitive to a restrictive action of strR mutations, its structure seems to be different from that of parental suppressor serine tRNA.", "PMID": 330314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11485", "title": "[Genetic control of recombination processes in Aspergillus nidulans. I. Effect of uvs-mutations on the frequency of spontaneous and ultraviolet ray-induced intergenic recombination].", "content": "Effect of 3 uvs mutations (uvs 12, 19 and 25) on recombination processes in Aspergillus nidulans is studied. All the mutations are found either to affect the fertility of carp bodies and germination ability of askospores, or result in complete inability of heterokaryons to form cleistocarpia. Two mutations change the frequency of spontaneous meitotic crossing-over at pro-paba region of the chromosome I and do not affect the rate of mitotic recombination at w-centromeric region of the chromosome II: uvs 12 mutation increases, and uvs 19 mutation decreases the frequency of meiotic recombination. One mutation (uvs 25) decreases the rate of spontaneous mitotic crossing-over. All uvs mutations decrease the frequency of VU light induced mitotic recombination at w-centromeric region of the chromosome II. The data obtained, together with earlier reported characteristics of uvs mutants, suggest that recombination mechanisms in yeast participate in reparation processes more actively than in prokariotes. Different effects of the same uvs mutations on spontaneous frequency of meiotic and mitotic crossing-over draw to the conclusion that genetic control and molecular mechanisms of these processes in A. nidulans are not identical.", "contents": "[Genetic control of recombination processes in Aspergillus nidulans. I. Effect of uvs-mutations on the frequency of spontaneous and ultraviolet ray-induced intergenic recombination]. Effect of 3 uvs mutations (uvs 12, 19 and 25) on recombination processes in Aspergillus nidulans is studied. All the mutations are found either to affect the fertility of carp bodies and germination ability of askospores, or result in complete inability of heterokaryons to form cleistocarpia. Two mutations change the frequency of spontaneous meitotic crossing-over at pro-paba region of the chromosome I and do not affect the rate of mitotic recombination at w-centromeric region of the chromosome II: uvs 12 mutation increases, and uvs 19 mutation decreases the frequency of meiotic recombination. One mutation (uvs 25) decreases the rate of spontaneous mitotic crossing-over. All uvs mutations decrease the frequency of VU light induced mitotic recombination at w-centromeric region of the chromosome II. The data obtained, together with earlier reported characteristics of uvs mutants, suggest that recombination mechanisms in yeast participate in reparation processes more actively than in prokariotes. Different effects of the same uvs mutations on spontaneous frequency of meiotic and mitotic crossing-over draw to the conclusion that genetic control and molecular mechanisms of these processes in A. nidulans are not identical.", "PMID": 330315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11486", "title": "[Isolation and properties of merodiploid strains with F-factor including the pts-region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome].", "content": "A technique of hybridization of haploid methanol-utilizing yeast Pichia pinus MH4 is worked out using UV- and N-nitrosoguanidine-induced auxotrophic mutants. Vegetative diploid cultures are isolated. Tetrad analysis and random spore analysis have revealed a meiotic nature of spores, recombination of genetic material in the process of sporulation and the chromosomal nature of some mutations. A possibility to construct a genetic map of the yeast Pichia pinus MH4 is demonstrated on the basis of tetrad analysis. Three linkage groups are revealed. The life cycle in a homothalic haploid yeast, Pichia pinus, was demonstrated. They are capable to form zygotes and meiotic spores under conditions preventing vegetative growth.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of merodiploid strains with F-factor including the pts-region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome]. A technique of hybridization of haploid methanol-utilizing yeast Pichia pinus MH4 is worked out using UV- and N-nitrosoguanidine-induced auxotrophic mutants. Vegetative diploid cultures are isolated. Tetrad analysis and random spore analysis have revealed a meiotic nature of spores, recombination of genetic material in the process of sporulation and the chromosomal nature of some mutations. A possibility to construct a genetic map of the yeast Pichia pinus MH4 is demonstrated on the basis of tetrad analysis. Three linkage groups are revealed. The life cycle in a homothalic haploid yeast, Pichia pinus, was demonstrated. They are capable to form zygotes and meiotic spores under conditions preventing vegetative growth.", "PMID": 330316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11487", "title": "[Recombination of amber mutants of bacteriophage T4B. II. Localization of amber mutants on maps of genes 30, 34, 35, 36 and 38].", "content": "Localization of 275 amber mutants of five genes of phage T4B (30, 34, 35, 36 and 38) on genetic maps allowed us to determine the recombination length of these genes. Gene 34 substantially differs from the rest studied genes by numbers of amber mutants isolated in each gene and by recombination frequency. In particular, according to the results of crossing the flank markers, the recombination length of gene 34 is 10 times greater than in gene 38; using the summary value of recombination frequencies between elementary intervals a 20-fold excess of the length of gene 34 compared with the length of gene 38 was receieved. Molecular weight of the product of gene 34 is only 6 times as great as in gene 38. An elevated recombination frequency was also detected in gene 35. The data obtained indicate a local recombination anomaly at the region of genes 34--35 of bacteriophage T4 genome.", "contents": "[Recombination of amber mutants of bacteriophage T4B. II. Localization of amber mutants on maps of genes 30, 34, 35, 36 and 38]. Localization of 275 amber mutants of five genes of phage T4B (30, 34, 35, 36 and 38) on genetic maps allowed us to determine the recombination length of these genes. Gene 34 substantially differs from the rest studied genes by numbers of amber mutants isolated in each gene and by recombination frequency. In particular, according to the results of crossing the flank markers, the recombination length of gene 34 is 10 times greater than in gene 38; using the summary value of recombination frequencies between elementary intervals a 20-fold excess of the length of gene 34 compared with the length of gene 38 was receieved. Molecular weight of the product of gene 34 is only 6 times as great as in gene 38. An elevated recombination frequency was also detected in gene 35. The data obtained indicate a local recombination anomaly at the region of genes 34--35 of bacteriophage T4 genome.", "PMID": 330318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11488", "title": "[Effect of amino acid substitutions in the polypeptide chain of DNA-polymerase on manifestation of the mutator effect].", "content": "Thin map of gene 43, controlling the synthesis of T4 DNA polymerase, is obtained by mapping experiments performed with 39 amber mutants, and is used for analysis of the sites of DNA polymerase gene from the point of view of displaying the mutator effect. The mutant sites studied possessed different reaction on amino acid substitutions in the polypeptide chain of the enzyme. Most of sites of the DNA polymerase gene, with the exception of two \"supersensitive\", responsed only on the apparent type of the amino acid substitutions: the mutator effect of amber mutations, which are located at these sites, was exhibited only in the case of insertion of the definite amino acid in the respective point of polypeptide chain. The proposed system of amber mutations for studying the mutator effect, allowed the authors to obtain the data on the effect of concrete alterations in the polypeptide chain of the enzyme on the development of its mutator properties.", "contents": "[Effect of amino acid substitutions in the polypeptide chain of DNA-polymerase on manifestation of the mutator effect]. Thin map of gene 43, controlling the synthesis of T4 DNA polymerase, is obtained by mapping experiments performed with 39 amber mutants, and is used for analysis of the sites of DNA polymerase gene from the point of view of displaying the mutator effect. The mutant sites studied possessed different reaction on amino acid substitutions in the polypeptide chain of the enzyme. Most of sites of the DNA polymerase gene, with the exception of two \"supersensitive\", responsed only on the apparent type of the amino acid substitutions: the mutator effect of amber mutations, which are located at these sites, was exhibited only in the case of insertion of the definite amino acid in the respective point of polypeptide chain. The proposed system of amber mutations for studying the mutator effect, allowed the authors to obtain the data on the effect of concrete alterations in the polypeptide chain of the enzyme on the development of its mutator properties.", "PMID": 330319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11489", "title": "[IS-elements and their role in genetic recombination].", "content": "The data concerning the biological functions and properties of short specific polynucleotide sequences (so called insertion sequences--IS) are reviewed. IS elements integrated in a genome can lead to strongly polar mutations in Escherichia coli, its bacteriophages and plasmids, while some IS (IS2) being integrated in inverted orientation turn on the gene activity. Several copies of the IS elements are present in the E. coli chromosome. A characteristic feature of IS is their ability to recA-independent migration along the bacterial chromosome. Possible mechanisms of IS integration are discussed. IS elements play the key role in the majority of recA-independent recombinational events: F-prime and partially Hfr-formation, plasmid recombination and dissociation, some cases of deletion formation etc. IS elements participate in recombination in the form of direct or inverted repeats. Direct repeats probably determine the processes of dissociation of the complete multicomponent R-factors and other plasmids. Inverted repeats (some of them are palindromes) are responsible for the migration of several drug-resistance determinants called transposons. Possible mechanisms of IS-dependent and probably IS-controlled recombination are discussed.", "contents": "[IS-elements and their role in genetic recombination]. The data concerning the biological functions and properties of short specific polynucleotide sequences (so called insertion sequences--IS) are reviewed. IS elements integrated in a genome can lead to strongly polar mutations in Escherichia coli, its bacteriophages and plasmids, while some IS (IS2) being integrated in inverted orientation turn on the gene activity. Several copies of the IS elements are present in the E. coli chromosome. A characteristic feature of IS is their ability to recA-independent migration along the bacterial chromosome. Possible mechanisms of IS integration are discussed. IS elements play the key role in the majority of recA-independent recombinational events: F-prime and partially Hfr-formation, plasmid recombination and dissociation, some cases of deletion formation etc. IS elements participate in recombination in the form of direct or inverted repeats. Direct repeats probably determine the processes of dissociation of the complete multicomponent R-factors and other plasmids. Inverted repeats (some of them are palindromes) are responsible for the migration of several drug-resistance determinants called transposons. Possible mechanisms of IS-dependent and probably IS-controlled recombination are discussed.", "PMID": 330320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11490", "title": "Antihypertensive therapy in elderly patients. Pilot trial of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly.", "content": "A study protocol for a double-blind randomised control trial of hypotensive treatment in elderly hypertensive patients has been tested in a number of pilot centres throughout Europe. It was shown that this study is possible from the logistic point of view. In these elderly patients, hydrochlorothiazide + triamterene treatment with or without methyldopa, maintained a significant hypotensive effect in the absence of major electrolyte disturbances. The initiation of hypotensive therapy did not provoke an excess of cardiovascular complications. The influence of hypotensive therapy on the general well-being and on the morbidity and the mortality of elderly patients with high blood pressure, is thereby being assessed. The study will continue for 5 years and other centres are invited to join.", "contents": "Antihypertensive therapy in elderly patients. Pilot trial of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. A study protocol for a double-blind randomised control trial of hypotensive treatment in elderly hypertensive patients has been tested in a number of pilot centres throughout Europe. It was shown that this study is possible from the logistic point of view. In these elderly patients, hydrochlorothiazide + triamterene treatment with or without methyldopa, maintained a significant hypotensive effect in the absence of major electrolyte disturbances. The initiation of hypotensive therapy did not provoke an excess of cardiovascular complications. The influence of hypotensive therapy on the general well-being and on the morbidity and the mortality of elderly patients with high blood pressure, is thereby being assessed. The study will continue for 5 years and other centres are invited to join.", "PMID": 330322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11491", "title": "Effect of prolonged feeding with chenodeoxycholic acid on bile in patients with and without gallstones.", "content": "Nineteen patients who received chenodeoxycholic acid 750 mg/day for six months had duodenal bile aspirated before and after treatment. In five patients with hypertriglyceridaemia but no gallstones cholesterol saturation was reversed in every case, the mean cholesterol saturation index (SI +/- standard deviation) changing from 1-38 +/- 0-31 to 0-68 +/- 0-06 (P less than 0-005). In 14 patients with gallstones there was also an improvement in bile cholesterol content, but this was not sufficient to produce mean unsaturation, saturation index changing from 1-55 +/- 0-52 to 1-13 +/- 0-43 (P less than 0-05). Only seven of 14 patients with gallstone achieved cholesterol unsaturation. In four patients with hypertriglyceridaemia and gallstones, mean unsaturation was produced and the saturation index changed from 1-70 +/- 0-45 to 0-86 +/- 0-47 (P less than 0-05). When all nine patients with hypertriglyceridaemia were grouped, the mean saturation index fell from 1-52 +/- 0-40 to 0-76 +/- 0-30 after therapy (P less than 0-001). In contrast the 10 patients without hypertriglyceridaemia showed no significant fall in saturation index which was 1-50 +/- 0-54 before and 1-24 +/- 0-40 after therapy. The ability of chenodeoxycholic acid feeding to improve bile saturation with cholesterol correlated with the presence of hypertriglyceridaemia whether or not gallstones were present. It did not correlate with gallstone dissolution or body weight.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged feeding with chenodeoxycholic acid on bile in patients with and without gallstones. Nineteen patients who received chenodeoxycholic acid 750 mg/day for six months had duodenal bile aspirated before and after treatment. In five patients with hypertriglyceridaemia but no gallstones cholesterol saturation was reversed in every case, the mean cholesterol saturation index (SI +/- standard deviation) changing from 1-38 +/- 0-31 to 0-68 +/- 0-06 (P less than 0-005). In 14 patients with gallstones there was also an improvement in bile cholesterol content, but this was not sufficient to produce mean unsaturation, saturation index changing from 1-55 +/- 0-52 to 1-13 +/- 0-43 (P less than 0-05). Only seven of 14 patients with gallstone achieved cholesterol unsaturation. In four patients with hypertriglyceridaemia and gallstones, mean unsaturation was produced and the saturation index changed from 1-70 +/- 0-45 to 0-86 +/- 0-47 (P less than 0-05). When all nine patients with hypertriglyceridaemia were grouped, the mean saturation index fell from 1-52 +/- 0-40 to 0-76 +/- 0-30 after therapy (P less than 0-001). In contrast the 10 patients without hypertriglyceridaemia showed no significant fall in saturation index which was 1-50 +/- 0-54 before and 1-24 +/- 0-40 after therapy. The ability of chenodeoxycholic acid feeding to improve bile saturation with cholesterol correlated with the presence of hypertriglyceridaemia whether or not gallstones were present. It did not correlate with gallstone dissolution or body weight.", "PMID": 330352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11492", "title": "Double-blind clinical trial on gastroduodenal ulcer healing with prostaglandin E2 analogues.", "content": "Seventy-seven patients with gastroduodenal ulcer were treated with two methyl-prostaglandin E2 analogues, m-PGE2, in a double-blind clinical trial. Each of three groups was given 15 S-15 methyl PGE2 methyl ester, 15 R-15 methyl PGE2 methyl ester, and placebo, respectively. Both forms of m-PGE2 analogues appeared to reduce gastric acid secretion, to shorten ulcer healing, and also to produce some side-effects, form 'S' being the more potent. Prompt healing of the ulcer with these agents did not prevent the recurrence of the disease. As the serum gastrin response to a meal after m-PGE2 administration was not reduced, this agent seems directly to affect oxynthic cells.", "contents": "Double-blind clinical trial on gastroduodenal ulcer healing with prostaglandin E2 analogues. Seventy-seven patients with gastroduodenal ulcer were treated with two methyl-prostaglandin E2 analogues, m-PGE2, in a double-blind clinical trial. Each of three groups was given 15 S-15 methyl PGE2 methyl ester, 15 R-15 methyl PGE2 methyl ester, and placebo, respectively. Both forms of m-PGE2 analogues appeared to reduce gastric acid secretion, to shorten ulcer healing, and also to produce some side-effects, form 'S' being the more potent. Prompt healing of the ulcer with these agents did not prevent the recurrence of the disease. As the serum gastrin response to a meal after m-PGE2 administration was not reduced, this agent seems directly to affect oxynthic cells.", "PMID": 330353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11493", "title": "Metronidazole in the treatment of chronic proctitis: a controlled trial.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with chronic proctitis were treated with metronidazole for 28 days in a double-blind controlled trial, but they did not appear to benefit from the drug.", "contents": "Metronidazole in the treatment of chronic proctitis: a controlled trial. Twenty-two patients with chronic proctitis were treated with metronidazole for 28 days in a double-blind controlled trial, but they did not appear to benefit from the drug.", "PMID": 330354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11494", "title": "Opposition replacement: illustrated by a new technique. Preliminary report of cases.", "content": "A modification of le Coeur's method of restoring opposition of the thumb is described. An outrigger is built upon the thumb metacarpal to give a suitable direction of force, an enhanced mechanical advantage and an improved appearance.", "contents": "Opposition replacement: illustrated by a new technique. Preliminary report of cases. A modification of le Coeur's method of restoring opposition of the thumb is described. An outrigger is built upon the thumb metacarpal to give a suitable direction of force, an enhanced mechanical advantage and an improved appearance.", "PMID": 330356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11495", "title": "Cock another hat at the thumb.", "content": "This paper discusses the attributes necessary to preserve function of the thumb, particularly length and opposability. The details of an operation to lengthen the short stump with sensitive skin are illustrated.", "contents": "Cock another hat at the thumb. This paper discusses the attributes necessary to preserve function of the thumb, particularly length and opposability. The details of an operation to lengthen the short stump with sensitive skin are illustrated.", "PMID": 330357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11496", "title": "Split thickness hypothenar grafts for skin defects of the hand.", "content": "Split thickness hypothenar grafts provide excellent coverage for fingertips as well as other areas of the hand. The method is simple and readily applied in the emergency room with little additional equipment.", "contents": "Split thickness hypothenar grafts for skin defects of the hand. Split thickness hypothenar grafts provide excellent coverage for fingertips as well as other areas of the hand. The method is simple and readily applied in the emergency room with little additional equipment.", "PMID": 330358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11497", "title": "Simultaneous and successive induction of synthesis of beta-galactosidase and tryptophanase in Escherichia coli K 12 in the chemostat.", "content": "beta-Galactosidase and tryptophanase were induced either simultaneously or successively during continuous cultivation of the inducible strain Escherichia coli K 12 in the chemostat. Growth was limited by glycerol and the dilution rate was 0.1 h-1. During both the simultaneous and successive induction specific rates of synthesis, as well as maximum enzyme levels, were identical with those obtained after independent induction of individual enzymes. As compared with batch cultivation, beta-galactosidase reached the same specific rate of synthesis in the chemostat, whereas the specific rate of synthesis of tryptophanase in the chemostat was up to five times higher.", "contents": "Simultaneous and successive induction of synthesis of beta-galactosidase and tryptophanase in Escherichia coli K 12 in the chemostat. beta-Galactosidase and tryptophanase were induced either simultaneously or successively during continuous cultivation of the inducible strain Escherichia coli K 12 in the chemostat. Growth was limited by glycerol and the dilution rate was 0.1 h-1. During both the simultaneous and successive induction specific rates of synthesis, as well as maximum enzyme levels, were identical with those obtained after independent induction of individual enzymes. As compared with batch cultivation, beta-galactosidase reached the same specific rate of synthesis in the chemostat, whereas the specific rate of synthesis of tryptophanase in the chemostat was up to five times higher.", "PMID": 330363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11498", "title": "Cytochemical and biological properties of Mycobacterium bovis BCG.", "content": "It was the aim of the present communication to find a simple test for a reliable discrimination of Mycobacterium bovis BCG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A total of 26 BCG strains, out of them 10 Czechoslovak strains (2 lyophilized cultures of BCG of different batch, 6 strains isolated from abscesses of children after BCG-vaccination and 2 strains from fatal cases after BCG-vaccination) and 16 strains obtained from foreign laboratories, were used. Of the tested characteristics a combination of 3 tests, sensitivity to 1 microgram of 2-thiophene carbonylhydrazide (TCH), activity of 3 acylamidases (urease, nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase) and a quantitative nitrate test, was found to be most advantageous. The Czechoslovak strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG were fully sensitive to TCH, of the 3 acylamidases mentioned above only urease was positive and nitrate was reduced only little or not at all. On the other hand, strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were always resistant to TCH, had positive urease, nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase and reduced nitrate very intensively.", "contents": "Cytochemical and biological properties of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. It was the aim of the present communication to find a simple test for a reliable discrimination of Mycobacterium bovis BCG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A total of 26 BCG strains, out of them 10 Czechoslovak strains (2 lyophilized cultures of BCG of different batch, 6 strains isolated from abscesses of children after BCG-vaccination and 2 strains from fatal cases after BCG-vaccination) and 16 strains obtained from foreign laboratories, were used. Of the tested characteristics a combination of 3 tests, sensitivity to 1 microgram of 2-thiophene carbonylhydrazide (TCH), activity of 3 acylamidases (urease, nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase) and a quantitative nitrate test, was found to be most advantageous. The Czechoslovak strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG were fully sensitive to TCH, of the 3 acylamidases mentioned above only urease was positive and nitrate was reduced only little or not at all. On the other hand, strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were always resistant to TCH, had positive urease, nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase and reduced nitrate very intensively.", "PMID": 330364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11499", "title": "Spontaneous and induced variability in Streptomyces nogalater producing nogalamycin.", "content": "Variability in the production of nogalamycin by Streptomyces nogalater var. nogalater was followed in untreated and mutagenized populations of the standard strain NRRL 3035 and its spontaneous variant K-18 using the method of agar blocks with subsequent tests under submerged conditions. In both strains the most active variants were obtained by natural selection without mutagenic treatment; in this way productivity increased by 108% after two selection steps. Treatment with UV-radiation did not yield variants with a highly increased activity. Gamma-radiation extended the variability but, at the same, substantially increased the number of non-producing and low-producing isolates. Relatively high yields of (+)-variants were obtained after treatment with nitrous acid but their activity did not reach that observed in the most active spontaneous variants.", "contents": "Spontaneous and induced variability in Streptomyces nogalater producing nogalamycin. Variability in the production of nogalamycin by Streptomyces nogalater var. nogalater was followed in untreated and mutagenized populations of the standard strain NRRL 3035 and its spontaneous variant K-18 using the method of agar blocks with subsequent tests under submerged conditions. In both strains the most active variants were obtained by natural selection without mutagenic treatment; in this way productivity increased by 108% after two selection steps. Treatment with UV-radiation did not yield variants with a highly increased activity. Gamma-radiation extended the variability but, at the same, substantially increased the number of non-producing and low-producing isolates. Relatively high yields of (+)-variants were obtained after treatment with nitrous acid but their activity did not reach that observed in the most active spontaneous variants.", "PMID": 330365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11500", "title": "Antifungal antibiotic of the Basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida. II. Life cycle and fructification of the producing fungus.", "content": "The developmental cycle of the fungus Oudemansiella mucida, the producer of a new antifungal antibiotic, was found to be controlled by the mechanism of homogenic tetrapolar incompatibility; under our conditions, the cycle took about 12 weeks to completion. Optimum conditions for a laboratory-scale fructification were investigated. Normal fruiting body formation required sufficient illumination, temperatures below 20 degrees C, and relative humidity in excess of 70%. Flask-grown fruiting bodies did not differ from the naturally occurring ones. The basidiospores of the produced fruiting bodies yielded the reference monokaryons necessary for physiological, cytological and genetical studies.", "contents": "Antifungal antibiotic of the Basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida. II. Life cycle and fructification of the producing fungus. The developmental cycle of the fungus Oudemansiella mucida, the producer of a new antifungal antibiotic, was found to be controlled by the mechanism of homogenic tetrapolar incompatibility; under our conditions, the cycle took about 12 weeks to completion. Optimum conditions for a laboratory-scale fructification were investigated. Normal fruiting body formation required sufficient illumination, temperatures below 20 degrees C, and relative humidity in excess of 70%. Flask-grown fruiting bodies did not differ from the naturally occurring ones. The basidiospores of the produced fruiting bodies yielded the reference monokaryons necessary for physiological, cytological and genetical studies.", "PMID": 330366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11501", "title": "Antifungal antibiotic of the Basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida. III. Nuclei in the hyphae of mono- and dikaryons.", "content": "Nuclear ratios were studied in terminal and subterminal cells of various mycelia of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida, the producer of the antifungal antibiotic mucidin (MuciderminR Spofa). The dikaryon, the monokaryon, and the mucidin-producing strain that had been cultivated for a long time under submerged conditions were compared. Dedikaryotization was found to have taken place in the producing strain. The originally dikaryotic culture with characteristic clamp connections on the mycelium and with two nuclei in every hyphal cell lost permanently the clamp connections, probably owing to continuous intense agitation. The hyphae contained solely mononuclear cells. Mating with a compatible monokaryon yielded a dikaryon capable of normal fructification.", "contents": "Antifungal antibiotic of the Basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida. III. Nuclei in the hyphae of mono- and dikaryons. Nuclear ratios were studied in terminal and subterminal cells of various mycelia of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida, the producer of the antifungal antibiotic mucidin (MuciderminR Spofa). The dikaryon, the monokaryon, and the mucidin-producing strain that had been cultivated for a long time under submerged conditions were compared. Dedikaryotization was found to have taken place in the producing strain. The originally dikaryotic culture with characteristic clamp connections on the mycelium and with two nuclei in every hyphal cell lost permanently the clamp connections, probably owing to continuous intense agitation. The hyphae contained solely mononuclear cells. Mating with a compatible monokaryon yielded a dikaryon capable of normal fructification.", "PMID": 330367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11502", "title": "Primary structure of protein S13 from the small subunit of escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "The experimental details which led to the determination of the complete primary structure of protein S13 from the small subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes are presented. S13 consists of 117 amino acid residues and has the following composition: Asp6, Asn2, Thr6, Ser6, Glu6, Gln2, Pro4, Gly11, Ala11, Cys1, Val7, Met2, Ile12, Leu9, Tyr2, Phe1, His3, Lys11 and Arg15. Tryptophan was not found. The molecular weight of protein S13 as derived from the sequence shown in Fig. 1 is 12970. The amino acid sequence of the protein was determined by combining the results obtained from liquid phase Edman degradation of the intact protein with those from the peptides isolated after enzymatic digestions with trypsin, Staphylococcus aureus protease and thermolysin. Additional information about the primary structure was derived from analysis of the chymotryptic peptides of protein S13 and from its digestion with carboxypeptidase C. The amino acid sequence of protein S13 was compared with the published sequences of the other ribosomal proteins of E. coli and predictions for the secondary structure of this protein were made.", "contents": "Primary structure of protein S13 from the small subunit of escherichia coli ribosomes. The experimental details which led to the determination of the complete primary structure of protein S13 from the small subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes are presented. S13 consists of 117 amino acid residues and has the following composition: Asp6, Asn2, Thr6, Ser6, Glu6, Gln2, Pro4, Gly11, Ala11, Cys1, Val7, Met2, Ile12, Leu9, Tyr2, Phe1, His3, Lys11 and Arg15. Tryptophan was not found. The molecular weight of protein S13 as derived from the sequence shown in Fig. 1 is 12970. The amino acid sequence of the protein was determined by combining the results obtained from liquid phase Edman degradation of the intact protein with those from the peptides isolated after enzymatic digestions with trypsin, Staphylococcus aureus protease and thermolysin. Additional information about the primary structure was derived from analysis of the chymotryptic peptides of protein S13 and from its digestion with carboxypeptidase C. The amino acid sequence of protein S13 was compared with the published sequences of the other ribosomal proteins of E. coli and predictions for the secondary structure of this protein were made.", "PMID": 330375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11503", "title": "Rupture of a tuberculous pseudoaneurysm of the innominate artery into the trachea and esophagus: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Spontaneous rupture of a tuberculous pseudoaneurysm of the innominate artery, undiagnosed until necropsy, occurred simultaneously into the trachea and the esophagus in a patient receiving anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. This is the first reported instance of a tuberculous innominate artery aneurysm, the third tuberculous aneurysm with rupture into the trachea, the sixth into the esophagus, and the first with rupture into both structures. A review of the literature relating to tuberculous aneurysms of the major arteries is provided.", "contents": "Rupture of a tuberculous pseudoaneurysm of the innominate artery into the trachea and esophagus: report of a case and review of the literature. Spontaneous rupture of a tuberculous pseudoaneurysm of the innominate artery, undiagnosed until necropsy, occurred simultaneously into the trachea and the esophagus in a patient receiving anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. This is the first reported instance of a tuberculous innominate artery aneurysm, the third tuberculous aneurysm with rupture into the trachea, the sixth into the esophagus, and the first with rupture into both structures. A review of the literature relating to tuberculous aneurysms of the major arteries is provided.", "PMID": 330386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11504", "title": "The origin and mechanism of the allograft reaction.", "content": "Previous explanations for the allograft reaction have been based on the concept that antigen causes immunocyte activation, following engagement of the immunocyte's specific receptor. This notion lead to the concept of immune surveillance, the idea that the evolutionary pressure responsible for the development of the vertebrate immune system involved in allograft rejection was a need to recognize and destroy tumor cells that carried novel antigens. Allografts were rejected because they were, in effect, mistaken for tumor cells. At the practical level, these ideas suggested that a solution to the allograft problem required treatment of the recipient in a way that would reduce or eliminate the recipient's immune response to the grafted tissue. We have rejected these ideas on the grounds that the basic premise, the notion that antigen alone drives T cell differentiation, is invalid. To explain the origin of the allograft response, we have developed a theory of allogeneic reactivity based on the concept that a stimulator cell is required for the activation of blood cells involved in both nonspecific inflammatory reactions and specific cellular immunity. This theory provides a conceptual link between invertebrate and vertebrate alloreactivity and explains why the MHC and factors controlling the expression of T cell activity map in the same region of the genome. According to this theory, it is blood cells carried within the transplanted tissue and not transplantation antigen on the surface of graft parenchymal cells, that constitute the major barrier to allotransplantation. Experimentally we have presented evidence for a two-signal mechanism for T cell activation. Both antigen and an inductive stimulus are required for T cell activation, and neither factor alone induces detectable T cell activation. Organ culture of thyroid tissue for 4 weeks renders it non-immunogenic without altering its antigenic composition. Furthermore, cyclophosphamide pretreatment of the thyroid donor, a procedure that does not destroy the vascular bed of the donor tissue, also reduces its immunogenicity. These findings are of both theoretical and practical importance. They show that transplantation antigen carried on the parenchymal cells of a transplant do not constitute the major barrier to allotransplantation and, at least in the case of thyroid and parathyroid transplantation, indefinite allograft survival can be achieved by treatments directed at the transplanted tissue and not the recipient.", "contents": "The origin and mechanism of the allograft reaction. Previous explanations for the allograft reaction have been based on the concept that antigen causes immunocyte activation, following engagement of the immunocyte's specific receptor. This notion lead to the concept of immune surveillance, the idea that the evolutionary pressure responsible for the development of the vertebrate immune system involved in allograft rejection was a need to recognize and destroy tumor cells that carried novel antigens. Allografts were rejected because they were, in effect, mistaken for tumor cells. At the practical level, these ideas suggested that a solution to the allograft problem required treatment of the recipient in a way that would reduce or eliminate the recipient's immune response to the grafted tissue. We have rejected these ideas on the grounds that the basic premise, the notion that antigen alone drives T cell differentiation, is invalid. To explain the origin of the allograft response, we have developed a theory of allogeneic reactivity based on the concept that a stimulator cell is required for the activation of blood cells involved in both nonspecific inflammatory reactions and specific cellular immunity. This theory provides a conceptual link between invertebrate and vertebrate alloreactivity and explains why the MHC and factors controlling the expression of T cell activity map in the same region of the genome. According to this theory, it is blood cells carried within the transplanted tissue and not transplantation antigen on the surface of graft parenchymal cells, that constitute the major barrier to allotransplantation. Experimentally we have presented evidence for a two-signal mechanism for T cell activation. Both antigen and an inductive stimulus are required for T cell activation, and neither factor alone induces detectable T cell activation. Organ culture of thyroid tissue for 4 weeks renders it non-immunogenic without altering its antigenic composition. Furthermore, cyclophosphamide pretreatment of the thyroid donor, a procedure that does not destroy the vascular bed of the donor tissue, also reduces its immunogenicity. These findings are of both theoretical and practical importance. They show that transplantation antigen carried on the parenchymal cells of a transplant do not constitute the major barrier to allotransplantation and, at least in the case of thyroid and parathyroid transplantation, indefinite allograft survival can be achieved by treatments directed at the transplanted tissue and not the recipient.", "PMID": 330389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11505", "title": "Replica-plating virulence assay for Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "content": "Replica plating onto wounded tobacco leaves provides a convenient method for screening for avirulent mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "contents": "Replica-plating virulence assay for Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Replica plating onto wounded tobacco leaves provides a convenient method for screening for avirulent mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "PMID": 330393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11506", "title": "Impaired serum antibody response to inactivated influenza A and B vaccine in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Before and after vaccination with a commercial inactivated influenza vaccine containing A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and B/Massachusetts/1/71 antigens, the serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers to homologous and heterologous strains of A and B influenza viruses were measured in 45 renal transplant patients and 66 healthy controls (62 for the B strains). At least a fourfold titer rise to the homologous A strain occurred in 14 of 45 transplant patients (31%) versus 37 of 66 controls (56%). Fourfold or greater heterologous A rises occurred in only 8 of 45 transplant patients (18%) compared with 40 of 60 controls (61%). In both the homologous and heterologous B responses, at least fourfold hemagglutination inhibition titer rises were seen in significantly fewer transplant patients than control subjects. In the transplant group, no correlation was observed between degree of antibody response and age, previous influenza vaccination, percentage of patients initially seronegative, time since transplantation, dose of immunosuppressive drugs, level of renal function, or nature of original renal disease.", "contents": "Impaired serum antibody response to inactivated influenza A and B vaccine in renal transplant recipients. Before and after vaccination with a commercial inactivated influenza vaccine containing A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and B/Massachusetts/1/71 antigens, the serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers to homologous and heterologous strains of A and B influenza viruses were measured in 45 renal transplant patients and 66 healthy controls (62 for the B strains). At least a fourfold titer rise to the homologous A strain occurred in 14 of 45 transplant patients (31%) versus 37 of 66 controls (56%). Fourfold or greater heterologous A rises occurred in only 8 of 45 transplant patients (18%) compared with 40 of 60 controls (61%). In both the homologous and heterologous B responses, at least fourfold hemagglutination inhibition titer rises were seen in significantly fewer transplant patients than control subjects. In the transplant group, no correlation was observed between degree of antibody response and age, previous influenza vaccination, percentage of patients initially seronegative, time since transplantation, dose of immunosuppressive drugs, level of renal function, or nature of original renal disease.", "PMID": 330394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11507", "title": "Humoral immune response to the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli in naturally acquired diarrhea and antitoxin determination by passive immune hemolysis.", "content": "Acute- and convalescent-phase sera from 132 students attending a university in rural Mexico were assayed for antibody against the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli by neutralization of LT activity in the Y-1 adrenal cell assay and by passive immune hemolysis of LT-sensitized sheep erythrocytes. The two titration methods produced comparable results with respect to antitoxin responses detected. An inverse relationship was found between acute geometric mean antitoxin titer and the occurrence of diarrhea associated with LT-producing E. coli, especially in newly arrived students from the U.S.A. A significant correlation (P less than 0.00 5) was found between a rise in antitoxin titer detectable by the passive immune hemolysis technique and diarrhea with LT-producing E. coli isolated. Thus, humoral antitoxin titers appear to be a useful indicator of immune status with respect to enterotoxigenic (LT) E. coli diarrhea.", "contents": "Humoral immune response to the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli in naturally acquired diarrhea and antitoxin determination by passive immune hemolysis. Acute- and convalescent-phase sera from 132 students attending a university in rural Mexico were assayed for antibody against the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli by neutralization of LT activity in the Y-1 adrenal cell assay and by passive immune hemolysis of LT-sensitized sheep erythrocytes. The two titration methods produced comparable results with respect to antitoxin responses detected. An inverse relationship was found between acute geometric mean antitoxin titer and the occurrence of diarrhea associated with LT-producing E. coli, especially in newly arrived students from the U.S.A. A significant correlation (P less than 0.00 5) was found between a rise in antitoxin titer detectable by the passive immune hemolysis technique and diarrhea with LT-producing E. coli isolated. Thus, humoral antitoxin titers appear to be a useful indicator of immune status with respect to enterotoxigenic (LT) E. coli diarrhea.", "PMID": 330395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11508", "title": "Prevention of recrudescent malaria in nude mice by thymic grafting or by treatment with hyperimmune serum.", "content": "Nude mice died when infected with the normally avirulent malarial parasite Plasmodium berghei yoelii. Furthermore, malaria recrudesced in Nu/Nu mice after the termination of acute disease by treatment with clindamycin. Recrudescence was not observed in Nu/Nu mice that had been grafted with thymic tissue or treated with hyperimmune serum. Mice mad B cell deficient by treatment with anti-mu-chain serum also died when infected with P. berghei yoelii. The data suggest that a crucial role of the thymus in preventing recrudescent malaria in this model system is to provide a helper function in the production of protective antibody.", "contents": "Prevention of recrudescent malaria in nude mice by thymic grafting or by treatment with hyperimmune serum. Nude mice died when infected with the normally avirulent malarial parasite Plasmodium berghei yoelii. Furthermore, malaria recrudesced in Nu/Nu mice after the termination of acute disease by treatment with clindamycin. Recrudescence was not observed in Nu/Nu mice that had been grafted with thymic tissue or treated with hyperimmune serum. Mice mad B cell deficient by treatment with anti-mu-chain serum also died when infected with P. berghei yoelii. The data suggest that a crucial role of the thymus in preventing recrudescent malaria in this model system is to provide a helper function in the production of protective antibody.", "PMID": 330396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11509", "title": "Modification by soluble antigen of the immune response to mycobacterial infection.", "content": "After inoculation with viable BCG organisms, spleen cells from mice developed cellular immune reactivity to purified protein derivative antigen by day 10, which declined by day 25; after rechallenge on day 25, a vigorous secondary response rapidly developed (by day 29). The inclusion of autochthonous serum (from the BCG-infected mice) in the in vitro cellular immune reactivity tests altered this pattern considerably: the primary response was shortened, and the secondary response totally abated, suggesting the presence of blocking factors active against BCG-specific cellular immune reactivity in the sera of infected animals. Subsequent experiments indicated that BCG-specific serum blocking factor activity could be generated in the serum of control mice by the intravenous inoculation of purified protein derivative.", "contents": "Modification by soluble antigen of the immune response to mycobacterial infection. After inoculation with viable BCG organisms, spleen cells from mice developed cellular immune reactivity to purified protein derivative antigen by day 10, which declined by day 25; after rechallenge on day 25, a vigorous secondary response rapidly developed (by day 29). The inclusion of autochthonous serum (from the BCG-infected mice) in the in vitro cellular immune reactivity tests altered this pattern considerably: the primary response was shortened, and the secondary response totally abated, suggesting the presence of blocking factors active against BCG-specific cellular immune reactivity in the sera of infected animals. Subsequent experiments indicated that BCG-specific serum blocking factor activity could be generated in the serum of control mice by the intravenous inoculation of purified protein derivative.", "PMID": 330397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11510", "title": "Antibody response to rabies virus in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Syrian hamsters were injected with inactivated, attenuated, and virulent rabies virus (RV), and the antibody response was quantified by a neutralization test and the immunoglobulin class of the virus antibody was characterized by indirect fluorescent microscopy. Serum antibodies to RV were found to be predominantly of the immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) class, although IgG1 anti-RV also were detected in high-titered sera obtained after secondary challenge. Brain extracts of hamsters inoculated intracerebrally with RV contained only IgG2 anti-RV. IgA and IgM anti-RV were not detected. The preferential IgG2 response to RV is in marked contrast to the isolated IgG1 response detected after inoculation of hamsters with soluble purified protein antigens.", "contents": "Antibody response to rabies virus in Syrian hamsters. Syrian hamsters were injected with inactivated, attenuated, and virulent rabies virus (RV), and the antibody response was quantified by a neutralization test and the immunoglobulin class of the virus antibody was characterized by indirect fluorescent microscopy. Serum antibodies to RV were found to be predominantly of the immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) class, although IgG1 anti-RV also were detected in high-titered sera obtained after secondary challenge. Brain extracts of hamsters inoculated intracerebrally with RV contained only IgG2 anti-RV. IgA and IgM anti-RV were not detected. The preferential IgG2 response to RV is in marked contrast to the isolated IgG1 response detected after inoculation of hamsters with soluble purified protein antigens.", "PMID": 330398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11511", "title": "Gastrointestinal antibody responses in axenic mice to topically administered Escherichia coli.", "content": "Immunoglobulin levels were determined in gastrointestinal secretions of both conventional and axenic mice, as was the stability of the immunoglobulin classes in these secretions. Axenic animals were then administered nonviable Escherichia coli O111:B4 by topical application into the oral cavity. Immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG1, AND IgG2 were detected in the gastrointestinal secretions, with an apparent gradation in stability (IgA greater than IgG1 greater than IgG2) under the conditions investigated. Specific antibodies (IgA and IgG) to both the somatic and the flagellar antigens of E. coli were demonstrated. The time course of the responses to the polysaccharide and protein antigens suggested that a secondary response to lipolysaccharide was being observed in the secretions. Examination of the autoclaved diet fed to the germfree animals indicated the presence of antigenically intact polysaccharide materials (i.e., lipopolysaccharides), whereas antigenic bacterial proteins were uniformly undetectable. Therefore, endotoxin in the diet was apparently causing a primary type of sensitization in the mice, whereas the active oral immunization regimen induced a secondary antibacterial response in the secretions.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal antibody responses in axenic mice to topically administered Escherichia coli. Immunoglobulin levels were determined in gastrointestinal secretions of both conventional and axenic mice, as was the stability of the immunoglobulin classes in these secretions. Axenic animals were then administered nonviable Escherichia coli O111:B4 by topical application into the oral cavity. Immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG1, AND IgG2 were detected in the gastrointestinal secretions, with an apparent gradation in stability (IgA greater than IgG1 greater than IgG2) under the conditions investigated. Specific antibodies (IgA and IgG) to both the somatic and the flagellar antigens of E. coli were demonstrated. The time course of the responses to the polysaccharide and protein antigens suggested that a secondary response to lipolysaccharide was being observed in the secretions. Examination of the autoclaved diet fed to the germfree animals indicated the presence of antigenically intact polysaccharide materials (i.e., lipopolysaccharides), whereas antigenic bacterial proteins were uniformly undetectable. Therefore, endotoxin in the diet was apparently causing a primary type of sensitization in the mice, whereas the active oral immunization regimen induced a secondary antibacterial response in the secretions.", "PMID": 330399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11512", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on experimental Nocardia asteroides infection in mice.", "content": "It was found that cells of Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 (virulent) were approximately 10 times more virulent  than cells of N. asteroides 14759 (intermediate) and greater that 500 times more virulent than N. asteroides 10905 (avirulent) cells when early-stationary-phase cultures suspended in saline were injected intravenously into \"normal\" mice. There appeared to be a specific organ tropism for each strain. Thus, N. asteroides GUH-2 infected primarily the kidneys, N. asteroides 14759 infected the lungs and heart, and N. asteroides 10905 (in large doses) infected the lungs. Cyclophosphamide treatment of the mice 72 h prior to infection dramatically increased host susceptibility to nocardial infection, especially to N. asteroides 14759. However, cyclophosphamide treatment did not significantly alter the organ specificity for each strain. Cyclophosphamide greatly enhanced the ability of the nocardial strain to grow within its target organ and significantly altered normal host clearance from these organs.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on experimental Nocardia asteroides infection in mice. It was found that cells of Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 (virulent) were approximately 10 times more virulent  than cells of N. asteroides 14759 (intermediate) and greater that 500 times more virulent than N. asteroides 10905 (avirulent) cells when early-stationary-phase cultures suspended in saline were injected intravenously into \"normal\" mice. There appeared to be a specific organ tropism for each strain. Thus, N. asteroides GUH-2 infected primarily the kidneys, N. asteroides 14759 infected the lungs and heart, and N. asteroides 10905 (in large doses) infected the lungs. Cyclophosphamide treatment of the mice 72 h prior to infection dramatically increased host susceptibility to nocardial infection, especially to N. asteroides 14759. However, cyclophosphamide treatment did not significantly alter the organ specificity for each strain. Cyclophosphamide greatly enhanced the ability of the nocardial strain to grow within its target organ and significantly altered normal host clearance from these organs.", "PMID": 330400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11513", "title": "Effect of zinc ion on the hemolytic activity of thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, streptolysin O, and Triton X-100.", "content": "The effect of Zn2+ on hemolysis induced by the thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus (vibriolysin) streptolysin O, and Triton X-100 was studied. We found that in certain buffers, such as tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane-hydrochloride, boric acid-borax, and N-hydroxyethyl piperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid-sodium hydroxide, hemoglobins released from erythrocytes were easily precipitated by addition of Zn2+, thus resulting in a false inhibition of hemolysin by Zn2+ when hemolysis was assayed by measuring absorbance at 540 nm of released hemoglobins. Under experimental conditions in which hemoglobin was not precipitated, hemolysis induced by streptolysin O was inhibited by Zn2+, whereas that induced by vibriolysin and Triton X-100 was not. Thus, we concluded that the mode of inhibitory action of Zn2+ on hemolysis was not due to a reversible alteration in the state of the lipid bilayer of erythrocytes membranes as proposed by Avigad and Bernheimer (Infect. Immun. 13:1378-1381, 1976).", "contents": "Effect of zinc ion on the hemolytic activity of thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, streptolysin O, and Triton X-100. The effect of Zn2+ on hemolysis induced by the thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus (vibriolysin) streptolysin O, and Triton X-100 was studied. We found that in certain buffers, such as tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane-hydrochloride, boric acid-borax, and N-hydroxyethyl piperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid-sodium hydroxide, hemoglobins released from erythrocytes were easily precipitated by addition of Zn2+, thus resulting in a false inhibition of hemolysin by Zn2+ when hemolysis was assayed by measuring absorbance at 540 nm of released hemoglobins. Under experimental conditions in which hemoglobin was not precipitated, hemolysis induced by streptolysin O was inhibited by Zn2+, whereas that induced by vibriolysin and Triton X-100 was not. Thus, we concluded that the mode of inhibitory action of Zn2+ on hemolysis was not due to a reversible alteration in the state of the lipid bilayer of erythrocytes membranes as proposed by Avigad and Bernheimer (Infect. Immun. 13:1378-1381, 1976).", "PMID": 330401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11514", "title": "Enhancement of the antibody response in vitro by adherent cells from mice infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice systemically infected 4 to 6 weeks previously with Mycobacterium lepraemurium gave an enhanced primary antibody response in vitro to sheep erythrocytes, but responded normally to dinitrophenylated polyumerized flagellin. The ability to enhance the response was associated with the glass-adherent spleen cell population and with peritoneal cells. Similar cells obtained from infected mice depleted of T lymphocytes failed to enhance the antibody response. These studies suggest that macrophages that became activated during the development of cell-mediated immunity to infection can also stimulate antibody responses to thymus-dependent antigens.", "contents": "Enhancement of the antibody response in vitro by adherent cells from mice infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium. Spleen cells from mice systemically infected 4 to 6 weeks previously with Mycobacterium lepraemurium gave an enhanced primary antibody response in vitro to sheep erythrocytes, but responded normally to dinitrophenylated polyumerized flagellin. The ability to enhance the response was associated with the glass-adherent spleen cell population and with peritoneal cells. Similar cells obtained from infected mice depleted of T lymphocytes failed to enhance the antibody response. These studies suggest that macrophages that became activated during the development of cell-mediated immunity to infection can also stimulate antibody responses to thymus-dependent antigens.", "PMID": 330402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11515", "title": "Infection of HeLa cells with Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and MR10 bacteria.", "content": "After interaction with HeLa cells cultured in vitro, the fraction of adhering extracellular and that of internalized smooth Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and rough 395 MR10 have been determined by two different techniques. (i) By using the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique on unfixed and acetone-fixed HeLa cell preparations, intracellular bacteria were considered to become stained only after acetone fixation. (ii) Based on the assumption that gentamicin affects only extracellular bacteria, disintegration of the infected HeLa cells and viable count allowed the determination of internalized bacteria. Both techniques showed that MS as well as MR10 bacteria gained intracellular access, the fraction of MR10 cells doing so being much greater. The net increase in the intracellular bacterial population was small within 3 h of incubation.", "contents": "Infection of HeLa cells with Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and MR10 bacteria. After interaction with HeLa cells cultured in vitro, the fraction of adhering extracellular and that of internalized smooth Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and rough 395 MR10 have been determined by two different techniques. (i) By using the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique on unfixed and acetone-fixed HeLa cell preparations, intracellular bacteria were considered to become stained only after acetone fixation. (ii) Based on the assumption that gentamicin affects only extracellular bacteria, disintegration of the infected HeLa cells and viable count allowed the determination of internalized bacteria. Both techniques showed that MS as well as MR10 bacteria gained intracellular access, the fraction of MR10 cells doing so being much greater. The net increase in the intracellular bacterial population was small within 3 h of incubation.", "PMID": 330403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11516", "title": "Kinetics of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans by human granulocytes and monocytes.", "content": "The study of the phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans by granulocytes and monocytes has been hampered by the budding and pseudomycelium formation of this yeast during a relatively short incubation period at 37 degrees C and by the similar density of candida cells and phagocytes, which makes differential centrifugation impossible. In the present study, C. albicans was used after 5 days of preculture at 30 degrees C, after which the number of candida cells remained constant during incubation at 37 degrees C for 90 min. On this basis, phagocytosis and intracellular killing were limited to a period of 60 min. Phagocytosis of C. albicans by granulocytes and monocytes was measured with a hemocytometer, the number of extracellular candida being a measure of the ingestion of these microorganisms. After 60 min, 96% of the candida cells were ingested by normal human granulocytes and monocytes. This process was dependent on the opsonin concentration and temperature and was inhibited by mono-iodoacetic acid. Heat-inactivated serum was less active than fresh serum, reflecting the role of complement factors with respect to opsonization. Intracellular killing was measured by a microbiological assay. After 60 min of incubation of phagocytes together with C. albicans and serum, human granulocytes and monocytes killed 58 and 50% of the ingested candida, respectively. This process was inhibited by phenylbutazone. Phagocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease showed impaired intracellular killing.", "contents": "Kinetics of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans by human granulocytes and monocytes. The study of the phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans by granulocytes and monocytes has been hampered by the budding and pseudomycelium formation of this yeast during a relatively short incubation period at 37 degrees C and by the similar density of candida cells and phagocytes, which makes differential centrifugation impossible. In the present study, C. albicans was used after 5 days of preculture at 30 degrees C, after which the number of candida cells remained constant during incubation at 37 degrees C for 90 min. On this basis, phagocytosis and intracellular killing were limited to a period of 60 min. Phagocytosis of C. albicans by granulocytes and monocytes was measured with a hemocytometer, the number of extracellular candida being a measure of the ingestion of these microorganisms. After 60 min, 96% of the candida cells were ingested by normal human granulocytes and monocytes. This process was dependent on the opsonin concentration and temperature and was inhibited by mono-iodoacetic acid. Heat-inactivated serum was less active than fresh serum, reflecting the role of complement factors with respect to opsonization. Intracellular killing was measured by a microbiological assay. After 60 min of incubation of phagocytes together with C. albicans and serum, human granulocytes and monocytes killed 58 and 50% of the ingested candida, respectively. This process was inhibited by phenylbutazone. Phagocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease showed impaired intracellular killing.", "PMID": 330404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11517", "title": "Enhanced susceptibility of mice to combinations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and live or killed gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "Combinations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) and bacterial endotoxin were shown to be hyperadditively toxic for mice. A variety of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations elicted enhanced mortality in combination with delta 9-THC. Escherichia coli O26:B6 LPS (Boivin preparation) at an essentially nonlethal dose of 2.5 mg/kg reduced the dose of delta 9-THC required to kill 50% of the treated mice from ca. 350 to 150 mg/kg. Inbred BALB, DBA, and C3H/HeCr mice, noninbred ICR mice, and hybrid CDF1 and BDF1 mice were hyperreactive to combinations of delta 9-THC and LPS. Moreover, a variety of heat-killed intestinal and gram-negative bacteria, live E. coli, and complexes of lipid A with a variety of proteins substituted for LPS in the synergistic toxicity of LPS and delta 9-THC. Extracts of marijuana also elicited hyperreactivity to LPS. The hyperadditive lethality of combinations of delta 9-THC and LPS was markedly less in mice rendered refractory to LPS or delta 9-THC by repeated administration of LPS or delta 9-THC, respectively.", "contents": "Enhanced susceptibility of mice to combinations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and live or killed gram-negative bacteria. Combinations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) and bacterial endotoxin were shown to be hyperadditively toxic for mice. A variety of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations elicted enhanced mortality in combination with delta 9-THC. Escherichia coli O26:B6 LPS (Boivin preparation) at an essentially nonlethal dose of 2.5 mg/kg reduced the dose of delta 9-THC required to kill 50% of the treated mice from ca. 350 to 150 mg/kg. Inbred BALB, DBA, and C3H/HeCr mice, noninbred ICR mice, and hybrid CDF1 and BDF1 mice were hyperreactive to combinations of delta 9-THC and LPS. Moreover, a variety of heat-killed intestinal and gram-negative bacteria, live E. coli, and complexes of lipid A with a variety of proteins substituted for LPS in the synergistic toxicity of LPS and delta 9-THC. Extracts of marijuana also elicited hyperreactivity to LPS. The hyperadditive lethality of combinations of delta 9-THC and LPS was markedly less in mice rendered refractory to LPS or delta 9-THC by repeated administration of LPS or delta 9-THC, respectively.", "PMID": 330405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11518", "title": "Local immune response to lipoprotein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli in experimental pyelonephritis.", "content": "The local immune response to the lipoprotein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli O6:K13:H1 was determined in experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis in rabbits. Local antibody was analyzed with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on newly synthesized protein from kidney. Local or intrarenal antibody was detected by day 7 of infection, a few days later than serum antibody. The synthesis of antibody in immunoglobulin G class was present 6 days before the synthesis of immunoglobulin M antibody. Antibody activity to this antigen was also present in urine, and antibody could be eluted from bacteria coated with antibody. Local antibody to the lipoprotein was synthesized in equal quantities by animals infected with a heterologous species of E. coli. This antigen was not as mitogenic for splenic or kidney lymphocytes as was the O antigen. Hence, the lipoprotein of the organisms is a potent immunogen but a weak mitogen locally in pyelonephritis. This antibody response probably does not induce protection against infection, but represents a marker for presence of infection.", "contents": "Local immune response to lipoprotein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli in experimental pyelonephritis. The local immune response to the lipoprotein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli O6:K13:H1 was determined in experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis in rabbits. Local antibody was analyzed with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on newly synthesized protein from kidney. Local or intrarenal antibody was detected by day 7 of infection, a few days later than serum antibody. The synthesis of antibody in immunoglobulin G class was present 6 days before the synthesis of immunoglobulin M antibody. Antibody activity to this antigen was also present in urine, and antibody could be eluted from bacteria coated with antibody. Local antibody to the lipoprotein was synthesized in equal quantities by animals infected with a heterologous species of E. coli. This antigen was not as mitogenic for splenic or kidney lymphocytes as was the O antigen. Hence, the lipoprotein of the organisms is a potent immunogen but a weak mitogen locally in pyelonephritis. This antibody response probably does not induce protection against infection, but represents a marker for presence of infection.", "PMID": 330406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11519", "title": "Regulation of endotoxin-induced inhibition of macrophage migration by fresh serum.", "content": "Purified endotoxin (LPS) caused macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) in capillary tube cultures of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages in medium prepared with 15% fresh-frozen guinea pig serum. The inactivation of serum by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min or by zymosan absorption prevented LPS-induced MMI. LPS was fully inhibitory in fresh C4-deficient guinea pig serum. Heat treatment of normal serum at 50 to 52 degrees C for 30 min to inactivate the alternate complement (C) pathway prevented or significantly decreased LPS-induced MMI, but heating C4-deficient serum at 50 to 52 degrees C for 30 min prevented LPS-MMI in all instances. These results suggest that the reaction was effected via the alternate C pathway but that some inhibition of migration was permitted via the classical C pathway, presumably due to antibodies for LPS in some normal sera. Pretreatment of normal serum with cobra venom factor decreased or prevented LPS-MMI in most instances, but similar results were obtained with C4-deficient serum. Experiments with chelated sera were unsuccessful because of the immobilization of macrophages by 10 mM ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid and by 10 mM Mg-ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl)-N,N-tetraacetic acid. Low doses of concanavalin A and staphylococcal enterotoxin B and large doses of pokeweed mitogen caused MMI in \"inactivated serum\" medium, but MMI was enhanced in fresh serum.", "contents": "Regulation of endotoxin-induced inhibition of macrophage migration by fresh serum. Purified endotoxin (LPS) caused macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) in capillary tube cultures of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages in medium prepared with 15% fresh-frozen guinea pig serum. The inactivation of serum by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min or by zymosan absorption prevented LPS-induced MMI. LPS was fully inhibitory in fresh C4-deficient guinea pig serum. Heat treatment of normal serum at 50 to 52 degrees C for 30 min to inactivate the alternate complement (C) pathway prevented or significantly decreased LPS-induced MMI, but heating C4-deficient serum at 50 to 52 degrees C for 30 min prevented LPS-MMI in all instances. These results suggest that the reaction was effected via the alternate C pathway but that some inhibition of migration was permitted via the classical C pathway, presumably due to antibodies for LPS in some normal sera. Pretreatment of normal serum with cobra venom factor decreased or prevented LPS-MMI in most instances, but similar results were obtained with C4-deficient serum. Experiments with chelated sera were unsuccessful because of the immobilization of macrophages by 10 mM ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid and by 10 mM Mg-ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl)-N,N-tetraacetic acid. Low doses of concanavalin A and staphylococcal enterotoxin B and large doses of pokeweed mitogen caused MMI in \"inactivated serum\" medium, but MMI was enhanced in fresh serum.", "PMID": 330407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11520", "title": "Effect of alkali-treated lipopolysaccharide on the intracellular cations of human erythrocytes.", "content": "The adsorption to human erythrocytes of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide treated by mild alkaline hydrolysis (h-LPS) stimulated an increase in the intracellular Na+ concentration and a decrease in the intracellular K+ concentration of the erythrocytes. Erythrocytes treated by h-LPS remained responsive to the membrane adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors ouabain and ethacrynic acid, indicating that hLPS did not alter erythrocyte cations be depleting energy intermediates or uncoupling energy metabolism from active cation transport. The h-LPS-treated erythrocytes became non-agglutinable by the lectin concanavalin A prior to the development of changes in intracellular cations. In addition, h-LPS-treated erythrocytes demonstrated a three-fold greater cation response to ethacrynic acid than the untreated erythrocytes; this greater response was probably due to local membrane effects by h-LPS on the ethacrynic acid-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase. It is suggested that the h-LPS-induced alteration of erythrocyte cation content was secondary to an increase in ion permeability localized to the concanavalin A receptor regions of the erythrocyte membrane, possibly combined with indirect effects of membrane-bound h-LPS on ethacrynic acid-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase.", "contents": "Effect of alkali-treated lipopolysaccharide on the intracellular cations of human erythrocytes. The adsorption to human erythrocytes of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide treated by mild alkaline hydrolysis (h-LPS) stimulated an increase in the intracellular Na+ concentration and a decrease in the intracellular K+ concentration of the erythrocytes. Erythrocytes treated by h-LPS remained responsive to the membrane adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors ouabain and ethacrynic acid, indicating that hLPS did not alter erythrocyte cations be depleting energy intermediates or uncoupling energy metabolism from active cation transport. The h-LPS-treated erythrocytes became non-agglutinable by the lectin concanavalin A prior to the development of changes in intracellular cations. In addition, h-LPS-treated erythrocytes demonstrated a three-fold greater cation response to ethacrynic acid than the untreated erythrocytes; this greater response was probably due to local membrane effects by h-LPS on the ethacrynic acid-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase. It is suggested that the h-LPS-induced alteration of erythrocyte cation content was secondary to an increase in ion permeability localized to the concanavalin A receptor regions of the erythrocyte membrane, possibly combined with indirect effects of membrane-bound h-LPS on ethacrynic acid-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase.", "PMID": 330408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11521", "title": "Insect immunity. III. Purification and partial characterization of immune protein P5 from hemolymph of Hyalophora cecropia pupae.", "content": "We previously showed that in pupae of Hyalophora cecropia, eight hemolymph proteins (P1 through P8) were selectively synthetized after immunization (Faye et al., Infect, Immun. 12:1426-1438, 1975). We also showed that a gross fractionation was obtained by a series of ammonium sulfate precipitations (designed A through D) and that protein P5 was enriched in fraction A. Starting from fraction A, we have now purified protein P5 by using dialysis, isoelectric focusing, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The final product gave a single band in both gradient gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using the latter method, proteins P5 and P8 were found to be enriched in fraction A, but they were absent in fraction Ac prepared from nonimmunized pupae. Protein P5 was found to have a pI of 6.6 and a molecular weight of 24,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate and 96,000 in tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-borate, pH 9.0. These data suggest a structure for P5 composed of four subunits of equal size. Protein P5 stimulated the killing of Escherichia coli by hemolymph fractions B and D, but it had neither killing nor phenol oxidase activity of its own.", "contents": "Insect immunity. III. Purification and partial characterization of immune protein P5 from hemolymph of Hyalophora cecropia pupae. We previously showed that in pupae of Hyalophora cecropia, eight hemolymph proteins (P1 through P8) were selectively synthetized after immunization (Faye et al., Infect, Immun. 12:1426-1438, 1975). We also showed that a gross fractionation was obtained by a series of ammonium sulfate precipitations (designed A through D) and that protein P5 was enriched in fraction A. Starting from fraction A, we have now purified protein P5 by using dialysis, isoelectric focusing, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The final product gave a single band in both gradient gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using the latter method, proteins P5 and P8 were found to be enriched in fraction A, but they were absent in fraction Ac prepared from nonimmunized pupae. Protein P5 was found to have a pI of 6.6 and a molecular weight of 24,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate and 96,000 in tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-borate, pH 9.0. These data suggest a structure for P5 composed of four subunits of equal size. Protein P5 stimulated the killing of Escherichia coli by hemolymph fractions B and D, but it had neither killing nor phenol oxidase activity of its own.", "PMID": 330409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11522", "title": "Antagonistic effect of extremely oxygen-sensitive clostridia from the microflora of conventional mice and of Escherichia coli against Shigella flexneri in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice.", "content": "Two extremely oxygen-sensitive strains of Clostridium sp., designated Clostridium E and P, were obtained from digestive microflora of conventional mice and found to constitute a barrier against Shigella flexneri SF-2 when associated in vivo with Escherichia coli K-12. These and other simplified fractions of the conventional microflora were demonstrated to have an effect comparable to that of the total flora. When K-12 and Clostridium E were established in gnotobiotic mice before the introduction of SF-2, the latter was reduced to a level below detection in the digestive tract. Whe SF-2 was established first, the antagonistic effect exerted by Clostridium E and K-12 was variable and, apparently, related to the rate of establishment of Clostridium E. Mutants of SF-2 resistant to the barrier effect of Clostridium E and K-12 appeared at the end of 3 months when SF-2 was established in gnotobiotic mice alone or with K-12, and after only a week when SF-2 was associated only with Clostridium E. These results suggest that the bacterial antagonsim in this model is related to the production in vivo of an antibiotic substance active against SF-2. It appears that the substance may be produced by Clostridium E, stimulated by K-12.", "contents": "Antagonistic effect of extremely oxygen-sensitive clostridia from the microflora of conventional mice and of Escherichia coli against Shigella flexneri in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice. Two extremely oxygen-sensitive strains of Clostridium sp., designated Clostridium E and P, were obtained from digestive microflora of conventional mice and found to constitute a barrier against Shigella flexneri SF-2 when associated in vivo with Escherichia coli K-12. These and other simplified fractions of the conventional microflora were demonstrated to have an effect comparable to that of the total flora. When K-12 and Clostridium E were established in gnotobiotic mice before the introduction of SF-2, the latter was reduced to a level below detection in the digestive tract. Whe SF-2 was established first, the antagonistic effect exerted by Clostridium E and K-12 was variable and, apparently, related to the rate of establishment of Clostridium E. Mutants of SF-2 resistant to the barrier effect of Clostridium E and K-12 appeared at the end of 3 months when SF-2 was established in gnotobiotic mice alone or with K-12, and after only a week when SF-2 was associated only with Clostridium E. These results suggest that the bacterial antagonsim in this model is related to the production in vivo of an antibiotic substance active against SF-2. It appears that the substance may be produced by Clostridium E, stimulated by K-12.", "PMID": 330410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11523", "title": "Suppression of babesiosis in BCG-infected mice and its correlation with tumor inhibition.", "content": "Infection of mice with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) provided good protection against Babesia species. The intensity and duration of this protection was similar to that established after natural recovery from babesiosis. It developed too soon after the first exposure to the parasite, and was too radioresistant, to be attributable to specific antibody production. In addition, the parasites degenerated within circulating erythrocytes. This phenomenon is inconsistent with phagocytosis or lysis of parasites or parasitized cells, or prevention of entry of parasites into erythrocytes, causing the observed protection. Hence the phenomenon is best explained by the release of a nonspecific mediator that can limit multiplication of parasites within erythrocytes. These results not only throw light on mechanisms of immunity against hemoprotozoa. There are many points of similarity between the nonspecific protection BCG and Corynebactium parvum provide against Babesia species and inhibition of tumor growth by these agents. Therefore, babesiosis in mice may be a convenient experimental model for assessing stimulation of the mononuclear phagocyte system, which appears to be the basis of nonspecific immunity against bacteria, parasites, and tumors.", "contents": "Suppression of babesiosis in BCG-infected mice and its correlation with tumor inhibition. Infection of mice with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) provided good protection against Babesia species. The intensity and duration of this protection was similar to that established after natural recovery from babesiosis. It developed too soon after the first exposure to the parasite, and was too radioresistant, to be attributable to specific antibody production. In addition, the parasites degenerated within circulating erythrocytes. This phenomenon is inconsistent with phagocytosis or lysis of parasites or parasitized cells, or prevention of entry of parasites into erythrocytes, causing the observed protection. Hence the phenomenon is best explained by the release of a nonspecific mediator that can limit multiplication of parasites within erythrocytes. These results not only throw light on mechanisms of immunity against hemoprotozoa. There are many points of similarity between the nonspecific protection BCG and Corynebactium parvum provide against Babesia species and inhibition of tumor growth by these agents. Therefore, babesiosis in mice may be a convenient experimental model for assessing stimulation of the mononuclear phagocyte system, which appears to be the basis of nonspecific immunity against bacteria, parasites, and tumors.", "PMID": 330411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11524", "title": "Development of delayed-type hypersensitivity during Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection in mice.", "content": "Various preparations of Mycobacterium lepraemurium were used to elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity in the footpad of mice infected with this organism. With a sonicated preparation of the mycobacterium, a significant increase in footpad swelling was elicited in mice infected with M. lepraemurium 5 weeks previously, but not in BCG-infected animals or uninfected controls. This footpad reaction was shown to peak at 24 h and to be associated with an infiltration of mononuclear cells. The kinetics of footpad swelling, its association with lymphoproliferation, and its dependence on T lymphocytes were each examined. The results support the hypothesis that this is a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. The ability to transfer this reactivity to normal mice with cells but not serum offers further confirmation that this hypersensitivity is dependent on cell-mediated immunological mechanisms rather than humoral antibody. The relevance of this to the study of the immunological response of mice to murine leprosy is discussed.", "contents": "Development of delayed-type hypersensitivity during Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection in mice. Various preparations of Mycobacterium lepraemurium were used to elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity in the footpad of mice infected with this organism. With a sonicated preparation of the mycobacterium, a significant increase in footpad swelling was elicited in mice infected with M. lepraemurium 5 weeks previously, but not in BCG-infected animals or uninfected controls. This footpad reaction was shown to peak at 24 h and to be associated with an infiltration of mononuclear cells. The kinetics of footpad swelling, its association with lymphoproliferation, and its dependence on T lymphocytes were each examined. The results support the hypothesis that this is a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. The ability to transfer this reactivity to normal mice with cells but not serum offers further confirmation that this hypersensitivity is dependent on cell-mediated immunological mechanisms rather than humoral antibody. The relevance of this to the study of the immunological response of mice to murine leprosy is discussed.", "PMID": 330412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11525", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of sucrases in Streptococcus mutans GS-5 and an extracellular polysaccharide mutant: a comparative cytochemical and immunocytochemical study.", "content": "Electron microscopy and cytochemical and immunocytochemical procedures were used to study the ultrastructural distribution of sucrase enzymes in two strains of Streptococcus mutans. In a strongly adherent and virulent parent strain, GS-5, most of the invertase and fructosyltransferase activities were demonstrated extracellularly or bound to the cell surfaces. Intracellularly, enzymatic sites were detected near the plasma membrane on the periphery of the nucleoid and central mesosome. In GS-511, a mutant of diminished virulence and adherence, most of the enzymatic activity was not located on the cell surfaces, but was found away from the cell walls and associated with extracellular polysaccharides. Intracellularly, GS-511 manifested the same distribution of invertase and fructosyltransferase as did GS-5; however, the close association of these enzymes with the plasma membrane was not shown in GS-511. In both strains, extracellular areas near regions associated with cross wall formation appeared to show localized concentrations of these sucrases. Antibodies against partially purified glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzymes from GS-5 were used to localize GTF by immunocytochemical techniques. Indirect ferritin localization procedures showed that the extracellular and cell-bound GTF enzymes were distributed in similar locations as the fructosyltransferase and invertase enzymes. By absorption of the antiserum with whole GS-511 cells, the location of extracellular GTF and surface antigens unique to GS-5 was demonstrated. The dramatically reduced levels of cell-bound sucrase activity in GS-511 indicates the significant role of these enzymes in adherence and cariogenicity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of sucrases in Streptococcus mutans GS-5 and an extracellular polysaccharide mutant: a comparative cytochemical and immunocytochemical study. Electron microscopy and cytochemical and immunocytochemical procedures were used to study the ultrastructural distribution of sucrase enzymes in two strains of Streptococcus mutans. In a strongly adherent and virulent parent strain, GS-5, most of the invertase and fructosyltransferase activities were demonstrated extracellularly or bound to the cell surfaces. Intracellularly, enzymatic sites were detected near the plasma membrane on the periphery of the nucleoid and central mesosome. In GS-511, a mutant of diminished virulence and adherence, most of the enzymatic activity was not located on the cell surfaces, but was found away from the cell walls and associated with extracellular polysaccharides. Intracellularly, GS-511 manifested the same distribution of invertase and fructosyltransferase as did GS-5; however, the close association of these enzymes with the plasma membrane was not shown in GS-511. In both strains, extracellular areas near regions associated with cross wall formation appeared to show localized concentrations of these sucrases. Antibodies against partially purified glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzymes from GS-5 were used to localize GTF by immunocytochemical techniques. Indirect ferritin localization procedures showed that the extracellular and cell-bound GTF enzymes were distributed in similar locations as the fructosyltransferase and invertase enzymes. By absorption of the antiserum with whole GS-511 cells, the location of extracellular GTF and surface antigens unique to GS-5 was demonstrated. The dramatically reduced levels of cell-bound sucrase activity in GS-511 indicates the significant role of these enzymes in adherence and cariogenicity.", "PMID": 330413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11526", "title": "Blastogenic transformation by lipopolysaccharide of blood leukocytes from immunized but not normal cattle.", "content": "Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide produced blastogenic transformation in whole-blood leukocytes from heifers that had been infected and immunized with Campylobacter fetus, but not in cells from control animals. This suggests that lipopolysaccharide dose not function as a B-cell mitogen in cattle and that its stimulation of cells from immunized animals occurred through another mechanism.", "contents": "Blastogenic transformation by lipopolysaccharide of blood leukocytes from immunized but not normal cattle. Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide produced blastogenic transformation in whole-blood leukocytes from heifers that had been infected and immunized with Campylobacter fetus, but not in cells from control animals. This suggests that lipopolysaccharide dose not function as a B-cell mitogen in cattle and that its stimulation of cells from immunized animals occurred through another mechanism.", "PMID": 330414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11527", "title": "Detection of antibodies to embryonic antigens in sera of multiparous or colon tumor-bearing rats by a new indirect immunofluorescence assay.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescence assay using antigen coupled to agarose beads detected high titers of antibody to embryonic antigens in sera from multiparous rats and rats bearing colon carcinomas. Sera from pregnant rats had antibody titers greater than 10(3) and some rats still had titers greater than 10(2) 30 weeks after the end of pregnancy. Rats which developed colon carcinomas after treatment with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were bled monthly between the end of treatment and detection of carcinoma. Antibody to embryonic antigens appeared in their sera at least 2 months before roentgenologic diagnosis of tumor.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies to embryonic antigens in sera of multiparous or colon tumor-bearing rats by a new indirect immunofluorescence assay. An indirect immunofluorescence assay using antigen coupled to agarose beads detected high titers of antibody to embryonic antigens in sera from multiparous rats and rats bearing colon carcinomas. Sera from pregnant rats had antibody titers greater than 10(3) and some rats still had titers greater than 10(2) 30 weeks after the end of pregnancy. Rats which developed colon carcinomas after treatment with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were bled monthly between the end of treatment and detection of carcinoma. Antibody to embryonic antigens appeared in their sera at least 2 months before roentgenologic diagnosis of tumor.", "PMID": 330416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11528", "title": "The age old question of old age: was it really so much better back when?", "content": "The belief that the elderly in pre-industrial societies fared considerably better than the elderly in modern mass societies has received nearly universal acceptance. Utilizing literary, historical and archaeological reports from early Greece to the present, the present paper offers data which challenges popular conceptions. Close examination of evidence dealing with societal evaluation, family and kin support reveals prejudicial stereotypes as pervasive as those associated with modern urban industrialized societies. While a gradual transition of the basis of authority and esteem is noted from nomadic and agrarian to industrial societies, there is substantial correspondence in the dominant cultural imagery of old age, life expectancy notwithstanding.", "contents": "The age old question of old age: was it really so much better back when? The belief that the elderly in pre-industrial societies fared considerably better than the elderly in modern mass societies has received nearly universal acceptance. Utilizing literary, historical and archaeological reports from early Greece to the present, the present paper offers data which challenges popular conceptions. Close examination of evidence dealing with societal evaluation, family and kin support reveals prejudicial stereotypes as pervasive as those associated with modern urban industrialized societies. While a gradual transition of the basis of authority and esteem is noted from nomadic and agrarian to industrial societies, there is substantial correspondence in the dominant cultural imagery of old age, life expectancy notwithstanding.", "PMID": 330415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11529", "title": "Effect of oxygen on bacteria and cultured mammalian cells irradiated in the frozen state.", "content": "The oxygen effect for bacteria and cultured mammalian cells at -196 degrees C was studied, using suspensions to which were added cryoprotective and chemical protective agents. The oxygen enhancement ratio (o.e.r.) in the frozen state was dependent on the chemicals added to the suspensions. When the chemicals had a high competitive reactivity with oxygen to the damage, the o.e.r. in the frozen state was comparable to that in the liquid suspensions. Without chemicals, the o.e.r. in the frozen state decreased significantly, probably because of the low competitive activity of endogenous SH compounds. In general, the systems with a higher o.e.r. in the liquid state had a lower o.e.r. in the frozen state.", "contents": "Effect of oxygen on bacteria and cultured mammalian cells irradiated in the frozen state. The oxygen effect for bacteria and cultured mammalian cells at -196 degrees C was studied, using suspensions to which were added cryoprotective and chemical protective agents. The oxygen enhancement ratio (o.e.r.) in the frozen state was dependent on the chemicals added to the suspensions. When the chemicals had a high competitive reactivity with oxygen to the damage, the o.e.r. in the frozen state was comparable to that in the liquid suspensions. Without chemicals, the o.e.r. in the frozen state decreased significantly, probably because of the low competitive activity of endogenous SH compounds. In general, the systems with a higher o.e.r. in the liquid state had a lower o.e.r. in the frozen state.", "PMID": 330428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11530", "title": "Inhibition of unscheduled DNA synthesis and repair of potentially lethal X-ray damage by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in yeast.", "content": "The effects of the glucose antimetabolite, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), on DNA repair (assayed by unscheduled DNA synthesis) and on the repair of potentially-lethal damage (assayed by cell viability after irradiation) have been studied in X-irradiated respiratory-deficient yeast cells (auxotroph for 5'-thymidine-monophosphate). Experimental results show that: (a) both these phenomena can be inhibited by 2-DG; (b) the repair of potentially-lethal damage occurs after the unscheduled DNA synthesis is almost complete; and (c) the repair of potentially-lethal damage can be inhibited by 2-DG even after the completion of the unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of unscheduled DNA synthesis and repair of potentially lethal X-ray damage by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in yeast. The effects of the glucose antimetabolite, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), on DNA repair (assayed by unscheduled DNA synthesis) and on the repair of potentially-lethal damage (assayed by cell viability after irradiation) have been studied in X-irradiated respiratory-deficient yeast cells (auxotroph for 5'-thymidine-monophosphate). Experimental results show that: (a) both these phenomena can be inhibited by 2-DG; (b) the repair of potentially-lethal damage occurs after the unscheduled DNA synthesis is almost complete; and (c) the repair of potentially-lethal damage can be inhibited by 2-DG even after the completion of the unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 330429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11531", "title": "[Double-blind comparison of the effects of a new tricyclic antidepressant (Lofepramine) and a tetracyclic antidepressant (maprotiline)].", "content": "Two random groups of depressed out-patients were treated with either Maprotiline or the new antidepressant Lofepramine. The depressive state was assessed by using the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) before and after 1, 3 and 6 weeks of treatment. Both drugs produced remarkable improvement globally in total HAM-D score as well as in the symptom clusters. The differences in both groups are not significant, but compiling the results of adverse reactions and the therapeutic effect, the treatment outcome in the Lofepramine group was slightly superior.", "contents": "[Double-blind comparison of the effects of a new tricyclic antidepressant (Lofepramine) and a tetracyclic antidepressant (maprotiline)]. Two random groups of depressed out-patients were treated with either Maprotiline or the new antidepressant Lofepramine. The depressive state was assessed by using the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) before and after 1, 3 and 6 weeks of treatment. Both drugs produced remarkable improvement globally in total HAM-D score as well as in the symptom clusters. The differences in both groups are not significant, but compiling the results of adverse reactions and the therapeutic effect, the treatment outcome in the Lofepramine group was slightly superior.", "PMID": 330440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11532", "title": "Trazodone by intravenous infusion in depressions secondary to organic disease.", "content": "16 patients with organic depression were treated with low doses of trazodone (100 mg/day) by i.v. infusion. This drug was shown to have a marked antidepressant and anxiolytic action and did not produce any significant side-effects. The authors suggest that on the basis of the diminished 24-hour urinary excretion of 5-HIAA, trazodone seems to have an antiserotonin action at low doses.", "contents": "Trazodone by intravenous infusion in depressions secondary to organic disease. 16 patients with organic depression were treated with low doses of trazodone (100 mg/day) by i.v. infusion. This drug was shown to have a marked antidepressant and anxiolytic action and did not produce any significant side-effects. The authors suggest that on the basis of the diminished 24-hour urinary excretion of 5-HIAA, trazodone seems to have an antiserotonin action at low doses.", "PMID": 330441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11533", "title": "Plasma aldosterone and magnesium in serum and urine during lithium treatment.", "content": "Serum magnesium, urinary magnesium excretion and plasma aldosterone were determined in 8 manic-depressive before and at intervals during 3 months of lithium treatment (longitudinal study), and in 27 manic-depressive patients who had been treated with lithium for 3 months to 20 years (transversal study). In the longitudinal study urinary magnesium excretion and urine flow increased slightly after 1-3 months of therapy; serum magnesium and plasma aldosterone were unchanged. In the transversal study urinary magnesium excretion, serum magnesium and plasma aldosterone were within normal limits, and they did not differ significantly from levels in the longitudinal study. No correlation was found between serum magnesium or urinary magnesium excretion and plasma aldosterone in either study. The results indicate that changes in urinary magnesium excretion during lithium therapy are not mediated via changes in plasma aldosterone, but may be secondary to diminished renal water reabsorption induced by lithium.", "contents": "Plasma aldosterone and magnesium in serum and urine during lithium treatment. Serum magnesium, urinary magnesium excretion and plasma aldosterone were determined in 8 manic-depressive before and at intervals during 3 months of lithium treatment (longitudinal study), and in 27 manic-depressive patients who had been treated with lithium for 3 months to 20 years (transversal study). In the longitudinal study urinary magnesium excretion and urine flow increased slightly after 1-3 months of therapy; serum magnesium and plasma aldosterone were unchanged. In the transversal study urinary magnesium excretion, serum magnesium and plasma aldosterone were within normal limits, and they did not differ significantly from levels in the longitudinal study. No correlation was found between serum magnesium or urinary magnesium excretion and plasma aldosterone in either study. The results indicate that changes in urinary magnesium excretion during lithium therapy are not mediated via changes in plasma aldosterone, but may be secondary to diminished renal water reabsorption induced by lithium.", "PMID": 330442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11534", "title": "Effect of imidazole on ionophore-induced ocular hypertension.", "content": "The effect of intraperitoneal injections of imidazole on the elevation of intraocular pressure produced by the topical application of the cation ionophores A23187 or X537A was studied in rabbits. Pretreatment with 200 mg./kg. imidazole completely inhibited the ocular hypertension induced by 1.0 percent A23187. The elevation of intraocular pressure produced by 0.5 percent X537A was not blocked by pretreatment with imidazole.", "contents": "Effect of imidazole on ionophore-induced ocular hypertension. The effect of intraperitoneal injections of imidazole on the elevation of intraocular pressure produced by the topical application of the cation ionophores A23187 or X537A was studied in rabbits. Pretreatment with 200 mg./kg. imidazole completely inhibited the ocular hypertension induced by 1.0 percent A23187. The elevation of intraocular pressure produced by 0.5 percent X537A was not blocked by pretreatment with imidazole.", "PMID": 330451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11535", "title": "[Modern burn care].", "content": "This paper is intended to present an approach to the modern care of burns out of the experience of a dermatological burn unit for the dermatologist in the outpatient clinic. It is the first burn unit in Austria.", "contents": "[Modern burn care]. This paper is intended to present an approach to the modern care of burns out of the experience of a dermatological burn unit for the dermatologist in the outpatient clinic. It is the first burn unit in Austria.", "PMID": 330468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11536", "title": "Joint scaling tests.", "content": "It is shown that a joint scaling test developed by Tan (1974) is closely related to the widely used standard Cavalli joint scaling test (described by Mather and Jinks, 1971) which was not referred to in Tan's paper. With the numbers of individuals per generation observed in practice, the two tests give essentially similar results. The Cavalli procedure also provides estimates of genetical parameters and is more readily extended to a wider range of situations.", "contents": "Joint scaling tests. It is shown that a joint scaling test developed by Tan (1974) is closely related to the widely used standard Cavalli joint scaling test (described by Mather and Jinks, 1971) which was not referred to in Tan's paper. With the numbers of individuals per generation observed in practice, the two tests give essentially similar results. The Cavalli procedure also provides estimates of genetical parameters and is more readily extended to a wider range of situations.", "PMID": 330469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11537", "title": "What chance did Mendel's experiments give him of noticing linkage?", "content": "The a priori probability of noticeable linkage among all conceivable experiments of the size reported by Mendel cannot reasonably be taken as greater than 24-36 per cent; and therefore, the frequently heard opinion that his chances of encountering linkage were high, approaching 99-4 per cent, appears to be mistaken.", "contents": "What chance did Mendel's experiments give him of noticing linkage? The a priori probability of noticeable linkage among all conceivable experiments of the size reported by Mendel cannot reasonably be taken as greater than 24-36 per cent; and therefore, the frequently heard opinion that his chances of encountering linkage were high, approaching 99-4 per cent, appears to be mistaken.", "PMID": 330470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11538", "title": "A modified triple test-cross analysis to test and allow for inadequate testers.", "content": "When the population under investigation consists of highly inbred lines the full triple test-cross of Kearsey and Jinks (1968) supplemented by the selfed progenies of the population allows unambiguous and independent tests for epistasis and the adequacy of the pure-breeding testers, L1 and L2. This can also be achieved by supplementing the simplified triple test-cross of Jinks, Perkins and Breese (1969) with the selfed progenies of the L1i and L2i families. If the L1 and L2 testers prove to be inadequate due to the presence of common loci, modifications of the analyses are proposed which correct the resulting biases in the genetical components of variation.", "contents": "A modified triple test-cross analysis to test and allow for inadequate testers. When the population under investigation consists of highly inbred lines the full triple test-cross of Kearsey and Jinks (1968) supplemented by the selfed progenies of the population allows unambiguous and independent tests for epistasis and the adequacy of the pure-breeding testers, L1 and L2. This can also be achieved by supplementing the simplified triple test-cross of Jinks, Perkins and Breese (1969) with the selfed progenies of the L1i and L2i families. If the L1 and L2 testers prove to be inadequate due to the presence of common loci, modifications of the analyses are proposed which correct the resulting biases in the genetical components of variation.", "PMID": 330472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11539", "title": "Light and electron microscopic observations of the autonomic innervation of the mouse gallbladder mucosa. A histochemical, cytochemical, and secretory study.", "content": "The autonomic innervation of the mouse gallbladder mucosa was studied using histo- and cytochemical methods. In a light microscopic investigation the distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence was studied histochemically. Nerve fibres and small varicosities showed concentrations of AChE activity very close to the epithelium in the subepithelial connective tissue. No adrenergic nerves were observed in the mucosa. When using the electron microscope and employing the potassium permanganate fixation/staining technique only one sort of axonal enlargement was encountered, viz. the cholinergic type. These varicosities contained numerous agranular vesicles (500-600 A in diameter). No varicosities of the adrenergic (dense-cored vesicles) type were observed. Signs of increased secretory activity in the epithelium were observed in the first few minutes after cholinergic stimulation. After repeated in vivo stimulation, there was an almost total depletion of glycoprotein granules, best seen when using the cytochemical PA-CrA-silver technique. The findings suggest that the subepithelial connective tissue and the epithelium of the mouse gallbladder mucosa have a cholinergic innervation.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic observations of the autonomic innervation of the mouse gallbladder mucosa. A histochemical, cytochemical, and secretory study. The autonomic innervation of the mouse gallbladder mucosa was studied using histo- and cytochemical methods. In a light microscopic investigation the distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence was studied histochemically. Nerve fibres and small varicosities showed concentrations of AChE activity very close to the epithelium in the subepithelial connective tissue. No adrenergic nerves were observed in the mucosa. When using the electron microscope and employing the potassium permanganate fixation/staining technique only one sort of axonal enlargement was encountered, viz. the cholinergic type. These varicosities contained numerous agranular vesicles (500-600 A in diameter). No varicosities of the adrenergic (dense-cored vesicles) type were observed. Signs of increased secretory activity in the epithelium were observed in the first few minutes after cholinergic stimulation. After repeated in vivo stimulation, there was an almost total depletion of glycoprotein granules, best seen when using the cytochemical PA-CrA-silver technique. The findings suggest that the subepithelial connective tissue and the epithelium of the mouse gallbladder mucosa have a cholinergic innervation.", "PMID": 330473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11540", "title": "Penicillin G or ampicillin for oral treatment of canine urinary tract infections.", "content": "Penicillin G or ampicillin was administered orally to 144 dogs with urinary tract infections. The daily dosage of penicillin G ranged from 110,000 to 165,000 U/kg (50,000-75,000 U/lb), and the dosage of ampicillin varied from 77 to 110 mg/kg (35-50 mg/lb). The daily dose of each antibiotic was divided into 3 or 4 doses and given at approximately 8- or 6-hour intervals for 10 to 14 days. Response to treatment, based on results of urine culture, varied from no response for infections caused by Pseudomonas spp to 100% response for those caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. About 50% of infections caused by Escherichia coli were eliminated, as were about 80% of those due to Proteus mirabilis. Mean concentrations of penicillin G and ampicillin in urines collected at 6-hour intervals after oral administration to clinically normal adult dogs were approximately 350 microgram/ml for both drugs when each was given individually in daily dosages (divided QID) of 55 mg/kg (25 mg/lb). The minimum inhibitory concentration of penicillin G for a number of the bacteria isolated from the urine of the infected dogs was compared with the results of the clinical trials and to the minimum inhibitory concentration of a larger number of urinary bacterial isolates.", "contents": "Penicillin G or ampicillin for oral treatment of canine urinary tract infections. Penicillin G or ampicillin was administered orally to 144 dogs with urinary tract infections. The daily dosage of penicillin G ranged from 110,000 to 165,000 U/kg (50,000-75,000 U/lb), and the dosage of ampicillin varied from 77 to 110 mg/kg (35-50 mg/lb). The daily dose of each antibiotic was divided into 3 or 4 doses and given at approximately 8- or 6-hour intervals for 10 to 14 days. Response to treatment, based on results of urine culture, varied from no response for infections caused by Pseudomonas spp to 100% response for those caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. About 50% of infections caused by Escherichia coli were eliminated, as were about 80% of those due to Proteus mirabilis. Mean concentrations of penicillin G and ampicillin in urines collected at 6-hour intervals after oral administration to clinically normal adult dogs were approximately 350 microgram/ml for both drugs when each was given individually in daily dosages (divided QID) of 55 mg/kg (25 mg/lb). The minimum inhibitory concentration of penicillin G for a number of the bacteria isolated from the urine of the infected dogs was compared with the results of the clinical trials and to the minimum inhibitory concentration of a larger number of urinary bacterial isolates.", "PMID": 330479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11541", "title": "Controlled randomized study comparing amoxycillin and pivmecillinam in adult out-patients presenting with symptoms of acute urinary tract infection.", "content": "A comparative study of amoxycillin and pivmecillinam was performed on 298 out-patients with acute urinary tract infection, receiving either 375 mg amoxycillin three times daily or 400 mg pivmecillinam three times daily. The primary cure rate was 90% in the pivmecillinam group compared to 82% in the amoxycillin group. Resistant enterobacteriaceae emerged in approximately 5% of patients receiving amoxycillin but not after treatment with pivmecillinam. No serious side effects were observed in patients receiving picmecillinam and the tolerance was generally good. Upper gastrointestinal side effects were more frequent in the pivmecillinam group whereas lower gastrointestinal side effects predominated in the amoxycillin group. 200 mg pivmecillinam three times daily compared with 400 mg three times daily showed no differences in cure rate and side effects were lower (11% compared to 19%).", "contents": "Controlled randomized study comparing amoxycillin and pivmecillinam in adult out-patients presenting with symptoms of acute urinary tract infection. A comparative study of amoxycillin and pivmecillinam was performed on 298 out-patients with acute urinary tract infection, receiving either 375 mg amoxycillin three times daily or 400 mg pivmecillinam three times daily. The primary cure rate was 90% in the pivmecillinam group compared to 82% in the amoxycillin group. Resistant enterobacteriaceae emerged in approximately 5% of patients receiving amoxycillin but not after treatment with pivmecillinam. No serious side effects were observed in patients receiving picmecillinam and the tolerance was generally good. Upper gastrointestinal side effects were more frequent in the pivmecillinam group whereas lower gastrointestinal side effects predominated in the amoxycillin group. 200 mg pivmecillinam three times daily compared with 400 mg three times daily showed no differences in cure rate and side effects were lower (11% compared to 19%).", "PMID": 330480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11542", "title": "Clinical evaluation of pivmecillinam in acute simple cystitis: a comparative study with amoxycillin by a randomized double-blind technique.", "content": "The comparative efficacy of pivmecillinam and amoxycillin in 243 patients with acute simple cystitis was determined in a randomized double-blind trial. Pivmecillinam was found to be significantly more effective on both clinical and bacteriological grounds. The superiority of pivmecillinam was primarily due to its efficacy in infections due to ampicillin resistant Escherichia coli. Fewer side effects were reported in patients who received pivmecillinam.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of pivmecillinam in acute simple cystitis: a comparative study with amoxycillin by a randomized double-blind technique. The comparative efficacy of pivmecillinam and amoxycillin in 243 patients with acute simple cystitis was determined in a randomized double-blind trial. Pivmecillinam was found to be significantly more effective on both clinical and bacteriological grounds. The superiority of pivmecillinam was primarily due to its efficacy in infections due to ampicillin resistant Escherichia coli. Fewer side effects were reported in patients who received pivmecillinam.", "PMID": 330481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11543", "title": "Pivmecillinam and amoxycillin as combined treatment in purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-two patients with purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were randomly allotted to treatment in three groups. They received (a) amoxycillin 250 mg and pivmecillinam 200 mg; or (b) amoxycillin 500 mg; or (c) amoxycillin 500 mg and pivmecillinam 400 mg: three times daily for 10 days. By the 7th day of treatment there was significant improvement over amoxycillin alone for both groups given combined chemotherapy in conversion of sputum to mucoid and in general improvement; at the end of treatment results in patients given the higher doses of both antibiotics were still superior to amoxycillin alone. Patients were observed 2 to 4 weeks later, when those given amoxycillin alone relapsed much more frequently. The three treatments were well tolerated and succeeded equally in clearing potential pathogens from the sputum. Combined treatment may be superior due to synergy against Haemophilus influenzae or to the elimination of beta-lactamase producing organisms and should be investigated further.", "contents": "Pivmecillinam and amoxycillin as combined treatment in purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. One hundred and thirty-two patients with purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were randomly allotted to treatment in three groups. They received (a) amoxycillin 250 mg and pivmecillinam 200 mg; or (b) amoxycillin 500 mg; or (c) amoxycillin 500 mg and pivmecillinam 400 mg: three times daily for 10 days. By the 7th day of treatment there was significant improvement over amoxycillin alone for both groups given combined chemotherapy in conversion of sputum to mucoid and in general improvement; at the end of treatment results in patients given the higher doses of both antibiotics were still superior to amoxycillin alone. Patients were observed 2 to 4 weeks later, when those given amoxycillin alone relapsed much more frequently. The three treatments were well tolerated and succeeded equally in clearing potential pathogens from the sputum. Combined treatment may be superior due to synergy against Haemophilus influenzae or to the elimination of beta-lactamase producing organisms and should be investigated further.", "PMID": 330483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11544", "title": "Effect of cold exposure on water requirements on three species of small mammals.", "content": "Water turnover rate (WTR) was determined from tritiated water (3H2O) loss in the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), and white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). When given ad libitum water at Ta of 20 degrees, B. brevicauda, C. gapperi, and P. leucopus turned over 16.2, 13.8, and 6.2 ml/day, respectively; minimum WTR was 9.9, 7.8, and 3.5 ml/day, respectively. When they were given ad libitum water at 5 degrees C, WTR was 1.4 to 1.6 times higher than at 20 degrees C. On minimum water rations, WTR at 5 degrees C was 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than at 20 degrees C. Since increases in VO2 at 5 degrees C and at 20 degrees C were of about the same magnitude, increased metabolic rates may have caused increased water requirements. Total body water (TBW) was calculated from 3H2O dilution. On minimum water rations, the three species at both Ta's showed decreases in TBW and body weight, but percent body H2O increased.", "contents": "Effect of cold exposure on water requirements on three species of small mammals. Water turnover rate (WTR) was determined from tritiated water (3H2O) loss in the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), and white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). When given ad libitum water at Ta of 20 degrees, B. brevicauda, C. gapperi, and P. leucopus turned over 16.2, 13.8, and 6.2 ml/day, respectively; minimum WTR was 9.9, 7.8, and 3.5 ml/day, respectively. When they were given ad libitum water at 5 degrees C, WTR was 1.4 to 1.6 times higher than at 20 degrees C. On minimum water rations, WTR at 5 degrees C was 1.7 to 1.9 times higher than at 20 degrees C. Since increases in VO2 at 5 degrees C and at 20 degrees C were of about the same magnitude, increased metabolic rates may have caused increased water requirements. Total body water (TBW) was calculated from 3H2O dilution. On minimum water rations, the three species at both Ta's showed decreases in TBW and body weight, but percent body H2O increased.", "PMID": 330486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11545", "title": "[14C]urea and [14C]sucrose as permeability indicators in histamine pulmonary edema.", "content": "To see whether, by avoiding red blood cell transport effects, [14C]-sucrose would be a more sensitive lung vascular permeability indicator than [14C]urea, we compared the effects of 4 microgram/kg-min intravenous histamine phosphate infusions on lung vascular permeability-surface area products (PS) for each indicator in the same unanesthetized sheep. Histamine caused hematocrit, PaCO2 and pHa to increase and pulmonary arterial pressure and Pa02 to decrease. [14C]Urea PS (integral extraction calculation) increased from a base line value of 14.7 +/- 1.5 SE ml/s to 17.7 +/- 1.3 (P less than 0.05) with histamine, but [14C]sucrose PS did not change (base line, 6.5 +/- 2.9; histamine, 5.8 +/- 1.2). We conclude that [14C]urea is probably a more useful permeability indicator in the lung circulation than [14C]sucrose, because urea is more sensitive to moderate increases in permeability.", "contents": "[14C]urea and [14C]sucrose as permeability indicators in histamine pulmonary edema. To see whether, by avoiding red blood cell transport effects, [14C]-sucrose would be a more sensitive lung vascular permeability indicator than [14C]urea, we compared the effects of 4 microgram/kg-min intravenous histamine phosphate infusions on lung vascular permeability-surface area products (PS) for each indicator in the same unanesthetized sheep. Histamine caused hematocrit, PaCO2 and pHa to increase and pulmonary arterial pressure and Pa02 to decrease. [14C]Urea PS (integral extraction calculation) increased from a base line value of 14.7 +/- 1.5 SE ml/s to 17.7 +/- 1.3 (P less than 0.05) with histamine, but [14C]sucrose PS did not change (base line, 6.5 +/- 2.9; histamine, 5.8 +/- 1.2). We conclude that [14C]urea is probably a more useful permeability indicator in the lung circulation than [14C]sucrose, because urea is more sensitive to moderate increases in permeability.", "PMID": 330487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11546", "title": "Splanchnic blood flow, O2 consumption, removal of lactate, and output of glucose in highlanders.", "content": "An impairment of gluconeogenesis has been proposed to explain the low arterial blood glucose of highlanders. Therefore, we studied splanchnic blood flow, splanchnic uptake of oxygen and lactate, and  output of glucose in nine normal and six anemic highlanders at an altitude of 3,750 m. Splanchnic blood flow, arteriovenous difference for oxygen, and oxygen consumption were comparable at rest in both groups and in lowlanders from the literature, whereas splanchnic output of glucose, and uptake of lactate were approximately twice those in lowlanders. After 10 min of mild exercise in 12 subjects (7 normals, 5 anemic), no significant changes in splanchnic hemodynamics and metabolism were found. During 29% oxygen breathing in 8 subjects (5 normals, 3 anemics), arterial lactate, splanchnic uptake of lactate and output of glucose fell to normal sea-level values. We concluded that splanchnic hemodynamics are similar in adapted highlanders and in lowlanders, and that there is no evidence of an impaired gluconeogenesis at the altitude of the present study.", "contents": "Splanchnic blood flow, O2 consumption, removal of lactate, and output of glucose in highlanders. An impairment of gluconeogenesis has been proposed to explain the low arterial blood glucose of highlanders. Therefore, we studied splanchnic blood flow, splanchnic uptake of oxygen and lactate, and  output of glucose in nine normal and six anemic highlanders at an altitude of 3,750 m. Splanchnic blood flow, arteriovenous difference for oxygen, and oxygen consumption were comparable at rest in both groups and in lowlanders from the literature, whereas splanchnic output of glucose, and uptake of lactate were approximately twice those in lowlanders. After 10 min of mild exercise in 12 subjects (7 normals, 5 anemic), no significant changes in splanchnic hemodynamics and metabolism were found. During 29% oxygen breathing in 8 subjects (5 normals, 3 anemics), arterial lactate, splanchnic uptake of lactate and output of glucose fell to normal sea-level values. We concluded that splanchnic hemodynamics are similar in adapted highlanders and in lowlanders, and that there is no evidence of an impaired gluconeogenesis at the altitude of the present study.", "PMID": 330488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11547", "title": "Collaborative study comparing the spiral plate and aerobic plate count methods.", "content": "The spiral plate count method is a semiautomated plating technique that greatly reduces manpower and material costs normally associated with the pour plating technique. In this collaborative study, 8 laboratories compared the spiral and pour plating techniques, using 4 samples each of 3 products: frozen pumpkin pie, frozen chicken pot pie, and shampoo. The results show that 10 of the 12 comparisons of means of the pour and spiral methods were not significantly different; 2 values were significant at alpha = 0.01. Overall, the components of variance were less than that of the current milk standard, and the replicate per cent coefficient of variation was satisfactory. This study indicates that the spiral plate method is an acceptable alternative to the pour plate method; the spiral plate method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study comparing the spiral plate and aerobic plate count methods. The spiral plate count method is a semiautomated plating technique that greatly reduces manpower and material costs normally associated with the pour plating technique. In this collaborative study, 8 laboratories compared the spiral and pour plating techniques, using 4 samples each of 3 products: frozen pumpkin pie, frozen chicken pot pie, and shampoo. The results show that 10 of the 12 comparisons of means of the pour and spiral methods were not significantly different; 2 values were significant at alpha = 0.01. Overall, the components of variance were less than that of the current milk standard, and the replicate per cent coefficient of variation was satisfactory. This study indicates that the spiral plate method is an acceptable alternative to the pour plate method; the spiral plate method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 330489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11548", "title": "Microbiological plate and turbidimetric assays of chlortetracycline in feeds: collaborative study.", "content": "The manual and automated turbidimetric assays and a modified official plate assay for chlortetracycline (CTC-HCl) in feed were collaboratively studied. Three feed samples (swine feed, 100 g CTC-HCl/ton; premix I, 20 g each of CTC-HCl and sulfamethazine/lb, and 10 g penicillin/lb; and premix II, 50 g CTC-HCl/lb) were analyzed at 2 dilutions. Twelve laboratories conducted the plate assay; 8 laboratories the manual turbidimetric method; and 7 laboratories, the Autoturb analysis. Within a method, there was no significant difference between dilutions. Between methods, there was a significant difference between the manual turbidimetric plate assays only for swine feed. However, the same sample dilutions or the average values of the 2 dilutions for both methods showed no statistical difference. Among the collaborators, the slope of CTC-HCl standard curve varied between about 2.0 and 3.0 for the plate method. The turbidimetric assay has been adopted as official first action for feeds containing larger than or equal to 20 g CTC-HCl/lb.", "contents": "Microbiological plate and turbidimetric assays of chlortetracycline in feeds: collaborative study. The manual and automated turbidimetric assays and a modified official plate assay for chlortetracycline (CTC-HCl) in feed were collaboratively studied. Three feed samples (swine feed, 100 g CTC-HCl/ton; premix I, 20 g each of CTC-HCl and sulfamethazine/lb, and 10 g penicillin/lb; and premix II, 50 g CTC-HCl/lb) were analyzed at 2 dilutions. Twelve laboratories conducted the plate assay; 8 laboratories the manual turbidimetric method; and 7 laboratories, the Autoturb analysis. Within a method, there was no significant difference between dilutions. Between methods, there was a significant difference between the manual turbidimetric plate assays only for swine feed. However, the same sample dilutions or the average values of the 2 dilutions for both methods showed no statistical difference. Among the collaborators, the slope of CTC-HCl standard curve varied between about 2.0 and 3.0 for the plate method. The turbidimetric assay has been adopted as official first action for feeds containing larger than or equal to 20 g CTC-HCl/lb.", "PMID": 330490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11549", "title": "Induction of colicin E1 synthesis in recomination-defective mutants in both the RecBC and RecF pathways.", "content": "Colicin E1 synthesis was induced in mutants defective in both the RecBC and RecF pathways to the same extent as in Rec(+) strains.", "contents": "Induction of colicin E1 synthesis in recomination-defective mutants in both the RecBC and RecF pathways. Colicin E1 synthesis was induced in mutants defective in both the RecBC and RecF pathways to the same extent as in Rec(+) strains.", "PMID": 330491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11550", "title": "Inhibition of thiamine transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by thiamine disulfides.", "content": "Both thiamine disulfide and O-benzoyl thiamine disulfide, which are thiolfrom derivatives of thiamine, strongly inhibited thiamine transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inhibition appeared to be due to a high affinity of the analogs for yeast cell membranes, in which thiamine transport component(s) may be integrated.", "contents": "Inhibition of thiamine transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by thiamine disulfides. Both thiamine disulfide and O-benzoyl thiamine disulfide, which are thiolfrom derivatives of thiamine, strongly inhibited thiamine transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inhibition appeared to be due to a high affinity of the analogs for yeast cell membranes, in which thiamine transport component(s) may be integrated.", "PMID": 330492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11551", "title": "Propionate-induced synthesis of odd-chain-length fatty acids by Escherichia coli.", "content": "Exogenous propionate is incorporated in vivo by Escherichia coli as a primer to produce lipids with fatty acids of odd chain lengths. This provides a method for the specific labeling of the three terminal carbons in the fatty acyl chains of phospholipids.", "contents": "Propionate-induced synthesis of odd-chain-length fatty acids by Escherichia coli. Exogenous propionate is incorporated in vivo by Escherichia coli as a primer to produce lipids with fatty acids of odd chain lengths. This provides a method for the specific labeling of the three terminal carbons in the fatty acyl chains of phospholipids.", "PMID": 330493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11552", "title": "Fine-structure mapping of the firA gene, a locus involved in the phenotypic expression of rifampin resistance in Escherichia.", "content": "The firA (Ts)200 mutation not only eliminates the resistance to rifampin of certain genetically resistant strains, but, moreover, renders ribonucleic acid synthesis thermolabile. The firA gene has been mapped by P1 tranduction and is located extremely close to the structural gene for deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III at 4 min on the Escherichia coli linkage map.", "contents": "Fine-structure mapping of the firA gene, a locus involved in the phenotypic expression of rifampin resistance in Escherichia. The firA (Ts)200 mutation not only eliminates the resistance to rifampin of certain genetically resistant strains, but, moreover, renders ribonucleic acid synthesis thermolabile. The firA gene has been mapped by P1 tranduction and is located extremely close to the structural gene for deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III at 4 min on the Escherichia coli linkage map.", "PMID": 330494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11553", "title": "Killer double-stranded ribonucleic acid synthesis in cell division cycle mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The synthesis of killer double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined in seven different cell division cycle mutants (cdc) that are defective in nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid replication and contain the \"killer character.\" In cdc28, cdc4, and cdc7, which are defective in the initiation of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and in cdc23 or in cdc14, defective in medial or late nuclear division, an overproduction of dsRNA at the restrictive temperature was observed. In contrast to the above mutants, the synthesis of killer dsRNA is not enhanced at the restrictive temperature in either cdc8 or cdc21, which are defective in deoxyribonucleic acid chain elongation. Examination of killer sensitive strains (cdc7 K- and cdc4 K-) has shown that the complete killer dsRNA genome is essential for the overproduction of dsRNA at the restrictive temperature.", "contents": "Killer double-stranded ribonucleic acid synthesis in cell division cycle mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The synthesis of killer double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined in seven different cell division cycle mutants (cdc) that are defective in nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid replication and contain the \"killer character.\" In cdc28, cdc4, and cdc7, which are defective in the initiation of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and in cdc23 or in cdc14, defective in medial or late nuclear division, an overproduction of dsRNA at the restrictive temperature was observed. In contrast to the above mutants, the synthesis of killer dsRNA is not enhanced at the restrictive temperature in either cdc8 or cdc21, which are defective in deoxyribonucleic acid chain elongation. Examination of killer sensitive strains (cdc7 K- and cdc4 K-) has shown that the complete killer dsRNA genome is essential for the overproduction of dsRNA at the restrictive temperature.", "PMID": 330495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11554", "title": "Genetic characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant altered in the structure of murein lipoprotein.", "content": "Mutants defective in the structure, biosynthesis, and assembly of murein lipoprotein have been isolated. One of these mutants has been shown to synthesize a structurally altered lipoprotein. The biochemical features of the mutant lipoprotein (lipid deficiency, dimer formation, and a reduced, bound form of lipoprotein) could be attributed to a single mutation (or closely linked mutations) located at 36.4 min of the Escherichia coli map. We propose that this mutant is altered in the structural gene for murein lipoprotein (mlpA). Biochemical studies carried out with a heterogenote, mlpA/F'mlpA+, revealed the biochemical codominance of the wild-type and mutant genes.", "contents": "Genetic characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant altered in the structure of murein lipoprotein. Mutants defective in the structure, biosynthesis, and assembly of murein lipoprotein have been isolated. One of these mutants has been shown to synthesize a structurally altered lipoprotein. The biochemical features of the mutant lipoprotein (lipid deficiency, dimer formation, and a reduced, bound form of lipoprotein) could be attributed to a single mutation (or closely linked mutations) located at 36.4 min of the Escherichia coli map. We propose that this mutant is altered in the structural gene for murein lipoprotein (mlpA). Biochemical studies carried out with a heterogenote, mlpA/F'mlpA+, revealed the biochemical codominance of the wild-type and mutant genes.", "PMID": 330496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11555", "title": "Isolation and characterization of specialized lambda transducing bacteriophage carrying the metBJF methionine gene cluster.", "content": "Secondary attachment site lysogens of Deltaatt(lambda)Deltappc-argECBH strains of Escherichia coli with lambdacI857 integrated into the bfe gene (88 min) were isolated. Of 20 such lysogens examined, 2 produce lysates with transducing phage containing the metBJF gene cluster (87 min). Reintroduction of the ppc-argECBH chromosome segment (which lies between the bfe and met genes) into these strains virtually abolishes the production of met transducing phage. All of the phage examined have lost essential genes from the left arm of the lambda chromosome. Approximately 85% of the phage appear to have the same genetic composition, containing the metBJF gene cluster, but not the closely linked gene cytR, and having lost phage genes G and J. Analytical CsCl density gradient centrifugation of five representatives of this major class of phage shows four of them to have identical densities (lighter than lambda), while the fifth cannot be resolved from lambda. The four apparently identical phage were isolated from three separate lysates, which suggests the existence of preferred sites for illegitimate recombination on the bacterial and phage chromosomes. Three specialized transducing phage that carry cytR in addition to metB, metJ, and metF have also been studied. Each of these viruses has a different amount of phage deoxyribonucleic acid. Two of them have less deoxyribonucleic acid than lambda, whereas the third has about the same amount. The metB, metF, and cytR genes of the transducing phage have been shown to function in vivo. The phage-borne metB and metF genes are subject to metJ-mediated repression.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of specialized lambda transducing bacteriophage carrying the metBJF methionine gene cluster. Secondary attachment site lysogens of Deltaatt(lambda)Deltappc-argECBH strains of Escherichia coli with lambdacI857 integrated into the bfe gene (88 min) were isolated. Of 20 such lysogens examined, 2 produce lysates with transducing phage containing the metBJF gene cluster (87 min). Reintroduction of the ppc-argECBH chromosome segment (which lies between the bfe and met genes) into these strains virtually abolishes the production of met transducing phage. All of the phage examined have lost essential genes from the left arm of the lambda chromosome. Approximately 85% of the phage appear to have the same genetic composition, containing the metBJF gene cluster, but not the closely linked gene cytR, and having lost phage genes G and J. Analytical CsCl density gradient centrifugation of five representatives of this major class of phage shows four of them to have identical densities (lighter than lambda), while the fifth cannot be resolved from lambda. The four apparently identical phage were isolated from three separate lysates, which suggests the existence of preferred sites for illegitimate recombination on the bacterial and phage chromosomes. Three specialized transducing phage that carry cytR in addition to metB, metJ, and metF have also been studied. Each of these viruses has a different amount of phage deoxyribonucleic acid. Two of them have less deoxyribonucleic acid than lambda, whereas the third has about the same amount. The metB, metF, and cytR genes of the transducing phage have been shown to function in vivo. The phage-borne metB and metF genes are subject to metJ-mediated repression.", "PMID": 330497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11556", "title": "Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli K-12 region I flagellar mutants.", "content": "Flagellar mutants in Escherichia coli region I were obtained by selection for resistance to the flagellotropic phage chi. F' elements carrying this region of the E. coli genome were then constructed. Stable merodiploid strains with a flagellar defect on the exogenate and another on the endogenote were prepared. These merodiploids yielded information on the complementation behavior of mutations in this region. Region I was shown to include at least six cistrons, flaV, flaK, flaL, flaM, flaS, and flaT. Mu-induced and deletion fla mutants were also isolated. By using these mutant strains, the transcriptional order was shown to be flaV-flaK-flaL-flaM-flaS-flaT. The definition of region I fla genes and their transcriptional relationships were confirmed by genetic tests with hybrid A phage carrying fla genes in this region.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli K-12 region I flagellar mutants. Flagellar mutants in Escherichia coli region I were obtained by selection for resistance to the flagellotropic phage chi. F' elements carrying this region of the E. coli genome were then constructed. Stable merodiploid strains with a flagellar defect on the exogenate and another on the endogenote were prepared. These merodiploids yielded information on the complementation behavior of mutations in this region. Region I was shown to include at least six cistrons, flaV, flaK, flaL, flaM, flaS, and flaT. Mu-induced and deletion fla mutants were also isolated. By using these mutant strains, the transcriptional order was shown to be flaV-flaK-flaL-flaM-flaS-flaT. The definition of region I fla genes and their transcriptional relationships were confirmed by genetic tests with hybrid A phage carrying fla genes in this region.", "PMID": 330498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11557", "title": "Intracellular localization of the superoxide dismutases of Escherichia coli: a reevaluation.", "content": "All of the superoxide dismutase isozymes of Escherichia coli have been shown to occur in the cell matrix, and none have been found in the periplasm. This was the case with both E. coli B and E. coli K-12, whether grown on a low phosphate medium or on a Trypticase soy-yeast extract medium. Alkaline phosphatase was used as a marker of the periplasm; adenosine deaminase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were used as matrix markers, and consistent results were obtained by osmotic shock, spheroplast formation, and use of a diazonium salt that penetrates the periplasm but cannot cross the plasma membrane. A previous report that the iron-containing superoxide dismutase of E. coli is a periplasmic enzyme is now seen to have been in error.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of the superoxide dismutases of Escherichia coli: a reevaluation. All of the superoxide dismutase isozymes of Escherichia coli have been shown to occur in the cell matrix, and none have been found in the periplasm. This was the case with both E. coli B and E. coli K-12, whether grown on a low phosphate medium or on a Trypticase soy-yeast extract medium. Alkaline phosphatase was used as a marker of the periplasm; adenosine deaminase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were used as matrix markers, and consistent results were obtained by osmotic shock, spheroplast formation, and use of a diazonium salt that penetrates the periplasm but cannot cross the plasma membrane. A previous report that the iron-containing superoxide dismutase of E. coli is a periplasmic enzyme is now seen to have been in error.", "PMID": 330499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11558", "title": "Major proteins of the Escherichia coli outer cell envelope membrane as bacteriophage receptors.", "content": "Three Escherichia coli phages, TuIa, TuIb, and TuII, were isolated from local sewage. We present evidence that they use the major outer membrane proteins Ia, Ib, and II, respectively, as receptors. In all cases the proteins, under the experimental conditions used, required lipopolysaccharide to exhibit their receptor activity. For proteins Ia and II, an approximately two- to eightfold molar excess of lipopolysaccharide (based on one diglucosamine unit) was necessary to reach maximal receptor activity. Lipopolysaccharide did not appear to possess phage-binding sites. It seemed that the lipopolysaccharide requirement reflected a protein-lipopolysaccharide interaction in vivo, and lipopolysaccharide may thus cause the specific localization of these proteins. Inactivation of phage TuII by a protein II-lipopolysaccharide complex was reversible as long as the complex was in solution. Precipitation of the complex with Mg2+ led to irreversible phage inactivation with an inactivation constant (37 degrees C)K = 7 X 10-2 ml/min per microgram. With phages TuIa and TuIb and their respective protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes, only irreversible inactivation was found at 37 degrees C. The activity of the three proteins as phage receptors shows that part of them must be located at the cells surface. In addition, the association of proteins Ia and Ib with the murein layer of the cell envelope makes this pair trans-membrane proteins.", "contents": "Major proteins of the Escherichia coli outer cell envelope membrane as bacteriophage receptors. Three Escherichia coli phages, TuIa, TuIb, and TuII, were isolated from local sewage. We present evidence that they use the major outer membrane proteins Ia, Ib, and II, respectively, as receptors. In all cases the proteins, under the experimental conditions used, required lipopolysaccharide to exhibit their receptor activity. For proteins Ia and II, an approximately two- to eightfold molar excess of lipopolysaccharide (based on one diglucosamine unit) was necessary to reach maximal receptor activity. Lipopolysaccharide did not appear to possess phage-binding sites. It seemed that the lipopolysaccharide requirement reflected a protein-lipopolysaccharide interaction in vivo, and lipopolysaccharide may thus cause the specific localization of these proteins. Inactivation of phage TuII by a protein II-lipopolysaccharide complex was reversible as long as the complex was in solution. Precipitation of the complex with Mg2+ led to irreversible phage inactivation with an inactivation constant (37 degrees C)K = 7 X 10-2 ml/min per microgram. With phages TuIa and TuIb and their respective protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes, only irreversible inactivation was found at 37 degrees C. The activity of the three proteins as phage receptors shows that part of them must be located at the cells surface. In addition, the association of proteins Ia and Ib with the murein layer of the cell envelope makes this pair trans-membrane proteins.", "PMID": 330500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11559", "title": "Isolation, genetic analysis, and characterization of Escherichia coli mutants with defects in the lacY gene.", "content": "Five hundred thirty-five lacY mutants were isolated from an Escherichia coli strain carrying the lactose operon on an F' factor, either without mutagenesis or after mutagenesis with 2-aminopurine or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Crosses against 48 independently isolated deletions ending in the lacY gene divided the gene into 36 deletion groups. Suppressibility studies with 7 nonsense suppressor strains classified 276 mutants as nonsense mutants and 78 as missense (or nonsuppressible) mutants. One hundred seventy-nine mutants were \"leaky\" and could not be so allocated, and two were found to have small internal deletions. Nonsense mutants could in many cases be subdivided even within deletion groups on the basis of their suppressibility pattern, giving a total of 70 groups of nonsense mutants. Studies of these mutants allow the following conclusions: lactose and melibiose most probably do not have separate binding sites on the permease; the lacY region most likely consists of one cistron, and so both active transport and facilitated diffusion are functions of one protein; and finally, there is probably no small defined region of the permease responsible for energy coupling of transport. Furthermore, the strains and the analysis form the basis for a future functional study of the permease by biochemical techniques.", "contents": "Isolation, genetic analysis, and characterization of Escherichia coli mutants with defects in the lacY gene. Five hundred thirty-five lacY mutants were isolated from an Escherichia coli strain carrying the lactose operon on an F' factor, either without mutagenesis or after mutagenesis with 2-aminopurine or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Crosses against 48 independently isolated deletions ending in the lacY gene divided the gene into 36 deletion groups. Suppressibility studies with 7 nonsense suppressor strains classified 276 mutants as nonsense mutants and 78 as missense (or nonsuppressible) mutants. One hundred seventy-nine mutants were \"leaky\" and could not be so allocated, and two were found to have small internal deletions. Nonsense mutants could in many cases be subdivided even within deletion groups on the basis of their suppressibility pattern, giving a total of 70 groups of nonsense mutants. Studies of these mutants allow the following conclusions: lactose and melibiose most probably do not have separate binding sites on the permease; the lacY region most likely consists of one cistron, and so both active transport and facilitated diffusion are functions of one protein; and finally, there is probably no small defined region of the permease responsible for energy coupling of transport. Furthermore, the strains and the analysis form the basis for a future functional study of the permease by biochemical techniques.", "PMID": 330501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11560", "title": "Glutamate transport driven by an electrochemical gradient of sodium ions in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The role of Na+ in glutamate transport was studied in Escherichia coli B, strain 29-78, which possesses a very high activity of glutamate transport (L. Frank and I. Hopkins, J. Bacteriol., 1969). Energy-depleted cells were exposed to radioactive glutamate in the presence of a sodium gradient, a membrane potential, or both. One hundred- to 200-fold accumulation of the amino acid was attained in the presence of both electrical and chemical driving forces for the sodium ion. Somewhat lower accumulation values were obtained when either chemical or electrical driving forces were applied separately. A chemical driving force was produced by the addition of external Na+ to Na+-free cells. A membrane potential was established by a diffusion potential either of H+ in the presence of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone or of SCN-. These results support the hypothesis of a Na+-glutamate cotransport. Na+-driven glutamate transport was also observed in wild-type E. coli B but not in a strain of K-12.", "contents": "Glutamate transport driven by an electrochemical gradient of sodium ions in Escherichia coli. The role of Na+ in glutamate transport was studied in Escherichia coli B, strain 29-78, which possesses a very high activity of glutamate transport (L. Frank and I. Hopkins, J. Bacteriol., 1969). Energy-depleted cells were exposed to radioactive glutamate in the presence of a sodium gradient, a membrane potential, or both. One hundred- to 200-fold accumulation of the amino acid was attained in the presence of both electrical and chemical driving forces for the sodium ion. Somewhat lower accumulation values were obtained when either chemical or electrical driving forces were applied separately. A chemical driving force was produced by the addition of external Na+ to Na+-free cells. A membrane potential was established by a diffusion potential either of H+ in the presence of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone or of SCN-. These results support the hypothesis of a Na+-glutamate cotransport. Na+-driven glutamate transport was also observed in wild-type E. coli B but not in a strain of K-12.", "PMID": 330502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11561", "title": "Peptide transport in yeast: utilization of leucine- and lysine-containing peptides by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A variety of leucine-containing di- and tripeptides and two lysine-containing dipeptides supported the growth of strain Z1-2D, a leucine, lysine auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, (Lys)2, (Lys)3, (Lys)4, and (Lys)5 as well as Gly-Leu-Gly, three tetra- and one pentapeptide containing leucine were not utilized by the mutant. Cellular peptidases released leucine or lysine from all of these non-growth-supporting peptides, suggesting that the failure of strain Z1-2D to utilize these compounds reflects their failure to enter the yeast. Competition studies employing phenylalanine or non-leucine-containing peptides showed that the uptake of peptides into S. cerevisiae Z1-2D is distinct from that of amino acids and that di- and oligopeptides may share a common transport system. The failure of strain Z1-2D to utilize any peptide larger than (Leu)3 may indicate a transport size limit. Such a size limit would influence the construction of models that explain the action of yeast mating factors.", "contents": "Peptide transport in yeast: utilization of leucine- and lysine-containing peptides by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A variety of leucine-containing di- and tripeptides and two lysine-containing dipeptides supported the growth of strain Z1-2D, a leucine, lysine auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, (Lys)2, (Lys)3, (Lys)4, and (Lys)5 as well as Gly-Leu-Gly, three tetra- and one pentapeptide containing leucine were not utilized by the mutant. Cellular peptidases released leucine or lysine from all of these non-growth-supporting peptides, suggesting that the failure of strain Z1-2D to utilize these compounds reflects their failure to enter the yeast. Competition studies employing phenylalanine or non-leucine-containing peptides showed that the uptake of peptides into S. cerevisiae Z1-2D is distinct from that of amino acids and that di- and oligopeptides may share a common transport system. The failure of strain Z1-2D to utilize any peptide larger than (Leu)3 may indicate a transport size limit. Such a size limit would influence the construction of models that explain the action of yeast mating factors.", "PMID": 330503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11562", "title": "Origin and direction of replication of the drug resistance plasmid R100.1 and of a resistance transfer factor derivative in synchronized cultures.", "content": "The origin and direction of replication of the resistance plasmid R100.1 and its resistance transfer factor derivative, pAR132, were studied by electron microscopy autoradiography of partially denatured molecules and partial denaturation mapping of replicative intermediates. Results of these studies indicate the existence of an origin of replication at 8.8 kilobases on the R100 map. Replication from this origin in cultures synchronized for initiation of replication is predominantly unidirectional in a single direction.", "contents": "Origin and direction of replication of the drug resistance plasmid R100.1 and of a resistance transfer factor derivative in synchronized cultures. The origin and direction of replication of the resistance plasmid R100.1 and its resistance transfer factor derivative, pAR132, were studied by electron microscopy autoradiography of partially denatured molecules and partial denaturation mapping of replicative intermediates. Results of these studies indicate the existence of an origin of replication at 8.8 kilobases on the R100 map. Replication from this origin in cultures synchronized for initiation of replication is predominantly unidirectional in a single direction.", "PMID": 330504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11563", "title": "Threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase from Escherichia coli: subunit structure and genetic analysis of the structural gene by means of a mutated enzyme and of a specialized transducing lambda bacteriophage.", "content": "Threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase (ThrRS) has been purified from a strain of Escherichia coli that shows a ninefold overproduction of this enzyme. Determination of the molecular weight of the purified, native enzyme by gel chromatography and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at different gel concentrations yielded apparent molecular weight values of 150,000 and 161,000, respectively. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate yields a single protein band of 76,000-dalton size. From these results an alpha(2) subunit structure can be inferred. A mutant with a structurally altered ThrRS, which had been obtained by selection for resistance against the antibiotic borrelidin, was used to map the position of the ThrRS structural gene (thrS) by P1 transductions. It was found that thrS is located in the immediate neighborhood of pheS and pheT, which are the structural genes for the alpha and beta subunits of phenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase, the gene order being aroD-pheT-pheS-thrS. A lambda phage that was previously shown to specifically transduce pheS, pheT, and also the structural gene for the translation initiation factor IF3 can complement the defect of the altered ThrRS of the borrelidin-resistant strain. This phage also stimulates the synthesis of the 76,000, molecular-weight polypeptide of ThrRS in ultraviolet light-irradiated. E. coli cells. These results indicate that the genes for ThrRS, alpha and beta subunits of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, and initiation factor IF3 are immediately adjacent on the E. coli chromosome.", "contents": "Threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase from Escherichia coli: subunit structure and genetic analysis of the structural gene by means of a mutated enzyme and of a specialized transducing lambda bacteriophage. Threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase (ThrRS) has been purified from a strain of Escherichia coli that shows a ninefold overproduction of this enzyme. Determination of the molecular weight of the purified, native enzyme by gel chromatography and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at different gel concentrations yielded apparent molecular weight values of 150,000 and 161,000, respectively. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate yields a single protein band of 76,000-dalton size. From these results an alpha(2) subunit structure can be inferred. A mutant with a structurally altered ThrRS, which had been obtained by selection for resistance against the antibiotic borrelidin, was used to map the position of the ThrRS structural gene (thrS) by P1 transductions. It was found that thrS is located in the immediate neighborhood of pheS and pheT, which are the structural genes for the alpha and beta subunits of phenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase, the gene order being aroD-pheT-pheS-thrS. A lambda phage that was previously shown to specifically transduce pheS, pheT, and also the structural gene for the translation initiation factor IF3 can complement the defect of the altered ThrRS of the borrelidin-resistant strain. This phage also stimulates the synthesis of the 76,000, molecular-weight polypeptide of ThrRS in ultraviolet light-irradiated. E. coli cells. These results indicate that the genes for ThrRS, alpha and beta subunits of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, and initiation factor IF3 are immediately adjacent on the E. coli chromosome.", "PMID": 330505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11564", "title": "Relationship between cell coiling and motility of spirochetes in viscous environments.", "content": "The lowest viscosity that stops translational motility of cells (minimum immobilizing viscosity [MIV] was determined for various spirochetes. The viscous agent used was polyvinylpyrrolidone, The MIV for either Spirochaeta halophila P1 or Spirochaeta aurantia J4T was approximately 1,000 centipoise (cp), and for Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) B16 the MIV was greater than 500 cp. In comparison, the MIV for the flagellated bacteria Escherichia coli and Spirillum serpens was 60 cp. MIV values for two S. halophila mutant strains lacking the characteristic cell coiling (Hel-mutants) were 70 and 120 cp,  approximately one-tenth the MIV for the wild-type strain. MIV values for cells of S. aurantia strains with fewer coils than comparably long cells of S. aurantia J4T were 300 to 600 cp. The average velocity of strains of S. aurantia and S. halophila decreased at viscosities higher than 2 to 3 cp. At 2 cp the average velocity of S. halophila P1 was 16 micron/s, whereas the average velocities of Hel-mutant strains were 7 to 9 micron/s. This study indicates that the coiling of spirochetes plays a role in their ability to move through environments of realtively high viscosity. Among the spirochetes we investigated, this ability is greater in the more extensively coiled strains.", "contents": "Relationship between cell coiling and motility of spirochetes in viscous environments. The lowest viscosity that stops translational motility of cells (minimum immobilizing viscosity [MIV] was determined for various spirochetes. The viscous agent used was polyvinylpyrrolidone, The MIV for either Spirochaeta halophila P1 or Spirochaeta aurantia J4T was approximately 1,000 centipoise (cp), and for Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) B16 the MIV was greater than 500 cp. In comparison, the MIV for the flagellated bacteria Escherichia coli and Spirillum serpens was 60 cp. MIV values for two S. halophila mutant strains lacking the characteristic cell coiling (Hel-mutants) were 70 and 120 cp,  approximately one-tenth the MIV for the wild-type strain. MIV values for cells of S. aurantia strains with fewer coils than comparably long cells of S. aurantia J4T were 300 to 600 cp. The average velocity of strains of S. aurantia and S. halophila decreased at viscosities higher than 2 to 3 cp. At 2 cp the average velocity of S. halophila P1 was 16 micron/s, whereas the average velocities of Hel-mutant strains were 7 to 9 micron/s. This study indicates that the coiling of spirochetes plays a role in their ability to move through environments of realtively high viscosity. Among the spirochetes we investigated, this ability is greater in the more extensively coiled strains.", "PMID": 330506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11565", "title": "Heteroduplex analysis of tra delta f' plasmids and the mechanism of their formation.", "content": "Four tra delta FargG+ plasmids, derived from matings between Hfr AB312 and a recA recipient, have been shown to have deletions of at least 50% of the F genome, including the region in which the tra genes map. The mutant plasmids do contain the F genes required for plasmid maintenance. Correlations can be made between, on the one hand, the F genes present on the tradelta F' plasmids and the F genes transferred early by an Hfr donor, and, on the other hand, the F genes deleted from the tradelta F' plasmids and the F genes transferred late by an Hfr donor. A biased representation of proximally and distally transferred chromosomal markers among the tradelta F' elements was also demonstrated. Taken Taken together, the asymmetrical representation of Hfr genes and the cis dominance of the Tra phenotype of these mutants can best be explained by the hypothesis that the tradelta F' plasmids are formed by repliconation of the transferred exogenote in a recA recipient.", "contents": "Heteroduplex analysis of tra delta f' plasmids and the mechanism of their formation. Four tra delta FargG+ plasmids, derived from matings between Hfr AB312 and a recA recipient, have been shown to have deletions of at least 50% of the F genome, including the region in which the tra genes map. The mutant plasmids do contain the F genes required for plasmid maintenance. Correlations can be made between, on the one hand, the F genes present on the tradelta F' plasmids and the F genes transferred early by an Hfr donor, and, on the other hand, the F genes deleted from the tradelta F' plasmids and the F genes transferred late by an Hfr donor. A biased representation of proximally and distally transferred chromosomal markers among the tradelta F' elements was also demonstrated. Taken Taken together, the asymmetrical representation of Hfr genes and the cis dominance of the Tra phenotype of these mutants can best be explained by the hypothesis that the tradelta F' plasmids are formed by repliconation of the transferred exogenote in a recA recipient.", "PMID": 330507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11566", "title": "Mycoplasma phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system: purification and characterization of enzyme I.", "content": "The Mycoplasma phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system consists of three components: a membrane-bound enzyme II, a soluble phosphocarrier protein (HPr), and a soluble enzyme I. The soluble enzyme I was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation; Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration; acid precipitation; diethylaminoethyl-Bio-Gel A; and Bio-Gel HTP column chromatography. The enzyme I was shown to be homogeneous by electrophoresis in a pH 8.9 non-sodium dodecyl sulfate gel and by isoelectric focusing. Whereas the protein moved as a single component in both the non-sodium dodecyl sulfate gel and isoelectric focusing, on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, it moved as three subcomponents. The molecular weights of the three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma, were 44,500, 62,000 and 64,500, respectively. The holoprotein moved as a single component, in the region of 220,000 daltons, in a Bio-Gel A 0.5-agarose column. The molar ratio of subunits was estimated to be 2alpha:1beta:1gamma. The elution characteristics on a diethylaminoethyl column at pH 7.4 and 6.8, acid precipitation data, and amino acid composition indicated that the protein is acidic. Isoelectric focusing occurred at pH 4.8. N-terminal amino acids determined by the dansyl chloride method indicated that glycine, alanine, and tyrosine are N-terminal amino acids of the three subunits. Although the protein was stable for at least 14 months at -20 degrees C, it was irreversibly inactivated by the thiol reagent N-ethyl-maleimide.", "contents": "Mycoplasma phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system: purification and characterization of enzyme I. The Mycoplasma phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system consists of three components: a membrane-bound enzyme II, a soluble phosphocarrier protein (HPr), and a soluble enzyme I. The soluble enzyme I was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation; Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration; acid precipitation; diethylaminoethyl-Bio-Gel A; and Bio-Gel HTP column chromatography. The enzyme I was shown to be homogeneous by electrophoresis in a pH 8.9 non-sodium dodecyl sulfate gel and by isoelectric focusing. Whereas the protein moved as a single component in both the non-sodium dodecyl sulfate gel and isoelectric focusing, on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, it moved as three subcomponents. The molecular weights of the three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma, were 44,500, 62,000 and 64,500, respectively. The holoprotein moved as a single component, in the region of 220,000 daltons, in a Bio-Gel A 0.5-agarose column. The molar ratio of subunits was estimated to be 2alpha:1beta:1gamma. The elution characteristics on a diethylaminoethyl column at pH 7.4 and 6.8, acid precipitation data, and amino acid composition indicated that the protein is acidic. Isoelectric focusing occurred at pH 4.8. N-terminal amino acids determined by the dansyl chloride method indicated that glycine, alanine, and tyrosine are N-terminal amino acids of the three subunits. Although the protein was stable for at least 14 months at -20 degrees C, it was irreversibly inactivated by the thiol reagent N-ethyl-maleimide.", "PMID": 330508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11567", "title": "Properties of proteins produced after damage to deoxyribonucleic acid of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Large amounts of extra proteins, X (in the envelope fraction) and X' (in the cytoplasmic fraction) were detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis when DNA of Escherichia coli was damaged. These two proteins had the same apparent molecular weight (appproximately 40,000) and were produced under identical conditions, including requirement  for the recA\" and lexA+ genotype. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed that protein X' consisted of relatively large and heterogeneous aggregates in the cytoplasmic fraction; the distribution of protein X in the envelope was not determined. As proteins X and X' were shown to be equivalent, it is suggested that they are identical. Co-precipitation of the aggregates of protein X' with the envelope led to the appearance of protein X in the envelope fraction.", "contents": "Properties of proteins produced after damage to deoxyribonucleic acid of Escherichia coli. Large amounts of extra proteins, X (in the envelope fraction) and X' (in the cytoplasmic fraction) were detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis when DNA of Escherichia coli was damaged. These two proteins had the same apparent molecular weight (appproximately 40,000) and were produced under identical conditions, including requirement  for the recA\" and lexA+ genotype. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed that protein X' consisted of relatively large and heterogeneous aggregates in the cytoplasmic fraction; the distribution of protein X in the envelope was not determined. As proteins X and X' were shown to be equivalent, it is suggested that they are identical. Co-precipitation of the aggregates of protein X' with the envelope led to the appearance of protein X in the envelope fraction.", "PMID": 330510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11568", "title": "Relationship between messenger ribonucleic acid and enzyme levels specified by the leucine operon of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The levels of leucine-forming enzymes in Escherichia coli K-12 varied over a several thousand-fold range, depending upon conditions of growth. The highest levels were achieved by growing auxotrophs in a chemostat under conditions of leucine limitation. Under such conditions, enzyme levels were increased 45- to 90-fold relative to cells grown in minimal medium containing leucine (the latter values arbitrarily called 1). Leucine operon-specific messenger ribonucleic acid levels were elevated to about the same extent as enzyme levels in cells grown in a chemostat. Growth in media of greater complexity resulted in progressively lower levels of leucine-forming enzymes, reaching a value of less than 0.02 for growth in a medium containing tryptone broth and yeast extract. The levels of leucine operon-specified enzymes and messenger ribonucleic acid were also measured in strains containing about 25 copies of plasmid pCV1(ColE1-leu) per chromosome. For such strains grown in minimal medium, enzyme levels were proportional to the number of plasmids per cell. Furthermore, they followed the same trends as those described above upon derepression in a chemostat or upon repression following growth in rich media. Leucine messenger ribonucleic acid, measured both by pulse-labeling and hybridization-competition experiments, was roughly proportional to enzyme levels over this entire range. For a plasmid-containing strain grown in a chemostat under conditions of leucine limitation (about 100 plasmids per chromosome), about 27% of pulse-labeled ribonucleic acid was coded for by genes in or adjacent to the leucine operon, and 10% of the total protein was beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Relationship between messenger ribonucleic acid and enzyme levels specified by the leucine operon of Escherichia coli K-12. The levels of leucine-forming enzymes in Escherichia coli K-12 varied over a several thousand-fold range, depending upon conditions of growth. The highest levels were achieved by growing auxotrophs in a chemostat under conditions of leucine limitation. Under such conditions, enzyme levels were increased 45- to 90-fold relative to cells grown in minimal medium containing leucine (the latter values arbitrarily called 1). Leucine operon-specific messenger ribonucleic acid levels were elevated to about the same extent as enzyme levels in cells grown in a chemostat. Growth in media of greater complexity resulted in progressively lower levels of leucine-forming enzymes, reaching a value of less than 0.02 for growth in a medium containing tryptone broth and yeast extract. The levels of leucine operon-specified enzymes and messenger ribonucleic acid were also measured in strains containing about 25 copies of plasmid pCV1(ColE1-leu) per chromosome. For such strains grown in minimal medium, enzyme levels were proportional to the number of plasmids per cell. Furthermore, they followed the same trends as those described above upon derepression in a chemostat or upon repression following growth in rich media. Leucine messenger ribonucleic acid, measured both by pulse-labeling and hybridization-competition experiments, was roughly proportional to enzyme levels over this entire range. For a plasmid-containing strain grown in a chemostat under conditions of leucine limitation (about 100 plasmids per chromosome), about 27% of pulse-labeled ribonucleic acid was coded for by genes in or adjacent to the leucine operon, and 10% of the total protein was beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 330509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11569", "title": "Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria. XVIII. Properties of an isoleucine carrier in the cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The properties of the carrier for isoleucine in Escherichia coli were studied using cytoplasmic membrane vesicles (IM vesicles) prepared by the method of Yamato, Anraku, and Hirosawa (J. Biochem. 77, 705 (1975)). The IM vesicles exhibited respiration-dependent isoleucine transport activity which was more than 30-fold higher than that of \"Kaback vesicles\" prepared by our hand from the same strains of E. coli K12. The isoleucine carrier activity of IM vesicles was inhibited by norleucine but not by threonine. The carrier was driven by proton motive force. Mutants were isolated which had lost the carrier activity for isoleucine, as judged by assay with IM vesicles. Using these mutants, the effects of binding proteins specific for branched chain amino acids on the translocation of substrate in IM vesicles were studied. Leucine-isoleucine-valine-threonine-binding protein (LIVT-binding protein) stimulated the initial rate of isoleucine uptake by IM vesicles only when the vesicles possessed carrier activity and it did not affect the Kt value for entry of substrate. This evidence suggests the partial reconstitution of the osmotic shock-sensitive transport reaction in which the binding protein seems to affect the carrier activity with turnover ability.", "contents": "Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria. XVIII. Properties of an isoleucine carrier in the cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli. The properties of the carrier for isoleucine in Escherichia coli were studied using cytoplasmic membrane vesicles (IM vesicles) prepared by the method of Yamato, Anraku, and Hirosawa (J. Biochem. 77, 705 (1975)). The IM vesicles exhibited respiration-dependent isoleucine transport activity which was more than 30-fold higher than that of \"Kaback vesicles\" prepared by our hand from the same strains of E. coli K12. The isoleucine carrier activity of IM vesicles was inhibited by norleucine but not by threonine. The carrier was driven by proton motive force. Mutants were isolated which had lost the carrier activity for isoleucine, as judged by assay with IM vesicles. Using these mutants, the effects of binding proteins specific for branched chain amino acids on the translocation of substrate in IM vesicles were studied. Leucine-isoleucine-valine-threonine-binding protein (LIVT-binding protein) stimulated the initial rate of isoleucine uptake by IM vesicles only when the vesicles possessed carrier activity and it did not affect the Kt value for entry of substrate. This evidence suggests the partial reconstitution of the osmotic shock-sensitive transport reaction in which the binding protein seems to affect the carrier activity with turnover ability.", "PMID": 330512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11570", "title": "Strain specificity of outer membrane proteins in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Outer membrane proteins of various strains of Escherichia coli were compared using three different systems of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The outer membranes of E. coli K-12, E. coli B, and E. coli J-5 had distinctive protein compositions. As regards proteins which interact with peptidoglycan, E. coli K-12 contained O-8 and O-9, while E. coli B possessed one protein which migrated to the position of O-9. Although E. coli J-5 possessed two such proteins, O-8' and O-9', their positions on polyacrylamide gel were different from those of O-8 and O-9. Protein O-7, which migrates slightly more slowly than O-8, was found specifically in E. coli K-12. Proteins O-10 and O-11 were found in all strains tested, although the relative amounts were different depending on the strain. Strains of E. coli K-12 and E. coli J-5 gave three major bands, O-2a, O-2b, and O-3, in the region of high molecular weight. These proteins were repressed by iron in the cultivation media. Strains of E. coli B, on the other hand, gave only O-2b and O-3. E. coli J-5 gave two other major bands in this region, but the amounts were not controlled by iron in the cultivation media.", "contents": "Strain specificity of outer membrane proteins in Escherichia coli. Outer membrane proteins of various strains of Escherichia coli were compared using three different systems of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The outer membranes of E. coli K-12, E. coli B, and E. coli J-5 had distinctive protein compositions. As regards proteins which interact with peptidoglycan, E. coli K-12 contained O-8 and O-9, while E. coli B possessed one protein which migrated to the position of O-9. Although E. coli J-5 possessed two such proteins, O-8' and O-9', their positions on polyacrylamide gel were different from those of O-8 and O-9. Protein O-7, which migrates slightly more slowly than O-8, was found specifically in E. coli K-12. Proteins O-10 and O-11 were found in all strains tested, although the relative amounts were different depending on the strain. Strains of E. coli K-12 and E. coli J-5 gave three major bands, O-2a, O-2b, and O-3, in the region of high molecular weight. These proteins were repressed by iron in the cultivation media. Strains of E. coli B, on the other hand, gave only O-2b and O-3. E. coli J-5 gave two other major bands in this region, but the amounts were not controlled by iron in the cultivation media.", "PMID": 330513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11571", "title": "Effects of ATP and ADP on hydrogen-deuterium exchange in heavy meromyosin. An examination of difference spectra.", "content": "The exchange reaction of peptide hydrogens with deuterium has been followed by measuring the decrease of the amide II band for heavy meromyosin (HMM). The difference spectra between HMM and HMM + ATP, between HMM and HMM + ADP, and between HMM + ATP and HMM + ADP have been examined as functions of time in order to detect small differences in the kinetic behavior of these different states of HMM. It has been found that, at 14 degrees C and 26 degrees C (pH 8.0), the exchange reaction is slightly slower for HMM + ATP than for HMM, and slightly slower for HMM + ADP than for HMM + ATP. This indicates that the secondary structure of HMM changes its flexibility during the ATP splitting cycle.", "contents": "Effects of ATP and ADP on hydrogen-deuterium exchange in heavy meromyosin. An examination of difference spectra. The exchange reaction of peptide hydrogens with deuterium has been followed by measuring the decrease of the amide II band for heavy meromyosin (HMM). The difference spectra between HMM and HMM + ATP, between HMM and HMM + ADP, and between HMM + ATP and HMM + ADP have been examined as functions of time in order to detect small differences in the kinetic behavior of these different states of HMM. It has been found that, at 14 degrees C and 26 degrees C (pH 8.0), the exchange reaction is slightly slower for HMM + ATP than for HMM, and slightly slower for HMM + ADP than for HMM + ATP. This indicates that the secondary structure of HMM changes its flexibility during the ATP splitting cycle.", "PMID": 330518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11572", "title": "Studies on bacterial chemotaxis. I. Separation of proteins from cell envelope of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Radioactive proteins from Escherichia coli cell envelope fraction were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis was carried out under several sets of conditions, and autoradiographs were obtained. Many of the proteins were separated at well-defined positions with good reproducibility. Some of the proteins moved relative to these stationary proteins depending at least two factors, i.e. the amount of proteins applied in the first dimension and the electric current applied in the second dimension. Among more than 200 spots, methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein and flagellin were identified by using labelled or cold preparations of these proteins as markers. Some of the spots were assigned to proteins from the outer membrane of the bacteria. The results provide a good foundation for comparative studies of membrane proteins from genetically altered strains of the bacteria.", "contents": "Studies on bacterial chemotaxis. I. Separation of proteins from cell envelope of Escherichia coli. Radioactive proteins from Escherichia coli cell envelope fraction were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis was carried out under several sets of conditions, and autoradiographs were obtained. Many of the proteins were separated at well-defined positions with good reproducibility. Some of the proteins moved relative to these stationary proteins depending at least two factors, i.e. the amount of proteins applied in the first dimension and the electric current applied in the second dimension. Among more than 200 spots, methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein and flagellin were identified by using labelled or cold preparations of these proteins as markers. Some of the spots were assigned to proteins from the outer membrane of the bacteria. The results provide a good foundation for comparative studies of membrane proteins from genetically altered strains of the bacteria.", "PMID": 330519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11573", "title": "Regulation of Escherichia coli ornithine transcarbamylase by orotate.", "content": "Ornithine transcarbamylase from Escherichia coli, strain W, exhibits negative cooperativity with respect to ornithine, and the enzymatic activity is further regulated by orotate. The effect of orotate on ornithine transcarbamylase is dependent not only upon the carbamylphosphate concentration, but also upon the concentration of ornithine. At high concentrations of carbamylphosphate (10 mM), a conversion from negative cooperativity to positive cooperativity is observed with 10 mM orotate. At 1 mM carbamylphosphate, however, 10 mM orotate activates the enzyme at low ornithine concentrations, but as the ornithine concentration is increased above 5 mM, inhibition is observed. Thus, a regulatory link has been established between the pathways of arginine biosynthesis and pyrimidine biosynthesis, each of which utilizes carbamylphosphate.", "contents": "Regulation of Escherichia coli ornithine transcarbamylase by orotate. Ornithine transcarbamylase from Escherichia coli, strain W, exhibits negative cooperativity with respect to ornithine, and the enzymatic activity is further regulated by orotate. The effect of orotate on ornithine transcarbamylase is dependent not only upon the carbamylphosphate concentration, but also upon the concentration of ornithine. At high concentrations of carbamylphosphate (10 mM), a conversion from negative cooperativity to positive cooperativity is observed with 10 mM orotate. At 1 mM carbamylphosphate, however, 10 mM orotate activates the enzyme at low ornithine concentrations, but as the ornithine concentration is increased above 5 mM, inhibition is observed. Thus, a regulatory link has been established between the pathways of arginine biosynthesis and pyrimidine biosynthesis, each of which utilizes carbamylphosphate.", "PMID": 330520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11574", "title": "Cro regulatory protein specified by bacteriophage lambda. Structure, DNA-binding, and repression of RNA synthesis.", "content": "The Cro protein specified by bacteriophage lambda is a repressor of the genes expressed early in phage development and is required for a normal late stage of lytic growth. We have purified Cro protein to virtual homogeneity and analyzed its structure and properties as a DNA-binding protein and repressor of RNA synthesis. To confirm that the protein is the product of the cro gene, we have also shown that a missense mutation in the cro gene leads to a product that is more temperature- and salt-sensitive in its DNA-binding property. As purified, Cro protein is a dimer of identical subunits of molecular weight 8600. The purified protein binds to lambda-DNA carrying the specific binding sites (operators oL and oR) with an estimated dissociation constant of 10(-10) M to 10(-11) M; there is also weaker binding to other sites on DNA, as found for other DNA-binding regulatory proteins. In a purified transcription system, the Cro protein is an effective and specific repressor of RNA synthesis from the N and cro genes; thus Cro is an autorepressor which regulates its own synthesis. A comparison of the properties of the two lambda repressor proteins, cI and Cro, indicates that cI is a \"strong repressor\" specialized for complete turnoff of lytic functions needed for the maintenance of lysogeny, whereas Cro is a \"weak repressor\" specialized for a gradual turnoff of early viral genes that potentiates the late stage of lytic development.", "contents": "Cro regulatory protein specified by bacteriophage lambda. Structure, DNA-binding, and repression of RNA synthesis. The Cro protein specified by bacteriophage lambda is a repressor of the genes expressed early in phage development and is required for a normal late stage of lytic growth. We have purified Cro protein to virtual homogeneity and analyzed its structure and properties as a DNA-binding protein and repressor of RNA synthesis. To confirm that the protein is the product of the cro gene, we have also shown that a missense mutation in the cro gene leads to a product that is more temperature- and salt-sensitive in its DNA-binding property. As purified, Cro protein is a dimer of identical subunits of molecular weight 8600. The purified protein binds to lambda-DNA carrying the specific binding sites (operators oL and oR) with an estimated dissociation constant of 10(-10) M to 10(-11) M; there is also weaker binding to other sites on DNA, as found for other DNA-binding regulatory proteins. In a purified transcription system, the Cro protein is an effective and specific repressor of RNA synthesis from the N and cro genes; thus Cro is an autorepressor which regulates its own synthesis. A comparison of the properties of the two lambda repressor proteins, cI and Cro, indicates that cI is a \"strong repressor\" specialized for complete turnoff of lytic functions needed for the maintenance of lysogeny, whereas Cro is a \"weak repressor\" specialized for a gradual turnoff of early viral genes that potentiates the late stage of lytic development.", "PMID": 330523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11575", "title": "In vitro studies on the methylation of histones in rat brain nuclei.", "content": "When isolated nuclei from 12-day-old rat brains were incubated with S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine, significant amounts of 3H-methyl were incorporated into lysyl residues in histones H3 and H4. About 0.024% of the total methylation sites on histone H3 and 0.013% of the sites on histone H4 were unmethylated at the time the nuclei were isolated. Methylation of these sites proceeded stepwise, progressing to a stable ratio of 0.93:1.0:0.17 for N epsilon-mono-, N epsilon-di-, and N epsilon-trimethyllysine in histone H3 and 0.19:1.0 for N epsilon-mono- and N epsilon-dimethyllysine in histone H4. The Km values of the enzyme for S-adenosyl-L-methionine were 11.5 +/- 1.1 micron and 12.5 +/- 1.3 micron with histones H3 and H4 as methyl acceptors, respectively. The Vmax values were 11.1 and 5.3 pmol of 3H-methyl incorporated/min/mg of histone H3 and H4, respectively. Since histone H3 contains 2 mol of N epsilon-methyllysine/mol and histone H4 contains 1 mol/mol, no difference in the overall rates of methylation can be deduced from the data. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine, one of the products of the reaction, was a competitive inhibitor with respect to S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The Ki values for S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine were 5.5 +/- 0.4 micron and 5.9 +/- 0.5 micron with histones H3 and H4 as methyl acceptors, respectively.", "contents": "In vitro studies on the methylation of histones in rat brain nuclei. When isolated nuclei from 12-day-old rat brains were incubated with S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine, significant amounts of 3H-methyl were incorporated into lysyl residues in histones H3 and H4. About 0.024% of the total methylation sites on histone H3 and 0.013% of the sites on histone H4 were unmethylated at the time the nuclei were isolated. Methylation of these sites proceeded stepwise, progressing to a stable ratio of 0.93:1.0:0.17 for N epsilon-mono-, N epsilon-di-, and N epsilon-trimethyllysine in histone H3 and 0.19:1.0 for N epsilon-mono- and N epsilon-dimethyllysine in histone H4. The Km values of the enzyme for S-adenosyl-L-methionine were 11.5 +/- 1.1 micron and 12.5 +/- 1.3 micron with histones H3 and H4 as methyl acceptors, respectively. The Vmax values were 11.1 and 5.3 pmol of 3H-methyl incorporated/min/mg of histone H3 and H4, respectively. Since histone H3 contains 2 mol of N epsilon-methyllysine/mol and histone H4 contains 1 mol/mol, no difference in the overall rates of methylation can be deduced from the data. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine, one of the products of the reaction, was a competitive inhibitor with respect to S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The Ki values for S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine were 5.5 +/- 0.4 micron and 5.9 +/- 0.5 micron with histones H3 and H4 as methyl acceptors, respectively.", "PMID": 330524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11576", "title": "Escherichia coli protein X is the recA gene product.", "content": "Escherichia coli protein X is known to be made in large amounts following DNA damage or inhibition of DNA replication. We have shown that it is identical to the recA gene product by partial proteolytic digestion of the radiochemically pure proteins and analysis by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gels.", "contents": "Escherichia coli protein X is the recA gene product. Escherichia coli protein X is known to be made in large amounts following DNA damage or inhibition of DNA replication. We have shown that it is identical to the recA gene product by partial proteolytic digestion of the radiochemically pure proteins and analysis by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gels.", "PMID": 330525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11577", "title": "Micrococcus luteus correndonucleases. II. Mechanism of action of two endonucleases specific for DNA containing pyrimidine dimers.", "content": "Py pyrimidine dimers Py correndonucleases I and II from Micrococcus luteus act exclusively on thymine-thymine, cytosine-cytosine, and thymine-cytosine cyclobutyl dimers in DNA, catalyzing incision 5' to the damage and generating 3'-hydroxyl and 5'-phosphoryl termini. Both enzymes initiate excision of pyrimidine dimers in vitro by correxonucleases and DNA polymerase I. The respective incised DNAs, however, differ in their ability to act as substrate for phage T4 polynucleotide ligase or bacterial alkaline phosphatase, suggesting that each endonuclease is specific for a conformationally unique  site. The possibility that their respective action generates termini which represent different degrees of single strandedness is suggested by the unequal protection by Escherichia coli binding protein from the hydrolytic action of exonuclease VII.", "contents": "Micrococcus luteus correndonucleases. II. Mechanism of action of two endonucleases specific for DNA containing pyrimidine dimers. Py pyrimidine dimers Py correndonucleases I and II from Micrococcus luteus act exclusively on thymine-thymine, cytosine-cytosine, and thymine-cytosine cyclobutyl dimers in DNA, catalyzing incision 5' to the damage and generating 3'-hydroxyl and 5'-phosphoryl termini. Both enzymes initiate excision of pyrimidine dimers in vitro by correxonucleases and DNA polymerase I. The respective incised DNAs, however, differ in their ability to act as substrate for phage T4 polynucleotide ligase or bacterial alkaline phosphatase, suggesting that each endonuclease is specific for a conformationally unique  site. The possibility that their respective action generates termini which represent different degrees of single strandedness is suggested by the unequal protection by Escherichia coli binding protein from the hydrolytic action of exonuclease VII.", "PMID": 330526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11578", "title": "Identification of UDP-glucose as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli constitute a closely related family of oligosaccharides containing approximately 9 glucose units variously substituted with sn-glycero-1-phosphate and phosphoethanolamine residues derived from the head groups of membrane phospholipids, and also with succinate in O-ester linkage (Kennedy, E.P., Rumley, M.K., Schulman, H., and van Golder, L.M.G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 4208-4213). Studies with mutant strains defective in the synthesis of various nucleoside diphosphate sugars have now revealed that UDP-glucose is an essential intermediate in the biosynthesis of these oligosaccharides. Mutants unable to synthesize UDP-glucose do not contain significant amounts of the membrane-derived oligosaccharides. In contrast, a strain unable to synthesize ADP-glucose, the glucosyl donor for glycogen synthesis in E. coli, contained normal amounts of the membrane-derived oligosaccharides, although with a somewhat different pattern of distribution of the various subspecies. In confirmation of these genetic studies, pulse-label isotope tracer studies have been carried out with glucose of high specific activity, under conditions in which UDP-glucose comprises a large fraction of the total radioactivity in the low molecular weight pool. Subsequent \"chase\" experiments clearly revealed the conversion of UDP-glucose to the higher molecular weight membrane-derived oligosaccharides.", "contents": "Identification of UDP-glucose as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli. The membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli constitute a closely related family of oligosaccharides containing approximately 9 glucose units variously substituted with sn-glycero-1-phosphate and phosphoethanolamine residues derived from the head groups of membrane phospholipids, and also with succinate in O-ester linkage (Kennedy, E.P., Rumley, M.K., Schulman, H., and van Golder, L.M.G. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 4208-4213). Studies with mutant strains defective in the synthesis of various nucleoside diphosphate sugars have now revealed that UDP-glucose is an essential intermediate in the biosynthesis of these oligosaccharides. Mutants unable to synthesize UDP-glucose do not contain significant amounts of the membrane-derived oligosaccharides. In contrast, a strain unable to synthesize ADP-glucose, the glucosyl donor for glycogen synthesis in E. coli, contained normal amounts of the membrane-derived oligosaccharides, although with a somewhat different pattern of distribution of the various subspecies. In confirmation of these genetic studies, pulse-label isotope tracer studies have been carried out with glucose of high specific activity, under conditions in which UDP-glucose comprises a large fraction of the total radioactivity in the low molecular weight pool. Subsequent \"chase\" experiments clearly revealed the conversion of UDP-glucose to the higher molecular weight membrane-derived oligosaccharides.", "PMID": 330527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11579", "title": "Pseudouridine-deficient transfer RNAs from Escherichia coli B and their use as substrates for pseudouridine synthetase.", "content": "Transfer RNAs isolated from Escherichia coli B grown in the presence of 2-thiouracil are deficient in pseudouridine. Much of this deficiency is from the T psi C region, which has only about 50% of its normal pseudouridine content. The other modified nucleoside from this region, ribothymidine, is reduced by only about 10%. Studies showed that 2-thiouracil is incoproated into the RNA of E. coli during growth in the presence of the analog. This incorporation appears to result from the replacement of uracil, occur in a random manner, and involve all RNA species. The extent of incorporation varies from 1 to 3 mol %, depending upon the preparation and RNA species examined. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and reverse phase (Systen 5) columns of normal and 2-thiouracil-containing tRNAs revealed no profile differences. No accumulation of any precursor tRNA in the thiopyrimidine-treated cells is found. A partial recovery of the pseudouridine content of 2-thiouracil-containing tRNAs can be achieved in vivo by removal of the 2-thiouracil from the culture media. These transfer RNAs have also been used as substrates to study the properties of a partially purified preparation of pseudouridine synthetase II invitro and should be useful as substrates in the further purification of this enzyme.", "contents": "Pseudouridine-deficient transfer RNAs from Escherichia coli B and their use as substrates for pseudouridine synthetase. Transfer RNAs isolated from Escherichia coli B grown in the presence of 2-thiouracil are deficient in pseudouridine. Much of this deficiency is from the T psi C region, which has only about 50% of its normal pseudouridine content. The other modified nucleoside from this region, ribothymidine, is reduced by only about 10%. Studies showed that 2-thiouracil is incoproated into the RNA of E. coli during growth in the presence of the analog. This incorporation appears to result from the replacement of uracil, occur in a random manner, and involve all RNA species. The extent of incorporation varies from 1 to 3 mol %, depending upon the preparation and RNA species examined. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and reverse phase (Systen 5) columns of normal and 2-thiouracil-containing tRNAs revealed no profile differences. No accumulation of any precursor tRNA in the thiopyrimidine-treated cells is found. A partial recovery of the pseudouridine content of 2-thiouracil-containing tRNAs can be achieved in vivo by removal of the 2-thiouracil from the culture media. These transfer RNAs have also been used as substrates to study the properties of a partially purified preparation of pseudouridine synthetase II invitro and should be useful as substrates in the further purification of this enzyme.", "PMID": 330528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11580", "title": "Purification of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione reductase by affinity chromatography.", "content": "A scheme is described for the large scale purification of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione reductase. The scheme is based on an initial separation of thioredoxin from the two reductases by affinity chromatography on agarose-bound N6-(6-aminohexyl)-adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate (agarose-2',5'-ADP). The two reductases were then separated by hydrophobic chromatography and purified separately to homogeneity. Thioredoxin was purified to homogeneity by immunoadsorption to agarose containing immobilized goat anti-thioredoxin. Overall yields for thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione reductase exceeded 80% in each case. Both reductases exhibit an absorption band at approximately 320 nm which appears due to a residual amount of tightly bound NADP. Presence of this absorption band has no apparent effect on the specific activity of either enzyme.", "contents": "Purification of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione reductase by affinity chromatography. A scheme is described for the large scale purification of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione reductase. The scheme is based on an initial separation of thioredoxin from the two reductases by affinity chromatography on agarose-bound N6-(6-aminohexyl)-adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate (agarose-2',5'-ADP). The two reductases were then separated by hydrophobic chromatography and purified separately to homogeneity. Thioredoxin was purified to homogeneity by immunoadsorption to agarose containing immobilized goat anti-thioredoxin. Overall yields for thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione reductase exceeded 80% in each case. Both reductases exhibit an absorption band at approximately 320 nm which appears due to a residual amount of tightly bound NADP. Presence of this absorption band has no apparent effect on the specific activity of either enzyme.", "PMID": 330529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11581", "title": "DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. Purification and resolution into subunits.", "content": "DNA polymerase III holoenzyme has been purified from Escherichia coli HMS-83, using, as an assay, the conversion of coliphage G4 single-stranded DNA to the duplex replicative form. The holoenzyme consists of at least four different subunits: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta of 140,000, 40,000, 52,000, and 32,000 daltons, respectively. The alpha subunit is DNA polymerase III, the dnaE gene product. The holoenzyme has been resolved by phosphocellulose chromatography into an alpha - gamma - delta complex and a subunit beta (copolymerase III*); neither possesses detectable activity in the G4 system but together reconstitute holoenzyme-like activity. The alpha - gamma - delta complex has been further resolved to yield a gamma - delta complex which reconstitutes alpha - gamma - delta activity when added to DNA polymerase III. The gamma - delta complex contains a product of the dnaZ gene and has been purified from a strain which contains a ColE1-dnaZ hybrid plasmid.", "contents": "DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. Purification and resolution into subunits. DNA polymerase III holoenzyme has been purified from Escherichia coli HMS-83, using, as an assay, the conversion of coliphage G4 single-stranded DNA to the duplex replicative form. The holoenzyme consists of at least four different subunits: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta of 140,000, 40,000, 52,000, and 32,000 daltons, respectively. The alpha subunit is DNA polymerase III, the dnaE gene product. The holoenzyme has been resolved by phosphocellulose chromatography into an alpha - gamma - delta complex and a subunit beta (copolymerase III*); neither possesses detectable activity in the G4 system but together reconstitute holoenzyme-like activity. The alpha - gamma - delta complex has been further resolved to yield a gamma - delta complex which reconstitutes alpha - gamma - delta activity when added to DNA polymerase III. The gamma - delta complex contains a product of the dnaZ gene and has been purified from a strain which contains a ColE1-dnaZ hybrid plasmid.", "PMID": 330531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11582", "title": "Organization of the yeast ribosomal RNA gene cluster via cloning and restriction analysis.", "content": "The restriction endonuclease EcoR1 cleaves Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA, which codes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA), into seven fragments, A second restriction endonuclease, HindIII, cleaves the same yeast ribosomal DNA into two fragments. These two restriction enzymes each yield DNA segments that total about 5.9 megadaltons. The \"repeat unit\" of the yeast genes coding for rRNA is thus about 5.9 megadaltons or about 9000 base pairs long. The two HindIII-cleaved DNA fragments as well as one of the EcoR1-cleaved DNA fragments were purified and amplified by cloning in Escherichia coli. Three of the seven EcoR1-generated DNA fragments could then be ordered by treating the two cloned HindIII DNA fragments with EcoR1. This led the assignment of the two HindIII restriction sites. The various restriction DNA fragments were hybridized directly from the gel utilizing 32P-labeled 5 S, 5.8 S, 18 S, and 25 S rRNA. Identification of the various DNA restriction segments then led to the final ordering of the DNA fragments. The gene coding for the 5 S RNA is adjacent to the gene coding for the 35 S precursor rRNA. These two groups of genes thus occur as a cluster in the following sequence: [5 S-spacer]-[spacer-18 S-5.8 S-25 S-spacer]-[spacer-5 S]. The actual map of the DNA restriction fragments is presented.", "contents": "Organization of the yeast ribosomal RNA gene cluster via cloning and restriction analysis. The restriction endonuclease EcoR1 cleaves Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA, which codes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA), into seven fragments, A second restriction endonuclease, HindIII, cleaves the same yeast ribosomal DNA into two fragments. These two restriction enzymes each yield DNA segments that total about 5.9 megadaltons. The \"repeat unit\" of the yeast genes coding for rRNA is thus about 5.9 megadaltons or about 9000 base pairs long. The two HindIII-cleaved DNA fragments as well as one of the EcoR1-cleaved DNA fragments were purified and amplified by cloning in Escherichia coli. Three of the seven EcoR1-generated DNA fragments could then be ordered by treating the two cloned HindIII DNA fragments with EcoR1. This led the assignment of the two HindIII restriction sites. The various restriction DNA fragments were hybridized directly from the gel utilizing 32P-labeled 5 S, 5.8 S, 18 S, and 25 S rRNA. Identification of the various DNA restriction segments then led to the final ordering of the DNA fragments. The gene coding for the 5 S RNA is adjacent to the gene coding for the 35 S precursor rRNA. These two groups of genes thus occur as a cluster in the following sequence: [5 S-spacer]-[spacer-18 S-5.8 S-25 S-spacer]-[spacer-5 S]. The actual map of the DNA restriction fragments is presented.", "PMID": 330533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11583", "title": "Analysis of the structure of T4 bacteriophage-modified valyl-tRNA synthetase by limited proteolysis and isoelectric focusing.", "content": "The new form of valyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.9) that appears immediately after infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage T4 was purified and subjected to mild proteolysis using five different proteases. The inactivation of aminoacylation activity was both more extensive and rapid than that obtained with valyl-tRNA synthetase purified from uninfected E. coli. The addition of bulk tRNA from E. coli B protected the phage-specific form of valyl-tRNA synthetase from proteolysis, but ATP and valine did not exhibit a similar protective effect. The characteristic property of phage-modified valyl-tRNA synthetase, resistance to denaturation by 4 M urea, remained unaffected during treatment with trypsin. This suggested that the phage-specific factor tau, known to be associated with the synthetase in phage-infected cells, was protected from proteolysis in the synthetase-tau complex. Comparison by isoelectric focusing of normal valyl-tRNA synthetase, the phage-specific form of this enzyme, and phage enzyme from which tau had been removed, revealed no differences in the isoelectric points of these three molecules. Based on these results a model was drawn for the structural changes occurring in valyl-tRNA synthetase after association with the phage factor tau.", "contents": "Analysis of the structure of T4 bacteriophage-modified valyl-tRNA synthetase by limited proteolysis and isoelectric focusing. The new form of valyl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.9) that appears immediately after infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage T4 was purified and subjected to mild proteolysis using five different proteases. The inactivation of aminoacylation activity was both more extensive and rapid than that obtained with valyl-tRNA synthetase purified from uninfected E. coli. The addition of bulk tRNA from E. coli B protected the phage-specific form of valyl-tRNA synthetase from proteolysis, but ATP and valine did not exhibit a similar protective effect. The characteristic property of phage-modified valyl-tRNA synthetase, resistance to denaturation by 4 M urea, remained unaffected during treatment with trypsin. This suggested that the phage-specific factor tau, known to be associated with the synthetase in phage-infected cells, was protected from proteolysis in the synthetase-tau complex. Comparison by isoelectric focusing of normal valyl-tRNA synthetase, the phage-specific form of this enzyme, and phage enzyme from which tau had been removed, revealed no differences in the isoelectric points of these three molecules. Based on these results a model was drawn for the structural changes occurring in valyl-tRNA synthetase after association with the phage factor tau.", "PMID": 330535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11584", "title": "Immunoadsorption of specific chicken oviduct polysomes. Isolation of ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and lysozyme messenger RNA.", "content": "The messenger RNA coding for the egg white proteins ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and lysozyme were isolated by immunoadsorption of polysomes synthesizing these proteins. Monospecific antibodies against ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and lysozyme, raised in rabbits, were reacted with chicken oviduct polysomes. The antibody-polysome complexes were isolated by immunoadsorption onto sheep anti-rabbit antibodies coupled to an insoluble matrix. The specifically bound polysomes were eluted and the mRNA was obtained by poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography. The three specific RNAs were further purified by preparative gel electrophoresis. The purity of the mRNA preparations was demonstrated by analytical gel electrophoresis, the capability to direct the synthesis of specific protein products in a wheat germ cell-free system, and by hybridization to cDNA transcribed from mRNAoa and mRNAomu. Purified mRNAoa was shown to contain less than 0.1% mRNAomu and purified mRNAomu was about 99% pure with respect to mRNAoa. Purified mRNAly was contaminated with mRNAoa to 0.34% and with mRNAomu to 2.9%.", "contents": "Immunoadsorption of specific chicken oviduct polysomes. Isolation of ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and lysozyme messenger RNA. The messenger RNA coding for the egg white proteins ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and lysozyme were isolated by immunoadsorption of polysomes synthesizing these proteins. Monospecific antibodies against ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and lysozyme, raised in rabbits, were reacted with chicken oviduct polysomes. The antibody-polysome complexes were isolated by immunoadsorption onto sheep anti-rabbit antibodies coupled to an insoluble matrix. The specifically bound polysomes were eluted and the mRNA was obtained by poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography. The three specific RNAs were further purified by preparative gel electrophoresis. The purity of the mRNA preparations was demonstrated by analytical gel electrophoresis, the capability to direct the synthesis of specific protein products in a wheat germ cell-free system, and by hybridization to cDNA transcribed from mRNAoa and mRNAomu. Purified mRNAoa was shown to contain less than 0.1% mRNAomu and purified mRNAomu was about 99% pure with respect to mRNAoa. Purified mRNAly was contaminated with mRNAoa to 0.34% and with mRNAomu to 2.9%.", "PMID": 330536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11585", "title": "Purification and characterization of polynucleotide phosphorylase from Escherichia coli. Probe for the analysis of 3' sequences of RNA.", "content": "A simple procedure for purifying polynucleotide phosphorylase from Escherichia coli cells by means of affinity chromatography on an RNA-Sepharose column is described. The purified enzyme preparation has a specific activity 3500-fold that of the crude extract and is essentially homogeneous, as determined by ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, isoelectric focusing and serological assays. It is virtually free of nuclease contamination, a property which permits its use in the synchronous phosphorolysis of RNA chains. The enzyme molecule is composed of three identical subunits of Mr = 84,000. Each subunit contains three cysteine residues, one of which reacts with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) whereas the two other groups are only exposed on denaturation of the protein. All three enzyme subunits participate in the processive phosphorolysis of the poly(A) tail of each globin mRNA chain. An advantageous method was developed for synchronous phosphorolysis of RNA molecules using a molar excess of polynucleotide phosphorylase immobilized onto Sepharose.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of polynucleotide phosphorylase from Escherichia coli. Probe for the analysis of 3' sequences of RNA. A simple procedure for purifying polynucleotide phosphorylase from Escherichia coli cells by means of affinity chromatography on an RNA-Sepharose column is described. The purified enzyme preparation has a specific activity 3500-fold that of the crude extract and is essentially homogeneous, as determined by ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, isoelectric focusing and serological assays. It is virtually free of nuclease contamination, a property which permits its use in the synchronous phosphorolysis of RNA chains. The enzyme molecule is composed of three identical subunits of Mr = 84,000. Each subunit contains three cysteine residues, one of which reacts with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) whereas the two other groups are only exposed on denaturation of the protein. All three enzyme subunits participate in the processive phosphorolysis of the poly(A) tail of each globin mRNA chain. An advantageous method was developed for synchronous phosphorolysis of RNA molecules using a molar excess of polynucleotide phosphorylase immobilized onto Sepharose.", "PMID": 330538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11586", "title": "Bonding mechanism evidence in a ceramic--nonprecious alloy system.", "content": "Bonding between porcelain and dental ceramic alloys is thought to be dependent upon the establishment of a continuous electron structure across the ceramic-metal interface (Pask, Proc. Porcelain Enamel Inst.,33,1,1971). Such a structure most likely results from the compatibility of metal ions at the metal surface saturated in an oxide form with the complex oxide structure of the ceramic matrix. Reaction zone compounds are expected to play a prominent role in the strength of the ceramic-metal bonds but thus far none have been detected or identified. The present study was centered on the determination of possible adherence zone compounds in four composite ceramic-metal couples examined by x-ray energy analysis. Elemental analysis of four couples revealed the presence of a predominant Al-Cr interaction resulting from the formation of an Al-Cr-O compound or mixed complex. The Cr ions were supplied by the Cr2O3 oxide layer at the metal surface and the Al was provided by the initial bonding-agent coating.", "contents": "Bonding mechanism evidence in a ceramic--nonprecious alloy system. Bonding between porcelain and dental ceramic alloys is thought to be dependent upon the establishment of a continuous electron structure across the ceramic-metal interface (Pask, Proc. Porcelain Enamel Inst.,33,1,1971). Such a structure most likely results from the compatibility of metal ions at the metal surface saturated in an oxide form with the complex oxide structure of the ceramic matrix. Reaction zone compounds are expected to play a prominent role in the strength of the ceramic-metal bonds but thus far none have been detected or identified. The present study was centered on the determination of possible adherence zone compounds in four composite ceramic-metal couples examined by x-ray energy analysis. Elemental analysis of four couples revealed the presence of a predominant Al-Cr interaction resulting from the formation of an Al-Cr-O compound or mixed complex. The Cr ions were supplied by the Cr2O3 oxide layer at the metal surface and the Al was provided by the initial bonding-agent coating.", "PMID": 330539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11587", "title": "Posterior subtalar fusion. A preliminary report on a modified Gallie's procedure.", "content": "A simple modification of Gallie's subtalar fusion is described as a salvage procedure in treating patients with pain from old fractures of the calcaneous involving the subtalar joint. Graft bone for the fusion is taken from the outer half of the calcaneus, thus avoiding disturbance of the tibia or iliac crest. Collapse of the donor site helps to narrow the widened heel present in these patients. The posterior approach allows the peroneal tendons to be freed from any adhesions, and at the same time release of the calcaneo-fibular ligament permits some correction of the valgus of the heel. The early results in six patients have been encouraging.", "contents": "Posterior subtalar fusion. A preliminary report on a modified Gallie's procedure. A simple modification of Gallie's subtalar fusion is described as a salvage procedure in treating patients with pain from old fractures of the calcaneous involving the subtalar joint. Graft bone for the fusion is taken from the outer half of the calcaneus, thus avoiding disturbance of the tibia or iliac crest. Collapse of the donor site helps to narrow the widened heel present in these patients. The posterior approach allows the peroneal tendons to be freed from any adhesions, and at the same time release of the calcaneo-fibular ligament permits some correction of the valgus of the heel. The early results in six patients have been encouraging.", "PMID": 330541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11588", "title": "Triple arthrodesis by inlay grafting--a method suitable for the undeformed or valgus foot.", "content": "A method of triple arthrodesis is described which involves inlay of the subtalar and midtarsal joints. It is applicable to the undeformed and valgus foot as is encountered in poliomyelitis, spasmodic flat foot, cerebral palsy and spina bifida. The operation was successful in controlling deformity and pain. The only significant complication was failure of fusion of the midtarsal joint which occurred in three of eighty-five feet (3-5%).", "contents": "Triple arthrodesis by inlay grafting--a method suitable for the undeformed or valgus foot. A method of triple arthrodesis is described which involves inlay of the subtalar and midtarsal joints. It is applicable to the undeformed and valgus foot as is encountered in poliomyelitis, spasmodic flat foot, cerebral palsy and spina bifida. The operation was successful in controlling deformity and pain. The only significant complication was failure of fusion of the midtarsal joint which occurred in three of eighty-five feet (3-5%).", "PMID": 330542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11589", "title": "Total prosthetic replacement of a humerus for chronic osteomyelitis with a pathological fracture. Report of a case.", "content": "A case is reported four years after successful total replacement of the left humerus for chronic osteomyelitis of six years' duration, with an axillary sinus that had persisted despite repeated operations and more distally a pathological fracture that had failed to united after bone grafting. The disability was such that the patient had requested amputation, but he returned to his previous work as a driver six months after the total replacement and there has been no recurrence of infection.", "contents": "Total prosthetic replacement of a humerus for chronic osteomyelitis with a pathological fracture. Report of a case. A case is reported four years after successful total replacement of the left humerus for chronic osteomyelitis of six years' duration, with an axillary sinus that had persisted despite repeated operations and more distally a pathological fracture that had failed to united after bone grafting. The disability was such that the patient had requested amputation, but he returned to his previous work as a driver six months after the total replacement and there has been no recurrence of infection.", "PMID": 330543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11590", "title": "Arteriography in malignant neoplasms of the bowel.", "content": "Eighty patients with gastrointestinal bleeding were investigated by angiography over a four-year period. Nine had malignant neoplasms of the bowel. Inconspicuous neovascularity was the most constant finding, best seen in leiomyosarcoma of the small bowel and adenocarcinoma of the colon. Neovascularity was not seen in a patient with reticulum cell sarcoma of colon detected by extravasation. When other studies including endoscopy and barium examinations have failed to explain acute or chronic bleeding, an appreciable number of intestinal neoplasms may be demonstrated by arteriography.", "contents": "Arteriography in malignant neoplasms of the bowel. Eighty patients with gastrointestinal bleeding were investigated by angiography over a four-year period. Nine had malignant neoplasms of the bowel. Inconspicuous neovascularity was the most constant finding, best seen in leiomyosarcoma of the small bowel and adenocarcinoma of the colon. Neovascularity was not seen in a patient with reticulum cell sarcoma of colon detected by extravasation. When other studies including endoscopy and barium examinations have failed to explain acute or chronic bleeding, an appreciable number of intestinal neoplasms may be demonstrated by arteriography.", "PMID": 330547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11591", "title": "Phase-randomized laser illumination for microscopy.", "content": "A simple apparatus is described that phase randomizes the output of a continuous argon ion laser, so that it may be used as a source of high intensity, monochromatic light for microscopy. The phase-randomizing device can be used with any laser, polarized or unpolarized, and of any desired power output and wavelength, including dye lasers for spectral studies. The randomizing system can be adapted to any light microscope and any optical system including bright-field, phase-contrast, Nomarski differential-interference, dark-field, and split-beam interference systems such as the Jamin-Lebedeff System. It can be used for a variety of photometric and photographic studies. The 514-nm wavelength appears to be relatively harmless to a variety of cells.", "contents": "Phase-randomized laser illumination for microscopy. A simple apparatus is described that phase randomizes the output of a continuous argon ion laser, so that it may be used as a source of high intensity, monochromatic light for microscopy. The phase-randomizing device can be used with any laser, polarized or unpolarized, and of any desired power output and wavelength, including dye lasers for spectral studies. The randomizing system can be adapted to any light microscope and any optical system including bright-field, phase-contrast, Nomarski differential-interference, dark-field, and split-beam interference systems such as the Jamin-Lebedeff System. It can be used for a variety of photometric and photographic studies. The 514-nm wavelength appears to be relatively harmless to a variety of cells.", "PMID": 330548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11592", "title": "Chromatin behaviour during the mitotic cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Chromatin behaviour during the cell division cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated in cells which have been depleted of 90% of their RNA by digestion with ribonuclease. Removal of large amounts of RNA from the yeast nucleus before treatment of the cells with heavy metal fixatives and stains permits chromatin to be visualized with extreme clarity in thin sections of cells processed for electron microscopy by conventional procedures. Spindle pole bodies were also visualized by this treatment, although the associated microtubules were not. Chromatin is dispersed during interphase and occupies the non-nucleolar region of the nucleus which is known to be Feulgen-positive from light microscopy. Because spindle microtubules are not visualized, direct attachment of microtubules to chromatin fibrils could not be verified. However, chromatin was not attached directly to the spindle pole bodies and kinetochore differentiations were not observed in the nucleoplasm. During nuclear division chromatin remains dispersed and does not condense into discrete chromatids. As the nucleus expands into the bud, chromosomal distribution to the daughter cells is thought to result from the separation of the poles of the spindle apparatus with attached chromatin fibrils. However, that such distribution is occurring as the nucleus elongates is not obvious until an advanced stage of nuclear division is reached and partition of the nucleus is nearly complete. Thus, no aggregation of chromatin into metaphase or anaphase plates occurs and the appearance of chromatin during mitosis is essentially the same as in interphase. These observations indicate that the marked changes in the topological structure of chromatin which characterize mitosis in the higher eukaryotes do not occur in S. cerevisiae.", "contents": "Chromatin behaviour during the mitotic cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chromatin behaviour during the cell division cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated in cells which have been depleted of 90% of their RNA by digestion with ribonuclease. Removal of large amounts of RNA from the yeast nucleus before treatment of the cells with heavy metal fixatives and stains permits chromatin to be visualized with extreme clarity in thin sections of cells processed for electron microscopy by conventional procedures. Spindle pole bodies were also visualized by this treatment, although the associated microtubules were not. Chromatin is dispersed during interphase and occupies the non-nucleolar region of the nucleus which is known to be Feulgen-positive from light microscopy. Because spindle microtubules are not visualized, direct attachment of microtubules to chromatin fibrils could not be verified. However, chromatin was not attached directly to the spindle pole bodies and kinetochore differentiations were not observed in the nucleoplasm. During nuclear division chromatin remains dispersed and does not condense into discrete chromatids. As the nucleus expands into the bud, chromosomal distribution to the daughter cells is thought to result from the separation of the poles of the spindle apparatus with attached chromatin fibrils. However, that such distribution is occurring as the nucleus elongates is not obvious until an advanced stage of nuclear division is reached and partition of the nucleus is nearly complete. Thus, no aggregation of chromatin into metaphase or anaphase plates occurs and the appearance of chromatin during mitosis is essentially the same as in interphase. These observations indicate that the marked changes in the topological structure of chromatin which characterize mitosis in the higher eukaryotes do not occur in S. cerevisiae.", "PMID": 330549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11593", "title": "Polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis for protein purification on the milligram scale.", "content": "A preparative-scale electrophoretic technique for protein fractionation and elution on a discontinuous gradient of acrylamide is described, which permits the separation and elution of a pure protein from a mixture containing 4-20 electrophoretically different proteins. The sharpness of the gradient electrophoretic resolution is demonstrated by the separation of proteins consisting of bovine serum albumin polymers and lactate dehydrogenase and enzymes such as acid phosphatase. The compositions of various discontinuous gradients of acrylamide and their application to enzyme purification are discussed. It was found that 60% of the enzyme activity loaded on the gel is recovered after gel fractionation and elution.", "contents": "Polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis for protein purification on the milligram scale. A preparative-scale electrophoretic technique for protein fractionation and elution on a discontinuous gradient of acrylamide is described, which permits the separation and elution of a pure protein from a mixture containing 4-20 electrophoretically different proteins. The sharpness of the gradient electrophoretic resolution is demonstrated by the separation of proteins consisting of bovine serum albumin polymers and lactate dehydrogenase and enzymes such as acid phosphatase. The compositions of various discontinuous gradients of acrylamide and their application to enzyme purification are discussed. It was found that 60% of the enzyme activity loaded on the gel is recovered after gel fractionation and elution.", "PMID": 330552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11594", "title": "Use of omega-aminohexyl-sepharose in the fractionation of Escherichia coli B aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.", "content": "The usefulness of aminohexyl-Sepharose in purification of E. coli B aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is presented. The purification factors for 14 synthetases lie in the range 3- to 94-fold and the recoveries of the enzymatic activity were 30-80%, depending on the enzyme.", "contents": "Use of omega-aminohexyl-sepharose in the fractionation of Escherichia coli B aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The usefulness of aminohexyl-Sepharose in purification of E. coli B aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is presented. The purification factors for 14 synthetases lie in the range 3- to 94-fold and the recoveries of the enzymatic activity were 30-80%, depending on the enzyme.", "PMID": 330554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11595", "title": "Profiling of human body fluids in healthy and diseased states using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, with special reference to organic acids.", "content": "This review summarizes recent advances in the application of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to the study of human diseases. Emphasis is placed upon the organic acid profiles of the various body fluids. Methods for sample work-up prior to separation and mass spectrometric analysis are reviewed, and artifacts and pitfalls are discussed. Organic acid profiles, obtained with packed or capillary columns attached to mass spectrometers with or without computer systems, have led to the discovery of new normal metabolites, new metabolic disorders, and to new knowledge about a number of other diseases. Stable isotopes and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry are suitable for quantitative analysis of many compounds in the body fluids, and well suited for investigation of metabolic pathways.", "contents": "Profiling of human body fluids in healthy and diseased states using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, with special reference to organic acids. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to the study of human diseases. Emphasis is placed upon the organic acid profiles of the various body fluids. Methods for sample work-up prior to separation and mass spectrometric analysis are reviewed, and artifacts and pitfalls are discussed. Organic acid profiles, obtained with packed or capillary columns attached to mass spectrometers with or without computer systems, have led to the discovery of new normal metabolites, new metabolic disorders, and to new knowledge about a number of other diseases. Stable isotopes and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry are suitable for quantitative analysis of many compounds in the body fluids, and well suited for investigation of metabolic pathways.", "PMID": 330556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11596", "title": "Esculin hydrolysis by Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Literature reports disagree concerning esculin hydrolysis in the family Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 2,490 strains of the family were investigated for esculin hydrolysis by two methods, the esculin spot test and the PathoTec incubation strip, which measures constitutive enzyme, and five growth-supporting methods, which determine both constitutive and inducible enzymes. The five growth-supporting media studied were: Vaughn-Levine, the standard esculin hydrolysis medium (P. R. Edwards and W. H. Ewing, Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, 3rd ed., 1972); Vaughn-Levine without iron; Vaughn-Levine without Andrade's indicator; and bile-esculin medium. Growth media were incubated at 35 degrees C and checked every 24 h for 120 h. On growth media, 0.3% of Escherichia coli were positive in 24 h, 34% in 48 h, and 61% in 120 h. No strains were positive on the \"nongrowth\" tests. It appeared that the esculin hydrolysis enzyme(s) of E. coli was inducible rather than constitutive. All esculin hydrolyzers, which yielded positive tests on \"constitutive tests\" and 24-h tests, were limited to the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia and species of Proteus vulgaris, Proteus rettgeri, and Citrobacter diversus. When used with standardized inoculum size and incubation time, the esculin hydrolysis test is very useful for differentiation within the family Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Esculin hydrolysis by Enterobacteriaceae. Literature reports disagree concerning esculin hydrolysis in the family Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 2,490 strains of the family were investigated for esculin hydrolysis by two methods, the esculin spot test and the PathoTec incubation strip, which measures constitutive enzyme, and five growth-supporting methods, which determine both constitutive and inducible enzymes. The five growth-supporting media studied were: Vaughn-Levine, the standard esculin hydrolysis medium (P. R. Edwards and W. H. Ewing, Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, 3rd ed., 1972); Vaughn-Levine without iron; Vaughn-Levine without Andrade's indicator; and bile-esculin medium. Growth media were incubated at 35 degrees C and checked every 24 h for 120 h. On growth media, 0.3% of Escherichia coli were positive in 24 h, 34% in 48 h, and 61% in 120 h. No strains were positive on the \"nongrowth\" tests. It appeared that the esculin hydrolysis enzyme(s) of E. coli was inducible rather than constitutive. All esculin hydrolyzers, which yielded positive tests on \"constitutive tests\" and 24-h tests, were limited to the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia and species of Proteus vulgaris, Proteus rettgeri, and Citrobacter diversus. When used with standardized inoculum size and incubation time, the esculin hydrolysis test is very useful for differentiation within the family Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 330558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11597", "title": "Relationship of K1 antigen to biotype in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Two hundred and ninety-four isolates of Escherichia coli, including 105 from blood cultures, 94 from stools of hospital inpatients, and 96 from rectal cultures of healthy young adults, were biotyped by using the API-20E system and tested for the presence of K1 antigen. The overall frequency of K1 strains was 14.2% and was similar among the three sources. Forty-eight biotypes were observed, but two-thirds of all isolates, including two-thirds of the K1 strains, belonged to only five biotypes. Among the five commonest biotypes, the distribution of K1 strains was nonrandom, since 23 of the 27 K1 strains belonged to only two biotypes. Analysis of the O and H antigens of K1 strains indicated that this correlation of biotype with K1 antigen was due to a restricted number of serovars (\"clones\") that were repeatedly isolated from the population studied. These serovas included O18:K1:H7, O1:121:H6 and O16:K1:H6. Although a statistically significant correlation between biotype and K1 antigen was observed, the correlation was not sufficiently great to alow biotyping to be of significant predictive value as a marker for the K1 antigen.", "contents": "Relationship of K1 antigen to biotype in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Two hundred and ninety-four isolates of Escherichia coli, including 105 from blood cultures, 94 from stools of hospital inpatients, and 96 from rectal cultures of healthy young adults, were biotyped by using the API-20E system and tested for the presence of K1 antigen. The overall frequency of K1 strains was 14.2% and was similar among the three sources. Forty-eight biotypes were observed, but two-thirds of all isolates, including two-thirds of the K1 strains, belonged to only five biotypes. Among the five commonest biotypes, the distribution of K1 strains was nonrandom, since 23 of the 27 K1 strains belonged to only two biotypes. Analysis of the O and H antigens of K1 strains indicated that this correlation of biotype with K1 antigen was due to a restricted number of serovars (\"clones\") that were repeatedly isolated from the population studied. These serovas included O18:K1:H7, O1:121:H6 and O16:K1:H6. Although a statistically significant correlation between biotype and K1 antigen was observed, the correlation was not sufficiently great to alow biotyping to be of significant predictive value as a marker for the K1 antigen.", "PMID": 330559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11598", "title": "Studies on neutralization of human serum bactericidal activity by sodium amylosulfate.", "content": "The synthetic anticoagulant sodium amylosulfate (SAS) at concentrations of 125 to 2,000 microgram/ml failed to completely neutralize the bactericidal activity of 80 and 50% (by volume) fresh human serum. Furthermore, SAS failed to inhibit the alternative pathway of complement activation in 80% (by volume) fresh human serum that had been chelated with 0.01 M magnesium ions plus 0.01 M ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid. However, SAS at 250 to 1,000 microgram/ml effectively neutralized the bactericidal activity of 20% (by volume) fresh human serum. Therefore, SAS (at 250 to 1,000 microgram/ml) should be used only in blood samples that have been diluted at least fivefold (less than or equal to 20% [by volume]) in suitable broth media.", "contents": "Studies on neutralization of human serum bactericidal activity by sodium amylosulfate. The synthetic anticoagulant sodium amylosulfate (SAS) at concentrations of 125 to 2,000 microgram/ml failed to completely neutralize the bactericidal activity of 80 and 50% (by volume) fresh human serum. Furthermore, SAS failed to inhibit the alternative pathway of complement activation in 80% (by volume) fresh human serum that had been chelated with 0.01 M magnesium ions plus 0.01 M ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid. However, SAS at 250 to 1,000 microgram/ml effectively neutralized the bactericidal activity of 20% (by volume) fresh human serum. Therefore, SAS (at 250 to 1,000 microgram/ml) should be used only in blood samples that have been diluted at least fivefold (less than or equal to 20% [by volume]) in suitable broth media.", "PMID": 330560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11599", "title": "Pharyngeal carriage of group B streptococci: detection by three methods.", "content": "The prevalence of pharyngeal carriage of group B streptococci was evaluated in patients with and without the complaint of a sore throat by three methods (blood agar plates, Columbia CNA agar plates, and a selective enrichment broth containing gentamicin and nalidixic acid). The overall carriage rate of group B streptococci was 12%, and there was no significant difference between the two groups of patients. The selective broth medium was more sensitive than the two solid agar plate methods in detecting carriage, and 37% of all group B streptococci were recovered solely from the broth. Use of the broth alone would have permitted a 94% detection of the group B streptococcal carriers.", "contents": "Pharyngeal carriage of group B streptococci: detection by three methods. The prevalence of pharyngeal carriage of group B streptococci was evaluated in patients with and without the complaint of a sore throat by three methods (blood agar plates, Columbia CNA agar plates, and a selective enrichment broth containing gentamicin and nalidixic acid). The overall carriage rate of group B streptococci was 12%, and there was no significant difference between the two groups of patients. The selective broth medium was more sensitive than the two solid agar plate methods in detecting carriage, and 37% of all group B streptococci were recovered solely from the broth. Use of the broth alone would have permitted a 94% detection of the group B streptococcal carriers.", "PMID": 330561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11600", "title": "Growth of cell wall-defective variants of Escherichia coli: comparison of aerobic and anaerobic induction frequencies.", "content": "A method for quantitating the conversion of Escherichia coli to colony-forming, cell wall-defective (CWD) bacteria has been developed. The induction frequency, i.e., the percentage of the population recovered as CWD colonies was determined for 20 randomly selected clinical isolates of E. coli under aerobic and anaerobic incubation conditions. Penicillin (1,000 U/ML) was the inducing agent. The 20 strains segregated into three groups. Group I organisms produced CWD colonies with high frequency both aerobically and anaerobically. Grout II organisms showed a much higher induction frequency anaerobically than aerobically. Group III organisms were poor inducers. Thirty percent of the strains were group I, 50% were group II, and 20% were group III organisms. These data indicate that anaerobic conditions enhance the induction and growth of CWD E. coli in the research laboratory and suggest that anaerobic incubation may be important in recovery of medically significant CWD bacteria.", "contents": "Growth of cell wall-defective variants of Escherichia coli: comparison of aerobic and anaerobic induction frequencies. A method for quantitating the conversion of Escherichia coli to colony-forming, cell wall-defective (CWD) bacteria has been developed. The induction frequency, i.e., the percentage of the population recovered as CWD colonies was determined for 20 randomly selected clinical isolates of E. coli under aerobic and anaerobic incubation conditions. Penicillin (1,000 U/ML) was the inducing agent. The 20 strains segregated into three groups. Group I organisms produced CWD colonies with high frequency both aerobically and anaerobically. Grout II organisms showed a much higher induction frequency anaerobically than aerobically. Group III organisms were poor inducers. Thirty percent of the strains were group I, 50% were group II, and 20% were group III organisms. These data indicate that anaerobic conditions enhance the induction and growth of CWD E. coli in the research laboratory and suggest that anaerobic incubation may be important in recovery of medically significant CWD bacteria.", "PMID": 330562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11601", "title": "Improved dispenser for use in preparing prereduced, anaerobically sterilized medium.", "content": "An improved, all glass, gravity-fed quantitative device for dispensing media during preparation of prereduced, anaerobically sterilized media with minimal loss due to oxidation of media is described.", "contents": "Improved dispenser for use in preparing prereduced, anaerobically sterilized medium. An improved, all glass, gravity-fed quantitative device for dispensing media during preparation of prereduced, anaerobically sterilized media with minimal loss due to oxidation of media is described.", "PMID": 330563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11602", "title": "Circulating immune complexes after renal transplantation. Correlation of increased 125I-Clq binding activity with acute rejection characterized by fibrin deposition in the kidney.", "content": "To assess the role of circulating immune complexes in the pathogenesis of acute rejection, sera were measured for such complexes by the (125)I-C1(q) binding assay in 45 normal subjects, 24 allografted patients undergoing acute rejection, and in 11 allografted patients in a quiescent phase. Increased C1(q)-binding activity (C1(q)-BA) was detected in 14 patients with acute rejection, 9 of whom had renal biopsies showing fibrin deposition in the vasculature together with cellular infiltrates in the tubulo-interstitial structures; renal histology was not available in the other 5 patients. The other 10 patients with acute rejection, whose biopsies showed only cellular infiltrates, and the 11 patients in a quiescent phase posttransplantation did not have increased levels of serum C1(q)-BA. Of the group with increased serum C1(q)-BA, serial studies in eight patients showed a correlation between increased serum C1(q)-BA and the occurrence of rejection; with reversal by therapy, serum C1(q)-BA returned to within normal levels. Complexes from six patients were analyzed by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation to have sedimentation coefficients ranging from 15S to 18.4S. After acid dissociation and analysis by double-diffusion techniques, C1(q)-reactive complexes were shown to contain IgG. Immunofluorescent studies done in five renal biopsies from this group revealed granular deposits of immunoglobulin, and (or) less frequently, of complement in the glomeruli or the tubular basement membranes. The findings suggest that circulating immune complexes may mediate the type of acute rejection characterized by fibrin deposition in the kidney. The role of circulating immune complexes arising from the recipient's original kidney disease could be excluded in 10 patients with humoral rejection, inasmuch as the underlying renal pathology was of a \"nonimmunologic\" nature; this was corroborated by sequential studies in six patients in whom circulating immune complexes could not be demonstrated before rejection. The participation of administered antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) as an antigen also appears to be excluded in four patients, two who were not given ALG, and in two of whom episodes of rejection occurred unrelated temporally to ALG administration.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes after renal transplantation. Correlation of increased 125I-Clq binding activity with acute rejection characterized by fibrin deposition in the kidney. To assess the role of circulating immune complexes in the pathogenesis of acute rejection, sera were measured for such complexes by the (125)I-C1(q) binding assay in 45 normal subjects, 24 allografted patients undergoing acute rejection, and in 11 allografted patients in a quiescent phase. Increased C1(q)-binding activity (C1(q)-BA) was detected in 14 patients with acute rejection, 9 of whom had renal biopsies showing fibrin deposition in the vasculature together with cellular infiltrates in the tubulo-interstitial structures; renal histology was not available in the other 5 patients. The other 10 patients with acute rejection, whose biopsies showed only cellular infiltrates, and the 11 patients in a quiescent phase posttransplantation did not have increased levels of serum C1(q)-BA. Of the group with increased serum C1(q)-BA, serial studies in eight patients showed a correlation between increased serum C1(q)-BA and the occurrence of rejection; with reversal by therapy, serum C1(q)-BA returned to within normal levels. Complexes from six patients were analyzed by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation to have sedimentation coefficients ranging from 15S to 18.4S. After acid dissociation and analysis by double-diffusion techniques, C1(q)-reactive complexes were shown to contain IgG. Immunofluorescent studies done in five renal biopsies from this group revealed granular deposits of immunoglobulin, and (or) less frequently, of complement in the glomeruli or the tubular basement membranes. The findings suggest that circulating immune complexes may mediate the type of acute rejection characterized by fibrin deposition in the kidney. The role of circulating immune complexes arising from the recipient's original kidney disease could be excluded in 10 patients with humoral rejection, inasmuch as the underlying renal pathology was of a \"nonimmunologic\" nature; this was corroborated by sequential studies in six patients in whom circulating immune complexes could not be demonstrated before rejection. The participation of administered antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) as an antigen also appears to be excluded in four patients, two who were not given ALG, and in two of whom episodes of rejection occurred unrelated temporally to ALG administration.", "PMID": 330564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11603", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin response in systemic lupus erythematosus. Reconstitution experiments using highly purified lymphocyte subpopulations and monocytes.", "content": "THE PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ (PHA) RESPONSE OF LYMPHOCYTES FROM UNTREATED PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) WAS STUDIED USING HIGHLY PURIFIED SUBPOPULATIONS OF CELLS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSFORMATION RESPONSE: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and monocytes. Cell transformation was quantitated using both tritiated thymidine ([(3)H]-TdR) incorporation into DNA and cytofluorographic determination of cellular DNA content. Dose-response curves using six concentrations of PHA and five concentrations of cells over 0-5 days revealed a decrease in [(3)H]TdR by stimulated lymphocytes from some SLE patients. This decrease in [(3)H]TdR was paralleled by a decreased percentage of cells in S, G(2), and M phases of the cell cycle. However, abnormal response occurred entirely in those SLE patients who were hypocomplementemic. The etiology of the impaired response was further examined. Lymphocyte receptors for concanavalin A were studied using cytofluorography of lymphocytes stained with fluorescein-conjugated concanavalin A. The frequency distribution of concanavalin A receptors was similar in the normocomplementemic and hypocomplementemic lupus patients and in normals. The latex phagocytic activity of lupus macrophages was similar to normals when allogeneic normal plasma was used in the culture medium. Phagocytic activity became abnormal in the presence of SLE plasma. However, there was no difference in the [(3)H]TdR response or the percentage of cells in S, G(2), and M phases when T lymphocytes from the hypocomplementemic patients were stimulated on either autologous or normal allogeneic monocyte monolayers. Likewise, normal lymphocytes incorporated similar amounts of [(3)H]TdR and had similar percentages of cells in S, G(2), and M phases whether their T lymphocytes were stimulated on autologous or SLE monocyte monolayers. Highly purified subpopulations of B and T lymphocytes were obtained by density sedimentation or Fenwal Leuko-Pak passage of lymphocyte populations. The response to PHA by lymphocytes from the hypocomplementemic lupus patients could be seen to involve at least two abnormalities. One, in reference to normal lymphocytes, SLE T lymphocytes plus monocytes had an impaired response; two, SLE B lymphocytes plus SLE T lymphocytes plus SLE monocytes had an impaired response. Two patients in the hypocomplementemic group were treated with steroids. 5 days after steroid treatment was initiated, the percentage of cells in S, G(2), and M phases and the [(3)H]TdR response of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes returned to normal. The normalization of the [(3)H]TdR response was explained both by a return of purified T cells plus monocytes, purified B cells plus monocytes, and whole lymphocyte populations to normal responsiveness. These studies suggest that a steroid-correctable defect exists in T and B lymphocytes in SLE.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin response in systemic lupus erythematosus. Reconstitution experiments using highly purified lymphocyte subpopulations and monocytes. THE PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ (PHA) RESPONSE OF LYMPHOCYTES FROM UNTREATED PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) WAS STUDIED USING HIGHLY PURIFIED SUBPOPULATIONS OF CELLS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSFORMATION RESPONSE: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and monocytes. Cell transformation was quantitated using both tritiated thymidine ([(3)H]-TdR) incorporation into DNA and cytofluorographic determination of cellular DNA content. Dose-response curves using six concentrations of PHA and five concentrations of cells over 0-5 days revealed a decrease in [(3)H]TdR by stimulated lymphocytes from some SLE patients. This decrease in [(3)H]TdR was paralleled by a decreased percentage of cells in S, G(2), and M phases of the cell cycle. However, abnormal response occurred entirely in those SLE patients who were hypocomplementemic. The etiology of the impaired response was further examined. Lymphocyte receptors for concanavalin A were studied using cytofluorography of lymphocytes stained with fluorescein-conjugated concanavalin A. The frequency distribution of concanavalin A receptors was similar in the normocomplementemic and hypocomplementemic lupus patients and in normals. The latex phagocytic activity of lupus macrophages was similar to normals when allogeneic normal plasma was used in the culture medium. Phagocytic activity became abnormal in the presence of SLE plasma. However, there was no difference in the [(3)H]TdR response or the percentage of cells in S, G(2), and M phases when T lymphocytes from the hypocomplementemic patients were stimulated on either autologous or normal allogeneic monocyte monolayers. Likewise, normal lymphocytes incorporated similar amounts of [(3)H]TdR and had similar percentages of cells in S, G(2), and M phases whether their T lymphocytes were stimulated on autologous or SLE monocyte monolayers. Highly purified subpopulations of B and T lymphocytes were obtained by density sedimentation or Fenwal Leuko-Pak passage of lymphocyte populations. The response to PHA by lymphocytes from the hypocomplementemic lupus patients could be seen to involve at least two abnormalities. One, in reference to normal lymphocytes, SLE T lymphocytes plus monocytes had an impaired response; two, SLE B lymphocytes plus SLE T lymphocytes plus SLE monocytes had an impaired response. Two patients in the hypocomplementemic group were treated with steroids. 5 days after steroid treatment was initiated, the percentage of cells in S, G(2), and M phases and the [(3)H]TdR response of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes returned to normal. The normalization of the [(3)H]TdR response was explained both by a return of purified T cells plus monocytes, purified B cells plus monocytes, and whole lymphocyte populations to normal responsiveness. These studies suggest that a steroid-correctable defect exists in T and B lymphocytes in SLE.", "PMID": 330565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11604", "title": "A role for prostaglandin E in defective insulin secretion and carbohydrate intolerance in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) infusion in normal humans inhibited acute insulin responses to a glucose (5 g i.v.) pulse (response before PGE(2) = 593 +/- 104%; during PGE(2) = 312+/-55%; mean+/-SE, mean change 3-5 min insulin,% basal, P < 0.005). This effect was associated with a decrease in glucose disappearance rates (K(G) before PGE(2) = 0.73+/-0.07; during PGE(2) = 0.49+/-0.06%/min, P < 0.025). Acute insulin responses to arginine (2 g i.v.) were not affected by PGE(2) (response before PGE(2) = 592+/-164%; during PGE(2) = 590+/-118%; P = NS). Infusion of sodium salicylate (SS), an inhibitor of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, augmented acute insulin responses to glucose in normals (response before SS = 313+/-62%; during SS = 660+/-86%; P < 0.001). In adult-onset diabetes with fasting hyperglycemia, SS restored absent acute insulin responses to glucose (20 g i.v.) pulses (response before SS = 5+/-6%; during SS = 97+/-24%; P < 0.005). This was accompanied by a fourfold augmentation in second phase insulin secretion (second phase before SS = 1,696+/-430%; during SS = 5,176+/-682%; change 10-60 min insulin, muU/ml.min,% basal, P < 0.001) and by acceleration of glucose disappearance rates (K(G) before SS = 0.56+/-0.06; during SS = 1.02+/-0.17%/min, P < 0.005). These findings uniquely demonstrate that (a) PGE(2) inhibits glucose-induced acute insulin responses and decreases glucose disposal in nondiabetic humans and (b) SS restores acute insulin responses, augments second phase insulin secretion, and accelerates glucose disposal in hyperglycemic, adultonset diabetics. It is hypothesized that endogenous PGE synthesis may play a role in defective insulin secretion and glucose intolerance in diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "A role for prostaglandin E in defective insulin secretion and carbohydrate intolerance in diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) infusion in normal humans inhibited acute insulin responses to a glucose (5 g i.v.) pulse (response before PGE(2) = 593 +/- 104%; during PGE(2) = 312+/-55%; mean+/-SE, mean change 3-5 min insulin,% basal, P < 0.005). This effect was associated with a decrease in glucose disappearance rates (K(G) before PGE(2) = 0.73+/-0.07; during PGE(2) = 0.49+/-0.06%/min, P < 0.025). Acute insulin responses to arginine (2 g i.v.) were not affected by PGE(2) (response before PGE(2) = 592+/-164%; during PGE(2) = 590+/-118%; P = NS). Infusion of sodium salicylate (SS), an inhibitor of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, augmented acute insulin responses to glucose in normals (response before SS = 313+/-62%; during SS = 660+/-86%; P < 0.001). In adult-onset diabetes with fasting hyperglycemia, SS restored absent acute insulin responses to glucose (20 g i.v.) pulses (response before SS = 5+/-6%; during SS = 97+/-24%; P < 0.005). This was accompanied by a fourfold augmentation in second phase insulin secretion (second phase before SS = 1,696+/-430%; during SS = 5,176+/-682%; change 10-60 min insulin, muU/ml.min,% basal, P < 0.001) and by acceleration of glucose disappearance rates (K(G) before SS = 0.56+/-0.06; during SS = 1.02+/-0.17%/min, P < 0.005). These findings uniquely demonstrate that (a) PGE(2) inhibits glucose-induced acute insulin responses and decreases glucose disposal in nondiabetic humans and (b) SS restores acute insulin responses, augments second phase insulin secretion, and accelerates glucose disposal in hyperglycemic, adultonset diabetics. It is hypothesized that endogenous PGE synthesis may play a role in defective insulin secretion and glucose intolerance in diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 330566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11605", "title": "Release of immunoreactive somatostatin from the pancreas in response to glucose, amino acids, pancreozymin-cholecystokinin, and tolbutamide.", "content": "The effects of glucose, amino acids, pancreozymin-cholecystokinin, and tolbutamide upon the release of immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) from the isolated perfused pancreas were studied. In seven experiments in which glucose was perfused either at a concentration of 100 or 350 mg/dl or at 25 mg/dl, IRS levels were significantly greater at the higher glucose concentrations. In three dose-response experiments in which the perfusing glucose concentration was increased at 30-min intervals from an initial concentration of 25 mg/dl to a final concentration of 300 mg/dl, progressive increases in IRS release were noted at glucose concentrations of 100 mg/dl and above. Perfusion of a 20 mM mixture of 10 amino acids also elicited a prompt and significant biphasic IRS rise in each of six experiments. In five experiments, 20 mM leucine evoked a similar response in mean IRS. Perfusion with 0.075 Ivy U/ml of pancreozymin-cholecystokinin, with or without the presence of a 1 mM 10-amino acid mixture, elicited a prompt rise in IRS with a pattern resembling that of insulin in a total of six experiments. Tolbutamide (0.75 mg/min) also stimulated IRS release in five of six challenges. The IRS responses to nutrients and to pancreozymin and their similarity to the insulin responses raise the possibility that, like insulin, pancreatic somatostatin may have an endocrine role related to nutrient homeostasis.", "contents": "Release of immunoreactive somatostatin from the pancreas in response to glucose, amino acids, pancreozymin-cholecystokinin, and tolbutamide. The effects of glucose, amino acids, pancreozymin-cholecystokinin, and tolbutamide upon the release of immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) from the isolated perfused pancreas were studied. In seven experiments in which glucose was perfused either at a concentration of 100 or 350 mg/dl or at 25 mg/dl, IRS levels were significantly greater at the higher glucose concentrations. In three dose-response experiments in which the perfusing glucose concentration was increased at 30-min intervals from an initial concentration of 25 mg/dl to a final concentration of 300 mg/dl, progressive increases in IRS release were noted at glucose concentrations of 100 mg/dl and above. Perfusion of a 20 mM mixture of 10 amino acids also elicited a prompt and significant biphasic IRS rise in each of six experiments. In five experiments, 20 mM leucine evoked a similar response in mean IRS. Perfusion with 0.075 Ivy U/ml of pancreozymin-cholecystokinin, with or without the presence of a 1 mM 10-amino acid mixture, elicited a prompt rise in IRS with a pattern resembling that of insulin in a total of six experiments. Tolbutamide (0.75 mg/min) also stimulated IRS release in five of six challenges. The IRS responses to nutrients and to pancreozymin and their similarity to the insulin responses raise the possibility that, like insulin, pancreatic somatostatin may have an endocrine role related to nutrient homeostasis.", "PMID": 330567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11606", "title": "Interrelations of platelet aggregation and secretion.", "content": "The mechanism of stimulus-response coupling in human platelets was investigated with a new instrument that simultaneously monitors aggregation and secretion in the same sample of plateletrich plasma. When platelets were stimulated by high concentrations of ADP, secretion began only after aggregation was almost complete. With lower concentrations of ADP or with epinephrine, biphasic aggregation was observed, and secretion began simultaneously with, or slightly after, the second phase of aggregation. When platelets were stimulated with high concentrations of gamma-thrombin or A23187, secretion and aggregation began essentially together. With very low concentrations of gamma-thrombin or A23187, biphasic aggregation was observed with secretion paralleling the second phase. At every concentration of collagen, secretion and aggregation appeared to be parallel events. Under every condition where the beginning of secretion lagged behind aggregation, secretion was dependent upon aggregation and was inhibited by indomethacin; this is referred to as aggregation-mediated platelet activation. When secretion began at the same time as aggregation, it also occurred in the absence of aggregation and was not blocked by indomethacin; this is referred to as directly induced platelet activation. These observations are consistent with a simple model of platelet stimulus-response coupling that includes two mechanisms for activation; aggregation-mediated activation is inhibited by indomethacin, while direct activation does not depend upon aggregation and is not inhibited by indomethacin. Secretion and second wave aggregation appear to be parallel events, with little evidence for second wave aggregation being a consequence of secretion as usually described.", "contents": "Interrelations of platelet aggregation and secretion. The mechanism of stimulus-response coupling in human platelets was investigated with a new instrument that simultaneously monitors aggregation and secretion in the same sample of plateletrich plasma. When platelets were stimulated by high concentrations of ADP, secretion began only after aggregation was almost complete. With lower concentrations of ADP or with epinephrine, biphasic aggregation was observed, and secretion began simultaneously with, or slightly after, the second phase of aggregation. When platelets were stimulated with high concentrations of gamma-thrombin or A23187, secretion and aggregation began essentially together. With very low concentrations of gamma-thrombin or A23187, biphasic aggregation was observed with secretion paralleling the second phase. At every concentration of collagen, secretion and aggregation appeared to be parallel events. Under every condition where the beginning of secretion lagged behind aggregation, secretion was dependent upon aggregation and was inhibited by indomethacin; this is referred to as aggregation-mediated platelet activation. When secretion began at the same time as aggregation, it also occurred in the absence of aggregation and was not blocked by indomethacin; this is referred to as directly induced platelet activation. These observations are consistent with a simple model of platelet stimulus-response coupling that includes two mechanisms for activation; aggregation-mediated activation is inhibited by indomethacin, while direct activation does not depend upon aggregation and is not inhibited by indomethacin. Secretion and second wave aggregation appear to be parallel events, with little evidence for second wave aggregation being a consequence of secretion as usually described.", "PMID": 330568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11607", "title": "The Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement and criminality.", "content": "Two groups of male Ss--33 incarcerated criminal recidivists and 33 trainees in a work placement bureau--were tested on two versions of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA). These were the original KTSA, which used the free responding technique, and a modified KTSA, which used the forced-choice responding technique. The groups were equated for average age and sociocultural status and did not differ in their intellignece scores. The results showed that the criminals scored significantly lower than their controls on the original KTSA with a symbol-pattern characterized by repetitive and concrete types of responses. The groups did not differ on the modified KTSA. The discriminative power of the free responding technique of the KTSA proved to be superior to that of the forced-choice in the area of identifying criminal recidivists.", "contents": "The Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement and criminality. Two groups of male Ss--33 incarcerated criminal recidivists and 33 trainees in a work placement bureau--were tested on two versions of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA). These were the original KTSA, which used the free responding technique, and a modified KTSA, which used the forced-choice responding technique. The groups were equated for average age and sociocultural status and did not differ in their intellignece scores. The results showed that the criminals scored significantly lower than their controls on the original KTSA with a symbol-pattern characterized by repetitive and concrete types of responses. The groups did not differ on the modified KTSA. The discriminative power of the free responding technique of the KTSA proved to be superior to that of the forced-choice in the area of identifying criminal recidivists.", "PMID": 330569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11608", "title": "Transcendental mediatation: a psychological interpretation.", "content": "The authors suggest that Transcendental Meditation offers a great deal of promise for use in helping relationships. They also suggest that the technique might receive wider acceptance if it could be explained in other than a purely philosophical or mystical way. For that reason, in their article they offer a psychological interpretation of the TM process.", "contents": "Transcendental mediatation: a psychological interpretation. The authors suggest that Transcendental Meditation offers a great deal of promise for use in helping relationships. They also suggest that the technique might receive wider acceptance if it could be explained in other than a purely philosophical or mystical way. For that reason, in their article they offer a psychological interpretation of the TM process.", "PMID": 330570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11609", "title": "Psychological status after stroke as measured by the Hand Test.", "content": "Forty-two patients with recent cerebral vascular accidents (cva) and 32 hospitalized patients without brain damage were administered the Hand Test. The CVA group consisted of 24 patients with right cerebral involvement, 10 patient with left cerebral involvement, and 8 patients with bilateral impairment. The mean age of the brain-damaged group was 48.3 years. The Hand Test was administered from .5 month to 3 months after the insult in the CVA group, and 1 month to 4 years after theinitial appearance of the chief complaint in the non-brain-damaged group. The median test was used to analyze the data. The brain-damaged group showed less aggressive, more withdrawn behavior and have greater difficulty in dealing with reality. The high tendency of brain-damaged patients to withdraw from reality can be viewed as a regressive process due to impaired cognitive functioning and emotional constriction.", "contents": "Psychological status after stroke as measured by the Hand Test. Forty-two patients with recent cerebral vascular accidents (cva) and 32 hospitalized patients without brain damage were administered the Hand Test. The CVA group consisted of 24 patients with right cerebral involvement, 10 patient with left cerebral involvement, and 8 patients with bilateral impairment. The mean age of the brain-damaged group was 48.3 years. The Hand Test was administered from .5 month to 3 months after the insult in the CVA group, and 1 month to 4 years after theinitial appearance of the chief complaint in the non-brain-damaged group. The median test was used to analyze the data. The brain-damaged group showed less aggressive, more withdrawn behavior and have greater difficulty in dealing with reality. The high tendency of brain-damaged patients to withdraw from reality can be viewed as a regressive process due to impaired cognitive functioning and emotional constriction.", "PMID": 330571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11610", "title": "Inkblot content and interpersonal distance.", "content": "Four Ht content scales were related to a projective and a live measure of interpersonal distance. Based on previour research, negative correlations between human and barrier content and interpersonal distance were predicted, with positive correlations predicted between anxiety and hostility content and distance behavior. All four content scales were found to relate significantly to projective distance, but only anxiety and hostility correlated significantly with distance behavior. The content scales also were combined in regression equations to predict interpersonal distance. The projective measure of interpersonal distance correlated signifiantly with the live measure of distance. The results were interpreted as support for the construct validity of the inkblot scales.", "contents": "Inkblot content and interpersonal distance. Four Ht content scales were related to a projective and a live measure of interpersonal distance. Based on previour research, negative correlations between human and barrier content and interpersonal distance were predicted, with positive correlations predicted between anxiety and hostility content and distance behavior. All four content scales were found to relate significantly to projective distance, but only anxiety and hostility correlated significantly with distance behavior. The content scales also were combined in regression equations to predict interpersonal distance. The projective measure of interpersonal distance correlated signifiantly with the live measure of distance. The results were interpreted as support for the construct validity of the inkblot scales.", "PMID": 330572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11611", "title": "Comparative clinical evaluation of freeze-dried skin allografts and autogenous gingival grafts in humans.", "content": "Freeze-dried skin (FDS) allografts and fresh autogenous free gingival grafts (FGG) were placed in five paired sites in four patients. Both types of grafts healed uneventfully. Evaluation over a 1-year period demonstrated no statistically or clinically significant differences between the FDS and FGG when: a) increase in the width of keratinized gingiva, b) decrease in recession, c) decrease in sulcus depth, k) gain in attachment level, or e) percent shrinkage of the graft were compared. It was concluded that FDS performs essentially similar to FGG in the correction of mucogingival problems, and has the advantages of decreased patient morbidity (no donor site) and availability of abundant amounts of graft material when needed.", "contents": "Comparative clinical evaluation of freeze-dried skin allografts and autogenous gingival grafts in humans. Freeze-dried skin (FDS) allografts and fresh autogenous free gingival grafts (FGG) were placed in five paired sites in four patients. Both types of grafts healed uneventfully. Evaluation over a 1-year period demonstrated no statistically or clinically significant differences between the FDS and FGG when: a) increase in the width of keratinized gingiva, b) decrease in recession, c) decrease in sulcus depth, k) gain in attachment level, or e) percent shrinkage of the graft were compared. It was concluded that FDS performs essentially similar to FGG in the correction of mucogingival problems, and has the advantages of decreased patient morbidity (no donor site) and availability of abundant amounts of graft material when needed.", "PMID": 330573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11612", "title": "Gingival condition in areas of minimal and appreciable width of keratinized gingiva.", "content": "Sixteen dental, dental hygiene, and dental assisting students and dental faculty members who had contralateral or unilateral areas of minimal (less than or equal to 1.0 mm) and appreciable (greater than or equal to 2.0 mm) widths of keratinized gingiva on mid-buccal plaque-free surfaces of mandibular bicuspids were examined. Gingival exudate amounts and clinical inflammation based on color change and/or swelling and bleeding on probing were evaluated. The results showed that gingiva with \"appreciable\" width as well as gingiva with \"minimal\" width of keratinized tissue exhibited only minute amounts of gingival exudate. Also, there were generally no clinical signs of inflammation for both types of tissue. From the groups of 16, six subjects were selected who had contralateral pairs of minimal and appreciable keratinized gingiva. They were instructed to cease oral hygiene in the lower bicuspid area for 25 days. At day 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, and 25, plaque, gingival exudate, and clinical gingival inflammation were evaluated. Results revealed increases in plaque, gingival exudate scores and clinical gingival inflammation over the 25-day period with no apparent difference between the areas with minimal and appreciable width of keratinized gingiva.", "contents": "Gingival condition in areas of minimal and appreciable width of keratinized gingiva. Sixteen dental, dental hygiene, and dental assisting students and dental faculty members who had contralateral or unilateral areas of minimal (less than or equal to 1.0 mm) and appreciable (greater than or equal to 2.0 mm) widths of keratinized gingiva on mid-buccal plaque-free surfaces of mandibular bicuspids were examined. Gingival exudate amounts and clinical inflammation based on color change and/or swelling and bleeding on probing were evaluated. The results showed that gingiva with \"appreciable\" width as well as gingiva with \"minimal\" width of keratinized tissue exhibited only minute amounts of gingival exudate. Also, there were generally no clinical signs of inflammation for both types of tissue. From the groups of 16, six subjects were selected who had contralateral pairs of minimal and appreciable keratinized gingiva. They were instructed to cease oral hygiene in the lower bicuspid area for 25 days. At day 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, and 25, plaque, gingival exudate, and clinical gingival inflammation were evaluated. Results revealed increases in plaque, gingival exudate scores and clinical gingival inflammation over the 25-day period with no apparent difference between the areas with minimal and appreciable width of keratinized gingiva.", "PMID": 330574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11613", "title": "Comparative trial of single-dose versus twice-daily sisomicin in bacteriuric patients.", "content": "Sisomicin was administered as a single daily intramuscular injection (160 mg) or as two daily injections (80 mg) to 50 patients with bacteriuria superimposed on chronic urologic diseases in a randomized controlled fashion. The administration of two daily doses was significantly more effective (P less than 0.01) in achieving cure than the injection of a single daily dose. The renal function, as expressed by creatinine clearance, became impaired significantly more often (P less than 0.05) in the patients receiving the single daily dose of sisomicin.", "contents": "Comparative trial of single-dose versus twice-daily sisomicin in bacteriuric patients. Sisomicin was administered as a single daily intramuscular injection (160 mg) or as two daily injections (80 mg) to 50 patients with bacteriuria superimposed on chronic urologic diseases in a randomized controlled fashion. The administration of two daily doses was significantly more effective (P less than 0.01) in achieving cure than the injection of a single daily dose. The renal function, as expressed by creatinine clearance, became impaired significantly more often (P less than 0.05) in the patients receiving the single daily dose of sisomicin.", "PMID": 330575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11614", "title": "The clinical and histological evaluation of cresatin with calcium hydroxide on the human dental pulp.", "content": "Metacresylacetate with calcium hydroxide in a methylcellulose base produces clinically and radiographically successful pulpotomies, when performed on sound primary teeth. Under sterile conditions, with proper surgical and restorative technique, pulp tissue will heal with metacresylacetate with calcium hydroxide-methylcellulose. The dental pulp will form on osteodentin bridge and the pulp adjoining the bridge will remain histologically viable and free of inflammation. Methylcellulose with sterile distilled water does not produce as favorable a histological reaction as metacresylacetate with calcium hydroxide-methylcellulose. No dentinal bridging was in evidence and there were present in the  radicular pulp varying degrees of inflammation.", "contents": "The clinical and histological evaluation of cresatin with calcium hydroxide on the human dental pulp. Metacresylacetate with calcium hydroxide in a methylcellulose base produces clinically and radiographically successful pulpotomies, when performed on sound primary teeth. Under sterile conditions, with proper surgical and restorative technique, pulp tissue will heal with metacresylacetate with calcium hydroxide-methylcellulose. The dental pulp will form on osteodentin bridge and the pulp adjoining the bridge will remain histologically viable and free of inflammation. Methylcellulose with sterile distilled water does not produce as favorable a histological reaction as metacresylacetate with calcium hydroxide-methylcellulose. No dentinal bridging was in evidence and there were present in the  radicular pulp varying degrees of inflammation.", "PMID": 330578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11615", "title": "Effect of pretreatment with ethanol containing fluoride on etched enamel surface as evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and tensile bond strength measurement.", "content": "The effects of pretreatment with a fluoride-containing ethanol solution on etched enamel surfaces before application of sealant were examined using scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and tensile bond strength determinations. The results suggested that when etched enamel surfaces are treated with ethanol containing no more than 250 ppm fluorine in potassium fluoride, there is no interference with the bonding of the sealant to the treated, etched anamel surface.", "contents": "Effect of pretreatment with ethanol containing fluoride on etched enamel surface as evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and tensile bond strength measurement. The effects of pretreatment with a fluoride-containing ethanol solution on etched enamel surfaces before application of sealant were examined using scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and tensile bond strength determinations. The results suggested that when etched enamel surfaces are treated with ethanol containing no more than 250 ppm fluorine in potassium fluoride, there is no interference with the bonding of the sealant to the treated, etched anamel surface.", "PMID": 330585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11616", "title": "Electroless and chemical metal deposition on human tooth enamel.", "content": "The feasibility of depositing a thin metal film onto tooth enamel has been demonstrated. The process employs chemical solutions containing ions of the metal to be deposited and suitable reducing agent solutions. The deposits are quite adherent and exhibit the normal properties of the bulk metal.", "contents": "Electroless and chemical metal deposition on human tooth enamel. The feasibility of depositing a thin metal film onto tooth enamel has been demonstrated. The process employs chemical solutions containing ions of the metal to be deposited and suitable reducing agent solutions. The deposits are quite adherent and exhibit the normal properties of the bulk metal.", "PMID": 330586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11617", "title": "Letterer-Siwe disease: report of case.", "content": "Initial oral symptoms of Letterer-Siwe disease reveal the importance of a dentist in establishing this diagnosis. This case is important in that the patient was five months old, at which time an early diagnosis was made and treatment had begun. Because most cases occur in young children, a high level of suspicion is necessary, because the oral manifestations and radiographic findings in children may often resemble the periapical, periodontal or cystic involvements frequently seen first by the dentist. The oral lesions were necrotic, hemorrhagic, and degenerative gingival tissues in the maxillary molar area. Loss of alveolar bone was evident. There was precocious eruption of seven primary teeth, which were slightly mobile. Dentally, prophylaxis and fluoride applications were supportive measures.", "contents": "Letterer-Siwe disease: report of case. Initial oral symptoms of Letterer-Siwe disease reveal the importance of a dentist in establishing this diagnosis. This case is important in that the patient was five months old, at which time an early diagnosis was made and treatment had begun. Because most cases occur in young children, a high level of suspicion is necessary, because the oral manifestations and radiographic findings in children may often resemble the periapical, periodontal or cystic involvements frequently seen first by the dentist. The oral lesions were necrotic, hemorrhagic, and degenerative gingival tissues in the maxillary molar area. Loss of alveolar bone was evident. There was precocious eruption of seven primary teeth, which were slightly mobile. Dentally, prophylaxis and fluoride applications were supportive measures.", "PMID": 330581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11618", "title": "The mechanism of tensile failure in a nickel-base casting alloy.", "content": "Standard tensile specimens were cast from a nickel-base partial denture casting alloy and subsequently fractured in a tensile stress testing machine. Fracture sites were subjected to scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the exact mechanism by which failure had occurred. A metallographic examination of prepared specimens was used to demonstrate the distribution of phases within the alloy.", "contents": "The mechanism of tensile failure in a nickel-base casting alloy. Standard tensile specimens were cast from a nickel-base partial denture casting alloy and subsequently fractured in a tensile stress testing machine. Fracture sites were subjected to scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the exact mechanism by which failure had occurred. A metallographic examination of prepared specimens was used to demonstrate the distribution of phases within the alloy.", "PMID": 330587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11619", "title": "Surface chemical modification of hard tissues: I. Bone.", "content": "Surfaces of bone were modified in a controlled manner by grafting or by adding interpenetrating polymeric side chains to the bone substrate. The properties of the hard tissue surface attained varied widely. The surface alteration may improve the ability of hard tissues such as bone or dentin to adhere to restorative materials.", "contents": "Surface chemical modification of hard tissues: I. Bone. Surfaces of bone were modified in a controlled manner by grafting or by adding interpenetrating polymeric side chains to the bone substrate. The properties of the hard tissue surface attained varied widely. The surface alteration may improve the ability of hard tissues such as bone or dentin to adhere to restorative materials.", "PMID": 330588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11620", "title": "The inception of photoelectric scintillation detection commemorated after three decades.", "content": "The modern photoelectric scintillation detector emerged just 30 years ago out of the rubble of World War II. Kallmann in Germany had the original idea of combining an organic fluor (naphthalene), which is transparent to its fluorescent light, with an electronmultiplier phototube for the detection of single scintillation evants. Hofstadter at Princeton discovered that the inorganic thallium-activated sodium iodide scintillator has superior gamma detection efficiency and a high photoelectric yield for gamma spectrometry.", "contents": "The inception of photoelectric scintillation detection commemorated after three decades. The modern photoelectric scintillation detector emerged just 30 years ago out of the rubble of World War II. Kallmann in Germany had the original idea of combining an organic fluor (naphthalene), which is transparent to its fluorescent light, with an electronmultiplier phototube for the detection of single scintillation evants. Hofstadter at Princeton discovered that the inorganic thallium-activated sodium iodide scintillator has superior gamma detection efficiency and a high photoelectric yield for gamma spectrometry.", "PMID": 330592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11621", "title": "A filled pit and fissure sealant: 18-month results.", "content": "One hundred and forty-three patients ranging in age from 5 to 8 years participated in a pit and fissure sealant study using a half-mouth design. At the end of 18 months, for all permanent first molars, there was a 75.9% effectiveness with a net gain of 82, which was statistically significant. The sealant was present on the surfaces to which it was applied in 74% of the teeth. Application time was 8 minutes per quadrant and 5.5 minutes per tooth. The effect of treatment was similar to that reported for an unfilled BIS-GMA sealant in patients with similar teeth and similar ages. Loss of sealant from the permanent maxillary first molars did not appear to contribute to the initiation of dental caries. However, in 6 of 38 mandibular tooth surfaces, sealant loss may have been a factor.", "contents": "A filled pit and fissure sealant: 18-month results. One hundred and forty-three patients ranging in age from 5 to 8 years participated in a pit and fissure sealant study using a half-mouth design. At the end of 18 months, for all permanent first molars, there was a 75.9% effectiveness with a net gain of 82, which was statistically significant. The sealant was present on the surfaces to which it was applied in 74% of the teeth. Application time was 8 minutes per quadrant and 5.5 minutes per tooth. The effect of treatment was similar to that reported for an unfilled BIS-GMA sealant in patients with similar teeth and similar ages. Loss of sealant from the permanent maxillary first molars did not appear to contribute to the initiation of dental caries. However, in 6 of 38 mandibular tooth surfaces, sealant loss may have been a factor.", "PMID": 330602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11622", "title": "Direct bonding in the management of an ankylosed second deciduous molar.", "content": "A simple and efficient bonding procedure has been described for the management of an ankylosed deciduous second molar. This has, in our experience, provided a satisfactory occlusal and periodontal environment in selected patients. Based on a limited number of cases, restorations have been maintained for about two years to date.", "contents": "Direct bonding in the management of an ankylosed second deciduous molar. A simple and efficient bonding procedure has been described for the management of an ankylosed deciduous second molar. This has, in our experience, provided a satisfactory occlusal and periodontal environment in selected patients. Based on a limited number of cases, restorations have been maintained for about two years to date.", "PMID": 330603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11623", "title": "Orofacial problems associated with bilateral seventh cranial nerve palsy: report of case.", "content": "Treatment of a patient with a bilateral facial nerve palsy consisted of extractions, construction of maxillary and mandibular complete dentures and, finally, the modification of the mandibular denture to assist in the support of the lower lip. Gratifying esthetic, physiologic, and psychological results were obtained.", "contents": "Orofacial problems associated with bilateral seventh cranial nerve palsy: report of case. Treatment of a patient with a bilateral facial nerve palsy consisted of extractions, construction of maxillary and mandibular complete dentures and, finally, the modification of the mandibular denture to assist in the support of the lower lip. Gratifying esthetic, physiologic, and psychological results were obtained.", "PMID": 330604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11624", "title": "Streptococcus group B: an old bug with new dangers.", "content": "Infection of the newborn infant with Group B hemolytic streptococcus is increasing in importance as other pathogens decline. Such infection may appear within the first 48 hours of life and resemble respiratory distress syndrome, or around the tenth day, when signs of meningeal irritation may be present. Early onset disease may be due to any of the five serotypes of the Group B streptococcus and is fatal in a high percentage of cases. Late onset infection usually is due to serotype III. The epidemiologic aspects of early and late infection appear to differ, and a nosocomial source may be involved in the latter. Penicillin prophylaxis may be useful.", "contents": "Streptococcus group B: an old bug with new dangers. Infection of the newborn infant with Group B hemolytic streptococcus is increasing in importance as other pathogens decline. Such infection may appear within the first 48 hours of life and resemble respiratory distress syndrome, or around the tenth day, when signs of meningeal irritation may be present. Early onset disease may be due to any of the five serotypes of the Group B streptococcus and is fatal in a high percentage of cases. Late onset infection usually is due to serotype III. The epidemiologic aspects of early and late infection appear to differ, and a nosocomial source may be involved in the latter. Penicillin prophylaxis may be useful.", "PMID": 330610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11625", "title": "Insuring effective antimicrobial therapy: laboratory evaluation.", "content": "Specialized tests for the susceptibility of pathogenic microorganisms are not indicated for most clinical infections. Primary attention should be focused on proper collection of representative culture material and subsequent accurate identification of the offending organism. Specific antimicrobial therapy can then be empirically instituted based upon previously known susceptibility patterns. An overview of the broth dilution, agar dilution, and agar (disk) diffusion techniques is presented. The absolute indications for these tests are as follows: (1) infections with gram-negative bacilli; (2) staphylococcal infections; and (3) enterococcal and other group D beta hemolytic streptococcal infections. The following situations are relative indications for susceptibility testing: (1) infections occurring in immunosuppressed hosts; (2) infections that by their location are more susceptible to certain types of antibiotics; and (3) infections that should be treated with a bactericidal rather than a bacteriostatic drug. The rationale and indications for the serum bactericidal test (SBT or Schlichter test) and antibiotic assay techniques are described. The cases reported illustrate appropriate application of the specialized tests for susceptibility.", "contents": "Insuring effective antimicrobial therapy: laboratory evaluation. Specialized tests for the susceptibility of pathogenic microorganisms are not indicated for most clinical infections. Primary attention should be focused on proper collection of representative culture material and subsequent accurate identification of the offending organism. Specific antimicrobial therapy can then be empirically instituted based upon previously known susceptibility patterns. An overview of the broth dilution, agar dilution, and agar (disk) diffusion techniques is presented. The absolute indications for these tests are as follows: (1) infections with gram-negative bacilli; (2) staphylococcal infections; and (3) enterococcal and other group D beta hemolytic streptococcal infections. The following situations are relative indications for susceptibility testing: (1) infections occurring in immunosuppressed hosts; (2) infections that by their location are more susceptible to certain types of antibiotics; and (3) infections that should be treated with a bactericidal rather than a bacteriostatic drug. The rationale and indications for the serum bactericidal test (SBT or Schlichter test) and antibiotic assay techniques are described. The cases reported illustrate appropriate application of the specialized tests for susceptibility.", "PMID": 330611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11626", "title": "Recurring digital fibrous tumor of childhood.", "content": "A case of digital fibrous tumor of childhood is described. This tumor is multicentric, of possible viral origin, and is characterized histologically by intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within proliferating fibroblasts. The tumor recurred despite wide local excision and skin grafting.", "contents": "Recurring digital fibrous tumor of childhood. A case of digital fibrous tumor of childhood is described. This tumor is multicentric, of possible viral origin, and is characterized histologically by intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within proliferating fibroblasts. The tumor recurred despite wide local excision and skin grafting.", "PMID": 330613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11627", "title": "Epithelioid sarcoma of the hand and wrist: patterns of extension.", "content": "The sites of local and remote extension of primary epithelioid sarcoma of the hand and wrist were studied in six patients. The tumor was found to spread to noncontiguous areas of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, bone, and lymph nodes as well as by direct extension along fascial planes. Neither local nor remote extension of the tumor could be determined accurately or dependably by clinical examination, radiography, xerography, lymphangiography or radioisotope scanning. Wide en bloc excision of the tumor or amputation is recommended as the primary treatment of epithelioid sarcoma of the hand. Axillary node dissection is advised in all cases.", "contents": "Epithelioid sarcoma of the hand and wrist: patterns of extension. The sites of local and remote extension of primary epithelioid sarcoma of the hand and wrist were studied in six patients. The tumor was found to spread to noncontiguous areas of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, bone, and lymph nodes as well as by direct extension along fascial planes. Neither local nor remote extension of the tumor could be determined accurately or dependably by clinical examination, radiography, xerography, lymphangiography or radioisotope scanning. Wide en bloc excision of the tumor or amputation is recommended as the primary treatment of epithelioid sarcoma of the hand. Axillary node dissection is advised in all cases.", "PMID": 330614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11628", "title": "Allograft replacement of distal radius for giant cell tumor.", "content": "Three cases of resection of the distal radius with allograft replacement for giant cell tumor of bone were reviewed. In one patient the tumor had penetrated the distal articular cortex; in another it had broken through the anterior cortex; in the third there had been recurrence of the tumor within a year of currettage and autogenous bone graft. In each case the allograft was glycerinized to help to preserve the viability of the articular cartilage and then it was frozen at -70 degrees C to decrease bone antigenicity. In all three patients rapid healing at the recipient-graft juncture took place, and none showed signs of rejection or of recurrence of the tumor. All three have a useful and relatively painless range of wrist motion. Distal radial resection and allograft replacement is recommended for giant cell tumor of bone if there has been spontaneous cortical or articular breakthrough, recurrence, or evidence of a rapidly enlarging lesion or a frankly malignant histologic appearance.", "contents": "Allograft replacement of distal radius for giant cell tumor. Three cases of resection of the distal radius with allograft replacement for giant cell tumor of bone were reviewed. In one patient the tumor had penetrated the distal articular cortex; in another it had broken through the anterior cortex; in the third there had been recurrence of the tumor within a year of currettage and autogenous bone graft. In each case the allograft was glycerinized to help to preserve the viability of the articular cartilage and then it was frozen at -70 degrees C to decrease bone antigenicity. In all three patients rapid healing at the recipient-graft juncture took place, and none showed signs of rejection or of recurrence of the tumor. All three have a useful and relatively painless range of wrist motion. Distal radial resection and allograft replacement is recommended for giant cell tumor of bone if there has been spontaneous cortical or articular breakthrough, recurrence, or evidence of a rapidly enlarging lesion or a frankly malignant histologic appearance.", "PMID": 330615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11629", "title": "Scene segmentation techniques for the analysis of routine bone marrow smears from acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients.", "content": "Automated analysis of lymphoblast cell morphology is being evaluated as a basis for predicting the response to therapy of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A new technique of scene segmentation particularly applicable to the \"cluttered\" images of cells in routine bone marrow smears is described. Morphologic characteristics of lymphoblasts found in bone marrow smears made at time of diagnosis were measured by an automated, interactive image-processing system using the new scene segmentation technique. These characteristics, on a patient by patient basis, are being compared to remission length and survival data to develop and test new prognostic methods.", "contents": "Scene segmentation techniques for the analysis of routine bone marrow smears from acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Automated analysis of lymphoblast cell morphology is being evaluated as a basis for predicting the response to therapy of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A new technique of scene segmentation particularly applicable to the \"cluttered\" images of cells in routine bone marrow smears is described. Morphologic characteristics of lymphoblasts found in bone marrow smears made at time of diagnosis were measured by an automated, interactive image-processing system using the new scene segmentation technique. These characteristics, on a patient by patient basis, are being compared to remission length and survival data to develop and test new prognostic methods.", "PMID": 330715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11630", "title": "An automated method of differential red blood cell classification with application to the diagnosis of anemia.", "content": "A method of automated red cell analysis suitable for the rapid classification of large numbers of red cells from individual blood specimens has been developed, and preliminarily tested on normal bloods and clinically proven cases of anemias and red cell disorders. According to this method digital image processing techniques provide several features relating to shape and internal central pallor configurations of red cells. These features are used with a fully automated decision logic to rapidly provide a quantitative \"red cell differential\" analysis, a report of the percentage subpopulations of recognized categories of red cells. For each subpopulation, measurements of mean cell area, mean cell hemoglobin content and mean cell hemoglobin density are provided. The nine types of red cell disorders studied with this method were: (a) iron deficiency anemia, (b) the anemia of chronic disease, (c) beta-thalassemia trait, (d) sickle cell anemia, (e) hemoglobin C disease, (f) intravascular hemolysis, (g) hereditary elliptocytosis, (h) hereditary spherocytosis, and (i) megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency. Preliminary indications are that the red cell differential is useful in distinguishing between these conditions.", "contents": "An automated method of differential red blood cell classification with application to the diagnosis of anemia. A method of automated red cell analysis suitable for the rapid classification of large numbers of red cells from individual blood specimens has been developed, and preliminarily tested on normal bloods and clinically proven cases of anemias and red cell disorders. According to this method digital image processing techniques provide several features relating to shape and internal central pallor configurations of red cells. These features are used with a fully automated decision logic to rapidly provide a quantitative \"red cell differential\" analysis, a report of the percentage subpopulations of recognized categories of red cells. For each subpopulation, measurements of mean cell area, mean cell hemoglobin content and mean cell hemoglobin density are provided. The nine types of red cell disorders studied with this method were: (a) iron deficiency anemia, (b) the anemia of chronic disease, (c) beta-thalassemia trait, (d) sickle cell anemia, (e) hemoglobin C disease, (f) intravascular hemolysis, (g) hereditary elliptocytosis, (h) hereditary spherocytosis, and (i) megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency. Preliminary indications are that the red cell differential is useful in distinguishing between these conditions.", "PMID": 330716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11631", "title": "A program system for interactive measurements on digitized cell images.", "content": "Using a high precision image scanner and a PDP-8/F minicomputer, we have developed a program system for interactive measurements on microscopic images. By giving simple keyboard commands, the operator can run the image scanner and manipulate the digitized images. The interface between the operator and the microscope-computer system is a Tektronix 4010 graphic terminal. The system allows objects to be isolated and parameters to be calculated from each object, e.g., parameters characterizing shape of the object, irregularity in light transmission over the object, area, integrated light transmission, etc. Objects are isolated and parameters are calculated under complete operator control using interactive computer graphics technique. Calculated parameters may be stored in dedicated data records, which are stored in files for later statistical analysis. The system also includes a statistical evaluation part. Technically, the system consists of a command scanner, which translates commands into internal representation, a parser, which checks the syntax of the commands, and an interpreter, which executes the commands. The system is designed so that new commands can be added easily.", "contents": "A program system for interactive measurements on digitized cell images. Using a high precision image scanner and a PDP-8/F minicomputer, we have developed a program system for interactive measurements on microscopic images. By giving simple keyboard commands, the operator can run the image scanner and manipulate the digitized images. The interface between the operator and the microscope-computer system is a Tektronix 4010 graphic terminal. The system allows objects to be isolated and parameters to be calculated from each object, e.g., parameters characterizing shape of the object, irregularity in light transmission over the object, area, integrated light transmission, etc. Objects are isolated and parameters are calculated under complete operator control using interactive computer graphics technique. Calculated parameters may be stored in dedicated data records, which are stored in files for later statistical analysis. The system also includes a statistical evaluation part. Technically, the system consists of a command scanner, which translates commands into internal representation, a parser, which checks the syntax of the commands, and an interpreter, which executes the commands. The system is designed so that new commands can be added easily.", "PMID": 330717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11632", "title": "Translocations in the mosquito, Culex tritaeniorhynchus.", "content": "Fifty-eight translocations were produced and studied using improved genetic and cytogenetic techniques now available for Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Data confirm previous chromosome-linkage correlation studies and indicated that the e locus is on the long arm (2R) of chromosome 2.", "contents": "Translocations in the mosquito, Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Fifty-eight translocations were produced and studied using improved genetic and cytogenetic techniques now available for Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Data confirm previous chromosome-linkage correlation studies and indicated that the e locus is on the long arm (2R) of chromosome 2.", "PMID": 330619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11633", "title": "Automated classification of cells in electron microscopic images of lymphoreticular tissue.", "content": "In classifying cells in tissue sections, one must consider the fact that only random projections of cells and of subcellular structures are available in the two-dimensional image. Therefore, measurement values that solely reflect the size of such projections cannot be taken on their own as a basis for cell classification. More complex morphologic features such as shape, texture and distribution pattern of cells and their components should be analyzed. Using cell nuclei as an example, the relationship between such features and geometric measurement values is evaluated. It can be shown that a well balanced combination of geometric parameters provides a suitable basis for reproducing the visual preclassification of lymphocytes in tissue sections. Moreover, using a cluster algorithm, which allows different levels of similarity to be defined, a hierarchical sequence of subclusters turns out, indicating the heterogeneity of the visually determined cell classes. Whether or not these subclusters can be correlated to functionally defined subpopulations of lymphocytes remains a matter for further investigation.", "contents": "Automated classification of cells in electron microscopic images of lymphoreticular tissue. In classifying cells in tissue sections, one must consider the fact that only random projections of cells and of subcellular structures are available in the two-dimensional image. Therefore, measurement values that solely reflect the size of such projections cannot be taken on their own as a basis for cell classification. More complex morphologic features such as shape, texture and distribution pattern of cells and their components should be analyzed. Using cell nuclei as an example, the relationship between such features and geometric measurement values is evaluated. It can be shown that a well balanced combination of geometric parameters provides a suitable basis for reproducing the visual preclassification of lymphocytes in tissue sections. Moreover, using a cluster algorithm, which allows different levels of similarity to be defined, a hierarchical sequence of subclusters turns out, indicating the heterogeneity of the visually determined cell classes. Whether or not these subclusters can be correlated to functionally defined subpopulations of lymphocytes remains a matter for further investigation.", "PMID": 330718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11634", "title": "Bone marrow cell scene segmentation by computer-aided color cytophotometry.", "content": "Computer scene segmentation of touching cell images in bone marrow, on the basis of color information, is achieved using digitized scans at three different wavelengths of light. With trivariate histograms and Euler's coordinate transformation, it is possible cytophotometrically to isolate, on the basis of chromatic differences, individual heterogeneous cells located in cell groups. The ability of the described computer methods to isolate correctly the touching cell images is determined by visual comparison of the cells as seen in the microscope and the computer-generated displays of the scanned and segmented scenes.", "contents": "Bone marrow cell scene segmentation by computer-aided color cytophotometry. Computer scene segmentation of touching cell images in bone marrow, on the basis of color information, is achieved using digitized scans at three different wavelengths of light. With trivariate histograms and Euler's coordinate transformation, it is possible cytophotometrically to isolate, on the basis of chromatic differences, individual heterogeneous cells located in cell groups. The ability of the described computer methods to isolate correctly the touching cell images is determined by visual comparison of the cells as seen in the microscope and the computer-generated displays of the scanned and segmented scenes.", "PMID": 330719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11635", "title": "Mutagenicity of dieldrin in the Salmonella-microsome test.", "content": "Dieldrin was assayed in vitro for its mutagenic activity in several strains of S. typhimurium with and without Aroclor 1254 treated mouse liver homogenate (S-9M). The mutagenicity of the insecticide was expressed maximally in all strains in the presence of liver S-9M and less so in three strains without liver microsomes.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of dieldrin in the Salmonella-microsome test. Dieldrin was assayed in vitro for its mutagenic activity in several strains of S. typhimurium with and without Aroclor 1254 treated mouse liver homogenate (S-9M). The mutagenicity of the insecticide was expressed maximally in all strains in the presence of liver S-9M and less so in three strains without liver microsomes.", "PMID": 330620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11636", "title": "A multi-spectral approach for scene analysis of cervical cytology smears.", "content": "A multi-spectral approach for the scene analysis of cervical cytology smears, using multiple images of a scene digitized through suitably chosen color filters matched to the Papanicolaou stain, has been proposed here. This technique involves clustering of two-dimensional data for extracting cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. Its performance on an experimental data set of 233 scenes involving more than 10 types of normal and malignant epithelial cells has been compared with density and gradient thresholding techniques. This resulted in an approximate 83% rate of success compared to approximately 40% for the rest of the other techniques.", "contents": "A multi-spectral approach for scene analysis of cervical cytology smears. A multi-spectral approach for the scene analysis of cervical cytology smears, using multiple images of a scene digitized through suitably chosen color filters matched to the Papanicolaou stain, has been proposed here. This technique involves clustering of two-dimensional data for extracting cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. Its performance on an experimental data set of 233 scenes involving more than 10 types of normal and malignant epithelial cells has been compared with density and gradient thresholding techniques. This resulted in an approximate 83% rate of success compared to approximately 40% for the rest of the other techniques.", "PMID": 330720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11637", "title": "Segmentation of cervical cell images.", "content": "A major problem in the automation of cervical cytology screening is the segmentation of cell images. This paper describes various standard segmentation methods plus one which determines a segmentation threshold based on the stability of the perimeter of the cell as the threshold is varied. As well as contour, certain structural information is used to decide upon the threshold which separates cytoplasm from the background. Once the cytoplasm threshold is found, cytoplasm and nucleus are separated by simple clustering into three groups, cytoplasm, folded cytoplasm and nucleus. These techniques have been tested on 1500 cervical cells that belong to one of eight normal classes and five abnormal classes. A minimum Mahalanobis distance classifier was used to compare results. Manually thresholded cells were classified correctly 66.0% of the time for the 13 class problem and 95.2% of the time on the two (normal-abnormal) class problem. The contour tracing technique was 52.9% and 90.0% correct, respectively.", "contents": "Segmentation of cervical cell images. A major problem in the automation of cervical cytology screening is the segmentation of cell images. This paper describes various standard segmentation methods plus one which determines a segmentation threshold based on the stability of the perimeter of the cell as the threshold is varied. As well as contour, certain structural information is used to decide upon the threshold which separates cytoplasm from the background. Once the cytoplasm threshold is found, cytoplasm and nucleus are separated by simple clustering into three groups, cytoplasm, folded cytoplasm and nucleus. These techniques have been tested on 1500 cervical cells that belong to one of eight normal classes and five abnormal classes. A minimum Mahalanobis distance classifier was used to compare results. Manually thresholded cells were classified correctly 66.0% of the time for the 13 class problem and 95.2% of the time on the two (normal-abnormal) class problem. The contour tracing technique was 52.9% and 90.0% correct, respectively.", "PMID": 330721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11638", "title": "High resolution analysis of cervical cells--a progress report.", "content": "This paper presents preliminary results of research toward the development of a high resolution analysis stage for a dual resolution image processing-based prescreening device for cervical cytology. Experiments using both manual and automatic methods for cell segmentation are described. In both cases, 1500 cervical cells were analyzed and classified as normal or abnormal (dysplastic or malignant) using a minimum Mahalanobis distance classifier with eight subclasses of normal cells, and five subclasses of abnormal cells. With manual segmentation, false positive and false negative error rates of 2.98 and 7.73% were obtained. Similar experiments using automatic cell segmentation methods yielded false positive and false negative error rates of 3.90 and 11.56%, respectively. In both cases, independent training and testing data were used.", "contents": "High resolution analysis of cervical cells--a progress report. This paper presents preliminary results of research toward the development of a high resolution analysis stage for a dual resolution image processing-based prescreening device for cervical cytology. Experiments using both manual and automatic methods for cell segmentation are described. In both cases, 1500 cervical cells were analyzed and classified as normal or abnormal (dysplastic or malignant) using a minimum Mahalanobis distance classifier with eight subclasses of normal cells, and five subclasses of abnormal cells. With manual segmentation, false positive and false negative error rates of 2.98 and 7.73% were obtained. Similar experiments using automatic cell segmentation methods yielded false positive and false negative error rates of 3.90 and 11.56%, respectively. In both cases, independent training and testing data were used.", "PMID": 330722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11639", "title": "Estimating false positive and false negative error rates in cervical cell classification.", "content": "The performance of a cell recognition system on unknown data is often estimated in terms of its error rates on a test set. This paper investigates methods for producing estimates of error rates in cervical cell classification. Classification performance curves calculated using these methods are given for several classification schemes used to classify 1500 cervical cells.", "contents": "Estimating false positive and false negative error rates in cervical cell classification. The performance of a cell recognition system on unknown data is often estimated in terms of its error rates on a test set. This paper investigates methods for producing estimates of error rates in cervical cell classification. Classification performance curves calculated using these methods are given for several classification schemes used to classify 1500 cervical cells.", "PMID": 330723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11640", "title": "Quantitative extraction of morphologic cell parameters from the diffraction pattern.", "content": "A new technique for the fast and quantitative extraction of cell parameters from diffraction patterns was applied to cervical gynecologic material. Based on radial scans through the diffraction pattern, this technique permits the simultaneous determination of the nuclear and cytoplasmic diameter by Fourier analysis of the radial scanning signals after compensation for the intensity falloff by an amplification which is proportional to the third power of the radial position in the diffraction plane. In addition, a correlation between the angle of the highest amplitude of the scanning signals and the coarseness of microstructures in the cell was observed. Illustrative examples of measurements on exfoliated cells of different type are presented.", "contents": "Quantitative extraction of morphologic cell parameters from the diffraction pattern. A new technique for the fast and quantitative extraction of cell parameters from diffraction patterns was applied to cervical gynecologic material. Based on radial scans through the diffraction pattern, this technique permits the simultaneous determination of the nuclear and cytoplasmic diameter by Fourier analysis of the radial scanning signals after compensation for the intensity falloff by an amplification which is proportional to the third power of the radial position in the diffraction plane. In addition, a correlation between the angle of the highest amplitude of the scanning signals and the coarseness of microstructures in the cell was observed. Illustrative examples of measurements on exfoliated cells of different type are presented.", "PMID": 330724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11641", "title": "The automated classification of mitotic phase for human chromosome spreads.", "content": "A system has been developed that automatically recognizes the mitotic phase of human chromosome spreads for karyotyping. Suitable spreads are classified into one of five subphases of mitosis. Classification is performed on the basis of summed chromosome length and most probable chromosome width. Classification requires 100-500 msec. A television camera scans the spread through microscope optics; computer and special purpose electronics process the video signals to generate run length histograms. The histograms are used to determine mitotic phase. Unbanded spreads, 133, were classified with a 4.5% error rate. One hundred banded spreads were classified with a 15% error rate.", "contents": "The automated classification of mitotic phase for human chromosome spreads. A system has been developed that automatically recognizes the mitotic phase of human chromosome spreads for karyotyping. Suitable spreads are classified into one of five subphases of mitosis. Classification is performed on the basis of summed chromosome length and most probable chromosome width. Classification requires 100-500 msec. A television camera scans the spread through microscope optics; computer and special purpose electronics process the video signals to generate run length histograms. The histograms are used to determine mitotic phase. Unbanded spreads, 133, were classified with a 4.5% error rate. One hundred banded spreads were classified with a 15% error rate.", "PMID": 330725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11642", "title": "Computer-assisted karyotyping with human interaction.", "content": "A system for machine assisted karyotyping and chromosome analysis has been developed. The system uses a drum- or TV-scanner as input device, runs provisionally in 32 K memory, and also allows human interaction on several stages. The accuracy with which banded chromosomes are karyotyped depends strongly on the type of classifier and varies from 40 up to 80%. The accuracy of the human assisted classifier (98%) comes close to that of a skilled technician (99.5%) using manual chromosomal analysis. Due to technical and memory limitations, the time necessary for the karyotyping of one cell is too long and depends on the interaction time; however karyotyping within 5 min, including human interaction, will be possible in the near future.", "contents": "Computer-assisted karyotyping with human interaction. A system for machine assisted karyotyping and chromosome analysis has been developed. The system uses a drum- or TV-scanner as input device, runs provisionally in 32 K memory, and also allows human interaction on several stages. The accuracy with which banded chromosomes are karyotyped depends strongly on the type of classifier and varies from 40 up to 80%. The accuracy of the human assisted classifier (98%) comes close to that of a skilled technician (99.5%) using manual chromosomal analysis. Due to technical and memory limitations, the time necessary for the karyotyping of one cell is too long and depends on the interaction time; however karyotyping within 5 min, including human interaction, will be possible in the near future.", "PMID": 330726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11643", "title": "Uniform lateral orientation, caused by flow forces, of flat particles in flow-through systems.", "content": "Recently, it was shown that the lateral orientation of sperm cells disturbs the deoxyribonucleic acid distribution measured by fluorescence in a laterally laser-illuminated flow system. The present results show how flat particles may be influenced to assume a uniform lateral orientation. This was achieved by choosing the geometrical dimensions of the hydrodynamic focusing flow path. High speed photographs of fixed chicken erythrocytes oriented in experimental chambers are presented.", "contents": "Uniform lateral orientation, caused by flow forces, of flat particles in flow-through systems. Recently, it was shown that the lateral orientation of sperm cells disturbs the deoxyribonucleic acid distribution measured by fluorescence in a laterally laser-illuminated flow system. The present results show how flat particles may be influenced to assume a uniform lateral orientation. This was achieved by choosing the geometrical dimensions of the hydrodynamic focusing flow path. High speed photographs of fixed chicken erythrocytes oriented in experimental chambers are presented.", "PMID": 330727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11644", "title": "Hydrodynamic orientation of cells.", "content": "Chicken erythrocytes orient when caught in the confluence of two sheath-liquid streams. Preliminary results indicate that this phenomena might be used to align cells for morphologic analysis in flow.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic orientation of cells. Chicken erythrocytes orient when caught in the confluence of two sheath-liquid streams. Preliminary results indicate that this phenomena might be used to align cells for morphologic analysis in flow.", "PMID": 330728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11645", "title": "A high efficiency flow cytometer.", "content": "A flow chamber has been developed which collects about 60% of the total cell fluorescence for analysis compared to about 2.5% for conventional flow systems. The chamber, an ellipsoid of revolution, is gold-plated for increased reflectivity. Fluorochrome-stained cells enter the flow cell directly above the primary focus of the ellipsoid at the rate of 1000 cell/sec. A focused argon-ion laser beam enters the flow cell parallel to the semiminor axis and intersects the cell stream at the primary focus. Fluorescent light emanating from this point is reflected toward the secondary focus, where it exits the chamber for analysis. The high efficiency flow cytometer has been used to obtain nucleotide fluorescence distributions from samples of Micrococcus glutamicus bacteria stained with propidium iodide and of spermatozoa stained by the acriflavine-Feulgen procedure.", "contents": "A high efficiency flow cytometer. A flow chamber has been developed which collects about 60% of the total cell fluorescence for analysis compared to about 2.5% for conventional flow systems. The chamber, an ellipsoid of revolution, is gold-plated for increased reflectivity. Fluorochrome-stained cells enter the flow cell directly above the primary focus of the ellipsoid at the rate of 1000 cell/sec. A focused argon-ion laser beam enters the flow cell parallel to the semiminor axis and intersects the cell stream at the primary focus. Fluorescent light emanating from this point is reflected toward the secondary focus, where it exits the chamber for analysis. The high efficiency flow cytometer has been used to obtain nucleotide fluorescence distributions from samples of Micrococcus glutamicus bacteria stained with propidium iodide and of spermatozoa stained by the acriflavine-Feulgen procedure.", "PMID": 330729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11646", "title": "Identification of cell asymmetry and orientation by light scattering.", "content": "Light scattering from chicken red blood cells has been used as a model system to identify the asymmetry of cells. The histogram for forward angle light scattering for these cells is bimodal, the signal size being dependent on the cell orientation. A dual orthogonal scatter system is used to conclusively demonstrate this orientational variation in signal. A third scattering system, using a single incident beam with two orthogonal detectors, is used to further characterize the orientational variation of the scatter signal. In this third system it is shown that the signal in a detector set 90 degrees from the incident beam collects light reflected from the cell surface. The optical selection of cells in specific orientations using these systems may circumvent the need to physically orient cell in flow systems.", "contents": "Identification of cell asymmetry and orientation by light scattering. Light scattering from chicken red blood cells has been used as a model system to identify the asymmetry of cells. The histogram for forward angle light scattering for these cells is bimodal, the signal size being dependent on the cell orientation. A dual orthogonal scatter system is used to conclusively demonstrate this orientational variation in signal. A third scattering system, using a single incident beam with two orthogonal detectors, is used to further characterize the orientational variation of the scatter signal. In this third system it is shown that the signal in a detector set 90 degrees from the incident beam collects light reflected from the cell surface. The optical selection of cells in specific orientations using these systems may circumvent the need to physically orient cell in flow systems.", "PMID": 330730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11647", "title": "Fluvo-metricell, a combined cell volume and cell fluorescence analyzer.", "content": "A new flow through instrument that simultaneously measures cell volume (resistance pulse technique) and cell fluorescence in the same orifice will be described. The fluorescence pulses of the hydrodynamically focussed cells are picked up by the optics via the axial direction (principle of Dittrich and Goehde, Z Naturforsch 24b:360, 1969). There is no coordination problem between the fluorescence and the resistance pulses to be observed because a new type of transducer is used. The electronic system provides gating of one or two parameter histograms. Function tests are performed with the incorporated two-parameter test spectrum generator. Different examples of using the instrument in practice are shown. The volume that may be measured with an orifice of 70 micron diameter ranges between 4 and 1400 micron3 (1:350). Coefficients of variation of the fluorescence below 2% are measured.", "contents": "Fluvo-metricell, a combined cell volume and cell fluorescence analyzer. A new flow through instrument that simultaneously measures cell volume (resistance pulse technique) and cell fluorescence in the same orifice will be described. The fluorescence pulses of the hydrodynamically focussed cells are picked up by the optics via the axial direction (principle of Dittrich and Goehde, Z Naturforsch 24b:360, 1969). There is no coordination problem between the fluorescence and the resistance pulses to be observed because a new type of transducer is used. The electronic system provides gating of one or two parameter histograms. Function tests are performed with the incorporated two-parameter test spectrum generator. Different examples of using the instrument in practice are shown. The volume that may be measured with an orifice of 70 micron diameter ranges between 4 and 1400 micron3 (1:350). Coefficients of variation of the fluorescence below 2% are measured.", "PMID": 330731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11648", "title": "Cytomat-R: a computer-controlled multiple laser source multiparameter flow cytophotometer system.", "content": "A multiple illumination wavelength multiparameter flow cytophotometer system, using laser sources and controlled by a small, general-purpose digital computer, has been produced for use in the development of new flow cytometric techniques. Three different laser wave-lengths can be used simultaneously to illuminate different regions of the flow chamber; as many as five measurements of light scattering at various angles, extinction, and fluorescence at one or more wavelengths can be made at each illuminated station. Cells in suspension may be examined at rates of 1000 cells/sec, with seven correlated optical measurements being recorded for each cell. A library of programs for data manipulation and statistical analysis make it possible to use the system to develop and implement cell characterization, counting and classification procedures for basic and clinical research applications.", "contents": "Cytomat-R: a computer-controlled multiple laser source multiparameter flow cytophotometer system. A multiple illumination wavelength multiparameter flow cytophotometer system, using laser sources and controlled by a small, general-purpose digital computer, has been produced for use in the development of new flow cytometric techniques. Three different laser wave-lengths can be used simultaneously to illuminate different regions of the flow chamber; as many as five measurements of light scattering at various angles, extinction, and fluorescence at one or more wavelengths can be made at each illuminated station. Cells in suspension may be examined at rates of 1000 cells/sec, with seven correlated optical measurements being recorded for each cell. A library of programs for data manipulation and statistical analysis make it possible to use the system to develop and implement cell characterization, counting and classification procedures for basic and clinical research applications.", "PMID": 330733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11649", "title": "Application of Fraunhofer diffraction theory to feature-specific detector design.", "content": "Light scatter from epithelial cells in a slit-scan flow system is modeled using the Fraunhofer condition of scalar diffraction theory. Power spectra are calculated for successive positions of model cells in the line focus of a laser beam with a Fourier transform computer program. Using the calculated power spectra, detector configurations are designed to detect specific cell structures of interest. Detector configurations are tested in a static slit-scan scatter apparatus. Data indicating the ability to detect boundaries and cell orientation are discussed.", "contents": "Application of Fraunhofer diffraction theory to feature-specific detector design. Light scatter from epithelial cells in a slit-scan flow system is modeled using the Fraunhofer condition of scalar diffraction theory. Power spectra are calculated for successive positions of model cells in the line focus of a laser beam with a Fourier transform computer program. Using the calculated power spectra, detector configurations are designed to detect specific cell structures of interest. Detector configurations are tested in a static slit-scan scatter apparatus. Data indicating the ability to detect boundaries and cell orientation are discussed.", "PMID": 330735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11650", "title": "Imaging systems for correlation of false alarms in flow.", "content": "False alarms, arising from a variety of sources, are the greatest remaining obstacle to development of an automated prescreening system for gynecologic cytology. This paper describes two correlation systems under development at the University of Rochester and discusses their utilization in the study of false alarms in slit-scan cytofluorometry. Both systems permit imaging of objects in flow and correlation between images and corresponding slit-scan contours. Correlation systems will permit a detailed study of false alarm causes and aid in the search for new features to assist in their recognition.", "contents": "Imaging systems for correlation of false alarms in flow. False alarms, arising from a variety of sources, are the greatest remaining obstacle to development of an automated prescreening system for gynecologic cytology. This paper describes two correlation systems under development at the University of Rochester and discusses their utilization in the study of false alarms in slit-scan cytofluorometry. Both systems permit imaging of objects in flow and correlation between images and corresponding slit-scan contours. Correlation systems will permit a detailed study of false alarm causes and aid in the search for new features to assist in their recognition.", "PMID": 330736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11651", "title": "Experimental findings on gynecologic cell orientation and dynamics for three flow nozzle geometries.", "content": "Gynecologic cell orientation and dynamics in sheath flow for three flow nozzle geometries are studied and compared. Cell orientations are classified into four categories based upon visual inspection of dark field laser stroboscopic photographs of cells in flow. Results are discussed in the context of slit-scan cytofluorometry.", "contents": "Experimental findings on gynecologic cell orientation and dynamics for three flow nozzle geometries. Gynecologic cell orientation and dynamics in sheath flow for three flow nozzle geometries are studied and compared. Cell orientations are classified into four categories based upon visual inspection of dark field laser stroboscopic photographs of cells in flow. Results are discussed in the context of slit-scan cytofluorometry.", "PMID": 330737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11652", "title": "Two-color immunofluorescence using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter.", "content": "A technique for the analysis of fluorescein and rhodamine in a flow system using a single wavelength of excitation is described. Both optics and electronics are used to discriminate the fluorescein and rhodamine signals. This technique has been used to study the relationship between immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin D on mouse splenic lymphocytes.", "contents": "Two-color immunofluorescence using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. A technique for the analysis of fluorescein and rhodamine in a flow system using a single wavelength of excitation is described. Both optics and electronics are used to discriminate the fluorescein and rhodamine signals. This technique has been used to study the relationship between immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin D on mouse splenic lymphocytes.", "PMID": 330738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11653", "title": "A modified technique to obtain uniform precipitation of lanthanum tracer in the extracellular space.", "content": "A method for obtaining a uniform, dense precipitate of lanthanum nitrate to delineate extracellular space is described. Improvement of the previous technique is achieved by phosphate precipitation of lanthanum in the tissue carried out at low temperature. This method has been successfully applied to bone marrow.", "contents": "A modified technique to obtain uniform precipitation of lanthanum tracer in the extracellular space. A method for obtaining a uniform, dense precipitate of lanthanum nitrate to delineate extracellular space is described. Improvement of the previous technique is achieved by phosphate precipitation of lanthanum in the tissue carried out at low temperature. This method has been successfully applied to bone marrow.", "PMID": 330739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11654", "title": "[Morphology of the telencephalon of Salmo irideus (Teleostei). Golgi-impregnation study].", "content": "The telencephalon of Salmo irideus (Gibbons) was investigated by means of staining and silver impregnation techniques. It shows the fundamental plan characteristic for teleost species. The neurons in the various telencephalic nuclear areas are, in part, quite different with respect to their density of arrangement,migratory behavior, width of pericaryon and number of spines, inclusively. Neurons exhibiting a high degree of morphological differentiation (i.e. neurons of the stellate and pyramidal like type of differentiation) are located in the area dorsalis telencephali only. This telencephalic region is considered to be a functional homologon of limbic telencephalic structures of other vertebrates.", "contents": "[Morphology of the telencephalon of Salmo irideus (Teleostei). Golgi-impregnation study]. The telencephalon of Salmo irideus (Gibbons) was investigated by means of staining and silver impregnation techniques. It shows the fundamental plan characteristic for teleost species. The neurons in the various telencephalic nuclear areas are, in part, quite different with respect to their density of arrangement,migratory behavior, width of pericaryon and number of spines, inclusively. Neurons exhibiting a high degree of morphological differentiation (i.e. neurons of the stellate and pyramidal like type of differentiation) are located in the area dorsalis telencephali only. This telencephalic region is considered to be a functional homologon of limbic telencephalic structures of other vertebrates.", "PMID": 330740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11655", "title": "[Automatic pictorial analysis of normal and experimentally altered nervous tissue].", "content": "1. Structural changes of the dorsal LGN of the albino rat following unilateral enucleation cause its decrease of volume. 2. Using the Quantimet 720 M and Nissl stained preparations we tried to explain the decreased volume by estimation of three parameters: The whole area of the cells, the number of neurons and the size distribution of cells. 3. The whole area and the number of neurons are constant. 4. The size distribution of cells changes significantly and indicates an alteration of the tissue surrounding the cells (development of the neuropil, loss of fibers). 5. The changes of the maxima of size distributions following enucleation suggest a diminution of the area of neuron somata, but are not significant. 6. Using more exact methods of measurements we want to get more detailed results.", "contents": "[Automatic pictorial analysis of normal and experimentally altered nervous tissue]. 1. Structural changes of the dorsal LGN of the albino rat following unilateral enucleation cause its decrease of volume. 2. Using the Quantimet 720 M and Nissl stained preparations we tried to explain the decreased volume by estimation of three parameters: The whole area of the cells, the number of neurons and the size distribution of cells. 3. The whole area and the number of neurons are constant. 4. The size distribution of cells changes significantly and indicates an alteration of the tissue surrounding the cells (development of the neuropil, loss of fibers). 5. The changes of the maxima of size distributions following enucleation suggest a diminution of the area of neuron somata, but are not significant. 6. Using more exact methods of measurements we want to get more detailed results.", "PMID": 330741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11656", "title": "[Ependymal structures in the telecephalon of Salmo irideus (Teleostei)].", "content": "The ependyma in the region of the telencephalon of Salmo irideus is composed of a great number of various elements: uni- and bipolar tancytes, ependymal astrogliacytes, ciliated ependymal cells, intraependymal neurons and neuron-like cells exhibiting ventricular contact. There are regional differentiations in the ventricular wall which can be attributed to certain structurally defined nuclear areas. When comparing the various regions of the ventricular wall in the telencephalon of Salmo irideus with appropriate regions of amphibians and reptiles, some, at least partially, far-going morphological similarities can be found. The ependymal differntiations could, thus, be regarded as an additional morphological criterium concerning the question of the homologization of the telecephalic nuclear areas with those of other verebrates. The abundnat occurrence of tanycytes of the bipolar type in the telecephalon appeared surprising; they are discussed to act in a preponderantly resorptive manner, as it is, above all, hitherto known for hypothalamic regions of other vertebrates. The morphological and functional characteristics of the neuronlike structures exhibiting ventricular contact are as yet not clear.", "contents": "[Ependymal structures in the telecephalon of Salmo irideus (Teleostei)]. The ependyma in the region of the telencephalon of Salmo irideus is composed of a great number of various elements: uni- and bipolar tancytes, ependymal astrogliacytes, ciliated ependymal cells, intraependymal neurons and neuron-like cells exhibiting ventricular contact. There are regional differentiations in the ventricular wall which can be attributed to certain structurally defined nuclear areas. When comparing the various regions of the ventricular wall in the telencephalon of Salmo irideus with appropriate regions of amphibians and reptiles, some, at least partially, far-going morphological similarities can be found. The ependymal differntiations could, thus, be regarded as an additional morphological criterium concerning the question of the homologization of the telecephalic nuclear areas with those of other verebrates. The abundnat occurrence of tanycytes of the bipolar type in the telecephalon appeared surprising; they are discussed to act in a preponderantly resorptive manner, as it is, above all, hitherto known for hypothalamic regions of other vertebrates. The morphological and functional characteristics of the neuronlike structures exhibiting ventricular contact are as yet not clear.", "PMID": 330742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11657", "title": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity effector cells lack Ia antigens.", "content": "Surface immunoglobulin (sIg)-positive and sIg-negative subpopulations of macrophage-depleted murine splenic lymphocytes were obtained by Sephadex anti-Fab immunoabsorbent fractionation. These lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed for the presence of Thy 1 and Ia alloantigens and also for Fc receptors by fluorescence microscopy. Concurrently, these lymphocyte subpopulations were studied for effector cell activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Effector cells mediating ADCC were contained in the sIg-negative lymphocyte subpopulation and sIg-positive lymphocytes did not mediate cytotoxicity. The majority of sIg-positive lymphocytes were found to bear Ia antigens and Fc receptors, and these cell surface structures were associated in that treatment of these cells with anti-Ia sera inhibited binding of complexed immunoglobulin to Fc receptors. In contrast, most sIg-negative, Thy 1-negative lymphocytes lacked Ia Antigens, and the Fc receptors detected on such cells were not blocked by anti-Ia sera. In addition, a small subpopulation of sIg-negative, Ia antigen-positive, Fc receptor-positive lymphocytes was found. Elimination of this subpopulation of Ia antigen-positive cells from sIg-negative lymphocytes, by treatment with anti-Ia serum and complement, did not diminish ADCC effector cell activity in the resultant cell population when compared with untreated sIg-negative lymphocytes. Thus, in murine spleen, nonphagocytic mononuclear cells that lack both sIg and Ia antigens were shown to mediate ADCC.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity effector cells lack Ia antigens. Surface immunoglobulin (sIg)-positive and sIg-negative subpopulations of macrophage-depleted murine splenic lymphocytes were obtained by Sephadex anti-Fab immunoabsorbent fractionation. These lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed for the presence of Thy 1 and Ia alloantigens and also for Fc receptors by fluorescence microscopy. Concurrently, these lymphocyte subpopulations were studied for effector cell activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Effector cells mediating ADCC were contained in the sIg-negative lymphocyte subpopulation and sIg-positive lymphocytes did not mediate cytotoxicity. The majority of sIg-positive lymphocytes were found to bear Ia antigens and Fc receptors, and these cell surface structures were associated in that treatment of these cells with anti-Ia sera inhibited binding of complexed immunoglobulin to Fc receptors. In contrast, most sIg-negative, Thy 1-negative lymphocytes lacked Ia Antigens, and the Fc receptors detected on such cells were not blocked by anti-Ia sera. In addition, a small subpopulation of sIg-negative, Ia antigen-positive, Fc receptor-positive lymphocytes was found. Elimination of this subpopulation of Ia antigen-positive cells from sIg-negative lymphocytes, by treatment with anti-Ia serum and complement, did not diminish ADCC effector cell activity in the resultant cell population when compared with untreated sIg-negative lymphocytes. Thus, in murine spleen, nonphagocytic mononuclear cells that lack both sIg and Ia antigens were shown to mediate ADCC.", "PMID": 330744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11658", "title": "F(ab')2 reagents are not required if goat, rather than rabbit, antibodies are used to detect human surface immunoglobulin.", "content": "The present report provides evidence that whole goat anti-human immunoglobulin, unlike similar reagents produced in the rabbit, binds both to the same number of and the same individual cells as the F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit or goat anti-human immunoglobulin. These results suggest that goat IgG has a lower affinity for the Fc receptors of human lymphocytes and monocytes than rabbit IgG. Because of this property, whole goat antibodies against human immunoglobulin can be used as simple, convenient relatively inexpensive reagents for the routine detection of immunoglobulin on cell surfaces by immunofluorescence microscopy. The preparation of F(ab')2 fragments of anti-immunoglobulin, which are necessary when rabbit antibodies are used, does not appear to -e required if goat antibodies can be empolyed. This observation has multiple practival applications in cellular immunology.", "contents": "F(ab')2 reagents are not required if goat, rather than rabbit, antibodies are used to detect human surface immunoglobulin. The present report provides evidence that whole goat anti-human immunoglobulin, unlike similar reagents produced in the rabbit, binds both to the same number of and the same individual cells as the F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit or goat anti-human immunoglobulin. These results suggest that goat IgG has a lower affinity for the Fc receptors of human lymphocytes and monocytes than rabbit IgG. Because of this property, whole goat antibodies against human immunoglobulin can be used as simple, convenient relatively inexpensive reagents for the routine detection of immunoglobulin on cell surfaces by immunofluorescence microscopy. The preparation of F(ab')2 fragments of anti-immunoglobulin, which are necessary when rabbit antibodies are used, does not appear to -e required if goat antibodies can be empolyed. This observation has multiple practival applications in cellular immunology.", "PMID": 330746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11659", "title": "Immunosuppression by spleen cells from Moloney leukemia. III. Evidence for a suppressor cell that is not the leukemic, virus-producing cell.", "content": "Spleens of mice bearing MuLV (Moloney)-induced leukemia contain cells that inhibit the antibody response of normal syngeneic lymphocytes to sheep RBC in Marbrook cultures. In order to determine whether these immunosuppressive cells are virus-infected tumor cells or normal cells we pretreated leukemic spleen cell suspensions with syngeneic mouse antiserum to Moloney leukemia antigen(s) (plus complement) and with rat anti-Moloney serum (plus complement). The cytotoxic treatment killed approximately 20% to 30% and 60% to 70% of the cells, respectively. The remaining viable cell population was tested for MuLV production (in an infectious center assay on S+L-fibroblasts), for lethal effect on newborn mice, and for immunosuppressive activity. After the treatment with anti-Moloney sera the number of MuLV-releasing cells decreased 10-fold and the leukemogenic potential in vivo decreased 100-fold as compared to leukemic spleen cells pretreated with nonimmune mouse and rat sera (plus complement). In contrast, the ability of the antisera-treated cells to inhibit anti-SRBC response remained undiminished. This indicates that, in part, the immunosuppressive cells in the leukemic spleen are normal, noninfected cells, involved, perhaps, in immune regulation.", "contents": "Immunosuppression by spleen cells from Moloney leukemia. III. Evidence for a suppressor cell that is not the leukemic, virus-producing cell. Spleens of mice bearing MuLV (Moloney)-induced leukemia contain cells that inhibit the antibody response of normal syngeneic lymphocytes to sheep RBC in Marbrook cultures. In order to determine whether these immunosuppressive cells are virus-infected tumor cells or normal cells we pretreated leukemic spleen cell suspensions with syngeneic mouse antiserum to Moloney leukemia antigen(s) (plus complement) and with rat anti-Moloney serum (plus complement). The cytotoxic treatment killed approximately 20% to 30% and 60% to 70% of the cells, respectively. The remaining viable cell population was tested for MuLV production (in an infectious center assay on S+L-fibroblasts), for lethal effect on newborn mice, and for immunosuppressive activity. After the treatment with anti-Moloney sera the number of MuLV-releasing cells decreased 10-fold and the leukemogenic potential in vivo decreased 100-fold as compared to leukemic spleen cells pretreated with nonimmune mouse and rat sera (plus complement). In contrast, the ability of the antisera-treated cells to inhibit anti-SRBC response remained undiminished. This indicates that, in part, the immunosuppressive cells in the leukemic spleen are normal, noninfected cells, involved, perhaps, in immune regulation.", "PMID": 330747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11660", "title": "Altered humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells by sheep erythrocyte-soluble hemolysate.", "content": "Adult C3H/He mice were rendered unresponsive to a primary injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by pretreatment with sheep hemolysate supernatant (SHS) or subfractions of SHS isolated by column chromatography. The following effects of SHS on the immune response were observed: SHS did not kill antigen-reactive cells, it did not prevent the release of antibody by cells actively synthesizing and secreting antibody, and SHS-induced tolerance was not inhibited or abrogated by methods which terminate or abolish tolerance. In addition, cell-mediated responses were not affected in animals whose humoral responses were suppressed; however, the secondary plaque-forming cell (PFC) response was enhanced by SHS treatment. SDS gel electrophoresis revealed SHS to contain several proteins ranging from 12,000 to approximately 500,000 daltons.", "contents": "Altered humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells by sheep erythrocyte-soluble hemolysate. Adult C3H/He mice were rendered unresponsive to a primary injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by pretreatment with sheep hemolysate supernatant (SHS) or subfractions of SHS isolated by column chromatography. The following effects of SHS on the immune response were observed: SHS did not kill antigen-reactive cells, it did not prevent the release of antibody by cells actively synthesizing and secreting antibody, and SHS-induced tolerance was not inhibited or abrogated by methods which terminate or abolish tolerance. In addition, cell-mediated responses were not affected in animals whose humoral responses were suppressed; however, the secondary plaque-forming cell (PFC) response was enhanced by SHS treatment. SDS gel electrophoresis revealed SHS to contain several proteins ranging from 12,000 to approximately 500,000 daltons.", "PMID": 330749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11661", "title": "BCG-induced murine effector cells. II. Characterization of natural killer cells in peritoneal exudates.", "content": "The cytotoxic activity in peritoneal exudates harvested from C57BL/6 mice 4 to 6 days after they had received viable Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) organisms i.p. was associatee with a nonadherent, nonphagocytic cell. The cytotoxic cell lacked demonstrable surface immunoglobulin and Thy 1 antigen and bore no readily detectable Fc receptors. Lytic activity was labile at 37 degrees C and was diminished after trypsinization of the effector cells. Preincubating effector cells with immune complexes was without effect on lytic expression. These features make it likely that the cytolytic activity was associated with \"natural killer\" (NK) cells, previously described in unimmunized mouse spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes. Whether BCG induced \"activation\" of resident NK cells, the de novo production of NK cells, or \"homing\" into the peritoneum of cells normally resident in other lymphoid tissue is not known.", "contents": "BCG-induced murine effector cells. II. Characterization of natural killer cells in peritoneal exudates. The cytotoxic activity in peritoneal exudates harvested from C57BL/6 mice 4 to 6 days after they had received viable Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) organisms i.p. was associatee with a nonadherent, nonphagocytic cell. The cytotoxic cell lacked demonstrable surface immunoglobulin and Thy 1 antigen and bore no readily detectable Fc receptors. Lytic activity was labile at 37 degrees C and was diminished after trypsinization of the effector cells. Preincubating effector cells with immune complexes was without effect on lytic expression. These features make it likely that the cytolytic activity was associated with \"natural killer\" (NK) cells, previously described in unimmunized mouse spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes. Whether BCG induced \"activation\" of resident NK cells, the de novo production of NK cells, or \"homing\" into the peritoneum of cells normally resident in other lymphoid tissue is not known.", "PMID": 330750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11662", "title": "Negative allogeneic effects in vitro. II. Mapping of histocompatibility differences leading to allosuppression.", "content": "When splenic T cells from normal mice recognize alloantigens on primed spleen cells there is a dramatic suppression of the secondary antihapten PFC response of the latter cells. From studies using intra-MHC recombinants it appears that differences at K or D alone can elicit allosuppression. There is sometimes suppression to differences in the I region. Even small differences in H-2K, as seen in the H-2b mutants, are sufficient to lead to such negative allogeneic effects. Thus, as far as has been determined, the specificity of allosuppresive T cells is indistinguishable from that of cytotoxic effector cells. Negative allogeneic effects and positive allogeneic effects different in the degree to which they influenced the primary and secondary responses. In our experiments no evidence for positive allogeneic effects was seen in the secondary response to TNP-carrier even with cells differing at the I region only. In contrast the primary response to SRBC was much enhanced by allogeneic cells and little suppression of that response was seen. It is suggested that the allosuppression is distinct from cytotoxicity and may be a profitable model for the study of suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Negative allogeneic effects in vitro. II. Mapping of histocompatibility differences leading to allosuppression. When splenic T cells from normal mice recognize alloantigens on primed spleen cells there is a dramatic suppression of the secondary antihapten PFC response of the latter cells. From studies using intra-MHC recombinants it appears that differences at K or D alone can elicit allosuppression. There is sometimes suppression to differences in the I region. Even small differences in H-2K, as seen in the H-2b mutants, are sufficient to lead to such negative allogeneic effects. Thus, as far as has been determined, the specificity of allosuppresive T cells is indistinguishable from that of cytotoxic effector cells. Negative allogeneic effects and positive allogeneic effects different in the degree to which they influenced the primary and secondary responses. In our experiments no evidence for positive allogeneic effects was seen in the secondary response to TNP-carrier even with cells differing at the I region only. In contrast the primary response to SRBC was much enhanced by allogeneic cells and little suppression of that response was seen. It is suggested that the allosuppression is distinct from cytotoxicity and may be a profitable model for the study of suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 330751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11663", "title": "Fucose-binding Lotus tetragonolobus lectin binds to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and induces a chemotactic response.", "content": "Fucose-binding L. tetragonolobus lectin to the surface of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and induces a chemotactic response. Both surface binding and chemotaxis are inhibited by free fucose but not by fructose, mannose, or galactose. The lectin-binding sites on PMN are unrelated to the A, B, or O blood group antigen. Utilization of this lectin should be a useful tool in isolating PMN membrane components and in analyzing the mechanism of neutrophil chemotaxis.", "contents": "Fucose-binding Lotus tetragonolobus lectin binds to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and induces a chemotactic response. Fucose-binding L. tetragonolobus lectin to the surface of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and induces a chemotactic response. Both surface binding and chemotaxis are inhibited by free fucose but not by fructose, mannose, or galactose. The lectin-binding sites on PMN are unrelated to the A, B, or O blood group antigen. Utilization of this lectin should be a useful tool in isolating PMN membrane components and in analyzing the mechanism of neutrophil chemotaxis.", "PMID": 330752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11664", "title": "Expression of fetal antigens by normal human skin cells grown in tissue culture.", "content": "Normal human sera are capable of causing complement-mediated lysis of normal human skin cells grown in tissue culture. This lytic reactivity can be completely removed by absorption with first trimester fetal tissue. Absorption with a variety of normal adult human tissues including lymphocytes, decidua, skin, and muscle are incapable of absorbing reactivity. Absorption of reactivity by fetal tissue is specific and not due to the introduction of anti-complementary or other nonspecific factors, as evidenced by the inability of simultaneous fetal absorption to remove reactivity from antisera with specificity for HLA antigens. Similarly, absorption of lytic sera with fetal calf serum proteins was incapable of removing reactivity against normal cells in tissue culture. It thus appears that normal human cells in tissue culture express antigens shared by the first trimester human fetus, but not present on a variety of adult human tissues. This \"neoantigen\" present on normal human cells when grown in tissue culture is a potential source of confusion and must be accounted for in searching for human tumor-specific antigens utilizing tissue culture cells.", "contents": "Expression of fetal antigens by normal human skin cells grown in tissue culture. Normal human sera are capable of causing complement-mediated lysis of normal human skin cells grown in tissue culture. This lytic reactivity can be completely removed by absorption with first trimester fetal tissue. Absorption with a variety of normal adult human tissues including lymphocytes, decidua, skin, and muscle are incapable of absorbing reactivity. Absorption of reactivity by fetal tissue is specific and not due to the introduction of anti-complementary or other nonspecific factors, as evidenced by the inability of simultaneous fetal absorption to remove reactivity from antisera with specificity for HLA antigens. Similarly, absorption of lytic sera with fetal calf serum proteins was incapable of removing reactivity against normal cells in tissue culture. It thus appears that normal human cells in tissue culture express antigens shared by the first trimester human fetus, but not present on a variety of adult human tissues. This \"neoantigen\" present on normal human cells when grown in tissue culture is a potential source of confusion and must be accounted for in searching for human tumor-specific antigens utilizing tissue culture cells.", "PMID": 330754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11665", "title": "Expression of protein HC on the plasma membrane of different human cell types.", "content": "The surface expression of a recently described plasma glycoprotein called human complex-forming glycoprotein, hetergeneous in charge (protein HC) on a number of different human cell types was investigated. By means of direct and indirect immunofluorescence, protein HC was shown to be associated with the surface of virtually all cells of the investigated normal cell types including erythrocytes, peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes, and the human fibroblast lines HE 81, HE 31, and WI 38. When transformed and malignant cell populations were studied, it was found that some populations (e.g., the T cell line Molt-4) carried protein HC on the surfaces of very few cells, whereas other cell populations (e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes) carried the protein on most cells. Malignant cell populations with intermediary percentages of protein HC-positive cells were also found. Protein HC on the cell surface of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes could be redistributed by incubation of the cells with anti-protein HC-antiserum at 37 degrees C, and this reaction could be inhibited by sodium azide.", "contents": "Expression of protein HC on the plasma membrane of different human cell types. The surface expression of a recently described plasma glycoprotein called human complex-forming glycoprotein, hetergeneous in charge (protein HC) on a number of different human cell types was investigated. By means of direct and indirect immunofluorescence, protein HC was shown to be associated with the surface of virtually all cells of the investigated normal cell types including erythrocytes, peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes, and the human fibroblast lines HE 81, HE 31, and WI 38. When transformed and malignant cell populations were studied, it was found that some populations (e.g., the T cell line Molt-4) carried protein HC on the surfaces of very few cells, whereas other cell populations (e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes) carried the protein on most cells. Malignant cell populations with intermediary percentages of protein HC-positive cells were also found. Protein HC on the cell surface of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes could be redistributed by incubation of the cells with anti-protein HC-antiserum at 37 degrees C, and this reaction could be inhibited by sodium azide.", "PMID": 330755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11666", "title": "Destruction of tumor cells by BCG-activated alqolar macrophages.", "content": "Alveolar macrophages obtained from Syrian golden hamsters were tested for their ability to destroy tumor cells. Only macrophages obtained from BCG immune animals rechallenged intratracheally with BCG five days before assay exhibited cytotoxic activity. Maximum destruction of tumor cells occurred after 5 days of incubation. Immunologic activation of macrophages was required to attain cytotoxic alveolar macrophages. Induction of inflammatory lung exudates by a variety of nonspecific irritants did not result in tumor cell destruction by macrophages. These observations may prove useful in designing an approach for immunotherapy of lung cancer.", "contents": "Destruction of tumor cells by BCG-activated alqolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages obtained from Syrian golden hamsters were tested for their ability to destroy tumor cells. Only macrophages obtained from BCG immune animals rechallenged intratracheally with BCG five days before assay exhibited cytotoxic activity. Maximum destruction of tumor cells occurred after 5 days of incubation. Immunologic activation of macrophages was required to attain cytotoxic alveolar macrophages. Induction of inflammatory lung exudates by a variety of nonspecific irritants did not result in tumor cell destruction by macrophages. These observations may prove useful in designing an approach for immunotherapy of lung cancer.", "PMID": 330756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11667", "title": "Immunocycte stimulation in vitro by nontoxic bacterial lipopolysaccharide derivatives.", "content": "Intact lipopolysaccharides (LPS), considered nonspecific enhancers of B cell responses, as well as nontoxic derivatives from Serratia marcescens LPS, were studied with regard to their ability to stimulate in vitro immune responses to a T-dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes. Intact LPS, at a dose of 10 to 50 microgram, consistently enhanced the in vitro anti-SRBC immune response by normal splenocytes. The LPS also increased the background PFC response to SRBC in nonimmunized cultures. A chemically detoxified preparation derived from LPS (Mex B) had no stimulatory activity in vitro. A completely nontoxic, relatively small m.w., polysaccharide-rich preparation (PS), free of detectable lipid and protein, was stimulatory in vitro and at a dose of 10 microgram resulted in a 40 to 70% enhancement of the anti-SRBC response. The PS also stimulated an enhanced background response to SRBC as well as several other RBC species in nonimmunized cultures. PS had no mitogenic effect in vitro since addition of this bacterial derivative failed to stimulate thymidine incorporation into mouse splenocytes, as occurred with the intact LPS. The use of nontoxic preparations from gram-negative bacterial LPS for dissecting the stimulatory vs antigenic properties of bacterial products provides a model system for determining the role of a mitogenic stimulus in B cell activation.", "contents": "Immunocycte stimulation in vitro by nontoxic bacterial lipopolysaccharide derivatives. Intact lipopolysaccharides (LPS), considered nonspecific enhancers of B cell responses, as well as nontoxic derivatives from Serratia marcescens LPS, were studied with regard to their ability to stimulate in vitro immune responses to a T-dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes. Intact LPS, at a dose of 10 to 50 microgram, consistently enhanced the in vitro anti-SRBC immune response by normal splenocytes. The LPS also increased the background PFC response to SRBC in nonimmunized cultures. A chemically detoxified preparation derived from LPS (Mex B) had no stimulatory activity in vitro. A completely nontoxic, relatively small m.w., polysaccharide-rich preparation (PS), free of detectable lipid and protein, was stimulatory in vitro and at a dose of 10 microgram resulted in a 40 to 70% enhancement of the anti-SRBC response. The PS also stimulated an enhanced background response to SRBC as well as several other RBC species in nonimmunized cultures. PS had no mitogenic effect in vitro since addition of this bacterial derivative failed to stimulate thymidine incorporation into mouse splenocytes, as occurred with the intact LPS. The use of nontoxic preparations from gram-negative bacterial LPS for dissecting the stimulatory vs antigenic properties of bacterial products provides a model system for determining the role of a mitogenic stimulus in B cell activation.", "PMID": 330757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11668", "title": "Macrophage activation for tumor cytotoxicity: induction of tumoricidal macrophages by supernatants of PPD-stimulated Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-immune spleen cell cultures.", "content": "Resident peritoneal macrophages from normal mice were activated for tumor cytotoxicity in vitro by co-cultivation with BCG1-immune spleen cells and PPD and by incubation with supernatants of PPD-stimulated BCG-immune spleen cell cultures (lymphokine supernatants). Lymphokine activation of macrophages occurred in unfractionated PC suspensions as well as in macrophage monolayers depleted of nonadherent PC. Tumor cytotoxicity by lymphokine-activated macrophages was evident by 3 to 4 hr of culture in active supernatants, reached maximal levels by 8 to 12 hr. and was absent by 20 hr. Continued incubation in lymphokines or even re-exposure after washing did not maintain macrophage cytotoxicity. The capacity of normal resident macrophages to be activated by lymphokines in vitro progressively decreased and was absent by 20 hr in culture. This decrease did not necessarily reflect cell death; macrophage viability as estimated by exclusion of trypan blue or by phagocytic responses did not change over the 20-hr culture period. The short lived nature of both macrophage tumoricidal capacity and capacity of precursor cells to be activated by lymphokines may function as negative feedback mechanisms in immune reactions.", "contents": "Macrophage activation for tumor cytotoxicity: induction of tumoricidal macrophages by supernatants of PPD-stimulated Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-immune spleen cell cultures. Resident peritoneal macrophages from normal mice were activated for tumor cytotoxicity in vitro by co-cultivation with BCG1-immune spleen cells and PPD and by incubation with supernatants of PPD-stimulated BCG-immune spleen cell cultures (lymphokine supernatants). Lymphokine activation of macrophages occurred in unfractionated PC suspensions as well as in macrophage monolayers depleted of nonadherent PC. Tumor cytotoxicity by lymphokine-activated macrophages was evident by 3 to 4 hr of culture in active supernatants, reached maximal levels by 8 to 12 hr. and was absent by 20 hr. Continued incubation in lymphokines or even re-exposure after washing did not maintain macrophage cytotoxicity. The capacity of normal resident macrophages to be activated by lymphokines in vitro progressively decreased and was absent by 20 hr in culture. This decrease did not necessarily reflect cell death; macrophage viability as estimated by exclusion of trypan blue or by phagocytic responses did not change over the 20-hr culture period. The short lived nature of both macrophage tumoricidal capacity and capacity of precursor cells to be activated by lymphokines may function as negative feedback mechanisms in immune reactions.", "PMID": 330759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11669", "title": "Differential tumor immunogenicity of L1210 and its sublines. I. Effect of an increased antigen density on tumor cell surfaces on primary B cell responses in vitro.", "content": "The differential immunogenicity of DBA/2 lymphoma L1210 and three L1210 sublines, each resistant to a different anti-leukemic agent (guanazole, methylglyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone, and 4,4-diacetyldiphenylurea-bis-guanylhydrazone), was evaluated in vitro. Syngeneic spleen cells from nonimmunized DBA/2 mice were cultured in the presence of graded numbers of irradiated cells of L1210 or its sublines. The stimulation elicited a T-independent primary antibody response in vitro which was measured by determining the number of plaque-forming cells by using the immunizing lymphoma cells as target. Cells of all three sublines exhibited an increased immunogenicity, as compared to that of the parental L1210 cells, in eliciting the response directed to tumor-associated antigens which were common to all sublines. Dose-response experiments showed that high doses of the parental cells did stimulate responses which were detectable with subline cells as target. The results indicated that the differential immunogenicity of L1210 and its sublines, as demonstrated in the present assay system, is primarily quantitative, and was apparently due to increased amount or density of common tumor-associated antigens on the subline cells. The implications of these observations are discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms underlying the emergence of highly immunogenic drug-resistant sublines.", "contents": "Differential tumor immunogenicity of L1210 and its sublines. I. Effect of an increased antigen density on tumor cell surfaces on primary B cell responses in vitro. The differential immunogenicity of DBA/2 lymphoma L1210 and three L1210 sublines, each resistant to a different anti-leukemic agent (guanazole, methylglyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone, and 4,4-diacetyldiphenylurea-bis-guanylhydrazone), was evaluated in vitro. Syngeneic spleen cells from nonimmunized DBA/2 mice were cultured in the presence of graded numbers of irradiated cells of L1210 or its sublines. The stimulation elicited a T-independent primary antibody response in vitro which was measured by determining the number of plaque-forming cells by using the immunizing lymphoma cells as target. Cells of all three sublines exhibited an increased immunogenicity, as compared to that of the parental L1210 cells, in eliciting the response directed to tumor-associated antigens which were common to all sublines. Dose-response experiments showed that high doses of the parental cells did stimulate responses which were detectable with subline cells as target. The results indicated that the differential immunogenicity of L1210 and its sublines, as demonstrated in the present assay system, is primarily quantitative, and was apparently due to increased amount or density of common tumor-associated antigens on the subline cells. The implications of these observations are discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms underlying the emergence of highly immunogenic drug-resistant sublines.", "PMID": 330761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11670", "title": "Characterization of suppressive immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF). II. Purification and molecular weight determination of IBF produced by L-5178-Y theta-positive lymphoma.", "content": "L-5178-Y thymoma cells were used to produce radioactive immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF). For this purpose, the cells were internally labeled by incubation with radioactive amino acids and/or fucose. The supernatants contained radioactive material that bound to IgG-sensitized erythrocytes and suppressed the in vitro antibody response to sheep red blood cells. Upon filtration on Sephadex G-200 both the IgG-binding activity and the suppressive activity eluted at peaks of 140,000 and above 300,000 d. However, on SDS polyacrylamide gels, after precipitation with antigen-IgG-antibody complexes. IBF was found in a single peak of 80,000 d. This molecule could be dissociated in the presence of mercaptoethanol into a major unit of 40,000 d and a minor unit of 20,000 d. These data suggest that IBF is a molecule of 80,000 d, which contains chains of 40,000 d and probably 20,00 d linked by disulfide bridges. In cell supernatants, however, the factor exists in polymeric forms of 140,000 d and more than 300,000 d.", "contents": "Characterization of suppressive immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF). II. Purification and molecular weight determination of IBF produced by L-5178-Y theta-positive lymphoma. L-5178-Y thymoma cells were used to produce radioactive immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF). For this purpose, the cells were internally labeled by incubation with radioactive amino acids and/or fucose. The supernatants contained radioactive material that bound to IgG-sensitized erythrocytes and suppressed the in vitro antibody response to sheep red blood cells. Upon filtration on Sephadex G-200 both the IgG-binding activity and the suppressive activity eluted at peaks of 140,000 and above 300,000 d. However, on SDS polyacrylamide gels, after precipitation with antigen-IgG-antibody complexes. IBF was found in a single peak of 80,000 d. This molecule could be dissociated in the presence of mercaptoethanol into a major unit of 40,000 d and a minor unit of 20,000 d. These data suggest that IBF is a molecule of 80,000 d, which contains chains of 40,000 d and probably 20,00 d linked by disulfide bridges. In cell supernatants, however, the factor exists in polymeric forms of 140,000 d and more than 300,000 d.", "PMID": 330762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11671", "title": "Radiographic measurement of topical corticosteroid-induced atrophy.", "content": "Soft tissue x-ray techniques were used to measure skin thickness as influenced by the chronic usage of topical corticosteroids. In a double-blind study commercial preparations of 1% hydrocortisone (HC), 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide (TA), and a placebo cream were compared for their ability to produce atrophy in normal human forearm skin. After 8 weeks of topical application of the creams, only TA produced clinically apparent atrophy. The average percent decreases in skin thickness measured after 8 weeks of treatment with placebo, HC, or TA were 6.0%, 6.0%, and 17.1%, respectively. During the first week after cessation of treatment the clinical appearance of the skin began to improve and by 1 month all treated skin areas had essentially returned to pretreatment thickness.", "contents": "Radiographic measurement of topical corticosteroid-induced atrophy. Soft tissue x-ray techniques were used to measure skin thickness as influenced by the chronic usage of topical corticosteroids. In a double-blind study commercial preparations of 1% hydrocortisone (HC), 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide (TA), and a placebo cream were compared for their ability to produce atrophy in normal human forearm skin. After 8 weeks of topical application of the creams, only TA produced clinically apparent atrophy. The average percent decreases in skin thickness measured after 8 weeks of treatment with placebo, HC, or TA were 6.0%, 6.0%, and 17.1%, respectively. During the first week after cessation of treatment the clinical appearance of the skin began to improve and by 1 month all treated skin areas had essentially returned to pretreatment thickness.", "PMID": 330766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11672", "title": "Relative enterotoxigenicity of coliform bacteria.", "content": "The enterotoxigenicity of 12 strains of coliform bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli) isolated from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of persons with either acute diarrhea or tropical sprue and of 13 strains of the same species isolated from urine (GU) cultures was determined. Fractions of heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins of each strain were separated by ultrafiltration, and the effect of graded concentrations (range, 100 microgram-10 pg/ml) on water transport was assessed by in vivo perfusion in the rat jejunum. Enterotoxigenic activity was defined as inducement of net secretion of water. All 12 of the GI strains and six of 13 GU strains elaborated enterotoxins, but there was a millionfold quantitative difference in the potency of the toxins produced. All of the GI strains produced one or both forms of toxin, which had a minimal effective concentration of as low as 0.1-10 ng/ml, whereas the GU strains produced toxins of weak or, rarely, of intermediate potency.", "contents": "Relative enterotoxigenicity of coliform bacteria. The enterotoxigenicity of 12 strains of coliform bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli) isolated from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of persons with either acute diarrhea or tropical sprue and of 13 strains of the same species isolated from urine (GU) cultures was determined. Fractions of heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins of each strain were separated by ultrafiltration, and the effect of graded concentrations (range, 100 microgram-10 pg/ml) on water transport was assessed by in vivo perfusion in the rat jejunum. Enterotoxigenic activity was defined as inducement of net secretion of water. All 12 of the GI strains and six of 13 GU strains elaborated enterotoxins, but there was a millionfold quantitative difference in the potency of the toxins produced. All of the GI strains produced one or both forms of toxin, which had a minimal effective concentration of as low as 0.1-10 ng/ml, whereas the GU strains produced toxins of weak or, rarely, of intermediate potency.", "PMID": 330767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11673", "title": "Discrepancy between Clq deviation and Raji cell tests in detection of circulating immune complexes in patients with leprosy.", "content": "Samples of serum from 45 patients with different clinical forms of leprosy and from 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were studied in parallel for circulating immune complexes with use of two different in vitro tests adjusted to the same degree of sensitivity. The Clq deviation test relied upon the reaction of the complement component Clq with immune complexes. The Raji cell test detected complement-fixed immune complexes that bound to the complement receptors on cultured, bone marrow-derived lymphocyte-like Raji cells. Thirty (67%) of 45 patients with leprosy showed immune complexes according to the Clq deviation test; however, only two (7%) of the 30 samples of sera with positive Clq test results were positive by the Raji cell test. In contrast, 54% of 13 samples of sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus positive by the Clq test were positive according to the Raji cell test. Since Clq is known to react with DNA as well as with bacterial antigens, the Clq reaction may in fact be detecting antigenemia in many instances. Considerable caution is warranted in application of sensitive screening tests for assay of circulating immune complexes in various states of infectious diseases.", "contents": "Discrepancy between Clq deviation and Raji cell tests in detection of circulating immune complexes in patients with leprosy. Samples of serum from 45 patients with different clinical forms of leprosy and from 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were studied in parallel for circulating immune complexes with use of two different in vitro tests adjusted to the same degree of sensitivity. The Clq deviation test relied upon the reaction of the complement component Clq with immune complexes. The Raji cell test detected complement-fixed immune complexes that bound to the complement receptors on cultured, bone marrow-derived lymphocyte-like Raji cells. Thirty (67%) of 45 patients with leprosy showed immune complexes according to the Clq deviation test; however, only two (7%) of the 30 samples of sera with positive Clq test results were positive by the Raji cell test. In contrast, 54% of 13 samples of sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus positive by the Clq test were positive according to the Raji cell test. Since Clq is known to react with DNA as well as with bacterial antigens, the Clq reaction may in fact be detecting antigenemia in many instances. Considerable caution is warranted in application of sensitive screening tests for assay of circulating immune complexes in various states of infectious diseases.", "PMID": 330768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11674", "title": "Gastroenteritis in children: a two-year review in Manitoba. I. Etiology.", "content": "During two years, 1,217 children hospitalized with gastroenteritis at the Children's Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada were studied. Bacterial pathogens were present in 25% of these children: enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in 120, Shigella in 139, Salmonella in 24, and multiple pathogens in 18. Rotavirus was detected in 54 (11%) of 472 patients examined. Rotavirus and enteropathogenic E. coli were the most common pathogens in infants, and Shigella was the most common in older children. Bacterial diarrhea occurred more commonly in summer, whereas rotavirus infection occurred more commonly in winter. Among 276 children screened, enterotoxigenic E. coli was found in three, and Aeromonas shigelloides that produced a similar toxin in two others. Enteroinvasive E. coli was not detected in 70 children. Organisms producing toxins \"cytotoxic\" to HeLa cells were isolated from three of 90 children. Screening for enterotoxigenic or enteroinvasive organisms was not productive of a significant number of pathogens, and, although screening for rotavirus did improve the number of etiologic diagnoses, the etiology of the majority of cases of diarrhea remained unknown.", "contents": "Gastroenteritis in children: a two-year review in Manitoba. I. Etiology. During two years, 1,217 children hospitalized with gastroenteritis at the Children's Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada were studied. Bacterial pathogens were present in 25% of these children: enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in 120, Shigella in 139, Salmonella in 24, and multiple pathogens in 18. Rotavirus was detected in 54 (11%) of 472 patients examined. Rotavirus and enteropathogenic E. coli were the most common pathogens in infants, and Shigella was the most common in older children. Bacterial diarrhea occurred more commonly in summer, whereas rotavirus infection occurred more commonly in winter. Among 276 children screened, enterotoxigenic E. coli was found in three, and Aeromonas shigelloides that produced a similar toxin in two others. Enteroinvasive E. coli was not detected in 70 children. Organisms producing toxins \"cytotoxic\" to HeLa cells were isolated from three of 90 children. Screening for enterotoxigenic or enteroinvasive organisms was not productive of a significant number of pathogens, and, although screening for rotavirus did improve the number of etiologic diagnoses, the etiology of the majority of cases of diarrhea remained unknown.", "PMID": 330769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11675", "title": "Streptococcal infections that fail to cause recurrences of rheumatic fever.", "content": "Prospective studies of recurrences of streptoccal infection and acute rheumatic fever were conducted among patients attending the acute rheumatic fever prophylaxis clinic (City of Memphis Hospitals, Memphis, Tennessee) between 1965 and 1972. The patient population consisted of 124 rheumatic children and adults, two-thirds of whom had evidence of rheumatic heart disease. A total of 104 immunologically documented streptococcal infections occurred during 235 patient-years of follow-up (44.3 infections per 100 patient-years) without a single recurrence of rheumatic fever. Immune responses tended to be modest, and 80% of the infections were subclinical. The majority of our group A streptococcal isolates were obtained from routine cultures of specimens from asymptomatic individuals. Many of these strains were \"pyoderma\" serotypes, whereas others exhibited a characteristic (production of opacity factor) recently reported to be associated with decreased immunogenicity. Several factors may have contributed to the low recurrence rate of acute rheumatic fever, including the age range of the population under study and immunologically significant infections with strains of Streptococcus that were not group A, but a major reason may be the possibility that the group A strains prevalent in this population have diminished rheumatogenic potential.", "contents": "Streptococcal infections that fail to cause recurrences of rheumatic fever. Prospective studies of recurrences of streptoccal infection and acute rheumatic fever were conducted among patients attending the acute rheumatic fever prophylaxis clinic (City of Memphis Hospitals, Memphis, Tennessee) between 1965 and 1972. The patient population consisted of 124 rheumatic children and adults, two-thirds of whom had evidence of rheumatic heart disease. A total of 104 immunologically documented streptococcal infections occurred during 235 patient-years of follow-up (44.3 infections per 100 patient-years) without a single recurrence of rheumatic fever. Immune responses tended to be modest, and 80% of the infections were subclinical. The majority of our group A streptococcal isolates were obtained from routine cultures of specimens from asymptomatic individuals. Many of these strains were \"pyoderma\" serotypes, whereas others exhibited a characteristic (production of opacity factor) recently reported to be associated with decreased immunogenicity. Several factors may have contributed to the low recurrence rate of acute rheumatic fever, including the age range of the population under study and immunologically significant infections with strains of Streptococcus that were not group A, but a major reason may be the possibility that the group A strains prevalent in this population have diminished rheumatogenic potential.", "PMID": 330770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11676", "title": "Virulence factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.", "content": "Further evidence for the role of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as an etiologic agent of diarrhea is presented. A retrospective study of 71 cases of diarrhea in Mexican children demonstrated that greater than 40% of them harbored E. coli that produced heat-labile and/or heat-stable enterotoxin. The antigenic surface-associated colonization factor of E. coli strain H-10407 has been further characterized: this pilus-like antigen is produced under conditions of growth that repress the production of common pili of E. coli. The E. coli H-10407-type colonization factor pilus has been identified as one of the antigens possessed by a strain of E. coli that produced only heat-stable enterotoxin and that was responsible for an outbreak of pediatric diarrhea.", "contents": "Virulence factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Further evidence for the role of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as an etiologic agent of diarrhea is presented. A retrospective study of 71 cases of diarrhea in Mexican children demonstrated that greater than 40% of them harbored E. coli that produced heat-labile and/or heat-stable enterotoxin. The antigenic surface-associated colonization factor of E. coli strain H-10407 has been further characterized: this pilus-like antigen is produced under conditions of growth that repress the production of common pili of E. coli. The E. coli H-10407-type colonization factor pilus has been identified as one of the antigens possessed by a strain of E. coli that produced only heat-stable enterotoxin and that was responsible for an outbreak of pediatric diarrhea.", "PMID": 330772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11677", "title": "Antigens of Escherichia coli, human immune response, and the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections.", "content": "Acute pyelonephritis (but not cystitis or \"asymptomatic\" bacteriuria) due to Escherichia coli induces serum antibodies to O-but rarely to K-antigens, especially not to the most common antigen, K1. Locally produced secretory IgA and IgG antibodies to O-and K-antigens appear in urine during most infections. The E. coli in urine of patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria are different from those in patients with acute pyelonephritis and cystitis and undergo continuous changes, presumably caused by the local antibody response. The E. coli become less virulent and are less able to attach to uroepithelial cells than E. coli causing acute symptomatic infections. Antibodies in urine prevent epithelial adherence. Parenteral and intravesicular injections of killed bacteria can protect against ascending pyelonephritis in rats. A few K-antigens dominate among E. coli that cause urinary tract infections. Vaccination of problem cases is a possibility because of the protective nature of K-antibodies. The mechanism of renal scarring that appears in some patients with urinary tract infections is unknown. Autoantibodies to the Tamm-Horsfall protein that increase after acute pyelonephritis or the cross-reactions noted between certain E. coli and antigens on the kidney may be involved.", "contents": "Antigens of Escherichia coli, human immune response, and the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections. Acute pyelonephritis (but not cystitis or \"asymptomatic\" bacteriuria) due to Escherichia coli induces serum antibodies to O-but rarely to K-antigens, especially not to the most common antigen, K1. Locally produced secretory IgA and IgG antibodies to O-and K-antigens appear in urine during most infections. The E. coli in urine of patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria are different from those in patients with acute pyelonephritis and cystitis and undergo continuous changes, presumably caused by the local antibody response. The E. coli become less virulent and are less able to attach to uroepithelial cells than E. coli causing acute symptomatic infections. Antibodies in urine prevent epithelial adherence. Parenteral and intravesicular injections of killed bacteria can protect against ascending pyelonephritis in rats. A few K-antigens dominate among E. coli that cause urinary tract infections. Vaccination of problem cases is a possibility because of the protective nature of K-antibodies. The mechanism of renal scarring that appears in some patients with urinary tract infections is unknown. Autoantibodies to the Tamm-Horsfall protein that increase after acute pyelonephritis or the cross-reactions noted between certain E. coli and antigens on the kidney may be involved.", "PMID": 330773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11678", "title": "Cross-reactive antigens: their potential for immunization-induced immunity to Gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "The involvement of multiple species and serologic types in gram-negative bacteremia prompted evaluation of immunization with shared, cross-reactive antigens of gram negative bacilli. Active and passive immunization with Re chemotype mutants of Salmonella minnesota afforded significant protection against heterologous gram-negative bacilli and were considerably more effective than immunization with smooth S. minnesota or its Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd1 and Rd2 mutants. Since the lipopolysaccharide of the Re mutant is composed solely of 2-keto-3-deoxycotonate (KDO) and lipid A, the protective activity of antibody to the Re mutant and lipid A was evaluated. Immunization with Re mutant protected granulocytopenic rabbits against lethal bacteremia and protected mice against lethal challenge with heterologous endotoxins, whereas antibody to lipid A had no protective activity. In concomitant clinical studies, high titers of antibody to the Re mutant at the onset of bacteremia were associated with a significant diminution in the frequency of shock and death, which was independent of any effect of O-specific antibody.", "contents": "Cross-reactive antigens: their potential for immunization-induced immunity to Gram-negative bacteria. The involvement of multiple species and serologic types in gram-negative bacteremia prompted evaluation of immunization with shared, cross-reactive antigens of gram negative bacilli. Active and passive immunization with Re chemotype mutants of Salmonella minnesota afforded significant protection against heterologous gram-negative bacilli and were considerably more effective than immunization with smooth S. minnesota or its Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd1 and Rd2 mutants. Since the lipopolysaccharide of the Re mutant is composed solely of 2-keto-3-deoxycotonate (KDO) and lipid A, the protective activity of antibody to the Re mutant and lipid A was evaluated. Immunization with Re mutant protected granulocytopenic rabbits against lethal bacteremia and protected mice against lethal challenge with heterologous endotoxins, whereas antibody to lipid A had no protective activity. In concomitant clinical studies, high titers of antibody to the Re mutant at the onset of bacteremia were associated with a significant diminution in the frequency of shock and death, which was independent of any effect of O-specific antibody.", "PMID": 330775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11679", "title": "Antibody to cell wall glycolipid of Gram-negative bacteria: induction of immunity to bacteremia and endotoxemia.", "content": "Antiserum to the core glycolipid of gram-negative bacteria was prepared by immunization of rabbits with vaccine composed of killed cells of the uridine diphosphate galactose-deficient mutant (J5) of Escherichia coli O:111. Antiserum to J5 not only prevented death of animals from endotoxin but also prevented the local and generalized Shwartzman reactions. Antiserum to endotoxin also prevented renal cortical necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation during the evolution of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. Antiserum to be J5 mutant was successful in the treatment of overwhelming bacteremia produced by other gram-negative bacteria; in addition to bacteremia cause by coliform organism, antiserum to J5 was dramatically effective in treatment of bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One injection of rabbit antiserum to J5 improved the survival rate from 15% in controls to 59% in treated animals (P less than 0.002). Active immunization with J5 vaccine was even more effective against pseudomonas bacteremia: such immunization improved the survival rate from 13% in controls to 92% in vaccinated rabbits. Since an antiserum effective against the J5 mutant of E. coli can be prepared safely in human subjects, such immunotherapy should be considered for patients with gram-negative bacteremia.", "contents": "Antibody to cell wall glycolipid of Gram-negative bacteria: induction of immunity to bacteremia and endotoxemia. Antiserum to the core glycolipid of gram-negative bacteria was prepared by immunization of rabbits with vaccine composed of killed cells of the uridine diphosphate galactose-deficient mutant (J5) of Escherichia coli O:111. Antiserum to J5 not only prevented death of animals from endotoxin but also prevented the local and generalized Shwartzman reactions. Antiserum to endotoxin also prevented renal cortical necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation during the evolution of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. Antiserum to be J5 mutant was successful in the treatment of overwhelming bacteremia produced by other gram-negative bacteria; in addition to bacteremia cause by coliform organism, antiserum to J5 was dramatically effective in treatment of bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One injection of rabbit antiserum to J5 improved the survival rate from 15% in controls to 59% in treated animals (P less than 0.002). Active immunization with J5 vaccine was even more effective against pseudomonas bacteremia: such immunization improved the survival rate from 13% in controls to 92% in vaccinated rabbits. Since an antiserum effective against the J5 mutant of E. coli can be prepared safely in human subjects, such immunotherapy should be considered for patients with gram-negative bacteremia.", "PMID": 330776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11680", "title": "The infant rat as a model of bacterial meningitis.", "content": "The pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis was studied in infant rats. Intranasal intoculation of greater than 10(3) Haemophilus influenzae type b resulted in an incidence of bacteremia that was directly related to the size of hte challenge inoculum. The temporal and quantitative relationship of bacteremia to meningitis indicated that bacteria spread to the meninges by the hematogenous route and that the magnitude of bacteremia was a primary determinant in the development of meningitis. In a sparate series of experiments, infant rats that were fed Escherichia coli strain C94 (O7:K1:H-) became colonized and developed bacteremia and meningitis, but invasive disease was rare when rats were fed E. Coli strain Easter (O75:K100:H5). A comparison of intranasal vs. oral challenge indicated that the nasopharynx was the most effective route for inducing H. influenzae bacteremia, whereas the gastrointestinal route was the more effective challenge route for the E. coli K1 serotype.", "contents": "The infant rat as a model of bacterial meningitis. The pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis was studied in infant rats. Intranasal intoculation of greater than 10(3) Haemophilus influenzae type b resulted in an incidence of bacteremia that was directly related to the size of hte challenge inoculum. The temporal and quantitative relationship of bacteremia to meningitis indicated that bacteria spread to the meninges by the hematogenous route and that the magnitude of bacteremia was a primary determinant in the development of meningitis. In a sparate series of experiments, infant rats that were fed Escherichia coli strain C94 (O7:K1:H-) became colonized and developed bacteremia and meningitis, but invasive disease was rare when rats were fed E. Coli strain Easter (O75:K100:H5). A comparison of intranasal vs. oral challenge indicated that the nasopharynx was the most effective route for inducing H. influenzae bacteremia, whereas the gastrointestinal route was the more effective challenge route for the E. coli K1 serotype.", "PMID": 330777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11681", "title": "Chemically defined bacterial products with immunopotentiating activity.", "content": "The adjuvant activity of two chemically well-defined bacterial products is reviewed: (1) lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacillis and their acylated detoxified derivatives, and (2) mycobacterial water-soluble fractions and synthetic analogues. Water-soluble adjuvant can substitute for mycobacteria in Freund's adjuvant, but if it is administered in saline, it has little activity. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide under the same conditions markedly increases the humoral antibody response. However, the use of lipopolysaccharide is limited by its toxicity. Water-soluble adjuvant treated with phthalic or succinic anhydride was shown to be an adjuvant when administered in saline. Furthermore, synthetic M-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine also increased the humoral immune response when given in aqueous medium instead of in the usual water-in-oil emulsion. This compound, which has a small molecular weight, is not mitogenic, immunogenic, or toxic in mice, and was shown to have adjuvant activity even when given by the oral route.", "contents": "Chemically defined bacterial products with immunopotentiating activity. The adjuvant activity of two chemically well-defined bacterial products is reviewed: (1) lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacillis and their acylated detoxified derivatives, and (2) mycobacterial water-soluble fractions and synthetic analogues. Water-soluble adjuvant can substitute for mycobacteria in Freund's adjuvant, but if it is administered in saline, it has little activity. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide under the same conditions markedly increases the humoral antibody response. However, the use of lipopolysaccharide is limited by its toxicity. Water-soluble adjuvant treated with phthalic or succinic anhydride was shown to be an adjuvant when administered in saline. Furthermore, synthetic M-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine also increased the humoral immune response when given in aqueous medium instead of in the usual water-in-oil emulsion. This compound, which has a small molecular weight, is not mitogenic, immunogenic, or toxic in mice, and was shown to have adjuvant activity even when given by the oral route.", "PMID": 330778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11682", "title": "Sickle cell anemia and severe infections due to encapsulated bacteria.", "content": "Overwhelming infections caused by encapsulated bacteria are an important cause of morbidity and death in children with sickle cell anemia. The most important contributing factors to this increased susceptibility to infections are an opsonophagocytic defect due to an abnormality of the alternate pathway of complement activation, a state of functional hyposplenia, and a lack of specific circulating antibodies as a developmental phenomenon. If the inordinately high, early mortality rate associated with sickle cell anemia is to be prevented, early diagnosis of affected infants is crucial. Prophylactic therapy with penicillin has been advocated in recognition of the fact that a majority of the causative organisms are sensitive to penicillin. However, no controlled studies have proved the effectiveness of such therapy. Immunization with broadly polyvalent vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitidis may ultimately represent the most effective way to reduce the incidence of catastrophic infections.", "contents": "Sickle cell anemia and severe infections due to encapsulated bacteria. Overwhelming infections caused by encapsulated bacteria are an important cause of morbidity and death in children with sickle cell anemia. The most important contributing factors to this increased susceptibility to infections are an opsonophagocytic defect due to an abnormality of the alternate pathway of complement activation, a state of functional hyposplenia, and a lack of specific circulating antibodies as a developmental phenomenon. If the inordinately high, early mortality rate associated with sickle cell anemia is to be prevented, early diagnosis of affected infants is crucial. Prophylactic therapy with penicillin has been advocated in recognition of the fact that a majority of the causative organisms are sensitive to penicillin. However, no controlled studies have proved the effectiveness of such therapy. Immunization with broadly polyvalent vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitidis may ultimately represent the most effective way to reduce the incidence of catastrophic infections.", "PMID": 330779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11683", "title": "Neonatal meningitis due of Escherichia coli K1.", "content": "Human neonates are uniquely susceptible to serious infections due to Escherichia coli. Investigation of the serotypes of E. coli isolated from neonates with meningitis revealed that greater than 80% of the isolates possessed the capsular polysaccharide antigen designated K1. Cultures of stool from healthy infants, children, and adults have shown that K1 organisms are commonly found in individuals of all ages. Studies of  mother-infant pairs have demonstrated transmission of K1 strains from mother to infant shortly after birth. In the rare infant who develops meningitis due to E. coli K1, serotype analysis frequently reveals that the same organism was isolated from the infant's cerebrospinal fluid and from the stools of both mother and infant. Preliminary investigations of humoral immunity demonstrated an age-related acquisition of antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide of E. coli K1 in healthy infants and children. An animal model was developed in which feeding of E. coli K1 to infant rats resulted in colonization, bacteremia, and meningitis in the animals.", "contents": "Neonatal meningitis due of Escherichia coli K1. Human neonates are uniquely susceptible to serious infections due to Escherichia coli. Investigation of the serotypes of E. coli isolated from neonates with meningitis revealed that greater than 80% of the isolates possessed the capsular polysaccharide antigen designated K1. Cultures of stool from healthy infants, children, and adults have shown that K1 organisms are commonly found in individuals of all ages. Studies of  mother-infant pairs have demonstrated transmission of K1 strains from mother to infant shortly after birth. In the rare infant who develops meningitis due to E. coli K1, serotype analysis frequently reveals that the same organism was isolated from the infant's cerebrospinal fluid and from the stools of both mother and infant. Preliminary investigations of humoral immunity demonstrated an age-related acquisition of antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide of E. coli K1 in healthy infants and children. An animal model was developed in which feeding of E. coli K1 to infant rats resulted in colonization, bacteremia, and meningitis in the animals.", "PMID": 330780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11684", "title": "Intestinal colonization and adhesion by enteroxigenic Escherichia coli: ultrastructural observations on adherence to ileal epithelium of the pig.", "content": "Colonization of pig ileum by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli that were enteropathogenic for pigs but that lacked K88 antigen (K88-) resulted in morphological characteristics similar to those reported for K88+ strains. Strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli from three different K88-serotypes adhered to the villous epithelium. In sections examined by transmission electron microscopy, adherent bacteria were separated from each other and from epithelial microvilli by peribacterial electron-lucent regions. The enterotoxigenic E. coli had appendages that extended into these regions. The appendages were morphologically characteristic for each strain. It is possible that these appendages were pili, polysaccharide K antigens, or structures resulting from some interaction between pili and polysaccharide. Certain  pili or pilus-like structures may be virulence attributes that facilitate adhesion of enterotoxigenic E. coli to the intestinal epithelium.", "contents": "Intestinal colonization and adhesion by enteroxigenic Escherichia coli: ultrastructural observations on adherence to ileal epithelium of the pig. Colonization of pig ileum by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli that were enteropathogenic for pigs but that lacked K88 antigen (K88-) resulted in morphological characteristics similar to those reported for K88+ strains. Strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli from three different K88-serotypes adhered to the villous epithelium. In sections examined by transmission electron microscopy, adherent bacteria were separated from each other and from epithelial microvilli by peribacterial electron-lucent regions. The enterotoxigenic E. coli had appendages that extended into these regions. The appendages were morphologically characteristic for each strain. It is possible that these appendages were pili, polysaccharide K antigens, or structures resulting from some interaction between pili and polysaccharide. Certain  pili or pilus-like structures may be virulence attributes that facilitate adhesion of enterotoxigenic E. coli to the intestinal epithelium.", "PMID": 330781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11685", "title": "Antibody response to group A streptococci in an epidemic of streptococcal pharyngitis.", "content": "An epidemic of acute pharyngitis involving 280 cases occurred in a kibbutz in Israel during the fall and winter of 1972-1973. Group M and/or T type 12 streptococci was associated with the outbreak. No cases of rheumatic fever and no acute nephritis appeared in spite of the vigorous immune response to both cellular and extracellular antigens of group A streptococci documented in 50% to 80% of patients, suggesting that strain variation may be a feature of rheumatogenicity as well as nephritogenicity of group A streptococcal pharyngitis.", "contents": "Antibody response to group A streptococci in an epidemic of streptococcal pharyngitis. An epidemic of acute pharyngitis involving 280 cases occurred in a kibbutz in Israel during the fall and winter of 1972-1973. Group M and/or T type 12 streptococci was associated with the outbreak. No cases of rheumatic fever and no acute nephritis appeared in spite of the vigorous immune response to both cellular and extracellular antigens of group A streptococci documented in 50% to 80% of patients, suggesting that strain variation may be a feature of rheumatogenicity as well as nephritogenicity of group A streptococcal pharyngitis.", "PMID": 330784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11686", "title": "Release of immunoreactive and radioactively prelabelled endogenous (pro)-insulin from isolated islets of rat pancreas in the presence of exogenous insulin.", "content": "To study the influence of insulin on its own secretion, collagenase-isolated islets of rat pancreas were prelabelled with [3H]leucine for 2 h. After washing the islets, (pro-)insulin release was stimulated by glucose in the presence or absence of exogenous insulin (up to 2-5 mu./ml). Hormone release was unchanged by the presence of exogenous insulin as judged by determination of both immunoreactive insulin and radioactivity incorporated into the proinsulin and insulin fractions of the medium. No direct feedback mechanism for insulin secretion was apparent from this study.", "contents": "Release of immunoreactive and radioactively prelabelled endogenous (pro)-insulin from isolated islets of rat pancreas in the presence of exogenous insulin. To study the influence of insulin on its own secretion, collagenase-isolated islets of rat pancreas were prelabelled with [3H]leucine for 2 h. After washing the islets, (pro-)insulin release was stimulated by glucose in the presence or absence of exogenous insulin (up to 2-5 mu./ml). Hormone release was unchanged by the presence of exogenous insulin as judged by determination of both immunoreactive insulin and radioactivity incorporated into the proinsulin and insulin fractions of the medium. No direct feedback mechanism for insulin secretion was apparent from this study.", "PMID": 330786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11687", "title": "Gonadotrophin release by a highly active analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in rats immunized against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.", "content": "Immunization against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) in adult male rats produced a progressive decline in LH and FSH in the circulation to low or non-detectable levels. D-Serine-tertiary-butyl6,des-glycine-NH210 LH-RH ethylamide is an analogue of LH-RH having highly active LH-RH properties in the normal rat. Because it is also immunologically different from LH-RH it can stimulate gonadotrophin release from the anterior pituitary gland of rats immunized against LH-RH without interference from the antibody. The analogue stimulated LH and FSH release in rats 15 weeks after immunization against LH-RH when antibody titre was highest, and after long-term (35 weeks) immunization against LH-RH. D-Serine-tertiary-butyl6,des-glycine-NH210 LH-RH ethylamide and related analogues are therefore potentially useful for reversing the effects of immunization against LH-RH.", "contents": "Gonadotrophin release by a highly active analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in rats immunized against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Immunization against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) in adult male rats produced a progressive decline in LH and FSH in the circulation to low or non-detectable levels. D-Serine-tertiary-butyl6,des-glycine-NH210 LH-RH ethylamide is an analogue of LH-RH having highly active LH-RH properties in the normal rat. Because it is also immunologically different from LH-RH it can stimulate gonadotrophin release from the anterior pituitary gland of rats immunized against LH-RH without interference from the antibody. The analogue stimulated LH and FSH release in rats 15 weeks after immunization against LH-RH when antibody titre was highest, and after long-term (35 weeks) immunization against LH-RH. D-Serine-tertiary-butyl6,des-glycine-NH210 LH-RH ethylamide and related analogues are therefore potentially useful for reversing the effects of immunization against LH-RH.", "PMID": 330787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11688", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin-induced differentiation and blastogenesis of precursor T cells from mouse bone marrow.", "content": "The cells in mouse bone marrow (BM) capable of responding to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were shown to be precursor T cells in experiments employing athymic mice, immunofluorescence, and specific lysis of T or B cells with cytotoxic antisera + complement. In contrast, the responses of lymph node (LN) and spleen (Spl) cells to this mitogen were shown by the same techniques to rely upon resident populations of mature T lymphocytes in these peripheral lymphoid organs. Cytolysis of T cells with anti-theta (anti-Thy 1), anti-thymocyte, or anti-brain antisera abolished the PHA responses of LN and Spl, but had no appreciable effect on the BM PHA response. Lysis of B cells with anti-mouse gamma globulin or anti-mouse IgM antisera had no significant effect on either Spl or BM blastogenesis in response to this lectin. Immunofluorescent studies with fluoresceinated anti-brain sera demonstrated acquisition of T-cell surface antigens by BM null lymphocytes during the blastogenic response of this tissue to PHA. The results of these immunofluorescence experiments were reproducible even when marrow obtained from nude mice and pretreated with anti-brain serum plus complement was employed. The implications of these findings with regard to prophylaxis against graft versus host disease in BM transplant recipients are discussed.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin-induced differentiation and blastogenesis of precursor T cells from mouse bone marrow. The cells in mouse bone marrow (BM) capable of responding to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were shown to be precursor T cells in experiments employing athymic mice, immunofluorescence, and specific lysis of T or B cells with cytotoxic antisera + complement. In contrast, the responses of lymph node (LN) and spleen (Spl) cells to this mitogen were shown by the same techniques to rely upon resident populations of mature T lymphocytes in these peripheral lymphoid organs. Cytolysis of T cells with anti-theta (anti-Thy 1), anti-thymocyte, or anti-brain antisera abolished the PHA responses of LN and Spl, but had no appreciable effect on the BM PHA response. Lysis of B cells with anti-mouse gamma globulin or anti-mouse IgM antisera had no significant effect on either Spl or BM blastogenesis in response to this lectin. Immunofluorescent studies with fluoresceinated anti-brain sera demonstrated acquisition of T-cell surface antigens by BM null lymphocytes during the blastogenic response of this tissue to PHA. The results of these immunofluorescence experiments were reproducible even when marrow obtained from nude mice and pretreated with anti-brain serum plus complement was employed. The implications of these findings with regard to prophylaxis against graft versus host disease in BM transplant recipients are discussed.", "PMID": 330790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11689", "title": "The adoptive transfer of pregnancy-induced unresponsiveness to male skin grafts with thymus-dependent cells.", "content": "A majority of C57BL/10Sn females pregnant six or more times by syngeneic males do not reject male skin grafts. The pregnancy induced tolerance of male skin grafts was transferred adoptively to virgin recipients by thymus-dependent cells from multiparous tolerant donors.", "contents": "The adoptive transfer of pregnancy-induced unresponsiveness to male skin grafts with thymus-dependent cells. A majority of C57BL/10Sn females pregnant six or more times by syngeneic males do not reject male skin grafts. The pregnancy induced tolerance of male skin grafts was transferred adoptively to virgin recipients by thymus-dependent cells from multiparous tolerant donors.", "PMID": 330791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11690", "title": "Genetic control of lymphocyte activation: lack of response to low doses of concanavalin A in lipopolysaccharide-nonresponder mice.", "content": "C3H/HeJ mice do not respond to the polyclonal B-cell activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli; this was first described by Sultzer who observed that mice of this strain did not respond to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LPS as measured by the accumulation of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity. Neither were C3H/HeJ mice as susceptible to LPS toxcitiy (1). It was later reported that LPS-induced mitogenesis (2,3), adjuvanticity (4), and the appearance of Ia antigens on B lymphocytes as induced by LPS, (5) was also absent in C3H/HeJ mice. However, lymphocytes from these mice respond normally to the polyclonal B-cell activators purified protein derivative of tuberculin (2,6) and dextran sulfate and have also been reported to respond normally to concanavalin A (Con A) (2). Furthermore, the immune responses to sheep erythrocytes (7) and soluble thymus-dependent antigens (4) are normal in C3H/HeJ mice. Unresponsiveness to LPS in C3H/HeJ mice has been found to Be due to a defect in a single gene or a set of linked genes (3,8) which has been mapped between the major urinary protein locus and the locus coding for polysyndactyly on chromosome 4. (1) We have reported that injection of LPS into mice of an LPS-responsive strain causes a shift in the Con A dose-response curve of cultured spleen cells, suppressing the low does response (9). Therefore, we tested the Con A proliferative response in cultures of normal or LPS-activated spleen cells from LPS-responder (C3H/Tif) and LPS-nonresponder (C3H/HeJ) mice. We report here that C3H/HeJ spleen cells respond poorly to low concentrations of Con A (0.05-0.1 mug/ml). Injection of LPS 2 days before culture inhibits the response to low doses of Con A in cultures of C3H/Tif spleen cells but has no inhibitory effect on the dose response profile of C3H/HeJ spleen cells. Furthermore, the low dose Con A response of spleen cells is dependent upon the presence of an Ia-positive cell. (2) The role of Ia-positive cells in the Con A response of C3H/Tif and C3H/HeJ spleen cells is described.", "contents": "Genetic control of lymphocyte activation: lack of response to low doses of concanavalin A in lipopolysaccharide-nonresponder mice. C3H/HeJ mice do not respond to the polyclonal B-cell activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli; this was first described by Sultzer who observed that mice of this strain did not respond to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LPS as measured by the accumulation of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity. Neither were C3H/HeJ mice as susceptible to LPS toxcitiy (1). It was later reported that LPS-induced mitogenesis (2,3), adjuvanticity (4), and the appearance of Ia antigens on B lymphocytes as induced by LPS, (5) was also absent in C3H/HeJ mice. However, lymphocytes from these mice respond normally to the polyclonal B-cell activators purified protein derivative of tuberculin (2,6) and dextran sulfate and have also been reported to respond normally to concanavalin A (Con A) (2). Furthermore, the immune responses to sheep erythrocytes (7) and soluble thymus-dependent antigens (4) are normal in C3H/HeJ mice. Unresponsiveness to LPS in C3H/HeJ mice has been found to Be due to a defect in a single gene or a set of linked genes (3,8) which has been mapped between the major urinary protein locus and the locus coding for polysyndactyly on chromosome 4. (1) We have reported that injection of LPS into mice of an LPS-responsive strain causes a shift in the Con A dose-response curve of cultured spleen cells, suppressing the low does response (9). Therefore, we tested the Con A proliferative response in cultures of normal or LPS-activated spleen cells from LPS-responder (C3H/Tif) and LPS-nonresponder (C3H/HeJ) mice. We report here that C3H/HeJ spleen cells respond poorly to low concentrations of Con A (0.05-0.1 mug/ml). Injection of LPS 2 days before culture inhibits the response to low doses of Con A in cultures of C3H/Tif spleen cells but has no inhibitory effect on the dose response profile of C3H/HeJ spleen cells. Furthermore, the low dose Con A response of spleen cells is dependent upon the presence of an Ia-positive cell. (2) The role of Ia-positive cells in the Con A response of C3H/Tif and C3H/HeJ spleen cells is described.", "PMID": 330792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11691", "title": "Localization of amyloid-related serum protein SAA-like material to intermediate (10 nm) filaments of cultured human embryonal fibroblasts.", "content": "Further studies are presented on the intracellular localization of the amyloid-related serum protein SAA previously shown to be produced by embryonal fibroblasts. In cultured embryonal fibroblasts, the fine fibrillar cytoplasmic immunofluorescence obtained by anti-SAA was distinguished from that of microfilaments and microtubules. By using electron microscopy and cells treated with drugs known to specifically alter intracellular fibrils, SAA was localized to 10-nm intermediate size filaments. These filaments form characteristic perinuclear bundles upon treatment with drugs such as demecolcine or vinblastine which disrupt micotubules. The results indicate that SAA is a constituent of the intracellular cytoskeleton.", "contents": "Localization of amyloid-related serum protein SAA-like material to intermediate (10 nm) filaments of cultured human embryonal fibroblasts. Further studies are presented on the intracellular localization of the amyloid-related serum protein SAA previously shown to be produced by embryonal fibroblasts. In cultured embryonal fibroblasts, the fine fibrillar cytoplasmic immunofluorescence obtained by anti-SAA was distinguished from that of microfilaments and microtubules. By using electron microscopy and cells treated with drugs known to specifically alter intracellular fibrils, SAA was localized to 10-nm intermediate size filaments. These filaments form characteristic perinuclear bundles upon treatment with drugs such as demecolcine or vinblastine which disrupt micotubules. The results indicate that SAA is a constituent of the intracellular cytoskeleton.", "PMID": 330793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11692", "title": "Drug screening by enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) and thin-layer chromatography (Drug Skreen).", "content": "Urine samples (n = 300) were examined for drugs by thin-layer chromatography (\"Drug Skreen\", Brinkmann Corp.) and by the \"Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique\" (\"Emit\", Syav Corp.). The results of both methods were compared for the detection of opiates, barbiturates and amphetamines. In more than 90% of the determinations identical results were obtained with both methods. About 10% of the results of the Emit barbiturate assay differed from those of thin-layer chromatography and therefore had to be further investigated by gas liquid chromatography. It could be demonstrated that the barbiturate determination by the Emit system correlated better with the results of gas liquid chromatography. From the results of this study it is suggested that thin-layer chromatography is used as a screening test, and to confirm positive results with other methods such as Emit. If the abuse of barbiturates or opiates is suspected the corresponding Emit test should also be performed, even in cases of a negative thin-layer chromatography screening. Confirmation with a third method such as gas liquid chromatography is necessary, if thin-layer chromatography and Emit lead to divergent results.", "contents": "Drug screening by enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) and thin-layer chromatography (Drug Skreen). Urine samples (n = 300) were examined for drugs by thin-layer chromatography (\"Drug Skreen\", Brinkmann Corp.) and by the \"Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique\" (\"Emit\", Syav Corp.). The results of both methods were compared for the detection of opiates, barbiturates and amphetamines. In more than 90% of the determinations identical results were obtained with both methods. About 10% of the results of the Emit barbiturate assay differed from those of thin-layer chromatography and therefore had to be further investigated by gas liquid chromatography. It could be demonstrated that the barbiturate determination by the Emit system correlated better with the results of gas liquid chromatography. From the results of this study it is suggested that thin-layer chromatography is used as a screening test, and to confirm positive results with other methods such as Emit. If the abuse of barbiturates or opiates is suspected the corresponding Emit test should also be performed, even in cases of a negative thin-layer chromatography screening. Confirmation with a third method such as gas liquid chromatography is necessary, if thin-layer chromatography and Emit lead to divergent results.", "PMID": 330794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11693", "title": "Determination of phenobarbital and phenytoin in serum by a mechanized enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) in comparison with a gas-liquid chromatographic method.", "content": "The antiepileptic drugs phenobarbital and phenytoin were determined in serum by enzyme immunoassay (Emit, Syva Corp.) and gas-liquid chromatography. The Emit assays were mechanized by the use of an Eppendorf analyzer 5010. The precision of the Emit system was sufficient (coefficient of variation within series 6-13% and from day to day 8-15% with various calibrators and control sera). Moreover the Emit method is rapid, specific and easy to perform. The procedure requires only 10 microliter of serum per determination. A disadvantage however is the high cost of the reagents. A comparison of the results obtained by Emit and gas-liquid chromatography in a series of about 50 patients showed a good correlation between both methods (correlation coefficient r = 0.968 for phenobarbital and 0.978 for phenytoin).", "contents": "Determination of phenobarbital and phenytoin in serum by a mechanized enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) in comparison with a gas-liquid chromatographic method. The antiepileptic drugs phenobarbital and phenytoin were determined in serum by enzyme immunoassay (Emit, Syva Corp.) and gas-liquid chromatography. The Emit assays were mechanized by the use of an Eppendorf analyzer 5010. The precision of the Emit system was sufficient (coefficient of variation within series 6-13% and from day to day 8-15% with various calibrators and control sera). Moreover the Emit method is rapid, specific and easy to perform. The procedure requires only 10 microliter of serum per determination. A disadvantage however is the high cost of the reagents. A comparison of the results obtained by Emit and gas-liquid chromatography in a series of about 50 patients showed a good correlation between both methods (correlation coefficient r = 0.968 for phenobarbital and 0.978 for phenytoin).", "PMID": 330795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11694", "title": "Failure of immunoperoxidase staining to detect acrosin in the equatorial segment of spermatozoa (1).", "content": "An immunoperoxidase staining procedure that readily demonstrated acrosin in the rostral portion of the acrosome failed to detect acrosin in the equatorial segment of spermatozoa representing the mammalian orders artiodactyla (bull and boar), lagomorpha (rabbit) and primate (human).", "contents": "Failure of immunoperoxidase staining to detect acrosin in the equatorial segment of spermatozoa (1). An immunoperoxidase staining procedure that readily demonstrated acrosin in the rostral portion of the acrosome failed to detect acrosin in the equatorial segment of spermatozoa representing the mammalian orders artiodactyla (bull and boar), lagomorpha (rabbit) and primate (human).", "PMID": 330796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11695", "title": "The mechanism of action of nitro-heterocyclic antimicrobial drugs. Primary target of 1-methyl-2-nitro-5-vinylimidazole is DNA.", "content": "The antimicrobial drug 1-methyl-2-nitro-5-vinylimidazole (MEV) preferentially blocked DNA synthesis, was mutagenic and induced coliphage lambda in Escherichia coli. The antibacterial effects of MEV are the consequences of repairable damage to DNA, as shown by hypersensitivity of recA and uvr strains to MEV and related drugs, stimulation by MEV of DNA turnover which was dependent on the product of the uvrA gene, and the presence of cross-links in DNA from MEV-treated bacteria.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of nitro-heterocyclic antimicrobial drugs. Primary target of 1-methyl-2-nitro-5-vinylimidazole is DNA. The antimicrobial drug 1-methyl-2-nitro-5-vinylimidazole (MEV) preferentially blocked DNA synthesis, was mutagenic and induced coliphage lambda in Escherichia coli. The antibacterial effects of MEV are the consequences of repairable damage to DNA, as shown by hypersensitivity of recA and uvr strains to MEV and related drugs, stimulation by MEV of DNA turnover which was dependent on the product of the uvrA gene, and the presence of cross-links in DNA from MEV-treated bacteria.", "PMID": 330809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11696", "title": "The mechanism of action of nitro-heterocyclic antimicrobial drugs. Metabolic activation by micro-organisms.", "content": "Although the target of the antimicrobial drug 1-methyl-2-nitro-5-vinylimidazole (MEV) has been shown to be DNA (Goldstein et al., 1977) the drug was ineffective in cell-free systems because it was not activated. Both the rate of metabolic activation of MEV and its antibacterial activity were increased when bacteria were grown in limiting oxygen. Mutants of Escherichia coli which were conditionally resistant to nitroimidazoles and nitrofurans were defective in drug activation. The activities of these drugs against E. coli correlated with their rates of metabolism. The antimicrobial spectrum of the drugs appeared to be related to their reducibility by different species.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of nitro-heterocyclic antimicrobial drugs. Metabolic activation by micro-organisms. Although the target of the antimicrobial drug 1-methyl-2-nitro-5-vinylimidazole (MEV) has been shown to be DNA (Goldstein et al., 1977) the drug was ineffective in cell-free systems because it was not activated. Both the rate of metabolic activation of MEV and its antibacterial activity were increased when bacteria were grown in limiting oxygen. Mutants of Escherichia coli which were conditionally resistant to nitroimidazoles and nitrofurans were defective in drug activation. The activities of these drugs against E. coli correlated with their rates of metabolism. The antimicrobial spectrum of the drugs appeared to be related to their reducibility by different species.", "PMID": 330810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11697", "title": "Regulation of glucosamine utilization in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.", "content": "Glucosamine- or N-acetylglucosamine-requiring mutants of Staphylococcus aureus 209P and Escherichia coli K12, which lack glucosamine-6-phosphate synthetase [2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase (amino-transferring); EC 5.3.1.19], were isolated. Growth of these mutants on glucosamine was inhibited by glucose, but growth on N-acetylglucosamine was not. Addition of glucose to mutant cultures growing exponentially on glucosamine inhibited growth and caused death of bacteria, though chloramphenicol prevented death. Uptake of glucosamine by S. aureus and E. coli mutants was severely inhibited by glucose whereas uptake of N-acetylglucosamine was only slightly inhibited. Uptake of glucose was not inhibited by either glucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine. In glucosamine auxotrophs, glucose causes glucosamine deficiency which interrupts cell wall synthesis and results in some loss of viability in the presence of continued protein synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of glucosamine utilization in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Glucosamine- or N-acetylglucosamine-requiring mutants of Staphylococcus aureus 209P and Escherichia coli K12, which lack glucosamine-6-phosphate synthetase [2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase (amino-transferring); EC 5.3.1.19], were isolated. Growth of these mutants on glucosamine was inhibited by glucose, but growth on N-acetylglucosamine was not. Addition of glucose to mutant cultures growing exponentially on glucosamine inhibited growth and caused death of bacteria, though chloramphenicol prevented death. Uptake of glucosamine by S. aureus and E. coli mutants was severely inhibited by glucose whereas uptake of N-acetylglucosamine was only slightly inhibited. Uptake of glucose was not inhibited by either glucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine. In glucosamine auxotrophs, glucose causes glucosamine deficiency which interrupts cell wall synthesis and results in some loss of viability in the presence of continued protein synthesis.", "PMID": 330812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11698", "title": "Genetic determinants of the synthesis of the polysaccharide capsular antigen K27(A) of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Most of the his+ hybrids from crosses between the Escherichia coli donor Hfr45(O8:K27) and different E. coli O9 recipients expressed the donor O8 antigen specificity and produced the capsular antigen K27. Therefore these hybrids must have inherited the his-linked donor rfb region determining the synthesis of O8- specific polysaccharides as well as his-linked genes involved in K27 antigen synthesis. In the living state these hybrids were inagglutinable in O8 antiserum like the donor cells. However, when E. coli K12 and O8:K42- were used as recipients most of the his+ hybrids were agglutinable in O8 and K27 antisera. The amounts of K27 antigen present in these hybrids, designated as K27i (intermediate) forms, were sufficient to evoke the production of K27 antibodies in rabbits, but insufficient to inhibit O-agglutination of the respective cells. The additional transfer of the trp region of E. coli O8:K27 into such K27i forms frequently resulted in O-inagglutinable K27+ hybrids. This is attributed to the introduction of trp-linked genes which apparently play a role in the synthesis of K27 capsular antigen. Tus it is concluded that at least two gene loci, one close to his and the other close to trp, are required for the synthesis of the complete capsular antigen K27.", "contents": "Genetic determinants of the synthesis of the polysaccharide capsular antigen K27(A) of Escherichia coli. Most of the his+ hybrids from crosses between the Escherichia coli donor Hfr45(O8:K27) and different E. coli O9 recipients expressed the donor O8 antigen specificity and produced the capsular antigen K27. Therefore these hybrids must have inherited the his-linked donor rfb region determining the synthesis of O8- specific polysaccharides as well as his-linked genes involved in K27 antigen synthesis. In the living state these hybrids were inagglutinable in O8 antiserum like the donor cells. However, when E. coli K12 and O8:K42- were used as recipients most of the his+ hybrids were agglutinable in O8 and K27 antisera. The amounts of K27 antigen present in these hybrids, designated as K27i (intermediate) forms, were sufficient to evoke the production of K27 antibodies in rabbits, but insufficient to inhibit O-agglutination of the respective cells. The additional transfer of the trp region of E. coli O8:K27 into such K27i forms frequently resulted in O-inagglutinable K27+ hybrids. This is attributed to the introduction of trp-linked genes which apparently play a role in the synthesis of K27 capsular antigen. Tus it is concluded that at least two gene loci, one close to his and the other close to trp, are required for the synthesis of the complete capsular antigen K27.", "PMID": 330813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11699", "title": "Clostridium sporogenes isolates and their relationship to C. botulinum based on deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation.", "content": "Sixty-two isolates of Clostridium sporogenes from canned foods were examined for cultural properties, heat resistance and DNA-DNA homology to Clostridium botulinum type A190. Sporulation was observed in most of 21 umbonate and rhizoidal colony-forming strains (colony-type I strains), but not in most of the 41 strains with convex and circular or crenate colonies with a mat to semi-glossy surface (colony-type II strains). More than half of the latter strains showed much higher heat resistance than the rhizoidal colony-forming strains. The DNA isolated from colony-type II strains was 81% or more homologous to C. botulinum A190 DNA, forming duplexes which had thermostabilities similar to homologous duplexes of strain A190 DNA. Colony-type I strains differed from C. botulinum by 30 to 40% DNA homology and the DNA duplexes formed between these strains and strain A190 showed deltaT m(e) values of 7-0 degrees C when compared with the T m(e) of homologous DNA duplexes of strain A190.", "contents": "Clostridium sporogenes isolates and their relationship to C. botulinum based on deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation. Sixty-two isolates of Clostridium sporogenes from canned foods were examined for cultural properties, heat resistance and DNA-DNA homology to Clostridium botulinum type A190. Sporulation was observed in most of 21 umbonate and rhizoidal colony-forming strains (colony-type I strains), but not in most of the 41 strains with convex and circular or crenate colonies with a mat to semi-glossy surface (colony-type II strains). More than half of the latter strains showed much higher heat resistance than the rhizoidal colony-forming strains. The DNA isolated from colony-type II strains was 81% or more homologous to C. botulinum A190 DNA, forming duplexes which had thermostabilities similar to homologous duplexes of strain A190 DNA. Colony-type I strains differed from C. botulinum by 30 to 40% DNA homology and the DNA duplexes formed between these strains and strain A190 showed deltaT m(e) values of 7-0 degrees C when compared with the T m(e) of homologous DNA duplexes of strain A190.", "PMID": 330814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11700", "title": "Morphological distinction between different H serotypes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The structure of the flagellar filaments of 50 Escherichia coli strains, each with a different H antigen, was examined. Although the flagella within each strain were structurally identical, there was variability in flagellar surface pattern between strains with differrent H antigens. Investigation of additional strains confirmed that flagella structure was the same in all strains having the same H antigen. In three pairs of strains with cross-reacting H antigens, the antigenic relatedness was associated with identical flagella structure.", "contents": "Morphological distinction between different H serotypes of Escherichia coli. The structure of the flagellar filaments of 50 Escherichia coli strains, each with a different H antigen, was examined. Although the flagella within each strain were structurally identical, there was variability in flagellar surface pattern between strains with differrent H antigens. Investigation of additional strains confirmed that flagella structure was the same in all strains having the same H antigen. In three pairs of strains with cross-reacting H antigens, the antigenic relatedness was associated with identical flagella structure.", "PMID": 330817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11701", "title": "Comparison of the flagellins from different flagellar morphotypes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The molecular weights of the flagellins of 13 strains of Escherichia coli, each with a different H antigen, were estimated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In each case only one major polypeptide was demonstrated, although some strains possessed apparently sheathed flagella. Considerable differences in the molecular weight of flagellin accompanied the previously described structural differences between flagella from strains with different H antigens. The relationship between flagellar diameter and the molecular weight of the corresponding flagellins was similar for both unsheathed and apparently sheathed flagella. Crosss-polymerization occurred between seed consisting of fragment of unsheathed flagella and flagellin solution from apparently sheathed flagella and vice versa. Co-polymerization of flagellin from unsheathed flagella and flagellin from apparently sheathed flagella was also demonstrated. These polymerization experiments indicate that the assembly pattern of flagellin molecules is probably the same in all E. coli flagella. The above and other evidence suggests that there is no true sheath, but that the differences in flagellar surface structure between different E. coli flagella are the result of differences in the superficial parts of the flagellin molecules.", "contents": "Comparison of the flagellins from different flagellar morphotypes of Escherichia coli. The molecular weights of the flagellins of 13 strains of Escherichia coli, each with a different H antigen, were estimated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In each case only one major polypeptide was demonstrated, although some strains possessed apparently sheathed flagella. Considerable differences in the molecular weight of flagellin accompanied the previously described structural differences between flagella from strains with different H antigens. The relationship between flagellar diameter and the molecular weight of the corresponding flagellins was similar for both unsheathed and apparently sheathed flagella. Crosss-polymerization occurred between seed consisting of fragment of unsheathed flagella and flagellin solution from apparently sheathed flagella and vice versa. Co-polymerization of flagellin from unsheathed flagella and flagellin from apparently sheathed flagella was also demonstrated. These polymerization experiments indicate that the assembly pattern of flagellin molecules is probably the same in all E. coli flagella. The above and other evidence suggests that there is no true sheath, but that the differences in flagellar surface structure between different E. coli flagella are the result of differences in the superficial parts of the flagellin molecules.", "PMID": 330818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11702", "title": "Pyrimidine dimer excision and DNA degradation during liquid holding recovery in ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli K12 uvr+ rec.", "content": "The survival of ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli K12 uvr+re was increased by post-irradiation incubation in phosphate buffer. During this incubation both dimer excision and DNA breakdown were inhibited. It is suggested that the bacteria coped with the remaining dimers in a manner which did not involve excision.", "contents": "Pyrimidine dimer excision and DNA degradation during liquid holding recovery in ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli K12 uvr+ rec. The survival of ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli K12 uvr+re was increased by post-irradiation incubation in phosphate buffer. During this incubation both dimer excision and DNA breakdown were inhibited. It is suggested that the bacteria coped with the remaining dimers in a manner which did not involve excision.", "PMID": 330820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11703", "title": "DNA degradation in wild-type and repair-deficient strains of salmonella typhimurium exposed to ultraviolet light of photodynamic treatment.", "content": "Five mutants of Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2 trp DI (ColEI)+, initiallly detected because they released little or no colicin when tested on solid medium, proved to be sensitive to ultraviotet light (u.v.). Further testing indicated that one of the mutants was deficient in genetic recombination and was probably a recA-type mutant, while three of the others were deficient in DNA polymerase activity and appeared to be typical polA mutants. The fifth mutant was less sensitive than the others to methyl methanesulphonate, showed reduced proficiency in genetic recombination, and was of approximately normal u.v. mutability. This mutant may be a counterpart of the class known as uvrD in Escherichia coli. All five mutants degraded significantly more of their DNA following exposure to u.v. than did the wild-type strain. The recA-type mutant and the possible uvrD mutant also degraded significantly more of their DNA spontaneously than did the wild-type. Treatment with visible light and acridine orange (photodynamic treatment) cause no significant degradation of DNA in the wild-type strain, a highly significant increase in the extent of DNA degradation in a polA mutant, and a decrease in the extent of degradation in the recA-type mutant.", "contents": "DNA degradation in wild-type and repair-deficient strains of salmonella typhimurium exposed to ultraviolet light of photodynamic treatment. Five mutants of Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2 trp DI (ColEI)+, initiallly detected because they released little or no colicin when tested on solid medium, proved to be sensitive to ultraviotet light (u.v.). Further testing indicated that one of the mutants was deficient in genetic recombination and was probably a recA-type mutant, while three of the others were deficient in DNA polymerase activity and appeared to be typical polA mutants. The fifth mutant was less sensitive than the others to methyl methanesulphonate, showed reduced proficiency in genetic recombination, and was of approximately normal u.v. mutability. This mutant may be a counterpart of the class known as uvrD in Escherichia coli. All five mutants degraded significantly more of their DNA following exposure to u.v. than did the wild-type strain. The recA-type mutant and the possible uvrD mutant also degraded significantly more of their DNA spontaneously than did the wild-type. Treatment with visible light and acridine orange (photodynamic treatment) cause no significant degradation of DNA in the wild-type strain, a highly significant increase in the extent of DNA degradation in a polA mutant, and a decrease in the extent of degradation in the recA-type mutant.", "PMID": 330821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11704", "title": "The effect of a drug-resistance factor on recombination and repair of DNA in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The presence in recipient strains of Escherichia coli K12 of the plasmid R46 greatly reduced the yield of recombinants from crosses with several Hfr strains and virtually abolished the formation of recombinants by PI transduction without, however, significantly affecting the transfer of the F prime from a strain carrying Fgal. The R46 plasmid had paradoxical effects on mutability: it appeared to enhance the yield of mutants following irradiation with ultraviolet ligh but it reduced the number of mutants detectable in unirradiated cultures. The effects of this plasmid on ultraviolet survival of the wild type and several mutants defective for recombination and repair have been measured and the results, in the main, confirm similar observation by Tweats et al. (1976). Not only is the survival of the strain habouring R46 greater than that of the parent strain in all the cases studied, but the survival of ultraviolet irradiated bacteriophage lambda is also greater.", "contents": "The effect of a drug-resistance factor on recombination and repair of DNA in Escherichia coli K12. The presence in recipient strains of Escherichia coli K12 of the plasmid R46 greatly reduced the yield of recombinants from crosses with several Hfr strains and virtually abolished the formation of recombinants by PI transduction without, however, significantly affecting the transfer of the F prime from a strain carrying Fgal. The R46 plasmid had paradoxical effects on mutability: it appeared to enhance the yield of mutants following irradiation with ultraviolet ligh but it reduced the number of mutants detectable in unirradiated cultures. The effects of this plasmid on ultraviolet survival of the wild type and several mutants defective for recombination and repair have been measured and the results, in the main, confirm similar observation by Tweats et al. (1976). Not only is the survival of the strain habouring R46 greater than that of the parent strain in all the cases studied, but the survival of ultraviolet irradiated bacteriophage lambda is also greater.", "PMID": 330823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11705", "title": "Comparison of the effects of bromocriptine and levodopa in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The effects of bromocriptine and levodopa were compared in a blind trial in 18 patients with Parkinson's disease. Optimal doses of the two drugs were given in identical capsules: there was no significant difference between the therapeutic effects. There were wide individual differences in response to the two drugs. Side effects were more common with bromocriptine because of side effects.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of bromocriptine and levodopa in Parkinson's disease. The effects of bromocriptine and levodopa were compared in a blind trial in 18 patients with Parkinson's disease. Optimal doses of the two drugs were given in identical capsules: there was no significant difference between the therapeutic effects. There were wide individual differences in response to the two drugs. Side effects were more common with bromocriptine because of side effects.", "PMID": 330825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11706", "title": "Changes of lipoamide dehydrogenase and mitochondrial structure in selenium-deficient chicks.", "content": "A selenium deficiency in chicks produces degeneration and fibrosis of the pancreas. An investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not the activity of lipoic acid is impaired in the pancreas of selenium-deficient chicks. Enzymatic analyses of selenium-deficient chick tissues showed a reduction in lipoamide dehydrogenase both in pancreas and liver at a very early stage of growth. Using both direct measurements and sucrose-gradient cellular fractionation, it was found that the lipoamide dehydrogenase activity of the supernatant increased, and that of the mitochondria decreased in selenium-deficient as compared to normal chick livers. These results indicate an increased fragility of the mitochondrial membranes in selenium-deficient chicks.", "contents": "Changes of lipoamide dehydrogenase and mitochondrial structure in selenium-deficient chicks. A selenium deficiency in chicks produces degeneration and fibrosis of the pancreas. An investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not the activity of lipoic acid is impaired in the pancreas of selenium-deficient chicks. Enzymatic analyses of selenium-deficient chick tissues showed a reduction in lipoamide dehydrogenase both in pancreas and liver at a very early stage of growth. Using both direct measurements and sucrose-gradient cellular fractionation, it was found that the lipoamide dehydrogenase activity of the supernatant increased, and that of the mitochondria decreased in selenium-deficient as compared to normal chick livers. These results indicate an increased fragility of the mitochondrial membranes in selenium-deficient chicks.", "PMID": 330828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11707", "title": "Dentine/pulp reactions to full crown preparation procedures.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the formation of a dentine smear in ten premolars ground with a water-cooled diamond in an air turbine. In another ten teeth the pulp reaction in full crown preparation with the same armamentarium was investigated by histological techniques. The findings revealed the formation of a dentine smear which was easily removed by light polishing with wet pumice, leaving plugs of debris in the tubule apertures. The clinical significance of these findings needs further investigation. No bacteria were demonstrated on the prepared surfaces either in the scanning electron micrographs or histologically when stained with Brown & Brenn stain. Severe, acute pulp reactions were observed subjacent to the dentinal tubules cut in full crown preparation. This technique should therefore be limited to superficial use only.", "contents": "Dentine/pulp reactions to full crown preparation procedures. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the formation of a dentine smear in ten premolars ground with a water-cooled diamond in an air turbine. In another ten teeth the pulp reaction in full crown preparation with the same armamentarium was investigated by histological techniques. The findings revealed the formation of a dentine smear which was easily removed by light polishing with wet pumice, leaving plugs of debris in the tubule apertures. The clinical significance of these findings needs further investigation. No bacteria were demonstrated on the prepared surfaces either in the scanning electron micrographs or histologically when stained with Brown & Brenn stain. Severe, acute pulp reactions were observed subjacent to the dentinal tubules cut in full crown preparation. This technique should therefore be limited to superficial use only.", "PMID": 330829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11708", "title": "Determination of optimal continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of IRDS by measurement of esophageal pressure.", "content": "We describe a simple and reliable method to determine optimal airway pressure in infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome who require continuous positive airway pressure treatment. Esophageal pressure was monitored in ten infants with IRDS during initial application of CPAP. As the level of CPAP was increased in 2 cm H2O increments, changes in Pes were compared with changes in PaO2. Below optimal airway pressure, Pes as well as PaO2 increased insignificantly. When optimal airway pressure (8.1 +/- 0.8 cm H2O) was applied, there was a marked increase in Pes (3.6 +/- 0.8 cm H2O. p less than 0.001) and PaO2 (39.0 +/- 10.0 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). Further increase in CPAP did not result in any subsequent appreciable increase in Pes while PaO2 decreased slightly and PaCO2 increased. Less than optimal CPAP increases F102 requirements and may increase the associated risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, while excessive levels of CPAP may increase the risk of pneumothorax. We suggest that esophageal pressure be monitored routinely to determine the optimal level of CPAP for each infant during the initial application of therapy.", "contents": "Determination of optimal continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of IRDS by measurement of esophageal pressure. We describe a simple and reliable method to determine optimal airway pressure in infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome who require continuous positive airway pressure treatment. Esophageal pressure was monitored in ten infants with IRDS during initial application of CPAP. As the level of CPAP was increased in 2 cm H2O increments, changes in Pes were compared with changes in PaO2. Below optimal airway pressure, Pes as well as PaO2 increased insignificantly. When optimal airway pressure (8.1 +/- 0.8 cm H2O) was applied, there was a marked increase in Pes (3.6 +/- 0.8 cm H2O. p less than 0.001) and PaO2 (39.0 +/- 10.0 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). Further increase in CPAP did not result in any subsequent appreciable increase in Pes while PaO2 decreased slightly and PaCO2 increased. Less than optimal CPAP increases F102 requirements and may increase the associated risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, while excessive levels of CPAP may increase the risk of pneumothorax. We suggest that esophageal pressure be monitored routinely to determine the optimal level of CPAP for each infant during the initial application of therapy.", "PMID": 330831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11709", "title": "Imidazo[4,5-f]quinolines III: Antibacterial 7-methyl-9-(substituted arylamino)imidazo[4,5-f]quinolines.", "content": "A series of 7-methyl-9-(substituted arylamino)imidazo[4,5-f]quinolines was prepared and screened against four varieties of bacteria. The compounds possessed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.", "contents": "Imidazo[4,5-f]quinolines III: Antibacterial 7-methyl-9-(substituted arylamino)imidazo[4,5-f]quinolines. A series of 7-methyl-9-(substituted arylamino)imidazo[4,5-f]quinolines was prepared and screened against four varieties of bacteria. The compounds possessed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.", "PMID": 330837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11710", "title": "Comparison of the effect of somatostatin on gastrointestinal function in the conscious and anaesthetized cat and on the isolated cat pancreas.", "content": "1. Somatostatin, 10 microgram kg-1 hr-1, inhibited gastric acid and pepsin secretion stimulated by pentagastrin, 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1, in conscious and anaesthetized cats with chronically implanted gastric fistulae. In the acutely surgically prepared anaesthetized cat, Somatostatin inhibited pepsin secretion but produced little inhibition of gastric acid secretion or mucosal blood flow. 2. Secretin stimulated pancreatic juice volume was not significantly reduced in acutely prepared anaesthetized cats, but there was a limited reduction of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin stimulated pancreatic amylase secretion and gall bladder contraction. 3. Somatostatin had neither stimulatory nor inhibitory effects on electrolyte and amylase secretion in the isolated saline-perfused cat pancreas. 4. The results suggest that some of the effects of Somatostatin may depend on the interaction on the target cell of other factors, nervous or humoral which may vary in different experimental preparations.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of somatostatin on gastrointestinal function in the conscious and anaesthetized cat and on the isolated cat pancreas. 1. Somatostatin, 10 microgram kg-1 hr-1, inhibited gastric acid and pepsin secretion stimulated by pentagastrin, 8 microgram kg-1 hr-1, in conscious and anaesthetized cats with chronically implanted gastric fistulae. In the acutely surgically prepared anaesthetized cat, Somatostatin inhibited pepsin secretion but produced little inhibition of gastric acid secretion or mucosal blood flow. 2. Secretin stimulated pancreatic juice volume was not significantly reduced in acutely prepared anaesthetized cats, but there was a limited reduction of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin stimulated pancreatic amylase secretion and gall bladder contraction. 3. Somatostatin had neither stimulatory nor inhibitory effects on electrolyte and amylase secretion in the isolated saline-perfused cat pancreas. 4. The results suggest that some of the effects of Somatostatin may depend on the interaction on the target cell of other factors, nervous or humoral which may vary in different experimental preparations.", "PMID": 330838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11711", "title": "[Role of aerobic metabolism in prolonged intensive exercise].", "content": "The purpose of this review is to analyze the different factors which intervene with respect to the ability to perform intense exercises of long duration. This ability implies : (a) a high level of maximal oxygen uptake (Vo 2 max) and (b) a great endurance, i.e. the capacity of maintaining for a long time a high percentage of this Vo2 max. First of all, the values Vo2 max usually recorded on normal subjects are given, as well as those of subjects specially trained for endurance events ; then the factors which condition a high level of Vo2 max are described. These factors consist on great capacity in all of the links of the oxygen transport system. These capacities appear to be essentially dependant on the genetic endowment, but their maximal size can only by attained through intensive training. Endurance can be defined as the maximal period of time during which a given percentage of the Vo2 max can be sustained. The values recorded on normal subjects and on those specially trained for endurance events are given, and then the factors conditioning a high level of endurance are studied. Endurance appears to depend on the feeding of muscular fibers with energentic substrates. Training permits the muscles to store large quantities of glycogen. It also seems to enable the organism to increase the percentage of energetic substrates made up by lipids. This latter ability in associated with an alteration of the endocrine reactions induced by exercise. Finally, endurance is accompanied by an ability of the body to store and to eliminate the heat produced during exercise.", "contents": "[Role of aerobic metabolism in prolonged intensive exercise]. The purpose of this review is to analyze the different factors which intervene with respect to the ability to perform intense exercises of long duration. This ability implies : (a) a high level of maximal oxygen uptake (Vo 2 max) and (b) a great endurance, i.e. the capacity of maintaining for a long time a high percentage of this Vo2 max. First of all, the values Vo2 max usually recorded on normal subjects are given, as well as those of subjects specially trained for endurance events ; then the factors which condition a high level of Vo2 max are described. These factors consist on great capacity in all of the links of the oxygen transport system. These capacities appear to be essentially dependant on the genetic endowment, but their maximal size can only by attained through intensive training. Endurance can be defined as the maximal period of time during which a given percentage of the Vo2 max can be sustained. The values recorded on normal subjects and on those specially trained for endurance events are given, and then the factors conditioning a high level of endurance are studied. Endurance appears to depend on the feeding of muscular fibers with energentic substrates. Training permits the muscles to store large quantities of glycogen. It also seems to enable the organism to increase the percentage of energetic substrates made up by lipids. This latter ability in associated with an alteration of the endocrine reactions induced by exercise. Finally, endurance is accompanied by an ability of the body to store and to eliminate the heat produced during exercise.", "PMID": 330840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11712", "title": "Arranging artificial teeth according to anatomic landmarks.", "content": "A system for arranging artificial teeth that satisfies three goals is desirable. These goals are accuracy, speed, and a facility for communication. Such a system, based upon certain anatomic landmarks that can be identified on an edentulous dental cast, has been described in detail. The dentist with the patient present records the anterior determinant of occlusion by placing the four central incisors according to phonetics and esthetics. All remaining teeth are placed at the laboratory according to anatomic landmarks. Then the dentist returns the trial dentures to the patient for verification, personalization, and perfection. It is the responsibility of the dentist to prescribe requirements of tooth placement in detail if he uses the services of a dental laboratory technician.", "contents": "Arranging artificial teeth according to anatomic landmarks. A system for arranging artificial teeth that satisfies three goals is desirable. These goals are accuracy, speed, and a facility for communication. Such a system, based upon certain anatomic landmarks that can be identified on an edentulous dental cast, has been described in detail. The dentist with the patient present records the anterior determinant of occlusion by placing the four central incisors according to phonetics and esthetics. All remaining teeth are placed at the laboratory according to anatomic landmarks. Then the dentist returns the trial dentures to the patient for verification, personalization, and perfection. It is the responsibility of the dentist to prescribe requirements of tooth placement in detail if he uses the services of a dental laboratory technician.", "PMID": 330841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11713", "title": "A method of refacing cemented veneered crowns.", "content": "A simple and efficient method has been described for refacing restorations without removing them from the mouth. The impression technique, fabrication of the facing, and its attachment to the crown were described.", "contents": "A method of refacing cemented veneered crowns. A simple and efficient method has been described for refacing restorations without removing them from the mouth. The impression technique, fabrication of the facing, and its attachment to the crown were described.", "PMID": 330843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11714", "title": "A clinical evaluation of semiprecious alloys for dowels and cores.", "content": "The semiprecious metals investigated and hard dental gold alloys may be manipulated in a similar manner. The semiprecious metals produced accurate and well-fitted dowels needing minimal adjustment. Being harder than type III gold alloy, they would be ideal for casting dowels and cores. Before considering these semiprecious alloys as final restorations, however, they must be further examined for resistance to tarnish and corrosion and their marginal adaptability and burnishability.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of semiprecious alloys for dowels and cores. The semiprecious metals investigated and hard dental gold alloys may be manipulated in a similar manner. The semiprecious metals produced accurate and well-fitted dowels needing minimal adjustment. Being harder than type III gold alloy, they would be ideal for casting dowels and cores. Before considering these semiprecious alloys as final restorations, however, they must be further examined for resistance to tarnish and corrosion and their marginal adaptability and burnishability.", "PMID": 330844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11715", "title": "Nutrition analysis of prosthodontic patients.", "content": "A program of nutrition training has been included in the undergraduate curriculum of the University of Washington School of Dentistry. Data obtained indicated that involved patients were receptive and that many showed improvement in dietary habits. Nutritional analysis and counseling can be introduced into a private-practice environment with very little increase in the dentist's work time. Procedures have been suggested that are efficient and effective. It is recommended that nutritional analysis and counseling be used routinely on all prosthodontic patients. This training should be included in the dental school curriculum so that students can become competent and comfortable in its use. To meet this objective, in-service training programs for faculty members are required. Careful attention to systemic factors such as nutrition will allow dentists to provide an enhanced level of care for patients. Concern for the general health of patients must continue to be a necessary part of prosthodontic care.", "contents": "Nutrition analysis of prosthodontic patients. A program of nutrition training has been included in the undergraduate curriculum of the University of Washington School of Dentistry. Data obtained indicated that involved patients were receptive and that many showed improvement in dietary habits. Nutritional analysis and counseling can be introduced into a private-practice environment with very little increase in the dentist's work time. Procedures have been suggested that are efficient and effective. It is recommended that nutritional analysis and counseling be used routinely on all prosthodontic patients. This training should be included in the dental school curriculum so that students can become competent and comfortable in its use. To meet this objective, in-service training programs for faculty members are required. Careful attention to systemic factors such as nutrition will allow dentists to provide an enhanced level of care for patients. Concern for the general health of patients must continue to be a necessary part of prosthodontic care.", "PMID": 330846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11716", "title": "Construction of a crown to fit a removable partial denture clasp.", "content": "This technique allows an accurate cast to be made of a prepared abutment tooth with the removable partial denture in place in the mouth. The partial denture is carefully removed from the cast, the crown waxed up, and the removable partial denture re-placed as many times as necessary during wax-up to obtain a crown that accurately fits the clasp.", "contents": "Construction of a crown to fit a removable partial denture clasp. This technique allows an accurate cast to be made of a prepared abutment tooth with the removable partial denture in place in the mouth. The partial denture is carefully removed from the cast, the crown waxed up, and the removable partial denture re-placed as many times as necessary during wax-up to obtain a crown that accurately fits the clasp.", "PMID": 330847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11717", "title": "Construction of a post and core to fit a completed restoration.", "content": "A simple technique to fabricate a post and core to fit a completed restoration is described. This technique saves the time and effort of remaking the restoration when endodontic treatment and reinforcement of the tooth are required after construction of the restoration.", "contents": "Construction of a post and core to fit a completed restoration. A simple technique to fabricate a post and core to fit a completed restoration is described. This technique saves the time and effort of remaking the restoration when endodontic treatment and reinforcement of the tooth are required after construction of the restoration.", "PMID": 330848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11718", "title": "Coronary risk factor reduction through biofeedback-aided relaxation and meditation.", "content": "The effects of behaviour modification through education and biofeedback-aided relaxation and meditation on the levels of blood pressure, pulse rate, smoking habits as well as serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were studied in 18 normotensive, 18 smoking, and 22 hypertensive patients with 18 normotensive controls.The results showed significant reduction in blood pressure, in all the treated groups; highly significant reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked by smokers; and reduction in some of the lipids in all the treated groups, but particularly in the hypertensive group. The therapy appears to be feasible and suitable for wider application. This approach is economical, acceptable to patients, and should be explored further.", "contents": "Coronary risk factor reduction through biofeedback-aided relaxation and meditation. The effects of behaviour modification through education and biofeedback-aided relaxation and meditation on the levels of blood pressure, pulse rate, smoking habits as well as serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were studied in 18 normotensive, 18 smoking, and 22 hypertensive patients with 18 normotensive controls.The results showed significant reduction in blood pressure, in all the treated groups; highly significant reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked by smokers; and reduction in some of the lipids in all the treated groups, but particularly in the hypertensive group. The therapy appears to be feasible and suitable for wider application. This approach is economical, acceptable to patients, and should be explored further.", "PMID": 330850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11719", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics for women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy.", "content": "A triple-blind prospective study of women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy was conducted to compare cefazolin, cephaloridine and no antibiotic, Both cefazolin and cephaloridine were given preoperatively, whereas only cephaloridine was given postoperatively. One gram of cefazolin given intramuscularly on call to the operation room was found to be a safe and effective antibiotic for prophylaxis against febrile morbidity. The proper utilization of prophylactic antibiotics seems to be in the immediate preoperative period. The use of antibiotics after the first day of surgery is unnecessary.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics for women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy. A triple-blind prospective study of women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy was conducted to compare cefazolin, cephaloridine and no antibiotic, Both cefazolin and cephaloridine were given preoperatively, whereas only cephaloridine was given postoperatively. One gram of cefazolin given intramuscularly on call to the operation room was found to be a safe and effective antibiotic for prophylaxis against febrile morbidity. The proper utilization of prophylactic antibiotics seems to be in the immediate preoperative period. The use of antibiotics after the first day of surgery is unnecessary.", "PMID": 330851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11720", "title": "Polyhydramnios and acute renal failure.", "content": "Two patients with acute renal failure in pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios and multiple gestations are discussed. An acute increase in the size of the gravid uterus, overdistended with excess amniotic fluid, and a twin gestation were believed to have been related causally to the observed renal failure.", "contents": "Polyhydramnios and acute renal failure. Two patients with acute renal failure in pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios and multiple gestations are discussed. An acute increase in the size of the gravid uterus, overdistended with excess amniotic fluid, and a twin gestation were believed to have been related causally to the observed renal failure.", "PMID": 330852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11721", "title": "2-Deaminoactinomycin D, synthesis and interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "2-Deaminoactinomycin D has been synthesized and characterized. It binds to DNA by intercalation according to NMR, CD, thermal denaturation, and unwinding studies on the drug-DNA complex. Loss of the 2-amino group does not seriously affect binding parameters relative to actinomycin D; affinity for calf thymus DNA may even be increased, according to deltaTm measurements. The unwinding of circular DNA caused by this compound is at least as large as that effected by actinomycin D and ethidium bromide. Nevertheless, 2-deaminoactinomycin D is less effective than actinomycin D in inhibiting nucleic acid syntheses in L1210 cell culture and in in vivo antitumor activity against P388 leukemia.", "contents": "2-Deaminoactinomycin D, synthesis and interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid. 2-Deaminoactinomycin D has been synthesized and characterized. It binds to DNA by intercalation according to NMR, CD, thermal denaturation, and unwinding studies on the drug-DNA complex. Loss of the 2-amino group does not seriously affect binding parameters relative to actinomycin D; affinity for calf thymus DNA may even be increased, according to deltaTm measurements. The unwinding of circular DNA caused by this compound is at least as large as that effected by actinomycin D and ethidium bromide. Nevertheless, 2-deaminoactinomycin D is less effective than actinomycin D in inhibiting nucleic acid syntheses in L1210 cell culture and in in vivo antitumor activity against P388 leukemia.", "PMID": 330857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11722", "title": "Biologically oriented organic sulfur chemistry. 15. Organic disulfides and related substances. 41. Inhibition of the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum by some organic disulfides.", "content": "In an extension of promising inhibitory results in vitro against Histoplasma capsulatum, correlated earlier using substituent constants developed by regression analysis with 77 disulfides, one symmetrical and 14 unsymmetrical disulfides were prepared (3--17). About half were active in vitro against H. capsulatum (and one against Candida albicans). Groups that seemed most to lead to promising inhibition among the unsymmetrical disulfides were o-HO2CC6H4, (CH2)4SO2Na, Me2NC(S), p-ClC6H4, and perhaps p-CH3C6H4; the first two also might be used to increase solubility. Earlier inhibitory promise of the morpholino group did not materialize. None of the group 3--17 was significantly active in vivo. The unsymmetrical disulfides were prepared by reaction of thiols with sulfenyl chlorides or with acyclic or cyclic thiosulfonates. Two six-membered heterocyclic disulfides (5 and 6) were prepared by a novel cyclization, in which carbon disulfide reacted with an (N-alkylamino)ethyl Bunte salt, followed by ring closure; an explanation is suggested for formation of a thiazoline when the N-alkyl group is absent. One of the disulfides disproportionated with astonishing ease (31; 0.3--1 h at 25 degrees C).", "contents": "Biologically oriented organic sulfur chemistry. 15. Organic disulfides and related substances. 41. Inhibition of the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum by some organic disulfides. In an extension of promising inhibitory results in vitro against Histoplasma capsulatum, correlated earlier using substituent constants developed by regression analysis with 77 disulfides, one symmetrical and 14 unsymmetrical disulfides were prepared (3--17). About half were active in vitro against H. capsulatum (and one against Candida albicans). Groups that seemed most to lead to promising inhibition among the unsymmetrical disulfides were o-HO2CC6H4, (CH2)4SO2Na, Me2NC(S), p-ClC6H4, and perhaps p-CH3C6H4; the first two also might be used to increase solubility. Earlier inhibitory promise of the morpholino group did not materialize. None of the group 3--17 was significantly active in vivo. The unsymmetrical disulfides were prepared by reaction of thiols with sulfenyl chlorides or with acyclic or cyclic thiosulfonates. Two six-membered heterocyclic disulfides (5 and 6) were prepared by a novel cyclization, in which carbon disulfide reacted with an (N-alkylamino)ethyl Bunte salt, followed by ring closure; an explanation is suggested for formation of a thiazoline when the N-alkyl group is absent. One of the disulfides disproportionated with astonishing ease (31; 0.3--1 h at 25 degrees C).", "PMID": 330858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11723", "title": "Biochemical typing of urinary Escherichia coli strains by means of the API 20 E enterobacteriaceae system.", "content": "With the API 20 E Enterobacteriaceae system of biochemical testing, a biotype, coded numerically, was determined for each of 574 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. The serotypes of the strains were also determined. Fifty-five different biotypes were identified, two accounting together for 42% of the strains examined and seven others each accounting for between 8.4 and 1.9%. There was little correlation between biotype and serotype. Fifty pairs of strains were isolated from patients before treatment. In 43 the biotype and serotype of both strains of each pair were the same. In six pairs the biotype, but not the serotypes, differed, the difference being limited to the results of the tests for lysine decarboxylase. The biotypes of the strains of the remaining pair differed widely although their serotypes were the same. It is suggested that this method of biotyping offers a simple but accurate way of discriminating between recrudescent urinary tract infection caused by E. coli and that due to reinfection.", "contents": "Biochemical typing of urinary Escherichia coli strains by means of the API 20 E enterobacteriaceae system. With the API 20 E Enterobacteriaceae system of biochemical testing, a biotype, coded numerically, was determined for each of 574 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. The serotypes of the strains were also determined. Fifty-five different biotypes were identified, two accounting together for 42% of the strains examined and seven others each accounting for between 8.4 and 1.9%. There was little correlation between biotype and serotype. Fifty pairs of strains were isolated from patients before treatment. In 43 the biotype and serotype of both strains of each pair were the same. In six pairs the biotype, but not the serotypes, differed, the difference being limited to the results of the tests for lysine decarboxylase. The biotypes of the strains of the remaining pair differed widely although their serotypes were the same. It is suggested that this method of biotyping offers a simple but accurate way of discriminating between recrudescent urinary tract infection caused by E. coli and that due to reinfection.", "PMID": 330859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11724", "title": "Characteristics of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in the rectum of healthy school-children.", "content": "During a 3-year period, 771 rectal swabs were taken from abacteriuric school-children. Out of 709 E. coli strains, each isolated from one faecal specimen, 102 were found to be resistant to one or more antibacterial agents, and 607 to be fully sensitive. Another 204 resistant strains were found by selection for antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic-sensitive and the resistant strains were found to be two somewhat different populations, distinguished by a different distribution of O antigen types. Also, the K1 antigen was more common among the sensitive than among the resistant strains. Resistant strains that were not O typable were very seldom haemolytic.", "contents": "Characteristics of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in the rectum of healthy school-children. During a 3-year period, 771 rectal swabs were taken from abacteriuric school-children. Out of 709 E. coli strains, each isolated from one faecal specimen, 102 were found to be resistant to one or more antibacterial agents, and 607 to be fully sensitive. Another 204 resistant strains were found by selection for antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic-sensitive and the resistant strains were found to be two somewhat different populations, distinguished by a different distribution of O antigen types. Also, the K1 antigen was more common among the sensitive than among the resistant strains. Resistant strains that were not O typable were very seldom haemolytic.", "PMID": 330860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11725", "title": "The isolation and nature of campylobacters (microaerophilic vibrios) from laboratory and wild rodents.", "content": "Faeces voided by eight species of laboratory or feral rodents were cultured for campylobacters by means of selective methods. Campylobacters were isolated from bank voles and from rats, but not from rabbits, laboratory mice, hamsters, guinea-pigs, field mice or field voles. In routine biochemical tests isolates from bank voles resembled a type of Campylobacter fetus that causes infectious infertility in cattle; isolates from rats resembled Campylobacter coli associated with swine dysentery. Electrophoretograms of acid plus phenol soluble proteins revealed striking differences between isolates from rodents, C. fetus and C coli. It is concluded that campylobacters are more widespread in rodents than hitherto realised, and that routine methods for differentiating campylobacters do not allow an adequate correlation with pathogenicity or habitat.", "contents": "The isolation and nature of campylobacters (microaerophilic vibrios) from laboratory and wild rodents. Faeces voided by eight species of laboratory or feral rodents were cultured for campylobacters by means of selective methods. Campylobacters were isolated from bank voles and from rats, but not from rabbits, laboratory mice, hamsters, guinea-pigs, field mice or field voles. In routine biochemical tests isolates from bank voles resembled a type of Campylobacter fetus that causes infectious infertility in cattle; isolates from rats resembled Campylobacter coli associated with swine dysentery. Electrophoretograms of acid plus phenol soluble proteins revealed striking differences between isolates from rodents, C. fetus and C coli. It is concluded that campylobacters are more widespread in rodents than hitherto realised, and that routine methods for differentiating campylobacters do not allow an adequate correlation with pathogenicity or habitat.", "PMID": 330861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11726", "title": "Depression of lactose hydrolysis by yeasts.", "content": "To investigate the role that the known disaccharidase depression may play in the aetiology of infant gastroenteritis caused by Candida albicans, C. albicans and the rarely pathogenic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied by three different methods. Both types of yeast significantly depressed the lactose-hydrolysis activity of beta-galactosidase, and both depressed lactose hydrolysis in the ligated small intestine of infant rabbits, either in intact animals allowed to survive for 10 h, or in a physiological bath for 20 h. The depression of lactose activity was not temperature dependent; living and inactivated yeast preparations produced comparable degrees of depression of enzyme activity. It is concluded that the depression of lactose hydrolysis is not a virulence factor of C. albicans, but contributes to the often observed disaccharide intolerance associated with candida gastroenteritis in infants.", "contents": "Depression of lactose hydrolysis by yeasts. To investigate the role that the known disaccharidase depression may play in the aetiology of infant gastroenteritis caused by Candida albicans, C. albicans and the rarely pathogenic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied by three different methods. Both types of yeast significantly depressed the lactose-hydrolysis activity of beta-galactosidase, and both depressed lactose hydrolysis in the ligated small intestine of infant rabbits, either in intact animals allowed to survive for 10 h, or in a physiological bath for 20 h. The depression of lactose activity was not temperature dependent; living and inactivated yeast preparations produced comparable degrees of depression of enzyme activity. It is concluded that the depression of lactose hydrolysis is not a virulence factor of C. albicans, but contributes to the often observed disaccharide intolerance associated with candida gastroenteritis in infants.", "PMID": 330863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11727", "title": "Delayed foreign-body tumorigenesis in mice infected with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus: Brief communication.", "content": "Female and male CBA/H mice were infected with lactate dehydrogenase virus (LDV). Two weeks later, these mice and noninfected controls received double sc implants of unplasticized vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer films (0.2 X 15 X 22 mm). Foreign-body (FB) tumorigenesis was delayed in LDV-infected females and males by 2 months. This result could not be explained by an effect of LDV on cellular immunity, inasmuch as cellular immunity does not influence the course of FB tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Delayed foreign-body tumorigenesis in mice infected with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus: Brief communication. Female and male CBA/H mice were infected with lactate dehydrogenase virus (LDV). Two weeks later, these mice and noninfected controls received double sc implants of unplasticized vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer films (0.2 X 15 X 22 mm). Foreign-body (FB) tumorigenesis was delayed in LDV-infected females and males by 2 months. This result could not be explained by an effect of LDV on cellular immunity, inasmuch as cellular immunity does not influence the course of FB tumorigenesis.", "PMID": 330868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11728", "title": "Effects of mutations in the immunity system of bacteriophage P1.", "content": "A mutant of bacteriophage P1 that made an altered c1 repressor is described. The mutant c1 product had two configurations: in lysogens, at high temperatures, it permitted constitutive expression of the normally repressed DNA replication function ban and was insensitive to the action of ant, a product expressed by the virulent mutant P1virs and by the heteroimmune phage P7 (formerly phiamp+) and normally able to overcome c1 repression; in mutant lysogens at low temperatures, the mutant repressor was apparently normal (able to repress ban and sensitive to ant action). Genetic studies of this mutant led to the isolation of a derivative that formed unstable lysogens. These studies suggested that the ban product was normally under c1 control; they further showed that ant overcame c1 repression by inactivating c1 rather than by creating a bypass of repressor activity.", "contents": "Effects of mutations in the immunity system of bacteriophage P1. A mutant of bacteriophage P1 that made an altered c1 repressor is described. The mutant c1 product had two configurations: in lysogens, at high temperatures, it permitted constitutive expression of the normally repressed DNA replication function ban and was insensitive to the action of ant, a product expressed by the virulent mutant P1virs and by the heteroimmune phage P7 (formerly phiamp+) and normally able to overcome c1 repression; in mutant lysogens at low temperatures, the mutant repressor was apparently normal (able to repress ban and sensitive to ant action). Genetic studies of this mutant led to the isolation of a derivative that formed unstable lysogens. These studies suggested that the ban product was normally under c1 control; they further showed that ant overcame c1 repression by inactivating c1 rather than by creating a bypass of repressor activity.", "PMID": 330875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11729", "title": "Maintenance of bacteriophage P1 plasmid.", "content": "Three mutants of bacteriophage P1 affected in their ability to maintain the lysogenic state stably are described here. These mutants were normal in lytic growth, but lysogenic derivatives segregated nonlysogens at abnormally high rates (1 to 30% per division). Cells harboring these mutant prophages were elongated or filamentous. The mutations responsible for this prophage instability fell into two classes on the bases of their genetic location, their effect on the ability to lysogenize recA bacteria, and their suppressibility by ant mutations eliminating antirepressor activity. The two mutants that were able to form recA lysogens showed the same prophage instability and partial inhibition of cell division in recA as in rec+ lysogens. The fact that plasmid-linked mutations can cause prophage instability suggests that P1 codes for at least some of the functions determining its own autonomy and segregation.", "contents": "Maintenance of bacteriophage P1 plasmid. Three mutants of bacteriophage P1 affected in their ability to maintain the lysogenic state stably are described here. These mutants were normal in lytic growth, but lysogenic derivatives segregated nonlysogens at abnormally high rates (1 to 30% per division). Cells harboring these mutant prophages were elongated or filamentous. The mutations responsible for this prophage instability fell into two classes on the bases of their genetic location, their effect on the ability to lysogenize recA bacteria, and their suppressibility by ant mutations eliminating antirepressor activity. The two mutants that were able to form recA lysogens showed the same prophage instability and partial inhibition of cell division in recA as in rec+ lysogens. The fact that plasmid-linked mutations can cause prophage instability suggests that P1 codes for at least some of the functions determining its own autonomy and segregation.", "PMID": 330876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11730", "title": "In vitro packaging of UV radiation-damaged DNA from bacteriophage T7.", "content": "When DNA from bacteriophage T7 is irradiated with UV light, the efficiency with which this DNA can be packaged in vitro to form viable phage particles is reduced. A comparison between irradiated DNA packaged in vitro and irradiated intact phage particles shows almost identical survival as a function of UV dose when Escherichia coli wild type or polA or uvrA mutants are used as the host. Although uvrA mutants perform less host cell reactivation, the polA strains are identical with wild type in their ability to support the growth of irradiated T7 phage or irradiated T7 DNA packaged in vitro into complete phage. An examination of in vitro repair performed by extracts of T7-infected E.coli suggests that T7 DNA polymerase may substitute for E. coli DNA polymerase I in the resynthesis step of excision repair. Also tested was the ability of a similar in vitro repair system that used extracts from uninfected cells to restore biological activity of irradiated DNA. When T7 DNA damaged by UV irradiation was treated with an endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus that is specific for pyrimidine dimers and then was incubated with an extract of uninfected E. coli capable of removing pyrimidine dimers and restoring the DNA of its original (whole genome size) molecular weight, this DNA showed a higher packaging efficiency than untreated DNA, thus demonstrating that the in vitro repair system partially restored the biological activity of UV-damaged DNA.", "contents": "In vitro packaging of UV radiation-damaged DNA from bacteriophage T7. When DNA from bacteriophage T7 is irradiated with UV light, the efficiency with which this DNA can be packaged in vitro to form viable phage particles is reduced. A comparison between irradiated DNA packaged in vitro and irradiated intact phage particles shows almost identical survival as a function of UV dose when Escherichia coli wild type or polA or uvrA mutants are used as the host. Although uvrA mutants perform less host cell reactivation, the polA strains are identical with wild type in their ability to support the growth of irradiated T7 phage or irradiated T7 DNA packaged in vitro into complete phage. An examination of in vitro repair performed by extracts of T7-infected E.coli suggests that T7 DNA polymerase may substitute for E. coli DNA polymerase I in the resynthesis step of excision repair. Also tested was the ability of a similar in vitro repair system that used extracts from uninfected cells to restore biological activity of irradiated DNA. When T7 DNA damaged by UV irradiation was treated with an endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus that is specific for pyrimidine dimers and then was incubated with an extract of uninfected E. coli capable of removing pyrimidine dimers and restoring the DNA of its original (whole genome size) molecular weight, this DNA showed a higher packaging efficiency than untreated DNA, thus demonstrating that the in vitro repair system partially restored the biological activity of UV-damaged DNA.", "PMID": 330877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11731", "title": "Roles of the early genes of bacteriophage T7 in shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis.", "content": "Through the use of phage mutants in which various combinations of the early genes are active, and in which late gene expression is blocked, we have examined the roles of each of the five early gene products of bacteriophage T7 in regulating the synthesis of host RNA and proteins. At least two independent transcriptional controls operate during bacteriophage T7 development. The product of gene 0.7, acting alone, leads to a rapid (by 5 min) shutoff of host transcription. In the absence of gene 0.7 function, and in the absence of the phage-specified RNA polymerase, a delayed shutoff of host-dependent transcription begins at approximately 15 min after infection. This secondary control element requires either a functional gene 0.3 or gene 1.1. In the absence of any early gene products, host shutoff is not observed until much later in infection (>30 min). The delayed manner in which the products of genes 0.3 and 1.1 exert their effect suggests that their mode of action is indirect. Under conditions in which the late genes are transcribed (inefficiently) by the host RNA polymerase, gene 1.1 is observed to stimulate the synthesis of lysozyme (the product of a late phage gene). In contrast, when the late genes are transcribed by the phage-specified RNA polymerase (the product of gene 1), the kinetics of synthesis of the phage RNA polymerase itself, and of lysozyme, are not affected by the deletion of genes 0.3, 0.7, 1.1, and 1.3. We conclude that under these conditions, the products of these genes are required neither for regulation of expression of the late genes nor for the shutoff of early phage gene expression.", "contents": "Roles of the early genes of bacteriophage T7 in shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis. Through the use of phage mutants in which various combinations of the early genes are active, and in which late gene expression is blocked, we have examined the roles of each of the five early gene products of bacteriophage T7 in regulating the synthesis of host RNA and proteins. At least two independent transcriptional controls operate during bacteriophage T7 development. The product of gene 0.7, acting alone, leads to a rapid (by 5 min) shutoff of host transcription. In the absence of gene 0.7 function, and in the absence of the phage-specified RNA polymerase, a delayed shutoff of host-dependent transcription begins at approximately 15 min after infection. This secondary control element requires either a functional gene 0.3 or gene 1.1. In the absence of any early gene products, host shutoff is not observed until much later in infection (>30 min). The delayed manner in which the products of genes 0.3 and 1.1 exert their effect suggests that their mode of action is indirect. Under conditions in which the late genes are transcribed (inefficiently) by the host RNA polymerase, gene 1.1 is observed to stimulate the synthesis of lysozyme (the product of a late phage gene). In contrast, when the late genes are transcribed by the phage-specified RNA polymerase (the product of gene 1), the kinetics of synthesis of the phage RNA polymerase itself, and of lysozyme, are not affected by the deletion of genes 0.3, 0.7, 1.1, and 1.3. We conclude that under these conditions, the products of these genes are required neither for regulation of expression of the late genes nor for the shutoff of early phage gene expression.", "PMID": 330878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11732", "title": "Genetic and physiological control of host cell lysis by bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "The timing of host cell lysis at the end of the lytic cycle of phage lambda is under complex control. The lambda S protein stimulates lysis. Another physiological system, the lysis regulator, inhibitis lysis from occurring prematurely. The effects of a series of phage and bacterial mutations on these controls are described. They show that the lambda rex gene plays a role in regulating lysis under suboptimal growth conditions. In certain mutant cells, and especially under anaerobic culture conditions, the rex gene aids in the scheduling of host cell lysis. The data also suggest that the lysis regulator may control the transition of the lambda S protein from an inactive to an active state.", "contents": "Genetic and physiological control of host cell lysis by bacteriophage lambda. The timing of host cell lysis at the end of the lytic cycle of phage lambda is under complex control. The lambda S protein stimulates lysis. Another physiological system, the lysis regulator, inhibitis lysis from occurring prematurely. The effects of a series of phage and bacterial mutations on these controls are described. They show that the lambda rex gene plays a role in regulating lysis under suboptimal growth conditions. In certain mutant cells, and especially under anaerobic culture conditions, the rex gene aids in the scheduling of host cell lysis. The data also suggest that the lysis regulator may control the transition of the lambda S protein from an inactive to an active state.", "PMID": 330879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11733", "title": "Bacteriophage T4 virion dihydrofolate reductase: approaches to quantitation and assessment of function.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the physiological role(s) of T4 phage-coded dihydrofolate reductase, which functions both in DNA precursor metabolism and as a virion protein. (i) We have detected enzyme activity in noninfectious particles produced under restrictive conditions by gene 11 mutants. This supports the conclusion of Kozloff et al. (J. Virol. 16:1401-1408, 1975) that the protein lies in the baseplate, covered by the gene 11 protein. (ii) We have obtained further evidence for virion dihydrofolate reductase as the target for neutralizing activity of T4 dihydrofolate reductase antiserum and as a determinant of the heat lability of the virion. This derives from our observation that the reductases specified by T4B and T4D differ in several properties. (iii) We have investigated several anomalous properties of T4 mutants bearing deletions that reportedly extend into or through the frd gene, which codes for dihydrofolate reductase. Evidence is presented that the deletions in fact do not extend through frd. These strains direct the synthesis of material that cross-reacts with antiserum to homogeneous dihydrofolate reductase. Moreover, they are all quite sensitive to the phage-neutralizing effects of this antiserum. In addition, they are restricted by several of the hospital strains, wild-type strains of Escherichia coli supplied by the California Institute of Technology group. (iv) We have attempted to detect dihydrofolate reductase among early-synthesized proteins present in T4 tails. Two such proteins are seen, one of which is evidently the gene 25 product and one that is a bacterial protein. Quantitation of our electrophoretic technique has allowed determination of the number of molecules of some T4 tail components present per virion. (v) Finally, we have compared the T4 dihydrofolate reductase with the corresponding enzyme specified by two plasmids conferring resistance to trimethoprim (Skold and Widh, J. Biol. Chem. 249:4324-4325, 1974). Although the enzymes are similar in some properties, they differ in several important respects, including immunological activity.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4 virion dihydrofolate reductase: approaches to quantitation and assessment of function. This paper is concerned with the physiological role(s) of T4 phage-coded dihydrofolate reductase, which functions both in DNA precursor metabolism and as a virion protein. (i) We have detected enzyme activity in noninfectious particles produced under restrictive conditions by gene 11 mutants. This supports the conclusion of Kozloff et al. (J. Virol. 16:1401-1408, 1975) that the protein lies in the baseplate, covered by the gene 11 protein. (ii) We have obtained further evidence for virion dihydrofolate reductase as the target for neutralizing activity of T4 dihydrofolate reductase antiserum and as a determinant of the heat lability of the virion. This derives from our observation that the reductases specified by T4B and T4D differ in several properties. (iii) We have investigated several anomalous properties of T4 mutants bearing deletions that reportedly extend into or through the frd gene, which codes for dihydrofolate reductase. Evidence is presented that the deletions in fact do not extend through frd. These strains direct the synthesis of material that cross-reacts with antiserum to homogeneous dihydrofolate reductase. Moreover, they are all quite sensitive to the phage-neutralizing effects of this antiserum. In addition, they are restricted by several of the hospital strains, wild-type strains of Escherichia coli supplied by the California Institute of Technology group. (iv) We have attempted to detect dihydrofolate reductase among early-synthesized proteins present in T4 tails. Two such proteins are seen, one of which is evidently the gene 25 product and one that is a bacterial protein. Quantitation of our electrophoretic technique has allowed determination of the number of molecules of some T4 tail components present per virion. (v) Finally, we have compared the T4 dihydrofolate reductase with the corresponding enzyme specified by two plasmids conferring resistance to trimethoprim (Skold and Widh, J. Biol. Chem. 249:4324-4325, 1974). Although the enzymes are similar in some properties, they differ in several important respects, including immunological activity.", "PMID": 330880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11734", "title": "Localization of single-chain interruptions in bacteriophage T5 DNA I. Electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Bacteriophage T5 DNA was examined in an electron microscope after limited digestion with exonuclease III from Escherichia coli. The effect of the exonuclease treatment was to convert each naturally occurring single-chain interruption in T5 DNA into a short segment of single-stranded DNA. The locations of these segments were determined for T5st(+) DNA, T5st(0) DNA, and fragments of T5st(0) DNA generated by EcoRI restriction endonuclease. The results indicate that single-chain interruptions occurr in a variable, but nonrandom, manner in T5 DNA. T5st(+) DNA has four principal interruptions located at sites approximately 7.9, 18.5, 32.6, and 64.8% from one end of the molecule. Interruptions occur at these sites in 80 to  90% of the population. A large number of additional  sites, located primarily at the ends of the DNA, contain interruptions at lower frequencies. The average number of interruptions per genome, as determined by this method, is 8. A similar distribution of breaks occurs in T5st(0) DNA, except that the 32.6% site is missing. At least one of the principal interruptions is reproducibly located within an interval of 0.2% of the entire DNA.", "contents": "Localization of single-chain interruptions in bacteriophage T5 DNA I. Electron microscopic studies. Bacteriophage T5 DNA was examined in an electron microscope after limited digestion with exonuclease III from Escherichia coli. The effect of the exonuclease treatment was to convert each naturally occurring single-chain interruption in T5 DNA into a short segment of single-stranded DNA. The locations of these segments were determined for T5st(+) DNA, T5st(0) DNA, and fragments of T5st(0) DNA generated by EcoRI restriction endonuclease. The results indicate that single-chain interruptions occurr in a variable, but nonrandom, manner in T5 DNA. T5st(+) DNA has four principal interruptions located at sites approximately 7.9, 18.5, 32.6, and 64.8% from one end of the molecule. Interruptions occur at these sites in 80 to  90% of the population. A large number of additional  sites, located primarily at the ends of the DNA, contain interruptions at lower frequencies. The average number of interruptions per genome, as determined by this method, is 8. A similar distribution of breaks occurs in T5st(0) DNA, except that the 32.6% site is missing. At least one of the principal interruptions is reproducibly located within an interval of 0.2% of the entire DNA.", "PMID": 330881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11735", "title": "DNA modification of bacteriophage Mu-1 requires both host and bacteriophage functions.", "content": "It was previously shown that resistance of phage Mu-1 to several restriction enzymes is due to a modification function (called mom) encoded by the phage. More recent studies emphasized that modification of Mu requires not only an active mom function, but also an active dam function supplied by the Escherichia coli host.", "contents": "DNA modification of bacteriophage Mu-1 requires both host and bacteriophage functions. It was previously shown that resistance of phage Mu-1 to several restriction enzymes is due to a modification function (called mom) encoded by the phage. More recent studies emphasized that modification of Mu requires not only an active mom function, but also an active dam function supplied by the Escherichia coli host.", "PMID": 330882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11736", "title": "Renal artery stenosis in hypertensive renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Reconstruction of a stenotic renal artery was done on 5 hypertensive renal transplant recipients, all of whom had deterioration of renal function when the stenosis was detected. After reconstruction renal function improved in 4 of the patients. The blood pressure was easier to control in all 5 patients, with 3 becoming normotensive. A high preoperative plasma renin activity returned to normal postoperatively in 4 patients. No recurrences were observed after a followup of more than a year.", "contents": "Renal artery stenosis in hypertensive renal transplant recipients. Reconstruction of a stenotic renal artery was done on 5 hypertensive renal transplant recipients, all of whom had deterioration of renal function when the stenosis was detected. After reconstruction renal function improved in 4 of the patients. The blood pressure was easier to control in all 5 patients, with 3 becoming normotensive. A high preoperative plasma renin activity returned to normal postoperatively in 4 patients. No recurrences were observed after a followup of more than a year.", "PMID": 330883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11737", "title": "Secondary involvement of the bladder in malignant lymphoma.", "content": "A study of 599 patients who had died of malignant lymphoma between 1952 and 1972 revealed involvement of the bladder in 13 per cent. Bladder involvement was always a secondary event, occurred in association with disseminated disease and was more common in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma than in Hodgkin's disease. Direct infiltration from adjacent pelvic foci as well as discrete apparent metastatic foci was noted. Involvement was usually microscopic although the presence of gross disease was invariably clinically manifest. Cystoscopy and cystography were valuable in the diagnosis of gross lesions. In contrast to primary vesical lymphoma the treatment of secondary vesical lymphoma was symptomatic and an operation was indicated rarely. Local radiotherapy was effective in treating the symptoms of secondary vesical lymphoma.", "contents": "Secondary involvement of the bladder in malignant lymphoma. A study of 599 patients who had died of malignant lymphoma between 1952 and 1972 revealed involvement of the bladder in 13 per cent. Bladder involvement was always a secondary event, occurred in association with disseminated disease and was more common in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma than in Hodgkin's disease. Direct infiltration from adjacent pelvic foci as well as discrete apparent metastatic foci was noted. Involvement was usually microscopic although the presence of gross disease was invariably clinically manifest. Cystoscopy and cystography were valuable in the diagnosis of gross lesions. In contrast to primary vesical lymphoma the treatment of secondary vesical lymphoma was symptomatic and an operation was indicated rarely. Local radiotherapy was effective in treating the symptoms of secondary vesical lymphoma.", "PMID": 330884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11738", "title": "Lack of specificity of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against the bladder cancer cell line, T24.", "content": "We evaluated in vitro lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against the T24 transitional carcinoma cell line and a control melanoma cell line (H894) in a double-blind study involving 25 bladder cancer patients, 19 patients with non-transitional carcinoma and 9 patients with benign conditions using a tritiated proline-labeled tumor cell assay. We found selective reactivity against T24 cells in 16 per cent of bladder cancer patients, 11 per cent of patients with non-transitional cell tumors and 22 per cent of patients with benign conditions. We found no significant differences with respect to the patterns of cytotoxic reactivity among the various patient groups. The use of different methods of lymphocyte purification and different lymphocyte to target cell ratios did not enhance the degree of specificity observed. Prior exposure to alloantigens did not account for the lack of specificity.", "contents": "Lack of specificity of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against the bladder cancer cell line, T24. We evaluated in vitro lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against the T24 transitional carcinoma cell line and a control melanoma cell line (H894) in a double-blind study involving 25 bladder cancer patients, 19 patients with non-transitional carcinoma and 9 patients with benign conditions using a tritiated proline-labeled tumor cell assay. We found selective reactivity against T24 cells in 16 per cent of bladder cancer patients, 11 per cent of patients with non-transitional cell tumors and 22 per cent of patients with benign conditions. We found no significant differences with respect to the patterns of cytotoxic reactivity among the various patient groups. The use of different methods of lymphocyte purification and different lymphocyte to target cell ratios did not enhance the degree of specificity observed. Prior exposure to alloantigens did not account for the lack of specificity.", "PMID": 330885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11739", "title": "Dermal patch urethroplasty: experimental and clinical experience.", "content": "Our experience with a dermal patch graft urethroplasty is presented in 10 Pitman-Moore minipigs. Histologic review at various post-urethroplasty intervals showed epithelialization of the graft. In addition, several cases in which this technique was used are presented with early followup. The advantages of dermal patch urethroplasty as well as the application of dermal grafts in other areas of the urinary tract are discussed.", "contents": "Dermal patch urethroplasty: experimental and clinical experience. Our experience with a dermal patch graft urethroplasty is presented in 10 Pitman-Moore minipigs. Histologic review at various post-urethroplasty intervals showed epithelialization of the graft. In addition, several cases in which this technique was used are presented with early followup. The advantages of dermal patch urethroplasty as well as the application of dermal grafts in other areas of the urinary tract are discussed.", "PMID": 330886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11740", "title": "The adverse effects of sperm during vasovasostomy.", "content": "The 119 non-splinted vasovasostomies that were performed on 95 rats demonstrated that sperm granulomas were present in 99 per cent of the 49 anastomoses that failed. Anastomoses performed on vasa that contained no sperm resulted in 95 per cent patency without granulomas. This procedure was accomplished in immature animals followed to adulthood or by testosterone suppression of spermatogenesis in adult rats. Alternatively, normal adults with sperm in the vasa were irrigated with normal saline at the time of vasovasostomy and this resulted in decreased numbers of granuloma and dramatically improved success rates. Sperm granuloma formation appears to be an important cause of failure of vasovasostomy in the rat.", "contents": "The adverse effects of sperm during vasovasostomy. The 119 non-splinted vasovasostomies that were performed on 95 rats demonstrated that sperm granulomas were present in 99 per cent of the 49 anastomoses that failed. Anastomoses performed on vasa that contained no sperm resulted in 95 per cent patency without granulomas. This procedure was accomplished in immature animals followed to adulthood or by testosterone suppression of spermatogenesis in adult rats. Alternatively, normal adults with sperm in the vasa were irrigated with normal saline at the time of vasovasostomy and this resulted in decreased numbers of granuloma and dramatically improved success rates. Sperm granuloma formation appears to be an important cause of failure of vasovasostomy in the rat.", "PMID": 330887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11741", "title": "A medical history of the Spanish Habsburgs. As traced in portraits.", "content": "From the 13th century untill well into the 20th, the Habsburgs were one of the great powers in Europe--for most of this time, the leading dynasty. To preserve the purity of the line, marriages between uncles and nieces, aunts and nephews, and cousins were commonplace. As a consequence, genetic complexities developed, and the famous prognathic \"Habsburg jaw,\" among other noticeable traits, was passed down to succeeding generations. Never has a dynasty been so well documented in paintings, and their portraits provide an unusually complete series of medical illustrations that show the facial characteristics that marked the family in general. The observations are confirmed and extended by information from modern medical sources as well as from the medical records that date to the Habsburgs' own times.", "contents": "A medical history of the Spanish Habsburgs. As traced in portraits. From the 13th century untill well into the 20th, the Habsburgs were one of the great powers in Europe--for most of this time, the leading dynasty. To preserve the purity of the line, marriages between uncles and nieces, aunts and nephews, and cousins were commonplace. As a consequence, genetic complexities developed, and the famous prognathic \"Habsburg jaw,\" among other noticeable traits, was passed down to succeeding generations. Never has a dynasty been so well documented in paintings, and their portraits provide an unusually complete series of medical illustrations that show the facial characteristics that marked the family in general. The observations are confirmed and extended by information from modern medical sources as well as from the medical records that date to the Habsburgs' own times.", "PMID": 330890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11742", "title": "Gram-negative sepsis with acute renal failure. Occurrence from acute glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Acute intrinsic renal failure occurred in an adult patient with Escherichia coli septicemia. The clinical course did not include any of the circumstances usually present when acute renal failure complicates Gram-negative sepsis. A renal biopsy showed acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. There was no evidence to support other known causes of acute parenchymal renal failure, such as poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, or vasculitis. The patient recovered completely with antibiotic therapy, and renal function returned to normal within two weeks. An immunologic mechanism involving E coli was considered responsible for the acute renal failure.", "contents": "Gram-negative sepsis with acute renal failure. Occurrence from acute glomerulonephritis. Acute intrinsic renal failure occurred in an adult patient with Escherichia coli septicemia. The clinical course did not include any of the circumstances usually present when acute renal failure complicates Gram-negative sepsis. A renal biopsy showed acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. There was no evidence to support other known causes of acute parenchymal renal failure, such as poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, or vasculitis. The patient recovered completely with antibiotic therapy, and renal function returned to normal within two weeks. An immunologic mechanism involving E coli was considered responsible for the acute renal failure.", "PMID": 330892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11743", "title": "Beclomethasone in steroid-dependent asthma. Effective therapy and recovery of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function.", "content": "Beclomethasone dipropionate was administered by aerosol to 30 patients whose chronic bronchial asthma required oral corticosteroid therapy. During the initial 12 weeks of the trial, beclomethasone therapy could be discontinued in 12 of 16 patients in contrast to only one of 14 patients receiving the inert aerosol placebo. Patients receiving the placebo were then given beclomethasone, and prednisone therapy was discontinued in five more. During six months of observation, adrenal function improved and steroid toxic reactions decreased in patients in whom oral corticosteroid therapy had been discontinued. Beclomethasone aerosol was generally well-tolerated. Asymptomatic thrush developed in four patients and rhinitis developed in ten patients as prednisone therapy was discontinued.", "contents": "Beclomethasone in steroid-dependent asthma. Effective therapy and recovery of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function. Beclomethasone dipropionate was administered by aerosol to 30 patients whose chronic bronchial asthma required oral corticosteroid therapy. During the initial 12 weeks of the trial, beclomethasone therapy could be discontinued in 12 of 16 patients in contrast to only one of 14 patients receiving the inert aerosol placebo. Patients receiving the placebo were then given beclomethasone, and prednisone therapy was discontinued in five more. During six months of observation, adrenal function improved and steroid toxic reactions decreased in patients in whom oral corticosteroid therapy had been discontinued. Beclomethasone aerosol was generally well-tolerated. Asymptomatic thrush developed in four patients and rhinitis developed in ten patients as prednisone therapy was discontinued.", "PMID": 330893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11744", "title": "Sleep aids and sedatives.", "content": "Proprietary sleep aids and sedatives can cause delirium, coma and occasionally death in children and adults. The constituents in sleep aids that significantly effect central nervous system activity are bromides, methapyrilene, pyrilamine and scopolamine (hyoscine). Constituent proportions and mixtures vary greatly at different times since manufacturers make frequent adjustments. The effects of toxicity resulting from the misuse of ethylenediamines include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, incoordination, tremors, dry mouth, constipation and an acute poisoning syndrome. Management of adverse reactions produced by either methapyrilene or pyrilamine consists of dosage reduction or discontinuation. The acute poisoning syndrome requires implementation of general symptomatic and supportive principles.", "contents": "Sleep aids and sedatives. Proprietary sleep aids and sedatives can cause delirium, coma and occasionally death in children and adults. The constituents in sleep aids that significantly effect central nervous system activity are bromides, methapyrilene, pyrilamine and scopolamine (hyoscine). Constituent proportions and mixtures vary greatly at different times since manufacturers make frequent adjustments. The effects of toxicity resulting from the misuse of ethylenediamines include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, incoordination, tremors, dry mouth, constipation and an acute poisoning syndrome. Management of adverse reactions produced by either methapyrilene or pyrilamine consists of dosage reduction or discontinuation. The acute poisoning syndrome requires implementation of general symptomatic and supportive principles.", "PMID": 330911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11745", "title": "Accidental hypothermia.", "content": "Accidental hypothermia is an acute medical emergency with a high mortality rate. Physiologic derangements include hypoxemia, hypotension, acidosis, and arrhythmias. Management consists of careful monitoring rewarming, vigorous supportive care, and treatment of underlying and complicating disorders. Active core rewarming is recommended for hypothermia with associated cardiovascular insufficiency or instability and rapid core rewarming for hypothermia with cardiovascular collapse. Otherwise, passive or active external rewarming may be used. Good supportive care with correction of physiologic disturbances and vigorous treatment of underlying and complicating disorders are important in improving the survival rate.", "contents": "Accidental hypothermia. Accidental hypothermia is an acute medical emergency with a high mortality rate. Physiologic derangements include hypoxemia, hypotension, acidosis, and arrhythmias. Management consists of careful monitoring rewarming, vigorous supportive care, and treatment of underlying and complicating disorders. Active core rewarming is recommended for hypothermia with associated cardiovascular insufficiency or instability and rapid core rewarming for hypothermia with cardiovascular collapse. Otherwise, passive or active external rewarming may be used. Good supportive care with correction of physiologic disturbances and vigorous treatment of underlying and complicating disorders are important in improving the survival rate.", "PMID": 330912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11746", "title": "The defense of the lung: studies of the role of cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "The defense of the lung against infections, toxins and allergens is accomplished by an excretory transport mechanism and by the interaction of cellular and humoral defense systems. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages represent a common effector pathway for both nonspecific cellular phagocytic defenses and for specifically triggered cell-mediated immunity, via T lymphocytes. Nonspecific activation of macrophages is induced by toxic substances. Studies of the immunocytologic system indicate partial compartmentalization and \"local\" immunity for both cellular and humoral systems. Further studies on pulmonary cell-mediated immunity have characterized an amplification mechanism by which antigen-induced stimulation of T lymphocytes leads to recruitment of nonsensitive lymphocytes through the production of a low-molecular weight \"transfer factor.\" Other lymphocyte-produced mediators (lymphokines) act to attract, aggregate and accumulate macrophages in areas of inflammation. In addition, macrophages are \"activated\" and show enhanced microbicidal capabilities as well as enhanced resistance to the cytotoxic effects of certain ingested microorganisms. It is postulated that cellular (nonspecific) and cell-mediated (specific) immune defenses play important roles in protection against several categories of microorganisms in a hierarchy of virulence.", "contents": "The defense of the lung: studies of the role of cell-mediated immunity. The defense of the lung against infections, toxins and allergens is accomplished by an excretory transport mechanism and by the interaction of cellular and humoral defense systems. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages represent a common effector pathway for both nonspecific cellular phagocytic defenses and for specifically triggered cell-mediated immunity, via T lymphocytes. Nonspecific activation of macrophages is induced by toxic substances. Studies of the immunocytologic system indicate partial compartmentalization and \"local\" immunity for both cellular and humoral systems. Further studies on pulmonary cell-mediated immunity have characterized an amplification mechanism by which antigen-induced stimulation of T lymphocytes leads to recruitment of nonsensitive lymphocytes through the production of a low-molecular weight \"transfer factor.\" Other lymphocyte-produced mediators (lymphokines) act to attract, aggregate and accumulate macrophages in areas of inflammation. In addition, macrophages are \"activated\" and show enhanced microbicidal capabilities as well as enhanced resistance to the cytotoxic effects of certain ingested microorganisms. It is postulated that cellular (nonspecific) and cell-mediated (specific) immune defenses play important roles in protection against several categories of microorganisms in a hierarchy of virulence.", "PMID": 330913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11747", "title": "Felty's syndrome: an analytical review.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory features of 72 patients with Felty's syndrome described within the last ten years have been compared with Felty's five original patients. Felty's syndrome appears to be a variant of rheumatoid arthritis with extra-articular manifestations in which leukopenia (usually due to neutropenia) and splenomegaly occur, although not always at the same time. Both are manifestations of the underlying disease process and are not necessarily otherwise related. The mechanism of the leukopenia is complex and abnormalities in leukocyte function appear to be as important as the leukopenia in predisposing patients with Felty's syndrome to infection. Functional abnormalities of the leukocytes in this syndrome are due in part to immune complex formation. Hypocomplementemia associated with this process may be another cause for the increased susceptibility to infection. It is proposed, therefore, that therapy in Felty's syndrome be directed at the underlying disease process, and gold salts and penicillamine should be considered for this purpose. Splenectomy should be reserved for specific situations, such as hemolytic anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, leg ulcers, and infections associated with profound leukopenia that are not responsive to medical therapy.", "contents": "Felty's syndrome: an analytical review. The clinical and laboratory features of 72 patients with Felty's syndrome described within the last ten years have been compared with Felty's five original patients. Felty's syndrome appears to be a variant of rheumatoid arthritis with extra-articular manifestations in which leukopenia (usually due to neutropenia) and splenomegaly occur, although not always at the same time. Both are manifestations of the underlying disease process and are not necessarily otherwise related. The mechanism of the leukopenia is complex and abnormalities in leukocyte function appear to be as important as the leukopenia in predisposing patients with Felty's syndrome to infection. Functional abnormalities of the leukocytes in this syndrome are due in part to immune complex formation. Hypocomplementemia associated with this process may be another cause for the increased susceptibility to infection. It is proposed, therefore, that therapy in Felty's syndrome be directed at the underlying disease process, and gold salts and penicillamine should be considered for this purpose. Splenectomy should be reserved for specific situations, such as hemolytic anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, leg ulcers, and infections associated with profound leukopenia that are not responsive to medical therapy.", "PMID": 330914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11748", "title": "The diagnostic process after 25 years.", "content": "In the diagnostic process the first goal of the clinician is to obtain as clear a view as possible of the patient and the associated problems. The second is to conceptualize the patient's problems as disease categories, thereby making the diagnosis. Today we can perceive our patients and their problems in ways that physicians of the past never dreamed of. Major advances are being made with three noninvasive imaging techniques: nuclear medicine, computerized axial tomography and ultrasonics. Motion and change are the essence of the physiological approach to medical diagnosis, and medical images should be viewed as symbolic representations of the patterns and changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of the physical and chemical substances that make up our bodies.", "contents": "The diagnostic process after 25 years. In the diagnostic process the first goal of the clinician is to obtain as clear a view as possible of the patient and the associated problems. The second is to conceptualize the patient's problems as disease categories, thereby making the diagnosis. Today we can perceive our patients and their problems in ways that physicians of the past never dreamed of. Major advances are being made with three noninvasive imaging techniques: nuclear medicine, computerized axial tomography and ultrasonics. Motion and change are the essence of the physiological approach to medical diagnosis, and medical images should be viewed as symbolic representations of the patterns and changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of the physical and chemical substances that make up our bodies.", "PMID": 330916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11749", "title": "[Prognosis of the outcome of myocardial infarct by means of the \"KORA-3\" program].", "content": "The authors prognosed the outcome of a macrofocal myocardial infarction by the data obtained during the first 3 days of the patients' stay in the hospital. The prognosing was done by using a specially prepared questionnaire adapted to the \"KORA-3\" identification programme. From among 35 patients freshly admitted to the hospital favourable outcome was forecast for 30 of them (of these 2 died) and unfavourable for 5 (of these 1 survived). On the whole the prognosis proved correct for 32 of 35 patients (91%). The applied method was more effective than prognosing after Schnur and made by physicians.", "contents": "[Prognosis of the outcome of myocardial infarct by means of the \"KORA-3\" program]. The authors prognosed the outcome of a macrofocal myocardial infarction by the data obtained during the first 3 days of the patients' stay in the hospital. The prognosing was done by using a specially prepared questionnaire adapted to the \"KORA-3\" identification programme. From among 35 patients freshly admitted to the hospital favourable outcome was forecast for 30 of them (of these 2 died) and unfavourable for 5 (of these 1 survived). On the whole the prognosis proved correct for 32 of 35 patients (91%). The applied method was more effective than prognosing after Schnur and made by physicians.", "PMID": 330921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11750", "title": "[Clinical value of the study of myocardial blood flow by the method of Xe133 clearance in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The clearance of intracoronarily introduced 133Xe was employed in investigating the myocardial blood flow in 105 patients, 10 of whom--controls and 95 suffering from various manifestations of ischemic heart disease. Use was made of the biexponential calculation of the clearance curve by taking account of the fast (circulation in normal tissues) and slow exponent (circulation along the cicatricially-altered sections of the myocardium) contributions to the common \"effective\" myocardial blood flow. In patients with ischemic heart disease a reduction of the myocardial blood flow depending upon the severity of the clinical picture and the degree of the coronary arteries lesion was revealed. A direct correlational dependence between the initial state of the myocardial circulation at rest and the level of the physical efforts tolerance was educed. A conclusion is drawn that the determination of the myocardial circulation by the method of the 133Xe clearance following intracoronarily administration of the substance should be done by taking account of the slow and fast exponents of the clearance curve, these exponents reflecting the circulation in sections of the myocardium differing in their functional activity.", "contents": "[Clinical value of the study of myocardial blood flow by the method of Xe133 clearance in ischemic heart disease]. The clearance of intracoronarily introduced 133Xe was employed in investigating the myocardial blood flow in 105 patients, 10 of whom--controls and 95 suffering from various manifestations of ischemic heart disease. Use was made of the biexponential calculation of the clearance curve by taking account of the fast (circulation in normal tissues) and slow exponent (circulation along the cicatricially-altered sections of the myocardium) contributions to the common \"effective\" myocardial blood flow. In patients with ischemic heart disease a reduction of the myocardial blood flow depending upon the severity of the clinical picture and the degree of the coronary arteries lesion was revealed. A direct correlational dependence between the initial state of the myocardial circulation at rest and the level of the physical efforts tolerance was educed. A conclusion is drawn that the determination of the myocardial circulation by the method of the 133Xe clearance following intracoronarily administration of the substance should be done by taking account of the slow and fast exponents of the clearance curve, these exponents reflecting the circulation in sections of the myocardium differing in their functional activity.", "PMID": 330922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11751", "title": "[Surgical treatment of occlusive lesions of the brahciocephalic trunk].", "content": "Surgery was performed on 41 patients for an occlusive process in the brachycephalic trunk. As concerns the clinical form of the occlusive process these patients were divided into 4 groups, viz. with symptomless occlusion--4, with transitory form--18, with chronic cerebro-vascular insufficiency--5 and with complete ischemic stroke--14. The diagnosis was established on the ground of routine clinical and instrumental examination findings. The authors consider an angiographic investigation of the patients to be indispensible. In the presence of an angiographically confirmed occlusion of the brachycephalic trunk the authors hold indicated reconstructive surgery in patients of all the mentioned clinical groups. As a basic type of the reconstructive operation is regarded resection of the trunk with prosthetics. The circulation could be restored in all of the patients operated upon. Late follow-up of the surgically treated patients (up to 10 years) proves that in the treatment of arterial insufficiency of the brain the reconstructive operation on the occluded brachycephalic trunk is a highly effective method.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of occlusive lesions of the brahciocephalic trunk]. Surgery was performed on 41 patients for an occlusive process in the brachycephalic trunk. As concerns the clinical form of the occlusive process these patients were divided into 4 groups, viz. with symptomless occlusion--4, with transitory form--18, with chronic cerebro-vascular insufficiency--5 and with complete ischemic stroke--14. The diagnosis was established on the ground of routine clinical and instrumental examination findings. The authors consider an angiographic investigation of the patients to be indispensible. In the presence of an angiographically confirmed occlusion of the brachycephalic trunk the authors hold indicated reconstructive surgery in patients of all the mentioned clinical groups. As a basic type of the reconstructive operation is regarded resection of the trunk with prosthetics. The circulation could be restored in all of the patients operated upon. Late follow-up of the surgically treated patients (up to 10 years) proves that in the treatment of arterial insufficiency of the brain the reconstructive operation on the occluded brachycephalic trunk is a highly effective method.", "PMID": 330923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11752", "title": "[Fistulating operations with Walser's punch Modifications without scleral flap and with fixed or loose scleral flap (author's transl)].", "content": "Long term results of fistulating operations with Walser's punch are reported. A comparison between two methods without and with fixed scleral flap shows that the first method was more often associated with hypotonia, while the latter is more often followed by unsatisfactory pressure regulation necessitating additional drug therapy. That is why a third method of operation was developed. Here the scleral flap is shortened by scissors and not resutured to the sclera. The first clinical results indicate that the method makes use of the advantages of a scleral flap with less risk of an insufficient pressure regulation.", "contents": "[Fistulating operations with Walser's punch Modifications without scleral flap and with fixed or loose scleral flap (author's transl)]. Long term results of fistulating operations with Walser's punch are reported. A comparison between two methods without and with fixed scleral flap shows that the first method was more often associated with hypotonia, while the latter is more often followed by unsatisfactory pressure regulation necessitating additional drug therapy. That is why a third method of operation was developed. Here the scleral flap is shortened by scissors and not resutured to the sclera. The first clinical results indicate that the method makes use of the advantages of a scleral flap with less risk of an insufficient pressure regulation.", "PMID": 330929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11753", "title": "[Observations on cataract incision dehiscence (author's transl)].", "content": "24 patients with rupturing corneal incisions were observed within 6 years from 1971 until 1976. 19 patients had already had cataract extractions performed by us. This complication occurred in 0.5% of cases. All ruptures were investigated regarding the period of time after the cataract extraction, and possible precipitating factors. 10X0 atraumatic nylon sutures were shown to be unsuitable for adaptation of corneal edges.", "contents": "[Observations on cataract incision dehiscence (author's transl)]. 24 patients with rupturing corneal incisions were observed within 6 years from 1971 until 1976. 19 patients had already had cataract extractions performed by us. This complication occurred in 0.5% of cases. All ruptures were investigated regarding the period of time after the cataract extraction, and possible precipitating factors. 10X0 atraumatic nylon sutures were shown to be unsuitable for adaptation of corneal edges.", "PMID": 330930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11754", "title": "[Experiences of ear skin-cartilage transplants in tumors of the lid margin (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of lid margin tumors operative procedures are preferred. If the defect after tumor excision is not more than 1/3 of the lid margin, plastic reconstruction is not done; in larger defects a free transplant is preferred to any kind of rotating plastic operation. An exception to this is the case in which the tumor is located on the whole lid margin or its surrounding area. The skin cartilage material taken from the ear or plastic reconstruction has proved satisfactory and in most of the operated 63 eyes satisfactory cosmetic and functional results have been obtained.", "contents": "[Experiences of ear skin-cartilage transplants in tumors of the lid margin (author's transl)]. In cases of lid margin tumors operative procedures are preferred. If the defect after tumor excision is not more than 1/3 of the lid margin, plastic reconstruction is not done; in larger defects a free transplant is preferred to any kind of rotating plastic operation. An exception to this is the case in which the tumor is located on the whole lid margin or its surrounding area. The skin cartilage material taken from the ear or plastic reconstruction has proved satisfactory and in most of the operated 63 eyes satisfactory cosmetic and functional results have been obtained.", "PMID": 330931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11755", "title": "[Digital compression as an immediate measure in intraoperative expulsive hemorrhage. Clinical consideraitons and experimental investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a short discussion of the predisposing and precipitating factors of an expulsive hemorrhage prophylactic measures are suggested. The authors review critically the recommendation of a posterior sclerotomy as a form of treatment, as proposed in the literature. They prefer an immediate wound closure by means of the index finger as suggested by Kasner. In a simple model using eye bank eyes as well as rabbits eyes they were able to show that at intraocular tensions of 100 mm Hg digital wound closure could be successively replaced by single sutures resulting in a watertight suture without loss of eye contents. For reasons of safety, digital wound closure is recommended as an immediate measure even in merely suspicious cases.", "contents": "[Digital compression as an immediate measure in intraoperative expulsive hemorrhage. Clinical consideraitons and experimental investigations (author's transl)]. Following a short discussion of the predisposing and precipitating factors of an expulsive hemorrhage prophylactic measures are suggested. The authors review critically the recommendation of a posterior sclerotomy as a form of treatment, as proposed in the literature. They prefer an immediate wound closure by means of the index finger as suggested by Kasner. In a simple model using eye bank eyes as well as rabbits eyes they were able to show that at intraocular tensions of 100 mm Hg digital wound closure could be successively replaced by single sutures resulting in a watertight suture without loss of eye contents. For reasons of safety, digital wound closure is recommended as an immediate measure even in merely suspicious cases.", "PMID": 330932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11756", "title": "[The responsibility of medicine doctor (author's transl)].", "content": "Through the history of Medicine the author considers the mission of medical profession, its highs and downs. He specially analizes the responsibility of the doctors toward their patients. The author considers that anybody who is not able or self-sacrificed and has no true vocation, should no select the Medicine as his profession.", "contents": "[The responsibility of medicine doctor (author's transl)]. Through the history of Medicine the author considers the mission of medical profession, its highs and downs. He specially analizes the responsibility of the doctors toward their patients. The author considers that anybody who is not able or self-sacrificed and has no true vocation, should no select the Medicine as his profession.", "PMID": 330934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11757", "title": "[The changing meaning of the term nephrosis since Noeggerath (author's transl)].", "content": "The term nephrosis has changed its meaning considerably since it was coined by Friedrich v. M\u00fcller. At the time of Noeggerath, whose 100 anniversary just has passed, nephrosis was defined by morphological terms describing various histological alterations of the renal tubuli which were considered to be degenerative. Today nephrosis is a clinical diagnosis, and usually called nephrotic syndrome. It is characterized by heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia, and can be produced by various etiological causes. In pediatrics the most frequent type is lipoid nephrosis which is characterized by minimal glomerular lesions, negative immunofluorescence and steroid responsiveness. Patients with frequent relapses of lipoid nephrosis are difficult to handle by the physician, therefore the \"International Study of Kidney Diseases in Children\" and the \"Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Nephrologie\" are conducting cooperative therapeutic trials, which results are mentioned briefly.", "contents": "[The changing meaning of the term nephrosis since Noeggerath (author's transl)]. The term nephrosis has changed its meaning considerably since it was coined by Friedrich v. M\u00fcller. At the time of Noeggerath, whose 100 anniversary just has passed, nephrosis was defined by morphological terms describing various histological alterations of the renal tubuli which were considered to be degenerative. Today nephrosis is a clinical diagnosis, and usually called nephrotic syndrome. It is characterized by heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia, and can be produced by various etiological causes. In pediatrics the most frequent type is lipoid nephrosis which is characterized by minimal glomerular lesions, negative immunofluorescence and steroid responsiveness. Patients with frequent relapses of lipoid nephrosis are difficult to handle by the physician, therefore the \"International Study of Kidney Diseases in Children\" and the \"Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Nephrologie\" are conducting cooperative therapeutic trials, which results are mentioned briefly.", "PMID": 330935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11758", "title": "[Extramedullary tumor formation by acute myeloid leukoses in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In rare cases, leukoses can produce tumors before general symptoms and changes in the blood picture appear. Two boys were reported in whom tumors of the eye socket were removed, the tumors were histologically classified as myelosarcoma. During the course of several months, the clinical picture of an acute leukemia developed. The difficulties involved in the exact histologic recognition of myelosarcoma, its localization, the differential diagnosis of tumors of the eye socket in children as well as the therapy and prognosis for children with myelosarcoma were discussed.", "contents": "[Extramedullary tumor formation by acute myeloid leukoses in children (author's transl)]. In rare cases, leukoses can produce tumors before general symptoms and changes in the blood picture appear. Two boys were reported in whom tumors of the eye socket were removed, the tumors were histologically classified as myelosarcoma. During the course of several months, the clinical picture of an acute leukemia developed. The difficulties involved in the exact histologic recognition of myelosarcoma, its localization, the differential diagnosis of tumors of the eye socket in children as well as the therapy and prognosis for children with myelosarcoma were discussed.", "PMID": 330936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11759", "title": "[Effect of proscillaridin-4'-methylether on pressure rise velocity in the left ventricle of patients with coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In a randomized, controlled, double-blind study 2 groups of 7 patients each with coronary heart disease received either 1 mg methylproscillaridin (MP) a cardiac glycoside of the squill intravenously, or placebo to test the inotropic effect of MP. Pressures and dp/dt max were measured in the left ventricle before and after coronary angiography after an average of 62 min (60 to 70 min). There was a significant (p less than 0.05) increase of dp/dt max in the MP-group (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure was decreased from 16.1 to 13.6 mm Hg in the MP-group, and increased in theplacebo group from 12 to 13.7 mm Hg (mean values). Thus, a positive inotropic effect of the glycoside may be assumed.", "contents": "[Effect of proscillaridin-4'-methylether on pressure rise velocity in the left ventricle of patients with coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. In a randomized, controlled, double-blind study 2 groups of 7 patients each with coronary heart disease received either 1 mg methylproscillaridin (MP) a cardiac glycoside of the squill intravenously, or placebo to test the inotropic effect of MP. Pressures and dp/dt max were measured in the left ventricle before and after coronary angiography after an average of 62 min (60 to 70 min). There was a significant (p less than 0.05) increase of dp/dt max in the MP-group (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure was decreased from 16.1 to 13.6 mm Hg in the MP-group, and increased in theplacebo group from 12 to 13.7 mm Hg (mean values). Thus, a positive inotropic effect of the glycoside may be assumed.", "PMID": 330937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11760", "title": "The infectivity of drug resistant cases.", "content": "The present study shows that leprosy bacilli resistant to dapsone, multiply in mouse foot-pad as equally as the dapsone sensitive bacilli would multiply suggesting that the dapsone resistant case will be as infective as the dapsone sensitive case.", "contents": "The infectivity of drug resistant cases. The present study shows that leprosy bacilli resistant to dapsone, multiply in mouse foot-pad as equally as the dapsone sensitive bacilli would multiply suggesting that the dapsone resistant case will be as infective as the dapsone sensitive case.", "PMID": 330944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11761", "title": "Blood DDS levels and acetylation rates of sulphadimidine in leprosy patients.", "content": "The plasma DDS clearance rates and the acetylation rates of Sulphadimidine were studied in a group of 30 leprosy patients comprising of 17 non-responders and 13 responders to DDS treatment. No differences in the acetylator type or in the plasma DDS clearance were seen between the responders and non-responders. Acetylation rate did not bear any relation to the plasma clearance of DDS in the non-responders. The findings indicate that the resistance to DDS therapy in these patients is not related to any abnormal metabolic disposition of DDS.", "contents": "Blood DDS levels and acetylation rates of sulphadimidine in leprosy patients. The plasma DDS clearance rates and the acetylation rates of Sulphadimidine were studied in a group of 30 leprosy patients comprising of 17 non-responders and 13 responders to DDS treatment. No differences in the acetylator type or in the plasma DDS clearance were seen between the responders and non-responders. Acetylation rate did not bear any relation to the plasma clearance of DDS in the non-responders. The findings indicate that the resistance to DDS therapy in these patients is not related to any abnormal metabolic disposition of DDS.", "PMID": 330945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11762", "title": "The problem of cultivation of Mycobacterium leprae: a review with criteria for evaluating recent experimental work.", "content": "Some criteria are presented to help evaluate papers appearing in the literature claiming successful cultivation of M. leprae either in the absence or in the presence of tissue-cultured cells. Recently, electrom microscopic studies have definitely shown M. leprae to belong to the genus Mycobacterium and its division to occur through transverse section. A survey  is given of the mycobacterial strains isolated in the last 10 years from leprosy lesions. These strains belong to taxonomically different species and cannot be considered to be M. leprae. No substantial claim was made concerning the in vitro growth of M. leprae and the application of the tissue culture technique has been equally disappointing. The view is expressed that progress towards the in vitro cultivation of M. leprae can be made only as a result of increased knowledge about the intracellular environment and the metabolic activities of this organism, to be obtained by the application of modern biochemical and histochemical techniques.", "contents": "The problem of cultivation of Mycobacterium leprae: a review with criteria for evaluating recent experimental work. Some criteria are presented to help evaluate papers appearing in the literature claiming successful cultivation of M. leprae either in the absence or in the presence of tissue-cultured cells. Recently, electrom microscopic studies have definitely shown M. leprae to belong to the genus Mycobacterium and its division to occur through transverse section. A survey  is given of the mycobacterial strains isolated in the last 10 years from leprosy lesions. These strains belong to taxonomically different species and cannot be considered to be M. leprae. No substantial claim was made concerning the in vitro growth of M. leprae and the application of the tissue culture technique has been equally disappointing. The view is expressed that progress towards the in vitro cultivation of M. leprae can be made only as a result of increased knowledge about the intracellular environment and the metabolic activities of this organism, to be obtained by the application of modern biochemical and histochemical techniques.", "PMID": 330946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11763", "title": "A story completion approach as a measure of language development in children.", "content": "A task employing a story completion approach was administered to 120 children who exhibited normal language development. Fifteen boys and 15 girls at four-, five-, six-, and seven-year age levels were tested. The test elicits 14 grammatical structures using 28 stories. Significant differences in structures did not occur between the sexes at any age level but males required more prompting. Significant differences in the total number of correct responses were established between the four and five year olds and between the five and six year olds but not between the six and seven year olds. Performance by age varied according to the grammatical structure. Simple structures were produced most accurately by the younger subjects while the more advanced ones were used by the older subjects. Discussion of results emphasized normal cognitive and language development as well as the clinical significance for the assessment of language behavior.", "contents": "A story completion approach as a measure of language development in children. A task employing a story completion approach was administered to 120 children who exhibited normal language development. Fifteen boys and 15 girls at four-, five-, six-, and seven-year age levels were tested. The test elicits 14 grammatical structures using 28 stories. Significant differences in structures did not occur between the sexes at any age level but males required more prompting. Significant differences in the total number of correct responses were established between the four and five year olds and between the five and six year olds but not between the six and seven year olds. Performance by age varied according to the grammatical structure. Simple structures were produced most accurately by the younger subjects while the more advanced ones were used by the older subjects. Discussion of results emphasized normal cognitive and language development as well as the clinical significance for the assessment of language behavior.", "PMID": 330948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11764", "title": "\"Temperance tales\". Antiliquor fiction and American attitudes toward alcoholics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.", "content": "Much of the American temperance fiction and graphics (the \"Temperance Tales\") of the mid-1800s to the early 1900s demonstrated a relatively sophisticated understanding of the progressive nature of alcoholism. In explaining the alcoholic process to the public, this fiction contributed to the general belief that the typical alcoholic was a Skid Row-like derelict.", "contents": "\"Temperance tales\". Antiliquor fiction and American attitudes toward alcoholics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Much of the American temperance fiction and graphics (the \"Temperance Tales\") of the mid-1800s to the early 1900s demonstrated a relatively sophisticated understanding of the progressive nature of alcoholism. In explaining the alcoholic process to the public, this fiction contributed to the general belief that the typical alcoholic was a Skid Row-like derelict.", "PMID": 330956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11765", "title": "Adjuvant role of radiation in soft tissue sarcoma in adults.", "content": "Forty-seven patients with soft tissue sarcomas were analyzed retrospectively. Treatment was non-randomized between surgery alone, preoperative radiation of 5,000 rads/5 weeks, postoperative radiation of 6,000 rads/6 weeks following total gross tumor removal, and postoperative radiation (variable dosees) for residual gross or unresectable tumor. Preoperative radiation was not statistically better for local control or survival compared to postoperative radiation after local excision of gross tumor. Wide excision, higher postoperative radiation dosage, and/or enlarged radiation portals perhaps would improve results. Additional adjuvant therapies, such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy, needs to be investigated.", "contents": "Adjuvant role of radiation in soft tissue sarcoma in adults. Forty-seven patients with soft tissue sarcomas were analyzed retrospectively. Treatment was non-randomized between surgery alone, preoperative radiation of 5,000 rads/5 weeks, postoperative radiation of 6,000 rads/6 weeks following total gross tumor removal, and postoperative radiation (variable dosees) for residual gross or unresectable tumor. Preoperative radiation was not statistically better for local control or survival compared to postoperative radiation after local excision of gross tumor. Wide excision, higher postoperative radiation dosage, and/or enlarged radiation portals perhaps would improve results. Additional adjuvant therapies, such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy, needs to be investigated.", "PMID": 330957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11766", "title": "Five-year follow-up results of a collaborative study of therapies for carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "Results after 5 years of follow-up in a cooperative trial of therapies for operable bladder cancer confirmed preliminary indications of a beneficial effect of preoperative irradiation. Improved survival was experienced by the one-third of the irradiated patients who experienced complete eradication of the tumor as indicated from the resected specimen 30-60 days after a 30-day course of 4,500 rads. These patients had a 55% chance of surviving 5 years as opposed to a 32% chance for those where irradiation did not eradicate the tumor, or similarly for those not irradiated. A postoperative course of chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracial appeared to act detrimentally when given to patients irradiated preoperatively, but may have had a slight benefit when given after surgery alone.", "contents": "Five-year follow-up results of a collaborative study of therapies for carcinoma of the bladder. Results after 5 years of follow-up in a cooperative trial of therapies for operable bladder cancer confirmed preliminary indications of a beneficial effect of preoperative irradiation. Improved survival was experienced by the one-third of the irradiated patients who experienced complete eradication of the tumor as indicated from the resected specimen 30-60 days after a 30-day course of 4,500 rads. These patients had a 55% chance of surviving 5 years as opposed to a 32% chance for those where irradiation did not eradicate the tumor, or similarly for those not irradiated. A postoperative course of chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracial appeared to act detrimentally when given to patients irradiated preoperatively, but may have had a slight benefit when given after surgery alone.", "PMID": 330958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11767", "title": "The diffuse neuroendocrine system and the apud concept: related \"endocrine\" peptides in brain, intestine, pituitary, placenta, and anuran cutaneous glands.", "content": "A number of peptides, closely related in terms of their amino acid sequences, have been found to occur in the gastroenteropancreatic system on the one hand and in the brain on the other. A common range of peptides links the pituitary gland and the placenta and 4 groups of peptides, found in anuran cutaneous glands, are related to the brain and intestinal peptides of mammals. The cells responsible for the production of these peptides, in whatever situation they occur, belong to the APUD (\"Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation\") series and they share a number of cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics which reflect their functional similarities. It was originally suggested that the production of common peptides could be explained on the basis of the origin of the cells from a common ancestor. It is now postulated rather that, being derived at different periods of time from the embryonic epiblast--or perhaps, more accurately, ectoblast--they share a common neuroendocrine programme which is manifested by their possession of the acronymous amine-handling characteristics of the series and whose final expression is determined by microenvironmental circumstances. The APUD concept thus links together a whole spectrum of peptides some of which are hormones, or local hormones, others neurotransmitters and yet others probably exotoxins. Its implications are widespread, and far reaching, affecting most disciplines in the field of medical biology.", "contents": "The diffuse neuroendocrine system and the apud concept: related \"endocrine\" peptides in brain, intestine, pituitary, placenta, and anuran cutaneous glands. A number of peptides, closely related in terms of their amino acid sequences, have been found to occur in the gastroenteropancreatic system on the one hand and in the brain on the other. A common range of peptides links the pituitary gland and the placenta and 4 groups of peptides, found in anuran cutaneous glands, are related to the brain and intestinal peptides of mammals. The cells responsible for the production of these peptides, in whatever situation they occur, belong to the APUD (\"Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation\") series and they share a number of cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics which reflect their functional similarities. It was originally suggested that the production of common peptides could be explained on the basis of the origin of the cells from a common ancestor. It is now postulated rather that, being derived at different periods of time from the embryonic epiblast--or perhaps, more accurately, ectoblast--they share a common neuroendocrine programme which is manifested by their possession of the acronymous amine-handling characteristics of the series and whose final expression is determined by microenvironmental circumstances. The APUD concept thus links together a whole spectrum of peptides some of which are hormones, or local hormones, others neurotransmitters and yet others probably exotoxins. Its implications are widespread, and far reaching, affecting most disciplines in the field of medical biology.", "PMID": 330966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11768", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of surface changes on dispersed pancreatic beta-cells following stimulation of insulin release.", "content": "The surface structure of isolated, viable beta-cells was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Suspensions of islet cells wuse. Cells incubated with and without D-glucose were fixed while in suspension, filtered onto Nucleopore filters and prepared for scanning electron microscopy by the critical point drying procedure. After incubation in glucose-free medium the cells were spherical with surface blebs and occasional small pits. Cells stimulated with 20 mM D-glucose and 0.1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine exhibited a two-fold increase in the number of blebs and in insulin release. The increased number of blebs was still seen in a Ca++ deficient medium, and may, therefore, not necessarily reflect an insulin extrusion phenomenon. It is concluded that D-glucose induces alternations of the surface morphology in isolated beta-cells in suspension.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of surface changes on dispersed pancreatic beta-cells following stimulation of insulin release. The surface structure of isolated, viable beta-cells was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Suspensions of islet cells wuse. Cells incubated with and without D-glucose were fixed while in suspension, filtered onto Nucleopore filters and prepared for scanning electron microscopy by the critical point drying procedure. After incubation in glucose-free medium the cells were spherical with surface blebs and occasional small pits. Cells stimulated with 20 mM D-glucose and 0.1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine exhibited a two-fold increase in the number of blebs and in insulin release. The increased number of blebs was still seen in a Ca++ deficient medium, and may, therefore, not necessarily reflect an insulin extrusion phenomenon. It is concluded that D-glucose induces alternations of the surface morphology in isolated beta-cells in suspension.", "PMID": 330967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11769", "title": "Medicaid utilization of services in a prepaid group practice health plan.", "content": "To provide medical service at lower costs without diminishing either quality or coverage, the District of Columbia enrolled approximately 1,000 Medicaid beneficiaries, voluntarily, in a prepaid group practice (PGP). The project was evaluated over a three-year period (1971-1974) with regard to: 1) rate of utilzation of medical care before and after enrollment; 2) costs of care per capita as compared with those of the 160,000 beneficiaries in the Medicaid fee-for-service universe; and 3) patient satisfaction with the PGP. Results indicate that for the 834 individuals aged 1 through 64 enrolled in the PGP; ambulatory physican encounter rates decreased 15 per cent, drug utilization was down 18 per cent, hospital admissions decreased 30 per cent, and hospital days declined 32 per cent after enrollment. For the same benefit package, annual prepaid per capita costs for the Medicaid PGP enrollees for 1972, 1973, 1974 were only +282, +232, and +286 respectively, representing a 37 per cent saving when compared to the fee-for-service per capita costs of the Medicaid Universe which stood of +373, +435 and +465 over the same period. The instrument used to probe patient satisfaction showed the Study Group was satisfied with the PGP, and received better dental care. The voluntary dropout rate from the PGP was only 2.5 per cent; and out-of-plan utilization was low, indicating good acceptance of the PGP service.", "contents": "Medicaid utilization of services in a prepaid group practice health plan. To provide medical service at lower costs without diminishing either quality or coverage, the District of Columbia enrolled approximately 1,000 Medicaid beneficiaries, voluntarily, in a prepaid group practice (PGP). The project was evaluated over a three-year period (1971-1974) with regard to: 1) rate of utilzation of medical care before and after enrollment; 2) costs of care per capita as compared with those of the 160,000 beneficiaries in the Medicaid fee-for-service universe; and 3) patient satisfaction with the PGP. Results indicate that for the 834 individuals aged 1 through 64 enrolled in the PGP; ambulatory physican encounter rates decreased 15 per cent, drug utilization was down 18 per cent, hospital admissions decreased 30 per cent, and hospital days declined 32 per cent after enrollment. For the same benefit package, annual prepaid per capita costs for the Medicaid PGP enrollees for 1972, 1973, 1974 were only +282, +232, and +286 respectively, representing a 37 per cent saving when compared to the fee-for-service per capita costs of the Medicaid Universe which stood of +373, +435 and +465 over the same period. The instrument used to probe patient satisfaction showed the Study Group was satisfied with the PGP, and received better dental care. The voluntary dropout rate from the PGP was only 2.5 per cent; and out-of-plan utilization was low, indicating good acceptance of the PGP service.", "PMID": 330968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11770", "title": "The affinity and spectrum of cross reactivity of antibody production in senescent mice: the IgM response.", "content": "Experiments were performed to determine whether the IgM component of the primary humoral immune response of senescent mice differs from that of young-adult mice in its affinity, specificity or heterogeneity. For this purpose, mice were immunized with the T-dependent antigen, TNP-KLH, or the T-independent antigen, TNP-LPS. Affinity and specificity of the anti-TNP response were studied at the cellular level by the plaque inhibition technique using the cross-reacting haptens TNP-epsilon-aminocaproic acid )TNP-EACA),DNP-EACA and ONP-EACA. It was found that when the immunogen was TNP-KLH, the peak IgM response was delayed in senescent animals by several days as compared to the response in young adults. However, the number of PFC on the day of peak response was comparable. No age related delay in the peak of response was detected when the antigen was TNP-LPS although the magnitude of response was reduced in old age. The average affinity of the plaque forming cell responses to both immunogens is comparable in young and old mice.", "contents": "The affinity and spectrum of cross reactivity of antibody production in senescent mice: the IgM response. Experiments were performed to determine whether the IgM component of the primary humoral immune response of senescent mice differs from that of young-adult mice in its affinity, specificity or heterogeneity. For this purpose, mice were immunized with the T-dependent antigen, TNP-KLH, or the T-independent antigen, TNP-LPS. Affinity and specificity of the anti-TNP response were studied at the cellular level by the plaque inhibition technique using the cross-reacting haptens TNP-epsilon-aminocaproic acid )TNP-EACA),DNP-EACA and ONP-EACA. It was found that when the immunogen was TNP-KLH, the peak IgM response was delayed in senescent animals by several days as compared to the response in young adults. However, the number of PFC on the day of peak response was comparable. No age related delay in the peak of response was detected when the antigen was TNP-LPS although the magnitude of response was reduced in old age. The average affinity of the plaque forming cell responses to both immunogens is comparable in young and old mice.", "PMID": 330965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11771", "title": "Specific immunotherapy with neuraminidase-modified leukemic cells: experimental and clinical trials.", "content": "The data presented establish the therapeutic effectiveness of immunotherapy with neuraminidase-treated allogeneic myeloblasts in combination with sustaining chemotherapy in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia. The in vivo and in vitro immunologic tests indicate normal immunocompetence in patients receiving immunotherapy versus control patients treated with chemotherapy alone. These findings correlate well with the improved duration of remission as the direct result of the immunotherapy.", "contents": "Specific immunotherapy with neuraminidase-modified leukemic cells: experimental and clinical trials. The data presented establish the therapeutic effectiveness of immunotherapy with neuraminidase-treated allogeneic myeloblasts in combination with sustaining chemotherapy in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia. The in vivo and in vitro immunologic tests indicate normal immunocompetence in patients receiving immunotherapy versus control patients treated with chemotherapy alone. These findings correlate well with the improved duration of remission as the direct result of the immunotherapy.", "PMID": 330972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11772", "title": "Platelet transfusion therapy.", "content": "Platelet transfusions are of unquestionably proven benefit for the correction of thrombocytopenia or functional platelet disorders, and they have allowed for more intensive antineoplastic therapy. With the advent of blood component therapy most modern blood banks now have the capabilities for supplying at least limited quantities of platelets. Refinements in procurement methods will inevitably lead to a greater supply of platelets and the establishment of larger transfusion programs. These programs will need to incorporate facilities for platelet storage, recruitment of suitable donors, selection of special donors for refractory patients, and methods for quality control. As antineoplastic therapy becomes more aggressive, such transfusion programs will become an integral part of the operation of cancer treatment centers.", "contents": "Platelet transfusion therapy. Platelet transfusions are of unquestionably proven benefit for the correction of thrombocytopenia or functional platelet disorders, and they have allowed for more intensive antineoplastic therapy. With the advent of blood component therapy most modern blood banks now have the capabilities for supplying at least limited quantities of platelets. Refinements in procurement methods will inevitably lead to a greater supply of platelets and the establishment of larger transfusion programs. These programs will need to incorporate facilities for platelet storage, recruitment of suitable donors, selection of special donors for refractory patients, and methods for quality control. As antineoplastic therapy becomes more aggressive, such transfusion programs will become an integral part of the operation of cancer treatment centers.", "PMID": 330975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11773", "title": "[Focal epidermal necrolisis. A variation of lupus erythematosus of a new disease?].", "content": "Four cases with clinical characteristics closely related to Lupus Erythematosus Disseminatum are reported by the authors. The evolution, progress and the biochemical, immunological and photobiological data were different from those usually found in L.E.D. The histopathological picture was also dissimilar, the most characteristic finding being a sharply limited epidermal necrolysis with focal distribution. In view of the peculiarities of the clinico-pathological syndrome presented by these patients, the authors raise the questions does it represent a special modality of L.E.D. or a new lupus-like disease?", "contents": "[Focal epidermal necrolisis. A variation of lupus erythematosus of a new disease?]. Four cases with clinical characteristics closely related to Lupus Erythematosus Disseminatum are reported by the authors. The evolution, progress and the biochemical, immunological and photobiological data were different from those usually found in L.E.D. The histopathological picture was also dissimilar, the most characteristic finding being a sharply limited epidermal necrolysis with focal distribution. In view of the peculiarities of the clinico-pathological syndrome presented by these patients, the authors raise the questions does it represent a special modality of L.E.D. or a new lupus-like disease?", "PMID": 330980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11774", "title": "Use of implantation in facial deformities.", "content": "Augmentation of facial defects remains an area of challenge and controversy. Advocates of alloplastic implants cite the convenience of prepackaged materials, which they feel outweighs the possibility of rejection. Those favoring autografts prefer their long-term predictability, but must contend with resorption and the disadvantages of obtaining the implantation material. The use of supramid mesh may combine the advantages of allopasts with the long-term predictability of autografts after fibrous ingrowth has occurred. Our experience over the past 4 years in 164 cases indicates that supramide mesh may represent a significant advance in augmentation of facial deformities.", "contents": "Use of implantation in facial deformities. Augmentation of facial defects remains an area of challenge and controversy. Advocates of alloplastic implants cite the convenience of prepackaged materials, which they feel outweighs the possibility of rejection. Those favoring autografts prefer their long-term predictability, but must contend with resorption and the disadvantages of obtaining the implantation material. The use of supramid mesh may combine the advantages of allopasts with the long-term predictability of autografts after fibrous ingrowth has occurred. Our experience over the past 4 years in 164 cases indicates that supramide mesh may represent a significant advance in augmentation of facial deformities.", "PMID": 330991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11775", "title": "Sterol mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: chromatographic analyses.", "content": "The sterols accumulated by ergosterol deficient mutants of the genes erg6, erg2, erg3, and erg5 (formerly po11, po12, po13, and po15) have been analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Together with pure sterols obtained from the mutants, they were characterized on SE-30, OV-17, and OV-225. The effects of molecular structure on the retention characteristics of a range of C28 ergostane sterols have been studied. The double mutants obtained by crossing the single mutants were also analyzed and their sterols identified where possible. The effects of the erg mutations on the control of sterol biosynthesis in yeast are discussed.", "contents": "Sterol mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: chromatographic analyses. The sterols accumulated by ergosterol deficient mutants of the genes erg6, erg2, erg3, and erg5 (formerly po11, po12, po13, and po15) have been analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Together with pure sterols obtained from the mutants, they were characterized on SE-30, OV-17, and OV-225. The effects of molecular structure on the retention characteristics of a range of C28 ergostane sterols have been studied. The double mutants obtained by crossing the single mutants were also analyzed and their sterols identified where possible. The effects of the erg mutations on the control of sterol biosynthesis in yeast are discussed.", "PMID": 331007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11776", "title": "Accumulation of ergosta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured with an azasterol antimycotic agent.", "content": "15-Aza-25-methylene-D-homocholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol, an antimycotic agent, at a concentration of 75 ng/ml inhibited ergosterol biosynthetis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 3701B resulting in the accumulation of an unusual sterol. Experimental data presented indicate that this sterol is ergosta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol. The accumulation of the compound is supportive of current models of biosynthetic pathways for sterols in yeast and is consistent with inhibition by the azasterol of the delta14 sterol reductase.", "contents": "Accumulation of ergosta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured with an azasterol antimycotic agent. 15-Aza-25-methylene-D-homocholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol, an antimycotic agent, at a concentration of 75 ng/ml inhibited ergosterol biosynthetis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 3701B resulting in the accumulation of an unusual sterol. Experimental data presented indicate that this sterol is ergosta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol. The accumulation of the compound is supportive of current models of biosynthetic pathways for sterols in yeast and is consistent with inhibition by the azasterol of the delta14 sterol reductase.", "PMID": 331008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11777", "title": "Alkaloids of Thalictrum. XXI. Isolation and characterization of alkaloids from the roots of Thalictrum podocarpum.", "content": "Thirteen alkaloids, hernandezine, thalidezine, N-desmethylthalidezine, isothalidezine, thalistyline, thalistyline methodiiodide, N-desemethylthalistyline, berberine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, thalifendine, magnoflorine and the artifact, 8-trichloromethyldihydroberberine were isolated from the roots of Thalictrum podocarpum Humb. In addition, oxyberberine and thaliglucinone were obtained in very minor amounts and identified by tlc. Of these compounds, N-desmethylthalidezine and isothalidezine are new bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Sucrose was isolated from the alcoholic extract.  Hernandezine, thalistyline, thalidezine, thalistyline methodiiodide and N-desmethylthalistyline were found to possess antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis at concentrations of 100 microgram/ml or less.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Thalictrum. XXI. Isolation and characterization of alkaloids from the roots of Thalictrum podocarpum. Thirteen alkaloids, hernandezine, thalidezine, N-desmethylthalidezine, isothalidezine, thalistyline, thalistyline methodiiodide, N-desemethylthalistyline, berberine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, thalifendine, magnoflorine and the artifact, 8-trichloromethyldihydroberberine were isolated from the roots of Thalictrum podocarpum Humb. In addition, oxyberberine and thaliglucinone were obtained in very minor amounts and identified by tlc. Of these compounds, N-desmethylthalidezine and isothalidezine are new bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Sucrose was isolated from the alcoholic extract.  Hernandezine, thalistyline, thalidezine, thalistyline methodiiodide and N-desmethylthalistyline were found to possess antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis at concentrations of 100 microgram/ml or less.", "PMID": 331006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11778", "title": "[Study of the sequential stages of Proteus vulgaris L-transformation by scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "Consecutive stages of L-transformation caused by penicillin in Proteus vulgaris were studied, from spheroplasts and unstable, easily reversing L-forms to stable L-forms which did not reverse. To maintain natural topography of the culture on the growth medium, millipore filters were placed on the surface of the medium and then were fixed with the culture. All the main elements of L-cultures were found at the stage of spheroplast formation, before the first passage onto the medium for cultivating L-forms, i.e. spherical cells having a diameter from 3.5 to 1 mcm, elementary bodies 1.0-0.6 mcm large, filamentous structures with a diameter to 4 mcm, large bodies having dimensions of 20 mcm and more, and \"cell-free\" masses. The composition of the structural elements and their reproduction are supposed to be almost the same in the bacterial culture and L-forms at the stage of spheroplast formation.", "contents": "[Study of the sequential stages of Proteus vulgaris L-transformation by scanning electron microscopy]. Consecutive stages of L-transformation caused by penicillin in Proteus vulgaris were studied, from spheroplasts and unstable, easily reversing L-forms to stable L-forms which did not reverse. To maintain natural topography of the culture on the growth medium, millipore filters were placed on the surface of the medium and then were fixed with the culture. All the main elements of L-cultures were found at the stage of spheroplast formation, before the first passage onto the medium for cultivating L-forms, i.e. spherical cells having a diameter from 3.5 to 1 mcm, elementary bodies 1.0-0.6 mcm large, filamentous structures with a diameter to 4 mcm, large bodies having dimensions of 20 mcm and more, and \"cell-free\" masses. The composition of the structural elements and their reproduction are supposed to be almost the same in the bacterial culture and L-forms at the stage of spheroplast formation.", "PMID": 331029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11779", "title": "Catecholamines cause the hypercalciuria and hypercalcaemia in phaeochromocytoma and in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Catecholamines induce bone resorption and hypercalcaemia by the beta-adrenergic effect in bone and hypercalciuria by the alpha adrenergic effect in kidney. The interplay between the alpha-adrenergic hypercalciuria and beta-adrenergic hypercalcaemia explains why in some, but not all, phaeochromocytomas hypercalcaemia occurs. The hypothesis predicts hypercalciuria in both phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. In hyperthyroidism, negative calcium balance and hypercalcaemia cannot be attributed to the direct effect of thyroid hormones on the bone but can be explained by augmentation of the catecholamine effects on bone and kidney by thyroid hormones. The hypothesis offers a solution for an apparent paradox in hyperthyroidism of increased urinary cAMP while nephrogenous cAMP is decreased. It also explains why propranolol corrects hypercalcaemia without influencing renal calcium loss.", "contents": "Catecholamines cause the hypercalciuria and hypercalcaemia in phaeochromocytoma and in hyperthyroidism. Catecholamines induce bone resorption and hypercalcaemia by the beta-adrenergic effect in bone and hypercalciuria by the alpha adrenergic effect in kidney. The interplay between the alpha-adrenergic hypercalciuria and beta-adrenergic hypercalcaemia explains why in some, but not all, phaeochromocytomas hypercalcaemia occurs. The hypothesis predicts hypercalciuria in both phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. In hyperthyroidism, negative calcium balance and hypercalcaemia cannot be attributed to the direct effect of thyroid hormones on the bone but can be explained by augmentation of the catecholamine effects on bone and kidney by thyroid hormones. The hypothesis offers a solution for an apparent paradox in hyperthyroidism of increased urinary cAMP while nephrogenous cAMP is decreased. It also explains why propranolol corrects hypercalcaemia without influencing renal calcium loss.", "PMID": 331032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11780", "title": "The problem of human protein requirements: some kinetic and metabolic considerations.", "content": "Estimated human protein requirements have been substantially lowered by FAO/WHO expert committees over the past two decades. The estimates and methods of calculation are considered in the light of the kinetics of response to protein intake, body protein turnover, amino acid flows in the body, and the concept of nitrogen (N) steady state. Whereas traditional methods of estimation have assumed an essentially linear (first order) response of N retention to absorbed N, animal studies show that response to graded protein intakes obeys saturation kinetics. Corrections for protein quality have also assumed a linear relation between response and supply of limiting amino acid, while animal experiments indicate that this response likewise follows saturation kinetics. Evidence is lacking that the present minimum protein standards for humans can support acceptable internal nitrogen steady states at any age above infancy or foster normal growth in the child. New research approaches to determination of protein requirements are suggested , including study of the kinetics of human response to graded protein intakes and graded variations of quality; development of indicators of nitrogen steady state and correlation with clinical status; and determination of optimum protein-energy ratios by age and sex.", "contents": "The problem of human protein requirements: some kinetic and metabolic considerations. Estimated human protein requirements have been substantially lowered by FAO/WHO expert committees over the past two decades. The estimates and methods of calculation are considered in the light of the kinetics of response to protein intake, body protein turnover, amino acid flows in the body, and the concept of nitrogen (N) steady state. Whereas traditional methods of estimation have assumed an essentially linear (first order) response of N retention to absorbed N, animal studies show that response to graded protein intakes obeys saturation kinetics. Corrections for protein quality have also assumed a linear relation between response and supply of limiting amino acid, while animal experiments indicate that this response likewise follows saturation kinetics. Evidence is lacking that the present minimum protein standards for humans can support acceptable internal nitrogen steady states at any age above infancy or foster normal growth in the child. New research approaches to determination of protein requirements are suggested , including study of the kinetics of human response to graded protein intakes and graded variations of quality; development of indicators of nitrogen steady state and correlation with clinical status; and determination of optimum protein-energy ratios by age and sex.", "PMID": 331033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11781", "title": "Serratia: opportunistic pathogen of increasing clinical importance.", "content": "Serratia marcescens can become a formidable nosocomial (hospital acquired) pathogen, and is reported increasingly in the world literature. However, it is only a recently recognized problem in Australia. Serratia can carry an antibiotic-resistance plasmid, and, after entry of the organism into very sick patients, it may be hard or impossible to eliminate. Initial experience of Serratia in 34 consecutive cases isolated in a three-months period is presented. Rapid increase in the number of Serratia infections occurred after the appearance of a resistant strain. Urinary infection was the commonest presentation (91% of cases). The presence of an indwelling urinary catheter in a debilitated patient was the major predisposing factor. Significant bacteraemia followed in four cases with one death. Contamination of burns (surfaces) and surgical wounds was found in four cases. Serratia strains were found to be highly resistant to most antimicrobial agents in routine sensitivity testing, 20% being fully resistant to all tested agents, and nalidixic acid being the most effective inhibitor in the remainder. With bacteriocin typing of Serratia, two types were found to be dominant. These two bacteriocin types were not identified among strains isolated from other sources such as soil, water and local hospitals. Pharyngeal carriage was found in only one case, but faecal excretion of Serratia was found in 11 cases and may be a significant portal of dissemination. Cross-infection from a hospital reservoir of resistant organisms is postulated. A model of cross-infection is also proposed, and methods of control are discussed. In view of the established danger of Serratia in the hospital setting, its isolation can no longer be ignored.", "contents": "Serratia: opportunistic pathogen of increasing clinical importance. Serratia marcescens can become a formidable nosocomial (hospital acquired) pathogen, and is reported increasingly in the world literature. However, it is only a recently recognized problem in Australia. Serratia can carry an antibiotic-resistance plasmid, and, after entry of the organism into very sick patients, it may be hard or impossible to eliminate. Initial experience of Serratia in 34 consecutive cases isolated in a three-months period is presented. Rapid increase in the number of Serratia infections occurred after the appearance of a resistant strain. Urinary infection was the commonest presentation (91% of cases). The presence of an indwelling urinary catheter in a debilitated patient was the major predisposing factor. Significant bacteraemia followed in four cases with one death. Contamination of burns (surfaces) and surgical wounds was found in four cases. Serratia strains were found to be highly resistant to most antimicrobial agents in routine sensitivity testing, 20% being fully resistant to all tested agents, and nalidixic acid being the most effective inhibitor in the remainder. With bacteriocin typing of Serratia, two types were found to be dominant. These two bacteriocin types were not identified among strains isolated from other sources such as soil, water and local hospitals. Pharyngeal carriage was found in only one case, but faecal excretion of Serratia was found in 11 cases and may be a significant portal of dissemination. Cross-infection from a hospital reservoir of resistant organisms is postulated. A model of cross-infection is also proposed, and methods of control are discussed. In view of the established danger of Serratia in the hospital setting, its isolation can no longer be ignored.", "PMID": 331049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11782", "title": "Atavistic regression as a factor in the remission of cancer.", "content": "It is suggested that the atavistic regression of the mind in intensive meditation is accompanied by a similar physiological regression, and that this may involve the immune system and so influence the patient's defences against cancer.", "contents": "Atavistic regression as a factor in the remission of cancer. It is suggested that the atavistic regression of the mind in intensive meditation is accompanied by a similar physiological regression, and that this may involve the immune system and so influence the patient's defences against cancer.", "PMID": 331050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11783", "title": "Methadyl acetate versus methadone: the experience of one hospital.", "content": "Sixty subjects participated in a double-blind study comparing methadyl acetate (80 mg) with two dosages of methadone (50 mg and 100 mg) in the maintenance of opiate addicts. The safety of all three regimens was supported and methadyl acetate was as effective as methadone in the retention of subjects.", "contents": "Methadyl acetate versus methadone: the experience of one hospital. Sixty subjects participated in a double-blind study comparing methadyl acetate (80 mg) with two dosages of methadone (50 mg and 100 mg) in the maintenance of opiate addicts. The safety of all three regimens was supported and methadyl acetate was as effective as methadone in the retention of subjects.", "PMID": 331052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11784", "title": "[On the effect of d,l-kavain: experience with neuronika (author's transl)].", "content": "To test kawa-pyron L,D-Kavain, one of the constituents of the kawa-rhizom, a double blind study was carried out. 84 paticipants suffering from vegetative symptoms were selected according to Eysenck's personality inventory (MMQ). The first group of 32 were between 20 and 40, the second between 30 and 55 years of age. Each group was diviided into a kavain group and a placebo group. Treatment consisted of 2 capsules per day (with 200 mg kavain in each capsule) respectively 2 placebo for the memebers of the control group. The program testing the effects of treatment was controlled by measurements of memory functions, vigilance, fluency of mental functions, reacton time, and of circulation functions controlled by ergometer (100 watt). We registered a continuous increase in the psychophysical parameters mentioned above during the 3 weeks of treatment. There was no difference between younger and older persons.", "contents": "[On the effect of d,l-kavain: experience with neuronika (author's transl)]. To test kawa-pyron L,D-Kavain, one of the constituents of the kawa-rhizom, a double blind study was carried out. 84 paticipants suffering from vegetative symptoms were selected according to Eysenck's personality inventory (MMQ). The first group of 32 were between 20 and 40, the second between 30 and 55 years of age. Each group was diviided into a kavain group and a placebo group. Treatment consisted of 2 capsules per day (with 200 mg kavain in each capsule) respectively 2 placebo for the memebers of the control group. The program testing the effects of treatment was controlled by measurements of memory functions, vigilance, fluency of mental functions, reacton time, and of circulation functions controlled by ergometer (100 watt). We registered a continuous increase in the psychophysical parameters mentioned above during the 3 weeks of treatment. There was no difference between younger and older persons.", "PMID": 331057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11785", "title": "Evaluation of two test-kits--API and Oxi Ferm tube--for identification of oxidative-fermentative Gram-negative rods.", "content": "Two test-kits--API and Oxi Ferm tube--have been compared for accuracy in individual tests and for identification on the genus or species level with conventional biochemical tests on 154 oxidative-fermentative gram-negative rods. The two test systems were found to be reliable and permit identification of the clinically most significant oxidative-fermentative strains.", "contents": "Evaluation of two test-kits--API and Oxi Ferm tube--for identification of oxidative-fermentative Gram-negative rods. Two test-kits--API and Oxi Ferm tube--have been compared for accuracy in individual tests and for identification on the genus or species level with conventional biochemical tests on 154 oxidative-fermentative gram-negative rods. The two test systems were found to be reliable and permit identification of the clinically most significant oxidative-fermentative strains.", "PMID": 331064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11786", "title": "Special O:K:H serotypes among enterotoxigenic E. coli strains from diarrhea in adults and children. Occurrence of the CF (colonization factor) antigen and of hemagglutinating abilities.", "content": "O:H serotypes previously found to be prevalent among a number of toxigenic strains from several geographic areas were examined for polysaccharide K antigen type. Members of each O:H serotype had the same type of K antigen and were found to be characterized by a certain fermentation pattern. Some O:H serotypes had no K antigen. The serofermentative types defined were: 06:K15:H16, 08:K40:H9, 015:H11, 025:K7:H42, 025:K98:H-, 078:H11, 078:H12, and 0149:H10. Some strains of the last-mentioned serotype, which were suspected of having caused a food-borne infection, had K88. This serotype belongs to the group of strains causing diarrhea in swine. The surface antigen (CF) described as a colonization factor [5] was demonstrated in 078:H-, 078:H11, and 078:H12 strains; but not in any strain of the other serotypes nor in any of 248 strains belonging to 078 but not isolated from cases of human diarrhea. Presence of the CF antigen was correlated with presence of a mannose-resistant ability to cause agglutination of human red cells. Behavior of the other serotypes as regards hemagglutinating abilities was examined and 025:K7:H42 strains were found to be very similar to the 078 strains in this respect.", "contents": "Special O:K:H serotypes among enterotoxigenic E. coli strains from diarrhea in adults and children. Occurrence of the CF (colonization factor) antigen and of hemagglutinating abilities. O:H serotypes previously found to be prevalent among a number of toxigenic strains from several geographic areas were examined for polysaccharide K antigen type. Members of each O:H serotype had the same type of K antigen and were found to be characterized by a certain fermentation pattern. Some O:H serotypes had no K antigen. The serofermentative types defined were: 06:K15:H16, 08:K40:H9, 015:H11, 025:K7:H42, 025:K98:H-, 078:H11, 078:H12, and 0149:H10. Some strains of the last-mentioned serotype, which were suspected of having caused a food-borne infection, had K88. This serotype belongs to the group of strains causing diarrhea in swine. The surface antigen (CF) described as a colonization factor [5] was demonstrated in 078:H-, 078:H11, and 078:H12 strains; but not in any strain of the other serotypes nor in any of 248 strains belonging to 078 but not isolated from cases of human diarrhea. Presence of the CF antigen was correlated with presence of a mannose-resistant ability to cause agglutination of human red cells. Behavior of the other serotypes as regards hemagglutinating abilities was examined and 025:K7:H42 strains were found to be very similar to the 078 strains in this respect.", "PMID": 331065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11787", "title": "Review: ion-selective electrodes in clinical chemistry.", "content": "The theoretic framework of electrode systems and numerical data for use in serum analysis is given. Original literature and recent applications to serum analysis are compiled for different types of sensors. The interactions of various effects and their relevance in the context of the precision that newer instrumentation offers are discussed. Specifically, the following topics are treated: response to interfering ions (Nicolsky Eq.), concentration to activity conversion (Debye-H\u00fcckel formalism), and liquid-junction potentials (Henderson Eq.); Debye-H\u00fcckel parameters, selectivity factors, and physiologic activity ranges; solid-state, liquid-membrane, and special electrodes; flow-through systems, precision, and stability.", "contents": "Review: ion-selective electrodes in clinical chemistry. The theoretic framework of electrode systems and numerical data for use in serum analysis is given. Original literature and recent applications to serum analysis are compiled for different types of sensors. The interactions of various effects and their relevance in the context of the precision that newer instrumentation offers are discussed. Specifically, the following topics are treated: response to interfering ions (Nicolsky Eq.), concentration to activity conversion (Debye-H\u00fcckel formalism), and liquid-junction potentials (Henderson Eq.); Debye-H\u00fcckel parameters, selectivity factors, and physiologic activity ranges; solid-state, liquid-membrane, and special electrodes; flow-through systems, precision, and stability.", "PMID": 331066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11788", "title": "Radiation scattering and the determination of regional cerebral blood flow by radioisotope clearance.", "content": "The sources of error involved in the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with radioactive tracers in man have been studied. This report shows that one of the main sources is the weakness of the energy emitted by the tracers used. Clearance curves obtained with scalp detectors are subject to interference: the radiation measured originates not only in the region studied but also, by scattering, from the rest of the brain. Because of the weak energy levels involved, the scattered radiation contributes significantly to the total measured radiation, and for the same reason it is impossible to distinguish clearly the scattered radiation from that arriving directly. These systematic errors in rCBF measurements were studied quantitatively by in vitro tests and computer simulation, and limits were established for resulting alterations of all varialbes determined (grey and white matter flow, mean flow, compartment weight). It was concluded that the biologic origin of a modification of rCBF can be affirmed only in the case of changes of at least 10%.", "contents": "Radiation scattering and the determination of regional cerebral blood flow by radioisotope clearance. The sources of error involved in the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with radioactive tracers in man have been studied. This report shows that one of the main sources is the weakness of the energy emitted by the tracers used. Clearance curves obtained with scalp detectors are subject to interference: the radiation measured originates not only in the region studied but also, by scattering, from the rest of the brain. Because of the weak energy levels involved, the scattered radiation contributes significantly to the total measured radiation, and for the same reason it is impossible to distinguish clearly the scattered radiation from that arriving directly. These systematic errors in rCBF measurements were studied quantitatively by in vitro tests and computer simulation, and limits were established for resulting alterations of all varialbes determined (grey and white matter flow, mean flow, compartment weight). It was concluded that the biologic origin of a modification of rCBF can be affirmed only in the case of changes of at least 10%.", "PMID": 331067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11789", "title": "Formation of recombinant DNA of bacteriophage lambda by recA function of Escherichia coli without duplication, transcription, translation, and maturation.", "content": "Genetic recombination of phage lambda DNA mediated by Rec function of Escherichia coli was studied in the absence of duplication, transcription, translation, and maturation. Cells were jointly infected with double amber mutants, lambda D-F-I and lambda S-R-, and incubated in the presence of chloramphenicol and rifampin. The am+ recombinant DNA molecules formed within the cell were detected by in vitro packaging as viable recombinant phages. This system was used to measure the recombination activity of rec- bacteria. In recA or recA recB bacteria, the number of recombinant DNA molecules was about 1% of the rec+ level. In contrast, almost normal numbers of recombinant DNA molecules were formed in recB or recC cells. Therefore, (1) the recombination mediated by recA function does not need de novo protein synthesis; all gene products required for the recombination are present in the cell. (2) It can occur without duplication, transcription, and maturation of recombining DNA molecules. (3) The ATP dependent DNase (exonuclease V) controlled by recB and recC genes is not required for formation of recombinant DNA molecules.", "contents": "Formation of recombinant DNA of bacteriophage lambda by recA function of Escherichia coli without duplication, transcription, translation, and maturation. Genetic recombination of phage lambda DNA mediated by Rec function of Escherichia coli was studied in the absence of duplication, transcription, translation, and maturation. Cells were jointly infected with double amber mutants, lambda D-F-I and lambda S-R-, and incubated in the presence of chloramphenicol and rifampin. The am+ recombinant DNA molecules formed within the cell were detected by in vitro packaging as viable recombinant phages. This system was used to measure the recombination activity of rec- bacteria. In recA or recA recB bacteria, the number of recombinant DNA molecules was about 1% of the rec+ level. In contrast, almost normal numbers of recombinant DNA molecules were formed in recB or recC cells. Therefore, (1) the recombination mediated by recA function does not need de novo protein synthesis; all gene products required for the recombination are present in the cell. (2) It can occur without duplication, transcription, and maturation of recombining DNA molecules. (3) The ATP dependent DNase (exonuclease V) controlled by recB and recC genes is not required for formation of recombinant DNA molecules.", "PMID": 331071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11790", "title": "Involvement of IS1 in the dissociation of the r-determinant and RTF components of the plasmid R100.1.", "content": "The formation of the r-determinant pLC1 and of the RTF pAR132 from the composite plasmid R100.1 was investigated. The general location of IS1 sequences on the three plasmids was established by hybridization of lambdar14 CII::IS1 DNA to EcoRI generated fragments of the various plasmids separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred directly to nitrocellulose filters. The position of IS1 sequences on these fragments and the homologies between fragments were analyzed by electron microscopy of heteroduplex molecules. The results show that the excision of both pLC1 and pAR132 occurred by an exchange between the two IS1 sequences present on R100.1.", "contents": "Involvement of IS1 in the dissociation of the r-determinant and RTF components of the plasmid R100.1. The formation of the r-determinant pLC1 and of the RTF pAR132 from the composite plasmid R100.1 was investigated. The general location of IS1 sequences on the three plasmids was established by hybridization of lambdar14 CII::IS1 DNA to EcoRI generated fragments of the various plasmids separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred directly to nitrocellulose filters. The position of IS1 sequences on these fragments and the homologies between fragments were analyzed by electron microscopy of heteroduplex molecules. The results show that the excision of both pLC1 and pAR132 occurred by an exchange between the two IS1 sequences present on R100.1.", "PMID": 331072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11791", "title": "Further evidence that the ribosomal 30S proteins S3, S5, S9, S11, S12, and S18 possess specific 16S RNA binding sites.", "content": "E. Coli ribosomal 16S RNA prepared by an acetic acid-urea extraction technique individually binds, in addition to the seven established proteins, 6 new 30S ribosomal proteins (S3, S5, S9, S12, S18 and S11) (Hochkeppel et al., 1976). In this communication we demonstrate the site specificity of these proteins. Binding curves of the individual proteins with acetic acid-urea 16S RNA show that the binding of all six proteins to the RNA reaches a plateau at 0.3-0.97 copies per 16S RNA molecule. No significant binding of these proteins to classicial phenol extracted 16S RNA is observed, with the exception of S13 which binds 0.2 copies of protein per molecule of 16S RNA. Specificity of binding of these proteins is also demonstrated in \"chase\" experiments. The site specificity of individual [3H]-labeled 30S proteins bounds to 16S RNA is tested by the addition of non-radioactive 30S total protein to the reaction mixture.", "contents": "Further evidence that the ribosomal 30S proteins S3, S5, S9, S11, S12, and S18 possess specific 16S RNA binding sites. E. Coli ribosomal 16S RNA prepared by an acetic acid-urea extraction technique individually binds, in addition to the seven established proteins, 6 new 30S ribosomal proteins (S3, S5, S9, S12, S18 and S11) (Hochkeppel et al., 1976). In this communication we demonstrate the site specificity of these proteins. Binding curves of the individual proteins with acetic acid-urea 16S RNA show that the binding of all six proteins to the RNA reaches a plateau at 0.3-0.97 copies per 16S RNA molecule. No significant binding of these proteins to classicial phenol extracted 16S RNA is observed, with the exception of S13 which binds 0.2 copies of protein per molecule of 16S RNA. Specificity of binding of these proteins is also demonstrated in \"chase\" experiments. The site specificity of individual [3H]-labeled 30S proteins bounds to 16S RNA is tested by the addition of non-radioactive 30S total protein to the reaction mixture.", "PMID": 331074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11792", "title": "Linkage of 5S RNA and 16S+23S RNA genes on the E. coli chromosome.", "content": "Episomes carrying limited regions of the chromosome where 5S RNA genes have previously been located are described. The DNA purified from each of these episomes contains one gene per molecule for each of the three ribosomal RNA species as shown by hybridization experiments.", "contents": "Linkage of 5S RNA and 16S+23S RNA genes on the E. coli chromosome. Episomes carrying limited regions of the chromosome where 5S RNA genes have previously been located are described. The DNA purified from each of these episomes contains one gene per molecule for each of the three ribosomal RNA species as shown by hybridization experiments.", "PMID": 331075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11793", "title": "The firA gene, a locus involved in the expression of rifampicin resistance in Escherichia coli. I. Characterisation of lambdafirA transducing phages constructed in vitro.", "content": "The firA200 mutation of E. coli not only renders RNA synthesis thermosensitive but also eliminates the high-level resistance to rifampicin associated with certain mutations in the beta subunit of the RNA polymerase. A priori, the firA gene is likely to code for an essential component of the transcription apparatus. The isolation is reported of transducing phages for the firA gene, constructed in vitro by fusing fragments of the E. coli chromosomes into a lambdoid bacteriophage. Such phages carry at least two essential genes and are able to suppress both the thermosensitivity and abnormal rifampicin sensitivity associated with the firA200 allele. The finding that some, but not all, of the lambdafirA phages have a temperature dependent growth defect is discussed.", "contents": "The firA gene, a locus involved in the expression of rifampicin resistance in Escherichia coli. I. Characterisation of lambdafirA transducing phages constructed in vitro. The firA200 mutation of E. coli not only renders RNA synthesis thermosensitive but also eliminates the high-level resistance to rifampicin associated with certain mutations in the beta subunit of the RNA polymerase. A priori, the firA gene is likely to code for an essential component of the transcription apparatus. The isolation is reported of transducing phages for the firA gene, constructed in vitro by fusing fragments of the E. coli chromosomes into a lambdoid bacteriophage. Such phages carry at least two essential genes and are able to suppress both the thermosensitivity and abnormal rifampicin sensitivity associated with the firA200 allele. The finding that some, but not all, of the lambdafirA phages have a temperature dependent growth defect is discussed.", "PMID": 331078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11794", "title": "Ribosomal abnormality in recA mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The tif-1 mutation has been shown to affect protein synthesis in vitro by increasing translational ambiguity (Ephrati-Elizur, Luther-Davies and Hayes, 1976). It is demonstrated here that some recA mutations confer similar abnormality. By comparing suitable combinations of ribosomes and soluble proteins from recA+ and recA cells the defect is shown to be associated with ribosomes. The recA mutation, which suppresses most phenotype characteristics of the tif-1 mutation (Castellazzi, George and Buttin, 1972(b)) does not suppress the ribosomal abnormality. Since the closely linked tif-1 and recA mutations lead to the expression of a common property they may be in the same gene.", "contents": "Ribosomal abnormality in recA mutants of Escherichia coli. The tif-1 mutation has been shown to affect protein synthesis in vitro by increasing translational ambiguity (Ephrati-Elizur, Luther-Davies and Hayes, 1976). It is demonstrated here that some recA mutations confer similar abnormality. By comparing suitable combinations of ribosomes and soluble proteins from recA+ and recA cells the defect is shown to be associated with ribosomes. The recA mutation, which suppresses most phenotype characteristics of the tif-1 mutation (Castellazzi, George and Buttin, 1972(b)) does not suppress the ribosomal abnormality. Since the closely linked tif-1 and recA mutations lead to the expression of a common property they may be in the same gene.", "PMID": 331079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11795", "title": "Escherichia coli plasmid pBR313 insertion into plant protoplasts and into their nuclei.", "content": "Cowpea mesophyll protoplasts were shown to bind irreversibly up to 3% input radioactive pBR313 plasmid DNA after 15 min of contact. Maximum uptake occurred in the presence of 5 mM ZnSO4 and 5 microgram/ml poly-L-ornithine. Under these conditions about one half of the TCA precipitable radioactivity was associated with the nuclear fraction and behaved as linear plasmid molecules. These could not be chased from the protoplasts upon further incubation with unlabeled plasmid DNA. The presence of donor DNA within the nuclear fraction is most probably not due to an artifactual redistribution of adsorbed plasmid DNA. Prolonged incubation periods resulted in extensive degradation of plasmid in the incubation medium but little degradation occurred in the protoplasts. The donor DNA was not covalently associated with the protoplast nuclear DNA.", "contents": "Escherichia coli plasmid pBR313 insertion into plant protoplasts and into their nuclei. Cowpea mesophyll protoplasts were shown to bind irreversibly up to 3% input radioactive pBR313 plasmid DNA after 15 min of contact. Maximum uptake occurred in the presence of 5 mM ZnSO4 and 5 microgram/ml poly-L-ornithine. Under these conditions about one half of the TCA precipitable radioactivity was associated with the nuclear fraction and behaved as linear plasmid molecules. These could not be chased from the protoplasts upon further incubation with unlabeled plasmid DNA. The presence of donor DNA within the nuclear fraction is most probably not due to an artifactual redistribution of adsorbed plasmid DNA. Prolonged incubation periods resulted in extensive degradation of plasmid in the incubation medium but little degradation occurred in the protoplasts. The donor DNA was not covalently associated with the protoplast nuclear DNA.", "PMID": 331080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11796", "title": "The regulation of RNA synthesis in yeast. I: Starvation experiments.", "content": "The synthesis of tRNA in yeast is shown to be under separate control to that of rRNA during amino acid and nitrogen starvation. Inhibitors of the elongation and termination steps of protein synthesis were found to stimulate the synthesis of tRNA in starved yeast cells. This effect appeared to be due to the \"trickle-charging\" of tRNA. Two inhibitors of early steps in the initiation of protein synthesis were found to be unable to stimulate RNA synthesis in starved cells. It is proposed that yeast tRNA synthesis is under autoregulatory control and that the level of tRNA charging and the mRNA-ribosome complex are important components of this control system.", "contents": "The regulation of RNA synthesis in yeast. I: Starvation experiments. The synthesis of tRNA in yeast is shown to be under separate control to that of rRNA during amino acid and nitrogen starvation. Inhibitors of the elongation and termination steps of protein synthesis were found to stimulate the synthesis of tRNA in starved yeast cells. This effect appeared to be due to the \"trickle-charging\" of tRNA. Two inhibitors of early steps in the initiation of protein synthesis were found to be unable to stimulate RNA synthesis in starved cells. It is proposed that yeast tRNA synthesis is under autoregulatory control and that the level of tRNA charging and the mRNA-ribosome complex are important components of this control system.", "PMID": 331081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11797", "title": "Genetics of ribosomal protein methylation in Escherichia coli. I. A mutant deficient in methylation of protein L11.", "content": "Several thousand mutagenized clones of Escherichia coli were screened for methyl group incorporation into protein in crude extracts, in order to isolate mutants lacking the full complement of methyl groups in ribosomal proteins. One mutant isolated by this method and designated prm-1 incorporated 6-7 methyl groups per ribosome upon incubation of its ribosomes with a partially purified enzyme preparation from E. coli wild-type. The methyl groups were located exclusively in the 50S particle and for the most part (85%) in protein L11. Three methylated amino acids were detected: epsilon-N-trimethyllysine, epsilon-N-monomethyllysine, and an uncharacterized amino acid. These accounted respectively for 4.6, 1.3 and 0.9 methyl groups per ribosome. These results indicate that protein L11 in wild-type contains a stoichiometric amount of these methylated amino acids which are absent in mutant prm-1. Since this mutant is fully viable, its methylation deficiency does not result in a major defect in ribosome assembly or functioning.", "contents": "Genetics of ribosomal protein methylation in Escherichia coli. I. A mutant deficient in methylation of protein L11. Several thousand mutagenized clones of Escherichia coli were screened for methyl group incorporation into protein in crude extracts, in order to isolate mutants lacking the full complement of methyl groups in ribosomal proteins. One mutant isolated by this method and designated prm-1 incorporated 6-7 methyl groups per ribosome upon incubation of its ribosomes with a partially purified enzyme preparation from E. coli wild-type. The methyl groups were located exclusively in the 50S particle and for the most part (85%) in protein L11. Three methylated amino acids were detected: epsilon-N-trimethyllysine, epsilon-N-monomethyllysine, and an uncharacterized amino acid. These accounted respectively for 4.6, 1.3 and 0.9 methyl groups per ribosome. These results indicate that protein L11 in wild-type contains a stoichiometric amount of these methylated amino acids which are absent in mutant prm-1. Since this mutant is fully viable, its methylation deficiency does not result in a major defect in ribosome assembly or functioning.", "PMID": 331082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11798", "title": "Genetics of ribosomal protein methylation in Escherichia coli. II. A mutant lacking a new type of methylated amino acid, N5-methylglutamine, in protein L3.", "content": "The ribosomes of an Escherichia coli mutant, designated prm-2, can be methylated in vitro by an enzymatic fraction from wild-type. This enzyme is inactive on the ribosomes from another mutant, prm-1, is reported previously to be methyl group-deficient in protein L11. In vitro methylation of prm-2 ribosomes resulted in the incorporation of about one methyl group per molecule of protein L3. After acid hydrolysis, all the methyl groups were found in a very basic compound which was identified as methylamine. This compound could have been generated by acid hydrolysis of N-methylated amide-groups from glutamine or asparagine. Therefore, chemically-synthesized N4-methyl-asparagine and N5-methylglutamine were chromatographed together with an enzymatic hydrolysate of methylated prm-2 proteins. In all the chromatogrphic systems studied the methylated amino acid was found in the same position as N5'-methylglutamine. These results indicate that mutant prm-2 lacks one residue of N5-methylglutamine present in ribosomal protein L3 of wild type E. coli.", "contents": "Genetics of ribosomal protein methylation in Escherichia coli. II. A mutant lacking a new type of methylated amino acid, N5-methylglutamine, in protein L3. The ribosomes of an Escherichia coli mutant, designated prm-2, can be methylated in vitro by an enzymatic fraction from wild-type. This enzyme is inactive on the ribosomes from another mutant, prm-1, is reported previously to be methyl group-deficient in protein L11. In vitro methylation of prm-2 ribosomes resulted in the incorporation of about one methyl group per molecule of protein L3. After acid hydrolysis, all the methyl groups were found in a very basic compound which was identified as methylamine. This compound could have been generated by acid hydrolysis of N-methylated amide-groups from glutamine or asparagine. Therefore, chemically-synthesized N4-methyl-asparagine and N5-methylglutamine were chromatographed together with an enzymatic hydrolysate of methylated prm-2 proteins. In all the chromatogrphic systems studied the methylated amino acid was found in the same position as N5'-methylglutamine. These results indicate that mutant prm-2 lacks one residue of N5-methylglutamine present in ribosomal protein L3 of wild type E. coli.", "PMID": 331083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11799", "title": "Arsenate-resistant alkaline phosphatase-constitutive mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "When arsenate-resistant mutants are selected approximately 50 per cent of them are also consitutive for the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase and the Pi-binding protein. Some of these mutants are linked to ilv (phoS- or phoT-), other are linked to proC (phoR-). One of the mutant strains linked to ilv lost the Pi-binding protein (the phoS gene product). Resistance to arsenate, constitutivty for alkaline phosphatase synthesis and loss of the Pi-binding protein occurred pleiotropically by the same phoS- mutation.", "contents": "Arsenate-resistant alkaline phosphatase-constitutive mutants of Escherichia coli. When arsenate-resistant mutants are selected approximately 50 per cent of them are also consitutive for the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase and the Pi-binding protein. Some of these mutants are linked to ilv (phoS- or phoT-), other are linked to proC (phoR-). One of the mutant strains linked to ilv lost the Pi-binding protein (the phoS gene product). Resistance to arsenate, constitutivty for alkaline phosphatase synthesis and loss of the Pi-binding protein occurred pleiotropically by the same phoS- mutation.", "PMID": 331084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11800", "title": "Genetic studies of the pyrimidine permeases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: lack of intragenic complementation.", "content": "A search for intragenic complementation of mutants of the cytosine and uracil permeases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was made. Among numerous diploid pairs of mutants of the cytosine permease gene no complementation was found. Similarly negative results were obtained with pairs of mutants of the uracil permease. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Genetic studies of the pyrimidine permeases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: lack of intragenic complementation. A search for intragenic complementation of mutants of the cytosine and uracil permeases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was made. Among numerous diploid pairs of mutants of the cytosine permease gene no complementation was found. Similarly negative results were obtained with pairs of mutants of the uracil permease. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 331085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11801", "title": "Transposition of TnA does not generate deletions.", "content": "We have examined the incidence of loss of the TnA unit, Tn801, from RP1 under conditions where transposition of Tn801 to another replicon. R388, was readily detected. We found that the frequency of transposition of Tn801 from RP1 to R388 exceeded, by at least a factor of one hundred, the frequency at which it was deleted from RP1. We conclude that, in general, transposition of Tn801 does not generate derivatives of the donor plasmid which specifically lack Tn801. The relevance of these findings to the mechanism of transposition is discussed.", "contents": "Transposition of TnA does not generate deletions. We have examined the incidence of loss of the TnA unit, Tn801, from RP1 under conditions where transposition of Tn801 to another replicon. R388, was readily detected. We found that the frequency of transposition of Tn801 from RP1 to R388 exceeded, by at least a factor of one hundred, the frequency at which it was deleted from RP1. We conclude that, in general, transposition of Tn801 does not generate derivatives of the donor plasmid which specifically lack Tn801. The relevance of these findings to the mechanism of transposition is discussed.", "PMID": 331086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11802", "title": "[Hereditary fructose intolerance (author's transl)].", "content": "Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is the most important disturbance in human fructose metabolism. This paper deals with the present knowledge of biochemistry and pathophysiology of this inborn error of metabolism, which is often wrongly diagnosed and gives a detailed description of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.", "contents": "[Hereditary fructose intolerance (author's transl)]. Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is the most important disturbance in human fructose metabolism. This paper deals with the present knowledge of biochemistry and pathophysiology of this inborn error of metabolism, which is often wrongly diagnosed and gives a detailed description of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.", "PMID": 331087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11803", "title": "[On the diaagnosis of anorexia nervosa in children and adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of anorexia nervosa is going along with typical statements, specific pathological attitudes and psychodynamic backgrounds of the families involved. This facilities the establishment of the diagnosis already during the first anamnestic interview with parents and patients. Important are: onset of illness, eating behaviour, early childhood development, parents, brothers and sisters, leisure time, mood and personality, sexuality. In most of the cases a speedy hospital admission is necessary, because at this time the onset of the disease lies back months or even years. These circumstances redner the psychotherapy of patients and their families more difficult, and the often life-threatening attitudes of the patients more entrenched.", "contents": "[On the diaagnosis of anorexia nervosa in children and adolescents (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of anorexia nervosa is going along with typical statements, specific pathological attitudes and psychodynamic backgrounds of the families involved. This facilities the establishment of the diagnosis already during the first anamnestic interview with parents and patients. Important are: onset of illness, eating behaviour, early childhood development, parents, brothers and sisters, leisure time, mood and personality, sexuality. In most of the cases a speedy hospital admission is necessary, because at this time the onset of the disease lies back months or even years. These circumstances redner the psychotherapy of patients and their families more difficult, and the often life-threatening attitudes of the patients more entrenched.", "PMID": 331088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11804", "title": "Induction of mutations in bacteriophage T7 by gamma-rays: independence of host-repair mechanisms.", "content": "Amber mutants of bacteriophage T7 are reverted by gamma-rays to pseudo wild-type particles, i.e. particles able to propagate in a suppressorless host. The yield of revertants is much higher when the phage is irradiated in the presence of oxygen than when irradiated anoxically. Under particular gas conditions the efficiency of mutation induction differs by less than a factor of ten among six different amber codons in cistrons 1, 5, 6, 12, 17 and 19. The induction of mutations is not dependent on error-prone repair involving the recA or lexA genes of the host cell. It is estimated that of the damages that may be inflicted by gamma-rays upon an amber codon, fewer than 1 out of 85 results in reversion of the codon to pseudo wild-type.", "contents": "Induction of mutations in bacteriophage T7 by gamma-rays: independence of host-repair mechanisms. Amber mutants of bacteriophage T7 are reverted by gamma-rays to pseudo wild-type particles, i.e. particles able to propagate in a suppressorless host. The yield of revertants is much higher when the phage is irradiated in the presence of oxygen than when irradiated anoxically. Under particular gas conditions the efficiency of mutation induction differs by less than a factor of ten among six different amber codons in cistrons 1, 5, 6, 12, 17 and 19. The induction of mutations is not dependent on error-prone repair involving the recA or lexA genes of the host cell. It is estimated that of the damages that may be inflicted by gamma-rays upon an amber codon, fewer than 1 out of 85 results in reversion of the codon to pseudo wild-type.", "PMID": 331092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11805", "title": "Induction of pure and sectored mutant clones in excision-proficient and deficient strains of yeast.", "content": "We have found that UV-induced mutation frequency in a forward non-selective assay system (scoring white adex ade2 double auxotroph mutants among the red pigmented ade2 clones) increases linearly with dose up to a maximum frequency of about 3 X 10(-3) mutants per survivor and then declines in both RAD wild-type and rad2 excision deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutation frequencies of the RAD and the rad2 strains plotted against survival are nearly identical over the entire survival range. On this basis we conclude that unexcised pyrimidine dimers are the predominant type of pre-mutational lesions in both strains. In the RAD wild-type strain pure mutant clones outnumber sectors in a 10:1 ratio at all doses used; in rad2 this ratio varies from 1:1 at low doses up to 10:1 at high doses. As others have concluded for wild-type strains we find also in the rad2 strain that pure clone formation cannot be accounted for quantitatively by lethal sectoring events alone. We conclude that heteroduplex repair is a crucial step in pure mutant clone formation and we examine the plausibility of certain macromolecular mechanisms according to which heteroduplex repair may be coupled with replication, repair and sister strand exchange in yeast mutagenesis.", "contents": "Induction of pure and sectored mutant clones in excision-proficient and deficient strains of yeast. We have found that UV-induced mutation frequency in a forward non-selective assay system (scoring white adex ade2 double auxotroph mutants among the red pigmented ade2 clones) increases linearly with dose up to a maximum frequency of about 3 X 10(-3) mutants per survivor and then declines in both RAD wild-type and rad2 excision deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutation frequencies of the RAD and the rad2 strains plotted against survival are nearly identical over the entire survival range. On this basis we conclude that unexcised pyrimidine dimers are the predominant type of pre-mutational lesions in both strains. In the RAD wild-type strain pure mutant clones outnumber sectors in a 10:1 ratio at all doses used; in rad2 this ratio varies from 1:1 at low doses up to 10:1 at high doses. As others have concluded for wild-type strains we find also in the rad2 strain that pure clone formation cannot be accounted for quantitatively by lethal sectoring events alone. We conclude that heteroduplex repair is a crucial step in pure mutant clone formation and we examine the plausibility of certain macromolecular mechanisms according to which heteroduplex repair may be coupled with replication, repair and sister strand exchange in yeast mutagenesis.", "PMID": 331093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11806", "title": "The DNA content of micronuclei induced in mouse bone marrow by gamma-irradiation: evidence that micronuclei arise from acentric chromosomal fragments.", "content": "The DNA contents of 75 micronuclei found in mouse bone marrow 48 h after a 260 R dose of gamma-rays were measured individually and compared to 71 diploid G1 nuclei. The coefficient of variation for the diploid cells was 6.3%. The DNA content of micronuclei varied from 0.5 to 11.1% of the diploid G1 nuclei with a mean of 3.5%. These results are in agreement with the expectations based upon the hypothesis that micronuclei arise from acentric chromosomal fragments produced by random breakage of the mouse genome.", "contents": "The DNA content of micronuclei induced in mouse bone marrow by gamma-irradiation: evidence that micronuclei arise from acentric chromosomal fragments. The DNA contents of 75 micronuclei found in mouse bone marrow 48 h after a 260 R dose of gamma-rays were measured individually and compared to 71 diploid G1 nuclei. The coefficient of variation for the diploid cells was 6.3%. The DNA content of micronuclei varied from 0.5 to 11.1% of the diploid G1 nuclei with a mean of 3.5%. These results are in agreement with the expectations based upon the hypothesis that micronuclei arise from acentric chromosomal fragments produced by random breakage of the mouse genome.", "PMID": 331097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11807", "title": "Testing of some azo dyes and their reduction products for mutagenicity using Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538.", "content": "A series of ten azo dyes as well as various single ring aromatic amines substituted on the benzene ring were tested for bacterial mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538 using a soft-agar overlay method. Two dyes, sudan 2 and chrysoidin induced mutation but only in the presence of a rat liver preparation. Chrysoidin was the more active. Testing of its reduction products, aniline and 1,2,4-triaminobenzene showed a liver metabolite of the latter compound could be responsible for the mutagenic effect, having a comparable mutagenicity with 1,2-diamino-4-nitro-benzene, one of the mutagenic constituents of hair dyes. Structure-activity studies on a series of ring-substituted anilines indicated that mutagenic activity required at least two positions to be substituted with either amino or nitro groups, or one of each. The bacteria as well as the liver enzyme preparation may partake in the activation of these chemicals. The correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for this group of compounds is discussed.", "contents": "Testing of some azo dyes and their reduction products for mutagenicity using Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538. A series of ten azo dyes as well as various single ring aromatic amines substituted on the benzene ring were tested for bacterial mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538 using a soft-agar overlay method. Two dyes, sudan 2 and chrysoidin induced mutation but only in the presence of a rat liver preparation. Chrysoidin was the more active. Testing of its reduction products, aniline and 1,2,4-triaminobenzene showed a liver metabolite of the latter compound could be responsible for the mutagenic effect, having a comparable mutagenicity with 1,2-diamino-4-nitro-benzene, one of the mutagenic constituents of hair dyes. Structure-activity studies on a series of ring-substituted anilines indicated that mutagenic activity required at least two positions to be substituted with either amino or nitro groups, or one of each. The bacteria as well as the liver enzyme preparation may partake in the activation of these chemicals. The correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for this group of compounds is discussed.", "PMID": 331098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11808", "title": "Conditional lethal mutants of bacteriophage T4 unable to grow on a streptomycin resistant mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Sixteen conditional lethal mutants of bacteriophage T4D have been isolated which grow on Escherichia coli CR63 (a su+ streptomycin-sensitive K12 strain) but are restricted by CR/s (a streptomycin-resistant derivative of CR63). These mutants have been given the prefix str. Four of these mutants are amber and 12 appear to be missense. Eleven of the 12 missense mutants appear to be \"pseudo-amber\" (i.e. they are restricted by a su- E. coli B strain but not by a su- K12 strain); the other missense mutant was not restricted by either B or K12. The str mutations mapped in 12 different genes. Most were clustered in a region of early genes (gene 56 to gene 47). Fifty-eight amber and 10 \"pseudo-amber\" mutants isolated previously for their inability to grow on E. coli B were tested for restriction by CR/s. All the amber mutants grew normally on CR/s, whereas all 10 \"pseudo-amber\" mutants were restricted by CR/s. This implies that the phenotype of the \"pseudo-amber\" mutants is the result of a ribosomal difference between the permissive host CR63 and the restrictive hosts B and CR/s. These str mutants should prove to be useful alternatives to amber mutants for genetic and biochemical studies of bacteriophage T4 and for studies of the E. coli ribosome. It should be possible ot isolate similar mutants in other bacteriophages provided that streptomycin resistant hosts are available.", "contents": "Conditional lethal mutants of bacteriophage T4 unable to grow on a streptomycin resistant mutant of Escherichia coli. Sixteen conditional lethal mutants of bacteriophage T4D have been isolated which grow on Escherichia coli CR63 (a su+ streptomycin-sensitive K12 strain) but are restricted by CR/s (a streptomycin-resistant derivative of CR63). These mutants have been given the prefix str. Four of these mutants are amber and 12 appear to be missense. Eleven of the 12 missense mutants appear to be \"pseudo-amber\" (i.e. they are restricted by a su- E. coli B strain but not by a su- K12 strain); the other missense mutant was not restricted by either B or K12. The str mutations mapped in 12 different genes. Most were clustered in a region of early genes (gene 56 to gene 47). Fifty-eight amber and 10 \"pseudo-amber\" mutants isolated previously for their inability to grow on E. coli B were tested for restriction by CR/s. All the amber mutants grew normally on CR/s, whereas all 10 \"pseudo-amber\" mutants were restricted by CR/s. This implies that the phenotype of the \"pseudo-amber\" mutants is the result of a ribosomal difference between the permissive host CR63 and the restrictive hosts B and CR/s. These str mutants should prove to be useful alternatives to amber mutants for genetic and biochemical studies of bacteriophage T4 and for studies of the E. coli ribosome. It should be possible ot isolate similar mutants in other bacteriophages provided that streptomycin resistant hosts are available.", "PMID": 331100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11809", "title": "A study of the photoinduced mutagenicity of methylene blue.", "content": "Illumination of Salmonella typhimurium strains in the presence of methylene blue resulted in the production of mutations of the base-substitution type. This photodynamic effect mediated by the dye was separable from the genetic event seen when bacteria are illuminated in the absence of added photosensitizers.", "contents": "A study of the photoinduced mutagenicity of methylene blue. Illumination of Salmonella typhimurium strains in the presence of methylene blue resulted in the production of mutations of the base-substitution type. This photodynamic effect mediated by the dye was separable from the genetic event seen when bacteria are illuminated in the absence of added photosensitizers.", "PMID": 331101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11810", "title": "Mutagenic action of hydrostatic pressure on yeast: a cell cycle analysis.", "content": "Pressure-treated log growth cultures (14,000 psi equivalent to 966 x 10(5) N/m2 for 4 h) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were fractionated across a linear Ficoll gradient by zonal rotor centrifugation. This procedure separated the yeast cells on the basis of size and volume into a continuum of cell cycle ages. Cell survival and petite mutation frequency were determined for several zonal fractions. Survival of yeast cells after pressure treatment was maximal in zonal fractions obtained from either the top (single cells in G1) or the botton (\"doublets\") of the gradient. Intermediate zonal fractions showed more lethality, with minimal survival occurring in zonal fractions containing a large proportion of yeast cells in which buds were just beginning to emerge (initiation of S phase). The petite mutation frequency was minimal in zonal fractions from the top (single cells in G1) and bottom (\"doublets\") of the gradient. Induction increased to a maximum in those fractions containing cells in S phase.", "contents": "Mutagenic action of hydrostatic pressure on yeast: a cell cycle analysis. Pressure-treated log growth cultures (14,000 psi equivalent to 966 x 10(5) N/m2 for 4 h) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were fractionated across a linear Ficoll gradient by zonal rotor centrifugation. This procedure separated the yeast cells on the basis of size and volume into a continuum of cell cycle ages. Cell survival and petite mutation frequency were determined for several zonal fractions. Survival of yeast cells after pressure treatment was maximal in zonal fractions obtained from either the top (single cells in G1) or the botton (\"doublets\") of the gradient. Intermediate zonal fractions showed more lethality, with minimal survival occurring in zonal fractions containing a large proportion of yeast cells in which buds were just beginning to emerge (initiation of S phase). The petite mutation frequency was minimal in zonal fractions from the top (single cells in G1) and bottom (\"doublets\") of the gradient. Induction increased to a maximum in those fractions containing cells in S phase.", "PMID": 331102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11811", "title": "Dynamics of x-ray-induced reversion in heterogeneous S. cerevisiae populations.", "content": "The survival and frequency of adenine and homoserine revertants after X-irradiation have been studied in starved and growing populations of haploid S. cerevisiae (strain 5483/1b). A growing population is heterogeneous to cell killing, and a mathematical model can be used to determine possible correlation between sensitivity to killing and sensitivity to mutation induction. The results indicate correlation between sensitivity to ade2-1 reversion and sensitivity to cell killing, whereas no such correlation was found between sensitivity to hom3-10 reversion and sensitivity to killing. The difference in the dynamics of homoserine and adenine reversions was reduced by adding caffeine to the post-irradiation media.", "contents": "Dynamics of x-ray-induced reversion in heterogeneous S. cerevisiae populations. The survival and frequency of adenine and homoserine revertants after X-irradiation have been studied in starved and growing populations of haploid S. cerevisiae (strain 5483/1b). A growing population is heterogeneous to cell killing, and a mathematical model can be used to determine possible correlation between sensitivity to killing and sensitivity to mutation induction. The results indicate correlation between sensitivity to ade2-1 reversion and sensitivity to cell killing, whereas no such correlation was found between sensitivity to hom3-10 reversion and sensitivity to killing. The difference in the dynamics of homoserine and adenine reversions was reduced by adding caffeine to the post-irradiation media.", "PMID": 331103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11812", "title": "Treatment of chronic stable angina. A preliminary report of survival data of the randomized Veterans Administration cooperative study.", "content": "We evaluated the effect of saphenous-vein-bypass grafting on survival in patients with chronic stable angina by comparing medical and surgical treatment in a large-scale, prospective randomized study. Excluding patients with left-main-coronary-artery disease who have already been reported, a total of 596 patients were entered into this study; when randomized into a medical group (310 patients) and a surgical group (286 patients), entry clinical and angiographic base lines were comparable. Operative mortality at 30 days was 5.6 per cent. At an average of one year after operation, 69 per cent of all grafts were patent, and 88 per cent of the surgical patients had atleast one patent graft. There was no statistically significant difference in survival, at a minimal follow-up interval of 21 months, between patients treated medically and those treated with saphenous-vein-bypass grafting. At 36 months, 87 per cent of the medical group and 88 per cent of the surgical group were alive.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic stable angina. A preliminary report of survival data of the randomized Veterans Administration cooperative study. We evaluated the effect of saphenous-vein-bypass grafting on survival in patients with chronic stable angina by comparing medical and surgical treatment in a large-scale, prospective randomized study. Excluding patients with left-main-coronary-artery disease who have already been reported, a total of 596 patients were entered into this study; when randomized into a medical group (310 patients) and a surgical group (286 patients), entry clinical and angiographic base lines were comparable. Operative mortality at 30 days was 5.6 per cent. At an average of one year after operation, 69 per cent of all grafts were patent, and 88 per cent of the surgical patients had atleast one patent graft. There was no statistically significant difference in survival, at a minimal follow-up interval of 21 months, between patients treated medically and those treated with saphenous-vein-bypass grafting. At 36 months, 87 per cent of the medical group and 88 per cent of the surgical group were alive.", "PMID": 331107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11813", "title": "Autoimmune vitiligo: detection of antibodies to melanin-producing cells.", "content": "Vitiligo, a disorder characterized by the destruction of melanocytes, is often associated with diseases in which there are increased frequencies of autoantibodies. For this reason we investigated two patients with vitiligo, alopecia universalis, mucocutaneous candidiasis, and multiple endocrine insufficiencies for antibodies to melanin-producing cells. Using direct immunofluorescence of normal and vitiliginous skin from both patients and indirect immunofluorescence with both patients' serum, we could not detect these antibodies. However, an immunofluorescent complement-fixation test demonstrated a circulating antibody that bound to melanocytes in human skin, nevus cells and melanoma cells. Specificity of cellular fluorescence for nevus and melanoma cells was shown on serial sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and was inferred for melanocytes from their distribution in human skin and their presence when the normal but not vitiliginous skin of both patients was used as substrate. This antibody was characterized as an IgG that activated complement via the classical pathway.", "contents": "Autoimmune vitiligo: detection of antibodies to melanin-producing cells. Vitiligo, a disorder characterized by the destruction of melanocytes, is often associated with diseases in which there are increased frequencies of autoantibodies. For this reason we investigated two patients with vitiligo, alopecia universalis, mucocutaneous candidiasis, and multiple endocrine insufficiencies for antibodies to melanin-producing cells. Using direct immunofluorescence of normal and vitiliginous skin from both patients and indirect immunofluorescence with both patients' serum, we could not detect these antibodies. However, an immunofluorescent complement-fixation test demonstrated a circulating antibody that bound to melanocytes in human skin, nevus cells and melanoma cells. Specificity of cellular fluorescence for nevus and melanoma cells was shown on serial sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and was inferred for melanocytes from their distribution in human skin and their presence when the normal but not vitiliginous skin of both patients was used as substrate. This antibody was characterized as an IgG that activated complement via the classical pathway.", "PMID": 331108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11814", "title": "Characterization of immunoglobulin classes of human antibodies to cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "Immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were determined by radial immunodiffusion techniques in sera from 11 patients with cryptococcosis. Most specimens showed increased levels of IgM. Studies with fluorescein-labeled monospecific antihuman IgG and IgM, however, indicated that IgG was the immunoglobulin reactive in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. In addition, cross-reacting sera from mycotic infections other than cryptococcosis were also shown to contain IFA antibodies of the IgG class. Sera treated with 2-mercaptoethanol continued to react in both the IFA test and the tube agglutination test. No correlation could be established between IgG AND IgM concentrations and serological reactivity in the sera evaluated in this study.", "contents": "Characterization of immunoglobulin classes of human antibodies to cryptococcus neoformans. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were determined by radial immunodiffusion techniques in sera from 11 patients with cryptococcosis. Most specimens showed increased levels of IgM. Studies with fluorescein-labeled monospecific antihuman IgG and IgM, however, indicated that IgG was the immunoglobulin reactive in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. In addition, cross-reacting sera from mycotic infections other than cryptococcosis were also shown to contain IFA antibodies of the IgG class. Sera treated with 2-mercaptoethanol continued to react in both the IFA test and the tube agglutination test. No correlation could be established between IgG AND IgM concentrations and serological reactivity in the sera evaluated in this study.", "PMID": 331113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11815", "title": "Why the genome does not congeal.", "content": "Since the genes in any given organism have evolved together to produce an adaptive phenotype, one might expect that rearrangement by chromosomal recombination would be maladaptive and thus wiped out by natural selection. This article reviews various theories that explain why, on the contrary, recombination is almost universal.", "contents": "Why the genome does not congeal. Since the genes in any given organism have evolved together to produce an adaptive phenotype, one might expect that rearrangement by chromosomal recombination would be maladaptive and thus wiped out by natural selection. This article reviews various theories that explain why, on the contrary, recombination is almost universal.", "PMID": 331119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11816", "title": "New Miocene locality in Turkey with evidence on the origin of Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus.", "content": "Collections in early Middle Miocene deposits at Pasalar in Turkey have yielded a very rich fauna. Included in this are two hominoid species referred here to Sivapithecus darwini (Abel) 1902 and Ramapithecus wickeri (Leakey) 1962. These are both more primitive morphologically and earlier in time than other species of these genera, and they provide evdence that Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus are closely related and that their early diversification may have occurred not in Africa but in Eurasia.", "contents": "New Miocene locality in Turkey with evidence on the origin of Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus. Collections in early Middle Miocene deposits at Pasalar in Turkey have yielded a very rich fauna. Included in this are two hominoid species referred here to Sivapithecus darwini (Abel) 1902 and Ramapithecus wickeri (Leakey) 1962. These are both more primitive morphologically and earlier in time than other species of these genera, and they provide evdence that Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus are closely related and that their early diversification may have occurred not in Africa but in Eurasia.", "PMID": 331120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11817", "title": "Calcitonin levels in chronic renal disease.", "content": "High levels of serum calcitonin were found in patients with chronic renal failure. Serum calcitonin correlated directly with the phosphate to total calcium ratio; calcitonin levels correlated inversely with serum calcium in those patients on dialysis and directly with serum calcium in nondialysis patients. All patients had elevated serum gastrin. The high levels of serum calcitonin usually decreased following successful kidney transplantation. The pathophysiology of this hypercalcitonemia and its relationship to renal osteodystrophy and the disordered calcium metabolism of uremia remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Calcitonin levels in chronic renal disease. High levels of serum calcitonin were found in patients with chronic renal failure. Serum calcitonin correlated directly with the phosphate to total calcium ratio; calcitonin levels correlated inversely with serum calcium in those patients on dialysis and directly with serum calcium in nondialysis patients. All patients had elevated serum gastrin. The high levels of serum calcitonin usually decreased following successful kidney transplantation. The pathophysiology of this hypercalcitonemia and its relationship to renal osteodystrophy and the disordered calcium metabolism of uremia remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 331128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11818", "title": "Return of function in the thrombosed kidney after transplantation.", "content": "The incidence of intraglomerular thrombi in renal allografts and factors regulating their resolution were studied. A case report is presented in which resolution of intraglomerular thrombi is documented. In addition, 17 transplanted patients with renal biopsies were serially studied. Intraglomerular thrombi were found in 4 of 8 specimens taken 1 h after reanastamosis, all from donors with a terminal course involving prolonged hypotension. Glomerular fibrinolytic activity was markedly diminished in 4 of 11 patients' subsequent biopsy specimens; all taken during acute rejection. Resolution of thrombi was documented when signs of rejection were absent.", "contents": "Return of function in the thrombosed kidney after transplantation. The incidence of intraglomerular thrombi in renal allografts and factors regulating their resolution were studied. A case report is presented in which resolution of intraglomerular thrombi is documented. In addition, 17 transplanted patients with renal biopsies were serially studied. Intraglomerular thrombi were found in 4 of 8 specimens taken 1 h after reanastamosis, all from donors with a terminal course involving prolonged hypotension. Glomerular fibrinolytic activity was markedly diminished in 4 of 11 patients' subsequent biopsy specimens; all taken during acute rejection. Resolution of thrombi was documented when signs of rejection were absent.", "PMID": 331129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11819", "title": "[Regression of a recurrent malignant glioma by combined chemoradiotherapy utilizing carboquone, FT-207 and telecobalt--report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "Current chemotherapy of malignant brain tumor bases on cell kinetics. Chemotherapeutic agents are devided into two, cell cycle specific (CCS) and cell cycle non specific (CCNS) agents. A case of malignant glioma successfully treated by chemo-radiotherapy using a new combination of the two agents , Carboquone (CQ) as CCNS, which has not appeared in literature, and FT-207 as CCS is reported. A malignant glioma in the right frontal lobe in a case of 51-year-old male was removed subtotaly on Dec. 10th, 1971 in our clinic. Three years and five months after the surgery, the patient was diagnosed as having a recurred  malignant glioma in the left frontal lobe from the clinical symptoms. This was supported by a positive brain scan and carotid angiography. A total dose of 57mg of CQ was continuously into the left internal carotid artery during two months. Simultaneously, 16g of FT-207 as a total dose was given orally and 4,550 rads of Telecobalt-60 were irradiated. One month after the beginning of these treatments, clinical symptoms improved obviously. Four months later, the size of the tumor shadow on the brain scan decreased remarkably and the shifted anterior cerebral artery returned to normal position on the carotid angiogram. Anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, and anorexia were the side-effects of these treatments. But these complications disappeared six weeks after the termination of the treatments.", "contents": "[Regression of a recurrent malignant glioma by combined chemoradiotherapy utilizing carboquone, FT-207 and telecobalt--report of a case (author's transl)]. Current chemotherapy of malignant brain tumor bases on cell kinetics. Chemotherapeutic agents are devided into two, cell cycle specific (CCS) and cell cycle non specific (CCNS) agents. A case of malignant glioma successfully treated by chemo-radiotherapy using a new combination of the two agents , Carboquone (CQ) as CCNS, which has not appeared in literature, and FT-207 as CCS is reported. A malignant glioma in the right frontal lobe in a case of 51-year-old male was removed subtotaly on Dec. 10th, 1971 in our clinic. Three years and five months after the surgery, the patient was diagnosed as having a recurred  malignant glioma in the left frontal lobe from the clinical symptoms. This was supported by a positive brain scan and carotid angiography. A total dose of 57mg of CQ was continuously into the left internal carotid artery during two months. Simultaneously, 16g of FT-207 as a total dose was given orally and 4,550 rads of Telecobalt-60 were irradiated. One month after the beginning of these treatments, clinical symptoms improved obviously. Four months later, the size of the tumor shadow on the brain scan decreased remarkably and the shifted anterior cerebral artery returned to normal position on the carotid angiogram. Anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, and anorexia were the side-effects of these treatments. But these complications disappeared six weeks after the termination of the treatments.", "PMID": 331131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11820", "title": "Acute effect of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol on the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis in the rat.", "content": "Administration of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta1-THC), the principal psychoactive ingredient of cannabis, to proestrous rats (2 mg/rat, i.p., between 12.00 and 16.00 h) suppressed the proestrous rise in the plasma levels of LH, FSH and prolactin (Prl) and caused a 24 h delay in ovulation. Furthermore, the increased accumulation of prostaglandins of the E-type (PGE) in the ovaries, normally seen on the evening of proestrus, was prevented. Earlier (08.00-10.30 h) or later (18.00 h) administration of the drug on the day of proestrus was only partially effective in inhibiting ovulation. The suppressive effects of delta1-THC on ovulation and gonadotropin secretion were prevented by administration of gonadetropin releasing hormone (GnRH, 0.2 microgram/rat) 1 h after the drug, indicating that the central action of delta1-THC was exerted on the hypothalamus and not on the pituitary gland. Administration of ovine luteinizing hormore (oLH, 2.5 microgram/rat at 16.30 h on the day of proestrus restored ovulation and ovarian PGE accumulation in Nembutal-treated rats, but not in delta1-THC-treated rats; higher doses of oLH (5-10 microgram/rat) reversed the action of delta1-THC on these two parameters.", "contents": "Acute effect of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol on the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis in the rat. Administration of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta1-THC), the principal psychoactive ingredient of cannabis, to proestrous rats (2 mg/rat, i.p., between 12.00 and 16.00 h) suppressed the proestrous rise in the plasma levels of LH, FSH and prolactin (Prl) and caused a 24 h delay in ovulation. Furthermore, the increased accumulation of prostaglandins of the E-type (PGE) in the ovaries, normally seen on the evening of proestrus, was prevented. Earlier (08.00-10.30 h) or later (18.00 h) administration of the drug on the day of proestrus was only partially effective in inhibiting ovulation. The suppressive effects of delta1-THC on ovulation and gonadotropin secretion were prevented by administration of gonadetropin releasing hormone (GnRH, 0.2 microgram/rat) 1 h after the drug, indicating that the central action of delta1-THC was exerted on the hypothalamus and not on the pituitary gland. Administration of ovine luteinizing hormore (oLH, 2.5 microgram/rat at 16.30 h on the day of proestrus restored ovulation and ovarian PGE accumulation in Nembutal-treated rats, but not in delta1-THC-treated rats; higher doses of oLH (5-10 microgram/rat) reversed the action of delta1-THC on these two parameters.", "PMID": 331132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11821", "title": "The role of the septal area in the neuroendocrine control of growth in the adult golden hamster.", "content": "Somatic, endocrine and behavioral correlates of growth were measured in intact and hypophysectomized adult hamsters with or without electrolytic damage to the rostral septal area. Septal (SEP) lesions significantly increased somatic growth rate, food consumption and serum concentration of growth hormone (GH) and insulin. Pituitary GH content and concentration were reduced in lesioned hamsters. None of these changes were found in hypophysectomized hamsters with SEP lesions. SEP lesions did not affect the percentage of body fat. These data suggest that the septum or adjacent fibers of passage inhibit growth in adult hamsters.", "contents": "The role of the septal area in the neuroendocrine control of growth in the adult golden hamster. Somatic, endocrine and behavioral correlates of growth were measured in intact and hypophysectomized adult hamsters with or without electrolytic damage to the rostral septal area. Septal (SEP) lesions significantly increased somatic growth rate, food consumption and serum concentration of growth hormone (GH) and insulin. Pituitary GH content and concentration were reduced in lesioned hamsters. None of these changes were found in hypophysectomized hamsters with SEP lesions. SEP lesions did not affect the percentage of body fat. These data suggest that the septum or adjacent fibers of passage inhibit growth in adult hamsters.", "PMID": 331134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11822", "title": "Evidence for the dependence of serum luteinizing hormone surge on a transient, enhanced secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.", "content": "Data that a substantial, transient release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus is a prerequisite for the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) surge are presented. Ovariectomized rats, in which daily afternoon LH peaks can be induced by estradiol benzoate (EB), were used as the experimental model. These rats present a homogenous, synchronized population having low hypothalamic stores of GnRH, thus facilitating detection of small physiological fluctuations in the levels of hypothalamic GnRH. Blockade, by Nembutal administration, of the serum LH surge on 2 consecutive afternoons results in elevated GnRH levels in the hypothalamus (1.79 ng in blocked rats vs 0.94 ng in controls). Abolition of LH secretion by administration of antiserum to GnRH, unlike the Nembutal blockade, does not affect GnRH levels. These results indicate that the afternoon LH surge is dependent on a transitory, enhanced release of GnRH from the hypothalamus, reflected by a depletion of GnRH stores.", "contents": "Evidence for the dependence of serum luteinizing hormone surge on a transient, enhanced secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. Data that a substantial, transient release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus is a prerequisite for the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) surge are presented. Ovariectomized rats, in which daily afternoon LH peaks can be induced by estradiol benzoate (EB), were used as the experimental model. These rats present a homogenous, synchronized population having low hypothalamic stores of GnRH, thus facilitating detection of small physiological fluctuations in the levels of hypothalamic GnRH. Blockade, by Nembutal administration, of the serum LH surge on 2 consecutive afternoons results in elevated GnRH levels in the hypothalamus (1.79 ng in blocked rats vs 0.94 ng in controls). Abolition of LH secretion by administration of antiserum to GnRH, unlike the Nembutal blockade, does not affect GnRH levels. These results indicate that the afternoon LH surge is dependent on a transitory, enhanced release of GnRH from the hypothalamus, reflected by a depletion of GnRH stores.", "PMID": 331135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11823", "title": "[Serial studies of sterile skin exudate in patients with multiple sclerosis].", "content": "In 23 patients with multiple sclerosis (group i) and 15 other subjects (group II) cell content of sterile exudate was studied in the skin window test of Rebuck. The results were compared. Cellular reaction of the skin was greater in group I than in group II and the difference was statistically significant. The number of mononuclear cells was increased especially from 12 to 15 hours after scarification.", "contents": "[Serial studies of sterile skin exudate in patients with multiple sclerosis]. In 23 patients with multiple sclerosis (group i) and 15 other subjects (group II) cell content of sterile exudate was studied in the skin window test of Rebuck. The results were compared. Cellular reaction of the skin was greater in group I than in group II and the difference was statistically significant. The number of mononuclear cells was increased especially from 12 to 15 hours after scarification.", "PMID": 331130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11824", "title": "Pituitary-gonadal function in heroin addicts.", "content": "The present study deals with pituitary-gonadal function in male heroin addicts, 6 patients with schizophrenia and 31 with mild personality disorders. We examined the serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels at the moment of hospitalization (at the maximum of heroin addiction), and 48 h and 10 days later. FSH levels were definitely reduced in all the patients and did not change during the period of heroin withdrawal. The LH levels were reduced to  a lesser extent, but significantly, and did not change after 10 days of abstinence from the drug. Testosterone levels were very low and increased in the schizophrenics during withdrawal, but not in the other addicts. The possible influence of heroin addiction on catecholamine metabolism in the central nervous system and, therefore, on the hypothalamic releasing factor and pituitary gonadotrophins, and the peripheral effect on testicular function are discussed.", "contents": "Pituitary-gonadal function in heroin addicts. The present study deals with pituitary-gonadal function in male heroin addicts, 6 patients with schizophrenia and 31 with mild personality disorders. We examined the serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels at the moment of hospitalization (at the maximum of heroin addiction), and 48 h and 10 days later. FSH levels were definitely reduced in all the patients and did not change during the period of heroin withdrawal. The LH levels were reduced to  a lesser extent, but significantly, and did not change after 10 days of abstinence from the drug. Testosterone levels were very low and increased in the schizophrenics during withdrawal, but not in the other addicts. The possible influence of heroin addiction on catecholamine metabolism in the central nervous system and, therefore, on the hypothalamic releasing factor and pituitary gonadotrophins, and the peripheral effect on testicular function are discussed.", "PMID": 331136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11825", "title": "Cerebral angiography with non-ionic (metrizamide) and ionic (meglumine metrizoate) watersoluble contrast media. A comparative study with double blind technic.", "content": "The adverse effects of cerebral angiography with metrizamide and meglumine metrizoate were compared in 20 patients for each contrast medium using a double blind technic. Deterioration of the EEG and bradycardial reactions were seen more often with meglumine metrizoate than with metrizamide and these differences were statistically significant. Metrizamide also had a shorter circulation time, less influence on the blood pressure and EMG than meglumine metrizoate, but these differences were not statistically significant. The clinical examinations showed no difference in the minor adverse effects. One patient had transient hemiparesis and dysarthria after angiography with meglumine metrizoate but no serious complications were seen in the others.", "contents": "Cerebral angiography with non-ionic (metrizamide) and ionic (meglumine metrizoate) watersoluble contrast media. A comparative study with double blind technic. The adverse effects of cerebral angiography with metrizamide and meglumine metrizoate were compared in 20 patients for each contrast medium using a double blind technic. Deterioration of the EEG and bradycardial reactions were seen more often with meglumine metrizoate than with metrizamide and these differences were statistically significant. Metrizamide also had a shorter circulation time, less influence on the blood pressure and EMG than meglumine metrizoate, but these differences were not statistically significant. The clinical examinations showed no difference in the minor adverse effects. One patient had transient hemiparesis and dysarthria after angiography with meglumine metrizoate but no serious complications were seen in the others.", "PMID": 331137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11826", "title": "[Acupunctura, \"vital\" drugs and psychopharmacological agents in the treatment of psychiatric patients with deep depressive disorders, with considerations on the probable neurophysiological mechanisms of the synergism of action].", "content": "Personal clinical experience in 36 psychiatric patients with true or masqued depression, receiving a combined treatment of acupuncture (in traditional and auricolar suprarenalic points), \"vital\" drugs (DPA 300-900 mg/die; l-glutamine 250-500 mg/die) and psycho-drugs (amitryptiline 50 mg/die; clomipramine 10-30 mg/die; diazepam 2-20 mg/die; haloperidol 2 mg/die) is described. 35 out of 36 cases improved by such therapy. Possible synergic mechanisms leading to a considerable reduction of usual phychodrugs, and attenuating or eliminating various side effects are finally discussed.", "contents": "[Acupunctura, \"vital\" drugs and psychopharmacological agents in the treatment of psychiatric patients with deep depressive disorders, with considerations on the probable neurophysiological mechanisms of the synergism of action]. Personal clinical experience in 36 psychiatric patients with true or masqued depression, receiving a combined treatment of acupuncture (in traditional and auricolar suprarenalic points), \"vital\" drugs (DPA 300-900 mg/die; l-glutamine 250-500 mg/die) and psycho-drugs (amitryptiline 50 mg/die; clomipramine 10-30 mg/die; diazepam 2-20 mg/die; haloperidol 2 mg/die) is described. 35 out of 36 cases improved by such therapy. Possible synergic mechanisms leading to a considerable reduction of usual phychodrugs, and attenuating or eliminating various side effects are finally discussed.", "PMID": 331140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11827", "title": "[Psychological dependence? A possible different formulation of the problem for a therapeutic rearrangement in chronic drug addictions].", "content": "Disputing the concept of \"psychic dependence\", the Authors review six motivations to use addictive drugs, four of which pertain to the moment to assume the habit, although the latter two, which are identifiable with physical and psychic dependence, depend on te breaking the habit. While physical dependence is linked to withdrawal syndrome, psychic dependence, on the Author's opinion, is related to a long-standing previous state of true or masked endogenous depression (in this case it would be well termed as \"neuropsychological dependence\"), and the drug taking is only a maladaptive self-medication. This thesis is substantiated by the literature, reporting, in chronic drug addicts the use of the whole series of antidepressants (i.e. tricyclics, doxepine, lithium, etc.), with noticeable therapeutical success. According with other reports and with personal experience, the Authors maintain a great importance to drugs acting, directly or not, on GABA, i.e. l-glutamine, piracetam, and, particularly, N-dipropilacetic acid.", "contents": "[Psychological dependence? A possible different formulation of the problem for a therapeutic rearrangement in chronic drug addictions]. Disputing the concept of \"psychic dependence\", the Authors review six motivations to use addictive drugs, four of which pertain to the moment to assume the habit, although the latter two, which are identifiable with physical and psychic dependence, depend on te breaking the habit. While physical dependence is linked to withdrawal syndrome, psychic dependence, on the Author's opinion, is related to a long-standing previous state of true or masked endogenous depression (in this case it would be well termed as \"neuropsychological dependence\"), and the drug taking is only a maladaptive self-medication. This thesis is substantiated by the literature, reporting, in chronic drug addicts the use of the whole series of antidepressants (i.e. tricyclics, doxepine, lithium, etc.), with noticeable therapeutical success. According with other reports and with personal experience, the Authors maintain a great importance to drugs acting, directly or not, on GABA, i.e. l-glutamine, piracetam, and, particularly, N-dipropilacetic acid.", "PMID": 331141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11828", "title": "[Recent acquisitions in hyaline membrane disease].", "content": "Hyaline membrane disease is an important factor in the postnatal mortality of prematures. Its pathogenesis is examined. Prematurity, maternal diabetes, and caesarean section are seen as predisposing causes. Delayed biochemical maturation of the lung (shown by a low lecithin-sphyngomyelin ration in the amniotic fluid and probably caused by hypophyseal-adrenal insufficiency) results in an absence of surfactant. Labour stimulates its production by massive release of endogenous cortisol. The part played by betamethasone and other substances in prophylaxis is discussed. It is felt that, at present, the availability of preformed tensioactive factors alone can achieve the decidedly improved prognosis required in so serious a disease.", "contents": "[Recent acquisitions in hyaline membrane disease]. Hyaline membrane disease is an important factor in the postnatal mortality of prematures. Its pathogenesis is examined. Prematurity, maternal diabetes, and caesarean section are seen as predisposing causes. Delayed biochemical maturation of the lung (shown by a low lecithin-sphyngomyelin ration in the amniotic fluid and probably caused by hypophyseal-adrenal insufficiency) results in an absence of surfactant. Labour stimulates its production by massive release of endogenous cortisol. The part played by betamethasone and other substances in prophylaxis is discussed. It is felt that, at present, the availability of preformed tensioactive factors alone can achieve the decidedly improved prognosis required in so serious a disease.", "PMID": 331143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11829", "title": "Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) and pregnancy. A review and report of a case.", "content": "This article presents a case report of Wilson's disease in pregnancy and a review of this entity during gestation. Biochemical and pathological data are reviewed and current treatment is discussed. Pertinent questions of interest to the obstetrician are indicated with reference to Wilson's disease.", "contents": "Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) and pregnancy. A review and report of a case. This article presents a case report of Wilson's disease in pregnancy and a review of this entity during gestation. Biochemical and pathological data are reviewed and current treatment is discussed. Pertinent questions of interest to the obstetrician are indicated with reference to Wilson's disease.", "PMID": 331163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11830", "title": "A double running suture technique for keratoplasty: earlier visual rehabilitation.", "content": "The technique of using two continuous sutures of different caliber and relative tightness, running in the same direction, is described for penetrating keratoplasties. The primary purpose of the technique is to allow visual correction earlier in the postoperative period. In addition, graft slippage with override and posterior wound gape, both occurring at suture removal with resultant functional loss, have been eliminated.", "contents": "A double running suture technique for keratoplasty: earlier visual rehabilitation. The technique of using two continuous sutures of different caliber and relative tightness, running in the same direction, is described for penetrating keratoplasties. The primary purpose of the technique is to allow visual correction earlier in the postoperative period. In addition, graft slippage with override and posterior wound gape, both occurring at suture removal with resultant functional loss, have been eliminated.", "PMID": 331174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11831", "title": "A technique for treating positive vitreous pressure during intraocular lens implantation in intracapsular surgery.", "content": "Positive vitreous pressure during intraocular lens implantation is treated by early recognition and instillation of an air bubble to deepen the anterior chamber, and subsequently to prevent contact between the intraocular lens and the corneal endothelium. A technique is presented which has proven successful in 20 cases.", "contents": "A technique for treating positive vitreous pressure during intraocular lens implantation in intracapsular surgery. Positive vitreous pressure during intraocular lens implantation is treated by early recognition and instillation of an air bubble to deepen the anterior chamber, and subsequently to prevent contact between the intraocular lens and the corneal endothelium. A technique is presented which has proven successful in 20 cases.", "PMID": 331176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11832", "title": "One-day hospitalization for extracapsular cataract surgery without phacoemulsification.", "content": "A technique is described for an extracapsular cataract extraction that combines the advantage of freedom of activity associated with phacoemulsification without many of the disadvantages of this procedure. The technique retains one of the advantages of a small wound, the use of the irrigating cystotome, with an advantage of a large wound, ease of delivery of a firm nucleus. An intact posterior capsule is maintained. Although it is similar to the one-day intracapsular method that we described, the present procedure preserves the advantages of a well planned extracapsular extraction for the situations in which intracapsular surgery is not desirable. The technique has been used in 25 cases which have been followed longer than nine months, in which there have been no complications nor secondary opacification of the posterior capsule. The desirable and undesirable features of phacoemulsification, classical extracapsular, our extracapsular and intracapsular procedures have been compared. Comparison with the techniques of lens extraction through a pars plana approach is beyond the scope of this paper.", "contents": "One-day hospitalization for extracapsular cataract surgery without phacoemulsification. A technique is described for an extracapsular cataract extraction that combines the advantage of freedom of activity associated with phacoemulsification without many of the disadvantages of this procedure. The technique retains one of the advantages of a small wound, the use of the irrigating cystotome, with an advantage of a large wound, ease of delivery of a firm nucleus. An intact posterior capsule is maintained. Although it is similar to the one-day intracapsular method that we described, the present procedure preserves the advantages of a well planned extracapsular extraction for the situations in which intracapsular surgery is not desirable. The technique has been used in 25 cases which have been followed longer than nine months, in which there have been no complications nor secondary opacification of the posterior capsule. The desirable and undesirable features of phacoemulsification, classical extracapsular, our extracapsular and intracapsular procedures have been compared. Comparison with the techniques of lens extraction through a pars plana approach is beyond the scope of this paper.", "PMID": 331177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11833", "title": "Ophthalmoplegic migraine: amelioration by Flufenamic acid, a prostaglandin inhibitor.", "content": "It was recently suggested that prostaglandins' release (especially PGE1 and PGF2alpha) play a key role in the development of the migrainous attack. Based on this hypothesis a therapeutic trial with flufenamic acid (a prostaglandin inhibitor of the fenamates group) was conducted during 1 year in 5 patients suffering from recurrent ophthalmoplegic migraine. We treated 25 migrainous attacks; in 22 of them the patients reported marked alleviation of the headaches and only in two occasions a partial third nerve palsy accompanied the attack.", "contents": "Ophthalmoplegic migraine: amelioration by Flufenamic acid, a prostaglandin inhibitor. It was recently suggested that prostaglandins' release (especially PGE1 and PGF2alpha) play a key role in the development of the migrainous attack. Based on this hypothesis a therapeutic trial with flufenamic acid (a prostaglandin inhibitor of the fenamates group) was conducted during 1 year in 5 patients suffering from recurrent ophthalmoplegic migraine. We treated 25 migrainous attacks; in 22 of them the patients reported marked alleviation of the headaches and only in two occasions a partial third nerve palsy accompanied the attack.", "PMID": 331178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11834", "title": "The effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinses on oral Candida in a group of leukemic patients.", "content": "Eighteen leukemic patients were examined for the presence of Candida albicans in the oral cavity. Fifteen patients were found to be Candida \"carriers.\" Nine of the patients were put on a chlorhexidine mouth rinse regimen. Although chlorhexidine was clearly fungicidal in vitro, no decrease in Candida titer was obtained with the mouth rinse. The ineffectiveness of the drug in vivo might be due to the specific location of Candida organisms in the oral mucosa.", "contents": "The effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinses on oral Candida in a group of leukemic patients. Eighteen leukemic patients were examined for the presence of Candida albicans in the oral cavity. Fifteen patients were found to be Candida \"carriers.\" Nine of the patients were put on a chlorhexidine mouth rinse regimen. Although chlorhexidine was clearly fungicidal in vitro, no decrease in Candida titer was obtained with the mouth rinse. The ineffectiveness of the drug in vivo might be due to the specific location of Candida organisms in the oral mucosa.", "PMID": 331179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11835", "title": "A strip test for detecting Candida in the oral cavity.", "content": "One-hundred and twenty persons were screened for the presence of Candida in the mouth. Salivary samples were cultured on Sabouraud's agar, on yeast extract, and on Microstix. Microstix is a new and simple method testing for Candida. The reliability of the strip for detecting clinically identified candidiasis in severely ill patients was 100 per cent. Of ninety-three clinically healthy controls, forty-five were found to be Candida carriers according to the two conventional methods (Sabouraud's agar and yeast extract), but only forty-one of them by the strip. The discrepancy might be explained by the limit of the sensitivity of the strip (5.10(2) yeast per milliliter). The strip is recommended for testing clinically suspected candidiasis and is very useful for screening.", "contents": "A strip test for detecting Candida in the oral cavity. One-hundred and twenty persons were screened for the presence of Candida in the mouth. Salivary samples were cultured on Sabouraud's agar, on yeast extract, and on Microstix. Microstix is a new and simple method testing for Candida. The reliability of the strip for detecting clinically identified candidiasis in severely ill patients was 100 per cent. Of ninety-three clinically healthy controls, forty-five were found to be Candida carriers according to the two conventional methods (Sabouraud's agar and yeast extract), but only forty-one of them by the strip. The discrepancy might be explained by the limit of the sensitivity of the strip (5.10(2) yeast per milliliter). The strip is recommended for testing clinically suspected candidiasis and is very useful for screening.", "PMID": 331180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11836", "title": "Experimental evaluation of microsurgical techniques in small artery anastomoses.", "content": "A number of factors that influence the success of microvascular anastomosis have been studied, including adventitial stripping, choice of suture material and needles, suturing technique, and perfusion of the distal lumen. It is apparent that only minimal stripping of the adventitia is indicated in order to prevent increased necrosis of the vessel ends at the anastomosis site. The use of 10-0 monofilament nylon suture material with needles 75 microns or less in diameter achieves the best results in small vessel anastomoses. Optimal anastomosis of 1 mm. vessels requires interrupted full thickness sutures with minimal adventitial stripping and the use of the smallest number of sutures possible. We do not advocate routine perfusion of small arteries unless there are specific indications. An experienced team of microsurgeons utilizing these principles along with proper patient selection and a sound postoperative regimen should be able to achieve more than a 70 per cent success rate in replantation of completely amputated digits and hands.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of microsurgical techniques in small artery anastomoses. A number of factors that influence the success of microvascular anastomosis have been studied, including adventitial stripping, choice of suture material and needles, suturing technique, and perfusion of the distal lumen. It is apparent that only minimal stripping of the adventitia is indicated in order to prevent increased necrosis of the vessel ends at the anastomosis site. The use of 10-0 monofilament nylon suture material with needles 75 microns or less in diameter achieves the best results in small vessel anastomoses. Optimal anastomosis of 1 mm. vessels requires interrupted full thickness sutures with minimal adventitial stripping and the use of the smallest number of sutures possible. We do not advocate routine perfusion of small arteries unless there are specific indications. An experienced team of microsurgeons utilizing these principles along with proper patient selection and a sound postoperative regimen should be able to achieve more than a 70 per cent success rate in replantation of completely amputated digits and hands.", "PMID": 331181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11837", "title": "Evaluation of digital replantation--a review of 100 cases.", "content": "One hundred digital replantations and revascularizations of digits performed during a five year period were analyzed. Seventy replantations (70 per cent) survived and 62 were available for long term functional follow-up. Provided strict indications are observed, replantation is a most worthwhile procedure.", "contents": "Evaluation of digital replantation--a review of 100 cases. One hundred digital replantations and revascularizations of digits performed during a five year period were analyzed. Seventy replantations (70 per cent) survived and 62 were available for long term functional follow-up. Provided strict indications are observed, replantation is a most worthwhile procedure.", "PMID": 331182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11838", "title": "Practical microneurorrhaphy.", "content": "Microneurorrhaphy is not a panacea insuring excellent functional return following severance of a nerve. However, it does provide better results than macroneurorrhaphy. Patients note greater and stronger motor recovery, improved protective sensation, improved touch localization, and fewer painful neuromas if the principles of neurorrhaphy outlined are followed. Unfortunately \"normal function\" is seldom achieved, and this fact points to the necessity for additional knowledge about peripheral nerve repair.", "contents": "Practical microneurorrhaphy. Microneurorrhaphy is not a panacea insuring excellent functional return following severance of a nerve. However, it does provide better results than macroneurorrhaphy. Patients note greater and stronger motor recovery, improved protective sensation, improved touch localization, and fewer painful neuromas if the principles of neurorrhaphy outlined are followed. Unfortunately \"normal function\" is seldom achieved, and this fact points to the necessity for additional knowledge about peripheral nerve repair.", "PMID": 331185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11839", "title": "The origin of the planetesimal theory.", "content": "T. C. Chamberlin suggested in 1897, on the basis of geological and climatological arguments, that the planets were formed by accretion of cold solid partices. With F. R. Moulton he developed convincing arguments against the Laplace nebular hypothesis and published a comprehensive 'planetesimal theory' of the origin of the solar system in 1905. The Chamberlin-Moulton theory has current as well as historical interest.", "contents": "The origin of the planetesimal theory. T. C. Chamberlin suggested in 1897, on the basis of geological and climatological arguments, that the planets were formed by accretion of cold solid partices. With F. R. Moulton he developed convincing arguments against the Laplace nebular hypothesis and published a comprehensive 'planetesimal theory' of the origin of the solar system in 1905. The Chamberlin-Moulton theory has current as well as historical interest.", "PMID": 331191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11840", "title": "The paediatric syndrome of traumatic myelopathy without demonstrable vertebral injury.", "content": "Three detailed case histories are added to those previously published in the literature and from the evidence now available a proposal is made that a paediatric syndrome of traumatic myelopathy without demonstrable vertebral injury be recognised as a definite clinical entity. The mechanisms of injury, evolution, patterns of paralysis and pathological evidence are discussed. The conclusion is drawn that no form of treatment yet known can influence the prognosis in this syndrome.", "contents": "The paediatric syndrome of traumatic myelopathy without demonstrable vertebral injury. Three detailed case histories are added to those previously published in the literature and from the evidence now available a proposal is made that a paediatric syndrome of traumatic myelopathy without demonstrable vertebral injury be recognised as a definite clinical entity. The mechanisms of injury, evolution, patterns of paralysis and pathological evidence are discussed. The conclusion is drawn that no form of treatment yet known can influence the prognosis in this syndrome.", "PMID": 331199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11841", "title": "[Incidence of clonorchiasis in carnivorous animals in upper Priamur'e].", "content": "In Upper Priamurje domestic and wild mammals were examined for the infection with Clonorchis sinensis. It was found that in the south--eastern regions of the Amur district 45.8% of cats were infected with Clonorchis sinensis was recorded only from two animals.", "contents": "[Incidence of clonorchiasis in carnivorous animals in upper Priamur'e]. In Upper Priamurje domestic and wild mammals were examined for the infection with Clonorchis sinensis. It was found that in the south--eastern regions of the Amur district 45.8% of cats were infected with Clonorchis sinensis was recorded only from two animals.", "PMID": 331200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11842", "title": "Meconium aspiration syndrome.", "content": "Meconium aspiration syndrome is a perinatal problem which requires the full cooperation and coordination of obstetrical and pediatric personnel if it is to be avoided. Prompt, efficient delivery room management can minimize the sequelae of aspirated meconium. However, those infants who develop severe meconium aspiration syndrome are best managed in neonatal intensive care units where they can be closely monitored and vigorously treated.", "contents": "Meconium aspiration syndrome. Meconium aspiration syndrome is a perinatal problem which requires the full cooperation and coordination of obstetrical and pediatric personnel if it is to be avoided. Prompt, efficient delivery room management can minimize the sequelae of aspirated meconium. However, those infants who develop severe meconium aspiration syndrome are best managed in neonatal intensive care units where they can be closely monitored and vigorously treated.", "PMID": 331206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11843", "title": "Fluid and electrolyte requirements in the newborn infant.", "content": "Most of the studies of water and electrolyte balance have been performed on full teren balancing the hydration and electrolyte status of all infants, it is most important to relate the treatment regimen to the infant's gestational age and weight, and to make appropriate adjustments for various environmental conditions which affect water and salt requirements, such as phototherapy, type of warmer, and humidity.", "contents": "Fluid and electrolyte requirements in the newborn infant. Most of the studies of water and electrolyte balance have been performed on full teren balancing the hydration and electrolyte status of all infants, it is most important to relate the treatment regimen to the infant's gestational age and weight, and to make appropriate adjustments for various environmental conditions which affect water and salt requirements, such as phototherapy, type of warmer, and humidity.", "PMID": 331211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11844", "title": "Acute renal failure in the neonate.", "content": "With advances in diagnostic technology, the diagnosis of renal failure from prerenal and renal causes is being made more frequently. With better clinical understanding of etiologic causes, early prevention and diagnostic and therapeutic measures can be taken. Proper and controlled use of fluids, calories, and drugs is essential. Because of its relative ease, peritoneal dialysis is usually preferred over hemodialysis when renal failure cannot be handled more conservatively. Although the incidence of renal failure has apparently increased with the advent of neonatal intensive care, survival rates are increasing and the potential for prevention is better.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in the neonate. With advances in diagnostic technology, the diagnosis of renal failure from prerenal and renal causes is being made more frequently. With better clinical understanding of etiologic causes, early prevention and diagnostic and therapeutic measures can be taken. Proper and controlled use of fluids, calories, and drugs is essential. Because of its relative ease, peritoneal dialysis is usually preferred over hemodialysis when renal failure cannot be handled more conservatively. Although the incidence of renal failure has apparently increased with the advent of neonatal intensive care, survival rates are increasing and the potential for prevention is better.", "PMID": 331214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11845", "title": "Predominant of exclusive orbital and facial involvement in infantile cortical hyperostosis (de Toni-Caffey's disease). Report of four cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Four patients who presented with predominant or exclusive face and orbital involvement by de Toni-Caffey's disease are reported. Facial manifestations of infantile cortical hyperostosis may be the first and sometimes the only manifestion of the disease. A mandibular involvement is almost always present and its characteristic appearance leads to the diagnosis of de Toni-Caffey's disease.", "contents": "Predominant of exclusive orbital and facial involvement in infantile cortical hyperostosis (de Toni-Caffey's disease). Report of four cases and a review of the literature. Four patients who presented with predominant or exclusive face and orbital involvement by de Toni-Caffey's disease are reported. Facial manifestations of infantile cortical hyperostosis may be the first and sometimes the only manifestion of the disease. A mandibular involvement is almost always present and its characteristic appearance leads to the diagnosis of de Toni-Caffey's disease.", "PMID": 331222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11846", "title": "Chronic pulmonary disease in neonates after artificial ventilation: distribution of ventilation and pulmonary interstitial emphysema.", "content": "To determine pulmonary function abnormalities in patients with neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), we measured distribution of ventilation by nitrogen washout, minute and tidal volume, and arterial and alveolar gases in three groups of ten preterm infants with similar birth weights (mean = 1,340 g) and gestational ages (mean = 30.3 weeks). Infants in group A were never artificially ventilated, those in group B were ventilated but had no subsequent BPD, and those in group C were ventilated and developed BPD. Infants with BPD had severe maldistribution of ventilation (pulmonary clearance delay 223% versus 47% and 60% for groups A and B). They had decreased tidal volumes (5.3 ml versus 7.0 and 6.2 ml) and higher respiratory rates (60/min versus 47 and 48) but similar minute volumes. They also had increased PaCO2 (53.6 torr versus 41.9 and 43.4 torr) and increased arterial-alveolar carbon dioxide gradients (6.8 torr versus 3.1 and 1.8 torr). There was no statistically significant difference between groups B and C for the time spent in fractional inspired oxygen greater than 0.40 and greater than 0.60, or the time ventilated for intubated, or the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus. Early pulmonary interstitial emphysema was much more common in the infants who subsequently developed BPD (eight of ten versus two of ten, P less than .01).", "contents": "Chronic pulmonary disease in neonates after artificial ventilation: distribution of ventilation and pulmonary interstitial emphysema. To determine pulmonary function abnormalities in patients with neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), we measured distribution of ventilation by nitrogen washout, minute and tidal volume, and arterial and alveolar gases in three groups of ten preterm infants with similar birth weights (mean = 1,340 g) and gestational ages (mean = 30.3 weeks). Infants in group A were never artificially ventilated, those in group B were ventilated but had no subsequent BPD, and those in group C were ventilated and developed BPD. Infants with BPD had severe maldistribution of ventilation (pulmonary clearance delay 223% versus 47% and 60% for groups A and B). They had decreased tidal volumes (5.3 ml versus 7.0 and 6.2 ml) and higher respiratory rates (60/min versus 47 and 48) but similar minute volumes. They also had increased PaCO2 (53.6 torr versus 41.9 and 43.4 torr) and increased arterial-alveolar carbon dioxide gradients (6.8 torr versus 3.1 and 1.8 torr). There was no statistically significant difference between groups B and C for the time spent in fractional inspired oxygen greater than 0.40 and greater than 0.60, or the time ventilated for intubated, or the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus. Early pulmonary interstitial emphysema was much more common in the infants who subsequently developed BPD (eight of ten versus two of ten, P less than .01).", "PMID": 331223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11847", "title": "Natural history of neonatal colonization with group B streptococci.", "content": "Thirteen percent of the newborns in our study group were colonized with group B streptococci on day 3. This colonization rate appeared constant during the first two weeks of life and then decreased to 5%. Of the babies colonized on day 3, 59% and 91% were culture-negative on days 14 and 42, respectively. Sixty-five percent of the babies carrying group B streptococci on day 14 acquired this microorganism following discharge (day 3). Babies colonized with staphylococci or Escherichia coli were found to have decreased probability of colonization with group B streptococci.", "contents": "Natural history of neonatal colonization with group B streptococci. Thirteen percent of the newborns in our study group were colonized with group B streptococci on day 3. This colonization rate appeared constant during the first two weeks of life and then decreased to 5%. Of the babies colonized on day 3, 59% and 91% were culture-negative on days 14 and 42, respectively. Sixty-five percent of the babies carrying group B streptococci on day 14 acquired this microorganism following discharge (day 3). Babies colonized with staphylococci or Escherichia coli were found to have decreased probability of colonization with group B streptococci.", "PMID": 331224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11848", "title": "Significance of radiographic findings in early-onset group B streptococcal infection.", "content": "Chest radiographs on 73 neonates with early-onset group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection were reviewed. Eighty-six percent of the infants were premature (less than 38 weeks); 68% weighed less than or equal to 1,500 g. In infants weighing less than or equal to 1,500 g, the predominant radiographic pattern was hyaline membrane disease (HMD) (80%). There was a significant increase in radiographic HMD in 1,000 to 1,500-g neonates with GBS infection (77%) when compared to a control group of infants without GBS infection (44%). Mortality in 1,000 to 1,500-g infants with GBS infection and radiographic HMD (95%) was also significantly higher than in the control group of infants with hmd HMD and no GBS infection (38%). In larger premature and full-term infants, the radiographic findings were not specific and also were not helpful in distinguishing GBS infection from other newborn respiratory disorders.", "contents": "Significance of radiographic findings in early-onset group B streptococcal infection. Chest radiographs on 73 neonates with early-onset group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection were reviewed. Eighty-six percent of the infants were premature (less than 38 weeks); 68% weighed less than or equal to 1,500 g. In infants weighing less than or equal to 1,500 g, the predominant radiographic pattern was hyaline membrane disease (HMD) (80%). There was a significant increase in radiographic HMD in 1,000 to 1,500-g neonates with GBS infection (77%) when compared to a control group of infants without GBS infection (44%). Mortality in 1,000 to 1,500-g infants with GBS infection and radiographic HMD (95%) was also significantly higher than in the control group of infants with hmd HMD and no GBS infection (38%). In larger premature and full-term infants, the radiographic findings were not specific and also were not helpful in distinguishing GBS infection from other newborn respiratory disorders.", "PMID": 331225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11849", "title": "Survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in slurry.", "content": "Cattle and swine slurry and a mixture of equal parts of both, was mixed with a culture of M. paratuberculosis, 0.1 mg per ml (1 mg = 33 X 10(6) viable units) and stored under anaerobic conditions at 5 degrees and 15 degrees C. At 5 degrees C the survival time for M. paratuberculosis was 252 days in all 3 kinds of slurry, and at 15 degrees C it was 98 days in cattle slurry, 182 days in swine slurry, and 168 days in mixed slurry.", "contents": "Survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in slurry. Cattle and swine slurry and a mixture of equal parts of both, was mixed with a culture of M. paratuberculosis, 0.1 mg per ml (1 mg = 33 X 10(6) viable units) and stored under anaerobic conditions at 5 degrees and 15 degrees C. At 5 degrees C the survival time for M. paratuberculosis was 252 days in all 3 kinds of slurry, and at 15 degrees C it was 98 days in cattle slurry, 182 days in swine slurry, and 168 days in mixed slurry.", "PMID": 331238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11850", "title": "[Serum and urinary antibodies in pyelonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pyelonephritis is accompanied by complex immunological reactions, the study of which is just now being undertaken. Study of 216 patients with a significant monomicrobial urinary infection showed that in more than 95 per cent of cases of Gram negative infection the urine contained IgG type antibodies, often associated with IgA. These antibodies may be easily detected using an immunofluorescent technique, which would appear to be the best method available at present for distinguishing between pyelonephritis and an infection of the lower urinary tract. They may also be found in the serum, though less frequently. Detection by immunofluorescence is markedly more sensitive than using the classical passive haemagglutination technique. The biological significance of these antibodies remains imprecise, and their protective or facilitating role may be discussed. Their specificity must be determined, in order that sequential study of these immunological reactions may be of help in the conduct of treatment.", "contents": "[Serum and urinary antibodies in pyelonephritis (author's transl)]. Pyelonephritis is accompanied by complex immunological reactions, the study of which is just now being undertaken. Study of 216 patients with a significant monomicrobial urinary infection showed that in more than 95 per cent of cases of Gram negative infection the urine contained IgG type antibodies, often associated with IgA. These antibodies may be easily detected using an immunofluorescent technique, which would appear to be the best method available at present for distinguishing between pyelonephritis and an infection of the lower urinary tract. They may also be found in the serum, though less frequently. Detection by immunofluorescence is markedly more sensitive than using the classical passive haemagglutination technique. The biological significance of these antibodies remains imprecise, and their protective or facilitating role may be discussed. Their specificity must be determined, in order that sequential study of these immunological reactions may be of help in the conduct of treatment.", "PMID": 331241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11851", "title": "[Combined immunological and cytochemical identification of nucleated cells in normal human peripheral blood].", "content": "Nucleated cells obtained from normal human peripheral blood on a layer of Ficoll Isopaque are identified according to the combination of various assays: phagocytosis, endogenous peroxidase, naphtol AS-D esterase, immunofluorescence (IF) performed at 4 degrees C and after incubation at 37 degrees C. The Ig bearing lymphocytes are evaluated with IF, while errors due to other nucleated cells may be evaluated by phagocytic and enzymatic capacities. As the presence of immunoglobulins (Ig) on the cell surface doses not prove its B lymphocytic nature, both immunofluorescence (IF) and endogenous peroxidase are usefully performed together. Exposure of the cells to 37 degrees C during half an hour may enable us to avoid to consider monocytes and lymphocytes with cell bound Ig. Thus con accurately be evaluated the percentages of lymphocytic populations in practice of immunological tests.", "contents": "[Combined immunological and cytochemical identification of nucleated cells in normal human peripheral blood]. Nucleated cells obtained from normal human peripheral blood on a layer of Ficoll Isopaque are identified according to the combination of various assays: phagocytosis, endogenous peroxidase, naphtol AS-D esterase, immunofluorescence (IF) performed at 4 degrees C and after incubation at 37 degrees C. The Ig bearing lymphocytes are evaluated with IF, while errors due to other nucleated cells may be evaluated by phagocytic and enzymatic capacities. As the presence of immunoglobulins (Ig) on the cell surface doses not prove its B lymphocytic nature, both immunofluorescence (IF) and endogenous peroxidase are usefully performed together. Exposure of the cells to 37 degrees C during half an hour may enable us to avoid to consider monocytes and lymphocytes with cell bound Ig. Thus con accurately be evaluated the percentages of lymphocytic populations in practice of immunological tests.", "PMID": 331248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11852", "title": "Supercoiling energy and nucleosome formation: the role of the arginine-rich histone kernel.", "content": "We have formed complexes of relaxed closed circular Col E1 DNA with various combinations of histones, and examined the effects of treating the complexes with nicking-closing enzyme. Germond et al (1) have shown that when a mixture of the four core histones of the nucleosome (HIA, H2B, H3 and H4) is used in such an experiment, the subsequently isolated DNA is supercoiled. We find that the arginine-rich histone pair, H3 and H4, is sufficient to induce the supercoiling observed in this experiment. Both H3 and H4 are required, and in the absence of either, no other histones are effective. H3 and and H4 are as efficient, per unit weight, as a mixture of the four histones in inducing supercoils. We also show that there is a large difference between the DNA bending energy needed to form a nucleosome and that needed to form one turn of normal superhelical DNA. These two processes are energetically quite distinct and probably separable. We estimate the free energy of interaction between DNA-bound histone pairs, and find that one or two such interactions would generate enough energy to fold the DNA into a nucleosome.", "contents": "Supercoiling energy and nucleosome formation: the role of the arginine-rich histone kernel. We have formed complexes of relaxed closed circular Col E1 DNA with various combinations of histones, and examined the effects of treating the complexes with nicking-closing enzyme. Germond et al (1) have shown that when a mixture of the four core histones of the nucleosome (HIA, H2B, H3 and H4) is used in such an experiment, the subsequently isolated DNA is supercoiled. We find that the arginine-rich histone pair, H3 and H4, is sufficient to induce the supercoiling observed in this experiment. Both H3 and H4 are required, and in the absence of either, no other histones are effective. H3 and and H4 are as efficient, per unit weight, as a mixture of the four histones in inducing supercoils. We also show that there is a large difference between the DNA bending energy needed to form a nucleosome and that needed to form one turn of normal superhelical DNA. These two processes are energetically quite distinct and probably separable. We estimate the free energy of interaction between DNA-bound histone pairs, and find that one or two such interactions would generate enough energy to fold the DNA into a nucleosome.", "PMID": 331250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11853", "title": "Studies of ColE1-plasmid DNA and its interactions with histones: sedimentation velocity studies of monodisperse complexes reconstituted with calf-thymus histones.", "content": "Complexes between the four calf-thymus histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) and colE1-plasmid DNA have been reconstituted using the procedure of Oudet et al. ((1975), Cell 4, 281-300). The sedimentation rates of the complexes formed were studied under a variety of conditions. In 0.4 MNaCL, 0.1 M Tris pH 7.50, 0.01 M EDTA and 0.02 M NaHSO3, the final dialy-sis-solvent in the reconstitution procedure, the sedimentation coefficients s23 were found to increase when the complexes were reconstituted at increasing histone to DNA ratios. True plateau regions were reached in the case of the relaxed circular and linear forms of the plasmid DNA. The sedimenting boundaries observed for the complexes at saturation are sharp, reflecting a narrow distribution of sedimentation coefficients and a homogeneity of the complex comparable to that of the uncomplexed DNA. Studies of the dependence of s 23 on the concentration of the complex at constant DNA to histones ratio have been undertaken at salt concentrations between 0.4 and 1.5 M NaCL in the above solvent. The formation of the complexes is reversible, at least at the higher ionic strengths. At salt concentrations below 0.36 M the complex precipitates from solution. Omission of histone H4 from the reconstitution mixture abolishes complex formation.", "contents": "Studies of ColE1-plasmid DNA and its interactions with histones: sedimentation velocity studies of monodisperse complexes reconstituted with calf-thymus histones. Complexes between the four calf-thymus histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) and colE1-plasmid DNA have been reconstituted using the procedure of Oudet et al. ((1975), Cell 4, 281-300). The sedimentation rates of the complexes formed were studied under a variety of conditions. In 0.4 MNaCL, 0.1 M Tris pH 7.50, 0.01 M EDTA and 0.02 M NaHSO3, the final dialy-sis-solvent in the reconstitution procedure, the sedimentation coefficients s23 were found to increase when the complexes were reconstituted at increasing histone to DNA ratios. True plateau regions were reached in the case of the relaxed circular and linear forms of the plasmid DNA. The sedimenting boundaries observed for the complexes at saturation are sharp, reflecting a narrow distribution of sedimentation coefficients and a homogeneity of the complex comparable to that of the uncomplexed DNA. Studies of the dependence of s 23 on the concentration of the complex at constant DNA to histones ratio have been undertaken at salt concentrations between 0.4 and 1.5 M NaCL in the above solvent. The formation of the complexes is reversible, at least at the higher ionic strengths. At salt concentrations below 0.36 M the complex precipitates from solution. Omission of histone H4 from the reconstitution mixture abolishes complex formation.", "PMID": 331251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11854", "title": "Physiochemical studies on interactions between DNA and RNA polymerase. Unwinding of the DNA helix by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "content": "In a medium containing 10mM Tris, pH 8, 10 mM MG++, 50 mM K+ and 10 mM NH4, the binding of an E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme unwinds the DNA helix by about 240 degrees at 37 degrees C. In this medium the total unwinding of the DNA increases linearly with the molar ratio of polymerase to DNA. The number of binding sites at which unwinding can occur is very large. If the K+ concentration is increased at 200 mM, the enzyme binds to only a limited number of sites, and the bound and free enzyme molecules do not exchange at an appreciable rate. The unwinding angle of the DNA per bound enzyme in this high salt medium is measured to be 140 degrees at 37 degrees C. The total unwinding angle for a fixed number of bound polymerase molecules per DNA is strongly temperature dependent, and decreases with decreasing temperature.", "contents": "Physiochemical studies on interactions between DNA and RNA polymerase. Unwinding of the DNA helix by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. In a medium containing 10mM Tris, pH 8, 10 mM MG++, 50 mM K+ and 10 mM NH4, the binding of an E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme unwinds the DNA helix by about 240 degrees at 37 degrees C. In this medium the total unwinding of the DNA increases linearly with the molar ratio of polymerase to DNA. The number of binding sites at which unwinding can occur is very large. If the K+ concentration is increased at 200 mM, the enzyme binds to only a limited number of sites, and the bound and free enzyme molecules do not exchange at an appreciable rate. The unwinding angle of the DNA per bound enzyme in this high salt medium is measured to be 140 degrees at 37 degrees C. The total unwinding angle for a fixed number of bound polymerase molecules per DNA is strongly temperature dependent, and decreases with decreasing temperature.", "PMID": 331252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11855", "title": "A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of mouse mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "A restriction endonuclease cleavage map is presented for mouse mitochondrial DNA. This map was constructed by electron microscopic measurements on partial digests containing fixed D-loops, and by electrophoretic analysis of partial and complete single enzyme digests, and of double digests. No map differences were detected between mitochondrial DNA from cultured LA9 cells and an inbred mouse line for the six endonucleases used. Three cleavage sites recognized by HpaI, five sites recognized by HincII, two sites recognized PstI and four sites recognized by BamI were located with respect to the origin of replication and the EcoRI and HinIII sites previously determined by others. No cleavages were produced by KpnI or SalI. The migration of linear DNA with a molecular weight greater than 1 X 10(6) was not a linear function of log molecular weight in 1% agarose gels run at 6.6 volts/cm.", "contents": "A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of mouse mitochondrial DNA. A restriction endonuclease cleavage map is presented for mouse mitochondrial DNA. This map was constructed by electron microscopic measurements on partial digests containing fixed D-loops, and by electrophoretic analysis of partial and complete single enzyme digests, and of double digests. No map differences were detected between mitochondrial DNA from cultured LA9 cells and an inbred mouse line for the six endonucleases used. Three cleavage sites recognized by HpaI, five sites recognized by HincII, two sites recognized PstI and four sites recognized by BamI were located with respect to the origin of replication and the EcoRI and HinIII sites previously determined by others. No cleavages were produced by KpnI or SalI. The migration of linear DNA with a molecular weight greater than 1 X 10(6) was not a linear function of log molecular weight in 1% agarose gels run at 6.6 volts/cm.", "PMID": 331253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11856", "title": "Restriction endonuclease cleavage maps of rat and mouse mitochondrial DNAs.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA from an Old World mouse, Mus musculus, and from an Old World rat, Rattus norvegicus, contain 19 and 22 distinct sites, respectively, for the 8 restriction endonucleases, BamHI, EcoRI, HaeII, HhaI, HincII, HindIII, HpaI and PstI. The relative positions of the sites have been mapped by the study of partial and double enzyme digests. Some sites may been conserverd between the mouse and rat mitochondrial genomes.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease cleavage maps of rat and mouse mitochondrial DNAs. Mitochondrial DNA from an Old World mouse, Mus musculus, and from an Old World rat, Rattus norvegicus, contain 19 and 22 distinct sites, respectively, for the 8 restriction endonucleases, BamHI, EcoRI, HaeII, HhaI, HincII, HindIII, HpaI and PstI. The relative positions of the sites have been mapped by the study of partial and double enzyme digests. Some sites may been conserverd between the mouse and rat mitochondrial genomes.", "PMID": 331254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11857", "title": "Microheterogeneity detected in circular dimer mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "Exhaustive EcoRI digests of circular dimer mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from mouse cell lines LD and LDTK- yield two major fragments whose average lengths are slightly smaller than the corresponding fragments of circular monomer mtDNA from mouse LA9 and LMTK- cells. A third fragment approximately 400 nucleotide pairs in length is frequently produced in less than molar yield. Exhaustive EcoRI digests of circular dimer mtDNA from human acute myelogenous leukemic leucocytes yield three major fragments. The presence of mtDNA resistant to cleavage as well as fragments of intermediate sizes indicatesmicroheterogeneity in the genomic positions of EcoRI recognition sequences in both mouse and human circular dimer mtDNA. Analysis of the distribution averages of circular contour lengths indicates microheterogeneity in the sizes of mouse LD and human mtDNAs. The denatured-renatured EcoRI fragments frequently contain a small loop(s) of single-strand DNA as would occur for deletion(s) or addition(s) of single-strand DNA as would occur for deletion(s) or addition(s) of nucleotide sequences in some of the circular dimer molecules.", "contents": "Microheterogeneity detected in circular dimer mitochondrial DNA. Exhaustive EcoRI digests of circular dimer mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from mouse cell lines LD and LDTK- yield two major fragments whose average lengths are slightly smaller than the corresponding fragments of circular monomer mtDNA from mouse LA9 and LMTK- cells. A third fragment approximately 400 nucleotide pairs in length is frequently produced in less than molar yield. Exhaustive EcoRI digests of circular dimer mtDNA from human acute myelogenous leukemic leucocytes yield three major fragments. The presence of mtDNA resistant to cleavage as well as fragments of intermediate sizes indicatesmicroheterogeneity in the genomic positions of EcoRI recognition sequences in both mouse and human circular dimer mtDNA. Analysis of the distribution averages of circular contour lengths indicates microheterogeneity in the sizes of mouse LD and human mtDNAs. The denatured-renatured EcoRI fragments frequently contain a small loop(s) of single-strand DNA as would occur for deletion(s) or addition(s) of single-strand DNA as would occur for deletion(s) or addition(s) of nucleotide sequences in some of the circular dimer molecules.", "PMID": 331255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11858", "title": "Analysis of chromosomal integration and deletions of yeast plasmids.", "content": "Plasmid DNAs from six strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared. Three different plasmids were found, designated Scp 1, Scp 2 and Scp 3, with monomer lengths of 6.19, 6.06 and 5.97 kilobases as referenced to sequenced phiX174 DNA. DNA from each of the plasmids was inserted into a lambda vector DNA. Hybrid phage containing inserted DNA of the desired size were enriched by genetic selection and their DNAs analysed by rapid techniques. All three plasmids share the same organization, two unique sequences separated by two inverted repeats, and share basically the same DNA sequences. Scp 2 and Scp 3 differ from Scp 1 by missing a unique HpaI site and by having small overlapping deletions in the same region. The HpaI site in Scp 1 is, therefore, in a nonessential region and suitable for insertion of foreign DNA in the potential use of the yeast plasmid as a vector. Hybridization of labelled cloned plasmid DNA to restriction fragments of linear yeast DNA separated on agarose gels showed that the plasmid DNA was not stably integrated into the yeast chromosomal DNA.", "contents": "Analysis of chromosomal integration and deletions of yeast plasmids. Plasmid DNAs from six strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared. Three different plasmids were found, designated Scp 1, Scp 2 and Scp 3, with monomer lengths of 6.19, 6.06 and 5.97 kilobases as referenced to sequenced phiX174 DNA. DNA from each of the plasmids was inserted into a lambda vector DNA. Hybrid phage containing inserted DNA of the desired size were enriched by genetic selection and their DNAs analysed by rapid techniques. All three plasmids share the same organization, two unique sequences separated by two inverted repeats, and share basically the same DNA sequences. Scp 2 and Scp 3 differ from Scp 1 by missing a unique HpaI site and by having small overlapping deletions in the same region. The HpaI site in Scp 1 is, therefore, in a nonessential region and suitable for insertion of foreign DNA in the potential use of the yeast plasmid as a vector. Hybridization of labelled cloned plasmid DNA to restriction fragments of linear yeast DNA separated on agarose gels showed that the plasmid DNA was not stably integrated into the yeast chromosomal DNA.", "PMID": 331256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11859", "title": "Physical properties and gel electrophoresis behavior of R12-derived plasmid DNAs.", "content": "A series of closed circular (I) plasmid DNAs has been derived from drug resistance factor R12, and the nicked circular (II) and linear (III) derivatives of these molecules prepared by irradiation in the presence of ethidium bromide and by treatment with restriction enzyme EcoRI, respectively. These DNAs encompass the molecular weight range 3.6 to 61 megadaltons. The base compositions range from 45% to 51% (GC) as estimated by buoyant density determinations. The smaller plasmids are significantly less supercoiled (9-10%) than are the larger (12-13%). The gel electrophoretic behavior of the three DNA structural forms was determined as a function of molecular weight in agarose gels of concentrations ranging from 0.7% to 1.6% and at electrophoresis salt concentrations from 0.02 M to 0.08 M sodium acetate. The mobilities of DNAs I and III undergo a reversal relative to each other at a molecular weight which decreases with increasing agarose gel concentration. The molecular weight at which DNA II fails to enter a gel depends upon the ionic strength during electrophoresis but not upon the gel concentration.", "contents": "Physical properties and gel electrophoresis behavior of R12-derived plasmid DNAs. A series of closed circular (I) plasmid DNAs has been derived from drug resistance factor R12, and the nicked circular (II) and linear (III) derivatives of these molecules prepared by irradiation in the presence of ethidium bromide and by treatment with restriction enzyme EcoRI, respectively. These DNAs encompass the molecular weight range 3.6 to 61 megadaltons. The base compositions range from 45% to 51% (GC) as estimated by buoyant density determinations. The smaller plasmids are significantly less supercoiled (9-10%) than are the larger (12-13%). The gel electrophoretic behavior of the three DNA structural forms was determined as a function of molecular weight in agarose gels of concentrations ranging from 0.7% to 1.6% and at electrophoresis salt concentrations from 0.02 M to 0.08 M sodium acetate. The mobilities of DNAs I and III undergo a reversal relative to each other at a molecular weight which decreases with increasing agarose gel concentration. The molecular weight at which DNA II fails to enter a gel depends upon the ionic strength during electrophoresis but not upon the gel concentration.", "PMID": 331257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11860", "title": "Separation of the complementary strands of DNA fragments on polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "32P-labeled (in vivo) phiX174 RFI DNA was restricted by Hinc II. Three aliquots of the same digest: a) nondenatured, b) heat denatured, and c) denatured by 5 mM Me-HgOH were analyzed on 3-15% acrylamide gel gradients or on 3% gels with reduced N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide. The autoradiography of the gels showed that the nondenatured sample migrates two times faster than the denatured samples. After denaturation each original fragment appeared as a doublet. Using in vitro synthesized RFI DNA labeled only in negative strand with 32P we could identify the position of the negative strand in each denatured doublet. The single strand DNA fragments could be recovered from the gel slices on a semi-preparative scale by electrophoresis into dialysis tubing.", "contents": "Separation of the complementary strands of DNA fragments on polyacrylamide gels. 32P-labeled (in vivo) phiX174 RFI DNA was restricted by Hinc II. Three aliquots of the same digest: a) nondenatured, b) heat denatured, and c) denatured by 5 mM Me-HgOH were analyzed on 3-15% acrylamide gel gradients or on 3% gels with reduced N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide. The autoradiography of the gels showed that the nondenatured sample migrates two times faster than the denatured samples. After denaturation each original fragment appeared as a doublet. Using in vitro synthesized RFI DNA labeled only in negative strand with 32P we could identify the position of the negative strand in each denatured doublet. The single strand DNA fragments could be recovered from the gel slices on a semi-preparative scale by electrophoresis into dialysis tubing.", "PMID": 331258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11861", "title": "Binding of E.coli lac repressor to non-operator DNA.", "content": "It is shown by melting profile analysis of lac repressor-DNA complexes that repressor binds tightly and preferentially (relative to single-stranded DNA) to double-stranded non-operator DNA. This binding stabilizes the DNA against melting and the repressor against thermal denaturation. Analysis of the extent of stabilization and the rate of dissociation of repressor from non-operator DNA as a function of sodium ion concentration shows, in confirmation of other studies,(3,4) that the binding constant (K(RD)) is very ionic strength dependent; K(RD) increases from approximately 10(6) M(-1) at approximately 0.1 M Na(+) to values in excess of 10(10) M(-1) at 0.002 M Na(+). Repressor bound to non-operator DNA is not further stabilized against thermal denaturation by inducer binding, indicating that the inducer and DNA binding sites probably represent separately stabilized local conformations. Transfer melting experiments are used to measure the rate of dissociation of repressor from operator DNA. These experiments show that most of the ionic strength dependence of the binding constant is in the dissociation process; the estimated dissociation rate constant decreases from greater than 10(-1) sec(-1) at [Na(+)] >/= 0.02 M to less than 10(-4) sec(-1) at [Na(+)] </= 0.002 M. Competition melting experiments are used to show that at 0.02 to 0.002 M Na(+) the affinity of lac repressor for various natural DNAs and synthetic double-stranded polynucleotides (including poly[d(m(6)A-T)], which carries a methyl group in the large groove) are approximately independent of base composition, except that the affinity of repressor for poly[d(A-T)] is approximately 2- to 3-fold greater than for the other DNAs tested. The affinity for single-stranded polynucleotides is atleast 50-fold less than for the doublehelical forms.", "contents": "Binding of E.coli lac repressor to non-operator DNA. It is shown by melting profile analysis of lac repressor-DNA complexes that repressor binds tightly and preferentially (relative to single-stranded DNA) to double-stranded non-operator DNA. This binding stabilizes the DNA against melting and the repressor against thermal denaturation. Analysis of the extent of stabilization and the rate of dissociation of repressor from non-operator DNA as a function of sodium ion concentration shows, in confirmation of other studies,(3,4) that the binding constant (K(RD)) is very ionic strength dependent; K(RD) increases from approximately 10(6) M(-1) at approximately 0.1 M Na(+) to values in excess of 10(10) M(-1) at 0.002 M Na(+). Repressor bound to non-operator DNA is not further stabilized against thermal denaturation by inducer binding, indicating that the inducer and DNA binding sites probably represent separately stabilized local conformations. Transfer melting experiments are used to measure the rate of dissociation of repressor from operator DNA. These experiments show that most of the ionic strength dependence of the binding constant is in the dissociation process; the estimated dissociation rate constant decreases from greater than 10(-1) sec(-1) at [Na(+)] >/= 0.02 M to less than 10(-4) sec(-1) at [Na(+)] </= 0.002 M. Competition melting experiments are used to show that at 0.02 to 0.002 M Na(+) the affinity of lac repressor for various natural DNAs and synthetic double-stranded polynucleotides (including poly[d(m(6)A-T)], which carries a methyl group in the large groove) are approximately independent of base composition, except that the affinity of repressor for poly[d(A-T)] is approximately 2- to 3-fold greater than for the other DNAs tested. The affinity for single-stranded polynucleotides is atleast 50-fold less than for the doublehelical forms.", "PMID": 331259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11862", "title": "Complementary addressed modification of yeast tRNA Val 1 with alkylating derivative of d(pC-G)-A. The positions of the alkylated nucleotides and the course of the alkylation in the complex.", "content": "Yeast tRNA Val 1 alkylation with 2', 3'-O-4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino) benzylidene d(pC-G)-A proceeds at 20 degrees - 30 degrees C in the complementary complexes which are formed by d(pC-G)-A greater than RC1 binding to 3 sequences of tRNA Val 1 : psi-C-G58 in the T loop, C-G40 at the 3'-side of the anticodon loop and C-G18 in the D loop. The reaction in the complexes results in A53, I35, and psi 13 alkylation to form beta-/N-methyl-N-(formylphenyl 17 amino/ethyl-tRNA Val 1 with the relative rate constants of the alkylation that are 3 or 2 orders of magnitude higher than that for the alkylation without a complex formation. It is the third nucleotide from the 5'-terminus of the binding site of the modifying agent that is subjected to alkylation in the t RNA Val 1. The course of the alkylation does not depend on the possible base pairing of the 3'-terminal nucleotide of the reagent. The extent of the reagent binding and the relative rate constants of the alkalytion in the complexes indicate the following order of the complex stability: (psi-C-G58) greater than (CO-G40) approximately (C-G18) at 20 degrees and (psi-C-G58) greater than (C-G40) greater than (C-G18) at 30 degrees.", "contents": "Complementary addressed modification of yeast tRNA Val 1 with alkylating derivative of d(pC-G)-A. The positions of the alkylated nucleotides and the course of the alkylation in the complex. Yeast tRNA Val 1 alkylation with 2', 3'-O-4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino) benzylidene d(pC-G)-A proceeds at 20 degrees - 30 degrees C in the complementary complexes which are formed by d(pC-G)-A greater than RC1 binding to 3 sequences of tRNA Val 1 : psi-C-G58 in the T loop, C-G40 at the 3'-side of the anticodon loop and C-G18 in the D loop. The reaction in the complexes results in A53, I35, and psi 13 alkylation to form beta-/N-methyl-N-(formylphenyl 17 amino/ethyl-tRNA Val 1 with the relative rate constants of the alkylation that are 3 or 2 orders of magnitude higher than that for the alkylation without a complex formation. It is the third nucleotide from the 5'-terminus of the binding site of the modifying agent that is subjected to alkylation in the t RNA Val 1. The course of the alkylation does not depend on the possible base pairing of the 3'-terminal nucleotide of the reagent. The extent of the reagent binding and the relative rate constants of the alkalytion in the complexes indicate the following order of the complex stability: (psi-C-G58) greater than (CO-G40) approximately (C-G18) at 20 degrees and (psi-C-G58) greater than (C-G40) greater than (C-G18) at 30 degrees.", "PMID": 331260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11863", "title": "Structural organization of complexes of transfer RNAs with aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetases.", "content": "A variety of experimental data on synthetase-tRNA interactions are examined. Although these data previously had no direct explanation when viewed only in terms of the tRNA cloverleaf diagram, they can be rationalized according to a simple proposal that takes account of the three dimensional structure of tRNA. It is proposed that a major part of the binding site for most or all synthetases is along and around the diagonal side of the tRNA structure, which contains the acceptor stem, dihydrouridine stem, and anticodon. This side of the tRNA molecule contains structural features likely to be common for all tRNAs. Depending on the system, an enzyme may span a small part or all of the region of this side of the molecule. Interactions with other parts of the structure may also occur in a manner that varies from complex to complex. These interactions may be determined, in part, by the angle at which the diagonal side of the flat tRNA molecule is inserted onto the surface of the synthetase.", "contents": "Structural organization of complexes of transfer RNAs with aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetases. A variety of experimental data on synthetase-tRNA interactions are examined. Although these data previously had no direct explanation when viewed only in terms of the tRNA cloverleaf diagram, they can be rationalized according to a simple proposal that takes account of the three dimensional structure of tRNA. It is proposed that a major part of the binding site for most or all synthetases is along and around the diagonal side of the tRNA structure, which contains the acceptor stem, dihydrouridine stem, and anticodon. This side of the tRNA molecule contains structural features likely to be common for all tRNAs. Depending on the system, an enzyme may span a small part or all of the region of this side of the molecule. Interactions with other parts of the structure may also occur in a manner that varies from complex to complex. These interactions may be determined, in part, by the angle at which the diagonal side of the flat tRNA molecule is inserted onto the surface of the synthetase.", "PMID": 331261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11864", "title": "A strong ethidium binding site in the acceptor stem of most or all transfer RNAs.", "content": "E. coli unfractionated tRNA and tRNA phe both contain a single strong ethidium binding site. Singlet-singlet energy transfer has been used to measure the distance between this site and dansyl hydrazine covalently attached to the 3' end of the tRNAs. The distance obtained is between 33 and 40 A for both samples. This is completely consistent with results from earlier NMR studies which placed the single, strong ethidium binding site of yeast tRNAphe between base pairs 6 and 7 on the aminoacyl stem. From the known tertiary structure of tRNAphe it is possible to rationalize the unusual affinity of this site and its likely existence in all tRNAs.", "contents": "A strong ethidium binding site in the acceptor stem of most or all transfer RNAs. E. coli unfractionated tRNA and tRNA phe both contain a single strong ethidium binding site. Singlet-singlet energy transfer has been used to measure the distance between this site and dansyl hydrazine covalently attached to the 3' end of the tRNAs. The distance obtained is between 33 and 40 A for both samples. This is completely consistent with results from earlier NMR studies which placed the single, strong ethidium binding site of yeast tRNAphe between base pairs 6 and 7 on the aminoacyl stem. From the known tertiary structure of tRNAphe it is possible to rationalize the unusual affinity of this site and its likely existence in all tRNAs.", "PMID": 331262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11865", "title": "Analogs of methionyl-tRNA synthetase substrates containing photolabile groups.", "content": "Three photolabile analogs of substrates of methionyl-tRNA synthetase were synthesized. In one, the 4-thiouridine at the 8 position of E. coli tRNAfMet was alkylated with [14C]p-azidobromoacetanilide. In the second, [14C]p-azidobenzoic acid hydrazide was condensed with the 3'-terminal dialdehyde of periodate-oxidized Escherichia coli tRNAfMet. The modified tRNAs could be purified by chromatography on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose. The third photolabile compound was [3H]methioninyl-8-azido-adenosine 5'-phosphate, an analog of the methionyl adenylate intermediate in the aminoacylation reaction. Irradiation of each of these compounds in the presence of equimolar amounts of E. coli methionyl-tRNA synthetase of micrometer concentrations gave 5-15% crosslinking.", "contents": "Analogs of methionyl-tRNA synthetase substrates containing photolabile groups. Three photolabile analogs of substrates of methionyl-tRNA synthetase were synthesized. In one, the 4-thiouridine at the 8 position of E. coli tRNAfMet was alkylated with [14C]p-azidobromoacetanilide. In the second, [14C]p-azidobenzoic acid hydrazide was condensed with the 3'-terminal dialdehyde of periodate-oxidized Escherichia coli tRNAfMet. The modified tRNAs could be purified by chromatography on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose. The third photolabile compound was [3H]methioninyl-8-azido-adenosine 5'-phosphate, an analog of the methionyl adenylate intermediate in the aminoacylation reaction. Irradiation of each of these compounds in the presence of equimolar amounts of E. coli methionyl-tRNA synthetase of micrometer concentrations gave 5-15% crosslinking.", "PMID": 331263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11866", "title": "Inhibition of transcription of supercoiled PM2 DNA by carbodiimide modification.", "content": "PM2 superhelican DNA (form I), which as been reacted with the single strand specific reagent, N-cyclohexyl-N'-beta-(methylmorpholinium)ethyl carbodiimide (CMC) is more than 95% inhibited in its ability to support transcription with E. coli B RNA polymerase in vitro. Almost complete inhibition of transcription was achieved after 2 hours of reaction with FI when only 1% of the bases were modified. A large increase in S20,* (from 26.8 S to 33.6 S) of FI DNA was observed during the course of reaction. Rifampicin resistant transcription is more susceptible to inhibition by CMC than total transcription, suggesting that the CMC is preferentially binding at promoter sites. These results clearly are in accord with the observation that supercoiled DNA contains localized regions of unpaired bases. The promotor sites for E. coli RNA polymerase in FI PM2 DNA appear to be located at or near these unpaired sites.", "contents": "Inhibition of transcription of supercoiled PM2 DNA by carbodiimide modification. PM2 superhelican DNA (form I), which as been reacted with the single strand specific reagent, N-cyclohexyl-N'-beta-(methylmorpholinium)ethyl carbodiimide (CMC) is more than 95% inhibited in its ability to support transcription with E. coli B RNA polymerase in vitro. Almost complete inhibition of transcription was achieved after 2 hours of reaction with FI when only 1% of the bases were modified. A large increase in S20,* (from 26.8 S to 33.6 S) of FI DNA was observed during the course of reaction. Rifampicin resistant transcription is more susceptible to inhibition by CMC than total transcription, suggesting that the CMC is preferentially binding at promoter sites. These results clearly are in accord with the observation that supercoiled DNA contains localized regions of unpaired bases. The promotor sites for E. coli RNA polymerase in FI PM2 DNA appear to be located at or near these unpaired sites.", "PMID": 331264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11867", "title": "Alterations of tRNA modification in mammalian systems: the effect of ethionine.", "content": "The relationship between the modification of tRNA and its ability to act as a substrate for homologous tRNA modification enzymes in vitro was studied. The tRNA extracted from the livers of rats was active as a substrate for in vitro methylation with extracts from normal rat liver 19 h after treatment with L-ethionine (35 mg/100 g/24 h). After 4 weeks of feeding a diet containing o.25% DL-ethionine, the tRNA was a poor substrate for methylation in vitro, even though it was deficient in methylated nucleosides. Only 18% and 7% of the available sites could be methylated after 67 h and 4 weeks, respectively, of ethionine treatment. 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine, a nucleoside that is also synthesized from S-adenosylmethionine, was assayed in individual tRNAs by their reactivity with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of phenoxyacetic acid. The reactivity of tRNAIle, tRNAAsn, and tRNAThr was decreased by treatment with ethionine at 67 h as well as at 2 and 4 weeks, although no difference could be detected at 19 h.", "contents": "Alterations of tRNA modification in mammalian systems: the effect of ethionine. The relationship between the modification of tRNA and its ability to act as a substrate for homologous tRNA modification enzymes in vitro was studied. The tRNA extracted from the livers of rats was active as a substrate for in vitro methylation with extracts from normal rat liver 19 h after treatment with L-ethionine (35 mg/100 g/24 h). After 4 weeks of feeding a diet containing o.25% DL-ethionine, the tRNA was a poor substrate for methylation in vitro, even though it was deficient in methylated nucleosides. Only 18% and 7% of the available sites could be methylated after 67 h and 4 weeks, respectively, of ethionine treatment. 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine, a nucleoside that is also synthesized from S-adenosylmethionine, was assayed in individual tRNAs by their reactivity with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of phenoxyacetic acid. The reactivity of tRNAIle, tRNAAsn, and tRNAThr was decreased by treatment with ethionine at 67 h as well as at 2 and 4 weeks, although no difference could be detected at 19 h.", "PMID": 331265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11868", "title": "Biosynthesis of tRNA in histidine regulatory mutants of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "HisU mutants of Salmonella typhimurium are depressed in the histidine operon since they have lower intracellular concentration of histidyl-tRNAHis. In this paper we present evidences showing that a strain carrying a hisU mutation (hisUl206) is altered in a nucleolytic enzyme involved in tRNA maturation process. The analysis of several hisU mutants indicates that hisU region of bacterial genome may account for more than one function involved in tRNA biosynthesis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of tRNA in histidine regulatory mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. HisU mutants of Salmonella typhimurium are depressed in the histidine operon since they have lower intracellular concentration of histidyl-tRNAHis. In this paper we present evidences showing that a strain carrying a hisU mutation (hisUl206) is altered in a nucleolytic enzyme involved in tRNA maturation process. The analysis of several hisU mutants indicates that hisU region of bacterial genome may account for more than one function involved in tRNA biosynthesis.", "PMID": 331266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11869", "title": "Use of specific endonuclease cleavage in RNA sequencing.", "content": "Nonradioactive RNA fragments may be sequenced by incorporation of (3H)-label into 3'-terminal positions, controlled digestion with specific ribonucleases, and separation according to size of the digestion products on polyethyleneimine- (PEI-) cellulose thin layers. This combination of techniques allows one to measure accurately distances of specific cleavage sites from the labeled terminal positions. The cleavage specificities of RNases T1, U2, and A are utilized to identify the positions of G, A, and pyrimidine residues respectively. C and U may be distinguished by mobility differences on PEI-cellulose thin layers at ph 2.6. The procedure is simple, rapid, and highly sensitive; as little as 0.5 - 1 microgram of a RNA of the size of tRNA will be needed to sequence all fragments in a complete RNase digest.", "contents": "Use of specific endonuclease cleavage in RNA sequencing. Nonradioactive RNA fragments may be sequenced by incorporation of (3H)-label into 3'-terminal positions, controlled digestion with specific ribonucleases, and separation according to size of the digestion products on polyethyleneimine- (PEI-) cellulose thin layers. This combination of techniques allows one to measure accurately distances of specific cleavage sites from the labeled terminal positions. The cleavage specificities of RNases T1, U2, and A are utilized to identify the positions of G, A, and pyrimidine residues respectively. C and U may be distinguished by mobility differences on PEI-cellulose thin layers at ph 2.6. The procedure is simple, rapid, and highly sensitive; as little as 0.5 - 1 microgram of a RNA of the size of tRNA will be needed to sequence all fragments in a complete RNase digest.", "PMID": 331267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11870", "title": "Rabbit liver tRNA1Val:II. unusual secondary structure of T psi C stem and loop due to a U54:A60 base pair.", "content": "In contrast to all other known tRNAs, mammalian tRNA1Val contains two adenosines A59 and A60, opposite to U54 and psi 55 in the U psi CG sequence of the T psi C loop, which could form unusual A:U (or A: psi pairs in addition to the five \"normal\" G:C pairs. In order to measure the number of G:C and A:U (A: psi) pairs in the T psi C stem, we prepared the 30 nucleotide long 3'-terminal fragment of this tRNA by \"m7G-cleavage\". From differentiated melting curves and temperature jump experiments it was concluded that the T psi C stem in this fragment is in fact extended by an additional A60:U54 pair. A dimer of this fragment with 14 base pairs was characterized by gel electrophoresis and by the same physical methods. An additional A:U pair in the tRNA1Val fragment does not necessarily mean that this is also true for intact tRNA. However, we showed that U54 is far less available for enzymatic methylation in mammalian tRNA1Val compared to tRNA from T-E. coli. This clear difference in U54 reactivity, together with the identification of an extra A60:U54 pair in the U psi CG containing fragment suggests the presence of a 6 base pair T psi C stem and a 5 nucleotide T psi C loop in this tRNA.", "contents": "Rabbit liver tRNA1Val:II. unusual secondary structure of T psi C stem and loop due to a U54:A60 base pair. In contrast to all other known tRNAs, mammalian tRNA1Val contains two adenosines A59 and A60, opposite to U54 and psi 55 in the U psi CG sequence of the T psi C loop, which could form unusual A:U (or A: psi pairs in addition to the five \"normal\" G:C pairs. In order to measure the number of G:C and A:U (A: psi) pairs in the T psi C stem, we prepared the 30 nucleotide long 3'-terminal fragment of this tRNA by \"m7G-cleavage\". From differentiated melting curves and temperature jump experiments it was concluded that the T psi C stem in this fragment is in fact extended by an additional A60:U54 pair. A dimer of this fragment with 14 base pairs was characterized by gel electrophoresis and by the same physical methods. An additional A:U pair in the tRNA1Val fragment does not necessarily mean that this is also true for intact tRNA. However, we showed that U54 is far less available for enzymatic methylation in mammalian tRNA1Val compared to tRNA from T-E. coli. This clear difference in U54 reactivity, together with the identification of an extra A60:U54 pair in the U psi CG containing fragment suggests the presence of a 6 base pair T psi C stem and a 5 nucleotide T psi C loop in this tRNA.", "PMID": 331268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11871", "title": "Assessment of cardiac blood pools in radiocardiography by various indicator dilution models.", "content": "Heart blood pools were evaluated by different indicator dilution models from single detector 113mIn radiocardiographic measurements on healthy subjects. It appeared that generally accepted mathematical expressions based on the nth moments of the radiocardiographic dilution curve overestimate the heart volumes by 30-40%. The study suggests that the indicator dispersion within the heart chambers is an essential parameter affecting the central circulatory dilution process, which ought to be included in the radiocardiographic models. Dispersion models based on the random walk equation, probability density function and the gamma variate model produced consistent heart volumes. The suitability of the dispersion models for clinical routine use is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Assessment of cardiac blood pools in radiocardiography by various indicator dilution models. Heart blood pools were evaluated by different indicator dilution models from single detector 113mIn radiocardiographic measurements on healthy subjects. It appeared that generally accepted mathematical expressions based on the nth moments of the radiocardiographic dilution curve overestimate the heart volumes by 30-40%. The study suggests that the indicator dispersion within the heart chambers is an essential parameter affecting the central circulatory dilution process, which ought to be included in the radiocardiographic models. Dispersion models based on the random walk equation, probability density function and the gamma variate model produced consistent heart volumes. The suitability of the dispersion models for clinical routine use is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 331270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11872", "title": "[Liebow desquamative interstitial pneumopathy. Review of the literature; discussion of a new case].", "content": "After a new observation, the authors make as complete a review as possible of the literature on this disease right up to the end of June 1974. They counted 104 observations and analyzed 91 of them. They think the clinical description could be enlarged to include the extra-thoracic signs. Similarly they point at biological peculiarities which unfortunately have only been looked for in a small number of the observations. Out of 77 cases they draw the main evolutive lines of the disease treated or untreated, debating on the reaction to corticosteroids. Finally they debate on the pathogenic hypotheses mainly on histological grounds.", "contents": "[Liebow desquamative interstitial pneumopathy. Review of the literature; discussion of a new case]. After a new observation, the authors make as complete a review as possible of the literature on this disease right up to the end of June 1974. They counted 104 observations and analyzed 91 of them. They think the clinical description could be enlarged to include the extra-thoracic signs. Similarly they point at biological peculiarities which unfortunately have only been looked for in a small number of the observations. Out of 77 cases they draw the main evolutive lines of the disease treated or untreated, debating on the reaction to corticosteroids. Finally they debate on the pathogenic hypotheses mainly on histological grounds.", "PMID": 331293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11873", "title": "[Pleural effusions (chylous or nonchylous) with regional osteolysis: A case evocative of Gorham's disease].", "content": "In connection with one case of thoracic localized osteolysis associated to bilateral seral effusion, serohemorrhagic on the right, chylous on the left, the authors recall 13 similar observations. In this localization a pleural effusion is very frequent and specific to it, putting at stake the vital prognosis of the patient. These observations can be compared to multiple osteolyses and be grouped together under the name of \"intraosseous capillary ectasies\".", "contents": "[Pleural effusions (chylous or nonchylous) with regional osteolysis: A case evocative of Gorham's disease]. In connection with one case of thoracic localized osteolysis associated to bilateral seral effusion, serohemorrhagic on the right, chylous on the left, the authors recall 13 similar observations. In this localization a pleural effusion is very frequent and specific to it, putting at stake the vital prognosis of the patient. These observations can be compared to multiple osteolyses and be grouped together under the name of \"intraosseous capillary ectasies\".", "PMID": 331294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11874", "title": "[Histological changes in renal transplants].", "content": "The main histological alterations observed in renal transplants, based on a short review of the medical literature and the Pathology Department of the General Hospital (National Medical Center. Mexican Institute of the Social Security) own experience, are reported.", "contents": "[Histological changes in renal transplants]. The main histological alterations observed in renal transplants, based on a short review of the medical literature and the Pathology Department of the General Hospital (National Medical Center. Mexican Institute of the Social Security) own experience, are reported.", "PMID": 331300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11875", "title": "Interaction of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes with bacteriophage f1 mRNA and of Escherichia coli ribosomes with rabbit globin mRNA.", "content": "We have compared the behavior of a prokaryotic mRNA in a eukaryotic ribosome binding system and of a eukaryotic mRNA in a prokaryotic ribosome binding system. Using (32)P- and (125)I-labeled bacteriophage f1 mRNA, we have shown that rabbit reticulocyte 80S ribosomes can protect specific sequences from pancreatic RNase digestion, including those sequences protected by Escherichia coli ribosomes. We have also found that E. coli ribosomes fail to protect any region of (125)I-labeled globin mRNA. Iodination of the mRNA appeared to have little or no effect on the specificity of binding or protection by the ribosomes of either system.The eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems differ markedly in the ability of the small ribosomal subunits to protect mRNA from nuclease digestion. The regions of phage f1 mRNA protected by E. coli 30S subunits are virtually identical to those protected by the 70S ribosomes. By contrast, rabbit reticulocyte 40S subunits protect substantially larger fragments of mRNA from nuclease digestion than do the 80S ribosomes. These 40S-protected fragments are specific in the case of globin mRNA and overlap the shorter region protected by the 80S ribosomes. However, the 40S-protected fragments of phage f1 mRNA were found to be extremely heterogeneous, reflecting perhaps an important difference between the initial interactions made by these two mRNAs with the ribosomes.", "contents": "Interaction of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes with bacteriophage f1 mRNA and of Escherichia coli ribosomes with rabbit globin mRNA. We have compared the behavior of a prokaryotic mRNA in a eukaryotic ribosome binding system and of a eukaryotic mRNA in a prokaryotic ribosome binding system. Using (32)P- and (125)I-labeled bacteriophage f1 mRNA, we have shown that rabbit reticulocyte 80S ribosomes can protect specific sequences from pancreatic RNase digestion, including those sequences protected by Escherichia coli ribosomes. We have also found that E. coli ribosomes fail to protect any region of (125)I-labeled globin mRNA. Iodination of the mRNA appeared to have little or no effect on the specificity of binding or protection by the ribosomes of either system.The eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems differ markedly in the ability of the small ribosomal subunits to protect mRNA from nuclease digestion. The regions of phage f1 mRNA protected by E. coli 30S subunits are virtually identical to those protected by the 70S ribosomes. By contrast, rabbit reticulocyte 40S subunits protect substantially larger fragments of mRNA from nuclease digestion than do the 80S ribosomes. These 40S-protected fragments are specific in the case of globin mRNA and overlap the shorter region protected by the 80S ribosomes. However, the 40S-protected fragments of phage f1 mRNA were found to be extremely heterogeneous, reflecting perhaps an important difference between the initial interactions made by these two mRNAs with the ribosomes.", "PMID": 331312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11876", "title": "Identification of spacer tRNA genes in individual ribosomal RNA transcription units of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Transfer RNA genes (\"spacer tRNA genes\") are present in the spacer region between 16S and 23S rRNA genes in Escherichia coli. We have analyzed spacer tRNA genes carried by seven rRNA operons with different chromosomal locations. Six of these were isolated on plasmids and one on a transducing phage. We found that, in addition to the two previously identified genes for tRNA2Glu and tRNAIIle, there is a spacer tRNA gene which codes for tRNAIBAla. Of the seven rRNA operons studied, three had both tRNAIBAla and tRNAIIle genes, and the remaining four had the tRNA2Glu gene in their spacers. In addition, genes for tRNAIAsp were found near the distal ends of two different rRNA operons.", "contents": "Identification of spacer tRNA genes in individual ribosomal RNA transcription units of Escherichia coli. Transfer RNA genes (\"spacer tRNA genes\") are present in the spacer region between 16S and 23S rRNA genes in Escherichia coli. We have analyzed spacer tRNA genes carried by seven rRNA operons with different chromosomal locations. Six of these were isolated on plasmids and one on a transducing phage. We found that, in addition to the two previously identified genes for tRNA2Glu and tRNAIIle, there is a spacer tRNA gene which codes for tRNAIBAla. Of the seven rRNA operons studied, three had both tRNAIBAla and tRNAIIle genes, and the remaining four had the tRNA2Glu gene in their spacers. In addition, genes for tRNAIAsp were found near the distal ends of two different rRNA operons.", "PMID": 331313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11877", "title": "Expression of petite mitochondrial DNA in vivo: zygotic gene rescue.", "content": "A protocol is introduced for probing the organization and regulation of expression of the yeast mitochondrial genome, termed \"zygotic gene rescue.\" The procedure is based on the notion that genes retained on mitochondrial DNA of on the notion that genes retained on mitochondrial DNA of petites can be expressed in zygotes of a cross between petite and wild type. To test the validity of this notion, we have taken advantage of our ability to discriminate, by mobility differences on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels, different forms of the product of alleles of the mitochondrial gene, varI. In petite strains that have retained the varI gene, its characteristic product appears in zygotes 4-5 hr after mating; no product is observed in petite strains deleted in the varI locus. Our studies indicate that (i) expression in the zygote of the varI gene in the petite genome is not exclusively the result of recombination with mitochondrial DNA of the wild-type tester, and (ii) the varI gene is probably reiterated in the petite mitochondrial genome. The strength of the technique of zygotic gene rescue in the analysis of the mitochondrial genome is discussed.", "contents": "Expression of petite mitochondrial DNA in vivo: zygotic gene rescue. A protocol is introduced for probing the organization and regulation of expression of the yeast mitochondrial genome, termed \"zygotic gene rescue.\" The procedure is based on the notion that genes retained on mitochondrial DNA of on the notion that genes retained on mitochondrial DNA of petites can be expressed in zygotes of a cross between petite and wild type. To test the validity of this notion, we have taken advantage of our ability to discriminate, by mobility differences on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels, different forms of the product of alleles of the mitochondrial gene, varI. In petite strains that have retained the varI gene, its characteristic product appears in zygotes 4-5 hr after mating; no product is observed in petite strains deleted in the varI locus. Our studies indicate that (i) expression in the zygote of the varI gene in the petite genome is not exclusively the result of recombination with mitochondrial DNA of the wild-type tester, and (ii) the varI gene is probably reiterated in the petite mitochondrial genome. The strength of the technique of zygotic gene rescue in the analysis of the mitochondrial genome is discussed.", "PMID": 331314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11878", "title": "Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of benz[alpha]anthracene diol epoxides and tetrahydro-epoxides: exceptional activity of the bay region 1,2-epoxides.", "content": "Three diastereomeric pairs of diol epoxides, two tetrahydro-epoxides, and the K-region oxide of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benz[a]anthracene were evaluated for mutagenic activity in strain TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium and in line V79-6 of Chinese hamster lung cells. The two diastereomeric 1,2-epoxides of the trans-3,4-dihydrodiol of benz[a]anthracene are 15 to 35 times more mutagenic to the bacteria and 65 to 125 times more mutagenic to the mammalian cells than are the diastereomeric pairs of benz[a]anthracene-8,9-diol-10,11-epoxides or benz[a]anthracene-10,11-diol-8,9-epoxides. 1,2-Epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenz[a]anthracene is the most mutagenic and cytotoxic of the nine derivatives and is 5 and 25 times more mutagenic than 3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenz[a]anthracene in bacterial and mammalian cells, respectively. In either test system, benz[a]anthracene 5,6-oxide (K-region oxide) has less than 10% of the activity of any of the 1,2-epoxides derived from benz[a]anthracene. The relative stabilities of the derivatives in aqueous solution do not account for the differences in mutagenic activity because the more mutagenic derivatives tend to be less stable. The benz[a]anthracene diol epoxides, like the benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides, are refractory to the action of epoxide hydrase. The exceptional mutagenic activity of the 1,2-epoxide derivatives of benz[a]anthracene is consistent with and supportive of the hypothesis that bay region epoxides on saturated, angular benzo-rings of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ultimate carcinogens.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of benz[alpha]anthracene diol epoxides and tetrahydro-epoxides: exceptional activity of the bay region 1,2-epoxides. Three diastereomeric pairs of diol epoxides, two tetrahydro-epoxides, and the K-region oxide of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benz[a]anthracene were evaluated for mutagenic activity in strain TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium and in line V79-6 of Chinese hamster lung cells. The two diastereomeric 1,2-epoxides of the trans-3,4-dihydrodiol of benz[a]anthracene are 15 to 35 times more mutagenic to the bacteria and 65 to 125 times more mutagenic to the mammalian cells than are the diastereomeric pairs of benz[a]anthracene-8,9-diol-10,11-epoxides or benz[a]anthracene-10,11-diol-8,9-epoxides. 1,2-Epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenz[a]anthracene is the most mutagenic and cytotoxic of the nine derivatives and is 5 and 25 times more mutagenic than 3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenz[a]anthracene in bacterial and mammalian cells, respectively. In either test system, benz[a]anthracene 5,6-oxide (K-region oxide) has less than 10% of the activity of any of the 1,2-epoxides derived from benz[a]anthracene. The relative stabilities of the derivatives in aqueous solution do not account for the differences in mutagenic activity because the more mutagenic derivatives tend to be less stable. The benz[a]anthracene diol epoxides, like the benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides, are refractory to the action of epoxide hydrase. The exceptional mutagenic activity of the 1,2-epoxide derivatives of benz[a]anthracene is consistent with and supportive of the hypothesis that bay region epoxides on saturated, angular benzo-rings of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ultimate carcinogens.", "PMID": 331315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11879", "title": "Release of Escherichia coli DNA from membrane complexes by single-strand endonucleases.", "content": "Treatment of gently prepared lysates of Escherichia coli with single-strand-specific endonuclease (SI or from mung beans) results in the release of about 90% of the DNA from membranes, as determined by the M band technique. The released DNA has an average molecular weight of about 1.2 X 10(8). Data obtained with endonuclease S1 fit a mathematical model in which substrate sites are at or near membrane attachment sites. Data obtained with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease or x-rays fit a model for double-strand breaks at random sites along the DNA. Fitting data to these models, we estimate that there are 18+/-5 membrane attachment sites. The DNA remaining after S1 nuclease treatment is enriched for the region near the origin of chromosome replication. Therefore, attachment at this region near the origin of chromosome replication. Therefore, attachment at this region appears to be chemically different from that at the other sites along the DNA.", "contents": "Release of Escherichia coli DNA from membrane complexes by single-strand endonucleases. Treatment of gently prepared lysates of Escherichia coli with single-strand-specific endonuclease (SI or from mung beans) results in the release of about 90% of the DNA from membranes, as determined by the M band technique. The released DNA has an average molecular weight of about 1.2 X 10(8). Data obtained with endonuclease S1 fit a mathematical model in which substrate sites are at or near membrane attachment sites. Data obtained with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease or x-rays fit a model for double-strand breaks at random sites along the DNA. Fitting data to these models, we estimate that there are 18+/-5 membrane attachment sites. The DNA remaining after S1 nuclease treatment is enriched for the region near the origin of chromosome replication. Therefore, attachment at this region near the origin of chromosome replication. Therefore, attachment at this region appears to be chemically different from that at the other sites along the DNA.", "PMID": 331316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11880", "title": "Extracellular labeling of nascent polypeptides traversing the membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "To provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that secreted proteins may traverse membranes as growing chains, we labeled spheroplasts of Escherichia coli with a reagent (acetyl[35S]methionyl methylphosphate sulfone) that reacts with amino groups but does not cross the membrane. After fractionation, about 6% of the label in the membrane-polysome fraction was found to be attached to the polysomes. This attachment was via peptidyl-tRNA, as shown by several tests: release of most of the label from purified polysomes at low Mg2+; subsequent loss of about 25,000 daltons on cleavage by dilute alkali; release by puromycin; and release, accompanied by a marked increase in average molecular weight, on peptide chain completion. Moreover, a significant fraction of the completed chains was identified serologically and by molecular weight as a major periplasmic protein, alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum); EC 3.1.3.1]. This work provides direct evidence that: (i) secreted proteins thread through the membrane as growing peptide chains; and (ii) membrane-associated polysomes in bacteria are functionally attached to membrane and not merely trapped on disruption of the cell.", "contents": "Extracellular labeling of nascent polypeptides traversing the membrane of Escherichia coli. To provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that secreted proteins may traverse membranes as growing chains, we labeled spheroplasts of Escherichia coli with a reagent (acetyl[35S]methionyl methylphosphate sulfone) that reacts with amino groups but does not cross the membrane. After fractionation, about 6% of the label in the membrane-polysome fraction was found to be attached to the polysomes. This attachment was via peptidyl-tRNA, as shown by several tests: release of most of the label from purified polysomes at low Mg2+; subsequent loss of about 25,000 daltons on cleavage by dilute alkali; release by puromycin; and release, accompanied by a marked increase in average molecular weight, on peptide chain completion. Moreover, a significant fraction of the completed chains was identified serologically and by molecular weight as a major periplasmic protein, alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum); EC 3.1.3.1]. This work provides direct evidence that: (i) secreted proteins thread through the membrane as growing peptide chains; and (ii) membrane-associated polysomes in bacteria are functionally attached to membrane and not merely trapped on disruption of the cell.", "PMID": 331317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11881", "title": "Isolation of folded chromosomes from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Two fast-sedimenting chromatin complexes with sedimentation velocities of approximately 4600 and 3000 S can be isolated from logarithmically growing diploid Saccaromyces cerevisiae cells. The DNA in both structures appears to be folded into at least 60 domains and characterized by a negative superhelical density. Sensitivity to proteases and insensitivity to RNases suggest that proteins and not RNA are important in maintaining the organization of the chromosomes in both structures. The 46000S and 3000S complexes represent folded genomes isolated from diploid cells in the G2 and G1 stages of the cell cycle, respectively.", "contents": "Isolation of folded chromosomes from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two fast-sedimenting chromatin complexes with sedimentation velocities of approximately 4600 and 3000 S can be isolated from logarithmically growing diploid Saccaromyces cerevisiae cells. The DNA in both structures appears to be folded into at least 60 domains and characterized by a negative superhelical density. Sensitivity to proteases and insensitivity to RNases suggest that proteins and not RNA are important in maintaining the organization of the chromosomes in both structures. The 46000S and 3000S complexes represent folded genomes isolated from diploid cells in the G2 and G1 stages of the cell cycle, respectively.", "PMID": 331318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11882", "title": "Protease effects on specific growth properties of normal and transformed baby hamster kidney cells.", "content": "We have tested the effects of exogenous proteases on the growth of normal and transformed hamster fibroblasts in the classic culture assays for transformation. The results indicate that exogenous proteases act to decrease the serum requirement of normal cells but not nearly to the extent that occurs in the process of viral transformation. Proteases do not further decrease the serum requirement of transformed cells, nor do they affect the maximal saturation density or the plating efficiency in soft agar of either normal or transformed cells. Under conditions optimal for growth stimulation, proteases decrease the strength of cell-to-substrate adhesion but do not affect cellular morphology. In contrast to previous studies, experiments using highly purified trypsin and several different active-site inhibitors strongly suggest that the growth-stimulatory activity of trypsin is not directly related to the proteolytic activity of the molecule.", "contents": "Protease effects on specific growth properties of normal and transformed baby hamster kidney cells. We have tested the effects of exogenous proteases on the growth of normal and transformed hamster fibroblasts in the classic culture assays for transformation. The results indicate that exogenous proteases act to decrease the serum requirement of normal cells but not nearly to the extent that occurs in the process of viral transformation. Proteases do not further decrease the serum requirement of transformed cells, nor do they affect the maximal saturation density or the plating efficiency in soft agar of either normal or transformed cells. Under conditions optimal for growth stimulation, proteases decrease the strength of cell-to-substrate adhesion but do not affect cellular morphology. In contrast to previous studies, experiments using highly purified trypsin and several different active-site inhibitors strongly suggest that the growth-stimulatory activity of trypsin is not directly related to the proteolytic activity of the molecule.", "PMID": 331319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11883", "title": "Mobility and distribution of a cell surface glycoprotein and its interaction with other membrane components.", "content": "Fluorescence photobleaching recovery and immunofluorescence methods have been used to study the lateral mobility and topographical distribution of a major cell surface glycoprotein (CSP). Both endogenous CSP and fluorescent-labeled exogenous CSP bind to the cell surface in a fibrillar pattern and are immobile on the experimental time scale. Azide, vinblastine, and cytochalasin B do not alter the immobility and cell surface distribution of the CSP molecules. Therefore, oxidative phosphorylation and the cytoskeleton do not seem to be responsible for the properties of the bound glycoprotein. The presence of immobile CSP fibrils does not, however, impede the diffusion of a lipid probe, a ganglioside analogue, or various surface antigens. Therefore, the fibrils apparently do not form a \"barrier\" across the lipid phase of the plasma membrane. In contrast, concanavalin A binds to CSP and is largely immobile in regions rich in CSP. The presence of immobile concanavalin A receptors in areas or on cells lacking CSP indicates that other types of immobile concanavalin A receptors also exist.CSP does not bind to lipid bilayers composed of phosphatidylcholine or oxidized cholesterol. It does bind to dextran-coated bilayers as a diffuse distribution of mobile molecules that can patch after addition of antibodies to CSP. The latter result suggests that CSP molecules do not interact strongly with other CSP molecules under these conditions. Exogenous CSP binds to regions on the cell surface that already bear CSP. In view of the apparent weakness of CSP-CSP interactions on the lipid bilayer, it seems possible that the assembly of CSP fibrils is nucleated by cell surface components in addition to CSP.", "contents": "Mobility and distribution of a cell surface glycoprotein and its interaction with other membrane components. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery and immunofluorescence methods have been used to study the lateral mobility and topographical distribution of a major cell surface glycoprotein (CSP). Both endogenous CSP and fluorescent-labeled exogenous CSP bind to the cell surface in a fibrillar pattern and are immobile on the experimental time scale. Azide, vinblastine, and cytochalasin B do not alter the immobility and cell surface distribution of the CSP molecules. Therefore, oxidative phosphorylation and the cytoskeleton do not seem to be responsible for the properties of the bound glycoprotein. The presence of immobile CSP fibrils does not, however, impede the diffusion of a lipid probe, a ganglioside analogue, or various surface antigens. Therefore, the fibrils apparently do not form a \"barrier\" across the lipid phase of the plasma membrane. In contrast, concanavalin A binds to CSP and is largely immobile in regions rich in CSP. The presence of immobile concanavalin A receptors in areas or on cells lacking CSP indicates that other types of immobile concanavalin A receptors also exist.CSP does not bind to lipid bilayers composed of phosphatidylcholine or oxidized cholesterol. It does bind to dextran-coated bilayers as a diffuse distribution of mobile molecules that can patch after addition of antibodies to CSP. The latter result suggests that CSP molecules do not interact strongly with other CSP molecules under these conditions. Exogenous CSP binds to regions on the cell surface that already bear CSP. In view of the apparent weakness of CSP-CSP interactions on the lipid bilayer, it seems possible that the assembly of CSP fibrils is nucleated by cell surface components in addition to CSP.", "PMID": 331320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11884", "title": "Recombinant plasmid that carries part of the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "We have cloned fragments of the Klebsiella pneumoniae genome that carry part of the his operon and part of the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene cluster on the amplifiable plasmid pMB9. One particular plasmid, pCRA37, complements mutations in the hisD, nifB, and nifF loci. The physical map of pCRA37 as determined by restriction enzyme analysis correlates with the genetic map of the his-nif region as determined previously by phage P1-mediated cotransductional analysis.", "contents": "Recombinant plasmid that carries part of the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae. We have cloned fragments of the Klebsiella pneumoniae genome that carry part of the his operon and part of the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene cluster on the amplifiable plasmid pMB9. One particular plasmid, pCRA37, complements mutations in the hisD, nifB, and nifF loci. The physical map of pCRA37 as determined by restriction enzyme analysis correlates with the genetic map of the his-nif region as determined previously by phage P1-mediated cotransductional analysis.", "PMID": 331321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11885", "title": "Mutants of Escherichia coli lacking in highly penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidase activity.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli lacking in the highly penicillin-sensitive enzyme activities of D-carboxy-peptidase, transpeptidase, and endopeptidase, and with the concomitant absence of penicillin-binding protein 4 of B.G. Spratt and A.B. Pardee [(1975) Nature 254, 516-517] were isolated. The defect of these mutants is ascribed to the lack of an enzyme, D-alanine carboxypeptidase Ib. Genetic mapping studies show the mutation (dacB) to be located at 68 min on the E. coli chromosome map. The dacB mutation results in the simultaneous loss of D-alanine carboxypeptidase and penicillin-binding protein 4. The mutants grew normally under a wide range of growth conditions. We conclude that the enzyme is not a necessary component for normal peptidoglycan biosynthesis in E. coli.", "contents": "Mutants of Escherichia coli lacking in highly penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidase activity. Mutants of Escherichia coli lacking in the highly penicillin-sensitive enzyme activities of D-carboxy-peptidase, transpeptidase, and endopeptidase, and with the concomitant absence of penicillin-binding protein 4 of B.G. Spratt and A.B. Pardee [(1975) Nature 254, 516-517] were isolated. The defect of these mutants is ascribed to the lack of an enzyme, D-alanine carboxypeptidase Ib. Genetic mapping studies show the mutation (dacB) to be located at 68 min on the E. coli chromosome map. The dacB mutation results in the simultaneous loss of D-alanine carboxypeptidase and penicillin-binding protein 4. The mutants grew normally under a wide range of growth conditions. We conclude that the enzyme is not a necessary component for normal peptidoglycan biosynthesis in E. coli.", "PMID": 331322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11886", "title": "Simultaneous deletion of D-alanine carboxypeptidase IB-C and penicillin-binding component IV in a mutant of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli with much decreased activity of D-alanine carboxypeptidase (peptidyl-D alanine hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.11) were found among E. coli K12 extensively mutagenized with nitrosoguanidine treatment by assaying individual colonies for the enzyme activity. One such mutant with only 10-12% residual activity was characterized extensively. The soluble carboxypeptidase activity (corresponding to D-alanine carboxypeptidase IC of Tamura T., Imae, Y. & Strominger, J.L. [(1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 414-423] was deleted. This enzyme activity in the particulate fraction was markedly reduced but transpeptidase activity was normal. However, penicillin-binding component IV was deleted from the particulate fraction. Both the physiology and penicillin sensitivity of the organism were relatively normal, except that mutant cells were markedly more stable to penicillin-induced lysis, suggesting the possibility that carboxypeptidase IC really functions as an endopeptidase. The possible relationship of the deleted carboxypeptidase activity and the deleted penicillin binding component are discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous deletion of D-alanine carboxypeptidase IB-C and penicillin-binding component IV in a mutant of Escherichia coli K12. Mutants of Escherichia coli with much decreased activity of D-alanine carboxypeptidase (peptidyl-D alanine hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.11) were found among E. coli K12 extensively mutagenized with nitrosoguanidine treatment by assaying individual colonies for the enzyme activity. One such mutant with only 10-12% residual activity was characterized extensively. The soluble carboxypeptidase activity (corresponding to D-alanine carboxypeptidase IC of Tamura T., Imae, Y. & Strominger, J.L. [(1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 414-423] was deleted. This enzyme activity in the particulate fraction was markedly reduced but transpeptidase activity was normal. However, penicillin-binding component IV was deleted from the particulate fraction. Both the physiology and penicillin sensitivity of the organism were relatively normal, except that mutant cells were markedly more stable to penicillin-induced lysis, suggesting the possibility that carboxypeptidase IC really functions as an endopeptidase. The possible relationship of the deleted carboxypeptidase activity and the deleted penicillin binding component are discussed.", "PMID": 331323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11887", "title": "Rationale for combined use of fetal liver and thymus for immunological reconstitution in patients with variants of severe combined immunodeficiency.", "content": "Bone marrow cells from a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency were studied in vitro for thymus-dependent lymphocyte (T cell) differentiation by using, at varying times, thymic epithelial monolayers and culture supernatants, thymopoietin, ubiquitin, and thymic extract as inducing agents. On initial evaluation, with thymopoietin or human thymic extract, only a partial differentiation of marrow cells was achieved into cells bearing the human T cell antigenicity without the capacity to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, suggesting that the stem cells were defective. Two fetal liver transplantations aimed at reconstitution were unsuccessful, despite evidence of chimerism. Induction studies at that time demonstrated rosetting capacity (with sheep erythrocytes) of the patient's bone marrow cells after coculture with thymic epithelial monolayers but not with their supernatants. An 18-week fetal thymus (irradiated) was then transplanted, but the transplantation was unsuccessful and no clear evidence of chimerism was demonstrated. Subsequently, transplantation of another fetal liver resulted in chimerism and immunologic reconstitution. Serum thymic factor activity rose from 1:2 before transplantation to 1:16 after reconstitution. The combined use of fetal thymus and liver may provide effective immunological reconstitution in some variants of severe combined immunodeficiency.", "contents": "Rationale for combined use of fetal liver and thymus for immunological reconstitution in patients with variants of severe combined immunodeficiency. Bone marrow cells from a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency were studied in vitro for thymus-dependent lymphocyte (T cell) differentiation by using, at varying times, thymic epithelial monolayers and culture supernatants, thymopoietin, ubiquitin, and thymic extract as inducing agents. On initial evaluation, with thymopoietin or human thymic extract, only a partial differentiation of marrow cells was achieved into cells bearing the human T cell antigenicity without the capacity to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, suggesting that the stem cells were defective. Two fetal liver transplantations aimed at reconstitution were unsuccessful, despite evidence of chimerism. Induction studies at that time demonstrated rosetting capacity (with sheep erythrocytes) of the patient's bone marrow cells after coculture with thymic epithelial monolayers but not with their supernatants. An 18-week fetal thymus (irradiated) was then transplanted, but the transplantation was unsuccessful and no clear evidence of chimerism was demonstrated. Subsequently, transplantation of another fetal liver resulted in chimerism and immunologic reconstitution. Serum thymic factor activity rose from 1:2 before transplantation to 1:16 after reconstitution. The combined use of fetal thymus and liver may provide effective immunological reconstitution in some variants of severe combined immunodeficiency.", "PMID": 331324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11888", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization in rabbit brain of a peptide resembling the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin.", "content": "Immunohistochemical techniques were used to demonstrate the presence of a material resembling the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin in rabbit cerebral cortical neurons. Deep staining was seen in cell bodies throughout the cortical grey matter and diffusely in the subcortical white matter.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization in rabbit brain of a peptide resembling the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to demonstrate the presence of a material resembling the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin in rabbit cerebral cortical neurons. Deep staining was seen in cell bodies throughout the cortical grey matter and diffusely in the subcortical white matter.", "PMID": 331325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11889", "title": "Immunohistochemical analysis of peptide pathways possibly related to pain and analgesia: enkephalin and substance P.", "content": "The distribution of Met-enkephalin- and substance P-immunoreactive neurons was studied by indirect immunofluorescence in some areas related to pain and analgesia. Met-enkephalin- and substance P-positive cell bodies and nerve terminals were observed in the periaqueductal central gray, the nucleus raphe magnus, the marginal layers and substantia gelatinosa of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Lesion experiments suggest that Met-enkephalin neurons in the dorsal horn and possibly in the spinal trigeminal nucleus are interneurons or propriospinal neurons with nerve terminals in the laminae I and II of the cord and in the superficial layers of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, respectively. These areas are also very rich in substance P-positive nerve terminals, mainly representing central branches of primary afferent neurons. The present immunohistochemical-anatomical findings support the hypothesis that stimulation-produced analgesia is related to activation of spinal and spinal trigeminal enkephalin interneurons forming axo-axonic synapses with (substance P?) pain afferents in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn and the spinal trigeminal nucleus. These interneurons may be activated by sensory fibers and by descending fibers from medullary stimulation sites. Transmitter substances in these descending fibers may be 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical analysis of peptide pathways possibly related to pain and analgesia: enkephalin and substance P. The distribution of Met-enkephalin- and substance P-immunoreactive neurons was studied by indirect immunofluorescence in some areas related to pain and analgesia. Met-enkephalin- and substance P-positive cell bodies and nerve terminals were observed in the periaqueductal central gray, the nucleus raphe magnus, the marginal layers and substantia gelatinosa of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Lesion experiments suggest that Met-enkephalin neurons in the dorsal horn and possibly in the spinal trigeminal nucleus are interneurons or propriospinal neurons with nerve terminals in the laminae I and II of the cord and in the superficial layers of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, respectively. These areas are also very rich in substance P-positive nerve terminals, mainly representing central branches of primary afferent neurons. The present immunohistochemical-anatomical findings support the hypothesis that stimulation-produced analgesia is related to activation of spinal and spinal trigeminal enkephalin interneurons forming axo-axonic synapses with (substance P?) pain afferents in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn and the spinal trigeminal nucleus. These interneurons may be activated by sensory fibers and by descending fibers from medullary stimulation sites. Transmitter substances in these descending fibers may be 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P.", "PMID": 331326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11890", "title": "Serotonergic neurons in the peripheral nervous system: identification in gut by immunohistochemical localization of tryptophan hydroxylase.", "content": "A specific antibody to tryptophan hydroxylase [L-tryptophan, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.4] has been used to localize the enzyme immunohistochemically in neurons of the mammalian gut. The enzyme was found in perikarya of intestinal neurons of mice, rats, and guinea pigs. Neurons containing the enzyme survived for up to 3 weeks in organotypic tissue culture and were intrinsic to the gut. These neurons are probably serotonergic and are the first such neurons to be found in the peripheral nervous system.", "contents": "Serotonergic neurons in the peripheral nervous system: identification in gut by immunohistochemical localization of tryptophan hydroxylase. A specific antibody to tryptophan hydroxylase [L-tryptophan, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.4] has been used to localize the enzyme immunohistochemically in neurons of the mammalian gut. The enzyme was found in perikarya of intestinal neurons of mice, rats, and guinea pigs. Neurons containing the enzyme survived for up to 3 weeks in organotypic tissue culture and were intrinsic to the gut. These neurons are probably serotonergic and are the first such neurons to be found in the peripheral nervous system.", "PMID": 331327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11891", "title": "Cavernous sinus thrombosis revisited.", "content": "In summary, cavernous sinus thrombosis is still with us. Patients now survive the disease more often than not, and therapy and diagnosis are reasonably clear cut. An increasing array of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been balanced by an increasing army of antibiotics. The controversy over anticoagulation has not changed since reviewed by Parsons (1967). Ancillary measures remain more of value in diagnosis than in therapy. It is a disease primarily diagnosed by physical signs and symptoms, which requires prompt treatment. In our modern age of computerization and laboratory-based medical care, cavernous sinus thrombosis demands the diagnostic skill of the clinician, whose prompt ministrations should usually yield a favourable result.", "contents": "Cavernous sinus thrombosis revisited. In summary, cavernous sinus thrombosis is still with us. Patients now survive the disease more often than not, and therapy and diagnosis are reasonably clear cut. An increasing array of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been balanced by an increasing army of antibiotics. The controversy over anticoagulation has not changed since reviewed by Parsons (1967). Ancillary measures remain more of value in diagnosis than in therapy. It is a disease primarily diagnosed by physical signs and symptoms, which requires prompt treatment. In our modern age of computerization and laboratory-based medical care, cavernous sinus thrombosis demands the diagnostic skill of the clinician, whose prompt ministrations should usually yield a favourable result.", "PMID": 331338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11892", "title": "Circling behavior in rodents following an imbalance of basal ganglia GABA concentrations.", "content": "Unilateral focal injection of the GABA - transaminase inhibitor, ethanolamine O-sulphate, into one substantia nigra or globus pallidus of rats or the striatum of mice induces spontaneous and drug-induced circling behaviour. Circling parallels the imbalance of GABA concentrations between the injected and the noninjected side of the brain, being most striking on Day 1 and 3, and non-existent by Day 7. Increases in GABA concentration were demonstrated in areas distant from the injection site, on both the injected and noninjected side of the brain presumably due to diffusion of the ethanolamine O-sulphate. This diffusional effect made it impossible to define the exact site of GABA and dopamine interaction.", "contents": "Circling behavior in rodents following an imbalance of basal ganglia GABA concentrations. Unilateral focal injection of the GABA - transaminase inhibitor, ethanolamine O-sulphate, into one substantia nigra or globus pallidus of rats or the striatum of mice induces spontaneous and drug-induced circling behaviour. Circling parallels the imbalance of GABA concentrations between the injected and the noninjected side of the brain, being most striking on Day 1 and 3, and non-existent by Day 7. Increases in GABA concentration were demonstrated in areas distant from the injection site, on both the injected and noninjected side of the brain presumably due to diffusion of the ethanolamine O-sulphate. This diffusional effect made it impossible to define the exact site of GABA and dopamine interaction.", "PMID": 331345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11893", "title": "Simple and compact cannula system for mice.", "content": "A small and simple device is described for applying substances to the brain of freely moving mice. The effectiveness of the technique was evaluated by intraventricular injections of d-amphetamine sulfate. It was observed that intraventricular injections of d-amphetamine (50-200 microgram) produced a dose dependent increase in activity.", "contents": "Simple and compact cannula system for mice. A small and simple device is described for applying substances to the brain of freely moving mice. The effectiveness of the technique was evaluated by intraventricular injections of d-amphetamine sulfate. It was observed that intraventricular injections of d-amphetamine (50-200 microgram) produced a dose dependent increase in activity.", "PMID": 331346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11894", "title": "The American Physical Therapy Association's code of ethics: its historical foundations.", "content": "This paper surveys selected historical foundations of the present American Physical Therapy Association's CODE OF ETHICS, showing the extent to which the present code draws upon oaths, ideas in ethics textbooks, and other sources. The article presenta a basis for understanding the significance of these historical influences and provides one means by which physical therapists can more fully appreciate the relevance of the code today.", "contents": "The American Physical Therapy Association's code of ethics: its historical foundations. This paper surveys selected historical foundations of the present American Physical Therapy Association's CODE OF ETHICS, showing the extent to which the present code draws upon oaths, ideas in ethics textbooks, and other sources. The article presenta a basis for understanding the significance of these historical influences and provides one means by which physical therapists can more fully appreciate the relevance of the code today.", "PMID": 331348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11895", "title": "The management of stasis ulcers of the leg where the tendo calcaneus is exposed.", "content": "Chronic leg ulcers may expose and destroy the tendo calcaneus, unless it can be covered soon. Current methods of management do not present a ready method. It is suggested that local muscle transpostion, with skin grafting over the muscle, is an effective form of treatment. An illustrative case is reported, and our clinical experience is presented.", "contents": "The management of stasis ulcers of the leg where the tendo calcaneus is exposed. Chronic leg ulcers may expose and destroy the tendo calcaneus, unless it can be covered soon. Current methods of management do not present a ready method. It is suggested that local muscle transpostion, with skin grafting over the muscle, is an effective form of treatment. An illustrative case is reported, and our clinical experience is presented.", "PMID": 331364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11896", "title": "Nipple-areola reconstruction with auricular tissues.", "content": "Various methods of reconstructing the nipple-areolar complex with auricular tissues are presented. A basic one-stage reconstructive technique is described which seems suitable for the use of various tissues. An alternative method of correcting the inverted nipple is reported.", "contents": "Nipple-areola reconstruction with auricular tissues. Various methods of reconstructing the nipple-areolar complex with auricular tissues are presented. A basic one-stage reconstructive technique is described which seems suitable for the use of various tissues. An alternative method of correcting the inverted nipple is reported.", "PMID": 331365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11897", "title": "Use of vastus lateralis muscle flap for repair of trochanteric pressure sores.", "content": "The use of a vastus lateralis muscle flap is suggested as an approach to the surgical repair of trochanteric pressure sores in paraplegic patients. The details of the anatomy of the muscle are outlined, and our surgical technique for its use is described.", "contents": "Use of vastus lateralis muscle flap for repair of trochanteric pressure sores. The use of a vastus lateralis muscle flap is suggested as an approach to the surgical repair of trochanteric pressure sores in paraplegic patients. The details of the anatomy of the muscle are outlined, and our surgical technique for its use is described.", "PMID": 331366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11898", "title": "Use of an innervated deltopectoral flap for intraoral reconstruction.", "content": "The technique for the transfer of sensitive skin into the mouth for intraoral reconstruction is described. This procedure may be performed at one or two operative stages. Supraclavicular nerves supply sensation to the tip of the standard deltopectoral flap--which may be swung up with the nerves left in continuity, or the nerves may be divided and anastomosed to an appropriate sensory nerve in the mouth.", "contents": "Use of an innervated deltopectoral flap for intraoral reconstruction. The technique for the transfer of sensitive skin into the mouth for intraoral reconstruction is described. This procedure may be performed at one or two operative stages. Supraclavicular nerves supply sensation to the tip of the standard deltopectoral flap--which may be swung up with the nerves left in continuity, or the nerves may be divided and anastomosed to an appropriate sensory nerve in the mouth.", "PMID": 331367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11899", "title": "Simultaneous repair of the upper lip and nostril floor after tumor excisions.", "content": "A lateral lip flap, with a perialar extension, is described for reconstruction of defects of the upper lip which extend into the columella and/or the nostril floor.", "contents": "Simultaneous repair of the upper lip and nostril floor after tumor excisions. A lateral lip flap, with a perialar extension, is described for reconstruction of defects of the upper lip which extend into the columella and/or the nostril floor.", "PMID": 331368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11900", "title": "The effective duration of the delay phenomenon in the rat.", "content": "In standard skin flaps in the rat, the effect of a delay was undetectable for the first 3 weeks and the maximum benefit was not apparent until the sixth week. At all time intervals the delay phenomenon was not as pronounced in the rat as in other species. The delay phenomenon in the rat lasts at least 30 weeks. The rat does not appear to be an ideal model for the study of skin flaps.", "contents": "The effective duration of the delay phenomenon in the rat. In standard skin flaps in the rat, the effect of a delay was undetectable for the first 3 weeks and the maximum benefit was not apparent until the sixth week. At all time intervals the delay phenomenon was not as pronounced in the rat as in other species. The delay phenomenon in the rat lasts at least 30 weeks. The rat does not appear to be an ideal model for the study of skin flaps.", "PMID": 331369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11901", "title": "The use of a fascial flap in ear reconstruction.", "content": "We describe the use of a fascial flap for covering the framework in ear reconstruction. When covered in turn with a skin graft, this fascial flap provides an abundant amount of a thin, tough, vascular, hairless cover of good quality in all cases except those where injuries in the auricular area have been deep enough to damage this fascia. This method of ear reconstruction is particularly useful in secondary ear reconstructions useful in secondary ear reconstructions and in reconstruction after traumatic losses. The procedure described can often be performed in one stage, requiring two to 4 hours, with minimal complications.", "contents": "The use of a fascial flap in ear reconstruction. We describe the use of a fascial flap for covering the framework in ear reconstruction. When covered in turn with a skin graft, this fascial flap provides an abundant amount of a thin, tough, vascular, hairless cover of good quality in all cases except those where injuries in the auricular area have been deep enough to damage this fascia. This method of ear reconstruction is particularly useful in secondary ear reconstructions useful in secondary ear reconstructions and in reconstruction after traumatic losses. The procedure described can often be performed in one stage, requiring two to 4 hours, with minimal complications.", "PMID": 331370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11902", "title": "The adaptability of the glans flap in hypospadias repair.", "content": "In severe cases of hypospadias where a multiple-stage repair has been selected, a more functional repair has been selected, a more functional and cosmetic result is possible, without an associated higher complication rate, if the glans flap is incorporated into the final stage of the repair.", "contents": "The adaptability of the glans flap in hypospadias repair. In severe cases of hypospadias where a multiple-stage repair has been selected, a more functional repair has been selected, a more functional and cosmetic result is possible, without an associated higher complication rate, if the glans flap is incorporated into the final stage of the repair.", "PMID": 331371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11903", "title": "The surgical treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum.", "content": "We review the literature on the surgical treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, and we describe 7 cases treated at Stanford University Medical Center. Experiences with them prompt us to recommend surgical excision of the lesions down to the deep fascia, ligation of the associated perforating blood vessels, and the use of split-skin grafts to cover the defects. There were no recurrences when we did all these things.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. We review the literature on the surgical treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, and we describe 7 cases treated at Stanford University Medical Center. Experiences with them prompt us to recommend surgical excision of the lesions down to the deep fascia, ligation of the associated perforating blood vessels, and the use of split-skin grafts to cover the defects. There were no recurrences when we did all these things.", "PMID": 331372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11904", "title": "A simple method of total reconstruction of the penis. Case reports.", "content": "We reconstructed the penis in two patients, using one testicle for bulk and framework with a silicone prosthesis being substituted for that testicle. The results, as far as appearance and relieving mental suffering are concerned, have been satisfactory. There is no sexual sensation, and the urethra remains in the perineum.", "contents": "A simple method of total reconstruction of the penis. Case reports. We reconstructed the penis in two patients, using one testicle for bulk and framework with a silicone prosthesis being substituted for that testicle. The results, as far as appearance and relieving mental suffering are concerned, have been satisfactory. There is no sexual sensation, and the urethra remains in the perineum.", "PMID": 331375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11905", "title": "The biological effects and mode of action of L-canavanine, a structural analogue of L-arginine.", "content": "Many of the 200 or so non-protein amino acids synthesized by higher plants are related structurally to the constituents of common proteins. L-Canavanine, the guanidinooxy structural analogue of L-arginine, is representative of this group. It has provided valuable insight into the biological effects and the mode of action of non-protein amino acids which acts as analogues of the protein amino acids. The arginyl-tRNA synthetases of numerous canavanine-free species charge canavanine, and canavanine is subsequently incorporated into the nascent polypeptide chain. Production of canavanine-containing proteins ultimately can disrupt critical reactions of RNA and DNA metabolism as well as protein synthesis. Canavanine also affects regulatory and catalytic reactions of arginine metabolism, arginine uptake, formation of structural components, and other cellular precesses. In these ways, canavanine alters essential biochemical reactions and becomes a potent antimetabolite of arginine in a wide spectrum of species. These deleterious properties of canavanine render it a highly toxic secondary plant constituent that probably functions as an allelochemic agent that deters the feeding activity of phytophagous insects and other herbivores.", "contents": "The biological effects and mode of action of L-canavanine, a structural analogue of L-arginine. Many of the 200 or so non-protein amino acids synthesized by higher plants are related structurally to the constituents of common proteins. L-Canavanine, the guanidinooxy structural analogue of L-arginine, is representative of this group. It has provided valuable insight into the biological effects and the mode of action of non-protein amino acids which acts as analogues of the protein amino acids. The arginyl-tRNA synthetases of numerous canavanine-free species charge canavanine, and canavanine is subsequently incorporated into the nascent polypeptide chain. Production of canavanine-containing proteins ultimately can disrupt critical reactions of RNA and DNA metabolism as well as protein synthesis. Canavanine also affects regulatory and catalytic reactions of arginine metabolism, arginine uptake, formation of structural components, and other cellular precesses. In these ways, canavanine alters essential biochemical reactions and becomes a potent antimetabolite of arginine in a wide spectrum of species. These deleterious properties of canavanine render it a highly toxic secondary plant constituent that probably functions as an allelochemic agent that deters the feeding activity of phytophagous insects and other herbivores.", "PMID": 331385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11906", "title": "Microcalorimetric investigations of the metabolism of yeasts. VI. Diauxy during anaerobic growth on different saccharides.", "content": "The anaerobic growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with six different mono- and disaccharides as energy source was investigated calorimetrically. With mixtures of monosaccharides and disaccharides or disaccharides with each other, biphasic thermograms were obtained. The diauxic growth is discussed in view of constitutive and inducible transport systems and degradation enzymes.", "contents": "Microcalorimetric investigations of the metabolism of yeasts. VI. Diauxy during anaerobic growth on different saccharides. The anaerobic growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with six different mono- and disaccharides as energy source was investigated calorimetrically. With mixtures of monosaccharides and disaccharides or disaccharides with each other, biphasic thermograms were obtained. The diauxic growth is discussed in view of constitutive and inducible transport systems and degradation enzymes.", "PMID": 331386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11907", "title": "LHRH responsiveness in anorexia nervosa: intactness despite prepubertal circadian LH pattern.", "content": "Consistent with previous findings, six women with primary anorexia nervosa who underwent 24-hour endocrine studies were all observed to have immature (prepubertal or pubertal) patterns of circadian luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. This abnormality was present despite negligible weight deficit (but active symptomatology) in three of the women. Regardless of the extent of immaturity of circadian pattern, each woman showed a completely normal release of LH in response to the single intravenous administration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). These findings provide further evidence for the intactness of pituitary function and for the possibility of a functional hypothalamic disturbance in anorexia nervosa. The discrepant finding in certain other studies of inadequate LH response to LHRH in women with anorexia nervosa is reviewed, and the potential influences of differing variables in these studies and the possibility of a heterogeneous illness are emphasized.", "contents": "LHRH responsiveness in anorexia nervosa: intactness despite prepubertal circadian LH pattern. Consistent with previous findings, six women with primary anorexia nervosa who underwent 24-hour endocrine studies were all observed to have immature (prepubertal or pubertal) patterns of circadian luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. This abnormality was present despite negligible weight deficit (but active symptomatology) in three of the women. Regardless of the extent of immaturity of circadian pattern, each woman showed a completely normal release of LH in response to the single intravenous administration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). These findings provide further evidence for the intactness of pituitary function and for the possibility of a functional hypothalamic disturbance in anorexia nervosa. The discrepant finding in certain other studies of inadequate LH response to LHRH in women with anorexia nervosa is reviewed, and the potential influences of differing variables in these studies and the possibility of a heterogeneous illness are emphasized.", "PMID": 331384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11908", "title": "Metallic clip displacement in evaluating tumor recurrence or enlargement: a source of error.", "content": "The displacement of surgically placed metallic clips by fibrosis and scarring can simulate a recurring or enlarging tumor. A careful correlation with the clinical findings is indicated when this radiographic change is noted.", "contents": "Metallic clip displacement in evaluating tumor recurrence or enlargement: a source of error. The displacement of surgically placed metallic clips by fibrosis and scarring can simulate a recurring or enlarging tumor. A careful correlation with the clinical findings is indicated when this radiographic change is noted.", "PMID": 331393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11909", "title": "Occult spinal dysraphism in the geriatric patient.", "content": "Three patients in their seventies with occult spinal dysraphism are described. All three had tethered spinal cords, intrasacral meningoceles, and severe degenerative lumbar spondylopathy. The mechanism for the late development of symptomatology is related to an acquired lesion, degenerative spinal stenosis.", "contents": "Occult spinal dysraphism in the geriatric patient. Three patients in their seventies with occult spinal dysraphism are described. All three had tethered spinal cords, intrasacral meningoceles, and severe degenerative lumbar spondylopathy. The mechanism for the late development of symptomatology is related to an acquired lesion, degenerative spinal stenosis.", "PMID": 331394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11910", "title": "Introduction to pion radiotherapy.", "content": "In recent years, radiation therapy has seen an influx of experimental treatment beams. The negative pi meson, or pion, is one such beam. It exhibits complex phenomena that may prove to be a major advance in the radiation therapy of some tumors. This paper discusses the pion beam at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.", "contents": "Introduction to pion radiotherapy. In recent years, radiation therapy has seen an influx of experimental treatment beams. The negative pi meson, or pion, is one such beam. It exhibits complex phenomena that may prove to be a major advance in the radiation therapy of some tumors. This paper discusses the pion beam at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.", "PMID": 331391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11911", "title": "Understanding the effects of child abuse.", "content": "Child abuse is one of the difficult social phenomena with which the technologist directly deals as a part of his professional responsibilities. To be able to respond to all of the child's needs, radiologic technologists need to understand not only the physical effects, but also the psychological effects of the child. Understanding also helps the technologist deal with his own feelings when interacting with either the abused child or the child's parents. The Draw-A-Person test (DAP) was utilized in this study to illustrate visually the effect of abuse on the child's self-image. The subsequent personality characteristics of these children include low self-esteem, withdrawal, extreme forms of impulse control, and self-destructive behavior. Using the DAP, the abused child's self-portrait frequently showed body distortion, lack of detailing and poor sexual identification. In addition, the personality pattern of abusing parents was found to have many of the same characteristics as the personalities of abused children, because many times abusing parents were themselves abused as children.", "contents": "Understanding the effects of child abuse. Child abuse is one of the difficult social phenomena with which the technologist directly deals as a part of his professional responsibilities. To be able to respond to all of the child's needs, radiologic technologists need to understand not only the physical effects, but also the psychological effects of the child. Understanding also helps the technologist deal with his own feelings when interacting with either the abused child or the child's parents. The Draw-A-Person test (DAP) was utilized in this study to illustrate visually the effect of abuse on the child's self-image. The subsequent personality characteristics of these children include low self-esteem, withdrawal, extreme forms of impulse control, and self-destructive behavior. Using the DAP, the abused child's self-portrait frequently showed body distortion, lack of detailing and poor sexual identification. In addition, the personality pattern of abusing parents was found to have many of the same characteristics as the personalities of abused children, because many times abusing parents were themselves abused as children.", "PMID": 331392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11912", "title": "Resistance of germfree rats to indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions.", "content": "Indomethacin given orally to conventional rats produced in three days a syndrome, often fatal, of intestinal lesions characterized by multiple ulcers and peritonitis. Male germfree rats were found to be resistant to this effect of indomethacin, while female germfree rats developed very mild lesions. Germfree rats became sensitive again to such lesions when monocontaminated with E. coli. In such animals, however, the lesions were less severe than in conventional animals, presumably because more than one microorganism is necessary for the full syndrome to develop. These results suggest that microorganisms are necessary for the development of indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions. Secondary bile acids, absent in germfree animals, may also be necessary. The prostaglandin deficiency caused by indomethacin appears to weaken the resistance of the intestinal mucosa to microorganisms and/or their toxins. The latter may then penetrate the mucosa, damage the cells and produce ulcers and perforations. Since several prostaglandins also protect against indomethacin-induced lesions, the hypothesis is advanced that certain prostaglandins may protect the mucosa (\"cytoprotection\") by preventing the spread of microorganisms and/or their toxin through the intestinal wall.", "contents": "Resistance of germfree rats to indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions. Indomethacin given orally to conventional rats produced in three days a syndrome, often fatal, of intestinal lesions characterized by multiple ulcers and peritonitis. Male germfree rats were found to be resistant to this effect of indomethacin, while female germfree rats developed very mild lesions. Germfree rats became sensitive again to such lesions when monocontaminated with E. coli. In such animals, however, the lesions were less severe than in conventional animals, presumably because more than one microorganism is necessary for the full syndrome to develop. These results suggest that microorganisms are necessary for the development of indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions. Secondary bile acids, absent in germfree animals, may also be necessary. The prostaglandin deficiency caused by indomethacin appears to weaken the resistance of the intestinal mucosa to microorganisms and/or their toxins. The latter may then penetrate the mucosa, damage the cells and produce ulcers and perforations. Since several prostaglandins also protect against indomethacin-induced lesions, the hypothesis is advanced that certain prostaglandins may protect the mucosa (\"cytoprotection\") by preventing the spread of microorganisms and/or their toxin through the intestinal wall.", "PMID": 331401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11913", "title": "A comparison of buccal (oromucosal) and oral prostaglandin E2 for the elective induction of labor.", "content": "In 100 clinically-normal women, labor was induced at term by low amniotomy and PGE2. The drug was administered by either the oral or the oromucosal route, the same incremental dose scheme (initial dose of 0.5 mg; hourly increment of 0.5 mg until adequate uterine stimulation or a maximum single dose of 3.0 mg) being applied. Both routes of administration had comparable efficacy and were equally safe. The incidence of abnormal monitoring findings (uterine hypertonus, transient bradycardia and dips II during the first stage; late decelerations, progressive and transient bradycardia during the second stage of labor) and of low Apgar scores were similar. Acid-base and lactate-pyruvate equilibria in mother and fetus were not influenced by the route of drug administration in parous women. In nulliparae treated with PGE2 by the oromucosal route, higher values were found for the fetal-maternal difference in excess lactate than in those given oral PGE2; however, this is probably of little clinical importance.", "contents": "A comparison of buccal (oromucosal) and oral prostaglandin E2 for the elective induction of labor. In 100 clinically-normal women, labor was induced at term by low amniotomy and PGE2. The drug was administered by either the oral or the oromucosal route, the same incremental dose scheme (initial dose of 0.5 mg; hourly increment of 0.5 mg until adequate uterine stimulation or a maximum single dose of 3.0 mg) being applied. Both routes of administration had comparable efficacy and were equally safe. The incidence of abnormal monitoring findings (uterine hypertonus, transient bradycardia and dips II during the first stage; late decelerations, progressive and transient bradycardia during the second stage of labor) and of low Apgar scores were similar. Acid-base and lactate-pyruvate equilibria in mother and fetus were not influenced by the route of drug administration in parous women. In nulliparae treated with PGE2 by the oromucosal route, higher values were found for the fetal-maternal difference in excess lactate than in those given oral PGE2; however, this is probably of little clinical importance.", "PMID": 331402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11914", "title": "Adverse reactions to quinidine in hospitalized patients: findings based on data from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.", "content": "This study systematically analyzed the incidence and variety of adverse reactions to quinidine sulfate in 652 consecutively monitored hospitalized patients. Fourteen percent of the patients sustained adverse reactions of sufficient severity to warrant discontinuation of the drug. These reactions include GI intolerance, cardiac arrhythmias, fever with and without associated hepatic dysfunction or leukopenia, cinchonism, and hemolytic anemia. Cardiac arrhythmias were infrequent and, when present, generally occurred within 3 days of institution of quinidine therapy. There were no quinidine-related fatalities in this study group.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to quinidine in hospitalized patients: findings based on data from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. This study systematically analyzed the incidence and variety of adverse reactions to quinidine sulfate in 652 consecutively monitored hospitalized patients. Fourteen percent of the patients sustained adverse reactions of sufficient severity to warrant discontinuation of the drug. These reactions include GI intolerance, cardiac arrhythmias, fever with and without associated hepatic dysfunction or leukopenia, cinchonism, and hemolytic anemia. Cardiac arrhythmias were infrequent and, when present, generally occurred within 3 days of institution of quinidine therapy. There were no quinidine-related fatalities in this study group.", "PMID": 331400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11915", "title": "Multiple primary malignant neoplasms. The Connecticut experience, 1935-1964.", "content": "Results for non-simultaneously diagnosed malignant tumors from Connecticut indicate that individuals with one malignant neoplasm have 1.29 times the risk of developing a new independent primary tumor when compared to individuals who never had cancer (P less than 0.01). However, the increased risk of multiple primary tumors is highly selective on a site-specific basis. Table 135 presents Connecticut Registry data indicating the risk of a subsequent primary malignancy by anatomic site of the later primary in patients with a first primary cancer. Tables 136 and 137 present tabulations for anatomic sites with statistically significant excesses and deficiencies, with an analysis by time interval between the two malignancies. Finally, Table 138 presents figures showing histologic confirmation for site-group paris with significant excesses of observed-over-expected later primary malignant neoplasms. The reader should bear in mind that just as the risk of subsequent primaries varies with the anatomic site of the subsequent primary (Table 135), the risk is also highly dependent upon the anatomic site of the first primary cancer (Chapters 6-12).", "contents": "Multiple primary malignant neoplasms. The Connecticut experience, 1935-1964. Results for non-simultaneously diagnosed malignant tumors from Connecticut indicate that individuals with one malignant neoplasm have 1.29 times the risk of developing a new independent primary tumor when compared to individuals who never had cancer (P less than 0.01). However, the increased risk of multiple primary tumors is highly selective on a site-specific basis. Table 135 presents Connecticut Registry data indicating the risk of a subsequent primary malignancy by anatomic site of the later primary in patients with a first primary cancer. Tables 136 and 137 present tabulations for anatomic sites with statistically significant excesses and deficiencies, with an analysis by time interval between the two malignancies. Finally, Table 138 presents figures showing histologic confirmation for site-group paris with significant excesses of observed-over-expected later primary malignant neoplasms. The reader should bear in mind that just as the risk of subsequent primaries varies with the anatomic site of the subsequent primary (Table 135), the risk is also highly dependent upon the anatomic site of the first primary cancer (Chapters 6-12).", "PMID": 331419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11916", "title": "Age related changes in pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the male rat.", "content": "Changes in pituitary and serum concentrations of LH and FSH, determined by radioimmunoassay, were studied after administration of LH-RH to intact male rats of various ages. Although injection of LH-RH resulted in a depletion of pituitary LH and FSH in almost all age groups, thereby increasing the serum levels of these hormones, the magnitude and time course of the effects varied. Serum LH in the prepubertal and pubertal rats was maximal at 10 min after LH-RH injection, whereas the mature animals showed maximal increase only after 30 min. Peak serum concentrations of FSH found at 10 min in the prepubertal animals, but between 30 and 60 min in the pubertal and adult animals. At 35 days of age, significant pituitary depletion of LH and FSH occurred.", "contents": "Age related changes in pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the male rat. Changes in pituitary and serum concentrations of LH and FSH, determined by radioimmunoassay, were studied after administration of LH-RH to intact male rats of various ages. Although injection of LH-RH resulted in a depletion of pituitary LH and FSH in almost all age groups, thereby increasing the serum levels of these hormones, the magnitude and time course of the effects varied. Serum LH in the prepubertal and pubertal rats was maximal at 10 min after LH-RH injection, whereas the mature animals showed maximal increase only after 30 min. Peak serum concentrations of FSH found at 10 min in the prepubertal animals, but between 30 and 60 min in the pubertal and adult animals. At 35 days of age, significant pituitary depletion of LH and FSH occurred.", "PMID": 331420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11917", "title": "[Quantitative bacteriology of sputum and bronchial secretions in patients with chronic bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro and in vivo reproducibility of the quantitative bacteriological analysis of sputum and bronchial secretions has been studied in patients with chronic bronchitis. Sputum produced during bronchial toilet showed a significant higher bacterial numeration than that produced by physiotherapy but the bacterial species identified were identical. No significant variations were observed between the qualitative and quantitative bacteriologic flora of bronchial secretions collected by bronchoscopy from different segments of the airways. Comparison of microbial counts on sputum specimens collected at different periods of the day and at weekly intervals over several weeks revealed that the sputum of clinically stable chronic bronchitic patients contain a relatively constant and potentially pathogenic bacterial flora. The emergence of a superinfection was emphasized by the parallel increase of the leukocytic and bacterial numeration of sputum.", "contents": "[Quantitative bacteriology of sputum and bronchial secretions in patients with chronic bronchitis (author's transl)]. The in vitro and in vivo reproducibility of the quantitative bacteriological analysis of sputum and bronchial secretions has been studied in patients with chronic bronchitis. Sputum produced during bronchial toilet showed a significant higher bacterial numeration than that produced by physiotherapy but the bacterial species identified were identical. No significant variations were observed between the qualitative and quantitative bacteriologic flora of bronchial secretions collected by bronchoscopy from different segments of the airways. Comparison of microbial counts on sputum specimens collected at different periods of the day and at weekly intervals over several weeks revealed that the sputum of clinically stable chronic bronchitic patients contain a relatively constant and potentially pathogenic bacterial flora. The emergence of a superinfection was emphasized by the parallel increase of the leukocytic and bacterial numeration of sputum.", "PMID": 331421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11918", "title": "[Arteriography of the limbs of children (author's transl)].", "content": "Arteriography of upper and lower limbs will be needed when clinical and conventional radiologic examinations have not established definite diagnoses. Angiography of the upper and lower limbs is particularly important for congenital dysplasias (16 cases) or for diagnosis of tumors (15 cases). Traumatic vascular lesions needed angiography in 18 instances. In hemodialysis for acute renal failure, exogenous intoxication or terminal renal failure the vessels undergo severe strains with various complications. Angiography will have to clear up questions of circulation. Using special instruments for children will avoid risks for them. Angiography represents an important aid which makes exact diagnosis possible in the majority of cases.", "contents": "[Arteriography of the limbs of children (author's transl)]. Arteriography of upper and lower limbs will be needed when clinical and conventional radiologic examinations have not established definite diagnoses. Angiography of the upper and lower limbs is particularly important for congenital dysplasias (16 cases) or for diagnosis of tumors (15 cases). Traumatic vascular lesions needed angiography in 18 instances. In hemodialysis for acute renal failure, exogenous intoxication or terminal renal failure the vessels undergo severe strains with various complications. Angiography will have to clear up questions of circulation. Using special instruments for children will avoid risks for them. Angiography represents an important aid which makes exact diagnosis possible in the majority of cases.", "PMID": 331444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11919", "title": "[Use of stereotaxic surgery in the treatment of hepatolenticular degeneration].", "content": "The utility and the limits of stereotactic surgery in the treatment of neurological disorders of D.E.L. are discussed in relation to literature data and three personal observations. The operatory results are often unsatisfactory and side-effects and sequelae are frequent as well as relapses. Therefore, the operation must be performed only on those patients, who, in spite of a good general prognosis, are strongly disabled.", "contents": "[Use of stereotaxic surgery in the treatment of hepatolenticular degeneration]. The utility and the limits of stereotactic surgery in the treatment of neurological disorders of D.E.L. are discussed in relation to literature data and three personal observations. The operatory results are often unsatisfactory and side-effects and sequelae are frequent as well as relapses. Therefore, the operation must be performed only on those patients, who, in spite of a good general prognosis, are strongly disabled.", "PMID": 331441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11920", "title": "Marginal leakage along Concise in relation to filling procedure.", "content": "Bacteria beneath 58 class V Concise restorations on permanent molars in vivo were registered. After an observation period of 1-4 months bacteria were found in all 13 cavities filled with Concise only, in 14 out of 15 cavities filled with resin and Concise, in 12 out of 15 acid-etched cavities with Concise only and in 8 out of 15 acid-etched cavities filled with resin and Concise. Only the difference between the two procedures: Concise only and acid + resin + Concise, was significant. The occurrence of bacteria in the dentinal tubules beneath the cavities was greatest when the cavities had been etched.", "contents": "Marginal leakage along Concise in relation to filling procedure. Bacteria beneath 58 class V Concise restorations on permanent molars in vivo were registered. After an observation period of 1-4 months bacteria were found in all 13 cavities filled with Concise only, in 14 out of 15 cavities filled with resin and Concise, in 12 out of 15 acid-etched cavities with Concise only and in 8 out of 15 acid-etched cavities filled with resin and Concise. Only the difference between the two procedures: Concise only and acid + resin + Concise, was significant. The occurrence of bacteria in the dentinal tubules beneath the cavities was greatest when the cavities had been etched.", "PMID": 331453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11921", "title": "Surface etching and subsurface demineralization of dental enamel induced by a strong acid.", "content": "Intact enamel surfaces were exposed to 20 ml of 0.1% HCl for various periods. When the acid was unsaturated with respect to both hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite the surface enamel was etched away. With time the liquid close to the enamel became supersaturated with respect to fluorapatite but remained unsaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite. Under this condition subsurface lesions developed. These observations are discussed with reference to the use of diffusion-restricting agents in laboratory caries experiments.", "contents": "Surface etching and subsurface demineralization of dental enamel induced by a strong acid. Intact enamel surfaces were exposed to 20 ml of 0.1% HCl for various periods. When the acid was unsaturated with respect to both hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite the surface enamel was etched away. With time the liquid close to the enamel became supersaturated with respect to fluorapatite but remained unsaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite. Under this condition subsurface lesions developed. These observations are discussed with reference to the use of diffusion-restricting agents in laboratory caries experiments.", "PMID": 331454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11922", "title": "Acquired aplastic anemia in adults. IV. Histological and CFU studies in transplanted and non-transplanted patients.", "content": "A follow-up study of 10 patients suffering from acquired aplastic anaemia, comprising methocrylate-embedded bone marrow biopsies and CFU cultures, is presented. The haematopoietic recovery patterns and changes in the inflammatory infiltration after permanent engraftment could be distinguished from those in non-transplanted patients. After anti-thymocyte globulin treatment followed by allogeneic bone marrow infusion, the recovery pattern resembled that in non-transplanted patients. The persistently low colony-forming capacity in some patients could be explained by the existence of lymphoid inhibitory cells, which suggests an immunologic auto-destructive mechanism.", "contents": "Acquired aplastic anemia in adults. IV. Histological and CFU studies in transplanted and non-transplanted patients. A follow-up study of 10 patients suffering from acquired aplastic anaemia, comprising methocrylate-embedded bone marrow biopsies and CFU cultures, is presented. The haematopoietic recovery patterns and changes in the inflammatory infiltration after permanent engraftment could be distinguished from those in non-transplanted patients. After anti-thymocyte globulin treatment followed by allogeneic bone marrow infusion, the recovery pattern resembled that in non-transplanted patients. The persistently low colony-forming capacity in some patients could be explained by the existence of lymphoid inhibitory cells, which suggests an immunologic auto-destructive mechanism.", "PMID": 331455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11923", "title": "Morphological differences between sub-populations of human lymphocytes revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Human lymphoid cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to see if a correlation existed between surface morphologic features and the presence of various surface markers and receptors. When viewed by SEM thymocytes appeared as smooth-surfaced cells with few surface microvilli; peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) on the other hand were moderately to densely villate with no entirely smooth-surfaced cells observed. Surface morphology within PBL samples was not uniform, due mainly to variations in the shape and number of microvilli. However, 2 distinctive types of surface morphology (termed Types 1 and 2) were discernable with a small number of cells displaying features of both groups (Type 3). The majority of E-rosette forming cells (T lymphocytes) displayed Type 1 and the majority of cells bearing demonstrable surface immunoglobulin (B lymphocytes) displayed Type 2 morphology. Exposure of PBL to anti-T cell specific ALG resulted in cytolysis of cells with Type 1 morphology while cells with Type 2 morphology appeared largely unaffected. PBL with Fc and C3 receptors displayed all 3 types of morphology. It is concluded that T and B lymphocytes do have subtle but nevertheless discernable differences in surface morphology and within these 2 groups, variations in surface morphology are probably associated with changes in the physiological status of the cell.", "contents": "Morphological differences between sub-populations of human lymphocytes revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Human lymphoid cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to see if a correlation existed between surface morphologic features and the presence of various surface markers and receptors. When viewed by SEM thymocytes appeared as smooth-surfaced cells with few surface microvilli; peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) on the other hand were moderately to densely villate with no entirely smooth-surfaced cells observed. Surface morphology within PBL samples was not uniform, due mainly to variations in the shape and number of microvilli. However, 2 distinctive types of surface morphology (termed Types 1 and 2) were discernable with a small number of cells displaying features of both groups (Type 3). The majority of E-rosette forming cells (T lymphocytes) displayed Type 1 and the majority of cells bearing demonstrable surface immunoglobulin (B lymphocytes) displayed Type 2 morphology. Exposure of PBL to anti-T cell specific ALG resulted in cytolysis of cells with Type 1 morphology while cells with Type 2 morphology appeared largely unaffected. PBL with Fc and C3 receptors displayed all 3 types of morphology. It is concluded that T and B lymphocytes do have subtle but nevertheless discernable differences in surface morphology and within these 2 groups, variations in surface morphology are probably associated with changes in the physiological status of the cell.", "PMID": 331456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11924", "title": "Bacteremia after renal transplantation.", "content": "Of 291 patients who received renal allotransplants in 1964-74, 94 patients developed 121 bacteremic episodes within the first 6 months after transplantation. The death rate was 38%. The bacteremic episodes occurred mainly during the first 2-3 months after transplantation. In 65% of the episodes bacteremia was secondary to urinary tract infections. The bacteria fourn were most often gram-negative rods such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Proteus. Predisposing factors were ureteral complications such as leakage or necrosis of the ureter, leucopenia, immunosuppression, and source of the kidney. The frequency of bacteremia was the same in patients with infectious and non-infectious primary renal disease.", "contents": "Bacteremia after renal transplantation. Of 291 patients who received renal allotransplants in 1964-74, 94 patients developed 121 bacteremic episodes within the first 6 months after transplantation. The death rate was 38%. The bacteremic episodes occurred mainly during the first 2-3 months after transplantation. In 65% of the episodes bacteremia was secondary to urinary tract infections. The bacteria fourn were most often gram-negative rods such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Proteus. Predisposing factors were ureteral complications such as leakage or necrosis of the ureter, leucopenia, immunosuppression, and source of the kidney. The frequency of bacteremia was the same in patients with infectious and non-infectious primary renal disease.", "PMID": 331458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11925", "title": "Disseminated varicella infection: treatment with transfer factor in a patient with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Treatment with transfer factor in a patient with disseminated varicella infection complicating stage IV Hodgkin's disease is described. The patient, a 24-year-old woman, showed transient clinical improvement and restoration of immune response to varicella-zoster antigen after receiving transfer factor. Though she later died from septicaemia, further trials of treatment of disseminated viral infection in patients with Hodgkin's disease with transfer factor are indicated.", "contents": "Disseminated varicella infection: treatment with transfer factor in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. Treatment with transfer factor in a patient with disseminated varicella infection complicating stage IV Hodgkin's disease is described. The patient, a 24-year-old woman, showed transient clinical improvement and restoration of immune response to varicella-zoster antigen after receiving transfer factor. Though she later died from septicaemia, further trials of treatment of disseminated viral infection in patients with Hodgkin's disease with transfer factor are indicated.", "PMID": 331459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11926", "title": "Rational use of hepatitis B immune globulin.", "content": "A review is given of present experiences of hepatitis B prevention through the use of immune globulins containing high titres of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen. This type of passive immunization has proved effective after accidental exposure to contaminated material in hospitals and for regular prophylaxis among patients on chronic haemodialysis treatment.", "contents": "Rational use of hepatitis B immune globulin. A review is given of present experiences of hepatitis B prevention through the use of immune globulins containing high titres of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen. This type of passive immunization has proved effective after accidental exposure to contaminated material in hospitals and for regular prophylaxis among patients on chronic haemodialysis treatment.", "PMID": 331461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11927", "title": "IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses in patients with acute genital and non-genital herpetic lesions determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody method.", "content": "A total of 112 cases from 12 cases of non-genital herpes simplex, 13 cases of herpes genitalis and 60 selected controls was titrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody method for IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2. Mean titres of IgA against HSV type 1 were 6-8 times higher in patients with acute and recent non-genital herpes simplex than the mean titres of the controls, while the corresponding mean titres were only slightly elevated in patients with herpes genitalis. In this latter group of patients IgA antibody titres to HSV type 2 were 4 times higher than the control titres. IgM antibody titres were not elevated in patients with non-genital herpes simplex, but in patients with herpes genitalis IgM antibodies to HSV type 2 increased to 4 times the normal values 2-4 weeks after infection. Measurement of serum IgA antibodies to HSV types 1 and 2 might be an important diagnostic tool in acute and recent HSV infections.", "contents": "IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses in patients with acute genital and non-genital herpetic lesions determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody method. A total of 112 cases from 12 cases of non-genital herpes simplex, 13 cases of herpes genitalis and 60 selected controls was titrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody method for IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2. Mean titres of IgA against HSV type 1 were 6-8 times higher in patients with acute and recent non-genital herpes simplex than the mean titres of the controls, while the corresponding mean titres were only slightly elevated in patients with herpes genitalis. In this latter group of patients IgA antibody titres to HSV type 2 were 4 times higher than the control titres. IgM antibody titres were not elevated in patients with non-genital herpes simplex, but in patients with herpes genitalis IgM antibodies to HSV type 2 increased to 4 times the normal values 2-4 weeks after infection. Measurement of serum IgA antibodies to HSV types 1 and 2 might be an important diagnostic tool in acute and recent HSV infections.", "PMID": 331462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11928", "title": "Malignancy grading of epithelial bladder tumours. Reproducibility of grading and comparison between forceps biopsy, aspiration biopsy and exfoliative cytology.", "content": "107 bladder tumours cystoscopically suspected to be malignant were examined morphologically by forceps biopsy, aspiration biopsy and exfoliative cytology. The malignancy was graded from 0 through 4. The reproducibility of each method was established, and was found to be 80%, 65% and 90%, respectively. Exfoliative cytology underestimated the malignancy grade as compared with histopathology (59% of the malignant tumours were not jduged as malignant in the cytological grading), but showed no tendency towards overestimation and gave no falsely postiive diagnoses of malignancy. It is concluded that diagnosis of bladder tumours requires both biopsy and cytological techniques, since they proved complementary in a number of cases. Grading by aspiration biopsy is less reliable but may be of benefit in selected cases where forceps biopsy is less suitable.", "contents": "Malignancy grading of epithelial bladder tumours. Reproducibility of grading and comparison between forceps biopsy, aspiration biopsy and exfoliative cytology. 107 bladder tumours cystoscopically suspected to be malignant were examined morphologically by forceps biopsy, aspiration biopsy and exfoliative cytology. The malignancy was graded from 0 through 4. The reproducibility of each method was established, and was found to be 80%, 65% and 90%, respectively. Exfoliative cytology underestimated the malignancy grade as compared with histopathology (59% of the malignant tumours were not jduged as malignant in the cytological grading), but showed no tendency towards overestimation and gave no falsely postiive diagnoses of malignancy. It is concluded that diagnosis of bladder tumours requires both biopsy and cytological techniques, since they proved complementary in a number of cases. Grading by aspiration biopsy is less reliable but may be of benefit in selected cases where forceps biopsy is less suitable.", "PMID": 331463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11929", "title": "Arteriovenous shunting in carcinomas evaluated by a dye dilution technique.", "content": "In 19 patients with renal carcinomas determination of the renal blood flow and related parameters were determined. In 10 of the kidneys the renal blood flow was higher than 1700 ml/min, in five kidneys the vascular volume was increased and in all kidneys the appearance time of dye in the renal vein was below normal. It is concluded that AV-shunting is present in all renal carcinomas even if they are hypovascularized or cystic. Underperfusion is supposed to be present in the normal renal parenchyma surrounding the carcinoma. The shunted amount of blood can be fairly large, in the present series up to 3 1/2 litre. The dye dilution technique is suitable for studies of the hemodynamics in renal carcinomas.", "contents": "Arteriovenous shunting in carcinomas evaluated by a dye dilution technique. In 19 patients with renal carcinomas determination of the renal blood flow and related parameters were determined. In 10 of the kidneys the renal blood flow was higher than 1700 ml/min, in five kidneys the vascular volume was increased and in all kidneys the appearance time of dye in the renal vein was below normal. It is concluded that AV-shunting is present in all renal carcinomas even if they are hypovascularized or cystic. Underperfusion is supposed to be present in the normal renal parenchyma surrounding the carcinoma. The shunted amount of blood can be fairly large, in the present series up to 3 1/2 litre. The dye dilution technique is suitable for studies of the hemodynamics in renal carcinomas.", "PMID": 331464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11930", "title": "A gastroscopic and histological double-blind study of the effects of diclofenac sodium and naproxen on the human gastric mucosa.", "content": "The effects of diclofenac sodium and naproxen on the gastric mucosa were studied in a double-blind trial by gastroscopy, gastrophotography and histological examination of the mucosa in six healthy volunteers. Detectable lesions were evident in the mucosa of four subjects after administration of both drugs, and the lesions were more extensive after the ingestion of naproxen than after diclofenac sodium in all of these cases. The most serious lesions verified by both gastroscopy and histology always occurred after exposure to naproxen. The histology of the gastric mucosa of two subjects with severe lesions showed spotty to moderate chronic superficial gastritis, whereas the overall histological appearance of the mucosa was normal in subjects with  slight or moderate lesions after drug administration. The maximal acid output was positively correlated with the severity of the lesions. Subjective symptoms occurred in one person during diclofenac sodium and in three during naproxen administration.", "contents": "A gastroscopic and histological double-blind study of the effects of diclofenac sodium and naproxen on the human gastric mucosa. The effects of diclofenac sodium and naproxen on the gastric mucosa were studied in a double-blind trial by gastroscopy, gastrophotography and histological examination of the mucosa in six healthy volunteers. Detectable lesions were evident in the mucosa of four subjects after administration of both drugs, and the lesions were more extensive after the ingestion of naproxen than after diclofenac sodium in all of these cases. The most serious lesions verified by both gastroscopy and histology always occurred after exposure to naproxen. The histology of the gastric mucosa of two subjects with severe lesions showed spotty to moderate chronic superficial gastritis, whereas the overall histological appearance of the mucosa was normal in subjects with  slight or moderate lesions after drug administration. The maximal acid output was positively correlated with the severity of the lesions. Subjective symptoms occurred in one person during diclofenac sodium and in three during naproxen administration.", "PMID": 331465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11931", "title": "[Differentiation of lymphocyte populations in the blood of breast-cancer patients].", "content": "The number of T lymphocytes has been determined in the peripheral blood of 90 women (65 patients with breast cancer and 25 healthy controls) using a sheep-erythrocyte rosetting technique and a cytochemical method for intracellular localization of a nonspecific acid esterase. Both tests were in agreement in showing a significant depression of T-cell percentage in a group of patients with progressive disseminated breast cancer under hormonal and chemotherapeutic treatment. After radiotherapy a fall in T cells was observed only with the rosetting method. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "[Differentiation of lymphocyte populations in the blood of breast-cancer patients]. The number of T lymphocytes has been determined in the peripheral blood of 90 women (65 patients with breast cancer and 25 healthy controls) using a sheep-erythrocyte rosetting technique and a cytochemical method for intracellular localization of a nonspecific acid esterase. Both tests were in agreement in showing a significant depression of T-cell percentage in a group of patients with progressive disseminated breast cancer under hormonal and chemotherapeutic treatment. After radiotherapy a fall in T cells was observed only with the rosetting method. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 331468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11932", "title": "[Activation of the complement system in different forms of glomerulonephritis].", "content": "The complement system may be activated by two pathways, the classical and the alternate. To evaluate their respective participation in different forms of glomerulonephritis, the plasma values of C3, C4, C3PA, C1q and properdin were determined in 70 patients. In systemic lupus erythematosus (LED), acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) and septicemia the classical pathway appears to be mainly involved, whereas the amplification loop and the alternate pathway seem to be of secondary importance. By contrast, in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) the alternate pathway plays a major role. However, the present data suggest that activation of the classical pathway may often be involved as well. In minimal change glomerulonephritis no signs indicating involvement of the complement system were apparent. Follow-up observation demonstrated a correlation between decreases in plasma complement concentrations and the clinical severity of the primary disease in LED, AGN and septicemia, but not in MPGN.", "contents": "[Activation of the complement system in different forms of glomerulonephritis]. The complement system may be activated by two pathways, the classical and the alternate. To evaluate their respective participation in different forms of glomerulonephritis, the plasma values of C3, C4, C3PA, C1q and properdin were determined in 70 patients. In systemic lupus erythematosus (LED), acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) and septicemia the classical pathway appears to be mainly involved, whereas the amplification loop and the alternate pathway seem to be of secondary importance. By contrast, in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) the alternate pathway plays a major role. However, the present data suggest that activation of the classical pathway may often be involved as well. In minimal change glomerulonephritis no signs indicating involvement of the complement system were apparent. Follow-up observation demonstrated a correlation between decreases in plasma complement concentrations and the clinical severity of the primary disease in LED, AGN and septicemia, but not in MPGN.", "PMID": 331469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11933", "title": "[Clinical disorders of potassium metabolism].", "content": "Renal potassium excretion as the factor mainly responsible for potassium balance is reviewed. Clinical syndromes related to potassium wasting, abnormal distribution between intra- and extracellular space and potassium retention are outlined with reference to the pathophysiologic mechanisms. Some therapeutic considerations are presented.", "contents": "[Clinical disorders of potassium metabolism]. Renal potassium excretion as the factor mainly responsible for potassium balance is reviewed. Clinical syndromes related to potassium wasting, abnormal distribution between intra- and extracellular space and potassium retention are outlined with reference to the pathophysiologic mechanisms. Some therapeutic considerations are presented.", "PMID": 331470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11934", "title": "[Serum protein values in uremic patients, dialysis-patients and patients with transplanted kidneys].", "content": "Within three patient groups (1. advanced renal failure, 2. patients under chronic hemodialysis, 3. patients with renal transplants) 16 serum proteins were determined immunochemically employing MANCINIS method. The group mean values for each protein were compared, and the statistical significance of intergroup differences was examined. The most noteworthy results were the following: a distinct increase in prealbumin in all groups, least marked in the dialyzed patients; frequent elevation of alpha2-macroglobulin in the patients with transplanted kidney, but not in the other two groups; a significant increase in beta2-glycoprotein in all groups. Other changes affected several components of the acute phase reactants which were, in part, markedly elevated. On the other hand, alpha1-antitrypsin and transferrin remained largely within the normal range. Possible mechanisms accounting for some of these changes are discussed.", "contents": "[Serum protein values in uremic patients, dialysis-patients and patients with transplanted kidneys]. Within three patient groups (1. advanced renal failure, 2. patients under chronic hemodialysis, 3. patients with renal transplants) 16 serum proteins were determined immunochemically employing MANCINIS method. The group mean values for each protein were compared, and the statistical significance of intergroup differences was examined. The most noteworthy results were the following: a distinct increase in prealbumin in all groups, least marked in the dialyzed patients; frequent elevation of alpha2-macroglobulin in the patients with transplanted kidney, but not in the other two groups; a significant increase in beta2-glycoprotein in all groups. Other changes affected several components of the acute phase reactants which were, in part, markedly elevated. On the other hand, alpha1-antitrypsin and transferrin remained largely within the normal range. Possible mechanisms accounting for some of these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 331471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11935", "title": "Immune response in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus.", "content": "The sea urchin shows an immune response to grafted tissue similar to that found in vertebrates. Unrelated animals rejected allografts in about 30 days. Acceptance of allografts was observed for tissue exchanged between some F2 and F3 inbred animals. The percentage  of acceptances reflected the degree of inbreeding. Accelerated second set rejection was also found. These grafts were rejected in one-third of the time compared to first sets.", "contents": "Immune response in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. The sea urchin shows an immune response to grafted tissue similar to that found in vertebrates. Unrelated animals rejected allografts in about 30 days. Acceptance of allografts was observed for tissue exchanged between some F2 and F3 inbred animals. The percentage  of acceptances reflected the degree of inbreeding. Accelerated second set rejection was also found. These grafts were rejected in one-third of the time compared to first sets.", "PMID": 331476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11936", "title": "Suid evolution and correlation of African hominid localities.", "content": "Recently discovered Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages have allowed complete systematic revision of the sub-Saharan African Suidae. New phylogenies are proposed for the 7 genera and 16 species of fossil and extant representatives. Suids are common elements of African Plio-Pleistocene faunas, and their evolutionary trends, particularly in the species Mesochoerus limnetes and Metridiochoerus andrewsi, are of great correlative value. Suid data are employed in a refinement of stratigraphic correlations at Omo Shungura, Olduvai, and east of Lake Turkana (formerly East Rudolf) and in a correlation of East African and South African sites, with important implications for interpretation of hominid evolution. The suid record also bears significantly on questions of theoretical evolutionary biology.", "contents": "Suid evolution and correlation of African hominid localities. Recently discovered Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages have allowed complete systematic revision of the sub-Saharan African Suidae. New phylogenies are proposed for the 7 genera and 16 species of fossil and extant representatives. Suids are common elements of African Plio-Pleistocene faunas, and their evolutionary trends, particularly in the species Mesochoerus limnetes and Metridiochoerus andrewsi, are of great correlative value. Suid data are employed in a refinement of stratigraphic correlations at Omo Shungura, Olduvai, and east of Lake Turkana (formerly East Rudolf) and in a correlation of East African and South African sites, with important implications for interpretation of hominid evolution. The suid record also bears significantly on questions of theoretical evolutionary biology.", "PMID": 331477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11937", "title": "Nonunion of the femoral neck and avascular necrosis of the femoral head: treatment with bone grafts.", "content": "The use of full-thickness iliac bone grafts shaped into cigar and cigarette forms in the treatment of nonunion of the femoral neck and idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head was studied. Results of 36 operations (18 hips in each category) were classified according to pain, range of motion, function, and roentgenographic appearance. Follow-up with a two-year minimum revealed that bone grafting contributed to a successful result in the nonunion group with 17 hips uniting. Thirteen hips with avascular necrosis, however, showed progression of disease and were classified as failures. In light of these results, bone grafting in the treatment of idiopathic avascular necrosis must be questioned.", "contents": "Nonunion of the femoral neck and avascular necrosis of the femoral head: treatment with bone grafts. The use of full-thickness iliac bone grafts shaped into cigar and cigarette forms in the treatment of nonunion of the femoral neck and idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head was studied. Results of 36 operations (18 hips in each category) were classified according to pain, range of motion, function, and roentgenographic appearance. Follow-up with a two-year minimum revealed that bone grafting contributed to a successful result in the nonunion group with 17 hips uniting. Thirteen hips with avascular necrosis, however, showed progression of disease and were classified as failures. In light of these results, bone grafting in the treatment of idiopathic avascular necrosis must be questioned.", "PMID": 331483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11938", "title": "Biology of psychoses: past research and new frontiers.", "content": "This paper reviews major research developments in the biology of mental illness. Theories concerning schizophrenia and affective disease are shown to be based on the mode of action of drugs discovered in the 1950s and used in the treatment of these disorders. Discovery of the endorphins and the development of a new receptor site neurobiology are shown to have a potential major impact on the future of psychiatric research.", "contents": "Biology of psychoses: past research and new frontiers. This paper reviews major research developments in the biology of mental illness. Theories concerning schizophrenia and affective disease are shown to be based on the mode of action of drugs discovered in the 1950s and used in the treatment of these disorders. Discovery of the endorphins and the development of a new receptor site neurobiology are shown to have a potential major impact on the future of psychiatric research.", "PMID": 331484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11939", "title": "Indications for and results of coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "The natural history of angina and the influence of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafting on the relief of symptoms and survival are reviewed. Indications and contraindications for coronary surgery and the complications and results of operation are discussed. Coronary artery surgery is occasionally indicated in situations other than angina, such as in selected cases of unstable angina, arrhythmias and acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Indications for and results of coronary artery bypass surgery. The natural history of angina and the influence of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafting on the relief of symptoms and survival are reviewed. Indications and contraindications for coronary surgery and the complications and results of operation are discussed. Coronary artery surgery is occasionally indicated in situations other than angina, such as in selected cases of unstable angina, arrhythmias and acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 331500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11940", "title": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease): a case report.", "content": "An infant in hospital unexpectedly developed infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease) while under-going treatment for an unrelated illness. The presentation of the disease was classic and there was marked thrombocytosis. The aetiological possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease): a case report. An infant in hospital unexpectedly developed infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease) while under-going treatment for an unrelated illness. The presentation of the disease was classic and there was marked thrombocytosis. The aetiological possibilities are discussed.", "PMID": 331501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11941", "title": "Bumadizone calcium in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial of bumadizone calcium (Eumotol), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been carried out in 56 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. On both objective and subjective criteria bumadizone was superior to placebo and paracetamol at a statistically highly significant level (P less than 0,01). When tested against acetylsalicylic acid, bumadizone was more effective in 13 patients and less effective in 4 patients. Although this does not represent a statistically significant difference it does suggest that its anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities are at least equal to those of salicylate in high dosages. There were no serious side-effects in  the patients who received bumadizone and the drug was better tolerated than either acetylsalicylic acid or paracetamol.", "contents": "Bumadizone calcium in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind crossover trial of bumadizone calcium (Eumotol), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been carried out in 56 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. On both objective and subjective criteria bumadizone was superior to placebo and paracetamol at a statistically highly significant level (P less than 0,01). When tested against acetylsalicylic acid, bumadizone was more effective in 13 patients and less effective in 4 patients. Although this does not represent a statistically significant difference it does suggest that its anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities are at least equal to those of salicylate in high dosages. There were no serious side-effects in  the patients who received bumadizone and the drug was better tolerated than either acetylsalicylic acid or paracetamol.", "PMID": 331502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11942", "title": "Diclophenac sodium, oxyphenbutazone and placebo in sports injuries of the knee.", "content": "In a double-blind between-patient study of 69 patients with sports injuries of the knee, diclophenac sodium (Voltaren) was significantly superior to oxyphenbutazone (Tanderil) and placebo in improving the degree of swelling and the condition of the injured knee. Both drugs were superior to placebo with regard to analgesia by the second day of treatment. In addition, diclophenac sodium significantly improved the condition of the injured knee by the end of the trial. Three patients dropped out of the trial for reasons not related to the drug. Two patients in the diclophenac sodium group failed to complete the trial due to rapid recovery and 1 each in the diclophenac sodium and oxyphenbutazone groups because of poor tolerability. Nine patients who completed the trial reported mild to moderate side-effects, consisting mainly of drowsiness and nausea.", "contents": "Diclophenac sodium, oxyphenbutazone and placebo in sports injuries of the knee. In a double-blind between-patient study of 69 patients with sports injuries of the knee, diclophenac sodium (Voltaren) was significantly superior to oxyphenbutazone (Tanderil) and placebo in improving the degree of swelling and the condition of the injured knee. Both drugs were superior to placebo with regard to analgesia by the second day of treatment. In addition, diclophenac sodium significantly improved the condition of the injured knee by the end of the trial. Three patients dropped out of the trial for reasons not related to the drug. Two patients in the diclophenac sodium group failed to complete the trial due to rapid recovery and 1 each in the diclophenac sodium and oxyphenbutazone groups because of poor tolerability. Nine patients who completed the trial reported mild to moderate side-effects, consisting mainly of drowsiness and nausea.", "PMID": 331503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11943", "title": "Clinical trial of tolmetin and aspirin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind crossover, within-patient trial was conducted, to compare the efficacy of tolmetin (Tolectin; Ethnor) with that of aspirin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Tolmetin significantly improved morning stiffness (P less than 0.01), while aspirin was superior in reducing the number of painful joints (P less than 0.001) and the articular index (P less than 0.01). Tolmetin, in marked contrast to aspirin, was well tolerated, producing virtually no side-effects. An elevation of the alkaline phosphatase was noted in 4 patients on tolmetin therapy. When used after aspirin, tolmetin had a significantly adverse effect on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P less than 0.05). The results of this study indicate that tolmetin is a useful addition to the therapeutic agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, because of its ability to reduce morning stiffness and its lack of side-effects.", "contents": "Clinical trial of tolmetin and aspirin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind crossover, within-patient trial was conducted, to compare the efficacy of tolmetin (Tolectin; Ethnor) with that of aspirin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Tolmetin significantly improved morning stiffness (P less than 0.01), while aspirin was superior in reducing the number of painful joints (P less than 0.001) and the articular index (P less than 0.01). Tolmetin, in marked contrast to aspirin, was well tolerated, producing virtually no side-effects. An elevation of the alkaline phosphatase was noted in 4 patients on tolmetin therapy. When used after aspirin, tolmetin had a significantly adverse effect on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P less than 0.05). The results of this study indicate that tolmetin is a useful addition to the therapeutic agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, because of its ability to reduce morning stiffness and its lack of side-effects.", "PMID": 331504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11944", "title": "Translocated intra-uterine contraceptive devices and missing strings.", "content": "The incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, possible aetiology and methods of treatment of translocated intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) and 'missing strings' are described. Details of 104 such patients, treated at Baragwanath Hospital over a period of 12 months, are given. Four unusual sites of translocation are described.", "contents": "Translocated intra-uterine contraceptive devices and missing strings. The incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, possible aetiology and methods of treatment of translocated intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) and 'missing strings' are described. Details of 104 such patients, treated at Baragwanath Hospital over a period of 12 months, are given. Four unusual sites of translocation are described.", "PMID": 331505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11945", "title": "The hazards of subclavian vein catheterization. Practical considerations and an unusual case report.", "content": "A case of intrapleural displacement of a piece of catheter as a complication of subclavian vein catheterization is reported. A brief review of the literature concerning complications of subclavian catheterization is presented, together with a logical classification and methods of prevention.", "contents": "The hazards of subclavian vein catheterization. Practical considerations and an unusual case report. A case of intrapleural displacement of a piece of catheter as a complication of subclavian vein catheterization is reported. A brief review of the literature concerning complications of subclavian catheterization is presented, together with a logical classification and methods of prevention.", "PMID": 331506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11946", "title": "A microbiological study of gastro-enteritis in Black infants.", "content": "A survey was carried out to determine the aetiological agents responsible for acute gastro-enteritis in Black infants. Bacteriological examination of 191 patients and 178 age-matched controls showed that salmonellae and shigellae together accounted for only 15% of cases and were harboured by almost 7% of controls. Seropositive 'enteropathogenic' Escherichia coli was an important cause of diarrhoea, especially in the summer months. Enterotoxin-producing E. coli was not a significant cause of gastro-enteritis in this study. This study suggests that routine serotyping of E. coli from infantile gastro-enteritis should be continued until the relationship of serotype and enterotoxigenicity with enteropathogenicity has been established. Rotaviruses were detected by electron microscopy in 14,4% of children. The clinical features associated with the different infectious agents are described.", "contents": "A microbiological study of gastro-enteritis in Black infants. A survey was carried out to determine the aetiological agents responsible for acute gastro-enteritis in Black infants. Bacteriological examination of 191 patients and 178 age-matched controls showed that salmonellae and shigellae together accounted for only 15% of cases and were harboured by almost 7% of controls. Seropositive 'enteropathogenic' Escherichia coli was an important cause of diarrhoea, especially in the summer months. Enterotoxin-producing E. coli was not a significant cause of gastro-enteritis in this study. This study suggests that routine serotyping of E. coli from infantile gastro-enteritis should be continued until the relationship of serotype and enterotoxigenicity with enteropathogenicity has been established. Rotaviruses were detected by electron microscopy in 14,4% of children. The clinical features associated with the different infectious agents are described.", "PMID": 331509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11947", "title": "The nephrotic syndrome in Malawian blacks.", "content": "This study deals with the nephrotic syndrome in 34 Malawian Blacks, Plasmodium malariae infection and the use of mercury-containing skin lightening creams (Butone 3) must be included among the usual causes of nephrotic syndrome in the Malawian Black.", "contents": "The nephrotic syndrome in Malawian blacks. This study deals with the nephrotic syndrome in 34 Malawian Blacks, Plasmodium malariae infection and the use of mercury-containing skin lightening creams (Butone 3) must be included among the usual causes of nephrotic syndrome in the Malawian Black.", "PMID": 331510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11948", "title": "Ionizing radiation causing a risk of cancer in man: a short review and a discussion.", "content": "An attempt has been made to present, in short review, the most important carcinogens that have been implicated in the development of cancer in the various organ sites of the human body and to demonstrate the relatively minor role played by ionizing radiation, especially radiotherapy, in causing a risk of cancer in man.", "contents": "Ionizing radiation causing a risk of cancer in man: a short review and a discussion. An attempt has been made to present, in short review, the most important carcinogens that have been implicated in the development of cancer in the various organ sites of the human body and to demonstrate the relatively minor role played by ionizing radiation, especially radiotherapy, in causing a risk of cancer in man.", "PMID": 331512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11949", "title": "Synthetic absorable sutures.", "content": "Based on the many reports published in the past several years, the synthetic absorbable sutures have been recognized as an important step forward in the history of suture materials. Synthetic absorbable sutures have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for almost all surgical uses with the exception of certain cardiovascular and neurologic surgical procedures in which nonabsorbable sutures are mandatory, as, for example, in the suturing of a prosthesis to tissue. They have been used in many thousands of surgical operations of many types and show prospects of replacing other absorbable suture materials traditionally used in surgical operations. Moreover, because of their retained strength and low tissue reactivity, the synthetic absorbable materials are being used in some procedures in place of nonabsorbable materials. Thus, instead of using several different suture materials during some operations, the surgeon may find himself using one synthetic absorbable suture in different sizes for an entire procedure.", "contents": "Synthetic absorable sutures. Based on the many reports published in the past several years, the synthetic absorbable sutures have been recognized as an important step forward in the history of suture materials. Synthetic absorbable sutures have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for almost all surgical uses with the exception of certain cardiovascular and neurologic surgical procedures in which nonabsorbable sutures are mandatory, as, for example, in the suturing of a prosthesis to tissue. They have been used in many thousands of surgical operations of many types and show prospects of replacing other absorbable suture materials traditionally used in surgical operations. Moreover, because of their retained strength and low tissue reactivity, the synthetic absorbable materials are being used in some procedures in place of nonabsorbable materials. Thus, instead of using several different suture materials during some operations, the surgeon may find himself using one synthetic absorbable suture in different sizes for an entire procedure.", "PMID": 331523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11950", "title": "Tension free closure of large meningomyelocele defects.", "content": "A technique for closing large meningomyelocele defects without tension has recently been developed by the authors. The technique utilizes bilateral bipedicle flaps developed from verticle flank incisions. The bipedicle flaps are advanced medially and approximated in the midline. The lateral defects created by this maneuver are closed transversely. The outer margins of the bipedicle flaps are left free until the flaps become adherent to the underlying tissue. This technique has been used in the repair of 12 large meningomyeloceles. The width of the average lesion was 6-7 centimeters, the largest lesion was 11 centimeters. In each case the width of the lesion exceeded one-half the width of the back. In all cases a tension free closure was achieved. There were no significant wound complications. The use of this technique has greatly facilitated the treatment of children with large meningomyelocele defects.", "contents": "Tension free closure of large meningomyelocele defects. A technique for closing large meningomyelocele defects without tension has recently been developed by the authors. The technique utilizes bilateral bipedicle flaps developed from verticle flank incisions. The bipedicle flaps are advanced medially and approximated in the midline. The lateral defects created by this maneuver are closed transversely. The outer margins of the bipedicle flaps are left free until the flaps become adherent to the underlying tissue. This technique has been used in the repair of 12 large meningomyeloceles. The width of the average lesion was 6-7 centimeters, the largest lesion was 11 centimeters. In each case the width of the lesion exceeded one-half the width of the back. In all cases a tension free closure was achieved. There were no significant wound complications. The use of this technique has greatly facilitated the treatment of children with large meningomyelocele defects.", "PMID": 331526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11951", "title": "Electronic radiography in neurosurgery.", "content": "The authors describe the use of electronic radiography or short-exposure fluoroscopy with concurrent video recording of images in neurosurgery. The technique is applicable to all neurosurgical procedures in which fluoroscopy is used, such as transphenoidal surgery, trigeminal RF rhizolysis, percutaneous cordotomy, etc. With the use of subtraction techniques and intra-operative angiography, vascular maps of the cerebral vascular system can be made that allow the surgeon to puncture or to avoid vascular structures during stereotaxic procedures. Besides a great reduction in radiation exposure, this technique offers new advantages and potential for neurosurgical and neuroradiological interventional procedures.", "contents": "Electronic radiography in neurosurgery. The authors describe the use of electronic radiography or short-exposure fluoroscopy with concurrent video recording of images in neurosurgery. The technique is applicable to all neurosurgical procedures in which fluoroscopy is used, such as transphenoidal surgery, trigeminal RF rhizolysis, percutaneous cordotomy, etc. With the use of subtraction techniques and intra-operative angiography, vascular maps of the cerebral vascular system can be made that allow the surgeon to puncture or to avoid vascular structures during stereotaxic procedures. Besides a great reduction in radiation exposure, this technique offers new advantages and potential for neurosurgical and neuroradiological interventional procedures.", "PMID": 331527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11952", "title": "Computed tomography in spinal dysraphism.", "content": "Computed tomography of the spine has been used to evaluate patients with spinal dysraphism. With this technique, the nature of soft-tissue masses can often be correctly diagnosed and the underlying bony anomalies clarified.", "contents": "Computed tomography in spinal dysraphism. Computed tomography of the spine has been used to evaluate patients with spinal dysraphism. With this technique, the nature of soft-tissue masses can often be correctly diagnosed and the underlying bony anomalies clarified.", "PMID": 331528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11953", "title": "Quantitative radioisotope ventriculography: a comparative study.", "content": "This report deals with quantitative techniques of isotopic ventriculography. In a series of 25 hydrocephalic patients, several parameters have been studied. An effort has been made to determine which of them is more significant when compared with the clinical course of the patients. Confidence intervals for population mean of this parameter were calculated. The results can be of clinical use in deciding if the clinical course of a hydrocephalic patient is arrested or progressing, and in assessing the advisability of surgical intervention.", "contents": "Quantitative radioisotope ventriculography: a comparative study. This report deals with quantitative techniques of isotopic ventriculography. In a series of 25 hydrocephalic patients, several parameters have been studied. An effort has been made to determine which of them is more significant when compared with the clinical course of the patients. Confidence intervals for population mean of this parameter were calculated. The results can be of clinical use in deciding if the clinical course of a hydrocephalic patient is arrested or progressing, and in assessing the advisability of surgical intervention.", "PMID": 331529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11954", "title": "Electronic stethoscope for detection of cerebral aneurysm, vasospasm and arterial disease.", "content": "A specially designed acoustic stethoscope electronic-computer-analysis system has repeatedly detected and identified angiographically demonstrated anteriorly located intracranial aneurysms by their characteristic signals. The system has detected and measured clinically significant disease in the carotid siphon and bifurcation, even in cases with normal angiograms, and has recorded the onset and disappearance of cerebral vasospasm. Our data suggests that an aneurysm may act as a flexible Helmholtz resonator, possibly being driven by vortex shed or turbulence. Our goal is the development of a safe, non-invasive method by which the physician could investigate warning symptoms of aneurysms, cerebral vasospasm, and arterial disease in order to recommend preventive surgery or medical treatment early before the patient's condition might deteriorate. Individual cases, falsely positive and negative results are discussed.", "contents": "Electronic stethoscope for detection of cerebral aneurysm, vasospasm and arterial disease. A specially designed acoustic stethoscope electronic-computer-analysis system has repeatedly detected and identified angiographically demonstrated anteriorly located intracranial aneurysms by their characteristic signals. The system has detected and measured clinically significant disease in the carotid siphon and bifurcation, even in cases with normal angiograms, and has recorded the onset and disappearance of cerebral vasospasm. Our data suggests that an aneurysm may act as a flexible Helmholtz resonator, possibly being driven by vortex shed or turbulence. Our goal is the development of a safe, non-invasive method by which the physician could investigate warning symptoms of aneurysms, cerebral vasospasm, and arterial disease in order to recommend preventive surgery or medical treatment early before the patient's condition might deteriorate. Individual cases, falsely positive and negative results are discussed.", "PMID": 331532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11955", "title": "A reappraisal of the role of splenectomy in children receiving renal allografts.", "content": "Four renal allograft recipients between 8 and 14 years of age died of acute fulminating infections less than 72 hours after the onset of symptoms. These patients all had undergone splenectomy at the time of related donor renal transplantation. Because the therapeutic value of splenectomy in renal transplantation has not been established, the role of adjunctive splenectomy is evaluated, and the relationship between splenectomy and overwhelming infection is discussed. As a result of these acute deaths in 4 of 62 children undergoing renal transplantation at this institution (6.4%), splenectomy in conjunction with renal transplantation in children has been discontinued.", "contents": "A reappraisal of the role of splenectomy in children receiving renal allografts. Four renal allograft recipients between 8 and 14 years of age died of acute fulminating infections less than 72 hours after the onset of symptoms. These patients all had undergone splenectomy at the time of related donor renal transplantation. Because the therapeutic value of splenectomy in renal transplantation has not been established, the role of adjunctive splenectomy is evaluated, and the relationship between splenectomy and overwhelming infection is discussed. As a result of these acute deaths in 4 of 62 children undergoing renal transplantation at this institution (6.4%), splenectomy in conjunction with renal transplantation in children has been discontinued.", "PMID": 331536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11956", "title": "Current approaches to the diagnosis and management of choroidal melanomas.", "content": "Although malignant melanoma of the uveal tract is well known as the most common primary intraocular malignancy, many questions exist regarding the best approach to its diagnosis and treatment. In the past, diagnosis has been made by direct ophthalmoscopy alone and errors resulting in unnecessary enucleation have been frequent. However, recent studies have shown that the adequate use of new techniques such as indirect ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography, and the 32P test can reduce the incidence of error substantially. A 12-step procedure for diagnosis utilizing these aids is outlined. Traditionally, enucleation has been accepted as the treatment of choice. However, with earlier and more accurate diagnosis, alternative treatments are being applied in selected cases. Although photocoagulation, irradiation, cryotherapy, diathermy and local resection of choroidal melanomas have been used with some success, these methods require further trial and followup before their value can be established. Techniques and indications for use of these procedures are discussed, and the complications and potential effectiveness of each is evaluated.", "contents": "Current approaches to the diagnosis and management of choroidal melanomas. Although malignant melanoma of the uveal tract is well known as the most common primary intraocular malignancy, many questions exist regarding the best approach to its diagnosis and treatment. In the past, diagnosis has been made by direct ophthalmoscopy alone and errors resulting in unnecessary enucleation have been frequent. However, recent studies have shown that the adequate use of new techniques such as indirect ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography, and the 32P test can reduce the incidence of error substantially. A 12-step procedure for diagnosis utilizing these aids is outlined. Traditionally, enucleation has been accepted as the treatment of choice. However, with earlier and more accurate diagnosis, alternative treatments are being applied in selected cases. Although photocoagulation, irradiation, cryotherapy, diathermy and local resection of choroidal melanomas have been used with some success, these methods require further trial and followup before their value can be established. Techniques and indications for use of these procedures are discussed, and the complications and potential effectiveness of each is evaluated.", "PMID": 331533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11957", "title": "The effect of general anesthetic agents on intraocular pressure.", "content": "General anesthetics may have diverse effects on intraocular pressure, possibly leading to serious complications such as vitreous loss and iris prolapse. Clinical and research findings on the effects of depolarizing and nondepolarizing agents are discussed, and methods of avoiding or counteracting adverse reactions are summarized.", "contents": "The effect of general anesthetic agents on intraocular pressure. General anesthetics may have diverse effects on intraocular pressure, possibly leading to serious complications such as vitreous loss and iris prolapse. Clinical and research findings on the effects of depolarizing and nondepolarizing agents are discussed, and methods of avoiding or counteracting adverse reactions are summarized.", "PMID": 331534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11958", "title": "Historical perspectives on photocoagulation.", "content": "Benjamin Franklin may share a prominent place in the history of photocoagulation. He devised an uncomplicated experiment showing the effect of color on the absorption of light by solids and its conversion into heat motion of the molecules. His experiment and the related experiments of others leading ultimately to the development of photocoagulation techniques are discussed.", "contents": "Historical perspectives on photocoagulation. Benjamin Franklin may share a prominent place in the history of photocoagulation. He devised an uncomplicated experiment showing the effect of color on the absorption of light by solids and its conversion into heat motion of the molecules. His experiment and the related experiments of others leading ultimately to the development of photocoagulation techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 331535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11959", "title": "[Mechanizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in repressive testing for Trichinella spiralis infections in fattening pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "The constuction of and procedure adopted in a rail system for use in a macro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are described. This method is used in the serodiagnosis of Trichinella spiralis infections in fattening pigs. Two persons will be able to test 4,000 sera daily using this system.", "contents": "[Mechanizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in repressive testing for Trichinella spiralis infections in fattening pigs (author's transl)]. The constuction of and procedure adopted in a rail system for use in a macro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are described. This method is used in the serodiagnosis of Trichinella spiralis infections in fattening pigs. Two persons will be able to test 4,000 sera daily using this system.", "PMID": 331555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11960", "title": "[Vaginitis in the bitch (author's transl)].", "content": "During a period of two and a half years (2 1/2), sixty-two patients wre submitted to the Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynaecology, where a diagnosis of vaginitis was established. These patients often were young large dogs. Most of the females showed a vaginal discharge, although some bitches were only very attrative to males. There were no complaints concerning the general physical condition of the patients. On clinical examination, the vulva was found to be swollen. Exudation was also frequently observed, externally (vaginoscopy). Ninety per cent of the patients showed normal haemograms. On bacteriological examination, streptococci, E. coli and pasteurellae were often isolated. As a rule the bitches were treated locally (deeply intravaginal), the choice of the drug depending on the results of bacteriological examination. Another bacteriological examination was made after treatment. An inquiry was made into the results of treatment in these sixty-two dogs, wherever possible. On the other hand, the prognosis in those bitches in which bacteriological examination is negative at the time of discharge from the department is likely to be better than it is in those in which bacteriological examination is still positive at that time. The extent to which vaginitis may influence fertility is not known at the time of writing. The differential diagnosis of vaginitis and endometritis may present difficulties.", "contents": "[Vaginitis in the bitch (author's transl)]. During a period of two and a half years (2 1/2), sixty-two patients wre submitted to the Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynaecology, where a diagnosis of vaginitis was established. These patients often were young large dogs. Most of the females showed a vaginal discharge, although some bitches were only very attrative to males. There were no complaints concerning the general physical condition of the patients. On clinical examination, the vulva was found to be swollen. Exudation was also frequently observed, externally (vaginoscopy). Ninety per cent of the patients showed normal haemograms. On bacteriological examination, streptococci, E. coli and pasteurellae were often isolated. As a rule the bitches were treated locally (deeply intravaginal), the choice of the drug depending on the results of bacteriological examination. Another bacteriological examination was made after treatment. An inquiry was made into the results of treatment in these sixty-two dogs, wherever possible. On the other hand, the prognosis in those bitches in which bacteriological examination is negative at the time of discharge from the department is likely to be better than it is in those in which bacteriological examination is still positive at that time. The extent to which vaginitis may influence fertility is not known at the time of writing. The differential diagnosis of vaginitis and endometritis may present difficulties.", "PMID": 331556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11961", "title": "[Influence of radiation-induced electrolytic shifts upon the metabolism: VII. On the question of equivalence of K+-loss and Na+-uptake (author's transl)].", "content": "Irradiated and nonirradiated yeast cells in three different metabolic conditions were incubated with four different culture mediums at various K+/Na+-concentrations and with or without glucose. The losses of K+ and the incorporation of Na+ are analysed after five hours and represented as balance values. Equivalent shifts appear in metabolic stagnation but not with metabolizing cells. The balance values nevertheless are equal in irradiated and in nonirradiated samples. This means that the radiation-induced additional exchange always is equivalent. This finding indicates a membranous modification as cause of radiation-induced electrolytic shifts.", "contents": "[Influence of radiation-induced electrolytic shifts upon the metabolism: VII. On the question of equivalence of K+-loss and Na+-uptake (author's transl)]. Irradiated and nonirradiated yeast cells in three different metabolic conditions were incubated with four different culture mediums at various K+/Na+-concentrations and with or without glucose. The losses of K+ and the incorporation of Na+ are analysed after five hours and represented as balance values. Equivalent shifts appear in metabolic stagnation but not with metabolizing cells. The balance values nevertheless are equal in irradiated and in nonirradiated samples. This means that the radiation-induced additional exchange always is equivalent. This finding indicates a membranous modification as cause of radiation-induced electrolytic shifts.", "PMID": 331560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11962", "title": "[Risk evaluation of neoplasms relevant to jaw surgery].", "content": "The authors evaluate the risks of tumours and growth processes in the maxillofacial region. The tumours and growth processes in question are so-called semi-malignant tumours with tendency to locally limited infiltration, intra-epithelial carcinomata, precanceroses with abnormal epithelial growth and usually benign tumours with increased risk of degeneration. The clinicopathologica characteristics of these neoplasms are discussed, and recommendations for discriminating therapy are given. The clinician should use, by early detection and treatment, the primarily lower riskiness of these processes for the complete healing of patients affected with these diseases.", "contents": "[Risk evaluation of neoplasms relevant to jaw surgery]. The authors evaluate the risks of tumours and growth processes in the maxillofacial region. The tumours and growth processes in question are so-called semi-malignant tumours with tendency to locally limited infiltration, intra-epithelial carcinomata, precanceroses with abnormal epithelial growth and usually benign tumours with increased risk of degeneration. The clinicopathologica characteristics of these neoplasms are discussed, and recommendations for discriminating therapy are given. The clinician should use, by early detection and treatment, the primarily lower riskiness of these processes for the complete healing of patients affected with these diseases.", "PMID": 331561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11963", "title": "[Delimitation of indications for an endosseous implantation method in preprosthetics].", "content": "On the basis of observations over almost 6 years, the author endeavoured to elaborate criteria for the intra-osseous implantation technique according to Linkow. The present results permit the statement that this technique may be a valuable contribution to the spectrum of preprosthetic therapy on condition that its indication is very carefully established and that it is performed lege artis.", "contents": "[Delimitation of indications for an endosseous implantation method in preprosthetics]. On the basis of observations over almost 6 years, the author endeavoured to elaborate criteria for the intra-osseous implantation technique according to Linkow. The present results permit the statement that this technique may be a valuable contribution to the spectrum of preprosthetic therapy on condition that its indication is very carefully established and that it is performed lege artis.", "PMID": 331562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11964", "title": "[Comparative studies on the bacteriostatic effect of \"Grisaldon\" and \"Cholinesalicylate gel\"].", "content": "The authors present a choline salicylate gel at present on trial and compare it, by means of microbiologic studies, with Grisaldon as to composition, consistency and bacteriostatic properties. Choline salicylate showed a good bacteriostatic effect. As to Grisaldon, the conditions are considerably less favorable due to the poor solubility of acetylsalicylic acid.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the bacteriostatic effect of \"Grisaldon\" and \"Cholinesalicylate gel\"]. The authors present a choline salicylate gel at present on trial and compare it, by means of microbiologic studies, with Grisaldon as to composition, consistency and bacteriostatic properties. Choline salicylate showed a good bacteriostatic effect. As to Grisaldon, the conditions are considerably less favorable due to the poor solubility of acetylsalicylic acid.", "PMID": 331563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11965", "title": "[Studies on the spacial aerosol spreading during the use of turbines].", "content": "When treating hard tooth structures with a turbine instrument, a polydisperse aerosol is formed from the turbine exhaust air and the cooling-water spray and by the rotation of the abrasive tool. The oral cavity repels this aerosol that is contaminated with micro-organisms and particles of enamel and filling materials. The present paper deals with the spatial propagation of the aerosol cloud in front of the patient's mouth in relation to the site of impact of the turbine instrument. Recommendations are given for practice to reduce the possibilities of infection.", "contents": "[Studies on the spacial aerosol spreading during the use of turbines]. When treating hard tooth structures with a turbine instrument, a polydisperse aerosol is formed from the turbine exhaust air and the cooling-water spray and by the rotation of the abrasive tool. The oral cavity repels this aerosol that is contaminated with micro-organisms and particles of enamel and filling materials. The present paper deals with the spatial propagation of the aerosol cloud in front of the patient's mouth in relation to the site of impact of the turbine instrument. Recommendations are given for practice to reduce the possibilities of infection.", "PMID": 331564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11966", "title": "[Preparation of the remaining teeth and the prosthesis support].", "content": "It has been proved again and again that preparatory measures are essential prerequisites for durable prosthetic treatment results which are satisfactory from the functional and prophylactic viewpoints. Therefore, it is recommended to prepare the patient for treatment and to pretreat with equal care both the remaining teeth and the edentulous jaw regions that will be used as supporting structures.", "contents": "[Preparation of the remaining teeth and the prosthesis support]. It has been proved again and again that preparatory measures are essential prerequisites for durable prosthetic treatment results which are satisfactory from the functional and prophylactic viewpoints. Therefore, it is recommended to prepare the patient for treatment and to pretreat with equal care both the remaining teeth and the edentulous jaw regions that will be used as supporting structures.", "PMID": 331565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11967", "title": "Studies on the strength of HLA antigens in related donor kidney transplants.", "content": "From a study of 3,171 related donor kidney transplants several points of interest emerged: 1. HLA-identical sibling transplants survive at a rate of approximately 85% at 1 year, regardless of whether two, three, or four HLA antigens are identified. 2. Offspring donor transplants survive at similar rates, regardless of whether the recipient is a mother or a father. 3. Transplants from uncles or aunts survive at similar rates as parental donor transplants. 4. Non-HLA antigens contribute approximately 15% to the 1-year kidney transplant failure rate. 5. The strength of an HLA haplotype is reflected in a difference of approximately 15% in the 1-year graft survival rate. 6. The strength of a single HLA antigen contributes about 4% to the 1-year graft survival. 7. The HLA-A or -B loci and antigens of different HLA specificities are roughly of equal immunogenicity. 8. The relative strength of HLA antigens in human kidney transplants is best shown in the well controlled situation of related donor grafts.", "contents": "Studies on the strength of HLA antigens in related donor kidney transplants. From a study of 3,171 related donor kidney transplants several points of interest emerged: 1. HLA-identical sibling transplants survive at a rate of approximately 85% at 1 year, regardless of whether two, three, or four HLA antigens are identified. 2. Offspring donor transplants survive at similar rates, regardless of whether the recipient is a mother or a father. 3. Transplants from uncles or aunts survive at similar rates as parental donor transplants. 4. Non-HLA antigens contribute approximately 15% to the 1-year kidney transplant failure rate. 5. The strength of an HLA haplotype is reflected in a difference of approximately 15% in the 1-year graft survival rate. 6. The strength of a single HLA antigen contributes about 4% to the 1-year graft survival. 7. The HLA-A or -B loci and antigens of different HLA specificities are roughly of equal immunogenicity. 8. The relative strength of HLA antigens in human kidney transplants is best shown in the well controlled situation of related donor grafts.", "PMID": 331569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11968", "title": "Analysis of histoincompatibility in a natural population of the bisexual whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus tigris.", "content": "Histoincompatibility was analyzed to describe as precisely as possible the sequence of gross morphological events taking place during allograft rejection among closely related conspecifics from a natural population of the bisexual lizard Cnemidophorus tigris. Two types of rejection were noted, depending on whether the grafts were sloughed or not. Abrupt rejection was typically characterized by hemorrhaging of the graft site, scale dissolution, and eventual sloughing of the graft. This process occurred in a graded sequence. Acute rejection occurred from 15 to 20 days, subacute from 30 to 45, and subchronic from 60 to 90. In the gradual form of rejection, the allografts were gradually replaced by host tissue during a period ranging from approximately 100 to 350 days post-transplantation. Such a gradation observed in both the abrupt and gradual categories suggests that large numbers of genes and/or alleles are responsible for the antigenic properties of skin in these lizards.", "contents": "Analysis of histoincompatibility in a natural population of the bisexual whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus tigris. Histoincompatibility was analyzed to describe as precisely as possible the sequence of gross morphological events taking place during allograft rejection among closely related conspecifics from a natural population of the bisexual lizard Cnemidophorus tigris. Two types of rejection were noted, depending on whether the grafts were sloughed or not. Abrupt rejection was typically characterized by hemorrhaging of the graft site, scale dissolution, and eventual sloughing of the graft. This process occurred in a graded sequence. Acute rejection occurred from 15 to 20 days, subacute from 30 to 45, and subchronic from 60 to 90. In the gradual form of rejection, the allografts were gradually replaced by host tissue during a period ranging from approximately 100 to 350 days post-transplantation. Such a gradation observed in both the abrupt and gradual categories suggests that large numbers of genes and/or alleles are responsible for the antigenic properties of skin in these lizards.", "PMID": 331570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11969", "title": "Cytotoxic versus immunoblocking effects of specific alloantibodies: effects of IgM, IgG, and IgG2 on rat kidney allograft survival.", "content": "Passively introduced IgM alloantibodies of antidonor specificity regularly led to decreased kidney allograft survival times, whereas IgG alloantibodies from the same hyperimmune sera had a specific immunoblocking effect that promoted prolonged allograft survival. These strikingly opposite effects as a function of antibody isotype occurred across both strong H-1 (Ag-B) and moderate non-H-1 histocompatibility barriers. However, IgM and IgG directed against non-H-1 specificities were far more effective, respectively, in either curtailing or prolonging renal allograft survival. In the Fischer to Lewis strain combination, this was reflected in a 4-fold diminution in median survival time of IgM-treated recipients from 115 to 31 days, in contrast to indefinitely prolonged survival of IgG-treated recipients (greater than 350 days). Purified IgG2 alloantibodies proved as effective as the whole IgG fraction in passively promoting long-term renal allograft survival across a strong H-1 barrier. Conflicting data from other sources is evaluated. Possible mechanisms of specific immunoregulation are briefly discussed in relation to antibody properties of specificity, idiotype, class-subclass, and avidity-affinity.", "contents": "Cytotoxic versus immunoblocking effects of specific alloantibodies: effects of IgM, IgG, and IgG2 on rat kidney allograft survival. Passively introduced IgM alloantibodies of antidonor specificity regularly led to decreased kidney allograft survival times, whereas IgG alloantibodies from the same hyperimmune sera had a specific immunoblocking effect that promoted prolonged allograft survival. These strikingly opposite effects as a function of antibody isotype occurred across both strong H-1 (Ag-B) and moderate non-H-1 histocompatibility barriers. However, IgM and IgG directed against non-H-1 specificities were far more effective, respectively, in either curtailing or prolonging renal allograft survival. In the Fischer to Lewis strain combination, this was reflected in a 4-fold diminution in median survival time of IgM-treated recipients from 115 to 31 days, in contrast to indefinitely prolonged survival of IgG-treated recipients (greater than 350 days). Purified IgG2 alloantibodies proved as effective as the whole IgG fraction in passively promoting long-term renal allograft survival across a strong H-1 barrier. Conflicting data from other sources is evaluated. Possible mechanisms of specific immunoregulation are briefly discussed in relation to antibody properties of specificity, idiotype, class-subclass, and avidity-affinity.", "PMID": 331574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11970", "title": "Twenty-four hour canine renal preservation by pulsatile perfusion, hypothermic storage, and combinations of the two methods.", "content": "A comparison of the effectiveness of two renal preservation techniques was studied in 30 cannine renal pairs. In the absence of warm ischemia, 24-hr preservation by pulsatile perfusion was not significantly superior to hypothermic storage. When 15 min of warm ischemia was added as an additional insult, pulsatile perfusion afforded significantly better early function than cold storage. Combinations of pulsatile perfusion and hypothermic storage following 15 min of warm ischemia were superior to hypothermic storage alone, but inferior to pulsatile perfusion. Kidneys initially perfused for 6 hr and then cold-stored functioned slightly better than kidneys perfused for 18 hr after initial cold storage.", "contents": "Twenty-four hour canine renal preservation by pulsatile perfusion, hypothermic storage, and combinations of the two methods. A comparison of the effectiveness of two renal preservation techniques was studied in 30 cannine renal pairs. In the absence of warm ischemia, 24-hr preservation by pulsatile perfusion was not significantly superior to hypothermic storage. When 15 min of warm ischemia was added as an additional insult, pulsatile perfusion afforded significantly better early function than cold storage. Combinations of pulsatile perfusion and hypothermic storage following 15 min of warm ischemia were superior to hypothermic storage alone, but inferior to pulsatile perfusion. Kidneys initially perfused for 6 hr and then cold-stored functioned slightly better than kidneys perfused for 18 hr after initial cold storage.", "PMID": 331587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11971", "title": "Pharmacologic agents of potential value in protecting kidneys from ischemic damage.", "content": "Use of metabolic inhibitors has been proven useful in hypothermic anoxic storage. The data are sparse about its effects in machine preservation when the hypothermic organ is oxygenated and metabolizing, although at a slow rate. Concentration of a particular drug is also important. They can, in fact, be injurious at wrong concentrations. Various drugs have been proven to be beneficial in protecting kidneys from ischemic injury. At present, methylprednisolone seems to be the best agent, offering a predictable and complete protection, thereby justifying its use in all donors where there is reasonable suspicion of warm ischemic damage.", "contents": "Pharmacologic agents of potential value in protecting kidneys from ischemic damage. Use of metabolic inhibitors has been proven useful in hypothermic anoxic storage. The data are sparse about its effects in machine preservation when the hypothermic organ is oxygenated and metabolizing, although at a slow rate. Concentration of a particular drug is also important. They can, in fact, be injurious at wrong concentrations. Various drugs have been proven to be beneficial in protecting kidneys from ischemic injury. At present, methylprednisolone seems to be the best agent, offering a predictable and complete protection, thereby justifying its use in all donors where there is reasonable suspicion of warm ischemic damage.", "PMID": 331592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11972", "title": "Renal donor pretreatment with cytotoxic agents: immunologically ineffective and damaging to the graft.", "content": "Simultaneous double renal allografts were performed in 32 dogs to evaluate the effect of pretreatment of the donor kidney with either Medrol, cytoxan, and methotrexate or medrol and procarbazine. There was no prolongation of survival of treated allografts. Immunosuppressive therapy for the transplanted animal unmasked a pretreatment injury of the pretreated kidney. Treatment of an autograft kidney in an intermediate host produced a cytotoxic tubular lesion in the kidney and also appeared to protect the kidney from the double ischemic insult incurred during the transplantation procedure. Pretreatment of dog donors of renal allografts with cytotoxic agents thereby offers no immunologic advantage for graft survival and produces a cytotoxic tubular lesion that is detrimental to kidney survival when ischemic and immunologic injury is minimal.", "contents": "Renal donor pretreatment with cytotoxic agents: immunologically ineffective and damaging to the graft. Simultaneous double renal allografts were performed in 32 dogs to evaluate the effect of pretreatment of the donor kidney with either Medrol, cytoxan, and methotrexate or medrol and procarbazine. There was no prolongation of survival of treated allografts. Immunosuppressive therapy for the transplanted animal unmasked a pretreatment injury of the pretreated kidney. Treatment of an autograft kidney in an intermediate host produced a cytotoxic tubular lesion in the kidney and also appeared to protect the kidney from the double ischemic insult incurred during the transplantation procedure. Pretreatment of dog donors of renal allografts with cytotoxic agents thereby offers no immunologic advantage for graft survival and produces a cytotoxic tubular lesion that is detrimental to kidney survival when ischemic and immunologic injury is minimal.", "PMID": 331594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11973", "title": "Biologic, pathologic, and radiologic studies of cadaver kidneys preserved in Collins' solution.", "content": "Collins' solution is one of the world-wide methods used for kidney preservation. A long-term survey of transplanted kidneys thus preserved has never been reported. Clinical, biologic, radiologic, and pathologic data collected from 225 cadaver kidney transplantations were analyzed according to the total ischemic time (group 1: TIT less than or equal to 12 hr; group 2: TIT 12-30 hr). No differences could be demonstrated between the two groups, whether considering the percentage of immediate function, the serum creatinine level that was normal up to 2 years, the incidence of abnormal blood pressure, the pathologic changes on routine biopsies performed at 6 months and 2 years, or arteriographic features at 2 years. A better graft survival rate was consistently found at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years when TIT was between 12 and 30 hr. This could be related to the higher incidence of well-matched kidneys in this group of patients, thereby emphasizing the efficiency of exchange programs for compatible kidneys.", "contents": "Biologic, pathologic, and radiologic studies of cadaver kidneys preserved in Collins' solution. Collins' solution is one of the world-wide methods used for kidney preservation. A long-term survey of transplanted kidneys thus preserved has never been reported. Clinical, biologic, radiologic, and pathologic data collected from 225 cadaver kidney transplantations were analyzed according to the total ischemic time (group 1: TIT less than or equal to 12 hr; group 2: TIT 12-30 hr). No differences could be demonstrated between the two groups, whether considering the percentage of immediate function, the serum creatinine level that was normal up to 2 years, the incidence of abnormal blood pressure, the pathologic changes on routine biopsies performed at 6 months and 2 years, or arteriographic features at 2 years. A better graft survival rate was consistently found at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years when TIT was between 12 and 30 hr. This could be related to the higher incidence of well-matched kidneys in this group of patients, thereby emphasizing the efficiency of exchange programs for compatible kidneys.", "PMID": 331599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11974", "title": "Lung transplantation update.", "content": "This review has indicated that there is decreased activity in research of experimental lung transplantation and a virtual cessation of lung transplants in man. Several groups are continuing active research in various aspects of the lung transplantation problems, but it is suspected that a greater effort will be required before transplantation of the lung will become commonplace for human patients. In the appendix attached to the bibliography, we have attempted to identify groups of investigators by geographic locations in the hope of allowing a better comprehension of where and by whom research and lung transplantation is being conducted so that better communication can be established among workers in the field.", "contents": "Lung transplantation update. This review has indicated that there is decreased activity in research of experimental lung transplantation and a virtual cessation of lung transplants in man. Several groups are continuing active research in various aspects of the lung transplantation problems, but it is suspected that a greater effort will be required before transplantation of the lung will become commonplace for human patients. In the appendix attached to the bibliography, we have attempted to identify groups of investigators by geographic locations in the hope of allowing a better comprehension of where and by whom research and lung transplantation is being conducted so that better communication can be established among workers in the field.", "PMID": 331604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11975", "title": "[Resistance to phage MS2 induced in E. coli by infection with that phage].", "content": "A sensitive cell of E. coli AB 259 Hfr 3000 infected with RNA-containing phage MS2 produces phages and simultaneously continues to divide showing a segregation of sensitive cells which maintain new cycles of the infection. Phage multiplication in the sensitive cell induces phage-resistant forms in the progeny of this cell. The described phenomenon is not caused by selection of pre-existing F--cells, but may result from a direct interaction of phage products with the episomal DNA coding proteins for F-pili. The elucidation of the mechanisms of this phenomenon may pave the way to studies of the DNA- and RNA- containing genome interaction within the cell, the mechanisms of persistent infection and the causes of different degrees in phage virulence.", "contents": "[Resistance to phage MS2 induced in E. coli by infection with that phage]. A sensitive cell of E. coli AB 259 Hfr 3000 infected with RNA-containing phage MS2 produces phages and simultaneously continues to divide showing a segregation of sensitive cells which maintain new cycles of the infection. Phage multiplication in the sensitive cell induces phage-resistant forms in the progeny of this cell. The described phenomenon is not caused by selection of pre-existing F--cells, but may result from a direct interaction of phage products with the episomal DNA coding proteins for F-pili. The elucidation of the mechanisms of this phenomenon may pave the way to studies of the DNA- and RNA- containing genome interaction within the cell, the mechanisms of persistent infection and the causes of different degrees in phage virulence.", "PMID": 331608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11976", "title": "Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "The syndrome of juxtaglomerular hyperplasia with hypokalemic, hypochloremic alkalosis, aldosteronism, hyperreninemia, and normal blood pressure may be familial, and is probably inherited as a recessive trait. It can usually be distinguished from salt-losing chronic glomerulo-nephritis by the histologic appearance of the kidneys, and by the absence of sodium \"leak\" with a low-sodium intake. Urinary, and thus renal, prostaglandin E is increased in the untreated patient: when this is lowered with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, the plasma renin and aldosterone decrease, and the plasma potassium concentration rises. These and other results suggest a partial control of renin secretion by prostaglandin E, and also suggest that prostaglandin E is an essential feature of the syndrome; it may, indeed, be a \"proximal\" cause of all the essential features.", "contents": "Bartter's syndrome. The syndrome of juxtaglomerular hyperplasia with hypokalemic, hypochloremic alkalosis, aldosteronism, hyperreninemia, and normal blood pressure may be familial, and is probably inherited as a recessive trait. It can usually be distinguished from salt-losing chronic glomerulo-nephritis by the histologic appearance of the kidneys, and by the absence of sodium \"leak\" with a low-sodium intake. Urinary, and thus renal, prostaglandin E is increased in the untreated patient: when this is lowered with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, the plasma renin and aldosterone decrease, and the plasma potassium concentration rises. These and other results suggest a partial control of renin secretion by prostaglandin E, and also suggest that prostaglandin E is an essential feature of the syndrome; it may, indeed, be a \"proximal\" cause of all the essential features.", "PMID": 331616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11977", "title": "Neuroblastoma.", "content": "Neuroblastoma is the most common solid malignant tumor in children. The prognosis is poor, and despite varying chemotherapy and radiation regimens, its status has not been altered much in the past 20 years. Seventy per cent of the patients have abdominal neuroblastomas, which carry the worst prognosis of all the possible sites for the disease. Seventy per cent of the patients have metastases at the time of diagnosis. Survival is best in children under one year of age and in those patients (8 per cent) who are fortunate enough to have only stage I disease. Stage IV disease has only a 3 per cent survival rate. Surgical removal of the tumor is still the primary therapy; irradiation is of significant benefit in patients with stage III disease. Immunotherapy offers an optimistic modality for future improvement in survival rates.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is the most common solid malignant tumor in children. The prognosis is poor, and despite varying chemotherapy and radiation regimens, its status has not been altered much in the past 20 years. Seventy per cent of the patients have abdominal neuroblastomas, which carry the worst prognosis of all the possible sites for the disease. Seventy per cent of the patients have metastases at the time of diagnosis. Survival is best in children under one year of age and in those patients (8 per cent) who are fortunate enough to have only stage I disease. Stage IV disease has only a 3 per cent survival rate. Surgical removal of the tumor is still the primary therapy; irradiation is of significant benefit in patients with stage III disease. Immunotherapy offers an optimistic modality for future improvement in survival rates.", "PMID": 331618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11978", "title": "Radiologic approach to adrenal lesions.", "content": "A large number of radiologic studies are currently (or will soon be) available for the evaluation of adrenal lesions. In any given set of clinical circumstances only selected studies will be necessary, and it is important that full clinical and laboratory evaluation be performed before proceeding to radiology, so that only the needed studies are performed. This approach will provide the highest degree of accuracy with the least risk and cost for the patient.", "contents": "Radiologic approach to adrenal lesions. A large number of radiologic studies are currently (or will soon be) available for the evaluation of adrenal lesions. In any given set of clinical circumstances only selected studies will be necessary, and it is important that full clinical and laboratory evaluation be performed before proceeding to radiology, so that only the needed studies are performed. This approach will provide the highest degree of accuracy with the least risk and cost for the patient.", "PMID": 331619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11979", "title": "[Results of clinical trials with the cation exchange preparation campanyl in the therapy and metaphylaxis of calcium-containing urinary calculi (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy of the cation exchange preparation Campanyl (T1286) was tested in the treatment and metaphylaxis of calcium-containing urinary calculi. For this purpose, in vitro experiments, animal exeriments, orienting clinical studies in 79 patients, and a long term clinical trial in 42 patients over 12 months were undertaken; 22 of the latter patients are also still being treated with the cation exchange preparation, the observation period for 15 patients being 3 1/2 years and 2 1/2 years for 7 patients. As a result of these studies a lowering of the medium calcium excretion and a reduction of calculus discharge by more than half was achieved in the patients being treated with the cation exchanger, without restriction of calcium in the diet. There was not yet seen litholysis. Serious side effects or an influence on the serum electrolytes was not recorded with Campanyl (T1286).", "contents": "[Results of clinical trials with the cation exchange preparation campanyl in the therapy and metaphylaxis of calcium-containing urinary calculi (author's transl)]. The efficacy of the cation exchange preparation Campanyl (T1286) was tested in the treatment and metaphylaxis of calcium-containing urinary calculi. For this purpose, in vitro experiments, animal exeriments, orienting clinical studies in 79 patients, and a long term clinical trial in 42 patients over 12 months were undertaken; 22 of the latter patients are also still being treated with the cation exchange preparation, the observation period for 15 patients being 3 1/2 years and 2 1/2 years for 7 patients. As a result of these studies a lowering of the medium calcium excretion and a reduction of calculus discharge by more than half was achieved in the patients being treated with the cation exchanger, without restriction of calcium in the diet. There was not yet seen litholysis. Serious side effects or an influence on the serum electrolytes was not recorded with Campanyl (T1286).", "PMID": 331626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11980", "title": "Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections with amikacin: comparison of low and high dosage.", "content": "A randomized prospective study was carried out comparing the recommended dose of amikacin sulfate (Amikin) (15 mg./Kg.) with a lower dose (7.5 mg./Kg.) in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. A total of 50 patients were entered in the study over a period of sixteen months. Bacteriologic results were comparable in both groups. Laboratory values remained normal with the exception of 1 patient in the high-dose group who had renal insufficiency. No evidence of ototoxicity was recorded. Our data indicate that low dosage amikacin sulfate is satisfactory in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections with amikacin: comparison of low and high dosage. A randomized prospective study was carried out comparing the recommended dose of amikacin sulfate (Amikin) (15 mg./Kg.) with a lower dose (7.5 mg./Kg.) in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. A total of 50 patients were entered in the study over a period of sixteen months. Bacteriologic results were comparable in both groups. Laboratory values remained normal with the exception of 1 patient in the high-dose group who had renal insufficiency. No evidence of ototoxicity was recorded. Our data indicate that low dosage amikacin sulfate is satisfactory in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 331627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11981", "title": "Technique for extracorporeal resection of dissecting renal arterial aneurysm with renal autotransplantation.", "content": "A progressively enlarging dissecting aneurysm of the right renal artery secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia presents a difficult surgical problem. We present a technique of extracorporeal approach for correction of such aneurysm in a patient with dissecting aneurysm and hypertension. This technique utilizes a Teflon patch graft to facilitate the arterial anastomosis of the renal autotransplantation.", "contents": "Technique for extracorporeal resection of dissecting renal arterial aneurysm with renal autotransplantation. A progressively enlarging dissecting aneurysm of the right renal artery secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia presents a difficult surgical problem. We present a technique of extracorporeal approach for correction of such aneurysm in a patient with dissecting aneurysm and hypertension. This technique utilizes a Teflon patch graft to facilitate the arterial anastomosis of the renal autotransplantation.", "PMID": 331628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11982", "title": "The management of special problems associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular pemphigoid.", "content": "Various surgical treatment methods were outlined that are currently used in treatment of the severe chronic contractual changes seen in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular pemphigoid. All methods described are not 100% successful in view of the chronicity of the disease, but have greatly aided in delaying the destructive course of action because of various degrees of cicatricial entropion formation. The potential association of ocular pemphigoid with Phospholine Iodide medications in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma is under investigation.", "contents": "The management of special problems associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular pemphigoid. Various surgical treatment methods were outlined that are currently used in treatment of the severe chronic contractual changes seen in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular pemphigoid. All methods described are not 100% successful in view of the chronicity of the disease, but have greatly aided in delaying the destructive course of action because of various degrees of cicatricial entropion formation. The potential association of ocular pemphigoid with Phospholine Iodide medications in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma is under investigation.", "PMID": 331631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11983", "title": "Bilobed chest flap.", "content": "The bilobed chest flap is presented as an additional method of reconstruction in head and neck surgery. The flap is a combination of two previously described flaps: the deltopectoral flap and the anterior-superior-oblique chest flap. It is based on four perforating vessels supporting an area of 480 to 560 sq cm. The superior and inferior lobes can be used simultaneously for external cervical coverage or in combination for external coverage and internal lining. The importance of this flap is appreciated in the patient who needs two deltopectoral flaps but who has had previous chest surgery on one side, or in one who requires two deltopectoral flaps with a planned fistula which then requires a third flap for closure.", "contents": "Bilobed chest flap. The bilobed chest flap is presented as an additional method of reconstruction in head and neck surgery. The flap is a combination of two previously described flaps: the deltopectoral flap and the anterior-superior-oblique chest flap. It is based on four perforating vessels supporting an area of 480 to 560 sq cm. The superior and inferior lobes can be used simultaneously for external cervical coverage or in combination for external coverage and internal lining. The importance of this flap is appreciated in the patient who needs two deltopectoral flaps but who has had previous chest surgery on one side, or in one who requires two deltopectoral flaps with a planned fistula which then requires a third flap for closure.", "PMID": 331632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11984", "title": "Lower urinary tract pathogens in the dog and their sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Ninety-six urine samples were collected by a sterile technique from 75 dogs affected with urinary tract disease (cystitis, urolithiasis, prostatitis, etc) involving bacteruria. The infecting organisms were isolated and tested against sensitivity discs (penicillin G, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole/trimethaprin and Sulphatriad). The commonest isolate was Escherichia coli, which was generally sensitive to several agents, though in eight cases it was resistant to all drugs. Next in order were Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus spp. A double infection was present in 11 cases. Further data give a breakdown for sex and the clinical diagnosis, neither of which was related to any particular organism.", "contents": "Lower urinary tract pathogens in the dog and their sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Ninety-six urine samples were collected by a sterile technique from 75 dogs affected with urinary tract disease (cystitis, urolithiasis, prostatitis, etc) involving bacteruria. The infecting organisms were isolated and tested against sensitivity discs (penicillin G, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole/trimethaprin and Sulphatriad). The commonest isolate was Escherichia coli, which was generally sensitive to several agents, though in eight cases it was resistant to all drugs. Next in order were Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus spp. A double infection was present in 11 cases. Further data give a breakdown for sex and the clinical diagnosis, neither of which was related to any particular organism.", "PMID": 331657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11985", "title": "[Studies of immunity in mastitis in cows].", "content": "Studies were carried out to establish the specific antibodies in the milk and blood sera of cows recovered from a spontaneous infection of the udder caused by streptococci, staphylocci, Corynebacteria, and some representatives of Escherichia coli as well as of cows immunized with a polybacterial vaccine. Followed up was likewise the resistance of the udder in vaccinated cows to bacterial infections. It was found that in both groups of animals the specific antibodies' titer ranged from 1:80 to 1:1280. Cows vaccinated in the eighth month of pregnancy developed immunity that varied in its effect, however, was able to protect the udder during the following lactation from infection caused by the respective bacterial specie against which the vaccine was produced.", "contents": "[Studies of immunity in mastitis in cows]. Studies were carried out to establish the specific antibodies in the milk and blood sera of cows recovered from a spontaneous infection of the udder caused by streptococci, staphylocci, Corynebacteria, and some representatives of Escherichia coli as well as of cows immunized with a polybacterial vaccine. Followed up was likewise the resistance of the udder in vaccinated cows to bacterial infections. It was found that in both groups of animals the specific antibodies' titer ranged from 1:80 to 1:1280. Cows vaccinated in the eighth month of pregnancy developed immunity that varied in its effect, however, was able to protect the udder during the following lactation from infection caused by the respective bacterial specie against which the vaccine was produced.", "PMID": 331658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11986", "title": "[Laboratory studies of the urine in suppurative surgical infection in cattle].", "content": "One hundred and eight cattle (20 controls, 14 with an experimentally induced and 74 with spontaneously occurred suppurative surgery infection) were studied in terms of their general condition and some of the urine indices--pH, specific weight, proteins, urobillinogen, acetone, sugar, blood, urea and sediment. It was established that when the general status deteriorated and death occurred the urine pH value rose (by 1--1.5), and the specific weight was 0.005--0.010 higher, while the level of urina urea dropped by 0.5--0.6 g%. In 89 per cent of the investigated animals there were 0.1 per percent proteins, and the sediment consisted of 20--30 erythrocytes, from sporadic to 10-12 leucocytes, and from single to 5--6 kidney epithelium cells per field. In 38.8 per cent of the cattle affected with suppurative processes there were tripelphosphates in the sediment. Urobillinogen was found in 63.6 per cent of the cases. Suppurative infections caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes are accompanied by greater changes in the sediment. In almost all of the recovered animals the urine indices came back to normal.", "contents": "[Laboratory studies of the urine in suppurative surgical infection in cattle]. One hundred and eight cattle (20 controls, 14 with an experimentally induced and 74 with spontaneously occurred suppurative surgery infection) were studied in terms of their general condition and some of the urine indices--pH, specific weight, proteins, urobillinogen, acetone, sugar, blood, urea and sediment. It was established that when the general status deteriorated and death occurred the urine pH value rose (by 1--1.5), and the specific weight was 0.005--0.010 higher, while the level of urina urea dropped by 0.5--0.6 g%. In 89 per cent of the investigated animals there were 0.1 per percent proteins, and the sediment consisted of 20--30 erythrocytes, from sporadic to 10-12 leucocytes, and from single to 5--6 kidney epithelium cells per field. In 38.8 per cent of the cattle affected with suppurative processes there were tripelphosphates in the sediment. Urobillinogen was found in 63.6 per cent of the cases. Suppurative infections caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes are accompanied by greater changes in the sediment. In almost all of the recovered animals the urine indices came back to normal.", "PMID": 331659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11987", "title": "Circular dimers of a lambda DNA in infected, nonlysogenic Escherichia coli.", "content": "Covalently closed circular dimers of phage lambda DNA have been found in Escherichia coli infected with lambda. These dimers can be formed by either the lambda Red or Int systems, by a nonrecombinational replicative mechanism requiring the activity of the lambda O and P genes or by joining of the cohesive ends. Dimers mediated by the E. coli Rec system have not been observed. Those formed by the Int system often result from recombination between different DNA molecules; however, the Red-mediated dimers may be a result of replicative extension of a single DNA molecule. Trimers have also been observed but studied only briefly.", "contents": "Circular dimers of a lambda DNA in infected, nonlysogenic Escherichia coli. Covalently closed circular dimers of phage lambda DNA have been found in Escherichia coli infected with lambda. These dimers can be formed by either the lambda Red or Int systems, by a nonrecombinational replicative mechanism requiring the activity of the lambda O and P genes or by joining of the cohesive ends. Dimers mediated by the E. coli Rec system have not been observed. Those formed by the Int system often result from recombination between different DNA molecules; however, the Red-mediated dimers may be a result of replicative extension of a single DNA molecule. Trimers have also been observed but studied only briefly.", "PMID": 331660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11988", "title": "[Cytological changes in the tumor, bone marrow and leukoconcentrate of peripheral blood in thymus neoplasms].", "content": "Cytological studies of the bone marrow, peripheral blood leucoconcentrate and impressions of the removed tumor were made in 20 patients with benign and malignant thymoma. A number of differential-diagnostic signs was obtained.", "contents": "[Cytological changes in the tumor, bone marrow and leukoconcentrate of peripheral blood in thymus neoplasms]. Cytological studies of the bone marrow, peripheral blood leucoconcentrate and impressions of the removed tumor were made in 20 patients with benign and malignant thymoma. A number of differential-diagnostic signs was obtained.", "PMID": 331673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11989", "title": "Rosette formation by sensitized human red cells- effects of source of peripheral leukocyte monolayers.", "content": "Employing standardized IgG-coated 51Cr-labelled human red blood cells (RBC), variation in rosette formation among monolayers obtained from 10 healthy donors was defined, as well as variation among 24 sequential monolayers obtained from one healthy donor and 8 sequential monolayers from a second healthy donor over a 4-month period. Rosette formation, expressed as eluate cpm per plate, average 220 (range 35-472) for the 10 donors; 24 determinations on one donor average 201 (range 59-420), 8 determinations on the second donor averaged 244 (range 69-395). Striking increases in rosette formation were observed employing monolayers from 4 of 4 normal subjects during  the course of viral infections, with peak values exceeding 5, 8, 13 and 14 X the normal mean. Elevations were also observed with monolayers prepared from blood of selected patients with hematologic disorders; a remarkable value 168 X the normal mean was repeatedly obtained for a patient with myeloid metaplasia whose monolayer consisted almost exclusively of mature granulocytic rosette-forming cells. The results emphasize the influence of monolayer donor variables on rosette formation.", "contents": "Rosette formation by sensitized human red cells- effects of source of peripheral leukocyte monolayers. Employing standardized IgG-coated 51Cr-labelled human red blood cells (RBC), variation in rosette formation among monolayers obtained from 10 healthy donors was defined, as well as variation among 24 sequential monolayers obtained from one healthy donor and 8 sequential monolayers from a second healthy donor over a 4-month period. Rosette formation, expressed as eluate cpm per plate, average 220 (range 35-472) for the 10 donors; 24 determinations on one donor average 201 (range 59-420), 8 determinations on the second donor averaged 244 (range 69-395). Striking increases in rosette formation were observed employing monolayers from 4 of 4 normal subjects during  the course of viral infections, with peak values exceeding 5, 8, 13 and 14 X the normal mean. Elevations were also observed with monolayers prepared from blood of selected patients with hematologic disorders; a remarkable value 168 X the normal mean was repeatedly obtained for a patient with myeloid metaplasia whose monolayer consisted almost exclusively of mature granulocytic rosette-forming cells. The results emphasize the influence of monolayer donor variables on rosette formation.", "PMID": 331680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11990", "title": "[Histopathomorphologic changes in the organs and tissues of laboratory animals receiving an artificial diet with a low selenium and vitamin E content].", "content": "The deficiency of selenium and vitamin \"E\" is not infrequently noted to occur in agricultural and game-animals. Its development in humans is not ruled out. Experiments set up on mice of the CC57 lineage fed on an artificial ration with a low selenium and vitamin \"E\" content showed an acute selenium and vitamin \"E\" deficit apt to call forth profound histopathomorphological changes that become apparent following hematoxylin-eosin staining in the pancreas, liver, heart, kidneys, testes and muscular tissue. Evidence was obtained for the first time that an acute selenium and vitamin \"E\" deficiency leads up to a drastic fall in the content of zinc, determined by the sulfargentic method, as well as in the insular cells of the pancreas, in the renal parenchyma and in the cells of the spermatogenic epithelium of the testes.", "contents": "[Histopathomorphologic changes in the organs and tissues of laboratory animals receiving an artificial diet with a low selenium and vitamin E content]. The deficiency of selenium and vitamin \"E\" is not infrequently noted to occur in agricultural and game-animals. Its development in humans is not ruled out. Experiments set up on mice of the CC57 lineage fed on an artificial ration with a low selenium and vitamin \"E\" content showed an acute selenium and vitamin \"E\" deficit apt to call forth profound histopathomorphological changes that become apparent following hematoxylin-eosin staining in the pancreas, liver, heart, kidneys, testes and muscular tissue. Evidence was obtained for the first time that an acute selenium and vitamin \"E\" deficiency leads up to a drastic fall in the content of zinc, determined by the sulfargentic method, as well as in the insular cells of the pancreas, in the renal parenchyma and in the cells of the spermatogenic epithelium of the testes.", "PMID": 331676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11991", "title": "Characterization of human heterophile antibodies apparently induced by alloimmunization.", "content": "Human heterophile antibodies reactive with various tissues of different species may be detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Results of screening sera obtained after rhesus immunization and before and after blood transfusion and renal transplantation suggest that such antibodies can appear following alloimmunization of group A and O individuals. Eleven positive sera selected for detailed study were found to have anti-B isohaemagglutinins together with rat erythrocyte agglutinins. Absorption studies suggested that there may be some relationship between the group B antigen and the rat antigen concerned but the precise explanation for alloimmunization remains to be determined.", "contents": "Characterization of human heterophile antibodies apparently induced by alloimmunization. Human heterophile antibodies reactive with various tissues of different species may be detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Results of screening sera obtained after rhesus immunization and before and after blood transfusion and renal transplantation suggest that such antibodies can appear following alloimmunization of group A and O individuals. Eleven positive sera selected for detailed study were found to have anti-B isohaemagglutinins together with rat erythrocyte agglutinins. Absorption studies suggested that there may be some relationship between the group B antigen and the rat antigen concerned but the precise explanation for alloimmunization remains to be determined.", "PMID": 331681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11992", "title": "Gene markers in human bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "One or more differences between donors and recipients were found in polymorphic red blood cell antigens and enzymes in each of 56 bone marrow transplant sibling pairs. These results identify those polymorphic traits which are potentially most informative for detection of donor cells in a recipient following transplantation.", "contents": "Gene markers in human bone marrow transplantation. One or more differences between donors and recipients were found in polymorphic red blood cell antigens and enzymes in each of 56 bone marrow transplant sibling pairs. These results identify those polymorphic traits which are potentially most informative for detection of donor cells in a recipient following transplantation.", "PMID": 331682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11993", "title": "[Digestion of raw and culinarily treated meat from cattle of Ural breeds].", "content": "One of the basic indicators specifying the quality of food products in general and culinary ones in particular is the extent of their assimilation in the gastrointestinal tract. Three culinary portions (sirloin, the outer part of the hind leg and the streak) of the beef of the Urals varieties horned cattle (black-mottled and Tagil) were investigated by the method of pepsin and trypsin digestion. The meat was analysed in the raw, cooked and fried state. The progress of the proteins proteolysis was controlled with reference to the tyrosine accretion. The raw meat was found to undergo digestion at a rather slow rate. The sirloin gets hydrolysed better than the other culinary portions. The meat of the Tagil variety is digested significantly in a more complete fashion than do the corresponding culinary parts of the black-mottle cattle. After heat treatment of the meat in all cases is demonstrable a material acceleration of the proteins proteolysis process, frying yielding a higher degree of splitting the meat proteins by comparison with cooking. Of the culinary portions under study it is the sirloin that shows the highest rate of digestion in its culinarily treated form, the outer part of the hind leg and the streak coming next. The fried and cooked meat of the most culinary portions of the Tagil variety undergo a more complete hydrolysis by comparison with black-mottled cattle meat. All this justifies recommending the meat of the Tagil variety horned cattle for obtaining the highest quality culinary products.", "contents": "[Digestion of raw and culinarily treated meat from cattle of Ural breeds]. One of the basic indicators specifying the quality of food products in general and culinary ones in particular is the extent of their assimilation in the gastrointestinal tract. Three culinary portions (sirloin, the outer part of the hind leg and the streak) of the beef of the Urals varieties horned cattle (black-mottled and Tagil) were investigated by the method of pepsin and trypsin digestion. The meat was analysed in the raw, cooked and fried state. The progress of the proteins proteolysis was controlled with reference to the tyrosine accretion. The raw meat was found to undergo digestion at a rather slow rate. The sirloin gets hydrolysed better than the other culinary portions. The meat of the Tagil variety is digested significantly in a more complete fashion than do the corresponding culinary parts of the black-mottle cattle. After heat treatment of the meat in all cases is demonstrable a material acceleration of the proteins proteolysis process, frying yielding a higher degree of splitting the meat proteins by comparison with cooking. Of the culinary portions under study it is the sirloin that shows the highest rate of digestion in its culinarily treated form, the outer part of the hind leg and the streak coming next. The fried and cooked meat of the most culinary portions of the Tagil variety undergo a more complete hydrolysis by comparison with black-mottled cattle meat. All this justifies recommending the meat of the Tagil variety horned cattle for obtaining the highest quality culinary products.", "PMID": 331678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11994", "title": "The problem of platelet autoantibodies. I. Evaluation of the platelet factor 3 availability test for their detection.", "content": "To assess two modifications of the platelet factor 3 (PF3) test for platelet antibody detection, an analysis of test conditions was performed with normal test material (serum, plasma, globulin fraction), defined HLA-specific, complement-fixing antisera and a quinidine-induced antiserum. It was shown that, under standardized conditions, the PF3 test revealed known platelet antibodies confirming earlier results. Its reproducibility and, to a lesser degree, its sensitivity were inferior to platelet complement fixation. In contrast, the test did not permit the reliable determination of platelet autoantibodies in sera of 89 thrombocytopenic patients including 36 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Positive results loosely corresponded to the presence of HLA antibodies in sera.", "contents": "The problem of platelet autoantibodies. I. Evaluation of the platelet factor 3 availability test for their detection. To assess two modifications of the platelet factor 3 (PF3) test for platelet antibody detection, an analysis of test conditions was performed with normal test material (serum, plasma, globulin fraction), defined HLA-specific, complement-fixing antisera and a quinidine-induced antiserum. It was shown that, under standardized conditions, the PF3 test revealed known platelet antibodies confirming earlier results. Its reproducibility and, to a lesser degree, its sensitivity were inferior to platelet complement fixation. In contrast, the test did not permit the reliable determination of platelet autoantibodies in sera of 89 thrombocytopenic patients including 36 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Positive results loosely corresponded to the presence of HLA antibodies in sera.", "PMID": 331683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11995", "title": "The problem of platelet autoantibodies. II. The applicability of the 14C-serotonin release test.", "content": "To evaluate the applicability of the 14C-serotonin release test for the demonstration of platelet autoantibodies, normal test material (sera, plasmas, globulin fractions), HLA-specific complement-fixing platelet antibodies and aggregated human gamma-globulin (agammaG) were tested in comparison to sera (plasmas, globulin fractions) of 101 thrombocytopenic patients including 46 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Whereas defined immunological stimuli (HLA antibodies, agammaG) were detected with satisfactory precision, platelet autoantibodies could not be demonstrated. Only sera containing HLA antibodies due to previous immunization induced reproducible 14C-serotonin release. Results with test material from thrombocytopenic patients were analyzed by 2 x 2 tables and inconsistencies were shown to be caused by methodological variations.", "contents": "The problem of platelet autoantibodies. II. The applicability of the 14C-serotonin release test. To evaluate the applicability of the 14C-serotonin release test for the demonstration of platelet autoantibodies, normal test material (sera, plasmas, globulin fractions), HLA-specific complement-fixing platelet antibodies and aggregated human gamma-globulin (agammaG) were tested in comparison to sera (plasmas, globulin fractions) of 101 thrombocytopenic patients including 46 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Whereas defined immunological stimuli (HLA antibodies, agammaG) were detected with satisfactory precision, platelet autoantibodies could not be demonstrated. Only sera containing HLA antibodies due to previous immunization induced reproducible 14C-serotonin release. Results with test material from thrombocytopenic patients were analyzed by 2 x 2 tables and inconsistencies were shown to be caused by methodological variations.", "PMID": 331684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11996", "title": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with the immunosuppresive agent, prorezid].", "content": "Prorezid treatment was applied to 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It was applied per os with a daily dose of 300 mg to 12 subjects; to 18-intravenous drop infusion with 5 per cent serum glucose--daily dose 400 mg. Oral administration total dose-7-8 g; infusion-10-12 g. Drop infusion administration proved to be more effective and especially the combination of the preparation with salycilates, pirazolon derivatives, minimal doses of corticosteroids and antibiotics. Favourable effect on articular syndrome was obtained in 20 patients (66.6%) about 2-3 and sometimes 4-6 weeks after the onset of the treatment. First the articular pain was attenuated, latter on--the morning stiffness (3-4 week), the movements in the joints involved were improved, the edema decreased towards the 4-6th weeks. A complete normalization of the laboratory indices was observed in none of those patients. In 10 of the patients (33.3%) no clinical improvement was attained in the course of the treatment. In four of them--the improvement developed 4-6 months later, with a longer drug administration. Prorezid preparation is with a low toxicity, with manifestation of transitory side effects in single patients--diarrhoea, mild leukopenia. Alopecia was not observed. Those properties make the drug suitable for application in patients with rheumatoid arthritis whose treatment with the rest applied drugs failed to give results.", "contents": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with the immunosuppresive agent, prorezid]. Prorezid treatment was applied to 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It was applied per os with a daily dose of 300 mg to 12 subjects; to 18-intravenous drop infusion with 5 per cent serum glucose--daily dose 400 mg. Oral administration total dose-7-8 g; infusion-10-12 g. Drop infusion administration proved to be more effective and especially the combination of the preparation with salycilates, pirazolon derivatives, minimal doses of corticosteroids and antibiotics. Favourable effect on articular syndrome was obtained in 20 patients (66.6%) about 2-3 and sometimes 4-6 weeks after the onset of the treatment. First the articular pain was attenuated, latter on--the morning stiffness (3-4 week), the movements in the joints involved were improved, the edema decreased towards the 4-6th weeks. A complete normalization of the laboratory indices was observed in none of those patients. In 10 of the patients (33.3%) no clinical improvement was attained in the course of the treatment. In four of them--the improvement developed 4-6 months later, with a longer drug administration. Prorezid preparation is with a low toxicity, with manifestation of transitory side effects in single patients--diarrhoea, mild leukopenia. Alopecia was not observed. Those properties make the drug suitable for application in patients with rheumatoid arthritis whose treatment with the rest applied drugs failed to give results.", "PMID": 331687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11997", "title": "Role of the paracellular pathway in isotonic fluid movement across the renal tubule.", "content": "Evidence for a highly permeable paracellular shunt in the proximal tubule is reviewed. The paracellular pathway is described as a crucial site for the regulation of net absorption and for solute-solvent interaction. Available models for the coupling of salt and water transport are assessed with respect to the problem of isotonic water movement. Two new models are proposed taking into account that the tight junctions are permeable to salt and water and that active transport sites for sodium are distributed uniformly along the lateral cell membrane. The first model (continuous model) is a modification of Diamond and Bossert's proposal using different assumptions and boundary conditions. No appreciable standing gradients are predicted by this model. The second model (compartmental model) is an expansion of Curran's double membrane model by including additional compartments and driving forces. Both models predict a reabsorbate which is not isosmotic. For the particular case of the proximal tubule it is shown that in the presence of a leaky epithelium these deviations from isotonicity might have escaped experimental observation.", "contents": "Role of the paracellular pathway in isotonic fluid movement across the renal tubule. Evidence for a highly permeable paracellular shunt in the proximal tubule is reviewed. The paracellular pathway is described as a crucial site for the regulation of net absorption and for solute-solvent interaction. Available models for the coupling of salt and water transport are assessed with respect to the problem of isotonic water movement. Two new models are proposed taking into account that the tight junctions are permeable to salt and water and that active transport sites for sodium are distributed uniformly along the lateral cell membrane. The first model (continuous model) is a modification of Diamond and Bossert's proposal using different assumptions and boundary conditions. No appreciable standing gradients are predicted by this model. The second model (compartmental model) is an expansion of Curran's double membrane model by including additional compartments and driving forces. Both models predict a reabsorbate which is not isosmotic. For the particular case of the proximal tubule it is shown that in the presence of a leaky epithelium these deviations from isotonicity might have escaped experimental observation.", "PMID": 331692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11998", "title": "Isotonic water transport in secretory epithelia.", "content": "The model proposed by Diamond and Bossert [1] for isotonic water transport has received wide acceptance in recent years. It assumes that the local driving force for water transport is a standing osmotic gradient produced in the lateral intercellular spaces of the epithelial cell layer by active solute transport. While this model is based on work done in absorptive epithelia where the closed to open direction of the lateral space and the direction of net transport are the same, it has been proposed that the lateral spaces could also serve as the site of the local osmotic gradients for water transport in secretory epithelia, where the closed to open direction of the lateral space and net transport are opposed, by actively transporting solute out of the space rather than into it. Operation in the backward direction, however, requires a lower than ambient hydrostatic pressure within the lateral space which would seem more likely to cause the space to collapse with loss of function. On the other hand, most secretory epithelia are characterized by transport into a restricted ductal system which is similar to the lateral intercellular space in the absorptive epithelia in that its closed to open direction is the same as that of net transport. In vitro micropuncture studies on the exocrine pancreas of the rabbit indicate the presence of a small but statistically significant increase in juice osmolality, 6 mOsm/kg H(2)O, at the site of electrolyte and water secretion in the smallest extralobular ducts with secretin stimulation which suggests that the ductal system in the secretory epithelia rather than the lateral intercellular space is the site of the local osmotic gradients responsible for isotonic water transport.", "contents": "Isotonic water transport in secretory epithelia. The model proposed by Diamond and Bossert [1] for isotonic water transport has received wide acceptance in recent years. It assumes that the local driving force for water transport is a standing osmotic gradient produced in the lateral intercellular spaces of the epithelial cell layer by active solute transport. While this model is based on work done in absorptive epithelia where the closed to open direction of the lateral space and the direction of net transport are the same, it has been proposed that the lateral spaces could also serve as the site of the local osmotic gradients for water transport in secretory epithelia, where the closed to open direction of the lateral space and net transport are opposed, by actively transporting solute out of the space rather than into it. Operation in the backward direction, however, requires a lower than ambient hydrostatic pressure within the lateral space which would seem more likely to cause the space to collapse with loss of function. On the other hand, most secretory epithelia are characterized by transport into a restricted ductal system which is similar to the lateral intercellular space in the absorptive epithelia in that its closed to open direction is the same as that of net transport. In vitro micropuncture studies on the exocrine pancreas of the rabbit indicate the presence of a small but statistically significant increase in juice osmolality, 6 mOsm/kg H(2)O, at the site of electrolyte and water secretion in the smallest extralobular ducts with secretin stimulation which suggests that the ductal system in the secretory epithelia rather than the lateral intercellular space is the site of the local osmotic gradients responsible for isotonic water transport.", "PMID": 331693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_11999", "title": "In vitro synergy of cefamandole-tobramycin combinations.", "content": "Twenty-five isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 24 isolates of Escherichia coli, and 25 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae obtained from clinical material were tested in vitro for susceptibility to cefamandole, tobramycin and combinations of the two antibiotics utilizing an automated microdilution system. Synergistic or partially synergistic bactericidal effects of the combination were observed against 15 of the S. aureus isolates (60%), 23 of the E. coli isolates (96%), and 19 of the K. pneumoniae isolates (76%) tested. No antagonistic effects of the combination were noted. This study suggests that cefamandole-tobramycin combinations are capable of acting synergistically in vitro against certain gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and may have potential usefulness in clinical situations such as gram-negative rod and staphylococcal sepsis.", "contents": "In vitro synergy of cefamandole-tobramycin combinations. Twenty-five isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 24 isolates of Escherichia coli, and 25 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae obtained from clinical material were tested in vitro for susceptibility to cefamandole, tobramycin and combinations of the two antibiotics utilizing an automated microdilution system. Synergistic or partially synergistic bactericidal effects of the combination were observed against 15 of the S. aureus isolates (60%), 23 of the E. coli isolates (96%), and 19 of the K. pneumoniae isolates (76%) tested. No antagonistic effects of the combination were noted. This study suggests that cefamandole-tobramycin combinations are capable of acting synergistically in vitro against certain gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and may have potential usefulness in clinical situations such as gram-negative rod and staphylococcal sepsis.", "PMID": 331694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12000", "title": "Removal of atmospheric particulates by urban vegetation: implications for human and vegetative health.", "content": "A review of the literature reveals considerable evidence to support the suggestion that vegetative surfaces remove particulate matter from the atmosphere. Preliminary observations of the leaf surfaces of an important urban tree indicate the presence of numerous particulate contaminants. In view of the medical importance of fine particles in urban atmospheres, it is important to assess the efficiency of tree surfaces in particle retention. Can particulate loads be reduced below biologically significant thresholds by vegetation? Are trees acutely injured or subtly influenced in the process of this removal? A brief assessment of research needs is provided.", "contents": "Removal of atmospheric particulates by urban vegetation: implications for human and vegetative health. A review of the literature reveals considerable evidence to support the suggestion that vegetative surfaces remove particulate matter from the atmosphere. Preliminary observations of the leaf surfaces of an important urban tree indicate the presence of numerous particulate contaminants. In view of the medical importance of fine particles in urban atmospheres, it is important to assess the efficiency of tree surfaces in particle retention. Can particulate loads be reduced below biologically significant thresholds by vegetation? Are trees acutely injured or subtly influenced in the process of this removal? A brief assessment of research needs is provided.", "PMID": 331695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12001", "title": "Inquests into London and Middlesex homicides, 1673-1782.", "content": "Depositions for coroners' inquests on 377 deaths, nearly all of them homicides, were reviewed and analyzed for reported causes and circumstances of death. The role of coroner and surgeon and the emergence of the medicolegal autopsy are considered.", "contents": "Inquests into London and Middlesex homicides, 1673-1782. Depositions for coroners' inquests on 377 deaths, nearly all of them homicides, were reviewed and analyzed for reported causes and circumstances of death. The role of coroner and surgeon and the emergence of the medicolegal autopsy are considered.", "PMID": 331696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12002", "title": "The role of paracellular pathways in isotonic fluid transport.", "content": "Paracellular pathways across \"leaky\" epithelia are the major route for transepithelial ionic diffusion. The permselective properties of these pathways suggest that they offer a watery environment through which ions diffuse in their hydrated forms. There is also suggestive evidence that, at least in some tissues, paracellular pathways provide a significant route for transepithelial water flow in response to an osmotic pressure difference; however, this has not as yet been definitively established. The effect of junctional complexes that are permeable to ions and water on the predictions of the standing-osmotic gradient model for isotonic water absorption is considered.", "contents": "The role of paracellular pathways in isotonic fluid transport. Paracellular pathways across \"leaky\" epithelia are the major route for transepithelial ionic diffusion. The permselective properties of these pathways suggest that they offer a watery environment through which ions diffuse in their hydrated forms. There is also suggestive evidence that, at least in some tissues, paracellular pathways provide a significant route for transepithelial water flow in response to an osmotic pressure difference; however, this has not as yet been definitively established. The effect of junctional complexes that are permeable to ions and water on the predictions of the standing-osmotic gradient model for isotonic water absorption is considered.", "PMID": 331697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12003", "title": "[The kinetoplast immunofluorescence technic using Crithidia luciliae, a simple test for the detection of DNA-antibodies].", "content": "The kinetoplast immunofluorescence test for the detection of antibodies against desoxynucleic acid (DNA) utilizes as a substrate the native double-stranded DNA containing kinetoplast of the hemoflagellate Crithidia luciliae, which is nonpathogenic in human beings. By studying the sera of 279 patients with dermatological and internal diseases, as well as the sera of 80 blood donors, this technique was assessed for its usefulness in routine diagnosis. DNA-antibodies were found most frequently in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (34/53). Additionally DNA-antibodies were demonstrated in some patients with cicatrical pemphigoid (1/1), autoimmune hepatitis (4/25) and myasthenia gravis (1/3). According to the experience thus far the kinetoplast immunofluorescence test appears to be a specific and well reproducible method to demonstrate DNA-antibodies in a simple way.", "contents": "[The kinetoplast immunofluorescence technic using Crithidia luciliae, a simple test for the detection of DNA-antibodies]. The kinetoplast immunofluorescence test for the detection of antibodies against desoxynucleic acid (DNA) utilizes as a substrate the native double-stranded DNA containing kinetoplast of the hemoflagellate Crithidia luciliae, which is nonpathogenic in human beings. By studying the sera of 279 patients with dermatological and internal diseases, as well as the sera of 80 blood donors, this technique was assessed for its usefulness in routine diagnosis. DNA-antibodies were found most frequently in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (34/53). Additionally DNA-antibodies were demonstrated in some patients with cicatrical pemphigoid (1/1), autoimmune hepatitis (4/25) and myasthenia gravis (1/3). According to the experience thus far the kinetoplast immunofluorescence test appears to be a specific and well reproducible method to demonstrate DNA-antibodies in a simple way.", "PMID": 331704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12004", "title": "[Prognostic significance of arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Ventricular arrhythmias represent a common precursor of ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction in man. Frequent ventricular ectopic beats (greater than 5/min), multifocal ectopic beats, ventricular bigeminy, ventricular salvoes, ventricular tachycardia, and the R-on-T phenomenon have been considered as warning arrhythmias. However, recent studies have given rise to some doubt concerning the value of warning arrhythmias as predictors of ventricular fibrillation. In many a case there is no warning arrhythmia prior to ventricular fibrillation or these arrhythmias do not fulfill the criteria of warning arrhythmias. In other cases the warning arrhythmias develop so briefly before ventricular fibrillation that no prophylactic measure can be instituted. Warning arrhythmias may occur at equal frequency in patients with and without consecutive ventricular fibrillation. This also applies to the R-on-T phenomenon as a warning arrhythmia and as the initiating mechanism of ventricular fibrillation. In nearly half the cases ventricular fibrillation is initiated by a late ventricular ectopic beat. In view of these data of the literature, the so-called warning arrhythmias seem to have lost their predictive value. They represent a common phenomenon in acute myocardial infarction in man. However, ventricular fibrillation may also occur without any prior ventricular arrhythmias, above all during the first day of acute myocardial infarction. The frequency of ventricular fibrillation decreases in the course of infarction. Therefore the time during acute myocardial infarction may be a better guide whether to institute prophylactic antiarrhythmic therapy than the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. To date, the beneficial effect of prophylactic administration of lidocaine has remained controversial though a recent double-blind study has strongly suggested that lidocaine is able to prevent ventricular fibrillation. If these results should be confirmed by others, this would ask for routine administration of lidocaine in each case with acute myocardial infarction during the first day.", "contents": "[Prognostic significance of arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Ventricular arrhythmias represent a common precursor of ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction in man. Frequent ventricular ectopic beats (greater than 5/min), multifocal ectopic beats, ventricular bigeminy, ventricular salvoes, ventricular tachycardia, and the R-on-T phenomenon have been considered as warning arrhythmias. However, recent studies have given rise to some doubt concerning the value of warning arrhythmias as predictors of ventricular fibrillation. In many a case there is no warning arrhythmia prior to ventricular fibrillation or these arrhythmias do not fulfill the criteria of warning arrhythmias. In other cases the warning arrhythmias develop so briefly before ventricular fibrillation that no prophylactic measure can be instituted. Warning arrhythmias may occur at equal frequency in patients with and without consecutive ventricular fibrillation. This also applies to the R-on-T phenomenon as a warning arrhythmia and as the initiating mechanism of ventricular fibrillation. In nearly half the cases ventricular fibrillation is initiated by a late ventricular ectopic beat. In view of these data of the literature, the so-called warning arrhythmias seem to have lost their predictive value. They represent a common phenomenon in acute myocardial infarction in man. However, ventricular fibrillation may also occur without any prior ventricular arrhythmias, above all during the first day of acute myocardial infarction. The frequency of ventricular fibrillation decreases in the course of infarction. Therefore the time during acute myocardial infarction may be a better guide whether to institute prophylactic antiarrhythmic therapy than the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. To date, the beneficial effect of prophylactic administration of lidocaine has remained controversial though a recent double-blind study has strongly suggested that lidocaine is able to prevent ventricular fibrillation. If these results should be confirmed by others, this would ask for routine administration of lidocaine in each case with acute myocardial infarction during the first day.", "PMID": 331707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12005", "title": "[Bilateral peripheral pulmonic stenosis due to tumor-compression (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of a case of bilateral peripheral pulmonic stenosis due to a retothel-sarcoma of the mediastinum. A temporary remission of the stenotic symptoms was achieved under betatron-radiation and combined cytostatic therapy.", "contents": "[Bilateral peripheral pulmonic stenosis due to tumor-compression (author's transl)]. Description of a case of bilateral peripheral pulmonic stenosis due to a retothel-sarcoma of the mediastinum. A temporary remission of the stenotic symptoms was achieved under betatron-radiation and combined cytostatic therapy.", "PMID": 331708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12006", "title": "[Immunodiagnosis of urologic tumors].", "content": "In 42 patients with malignant and benign diseases of the kidney, the urinary bladder and the prostate the sensitization of the lymphocytes was investigated in the cell electrophoresis mobility test. In these cases human encephalitogenic protein and tumour-associated antigens from malignomas of kidney, urinary bladder and prostate were used as antigen. When using human encephalitogenic protein 3 \"falsely positive\" and 2 \"falsely negative\" results were got, whereas, when using the corresponding tumour-associated antigens in the cell electrophoresis mobility test in every case the histologically ascertained tumour diagnosis could be confirmed.", "contents": "[Immunodiagnosis of urologic tumors]. In 42 patients with malignant and benign diseases of the kidney, the urinary bladder and the prostate the sensitization of the lymphocytes was investigated in the cell electrophoresis mobility test. In these cases human encephalitogenic protein and tumour-associated antigens from malignomas of kidney, urinary bladder and prostate were used as antigen. When using human encephalitogenic protein 3 \"falsely positive\" and 2 \"falsely negative\" results were got, whereas, when using the corresponding tumour-associated antigens in the cell electrophoresis mobility test in every case the histologically ascertained tumour diagnosis could be confirmed.", "PMID": 331743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12007", "title": "[Unitemporary surgical procedure by Michalowski for strictures of perineal and bulbar urethra].", "content": "Initially the authors briefly deal with the genesis of strictures of the urethra in the perineal and bulbar region of the urethra and the experiences and results of the authors with the unitemporary method of operation after Michalowski for these strictures of the urethra are reported. The technique of the plastic-surgical intervention is demonstrated and here important details are explained which, as the authors think, are decisive for the success. The results are shown with the help of the own clinical material.", "contents": "[Unitemporary surgical procedure by Michalowski for strictures of perineal and bulbar urethra]. Initially the authors briefly deal with the genesis of strictures of the urethra in the perineal and bulbar region of the urethra and the experiences and results of the authors with the unitemporary method of operation after Michalowski for these strictures of the urethra are reported. The technique of the plastic-surgical intervention is demonstrated and here important details are explained which, as the authors think, are decisive for the success. The results are shown with the help of the own clinical material.", "PMID": 331744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12008", "title": "[Electrically induced thrombosis as therapeutic measure in life-threatening renal hemorrhage. An experimental study].", "content": "The protracted arterial renal haemorrhage is a life-threatening complication. Up to now its therapy is controversial, since in consequence of a severe shock it is not possible to perform a radical operation. For stopping this haemorrhage it is recommended the induction of an electrothrombosis in the renal artery. Experiences in the animal experiment are reported and discussed.", "contents": "[Electrically induced thrombosis as therapeutic measure in life-threatening renal hemorrhage. An experimental study]. The protracted arterial renal haemorrhage is a life-threatening complication. Up to now its therapy is controversial, since in consequence of a severe shock it is not possible to perform a radical operation. For stopping this haemorrhage it is recommended the induction of an electrothrombosis in the renal artery. Experiences in the animal experiment are reported and discussed.", "PMID": 331745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12009", "title": "[T-rosette and rosette inhibition test with antilymphocyte globulin following kidney transplantation].", "content": "263 examinations with the rosette-test with sheep erythrocytes and the rosette inhibition test with antilymphocyte globulin in 42 normal persons and 56 patients after transplantation of a kidney showed in 10 patients a significnat decrease of the rosette-forming T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood under conditions of rejection. On the other hand the number of rosettes significantly increased in 4 patients. The valency of the rosette inhibition test for the rejection diagnostics is restricted by technical difficulties and wrong positive results (11%). The results are discussed on the basis of the receptor synthesis rates for sheep erythrocytes and of the electric superficial potentials of the T-lymphocytes and in relation to the HLA-A/B/C/D-system.", "contents": "[T-rosette and rosette inhibition test with antilymphocyte globulin following kidney transplantation]. 263 examinations with the rosette-test with sheep erythrocytes and the rosette inhibition test with antilymphocyte globulin in 42 normal persons and 56 patients after transplantation of a kidney showed in 10 patients a significnat decrease of the rosette-forming T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood under conditions of rejection. On the other hand the number of rosettes significantly increased in 4 patients. The valency of the rosette inhibition test for the rejection diagnostics is restricted by technical difficulties and wrong positive results (11%). The results are discussed on the basis of the receptor synthesis rates for sheep erythrocytes and of the electric superficial potentials of the T-lymphocytes and in relation to the HLA-A/B/C/D-system.", "PMID": 331746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12010", "title": "[Acid base-balance after lung resections (author's transl)].", "content": "Thoracotomy and lung-resection are often followed by a decrease of the oxygenation of blood and disturbances of the acid-base-balance. Both ventilation and circulation must be restored to normal and therefore adequate levels of cardiac output, peripheral resistance, electrolytes and kidney-function are required.", "contents": "[Acid base-balance after lung resections (author's transl)]. Thoracotomy and lung-resection are often followed by a decrease of the oxygenation of blood and disturbances of the acid-base-balance. Both ventilation and circulation must be restored to normal and therefore adequate levels of cardiac output, peripheral resistance, electrolytes and kidney-function are required.", "PMID": 331750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12011", "title": "[Closure of the bronchial stump: suturing or stapling? (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1016 pulmonary resections we had 2,6% bronchial fistulae. 447 times we used interrupted suture (2,9% of bronchial stump insufficiency) and 542 times we used the Soviet bronchus stapling machine UKB 25 or 16 with 2,2% of fistulae.", "contents": "[Closure of the bronchial stump: suturing or stapling? (author's transl)]. In 1016 pulmonary resections we had 2,6% bronchial fistulae. 447 times we used interrupted suture (2,9% of bronchial stump insufficiency) and 542 times we used the Soviet bronchus stapling machine UKB 25 or 16 with 2,2% of fistulae.", "PMID": 331751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12012", "title": "[Lymphocyte transformation rate in \"high risk newborn infants\" in relation to the gestational and postnatal ages (author's transl)].", "content": "In 74 \"high risk newborn infants\" of different gestational ages (at an age of 31 ..... 42 weeks) the ability of efficiency of the cellular immunity system was examined by means of the lymphocyte transformation test on different days of the first week of the postnatal life. Beside PHA also Streptolyson O and E. coli antigen were used. We ascertained a possible relationship between the pre- or postnatal age and the lymphocyte transformation rate by means of regressive analyses. We didn't find a linear relationship; the results are discussed.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte transformation rate in \"high risk newborn infants\" in relation to the gestational and postnatal ages (author's transl)]. In 74 \"high risk newborn infants\" of different gestational ages (at an age of 31 ..... 42 weeks) the ability of efficiency of the cellular immunity system was examined by means of the lymphocyte transformation test on different days of the first week of the postnatal life. Beside PHA also Streptolyson O and E. coli antigen were used. We ascertained a possible relationship between the pre- or postnatal age and the lymphocyte transformation rate by means of regressive analyses. We didn't find a linear relationship; the results are discussed.", "PMID": 331752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12013", "title": "[Clinical results of two-time abortion technics with special regard to ascending genital infections].", "content": "If risk of the one-time mechanical dilatation will be too high (with young first gravidae and progressed pregnancy) the methods of the two-time interruptio should be applied. As long as there will not be available sufficient quantities of Prostaglandin-analoga the present method of choice is the abort-induction by means of the extra-amnial application of Prostaglandin F2alpha. In 101 cases when extra-amnial Pg F2alpha with an average induction time of four hours, the contamination rate was checked and no danger of ascension appeared. If prostaglandines will not be available, metranoicter or laminarias should be applied in the first trimenon when there is a high risk of dilatation, in the second trimenon extra-amnial instillation methods should be used. In both the cases only can be spoken of interruptios low if risks of they are made up under guard of broad spectrum antibiotics--after negative proof of blastomyces (buddings). This recommendation results from microbiological researches made up with 423 patients under the aspect of possible hospital infections. With induction times longer than 18 hours, the cavum uteri proved accelerating contaminated microbially. There were found microbes in the cavum uteri respectively at laminarias and metranoicters of, enterobacteria (45,7%), staphylococci (24,7%), hemolyzing and anhemolytic streptococci (17,6%), enterococci (8,0%), Corynebacteria (3,0%) and blastomyces (buddings) (1,0%).", "contents": "[Clinical results of two-time abortion technics with special regard to ascending genital infections]. If risk of the one-time mechanical dilatation will be too high (with young first gravidae and progressed pregnancy) the methods of the two-time interruptio should be applied. As long as there will not be available sufficient quantities of Prostaglandin-analoga the present method of choice is the abort-induction by means of the extra-amnial application of Prostaglandin F2alpha. In 101 cases when extra-amnial Pg F2alpha with an average induction time of four hours, the contamination rate was checked and no danger of ascension appeared. If prostaglandines will not be available, metranoicter or laminarias should be applied in the first trimenon when there is a high risk of dilatation, in the second trimenon extra-amnial instillation methods should be used. In both the cases only can be spoken of interruptios low if risks of they are made up under guard of broad spectrum antibiotics--after negative proof of blastomyces (buddings). This recommendation results from microbiological researches made up with 423 patients under the aspect of possible hospital infections. With induction times longer than 18 hours, the cavum uteri proved accelerating contaminated microbially. There were found microbes in the cavum uteri respectively at laminarias and metranoicters of, enterobacteria (45,7%), staphylococci (24,7%), hemolyzing and anhemolytic streptococci (17,6%), enterococci (8,0%), Corynebacteria (3,0%) and blastomyces (buddings) (1,0%).", "PMID": 331753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12014", "title": "[Demonstration of antibody-coated bacteria in the urine of pregnant women].", "content": "Urinary sediments of 64 pregnant women with significant bacteriuria which has been demonstrated several times before, have been investigated for the presence of antibody coated bacteria. Antibody titers were determined in the corresponding serum samples in addition and the results were compared with the clinical diagnosis. In 50% of pregnant women with pyelonephritis antibody coated bacteria could be demonstrated, while 60% of them had elevated serum titers. Taking into account both results in 80% of the pregnant women the clinical diagnosis of pyelonephritis could be confirmed. Pregnant women with asymptomatically significant bacteriuria never gave positive results, whereas pregnant women with cystitis mainly did have negative results. The demonstration of antibody coated bacteria in the urinary sediments of pregnant women with significant bacteriuria as well as the detection of elevated serum antibody titers with the indirect immunofluorescence technique against the urinary strain were found to be of importance for the valuation of a significant bacteriuria.", "contents": "[Demonstration of antibody-coated bacteria in the urine of pregnant women]. Urinary sediments of 64 pregnant women with significant bacteriuria which has been demonstrated several times before, have been investigated for the presence of antibody coated bacteria. Antibody titers were determined in the corresponding serum samples in addition and the results were compared with the clinical diagnosis. In 50% of pregnant women with pyelonephritis antibody coated bacteria could be demonstrated, while 60% of them had elevated serum titers. Taking into account both results in 80% of the pregnant women the clinical diagnosis of pyelonephritis could be confirmed. Pregnant women with asymptomatically significant bacteriuria never gave positive results, whereas pregnant women with cystitis mainly did have negative results. The demonstration of antibody coated bacteria in the urinary sediments of pregnant women with significant bacteriuria as well as the detection of elevated serum antibody titers with the indirect immunofluorescence technique against the urinary strain were found to be of importance for the valuation of a significant bacteriuria.", "PMID": 331754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12015", "title": "Mercury resistance and R plasmids in clinical isolates of Kebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "The mercury and antibiotic resistance of 155 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) was determined. Resistance to mercury tested was found in 64.5% of the total isolates. The frequencies of resistance to SM, TC, CP, KM and GM were 65.8%, 49.0%, 48.4%, 37.4% and 3.9%, respectively. And we selected 94 mercury and drug resistant strains, and they were tested for their ability to transfer the resistance to the mercury and drug sensitive recipients of E. coli K12 ML 1410-Nx and E. coli JE 17-Rif. Among 94 strains of Hg resistant K. pneumoniae, 86 R plasmids with Hg resistance could be demonstrated. It should be noted that transferable R plasmids with Hg resistance were demonstrated in 92% of the Hg-resistant isolates. Furthermore, R (Hg; SM, TC, CP, KM) plasmids were isolated most frequently, followed by R (Hg; SM, TC, CP), R (Hg; SM, KM), and R (Hg; SM, TC) plasmids.", "contents": "Mercury resistance and R plasmids in clinical isolates of Kebsiella pneumoniae. The mercury and antibiotic resistance of 155 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) was determined. Resistance to mercury tested was found in 64.5% of the total isolates. The frequencies of resistance to SM, TC, CP, KM and GM were 65.8%, 49.0%, 48.4%, 37.4% and 3.9%, respectively. And we selected 94 mercury and drug resistant strains, and they were tested for their ability to transfer the resistance to the mercury and drug sensitive recipients of E. coli K12 ML 1410-Nx and E. coli JE 17-Rif. Among 94 strains of Hg resistant K. pneumoniae, 86 R plasmids with Hg resistance could be demonstrated. It should be noted that transferable R plasmids with Hg resistance were demonstrated in 92% of the Hg-resistant isolates. Furthermore, R (Hg; SM, TC, CP, KM) plasmids were isolated most frequently, followed by R (Hg; SM, TC, CP), R (Hg; SM, KM), and R (Hg; SM, TC) plasmids.", "PMID": 331756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12016", "title": "Development and use of single \"polytropic\" diagnostic tubes for the approximate taxonomic grouping of bacteria isolated from foods, water and medicinal preparations.", "content": "Single tubes, containing in all instances a bottom layer of a solid medium for detecting mode of attack on glucose, lactose, mannitol or starch and top layers of solid, semi-solid or liquid media allowing assessment of motility, formation of catalase, oxidase, coagulase, indole, hydrogen sulphide, acetyl methyl carbinol or pigments, as required (\"polytropic\" diagnostic tubes) were developed for the approximate taxonomic grouping of bacteria commonly encountered in foods, water and medicinal preparations. They are designated as: Gram negative diagnostic tubes (GNT), tubes allowing identification of E. coli, following the principle set out by MCKENZIE, TAYLOR and GILBERT (MTGT), diagnostic tubes for Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPT), open tubes to assess oxidative attack on glucose (OGT), Gram positive diagnostic tubes (GPT), and mannitol plasma tubes (MPT) for the identification of Staph. aureus. In addition a CP tube for the identification of Cl. perfringens is described, the basis of which is the production of H2S from sulphite in the presence of cycloserine, absence of mitality and failure to produce indole at 46 degrees C. All tubes contain intermediate layers to avoid interactions between changes occurring in top and bottom layers. Upon examination of about 600 pure cultures from collections or freshly isolated from foods etc. such tubes have given results which were in agreement with those of classical testing; in a few instances (testing for indole formation) even better results were obtained. The use of such polytropic tubes in identification routes saving much time and effort is outlines.", "contents": "Development and use of single \"polytropic\" diagnostic tubes for the approximate taxonomic grouping of bacteria isolated from foods, water and medicinal preparations. Single tubes, containing in all instances a bottom layer of a solid medium for detecting mode of attack on glucose, lactose, mannitol or starch and top layers of solid, semi-solid or liquid media allowing assessment of motility, formation of catalase, oxidase, coagulase, indole, hydrogen sulphide, acetyl methyl carbinol or pigments, as required (\"polytropic\" diagnostic tubes) were developed for the approximate taxonomic grouping of bacteria commonly encountered in foods, water and medicinal preparations. They are designated as: Gram negative diagnostic tubes (GNT), tubes allowing identification of E. coli, following the principle set out by MCKENZIE, TAYLOR and GILBERT (MTGT), diagnostic tubes for Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPT), open tubes to assess oxidative attack on glucose (OGT), Gram positive diagnostic tubes (GPT), and mannitol plasma tubes (MPT) for the identification of Staph. aureus. In addition a CP tube for the identification of Cl. perfringens is described, the basis of which is the production of H2S from sulphite in the presence of cycloserine, absence of mitality and failure to produce indole at 46 degrees C. All tubes contain intermediate layers to avoid interactions between changes occurring in top and bottom layers. Upon examination of about 600 pure cultures from collections or freshly isolated from foods etc. such tubes have given results which were in agreement with those of classical testing; in a few instances (testing for indole formation) even better results were obtained. The use of such polytropic tubes in identification routes saving much time and effort is outlines.", "PMID": 331757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12017", "title": "[Differentiation of Brucella by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis (author's transl)].", "content": "The strains of Brucella (Tab. 1) were grown on Tryptose-blood-agar at 37 degrees C, and the strains of Bordetella, Pasteurella and Actinobacillus on blood-agar. After 24 or 48 h they were harvested and extracted in phenol-acetic acid-water solution (4:2:1) (1 ml/50 mg bacterial wet weight) at 4 degrees C over 48 h. After centrifugation (8000 X g, 1 h) 2 volumes of the supernatant were mixed with 1 volume of a 40% sucrose solution in 35% acetic acid. Different volumes (0.20, 0.15 or 0.10 ml) of this were added to 7.5% acrylamide gel (2 ml in tubes 6 X 100 mm), containing 5 M urea and 12% acetic acid. The solution in both electrode chambers was 10% acetic acid. During the first 15 min it was focused with 2 mA/tube, then it was separated for 3 or 5 h with 4 mA/tube. The protein bands were stained with amido black 10B. All species could be exactly differentiated from each other, but the protein bands of biotypes of Bruc. suis, Bruc. melitensis and Bruc. abortus were identical in each case. All investigated strains of Bruc. canis were identical too. A small relationship was noticed between Bruc. canis and Bruc. suis and between Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bruc. canis respectively Bruc. suis strains.", "contents": "[Differentiation of Brucella by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis (author's transl)]. The strains of Brucella (Tab. 1) were grown on Tryptose-blood-agar at 37 degrees C, and the strains of Bordetella, Pasteurella and Actinobacillus on blood-agar. After 24 or 48 h they were harvested and extracted in phenol-acetic acid-water solution (4:2:1) (1 ml/50 mg bacterial wet weight) at 4 degrees C over 48 h. After centrifugation (8000 X g, 1 h) 2 volumes of the supernatant were mixed with 1 volume of a 40% sucrose solution in 35% acetic acid. Different volumes (0.20, 0.15 or 0.10 ml) of this were added to 7.5% acrylamide gel (2 ml in tubes 6 X 100 mm), containing 5 M urea and 12% acetic acid. The solution in both electrode chambers was 10% acetic acid. During the first 15 min it was focused with 2 mA/tube, then it was separated for 3 or 5 h with 4 mA/tube. The protein bands were stained with amido black 10B. All species could be exactly differentiated from each other, but the protein bands of biotypes of Bruc. suis, Bruc. melitensis and Bruc. abortus were identical in each case. All investigated strains of Bruc. canis were identical too. A small relationship was noticed between Bruc. canis and Bruc. suis and between Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bruc. canis respectively Bruc. suis strains.", "PMID": 331758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12018", "title": "[Results of the study of preventive effectiveness and side effects of anti-influenza lactoglobulin in controlled epidemiologic trial].", "content": "Prophylactic activity and side action of antiinfluenza lactoglobulin were studied under conditions of controlled epidemiological trial in 6361 persons during the epidemiological rise of influenza incidence. The data obtained pointed to the absence of any protective effect of antiinfluenza lactoglobulin. Marked allergenic properties of lactoglobulin and development of sensitization in the persons under observation were found during the study of the side-effect of the preparation. Thus, the absence of prophylactic efficacy and the sensitizing action of antiinfluenza lactoglobulin pointed to the inexpediency of its use for prophylactic and therapeutic purpose.", "contents": "[Results of the study of preventive effectiveness and side effects of anti-influenza lactoglobulin in controlled epidemiologic trial]. Prophylactic activity and side action of antiinfluenza lactoglobulin were studied under conditions of controlled epidemiological trial in 6361 persons during the epidemiological rise of influenza incidence. The data obtained pointed to the absence of any protective effect of antiinfluenza lactoglobulin. Marked allergenic properties of lactoglobulin and development of sensitization in the persons under observation were found during the study of the side-effect of the preparation. Thus, the absence of prophylactic efficacy and the sensitizing action of antiinfluenza lactoglobulin pointed to the inexpediency of its use for prophylactic and therapeutic purpose.", "PMID": 331760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12019", "title": "[Epidemiology of dysentery in Dagestan].", "content": "Analysis of material on bacterial dysentery and other acute intestinal infections morbidity in the Dagestan ASSR for a period of 15 years showed high morbidity level and its variations, with reduction and elevation in individual years, and the leading role played by Shigella flexneri among the causative agents of dysentery. The greatest incidence of dysentery was revealed among children aged under one year and between 1 and 2 years. A high bacterial dysentery incidence was recorded in Dagestan throughout the whole year. However analysis of the seasonal dysentery curve showed the beginning of elevation in July, reaching the maximum in August, and lasting four months with a decline beginning in October. The persisting activity of the water route of dysentery transmission in the Dagestan ASSR requires particular attention to the organization of good-quality water-supply to the population of the republic.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of dysentery in Dagestan]. Analysis of material on bacterial dysentery and other acute intestinal infections morbidity in the Dagestan ASSR for a period of 15 years showed high morbidity level and its variations, with reduction and elevation in individual years, and the leading role played by Shigella flexneri among the causative agents of dysentery. The greatest incidence of dysentery was revealed among children aged under one year and between 1 and 2 years. A high bacterial dysentery incidence was recorded in Dagestan throughout the whole year. However analysis of the seasonal dysentery curve showed the beginning of elevation in July, reaching the maximum in August, and lasting four months with a decline beginning in October. The persisting activity of the water route of dysentery transmission in the Dagestan ASSR requires particular attention to the organization of good-quality water-supply to the population of the republic.", "PMID": 331761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12020", "title": "[Disinfecting effect of fixatives in histoenzymatic analysis of Vibrio cholerae].", "content": "Data are presented on the disinfecting action of fixative fluids on the cholera causative agents in the freshly frozen sections from the tissues and organs of animals infected with cholera. The results obtained offered a possibility of drawing a conclusion on the harmlessness of the histoenzymatic studies on the material infected with cholera vibrio.", "contents": "[Disinfecting effect of fixatives in histoenzymatic analysis of Vibrio cholerae]. Data are presented on the disinfecting action of fixative fluids on the cholera causative agents in the freshly frozen sections from the tissues and organs of animals infected with cholera. The results obtained offered a possibility of drawing a conclusion on the harmlessness of the histoenzymatic studies on the material infected with cholera vibrio.", "PMID": 331762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12021", "title": "[Study of the role of the plasmid-determined sucrose index in Salmonella newport in the development of experimental infectious process].", "content": "The authors studied the role played by Sac-plasmide of atypical S. newport strains inducing a more severe course of the disease in the development of the infectious process in man. In experiments with genetically-bound strains of salmonellae and E. coli K12, differing by the presence of Sac-plasmide, it was shown that the acquisition or the loss of the latter failed to effect significantly the capacity of the microbes to cause death of chick embryos infected on the membrane, to reproduce in the pulmonary tissue of mice infected intranasally, and affect the cells of the L1 strain. Genetic confirmation of the absence of any connection between the sucrose sign determined by plasmide and the capacity of the strains to cause dilatation of the ligated rabbit intestinal loop was presented. The data obtained indicated that high virulence of the S. newport strains under study was not associated with the presence of Sacplasmide in them.", "contents": "[Study of the role of the plasmid-determined sucrose index in Salmonella newport in the development of experimental infectious process]. The authors studied the role played by Sac-plasmide of atypical S. newport strains inducing a more severe course of the disease in the development of the infectious process in man. In experiments with genetically-bound strains of salmonellae and E. coli K12, differing by the presence of Sac-plasmide, it was shown that the acquisition or the loss of the latter failed to effect significantly the capacity of the microbes to cause death of chick embryos infected on the membrane, to reproduce in the pulmonary tissue of mice infected intranasally, and affect the cells of the L1 strain. Genetic confirmation of the absence of any connection between the sucrose sign determined by plasmide and the capacity of the strains to cause dilatation of the ligated rabbit intestinal loop was presented. The data obtained indicated that high virulence of the S. newport strains under study was not associated with the presence of Sacplasmide in them.", "PMID": 331763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12022", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of cell-free filtrates of Shigella flexneri of different virulence].", "content": "It was shown for the first time that the virulent Sh. flexneri strain grown on Luria broth differed from the avirulent one by the yield of readily released surface-located complexes--lipopolysaccharide (determined by rhamnose) and protein into the filtrate. There was no distinct correlation between the strain virulence and the content of rhamnose-determined lipopolysaccharide in the filtrate; growing bacteria in the presence of Ca and Mg ions had no significant influence on the lipopolysaccharide release into the filtrate. Protein release into the cell-free filtrate was thrice that in the virulent shigella strain than in the avirulent one. When bacteria were grown in the presence of Ca ions protein release from the virulent strain increased 1.5-fold and changed but little in the avirulent culture. Cell-free filtrates of the virulent strain produced toxic action on L tissue culture cells; in conjunctival infection of guinea pigs they caused some reduction of the LD50 of the virulent strain and sharply aggravated the course of the infectious process. Heating of the filtrate at 100 degrees C for 15 min decreased their toxic action on L cells. The data obtained indicated that the active biological factor revealed in the virulent strain of Sh. flexneri was protein or its derivative.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of cell-free filtrates of Shigella flexneri of different virulence]. It was shown for the first time that the virulent Sh. flexneri strain grown on Luria broth differed from the avirulent one by the yield of readily released surface-located complexes--lipopolysaccharide (determined by rhamnose) and protein into the filtrate. There was no distinct correlation between the strain virulence and the content of rhamnose-determined lipopolysaccharide in the filtrate; growing bacteria in the presence of Ca and Mg ions had no significant influence on the lipopolysaccharide release into the filtrate. Protein release into the cell-free filtrate was thrice that in the virulent shigella strain than in the avirulent one. When bacteria were grown in the presence of Ca ions protein release from the virulent strain increased 1.5-fold and changed but little in the avirulent culture. Cell-free filtrates of the virulent strain produced toxic action on L tissue culture cells; in conjunctival infection of guinea pigs they caused some reduction of the LD50 of the virulent strain and sharply aggravated the course of the infectious process. Heating of the filtrate at 100 degrees C for 15 min decreased their toxic action on L cells. The data obtained indicated that the active biological factor revealed in the virulent strain of Sh. flexneri was protein or its derivative.", "PMID": 331764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12023", "title": "[Retinal projections in the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis (horseradish perioxidase transport method in the optic nerve)].", "content": "After the injection of horseradish peroxidase into the eye of the lamprey L. fluviatilis, the anterograde transport of the enzyme was found in the optic tract itself reaching the optic tectum and via single fibers--the geniculate nucleus. The labeled fibers were also found in the axial optic tract terminating in the geniculate nucleus and in the nucleus of the posterior commissurae. Retrograde transport and labeling of the tracer were observed in cells of the dorsal and central tegmentum.", "contents": "[Retinal projections in the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis (horseradish perioxidase transport method in the optic nerve)]. After the injection of horseradish peroxidase into the eye of the lamprey L. fluviatilis, the anterograde transport of the enzyme was found in the optic tract itself reaching the optic tectum and via single fibers--the geniculate nucleus. The labeled fibers were also found in the axial optic tract terminating in the geniculate nucleus and in the nucleus of the posterior commissurae. Retrograde transport and labeling of the tracer were observed in cells of the dorsal and central tegmentum.", "PMID": 331759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12024", "title": "[Change in the protective activity of the ribosomal fractions of Salmonella typhimurium in mutations in the rfa region and the transduction replacement of the rfb region].", "content": "It was shown that mutation in the rfa region causing disturbances in the structure of the basal part of the polysaccharide of the cell wall or the absence of O-specific side chains led to the loss of protective activity of the ribosomal fractions isolated from the cells of the murine typhoid salmonella by sedimentation with dihydrostreptomycine sulphate. Ribosomal fractions isolated from the murine typhoid salmonella transductants with the replaced rfb region failed to protect the animals from the infection with the virulent. S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis cultures. The virulence of the mutants and transductants was also changed in comparison with the initial strains.", "contents": "[Change in the protective activity of the ribosomal fractions of Salmonella typhimurium in mutations in the rfa region and the transduction replacement of the rfb region]. It was shown that mutation in the rfa region causing disturbances in the structure of the basal part of the polysaccharide of the cell wall or the absence of O-specific side chains led to the loss of protective activity of the ribosomal fractions isolated from the cells of the murine typhoid salmonella by sedimentation with dihydrostreptomycine sulphate. Ribosomal fractions isolated from the murine typhoid salmonella transductants with the replaced rfb region failed to protect the animals from the infection with the virulent. S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis cultures. The virulence of the mutants and transductants was also changed in comparison with the initial strains.", "PMID": 331765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12025", "title": "[Clinico-laboratory substantiation of possible use of the indirect hemagglutination test for the interpretation of diagnosis of enteropathogenic E. coli carrier state].", "content": "The diagnostic value of the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test in deciphering the diagnosis of enteropathogenic E. coli carrier state was found in this work; this was done by comparing the specific antibody level in carriers and patients suffering from coli-infection and also by establishing the correlation between the results of the IHA test and the clinical and laboratory examination of carriers.", "contents": "[Clinico-laboratory substantiation of possible use of the indirect hemagglutination test for the interpretation of diagnosis of enteropathogenic E. coli carrier state]. The diagnostic value of the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test in deciphering the diagnosis of enteropathogenic E. coli carrier state was found in this work; this was done by comparing the specific antibody level in carriers and patients suffering from coli-infection and also by establishing the correlation between the results of the IHA test and the clinical and laboratory examination of carriers.", "PMID": 331766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12026", "title": "[Isolation of flagellin antigens of salmonellae by the method of ultracentrifugation and their use for preparation of erythrocytic H-diagnostic agents].", "content": "Flagellar preparations were obtained from 6 salmonellae strains by differential ultracentrifugation; they were characterized by morphological, immunochemical, and serological tests. The results of investigations showed that the preparations possessed high serological activity; somatic antigen admixture was insignificant. Flagellins extracted from the flagellae were used to prepare erythrocytic H-diagnostic agents. The results of their use in the examination of sera of healthy persons, and of those suffering from typhoid fever and salmonellosis indicated the expediency of using passive H-hemagglutination for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "[Isolation of flagellin antigens of salmonellae by the method of ultracentrifugation and their use for preparation of erythrocytic H-diagnostic agents]. Flagellar preparations were obtained from 6 salmonellae strains by differential ultracentrifugation; they were characterized by morphological, immunochemical, and serological tests. The results of investigations showed that the preparations possessed high serological activity; somatic antigen admixture was insignificant. Flagellins extracted from the flagellae were used to prepare erythrocytic H-diagnostic agents. The results of their use in the examination of sera of healthy persons, and of those suffering from typhoid fever and salmonellosis indicated the expediency of using passive H-hemagglutination for diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 331767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12027", "title": "[Neuramininase activity of the representatives of the genus Yersinia].", "content": "The authors demonstrated the presence of neuraminidase in Past. pestis. Optimal conditions for its formation and detection were chosen. Extracellular form of neuraminidase was revealed. An increase of cultivation temperature led to the elevation of the neuraminidase activity in Past. pestis cells. Neuraminidase was revealed in bacteria affiliated to Past. pestis (causative agents of pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica).", "contents": "[Neuramininase activity of the representatives of the genus Yersinia]. The authors demonstrated the presence of neuraminidase in Past. pestis. Optimal conditions for its formation and detection were chosen. Extracellular form of neuraminidase was revealed. An increase of cultivation temperature led to the elevation of the neuraminidase activity in Past. pestis cells. Neuraminidase was revealed in bacteria affiliated to Past. pestis (causative agents of pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica).", "PMID": 331768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12028", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in plague microbes, strain EV, and splenic cells of guinea pigs in their interaction in vitro].", "content": "Dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum cavities, an increase in the number of ribosomes near bacteria, deformation of mitochondria and coarsening of cristae were revealed in phagocytosis of Past. pestis, strain EV, by reticular cells in the tissue culture of the spleen of intact guinea pigs. Lipophanerous \"reticular\" inclusions were found in the differentiated reticular cells of the infected cultures. In the reticular cell cytoplasma besides the intact bacteria there were revealed Past. pestis at the initial stages of involution.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in plague microbes, strain EV, and splenic cells of guinea pigs in their interaction in vitro]. Dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum cavities, an increase in the number of ribosomes near bacteria, deformation of mitochondria and coarsening of cristae were revealed in phagocytosis of Past. pestis, strain EV, by reticular cells in the tissue culture of the spleen of intact guinea pigs. Lipophanerous \"reticular\" inclusions were found in the differentiated reticular cells of the infected cultures. In the reticular cell cytoplasma besides the intact bacteria there were revealed Past. pestis at the initial stages of involution.", "PMID": 331769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12029", "title": "[Diagnostic value of individual tests for classification of Shigella].", "content": "A total of 1243 strains of enterobacteria were studied by four tests (mobility, lysis with dysentery polyvalent bacteriophage, relation to Christensen's citrate and salicin) for the purpose of determining shigellae genera. A combination of signs characteristic of Shigella genus was observed in 99.1% of laboratory and in 100% of freshly-isolated strains. No such combination was found in any other of the representatives of Enterobacteriaceae family. The tests under study are recommended for the work in practical laboratories to ascertain the reference to Shigella genus of cultures suspected of being Shigellae by the results of growth on combined medium (Olkenisky's, Kligler's, etc.).", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of individual tests for classification of Shigella]. A total of 1243 strains of enterobacteria were studied by four tests (mobility, lysis with dysentery polyvalent bacteriophage, relation to Christensen's citrate and salicin) for the purpose of determining shigellae genera. A combination of signs characteristic of Shigella genus was observed in 99.1% of laboratory and in 100% of freshly-isolated strains. No such combination was found in any other of the representatives of Enterobacteriaceae family. The tests under study are recommended for the work in practical laboratories to ascertain the reference to Shigella genus of cultures suspected of being Shigellae by the results of growth on combined medium (Olkenisky's, Kligler's, etc.).", "PMID": 331770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12030", "title": "[Various indicators of humoral immunity in patients with hematopoietic hypoplasia after bone marrow transplantation].", "content": "The authors examined 65 patients with hypoplasia of the hemopoiesis following bone marrow transplantation. To patients of the 1st group the bone marrow was chosen by erythrocytic antigens only, and to patients of the 2nd group both by erythrocytic and by leukocytic antigens. The data obtained pointed to the reduction of isoimmunization to the antigens of leukocytes and platelets in the patients with hypoplasia of the hemopoiesis following transplantation of the histocompatible bone marrow, in comparison with the patients in whom the bone marrow was chosen only by erythrocytic antigens alone.", "contents": "[Various indicators of humoral immunity in patients with hematopoietic hypoplasia after bone marrow transplantation]. The authors examined 65 patients with hypoplasia of the hemopoiesis following bone marrow transplantation. To patients of the 1st group the bone marrow was chosen by erythrocytic antigens only, and to patients of the 2nd group both by erythrocytic and by leukocytic antigens. The data obtained pointed to the reduction of isoimmunization to the antigens of leukocytes and platelets in the patients with hypoplasia of the hemopoiesis following transplantation of the histocompatible bone marrow, in comparison with the patients in whom the bone marrow was chosen only by erythrocytic antigens alone.", "PMID": 331771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12031", "title": "[Characteristics of the functional activity of human blood neutrophils using the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test].", "content": "A study was made of the test of restoration of the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) by the intact blood neutrophils and the neutrophils stimulated with various endotoxin doses of Gram-negative bacteria in 70 healthy persons. A high sensitivity of the test with the NBT for the quantitative assessment of the neutrophil response under conditions stimulating the phagocytic activity was demonstrated. A functional nonhomogeneity of the neutrophil population, the most distinct with the minimal stimulating action, was noted.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the functional activity of human blood neutrophils using the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test]. A study was made of the test of restoration of the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) by the intact blood neutrophils and the neutrophils stimulated with various endotoxin doses of Gram-negative bacteria in 70 healthy persons. A high sensitivity of the test with the NBT for the quantitative assessment of the neutrophil response under conditions stimulating the phagocytic activity was demonstrated. A functional nonhomogeneity of the neutrophil population, the most distinct with the minimal stimulating action, was noted.", "PMID": 331772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12032", "title": "[Intraspecies antagonism of Sh. flexneri in an HEp-2 cell line model].", "content": "The authors describe an effect of suppression of invasion of the guinea pig eye conjunctiva and the HEp-2 epithelial cells by virulent Sh. flexneri bacilli, with a simultaneous administration of the same dose of avirulent shigella mutants, genetically connected with them. The data of morphological study and experiments with 3H-glucose labeled shigellae carried out on the cell species model indicated that the bacterial competition for the specific sites for absorption on the epithelial cells underlay the observed phenomenon.", "contents": "[Intraspecies antagonism of Sh. flexneri in an HEp-2 cell line model]. The authors describe an effect of suppression of invasion of the guinea pig eye conjunctiva and the HEp-2 epithelial cells by virulent Sh. flexneri bacilli, with a simultaneous administration of the same dose of avirulent shigella mutants, genetically connected with them. The data of morphological study and experiments with 3H-glucose labeled shigellae carried out on the cell species model indicated that the bacterial competition for the specific sites for absorption on the epithelial cells underlay the observed phenomenon.", "PMID": 331774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12033", "title": "[Role of the microbial flora of the palatine tonsils in the pathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis].", "content": "Species composition and the potency of a microbial focus of the microorganisms on the surface and in the lacunae of the palatine tonsils were studied in 51 patients suffering from chronic tonsillitis and in 52 healthy indivisuals. The species composition of the microorganisms was identical in the groups under study. However, its quantitative indices displayed significant differences. The potency of the microbial focus of the beta-hemolytic streptococci in the tonsillar lacunae of healthy individuals averaged 0.010 +/- 0.02 million, in patients with simple chronic tonsillitis-0.16 +/- 0.05, and in toxicoallergic tonsillitis of the I degree-1.03 +/- 0.8 million microbial cells. The constancy and a marked increase of all the species of microorganisms in the tonsillar lacunae of patients suffering from chronic tonsillitis, and also a marked dependence of this phenomenon on the extent of decompensation of the pathological process led to the conclusion that all of them played a definite role in the pathogenesis of this disease. It is supposed that the pathogenic influence of the mentioned microbes on human organism was realized both on account of summation of the antigenic-allergic and the infectious action, and by its other possible mechanisms.", "contents": "[Role of the microbial flora of the palatine tonsils in the pathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis]. Species composition and the potency of a microbial focus of the microorganisms on the surface and in the lacunae of the palatine tonsils were studied in 51 patients suffering from chronic tonsillitis and in 52 healthy indivisuals. The species composition of the microorganisms was identical in the groups under study. However, its quantitative indices displayed significant differences. The potency of the microbial focus of the beta-hemolytic streptococci in the tonsillar lacunae of healthy individuals averaged 0.010 +/- 0.02 million, in patients with simple chronic tonsillitis-0.16 +/- 0.05, and in toxicoallergic tonsillitis of the I degree-1.03 +/- 0.8 million microbial cells. The constancy and a marked increase of all the species of microorganisms in the tonsillar lacunae of patients suffering from chronic tonsillitis, and also a marked dependence of this phenomenon on the extent of decompensation of the pathological process led to the conclusion that all of them played a definite role in the pathogenesis of this disease. It is supposed that the pathogenic influence of the mentioned microbes on human organism was realized both on account of summation of the antigenic-allergic and the infectious action, and by its other possible mechanisms.", "PMID": 331775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12034", "title": "[Strains of salmonella with altered antigenic structure].", "content": "The authors studied 260 freshly isolated and laboratory cultures of salmonellae belonging to different serological groups. Heterogeneity of the majority of the strains studied by colour fluorescence of the colonies in the oblique light flux was demonstrated. Genetically bound spontaneous stable mutants with a different antigenic composition were selected by this method from a number of serological types. The isolated mutants were in the S-form and failed to differ by morphological, cultural and biochemical properties from the initial parental strains. A study of the antigenic structure by the method of agar immunoelectrophoresis and determination of their serological properties showed the mutants to have disturbances in the processes of O- or K-antigen synthesis.", "contents": "[Strains of salmonella with altered antigenic structure]. The authors studied 260 freshly isolated and laboratory cultures of salmonellae belonging to different serological groups. Heterogeneity of the majority of the strains studied by colour fluorescence of the colonies in the oblique light flux was demonstrated. Genetically bound spontaneous stable mutants with a different antigenic composition were selected by this method from a number of serological types. The isolated mutants were in the S-form and failed to differ by morphological, cultural and biochemical properties from the initial parental strains. A study of the antigenic structure by the method of agar immunoelectrophoresis and determination of their serological properties showed the mutants to have disturbances in the processes of O- or K-antigen synthesis.", "PMID": 331784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12035", "title": "[Features of the monosaccharide composition and ultrastructure of lipopolysaccharides of different forms of Shigella sonnei].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of chemical monosaccharide composition and the ultrastructure of purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the I and the II phases and the R-form of Sh. sonnei. The amount of lipids in LPS preparations increased with the change from S- into R-form. Galactose content in LPS of the II phase was less than in LPS of the I phase, and it was absent entirely in LPS of R-form. It was demonstrated by negative contrasting that LPS dissociation increased with S leads to R dissociation. A marked similarity was found between macromolecular aggregates of LPS of the II phase and of R-form.", "contents": "[Features of the monosaccharide composition and ultrastructure of lipopolysaccharides of different forms of Shigella sonnei]. The authors present the results of study of chemical monosaccharide composition and the ultrastructure of purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the I and the II phases and the R-form of Sh. sonnei. The amount of lipids in LPS preparations increased with the change from S- into R-form. Galactose content in LPS of the II phase was less than in LPS of the I phase, and it was absent entirely in LPS of R-form. It was demonstrated by negative contrasting that LPS dissociation increased with S leads to R dissociation. A marked similarity was found between macromolecular aggregates of LPS of the II phase and of R-form.", "PMID": 331785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12036", "title": "[Trial of the toxins of the Sonne microbe and cholera vibrio in an isolated loop of mouse small intestine].", "content": "Enterotoxic properties of neuro-and endotoxins of Sonne dysentery bacillus, of cholerogen, and Bowen's cholera vibrio endotoxin were determined on a model of an isolated loop of the mouse small intestine. In definite doses all the mentioned preparations could induce dilatation of the isolated loop of the mouse small intestine. In case of Sonne bacillus neurotoxin this property correlated with the toxicity of the preparation for the animals and failed to depend on the virulence and biochemical reference of the strain from which it was obtained. Marked variations in the sensitivity of mongrel and linear mice to the mentioned preparations were noted.", "contents": "[Trial of the toxins of the Sonne microbe and cholera vibrio in an isolated loop of mouse small intestine]. Enterotoxic properties of neuro-and endotoxins of Sonne dysentery bacillus, of cholerogen, and Bowen's cholera vibrio endotoxin were determined on a model of an isolated loop of the mouse small intestine. In definite doses all the mentioned preparations could induce dilatation of the isolated loop of the mouse small intestine. In case of Sonne bacillus neurotoxin this property correlated with the toxicity of the preparation for the animals and failed to depend on the virulence and biochemical reference of the strain from which it was obtained. Marked variations in the sensitivity of mongrel and linear mice to the mentioned preparations were noted.", "PMID": 331786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12037", "title": "[Role of the aqueous factor in the epidemiology of dysentery].", "content": "Analysis of the dynamics and territorial distribution of bacterial dysentery morbidity during 1959-1973 in the Dagestan ASSR demonstrated that the epidemically unfavourable conditions were largely connected with the use of water in open water bodies for domestic purposes and swimming as well as a wide network of irrigation canals. Persistence of the water factor in the dysentery epidemiology was connected with the ever increasing contamination of water in open water bodies and neglect of sanitary-hygienic requirements of the water supply to population of pertinent and sanitary laws.", "contents": "[Role of the aqueous factor in the epidemiology of dysentery]. Analysis of the dynamics and territorial distribution of bacterial dysentery morbidity during 1959-1973 in the Dagestan ASSR demonstrated that the epidemically unfavourable conditions were largely connected with the use of water in open water bodies for domestic purposes and swimming as well as a wide network of irrigation canals. Persistence of the water factor in the dysentery epidemiology was connected with the ever increasing contamination of water in open water bodies and neglect of sanitary-hygienic requirements of the water supply to population of pertinent and sanitary laws.", "PMID": 331787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12038", "title": "[Experimental salmonellosis conjunctivitis and keratitis in guinea pigs].", "content": "The authors present the results of morphological study of experimentally-induced conjunctivitis and keratitis induced in guinea pigs by salmonellae. It was revealed that injuries of the conjunctiva and cornea in salmonellae infection were different by development and morphological manifestations from keratoconjunctivitis caused by shigellae. This difference was due to specific peculiarities of the pathogenic properties of salmonellae and shigellae clearly expressed on the given experimental model.", "contents": "[Experimental salmonellosis conjunctivitis and keratitis in guinea pigs]. The authors present the results of morphological study of experimentally-induced conjunctivitis and keratitis induced in guinea pigs by salmonellae. It was revealed that injuries of the conjunctiva and cornea in salmonellae infection were different by development and morphological manifestations from keratoconjunctivitis caused by shigellae. This difference was due to specific peculiarities of the pathogenic properties of salmonellae and shigellae clearly expressed on the given experimental model.", "PMID": 331788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12039", "title": "[Phage conversion of escherichia and shigella antigens. I. Phage conversion of type I antigen of Sh. flexneri in entrophatogenic E. coli O129].", "content": "The authors realized conversion of type I Sh. flexneri in enteropathogenic E. coli O129 with converting moderate phage phi I Sh. flexneri. Phage phi I lysogenized 7.3--42.7% of the cells of antigenic E. coli variant O129 which lost type V antigen; conversion of the type I antigen of Sh. flexneri was revealed in the agglutination and adsorption of agglutinins tests. As a result, E. coli strain was obtained with the O-antigen identical to the O-antigen of Sh. flexneri Ia.", "contents": "[Phage conversion of escherichia and shigella antigens. I. Phage conversion of type I antigen of Sh. flexneri in entrophatogenic E. coli O129]. The authors realized conversion of type I Sh. flexneri in enteropathogenic E. coli O129 with converting moderate phage phi I Sh. flexneri. Phage phi I lysogenized 7.3--42.7% of the cells of antigenic E. coli variant O129 which lost type V antigen; conversion of the type I antigen of Sh. flexneri was revealed in the agglutination and adsorption of agglutinins tests. As a result, E. coli strain was obtained with the O-antigen identical to the O-antigen of Sh. flexneri Ia.", "PMID": 331793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12040", "title": "[Cytolytic activity of human tonsillar lymphocytes].", "content": "The radioisotopic method was applied to the study of cytolytic activity of human tonsil lymphocytes against chick erythrocytes, intact and loaded with streptococcus and staphylococcus antigens. Lymphocytes proved to be much more active in the lysis of target cells treated with microbial antigens than of the intact ones. The degree of erythrocytolysis dispension of the tonsillar cells and their treatment with antiglobulin serum.", "contents": "[Cytolytic activity of human tonsillar lymphocytes]. The radioisotopic method was applied to the study of cytolytic activity of human tonsil lymphocytes against chick erythrocytes, intact and loaded with streptococcus and staphylococcus antigens. Lymphocytes proved to be much more active in the lysis of target cells treated with microbial antigens than of the intact ones. The degree of erythrocytolysis dispension of the tonsillar cells and their treatment with antiglobulin serum.", "PMID": 331794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12041", "title": "[Thymus-dependent lymphocytes in the spontaneous rosette-formation reaction in schizophrenia].", "content": "The report is concerned with the capability of the peripheral blood lymphocytes in schizophrenic patients (28 cases) and normals (25 individuals) to form spontaneous rosettes with the erythrocytes of sheep. The amount of rosettforming cells in schizophrenic patients is significantly lower. Besides, part of the lymphocytes create less complete rosettforms as compared to the lymphocytes of normals. The achieved results may point to insufficiency of the immunological competency in the system of thymusdependent cells in schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "[Thymus-dependent lymphocytes in the spontaneous rosette-formation reaction in schizophrenia]. The report is concerned with the capability of the peripheral blood lymphocytes in schizophrenic patients (28 cases) and normals (25 individuals) to form spontaneous rosettes with the erythrocytes of sheep. The amount of rosettforming cells in schizophrenic patients is significantly lower. Besides, part of the lymphocytes create less complete rosettforms as compared to the lymphocytes of normals. The achieved results may point to insufficiency of the immunological competency in the system of thymusdependent cells in schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 331797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12042", "title": "[Results of a comparative study of anti-brain antibodies in the sera of healthy subjects and schizophrenic patients by the Coon's indirect immunofluorescent method].", "content": "With the aid of the Coombs indirect method the authors studied the blood sera of 79 patients with different forms of schizophrenia and 27 normal donors. It was demonstrate that the blood sera of schizophrenic patients and normals contain globulins capable of fixation on different components of a nervous cell. However, the character and intensity of fluorescence as well as the amount of fluorescent nerve cells in the field of vision distinguishes the examined patients from normal donors.", "contents": "[Results of a comparative study of anti-brain antibodies in the sera of healthy subjects and schizophrenic patients by the Coon's indirect immunofluorescent method]. With the aid of the Coombs indirect method the authors studied the blood sera of 79 patients with different forms of schizophrenia and 27 normal donors. It was demonstrate that the blood sera of schizophrenic patients and normals contain globulins capable of fixation on different components of a nervous cell. However, the character and intensity of fluorescence as well as the amount of fluorescent nerve cells in the field of vision distinguishes the examined patients from normal donors.", "PMID": 331804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12043", "title": "[Modeling the reflex syndrome of the piriform muscle].", "content": "In order to model the piriform muscle syndrome the author utilized clinical and informational-statistical methods. For the same purpose an algorhythm was formed from 2 programmes: the method of hemogeneity in selected medium and correlational analysis. As a result it was possible to create a clinico-statistical model of the main syndromes of a lumbar osteochondrosis, including the model of the piriform syndrome. On the basis of the achieved data the author proposes different differential diagnostical tables of syndromes of lumbar osteochondrosis which can be used for computer and noncomputer diagnosis.", "contents": "[Modeling the reflex syndrome of the piriform muscle]. In order to model the piriform muscle syndrome the author utilized clinical and informational-statistical methods. For the same purpose an algorhythm was formed from 2 programmes: the method of hemogeneity in selected medium and correlational analysis. As a result it was possible to create a clinico-statistical model of the main syndromes of a lumbar osteochondrosis, including the model of the piriform syndrome. On the basis of the achieved data the author proposes different differential diagnostical tables of syndromes of lumbar osteochondrosis which can be used for computer and noncomputer diagnosis.", "PMID": 331810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12044", "title": "[EEG dynamics in patients with renal failure during treatment with hemodialysis and following kidney transplantation].", "content": "The authors conducted an EEG study of 28 patients with chronic renal insufficiency, 20 of whom were on a programme hemodyalysis and 8 were studied at different periods following kidney transplantation. Background registrations detected mild and moderate changes of the bioelectric brain activity, mainly with disorders of alpha-rhythm. Only in 1/3 of the patients there were moderate slow forms of activity of paroxysmal signs. A worsening of the EEG indices after hemodialysis, seen in 11 of the 20 patients was expressed in abundant polymorphic slow activity or paroxysmal hilateral synchronous discharges of a large amplitude and was combined with an appearance of neurological disorders. In a successful kidney transplantation there was a distinct normalization of the EEG picture, whereas in a rejection of the transplant there were signs of expressed anomalies of brain electrogenesis.", "contents": "[EEG dynamics in patients with renal failure during treatment with hemodialysis and following kidney transplantation]. The authors conducted an EEG study of 28 patients with chronic renal insufficiency, 20 of whom were on a programme hemodyalysis and 8 were studied at different periods following kidney transplantation. Background registrations detected mild and moderate changes of the bioelectric brain activity, mainly with disorders of alpha-rhythm. Only in 1/3 of the patients there were moderate slow forms of activity of paroxysmal signs. A worsening of the EEG indices after hemodialysis, seen in 11 of the 20 patients was expressed in abundant polymorphic slow activity or paroxysmal hilateral synchronous discharges of a large amplitude and was combined with an appearance of neurological disorders. In a successful kidney transplantation there was a distinct normalization of the EEG picture, whereas in a rejection of the transplant there were signs of expressed anomalies of brain electrogenesis.", "PMID": 331811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12045", "title": "[Surgical treatment of some \"historical\" x-ray dermatites (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cases are presented: two degenerated and four necrotic X-ray dermatitis. Four patients had received X-ray therapy for benign lesions. All suffered long standing X-ray dermatitis lasting up to 60 years. The princip of treatment is a complete excision of the diseased skin and the covering of the defect with flaps. Such severe cases which need a complex treatment, must be handled with caution. X-ray therapy is a powerful but dangerous tool; its dangers are often known late; it should be reserved for severe conditions.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of some \"historical\" x-ray dermatites (author's transl)]. Six cases are presented: two degenerated and four necrotic X-ray dermatitis. Four patients had received X-ray therapy for benign lesions. All suffered long standing X-ray dermatitis lasting up to 60 years. The princip of treatment is a complete excision of the diseased skin and the covering of the defect with flaps. Such severe cases which need a complex treatment, must be handled with caution. X-ray therapy is a powerful but dangerous tool; its dangers are often known late; it should be reserved for severe conditions.", "PMID": 331815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12046", "title": "[Tissue defects after chest-wall-lung-bloc resection (author's transl)].", "content": "Our study groups 7 patients undergoing chest wall resection and 12 patients submitted to en bloc lung and chest wall resection. In the first group, 48 +/- 15 years old, there were 3 females (Darier-Ferrand fibrosis, chondroma, cutaneous gland epithelioma) and 5 males (3 sarcomas, 1 metastasis and 1 osteofibroma). An average of 2 ribs were resected with muscles, pleura and in 3 cases the skin, amounting to between 300 and 1,000 g. Reconstruction was performed : 1 degrees by musculocutaneous flap in 4 cases with 1 fistula; 2 degrees Marlex Mesh in 2 cases with 1 infection; 3 degrees fascia lata in the largest resection that necessitated tracheostomy and prolonged ventilation. There was no death. In the second group, 61 +/- 14 years old, all males, there were 9 bronchial carcinomas and 3 sarcomas. An average 2.5 ribs were resected en bloc with 6 lungs and 6 lobes. The defect was treated : 1. by Marlex Mesh in 3 cases without complications, 2 had tracheostomy and 2 days ventilation; 2. by muscle flap in 9 cases with 3 tracheostomies and ventilation up to 1 month : there were 3 empyemas and 2 atelectasiae. One patient died after a second operation for bronchial stump necrosis. On the whole there is no need for Marlex Mesh.", "contents": "[Tissue defects after chest-wall-lung-bloc resection (author's transl)]. Our study groups 7 patients undergoing chest wall resection and 12 patients submitted to en bloc lung and chest wall resection. In the first group, 48 +/- 15 years old, there were 3 females (Darier-Ferrand fibrosis, chondroma, cutaneous gland epithelioma) and 5 males (3 sarcomas, 1 metastasis and 1 osteofibroma). An average of 2 ribs were resected with muscles, pleura and in 3 cases the skin, amounting to between 300 and 1,000 g. Reconstruction was performed : 1 degrees by musculocutaneous flap in 4 cases with 1 fistula; 2 degrees Marlex Mesh in 2 cases with 1 infection; 3 degrees fascia lata in the largest resection that necessitated tracheostomy and prolonged ventilation. There was no death. In the second group, 61 +/- 14 years old, all males, there were 9 bronchial carcinomas and 3 sarcomas. An average 2.5 ribs were resected en bloc with 6 lungs and 6 lobes. The defect was treated : 1. by Marlex Mesh in 3 cases without complications, 2 had tracheostomy and 2 days ventilation; 2. by muscle flap in 9 cases with 3 tracheostomies and ventilation up to 1 month : there were 3 empyemas and 2 atelectasiae. One patient died after a second operation for bronchial stump necrosis. On the whole there is no need for Marlex Mesh.", "PMID": 331816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12047", "title": "[Four cases of hemorrhages after surgical repair of iatrogenic tracheal stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In our series of 23 patients, operated 27 times, for a iatrogenic stenosis of the trachea, there were 4 deaths by hemorrhage of the innominate artery. Three resulted from shearing of the artery by the tracheal sutures. One came from erosion by a tracheostomy cannula. This fatal complication should be prevented by preserving healthy tissues between the artery and the trachea.", "contents": "[Four cases of hemorrhages after surgical repair of iatrogenic tracheal stenosis (author's transl)]. In our series of 23 patients, operated 27 times, for a iatrogenic stenosis of the trachea, there were 4 deaths by hemorrhage of the innominate artery. Three resulted from shearing of the artery by the tracheal sutures. One came from erosion by a tracheostomy cannula. This fatal complication should be prevented by preserving healthy tissues between the artery and the trachea.", "PMID": 331817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12048", "title": "Cardiac transplantation at Stanford.", "content": "Increasing survival of cardiac allograft recipients has been noted with each year of the Stanford cardiac transplantation program. Current 1 year survival is 67%, compared with 22% 1 year survival in the first year of our program. Five factors are felt to be important in improving survival: 1 degree stringent recipient selection criteria, 2 degrees routine use of serial endomyocardial biopsies for the diagnosis of acute graft rejection, 3 degrees administration of rabbit antithymocyte globulin for the treatment of rejection, 4 degrees aggressive diagnosis and treatment of infectious complications, and 5 degrees reduction of the incidence of accelerated graft arteriosclerosis by appropriate prophylaxis.", "contents": "Cardiac transplantation at Stanford. Increasing survival of cardiac allograft recipients has been noted with each year of the Stanford cardiac transplantation program. Current 1 year survival is 67%, compared with 22% 1 year survival in the first year of our program. Five factors are felt to be important in improving survival: 1 degree stringent recipient selection criteria, 2 degrees routine use of serial endomyocardial biopsies for the diagnosis of acute graft rejection, 3 degrees administration of rabbit antithymocyte globulin for the treatment of rejection, 4 degrees aggressive diagnosis and treatment of infectious complications, and 5 degrees reduction of the incidence of accelerated graft arteriosclerosis by appropriate prophylaxis.", "PMID": 331818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12049", "title": "Experiences of treating allergic rhinitis with intra-nasal beclomethasone dipropionate. Short-term trials and long-term follow-up.", "content": "The effect of locally acting intra-nasal beclomethasone dipropionate was observed in 42 patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis and 50 patients suffering from perennial rhinitis. The study consists of three parts: 1) a simple double-blind trial in seasonal rhinitis, 2) a double-blind crossover trial in perennial rhinitis, 3) a 1-year follow-up of the perennial group. The active drug was significantly superior to placebo when comparing subjective symptoms, nasal resistance and secretion eosinophilia in the patients. In long-term use it was possible to reduce the initial dose considerably. On objective examination no significant changes were seen in the epithelium following long-term use. No suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was observed after 1 year's regular use of beclomethasone dipropionate. The side effects were mild, the most common complaint being irritation of the nasal mucous membrane, apparently caused by the propellant gas.", "contents": "Experiences of treating allergic rhinitis with intra-nasal beclomethasone dipropionate. Short-term trials and long-term follow-up. The effect of locally acting intra-nasal beclomethasone dipropionate was observed in 42 patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis and 50 patients suffering from perennial rhinitis. The study consists of three parts: 1) a simple double-blind trial in seasonal rhinitis, 2) a double-blind crossover trial in perennial rhinitis, 3) a 1-year follow-up of the perennial group. The active drug was significantly superior to placebo when comparing subjective symptoms, nasal resistance and secretion eosinophilia in the patients. In long-term use it was possible to reduce the initial dose considerably. On objective examination no significant changes were seen in the epithelium following long-term use. No suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was observed after 1 year's regular use of beclomethasone dipropionate. The side effects were mild, the most common complaint being irritation of the nasal mucous membrane, apparently caused by the propellant gas.", "PMID": 331830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12050", "title": "Is there a caudal thyroid artery in the dog (Canis familiaris)?", "content": "Attempts have been made to establish extent of similarities as well as dissimilarities between the canine caudal thyroid and human inferior thyroid artery. On the basis of origin, course, relationship, branching pattern, major area of supply, level of anastomosis, occurrence, etc., it is proposed to rename the caudal thyroid of the dog as the tracheoesophageal artery.", "contents": "Is there a caudal thyroid artery in the dog (Canis familiaris)? Attempts have been made to establish extent of similarities as well as dissimilarities between the canine caudal thyroid and human inferior thyroid artery. On the basis of origin, course, relationship, branching pattern, major area of supply, level of anastomosis, occurrence, etc., it is proposed to rename the caudal thyroid of the dog as the tracheoesophageal artery.", "PMID": 331831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12051", "title": "Histochemical study on the neuro-insular complex in Suncus murinus.", "content": "Ganglia, rich in cholinesterase substance, were recorded at a little distance to the islets of Langerhans, connected with the fibres of the peri-insular plexus which were referred as neuro-insular complex. The peri-insular complex was made up of a large number of non-myelinated and partially by myelinated nerve fibres, and it was found in association with the post-ganglionic nerve fibres.", "contents": "Histochemical study on the neuro-insular complex in Suncus murinus. Ganglia, rich in cholinesterase substance, were recorded at a little distance to the islets of Langerhans, connected with the fibres of the peri-insular plexus which were referred as neuro-insular complex. The peri-insular complex was made up of a large number of non-myelinated and partially by myelinated nerve fibres, and it was found in association with the post-ganglionic nerve fibres.", "PMID": 331832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12052", "title": "Myosin-like microfilaments in the human normal and pathological testis.", "content": "The immunofluorescent staining of the human normal testis shows that both peritubular and tubular cells bind antimyosin-like antibodies. The same cells are provided with a large amount of microfilaments within the cytoplasm. The thin microfilaments observed by electron microscopy in various cells of the human testis likely correspond to the sites of immunofluorescent staining. In pathological specimens there can be observed a decrease in peritubular smooth muscle cells associated with a decrease in cytoplasmic microfilaments and in the immunofluorescent staining of some cells.", "contents": "Myosin-like microfilaments in the human normal and pathological testis. The immunofluorescent staining of the human normal testis shows that both peritubular and tubular cells bind antimyosin-like antibodies. The same cells are provided with a large amount of microfilaments within the cytoplasm. The thin microfilaments observed by electron microscopy in various cells of the human testis likely correspond to the sites of immunofluorescent staining. In pathological specimens there can be observed a decrease in peritubular smooth muscle cells associated with a decrease in cytoplasmic microfilaments and in the immunofluorescent staining of some cells.", "PMID": 331833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12053", "title": "Oligoclonal IgG and measles antibody in CSF of multiple sclerosis patients.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained from 50 neurological patients, 26 of whom suffered from multiple sclerosis (MS). Agar gel electrophoresis and determination of anti-measles antibody titre were performed on the CSF samples. The frequency of elevated measles antibody titre was higher among the MS patients than among the patients with other neurological diseases. Furthermore, oligoclonal IgG in CSF occurred more often among the MS patients than among the other neurological patients. An association between high measles antibody titre and the presence of oligoclonal IgG was observed in CSF from both the MS patients and the patients with other neurological diseases. However, the nature of the correlation between occurrence of oligoclonal IgG and high measles antibody titre remains to be explained.", "contents": "Oligoclonal IgG and measles antibody in CSF of multiple sclerosis patients. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained from 50 neurological patients, 26 of whom suffered from multiple sclerosis (MS). Agar gel electrophoresis and determination of anti-measles antibody titre were performed on the CSF samples. The frequency of elevated measles antibody titre was higher among the MS patients than among the patients with other neurological diseases. Furthermore, oligoclonal IgG in CSF occurred more often among the MS patients than among the other neurological patients. An association between high measles antibody titre and the presence of oligoclonal IgG was observed in CSF from both the MS patients and the patients with other neurological diseases. However, the nature of the correlation between occurrence of oligoclonal IgG and high measles antibody titre remains to be explained.", "PMID": 331834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12054", "title": "Oxprenolol in the treatment of migraine.", "content": "Thirty migraine patients received oxprenolol (Trasicor), which is an adrenergic beta-receptor blocking agent with weak beta-stimulating intrinsic activity. The dosage was 80 mg three times a day. The treatment was given by a double blind cross-over technique in which the effect was compared with placebo. Each compound was administered for 8 weeks with an intermediate week without medication (wash-out). Oxprenolol had no significant effects in the prevention of migraine attacks. Our study lends further support to the assumption that differences may exist between different beta-receptor blocking agents in their effectiveness in migraine prophylaxis.", "contents": "Oxprenolol in the treatment of migraine. Thirty migraine patients received oxprenolol (Trasicor), which is an adrenergic beta-receptor blocking agent with weak beta-stimulating intrinsic activity. The dosage was 80 mg three times a day. The treatment was given by a double blind cross-over technique in which the effect was compared with placebo. Each compound was administered for 8 weeks with an intermediate week without medication (wash-out). Oxprenolol had no significant effects in the prevention of migraine attacks. Our study lends further support to the assumption that differences may exist between different beta-receptor blocking agents in their effectiveness in migraine prophylaxis.", "PMID": 331835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12055", "title": "Localization of organ-specific antigens in the nervous system of the rat.", "content": "Localization of organ-specific brain antigens in the central nervous system of the rat has been studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence. Rabbit antiserum against homogenate of rat brain, previously absorbed with normal serum and homogenates of rat organs (kidney, liver, spleen), reacted with the water-soluble antigens of rat brain prepared by extraction with phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) and ultracentrifugation at 50 000 X g to give one band in the immunodiffusion test and 2--3 precipitation arcs in immunoelectrophoresis. There was also a positive reaction with peripheral nerve. The antigen was detectable in all regions of the CNS. Cells with distinct cytoplasmic immunofluorescence were most frequently observed in cerebellar white matter, pons, cerebellar pedunculi, longitudinal tracts of the brain stem. Positive immunofluorecence reaction has appeared in the outer plexiform layer and granular layer of the retina, satelite cells of the spinal root ganglia and Schwann cells. A similar reaction was observed in human, mouse and guinea pig brain slices. Both the morphological and immunochemical reactions are indicative of glial localization of this antigen.", "contents": "Localization of organ-specific antigens in the nervous system of the rat. Localization of organ-specific brain antigens in the central nervous system of the rat has been studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence. Rabbit antiserum against homogenate of rat brain, previously absorbed with normal serum and homogenates of rat organs (kidney, liver, spleen), reacted with the water-soluble antigens of rat brain prepared by extraction with phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) and ultracentrifugation at 50 000 X g to give one band in the immunodiffusion test and 2--3 precipitation arcs in immunoelectrophoresis. There was also a positive reaction with peripheral nerve. The antigen was detectable in all regions of the CNS. Cells with distinct cytoplasmic immunofluorescence were most frequently observed in cerebellar white matter, pons, cerebellar pedunculi, longitudinal tracts of the brain stem. Positive immunofluorecence reaction has appeared in the outer plexiform layer and granular layer of the retina, satelite cells of the spinal root ganglia and Schwann cells. A similar reaction was observed in human, mouse and guinea pig brain slices. Both the morphological and immunochemical reactions are indicative of glial localization of this antigen.", "PMID": 331840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12056", "title": "Arnold-Chiari malformation and associated anomalies in calves.", "content": "The Arnold-Chiari malformation is described in 10 calves. Eight of them had internal hydrocephalus and/or spina bifida and two occurred as a single isolated defect without associated anomaly. Malformation of the base of the skull and large foramen magnum appeared to indicate that the abnormal embryonic development of the neural tissue and basal bone may contribute to the development of the Arnold-Chiari malformation in cattle.", "contents": "Arnold-Chiari malformation and associated anomalies in calves. The Arnold-Chiari malformation is described in 10 calves. Eight of them had internal hydrocephalus and/or spina bifida and two occurred as a single isolated defect without associated anomaly. Malformation of the base of the skull and large foramen magnum appeared to indicate that the abnormal embryonic development of the neural tissue and basal bone may contribute to the development of the Arnold-Chiari malformation in cattle.", "PMID": 331841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12057", "title": "Retinoblastoma-like neoplasm induced in C3H/BifB/Ki strain mice by human adenovirus serotype 12.", "content": "Eighty newborn C3H/BifB/Ki strain mice received a single intraocular inoculation of 0.002--0.003 ml of 10(8.0) TCID 50/0.1 ml human adenovirus 12 (AD 12), within 24 h after birth. Forty mice survived and in seven of these (17.5%) a solid retinoblastomalike neoplasm developed between 64 and 236 days. The tumors have been successfully cultured and also transplanted subcutaneously into syngeneic hosts. Morphologically, all tumors revealed characteristic features of retinoblastoma associated with the Homer Wright type of rosettes. Bizarre giant cells were commonly detectable. Ad 12-specific T-antigens were demonstrated in both the primary and cultured tumor cells using immunofluorescent techniques. Some giant cells also showed numerous T-positive filaments. Electron microscopy disclosed poorly differentiated unipolar cells possessing a large ovoid nucleus. Many tumor cells appeared to contain a well organized solitary cilium consisting of a typical ring of nine doublets with no axial (9 + 0) in close association with a pair of centrioles. Some multinucleated giant tumor cells also contained multiple cilia-centriole complexes within their broad syncytial cytoplasm. Occasional endogenous C particle-like virions unique to murine neuroblastomas were observed for the first time in virus-induced retinal tumors. This unprecedented tumor model in a pure strain mouse adds to the range of known animals sensitive to Ad 12 oncogenesis.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma-like neoplasm induced in C3H/BifB/Ki strain mice by human adenovirus serotype 12. Eighty newborn C3H/BifB/Ki strain mice received a single intraocular inoculation of 0.002--0.003 ml of 10(8.0) TCID 50/0.1 ml human adenovirus 12 (AD 12), within 24 h after birth. Forty mice survived and in seven of these (17.5%) a solid retinoblastomalike neoplasm developed between 64 and 236 days. The tumors have been successfully cultured and also transplanted subcutaneously into syngeneic hosts. Morphologically, all tumors revealed characteristic features of retinoblastoma associated with the Homer Wright type of rosettes. Bizarre giant cells were commonly detectable. Ad 12-specific T-antigens were demonstrated in both the primary and cultured tumor cells using immunofluorescent techniques. Some giant cells also showed numerous T-positive filaments. Electron microscopy disclosed poorly differentiated unipolar cells possessing a large ovoid nucleus. Many tumor cells appeared to contain a well organized solitary cilium consisting of a typical ring of nine doublets with no axial (9 + 0) in close association with a pair of centrioles. Some multinucleated giant tumor cells also contained multiple cilia-centriole complexes within their broad syncytial cytoplasm. Occasional endogenous C particle-like virions unique to murine neuroblastomas were observed for the first time in virus-induced retinal tumors. This unprecedented tumor model in a pure strain mouse adds to the range of known animals sensitive to Ad 12 oncogenesis.", "PMID": 331842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12058", "title": "Marginal adaptation of restorative resins in acid etched cavities.", "content": "The purpose of the present work was to investigate the wall-to-wall polymerization contraction of restorative resins placed in acid etched cavities and to study the effect of water absorption and temperature changes on the formation of marginal gaps on such fillings. Fillings made in extracted human teeth were examined microscopically. Before filling the cavities including 1.5-2 mm peripheral enamel were etched with 35% H3PO4. When polished and examined immediately after setting, fillings of a number of brands showed no marginal gaps. Gaps due to continued polymerization were formed around some of these fillings after 1 day's storage in water at 37 degrees C. These gaps did not close as a consequence of hygroscopic expansion of the fillings. Around fillings after 1 day's storage in water at 37 degrees C. These gaps did not close as a consequence of hygroscopic expansion of the fillings. Around fillings of the brands where no gaps present immediately after setting, gaps were formed by cooling from 37 to 23 degrees C. One day's storage in water at 37 degrees C before polishing generally reduced the frequency of marginal gaps both directly and after cooling. Heating of the fillings increased the risk of gaps being formed by a subsequent cooling.", "contents": "Marginal adaptation of restorative resins in acid etched cavities. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the wall-to-wall polymerization contraction of restorative resins placed in acid etched cavities and to study the effect of water absorption and temperature changes on the formation of marginal gaps on such fillings. Fillings made in extracted human teeth were examined microscopically. Before filling the cavities including 1.5-2 mm peripheral enamel were etched with 35% H3PO4. When polished and examined immediately after setting, fillings of a number of brands showed no marginal gaps. Gaps due to continued polymerization were formed around some of these fillings after 1 day's storage in water at 37 degrees C. These gaps did not close as a consequence of hygroscopic expansion of the fillings. Around fillings after 1 day's storage in water at 37 degrees C. These gaps did not close as a consequence of hygroscopic expansion of the fillings. Around fillings of the brands where no gaps present immediately after setting, gaps were formed by cooling from 37 to 23 degrees C. One day's storage in water at 37 degrees C before polishing generally reduced the frequency of marginal gaps both directly and after cooling. Heating of the fillings increased the risk of gaps being formed by a subsequent cooling.", "PMID": 331845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12059", "title": "Oxygen tolerance of anaerobic bacteria isolated from necrotic dental pulps.", "content": "The oxygen tolerance of 43 anaerobic reference strains and 36 anaerobic strains from necrotic dental pulps was studied. All strains survived for two hours or more as colonies on the surface of a medium supplemented with blood, and as many as 26 of the 79 strains survived for more than seven days. The hemolysed blood in the medium significantly increased the survival time for many of the strains. Factors influencing the death rate were studied in one of the strains and it was found that the lysed red cells of the blood and not the serum had a protective effect and that catalase had the same protective effect as the hemolysed blood. The finding that hemolysed blood significantly increased the oxygen tolerance of many anaerobes may explain some of the divergent results regarding the efficiency of various methods for the recovery of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens. The use of media supplemented with blood during various phases of processing a specimen might be more important for a high recovery of anaerobic bacteria from clinical sources than the measures taken to minimize exposure of the specimen to air.", "contents": "Oxygen tolerance of anaerobic bacteria isolated from necrotic dental pulps. The oxygen tolerance of 43 anaerobic reference strains and 36 anaerobic strains from necrotic dental pulps was studied. All strains survived for two hours or more as colonies on the surface of a medium supplemented with blood, and as many as 26 of the 79 strains survived for more than seven days. The hemolysed blood in the medium significantly increased the survival time for many of the strains. Factors influencing the death rate were studied in one of the strains and it was found that the lysed red cells of the blood and not the serum had a protective effect and that catalase had the same protective effect as the hemolysed blood. The finding that hemolysed blood significantly increased the oxygen tolerance of many anaerobes may explain some of the divergent results regarding the efficiency of various methods for the recovery of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens. The use of media supplemented with blood during various phases of processing a specimen might be more important for a high recovery of anaerobic bacteria from clinical sources than the measures taken to minimize exposure of the specimen to air.", "PMID": 331846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12060", "title": "On the use of fissure sealants in caries prevention. A clinical study.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to clarify in the light of a clinical investigation on 6-7 years old children, some questions concerning the use of fissure sealants in public dental care. The results of the study conducted with the Nuva-Seal R (L.D. Caulk, Milford, Del.) compound suggested a caries decrease of 84 per cent one year, and 53 per cent two years after sealant application to permanent teeth. In deciduous teeth the reduction was rather similar. Totally or partially lost sealants were not reapplied or repaired during the investigation. It is obvious that the sealants are, in most cases, apt to postpone the need of restorative treatment for a limited period of time only. Postponement may, however, be considered to achieve some advantages as compared with conventional or prophylactic filling procedures.", "contents": "On the use of fissure sealants in caries prevention. A clinical study. The aim of the present study was to clarify in the light of a clinical investigation on 6-7 years old children, some questions concerning the use of fissure sealants in public dental care. The results of the study conducted with the Nuva-Seal R (L.D. Caulk, Milford, Del.) compound suggested a caries decrease of 84 per cent one year, and 53 per cent two years after sealant application to permanent teeth. In deciduous teeth the reduction was rather similar. Totally or partially lost sealants were not reapplied or repaired during the investigation. It is obvious that the sealants are, in most cases, apt to postpone the need of restorative treatment for a limited period of time only. Postponement may, however, be considered to achieve some advantages as compared with conventional or prophylactic filling procedures.", "PMID": 331847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12061", "title": "Penetration of restorative resins into acid etched enamel. I. Viscosity, surface tension and contact angle of restorative resin monomers.", "content": "It has been a controversial question whether an intermediate layer of low-viscous, non-composite resin between composite restorative and etched enamel is beneficial. It was the purpose of the present work to investigate some of the factors that govern the penetration of resins into the capillary pores of etched enamel surfaces. Viscosity, surface tension and contact angle on human enamel were measured using monomer mixtures similar to those found in commercial restorative resins. Employing a cylindrical model of relevant dimensions of the capillary pores, and on the basis of Poiseuille's equation the time of penetration was calculated for a relatively high-viscous and a relatively low-viscous monomer mixture. It was concluded that viscosity as such is not a limiting factor for the penetration of restorative resin monomers into the pores of etched enamel surfaces.", "contents": "Penetration of restorative resins into acid etched enamel. I. Viscosity, surface tension and contact angle of restorative resin monomers. It has been a controversial question whether an intermediate layer of low-viscous, non-composite resin between composite restorative and etched enamel is beneficial. It was the purpose of the present work to investigate some of the factors that govern the penetration of resins into the capillary pores of etched enamel surfaces. Viscosity, surface tension and contact angle on human enamel were measured using monomer mixtures similar to those found in commercial restorative resins. Employing a cylindrical model of relevant dimensions of the capillary pores, and on the basis of Poiseuille's equation the time of penetration was calculated for a relatively high-viscous and a relatively low-viscous monomer mixture. It was concluded that viscosity as such is not a limiting factor for the penetration of restorative resin monomers into the pores of etched enamel surfaces.", "PMID": 331848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12062", "title": "Penetration of restorative resins into acid etched enamel. II. Dissolution of entrapped air in restorative resin monomers.", "content": "Viscosity, surface tension and contact angle are factors that influence the penetration of restorative resins into acid etched enamel. Furthermore, as the resin is drawn by the capillary forces into the pores of the etched enamel the pressure of the entrapped air will increase. The increased pressure has the effect that air will dissolve in a resin that is saturated with air at one atmosphere. The purpose of the present work was 1) to investigate the rate of dissolution of included air bubbles at increased pressure, 2) to use the results to calculate the depth of penetration by means of a cylindrical model of the capillary pores, and 3) to check the results of the calculations by measurements of the tag lengths of restorative resins placed on acid etched enamel. The rate of dissolution was measured in monomers of varying viscosity in a glass syringe by means of a stereo microscope. The calculations showed that the depth of penetration decreases only slightly with viscosity. Thin sections of restorative resins placed on acid etched enamel were prepared whereafter the enamel was dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Tag lengths of 50 micron or more were observed with composite as well as non-composite resins.", "contents": "Penetration of restorative resins into acid etched enamel. II. Dissolution of entrapped air in restorative resin monomers. Viscosity, surface tension and contact angle are factors that influence the penetration of restorative resins into acid etched enamel. Furthermore, as the resin is drawn by the capillary forces into the pores of the etched enamel the pressure of the entrapped air will increase. The increased pressure has the effect that air will dissolve in a resin that is saturated with air at one atmosphere. The purpose of the present work was 1) to investigate the rate of dissolution of included air bubbles at increased pressure, 2) to use the results to calculate the depth of penetration by means of a cylindrical model of the capillary pores, and 3) to check the results of the calculations by measurements of the tag lengths of restorative resins placed on acid etched enamel. The rate of dissolution was measured in monomers of varying viscosity in a glass syringe by means of a stereo microscope. The calculations showed that the depth of penetration decreases only slightly with viscosity. Thin sections of restorative resins placed on acid etched enamel were prepared whereafter the enamel was dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Tag lengths of 50 micron or more were observed with composite as well as non-composite resins.", "PMID": 331849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12063", "title": "Mycotic growth and soft denture lining materials.", "content": "Mycotic flora was studied from the dentures and denture bearing mucosae of 39 persons who wore soft-lined (Molloplast B) mandibular dentures and heat-cured acrylic resin maxillary dentures. Fungal growth was detected in 85% of the mandibular dentures and in 44% of the maxillary dentures (p less than 0.001). On the mandibular mucosa fungal growth was revealed in 74% and on the mucosa of the maxilla in 69%. In connection with inflamed mucosae fungal growth was always detected on the mandibular denture and on the mandibular mucosa in 93% as well as on the maxillary denture in 50% and on the maxillary mucosa in 75%. Considering the healthy mandibular mucosa fungus was found in 75% on the mandibular dentures and in 62% on the mucous membranes. In connection with healthy maxillary mucosae the corresponding figures were 42% and 68%. The specimens revealed 7 different yeasts and 2 moulds. The most common fungi were Candida albicans (86%), Torulopsis glabrata (31%), and C. tropicalis (14%). The uncured Molloplast material caused a definite inhibition of candida growth in vitro, while the cured material indicated no growth inhibition.", "contents": "Mycotic growth and soft denture lining materials. Mycotic flora was studied from the dentures and denture bearing mucosae of 39 persons who wore soft-lined (Molloplast B) mandibular dentures and heat-cured acrylic resin maxillary dentures. Fungal growth was detected in 85% of the mandibular dentures and in 44% of the maxillary dentures (p less than 0.001). On the mandibular mucosa fungal growth was revealed in 74% and on the mucosa of the maxilla in 69%. In connection with inflamed mucosae fungal growth was always detected on the mandibular denture and on the mandibular mucosa in 93% as well as on the maxillary denture in 50% and on the maxillary mucosa in 75%. Considering the healthy mandibular mucosa fungus was found in 75% on the mandibular dentures and in 62% on the mucous membranes. In connection with healthy maxillary mucosae the corresponding figures were 42% and 68%. The specimens revealed 7 different yeasts and 2 moulds. The most common fungi were Candida albicans (86%), Torulopsis glabrata (31%), and C. tropicalis (14%). The uncured Molloplast material caused a definite inhibition of candida growth in vitro, while the cured material indicated no growth inhibition.", "PMID": 331850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12064", "title": "Outflow of tears and its influence on tear secretion and break up time (B.U.T.).", "content": "Schirmer's test shows that a retarded outflow of tears causes reduction of the tear secretion. The B.U.T. is independent of the outflow of tears in patients with epiphora (119 eyes with mechanical obstruction, functional obstruction, or normal passage). Mucomimetics prolong the B.U.T. and retard the outflow of tears, whereas ointments reduce both the B.U.T. and the outflow (74 eyes). The B.U.T. becomes reduced when tears are absorbed by filter paper in Schirmer's test, but remains uninfluenced by filter paper inserted in the fornix. The B.U.T. is a valuable clinical test. It is the resultant of many different factors (tear volume, mucus, fat, etc.).", "contents": "Outflow of tears and its influence on tear secretion and break up time (B.U.T.). Schirmer's test shows that a retarded outflow of tears causes reduction of the tear secretion. The B.U.T. is independent of the outflow of tears in patients with epiphora (119 eyes with mechanical obstruction, functional obstruction, or normal passage). Mucomimetics prolong the B.U.T. and retard the outflow of tears, whereas ointments reduce both the B.U.T. and the outflow (74 eyes). The B.U.T. becomes reduced when tears are absorbed by filter paper in Schirmer's test, but remains uninfluenced by filter paper inserted in the fornix. The B.U.T. is a valuable clinical test. It is the resultant of many different factors (tear volume, mucus, fat, etc.).", "PMID": 331851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12065", "title": "Cellular and humoral factors involvement in the enhanced NBT reduction by neutrophil leucocytes of newborn infants.", "content": "The histochemical NBT test was performed on blood samples from ten healthy newborn infants. High spontaneous NBT reduction has been confirmed for neutrophils and assessed for monocytes. The stimulation of both neutrophils and monocytes with Escherichia coli endotoxin induces a statistically significant increase of NBT positive cells. The reason for the false positive test results in neonates was investigated by incubating neutrophils from adult donors and for different time periods in either neonatal or adult plasma before the addition of NBT. NBT reduction by adult neutrophils was increased after incubation in neonatal plasma, and this increase was related to the concentration of the plasma used. Maximum NBT reduction was observed after 90 min of incubation, at which time the NBT scores of adult cells incubated in neonatal plasma were similar to the results of tests performed on whole neonatal blood. It is concluded that neonatal leucocytes demonstrate efficient spontaneous and stimulated phagocytosis, and that there are, in the plasma of neonates, humoral factors which stimulated phagocytosis by neutrophils and are thus responsible for the false positive NBT test results observed in these subjects.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral factors involvement in the enhanced NBT reduction by neutrophil leucocytes of newborn infants. The histochemical NBT test was performed on blood samples from ten healthy newborn infants. High spontaneous NBT reduction has been confirmed for neutrophils and assessed for monocytes. The stimulation of both neutrophils and monocytes with Escherichia coli endotoxin induces a statistically significant increase of NBT positive cells. The reason for the false positive test results in neonates was investigated by incubating neutrophils from adult donors and for different time periods in either neonatal or adult plasma before the addition of NBT. NBT reduction by adult neutrophils was increased after incubation in neonatal plasma, and this increase was related to the concentration of the plasma used. Maximum NBT reduction was observed after 90 min of incubation, at which time the NBT scores of adult cells incubated in neonatal plasma were similar to the results of tests performed on whole neonatal blood. It is concluded that neonatal leucocytes demonstrate efficient spontaneous and stimulated phagocytosis, and that there are, in the plasma of neonates, humoral factors which stimulated phagocytosis by neutrophils and are thus responsible for the false positive NBT test results observed in these subjects.", "PMID": 331852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12066", "title": "The effect of cholestyramine on serum lipids and platelet aggregation of hypercholesterolemic children (type II A) while on high linoleic acid diet.", "content": "25 children with familial hypercholesterolemia (type II A) were treated with cholestyramine or placebo in a cross over study during 2 periods of each 10 weeks. The medication was added to a high linoleic acid diet, which had been started at least 1 year earlier. Serum lipids and platelet aggregation were investigated at the end of the 2 periods. On cholestyramine, serum cholesterol levels decreased significantly, whereas the linoleate and oleate content of cholesterylesters and serum triglycerides did not change systematically. Platelet aggregation time, measured with a filtragometer, did not systematically change either.", "contents": "The effect of cholestyramine on serum lipids and platelet aggregation of hypercholesterolemic children (type II A) while on high linoleic acid diet. 25 children with familial hypercholesterolemia (type II A) were treated with cholestyramine or placebo in a cross over study during 2 periods of each 10 weeks. The medication was added to a high linoleic acid diet, which had been started at least 1 year earlier. Serum lipids and platelet aggregation were investigated at the end of the 2 periods. On cholestyramine, serum cholesterol levels decreased significantly, whereas the linoleate and oleate content of cholesterylesters and serum triglycerides did not change systematically. Platelet aggregation time, measured with a filtragometer, did not systematically change either.", "PMID": 331853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12067", "title": "A case of apparent hypopituitarism complicating chronic inflammatory bowel disease in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "There is conflicting evidence regarding the adequacy of hypothalamic-pituitary function in children and adolescents with chronic inflammatory bowel disease complicated by growth retardation and delayed sexual maturation. A child with Crohn's disease, who has never received corticosteroid therapy, had delay of both growth and sexual maturation and has been investigated over the course of his disease. In addition to a skull X-ray (normal) and thyroid function tests (normal), a standard insulin tolerance test (insulin 0.15 u/kg) and a standard gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) test (100 microgram Gn-RH i/v) were performed when the bowel disease was in relapse and again during a remission of the bowel disease, achieved by surgery. When the bowel disease was in relapse (coincident with growth arrest) results showed an inadequate release of gonadotrophins and of growth hormone (even after pre-treatment with stilboestrol) but normal release of cortisol and prolactin. During a remission of the bowel disease coinciding with a period of rapid \"catch-up\" growth, release of growth hormone was normal and that of gonadotrophins supranormal. The demonstration of a reversible apparent partial hypopituitarism in this boy not only re-questions the adequacy of hypothalamic-pituitary function in inflammatory bowel disease but also indicates a potential diagnostic pitfall in the routine investigation of growth retardation if gastrointestinal symptoms are not prominent at presentation.", "contents": "A case of apparent hypopituitarism complicating chronic inflammatory bowel disease in childhood and adolescence. There is conflicting evidence regarding the adequacy of hypothalamic-pituitary function in children and adolescents with chronic inflammatory bowel disease complicated by growth retardation and delayed sexual maturation. A child with Crohn's disease, who has never received corticosteroid therapy, had delay of both growth and sexual maturation and has been investigated over the course of his disease. In addition to a skull X-ray (normal) and thyroid function tests (normal), a standard insulin tolerance test (insulin 0.15 u/kg) and a standard gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) test (100 microgram Gn-RH i/v) were performed when the bowel disease was in relapse and again during a remission of the bowel disease, achieved by surgery. When the bowel disease was in relapse (coincident with growth arrest) results showed an inadequate release of gonadotrophins and of growth hormone (even after pre-treatment with stilboestrol) but normal release of cortisol and prolactin. During a remission of the bowel disease coinciding with a period of rapid \"catch-up\" growth, release of growth hormone was normal and that of gonadotrophins supranormal. The demonstration of a reversible apparent partial hypopituitarism in this boy not only re-questions the adequacy of hypothalamic-pituitary function in inflammatory bowel disease but also indicates a potential diagnostic pitfall in the routine investigation of growth retardation if gastrointestinal symptoms are not prominent at presentation.", "PMID": 331854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12068", "title": "Effect of 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol administration on blood glucose and pancreatic islet morphology in mice.", "content": "1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHCC) administration to fed and starved mice had no effect on the blood-glucose concentration or the light-microscopic appearance of the endocrine or exocrine pancreas. Electron microscopy, however, disclosed changes which appeared early after the injection and were more marked in starved than in fed animals. The B-cells exhibited mitochondrial hypertrophy, studied both by qualitative and quantitative methods, invagination and vacuolation of mitochondrial membranes, increased occurrence of light secretory granules, multiple rough endoplasmic cisternae, multi-lamellar bodies, and a rather rich Ca2+-containing pyroantimonate precipitation mainly localized to nuclei and mitochondria. A tendency to mitochondrial hypertrophy was observed also in some D-cells. The A-cells were unaffected. The findings indicate that the endocrine pancreas (or at least the B-cells) is affected in some way, directly or indirectly, by DHCC.", "contents": "Effect of 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol administration on blood glucose and pancreatic islet morphology in mice. 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHCC) administration to fed and starved mice had no effect on the blood-glucose concentration or the light-microscopic appearance of the endocrine or exocrine pancreas. Electron microscopy, however, disclosed changes which appeared early after the injection and were more marked in starved than in fed animals. The B-cells exhibited mitochondrial hypertrophy, studied both by qualitative and quantitative methods, invagination and vacuolation of mitochondrial membranes, increased occurrence of light secretory granules, multiple rough endoplasmic cisternae, multi-lamellar bodies, and a rather rich Ca2+-containing pyroantimonate precipitation mainly localized to nuclei and mitochondria. A tendency to mitochondrial hypertrophy was observed also in some D-cells. The A-cells were unaffected. The findings indicate that the endocrine pancreas (or at least the B-cells) is affected in some way, directly or indirectly, by DHCC.", "PMID": 331859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12069", "title": "Effects of 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, parathormone and Ca2+ on the pancreatic B-cell sensitivity to alloxan.", "content": "The sensitivity to alloxan was investigated by blood and urine glucose determination and light and electron microscopic study of the endocrine pancreas in groups of mice differing from each other with respect to food ingestion and treatment before alloxan administration. Because of differences in occurrence of glucosuria, degree and duration of hyperglycemia, and severity of structural lesions, it was concluded that starvation increases the alloxan sensitivity and that pre-treatment with 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHCC) or parathormone (PTH), but not with Ca2+, enhances the alloxan effect. The serum-calcium concentration determined 10 minutes after pre-treatment was significantly increased in the group given Ca2+, but not in the groups injected with DHCC or PTH. Starved mice injected with DHCC or PTH 10 minutes before alloxan administration exhibited a pronounced second hyperglycemia of long duration, and extensive, selective B-cell necrosis. Starvation and increased serum concentration of DHCC and PTH are believed, directly or indirectly, to induce B-cell alterations which increase the alloxan sensitivity.", "contents": "Effects of 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, parathormone and Ca2+ on the pancreatic B-cell sensitivity to alloxan. The sensitivity to alloxan was investigated by blood and urine glucose determination and light and electron microscopic study of the endocrine pancreas in groups of mice differing from each other with respect to food ingestion and treatment before alloxan administration. Because of differences in occurrence of glucosuria, degree and duration of hyperglycemia, and severity of structural lesions, it was concluded that starvation increases the alloxan sensitivity and that pre-treatment with 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHCC) or parathormone (PTH), but not with Ca2+, enhances the alloxan effect. The serum-calcium concentration determined 10 minutes after pre-treatment was significantly increased in the group given Ca2+, but not in the groups injected with DHCC or PTH. Starved mice injected with DHCC or PTH 10 minutes before alloxan administration exhibited a pronounced second hyperglycemia of long duration, and extensive, selective B-cell necrosis. Starvation and increased serum concentration of DHCC and PTH are believed, directly or indirectly, to induce B-cell alterations which increase the alloxan sensitivity.", "PMID": 331860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12070", "title": "The importance of thymus in the pathogenesis of the chronic phase of hypertension in mice following partial infarction of the kidney.", "content": "Partial infarction of one kidney and contralateral nephrectomy was followed by a similar initial increase in blood pressure in athymic (nude) and normal mice of the C57/BL/6J strain. The chronic phase of the hypertension was, however, thymus dependent, since the athymic mice failed to maintain an increased blood pressure, in contrast to the normal mice. A response of thymus transplantation in athymic mice was the ability to maintain the blood pressure high in the chronic phase of the hypertension, whereas cyclophosphamide treatment to the normal hypertensive mice decreased the blood pressure in the chronic phase of the hypertension, but not in the early (acute) phase. Some perivascular round cell infiltrations were found in the uninfarcted part of the kidney in normal and thymus-transplanted nude mice after 80 days of hypertension, but the degree of cellular reaction was less than previously observed in the NMRI-strain of mice. Substantial perivascular cellular infiltrations, which appeared to be thymus-dependent, occurred in the ischemic border-zone of the infarcted area. Athymic mice of the NMRI-strain were able to develop the initial blood pressure elevation of DOCA/salt hypertension during the chronic phase of loomis hypertension, in which phase the arterial pressure otherwise would be declining towards normal values.", "contents": "The importance of thymus in the pathogenesis of the chronic phase of hypertension in mice following partial infarction of the kidney. Partial infarction of one kidney and contralateral nephrectomy was followed by a similar initial increase in blood pressure in athymic (nude) and normal mice of the C57/BL/6J strain. The chronic phase of the hypertension was, however, thymus dependent, since the athymic mice failed to maintain an increased blood pressure, in contrast to the normal mice. A response of thymus transplantation in athymic mice was the ability to maintain the blood pressure high in the chronic phase of the hypertension, whereas cyclophosphamide treatment to the normal hypertensive mice decreased the blood pressure in the chronic phase of the hypertension, but not in the early (acute) phase. Some perivascular round cell infiltrations were found in the uninfarcted part of the kidney in normal and thymus-transplanted nude mice after 80 days of hypertension, but the degree of cellular reaction was less than previously observed in the NMRI-strain of mice. Substantial perivascular cellular infiltrations, which appeared to be thymus-dependent, occurred in the ischemic border-zone of the infarcted area. Athymic mice of the NMRI-strain were able to develop the initial blood pressure elevation of DOCA/salt hypertension during the chronic phase of loomis hypertension, in which phase the arterial pressure otherwise would be declining towards normal values.", "PMID": 331861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12071", "title": "On the specificity of medium-sized isomarker chromosomes in non-Burkitt lymphomas.", "content": "The chromosomal observations by G-banding in an intestinal, histiocytic lymphoma are reported. The findings, as those in a series of about 10 other lymphomas, indicate a varying origin of medium-sized isomarkers; the results oppose the view that there exists a specific marker of this type in non-Burkitt lymphomas.", "contents": "On the specificity of medium-sized isomarker chromosomes in non-Burkitt lymphomas. The chromosomal observations by G-banding in an intestinal, histiocytic lymphoma are reported. The findings, as those in a series of about 10 other lymphomas, indicate a varying origin of medium-sized isomarkers; the results oppose the view that there exists a specific marker of this type in non-Burkitt lymphomas.", "PMID": 331862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12072", "title": "Origin of intestinal beta-glucuronidase in germfree, monocontaminated and conventional rats.", "content": "The intestinal beta-glucoronidase was studied in germfree, monocontaminated and conventional rats. The greater part of the beta-glucuronidase of the caecum and the large intestine of the contaminated animals was of bacterial origin. No bacterial beta-glucuronidase was found in the small intestine. Monocontamination with Escherichia coli gave activities corresponding to those of the conventional rats, whereas content from the caecum and the large intestine of the rats monocontaminated with Streptococcus pyogenes showed an activity approximately 10 per cent of that of the conventional rats.", "contents": "Origin of intestinal beta-glucuronidase in germfree, monocontaminated and conventional rats. The intestinal beta-glucoronidase was studied in germfree, monocontaminated and conventional rats. The greater part of the beta-glucuronidase of the caecum and the large intestine of the contaminated animals was of bacterial origin. No bacterial beta-glucuronidase was found in the small intestine. Monocontamination with Escherichia coli gave activities corresponding to those of the conventional rats, whereas content from the caecum and the large intestine of the rats monocontaminated with Streptococcus pyogenes showed an activity approximately 10 per cent of that of the conventional rats.", "PMID": 331863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12073", "title": "Pigment production in group B streptococci.", "content": "Most haemolytic group B streptococci produced a yellow to orange pigment in Colombia agar and in some Todd Hewitt broths. The composition of the broth medium was important. Trypsin inhibited pigment production, but had no effect on pigment already produced. Optical density measurement revealed three main peaks at 420, 260 and 215 nm respectively with pigment producing strains. Nonpigmented strains gave only the two peaks at 260 and 215 nm.", "contents": "Pigment production in group B streptococci. Most haemolytic group B streptococci produced a yellow to orange pigment in Colombia agar and in some Todd Hewitt broths. The composition of the broth medium was important. Trypsin inhibited pigment production, but had no effect on pigment already produced. Optical density measurement revealed three main peaks at 420, 260 and 215 nm respectively with pigment producing strains. Nonpigmented strains gave only the two peaks at 260 and 215 nm.", "PMID": 331864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12074", "title": "In vitro studies on normal, stimulated and immunologically activated mouse macrophages. I. Oxidation of 1-14C glucose by macrophages in monolayer cultures.", "content": "Oxidation of 1-14C glucose of BCG/listeria activated, proteose-peptone stimulated and typhoid-parathypoid vaccine (T.A.B.) stimulated peritoneal and spleen macrophages from C3H, CBA and C57Bl mice was determined at various times after treatment. The study showed no major differences between the oxidation of stimulated and activated macrophages, but a variation was seen in C3H mice in the kinetics of glucose oxidation of BCG/listeria activated and proteose-peptone stimulated peritoneal macrophages. It was also observed, in these mice, that the response appeared and disappeared earlier in the spleen than in the peritoneal macrophages.", "contents": "In vitro studies on normal, stimulated and immunologically activated mouse macrophages. I. Oxidation of 1-14C glucose by macrophages in monolayer cultures. Oxidation of 1-14C glucose of BCG/listeria activated, proteose-peptone stimulated and typhoid-parathypoid vaccine (T.A.B.) stimulated peritoneal and spleen macrophages from C3H, CBA and C57Bl mice was determined at various times after treatment. The study showed no major differences between the oxidation of stimulated and activated macrophages, but a variation was seen in C3H mice in the kinetics of glucose oxidation of BCG/listeria activated and proteose-peptone stimulated peritoneal macrophages. It was also observed, in these mice, that the response appeared and disappeared earlier in the spleen than in the peritoneal macrophages.", "PMID": 331865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12075", "title": "In vitro studies on normal, stimulated and immunologically activated mouse macrophages. II. Degradation of radioactive antigen/antibody complexes.", "content": "Radioactive antigen/antibody complexes are degraded to a greater extent by PE macrophages from C3H, CBA and C57Bl mice injected intraperitoneally with proteose-peptone (stimulated macrophages) and T.A.B. vaccine than by PE macrophages from normal mice and mice immunized with BCG (activated macrophages). On the other hand, spleen macrophages from mice immunized with BCG had a greater digestive capacity than macrophages from mice injected with proteose-peptone or T.A.B. vaccine or from normal mice. Thus, activated macrophages are capable of degrading antigen/antibody complexes, provided that the cells are harvested from one of the foci of BCG infection.", "contents": "In vitro studies on normal, stimulated and immunologically activated mouse macrophages. II. Degradation of radioactive antigen/antibody complexes. Radioactive antigen/antibody complexes are degraded to a greater extent by PE macrophages from C3H, CBA and C57Bl mice injected intraperitoneally with proteose-peptone (stimulated macrophages) and T.A.B. vaccine than by PE macrophages from normal mice and mice immunized with BCG (activated macrophages). On the other hand, spleen macrophages from mice immunized with BCG had a greater digestive capacity than macrophages from mice injected with proteose-peptone or T.A.B. vaccine or from normal mice. Thus, activated macrophages are capable of degrading antigen/antibody complexes, provided that the cells are harvested from one of the foci of BCG infection.", "PMID": 331866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12076", "title": "Multiple FC receptors in the human placenta.", "content": "The presence of Fc receptors on endothelium and trophoblastic tissue in cryostat sections of full-term human placentae has been verified. Fc receptor activity on stem vessel endothelium can be manifest both by immunofluoresence with heat-aggregated IgG and by haemadsorption with antibody-sensitized erythrocytes. However, Fc receptor activity on trophoblastic tissue is manifest only in the haemadsorption reaction, and not in the immunofluorescence reaction. The haemadsorption and immunofluorescence were both independent of temperature, and were completely abolished by formaldehyde fixation of the tissue sections. Both reactions were expressed on first-trimester placental tissue, although more limited and diffuse. In terms of their anatomical location and specificity characteristics the Fc receptors in human placentae may have a biological significance.", "contents": "Multiple FC receptors in the human placenta. The presence of Fc receptors on endothelium and trophoblastic tissue in cryostat sections of full-term human placentae has been verified. Fc receptor activity on stem vessel endothelium can be manifest both by immunofluoresence with heat-aggregated IgG and by haemadsorption with antibody-sensitized erythrocytes. However, Fc receptor activity on trophoblastic tissue is manifest only in the haemadsorption reaction, and not in the immunofluorescence reaction. The haemadsorption and immunofluorescence were both independent of temperature, and were completely abolished by formaldehyde fixation of the tissue sections. Both reactions were expressed on first-trimester placental tissue, although more limited and diffuse. In terms of their anatomical location and specificity characteristics the Fc receptors in human placentae may have a biological significance.", "PMID": 331867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12077", "title": "Plasma nitrazepam concentrations after an acute intake and their correlation to sedation and serum growth hormone levels.", "content": "Concentrations of nitrazepam in plasma were determined by gas chromatography in healthy volunteers after an acute peroral administration of nitrazepam (5 and 10 mg). Placebo tablets were also used, and an assessement of subjective drug effects was made during each medication. In addition serum growth hormone levels were determined. The peak plasma nitrazepam concentration was achieved at 120 minutes (46.9 +/- 3.2 ng/ml, mean +/- S.E.M.) after 5 mg of nitrazepam and at 180 minutes (82.8 +/- 10.5 ng/ml) after the dose of 10 mg. The half-life of nitrazepam in plasma ranged from 16.5 to 48.3 (mean 28.8) hours. A significant positive correlation was seen between the subjective sedative effects and the magnitude of the peak nitrazepam concentrations in plasma. This drug effect was highly significant when the plasma levels of nitrazepam were rising. The subjective sedative effects were more prominent after 10 mg than after 5 mg dose of nitrazepam. The plasma nitrazepam concentration was not significantly correlated with the subjective sedative effect the next morning, 12 hours after the drug intake. Serum growth hormone levels rose significantly during the study both after 5 mg and 10 mg nitrazepam doses (peak levels 16.3 +/- 4.0 and 12.7 +/- 3.1 ng/ml) and were significantly higher than after placebo administration (3.7 +/- 0.7 ng/ml).", "contents": "Plasma nitrazepam concentrations after an acute intake and their correlation to sedation and serum growth hormone levels. Concentrations of nitrazepam in plasma were determined by gas chromatography in healthy volunteers after an acute peroral administration of nitrazepam (5 and 10 mg). Placebo tablets were also used, and an assessement of subjective drug effects was made during each medication. In addition serum growth hormone levels were determined. The peak plasma nitrazepam concentration was achieved at 120 minutes (46.9 +/- 3.2 ng/ml, mean +/- S.E.M.) after 5 mg of nitrazepam and at 180 minutes (82.8 +/- 10.5 ng/ml) after the dose of 10 mg. The half-life of nitrazepam in plasma ranged from 16.5 to 48.3 (mean 28.8) hours. A significant positive correlation was seen between the subjective sedative effects and the magnitude of the peak nitrazepam concentrations in plasma. This drug effect was highly significant when the plasma levels of nitrazepam were rising. The subjective sedative effects were more prominent after 10 mg than after 5 mg dose of nitrazepam. The plasma nitrazepam concentration was not significantly correlated with the subjective sedative effect the next morning, 12 hours after the drug intake. Serum growth hormone levels rose significantly during the study both after 5 mg and 10 mg nitrazepam doses (peak levels 16.3 +/- 4.0 and 12.7 +/- 3.1 ng/ml) and were significantly higher than after placebo administration (3.7 +/- 0.7 ng/ml).", "PMID": 331868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12078", "title": "Studies of endocrine activity, plasma tryptophan and catecholamine excretion on psychosurgical patients.", "content": "The Geoffrey Knight Psychosurgical Unit admits patients on a regular basis and thus offers special opportunities for studying severely ill psychiatric cases, all having one particular treatment under relatively controlled conditions. The opportunity has been taken to repeat various metabolic studies previously reported to be abnormal in some psychiatric illnesses. In the present investigation several measures of endocrinological activity were studied, as was plasma tryptophan, both free and bound. None of these data confirmed reports of abnormalities and neither did the values found at operation help to predict clinical outcome 1 year later, which was another possibility. Urinary catecholamines were also measured and 2 weeks after operation. Male patients, regardless of diagnosis, showed a mean increase in adrenaline output after operation compared with the pre-operative value and this was significantly different from the females, who showed a small mean decrease. The depressed patients showed a significant reduction in noradrenaline excretion after operation compared with before operation and this trend was enhanced in those of good outcome at 1 year, the difference from those who responded poorly being significant. It could be that the ventromedial lesion that is produced alters noradrenaline metabolism or autonomic activity in depression and this possibility merits further study.", "contents": "Studies of endocrine activity, plasma tryptophan and catecholamine excretion on psychosurgical patients. The Geoffrey Knight Psychosurgical Unit admits patients on a regular basis and thus offers special opportunities for studying severely ill psychiatric cases, all having one particular treatment under relatively controlled conditions. The opportunity has been taken to repeat various metabolic studies previously reported to be abnormal in some psychiatric illnesses. In the present investigation several measures of endocrinological activity were studied, as was plasma tryptophan, both free and bound. None of these data confirmed reports of abnormalities and neither did the values found at operation help to predict clinical outcome 1 year later, which was another possibility. Urinary catecholamines were also measured and 2 weeks after operation. Male patients, regardless of diagnosis, showed a mean increase in adrenaline output after operation compared with the pre-operative value and this was significantly different from the females, who showed a small mean decrease. The depressed patients showed a significant reduction in noradrenaline excretion after operation compared with before operation and this trend was enhanced in those of good outcome at 1 year, the difference from those who responded poorly being significant. It could be that the ventromedial lesion that is produced alters noradrenaline metabolism or autonomic activity in depression and this possibility merits further study.", "PMID": 331873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12079", "title": "Synaptic membrane protein D2 in the cerebrospinal fluid of manic-melancholic patients.", "content": "The synaptic membrane protein D2 was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of manic-melancholic patients. The concentration of D2 increased with the age of the patients until about 35 years of age. No difference was found between the D2-concentration in CSF from a control group compared with different manic-melancholic subgroups. The D2-concentration in CSF collected from the patients during depression or mania was compared with CSF collected from the same patients when their moods were normalized. In the case of the depressed patients, we found that the D2-concentration increased slightly when the mood was normalized.", "contents": "Synaptic membrane protein D2 in the cerebrospinal fluid of manic-melancholic patients. The synaptic membrane protein D2 was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of manic-melancholic patients. The concentration of D2 increased with the age of the patients until about 35 years of age. No difference was found between the D2-concentration in CSF from a control group compared with different manic-melancholic subgroups. The D2-concentration in CSF collected from the patients during depression or mania was compared with CSF collected from the same patients when their moods were normalized. In the case of the depressed patients, we found that the D2-concentration increased slightly when the mood was normalized.", "PMID": 331874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12080", "title": "Effect of fusaric acid on tardive dyskinesia and mental state in psychogeriatric patients. A pilot study.", "content": "The effect of fusaric acid 150-450 mg daily on tardive dyskinesia and mental state was studied in 15 chronic psychogeriatric patients. The patient's previous drug treatment was maintained unchanged during the experiment. Fusaric acid significantly relieved oro-facial dyskinesia, tremor, and rigidity, and it improved the mental state of the patients (BPRS). Akathisia was exacerbated, but this change was not significant. Akinesia and anxiety were not altered.", "contents": "Effect of fusaric acid on tardive dyskinesia and mental state in psychogeriatric patients. A pilot study. The effect of fusaric acid 150-450 mg daily on tardive dyskinesia and mental state was studied in 15 chronic psychogeriatric patients. The patient's previous drug treatment was maintained unchanged during the experiment. Fusaric acid significantly relieved oro-facial dyskinesia, tremor, and rigidity, and it improved the mental state of the patients (BPRS). Akathisia was exacerbated, but this change was not significant. Akinesia and anxiety were not altered.", "PMID": 331875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12081", "title": "Suicide attempts, platelet monoamine oxidase and the average evoked response.", "content": "The relationship between suicides and suicide attempts and two biological measures, platelet monoamine oxidase levels (MAO) and average evoked response (AER) augmenting, was examined in 79 off-medication psychiatric patients and in 68 college student volunteers chosen from the upper and lower deciles of MAO activity levels. In the patient sample, male individuals with low MAO and AER augmenting, a pattern previously associated with bipolar affective disorders, showed a significantly increased incidence of suicide attempts in comparison with either non-augmenting low MAO or high MAO patients. Within the normal volunteer group, all male low MAO probands with a family history of suicide or suicide attempts were AER augmenters themselves. Four completed suicides were found among relatives of low MAO probands where as no high MAO proband had a relative who committed suicide. These findings suggest that the combination of low platelet MAO activity and AER augmenting may be associated with a possible genetic vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.", "contents": "Suicide attempts, platelet monoamine oxidase and the average evoked response. The relationship between suicides and suicide attempts and two biological measures, platelet monoamine oxidase levels (MAO) and average evoked response (AER) augmenting, was examined in 79 off-medication psychiatric patients and in 68 college student volunteers chosen from the upper and lower deciles of MAO activity levels. In the patient sample, male individuals with low MAO and AER augmenting, a pattern previously associated with bipolar affective disorders, showed a significantly increased incidence of suicide attempts in comparison with either non-augmenting low MAO or high MAO patients. Within the normal volunteer group, all male low MAO probands with a family history of suicide or suicide attempts were AER augmenters themselves. Four completed suicides were found among relatives of low MAO probands where as no high MAO proband had a relative who committed suicide. These findings suggest that the combination of low platelet MAO activity and AER augmenting may be associated with a possible genetic vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.", "PMID": 331876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12082", "title": "Comparison of fronto-frontal and temporo-parietal unilateral ECT.", "content": "An intraindividual double-blind cross-over comparison for the anterograde effect on memory of unilateral non-dominant frontofrontal (FF) and temporo-parietal (TP) ECT was performed in connection with the second and third treatment of an ECT-series, the electrode placement being alternated at random. Treatment technique was standardized and seizure duration was measured by means of EEG. Memory functions were tested after treatments by means of four memory tests: the 30 Word-Pair Test, the 30 Figure Test, the 30 Geometrical Figure Test and the 30 Face Test. Three operationally defined memory variables, immediate memory (IMS, 3 hours after ECT), delayed memory (DMS, 3 hours after IMS), and their difference, forgetting, were scored. No differences were found in the mean time of electrical stimulation, in the amount of methohexital and suxamethonium chloride, and in seizure duration between the two treatment groups. No statistically significant differences in any of the memory tests were found. The FF electrode position did not show any advantage compared with the routine TP electrode placement.", "contents": "Comparison of fronto-frontal and temporo-parietal unilateral ECT. An intraindividual double-blind cross-over comparison for the anterograde effect on memory of unilateral non-dominant frontofrontal (FF) and temporo-parietal (TP) ECT was performed in connection with the second and third treatment of an ECT-series, the electrode placement being alternated at random. Treatment technique was standardized and seizure duration was measured by means of EEG. Memory functions were tested after treatments by means of four memory tests: the 30 Word-Pair Test, the 30 Figure Test, the 30 Geometrical Figure Test and the 30 Face Test. Three operationally defined memory variables, immediate memory (IMS, 3 hours after ECT), delayed memory (DMS, 3 hours after IMS), and their difference, forgetting, were scored. No differences were found in the mean time of electrical stimulation, in the amount of methohexital and suxamethonium chloride, and in seizure duration between the two treatment groups. No statistically significant differences in any of the memory tests were found. The FF electrode position did not show any advantage compared with the routine TP electrode placement.", "PMID": 331877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12083", "title": "Prognostic value of angiography in early failure of renal transplants.", "content": "The angiographic findings in 18 patients with irreversible rejection and in 20 patients who regained satisfactory renal function were compared. In 13 of the 18 patients who lost their transplants the outcome was predictable from the angiographic appearances. The diagnosis of irreversibility was more accurate in patients whose transplanted kidneys never functioned and when angiography was performed not earlier than 4 days after the onset of clinical signs of rejection.", "contents": "Prognostic value of angiography in early failure of renal transplants. The angiographic findings in 18 patients with irreversible rejection and in 20 patients who regained satisfactory renal function were compared. In 13 of the 18 patients who lost their transplants the outcome was predictable from the angiographic appearances. The diagnosis of irreversibility was more accurate in patients whose transplanted kidneys never functioned and when angiography was performed not earlier than 4 days after the onset of clinical signs of rejection.", "PMID": 331878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12084", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis in polymyalgia arteritica.", "content": "Angiography of the main branches of the thoracic aorta was performed in 20 patients with the clinical diagnosis of polymyalgia arteritica. Lesions were mainly observed in the subclavian and axillary arteries, sometimes also in their branches. The angiographic and pathologic appearances of the lesions as well as differential diagnostic considerations are presented.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis in polymyalgia arteritica. Angiography of the main branches of the thoracic aorta was performed in 20 patients with the clinical diagnosis of polymyalgia arteritica. Lesions were mainly observed in the subclavian and axillary arteries, sometimes also in their branches. The angiographic and pathologic appearances of the lesions as well as differential diagnostic considerations are presented.", "PMID": 331879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12085", "title": "Deposits of plasma proteins in the skin during treatment with carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "Biopsies from skin of normal appearance from 18 patients treated with carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin were investigated by a direct immunofluorescence technique. Seventeen had deposits of plasma proteins at the dermoepidermal junction, 16 had deposits in the vessel walls, and one had autofluorescence of the nuclei in the epidermis and vessel walls. These findings did not correlate with changes in serum IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE or alpha 2-macroglobulin. Eight patients had elevated alkaline phosphatase, 4 elevated IgG and one elevated IgA. Three had low values of IgA, and all had normal values of IgM, IgD and IgE, and blood cells. In three patients, carbamazepine was withdrawn, whereupon the deposits disappeared in two and decreased in the third, who changed to another drug. The changes were quantitatively and qualitatively similar to those seen in systemic lupud erythematosus induced by these drugs.", "contents": "Deposits of plasma proteins in the skin during treatment with carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin. Biopsies from skin of normal appearance from 18 patients treated with carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin were investigated by a direct immunofluorescence technique. Seventeen had deposits of plasma proteins at the dermoepidermal junction, 16 had deposits in the vessel walls, and one had autofluorescence of the nuclei in the epidermis and vessel walls. These findings did not correlate with changes in serum IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE or alpha 2-macroglobulin. Eight patients had elevated alkaline phosphatase, 4 elevated IgG and one elevated IgA. Three had low values of IgA, and all had normal values of IgM, IgD and IgE, and blood cells. In three patients, carbamazepine was withdrawn, whereupon the deposits disappeared in two and decreased in the third, who changed to another drug. The changes were quantitatively and qualitatively similar to those seen in systemic lupud erythematosus induced by these drugs.", "PMID": 331881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12086", "title": "Bullous dermatosis among patients with chronic renal failure of high dose frusemide.", "content": "Twelve of 56 patients with chronic renal failure, all treated with frusemide (Lasix) in daily doses of 0.5-2 g, developed bullae in areas exposed to light. In most cases the bullae developed during summer months and disappeared later in the year whether the frusemide treatment was continued or not. In two patients the eruption reappeared when treatment was resumed. Disturbance of the porphyrin metabolism was not found, neither could a change in the frusemide metabolism be demonstrated. Tissue typing and blood groups showed no difference from the average population. It is concluded that the condition presumably is a photo reaction due to the frusemide treatment but it cannot be said whether it is allergic or toxic.", "contents": "Bullous dermatosis among patients with chronic renal failure of high dose frusemide. Twelve of 56 patients with chronic renal failure, all treated with frusemide (Lasix) in daily doses of 0.5-2 g, developed bullae in areas exposed to light. In most cases the bullae developed during summer months and disappeared later in the year whether the frusemide treatment was continued or not. In two patients the eruption reappeared when treatment was resumed. Disturbance of the porphyrin metabolism was not found, neither could a change in the frusemide metabolism be demonstrated. Tissue typing and blood groups showed no difference from the average population. It is concluded that the condition presumably is a photo reaction due to the frusemide treatment but it cannot be said whether it is allergic or toxic.", "PMID": 331884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12087", "title": "Aseptic necrosis of bone following renal transplantation. Clinical and biochemical aspects and bone morphometry.", "content": "Aseptic necrosis of bone has developed 5--48 months (mean 23) after renal transplantation in 22 (11%) of 195 patients with graft function for more than 6 months. The bone lesions were mainly localized to weight-bearing cancellous bone areas, most often the femoral heads. The mean duration of hemodialysis was significantly longer in recipients with aspetic necrosis than in those without. The serum concentration of phosphate was reduced and the serum concentration of parathyroid hormone increased in both groups of recipients. Quantitative histological examination of iliac crest biopsies showed a pronounced reduction of spongy bone (osteopenia) in recipients with aseptic necrosis compared with both normals and recipients without aseptic necrosis. Both patient groups showed similar changes in bone remodelling, indicating decreased bone formation. These findings suggest that osteopenia is an important contributory factor in the development of aseptic necrosis of bone after transplantation. The osteopenia may be a consequence of both the uremic bone disease before transplantation and the immunosuppressive treatment after transplantation.", "contents": "Aseptic necrosis of bone following renal transplantation. Clinical and biochemical aspects and bone morphometry. Aseptic necrosis of bone has developed 5--48 months (mean 23) after renal transplantation in 22 (11%) of 195 patients with graft function for more than 6 months. The bone lesions were mainly localized to weight-bearing cancellous bone areas, most often the femoral heads. The mean duration of hemodialysis was significantly longer in recipients with aspetic necrosis than in those without. The serum concentration of phosphate was reduced and the serum concentration of parathyroid hormone increased in both groups of recipients. Quantitative histological examination of iliac crest biopsies showed a pronounced reduction of spongy bone (osteopenia) in recipients with aseptic necrosis compared with both normals and recipients without aseptic necrosis. Both patient groups showed similar changes in bone remodelling, indicating decreased bone formation. These findings suggest that osteopenia is an important contributory factor in the development of aseptic necrosis of bone after transplantation. The osteopenia may be a consequence of both the uremic bone disease before transplantation and the immunosuppressive treatment after transplantation.", "PMID": 331882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12088", "title": "Mitochondrial antibodies without antinuclear antibodies in non-hepatic diseases.", "content": "The term \"pseudo-LE syndrome\" was previously used to describe an SLE-like disease in which AMA, but not ANA, were found in serum. In an attempt to find patients with this syndrome, we tested 9 358 sera for AMA and ANA. AMA without ANA was found in six patients without liver disease. One of these patients had an SLE-like disease. Two of the others had diseases of the thyroid and one had rheumatoid arthritis--diseases in which AMA have previously been described. One patient had allergic vasculitis and one hypercholesterolaemia; these diseases are not known to be associated with the presence of AMA.", "contents": "Mitochondrial antibodies without antinuclear antibodies in non-hepatic diseases. The term \"pseudo-LE syndrome\" was previously used to describe an SLE-like disease in which AMA, but not ANA, were found in serum. In an attempt to find patients with this syndrome, we tested 9 358 sera for AMA and ANA. AMA without ANA was found in six patients without liver disease. One of these patients had an SLE-like disease. Two of the others had diseases of the thyroid and one had rheumatoid arthritis--diseases in which AMA have previously been described. One patient had allergic vasculitis and one hypercholesterolaemia; these diseases are not known to be associated with the presence of AMA.", "PMID": 331886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12089", "title": "New trends in pharmacology.", "content": "Among the factors influencing the arterial blood pressure the neural control through the autonomic nervous system is of paramount significance. The sympathetic division of this system holds a key position in this regard and its neural transmission mechanisms represent a well established target for pharmacological interference aimed at lowering blood pressure. This presentation will first deal with the morphological and physiological basis for blood pressure control through the sympathetic nervous system and the various possibilities for antihypertensive drug action through this system. Special attention will be drawn to recent advances in catecholamine research which may offer new leads in the development of blood pressure lowering agents. A second topic in this review will be some remarks on other pharmacological principles for interference with vascular control apart from the sympathetic system, particularly the vasodilator principle.", "contents": "New trends in pharmacology. Among the factors influencing the arterial blood pressure the neural control through the autonomic nervous system is of paramount significance. The sympathetic division of this system holds a key position in this regard and its neural transmission mechanisms represent a well established target for pharmacological interference aimed at lowering blood pressure. This presentation will first deal with the morphological and physiological basis for blood pressure control through the sympathetic nervous system and the various possibilities for antihypertensive drug action through this system. Special attention will be drawn to recent advances in catecholamine research which may offer new leads in the development of blood pressure lowering agents. A second topic in this review will be some remarks on other pharmacological principles for interference with vascular control apart from the sympathetic system, particularly the vasodilator principle.", "PMID": 331887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12090", "title": "Aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery. Locations and clinical pictures.", "content": "A classification of aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery from a series of 8 personal cases and 34 cases collected from the literature is attempted. The classification is based on the topography and sites of origin of the cortical and central branches of the artery. The artery was divided into six sections which permitted the description of the origin and projection of typical aneurysms. Single cases of atypical aneurysms can be explained by the known vascular anomalies. The predilective site is section B (origins of the posteromedial choroidal artery and quadrigeminal artery), then section D with the main division of the posterior cerebral artery and origins of the anterior temporal artery, the anterior posterolateral choroidal artery, the hippocampal artery and the thalamogeniculate artery, and finally section C--the junction with the posterior communicating artery. Clinical syndromes corresponding to these locations are described. The classification, when considered together with improved angiographic technique and microsurgery, allows exact preoperative and peroperative definition of topography which in turn enables the avoidance of injury to functionally important typical and atypical central branches of the posterior cerebral artery.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery. Locations and clinical pictures. A classification of aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery from a series of 8 personal cases and 34 cases collected from the literature is attempted. The classification is based on the topography and sites of origin of the cortical and central branches of the artery. The artery was divided into six sections which permitted the description of the origin and projection of typical aneurysms. Single cases of atypical aneurysms can be explained by the known vascular anomalies. The predilective site is section B (origins of the posteromedial choroidal artery and quadrigeminal artery), then section D with the main division of the posterior cerebral artery and origins of the anterior temporal artery, the anterior posterolateral choroidal artery, the hippocampal artery and the thalamogeniculate artery, and finally section C--the junction with the posterior communicating artery. Clinical syndromes corresponding to these locations are described. The classification, when considered together with improved angiographic technique and microsurgery, allows exact preoperative and peroperative definition of topography which in turn enables the avoidance of injury to functionally important typical and atypical central branches of the posterior cerebral artery.", "PMID": 331888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12091", "title": "Tumours of the fifth cranial nerve.", "content": "Tumours of the fifth cranial nerve are very rare, comprising only 0.2% of all intracranial neoplasms. The authors critically review the literature, and report on 12 personal cases of trigeminal tumours (nine neurinomas, one meningioma, one epidermoid, one osteochondroma). General pathology, symptoms, and signs are analyzed, and compared with cases from the literature. Because of their insidious onset and slow \"illogical\" progression of misleading symptoms, trigeminal tumours often prove to be a diagnostic challenge. As a consequence they usually reach a large size before causing sufficient symptoms to lead the patient to a neurosurgical clinic. The diagnosis is therefore likely to be made by radiological investigations. The typical radiological feature (on plain skull films, pneumoencephalography, and angiography) are described, and differential diagnosis is discussed. All the patients in the present series were operated on. Surgical procedures and postoperative results are discussed.", "contents": "Tumours of the fifth cranial nerve. Tumours of the fifth cranial nerve are very rare, comprising only 0.2% of all intracranial neoplasms. The authors critically review the literature, and report on 12 personal cases of trigeminal tumours (nine neurinomas, one meningioma, one epidermoid, one osteochondroma). General pathology, symptoms, and signs are analyzed, and compared with cases from the literature. Because of their insidious onset and slow \"illogical\" progression of misleading symptoms, trigeminal tumours often prove to be a diagnostic challenge. As a consequence they usually reach a large size before causing sufficient symptoms to lead the patient to a neurosurgical clinic. The diagnosis is therefore likely to be made by radiological investigations. The typical radiological feature (on plain skull films, pneumoencephalography, and angiography) are described, and differential diagnosis is discussed. All the patients in the present series were operated on. Surgical procedures and postoperative results are discussed.", "PMID": 331889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12092", "title": "The management of renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "Hyperparathyroidism is the main cause of renal bone disease. At the moment its progress can be retarded by controlling plasma calcium and phosphate. But the prevention and cure of hyperparathyroidism without surgery eludes us. There is a suggestion that the administration of some metabolite of Vitamin D may be more successful. Osteomalacia on the other hand does not appear to be an important problem and is easily prevented and cured.", "contents": "The management of renal osteodystrophy. Hyperparathyroidism is the main cause of renal bone disease. At the moment its progress can be retarded by controlling plasma calcium and phosphate. But the prevention and cure of hyperparathyroidism without surgery eludes us. There is a suggestion that the administration of some metabolite of Vitamin D may be more successful. Osteomalacia on the other hand does not appear to be an important problem and is easily prevented and cured.", "PMID": 331902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12093", "title": "Bone disease, hypophosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation.", "content": "Long-term survivors after renal transplantation (RT) show: 1) decreased s-phosphorus 2) increased s-PTH 3) no correlation between s-PTH and s-phosphorus 4) increased amount of non-mineralized bone (osteomalacia), inversely correlated to s-phosphorus 5) decreased amount of trabecular bone (osteopenia) in RT patients with aseptic necorsis of bone. aseptic necrosis of bone after RT is mainly due to osteoid-induced osteopenia, perhaps aggravated by hypophosphatemic osteomalacia.", "contents": "Bone disease, hypophosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation. Long-term survivors after renal transplantation (RT) show: 1) decreased s-phosphorus 2) increased s-PTH 3) no correlation between s-PTH and s-phosphorus 4) increased amount of non-mineralized bone (osteomalacia), inversely correlated to s-phosphorus 5) decreased amount of trabecular bone (osteopenia) in RT patients with aseptic necorsis of bone. aseptic necrosis of bone after RT is mainly due to osteoid-induced osteopenia, perhaps aggravated by hypophosphatemic osteomalacia.", "PMID": 331903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12094", "title": "Toxic chemical agents as probes for permeation systems of the red blood cell.", "content": "Chemical agents with different capacities to penetrate into the membrane and with different chemical reactivities can be used to gain information concerning the location of transport sites in the membrane structure and the particular functional ligands. If the agents are highly specific in their interactions and if their inhibitory effects are irreversible, they can also be used as probes to identify the transport components. Several examples are cited using the human red blood cells as a model. The anion transport system in particular has been studied by the use of nonpenetrating irreversible inhibitors, and more recently with a photoaffinity probe, NAP-taurine. In the dark the latter is transported in competition with the normal inorganic anions but after exposure to light, it becomes fixed in an irreversible bond that allows identification of the sites of its transport. It is proposed that anion transport involves a transmembrane protein of about 90,000 daltons that forms a channel through the lipid bilayer. The exchange of anions occurs via a gating mechanism containing a specific anion-binding site. Transport of water, cations and sugars may also involve similar transmembrane protein channels.", "contents": "Toxic chemical agents as probes for permeation systems of the red blood cell. Chemical agents with different capacities to penetrate into the membrane and with different chemical reactivities can be used to gain information concerning the location of transport sites in the membrane structure and the particular functional ligands. If the agents are highly specific in their interactions and if their inhibitory effects are irreversible, they can also be used as probes to identify the transport components. Several examples are cited using the human red blood cells as a model. The anion transport system in particular has been studied by the use of nonpenetrating irreversible inhibitors, and more recently with a photoaffinity probe, NAP-taurine. In the dark the latter is transported in competition with the normal inorganic anions but after exposure to light, it becomes fixed in an irreversible bond that allows identification of the sites of its transport. It is proposed that anion transport involves a transmembrane protein of about 90,000 daltons that forms a channel through the lipid bilayer. The exchange of anions occurs via a gating mechanism containing a specific anion-binding site. Transport of water, cations and sugars may also involve similar transmembrane protein channels.", "PMID": 331905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12095", "title": "On the nature of the transport pathway used for Ca-dependent K movement in human red blood cells.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the mechanism by which energy-depleted human red cells become permeable to K (but not to Na) when they are exposed to Ca. In an attempt to distinguish a diffusion from a mediated process competitive type effects of different ions and their sidedness of action on K transport are considered as well as the action of certain transport inhibitors. While the nature of the interactions implies the involvement of a mediated process (perhaps an altered form of the Na:K pump apparatus) more direct evidence will be needed to make a definitive assessment.", "contents": "On the nature of the transport pathway used for Ca-dependent K movement in human red blood cells. This paper is concerned with the mechanism by which energy-depleted human red cells become permeable to K (but not to Na) when they are exposed to Ca. In an attempt to distinguish a diffusion from a mediated process competitive type effects of different ions and their sidedness of action on K transport are considered as well as the action of certain transport inhibitors. While the nature of the interactions implies the involvement of a mediated process (perhaps an altered form of the Na:K pump apparatus) more direct evidence will be needed to make a definitive assessment.", "PMID": 331906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12096", "title": "The effect of cyclandelate in depressed and demented patients: a controlled study in psychogeriatric patients.", "content": "In a double-blind clinical trial the effects of the vasodilator drug cyclandelate (in a dose of 1200 mg daily) were studied in a group of patients with depressive illnesses or dementing conditions. The measures used before treatment and after six weeks' treatment were: clinical rating, psychometric tests (Paired Associate Learning Test, Digit Copying Test, Digit Substitution Test, and Serial Learning Test), cortical evoked potentials, the sedation threshold and the Gresham Questionnaire. In the depressive group there were no significant differences in the changes in scores at six weeks in three groups: those who received cyclandelate plus amitriptyline, those who received placebo plus amitriptyline, and those who received neither placebo nor cyclandelate. In the demented group there were significant changes in favour of the placebo on two measures (Digit Copying test, and one component of the auditory evoked response). The results do not support the previously reported views claiming, in a number of studies, a significant improvement in the performance of both demented and normal elderly subjects treated with cyclandelate. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of cyclandelate in depressed and demented patients: a controlled study in psychogeriatric patients. In a double-blind clinical trial the effects of the vasodilator drug cyclandelate (in a dose of 1200 mg daily) were studied in a group of patients with depressive illnesses or dementing conditions. The measures used before treatment and after six weeks' treatment were: clinical rating, psychometric tests (Paired Associate Learning Test, Digit Copying Test, Digit Substitution Test, and Serial Learning Test), cortical evoked potentials, the sedation threshold and the Gresham Questionnaire. In the depressive group there were no significant differences in the changes in scores at six weeks in three groups: those who received cyclandelate plus amitriptyline, those who received placebo plus amitriptyline, and those who received neither placebo nor cyclandelate. In the demented group there were significant changes in favour of the placebo on two measures (Digit Copying test, and one component of the auditory evoked response). The results do not support the previously reported views claiming, in a number of studies, a significant improvement in the performance of both demented and normal elderly subjects treated with cyclandelate. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 331919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12097", "title": "Betahistine hydrochloride (Serc) in cerebrovascular disease: a placebo-controlled study.", "content": "A double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study was performed to assess the effects of oral betahistine hydrochloride (Serc) on mental impairment and physical disability in patients with established cerebrovascular disease. Fifty-three patients were admitted to the study during 18 months. Forty-five patients completed the study. They received either betahistine 24 mg daily or placebo for eight weeks. Clinical assessments of general functional activity were done and a battery of nine mental function tests was administered pretreatment and at two-weekly intervals during therapy. The results were analysed statistically using distribution-free tests. Significant differences were demonstrated between betahistine and placebo at week 8 of treatment for associate learning, digit retention, general knowledge, orientation, sentence learning and simple arithmetic. These differences were consistently in favour of betahistine at or close to the 5% level of significance. The results of the remaining mental function tests showed no significant differences between betahistine and placebo, but trends were in favour of the former. General functional activity assessments also demonstrated that betahistine-treated patients were significantly better than those on placebo (P less than or equal to 0.05). No untoward side-effects were noted during the study.", "contents": "Betahistine hydrochloride (Serc) in cerebrovascular disease: a placebo-controlled study. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study was performed to assess the effects of oral betahistine hydrochloride (Serc) on mental impairment and physical disability in patients with established cerebrovascular disease. Fifty-three patients were admitted to the study during 18 months. Forty-five patients completed the study. They received either betahistine 24 mg daily or placebo for eight weeks. Clinical assessments of general functional activity were done and a battery of nine mental function tests was administered pretreatment and at two-weekly intervals during therapy. The results were analysed statistically using distribution-free tests. Significant differences were demonstrated between betahistine and placebo at week 8 of treatment for associate learning, digit retention, general knowledge, orientation, sentence learning and simple arithmetic. These differences were consistently in favour of betahistine at or close to the 5% level of significance. The results of the remaining mental function tests showed no significant differences between betahistine and placebo, but trends were in favour of the former. General functional activity assessments also demonstrated that betahistine-treated patients were significantly better than those on placebo (P less than or equal to 0.05). No untoward side-effects were noted during the study.", "PMID": 331920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12098", "title": "The management of uremia.", "content": "Progressive uremia is the hallmark of many renal diseases, some reversible. The signs and symptoms tend to parallel the declining glomerular filtration rate. With an understanding of the usual progression, the physician is equipped to plan therapy. Hypertension must be treated. Phosphorus binding, protein limitation and fluid and electrolyte control can be started at appropriate times and managed fairly easily. There are several cycles of deterioration that can be reversed if recognized promptly.", "contents": "The management of uremia. Progressive uremia is the hallmark of many renal diseases, some reversible. The signs and symptoms tend to parallel the declining glomerular filtration rate. With an understanding of the usual progression, the physician is equipped to plan therapy. Hypertension must be treated. Phosphorus binding, protein limitation and fluid and electrolyte control can be started at appropriate times and managed fairly easily. There are several cycles of deterioration that can be reversed if recognized promptly.", "PMID": 331923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12099", "title": "Intravenous diazoxide therapy in hypertensive crisis.", "content": "Ninety-one doses of diazoxide were administered intravenously to 41 patients with hypertensive crises. Diastolic blood pressure was reduced from an average of 139 to 98 mm Hg within 10 minutes. On the basis of a retrospective analysis of the response of diastolic blood pressure, it was possible to determine within 10 minutes of injection whether a second dose would be required. Therapy was judged to be effective in 38 of 41 patients; 35 percent of injections were ineffective. Concomitant administration of furosemide was not shown to have a beneficial antihypertensive effect. Mean blood urea nitrogen was 59.5 mg/100 ml initially and was not significantly different 2 weeks after therapy. None of the patients demonstrated clinical evidence of diazoxide-induced deterioration of coronary circulation. Electrocardiograms obtained 2 weeks after diazoxide therapy failed to show evidence of new ischemic changes. Only 9 percent of patients complained of side effects, and these were transient and relatively innocuous. It is concluded that diazoxide is both safe and efficacious in the management of hypertensive crises.", "contents": "Intravenous diazoxide therapy in hypertensive crisis. Ninety-one doses of diazoxide were administered intravenously to 41 patients with hypertensive crises. Diastolic blood pressure was reduced from an average of 139 to 98 mm Hg within 10 minutes. On the basis of a retrospective analysis of the response of diastolic blood pressure, it was possible to determine within 10 minutes of injection whether a second dose would be required. Therapy was judged to be effective in 38 of 41 patients; 35 percent of injections were ineffective. Concomitant administration of furosemide was not shown to have a beneficial antihypertensive effect. Mean blood urea nitrogen was 59.5 mg/100 ml initially and was not significantly different 2 weeks after therapy. None of the patients demonstrated clinical evidence of diazoxide-induced deterioration of coronary circulation. Electrocardiograms obtained 2 weeks after diazoxide therapy failed to show evidence of new ischemic changes. Only 9 percent of patients complained of side effects, and these were transient and relatively innocuous. It is concluded that diazoxide is both safe and efficacious in the management of hypertensive crises.", "PMID": 331925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12100", "title": "Cardiac rupture--challenge in diagnosis and management.", "content": "Previous studies of the incidence, natural history, pathogenesis and diagnosis of cardiac rupture are presented, and 20 additional cases described. Progressive cardiorrhexis after myocardial infarction causes death in possibly more than 25,000 persons a year in the United States, and more frequent antemortem diagnosis is needed. Suggestions for future clinical and experimental studies are described and possible means of early diagnosis and therapy are outlined.", "contents": "Cardiac rupture--challenge in diagnosis and management. Previous studies of the incidence, natural history, pathogenesis and diagnosis of cardiac rupture are presented, and 20 additional cases described. Progressive cardiorrhexis after myocardial infarction causes death in possibly more than 25,000 persons a year in the United States, and more frequent antemortem diagnosis is needed. Suggestions for future clinical and experimental studies are described and possible means of early diagnosis and therapy are outlined.", "PMID": 331926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12101", "title": "Treatment of diarrheal dehydration.", "content": "A regimen for the treatment of diarrheal dehydration is presented. It was devised for use in conditions found in developing countries. Application to large number of patients has been successful. One of its characteristics is the infusion at the start of treatment of a larger amount of fluid than generally recommended. The advantages of magnesium supplementation and phosphate supplementation have been studied. Fecal electrolyte composition has been studied during recovery from diarrheal dehydration. Components of acid balance and generation have been measured with the \"net acid\" balance technique.", "contents": "Treatment of diarrheal dehydration. A regimen for the treatment of diarrheal dehydration is presented. It was devised for use in conditions found in developing countries. Application to large number of patients has been successful. One of its characteristics is the infusion at the start of treatment of a larger amount of fluid than generally recommended. The advantages of magnesium supplementation and phosphate supplementation have been studied. Fecal electrolyte composition has been studied during recovery from diarrheal dehydration. Components of acid balance and generation have been measured with the \"net acid\" balance technique.", "PMID": 331933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12102", "title": "Effect of infection on nutrient requirements.", "content": "Nearly all expert groups on nutrient requirements have suggested that the nutritional effects of infection need to be taken into account, but specific instructions on how to do this have not been formulated. There is great uncertainty as to how individual requirements are affected or how disease prevalence might alter nutrient requirements for large populations. The traditional principles for establishing dietary allowances must be reevaluated in the presence of acute or chronic infections because of anorexia, withdrawal of solid food, fever, adverse effects of treatment, impaired intestinal absorption, and increased nutrient losses via urine, skin, feces, or through internal sequestration. The effects of an infection on protein and energy needs constitute major problems as do the changes in iron metabolism and those of other essential nutrients. Despite these complexities the increased needs for protein, calories, and iron can be estimated for purposes of nutrition education, dietary evaluation, or nutritional rehabilitation.", "contents": "Effect of infection on nutrient requirements. Nearly all expert groups on nutrient requirements have suggested that the nutritional effects of infection need to be taken into account, but specific instructions on how to do this have not been formulated. There is great uncertainty as to how individual requirements are affected or how disease prevalence might alter nutrient requirements for large populations. The traditional principles for establishing dietary allowances must be reevaluated in the presence of acute or chronic infections because of anorexia, withdrawal of solid food, fever, adverse effects of treatment, impaired intestinal absorption, and increased nutrient losses via urine, skin, feces, or through internal sequestration. The effects of an infection on protein and energy needs constitute major problems as do the changes in iron metabolism and those of other essential nutrients. Despite these complexities the increased needs for protein, calories, and iron can be estimated for purposes of nutrition education, dietary evaluation, or nutritional rehabilitation.", "PMID": 331935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12103", "title": "Detection of anti-lymphocyte antibodies using the immunoperoxidase antiglobulin technic.", "content": "Anti-lymphocyte antibodies in sera of multitransfused dialysis patients can be readily identified using the indirect immunoperoxidase method. Concordance between the microlymphocytotoxicity and immunoperoxidase methods was obtained in 61/66 paired specimens. The sensitivity of the immunoperoxidase antiglobulin technic is approximately that of the microlymphocytotoxicity method. This test may be used for lymphocyte crossmatching prior to renal transplantation.", "contents": "Detection of anti-lymphocyte antibodies using the immunoperoxidase antiglobulin technic. Anti-lymphocyte antibodies in sera of multitransfused dialysis patients can be readily identified using the indirect immunoperoxidase method. Concordance between the microlymphocytotoxicity and immunoperoxidase methods was obtained in 61/66 paired specimens. The sensitivity of the immunoperoxidase antiglobulin technic is approximately that of the microlymphocytotoxicity method. This test may be used for lymphocyte crossmatching prior to renal transplantation.", "PMID": 331936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12104", "title": "The effects of \"anti-platelet\" drugs on bleeding time and platelet aggregation in normal human subjects.", "content": "The effects on hemostasis of several commonly used drugs previously described as inhibiting platelet function were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind study of 54 normal volunteers. The subjects were each given a single dose of aspirin, chlorpromazine, glyceryl guaiacolate, diphenhydramine, indomethacin or lactose placebo. A single dose of aspirin significantly prolonged the template bleeding time and inhibited secondary platelet aggregation two and 24 hours after ingestion. Single doses of indomethacin and chlorpromazine affected aggregation at two hours but had no effect on bleeding time, although multiple doses of indomethacin did prolong bleeding time. Glyceryl guaiacolate inhibited aggregation one hour after ingestion but had no effect on bleeding time. Diphenhydramine did not affect either. These findings suggest that standard doses of many commonly used \"anti-platelet\" drugs may have little clinical effect on the hemostatic mechanism in normal man. Results of in-vitro platelet-drug incubations may not be directly applicable to in-vivo hemostasis.", "contents": "The effects of \"anti-platelet\" drugs on bleeding time and platelet aggregation in normal human subjects. The effects on hemostasis of several commonly used drugs previously described as inhibiting platelet function were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind study of 54 normal volunteers. The subjects were each given a single dose of aspirin, chlorpromazine, glyceryl guaiacolate, diphenhydramine, indomethacin or lactose placebo. A single dose of aspirin significantly prolonged the template bleeding time and inhibited secondary platelet aggregation two and 24 hours after ingestion. Single doses of indomethacin and chlorpromazine affected aggregation at two hours but had no effect on bleeding time, although multiple doses of indomethacin did prolong bleeding time. Glyceryl guaiacolate inhibited aggregation one hour after ingestion but had no effect on bleeding time. Diphenhydramine did not affect either. These findings suggest that standard doses of many commonly used \"anti-platelet\" drugs may have little clinical effect on the hemostatic mechanism in normal man. Results of in-vitro platelet-drug incubations may not be directly applicable to in-vivo hemostasis.", "PMID": 331937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12105", "title": "Misdiagnosed Salmonella septicemia and endarteritis due to a lactose-fermenting strain: bacteriologic and epidemiologic considerations.", "content": "In a case of septicemia and endarteritis the causative agent was initially misidentified. The Salmonella had atypical biochemical properties and was resistant to numerous antibiotics. Therapy with gentamicin and cephalothin failed to eliminate the organism. Identification of the organism as a lactose-fermenting Salmonella serotype typhimurium var. copenhagen was confirmed. The possible dissemination of the isolate from Brazil was analyzed by serologic studies of family members and friends.", "contents": "Misdiagnosed Salmonella septicemia and endarteritis due to a lactose-fermenting strain: bacteriologic and epidemiologic considerations. In a case of septicemia and endarteritis the causative agent was initially misidentified. The Salmonella had atypical biochemical properties and was resistant to numerous antibiotics. Therapy with gentamicin and cephalothin failed to eliminate the organism. Identification of the organism as a lactose-fermenting Salmonella serotype typhimurium var. copenhagen was confirmed. The possible dissemination of the isolate from Brazil was analyzed by serologic studies of family members and friends.", "PMID": 331939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12106", "title": "Staphylococcal and streptococcal colonization of the newborn infant: effect of antiseptic cord care.", "content": "A randomized controlled study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of three umbilical cord treatment regimens in controlling neonatal bacterial colonization. The three regimens studied included castile soap, triple dye, and silver sulfadiazine. The triple dye and silver sulfadiazine application inhibited bacterial colonization. Staphylococcal colonization was inhibited by both treatment regimens but most effectively by triple dye. Group B streptococcal colonization was inhibited most effectively by silver sulfadiazine while triple dye application to the umbilicus promoted colonization with this microorganism. Silver sulfadiazine was more effective in controlling colonization with Gram-negative microorganisms.", "contents": "Staphylococcal and streptococcal colonization of the newborn infant: effect of antiseptic cord care. A randomized controlled study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of three umbilical cord treatment regimens in controlling neonatal bacterial colonization. The three regimens studied included castile soap, triple dye, and silver sulfadiazine. The triple dye and silver sulfadiazine application inhibited bacterial colonization. Staphylococcal colonization was inhibited by both treatment regimens but most effectively by triple dye. Group B streptococcal colonization was inhibited most effectively by silver sulfadiazine while triple dye application to the umbilicus promoted colonization with this microorganism. Silver sulfadiazine was more effective in controlling colonization with Gram-negative microorganisms.", "PMID": 331941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12107", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: management of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction.", "content": "A review of the proposed mechanisms of the disulfiram-alcohol interaction and recommended management of the interaction is presented. The efficacy of disulfiram in the management of alcoholism, the signs and symptoms of the disulfiram-alcohol interaction, and other agents with disulfiram-like activity are discussed. Recommended treatment consists of supportive measures such as Trendelenberg posture, administration of oxygen and intravenous infusion of fluid, solute, colloid, and, if needed, a pressor agent such as norepinephrine. Iron salts, ascorbic acid, antihistamines and phenothiazines are of no established benefit.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: management of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction. A review of the proposed mechanisms of the disulfiram-alcohol interaction and recommended management of the interaction is presented. The efficacy of disulfiram in the management of alcoholism, the signs and symptoms of the disulfiram-alcohol interaction, and other agents with disulfiram-like activity are discussed. Recommended treatment consists of supportive measures such as Trendelenberg posture, administration of oxygen and intravenous infusion of fluid, solute, colloid, and, if needed, a pressor agent such as norepinephrine. Iron salts, ascorbic acid, antihistamines and phenothiazines are of no established benefit.", "PMID": 331944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12108", "title": "Heterogeneity in Waardenburg syndrome.", "content": "Heterogeneity of Waardenburg syndrome is demonstrated in a review of 1,285 patients from the literature and 34 previously unreported patients in five families in the Netherlands. The syndrome seems to consist of two genetically distinct entities that can be differentiated clinically: type I, Waardenburg syndrome with dystopia canthorum; and type II, Waardenburg syndrome without dystopia canthorum. Both types have an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The incidence of bilateral deafness in the two types of the syndrome was found in one-fourth with type I and about half of the patients with type II. This difference has important consequences for genetic counseling.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in Waardenburg syndrome. Heterogeneity of Waardenburg syndrome is demonstrated in a review of 1,285 patients from the literature and 34 previously unreported patients in five families in the Netherlands. The syndrome seems to consist of two genetically distinct entities that can be differentiated clinically: type I, Waardenburg syndrome with dystopia canthorum; and type II, Waardenburg syndrome without dystopia canthorum. Both types have an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The incidence of bilateral deafness in the two types of the syndrome was found in one-fourth with type I and about half of the patients with type II. This difference has important consequences for genetic counseling.", "PMID": 331943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12109", "title": "Computerized system for the identification of ingredients of proprietary compounds.", "content": "A computerized system which links a code for a prescription drug product with codes for its active ingredients is described. Specialized computer programming techniques were used to insure a rapid system which would fit into the memory of small-to-medium sized computers. The programs are standardized, modular and independent of the codes used for the drugs and their ingredients. Classification of the ingredients in 32,304 prescriptions paid through the Tennessee Medicaid program required less than one minute of computer time on a Xerox Sigma 7 computer and used only 9% of the computer's available memory. The system has potential for use in settings where doctors frequently prescribe combination products.", "contents": "Computerized system for the identification of ingredients of proprietary compounds. A computerized system which links a code for a prescription drug product with codes for its active ingredients is described. Specialized computer programming techniques were used to insure a rapid system which would fit into the memory of small-to-medium sized computers. The programs are standardized, modular and independent of the codes used for the drugs and their ingredients. Classification of the ingredients in 32,304 prescriptions paid through the Tennessee Medicaid program required less than one minute of computer time on a Xerox Sigma 7 computer and used only 9% of the computer's available memory. The system has potential for use in settings where doctors frequently prescribe combination products.", "PMID": 331945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12110", "title": "Sleep-induced apnea syndrome. Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias and their reversal after tracheostomy.", "content": "Cardiac arrhythmias during wakefulness and sleep in 15 patients with sleep-induced obstructive apnea, and the effect of atropine and tracheostomy on these arrhythmias were studied by continuous overnight Holter electrocardiographic, respiratory and electroencephalographic recordings. Sleep was characterized by marked sinus arrhythmia in 14, extreme sinus bradycardia ( less than 30 beats/minute) in six, asystole of 2.5 to 6.3 seconds in five, second degree atrioventricular (A-V) block in two, and ventricular arrhythmias--complex premature ventricular beats in 10 and ventricular tachycardia in two. Arrhythmias during wakefulness were limited to premature ventricular beats in six. Atropine administration was partially and tracheostomy highly effective in preventing the majority of these arrhythmias during sleep. Marked sinus arrhythmia during sleep is characteristic of the syndrome of obstructive sleep apnea and is frequently accompanied by potentially life-threatening tachy- and bradyarrhythmias. Possible mechanism of production of these arrhythmias, the mode of action of tracheostomy and atropine, and the probable role of similar arrhythmias in the sudden infant death syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Sleep-induced apnea syndrome. Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias and their reversal after tracheostomy. Cardiac arrhythmias during wakefulness and sleep in 15 patients with sleep-induced obstructive apnea, and the effect of atropine and tracheostomy on these arrhythmias were studied by continuous overnight Holter electrocardiographic, respiratory and electroencephalographic recordings. Sleep was characterized by marked sinus arrhythmia in 14, extreme sinus bradycardia ( less than 30 beats/minute) in six, asystole of 2.5 to 6.3 seconds in five, second degree atrioventricular (A-V) block in two, and ventricular arrhythmias--complex premature ventricular beats in 10 and ventricular tachycardia in two. Arrhythmias during wakefulness were limited to premature ventricular beats in six. Atropine administration was partially and tracheostomy highly effective in preventing the majority of these arrhythmias during sleep. Marked sinus arrhythmia during sleep is characteristic of the syndrome of obstructive sleep apnea and is frequently accompanied by potentially life-threatening tachy- and bradyarrhythmias. Possible mechanism of production of these arrhythmias, the mode of action of tracheostomy and atropine, and the probable role of similar arrhythmias in the sudden infant death syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 331948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12111", "title": "Diagnosis of lupus nephritis by skin immunofluorescence, in the absence of extrarenal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Six patients with glomerulonephritis were found to have granular deposits of complement and/or immunoglobulins at the dermalepidermal junction of normal skin. No patient had extrarenal clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The only serologic test suggestive of SLE was a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) reaction; results of complement and antinative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-antibody tests were repeatedly normal. The patients with glomerulonephritis had a favorable initial response to therapy with prednisone with or without azathioprine. These patients may represent a variant of SLE in which the diagnosis can only be established by a direct immunofluorescence test of normal skin. Alternatively, they may constitute a separate new clinical entity. Because of the favorable response to therapy, we suggest that skin immunofluorescence be performed in patients who present with unexplained glomerulonephritis and a positive ANA.", "contents": "Diagnosis of lupus nephritis by skin immunofluorescence, in the absence of extrarenal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Six patients with glomerulonephritis were found to have granular deposits of complement and/or immunoglobulins at the dermalepidermal junction of normal skin. No patient had extrarenal clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The only serologic test suggestive of SLE was a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) reaction; results of complement and antinative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-antibody tests were repeatedly normal. The patients with glomerulonephritis had a favorable initial response to therapy with prednisone with or without azathioprine. These patients may represent a variant of SLE in which the diagnosis can only be established by a direct immunofluorescence test of normal skin. Alternatively, they may constitute a separate new clinical entity. Because of the favorable response to therapy, we suggest that skin immunofluorescence be performed in patients who present with unexplained glomerulonephritis and a positive ANA.", "PMID": 331949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12112", "title": "Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with irregular intramembranous deposits. Another variant of hypocoplementemic nephritis.", "content": "Two patients with a persistent mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and reduced serum C3 levels have been followed for six and 10 years. Both have had a mild course with normal renal function and spontaneous morphologic improvement. Levels of the fourth component (C4) and second component (C2) of complement, and properdin factor B have been normal; the third component (C3) of complement nephritic factor has not been detected. Ultrastructurally, irregular intramembranous electron-dense deposits are present, primarily within the lamina densa. These deposits are separated by varying lengths of normal-appearing glomerular basement membrane. Intramembranous and subendothelial electron-lucent areas, containing vesicles, are also seen. Subendothelial deposits, mesangial interposition, splitting of the glomerular basement membrane and ribbon-like intramembranous deposits are not found. The disease in these patients was clinically indistinguishable at onset from mrmbranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). The possibility of a variant with mild clinical course, no progression and spontaneous morphologic improvement is important in planning and assessing treatment programs in this disease group.", "contents": "Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with irregular intramembranous deposits. Another variant of hypocoplementemic nephritis. Two patients with a persistent mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and reduced serum C3 levels have been followed for six and 10 years. Both have had a mild course with normal renal function and spontaneous morphologic improvement. Levels of the fourth component (C4) and second component (C2) of complement, and properdin factor B have been normal; the third component (C3) of complement nephritic factor has not been detected. Ultrastructurally, irregular intramembranous electron-dense deposits are present, primarily within the lamina densa. These deposits are separated by varying lengths of normal-appearing glomerular basement membrane. Intramembranous and subendothelial electron-lucent areas, containing vesicles, are also seen. Subendothelial deposits, mesangial interposition, splitting of the glomerular basement membrane and ribbon-like intramembranous deposits are not found. The disease in these patients was clinically indistinguishable at onset from mrmbranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). The possibility of a variant with mild clinical course, no progression and spontaneous morphologic improvement is important in planning and assessing treatment programs in this disease group.", "PMID": 331950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12113", "title": "A comparison of magnesium sulfate and alcohol for the prevention of premature labor.", "content": "In travenous magnesium sulfate and alcohol were compared as treatments for premature labor. A successful treatment was the absence of contractions for a 24 hour interval. Early treatment was found to be essential for successful management of premature labor. There is a significant correlation of cervical dilatation at the onset of treatment to success at controlling premature labor. There was no statistically significant relation to weeks of gestation or parity to success at controlling premature labor. In this study magnesium sulfate was the better agent for controlling premature labor.", "contents": "A comparison of magnesium sulfate and alcohol for the prevention of premature labor. In travenous magnesium sulfate and alcohol were compared as treatments for premature labor. A successful treatment was the absence of contractions for a 24 hour interval. Early treatment was found to be essential for successful management of premature labor. There is a significant correlation of cervical dilatation at the onset of treatment to success at controlling premature labor. There was no statistically significant relation to weeks of gestation or parity to success at controlling premature labor. In this study magnesium sulfate was the better agent for controlling premature labor.", "PMID": 331952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12114", "title": "Maternal intravenous ethanol in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The occurrence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was studied in 68 premature neonates whose mothers were treated with at least one six-hour course of intravenous ethyl alcohol within 48 hours before delivery. At the gestational interval of 28 to 32 weeks, significant differences were observed in the incidence of RDS (p = less than 0.05), in severe RDS (p = less than 0.005), and in the mortality rate from RDS ( = less than 0.05), when compared to premature neonates not treated with alcohol and delivered during the same time interval. Several high-risk factors were found unevenly distributed between treated and control groups of patients, and their relevance to RDS was discussed. Premature rupture of membranes of more than 24 hours did not protect infants from RDS in the patients studied. Explanations for possible mechanisms of action are discussed.", "contents": "Maternal intravenous ethanol in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome. The occurrence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was studied in 68 premature neonates whose mothers were treated with at least one six-hour course of intravenous ethyl alcohol within 48 hours before delivery. At the gestational interval of 28 to 32 weeks, significant differences were observed in the incidence of RDS (p = less than 0.05), in severe RDS (p = less than 0.005), and in the mortality rate from RDS ( = less than 0.05), when compared to premature neonates not treated with alcohol and delivered during the same time interval. Several high-risk factors were found unevenly distributed between treated and control groups of patients, and their relevance to RDS was discussed. Premature rupture of membranes of more than 24 hours did not protect infants from RDS in the patients studied. Explanations for possible mechanisms of action are discussed.", "PMID": 331953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12115", "title": "Fetal renal tubular function during late pregnancy and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The effect, if any, of diabetes mellitus on the fetal renal tubule has not been previously studied. The concentration of beta2 microglobulin in amniotic fluid is a marker of fetal renal tubular function and normally decreases with advancing gestation, implying increasing tubular function. This relationship was found to be disrupted in 12 diabetic pregnancies, suggesting that the fetal renal tubular cell may represent an example of altered fetal functional maturation occurring during diabetic pregnancy.", "contents": "Fetal renal tubular function during late pregnancy and diabetes mellitus. The effect, if any, of diabetes mellitus on the fetal renal tubule has not been previously studied. The concentration of beta2 microglobulin in amniotic fluid is a marker of fetal renal tubular function and normally decreases with advancing gestation, implying increasing tubular function. This relationship was found to be disrupted in 12 diabetic pregnancies, suggesting that the fetal renal tubular cell may represent an example of altered fetal functional maturation occurring during diabetic pregnancy.", "PMID": 331954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12116", "title": "The clinical usefulness of an ongoing bacteremia surveillance program.", "content": "Surveillance of bacteremic patients within one week of the detection of a positive blood culture provides information of great clinical utility for relatively little effort. In this report one year's experience is reviewed to illustrate that an individual hospital's experience with bacteremia may diverge from national norms. Such reviews may also detect recurring errors in medical judgment which may be corrected through proper education.", "contents": "The clinical usefulness of an ongoing bacteremia surveillance program. Surveillance of bacteremic patients within one week of the detection of a positive blood culture provides information of great clinical utility for relatively little effort. In this report one year's experience is reviewed to illustrate that an individual hospital's experience with bacteremia may diverge from national norms. Such reviews may also detect recurring errors in medical judgment which may be corrected through proper education.", "PMID": 331951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12117", "title": "Studies of lymphocyte populations in pre-eclampsia-eclampsia.", "content": "The possibility that the etiology of toxemia might be immunologic has been held for over 70 years. In the past decade, numerous studies have been instituted in attempts to verify the possible role of the immune system in this disease. The present study was undertaken as a probe to determine if a gross difference in the numbers of T and B cell lymphocyte populations might exist between pre-eclamptic and normally pregnant women. Twenty-five normally pregnant women in the third trimester were compared to 25 pre-eclamptic women, and significant differences were noted. If, indeed, there is an immunologic basis for pre-eclampsia, it is more subtle than the methodology used in this study is capable of detecting.", "contents": "Studies of lymphocyte populations in pre-eclampsia-eclampsia. The possibility that the etiology of toxemia might be immunologic has been held for over 70 years. In the past decade, numerous studies have been instituted in attempts to verify the possible role of the immune system in this disease. The present study was undertaken as a probe to determine if a gross difference in the numbers of T and B cell lymphocyte populations might exist between pre-eclamptic and normally pregnant women. Twenty-five normally pregnant women in the third trimester were compared to 25 pre-eclamptic women, and significant differences were noted. If, indeed, there is an immunologic basis for pre-eclampsia, it is more subtle than the methodology used in this study is capable of detecting.", "PMID": 331959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12118", "title": "Reconstructive techniques in radical pelvic surgery.", "content": "The use of reconstructive surgical techniques accelerates recovery from radical pelvic surgery. It also allows the surgeon greater latitude in the type of procedure and the selection of patients for extended pelvic surgery. The techniques involved in three such reconstructive procedures are described, and their applicability is illustrated with care reports. The use of the compound myocutaneous flap, the axial cutaneous flap, and the omental island flap is discussed.", "contents": "Reconstructive techniques in radical pelvic surgery. The use of reconstructive surgical techniques accelerates recovery from radical pelvic surgery. It also allows the surgeon greater latitude in the type of procedure and the selection of patients for extended pelvic surgery. The techniques involved in three such reconstructive procedures are described, and their applicability is illustrated with care reports. The use of the compound myocutaneous flap, the axial cutaneous flap, and the omental island flap is discussed.", "PMID": 331960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12119", "title": "Simple pressure bandage technique for free skin grafts.", "content": "We applied sterile packed cellulose sponges in the dehydrated state as a pressure dressing from skin grafts by using the classic \"tie-over\" technique. At the end of the procedure, the sponges were hydrated, and provided flat, even pressure to a localized area. By using this simple technique, we obtained 26 of 27 successful free skin grafts with flat apposition.", "contents": "Simple pressure bandage technique for free skin grafts. We applied sterile packed cellulose sponges in the dehydrated state as a pressure dressing from skin grafts by using the classic \"tie-over\" technique. At the end of the procedure, the sponges were hydrated, and provided flat, even pressure to a localized area. By using this simple technique, we obtained 26 of 27 successful free skin grafts with flat apposition.", "PMID": 331962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12120", "title": "Transscleral ocular siderosis.", "content": "Intraocular migration of iron from iron foreign bodies in an extraocular or intrascleral location was studied in rabbits. Focal changes occurred in the choroid and retina beneath the foreign bodies. Significant amounts of iron diffused through the sclera into the globes. This iron was typically deposited in the epithelium of the ciliary processes and in the tissues at the choroid-scleral junction in the posterior pole.", "contents": "Transscleral ocular siderosis. Intraocular migration of iron from iron foreign bodies in an extraocular or intrascleral location was studied in rabbits. Focal changes occurred in the choroid and retina beneath the foreign bodies. Significant amounts of iron diffused through the sclera into the globes. This iron was typically deposited in the epithelium of the ciliary processes and in the tissues at the choroid-scleral junction in the posterior pole.", "PMID": 331964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12121", "title": "Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum with hydrocephalus, meningomyelocele, and imperforate anus.", "content": "A 3,780-g newborn girl had multiple, bilateral eyelid adhesions taht connected the upper and lower eyelids by bands of extensile tissue. Although the eyelid lesion was benign, the associated systemic abnormalities may have been serious. We doubt that a single intrauterine insult led to ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum and the associated anomalies.", "contents": "Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum with hydrocephalus, meningomyelocele, and imperforate anus. A 3,780-g newborn girl had multiple, bilateral eyelid adhesions taht connected the upper and lower eyelids by bands of extensile tissue. Although the eyelid lesion was benign, the associated systemic abnormalities may have been serious. We doubt that a single intrauterine insult led to ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum and the associated anomalies.", "PMID": 331965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12122", "title": "The nursing home: occupational therapy services in an institution.", "content": "The nursing home as an institution was described by presenting information from the literature and from the author's personal experience. Sociological definitions of the term institution were applied to the nursing home, and the negative effects of the institutionalization process on older persons were discussed. The plight of the residents was further exemplified in a discussion of the setting, staffing, financing, and services of nursing homes. Finally, the need for occupational therapy services was indicated, and therapists were urged to assume available jobs as therapists, consultants, or administrators in nursing homes as an initial step toward meeting this need.", "contents": "The nursing home: occupational therapy services in an institution. The nursing home as an institution was described by presenting information from the literature and from the author's personal experience. Sociological definitions of the term institution were applied to the nursing home, and the negative effects of the institutionalization process on older persons were discussed. The plight of the residents was further exemplified in a discussion of the setting, staffing, financing, and services of nursing homes. Finally, the need for occupational therapy services was indicated, and therapists were urged to assume available jobs as therapists, consultants, or administrators in nursing homes as an initial step toward meeting this need.", "PMID": 331966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12123", "title": "Efficacy of ECT in affective and schizophrenic illness.", "content": "The author reports on studies of the comparative efficacy of ECT, the newer psychotropic drugs, and combinations of both in the treatment of depression and schizophrenia. He concludes that ECT is indicated for acutely suicidal and other severely impaired depressive patients but not necessarily for schizophrenic patients, although ECT has been successful with some schizophrenic patients for whom drugs were ineffective.", "contents": "Efficacy of ECT in affective and schizophrenic illness. The author reports on studies of the comparative efficacy of ECT, the newer psychotropic drugs, and combinations of both in the treatment of depression and schizophrenia. He concludes that ECT is indicated for acutely suicidal and other severely impaired depressive patients but not necessarily for schizophrenic patients, although ECT has been successful with some schizophrenic patients for whom drugs were ineffective.", "PMID": 331967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12124", "title": "Revolutions and the rights of man.", "content": "The author describes the dialectical struggle in psychiatric treatment between those who advocate maximum liberty in the management of the mentally disordered and those who believe such patients will benefit more from firm guidance and discipline. He uses illustrations from British psychiatric history to illustrate this struggle. He also points out and discusses two current challenges to psychiatry worldwide: the unconstructive hostility of the various schools of antipsychiatry and the political abuse of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment, particularly in the USSR.", "contents": "Revolutions and the rights of man. The author describes the dialectical struggle in psychiatric treatment between those who advocate maximum liberty in the management of the mentally disordered and those who believe such patients will benefit more from firm guidance and discipline. He uses illustrations from British psychiatric history to illustrate this struggle. He also points out and discusses two current challenges to psychiatry worldwide: the unconstructive hostility of the various schools of antipsychiatry and the political abuse of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment, particularly in the USSR.", "PMID": 331968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12125", "title": "ECT and memory loss.", "content": "The author reviews several studies that clarify the nature of the memory loss associated with ECT. Bilateral ECT produced greater anterograde memory loss than right unilateral ECT and more extensive retrograde amnesia than unilateral ECT. Reactivating memories just before ECT did not produce amnesia. Capacity for new learning recovered substantially by several months after ECT, but memory complaints were common in individuals who had received bilateral ECT. Other things being equal, right unilateral ECT seems preferable to bilateral ECT because the risks to memory associated with unilateral ECT are smaller.", "contents": "ECT and memory loss. The author reviews several studies that clarify the nature of the memory loss associated with ECT. Bilateral ECT produced greater anterograde memory loss than right unilateral ECT and more extensive retrograde amnesia than unilateral ECT. Reactivating memories just before ECT did not produce amnesia. Capacity for new learning recovered substantially by several months after ECT, but memory complaints were common in individuals who had received bilateral ECT. Other things being equal, right unilateral ECT seems preferable to bilateral ECT because the risks to memory associated with unilateral ECT are smaller.", "PMID": 331969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12126", "title": "The borderline syndrome: evolution of the term, genetic aspects, and prognosis.", "content": "\"Borderline\" has been used to designate conditions intermediate between psychosis and neurosis, analyzability and nonanalyzability; also, for dilute or questionable schizophrenia. Contemporary usage inclines toward patients with manic-depressive heredity, although borderlines are still etiologically heterogeneous. Various subtypes are outlined, each responsive to a particular method of psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. If drug-abuse or antisocial tendencies are absent, prognosis is ofter favorable.", "contents": "The borderline syndrome: evolution of the term, genetic aspects, and prognosis. \"Borderline\" has been used to designate conditions intermediate between psychosis and neurosis, analyzability and nonanalyzability; also, for dilute or questionable schizophrenia. Contemporary usage inclines toward patients with manic-depressive heredity, although borderlines are still etiologically heterogeneous. Various subtypes are outlined, each responsive to a particular method of psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. If drug-abuse or antisocial tendencies are absent, prognosis is ofter favorable.", "PMID": 331970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12127", "title": "Biofeedback and psychotherapy.", "content": "Biofeedback, a procedure in which patients observe and interact with personal physiologic events, may serve as an experiential adjunct to the psychotherapeutic process, perhaps by assisting them to develop their abilities to recognize and affect the internal events under scrutiny.", "contents": "Biofeedback and psychotherapy. Biofeedback, a procedure in which patients observe and interact with personal physiologic events, may serve as an experiential adjunct to the psychotherapeutic process, perhaps by assisting them to develop their abilities to recognize and affect the internal events under scrutiny.", "PMID": 331971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12128", "title": "Meditation, esoteric traditions--contributions to psychotherapy.", "content": "This article is a brief introduction to several different Eastern systems of philosophy and therapy. It surveys the Buddhist contributions and several contemporary applications of traditional meditation techniques within the framework of modern psychologic science. It is suggested that meditative exercises produce three therapeutic gains: insight into repetitive, self-defeating patterns of behavior, desensitization of painful thoughts, and the conditioning of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Meditation, esoteric traditions--contributions to psychotherapy. This article is a brief introduction to several different Eastern systems of philosophy and therapy. It surveys the Buddhist contributions and several contemporary applications of traditional meditation techniques within the framework of modern psychologic science. It is suggested that meditative exercises produce three therapeutic gains: insight into repetitive, self-defeating patterns of behavior, desensitization of painful thoughts, and the conditioning of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 331972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12129", "title": "Choice of operation for acute gastric mucosal hemorrhage. Report of 36 cases and review of literature.", "content": "The results of operative treatment of thirty-six patients with acute gastric mucosal hemorrhage are presented. Alcohol and surgery/trauma were the most frequent causes, and renal failure, sepsis, or multisystem disease caused most deaths; overall mortality was 44 per cent. Vagotomy-pyloroplasty and vagotomy-resection are compared, and no statistically significant difference in rebleeding, reoperation for bleeding, or mortality is identified.", "contents": "Choice of operation for acute gastric mucosal hemorrhage. Report of 36 cases and review of literature. The results of operative treatment of thirty-six patients with acute gastric mucosal hemorrhage are presented. Alcohol and surgery/trauma were the most frequent causes, and renal failure, sepsis, or multisystem disease caused most deaths; overall mortality was 44 per cent. Vagotomy-pyloroplasty and vagotomy-resection are compared, and no statistically significant difference in rebleeding, reoperation for bleeding, or mortality is identified.", "PMID": 331975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12130", "title": "Functioning and nonfunctioning cysts of the adrenal cortex and medulla.", "content": "Adrenal cysts are rare clinical and pathologic entities. The vast majority are minute in size, unilateral, and found in females at autopsy. They come to the physician's attention when they produce symptoms or are identified on x-ray studies. When symptomatic, they generally produce lumbar discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms, and occasionally are palpable by abdominal examination. There is no significant agreement as to cause and pathogenesis of the disease. The most common histologic types are lymphangiomatous endothelial cysts, secondary to lymphangiectasis, and the fibrous wall or hemorrhagic pseudocysts. In many patients preoperative diagnosis is now possible with high quality nephrotomography, ultrasonography, and adrenal arteriography. The presence of a suprarenal mass with peripheral or laminar calcification strongly suggests the presence of an adrenal pseudocyst. Selective biochemical studies are mandatory to rule out the presence of an occult cystic pheochromocytoma, and adrenal cortical tumor. Adrenal cysts must be differentiated from all space-occupying lesions of the upper abdomen. Surgical exploration is recommended in almost all patients for accurate diagnosis and to rule out malignant disease or occult pheochromocytoma. The choice of the surgical approach should be planned to provide for safe and adequate exposure, depending on the size and location of the lesion. Careful dissection with preservation of the adjacent kidney, liver, and pancreas should be performed.", "contents": "Functioning and nonfunctioning cysts of the adrenal cortex and medulla. Adrenal cysts are rare clinical and pathologic entities. The vast majority are minute in size, unilateral, and found in females at autopsy. They come to the physician's attention when they produce symptoms or are identified on x-ray studies. When symptomatic, they generally produce lumbar discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms, and occasionally are palpable by abdominal examination. There is no significant agreement as to cause and pathogenesis of the disease. The most common histologic types are lymphangiomatous endothelial cysts, secondary to lymphangiectasis, and the fibrous wall or hemorrhagic pseudocysts. In many patients preoperative diagnosis is now possible with high quality nephrotomography, ultrasonography, and adrenal arteriography. The presence of a suprarenal mass with peripheral or laminar calcification strongly suggests the presence of an adrenal pseudocyst. Selective biochemical studies are mandatory to rule out the presence of an occult cystic pheochromocytoma, and adrenal cortical tumor. Adrenal cysts must be differentiated from all space-occupying lesions of the upper abdomen. Surgical exploration is recommended in almost all patients for accurate diagnosis and to rule out malignant disease or occult pheochromocytoma. The choice of the surgical approach should be planned to provide for safe and adequate exposure, depending on the size and location of the lesion. Careful dissection with preservation of the adjacent kidney, liver, and pancreas should be performed.", "PMID": 331976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12131", "title": "Salvage and reconstruction of electrical hand injuries.", "content": "Electrical injury results in serious damage or amputation of the upper extremity in a significant percentage of survivors. Fourteen of sixteen patients with electrical injuries followed over a two and a half year period had major hand wounds. Careful wound assessment, management, and closure combined with appropriate reconstructive technics now available provide the greatest potential for restoration of satisfactory quality of life. Because these injuries are often of an industrial nature, occupational vigilance and prevention remain essential.", "contents": "Salvage and reconstruction of electrical hand injuries. Electrical injury results in serious damage or amputation of the upper extremity in a significant percentage of survivors. Fourteen of sixteen patients with electrical injuries followed over a two and a half year period had major hand wounds. Careful wound assessment, management, and closure combined with appropriate reconstructive technics now available provide the greatest potential for restoration of satisfactory quality of life. Because these injuries are often of an industrial nature, occupational vigilance and prevention remain essential.", "PMID": 331977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12132", "title": "The banner flap.", "content": "Wide experience with the banner flap for closure of postsurgical defects of the nasal dorsum shows not only that it is a predictably safe and versatile procedure but also that its use enables a superior cosmetic result to be obtained. The operative technic is described in detail along with our clinical experience.", "contents": "The banner flap. Wide experience with the banner flap for closure of postsurgical defects of the nasal dorsum shows not only that it is a predictably safe and versatile procedure but also that its use enables a superior cosmetic result to be obtained. The operative technic is described in detail along with our clinical experience.", "PMID": 331978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12133", "title": "A double-blind short-term trial of guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% combined in one eye drop.", "content": "A double-blind short-term trial was done to test the effect of guanethidine 3% - adrenaline 0.5% (G-A) in a combined eye drop in 18 patients with open-angle glaucoma and one patient with narrow-angle glaucoma. In 9 of the 19 patients we expected an IOP lowering agent. There was one false-negative result. The mean fall in IOP due to G-A was 10.1 mm Hg (range 3 to 23) and 8.7 mm Hg (range-1 to 26) 6 and 8 h after application respectively. There was no effect on IOP in the 9 eyes that received the placebo.", "contents": "A double-blind short-term trial of guanethidine 3% and adrenaline 0.5% combined in one eye drop. A double-blind short-term trial was done to test the effect of guanethidine 3% - adrenaline 0.5% (G-A) in a combined eye drop in 18 patients with open-angle glaucoma and one patient with narrow-angle glaucoma. In 9 of the 19 patients we expected an IOP lowering agent. There was one false-negative result. The mean fall in IOP due to G-A was 10.1 mm Hg (range 3 to 23) and 8.7 mm Hg (range-1 to 26) 6 and 8 h after application respectively. There was no effect on IOP in the 9 eyes that received the placebo.", "PMID": 331994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12134", "title": "Irreversible curarization.", "content": "The reversal effect of neostigmine following different doses of tubocurarine was investigated in 20 anesthetized adults. After five minutes, neostigmine could rapidly and effectively reverse a blocking dose of tubocurarine. Doubling the dose of tubocurarine necessitated a much higher concentration of neostigmine to achieve reversal, while a triple dose could be reversed only after enough time had elapsed to allow for lowering its concentration. It is concluded that the degree of reversal by neostigmine is related inversely to the concentration of tubocurarine at the time of reversal. An overdose of tubocurarine predisposes to the so called \"neostigmine-resistant curarization\".", "contents": "Irreversible curarization. The reversal effect of neostigmine following different doses of tubocurarine was investigated in 20 anesthetized adults. After five minutes, neostigmine could rapidly and effectively reverse a blocking dose of tubocurarine. Doubling the dose of tubocurarine necessitated a much higher concentration of neostigmine to achieve reversal, while a triple dose could be reversed only after enough time had elapsed to allow for lowering its concentration. It is concluded that the degree of reversal by neostigmine is related inversely to the concentration of tubocurarine at the time of reversal. An overdose of tubocurarine predisposes to the so called \"neostigmine-resistant curarization\".", "PMID": 332002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12135", "title": "Poisoning by cresol.", "content": "A man aged 32 years who was poisoned with cresol is reported. It is suggested that in the absence of evidence about haemoperfusion over charcoal, forced diuresis is the only effective means of removing cresols from the body. Artifical ventilation controls early respiratory failure, but the patient remains at risk from toxic damage to the myocardium and lungs.", "contents": "Poisoning by cresol. A man aged 32 years who was poisoned with cresol is reported. It is suggested that in the absence of evidence about haemoperfusion over charcoal, forced diuresis is the only effective means of removing cresols from the body. Artifical ventilation controls early respiratory failure, but the patient remains at risk from toxic damage to the myocardium and lungs.", "PMID": 331999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12136", "title": "An improved perfusion fixation method for the testis.", "content": "A reliable and uniform vascular perfusion fixation method for the testis has been developed by using an initial washout solution containing a vasodilator and an anticoagulant. This is followed by a brief fixation with a sodium phosphate buffered formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution of conventional strenght, and then a second more concentrated aldehyde fixative solution containing picric acid. The method takes into account some of the unique features of the vascular supply of the male genital tract for its favorable perfusion and fixation. The advantages of this method are: (1) consistently favorable preservation of the testis; (2) simple and inexpensive apparatus; and (3) stable and relatively innocuous stock solutions.", "contents": "An improved perfusion fixation method for the testis. A reliable and uniform vascular perfusion fixation method for the testis has been developed by using an initial washout solution containing a vasodilator and an anticoagulant. This is followed by a brief fixation with a sodium phosphate buffered formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution of conventional strenght, and then a second more concentrated aldehyde fixative solution containing picric acid. The method takes into account some of the unique features of the vascular supply of the male genital tract for its favorable perfusion and fixation. The advantages of this method are: (1) consistently favorable preservation of the testis; (2) simple and inexpensive apparatus; and (3) stable and relatively innocuous stock solutions.", "PMID": 332010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12137", "title": "Cytophysiological studies on isolated pancreatic islets in vitro.", "content": "Single, isolated pancreatic islets of mice and rats were incubated for varying time intervals (0.5-60) minutes with high (300 mg%) and low (50 mg%) levels of glucose. The structural integrity of islets decreased progressively with time regardless of glucose concentration. Degeneration of islets was greatest after 60 minutes of incubation. The total amount of insulin released from cytologically intact mouse islets incubated with high glucose levels was always greater than that with low glucose except following 30 seconds of incubation when no difference was observed. Peaks of insulin secretion noted after 2 and 15 minutes of incubation were correlated with light microscopic and fine structural changes indicative of active secretion in beta-cells, i.e., degranulation, granule margination. At 5 and 30 minutes of incubation many beta-cells contained enlarged Golgi zones and abundant profiles of swollen rough endoplasmic reticulum containing pale, amorphous granular material presumably indicating insulin synthesis. Emphasis is placed on the desirability of correlating physiological and biochemical studies of isolated pancreatic islets with cytologic examination.", "contents": "Cytophysiological studies on isolated pancreatic islets in vitro. Single, isolated pancreatic islets of mice and rats were incubated for varying time intervals (0.5-60) minutes with high (300 mg%) and low (50 mg%) levels of glucose. The structural integrity of islets decreased progressively with time regardless of glucose concentration. Degeneration of islets was greatest after 60 minutes of incubation. The total amount of insulin released from cytologically intact mouse islets incubated with high glucose levels was always greater than that with low glucose except following 30 seconds of incubation when no difference was observed. Peaks of insulin secretion noted after 2 and 15 minutes of incubation were correlated with light microscopic and fine structural changes indicative of active secretion in beta-cells, i.e., degranulation, granule margination. At 5 and 30 minutes of incubation many beta-cells contained enlarged Golgi zones and abundant profiles of swollen rough endoplasmic reticulum containing pale, amorphous granular material presumably indicating insulin synthesis. Emphasis is placed on the desirability of correlating physiological and biochemical studies of isolated pancreatic islets with cytologic examination.", "PMID": 332011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12138", "title": "Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on gas exchange in dogs with normal and edematous lungs.", "content": "The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O on the distribution of ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) ratios was determined in four normal dogs and in ten with oleic acid-induced acute hemorrhagic pulmonary edema. Tidal volume and frequency were held constant at all times with mechanical ventilation during intravenous pentobarbital and gallamine anesthesia. Normal dogs had little or no shunt, and no areas of low (less than 0.1) or high VA/Q (greater than 10.0) at zero end-expiratory pressure (intermittent positive-pressure breathing). In these animals increasing PEEP caused progressive depression of cardiac output, associated with an increase in ventilation to both high VA/Q and unperfused regions. PEEP greater than or equal to 10 cm H2O resulted in a reduction in Pao2 and an increase in PaCO2. In dogs with pulmonary  edema, PEEP's of 5 and 10 cm H2O resulted in dramatic reductions in shunt, virtual obliteration of low VA/Q regions, and market improvement in Pao2. However, at 15 and 20 cm H2O PEEP's high VA/Q and dead space ventilation with CO2 retention again developed in all but the most severely affected (shunt greater than 40%) dogs.", "contents": "Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on gas exchange in dogs with normal and edematous lungs. The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O on the distribution of ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) ratios was determined in four normal dogs and in ten with oleic acid-induced acute hemorrhagic pulmonary edema. Tidal volume and frequency were held constant at all times with mechanical ventilation during intravenous pentobarbital and gallamine anesthesia. Normal dogs had little or no shunt, and no areas of low (less than 0.1) or high VA/Q (greater than 10.0) at zero end-expiratory pressure (intermittent positive-pressure breathing). In these animals increasing PEEP caused progressive depression of cardiac output, associated with an increase in ventilation to both high VA/Q and unperfused regions. PEEP greater than or equal to 10 cm H2O resulted in a reduction in Pao2 and an increase in PaCO2. In dogs with pulmonary  edema, PEEP's of 5 and 10 cm H2O resulted in dramatic reductions in shunt, virtual obliteration of low VA/Q regions, and market improvement in Pao2. However, at 15 and 20 cm H2O PEEP's high VA/Q and dead space ventilation with CO2 retention again developed in all but the most severely affected (shunt greater than 40%) dogs.", "PMID": 332016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12139", "title": "[Comparative study of 2 simple methods of measurement of cardiac output].", "content": "The authors compare two methods of simple measures of cardiac output which may be achieved using \"bedsides procedures\": the thermodilution and the isotopic embolism. The correlation of both series of measures is statistically significant. Besides, each method shows certain constraints. It brings different complementary hemodynamic informations.", "contents": "[Comparative study of 2 simple methods of measurement of cardiac output]. The authors compare two methods of simple measures of cardiac output which may be achieved using \"bedsides procedures\": the thermodilution and the isotopic embolism. The correlation of both series of measures is statistically significant. Besides, each method shows certain constraints. It brings different complementary hemodynamic informations.", "PMID": 332013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12140", "title": "Further studies in retention of the orthodontic band.", "content": "A statistical analysis of 1,976 conventional orthodontic bands cemented to the teeth of 102 patients was carried out to try to establish the relationship of sex of the patient, age of the patient, and the type of malocclusion to the retention of the orthodontic band. The effect of treatment time and the presence or absence of extraoral traction on band recementation were also considered. The results obtained from the study led to the following conclusions: 1) There is no significant difference in the degree of band recementation occurring during orthodontic treatment between girls and boys. 2) There appears to be a tendency for bands to be recemented less frequently in patients 17 years of age and over. A larger sample would be necessary before being more definite. 3) The Class II, Division 2 type of incisor relationship may predispose to a higher rate of band recementation. Once again a greater sample size would be essential to be more categorical. 4) The percentage of bands recemented increased as the duration of treatment increased. 5) The use of early Kloehn cervical facebow therapy leads to a higher rate of band recementation on the maxillary molars.", "contents": "Further studies in retention of the orthodontic band. A statistical analysis of 1,976 conventional orthodontic bands cemented to the teeth of 102 patients was carried out to try to establish the relationship of sex of the patient, age of the patient, and the type of malocclusion to the retention of the orthodontic band. The effect of treatment time and the presence or absence of extraoral traction on band recementation were also considered. The results obtained from the study led to the following conclusions: 1) There is no significant difference in the degree of band recementation occurring during orthodontic treatment between girls and boys. 2) There appears to be a tendency for bands to be recemented less frequently in patients 17 years of age and over. A larger sample would be necessary before being more definite. 3) The Class II, Division 2 type of incisor relationship may predispose to a higher rate of band recementation. Once again a greater sample size would be essential to be more categorical. 4) The percentage of bands recemented increased as the duration of treatment increased. 5) The use of early Kloehn cervical facebow therapy leads to a higher rate of band recementation on the maxillary molars.", "PMID": 332018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12141", "title": "Premature science and immature lungs. Part III. The attack on immature lungs.", "content": "In Part I, I gave an account of the discovery of surface forces by Laplace and by Young (1805-1806) and of its first application of the lung by Von Neergaard in 1929. Part II told some highlights of the rediscovery of surface forces, the discovery of pulmonary surfactant and of its unique properties, and the finding that the lungs of babies who died of respiratory distress syndrome (\"hyaline membrane disease\") lacked this remarkable substance; part II dealt largely with the work of Radford, Pattle, Clements, Avery, and Mead. Part III tells of the multidisciplinary attack on immature lungs; it concludes this series, but not the story, because, as is almost always true in science, many questions still need answers.", "contents": "Premature science and immature lungs. Part III. The attack on immature lungs. In Part I, I gave an account of the discovery of surface forces by Laplace and by Young (1805-1806) and of its first application of the lung by Von Neergaard in 1929. Part II told some highlights of the rediscovery of surface forces, the discovery of pulmonary surfactant and of its unique properties, and the finding that the lungs of babies who died of respiratory distress syndrome (\"hyaline membrane disease\") lacked this remarkable substance; part II dealt largely with the work of Radford, Pattle, Clements, Avery, and Mead. Part III tells of the multidisciplinary attack on immature lungs; it concludes this series, but not the story, because, as is almost always true in science, many questions still need answers.", "PMID": 332020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12142", "title": "[Pregnant vaginal carriers of beta-haemolytic streptococcus group B (author's transl)].", "content": "Vaginal schwabs of 142 pregnant women in different stages of pregnancy have been studied. 45 women who weren't pregnant and had no signs of vaginal infections, were the control group of the study. A higher incidence of \"Streptococcus agalactiae\" in vaginal schwabs of women who weren't pregnant (15.5%), as compared to the pregnant women (7.1%) was observed. A lower incidence of \"Streptococcus agalactiae\" was found in the last three months of pregnancy (1.8%) which is in direct relation to the low number of neonatal sepsis caused by \"Steptococcus agalactiae\" found in our country.", "contents": "[Pregnant vaginal carriers of beta-haemolytic streptococcus group B (author's transl)]. Vaginal schwabs of 142 pregnant women in different stages of pregnancy have been studied. 45 women who weren't pregnant and had no signs of vaginal infections, were the control group of the study. A higher incidence of \"Streptococcus agalactiae\" in vaginal schwabs of women who weren't pregnant (15.5%), as compared to the pregnant women (7.1%) was observed. A lower incidence of \"Streptococcus agalactiae\" was found in the last three months of pregnancy (1.8%) which is in direct relation to the low number of neonatal sepsis caused by \"Steptococcus agalactiae\" found in our country.", "PMID": 332024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12143", "title": "Supraventricular tachycardia: mechanisms and management.", "content": "The phrase paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia describes a group of arrhythmias with similar electrocardiographic features but different mechanisms that have been clarified in recent years with specialized intracardiac recording and pacing techniques. Reentry accounts for most cases and has been localized to the A-V node and less frequently to the sinus node, the atria themselves, and A-V nodal bypass tracts (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome). These forms of supraventricular tachycardia are initiated by premature beats that dissociate conduction between two pathways and permit the establishment of circulating electrical activity that spreads to atrial and ventricular myocardium. Paroxysms cease when the conducting properties of the reentrant circuits are disturbed by changes in autonomic tone or the application of certain drugs, pacing, or cardioversion. Supraventricular tachycardia may also result from abnormal automaticity in atrial tissues. Such automatic atrial tachycardias are often associated with A-V block (\"paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with block\") and may be due to digitalis intoxication. This arrhythmia is treated by withdrawal of digitalis or administration of antiarrhythmic drugs that decrease automaticity.", "contents": "Supraventricular tachycardia: mechanisms and management. The phrase paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia describes a group of arrhythmias with similar electrocardiographic features but different mechanisms that have been clarified in recent years with specialized intracardiac recording and pacing techniques. Reentry accounts for most cases and has been localized to the A-V node and less frequently to the sinus node, the atria themselves, and A-V nodal bypass tracts (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome). These forms of supraventricular tachycardia are initiated by premature beats that dissociate conduction between two pathways and permit the establishment of circulating electrical activity that spreads to atrial and ventricular myocardium. Paroxysms cease when the conducting properties of the reentrant circuits are disturbed by changes in autonomic tone or the application of certain drugs, pacing, or cardioversion. Supraventricular tachycardia may also result from abnormal automaticity in atrial tissues. Such automatic atrial tachycardias are often associated with A-V block (\"paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with block\") and may be due to digitalis intoxication. This arrhythmia is treated by withdrawal of digitalis or administration of antiarrhythmic drugs that decrease automaticity.", "PMID": 332025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12144", "title": "[Memories and reflexions of a psychiatrist of former times].", "content": "After 64 years as a psychiatrist, the author relates his experiences in psychiatric centers and in official practice as an expert. In this way, he comments on the evolution of psychiatry spanning three quarters of a century. In particular, he recalls the various methods of treatment used successively, their success and failure and the resulting accidents. He also describes the development of help given and the increasing tendency to reduce obstacles to the freedom of movements of those suffering from mental illness. Mention is also made of the changing working conditions found in psychiatric hospitals and the conception to which has the practicien himself of his role. With regard to the official practice as an expert, different objectives and approaches to the problem have been observed in the past and others are to be hoped in the future.", "contents": "[Memories and reflexions of a psychiatrist of former times]. After 64 years as a psychiatrist, the author relates his experiences in psychiatric centers and in official practice as an expert. In this way, he comments on the evolution of psychiatry spanning three quarters of a century. In particular, he recalls the various methods of treatment used successively, their success and failure and the resulting accidents. He also describes the development of help given and the increasing tendency to reduce obstacles to the freedom of movements of those suffering from mental illness. Mention is also made of the changing working conditions found in psychiatric hospitals and the conception to which has the practicien himself of his role. With regard to the official practice as an expert, different objectives and approaches to the problem have been observed in the past and others are to be hoped in the future.", "PMID": 332026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12145", "title": "[Survival of microorganisms frozen on solid medium (author's transl)].", "content": "Different freezing methods have been studied for 12 microorganisms. This study has been carried out on solid support in the conditions near the freezing of foods. The survival rates are on relation with species and freezing methods. The survival of some microorganisms during a storage at -20 degrees C has been studied.", "contents": "[Survival of microorganisms frozen on solid medium (author's transl)]. Different freezing methods have been studied for 12 microorganisms. This study has been carried out on solid support in the conditions near the freezing of foods. The survival rates are on relation with species and freezing methods. The survival of some microorganisms during a storage at -20 degrees C has been studied.", "PMID": 332029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12146", "title": "Corneal foreign bodies of coconut origin.", "content": "Corneal foreign bodies of varied nature have been reported, however, vegetable foreign bodies in the cornea have seldom been described. A case is reported of a male from the Marshall Islands in the Pacific who retained a number of deep corneal foreign bodies after being struck in the eye by a piece of a coconut shell. The foreign bodies caused considerable inflammation which ceased after they were exposed and removed by means of a centrally based lamellar corneal flap. The patient's eye has remained quiet for 4 months following removal of the foreign bodies.", "contents": "Corneal foreign bodies of coconut origin. Corneal foreign bodies of varied nature have been reported, however, vegetable foreign bodies in the cornea have seldom been described. A case is reported of a male from the Marshall Islands in the Pacific who retained a number of deep corneal foreign bodies after being struck in the eye by a piece of a coconut shell. The foreign bodies caused considerable inflammation which ceased after they were exposed and removed by means of a centrally based lamellar corneal flap. The patient's eye has remained quiet for 4 months following removal of the foreign bodies.", "PMID": 332034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12147", "title": "Endogenous Nocardia endophthalmitis: report of a case in a patient treated for lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "A patient with pulmonary, cerebral, and intraocular nocardiosis is reported. The intraocular disease was first recognized at autopsy. Only 7 patients with intraocular nocardiosis have been described previously. The intraocular lesions were central and paracentral, and the distribution resembled those described in 5 of the previous patients with metastatic intraocular disease. The ocular histology differed from those cases previously reported in that a granulomatous reaction accompanied the suppurative component. Malignant lymphoma treated with radiation therapy, cytotoxic drugs, and steroids formed the background against which the disease occurred in this patient.", "contents": "Endogenous Nocardia endophthalmitis: report of a case in a patient treated for lymphocytic lymphoma. A patient with pulmonary, cerebral, and intraocular nocardiosis is reported. The intraocular disease was first recognized at autopsy. Only 7 patients with intraocular nocardiosis have been described previously. The intraocular lesions were central and paracentral, and the distribution resembled those described in 5 of the previous patients with metastatic intraocular disease. The ocular histology differed from those cases previously reported in that a granulomatous reaction accompanied the suppurative component. Malignant lymphoma treated with radiation therapy, cytotoxic drugs, and steroids formed the background against which the disease occurred in this patient.", "PMID": 332035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12148", "title": "Enzyme multiplied immunoassay of phenobarbital by LKB reaction Rate Analyser: a comparison with analysis by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A procedure for the enzyme multiplied immunoassay of phenobarbital using the LKB Reaction Rate Analyser is described. The temperature optimum, linearity, specificity, and precision of the assay are reported. A highly significant correlation coefficient is obtained when the technique is compared with gas-liquid chromatography by analysing human sera containing a range of phenobarbital levels.", "contents": "Enzyme multiplied immunoassay of phenobarbital by LKB reaction Rate Analyser: a comparison with analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. A procedure for the enzyme multiplied immunoassay of phenobarbital using the LKB Reaction Rate Analyser is described. The temperature optimum, linearity, specificity, and precision of the assay are reported. A highly significant correlation coefficient is obtained when the technique is compared with gas-liquid chromatography by analysing human sera containing a range of phenobarbital levels.", "PMID": 332043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12149", "title": "Determination of the anticonvulsant drug--dipropyl acetate (Epilim) in human plasma by gas chromatography.", "content": "A relatively simple gas chromatographic procedure is proposed for the analysis of the drug dipropylacetic acid in plasma. The compound is chromatographed, as the free acid after ether extraction. Prior to concentration of the solvent the acid is converted to its potassium salt, then regenerated to the free acid immediately before analysis.", "contents": "Determination of the anticonvulsant drug--dipropyl acetate (Epilim) in human plasma by gas chromatography. A relatively simple gas chromatographic procedure is proposed for the analysis of the drug dipropylacetic acid in plasma. The compound is chromatographed, as the free acid after ether extraction. Prior to concentration of the solvent the acid is converted to its potassium salt, then regenerated to the free acid immediately before analysis.", "PMID": 332044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12150", "title": "A review of the metabolism and toxicology of nickel.", "content": "Although nickel is an essential element for animal nutrition, the physiological role of nickel is not yet established. Pathological alterations of nickel metabolism are recognized in several human diseases. The diverse clinical manifestations of nickel toxicology include: (1) acute pneumonitis from inhalation of nickel carbonyl, (2) chronic rhinitis and sinusitis from inhalation of nickel aerosols, (3) cancers of nasal cavities and lungs in nickel workers, and (4) dermatitis and other hypersensitive reactions from cutaneous and parenteral exposures to nickel alloys. The toxicity, carcinogenicity and embryotoxicity of nickel compounds in experimental animals are reviewed in this article, and consideration is given to the therapeutic use of chelating drugs in nickel poisoning.", "contents": "A review of the metabolism and toxicology of nickel. Although nickel is an essential element for animal nutrition, the physiological role of nickel is not yet established. Pathological alterations of nickel metabolism are recognized in several human diseases. The diverse clinical manifestations of nickel toxicology include: (1) acute pneumonitis from inhalation of nickel carbonyl, (2) chronic rhinitis and sinusitis from inhalation of nickel aerosols, (3) cancers of nasal cavities and lungs in nickel workers, and (4) dermatitis and other hypersensitive reactions from cutaneous and parenteral exposures to nickel alloys. The toxicity, carcinogenicity and embryotoxicity of nickel compounds in experimental animals are reviewed in this article, and consideration is given to the therapeutic use of chelating drugs in nickel poisoning.", "PMID": 332046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12151", "title": "[Immuno-reactive somatostatin in acetic extracts of duodenal, antral and fundic biopsies (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of immunoreactive somatostatin in acetic extracts of duodenal, antral and fundic biopsies was estimated in 11 subjects with no gastric or duodenal abnormality and 21 duodenal ulcer patients by using a specific and reproducible radioimmunoassay. Somatostatin was detected in the duodenal, antral and fundic mucosa in normal subjects. As compared to the values in the control group, the concentrations in the duodenal ulcer patients were comparable in the antrum and duodenal bulb, and significantly higher in the fundus.", "contents": "[Immuno-reactive somatostatin in acetic extracts of duodenal, antral and fundic biopsies (author's transl)]. The concentration of immunoreactive somatostatin in acetic extracts of duodenal, antral and fundic biopsies was estimated in 11 subjects with no gastric or duodenal abnormality and 21 duodenal ulcer patients by using a specific and reproducible radioimmunoassay. Somatostatin was detected in the duodenal, antral and fundic mucosa in normal subjects. As compared to the values in the control group, the concentrations in the duodenal ulcer patients were comparable in the antrum and duodenal bulb, and significantly higher in the fundus.", "PMID": 332049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12152", "title": "Bacteriostatic inhibition of Klebsiella pneumoniae by three human transferrins.", "content": "Three human transferrin variants verified by rivanol precipitation were separated using vertical block polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by elution convection. A bacteriostatic inhibition measurement in vitro of the three transferrins was made. The data indicate that human transferrin variants exhibit different degrees of inhibition on Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "contents": "Bacteriostatic inhibition of Klebsiella pneumoniae by three human transferrins. Three human transferrin variants verified by rivanol precipitation were separated using vertical block polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by elution convection. A bacteriostatic inhibition measurement in vitro of the three transferrins was made. The data indicate that human transferrin variants exhibit different degrees of inhibition on Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "PMID": 332055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12153", "title": "Rapid development of glomerular crescents in epinephrine-infused dogs.", "content": "A serendipitous finding in the kidneys examined by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy (LM, EM, and IFM, respectively) in mongrel dogs infused intravenously with epinephrine (4 microgram per kg per min) alone or in combination with therapeutic agents over a six hour period was proliferating epithelial cells in Bowman's space and adhesion to the Bowman's membrane (crescent). This lesion was observed in 10 of 17 dogs. In five, over 50 percent of the glomeruli were involved. In seven additional dogs infused with epinephrine, renal biopsy studies (LM) at 0, 3 and 6 hr periods revealed crescents only in the six hr specimens. By EM, the crescents were composed of actively proliferating epithelial cells with many large mitochondria containing conspicuous intramitochondrial particles. Fibrin was found within glomerular and peritubular capillaries, within tubules but rarely in the crescent. IFM revealed granular deposits of IgG only in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium. Other changes included necrosis of the tubules in all dogs receiving epinephrine alone and necrosis of arterioles in some of the dogs studied. Dogs receiving normal saline infusions (control) did not reveal any abnormalities in the kidney. This model should prove useful in determining the morphogenesis of crescent formation and in evaluating the effect of therapeutic agents in the prevention of this lesion.", "contents": "Rapid development of glomerular crescents in epinephrine-infused dogs. A serendipitous finding in the kidneys examined by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy (LM, EM, and IFM, respectively) in mongrel dogs infused intravenously with epinephrine (4 microgram per kg per min) alone or in combination with therapeutic agents over a six hour period was proliferating epithelial cells in Bowman's space and adhesion to the Bowman's membrane (crescent). This lesion was observed in 10 of 17 dogs. In five, over 50 percent of the glomeruli were involved. In seven additional dogs infused with epinephrine, renal biopsy studies (LM) at 0, 3 and 6 hr periods revealed crescents only in the six hr specimens. By EM, the crescents were composed of actively proliferating epithelial cells with many large mitochondria containing conspicuous intramitochondrial particles. Fibrin was found within glomerular and peritubular capillaries, within tubules but rarely in the crescent. IFM revealed granular deposits of IgG only in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium. Other changes included necrosis of the tubules in all dogs receiving epinephrine alone and necrosis of arterioles in some of the dogs studied. Dogs receiving normal saline infusions (control) did not reveal any abnormalities in the kidney. This model should prove useful in determining the morphogenesis of crescent formation and in evaluating the effect of therapeutic agents in the prevention of this lesion.", "PMID": 332047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12154", "title": "[Hypothalamic LH-RH neuronal modifications after prolactine intraventricular infusion in the guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "Ovine prolactine injected at doses of either 31,25 to 500 microgram by lateral intraventricular route in male guinea pigs, affects LH-RH hypothalamic neurons within 2 to 24 hours. After this treatment there is an increase of LH-RH immunoreactive material in eminential terminals and in numerous small granules of hypothalamic neuronal cell bodies. This accumulation of immunoactive LH-RH in pericaryon and in terminals can be interpreted as stimulation of LH-RH synthesis. Preliminary results of radioimmunoassayed plasmatic LH level, 2 h after PRL infusion, are in agreement with this hypothesis. The probability that short feed-back by PRL or PIF secretion would simultaneously be able to check LH-RH secretion is discussed.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic LH-RH neuronal modifications after prolactine intraventricular infusion in the guinea pig (author's transl)]. Ovine prolactine injected at doses of either 31,25 to 500 microgram by lateral intraventricular route in male guinea pigs, affects LH-RH hypothalamic neurons within 2 to 24 hours. After this treatment there is an increase of LH-RH immunoreactive material in eminential terminals and in numerous small granules of hypothalamic neuronal cell bodies. This accumulation of immunoactive LH-RH in pericaryon and in terminals can be interpreted as stimulation of LH-RH synthesis. Preliminary results of radioimmunoassayed plasmatic LH level, 2 h after PRL infusion, are in agreement with this hypothesis. The probability that short feed-back by PRL or PIF secretion would simultaneously be able to check LH-RH secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 332053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12155", "title": "[Pattern and efferent paths of LHRH neurons in man (author's transl)].", "content": "LHRH neurons have been studied by immunofluorescence on slides using rabbit immunosera against unconjugated synthetic LHRH. In Man they form four main groups localized in the medio basal hypothalamus (infundibular nucleus, post-infundibular eminence, premammillary nucleus), the preopticoterminal area, the septum (and pericommissural area), the retromammillary area and the rostral mesencephalon. They give rise, respectively, to the hypothalamo-infundibular LHRH tract, the preoptico-terminal LHRH tract, lastly to various extra-hypophyseal LHRH tracts, ending in the epithalamic area, the telencephalon and the mesencephalon.", "contents": "[Pattern and efferent paths of LHRH neurons in man (author's transl)]. LHRH neurons have been studied by immunofluorescence on slides using rabbit immunosera against unconjugated synthetic LHRH. In Man they form four main groups localized in the medio basal hypothalamus (infundibular nucleus, post-infundibular eminence, premammillary nucleus), the preopticoterminal area, the septum (and pericommissural area), the retromammillary area and the rostral mesencephalon. They give rise, respectively, to the hypothalamo-infundibular LHRH tract, the preoptico-terminal LHRH tract, lastly to various extra-hypophyseal LHRH tracts, ending in the epithalamic area, the telencephalon and the mesencephalon.", "PMID": 332048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12156", "title": "[Therapeutical effects of bromocriptine (CB 154) in 10 acromegalic subjects. Study of somatotrophic function and clinical survey (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma GH levels were studied following acute administration of 2.5 mg of bromocriptine (CB 154) in 12 acromegalic patients. In 9 responders, reduction of GH levels was obvious 2 to 4 hours after bromocriptine administration and the lowest values were achieved between 5 and 8 hours following drug absorption. This pattern suggested the use of bromocriptine at a dose of 2.5 mg six-hourly in chronic treatment of acromegaly. Chronic administration of CB-154 in 10 acromegalic patients was followed by a stable reduction of plasma GH levels in seven subjects. No appreciable variation in GH levels were observed in one patient who was unresponsive to acute administration of CB-154 and in two other subjects treated with 2.5 mg 12-hourly. In three patients who had high plasma GH levels inspite of an anterior treatment by hypophyseal surgery and/or physiotherapy, plasma GH values were normalised under bromocriptine therapy. (9 to 24 months). In the four other subjects, high basal plasma GH levels were reduced with at least 50% reduction rate from baseline. Nevertheless, in two subjects from the latter group bromocriptine daily dose was increased to 20 mg divided in four fractions, because of an escape phenomenon to initial dose regimen. Normalisation or reduction of plasma GH levels was associated with considerable clinical improvement. Tolerance of the drug was excellent in all patients but four who experienced nausea and vomiting; these side effects disappeared when treatment was reduced and then increased gradually.", "contents": "[Therapeutical effects of bromocriptine (CB 154) in 10 acromegalic subjects. Study of somatotrophic function and clinical survey (author's transl)]. Plasma GH levels were studied following acute administration of 2.5 mg of bromocriptine (CB 154) in 12 acromegalic patients. In 9 responders, reduction of GH levels was obvious 2 to 4 hours after bromocriptine administration and the lowest values were achieved between 5 and 8 hours following drug absorption. This pattern suggested the use of bromocriptine at a dose of 2.5 mg six-hourly in chronic treatment of acromegaly. Chronic administration of CB-154 in 10 acromegalic patients was followed by a stable reduction of plasma GH levels in seven subjects. No appreciable variation in GH levels were observed in one patient who was unresponsive to acute administration of CB-154 and in two other subjects treated with 2.5 mg 12-hourly. In three patients who had high plasma GH levels inspite of an anterior treatment by hypophyseal surgery and/or physiotherapy, plasma GH values were normalised under bromocriptine therapy. (9 to 24 months). In the four other subjects, high basal plasma GH levels were reduced with at least 50% reduction rate from baseline. Nevertheless, in two subjects from the latter group bromocriptine daily dose was increased to 20 mg divided in four fractions, because of an escape phenomenon to initial dose regimen. Normalisation or reduction of plasma GH levels was associated with considerable clinical improvement. Tolerance of the drug was excellent in all patients but four who experienced nausea and vomiting; these side effects disappeared when treatment was reduced and then increased gradually.", "PMID": 332054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12157", "title": "The Quinlan decision: problems and legislative alternatives.", "content": "In the Quinlan decision, a state supreme court authorized removal of a respirator from a person in a chronic vegetative state provided that the attending physicians and an \"ethics committee\" agreed there was no reasonable possibility of her regaining cognition or sapience. While the decision involves an unusual factual situation and poses some troublesome technical and doctrinal problems, it underscores the need for formal legal standards to guide physicians and families of severely brain-damaged patients. Legislation seems preferable to a series of court decisions. The legislative process allows the public to express views on controversial ethical and religious questions. It also permits extensive deliberations about medical and scientific data relating to brain damage and its prognosis. Legislative alternatives include expanding the concept of brain death, redefining homicide, allocating to physicians and families legally unreviewable discretion to decide on levels of care, mandating procedures for implementing a desired reduction of care, and approving the use of a \"living will\" as a means of requiring physicians to withdraw or withhold treatment.", "contents": "The Quinlan decision: problems and legislative alternatives. In the Quinlan decision, a state supreme court authorized removal of a respirator from a person in a chronic vegetative state provided that the attending physicians and an \"ethics committee\" agreed there was no reasonable possibility of her regaining cognition or sapience. While the decision involves an unusual factual situation and poses some troublesome technical and doctrinal problems, it underscores the need for formal legal standards to guide physicians and families of severely brain-damaged patients. Legislation seems preferable to a series of court decisions. The legislative process allows the public to express views on controversial ethical and religious questions. It also permits extensive deliberations about medical and scientific data relating to brain damage and its prognosis. Legislative alternatives include expanding the concept of brain death, redefining homicide, allocating to physicians and families legally unreviewable discretion to decide on levels of care, mandating procedures for implementing a desired reduction of care, and approving the use of a \"living will\" as a means of requiring physicians to withdraw or withhold treatment.", "PMID": 332059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12158", "title": "Effect of the alteration of gonadal feed-back on LH and FSH release in men.", "content": "To observe the influence of gonadal feed-back on FSH and LH release in men we studied the blood levels of both gonadotropins before and after orchiectomy in eight subjects. In four orchiectomized subjects the LH and FSH release induced by LH-RH was also studied. The LH-RH was also administered in eight patients with primary gonadal diseases. Our findings clearly show that FSH is more increased than LH by orchiectomy. The LH-RH administration in our subjects increased the FSH and LH similarly. These findings suggest that the specificity of pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH is under the influence of gonadal steroids.", "contents": "Effect of the alteration of gonadal feed-back on LH and FSH release in men. To observe the influence of gonadal feed-back on FSH and LH release in men we studied the blood levels of both gonadotropins before and after orchiectomy in eight subjects. In four orchiectomized subjects the LH and FSH release induced by LH-RH was also studied. The LH-RH was also administered in eight patients with primary gonadal diseases. Our findings clearly show that FSH is more increased than LH by orchiectomy. The LH-RH administration in our subjects increased the FSH and LH similarly. These findings suggest that the specificity of pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH is under the influence of gonadal steroids.", "PMID": 332052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12159", "title": "Functionally distinct stages in B-lymphocyte maturation.", "content": "Evidence is reviewed that supports the concept of extrinsic stem cell colonization of inductive micro-environments for B-cell formation in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens and foetal liver of mammals. In these organs, the first distinctive marker of B-lineage differentiation (readily detectable immunoglobulin) is synthesized and displayed on cells which have extensive proliferative and differentiative capacity. The degree of commitment of these cells to the synthesis of trace or large quantities of immunoglobulin of the respective major classes when they colonize peripheral lymphoid tissues and the role of antigen in this process are considered.", "contents": "Functionally distinct stages in B-lymphocyte maturation. Evidence is reviewed that supports the concept of extrinsic stem cell colonization of inductive micro-environments for B-cell formation in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens and foetal liver of mammals. In these organs, the first distinctive marker of B-lineage differentiation (readily detectable immunoglobulin) is synthesized and displayed on cells which have extensive proliferative and differentiative capacity. The degree of commitment of these cells to the synthesis of trace or large quantities of immunoglobulin of the respective major classes when they colonize peripheral lymphoid tissues and the role of antigen in this process are considered.", "PMID": 332057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12160", "title": "Susceptibility to kasugamycin of Escherichia coli carrying conjugative and nonconjugative R plasmids.", "content": "Ten conjugative and two nonconjugative R plasmids, all of which were naturally isolated, were tested for their ability to confer epistatic susceptibility to kasugamycin upon the host Escherichia coli. All of the conjugative plasmids, which belonged to various incompatibility groups, conferred a plasmid-determined epistatic susceptibility to kasugamycin upon the host cells, whereas the nonconjugative plasmids did not.", "contents": "Susceptibility to kasugamycin of Escherichia coli carrying conjugative and nonconjugative R plasmids. Ten conjugative and two nonconjugative R plasmids, all of which were naturally isolated, were tested for their ability to confer epistatic susceptibility to kasugamycin upon the host Escherichia coli. All of the conjugative plasmids, which belonged to various incompatibility groups, conferred a plasmid-determined epistatic susceptibility to kasugamycin upon the host cells, whereas the nonconjugative plasmids did not.", "PMID": 332069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12161", "title": "Bactericidal activity of the combinations of gentamicin with clindamycin or chloramphenicol against species of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "The bactericidal activity of clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin alone and of gentamicin plus clindamycin and gentamicin plus chloramphenicol was studied on 8 strains of Escherichia coli and 10 strains of Bacteroides fragilis isolated from clinical material. Gentamicin did not interfere with the activity of clindamycin or chloramphenicol against B. fragilis. The activity of gentamicin against E. coli was not influenced by clindamycin, but chloramphenicol suppressed the rapid bactericidal activity of gentamicin in seven out of eight strains of E. coli examined.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of the combinations of gentamicin with clindamycin or chloramphenicol against species of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis. The bactericidal activity of clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin alone and of gentamicin plus clindamycin and gentamicin plus chloramphenicol was studied on 8 strains of Escherichia coli and 10 strains of Bacteroides fragilis isolated from clinical material. Gentamicin did not interfere with the activity of clindamycin or chloramphenicol against B. fragilis. The activity of gentamicin against E. coli was not influenced by clindamycin, but chloramphenicol suppressed the rapid bactericidal activity of gentamicin in seven out of eight strains of E. coli examined.", "PMID": 332070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12162", "title": "Physiological effects of an antimycotic azasterol on cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied during cultivation with a naturally occurring antimycotic azasterol. At very low concentrations (1.0 to 10.0 ng/ml), where growth retardation is not observed, an unusual sterol, ergosta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol, accumulates in high concentrations. Upon removal of the azasterol from the culture, the 8,14-diene is converted to ergosterol. Much smaller amounts of another 8,14-sterol, but with an additional unsaturation, have also been observed. Total sterol accumulation is higher in cultures containing subinhibitory levels of the antimycotic agent than the amounts of normal sterol accumulation in control cultures. With between 10 and 100 ng of azasterol per ml a transitory cessation of growth is observed from which the culture is able to recover. At much higher concentrations growth inhibition and even cell lysis results. Competitive inhibition of sterol 24(28)methylene reductase is demonstrated.", "contents": "Physiological effects of an antimycotic azasterol on cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied during cultivation with a naturally occurring antimycotic azasterol. At very low concentrations (1.0 to 10.0 ng/ml), where growth retardation is not observed, an unusual sterol, ergosta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol, accumulates in high concentrations. Upon removal of the azasterol from the culture, the 8,14-diene is converted to ergosterol. Much smaller amounts of another 8,14-sterol, but with an additional unsaturation, have also been observed. Total sterol accumulation is higher in cultures containing subinhibitory levels of the antimycotic agent than the amounts of normal sterol accumulation in control cultures. With between 10 and 100 ng of azasterol per ml a transitory cessation of growth is observed from which the culture is able to recover. At much higher concentrations growth inhibition and even cell lysis results. Competitive inhibition of sterol 24(28)methylene reductase is demonstrated.", "PMID": 332071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12163", "title": "Anti-Candida activity of clotrimazole in combination with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and other surfactants.", "content": "Six anionic and five nonionic surfactants were tested for their effect on the fungistatic action of clotrimazole against Candida albicans. All of the anionic agents that did not contain an ethylene oxide group were capable of potentiating the anti-Candida activity of clotrimazole, whereas all five members of the polyoxyethylene surfactant group, including four nonionic agents and one anionic agent, acted in an antagonistic fashion. The combination of clotrimazole and the anionic surfactant dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate was the most potent in synergy and, thus, more precise studies were made with this combination. Although appropriate combinations of the two drugs showed a potent fungicidal activity against proliferating cultures, none of these combinations tested was lethal when cell growth was restricted by nutritional deficiency. The lethal effect of the combined drugs was partly reversed when growing cultures were treated in the presence of an osmotic stabilizer. Whether cells were treated with moderate and higher concentrations of clotrimazole and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, alone or in combination, there was little change in cell wall content of total protein, carbohydrate, or lipid from that in untreated control cells. However, there was a significant decrease in the cell wall content of phospholipid when moderate concentrations of the two drugs were combined.", "contents": "Anti-Candida activity of clotrimazole in combination with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and other surfactants. Six anionic and five nonionic surfactants were tested for their effect on the fungistatic action of clotrimazole against Candida albicans. All of the anionic agents that did not contain an ethylene oxide group were capable of potentiating the anti-Candida activity of clotrimazole, whereas all five members of the polyoxyethylene surfactant group, including four nonionic agents and one anionic agent, acted in an antagonistic fashion. The combination of clotrimazole and the anionic surfactant dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate was the most potent in synergy and, thus, more precise studies were made with this combination. Although appropriate combinations of the two drugs showed a potent fungicidal activity against proliferating cultures, none of these combinations tested was lethal when cell growth was restricted by nutritional deficiency. The lethal effect of the combined drugs was partly reversed when growing cultures were treated in the presence of an osmotic stabilizer. Whether cells were treated with moderate and higher concentrations of clotrimazole and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, alone or in combination, there was little change in cell wall content of total protein, carbohydrate, or lipid from that in untreated control cells. However, there was a significant decrease in the cell wall content of phospholipid when moderate concentrations of the two drugs were combined.", "PMID": 332072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12164", "title": "Spread of a single plasmid clone to an untreated individual from a person receiving prolonged tetracycline therapy.", "content": "The aerobic gram-negative intestinal flora of two individuals living in close proximity was followed for 17 months. One of these persons was receiving a prolonged tetracycline treatment for acne vulgaris and was colonized by tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli strains throughout the survey. The other person studied received no antibiotics during the period in question, but was frequently found to excrete a number of E. coli strains harboring tetracycline-resistant plasmids. The two E. coli strains (O75.H7 and O23.H16) excreted from both persons most frequently were indistinguishable, and so were the R-plasmids they carried. This suggests that R-plasmid-carrying E. coli may spread from individuals under treatment to close relatives that have not been treated.", "contents": "Spread of a single plasmid clone to an untreated individual from a person receiving prolonged tetracycline therapy. The aerobic gram-negative intestinal flora of two individuals living in close proximity was followed for 17 months. One of these persons was receiving a prolonged tetracycline treatment for acne vulgaris and was colonized by tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli strains throughout the survey. The other person studied received no antibiotics during the period in question, but was frequently found to excrete a number of E. coli strains harboring tetracycline-resistant plasmids. The two E. coli strains (O75.H7 and O23.H16) excreted from both persons most frequently were indistinguishable, and so were the R-plasmids they carried. This suggests that R-plasmid-carrying E. coli may spread from individuals under treatment to close relatives that have not been treated.", "PMID": 332073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12165", "title": "Rosamicin--a new drug for the treatment of bacterial prostatitis.", "content": "Rosamicin, a new macrolide substance, was investigated in dogs and humans with regard to its usefulness for the treatment of bacterial prostatitis and compared with the well-known macrolide erythromycin. In dogs with normal and experimentally infected prostates, concentration ratios for rosamicin in prostatic secretion, interstitial fluid (obtained from implanted tissue chambers), and tissue were significantly higher than for erythromycin. The difference was even more pronounced in human prostatic tissue, obtained by transurethral resection. With its broad spectrum against many common urinary pathogens, rosamicin seems to be a promising drug for the treatment of acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis.", "contents": "Rosamicin--a new drug for the treatment of bacterial prostatitis. Rosamicin, a new macrolide substance, was investigated in dogs and humans with regard to its usefulness for the treatment of bacterial prostatitis and compared with the well-known macrolide erythromycin. In dogs with normal and experimentally infected prostates, concentration ratios for rosamicin in prostatic secretion, interstitial fluid (obtained from implanted tissue chambers), and tissue were significantly higher than for erythromycin. The difference was even more pronounced in human prostatic tissue, obtained by transurethral resection. With its broad spectrum against many common urinary pathogens, rosamicin seems to be a promising drug for the treatment of acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis.", "PMID": 332074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12166", "title": "Morphological changes in yeasts as a result of the action of 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "The mode of action of 5-fluorocytosine on Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied with special reference to morphology and ultrastructure. Shortly after contact of yeast cells with 10 mug of 5-fluorocytosine per ml, marked enlargement of the cells occurred. The initial increase in cell size was almost the same with both yeast strains. As incubation proceeded, further increase in cell volume continued with C. albicans, whereas no further change in cell volume was observed with S. cerevisiae. An electron microscope examination of C. albicans cells after exposure to the drug revealed characteristic changes, consisting of an enlarged nucleus and a thin cell wall. The morphological changes were exactly comparable to those reported with inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in mammalian cells and some bacteria.", "contents": "Morphological changes in yeasts as a result of the action of 5-fluorocytosine. The mode of action of 5-fluorocytosine on Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied with special reference to morphology and ultrastructure. Shortly after contact of yeast cells with 10 mug of 5-fluorocytosine per ml, marked enlargement of the cells occurred. The initial increase in cell size was almost the same with both yeast strains. As incubation proceeded, further increase in cell volume continued with C. albicans, whereas no further change in cell volume was observed with S. cerevisiae. An electron microscope examination of C. albicans cells after exposure to the drug revealed characteristic changes, consisting of an enlarged nucleus and a thin cell wall. The morphological changes were exactly comparable to those reported with inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in mammalian cells and some bacteria.", "PMID": 332075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12167", "title": "Renal transplantation into an ileal conduit.", "content": "Since the selection criteria for renal transplantation have become less stringent as a consequence of improved graft survival and decreased mortality, patients with severe structural anomalies of the lower urinary tract can now benefit from renal transplantation into an ileal conduit. This is illustrated by two succesful cases. The opertative procedure is discussed, and the possibilities for the future are mentioned.", "contents": "Renal transplantation into an ileal conduit. Since the selection criteria for renal transplantation have become less stringent as a consequence of improved graft survival and decreased mortality, patients with severe structural anomalies of the lower urinary tract can now benefit from renal transplantation into an ileal conduit. This is illustrated by two succesful cases. The opertative procedure is discussed, and the possibilities for the future are mentioned.", "PMID": 332087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12168", "title": "Rembrandt's anatomy of Dr. Nicolaas Tulp.", "content": "The bye-laws of the Amsterdam Barber-Surgeon's Guild in the 17th century are mentioned and the rules for instruction in anatomy are discussed. The picture of the lesson given by Dr. Nicolaas Tulp and painted by Rembrandt in 1632 is explained and the accusation of an anatomical mistake is disposed of. Some details of the person and work of Nicolaas Tulp are given.", "contents": "Rembrandt's anatomy of Dr. Nicolaas Tulp. The bye-laws of the Amsterdam Barber-Surgeon's Guild in the 17th century are mentioned and the rules for instruction in anatomy are discussed. The picture of the lesson given by Dr. Nicolaas Tulp and painted by Rembrandt in 1632 is explained and the accusation of an anatomical mistake is disposed of. Some details of the person and work of Nicolaas Tulp are given.", "PMID": 332088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12169", "title": "Topical halcinonide and betamethasone valerate effects on plasma cortisol: acute and subacute usage studies.", "content": "The effect of topical application of halcinonide cream and betamethasone valerate cream on plasma cortisol was studied in an acute usage study as well as a subacute study, which more closely approximated common clinical usage. In the acute study, halcinonide cream caused a marked decrease in plasma cortisol, both with and without occlusion, in patients with extensive psoriasis, but only with occlusion in normal subjects. Betamethasone valerate cream decreased plasma cortisol levels in patients with extensive psoriasis when applied with occlusion and, to a lesser extent, without occlusion. In a double-blind subacute usage study without occlusion, two of 23 patients treated with halcinonide cream showed decreased plasma cortisol levels during the treatment period, while none of the 21 patients treated with betamethasone valerate cream showed such decreases. Three patients in the halcinonide group developed striae. Clinical response to halcinonide was superior to that with betamethasone valerate cream, but a similar number of patients were resistant to treatment with each medication.", "contents": "Topical halcinonide and betamethasone valerate effects on plasma cortisol: acute and subacute usage studies. The effect of topical application of halcinonide cream and betamethasone valerate cream on plasma cortisol was studied in an acute usage study as well as a subacute study, which more closely approximated common clinical usage. In the acute study, halcinonide cream caused a marked decrease in plasma cortisol, both with and without occlusion, in patients with extensive psoriasis, but only with occlusion in normal subjects. Betamethasone valerate cream decreased plasma cortisol levels in patients with extensive psoriasis when applied with occlusion and, to a lesser extent, without occlusion. In a double-blind subacute usage study without occlusion, two of 23 patients treated with halcinonide cream showed decreased plasma cortisol levels during the treatment period, while none of the 21 patients treated with betamethasone valerate cream showed such decreases. Three patients in the halcinonide group developed striae. Clinical response to halcinonide was superior to that with betamethasone valerate cream, but a similar number of patients were resistant to treatment with each medication.", "PMID": 332089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12170", "title": "Mycophenolic acid for psoriasis.", "content": "Mycophenolic acid is an antimetabolite used experimentally for the treatment of psoriasis. Thirty-eight patients were treated with mycophenolic acid. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated the efficacy of mycophenolic acid (P less than .01). A long-term safety study showed the occurrence of hematologic abnormalities, viral infections, and carcinoma. The position of mycophenolic acid in the therapeutic treatment of psoriasis must await the results of a multicenter cooperative study.", "contents": "Mycophenolic acid for psoriasis. Mycophenolic acid is an antimetabolite used experimentally for the treatment of psoriasis. Thirty-eight patients were treated with mycophenolic acid. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated the efficacy of mycophenolic acid (P less than .01). A long-term safety study showed the occurrence of hematologic abnormalities, viral infections, and carcinoma. The position of mycophenolic acid in the therapeutic treatment of psoriasis must await the results of a multicenter cooperative study.", "PMID": 332090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12171", "title": "Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: review, pathogenesis, and report of two cases.", "content": "In 93 reported cases of metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 76 had spread through lymphatics or blood vessels. Two more cases are presented, bringing the total to 78. Metastasis to regional lymph nodes was the most frequent, followed in frequency by lungs, bones, and other organs. The size of the primary tumor, its site, its resistance to x-ray therapy, and the effects of radiation appeared to contribute to the occurrence of metastasis. However, in an appreciable number of cases, tumor dissemination was related to incomplete excision followed by immediate wound closure, particularly by grafting. It is recommended that wound grafting be delayed for at least six months after excision or large or recurrent BCC in order to assure complete removal.", "contents": "Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: review, pathogenesis, and report of two cases. In 93 reported cases of metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 76 had spread through lymphatics or blood vessels. Two more cases are presented, bringing the total to 78. Metastasis to regional lymph nodes was the most frequent, followed in frequency by lungs, bones, and other organs. The size of the primary tumor, its site, its resistance to x-ray therapy, and the effects of radiation appeared to contribute to the occurrence of metastasis. However, in an appreciable number of cases, tumor dissemination was related to incomplete excision followed by immediate wound closure, particularly by grafting. It is recommended that wound grafting be delayed for at least six months after excision or large or recurrent BCC in order to assure complete removal.", "PMID": 332091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12172", "title": "Septum primum defect repair.", "content": "Two technical maneuvers in septum primum defect repair have resulted in improved mitral valve function and security against heart block. One maneuver, critical to restoring mitral competence, is accurate reconstruction of the leading edge of the mitral valve. A second maneuver, suturing the septal defect patch at its inferior aspect to the mitral valve near the annulus instead of to the inferior septal defect margin or to the tricuspid annulus, eliminates the hazard of atrioventricular node or bundle injury.", "contents": "Septum primum defect repair. Two technical maneuvers in septum primum defect repair have resulted in improved mitral valve function and security against heart block. One maneuver, critical to restoring mitral competence, is accurate reconstruction of the leading edge of the mitral valve. A second maneuver, suturing the septal defect patch at its inferior aspect to the mitral valve near the annulus instead of to the inferior septal defect margin or to the tricuspid annulus, eliminates the hazard of atrioventricular node or bundle injury.", "PMID": 332096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12173", "title": "Isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. Association with detection and incidence of liver toxicity.", "content": "The hepatotoxicity of isoniazid was studied in a double blind fashion in 120 adult patients receiving the drug for chemoprophylaxis. The incidence of abnormal SGOT values was significantly higher in those on the drug, 18.3% having elevated values as compared to 6.7% of those on placebo during the three-month study period. There was no statistical difference in the frequency of symptoms suggestive of liver diseases between the isoniazid and placebo groups. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between symptoms and elevated SGOTs. Therefore, symptomatology would not appear to be a sensitive method for detecting early isoniazid liver toxicity. From available evidence, biochemical monitoring would appear to detect liver toxicity at an earlier and more reversible stage.", "contents": "Isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. Association with detection and incidence of liver toxicity. The hepatotoxicity of isoniazid was studied in a double blind fashion in 120 adult patients receiving the drug for chemoprophylaxis. The incidence of abnormal SGOT values was significantly higher in those on the drug, 18.3% having elevated values as compared to 6.7% of those on placebo during the three-month study period. There was no statistical difference in the frequency of symptoms suggestive of liver diseases between the isoniazid and placebo groups. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between symptoms and elevated SGOTs. Therefore, symptomatology would not appear to be a sensitive method for detecting early isoniazid liver toxicity. From available evidence, biochemical monitoring would appear to detect liver toxicity at an earlier and more reversible stage.", "PMID": 332099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12174", "title": "Intravenous fructose treatment of acute alcohol intoxication. Effects on alcohol metabolism.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the efficacy of the intravenous administration of fructose in the treatment of acute alcohol intoxication. The study was prospective and double-blind, with glucose serving as the control. Treatment with glucose and fructose was determined by random selection. Fructose administration did not alter the clinical status or rate of alcohol metabolism as reflected by the decline in serum concentration. In addition, a significant elevation (P less than .05) in serum uric acid and lactate levels occurred in the patients receiving fructose. The results indicate that fructose is of no value in the treatment of acute alcohol intoxication, and produces metabolic abnormalities that could be harmful to the patient.", "contents": "Intravenous fructose treatment of acute alcohol intoxication. Effects on alcohol metabolism. This study was designed to determine the efficacy of the intravenous administration of fructose in the treatment of acute alcohol intoxication. The study was prospective and double-blind, with glucose serving as the control. Treatment with glucose and fructose was determined by random selection. Fructose administration did not alter the clinical status or rate of alcohol metabolism as reflected by the decline in serum concentration. In addition, a significant elevation (P less than .05) in serum uric acid and lactate levels occurred in the patients receiving fructose. The results indicate that fructose is of no value in the treatment of acute alcohol intoxication, and produces metabolic abnormalities that could be harmful to the patient.", "PMID": 332100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12175", "title": "Disseminated Trichosporon capitatum infection in an immunosuppressed host.", "content": "Trichosporon is a frequent cause of superficial mycotic infections but has rarely been associated with invasive disease. A patient undergoing bone marrow transplantation who died from disseminated Trichosporon capitatum infection with endocarditis is reported, and the clinical spectrum of human infection caused by fungi of this genus is reviewed. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of clearly invasive disease caused by this specific organism and emphasizes the expanding spectrum of unusual infections in the severely immunosuppressed patient.", "contents": "Disseminated Trichosporon capitatum infection in an immunosuppressed host. Trichosporon is a frequent cause of superficial mycotic infections but has rarely been associated with invasive disease. A patient undergoing bone marrow transplantation who died from disseminated Trichosporon capitatum infection with endocarditis is reported, and the clinical spectrum of human infection caused by fungi of this genus is reviewed. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of clearly invasive disease caused by this specific organism and emphasizes the expanding spectrum of unusual infections in the severely immunosuppressed patient.", "PMID": 332101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12176", "title": "Renal cortical necrosis following Streptococcal infection.", "content": "Streptococcal infection frequently leads to proliferative glomerulonephritis, and, on rare occasions, to renal cortical necrosis. We report a case in which poststreptococcal proliferative glomerulonephritis and renal cortical necrosis occurred concomitantly.", "contents": "Renal cortical necrosis following Streptococcal infection. Streptococcal infection frequently leads to proliferative glomerulonephritis, and, on rare occasions, to renal cortical necrosis. We report a case in which poststreptococcal proliferative glomerulonephritis and renal cortical necrosis occurred concomitantly.", "PMID": 332102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12177", "title": "Diazepam-induced coma with bullae and eccrine sweat gland necrosis.", "content": "Bullous skin lesions that indicate sweat gland necrosis have been known to occur in drug-induced coma resulting from barbiturates and in carbon monoxide poisoning. To our knowledge, this is the first cases in which diazepam is implicated in causing bullous lesions over pressure points, and the first case showing on biopsy specimen eccrine sweat gland and sweat duct necrosis. Penile and oral lesions are being described here for the first time to our knowledge. The following mechanisms could be responsible for the skin lesions: hypoxia, local pressure, hyperthermia with excessive sweating, and a specific toxic effect on the eccrine gland. With the increasing use of the benzodiazepines, such lesions could be seen more frequently in the future.", "contents": "Diazepam-induced coma with bullae and eccrine sweat gland necrosis. Bullous skin lesions that indicate sweat gland necrosis have been known to occur in drug-induced coma resulting from barbiturates and in carbon monoxide poisoning. To our knowledge, this is the first cases in which diazepam is implicated in causing bullous lesions over pressure points, and the first case showing on biopsy specimen eccrine sweat gland and sweat duct necrosis. Penile and oral lesions are being described here for the first time to our knowledge. The following mechanisms could be responsible for the skin lesions: hypoxia, local pressure, hyperthermia with excessive sweating, and a specific toxic effect on the eccrine gland. With the increasing use of the benzodiazepines, such lesions could be seen more frequently in the future.", "PMID": 332103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12178", "title": "[Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of Coli-enterotoxemia in swine. 4. Effect of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin on weaned piglets following parenteral administration].", "content": "Ten clinically intact weaned piglets were experimentally intoxicated by intravenous injection of lipoproteide-free lipopolysaccharide endotoxin according to Westphal of E. coli O 127:B8. Severe endotoxin shock with all clinical manifestations of experimental coli-enterotoxaemia was induced in all animals and included circulatory disorder with tachycardia, intermittent pallor and/or cyanosis, symptoms of severe systemic intoxication, neurological symptoms, such as lack of coordination, hindleg staggering, spasm, paresis, paralysis, changes in respiration, such as rise in respiratory frequency and deepened breathing premortal deceleration of respiration and gasping for breath, temperature, variation, including hyperthermia and aggravating hypothermia, gastro-intestinal symptoms, such as temporary vomiting and persistent diarrhoea, leucopenia, eosinopenia, variation of haematocrit, edematisation, increased transudation, congestion, and gastro-intestinal shock lesions. Eight animals died. These experiments quite obviously have confirmed that endotoxin shock is the common pathogenetic principle behind all forms of coli-entertoxaemia (i.e, the forms of edematisation, cardiovascular failure, and gastro-intestinal processes.) Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin alone may be responsible for the development of both edemas and neurotoxic symptoms (edema disease) and diarrhoea (gastro-intestinal form of coli-enterotoxaemia). The pathogenetic relevance of additional toxins (neurotoxin and enterotoxin) is discussed under this aspect.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of Coli-enterotoxemia in swine. 4. Effect of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin on weaned piglets following parenteral administration]. Ten clinically intact weaned piglets were experimentally intoxicated by intravenous injection of lipoproteide-free lipopolysaccharide endotoxin according to Westphal of E. coli O 127:B8. Severe endotoxin shock with all clinical manifestations of experimental coli-enterotoxaemia was induced in all animals and included circulatory disorder with tachycardia, intermittent pallor and/or cyanosis, symptoms of severe systemic intoxication, neurological symptoms, such as lack of coordination, hindleg staggering, spasm, paresis, paralysis, changes in respiration, such as rise in respiratory frequency and deepened breathing premortal deceleration of respiration and gasping for breath, temperature, variation, including hyperthermia and aggravating hypothermia, gastro-intestinal symptoms, such as temporary vomiting and persistent diarrhoea, leucopenia, eosinopenia, variation of haematocrit, edematisation, increased transudation, congestion, and gastro-intestinal shock lesions. Eight animals died. These experiments quite obviously have confirmed that endotoxin shock is the common pathogenetic principle behind all forms of coli-entertoxaemia (i.e, the forms of edematisation, cardiovascular failure, and gastro-intestinal processes.) Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin alone may be responsible for the development of both edemas and neurotoxic symptoms (edema disease) and diarrhoea (gastro-intestinal form of coli-enterotoxaemia). The pathogenetic relevance of additional toxins (neurotoxin and enterotoxin) is discussed under this aspect.", "PMID": 332109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12179", "title": "[Value of the antiglobulin test and indirect immunofluorescence test in the serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis].", "content": "In investigations of 5881 sera from brucella infected herds and 8635 sera from negative herds the antiglobulin test (AgT) because of its high susceptibility was shown to be a valuable method in early diagnosis of brucellosis and clearing of non-specific LA-reactions. However, all infected animals are not detected with the AgT. Therefore it is not adaptable to use in selection controlling, also in combination with other methods. In the final steps of the eradication measures against bovine brucellosis the AgT offers a very valuable serological complementary method. The indirect fluorescence test has no diagnostical advantages in comparison with the AgT and is not recommended for practical brucellosis serology.", "contents": "[Value of the antiglobulin test and indirect immunofluorescence test in the serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis]. In investigations of 5881 sera from brucella infected herds and 8635 sera from negative herds the antiglobulin test (AgT) because of its high susceptibility was shown to be a valuable method in early diagnosis of brucellosis and clearing of non-specific LA-reactions. However, all infected animals are not detected with the AgT. Therefore it is not adaptable to use in selection controlling, also in combination with other methods. In the final steps of the eradication measures against bovine brucellosis the AgT offers a very valuable serological complementary method. The indirect fluorescence test has no diagnostical advantages in comparison with the AgT and is not recommended for practical brucellosis serology.", "PMID": 332110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12180", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of the gastrointestinal flora in the piglet prior and after weaning with special reference to the pathogenesis of Coli-enterotoxemia].", "content": "The gastro-intestinal flora of clinically intact piglets on an industrialised sow unit was investigated prior to weaning (n = 12) and after weaning (n = 12). The age of the former group was 23 to 36 days and that of the latter between six and eleven days. While enormous proliferation of haemolysing E. coli was recorded from the anterior portion of the small intestine in the post-weaning group, weaning, quite, generally, was found to have only little impact upon the gastrointestinal flora of piglet. More particularly were there no indicators to the effect that post-weaning proliferation of enteropathogenic strains was favoured by any correlation whatsover between E. coli and other bacterial species or between different types of E. coli. Other factors of possible importance to the pathogenesis of coli-enterotoxaemia are discussed with reference to literature.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of the gastrointestinal flora in the piglet prior and after weaning with special reference to the pathogenesis of Coli-enterotoxemia]. The gastro-intestinal flora of clinically intact piglets on an industrialised sow unit was investigated prior to weaning (n = 12) and after weaning (n = 12). The age of the former group was 23 to 36 days and that of the latter between six and eleven days. While enormous proliferation of haemolysing E. coli was recorded from the anterior portion of the small intestine in the post-weaning group, weaning, quite, generally, was found to have only little impact upon the gastrointestinal flora of piglet. More particularly were there no indicators to the effect that post-weaning proliferation of enteropathogenic strains was favoured by any correlation whatsover between E. coli and other bacterial species or between different types of E. coli. Other factors of possible importance to the pathogenesis of coli-enterotoxaemia are discussed with reference to literature.", "PMID": 332111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12181", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy in long-term cardiac transplant survivors.", "content": "Two thirds of the 114 patients undergoing heart transplantation at Stanford (Calif) Medical Center have had atherosclerotic cardiac disease. Two of these patients have been found in the late posttransplant period to have symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms requiring resection. We present the clinical course and successful operative treatment of these two patients, with emphasis on the prophylaxis of infection and maintenance of hemodynamic, metabolic, and immune stability. Close surveillance of the long-term cardiac transplant survivor should be directed towards other manifestations of atheroscleortic disease.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy in long-term cardiac transplant survivors. Two thirds of the 114 patients undergoing heart transplantation at Stanford (Calif) Medical Center have had atherosclerotic cardiac disease. Two of these patients have been found in the late posttransplant period to have symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms requiring resection. We present the clinical course and successful operative treatment of these two patients, with emphasis on the prophylaxis of infection and maintenance of hemodynamic, metabolic, and immune stability. Close surveillance of the long-term cardiac transplant survivor should be directed towards other manifestations of atheroscleortic disease.", "PMID": 332113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12182", "title": "Fixation-induced cyst-like spaced in the brains of rabbit foetuses.", "content": "During teratologic trials, routine investigations of 4261 brains from rabbit foetuses, fixed in Bouin's solution and sectioned by Wilson's free-hand razor blade technique, revealed cyst-like spaces in the brains of 164 foetuses (3.8%). The cyst-like spaces, characterised by the absence of an epithelial or endothelial lining, were usually solitary and occurred mainly in the massa intermedia of the thalamus. The spaces were found almost as ofter in control foetuses as in those from treated animals. On the basis of histologic examination and different fixation techniques, involving a further 1430 foetuses, these cyst-like spaces, previously interpreted as strain specific brain malformations, can be regarded as fixation artefacts.", "contents": "Fixation-induced cyst-like spaced in the brains of rabbit foetuses. During teratologic trials, routine investigations of 4261 brains from rabbit foetuses, fixed in Bouin's solution and sectioned by Wilson's free-hand razor blade technique, revealed cyst-like spaces in the brains of 164 foetuses (3.8%). The cyst-like spaces, characterised by the absence of an epithelial or endothelial lining, were usually solitary and occurred mainly in the massa intermedia of the thalamus. The spaces were found almost as ofter in control foetuses as in those from treated animals. On the basis of histologic examination and different fixation techniques, involving a further 1430 foetuses, these cyst-like spaces, previously interpreted as strain specific brain malformations, can be regarded as fixation artefacts.", "PMID": 332115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12183", "title": "[Biochemical methods for the detection of lead poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short description of sources of lead poisoning a review is given of toxicity, absorption, storage and excretion of lead. Afterwards its biochemical affects--especially the influence on the biosynthesis of heme--are treated. Methods for diagnosis of lead poisoning resulting from these affects--determination of coproporphyrine and delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion in urine, erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and erythrocyte protoporphyrin--are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Biochemical methods for the detection of lead poisoning (author's transl)]. After a short description of sources of lead poisoning a review is given of toxicity, absorption, storage and excretion of lead. Afterwards its biochemical affects--especially the influence on the biosynthesis of heme--are treated. Methods for diagnosis of lead poisoning resulting from these affects--determination of coproporphyrine and delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion in urine, erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and erythrocyte protoporphyrin--are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 332114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12184", "title": "Carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene: fact or artifact?", "content": "Technical trichloroethylene has been found carcinogenic in mice after high daily doses per os. A GC-MS analysis of this technical sample revealed the presence of considerable amounts of epichlorohydrin and 1.2-epoxibutane as stabilizers. These epoxides are highly mutagenic in the Ames test and are, most probably, responsible for the carcinogenic effect found in mice. The question whether trichloroethylene is carcinogenic or not remains open.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene: fact or artifact? Technical trichloroethylene has been found carcinogenic in mice after high daily doses per os. A GC-MS analysis of this technical sample revealed the presence of considerable amounts of epichlorohydrin and 1.2-epoxibutane as stabilizers. These epoxides are highly mutagenic in the Ames test and are, most probably, responsible for the carcinogenic effect found in mice. The question whether trichloroethylene is carcinogenic or not remains open.", "PMID": 332116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12185", "title": "[Comparative morphology of the endocrine portion of the mammalian pancreas].", "content": "The endocrinous part of the pancreas in the mammals under investigation (rats, guinea pigs, cattle, cats and man) comprises A-, B- and D-cells always disposed around capillaries were prevailing in all the animals. They excrete the secretory product immediately into the pericapillary gap. A-cells in rodents and man are located in the periphery of the island and often have no contacts with capillaries. The secretion from A- cells having no contacts with capillaries is released into intercapillary clefts into which the cytoplasmic spiculae of the adjacent exocrinous pancreacytes are turned, capable to overlap them and prevent from the entering of the hormone from the intercellular clefts into the pericapillary gap.", "contents": "[Comparative morphology of the endocrine portion of the mammalian pancreas]. The endocrinous part of the pancreas in the mammals under investigation (rats, guinea pigs, cattle, cats and man) comprises A-, B- and D-cells always disposed around capillaries were prevailing in all the animals. They excrete the secretory product immediately into the pericapillary gap. A-cells in rodents and man are located in the periphery of the island and often have no contacts with capillaries. The secretion from A- cells having no contacts with capillaries is released into intercapillary clefts into which the cytoplasmic spiculae of the adjacent exocrinous pancreacytes are turned, capable to overlap them and prevent from the entering of the hormone from the intercellular clefts into the pericapillary gap.", "PMID": 332117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12186", "title": "[Submicroscopic analysis of the microcirculatory system of the pancreas in several vertebrates].", "content": "The metabolic link of the microcirculatory system of the exocrinous part of the pancreas studied electron microscopically in the frog, chicken and rat has a general plan of the structure. It consists of capillaries, pericapillary gap and intercellular clefts of glandular cells connected with it. But in the frog and chicken the adventitional layer was found to be absent from the blood capillary wall, the luminal surface of endothelial cells was increased. The width of the basal layer and intercellular clefts in the rat was less than in other objects. The existence of cytoplasmic spiculae of exocrinous pancreocytes in the pancreas of different vertebrates allows to consider them as an element of the exocrinous part microcirculatory system.", "contents": "[Submicroscopic analysis of the microcirculatory system of the pancreas in several vertebrates]. The metabolic link of the microcirculatory system of the exocrinous part of the pancreas studied electron microscopically in the frog, chicken and rat has a general plan of the structure. It consists of capillaries, pericapillary gap and intercellular clefts of glandular cells connected with it. But in the frog and chicken the adventitional layer was found to be absent from the blood capillary wall, the luminal surface of endothelial cells was increased. The width of the basal layer and intercellular clefts in the rat was less than in other objects. The existence of cytoplasmic spiculae of exocrinous pancreocytes in the pancreas of different vertebrates allows to consider them as an element of the exocrinous part microcirculatory system.", "PMID": 332118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12187", "title": "[Proliferative processes in the epithelium of mouse skin allotransplants following cortisone administration].", "content": "Proliferative processes were studied in the epithelium of skin grafts from mice of strain CC57 Brown and that of the skin surrounding the grafts in mice of CBA strain. The chart (Fig 1) illustrates cortisone action on normalization of DNA synthesis in the epithelial cells of the allotransplant. Throughout the experiment in operated animals which received no cortisone (Fig. 2, a and 3, a) a high proliferative activity was observed in the recipient's skin epithelium while it was sharply decreased in the epithelium of the allograft. Repeated cortisone injections gave a reverse picture: inhibition of proliferative processes in the recipient's epithelium and their intensification in the epithelium of the allotransplant.", "contents": "[Proliferative processes in the epithelium of mouse skin allotransplants following cortisone administration]. Proliferative processes were studied in the epithelium of skin grafts from mice of strain CC57 Brown and that of the skin surrounding the grafts in mice of CBA strain. The chart (Fig 1) illustrates cortisone action on normalization of DNA synthesis in the epithelial cells of the allotransplant. Throughout the experiment in operated animals which received no cortisone (Fig. 2, a and 3, a) a high proliferative activity was observed in the recipient's skin epithelium while it was sharply decreased in the epithelium of the allograft. Repeated cortisone injections gave a reverse picture: inhibition of proliferative processes in the recipient's epithelium and their intensification in the epithelium of the allotransplant.", "PMID": 332120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12188", "title": "[Aspergillosis of the brain].", "content": "A case of aspergillosis of the brain in a 49-year old woman is described. In view of the fact that there were no inflammatory changes in other organs, the assumption was put forward that the fungus had penetrated into the brain by the otogenic way, or through the accessory nasal sinuses. The results of experimental infection of laboratory animals aimed at obtaining a model of meningoencephalitis are discussed. It was shown that spores of the Aspergillus fumigatus fungus in low concentrations introduced into the otic veins penetrated into the lungs where they caused an inflammatory process, and then hematogenically entered the brain. The changes in the latter were characterised by endo- and perivasculitis, formation of numerous microabscesses with the presence therein of threads of the fungus mycelium.", "contents": "[Aspergillosis of the brain]. A case of aspergillosis of the brain in a 49-year old woman is described. In view of the fact that there were no inflammatory changes in other organs, the assumption was put forward that the fungus had penetrated into the brain by the otogenic way, or through the accessory nasal sinuses. The results of experimental infection of laboratory animals aimed at obtaining a model of meningoencephalitis are discussed. It was shown that spores of the Aspergillus fumigatus fungus in low concentrations introduced into the otic veins penetrated into the lungs where they caused an inflammatory process, and then hematogenically entered the brain. The changes in the latter were characterised by endo- and perivasculitis, formation of numerous microabscesses with the presence therein of threads of the fungus mycelium.", "PMID": 332126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12189", "title": "[Express method of histological processing of trephined bone marrow].", "content": "A method for histological treatment of the trephined bone marrow is suggested; it makes it possible to simplify the manipulation and to shorten the time of treatment of biopsy material by more than 24 hours, thereby enabling the investigator to give the conclusion about the state of the medullar hemopoiesis on the same day. The principle of the method consists in combining the stages of fixation and decalcification and also in acceleration of the final stage of treatment of the trephined bone marrow due to electrodecalcification of the osseous tissue.", "contents": "[Express method of histological processing of trephined bone marrow]. A method for histological treatment of the trephined bone marrow is suggested; it makes it possible to simplify the manipulation and to shorten the time of treatment of biopsy material by more than 24 hours, thereby enabling the investigator to give the conclusion about the state of the medullar hemopoiesis on the same day. The principle of the method consists in combining the stages of fixation and decalcification and also in acceleration of the final stage of treatment of the trephined bone marrow due to electrodecalcification of the osseous tissue.", "PMID": 332127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12190", "title": "[APUD system and neuroendocrine tumors (\"apudomas\")].", "content": "Current concepts of the APUD-system combining neuroendocrinal cells located in different organs are presented. The main feature of these cells is the capacity to accumulate precursors of biogenic amines, to decarboxylate them and to produce biogenic amines or polypeptide hormones. The problem of the development of tumours of these cells is discussed, and their morphological, histochemical and clinical features are described.", "contents": "[APUD system and neuroendocrine tumors (\"apudomas\")]. Current concepts of the APUD-system combining neuroendocrinal cells located in different organs are presented. The main feature of these cells is the capacity to accumulate precursors of biogenic amines, to decarboxylate them and to produce biogenic amines or polypeptide hormones. The problem of the development of tumours of these cells is discussed, and their morphological, histochemical and clinical features are described.", "PMID": 332128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12191", "title": "[Psychosurgery in behavior disorders].", "content": "The results obtained in a casuistic of 170 patients with mental diseases and behavior disturbances treated by neurosurgical procedures are reported. The authors call attention to the advantages of the atraumatic stereotaxic psychosurgery over the major surgical procedures on the frontal lobes for the treatment of psychoses and intractable psychoneurosis.", "contents": "[Psychosurgery in behavior disorders]. The results obtained in a casuistic of 170 patients with mental diseases and behavior disturbances treated by neurosurgical procedures are reported. The authors call attention to the advantages of the atraumatic stereotaxic psychosurgery over the major surgical procedures on the frontal lobes for the treatment of psychoses and intractable psychoneurosis.", "PMID": 332130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12192", "title": "[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; clinical, histopathological and electron microscopy study of a case].", "content": "The case of a patient 53 years old that had a picture of cortical impairment and pyramidal disfunction, leading in 6 months to acinetic mutism is reported. The histopathology lead to the diagnostic of Creutzeldt-Jakob disease, with neuronal loss, gliosis and status spongiosus. The electron-microscopic examination showed that the status spongiosus was due to cellular processes, some having vesicular bodies sugestive of pre-synaptic vesicles.", "contents": "[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; clinical, histopathological and electron microscopy study of a case]. The case of a patient 53 years old that had a picture of cortical impairment and pyramidal disfunction, leading in 6 months to acinetic mutism is reported. The histopathology lead to the diagnostic of Creutzeldt-Jakob disease, with neuronal loss, gliosis and status spongiosus. The electron-microscopic examination showed that the status spongiosus was due to cellular processes, some having vesicular bodies sugestive of pre-synaptic vesicles.", "PMID": 332131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12193", "title": "Late spontaneous clearing of corneal grafts.", "content": "Three cases of graft rejection or primary donor failure after penetrating keratoplasty failed to respond to treatment. After cessation of therapy, these edematous corneas all cleared spontaneously in six to 17 months with the return of excellent vision. It is suggested that repeated keratoplasty be delayed up to 18 months in certain instances.", "contents": "Late spontaneous clearing of corneal grafts. Three cases of graft rejection or primary donor failure after penetrating keratoplasty failed to respond to treatment. After cessation of therapy, these edematous corneas all cleared spontaneously in six to 17 months with the return of excellent vision. It is suggested that repeated keratoplasty be delayed up to 18 months in certain instances.", "PMID": 332132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12194", "title": "Craniofacial resection for malignant tumors of ethmoid and anterior skull base.", "content": "A combined craniofacial approach is described for resection of tumors that involve the ethmoid sinuses and adjacent base of the skull in the frontal fossa. This operation provides a more thorough en bloc excision than by conventional methods with reasonable safety since both the neurosurgeon and the head and neck surgeon are guided by each other during the mobilization of the specimen, and adequate repair of dural defects can be accomplished. Reconstruction of the bony defect in the skull base is performed with a pedicled periosteal flap from the scalp and a skin graft.", "contents": "Craniofacial resection for malignant tumors of ethmoid and anterior skull base. A combined craniofacial approach is described for resection of tumors that involve the ethmoid sinuses and adjacent base of the skull in the frontal fossa. This operation provides a more thorough en bloc excision than by conventional methods with reasonable safety since both the neurosurgeon and the head and neck surgeon are guided by each other during the mobilization of the specimen, and adequate repair of dural defects can be accomplished. Reconstruction of the bony defect in the skull base is performed with a pedicled periosteal flap from the scalp and a skin graft.", "PMID": 332133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12195", "title": "[The comparison of binaural balance-tests (author's transl)].", "content": "14 normal-hearing persons were examined in 7 different versions of the balance-test. Thereby a severe dependence to the methods was found out, caused by psychological factors. By randomization of the side and the intensity (computer-controlled test-procedure) no case showed a significant recruitment. In 23 persons with inner-ear disturbance there was not only the randomized test performed, but also the methods of Jerger (keeping the intensity constant on the worse ear) and Hood (constant on the better ear). By using the randomized test all patients showed a significant recruitment, calculated as the deviation of the angle in relation to the diagonal of the diagram. In 7 cases the method of Jerger and in 20 of all the 23 persons the method of Hood brought a compensation of loudness.", "contents": "[The comparison of binaural balance-tests (author's transl)]. 14 normal-hearing persons were examined in 7 different versions of the balance-test. Thereby a severe dependence to the methods was found out, caused by psychological factors. By randomization of the side and the intensity (computer-controlled test-procedure) no case showed a significant recruitment. In 23 persons with inner-ear disturbance there was not only the randomized test performed, but also the methods of Jerger (keeping the intensity constant on the worse ear) and Hood (constant on the better ear). By using the randomized test all patients showed a significant recruitment, calculated as the deviation of the angle in relation to the diagonal of the diagram. In 7 cases the method of Jerger and in 20 of all the 23 persons the method of Hood brought a compensation of loudness.", "PMID": 332134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12196", "title": "Effect of dimethyl sulphoxide on the expression of nitrogen fixation in bacteria.", "content": "Storage in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) of Escherichia coli K12 hybrids carrying nif+ genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae can result in selection of a defective nitrogen-fixing phenotype. Similar results are obtained with E. coli K12 hybrids containing the nitrogen-fixing capacity from Rhizobium trifolii. DMSO appears to affect particular inner membrane proteins associated with energy metabolism in E. coli K12 and four chromosomal regions (chlD, chlG, his and unc) are associated with resistance to DMSO.", "contents": "Effect of dimethyl sulphoxide on the expression of nitrogen fixation in bacteria. Storage in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) of Escherichia coli K12 hybrids carrying nif+ genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae can result in selection of a defective nitrogen-fixing phenotype. Similar results are obtained with E. coli K12 hybrids containing the nitrogen-fixing capacity from Rhizobium trifolii. DMSO appears to affect particular inner membrane proteins associated with energy metabolism in E. coli K12 and four chromosomal regions (chlD, chlG, his and unc) are associated with resistance to DMSO.", "PMID": 332135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12197", "title": "Studies on immune responses to larval cestodes in mice. Increased susceptibility of certain mouse strains and hypothymic mice to Taenia taeniaeformis and analysis of passive transfer of resistance with serum.", "content": "Various inbred strains of mice vary markedly in their susceptibility to the larvae of the cestode, Taenia taeniaeformis. Males are generally more susceptible than females and the most susceptible common inbred mouse strains are those which are deficient in C5 and/or C4 components of complement. However, no genetic evidence is yet available to implicate loci controlling complement levels in susceptibility/resistance, and multiple genetic factors appear to be operative. Hypothymic, nu/nu (\"nude\") mice of the relatively resistant mouse strain, BALB/c, are highly susceptible in that cystic larvae in the liver develop in large numbers and more rapidly than in intact BALB/c.nu/+litter-mates. Cyclophosphamide pretreatment also increases the susceptibility of relatively resistant strains of mice in terms of both the number and size of liver cysts. Hypothymic and intact mice can be protected, absolutely, by an injection of serum from infected intact mice, provided the serum is given to recipient mice close to the time of oral egg administration. The protective activity of immune serum is absorbed totally by staphylococcal protein A-Sepharose columns and can be abolished by treatment of recipients with cobra venom factor. Cyst fluid from established larvae facilitates the activity of subhaemolytic amounts of guinea pig complement in a standard direct PFC assay. The data suggest that complement-fixing antibodies are responsible for inhibition of establishing larvae in mice and that one method of protection for established cystic larvae involves the alteration of host complement activity within the cyst.", "contents": "Studies on immune responses to larval cestodes in mice. Increased susceptibility of certain mouse strains and hypothymic mice to Taenia taeniaeformis and analysis of passive transfer of resistance with serum. Various inbred strains of mice vary markedly in their susceptibility to the larvae of the cestode, Taenia taeniaeformis. Males are generally more susceptible than females and the most susceptible common inbred mouse strains are those which are deficient in C5 and/or C4 components of complement. However, no genetic evidence is yet available to implicate loci controlling complement levels in susceptibility/resistance, and multiple genetic factors appear to be operative. Hypothymic, nu/nu (\"nude\") mice of the relatively resistant mouse strain, BALB/c, are highly susceptible in that cystic larvae in the liver develop in large numbers and more rapidly than in intact BALB/c.nu/+litter-mates. Cyclophosphamide pretreatment also increases the susceptibility of relatively resistant strains of mice in terms of both the number and size of liver cysts. Hypothymic and intact mice can be protected, absolutely, by an injection of serum from infected intact mice, provided the serum is given to recipient mice close to the time of oral egg administration. The protective activity of immune serum is absorbed totally by staphylococcal protein A-Sepharose columns and can be abolished by treatment of recipients with cobra venom factor. Cyst fluid from established larvae facilitates the activity of subhaemolytic amounts of guinea pig complement in a standard direct PFC assay. The data suggest that complement-fixing antibodies are responsible for inhibition of establishing larvae in mice and that one method of protection for established cystic larvae involves the alteration of host complement activity within the cyst.", "PMID": 332137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12198", "title": "The use of hormones in reproductive management of the mare.", "content": "A brief review is presented of the use in equine veterinary medicine of anterior pituitary hormones, posterior pituitary hormones, placental hormones, steroid hormones and prostaglandins. These hormones are used frequently in clinical application without a scientific basis for their expected activity.", "contents": "The use of hormones in reproductive management of the mare. A brief review is presented of the use in equine veterinary medicine of anterior pituitary hormones, posterior pituitary hormones, placental hormones, steroid hormones and prostaglandins. These hormones are used frequently in clinical application without a scientific basis for their expected activity.", "PMID": 332139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12199", "title": "Biological differences between African Theileria mutans (Theiler 1906) and two benign species of Theileria of cattle in Australia and Britain.", "content": "Serological and morphological comparisons between the theilerias found in Australian and British cattle and of these with African Theileria mutans (Theiler 1906) showed that the Australian and British parasites were similar to each other but different from T. mutans. Further investigations are required to determine taxonomic affinities between the Australian and British theilerias and T. sergenti, a similar parasite found in eastern Asia.", "contents": "Biological differences between African Theileria mutans (Theiler 1906) and two benign species of Theileria of cattle in Australia and Britain. Serological and morphological comparisons between the theilerias found in Australian and British cattle and of these with African Theileria mutans (Theiler 1906) showed that the Australian and British parasites were similar to each other but different from T. mutans. Further investigations are required to determine taxonomic affinities between the Australian and British theilerias and T. sergenti, a similar parasite found in eastern Asia.", "PMID": 332140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12200", "title": "DNA in non Hodgkin-lymphoma--a cytophotometric study.", "content": "Cytophotometric DNA determinations on 26 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma yielded the following findings: 1. Follicular centrocytic/centroblastic lymphomas (M. Brill-Symmers) and diffuse centrocytic lymphomas (lymphocytic lymphosarcoma) have a diploid DNA stem line. Diploid DNA values are observed in benign tumors, so that the assignment of these lymphomas to the group of \"low grade malignancies\" appears justified. 2. Lymphoblastic sarcomas show an aneuploid DNA stem line, as do 96% of all malignant tumors. 3. Lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and immunoblasts seen in immunocytomas are aneuploid. Thus these lymphomas must belong to the group of \"high-grade malignant lymphomas\" as regards their DNA distribution. 4. Immunoblastic sarcomas have aneuploid DNA stem lines (1 case tetraploid), in which both the lymphoid cells and the plasma cells from those immunoblastic sarcomas arising from immunocytomas show atypical DNTA distribution patterns. 5. In two cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, the lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and immunoblasts are aneuploid. They are thus regarded as \"high grade malignancy\" lymphomas. The results are discussed with respect to clinical course and prognosis. Measurements on a larger series of cases and correlation to clinical data are needed to support these results. Ultrafast DNA measurements made by flow-through cytophotometry can perhaps be helpful in the future for making the decision between a \"low\" or \"high\" grade malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "DNA in non Hodgkin-lymphoma--a cytophotometric study. Cytophotometric DNA determinations on 26 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma yielded the following findings: 1. Follicular centrocytic/centroblastic lymphomas (M. Brill-Symmers) and diffuse centrocytic lymphomas (lymphocytic lymphosarcoma) have a diploid DNA stem line. Diploid DNA values are observed in benign tumors, so that the assignment of these lymphomas to the group of \"low grade malignancies\" appears justified. 2. Lymphoblastic sarcomas show an aneuploid DNA stem line, as do 96% of all malignant tumors. 3. Lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and immunoblasts seen in immunocytomas are aneuploid. Thus these lymphomas must belong to the group of \"high-grade malignant lymphomas\" as regards their DNA distribution. 4. Immunoblastic sarcomas have aneuploid DNA stem lines (1 case tetraploid), in which both the lymphoid cells and the plasma cells from those immunoblastic sarcomas arising from immunocytomas show atypical DNTA distribution patterns. 5. In two cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, the lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and immunoblasts are aneuploid. They are thus regarded as \"high grade malignancy\" lymphomas. The results are discussed with respect to clinical course and prognosis. Measurements on a larger series of cases and correlation to clinical data are needed to support these results. Ultrafast DNA measurements made by flow-through cytophotometry can perhaps be helpful in the future for making the decision between a \"low\" or \"high\" grade malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 332146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12201", "title": "[A contribution to series sectioning of larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "A histological method for large series sectioning of larynx is described. The decalcification consists of 5% HNO3, absolute alcohol and 0,5 chromic trioxide. The larynx is imbedded in paraplast. Sections of 6--10 micron in thickness can be cut from blocs 8 X 6 X 5 cm and stained by general histological methods. The complete procedure took only six to seven weeks.", "contents": "[A contribution to series sectioning of larynx (author's transl)]. A histological method for large series sectioning of larynx is described. The decalcification consists of 5% HNO3, absolute alcohol and 0,5 chromic trioxide. The larynx is imbedded in paraplast. Sections of 6--10 micron in thickness can be cut from blocs 8 X 6 X 5 cm and stained by general histological methods. The complete procedure took only six to seven weeks.", "PMID": 332148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12202", "title": "[The influence of medication with calcium and vitamin D2 on incorporation and micro-hardness of cancellous bone grafts and cortical grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation on the superiority of autogenous cancellous bone grafts compared to cortical grafts in guinea pigs by means of the micro-hardness test of Vickers revealed an improvement of hardness of the transplants as well as of the frame structure, i.e. an amelioration of physical bone properties due to medication with a calcium-vitamin D2 combination (Frubiase Calcium forte).", "contents": "[The influence of medication with calcium and vitamin D2 on incorporation and micro-hardness of cancellous bone grafts and cortical grafts (author's transl)]. An investigation on the superiority of autogenous cancellous bone grafts compared to cortical grafts in guinea pigs by means of the micro-hardness test of Vickers revealed an improvement of hardness of the transplants as well as of the frame structure, i.e. an amelioration of physical bone properties due to medication with a calcium-vitamin D2 combination (Frubiase Calcium forte).", "PMID": 332186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12203", "title": "[Problems in serum-level determination during valproic acid therapy].", "content": "An investigation was carried out to determine whether or not a reliable and reproducible steady state serum level of the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid could be found, such that single values of a serum level determination could be used in therapeutic control. 1. A reliable and comparable serum concentration of valproic acid could not be found in 11 patients during a long-term investigation over a period of 8 weeks. Likewise this could not be found in the 24-h serum concentration profile in 8 of the above mentioned patients, who were receiving both mono and combined therapy. 2. The half-life values for valproic acid in these 8 patients lay between 8--12.5 h. 3. The maximum concentration of valproic acid lies in unforeseeable time spans after drug administration. 4. The morning fasting values are comparable only to a limited extent. In future daily profiles it must be decided whether, and if so to what extent, valproic acid serum concentration determinations can be of value to the individual treatment of epileptics.", "contents": "[Problems in serum-level determination during valproic acid therapy]. An investigation was carried out to determine whether or not a reliable and reproducible steady state serum level of the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid could be found, such that single values of a serum level determination could be used in therapeutic control. 1. A reliable and comparable serum concentration of valproic acid could not be found in 11 patients during a long-term investigation over a period of 8 weeks. Likewise this could not be found in the 24-h serum concentration profile in 8 of the above mentioned patients, who were receiving both mono and combined therapy. 2. The half-life values for valproic acid in these 8 patients lay between 8--12.5 h. 3. The maximum concentration of valproic acid lies in unforeseeable time spans after drug administration. 4. The morning fasting values are comparable only to a limited extent. In future daily profiles it must be decided whether, and if so to what extent, valproic acid serum concentration determinations can be of value to the individual treatment of epileptics.", "PMID": 332187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12204", "title": "T-lymphocyte subpopulation in untreated SLE. Variations with disease activity.", "content": "An active subpopulation of T lymphocytes characterized by their ability to form early rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (active E-RBL) was studied in the blood of 50 patients with untreated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in 50 normal controls. The findings were related to the absolute number of circulating lymphocytes and total E-receptor-bearing lymphocytes (total E-RBL). Lupus patients with active disease had markedly decreased absolute lymphocyte counts, but the decrease of both the total and the active E-RBL surpassed what would be expected from the lymphopenia. Patients with inactive disease had moderately decreased absolute lymphocyte counts with a marked and disproportionate decrease in total E-RBL and a moderate decrease in active E-RBL, which seemed to reflect only the absolute lymphopenia. Patients with active disease had significantly lower active E-RBL than those with inactive disease. The changes of these and other lymphocyte subpopulations in relation to disease activity in SLE may reflect the influence of factors leading to T-cell depletion and immaturity. Circulating thymic products may be one of those factors.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte subpopulation in untreated SLE. Variations with disease activity. An active subpopulation of T lymphocytes characterized by their ability to form early rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (active E-RBL) was studied in the blood of 50 patients with untreated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in 50 normal controls. The findings were related to the absolute number of circulating lymphocytes and total E-receptor-bearing lymphocytes (total E-RBL). Lupus patients with active disease had markedly decreased absolute lymphocyte counts, but the decrease of both the total and the active E-RBL surpassed what would be expected from the lymphopenia. Patients with inactive disease had moderately decreased absolute lymphocyte counts with a marked and disproportionate decrease in total E-RBL and a moderate decrease in active E-RBL, which seemed to reflect only the absolute lymphopenia. Patients with active disease had significantly lower active E-RBL than those with inactive disease. The changes of these and other lymphocyte subpopulations in relation to disease activity in SLE may reflect the influence of factors leading to T-cell depletion and immaturity. Circulating thymic products may be one of those factors.", "PMID": 332183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12205", "title": "Controlled double-blind trial on the clinical effects of the chenodeoxycholic acid-fentonium bromide combination in the symptomatic treatment of biliary spastic-dyskinetic conditions.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial was carried out to compare the effects of chenodeoxycholic acid combined with fentonium bromide (respectively, 125 and 20 mg for each capsule) vs. biliary acid alone in the treatment of biliary dyskinetic conditions with or without gallstones. Observations, concerning altogether 30 patients, showed a significantly higher and quicker efficacy of the combination (3--4 capsules daily during 14 days), in comparison to chenodeoxycholic acid alone, on the group of \"painful\" symptoms; on the contrary, no significant difference was noticed with regard to efficacy on \"dyspeptic\" symptoms. These results show the significant contribution of fentonium bromide and give experimental evidence of the usefulness and therapeutical advantages of the preparation under study.", "contents": "Controlled double-blind trial on the clinical effects of the chenodeoxycholic acid-fentonium bromide combination in the symptomatic treatment of biliary spastic-dyskinetic conditions. A double-blind controlled trial was carried out to compare the effects of chenodeoxycholic acid combined with fentonium bromide (respectively, 125 and 20 mg for each capsule) vs. biliary acid alone in the treatment of biliary dyskinetic conditions with or without gallstones. Observations, concerning altogether 30 patients, showed a significantly higher and quicker efficacy of the combination (3--4 capsules daily during 14 days), in comparison to chenodeoxycholic acid alone, on the group of \"painful\" symptoms; on the contrary, no significant difference was noticed with regard to efficacy on \"dyspeptic\" symptoms. These results show the significant contribution of fentonium bromide and give experimental evidence of the usefulness and therapeutical advantages of the preparation under study.", "PMID": 332188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12206", "title": "Aspirin and delayed type hypersensitivity.", "content": "The effects of aspirin on delayed hypersensitivity were assessed in 40 healthy subjects who were randomly assigned to two equal groups. In a double-blind format, the individuals in one group were placed on 4 gm aspirin daily for 5 days, and individuals in the other group were given placebo. Lymphocyte proliferation was measured before and 72 hours after the initiation of drug, by using three mitogens and four antigens. The percentages of T and B lymphocytes were likewise measured before and during therapy. The subjects were skin tested with the same four antigens 72 hours after the initiation of drug, and the skin tests were read 48 hours later. No significant differences between the two groups were detected when skin tests, lymphocyte proliferation, and percentage of T lymphocytes were compared.", "contents": "Aspirin and delayed type hypersensitivity. The effects of aspirin on delayed hypersensitivity were assessed in 40 healthy subjects who were randomly assigned to two equal groups. In a double-blind format, the individuals in one group were placed on 4 gm aspirin daily for 5 days, and individuals in the other group were given placebo. Lymphocyte proliferation was measured before and 72 hours after the initiation of drug, by using three mitogens and four antigens. The percentages of T and B lymphocytes were likewise measured before and during therapy. The subjects were skin tested with the same four antigens 72 hours after the initiation of drug, and the skin tests were read 48 hours later. No significant differences between the two groups were detected when skin tests, lymphocyte proliferation, and percentage of T lymphocytes were compared.", "PMID": 332184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12207", "title": "[Double-blind comparison of vincamine and placebo in patients with presbyacusis (author's transl)].", "content": "14-15-Dihydro-14beta-hydroxy-[3alpha,16alpha]-eburnamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine, Vincapront) and placebo were compared in a double-blind trial, using daily doses of 60 mg p.o. in 30 out-patients suffering from peripheral and mainly centrally induced labyrinthine deafness (presbyacusis). The treatment lasted for 6 weeks. The diagnosis was established by otological examinations, the SISI test and pure-tone and speech audiometry. Other causes of disease were excluded. 6 patients suffered from an accompanying disease needing treatment (glycosides, antihypertensives). 1 patient had an intercurrent rhinopharyngitis. Any other drug was discontinued at the beginning of treatment. The result was checked by pure-tone and speech audiometry (monosyllabic word test) before and after treatment. The pure-tone audiometric test did not reveal any change in both groups while speech audiometry (monosyllabic word test) showed significant improvements in the vincamine group (p less than 0.004). Only random alterations occurred in the control group. Vincamine was well tolerated by all patients. The tolerance of placebo was rated to be moderate by two patients.", "contents": "[Double-blind comparison of vincamine and placebo in patients with presbyacusis (author's transl)]. 14-15-Dihydro-14beta-hydroxy-[3alpha,16alpha]-eburnamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine, Vincapront) and placebo were compared in a double-blind trial, using daily doses of 60 mg p.o. in 30 out-patients suffering from peripheral and mainly centrally induced labyrinthine deafness (presbyacusis). The treatment lasted for 6 weeks. The diagnosis was established by otological examinations, the SISI test and pure-tone and speech audiometry. Other causes of disease were excluded. 6 patients suffered from an accompanying disease needing treatment (glycosides, antihypertensives). 1 patient had an intercurrent rhinopharyngitis. Any other drug was discontinued at the beginning of treatment. The result was checked by pure-tone and speech audiometry (monosyllabic word test) before and after treatment. The pure-tone audiometric test did not reveal any change in both groups while speech audiometry (monosyllabic word test) showed significant improvements in the vincamine group (p less than 0.004). Only random alterations occurred in the control group. Vincamine was well tolerated by all patients. The tolerance of placebo was rated to be moderate by two patients.", "PMID": 332191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12208", "title": "1-Methyl-2-nitroimidazol-5-yl derivatives. IVth Communication.", "content": "The chemico-physical data and antimicrobial activities are described of a new series of 2-nitroimidazole derivatives prepared by condensing 1-methyl-2-nitroimidazole-5-carboxaldehyde with N-substituted hydroxylamines, N-aminopiperazines and N-aminopiperidines.", "contents": "1-Methyl-2-nitroimidazol-5-yl derivatives. IVth Communication. The chemico-physical data and antimicrobial activities are described of a new series of 2-nitroimidazole derivatives prepared by condensing 1-methyl-2-nitroimidazole-5-carboxaldehyde with N-substituted hydroxylamines, N-aminopiperazines and N-aminopiperidines.", "PMID": 332192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12209", "title": "[Effects of intravenous administration of memantine in parkinsonian patients (author's transl)].", "content": "After a preliminary study in 6 parkinsonian patients concerning the effectiveness and tolerance of 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane hydrochloride (memantine) an investigation to assess its short-term effects was performed. In an unselected group of 12 parkinsonian patients 40 mg of memantine diluted in 500 ml of laevulose were applied i.v. within 2 h. The patients were examined under standardized conditions before, immediately after and 2, 4 and 24 h, respectively, using a program of physchological tests. The results give evidence for a favourable influence on rigor and tremor in Parkinson's syndrome as well as on motor drive. In comparative studies memantine showed a better tolerance than adamantylaminosulfate. The short-time effects of the drug could be differentiated from placebo and learning effects.", "contents": "[Effects of intravenous administration of memantine in parkinsonian patients (author's transl)]. After a preliminary study in 6 parkinsonian patients concerning the effectiveness and tolerance of 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane hydrochloride (memantine) an investigation to assess its short-term effects was performed. In an unselected group of 12 parkinsonian patients 40 mg of memantine diluted in 500 ml of laevulose were applied i.v. within 2 h. The patients were examined under standardized conditions before, immediately after and 2, 4 and 24 h, respectively, using a program of physchological tests. The results give evidence for a favourable influence on rigor and tremor in Parkinson's syndrome as well as on motor drive. In comparative studies memantine showed a better tolerance than adamantylaminosulfate. The short-time effects of the drug could be differentiated from placebo and learning effects.", "PMID": 332193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12210", "title": "Simultaneous gelatin embedding of multiple areas of the arterial tree.", "content": "An embedding method for simultaneously cutting frozen sections of multiple segments of the arterial tree is presented. The segments are stacked in a standardized form and embedded in gelatin. Preparation of the blocks, cutting on a freezing microtome and storage of remnants are discussed. Alignment of the segments was easily achieved and the blocks were sectioned without difficulty. This technique saves space and effort and facilitates screening and rapid reading of slides.", "contents": "Simultaneous gelatin embedding of multiple areas of the arterial tree. An embedding method for simultaneously cutting frozen sections of multiple segments of the arterial tree is presented. The segments are stacked in a standardized form and embedded in gelatin. Preparation of the blocks, cutting on a freezing microtome and storage of remnants are discussed. Alignment of the segments was easily achieved and the blocks were sectioned without difficulty. This technique saves space and effort and facilitates screening and rapid reading of slides.", "PMID": 332195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12211", "title": "Controlled trial of the effect of cycloalliin on the fibrinolytic activity of venous blood.", "content": "Cycloalliin is a natural constituent of onion, sulphur-containing but odourless. It was synthesised for this randomised double-blind study; its effect on fibribolytic activity and platelet aggregability was tested in venous blood from 18 male volunteers. It increased the former to a highly significant degree but had no effect on the latter. It was well tolerated and harmless in the single oral dosage used.", "contents": "Controlled trial of the effect of cycloalliin on the fibrinolytic activity of venous blood. Cycloalliin is a natural constituent of onion, sulphur-containing but odourless. It was synthesised for this randomised double-blind study; its effect on fibribolytic activity and platelet aggregability was tested in venous blood from 18 male volunteers. It increased the former to a highly significant degree but had no effect on the latter. It was well tolerated and harmless in the single oral dosage used.", "PMID": 332196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12212", "title": "[Immunofluorescence aspects of chronic hepatitis in children].", "content": "Liver biopsies from patients (mostly children) affected by chronic hepatitis (persistent or active, HBsAg positive or negative forms), part of them treated by immunosuppressive therapy, have been studied by means of immunofluorescence techniques. A cytoplasmic localization of HBsAg and a nuclear localization of HBcAg have been demonstrated. Moreover, a nuclear localization of immunocomplexes was demonstrated, as well as the presence of immunoglobulins. Persistent forms showed a lesser fluorescence than active forms, and so did the treated patients, if compared with recent, not yet treated subjects.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence aspects of chronic hepatitis in children]. Liver biopsies from patients (mostly children) affected by chronic hepatitis (persistent or active, HBsAg positive or negative forms), part of them treated by immunosuppressive therapy, have been studied by means of immunofluorescence techniques. A cytoplasmic localization of HBsAg and a nuclear localization of HBcAg have been demonstrated. Moreover, a nuclear localization of immunocomplexes was demonstrated, as well as the presence of immunoglobulins. Persistent forms showed a lesser fluorescence than active forms, and so did the treated patients, if compared with recent, not yet treated subjects.", "PMID": 332199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12213", "title": "Once daily treatment of mild to moderate hypertension with xipamid: a controlled study.", "content": "A double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial of 20 and 40 mg of xipamid once daily in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension is reported and some of the difficulties and pitfalls of multicentre trials of this type are described. 2 Both doses were significantly more effective in reducing the blood pressure than the placebo and neither was superior to the other. Both produced some potassium loss. Xipamid acted for at least 22 h and was effective in up to 83% of the patients. 3 Further trials are suggested to investigate the activity of a lower dose than 20 mg.", "contents": "Once daily treatment of mild to moderate hypertension with xipamid: a controlled study. A double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial of 20 and 40 mg of xipamid once daily in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension is reported and some of the difficulties and pitfalls of multicentre trials of this type are described. 2 Both doses were significantly more effective in reducing the blood pressure than the placebo and neither was superior to the other. Both produced some potassium loss. Xipamid acted for at least 22 h and was effective in up to 83% of the patients. 3 Further trials are suggested to investigate the activity of a lower dose than 20 mg.", "PMID": 332217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12214", "title": "A comparative trial of clonidine, propranolol and placebo in the treatment of moderate hypertension.", "content": "1 A double-blind cross over trial between clonidine, propranolol and a placebo in patients with moderate hypertension has been performed. 2 Thirty-two patients completed the study which consisted of three treatment periods in random order of 3 months each. Patients had their blood pressure recorded by an unbiased observer using a random-zero machine. 3 Both clonidine and propranolol produced a significant reduction in blood pressure (P less than 0.01), which was apparent by the second week of therapy. Propranolol gave a greater reduction in pulse rate than clonidine (P less than 0.01) but clonidine also reduced the pulse rate significantly (P less than 0.05). There was no evidence of postural hypotension on either drug. Side-effects were more common with clonidine but these tended to wear off after several weeks of therapy. 4 Clonidine and propranolol were equipotent in reducing blood pressure, but clonidine has more initial side-effects than propranolol.", "contents": "A comparative trial of clonidine, propranolol and placebo in the treatment of moderate hypertension. 1 A double-blind cross over trial between clonidine, propranolol and a placebo in patients with moderate hypertension has been performed. 2 Thirty-two patients completed the study which consisted of three treatment periods in random order of 3 months each. Patients had their blood pressure recorded by an unbiased observer using a random-zero machine. 3 Both clonidine and propranolol produced a significant reduction in blood pressure (P less than 0.01), which was apparent by the second week of therapy. Propranolol gave a greater reduction in pulse rate than clonidine (P less than 0.01) but clonidine also reduced the pulse rate significantly (P less than 0.05). There was no evidence of postural hypotension on either drug. Side-effects were more common with clonidine but these tended to wear off after several weeks of therapy. 4 Clonidine and propranolol were equipotent in reducing blood pressure, but clonidine has more initial side-effects than propranolol.", "PMID": 332218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12215", "title": "Improved pepsin inhibitor derived from activation peptide 1-16 of porcine pepsinogen.", "content": "The peptide Leu-Val-Lys-Val-Pro-Leu-Val-Arg-Lys-Lys-Ser-Leu-Arg-Gln-Asn-Leu, a known pepsin inhibitor, is derived from the first 16 amino acids of porcine pepsinogen. It was prepared from the activation mixture and was modified by guanidination of its three lysine residues to form homoarginine residues. The modified peptide is a better pepsin inhibitor than the native peptide; for 50% inhibition of the milk clotting action of pepsin at pH 5.3, the molar ratio of peptide to pepsin required is 9 for the native inhibitor and only 2 for the guanidinated inhibitor. The dissociation constants (k1) of the inhibitor-pepsin complexes are 7 X 10(-8) and 1.4 X 10(-8) M for the native and guanidinated peptides, respectively. The guanidinated peptide is more resistant to digestion by pepsin at pH 3.5. The native and modified peptides partially protect pepsin from inactivation at pH 7. Stepwise removal of the amino-terminal Leu-Val-Har residues from the guanidinated inhibitor by Edman degradation decreases the pepsin-inhibiting activity only slightly at the first step, but markedly at the second and third steps. Thus, all of the amino-terminal sequence except the leucine residue is necessary for full activity.", "contents": "Improved pepsin inhibitor derived from activation peptide 1-16 of porcine pepsinogen. The peptide Leu-Val-Lys-Val-Pro-Leu-Val-Arg-Lys-Lys-Ser-Leu-Arg-Gln-Asn-Leu, a known pepsin inhibitor, is derived from the first 16 amino acids of porcine pepsinogen. It was prepared from the activation mixture and was modified by guanidination of its three lysine residues to form homoarginine residues. The modified peptide is a better pepsin inhibitor than the native peptide; for 50% inhibition of the milk clotting action of pepsin at pH 5.3, the molar ratio of peptide to pepsin required is 9 for the native inhibitor and only 2 for the guanidinated inhibitor. The dissociation constants (k1) of the inhibitor-pepsin complexes are 7 X 10(-8) and 1.4 X 10(-8) M for the native and guanidinated peptides, respectively. The guanidinated peptide is more resistant to digestion by pepsin at pH 3.5. The native and modified peptides partially protect pepsin from inactivation at pH 7. Stepwise removal of the amino-terminal Leu-Val-Har residues from the guanidinated inhibitor by Edman degradation decreases the pepsin-inhibiting activity only slightly at the first step, but markedly at the second and third steps. Thus, all of the amino-terminal sequence except the leucine residue is necessary for full activity.", "PMID": 332223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12216", "title": "Magnesium ion requirements for yeast enolase activity.", "content": "It has generally been concluded that two divalent cations are required for enolase activity, even though the enzyme is a homodimer that specifically binds four metal ions in the presence of substrate. This paper reports a reinvestigation of the stoichiometry of enolase activation. Specific ion electrode measurements of Mg2+ binding in the presence and absence of substrate are compared with stopped-flow measurements of the velocity of 2-phosphoglycerate dehydration. It is concluded that the enzyme is inactive when only two metal-binding sites are filled and that four sites must be populated with Mg2+ for full activity. An ordered binding mechanism is proposed that quantitatively predicts the activation of enolase by the four Mg2+ ions from their measured dissociation constants and the Michaelis constant for the dehydration reaction. To explain the loss of enzymatic activity at still higher metal concentrations, the binding of additional, inhibitory Mg2+ ions is postulated.", "contents": "Magnesium ion requirements for yeast enolase activity. It has generally been concluded that two divalent cations are required for enolase activity, even though the enzyme is a homodimer that specifically binds four metal ions in the presence of substrate. This paper reports a reinvestigation of the stoichiometry of enolase activation. Specific ion electrode measurements of Mg2+ binding in the presence and absence of substrate are compared with stopped-flow measurements of the velocity of 2-phosphoglycerate dehydration. It is concluded that the enzyme is inactive when only two metal-binding sites are filled and that four sites must be populated with Mg2+ for full activity. An ordered binding mechanism is proposed that quantitatively predicts the activation of enolase by the four Mg2+ ions from their measured dissociation constants and the Michaelis constant for the dehydration reaction. To explain the loss of enzymatic activity at still higher metal concentrations, the binding of additional, inhibitory Mg2+ ions is postulated.", "PMID": 332224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12217", "title": "Evidence for a single essential thiol in the yeast hexokinase molecule.", "content": "In yeast hexokinase B, two thiols per monomer appeared to be essential when enzymic inactivation was produced by the concurrent alkylation of both of them, by several reagents including the affinity reagent N-bromoacetyl-2-D-galactosamine. However, it is shown that only one of these thiols is actually essential. Three of the four thiols present can be blocked by alkylation in the presence of a substrate in appropriate conditions, without loss of enzymic activity. Subsequently, in the absence of substrate, the affinity reagent reacts at the one remaining thiol, with complete inactivation. The same behavior can be obtained by reaction with iodoacetamide or by the formation of the -SCN group. The affinity reagent inactivates hexokinase B faster than does the isomeric glycosidic compound (glycosides being nonsubstrates), although the latter has twice the reactivity of the former toward glutathione. The reactions with alkylating agents, with or without substrate present, are used to classify the four thiols in the monomer. The temperature dependence of the alkylation of the essential thiol provides evidence for a transition in the molecule at about 31 degrees C. The inactive monomer containing the -SCN group can regenerate, by thiolysis, active enzyme with the thiol free. It can also perform an intramolecular cleavage of the chain. The latter reaction was used to locate the essential cysteine residue in the chain, at 80% of the length from the N terminus.", "contents": "Evidence for a single essential thiol in the yeast hexokinase molecule. In yeast hexokinase B, two thiols per monomer appeared to be essential when enzymic inactivation was produced by the concurrent alkylation of both of them, by several reagents including the affinity reagent N-bromoacetyl-2-D-galactosamine. However, it is shown that only one of these thiols is actually essential. Three of the four thiols present can be blocked by alkylation in the presence of a substrate in appropriate conditions, without loss of enzymic activity. Subsequently, in the absence of substrate, the affinity reagent reacts at the one remaining thiol, with complete inactivation. The same behavior can be obtained by reaction with iodoacetamide or by the formation of the -SCN group. The affinity reagent inactivates hexokinase B faster than does the isomeric glycosidic compound (glycosides being nonsubstrates), although the latter has twice the reactivity of the former toward glutathione. The reactions with alkylating agents, with or without substrate present, are used to classify the four thiols in the monomer. The temperature dependence of the alkylation of the essential thiol provides evidence for a transition in the molecule at about 31 degrees C. The inactive monomer containing the -SCN group can regenerate, by thiolysis, active enzyme with the thiol free. It can also perform an intramolecular cleavage of the chain. The latter reaction was used to locate the essential cysteine residue in the chain, at 80% of the length from the N terminus.", "PMID": 332226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12218", "title": "Nonenzymatic reduction of prostaglandin H by lipoic acid.", "content": "Lipoic acid has recently been found to stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis by sheep vesicular gland microsomes (Marnett, L. J., and Wilcox, C. L. (1977). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 487, 222). The increase in oxygenated products is predominantly in the formation of prostaglandin F and its structure has been verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Endoperoxide trapping experiments employing reduced glutathione show that the conversion of prostaglandin H to prostaglandin F is slow in lipoate containing incubation mixtures. Therefore, the net effect of the addition of lipoic acid to vesicular gland microsomes is the stimulation of prostaglandin endoperoxide biosynthesis. Further experiments reveal that the reduction of prostaglandin H to prostaglandin F by lipoate is nonenzymatic and occurs after the termination of biosynthesis in the work-up mixture. The reduction takes place preferentially in the organic phase of a Folch extract (chloroform-methanol-2% formic acid 8:4:3). Authentic prostaglandin H2 is reduced by lipoic acid to prostaglandin F 2alpha in high yield under these conditions.", "contents": "Nonenzymatic reduction of prostaglandin H by lipoic acid. Lipoic acid has recently been found to stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis by sheep vesicular gland microsomes (Marnett, L. J., and Wilcox, C. L. (1977). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 487, 222). The increase in oxygenated products is predominantly in the formation of prostaglandin F and its structure has been verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Endoperoxide trapping experiments employing reduced glutathione show that the conversion of prostaglandin H to prostaglandin F is slow in lipoate containing incubation mixtures. Therefore, the net effect of the addition of lipoic acid to vesicular gland microsomes is the stimulation of prostaglandin endoperoxide biosynthesis. Further experiments reveal that the reduction of prostaglandin H to prostaglandin F by lipoate is nonenzymatic and occurs after the termination of biosynthesis in the work-up mixture. The reduction takes place preferentially in the organic phase of a Folch extract (chloroform-methanol-2% formic acid 8:4:3). Authentic prostaglandin H2 is reduced by lipoic acid to prostaglandin F 2alpha in high yield under these conditions.", "PMID": 332228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12219", "title": "Mobile carrier ionophores for Fe(II).", "content": "A23187 and certain other carboxylate ionophores are capable of transferring Fe(II) but not Fe(III) across phospholipid bilayers (liposomes) and red cell membranes. A23187 is able to transfer Fe(II) from ferritin loaded liposomes when allied with a suitable redox couple and sink. The affinity of A23187 for Fe(II) is approximately five orders of magnitude greater than for Ca2+, as judged by two phase extraction techniques.", "contents": "Mobile carrier ionophores for Fe(II). A23187 and certain other carboxylate ionophores are capable of transferring Fe(II) but not Fe(III) across phospholipid bilayers (liposomes) and red cell membranes. A23187 is able to transfer Fe(II) from ferritin loaded liposomes when allied with a suitable redox couple and sink. The affinity of A23187 for Fe(II) is approximately five orders of magnitude greater than for Ca2+, as judged by two phase extraction techniques.", "PMID": 332229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12220", "title": "Phospholipid exchange between bilayer membranes.", "content": "The mode of interaction of aqueous dispersions of phospholipid vesicles is investigated. The vesicles (average diameter 950 A) are prepared from total lipid extracts of Escherichia coli composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. One type of vesicle contains trans-delta 9-octadecenoate, the other type trans-delta 9-hexadecenoate as predominant acyl chain component. The vesicles show order in equilibrium disorder transitions at transition temperatures, Tt = 42 degrees C and Tt = 29 degrees C, respectively. A mixture of these vesicles is incubated at 45 degrees C and lipid transfer is studied as a function of time using the phase transition as an indicator. The system reveals the following properties: Lipids are transferred between the two vesicle types giving rise to a vesicle population where both lipid components are homogeneously mixed. Lipid transfer is asymmetric, i.e. trans-delta 9-hexadecenoate-containing lipid molecules appear more rapidly in the trans-delta 9-octadecenoate-containing vesicles than vice versa. At a given molar ratio of the two types of vesicles the rate of lipid transfer is independent of the total vesicle concentration. It is concluded that lipid exchange through the water phase by way of single molecules or micelles is the mode of communication of these negatively charged lipid vesicles.", "contents": "Phospholipid exchange between bilayer membranes. The mode of interaction of aqueous dispersions of phospholipid vesicles is investigated. The vesicles (average diameter 950 A) are prepared from total lipid extracts of Escherichia coli composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. One type of vesicle contains trans-delta 9-octadecenoate, the other type trans-delta 9-hexadecenoate as predominant acyl chain component. The vesicles show order in equilibrium disorder transitions at transition temperatures, Tt = 42 degrees C and Tt = 29 degrees C, respectively. A mixture of these vesicles is incubated at 45 degrees C and lipid transfer is studied as a function of time using the phase transition as an indicator. The system reveals the following properties: Lipids are transferred between the two vesicle types giving rise to a vesicle population where both lipid components are homogeneously mixed. Lipid transfer is asymmetric, i.e. trans-delta 9-hexadecenoate-containing lipid molecules appear more rapidly in the trans-delta 9-octadecenoate-containing vesicles than vice versa. At a given molar ratio of the two types of vesicles the rate of lipid transfer is independent of the total vesicle concentration. It is concluded that lipid exchange through the water phase by way of single molecules or micelles is the mode of communication of these negatively charged lipid vesicles.", "PMID": 332230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12221", "title": "Kinetics of phospholipid exchange between bilayer membranes.", "content": "In an accompanying publication by Duckwitz-Peterlein, Eilenberger and Overath ((1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 469,311--325) it is shown that the exchange of lipid molecules between negatively charged vesicles consisting of total phospholipid extracts from Escherichia coli occurs by the transfer of single lipid monomers or small micelles through the water. Here a kinetic interpretation is presented in terms of a rate constant, k--, for the escape of lipid molecules from the vesicle bilayer into the water. The evaluated rate constants are kP- = (0.86 +/- 0.05) - 10(-5) S-1 and ke- = (1.09 +/- 0.13) - 10(-6) s-1 for phospholipid molecules with trans-delta 9-hexadecenoate and trans-delta 9-octadecenoate, respectively, as the predominant acyl chain component. The rate constants are discussed in terms of the acyl chain and polar head group composition of the lipids.", "contents": "Kinetics of phospholipid exchange between bilayer membranes. In an accompanying publication by Duckwitz-Peterlein, Eilenberger and Overath ((1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 469,311--325) it is shown that the exchange of lipid molecules between negatively charged vesicles consisting of total phospholipid extracts from Escherichia coli occurs by the transfer of single lipid monomers or small micelles through the water. Here a kinetic interpretation is presented in terms of a rate constant, k--, for the escape of lipid molecules from the vesicle bilayer into the water. The evaluated rate constants are kP- = (0.86 +/- 0.05) - 10(-5) S-1 and ke- = (1.09 +/- 0.13) - 10(-6) s-1 for phospholipid molecules with trans-delta 9-hexadecenoate and trans-delta 9-octadecenoate, respectively, as the predominant acyl chain component. The rate constants are discussed in terms of the acyl chain and polar head group composition of the lipids.", "PMID": 332231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12222", "title": "[The influence of chloramphenicol on synthesis of ribosomes and beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase].", "content": "The effect of low chloramphenicol concentrations on the biosynthesis of RNA, ribosomal proteins and RNA polymerase in E. coli CP 78 cells was studied. When protein synthesis was decreased by 50--70%, 14C-uracil incorporation in DNA increased twice, the rRNA synthesis being stimulated preferentially. In the presence of antibiotic the RNA/DNA ratio increased from 5,7 to 13,3. The differential rate of r-protein synthesis increased simultaneously with the stimulation of rRNA synthesis, so that alphar rises from 0,083 (without antibiotic) to 0,122 and 0,161 at 5 and 10 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol, respectively. The inhibition of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol is accompanied also by the increase of differential rate of synthesis of beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase. In the presence of 5 and 10 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol, alphap increased from 0,90% to 1,44 and 1,57%, respectively. It is assumed that the genes for beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase as the ribosomal genes are negatively controlled by guanosine tetraphosphate which intracellular concentration decreased in the presence of chloramphenicol. The known data on the influence of streptolydigin and rifampicin on the RNA polymerase biosynthesis are discussed in view of proposed hypothesis.", "contents": "[The influence of chloramphenicol on synthesis of ribosomes and beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase]. The effect of low chloramphenicol concentrations on the biosynthesis of RNA, ribosomal proteins and RNA polymerase in E. coli CP 78 cells was studied. When protein synthesis was decreased by 50--70%, 14C-uracil incorporation in DNA increased twice, the rRNA synthesis being stimulated preferentially. In the presence of antibiotic the RNA/DNA ratio increased from 5,7 to 13,3. The differential rate of r-protein synthesis increased simultaneously with the stimulation of rRNA synthesis, so that alphar rises from 0,083 (without antibiotic) to 0,122 and 0,161 at 5 and 10 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol, respectively. The inhibition of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol is accompanied also by the increase of differential rate of synthesis of beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase. In the presence of 5 and 10 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol, alphap increased from 0,90% to 1,44 and 1,57%, respectively. It is assumed that the genes for beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase as the ribosomal genes are negatively controlled by guanosine tetraphosphate which intracellular concentration decreased in the presence of chloramphenicol. The known data on the influence of streptolydigin and rifampicin on the RNA polymerase biosynthesis are discussed in view of proposed hypothesis.", "PMID": 332237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12223", "title": "[In vivo and in vitro studies of phage T4 lysozyme mRNA translation].", "content": "Translation of phage T4 lysozyme mRNA is studied in vivo and in vitro. Polyribosomes, carrying growing lysozyme polypeptides, are found to be homogenous enough and to contain 6 ribosomes. Complete molecules of phage lysozyme, which possess an enzymatic activity and are similar to the native enzyme in its electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gel, have been synthetized in vitro on RNA isolated from phage-infected cells. The efficiency of RNA translation in cell-free system is discussed on the model of synthesis of functionally active individual protein.", "contents": "[In vivo and in vitro studies of phage T4 lysozyme mRNA translation]. Translation of phage T4 lysozyme mRNA is studied in vivo and in vitro. Polyribosomes, carrying growing lysozyme polypeptides, are found to be homogenous enough and to contain 6 ribosomes. Complete molecules of phage lysozyme, which possess an enzymatic activity and are similar to the native enzyme in its electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gel, have been synthetized in vitro on RNA isolated from phage-infected cells. The efficiency of RNA translation in cell-free system is discussed on the model of synthesis of functionally active individual protein.", "PMID": 332238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12224", "title": "[Kinematics of fibroblast spreading. II. Individual locomotor activity].", "content": "An analysis of area changes of normal mouse fibroblasts during their spreading is made with time intervals of 5-50 s. A mean increase of the area takes place simultaneously with area fluctuations of various rhythms, which result from accidental undulations of the lamella edge. The fluctuations are also the same during intermediate temporary stopping of cell spreading. The central cell region--endoplasm--is stretched passively by centrifugal lamella forces and is an active antagonist of forces in squeeze processes. A description is made of the lamella edge undulations like the phase states change of protraction and retraction, and it is shown by two-dimensional phase diagrams that edge-activity has a zone organisation. These zones can migrate upon the cell perimeter as a wave in stohastic excitable medium.", "contents": "[Kinematics of fibroblast spreading. II. Individual locomotor activity]. An analysis of area changes of normal mouse fibroblasts during their spreading is made with time intervals of 5-50 s. A mean increase of the area takes place simultaneously with area fluctuations of various rhythms, which result from accidental undulations of the lamella edge. The fluctuations are also the same during intermediate temporary stopping of cell spreading. The central cell region--endoplasm--is stretched passively by centrifugal lamella forces and is an active antagonist of forces in squeeze processes. A description is made of the lamella edge undulations like the phase states change of protraction and retraction, and it is shown by two-dimensional phase diagrams that edge-activity has a zone organisation. These zones can migrate upon the cell perimeter as a wave in stohastic excitable medium.", "PMID": 332233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12225", "title": "A stimulator of stem cell proliferation in regenerating bone marrow.", "content": "A factor, capable of stimulating resting haemopoietic stem cells into DNA-synthesis has been extracted from regenerating bone marrow. It has a molecular weight in the range of 30.000-50.000 daltons and is not detectable in normal bone marrow. Used in combination with a stem cell proliferation inhibitor, previously described, it will restimulate proliferation in stem cells initially stopped by the inhibitor. Conversely, stimulation produced by this factor can be reversed by the addition of inhibitor. It is concluded that stem cell proliferation is controlled by an appropriate balance of endogenously produced stimulatory and inhibitory factors.", "contents": "A stimulator of stem cell proliferation in regenerating bone marrow. A factor, capable of stimulating resting haemopoietic stem cells into DNA-synthesis has been extracted from regenerating bone marrow. It has a molecular weight in the range of 30.000-50.000 daltons and is not detectable in normal bone marrow. Used in combination with a stem cell proliferation inhibitor, previously described, it will restimulate proliferation in stem cells initially stopped by the inhibitor. Conversely, stimulation produced by this factor can be reversed by the addition of inhibitor. It is concluded that stem cell proliferation is controlled by an appropriate balance of endogenously produced stimulatory and inhibitory factors.", "PMID": 332243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12226", "title": "[Interaction between a fluorescent probe and the surface structures of Escherichia coli].", "content": "The interaction of ANS with Escherichia coli cells, isolated cell walls, total cell envelopes and inner membranes was investigated in the presence and absence of Ca2+ ions. The addition of Ca2+ to intact cells at room temperature did not result in enhancement of fluorescence intensity. On the contrary the addition of Ca2+ to intact cells at 2 degrees C resulted in a progressive increase of fluorescence intensity with the maximum reached approximately by the 20th minute. The addition of Ca2+ to different membrane preparations showed a two-fold increase. Addition of Ca2+ to spheroplast membrane preparations did not result in any increase of the number of binding sites for ANS. There was a four-fold increase in quantum yields. All membrane preparations in titrations with Ca2+ showed saturation kinetics. The obtained results are discussed in terms of structural alterations in E. coli membranes and in relation with biological effects.", "contents": "[Interaction between a fluorescent probe and the surface structures of Escherichia coli]. The interaction of ANS with Escherichia coli cells, isolated cell walls, total cell envelopes and inner membranes was investigated in the presence and absence of Ca2+ ions. The addition of Ca2+ to intact cells at room temperature did not result in enhancement of fluorescence intensity. On the contrary the addition of Ca2+ to intact cells at 2 degrees C resulted in a progressive increase of fluorescence intensity with the maximum reached approximately by the 20th minute. The addition of Ca2+ to different membrane preparations showed a two-fold increase. Addition of Ca2+ to spheroplast membrane preparations did not result in any increase of the number of binding sites for ANS. There was a four-fold increase in quantum yields. All membrane preparations in titrations with Ca2+ showed saturation kinetics. The obtained results are discussed in terms of structural alterations in E. coli membranes and in relation with biological effects.", "PMID": 332234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12227", "title": "Midcycle doubling of uptake rates of adenine and serine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Rates of uptake of serine and of adenine were measured as a function of cell size, and therefore age, in asynchronous, exponential phase cultures of diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Y55. In both cases, uptake rates were constant during the initial third of the cell cycle and doubled during the S period in the middle part of the cycle to a constant value during the final third. Cell size and age at mid-step doubling were indistinguishable for serine and adenine uptake, and occurred during the period of DNA synthesis. The results extend an earlier hypothesis of constancy of cell growth rates (mass accumulation rates) and rates of uptake of all or almost all compounds into cells in exponential phase growth to one of piecewise constancy, with an abrupt doubling of growth and uptake rates during DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Midcycle doubling of uptake rates of adenine and serine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rates of uptake of serine and of adenine were measured as a function of cell size, and therefore age, in asynchronous, exponential phase cultures of diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Y55. In both cases, uptake rates were constant during the initial third of the cell cycle and doubled during the S period in the middle part of the cycle to a constant value during the final third. Cell size and age at mid-step doubling were indistinguishable for serine and adenine uptake, and occurred during the period of DNA synthesis. The results extend an earlier hypothesis of constancy of cell growth rates (mass accumulation rates) and rates of uptake of all or almost all compounds into cells in exponential phase growth to one of piecewise constancy, with an abrupt doubling of growth and uptake rates during DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 332244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12228", "title": "Mechanisms of intercellular adhesion.", "content": "Investigations into cellular adhesion, both of a biochemical and biophysical nature, have not yet produced an established theory or widely accepted hypothesis to explain the mechanics of this fundamental biological process although much information concerning the structure and function of the mammalian cell surface has been gained. At the present time there is increasing evidence to suggest that cellular adhesion is mediated by specific cell surface macromolecules which are capable of forming protein-carbohydrate complexes possibly resembling those found between plant lectins and their carbohydrate substrates.", "contents": "Mechanisms of intercellular adhesion. Investigations into cellular adhesion, both of a biochemical and biophysical nature, have not yet produced an established theory or widely accepted hypothesis to explain the mechanics of this fundamental biological process although much information concerning the structure and function of the mammalian cell surface has been gained. At the present time there is increasing evidence to suggest that cellular adhesion is mediated by specific cell surface macromolecules which are capable of forming protein-carbohydrate complexes possibly resembling those found between plant lectins and their carbohydrate substrates.", "PMID": 332245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12229", "title": "Evolutionary significance of the system utilizing D-amino acid enantiomers.", "content": "The evolutionary significance of the system utilizing D-amino acid enantiomers in living organisms is discussed, based on an experiment in which the mutant from Escherichia coli K--12 4627 grown on D-tryptophan was used. The mutant shows the ability of D-tryptophan is degraded to indol which can be utilized for the synthesis of L-tryptophan in the presence of serine.", "contents": "Evolutionary significance of the system utilizing D-amino acid enantiomers. The evolutionary significance of the system utilizing D-amino acid enantiomers in living organisms is discussed, based on an experiment in which the mutant from Escherichia coli K--12 4627 grown on D-tryptophan was used. The mutant shows the ability of D-tryptophan is degraded to indol which can be utilized for the synthesis of L-tryptophan in the presence of serine.", "PMID": 332246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12230", "title": "Chemical procedures for enzyme immobilization on porous cellulose beads.", "content": "In a previous article, the method of preparation and the physical properties of porous (75 to 80% porosity) cellulose beads were described (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 18, 1057 (1976). The present article reports that the chemical procedures employed for immobilizing enzymes on ordinary cellulose can be applied to the porous cellulose beads. The results showed more enzyme loading on the beads than ordinary cellulose. The choice of the procedures might also affect the mechanical strength of the cellulose beads.", "contents": "Chemical procedures for enzyme immobilization on porous cellulose beads. In a previous article, the method of preparation and the physical properties of porous (75 to 80% porosity) cellulose beads were described (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 18, 1057 (1976). The present article reports that the chemical procedures employed for immobilizing enzymes on ordinary cellulose can be applied to the porous cellulose beads. The results showed more enzyme loading on the beads than ordinary cellulose. The choice of the procedures might also affect the mechanical strength of the cellulose beads.", "PMID": 332247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12231", "title": "[Effect of erythrocyte breakdown products on mast cells and erythropoietin formation].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on CBA mice and albino rats. A study was made of the effect of erythrocyte destruction products (EDP) on the content of hemopoietic colony-forming units (CFU), differentiation of stem cells and the erythropoietin production. It was shown that 3 or 4 EDP injections to normal mice or to lethally irradiated (1000 rad) mice after the transplantation of bone marrow cells caused no changes in the CFU level of stem cells differentiation. In case of a daily (for 3 days) administration of EDP to mice before the irradiation (1000 rad) and bone marrow transplantation there was observed an increase of the colonies count in the recipients' spleen on account of the erythroid colonies. EDP injection caused no changes in the erythropoietic activity of the blood serum. A possible role of erythrocyte destruction products in the mechanism of erythropoiesis autoregulation is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of erythrocyte breakdown products on mast cells and erythropoietin formation]. Experiments were conducted on CBA mice and albino rats. A study was made of the effect of erythrocyte destruction products (EDP) on the content of hemopoietic colony-forming units (CFU), differentiation of stem cells and the erythropoietin production. It was shown that 3 or 4 EDP injections to normal mice or to lethally irradiated (1000 rad) mice after the transplantation of bone marrow cells caused no changes in the CFU level of stem cells differentiation. In case of a daily (for 3 days) administration of EDP to mice before the irradiation (1000 rad) and bone marrow transplantation there was observed an increase of the colonies count in the recipients' spleen on account of the erythroid colonies. EDP injection caused no changes in the erythropoietic activity of the blood serum. A possible role of erythrocyte destruction products in the mechanism of erythropoiesis autoregulation is discussed.", "PMID": 332249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12232", "title": "[Kinetics of the basic sections of the hemopoietic system in radiation chimeras].", "content": "During first 3 days after mice irradiation and syngeneic bone marrow transplantation in them the number of CFUs (about 0,5% of the injected cells) was stable, although the proliferation induction began 24 hours after transplantation. As it was shown by the method of \"thymidine self-distruction\". Twenty four hours later all the CFUs entered the mitotic cycle. On the contrary, the commited cells (granulopoesis precursors) compartment (CFUc) enters the logarithmic growth phase since the first day. The exponential growth of the CFUs number was observed from the 4th day simultaneously with the increasing of the proliferation rate of CFUc and the beginning of the recovery of the bone marrow cells total number. In late radiation chimeras (1 month after radiation and reconstitution) the total number of CFUs was 50--70% of the initial. The other hemopoetic parameters were in the normal limits.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the basic sections of the hemopoietic system in radiation chimeras]. During first 3 days after mice irradiation and syngeneic bone marrow transplantation in them the number of CFUs (about 0,5% of the injected cells) was stable, although the proliferation induction began 24 hours after transplantation. As it was shown by the method of \"thymidine self-distruction\". Twenty four hours later all the CFUs entered the mitotic cycle. On the contrary, the commited cells (granulopoesis precursors) compartment (CFUc) enters the logarithmic growth phase since the first day. The exponential growth of the CFUs number was observed from the 4th day simultaneously with the increasing of the proliferation rate of CFUc and the beginning of the recovery of the bone marrow cells total number. In late radiation chimeras (1 month after radiation and reconstitution) the total number of CFUs was 50--70% of the initial. The other hemopoetic parameters were in the normal limits.", "PMID": 332250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12233", "title": "[Behavior of the F-like plasmids in bacterial cells with a varying capacity genetic recombination].", "content": "F-like plasmids (FBl, FBl drd, F-lac+) were transferred to the recipient strains E. coli, K-12 with different recombination ability. Then the sensitivity of these strains to ultra-violet irradiation and also the stability of the mentioned plasmids under conditions of bacteria treatment with elimination agents was determined. The presence of any F-like plasmids under study failed to influence the ultra-violet sensitivity of the bacterial cells. On the other hand, the research results of spontaneous and inducec elimination of these plasmids indicated considerable differences in relation to the elimination agents. It is supposed that the stability of individual F-like plasmids in the cells largely depended on the genetic differences in rec A gene in the bacterial cells containing them.", "contents": "[Behavior of the F-like plasmids in bacterial cells with a varying capacity genetic recombination]. F-like plasmids (FBl, FBl drd, F-lac+) were transferred to the recipient strains E. coli, K-12 with different recombination ability. Then the sensitivity of these strains to ultra-violet irradiation and also the stability of the mentioned plasmids under conditions of bacteria treatment with elimination agents was determined. The presence of any F-like plasmids under study failed to influence the ultra-violet sensitivity of the bacterial cells. On the other hand, the research results of spontaneous and inducec elimination of these plasmids indicated considerable differences in relation to the elimination agents. It is supposed that the stability of individual F-like plasmids in the cells largely depended on the genetic differences in rec A gene in the bacterial cells containing them.", "PMID": 332251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12234", "title": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the effect of alloxan on the cellular elements of the pancreas in reptiles].", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of alloxan to Testudo horsfieldi and Caspian tortoises in a dose of 300 mg/kg caused destructive and metabolic changes in the cell elements of both the endocrine and the exocrine part of the pancreas. Focal destruction occurred in the granular cytoplasmic reticulum of the acinar cells, and mitochondria--in the mucoid and centroacinar cells. Hydropic degeneration developed in B-cells. All the cell elements and nerve fibers displayed glycogen deposition, the most pronounced in the centroacinar and mucoid cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the effect of alloxan on the cellular elements of the pancreas in reptiles]. Intraperitoneal injection of alloxan to Testudo horsfieldi and Caspian tortoises in a dose of 300 mg/kg caused destructive and metabolic changes in the cell elements of both the endocrine and the exocrine part of the pancreas. Focal destruction occurred in the granular cytoplasmic reticulum of the acinar cells, and mitochondria--in the mucoid and centroacinar cells. Hydropic degeneration developed in B-cells. All the cell elements and nerve fibers displayed glycogen deposition, the most pronounced in the centroacinar and mucoid cells.", "PMID": 332252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12235", "title": "Discrete clusters of hematopoietic cells in the marrow cavity of man after bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "Discrete aggregates of hematopoietic cells were observed in the bone marrows of patients with aplastic anemia or acute leukemia 14 days after marrow transplantation. The great majority of such colonies were of a single cell type, and less than 3% contained two or more cell types. Erythroid, myeloid, and undifferentiated hematopoietic colonies were approximately equal in frequency.", "contents": "Discrete clusters of hematopoietic cells in the marrow cavity of man after bone marrow transplantation. Discrete aggregates of hematopoietic cells were observed in the bone marrows of patients with aplastic anemia or acute leukemia 14 days after marrow transplantation. The great majority of such colonies were of a single cell type, and less than 3% contained two or more cell types. Erythroid, myeloid, and undifferentiated hematopoietic colonies were approximately equal in frequency.", "PMID": 332256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12236", "title": "Immunofluorescent method for positive identification of null-cell type acute lymphocytic leukemias: use of heterologous antiserum.", "content": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients could be subclassified into two groups depending on whether or not their leukemia cells expressed a B-lymphocyte antigen. The antigen was detected by an indirect immunofluorescence test using rabbit antisera. In the positive group, consisting of 26 of 32 patients, the leukemia cells were of the \"null\"-cell type, i.e., they did not appear to express currently recognized T- and -b-cell markers. Absroption studies indicated that the positive null-cell group expressed a common antigen which was not expressed on the negative group. Of the 6 negative cases,, 5 expressed complement receptors and 3 expressed T-cell markers. The negative group was also characterized by high white cell counts and the pressence of a mediastinal mass.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent method for positive identification of null-cell type acute lymphocytic leukemias: use of heterologous antiserum. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients could be subclassified into two groups depending on whether or not their leukemia cells expressed a B-lymphocyte antigen. The antigen was detected by an indirect immunofluorescence test using rabbit antisera. In the positive group, consisting of 26 of 32 patients, the leukemia cells were of the \"null\"-cell type, i.e., they did not appear to express currently recognized T- and -b-cell markers. Absroption studies indicated that the positive null-cell group expressed a common antigen which was not expressed on the negative group. Of the 6 negative cases,, 5 expressed complement receptors and 3 expressed T-cell markers. The negative group was also characterized by high white cell counts and the pressence of a mediastinal mass.", "PMID": 332257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12237", "title": "[Electrophoretic mobility of lymphocytes in chronic lymphatic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Lymphocytes and other blood cells can be separated by means of free flow cell electrophoresis. Immunofluorescence of the separated lymphocytes of four healthy volunteers with antiimmunoglobulins IgD and IgM produced different distribution profiles for each immunoglobulin class, the IgD positive cells migrating faster than the IgM positive ones. Amongst five patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia four with IgD positive lymphocytes (greater than 80%) showed an identical electrophoretic distribution. The IgM positive lymphocytes (greater than 80%) of the fifth patient migrated much more slowly. The weighted mean of each distribution profile of either the IgD or IgM positive lymphocytes in CLL is similar to that of normal subjects.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic mobility of lymphocytes in chronic lymphatic leukemia (author's transl)]. Lymphocytes and other blood cells can be separated by means of free flow cell electrophoresis. Immunofluorescence of the separated lymphocytes of four healthy volunteers with antiimmunoglobulins IgD and IgM produced different distribution profiles for each immunoglobulin class, the IgD positive cells migrating faster than the IgM positive ones. Amongst five patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia four with IgD positive lymphocytes (greater than 80%) showed an identical electrophoretic distribution. The IgM positive lymphocytes (greater than 80%) of the fifth patient migrated much more slowly. The weighted mean of each distribution profile of either the IgD or IgM positive lymphocytes in CLL is similar to that of normal subjects.", "PMID": 332259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12238", "title": "Tumors and amyloidosis in mice painted with crude oil found on bathing beaches.", "content": "Oil lumps collected on the beaches of Israel in 1970, 1971 and 1973 were extracted with pure acetone and the extracts were used to paint the skin of mice twice weekly for 12 months. The oil lumps originated from crude oil spilled from tankers. The less recently collected oils induced papillomata and lymphomata in some animals. They were also more active than the recent oil in the induction of generalized amyloidosis. Mice painted for 12 months with acetone alone developed amyloidosis to a similar extent as those painted with the oldest oil. In previously reported experiments, however, acetone was much less active than the oil in producing amyloidosis after 5 months of painting. The possibility that acetone and oil might act both synergistically or to be antagonistic at different phases of amyloidogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Tumors and amyloidosis in mice painted with crude oil found on bathing beaches. Oil lumps collected on the beaches of Israel in 1970, 1971 and 1973 were extracted with pure acetone and the extracts were used to paint the skin of mice twice weekly for 12 months. The oil lumps originated from crude oil spilled from tankers. The less recently collected oils induced papillomata and lymphomata in some animals. They were also more active than the recent oil in the induction of generalized amyloidosis. Mice painted for 12 months with acetone alone developed amyloidosis to a similar extent as those painted with the oldest oil. In previously reported experiments, however, acetone was much less active than the oil in producing amyloidosis after 5 months of painting. The possibility that acetone and oil might act both synergistically or to be antagonistic at different phases of amyloidogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 332261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12239", "title": "Foundations of medical librarianship.", "content": "The development of medical librarianship during the last forty years is examined as reflected in the changes of its resources, technology, education, and knowledge base. A shift from historical to scientific inquiry constitutes the direction of medical librarianship. Its nexus is the gathering of information and the transfer of knowledge. The social and human resources for this ongoing change and the basis for a quest for excellence is seen in the pool of talent represented by hospital librarians and the aspirations of the women's movement for equality.", "contents": "Foundations of medical librarianship. The development of medical librarianship during the last forty years is examined as reflected in the changes of its resources, technology, education, and knowledge base. A shift from historical to scientific inquiry constitutes the direction of medical librarianship. Its nexus is the gathering of information and the transfer of knowledge. The social and human resources for this ongoing change and the basis for a quest for excellence is seen in the pool of talent represented by hospital librarians and the aspirations of the women's movement for equality.", "PMID": 332265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12240", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone injections on bronchial obstruction in asthma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 14 asthmatic subjects with bronchial obstruction reversible by beta-sympathomimetic drug inhalation (salbutamol), the effect of intravenous injections of placebo and of 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg of hemisuccinate hydrocortisone (HSHC) has been measured by determining the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) every two hours for eight hours. In four patients, FEV1 was not significantly altered by HSHC injection. It was improved in the ten other patients. The latency period lasted at least four hours and the peak action was observed between the sixth and the eighth hour. These two factors were related to the HSHC dose. The improvement obtained with 8 mg/kg HSHC was similar to that of salbutamol. The effect of the latter was potentiated by 8 mg/kg HSHC. These results suggest that HSHC should not be used when a fast reaction is wanted, on the one hand, and that the efficacy of the product must be controlled by objective measurements, on the other hand since not every subject is responsive.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone injections on bronchial obstruction in asthma (author's transl)]. In 14 asthmatic subjects with bronchial obstruction reversible by beta-sympathomimetic drug inhalation (salbutamol), the effect of intravenous injections of placebo and of 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg of hemisuccinate hydrocortisone (HSHC) has been measured by determining the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) every two hours for eight hours. In four patients, FEV1 was not significantly altered by HSHC injection. It was improved in the ten other patients. The latency period lasted at least four hours and the peak action was observed between the sixth and the eighth hour. These two factors were related to the HSHC dose. The improvement obtained with 8 mg/kg HSHC was similar to that of salbutamol. The effect of the latter was potentiated by 8 mg/kg HSHC. These results suggest that HSHC should not be used when a fast reaction is wanted, on the one hand, and that the efficacy of the product must be controlled by objective measurements, on the other hand since not every subject is responsive.", "PMID": 332262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12241", "title": "[Gamma function extrapolation of dilution curves for pulmonary blood volume determination in chronic bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The risk of incorporating inapparent recirculation under the extrapolated downslope of dye dilution curves is greater with exponential than gamma function extrapolation since the latter makes use of ascending and early descending limbs of the curve. Extrapolation of a true gamma function is not affected by the level at which extrapolation begins. With curves obtained in eight normal subjects, cardiac output (phi) was comparable by exponential and gamma extrapolation if the latter began between 75 and 55% of the peak concentration (Cmax.). phi was underestimated or overestimated according to whether extrapolation began higher or lower than the above limits. Therefore, experimental curves were not true gamma functions. However, the level at which extrapolation began had little effect on pulmonary mean transit time and pulmonary blood volume (PBV) calculated by use of the double injection-single sampling method. Similar effects on phi of the level at which extrapolation by a gamma function begins were found with 24 chronic bronchitics. PBV calculated with a gamma function extrapolated from 0.75 X Cmax. downwards and with an exponential function averaged approximately 340 ml and did not differ from one another. The data suggest that the low values of PBV in chronic bronchitis are not an artifact due to the method of extrapolation.", "contents": "[Gamma function extrapolation of dilution curves for pulmonary blood volume determination in chronic bronchitis (author's transl)]. The risk of incorporating inapparent recirculation under the extrapolated downslope of dye dilution curves is greater with exponential than gamma function extrapolation since the latter makes use of ascending and early descending limbs of the curve. Extrapolation of a true gamma function is not affected by the level at which extrapolation begins. With curves obtained in eight normal subjects, cardiac output (phi) was comparable by exponential and gamma extrapolation if the latter began between 75 and 55% of the peak concentration (Cmax.). phi was underestimated or overestimated according to whether extrapolation began higher or lower than the above limits. Therefore, experimental curves were not true gamma functions. However, the level at which extrapolation began had little effect on pulmonary mean transit time and pulmonary blood volume (PBV) calculated by use of the double injection-single sampling method. Similar effects on phi of the level at which extrapolation by a gamma function begins were found with 24 chronic bronchitics. PBV calculated with a gamma function extrapolated from 0.75 X Cmax. downwards and with an exponential function averaged approximately 340 ml and did not differ from one another. The data suggest that the low values of PBV in chronic bronchitis are not an artifact due to the method of extrapolation.", "PMID": 332263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12242", "title": "Is your dosage really necessary? Antibiotic dosage in urinary infection.", "content": "Dense cultures of bacteria were exposed to changing concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics in an in-vitro model of the urinary bladder. The results suggest that uncomplicated urinary infection may respond to lower doses than are usually given without compromising the success of subsequent treatment in those cases in which such minimal treatment fails.", "contents": "Is your dosage really necessary? Antibiotic dosage in urinary infection. Dense cultures of bacteria were exposed to changing concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics in an in-vitro model of the urinary bladder. The results suggest that uncomplicated urinary infection may respond to lower doses than are usually given without compromising the success of subsequent treatment in those cases in which such minimal treatment fails.", "PMID": 332269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12243", "title": "[Technical and experimental study of two electronic spirometers (author's transl)].", "content": "Two electronic spirometers which use standard pneumotachographs were evaluated for their static and dynamic response, and clinically compared in 20 subjects to a reference flow channel. In the Pneumoscreen the data are digitalized and stored, permitting to play back the flow-volume curves at low or high speed. The instrument provides a direct read-out of forced vital capacity and of five indexes of forced expiration. It was found perfectly adequate with respect to linearity and frequency response. However, due to some systematic error in digital processing, maximum flow at low lung volumes appeared substantially over-estimated. Besides forced vital capacity and a number of indexes of forced expiration, the Medistor type M 010 may be used to measure ventilation, tidal volume, frequency and maximum breathing capacity. The data are processed by an analog computer. The transducer was found poorly linear with inadequate frequency response. However, no systematic bias in the measurements was found, except for peak flow and maximum breathing capacity.", "contents": "[Technical and experimental study of two electronic spirometers (author's transl)]. Two electronic spirometers which use standard pneumotachographs were evaluated for their static and dynamic response, and clinically compared in 20 subjects to a reference flow channel. In the Pneumoscreen the data are digitalized and stored, permitting to play back the flow-volume curves at low or high speed. The instrument provides a direct read-out of forced vital capacity and of five indexes of forced expiration. It was found perfectly adequate with respect to linearity and frequency response. However, due to some systematic error in digital processing, maximum flow at low lung volumes appeared substantially over-estimated. Besides forced vital capacity and a number of indexes of forced expiration, the Medistor type M 010 may be used to measure ventilation, tidal volume, frequency and maximum breathing capacity. The data are processed by an analog computer. The transducer was found poorly linear with inadequate frequency response. However, no systematic bias in the measurements was found, except for peak flow and maximum breathing capacity.", "PMID": 332264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12244", "title": "[The effects of the pause at the end of inspiration on gas exchange and hemodynamics during artificial ventilation].", "content": "We have studied the effects of an inspiratory pause (PI) during artificial ventilation in 13 patients in acute respiratory insufficiency. The effects on gas exchange, haemodynamics and distribution of ventilation were observed. During the period of study the total volume, the inspiration/expiration ratio and the inspired oxygen concentration were all maintained constant. With the inspiratory pause arterial oxygenation has not changed significantly, whereas it did change favourably with PEEP. The physiological dead space (VD/VT) was reduced in proportion to the duration of the inspiratory pause. These results suggest that the inspiratory pause triggers regional modification of the ventilation/perfusion ratio, favouring a reduction of the VD/VT ratio. However, this improvement of the VD/VT ratio does not seem to influence the oxygenation or the total distribution of ventilation in this type of patient.", "contents": "[The effects of the pause at the end of inspiration on gas exchange and hemodynamics during artificial ventilation]. We have studied the effects of an inspiratory pause (PI) during artificial ventilation in 13 patients in acute respiratory insufficiency. The effects on gas exchange, haemodynamics and distribution of ventilation were observed. During the period of study the total volume, the inspiration/expiration ratio and the inspired oxygen concentration were all maintained constant. With the inspiratory pause arterial oxygenation has not changed significantly, whereas it did change favourably with PEEP. The physiological dead space (VD/VT) was reduced in proportion to the duration of the inspiratory pause. These results suggest that the inspiratory pause triggers regional modification of the ventilation/perfusion ratio, favouring a reduction of the VD/VT ratio. However, this improvement of the VD/VT ratio does not seem to influence the oxygenation or the total distribution of ventilation in this type of patient.", "PMID": 332285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12245", "title": "Prevention of obstruction of nasopharyngeal CPAP tubes by adequate humidification of inspired gases.", "content": "Nasopharyngeal CPAP is a simple and useful technique for increasing FRC and stimulating respiration in small premature infants. However, as it is essentially a non-rebreathing technique, the gases used should be warmed and saturated to the level normally found in the pharynx with no artificial airway present (31 degrees to 33 degrees C, 90 per cent plus relative humidity). If this is not done, crusting, mucous plugging, atelectasis, hypoxia, and infection will occur rapidly. Excess humidity should also be avoided.", "contents": "Prevention of obstruction of nasopharyngeal CPAP tubes by adequate humidification of inspired gases. Nasopharyngeal CPAP is a simple and useful technique for increasing FRC and stimulating respiration in small premature infants. However, as it is essentially a non-rebreathing technique, the gases used should be warmed and saturated to the level normally found in the pharynx with no artificial airway present (31 degrees to 33 degrees C, 90 per cent plus relative humidity). If this is not done, crusting, mucous plugging, atelectasis, hypoxia, and infection will occur rapidly. Excess humidity should also be avoided.", "PMID": 332286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12246", "title": "Purine metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The synthesis, interconversion, and catabolism of purine bases, ribonucleosides, and ribonucleotides in wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied by measuring the conversion of radioactive adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and glycine into acid-soluble purine bases, ribonucleosides, and ribonucleotides, and into nucleic acid adenine and guanine. The pathway(s) by which adenine is converted to inosinate is (are) uncertain. Guanine is extensively deaminated to xanthine. In addition, some guanine is converted to inosinate and adenine nucleotides. Inosinate formed either from hypoxanthine or de novo is readily converted to adenine and guanine nucleotides.", "contents": "Purine metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The synthesis, interconversion, and catabolism of purine bases, ribonucleosides, and ribonucleotides in wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied by measuring the conversion of radioactive adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and glycine into acid-soluble purine bases, ribonucleosides, and ribonucleotides, and into nucleic acid adenine and guanine. The pathway(s) by which adenine is converted to inosinate is (are) uncertain. Guanine is extensively deaminated to xanthine. In addition, some guanine is converted to inosinate and adenine nucleotides. Inosinate formed either from hypoxanthine or de novo is readily converted to adenine and guanine nucleotides.", "PMID": 332289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12247", "title": "Intestinal emphysema (Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis) in a gnotobiotic pig.", "content": "A gnotobiotic pig monocontaminated with an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was subsequently hyperimmunized to produce a monotypic antiserum. At necropsy, multiple, air filled cysts were found in the wall of the large intestine. The etiology of this condition is still conjectural. However, select strains of E. coli may cause or contribute to intestinal emphysema in swine.", "contents": "Intestinal emphysema (Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis) in a gnotobiotic pig. A gnotobiotic pig monocontaminated with an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was subsequently hyperimmunized to produce a monotypic antiserum. At necropsy, multiple, air filled cysts were found in the wall of the large intestine. The etiology of this condition is still conjectural. However, select strains of E. coli may cause or contribute to intestinal emphysema in swine.", "PMID": 332291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12248", "title": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a review. New applications in hypersensitivity reactions of cattle and horses.", "content": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the biosynthesis of kinins and prostaglandins and stabilize leukocyte lysosomal membranes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs also weakly block the biosynthesis of histamine and serotonin, and pharmacologically antagonize kinins, prostaglandins and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effectively control both cardiovascular and respiratory manifestations of hypersensitivity in cattle and horses. This, coupled with the contrasting lack of effectiveness of \"antiamine\" drugs, suggests that bio-amines such as histamine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) may be less important than kinins, postaglandins and slow-reacting substance in the mediation of the hypersensitivity/inflammatory reaction, at least in cardiopulmonary systems of these species. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs justify more prominence in the clinical control of acute respiratory disease in domestic herbivores.", "contents": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a review. New applications in hypersensitivity reactions of cattle and horses. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the biosynthesis of kinins and prostaglandins and stabilize leukocyte lysosomal membranes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs also weakly block the biosynthesis of histamine and serotonin, and pharmacologically antagonize kinins, prostaglandins and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effectively control both cardiovascular and respiratory manifestations of hypersensitivity in cattle and horses. This, coupled with the contrasting lack of effectiveness of \"antiamine\" drugs, suggests that bio-amines such as histamine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) may be less important than kinins, postaglandins and slow-reacting substance in the mediation of the hypersensitivity/inflammatory reaction, at least in cardiopulmonary systems of these species. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs justify more prominence in the clinical control of acute respiratory disease in domestic herbivores.", "PMID": 332290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12249", "title": "Effect of heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins, cholera toxin and theophylline on unidirectional sodium and chloride fluxes in the proximal and distal jejunum of weanling swine.", "content": "Acute, isolated loops of proximal and distal jejunum of weanling swine were exposed to either heat stable porcine Escherichia coli enterotoxin, heat labile porcine Escherichia coli enterotoxin, cholera toxin or theophylline. Unidirectional sodium fluxes in response to heat stable in the proximal jejunum were dependent on the length of time that the intestinal mucosae was exposed to the enterotoxin. Net water, sodium and chloride and unidirectional sodium and chloride flux measurements in the proximal jejunum in response to each agent uniformly indicated that net secretion of fluid and electrolytes was the result of increased unidirectional sodium secretion or blood-to-lumen flux and decreased unidirectional chloride absorption or lumen-to-blood flux. In addition heat stable cholera toxin and theophylline but not heat labile decreased unidirectional chloride secretion a small but significant amount in the proximal jejunum. Sodium and chloride flux measurements in the distal jejunum demonstrated that all four secretory agents could stimulate net secretion of water, sodium and chloride in that region. The response to these secretory agents as measured by sodium and chloride unidirectional flux rates was not similar to changes observed in the proximal jejunum. In the distal small intestine, whereas heat labile cholera toxin and theophylline induced similar qualitative changes in unidirectional sodium and chloride fluxes, that induced by heat stable differed.", "contents": "Effect of heat stable and heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins, cholera toxin and theophylline on unidirectional sodium and chloride fluxes in the proximal and distal jejunum of weanling swine. Acute, isolated loops of proximal and distal jejunum of weanling swine were exposed to either heat stable porcine Escherichia coli enterotoxin, heat labile porcine Escherichia coli enterotoxin, cholera toxin or theophylline. Unidirectional sodium fluxes in response to heat stable in the proximal jejunum were dependent on the length of time that the intestinal mucosae was exposed to the enterotoxin. Net water, sodium and chloride and unidirectional sodium and chloride flux measurements in the proximal jejunum in response to each agent uniformly indicated that net secretion of fluid and electrolytes was the result of increased unidirectional sodium secretion or blood-to-lumen flux and decreased unidirectional chloride absorption or lumen-to-blood flux. In addition heat stable cholera toxin and theophylline but not heat labile decreased unidirectional chloride secretion a small but significant amount in the proximal jejunum. Sodium and chloride flux measurements in the distal jejunum demonstrated that all four secretory agents could stimulate net secretion of water, sodium and chloride in that region. The response to these secretory agents as measured by sodium and chloride unidirectional flux rates was not similar to changes observed in the proximal jejunum. In the distal small intestine, whereas heat labile cholera toxin and theophylline induced similar qualitative changes in unidirectional sodium and chloride fluxes, that induced by heat stable differed.", "PMID": 332292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12250", "title": "The metabolism of phenylacetic acid by Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 28282: identification of 2,6-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid.", "content": "Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 28282 converted phenylacetic acid into a new dihydroxylated compound (2,6-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) which was identified as 2,6-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid methyl ester. Two other new metabolites have been isolated also and identified as orthohydroxyphenylacetic acid and meta-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.", "contents": "The metabolism of phenylacetic acid by Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 28282: identification of 2,6-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 28282 converted phenylacetic acid into a new dihydroxylated compound (2,6-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) which was identified as 2,6-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid methyl ester. Two other new metabolites have been isolated also and identified as orthohydroxyphenylacetic acid and meta-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.", "PMID": 332293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12251", "title": "Phage typing of Escherichia coli isolated from chickens.", "content": "Ten different bacteriophages were isolated from untreated city sewage water. These phages were stable at 57 degrees C for 40 min. A modified agar layer technique was used to obtain high titre phages. Ninety-four of a stock of 101 cultures of Escherichia coli, which were isolated from inflamed portions of intestines of chickens, were lysed by one or more of these phages. The E. coli of a known serological grouping were phage typed.", "contents": "Phage typing of Escherichia coli isolated from chickens. Ten different bacteriophages were isolated from untreated city sewage water. These phages were stable at 57 degrees C for 40 min. A modified agar layer technique was used to obtain high titre phages. Ninety-four of a stock of 101 cultures of Escherichia coli, which were isolated from inflamed portions of intestines of chickens, were lysed by one or more of these phages. The E. coli of a known serological grouping were phage typed.", "PMID": 332294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12252", "title": "Flow-microfluorometric analysis of Escherichia coli, Rhizobium meliloti, and Rhizobium japonicum at different stages of the growth cycle.", "content": "The applicability of flow-microfluorometry (FMF) to the study of bacterial samples was investigated on cultures of Rhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium japonicum, and Escherichia coli using fluorescent and light-scattering signals. This technique which analyzes individual bacterial cells in a population was used to monitor the relative change in nucleic acid content and cell size during the growth cycle of the three microorganisms which were known to have different growth rates. Early log-phase E. coli cells contained at least eightfold more nucleic acid and were significantly larger than the stationary-phase cells. Cultures of early log-phase R. meliloti cells contained three to four-fold more nucleic acid and were slightly larger than cells in the stationary phase. Rhizobium japonicum had very little change in either parameter. In general, the amount of change in both cell size and nucleic acid content upon initiation of log-phase growth was related to the overall growt rate of the organisms, with E. coli experiencing the greatest change and R. japonicum the least. Results obtained by FMF analysis, therefore, were consistent with observations reported by earlier workers. Cultures of R. meliloti also were used to demonstrate that the intensity of the fluorescent signals was sensitive to digestion by DNase and RNase and to prolonged storage and fixation. The potential use of FMF in the study of microorganisms is discussed.", "contents": "Flow-microfluorometric analysis of Escherichia coli, Rhizobium meliloti, and Rhizobium japonicum at different stages of the growth cycle. The applicability of flow-microfluorometry (FMF) to the study of bacterial samples was investigated on cultures of Rhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium japonicum, and Escherichia coli using fluorescent and light-scattering signals. This technique which analyzes individual bacterial cells in a population was used to monitor the relative change in nucleic acid content and cell size during the growth cycle of the three microorganisms which were known to have different growth rates. Early log-phase E. coli cells contained at least eightfold more nucleic acid and were significantly larger than the stationary-phase cells. Cultures of early log-phase R. meliloti cells contained three to four-fold more nucleic acid and were slightly larger than cells in the stationary phase. Rhizobium japonicum had very little change in either parameter. In general, the amount of change in both cell size and nucleic acid content upon initiation of log-phase growth was related to the overall growt rate of the organisms, with E. coli experiencing the greatest change and R. japonicum the least. Results obtained by FMF analysis, therefore, were consistent with observations reported by earlier workers. Cultures of R. meliloti also were used to demonstrate that the intensity of the fluorescent signals was sensitive to digestion by DNase and RNase and to prolonged storage and fixation. The potential use of FMF in the study of microorganisms is discussed.", "PMID": 332295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12253", "title": "Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum types A and B hemagglutinins by sugars.", "content": "Chromatographically isolated hemagglutinins of Clostridium botulinum types A and B are serologically related but not identical. Of the sugars (5, 6, 12, 18 carbons, some derivatives, L  and D forms) tested, only D-galactose and some of tis derivatives were inhibitors of these hemagglutinins. O-Nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside were the most potent inhibitors. The two hemagglutinins were bound tightly by p-aminophenyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside coupled to CH-Sepharose 4B. The ligands to which these hemagglutinins bind were determined as the sugars which inhibited the hemagglutinating activity.", "contents": "Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum types A and B hemagglutinins by sugars. Chromatographically isolated hemagglutinins of Clostridium botulinum types A and B are serologically related but not identical. Of the sugars (5, 6, 12, 18 carbons, some derivatives, L  and D forms) tested, only D-galactose and some of tis derivatives were inhibitors of these hemagglutinins. O-Nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside were the most potent inhibitors. The two hemagglutinins were bound tightly by p-aminophenyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside coupled to CH-Sepharose 4B. The ligands to which these hemagglutinins bind were determined as the sugars which inhibited the hemagglutinating activity.", "PMID": 332296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12254", "title": "Antimicrobial resistance and resistance plasmids in Salmonella from Ontario, Canada.", "content": "Collections of 589 human and 204 animal strains of Salmonella isolated in Ontario during the summer of1974 were examined for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents. Many isolates were found to be resistant to both chloramphenicol (12.4% of the human and 38.2% of the animal sample) and ampicillin. The chloramphenicol resistance almost always occurred in strains which were also resistant to ampicillin and was usually due to a self-transmissible plasmid with a resistance pattern of CmKmSmTc (chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline) or CmTc. Ampicillin resistance in these strains was mediated by a variety of plasmids with patterns ApSu (ampicillin and sulfa drugs) and ApSmSu, many of which were nonself-transmissible. Ampicillin resistance in chloramphenicol-sensitive strains was transferable from 21% of the strains, and it was associated with resistance patterns which were different from the self-transferable ampicillin  patterns from the chloramphenicol-resistance strains.", "contents": "Antimicrobial resistance and resistance plasmids in Salmonella from Ontario, Canada. Collections of 589 human and 204 animal strains of Salmonella isolated in Ontario during the summer of1974 were examined for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents. Many isolates were found to be resistant to both chloramphenicol (12.4% of the human and 38.2% of the animal sample) and ampicillin. The chloramphenicol resistance almost always occurred in strains which were also resistant to ampicillin and was usually due to a self-transmissible plasmid with a resistance pattern of CmKmSmTc (chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline) or CmTc. Ampicillin resistance in these strains was mediated by a variety of plasmids with patterns ApSu (ampicillin and sulfa drugs) and ApSmSu, many of which were nonself-transmissible. Ampicillin resistance in chloramphenicol-sensitive strains was transferable from 21% of the strains, and it was associated with resistance patterns which were different from the self-transferable ampicillin  patterns from the chloramphenicol-resistance strains.", "PMID": 332297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12255", "title": "Autopsy of an Egyptian mummy (Nakht--ROM I).", "content": "Autopsy of a 3200-year-old Egyptian mummy by an international multidisciplinary team yielded much information about diseases of the ancient past. Major contributions were made by the disciplines of anatomy, dentistry, genetics, hematology, histology, microbiology, nuclear medicine, occupational medicine, orthopedic surgery, otolaryngology, pathology, pediatrics, plastic surgery, radiology and virology. Scientists from Toronto, Detroit, Philadelphia and Cardiff participated in the investigation. The following were the main findings of medical interest: skeleton, infection or malnutrition as suggested by Harris's lines in distal femoral metaphyses; muscle (intercostal), cyst of Trichinella spiralis; lungs, deposits of anthracotic pigment and granite particles; spleen, enlargement with evidence of possible rupture; liver, early cirrhosis and calcified ova of Schistosoma sp.; kidney, calcified ova of Schistosoma sp.; and large and small intestines, calcified ova of Schistosoma and Taenia spp. This autopsy demonstrated the value of well coordinated efforts by specialists in various medical disciplines. Such efforts are essential when such a rare scientific endeavour is to yield a maximum of useful and reliable information.", "contents": "Autopsy of an Egyptian mummy (Nakht--ROM I). Autopsy of a 3200-year-old Egyptian mummy by an international multidisciplinary team yielded much information about diseases of the ancient past. Major contributions were made by the disciplines of anatomy, dentistry, genetics, hematology, histology, microbiology, nuclear medicine, occupational medicine, orthopedic surgery, otolaryngology, pathology, pediatrics, plastic surgery, radiology and virology. Scientists from Toronto, Detroit, Philadelphia and Cardiff participated in the investigation. The following were the main findings of medical interest: skeleton, infection or malnutrition as suggested by Harris's lines in distal femoral metaphyses; muscle (intercostal), cyst of Trichinella spiralis; lungs, deposits of anthracotic pigment and granite particles; spleen, enlargement with evidence of possible rupture; liver, early cirrhosis and calcified ova of Schistosoma sp.; kidney, calcified ova of Schistosoma sp.; and large and small intestines, calcified ova of Schistosoma and Taenia spp. This autopsy demonstrated the value of well coordinated efforts by specialists in various medical disciplines. Such efforts are essential when such a rare scientific endeavour is to yield a maximum of useful and reliable information.", "PMID": 332299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12256", "title": "Type A and type B botulism in the North: first reported cases due to toxin other than type E in Alaskan Inuit.", "content": "Botulism outbreaks shown to be due to type A and type B toxin occurred in Alaska, a region previously known for only type E botulism. The outbreak due to type A toxin involved three people, two of whom died. The outbreak due to type B toxin involved nine people, none of whom died. Both outbreaks were in Inuit villages, and native foods were incriminated. The occurrence of these outbreaks strongly suggests that Clostridium botulinum, types A and B are indigenous to Alaska. The outbreaks underscore the need for initial treatment of patients with antitoxin that is trivalent (ABE), even in Arctic regions.", "contents": "Type A and type B botulism in the North: first reported cases due to toxin other than type E in Alaskan Inuit. Botulism outbreaks shown to be due to type A and type B toxin occurred in Alaska, a region previously known for only type E botulism. The outbreak due to type A toxin involved three people, two of whom died. The outbreak due to type B toxin involved nine people, none of whom died. Both outbreaks were in Inuit villages, and native foods were incriminated. The occurrence of these outbreaks strongly suggests that Clostridium botulinum, types A and B are indigenous to Alaska. The outbreaks underscore the need for initial treatment of patients with antitoxin that is trivalent (ABE), even in Arctic regions.", "PMID": 332309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12257", "title": "Common injuries of the athlete's hand.", "content": "Hand injuries are among the most frequent accidents seen in sports medicine. All too commonly they are considered trivial since the athlete may continue to participate actively and neglect his injury. The consequent delay in diagnosis and proper treatment may result in long-standing or even permanent disability. This paper describes the more commonly encountered hand injuries, their diagnosis and their optimal treatment. Included are soft-tissue injuries, ligamentous injuries, fractures and tendon avulsions. The basic principles applicable to skeletal and soft-tissue trauma of the hand, which physicians at all levels of sports medicine may encounter, are stressed.", "contents": "Common injuries of the athlete's hand. Hand injuries are among the most frequent accidents seen in sports medicine. All too commonly they are considered trivial since the athlete may continue to participate actively and neglect his injury. The consequent delay in diagnosis and proper treatment may result in long-standing or even permanent disability. This paper describes the more commonly encountered hand injuries, their diagnosis and their optimal treatment. Included are soft-tissue injuries, ligamentous injuries, fractures and tendon avulsions. The basic principles applicable to skeletal and soft-tissue trauma of the hand, which physicians at all levels of sports medicine may encounter, are stressed.", "PMID": 332313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12258", "title": "Primary malignant lymphoma cutis.", "content": "Between 1934 and 1975, 16 patients with primary malignant lymphoma cutis were seen at the Ottawa clinic of the Ontario Cancer Foundation. The lesions were purplish, firm, dermal or hypodermal (or both) nodules, tumours and plaques. In all 16 the histopathologic diagnosis was diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; 12 were considered to have prognostically bad lymphomas. However, the prognosis of primary malignant lymphoma cutis is significantly more favourable than is implied by the stage IV designation that such localized extranodal involvement would have required under the Rye clinical staging classification.", "contents": "Primary malignant lymphoma cutis. Between 1934 and 1975, 16 patients with primary malignant lymphoma cutis were seen at the Ottawa clinic of the Ontario Cancer Foundation. The lesions were purplish, firm, dermal or hypodermal (or both) nodules, tumours and plaques. In all 16 the histopathologic diagnosis was diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; 12 were considered to have prognostically bad lymphomas. However, the prognosis of primary malignant lymphoma cutis is significantly more favourable than is implied by the stage IV designation that such localized extranodal involvement would have required under the Rye clinical staging classification.", "PMID": 332316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12259", "title": "The value of maintenance therapy following treatment of central nervous system leukemia.", "content": "The efficacy of intrathecal (IT) maintenance chemotherapy following central nervous system (CNS) leukemia was demonstrated in a retrospective study of 77 such episodes. The median durations of CNS and bone marrow (BM) remissions were significantly longer for the 41 maintained episodes (10+ and 9.5 months, respectively) compared with the 36 unmaintained episodes (4 and 2 months, respectively). Patients were comparable in each of these two groups. For those patients receiving maintenance therapy, there appeared to be an advantage in using four or more doses of IT medications for treatment of CNS leukemia, regardless of the number of doses necessary to clear the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).", "contents": "The value of maintenance therapy following treatment of central nervous system leukemia. The efficacy of intrathecal (IT) maintenance chemotherapy following central nervous system (CNS) leukemia was demonstrated in a retrospective study of 77 such episodes. The median durations of CNS and bone marrow (BM) remissions were significantly longer for the 41 maintained episodes (10+ and 9.5 months, respectively) compared with the 36 unmaintained episodes (4 and 2 months, respectively). Patients were comparable in each of these two groups. For those patients receiving maintenance therapy, there appeared to be an advantage in using four or more doses of IT medications for treatment of CNS leukemia, regardless of the number of doses necessary to clear the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).", "PMID": 332318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12260", "title": "Results with methyl-CCNU and DTIC in metastatic melanoma.", "content": "This report is the result of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) study. Four hundred and 15 patients with inoperable metastatic malignant melanoma, excluding those with cutaneous metastases only, were randomized to one of three drug treatments: DTIC alone, methyl-CCNU alone, or the combination DTIC plus methyl-CCNU. Responses were seen in 14% of DTIC patients (19/127), 15% of methyl-CCNU patients (18/119) and 14% of DTIC plus methyl-CCNU patients (18/122). Duration of response was the same (14 weeks) for all three treatment groups. There was no difference among the treatments in achieving complete responses. Survival was improved significantly for responders (50 weeks) compared with nonresponders (15 weeks) regardless of treatment regimen. Toxicities were generally tolerable. DTIC caused significantly more gastrointestinal toxicity than methyl-CCNU. Methyl-CCNU caused significantly more bone marrow toxicity than DTIC. There were three drug-related deaths. All occurred in patients on combination DTIC plus methyl-CCNU. Important pretreatment characteristics that favor response are ambulatory status, female, less than 50 years old, no prior chemotherapy and no liver or brain metastases. Patients with favorable characteristics combinations had a 30% response rate, while those with unfavorable characteristic combinations had only a 9% response rate.", "contents": "Results with methyl-CCNU and DTIC in metastatic melanoma. This report is the result of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) study. Four hundred and 15 patients with inoperable metastatic malignant melanoma, excluding those with cutaneous metastases only, were randomized to one of three drug treatments: DTIC alone, methyl-CCNU alone, or the combination DTIC plus methyl-CCNU. Responses were seen in 14% of DTIC patients (19/127), 15% of methyl-CCNU patients (18/119) and 14% of DTIC plus methyl-CCNU patients (18/122). Duration of response was the same (14 weeks) for all three treatment groups. There was no difference among the treatments in achieving complete responses. Survival was improved significantly for responders (50 weeks) compared with nonresponders (15 weeks) regardless of treatment regimen. Toxicities were generally tolerable. DTIC caused significantly more gastrointestinal toxicity than methyl-CCNU. Methyl-CCNU caused significantly more bone marrow toxicity than DTIC. There were three drug-related deaths. All occurred in patients on combination DTIC plus methyl-CCNU. Important pretreatment characteristics that favor response are ambulatory status, female, less than 50 years old, no prior chemotherapy and no liver or brain metastases. Patients with favorable characteristics combinations had a 30% response rate, while those with unfavorable characteristic combinations had only a 9% response rate.", "PMID": 332319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12261", "title": "Tibial adamantinoma: its histogenesis from ultrastructural studies.", "content": "Only three previous reports on the ultrastructural appearance of tibial adamantinoma have been found among some 120 cases of this tumor reported in the literature. The tumor in our case is less differentiated than the cases previously reported. We believe it is of epithelial character and the possibilities of its histogenesis have been narrowed down to either mesothelial, synovial or squamous origins among the many theories proposed. Ameloblastic origin, however, cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Tibial adamantinoma: its histogenesis from ultrastructural studies. Only three previous reports on the ultrastructural appearance of tibial adamantinoma have been found among some 120 cases of this tumor reported in the literature. The tumor in our case is less differentiated than the cases previously reported. We believe it is of epithelial character and the possibilities of its histogenesis have been narrowed down to either mesothelial, synovial or squamous origins among the many theories proposed. Ameloblastic origin, however, cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 332320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12262", "title": "The coexistence of nodular and diffuse patterns in nodular non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: significance and clinicopathologic correlation.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-six cases of nodular lymphoma have been classified cytologically by the criteria of Rappaport, and have been divided into three architectural groups, based on the degree of nodularity. Eighty-five percent of the patients have been followed for at least 5 years after initial therapy. Analysis of actuarial survival curves reveals that patients in the poorly differentiated lymphocytic and mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic categories with the three architectural patterns (\"nodular only,\" \"nodular with focal diffuse,\" and \"nodular with diffuse\") have similar long-term and disease-free survivals. Nevertheless, any degree of nodularity imparts a more favorable prognosis than diffuse lymphoma of coreresponding cell type. In the small number of patients with a nodular lye than in the other two histiocytic type, associated with diffuse areas, the prognosis is less favorable than in the other two histologic groups. Thus, a nodular lymphoma of so-called histiocytic type with diffuse areas may behave more like a diffuse than nodular lymphoma, and warrants appropriate therapy.", "contents": "The coexistence of nodular and diffuse patterns in nodular non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: significance and clinicopathologic correlation. One hundred and twenty-six cases of nodular lymphoma have been classified cytologically by the criteria of Rappaport, and have been divided into three architectural groups, based on the degree of nodularity. Eighty-five percent of the patients have been followed for at least 5 years after initial therapy. Analysis of actuarial survival curves reveals that patients in the poorly differentiated lymphocytic and mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic categories with the three architectural patterns (\"nodular only,\" \"nodular with focal diffuse,\" and \"nodular with diffuse\") have similar long-term and disease-free survivals. Nevertheless, any degree of nodularity imparts a more favorable prognosis than diffuse lymphoma of coreresponding cell type. In the small number of patients with a nodular lye than in the other two histiocytic type, associated with diffuse areas, the prognosis is less favorable than in the other two histologic groups. Thus, a nodular lymphoma of so-called histiocytic type with diffuse areas may behave more like a diffuse than nodular lymphoma, and warrants appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 332322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12263", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXV. Significance of the Ph1 (including unusual translocations) in various acute leukemias.", "content": "The following rare Ph1-positive chromosome constitutions, based on the cytogenetic findings in three cases with acute leukemia, are presented. 1) A hypodiploid karyotype, primarily 43, -X, -7, -8,9p+ and a Ph1, in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in relapse, followed by a complete remission and a normal chromosomal picture and then by the appearance of cells with a 46,XX,Ph1 karyotype. The Ph1 was due to a standard translocation between chromosomes no. 9 and no. 22. 2) The first demonstration of an unusual Ph1-translocation between chromosomes no. 19 and no. 22 in a condition other than chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), i.e., acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). 3) The presence of a Ph1 in acute erythroleukemia (EL) due to a translocation between chromosomes no. 4 and no. 22, this apparently being the first description of such a translocation in any disease. The cytogenetic findings, particularly those in the Ph1-positive case of ALL, were evaluated in relation to the cytologic and immunologic features, clinical courses and implications, and the interrelationship between the three conditions (AML, blastic phase of CML and ALL), which have to be considered in cases of Ph1-positive acute leukemia.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXV. Significance of the Ph1 (including unusual translocations) in various acute leukemias. The following rare Ph1-positive chromosome constitutions, based on the cytogenetic findings in three cases with acute leukemia, are presented. 1) A hypodiploid karyotype, primarily 43, -X, -7, -8,9p+ and a Ph1, in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in relapse, followed by a complete remission and a normal chromosomal picture and then by the appearance of cells with a 46,XX,Ph1 karyotype. The Ph1 was due to a standard translocation between chromosomes no. 9 and no. 22. 2) The first demonstration of an unusual Ph1-translocation between chromosomes no. 19 and no. 22 in a condition other than chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), i.e., acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). 3) The presence of a Ph1 in acute erythroleukemia (EL) due to a translocation between chromosomes no. 4 and no. 22, this apparently being the first description of such a translocation in any disease. The cytogenetic findings, particularly those in the Ph1-positive case of ALL, were evaluated in relation to the cytologic and immunologic features, clinical courses and implications, and the interrelationship between the three conditions (AML, blastic phase of CML and ALL), which have to be considered in cases of Ph1-positive acute leukemia.", "PMID": 332321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12264", "title": "The epidemiology of bladder cancer: a second look.", "content": "A case-control study among 574 male and 158 female bladder cancer patients and equal numbers of matched controls was conducted between 1969 and 1974 in 17 hospitals in six United States cities. We determined that cigarette smokers of both sexes were at higher relative risk than nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking was responsible for about one-half of male and one-third of female bladder cancer. There was an excess of bladder cancer patients with some previous occupational exposure, such as rubber, chemicals, and textiles. A weak association with coffee drinking, which appeared to be independent of smoking, was found for males. Users of artificial sweeteners were not over-represented among the cases. The authors conclude that the epidemiologic pattern of bladder cancer cannot be fully accounted for by cigarette smoking and occupational exposure and suggest a series of metabolic studies to assess the role of additional factors, such as nutrition.", "contents": "The epidemiology of bladder cancer: a second look. A case-control study among 574 male and 158 female bladder cancer patients and equal numbers of matched controls was conducted between 1969 and 1974 in 17 hospitals in six United States cities. We determined that cigarette smokers of both sexes were at higher relative risk than nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking was responsible for about one-half of male and one-third of female bladder cancer. There was an excess of bladder cancer patients with some previous occupational exposure, such as rubber, chemicals, and textiles. A weak association with coffee drinking, which appeared to be independent of smoking, was found for males. Users of artificial sweeteners were not over-represented among the cases. The authors conclude that the epidemiologic pattern of bladder cancer cannot be fully accounted for by cigarette smoking and occupational exposure and suggest a series of metabolic studies to assess the role of additional factors, such as nutrition.", "PMID": 332323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12265", "title": "Consequences of acute myelogenous leukemia in early pregnancy.", "content": "Cytarabine and thioguanine therapy for acute myelomonocytic leukemia initiated in the tenth week of pregnancy (with the addition of vincristine and rubidomycin at 17 weeks) led to a short complete remission of the leukemia in a 24-year-old primigravida. This is the first case to be reported in which cytarabine was administered in the first trimester and a prostaglandin termination of pregnancy performed at 20 weeks produced an apparently normal fetus. A review of the literature suggests a slightly less than 50% chance of producing a live healthy baby if acute myelogenous leukemia is diagnosed in the first half of pregnancy, with materna mortality approaching 100% by six months postpartum. Current therapy may improve these figures.", "contents": "Consequences of acute myelogenous leukemia in early pregnancy. Cytarabine and thioguanine therapy for acute myelomonocytic leukemia initiated in the tenth week of pregnancy (with the addition of vincristine and rubidomycin at 17 weeks) led to a short complete remission of the leukemia in a 24-year-old primigravida. This is the first case to be reported in which cytarabine was administered in the first trimester and a prostaglandin termination of pregnancy performed at 20 weeks produced an apparently normal fetus. A review of the literature suggests a slightly less than 50% chance of producing a live healthy baby if acute myelogenous leukemia is diagnosed in the first half of pregnancy, with materna mortality approaching 100% by six months postpartum. Current therapy may improve these figures.", "PMID": 332324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12266", "title": "Characterization of urothelial carcinoma with respect to the content of carcinoembryonic antigen in exfoliated cells.", "content": "A sutstance immunologically similar to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was demonstrated in urothelial bladder carcinoma cells. When indirect immunofluorescence with specific anti-CEA antisera was used, CEA-containing cells were seen in 18 out of 40 cases in 5% to 30% of the cells. Among patients with tumor cells of well differentiated morphology, 61% had CEA-containing cells, compared with only 24% of patients with a poorly differentiated tumor. Microfluorometry of single cells was performed in six cases to estimate the range of CEA content. The mean fluorescence intensity with anti-CEA antiserum was three to six times that of the same tumor cell population stained with non-immune rabbit sera. This fluorescence was decreased when the anti-CEA anti-sera were incubated with CEA but not with nonspecific cross-reactive antigen. The results show a wide range of CEA antigen content in exofoliated bladder tumor cells. In addition to proliferative status and differentiation, quantitative CEA measurements give further possibilities to study characteristics of tumor cell populations.", "contents": "Characterization of urothelial carcinoma with respect to the content of carcinoembryonic antigen in exfoliated cells. A sutstance immunologically similar to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was demonstrated in urothelial bladder carcinoma cells. When indirect immunofluorescence with specific anti-CEA antisera was used, CEA-containing cells were seen in 18 out of 40 cases in 5% to 30% of the cells. Among patients with tumor cells of well differentiated morphology, 61% had CEA-containing cells, compared with only 24% of patients with a poorly differentiated tumor. Microfluorometry of single cells was performed in six cases to estimate the range of CEA content. The mean fluorescence intensity with anti-CEA antiserum was three to six times that of the same tumor cell population stained with non-immune rabbit sera. This fluorescence was decreased when the anti-CEA anti-sera were incubated with CEA but not with nonspecific cross-reactive antigen. The results show a wide range of CEA antigen content in exofoliated bladder tumor cells. In addition to proliferative status and differentiation, quantitative CEA measurements give further possibilities to study characteristics of tumor cell populations.", "PMID": 332326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12267", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for tumor antigen of human cervical squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "A heterologous antiserum for human cervical squamous cell carcinoma was prepared and specificity determined by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence studies. With this antiserum, a tumor antigen was purified from human cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissue. The specificities of the antigen and the antiserum were then re-examined by a radioimmunoassay method using 125 I-labeled purified antigen. Although normal cervical tissue extract showed a moderate cross-reactivity in the radioimmunoassay, the circulating antigen activity could not be detected in normal women or in several patients with carcinomas, whereas 27 of 35 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma showed detectable serum antigen activity. All aptients with advanced stages of cervical squamous cell carcinoma showed detectable antigen levels. These results indicate that there is a quantitative abnormality, at least, of this tumor antigen in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma and that the radioimmunoassay for the antigen is a potentially useful tool in clinical care.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for tumor antigen of human cervical squamous cell carcinoma. A heterologous antiserum for human cervical squamous cell carcinoma was prepared and specificity determined by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence studies. With this antiserum, a tumor antigen was purified from human cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissue. The specificities of the antigen and the antiserum were then re-examined by a radioimmunoassay method using 125 I-labeled purified antigen. Although normal cervical tissue extract showed a moderate cross-reactivity in the radioimmunoassay, the circulating antigen activity could not be detected in normal women or in several patients with carcinomas, whereas 27 of 35 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma showed detectable serum antigen activity. All aptients with advanced stages of cervical squamous cell carcinoma showed detectable antigen levels. These results indicate that there is a quantitative abnormality, at least, of this tumor antigen in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma and that the radioimmunoassay for the antigen is a potentially useful tool in clinical care.", "PMID": 332328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12268", "title": "Basal cell carcinoma of the nipple: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "An unusual case of basal cell carcinoma of the nipple from a 66-year-old women is presented. It is important to differentiate this lesion from other nipple-areolar tumors, especially Paget's disease. This report reviews the literature and adds a case that represents the third reported instance of this tumor of the female nipple.", "contents": "Basal cell carcinoma of the nipple: case report and review of the literature. An unusual case of basal cell carcinoma of the nipple from a 66-year-old women is presented. It is important to differentiate this lesion from other nipple-areolar tumors, especially Paget's disease. This report reviews the literature and adds a case that represents the third reported instance of this tumor of the female nipple.", "PMID": 332329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12269", "title": "Tobacco and alcohol consumption in relation to the development of multiple primary cancers.", "content": "The relationship between tobacco and alcohol consumption and the development of additional primary cancers of the upper alimentary tract is reviewed. The chance of developing a second primary is dependent principally on the intensity (i.e., quantity and duration) of the smoking and drinking habit prior to the onset of the first neoplasm. However, results conflict regarding the effect exerted by the continuation of these habits after the first diagnosis. While tobacco smoking is considered the primary risk factor associated with cancers in this area, its interaction with alcohol creates a powerful carcinogenic effect. It is agreed that multiple primaries are selective on a site-specific basis and that risk varies with anatomic location of the first primary.", "contents": "Tobacco and alcohol consumption in relation to the development of multiple primary cancers. The relationship between tobacco and alcohol consumption and the development of additional primary cancers of the upper alimentary tract is reviewed. The chance of developing a second primary is dependent principally on the intensity (i.e., quantity and duration) of the smoking and drinking habit prior to the onset of the first neoplasm. However, results conflict regarding the effect exerted by the continuation of these habits after the first diagnosis. While tobacco smoking is considered the primary risk factor associated with cancers in this area, its interaction with alcohol creates a powerful carcinogenic effect. It is agreed that multiple primaries are selective on a site-specific basis and that risk varies with anatomic location of the first primary.", "PMID": 332333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12270", "title": "Role of diet in cancer etiology.", "content": "Current evidence for the involvement of diet in cancer etiology is based on indirect relationships between the consumption of selected food constituents and incidence, dietary studies, and laboratory data. The indirect evidence most often referred to is the suggested correlation between the complex of fats-meat-egg-animal protein and the risk for cancer of the colon. Such observations are, however, hampered by the fact that human diet does not consist of isolated food components. Case control studies implicate a higher intake of starchy foods in gastric cancer, a lower intake of fiber in colon cancer, and possibly coffee in renal cancer. Carcinogenic agents identified include food additives, plant toxicants, aflatoxins, polycyclic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, and certain normal major food constituents. The experimental evidence is augmented by studies indicating an inter-relationship between dietary constituents, intestinal flora, and bile acid metabolism. A synergistic action of ingested or metabolized carcinogens and a co-carcinogenic function of certain dietary components are suggested.", "contents": "Role of diet in cancer etiology. Current evidence for the involvement of diet in cancer etiology is based on indirect relationships between the consumption of selected food constituents and incidence, dietary studies, and laboratory data. The indirect evidence most often referred to is the suggested correlation between the complex of fats-meat-egg-animal protein and the risk for cancer of the colon. Such observations are, however, hampered by the fact that human diet does not consist of isolated food components. Case control studies implicate a higher intake of starchy foods in gastric cancer, a lower intake of fiber in colon cancer, and possibly coffee in renal cancer. Carcinogenic agents identified include food additives, plant toxicants, aflatoxins, polycyclic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, and certain normal major food constituents. The experimental evidence is augmented by studies indicating an inter-relationship between dietary constituents, intestinal flora, and bile acid metabolism. A synergistic action of ingested or metabolized carcinogens and a co-carcinogenic function of certain dietary components are suggested.", "PMID": 332334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12271", "title": "Carcinogenic action of anticancer drugs with special reference to immunosuppression.", "content": "Some anticancer drugs, especially alkylating agents, have under certain conditions shown a carcinogenic effect in animals, as well as in man. This carcinogenic effect is not due to the immunosuppressive properties of these substances but is directly related to their physicochemical properties. In extensive experimental studies with rats, a connection between the immune status of the host organism and the chemical carcinogenesis could not be proved.", "contents": "Carcinogenic action of anticancer drugs with special reference to immunosuppression. Some anticancer drugs, especially alkylating agents, have under certain conditions shown a carcinogenic effect in animals, as well as in man. This carcinogenic effect is not due to the immunosuppressive properties of these substances but is directly related to their physicochemical properties. In extensive experimental studies with rats, a connection between the immune status of the host organism and the chemical carcinogenesis could not be proved.", "PMID": 332335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12272", "title": "BCNU with and without cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (COP) and cycle-active therapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Two hundred and ninety-eight evaluable patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were stratified according to histology, treated with either BCNU, cyclophosphamide, Oncovin (vincristine), and prednisone (BCOP) or cyclophosphamide, Oncovin (vincristine), and prednisone (COP), and evaluated at 3 months. Those with a good partial (PR) or complete response (CR) were then separated and randomized to be treated with either cycle-active therapy (methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and 6-thioguanine) or more induction therapy with COP or BCOP. Patients not achieving a good PR at 3 months received cycle-active therapy. The results indicate (a) that there is a significant advantage for good over poor histologies with regard to good PRs at 3 months; (b) that the addition of cycle-active therapy (as administered in this study) is of advantage when the tumor has been significantly reduced only for patients receiving COP induction; and (c) that BCOP has an advantage over COP in diffuse histiocytic lymphoma where the percentage of CRs, their durability, and subsequent survival are superior for patients treated with BCOP. Since this lymphoma accounts for about 25% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients, this regimen represents a useful tool for the chemotherapist.", "contents": "BCNU with and without cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (COP) and cycle-active therapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Two hundred and ninety-eight evaluable patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were stratified according to histology, treated with either BCNU, cyclophosphamide, Oncovin (vincristine), and prednisone (BCOP) or cyclophosphamide, Oncovin (vincristine), and prednisone (COP), and evaluated at 3 months. Those with a good partial (PR) or complete response (CR) were then separated and randomized to be treated with either cycle-active therapy (methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and 6-thioguanine) or more induction therapy with COP or BCOP. Patients not achieving a good PR at 3 months received cycle-active therapy. The results indicate (a) that there is a significant advantage for good over poor histologies with regard to good PRs at 3 months; (b) that the addition of cycle-active therapy (as administered in this study) is of advantage when the tumor has been significantly reduced only for patients receiving COP induction; and (c) that BCOP has an advantage over COP in diffuse histiocytic lymphoma where the percentage of CRs, their durability, and subsequent survival are superior for patients treated with BCOP. Since this lymphoma accounts for about 25% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients, this regimen represents a useful tool for the chemotherapist.", "PMID": 332345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12273", "title": "Combination therapy for diffuse histiocytic lymphoma that includes antimetabolites.", "content": "Thirty patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) were treated with one of three regimens that included cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue, and cytosine arabinoside. Twelve patients had a complete response with a predicted 50% survival of at least 76 months. The medium survival of the 11 partial responders and seven nonresponders was 18 and 6 months, respectively. The addition of methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside may have a beneficial effect in therapy for DHL. From analysis of these results, there is reason to believe that efficacy may be partially dependent on the scheduling and dose of these two drugs.", "contents": "Combination therapy for diffuse histiocytic lymphoma that includes antimetabolites. Thirty patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) were treated with one of three regimens that included cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue, and cytosine arabinoside. Twelve patients had a complete response with a predicted 50% survival of at least 76 months. The medium survival of the 11 partial responders and seven nonresponders was 18 and 6 months, respectively. The addition of methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside may have a beneficial effect in therapy for DHL. From analysis of these results, there is reason to believe that efficacy may be partially dependent on the scheduling and dose of these two drugs.", "PMID": 332346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12274", "title": "Total-body irradiation in the treatment of lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "Seventy-eight patients with advanced lymphocytic lymphoma have been treated by total-body irradiation (TBI) since 1969. Fifty-one of these patients received TBI as their initial and only primary therapy, and of these, 36 had a nodular histology and 15 had a diffuse histology according to the Rappaport classification. Treatment consisted of 15 rads twice weekly to 150 rads total dose. Persistent local tumors were given local boost irradiation. None of these 78 patients experenced significant morbidity; toxicity was confined to thrombocytopenia, and in 40% of the patients treatment was administered over a prolonged course to allow platelet recovery. Of the 51 patients who received TBI as primary treatment, 80% achieved a complete response for a median relapse-free survival of 24 months and an actuarial 5-year survival of 68%. TBI is an effective therapy in advanced lymphocytic lymphoma and produces long remissions without maintenance in many patients. It should be considered a systemic agent, and its use in combination with chemotherapeutic agents deserves further investigation.", "contents": "Total-body irradiation in the treatment of lymphocytic lymphoma. Seventy-eight patients with advanced lymphocytic lymphoma have been treated by total-body irradiation (TBI) since 1969. Fifty-one of these patients received TBI as their initial and only primary therapy, and of these, 36 had a nodular histology and 15 had a diffuse histology according to the Rappaport classification. Treatment consisted of 15 rads twice weekly to 150 rads total dose. Persistent local tumors were given local boost irradiation. None of these 78 patients experenced significant morbidity; toxicity was confined to thrombocytopenia, and in 40% of the patients treatment was administered over a prolonged course to allow platelet recovery. Of the 51 patients who received TBI as primary treatment, 80% achieved a complete response for a median relapse-free survival of 24 months and an actuarial 5-year survival of 68%. TBI is an effective therapy in advanced lymphocytic lymphoma and produces long remissions without maintenance in many patients. It should be considered a systemic agent, and its use in combination with chemotherapeutic agents deserves further investigation.", "PMID": 332348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12275", "title": "Advanced lymphocytic lymphoma: randomized comparisons of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, alone or in combination.", "content": "Ninety-nine previously untreated patients with stage III and IV malignant lymphoma were randomized to receive either cyclic combination chemotherapy (50 patients) or extensive \"systemic\" radiotherapy (49 patients). Histologic classification included nodular poorly differentiated lymphoma (54 patients), nodular mixed lymphoma (21 patients), and diffuse poorly differentiated lymphoma (24 patients). High overall response rates were seen with either approach (90% for radiotherpy; 86% for chemotherapy) and complete remission were relatively common (60%--80%). Overall median survival of all patients in this trial will exceed 5 years regardless of the induction therapy used; however, disease-free survival is not commonly achieved with either regimen. Relapse-free survival rates at 4-year followup, regardless of induction regimen, are 13% for diffuse lymphomas and 24% for nodular lymphomas. The second prospective trial attempts to use a combined approach and compares cyclic combination chemotherapy with total-body irradiation and combination chemotherapy. Initial results on 34 patients indicate high overall response rates (100%) and similar complete remission rates (64%--67%). With 14 months' median followup no patients in either arm of the trial have died but relatively equal numbers have relapsed.", "contents": "Advanced lymphocytic lymphoma: randomized comparisons of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, alone or in combination. Ninety-nine previously untreated patients with stage III and IV malignant lymphoma were randomized to receive either cyclic combination chemotherapy (50 patients) or extensive \"systemic\" radiotherapy (49 patients). Histologic classification included nodular poorly differentiated lymphoma (54 patients), nodular mixed lymphoma (21 patients), and diffuse poorly differentiated lymphoma (24 patients). High overall response rates were seen with either approach (90% for radiotherpy; 86% for chemotherapy) and complete remission were relatively common (60%--80%). Overall median survival of all patients in this trial will exceed 5 years regardless of the induction therapy used; however, disease-free survival is not commonly achieved with either regimen. Relapse-free survival rates at 4-year followup, regardless of induction regimen, are 13% for diffuse lymphomas and 24% for nodular lymphomas. The second prospective trial attempts to use a combined approach and compares cyclic combination chemotherapy with total-body irradiation and combination chemotherapy. Initial results on 34 patients indicate high overall response rates (100%) and similar complete remission rates (64%--67%). With 14 months' median followup no patients in either arm of the trial have died but relatively equal numbers have relapsed.", "PMID": 332349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12276", "title": "Curability of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "The relapse rates of patients with malignant lymphoma have been analyzed in relation to the number of patients in complete remission (CR) at yearly intervals after the onset of therapy. Several different patterns of relapse have been identified. Patients in CR from nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma have a low rate of recurrent disease (14%) during the first year of treatment but rates of relapse in succeeding years have not decreased. Patients with diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma have a significantly higher relapse rate during the first year of treatment (33%). However, remission duration curves suggest that the risk of relapse is decreasing with time. Patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, who initially have the greatest risk of disease recurrence (42%), subsequently showed a significant fall in their rate of relapse. As many as 50% of these patients who attain a CR may have been cured of their disease. An analysis of CR duration curves may be used to determine the effective doubling time of various malignant diseases and to estimate cure rates within a few years after the onset of therapy.", "contents": "Curability of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The relapse rates of patients with malignant lymphoma have been analyzed in relation to the number of patients in complete remission (CR) at yearly intervals after the onset of therapy. Several different patterns of relapse have been identified. Patients in CR from nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma have a low rate of recurrent disease (14%) during the first year of treatment but rates of relapse in succeeding years have not decreased. Patients with diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma have a significantly higher relapse rate during the first year of treatment (33%). However, remission duration curves suggest that the risk of relapse is decreasing with time. Patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, who initially have the greatest risk of disease recurrence (42%), subsequently showed a significant fall in their rate of relapse. As many as 50% of these patients who attain a CR may have been cured of their disease. An analysis of CR duration curves may be used to determine the effective doubling time of various malignant diseases and to estimate cure rates within a few years after the onset of therapy.", "PMID": 332352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12277", "title": "Current cooperative clinical trials in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Current cooperative group trails in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have been analyzed for their overall methods and strategies. There has been more frequent application of staging procedures and individualization of protocols for favorable and unfavorable histologies according to the Rappaport classification. Early-stage protocols are evaluating the extent of radiotherapy and the need for chemotherapy as maintenance. In later stages the incorporation of new agents in induction regimens, use of cycle-active agents, development of non-cross-resistant combinations, and use of radiation in bulk disease are being examined. In childhood lymphoma, strategies using both leukemia- or lymphoma-type approaches are being tested. Cooperative group trials should also serve as an extensive repository of data on late effects of treatment and on alterations of the course of the disease for future analysis.", "contents": "Current cooperative clinical trials in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Current cooperative group trails in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have been analyzed for their overall methods and strategies. There has been more frequent application of staging procedures and individualization of protocols for favorable and unfavorable histologies according to the Rappaport classification. Early-stage protocols are evaluating the extent of radiotherapy and the need for chemotherapy as maintenance. In later stages the incorporation of new agents in induction regimens, use of cycle-active agents, development of non-cross-resistant combinations, and use of radiation in bulk disease are being examined. In childhood lymphoma, strategies using both leukemia- or lymphoma-type approaches are being tested. Cooperative group trials should also serve as an extensive repository of data on late effects of treatment and on alterations of the course of the disease for future analysis.", "PMID": 332353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12278", "title": "Combined modality therapy in malignant lymphomas.", "content": "The treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas remains controversial. The Rappaport classification system has established its clinical value in distinguishing relatively favorable disease (ie, nodular or follicular lymphoma) from relatively unfavorable disease (ie, diffuse lymphoma). Despite the problems of multiple histologies in a given patient posed by the existence of composite lymphomas and by a spectrum of nodularity in a given node, no newer classification has yet proved superior to the Rappaport system. The relative roles of radiotherapy and chemotherapy are reviewed. The primary role of radiation appears to be the control of detectable disease, when adequate doses and volumes are employed. The primary role of chemotherapy appears to be the eradication of microfoci of tumor. Randomized studies of combined modality approaches have produced no definitive evidence of benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in stage I and II disease of unfavorable histology. The addition of adjuvant radiotherapy in stage III and IV disease of unfavorable histologic types appears to produce some improvement. Aggressive treatment regimes have yet to show any significant advantage over more conservative treatment in patients with favorable histologic types of stage IV extent. This paper emphasizes the need for expert hematopathologic interpretation in every study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "contents": "Combined modality therapy in malignant lymphomas. The treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas remains controversial. The Rappaport classification system has established its clinical value in distinguishing relatively favorable disease (ie, nodular or follicular lymphoma) from relatively unfavorable disease (ie, diffuse lymphoma). Despite the problems of multiple histologies in a given patient posed by the existence of composite lymphomas and by a spectrum of nodularity in a given node, no newer classification has yet proved superior to the Rappaport system. The relative roles of radiotherapy and chemotherapy are reviewed. The primary role of radiation appears to be the control of detectable disease, when adequate doses and volumes are employed. The primary role of chemotherapy appears to be the eradication of microfoci of tumor. Randomized studies of combined modality approaches have produced no definitive evidence of benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in stage I and II disease of unfavorable histology. The addition of adjuvant radiotherapy in stage III and IV disease of unfavorable histologic types appears to produce some improvement. Aggressive treatment regimes have yet to show any significant advantage over more conservative treatment in patients with favorable histologic types of stage IV extent. This paper emphasizes the need for expert hematopathologic interpretation in every study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "PMID": 332354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12279", "title": "Rappaport classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: histologic features and clinical significance.", "content": "The architectural arrangement of the neoplastic cells and their cytologic identification form the histologic basis of the Rappaport classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas clinical studies have shown the favorable prognosis of the nodular lymphomas while the diffuse lymphomas irrespective of cell type have a poor prognosis. Several recent studies have shown that pathologists can identify the nodular and diffuse patterns with a high degree of reproducibility. The cytologic subclassification has, however, not achieved a similar high degree of reproducibility. The Southwest Oncology Group study has shown the most reproducible subgroups to be the nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic malignant lymphoma (ML) and the diffuse histiocytic ML. The clinical significance of the Rappaport classification when applied to childhood lymphomas is not as clear as in adult lymphomas. In view of the recent description of a new clinicopathologic entity primarily in children and adolescents (ie, lymphoblastic ML), IT IS APPARENT THAT THE CHILDHOOD LYMPHOMAS Will have to be examined more critically in order to determine the clinical significance of this classification. Although some have proposed new classifications of these lymphomas based upon immunologic identification of cell origin, none have been shown to be of clinical significance. Based on recent immunologic and clinical studies, a modified classification of the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is proposed which does not alter its clinical usefulness.", "contents": "Rappaport classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: histologic features and clinical significance. The architectural arrangement of the neoplastic cells and their cytologic identification form the histologic basis of the Rappaport classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas clinical studies have shown the favorable prognosis of the nodular lymphomas while the diffuse lymphomas irrespective of cell type have a poor prognosis. Several recent studies have shown that pathologists can identify the nodular and diffuse patterns with a high degree of reproducibility. The cytologic subclassification has, however, not achieved a similar high degree of reproducibility. The Southwest Oncology Group study has shown the most reproducible subgroups to be the nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic malignant lymphoma (ML) and the diffuse histiocytic ML. The clinical significance of the Rappaport classification when applied to childhood lymphomas is not as clear as in adult lymphomas. In view of the recent description of a new clinicopathologic entity primarily in children and adolescents (ie, lymphoblastic ML), IT IS APPARENT THAT THE CHILDHOOD LYMPHOMAS Will have to be examined more critically in order to determine the clinical significance of this classification. Although some have proposed new classifications of these lymphomas based upon immunologic identification of cell origin, none have been shown to be of clinical significance. Based on recent immunologic and clinical studies, a modified classification of the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is proposed which does not alter its clinical usefulness.", "PMID": 332357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12280", "title": "Pathology of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: new classifications.", "content": "This paper briefly reviews the various classifications proposed as alternatives to that of Rappaport. Rappaport's classification is valuable because it is applicable to clinicopathologic studies, but there are areas of contention. Following the Airlie Conference, which failed to resolve the current controversy about classification, the National Cancer Institute proposed to support a retrospective study of 1000 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, during which the various classifications will be applied to the biopsy slides by a selected panel of pathologists. It is hoped that this study will meet the urgent need for a classification which will eliminate controversial terminology and will employ terms acceptable to pathologists in their daily diagnostic work and to hematologists and oncologists burdened with the choice of therapy for patients affected by the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "contents": "Pathology of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: new classifications. This paper briefly reviews the various classifications proposed as alternatives to that of Rappaport. Rappaport's classification is valuable because it is applicable to clinicopathologic studies, but there are areas of contention. Following the Airlie Conference, which failed to resolve the current controversy about classification, the National Cancer Institute proposed to support a retrospective study of 1000 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, during which the various classifications will be applied to the biopsy slides by a selected panel of pathologists. It is hoped that this study will meet the urgent need for a classification which will eliminate controversial terminology and will employ terms acceptable to pathologists in their daily diagnostic work and to hematologists and oncologists burdened with the choice of therapy for patients affected by the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "PMID": 332358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12281", "title": "Prognostic significance of lymphocytic surface markers and histology in adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Neoplastic tissues from 75 adults with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma, histologically classified according to the Rappaport schema, were studied for B- and T-lymphocyte surface markers. All nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas and diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas were B cell. Of 30 diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas 16 were B, five were T, and nine were \"null\"; of ten diffuse histiocytic lymphomas, seven were B and three were null. In patients with diffuse lymphoma, those whose malignant cells demonstrated B markers survived significantly longer than those whose malignant cells demonstrated no markers. The prognostic capabilities of the Rappaport histologic classification and surface marker studies were compared. For patients with diffuse lymphomas, classification as B or null more accurately predicted survival than did identification as lymphocytic or histiocytic. However, survival was best predicted by a classification combining the Rappaport histologic scheme with surface marker studies.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of lymphocytic surface markers and histology in adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Neoplastic tissues from 75 adults with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma, histologically classified according to the Rappaport schema, were studied for B- and T-lymphocyte surface markers. All nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas and diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas were B cell. Of 30 diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas 16 were B, five were T, and nine were \"null\"; of ten diffuse histiocytic lymphomas, seven were B and three were null. In patients with diffuse lymphoma, those whose malignant cells demonstrated B markers survived significantly longer than those whose malignant cells demonstrated no markers. The prognostic capabilities of the Rappaport histologic classification and surface marker studies were compared. For patients with diffuse lymphomas, classification as B or null more accurately predicted survival than did identification as lymphocytic or histiocytic. However, survival was best predicted by a classification combining the Rappaport histologic scheme with surface marker studies.", "PMID": 332359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12282", "title": "Isolation of poly-alpha-L-guluronate lyase from Klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "The bacterium Klebsiella aerogenes type 25 produces an extracellular alginolyase which has been partly purified. The enzyme is specific for the alpha-L-guluronosyl linkages in whole alginate and fractions therefrom. The end products of its action on polyguluronic acid blocks are mainly the unsaturated di- and tri-saccharides, with a smaller proportion of the homologous tetrasaccharide. Some general properties of the enzyme are reported.", "contents": "Isolation of poly-alpha-L-guluronate lyase from Klebsiella aerogenes. The bacterium Klebsiella aerogenes type 25 produces an extracellular alginolyase which has been partly purified. The enzyme is specific for the alpha-L-guluronosyl linkages in whole alginate and fractions therefrom. The end products of its action on polyguluronic acid blocks are mainly the unsaturated di- and tri-saccharides, with a smaller proportion of the homologous tetrasaccharide. Some general properties of the enzyme are reported.", "PMID": 332364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12283", "title": "Morphologic observations in biologic conduits between aorta and coronary artery.", "content": "This report describes morphologic observations in autogenous saphenous veins, autogenous internal mammary arteries, radial arteries and arterial heterografts used as aortocoronary bypass conduits. The normal or expected changes and the abnormal or unexpected changes observed in each type of bypass conduit is discussed. The three major changes seen in saphenous vein grafts in the aortocoronary position are: (1) medial fibrous replacement; (2) adventitial fibrous proliferation; and (3) intimal fibrous proliferation. Medial fibrous replacement is the result of vein wall ischemia and necrosis and ultimately replacement of smooth muscle cells; adventitial fibrosis is the result of organization of fibrin and red cell clot and repair of ischemic damage. The cause of intimal fibrous proliferation is unclear but appears to be the result of chronic repair of injured intima and endothelium. That the severity of the changes varies along the length of one graft or among grafts in the same patient suggests that other factors contribute to the development of the changes observed. Although some structural changes have been observed, internal mammary arteries are relatively resistant to the changes seen in saphenous veins. Radial arterial grafts have shown severe structural changes with time, to a degree greater than that seen in the saphenous vein grafts. Heterograft conduits so far have been unsuccessful in the aortocoronary position in humans. The severe changes seen in radial artery and heterograft conduits indicate that they are inadequate for use as substitutes for saphenous vein and mammary artery as bypass conduits from aorta to coronary artery.", "contents": "Morphologic observations in biologic conduits between aorta and coronary artery. This report describes morphologic observations in autogenous saphenous veins, autogenous internal mammary arteries, radial arteries and arterial heterografts used as aortocoronary bypass conduits. The normal or expected changes and the abnormal or unexpected changes observed in each type of bypass conduit is discussed. The three major changes seen in saphenous vein grafts in the aortocoronary position are: (1) medial fibrous replacement; (2) adventitial fibrous proliferation; and (3) intimal fibrous proliferation. Medial fibrous replacement is the result of vein wall ischemia and necrosis and ultimately replacement of smooth muscle cells; adventitial fibrosis is the result of organization of fibrin and red cell clot and repair of ischemic damage. The cause of intimal fibrous proliferation is unclear but appears to be the result of chronic repair of injured intima and endothelium. That the severity of the changes varies along the length of one graft or among grafts in the same patient suggests that other factors contribute to the development of the changes observed. Although some structural changes have been observed, internal mammary arteries are relatively resistant to the changes seen in saphenous veins. Radial arterial grafts have shown severe structural changes with time, to a degree greater than that seen in the saphenous vein grafts. Heterograft conduits so far have been unsuccessful in the aortocoronary position in humans. The severe changes seen in radial artery and heterograft conduits indicate that they are inadequate for use as substitutes for saphenous vein and mammary artery as bypass conduits from aorta to coronary artery.", "PMID": 332366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12284", "title": "Medical vs. urgent surgical therapy for acute coronary insufficiency: a randomized study.", "content": "Forty-two patients with acute coronary insufficiency (high risk subgroup) were randomly assigned to urgent coronary bypass surgery or to initial medical therapy followed by elective coronary bypass at four months if indicated at that time for relief of incapacitation angina pectoris. Coronary bypass performed on an urgent basis offered no advantage in preventing early myocardial infarction or death. The acute illness was resolved without permanent complications in most patients by either urgent bypass surgery or intensive medical therapy. The functional capacity at four months as assessed by objective testing was much greater in the urgent surgical group. Elective bypass surgery was carried out at that point in about half of the medical patients due to persistent incapacitating angina. Later serious complications have continued to occur in the medical patients but have not occurred up to the present time in the urgent surgical patients.", "contents": "Medical vs. urgent surgical therapy for acute coronary insufficiency: a randomized study. Forty-two patients with acute coronary insufficiency (high risk subgroup) were randomly assigned to urgent coronary bypass surgery or to initial medical therapy followed by elective coronary bypass at four months if indicated at that time for relief of incapacitation angina pectoris. Coronary bypass performed on an urgent basis offered no advantage in preventing early myocardial infarction or death. The acute illness was resolved without permanent complications in most patients by either urgent bypass surgery or intensive medical therapy. The functional capacity at four months as assessed by objective testing was much greater in the urgent surgical group. Elective bypass surgery was carried out at that point in about half of the medical patients due to persistent incapacitating angina. Later serious complications have continued to occur in the medical patients but have not occurred up to the present time in the urgent surgical patients.", "PMID": 332370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12285", "title": "Expected course of patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "It is apparent that coronary artery disease is extremely common. As many as 15 percent of young men have significant disease of at least one major coronary artery. Each year approximately 1 percent of middle aged men will develop symptoms of coronary disease. The standard risk factors identify people with a greater risk of developing symptoms. The overall mortality rate of symptomatic patients is about 4 to 5 percent per year in patients with all types of angina pectoris and in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. In symptomatic patients it is possible to identify groups with a risk a dying as low as 1 percent per year and other groups with a risk of dying of 25 to 50 percent per year by simple, noninvasive techniques. However the most powerful predictors of survival in asymptomatic or symptomatic patients are the severity of the coronary artery disease and damage to the left ventricle.", "contents": "Expected course of patients with coronary artery disease. It is apparent that coronary artery disease is extremely common. As many as 15 percent of young men have significant disease of at least one major coronary artery. Each year approximately 1 percent of middle aged men will develop symptoms of coronary disease. The standard risk factors identify people with a greater risk of developing symptoms. The overall mortality rate of symptomatic patients is about 4 to 5 percent per year in patients with all types of angina pectoris and in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. In symptomatic patients it is possible to identify groups with a risk a dying as low as 1 percent per year and other groups with a risk of dying of 25 to 50 percent per year by simple, noninvasive techniques. However the most powerful predictors of survival in asymptomatic or symptomatic patients are the severity of the coronary artery disease and damage to the left ventricle.", "PMID": 332371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12286", "title": "Detection of myocardial ischemia.", "content": "Myocardial ischemia causes a series of anatomic and physiologic abnormalities that can be detected and quantified by assessment of myocardial perfusion, mechanical function, electrophysiology, and metabolism. These methods of assessment vary widely in sensitivity, specificity, relevance, cost, and ease of application. Although occasionally the appropriate choice of diagnostic procedures is clinically difficult, the demonstrated potential of coronary artery bypass surgery to reverse both acute and chronic myocardial ischemia makes the detection of ischemia an important effort in the care of patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Detection of myocardial ischemia. Myocardial ischemia causes a series of anatomic and physiologic abnormalities that can be detected and quantified by assessment of myocardial perfusion, mechanical function, electrophysiology, and metabolism. These methods of assessment vary widely in sensitivity, specificity, relevance, cost, and ease of application. Although occasionally the appropriate choice of diagnostic procedures is clinically difficult, the demonstrated potential of coronary artery bypass surgery to reverse both acute and chronic myocardial ischemia makes the detection of ischemia an important effort in the care of patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 332374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12287", "title": "Adrenergic control of hypothalamic function during osmotic stress in the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos).", "content": "The role of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and biogenic amines (BA) in regulating the level of corticoids in the serum of osmotically stressed mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) was analyzed employing three experimental approaches: 1) pharmacologic alteration of central BA levels, 2) microscopic evaluation of BA distribution, and 3) placement of electrolytic lesions into the PVN. Reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alphampt), agents that decrease the amount of BA's in the central nervous system, produced a fivefold increase in the concentration of serum corticoids. Conversely, pargyline and amphetamine, agents that increase the functional pool of BA's, prevented the rise in serum corticoid concentration normally observed in birds challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline. When the topographic distribution of BA's was analyzed in the brains of osmotically stressed and nonstressed ducks distinct changes in the intensity of catecholamine (CA) fluorescence were observed in only bone location, the PVN of the hypothalamus. Additionally, electrolytic lesions stereotaxically placed in the PVN blocked the osmotic stress-induced rise in serum corticoid concentration. These data therefore indicate that the PVN in the mallard duck plays some role in regulating the observed stress-induced rise in serum corticoid concentration, and that this regulatory function is probably inhibited by catecholamines.", "contents": "Adrenergic control of hypothalamic function during osmotic stress in the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos). The role of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and biogenic amines (BA) in regulating the level of corticoids in the serum of osmotically stressed mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) was analyzed employing three experimental approaches: 1) pharmacologic alteration of central BA levels, 2) microscopic evaluation of BA distribution, and 3) placement of electrolytic lesions into the PVN. Reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alphampt), agents that decrease the amount of BA's in the central nervous system, produced a fivefold increase in the concentration of serum corticoids. Conversely, pargyline and amphetamine, agents that increase the functional pool of BA's, prevented the rise in serum corticoid concentration normally observed in birds challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline. When the topographic distribution of BA's was analyzed in the brains of osmotically stressed and nonstressed ducks distinct changes in the intensity of catecholamine (CA) fluorescence were observed in only bone location, the PVN of the hypothalamus. Additionally, electrolytic lesions stereotaxically placed in the PVN blocked the osmotic stress-induced rise in serum corticoid concentration. These data therefore indicate that the PVN in the mallard duck plays some role in regulating the observed stress-induced rise in serum corticoid concentration, and that this regulatory function is probably inhibited by catecholamines.", "PMID": 332381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12288", "title": "Cytoplasmic microtubules in transformed mouse x nontransformed human cell hybrids: correlation with in vitro growth.", "content": "Patterns of cytoplasmic microtubules in somatic cell hybrids between transformed mouse cells and nontransformed human skin fibroblasts were examined using antitubulin antibodies as an immunofluorescent probe. Nontransformed cells have been shown to exhibit an extensive cytoplasmic microtubule complex (CMTC), while in transformed cells, this complex is greatly diminished. The hybrid populations contained both types of cells. In addition, they contained cells with previously undescribed intermediate CMTC phenotypes. The percentage of each phenotype present in hybrid populations was determined for sixteen hybrid clones. Seven clones were found which appeared transformed on the basis of their CMTC pattern. The others were comprised of various proportions of all the cell types described. Repeated quantitation of the proportions of these types in the hybrid populations showed them to be stable with time in culture. Growth in vitro of the hybrid clones was assayed by determining their saturation densities, their plating efficiencies on plastic and their colony-forming abilities in soft agar. In vitro growth of a cell population was found to be directly proportional to the percentage of cells in the population which showed the greatly diminished CMTC pattern which has been described for transformed cells. This is strong evidence that a greatly reduced CMTC is associated with transformed behavior, especially the increased capacity of transformed cells for in vitro growth.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic microtubules in transformed mouse x nontransformed human cell hybrids: correlation with in vitro growth. Patterns of cytoplasmic microtubules in somatic cell hybrids between transformed mouse cells and nontransformed human skin fibroblasts were examined using antitubulin antibodies as an immunofluorescent probe. Nontransformed cells have been shown to exhibit an extensive cytoplasmic microtubule complex (CMTC), while in transformed cells, this complex is greatly diminished. The hybrid populations contained both types of cells. In addition, they contained cells with previously undescribed intermediate CMTC phenotypes. The percentage of each phenotype present in hybrid populations was determined for sixteen hybrid clones. Seven clones were found which appeared transformed on the basis of their CMTC pattern. The others were comprised of various proportions of all the cell types described. Repeated quantitation of the proportions of these types in the hybrid populations showed them to be stable with time in culture. Growth in vitro of the hybrid clones was assayed by determining their saturation densities, their plating efficiencies on plastic and their colony-forming abilities in soft agar. In vitro growth of a cell population was found to be directly proportional to the percentage of cells in the population which showed the greatly diminished CMTC pattern which has been described for transformed cells. This is strong evidence that a greatly reduced CMTC is associated with transformed behavior, especially the increased capacity of transformed cells for in vitro growth.", "PMID": 332382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12289", "title": "Effects of muscle contraction and of adenosine on capillary transport and microvascular flow in dog skeletal muscle.", "content": "The postarteriolar response of capillary transport and microvascular flow distribution to muscle contraction and to adenosine was measured by the indicator dilution technique in isolated dog gracilis muscles perfused with blood at controlled flows. A model of dual circulation was used to analyze the partition of microvascular flow. The extraction (E) of 125I-iodoantipyrine (IAp) served as an indicator of capillary flow whereas the capillary transport capacity coefficient (PSc) of 22Na was used to assess the changes in capillary surface area available for exchange. Muslce contraction produced by electrical stimulation of the motor nerve increased mean E-IAp from 0.94 +/- 0.03 (sd) to 0.95 +/- 0.01 and produced a 2.0- to 2.9-fold increase in PSc-Na. Intra-arterial adenosine produced results similar to those caused by muscle contraction. We conclude that (1) in resting muscle, most of the flow circulates through exchanging blood vessels and (2) in addition to the primary mechanisms of arteriolar vasodilatation, a substantial increase in the number of capillaries available for exchange of materials plays an important role in the adaptive response to increased metabolic demand.", "contents": "Effects of muscle contraction and of adenosine on capillary transport and microvascular flow in dog skeletal muscle. The postarteriolar response of capillary transport and microvascular flow distribution to muscle contraction and to adenosine was measured by the indicator dilution technique in isolated dog gracilis muscles perfused with blood at controlled flows. A model of dual circulation was used to analyze the partition of microvascular flow. The extraction (E) of 125I-iodoantipyrine (IAp) served as an indicator of capillary flow whereas the capillary transport capacity coefficient (PSc) of 22Na was used to assess the changes in capillary surface area available for exchange. Muslce contraction produced by electrical stimulation of the motor nerve increased mean E-IAp from 0.94 +/- 0.03 (sd) to 0.95 +/- 0.01 and produced a 2.0- to 2.9-fold increase in PSc-Na. Intra-arterial adenosine produced results similar to those caused by muscle contraction. We conclude that (1) in resting muscle, most of the flow circulates through exchanging blood vessels and (2) in addition to the primary mechanisms of arteriolar vasodilatation, a substantial increase in the number of capillaries available for exchange of materials plays an important role in the adaptive response to increased metabolic demand.", "PMID": 332405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12290", "title": "Apolipoprotein B retention in the grossly normal and atherosclerotic human aorta.", "content": "Apoliporotein B (apoB) was measured in buffer-extracted homogenates of grossly normal and artherosclerotic human aortic intima by means of an electroimmunoassay procedure. The apoB values which were expressed as microgram per mg tissue dry weight, varied widely, ranging from 0.34 to 18.45 in normal intima and from 0.8 to 12.5 in fatty fibrous plaques. No consistent differences in apoB content were found between normal intimas from thoracic and abdominal aortic regions. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the quantity of buffer-extractable apoB in normal regions and the plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentration. Buffer-extractable apoB values were significantly higher in fatty fibrous plaques than in ulcerated lesions from the same vessel. However, fatty fibrous plaque apoB values were significantly lower than those from grossly normal regions from the same aorta, although the topographical distribution of apoB was more widespread in plaques than in normal regions, as shown by immunofluorescence studies. This apparent discrepancy reflected the incomplete extraction of apoB from plaques as contrasted to normal regions. The relatively loosely bound apoB, extractable by standard buffers, may represent intact low density lipoprotein (LDL) and/or very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), while the tightly bound fraction may represent insoluble complexes of intact lipoproteins within the plaque or delipidated apoB.", "contents": "Apolipoprotein B retention in the grossly normal and atherosclerotic human aorta. Apoliporotein B (apoB) was measured in buffer-extracted homogenates of grossly normal and artherosclerotic human aortic intima by means of an electroimmunoassay procedure. The apoB values which were expressed as microgram per mg tissue dry weight, varied widely, ranging from 0.34 to 18.45 in normal intima and from 0.8 to 12.5 in fatty fibrous plaques. No consistent differences in apoB content were found between normal intimas from thoracic and abdominal aortic regions. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the quantity of buffer-extractable apoB in normal regions and the plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentration. Buffer-extractable apoB values were significantly higher in fatty fibrous plaques than in ulcerated lesions from the same vessel. However, fatty fibrous plaque apoB values were significantly lower than those from grossly normal regions from the same aorta, although the topographical distribution of apoB was more widespread in plaques than in normal regions, as shown by immunofluorescence studies. This apparent discrepancy reflected the incomplete extraction of apoB from plaques as contrasted to normal regions. The relatively loosely bound apoB, extractable by standard buffers, may represent intact low density lipoprotein (LDL) and/or very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), while the tightly bound fraction may represent insoluble complexes of intact lipoproteins within the plaque or delipidated apoB.", "PMID": 332407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12291", "title": "Noninvasive detection and quantification of left-to-right shunts in children using oxygen-15 labeled carbon dioxide.", "content": "A method for the detection and quantification of left-to-right intracardiac shunts is described which utilizes a single breath inhalation of oxygen-15 labeled carbon dioxide (C15O2). The inhaled gas rapidly crosses the alveolar membrane and the oxygen-15 label is exchanged through the carbonate cycle to form oxygen-15 labeled water within the pulmonary capillary blood. Pulmonary indicator clearance curves are measured by external scintillation probes. A simplified method of shunt flow quantification was developed from indicator dilution principles and used for the analysis of the clearance curves. Inhalation studies were performed with 62 children on the day prior to cardiac catheterization. The presence or absence of left-to-right shunt was confirmed by contrast angiography in all cases. Twenty-six children were found to have no shunts by C15O2 inhalation, oximetry or angiography. Of the 36 with shunts, 34 were detected by C15O2. Two of these were designated as equivocal because they were considered to be less than the threshold of definitive detection by C15O2 (having Qp/Qs less than 1.2); 32 were positive and there were two false negatives with small ventricular septal defects. There were no false positives by C15O2. The correlation coefficient between C15O2 and oximetry values of shunt flow for those patients with proven shunts was 0.82.", "contents": "Noninvasive detection and quantification of left-to-right shunts in children using oxygen-15 labeled carbon dioxide. A method for the detection and quantification of left-to-right intracardiac shunts is described which utilizes a single breath inhalation of oxygen-15 labeled carbon dioxide (C15O2). The inhaled gas rapidly crosses the alveolar membrane and the oxygen-15 label is exchanged through the carbonate cycle to form oxygen-15 labeled water within the pulmonary capillary blood. Pulmonary indicator clearance curves are measured by external scintillation probes. A simplified method of shunt flow quantification was developed from indicator dilution principles and used for the analysis of the clearance curves. Inhalation studies were performed with 62 children on the day prior to cardiac catheterization. The presence or absence of left-to-right shunt was confirmed by contrast angiography in all cases. Twenty-six children were found to have no shunts by C15O2 inhalation, oximetry or angiography. Of the 36 with shunts, 34 were detected by C15O2. Two of these were designated as equivocal because they were considered to be less than the threshold of definitive detection by C15O2 (having Qp/Qs less than 1.2); 32 were positive and there were two false negatives with small ventricular septal defects. There were no false positives by C15O2. The correlation coefficient between C15O2 and oximetry values of shunt flow for those patients with proven shunts was 0.82.", "PMID": 332408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12292", "title": "Cutaneous eosinophil accumulation in atopic and non-atopic individuals: the effect of an ECF-A tetrapeptide and histamine.", "content": "The numbers of eosinophils recruited locally to abraded human skin were measured in eight atopic and eight non-atopic volunteers, at time intervals over 24 hr, following the application of an ECF-A tetrapeptide (Val-Gly-Ser-Glu) or histamine. In all subjects the higher doses of the peptide (10(-4) and 10(-6) mol/l) or histamine (10(-3) and 10(-5) mol/l) produced significantly greater counts than the Tyrode's diluent alone. The counts produced with the lowest dose of peptide (10(-8) mol/l) or histamine (10(-7) mol/l) were not significantly different from the control. The peptide or histamine evoked a greater local eosinophilia in the atopics than the non-atopics. This effect was probably independent of the peripheral blood eosinophil counts since at the time of study the numbers of circulating eosinophils between the two groups were not significantly different. In the atopics, histamine in doses of 10(-3) and 10(-5) mol/l were required to give the same eosinophil response as that obtained with 10(-4) and 10(-6) mol/l of the peptide, respectively. It is suggested that the relative paucity of eosinophils recruited by locally applied ECF-A peptide or histamine, when compared to antigen-induced eosinophilia, is due either to an inability to mimic the events associated with the release of these mediators from mast-cells or the involvement of other pharmacological agents.", "contents": "Cutaneous eosinophil accumulation in atopic and non-atopic individuals: the effect of an ECF-A tetrapeptide and histamine. The numbers of eosinophils recruited locally to abraded human skin were measured in eight atopic and eight non-atopic volunteers, at time intervals over 24 hr, following the application of an ECF-A tetrapeptide (Val-Gly-Ser-Glu) or histamine. In all subjects the higher doses of the peptide (10(-4) and 10(-6) mol/l) or histamine (10(-3) and 10(-5) mol/l) produced significantly greater counts than the Tyrode's diluent alone. The counts produced with the lowest dose of peptide (10(-8) mol/l) or histamine (10(-7) mol/l) were not significantly different from the control. The peptide or histamine evoked a greater local eosinophilia in the atopics than the non-atopics. This effect was probably independent of the peripheral blood eosinophil counts since at the time of study the numbers of circulating eosinophils between the two groups were not significantly different. In the atopics, histamine in doses of 10(-3) and 10(-5) mol/l were required to give the same eosinophil response as that obtained with 10(-4) and 10(-6) mol/l of the peptide, respectively. It is suggested that the relative paucity of eosinophils recruited by locally applied ECF-A peptide or histamine, when compared to antigen-induced eosinophilia, is due either to an inability to mimic the events associated with the release of these mediators from mast-cells or the involvement of other pharmacological agents.", "PMID": 332409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12293", "title": "Alterations of serum enzymes during therapy directed at human malignant sarcomas: a radiological follow-up study of tumor transformation.", "content": "1. When a malignant growth is developing in a patient, one often observes in the serum an increased activity of serum enzymes due to necrosis and increased membrane permeability caused by the altered  metabolism of malignant cells. Conversely, I considered it interesting to check the enzymes of the malate-aspartate shuttle in addition to LDH enzyme when a neoplastic growth is regressing due to radiation therapy. The patients who were selected for this study had histologically proved sarcomas (reticulosarcoma, liposarcoma, and post-nosal sarcoma). 2. The data obtained indicated that tumor regression is heralded by progressive decline (to the normal level) of LDH, GOT and MDH activities in serum. Normalization of these systems suggested that reticulosarcoma, liposarcoma, and post-nosal sarcoma are sensitive to the therapeutic agent used. 3. In viewing the data herein reported a definitive conclusion regarding the diagnostic usefulness of these assays is apparent. It seems possible that the measurement of these enzymes in serum of patients with proved sarcomas, may prove to be useful laboratory adjunct to diagnostic radiology and in the management of patients whose diagnosis has already been established.", "contents": "Alterations of serum enzymes during therapy directed at human malignant sarcomas: a radiological follow-up study of tumor transformation. 1. When a malignant growth is developing in a patient, one often observes in the serum an increased activity of serum enzymes due to necrosis and increased membrane permeability caused by the altered  metabolism of malignant cells. Conversely, I considered it interesting to check the enzymes of the malate-aspartate shuttle in addition to LDH enzyme when a neoplastic growth is regressing due to radiation therapy. The patients who were selected for this study had histologically proved sarcomas (reticulosarcoma, liposarcoma, and post-nosal sarcoma). 2. The data obtained indicated that tumor regression is heralded by progressive decline (to the normal level) of LDH, GOT and MDH activities in serum. Normalization of these systems suggested that reticulosarcoma, liposarcoma, and post-nosal sarcoma are sensitive to the therapeutic agent used. 3. In viewing the data herein reported a definitive conclusion regarding the diagnostic usefulness of these assays is apparent. It seems possible that the measurement of these enzymes in serum of patients with proved sarcomas, may prove to be useful laboratory adjunct to diagnostic radiology and in the management of patients whose diagnosis has already been established.", "PMID": 332410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12294", "title": "Immunological dissection of rat pregnancy: study of the mode of action of antisera to luteinizing hormone.", "content": "The sensitivity of rat pregnancy to luteinizing hormone (LH) depletion on days 7--12 (day 1 = day of insemination) was investigated by intraperitoneal administration of a single injection of various doses of an anti-bovine LH rabbit serum on the day in question. Day 11 was found to be the most susceptible time for this kind of intervention. The fate of the anti-LH antibodies in the recipients was followed in the serum and in various organs of the treated animals. Serological analysis revealed persistence of free antibodies to LH in the serum as late as 48 hr after injection. Immunofluorescence studies showed immune complex deposition in the kidney glomerula.", "contents": "Immunological dissection of rat pregnancy: study of the mode of action of antisera to luteinizing hormone. The sensitivity of rat pregnancy to luteinizing hormone (LH) depletion on days 7--12 (day 1 = day of insemination) was investigated by intraperitoneal administration of a single injection of various doses of an anti-bovine LH rabbit serum on the day in question. Day 11 was found to be the most susceptible time for this kind of intervention. The fate of the anti-LH antibodies in the recipients was followed in the serum and in various organs of the treated animals. Serological analysis revealed persistence of free antibodies to LH in the serum as late as 48 hr after injection. Immunofluorescence studies showed immune complex deposition in the kidney glomerula.", "PMID": 332421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12295", "title": "A mild method for decomplementation of human sera.", "content": "A mild method for decomplementation of human serum using mercaptoethanol is described. The effect of the treatment on IgM antibody was slight.", "contents": "A mild method for decomplementation of human sera. A mild method for decomplementation of human serum using mercaptoethanol is described. The effect of the treatment on IgM antibody was slight.", "PMID": 332423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12296", "title": "Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in very low birth weight infants.", "content": "In very low birth weight infants, the occurrence of bilirubin-related brain damage has been repeatedly observed at low serum bilirubin concentrations in close association with altered pathophysiologic status (hypoxia, acidosis, hypothermia, and so on). This increased susceptibility is accompanied by increased severity and duration of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia as compared with more mature infants. Clinical manifestations of kernicterus in very low birth weight infants are almost always nonspecific. No single biochemical or physiologic measurement is sufficient to predict the risk for development of the bilirubin-related brain damage in this group. Prevention of bilirubin-related brain damage in very low birth weight infants requires not only the maintenance of physiologic and biochemical milieu within normal limits, but also specific therapy to alleviate unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Although exchange transfusion has been the mainstay of therapy for unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, the increased morbidity and mortality associated with exchange transfusion in these immature infants and the need to maintain very low serum bilirubin concentrations suggest that prophylactic phototherapy may be more beneficial for this group.", "contents": "Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in very low birth weight infants. In very low birth weight infants, the occurrence of bilirubin-related brain damage has been repeatedly observed at low serum bilirubin concentrations in close association with altered pathophysiologic status (hypoxia, acidosis, hypothermia, and so on). This increased susceptibility is accompanied by increased severity and duration of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia as compared with more mature infants. Clinical manifestations of kernicterus in very low birth weight infants are almost always nonspecific. No single biochemical or physiologic measurement is sufficient to predict the risk for development of the bilirubin-related brain damage in this group. Prevention of bilirubin-related brain damage in very low birth weight infants requires not only the maintenance of physiologic and biochemical milieu within normal limits, but also specific therapy to alleviate unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Although exchange transfusion has been the mainstay of therapy for unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, the increased morbidity and mortality associated with exchange transfusion in these immature infants and the need to maintain very low serum bilirubin concentrations suggest that prophylactic phototherapy may be more beneficial for this group.", "PMID": 332431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12297", "title": "Perinatal glucose homeostasis: the unique character of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in infants of very low birth weight.", "content": "Tiny babies have the potential problem of hypoglycemia due to diminished hepatic glycogen stores, which can be potentiated by conditions frequently present in this birth weight group: asphyxia, cold stress, hypoxia, polycythemia. Despite the early administration of fluid and feeding, tiny babies are still at risk for developing hypoglycemia. Their immaturity, expressed by their limited ability to tolerate parenteral glucose infusions, puts them at risk for becoming hyperglycemic as well. Hence careful glucose administration and frequent monitoring of blood glucose are essential during the first several days after birth, in anticipation of hypoglycemia as well as hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Perinatal glucose homeostasis: the unique character of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in infants of very low birth weight. Tiny babies have the potential problem of hypoglycemia due to diminished hepatic glycogen stores, which can be potentiated by conditions frequently present in this birth weight group: asphyxia, cold stress, hypoxia, polycythemia. Despite the early administration of fluid and feeding, tiny babies are still at risk for developing hypoglycemia. Their immaturity, expressed by their limited ability to tolerate parenteral glucose infusions, puts them at risk for becoming hyperglycemic as well. Hence careful glucose administration and frequent monitoring of blood glucose are essential during the first several days after birth, in anticipation of hypoglycemia as well as hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 332433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12298", "title": "Comparison of trimazosin and methyldopa in hypertension.", "content": "Eighteen patients with hypertension participated in a double-blind, randomized study to evaluate the effect of trimazosin, methyldopa, and placebo on supine and standing blood pressure and heart rate. Of 6 patients on methyldopa, one developed drug fever (and was dropped from the study) and one developed impotence. None of 6 patients on trimazosin and none of 6 patients on placebo developed any adverse effects. The mean supine blood pressure on 900 mg trimazosin daily was 17.0/12.8 mm Hg lower than that on the first placebo trial (p less than 0.01) and 17.0/12.1 mm Hg lower than that on the second placebo trial (p less than 0.01). The mean supine blood pressure on 2,250 mg methyldopa daily was 17.8/12.4 mm Hg lower than that on the first placebo trial (p less than 0.01) and 16.8/13.0 mm Hg lower than that on the second placebo trial (p less than 0.01). The mean supine blood pressure was not significantly affected by placebo. Trimazosin, 900 mg daily, and methyldopa, 2,250 mg daily, were equally effective in lowering supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure and did not affect supine or standing heart rate.", "contents": "Comparison of trimazosin and methyldopa in hypertension. Eighteen patients with hypertension participated in a double-blind, randomized study to evaluate the effect of trimazosin, methyldopa, and placebo on supine and standing blood pressure and heart rate. Of 6 patients on methyldopa, one developed drug fever (and was dropped from the study) and one developed impotence. None of 6 patients on trimazosin and none of 6 patients on placebo developed any adverse effects. The mean supine blood pressure on 900 mg trimazosin daily was 17.0/12.8 mm Hg lower than that on the first placebo trial (p less than 0.01) and 17.0/12.1 mm Hg lower than that on the second placebo trial (p less than 0.01). The mean supine blood pressure on 2,250 mg methyldopa daily was 17.8/12.4 mm Hg lower than that on the first placebo trial (p less than 0.01) and 16.8/13.0 mm Hg lower than that on the second placebo trial (p less than 0.01). The mean supine blood pressure was not significantly affected by placebo. Trimazosin, 900 mg daily, and methyldopa, 2,250 mg daily, were equally effective in lowering supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure and did not affect supine or standing heart rate.", "PMID": 332438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12299", "title": "Trials with an adenosine analogue as antianginal medication.", "content": "The potential antianginal effects of orally administered ethyl-adenosine-5-carboxylate hydrochloride (EACH) were assessed in 9 patients with stable angina pectoris who underwent two standardized exercise tests for 3 consecutive days. The first daily exercise performed after placebo revealed no daily variation. The second test was preceded by placebo, 26 mg EACH or 33 mg EACH administered in a double-blind fashion with the use of crossover design. After the completion of the study in the first 6 patients, the 33-mg dose of EACH had to be discontinued because 3 patients had severe angina and another one had nausea and diffuse numbness after this dose. In the remaining 3 patients a 6-mg dose of EACH was used instead of 33 mg, after which the study was terminated because no difference could be determined. EACH, 26-mg and 6-mg, had no significant effect on resting and exercise heart rate, on blood pressure, on onset or duration of angina and positive-exercise electrocardiogram, or on exercise duration. Our study revealed that EACH had no potential antianginal effect and that at a dosage of 33 mg it may induce angina.", "contents": "Trials with an adenosine analogue as antianginal medication. The potential antianginal effects of orally administered ethyl-adenosine-5-carboxylate hydrochloride (EACH) were assessed in 9 patients with stable angina pectoris who underwent two standardized exercise tests for 3 consecutive days. The first daily exercise performed after placebo revealed no daily variation. The second test was preceded by placebo, 26 mg EACH or 33 mg EACH administered in a double-blind fashion with the use of crossover design. After the completion of the study in the first 6 patients, the 33-mg dose of EACH had to be discontinued because 3 patients had severe angina and another one had nausea and diffuse numbness after this dose. In the remaining 3 patients a 6-mg dose of EACH was used instead of 33 mg, after which the study was terminated because no difference could be determined. EACH, 26-mg and 6-mg, had no significant effect on resting and exercise heart rate, on blood pressure, on onset or duration of angina and positive-exercise electrocardiogram, or on exercise duration. Our study revealed that EACH had no potential antianginal effect and that at a dosage of 33 mg it may induce angina.", "PMID": 332439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12300", "title": "Muscle blood flow in children, measured by 133Xe clearance method.", "content": "Resting and maximal values of blood flow through limb muscles are higher in children than in adults; on the contrary, the time necessary for reaching maximal blood flow and the latter's duration are shorter. Simultaneous measurements in both upper or in both lower limbs, and in the right upper and right lower limbs, revealed no statistically significant differences among the values.", "contents": "Muscle blood flow in children, measured by 133Xe clearance method. Resting and maximal values of blood flow through limb muscles are higher in children than in adults; on the contrary, the time necessary for reaching maximal blood flow and the latter's duration are shorter. Simultaneous measurements in both upper or in both lower limbs, and in the right upper and right lower limbs, revealed no statistically significant differences among the values.", "PMID": 332442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12301", "title": "An assessment of cardiac output by thermodilution in infants and children following cardiac surgery.", "content": "A 4 F thermodilution catheter for measuring cardiac output was evaluated for accuracy and linearity in the laboratory and by comparison with the dye dilution method in infants and children following cardiac surgery. When 2 ml of 0 degrees C injectate were used, the correlation of computer determined flows to calibrated pump flows, over a range encountered clinically, was r = 0.998. The means of triplicate determinations by both the thermal and dye methods were compared in 8 of 25 patients and the comparison found to be favorable (r = 0.976). The complications of thermodilution catheter placement are described and related to the need for post-surgical chest x-ray and thermodilution recordings. The simplicity of the thermodilution technique and other advantages over the dye method in children, such as repeatability, and ease of calibration are discussed in relation to the increased flexibility in management which accrues.", "contents": "An assessment of cardiac output by thermodilution in infants and children following cardiac surgery. A 4 F thermodilution catheter for measuring cardiac output was evaluated for accuracy and linearity in the laboratory and by comparison with the dye dilution method in infants and children following cardiac surgery. When 2 ml of 0 degrees C injectate were used, the correlation of computer determined flows to calibrated pump flows, over a range encountered clinically, was r = 0.998. The means of triplicate determinations by both the thermal and dye methods were compared in 8 of 25 patients and the comparison found to be favorable (r = 0.976). The complications of thermodilution catheter placement are described and related to the need for post-surgical chest x-ray and thermodilution recordings. The simplicity of the thermodilution technique and other advantages over the dye method in children, such as repeatability, and ease of calibration are discussed in relation to the increased flexibility in management which accrues.", "PMID": 332445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12302", "title": "The PaO2 response to changes in end expiratory pressure in the newborn respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "To quantitate the effect of changes in end-expiratory pressure (EEP) upon PaO2 in infants with the respiratory distress syndrome, arterial blood gas (ABG) data was reviewed in 28 neonates. A total of 94 ABG specimen pairs were analyzed (specimen I taken before EEP adjustment; specimen II taken after EEP change). An overall change in PaO2 of 15 torr was noted per cm H2O change in EEP. Patients in whom the level of EEP was low (0-3 cm H2O) at the time of Sample I had a greater change in PaO2 (p less than 0.01) than infants whose Sample I ABG was taken at mid-range of EEP (4-6 cm H2O) or at high ranges (7-12 cm H2O). At the high ranges of EEP a minimal and variable PaO2 response was observed. The PaO2 response was not statistically different between neonates on controlled ventilation and those breathing spontaneously. Survivors had a greater PaO2 response than did nonsurvivors, but because of the variables affecting respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) patients, it could not be determined if this PaO2 response had a prognostic value. From this data, the clinician is provided with a guide to the expected PaO2 response when a change in EEP is made.", "contents": "The PaO2 response to changes in end expiratory pressure in the newborn respiratory distress syndrome. To quantitate the effect of changes in end-expiratory pressure (EEP) upon PaO2 in infants with the respiratory distress syndrome, arterial blood gas (ABG) data was reviewed in 28 neonates. A total of 94 ABG specimen pairs were analyzed (specimen I taken before EEP adjustment; specimen II taken after EEP change). An overall change in PaO2 of 15 torr was noted per cm H2O change in EEP. Patients in whom the level of EEP was low (0-3 cm H2O) at the time of Sample I had a greater change in PaO2 (p less than 0.01) than infants whose Sample I ABG was taken at mid-range of EEP (4-6 cm H2O) or at high ranges (7-12 cm H2O). At the high ranges of EEP a minimal and variable PaO2 response was observed. The PaO2 response was not statistically different between neonates on controlled ventilation and those breathing spontaneously. Survivors had a greater PaO2 response than did nonsurvivors, but because of the variables affecting respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) patients, it could not be determined if this PaO2 response had a prognostic value. From this data, the clinician is provided with a guide to the expected PaO2 response when a change in EEP is made.", "PMID": 332446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12303", "title": "Terbutaline in the treatment of status asthmaticus.", "content": "The effect of administration of terbutaline on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems was studied in ten children with status asthmaticus. Terbutaline (0.01 to 0.04 mg/kg of body weight) was given subcutaneously in multiple doses. A significant decrease in respiratory rate and in arterial blood pressure, with no significant change in cardiac rate, was seen only after the first dose of terbutaline. There was a decrease in mean arterial carbon dioxide tension and an increase in mean arterial oxygen pressure. There was gross clinical improvement following administration of terbutaline in nine of the ten patients. One patient who failed to respond to administration of terbutaline also failed to respond to intravenously administered isoproterenol. We conclude that terbutaline is effective in the treatment of status asthmaticus, with only modest effects on the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Terbutaline in the treatment of status asthmaticus. The effect of administration of terbutaline on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems was studied in ten children with status asthmaticus. Terbutaline (0.01 to 0.04 mg/kg of body weight) was given subcutaneously in multiple doses. A significant decrease in respiratory rate and in arterial blood pressure, with no significant change in cardiac rate, was seen only after the first dose of terbutaline. There was a decrease in mean arterial carbon dioxide tension and an increase in mean arterial oxygen pressure. There was gross clinical improvement following administration of terbutaline in nine of the ten patients. One patient who failed to respond to administration of terbutaline also failed to respond to intravenously administered isoproterenol. We conclude that terbutaline is effective in the treatment of status asthmaticus, with only modest effects on the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 332459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12304", "title": "Intermittent positive pressure inflation during fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "We describe a new technique for diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures under general anesthesia. The technique of inflation via nasotracheal catheter, which consists of using intermittent high inflating pressure for ventilation by passing a double catheter through the nose to the glottis and into the trachea, gave very satisfactory ventilaton, with high levels of oxygen in the blood. Intratracheal pressure was monitored continuously to guarantee safety, and pulmonary function was assessed before and after the procedure. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring was used, and blood gas levels were determined at very frequent intervals. The use of infusions of methohexitone and succinylcholine (suxamethonium) provided adequate safe anesthesia and prompt recovery, with absence of recall of the procedure.", "contents": "Intermittent positive pressure inflation during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. We describe a new technique for diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures under general anesthesia. The technique of inflation via nasotracheal catheter, which consists of using intermittent high inflating pressure for ventilation by passing a double catheter through the nose to the glottis and into the trachea, gave very satisfactory ventilaton, with high levels of oxygen in the blood. Intratracheal pressure was monitored continuously to guarantee safety, and pulmonary function was assessed before and after the procedure. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring was used, and blood gas levels were determined at very frequent intervals. The use of infusions of methohexitone and succinylcholine (suxamethonium) provided adequate safe anesthesia and prompt recovery, with absence of recall of the procedure.", "PMID": 332460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12305", "title": "Missile migration from lung to heart with delayed systemic embolization.", "content": "A bullet migrated from the heart to the left femoral artery in a youth ten days after he sustained a gunshot wound to the right chest. The bullet apparently traversed the pulmonary venous system at the time of the injury and lodged in the interior of the left ventricle. The production of an embolism in the systemic circulation was a delayed and unanticipated event.", "contents": "Missile migration from lung to heart with delayed systemic embolization. A bullet migrated from the heart to the left femoral artery in a youth ten days after he sustained a gunshot wound to the right chest. The bullet apparently traversed the pulmonary venous system at the time of the injury and lodged in the interior of the left ventricle. The production of an embolism in the systemic circulation was a delayed and unanticipated event.", "PMID": 332462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12306", "title": "Studies on the in vitro development of drug resistance of Proteeae to sulfonamides, trimethoprim and combinations of a sulfonamide and trimethoprim.", "content": "A strain of Proteus mirabilis repeatedly subcultured in the presence of a combination of sulfisoxazole and 0.4 microgram/ml of trimethoprim and a strain of P. vulgaris subcultured in the presence of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim combined in a 5:1 ratio gradually developed resistance to the combinations. However, the level of resistance developed by the organisms exposed to the combination was always appreciably lower than the level of resistance developed by the same strains exposed to either the sulfonamide or trimethoprim alone.", "contents": "Studies on the in vitro development of drug resistance of Proteeae to sulfonamides, trimethoprim and combinations of a sulfonamide and trimethoprim. A strain of Proteus mirabilis repeatedly subcultured in the presence of a combination of sulfisoxazole and 0.4 microgram/ml of trimethoprim and a strain of P. vulgaris subcultured in the presence of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim combined in a 5:1 ratio gradually developed resistance to the combinations. However, the level of resistance developed by the organisms exposed to the combination was always appreciably lower than the level of resistance developed by the same strains exposed to either the sulfonamide or trimethoprim alone.", "PMID": 332463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12307", "title": "Cyclacillin-induced potentiation of Escherichia coli immunogenicity in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The efficacy of cyclacillin as an antimicrobial agent against Escherichia coli was assessed in vivo in mice infected with low numbers of bacteria and compared to the relative effectiveness of the antibiotic against the same organisms in vitro. Treatment of mice with cyclacillin resulted in a rapid clearance of E. coli from the blood and their greater killing in the spleen and liver. Furthermore, a significantly higher antibody plaque response against E. coli developed in  cyclacillin-treated mice than in untreated mice or in those given ampicillin. The increased immunogenicity of the E. coli in the antibiotic-treated mice appeared to be due to high levels of cyclacillin in the animals and rapid killing of the bacteria in vivo. In vitro experiments showed that injection of normal mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages which had been incubated with E. coli together with cyclacillin resulted in a greater immunogenicity of the bacteria than when the injection mixture was composed of E. coli which had been incubated alone or only with macrophages. These results suggest that the in vivo effectiveness of an antibiotic such as cyclacillin against a gram-negative organism such as E. coli may be due in part to an effect on the immunogenicity of the bacteria.", "contents": "Cyclacillin-induced potentiation of Escherichia coli immunogenicity in vivo and in vitro. The efficacy of cyclacillin as an antimicrobial agent against Escherichia coli was assessed in vivo in mice infected with low numbers of bacteria and compared to the relative effectiveness of the antibiotic against the same organisms in vitro. Treatment of mice with cyclacillin resulted in a rapid clearance of E. coli from the blood and their greater killing in the spleen and liver. Furthermore, a significantly higher antibody plaque response against E. coli developed in  cyclacillin-treated mice than in untreated mice or in those given ampicillin. The increased immunogenicity of the E. coli in the antibiotic-treated mice appeared to be due to high levels of cyclacillin in the animals and rapid killing of the bacteria in vivo. In vitro experiments showed that injection of normal mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages which had been incubated with E. coli together with cyclacillin resulted in a greater immunogenicity of the bacteria than when the injection mixture was composed of E. coli which had been incubated alone or only with macrophages. These results suggest that the in vivo effectiveness of an antibiotic such as cyclacillin against a gram-negative organism such as E. coli may be due in part to an effect on the immunogenicity of the bacteria.", "PMID": 332464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12308", "title": "Sulfadiazine-trimethoprim combination in the treatment of urinary tract infections.", "content": "In a clinical double-blind study on 198 patients with a urinary tract infection, no differences were found between comparable groups treated with either sulfadiazine (SD) 1,000 MG/trimethoprim (TM) 320 mg or sulfamethoxazole (SM) 1,600 mg/trimethoprim 320 g daily for 2 weeks. The favorable results were obtained according to the bacteriological control in 85 and 79%, respectively. Also the incidence of side effects was the same (22 and 24%, resp.). The number of cases within which the treatment had to be discontinued did not differ percentually, either (6.6 and 8.4%, resp.). Based on the bacteriological sensitivity tests and the clinical trial, the authors conclude that TM can be combined with SD as well as with SM. Pharmacokinetic advantages, like a lower protein-binding and a lesser metabolism, may even make SD more preferable.", "contents": "Sulfadiazine-trimethoprim combination in the treatment of urinary tract infections. In a clinical double-blind study on 198 patients with a urinary tract infection, no differences were found between comparable groups treated with either sulfadiazine (SD) 1,000 MG/trimethoprim (TM) 320 mg or sulfamethoxazole (SM) 1,600 mg/trimethoprim 320 g daily for 2 weeks. The favorable results were obtained according to the bacteriological control in 85 and 79%, respectively. Also the incidence of side effects was the same (22 and 24%, resp.). The number of cases within which the treatment had to be discontinued did not differ percentually, either (6.6 and 8.4%, resp.). Based on the bacteriological sensitivity tests and the clinical trial, the authors conclude that TM can be combined with SD as well as with SM. Pharmacokinetic advantages, like a lower protein-binding and a lesser metabolism, may even make SD more preferable.", "PMID": 332465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12309", "title": "Identification and treatment with a long-acting sulphonamide of 15 carriers of Vibrio cholerae El Tor serotype Ogawa, during the 1973 cholera epidemic in Naples.", "content": "During the cholera epidemic in 1973, nine contact carriers of Vibrio cholerae El Tor serotype Ogawa were identified in a family from Naples as well as six others coming from different parts of the city or its surroundings. All the subjects were admitted to the quarantine ward of the 'Cotugno Hospital' (Naples) in which they remained continuously for 14 or 16 days. During this time these bacteriologically confirmed carriers were treated orally with a long-acting sulphonamide (sulphamethoxypyrazine, Kelfizine). Coprocultural examinations carried out on each patient on average 7 times after the treatment over a period of 6 months, proved the absence of V. cholerae. Serological tests also showed high levels of agglutinating and vibriocidal anticholera Ogawa antibodies in two unvaccinated carriers.", "contents": "Identification and treatment with a long-acting sulphonamide of 15 carriers of Vibrio cholerae El Tor serotype Ogawa, during the 1973 cholera epidemic in Naples. During the cholera epidemic in 1973, nine contact carriers of Vibrio cholerae El Tor serotype Ogawa were identified in a family from Naples as well as six others coming from different parts of the city or its surroundings. All the subjects were admitted to the quarantine ward of the 'Cotugno Hospital' (Naples) in which they remained continuously for 14 or 16 days. During this time these bacteriologically confirmed carriers were treated orally with a long-acting sulphonamide (sulphamethoxypyrazine, Kelfizine). Coprocultural examinations carried out on each patient on average 7 times after the treatment over a period of 6 months, proved the absence of V. cholerae. Serological tests also showed high levels of agglutinating and vibriocidal anticholera Ogawa antibodies in two unvaccinated carriers.", "PMID": 332466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12310", "title": "[Anorectal incontinence. Results of surgical treatment].", "content": "Anal incontinence was investigated in 125 patients. Sphincter suture war suitable for only 52. Opening the anal canal was avoided. Perineal female and male anatomy is very different. Reconstruction of continence by sphincter suture is only to be recommended after traumatic lesions.", "contents": "[Anorectal incontinence. Results of surgical treatment]. Anal incontinence was investigated in 125 patients. Sphincter suture war suitable for only 52. Opening the anal canal was avoided. Perineal female and male anatomy is very different. Reconstruction of continence by sphincter suture is only to be recommended after traumatic lesions.", "PMID": 332468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12311", "title": "The effect of lithium on luteinizing hormone and testosterone in man.", "content": "Serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone were determined weekly during the course of a comparison of the effects of lithium versus placebo on impulsive aggressive behavior in 16-24 year-old male prisoners. The duration of drug treatment for each individual was up to 3 months. A significant reduction of serious agressive behavioral incidents occurred in the third month on lithium and was accompanied by a significant rise in serum luteinizing hormone, with no change in serum testosterone.", "contents": "The effect of lithium on luteinizing hormone and testosterone in man. Serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone were determined weekly during the course of a comparison of the effects of lithium versus placebo on impulsive aggressive behavior in 16-24 year-old male prisoners. The duration of drug treatment for each individual was up to 3 months. A significant reduction of serious agressive behavioral incidents occurred in the third month on lithium and was accompanied by a significant rise in serum luteinizing hormone, with no change in serum testosterone.", "PMID": 332471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12312", "title": "Which tricyclic for depressed outpatients, imipramine pamoate or amitriptyline?", "content": "Fifty-seven neurotically depressed outpatients with sleep disturbance were randomly assigned to treatment with either imipramine pamoate or amitriptyline given in a single dose at bedtime in a double-blind study for four weeks. The results indicate that both imipramine pamoate and amitriptyline are equally effective in treating neurotic depression. The clinical lore that imipramine is more effective for retarded depression and amitriptyline for anxious, agitated depression was not supported by this study. Of special interest is the fact that the imipramine pamoate group had significantly earlier rising times, and a trend toward better quality of sleep. The side effect profiles of the two drugs were also remarkably similar in this population though more patients complained of side effects on amitriptyline than on imipramine.", "contents": "Which tricyclic for depressed outpatients, imipramine pamoate or amitriptyline? Fifty-seven neurotically depressed outpatients with sleep disturbance were randomly assigned to treatment with either imipramine pamoate or amitriptyline given in a single dose at bedtime in a double-blind study for four weeks. The results indicate that both imipramine pamoate and amitriptyline are equally effective in treating neurotic depression. The clinical lore that imipramine is more effective for retarded depression and amitriptyline for anxious, agitated depression was not supported by this study. Of special interest is the fact that the imipramine pamoate group had significantly earlier rising times, and a trend toward better quality of sleep. The side effect profiles of the two drugs were also remarkably similar in this population though more patients complained of side effects on amitriptyline than on imipramine.", "PMID": 332472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12313", "title": "A script for deep muscle relaxation.", "content": "Deep muscle relaxation has been used as an adjunct to many somatic and psycho-therapies since its introduction by Jacobsen in 1929. It is a therapeutic technique which is taught as a motor skill through the use of instruction, practice, and feedback about progress. The material in this paper provides a script for preparing a relaxation tape for clients to use between or in addition to regular therapy sessions.", "contents": "A script for deep muscle relaxation. Deep muscle relaxation has been used as an adjunct to many somatic and psycho-therapies since its introduction by Jacobsen in 1929. It is a therapeutic technique which is taught as a motor skill through the use of instruction, practice, and feedback about progress. The material in this paper provides a script for preparing a relaxation tape for clients to use between or in addition to regular therapy sessions.", "PMID": 332473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12314", "title": "Primary brain stem reticulum cell sarcoma causing dementia.", "content": "Primary reticulum cell sarcoma-microgliomas of the brain stem are extremely rare. Described here is an unusual case with profound episodic dementia as the predominant clinical manifestation.", "contents": "Primary brain stem reticulum cell sarcoma causing dementia. Primary reticulum cell sarcoma-microgliomas of the brain stem are extremely rare. Described here is an unusual case with profound episodic dementia as the predominant clinical manifestation.", "PMID": 332474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12315", "title": "[Clinical features of malignant follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (author's transl)].", "content": "75 cases treated between 1970 and 1976 for malignant follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were analysed for their cardinal signs. Contrary to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of \"higher malignancy degree\", the average age of patients with malignant follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is generally over 50 years, being more common in females. By the time the diagnosis is made a generalised stage has usually been reached. In the described group of patients the five-year survival rate was 65%, but compared with the malignant lymphoma of higher malignancy the prognosis is often complicated by secondary diseases resulting from the higher age. The findings confirm the need for histological sub-classification of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "contents": "[Clinical features of malignant follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (author's transl)]. 75 cases treated between 1970 and 1976 for malignant follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were analysed for their cardinal signs. Contrary to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of \"higher malignancy degree\", the average age of patients with malignant follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is generally over 50 years, being more common in females. By the time the diagnosis is made a generalised stage has usually been reached. In the described group of patients the five-year survival rate was 65%, but compared with the malignant lymphoma of higher malignancy the prognosis is often complicated by secondary diseases resulting from the higher age. The findings confirm the need for histological sub-classification of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "PMID": 332479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12316", "title": "[An epidemic caused by serratia marcescens in an intensive-care unit for premature and other newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "An epidemic caused by Serratia marcescens occurred in intensive care unit of the Children's clinic in Essen, with three deaths. Although there was good sensitivity of the strain to gentamicin in vitro, there was no noticeable clinical improvement when it was administered. But cotrimoxazole, given systemically and locally, and colistin locally cured the disease.", "contents": "[An epidemic caused by serratia marcescens in an intensive-care unit for premature and other newborns (author's transl)]. An epidemic caused by Serratia marcescens occurred in intensive care unit of the Children's clinic in Essen, with three deaths. Although there was good sensitivity of the strain to gentamicin in vitro, there was no noticeable clinical improvement when it was administered. But cotrimoxazole, given systemically and locally, and colistin locally cured the disease.", "PMID": 332480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12317", "title": "[The behavior of pin-stump constructions with and without circular stump rings in a loading experiment].", "content": "On 60 identical resin roots comparative loading experiments with two pin-stump constructions were carried out. One half of the roots was supplied with pin constructions with and the other half with pin constructions without a circular ring cap. With both constructions the secondary crowns were inserted separately. The teeth were loaded up to breaking at their palatinal crown surfaces. There were two types of fractures. In both groups a small number of total fractures was located in the region of the tip of the pin. There were no longitudinal fractures. The most frequent fractures were oblique ones in the gingival region and a marked difference between both groups was noted. Pin constructions with a circular ring cap broke with a load of 10 kp less on the average than those without a circular ring cap.", "contents": "[The behavior of pin-stump constructions with and without circular stump rings in a loading experiment]. On 60 identical resin roots comparative loading experiments with two pin-stump constructions were carried out. One half of the roots was supplied with pin constructions with and the other half with pin constructions without a circular ring cap. With both constructions the secondary crowns were inserted separately. The teeth were loaded up to breaking at their palatinal crown surfaces. There were two types of fractures. In both groups a small number of total fractures was located in the region of the tip of the pin. There were no longitudinal fractures. The most frequent fractures were oblique ones in the gingival region and a marked difference between both groups was noted. Pin constructions with a circular ring cap broke with a load of 10 kp less on the average than those without a circular ring cap.", "PMID": 332484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12318", "title": "[A new impression method for partial dentures with special reference to the varying resiliency of the jaw mucosa and the abutment teeth].", "content": "By use of two different materials, the combination impression facilitates the preparation of models representing the oral situation without compression of the mucosa or tension at the abutment teeth. In addition, the original impression tray can be ground down without much additional effort and used for the determination of jaw relations. The otherwise necessary and additional preparation of bite blocks is no longer required.", "contents": "[A new impression method for partial dentures with special reference to the varying resiliency of the jaw mucosa and the abutment teeth]. By use of two different materials, the combination impression facilitates the preparation of models representing the oral situation without compression of the mucosa or tension at the abutment teeth. In addition, the original impression tray can be ground down without much additional effort and used for the determination of jaw relations. The otherwise necessary and additional preparation of bite blocks is no longer required.", "PMID": 332485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12319", "title": "[Electromyographic studies on the masticatory muscles after the preparation of terminal molars as denture abutments].", "content": "When the occlusal surfaces of terminal molars are ground off during bridge preparation, the occlusal support for the condyle of the affected side disappears and thus the intermaxillary distance declines. The effect of this process on the masticatory muscles was examined electromyographically in nine patients. It was found that the muscle activity especially in the m. temporalis is immediately reduced by 30 to 40%.", "contents": "[Electromyographic studies on the masticatory muscles after the preparation of terminal molars as denture abutments]. When the occlusal surfaces of terminal molars are ground off during bridge preparation, the occlusal support for the condyle of the affected side disappears and thus the intermaxillary distance declines. The effect of this process on the masticatory muscles was examined electromyographically in nine patients. It was found that the muscle activity especially in the m. temporalis is immediately reduced by 30 to 40%.", "PMID": 332486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12320", "title": "[The effect of amyloglucosidase and glucoseoxydase containing toothpastes on plaque formation and gingivitis].", "content": "Earlier studies showed that an antibacterial lactoperoxydase system in the saliva is activated by the application of a hydrogen paroxide-generating combination of enzymes: amyloglucosidase and glucose oxydase. The object of the present study was to investigate the effect of these enzymes in a test and control group of 29 subjects. The results showed the plaque-inhibiting effect of the enzyme paste. An influence on the gingiva could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "[The effect of amyloglucosidase and glucoseoxydase containing toothpastes on plaque formation and gingivitis]. Earlier studies showed that an antibacterial lactoperoxydase system in the saliva is activated by the application of a hydrogen paroxide-generating combination of enzymes: amyloglucosidase and glucose oxydase. The object of the present study was to investigate the effect of these enzymes in a test and control group of 29 subjects. The results showed the plaque-inhibiting effect of the enzyme paste. An influence on the gingiva could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 332488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12321", "title": "Immunoreactive somatostatin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in median eminence synaptosomes of the rat: detection by immunohistochemistry and quantification by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Somatostatin and LHRH were detected by radioimmunoassay in the synaptosome fraction obtained by homogenization and differential centrifugation of the rat median eminence. Both somatostatin and LHRH were demonstrated by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in secretory granules within synaptosomes.", "contents": "Immunoreactive somatostatin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in median eminence synaptosomes of the rat: detection by immunohistochemistry and quantification by radioimmunoassay. Somatostatin and LHRH were detected by radioimmunoassay in the synaptosome fraction obtained by homogenization and differential centrifugation of the rat median eminence. Both somatostatin and LHRH were demonstrated by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in secretory granules within synaptosomes.", "PMID": 332489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12322", "title": "Specific glucose protection of pancreatic beta-cell function during culture in chemically defined medium.", "content": "Microdissected pancreatic islets from non-inbred ob/ob-mice were cultured for 7 days in modified tissue culture medium 199 lacking serum. When 3 mM glucose was present during culture little or no insulin response to glucose stimulation was observed during the following incubation. Culture with 18 mM glucose on the other hand resulted in good preservation of glucose-stimulated insulin release, especially if release into the culture medium had been inhibited by lack of Ca++. High concentrations of leucine or its non-metabolizable analogue, 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), stimulated insulin release into the culture medium but did not preserve glucose-stimulated insulin release. When compared to previously published fresh-islet levels, culture with 3 mM glucose alone or in combination with high concentrations of leucine or BCH resulted in a substantial loss of beta-cell insulin. This loss was less marked after culture with 18 mM glucose, and completely abolished if no Ca++ was included in the high glucose medium. The data indicate that glucose has a specific effect in protecting some glucoreceptor mechanism of the beta-cells during culture.", "contents": "Specific glucose protection of pancreatic beta-cell function during culture in chemically defined medium. Microdissected pancreatic islets from non-inbred ob/ob-mice were cultured for 7 days in modified tissue culture medium 199 lacking serum. When 3 mM glucose was present during culture little or no insulin response to glucose stimulation was observed during the following incubation. Culture with 18 mM glucose on the other hand resulted in good preservation of glucose-stimulated insulin release, especially if release into the culture medium had been inhibited by lack of Ca++. High concentrations of leucine or its non-metabolizable analogue, 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), stimulated insulin release into the culture medium but did not preserve glucose-stimulated insulin release. When compared to previously published fresh-islet levels, culture with 3 mM glucose alone or in combination with high concentrations of leucine or BCH resulted in a substantial loss of beta-cell insulin. This loss was less marked after culture with 18 mM glucose, and completely abolished if no Ca++ was included in the high glucose medium. The data indicate that glucose has a specific effect in protecting some glucoreceptor mechanism of the beta-cells during culture.", "PMID": 332493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12323", "title": "Regulation of the second (estrous) release of follicle-stimulating hormone in hamsters by the medial basal hypothalamus1,2.", "content": "In femal proestrous hamsters (1800 h), bilateral electrocoagulative lesions in the arcuate-median eminence (Arc-ME) region blocked the pituitary FSH release that normally would have begun in late proestrus and continued until the afternoon of estrus. This second (estrous) FSH elevation, which is not accompanied by LH release, was unaffected by neural disconnection of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) from the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) or by production of MBH-pituitary islands. After gonadotropin-releasing hormone was injected into Arc-ME-lesioned hamsters, LH was released. These results suggest that the Arc-ME does not require the MPOA for initiation of the estrous release of FSH.", "contents": "Regulation of the second (estrous) release of follicle-stimulating hormone in hamsters by the medial basal hypothalamus1,2. In femal proestrous hamsters (1800 h), bilateral electrocoagulative lesions in the arcuate-median eminence (Arc-ME) region blocked the pituitary FSH release that normally would have begun in late proestrus and continued until the afternoon of estrus. This second (estrous) FSH elevation, which is not accompanied by LH release, was unaffected by neural disconnection of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) from the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) or by production of MBH-pituitary islands. After gonadotropin-releasing hormone was injected into Arc-ME-lesioned hamsters, LH was released. These results suggest that the Arc-ME does not require the MPOA for initiation of the estrous release of FSH.", "PMID": 332495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12324", "title": "Metabolic interrelationships between arsenic and selenium.", "content": "In 1938, Moxon discovered that arsenic protected against selenium toxicity. Since that time it has been shown that this protective effect of arsenic against selenium poisoning can be demonstrated in many different animal species under a wide variety of conditions. Antagonistic effects between arsenic and selenium have also been noted in teratologic experiments. Early metabolic studies showed that arsenic inhibited the expiration of volatile selenium compounds by rats injected with acutely toxic doses of both elements. This was puzzling since pulmonary excretion had long been regarded as a means by which animals could rid themselves of excess selenium. However, later work demonstrated that arsenic increased the biliary excretion of selenium. Not only did arsenic stimulate the excretion of selenium in the bile, but selenium also stimulated the excretion of arsenic in the bile. This increased biliary excretion of selenium caused by arsenic provides a reasonable rationale for the ability of arsenic to counteract the toxicity of selenium, although the chemical mechanism by which arsenic does this is not certain. The most satisfactory explanation is that these two elements react in the liver to form a detoxication conjugate which is then excreted into the bile. This is consistent with the fact that both arsenic and selenium each increase the biliary excretion of the other. Several other metabolic interactions between arsenic and selenium have been demonstrated in vitro, but their physiological significance is not clear. Although arsenic decreased selenium toxicity under most conditions, there is a pronounced synergistic toxicity between arsenic and two methylated selenium metabolites, trimethylselenonium ion or dimethyl selenide. The ecological consequences of these synergisms are largely unexplored, although it is likely that selenium methylation occurs in the environment. All attempts to promote or prevent selenium deficiency diseases in animals by feeding arsenic have been unsuccessful. Over 30 years ago it was suggested that industrial hygienists use arsenic as a tonic to prevent or cure selenium poisoning in workers exposed to this hazard. Organic arsenical feed additives were tried as partial antidotes against selenium poisoning in livestock raised in seleniferous agricultural areas but were not found to be practical.", "contents": "Metabolic interrelationships between arsenic and selenium. In 1938, Moxon discovered that arsenic protected against selenium toxicity. Since that time it has been shown that this protective effect of arsenic against selenium poisoning can be demonstrated in many different animal species under a wide variety of conditions. Antagonistic effects between arsenic and selenium have also been noted in teratologic experiments. Early metabolic studies showed that arsenic inhibited the expiration of volatile selenium compounds by rats injected with acutely toxic doses of both elements. This was puzzling since pulmonary excretion had long been regarded as a means by which animals could rid themselves of excess selenium. However, later work demonstrated that arsenic increased the biliary excretion of selenium. Not only did arsenic stimulate the excretion of selenium in the bile, but selenium also stimulated the excretion of arsenic in the bile. This increased biliary excretion of selenium caused by arsenic provides a reasonable rationale for the ability of arsenic to counteract the toxicity of selenium, although the chemical mechanism by which arsenic does this is not certain. The most satisfactory explanation is that these two elements react in the liver to form a detoxication conjugate which is then excreted into the bile. This is consistent with the fact that both arsenic and selenium each increase the biliary excretion of the other. Several other metabolic interactions between arsenic and selenium have been demonstrated in vitro, but their physiological significance is not clear. Although arsenic decreased selenium toxicity under most conditions, there is a pronounced synergistic toxicity between arsenic and two methylated selenium metabolites, trimethylselenonium ion or dimethyl selenide. The ecological consequences of these synergisms are largely unexplored, although it is likely that selenium methylation occurs in the environment. All attempts to promote or prevent selenium deficiency diseases in animals by feeding arsenic have been unsuccessful. Over 30 years ago it was suggested that industrial hygienists use arsenic as a tonic to prevent or cure selenium poisoning in workers exposed to this hazard. Organic arsenical feed additives were tried as partial antidotes against selenium poisoning in livestock raised in seleniferous agricultural areas but were not found to be practical.", "PMID": 332496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12325", "title": "Effects of arsenite on DNA repair in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Since environmental exposure to arsenicals has been correlated with a high skin cancer risk among populations exposed to sunlight, it is possible that arsenicals might interfere with the repair of damage to DNA (mostly thymine dimers) resulting from the ultraviolet rays in sunlight. To test this hypothesis, strains of E. coli, differing from each other only in one or more repair functions, were exposed to UV light and then plated in the presence or absence of sodium arsenite. Survival after irradiation of wild type E. coli (WP(2)) was significantly decreased by 0.5mM arsenite. This effect was also seen in strains which are unable to carry out excision repair, suggesting that arsenite inhibits one or more steps in the post-replication repair pathways. This is confirmed by the finding that arsenite has no effect on the post-irradiation survival of a recA mutant, which does not carry out post-replication repair. Mutagenesis after ultraviolet irradiation depends on the rec(+) and lex(+) genes. Arsenite decreases mutagenesis in strains containing these genes. In order to determine its mechanism of action, dose-response relationships of arsenite on a number of cellular functions were carried out. The most sensitive cellular functions found were the induction of beta-galactosidase and the synthesis of RNA. Since error-prone repair in E. coli is an inducible process, the inhibition of mutagenesis after UV irradiation may be the result of inhibition of messenger RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of arsenite on DNA repair in Escherichia coli. Since environmental exposure to arsenicals has been correlated with a high skin cancer risk among populations exposed to sunlight, it is possible that arsenicals might interfere with the repair of damage to DNA (mostly thymine dimers) resulting from the ultraviolet rays in sunlight. To test this hypothesis, strains of E. coli, differing from each other only in one or more repair functions, were exposed to UV light and then plated in the presence or absence of sodium arsenite. Survival after irradiation of wild type E. coli (WP(2)) was significantly decreased by 0.5mM arsenite. This effect was also seen in strains which are unable to carry out excision repair, suggesting that arsenite inhibits one or more steps in the post-replication repair pathways. This is confirmed by the finding that arsenite has no effect on the post-irradiation survival of a recA mutant, which does not carry out post-replication repair. Mutagenesis after ultraviolet irradiation depends on the rec(+) and lex(+) genes. Arsenite decreases mutagenesis in strains containing these genes. In order to determine its mechanism of action, dose-response relationships of arsenite on a number of cellular functions were carried out. The most sensitive cellular functions found were the induction of beta-galactosidase and the synthesis of RNA. Since error-prone repair in E. coli is an inducible process, the inhibition of mutagenesis after UV irradiation may be the result of inhibition of messenger RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 332497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12326", "title": "Indices of potential lead hazard.", "content": "This review is concerned with the concentrations of lead in human whole blood, erythrocytes, plasma, serum, soft tissues, bone, and urine. The extent to which redistribution of some of the bound lead occurs is outlines. The effects of lead on enzyme activities and on the accumulation of metabolic intermediates in the blood and urine are described. A brief section deals with the range of signs and symptoms that can occur and differences seen between symptomatic children and adults.", "contents": "Indices of potential lead hazard. This review is concerned with the concentrations of lead in human whole blood, erythrocytes, plasma, serum, soft tissues, bone, and urine. The extent to which redistribution of some of the bound lead occurs is outlines. The effects of lead on enzyme activities and on the accumulation of metabolic intermediates in the blood and urine are described. A brief section deals with the range of signs and symptoms that can occur and differences seen between symptomatic children and adults.", "PMID": 332498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12327", "title": "The involvement of a complex between formylmethionyl-tRNA and initiation factor IF-2 in prokaryotic initiation.", "content": "A complex between initiation factor IF-2 and fMet-tRNA can be formed under ionic conditions, which are optimal for initiation complex formation. The complex can be retained on cellulose nitrate filters after fixing with glutaraldehyde. The IF-2 - FMet-tRNA complex formation is not influenced by GTP and GDP. Other nucleoside di of triphosphates also have no effect. Evidence is presented that this complex acts as an intermediate in polypeptide chain initiation. The IF-2 - fMet-tRNA complex formation is not influenced by initiation factors IF-1 and IF-3. The binary complex can be bound to the 30-S subunit in the absence of GTP, which indicates that there is no concomittant binding of the IF-2 - fMet-tRNA complex and the nucleotide moiety to the 30-S subunit. The binding of the binary complex is stimulated by GTP. The influence of some inhibitors of initiation on the IF-2 - fMet-tRNA complex formation has been tested. Aurin tricarboxylic acid appeared to be a strong inhibitor, whereas the sulfhydryl reagents N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate had no effect.", "contents": "The involvement of a complex between formylmethionyl-tRNA and initiation factor IF-2 in prokaryotic initiation. A complex between initiation factor IF-2 and fMet-tRNA can be formed under ionic conditions, which are optimal for initiation complex formation. The complex can be retained on cellulose nitrate filters after fixing with glutaraldehyde. The IF-2 - FMet-tRNA complex formation is not influenced by GTP and GDP. Other nucleoside di of triphosphates also have no effect. Evidence is presented that this complex acts as an intermediate in polypeptide chain initiation. The IF-2 - fMet-tRNA complex formation is not influenced by initiation factors IF-1 and IF-3. The binary complex can be bound to the 30-S subunit in the absence of GTP, which indicates that there is no concomittant binding of the IF-2 - fMet-tRNA complex and the nucleotide moiety to the 30-S subunit. The binding of the binary complex is stimulated by GTP. The influence of some inhibitors of initiation on the IF-2 - fMet-tRNA complex formation has been tested. Aurin tricarboxylic acid appeared to be a strong inhibitor, whereas the sulfhydryl reagents N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate had no effect.", "PMID": 332500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12328", "title": "The role of the digital computer in pediatric cardiology.", "content": "A digital computer system is described which allows the real-time processing of all physiological signals obtained during a heart catheterization procedure and which makes all relevant results and informations available immediately during the investigation. In addition, special electronic units and programs have been developed in our institution for the automated extraction of morphological criteria from biplane angiocardiograms. Thereby right and left ventricular volume, shape and contraction pattern can be quantitated and used to characterize the performance of the heart as muscle and pump in physical terms. Recently, complete digital processing of videoangiocardiograms has been achieved in a stroboscopic mode, each videofield in real time. Application of image enhancement, subtraction, integration and restoration techniques leads to a fundamentally improved angiocardiographic image quality for a given amount of injected contrast material. Based on eight years of experience with digital computer application in pediatric cardiology, computer technologies are considered likely to become the method of choice in the future.", "contents": "The role of the digital computer in pediatric cardiology. A digital computer system is described which allows the real-time processing of all physiological signals obtained during a heart catheterization procedure and which makes all relevant results and informations available immediately during the investigation. In addition, special electronic units and programs have been developed in our institution for the automated extraction of morphological criteria from biplane angiocardiograms. Thereby right and left ventricular volume, shape and contraction pattern can be quantitated and used to characterize the performance of the heart as muscle and pump in physical terms. Recently, complete digital processing of videoangiocardiograms has been achieved in a stroboscopic mode, each videofield in real time. Application of image enhancement, subtraction, integration and restoration techniques leads to a fundamentally improved angiocardiographic image quality for a given amount of injected contrast material. Based on eight years of experience with digital computer application in pediatric cardiology, computer technologies are considered likely to become the method of choice in the future.", "PMID": 332501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12329", "title": "The effect of renal failure on the disposition and neuromuscular blocking action of pancuronium bromide.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of pancuronium following single dose administration in six patients, and following multiple dose administration in four patients, all undergoing renal transplantation surgery, were measured using a fluorimetric method. A two-compartment open model was used in the pharmacokinetic analysis of the data. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic findings with data previously obtained for patients undergoing elective surgery but having normal renal function indicated that the clearance of the drug was reduced significantly in the patients with renal failure, and that in these individuals the half-life was increased significantly. Measurement of the evoked mechanical twitch response concurrently with plasma concentration monitoring of pancuronium confirmed that the prolongation of half-life in the patients with renal failure was often but not always associated with an extended duration of neuromuscular blockade and furthermore that the rate of recovery from block might also be prolonged. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of renal failure on the disposition and neuromuscular blocking action of pancuronium bromide. Plasma concentrations of pancuronium following single dose administration in six patients, and following multiple dose administration in four patients, all undergoing renal transplantation surgery, were measured using a fluorimetric method. A two-compartment open model was used in the pharmacokinetic analysis of the data. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic findings with data previously obtained for patients undergoing elective surgery but having normal renal function indicated that the clearance of the drug was reduced significantly in the patients with renal failure, and that in these individuals the half-life was increased significantly. Measurement of the evoked mechanical twitch response concurrently with plasma concentration monitoring of pancuronium confirmed that the prolongation of half-life in the patients with renal failure was often but not always associated with an extended duration of neuromuscular blockade and furthermore that the rate of recovery from block might also be prolonged. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 332502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12330", "title": "Bioavailability of metronidazole in fasting and non-fasting healthy subjects and in patients with Crohn's disease.", "content": "The possible influence of food intake on the bioavailability of metronidazole was examined in ten health volunteers by administration of a single dose of metronidazole on an empty stomach, and with a standardized breakfast. Food intake did not significantly alter the bioavailability of metronidazole. The interindividual variation in bioavailability appeared to be slight. In nine patients with Crohn's disease, the absorption of metronidazole appeared to be reduced and to be more variable than in healthy subjects. In both groups there was a clear relationship between the amount absorbed and dose/kg body weight. Thus, from the pharmacokinetic point of view, metronidazole can safely be given either with or between meals. The dose should be related to body weight.", "contents": "Bioavailability of metronidazole in fasting and non-fasting healthy subjects and in patients with Crohn's disease. The possible influence of food intake on the bioavailability of metronidazole was examined in ten health volunteers by administration of a single dose of metronidazole on an empty stomach, and with a standardized breakfast. Food intake did not significantly alter the bioavailability of metronidazole. The interindividual variation in bioavailability appeared to be slight. In nine patients with Crohn's disease, the absorption of metronidazole appeared to be reduced and to be more variable than in healthy subjects. In both groups there was a clear relationship between the amount absorbed and dose/kg body weight. Thus, from the pharmacokinetic point of view, metronidazole can safely be given either with or between meals. The dose should be related to body weight.", "PMID": 332504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12331", "title": "An investigation of \"absolute plasma level effect relationships\" and \"absolute cardioselectivity\" with respect to beta-adrenoceptor blockade.", "content": "In a group of 6 healthy (but physically unfit) volunteers an investigation was made of whether there was a true plasma level effect relationship and absolute \"cardioselectivity\" with respect to beta-adrenoceptor blockade due to practolol. To this end three treatments were given orally, namely placebo, practolol 100 mg and practolol 400 mg. Cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade was assessed by measuring the inhibition of exercise heart rate and pulmonary beta-adrenoceptor blockade was assessed by measuring the reduction in exercise peak flow rate, up to 24 h after each dose. Plasma practolol levels were determined spectrophotometrically. From the results obtained there was no reason to doubt the existence of a valid relationship between cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity and the plasma concentration of practolol. It was also concluded that even in non-asthmatics, practolol does not possess absolute \"cardioselectivity\" since significant reductions in peak flow rate were discernible during vigorous exercise, particularly when the large dose had been given.", "contents": "An investigation of \"absolute plasma level effect relationships\" and \"absolute cardioselectivity\" with respect to beta-adrenoceptor blockade. In a group of 6 healthy (but physically unfit) volunteers an investigation was made of whether there was a true plasma level effect relationship and absolute \"cardioselectivity\" with respect to beta-adrenoceptor blockade due to practolol. To this end three treatments were given orally, namely placebo, practolol 100 mg and practolol 400 mg. Cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade was assessed by measuring the inhibition of exercise heart rate and pulmonary beta-adrenoceptor blockade was assessed by measuring the reduction in exercise peak flow rate, up to 24 h after each dose. Plasma practolol levels were determined spectrophotometrically. From the results obtained there was no reason to doubt the existence of a valid relationship between cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity and the plasma concentration of practolol. It was also concluded that even in non-asthmatics, practolol does not possess absolute \"cardioselectivity\" since significant reductions in peak flow rate were discernible during vigorous exercise, particularly when the large dose had been given.", "PMID": 332505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12332", "title": "Antipyretic therapy. Comparison of rectal and oral paracetamol.", "content": "The absorption of paracetamol from syrup, tablet and two different suppository bases was compared in six adult volunteers using urinary excretion measurements. The total amount of paracetamol and its metabolites excreted and the peak excretion rates were lower from the suppository bases than from the oral dosage forms. Absorption was a little better from a polyethylene glycol suppository base than from a triglyceride base. The antipyretic efficacy of a paracetamol syrup and suppository at a dose of 10 mg/kg was compared in 30 children between the age of 4 months and 12 years, who had infections and a rectal temperature above 38.5 degrees C. Both dosage forms produced a significant decrease in temperature, the greatest fall being about 2 hours earlier with the oral dosage form. The syrup also seemed to be significantly (p less than 0.05) more effective (maximum fall of temperature 1.58 degrees C) in reducing fever than the suppository, which produced its greatest fall of temperature (1.24 degrees C) six hours after insertion of the suppository. From the practical point of view both forms can be regarded as safe and effective antipyretics.", "contents": "Antipyretic therapy. Comparison of rectal and oral paracetamol. The absorption of paracetamol from syrup, tablet and two different suppository bases was compared in six adult volunteers using urinary excretion measurements. The total amount of paracetamol and its metabolites excreted and the peak excretion rates were lower from the suppository bases than from the oral dosage forms. Absorption was a little better from a polyethylene glycol suppository base than from a triglyceride base. The antipyretic efficacy of a paracetamol syrup and suppository at a dose of 10 mg/kg was compared in 30 children between the age of 4 months and 12 years, who had infections and a rectal temperature above 38.5 degrees C. Both dosage forms produced a significant decrease in temperature, the greatest fall being about 2 hours earlier with the oral dosage form. The syrup also seemed to be significantly (p less than 0.05) more effective (maximum fall of temperature 1.58 degrees C) in reducing fever than the suppository, which produced its greatest fall of temperature (1.24 degrees C) six hours after insertion of the suppository. From the practical point of view both forms can be regarded as safe and effective antipyretics.", "PMID": 332506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12333", "title": "Molecular structure of human histocompatibility antigens: the HLA-C series.", "content": "The HLA-CW2 antigen of the B lymphoblastoid cell line BRI 8 is structurally homologous to the HLA-A and B antigens as judged by various criteria. Each antigen comprised a glycosylated polypeptide of 43 000 molecular weight that is noncovalently associated with beta2-microglobulin (beta2m). Some small differences in molecular parameters were, however, revealed. Thus, the deoxycholate-solubilized HLA-CW2 antigen sedimented at the same rate as the HLA-A antigens but at a slightly faster rate than the HLA-B antigens. This variation is apparently is apparently due to different amounts of bound deoxycholate. Also, whereas essentially all of the HLA-A and B antigens and about half of the HLA-CW2 antigen were adsorbed strongly by Lens culinaris lectin-Sepharose, the remaining HLA-CW2 antigen was bound much more weakly and did not require sugar for elution. This difference reflects some structural heterogeneity in the carbohydrate moiety of the HLA-CW2 antigen. The results of various studies suggest that the HLA-CW2 antigen is expressed to a lower extent than the HLA-A or B antigens and that essentially all of the beta2m of the BRI 8 plasma membrane is associated with the HLA-A, B and C alloantigenic polypeptides.", "contents": "Molecular structure of human histocompatibility antigens: the HLA-C series. The HLA-CW2 antigen of the B lymphoblastoid cell line BRI 8 is structurally homologous to the HLA-A and B antigens as judged by various criteria. Each antigen comprised a glycosylated polypeptide of 43 000 molecular weight that is noncovalently associated with beta2-microglobulin (beta2m). Some small differences in molecular parameters were, however, revealed. Thus, the deoxycholate-solubilized HLA-CW2 antigen sedimented at the same rate as the HLA-A antigens but at a slightly faster rate than the HLA-B antigens. This variation is apparently is apparently due to different amounts of bound deoxycholate. Also, whereas essentially all of the HLA-A and B antigens and about half of the HLA-CW2 antigen were adsorbed strongly by Lens culinaris lectin-Sepharose, the remaining HLA-CW2 antigen was bound much more weakly and did not require sugar for elution. This difference reflects some structural heterogeneity in the carbohydrate moiety of the HLA-CW2 antigen. The results of various studies suggest that the HLA-CW2 antigen is expressed to a lower extent than the HLA-A or B antigens and that essentially all of the beta2m of the BRI 8 plasma membrane is associated with the HLA-A, B and C alloantigenic polypeptides.", "PMID": 332508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12334", "title": "Mouse bone marrow-cultured macrophage as indicator cells for mouse and human migration inhibitory factor (MIF).", "content": "Macrophages cultured from mouse bone marrow served as excellent indicator cells for mouse as well as for human migration inhibitory factor (MIF) preparations. The tests were performed in the capillary system and showed high reproducibility. Using mouse or human MIF-containing supernatants, we found an inhibition of 53% compared with the controls. Similar results were obtained if concanavalin A-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes were mixed with mouse test macrophages in a ratio of 1:5 or 1:10.", "contents": "Mouse bone marrow-cultured macrophage as indicator cells for mouse and human migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Macrophages cultured from mouse bone marrow served as excellent indicator cells for mouse as well as for human migration inhibitory factor (MIF) preparations. The tests were performed in the capillary system and showed high reproducibility. Using mouse or human MIF-containing supernatants, we found an inhibition of 53% compared with the controls. Similar results were obtained if concanavalin A-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes were mixed with mouse test macrophages in a ratio of 1:5 or 1:10.", "PMID": 332509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12335", "title": "Haemopoietic recovery in spleen and marrow after transplantation of bone marrow from either normal or hydroxyurea treated mice.", "content": "Haemopoietic regeneration was studied following x-irradiation and transplantation of bone marrow from either normal or hydroxyurea-treated donor mice, to ascertain the contribution of proliferating progenitor cells to regeneration. With transplantation of equivalent numbers of CFU-S, total DNA and 3HTdR uptake into DNA in spleen and femoral bone marrow and the erythroid, granulocytic and mononuclear cell populations were not significantly different between normal (NBM) and hydroxyurea-treated (HUBM) marrow. The response of hypertransfused x-irradiated mice to erythropoietin (EPO) administration was also not significantly different in spleens of mice receiving normal or hydroxyurea-treated marrow.", "contents": "Haemopoietic recovery in spleen and marrow after transplantation of bone marrow from either normal or hydroxyurea treated mice. Haemopoietic regeneration was studied following x-irradiation and transplantation of bone marrow from either normal or hydroxyurea-treated donor mice, to ascertain the contribution of proliferating progenitor cells to regeneration. With transplantation of equivalent numbers of CFU-S, total DNA and 3HTdR uptake into DNA in spleen and femoral bone marrow and the erythroid, granulocytic and mononuclear cell populations were not significantly different between normal (NBM) and hydroxyurea-treated (HUBM) marrow. The response of hypertransfused x-irradiated mice to erythropoietin (EPO) administration was also not significantly different in spleens of mice receiving normal or hydroxyurea-treated marrow.", "PMID": 332510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12336", "title": "Identification of erythropoietin producing cells in fetal mouse liver cultures.", "content": "Fetal mouse liver explants were cultured and the culture media shown to possess an erythropoietically active substance neutralizable by antiserum to sheep plasma erythropoietin, suggesting that the media contain erythropoietin. Immunofluorescent and carbon particle ingestion techniques suggest that the erythropoietin was elaborated by macrophages or Kupffer cells of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "Identification of erythropoietin producing cells in fetal mouse liver cultures. Fetal mouse liver explants were cultured and the culture media shown to possess an erythropoietically active substance neutralizable by antiserum to sheep plasma erythropoietin, suggesting that the media contain erythropoietin. Immunofluorescent and carbon particle ingestion techniques suggest that the erythropoietin was elaborated by macrophages or Kupffer cells of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system.", "PMID": 332511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12337", "title": "Temporal transition in the site of rat erythropoietin production.", "content": "Plasma erythropoietin levels have been determined in nephrectomized, hepatectomized, nephrectomized and hepatectomized, and intact hypoxic rats--1, 2, 3 and 8 weeks of age. The liver appears to be the primary site of erythropoietin production during the first 2 weeks of life. By the third week, the kidneys began producing erythropoietin and by 8 weeks, they were the major organs of erythropoietin production. Indirect immunofluorescent staining for erythropoietin of renal and hepatic tissue correlated with the results of the erythropoietin bioassay. Fluorescent staining of glomerular cells in the kidney and macrophages or Kupffer cells in the liver implicate these areas as possible specific sites of erythropoietin production.", "contents": "Temporal transition in the site of rat erythropoietin production. Plasma erythropoietin levels have been determined in nephrectomized, hepatectomized, nephrectomized and hepatectomized, and intact hypoxic rats--1, 2, 3 and 8 weeks of age. The liver appears to be the primary site of erythropoietin production during the first 2 weeks of life. By the third week, the kidneys began producing erythropoietin and by 8 weeks, they were the major organs of erythropoietin production. Indirect immunofluorescent staining for erythropoietin of renal and hepatic tissue correlated with the results of the erythropoietin bioassay. Fluorescent staining of glomerular cells in the kidney and macrophages or Kupffer cells in the liver implicate these areas as possible specific sites of erythropoietin production.", "PMID": 332512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12338", "title": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the human fetal brain.", "content": "Hypothalamic and other brain tissues were obtained after death from human fetuses aborted by hysterectomy at various conceptional ages. Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) activity in tissue extracts was determined by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay method. Fetal hypothalamic and cortical tissue at 5 weeks after conception showed no assayable LHRH activity. At 6 weeks, immunoreactive LHRH was detectable in extracts of both the hypothalamus and the cortex, and levels appeared to fluctuate with a trend to increase until the 20th week. Two of four fetuses at 13 and 14 weeks' conceptional age had significantly higher LHRH activity in the thalamus than in the rest of the central nervous system. After 16 weeks, LHRH activity was detected in the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and cerebellum in decreasing concentrations, respectively. As the age of the fetus progressed from 16 to 20 weeks, the LHRH concentration in the hypothalamus increased significantly, from 1.2 pg/mg to 29.3 pg/mg of wet tissue. LHRH concentrations in specimens of comparable conceptional age that could not be promptly dissected were lower than in those dissected within 30 minutes after the ligation of uterine arteries.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the human fetal brain. Hypothalamic and other brain tissues were obtained after death from human fetuses aborted by hysterectomy at various conceptional ages. Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) activity in tissue extracts was determined by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay method. Fetal hypothalamic and cortical tissue at 5 weeks after conception showed no assayable LHRH activity. At 6 weeks, immunoreactive LHRH was detectable in extracts of both the hypothalamus and the cortex, and levels appeared to fluctuate with a trend to increase until the 20th week. Two of four fetuses at 13 and 14 weeks' conceptional age had significantly higher LHRH activity in the thalamus than in the rest of the central nervous system. After 16 weeks, LHRH activity was detected in the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and cerebellum in decreasing concentrations, respectively. As the age of the fetus progressed from 16 to 20 weeks, the LHRH concentration in the hypothalamus increased significantly, from 1.2 pg/mg to 29.3 pg/mg of wet tissue. LHRH concentrations in specimens of comparable conceptional age that could not be promptly dissected were lower than in those dissected within 30 minutes after the ligation of uterine arteries.", "PMID": 332536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12339", "title": "Glucose and 3-O-methylglucose protection against alloxan poisoning of pancreatic alpha and beta cells.", "content": "Alloxan infused into the isolated perfused rat pancreas caused transient insulin secretion release. Alloxan poisoning also prevented subsequent induction of glucose-mediated unsulin release and also prevented the inhibition of glucagon release by glucose. Glucose or 3-O-methylglucose infused simultaneously with alloxan protected the alpha- and beta-cell, allowing subsequent glucose inhibition of glucagon secretion and stimulation of insulin release. The above alloxan effects were dose-related, the alpha-cell being one fourth as sensitive to alloxan as the beta-cell. The data indicate that (1) alloxan and glucose suppression of amino-acid-stimulated glucagon secretion is independent of concomitant insulin secretion; (2) alloxan, like glucose, affects alpha-and beta-cells directly, stimulating the beta-cell and inhibiting the alpha-cell; and (3) alloxan acts on a glucoreceptor system with comparable physicochemical characteristics common to both cell types.", "contents": "Glucose and 3-O-methylglucose protection against alloxan poisoning of pancreatic alpha and beta cells. Alloxan infused into the isolated perfused rat pancreas caused transient insulin secretion release. Alloxan poisoning also prevented subsequent induction of glucose-mediated unsulin release and also prevented the inhibition of glucagon release by glucose. Glucose or 3-O-methylglucose infused simultaneously with alloxan protected the alpha- and beta-cell, allowing subsequent glucose inhibition of glucagon secretion and stimulation of insulin release. The above alloxan effects were dose-related, the alpha-cell being one fourth as sensitive to alloxan as the beta-cell. The data indicate that (1) alloxan and glucose suppression of amino-acid-stimulated glucagon secretion is independent of concomitant insulin secretion; (2) alloxan, like glucose, affects alpha-and beta-cells directly, stimulating the beta-cell and inhibiting the alpha-cell; and (3) alloxan acts on a glucoreceptor system with comparable physicochemical characteristics common to both cell types.", "PMID": 332568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12340", "title": "Insulin and glucagon secretion in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with circulating islet cell antibodies.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients (14 non-diabetics, 8 chemical diabetics, and 17 overt diabetics) with circulating islet cell antibodies (ICA) were studied. Insulin and glucagon secretion after oral (100 g) and intravenous glucose loading (200 mg/kg bolus injection followed by an infusion of 20 mg/min over 60 min) and arginine infusion (25 g over 30 minutes) were evaluated in these patients and in non diabetic and diabetic ICA-negative controls. In the non-diabetic groups with or without ICA, insulin and glucagon responses to glucose were similar. Moreover, in ICA positive patients the response of these hormones to arginine infusion was reduced. Similar alterations in insulin and glucagon secretion were observed in the CIA positive and negative patients with chemical or overt diabetes. In particular, fasting hyperglucagonaemia and glucagon hyperresponse to arginine are associated with a lack of insulin secretion in the patients with overt diabetes. Hormonal differences between diabetics with and without ICA could not be detected.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon secretion in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with circulating islet cell antibodies. Thirty-nine patients (14 non-diabetics, 8 chemical diabetics, and 17 overt diabetics) with circulating islet cell antibodies (ICA) were studied. Insulin and glucagon secretion after oral (100 g) and intravenous glucose loading (200 mg/kg bolus injection followed by an infusion of 20 mg/min over 60 min) and arginine infusion (25 g over 30 minutes) were evaluated in these patients and in non diabetic and diabetic ICA-negative controls. In the non-diabetic groups with or without ICA, insulin and glucagon responses to glucose were similar. Moreover, in ICA positive patients the response of these hormones to arginine infusion was reduced. Similar alterations in insulin and glucagon secretion were observed in the CIA positive and negative patients with chemical or overt diabetes. In particular, fasting hyperglucagonaemia and glucagon hyperresponse to arginine are associated with a lack of insulin secretion in the patients with overt diabetes. Hormonal differences between diabetics with and without ICA could not be detected.", "PMID": 332569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12341", "title": "Phosphoenolpyruvate in rat pancreatic islets: a possible intracellular trigger of insulin release?", "content": "The content of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) has been measured in isolated rat islets of Langerhans incubated in vitro. Islet PEP was higher in islets incubated with 16.7 mmol/1 glucose than in islets incubated with zero or 2.8 mmol/1 glucose. Islet PEP content was also increased in islet incubated with 5 mmol/1 D-glyceraldehyde. Mannoheptulose abolished the glucose-induced rise in PEP content but not that elicited by D-glyceraldehyde. These results are consistent with a role for PEP as an intracellular mediator or glucose- and glyceraldehyde-induced insulin release. The kinetics of pyruvate kinase in extracts of rat islets were studied. The maximal extractable activity was considerably  higher than known rates of glycolytic flux. The Km values were found to be 0.16 mmol/1 for PEP and 0.5 mmol/1 for ADP. The control of islet PEP content and the possible role of PEP in insulin release are discussed.", "contents": "Phosphoenolpyruvate in rat pancreatic islets: a possible intracellular trigger of insulin release? The content of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) has been measured in isolated rat islets of Langerhans incubated in vitro. Islet PEP was higher in islets incubated with 16.7 mmol/1 glucose than in islets incubated with zero or 2.8 mmol/1 glucose. Islet PEP content was also increased in islet incubated with 5 mmol/1 D-glyceraldehyde. Mannoheptulose abolished the glucose-induced rise in PEP content but not that elicited by D-glyceraldehyde. These results are consistent with a role for PEP as an intracellular mediator or glucose- and glyceraldehyde-induced insulin release. The kinetics of pyruvate kinase in extracts of rat islets were studied. The maximal extractable activity was considerably  higher than known rates of glycolytic flux. The Km values were found to be 0.16 mmol/1 for PEP and 0.5 mmol/1 for ADP. The control of islet PEP content and the possible role of PEP in insulin release are discussed.", "PMID": 332570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12342", "title": "Detection of bacterial infection of the pancreatic ducts in patients with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer during endoscopic cannulation of the pancreatic duct.", "content": "Bacterial infections of the pancreas and bacteremia may occur during episodes of pancreatitis. Detection of bacterial infections of the pancreas in the past has required laparotomy. The present study was undertaken to determine whether bacterial infection of the pancreas occurred during nonsuppurative pancreatitis. During endoscopic cannulation of the main pancreatic duct, secretin was administered intravenously and pancreatic juice aspirated from within the duct was cultured. Bacterial infections were detected in 11 of 35 patients with pancreatitis and 3 of 5 with pancreatic cancer. The pancreatic juice was sterile in 25 controls. Cultures from the common bile duct in 9 controls were also sterile whereas 4 of 6 with pancreatitis showed infected bile. The infecting organisms were principally gram-negative and the infections were usually polymicrobial. Antibiotics, where used, successfully eradicated the infecting organisms but did not appear to affect the patient's clinical course.", "contents": "Detection of bacterial infection of the pancreatic ducts in patients with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer during endoscopic cannulation of the pancreatic duct. Bacterial infections of the pancreas and bacteremia may occur during episodes of pancreatitis. Detection of bacterial infections of the pancreas in the past has required laparotomy. The present study was undertaken to determine whether bacterial infection of the pancreas occurred during nonsuppurative pancreatitis. During endoscopic cannulation of the main pancreatic duct, secretin was administered intravenously and pancreatic juice aspirated from within the duct was cultured. Bacterial infections were detected in 11 of 35 patients with pancreatitis and 3 of 5 with pancreatic cancer. The pancreatic juice was sterile in 25 controls. Cultures from the common bile duct in 9 controls were also sterile whereas 4 of 6 with pancreatitis showed infected bile. The infecting organisms were principally gram-negative and the infections were usually polymicrobial. Antibiotics, where used, successfully eradicated the infecting organisms but did not appear to affect the patient's clinical course.", "PMID": 332575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12343", "title": "Study of gastric emptying using a ferromagnetic tracer.", "content": "A new ferromagnetic method for the measurement of gastric emptying is described. An inert tracer, magnesium ferrite, is added to a test meal. Its amount in the stomach is then measured at regular intervals by an external transducer using its ferromagnetic properties. The method is noninvasive and devoid of radiation exposure. The magnetic fields used are harmless. The feasibility, reliability, and reproducibility of the method are described. Gastric emptying was studied in 61 subjects. The shape of the gastric emptying curve conformed best to an exponential function. The mean half-time of gastric emptying was 49 +/- 17.4 min. In this limited series age and sex did not affect gastric emptying.", "contents": "Study of gastric emptying using a ferromagnetic tracer. A new ferromagnetic method for the measurement of gastric emptying is described. An inert tracer, magnesium ferrite, is added to a test meal. Its amount in the stomach is then measured at regular intervals by an external transducer using its ferromagnetic properties. The method is noninvasive and devoid of radiation exposure. The magnetic fields used are harmless. The feasibility, reliability, and reproducibility of the method are described. Gastric emptying was studied in 61 subjects. The shape of the gastric emptying curve conformed best to an exponential function. The mean half-time of gastric emptying was 49 +/- 17.4 min. In this limited series age and sex did not affect gastric emptying.", "PMID": 332577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12344", "title": "Immune response to hepatitis B virus in children with papular acrodermatitis.", "content": "Papular acrodermatitis of childhood (PAC) is characterized by papular eruption of skin, lymphadenopathy, and acute hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive anicteric hepatitis. To study the course of hepatitis B virus infection we followed 16 patients with PAC, 2 to 7 years of age, for periods ranging from 6 to 46 months. All patients tested developed hepatitis B surface antigenemia subtype ay, and produced antibody to hepatitis B core antigen with the highest incidence after 3 to 5 months. Half of the children investigated developed antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen 4 to 18 months (mean, 6.5) after the onset of PAC. At the end of the investigation, 31% of the children were still HBsAg-positive, 50% were antibody to hepatitis B core antigen-positive, and in 43% the activity of serum aminotransferases was abnormal. Liver biopsy repeated in 2 children showed chronic aggressive hepatitis. The pattern of antibody response to hepatitis B virus is similar in both HBsAg-positive hepatitis and PAC. The frequent development of HBSAg carrier state and the high proportion of children with liver abnormalities at the end of the investigation suggest an impaired clearance of hepatitis B virus and a tendency to chronicity.", "contents": "Immune response to hepatitis B virus in children with papular acrodermatitis. Papular acrodermatitis of childhood (PAC) is characterized by papular eruption of skin, lymphadenopathy, and acute hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive anicteric hepatitis. To study the course of hepatitis B virus infection we followed 16 patients with PAC, 2 to 7 years of age, for periods ranging from 6 to 46 months. All patients tested developed hepatitis B surface antigenemia subtype ay, and produced antibody to hepatitis B core antigen with the highest incidence after 3 to 5 months. Half of the children investigated developed antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen 4 to 18 months (mean, 6.5) after the onset of PAC. At the end of the investigation, 31% of the children were still HBsAg-positive, 50% were antibody to hepatitis B core antigen-positive, and in 43% the activity of serum aminotransferases was abnormal. Liver biopsy repeated in 2 children showed chronic aggressive hepatitis. The pattern of antibody response to hepatitis B virus is similar in both HBsAg-positive hepatitis and PAC. The frequent development of HBSAg carrier state and the high proportion of children with liver abnormalities at the end of the investigation suggest an impaired clearance of hepatitis B virus and a tendency to chronicity.", "PMID": 332578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12345", "title": "Hepatic vasculature: a conceptual review.", "content": "The hepatic circulation is reviewed with emphasis on the role of hepatic blood vessels in hepatic and homeostatic functions. Contrasts are made with resistance, capacitance, and fluid exchange functions in other better known vascular beds. Hemodynamic changes that produce shifts in fluid exchange in other tissues are without effect in the liver. Elevations of hepatic venous pressure are transferred quantitatively to the sinusoids and result in prolonged, massive fluid filtration into the abdominal cavity. Other factors that are involved with control of fluid exchange are discussed. The liver contains a large volume of blood which can be rapidly mobilized during hemorrhage. The hepatic circulation is highly sensitive to changes in circulating blood volume and serves as a major buffer for expanded or contracted blood volume. Control of hepatic blood flow and the reciprocal relationship between portal and hepatic arterial flow is discussed. Changes in hepatic blood flow produce marked changes in hepatic clearance rates of a wide variety of compounds. It is concluded that the hepatic artery is not controlled by local tissue metabolism but rather is controlled by an, as yet unknown, mechanism that tends to maintain hepatic blood flow (and therefore clearance rates) constant.", "contents": "Hepatic vasculature: a conceptual review. The hepatic circulation is reviewed with emphasis on the role of hepatic blood vessels in hepatic and homeostatic functions. Contrasts are made with resistance, capacitance, and fluid exchange functions in other better known vascular beds. Hemodynamic changes that produce shifts in fluid exchange in other tissues are without effect in the liver. Elevations of hepatic venous pressure are transferred quantitatively to the sinusoids and result in prolonged, massive fluid filtration into the abdominal cavity. Other factors that are involved with control of fluid exchange are discussed. The liver contains a large volume of blood which can be rapidly mobilized during hemorrhage. The hepatic circulation is highly sensitive to changes in circulating blood volume and serves as a major buffer for expanded or contracted blood volume. Control of hepatic blood flow and the reciprocal relationship between portal and hepatic arterial flow is discussed. Changes in hepatic blood flow produce marked changes in hepatic clearance rates of a wide variety of compounds. It is concluded that the hepatic artery is not controlled by local tissue metabolism but rather is controlled by an, as yet unknown, mechanism that tends to maintain hepatic blood flow (and therefore clearance rates) constant.", "PMID": 332580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12346", "title": "Evidence for phasic sequences in nuclear HBcAg formation and cell membrane-directed flow of core particles in chronic hepatitis B.", "content": "Seven liver biopsies (6 chronic aggressive hepatitis B, 1 kidney transplant recipient with chronic persistent hepatitis B) are described showing differential distribution patterns of HBcAg in liver cells (with gradual transitions): pure nuclear, mixed nuclear/cytoplasmic, and pure cytoplasmic (diffuse and/or submembraneous). This was combined with spotty expression of HBsAg (cytoplasm and liver cell membrane) and with Dane particles (DP) in blood. A phasic nuclear formation and release of cores from the nucleus and of DP from the cell, respectively, is suggested. Electron microscopy (EM) of one biopsy indicates a secretory disturbance as a possible cause for HBcAg accumulation in liver cells the tolerance of which is attributed to immunosuppression therapeutically induced in 4 patients and suspected in 3 (2 dialysis patients, 1 spontaneous chronic aggressive hepatitis B).", "contents": "Evidence for phasic sequences in nuclear HBcAg formation and cell membrane-directed flow of core particles in chronic hepatitis B. Seven liver biopsies (6 chronic aggressive hepatitis B, 1 kidney transplant recipient with chronic persistent hepatitis B) are described showing differential distribution patterns of HBcAg in liver cells (with gradual transitions): pure nuclear, mixed nuclear/cytoplasmic, and pure cytoplasmic (diffuse and/or submembraneous). This was combined with spotty expression of HBsAg (cytoplasm and liver cell membrane) and with Dane particles (DP) in blood. A phasic nuclear formation and release of cores from the nucleus and of DP from the cell, respectively, is suggested. Electron microscopy (EM) of one biopsy indicates a secretory disturbance as a possible cause for HBcAg accumulation in liver cells the tolerance of which is attributed to immunosuppression therapeutically induced in 4 patients and suspected in 3 (2 dialysis patients, 1 spontaneous chronic aggressive hepatitis B).", "PMID": 332581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12347", "title": "Gastric secretion and emptying after ordinary meals in duodenal ulcer.", "content": "We have studied the gastric response to an ordinary solid-liquid meal in 12 patients with active duodenal ulcer and 8 healthy volunteers. Our method employs gastric and duodenal markers to quantify acid, pepsin, and volume outputs in response to the meal, without manipulating intragastric pH. Intragastric volume, rate of gastric emptying, delivery of acid into the duodenum, and serum gastrin response were also measured simultaneously. On a separate day, peak acid output in response to betazole (1.5 mg per kg subcutaneously) was determined. Our results indicate an inappropriately prolonged gastric secretory response to meals in duodenal ulcer disease, without a concomitant increase in peak postprandial secretory rates or an increase in serum immunoreactive gastrin levels. Further, the stomach in duodenal ulcer disease did not \"retain\" the additional acid secreted in the later postprandial period, and abnormally high rates of acid delivery into the duodenum occurred. Our data are consistent with a dual defect in the duodenal mechanisms regulating both acid secretion and acid delivery into the duodenum.", "contents": "Gastric secretion and emptying after ordinary meals in duodenal ulcer. We have studied the gastric response to an ordinary solid-liquid meal in 12 patients with active duodenal ulcer and 8 healthy volunteers. Our method employs gastric and duodenal markers to quantify acid, pepsin, and volume outputs in response to the meal, without manipulating intragastric pH. Intragastric volume, rate of gastric emptying, delivery of acid into the duodenum, and serum gastrin response were also measured simultaneously. On a separate day, peak acid output in response to betazole (1.5 mg per kg subcutaneously) was determined. Our results indicate an inappropriately prolonged gastric secretory response to meals in duodenal ulcer disease, without a concomitant increase in peak postprandial secretory rates or an increase in serum immunoreactive gastrin levels. Further, the stomach in duodenal ulcer disease did not \"retain\" the additional acid secreted in the later postprandial period, and abnormally high rates of acid delivery into the duodenum occurred. Our data are consistent with a dual defect in the duodenal mechanisms regulating both acid secretion and acid delivery into the duodenum.", "PMID": 332582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12348", "title": "[Discovery of a new type of restriction and modification in a group of intestinal bacteria].", "content": "The adsorption of 23 new lambdoid bacteriophages to 547 strains which isolated from natural population of Enterobacteriaceae was studied. The frequency of positive combinations of phage-bacterium with adsorption is not more than 2%. A study of possible causes of limited growth of lambdoid phages in the bacterial strains revealed that neither homoimmune prophage nor prophage P2 are single factors of the growth limitation. It is found that in natural populations a selection of bacterial strains with the least limitation of phage takes place. Three cases of killing bacteria after infection with high multiplicity are found. The reason of the killing effect is manifestation of some functions by infecting phages. A new restriction-modification system is found which differs from restriction-modification system A, B, K, 15, P1, EcoRI, EcoRII. The most of strains, which adsorb phages but do not support their growth, are supposed to possess several mechanisms of restriction. Thus, the search of new restriction system in Escherichia coli is worthwhile.", "contents": "[Discovery of a new type of restriction and modification in a group of intestinal bacteria]. The adsorption of 23 new lambdoid bacteriophages to 547 strains which isolated from natural population of Enterobacteriaceae was studied. The frequency of positive combinations of phage-bacterium with adsorption is not more than 2%. A study of possible causes of limited growth of lambdoid phages in the bacterial strains revealed that neither homoimmune prophage nor prophage P2 are single factors of the growth limitation. It is found that in natural populations a selection of bacterial strains with the least limitation of phage takes place. Three cases of killing bacteria after infection with high multiplicity are found. The reason of the killing effect is manifestation of some functions by infecting phages. A new restriction-modification system is found which differs from restriction-modification system A, B, K, 15, P1, EcoRI, EcoRII. The most of strains, which adsorb phages but do not support their growth, are supposed to possess several mechanisms of restriction. Thus, the search of new restriction system in Escherichia coli is worthwhile.", "PMID": 332589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12349", "title": "[Salmonella typhimurium as a test system for detecting the mutagenic activity of environmental pollutants. I. The mutagenic action of heavy metal salts in in vivo and in vitro systems without metabolic activation].", "content": "The work presents the data on mutagenic effects of heavy metal salts (Zn and Cd) on Salmonella typhimurium test strains using mutagenicity test in vitro without metabolic activation and host-mediated assay. The techniques used enabled to determine also the types of mutations arising from the exposure to ZnCl2 and CdCl2.", "contents": "[Salmonella typhimurium as a test system for detecting the mutagenic activity of environmental pollutants. I. The mutagenic action of heavy metal salts in in vivo and in vitro systems without metabolic activation]. The work presents the data on mutagenic effects of heavy metal salts (Zn and Cd) on Salmonella typhimurium test strains using mutagenicity test in vitro without metabolic activation and host-mediated assay. The techniques used enabled to determine also the types of mutations arising from the exposure to ZnCl2 and CdCl2.", "PMID": 332590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12350", "title": "[Reparation of UV-damaged bacteriophage ed].", "content": "A repair of UV-damaged phage DNA in the \"phage-host\" system in accordance with the excision reparative mechanism is demonstrated by means of centrifugation in alkaline sucrose gradient of virulent 3H-thymidine labelled phage sd. The increase of the transfectants quantity of UV-irradiated DNA on uvr+ bacteria compatibly to uvr- bacteria evidences that the bacterial host participates in phage reparation. Caffeine inhibition of UV-irradiated phage sd survival confirms the participation of cell-host in reparation of UV-damaged phage.", "contents": "[Reparation of UV-damaged bacteriophage ed]. A repair of UV-damaged phage DNA in the \"phage-host\" system in accordance with the excision reparative mechanism is demonstrated by means of centrifugation in alkaline sucrose gradient of virulent 3H-thymidine labelled phage sd. The increase of the transfectants quantity of UV-irradiated DNA on uvr+ bacteria compatibly to uvr- bacteria evidences that the bacterial host participates in phage reparation. Caffeine inhibition of UV-irradiated phage sd survival confirms the participation of cell-host in reparation of UV-damaged phage.", "PMID": 332591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12351", "title": "[Induction of the synthesis of various colicins by the action of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and chloramphenicol].", "content": "The effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on colicinogenic cells is shown to result in the induction of the synthesis of colicins B1, B4, K, Ia-CA53, Ib-P9 and V3. Chloramphenicol induces the synthesis of colicins B1, B4, K, V3 and, possibly, Ib-P9. The data obtained indicate, that there is a similarity between derepression mechanisms of different colicinogenic factors.", "contents": "[Induction of the synthesis of various colicins by the action of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and chloramphenicol]. The effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on colicinogenic cells is shown to result in the induction of the synthesis of colicins B1, B4, K, Ia-CA53, Ib-P9 and V3. Chloramphenicol induces the synthesis of colicins B1, B4, K, V3 and, possibly, Ib-P9. The data obtained indicate, that there is a similarity between derepression mechanisms of different colicinogenic factors.", "PMID": 332592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12352", "title": "[Treatment of hyperuricemia using daily doses of 50 and 25mg of benzbromarone].", "content": "By treating 16 hyperuricemic patients each with 25 and 50 mg of Benzbromarone a significant decrease of the uric acid concentration in the serum into the normal range is achieved. On the 5th and 6th day after beginning the treatment the dosage of 25 mg of Benzbromarone renders a morning value of 5,3 +/- 1,0 and an evening value of 5,0 +/- 0,9 mg/100 ml. After administration of 50 mg of Benzbromarone there is also prevailing a steady-state behaviour on the 5th and 6th day for the uric acid concentration in the serum. Thereby the morning value is 3,7 +/- 0,8 mg/100 ml and th evening value 3,4 +/- 0,9 mg/100 ml. After both dosages an increased urate elimination occurs initially during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd day after beginning of the therapy. However, after having achieved therapeutically reduced uric acid levels, the uric acid elimination from the 4th, 5th and 6th day partially ranges below those values existing before beginning of the therapy. During a chronic treatment no hyperuraturia can be observed on account of the therapeutically reduced serum concentrations. Consequently an increased risk towards a formation of urate calculi is not given under the long-term treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of hyperuricemia using daily doses of 50 and 25mg of benzbromarone]. By treating 16 hyperuricemic patients each with 25 and 50 mg of Benzbromarone a significant decrease of the uric acid concentration in the serum into the normal range is achieved. On the 5th and 6th day after beginning the treatment the dosage of 25 mg of Benzbromarone renders a morning value of 5,3 +/- 1,0 and an evening value of 5,0 +/- 0,9 mg/100 ml. After administration of 50 mg of Benzbromarone there is also prevailing a steady-state behaviour on the 5th and 6th day for the uric acid concentration in the serum. Thereby the morning value is 3,7 +/- 0,8 mg/100 ml and th evening value 3,4 +/- 0,9 mg/100 ml. After both dosages an increased urate elimination occurs initially during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd day after beginning of the therapy. However, after having achieved therapeutically reduced uric acid levels, the uric acid elimination from the 4th, 5th and 6th day partially ranges below those values existing before beginning of the therapy. During a chronic treatment no hyperuraturia can be observed on account of the therapeutically reduced serum concentrations. Consequently an increased risk towards a formation of urate calculi is not given under the long-term treatment.", "PMID": 332605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12353", "title": "[Peptone-stimulated gastric secretion and antacids. Effect of antacids with various content of calcium, magnesium and aluminiumions on the peptone-induced secretion of gastric juice, double-blind study].", "content": "A double-blind-trial was performed to prove the effect of antacids containing Mg (OH)2, Al (OH)3 and CaCO3 on peptone-stimulated gastric secretion (intragastric titration). A high efficacy of antacids given after meals was demonstrated. After application of antacids no significant rise in serum gastrin levels during intragastric titration was found. Serum calcium and magnesium levels remained unchanged. Peptone-stimulated gastric secretion was not influenced by application of different antacids within a period of 2 hours.", "contents": "[Peptone-stimulated gastric secretion and antacids. Effect of antacids with various content of calcium, magnesium and aluminiumions on the peptone-induced secretion of gastric juice, double-blind study]. A double-blind-trial was performed to prove the effect of antacids containing Mg (OH)2, Al (OH)3 and CaCO3 on peptone-stimulated gastric secretion (intragastric titration). A high efficacy of antacids given after meals was demonstrated. After application of antacids no significant rise in serum gastrin levels during intragastric titration was found. Serum calcium and magnesium levels remained unchanged. Peptone-stimulated gastric secretion was not influenced by application of different antacids within a period of 2 hours.", "PMID": 332607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12354", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies with a specific antiserum to the microfibrillar protein of elastic fibres. Location in elastic and non-elastic connective tissues.", "content": "The microfibrillar protein (MFP) of foetal bovine ligamentum nuchae elastic fibres was prepared and used to produce a monospecific antiserum. Indirect immunofluorescence studies employing the specific antiserum demonstrated its selectivity for MFP associated with elastic fibres. The antiserum was demonstrated to react with vascular elastic tissue, perivascular connective tissue and reticular basement membranes in a variety of tissues. This evidence suggests that the MFP (or an immunologically related protein) is not confined to elastic fibres but is widely distributed in connective tissue being associated with both elastin and collagen fibres.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies with a specific antiserum to the microfibrillar protein of elastic fibres. Location in elastic and non-elastic connective tissues. The microfibrillar protein (MFP) of foetal bovine ligamentum nuchae elastic fibres was prepared and used to produce a monospecific antiserum. Indirect immunofluorescence studies employing the specific antiserum demonstrated its selectivity for MFP associated with elastic fibres. The antiserum was demonstrated to react with vascular elastic tissue, perivascular connective tissue and reticular basement membranes in a variety of tissues. This evidence suggests that the MFP (or an immunologically related protein) is not confined to elastic fibres but is widely distributed in connective tissue being associated with both elastin and collagen fibres.", "PMID": 332620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12355", "title": "A re-evaluation of the role of macrophages in carrageenan-induced immunosuppression.", "content": "Administration of a single dose of 1 mg carrageenan to mice cause a temporary blockade of hepatic phagocytosis of 51Cr-labelled sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and a prolonged reduction in the number of splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) against SRBC. The in vitro responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and SRBC were also suppressed, whereas the response to the T cell-independent antigen DNP-Ficoll was not affected. Other in vitro experiments have shown that responses of normal cells can be actively suppressed by macrophages from carrageenan-treated mice and the possible mechanisms of this suppression are discussed.", "contents": "A re-evaluation of the role of macrophages in carrageenan-induced immunosuppression. Administration of a single dose of 1 mg carrageenan to mice cause a temporary blockade of hepatic phagocytosis of 51Cr-labelled sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and a prolonged reduction in the number of splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) against SRBC. The in vitro responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and SRBC were also suppressed, whereas the response to the T cell-independent antigen DNP-Ficoll was not affected. Other in vitro experiments have shown that responses of normal cells can be actively suppressed by macrophages from carrageenan-treated mice and the possible mechanisms of this suppression are discussed.", "PMID": 332622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12356", "title": "Production of colicin V in vitro and in vivo and observations on its effects in experimental animals.", "content": "In recent years, a possible relationship between pathogenicity and colicinogeny in some Escherichia coli strains responsible for gastrointestinal infection and bacteremia in man and animals has been inferred. Using enterotoxigen-negative, colicin V-producing E. coli strains, we have (i) elaborated a simple in vitro method for producing greater yields of colicin V free of bacterial cells and large, non-dialyzable molecules; (ii) detected the presence of the bacteriocin in peritoneal fluids of moribund mice injected intraperitoneally 18 h previously with colicin V-producing strains (in these mice, Col V+ exconjugants survived and multiplied more extensively than the Col V- recipient strains from which they were derived; and (iii) observed an increased vascular permeability and inflammatory response in rabbits and guinea pigs when a culture supernatant demonstrating colicin activity was injected intradermally. The vascular response obtained after the injection of either a colicin V-containing dialysate alone or that of a trypsinized colicin-containing supernatant was always smaller than when the colicin V-active supernatant was injected. An enterotoxin-free dialysate containing colicin V also increased markedly in rabbits and guinea pigs the mild inflammatory reaction that occurred in the skin when purified endotoxin was injected subcutaneously in microgram doses. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that colicin V may act as a virulence factor in some E. coli strains.", "contents": "Production of colicin V in vitro and in vivo and observations on its effects in experimental animals. In recent years, a possible relationship between pathogenicity and colicinogeny in some Escherichia coli strains responsible for gastrointestinal infection and bacteremia in man and animals has been inferred. Using enterotoxigen-negative, colicin V-producing E. coli strains, we have (i) elaborated a simple in vitro method for producing greater yields of colicin V free of bacterial cells and large, non-dialyzable molecules; (ii) detected the presence of the bacteriocin in peritoneal fluids of moribund mice injected intraperitoneally 18 h previously with colicin V-producing strains (in these mice, Col V+ exconjugants survived and multiplied more extensively than the Col V- recipient strains from which they were derived; and (iii) observed an increased vascular permeability and inflammatory response in rabbits and guinea pigs when a culture supernatant demonstrating colicin activity was injected intradermally. The vascular response obtained after the injection of either a colicin V-containing dialysate alone or that of a trypsinized colicin-containing supernatant was always smaller than when the colicin V-active supernatant was injected. An enterotoxin-free dialysate containing colicin V also increased markedly in rabbits and guinea pigs the mild inflammatory reaction that occurred in the skin when purified endotoxin was injected subcutaneously in microgram doses. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that colicin V may act as a virulence factor in some E. coli strains.", "PMID": 332624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12357", "title": "Growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cultures of macrophages obtained from various sources.", "content": "Studies were made on the growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cultures of macrophages obtained from various sources, such as bone marrow, spleen, and blood of mice. Macrophages were maintained in good condition for more than 12 weeks. Marked intracellular multiplication of M. lepraemurium was observed in cultures from all three sources. Whereas M. lepraemurium freshly prepared from the animals showed good growth in the cultures, those that were kept at 4 degrees C for 10 or 14 days showed no growth.", "contents": "Growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cultures of macrophages obtained from various sources. Studies were made on the growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cultures of macrophages obtained from various sources, such as bone marrow, spleen, and blood of mice. Macrophages were maintained in good condition for more than 12 weeks. Marked intracellular multiplication of M. lepraemurium was observed in cultures from all three sources. Whereas M. lepraemurium freshly prepared from the animals showed good growth in the cultures, those that were kept at 4 degrees C for 10 or 14 days showed no growth.", "PMID": 332625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12358", "title": "Microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.", "content": "The development of a microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin and heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin is described. The test is based on the immunological similarity between V. cholerae toxin and E. coli heat-labile toxin. The assay is easy to perform, quantitative, and at least as sensitive and specific as the Y-1 adrenal cell system.", "contents": "Microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. The development of a microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin and heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin is described. The test is based on the immunological similarity between V. cholerae toxin and E. coli heat-labile toxin. The assay is easy to perform, quantitative, and at least as sensitive and specific as the Y-1 adrenal cell system.", "PMID": 332626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12359", "title": "Assessment of typhoid vaccines by using the intraperitoneal route of challenge.", "content": "Present laboratory tests for human typhoid vaccines use an intraperitoneal route of challenge given 7 days after injection of increasing doses of standard and test vaccines by the same route. In studies reported here, groups of B6D2 mice were vaccinated intraperitoneally with 2 x 10(8) acetone-killed Salmonella typhi Ty2, with the Vi antigen-free variant O-901, or with Yersinia enterocolitica and Serratia marcescens suspensions. Other groups of mice received 200 mug of purified S. typhi or S. marcescens endotoxin, or their corresponding purified lipid A components. All of the vaccinated mice (except for saline- or thioglycolate-injected controls) exhibited increased protection against the lethal intraperitoneal challenge with S. typhi Ty2. Serial quantitative bacterial counts carried out on peritoneal washouts and on homogenates of the draining mediastinal lymph nodes indicated the development of an antibacterial response by the vaccinated host which was not observed in the control animals. Mice receiving purified endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) exhibited varying degrees of protection, both in terms of increased host survival and the amount of inactivation of the challenge population in vivo. The response seen when the antigenically unrelated S. marcescens lipopolysaccharide was injected was little different from that seen when the acetone-killed S. typhi Ty2 whole-cell vaccine was used. This suggests that nonspecific inactivation of the intraperitoneal challenge contributes substantially to the immune response seen in mice vaccinated intraperitoneally with specific typhoid antigens.", "contents": "Assessment of typhoid vaccines by using the intraperitoneal route of challenge. Present laboratory tests for human typhoid vaccines use an intraperitoneal route of challenge given 7 days after injection of increasing doses of standard and test vaccines by the same route. In studies reported here, groups of B6D2 mice were vaccinated intraperitoneally with 2 x 10(8) acetone-killed Salmonella typhi Ty2, with the Vi antigen-free variant O-901, or with Yersinia enterocolitica and Serratia marcescens suspensions. Other groups of mice received 200 mug of purified S. typhi or S. marcescens endotoxin, or their corresponding purified lipid A components. All of the vaccinated mice (except for saline- or thioglycolate-injected controls) exhibited increased protection against the lethal intraperitoneal challenge with S. typhi Ty2. Serial quantitative bacterial counts carried out on peritoneal washouts and on homogenates of the draining mediastinal lymph nodes indicated the development of an antibacterial response by the vaccinated host which was not observed in the control animals. Mice receiving purified endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) exhibited varying degrees of protection, both in terms of increased host survival and the amount of inactivation of the challenge population in vivo. The response seen when the antigenically unrelated S. marcescens lipopolysaccharide was injected was little different from that seen when the acetone-killed S. typhi Ty2 whole-cell vaccine was used. This suggests that nonspecific inactivation of the intraperitoneal challenge contributes substantially to the immune response seen in mice vaccinated intraperitoneally with specific typhoid antigens.", "PMID": 332627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12360", "title": "Significance of T cells in resistance to experimental murine coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "The resistance of mice to coccidioidomycosis was found to be dependent on lymphoid cells. Thus, spleen cells from mice immunized with killed spherules of Coccidioides immitis, when transferred to irradiated (500 R) recipients, conferred upon the recipient mice resistance to infection with C. immitis. Prior incubation of these spleen cells with anti-theta serum in the presence of complement abrogated their capacity to protect the recipients from infection with C. immitis. Adult thymectomized mice, which had been irradiated (800 R) and reconstituted with bone marrow from normal mice, were more susceptible to infection with arthrospores than were nonthymectomized, irradiated bone marrow-reconstituted controls. Genetically homozygous athymic (\"nude\") mice died after infection with a dose of arthrospores that was sublethal for their heterozygote counterparts possessing a thymus, or for normal mice. The results indicate that a functioning T-cell population is an essential component for effective immunity to C. immitis.", "contents": "Significance of T cells in resistance to experimental murine coccidioidomycosis. The resistance of mice to coccidioidomycosis was found to be dependent on lymphoid cells. Thus, spleen cells from mice immunized with killed spherules of Coccidioides immitis, when transferred to irradiated (500 R) recipients, conferred upon the recipient mice resistance to infection with C. immitis. Prior incubation of these spleen cells with anti-theta serum in the presence of complement abrogated their capacity to protect the recipients from infection with C. immitis. Adult thymectomized mice, which had been irradiated (800 R) and reconstituted with bone marrow from normal mice, were more susceptible to infection with arthrospores than were nonthymectomized, irradiated bone marrow-reconstituted controls. Genetically homozygous athymic (\"nude\") mice died after infection with a dose of arthrospores that was sublethal for their heterozygote counterparts possessing a thymus, or for normal mice. The results indicate that a functioning T-cell population is an essential component for effective immunity to C. immitis.", "PMID": 332628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12361", "title": "Macrophage-agglutinating factor produced in vitro by BCG-sensitized lymphocytes.", "content": "Supernatant fluids from cultures of BCG-sensitized rabbit lymph node and spleen cells contained a factor that strongly agglutinated normal rabbit alveolar macrophages within 3 min at room temperature. In contrast, fluids from nonsensitized cell cultures did not agglutinate normal rabbit alveolar macrophages. This factor was designated macrophage-agglutinating factor (MAgF) because it is similar to the previously described factor found in lung lavages of rabbits exhibiting a BCG-induced pulmonary delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The kinetics of MAgF production in vitro by sensitized lymph node cells and its inhibition by puromycin and actinomycin D suggest active synthesis; sensitized spleen cells exhibited kinetics resembling release rather than synthesis. Studies on purified lymphocyte and macrophage populations from sensitized spleen and lymph nodes indicated that lymphocytes are responsible for MAgF production. However, MAgF production was not induced in normal cells incubated in vitro with concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin. Fractionation of cell culture supernatant fluids in Sephadex G-100 or Ultrogel AcA-34 clearly separated MAgF from migration inhibition factor; MAgF was present in the void volume of the eluates, suggesting a molecular weight of over 400,000, whereas migration inhibition factor was recovered in the same peak as albumin. The role of MAgF in vivo is unknown, but it is postulated that it may cause the adherence of macrophages during granuloma formation.", "contents": "Macrophage-agglutinating factor produced in vitro by BCG-sensitized lymphocytes. Supernatant fluids from cultures of BCG-sensitized rabbit lymph node and spleen cells contained a factor that strongly agglutinated normal rabbit alveolar macrophages within 3 min at room temperature. In contrast, fluids from nonsensitized cell cultures did not agglutinate normal rabbit alveolar macrophages. This factor was designated macrophage-agglutinating factor (MAgF) because it is similar to the previously described factor found in lung lavages of rabbits exhibiting a BCG-induced pulmonary delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The kinetics of MAgF production in vitro by sensitized lymph node cells and its inhibition by puromycin and actinomycin D suggest active synthesis; sensitized spleen cells exhibited kinetics resembling release rather than synthesis. Studies on purified lymphocyte and macrophage populations from sensitized spleen and lymph nodes indicated that lymphocytes are responsible for MAgF production. However, MAgF production was not induced in normal cells incubated in vitro with concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin. Fractionation of cell culture supernatant fluids in Sephadex G-100 or Ultrogel AcA-34 clearly separated MAgF from migration inhibition factor; MAgF was present in the void volume of the eluates, suggesting a molecular weight of over 400,000, whereas migration inhibition factor was recovered in the same peak as albumin. The role of MAgF in vivo is unknown, but it is postulated that it may cause the adherence of macrophages during granuloma formation.", "PMID": 332629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12362", "title": "Cryptococcus neoformans: size range of infectious particles from aerosolized soil.", "content": "Although cryptococcosis is characterized as a chronic central nervous system disease, it is generally accepted that the lungs are the primary portal of entry for the etiological agent. Despite this, there is a distinct lack of evidence that viable airborne particles of Cryptococcus neoformans are small enough to reach the alveoli. Two encapsulated strains and one nonencapsulated strain of C. neoformans were inoculated into 250-g quantities of sterile soil. Throughout the 0 to 12 weeks of incubation, this soil was aerosolized in a sealed chamber with a Waring blender. Samples of the resultant dust cloud were taken with an Anderson air sampler from which the numbers and sizes of viable airborne particles were determined. Of the viable organisms aspirated into the air sampler, 15% were 0.65 to 2 micron in diameter. As incubation time in soil increased, the size of the particles decreased, and increased numbers of C. neoformans cells 0.65 to 2 micron in diameter were isolated. The presence of viable cells less than 2 micron in soil aerosols indicated that, under certain conditions in nature, C. neoformans cells exist in sizes that are capable of deep lung deposition.", "contents": "Cryptococcus neoformans: size range of infectious particles from aerosolized soil. Although cryptococcosis is characterized as a chronic central nervous system disease, it is generally accepted that the lungs are the primary portal of entry for the etiological agent. Despite this, there is a distinct lack of evidence that viable airborne particles of Cryptococcus neoformans are small enough to reach the alveoli. Two encapsulated strains and one nonencapsulated strain of C. neoformans were inoculated into 250-g quantities of sterile soil. Throughout the 0 to 12 weeks of incubation, this soil was aerosolized in a sealed chamber with a Waring blender. Samples of the resultant dust cloud were taken with an Anderson air sampler from which the numbers and sizes of viable airborne particles were determined. Of the viable organisms aspirated into the air sampler, 15% were 0.65 to 2 micron in diameter. As incubation time in soil increased, the size of the particles decreased, and increased numbers of C. neoformans cells 0.65 to 2 micron in diameter were isolated. The presence of viable cells less than 2 micron in soil aerosols indicated that, under certain conditions in nature, C. neoformans cells exist in sizes that are capable of deep lung deposition.", "PMID": 332630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12363", "title": "In vivo studies on the cellular source of migration inhibitory factor in mice with delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "Mice sensitized intravenously with 300 microgram of BCG cell walls in Drakeol-Tween 80 and challenged intravenously 3 weeks later with 50 mg of old tuberculin released migration inhibitory factor (MIF) into the circulating blood in quantities that could be detected in serum dilutions of 1:64 to 1:128. When thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) were absent at the time of sensitization, as in neonatally thymectomized mice or in athymic nude mice, detectable amounts of MIF were not formed. Sensitized mice treated with either anti-theta serum or anti-bone marrow-derived lymphocyte (B-cell) serum before intravenous challenge with old tuberculin released reduced amounts of MIF into the circulation. Mice lethally irradiated, reconstituted with B-cells, sensitized with BCG cell walls, and then challenged intravenously 3 weeks later with old tuberculin did not release MIF into the circulation. When T-cells were injected at least 10 days before challenge, however, MIF appeared.", "contents": "In vivo studies on the cellular source of migration inhibitory factor in mice with delayed hypersensitivity. Mice sensitized intravenously with 300 microgram of BCG cell walls in Drakeol-Tween 80 and challenged intravenously 3 weeks later with 50 mg of old tuberculin released migration inhibitory factor (MIF) into the circulating blood in quantities that could be detected in serum dilutions of 1:64 to 1:128. When thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) were absent at the time of sensitization, as in neonatally thymectomized mice or in athymic nude mice, detectable amounts of MIF were not formed. Sensitized mice treated with either anti-theta serum or anti-bone marrow-derived lymphocyte (B-cell) serum before intravenous challenge with old tuberculin released reduced amounts of MIF into the circulation. Mice lethally irradiated, reconstituted with B-cells, sensitized with BCG cell walls, and then challenged intravenously 3 weeks later with old tuberculin did not release MIF into the circulation. When T-cells were injected at least 10 days before challenge, however, MIF appeared.", "PMID": 332631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12364", "title": "Development of of macrophage migration inhibition in rabbits infected with virulent Treponema pallidum.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate cells from rabbits infected with Treponema pallidum Nichols were used as indicators of macrophage migration inhibitory factor activity. Between 3 and 15 weeks after infection, the migration of peritoneal exudate cells was inhibited in the presence of 3 to 25 microgram of T. phagedenis biovar Reiter protein per ml. Before this period, the migration patterns of peritoneal exudate cells from infected animals were uninhibited and similar to those from noninfected control rabbits. These observations were correlated with the development of active cell-mediated immunity during experimental T. pallidum infection.", "contents": "Development of of macrophage migration inhibition in rabbits infected with virulent Treponema pallidum. Peritoneal exudate cells from rabbits infected with Treponema pallidum Nichols were used as indicators of macrophage migration inhibitory factor activity. Between 3 and 15 weeks after infection, the migration of peritoneal exudate cells was inhibited in the presence of 3 to 25 microgram of T. phagedenis biovar Reiter protein per ml. Before this period, the migration patterns of peritoneal exudate cells from infected animals were uninhibited and similar to those from noninfected control rabbits. These observations were correlated with the development of active cell-mediated immunity during experimental T. pallidum infection.", "PMID": 332632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12365", "title": "Gliding motility and actinomycin D sensitivity of Fusobacterium nucleatum and other gram-negative rods.", "content": "Six strains of gram-negative anaerobic fusiform rods (Fusobacterium and Bacteroides spp.), isolated from deep subgingival locations in humans, were examined for (i) gliding motility in slide cultures, (iii) cell densities on nutrient agar surfaces, and (iii) sensitivity to actinomycin D. Known gliding (FBt) and nonmotile (NM) strains of Myxococcus xanthus served as controls for the gliding and cell density experiments. In the present study, three strains of gram-negative fusiforms from the oral cavity, identified as Fusobacterium nucleatum (1a and P-1) and Bacteroides sp. (P-14), demonstrated characteristics similar to the gliding control strain M. xanthus. The only gliding oral strain sensitive to actinomycin D was a Bacteroides sp. (P-14).", "contents": "Gliding motility and actinomycin D sensitivity of Fusobacterium nucleatum and other gram-negative rods. Six strains of gram-negative anaerobic fusiform rods (Fusobacterium and Bacteroides spp.), isolated from deep subgingival locations in humans, were examined for (i) gliding motility in slide cultures, (iii) cell densities on nutrient agar surfaces, and (iii) sensitivity to actinomycin D. Known gliding (FBt) and nonmotile (NM) strains of Myxococcus xanthus served as controls for the gliding and cell density experiments. In the present study, three strains of gram-negative fusiforms from the oral cavity, identified as Fusobacterium nucleatum (1a and P-1) and Bacteroides sp. (P-14), demonstrated characteristics similar to the gliding control strain M. xanthus. The only gliding oral strain sensitive to actinomycin D was a Bacteroides sp. (P-14).", "PMID": 332633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12366", "title": "Increased resistance of iron-deficient mice to salmonella infection.", "content": "Nutritional iron deficiency in mice attenuated Salmonella typhimurium infection compared with both iron-substituted littermates and normal diet control animals.", "contents": "Increased resistance of iron-deficient mice to salmonella infection. Nutritional iron deficiency in mice attenuated Salmonella typhimurium infection compared with both iron-substituted littermates and normal diet control animals.", "PMID": 332634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12367", "title": "Induction of nephrocalcinosis in rabbit kidneys after long-term exposure to a streptococcal teichoic acid.", "content": "New Zealand white rabbits were administered soluble lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus pyogenes 1-RP41 on alternate days for up to 30 days. An increased incidence of renal cortico-medullary calculi was observed after day 21; the use of fluorescent-labeled anti-teichoic acid antibody located teichoic acid predominantly in the cortical-associated tubules.", "contents": "Induction of nephrocalcinosis in rabbit kidneys after long-term exposure to a streptococcal teichoic acid. New Zealand white rabbits were administered soluble lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus pyogenes 1-RP41 on alternate days for up to 30 days. An increased incidence of renal cortico-medullary calculi was observed after day 21; the use of fluorescent-labeled anti-teichoic acid antibody located teichoic acid predominantly in the cortical-associated tubules.", "PMID": 332635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12368", "title": "Canine migration inhibitory factor: effect of Corynebacterium parvum administration.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from dogs sensitized to streptolysin O (SLO) were assayed for migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production by the indirect MIF test, using guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells as the source of macrophages. A specific direct correlation was established between the degree of inhibition of migration and the concentration of SLO-stimulated supernatants from lymphocyte cultures (SLO-S) of untreated normal dogs. Undiluted SLO-S inhibited migration by 66.8%, whereas a dilution of 1:64 elicited a 3% inhibition. In parallel tests, purified protein derivative stimulation of lymphocytes from BCG-vaccinated dogs produced 92.6% inhibition. The effect of Corynebacterium parvum on SLO-specific MIF production was evaluated in three groups of dogs administered a single intramuscular injection of C. parvum at 5 or 50 mg/m(2) or 50 mg/m(2) in suspension with 10 mg of methylprednisolone. Inhibition of migration of macrophages exposed to a 1:4 dilution of SLO-S from dogs inoculated with C. parvum (5 mg/m(2)) was 33% greater (mean inhibition, 75%) than the same SLO-S dilution from uninoculated normal dogs (mean inhibition, 42%) (P < 0.0002). Similarly, lymphocytes from dogs administered 50 mg/m(2) caused an enhancement of migration inhibition, with a mean increase of 26% over controls (P < 0.002), whereas a dose of 50 mg/m(2) with methylprednisolone produced a 16% increase in migration inhibition (P < 0.05). The administration of C. parvum resulted in a three- to fourfold increase in the SLO-S dilution, which would reduce migration by 20% (MIF titer). This increase peaked between days 20 and 30 and lasted over 50 days post-C. parvum inoculation. These findings indicate that C. parvum specifically increases MIF production by canine lymphocytes in a linear correlation with SLO concentration and suggest its use as a stimulant of canine immunity.", "contents": "Canine migration inhibitory factor: effect of Corynebacterium parvum administration. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from dogs sensitized to streptolysin O (SLO) were assayed for migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production by the indirect MIF test, using guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells as the source of macrophages. A specific direct correlation was established between the degree of inhibition of migration and the concentration of SLO-stimulated supernatants from lymphocyte cultures (SLO-S) of untreated normal dogs. Undiluted SLO-S inhibited migration by 66.8%, whereas a dilution of 1:64 elicited a 3% inhibition. In parallel tests, purified protein derivative stimulation of lymphocytes from BCG-vaccinated dogs produced 92.6% inhibition. The effect of Corynebacterium parvum on SLO-specific MIF production was evaluated in three groups of dogs administered a single intramuscular injection of C. parvum at 5 or 50 mg/m(2) or 50 mg/m(2) in suspension with 10 mg of methylprednisolone. Inhibition of migration of macrophages exposed to a 1:4 dilution of SLO-S from dogs inoculated with C. parvum (5 mg/m(2)) was 33% greater (mean inhibition, 75%) than the same SLO-S dilution from uninoculated normal dogs (mean inhibition, 42%) (P < 0.0002). Similarly, lymphocytes from dogs administered 50 mg/m(2) caused an enhancement of migration inhibition, with a mean increase of 26% over controls (P < 0.002), whereas a dose of 50 mg/m(2) with methylprednisolone produced a 16% increase in migration inhibition (P < 0.05). The administration of C. parvum resulted in a three- to fourfold increase in the SLO-S dilution, which would reduce migration by 20% (MIF titer). This increase peaked between days 20 and 30 and lasted over 50 days post-C. parvum inoculation. These findings indicate that C. parvum specifically increases MIF production by canine lymphocytes in a linear correlation with SLO concentration and suggest its use as a stimulant of canine immunity.", "PMID": 332636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12369", "title": "Immunological interrelationships between cholera toxin and the heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins of coliform bacteria.", "content": "Cholera toxin (CT) and the heat-labile (LT) toxin of Escherichia coli are known to share antigenic properties. The present study examined the immunological relationship of CT and the LT and heat-stable (ST) toxins of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae. The neutralizing capacity of equine CT antiserum and of antiserum raised in rabbits to the LT toxin of the three species of coliform bacteria was evaluated by determining their capacity to inhibit the action of purified CT and semipurified ultrafiltration preparations of the coliform LT and ST toxins in inducing water secretion as assayed by the in vivo marker perfusion technique in the rat jejunum. One milliliter of antiserum to CT and to E. coli and Klebsiella LT completely neutralized the secretory action of each of these three toxins; effective serial dilutions of CT antiserum extended to 1 to 4, whereas those of the antisera to LT were limited to 1 to 2 in most instances. One milliliter of antiserum to E. cloacae LT partially neutralized each of the three coliform LT toxins; serial dilutions were inactive. Antiserum to E. cloacae LT did not neutralize CT. Antiserum to CT and to each of the three coliform LT toxins also had a weak neutralizing effect on the ST toxins of E. coli and Klebsiella, but they did not affect E. cloacae ST. Adsorption of the antiserum to CT and to each of the three LT toxins by incubation with a heat-inactivated preparation of either the homologous or a heterologous LT toxin completely abolished the neutralizing capacity of the antisera towards both LT and ST. These observations indicate that the immunological interrelationship of CT and E. coli LT extends to the LT toxins of Klebsiella and E. cloacae and, further, that these immunological properties are shared to a lesser extent by the ST toxins of E. coli and Klebsiella.", "contents": "Immunological interrelationships between cholera toxin and the heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins of coliform bacteria. Cholera toxin (CT) and the heat-labile (LT) toxin of Escherichia coli are known to share antigenic properties. The present study examined the immunological relationship of CT and the LT and heat-stable (ST) toxins of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae. The neutralizing capacity of equine CT antiserum and of antiserum raised in rabbits to the LT toxin of the three species of coliform bacteria was evaluated by determining their capacity to inhibit the action of purified CT and semipurified ultrafiltration preparations of the coliform LT and ST toxins in inducing water secretion as assayed by the in vivo marker perfusion technique in the rat jejunum. One milliliter of antiserum to CT and to E. coli and Klebsiella LT completely neutralized the secretory action of each of these three toxins; effective serial dilutions of CT antiserum extended to 1 to 4, whereas those of the antisera to LT were limited to 1 to 2 in most instances. One milliliter of antiserum to E. cloacae LT partially neutralized each of the three coliform LT toxins; serial dilutions were inactive. Antiserum to E. cloacae LT did not neutralize CT. Antiserum to CT and to each of the three coliform LT toxins also had a weak neutralizing effect on the ST toxins of E. coli and Klebsiella, but they did not affect E. cloacae ST. Adsorption of the antiserum to CT and to each of the three LT toxins by incubation with a heat-inactivated preparation of either the homologous or a heterologous LT toxin completely abolished the neutralizing capacity of the antisera towards both LT and ST. These observations indicate that the immunological interrelationship of CT and E. coli LT extends to the LT toxins of Klebsiella and E. cloacae and, further, that these immunological properties are shared to a lesser extent by the ST toxins of E. coli and Klebsiella.", "PMID": 332637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12370", "title": "Anticomplementary activity of Fusobacterium polymorphum in normal and C4-deficient sources of guinea pig complement.", "content": "Fusobacterium polymorphum has been isolated from the gingival crevice in humans and has been implicated in the immunopathology of periodontal diseases. The presence of alternative complement pathway factors in gingival crevice material suggests the contribution of this process in the manifestation of the local host response. A complement consumption assay was used to show that the anticomplementary activity of a cell-wall preparation from F. polymorphum in guinea pig complement progressed optimally at 37 degrees C and suboptimally at 0 degrees C. Similar levels of complement consumption were recorded at both temperatures, but a higher concentration of cell walls was required to demonstrate maximum activity in the cold. Augmentation experiments with additional normal and heat-treated complement showed the presence of heat-labile factors that controlled and limited the consumption of complement to a constant proportion of the total amount present. These same experiments indicated that there were no reactive antibodies in the complement used in the assay. Similar tests with C4-deficient guinea pig sera confirmed that F. polymorphum cell walls were capable of generating alternative complement pathway activity in guinea pig sera.", "contents": "Anticomplementary activity of Fusobacterium polymorphum in normal and C4-deficient sources of guinea pig complement. Fusobacterium polymorphum has been isolated from the gingival crevice in humans and has been implicated in the immunopathology of periodontal diseases. The presence of alternative complement pathway factors in gingival crevice material suggests the contribution of this process in the manifestation of the local host response. A complement consumption assay was used to show that the anticomplementary activity of a cell-wall preparation from F. polymorphum in guinea pig complement progressed optimally at 37 degrees C and suboptimally at 0 degrees C. Similar levels of complement consumption were recorded at both temperatures, but a higher concentration of cell walls was required to demonstrate maximum activity in the cold. Augmentation experiments with additional normal and heat-treated complement showed the presence of heat-labile factors that controlled and limited the consumption of complement to a constant proportion of the total amount present. These same experiments indicated that there were no reactive antibodies in the complement used in the assay. Similar tests with C4-deficient guinea pig sera confirmed that F. polymorphum cell walls were capable of generating alternative complement pathway activity in guinea pig sera.", "PMID": 332638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12371", "title": "Prolonged survival of virulent Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) in cell-free and tissue culture systems.", "content": "Survival of Treponema pallidum was found to be prolonged in the presence of tissue culture. Of the 12 cultures studied, cottontail rabbit epithelium (Sf1Ep) supported T. pallidum for the longest time. In horizontal Leighton tubes with reduced medium and an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in N2, the 50% survival time (ST50) was 5 to 6 days for treponemes associated with monolayers of Sf1Ep cells. Comparable cell-free tubes had ST50 values of less than 4 days. In vertical Leighton tubes containing 6 ml of prereduced medium incubated aerobically, gradients of O2 tension and redox potential were established. Attachment and survival of T. pallidum were greatest at a depth of about 10 to 20 mm. Motility was between 70 and 95% in this area throughout the first 14 days of incubation. Occasionally, greater than 50% motility was observed for as long as 21 days. The redox potential and O2 tension in the optimal area of gradient cultures were reproduced by adjusting the medium depth in a shell vial culture system containing cells on a horizontal cover slip. Treponemes associated with the cell monolayer in both gradient and shell vial cultures were still virulent after 21 days in vitro. The dilution of testis extract and the concentration of T. pallidum were found to be important factors in survival of T. pallidum.", "contents": "Prolonged survival of virulent Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) in cell-free and tissue culture systems. Survival of Treponema pallidum was found to be prolonged in the presence of tissue culture. Of the 12 cultures studied, cottontail rabbit epithelium (Sf1Ep) supported T. pallidum for the longest time. In horizontal Leighton tubes with reduced medium and an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in N2, the 50% survival time (ST50) was 5 to 6 days for treponemes associated with monolayers of Sf1Ep cells. Comparable cell-free tubes had ST50 values of less than 4 days. In vertical Leighton tubes containing 6 ml of prereduced medium incubated aerobically, gradients of O2 tension and redox potential were established. Attachment and survival of T. pallidum were greatest at a depth of about 10 to 20 mm. Motility was between 70 and 95% in this area throughout the first 14 days of incubation. Occasionally, greater than 50% motility was observed for as long as 21 days. The redox potential and O2 tension in the optimal area of gradient cultures were reproduced by adjusting the medium depth in a shell vial culture system containing cells on a horizontal cover slip. Treponemes associated with the cell monolayer in both gradient and shell vial cultures were still virulent after 21 days in vitro. The dilution of testis extract and the concentration of T. pallidum were found to be important factors in survival of T. pallidum.", "PMID": 332639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12372", "title": "Role of bacterial phospholipases in serum-mediated killing of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The importance of bacterial phospholipases during serum-mediated killing of Escherichia coli was examined by using wild-type DR+ DS+ and an isogenic phospholipase-deficient mutant DR- DS-. No difference in serum sensitivity was observed when the parental DR+ DS+ and mutant DR- DS- strains were exposed to various concentrations of normal guinea pig serum. Examination of the free fatty acid (FFA) and lipid composition during serum-mediated killing of the two E. coli strains indicated that FFA release occurred only in the parental DR+ DS+ strain. No FFA release or lipid degradation was detected in the mutant DR- DS- strain during serum killing. The addition of heat-inactivated E. coli antiserum (rabbit) to normal guinea pig serum caused FFA release in both E. coli strains. This FFA release was found to be independent of serum-mediated killing and due to a highly active and heat-resistant rabbit serum phospholipase that hydrolyzed the bacterial lipids after serum killing. The data presented indicate that serum-mediated killing of E. coli is independent of FFA release and that activation of bacterial phospholipases and the resulting release of FFA are only a result rather than a cause of serum-mediated cell death.", "contents": "Role of bacterial phospholipases in serum-mediated killing of Escherichia coli. The importance of bacterial phospholipases during serum-mediated killing of Escherichia coli was examined by using wild-type DR+ DS+ and an isogenic phospholipase-deficient mutant DR- DS-. No difference in serum sensitivity was observed when the parental DR+ DS+ and mutant DR- DS- strains were exposed to various concentrations of normal guinea pig serum. Examination of the free fatty acid (FFA) and lipid composition during serum-mediated killing of the two E. coli strains indicated that FFA release occurred only in the parental DR+ DS+ strain. No FFA release or lipid degradation was detected in the mutant DR- DS- strain during serum killing. The addition of heat-inactivated E. coli antiserum (rabbit) to normal guinea pig serum caused FFA release in both E. coli strains. This FFA release was found to be independent of serum-mediated killing and due to a highly active and heat-resistant rabbit serum phospholipase that hydrolyzed the bacterial lipids after serum killing. The data presented indicate that serum-mediated killing of E. coli is independent of FFA release and that activation of bacterial phospholipases and the resulting release of FFA are only a result rather than a cause of serum-mediated cell death.", "PMID": 332640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12373", "title": "Extracellular neuraminidase production by group B streptococci.", "content": "Neuraminidase (sialidase) activity in concentrated culture filtrates of group B streptococci was measured with bovine submaxillary mucin as substrate. Group B streptococcal neuraminidase was not active on human alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and did not show increased activity on bovine submaxillary mucin that had been O-deacetylated by alkaline treatment. The enzyme was produced in a variety of media, including a chemically defined medium (FMC; Terleckyj et al., Infect. Immun. 11:649-655, 1975) supplemented with bovine serum albumin or human serum albumin. Maximal levels of activity were present in filtrates from cells grown in a dialyzable fraction of Todd-Hewitt broth harvested during the late exponential phase of growth. Dramatic decreases were seen when filtrates from the late stationary phase were assayed. The decrease in specific activity during the stationary phase was shown to be due to proteolytic digestion of neuraminidase and not to the elaboration of an extracellular neuraminic acid aldolase.", "contents": "Extracellular neuraminidase production by group B streptococci. Neuraminidase (sialidase) activity in concentrated culture filtrates of group B streptococci was measured with bovine submaxillary mucin as substrate. Group B streptococcal neuraminidase was not active on human alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and did not show increased activity on bovine submaxillary mucin that had been O-deacetylated by alkaline treatment. The enzyme was produced in a variety of media, including a chemically defined medium (FMC; Terleckyj et al., Infect. Immun. 11:649-655, 1975) supplemented with bovine serum albumin or human serum albumin. Maximal levels of activity were present in filtrates from cells grown in a dialyzable fraction of Todd-Hewitt broth harvested during the late exponential phase of growth. Dramatic decreases were seen when filtrates from the late stationary phase were assayed. The decrease in specific activity during the stationary phase was shown to be due to proteolytic digestion of neuraminidase and not to the elaboration of an extracellular neuraminic acid aldolase.", "PMID": 332641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12374", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to Nocardia asteroides induced by its ribonucleic acid protein fraction.", "content": "Guinea pigs immunized with ribonucleic acid protein fraction from Nocardia asteroides developed high cell-mediated immunity within 2 weeks, as shown by increased macrophage microbicidal activity and macrophage migration inhibition. This immunity protected against intravenous and subcutaneous challenge with N. asteroides and persisted for at least 70 days.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to Nocardia asteroides induced by its ribonucleic acid protein fraction. Guinea pigs immunized with ribonucleic acid protein fraction from Nocardia asteroides developed high cell-mediated immunity within 2 weeks, as shown by increased macrophage microbicidal activity and macrophage migration inhibition. This immunity protected against intravenous and subcutaneous challenge with N. asteroides and persisted for at least 70 days.", "PMID": 332642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12375", "title": "Interactions between salmonellae and macrophages of guinea pigs. IV. Relationship between migration inhibition and antibacterial action of macrophages.", "content": "The in vitro macrophage migration inhibition test was used to detect the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Four different preparations from supernatants of S. typhimurium cultures were used as the antigens in this test. They included the concentrated bacterial antigens, the high-molecular-weight (>50,000) antigens, the ammonium sulfate-precipitated antigens, and the ribonuclease-treated antigens. All four antigen preparations were shown to inhibit the migration of peritoneal macrophages of salmonella-infected (immune) guinea pigs from capillary tubes, in comparison with cells of normal control animals. By use of the high-molecular-weight antigens and the ammonium sulfate-precipitated antigens, the production of the migration inhibition factor(s) was elicited from cultures of lymphocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of immune guinea pigs. The activity of the migration inhibition factor(s) was demonstrated by its ability to inhibit the migration of peritoneal macrophages of normal guinea pigs from capillary tubes. In contrast, normal peritoneal macrophages exposed to products of antigen-stimulated immune lymphocytes did not exhibit an enhanced phagocytic or bactericidal action against virulent S. typhimurium as compared with those of the normal control. The present study indicated that the bacterial antigens responsible for the elicitation of the production of the migration inhibition factor from lymphocytes of immune guinea pigs are inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, but not by ribonuclease, and have molecular weights of >50,000.", "contents": "Interactions between salmonellae and macrophages of guinea pigs. IV. Relationship between migration inhibition and antibacterial action of macrophages. The in vitro macrophage migration inhibition test was used to detect the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Four different preparations from supernatants of S. typhimurium cultures were used as the antigens in this test. They included the concentrated bacterial antigens, the high-molecular-weight (>50,000) antigens, the ammonium sulfate-precipitated antigens, and the ribonuclease-treated antigens. All four antigen preparations were shown to inhibit the migration of peritoneal macrophages of salmonella-infected (immune) guinea pigs from capillary tubes, in comparison with cells of normal control animals. By use of the high-molecular-weight antigens and the ammonium sulfate-precipitated antigens, the production of the migration inhibition factor(s) was elicited from cultures of lymphocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of immune guinea pigs. The activity of the migration inhibition factor(s) was demonstrated by its ability to inhibit the migration of peritoneal macrophages of normal guinea pigs from capillary tubes. In contrast, normal peritoneal macrophages exposed to products of antigen-stimulated immune lymphocytes did not exhibit an enhanced phagocytic or bactericidal action against virulent S. typhimurium as compared with those of the normal control. The present study indicated that the bacterial antigens responsible for the elicitation of the production of the migration inhibition factor from lymphocytes of immune guinea pigs are inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, but not by ribonuclease, and have molecular weights of >50,000.", "PMID": 332643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12376", "title": "Transduodenal sphincteroplasty.", "content": "Sphincteroplasty is an inferior partial sphincterotomy followed by suture approximation of both the duodenal and common bile duct walls. We have described our operative technic employed in 770 sphincteroplasties performed in the past 14 years.", "contents": "Transduodenal sphincteroplasty. Sphincteroplasty is an inferior partial sphincterotomy followed by suture approximation of both the duodenal and common bile duct walls. We have described our operative technic employed in 770 sphincteroplasties performed in the past 14 years.", "PMID": 332649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12377", "title": "Transabdominal esophageal transection by using a suture device in cases of esophageal varices.", "content": "We have devised a method of esophageal transection using a suture device. This method interrupts the esophageal varices directly. We have performed this operation in 30 cases with satisfactory results. Blood loss is minimal. The operation is both shorter and simpler than conventional technics.", "contents": "Transabdominal esophageal transection by using a suture device in cases of esophageal varices. We have devised a method of esophageal transection using a suture device. This method interrupts the esophageal varices directly. We have performed this operation in 30 cases with satisfactory results. Blood loss is minimal. The operation is both shorter and simpler than conventional technics.", "PMID": 332650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12378", "title": "Microsurgical renal transplantation techniques in small animals.", "content": "The laboratory rat has been widely used as a preclinical model of renal transplantation. Surgical anastomosis of the small lumenal structures encountered requires strict adherence to basic principles of microsurgical technique. Nonfatal technical errors may adversely affect renal allograft function and influence experimental results. Experience obtained from a series of more than 600 rat renal transplants is discussed.", "contents": "Microsurgical renal transplantation techniques in small animals. The laboratory rat has been widely used as a preclinical model of renal transplantation. Surgical anastomosis of the small lumenal structures encountered requires strict adherence to basic principles of microsurgical technique. Nonfatal technical errors may adversely affect renal allograft function and influence experimental results. Experience obtained from a series of more than 600 rat renal transplants is discussed.", "PMID": 332663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12379", "title": "A dye-dilution method for the determination of blood flow in Cimino-Brescia arteriovenous fistulae.", "content": "In 15 patients with large Cimino-Brescia fistulae, arm blood flow and cardiac output were determined by a dye-dilution technique. The mean blood flow through the arm with the shunt open was 1600 ml per min. On compression of the shunt the appearance time increased by 10 sec and there was a moderate decrease in cardiac output.", "contents": "A dye-dilution method for the determination of blood flow in Cimino-Brescia arteriovenous fistulae. In 15 patients with large Cimino-Brescia fistulae, arm blood flow and cardiac output were determined by a dye-dilution technique. The mean blood flow through the arm with the shunt open was 1600 ml per min. On compression of the shunt the appearance time increased by 10 sec and there was a moderate decrease in cardiac output.", "PMID": 332664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12380", "title": "Ultrastructure of the gut neurotensin cell.", "content": "In mammals, neurotensin cells occur scattered in the epithelium of the jejunum-ileum. In chicken, neurotensin cells are abundant in the region of the gizzard-duodenal junction (antrum) where they occur intermingled with numerous somatostatin and gastrin cells. The neurotensin cells in chicken, dog and man were identified at the electron microscopic level by immunocytochemistry, using the consecutive semithin/ultrathin section technique. They contain numerous electron dense cytoplasmic granules, pre-dominantly in the basal portion of the cell. It was shown that these granules are the storage site for neurotensin. The neurotensin granules are round, highly electron dense and of about the same size in the different species examined (mean diameter 260--290 nm). In dog and man the granules have a tightly applied surrounding membrane while in the chicken a relatively electron lucent zone separates the electron dense core from the granule membrane. The ultrastructure of the neurotensin granules in chicken is somewhat reminiscent of that of the gastrin granules. The mean diameter of the gastrin granules in chicken antrum is 230 nm; for the somatostatin granules the mean diameter is 305 nm.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the gut neurotensin cell. In mammals, neurotensin cells occur scattered in the epithelium of the jejunum-ileum. In chicken, neurotensin cells are abundant in the region of the gizzard-duodenal junction (antrum) where they occur intermingled with numerous somatostatin and gastrin cells. The neurotensin cells in chicken, dog and man were identified at the electron microscopic level by immunocytochemistry, using the consecutive semithin/ultrathin section technique. They contain numerous electron dense cytoplasmic granules, pre-dominantly in the basal portion of the cell. It was shown that these granules are the storage site for neurotensin. The neurotensin granules are round, highly electron dense and of about the same size in the different species examined (mean diameter 260--290 nm). In dog and man the granules have a tightly applied surrounding membrane while in the chicken a relatively electron lucent zone separates the electron dense core from the granule membrane. The ultrastructure of the neurotensin granules in chicken is somewhat reminiscent of that of the gastrin granules. The mean diameter of the gastrin granules in chicken antrum is 230 nm; for the somatostatin granules the mean diameter is 305 nm.", "PMID": 332670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12381", "title": "The influence of fixation on immunoperoxidase staining of plasmacells in paraffin sections of intestinal biopsy specimens.", "content": "The influence of different fixation methods on the results of immunoperoxydase staining of immunoglobulin and gastrin producing cells in gastric and duodenal mucosa was investigated. An indirect method was used on paraffin sections. It appeared that that fixatives containing sublimate gave the most consistent results, a sublimate-formaldehyde mixture being the best.", "contents": "The influence of fixation on immunoperoxidase staining of plasmacells in paraffin sections of intestinal biopsy specimens. The influence of different fixation methods on the results of immunoperoxydase staining of immunoglobulin and gastrin producing cells in gastric and duodenal mucosa was investigated. An indirect method was used on paraffin sections. It appeared that that fixatives containing sublimate gave the most consistent results, a sublimate-formaldehyde mixture being the best.", "PMID": 332671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12382", "title": "Colloidal iron binding to the surface of HeLa cells, spreading in monolayer culture.", "content": "We have used the colloidal iron (CI) binding technique, adapted for transmission electron microscopy, for semiquantitative evaluation of the negative charge density at the surface of HeLa cells in monolayer culture. The surface area increases when HeLa cells spread on the substrate. This increase brings about a decrease in the thickness of the CI rim, indicating a decrease in negative surface charge density. This phenomenon implicates lowering of the electrostatic repulsion, and explains the formation of intercellular contacts at the level of spread parts of the cell. Because of lack of penetration, CI particles are absent in regions of cose apposition between cells and between cells and substrates. Absence of CI binding in broader intercellular or cell-substrate spaces was explained through masking of the anionic groups.", "contents": "Colloidal iron binding to the surface of HeLa cells, spreading in monolayer culture. We have used the colloidal iron (CI) binding technique, adapted for transmission electron microscopy, for semiquantitative evaluation of the negative charge density at the surface of HeLa cells in monolayer culture. The surface area increases when HeLa cells spread on the substrate. This increase brings about a decrease in the thickness of the CI rim, indicating a decrease in negative surface charge density. This phenomenon implicates lowering of the electrostatic repulsion, and explains the formation of intercellular contacts at the level of spread parts of the cell. Because of lack of penetration, CI particles are absent in regions of cose apposition between cells and between cells and substrates. Absence of CI binding in broader intercellular or cell-substrate spaces was explained through masking of the anionic groups.", "PMID": 332673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12383", "title": "The localization of proteoglycans and glycoproteins in the hyaline cartilage.", "content": "Antibodies to proteoglycan (PG) and glycoprotein of bovine nasal cartilage were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and with horseradish peroxidase. Hyaluronidase digestion of cartilage tissue-specimens increased the intensity of immune reactions; pronase digestion or extraction with 4 M guanidinium chloride abolished the staining. In the intercellular matrix fine filaments beaded with small granules were seen forming an irregular network. The interstices of the network are filled with collagen fibers linked together by the filaments and granules. In view of the linear conformation of core proteins of PGs and the globular conformation of glycoproteins (link proteins), it may be supposed that the granules and filaments represent these two protein components of PG-aggregates. In chondrocytes a homogeneous staining was recorded in the endoplasmic reticulum, in the juxtanuclear areas and in several smooth-walled vesicles and elongated areas situating subjacent to the cell membrane. In contrast to the extracellular immune reactions, this homogeneous intracellular staining was never enhanced by hyaluronidase digestion. This is interpreted in the sense that conformation changes of molecules secreted, and the aggregation of PGs, occur extracellularly.", "contents": "The localization of proteoglycans and glycoproteins in the hyaline cartilage. Antibodies to proteoglycan (PG) and glycoprotein of bovine nasal cartilage were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and with horseradish peroxidase. Hyaluronidase digestion of cartilage tissue-specimens increased the intensity of immune reactions; pronase digestion or extraction with 4 M guanidinium chloride abolished the staining. In the intercellular matrix fine filaments beaded with small granules were seen forming an irregular network. The interstices of the network are filled with collagen fibers linked together by the filaments and granules. In view of the linear conformation of core proteins of PGs and the globular conformation of glycoproteins (link proteins), it may be supposed that the granules and filaments represent these two protein components of PG-aggregates. In chondrocytes a homogeneous staining was recorded in the endoplasmic reticulum, in the juxtanuclear areas and in several smooth-walled vesicles and elongated areas situating subjacent to the cell membrane. In contrast to the extracellular immune reactions, this homogeneous intracellular staining was never enhanced by hyaluronidase digestion. This is interpreted in the sense that conformation changes of molecules secreted, and the aggregation of PGs, occur extracellularly.", "PMID": 332674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12384", "title": "[The diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of endolaryngeal microsurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique and types of anesthesia for endolaryngeal microsurgery are described, utilizing a personal series of 1283 procedures which were performed over a preceding ten-year period. The great diagnostic value of this method of examination for the early diagnosis of glottic carcinoma is shown. 54.4% of all endolaryngeal microsurgical operations performed were used for the diagnosis, therapy and control of tumors. The remaining 45.6% of cases were undertaken to eliminate benign voice=disturbing processes. The indications for surgery are discussed, with note given to the low complication rate associated with such surgery.", "contents": "[The diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of endolaryngeal microsurgery (author's transl)]. The technique and types of anesthesia for endolaryngeal microsurgery are described, utilizing a personal series of 1283 procedures which were performed over a preceding ten-year period. The great diagnostic value of this method of examination for the early diagnosis of glottic carcinoma is shown. 54.4% of all endolaryngeal microsurgical operations performed were used for the diagnosis, therapy and control of tumors. The remaining 45.6% of cases were undertaken to eliminate benign voice=disturbing processes. The indications for surgery are discussed, with note given to the low complication rate associated with such surgery.", "PMID": 332675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12385", "title": "Integration of a behavior modification program into a traditionally oriented residential treatment center for children.", "content": "The historical background and early contributions of the Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, the first psychiatric hospital for children in the United States, are described. The focus of this report is on the incorporation of the treatment modality of behavior modification into this traditional psychoanalytically oriented program. Beginning with exploratory studies in the mid-1960s, in recent years within the residential center there has been a separate Autistic Unit, in which the major treatment strategy is consistent application of behavior modification principles and programs. Changes that have occurred in the course of developing the behavior modification program are discussed to show some of the positive and negative aspects of introducing such a radical change into a traditional setting. Case studies are included to reveal both the failures and the successes that have been encountered in treating psychotic children with either psychotherapy or behavior therapy. Description of the current status of the program shows that treatment is comprehensive, including psychodynamic and behavioral approaches, medication when warranted, and special education. The role of parents in the program is now very different from that ascribed to them in traditional psychoanalytically guided treatment.", "contents": "Integration of a behavior modification program into a traditionally oriented residential treatment center for children. The historical background and early contributions of the Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, the first psychiatric hospital for children in the United States, are described. The focus of this report is on the incorporation of the treatment modality of behavior modification into this traditional psychoanalytically oriented program. Beginning with exploratory studies in the mid-1960s, in recent years within the residential center there has been a separate Autistic Unit, in which the major treatment strategy is consistent application of behavior modification principles and programs. Changes that have occurred in the course of developing the behavior modification program are discussed to show some of the positive and negative aspects of introducing such a radical change into a traditional setting. Case studies are included to reveal both the failures and the successes that have been encountered in treating psychotic children with either psychotherapy or behavior therapy. Description of the current status of the program shows that treatment is comprehensive, including psychodynamic and behavioral approaches, medication when warranted, and special education. The role of parents in the program is now very different from that ascribed to them in traditional psychoanalytically guided treatment.", "PMID": 332685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12386", "title": "Role of ATP in removal of psoralen cross-links from DNA of Escherichia coli permeabilized by treatment with toluene.", "content": "Removal of interstrand cross-linked from DNA was examined in Escherichia coli permeabilized by treatment with toluene. Under these conditions, the reaction requires ATP and Mg2+, and the mechanism appears to be similar to that occurring in whole cells. Under optimum conditions, the rate constant was 0.06 min-1. Genetical, physical, and biochemical analysis of the repair process suggest the following mechanism. In an ATP-dependent reaction, the uvrA and uvrB gene products cleave a phosphodiester bond on the 5' side of one arm of the cross-link, producing a 3'-OH terminus. Subsequently, DNA polymerase I (5'-3' exonuclease activity) makes a second strand cut on the 3' side of the cross-link in the same DNA strand, completing removal of the covalent link between complementary strands. The second reaction did not occur in a uvrD- strain, which had normal levels of DNA polymerizing activity. The uvrD gene may regulate the specificity or activity of the 5'-3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I in vivo.", "contents": "Role of ATP in removal of psoralen cross-links from DNA of Escherichia coli permeabilized by treatment with toluene. Removal of interstrand cross-linked from DNA was examined in Escherichia coli permeabilized by treatment with toluene. Under these conditions, the reaction requires ATP and Mg2+, and the mechanism appears to be similar to that occurring in whole cells. Under optimum conditions, the rate constant was 0.06 min-1. Genetical, physical, and biochemical analysis of the repair process suggest the following mechanism. In an ATP-dependent reaction, the uvrA and uvrB gene products cleave a phosphodiester bond on the 5' side of one arm of the cross-link, producing a 3'-OH terminus. Subsequently, DNA polymerase I (5'-3' exonuclease activity) makes a second strand cut on the 3' side of the cross-link in the same DNA strand, completing removal of the covalent link between complementary strands. The second reaction did not occur in a uvrD- strain, which had normal levels of DNA polymerizing activity. The uvrD gene may regulate the specificity or activity of the 5'-3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I in vivo.", "PMID": 332687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12387", "title": "Role of the 2-amino group of deoxyguanosine in sequence recognition by EcoRI restriction and modification enzymes.", "content": "The dG residues within the EcoRI recognition sequence of ColE1 DNA have been selectively replaced with dI. Methylation of the altered sequence by the EcoRI modification enzyme is extremely slow as compared with methyl transfer to the natural recognition site. Since the affinity of the modification enzyme for the dI-containing sequence is considerably less than that for the natural sequence, we have concluded that the 2-amino group of dG has an important role in DNA site recognition by this enzyme. In contrast, the altered site is subject to cleavage by EcoRI endonuclease at rates essentially identical with those observed with the natural sequence. These results strongly suggest that the two enzymes utilize different contacts within the EcoRI site and are consisted with our conclusion (Rubin, R. A., and Modrich, P. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7265-7272) that the two proteins interact with their common recognition sequence in different ways.", "contents": "Role of the 2-amino group of deoxyguanosine in sequence recognition by EcoRI restriction and modification enzymes. The dG residues within the EcoRI recognition sequence of ColE1 DNA have been selectively replaced with dI. Methylation of the altered sequence by the EcoRI modification enzyme is extremely slow as compared with methyl transfer to the natural recognition site. Since the affinity of the modification enzyme for the dI-containing sequence is considerably less than that for the natural sequence, we have concluded that the 2-amino group of dG has an important role in DNA site recognition by this enzyme. In contrast, the altered site is subject to cleavage by EcoRI endonuclease at rates essentially identical with those observed with the natural sequence. These results strongly suggest that the two enzymes utilize different contacts within the EcoRI site and are consisted with our conclusion (Rubin, R. A., and Modrich, P. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7265-7272) that the two proteins interact with their common recognition sequence in different ways.", "PMID": 332689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12388", "title": "Identification and organization of ribosomal protein genes of Escherichia coli carried by lambdafus2 transducing phage.", "content": "We describe the isolation of lambdafus2, which carries bacterial DNA from the str-spc region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. Genes for 27 ribosomal proteins were found on the genome of this transducing phage by identifying the ribosomal proteins whose synthesis was stimulated after infection of UV-irradiated bacteria. These were genes for S3, S4, S5, S7, S8, S10, S11, S12, S13, S14, S17, S19, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L14, L15, L16, L17, L18, L22 L23, L24, L29, and L30. Subsets of these genes were identified on the genomes of the phages lambdaspc1, lambdaspc2-delta 9, and lambdaspc2-delta16, all of which carry parts of the bacterial DNA present on lambdafus2. From the known structures of these phage genomes, it has been possible to determine the relative order of many of these genes on the lambdafus2 genome and thus on the E. coli chromosome. Our evidence also suggests that the genes for S3, S17, S19, L2, L4, L16, L22, L23, and L29 are part of a single transcription unit. These results, along with the observations described in the previous and accompanying papers, indicate that the ribosomal protein genes on lambdafus2 are organized into at least four transcription units.", "contents": "Identification and organization of ribosomal protein genes of Escherichia coli carried by lambdafus2 transducing phage. We describe the isolation of lambdafus2, which carries bacterial DNA from the str-spc region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. Genes for 27 ribosomal proteins were found on the genome of this transducing phage by identifying the ribosomal proteins whose synthesis was stimulated after infection of UV-irradiated bacteria. These were genes for S3, S4, S5, S7, S8, S10, S11, S12, S13, S14, S17, S19, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L14, L15, L16, L17, L18, L22 L23, L24, L29, and L30. Subsets of these genes were identified on the genomes of the phages lambdaspc1, lambdaspc2-delta 9, and lambdaspc2-delta16, all of which carry parts of the bacterial DNA present on lambdafus2. From the known structures of these phage genomes, it has been possible to determine the relative order of many of these genes on the lambdafus2 genome and thus on the E. coli chromosome. Our evidence also suggests that the genes for S3, S17, S19, L2, L4, L16, L22, L23, and L29 are part of a single transcription unit. These results, along with the observations described in the previous and accompanying papers, indicate that the ribosomal protein genes on lambdafus2 are organized into at least four transcription units.", "PMID": 332690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12389", "title": "Organization of ribosomal protein genes of Escherichia coli as analyzed by polar insertion mutations.", "content": "Several mutants of lambdaspc1 and lambdafus3 have been isolated carrying DNA insertion elements that were selected for their ability to reduce the expression of the spc gene. The sizes and locations of the insertions on the phage genomes were determined by heteroduplex analysis. They were found to be located at different positions in the Spc transcription unit. The effect of these insertions on the expression of the ribosomal protein genes carried by these phages in ultraviolet light-irradiated bacteria was investigated. The insertions at intermediate positions in the transcription unit reduced the expression of some of the genes in the unit but not others. Assuming that the genes whose expressions were reduced are distal to the insertion, it was possible to determine the relative position of most of the genes in the unit. The results indicate the order of genes in the Spc transcription unit is: promoter, L14, L24, L5, S14, S8, L6, L18, (S5, L15, L30).", "contents": "Organization of ribosomal protein genes of Escherichia coli as analyzed by polar insertion mutations. Several mutants of lambdaspc1 and lambdafus3 have been isolated carrying DNA insertion elements that were selected for their ability to reduce the expression of the spc gene. The sizes and locations of the insertions on the phage genomes were determined by heteroduplex analysis. They were found to be located at different positions in the Spc transcription unit. The effect of these insertions on the expression of the ribosomal protein genes carried by these phages in ultraviolet light-irradiated bacteria was investigated. The insertions at intermediate positions in the transcription unit reduced the expression of some of the genes in the unit but not others. Assuming that the genes whose expressions were reduced are distal to the insertion, it was possible to determine the relative position of most of the genes in the unit. The results indicate the order of genes in the Spc transcription unit is: promoter, L14, L24, L5, S14, S8, L6, L18, (S5, L15, L30).", "PMID": 332691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12390", "title": "Insertion of DNA carrying ribosomal protein genes of Escherichia coli into Charon vector phages.", "content": "DNA fragments from lambdaspc1 and lambdafus2, carrying ribosomal protein genes from Escherichia coli, were inserted into lambda phage vectors Charon 3 and Charon 4. Eight of the resulting clones were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis of EcoRI digests, analytical CsCl equilibrium centrifugation, and electron micrographic analysis of heteroduplexes. In each case, the identity, order, and orientation of each cloned fragment was determined. In all, 8 of the 12 EcoRI fragments of lambdafus2 were cloned in various arrangements. In the accompanying paper, genes for 15 ribosomal and related proteins and three bacterial promoters were detected in these phages. In addition, four of the hybrid phages carried fragments of lambda-DNA including the phage origin of replication (ori), the late promoter, PR', and the cohesive ends (cos site) in both orientations. The latter phages yield a circularly permuted collection of DNA molecules.", "contents": "Insertion of DNA carrying ribosomal protein genes of Escherichia coli into Charon vector phages. DNA fragments from lambdaspc1 and lambdafus2, carrying ribosomal protein genes from Escherichia coli, were inserted into lambda phage vectors Charon 3 and Charon 4. Eight of the resulting clones were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis of EcoRI digests, analytical CsCl equilibrium centrifugation, and electron micrographic analysis of heteroduplexes. In each case, the identity, order, and orientation of each cloned fragment was determined. In all, 8 of the 12 EcoRI fragments of lambdafus2 were cloned in various arrangements. In the accompanying paper, genes for 15 ribosomal and related proteins and three bacterial promoters were detected in these phages. In addition, four of the hybrid phages carried fragments of lambda-DNA including the phage origin of replication (ori), the late promoter, PR', and the cohesive ends (cos site) in both orientations. The latter phages yield a circularly permuted collection of DNA molecules.", "PMID": 332692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12391", "title": "Interaction of Salmonella typhimurium with phospholipid vesicles. Incorporation of exogenous lipids into intact cells.", "content": "Incubation of intact cells of Salmonella typhimurium with bilayer phospholipid vesicles results in significant transfer of vesicle lipids to the cells. The transfer requires Ca2+ or spermine, and is dependent on time, temperature, the concentration and composition of the vesicles, and the nature of the cellular lipopolysaccharide. The process results in bulk transfer of vesicle lipids to the cells rather than reciprocal molecular exchange between vesicles and the outer membrane. All components of mixed lipid vesicles, including cholesteryl oleate and lipopolysaccharide, are transferred to the cells in a ratio similar to that of the donor vesicles. The properties of the transfer process are consistent with direct fusion of vesicles with the outer membrane of the cell.", "contents": "Interaction of Salmonella typhimurium with phospholipid vesicles. Incorporation of exogenous lipids into intact cells. Incubation of intact cells of Salmonella typhimurium with bilayer phospholipid vesicles results in significant transfer of vesicle lipids to the cells. The transfer requires Ca2+ or spermine, and is dependent on time, temperature, the concentration and composition of the vesicles, and the nature of the cellular lipopolysaccharide. The process results in bulk transfer of vesicle lipids to the cells rather than reciprocal molecular exchange between vesicles and the outer membrane. All components of mixed lipid vesicles, including cholesteryl oleate and lipopolysaccharide, are transferred to the cells in a ratio similar to that of the donor vesicles. The properties of the transfer process are consistent with direct fusion of vesicles with the outer membrane of the cell.", "PMID": 332695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12392", "title": "Translocation of phospholipids between the outer and inner membranes of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The reversibility and specificity of phospholipid translocation between the inner and outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium has been investigated by incorporating exogenous lipids from phospholipid vesicles into the outer membrane of intact cells. Translocation of newly incorporated phospholipids to the inner membrane was demonstrated by decarboxylation of vesicle-derived phosphatidylserine and by recovery of vesicle constituents in both inner and outer membrane fractions. All Salmonella phospholipids tested, as well as phosphatidylcholine and cholesteryl oleate were effectively translocated to the inner membrane. However, no translocation of vesicle-derived lipopolysaccharide or an incomplete biosynthetic precursor of lipid A could be detected. Translocation of phospholipids and cholesteryl ester was rapid and extensive, and appeared to lead to equilibration of the lipids between the two membranes. The mechanism of intermembrane translocation has not been established, but the results are suggestive of diffusional flow across zones of adhesion between the inner and outer membranes.", "contents": "Translocation of phospholipids between the outer and inner membranes of Salmonella typhimurium. The reversibility and specificity of phospholipid translocation between the inner and outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium has been investigated by incorporating exogenous lipids from phospholipid vesicles into the outer membrane of intact cells. Translocation of newly incorporated phospholipids to the inner membrane was demonstrated by decarboxylation of vesicle-derived phosphatidylserine and by recovery of vesicle constituents in both inner and outer membrane fractions. All Salmonella phospholipids tested, as well as phosphatidylcholine and cholesteryl oleate were effectively translocated to the inner membrane. However, no translocation of vesicle-derived lipopolysaccharide or an incomplete biosynthetic precursor of lipid A could be detected. Translocation of phospholipids and cholesteryl ester was rapid and extensive, and appeared to lead to equilibration of the lipids between the two membranes. The mechanism of intermembrane translocation has not been established, but the results are suggestive of diffusional flow across zones of adhesion between the inner and outer membranes.", "PMID": 332696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12393", "title": "Muscle transposition for treatment and prevention of chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the tibia.", "content": "There is considerable difference of opinion about how patients with open tibial fractures and considerable loss of skin should be treated. The incidence of long-term complications from such lesions--that is, chronic ulceration and chronic osteomyelitis--apparently is not recorded, but many cases undoubtedly exist and are under treatment by methods that are short of curative. Successful results in forty-three patients were obtained by muscle transposition and delayed skin-grafting. Early coverage of open fractures of the tibia with soft tissue will prevent the later development of osteomyelitis, ulceration, and, perhaps to some extent, non-union.", "contents": "Muscle transposition for treatment and prevention of chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the tibia. There is considerable difference of opinion about how patients with open tibial fractures and considerable loss of skin should be treated. The incidence of long-term complications from such lesions--that is, chronic ulceration and chronic osteomyelitis--apparently is not recorded, but many cases undoubtedly exist and are under treatment by methods that are short of curative. Successful results in forty-three patients were obtained by muscle transposition and delayed skin-grafting. Early coverage of open fractures of the tibia with soft tissue will prevent the later development of osteomyelitis, ulceration, and, perhaps to some extent, non-union.", "PMID": 332697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12394", "title": "Polymeric debris in synovium after total joint replacement: histogical identification.", "content": "In studying a series of synovial biopsy specimens from patients with loose joint replacements, we were able to differentiate reliably between polymethylmethacrylate and ultra high-molecular-weight polyethylene by observing alterations in their birefringence with changes in temperature. The glass transition temperature of polymethylmethacrylate (when it softens from a glass-like to a rubber-like state) is about 105 degrees centigrade. Polyethylene melts at 135 degrees centigrade. The birefringence in polyethylene returns after it has been melted and then cooled; this is not true of methylmethacrylate fragments heated above their glass transition temperature. When cooled, methacrylate fails to regain its birefringence. In addition, free particles of the two plastics were studied in vitro to validate this method of differentiation. We recommend its use routinely in histological studies of patients with loosening.", "contents": "Polymeric debris in synovium after total joint replacement: histogical identification. In studying a series of synovial biopsy specimens from patients with loose joint replacements, we were able to differentiate reliably between polymethylmethacrylate and ultra high-molecular-weight polyethylene by observing alterations in their birefringence with changes in temperature. The glass transition temperature of polymethylmethacrylate (when it softens from a glass-like to a rubber-like state) is about 105 degrees centigrade. Polyethylene melts at 135 degrees centigrade. The birefringence in polyethylene returns after it has been melted and then cooled; this is not true of methylmethacrylate fragments heated above their glass transition temperature. When cooled, methacrylate fails to regain its birefringence. In addition, free particles of the two plastics were studied in vitro to validate this method of differentiation. We recommend its use routinely in histological studies of patients with loosening.", "PMID": 332700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12395", "title": "Polarized bundles of actin filaments within microvilli of fertilized sea urchin eggs.", "content": "We report on the internal ultrastructure of long, finger-like microvilli which cover the surface of the fertilized sea urchin egg. Eggs were attached to polylysine-coated surfaces; their upper portions were sheared away with a stream of buffer which left behind only their plasma membranes and adjacent cytoplasmic structures. Scanning electron microscopy (EM) of such fragments revealed intact thin protoplasmic projections radiating away from the body of the cortex. By transmission EM of cortices similarly prepared on grids, small bundles of microfilaments appear as cores within the thin cytoplasmic projections. These microfilaments are shown to be composed of actin by their ability to interact with muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM). HMM-decorated microfilaments possess repeating arrowheads which uniformly point toward the cell interior. Actin bundles in the microvilli of sea urchin eggs may mediate microvillus support and elongation.", "contents": "Polarized bundles of actin filaments within microvilli of fertilized sea urchin eggs. We report on the internal ultrastructure of long, finger-like microvilli which cover the surface of the fertilized sea urchin egg. Eggs were attached to polylysine-coated surfaces; their upper portions were sheared away with a stream of buffer which left behind only their plasma membranes and adjacent cytoplasmic structures. Scanning electron microscopy (EM) of such fragments revealed intact thin protoplasmic projections radiating away from the body of the cortex. By transmission EM of cortices similarly prepared on grids, small bundles of microfilaments appear as cores within the thin cytoplasmic projections. These microfilaments are shown to be composed of actin by their ability to interact with muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM). HMM-decorated microfilaments possess repeating arrowheads which uniformly point toward the cell interior. Actin bundles in the microvilli of sea urchin eggs may mediate microvillus support and elongation.", "PMID": 332702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12396", "title": "The effect of D-ser (TBU)6-LH-RH-EA10 upon gonadotropin release in normally cyclic women.", "content": "D-Ser (TBU)6-LH-RH-EA10 (HOE 766) was found to be approximately 40-times as effective as LH-RH in stimulating LH and FSH release in normally cyclic women. The most pronounced reaction was seen in the late follicular phase, the least one in the early follicular phase. Maximal serum gonadotropin levels were found 4 h after the injection of HOE 766. When 5 microgram was injected every 8 h for 3 days, the initially high release of LH and FSH declined progressively to almost nil.", "contents": "The effect of D-ser (TBU)6-LH-RH-EA10 upon gonadotropin release in normally cyclic women. D-Ser (TBU)6-LH-RH-EA10 (HOE 766) was found to be approximately 40-times as effective as LH-RH in stimulating LH and FSH release in normally cyclic women. The most pronounced reaction was seen in the late follicular phase, the least one in the early follicular phase. Maximal serum gonadotropin levels were found 4 h after the injection of HOE 766. When 5 microgram was injected every 8 h for 3 days, the initially high release of LH and FSH declined progressively to almost nil.", "PMID": 332703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12397", "title": "Analysis of biological and immunological activities in the two pools of LH released during constant infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in men.", "content": "In response to constant infusion of a submaximal dose of LHRH (0.2 microgram/min for 4 hours), luteinizing hormone (LH) was released in a biphasic pattern in 6 normal men. When the in vitro biologic activity of plasma LH was compared to the immunologic activity throughout the response to LHRH, the B/I ratio remained unchanged (3.6 +/- 0.5, mean +/- SE). Thus, in men the biologic activity of stored LH (acutely releasable) is not different from the presumably newly synthesized hormone that is released as the second pool during prolonged LHRH infusion.", "contents": "Analysis of biological and immunological activities in the two pools of LH released during constant infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in men. In response to constant infusion of a submaximal dose of LHRH (0.2 microgram/min for 4 hours), luteinizing hormone (LH) was released in a biphasic pattern in 6 normal men. When the in vitro biologic activity of plasma LH was compared to the immunologic activity throughout the response to LHRH, the B/I ratio remained unchanged (3.6 +/- 0.5, mean +/- SE). Thus, in men the biologic activity of stored LH (acutely releasable) is not different from the presumably newly synthesized hormone that is released as the second pool during prolonged LHRH infusion.", "PMID": 332704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12398", "title": "Methyl mercaptan and dimethyl disulfide production from methionine by Proteus species detected by head-space gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Head-space gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to detect and identify products formed by Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, P. morganii, and P. rettgeri from a defined medium supplemented with either phenylalanine, methionine, valine, leucine, histidine, lysine, ornithine, threonine, asparagine, aspartic acid, or tryptophan. In a detailed study of the products formed by 68 strains of Proteus spp. from L-methionine, the production of large amounts of both dimethyl disulfide and methyl mercaptan was found to be a characteristic of the genus. Both sulfur products appeared within a few hours of inoculation. Dimethyl disulfide was a more sensitive indicator of growth than the spectrometric determination of optical density. This suggests that it could be useful for the rapid, automated detection of any species of Proteus.", "contents": "Methyl mercaptan and dimethyl disulfide production from methionine by Proteus species detected by head-space gas-liquid chromatography. Head-space gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to detect and identify products formed by Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, P. morganii, and P. rettgeri from a defined medium supplemented with either phenylalanine, methionine, valine, leucine, histidine, lysine, ornithine, threonine, asparagine, aspartic acid, or tryptophan. In a detailed study of the products formed by 68 strains of Proteus spp. from L-methionine, the production of large amounts of both dimethyl disulfide and methyl mercaptan was found to be a characteristic of the genus. Both sulfur products appeared within a few hours of inoculation. Dimethyl disulfide was a more sensitive indicator of growth than the spectrometric determination of optical density. This suggests that it could be useful for the rapid, automated detection of any species of Proteus.", "PMID": 332705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12399", "title": "Development of specific tests for rapid detection of Escherichia coli and all species of Proteus in urine.", "content": "Proteus mirabilis was distinguishable from Escherichia coli and from several other species that may be associated with urinary tract infections when grown in a nutrient medium supplemented with 0.1 M L-methionine by the formation of large amounts of dimethyl disulfide and methyl mercaptan, which were detected by head-space gas-liquid chromatography (HS-GLC). E. coli could be detected by the same HS-GLC technique by ethanol production from methionine peptone water enriched with 1% either lactose or arabinose but not by any product from 10 amino acids tested. Ethanol from lactose was detected early in the exponential phase of growth. Significant numbers, 10(5) or more per ml, of E. coli in urine could be detected in about 5 h by ethanol production from an unshaken culture of urine in lactose methionine peptone water buffered at pH 7.2 (urine test medium); only a trace of dimethyl disulfide was produced. Significant numbers of P. mirabilis in urine could be detected in 4 h by dimethyl disulfide production and in 5 h by methyl mercaptan production from a shaken culture of urine in urine test medium; no ethanol was produced. Incubation of urine specimens in the test medium followed by examination by HS-GLC is proposed as a rapid method of detecting whether or not the urine contains significant numbers of E. coli or a species of Proteus.", "contents": "Development of specific tests for rapid detection of Escherichia coli and all species of Proteus in urine. Proteus mirabilis was distinguishable from Escherichia coli and from several other species that may be associated with urinary tract infections when grown in a nutrient medium supplemented with 0.1 M L-methionine by the formation of large amounts of dimethyl disulfide and methyl mercaptan, which were detected by head-space gas-liquid chromatography (HS-GLC). E. coli could be detected by the same HS-GLC technique by ethanol production from methionine peptone water enriched with 1% either lactose or arabinose but not by any product from 10 amino acids tested. Ethanol from lactose was detected early in the exponential phase of growth. Significant numbers, 10(5) or more per ml, of E. coli in urine could be detected in about 5 h by ethanol production from an unshaken culture of urine in lactose methionine peptone water buffered at pH 7.2 (urine test medium); only a trace of dimethyl disulfide was produced. Significant numbers of P. mirabilis in urine could be detected in 4 h by dimethyl disulfide production and in 5 h by methyl mercaptan production from a shaken culture of urine in urine test medium; no ethanol was produced. Incubation of urine specimens in the test medium followed by examination by HS-GLC is proposed as a rapid method of detecting whether or not the urine contains significant numbers of E. coli or a species of Proteus.", "PMID": 332706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12400", "title": "Assessment of technique for rapid detection of Escherichia coli and Proteus species in urine by head-space gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A test depending on the production of ethanol by Escherichia coli from lactose and dimethyl disulfide by Proteus spp. from methionine in the early exponential phase of growth and the detection of these products by head-space gas-liquid chromatography has been applied to 75 specimens of urine selected to provide the most stringent trial of the test. The test was found to be rapid and reliable for the commonest findings in the microbiological examination of urine. In 3 to 4 h it detected \"significant\" numbers (greater than 10(5)/ml) of E. coli or of Proteus mirabilis or P. inconstans A, identified as Proteus spp., in 23 urines. It recorded the absence of infection from 32 urines containing borderline or \"not significant\" numbers of any organism. Significant numbers of other organisms in 13 urines were not mistaken for E. coli or Proteus spp. However, the test was less successful for some less common findings. Klebsiella ozenae in significant numbers in one urine was mistaken for E. coli. P. morganii in significant numbers in one urine was not detected. E. coli or P. mirabilis mixed with significant numbers of another organism were not detected in four out of five urines. The technique is simple and could be automated. It appears to merit more extensive trial in a hospital laboratory and further development to detect and correctly identify more species that cause urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Assessment of technique for rapid detection of Escherichia coli and Proteus species in urine by head-space gas-liquid chromatography. A test depending on the production of ethanol by Escherichia coli from lactose and dimethyl disulfide by Proteus spp. from methionine in the early exponential phase of growth and the detection of these products by head-space gas-liquid chromatography has been applied to 75 specimens of urine selected to provide the most stringent trial of the test. The test was found to be rapid and reliable for the commonest findings in the microbiological examination of urine. In 3 to 4 h it detected \"significant\" numbers (greater than 10(5)/ml) of E. coli or of Proteus mirabilis or P. inconstans A, identified as Proteus spp., in 23 urines. It recorded the absence of infection from 32 urines containing borderline or \"not significant\" numbers of any organism. Significant numbers of other organisms in 13 urines were not mistaken for E. coli or Proteus spp. However, the test was less successful for some less common findings. Klebsiella ozenae in significant numbers in one urine was mistaken for E. coli. P. morganii in significant numbers in one urine was not detected. E. coli or P. mirabilis mixed with significant numbers of another organism were not detected in four out of five urines. The technique is simple and could be automated. It appears to merit more extensive trial in a hospital laboratory and further development to detect and correctly identify more species that cause urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 332707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12401", "title": "Survival of bacteria from human dental plaque under various transport conditions.", "content": "The effects of transport media, temperature, and anaerobiosis on the survival of bacteria from human supragingival dental plaque were studied. Individual samples were obtained by passing sterile, unwaxed dental floss through the interproximal spaces. The plaque-bearing portion of floss was immediately placed in vials containing reduced transport fluid, viability-preserving microbistatic medium, or reduced salt solution transport fluid. Plaque samples were dispersed by ultrasonic oscillation, serially diluted, and plated in duplicate on MM10-sucrose-blood agar, mitis salivarius bacitracin agar, and Rogosa tomato juice agar. Initial viable counts (time 0) were compared with viable count determinations after 48- and 72-h storage. Quantitative recovery (>30%) of various groups of oral bacteria was accomplished from both reduced transport fluid and viability-preserving microbistatic medium after 48- and 72-h storage. Storage of dental plaque in reduced salt solution proved unsatisfactory for most bacteria (less than 10% survival). Since growth of some bacteria may occur in viability-preserving microbistatic medium and the charcoal present interferes with colonly enumeration on low-dilution plates, we found reduced transport fluid to be the most suitable medium for transport and recovery of bacteria from supragingival dental plaque. Subzero storage (-196 and -40 degrees C) did not enhance the survival of bacteria from dental plaque; storage at moderate (5 and 20 degrees C) temperatures gave better recovery of viable bacteria. Survival after anaerobic or aerobic storage was comparable for total colony-forming units; however, anaerobic storage enhanced survival of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Since these organisms are specifically associated with dental caries, anaerobic techniques are preferred for caries activity testing of plaque.", "contents": "Survival of bacteria from human dental plaque under various transport conditions. The effects of transport media, temperature, and anaerobiosis on the survival of bacteria from human supragingival dental plaque were studied. Individual samples were obtained by passing sterile, unwaxed dental floss through the interproximal spaces. The plaque-bearing portion of floss was immediately placed in vials containing reduced transport fluid, viability-preserving microbistatic medium, or reduced salt solution transport fluid. Plaque samples were dispersed by ultrasonic oscillation, serially diluted, and plated in duplicate on MM10-sucrose-blood agar, mitis salivarius bacitracin agar, and Rogosa tomato juice agar. Initial viable counts (time 0) were compared with viable count determinations after 48- and 72-h storage. Quantitative recovery (>30%) of various groups of oral bacteria was accomplished from both reduced transport fluid and viability-preserving microbistatic medium after 48- and 72-h storage. Storage of dental plaque in reduced salt solution proved unsatisfactory for most bacteria (less than 10% survival). Since growth of some bacteria may occur in viability-preserving microbistatic medium and the charcoal present interferes with colonly enumeration on low-dilution plates, we found reduced transport fluid to be the most suitable medium for transport and recovery of bacteria from supragingival dental plaque. Subzero storage (-196 and -40 degrees C) did not enhance the survival of bacteria from dental plaque; storage at moderate (5 and 20 degrees C) temperatures gave better recovery of viable bacteria. Survival after anaerobic or aerobic storage was comparable for total colony-forming units; however, anaerobic storage enhanced survival of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Since these organisms are specifically associated with dental caries, anaerobic techniques are preferred for caries activity testing of plaque.", "PMID": 332708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12402", "title": "Evaluation of candida precipitin and agglutinin tests for the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis in burn patients.", "content": "Candida agglutinin and precipitin tests were performed on a group of burned patients without evidence of systemic candidiasis to determine whether tests could be used to distinguish between colonization and systemic disease, as has recently been reported. There were considerable numbers of false-positive results using both tests. These false-positive results occurred regardless of the candida colonization status of the patient. We conclude that these tests are of little diagnostic value in burn patients.", "contents": "Evaluation of candida precipitin and agglutinin tests for the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis in burn patients. Candida agglutinin and precipitin tests were performed on a group of burned patients without evidence of systemic candidiasis to determine whether tests could be used to distinguish between colonization and systemic disease, as has recently been reported. There were considerable numbers of false-positive results using both tests. These false-positive results occurred regardless of the candida colonization status of the patient. We conclude that these tests are of little diagnostic value in burn patients.", "PMID": 332709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12403", "title": "New blood culture medium.", "content": "A growth medium with a specific oxidation-reduction potential containing peptone, dextrose, sodium succinate, sodium lactate, gelatin, sodium bicarbonate and blue tetrazolium, an indicator dye, in a tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer was used to detect the presence of microorganisms in blood. The procedure involved the introduction of blood (and bacteria) into the growth medium with the dye in its colorless state. As the bacteria grew, they converted the dye to a visible blue color (formazan) with their reductases. The growth medium served as its own contamination control, since microbial growth and be detected by a color change before it was used for blood culture. The experiments described herein demonstrate that the composition of this medium (with the dye) provides a unique system that is able to make a reliable and rapid detection of both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms and yeasts (Candida albicans) commonly associated with bacteremia.", "contents": "New blood culture medium. A growth medium with a specific oxidation-reduction potential containing peptone, dextrose, sodium succinate, sodium lactate, gelatin, sodium bicarbonate and blue tetrazolium, an indicator dye, in a tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer was used to detect the presence of microorganisms in blood. The procedure involved the introduction of blood (and bacteria) into the growth medium with the dye in its colorless state. As the bacteria grew, they converted the dye to a visible blue color (formazan) with their reductases. The growth medium served as its own contamination control, since microbial growth and be detected by a color change before it was used for blood culture. The experiments described herein demonstrate that the composition of this medium (with the dye) provides a unique system that is able to make a reliable and rapid detection of both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms and yeasts (Candida albicans) commonly associated with bacteremia.", "PMID": 332710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12404", "title": "Rapid slide coagglutination test for identifying and typing group B streptococci.", "content": "A Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus was labeled with either group B streptococcal grouping or typing antiserum. These antibody-labeled reagent cells (ARC) were used in a slide coagglutination test to identify and type group B streptococci from blood agar plates. All streptococci were also identified by the standard Lancefield capillary precipitin test. In a blind study, all 141 group B streptococci were correctly identified by the coagglutination grouping test. None of the 148 non-group B streptococci caused agglutination of ARC. The coagglutination grouping test required an acid extract prepared from only four colonies and could be completed less than 30 min after colonies were removed from plates. The coagglutination typing test correctly identified 98.6% of the types of the 141 group B streptococcal strains tested. At least 88.6% of these streptococci could be typed directly from blood agar plates within 5 min by the coagglutination typing test. The remaining 11.4% of the group B streptococci were acid extracted (less than a 30-min procedure), and the extract was used for coagglutination typing. Coagglutination typing can be performed with only four colonies. The coagglutination grouping and typing tests are inexpensive, rapid, reliable, and easy to perform.", "contents": "Rapid slide coagglutination test for identifying and typing group B streptococci. A Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus was labeled with either group B streptococcal grouping or typing antiserum. These antibody-labeled reagent cells (ARC) were used in a slide coagglutination test to identify and type group B streptococci from blood agar plates. All streptococci were also identified by the standard Lancefield capillary precipitin test. In a blind study, all 141 group B streptococci were correctly identified by the coagglutination grouping test. None of the 148 non-group B streptococci caused agglutination of ARC. The coagglutination grouping test required an acid extract prepared from only four colonies and could be completed less than 30 min after colonies were removed from plates. The coagglutination typing test correctly identified 98.6% of the types of the 141 group B streptococcal strains tested. At least 88.6% of these streptococci could be typed directly from blood agar plates within 5 min by the coagglutination typing test. The remaining 11.4% of the group B streptococci were acid extracted (less than a 30-min procedure), and the extract was used for coagglutination typing. Coagglutination typing can be performed with only four colonies. The coagglutination grouping and typing tests are inexpensive, rapid, reliable, and easy to perform.", "PMID": 332711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12405", "title": "Detection of bacteriuria by automated electrical impedance monitoring in a clinical microbiology laboratory.", "content": "An apparatus capable of rapidly detecting changes in electrical impedance was utilized for the continuous monitoring of bacterial growth in routine urine specimens in a clinical laboratory. In a trial study, 200 clinical specimens analyzed by the electrical impedance method resulted in an average detection time of 2.5 h for 41 clinically significant specimens, whereas conventional methods for bacterial isolation required overnight culture. Those specimens positive by the electrical impedance monitoring but negative by conventional bacteriological methods accounted for less than 2% of the total number of positive specimens, whereas electrical impedance-negative but conventional culture-positive specimens accounted for ca. 4%. Electrical impedance apparatus in clinical microbiology laboratories could provide rapid screening of clinical urine specimens as well as accurate detection of bacterial growth.", "contents": "Detection of bacteriuria by automated electrical impedance monitoring in a clinical microbiology laboratory. An apparatus capable of rapidly detecting changes in electrical impedance was utilized for the continuous monitoring of bacterial growth in routine urine specimens in a clinical laboratory. In a trial study, 200 clinical specimens analyzed by the electrical impedance method resulted in an average detection time of 2.5 h for 41 clinically significant specimens, whereas conventional methods for bacterial isolation required overnight culture. Those specimens positive by the electrical impedance monitoring but negative by conventional bacteriological methods accounted for less than 2% of the total number of positive specimens, whereas electrical impedance-negative but conventional culture-positive specimens accounted for ca. 4%. Electrical impedance apparatus in clinical microbiology laboratories could provide rapid screening of clinical urine specimens as well as accurate detection of bacterial growth.", "PMID": 332712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12406", "title": "Superoxide dismutase in Bacteroides fragilis and related Bacteroides species.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was demonstrated in cell-free extracts of Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides ovatus, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The strains were grown under anaerobic conditions in Trypticase soy broth, and the specific activity of SOD in the extracts was, in most strains, higher than in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli B grown under anaerobic conditions. Isoelectric focusing of the extracts in polyacrylamide gel demonstrated distinct forms of SOD in the different species.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase in Bacteroides fragilis and related Bacteroides species. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was demonstrated in cell-free extracts of Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides ovatus, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The strains were grown under anaerobic conditions in Trypticase soy broth, and the specific activity of SOD in the extracts was, in most strains, higher than in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli B grown under anaerobic conditions. Isoelectric focusing of the extracts in polyacrylamide gel demonstrated distinct forms of SOD in the different species.", "PMID": 332713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12407", "title": "Rapid deoxyribonuclease test with methyl green.", "content": "A 4-h deoxyribonuclease test using methyl green to differentiate Serratia from other Enterobacteriaceae was developed. The tests agreed 100% with an overnight plate test for 100 Serratia, 83 Enterobacter, and 6 Klebsiella species.", "contents": "Rapid deoxyribonuclease test with methyl green. A 4-h deoxyribonuclease test using methyl green to differentiate Serratia from other Enterobacteriaceae was developed. The tests agreed 100% with an overnight plate test for 100 Serratia, 83 Enterobacter, and 6 Klebsiella species.", "PMID": 332714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12408", "title": "Rapid screening method for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.", "content": "A rapid screening method for detection of Escherichia coli producing heat-labile enterotoxin is described. Single colonies are transferred directly from primary culture plates into 96-well microculture plates containing 0.3 ml of brain heart infusion broth in each well. After 24 h at 37 degrees C, each brain heart infusion broth culture is assayed by the miniculture method in the corresponding well of a microculture plate in which Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells have been grown. All enterotoxigenic isolates detected by this method were confirmed in the assay but with culture supernatants.", "contents": "Rapid screening method for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. A rapid screening method for detection of Escherichia coli producing heat-labile enterotoxin is described. Single colonies are transferred directly from primary culture plates into 96-well microculture plates containing 0.3 ml of brain heart infusion broth in each well. After 24 h at 37 degrees C, each brain heart infusion broth culture is assayed by the miniculture method in the corresponding well of a microculture plate in which Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells have been grown. All enterotoxigenic isolates detected by this method were confirmed in the assay but with culture supernatants.", "PMID": 332715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12409", "title": "In vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity in primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis. Dysfunction of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "The in vitro cytotoxic function and target cell specificity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from selected patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and hepatitis B surface antigen-negative chronic hepatitis were investigated using 51Cr-labeled human Chang and EL-4 mouse sarcoma cell targets in assays of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC). In addition, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Chang cells was assessed. At an effector-to-target cell ration of 100:1, the mean SCMC against Chang cells was much less in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis than that in either the controls (P less than 0.001) or the patients with chronic hepatitis (P less than 0.005) whereas the value for patients with chronic hepatitis did not differ significantly from that of the controls. The mean SCMC against EL-4 mouse sarcoma cells was also less in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis than in controls (P less than 0.005) whereas the value for chronic hepatitis was not significantly different from that of the controls or patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. In contrast, MICC against both targets and ADCC against Chang cells were similar for each group. Comparison of SCMC and MICC against both target cells, measured simultaneously, showed similar cytotoxic potenital against both target cells for each group. Effector cells capable of mediating cytotoxicity in each assay were defined by testing the cytotoxic function of lymphocyte subpopulations isolated from two representative patients with each disease using techniques of immunoabsorbent affinity chromatography and Fc receptor binding to antigen-antibody complexes. In both primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis SCMC and ADCC were mediated by a subpopulation of lymphocytes which lack surface immunoglobulin (sIg-) and bear Fc receptors (Fc+). In contrast, MICC was mediated by sIg- cells which lack Fc receptors. Lymphocytes bearing sIg- were not cytotoxic in any assay. These results establish a difference in cytotoxic function in primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis by defining the presence of a defect in spontaneous cytotoxic function of sIg-, Fc+ lymphocytes against Chang cells in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "contents": "In vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity in primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis. Dysfunction of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in primary biliary cirrhosis. The in vitro cytotoxic function and target cell specificity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from selected patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and hepatitis B surface antigen-negative chronic hepatitis were investigated using 51Cr-labeled human Chang and EL-4 mouse sarcoma cell targets in assays of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC). In addition, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Chang cells was assessed. At an effector-to-target cell ration of 100:1, the mean SCMC against Chang cells was much less in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis than that in either the controls (P less than 0.001) or the patients with chronic hepatitis (P less than 0.005) whereas the value for patients with chronic hepatitis did not differ significantly from that of the controls. The mean SCMC against EL-4 mouse sarcoma cells was also less in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis than in controls (P less than 0.005) whereas the value for chronic hepatitis was not significantly different from that of the controls or patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. In contrast, MICC against both targets and ADCC against Chang cells were similar for each group. Comparison of SCMC and MICC against both target cells, measured simultaneously, showed similar cytotoxic potenital against both target cells for each group. Effector cells capable of mediating cytotoxicity in each assay were defined by testing the cytotoxic function of lymphocyte subpopulations isolated from two representative patients with each disease using techniques of immunoabsorbent affinity chromatography and Fc receptor binding to antigen-antibody complexes. In both primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis SCMC and ADCC were mediated by a subpopulation of lymphocytes which lack surface immunoglobulin (sIg-) and bear Fc receptors (Fc+). In contrast, MICC was mediated by sIg- cells which lack Fc receptors. Lymphocytes bearing sIg- were not cytotoxic in any assay. These results establish a difference in cytotoxic function in primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis by defining the presence of a defect in spontaneous cytotoxic function of sIg-, Fc+ lymphocytes against Chang cells in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "PMID": 332716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12410", "title": "Somatostatin- and epinephrine-induced modifications of 45Ca++ fluxes and insulin release in rat pancreatic islets maintained in tissue culture.", "content": "The effects of somatostatin and epinephrine have been studied with regard to glucose-induced insulin release and (45)Ca(++) uptake by rat pancreatic islets after 2 days in tissue culture and with regard to (45)Ca(++) efflux from islets loaded with the radio-isotope during the 2 days of culture. (45)Ca(++) uptake, measured simultaneously with insulin release, was linear with time for 5 min. (45)Ca(++) efflux and insulin release were also measured simultaneously from perifused islets. Glucose (16.7 mM) markedly stimulated insulin release and (45)Ca(++) uptake. Somatostatin inhibited the stimulation of insulin release by glucose in a concentration-related manner (1-1,000 ng/ml) but was without effect on the glucose-induced stimulation of (45)Ca(++) uptake. Similarly, under perifusion conditions, both phases of insulin release were inhibited by somatostatin while no effect was observed on the pattern of (45)Ca(++) efflux after glucose.Epinephrine, in contrast to somatostatin, caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the stimulation of both insulin release and (45)Ca(++) uptake by glucose. Both phases of insulin release were inhibited by epinephrine and marked inhibition could be observed with no change in the characteristic glucose-evoked pattern of (45)Ca(++) efflux (e.g., with 10 nM epinephrine). The inhibitory effect of epinephrine on (45)Ca(++) uptake and insulin release appeared to be mediated via an alpha-adrenergic mechanism, since is was abolished in the presence of phentolamine. Somatostatin inhibits insulin release without any detectable effect upon the handling of calcium by the islets. In contrast, inhibition of insulin release by epinephrine is accompanied by a partial inhibition of glucose-induced Ca(++) uptake.", "contents": "Somatostatin- and epinephrine-induced modifications of 45Ca++ fluxes and insulin release in rat pancreatic islets maintained in tissue culture. The effects of somatostatin and epinephrine have been studied with regard to glucose-induced insulin release and (45)Ca(++) uptake by rat pancreatic islets after 2 days in tissue culture and with regard to (45)Ca(++) efflux from islets loaded with the radio-isotope during the 2 days of culture. (45)Ca(++) uptake, measured simultaneously with insulin release, was linear with time for 5 min. (45)Ca(++) efflux and insulin release were also measured simultaneously from perifused islets. Glucose (16.7 mM) markedly stimulated insulin release and (45)Ca(++) uptake. Somatostatin inhibited the stimulation of insulin release by glucose in a concentration-related manner (1-1,000 ng/ml) but was without effect on the glucose-induced stimulation of (45)Ca(++) uptake. Similarly, under perifusion conditions, both phases of insulin release were inhibited by somatostatin while no effect was observed on the pattern of (45)Ca(++) efflux after glucose.Epinephrine, in contrast to somatostatin, caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the stimulation of both insulin release and (45)Ca(++) uptake by glucose. Both phases of insulin release were inhibited by epinephrine and marked inhibition could be observed with no change in the characteristic glucose-evoked pattern of (45)Ca(++) efflux (e.g., with 10 nM epinephrine). The inhibitory effect of epinephrine on (45)Ca(++) uptake and insulin release appeared to be mediated via an alpha-adrenergic mechanism, since is was abolished in the presence of phentolamine. Somatostatin inhibits insulin release without any detectable effect upon the handling of calcium by the islets. In contrast, inhibition of insulin release by epinephrine is accompanied by a partial inhibition of glucose-induced Ca(++) uptake.", "PMID": 332717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12411", "title": "Biosynthesis of the third component of complement (C3) in vitro by monocytes from both normal and homozygous C3-deficient humans.", "content": "Human monocytes synthesized the third component of complement (C3) up to 5 wk in vitro. Evidence for net C3 synthesis was based on (a) incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into C3 protein, (b) indentity of the allotype of C3 produced in vitro with that of the doner's serum C3, even in the presence of carrier C3 protein of a different allotype; (c) correspondence of electrophoretic mobility, size, and subunit structure of C3 protein produced in vitro with serum C3; (d) inhibition of C3 production with cycloheximide. Monocytes from two unrelated C3-deficient patients were studied under conditions that supported C3 synthesis by normal monocytes. Serum from each of the patients contained less than 1% of the normal C3 concentration, buth their monocytes produced C3 at approximately equal to 25% of the normal rate when studied after 2 wk in vitro. The C3 produced in vitro by monocytes from one of the patients had the molecular weight of normal serum C3 and dissociated appropriately under reducing conditions. Monocytes from C3-deficient patients could not be distinguished from normals on the basis of morphology, rosetting with C3-coated erythrocytes, or rates of C2, and total protein synthesis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the third component of complement (C3) in vitro by monocytes from both normal and homozygous C3-deficient humans. Human monocytes synthesized the third component of complement (C3) up to 5 wk in vitro. Evidence for net C3 synthesis was based on (a) incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into C3 protein, (b) indentity of the allotype of C3 produced in vitro with that of the doner's serum C3, even in the presence of carrier C3 protein of a different allotype; (c) correspondence of electrophoretic mobility, size, and subunit structure of C3 protein produced in vitro with serum C3; (d) inhibition of C3 production with cycloheximide. Monocytes from two unrelated C3-deficient patients were studied under conditions that supported C3 synthesis by normal monocytes. Serum from each of the patients contained less than 1% of the normal C3 concentration, buth their monocytes produced C3 at approximately equal to 25% of the normal rate when studied after 2 wk in vitro. The C3 produced in vitro by monocytes from one of the patients had the molecular weight of normal serum C3 and dissociated appropriately under reducing conditions. Monocytes from C3-deficient patients could not be distinguished from normals on the basis of morphology, rosetting with C3-coated erythrocytes, or rates of C2, and total protein synthesis.", "PMID": 332718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12412", "title": "Apparent cytotoxicity of base metal casting alloys.", "content": "The cytotoxic potentials of three Ni-Cr based alloys and an Fe-Cr based alloy were assessed. In tissue culture, casting of all four test materials and powders of the Fe-Cr based material did not elicit adverse cellular changes. However, cultures containing Ni-Cr powders showed prominent zones of lysis and cell alteration. The cytotoxic potential of products obtained from the surfaces of casting alloys may offer an expedient means for estimation of long-term clinical toxicity.", "contents": "Apparent cytotoxicity of base metal casting alloys. The cytotoxic potentials of three Ni-Cr based alloys and an Fe-Cr based alloy were assessed. In tissue culture, casting of all four test materials and powders of the Fe-Cr based material did not elicit adverse cellular changes. However, cultures containing Ni-Cr powders showed prominent zones of lysis and cell alteration. The cytotoxic potential of products obtained from the surfaces of casting alloys may offer an expedient means for estimation of long-term clinical toxicity.", "PMID": 332742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12413", "title": "Iodinated E. coli 70S ribosomes as a radiocolloid of uniform particle size for lymph-node and liver scanning.", "content": "As an example of the use of biologic particles as carriers for radioactive tracers, E. coli 70S ribosomes were labeled with I-125 using chloramine-T. The labeled ribosomes, after treatment with glutaraldehyde, were injected into rabbits either subcutaneously (through the dorsum of the foot) or intravenously (through the ear). After subcutaneous injection, 40% of the activity accumulated in the lymph nodes during the first 5 hr, and the 70S ribosomal particles were shown to remain within the lymphatic system for at least 8 hr. After intravenous injection, 71% of the activity was detected in the liver within minutes by scintigraphic techniques. The effective half-time of the label in the liver from glutaraldehyde-treated I-125-tagged 70S ribosomal colloidal particles is 4-5 hr. No pyrogenic response was observed. Barring any deleterious side effects, the results indicate that biologic cell components of definite dimensions (in this case E. coli 70S ribosomes about 20 nm in diam) could be considered as radiocolloids for lymph-node and liver imaging.", "contents": "Iodinated E. coli 70S ribosomes as a radiocolloid of uniform particle size for lymph-node and liver scanning. As an example of the use of biologic particles as carriers for radioactive tracers, E. coli 70S ribosomes were labeled with I-125 using chloramine-T. The labeled ribosomes, after treatment with glutaraldehyde, were injected into rabbits either subcutaneously (through the dorsum of the foot) or intravenously (through the ear). After subcutaneous injection, 40% of the activity accumulated in the lymph nodes during the first 5 hr, and the 70S ribosomal particles were shown to remain within the lymphatic system for at least 8 hr. After intravenous injection, 71% of the activity was detected in the liver within minutes by scintigraphic techniques. The effective half-time of the label in the liver from glutaraldehyde-treated I-125-tagged 70S ribosomal colloidal particles is 4-5 hr. No pyrogenic response was observed. Barring any deleterious side effects, the results indicate that biologic cell components of definite dimensions (in this case E. coli 70S ribosomes about 20 nm in diam) could be considered as radiocolloids for lymph-node and liver imaging.", "PMID": 332744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12414", "title": "Trace contamination of anesthetic gases: a brief review.", "content": "Data have been reviewed relevant to the effects of chronic exposure to trace quantities of inhalation anesthetic agents. Much circumstantial evidence exists indicating a probable hazard to the clinician administering these agents. However, all previous studies in man have not identified the potential hazard of nitrous oxide without the presence of other contaminating agents.", "contents": "Trace contamination of anesthetic gases: a brief review. Data have been reviewed relevant to the effects of chronic exposure to trace quantities of inhalation anesthetic agents. Much circumstantial evidence exists indicating a probable hazard to the clinician administering these agents. However, all previous studies in man have not identified the potential hazard of nitrous oxide without the presence of other contaminating agents.", "PMID": 332746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12415", "title": "Restoration of fractured and hypoplastic incisors by the acid etch resin technique: a three-year report.", "content": "A total of 724 fractured and hypoplastic incisors were restored using an acid etch resin technique in combination with a newly developed \"chamfer shoulder\" preparation. The retention rate of the restorations, as observed over a three-year period, was 97.1% for the incisal restorations and 94.4% for the labial veneer restorations. According to evidence reported here, the use of pins for such cases is not recommended.", "contents": "Restoration of fractured and hypoplastic incisors by the acid etch resin technique: a three-year report. A total of 724 fractured and hypoplastic incisors were restored using an acid etch resin technique in combination with a newly developed \"chamfer shoulder\" preparation. The retention rate of the restorations, as observed over a three-year period, was 97.1% for the incisal restorations and 94.4% for the labial veneer restorations. According to evidence reported here, the use of pins for such cases is not recommended.", "PMID": 332748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12416", "title": "Free neurovascular flap from the first web of the foot in hand reconstruction.", "content": "To identify an anatomically reliable and functionally acceptable neurovascular free flap for use in hand reconstruction, 50 fresh cadaver feet were dissected under the operating microscope, with particular attention paid to the anatomy of the first web area. A distal communicating artery was seen in 100% of dissections, allowing either dorsal or plantar donor artery inflow to nourish the entire flap area. Because of the ease of dissection, the first dorsal metatarsal or dorsalis pedis is suggested as the donor artery, and a dorsal branch of the greater saphenous venous system is suggested as the donor vein. The deep peroneal nerve was seen to consistently innervate the first web and, along with the plantar digital nerves, is suggested as an anatomically identifiable donor nerve. Either part of the foot first web may be used alone or together as a free flap. When indicated further dorsal skin may be incorporated into the web flap to expand its application. Two-point discrimination studies of the lateral plantar surface of the great toe in 50 normal individuals showed an average of 11.2 mm. This was significantly better as a potential donor flap than the medial dorsum of the foot where the average was 32 mm. A single case demonstrating the application of this flap in hand reconstruction is presented.", "contents": "Free neurovascular flap from the first web of the foot in hand reconstruction. To identify an anatomically reliable and functionally acceptable neurovascular free flap for use in hand reconstruction, 50 fresh cadaver feet were dissected under the operating microscope, with particular attention paid to the anatomy of the first web area. A distal communicating artery was seen in 100% of dissections, allowing either dorsal or plantar donor artery inflow to nourish the entire flap area. Because of the ease of dissection, the first dorsal metatarsal or dorsalis pedis is suggested as the donor artery, and a dorsal branch of the greater saphenous venous system is suggested as the donor vein. The deep peroneal nerve was seen to consistently innervate the first web and, along with the plantar digital nerves, is suggested as an anatomically identifiable donor nerve. Either part of the foot first web may be used alone or together as a free flap. When indicated further dorsal skin may be incorporated into the web flap to expand its application. Two-point discrimination studies of the lateral plantar surface of the great toe in 50 normal individuals showed an average of 11.2 mm. This was significantly better as a potential donor flap than the medial dorsum of the foot where the average was 32 mm. A single case demonstrating the application of this flap in hand reconstruction is presented.", "PMID": 332757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12417", "title": "Volume increase by Z-plasty to the finger skin: its application  in electrical ring burns.", "content": "Arc welder finger ring burns are an illustration of traumatic annular contractures. The potential for these and similar circumferential injuries to produce digital edema has led us to utilize Z-plasty in the early wound healing phase. Early Z-plasty in selected cases can prevent this loss of function from edema.", "contents": "Volume increase by Z-plasty to the finger skin: its application  in electrical ring burns. Arc welder finger ring burns are an illustration of traumatic annular contractures. The potential for these and similar circumferential injuries to produce digital edema has led us to utilize Z-plasty in the early wound healing phase. Early Z-plasty in selected cases can prevent this loss of function from edema.", "PMID": 332758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12418", "title": "Brentano's Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint and Freud's early metapsychology.", "content": "Brentano's Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint and Freud's early metapsychology, particularly the Project for a Scientific Psychology, show some interesting similarities. In psychological theory, both men stressed the motivated nature of thought and a conception of a \"psychological reality\" that is superior to \"material reality.\" Both saw consciousness of one's own mental activity as arising retrospectively and having a calming effect on emotions. Both emphasized a process of \"judgment\" or \"reality testing,\" made possible only by the presence of a strong unity of consciousness of ego. Methodologically, both agreed that the retrospective analysis of subjective experience is the principal tool of psychology. Freud eventually agreed with Brentano that psychology proceeds best when separated from physiology. They applied similar criteria to \"proofs\" of the unconscious, with Brentano concluding negatively, and Freud, positvely, after considering new evidence. This article considers the similarities and concludes that they suggest some sort of influence of Brentano on Freud.", "contents": "Brentano's Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint and Freud's early metapsychology. Brentano's Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint and Freud's early metapsychology, particularly the Project for a Scientific Psychology, show some interesting similarities. In psychological theory, both men stressed the motivated nature of thought and a conception of a \"psychological reality\" that is superior to \"material reality.\" Both saw consciousness of one's own mental activity as arising retrospectively and having a calming effect on emotions. Both emphasized a process of \"judgment\" or \"reality testing,\" made possible only by the presence of a strong unity of consciousness of ego. Methodologically, both agreed that the retrospective analysis of subjective experience is the principal tool of psychology. Freud eventually agreed with Brentano that psychology proceeds best when separated from physiology. They applied similar criteria to \"proofs\" of the unconscious, with Brentano concluding negatively, and Freud, positvely, after considering new evidence. This article considers the similarities and concludes that they suggest some sort of influence of Brentano on Freud.", "PMID": 332759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12419", "title": "Franz Boas and his plans for an International School of American Archaeology and Ethnology in Mexico.", "content": "The expansionist policy of the United States at the turn of the century widened the horizons of American anthropology. The International School of American Archaeology and Ethnology was one of the first attempts by American anthropologists to carry out systematic research in foreign lands. Motivated partly by a wish to strengthen the quality of American anthropology, Franz Boas succeeded in gaining the cooperation of several European and American institutions. The purpose of the school was to conduct rigorous anthropological investigations in Mexico. Obsessed with professionalizing the discipline, Boas failed to take into account the turbulent political climate of Mexico when planning the school. Although it did good work for a number of years (1910-1914), the school was broken up forever in 1914 because of the Mexican revolution. Attempts at resurrection failed for numerous reasons.", "contents": "Franz Boas and his plans for an International School of American Archaeology and Ethnology in Mexico. The expansionist policy of the United States at the turn of the century widened the horizons of American anthropology. The International School of American Archaeology and Ethnology was one of the first attempts by American anthropologists to carry out systematic research in foreign lands. Motivated partly by a wish to strengthen the quality of American anthropology, Franz Boas succeeded in gaining the cooperation of several European and American institutions. The purpose of the school was to conduct rigorous anthropological investigations in Mexico. Obsessed with professionalizing the discipline, Boas failed to take into account the turbulent political climate of Mexico when planning the school. Although it did good work for a number of years (1910-1914), the school was broken up forever in 1914 because of the Mexican revolution. Attempts at resurrection failed for numerous reasons.", "PMID": 332760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12420", "title": "In defense of a critical-presentist historiography: the fact-theory relationship and Marx's epistemology.", "content": "It is argued that mainstream social scientists made an \"error\" during the crucial formative years of the 1920s and 1930s. This historical error involved relinquishing, or at the very least ignoring, some of the epistemological views within the social sciences concerning the fact-theory relationship as developed by Marx and others in his tradition. The contemporary nature of some of Mark's epistemic views is demonstrated, where the case is made that some recent developments in the philosophy of science are converging with some of his original insights. The methodological approach of the article--judging the past in the context of the present--is defended on the basis of Marxian historiography, especially as developed by those noe-Marxists of the Frankfurt School. In the latter discussion \"justificationist presentism\" is criticized from the perspective of a \"critical presentism.\"", "contents": "In defense of a critical-presentist historiography: the fact-theory relationship and Marx's epistemology. It is argued that mainstream social scientists made an \"error\" during the crucial formative years of the 1920s and 1930s. This historical error involved relinquishing, or at the very least ignoring, some of the epistemological views within the social sciences concerning the fact-theory relationship as developed by Marx and others in his tradition. The contemporary nature of some of Mark's epistemic views is demonstrated, where the case is made that some recent developments in the philosophy of science are converging with some of his original insights. The methodological approach of the article--judging the past in the context of the present--is defended on the basis of Marxian historiography, especially as developed by those noe-Marxists of the Frankfurt School. In the latter discussion \"justificationist presentism\" is criticized from the perspective of a \"critical presentism.\"", "PMID": 332762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12421", "title": "Joseph Lancaster and behavior modification in education.", "content": "In the early 1800s, Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838) developed an inexpensive method of education large numbers of the poor in England. Referred to as the \"monitorial system,\" his method utilized students as monitors who performed many of the tasks normally undertaken by a teacher; it was used to teach classes that often exceeded a thousand students at one time. Student monitors were responsible for teaching and evaluating small groups of individuals in a somewhat regimented fashion. An incentive system was also used in a manner that closely resembles current applications of positive reinforcement in educational settings. Lancaster devised a token economy in which students earned tangible reinforcers for academic performance and deportment. Interestingly, the system spread quickly in the 1800s, and was implemented in many countries throughout the world. Its use declined as a result of both specific sources of dissatisfaction, such as the lack of individualization and dependence upon rote memorization, and general changes in the philosophy of education.", "contents": "Joseph Lancaster and behavior modification in education. In the early 1800s, Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838) developed an inexpensive method of education large numbers of the poor in England. Referred to as the \"monitorial system,\" his method utilized students as monitors who performed many of the tasks normally undertaken by a teacher; it was used to teach classes that often exceeded a thousand students at one time. Student monitors were responsible for teaching and evaluating small groups of individuals in a somewhat regimented fashion. An incentive system was also used in a manner that closely resembles current applications of positive reinforcement in educational settings. Lancaster devised a token economy in which students earned tangible reinforcers for academic performance and deportment. Interestingly, the system spread quickly in the 1800s, and was implemented in many countries throughout the world. Its use declined as a result of both specific sources of dissatisfaction, such as the lack of individualization and dependence upon rote memorization, and general changes in the philosophy of education.", "PMID": 332763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12422", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of epidermal growth factor in mouse submandibular gland.", "content": "The cellular and subcellular localization of epidermal growth factor in the submandibular glands of male and female adult mice was established by immunoperoxidase techniques. In light microscopic preparations epidermal growth factor was found exclusively in the granular convoluted tubules of the gland. The intensity of staining for epidermal growth factor varied from cell to cell, and some cells apparently were negative. The pattern of staining was similar in the glands of male and female mice; however, the granular convoluted tubules are androgen-responsive, and thus more extensive and composed of larger cells in males. In thin sections epidermal growth factor was most heavily concentrated in the secretion granules of the granular convoluted tubule cells. Within a given cell there was variation in intensity of staining of individual secretion granules, with some granules appearing minimally reactive or negative. The only other cell component with deposits of reaction product was the ribosomes.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of epidermal growth factor in mouse submandibular gland. The cellular and subcellular localization of epidermal growth factor in the submandibular glands of male and female adult mice was established by immunoperoxidase techniques. In light microscopic preparations epidermal growth factor was found exclusively in the granular convoluted tubules of the gland. The intensity of staining for epidermal growth factor varied from cell to cell, and some cells apparently were negative. The pattern of staining was similar in the glands of male and female mice; however, the granular convoluted tubules are androgen-responsive, and thus more extensive and composed of larger cells in males. In thin sections epidermal growth factor was most heavily concentrated in the secretion granules of the granular convoluted tubule cells. Within a given cell there was variation in intensity of staining of individual secretion granules, with some granules appearing minimally reactive or negative. The only other cell component with deposits of reaction product was the ribosomes.", "PMID": 333017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12423", "title": "The unlabeled antibody enzyme method. Attempted use of peroxidase-conjugated antigen as the third layer in the technique.", "content": "The use of covalently bound peroxidase-immunoglobulin conjugate has been compared with soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex as antigen in the third layer of the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. The conjugate conferred no staining. The low sensitivity of the conjugate appeared to be due in part to interference by unconjugated immunoglobulin and in part to diminution of antigenic reactivity of immunoglobulin as a result of conjugation. The triple specificity amplification inherent in the unlabeled antibody enzyme method with peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex may be lost if a peroxidase-immunoglobulin conjugate could be prepared in such a manner that staining occurs.", "contents": "The unlabeled antibody enzyme method. Attempted use of peroxidase-conjugated antigen as the third layer in the technique. The use of covalently bound peroxidase-immunoglobulin conjugate has been compared with soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex as antigen in the third layer of the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. The conjugate conferred no staining. The low sensitivity of the conjugate appeared to be due in part to interference by unconjugated immunoglobulin and in part to diminution of antigenic reactivity of immunoglobulin as a result of conjugation. The triple specificity amplification inherent in the unlabeled antibody enzyme method with peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex may be lost if a peroxidase-immunoglobulin conjugate could be prepared in such a manner that staining occurs.", "PMID": 333018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12424", "title": "Immune complex receptors on cell surfaces. III. Topography of macrophage receptors demonstrated by new scanning electron microscopic peroxidase marker.", "content": "Receptors for immune complexes have been localized on rabbit alveolar macrophages with scanning electron microscopy by exposing the cells first to a soluble immune complex composed of horseradish peroxidase and antibody to horseradish peroxidase, and then incubating with a benzidine-containing substrate that yields crystalline reaction product. Receptors were visualized by this means as sites of attachment of laminated slender crystals that were easily distinguished from macrophage surface structures. Receptors appeared most abundant on cytoplasmic veils and pseudopods and in the perinuclear region of macrophages minimally spread over the coverslip. Further macrophage spreading was associated with lighter receptor staining.", "contents": "Immune complex receptors on cell surfaces. III. Topography of macrophage receptors demonstrated by new scanning electron microscopic peroxidase marker. Receptors for immune complexes have been localized on rabbit alveolar macrophages with scanning electron microscopy by exposing the cells first to a soluble immune complex composed of horseradish peroxidase and antibody to horseradish peroxidase, and then incubating with a benzidine-containing substrate that yields crystalline reaction product. Receptors were visualized by this means as sites of attachment of laminated slender crystals that were easily distinguished from macrophage surface structures. Receptors appeared most abundant on cytoplasmic veils and pseudopods and in the perinuclear region of macrophages minimally spread over the coverslip. Further macrophage spreading was associated with lighter receptor staining.", "PMID": 333019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12425", "title": "Evaluation of the utility of air-dried whole mounts for quantitative electron microprobe studies of platelet dense bodies.", "content": "A variety of electronmicroscope techniques have been used to examine how the air-drying process may affect the dense bodies in whole mounts of platelets. (a) Selected-area-diffraction and electron microprobe studies suggest that the air-drying process can result in the formation of crystalline precipitates of sodium chloride on grid films and platelets. However, no crystals were detected in the calcium-and-phosphorus-containing matrix of dense bodies. (b) Tilting studies show that dense bodies in human platelets are spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. Dense bodies in rabbit platelets, in contrast, appear flattened in a horizontal plane. (c) Human-platelet dense bodies probed with a small (20 nm diameter) spot vary widely in their peak/background ratios for calcium and phosphorus-a finding that suggests that the two elements may not be evenly distributed throughout the dense-body matrix. Nevertheless, when dense bodies are probed with a larger (200 nm diameter) spot, they do not appear to differ appreciably among themselves in their calcium or phosphorus content. The data suggest that with human platelets, air drying may be a preparative procedure which permits comparison by microprobe techniques of dense-body matrix content in platelet populations.", "contents": "Evaluation of the utility of air-dried whole mounts for quantitative electron microprobe studies of platelet dense bodies. A variety of electronmicroscope techniques have been used to examine how the air-drying process may affect the dense bodies in whole mounts of platelets. (a) Selected-area-diffraction and electron microprobe studies suggest that the air-drying process can result in the formation of crystalline precipitates of sodium chloride on grid films and platelets. However, no crystals were detected in the calcium-and-phosphorus-containing matrix of dense bodies. (b) Tilting studies show that dense bodies in human platelets are spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. Dense bodies in rabbit platelets, in contrast, appear flattened in a horizontal plane. (c) Human-platelet dense bodies probed with a small (20 nm diameter) spot vary widely in their peak/background ratios for calcium and phosphorus-a finding that suggests that the two elements may not be evenly distributed throughout the dense-body matrix. Nevertheless, when dense bodies are probed with a larger (200 nm diameter) spot, they do not appear to differ appreciably among themselves in their calcium or phosphorus content. The data suggest that with human platelets, air drying may be a preparative procedure which permits comparison by microprobe techniques of dense-body matrix content in platelet populations.", "PMID": 333020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12426", "title": "A review of research examining the coronary-prone behavior pattern.", "content": "With the increasing incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the subsequent interest in factors which contribute to its development, the idea of a coronary-prone (Type A) behavior pattern has attracted much attention in recent years. In this paper, research on the coronary-prone behavior pattern is reviewed. Type A behavior is found to be fairly accurate in predicting the likelihood and severity of CHD, at least in large groups of people. Problems in measuring and in more clearly defining the components of Type A behavior are discussed. Future investigations are urged, focusing on how the behavior pattern develops and on strategies for intervention.", "contents": "A review of research examining the coronary-prone behavior pattern. With the increasing incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the subsequent interest in factors which contribute to its development, the idea of a coronary-prone (Type A) behavior pattern has attracted much attention in recent years. In this paper, research on the coronary-prone behavior pattern is reviewed. Type A behavior is found to be fairly accurate in predicting the likelihood and severity of CHD, at least in large groups of people. Problems in measuring and in more clearly defining the components of Type A behavior are discussed. Future investigations are urged, focusing on how the behavior pattern develops and on strategies for intervention.", "PMID": 333022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12427", "title": "In vivo transfer of an R factor within the lower gastro-intestinal tract of sheep.", "content": "The transfer of an R factor from donor E. coli introduced into the rumen of adult sheep to strains of the coliform microflora resident post rumen in the lower gastro-intestinal tract was found to be greatly increased when the animals were subjected to a short period of starvation (ca. 24-48 h). This also resulted in coliform organisms containing the resistance determinants of the R factor being excreted for much longer periods, sometimes for months afterwards. As no antibiotic treatment was given to the animals during these experiments, possession of the R factor should have conferred no selective advantages on the host cells and other plasmids could possibly be transferred similarly in vivo in sheep or other ruminants and perhaps also within the gut of monogastric animals.", "contents": "In vivo transfer of an R factor within the lower gastro-intestinal tract of sheep. The transfer of an R factor from donor E. coli introduced into the rumen of adult sheep to strains of the coliform microflora resident post rumen in the lower gastro-intestinal tract was found to be greatly increased when the animals were subjected to a short period of starvation (ca. 24-48 h). This also resulted in coliform organisms containing the resistance determinants of the R factor being excreted for much longer periods, sometimes for months afterwards. As no antibiotic treatment was given to the animals during these experiments, possession of the R factor should have conferred no selective advantages on the host cells and other plasmids could possibly be transferred similarly in vivo in sheep or other ruminants and perhaps also within the gut of monogastric animals.", "PMID": 333023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12428", "title": "Complement receptors in human renal glomeruli. Further evidence by immunofluorescence.", "content": "A new method is described for demonstrating the presence of glomerular receptors for the third component of complement in human kidney. Frozen sections are incubated together with normal human serum and inulin. Activated C3 is detected by a fluoresceinated anti-C3 antiserum. Glomeruli are labelled by C3-coated inulin particles while there is no labelling in tubules and interstitium. This method is easy and rapid and it allows the exact localization of C3 glomerular receptors.", "contents": "Complement receptors in human renal glomeruli. Further evidence by immunofluorescence. A new method is described for demonstrating the presence of glomerular receptors for the third component of complement in human kidney. Frozen sections are incubated together with normal human serum and inulin. Activated C3 is detected by a fluoresceinated anti-C3 antiserum. Glomeruli are labelled by C3-coated inulin particles while there is no labelling in tubules and interstitium. This method is easy and rapid and it allows the exact localization of C3 glomerular receptors.", "PMID": 333025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12429", "title": "An improved plaque assay for mouse myeloma (MOPC 315) cells for use in studies of humoral and cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "Dinitrophenyl-bovine albumin was coupled at room temperature to sheep red blood cells in a procedure which minimized spontaneous lysis and allowed the preparation of large batches and their use for at least 3 weeks. The modified erythrocytes were used as a substrate for detecting local hemolytic plaques in agar by myeloma MOPC 315 cells, which secrete a paraprotein IgA with high affinity for dinitrophenyl ligand. Conditions maximizing the number of plaques formed by a given number of tumor cells were found to include coupling the erythrocytes at 1 mg/ml dinitrophenyl-bovine albumin with a molar ratio of about 50, and incubation with an amino-to-carboxy cross-linking agent, 1-ethyl-3(3 dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide, at 2 mg/ml for 50 min. The method thus developed was employed to measure cellular and antibody-dependent immune reactions against the MOPC 315 cells. The experimental results show comparisons of the plaque technique with other measurements of tumor cell injury. The nature of the assay, which requires only 500 cells per plating, and which tests the synthetic capacity of single cells, suggests its use in experiments which limit the number of target cells, and in immune reactions causing injury, but not necessarily lysis, of the target cells.", "contents": "An improved plaque assay for mouse myeloma (MOPC 315) cells for use in studies of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Dinitrophenyl-bovine albumin was coupled at room temperature to sheep red blood cells in a procedure which minimized spontaneous lysis and allowed the preparation of large batches and their use for at least 3 weeks. The modified erythrocytes were used as a substrate for detecting local hemolytic plaques in agar by myeloma MOPC 315 cells, which secrete a paraprotein IgA with high affinity for dinitrophenyl ligand. Conditions maximizing the number of plaques formed by a given number of tumor cells were found to include coupling the erythrocytes at 1 mg/ml dinitrophenyl-bovine albumin with a molar ratio of about 50, and incubation with an amino-to-carboxy cross-linking agent, 1-ethyl-3(3 dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide, at 2 mg/ml for 50 min. The method thus developed was employed to measure cellular and antibody-dependent immune reactions against the MOPC 315 cells. The experimental results show comparisons of the plaque technique with other measurements of tumor cell injury. The nature of the assay, which requires only 500 cells per plating, and which tests the synthetic capacity of single cells, suggests its use in experiments which limit the number of target cells, and in immune reactions causing injury, but not necessarily lysis, of the target cells.", "PMID": 333026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12430", "title": "Quantitative in vitro phagocytic rate measurements.", "content": "A model for the calculation of phagocytic rate constants based on the assumption that the process of phagocytosis can be treated in a manner analogous to chemical reactions of the first order is suggested. By employing such an approach, accurate rate constants of ingestion of in vitro cultivated macrophages can be obtained following minimal time intervals from the onset of phagocytosis.", "contents": "Quantitative in vitro phagocytic rate measurements. A model for the calculation of phagocytic rate constants based on the assumption that the process of phagocytosis can be treated in a manner analogous to chemical reactions of the first order is suggested. By employing such an approach, accurate rate constants of ingestion of in vitro cultivated macrophages can be obtained following minimal time intervals from the onset of phagocytosis.", "PMID": 333027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12431", "title": "An immunofluorescent technique for the detection of lymphocyte alloantigens.", "content": "A triple-layer immunofluorescent technique for the detection of cell surface alloantigens has been developed. Chicken lymphoid cells were treated in sequence with: 1) chicken alloantibody, 2) rabbit anti-chicken Fc or anti-gamma chain serum and 3) FITC-labelled sheep anti-rabbit globulin. The second layer was diluted to that point where normal serum treated lymphocytes were no longer stained but without diminishing the degree of specific staining. This method enables the study of alloantigens expressed on B cells, avoiding the problem of staining of surface Ig-bearing lymphocytes.", "contents": "An immunofluorescent technique for the detection of lymphocyte alloantigens. A triple-layer immunofluorescent technique for the detection of cell surface alloantigens has been developed. Chicken lymphoid cells were treated in sequence with: 1) chicken alloantibody, 2) rabbit anti-chicken Fc or anti-gamma chain serum and 3) FITC-labelled sheep anti-rabbit globulin. The second layer was diluted to that point where normal serum treated lymphocytes were no longer stained but without diminishing the degree of specific staining. This method enables the study of alloantigens expressed on B cells, avoiding the problem of staining of surface Ig-bearing lymphocytes.", "PMID": 333028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12432", "title": "The mouse circus: a simple apparatus for thoracic duct cannulation and continuous intravenous infusion.", "content": "A simple apparatus is described for maintaining mice during thoracic duct cannulation and/or continuous intravenous infusion, which involves much less restraint than current methods. An Appendix describes the techniques of intravenous cannulation which have been used for prolonged infusion or cardiac catheterisation.", "contents": "The mouse circus: a simple apparatus for thoracic duct cannulation and continuous intravenous infusion. A simple apparatus is described for maintaining mice during thoracic duct cannulation and/or continuous intravenous infusion, which involves much less restraint than current methods. An Appendix describes the techniques of intravenous cannulation which have been used for prolonged infusion or cardiac catheterisation.", "PMID": 333029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12433", "title": "Immunochemical determination of ganglioside GM2, by inhibition of complement-dependent liposome lysis.", "content": "Immunochemical quantitative determination of a lipid antigen, ganglioside GM2, has been developed, based on the inhibition of the immune lysis of liposomes containing the antigen in their lipid bilayer. It has been shown that the full expression of the antigenicity of the competing lipid requires its dispersion in accessory lipids. The assay of inhibition of liposome lysis can be used also for the establishment of the antigenic similarity of structurally related lipid antigens.", "contents": "Immunochemical determination of ganglioside GM2, by inhibition of complement-dependent liposome lysis. Immunochemical quantitative determination of a lipid antigen, ganglioside GM2, has been developed, based on the inhibition of the immune lysis of liposomes containing the antigen in their lipid bilayer. It has been shown that the full expression of the antigenicity of the competing lipid requires its dispersion in accessory lipids. The assay of inhibition of liposome lysis can be used also for the establishment of the antigenic similarity of structurally related lipid antigens.", "PMID": 333030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12434", "title": "Demonstration by labeled treponemal antigen of specific antibodies in the tissue infiltrates of secondary syphilis.", "content": "Specific antitreponemal antibodies have been demonstrated by immunofluorescence techniques in the lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates which characterize early symphilitic lesions. A purified suspension of Nichols strain Treponema pallidum was sonified and labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and applied to cryostat sections of 12 biopsy specimens from the cutaneous lesions of 11 patients with proven secondary syphilis, using a modified direct immunofluorescence procedure. Specimens from various inflammatory dermatoses processed similarly served as controls. Granular fluorescence was noted in the dermis in 9 of the 12 specimens corresponding to areas of heavy plasma cell infiltration and some fluorescence was found directly on plasma cells which were identified by subsequent hematoxylin and eosin staining. This fluorescence could be blocked by prior incubation of the sections with unlabeled sonified treponemal suspension. Control slides did not reveal any fluorescence. The use of labeled treponemal antigen may aid the tissue diagnosis of early syphilitic lesions which can mimic a variety of dermatological disorders.", "contents": "Demonstration by labeled treponemal antigen of specific antibodies in the tissue infiltrates of secondary syphilis. Specific antitreponemal antibodies have been demonstrated by immunofluorescence techniques in the lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates which characterize early symphilitic lesions. A purified suspension of Nichols strain Treponema pallidum was sonified and labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and applied to cryostat sections of 12 biopsy specimens from the cutaneous lesions of 11 patients with proven secondary syphilis, using a modified direct immunofluorescence procedure. Specimens from various inflammatory dermatoses processed similarly served as controls. Granular fluorescence was noted in the dermis in 9 of the 12 specimens corresponding to areas of heavy plasma cell infiltration and some fluorescence was found directly on plasma cells which were identified by subsequent hematoxylin and eosin staining. This fluorescence could be blocked by prior incubation of the sections with unlabeled sonified treponemal suspension. Control slides did not reveal any fluorescence. The use of labeled treponemal antigen may aid the tissue diagnosis of early syphilitic lesions which can mimic a variety of dermatological disorders.", "PMID": 333032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12435", "title": "The effect of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 on amphibian melanophores and iridophores.", "content": "Calcium ions are required in the medium for the full darkening action of melanocyte-stimulating hormone, but not for its second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, on isolated frog skin. Thus, the possible effect of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 was studied, using the skin of Rana pipiens. It is a potent darkening agent over the range of 1-2 micrometer, as measured by reflectance change and microscopic observation. During the darkening response of A23187, melanosome dispersion takes place in both dermal and epidermal melanophores, as well as aggregation of iridophore reflecting platelets. The darkening is slowly reversible in Ringer's solution, thus it is not due to toxicity. The darkening is partially dependent on the presence of calcium in the medium under certain conditions, suggesting that the response involves both the uptake and release of calcium ions. Cytochalasin B reversibly inhibits the darkening produced by A23187. Since this drug is known to bring about the breakdown of microfilaments, its inhibitory action is in accord with the concept that the ionophore is stimulating microfilament function. A23187 administered to tissue cultured embryonic salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) melanophores produced an irreversible rounding up of the cells, suggesting a toxic effect. The results with frog skin are interpreted as supporting the concept that the action of melanocyte-stimulating hormone involves the production of pigment granule movements as a result of the interaction of calcium ions with intracellular microfilaments and possible also the breakdown of microtubules. The mobilization of calcium ions could be brought about by cyclic adenosine monophosphate.", "contents": "The effect of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 on amphibian melanophores and iridophores. Calcium ions are required in the medium for the full darkening action of melanocyte-stimulating hormone, but not for its second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, on isolated frog skin. Thus, the possible effect of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 was studied, using the skin of Rana pipiens. It is a potent darkening agent over the range of 1-2 micrometer, as measured by reflectance change and microscopic observation. During the darkening response of A23187, melanosome dispersion takes place in both dermal and epidermal melanophores, as well as aggregation of iridophore reflecting platelets. The darkening is slowly reversible in Ringer's solution, thus it is not due to toxicity. The darkening is partially dependent on the presence of calcium in the medium under certain conditions, suggesting that the response involves both the uptake and release of calcium ions. Cytochalasin B reversibly inhibits the darkening produced by A23187. Since this drug is known to bring about the breakdown of microfilaments, its inhibitory action is in accord with the concept that the ionophore is stimulating microfilament function. A23187 administered to tissue cultured embryonic salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) melanophores produced an irreversible rounding up of the cells, suggesting a toxic effect. The results with frog skin are interpreted as supporting the concept that the action of melanocyte-stimulating hormone involves the production of pigment granule movements as a result of the interaction of calcium ions with intracellular microfilaments and possible also the breakdown of microtubules. The mobilization of calcium ions could be brought about by cyclic adenosine monophosphate.", "PMID": 333033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12436", "title": "Circulating IgA anti-basement membrane antibodies in linear dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring): immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopic studies.", "content": "IgA deposits were observed by direct immunofluorescence in linear distribution along the basement membrane zone in a case of dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring). In addition, in the serum of the same patient circulating IgA antibasement membrane zone antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence, utilizing normal human skin and monkey esophagus as substrates. The ultrastructural localization of in vivo-bound IgA and circulating IgA antibasement membrane zone antibodies fixed to substrate tissue in vitro was found to be in the uppermost strata of the dermis below the basal lamina.", "contents": "Circulating IgA anti-basement membrane antibodies in linear dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring): immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopic studies. IgA deposits were observed by direct immunofluorescence in linear distribution along the basement membrane zone in a case of dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring). In addition, in the serum of the same patient circulating IgA antibasement membrane zone antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence, utilizing normal human skin and monkey esophagus as substrates. The ultrastructural localization of in vivo-bound IgA and circulating IgA antibasement membrane zone antibodies fixed to substrate tissue in vitro was found to be in the uppermost strata of the dermis below the basal lamina.", "PMID": 333034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12437", "title": "Comparison of Escherichia coli from bacteriuric patients with those from feces of healthy schoolchildren.", "content": "The properties of 709 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from feces of healthy schoolchildren were compared with those of 115 strains from the urine of girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) detected in a screening program. These fecal strains were also compared with 45 strains that caused asymptomatic reinfections and 10 that caused symptomatic reinfections in the same group of girls. Typing of O antigen was done by direct bacterial agglutination, and K typing was done with a serum agar technique. Hemolytic capacity was assessed in solid medium. Sensitivity to the bactericidal effect of normal serum and minimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin were also determined. The strains isolated from girls who had reinfections of ABU were found to be a random sample of the fecal flora, but the strains from children with symptomatic reinfection were not. Strains from index patients with ABU differed from the other groups in a way that was indicative of adaptive changes in the structure of cell envelopes.", "contents": "Comparison of Escherichia coli from bacteriuric patients with those from feces of healthy schoolchildren. The properties of 709 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from feces of healthy schoolchildren were compared with those of 115 strains from the urine of girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) detected in a screening program. These fecal strains were also compared with 45 strains that caused asymptomatic reinfections and 10 that caused symptomatic reinfections in the same group of girls. Typing of O antigen was done by direct bacterial agglutination, and K typing was done with a serum agar technique. Hemolytic capacity was assessed in solid medium. Sensitivity to the bactericidal effect of normal serum and minimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin were also determined. The strains isolated from girls who had reinfections of ABU were found to be a random sample of the fecal flora, but the strains from children with symptomatic reinfection were not. Strains from index patients with ABU differed from the other groups in a way that was indicative of adaptive changes in the structure of cell envelopes.", "PMID": 333035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12438", "title": "Antibodies to Candida albicans in IgA-deficient humans.", "content": "Titers of serum antibody to Candida albicans were studied in 111 IgA-deficient subjects by the passive hemagglutination method. Circulating antibodies to C. albicans (mean titer, 1:7) were found in only 7.3% of the 111 subjects, as compared with 80% of 137 controls (mean titer, 1:16). However, two IgA-deficient patients with systemic candidiasis were positive for these antibodies (mean titer, 1:64). Indirect immunofluorescence tests indicated that the antibody response in IgA-deficient subjects to superficial or deep-seated infection with C. albicans consists mainly of immunoglobulins of the IgG rather than of the IgM class.", "contents": "Antibodies to Candida albicans in IgA-deficient humans. Titers of serum antibody to Candida albicans were studied in 111 IgA-deficient subjects by the passive hemagglutination method. Circulating antibodies to C. albicans (mean titer, 1:7) were found in only 7.3% of the 111 subjects, as compared with 80% of 137 controls (mean titer, 1:16). However, two IgA-deficient patients with systemic candidiasis were positive for these antibodies (mean titer, 1:64). Indirect immunofluorescence tests indicated that the antibody response in IgA-deficient subjects to superficial or deep-seated infection with C. albicans consists mainly of immunoglobulins of the IgG rather than of the IgM class.", "PMID": 333036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12439", "title": "Studies with a new generation of oral attenuated shigella vaccine: Escherichia coli bearing surface antigens of Shigella flexneri.", "content": "In an attempt to develop a safe, proliferating, oral, attenuated vaccine against shigellosis, genes that control the synthesis of group- and type-specific somatic antigens of Shigella flexneri 2a were transferred via conjugation to a recipient strain of Escherichia coli. The resultant hybrid (E. coli expressing shigella surface antigens) vaccine strain, PGAI 42-1-15, believed to have a complete (smooth) lipopolysaccharide, was given to volunteers in two vaccination-challenge studies. The vaccine was well tolerated and gave evidence of intestinal proliferation. In trial no. 1, volunteers given two doses of vaccine one month apart were challenged after eight weeks with 10(4) virulent S. flexneri 2a. Attack rates were comparable in vaccinees (50%) and controls (40%). In trial no. 2, vaccinees were given three weekly doses of vaccine and were challenged four weeks later with a small inoculum (10(2)) of S. flexneri 2a. Again, attack rates among vaccinees (47%) and controls (39%) were similar. It is unclear why this theoretically ideal, live shigella vaccine failed to protect against S. flexneri 2a.", "contents": "Studies with a new generation of oral attenuated shigella vaccine: Escherichia coli bearing surface antigens of Shigella flexneri. In an attempt to develop a safe, proliferating, oral, attenuated vaccine against shigellosis, genes that control the synthesis of group- and type-specific somatic antigens of Shigella flexneri 2a were transferred via conjugation to a recipient strain of Escherichia coli. The resultant hybrid (E. coli expressing shigella surface antigens) vaccine strain, PGAI 42-1-15, believed to have a complete (smooth) lipopolysaccharide, was given to volunteers in two vaccination-challenge studies. The vaccine was well tolerated and gave evidence of intestinal proliferation. In trial no. 1, volunteers given two doses of vaccine one month apart were challenged after eight weeks with 10(4) virulent S. flexneri 2a. Attack rates were comparable in vaccinees (50%) and controls (40%). In trial no. 2, vaccinees were given three weekly doses of vaccine and were challenged four weeks later with a small inoculum (10(2)) of S. flexneri 2a. Again, attack rates among vaccinees (47%) and controls (39%) were similar. It is unclear why this theoretically ideal, live shigella vaccine failed to protect against S. flexneri 2a.", "PMID": 333041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12440", "title": "Transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance from Bacteroides fragilis to Escherichia coli.", "content": "Multiple antibiotic resistance was transferred from a clinical isolate of Bacteroides fragilis to a strain of Escherichia coli K12. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalothin, tetracycline, minocycline, and chloramphenicol was transferred as a unit, but the resistance markers became segregated during storage of the recipient strains.", "contents": "Transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance from Bacteroides fragilis to Escherichia coli. Multiple antibiotic resistance was transferred from a clinical isolate of Bacteroides fragilis to a strain of Escherichia coli K12. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalothin, tetracycline, minocycline, and chloramphenicol was transferred as a unit, but the resistance markers became segregated during storage of the recipient strains.", "PMID": 333042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12441", "title": "Evaluation of some of the parameters of the enzyme-linked immunospecific assay.", "content": "In an attempt to standardize the procedure for the enzyme-linked immunospecific assay, several parameters were examined. It was determined that horseradish peroxidase was the enzyme of choice and that several brands of polystyrene tubes and plates could be used. The test was considerably shortened by omitting long incubation steps previously used for eliminating background fixation of conjugate. The reproducibility of the procedure proved to be excellent, but reactivity curves indicated that use of a single dilution is not adequate for quantitative tests. A \"standard\" procedure was proposed.", "contents": "Evaluation of some of the parameters of the enzyme-linked immunospecific assay. In an attempt to standardize the procedure for the enzyme-linked immunospecific assay, several parameters were examined. It was determined that horseradish peroxidase was the enzyme of choice and that several brands of polystyrene tubes and plates could be used. The test was considerably shortened by omitting long incubation steps previously used for eliminating background fixation of conjugate. The reproducibility of the procedure proved to be excellent, but reactivity curves indicated that use of a single dilution is not adequate for quantitative tests. A \"standard\" procedure was proposed.", "PMID": 333043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12442", "title": "Host heme catabolism in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant malaria.", "content": "Chloroquine resistance has arisen in both human and murine forms of malaria. CR Plasmodium berghei in mice does not produce the malaria pigment which is characteristic of the CS form. Determinations of carbon monoxide production (i.e., host heme catabolism) by individual mice revealed that those infected with CS P. berghei produce only one fourth as much carbon monoxide as do CR infected mice at all levels of infection. These observations confirm the idea that malaria pigment is composed of precipitated host cell hemoglobin and suggest that drug resistance is accompanied by a basic alteration in parasite-mediated hemoglobin catabolism.", "contents": "Host heme catabolism in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant malaria. Chloroquine resistance has arisen in both human and murine forms of malaria. CR Plasmodium berghei in mice does not produce the malaria pigment which is characteristic of the CS form. Determinations of carbon monoxide production (i.e., host heme catabolism) by individual mice revealed that those infected with CS P. berghei produce only one fourth as much carbon monoxide as do CR infected mice at all levels of infection. These observations confirm the idea that malaria pigment is composed of precipitated host cell hemoglobin and suggest that drug resistance is accompanied by a basic alteration in parasite-mediated hemoglobin catabolism.", "PMID": 333045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12443", "title": "Role of vitamin E in glutathione-induced oxidant stress: methemoglobin, lipid peroxidation, and hemolysis.", "content": "Red blood cells (RBC) from normal and vitamin E-deficient rats were incubated in a hypertonic solution of reduced glutathione adjusted to pH 8. Methemoglobin formation occurred in intact RBC from both normal and vitamin E-deficient rats. Hemolysis was significantly greater in RBC from vitamin E-deficient rats. Experiments with catalase, superoxide dismutase, and methional showed that H(2)O(2) was the primary extracellular source of oxidant stress. Extracellular superoxide and hydroxyl radical were not involved in oxidant stress. Experiments with dimethyl sulfoxide showed that intracellular hydroxyl radical, generated from H(2)O(2), was the hemolytic agent. Neither methemoglobin formation nor lipid peroxidation involved hydroxyl radical. Indeed, lipid peroxidation and hemolysis in RBC from vitamin E-deficient rats were concurrent rather than consecutive events. Phase contrast microscopy showed that rigid, crenated RBC with a precipitate around the interior periphery formed during glutathione-induced oxidant stress. The precipitate dissolved slowly as the crenated RBC were converted to smooth ghosts. It appeared that protein precipitates involving mixed disulfide bonds were reduced and solubilized when extracellular glutathione penetrated the ruptured cell. Comparisons between normal RBC and vitamin E-deficient RBC suggest that vitamin E has little effect on the inward diffusion of extra-cellular H(2)O(2). Vitamin E apparently interacts with different oxidant species derived from intracellular H(2)O(2) in preventing lipid peroxidation and the sulfhydryl group oxidation leading to hemolysis.", "contents": "Role of vitamin E in glutathione-induced oxidant stress: methemoglobin, lipid peroxidation, and hemolysis. Red blood cells (RBC) from normal and vitamin E-deficient rats were incubated in a hypertonic solution of reduced glutathione adjusted to pH 8. Methemoglobin formation occurred in intact RBC from both normal and vitamin E-deficient rats. Hemolysis was significantly greater in RBC from vitamin E-deficient rats. Experiments with catalase, superoxide dismutase, and methional showed that H(2)O(2) was the primary extracellular source of oxidant stress. Extracellular superoxide and hydroxyl radical were not involved in oxidant stress. Experiments with dimethyl sulfoxide showed that intracellular hydroxyl radical, generated from H(2)O(2), was the hemolytic agent. Neither methemoglobin formation nor lipid peroxidation involved hydroxyl radical. Indeed, lipid peroxidation and hemolysis in RBC from vitamin E-deficient rats were concurrent rather than consecutive events. Phase contrast microscopy showed that rigid, crenated RBC with a precipitate around the interior periphery formed during glutathione-induced oxidant stress. The precipitate dissolved slowly as the crenated RBC were converted to smooth ghosts. It appeared that protein precipitates involving mixed disulfide bonds were reduced and solubilized when extracellular glutathione penetrated the ruptured cell. Comparisons between normal RBC and vitamin E-deficient RBC suggest that vitamin E has little effect on the inward diffusion of extra-cellular H(2)O(2). Vitamin E apparently interacts with different oxidant species derived from intracellular H(2)O(2) in preventing lipid peroxidation and the sulfhydryl group oxidation leading to hemolysis.", "PMID": 333049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12444", "title": "Immunocytochemical studies for the localisation of measles antigens in multiple sclerosis plaques and measles virus-infected CNS tissue.", "content": "Actively demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) lesions from a patient with acute multiple sclerosis (MS) were tested for measles antigens using peroxidase-conjugated antimeasles antibody. No evidence of measles antigens was found. Similarly reacted tissue from 2 patients with chronic MS also revealed no evidence of measles antigens. Identically treated and simultaneously tested measles-infected CNS cultures and human SSPE brain tissue stained strongly for measles antigens. The possible reasons underlying the failure to detect measles antigens in MS are discussed.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical studies for the localisation of measles antigens in multiple sclerosis plaques and measles virus-infected CNS tissue. Actively demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) lesions from a patient with acute multiple sclerosis (MS) were tested for measles antigens using peroxidase-conjugated antimeasles antibody. No evidence of measles antigens was found. Similarly reacted tissue from 2 patients with chronic MS also revealed no evidence of measles antigens. Identically treated and simultaneously tested measles-infected CNS cultures and human SSPE brain tissue stained strongly for measles antigens. The possible reasons underlying the failure to detect measles antigens in MS are discussed.", "PMID": 333059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12445", "title": "Immunofluorescence study of lymphocytic infiltration in gliomas. Identification of T-lymphocytes.", "content": "Five human brain tumours (3 glioblastomas and 2 astrocytomas) and 5 rat brain tumours induced in Sprague--Dawley animals by systemic administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (3 pleomorphic gliomas and 2 mixed gliomas) were studied. The human brain tumours were surgical specimens excised from patients with no cranial surgery prior to their disease. The experimental brain tumour had been adapted to tissue culture, propagated in vitro and then transplanted to immunocompetent and immunodeficient rats of the same stock. The above-described material was selected in consideration of the mononuclear cell infiltrates occurring in these tumours. Frozen sections of human and rat gliomas, the latter both primary and transplanted, were prepared and investigated as to the presence of T-lymphocytes within the mononuclear round cell infiltrates. This was done with the indirect immunofluorescence method using rabbit antisera against man and rat T-lymphocytes. With this technique a variable percentage of T-lymphocytes was demonstrated in the cell infiltrates of human and rat gliomas alike. The tumour transplanted in thymectomized rats showed only isolated, scattered, positive-reacting cells, i.e., cells recognizable as T-lymphocytes by the above method. The results can be interpreted as circumstantial evidence for the occurrence of tumour-specific and/or tumour-associated antigens in the parenchymal cells of spontaneous and chemically-induced gliomas.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence study of lymphocytic infiltration in gliomas. Identification of T-lymphocytes. Five human brain tumours (3 glioblastomas and 2 astrocytomas) and 5 rat brain tumours induced in Sprague--Dawley animals by systemic administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (3 pleomorphic gliomas and 2 mixed gliomas) were studied. The human brain tumours were surgical specimens excised from patients with no cranial surgery prior to their disease. The experimental brain tumour had been adapted to tissue culture, propagated in vitro and then transplanted to immunocompetent and immunodeficient rats of the same stock. The above-described material was selected in consideration of the mononuclear cell infiltrates occurring in these tumours. Frozen sections of human and rat gliomas, the latter both primary and transplanted, were prepared and investigated as to the presence of T-lymphocytes within the mononuclear round cell infiltrates. This was done with the indirect immunofluorescence method using rabbit antisera against man and rat T-lymphocytes. With this technique a variable percentage of T-lymphocytes was demonstrated in the cell infiltrates of human and rat gliomas alike. The tumour transplanted in thymectomized rats showed only isolated, scattered, positive-reacting cells, i.e., cells recognizable as T-lymphocytes by the above method. The results can be interpreted as circumstantial evidence for the occurrence of tumour-specific and/or tumour-associated antigens in the parenchymal cells of spontaneous and chemically-induced gliomas.", "PMID": 333060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12446", "title": "Immunochemical comparison of synaptic plasma membrane and synaptic vesicle membrane antigens.", "content": "A synaptic vesicle fraction and a synaptic plasma membrane fraction obtained after subfractionation of synaptosomes from chick forebrain have been used to produce antisera in rabbits. Immunofluorescence histology with the two antisera revealed that they reacted strongly with synaptic terminal regions present in the chick forebrain, cerebellum and spinal cord. In addition, the synaptic plasma membrane antiserum (but not the synaptic vesicle antiserum) reacted with preterminal axons in the cerebellum and spinal cord. Comparison of the two antisera by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, revealed the presence of common antigens in the synaptosomal vesicle and plasma membrane fractions. Incubation of synaptosomes in vitro with the synaptosomal vesicle antiserum and complement produced a dose-dependent inhibition of synaptosome swelling up to a maximum of 55% of that obtained with the synaptosomal plasma membrane antiserum. The results of this test are consistent with the hypothesis that some synaptosomal vesicle antigens may be present also in the synaptosomal plasma membrane and imply that they face the external surface of the synaptosomes. The fate of vesicle membrane components in synaptosomal plasma membranes is not known. The possibility is discussed that they may be recycled locally by a mechanism similar to that proposed by Heuser and Reese (1973) for re-use of synaptic vesicle membranes at the neuromuscular junction.", "contents": "Immunochemical comparison of synaptic plasma membrane and synaptic vesicle membrane antigens. A synaptic vesicle fraction and a synaptic plasma membrane fraction obtained after subfractionation of synaptosomes from chick forebrain have been used to produce antisera in rabbits. Immunofluorescence histology with the two antisera revealed that they reacted strongly with synaptic terminal regions present in the chick forebrain, cerebellum and spinal cord. In addition, the synaptic plasma membrane antiserum (but not the synaptic vesicle antiserum) reacted with preterminal axons in the cerebellum and spinal cord. Comparison of the two antisera by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, revealed the presence of common antigens in the synaptosomal vesicle and plasma membrane fractions. Incubation of synaptosomes in vitro with the synaptosomal vesicle antiserum and complement produced a dose-dependent inhibition of synaptosome swelling up to a maximum of 55% of that obtained with the synaptosomal plasma membrane antiserum. The results of this test are consistent with the hypothesis that some synaptosomal vesicle antigens may be present also in the synaptosomal plasma membrane and imply that they face the external surface of the synaptosomes. The fate of vesicle membrane components in synaptosomal plasma membranes is not known. The possibility is discussed that they may be recycled locally by a mechanism similar to that proposed by Heuser and Reese (1973) for re-use of synaptic vesicle membranes at the neuromuscular junction.", "PMID": 333061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12447", "title": "Mouse spinal cord in cell culture. I. Morphology and intrinsic neuronal electrophysiologic properties.", "content": "1. Reliable methods for establishing fetal mouse spinal cord (SC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in long term (greater than 1 mo) dissociated cell cultures are described. These cells have been studied by morphologic and intracellular electrophysiologic techniques. 2. Cells studied electrophysiologically can be relocated after preparation for electron microscopy and examined in thin sections. The electron microscope shows that the surface membranes of these cells were directly accessible to the culture medium. The surfaces of SC cells were studded with synaptic boutons, whereas the DRG cell surfaces generally had none. 3. Current-voltage relationships and linear electrotonic properties of the neurons are described. Delayed and anomalous rectification were seen in both cell types. The length of SC cell dendrites was about one characteristic electrotonic length, while little or no contribution of the relatively sparse DRG cell processes was seen in the transient responses of the DRG cells. 4. Postspike and posttetanic hyperpolarizations in DRG cells were due to a surface membrane conductance increase; this was probably primarily an increase in K+ conductance. Post-activation hyperpolarization in SC cells was primarily due to activation of an electrogenic Na+ pump.", "contents": "Mouse spinal cord in cell culture. I. Morphology and intrinsic neuronal electrophysiologic properties. 1. Reliable methods for establishing fetal mouse spinal cord (SC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in long term (greater than 1 mo) dissociated cell cultures are described. These cells have been studied by morphologic and intracellular electrophysiologic techniques. 2. Cells studied electrophysiologically can be relocated after preparation for electron microscopy and examined in thin sections. The electron microscope shows that the surface membranes of these cells were directly accessible to the culture medium. The surfaces of SC cells were studded with synaptic boutons, whereas the DRG cell surfaces generally had none. 3. Current-voltage relationships and linear electrotonic properties of the neurons are described. Delayed and anomalous rectification were seen in both cell types. The length of SC cell dendrites was about one characteristic electrotonic length, while little or no contribution of the relatively sparse DRG cell processes was seen in the transient responses of the DRG cells. 4. Postspike and posttetanic hyperpolarizations in DRG cells were due to a surface membrane conductance increase; this was probably primarily an increase in K+ conductance. Post-activation hyperpolarization in SC cells was primarily due to activation of an electrogenic Na+ pump.", "PMID": 333062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12448", "title": "Bilateral persistent trigeminal arteries. Case report.", "content": "A case is presented of bilateral persistent trigeminal arteries associated with reticulum cell sarcoma of the cerebellum.", "contents": "Bilateral persistent trigeminal arteries. Case report. A case is presented of bilateral persistent trigeminal arteries associated with reticulum cell sarcoma of the cerebellum.", "PMID": 333063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12449", "title": "Comparison of fascicular, interfascicular and epineural suture techniques in the repair of simple nerve lacerations.", "content": "Simple lacerations of dog anterior tibial nerves were repaired utilizing fascicular interfascicular, and epineural suture techniques. Two months following repair, the involved regions of the nerve were removed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Weil, Bielschowsky, and Masson trichrome stains. An independent, unbiased observer rated proximal and distal myelin, connective tissue responses, and proximal to distal axon counts. The proportion of proximal to distal axons revealed no significant difference between fascicular (77%) and epineural (67%) neurorrhaphy, but showed a significant beneficial effect of fascicular suture to the interfascicular (52%) repair (significance at less than 0.02). Masson stain revealed dense connective tissue responses, but the axon counts were adversely affected only when the separate fascicles showed internal disruption by connective tissue. In general, distal myelinization was mildly superior with the fascicular neurorrhaphy technique. It appears that in simple lacerations in nerves which are repaired via direct end-to-end suture, there is no significant advantages to fascicular over epineural repair; however, there is a definite deleterious effect of interfascicular neurorrhaphy. The theoretical and technical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of fascicular, interfascicular and epineural suture techniques in the repair of simple nerve lacerations. Simple lacerations of dog anterior tibial nerves were repaired utilizing fascicular interfascicular, and epineural suture techniques. Two months following repair, the involved regions of the nerve were removed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Weil, Bielschowsky, and Masson trichrome stains. An independent, unbiased observer rated proximal and distal myelin, connective tissue responses, and proximal to distal axon counts. The proportion of proximal to distal axons revealed no significant difference between fascicular (77%) and epineural (67%) neurorrhaphy, but showed a significant beneficial effect of fascicular suture to the interfascicular (52%) repair (significance at less than 0.02). Masson stain revealed dense connective tissue responses, but the axon counts were adversely affected only when the separate fascicles showed internal disruption by connective tissue. In general, distal myelinization was mildly superior with the fascicular neurorrhaphy technique. It appears that in simple lacerations in nerves which are repaired via direct end-to-end suture, there is no significant advantages to fascicular over epineural repair; however, there is a definite deleterious effect of interfascicular neurorrhaphy. The theoretical and technical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 333064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12450", "title": "Management of upper midfacial injuries.", "content": "Midfacial fractures may extend into orbital roofs, frontal sinus walls, and ethmoidal and sphenoidal bones if the traumatic impact is of sufficient force. The cranium and facial skull are affected and there is the risk of intracranial complications. Management thus requires a teamwork approach. Isolated compound fractures of the anterior frontal sinus may be reconstructed by direct access through the wound. We prefer a coronal hairline incision in most cases. In isolated (compound) fractures of the orbital roof, combined frontomaxillary fractures without dural involvement, and frontobasal fractures that necessitate an intracranial approach for dural closure, primary upper midfacial reconstruction is attempted. In frontal comminution, preservation of the frontal bone or orbital roof is impossible. Secondary management is indicated after an interval of at least six months for fronto-orbital reconstruction with autologous or alloplastic material.", "contents": "Management of upper midfacial injuries. Midfacial fractures may extend into orbital roofs, frontal sinus walls, and ethmoidal and sphenoidal bones if the traumatic impact is of sufficient force. The cranium and facial skull are affected and there is the risk of intracranial complications. Management thus requires a teamwork approach. Isolated compound fractures of the anterior frontal sinus may be reconstructed by direct access through the wound. We prefer a coronal hairline incision in most cases. In isolated (compound) fractures of the orbital roof, combined frontomaxillary fractures without dural involvement, and frontobasal fractures that necessitate an intracranial approach for dural closure, primary upper midfacial reconstruction is attempted. In frontal comminution, preservation of the frontal bone or orbital roof is impossible. Secondary management is indicated after an interval of at least six months for fronto-orbital reconstruction with autologous or alloplastic material.", "PMID": 333068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12451", "title": "Application of physiologic and prosthodontic principles in reduction of mandibular fractures.", "content": "A review of basic prosthodontic principles and the muscle physiology on which they are based is presented. Proper reduction of fractures of the edentulous mandible and maxilla requires the incorporation of a correctly determined freeway space into either the patient's preexisting dentures or into the split Gunning-type splints.", "contents": "Application of physiologic and prosthodontic principles in reduction of mandibular fractures. A review of basic prosthodontic principles and the muscle physiology on which they are based is presented. Proper reduction of fractures of the edentulous mandible and maxilla requires the incorporation of a correctly determined freeway space into either the patient's preexisting dentures or into the split Gunning-type splints.", "PMID": 333069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12452", "title": "Skin reactivity to Candida and streptokinase-streptodornase antigens in normal pediatric subjects: influence of age and acute illness.", "content": "Tests for delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity were carried out with Candida and streptokinase-streptodornase antigens in 245 normal pediatric subjects, ranging in age from 17 days to 5 10/12 years. The group comprised patients with a variety of acute illnesses and a series of control subjects. There was a progressive increase in the frequency of cutaneous responses with age. About one-third of infants under one year and four-fifths of one to five-year-old children had positive induration reactions to at least one antigen. Candida was the more reactive antigen in the first year of life; thereafter there was comparable responsiveness to both antigens. Our results showed no difference in percent reactivity between acutely ill and control subjects.", "contents": "Skin reactivity to Candida and streptokinase-streptodornase antigens in normal pediatric subjects: influence of age and acute illness. Tests for delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity were carried out with Candida and streptokinase-streptodornase antigens in 245 normal pediatric subjects, ranging in age from 17 days to 5 10/12 years. The group comprised patients with a variety of acute illnesses and a series of control subjects. There was a progressive increase in the frequency of cutaneous responses with age. About one-third of infants under one year and four-fifths of one to five-year-old children had positive induration reactions to at least one antigen. Candida was the more reactive antigen in the first year of life; thereafter there was comparable responsiveness to both antigens. Our results showed no difference in percent reactivity between acutely ill and control subjects.", "PMID": 333071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12453", "title": "The differential leukocyte count in the assessment and outcome of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease.", "content": "The usefulness of the differential white blood cell count in distinguishing early-onset group B streptococcal disease from other causes of neonatal respiratory distress was studied in 45 infants with culture-proved infection. The initial diagnosis was hyaline membrane disease in 19 infants, wet lung syndrome 13, and other causes of respiratory distress in 13. Thirty-nine (87%) had abnormal absolute neutrophil counts, 25 with neutropenia and 14 with neutrophilia. The absolute immature neutrophil count was elevated in 19 infants (42%). Forty-one infants (91%) had an abnormal immature neutrophil to total neutrophil ratio. All infected infants were identified when both the absolute total neutrophil count and ratio were used. The differential white cell count appears to be a useful tool for screening infants presenting with respiratory distress in the first 48 hours of life and for separating early-onset group B streptococcal disease from other causes of neonatal respiratory distress.", "contents": "The differential leukocyte count in the assessment and outcome of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease. The usefulness of the differential white blood cell count in distinguishing early-onset group B streptococcal disease from other causes of neonatal respiratory distress was studied in 45 infants with culture-proved infection. The initial diagnosis was hyaline membrane disease in 19 infants, wet lung syndrome 13, and other causes of respiratory distress in 13. Thirty-nine (87%) had abnormal absolute neutrophil counts, 25 with neutropenia and 14 with neutrophilia. The absolute immature neutrophil count was elevated in 19 infants (42%). Forty-one infants (91%) had an abnormal immature neutrophil to total neutrophil ratio. All infected infants were identified when both the absolute total neutrophil count and ratio were used. The differential white cell count appears to be a useful tool for screening infants presenting with respiratory distress in the first 48 hours of life and for separating early-onset group B streptococcal disease from other causes of neonatal respiratory distress.", "PMID": 333072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12454", "title": "Detection and quantitation of bacteremia in childhood.", "content": "Quantitative blood cultures were sought in 383 children, from whom routine blood cultures were obtained because of fever, by direct plating of 10 and 100 microliter blood onto solidified media. There were 14 positive cultures from 12 patients. These were 7 Hemophilus influenzae type b, 5 Streptococcus penumoniae, and 2 Staphylococcus aureus. The direct-plating technique permitted more rapid identification of positive cultures, and detected three episodes not identified by routine broth culture. Bacterial counts ranged from 20 to greater than 10(4) bacteria/ml blood. In the three cases of H. influenzae type b meningitis, bacteremia exceeded 10(3)/ml. Among nine patients in whom bacteremia was unassociated with meningitis, (bacteremia without evident localized disease 5, pneumonia 2, epiglottitis 1, peritonitis 1), bacteremia was less than 10(3)/ml. This technique may aid detection of bacteremia and help identify those children at highest risk for developing septic complications, such as meningitis.", "contents": "Detection and quantitation of bacteremia in childhood. Quantitative blood cultures were sought in 383 children, from whom routine blood cultures were obtained because of fever, by direct plating of 10 and 100 microliter blood onto solidified media. There were 14 positive cultures from 12 patients. These were 7 Hemophilus influenzae type b, 5 Streptococcus penumoniae, and 2 Staphylococcus aureus. The direct-plating technique permitted more rapid identification of positive cultures, and detected three episodes not identified by routine broth culture. Bacterial counts ranged from 20 to greater than 10(4) bacteria/ml blood. In the three cases of H. influenzae type b meningitis, bacteremia exceeded 10(3)/ml. Among nine patients in whom bacteremia was unassociated with meningitis, (bacteremia without evident localized disease 5, pneumonia 2, epiglottitis 1, peritonitis 1), bacteremia was less than 10(3)/ml. This technique may aid detection of bacteremia and help identify those children at highest risk for developing septic complications, such as meningitis.", "PMID": 333075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12455", "title": "Pathologic and immune factors in thyroid disease.", "content": "Thyroid glands from 33 children with hyperthyroidism and nine with juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis were examined histologically and for IgG, IgA, IgM, and C3 by immunofluorescent staining. There was no significant difference between glands with JLT and those with hyperthyroidism in the degree of lymphoid infiltration or lymphoid follicle formation. In thyroiditis there was no correlation between the degree of histologic abnormalities and the presence of immunofluorescent staining for IgG, IgM, or IgA. In hyperthyroidism there was a correlation between the degree of histologic abnormalities and the presence of IgG. In both groups of patients LI and LFF were distinctly more severe in glands positive for C3. Postsurgical hypothyroidism correlated with LI but not with LFF, IgG, or C3.", "contents": "Pathologic and immune factors in thyroid disease. Thyroid glands from 33 children with hyperthyroidism and nine with juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis were examined histologically and for IgG, IgA, IgM, and C3 by immunofluorescent staining. There was no significant difference between glands with JLT and those with hyperthyroidism in the degree of lymphoid infiltration or lymphoid follicle formation. In thyroiditis there was no correlation between the degree of histologic abnormalities and the presence of immunofluorescent staining for IgG, IgM, or IgA. In hyperthyroidism there was a correlation between the degree of histologic abnormalities and the presence of IgG. In both groups of patients LI and LFF were distinctly more severe in glands positive for C3. Postsurgical hypothyroidism correlated with LI but not with LFF, IgG, or C3.", "PMID": 333076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12456", "title": "Controlled trial of bicarbonate therapy in high-risk premature newborn infants.", "content": "Sixty-two high-risk acidemic premature newborn infants, given maintenance intravascular infusions of 10% glucose, were assigned to liberal or restricted sodium bicarbonate treatment groups. Those infants in the liberal group received 5 to 15 mEq bicarbonate/dl 10% glucose, depending on the degree of acidosis. Among infants given bicarbonate, correction of pH was not more rapid and mortality was not decreased. Instead, there was a small increase in the number of deaths, but the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage was similar to that in infants not given bicarbonate.", "contents": "Controlled trial of bicarbonate therapy in high-risk premature newborn infants. Sixty-two high-risk acidemic premature newborn infants, given maintenance intravascular infusions of 10% glucose, were assigned to liberal or restricted sodium bicarbonate treatment groups. Those infants in the liberal group received 5 to 15 mEq bicarbonate/dl 10% glucose, depending on the degree of acidosis. Among infants given bicarbonate, correction of pH was not more rapid and mortality was not decreased. Instead, there was a small increase in the number of deaths, but the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage was similar to that in infants not given bicarbonate.", "PMID": 333077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12457", "title": "The effect of independent variations in inspiratory-expiratory ratio and end expiratory pressure during mechanical ventilation in hyaline membrane disease: the significance of mean airway pressure.", "content": "The specific aspects of the respiratory cycle during mechanical ventilation that allow for optimum gas exchange are still controversial. To further clarify the relationship of inspiratory:expiratory ratio and positive end expiratory pressure to optimum ventilation and oxygenation, five premature lambs with severe hyaline membrane disease were ventilated with volume-present infant ventilators at I:E ratios of 1:4 and 1:1 and PEEP levels of 0, 5, and 10 cm H2O. For each I:E ratio/PEEP combination, pH, Pao2, PaCO2, PAO2, PACO2, peak  inspiratory pressure, mean inspiratory pressure, and mean airway pressure were measured and compared. Optimum ventilation and oxygenation were related to MAP, but not to I:E ratio, PIP, or MIP. As MAP increased from 6 to 14 cm H2O, progressive improvement in Pao2, PaCO2 (A-a) DO2 and (a-A) DCO2 was evident. Above 14 cm H2O, there was progressive deterioration in these measurements. There was also a direct relationship between MAP and mean pleural pressure. These results indicate that during mechanical ventilation there is an optimum MAP at which gas exchange is best. Since MAP changes with any change in PIP, PEEP, or I:E ratio, it provides a useful composite measure of all pressures transmitted to the airways by the ventilator.", "contents": "The effect of independent variations in inspiratory-expiratory ratio and end expiratory pressure during mechanical ventilation in hyaline membrane disease: the significance of mean airway pressure. The specific aspects of the respiratory cycle during mechanical ventilation that allow for optimum gas exchange are still controversial. To further clarify the relationship of inspiratory:expiratory ratio and positive end expiratory pressure to optimum ventilation and oxygenation, five premature lambs with severe hyaline membrane disease were ventilated with volume-present infant ventilators at I:E ratios of 1:4 and 1:1 and PEEP levels of 0, 5, and 10 cm H2O. For each I:E ratio/PEEP combination, pH, Pao2, PaCO2, PAO2, PACO2, peak  inspiratory pressure, mean inspiratory pressure, and mean airway pressure were measured and compared. Optimum ventilation and oxygenation were related to MAP, but not to I:E ratio, PIP, or MIP. As MAP increased from 6 to 14 cm H2O, progressive improvement in Pao2, PaCO2 (A-a) DO2 and (a-A) DCO2 was evident. Above 14 cm H2O, there was progressive deterioration in these measurements. There was also a direct relationship between MAP and mean pleural pressure. These results indicate that during mechanical ventilation there is an optimum MAP at which gas exchange is best. Since MAP changes with any change in PIP, PEEP, or I:E ratio, it provides a useful composite measure of all pressures transmitted to the airways by the ventilator.", "PMID": 333078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12458", "title": "Comparison of tolmetin sodium and aspirin in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group was established in 1973 to undertake systematic trials of new drugs in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The first drug evaluated was tolmetin (1-methyl-5-p-toluoylpyrrole-2 acetic acid), a new nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent. A four-week open trial with 30 patients and a subsequent 12-week double-blind trial against aspirin with 107 patients were conducted. Tolmetin and aspirin had equal anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the treatment of JRA. Elevations of transaminase values attributed to aspirin were not found with tolmetin. Adverse effects accompanying administration of tolmetin did not appear to be of major clinical significance.", "contents": "Comparison of tolmetin sodium and aspirin in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group was established in 1973 to undertake systematic trials of new drugs in the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The first drug evaluated was tolmetin (1-methyl-5-p-toluoylpyrrole-2 acetic acid), a new nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent. A four-week open trial with 30 patients and a subsequent 12-week double-blind trial against aspirin with 107 patients were conducted. Tolmetin and aspirin had equal anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the treatment of JRA. Elevations of transaminase values attributed to aspirin were not found with tolmetin. Adverse effects accompanying administration of tolmetin did not appear to be of major clinical significance.", "PMID": 333079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12459", "title": "Effect of topical application of phenylephrine hydrochloride on hyperplastic gingivitis.", "content": "A double blind study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Phenodent Type A (brand of phenylephrine hydrochloride) on decongesting hyperplastic gingivitis. Three solutions were used: a 0.5% a placebo, and a 0.25% concentration of phenylephrine hydrochloride. The periodontal disease index was used to score variables which might have an effect on gingival response to local irritants. Impressions were taken and casts were made on 45 subjects at 0, 1, 3, and 6-week intervals. An instrument with accuracy of 0.001 inch was constructed to measure the changes in the interdental papillae of the stone casts. No significant reduction of gingival volume was established for any of the three solutions.", "contents": "Effect of topical application of phenylephrine hydrochloride on hyperplastic gingivitis. A double blind study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Phenodent Type A (brand of phenylephrine hydrochloride) on decongesting hyperplastic gingivitis. Three solutions were used: a 0.5% a placebo, and a 0.25% concentration of phenylephrine hydrochloride. The periodontal disease index was used to score variables which might have an effect on gingival response to local irritants. Impressions were taken and casts were made on 45 subjects at 0, 1, 3, and 6-week intervals. An instrument with accuracy of 0.001 inch was constructed to measure the changes in the interdental papillae of the stone casts. No significant reduction of gingival volume was established for any of the three solutions.", "PMID": 333082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12460", "title": "Tetracyclines: double blind clinical study to evaluate the effectiveness in periodontal surgery.", "content": "Twenty consecutive hospital patients who were to have periodontal surgery were assigned to one of two groups in a double blind clinical study. Ten were placed on tetracycline 250 mg, 6 times per day for 5 days. The other ten were given an identical appearing placebo 6 times per day for 5 days. The capsules were placed in a brown envelope so that neither the patient nor the periodontist knew which medication was being administered. The patients were randomly assigned to one of the two groups and were evaluated subjectively and objectively on the 3rd day and the 7th day. Statistically there were no differences between the two groups. In both groups there was some inflammation on the 3rd day but on the 7th day, it had subsided. Tetracycline is not recommended for routine prophylactic use in periodontal surgery.", "contents": "Tetracyclines: double blind clinical study to evaluate the effectiveness in periodontal surgery. Twenty consecutive hospital patients who were to have periodontal surgery were assigned to one of two groups in a double blind clinical study. Ten were placed on tetracycline 250 mg, 6 times per day for 5 days. The other ten were given an identical appearing placebo 6 times per day for 5 days. The capsules were placed in a brown envelope so that neither the patient nor the periodontist knew which medication was being administered. The patients were randomly assigned to one of the two groups and were evaluated subjectively and objectively on the 3rd day and the 7th day. Statistically there were no differences between the two groups. In both groups there was some inflammation on the 3rd day but on the 7th day, it had subsided. Tetracycline is not recommended for routine prophylactic use in periodontal surgery.", "PMID": 333084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12461", "title": "Present status of osseous grafting procedures.", "content": "Osseous grafting techniques represent one mode of therapy to manage combination pocket-osseous defects. They have their greatest applicability in the intrabony defect although encouraging results have been noted in furcation and suprabony sites. Like all treatment modalities, their usage is dictated by the therapeutic objectives for specific problems and whether their respective advantages and limitations outweigh other management techniques. They are neither a panacea nor an unproven experimental venture. When properly employed, they are a valuable component of currently accepted therapy. When compared with other treatment approaches, the following relative advantages and limitations have been noted with osseous grafts: Advantages 1. Reconstruct lost periodontium. 2. Idealistic therapeutic objective. 3. Reversal of disease process. 4. Increase tooth support. 5. Enhance esthetics. 6. Improve function. Limitations 1. Additional treatment time. 2. Autograft disadvantages. 3. Availability of graft material. 4. Additional postoperative care. 5. Unique postoperative problems. 6. Variations in repair. 7. Longer post-treatment evaluation interval. 8. Predictability. 9. Greater expense. 10. Multistep therapy common. 11. Vulnerability to recurrence.", "contents": "Present status of osseous grafting procedures. Osseous grafting techniques represent one mode of therapy to manage combination pocket-osseous defects. They have their greatest applicability in the intrabony defect although encouraging results have been noted in furcation and suprabony sites. Like all treatment modalities, their usage is dictated by the therapeutic objectives for specific problems and whether their respective advantages and limitations outweigh other management techniques. They are neither a panacea nor an unproven experimental venture. When properly employed, they are a valuable component of currently accepted therapy. When compared with other treatment approaches, the following relative advantages and limitations have been noted with osseous grafts: Advantages 1. Reconstruct lost periodontium. 2. Idealistic therapeutic objective. 3. Reversal of disease process. 4. Increase tooth support. 5. Enhance esthetics. 6. Improve function. Limitations 1. Additional treatment time. 2. Autograft disadvantages. 3. Availability of graft material. 4. Additional postoperative care. 5. Unique postoperative problems. 6. Variations in repair. 7. Longer post-treatment evaluation interval. 8. Predictability. 9. Greater expense. 10. Multistep therapy common. 11. Vulnerability to recurrence.", "PMID": 333090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12462", "title": "Intraindividual relationships between serum protein binding of drugs in normal human subjects, patients with impaired renal function, and rats.", "content": "The serum protein binding of phenytoin, salicylic acid, sulfisoxazole, and warfarin was determined in normal human adults, in patients with impaired renal function (kidney donor and recipient), and in adult male Sprague--Dawley rats. The free fraction values for salicylate and sulfisoxazole were significantly correlated in all three groups. The other correlations were statistically significant in only one or two of these groups. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between albumin concentration and the free fraction values of salicylic acid and sulfisoxazole (but not of phenytoin and only under special circumstances with warfarin) in normal subjects and of phenytoin, salicylic acid, and sulfisoxazole (but not warfarin) in rats. No such correlation was observed for any of the drugs in patients with impaired renal function. These observations show that no single weakly acidic drug can serve as an index for quantitatively determining the effect of disease or species differences on the serum protein binding of other weakly acidic drugs.", "contents": "Intraindividual relationships between serum protein binding of drugs in normal human subjects, patients with impaired renal function, and rats. The serum protein binding of phenytoin, salicylic acid, sulfisoxazole, and warfarin was determined in normal human adults, in patients with impaired renal function (kidney donor and recipient), and in adult male Sprague--Dawley rats. The free fraction values for salicylate and sulfisoxazole were significantly correlated in all three groups. The other correlations were statistically significant in only one or two of these groups. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between albumin concentration and the free fraction values of salicylic acid and sulfisoxazole (but not of phenytoin and only under special circumstances with warfarin) in normal subjects and of phenytoin, salicylic acid, and sulfisoxazole (but not warfarin) in rats. No such correlation was observed for any of the drugs in patients with impaired renal function. These observations show that no single weakly acidic drug can serve as an index for quantitatively determining the effect of disease or species differences on the serum protein binding of other weakly acidic drugs.", "PMID": 333094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12463", "title": "Opiate tolerance: independence from immunological mechanisms.", "content": "The possibility that immunological mechanisms are involved in the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine was investigated, focusing on several immunological parameters. The data indicate that transfer of spleen cells and bone marrow cells obtained from morphine-tolerant donors into nontolerant syngeneic recipient mice did not result in the transfer of tolerance to the analgesic activity of morphine. Furthermore, the data indicate that the thymus, which is essential for the immunological response to many antigens, was not involved in the induction of tolerance to the opiate since tolerance was induced in thymectomized mice as well as in genetically athymic mice. The results suggest that immunological factors do not seem to play a crucial role in the phenomenon of tolerance to the analgesic activity of morphine.", "contents": "Opiate tolerance: independence from immunological mechanisms. The possibility that immunological mechanisms are involved in the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine was investigated, focusing on several immunological parameters. The data indicate that transfer of spleen cells and bone marrow cells obtained from morphine-tolerant donors into nontolerant syngeneic recipient mice did not result in the transfer of tolerance to the analgesic activity of morphine. Furthermore, the data indicate that the thymus, which is essential for the immunological response to many antigens, was not involved in the induction of tolerance to the opiate since tolerance was induced in thymectomized mice as well as in genetically athymic mice. The results suggest that immunological factors do not seem to play a crucial role in the phenomenon of tolerance to the analgesic activity of morphine.", "PMID": 333095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12464", "title": "Evidence for a centrally mediated hypotensive effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "The centrally mediated cardiovascular effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin were studied utilizing a neurally intact vascularly isolated head-trunk preparation in the anesthetized dog. The vascularly isolated head was perfused at constant flow with arterial blood supplied by a donor animal. Spectrophotometric examination of the donor and recipient trunk blood after administration of Evan's blue dye indicated that there was no blood exchanged between the head and trunk of the recipient dog. The responses to various physiological maneuvers and denervations indicated that the central nervous system and all afferents and efferents involved in the control of the cardiovascular system were functioning normally. The infusion of purified E. coli endotoxin into the arterial perfusion circuit to the head, either before or after bilateral denervation of the carotid sinus-body complexes, resulted in marked hypotension within 30 minutes in the trunk of the recipient dog. These findings indicate that purified E. coli endotoxin is capable of eliciting marked centrally mediated hypotensive responses. The time course of these responses suggests that the centrally mediated hypotensive effects of endotoxin do not participate in the initial precipitous fall in blood pressure seen after systemic administration of endotoxin, but rather that they may contribute significantly to the maintenance of the hypotension.", "contents": "Evidence for a centrally mediated hypotensive effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin in the anesthetized dog. The centrally mediated cardiovascular effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin were studied utilizing a neurally intact vascularly isolated head-trunk preparation in the anesthetized dog. The vascularly isolated head was perfused at constant flow with arterial blood supplied by a donor animal. Spectrophotometric examination of the donor and recipient trunk blood after administration of Evan's blue dye indicated that there was no blood exchanged between the head and trunk of the recipient dog. The responses to various physiological maneuvers and denervations indicated that the central nervous system and all afferents and efferents involved in the control of the cardiovascular system were functioning normally. The infusion of purified E. coli endotoxin into the arterial perfusion circuit to the head, either before or after bilateral denervation of the carotid sinus-body complexes, resulted in marked hypotension within 30 minutes in the trunk of the recipient dog. These findings indicate that purified E. coli endotoxin is capable of eliciting marked centrally mediated hypotensive responses. The time course of these responses suggests that the centrally mediated hypotensive effects of endotoxin do not participate in the initial precipitous fall in blood pressure seen after systemic administration of endotoxin, but rather that they may contribute significantly to the maintenance of the hypotension.", "PMID": 333096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12465", "title": "Calcium and stimulus-secretion coupling in the mast cell: stimulant and inhibitory effects of calcium-rich media on exocytosis.", "content": "1. Isolated rat peritoneal mast cells incubated in Ca-free media for 2 h, with or without EDTA, and observed by phase-contact microscopy, became ;bubbled' in appearance when subsequently exposed to media rich in calcium (16-110 mM).2. Electron microscopy showed the response to be ;compound' exocytosis of the sort elicited by conventional mast cell secretagogues such as antigen (in sensitized cells) and 48/80.3. The response to Ca was inhibited by withdrawing glucose and adding dinitrophenol and was thus energy-dependent.4. Mg in similarly high concentration had no such stimulant effect on Ca-deprived cells, and excess Ca stimulated only after Ca deprivation.5. It is suggested that Ca deprivation may increase the permeability of the plasma membrane of the mast cell thereby allowing some Ca, when subsequently introduced in high concentration, to penetrate and activate exocytosis; and the results are considered further support for the postulated mediator function of Ca in stimulus-secretion coupling.6. Two inhibitory effects of calcium in high concentration were detected: (a) suppression of migration or expulsion of granules from the exocytotic pits within the cellular domain; and (b) diminished sensitivity to 48/80.", "contents": "Calcium and stimulus-secretion coupling in the mast cell: stimulant and inhibitory effects of calcium-rich media on exocytosis. 1. Isolated rat peritoneal mast cells incubated in Ca-free media for 2 h, with or without EDTA, and observed by phase-contact microscopy, became ;bubbled' in appearance when subsequently exposed to media rich in calcium (16-110 mM).2. Electron microscopy showed the response to be ;compound' exocytosis of the sort elicited by conventional mast cell secretagogues such as antigen (in sensitized cells) and 48/80.3. The response to Ca was inhibited by withdrawing glucose and adding dinitrophenol and was thus energy-dependent.4. Mg in similarly high concentration had no such stimulant effect on Ca-deprived cells, and excess Ca stimulated only after Ca deprivation.5. It is suggested that Ca deprivation may increase the permeability of the plasma membrane of the mast cell thereby allowing some Ca, when subsequently introduced in high concentration, to penetrate and activate exocytosis; and the results are considered further support for the postulated mediator function of Ca in stimulus-secretion coupling.6. Two inhibitory effects of calcium in high concentration were detected: (a) suppression of migration or expulsion of granules from the exocytotic pits within the cellular domain; and (b) diminished sensitivity to 48/80.", "PMID": 333097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12466", "title": "Factors mediating against excellence in dental esthetics.", "content": "Factors mediating against excellence in dental esthetics have been classified and enumerated in this article. A formula for producing unesthetic prostheses can be hypothesized as follows: Educational de-emphasis + Lack of research + Technical orientation + Technical tradition + Delegation (abdication) + Poor economics + Fatique + Poor office design + Convention + Conditioning + Schemata leads to POOR DENTAL ESTHETICS. It is postulated that a formula for excellent dental esthetics can be produced by reversing these factors: Altered schemata + Deconditioning + Altered convention + Adequate office design + Elimination of fatique + Favorable economics + Personal participation + Research + Educational emphasis leads to ESTHETIC EXCELLENCE.", "contents": "Factors mediating against excellence in dental esthetics. Factors mediating against excellence in dental esthetics have been classified and enumerated in this article. A formula for producing unesthetic prostheses can be hypothesized as follows: Educational de-emphasis + Lack of research + Technical orientation + Technical tradition + Delegation (abdication) + Poor economics + Fatique + Poor office design + Convention + Conditioning + Schemata leads to POOR DENTAL ESTHETICS. It is postulated that a formula for excellent dental esthetics can be produced by reversing these factors: Altered schemata + Deconditioning + Altered convention + Adequate office design + Elimination of fatique + Favorable economics + Personal participation + Research + Educational emphasis leads to ESTHETIC EXCELLENCE.", "PMID": 333098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12467", "title": "Evaluation of photoelastic stress patterns produced by various designs of bilateral distal-extension removable partial dentures.", "content": "The results of this study showed that: 1. The design of a retainer with a mesial rest in conjunction with a buccal I-bar or a wrought-wire and cast lingual arm exhibited the most favorable distribution of vertically applied forces. 2. Retainer designs with a distal rest tend to move the clinical crown distally and the root mesially at the apex, resulting in horizontal forces in the bone. 3. Placing rests of distal-extension removable partial dentures more anteriorly provides an axis of rotation that directs applied forces in a more vertical direction. 4. The distal rest in conjunction with circumferential retainers developed greater horizontal forces within the supporting structures.", "contents": "Evaluation of photoelastic stress patterns produced by various designs of bilateral distal-extension removable partial dentures. The results of this study showed that: 1. The design of a retainer with a mesial rest in conjunction with a buccal I-bar or a wrought-wire and cast lingual arm exhibited the most favorable distribution of vertically applied forces. 2. Retainer designs with a distal rest tend to move the clinical crown distally and the root mesially at the apex, resulting in horizontal forces in the bone. 3. Placing rests of distal-extension removable partial dentures more anteriorly provides an axis of rotation that directs applied forces in a more vertical direction. 4. The distal rest in conjunction with circumferential retainers developed greater horizontal forces within the supporting structures.", "PMID": 333099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12468", "title": "A method for using reversible hydrocolloid at high altitudes.", "content": "This study has shown that high-altitude boiling of reversible hydrocolloid in water alone is inadequate. It must be liquefied at a temperature of at least 100 degrees C. (212 degrees F). The use of propylene glycol alone in the liquefying bath or as an additive to water is effective in attaining this temperature. A microwave oven did not liquefy the reversible hydrocolloid adequately.", "contents": "A method for using reversible hydrocolloid at high altitudes. This study has shown that high-altitude boiling of reversible hydrocolloid in water alone is inadequate. It must be liquefied at a temperature of at least 100 degrees C. (212 degrees F). The use of propylene glycol alone in the liquefying bath or as an additive to water is effective in attaining this temperature. A microwave oven did not liquefy the reversible hydrocolloid adequately.", "PMID": 333100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12469", "title": "Research on remounting procedures.", "content": "This study has indicated that numerous benefits accrue from remounting dentures to correct occlusion and recontouring the tissue side of the bases at the time of insertion. This appears to be due to the changes in contour of the denture bases after the stone casts have been removed from them and indicates that a significant change in the occlusal relationship occurs during the deflasking procedure. Since adjustments and postinsertion complaints were materially decreased by early remounting and alteration, patients should benefit from such procedures by receiving restorations that may decrease the rate of bone resorption, be more comfortable, and tend to be effective for a longer period of time. The dentist should consequently be more satisfied knowing that he has done everything possible to provide quality dentistry to his patients.", "contents": "Research on remounting procedures. This study has indicated that numerous benefits accrue from remounting dentures to correct occlusion and recontouring the tissue side of the bases at the time of insertion. This appears to be due to the changes in contour of the denture bases after the stone casts have been removed from them and indicates that a significant change in the occlusal relationship occurs during the deflasking procedure. Since adjustments and postinsertion complaints were materially decreased by early remounting and alteration, patients should benefit from such procedures by receiving restorations that may decrease the rate of bone resorption, be more comfortable, and tend to be effective for a longer period of time. The dentist should consequently be more satisfied knowing that he has done everything possible to provide quality dentistry to his patients.", "PMID": 333102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12470", "title": "Stabilizing a removable partial denture framework on the master cast.", "content": "This technique aids the dentist in obtaining stable removable partial dentures. Failure to fill the space between the tissue stops of the retention mesh and the dental cast with cold-cure acrylic resin may result in the distortion and displacement of the removable partial denture framework during processing.", "contents": "Stabilizing a removable partial denture framework on the master cast. This technique aids the dentist in obtaining stable removable partial dentures. Failure to fill the space between the tissue stops of the retention mesh and the dental cast with cold-cure acrylic resin may result in the distortion and displacement of the removable partial denture framework during processing.", "PMID": 333104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12471", "title": "Autogenous bone graft procedures for atrophic edentulous mandibles.", "content": "Using a joint oral surgery-prosthodontic team approach, five patients with extreme atrophy of the edentulous mandible were selected for augmentation of the mandible with autogenous bone grafts from the crest of the ilium. All were wearing restorations considered adequate, but they had difficulty tolerating the lower dentures. An extraoral submandibular surgical approach was employed with few postoperative complications. Sulcus extension procedures were unnecessary after surgery, and four of the five patients received lower prostheses in approximately 3 months. The oral surgeon, the prosthodontist, and the five patients considered the results successful.", "contents": "Autogenous bone graft procedures for atrophic edentulous mandibles. Using a joint oral surgery-prosthodontic team approach, five patients with extreme atrophy of the edentulous mandible were selected for augmentation of the mandible with autogenous bone grafts from the crest of the ilium. All were wearing restorations considered adequate, but they had difficulty tolerating the lower dentures. An extraoral submandibular surgical approach was employed with few postoperative complications. Sulcus extension procedures were unnecessary after surgery, and four of the five patients received lower prostheses in approximately 3 months. The oral surgeon, the prosthodontist, and the five patients considered the results successful.", "PMID": 333106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12472", "title": "The role of the prosthodontist in secondary management of facial trauma.", "content": "Major head and neck trauma affects the midface and intraoral structures in most accident victims. The prosthodontist can provide a much-needed treatment service during the rehabilitation of these persons. Secondary management is a complicated and protracted experience. An interdisciplinary approach with consultations, careful planning, and integrated surgical/prosthodontic management of all phases of treatment can provide the patient with a most satisfactory result.", "contents": "The role of the prosthodontist in secondary management of facial trauma. Major head and neck trauma affects the midface and intraoral structures in most accident victims. The prosthodontist can provide a much-needed treatment service during the rehabilitation of these persons. Secondary management is a complicated and protracted experience. An interdisciplinary approach with consultations, careful planning, and integrated surgical/prosthodontic management of all phases of treatment can provide the patient with a most satisfactory result.", "PMID": 333110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12473", "title": "Polynucleotide analogues. Copolymers of vinyl bases with acrylic acid, methylacrylic acid, acrylamide, and 1-vinylpyrrolidone.", "content": "Preliminary studies are reported on the synthesis and testing of substituted vinyl polymers that are designed to have sequence specific affinity for polyribonucleic acids. Copolymers of 1-vinyluracil with acrylic acid, 2-methylacrylic acid, or 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone were prepared by gamma-irradiation to give the respective polymers 1,3, and 4. Similarly, 9-vinyladenine yielded copolymeric products 5 and 6 with acrylic acid or 2-methylacrylic acid. Radical initiated polymerization of 9-vinyladenine with acrylamide yielded copolymer 7. The products were characterized by elemental analysis and ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. No hypochromicity could be detected on mixing polymers 1-4 with poly(adenylic acid). The acrylic acid copolymer 2 containing a high ratio of vinyluracil was a potent inhibitor of poly(adenylic acid) coded polylysine synthesis in an in vitro system. Polymers 6 and 7, containing a high proportion of vinyladenine, inhibited poly(uridylic acid) coded poly(phenylalanine) synthesis.", "contents": "Polynucleotide analogues. Copolymers of vinyl bases with acrylic acid, methylacrylic acid, acrylamide, and 1-vinylpyrrolidone. Preliminary studies are reported on the synthesis and testing of substituted vinyl polymers that are designed to have sequence specific affinity for polyribonucleic acids. Copolymers of 1-vinyluracil with acrylic acid, 2-methylacrylic acid, or 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone were prepared by gamma-irradiation to give the respective polymers 1,3, and 4. Similarly, 9-vinyladenine yielded copolymeric products 5 and 6 with acrylic acid or 2-methylacrylic acid. Radical initiated polymerization of 9-vinyladenine with acrylamide yielded copolymer 7. The products were characterized by elemental analysis and ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. No hypochromicity could be detected on mixing polymers 1-4 with poly(adenylic acid). The acrylic acid copolymer 2 containing a high ratio of vinyluracil was a potent inhibitor of poly(adenylic acid) coded polylysine synthesis in an in vitro system. Polymers 6 and 7, containing a high proportion of vinyladenine, inhibited poly(uridylic acid) coded poly(phenylalanine) synthesis.", "PMID": 333112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12474", "title": "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some derivatives of tolypomycinone. Relationship between structure and activity in ansamycins.", "content": "3-Aminotolypomycinoes and 3,16-diamino-16,17-dihydrotolypomycinones are formed by the addition of primary and secondary amines to tolypomycinone, obtained by mild hydrolysis of the antibiotic tolypomycin Y.3-Amino-16,17-dihydrotolypomycinones are formed by the addition of primary and secondary amines to 16,17-dihydrotolypomycinone. In vitro microbiological tests showed high antibacterial activity in compounds obtained by the addition of primary amines, which must be unbranched in the alpha position to the nitrogen atom to position 3 of the naphthoquinone ring. The relationship between structure and activity is described, and evidence is presented that hydrogen bonding between the amino NH bonded to C3 and the amide CO of tolypomycinone is very important for biological activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some derivatives of tolypomycinone. Relationship between structure and activity in ansamycins. 3-Aminotolypomycinoes and 3,16-diamino-16,17-dihydrotolypomycinones are formed by the addition of primary and secondary amines to tolypomycinone, obtained by mild hydrolysis of the antibiotic tolypomycin Y.3-Amino-16,17-dihydrotolypomycinones are formed by the addition of primary and secondary amines to 16,17-dihydrotolypomycinone. In vitro microbiological tests showed high antibacterial activity in compounds obtained by the addition of primary amines, which must be unbranched in the alpha position to the nitrogen atom to position 3 of the naphthoquinone ring. The relationship between structure and activity is described, and evidence is presented that hydrogen bonding between the amino NH bonded to C3 and the amide CO of tolypomycinone is very important for biological activity.", "PMID": 333113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12475", "title": "Synthesis of 5,6-dihydro-8(7H)-quinolinone thiosemicarbazones as potential antitumor agents.", "content": "5,6-Dihydro-8(7H)-quinolinone was synthesized and converted into thiosemicarbazones which could be considered to be semirigid analogues of the 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone class of antitumor agents. The Z and E isomers were separated and identified by 1H NMR and UV. Although the compounds showed essentially no inhibitory activity against the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, several of these agents had demonstrable anticancer activity in mice bearing the P388 leukemia. The E-configuration analogues in general were slightly more active than their corresponding Z isomers.", "contents": "Synthesis of 5,6-dihydro-8(7H)-quinolinone thiosemicarbazones as potential antitumor agents. 5,6-Dihydro-8(7H)-quinolinone was synthesized and converted into thiosemicarbazones which could be considered to be semirigid analogues of the 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone class of antitumor agents. The Z and E isomers were separated and identified by 1H NMR and UV. Although the compounds showed essentially no inhibitory activity against the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, several of these agents had demonstrable anticancer activity in mice bearing the P388 leukemia. The E-configuration analogues in general were slightly more active than their corresponding Z isomers.", "PMID": 333114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12476", "title": "Epidemiology of endometrial cancer.", "content": "For a population-based, case-control study of cancer of the endometrium in Greater Boston from 1965 through mid-1969, 440 cases were drawn from nearly all hospitals in the area; controls were drawn at random from the general population. The age-adjusted incidence rate was 18.1/100,000 woman-years, with a peak at ages 55-59 and a gradual decline thereafter. Information was provided from 212 cases and 1,198 controls by mall questionnaire. A trend of reduced risk of endometrial cancer with increased parity was noted, the relative incidence (RI) for multiparous women being 0.3 compared to a RI of unity for married nulliparous women. The association of risk with age at first birth was irregular. Early menarche (RI=1.6) and late menopause (RI=1.7) were associated with increased risk of disease. Endometrial cancer risk was also found to be directly related to socioeconomic status, relative weight, diabetes, hypertension, and arthritis. The findings supported the idea that hormone activity during, and perhaps after, reproductive life is an important cause of this disease.", "contents": "Epidemiology of endometrial cancer. For a population-based, case-control study of cancer of the endometrium in Greater Boston from 1965 through mid-1969, 440 cases were drawn from nearly all hospitals in the area; controls were drawn at random from the general population. The age-adjusted incidence rate was 18.1/100,000 woman-years, with a peak at ages 55-59 and a gradual decline thereafter. Information was provided from 212 cases and 1,198 controls by mall questionnaire. A trend of reduced risk of endometrial cancer with increased parity was noted, the relative incidence (RI) for multiparous women being 0.3 compared to a RI of unity for married nulliparous women. The association of risk with age at first birth was irregular. Early menarche (RI=1.6) and late menopause (RI=1.7) were associated with increased risk of disease. Endometrial cancer risk was also found to be directly related to socioeconomic status, relative weight, diabetes, hypertension, and arthritis. The findings supported the idea that hormone activity during, and perhaps after, reproductive life is an important cause of this disease.", "PMID": 333120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12477", "title": "Factors related to the incidence of stomach cancer in the Pittsburgh Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "content": "This report presents an analysis of several demographic discriminants of stomach cancer incidence for residents of the Pittsburgh Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) with the use of data collected as part of the Third National Cancer Survey, 1969-71. The Pittsburgh SMSA, one of nine areas included in the Third National Cancer Survey, was of particular interest in the study of stomach cancer, since area residents showed the highest age-adjusted incidence rate for cancer of this site while showing the fifth highest rate for all sites. To examine the data in greater detail, we used the variables of sex, race, nativity, and median income level to classify the cancer patients into homogeneous subgroups of census tracts of residence to allow comparisons of the average annual age-adjusted incidence rates among the groups. The data indicated that Pittsburgh SMSA residents showed stomach cancer incidence patterns that were generally consistent with earlier published reports; particularly when contrasted with appropriate population subgroups, higher rates appeared for males, for blacks, for lower income areas, and for areas with \"large\" proportions of foreign-born and foreign-stock residents. Furthermore, when one considered interactions among the factors, the relationship between ethnic composition and incidence appeared to supercede that of income among white males.", "contents": "Factors related to the incidence of stomach cancer in the Pittsburgh Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. This report presents an analysis of several demographic discriminants of stomach cancer incidence for residents of the Pittsburgh Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) with the use of data collected as part of the Third National Cancer Survey, 1969-71. The Pittsburgh SMSA, one of nine areas included in the Third National Cancer Survey, was of particular interest in the study of stomach cancer, since area residents showed the highest age-adjusted incidence rate for cancer of this site while showing the fifth highest rate for all sites. To examine the data in greater detail, we used the variables of sex, race, nativity, and median income level to classify the cancer patients into homogeneous subgroups of census tracts of residence to allow comparisons of the average annual age-adjusted incidence rates among the groups. The data indicated that Pittsburgh SMSA residents showed stomach cancer incidence patterns that were generally consistent with earlier published reports; particularly when contrasted with appropriate population subgroups, higher rates appeared for males, for blacks, for lower income areas, and for areas with \"large\" proportions of foreign-born and foreign-stock residents. Furthermore, when one considered interactions among the factors, the relationship between ethnic composition and incidence appeared to supercede that of income among white males.", "PMID": 333121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12478", "title": "Demonstration of immunoglobulin in tumor and marginal tissues of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.", "content": "Immunofluorescence (IF) techniques on cryostatcut sections of tumor tissues demonstrated that immunoglobulin was associated with cells of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. The immunoglobulin was found consistently to be of the IgG class; IgM and IgA were detected also but in only one tumor sample each. The C3 component of complement was also in most tumor tissues. The immunoglobulin could be removed from the tissues by being washed with low pH glycine buffer but not with pH 7 buffer, indicating that the immunoglobulin may be in antibody-antigen complexes. All the tissues obtained from the histologically normal margins of the surgical specimens were also positive for the presence of bound immunoglobulin, whereas head and neck epithelial tissues from tumor-free control patients were negative in the IF assays. Preliminary experiments showed that IgG from patients' diluted serum and the IgG fraction isolated from patients' serum would bind to glycine buffer-eluted tumor tissue.", "contents": "Demonstration of immunoglobulin in tumor and marginal tissues of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Immunofluorescence (IF) techniques on cryostatcut sections of tumor tissues demonstrated that immunoglobulin was associated with cells of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. The immunoglobulin was found consistently to be of the IgG class; IgM and IgA were detected also but in only one tumor sample each. The C3 component of complement was also in most tumor tissues. The immunoglobulin could be removed from the tissues by being washed with low pH glycine buffer but not with pH 7 buffer, indicating that the immunoglobulin may be in antibody-antigen complexes. All the tissues obtained from the histologically normal margins of the surgical specimens were also positive for the presence of bound immunoglobulin, whereas head and neck epithelial tissues from tumor-free control patients were negative in the IF assays. Preliminary experiments showed that IgG from patients' diluted serum and the IgG fraction isolated from patients' serum would bind to glycine buffer-eluted tumor tissue.", "PMID": 333122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12479", "title": "A 14q+ marker and a late replicating chromosome No. 22 in a brain tumor: brief communication.", "content": "Chromosome studies of a malignant lymphoma of the brain were made by G-, Q-, and C-banding techniques and by autoradiography. The tumor had a modal chromosome number of 47 and contained 4 markers: 1q-, 6p+, 11q+, and 14q+. A 14q+ marker chromosome frequently seen in malignant lymphomas was identified as a translocation between chromosomes No. 1 and 14 in this case. Although the banding pattern did not reveal abnormalities in chromosomes No. 22, the late replication of one chromosome No. 22 was detected by autoradiography. The abnormality of chromosomes No. 14 and 22 was discussed in relation to its occurrence in brain tumors, and the application of autoradiography in addition to banding techniques was stressed as necessary in cytogenetic studies of tumor chromosomes.", "contents": "A 14q+ marker and a late replicating chromosome No. 22 in a brain tumor: brief communication. Chromosome studies of a malignant lymphoma of the brain were made by G-, Q-, and C-banding techniques and by autoradiography. The tumor had a modal chromosome number of 47 and contained 4 markers: 1q-, 6p+, 11q+, and 14q+. A 14q+ marker chromosome frequently seen in malignant lymphomas was identified as a translocation between chromosomes No. 1 and 14 in this case. Although the banding pattern did not reveal abnormalities in chromosomes No. 22, the late replication of one chromosome No. 22 was detected by autoradiography. The abnormality of chromosomes No. 14 and 22 was discussed in relation to its occurrence in brain tumors, and the application of autoradiography in addition to banding techniques was stressed as necessary in cytogenetic studies of tumor chromosomes.", "PMID": 333123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12480", "title": "The story of the Howard University Transplant Center: (a project of the people).", "content": "It took almost two years for Howard University Hospital to receive certification as a kidney transplant hospital under the federal government's end-stage renal disease program, although Howard had a transplant program that was comparable to many in the country.By the time the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare approved Howard's program, many successful transplants had already been carried out there, largely on indigent patients who probably could not have received transplants elsewhere or on patients whose chances of survival, because of other complications, were so risky that other hospitals had turned them down. At first the high cost of these operations had to be absorbed by the University since the government reimbursed only those hospitals which had an approved transplant program.Howard has now received reimbursement (payments of more than $500,000) for its transplants because its certification was granted retroactive to July 1, 1973, when the federal program was started. So the Transplant Center is now enabled, and committed, to provide the best possible transplant care to the Washington, D.C. community which, incidentally, has one of the highest incidences of kidney failure in the country.", "contents": "The story of the Howard University Transplant Center: (a project of the people). It took almost two years for Howard University Hospital to receive certification as a kidney transplant hospital under the federal government's end-stage renal disease program, although Howard had a transplant program that was comparable to many in the country.By the time the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare approved Howard's program, many successful transplants had already been carried out there, largely on indigent patients who probably could not have received transplants elsewhere or on patients whose chances of survival, because of other complications, were so risky that other hospitals had turned them down. At first the high cost of these operations had to be absorbed by the University since the government reimbursed only those hospitals which had an approved transplant program.Howard has now received reimbursement (payments of more than $500,000) for its transplants because its certification was granted retroactive to July 1, 1973, when the federal program was started. So the Transplant Center is now enabled, and committed, to provide the best possible transplant care to the Washington, D.C. community which, incidentally, has one of the highest incidences of kidney failure in the country.", "PMID": 333125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12481", "title": "Obliteration of alopecia by hair-lifting: a new concept and technique.", "content": "A new concept and technique of treatment of male-pattern alopecia are described. The concept is to remove, in serial stages, segments of skin that measure about 3 cm by 7 to 10 cm from the bald area of an alopecic scalp, and to raise the remaining hairy portion into the previously bald area.The technique consists of undermining the skin in the normal plane of cleavage between the galea and the sub-aponeurotic loose connective tissue after each removal of bald skin and \"lifting\" of hairy skin into the operative defects as they are obliterated by primary closure. By this method, which we call hair-lifting, the patient benefits also from an associated partial face-lift. Whatever remains of baldness after as much hair-lifting as feasible has been performed, is filled with \"punch\" grafts or free or pedicled strips. Each stage of the procedure is done under local anesthesia. The entire procedure is particularly suitable for tonsure baldness in men and even in the skull-cap type of androgenic alopecia in women.", "contents": "Obliteration of alopecia by hair-lifting: a new concept and technique. A new concept and technique of treatment of male-pattern alopecia are described. The concept is to remove, in serial stages, segments of skin that measure about 3 cm by 7 to 10 cm from the bald area of an alopecic scalp, and to raise the remaining hairy portion into the previously bald area.The technique consists of undermining the skin in the normal plane of cleavage between the galea and the sub-aponeurotic loose connective tissue after each removal of bald skin and \"lifting\" of hairy skin into the operative defects as they are obliterated by primary closure. By this method, which we call hair-lifting, the patient benefits also from an associated partial face-lift. Whatever remains of baldness after as much hair-lifting as feasible has been performed, is filled with \"punch\" grafts or free or pedicled strips. Each stage of the procedure is done under local anesthesia. The entire procedure is particularly suitable for tonsure baldness in men and even in the skull-cap type of androgenic alopecia in women.", "PMID": 333126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12482", "title": "Inactivation of receptors for bacteriophage T5 during infection of Escherichia coli B.", "content": "During infection of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage T5, the cell surface receptors for the phage were inactivated so that they could not be isolated from the infected cells. A mutant of T5 that could only inject 8% of the T5 DNA did not cause the inactivation.", "contents": "Inactivation of receptors for bacteriophage T5 during infection of Escherichia coli B. During infection of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage T5, the cell surface receptors for the phage were inactivated so that they could not be isolated from the infected cells. A mutant of T5 that could only inject 8% of the T5 DNA did not cause the inactivation.", "PMID": 333128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12483", "title": "Renal autotransplantation: current perspectives.", "content": "Autotransplantation, with or without an extracorporeal renal operation, has been done 39 times in 37 patients. Indications for the procedure included several ureteral injury in 4 patients, failed supravesical diversion in 2, renal carcinoma in a solitary kidney in 1, renovascular hypertension in 1 and donor arterial reconstruction before renal transplantation in 29. Success was obtained in all but 2 procedures, both of which involved previously operated kidneys with severe inflammation and adhesions involving the renal pelvis and pedicle. Based on our experience and a review of currently available literature we believe that renal autotransplantation and extracorporeal reconstruction can provide the best solution for patients with severe renovascular and ureteral disease not correctable by conventional operative techniques. The technique can be of particular value in removing centrally located tumors in solitary kidneys and in preparing donor kidneys with abnormal arteries for renal transplantation. The role of autotransplantation in the management of advanced renal trauma and calculus disease is less clear. A long-term comparison of patients treated by extracorporeal nephrolithotomy versus conventional lithotomy techniques will be necessary before a conclusion is reached in these disease categories.", "contents": "Renal autotransplantation: current perspectives. Autotransplantation, with or without an extracorporeal renal operation, has been done 39 times in 37 patients. Indications for the procedure included several ureteral injury in 4 patients, failed supravesical diversion in 2, renal carcinoma in a solitary kidney in 1, renovascular hypertension in 1 and donor arterial reconstruction before renal transplantation in 29. Success was obtained in all but 2 procedures, both of which involved previously operated kidneys with severe inflammation and adhesions involving the renal pelvis and pedicle. Based on our experience and a review of currently available literature we believe that renal autotransplantation and extracorporeal reconstruction can provide the best solution for patients with severe renovascular and ureteral disease not correctable by conventional operative techniques. The technique can be of particular value in removing centrally located tumors in solitary kidneys and in preparing donor kidneys with abnormal arteries for renal transplantation. The role of autotransplantation in the management of advanced renal trauma and calculus disease is less clear. A long-term comparison of patients treated by extracorporeal nephrolithotomy versus conventional lithotomy techniques will be necessary before a conclusion is reached in these disease categories.", "PMID": 333129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12484", "title": "Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy: a method of urinary drainage in kidney transplantation.", "content": "A non-functional and permanently damaged lower urinary tract is no longer a contraindication to kidney transplantation. In patients with this disorder the ureter commonly is drained by an intestinal conduit. We have used terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy as a method of urinary drainage in 3 patients with cadaver kidney transplants who have been followed for up to 8 years. The technique of terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy and a report of these cases are presented.", "contents": "Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy: a method of urinary drainage in kidney transplantation. A non-functional and permanently damaged lower urinary tract is no longer a contraindication to kidney transplantation. In patients with this disorder the ureter commonly is drained by an intestinal conduit. We have used terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy as a method of urinary drainage in 3 patients with cadaver kidney transplants who have been followed for up to 8 years. The technique of terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy and a report of these cases are presented.", "PMID": 333130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12485", "title": "Coproexamination for botulinal toxin and clostridium botulinum. A new procedure for laboratory diagnosis of botulism.", "content": "Stool or serum specimens or both from 318 persons pertaining to 165 botulism investigations over a three-year period were examined. Botulinal toxin was detected in stools of 19 of 56 patients and in sera of 20 of 60 patients with clinical botulism; it was not detected in specimens from 246 persons with an illness other than botulism or well contacts of patients. Clostridium botulinum was identified in stools of 36 of 60 clinical botulism patients and in four of 27 asymptomatic contacts of patients with botulism victims, but not in stools of 65 persons not associated with confirmed botulism. When stool and serum samples were examined, confirmatory evidence was obtained for 72.9% of the botulism cases. Detection of botulinal toxin or C botulinum in the stool of a persons should be considered evidence supporting the clinical diagnosis of botulism.", "contents": "Coproexamination for botulinal toxin and clostridium botulinum. A new procedure for laboratory diagnosis of botulism. Stool or serum specimens or both from 318 persons pertaining to 165 botulism investigations over a three-year period were examined. Botulinal toxin was detected in stools of 19 of 56 patients and in sera of 20 of 60 patients with clinical botulism; it was not detected in specimens from 246 persons with an illness other than botulism or well contacts of patients. Clostridium botulinum was identified in stools of 36 of 60 clinical botulism patients and in four of 27 asymptomatic contacts of patients with botulism victims, but not in stools of 65 persons not associated with confirmed botulism. When stool and serum samples were examined, confirmatory evidence was obtained for 72.9% of the botulism cases. Detection of botulinal toxin or C botulinum in the stool of a persons should be considered evidence supporting the clinical diagnosis of botulism.", "PMID": 333132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12486", "title": "Pulmonary edema as a complication of acute airway obstruction.", "content": "Acute fulminating pulmonary edema developed in three patients after acute airway obstruction secondary to tumor, strangulation, and interrupted hanging (one case each). The common etiologic factor was vigorous inspiratory effort against a totally obstructed upper airway. Acute pulmonary edema followed the event in minutes to hours and required ventilatory assistance to maintain oxygenation. All patients eventually responded to fluid restriction, diuretics, and steroids. One case was complicated by aspiration of gastric contents following respiratory failure. To our knowledge, this condition is previously unreported in English literature. We presume that the pathogenesis is related to alveolar and capillary damage, induced by the severe negative pressure generated by attempting to inspire against the closed upper airway.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema as a complication of acute airway obstruction. Acute fulminating pulmonary edema developed in three patients after acute airway obstruction secondary to tumor, strangulation, and interrupted hanging (one case each). The common etiologic factor was vigorous inspiratory effort against a totally obstructed upper airway. Acute pulmonary edema followed the event in minutes to hours and required ventilatory assistance to maintain oxygenation. All patients eventually responded to fluid restriction, diuretics, and steroids. One case was complicated by aspiration of gastric contents following respiratory failure. To our knowledge, this condition is previously unreported in English literature. We presume that the pathogenesis is related to alveolar and capillary damage, induced by the severe negative pressure generated by attempting to inspire against the closed upper airway.", "PMID": 333133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12487", "title": "Recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Importance of an intestinal reservoir.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that all cases of vaginal candidiasis are associated with a \"reservoir\" of this organism in the bowel, paired specimens of feces and vaginal material were cultured for Candida albicans simultaneously. Ninety-eight young women who complained of recurrent vaginitis were selected in sequence. The results showed that if C albicans was cultured from the vagina, it was always found in the stool. Conversely, if it was not isolated from the stool, it was never found in the vagina. These data are presented as an explanation for the recurrent nature of Candida vaginitis, and thus a cure of vaginitis would not be possible without prior eradication of C albicans from the gut. The gut-reservoir concept may well apply to other forms of candidiasis.", "contents": "Recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Importance of an intestinal reservoir. To test the hypothesis that all cases of vaginal candidiasis are associated with a \"reservoir\" of this organism in the bowel, paired specimens of feces and vaginal material were cultured for Candida albicans simultaneously. Ninety-eight young women who complained of recurrent vaginitis were selected in sequence. The results showed that if C albicans was cultured from the vagina, it was always found in the stool. Conversely, if it was not isolated from the stool, it was never found in the vagina. These data are presented as an explanation for the recurrent nature of Candida vaginitis, and thus a cure of vaginitis would not be possible without prior eradication of C albicans from the gut. The gut-reservoir concept may well apply to other forms of candidiasis.", "PMID": 333134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12488", "title": "Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. Studies on antibody coating of bacteria.", "content": "The prevalence of urinary tract infection was determined in 333 patients attending a diabetes mellitus outpatient clinic during a one-year period. A total of 19% of the women and 2% of the men were found to have urinary tract infections. Antibody-coated bacteria, indicating parenchymal infection, were initially present in 43% of patients and rose to 79% within a mean pretreatment period of seven weeks. In those with recurrent infection following treatment, there were more reinfections than relapses, both in those with kidney infections (67%) and those with bladder infections (57%). The high prevalence of urinary tract infection among diabetic women and the evidence of rapid parenchymal involvement emphasizes the need for clinical awareness of the problem and clarification of its consequences.", "contents": "Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. Studies on antibody coating of bacteria. The prevalence of urinary tract infection was determined in 333 patients attending a diabetes mellitus outpatient clinic during a one-year period. A total of 19% of the women and 2% of the men were found to have urinary tract infections. Antibody-coated bacteria, indicating parenchymal infection, were initially present in 43% of patients and rose to 79% within a mean pretreatment period of seven weeks. In those with recurrent infection following treatment, there were more reinfections than relapses, both in those with kidney infections (67%) and those with bladder infections (57%). The high prevalence of urinary tract infection among diabetic women and the evidence of rapid parenchymal involvement emphasizes the need for clinical awareness of the problem and clarification of its consequences.", "PMID": 333137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12489", "title": "Clinical evaluation on 5 years' experience of automated phonocardiographic analysis.", "content": "A mini-computer system for PCG interpretation has been functioning since 1971. The system can analyze as many as 100 PCG's in 3 hours. Based on our 5 years' experience, computer interpretation of PCG's has proved itself valuable for the rapid mass-screening of cardiovascular disease. It also provides more objective and quantitative information than human auscultation, though it is still at a developmental stage because of the present technical limitations. The solution of these shortcomings should achieve an automated PCG analysis of high accuracy.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation on 5 years' experience of automated phonocardiographic analysis. A mini-computer system for PCG interpretation has been functioning since 1971. The system can analyze as many as 100 PCG's in 3 hours. Based on our 5 years' experience, computer interpretation of PCG's has proved itself valuable for the rapid mass-screening of cardiovascular disease. It also provides more objective and quantitative information than human auscultation, though it is still at a developmental stage because of the present technical limitations. The solution of these shortcomings should achieve an automated PCG analysis of high accuracy.", "PMID": 333142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12490", "title": "Infantile botulism.", "content": "Botulism has not traditionally been considered as occurring in infants under one year of age because they generally do not ingest foods potentially containing preformed Clostridium botulinum toxin. We report a case of infantile botulism in a 3 1/2 month old infant who presented as a \"floppy baby,\" and discuss the probable pathobiology involved.", "contents": "Infantile botulism. Botulism has not traditionally been considered as occurring in infants under one year of age because they generally do not ingest foods potentially containing preformed Clostridium botulinum toxin. We report a case of infantile botulism in a 3 1/2 month old infant who presented as a \"floppy baby,\" and discuss the probable pathobiology involved.", "PMID": 333150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12491", "title": "[Spinalioma in the eyelid region (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the characteristic features of spinaliomas in the lid region, which were observed in a study of 44 patients with this clinical picture. From this we could conclude that the presence of a spinalioma is revealed by: atypical localisation in the eyelids (upper lid, lateral or medial lid angle), accelerating rate of growth or involvement of youngerer patients. And, certainly not in the last position of importance, there is a very definite inclination to recurrences, which necessitates a sufficiently radical surgical removal into the healthy tissue.", "contents": "[Spinalioma in the eyelid region (author's transl)]. The authors describe the characteristic features of spinaliomas in the lid region, which were observed in a study of 44 patients with this clinical picture. From this we could conclude that the presence of a spinalioma is revealed by: atypical localisation in the eyelids (upper lid, lateral or medial lid angle), accelerating rate of growth or involvement of youngerer patients. And, certainly not in the last position of importance, there is a very definite inclination to recurrences, which necessitates a sufficiently radical surgical removal into the healthy tissue.", "PMID": 333171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12492", "title": "Diabetes mellitus in the 13-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus).", "content": "Spontaneous diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in six of 126, 13-lined ground squirrels, Citellus tridecemlineatus. Serum glucose values were significantly higher in the diabetic ground squirrels than in the non-diabetic ground squirrels, while serum insulin values of fasted diabetic squirrels were significantly lower than fasted nondiabetic ground squirrels. In addition, the classic diabetic signs of poly-dipsia, polyuria, glycosuria, ketonuria, polyphasia, and weight loss were present. The proportion of islet tissue to total pancreatic area in diabetic ground squirrels was less than 25% of that in the nondiabetic ground squirrels. Both the number and size of the islets of Langerhans in diabetic ground squirrels were less than those in nondiabetic ground squirrels.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus in the 13-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus). Spontaneous diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in six of 126, 13-lined ground squirrels, Citellus tridecemlineatus. Serum glucose values were significantly higher in the diabetic ground squirrels than in the non-diabetic ground squirrels, while serum insulin values of fasted diabetic squirrels were significantly lower than fasted nondiabetic ground squirrels. In addition, the classic diabetic signs of poly-dipsia, polyuria, glycosuria, ketonuria, polyphasia, and weight loss were present. The proportion of islet tissue to total pancreatic area in diabetic ground squirrels was less than 25% of that in the nondiabetic ground squirrels. Both the number and size of the islets of Langerhans in diabetic ground squirrels were less than those in nondiabetic ground squirrels.", "PMID": 333178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12493", "title": "[Chief methods of modeling the biological effects of weightlessness].", "content": "The paper describes basic principles related to weightlessness simulation. In ground-based experiments zero-g is simulated with respect to the conceptual mechanisms of weightlessness effects on the body. The main components of the effects are considered to be elimination of deformations and fluid redistribution. The paper surveys and summarizes different methods of weightlessness simulation. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of water immersion, prolonged bed rest, hypokinesia, suspension in special devices with many degrees of freedom, walking on a treadmill at different angles, etc. The paper describes simulation of accentuated individual effects of zero-g during an exposure to longitudinal acceleration. It presents experimental physiological methods of simulation and symptoms of zero-g effects under normal laboratory conditions. The paper emphasizes inadequate use of some simulation techniques.", "contents": "[Chief methods of modeling the biological effects of weightlessness]. The paper describes basic principles related to weightlessness simulation. In ground-based experiments zero-g is simulated with respect to the conceptual mechanisms of weightlessness effects on the body. The main components of the effects are considered to be elimination of deformations and fluid redistribution. The paper surveys and summarizes different methods of weightlessness simulation. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of water immersion, prolonged bed rest, hypokinesia, suspension in special devices with many degrees of freedom, walking on a treadmill at different angles, etc. The paper describes simulation of accentuated individual effects of zero-g during an exposure to longitudinal acceleration. It presents experimental physiological methods of simulation and symptoms of zero-g effects under normal laboratory conditions. The paper emphasizes inadequate use of some simulation techniques.", "PMID": 333175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12494", "title": "[Use of the tetrapolar rheography method for assessment of the circulatory system].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to explore the possible use of tetrapolar rheography in the assessment of pulse blood supply to a certain area and quantitative characteristics of cardiac output and blood flow in the limbs. Sixty five subjects were examined: fifty subjects had congenital diseases of the heart and the major vessels and 15 subjects were healthy. The volume-pulse blood supply was measured by means of a tetrapolar rheograph. Calculations were based on the Kedrov formula. Control measurements of cardiac output were made by the dye-dilution method (Evans blue). The correlation coefficient was 0.96. This gives evidence that the above instrument can be used to determine cardiac output. Studies of the pulse blood supply to the limbs show that the measurements may reflect not only marked pathology but also changes due to functional vascular shifts.", "contents": "[Use of the tetrapolar rheography method for assessment of the circulatory system]. Experiments were carried out to explore the possible use of tetrapolar rheography in the assessment of pulse blood supply to a certain area and quantitative characteristics of cardiac output and blood flow in the limbs. Sixty five subjects were examined: fifty subjects had congenital diseases of the heart and the major vessels and 15 subjects were healthy. The volume-pulse blood supply was measured by means of a tetrapolar rheograph. Calculations were based on the Kedrov formula. Control measurements of cardiac output were made by the dye-dilution method (Evans blue). The correlation coefficient was 0.96. This gives evidence that the above instrument can be used to determine cardiac output. Studies of the pulse blood supply to the limbs show that the measurements may reflect not only marked pathology but also changes due to functional vascular shifts.", "PMID": 333176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12495", "title": "Transfer of leprosy bacilli from patients to mouse footpads by Aedes aegypti.", "content": "Aedes aegypti mosquitoes which were first allowed to feed on untreated lepromatous leprosy patients, and then to refeed on mouse footpads were found to transfer Mycobacterium leprae to the footpads as seen by the subsequent multiplication of the bacilli in the footpads. Results presently available are insufficient to come to any conclusion about the actual role of mosquitoes in the transmission of leprosy in the field.", "contents": "Transfer of leprosy bacilli from patients to mouse footpads by Aedes aegypti. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes which were first allowed to feed on untreated lepromatous leprosy patients, and then to refeed on mouse footpads were found to transfer Mycobacterium leprae to the footpads as seen by the subsequent multiplication of the bacilli in the footpads. Results presently available are insufficient to come to any conclusion about the actual role of mosquitoes in the transmission of leprosy in the field.", "PMID": 333183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12496", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics in the treatment of penetrating chest wounds. A prospective double-blind study.", "content": "Considerable controversy exists as to whether or not antibiotics should be administered \"prophylactically\" to patients with penetrating chest trauma. No prospective study of this problem has been reported. Therefore, 75 patients with isolated, penetrating chest injury were randomized prospectively in a double-blind study. Group A patients (38 patients) were given 300 mg. of clindamycin phosphate every 6 hours, beginning with admission and lasting until 1 day following chest tube removal or for 5 days, whichever was shorter. Group B patients (37 patients) were given a placebo on the same schedule. The patients' hospital course, fever, white blood count, culture data, and roentgenograms were recorded serially. Clindamycin-treated patients had a significantly lower incidence of radiographic pneumonia, less fever, and a lower incidence of positive pleural and wound cultures. They acquired empyema less frequently, required fewer operations, and had a shorter period of hospitalization. Antibiotics may be useful, therefore, as adjunctive therapy in the management of penetrating chest trauma.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics in the treatment of penetrating chest wounds. A prospective double-blind study. Considerable controversy exists as to whether or not antibiotics should be administered \"prophylactically\" to patients with penetrating chest trauma. No prospective study of this problem has been reported. Therefore, 75 patients with isolated, penetrating chest injury were randomized prospectively in a double-blind study. Group A patients (38 patients) were given 300 mg. of clindamycin phosphate every 6 hours, beginning with admission and lasting until 1 day following chest tube removal or for 5 days, whichever was shorter. Group B patients (37 patients) were given a placebo on the same schedule. The patients' hospital course, fever, white blood count, culture data, and roentgenograms were recorded serially. Clindamycin-treated patients had a significantly lower incidence of radiographic pneumonia, less fever, and a lower incidence of positive pleural and wound cultures. They acquired empyema less frequently, required fewer operations, and had a shorter period of hospitalization. Antibiotics may be useful, therefore, as adjunctive therapy in the management of penetrating chest trauma.", "PMID": 333188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12497", "title": "Continuous positive airway pressure versus positive end-expiratory pressure in respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The hemodynamic and respiratory effects of spontaneous ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were compared in nine patients who had adult respiratory distress syndrome. These patients were capable of maintaining spontaneous ventilation (tidal volume above 300 ml. and PaCO2 below 45 torr). Arterial and mixed venous blood gases, cardiac output, oxygen delivery and consumption, pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary wedge pressure were measured in 11 instances, with each patient on 5 or 10 cm. H2O CPAP or PEEP, and in nine instances, with each patient on the ventilator but without PEEP (O PEEP). During CPAP, when compared to PEEP at the same level of end-expiratory pressure, mean PaO2 increased significantly (p less than 0.05) and mean physiological shunt decreased (p less than 0.05). In nine of 11 instances, cardiac output was higher on CPAP than on a corresponding level of PEEP. Thus CPAP was more effective than the same amount of PEEP in improving arterial oxygenation by the lung without adversely affecting cardiac output.", "contents": "Continuous positive airway pressure versus positive end-expiratory pressure in respiratory distress syndrome. The hemodynamic and respiratory effects of spontaneous ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were compared in nine patients who had adult respiratory distress syndrome. These patients were capable of maintaining spontaneous ventilation (tidal volume above 300 ml. and PaCO2 below 45 torr). Arterial and mixed venous blood gases, cardiac output, oxygen delivery and consumption, pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary wedge pressure were measured in 11 instances, with each patient on 5 or 10 cm. H2O CPAP or PEEP, and in nine instances, with each patient on the ventilator but without PEEP (O PEEP). During CPAP, when compared to PEEP at the same level of end-expiratory pressure, mean PaO2 increased significantly (p less than 0.05) and mean physiological shunt decreased (p less than 0.05). In nine of 11 instances, cardiac output was higher on CPAP than on a corresponding level of PEEP. Thus CPAP was more effective than the same amount of PEEP in improving arterial oxygenation by the lung without adversely affecting cardiac output.", "PMID": 333189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12498", "title": "Preservation of canine hearts after warm ischemia (zero to thirty minutes) and one to two days of hypothermic storage. A comparative analysis of crystalloid and colloid solutions with different osmolarity and ion composition.", "content": "The effect of extracellular crystalloid (Ringer's) and colloid (silica gel fraction [SGF]) solutions, and intracellular crystalloid (Sacks) and colloid (modified silica gel fraction [MSGF]) solutions for canine heart preservation in a 24 to 48 hour model of hypothermic storage and zero to 30 minutes of warm ischemia was compared. Canine hearts flushed with an intracellular colloid solution (MSGF) had better survival rates after transplantation than did the hearts flushed with intracellular crystalloid solutions (Sacks). Better survival results also were observed in the group of hearts flushed with extracellular colloid (SGF) solutions than extracellular crystalloid (Ringer's) solutions. The most important theoretical factor in heart preservation appears to be hyperosmolarity and elevated concentration of potassium, proteins, and glucose.", "contents": "Preservation of canine hearts after warm ischemia (zero to thirty minutes) and one to two days of hypothermic storage. A comparative analysis of crystalloid and colloid solutions with different osmolarity and ion composition. The effect of extracellular crystalloid (Ringer's) and colloid (silica gel fraction [SGF]) solutions, and intracellular crystalloid (Sacks) and colloid (modified silica gel fraction [MSGF]) solutions for canine heart preservation in a 24 to 48 hour model of hypothermic storage and zero to 30 minutes of warm ischemia was compared. Canine hearts flushed with an intracellular colloid solution (MSGF) had better survival rates after transplantation than did the hearts flushed with intracellular crystalloid solutions (Sacks). Better survival results also were observed in the group of hearts flushed with extracellular colloid (SGF) solutions than extracellular crystalloid (Ringer's) solutions. The most important theoretical factor in heart preservation appears to be hyperosmolarity and elevated concentration of potassium, proteins, and glucose.", "PMID": 333190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12499", "title": "Median sternotomy closure with running wire: a simplified method.", "content": "A method of median sternotomy closure which utilizes running wire is described here. We believe this method shortens the surgical time involved in closing the chest and also that it is a safe method which provides significant saving of wire material so that it can be accomplished generally with one No. 20 stainless steel wire.", "contents": "Median sternotomy closure with running wire: a simplified method. A method of median sternotomy closure which utilizes running wire is described here. We believe this method shortens the surgical time involved in closing the chest and also that it is a safe method which provides significant saving of wire material so that it can be accomplished generally with one No. 20 stainless steel wire.", "PMID": 333191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12500", "title": "Laboratory tests used to guide antimicrobial therapy.", "content": "Laboratory tests that can be helpful in guiding antimicrobial therapy include antimicrobial susceptibility testing, determination of bacterial beta-lactamase production, assay of serum inhibitory and bactericidal activity, and assay of specific antibiotic levels in serum. Susceptibility studies should be performed on any microorganism that is isolated from normally sterile body fluid (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid) in the presence of clinical evidence of infection. The standardized disk test provides results that should be comparable from laboratory to laboratory. Dilution methods, however, allow determination of the minimum concentration of an agent which inhibits growth (MIC), and this value can be correlated with blood, urine, and other body fluid levels of the antimicrobial agent. Determination of serum bactericidal activity is, in effect, an assay of the activity of antimicrobial-containing serum; it indirectly measures the combined effects of susceptibility of the test organism and serum concentration of the antimicrobial agent. Accurate measurement of serum concentrations of antimicrobials may be important when treatment includes agents that have a narrow margin between their therapeutic and their toxic levels such as the aminoglycosides (especially gentamicin) or in patients with renal failure, who may accumulate unusually high levels of antimicrobials normally excreted by the kidneys.", "contents": "Laboratory tests used to guide antimicrobial therapy. Laboratory tests that can be helpful in guiding antimicrobial therapy include antimicrobial susceptibility testing, determination of bacterial beta-lactamase production, assay of serum inhibitory and bactericidal activity, and assay of specific antibiotic levels in serum. Susceptibility studies should be performed on any microorganism that is isolated from normally sterile body fluid (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid) in the presence of clinical evidence of infection. The standardized disk test provides results that should be comparable from laboratory to laboratory. Dilution methods, however, allow determination of the minimum concentration of an agent which inhibits growth (MIC), and this value can be correlated with blood, urine, and other body fluid levels of the antimicrobial agent. Determination of serum bactericidal activity is, in effect, an assay of the activity of antimicrobial-containing serum; it indirectly measures the combined effects of susceptibility of the test organism and serum concentration of the antimicrobial agent. Accurate measurement of serum concentrations of antimicrobials may be important when treatment includes agents that have a narrow margin between their therapeutic and their toxic levels such as the aminoglycosides (especially gentamicin) or in patients with renal failure, who may accumulate unusually high levels of antimicrobials normally excreted by the kidneys.", "PMID": 333194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12501", "title": "The operation and death of Henry Schliemann.", "content": "Henry Schliemann's reputation as an archeologist, a linquist, a financial genius and a scholar is seldom recognized by Americans. His discovery of the ruins of Troy changed Homeric myths and legends into history and made him the founder of Aegean archeology. Recent popular books on Schliemann sketchily describe him otologic problems which eventually led to his death of an otogenic brain abscess. From a number of bibliographic sources, the details of Schliemann's ear history and the final months of his illness are recounted. The important information of Schliemann's ear operation by the famous Professor Swartze is presented.", "contents": "The operation and death of Henry Schliemann. Henry Schliemann's reputation as an archeologist, a linquist, a financial genius and a scholar is seldom recognized by Americans. His discovery of the ruins of Troy changed Homeric myths and legends into history and made him the founder of Aegean archeology. Recent popular books on Schliemann sketchily describe him otologic problems which eventually led to his death of an otogenic brain abscess. From a number of bibliographic sources, the details of Schliemann's ear history and the final months of his illness are recounted. The important information of Schliemann's ear operation by the famous Professor Swartze is presented.", "PMID": 333214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12502", "title": "The effct of cerulenin on sterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Cerulenin specifically inhibited fatty acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae without having an effect on sterol formation. Ergosterol was not required for cell growth in the presence of cerulenin (1 microgram/ml). The addition of fatty acids to the growth medium reduced the amount of ergosterol formed by 45%; further addition of cerulenin to the media had no effect on the amount of ergosterol synthesized by the cells. The incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into ergosterol was not affected by cerulenin whereas incorporation into fatty acids was inhibited by 90%.", "contents": "The effct of cerulenin on sterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cerulenin specifically inhibited fatty acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae without having an effect on sterol formation. Ergosterol was not required for cell growth in the presence of cerulenin (1 microgram/ml). The addition of fatty acids to the growth medium reduced the amount of ergosterol formed by 45%; further addition of cerulenin to the media had no effect on the amount of ergosterol synthesized by the cells. The incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into ergosterol was not affected by cerulenin whereas incorporation into fatty acids was inhibited by 90%.", "PMID": 333217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12503", "title": "Endogenous insulin fluctuations during glucose-induced paralysis in patients with familial periodic hypokalemia.", "content": "Endogenous insulin production in patients with familial periodic hypokalemia has not previously been studied during induced attacks. The serum insulin, serum potassium, and blood glucose concentrations were measured in six patients with familial periodic hypokalemia during six attacks of paralysis induced by long-lasting glucose stimulation. The same parameters were measured in four normal subjects under the same conditions. There was no difference in insulin response or in blood glucose between the two groups. Basal insulin levels showed no difference. There was no correlation between the occurrence of the attack and the serum insulin level in the patients. All the patients responded by severe paralysis and hypokalemia.", "contents": "Endogenous insulin fluctuations during glucose-induced paralysis in patients with familial periodic hypokalemia. Endogenous insulin production in patients with familial periodic hypokalemia has not previously been studied during induced attacks. The serum insulin, serum potassium, and blood glucose concentrations were measured in six patients with familial periodic hypokalemia during six attacks of paralysis induced by long-lasting glucose stimulation. The same parameters were measured in four normal subjects under the same conditions. There was no difference in insulin response or in blood glucose between the two groups. Basal insulin levels showed no difference. There was no correlation between the occurrence of the attack and the serum insulin level in the patients. All the patients responded by severe paralysis and hypokalemia.", "PMID": 333225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12504", "title": "Antiviral effects of double-stranded RNA from rice dwarf virus on infection of mice with western equine encephalitis virus.", "content": "A single administration (1 to 10 mg/kg) of rice dwarf virus RNA (RDV-RNA) prior to virus challenge reduced the mortality of mice infected with western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus. The protective effect of RDV-RNA was significantly higher than that of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. However, when these RNAs were given after virus infection, the protective effect was negligible. The titer of circulating interferon in mice reached a peak about 5 hr after injection of these RNAs and remained at this level for about 24 hr. Viremia in mice infected with a lethal dose of WEE virus was markedly suppressed by the treatment of mice with these RNAs. A pathological examination of mice treated with a lethal dose of RDV-RNA revealed marked changes including degeneration and karyorrhexis in the lymphoid tissues of the spleen.", "contents": "Antiviral effects of double-stranded RNA from rice dwarf virus on infection of mice with western equine encephalitis virus. A single administration (1 to 10 mg/kg) of rice dwarf virus RNA (RDV-RNA) prior to virus challenge reduced the mortality of mice infected with western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus. The protective effect of RDV-RNA was significantly higher than that of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. However, when these RNAs were given after virus infection, the protective effect was negligible. The titer of circulating interferon in mice reached a peak about 5 hr after injection of these RNAs and remained at this level for about 24 hr. Viremia in mice infected with a lethal dose of WEE virus was markedly suppressed by the treatment of mice with these RNAs. A pathological examination of mice treated with a lethal dose of RDV-RNA revealed marked changes including degeneration and karyorrhexis in the lymphoid tissues of the spleen.", "PMID": 333233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12505", "title": "[Correlation between the synthesis of extracellular proteases and the synthesis of the red pigment prodigiosin in Serratia marcescens].", "content": "A correlation has been established between synthesis of exocellular protease and synthesis of a red pigment prodigiosine by Serratia marcescens. Chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, inhibits also synthesis of the pigment. Leucine, an inductor of synthesis of the exocellular protease by Serratia marcescens VI, induces also synthesis of the pigment. A mixture of 18 natural amino acids, asparagine and ammonium ions represses both synthesis of the enzyme and the pigment.", "contents": "[Correlation between the synthesis of extracellular proteases and the synthesis of the red pigment prodigiosin in Serratia marcescens]. A correlation has been established between synthesis of exocellular protease and synthesis of a red pigment prodigiosine by Serratia marcescens. Chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, inhibits also synthesis of the pigment. Leucine, an inductor of synthesis of the exocellular protease by Serratia marcescens VI, induces also synthesis of the pigment. A mixture of 18 natural amino acids, asparagine and ammonium ions represses both synthesis of the enzyme and the pigment.", "PMID": 333235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12506", "title": "[Use of infrared spectroscopy for studying the chemical composition of yeast cell walls].", "content": "Infrared spectra of intact cells and cell walls of several yeast cultures were recorded by means of immersion of a freeze-dried sample in KBr. The relative intensity and position of absorption bands were analysed, and the bands were related to the respective components of cell walls. The data of IR spectra of various yeast cells were compared to draw conclusions about the chemical composition of their cell walls (the content of protein-peptide and lipid components). The chemical composition of the cell walls changed if one and the same culture was grown on different media.", "contents": "[Use of infrared spectroscopy for studying the chemical composition of yeast cell walls]. Infrared spectra of intact cells and cell walls of several yeast cultures were recorded by means of immersion of a freeze-dried sample in KBr. The relative intensity and position of absorption bands were analysed, and the bands were related to the respective components of cell walls. The data of IR spectra of various yeast cells were compared to draw conclusions about the chemical composition of their cell walls (the content of protein-peptide and lipid components). The chemical composition of the cell walls changed if one and the same culture was grown on different media.", "PMID": 333237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12507", "title": "[Effect of nitrosoguanidine and ultraviolet light on Endomycopsis fibuligera-- producer of glucoamylase].", "content": "The effect of nitrosoguanidine (NG) and ultra-violet light (UV) on the survival and the activity of glucoamylase (GIA) was studied with Endomycopsis fibuligera. Variants which strongly differed from the control cultures in their activity of Gia were sported only by the action of NG, particularly at a concentration of 500 mcg/ml, during 90 min. In this case, about 5 per cent of variants with the activity of GIA being 160-200 per cent of the control value appeared in the population.", "contents": "[Effect of nitrosoguanidine and ultraviolet light on Endomycopsis fibuligera-- producer of glucoamylase]. The effect of nitrosoguanidine (NG) and ultra-violet light (UV) on the survival and the activity of glucoamylase (GIA) was studied with Endomycopsis fibuligera. Variants which strongly differed from the control cultures in their activity of Gia were sported only by the action of NG, particularly at a concentration of 500 mcg/ml, during 90 min. In this case, about 5 per cent of variants with the activity of GIA being 160-200 per cent of the control value appeared in the population.", "PMID": 333238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12508", "title": "[Lipolytic activity of Mycobacterium rubrum cells, immobilized in polyacrylamide gel].", "content": "The cells of Mycobacterium rubrum 403 possessing lipolytic activity can be immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. The lipolytic activity of immobilized cells is 20-30 per cent of the activity of free cells. The lipolytic activity of immobilized cells does not changee after they have been used once and then stored at +4 degrees C during 5 months. If immobilized cells have been used several times, their lipolytic activity does not change during 1.5 months. In the case of immobilized cells, the temperature optimum is broader, pH is more alkaline, and the inhibiting action of Mg and Cu ions decreases.", "contents": "[Lipolytic activity of Mycobacterium rubrum cells, immobilized in polyacrylamide gel]. The cells of Mycobacterium rubrum 403 possessing lipolytic activity can be immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. The lipolytic activity of immobilized cells is 20-30 per cent of the activity of free cells. The lipolytic activity of immobilized cells does not changee after they have been used once and then stored at +4 degrees C during 5 months. If immobilized cells have been used several times, their lipolytic activity does not change during 1.5 months. In the case of immobilized cells, the temperature optimum is broader, pH is more alkaline, and the inhibiting action of Mg and Cu ions decreases.", "PMID": 333236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12509", "title": "Hyperlipoproteinaemia and dietary fat modification in haemodialysis and renal transplant patients.", "content": "A group of patients in a haemodialysis and renal transplant programme have been assessed for the frequency of lipid abnormalities. Hypercholesterolaemia was not a significant problem amongst haemodialysis patients, but mild hypercholesterolaemia was common amonst transplant patients. Mild hypertriglyceridaemia was a feature of both haemodialysis and transplant patients. Irrespective of initial lipid values, each patient was advised to undertake dietary fat modification for a period of eight months. There was a small significant lowering of plasma triglyceride values in the haemodialysis group. It is concluded that major lipid abnormalities are not a feature of this group and that the return for dietary fat modification is small, although occasional individual patients may warran hypolipidaemic therapy.", "contents": "Hyperlipoproteinaemia and dietary fat modification in haemodialysis and renal transplant patients. A group of patients in a haemodialysis and renal transplant programme have been assessed for the frequency of lipid abnormalities. Hypercholesterolaemia was not a significant problem amongst haemodialysis patients, but mild hypercholesterolaemia was common amonst transplant patients. Mild hypertriglyceridaemia was a feature of both haemodialysis and transplant patients. Irrespective of initial lipid values, each patient was advised to undertake dietary fat modification for a period of eight months. There was a small significant lowering of plasma triglyceride values in the haemodialysis group. It is concluded that major lipid abnormalities are not a feature of this group and that the return for dietary fat modification is small, although occasional individual patients may warran hypolipidaemic therapy.", "PMID": 333248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12510", "title": "[Effect of temperature on the dynamics of interaction of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus with host bacteria].", "content": "The dynamics of the interaction between Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and the host bacterium was found to depend on temperature. The maximum rate of infection was found at 37 degrees C. The maximum yield of Bdellovibrio and the maximum lysis of the host cells occurred at 22.5 degrees C. The cardinal points, at which no interaction was observed, have been determined. It is concluded that B. bacteriovorus belongs to mesophilis microorganisms.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on the dynamics of interaction of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus with host bacteria]. The dynamics of the interaction between Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and the host bacterium was found to depend on temperature. The maximum rate of infection was found at 37 degrees C. The maximum yield of Bdellovibrio and the maximum lysis of the host cells occurred at 22.5 degrees C. The cardinal points, at which no interaction was observed, have been determined. It is concluded that B. bacteriovorus belongs to mesophilis microorganisms.", "PMID": 333239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12511", "title": "A hypothesis concerning the aetiology of venous thrombosis.", "content": "The historical background against which a new hypothesis must be discussed is presented, and the main threads of thinking about thrombosis are isolated so far as they can be. The interplay between such ideas as pus, white thrombus, white blood corpuscles, platelets, fibrin, and red blood cells, is traced: the origins of our concepts of blood circulation, stasis and slow blood flow, and vessel wall damage, are likewise dug up. The new hypothesis rearranges concepts which are not themselves actually or entirely new: instead of postulating that reduced blood flow results in 'silting' of presumably lifeless blood cells, it proposes that slow flow is more likely to injure venous endothelium by metabolic deprivation: and, in place of 'passive' silting, it postulates attachment of white blood cells and platelets to the damaged endothelium by virtue of their phagocytic or reparative function/s. This implies that thrombi are likely to form wherever living blood cells pass through veins whose endothelium is dying or dead from impaired nutrition (or other cause). The death of endothelium may be widespread, as in the agonal state, or, very limited, as in venous valve pockets when stasis is prolonged. The hypothesis is novel in that it seeks to explain thrombogenesis in functional or physiological terms, rather than in terms of purely biochemical pathogenesis.", "contents": "A hypothesis concerning the aetiology of venous thrombosis. The historical background against which a new hypothesis must be discussed is presented, and the main threads of thinking about thrombosis are isolated so far as they can be. The interplay between such ideas as pus, white thrombus, white blood corpuscles, platelets, fibrin, and red blood cells, is traced: the origins of our concepts of blood circulation, stasis and slow blood flow, and vessel wall damage, are likewise dug up. The new hypothesis rearranges concepts which are not themselves actually or entirely new: instead of postulating that reduced blood flow results in 'silting' of presumably lifeless blood cells, it proposes that slow flow is more likely to injure venous endothelium by metabolic deprivation: and, in place of 'passive' silting, it postulates attachment of white blood cells and platelets to the damaged endothelium by virtue of their phagocytic or reparative function/s. This implies that thrombi are likely to form wherever living blood cells pass through veins whose endothelium is dying or dead from impaired nutrition (or other cause). The death of endothelium may be widespread, as in the agonal state, or, very limited, as in venous valve pockets when stasis is prolonged. The hypothesis is novel in that it seeks to explain thrombogenesis in functional or physiological terms, rather than in terms of purely biochemical pathogenesis.", "PMID": 333245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12512", "title": "[The influence of doxepin on the efficiancy of the human heart (author's transl)].", "content": "This work was aimed at clarifying whether the anti-depressant doxepin had a cardiodepressant action, or favoured or initiated arrhythmias and/or ventricular conduction disorders, when administered orally for 14 days at a daily dosage of 75 mg. Under doxepin therapy there was a slight increase in mean heart rate on effort in comparison to the placebo. This increase, which amounted to 2 to 6 beats per minute, was most marked among the younger patients, but had neither clinical nor statistical significance (cocaine-like effect of tricyclic psychotropic drugs). No significant changes of ECG, blood-pressure, x-ray determination of heart volume (by the method of Klepzig and Frisch), and maximum performance on the cycle ergometer were stated under doxepin therapy in comparison to the placebo. On the basis of these results it appears justified to state that administering oral doses of about 75 mg doxepin per day for moderately long periods produces no cardiotoxic side-effects.", "contents": "[The influence of doxepin on the efficiancy of the human heart (author's transl)]. This work was aimed at clarifying whether the anti-depressant doxepin had a cardiodepressant action, or favoured or initiated arrhythmias and/or ventricular conduction disorders, when administered orally for 14 days at a daily dosage of 75 mg. Under doxepin therapy there was a slight increase in mean heart rate on effort in comparison to the placebo. This increase, which amounted to 2 to 6 beats per minute, was most marked among the younger patients, but had neither clinical nor statistical significance (cocaine-like effect of tricyclic psychotropic drugs). No significant changes of ECG, blood-pressure, x-ray determination of heart volume (by the method of Klepzig and Frisch), and maximum performance on the cycle ergometer were stated under doxepin therapy in comparison to the placebo. On the basis of these results it appears justified to state that administering oral doses of about 75 mg doxepin per day for moderately long periods produces no cardiotoxic side-effects.", "PMID": 333252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12513", "title": "The generation of the proton electrochemical potential and its role in energy transduction.", "content": "The evidence that all energy transducing membranes can generate a proton electrochemical potential difference, delta micronH, across the membrane and that this potential can be used to transfer energy among energy transducing units and to generate ATP, has increased the interest for the view that delta micronH plays an obligatory role in energy transduction and ATP synthesis. In the present article we shall concentrate on two experimental questions related with the generation and role of delta micronH: (a) the charge/site ratio; (b) the relation between the proton electrochemical potential on one side and the cation electrochemical potential, the phosphate potential and the redox potential on the other. We shall then discuss the view that energy transduction corresponds to a molecular energy machine rather than to a fuel cell.", "contents": "The generation of the proton electrochemical potential and its role in energy transduction. The evidence that all energy transducing membranes can generate a proton electrochemical potential difference, delta micronH, across the membrane and that this potential can be used to transfer energy among energy transducing units and to generate ATP, has increased the interest for the view that delta micronH plays an obligatory role in energy transduction and ATP synthesis. In the present article we shall concentrate on two experimental questions related with the generation and role of delta micronH: (a) the charge/site ratio; (b) the relation between the proton electrochemical potential on one side and the cation electrochemical potential, the phosphate potential and the redox potential on the other. We shall then discuss the view that energy transduction corresponds to a molecular energy machine rather than to a fuel cell.", "PMID": 333272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12514", "title": "[The periurethral flora in female patients with recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) (author's transl)].", "content": "In 52 girls and 38 women with recurrent nonobstructive UTI 529 bacterial samples were obtained from the periurethral area under the following conditions: no bacteriuria and no chemotherapy for at least 3 weeks before the examination. In 225 samples we found E. coli and enterococci as the most frequent potentially uropathogenic bacteria. In the periurethral region these were found approximately twice as frequently as in urologically normal persons. 36 (40%) of the patients had no further recurrences during the follow-up, though 107 (44%) of the swabs showed an abnormal bacterial colonization. 54 (60%) of the patients, many of them with very frequent recurrences, in only 118 (41%) of the obtained samples showed an abnormal periurethral flora. The findings suggest that the periurethral flora is not the most important factor in the pathogenesis of UTI.", "contents": "[The periurethral flora in female patients with recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) (author's transl)]. In 52 girls and 38 women with recurrent nonobstructive UTI 529 bacterial samples were obtained from the periurethral area under the following conditions: no bacteriuria and no chemotherapy for at least 3 weeks before the examination. In 225 samples we found E. coli and enterococci as the most frequent potentially uropathogenic bacteria. In the periurethral region these were found approximately twice as frequently as in urologically normal persons. 36 (40%) of the patients had no further recurrences during the follow-up, though 107 (44%) of the swabs showed an abnormal bacterial colonization. 54 (60%) of the patients, many of them with very frequent recurrences, in only 118 (41%) of the obtained samples showed an abnormal periurethral flora. The findings suggest that the periurethral flora is not the most important factor in the pathogenesis of UTI.", "PMID": 333275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12515", "title": "[Juvenile diabetics and sport. Aims, possibilities and limits (author's transl)].", "content": "The advantageous effects of muscular exercise for the Juvenile diabetic in physiologic and psychologic terms are accentuated. Participation in school sport, club sport, and high performance sport is favoured. To avoid hypoglycemias, protocols are recommended to establish the reduction of insulin dosage and/or carbohydrate addition individually required for a given amount of muscular exercise. Limits of sport activities of the diabetic are mentionend.", "contents": "[Juvenile diabetics and sport. Aims, possibilities and limits (author's transl)]. The advantageous effects of muscular exercise for the Juvenile diabetic in physiologic and psychologic terms are accentuated. Participation in school sport, club sport, and high performance sport is favoured. To avoid hypoglycemias, protocols are recommended to establish the reduction of insulin dosage and/or carbohydrate addition individually required for a given amount of muscular exercise. Limits of sport activities of the diabetic are mentionend.", "PMID": 333276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12516", "title": "The influence of prophage lambda on the mutagenic response of Escherichia coli to ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "E. coli K-12 and its lambda-lysogenic derivative were used to study the influence of lysogenic induction on the induction of mutants (streptomycin sensitivity to streptomycin resistance) by UV irradiation. The lambda-lysogenic strain responded to UV irradiation with increased sensitivity and with a strong reduction of the absolute mutant quantity, recovered per UV dose, as compared with the non-lysogenic parental strain. However, similar mutant freqqencies per surviving bacterium exclude the possibility that the diminished mutant recovery results from a selective killing of mutant cells by simultaneous induction of the processes of mutation and lysis.", "contents": "The influence of prophage lambda on the mutagenic response of Escherichia coli to ultraviolet irradiation. E. coli K-12 and its lambda-lysogenic derivative were used to study the influence of lysogenic induction on the induction of mutants (streptomycin sensitivity to streptomycin resistance) by UV irradiation. The lambda-lysogenic strain responded to UV irradiation with increased sensitivity and with a strong reduction of the absolute mutant quantity, recovered per UV dose, as compared with the non-lysogenic parental strain. However, similar mutant freqqencies per surviving bacterium exclude the possibility that the diminished mutant recovery results from a selective killing of mutant cells by simultaneous induction of the processes of mutation and lysis.", "PMID": 333278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12517", "title": "Frameshift mutagenesis in bacteria by 8-methoxypsoralen (methoxalen) in the dark.", "content": "We confirm that 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in the dark induces frameshift mutations in both Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium when present in adequate concentration under growth conditions. The dose response is sigmoidal with a threshold or quasi-threshold at concentrations below about 10 microgram/ml. Frameshift mutagenesis by 8-MOP in the dark is unaffected by mutations at the uvrA or uvrB genes, in contrast to base pair substitution mutagenesis by 8-MOP plus near UV light. RecA (but not recB) bacteria are hypersensitive to the growth-inhibiting action of 8-MOP in the dark and are not detectably mutagenized. The characteristics of 8-MOP dark mutagenesis are consistent with the chemical interacting in a non-covalent manner with DNA and affecting the rate of occurrence of base deletions or insertions during DNA replication. The question of extrapolation of the genetic effect of 8-MOP to man is discussed.", "contents": "Frameshift mutagenesis in bacteria by 8-methoxypsoralen (methoxalen) in the dark. We confirm that 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in the dark induces frameshift mutations in both Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium when present in adequate concentration under growth conditions. The dose response is sigmoidal with a threshold or quasi-threshold at concentrations below about 10 microgram/ml. Frameshift mutagenesis by 8-MOP in the dark is unaffected by mutations at the uvrA or uvrB genes, in contrast to base pair substitution mutagenesis by 8-MOP plus near UV light. RecA (but not recB) bacteria are hypersensitive to the growth-inhibiting action of 8-MOP in the dark and are not detectably mutagenized. The characteristics of 8-MOP dark mutagenesis are consistent with the chemical interacting in a non-covalent manner with DNA and affecting the rate of occurrence of base deletions or insertions during DNA replication. The question of extrapolation of the genetic effect of 8-MOP to man is discussed.", "PMID": 333279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12518", "title": "Mutagenicity of isomeric diol-epoxides of benzo[a]pyrene and benz[a]anthracene in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 and in V79 Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Pairs of isomeric vicinal diol-epoxides derived from benzo[a]pyrene 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiols and from benz[a]anthracene 8,9-dihydrodiol were tested for their abilities to revert salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 to histidine prototrophy and to induce the formation of 8-azaguanine- or of ouabain-resistant V79 Chinese hamster cells. All six diol-epoxides were active in both bacterial strains, but 7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (the syn isomer) was considerably more mutagenic than the other diol-epoxides. Within the three pairs of stereo-isomeric diol-epoxides, the ratio of the mutagenic potencies of the syn over the related anti isomers varied bothwith the chemical structure and the bacterial strain. The half lives of hydration of these diol-epoxides at pH 7.4 were inversely related to their mutagenic potencies in bacteria. In V79 cells, the two benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-oxides were mutagenic and the anti isomer was more active than the syn isomer; a reversed order of mutagenic potency with these stereo isomers was observed in S. typhimurium. The other four diol-epoxides were non-mutagenic in V79 cells at the concentrations tested.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of isomeric diol-epoxides of benzo[a]pyrene and benz[a]anthracene in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 and in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Pairs of isomeric vicinal diol-epoxides derived from benzo[a]pyrene 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiols and from benz[a]anthracene 8,9-dihydrodiol were tested for their abilities to revert salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 to histidine prototrophy and to induce the formation of 8-azaguanine- or of ouabain-resistant V79 Chinese hamster cells. All six diol-epoxides were active in both bacterial strains, but 7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (the syn isomer) was considerably more mutagenic than the other diol-epoxides. Within the three pairs of stereo-isomeric diol-epoxides, the ratio of the mutagenic potencies of the syn over the related anti isomers varied bothwith the chemical structure and the bacterial strain. The half lives of hydration of these diol-epoxides at pH 7.4 were inversely related to their mutagenic potencies in bacteria. In V79 cells, the two benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-oxides were mutagenic and the anti isomer was more active than the syn isomer; a reversed order of mutagenic potency with these stereo isomers was observed in S. typhimurium. The other four diol-epoxides were non-mutagenic in V79 cells at the concentrations tested.", "PMID": 333280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12519", "title": "Testing the mutagenic potency of chemical substances in a linear host-mediated assay (LIHMA).", "content": "Instead of comparing \"mutation frequencies\" as used in the conventional host-mediated assay (HMA), a modified concept of measuring mutagenic potency is introduced by using a number of time intervals for taking samples. Regression analysis methods can then be applied to the numbers of mutant bacteria (reversions). Not only the mutagenic but also an additional antibacterial potency of a compound can be detected and estimated in the sam assay. It is demonstrated that interference of (undetected) antibacterial activity with the mutagenic activity may lead to misclassification of a substance concening its mutagenicity in the conventional HMA. This kind of erroneous assessment will be avoided by the LIHMA. Another advantage of the LIHMA over the conventiona HMA is that regression analysis also allows estimation of the sensitivity and reliability of the assay. The calculative procedure may be programmed on desk computers and is then most suitable for laboratories where large numbers of substances have to be examined routinely. A numerical is given using results obtained with nitrosoguanidine.", "contents": "Testing the mutagenic potency of chemical substances in a linear host-mediated assay (LIHMA). Instead of comparing \"mutation frequencies\" as used in the conventional host-mediated assay (HMA), a modified concept of measuring mutagenic potency is introduced by using a number of time intervals for taking samples. Regression analysis methods can then be applied to the numbers of mutant bacteria (reversions). Not only the mutagenic but also an additional antibacterial potency of a compound can be detected and estimated in the sam assay. It is demonstrated that interference of (undetected) antibacterial activity with the mutagenic activity may lead to misclassification of a substance concening its mutagenicity in the conventional HMA. This kind of erroneous assessment will be avoided by the LIHMA. Another advantage of the LIHMA over the conventiona HMA is that regression analysis also allows estimation of the sensitivity and reliability of the assay. The calculative procedure may be programmed on desk computers and is then most suitable for laboratories where large numbers of substances have to be examined routinely. A numerical is given using results obtained with nitrosoguanidine.", "PMID": 333281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12520", "title": "Mutagenicity of fungal metabolites related to aflatoxin biosynthesis.", "content": "Fungal metabolites identified as the intermediates in aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway were screened for their mutagenic activity to Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Norsolorinic acid, averufin, and versiconal acetate were found to possess questionable mutagenic activity, but versicolorin A, and sterigmatocystin were significant mutagens relative to aflatoxin B1. The mutagenic activity appears to be related to the bisfuran and not the anthraquinone moiety of the molecule, even though the latter is a key structure of such potent carcinogenic mycotoxin as luteoskyrin.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of fungal metabolites related to aflatoxin biosynthesis. Fungal metabolites identified as the intermediates in aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway were screened for their mutagenic activity to Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Norsolorinic acid, averufin, and versiconal acetate were found to possess questionable mutagenic activity, but versicolorin A, and sterigmatocystin were significant mutagens relative to aflatoxin B1. The mutagenic activity appears to be related to the bisfuran and not the anthraquinone moiety of the molecule, even though the latter is a key structure of such potent carcinogenic mycotoxin as luteoskyrin.", "PMID": 333283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12521", "title": "Explusion of SALIBI-clamp from the internal carotied artery in the neck by infection.", "content": "A left infraclinoid carotid aneurysm (3 x 2-5 x 2 cm) in a 60-year old woman presented with total ophthalmoplegia and trigeminal symptoms. A staged internal carotied occlusion in the neck was performed using a SALIBI-clamp. A chronic infectious fistula developed (Klebsiella aerogenes). When superficial debridement failed, operative removal of the SALIBI-clamp was planned seven months after its insertion. The clamp was found subcutaneously without any relation to the internal carotid artery and was easily removed. Subsequent catheter angiography proved the left internal carotied to be completely occluded in the neck. No cross filling of the aneurysm could be demonstrated from the right carotied nor the vertebro-basilar arteries. The neurological deficit remained unchanged. The wound closed promptly without further signs of infection.", "contents": "Explusion of SALIBI-clamp from the internal carotied artery in the neck by infection. A left infraclinoid carotid aneurysm (3 x 2-5 x 2 cm) in a 60-year old woman presented with total ophthalmoplegia and trigeminal symptoms. A staged internal carotied occlusion in the neck was performed using a SALIBI-clamp. A chronic infectious fistula developed (Klebsiella aerogenes). When superficial debridement failed, operative removal of the SALIBI-clamp was planned seven months after its insertion. The clamp was found subcutaneously without any relation to the internal carotid artery and was easily removed. Subsequent catheter angiography proved the left internal carotied to be completely occluded in the neck. No cross filling of the aneurysm could be demonstrated from the right carotied nor the vertebro-basilar arteries. The neurological deficit remained unchanged. The wound closed promptly without further signs of infection.", "PMID": 333303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12522", "title": "Catecholamine and octopamine concentrations in brains of patients with Reye syndrome.", "content": "Dopamine, norepinephrine, and octopamine levels were estimated in regions of brains obtained postmortem from children who died with Reye syndrome and from age-matched controls. Hypothalamic norepinephrine levels were greatly decreased (to 30 percent of control, p less than 0.02) and octopamine levels were increased (to 700 percent of control, p less than 0.01). Levodopa had little effect on the physiologic condition of the patients. However, CNS dopamine and homovanillic concentrations were not elevated by levodopa, indicating that in the present cases levodopa was not metabolized to its catecholamine products. The findings indicate that the encephalopathy of Reye syndrome (as in other types of hepatic coma) may be linked to the presence of false transmitters in the brain and that levodopa is a rational therapy if administered before irreversible CNS changes occur.", "contents": "Catecholamine and octopamine concentrations in brains of patients with Reye syndrome. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and octopamine levels were estimated in regions of brains obtained postmortem from children who died with Reye syndrome and from age-matched controls. Hypothalamic norepinephrine levels were greatly decreased (to 30 percent of control, p less than 0.02) and octopamine levels were increased (to 700 percent of control, p less than 0.01). Levodopa had little effect on the physiologic condition of the patients. However, CNS dopamine and homovanillic concentrations were not elevated by levodopa, indicating that in the present cases levodopa was not metabolized to its catecholamine products. The findings indicate that the encephalopathy of Reye syndrome (as in other types of hepatic coma) may be linked to the presence of false transmitters in the brain and that levodopa is a rational therapy if administered before irreversible CNS changes occur.", "PMID": 333308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12523", "title": "[Hyperparathyroidism in endocrinology and nephrology].", "content": "The literature on primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism is surveyed in the presentation of an account of the present positon. Reference is also made to personal clinical experience, particularly in secondary cases. The physiopathology of parathormone, calcitonin and vitamin D is described; the last, in fact, has proved useful in the treatment of secondary forms. The usual symptomatological tests of performance are explained, together with their diagnostic value. The clinical symptoms and their physiopathological significance are also illustrated. Stress is laid on the importance of conservative management in secondary forms. Good results now enable parathyroidectomy to be avoided or delayed in many cases.", "contents": "[Hyperparathyroidism in endocrinology and nephrology]. The literature on primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism is surveyed in the presentation of an account of the present positon. Reference is also made to personal clinical experience, particularly in secondary cases. The physiopathology of parathormone, calcitonin and vitamin D is described; the last, in fact, has proved useful in the treatment of secondary forms. The usual symptomatological tests of performance are explained, together with their diagnostic value. The clinical symptoms and their physiopathological significance are also illustrated. Stress is laid on the importance of conservative management in secondary forms. Good results now enable parathyroidectomy to be avoided or delayed in many cases.", "PMID": 333311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12524", "title": "[Ergometric tests in cardiology. Indications and appraisal parameters].", "content": "An assessment was made of the ability of an ergometric test to detect coronary patients in evaluating the reliability of the effort test, which is mainly important when it gives the percentage of coronary patients that can be discovered at an early stage during screening. The concept of sensitivity and specificity is analysed with respect to the diagnostic criteria employed. Blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen consumption are discussed in their r\u00f4le of leading parameters and the appraisal made of the diagnostic significance of a below-normal ST level in the literature is examined. Junctional falls in level and depression of the J point are also discussed. Cases in which a below-normal ST segment level is not associated with coronary disease are examined.", "contents": "[Ergometric tests in cardiology. Indications and appraisal parameters]. An assessment was made of the ability of an ergometric test to detect coronary patients in evaluating the reliability of the effort test, which is mainly important when it gives the percentage of coronary patients that can be discovered at an early stage during screening. The concept of sensitivity and specificity is analysed with respect to the diagnostic criteria employed. Blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen consumption are discussed in their r\u00f4le of leading parameters and the appraisal made of the diagnostic significance of a below-normal ST level in the literature is examined. Junctional falls in level and depression of the J point are also discussed. Cases in which a below-normal ST segment level is not associated with coronary disease are examined.", "PMID": 333312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12525", "title": "Low morbidity in the surgical patient with group B streptococci.", "content": "Non-Group A or D beta hemolytic streptococci were identified in the vaginas of 5-11% of prenatal patients. More than 97% of organisms so identified have been found to be specifically Group B beta hemolytic streptococci (GB-BHS). The differences may have been related to seasonal changes. These organisms were found in 5% of preabortion patients--none of whom developed any infectious morbidity even though no therapy was used prior to the abortion. Of 100 gynecologic patients undergoing major gynecologic surgery, 17% had preoperative cultures positive for GB-BHS. However, the morbidity (18%) was the same for the culture-positive and culture-negative patients.", "contents": "Low morbidity in the surgical patient with group B streptococci. Non-Group A or D beta hemolytic streptococci were identified in the vaginas of 5-11% of prenatal patients. More than 97% of organisms so identified have been found to be specifically Group B beta hemolytic streptococci (GB-BHS). The differences may have been related to seasonal changes. These organisms were found in 5% of preabortion patients--none of whom developed any infectious morbidity even though no therapy was used prior to the abortion. Of 100 gynecologic patients undergoing major gynecologic surgery, 17% had preoperative cultures positive for GB-BHS. However, the morbidity (18%) was the same for the culture-positive and culture-negative patients.", "PMID": 333325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12526", "title": "[In vitro cell culture of the Ararat cochineal insect, Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt].", "content": "The possibility of cultivating the Ararat cochineal cells in the nutrient media developed for cell cultures of the other insect species was investigated. The initial cochineal cell culture was obtained in suspension. The cell culture on the substrate (glass) dies within 7 days. 2 peaks of proliferative activity was observed in the suspension culture. The increase of cell ploidy and their death were found between these two peaks. The small cells survived and kept their capacity for proliferation. The hemolymph did not stimulate cell proliferation but enabled their better attachment to the substrate. The use of different media did not reveal marked differences in cell behaviour. The pigment granules disappeared during the first week of cultivation.", "contents": "[In vitro cell culture of the Ararat cochineal insect, Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt]. The possibility of cultivating the Ararat cochineal cells in the nutrient media developed for cell cultures of the other insect species was investigated. The initial cochineal cell culture was obtained in suspension. The cell culture on the substrate (glass) dies within 7 days. 2 peaks of proliferative activity was observed in the suspension culture. The increase of cell ploidy and their death were found between these two peaks. The small cells survived and kept their capacity for proliferation. The hemolymph did not stimulate cell proliferation but enabled their better attachment to the substrate. The use of different media did not reveal marked differences in cell behaviour. The pigment granules disappeared during the first week of cultivation.", "PMID": 333328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12527", "title": "[Immunofluorescent study of the hemopoietic organs of xenogeneic mouse radiation chimeras].", "content": "An immunofluorescent study of hemopoietic organs in xenogenic (mouse-rat) radiation chimaeras has been carried out by means of specific antiserum against hemopoietic cells of the rat bone marrow. The presence of donor cells was tested at different times after the transplantation in the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus and liver of radiochimaeras. The transplanted cells were shown to populate all hemopoietic organs of the recipient, first of all tissues of the bone marrow type and, then, lymphoid organs. The donor (bone marrow) origin of the extramedullar foci of hemopoiesis in the liver was established.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescent study of the hemopoietic organs of xenogeneic mouse radiation chimeras]. An immunofluorescent study of hemopoietic organs in xenogenic (mouse-rat) radiation chimaeras has been carried out by means of specific antiserum against hemopoietic cells of the rat bone marrow. The presence of donor cells was tested at different times after the transplantation in the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus and liver of radiochimaeras. The transplanted cells were shown to populate all hemopoietic organs of the recipient, first of all tissues of the bone marrow type and, then, lymphoid organs. The donor (bone marrow) origin of the extramedullar foci of hemopoiesis in the liver was established.", "PMID": 333329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12528", "title": "Correction of induced astigmatism after cataract surgery with introduction of an intraocular lens.", "content": "1. The induced astigmatism is most frequently due to corneal scleral suturing and not tilting of the pseudophakos. 2. A simple method of reducing postoperatively induced corneal astigmatism after implantation of intraocular lens has been presented.", "contents": "Correction of induced astigmatism after cataract surgery with introduction of an intraocular lens. 1. The induced astigmatism is most frequently due to corneal scleral suturing and not tilting of the pseudophakos. 2. A simple method of reducing postoperatively induced corneal astigmatism after implantation of intraocular lens has been presented.", "PMID": 333330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12529", "title": "Intraocular lens implantation combined with penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "A restrospective analysis was conducted of 27 cases of penetrating keratoplasty associated with intraocular lens implantation. Although not statistically significant, the results indicated an 80% success rate when penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation were combined in a single operation. Secondary implantation of intraocular lenses in cases of previous keratoplasty were unsuccessful in all three cases.", "contents": "Intraocular lens implantation combined with penetrating keratoplasty. A restrospective analysis was conducted of 27 cases of penetrating keratoplasty associated with intraocular lens implantation. Although not statistically significant, the results indicated an 80% success rate when penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation were combined in a single operation. Secondary implantation of intraocular lenses in cases of previous keratoplasty were unsuccessful in all three cases.", "PMID": 333331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12530", "title": "Results after intracapsular extraction: the atonic pupil.", "content": "Satisfactory visual results are reported in a series of 80 consecutive patients who underwent intracapsular cataract extraction with a four- or three-loop Binkhorst lens replacement. Nearly 50% of patients could see 20/30 or better unaided. However, results in the under 70 age group tend to be marred by macular edema, and in the over 80 age group by corneal edema, the latter occasionally  being the result of lens instability because of an atonic pupil.", "contents": "Results after intracapsular extraction: the atonic pupil. Satisfactory visual results are reported in a series of 80 consecutive patients who underwent intracapsular cataract extraction with a four- or three-loop Binkhorst lens replacement. Nearly 50% of patients could see 20/30 or better unaided. However, results in the under 70 age group tend to be marred by macular edema, and in the over 80 age group by corneal edema, the latter occasionally  being the result of lens instability because of an atonic pupil.", "PMID": 333333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12531", "title": "Experience with the large circular loop medallion lens and a critical comparison with the suture medallion lens: a report of 300 cases.", "content": "An iris-supported intraocular lens must have stable fixation to minimize postoperative complications. A series of 46 large circular loop Medallion lenses were implanted after intracapsular cataract extraction and compared with a series of 254 suture Medallion lenses. An unexpectedly high incidence of lens dislocation and iris damage occurred with the large circular loop Medallion lens implants. Based on our results, we believe that the large circular loop Medallion lens should not be used for implantation after intracapsular cataract extraction at this time. The suture Medallion lens provides a standard to which other pseudophakai may be compared.", "contents": "Experience with the large circular loop medallion lens and a critical comparison with the suture medallion lens: a report of 300 cases. An iris-supported intraocular lens must have stable fixation to minimize postoperative complications. A series of 46 large circular loop Medallion lenses were implanted after intracapsular cataract extraction and compared with a series of 254 suture Medallion lenses. An unexpectedly high incidence of lens dislocation and iris damage occurred with the large circular loop Medallion lens implants. Based on our results, we believe that the large circular loop Medallion lens should not be used for implantation after intracapsular cataract extraction at this time. The suture Medallion lens provides a standard to which other pseudophakai may be compared.", "PMID": 333334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12532", "title": "Effects of an immunofluorescent transport solution on the ultrastructure of human biopsies.", "content": "Although immunofluorescent tests have been demonstrated to be of value in the diagnosis of many oral and skin lesions, the use of this technique has until recently been cumbersome because of the requirement for frozen tissue specimens. This has been circumvented by the development of a solution in which tissue can be transported to the testing laboratory at ambient temperatures. To verify that the immunofluorescent findings in gingiva and skin kept in this solution are not artifactual, ultrastructural studies were performed on such tissue. These revealed that over-all tissue architecture, individual cells, and the epidermal-connective tissue interface remain intact. Since the majority of oral lesions submitted for immunofluorescent testing are suspected of being pemiphigus or pemphigoid, the finding that these tissue features remain intact indicates that the distribution of immunofluorescence is related to definite morphologic structures and provides additional evidence for the validity of using the transport solution.", "contents": "Effects of an immunofluorescent transport solution on the ultrastructure of human biopsies. Although immunofluorescent tests have been demonstrated to be of value in the diagnosis of many oral and skin lesions, the use of this technique has until recently been cumbersome because of the requirement for frozen tissue specimens. This has been circumvented by the development of a solution in which tissue can be transported to the testing laboratory at ambient temperatures. To verify that the immunofluorescent findings in gingiva and skin kept in this solution are not artifactual, ultrastructural studies were performed on such tissue. These revealed that over-all tissue architecture, individual cells, and the epidermal-connective tissue interface remain intact. Since the majority of oral lesions submitted for immunofluorescent testing are suspected of being pemiphigus or pemphigoid, the finding that these tissue features remain intact indicates that the distribution of immunofluorescence is related to definite morphologic structures and provides additional evidence for the validity of using the transport solution.", "PMID": 333337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12533", "title": "Correction of the long face syndrome by Le Fort I osteotomy. A report on some new technical modifications and treatment results.", "content": "The combined efforts of multiple specialists are needed for the successful treatment of patients with the long face syndrome. The plan of therapy is designed to correct the individual's dentofacial deformity and achieve the best possible occlusion and facial esthetics. Reduction of facial height by surgical means and proper alignment of the teeth by orthodontic and restorative procedures are the common denominators of successful treatment. By properly planned and executed Le Fort I maxillary osteotomies, the vertical dimension of the face can be shortened to improve the esthetic balance between the nose, upper lip, teeth, and chin and to achieve lip competency. Moreover, the transverse and anteroposterior discrepancies can be simultaneously corrected. Various open-bite and non-open-bite maxillary deformities in forty-one adults with the long face syndrome were corrected by Le Fort I osteotomy, orthodontic treatment, and restorative procedures. The technical problems in planning and executing treatment are discussed and illustrated by selected case reports.", "contents": "Correction of the long face syndrome by Le Fort I osteotomy. A report on some new technical modifications and treatment results. The combined efforts of multiple specialists are needed for the successful treatment of patients with the long face syndrome. The plan of therapy is designed to correct the individual's dentofacial deformity and achieve the best possible occlusion and facial esthetics. Reduction of facial height by surgical means and proper alignment of the teeth by orthodontic and restorative procedures are the common denominators of successful treatment. By properly planned and executed Le Fort I maxillary osteotomies, the vertical dimension of the face can be shortened to improve the esthetic balance between the nose, upper lip, teeth, and chin and to achieve lip competency. Moreover, the transverse and anteroposterior discrepancies can be simultaneously corrected. Various open-bite and non-open-bite maxillary deformities in forty-one adults with the long face syndrome were corrected by Le Fort I osteotomy, orthodontic treatment, and restorative procedures. The technical problems in planning and executing treatment are discussed and illustrated by selected case reports.", "PMID": 333338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12534", "title": "The role of plasma cells in scleroma. Electron-microscopic study.", "content": "Three cases of rhinoscleroma in the granulomatous stage were examined under the electrom microscope. The rough endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cells in scleroma displayed cisternal dilatations forming Russell bodies and cytoplasmic vacuolations containing viable and degenerated bacilli forming Mikulicz cells. Thus, they play a double role, producing antibodies and providing protection for the intracellular bacilli. New ultrastructural findings of Klebsiella rhinoscleromatic bacilli were described.", "contents": "The role of plasma cells in scleroma. Electron-microscopic study. Three cases of rhinoscleroma in the granulomatous stage were examined under the electrom microscope. The rough endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cells in scleroma displayed cisternal dilatations forming Russell bodies and cytoplasmic vacuolations containing viable and degenerated bacilli forming Mikulicz cells. Thus, they play a double role, producing antibodies and providing protection for the intracellular bacilli. New ultrastructural findings of Klebsiella rhinoscleromatic bacilli were described.", "PMID": 333340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12535", "title": "Secretory otitis media. Aspects on treatment and control.", "content": "In a double-blind study, 228 secretory otitis media patients were evaluated according to mucolytic and decongestive treatment. No definite difference comparing with the placebo group was registered. About 50% of all patients were cured within 4 weeks after the diagnosis was established. Those patients who earlier had been treated with antibiotics because of a preceding acute otitis media had a better cure rate than the untreated group. Suggestions on treatment and control of secretory otitis media are given.", "contents": "Secretory otitis media. Aspects on treatment and control. In a double-blind study, 228 secretory otitis media patients were evaluated according to mucolytic and decongestive treatment. No definite difference comparing with the placebo group was registered. About 50% of all patients were cured within 4 weeks after the diagnosis was established. Those patients who earlier had been treated with antibiotics because of a preceding acute otitis media had a better cure rate than the untreated group. Suggestions on treatment and control of secretory otitis media are given.", "PMID": 333341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12536", "title": "[The local treatment of malignant pleural exudations with Iscador (a drug obtained from Misteltoe). Preliminary report (author's transl)].", "content": "12 cases of malignant pleural exudations were treated with suction and instillation of 1 cm3 5% Iscador into the pleural cavity. In all of them only a few ingressions were necessary to dry out the area.", "contents": "[The local treatment of malignant pleural exudations with Iscador (a drug obtained from Misteltoe). Preliminary report (author's transl)]. 12 cases of malignant pleural exudations were treated with suction and instillation of 1 cm3 5% Iscador into the pleural cavity. In all of them only a few ingressions were necessary to dry out the area.", "PMID": 333344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12537", "title": "Immunestimulation by 4-imino-1,3-diazabicyclo(3.1.0.)-hexan-2-on (BM 06.002).", "content": "The new cancerostatic substance 4-imino-1,3-diazabicycle- (3.1.0.)-hexan-2-on was investigated in DBF1 mice in respect to its effects on antibody producing B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. It was shown that BM 06.002 has no definitive influence on immunocompetence when used at a low concentration (1 mg/kg). At higher concentrations of 5 up to 20 mg/kg a stimulation of T-lymphocytes was found which was constant at a concentration of 20 mg/kg for more than three weeks after the single injection of 20 mg/kg. Using the haemolytic plaque test, a stimulation of the antibody producing B-cells was observed on day 3 and 12 after treatment. On day 5 a transitory suppression of the lymphocyte functions was observed in both test systems.", "contents": "Immunestimulation by 4-imino-1,3-diazabicyclo(3.1.0.)-hexan-2-on (BM 06.002). The new cancerostatic substance 4-imino-1,3-diazabicycle- (3.1.0.)-hexan-2-on was investigated in DBF1 mice in respect to its effects on antibody producing B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. It was shown that BM 06.002 has no definitive influence on immunocompetence when used at a low concentration (1 mg/kg). At higher concentrations of 5 up to 20 mg/kg a stimulation of T-lymphocytes was found which was constant at a concentration of 20 mg/kg for more than three weeks after the single injection of 20 mg/kg. Using the haemolytic plaque test, a stimulation of the antibody producing B-cells was observed on day 3 and 12 after treatment. On day 5 a transitory suppression of the lymphocyte functions was observed in both test systems.", "PMID": 333345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12538", "title": "[Necrotizing enterocolitis (pediatric review)].", "content": "Necrotizing enterocolitis--a highly letal disease in the newborn period--is diagnosed in about 1--2% of the admissions to a nursery. The marcroscopic lesions are basically necroses predominantly found in the ileum, colon and jejunum. Untreated they lead to perforation, peritonitis and sepsis. The predisposing factors include such as perinatal complications, immaturity and umbilical vein catheterization; the main symptoms are bile stained vomiting and blood-streaked diarrhea, followed by signs of fulminant sepsis and peritonitis. The most typical roentgenographic findings are intramural air (pneumatosis intestinalis) and in more advanced cases pneumoperitoneum (free peritoneal air) and portal vein gas. The current plan of management--consisting of immediate withdrawal of oral feeds, gastric suction, intravenous fluid therapy, treatment of shock and administration of antibiotics--and the indication for operation are discussed. Perinatal stress and secondary bacterial invasion of the intestinal lesions seem to play an important role in the etiology of the disease. An early nutrition of the healthy immature with human breast milk seems to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis or at least has a mitigating influence on the later course of the disease. The mortality in our own series--as reported--was high (6 patients: 1 survivor, mortality: 83%) as 4 of the patients were admitted with gross symptoms of intestinal perforation and severely shocked.", "contents": "[Necrotizing enterocolitis (pediatric review)]. Necrotizing enterocolitis--a highly letal disease in the newborn period--is diagnosed in about 1--2% of the admissions to a nursery. The marcroscopic lesions are basically necroses predominantly found in the ileum, colon and jejunum. Untreated they lead to perforation, peritonitis and sepsis. The predisposing factors include such as perinatal complications, immaturity and umbilical vein catheterization; the main symptoms are bile stained vomiting and blood-streaked diarrhea, followed by signs of fulminant sepsis and peritonitis. The most typical roentgenographic findings are intramural air (pneumatosis intestinalis) and in more advanced cases pneumoperitoneum (free peritoneal air) and portal vein gas. The current plan of management--consisting of immediate withdrawal of oral feeds, gastric suction, intravenous fluid therapy, treatment of shock and administration of antibiotics--and the indication for operation are discussed. Perinatal stress and secondary bacterial invasion of the intestinal lesions seem to play an important role in the etiology of the disease. An early nutrition of the healthy immature with human breast milk seems to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis or at least has a mitigating influence on the later course of the disease. The mortality in our own series--as reported--was high (6 patients: 1 survivor, mortality: 83%) as 4 of the patients were admitted with gross symptoms of intestinal perforation and severely shocked.", "PMID": 333353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12539", "title": "Fat.", "content": "Fat has been a menace to longevity since biblical times, but detailed studies of its deposition and function in the perinatal period only began comparatively recently. The function of brown fat in thermogenesis as distinct from that of white fat as a reserve of energy is now clear, but not why the guinea pig and the human baby should be two of the very few land mammals to lay down white fat in their bodies before birth. How much of this fat crosses the placenta and how much is synthesized by the fetus? There is evidence that the amounts and timing of the two events may not be the same in the two species but the reasons behind the differences are not at all clear. Genetic obesity in many forms is well known in rodents. None of them have contributed much to paediatrics as yet, but the Egyptian sand rat has promising similarities to persons who develop obesity and diabetes in adult life and a comparison of their metabolism in early life might be a profitable exercise.", "contents": "Fat. Fat has been a menace to longevity since biblical times, but detailed studies of its deposition and function in the perinatal period only began comparatively recently. The function of brown fat in thermogenesis as distinct from that of white fat as a reserve of energy is now clear, but not why the guinea pig and the human baby should be two of the very few land mammals to lay down white fat in their bodies before birth. How much of this fat crosses the placenta and how much is synthesized by the fetus? There is evidence that the amounts and timing of the two events may not be the same in the two species but the reasons behind the differences are not at all clear. Genetic obesity in many forms is well known in rodents. None of them have contributed much to paediatrics as yet, but the Egyptian sand rat has promising similarities to persons who develop obesity and diabetes in adult life and a comparison of their metabolism in early life might be a profitable exercise.", "PMID": 333359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12540", "title": "Colonization with group B streptococci in girls under 16 years of age.", "content": "Cultures from the vagina, pharynx, and anal canal of 100 healthy girls, 2 months through 15 years of age, were examined for the presence of group B streptococci. Of the 100 participants, 20% were colonized at one or more of these three sites. Pharyngeal colonization was detected in 15% of the girls under 11 years of age and in 5% of those over 11 years of age. Colonization at anogenital sites were observed in 19% of participants under 3 years of age, in 25% of those 11 years of age and older, and in only 4% of those between the ages of 3 and 10 years (P less than .025). The concentration of serum antibody directed against the polysaccharide capsular antigen isolated from type III, group B Streptococcus appeared, in part, to be related to increasing age.", "contents": "Colonization with group B streptococci in girls under 16 years of age. Cultures from the vagina, pharynx, and anal canal of 100 healthy girls, 2 months through 15 years of age, were examined for the presence of group B streptococci. Of the 100 participants, 20% were colonized at one or more of these three sites. Pharyngeal colonization was detected in 15% of the girls under 11 years of age and in 5% of those over 11 years of age. Colonization at anogenital sites were observed in 19% of participants under 3 years of age, in 25% of those 11 years of age and older, and in only 4% of those between the ages of 3 and 10 years (P less than .025). The concentration of serum antibody directed against the polysaccharide capsular antigen isolated from type III, group B Streptococcus appeared, in part, to be related to increasing age.", "PMID": 333366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12541", "title": "Field independence and laterality in the perception of faces.", "content": "For a sample of 28 college males the degree of left visual-field bias in the perception of faces correlated .45 (p less than .01) with extent of field-independent performance, as assessed by a composite score based on the Embedded-Figures Test, the Rod-and-Frame Test, and ratings on the Articulation-of-Body-Concept Scale. In a second study with 16 female and 10 male college subjects using the Group Embedded-Figures Test, field-independent subjects again showed greater left visual-field lateralization of face perception (r = .43, p less than .05). Based on Witkin's view of field independence as a manifestation of psychological differentiation, possible links between extent of differentiation at the psychological and neurophysiological levels are suggested.", "contents": "Field independence and laterality in the perception of faces. For a sample of 28 college males the degree of left visual-field bias in the perception of faces correlated .45 (p less than .01) with extent of field-independent performance, as assessed by a composite score based on the Embedded-Figures Test, the Rod-and-Frame Test, and ratings on the Articulation-of-Body-Concept Scale. In a second study with 16 female and 10 male college subjects using the Group Embedded-Figures Test, field-independent subjects again showed greater left visual-field lateralization of face perception (r = .43, p less than .05). Based on Witkin's view of field independence as a manifestation of psychological differentiation, possible links between extent of differentiation at the psychological and neurophysiological levels are suggested.", "PMID": 333374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12542", "title": "Touch: a computerized bibliography.", "content": "A computerized bibliography of references relating to \"touch\" has been prepared. It currently contains approximately 4000 references which belong under the following general categories--physiology and neurophysiology; sensation; perception; cognition; social, cultural, and developmental issues; clinical pathology; the deaf and blind; tactile communication and tactile aesthetics. References have been obtained primarily from the Psychological Abstracts, with classification codes added on the basis of the abstract's content. Master copies and keyword searches may be obtained on the most up-to-date version of the bibliography.", "contents": "Touch: a computerized bibliography. A computerized bibliography of references relating to \"touch\" has been prepared. It currently contains approximately 4000 references which belong under the following general categories--physiology and neurophysiology; sensation; perception; cognition; social, cultural, and developmental issues; clinical pathology; the deaf and blind; tactile communication and tactile aesthetics. References have been obtained primarily from the Psychological Abstracts, with classification codes added on the basis of the abstract's content. Master copies and keyword searches may be obtained on the most up-to-date version of the bibliography.", "PMID": 333375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12543", "title": "Reliability of the Matching Familiar Figures Test scores of learning disabled children.", "content": "The reliability of the Matching Familiar Figures Test with impulsive learning disabled boys was investigated. 20 children were tested in two sessions separated by a 2-mo. period. Significant correlations for response time and errors scores indicated a high level of stability over time. Educational implications were discussed.", "contents": "Reliability of the Matching Familiar Figures Test scores of learning disabled children. The reliability of the Matching Familiar Figures Test with impulsive learning disabled boys was investigated. 20 children were tested in two sessions separated by a 2-mo. period. Significant correlations for response time and errors scores indicated a high level of stability over time. Educational implications were discussed.", "PMID": 333376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12544", "title": "The occurrence of Clostridium botulinum type E in Finnish trout farms and the prevention of toxin formation in fresh-salted vacuum-packed trout fillets.", "content": "The occurrence of C. botulinum on two Finnish rainbow trout farms were studied. C. botulinum type E toxin was detected from samples of fish intestines in 10% and 4% of the samples and in 0% and 100% of dam bottom sediments, respectively. The toxin formation of inoculated C. botulinum type E in three different brands of commercial fresh-salted vacuum-packed trout fillets was also investigated. In the brand with a salt concentration of 2.7% (a w = 0.96) and no nitrate, the toxin was formed in two weeks at 10 and 20 degrees C. If the pH of the product was lowed to 4.90 and NaCl concentration increased to 5.67% (a w = 0.94%) no toxin was formed even without the use of nitrate. By adding 0.1% of sodium nitrate to the curing solution (0.046% nitrate in the product) the toxin formation was brought to an end. According to the results of the study C. botulinum type E presents a potential health risk for man as well as for fish also in Finland. Trout products must be manufactured and stored in such a way that the possibility of toxin formation is eliminated.", "contents": "The occurrence of Clostridium botulinum type E in Finnish trout farms and the prevention of toxin formation in fresh-salted vacuum-packed trout fillets. The occurrence of C. botulinum on two Finnish rainbow trout farms were studied. C. botulinum type E toxin was detected from samples of fish intestines in 10% and 4% of the samples and in 0% and 100% of dam bottom sediments, respectively. The toxin formation of inoculated C. botulinum type E in three different brands of commercial fresh-salted vacuum-packed trout fillets was also investigated. In the brand with a salt concentration of 2.7% (a w = 0.96) and no nitrate, the toxin was formed in two weeks at 10 and 20 degrees C. If the pH of the product was lowed to 4.90 and NaCl concentration increased to 5.67% (a w = 0.94%) no toxin was formed even without the use of nitrate. By adding 0.1% of sodium nitrate to the curing solution (0.046% nitrate in the product) the toxin formation was brought to an end. According to the results of the study C. botulinum type E presents a potential health risk for man as well as for fish also in Finland. Trout products must be manufactured and stored in such a way that the possibility of toxin formation is eliminated.", "PMID": 333383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12545", "title": "[Is unilateral total lobectomy adequate treatment for a single malignant thyroid nodule? 67 patients operated upon between 5 and 18 years age (author's transl)].", "content": "In the treatment of thyroid carcinoma, there is still some discussion about the best operation for a solitary and well encapsulated nodule. 18 years ago, it was decided to treat every case of \"cold\" thyroid nodule by total lobectomy and isthmectomy. 56 patients were reevaluated 5 to 18 years after such limited operation for malignant nodules. 8 of them died between the 19 th month and the 14 th year after surgery, the death being possibly related to the thyroid cancer in only 4 patients, but without any clinical evidence of local recurrence. Among 50 surviving patients, only one controlateral recurrence was observed, two years after lobectomy; it was treated by surgical totalisation of thyroidectomy, without any new recurrence after 10 more years. These results (although the small number of cases, and too short follow-up exclude definitive conclusions) are comparable to those obtained by a more aggresive surgical approach, but have the great advantage of total absence of any functional sequellae. So are we encouraged to go further in the experience of a rather conservative surgery in the treatment of uninodular thyroid carcinoma.", "contents": "[Is unilateral total lobectomy adequate treatment for a single malignant thyroid nodule? 67 patients operated upon between 5 and 18 years age (author's transl)]. In the treatment of thyroid carcinoma, there is still some discussion about the best operation for a solitary and well encapsulated nodule. 18 years ago, it was decided to treat every case of \"cold\" thyroid nodule by total lobectomy and isthmectomy. 56 patients were reevaluated 5 to 18 years after such limited operation for malignant nodules. 8 of them died between the 19 th month and the 14 th year after surgery, the death being possibly related to the thyroid cancer in only 4 patients, but without any clinical evidence of local recurrence. Among 50 surviving patients, only one controlateral recurrence was observed, two years after lobectomy; it was treated by surgical totalisation of thyroidectomy, without any new recurrence after 10 more years. These results (although the small number of cases, and too short follow-up exclude definitive conclusions) are comparable to those obtained by a more aggresive surgical approach, but have the great advantage of total absence of any functional sequellae. So are we encouraged to go further in the experience of a rather conservative surgery in the treatment of uninodular thyroid carcinoma.", "PMID": 333385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12546", "title": "Covalent attachment of fluorescent probes to the X-base of Escherichia coli phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "tRNA PheE, coli was labeled with the N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl glycine and N-methylanthranilic acid through reaction with the amino acid moiety of its X-base, whereby yields of 66% and 24%, respectively, were obtained. The purified dimethylaminonaphthalene-sulfonate derivative could not be aminoacylated and was found to be a strong competitive inhibitor of phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase [Ki=8X10(-7) M]. The N-methylanthraniloyl derivative could be charged to an extent of 5% as compared to native tRNA Phe. The fluorescence emission spectra of the derivatives are indicative of a slightly hydrophobic environment for both fluorophores. The results suggest that the integrity of the polar amino acid group of the X-base is required for the maintenance of the biologically active conformation.", "contents": "Covalent attachment of fluorescent probes to the X-base of Escherichia coli phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid. tRNA PheE, coli was labeled with the N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl glycine and N-methylanthranilic acid through reaction with the amino acid moiety of its X-base, whereby yields of 66% and 24%, respectively, were obtained. The purified dimethylaminonaphthalene-sulfonate derivative could not be aminoacylated and was found to be a strong competitive inhibitor of phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase [Ki=8X10(-7) M]. The N-methylanthraniloyl derivative could be charged to an extent of 5% as compared to native tRNA Phe. The fluorescence emission spectra of the derivatives are indicative of a slightly hydrophobic environment for both fluorophores. The results suggest that the integrity of the polar amino acid group of the X-base is required for the maintenance of the biologically active conformation.", "PMID": 333386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12547", "title": "Prevalence of bovine subclinical mastitis in Malawi.", "content": "A survey comprising 934 cows of a total of 1180 from 22 dairy herds and the examination of bulk milk samples from 273 small-holders was carried out. At the time of sampling all known dairy herds and small-holders in Malawi were examined. Since relative few infections other than Staph. aureus and Str. agalactiae were revealed in the first 12 herds where quartermilk samples were taken composite milk samples (all four quarters into one sample) were taken in the remainder of the herds. The results of the survey are shown in Tables I a, b, c and II a and b. The major problems were infections caused by Str. agalactiae and Staph. aureus. The amount of pathological secretion was low compared to countries with a developed dairy industry such as Denmark.", "contents": "Prevalence of bovine subclinical mastitis in Malawi. A survey comprising 934 cows of a total of 1180 from 22 dairy herds and the examination of bulk milk samples from 273 small-holders was carried out. At the time of sampling all known dairy herds and small-holders in Malawi were examined. Since relative few infections other than Staph. aureus and Str. agalactiae were revealed in the first 12 herds where quartermilk samples were taken composite milk samples (all four quarters into one sample) were taken in the remainder of the herds. The results of the survey are shown in Tables I a, b, c and II a and b. The major problems were infections caused by Str. agalactiae and Staph. aureus. The amount of pathological secretion was low compared to countries with a developed dairy industry such as Denmark.", "PMID": 333382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12548", "title": "Chromatographic behavior of several mammalian tRNAs on acylated dihydroxyl-borate cellulose and Aminex A-28.", "content": "Studies of the chromatographic behavior of mammalian tRNAs, from several sources, on acylated DBAE-cellulose indicate that species of tRNA Asn , tRNA Asp and tRNA His can be retained on this matrix, while species of tRNA Tyr, tRNA Asn and tRNA Asp are not retained. Treatment of total rat liver tRNA with cyanogen bromide and subsequent chromatography on Aminex A-28 columns demonstrated that these tRNA species might contain Q (or Q*) nucleoside. However, comparable studies of the tRNA isolated from Walker 256 rat mammary tumor tissue demonstrated that this tumor tRNA almost totally lacks the hypermodified nucleosides Q and Q*. In addition, we have found that at least the major species of rat liver tRNA Asn contains the Q nucleoside. These studies indicate that chromatography on the acylated DBAE-cellulose matrix, couple with the analytical ion-exchange chromatography of cyanogen bromide treated and untreated amino-acyl-tRNA can be a valuable technique for the determination of alterations in the Q (or Q*) nucleoside content of the tRNAs isolated from normal and tumor tissues.", "contents": "Chromatographic behavior of several mammalian tRNAs on acylated dihydroxyl-borate cellulose and Aminex A-28. Studies of the chromatographic behavior of mammalian tRNAs, from several sources, on acylated DBAE-cellulose indicate that species of tRNA Asn , tRNA Asp and tRNA His can be retained on this matrix, while species of tRNA Tyr, tRNA Asn and tRNA Asp are not retained. Treatment of total rat liver tRNA with cyanogen bromide and subsequent chromatography on Aminex A-28 columns demonstrated that these tRNA species might contain Q (or Q*) nucleoside. However, comparable studies of the tRNA isolated from Walker 256 rat mammary tumor tissue demonstrated that this tumor tRNA almost totally lacks the hypermodified nucleosides Q and Q*. In addition, we have found that at least the major species of rat liver tRNA Asn contains the Q nucleoside. These studies indicate that chromatography on the acylated DBAE-cellulose matrix, couple with the analytical ion-exchange chromatography of cyanogen bromide treated and untreated amino-acyl-tRNA can be a valuable technique for the determination of alterations in the Q (or Q*) nucleoside content of the tRNAs isolated from normal and tumor tissues.", "PMID": 333387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12549", "title": "Restriction cleavage map of mitochonrial DNA from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cleaved by restriction endonucleases Eco RI, Hpa I, Bam HI, Hind III, Pst I, and Sal I, yielding 10, 7, 5, 6, 1, and 1 fragments, respectively. A physical ordering of the restriction sites on yeast mtDNA has been derived. Yeast mtDNA cannot be isolated as intact molecules, and it contains nicks and gaps which complicate the use of conventional fragment mapping procedures. Nevertheless, the position of each of the restriction sites was obtained primarily by reciprocal redigestion of isolated restriction fragments. This procedure was supplemented by co-digestion of mtDNA with a multisite enzyme and a single-site enzyme (i.e., Sal I or Pst I) which provided a unique orientation for overlapping fragments cleaved by Sal I or Pst I. The data obtained from these approaches were confirmed by analysis of double and triple enzyme digests. Analysis of partial digest fragments was used for positioning of the smallest Eco RI fragment. A comparison of mtDNA from four grande strains (MH41-7B, 19d, TR3-15A, and MH32-12D) revealed similar, but slightly varying restriction patterns, with an identical genome size for each of approximately 5 X 10(-7) d or 75 kb. A fifth grande strain, D273-10B from S. cerevisiae, revealed restriction patterns different from those of the above strains, with a smaller genome size of 70 kb.", "contents": "Restriction cleavage map of mitochonrial DNA from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cleaved by restriction endonucleases Eco RI, Hpa I, Bam HI, Hind III, Pst I, and Sal I, yielding 10, 7, 5, 6, 1, and 1 fragments, respectively. A physical ordering of the restriction sites on yeast mtDNA has been derived. Yeast mtDNA cannot be isolated as intact molecules, and it contains nicks and gaps which complicate the use of conventional fragment mapping procedures. Nevertheless, the position of each of the restriction sites was obtained primarily by reciprocal redigestion of isolated restriction fragments. This procedure was supplemented by co-digestion of mtDNA with a multisite enzyme and a single-site enzyme (i.e., Sal I or Pst I) which provided a unique orientation for overlapping fragments cleaved by Sal I or Pst I. The data obtained from these approaches were confirmed by analysis of double and triple enzyme digests. Analysis of partial digest fragments was used for positioning of the smallest Eco RI fragment. A comparison of mtDNA from four grande strains (MH41-7B, 19d, TR3-15A, and MH32-12D) revealed similar, but slightly varying restriction patterns, with an identical genome size for each of approximately 5 X 10(-7) d or 75 kb. A fifth grande strain, D273-10B from S. cerevisiae, revealed restriction patterns different from those of the above strains, with a smaller genome size of 70 kb.", "PMID": 333388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12550", "title": "Molecular cloning of extensive sequences of the in vitro synthesized chicken ovalbumin structural gene.", "content": "Double-stranded DNA molecules complementary to ovalbumin chicken messenger RNA were synthesized in vitro and integrated into the E. coli plasmid pCR1 using an oligodG-dc tailing procedure. The resultant hybrid plasmids, amplified by transfection of E. coli, were shown by hybridization and gel electrophoresis to contain extensive DNA sequences of the ovalbumin structural gene.", "contents": "Molecular cloning of extensive sequences of the in vitro synthesized chicken ovalbumin structural gene. Double-stranded DNA molecules complementary to ovalbumin chicken messenger RNA were synthesized in vitro and integrated into the E. coli plasmid pCR1 using an oligodG-dc tailing procedure. The resultant hybrid plasmids, amplified by transfection of E. coli, were shown by hybridization and gel electrophoresis to contain extensive DNA sequences of the ovalbumin structural gene.", "PMID": 333389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12551", "title": "A neutron investigation of yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase interaction with tRNAs.", "content": "A new way of studying RNA-protein complexes, using neutron small angle scattering in solution, is described and was applied in the case of the system, yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase, interacting with its cognate and non cognate yeast tRNAs. It was shown that, when limited amounts of tRNA (either cognate or non cognate) are added to valyl-tRNA synthetase, a complex consisting of two enzyme molecules and one tRNA molecule is first formed. It is subsequently dissociated to a one to one complex when more tRNA is present in the solution. The association curve shows a maximum for a molecular ratio, enzyme over tRNA, equal to 2.", "contents": "A neutron investigation of yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase interaction with tRNAs. A new way of studying RNA-protein complexes, using neutron small angle scattering in solution, is described and was applied in the case of the system, yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase, interacting with its cognate and non cognate yeast tRNAs. It was shown that, when limited amounts of tRNA (either cognate or non cognate) are added to valyl-tRNA synthetase, a complex consisting of two enzyme molecules and one tRNA molecule is first formed. It is subsequently dissociated to a one to one complex when more tRNA is present in the solution. The association curve shows a maximum for a molecular ratio, enzyme over tRNA, equal to 2.", "PMID": 333390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12552", "title": "Hyperpolymer formation during renaturation of DNA from genomes with different sequence organisation.", "content": "Hyperpolymer formation during the renaturation of DNAs from wheat, calf and E. coli was studied using hydroxyapatite chromatography, electron microscopy and S1 nuclease. Large hyperpolymers could not be eluted from hydroxyapatite with 0.5 M phosphate buffer at 60 degrees C. Large proportions of wheat and E. coli DNAs were incorporated into hyperpolymers when fragments 650 nucleotides long were renatured. A much smaller proportion of calf DNA was incorporated under equivalent conditions. Greater proportions of calf DNA accumulated in hyperpolymers only when longer fragments were incubated. Electron microscopy indicated no obvious differences in the basic structures of hyperpolymers formed by the three DNAs and confirmed the quantitative differences in hyperpolymer formation found by hydroxyapatite chromatography. It is concluded that the proportions and arrangement of the repeated sequences in the chromosomes of higher organisms determine the extent of rapid hyperpolymer formation during DNA renaturation in vitro.", "contents": "Hyperpolymer formation during renaturation of DNA from genomes with different sequence organisation. Hyperpolymer formation during the renaturation of DNAs from wheat, calf and E. coli was studied using hydroxyapatite chromatography, electron microscopy and S1 nuclease. Large hyperpolymers could not be eluted from hydroxyapatite with 0.5 M phosphate buffer at 60 degrees C. Large proportions of wheat and E. coli DNAs were incorporated into hyperpolymers when fragments 650 nucleotides long were renatured. A much smaller proportion of calf DNA was incorporated under equivalent conditions. Greater proportions of calf DNA accumulated in hyperpolymers only when longer fragments were incubated. Electron microscopy indicated no obvious differences in the basic structures of hyperpolymers formed by the three DNAs and confirmed the quantitative differences in hyperpolymer formation found by hydroxyapatite chromatography. It is concluded that the proportions and arrangement of the repeated sequences in the chromosomes of higher organisms determine the extent of rapid hyperpolymer formation during DNA renaturation in vitro.", "PMID": 333391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12553", "title": "Alteration of 5S RNA conformation by ribosomal proteins L18 and L25.", "content": "The effects of ribosomal proteins L18, L25 and L5 on the conformation of 5S RNA have been studied by circular dichroism and temperature dependent ultraviolet absorbance. The circular dichroism spectrum of native 5S RNA is characterized in the near ultraviolet by a large positive band at 267 nm and a small negative band at 298 nm. The greatest perturbation in the spectrum was produced by protein L18 which induced a 20% increase in the 267 nm band and no change in the 298 nm band. By contrast, protein L25 caused a small decrease in both bands. No effect was observed with protein L5. Simultaneous binding of proteins L18 and L25 resulted in CD changes equivalent to the sum of their independent effects. The UV absorbance thermal denaturation profile of the 5S RNA L18 complex lacked the pre-melting behavior characteristic of 5S RNA. Protein L25 had no effect on the 5S RNA melting profile. We concluded that protein L18 increases the secondary, and possible the tertiary structure of 5S RNA, and exerts a minor stabilizing effect on its conformation while protein L25 causes a small decrease in 5S RNA secondary structure. The implications of these findings for ribosome assembly and function are discussed.", "contents": "Alteration of 5S RNA conformation by ribosomal proteins L18 and L25. The effects of ribosomal proteins L18, L25 and L5 on the conformation of 5S RNA have been studied by circular dichroism and temperature dependent ultraviolet absorbance. The circular dichroism spectrum of native 5S RNA is characterized in the near ultraviolet by a large positive band at 267 nm and a small negative band at 298 nm. The greatest perturbation in the spectrum was produced by protein L18 which induced a 20% increase in the 267 nm band and no change in the 298 nm band. By contrast, protein L25 caused a small decrease in both bands. No effect was observed with protein L5. Simultaneous binding of proteins L18 and L25 resulted in CD changes equivalent to the sum of their independent effects. The UV absorbance thermal denaturation profile of the 5S RNA L18 complex lacked the pre-melting behavior characteristic of 5S RNA. Protein L25 had no effect on the 5S RNA melting profile. We concluded that protein L18 increases the secondary, and possible the tertiary structure of 5S RNA, and exerts a minor stabilizing effect on its conformation while protein L25 causes a small decrease in 5S RNA secondary structure. The implications of these findings for ribosome assembly and function are discussed.", "PMID": 333392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12554", "title": "Histone-like proteins in the purified Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleoprotein.", "content": "Analysis of E.coli chromosomes isolated under conditions similar to those used for isolation of eukaryotic chromatin has shown that: 1) The proteins of highly purified E.coli deoxyribonucleoprotein are mainly in addition to RNA polymerase two specific histone-like proteins of apparent molecular weight of 17,000 and 9,000 (proteins 1 and 2, respectively). 2) Proteins 1 and 2 occur in approximately equal molar amounts in the isolated E.coli chromosome, and their relative content corresponds to one molecule of protein 1 plus one molecule of protein 2 per 150-200 base pairs of DNA. 3) There are no long stretches of naked DNA in the purified E.coli deoxyribonucleoprotein suggesting a fairly uniform distribution of the proteins 1 and 2 along DNA. 4) The protein 2 is apparently identical to the DNA-binding protein HU which was isolated previously /1/ from extracts of E.coli cells. 5) Digestion of the isolated E.coli chromosomes with staphylococcal nuclease proceeds through discrete deoxyribonucleoprotein intermediates (in particular, at approximately 120 base pairs) which contain both proteins 1 and 2. However, since no repeating multimer structure was observed so far in nuclease digests of the E.coli chromosome, it seems premature to draw definite conclusions about possible similarities between the nucleosomal organization of the eukaryotic chromatin and the E.coli chromatin structure.Images", "contents": "Histone-like proteins in the purified Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleoprotein. Analysis of E.coli chromosomes isolated under conditions similar to those used for isolation of eukaryotic chromatin has shown that: 1) The proteins of highly purified E.coli deoxyribonucleoprotein are mainly in addition to RNA polymerase two specific histone-like proteins of apparent molecular weight of 17,000 and 9,000 (proteins 1 and 2, respectively). 2) Proteins 1 and 2 occur in approximately equal molar amounts in the isolated E.coli chromosome, and their relative content corresponds to one molecule of protein 1 plus one molecule of protein 2 per 150-200 base pairs of DNA. 3) There are no long stretches of naked DNA in the purified E.coli deoxyribonucleoprotein suggesting a fairly uniform distribution of the proteins 1 and 2 along DNA. 4) The protein 2 is apparently identical to the DNA-binding protein HU which was isolated previously /1/ from extracts of E.coli cells. 5) Digestion of the isolated E.coli chromosomes with staphylococcal nuclease proceeds through discrete deoxyribonucleoprotein intermediates (in particular, at approximately 120 base pairs) which contain both proteins 1 and 2. However, since no repeating multimer structure was observed so far in nuclease digests of the E.coli chromosome, it seems premature to draw definite conclusions about possible similarities between the nucleosomal organization of the eukaryotic chromatin and the E.coli chromatin structure.Images", "PMID": 333393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12555", "title": "Modified polynucleotides. I. Investigation of the enzymatic polymerization of 5-alkyl-dUTP-s.", "content": "The chemical synthesis of 5-alkyl-dUTP-s and their participation as substrates in poly[d(A-6)] primed polymerization reactions with dATP by E. coli DNA polymerase I enzyme has been described. In comparison with dTTP, at saturating substrate concentrations, the rate of hypochromic effect was found to be 17.3% higher for dUTP and was lower by 27.4% for 5-ethyl-dUTP, 29.5% for 5-n-propyl-dUTP, 31.4% for 5-n-butyl-dUTP and by 85.0% for 5-n-pentyl-dUTP. No hypochromic effect could be observed, however, with 5-iso-propyl-, 5-tert.butyl- and 5-n-hexyl-dUTP-s. Polydeoxynucleotides have also been isolated from the reaction mixture and some of their structural properties determined.", "contents": "Modified polynucleotides. I. Investigation of the enzymatic polymerization of 5-alkyl-dUTP-s. The chemical synthesis of 5-alkyl-dUTP-s and their participation as substrates in poly[d(A-6)] primed polymerization reactions with dATP by E. coli DNA polymerase I enzyme has been described. In comparison with dTTP, at saturating substrate concentrations, the rate of hypochromic effect was found to be 17.3% higher for dUTP and was lower by 27.4% for 5-ethyl-dUTP, 29.5% for 5-n-propyl-dUTP, 31.4% for 5-n-butyl-dUTP and by 85.0% for 5-n-pentyl-dUTP. No hypochromic effect could be observed, however, with 5-iso-propyl-, 5-tert.butyl- and 5-n-hexyl-dUTP-s. Polydeoxynucleotides have also been isolated from the reaction mixture and some of their structural properties determined.", "PMID": 333394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12556", "title": "RNA-ligant interactions. (I) Magnesium binding sites in yeast tRNAPhe.", "content": "X-ray crystallagraphic studies studies indicate that there are at least four site-specifically bound hydrated Mg2+ ions, [Mg(H2O)n]2+, in yeast tRNAPhe. The size and the octahedral coordination geometry, rather than the charge, of [Mg(H2O)N]2+ appear to be the primary reasons for the specificity of magnesium ions in site-binding and in the stabilization of the tertiary structure of tRNA.", "contents": "RNA-ligant interactions. (I) Magnesium binding sites in yeast tRNAPhe. X-ray crystallagraphic studies studies indicate that there are at least four site-specifically bound hydrated Mg2+ ions, [Mg(H2O)n]2+, in yeast tRNAPhe. The size and the octahedral coordination geometry, rather than the charge, of [Mg(H2O)N]2+ appear to be the primary reasons for the specificity of magnesium ions in site-binding and in the stabilization of the tertiary structure of tRNA.", "PMID": 333395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12557", "title": "A comparison of transcriptional linkage of tRNA cistrons in yeast and E. coli by the ultraviolet light technique.", "content": "The ultraviolet light mapping technique was employed to determine the lengths of tRNA cistrons in yeast. The applicability of the method was first tested in the E. coli system, in which the mapping positions for some tRNA cistrons and the ribosomal 5S RNA genes as well as the existence of multimeric transcription units for tRNAs are known. Rates of the synthesis of the tRNAs and small rRNAs after irradiation with various doses of UV light were determined by pulse labeling and quantitation of the RNA species after twodimensional gel electrophoreses. The small ribosomal RNAs served for internal calibration in the estimtion of the target sizes. Our results suggest that--in contrast to the prokaryotic system--in yeast the majority of the tRNA genes are not linked into transcriptional units.", "contents": "A comparison of transcriptional linkage of tRNA cistrons in yeast and E. coli by the ultraviolet light technique. The ultraviolet light mapping technique was employed to determine the lengths of tRNA cistrons in yeast. The applicability of the method was first tested in the E. coli system, in which the mapping positions for some tRNA cistrons and the ribosomal 5S RNA genes as well as the existence of multimeric transcription units for tRNAs are known. Rates of the synthesis of the tRNAs and small rRNAs after irradiation with various doses of UV light were determined by pulse labeling and quantitation of the RNA species after twodimensional gel electrophoreses. The small ribosomal RNAs served for internal calibration in the estimtion of the target sizes. Our results suggest that--in contrast to the prokaryotic system--in yeast the majority of the tRNA genes are not linked into transcriptional units.", "PMID": 333396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12558", "title": "Relation between Escherichia coli endonucleases specific for apurinic sites in DNA and exonuclease III.", "content": "Contradictory data have recently been published from two different laboratories on the presence vs absence of an intrinsic endonucliolytic activity of E. coli exonuclease III at apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA. It is shown here that an endonuclease activity of this specificity co-chromatographs exactly with exonuclease III on phosphocellulose and Sephadex G-75 columns, indicating that the endonuclease and exonuclease activities are due to the same enzyme. In addition, another E. coli endonuclease specific for apurinic sites exists, which can be separated from exonuclease III by the same chromatographic procedures.", "contents": "Relation between Escherichia coli endonucleases specific for apurinic sites in DNA and exonuclease III. Contradictory data have recently been published from two different laboratories on the presence vs absence of an intrinsic endonucliolytic activity of E. coli exonuclease III at apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA. It is shown here that an endonuclease activity of this specificity co-chromatographs exactly with exonuclease III on phosphocellulose and Sephadex G-75 columns, indicating that the endonuclease and exonuclease activities are due to the same enzyme. In addition, another E. coli endonuclease specific for apurinic sites exists, which can be separated from exonuclease III by the same chromatographic procedures.", "PMID": 333397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12559", "title": "On the Phe-tRNA induced binding of fluorescent oligonucleotides to the ribosomal decoding site.", "content": "Fluorescent oligonucleotides were prepared by dansylation of 5'-amino uridylates of varying chainlength. Except for the trinucleoside diphosphate, they stimulated the binding of PhetRNA TO 70S E. coli ribosomes as efficiently as underivatised oligouridylic acids of comparable chainlength. The ternary ribosomal complex [70S X Phe-tRNA X dansyl-n5'U(pU)4] was separated from excess oligonucleotide and its fluorescence spectra were measured. The quantum yield of the dansylated pentauridylate was enhanced 2.5 fold when bound to the ribosomal decoding site, but no shift of the emission spectrum was observed. The ribosomal complex is considered useful for topographic investigations by singlet energy transfer, using the functionally defined decoding site as reference point.", "contents": "On the Phe-tRNA induced binding of fluorescent oligonucleotides to the ribosomal decoding site. Fluorescent oligonucleotides were prepared by dansylation of 5'-amino uridylates of varying chainlength. Except for the trinucleoside diphosphate, they stimulated the binding of PhetRNA TO 70S E. coli ribosomes as efficiently as underivatised oligouridylic acids of comparable chainlength. The ternary ribosomal complex [70S X Phe-tRNA X dansyl-n5'U(pU)4] was separated from excess oligonucleotide and its fluorescence spectra were measured. The quantum yield of the dansylated pentauridylate was enhanced 2.5 fold when bound to the ribosomal decoding site, but no shift of the emission spectrum was observed. The ribosomal complex is considered useful for topographic investigations by singlet energy transfer, using the functionally defined decoding site as reference point.", "PMID": 333398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12560", "title": "Studies on gene control regions. VI. The 5- methyl of thymine, a lac repressor recognition site.", "content": "Three site specific deoxyuridine analogs of lac operator were tested for binding with wild type (SQ) and tight binding (QX86) lac repressors. Insertion of uracil for thymine at site 13 (our nomenclature) significantly reduced the dissociation half-life of QX86 repressor for lac operator DNA (21 vs 1.2 min). Two other sites (6 and 7) are affected to a much lesser extent.", "contents": "Studies on gene control regions. VI. The 5- methyl of thymine, a lac repressor recognition site. Three site specific deoxyuridine analogs of lac operator were tested for binding with wild type (SQ) and tight binding (QX86) lac repressors. Insertion of uracil for thymine at site 13 (our nomenclature) significantly reduced the dissociation half-life of QX86 repressor for lac operator DNA (21 vs 1.2 min). Two other sites (6 and 7) are affected to a much lesser extent.", "PMID": 333399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12561", "title": "Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase: preparation of a physically homogeneous, nuclease-free enzyme from hyperproducing infected cells.", "content": "Infection of Escherichia coli by a bacteriophage T4 regA, gene 44 double mutant leads to about a 7-fold increase in the amount of RNA ligase obtained after infection by wild-type phage. Using cells infected by the double mutant, RNA ligase was purified to homogeneity with a 20% yield. Unlike previous preparations of this enzyme, the ligase is free of contaminating nuclease and is therefore suitable for intermolecular ligation of DNA substrates. In the course of these studies it was discovered that adenylalation of the enzyme--a step in the reaction pathway--markedly decreased the electrophoretic mobility of RNA ligase through polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. This behavior allows identification of RNA ligase among a mixture of proteins and was used to demonstrate that virtually all of the purified protein is enzymatically active.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase: preparation of a physically homogeneous, nuclease-free enzyme from hyperproducing infected cells. Infection of Escherichia coli by a bacteriophage T4 regA, gene 44 double mutant leads to about a 7-fold increase in the amount of RNA ligase obtained after infection by wild-type phage. Using cells infected by the double mutant, RNA ligase was purified to homogeneity with a 20% yield. Unlike previous preparations of this enzyme, the ligase is free of contaminating nuclease and is therefore suitable for intermolecular ligation of DNA substrates. In the course of these studies it was discovered that adenylalation of the enzyme--a step in the reaction pathway--markedly decreased the electrophoretic mobility of RNA ligase through polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. This behavior allows identification of RNA ligase among a mixture of proteins and was used to demonstrate that virtually all of the purified protein is enzymatically active.", "PMID": 333400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12562", "title": "Structure of chromatin subunits: an endonuclease Serratia marcescens study.", "content": "Electrophoretic properties of chromatin subunits--nucleosomes--obtained by treatment of chromatin with the Serratia marcescens endonuclease have been studied. Double-stranded breaks of DNA between adjacent nucleosomes do not necessarily lead to their disjunction. Fragmentation of the DNA within the nucleosomes may proceed simultaneously with the breakdown of the DNA between the nucleosomes at early stages of the endonuclease digestion. Electrophoretic mobility and chromatographic properties of mononucleosomes, their dimers and trimers with internally degraded DNA was not changed. It has been deduced that the integrity of chromatin particles with internally fragmented DNA is supported by histone interaction inside and between the nucleosomes.", "contents": "Structure of chromatin subunits: an endonuclease Serratia marcescens study. Electrophoretic properties of chromatin subunits--nucleosomes--obtained by treatment of chromatin with the Serratia marcescens endonuclease have been studied. Double-stranded breaks of DNA between adjacent nucleosomes do not necessarily lead to their disjunction. Fragmentation of the DNA within the nucleosomes may proceed simultaneously with the breakdown of the DNA between the nucleosomes at early stages of the endonuclease digestion. Electrophoretic mobility and chromatographic properties of mononucleosomes, their dimers and trimers with internally degraded DNA was not changed. It has been deduced that the integrity of chromatin particles with internally fragmented DNA is supported by histone interaction inside and between the nucleosomes.", "PMID": 333401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12563", "title": "[Determination of the glucoamylase activity in amylolytic preparations].", "content": "Glucoamylase capacity of amylolytic preparations was determined with respect to the initial rate (VO) of the glucose synthesis from starch when treated with the preparations tested. The concentration of free glucose (y) was assayed, using a glucooxidase reagent after 5, 10 and 20 min hydrolysis. This method takes into consideration the y -- t function which may be non-linear due to the effect of a number of factors (occurrence of alpha-amylase, enzyme inactivation, etc.). In the case of the y -- t linear function VO is measured on the basis of the angle of the y(t) curve. In the case of the y -- t nonlinear function VO is determined by extrapolation according to the described method. The paper contains examples of how to determine can calculate glucoamylase capacity for the two cases.", "contents": "[Determination of the glucoamylase activity in amylolytic preparations]. Glucoamylase capacity of amylolytic preparations was determined with respect to the initial rate (VO) of the glucose synthesis from starch when treated with the preparations tested. The concentration of free glucose (y) was assayed, using a glucooxidase reagent after 5, 10 and 20 min hydrolysis. This method takes into consideration the y -- t function which may be non-linear due to the effect of a number of factors (occurrence of alpha-amylase, enzyme inactivation, etc.). In the case of the y -- t linear function VO is measured on the basis of the angle of the y(t) curve. In the case of the y -- t nonlinear function VO is determined by extrapolation according to the described method. The paper contains examples of how to determine can calculate glucoamylase capacity for the two cases.", "PMID": 333422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12564", "title": "[Development of experimental obesity from the overfeeding of rats at sexually immature and mature ages. The effect of the food composition on the development of alimentary obesity in rats].", "content": "Overfeeding Wistar rats starting one and a half months before sexual maturation led to a more marked adiposity than in the animals in which overfeeding was started after the occurrence of sexual maturity. The first category of the animals displayed an increase in the adipose tissue cell count, whereas rats overfed after reaching maturity showed an enlargement of these cells without increase in their number. Adiposity was more pronounced in rats given excessive food consisting mainly of carbohydrates in comparison with the animals of the same age chiefly given an excess of fats. The same rats showed an increase in the relative area of the islar tissue of the pancreas and of the beta-cell mass.", "contents": "[Development of experimental obesity from the overfeeding of rats at sexually immature and mature ages. The effect of the food composition on the development of alimentary obesity in rats]. Overfeeding Wistar rats starting one and a half months before sexual maturation led to a more marked adiposity than in the animals in which overfeeding was started after the occurrence of sexual maturity. The first category of the animals displayed an increase in the adipose tissue cell count, whereas rats overfed after reaching maturity showed an enlargement of these cells without increase in their number. Adiposity was more pronounced in rats given excessive food consisting mainly of carbohydrates in comparison with the animals of the same age chiefly given an excess of fats. The same rats showed an increase in the relative area of the islar tissue of the pancreas and of the beta-cell mass.", "PMID": 333423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12565", "title": "[Late results of treating congenital hypothyroidism].", "content": "The authors present remote results of treatment of 23 patients with congenital hypothyroidism in whom the disease manifested itself in childhood; these patients reached the age of 20-30 years by the end of their examination. The efficacy of replacement hormonal therapy was connected not only with the early diagnosis of the disease, and timely treatment, but also with regularity of its institution at later years. Stable hypothyroidish compensation at the early stages of child development led to a proper physical, mental and sexual development of the patients, and promoted normalization of the metabolic processes and functional activity of the internal organs, preventing the patients' invalidization.", "contents": "[Late results of treating congenital hypothyroidism]. The authors present remote results of treatment of 23 patients with congenital hypothyroidism in whom the disease manifested itself in childhood; these patients reached the age of 20-30 years by the end of their examination. The efficacy of replacement hormonal therapy was connected not only with the early diagnosis of the disease, and timely treatment, but also with regularity of its institution at later years. Stable hypothyroidish compensation at the early stages of child development led to a proper physical, mental and sexual development of the patients, and promoted normalization of the metabolic processes and functional activity of the internal organs, preventing the patients' invalidization.", "PMID": 333424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12566", "title": "State of prophage Mu DNA upon induction.", "content": "We have compared the process of prophage lambda induction with that of prophage Mu. According to the Campbell model, rescue of lambda DNA from the host DNA involves reversal of lambda integration such that the prophage DNA is excised from the host chromosome. We have monitored this event by locating the prophage DNA with a technique in which DNA of the lysogenic cells is cleaved with a restriction endonuclease and fractionated in agarose gels. The DNA fragments are denatured in gels, transferred to a nitrocellulose paper, and hybridized with 32P-labeled mature phage DNA. The fragments containing prophage DNA become visible after autoradiography. Upon prophage lambda induction, the phage-host junction fragments disappear and the fragment containing the lambda att site appears. No such excision is seen in prophage Mu. The Mu-host junction fragments remain intact well into the lytic cycle, when Mu DNA has undergone many rounds of replication and apparently many copies of Mu DNA have been integrated into the host DNA. Therefore, we postulate that Mu DNA replicates in situ and the replication generates a form of Mu DNA active in the integrative recombination between Mu DNA and host DNA. This type of mechanism may be common to many transposable elements.", "contents": "State of prophage Mu DNA upon induction. We have compared the process of prophage lambda induction with that of prophage Mu. According to the Campbell model, rescue of lambda DNA from the host DNA involves reversal of lambda integration such that the prophage DNA is excised from the host chromosome. We have monitored this event by locating the prophage DNA with a technique in which DNA of the lysogenic cells is cleaved with a restriction endonuclease and fractionated in agarose gels. The DNA fragments are denatured in gels, transferred to a nitrocellulose paper, and hybridized with 32P-labeled mature phage DNA. The fragments containing prophage DNA become visible after autoradiography. Upon prophage lambda induction, the phage-host junction fragments disappear and the fragment containing the lambda att site appears. No such excision is seen in prophage Mu. The Mu-host junction fragments remain intact well into the lytic cycle, when Mu DNA has undergone many rounds of replication and apparently many copies of Mu DNA have been integrated into the host DNA. Therefore, we postulate that Mu DNA replicates in situ and the replication generates a form of Mu DNA active in the integrative recombination between Mu DNA and host DNA. This type of mechanism may be common to many transposable elements.", "PMID": 333430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12567", "title": "Packaging recombinant DNA molecules into bacteriophage particles in vitro.", "content": "Recombinant phage genomes made in reactions with purified enzymes may be recovered directly by packaging into phage heads in vitro. The process is efficient and nonselective and offers containment in initial stages of handling recombinant DNA. Ligase [poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly-(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.5.1.1] reaction products can recombine with endogenous phage DNA during packaging, but UV-irradiation eliminates the biological activity of the endogenous DNA.", "contents": "Packaging recombinant DNA molecules into bacteriophage particles in vitro. Recombinant phage genomes made in reactions with purified enzymes may be recovered directly by packaging into phage heads in vitro. The process is efficient and nonselective and offers containment in initial stages of handling recombinant DNA. Ligase [poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly-(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.5.1.1] reaction products can recombine with endogenous phage DNA during packaging, but UV-irradiation eliminates the biological activity of the endogenous DNA.", "PMID": 333431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12568", "title": "Binding of synthetic lactose operator DNAs to lactose represessors.", "content": "The nitrocellulose filter assay was used to study the interactions of wild-type (SQ) and tight-binding (QX86) lac repressors with synthetic lac operators 21 and 26 base pairs long. The repressor binding properties of both operators were very similar, indicating that both contain the same specific repressor recognition sites. The repressor-operator association rate constants (k(a)) were more sensitive than dissociation rate constants (k(d)) to changes in ionic strength. The responses of both k(a) and k(d) to ionic strength were relatively small compared to the effects previously observed with lambdah80dlac as operator DNA. These results suggest that under natural conditions there are electrostatic interactions between lac repressor and DNA regions outside of the 26 base pair operator sequence. Association rate constants for SQ repressor with either operator are higher than have been predicted for diffusion-limited reactions. We postulate that long-range electrostatic attractions between repressor and operator accelerate the association reaction. The presence of nonoperator DNA decreased association rate constants, the effect being more noticeable at an ionic strength of 0.05 M than at 0.20 M. Nonoperator DNA reduced k(a) values for associations involving QX86 repressor to a greater extent than for those with SQ repressor. The two types of repressors also had different rate constants for interactions with synthetic operators. The values for k(a) and k(d) were both higher with SQ repressor than with QX86 repressor. However, the rate constants were more sensitive to ionic strength when the repressor used was QX86.", "contents": "Binding of synthetic lactose operator DNAs to lactose represessors. The nitrocellulose filter assay was used to study the interactions of wild-type (SQ) and tight-binding (QX86) lac repressors with synthetic lac operators 21 and 26 base pairs long. The repressor binding properties of both operators were very similar, indicating that both contain the same specific repressor recognition sites. The repressor-operator association rate constants (k(a)) were more sensitive than dissociation rate constants (k(d)) to changes in ionic strength. The responses of both k(a) and k(d) to ionic strength were relatively small compared to the effects previously observed with lambdah80dlac as operator DNA. These results suggest that under natural conditions there are electrostatic interactions between lac repressor and DNA regions outside of the 26 base pair operator sequence. Association rate constants for SQ repressor with either operator are higher than have been predicted for diffusion-limited reactions. We postulate that long-range electrostatic attractions between repressor and operator accelerate the association reaction. The presence of nonoperator DNA decreased association rate constants, the effect being more noticeable at an ionic strength of 0.05 M than at 0.20 M. Nonoperator DNA reduced k(a) values for associations involving QX86 repressor to a greater extent than for those with SQ repressor. The two types of repressors also had different rate constants for interactions with synthetic operators. The values for k(a) and k(d) were both higher with SQ repressor than with QX86 repressor. However, the rate constants were more sensitive to ionic strength when the repressor used was QX86.", "PMID": 333432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12569", "title": "Sensory transduction in Escherichia coli: two complementary pathways of information processing that involve methylated proteins.", "content": "The properties of two classes of behavioral mutants of Escherichia coli (called tsr and tar) are described. The mutations in these strains define two complementary pathways of information flow in bacterial chemotaxis: behavioral responses to one set of stimuli are defective in tsr mutants, while responses to a complementary set of stimuli are defective in tar mutants. A double mutant containing both genetic lesions is defective in responses to all stimuli tested. The behavioral defects are shown to correlate with alterations in the properties of a methylation reaction involved in chemotaxis. Two independent sets of methyl-accepting proteins are demonstrated in the wild type, each set functioning in one of the two pathways mentioned above. Methylation of one set of proteins is defective in tsr mutants, while methylation of the complementary set is defective in tar mutants. The double mutant shows no methylation of either set. The relationship between the genetic loci (tsr and tar) and the methyl-accepting proteins is discussed.", "contents": "Sensory transduction in Escherichia coli: two complementary pathways of information processing that involve methylated proteins. The properties of two classes of behavioral mutants of Escherichia coli (called tsr and tar) are described. The mutations in these strains define two complementary pathways of information flow in bacterial chemotaxis: behavioral responses to one set of stimuli are defective in tsr mutants, while responses to a complementary set of stimuli are defective in tar mutants. A double mutant containing both genetic lesions is defective in responses to all stimuli tested. The behavioral defects are shown to correlate with alterations in the properties of a methylation reaction involved in chemotaxis. Two independent sets of methyl-accepting proteins are demonstrated in the wild type, each set functioning in one of the two pathways mentioned above. Methylation of one set of proteins is defective in tsr mutants, while methylation of the complementary set is defective in tar mutants. The double mutant shows no methylation of either set. The relationship between the genetic loci (tsr and tar) and the methyl-accepting proteins is discussed.", "PMID": 333433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12570", "title": "Chemotaxis in Escherichia coli: methylation of che gene products.", "content": "The products of three chemotaxis-specific genes in Escherichia coli, cheM, cheD, and cheZ, are methylated. The cheZ gene codes for the synthesis of a 24,000 molecular weight polypeptide that appears in the cytoplasm. cheM codes for the synthesis of a membrane-bound polypeptide with a molecular weight of 61,000. cheD codes for another membrane-bound polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 64,000. CheM(-) mutants show chemotaxis toward some attractants (Tar(-) phenotype), while CheD(-) mutants respond to other attractants (Tsr(-) phenotype). The double mutant (CheD(-), CheM(-)) does not respond to any attractant or repellent tested. Therefore, these polypeptides play a central role in chemotaxis. They collect information from two subsets of chemoreceptors and act as the last step in the chemoreceptor pathway and the first step in the general processing of signals for transmission to the flagellar rotor. It is suggested that they may be involved in both an initial process that reflects the instantaneous state of the chemoreceptors and in an integrative, adaptive process. Two other genes, cheX and cheW, are required for the methylation of the cheD and cheM gene products.", "contents": "Chemotaxis in Escherichia coli: methylation of che gene products. The products of three chemotaxis-specific genes in Escherichia coli, cheM, cheD, and cheZ, are methylated. The cheZ gene codes for the synthesis of a 24,000 molecular weight polypeptide that appears in the cytoplasm. cheM codes for the synthesis of a membrane-bound polypeptide with a molecular weight of 61,000. cheD codes for another membrane-bound polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 64,000. CheM(-) mutants show chemotaxis toward some attractants (Tar(-) phenotype), while CheD(-) mutants respond to other attractants (Tsr(-) phenotype). The double mutant (CheD(-), CheM(-)) does not respond to any attractant or repellent tested. Therefore, these polypeptides play a central role in chemotaxis. They collect information from two subsets of chemoreceptors and act as the last step in the chemoreceptor pathway and the first step in the general processing of signals for transmission to the flagellar rotor. It is suggested that they may be involved in both an initial process that reflects the instantaneous state of the chemoreceptors and in an integrative, adaptive process. Two other genes, cheX and cheW, are required for the methylation of the cheD and cheM gene products.", "PMID": 333434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12571", "title": "Mechanism of phage phiX174 DNA inactivation by benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide.", "content": "A previous report from this laboratory has shown that certain derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bind to phiX174 DNA and render it noninfectious. The present work describes the relationship between the extent of phiX174 DNA binding by (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide and the effect on infectivity. The results suggest that one molecule of bound diolepoxide is sufficient to inhibit the replication of a single molecule of phiX174 DNA. DNA synthesis studies, in vitro, indicate that when phiX DNA bound by benzo[a]pyrene groups serves as template the rate of DNA polymerization is reduced and less product is formed. In addition, the propagation of synthetic DNA strands is blocked so that incomplete complementary chains are assembled. The relationship of these findings to the mutagenic and carcinogenic process associated with the action of benzo[a]pyrene-diolepoxide is discussed.", "contents": "Mechanism of phage phiX174 DNA inactivation by benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide. A previous report from this laboratory has shown that certain derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bind to phiX174 DNA and render it noninfectious. The present work describes the relationship between the extent of phiX174 DNA binding by (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide and the effect on infectivity. The results suggest that one molecule of bound diolepoxide is sufficient to inhibit the replication of a single molecule of phiX174 DNA. DNA synthesis studies, in vitro, indicate that when phiX DNA bound by benzo[a]pyrene groups serves as template the rate of DNA polymerization is reduced and less product is formed. In addition, the propagation of synthetic DNA strands is blocked so that incomplete complementary chains are assembled. The relationship of these findings to the mutagenic and carcinogenic process associated with the action of benzo[a]pyrene-diolepoxide is discussed.", "PMID": 333435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12572", "title": "Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase is gene 63 product, the protein that promotes tail fiber attachment to the baseplate.", "content": "RNA ligase and tail fiber attachment activities, normally induced following bacteriophage T4 infection of Escherichia coli, are not induced when gene 63 amber mutants of T4 infect nonpermissive host cells. Both activities are induced when these mutants infect permissive hosts, or when revertants of these mutants infect nonpermissive hosts. When one of these mutants infects a host that carries supF, both activities are more than normally heat labile. RNA ligase, purified to homogeneity, promotes the tail fiber attachment reaction in vitro with a specific activity similar to that of the most highly purified preparations of gene 63 product isolated on the basis of tail fiber attachment activity. We conclude that T4 RNA ligase is gene 63 product. The RNA ligase and tail fiber attachment reactions differ in requirements and in response to some inhibitors, suggesting that the two activities of the gene 63 product may be mechanistically unrelated.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase is gene 63 product, the protein that promotes tail fiber attachment to the baseplate. RNA ligase and tail fiber attachment activities, normally induced following bacteriophage T4 infection of Escherichia coli, are not induced when gene 63 amber mutants of T4 infect nonpermissive host cells. Both activities are induced when these mutants infect permissive hosts, or when revertants of these mutants infect nonpermissive hosts. When one of these mutants infects a host that carries supF, both activities are more than normally heat labile. RNA ligase, purified to homogeneity, promotes the tail fiber attachment reaction in vitro with a specific activity similar to that of the most highly purified preparations of gene 63 product isolated on the basis of tail fiber attachment activity. We conclude that T4 RNA ligase is gene 63 product. The RNA ligase and tail fiber attachment reactions differ in requirements and in response to some inhibitors, suggesting that the two activities of the gene 63 product may be mechanistically unrelated.", "PMID": 333436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12573", "title": "Influence of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine on total protein synthesis and on differential gene expression of unique proteins in the rodent malarial parasite Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "The antibiotic 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine is a drug with a broad spectrum of activity against animal viruses, with little or no effect on mammalian cells, when administered in vivo or in vitro. Here we report that the antibiotic markedly inhibited the incorporation of [35S]methionine into malarial protein. Inhibition was apparent when the parasites were either exposed to the drug in vivo during the course of infection or incubated with the drug in vitro. Moreover, the antibiotic induced pronounced changes in the spectrum of proteins synthesized. Some proteins that are prominently apparent in the control disappear from the drug-treated parasites; others specific for drug-treated parasites appear, indicating changes in the commitment for gene expression as manifested by the appearance of the final protein product. Proteins synthesized were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels; the first dimension used isoelectric focusing in cylinder gels and the second dimension used electrophoresis in a lithium dodecyl sulfate slab gel. Proteins were visualized by radioautography.", "contents": "Influence of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine on total protein synthesis and on differential gene expression of unique proteins in the rodent malarial parasite Plasmodium berghei. The antibiotic 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine is a drug with a broad spectrum of activity against animal viruses, with little or no effect on mammalian cells, when administered in vivo or in vitro. Here we report that the antibiotic markedly inhibited the incorporation of [35S]methionine into malarial protein. Inhibition was apparent when the parasites were either exposed to the drug in vivo during the course of infection or incubated with the drug in vitro. Moreover, the antibiotic induced pronounced changes in the spectrum of proteins synthesized. Some proteins that are prominently apparent in the control disappear from the drug-treated parasites; others specific for drug-treated parasites appear, indicating changes in the commitment for gene expression as manifested by the appearance of the final protein product. Proteins synthesized were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels; the first dimension used isoelectric focusing in cylinder gels and the second dimension used electrophoresis in a lithium dodecyl sulfate slab gel. Proteins were visualized by radioautography.", "PMID": 333437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12574", "title": "On the translational error theory of aging.", "content": "Theoretical treatments of error feedback in translation have revealed that two different modes of behavior are possible, depending on the values of certain parameters. In mode I, the error frequency will rise steadily toward randomness, inevitably reaching whatever value is catastrophic for cell survival; the \"error catastrophe\" theory of aging implicitly assumes this mode of behavior. In mode II, the error frequency will converge to a stable value, which may or may not have toxic consequences. We have performed an experimental test of the behavior of the translation system in Escherichia coli cells: we altered the system's intrinsic fidelity by means of the error-promoting drug streptomycin, and monitored the kinetics of change in error frequency by means of a specific assay of one kind of mistranslation (incorporation of cysteine into flagellin). We find that the system behaves according to mode II. Moreover, E. coli cells in which the error frequency has stabilized at a value as high as 50 times greater than normal continue to proliferate, albeit abnormally slowly, and their viability is not detectably reduced. Earlier results by Gorini and his associates point in the same direction. These observations diminish the plausibility of the error catastrophe theory of aging.", "contents": "On the translational error theory of aging. Theoretical treatments of error feedback in translation have revealed that two different modes of behavior are possible, depending on the values of certain parameters. In mode I, the error frequency will rise steadily toward randomness, inevitably reaching whatever value is catastrophic for cell survival; the \"error catastrophe\" theory of aging implicitly assumes this mode of behavior. In mode II, the error frequency will converge to a stable value, which may or may not have toxic consequences. We have performed an experimental test of the behavior of the translation system in Escherichia coli cells: we altered the system's intrinsic fidelity by means of the error-promoting drug streptomycin, and monitored the kinetics of change in error frequency by means of a specific assay of one kind of mistranslation (incorporation of cysteine into flagellin). We find that the system behaves according to mode II. Moreover, E. coli cells in which the error frequency has stabilized at a value as high as 50 times greater than normal continue to proliferate, albeit abnormally slowly, and their viability is not detectably reduced. Earlier results by Gorini and his associates point in the same direction. These observations diminish the plausibility of the error catastrophe theory of aging.", "PMID": 333438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12575", "title": "Ionic requirements for induction of maturation (meiosis) in full-grown and medium-sized Xenopus laevis oocytes.", "content": "There is already good evidence that calcium ions are involved in the induction of maturation in full-grown amphibian oocytes; we show here that other cations (K+, Mg2+) also play a role in this process. Full-grown (1.3 mm in diameter) and medium-sized (0.8-1.0 mm in diameter) oocytes were compared in the present study. It was found that, provided the medium is K+-free, valinomycin induces maturation in full-grown, but not in medium-sized, oocytes. Increasing the CaCl2 (20 mM) or the MgSO4 (40 mM) content of the medium induces maturation in full-grown, but not in medium-sized, oocytes; however, the latter undergo germinal vesicle breakdown after treatment with either progesterone or ionophore A23187 if there is an excess of Ca2+ or Mg2+ in the medium. Maturation is possible in a Na+-free medium, but amiloride inhibits germinal vesicle breakdown when NaCl is present in the medium. It is concluded that maturation is controlled by changes in the balance between the various ions rather than by Ca2+ alone.", "contents": "Ionic requirements for induction of maturation (meiosis) in full-grown and medium-sized Xenopus laevis oocytes. There is already good evidence that calcium ions are involved in the induction of maturation in full-grown amphibian oocytes; we show here that other cations (K+, Mg2+) also play a role in this process. Full-grown (1.3 mm in diameter) and medium-sized (0.8-1.0 mm in diameter) oocytes were compared in the present study. It was found that, provided the medium is K+-free, valinomycin induces maturation in full-grown, but not in medium-sized, oocytes. Increasing the CaCl2 (20 mM) or the MgSO4 (40 mM) content of the medium induces maturation in full-grown, but not in medium-sized, oocytes; however, the latter undergo germinal vesicle breakdown after treatment with either progesterone or ionophore A23187 if there is an excess of Ca2+ or Mg2+ in the medium. Maturation is possible in a Na+-free medium, but amiloride inhibits germinal vesicle breakdown when NaCl is present in the medium. It is concluded that maturation is controlled by changes in the balance between the various ions rather than by Ca2+ alone.", "PMID": 333439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12576", "title": "Large-scale automated isolation of Escherichia coli mutants with thermosensitive DNA replication.", "content": "We have screened about 1.4 million colonies of Escherichia coli K-12 for their ability to grow on nutrient agar at 30 degrees and 41 degrees. Among the 2266 temperature-sensitive mutants found, 110 were defective in DNA synthesis but not in protein synthesis at 41 degrees. Three of these dna mutations mapped at two previously undescribed loci on the E. coli genetic map and may represent new genes involved in DNA replication in E. coli. The mutant isolation was aided by novel automatic machinery that inoculated agar-filled petri dishes with mutagenized E. coli cells laid down in square arrays of evenly spaced rows and columns on the agar. Time-lapse photographs taken before and after a temperature shift were used to find colonies of temperature-sensitive mutants. These mutations were mapped by interrupted conjugation and viral cotransduction methods, and the mutants were divided into three classes according to the kinetics of DNA synthesis at the restricted temperature. Some of the mutants exhibited mutator activity at partially restrictive temperatures. It is argued that some genes involved in DNA synthesis remain to be discovered.", "contents": "Large-scale automated isolation of Escherichia coli mutants with thermosensitive DNA replication. We have screened about 1.4 million colonies of Escherichia coli K-12 for their ability to grow on nutrient agar at 30 degrees and 41 degrees. Among the 2266 temperature-sensitive mutants found, 110 were defective in DNA synthesis but not in protein synthesis at 41 degrees. Three of these dna mutations mapped at two previously undescribed loci on the E. coli genetic map and may represent new genes involved in DNA replication in E. coli. The mutant isolation was aided by novel automatic machinery that inoculated agar-filled petri dishes with mutagenized E. coli cells laid down in square arrays of evenly spaced rows and columns on the agar. Time-lapse photographs taken before and after a temperature shift were used to find colonies of temperature-sensitive mutants. These mutations were mapped by interrupted conjugation and viral cotransduction methods, and the mutants were divided into three classes according to the kinetics of DNA synthesis at the restricted temperature. Some of the mutants exhibited mutator activity at partially restrictive temperatures. It is argued that some genes involved in DNA synthesis remain to be discovered.", "PMID": 333440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12577", "title": "Concentration of mutagens from urine by absorption with the nonpolar resin XAD-2: cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine.", "content": "A method is described for concentrating mutagens/carcinogens from human urine about 200-fold for subsequent assay in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. The method is also applicable for other aqueous liquids and for other in vitro tests for mutagens/carcinogens. The urine (up to 500 ml) is put through a column with a 1.5-cm3 bed volume of XAD-2 (styrene-divinylbenzene polymer) and the adsorbed material is then eluted with a few milliliters of acetone. The acetone is taken to dryness and the residue is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. This is the urine concentrate that is assayed for mutagenicity. Various mutagens/carcinogens have been added to human urine and the recoveries have been measured after adsorption on XAD-2, XAD-4, and Tenax GC (diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide polymer). We propose that this method be used in monitoring the urine of human populations and of experimental animals in toxicological studies. It is shown with this procedure that cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine while nonsmokers do not.", "contents": "Concentration of mutagens from urine by absorption with the nonpolar resin XAD-2: cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine. A method is described for concentrating mutagens/carcinogens from human urine about 200-fold for subsequent assay in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. The method is also applicable for other aqueous liquids and for other in vitro tests for mutagens/carcinogens. The urine (up to 500 ml) is put through a column with a 1.5-cm3 bed volume of XAD-2 (styrene-divinylbenzene polymer) and the adsorbed material is then eluted with a few milliliters of acetone. The acetone is taken to dryness and the residue is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. This is the urine concentrate that is assayed for mutagenicity. Various mutagens/carcinogens have been added to human urine and the recoveries have been measured after adsorption on XAD-2, XAD-4, and Tenax GC (diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide polymer). We propose that this method be used in monitoring the urine of human populations and of experimental animals in toxicological studies. It is shown with this procedure that cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine while nonsmokers do not.", "PMID": 333441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12578", "title": "Immunocytochemical identification of substance P cells and their processes in rat sensory ganglia and their terminals in the spinal cord: light microscopic studies.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescence method and the unlabeled primary antibody peroxidase antiperoxidase method are used to demonstrate the substance P (SP) plexus in the spinal cord and SP cells in the sensory ganglia of the rat. The normal untreated and the control side of the dorsal rhizotomized rat show vast SP immunoreactive plexuses in the substantia gelatinosa, central gray, and ventral gray regions of the spinal cord. In each sensory ganglion, approximately 250 SP immunoreactive cells are found singly or in small groups of 2 or 3, near blood capillaries or among ganglion and satellite cells. They contain intensely immunoreactive cytoplasmic granules 0.1-3.0 mum across. Occasionally, free intensely immunoreactive granules are found in the surrounding tissue near an SP cell but not clearly within the confines of the cell. Another type of immunoreaction has been observed with both methods. A less intense, homogeneous reactivity has been found in lamellae insinuated between ganglion cells and near blood capillaries close to an SP cell; the characteristic disposition of this homogeneous reactivity suggests an extracellular location. Unilateral rhizotomy results in an increased number of immunoreactive SP cells and nerve fibers as well as a more extensive homogeneous immunoreactivity. These results add to existing evidence that SP cells in sensory ganglia send fibers via the dorsal roots to the spinal cord. SP cells, fibers, and terminals do not take up exogenously applied (125)I-labeled [Tyr(8)]SP and cannot be demonstrated by subsequent autoradiography. No neurotensin immunoreactive cells were found in sensory ganglia.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical identification of substance P cells and their processes in rat sensory ganglia and their terminals in the spinal cord: light microscopic studies. The indirect immunofluorescence method and the unlabeled primary antibody peroxidase antiperoxidase method are used to demonstrate the substance P (SP) plexus in the spinal cord and SP cells in the sensory ganglia of the rat. The normal untreated and the control side of the dorsal rhizotomized rat show vast SP immunoreactive plexuses in the substantia gelatinosa, central gray, and ventral gray regions of the spinal cord. In each sensory ganglion, approximately 250 SP immunoreactive cells are found singly or in small groups of 2 or 3, near blood capillaries or among ganglion and satellite cells. They contain intensely immunoreactive cytoplasmic granules 0.1-3.0 mum across. Occasionally, free intensely immunoreactive granules are found in the surrounding tissue near an SP cell but not clearly within the confines of the cell. Another type of immunoreaction has been observed with both methods. A less intense, homogeneous reactivity has been found in lamellae insinuated between ganglion cells and near blood capillaries close to an SP cell; the characteristic disposition of this homogeneous reactivity suggests an extracellular location. Unilateral rhizotomy results in an increased number of immunoreactive SP cells and nerve fibers as well as a more extensive homogeneous immunoreactivity. These results add to existing evidence that SP cells in sensory ganglia send fibers via the dorsal roots to the spinal cord. SP cells, fibers, and terminals do not take up exogenously applied (125)I-labeled [Tyr(8)]SP and cannot be demonstrated by subsequent autoradiography. No neurotensin immunoreactive cells were found in sensory ganglia.", "PMID": 333442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12579", "title": "Mutator action by Escherichia coli strains carrying dnaE mutations.", "content": "Several newly isolated temperature-sensitive dnaE mutants of Escherichia coli exhibit powerful mutagenic action at permissive temperatures. Mutation rates for the two most active mutants were assayed at four different temperatures and compared to wild-type behavior. Temperature-resistant revertants of the original temperature-sensitive dnaE mutants exhibited lower, nearly normal, mutation rates, but no antimutator strains were found.", "contents": "Mutator action by Escherichia coli strains carrying dnaE mutations. Several newly isolated temperature-sensitive dnaE mutants of Escherichia coli exhibit powerful mutagenic action at permissive temperatures. Mutation rates for the two most active mutants were assayed at four different temperatures and compared to wild-type behavior. Temperature-resistant revertants of the original temperature-sensitive dnaE mutants exhibited lower, nearly normal, mutation rates, but no antimutator strains were found.", "PMID": 333443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12580", "title": "Filamentous coliphage M13 as a cloning vehicle: insertion of a HindII fragment of the lac regulatory region in M13 replicative form in vitro.", "content": "A HindII restriction fragment comprising the Escherichia coli lac regulatory region and the genetic information for the alpha peptide of beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactosidegalactohydrolase, EC. 3.2.1.23) has been inserted into 1 of the 10 Bsu I cleavage sites of M13 by blunt end ligation. A stable hybrid phage was isolated and identified by its ability to complement the lac alpha function. Further characterization of the hybrid phage includes retransformation studies, agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA-DNA hybridization, and heteroduplex mapping. The insertion point has been localized at 0.083 map unit on thewild-type circular map-i.e., within the intergenic region. The results prove that part of the intergenic region is nonessential and that the phage can be used as a cloning vehicle.", "contents": "Filamentous coliphage M13 as a cloning vehicle: insertion of a HindII fragment of the lac regulatory region in M13 replicative form in vitro. A HindII restriction fragment comprising the Escherichia coli lac regulatory region and the genetic information for the alpha peptide of beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactosidegalactohydrolase, EC. 3.2.1.23) has been inserted into 1 of the 10 Bsu I cleavage sites of M13 by blunt end ligation. A stable hybrid phage was isolated and identified by its ability to complement the lac alpha function. Further characterization of the hybrid phage includes retransformation studies, agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA-DNA hybridization, and heteroduplex mapping. The insertion point has been localized at 0.083 map unit on thewild-type circular map-i.e., within the intergenic region. The results prove that part of the intergenic region is nonessential and that the phage can be used as a cloning vehicle.", "PMID": 333444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12581", "title": "Electron microscope studies of transient complexes formed between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme and T7 DNA.", "content": "Electron microscopy was used to study the formation of random complexes between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) and a promoterless fragment (Mbo I-C) of bacteriophage T7 DNA, and to determine the location of the polymerase molecules bound at 3 degrees to the promoter-containing (Hinf)1100 fragment of the same DNA. The value of the Ka of random binding is about 3 times 10(4)M-1 when the enzyme is slowly diluted from its storage condition and is incubated with DNA for up to 2 min at 37 degrees. If dilution is rapid and occurs in a single step, or if incubation extends beyond 5 min, a substantial portion of RNA polymerase is converted to a form that binds randomly with a much greater affinity (about 10(8)M-1). Hence true random binding by RNA polymerase holoenzyme is much weaker than previously thought. However, great caution is required in assessing the extent of random binding where damage to the enzyme may occur. When RNApolymerase holoenzyme is incubated at 0 degrees with promoter-containing fragment (Hinf)1100, complexes form at the same promoter sites utilized at 37 degrees, although the highly stable \"open\" promoter complex is not formed under these conditions. However, the extent of binding is reduced as compared to promoter complexes formed at 37 degrees. This gives direct evidence for formation of complexes with promoter sites that have properties of the hypothetical \"closed\"complexes formed between RNA polymerase and duplex DNA.", "contents": "Electron microscope studies of transient complexes formed between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme and T7 DNA. Electron microscopy was used to study the formation of random complexes between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) and a promoterless fragment (Mbo I-C) of bacteriophage T7 DNA, and to determine the location of the polymerase molecules bound at 3 degrees to the promoter-containing (Hinf)1100 fragment of the same DNA. The value of the Ka of random binding is about 3 times 10(4)M-1 when the enzyme is slowly diluted from its storage condition and is incubated with DNA for up to 2 min at 37 degrees. If dilution is rapid and occurs in a single step, or if incubation extends beyond 5 min, a substantial portion of RNA polymerase is converted to a form that binds randomly with a much greater affinity (about 10(8)M-1). Hence true random binding by RNA polymerase holoenzyme is much weaker than previously thought. However, great caution is required in assessing the extent of random binding where damage to the enzyme may occur. When RNApolymerase holoenzyme is incubated at 0 degrees with promoter-containing fragment (Hinf)1100, complexes form at the same promoter sites utilized at 37 degrees, although the highly stable \"open\" promoter complex is not formed under these conditions. However, the extent of binding is reduced as compared to promoter complexes formed at 37 degrees. This gives direct evidence for formation of complexes with promoter sites that have properties of the hypothetical \"closed\"complexes formed between RNA polymerase and duplex DNA.", "PMID": 333445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12582", "title": "Ligand-promoted weakening of intersubunit bonding domains in aspartate transcarbamolylase.", "content": "THE COOPERATIVITY AND FEEDBACK INHIBITION EXHIBITED BY THE REGULATORY ENZYME, ASPARTATE TRANSCARBAMOYLASE (CARBAMOYLPHOSPHATE: L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase; EC 2.1.3.2), from Escherichia coli are generally attributed to ligand-promoted conformational changes involving alterations in the subunit interactions. However, no quantitative estimates have been made of the effect of ligands on the strength of the intersubunit bonding domains. The native enzyme, composed of two catalytic trimers \"crosslinked\" by three regulatory dimers, shows little tendency to dissociate in neutral buffers at room temperature. In addition, very little exchange was observed in 2 hr between subunits within the intact enzyme and free subunits. Although exchange was enhanced in solutions of low ionic strength containing the bisubstrate analog, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, the rates of exchange were too small to permit reliable estimates of the weakening of the bonding domains caused by the ligand. Studies were conducted, therefore, on a less stable oligomeric complex which resembles the native enzyme in structure and allosteric behavior but lacks one regulatory subunit. These molecules, containing only four bonding domains between the catalytic and regulatory polypeptide chains (compared to six in the native enzyme), disproportionate to form the more stable native enzyme and free catalytic subunits. An electrophoretic technique is described for measuring the rate of disproportionation which is controlled by the rupture of the intersubunit bonding domains. This rate is enhanced about 300-fold upon the addition of the active-site ligand. Hence the ligand-promoted allosteric conversion of the enzyme-like complex from the constrained to the relaxed conformation involves a substantial weakening of the intersubunit interactions corresponding to about 1.7 kcal/mole (7.1 kJ/mole) per bonding domain between a catalytic and a regulatory chain.", "contents": "Ligand-promoted weakening of intersubunit bonding domains in aspartate transcarbamolylase. THE COOPERATIVITY AND FEEDBACK INHIBITION EXHIBITED BY THE REGULATORY ENZYME, ASPARTATE TRANSCARBAMOYLASE (CARBAMOYLPHOSPHATE: L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase; EC 2.1.3.2), from Escherichia coli are generally attributed to ligand-promoted conformational changes involving alterations in the subunit interactions. However, no quantitative estimates have been made of the effect of ligands on the strength of the intersubunit bonding domains. The native enzyme, composed of two catalytic trimers \"crosslinked\" by three regulatory dimers, shows little tendency to dissociate in neutral buffers at room temperature. In addition, very little exchange was observed in 2 hr between subunits within the intact enzyme and free subunits. Although exchange was enhanced in solutions of low ionic strength containing the bisubstrate analog, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, the rates of exchange were too small to permit reliable estimates of the weakening of the bonding domains caused by the ligand. Studies were conducted, therefore, on a less stable oligomeric complex which resembles the native enzyme in structure and allosteric behavior but lacks one regulatory subunit. These molecules, containing only four bonding domains between the catalytic and regulatory polypeptide chains (compared to six in the native enzyme), disproportionate to form the more stable native enzyme and free catalytic subunits. An electrophoretic technique is described for measuring the rate of disproportionation which is controlled by the rupture of the intersubunit bonding domains. This rate is enhanced about 300-fold upon the addition of the active-site ligand. Hence the ligand-promoted allosteric conversion of the enzyme-like complex from the constrained to the relaxed conformation involves a substantial weakening of the intersubunit interactions corresponding to about 1.7 kcal/mole (7.1 kJ/mole) per bonding domain between a catalytic and a regulatory chain.", "PMID": 333446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12583", "title": "Cell cycle of Saccharomycescerevisiae in populations growing at different rates.", "content": "The cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in populations growing at different rates was analyzed by flow microflourometry. The results demonstrate that (i) variation in growth rate of the population depends mainly on variation in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and (ii) atall growth rates initiation of DNA synthesis occurs concomitantly with initiation of budding.", "contents": "Cell cycle of Saccharomycescerevisiae in populations growing at different rates. The cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in populations growing at different rates was analyzed by flow microflourometry. The results demonstrate that (i) variation in growth rate of the population depends mainly on variation in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and (ii) atall growth rates initiation of DNA synthesis occurs concomitantly with initiation of budding.", "PMID": 333447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12584", "title": "Synthesis of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) by cultured human and bovine endothelial cells.", "content": "Cultured endothelial cells derived from human umbilical veins or bovine aorta produce a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The inhibitor is synthesized from sodium arachidonate or or prostaglandin endoperoxides by a microsomal enzyme system. Tranylcypromine, a specific antagonist of prostacyclin synthetase, suppresses production of the inhibitor by endothelial cells. The inhibitor, which is ether extractable, has been identified using a two-step thin-layer radiochromatographic procedure and a synthetic prostaglandin I2 standard. With this procedure, we have shown that human and bovine endothelial cells convert sodium [3H]arachidonate to radiolabeled prostaglandin I2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha, as wellas prostaglandin E2. Thus, endothelial cells may be non-thrombogenic in vivo because they synthesize and release prostaglandin I2, a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Synthesis of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) by cultured human and bovine endothelial cells. Cultured endothelial cells derived from human umbilical veins or bovine aorta produce a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The inhibitor is synthesized from sodium arachidonate or or prostaglandin endoperoxides by a microsomal enzyme system. Tranylcypromine, a specific antagonist of prostacyclin synthetase, suppresses production of the inhibitor by endothelial cells. The inhibitor, which is ether extractable, has been identified using a two-step thin-layer radiochromatographic procedure and a synthetic prostaglandin I2 standard. With this procedure, we have shown that human and bovine endothelial cells convert sodium [3H]arachidonate to radiolabeled prostaglandin I2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha, as wellas prostaglandin E2. Thus, endothelial cells may be non-thrombogenic in vivo because they synthesize and release prostaglandin I2, a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 333448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12585", "title": "Terminus region of the chromosome in Escherichia coli inhibits replication forks.", "content": "Induction of prophage P2sig5 at 42 degrees caused replication of the bacterial chromosome in a dnaA mutant of Escherichia coli. The P2sig5 is integrated in this strain near the metG locus, which is at min 47 on the genetic map. The regions of the chromosome replicated after prophage induction have been determined by means of DNA-DNA hybridization with various DNAs obtained from Proteus mirabilis/E. coli F' merogenotes and from lambda specialized transducing phage. The replication was initiated at the prophage site and was bidirectional. Most of the replication occurred in a counterclockwise direction on the genetic map, and the replication quickly proceeded to the aroD locus (min 37). The replication forks were retarded between aroD and rac (min 31) loci, although the rac locus was finally replicated. A more severe inhibition of replication occurred between the rac and trp (min 27) loci. It is proposed that the replication terminus is near the rac locus and that the terminus inhibits replication forks.", "contents": "Terminus region of the chromosome in Escherichia coli inhibits replication forks. Induction of prophage P2sig5 at 42 degrees caused replication of the bacterial chromosome in a dnaA mutant of Escherichia coli. The P2sig5 is integrated in this strain near the metG locus, which is at min 47 on the genetic map. The regions of the chromosome replicated after prophage induction have been determined by means of DNA-DNA hybridization with various DNAs obtained from Proteus mirabilis/E. coli F' merogenotes and from lambda specialized transducing phage. The replication was initiated at the prophage site and was bidirectional. Most of the replication occurred in a counterclockwise direction on the genetic map, and the replication quickly proceeded to the aroD locus (min 37). The replication forks were retarded between aroD and rac (min 31) loci, although the rac locus was finally replicated. A more severe inhibition of replication occurred between the rac and trp (min 27) loci. It is proposed that the replication terminus is near the rac locus and that the terminus inhibits replication forks.", "PMID": 333449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12586", "title": "Involvement of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in a recA-independent pathway of genetic recombination in Escheria coli.", "content": "Recombinant DNA molecule of phage lambda formed in Escherichia coli in the presence of chloramphenicol and/or rifampin can be assayed by their biological activity. recA- cells were found to be capable of forming recombinant lambda phage DNA in the presence of chloramphenicol. The relatively high recA-independent recombination observed in this system contrasts with the relatively low recA-independent recombination when recombinant phage particles rather than recombinant DNA are titrated. Formation of the recombinant DNA was suppressed by the the addition of rifampin. The introduction of the rif-r mutation into host bacteria made their recombination activity rifampin-resistant. These results show that DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) is involved in this recA-independent pathway of recombination, which is named the \"Rpo pathway.\" This is distinct from Red, Int, RecBC, RecE, or Der pathways of recombination. Crossover was much more frequent in the N-PL-cI and cI-PR-O regions than in the A-D and O-S regions. The crossover seems to occur in the regions that are transcribed actively. Some local change of DNA structure caused by transcription might be required for the Rpo pathway of recombination.", "contents": "Involvement of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in a recA-independent pathway of genetic recombination in Escheria coli. Recombinant DNA molecule of phage lambda formed in Escherichia coli in the presence of chloramphenicol and/or rifampin can be assayed by their biological activity. recA- cells were found to be capable of forming recombinant lambda phage DNA in the presence of chloramphenicol. The relatively high recA-independent recombination observed in this system contrasts with the relatively low recA-independent recombination when recombinant phage particles rather than recombinant DNA are titrated. Formation of the recombinant DNA was suppressed by the the addition of rifampin. The introduction of the rif-r mutation into host bacteria made their recombination activity rifampin-resistant. These results show that DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) is involved in this recA-independent pathway of recombination, which is named the \"Rpo pathway.\" This is distinct from Red, Int, RecBC, RecE, or Der pathways of recombination. Crossover was much more frequent in the N-PL-cI and cI-PR-O regions than in the A-D and O-S regions. The crossover seems to occur in the regions that are transcribed actively. Some local change of DNA structure caused by transcription might be required for the Rpo pathway of recombination.", "PMID": 333450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12587", "title": "Role of mitotic replication genes in chromosome duplication during meiosis.", "content": "In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DNA synthesis preceding meiosis requires the expression of replication genes used during mitosis. Diploids carrying either a temperature-sensitive lesion in cdc4 (a gene required for initiation of mitotic DNA synthesis) or a lesion in cdc8 (a gene controlling mitotic polymerization) completed premeiotic DNA synthesis at a permissive but not at a restrictive temperature. The roles of cdc4 and cdc8 were evaluated by characterizing the kinetics of  premeiotic DNA synthesis after a shift to a restrictive temperature. In the cdc8 diploid, DNA synthesis was immediately inhibited, consistent with a role in polymerization. In contrast, cdc4 exhibited residual DNA synthesis characteristic of an initiation function. The cdc4 gene function was completed much earlier in the meiotic cycle than the cdc8-mediated step.", "contents": "Role of mitotic replication genes in chromosome duplication during meiosis. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DNA synthesis preceding meiosis requires the expression of replication genes used during mitosis. Diploids carrying either a temperature-sensitive lesion in cdc4 (a gene required for initiation of mitotic DNA synthesis) or a lesion in cdc8 (a gene controlling mitotic polymerization) completed premeiotic DNA synthesis at a permissive but not at a restrictive temperature. The roles of cdc4 and cdc8 were evaluated by characterizing the kinetics of  premeiotic DNA synthesis after a shift to a restrictive temperature. In the cdc8 diploid, DNA synthesis was immediately inhibited, consistent with a role in polymerization. In contrast, cdc4 exhibited residual DNA synthesis characteristic of an initiation function. The cdc4 gene function was completed much earlier in the meiotic cycle than the cdc8-mediated step.", "PMID": 333451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12588", "title": "Excision of F plasmid sequences by recombination at directly repeated insertion sequence 2 elements: involvement of recA.", "content": "The DNA of the F plasmid is joined to bacterial DNA sequences in the F' ORF203 by directly repeated insertion sequence 2 (IS2) elements. The rate of excision of the F plasmid form this F' (presumably by recombination at the directly repeated IS2s) has been estimated in both recA+ and recA- strains. Normal F is produced in the recA+ strain, but is not detected in recA-. The autonomous plasmids produced in the recA- background were F's having deletions. F excision in this particular recA+ case is specific in the sense that the directly repeated IS2s appear to be more active in recombination than similarly disposed IS3 direct repetitions in this F'.", "contents": "Excision of F plasmid sequences by recombination at directly repeated insertion sequence 2 elements: involvement of recA. The DNA of the F plasmid is joined to bacterial DNA sequences in the F' ORF203 by directly repeated insertion sequence 2 (IS2) elements. The rate of excision of the F plasmid form this F' (presumably by recombination at the directly repeated IS2s) has been estimated in both recA+ and recA- strains. Normal F is produced in the recA+ strain, but is not detected in recA-. The autonomous plasmids produced in the recA- background were F's having deletions. F excision in this particular recA+ case is specific in the sense that the directly repeated IS2s appear to be more active in recombination than similarly disposed IS3 direct repetitions in this F'.", "PMID": 333452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12589", "title": "Specialized transducing phage for the initiation factor 3 gene in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A previously isolated thermosensitive mutant [Springer, M., Graffe, M. & Grunberg-Manago, M. (6977) Mol. Gen. Genet. 151, 17-26] exhibits two defects in vitro, one in the initiation factor IF3 and the other in the L-phenylalanine: tRNA-Phe ligase (EC 6.1.1.20). Specialized lambda transducing phages that transduced this mutant to thermoresistance were selected. In vitro studies showed that the transductants had a normal IF3 activity. One of these transducing phages was shown to code for a protein synthesized under the control of Escherichia coli promoters, which has the same molecular weight as IF3. This protein crossreacts specifically with IF3 antisera and comigrates with pure IF3 in a two-dimensional gel system.", "contents": "Specialized transducing phage for the initiation factor 3 gene in Escherichia coli. A previously isolated thermosensitive mutant [Springer, M., Graffe, M. & Grunberg-Manago, M. (6977) Mol. Gen. Genet. 151, 17-26] exhibits two defects in vitro, one in the initiation factor IF3 and the other in the L-phenylalanine: tRNA-Phe ligase (EC 6.1.1.20). Specialized lambda transducing phages that transduced this mutant to thermoresistance were selected. In vitro studies showed that the transductants had a normal IF3 activity. One of these transducing phages was shown to code for a protein synthesized under the control of Escherichia coli promoters, which has the same molecular weight as IF3. This protein crossreacts specifically with IF3 antisera and comigrates with pure IF3 in a two-dimensional gel system.", "PMID": 333453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12590", "title": "Intracellular distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in rat bone marrow and thymus.", "content": "A subset of bone marrow cells that contains terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (DNA nucleotidylexotransferase; nucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidylexotransferase, EC 2.7.7.31) can be identified in adult rats by immunofluorescence using affinity-column-purified antibody to homogeneous calf transferase. The transferase-positive cells comprise approximately 1.8% of bone marrow cells. Correcting the specific activity of terminal transferase in total bone marrow cells (0.21 units per 10(8) cells) for the percentage of transferase-positive bone marrow cells (1.8%) gives 11.7 units per 10(8) cells, a value approximately half that found for transferase-positive thymocytes. Fluorescence appears to be restricted to the nucleus of transferase-positive bone marrow cells, in contrast to the predominantly cytoplasmic fluorescence of small thymocytes from adult rats. Some large thymocytes contain intranuclear transferase fluorescence patterns similar to those seen in bone marrow. These thymocytes are especially numerous in neonatal rat thymus, where they are localized in the subcapsular region of the cortex. Thymocytes with combined patterns of nuclear and cytoplasmic transferase are also present. In addition, Thy-1.1 antigen, which is present on thymic and prethymic cells but not on the majority of post-thymic cells in the rat, is also present on transferase-positive bone marrow cells. The results suggest that the transferase-positive subset of bone marrow cells may contain the immediate progenitors of cortical thymocytes in the rat. The nuclear location of fluorescence may indicate the site of physiological activity of terminal transferase in thymocytes and their precursors.", "contents": "Intracellular distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in rat bone marrow and thymus. A subset of bone marrow cells that contains terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (DNA nucleotidylexotransferase; nucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidylexotransferase, EC 2.7.7.31) can be identified in adult rats by immunofluorescence using affinity-column-purified antibody to homogeneous calf transferase. The transferase-positive cells comprise approximately 1.8% of bone marrow cells. Correcting the specific activity of terminal transferase in total bone marrow cells (0.21 units per 10(8) cells) for the percentage of transferase-positive bone marrow cells (1.8%) gives 11.7 units per 10(8) cells, a value approximately half that found for transferase-positive thymocytes. Fluorescence appears to be restricted to the nucleus of transferase-positive bone marrow cells, in contrast to the predominantly cytoplasmic fluorescence of small thymocytes from adult rats. Some large thymocytes contain intranuclear transferase fluorescence patterns similar to those seen in bone marrow. These thymocytes are especially numerous in neonatal rat thymus, where they are localized in the subcapsular region of the cortex. Thymocytes with combined patterns of nuclear and cytoplasmic transferase are also present. In addition, Thy-1.1 antigen, which is present on thymic and prethymic cells but not on the majority of post-thymic cells in the rat, is also present on transferase-positive bone marrow cells. The results suggest that the transferase-positive subset of bone marrow cells may contain the immediate progenitors of cortical thymocytes in the rat. The nuclear location of fluorescence may indicate the site of physiological activity of terminal transferase in thymocytes and their precursors.", "PMID": 333454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12591", "title": "Interaction of coagulation factor Xa with human platelets.", "content": "When human 125I-labeled Factor Xa is incubated with washed platelets, prothrombin, and Ca2+, a small amount of thrombin is formed which causes the platelet release reaction after a period of time that decreases as the Xa concentration is increased from 0.9 to 19 ng/ml. After a further lag period, the Xa binds reversibly to receptors on the platelet surface and rapid thrombin formation follows (3 units or 1 mug of thrombin formed per min per ng of Xa bound to 10(8) platelets). When platelets are treated with either htrombin (0.5 units/ml) or calcium ionophore A23187 prior to addition of Xa, binding begins immediately. Thrombin formation occurs at the platelet surface at rates that correlate with the amount of Xa bound. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibits the release reaction, Xa binding, and rate of thrombin generation in parallel. The platelet Xa receptor is distinct from the previously described thrombin receptor and appears to be a protein because treatment of platelets with thrombin at 50 units/ml destroys Xa binding sites. The results suggest that specific receptors for Xa appear on the platelet surface after the release reaction occurs. The bound Xa catalyzes thrombin formation 1000-fold faster than does Xa added to reactions in which phospholipids are substituted for platelets.", "contents": "Interaction of coagulation factor Xa with human platelets. When human 125I-labeled Factor Xa is incubated with washed platelets, prothrombin, and Ca2+, a small amount of thrombin is formed which causes the platelet release reaction after a period of time that decreases as the Xa concentration is increased from 0.9 to 19 ng/ml. After a further lag period, the Xa binds reversibly to receptors on the platelet surface and rapid thrombin formation follows (3 units or 1 mug of thrombin formed per min per ng of Xa bound to 10(8) platelets). When platelets are treated with either htrombin (0.5 units/ml) or calcium ionophore A23187 prior to addition of Xa, binding begins immediately. Thrombin formation occurs at the platelet surface at rates that correlate with the amount of Xa bound. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibits the release reaction, Xa binding, and rate of thrombin generation in parallel. The platelet Xa receptor is distinct from the previously described thrombin receptor and appears to be a protein because treatment of platelets with thrombin at 50 units/ml destroys Xa binding sites. The results suggest that specific receptors for Xa appear on the platelet surface after the release reaction occurs. The bound Xa catalyzes thrombin formation 1000-fold faster than does Xa added to reactions in which phospholipids are substituted for platelets.", "PMID": 333455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12592", "title": "Extraction of an actin-like protein from the prokaryote Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "An actin-like protein has been identified in cell extracts from the prokaryote Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This protein bears a striking resemblance to actin from vertebrates: (i) the solubility of the protein during isolation is analogous to that of actin bound to myosin (soluble in high ionic strength salt solution and insoluble at low ionic strength), (ii) sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment of the partially purified M. pneumoniae extract produces a protein with an electrophoretic mobility very close to that of vertebrate actin in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels, (iii) treatment of preparations with ATP-Mg2+ allows separation of long curvilinear filaments, 5-6 nm wide, that closely resemble eukaryotic filamentous actin, and (iv) the prokaryotic filamentous actin binds vertebrate heavy meromyosin fragments to form hybrid compleexes with the characteristic shape of periodic repeating arrowheads, and no heavy meromyosin is bound in the presence of ATP.", "contents": "Extraction of an actin-like protein from the prokaryote Mycoplasma pneumoniae. An actin-like protein has been identified in cell extracts from the prokaryote Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This protein bears a striking resemblance to actin from vertebrates: (i) the solubility of the protein during isolation is analogous to that of actin bound to myosin (soluble in high ionic strength salt solution and insoluble at low ionic strength), (ii) sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment of the partially purified M. pneumoniae extract produces a protein with an electrophoretic mobility very close to that of vertebrate actin in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels, (iii) treatment of preparations with ATP-Mg2+ allows separation of long curvilinear filaments, 5-6 nm wide, that closely resemble eukaryotic filamentous actin, and (iv) the prokaryotic filamentous actin binds vertebrate heavy meromyosin fragments to form hybrid compleexes with the characteristic shape of periodic repeating arrowheads, and no heavy meromyosin is bound in the presence of ATP.", "PMID": 333456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12593", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of substance P cells and their processes in rat sensory ganglia and their terminals in the spinal cord by immunocytochemistry.", "content": "The unlabeled substance P (SP) antibody-peroxidase-antiperoxidase reaction was used on tissue prior to embedding in epoxy reins for ultrastructural identification of the SP cell and its immunoreactive granules. The SP cell is 10-20 mum in diameter and has sparse cytoplasm with numerous intensely reactive SP granules 100-300 nm across, large clear vacuoles, elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum, fragmentary rough endoplasmic reticulum, dispersed ribosomes, few mitochondria, and a modest Glogi apparatus. The large SP-reactive granules are discharged into the extracellular space, either with cell membrane intact or as unbound dense material. The membrane-bound dense granucles are transported intact through endothelial cells into the blood or are picked up by Schwann cells and fibroblasts. Other SP-reactive granules lose their limiting membranes, fragment, and then disperse into fine immunoreactive grains that bind to the extracellular matrix and to collagen. Dispersed SP-reactive granules are transported within myriad pinocytotic vesicles across endothelial cells with numerous luminal plications and are discharged into the blood. Pinocytosis of dispersed SP-reactive material, that can be detected intracellularly, also occurs in Schwann cells and fibroblasts. The SP axons to the substantia gleatinosa are unmyelinated or finely myelinated. Their synaptic varicosities display a generalized axoplasmic immunoreactivity, which also occurs in and around small vesicles. The larger SP synaptic vesicles are intensely reactive.", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of substance P cells and their processes in rat sensory ganglia and their terminals in the spinal cord by immunocytochemistry. The unlabeled substance P (SP) antibody-peroxidase-antiperoxidase reaction was used on tissue prior to embedding in epoxy reins for ultrastructural identification of the SP cell and its immunoreactive granules. The SP cell is 10-20 mum in diameter and has sparse cytoplasm with numerous intensely reactive SP granules 100-300 nm across, large clear vacuoles, elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum, fragmentary rough endoplasmic reticulum, dispersed ribosomes, few mitochondria, and a modest Glogi apparatus. The large SP-reactive granules are discharged into the extracellular space, either with cell membrane intact or as unbound dense material. The membrane-bound dense granucles are transported intact through endothelial cells into the blood or are picked up by Schwann cells and fibroblasts. Other SP-reactive granules lose their limiting membranes, fragment, and then disperse into fine immunoreactive grains that bind to the extracellular matrix and to collagen. Dispersed SP-reactive granules are transported within myriad pinocytotic vesicles across endothelial cells with numerous luminal plications and are discharged into the blood. Pinocytosis of dispersed SP-reactive material, that can be detected intracellularly, also occurs in Schwann cells and fibroblasts. The SP axons to the substantia gleatinosa are unmyelinated or finely myelinated. Their synaptic varicosities display a generalized axoplasmic immunoreactivity, which also occurs in and around small vesicles. The larger SP synaptic vesicles are intensely reactive.", "PMID": 333457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12594", "title": "Neurotensin: immunohistochemical localization in rat central nervous system.", "content": "Neurotensin immunofluorescence was examined in the rat central nervous system using a well-characterized antiserum directed against this tridecapeptide. Morphological characteristics of the fluorescence indicate its association with neuronal cell bodies and processes in the brain and with cells of the anterior pituitary. Fluorescence is seen in many brain areas, with notable densities in the substantia gelatinosa zones of the spinal cord and trigeminal nucleus, central amygdaloid nucleus, anterior pituitary, median eminence, and preoptic and basal hypothalamic areas.", "contents": "Neurotensin: immunohistochemical localization in rat central nervous system. Neurotensin immunofluorescence was examined in the rat central nervous system using a well-characterized antiserum directed against this tridecapeptide. Morphological characteristics of the fluorescence indicate its association with neuronal cell bodies and processes in the brain and with cells of the anterior pituitary. Fluorescence is seen in many brain areas, with notable densities in the substantia gelatinosa zones of the spinal cord and trigeminal nucleus, central amygdaloid nucleus, anterior pituitary, median eminence, and preoptic and basal hypothalamic areas.", "PMID": 333458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12595", "title": "Behavioral withdrawal following several psychoactive drugs.", "content": "The chronic administration of several psychoactive drugs has been suggested to produce behavioral withdrawal syndromes in the absence of physical withdrawal. The present study employed four representative psychoactive drugs, amphetamine, chlorpromazine, iproniazid, and desipramine, in a common behavioral paradigm using electrical stimulation of the brain to test for behavioral withdrawal. Behavior differing from both predrug and drug produced behavior occurred following the termination of amphetamine, iproniazid and chlorpromazine administration. The first two drugs produced an increase in self stimulation during administration, followed by a very significant decrease after the drugs were discontinued. Chlorpromazine administration on the other hand, produced a decrease in self stimulation rates, followed by a rebound increase after termination of treatment. No systematic effects were observed with desipramine. The relationship between the behavioral effects of these drugs during and following treatment and possible homeostatic mechanism influencing response tendencies is discussed.", "contents": "Behavioral withdrawal following several psychoactive drugs. The chronic administration of several psychoactive drugs has been suggested to produce behavioral withdrawal syndromes in the absence of physical withdrawal. The present study employed four representative psychoactive drugs, amphetamine, chlorpromazine, iproniazid, and desipramine, in a common behavioral paradigm using electrical stimulation of the brain to test for behavioral withdrawal. Behavior differing from both predrug and drug produced behavior occurred following the termination of amphetamine, iproniazid and chlorpromazine administration. The first two drugs produced an increase in self stimulation during administration, followed by a very significant decrease after the drugs were discontinued. Chlorpromazine administration on the other hand, produced a decrease in self stimulation rates, followed by a rebound increase after termination of treatment. No systematic effects were observed with desipramine. The relationship between the behavioral effects of these drugs during and following treatment and possible homeostatic mechanism influencing response tendencies is discussed.", "PMID": 333475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12596", "title": "[Fibrinolytic activity of the vein wall].", "content": "The author reviews this classically held opinion, that the older sclerosants cause coagulation of the blood, while the newer sclerosants bring about an endothelial change which itself generates a thrombus. He attempts to analyse the clotting activity of the vein wall before and after the sclerosant injection. The first series of experiments gave the impression that the walls of veins subjected to a sclerosant injection had an increased fibrinolytic activity, in comparison with untreated veins. It was noted that this increase in activity was not permanent but transient. Further studies have shown that this interpretation may be premature, since there are several possible sources of error. A new series of experiments is in progress, and it would be premature to draw conclusions.", "contents": "[Fibrinolytic activity of the vein wall]. The author reviews this classically held opinion, that the older sclerosants cause coagulation of the blood, while the newer sclerosants bring about an endothelial change which itself generates a thrombus. He attempts to analyse the clotting activity of the vein wall before and after the sclerosant injection. The first series of experiments gave the impression that the walls of veins subjected to a sclerosant injection had an increased fibrinolytic activity, in comparison with untreated veins. It was noted that this increase in activity was not permanent but transient. Further studies have shown that this interpretation may be premature, since there are several possible sources of error. A new series of experiments is in progress, and it would be premature to draw conclusions.", "PMID": 333476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12597", "title": "Method to produce better areolae and nipples on reconstructed breasts.", "content": "A method to reconstruct the breast, nipple, and areola after mastectomy is described. The importance of symmetry is emphasized. A split-skin graft is used to reconstruct both (not one) areolae; this provides almost complete symmetry in terms of size, texture, and color. Ultraviolet light is used postoperatively to hyperpigment the skin-graft areolae, and the long-term appearance has been excellent. The method is quite simple, technically.", "contents": "Method to produce better areolae and nipples on reconstructed breasts. A method to reconstruct the breast, nipple, and areola after mastectomy is described. The importance of symmetry is emphasized. A split-skin graft is used to reconstruct both (not one) areolae; this provides almost complete symmetry in terms of size, texture, and color. Ultraviolet light is used postoperatively to hyperpigment the skin-graft areolae, and the long-term appearance has been excellent. The method is quite simple, technically.", "PMID": 333483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12598", "title": "The Charles procedure for primary lymphedema. Long-term clinical results.", "content": "The best treatment for primary lymphedema has been a controversial point, because of the lack of clinical documentation of really long-term successful results after any therapy. We report the long-term results in 10 patients (12 extremities) after the Charles procedure. These patients were evaluated at an average period of 10 1/2 years following the surgery (4 of these extremities were examined 20 or more years following the surgery). All of them demonstrated excellent functional results; none demonstrated a recurrence of the lymphedema. We consider the Charles procedure to be the operation of choice in patients with primary lymphedema which is not responsive to conservative therapy.", "contents": "The Charles procedure for primary lymphedema. Long-term clinical results. The best treatment for primary lymphedema has been a controversial point, because of the lack of clinical documentation of really long-term successful results after any therapy. We report the long-term results in 10 patients (12 extremities) after the Charles procedure. These patients were evaluated at an average period of 10 1/2 years following the surgery (4 of these extremities were examined 20 or more years following the surgery). All of them demonstrated excellent functional results; none demonstrated a recurrence of the lymphedema. We consider the Charles procedure to be the operation of choice in patients with primary lymphedema which is not responsive to conservative therapy.", "PMID": 333486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12599", "title": "The influence of propranolol on the exposure in vivo of agoraphobics.", "content": "This study examines the influence of 40 mg of propranolol on agoraphobics throughout 5-hour periods of exposure in vivo on 3 alternate days. Twenty-three patients were studied using a double-blind parallel design and 19 followed up for 3 months. The propranolol group spent significantly less time than the placebo group travelling alone in the month after treatment, and had improved significantly less on a measure of general symptoms at 3 months. The adverse influence of propranolol on treatment outcome appeared mainly due to a waning effect in the last hour of exposure. Attempts to measure coping with panics as an independent variable were largely unsuccessful.", "contents": "The influence of propranolol on the exposure in vivo of agoraphobics. This study examines the influence of 40 mg of propranolol on agoraphobics throughout 5-hour periods of exposure in vivo on 3 alternate days. Twenty-three patients were studied using a double-blind parallel design and 19 followed up for 3 months. The propranolol group spent significantly less time than the placebo group travelling alone in the month after treatment, and had improved significantly less on a measure of general symptoms at 3 months. The adverse influence of propranolol on treatment outcome appeared mainly due to a waning effect in the last hour of exposure. Attempts to measure coping with panics as an independent variable were largely unsuccessful.", "PMID": 333492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12600", "title": "[About employing platelets to determine enterotoxigenic activity of E. coli and others enterobacteria. Preliminary approach (author's transl)].", "content": "After an introduction concerning to the assays employed in vitro and in vivo to determine enterotoxigenic activity of E. coli the A. suggest a new in vitro model as a preliminary approach based upon the influence of LT enterotoxin of E. coli on platelet aggregation (inhibitory effect) as expression of stimulation of adenylatecyclase activity evoked by this fraction and eventually by other choleralyke fractions released from enterobacteria.", "contents": "[About employing platelets to determine enterotoxigenic activity of E. coli and others enterobacteria. Preliminary approach (author's transl)]. After an introduction concerning to the assays employed in vitro and in vivo to determine enterotoxigenic activity of E. coli the A. suggest a new in vitro model as a preliminary approach based upon the influence of LT enterotoxin of E. coli on platelet aggregation (inhibitory effect) as expression of stimulation of adenylatecyclase activity evoked by this fraction and eventually by other choleralyke fractions released from enterobacteria.", "PMID": 333502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12601", "title": "A physiological and subjective evaluation of meditation, hypnosis, and relaxation.", "content": "Ss were monitored for respiratory rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, skin resistance, EEG activity, and muscle activity. They were monitored during the alert state, meditation (TM or simple word type), hypnosis (relaxation and task types), and relaxation. Ss gave a verbal comparative evaluation of each state. The results showed significantly better relaxation responses for the relaxation states (relaxation, relaxation-hypnosis, meditation) than for the alert state. There were no significant differences between the relaxation states except for the measure \"muscle activity\" in which meditation was significantly better than the other relaxation states. Overall, there were significant differences between task-hypnosis and relaxation-hypnosis. No significant differences were found between TM and simple word meditation. For the subjective measures, relaxation-hypnosis and meditation were significantly better than relaxation, but no significant differences were found between meditation and relaxation-hypnosis.", "contents": "A physiological and subjective evaluation of meditation, hypnosis, and relaxation. Ss were monitored for respiratory rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, skin resistance, EEG activity, and muscle activity. They were monitored during the alert state, meditation (TM or simple word type), hypnosis (relaxation and task types), and relaxation. Ss gave a verbal comparative evaluation of each state. The results showed significantly better relaxation responses for the relaxation states (relaxation, relaxation-hypnosis, meditation) than for the alert state. There were no significant differences between the relaxation states except for the measure \"muscle activity\" in which meditation was significantly better than the other relaxation states. Overall, there were significant differences between task-hypnosis and relaxation-hypnosis. No significant differences were found between TM and simple word meditation. For the subjective measures, relaxation-hypnosis and meditation were significantly better than relaxation, but no significant differences were found between meditation and relaxation-hypnosis.", "PMID": 333497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12602", "title": "An epidemiological review of the mortality of bereavement.", "content": "Epidemiological literature revealing excess mortality in the newly widowed is reviewed. The risk varies by age and sex. Younger persons and men are at higher risk. There are manifold specific causes of death characterized by conditions manifest in middle and late life. Cause specificity also varies by sex. Methodological problems in this literature are mitigated by application of varied methodology and replication of basic findings. Socioeconomic status and \"social\" stress are not well controlled as independent variables. Nevertheless, they probably do not explain the large relative risk of mortality among the bereaved. Pathogenetic mechanisms resulting from a loss are probably twofold: physiologic changes associated with the loss response and behavioral changes that comprise health maintenance or chronic disease management. Because of its important as a health problems, as a fundamental human reaction, and as a research strategy for the basic psychosomatic hypothesis, bereavement is a prime target of investigation.", "contents": "An epidemiological review of the mortality of bereavement. Epidemiological literature revealing excess mortality in the newly widowed is reviewed. The risk varies by age and sex. Younger persons and men are at higher risk. There are manifold specific causes of death characterized by conditions manifest in middle and late life. Cause specificity also varies by sex. Methodological problems in this literature are mitigated by application of varied methodology and replication of basic findings. Socioeconomic status and \"social\" stress are not well controlled as independent variables. Nevertheless, they probably do not explain the large relative risk of mortality among the bereaved. Pathogenetic mechanisms resulting from a loss are probably twofold: physiologic changes associated with the loss response and behavioral changes that comprise health maintenance or chronic disease management. Because of its important as a health problems, as a fundamental human reaction, and as a research strategy for the basic psychosomatic hypothesis, bereavement is a prime target of investigation.", "PMID": 333498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12603", "title": "Amipaque: a new contrast medium in coronary angiography. Report of a double-blind study in man.", "content": "Isopaque Coronar and Amipaque (metrizamide) were evaluated in a comparative double-blind study of 30 patients with heart disease undergoing selective coronary angiography. Amipaque alone was also used for 9 additional patients undergoing left ventriculography, aortic root injection, and selective coronary angiography. Amipaque resulted in significantly less of a decrease in diastolic pressure and heart rate, reduced chest pain and heat sensation, and longer coronary contrast transit time. Electrorocardiographic parameters and image quality were equivalent with the 2 agents. No pathological changes were noted in the 9 patients undergoing complete angiocardiographic study.", "contents": "Amipaque: a new contrast medium in coronary angiography. Report of a double-blind study in man. Isopaque Coronar and Amipaque (metrizamide) were evaluated in a comparative double-blind study of 30 patients with heart disease undergoing selective coronary angiography. Amipaque alone was also used for 9 additional patients undergoing left ventriculography, aortic root injection, and selective coronary angiography. Amipaque resulted in significantly less of a decrease in diastolic pressure and heart rate, reduced chest pain and heat sensation, and longer coronary contrast transit time. Electrorocardiographic parameters and image quality were equivalent with the 2 agents. No pathological changes were noted in the 9 patients undergoing complete angiocardiographic study.", "PMID": 333506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12604", "title": "Pre-induction priming of the uterine cervix with oral prostaglandin E2 and a placebo.", "content": "A double blind study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness or oral prostaglandin E2 as a means of improving the pelvic score prior to induction of labour. 48 patients who were greater than 37 weeks gestation and who had Bishop scores of less than 6 entered the study. Ten tablets were given on an hourly regime. Of 25 patients in the prostaglandin group, 17 were considered successes (68.0%), whereas of 23 patients who received a placebo, 9 were successes (39.1%). No adverse effects were recorded. Prostaglandin E2 is therefore considered a safe and effective method for priming the unfavourable cervix prior to induction of labour.", "contents": "Pre-induction priming of the uterine cervix with oral prostaglandin E2 and a placebo. A double blind study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness or oral prostaglandin E2 as a means of improving the pelvic score prior to induction of labour. 48 patients who were greater than 37 weeks gestation and who had Bishop scores of less than 6 entered the study. Ten tablets were given on an hourly regime. Of 25 patients in the prostaglandin group, 17 were considered successes (68.0%), whereas of 23 patients who received a placebo, 9 were successes (39.1%). No adverse effects were recorded. Prostaglandin E2 is therefore considered a safe and effective method for priming the unfavourable cervix prior to induction of labour.", "PMID": 333515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12605", "title": "Uterine priming with oral prostaglandin E2 prior to elective induction with oxytocin.", "content": "Fifty pregnant women at term, with a cervix unfavorable for induction, were electively induced with intravenous oxytocin after priming with either oral prostaglandin E2 or a placebo. Oral PGE2 was effective in increasing the Bishop score and in inducing labor prior to the induction, but did not increase the incidence of successful inductions.", "contents": "Uterine priming with oral prostaglandin E2 prior to elective induction with oxytocin. Fifty pregnant women at term, with a cervix unfavorable for induction, were electively induced with intravenous oxytocin after priming with either oral prostaglandin E2 or a placebo. Oral PGE2 was effective in increasing the Bishop score and in inducing labor prior to the induction, but did not increase the incidence of successful inductions.", "PMID": 333516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12606", "title": "A single radial haemolysis technique for the measurement of antibody to Mycoplasma bovis in bovine sera.", "content": "A single radial haemolysis in gel technique is described for assaying antibody to Mycoplasma bovis (M agalactiae subsp bovis) in bovine sera. The test, which should be particularly useful for screening large numbers of serum samples, is sensitive, simple to perform and highly reproducible.", "contents": "A single radial haemolysis technique for the measurement of antibody to Mycoplasma bovis in bovine sera. A single radial haemolysis in gel technique is described for assaying antibody to Mycoplasma bovis (M agalactiae subsp bovis) in bovine sera. The test, which should be particularly useful for screening large numbers of serum samples, is sensitive, simple to perform and highly reproducible.", "PMID": 333525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12607", "title": "Escherichia coli endotoxin as a stressor in the domestic fowl.", "content": "During 24 h after the injection of fowls (aged eight to 11 weeks) with Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 to 3 mg/kg) isolated from a pathogenic strain (O78) there were changes in the ascorbate content of the adrenal gland and increases in the plasma free fatty acid levels, indicating that the toxin behaves as a mild stressor.", "contents": "Escherichia coli endotoxin as a stressor in the domestic fowl. During 24 h after the injection of fowls (aged eight to 11 weeks) with Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 to 3 mg/kg) isolated from a pathogenic strain (O78) there were changes in the ascorbate content of the adrenal gland and increases in the plasma free fatty acid levels, indicating that the toxin behaves as a mild stressor.", "PMID": 333526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12608", "title": "Identification of Babesia bigemina in the tick Boophilus decoloratus by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique.", "content": "Developing stages of Babesia bigemina were detected in the Giemsa-stained haemolymph smears of replete Boophilus decoloratus females engorged on infected animals. Replicate smears of these were prepared for staining by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique. With specific antisera to B bigemina in dilutions up to 1/160 and rabbit antibovine globulin conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (conjugate) the B bigemina stages were seen to fluoresce under the fluorescent microscope. When antisera against cattle Theileria spp or negative control sera were used, fluorescence was not detected in dilution above 1/5 and there was a complete absence of fluorescence when the conjugate alone was used. Thus the developing stages of B bigemina from the haemolymph could be identified using the IFA technique. Both spherical and elongated developing stages were seen to fluoresce specifically. The apical and the perinuclear regions and the posterior end of the vermicules appeared to fluoresce more intensely than the rest of the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Identification of Babesia bigemina in the tick Boophilus decoloratus by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Developing stages of Babesia bigemina were detected in the Giemsa-stained haemolymph smears of replete Boophilus decoloratus females engorged on infected animals. Replicate smears of these were prepared for staining by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique. With specific antisera to B bigemina in dilutions up to 1/160 and rabbit antibovine globulin conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (conjugate) the B bigemina stages were seen to fluoresce under the fluorescent microscope. When antisera against cattle Theileria spp or negative control sera were used, fluorescence was not detected in dilution above 1/5 and there was a complete absence of fluorescence when the conjugate alone was used. Thus the developing stages of B bigemina from the haemolymph could be identified using the IFA technique. Both spherical and elongated developing stages were seen to fluoresce specifically. The apical and the perinuclear regions and the posterior end of the vermicules appeared to fluoresce more intensely than the rest of the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 333527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12609", "title": "The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on lysosomal enzymes in the domestic fowl.", "content": "During the 2 h following the injection of chickens (aged nine to 11 weeks) with endotoxin isolated from a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (O78) there was a transient rise in the activity of acid phosphatase, aryl sulphatase and beta-glucuronidase in the plasma, suggesting increased release of these enzymes from lysosomes. This was followed by a fall in their activity which may have been due largely to stabilisation of the lysosomal membrane brought about by increased secretion of adrenocortical hormones and/or accelerated removal of the enzymes from circulation by the reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on lysosomal enzymes in the domestic fowl. During the 2 h following the injection of chickens (aged nine to 11 weeks) with endotoxin isolated from a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (O78) there was a transient rise in the activity of acid phosphatase, aryl sulphatase and beta-glucuronidase in the plasma, suggesting increased release of these enzymes from lysosomes. This was followed by a fall in their activity which may have been due largely to stabilisation of the lysosomal membrane brought about by increased secretion of adrenocortical hormones and/or accelerated removal of the enzymes from circulation by the reticuloendothelial system.", "PMID": 333528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12610", "title": "The effect of Freund's complete adjuvant on the cellular immune response in mice to a porcine strain of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The effect of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), known to enhance and prolong both cellular and humoral responses to thymus dependent (TD) antigens, was studied with regard to the cellular response in BALB/c mice to the thymus independent lipopoly-saccharide antigen of Escherichia coli O138, a porcine pathogen. Techniques based on immunocytoadherence (ICA), inhibition of ICA with an antiserum to the brain-associated theta alloantigen, immune adherence and macrophage migration inhibition, were used in this study. Apart from enhancing the rosette forming cell response, it is suggested that FCA appears to promote the action of the lipopolysaccharide on assembled macrophages with subsequent release of humoral factors which, in turn, activate T cells with consequent cell-mediated response.", "contents": "The effect of Freund's complete adjuvant on the cellular immune response in mice to a porcine strain of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The effect of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), known to enhance and prolong both cellular and humoral responses to thymus dependent (TD) antigens, was studied with regard to the cellular response in BALB/c mice to the thymus independent lipopoly-saccharide antigen of Escherichia coli O138, a porcine pathogen. Techniques based on immunocytoadherence (ICA), inhibition of ICA with an antiserum to the brain-associated theta alloantigen, immune adherence and macrophage migration inhibition, were used in this study. Apart from enhancing the rosette forming cell response, it is suggested that FCA appears to promote the action of the lipopolysaccharide on assembled macrophages with subsequent release of humoral factors which, in turn, activate T cells with consequent cell-mediated response.", "PMID": 333529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12611", "title": "Salmonella typhimurium arthritis in rheumatoid disease.", "content": "Septic arthritis is a well recognized complication of rheumatoid arthritis (British Medical Journal, 1976; Mitchell et al., 1976), particularly after joint replacement (Freeman, 1976). We report here infection with an unusual organism--Salmonella typhimurium.", "contents": "Salmonella typhimurium arthritis in rheumatoid disease. Septic arthritis is a well recognized complication of rheumatoid arthritis (British Medical Journal, 1976; Mitchell et al., 1976), particularly after joint replacement (Freeman, 1976). We report here infection with an unusual organism--Salmonella typhimurium.", "PMID": 333539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12612", "title": "A trial of feprazone in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Feprazone, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was compared with indomethacin in a double-blind cross-over trial in 24 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, over eight weeks. Both regimes caused significant reduction in pain. There were fewer side-effects and more patient preferences with feprazone but these differences did not reach statistical significance.", "contents": "A trial of feprazone in ankylosing spondylitis. Feprazone, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was compared with indomethacin in a double-blind cross-over trial in 24 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, over eight weeks. Both regimes caused significant reduction in pain. There were fewer side-effects and more patient preferences with feprazone but these differences did not reach statistical significance.", "PMID": 333540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12613", "title": "In vitro TNP-specific antibody formation by peripheral lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Immunological reactivity in patients with systemic lupus erythermatosus (SLE) was assessed by investigating in vitro trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific antibody formation by peripheral lymphocytes. Peripheral lymphocytes from 16 patients with SLE were cultured with TNP conjugated with horse erythrocytes (TNP-HRBC) in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The hemolytic plaque assay was used to detect hapten (TNP)-specific antibody-forming cells. Peripheral lymphocytes from normal individuals failed to produce antibody to TNP, whereas SLE lymphocytes produced a significant number of plaque-forming cells. Co-culture experiments with SLE and normal lymphocytes suggested that patients with SLE have a defect in T lymphocytes, leading to abnormal antibody production.", "contents": "In vitro TNP-specific antibody formation by peripheral lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunological reactivity in patients with systemic lupus erythermatosus (SLE) was assessed by investigating in vitro trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific antibody formation by peripheral lymphocytes. Peripheral lymphocytes from 16 patients with SLE were cultured with TNP conjugated with horse erythrocytes (TNP-HRBC) in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The hemolytic plaque assay was used to detect hapten (TNP)-specific antibody-forming cells. Peripheral lymphocytes from normal individuals failed to produce antibody to TNP, whereas SLE lymphocytes produced a significant number of plaque-forming cells. Co-culture experiments with SLE and normal lymphocytes suggested that patients with SLE have a defect in T lymphocytes, leading to abnormal antibody production.", "PMID": 333548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12614", "title": "Participation of C3 in intracellular killing of Candida albicans.", "content": "Using new objective methods for measuring, independently, phagcytosis and killing, it was demonstrated that Candida albicans opsonized by C3-deficient serum was ingested by not killed in vitro by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Killing could be induced by adding purified C3 to the C3-deficient serum. It is concluded that C3 participates directely in the intracellular process leading to phagocytic killing of C. albicans.", "contents": "Participation of C3 in intracellular killing of Candida albicans. Using new objective methods for measuring, independently, phagcytosis and killing, it was demonstrated that Candida albicans opsonized by C3-deficient serum was ingested by not killed in vitro by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Killing could be induced by adding purified C3 to the C3-deficient serum. It is concluded that C3 participates directely in the intracellular process leading to phagocytic killing of C. albicans.", "PMID": 333549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12615", "title": "Role of macrophage-derived factors in generation of cytotoxic and antibody responses.", "content": "The ability of macrophage subpopulations, separated by virtue of differences in size, to liberate soluble factors able to reconstitute antibody and cell-mediated immune responses in macrophage-depleted lymphoid cultures has been investigated. Evidence is presented to show that all macrophages release trypsin- and pepsin-sensitive molecules with molecular weights of 30,000 to 35,000 and 50,000 to 70,000 that are able to reconstitute only syngeneic lymphocyte responses. In contrast, a molecule(s) with molecular weight of 10,000 to 15,000 daltons is released only by large macrophages and can apparently reconstitute both syngeneic and allogeneic lymphocyte responses. This material is also pepsin-sensitive and, to a lesser degree, trypsin-sensitive.", "contents": "Role of macrophage-derived factors in generation of cytotoxic and antibody responses. The ability of macrophage subpopulations, separated by virtue of differences in size, to liberate soluble factors able to reconstitute antibody and cell-mediated immune responses in macrophage-depleted lymphoid cultures has been investigated. Evidence is presented to show that all macrophages release trypsin- and pepsin-sensitive molecules with molecular weights of 30,000 to 35,000 and 50,000 to 70,000 that are able to reconstitute only syngeneic lymphocyte responses. In contrast, a molecule(s) with molecular weight of 10,000 to 15,000 daltons is released only by large macrophages and can apparently reconstitute both syngeneic and allogeneic lymphocyte responses. This material is also pepsin-sensitive and, to a lesser degree, trypsin-sensitive.", "PMID": 333550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12616", "title": "Differences between the Fc receptors of two lymphocyte subpopulations of human peripheral blood.", "content": "The Fc receptors of human peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing stable membrane Ig (B cells) and those bearing cytophilic membrane Ig (UL cells) were evaluated for binding avidity and interaction with human 'Ia-like' alloantigens. Titration experiments showed that binding of soluble antigen-antibody complexes to UL cells was readily detected at low concentations (5-10 microgram/ml), whereas high concentrations (400-800 microgram/ml) were necessary to detect binding to most B lymphocytes. Binding at all concentrations was dependent on an intact Fc portion of the antibody molecule within the antigen-antibody complex. F(ab')2 fragments of antibodies against human 'Ia-like' antigens inhibited binding of complexed Ig to B cells but not UL cells. These differences are compatible with the possibility that the Fc receptors of the two cell populations are distinct molecular entities or, alternatively, are the same molecules and differ in quantity, distribution, or mobility on the surface of the two cell types.", "contents": "Differences between the Fc receptors of two lymphocyte subpopulations of human peripheral blood. The Fc receptors of human peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing stable membrane Ig (B cells) and those bearing cytophilic membrane Ig (UL cells) were evaluated for binding avidity and interaction with human 'Ia-like' alloantigens. Titration experiments showed that binding of soluble antigen-antibody complexes to UL cells was readily detected at low concentations (5-10 microgram/ml), whereas high concentrations (400-800 microgram/ml) were necessary to detect binding to most B lymphocytes. Binding at all concentrations was dependent on an intact Fc portion of the antibody molecule within the antigen-antibody complex. F(ab')2 fragments of antibodies against human 'Ia-like' antigens inhibited binding of complexed Ig to B cells but not UL cells. These differences are compatible with the possibility that the Fc receptors of the two cell populations are distinct molecular entities or, alternatively, are the same molecules and differ in quantity, distribution, or mobility on the surface of the two cell types.", "PMID": 333551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12617", "title": "Cross-reaction of a minor variant of the a1 allotypic specificity with anti-a2 antibodies.", "content": "Certain samples of hare IgG can combine with cross-linked anti-a2 antisera prepared in the a3/a3 rabbit. This cross-reaction permitted the isolation, on hare IgG immunoadsorbent, of anti-a2 cross-reacting antibodies (anti-a2(Lv) antibodies). The binding of labeled rabbit a2 IgG to insolubilized anti-a2(Lv) antibodies is inhibited by a1 IgG, demonstrating a cross-reactivity with a2. The percentage of a1 IgG cross-reacting with anti-a2 antiserum (a1(2) IgG) is about 0.5% of total a1 IgG. The a1(2) molecules represent another variant (or set of variants) of the a1 specificity. Demonstration of this variant of a1 IgG brings to seven the minimum number of described a1 variants, and its low concentration among a1 IgG (0.5%) is in favor of a larger number of variants of allotypic specificities. Arguments in favor of common ancestor genes for allotypy in lagomorphs are given.", "contents": "Cross-reaction of a minor variant of the a1 allotypic specificity with anti-a2 antibodies. Certain samples of hare IgG can combine with cross-linked anti-a2 antisera prepared in the a3/a3 rabbit. This cross-reaction permitted the isolation, on hare IgG immunoadsorbent, of anti-a2 cross-reacting antibodies (anti-a2(Lv) antibodies). The binding of labeled rabbit a2 IgG to insolubilized anti-a2(Lv) antibodies is inhibited by a1 IgG, demonstrating a cross-reactivity with a2. The percentage of a1 IgG cross-reacting with anti-a2 antiserum (a1(2) IgG) is about 0.5% of total a1 IgG. The a1(2) molecules represent another variant (or set of variants) of the a1 specificity. Demonstration of this variant of a1 IgG brings to seven the minimum number of described a1 variants, and its low concentration among a1 IgG (0.5%) is in favor of a larger number of variants of allotypic specificities. Arguments in favor of common ancestor genes for allotypy in lagomorphs are given.", "PMID": 333552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12618", "title": "An epidemic of Salmonella typhimurium infection among aircraft passengers.", "content": "In February 1976 an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among 819 aircraft passengers to and from Gran Canaria. 360 of them had gastroenteritis and 88 were hospitalized. Fecal specimens were collected from 710 of the passengers and 344 of them were positive for Salmonella typhimurium phage type 15. Food served on the flight was the source of infection. The repeated incidences of this kind support the necessity of laying down rules and recommendations for the control of air catering services.", "contents": "An epidemic of Salmonella typhimurium infection among aircraft passengers. In February 1976 an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among 819 aircraft passengers to and from Gran Canaria. 360 of them had gastroenteritis and 88 were hospitalized. Fecal specimens were collected from 710 of the passengers and 344 of them were positive for Salmonella typhimurium phage type 15. Food served on the flight was the source of infection. The repeated incidences of this kind support the necessity of laying down rules and recommendations for the control of air catering services.", "PMID": 333553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12619", "title": "The effect of eight antibacterial agents on the elimination of 32P-labelled Escherichia coli by rat polymorphonuclear cells.", "content": "The effect of 8 antibacterial agents on the elimination of 32P-labelled Escherichia coli from rat polymorphonuclear cells was studied. None of the drugs tested had a detectable influence on the expulsion of labelled products from the cells being exposed to the various drugs during the elimination phase.", "contents": "The effect of eight antibacterial agents on the elimination of 32P-labelled Escherichia coli by rat polymorphonuclear cells. The effect of 8 antibacterial agents on the elimination of 32P-labelled Escherichia coli from rat polymorphonuclear cells was studied. None of the drugs tested had a detectable influence on the expulsion of labelled products from the cells being exposed to the various drugs during the elimination phase.", "PMID": 333554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12620", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated at a children's hospital.", "content": "97 strains of Escherichia coli (49 from urine and 48 from non-urine sources) were isolated from patients at Children's Memorial Hospital, Oklahoma City, and studied for antimicrobial susceptibility. The proportion of highly resistant strains (growth at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml or more) was 27% with ampicillin, 25% with tetracycline, 23% with cephalothin, 6% with kanamycin and neomycin, 4% with chloramphenicol, and zero with colistin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. 23 strains (24%) were found resistant to two or more antibiotics simultaneously. The incidence of strains resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, kanamycin, neomycin, and tetracycline was higher among urine isolates than among non-urine isolates.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated at a children's hospital. 97 strains of Escherichia coli (49 from urine and 48 from non-urine sources) were isolated from patients at Children's Memorial Hospital, Oklahoma City, and studied for antimicrobial susceptibility. The proportion of highly resistant strains (growth at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml or more) was 27% with ampicillin, 25% with tetracycline, 23% with cephalothin, 6% with kanamycin and neomycin, 4% with chloramphenicol, and zero with colistin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. 23 strains (24%) were found resistant to two or more antibiotics simultaneously. The incidence of strains resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, kanamycin, neomycin, and tetracycline was higher among urine isolates than among non-urine isolates.", "PMID": 333555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12621", "title": "Sulphonamides in the treatment of acute Escherichia coli infection of the urinary tract in women. Clinical and ecological effects of sulphasomidine and sulphalene.", "content": "28 non-pregnant women were treated with conventional doses of sulphasomidine or sulphalene for acute urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. Both preparations were found to be effective in simple cystitis infection with sulphonamide-sensitive organisms. Also, both were found to exert a selective pressure favouring sulphonamide-resistant E. coli in the faecal flora.", "contents": "Sulphonamides in the treatment of acute Escherichia coli infection of the urinary tract in women. Clinical and ecological effects of sulphasomidine and sulphalene. 28 non-pregnant women were treated with conventional doses of sulphasomidine or sulphalene for acute urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. Both preparations were found to be effective in simple cystitis infection with sulphonamide-sensitive organisms. Also, both were found to exert a selective pressure favouring sulphonamide-resistant E. coli in the faecal flora.", "PMID": 333556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12622", "title": "Gastrointestinal blood loss in man during administration of two ampicillin esters.", "content": "The gastrointestinal blood loss during intake of two ampicillin esters (pivampicillin and bacampicillin) was studied in 10 male volunteers. A radioactive chromium method was used. The study was performed with a double-blind cross-over technique. Pivampicillin seemed to give a slightly higher increase in gastrointestinal blood loss compared to placebo and bacampicillin but these bleedings are probably of no clinical significance.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal blood loss in man during administration of two ampicillin esters. The gastrointestinal blood loss during intake of two ampicillin esters (pivampicillin and bacampicillin) was studied in 10 male volunteers. A radioactive chromium method was used. The study was performed with a double-blind cross-over technique. Pivampicillin seemed to give a slightly higher increase in gastrointestinal blood loss compared to placebo and bacampicillin but these bleedings are probably of no clinical significance.", "PMID": 333557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12623", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica infection complicated by glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A case of mild glomerulonephritis in a 24-year-old man with clinical and immunohistological findings associated with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 infection is described. The role of IgA in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis associated with mucosal infection is briefly discussed. Although attempts to demonstrate Y. enterocolitica 3 antigen in the biopsy specimen were unsuccessful, the glomerular deposits of immunoglobulins and complement suggest immune pathogenesis.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica infection complicated by glomerulonephritis. A case of mild glomerulonephritis in a 24-year-old man with clinical and immunohistological findings associated with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 infection is described. The role of IgA in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis associated with mucosal infection is briefly discussed. Although attempts to demonstrate Y. enterocolitica 3 antigen in the biopsy specimen were unsuccessful, the glomerular deposits of immunoglobulins and complement suggest immune pathogenesis.", "PMID": 333558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12624", "title": "Reimplantation of isolated skin flaps in dogs with circulation maintained through artificial heparinized shunts.", "content": "In an experimental study in dogs, skin flaps with an axial vascular pattern were completely isolated and reimplanted. Circulation was maintained through arterial and venous shunts using silicone rubber tubes or heparinized polyethylene tubes. Six out of 8 flaps healed uneventfully. In 4 of the surviving flaps, both the artery and the vein were shunted. Only the artery was shunted in two of the flaps.", "contents": "Reimplantation of isolated skin flaps in dogs with circulation maintained through artificial heparinized shunts. In an experimental study in dogs, skin flaps with an axial vascular pattern were completely isolated and reimplanted. Circulation was maintained through arterial and venous shunts using silicone rubber tubes or heparinized polyethylene tubes. Six out of 8 flaps healed uneventfully. In 4 of the surviving flaps, both the artery and the vein were shunted. Only the artery was shunted in two of the flaps.", "PMID": 333559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12625", "title": "Antibacterial effect of biological dressings in the treatment of infected wounds.", "content": "Human cadaver split skin preserved in a special transport medium (Histocon; Histo-Lab. Ltd., G\u00f6teborg, Sweden) and porcine split skin (Skintec; Genetic Lab. Inc., Minneapolis, USA), were used in thirteen patients with infected wounds. Cadaver skin made it possible to reduce applications of wound dressing to two or three times a week without aggravation of infection and made the wound bed suitable for autografting. Skintec was less reliable in these respects. The two biological dressings had equal pain reducing properties. Leukocyte agglutinins, attributable to the treatment with cadaver skin did not appear. Because of retained histological and histochemical characteristics in the preserved cadaver skin it was preferred to Skintec. A regimen consisting of initial wound toilet, antibiotic treatment, skin changing every second or third day finally made permanent skin grafting possible. Secondary gains were a reduce in nursing and dressing routine as compared to saline dressings.", "contents": "Antibacterial effect of biological dressings in the treatment of infected wounds. Human cadaver split skin preserved in a special transport medium (Histocon; Histo-Lab. Ltd., G\u00f6teborg, Sweden) and porcine split skin (Skintec; Genetic Lab. Inc., Minneapolis, USA), were used in thirteen patients with infected wounds. Cadaver skin made it possible to reduce applications of wound dressing to two or three times a week without aggravation of infection and made the wound bed suitable for autografting. Skintec was less reliable in these respects. The two biological dressings had equal pain reducing properties. Leukocyte agglutinins, attributable to the treatment with cadaver skin did not appear. Because of retained histological and histochemical characteristics in the preserved cadaver skin it was preferred to Skintec. A regimen consisting of initial wound toilet, antibiotic treatment, skin changing every second or third day finally made permanent skin grafting possible. Secondary gains were a reduce in nursing and dressing routine as compared to saline dressings.", "PMID": 333560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12626", "title": "A follow-up study of cleft children treated with vomer flap as part of a three-stage soft tissue surgical procedure. Facial morphology and dental occlusion.", "content": "The development of the face and jaws in cleft patients, treated with a three-stage surgical procedure including a single layer vomer flap, was studied by analysing cephalometric radiographs and dental casts. The material consisted of 13 patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate and 50 cases with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, operated on 1964--1970. At the follow-up the average patient in both cleft categories demonstrated a maxillary retrognathia and in the unilateral cleft sample also a facial skeletal profile straighter than normal, though not as pronounced as we had found in cases where the vomer flap procedure was accompanied by bone grafting. However, the mean profile for the bilateral as well as the unilateral cleft group was straighter than reported for patients subjected to neither vomer flap nor bone grafting. The occlusal findings confirmed the maxillary growth retardation and similarly placed the present patients at a level between the results of the other two types of surgical regimes. As a side-effect cleft-bridging bone was formed in some part of the hard palate in every second case, though without importance for facial development. In an effort to reduce the restricted mid-facial growth found in the present patients, we have changed our surgical technique and since 1975 excluded the use of vomer flaps.", "contents": "A follow-up study of cleft children treated with vomer flap as part of a three-stage soft tissue surgical procedure. Facial morphology and dental occlusion. The development of the face and jaws in cleft patients, treated with a three-stage surgical procedure including a single layer vomer flap, was studied by analysing cephalometric radiographs and dental casts. The material consisted of 13 patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate and 50 cases with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, operated on 1964--1970. At the follow-up the average patient in both cleft categories demonstrated a maxillary retrognathia and in the unilateral cleft sample also a facial skeletal profile straighter than normal, though not as pronounced as we had found in cases where the vomer flap procedure was accompanied by bone grafting. However, the mean profile for the bilateral as well as the unilateral cleft group was straighter than reported for patients subjected to neither vomer flap nor bone grafting. The occlusal findings confirmed the maxillary growth retardation and similarly placed the present patients at a level between the results of the other two types of surgical regimes. As a side-effect cleft-bridging bone was formed in some part of the hard palate in every second case, though without importance for facial development. In an effort to reduce the restricted mid-facial growth found in the present patients, we have changed our surgical technique and since 1975 excluded the use of vomer flaps.", "PMID": 333561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12627", "title": "Skull injuries caused by high voltage electricity.", "content": "Four cases by high voltage electricity are reported. Particular interest is taken in describing initial conservative treatment of injuries where the entrance of the current has been through the head, followed by surgical excision and flap surgery. This procedure had an uneventful postoperative course. Other methods comprising an earlier excision and revitalizing flap coverage over the necrotic bone thereby avoiding later bone grafting are being discussed and may be preferable. A decrease in high voltage injuries has been noticed during the last ten-year period compared to earlier data (5.5% down to 1.4%). This may well be partially explained by improved precautionary measures, but children are still prominent among the injured. All the children were injured while playing around railroad areas.", "contents": "Skull injuries caused by high voltage electricity. Four cases by high voltage electricity are reported. Particular interest is taken in describing initial conservative treatment of injuries where the entrance of the current has been through the head, followed by surgical excision and flap surgery. This procedure had an uneventful postoperative course. Other methods comprising an earlier excision and revitalizing flap coverage over the necrotic bone thereby avoiding later bone grafting are being discussed and may be preferable. A decrease in high voltage injuries has been noticed during the last ten-year period compared to earlier data (5.5% down to 1.4%). This may well be partially explained by improved precautionary measures, but children are still prominent among the injured. All the children were injured while playing around railroad areas.", "PMID": 333562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12628", "title": "Percutaneous anaesthesia for taking split skin grafts.", "content": "Two different compositions (A2174 and A2337) containing the local anaesthetic ketocaine have been used to bring about percutaneous anaesthesia for the taking of split skin grafts in a total of 50 patients. A2337 was superior to A2174 regarding effect. The necessary time of application using A2337 was determined and found to be approximately one hour. A2337 gave clinically acceptable anaesthesia in all cases (20 patients)- The healing of the skin transplant has been normal. Erythema and oedema at the site of application have been the only unintended effects. The results show that by using A2337, epicutaneous anaesthesia can be a clinically useful alternative to presently used forms of anaesthesia.", "contents": "Percutaneous anaesthesia for taking split skin grafts. Two different compositions (A2174 and A2337) containing the local anaesthetic ketocaine have been used to bring about percutaneous anaesthesia for the taking of split skin grafts in a total of 50 patients. A2337 was superior to A2174 regarding effect. The necessary time of application using A2337 was determined and found to be approximately one hour. A2337 gave clinically acceptable anaesthesia in all cases (20 patients)- The healing of the skin transplant has been normal. Erythema and oedema at the site of application have been the only unintended effects. The results show that by using A2337, epicutaneous anaesthesia can be a clinically useful alternative to presently used forms of anaesthesia.", "PMID": 333563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12629", "title": "Defect of the ala nasi following trigeminal denervation. Case report.", "content": "Trophic ulceration of the nose is a rare complication occurring in patients with trigeminal anaesthesia. The etiology is not clear, but self-inflicted injuries to an anaesthetic region are considered to play an important part. The authors' experience with three cases indicates that substitution with skin from the affected area of the face will not give a lasting result. It seems probable that only skin with an intact nerve supply can provide a permanent replacement for skin lost in the dystrophic process. This means that a local flap innervated from a non-affected part of the face would offer the best possibility of a permanent cover for these defects.", "contents": "Defect of the ala nasi following trigeminal denervation. Case report. Trophic ulceration of the nose is a rare complication occurring in patients with trigeminal anaesthesia. The etiology is not clear, but self-inflicted injuries to an anaesthetic region are considered to play an important part. The authors' experience with three cases indicates that substitution with skin from the affected area of the face will not give a lasting result. It seems probable that only skin with an intact nerve supply can provide a permanent replacement for skin lost in the dystrophic process. This means that a local flap innervated from a non-affected part of the face would offer the best possibility of a permanent cover for these defects.", "PMID": 333564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12630", "title": "[Clinical and experimental experiences with maprotiline, clomipramine, sydnocarb and mefexamide in mentally-ill patients and in healthy persons].", "content": "In the present paper we studied the clinical effects of psychotropic drugs. In the experimental part we studied their effects on our patients and normal subjects and compared it with the results obtained with the placebo treatment. We studied the effect on attention (A), efficiency (E) psychomotor rate (PR), numerical quadrate, Bourdon test, tapping and some functions of the vegetative nervous system, the mean orthostatic acceleration (MOA), the clinostatic retardation (CR), the tonus of the sympathetic (TS) and of the vagus (TV). Sydnocarb is an effective psychostimulating agent. The is no evident influence on VN in doses between 5 and 15 mg (23 patients). It accelerated psychomotor rate (24 patients). E, A, PR are only slightly increased by Mephexamid (40 patients). Maprotiline (20) patients caused an increase in E, PR and slightly in A. Under the influence of Sydnocarb, Mephexamid and Maprotiline the value of MOA, CR, TS, TV remained unchanged. Clomipramin was administered in 20 patients in the experimental part and in 40 patients in the clinical part of our study. In the course of the clinical trial we discovered that Clomipramine decreased the irritability of the vegetative nervous system and through this effect causes deserved general sedation of the organism.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental experiences with maprotiline, clomipramine, sydnocarb and mefexamide in mentally-ill patients and in healthy persons]. In the present paper we studied the clinical effects of psychotropic drugs. In the experimental part we studied their effects on our patients and normal subjects and compared it with the results obtained with the placebo treatment. We studied the effect on attention (A), efficiency (E) psychomotor rate (PR), numerical quadrate, Bourdon test, tapping and some functions of the vegetative nervous system, the mean orthostatic acceleration (MOA), the clinostatic retardation (CR), the tonus of the sympathetic (TS) and of the vagus (TV). Sydnocarb is an effective psychostimulating agent. The is no evident influence on VN in doses between 5 and 15 mg (23 patients). It accelerated psychomotor rate (24 patients). E, A, PR are only slightly increased by Mephexamid (40 patients). Maprotiline (20) patients caused an increase in E, PR and slightly in A. Under the influence of Sydnocarb, Mephexamid and Maprotiline the value of MOA, CR, TS, TV remained unchanged. Clomipramin was administered in 20 patients in the experimental part and in 40 patients in the clinical part of our study. In the course of the clinical trial we discovered that Clomipramine decreased the irritability of the vegetative nervous system and through this effect causes deserved general sedation of the organism.", "PMID": 333568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12631", "title": "[Porphyria cutanea tarda-like bullous dermatosis in a patient with chronic renal failure under hemodialysis].", "content": "Patients with chronic renal failure under regular hemodialysis may present porphyria cutanea tarda-like dermatoses without, however, exhibiting a disturbed porphyrin metabolism. Based on a personal observation and the literature the anamnestic, clinical and histological features of this distinct dermatosis are discussed. Metabolic disturbances due to chronic renal failure, with or without hemodialysis, are possible etiopathogenetic factors, while in the light of the latest findings it seems improbable that any such role is played by frusemide therapy.", "contents": "[Porphyria cutanea tarda-like bullous dermatosis in a patient with chronic renal failure under hemodialysis]. Patients with chronic renal failure under regular hemodialysis may present porphyria cutanea tarda-like dermatoses without, however, exhibiting a disturbed porphyrin metabolism. Based on a personal observation and the literature the anamnestic, clinical and histological features of this distinct dermatosis are discussed. Metabolic disturbances due to chronic renal failure, with or without hemodialysis, are possible etiopathogenetic factors, while in the light of the latest findings it seems improbable that any such role is played by frusemide therapy.", "PMID": 333570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12632", "title": "[Measurement of human tetanus antitoxin using as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay].", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the detection and measurement of human tetanus antitoxin. This simple test has proved to be a simple and sensitive as the radio immunosorbent test (RIST) described earlier by the authors and needs no special equipment. The technique which is based on the pioneer work done by Eva Engvall, is described. The antitoxin titers obtained with ELISA and RIST are comparable.", "contents": "[Measurement of human tetanus antitoxin using as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay]. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the detection and measurement of human tetanus antitoxin. This simple test has proved to be a simple and sensitive as the radio immunosorbent test (RIST) described earlier by the authors and needs no special equipment. The technique which is based on the pioneer work done by Eva Engvall, is described. The antitoxin titers obtained with ELISA and RIST are comparable.", "PMID": 333571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12633", "title": "[Treatment of renal osteodystrophy: physiopathology and secondary effects].", "content": "The prophylaxis and treatment of renal osteodystrophy are based on pathophysiological principles. Development of secondary hyperparathyroidism should be averted by early prevention of hyperphosphatemia through diet and phosphate ligants, and by normalization of the calcium balance through calcium supplements and vitamin D or its analogues. This treatment requires close clinical and laboratory control in order to avoid several hazards (hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and refractory constipation). In cases with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, subtotal parathyroidectomy is sometimes required. Nevertheless, in one such case this operation resulted in sudden hypoparathyroidism two years postoperatively.", "contents": "[Treatment of renal osteodystrophy: physiopathology and secondary effects]. The prophylaxis and treatment of renal osteodystrophy are based on pathophysiological principles. Development of secondary hyperparathyroidism should be averted by early prevention of hyperphosphatemia through diet and phosphate ligants, and by normalization of the calcium balance through calcium supplements and vitamin D or its analogues. This treatment requires close clinical and laboratory control in order to avoid several hazards (hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and refractory constipation). In cases with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, subtotal parathyroidectomy is sometimes required. Nevertheless, in one such case this operation resulted in sudden hypoparathyroidism two years postoperatively.", "PMID": 333572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12634", "title": "[Surgery in daily practice: failures and limits].", "content": "From the various fields of dental surgery a few examples of failures along with the possible causes for it are described. It is shown how the limits for surgery in dental practice is given by the limit for unhospitalized treatment. Naturally, the knowledge and skill of the operator play an important role, but it should never be forgotten that an intervention is always as difficult as the solution to the gravest possible emergency.", "contents": "[Surgery in daily practice: failures and limits]. From the various fields of dental surgery a few examples of failures along with the possible causes for it are described. It is shown how the limits for surgery in dental practice is given by the limit for unhospitalized treatment. Naturally, the knowledge and skill of the operator play an important role, but it should never be forgotten that an intervention is always as difficult as the solution to the gravest possible emergency.", "PMID": 333573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12635", "title": "[Mistakes in planning and construction in crown-bridge-prostheses].", "content": "In the planning for crown and bridge prosthetics the harmonizing of function in the remaining dentition seems to be paramount. Occlusal interferences and their neuromuscular consequences may be eliminated by proper occlusal adjustments. Posterior retruded prematurities may function as traumatizing areas and may loosen anterior bridges. Such a case is presented.", "contents": "[Mistakes in planning and construction in crown-bridge-prostheses]. In the planning for crown and bridge prosthetics the harmonizing of function in the remaining dentition seems to be paramount. Occlusal interferences and their neuromuscular consequences may be eliminated by proper occlusal adjustments. Posterior retruded prematurities may function as traumatizing areas and may loosen anterior bridges. Such a case is presented.", "PMID": 333574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12636", "title": "[The most frequent reasons for failures in total prostheses].", "content": "When objectivating the complaints of full denture patients, the failure in acceptance of, and the patient's discomfort from the denture are with very few exceptions due to faults in denture construction. There is usually more than one factor contributing to the problem, in 90% of the cases the cause is faulty occlusion and in half of the cases the cause is improper design of the denture base. Although the majority of the patients will tolerate deficient dentures without any complaint, the functionally insufficient denture will damage the alveolar ridge. Therefore it is advisable to place every denture patient on a recall system.", "contents": "[The most frequent reasons for failures in total prostheses]. When objectivating the complaints of full denture patients, the failure in acceptance of, and the patient's discomfort from the denture are with very few exceptions due to faults in denture construction. There is usually more than one factor contributing to the problem, in 90% of the cases the cause is faulty occlusion and in half of the cases the cause is improper design of the denture base. Although the majority of the patients will tolerate deficient dentures without any complaint, the functionally insufficient denture will damage the alveolar ridge. Therefore it is advisable to place every denture patient on a recall system.", "PMID": 333575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12637", "title": "[Changes in the oral mucosa in the aging patient].", "content": "The most frequently observed diseases of the oral mucosa in ageing patients are: leucoplacic changes, lichen ruber planus, pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigoid and the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. However, there are other affections which are described in their characteristic symptomatology: --whitish changes--changes by pigments--aphtous or aphtoid changes--bullous and erosive changes--tongue burning and glossodynia--tumorous and exulcerative changes. The different diagnostic aspects are particularly explained.", "contents": "[Changes in the oral mucosa in the aging patient]. The most frequently observed diseases of the oral mucosa in ageing patients are: leucoplacic changes, lichen ruber planus, pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigoid and the Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. However, there are other affections which are described in their characteristic symptomatology: --whitish changes--changes by pigments--aphtous or aphtoid changes--bullous and erosive changes--tongue burning and glossodynia--tumorous and exulcerative changes. The different diagnostic aspects are particularly explained.", "PMID": 333576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12638", "title": "[The atrophic jaw from the prosthodontist's point of view].", "content": "The uncritical acceptance of the functional impression and of gnathological concepts are among the greatest hindrances when attempting to build full dentures on atrophic alveolar processes. To provide the most atraumatic transfer of the vertical and horizontal chewing forces from the atrophic jaw to the denture the denture bearing mucosa has to be perfectly adapted to the bony relief by the special kind of mucostatic impression as described in this article. Utterly inadequate is the jaw relation in retruded position, in which no human with or without natural teeth ever chews. This is the reason why prosthetics on edentulous jaws must observe mastication centric with freedom to the most retruded position of the mandible. In addition prosthetics on edentulous, atrophic jaws must observe the muscle grip on polished denture surfaces, the autonomous chewing stability and an occlusal pattern conforming to the masticatory movements. To this end, the author has created and developed the Condylator articulator and the Condyloform teeth.", "contents": "[The atrophic jaw from the prosthodontist's point of view]. The uncritical acceptance of the functional impression and of gnathological concepts are among the greatest hindrances when attempting to build full dentures on atrophic alveolar processes. To provide the most atraumatic transfer of the vertical and horizontal chewing forces from the atrophic jaw to the denture the denture bearing mucosa has to be perfectly adapted to the bony relief by the special kind of mucostatic impression as described in this article. Utterly inadequate is the jaw relation in retruded position, in which no human with or without natural teeth ever chews. This is the reason why prosthetics on edentulous jaws must observe mastication centric with freedom to the most retruded position of the mandible. In addition prosthetics on edentulous, atrophic jaws must observe the muscle grip on polished denture surfaces, the autonomous chewing stability and an occlusal pattern conforming to the masticatory movements. To this end, the author has created and developed the Condylator articulator and the Condyloform teeth.", "PMID": 333577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12639", "title": "[The atrophic jaw from the dental surgeon's point of view].", "content": "A report on 3000 cases of jaw atrophy over a period of 20 years. These cases underwent surgery and the results were obtained on the basis of close collaboration between maxillofacial surgery and prosthetics. Certain deductions could be obtained from these numerous patients over a longe period of observation. It is now possible to separate wistful thinking from reality. Subperiosteal implants have, in spite of chronic infections, functioned over a period of 10 years and more. Enossal implants seem to do the same for partial prosthetics. Complete failure of either form of implant is to be expected in edentulous mouths. Loss of a subperiosteal or enossal implant generally leaves a condition requiring new surgical intervention. The methods of vestibuloplasty, tuberoplasty and lowering of the floor of the mouth have been generally successful, if proper indication, surgical technique and prosthetic rehabilitation are observed by competent professionals. In plastic surgery of the alveolar process the use of ribs has been successful in this clinic. Even though postoperative resorption may destroy 50% and more of the obtained height of the alveolar process, the results justify this kind of surgery. The obtained results suggest that the methods described have justified their due place in maxillofacial surgery, because they may be considered to be results at long term.", "contents": "[The atrophic jaw from the dental surgeon's point of view]. A report on 3000 cases of jaw atrophy over a period of 20 years. These cases underwent surgery and the results were obtained on the basis of close collaboration between maxillofacial surgery and prosthetics. Certain deductions could be obtained from these numerous patients over a longe period of observation. It is now possible to separate wistful thinking from reality. Subperiosteal implants have, in spite of chronic infections, functioned over a period of 10 years and more. Enossal implants seem to do the same for partial prosthetics. Complete failure of either form of implant is to be expected in edentulous mouths. Loss of a subperiosteal or enossal implant generally leaves a condition requiring new surgical intervention. The methods of vestibuloplasty, tuberoplasty and lowering of the floor of the mouth have been generally successful, if proper indication, surgical technique and prosthetic rehabilitation are observed by competent professionals. In plastic surgery of the alveolar process the use of ribs has been successful in this clinic. Even though postoperative resorption may destroy 50% and more of the obtained height of the alveolar process, the results justify this kind of surgery. The obtained results suggest that the methods described have justified their due place in maxillofacial surgery, because they may be considered to be results at long term.", "PMID": 333578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12640", "title": "Naturally occurring plasmid carrying genes for enterotoxin production and drug resistance.", "content": "Escherichia coli strain 86, isolated from a piglet with diarrhea, carries plasmid-linked genes for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides and for production of heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin. Results of (i) genetic experiments involving conjugal transfer and phage P1-mediated transduction and (ii) physical experiments involving electron microscopic examination of plasmid DNA and heteroduplex analysis show that a single conjugative plasmid carries the genes for drug resistance and production of enterotoxin.", "contents": "Naturally occurring plasmid carrying genes for enterotoxin production and drug resistance. Escherichia coli strain 86, isolated from a piglet with diarrhea, carries plasmid-linked genes for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides and for production of heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin. Results of (i) genetic experiments involving conjugal transfer and phage P1-mediated transduction and (ii) physical experiments involving electron microscopic examination of plasmid DNA and heteroduplex analysis show that a single conjugative plasmid carries the genes for drug resistance and production of enterotoxin.", "PMID": 333581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12641", "title": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in milk.", "content": "The hypothalamic hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has been found in milk of man, cow, and rat. Radioimmunoassays of acidified milk indicate concentrations of GnRH ranging between 0.1 and 3 nanograms per milliliter. Multistep extractions, followed by electrophoresis, reveal gonadotropin-releasing activity in the fraction that comigrates with the GnRH-marker. A second hypothalamic hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, is present in milk at a much lower concentration. \"Milk -GnRH\" may influence the secretion of the gonadotropic hormones in neonates.", "contents": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in milk. The hypothalamic hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has been found in milk of man, cow, and rat. Radioimmunoassays of acidified milk indicate concentrations of GnRH ranging between 0.1 and 3 nanograms per milliliter. Multistep extractions, followed by electrophoresis, reveal gonadotropin-releasing activity in the fraction that comigrates with the GnRH-marker. A second hypothalamic hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, is present in milk at a much lower concentration. \"Milk -GnRH\" may influence the secretion of the gonadotropic hormones in neonates.", "PMID": 333582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12642", "title": "Some thoughts on clinical trials, especially problems of multiplicity.", "content": "Problems of statistical and conceptual design of experiments are exacerberated by ethical issues in many, if not most, clinical trials. Statutory requirements of demonstrated effectiveness are far from being clearly resolved--either qualitatively or quantitatively. Ethics, bolstered by informed consent, are likely to keep us from ever learning the answer to many questions. Unbalanced boundaries, focusing-down designs, historical controls, and not-very-sequential designs are among the possible consequences.", "contents": "Some thoughts on clinical trials, especially problems of multiplicity. Problems of statistical and conceptual design of experiments are exacerberated by ethical issues in many, if not most, clinical trials. Statutory requirements of demonstrated effectiveness are far from being clearly resolved--either qualitatively or quantitatively. Ethics, bolstered by informed consent, are likely to keep us from ever learning the answer to many questions. Unbalanced boundaries, focusing-down designs, historical controls, and not-very-sequential designs are among the possible consequences.", "PMID": 333584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12643", "title": "Acute glomerulonephritis in children: a review of 153 cases.", "content": "Clinical experience with 153 cases of acute glomerulonephritis is recorded. Streptococcal impetigo was the major causative factor in this series. The acute fatality rate was 1.3% (two patients). Of the 151 survivors, 103 patients have been followed up for periods of six months to 11 years. None of these patients have shown any evidence of progression to chronic glomerulonephritis. In this series, as in others previously reported, acute glomerulonephritis in children appears to be self-limited in contrast to the illness in adults, where 25% to 40% of the cases progress to chronic glomerulonephritis. Unusual findings in this survey were ten patients with minimal or no urine abnormalities. Ten patients had normal serum complement values and three patients had well documented second attacks of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Acute glomerulonephritis in children: a review of 153 cases. Clinical experience with 153 cases of acute glomerulonephritis is recorded. Streptococcal impetigo was the major causative factor in this series. The acute fatality rate was 1.3% (two patients). Of the 151 survivors, 103 patients have been followed up for periods of six months to 11 years. None of these patients have shown any evidence of progression to chronic glomerulonephritis. In this series, as in others previously reported, acute glomerulonephritis in children appears to be self-limited in contrast to the illness in adults, where 25% to 40% of the cases progress to chronic glomerulonephritis. Unusual findings in this survey were ten patients with minimal or no urine abnormalities. Ten patients had normal serum complement values and three patients had well documented second attacks of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 333598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12644", "title": "Gastric surgery.", "content": "In a prospective, double-blind, randomized study of patients subjected to gastric surgery, parenteral cefazolin begun before operation significantly reduced the would infection rate. Infection developed only when incisional contamination occurred during operation and either when the antibiotic was not present in the tissues of the wound at the time of inoculation or when the offending bacteria were already resistant to the antimicrobial used. To be reliably effective, antimicrobial prophylaxis should always be instituted preoperatively in patients at high risk of infection, ie, those with conditions not associated with gastric hyperacidity. On the other hand, since patients with duodenal ulcer disease and resulting gastric hypersecretion usually have a relatively sterile stomach lumen, antibiotic prophylaxis for gastric operations in these cases is probably not indicated.", "contents": "Gastric surgery. In a prospective, double-blind, randomized study of patients subjected to gastric surgery, parenteral cefazolin begun before operation significantly reduced the would infection rate. Infection developed only when incisional contamination occurred during operation and either when the antibiotic was not present in the tissues of the wound at the time of inoculation or when the offending bacteria were already resistant to the antimicrobial used. To be reliably effective, antimicrobial prophylaxis should always be instituted preoperatively in patients at high risk of infection, ie, those with conditions not associated with gastric hyperacidity. On the other hand, since patients with duodenal ulcer disease and resulting gastric hypersecretion usually have a relatively sterile stomach lumen, antibiotic prophylaxis for gastric operations in these cases is probably not indicated.", "PMID": 333601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12645", "title": "Role of preventive antibiotics in patients undergoing cesarean section.", "content": "Eighty patients in labor and requiring cesarean section were selected randomly for a double-blind study using prophylactic cephalosporin and placebo. There were 26 treated patients who had no morbidity versus 13 in the control group. The reduction in endometritis was significant (P = less than .05). The most prevalent organism was Streptococcus viridans, followed by Escherichia coli. Bacterioides organisms were recovered 17 time in 11 patients. Tabulation of the fever index showed significant difference. No major complication occurred in the treatment group. Gastric aspirates from infants showed a good correlation with maternal morbidity and are suggested as a screening procedure.", "contents": "Role of preventive antibiotics in patients undergoing cesarean section. Eighty patients in labor and requiring cesarean section were selected randomly for a double-blind study using prophylactic cephalosporin and placebo. There were 26 treated patients who had no morbidity versus 13 in the control group. The reduction in endometritis was significant (P = less than .05). The most prevalent organism was Streptococcus viridans, followed by Escherichia coli. Bacterioides organisms were recovered 17 time in 11 patients. Tabulation of the fever index showed significant difference. No major complication occurred in the treatment group. Gastric aspirates from infants showed a good correlation with maternal morbidity and are suggested as a screening procedure.", "PMID": 333603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12646", "title": "Antibiotic and bacteriologic considerations in open fractures.", "content": "A prospective study involving 581 open fracture wounds was conducted to evaluate the antibiotic and bacteriologic considerations in the treatment of open fractures. Multiple cultures were taken of each wound, and each wound had formal surgical irrigation and debridement. An organism was present in at least one of the multiple cultures in 62.1% of the cases. Open fractures should be considered as contaminated wounds, and antibiotics are given for treatment rather than prophylaxis.", "contents": "Antibiotic and bacteriologic considerations in open fractures. A prospective study involving 581 open fracture wounds was conducted to evaluate the antibiotic and bacteriologic considerations in the treatment of open fractures. Multiple cultures were taken of each wound, and each wound had formal surgical irrigation and debridement. An organism was present in at least one of the multiple cultures in 62.1% of the cases. Open fractures should be considered as contaminated wounds, and antibiotics are given for treatment rather than prophylaxis.", "PMID": 333604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12647", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics in elective orthopedic surgery: a prospective study of 1,591 cases.", "content": "A double-blind prospective study involving 1,591 clean orthopedic surgical procedures was done to test the effectiveness of preoperative and intraoperative antibiotics in reducing the postoperative infection rate. The antibiotic and placebo groups were analyzed carefully for factors known to predispose to infection. Several minor exceptions were noted, but generally the antibiotic and placebo groups were comparable with regard to these factors. A decrease in overall postoperative infection rate from 5.0% in the placebo group to 2.8% in the antibiotic group was found. In specific areas such as the hip and spine a much greater reduction in postoperative wound infections occurred than in the group as a whole.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics in elective orthopedic surgery: a prospective study of 1,591 cases. A double-blind prospective study involving 1,591 clean orthopedic surgical procedures was done to test the effectiveness of preoperative and intraoperative antibiotics in reducing the postoperative infection rate. The antibiotic and placebo groups were analyzed carefully for factors known to predispose to infection. Several minor exceptions were noted, but generally the antibiotic and placebo groups were comparable with regard to these factors. A decrease in overall postoperative infection rate from 5.0% in the placebo group to 2.8% in the antibiotic group was found. In specific areas such as the hip and spine a much greater reduction in postoperative wound infections occurred than in the group as a whole.", "PMID": 333606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12648", "title": "Open-heart surgery.", "content": "A randomized prospective study of the relative effectiveness of broad-spectrum versus specific antistaphylococcal antibiotic prophylaxis in open-heart surgery was done between May 1972 and June 1973. All patients undergoing open-heart surgery were assigned randomly (by hospital number) to receive either methicillin (M) or cephalothin (C) beginning the night before operation. There were 132 patients in the C group and 129 in the M group. There were no statistically significant differences in age or duration of hospitalization, cardiopulmonary bypass, urinary tract drainage, or postoperative fever. There was a significant difference in the ratio of male to total patients (0.67 C, 0.52 M, P less than .02) and duration of operation in hours (4.27 C, 3.87 M, P less than .02). A statistically significant higher rate of urinary tract infection (3 C, 22 M, P less than .05), pneumonia (0 C, 9 M, P less than .01), and episodes of sepsis and prosthetic endo carditis (0 C, 11 M, P less than .001) was found in the methicillin group. The incidence of wound infections and positive cultures from blood obtained immediately after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass was not significantly different. Cephalothin replaced methicillin as the routine antibiotic prophylaxis for open-heart surgery at our institution.", "contents": "Open-heart surgery. A randomized prospective study of the relative effectiveness of broad-spectrum versus specific antistaphylococcal antibiotic prophylaxis in open-heart surgery was done between May 1972 and June 1973. All patients undergoing open-heart surgery were assigned randomly (by hospital number) to receive either methicillin (M) or cephalothin (C) beginning the night before operation. There were 132 patients in the C group and 129 in the M group. There were no statistically significant differences in age or duration of hospitalization, cardiopulmonary bypass, urinary tract drainage, or postoperative fever. There was a significant difference in the ratio of male to total patients (0.67 C, 0.52 M, P less than .02) and duration of operation in hours (4.27 C, 3.87 M, P less than .02). A statistically significant higher rate of urinary tract infection (3 C, 22 M, P less than .05), pneumonia (0 C, 9 M, P less than .01), and episodes of sepsis and prosthetic endo carditis (0 C, 11 M, P less than .001) was found in the methicillin group. The incidence of wound infections and positive cultures from blood obtained immediately after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass was not significantly different. Cephalothin replaced methicillin as the routine antibiotic prophylaxis for open-heart surgery at our institution.", "PMID": 333607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12649", "title": "Pulmonary resection.", "content": "Seventy-seven patients who had elective pulmonary resections were enrolled in a prospective double-blind study to assess the role of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing postoperative infections. Criteria for infection were strictly defined. A five-day course of a cephalosporin (2 gm/day in divided doses) was compared to an identical placebo. There were 17 infections in the 34 patients in the placebo group (50%), compared to only eight infections in the 43 patients in the antibiotic group (19%) (P = .005). When infections unrelated to thoracotomy and minor infections were excluded, the advantage of prophylactic antibiotics proved even more evident. Fourteen thoracic infections occurred in the placebo group (41%) compared to only two thoracic infections (4.7%) in the antibiotic group (P = .0002). No relationship of infection rate to the extent of pulmonary resection was found. A history of smoking, the presence or absence of chronic bronchitis, spirometric abnormalities, and obesity were all analyzed; none was related to the development of infection. We conclude that the routine use of perioperative antibiotics is indicated to prevent postoperative infections in pulmonary resection.", "contents": "Pulmonary resection. Seventy-seven patients who had elective pulmonary resections were enrolled in a prospective double-blind study to assess the role of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing postoperative infections. Criteria for infection were strictly defined. A five-day course of a cephalosporin (2 gm/day in divided doses) was compared to an identical placebo. There were 17 infections in the 34 patients in the placebo group (50%), compared to only eight infections in the 43 patients in the antibiotic group (19%) (P = .005). When infections unrelated to thoracotomy and minor infections were excluded, the advantage of prophylactic antibiotics proved even more evident. Fourteen thoracic infections occurred in the placebo group (41%) compared to only two thoracic infections (4.7%) in the antibiotic group (P = .0002). No relationship of infection rate to the extent of pulmonary resection was found. A history of smoking, the presence or absence of chronic bronchitis, spirometric abnormalities, and obesity were all analyzed; none was related to the development of infection. We conclude that the routine use of perioperative antibiotics is indicated to prevent postoperative infections in pulmonary resection.", "PMID": 333608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12650", "title": "Human technology after cardiac epigenesis. Artificial heart versus cardiac transplantation.", "content": "Cardiovascular disease is the chief cause of death in technologically advanced countries and accounts for more than 50% of all deaths in the USA. For a patient with end-stage cardiac failure the only treatment presently available is organ replacement, either by transplantation or by the use of a mechanical heart. Transplantation has demonstrated its value: survival of more than 8 years and restoration of a normal quality of life to patients who were in end-stage cardiac decompensation. However, the prospect of routine clinical application of an artificial heart remains distant. The development of a totally implantable artificial heart still presents a series of challenging engineering problems with regard to strict constraints of size, weight, blood-material compatibility, adaptability of output to demand, efficiency and reliability of the power supply, and safety if nuclear fuel is used. The totally artificial heart is presently not an alternative to the cardiac allograft, but could provide short-term support for patients awaiting cardiac transplantation.", "contents": "Human technology after cardiac epigenesis. Artificial heart versus cardiac transplantation. Cardiovascular disease is the chief cause of death in technologically advanced countries and accounts for more than 50% of all deaths in the USA. For a patient with end-stage cardiac failure the only treatment presently available is organ replacement, either by transplantation or by the use of a mechanical heart. Transplantation has demonstrated its value: survival of more than 8 years and restoration of a normal quality of life to patients who were in end-stage cardiac decompensation. However, the prospect of routine clinical application of an artificial heart remains distant. The development of a totally implantable artificial heart still presents a series of challenging engineering problems with regard to strict constraints of size, weight, blood-material compatibility, adaptability of output to demand, efficiency and reliability of the power supply, and safety if nuclear fuel is used. The totally artificial heart is presently not an alternative to the cardiac allograft, but could provide short-term support for patients awaiting cardiac transplantation.", "PMID": 333621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12651", "title": "Laboratory-acquired sporotrichosis.", "content": "A case of laboratory-acquired sporotrichosis was diagnosed by immunofluorescence and by culture. The patient was then cured by treatment with oral potassium iodide. The need to handle cultures of Sporothrix schenckii with due caution is stressed.", "contents": "Laboratory-acquired sporotrichosis. A case of laboratory-acquired sporotrichosis was diagnosed by immunofluorescence and by culture. The patient was then cured by treatment with oral potassium iodide. The need to handle cultures of Sporothrix schenckii with due caution is stressed.", "PMID": 333622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12652", "title": "Phagocytosis of Candida albicans by rabbit alveolar macrophages and guinea pig neutrophils.", "content": "Studies of host-parasite relationships at the cellular level, using Candida albicans and rabbit alveolar macrophages or guinea pig neutrophils are presented. Guinea pig neutrophils killed the intracellular candida cells presumed by myeloperoxidase-halide-hydrogen peroxide system. In contrast, rabbit alveolar macrophages did not kill the intracellular candida cells although their phagocytic rate was almost comparable to that of neutrophils. Phagocytizing macrophages were eventually destroyed by the intracellular proliferation of candida cells and formation of germ tubes and pseudomycelia. No significant improvement of candidacidal activity was observed with macrophages from normal and immunized rabbits in immune serum. The mode of phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils were also studied under the scanning electron microscope.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of Candida albicans by rabbit alveolar macrophages and guinea pig neutrophils. Studies of host-parasite relationships at the cellular level, using Candida albicans and rabbit alveolar macrophages or guinea pig neutrophils are presented. Guinea pig neutrophils killed the intracellular candida cells presumed by myeloperoxidase-halide-hydrogen peroxide system. In contrast, rabbit alveolar macrophages did not kill the intracellular candida cells although their phagocytic rate was almost comparable to that of neutrophils. Phagocytizing macrophages were eventually destroyed by the intracellular proliferation of candida cells and formation of germ tubes and pseudomycelia. No significant improvement of candidacidal activity was observed with macrophages from normal and immunized rabbits in immune serum. The mode of phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils were also studied under the scanning electron microscope.", "PMID": 333623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12653", "title": "Phospholipase activity in Candida albicans.", "content": "Phospholipase A and lysophospholipase have been identified as the enzymes responsible for phospholipid hydrolysis by Candida albicans. The method used to identify and measure the activity of these enzymes is described, and the probable significance of phospholipase in the invasion of the epithelium by Candida albicans discussed.", "contents": "Phospholipase activity in Candida albicans. Phospholipase A and lysophospholipase have been identified as the enzymes responsible for phospholipid hydrolysis by Candida albicans. The method used to identify and measure the activity of these enzymes is described, and the probable significance of phospholipase in the invasion of the epithelium by Candida albicans discussed.", "PMID": 333624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12654", "title": "Vascular clearance of blastospore and pseudomycelial phase Candida albicans.", "content": "Blastospore phase and pseudomycelial phase Candida albicans were infused at a constant rate into the proximal aorta of rabbits and simultaneous quantitative blood cultures were obtained from the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava. Arteriovenous differences were greater with pseudomycelial phase C. albicans at all concentrations tested. Rates of clearance of C. albicans as blastospores or with pseudomycelia yielded mean T one-half values of 22 seconds and 17 seconds, respectively. Similarly, hepatic clearance of pseudomycelial phase C. albicans was more efficient. Prior immunization with heat-killed Candida albicans had no effect on the vascular clearance of either pseudomycelial phase or blastospore phase C. albicans.", "contents": "Vascular clearance of blastospore and pseudomycelial phase Candida albicans. Blastospore phase and pseudomycelial phase Candida albicans were infused at a constant rate into the proximal aorta of rabbits and simultaneous quantitative blood cultures were obtained from the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava. Arteriovenous differences were greater with pseudomycelial phase C. albicans at all concentrations tested. Rates of clearance of C. albicans as blastospores or with pseudomycelia yielded mean T one-half values of 22 seconds and 17 seconds, respectively. Similarly, hepatic clearance of pseudomycelial phase C. albicans was more efficient. Prior immunization with heat-killed Candida albicans had no effect on the vascular clearance of either pseudomycelial phase or blastospore phase C. albicans.", "PMID": 333625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12655", "title": "[Photoinhibition of chlamydosporulation of Candida albicans].", "content": "Candida albicans produced chlamydospores after 24 h in the dark at 27 degrees C, but the process was inhibited under adequate irradiation of light. The in vivo absorption spectra showed a main peak at 414 nm, and less important peaks at 430, 446, 477, 519, 549 and 560 nm. No bands were detected beyond 600 nm. A total inhibition of chlamydosporulation occurred at 414 nm (monochromatic light) for an initial energy of 2,000 ergs cm-2 s-1. A 4,000 ergs cm-2 s-1 irradiation energy was necessary to observe a marked inhibition at 460, 500 and 530 nm (les chlamydospores and/or immaturity); this energy must be raised to 300,000 ergs cm-2 s-1 to observe a similar effect at 575 and 630 nm. Biological activity spectra were in full concordance with absorption spectra at 414 nm; no interpretation of absorption band at 460 nm is given, but total or partial inhibition could be explained by modulation of protoporphyrin activity.", "contents": "[Photoinhibition of chlamydosporulation of Candida albicans]. Candida albicans produced chlamydospores after 24 h in the dark at 27 degrees C, but the process was inhibited under adequate irradiation of light. The in vivo absorption spectra showed a main peak at 414 nm, and less important peaks at 430, 446, 477, 519, 549 and 560 nm. No bands were detected beyond 600 nm. A total inhibition of chlamydosporulation occurred at 414 nm (monochromatic light) for an initial energy of 2,000 ergs cm-2 s-1. A 4,000 ergs cm-2 s-1 irradiation energy was necessary to observe a marked inhibition at 460, 500 and 530 nm (les chlamydospores and/or immaturity); this energy must be raised to 300,000 ergs cm-2 s-1 to observe a similar effect at 575 and 630 nm. Biological activity spectra were in full concordance with absorption spectra at 414 nm; no interpretation of absorption band at 460 nm is given, but total or partial inhibition could be explained by modulation of protoporphyrin activity.", "PMID": 333626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12656", "title": "The diabetic foot: an alternative approach to major amputation.", "content": "Of the complications of diabetes mellitus, none is more devastating than gangrene of the foot and the threat of leg amputation. The pathophysiology of vascular insufficiency, neurotrophic changes, and infection leading to this gangrene have been reviewed. Based on this pathophysiology, an approach for conservative surgery of the diabetic foot has been outlined. Using known principles of wound healing and the management of soft tissue infection, obviously necrotic or infected tissue is debrided and the wound managed conservatively. The use of debriding adjuncts such as the pulsating jet lavage, topical antibacterials, and biologic dressings are suggested to control the infection so that the wounds can be closed with either skin grafts or local flaps. This method can result in salvage of many feet and the maintenance of biped ambulation since the outlook for the diabetic with a major amputation is markedly different from the nondiabetic amputee.", "contents": "The diabetic foot: an alternative approach to major amputation. Of the complications of diabetes mellitus, none is more devastating than gangrene of the foot and the threat of leg amputation. The pathophysiology of vascular insufficiency, neurotrophic changes, and infection leading to this gangrene have been reviewed. Based on this pathophysiology, an approach for conservative surgery of the diabetic foot has been outlined. Using known principles of wound healing and the management of soft tissue infection, obviously necrotic or infected tissue is debrided and the wound managed conservatively. The use of debriding adjuncts such as the pulsating jet lavage, topical antibacterials, and biologic dressings are suggested to control the infection so that the wounds can be closed with either skin grafts or local flaps. This method can result in salvage of many feet and the maintenance of biped ambulation since the outlook for the diabetic with a major amputation is markedly different from the nondiabetic amputee.", "PMID": 333630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12657", "title": "Common hand problems.", "content": "The principles illustrated in this brief survey are germane to all surgery. They cross whatever boundaries exist between specialties; in the hand, there are no divisions into parts for general, plastic, orthopedic, or neurosurgeons. They are essential to the success and parallel Boyes' description of Bunnell's influence in \"the restoration of function, a careful detailed evaluation of the problem and a skillful manipulation of the parts, to accomplish the planned result. Solutions were sought and planned by thinking in broad terms of function, but the surgery is executed with maximum attention to details.", "contents": "Common hand problems. The principles illustrated in this brief survey are germane to all surgery. They cross whatever boundaries exist between specialties; in the hand, there are no divisions into parts for general, plastic, orthopedic, or neurosurgeons. They are essential to the success and parallel Boyes' description of Bunnell's influence in \"the restoration of function, a careful detailed evaluation of the problem and a skillful manipulation of the parts, to accomplish the planned result. Solutions were sought and planned by thinking in broad terms of function, but the surgery is executed with maximum attention to details.", "PMID": 333631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12658", "title": "Basic Operative technique.", "content": "Some of the basic principles of wound healing have been reviewed. Observation of these principles can contribute to patient comfort, early return to a normal state, and a more pleasant appearance of the wound. A treatment for keloid overgrowth of a scar and a simple technique for rapid but careful closure of the skin have also been presented.", "contents": "Basic Operative technique. Some of the basic principles of wound healing have been reviewed. Observation of these principles can contribute to patient comfort, early return to a normal state, and a more pleasant appearance of the wound. A treatment for keloid overgrowth of a scar and a simple technique for rapid but careful closure of the skin have also been presented.", "PMID": 333633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12659", "title": "Corynebacterium vaginale.", "content": "Corynebacterium vaginale is a sexually transmitted organism which was first recognized in 1953. It appears to utilize glycogen stored in vaginal epithelial cells, causing a malodorous vaginal discharge characterized by an abnormally high pH (5.0 to 5.5) and composed mainly of epithelial cells and hordes of bacilli. Infected men are asymptomatic, carry the organism for an unknown period of time, and transmit it through intercourse. The organism requires five B-vitamins, purines, pyrimidines, and a fermentable carbohydrate; neither factors X nor V are required. It is not a member of genus Haemophilus and is not likely to be a Corynebacterium. Appearing mainly Gram-negative, it has many characteristics of Gram-positive organisms including its pattern of sensitivity to antibiotics and the possession of certain enzyme systems. As the cause of bacterial vaginitis, C. vaginale may be the most prevalent sexually-transmitted organism.", "contents": "Corynebacterium vaginale. Corynebacterium vaginale is a sexually transmitted organism which was first recognized in 1953. It appears to utilize glycogen stored in vaginal epithelial cells, causing a malodorous vaginal discharge characterized by an abnormally high pH (5.0 to 5.5) and composed mainly of epithelial cells and hordes of bacilli. Infected men are asymptomatic, carry the organism for an unknown period of time, and transmit it through intercourse. The organism requires five B-vitamins, purines, pyrimidines, and a fermentable carbohydrate; neither factors X nor V are required. It is not a member of genus Haemophilus and is not likely to be a Corynebacterium. Appearing mainly Gram-negative, it has many characteristics of Gram-positive organisms including its pattern of sensitivity to antibiotics and the possession of certain enzyme systems. As the cause of bacterial vaginitis, C. vaginale may be the most prevalent sexually-transmitted organism.", "PMID": 333628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12660", "title": "Suturing.", "content": "Plastic surgeons use sutures for other purposes than the approximation of tissue. They are used to tie over a bolus to close a dead space or maintain a tissue graft in a desired place until it becomes adherent. A bolus of Vaseline gauze over a cotton dental roll is useful (Fig. 7). Sutures may be used to maintain certain tissue relationships until firm scarring will retain this position. Purposeful suturing in contrast to automatic closure of the wound involves the knowledge of wound healing, careful selection of appropriate needle and suture, and the infliction of minimal trauma. Adequate postoperative support of the wound is desirable. Careful critical observation of wounds over long periods of time is instructive.", "contents": "Suturing. Plastic surgeons use sutures for other purposes than the approximation of tissue. They are used to tie over a bolus to close a dead space or maintain a tissue graft in a desired place until it becomes adherent. A bolus of Vaseline gauze over a cotton dental roll is useful (Fig. 7). Sutures may be used to maintain certain tissue relationships until firm scarring will retain this position. Purposeful suturing in contrast to automatic closure of the wound involves the knowledge of wound healing, careful selection of appropriate needle and suture, and the infliction of minimal trauma. Adequate postoperative support of the wound is desirable. Careful critical observation of wounds over long periods of time is instructive.", "PMID": 333634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12661", "title": "Management of burns.", "content": "An overview of the management of the acutely burned patient has been described. Adherence to the sound principles of early resuscitation, appropriate nutrition, wound management, and rehabilitation can provide hope for many of the victims of this tragic injury. Complications encountered throughout the burn illness present unique and perplexing problems for the physician, who must utilize all the clinical wisdom and facility available in the management of such complex problems.", "contents": "Management of burns. An overview of the management of the acutely burned patient has been described. Adherence to the sound principles of early resuscitation, appropriate nutrition, wound management, and rehabilitation can provide hope for many of the victims of this tragic injury. Complications encountered throughout the burn illness present unique and perplexing problems for the physician, who must utilize all the clinical wisdom and facility available in the management of such complex problems.", "PMID": 333635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12662", "title": "The use of microvascular free groin flaps for the closure of difficult lower extremity wounds.", "content": "Proficiency with techniques of microvascular anastamoses allows the successful transfer of free composite grafts from distant sources. We have used the free groin flap in the reconstruction of defects of the lower extremity not amenable to standard methods of closure. A series of representative cases has been presented in this article to illustrate our approach and technique.", "contents": "The use of microvascular free groin flaps for the closure of difficult lower extremity wounds. Proficiency with techniques of microvascular anastamoses allows the successful transfer of free composite grafts from distant sources. We have used the free groin flap in the reconstruction of defects of the lower extremity not amenable to standard methods of closure. A series of representative cases has been presented in this article to illustrate our approach and technique.", "PMID": 333639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12663", "title": "The time at which infected postoperative wounds demonstrate increased strength.", "content": "It was again shown in this study that laparotomy wounds purposely infected with a known inoculum of live gram-negative bacteria exhibited greater tensile strength than did those in the normal control group. The organisms used were Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phenomenon was not present during the first ten days after wounding but was quite evident in wounds tested at 14 and 21 days. By histologic examination, there was evidence of much more new collagen in the wounds that exhibited increased strength.", "contents": "The time at which infected postoperative wounds demonstrate increased strength. It was again shown in this study that laparotomy wounds purposely infected with a known inoculum of live gram-negative bacteria exhibited greater tensile strength than did those in the normal control group. The organisms used were Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phenomenon was not present during the first ten days after wounding but was quite evident in wounds tested at 14 and 21 days. By histologic examination, there was evidence of much more new collagen in the wounds that exhibited increased strength.", "PMID": 333641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12664", "title": "The effect of length of preservation on renal transplant survival.", "content": "Pulsatile preservation of cadaver kidneys for periods of 36 to 67 hours does not adversely affect the success rate following transplantation. Immediate urine output correlated well with an increased chance for short and long term transplant kidney function. No kidneys should be discarded because of perfusion periods as long as 36 to 67 hours if the ground rules for organ retrieval and preservation have been followed.", "contents": "The effect of length of preservation on renal transplant survival. Pulsatile preservation of cadaver kidneys for periods of 36 to 67 hours does not adversely affect the success rate following transplantation. Immediate urine output correlated well with an increased chance for short and long term transplant kidney function. No kidneys should be discarded because of perfusion periods as long as 36 to 67 hours if the ground rules for organ retrieval and preservation have been followed.", "PMID": 333642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12665", "title": "Prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis by hydroxychloroquine sulfate and heparin.", "content": "A double blind study of 134 patients was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine sulfate, Plaquenil, and heparin in the prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis. By the 125I fibrinogen scanning technique, deep venous thrombosis was detected in six patients in the placebo group, in one patient in the Plaquenil group and none in the heparin group. These results indicate that both heparin and Plaquenil do diminish the incidence of thrombosis.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis by hydroxychloroquine sulfate and heparin. A double blind study of 134 patients was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine sulfate, Plaquenil, and heparin in the prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis. By the 125I fibrinogen scanning technique, deep venous thrombosis was detected in six patients in the placebo group, in one patient in the Plaquenil group and none in the heparin group. These results indicate that both heparin and Plaquenil do diminish the incidence of thrombosis.", "PMID": 333643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12666", "title": "Pretreatment of cadaver donors with methylprednisolone in human renal allografts.", "content": "Fifty cadaveric kidney donors were randomly allocated to two groups. Group 1 received 5 grams of intravenously administered methylprednisolone two to four hours prior to organ harvesting after the pronouncement of brain death. Group 2, which served as the control group, received no pretreatment. Of 100 kidneys harvested, 16 were discarded for various reasons, and 84 were transplanted and were available for evaluation, 40 from the pretreatment group and 44 from the control group. The transplant centers using these kidneys were unaware of the status of the kidney they received, that is, whether it was from a pretreated or a control group. The two groups of kidneys, pretreated and control, did not differ according to the length of warm or cold ischemia time or presence of preformed cytotoxic antibodies. The difference in graft failure between the two groups at three months was insignificant, even when the two groups were compared according to the method of preservation used.", "contents": "Pretreatment of cadaver donors with methylprednisolone in human renal allografts. Fifty cadaveric kidney donors were randomly allocated to two groups. Group 1 received 5 grams of intravenously administered methylprednisolone two to four hours prior to organ harvesting after the pronouncement of brain death. Group 2, which served as the control group, received no pretreatment. Of 100 kidneys harvested, 16 were discarded for various reasons, and 84 were transplanted and were available for evaluation, 40 from the pretreatment group and 44 from the control group. The transplant centers using these kidneys were unaware of the status of the kidney they received, that is, whether it was from a pretreated or a control group. The two groups of kidneys, pretreated and control, did not differ according to the length of warm or cold ischemia time or presence of preformed cytotoxic antibodies. The difference in graft failure between the two groups at three months was insignificant, even when the two groups were compared according to the method of preservation used.", "PMID": 333644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12667", "title": "Ultrasonographic diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanoma.", "content": "During the past two decades, improvements in the resolution and reliability of instrumentation and techniques have allowed A- and B-scan ultrasonography to join direct visualization, fluorescein angiography, and radioactive phosphorus testing as primary diagnostic modalities in the evaluation of intraocular neoplasms. Because overlying opacities have no effect on the examining ultrasonographic frequencies, ultrasound has the unique ability to depict the nature of intraocular pathology when the media are optically opaque. Physics, history, instrumentation and techniques are described, and criteria for diagnosis of uveal malignant melanomas by standardized A-scan and B-scan methods are discussed and illustrated.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanoma. During the past two decades, improvements in the resolution and reliability of instrumentation and techniques have allowed A- and B-scan ultrasonography to join direct visualization, fluorescein angiography, and radioactive phosphorus testing as primary diagnostic modalities in the evaluation of intraocular neoplasms. Because overlying opacities have no effect on the examining ultrasonographic frequencies, ultrasound has the unique ability to depict the nature of intraocular pathology when the media are optically opaque. Physics, history, instrumentation and techniques are described, and criteria for diagnosis of uveal malignant melanomas by standardized A-scan and B-scan methods are discussed and illustrated.", "PMID": 333647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12668", "title": "Ocular and orbital phycomycosis.", "content": "Cerebro-rhino-orbital phycomycosis (CROP) occurs predominantly in individuals with diabetes mellitus in a state of metabolic acidosis. Other forms of metabolic acidosis, especially in infants, may predispose to phycomycotic infections. CROP has also been reported in patients with leukemia or lymphoma. CROP usually begins in the palate or paranasal sinuses and rapidly spreads to the orbital contents. Proptosis, loss of vision, and ophthalmoplegia occur and death from cerebral involvement commonly ensues. The fungus tends to invade arteries and cause thrombosis and tissue infarction. Rhizopus is the most commonly isolated genus in CROP, accounting for almost all cases. The diagnosis can be strongly suspected by the characteristic clinical manifestations. Therapy includes treatment of the underlying disease, surgical excision of the necrotic tissue containing fungal elements and the systemic administration of amphotericin-B. The effect of treatment has improved since the disease was first described, but the condition still has a high mortality, especially if it is not diagnosed early.", "contents": "Ocular and orbital phycomycosis. Cerebro-rhino-orbital phycomycosis (CROP) occurs predominantly in individuals with diabetes mellitus in a state of metabolic acidosis. Other forms of metabolic acidosis, especially in infants, may predispose to phycomycotic infections. CROP has also been reported in patients with leukemia or lymphoma. CROP usually begins in the palate or paranasal sinuses and rapidly spreads to the orbital contents. Proptosis, loss of vision, and ophthalmoplegia occur and death from cerebral involvement commonly ensues. The fungus tends to invade arteries and cause thrombosis and tissue infarction. Rhizopus is the most commonly isolated genus in CROP, accounting for almost all cases. The diagnosis can be strongly suspected by the characteristic clinical manifestations. Therapy includes treatment of the underlying disease, surgical excision of the necrotic tissue containing fungal elements and the systemic administration of amphotericin-B. The effect of treatment has improved since the disease was first described, but the condition still has a high mortality, especially if it is not diagnosed early.", "PMID": 333648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12669", "title": "Ophthalmology in the United States at the time of the revolution.", "content": "At the time of the American Revolution, understanding of diseases of the eye was rudimentary, treatment of ocular problems was largely ineffective, and American physicians were highly dependent on their European colleagues for training and development. Knowledge of optics, light and color was somewhat more advanced. The author reviews the state of eye care during the Revolutionary period, historically and anecdotally, with references to the literature of that time.", "contents": "Ophthalmology in the United States at the time of the revolution. At the time of the American Revolution, understanding of diseases of the eye was rudimentary, treatment of ocular problems was largely ineffective, and American physicians were highly dependent on their European colleagues for training and development. Knowledge of optics, light and color was somewhat more advanced. The author reviews the state of eye care during the Revolutionary period, historically and anecdotally, with references to the literature of that time.", "PMID": 333650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12670", "title": "A squash technique for studying the cytology of maize endosperm and other tissues.", "content": "A new cytological procedure specifically suited to maize endosperms is presented. It uses 8-hydroxyquinoline with sucrose and aeration to pretreat the tissues. Glusulase is used to spread the cells. The procedure makes it possible to squash endosperms into a single cell layer and to photograph as many as 70 chromosomes in the same focal plane. It also allows identification of translocation chromosomes. With a slight modification the technique has been applied successfully to root tips and other tissues.", "contents": "A squash technique for studying the cytology of maize endosperm and other tissues. A new cytological procedure specifically suited to maize endosperms is presented. It uses 8-hydroxyquinoline with sucrose and aeration to pretreat the tissues. Glusulase is used to spread the cells. The procedure makes it possible to squash endosperms into a single cell layer and to photograph as many as 70 chromosomes in the same focal plane. It also allows identification of translocation chromosomes. With a slight modification the technique has been applied successfully to root tips and other tissues.", "PMID": 333656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12671", "title": "Prophylactic therapy of retinal breaks.", "content": "Prophylaxis of selected retinal breaks is effective in preventing detachment. Most retinal breaks, however, will not cause detachment and can be safely followed without treatment. This paper reviews the evidence for and against prophylactic treatment of commonly encountered retinal breaks in an effort to arrive at typological guidelines for treatment. Education of patients with high risk of detachment is probably of equal value to cryotherapy or photocoagulation in preserving visual acuity.", "contents": "Prophylactic therapy of retinal breaks. Prophylaxis of selected retinal breaks is effective in preventing detachment. Most retinal breaks, however, will not cause detachment and can be safely followed without treatment. This paper reviews the evidence for and against prophylactic treatment of commonly encountered retinal breaks in an effort to arrive at typological guidelines for treatment. Education of patients with high risk of detachment is probably of equal value to cryotherapy or photocoagulation in preserving visual acuity.", "PMID": 333649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12672", "title": "A specific enzymeimmunoassay for progesterone in human plasma.", "content": "An enzymeimmunoassay for plasma progesterone was established using progesterone covalently linked to the enzyme, horseradish peroxidase, as the 'label'. Separation of free and bound steroid was effected by Sepharose-coupled antiprogesterone-11alpha-hemisuccinyl bovine serum albumin antiserum (Sepharose-antisera). The enzymeimmunoassay satisfied the normal criteria of specificity, precision and accuracy. Comparison of assay results obtained by radioimmunoassay (with and without thin-layer chromatography) and enzyme-immunoassay (with and without thin-layer chromatography) showed excellent agreement of results in all cases (r greater than 0.98). This enzymeimmunoassay is particularly applicable to the routine determination of plasma progesterone in the smaller clinical laboratory.", "contents": "A specific enzymeimmunoassay for progesterone in human plasma. An enzymeimmunoassay for plasma progesterone was established using progesterone covalently linked to the enzyme, horseradish peroxidase, as the 'label'. Separation of free and bound steroid was effected by Sepharose-coupled antiprogesterone-11alpha-hemisuccinyl bovine serum albumin antiserum (Sepharose-antisera). The enzymeimmunoassay satisfied the normal criteria of specificity, precision and accuracy. Comparison of assay results obtained by radioimmunoassay (with and without thin-layer chromatography) and enzyme-immunoassay (with and without thin-layer chromatography) showed excellent agreement of results in all cases (r greater than 0.98). This enzymeimmunoassay is particularly applicable to the routine determination of plasma progesterone in the smaller clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 333666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12673", "title": "Active immunization against the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in mice. The immunizing inoculum.", "content": "In the immunization procedure of Swiss and C3H/StZ mice against P. berghei the inoculum plays an important role. Only viable parasites are able to induce immunity when multiple inoculations (10(5) P.E. per mouse) or a single inoculation (1-4 X 10(7) P.E. per mouse) are administered. The inoculated parasitized erythrocytes should enter the vascular system. The subcutaneous route is inappropriate, since subsequent immune reactions are notably absent. In combination with a given suppressive regimen successful immunization depends on an optimum number of viable P.E. in the inoculum. All conditions that affect the proportion of viable parasites in the inoculum (route, storage, medium, temperature, donor) should be recognized and controlled. The actual immunizing capacity of the inoculum also depends on the magnitude and time of initiation of sulfathiazole treatment after inoculation. Suppressive treatment (300 mg/L) starting 2 days after inoculation was found optimal in order to render the procedure less sensitive to small differences in the number of P.E. inoculated. Conditions which lead to antimalarial immunity are apparently strain-specific.", "contents": "Active immunization against the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in mice. The immunizing inoculum. In the immunization procedure of Swiss and C3H/StZ mice against P. berghei the inoculum plays an important role. Only viable parasites are able to induce immunity when multiple inoculations (10(5) P.E. per mouse) or a single inoculation (1-4 X 10(7) P.E. per mouse) are administered. The inoculated parasitized erythrocytes should enter the vascular system. The subcutaneous route is inappropriate, since subsequent immune reactions are notably absent. In combination with a given suppressive regimen successful immunization depends on an optimum number of viable P.E. in the inoculum. All conditions that affect the proportion of viable parasites in the inoculum (route, storage, medium, temperature, donor) should be recognized and controlled. The actual immunizing capacity of the inoculum also depends on the magnitude and time of initiation of sulfathiazole treatment after inoculation. Suppressive treatment (300 mg/L) starting 2 days after inoculation was found optimal in order to render the procedure less sensitive to small differences in the number of P.E. inoculated. Conditions which lead to antimalarial immunity are apparently strain-specific.", "PMID": 333671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12674", "title": "Alterations of human serum proteins and other biochemical parameters after five to ten days of untreated acute falciparum malaria.", "content": "Untreated malaria for more than 4 days in eleven patients decreased significantly prealbumin, transferrin levels and increased SGOT activity when compared with a control group and a group of 10 malaria patients who were admitted to the hospital at an earlier stage of the infection. Total protein was significantly lower in the group of patients admitted after five to ten days to hospital compared with the control group. In all malaria patients independent of the duration of the acute infection the 1st post albumin peak in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (consisting mainly of Gc-globulin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and alpha-1 B-glycoprotein) and creatinine were found to be significantly higher compared with the control group.", "contents": "Alterations of human serum proteins and other biochemical parameters after five to ten days of untreated acute falciparum malaria. Untreated malaria for more than 4 days in eleven patients decreased significantly prealbumin, transferrin levels and increased SGOT activity when compared with a control group and a group of 10 malaria patients who were admitted to the hospital at an earlier stage of the infection. Total protein was significantly lower in the group of patients admitted after five to ten days to hospital compared with the control group. In all malaria patients independent of the duration of the acute infection the 1st post albumin peak in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (consisting mainly of Gc-globulin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and alpha-1 B-glycoprotein) and creatinine were found to be significantly higher compared with the control group.", "PMID": 333673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12675", "title": "Detection of antibodies in trypanosome-infected cattle by means of a microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "A micromodification of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for its potential application in the immunodiagonsis of bovine trypanosomiasis. Serum samples from infected and non-infected Zebu cattle and samples from Friesian cattle with experimental infections were exmained for the presence of trypanosomal antibodies. There were significant differences between the microELISA values obtained with samples from infected and non-infected cattle. During the course of infection microELISA values were found to fluctuate and the antibody response varied in individual animals. The test did not distinguish between infections with Trypanosoma brucei, T. vivax and T. congolense. There were no cross-reactions between trypanosome antigens and serum samples from cattle infected with T. theileri, Theileria parva, Th. mutans, Th. annulata, Babesia divergens and Anaplasma marginale.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies in trypanosome-infected cattle by means of a microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A micromodification of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for its potential application in the immunodiagonsis of bovine trypanosomiasis. Serum samples from infected and non-infected Zebu cattle and samples from Friesian cattle with experimental infections were exmained for the presence of trypanosomal antibodies. There were significant differences between the microELISA values obtained with samples from infected and non-infected cattle. During the course of infection microELISA values were found to fluctuate and the antibody response varied in individual animals. The test did not distinguish between infections with Trypanosoma brucei, T. vivax and T. congolense. There were no cross-reactions between trypanosome antigens and serum samples from cattle infected with T. theileri, Theileria parva, Th. mutans, Th. annulata, Babesia divergens and Anaplasma marginale.", "PMID": 333677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12676", "title": "The laboratory diagnosis of Nairobi sheep disease.", "content": "The laboratory methods available for the isolation and identification of Nairobi sheep disease virus have been compared. The results show that inoculation of tissue culture (BHK 21 C 13) with suspensions of infected organs or plasma followed by fluorescent antibody tests on coverslip preparations gave the quickest means of identification. This test did not depend on the production of a cytopathic effect. Primary isolation of the virus in infant mouse brain and identification either by fluorescent antibody methods or by complement fixation with antigen prepared from the mouse brain offers a slightly more sensitive isolation system and would be recommended where no tissue culture facility exists.", "contents": "The laboratory diagnosis of Nairobi sheep disease. The laboratory methods available for the isolation and identification of Nairobi sheep disease virus have been compared. The results show that inoculation of tissue culture (BHK 21 C 13) with suspensions of infected organs or plasma followed by fluorescent antibody tests on coverslip preparations gave the quickest means of identification. This test did not depend on the production of a cytopathic effect. Primary isolation of the virus in infant mouse brain and identification either by fluorescent antibody methods or by complement fixation with antigen prepared from the mouse brain offers a slightly more sensitive isolation system and would be recommended where no tissue culture facility exists.", "PMID": 333678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12677", "title": "A double-blind trial with the antispasticity drug Lioresal in 15 paraplegics with upper neuron lesions.", "content": "A double-blind placebo trial was taken with Lioresal, an antispasticity drug acting on the spinal cord level. The drug produced improvement of voiding function in 10 paraplegics with upper motor neuron lesions and detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia.", "contents": "A double-blind trial with the antispasticity drug Lioresal in 15 paraplegics with upper neuron lesions. A double-blind placebo trial was taken with Lioresal, an antispasticity drug acting on the spinal cord level. The drug produced improvement of voiding function in 10 paraplegics with upper motor neuron lesions and detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia.", "PMID": 333693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12678", "title": "Patient self-referral for kidney transplantation.", "content": "A total of 634 patients referred for transplantation was followed for up to 5 yrs, 149 being self-referred and 485 being referred by their physicians. The survival rates of those transplanted in both groups were compared to those not transplanted. The self-referred group increased their chances of receiving a transplant by 20% and did not increase their risk of mortality. These findings suggest that transplantation should be recommended to all patients with end-stage renal failure as the procedure of choice.", "contents": "Patient self-referral for kidney transplantation. A total of 634 patients referred for transplantation was followed for up to 5 yrs, 149 being self-referred and 485 being referred by their physicians. The survival rates of those transplanted in both groups were compared to those not transplanted. The self-referred group increased their chances of receiving a transplant by 20% and did not increase their risk of mortality. These findings suggest that transplantation should be recommended to all patients with end-stage renal failure as the procedure of choice.", "PMID": 333697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12679", "title": "Endoscopic balloon tamponade for emergency control of bleeding esophageal varices using a new transparent tamponade tube.", "content": "The endoscopic tamponade method, using a new transparent balloon tube, has been developed for the emergency control of bleeding esophageal varices. The introduction of the tube is performed while observing the esophagus utlizing a fiberoptic endoscope, which is inserted within the lumen of the tube so that the accidental injury to the mucosa can be avoided. The accurate diagnosis of the cause of bleeding is possible so that the most suitable form of treatment can be initiated without delay. Hemostasis is achieved with minimum balloon pressure, and the examination of the varices may be repeated, whenever desired, so that damage to the esophageal mucosa can be avoided. Deflation of the balloons and termination of the tamponade can be selected and planned so that the recurrence of bleeding immediately after the removal of the tube can be avoided. This method has so far been used successfully without any complications in 5 patients.", "contents": "Endoscopic balloon tamponade for emergency control of bleeding esophageal varices using a new transparent tamponade tube. The endoscopic tamponade method, using a new transparent balloon tube, has been developed for the emergency control of bleeding esophageal varices. The introduction of the tube is performed while observing the esophagus utlizing a fiberoptic endoscope, which is inserted within the lumen of the tube so that the accidental injury to the mucosa can be avoided. The accurate diagnosis of the cause of bleeding is possible so that the most suitable form of treatment can be initiated without delay. Hemostasis is achieved with minimum balloon pressure, and the examination of the varices may be repeated, whenever desired, so that damage to the esophageal mucosa can be avoided. Deflation of the balloons and termination of the tamponade can be selected and planned so that the recurrence of bleeding immediately after the removal of the tube can be avoided. This method has so far been used successfully without any complications in 5 patients.", "PMID": 333702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12680", "title": "Quantitative detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma suipneumoniae in pigs' sera by an ezyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "A new method for quantitative detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma suipneumoniae in pigs' sera has been developed by the application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results show that the ELISA is specific and highly sensitive. In experimentally infected pigs antibodies could be detected several weeks before the clinical manifestation of enzootic pneumonia.", "contents": "Quantitative detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma suipneumoniae in pigs' sera by an ezyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A new method for quantitative detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma suipneumoniae in pigs' sera has been developed by the application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results show that the ELISA is specific and highly sensitive. In experimentally infected pigs antibodies could be detected several weeks before the clinical manifestation of enzootic pneumonia.", "PMID": 333714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12681", "title": "[Hibitan and Iosan SST in the prevention of subclinical mastitis in cows].", "content": "The effect was tested of the disinfection preparations hibitan and iozan SST under field conditions in the course of six months. The animals treated were included in two groups: group I--with 20 cows, and group II--with 39 cows. All animals were free of mastitis-causing agents. The udder of the animals in the first was disinfected with hibitan-super-concentrate (7.5 per cent chlorhexidin gluconate). Prior to milking the udder was washed with a 0.12 per cent solution. After milking the teats were disinfected with a hibitan cream. The udder of the animals of the second group was disinfected with iozan SST (17.6 per cent tensit-iodo-iodide complex). Prior to milking the udder was washed a 0.5 per cent solution, and the teats after milking were disinfected with a 33 per cent iozan SST solution. It was found that the washing of the udder and teats as indicated above in the course of 6 months rules out the outbreak of the infectious subclinical mastitits in cows. It is suggested to adopt the use of the two preparations to prevent mastitis in field and farm practice.", "contents": "[Hibitan and Iosan SST in the prevention of subclinical mastitis in cows]. The effect was tested of the disinfection preparations hibitan and iozan SST under field conditions in the course of six months. The animals treated were included in two groups: group I--with 20 cows, and group II--with 39 cows. All animals were free of mastitis-causing agents. The udder of the animals in the first was disinfected with hibitan-super-concentrate (7.5 per cent chlorhexidin gluconate). Prior to milking the udder was washed with a 0.12 per cent solution. After milking the teats were disinfected with a hibitan cream. The udder of the animals of the second group was disinfected with iozan SST (17.6 per cent tensit-iodo-iodide complex). Prior to milking the udder was washed a 0.5 per cent solution, and the teats after milking were disinfected with a 33 per cent iozan SST solution. It was found that the washing of the udder and teats as indicated above in the course of 6 months rules out the outbreak of the infectious subclinical mastitits in cows. It is suggested to adopt the use of the two preparations to prevent mastitis in field and farm practice.", "PMID": 333724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12682", "title": "[Biochemical test for the presence of pepsinogen-pepsin for the diagnosis of stomach cancer metastases].", "content": "In metastases and malignant tumors arising from gastric mucous membrane irrespective of their localization the method of electrophoresis and enzyme-electroporesis in agar gel demonstrates the presence of rapidly moving anode fractions I, II, and III corresponding to pepsinogen-pepsin isoforms of normal gastric mucosa but lacking proteolytic activity.", "contents": "[Biochemical test for the presence of pepsinogen-pepsin for the diagnosis of stomach cancer metastases]. In metastases and malignant tumors arising from gastric mucous membrane irrespective of their localization the method of electrophoresis and enzyme-electroporesis in agar gel demonstrates the presence of rapidly moving anode fractions I, II, and III corresponding to pepsinogen-pepsin isoforms of normal gastric mucosa but lacking proteolytic activity.", "PMID": 333743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12683", "title": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the preoperative radiotherapy of soft tissue sarcomas].", "content": "Based on the study of clinical and morphological criteria for estimation of the efficacy of distance gammatherapy under hyperbaric oxygenation in the combined treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcomas, it was concluded that hyperbaric oxygenation employed in radiotherapy contributed to the increased rate of neoplasms damage. The latter resulted in a decreased percentage of the recurrence. The attenuation of local radiation and less number of postoperative complications indicate that healthy tissues surrounding the tumor are preserved. No rise in the percentage of distant metastases was noted in irradiation under hyperbaric oxygenation.", "contents": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the preoperative radiotherapy of soft tissue sarcomas]. Based on the study of clinical and morphological criteria for estimation of the efficacy of distance gammatherapy under hyperbaric oxygenation in the combined treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcomas, it was concluded that hyperbaric oxygenation employed in radiotherapy contributed to the increased rate of neoplasms damage. The latter resulted in a decreased percentage of the recurrence. The attenuation of local radiation and less number of postoperative complications indicate that healthy tissues surrounding the tumor are preserved. No rise in the percentage of distant metastases was noted in irradiation under hyperbaric oxygenation.", "PMID": 333747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12684", "title": "[Ftorafur concentration in the blood and urine of oncological patients].", "content": "The concentration of the active principle of ftorafur in blood and urine varied depending on the activity of metabolic processes in a patient, size and sensitivity of tumor, etc. The concentrations increased in repeat injections of the substance. The efficacy was related with the intensity of formation of active components, but is not dependent on the substance level dtermined in biological fluids of the organism.", "contents": "[Ftorafur concentration in the blood and urine of oncological patients]. The concentration of the active principle of ftorafur in blood and urine varied depending on the activity of metabolic processes in a patient, size and sensitivity of tumor, etc. The concentrations increased in repeat injections of the substance. The efficacy was related with the intensity of formation of active components, but is not dependent on the substance level dtermined in biological fluids of the organism.", "PMID": 333748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12685", "title": "[Radioindication of bone graft healing].", "content": "To control the state of transplanted bone in different terms following the plastic procedure a radioisotope study by strontium-85 was performed in 29 patients. The results of scannography (in 31 cases) and radiometry (in 42 cases) were analysed. The determination of the character of strontium-85 distribution and the intensity of its accumulation in the operated extremity makes it possible to assess the graft condition and the intensity of osteogenesis a greater precision and earlier than does roentgenography. Radioisotope investigation conducted dynamically enable the prognostication of the course of the graft healing process.", "contents": "[Radioindication of bone graft healing]. To control the state of transplanted bone in different terms following the plastic procedure a radioisotope study by strontium-85 was performed in 29 patients. The results of scannography (in 31 cases) and radiometry (in 42 cases) were analysed. The determination of the character of strontium-85 distribution and the intensity of its accumulation in the operated extremity makes it possible to assess the graft condition and the intensity of osteogenesis a greater precision and earlier than does roentgenography. Radioisotope investigation conducted dynamically enable the prognostication of the course of the graft healing process.", "PMID": 333749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12686", "title": "[Evaluation of the therapeutic and toxic action of platinum cis-dichlorodiamine].", "content": "The substance under study was employed in 9 patients with a far-advanced lesion. Dosage of 7.5 mg/m2 of the body surface failed to render any effect, whereas 15 mg/m2 induced partial regression in 2 patients and stabilization of the process in another 2 patients. Some toxic phenomena were noted on the part of the digestive tract.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the therapeutic and toxic action of platinum cis-dichlorodiamine]. The substance under study was employed in 9 patients with a far-advanced lesion. Dosage of 7.5 mg/m2 of the body surface failed to render any effect, whereas 15 mg/m2 induced partial regression in 2 patients and stabilization of the process in another 2 patients. Some toxic phenomena were noted on the part of the digestive tract.", "PMID": 333750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12687", "title": "[Interaction of the Sindbis virus and Rauscher and Friend leukoviruses in primary cultures and subcultures of mouse fibroblasts in the early stages of persistence].", "content": "The interaction between Friend and Raucher leukoviruses and Sindbis togavirus was studied in primary cultures of mouse fibroblasts and subcultures passaged for 77 days. In primary cultures, two types of virus interactions were observed: neutralism and interference. In interference, the release of the infectious Sindbis virus from the cells is blocked. According to electron microscopic observations, its reproduction terminates by formation of virus nucleocapsid. The blocking of the togavirus maturation is stable in primary cultures but reversible upon subcultivation of the cells infected with oncorna- and togavirus. Rauscher and Sindbis viruses are capable of joint persistence in subcultures with a gradual decrease of the infectivity of togavirus and the leukemogenic activity of oncornavirus.", "contents": "[Interaction of the Sindbis virus and Rauscher and Friend leukoviruses in primary cultures and subcultures of mouse fibroblasts in the early stages of persistence]. The interaction between Friend and Raucher leukoviruses and Sindbis togavirus was studied in primary cultures of mouse fibroblasts and subcultures passaged for 77 days. In primary cultures, two types of virus interactions were observed: neutralism and interference. In interference, the release of the infectious Sindbis virus from the cells is blocked. According to electron microscopic observations, its reproduction terminates by formation of virus nucleocapsid. The blocking of the togavirus maturation is stable in primary cultures but reversible upon subcultivation of the cells infected with oncorna- and togavirus. Rauscher and Sindbis viruses are capable of joint persistence in subcultures with a gradual decrease of the infectivity of togavirus and the leukemogenic activity of oncornavirus.", "PMID": 333760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12688", "title": "[Effect of methylcellulose on protein hydrolysis by pepsin in butter cream].", "content": "The digestiveability of proteins with pepsin in butter creames, where the source of nutrients formed condensed milk, was studied. It was made certain that in specimens containing a greater proportion of butter the proteins were less susceptible to be assailed. When some of the butter is replaced with methylcellulose for the purpose of reducing the calorific value of the cream there was observed an accelerated proteolysis by comparison with both the traditional specimens and those containing the same amount of fat as the test samples. In the test conditions the slowing down of the fat proteins hydrolysis was not associated with inactivation of pepsin. The cited data support the expediency of using methylcellulose in the confectionary industry.", "contents": "[Effect of methylcellulose on protein hydrolysis by pepsin in butter cream]. The digestiveability of proteins with pepsin in butter creames, where the source of nutrients formed condensed milk, was studied. It was made certain that in specimens containing a greater proportion of butter the proteins were less susceptible to be assailed. When some of the butter is replaced with methylcellulose for the purpose of reducing the calorific value of the cream there was observed an accelerated proteolysis by comparison with both the traditional specimens and those containing the same amount of fat as the test samples. In the test conditions the slowing down of the fat proteins hydrolysis was not associated with inactivation of pepsin. The cited data support the expediency of using methylcellulose in the confectionary industry.", "PMID": 333755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12689", "title": "[Results of studying a live mumps vaccine from strain L-3 manufactured by the Moscow Research Institute of Viral Preparations. The reactogenic and antigenic properties of the vaccine].", "content": "The reactogenic and antigenic properties of live mumps vaccine from the L-3 strain were studied in 1507 children of 1 to 12 years of age. A single injection was given, one immunizing dose containing 10(4)HAdU50 of mumps virus. The live mumps vaccine from the L-3 strain irrespective of the lot of preparation, kind (live or lyophilized), method of application (jet-injector or needle/syringe), age of the vaccinees and the amount of virus in the immunizing dose received by a vaccinee, was demonstrated to be practically areactogenic and markedly antigenic. Serological examinations by neutralization tests of 346 paired serum specimens established variation in seroconversion between individual lots to be within 62.5--82.3% (average 69.9%) of cases. Comparative studies on the postvaccination and postinfection immunitiy in mumps showed the level of antibody in the vaccinees to vary within 4.2--5.1 log2 in different years, and in convalescents within 5.1--5.9 log2 in the same years. The results indicate a sufficiently high and intensive immunity for 5 years (the observation period).", "contents": "[Results of studying a live mumps vaccine from strain L-3 manufactured by the Moscow Research Institute of Viral Preparations. The reactogenic and antigenic properties of the vaccine]. The reactogenic and antigenic properties of live mumps vaccine from the L-3 strain were studied in 1507 children of 1 to 12 years of age. A single injection was given, one immunizing dose containing 10(4)HAdU50 of mumps virus. The live mumps vaccine from the L-3 strain irrespective of the lot of preparation, kind (live or lyophilized), method of application (jet-injector or needle/syringe), age of the vaccinees and the amount of virus in the immunizing dose received by a vaccinee, was demonstrated to be practically areactogenic and markedly antigenic. Serological examinations by neutralization tests of 346 paired serum specimens established variation in seroconversion between individual lots to be within 62.5--82.3% (average 69.9%) of cases. Comparative studies on the postvaccination and postinfection immunitiy in mumps showed the level of antibody in the vaccinees to vary within 4.2--5.1 log2 in different years, and in convalescents within 5.1--5.9 log2 in the same years. The results indicate a sufficiently high and intensive immunity for 5 years (the observation period).", "PMID": 333761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12690", "title": "[Gastric secretory function in peptic ulcer in youth and the effect on it of diet therapy].", "content": "In 110 patients with peptic ulcer aged from 16 to 25 years and in 15 healthy youths the secretary function of the stomach was studied by using fractional tubage with 300 ml of a 7% dry cabbage water as a stimulator. The secretory function was assessed according to the titrated acidity, pepsin and gastricsin data. Investigations were conducted repeatedly, viz. On admission to the clinic, following treatment with No 1 diets with an elevated protein and fats content (120--130 g) and also 8--10 months after discharge from the inpatient department. The dietotherapy (carried on for 42--45 days) did not produce any substantial normalization of the secretory gastric function, and this despite the improvement in the general condition of the patients and scarring of the ulcerous defect. A well marked tendency toward normal secretion of hydrochloric acid and proteolytic enzymes was seen to take place late after institutional dietetic treatment (in 8--10 months), provided the patients kept strictly to the prescribed dietary regimen. The normalization of the hourly HCl yield and the fall of the pepsin and gastricsin activity with the disease in the phase of remission (in 8--10 month time) concerned the first phase of secretion exclusively.", "contents": "[Gastric secretory function in peptic ulcer in youth and the effect on it of diet therapy]. In 110 patients with peptic ulcer aged from 16 to 25 years and in 15 healthy youths the secretary function of the stomach was studied by using fractional tubage with 300 ml of a 7% dry cabbage water as a stimulator. The secretory function was assessed according to the titrated acidity, pepsin and gastricsin data. Investigations were conducted repeatedly, viz. On admission to the clinic, following treatment with No 1 diets with an elevated protein and fats content (120--130 g) and also 8--10 months after discharge from the inpatient department. The dietotherapy (carried on for 42--45 days) did not produce any substantial normalization of the secretory gastric function, and this despite the improvement in the general condition of the patients and scarring of the ulcerous defect. A well marked tendency toward normal secretion of hydrochloric acid and proteolytic enzymes was seen to take place late after institutional dietetic treatment (in 8--10 months), provided the patients kept strictly to the prescribed dietary regimen. The normalization of the hourly HCl yield and the fall of the pepsin and gastricsin activity with the disease in the phase of remission (in 8--10 month time) concerned the first phase of secretion exclusively.", "PMID": 333756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12691", "title": "[Study of the properties of a tissue smallpox vaccine manufactured by the Moscow Research Institute of Viral Preparations].", "content": "The tissue culture vaccine against smallpox has some important advantages over the dermal preparation: it is free from bacterial contamination, contains no serum proteins, and suitable for intradermal inoculation with jet injections. The virus for the tissue culture smallpox vaccine is grown in Japanese quail embryo cultures controlled for the absence of contaminating viruses. In trials of the tissue culture smallpox vaccine in 800 revaccinated volunteers no untoward reactions or complications were observed. The antigenic activity of the tissue culture smallpox vaccine was superior to that of dermal vaccine used in the same dose: the geometric mean neutralizing antibody titre after vaccination with the tissue and dermal preparations was 1 : 256 and 1 : 158, respectively, and the antibody rise was 4.5- and 2.5-fold.", "contents": "[Study of the properties of a tissue smallpox vaccine manufactured by the Moscow Research Institute of Viral Preparations]. The tissue culture vaccine against smallpox has some important advantages over the dermal preparation: it is free from bacterial contamination, contains no serum proteins, and suitable for intradermal inoculation with jet injections. The virus for the tissue culture smallpox vaccine is grown in Japanese quail embryo cultures controlled for the absence of contaminating viruses. In trials of the tissue culture smallpox vaccine in 800 revaccinated volunteers no untoward reactions or complications were observed. The antigenic activity of the tissue culture smallpox vaccine was superior to that of dermal vaccine used in the same dose: the geometric mean neutralizing antibody titre after vaccination with the tissue and dermal preparations was 1 : 256 and 1 : 158, respectively, and the antibody rise was 4.5- and 2.5-fold.", "PMID": 333762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12692", "title": "[Evaluation of the actiom of lipoic acid in ischemia and hypertension].", "content": "A total of 203 patients, 48 -- with ischemic and 155 -- with hypertensive disease in the 11A and 11B stages, were examined. The effect of lipoic acid (LA) was assessed on the ground of the dynamics in the clinical picture of the patients, some vitamins allowance figures and the activity of a number of enzymes in leucocytes, erythrocytes and in the blood serum. The LA was administered in the form of tablets, in a dose of 75 mg per day, for 10 dyas. As controls served 90 patients with ischemic and hypertensive diseases. Investigations showed the LA to have but a little influence on the clinical picture of the disease, raising somewhat the beta-lipoproteids level in patients with hypertensive and ischemic disease, irrespective of their age, and increasing the level of free fatty acids in patients over 50, forcing it down in those below 50. An age-specific effect of the LA on the blood proteinic spectrum was disclosed, viz. in patients below 55 it increased the proportion of albumins and reduced that of gamma-globulins, whereas in those aged above 55 reverse picture was in evidence. In the young LA had the tendency of bringing down the coagulating activity of the blood; whereas disaggregation of thrombocytes changed not depending upon the age, but on the form of the affection, decreasing in patients with hypertensive disease and remaining unchanged in those with ischemic heart disease. The LA helped normalize the thiamine metabolism in the organism and that of the thiamine-diphosphate containing enzymes with concurrently disturbed utilization of riboflavin in the examined patients.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the actiom of lipoic acid in ischemia and hypertension]. A total of 203 patients, 48 -- with ischemic and 155 -- with hypertensive disease in the 11A and 11B stages, were examined. The effect of lipoic acid (LA) was assessed on the ground of the dynamics in the clinical picture of the patients, some vitamins allowance figures and the activity of a number of enzymes in leucocytes, erythrocytes and in the blood serum. The LA was administered in the form of tablets, in a dose of 75 mg per day, for 10 dyas. As controls served 90 patients with ischemic and hypertensive diseases. Investigations showed the LA to have but a little influence on the clinical picture of the disease, raising somewhat the beta-lipoproteids level in patients with hypertensive and ischemic disease, irrespective of their age, and increasing the level of free fatty acids in patients over 50, forcing it down in those below 50. An age-specific effect of the LA on the blood proteinic spectrum was disclosed, viz. in patients below 55 it increased the proportion of albumins and reduced that of gamma-globulins, whereas in those aged above 55 reverse picture was in evidence. In the young LA had the tendency of bringing down the coagulating activity of the blood; whereas disaggregation of thrombocytes changed not depending upon the age, but on the form of the affection, decreasing in patients with hypertensive disease and remaining unchanged in those with ischemic heart disease. The LA helped normalize the thiamine metabolism in the organism and that of the thiamine-diphosphate containing enzymes with concurrently disturbed utilization of riboflavin in the examined patients.", "PMID": 333757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12693", "title": "[Study of the biological value of rice groats proteins].", "content": "The content of essential amino acids in the total rice protein and its fractions was determined; the degree to which the in vitro protein and starch are liable to be charged by enzymes was studied and also the biological value of the total protein and its fractions underwent appraisal by using the Tetrahymena pyriformis W. as a test organism. As to the amino acids content the protein fractions differ from one another, with lysine level in albumin amounting to 4.07, globulin--2.46, prolamine--0.88 and gluteline--3.15 per cent. Because of a low prolamine content of 1.9 per cent, the biological value of rice is greater than that of other cereals. Following heat treatment the lysine and methionine levels go down by 7 and 6 per cent, respectively, while the degree of the proteins and starch hydrolysis---increases. The hydrolysis of starch forming part of the milled rice results in a greater accessibility of proteins to the action of proteolytic enzymes. The relative nutritional value correlates with the lysine content.", "contents": "[Study of the biological value of rice groats proteins]. The content of essential amino acids in the total rice protein and its fractions was determined; the degree to which the in vitro protein and starch are liable to be charged by enzymes was studied and also the biological value of the total protein and its fractions underwent appraisal by using the Tetrahymena pyriformis W. as a test organism. As to the amino acids content the protein fractions differ from one another, with lysine level in albumin amounting to 4.07, globulin--2.46, prolamine--0.88 and gluteline--3.15 per cent. Because of a low prolamine content of 1.9 per cent, the biological value of rice is greater than that of other cereals. Following heat treatment the lysine and methionine levels go down by 7 and 6 per cent, respectively, while the degree of the proteins and starch hydrolysis---increases. The hydrolysis of starch forming part of the milled rice results in a greater accessibility of proteins to the action of proteolytic enzymes. The relative nutritional value correlates with the lysine content.", "PMID": 333758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12694", "title": "[Antigens of adeno-associated viruses in children dying from acute respiratory disease].", "content": "Infection with adeno-associated viruses (AAV) early in life and extensive dissemination of these viruses in infants were discovered by detection of AAV antigen by the fluorescent antibody procedure in autopsy materials from infants dying of acute respiratory viral diseases. AAV antigens were found in cells from various organs of infants aged 2,5, 7, 9 days and older. In each individual case AAV of the same serological type was found in different organs. In 4-months-old twins AAV antigens of the same serotypes, 1 and 4, were found in the trachea, lungs, liver, kidney, brains. Out of 21 infants dying of adenovirus infection, 20 had AAV antigens the distribution of which in cells of various organs was analogous to that of the adenovirus antigen, with a few exceptions. Three infants had no adenovirus infection and no AAV antigne. In the other 6 infants no adenovirus antigen but AAV antigens were found. In the latter cases herpes virus infection is not excluded. Possible modes of transmission of AAV infection are discussed.", "contents": "[Antigens of adeno-associated viruses in children dying from acute respiratory disease]. Infection with adeno-associated viruses (AAV) early in life and extensive dissemination of these viruses in infants were discovered by detection of AAV antigen by the fluorescent antibody procedure in autopsy materials from infants dying of acute respiratory viral diseases. AAV antigens were found in cells from various organs of infants aged 2,5, 7, 9 days and older. In each individual case AAV of the same serological type was found in different organs. In 4-months-old twins AAV antigens of the same serotypes, 1 and 4, were found in the trachea, lungs, liver, kidney, brains. Out of 21 infants dying of adenovirus infection, 20 had AAV antigens the distribution of which in cells of various organs was analogous to that of the adenovirus antigen, with a few exceptions. Three infants had no adenovirus infection and no AAV antigne. In the other 6 infants no adenovirus antigen but AAV antigens were found. In the latter cases herpes virus infection is not excluded. Possible modes of transmission of AAV infection are discussed.", "PMID": 333764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12695", "title": "[Splitting and rejoining simian adenovirus type 7 DNA by using Eco RI restriction endonuclease and DNA-ligase].", "content": "Optimal conditions for ligation of simian adenovirus type 7 (SA-7) DNA fragments formed under the effect of treatment of the intact molecule with Eco RI endonuclease were established. It was shown that up to 30% of the original material may be ligated and transferred into a structure with molecular weight 23 X 10(6) daltons which corresponded to the molecular weight of the intact SA-7 DNA. The data of the existence of one recognition site for Eco RI in SA-7 DNA were confirmed. The biological activity of the ligated material was demonstrated on lambda-III phage DNA.", "contents": "[Splitting and rejoining simian adenovirus type 7 DNA by using Eco RI restriction endonuclease and DNA-ligase]. Optimal conditions for ligation of simian adenovirus type 7 (SA-7) DNA fragments formed under the effect of treatment of the intact molecule with Eco RI endonuclease were established. It was shown that up to 30% of the original material may be ligated and transferred into a structure with molecular weight 23 X 10(6) daltons which corresponded to the molecular weight of the intact SA-7 DNA. The data of the existence of one recognition site for Eco RI in SA-7 DNA were confirmed. The biological activity of the ligated material was demonstrated on lambda-III phage DNA.", "PMID": 333766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12696", "title": "[Nosology of bullous disorders on the basis of recent advances in dermatological research (author's transl)].", "content": "A reappraisal is attempted of the various forms of immunopathologically-mediated bullous disorders: pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid groups; herpes gestationis; and dermatitis herpetiformis. Particular regard is paid to recent developments in the field of immunopathology of the skin. The elaboration of delicate immunological parameters at the same time illustrates the usefulness of laboratory research and the application of these results to clinical dermatology.", "contents": "[Nosology of bullous disorders on the basis of recent advances in dermatological research (author's transl)]. A reappraisal is attempted of the various forms of immunopathologically-mediated bullous disorders: pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid groups; herpes gestationis; and dermatitis herpetiformis. Particular regard is paid to recent developments in the field of immunopathology of the skin. The elaboration of delicate immunological parameters at the same time illustrates the usefulness of laboratory research and the application of these results to clinical dermatology.", "PMID": 333775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12697", "title": "[Various technical diagnosis problems in the early diagnosis of parathyroid dysfunctions].", "content": "During the last years the functional diagnostics of the parathyroid glands has been considerably enlarged. Nevertheless, the results concerning an early recognition of conditions of hypofunction and hyperfunction are up to now unsatisfying. Despite of the increasing diagnostic importance of the direct determination of the parathormone which is at first available only in special institutions in these cases methodical problems play a less important part than the still not infrequent appearing misunderstanding of the adequate basic disease. The without doubt great variability of the clinical phenomenology of the parathyreogenic dysfunctions is particularly to be established in their initial stages. The demonstrated processes of investigation apart from the description of complexes of diagnostic problems summarize the experiences of many years of a treatment of outpatients directed to the forms of disturbances of the parathyroid glands.", "contents": "[Various technical diagnosis problems in the early diagnosis of parathyroid dysfunctions]. During the last years the functional diagnostics of the parathyroid glands has been considerably enlarged. Nevertheless, the results concerning an early recognition of conditions of hypofunction and hyperfunction are up to now unsatisfying. Despite of the increasing diagnostic importance of the direct determination of the parathormone which is at first available only in special institutions in these cases methodical problems play a less important part than the still not infrequent appearing misunderstanding of the adequate basic disease. The without doubt great variability of the clinical phenomenology of the parathyreogenic dysfunctions is particularly to be established in their initial stages. The demonstrated processes of investigation apart from the description of complexes of diagnostic problems summarize the experiences of many years of a treatment of outpatients directed to the forms of disturbances of the parathyroid glands.", "PMID": 333794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12698", "title": "[New viewpoints on the therapy and prevention of renal osteopathy].", "content": "Dihydrotachysterol which was developed already 50 years ago is above all used in the substitution therapy of hypoparathyroidism. Its parathyreomimetic effectivity has led to an enlargement of the spectrum of indication during the last years; it allows the prophylactic use of dihydrotachysterol in chronic nephropathy in order to prevent by this means the risk of reactive hyperparathyroidism as well as its sequelae. On the basis of own experimental results the pathophysiologic prerequisites of this new form of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[New viewpoints on the therapy and prevention of renal osteopathy]. Dihydrotachysterol which was developed already 50 years ago is above all used in the substitution therapy of hypoparathyroidism. Its parathyreomimetic effectivity has led to an enlargement of the spectrum of indication during the last years; it allows the prophylactic use of dihydrotachysterol in chronic nephropathy in order to prevent by this means the risk of reactive hyperparathyroidism as well as its sequelae. On the basis of own experimental results the pathophysiologic prerequisites of this new form of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 333796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12699", "title": "[Hepatic coma--causes, recognition, treatment].", "content": "The name of the disease coma hepaticum is a collective notion for etiologically, pathologo-anatomically and biochemically different kinds of a failure of the function of the liver. A demarcation of different forms of the liver coma is necessary above all for prognostic and therapeutic reasons: hepatic disintegration coma, coma in hepatic failure, mixed coma, false hepatic coma, ferment block coma. Despite certain progress the therapeutic possibilities in hepatic coma cannot satisfy in recent years. Also the use of different, partly very expensive methods of the so-called liver substitute (exchange function and plasmapheresis, heterologous and homologous extracorporal liver perfusion, parasymbiotic crossed circulation, haemoperfusion with encapsulated activated charcoal, liver transplantation) up to now did not lead to a decisive improvement of the nearly infaust prognosis of the hepatic disintegration coma. Therefore preventing measures and careful control of endangered patients deserve particular attention.", "contents": "[Hepatic coma--causes, recognition, treatment]. The name of the disease coma hepaticum is a collective notion for etiologically, pathologo-anatomically and biochemically different kinds of a failure of the function of the liver. A demarcation of different forms of the liver coma is necessary above all for prognostic and therapeutic reasons: hepatic disintegration coma, coma in hepatic failure, mixed coma, false hepatic coma, ferment block coma. Despite certain progress the therapeutic possibilities in hepatic coma cannot satisfy in recent years. Also the use of different, partly very expensive methods of the so-called liver substitute (exchange function and plasmapheresis, heterologous and homologous extracorporal liver perfusion, parasymbiotic crossed circulation, haemoperfusion with encapsulated activated charcoal, liver transplantation) up to now did not lead to a decisive improvement of the nearly infaust prognosis of the hepatic disintegration coma. Therefore preventing measures and careful control of endangered patients deserve particular attention.", "PMID": 333797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12700", "title": "Malignant glial neoplasms: definition of a humoral host response to tumor-associated antigen(s).", "content": "There is increasing evidence that human tumors possess tumor-associated neo-antigens. The host mounts an immunological response to these antigens, as evidenced by the detection of circulating humoral antibodies in a variety of human neoplasia.An indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique was employed to detect antibodies to tumor-associated antigens in the sera of patients with malignant gliomas. Viable single cell suspensions were used to demonstrate antibodies to surface contents of tumor cells and cell preparations were snap-frozen at -160\u00b0 C to demonstrate antibodies to cytoplasmic components of tumor cells. After incubation with serum, the preparations were treated with polyvalent sheep antihuman globulin conjugated to isomer-1-fluorescein isothiocyanate, washed, and examined with a Leitz incident fluorescent microscope.Of the 17 sera from histologically proven malignant glial neoplasm patients, 2 (11%) were positive for an autologous surface antibody reaction. Five (23%) of 21 were positive for an autologus cytoplasmic antibody, however, 10 (47%) of 21 of the sera gave a positive reaction for cross-reacting cytoplasmic antibodies when tested with a battery of tumor cells obtained from different patients with malignant glial tumors.No reaction was observed with normal brain tissue. Absorption studies indicated the presence of a tumor-associated antigen.This study demonstrated that certain patients with malignant gliomas possess circulating antibodies to cytoplasmic components of their own tumor cells. The fact that a number of sera cross-reacted with tumor cells obtained from different patients suggests that antigenic cross-reactivity exists between malignant glioma cells from different patients. It is suggested that with further refinement, immunofluorescent detection of antibodies could evolve as a useful diagnostic adjunct in malignant glioma.", "contents": "Malignant glial neoplasms: definition of a humoral host response to tumor-associated antigen(s). There is increasing evidence that human tumors possess tumor-associated neo-antigens. The host mounts an immunological response to these antigens, as evidenced by the detection of circulating humoral antibodies in a variety of human neoplasia.An indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique was employed to detect antibodies to tumor-associated antigens in the sera of patients with malignant gliomas. Viable single cell suspensions were used to demonstrate antibodies to surface contents of tumor cells and cell preparations were snap-frozen at -160\u00b0 C to demonstrate antibodies to cytoplasmic components of tumor cells. After incubation with serum, the preparations were treated with polyvalent sheep antihuman globulin conjugated to isomer-1-fluorescein isothiocyanate, washed, and examined with a Leitz incident fluorescent microscope.Of the 17 sera from histologically proven malignant glial neoplasm patients, 2 (11%) were positive for an autologous surface antibody reaction. Five (23%) of 21 were positive for an autologus cytoplasmic antibody, however, 10 (47%) of 21 of the sera gave a positive reaction for cross-reacting cytoplasmic antibodies when tested with a battery of tumor cells obtained from different patients with malignant glial tumors.No reaction was observed with normal brain tissue. Absorption studies indicated the presence of a tumor-associated antigen.This study demonstrated that certain patients with malignant gliomas possess circulating antibodies to cytoplasmic components of their own tumor cells. The fact that a number of sera cross-reacted with tumor cells obtained from different patients suggests that antigenic cross-reactivity exists between malignant glioma cells from different patients. It is suggested that with further refinement, immunofluorescent detection of antibodies could evolve as a useful diagnostic adjunct in malignant glioma.", "PMID": 333792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12701", "title": "Grey-scale ultrasound in the imaging of urinary tract disease.", "content": "Grey-scale ultrasound defines smaller renal lesions that had previously been appreciated and is able to define associated lesions of the liver such as metastases and cysts. The appropriate technique to delineate the normal anatomy of the kidney is described. Ultrasound plays a central role in the identification and characterization of renal mass lesions thus leading to appropriate further work up. In renal transplant evaluation ultrasound is useful as a complementary modality to other imaging studies permitting the recognition of pelvic fluid collections, rejection, and hydronephrosis. Specific findings are present in renal abscess, perirenal abscess, and in several of the renal cystic diseases. Adrenal lesions can be identified and clarified. In the lower urinary tract, ultrasound can identify bladder and prostatic tumors.Ultrasound provides a rapid, safe and non-invasive modality which is complementary to other imaging techniques in the diagnosis of urinary tract disease.", "contents": "Grey-scale ultrasound in the imaging of urinary tract disease. Grey-scale ultrasound defines smaller renal lesions that had previously been appreciated and is able to define associated lesions of the liver such as metastases and cysts. The appropriate technique to delineate the normal anatomy of the kidney is described. Ultrasound plays a central role in the identification and characterization of renal mass lesions thus leading to appropriate further work up. In renal transplant evaluation ultrasound is useful as a complementary modality to other imaging studies permitting the recognition of pelvic fluid collections, rejection, and hydronephrosis. Specific findings are present in renal abscess, perirenal abscess, and in several of the renal cystic diseases. Adrenal lesions can be identified and clarified. In the lower urinary tract, ultrasound can identify bladder and prostatic tumors.Ultrasound provides a rapid, safe and non-invasive modality which is complementary to other imaging techniques in the diagnosis of urinary tract disease.", "PMID": 333791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12702", "title": "[Immunofluorescent-histologic localization of a placenta-antigen with antibodies from pregnancy blood (author's transl)].", "content": "Placenta-specific antibodies were isolated by the incubation of washed placental tissue with pregancy serum and then desorption with citric acid pH3. The antigen responsible for the formation of the antibody could be localized via the immunofluorescence technique together with application of the placenta antibody in the syncytiotrophoblast layer. The antibodies are not complement-fixing and belong to the IgG class.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescent-histologic localization of a placenta-antigen with antibodies from pregnancy blood (author's transl)]. Placenta-specific antibodies were isolated by the incubation of washed placental tissue with pregancy serum and then desorption with citric acid pH3. The antigen responsible for the formation of the antibody could be localized via the immunofluorescence technique together with application of the placenta antibody in the syncytiotrophoblast layer. The antibodies are not complement-fixing and belong to the IgG class.", "PMID": 333799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12703", "title": "[Cultural and serologic examination for saccharomycetic infection in pregnant women (author's transl)].", "content": "Cultures from retrolingual, vaginal, and anal smears were used to determine the presence of saccharomycetic infection in 177 pregnant women. The retrolingual smear was saccharomyces-positive in 29.1% of the cases; the vaginal smear, in 18.1%; the anal smear, in 7.3%. The fungus differentiation revealed the pathogen Candida albicans 85 times and the pathogen Candida krusei, 1 time. The Candida HA Test and the Candida JF Test (Roche) were carried out in 160 of the patients. A relationship could be determined between the clinical findings and the serologic results. The danger to the newborn when the mother has a saccharomycetic infection as well as the fundamentals for therapy were discussed.", "contents": "[Cultural and serologic examination for saccharomycetic infection in pregnant women (author's transl)]. Cultures from retrolingual, vaginal, and anal smears were used to determine the presence of saccharomycetic infection in 177 pregnant women. The retrolingual smear was saccharomyces-positive in 29.1% of the cases; the vaginal smear, in 18.1%; the anal smear, in 7.3%. The fungus differentiation revealed the pathogen Candida albicans 85 times and the pathogen Candida krusei, 1 time. The Candida HA Test and the Candida JF Test (Roche) were carried out in 160 of the patients. A relationship could be determined between the clinical findings and the serologic results. The danger to the newborn when the mother has a saccharomycetic infection as well as the fundamentals for therapy were discussed.", "PMID": 333800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12704", "title": "[Does medicine limit enlightenment?].", "content": "In the first, historical part the most important programs of \"Medical Enlightenment\", are pointed out, beginning with Leibniz, followed by the public health movement of the 18th century, up to the time of Immanuel Kant. Based on this historical background several concepts of a \"Medical Culture\" are analysed in detail, for instance the \"Theorie einer Medizinal-Ordnung\" by Johann Benjamin Ehrhard (1800), the \"Medicinische Reform\" by Rudolf Virchow (1848) and the programs of the \"Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte\" (about 1850-1890), the latter bearing both scientific and political character. Following the historical part, the question is raised whether \"Enlightenment\" is limited by medicine and whether medicine is able to provide a program for individual health education resulting in a more cultivated style of private life, and lastly how this might be realized.", "contents": "[Does medicine limit enlightenment?]. In the first, historical part the most important programs of \"Medical Enlightenment\", are pointed out, beginning with Leibniz, followed by the public health movement of the 18th century, up to the time of Immanuel Kant. Based on this historical background several concepts of a \"Medical Culture\" are analysed in detail, for instance the \"Theorie einer Medizinal-Ordnung\" by Johann Benjamin Ehrhard (1800), the \"Medicinische Reform\" by Rudolf Virchow (1848) and the programs of the \"Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte\" (about 1850-1890), the latter bearing both scientific and political character. Following the historical part, the question is raised whether \"Enlightenment\" is limited by medicine and whether medicine is able to provide a program for individual health education resulting in a more cultivated style of private life, and lastly how this might be realized.", "PMID": 333801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12705", "title": "[The occurrence of cross-reactive antigens in myocardial tissue and in streptococcus pyogenes. IV. Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes sensitized in vivo to group A streptococci on primary cultures of heart muscle cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The cytotoxic effect of rat lymphocytes in vivo sensitized to group A streptococci, rat heart tissue or streptococcal M proteins was investigated in primary cultures of beating rat heart cells. Cytotoxicity was found in 75 to 82% of heart cell cultures in contact with lymphocytes sensitized to streptococcal whole cells or lysates and in 100% of those exposed to lymphocytes sensitized to rat heart tissue. Lymphocytes sensitized to M protein exert a cytopathic effect only in 8 and 12% cultures, respectively, and to a much more limited extent. Controls were affected in 6%. The cytotoxicity test seems to be useful to examine the presence of cross-reactive antigens within streptococcal vaccines.", "contents": "[The occurrence of cross-reactive antigens in myocardial tissue and in streptococcus pyogenes. IV. Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes sensitized in vivo to group A streptococci on primary cultures of heart muscle cells (author's transl)]. The cytotoxic effect of rat lymphocytes in vivo sensitized to group A streptococci, rat heart tissue or streptococcal M proteins was investigated in primary cultures of beating rat heart cells. Cytotoxicity was found in 75 to 82% of heart cell cultures in contact with lymphocytes sensitized to streptococcal whole cells or lysates and in 100% of those exposed to lymphocytes sensitized to rat heart tissue. Lymphocytes sensitized to M protein exert a cytopathic effect only in 8 and 12% cultures, respectively, and to a much more limited extent. Controls were affected in 6%. The cytotoxicity test seems to be useful to examine the presence of cross-reactive antigens within streptococcal vaccines.", "PMID": 333802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12706", "title": "Simultaneous presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs in the serum of different subtypes (serological and immunofluorescent studies).", "content": "Serological and immunofluorescent studies were performed in 3 patients with the simultaneous presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs in the serum. Our investigations revealed the following results: HBsAg and anti-HBs in the serum were of different subtypes. HBsAg in the serum and in the liver had the same subtype. HBsAg in the liver did not react with the circulating anti-HBs in the patient's own serum. HBsAg-anti-HBs immune complexes could not be detected in the serum or in the liver tissue. These phenomena can most readily be explained by at least 2 contacts with hepatitis-B-viruses of different subtypes, one leading to immune tolerance and the other to an immune response. In a follow-up study there was no evidence for a short-term change in HBsAg subtype. Unexplained remains the cause why one contact with HBV did lead to immune tolerance and a second to an immune response.", "contents": "Simultaneous presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs in the serum of different subtypes (serological and immunofluorescent studies). Serological and immunofluorescent studies were performed in 3 patients with the simultaneous presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs in the serum. Our investigations revealed the following results: HBsAg and anti-HBs in the serum were of different subtypes. HBsAg in the serum and in the liver had the same subtype. HBsAg in the liver did not react with the circulating anti-HBs in the patient's own serum. HBsAg-anti-HBs immune complexes could not be detected in the serum or in the liver tissue. These phenomena can most readily be explained by at least 2 contacts with hepatitis-B-viruses of different subtypes, one leading to immune tolerance and the other to an immune response. In a follow-up study there was no evidence for a short-term change in HBsAg subtype. Unexplained remains the cause why one contact with HBV did lead to immune tolerance and a second to an immune response.", "PMID": 333803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12707", "title": "An immunoperoxidase method for the identification of B lymphocytes by light microscopy.", "content": "Peroxidase-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin was used to determine the percentage of B lymphocytes in the mononuclear cell fraction of peripheral blood of 100 healthy persons (blood donors). Peroxidase activity was revealed by incubation with the usual mixture of 3'3 diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide. Cells which were peroxidase-positive after incubation with benzidine solution alone were considered to be monocytes. The number of T lymphocytes was estimated by the formation of E rosettes. 19.6% mononuclear cells could be shown to be B cells, 4.1% were monocytes and 57.0% T cells. The use of peroxidase-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin gives rise to the same percentage of B cells as the use of fluorescein-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin. The advantage of the method described here is that B lymphocytes can be counted by conventional light microscopy.", "contents": "An immunoperoxidase method for the identification of B lymphocytes by light microscopy. Peroxidase-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin was used to determine the percentage of B lymphocytes in the mononuclear cell fraction of peripheral blood of 100 healthy persons (blood donors). Peroxidase activity was revealed by incubation with the usual mixture of 3'3 diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide. Cells which were peroxidase-positive after incubation with benzidine solution alone were considered to be monocytes. The number of T lymphocytes was estimated by the formation of E rosettes. 19.6% mononuclear cells could be shown to be B cells, 4.1% were monocytes and 57.0% T cells. The use of peroxidase-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin gives rise to the same percentage of B cells as the use of fluorescein-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin. The advantage of the method described here is that B lymphocytes can be counted by conventional light microscopy.", "PMID": 333804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12708", "title": "The pathogenesis of tropical splenomegaly syndrome--the role of immune complexes.", "content": "For the last few years it has been known that high molecular weight circulating immune complexes containing IgM, other immunoglobulins and complement are usually present in TSS. Similar material to be found in the Kupffer cells of affected patients, and on the surfaces of their red cells. The recent demonstration that the immune complexes contain malarial antibody activity strengthens the belief that they also contain malarial antigen and are due to the basic immunological abnormality. As indicated in this review, further studies are required fully to confirm their role in the production of the splenomegaly, the auto-immune phenomena and the haemolysis of TSS. The balance of evidence favours a genetic rather than a purely environmental basis for development of the syndrome. Treatment is simple, inexpensive and relatively free of risk. It is feasible even in rural communities pending the advent of successful malaria eradication, the ultimate means of prevention and cure.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of tropical splenomegaly syndrome--the role of immune complexes. For the last few years it has been known that high molecular weight circulating immune complexes containing IgM, other immunoglobulins and complement are usually present in TSS. Similar material to be found in the Kupffer cells of affected patients, and on the surfaces of their red cells. The recent demonstration that the immune complexes contain malarial antibody activity strengthens the belief that they also contain malarial antigen and are due to the basic immunological abnormality. As indicated in this review, further studies are required fully to confirm their role in the production of the splenomegaly, the auto-immune phenomena and the haemolysis of TSS. The balance of evidence favours a genetic rather than a purely environmental basis for development of the syndrome. Treatment is simple, inexpensive and relatively free of risk. It is feasible even in rural communities pending the advent of successful malaria eradication, the ultimate means of prevention and cure.", "PMID": 333808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12709", "title": "Gel diffusion--a simple and sensitive technique for the assay of proteinase inhibitors and its use for the determination of the ratio of proteinases in mixtures.", "content": "In casein-containing agarose gels, pepsin and chymosin form radial diffusion zones; the diameters of these zones show rectilinear correlations with the logarithm of the enzyme concentration at constant time. The sensitivity for both enzymes is below 1 microgram. Addition of the inhibitor pepstatin A to these enzymes causes a reduction of the diameters of the diffusion zones, with large differences for both the enzymes. With this procedure, the pepsin/chymosin ratio in rennet preparations was assayed with an accuracy of +/- 5%. Identification of the inhibitors allows the determination of amounts in the namomole range. This method is a simple technique for the evaluation of proteinases and their inhibitors in screening systems.", "contents": "Gel diffusion--a simple and sensitive technique for the assay of proteinase inhibitors and its use for the determination of the ratio of proteinases in mixtures. In casein-containing agarose gels, pepsin and chymosin form radial diffusion zones; the diameters of these zones show rectilinear correlations with the logarithm of the enzyme concentration at constant time. The sensitivity for both enzymes is below 1 microgram. Addition of the inhibitor pepstatin A to these enzymes causes a reduction of the diameters of the diffusion zones, with large differences for both the enzymes. With this procedure, the pepsin/chymosin ratio in rennet preparations was assayed with an accuracy of +/- 5%. Identification of the inhibitors allows the determination of amounts in the namomole range. This method is a simple technique for the evaluation of proteinases and their inhibitors in screening systems.", "PMID": 333809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12710", "title": "[Various aspects of surgical technics in renal-pole resection].", "content": "The authors give a survey concerning history and operation techniques, indications and use of the renal pole resection. They report on the method developed by them, by means of which the effect of haemostasis is increased, the loss of parenchyma is decreased and the patients may earlier be mobilized. Their experiences are based on the observation of 29 patients operated by means of the method described.", "contents": "[Various aspects of surgical technics in renal-pole resection]. The authors give a survey concerning history and operation techniques, indications and use of the renal pole resection. They report on the method developed by them, by means of which the effect of haemostasis is increased, the loss of parenchyma is decreased and the patients may earlier be mobilized. Their experiences are based on the observation of 29 patients operated by means of the method described.", "PMID": 333814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12711", "title": "[Experiences with nephrolith in the treatment of patients with kidney calculi].", "content": "In patients with urolithiasis \"Nephrolith\" has a favourable influence on many parameters which are responsible for the development of renal calculi. I could never observe a complete dissolution of the urinary calculi.", "contents": "[Experiences with nephrolith in the treatment of patients with kidney calculi]. In patients with urolithiasis \"Nephrolith\" has a favourable influence on many parameters which are responsible for the development of renal calculi. I could never observe a complete dissolution of the urinary calculi.", "PMID": 333815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12712", "title": "[Marginal nephrectomy for the removal of coral calculi].", "content": "Efforts aimed at surgical solutions conserving the organs obtained importance also in renal surgery in recent years. This fact meant a milestone in the life of patients suffering from coral calculi, since it has been recommended to perform nephrectomy only in rare cases, and in the majority of cases young mothers were concerned. On the basis of the operation material comprising 12 cases--out of which some cases are described--the points of view of the marginal nephrectomy are discussed in detail. Among the modified techniques on the one hand the hairpin-shaped suture, on the other in the case of the local disease of the calyx system the marginal nephrectomy combined with wedge-shaped resection are explained, for the reduction of the danger of a recidivation of calculi an essential importance is ascribed to the last mentioned method.", "contents": "[Marginal nephrectomy for the removal of coral calculi]. Efforts aimed at surgical solutions conserving the organs obtained importance also in renal surgery in recent years. This fact meant a milestone in the life of patients suffering from coral calculi, since it has been recommended to perform nephrectomy only in rare cases, and in the majority of cases young mothers were concerned. On the basis of the operation material comprising 12 cases--out of which some cases are described--the points of view of the marginal nephrectomy are discussed in detail. Among the modified techniques on the one hand the hairpin-shaped suture, on the other in the case of the local disease of the calyx system the marginal nephrectomy combined with wedge-shaped resection are explained, for the reduction of the danger of a recidivation of calculi an essential importance is ascribed to the last mentioned method.", "PMID": 333816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12713", "title": "[Effect of ionizing energy on the bladder dilated by dura, with special reference to the implantation technic. Animal experimental study].", "content": "On 60 female rabbits we examined the influence of the postoperative irradiation on the urinary bladder dilated by liophilized human dura after resection of the wall. Compared with former examinations as to the implantation technique the submucous deposition of the dura and fixation with single-button U-sutures (chromic catgut 000) has proved as superior. Vascular trophic disturbances on the margins of the resection could not be proved. When 4,500 R, 6,000 R and 7,500 R were irradiated the regeneration process through the dura serving as \"live\" rail retarded considerably. Problems in connection with the suture technique and the total focal dosage are discussed taking into consideration literature.", "contents": "[Effect of ionizing energy on the bladder dilated by dura, with special reference to the implantation technic. Animal experimental study]. On 60 female rabbits we examined the influence of the postoperative irradiation on the urinary bladder dilated by liophilized human dura after resection of the wall. Compared with former examinations as to the implantation technique the submucous deposition of the dura and fixation with single-button U-sutures (chromic catgut 000) has proved as superior. Vascular trophic disturbances on the margins of the resection could not be proved. When 4,500 R, 6,000 R and 7,500 R were irradiated the regeneration process through the dura serving as \"live\" rail retarded considerably. Problems in connection with the suture technique and the total focal dosage are discussed taking into consideration literature.", "PMID": 333817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12714", "title": "[3 new urinary ducts in the animal experiment. Preliminary report].", "content": "It is reported on the temporary results of three new conduits from muscle, siliconised dura and stalked skin in six dogs and six rabbits. The adhesions of the muscle conduit due to contact of the interior walls were unavoidable. The slight stress during operation in the conduit of the dura as well as the tangentially broader ueterostomia cutanea for avoiding a stenosis in the conduit of the skin seem to contribute to the solution of the suprapubic passing of the urine.", "contents": "[3 new urinary ducts in the animal experiment. Preliminary report]. It is reported on the temporary results of three new conduits from muscle, siliconised dura and stalked skin in six dogs and six rabbits. The adhesions of the muscle conduit due to contact of the interior walls were unavoidable. The slight stress during operation in the conduit of the dura as well as the tangentially broader ueterostomia cutanea for avoiding a stenosis in the conduit of the skin seem to contribute to the solution of the suprapubic passing of the urine.", "PMID": 333818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12715", "title": "Utilization of agricultural wastes of Aspergillus awamori for the production of glucoamylase.", "content": "The principal industrial use of glucoamylase is in the production of crystalline D-glucose. Aspergillus awamori was used. Variations in the specific type of carbohydrate source affected the yield of enzyme markedly. Of all the substrates tried, maltose supported satisfactory enzyme yields. Sucrose, lactose, fructose, and galactose gave abundant growth which seemed to be necessary but no sufficient condition for maximum yields. The specificity of the carbohydrate structure for gluco-amylase production was tried. The synthesis of enzyme was significantly stimulated when two-third of the starch in the medium was replaced by maltose. The adaptation seemed to be specific to maltose structure, since the substitution of maltose by structurally related compounds, a.o. lactose, in the medium did not give a comparable glucoamylase yield. Maltose or compounds composed of maltose gave maximum yields of enzyme. These results seemed to favour the theory that glucoamylase production is adaptive. Agricultural wastes produced locally in large quantities from plants manufacturing starch and other products were discussed. Rice bran, followed by glucose syrup, corn bran, wheat bran, and can sugar molasses supported good yields of glucoamylase.", "contents": "Utilization of agricultural wastes of Aspergillus awamori for the production of glucoamylase. The principal industrial use of glucoamylase is in the production of crystalline D-glucose. Aspergillus awamori was used. Variations in the specific type of carbohydrate source affected the yield of enzyme markedly. Of all the substrates tried, maltose supported satisfactory enzyme yields. Sucrose, lactose, fructose, and galactose gave abundant growth which seemed to be necessary but no sufficient condition for maximum yields. The specificity of the carbohydrate structure for gluco-amylase production was tried. The synthesis of enzyme was significantly stimulated when two-third of the starch in the medium was replaced by maltose. The adaptation seemed to be specific to maltose structure, since the substitution of maltose by structurally related compounds, a.o. lactose, in the medium did not give a comparable glucoamylase yield. Maltose or compounds composed of maltose gave maximum yields of enzyme. These results seemed to favour the theory that glucoamylase production is adaptive. Agricultural wastes produced locally in large quantities from plants manufacturing starch and other products were discussed. Rice bran, followed by glucose syrup, corn bran, wheat bran, and can sugar molasses supported good yields of glucoamylase.", "PMID": 333823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12716", "title": "[The problem of gallstone dissolution (author's transl)].", "content": "Stones in the gallbladder and the bile ducts can be dissolved by oral medication. The stones present in the bile ducts can also be dislodged and caused to disappear by local irrigation. For cholesterol stones the most effective treatment at present is application of Chenodeoxycholic Acid. However, surgery must be considered in the first instance. In case of bile duct stones it is suggested that prophylactic and conservative treatment should be attempted.", "contents": "[The problem of gallstone dissolution (author's transl)]. Stones in the gallbladder and the bile ducts can be dissolved by oral medication. The stones present in the bile ducts can also be dislodged and caused to disappear by local irrigation. For cholesterol stones the most effective treatment at present is application of Chenodeoxycholic Acid. However, surgery must be considered in the first instance. In case of bile duct stones it is suggested that prophylactic and conservative treatment should be attempted.", "PMID": 333824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12717", "title": "Streptococcus group B typing: comparison of counter-immunoelectrophoresis with the precipitin method.", "content": "The method of counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was tested for its applicability to group B streptococcus typing. The results obtained were compared with the typing by the ring precipitin test. Identical antigens and identical hyperimmune typing serum batches had been used in both methods. A large majority of 75 freshly isolated strains were typed identically by both methods. Five strains with a weak antigenic outfit were untypable by the ring precipitin test but were typed by CIE owing to a higher sensitivity of CIE method. Two strains were typable by the precipitin test but not by CIE; an explanation for this phenomenon is lacking. The CIE method in group B typing is specific, rapid, highly sensitive and relatively simple. It requires strict maintenance of standard conditions. The method is economical with respect to manipulation and material, requires small amounts of diagnostic antisera. Potent antisera may be used diluted. Moreover, sera for CIE typing need not be absorbed to remove group B antibodies. CIE method is practicable for group B streptococcus typing, especially in laboratories carrying out routine large scale type identification.", "contents": "Streptococcus group B typing: comparison of counter-immunoelectrophoresis with the precipitin method. The method of counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was tested for its applicability to group B streptococcus typing. The results obtained were compared with the typing by the ring precipitin test. Identical antigens and identical hyperimmune typing serum batches had been used in both methods. A large majority of 75 freshly isolated strains were typed identically by both methods. Five strains with a weak antigenic outfit were untypable by the ring precipitin test but were typed by CIE owing to a higher sensitivity of CIE method. Two strains were typable by the precipitin test but not by CIE; an explanation for this phenomenon is lacking. The CIE method in group B typing is specific, rapid, highly sensitive and relatively simple. It requires strict maintenance of standard conditions. The method is economical with respect to manipulation and material, requires small amounts of diagnostic antisera. Potent antisera may be used diluted. Moreover, sera for CIE typing need not be absorbed to remove group B antibodies. CIE method is practicable for group B streptococcus typing, especially in laboratories carrying out routine large scale type identification.", "PMID": 333825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12718", "title": "[Heat-stable Escherichia coli-enterotoxin: reduced action after administration of phenylbutazone in infant mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin was assayed by the method of DEAN determining gut weight to body weight ratios in infant mice. The enterotoxic responses were significantly lower than in saline treated controls when Phenylbutazone at 20 mcg/mouse was administered subcutaneously 30 minutes prior to intragastric toxin challenge. The trials were performed with lyophilized culture filtrates of E. coli O 149:K91 (B) K88 ab (L), and three other enterotoxigenic strains one of which was isolated from an outbreak of swine oedema disease, the other two strains originated from the stools of diseased children.", "contents": "[Heat-stable Escherichia coli-enterotoxin: reduced action after administration of phenylbutazone in infant mice (author's transl)]. Heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin was assayed by the method of DEAN determining gut weight to body weight ratios in infant mice. The enterotoxic responses were significantly lower than in saline treated controls when Phenylbutazone at 20 mcg/mouse was administered subcutaneously 30 minutes prior to intragastric toxin challenge. The trials were performed with lyophilized culture filtrates of E. coli O 149:K91 (B) K88 ab (L), and three other enterotoxigenic strains one of which was isolated from an outbreak of swine oedema disease, the other two strains originated from the stools of diseased children.", "PMID": 333826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12719", "title": "[Experiences with the API 20A system in routine species identification of anaerobes (author's transl)].", "content": "The API 20A System was tested in three modifications: a) The microtubes were inoculated with the API anaerobe basal medium, filled up completely with sterile mineral oil and incubated aerobically. b) The test strips were inoculated with the basal medium and incubated in an anaerobic chamber. c) The strips were inoculated with a modified Viande-Levure medium containing Tween 80, vitamin K3 and hemin. The microtubes were covered with sterile mineral oil and incubated in an anaerobic chamber. Each procedure was compared with the conventional method (PRAS) of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. The overall agreement between the three modifications of the API System and the conventional method was 83.2, 91.7, and 98.5% related to the number of tests performed. The advantage of the modified medium was also demonstrated by measuring the growth rate of some anaerobes in thioglycolate broth, API basal medium and VL-medium, modified as mentioned above, nephelometrically. So the micromethod is more accurate and reliable when inoculated with an improved medium.", "contents": "[Experiences with the API 20A system in routine species identification of anaerobes (author's transl)]. The API 20A System was tested in three modifications: a) The microtubes were inoculated with the API anaerobe basal medium, filled up completely with sterile mineral oil and incubated aerobically. b) The test strips were inoculated with the basal medium and incubated in an anaerobic chamber. c) The strips were inoculated with a modified Viande-Levure medium containing Tween 80, vitamin K3 and hemin. The microtubes were covered with sterile mineral oil and incubated in an anaerobic chamber. Each procedure was compared with the conventional method (PRAS) of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. The overall agreement between the three modifications of the API System and the conventional method was 83.2, 91.7, and 98.5% related to the number of tests performed. The advantage of the modified medium was also demonstrated by measuring the growth rate of some anaerobes in thioglycolate broth, API basal medium and VL-medium, modified as mentioned above, nephelometrically. So the micromethod is more accurate and reliable when inoculated with an improved medium.", "PMID": 333828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12720", "title": "[Usability of three alcohols for a standard disinfection method to be employed for the evaluation of procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a former suggestion (4) always to evaluate, the efficacy of procedures for Hygienic disinfection of hands in comparison with the results of a certain standard disinfection method, Ethanol, iso- and n-Propanol were tested in various concentrations and for various times of action on their usability in such a standard method. The disinfecting power was dependent upon (i) the alcohol (Ethanol less than iso-Propanol less than n-Propanol), (ii) the concentration (Ethanol: 60 less than 70 less than 80% ml/ml, iso-Propanol: 50 less than 60 less than 70, n-Propanol: 40 less than 50 less than 60 = 70) and (iii) the time of action (0,5 less than 1 less than 2 min). n-Propanol proved to be the fastest acting disinfectant. However, as standard disinfection method iso-Propanol (60% ml/ml) being used for 1 min has been proposed. Furthermore, the following results that have been obtained also in former investigations (8) could be confirmed: (i) there is no systematic difference between the release of test-bacteria from the fingertips of right and left hands of test-persons (ii). The efficacy of procedures for Hygienic disinfection of hands is besides other factors influenced by the testpersons. This factor may be eliminated by using the same testpersons for both, the disinfection procedure under investigation and the standard method. The results of both may, then, be related to each other and the efficacy of the former may be evaluated in comparison to the latter.", "contents": "[Usability of three alcohols for a standard disinfection method to be employed for the evaluation of procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands (author's transl)]. Following a former suggestion (4) always to evaluate, the efficacy of procedures for Hygienic disinfection of hands in comparison with the results of a certain standard disinfection method, Ethanol, iso- and n-Propanol were tested in various concentrations and for various times of action on their usability in such a standard method. The disinfecting power was dependent upon (i) the alcohol (Ethanol less than iso-Propanol less than n-Propanol), (ii) the concentration (Ethanol: 60 less than 70 less than 80% ml/ml, iso-Propanol: 50 less than 60 less than 70, n-Propanol: 40 less than 50 less than 60 = 70) and (iii) the time of action (0,5 less than 1 less than 2 min). n-Propanol proved to be the fastest acting disinfectant. However, as standard disinfection method iso-Propanol (60% ml/ml) being used for 1 min has been proposed. Furthermore, the following results that have been obtained also in former investigations (8) could be confirmed: (i) there is no systematic difference between the release of test-bacteria from the fingertips of right and left hands of test-persons (ii). The efficacy of procedures for Hygienic disinfection of hands is besides other factors influenced by the testpersons. This factor may be eliminated by using the same testpersons for both, the disinfection procedure under investigation and the standard method. The results of both may, then, be related to each other and the efficacy of the former may be evaluated in comparison to the latter.", "PMID": 333830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12721", "title": "[Experience gained with ozone/activated-charcoal treatment of swimming-pools filled with sea water (author's transl)].", "content": "An ozone/activated charcoal stage in the water treatment also lends itself extremely well to improving the quality of sea water in swimming pools. This improvement is typically reflected in the low content of organic substances and nitrogen compounds (ammonia, urea) and, as a result, in the high redox potentials in the swimming-pool water which are even likely to bring about a rapid inactivation of the viri. A small percentage of the bromide in the sea water is oxidised to free bromide which passes through the activated charcoal filter, counteracts the growth of germs, keeps the filtrate largely free from germs and contributes to the disinfection of the swimming pool.", "contents": "[Experience gained with ozone/activated-charcoal treatment of swimming-pools filled with sea water (author's transl)]. An ozone/activated charcoal stage in the water treatment also lends itself extremely well to improving the quality of sea water in swimming pools. This improvement is typically reflected in the low content of organic substances and nitrogen compounds (ammonia, urea) and, as a result, in the high redox potentials in the swimming-pool water which are even likely to bring about a rapid inactivation of the viri. A small percentage of the bromide in the sea water is oxidised to free bromide which passes through the activated charcoal filter, counteracts the growth of germs, keeps the filtrate largely free from germs and contributes to the disinfection of the swimming pool.", "PMID": 333831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12722", "title": "[Testmethod for the evaluation of procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands. Part 1: Discription of testmethod (author's transl)].", "content": "A detailed test design for the evaluation of procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands is described together with suitable methods for statistical analysis of the results. In principle the release of testbacteria from the finger-tips of artificially contaminated hands is measured before and after disinfection. A procedure under test is accepted if it is not less effective than a standard-disinfection procedure. As such the disinfection with iso-propanol 60% (ml/ml) applied through 1 min was agreed upon. This standard procedure is to be performed the same day with the same day with the same testpersons and under identical environmental conditions prior to the procedure under test.", "contents": "[Testmethod for the evaluation of procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands. Part 1: Discription of testmethod (author's transl)]. A detailed test design for the evaluation of procedures for the hygienic disinfection of hands is described together with suitable methods for statistical analysis of the results. In principle the release of testbacteria from the finger-tips of artificially contaminated hands is measured before and after disinfection. A procedure under test is accepted if it is not less effective than a standard-disinfection procedure. As such the disinfection with iso-propanol 60% (ml/ml) applied through 1 min was agreed upon. This standard procedure is to be performed the same day with the same day with the same testpersons and under identical environmental conditions prior to the procedure under test.", "PMID": 333832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12723", "title": "[Synthesis and properties of carrier-fixed enzymes. VII. Linking of glucoamylase to dialdehyde cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose hydrazide and carboxymethylcellulose azide].", "content": "Glucoamylase (alpha-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.3) has been covalently linked to dialdehyde cellulose resulting in an immobilized enzyme containing 0.98% protein and an activity of 4.5 mg of the native enzyme per g of matrix, i.e. 46% relative activity. The complex lost its activity in continuous and batch hydrolysis of starch at 55 degrees C down to a limit of 18% of its original value. In contrast, the activity of the complex did not change when working at a temperature of 25 degrees C. Glucoamylase-carboxymethylcellulose complexes synthesized via carboxymethylcellulose hydrazide and azide, in contrast to MAEDA und SUZUKI [1], showed only an activity of 1 mg of the native enzyme per g of matrix. We did not succeed in coupling periodate-oxidized glucoamylase to carboxymethylcellulose hydrazide because the enzyme used lost nearly all of its activity already during periodate oxidation.", "contents": "[Synthesis and properties of carrier-fixed enzymes. VII. Linking of glucoamylase to dialdehyde cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose hydrazide and carboxymethylcellulose azide]. Glucoamylase (alpha-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.3) has been covalently linked to dialdehyde cellulose resulting in an immobilized enzyme containing 0.98% protein and an activity of 4.5 mg of the native enzyme per g of matrix, i.e. 46% relative activity. The complex lost its activity in continuous and batch hydrolysis of starch at 55 degrees C down to a limit of 18% of its original value. In contrast, the activity of the complex did not change when working at a temperature of 25 degrees C. Glucoamylase-carboxymethylcellulose complexes synthesized via carboxymethylcellulose hydrazide and azide, in contrast to MAEDA und SUZUKI [1], showed only an activity of 1 mg of the native enzyme per g of matrix. We did not succeed in coupling periodate-oxidized glucoamylase to carboxymethylcellulose hydrazide because the enzyme used lost nearly all of its activity already during periodate oxidation.", "PMID": 333835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12724", "title": "Urinary gonadotrophins and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) like immunoreactivity during three normal reproductive cycles.", "content": "Highly specific and sensitive radioimmunological methods were applied to determine the levels of LH-RH like immunoreactivity in urine previously extracted by spherosil and methanol, and to assay the gonadotrophins, after extraction with acetone. The endogenous urinary LH-RH like immunoreactivity material was identified by chromatography on Sephadex G25, as having physicochemical properties similar to those of the hormone found in unextracted urine after iv injection of synthetic LH-RH, but different from those of the synthetic decapeptide. The LH-RH like immunoreactivity and the gonadotrophins were assayed in daily collected urine during the reproductive cycle of 3 normal women. A midcycle peak of both FSH and LH was found in each subject. No increases of LH-RH like immunoreactivity were found before or concomittant with the gonadotrophins surge. But peaks of urinary LH-RH like immunoreactivity were observed during the luteal phase, without subsequent increase of gonadotrophin secretion.", "contents": "Urinary gonadotrophins and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) like immunoreactivity during three normal reproductive cycles. Highly specific and sensitive radioimmunological methods were applied to determine the levels of LH-RH like immunoreactivity in urine previously extracted by spherosil and methanol, and to assay the gonadotrophins, after extraction with acetone. The endogenous urinary LH-RH like immunoreactivity material was identified by chromatography on Sephadex G25, as having physicochemical properties similar to those of the hormone found in unextracted urine after iv injection of synthetic LH-RH, but different from those of the synthetic decapeptide. The LH-RH like immunoreactivity and the gonadotrophins were assayed in daily collected urine during the reproductive cycle of 3 normal women. A midcycle peak of both FSH and LH was found in each subject. No increases of LH-RH like immunoreactivity were found before or concomittant with the gonadotrophins surge. But peaks of urinary LH-RH like immunoreactivity were observed during the luteal phase, without subsequent increase of gonadotrophin secretion.", "PMID": 333843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12725", "title": "Exfoliative cytopathologic studies in organ transplantation. V. The diagnosis of rejection in the immediate postoperative period.", "content": "This study shows that the cytologic profile of rejecting and non-rejecting patients in the immediate post-transplantation period can be distinguished. The presence of activated lymphocytes is the most important single feature of rejection, but may not be present in all cases of rejection. For this reason the use of a cytologic profile including a dirty background, red blood cells, lymphocytes, tubular cells, and nuclear changes in epithelial cells is recommended.", "contents": "Exfoliative cytopathologic studies in organ transplantation. V. The diagnosis of rejection in the immediate postoperative period. This study shows that the cytologic profile of rejecting and non-rejecting patients in the immediate post-transplantation period can be distinguished. The presence of activated lymphocytes is the most important single feature of rejection, but may not be present in all cases of rejection. For this reason the use of a cytologic profile including a dirty background, red blood cells, lymphocytes, tubular cells, and nuclear changes in epithelial cells is recommended.", "PMID": 333839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12726", "title": "Fundamental study of automatic cytoscreening for uterine cancer. V. Data analysis for imporvement of CYBEST.", "content": "The particles selected by CYBEST as \"abnormal cells\" at the stage of coarse scanning were examined by direct microscopy to determine whether they were actural cells or not. Approximately 20 to 30 per cent of these were cell clusters and/or clumped leukocytes and red cell or specks of dust. Such incidents interfered considerably with a precise cytologic assessment. To eliminate this problem by means of a software algorithm, experiments were carried out setting thresholds for cell feature values. When the values obtained by machine measurement exceeded the theshold values the particles concerned were automatically disregarded, as interfering indidents, at the state of the coarse scanning. The approach was found to have substantial value in the operation of CYBEST as a pescreening device.", "contents": "Fundamental study of automatic cytoscreening for uterine cancer. V. Data analysis for imporvement of CYBEST. The particles selected by CYBEST as \"abnormal cells\" at the stage of coarse scanning were examined by direct microscopy to determine whether they were actural cells or not. Approximately 20 to 30 per cent of these were cell clusters and/or clumped leukocytes and red cell or specks of dust. Such incidents interfered considerably with a precise cytologic assessment. To eliminate this problem by means of a software algorithm, experiments were carried out setting thresholds for cell feature values. When the values obtained by machine measurement exceeded the theshold values the particles concerned were automatically disregarded, as interfering indidents, at the state of the coarse scanning. The approach was found to have substantial value in the operation of CYBEST as a pescreening device.", "PMID": 333841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12727", "title": "Fundamental study of automatic cytoscreening for uterine cancer. IV. Sample requirements for CYBEST and simulation test of cell dispersion.", "content": "The preparation of samples with good cell dispersion and without cell overlapping is a particularly important problem, whether for image processing systems or for flow systems. Simulation tests were carried out to estimate a cell density with good cell dispersion and a minimum number of overlapping cells. A little less than 50 cells per mm2 was disclosed to show a condition of sufficient cell dispersion. By microscopical observation and counting of the malignant cells using ten cases of uterine cervical carcinoma, it was found that in most instances over 50 malignant cells were contained in 20,000 to 40,000 cells on the smears. When the cell density is approximately 50 per mm2, the scanning area of the CYBEST of 40 X 20 mm may contain up to 40,000 cells. The probability that such a number of cells contains malignant cells is extremely high, in fact, nearly 100 per cent. By field tests, it was experimentally confirmed that these cell densities are very adequate for the function of the CYBEST.", "contents": "Fundamental study of automatic cytoscreening for uterine cancer. IV. Sample requirements for CYBEST and simulation test of cell dispersion. The preparation of samples with good cell dispersion and without cell overlapping is a particularly important problem, whether for image processing systems or for flow systems. Simulation tests were carried out to estimate a cell density with good cell dispersion and a minimum number of overlapping cells. A little less than 50 cells per mm2 was disclosed to show a condition of sufficient cell dispersion. By microscopical observation and counting of the malignant cells using ten cases of uterine cervical carcinoma, it was found that in most instances over 50 malignant cells were contained in 20,000 to 40,000 cells on the smears. When the cell density is approximately 50 per mm2, the scanning area of the CYBEST of 40 X 20 mm may contain up to 40,000 cells. The probability that such a number of cells contains malignant cells is extremely high, in fact, nearly 100 per cent. By field tests, it was experimentally confirmed that these cell densities are very adequate for the function of the CYBEST.", "PMID": 333840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12728", "title": "The effect of gastric distension on the secretion of acid and pepsin by patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Twentyfour patients with active duodenal ulceration were subjected to gastric distension with a balloon, in an attempt to assess the \"neural tone\" affecting the parietal and chief cells of the stomach. Distension stimulated gastric secretion in a manner similar to, but weaker than, pentagastrin. No evidence was found that distension provides a specific \"neural\" stimulus to the gastric secretion of acid or pepsin in man.", "contents": "The effect of gastric distension on the secretion of acid and pepsin by patients with duodenal ulcer. Twentyfour patients with active duodenal ulceration were subjected to gastric distension with a balloon, in an attempt to assess the \"neural tone\" affecting the parietal and chief cells of the stomach. Distension stimulated gastric secretion in a manner similar to, but weaker than, pentagastrin. No evidence was found that distension provides a specific \"neural\" stimulus to the gastric secretion of acid or pepsin in man.", "PMID": 333847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12729", "title": "Proteinlosing gastropathy with gastric hypersecretion of acid (H+) and pepsin and hypergastrinemia. A case report.", "content": "A case with proteinlosing gastropathy with gastric hypersecretion of H+ and pepsin as well as hypergastrinemia is presented. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was excluded by reduction in acid secretion and serum gastrin during the observation period as well as by the effect on gastric secretion and serum gastrin after injections of secretin and glucagon.", "contents": "Proteinlosing gastropathy with gastric hypersecretion of acid (H+) and pepsin and hypergastrinemia. A case report. A case with proteinlosing gastropathy with gastric hypersecretion of H+ and pepsin as well as hypergastrinemia is presented. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was excluded by reduction in acid secretion and serum gastrin during the observation period as well as by the effect on gastric secretion and serum gastrin after injections of secretin and glucagon.", "PMID": 333848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12730", "title": "Studies on intra-pulmonary gas distribution in the extremely obese. Influence of anaesthesia and artificial ventilation with and without positive end-expiratory pressure.", "content": "Intrapulmonary gas distribution was studied in 10 extremely obese patients: (1) during spontaneous breathing awake; (2) during anaesthesia with controlled ventilation and zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP), and (3) as under (2) but with a positive end-expiratory pressure of approximately 15 cmH2O (PEEP). Gas distribution was assessed quantitatively by means of a multiple-breath nitrogen wash-out technique and subsequent fractional analysis, which permitted the calculation of nitrogen wash-out delay (NWOD). Gas distribution was also analyzed by means of a single-breath nitrogen wash-out in order to determine the slope of the \"alveolar plateau.\" Gas distribution was within normal limits during spontaneous breathing, judged from multiple-breath as well as single-breath wash-out. With anaesthesia and ZEEP, NWOD was higher, indicating less efficient gas mixing, and the slope of the \"alveolar plateau\" was twice as steep as during spontaneous breathing. With PEEP, distribution of inspired gas improved (lowered NWOD and flatter slope). Theoretical considerations and clinical experiments led to the conclusion that uneven distribution in the anaesthetized obese is caused both by regional differences in the pulmonary time constants (as in obstructive lung disease) and by airway closure.", "contents": "Studies on intra-pulmonary gas distribution in the extremely obese. Influence of anaesthesia and artificial ventilation with and without positive end-expiratory pressure. Intrapulmonary gas distribution was studied in 10 extremely obese patients: (1) during spontaneous breathing awake; (2) during anaesthesia with controlled ventilation and zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP), and (3) as under (2) but with a positive end-expiratory pressure of approximately 15 cmH2O (PEEP). Gas distribution was assessed quantitatively by means of a multiple-breath nitrogen wash-out technique and subsequent fractional analysis, which permitted the calculation of nitrogen wash-out delay (NWOD). Gas distribution was also analyzed by means of a single-breath nitrogen wash-out in order to determine the slope of the \"alveolar plateau.\" Gas distribution was within normal limits during spontaneous breathing, judged from multiple-breath as well as single-breath wash-out. With anaesthesia and ZEEP, NWOD was higher, indicating less efficient gas mixing, and the slope of the \"alveolar plateau\" was twice as steep as during spontaneous breathing. With PEEP, distribution of inspired gas improved (lowered NWOD and flatter slope). Theoretical considerations and clinical experiments led to the conclusion that uneven distribution in the anaesthetized obese is caused both by regional differences in the pulmonary time constants (as in obstructive lung disease) and by airway closure.", "PMID": 333850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12731", "title": "Evaluation of impedance cardiography druing anesthesia in extremely obese patients.", "content": "In three anesthetized markedly obese patients, non-invasive stroke volumes (the transthoracic electrical impedance method) were compared to simultaneously obtained invasively measured stroke volumes (dye-dilution method). Close correlations were obtained (r = 0.90--0.98) between the two methods, although constant lower impedance stroke volumes were found in these patients when the values usually employed for the electrical resistivity of the blood (zeta) were used for calculation of the impedance stroke volume. No statistically significant difference (P greater than 0.10) between the two methods was found when a zeta of 175 ohm X cm was used for the calculations, or when the percentage changes in stroke volumes were analyzed. The impedance method is safe and reliable; it also permits non-invasive measurements of stroke volume during anesthesia in markedly obese patients.", "contents": "Evaluation of impedance cardiography druing anesthesia in extremely obese patients. In three anesthetized markedly obese patients, non-invasive stroke volumes (the transthoracic electrical impedance method) were compared to simultaneously obtained invasively measured stroke volumes (dye-dilution method). Close correlations were obtained (r = 0.90--0.98) between the two methods, although constant lower impedance stroke volumes were found in these patients when the values usually employed for the electrical resistivity of the blood (zeta) were used for calculation of the impedance stroke volume. No statistically significant difference (P greater than 0.10) between the two methods was found when a zeta of 175 ohm X cm was used for the calculations, or when the percentage changes in stroke volumes were analyzed. The impedance method is safe and reliable; it also permits non-invasive measurements of stroke volume during anesthesia in markedly obese patients.", "PMID": 333851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12732", "title": "Comparison of the analgesic effects of intravenous nalbuphine and pentazocine in patients with postoperative pain.", "content": "One hundred patients, who were in pain during the immediate postoperative period after upper abdominal operations, were included in this double-blind, between-patient, two-dose study. During N2O-O2-halothane-relaxant anaesthesia no analgesics were given. The patients received 0.07 mg/kg or 0.14 mg/kg of nalbuphine or 0.3 mg/kg or 0.6 mg/kg of pentazocine by intravenous injection. Pain and side effects were assessed for 4 h after administration of the test drug, or until the pain returned to the pre-injection level, when a conventional analgesic was given. The onset of pain relief was similar and the peak effect occurred about half an hour after the injection after both drugs. On a milligram basis, nalbuphine seemed to be about three times as potent as pentazocine. The duration of action seemed to be slightly longer after nalbuphine, but 2 1/2 hrs. after the injection the pain had returned to preinjection level in 2/3 of the patients, even after the higher doses of both drugs. Except for sleepiness, there were few side effects and they were similar after both drugs. No psychotomimetic effects were observed.", "contents": "Comparison of the analgesic effects of intravenous nalbuphine and pentazocine in patients with postoperative pain. One hundred patients, who were in pain during the immediate postoperative period after upper abdominal operations, were included in this double-blind, between-patient, two-dose study. During N2O-O2-halothane-relaxant anaesthesia no analgesics were given. The patients received 0.07 mg/kg or 0.14 mg/kg of nalbuphine or 0.3 mg/kg or 0.6 mg/kg of pentazocine by intravenous injection. Pain and side effects were assessed for 4 h after administration of the test drug, or until the pain returned to the pre-injection level, when a conventional analgesic was given. The onset of pain relief was similar and the peak effect occurred about half an hour after the injection after both drugs. On a milligram basis, nalbuphine seemed to be about three times as potent as pentazocine. The duration of action seemed to be slightly longer after nalbuphine, but 2 1/2 hrs. after the injection the pain had returned to preinjection level in 2/3 of the patients, even after the higher doses of both drugs. Except for sleepiness, there were few side effects and they were similar after both drugs. No psychotomimetic effects were observed.", "PMID": 333852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12733", "title": "Hydrostatic pulmonary edema in the cat. Effects on pulmonary blood and water volumes and on lung compliance.", "content": "The effect on lung compliance of changes in intra- and extravascular volumes has been studied. Such changes were induced by inflation and deflation of a balloon placed in the left atrium in open-chest cats. Blood constituents were labeled with isotopes, and tissue water content was found from the wet/dry labeled with isotopes, and tissue water content was found from the wet/dry weight ratio. When left atrial pressure (PLA) was elevated to a value not exceeding 32 mmHg (4.256 kPa), there was only a minute increase in tissue water volume, and we observed a reversible reduction in lung compliance related to the rise in lung blood volume. At higher PLA, a rapid rise occurred in extravascular fluid volume, with evidence of alveolar flooding. Earlier experiemtns have shown that, in isolated perfused lung, a situation of slow, steady increase in interstitial fluid can be created. This does not seem to be the case with lungs in situ: once the lymphatic drainage is unable to cope with transvascular fluid flow, an unstable situation is created. This rapidly leads to alveolar flooding and a fall in compliance in addition to that caused by a rise in blood volume. From our fluid and pressure determinations, we calculated a filtration coefficient (Kf) of 0.45 ml/100 g wet lung X cmH2O X h. This is within the range reported for sheep lungs. Observation of dynamic lung compliance cannot be used for detection of interstitial fluid accumulation. It appears, however, that in contrast to isolated lungs, this phase of edema-formation rapidly leads to alveolar flooding.", "contents": "Hydrostatic pulmonary edema in the cat. Effects on pulmonary blood and water volumes and on lung compliance. The effect on lung compliance of changes in intra- and extravascular volumes has been studied. Such changes were induced by inflation and deflation of a balloon placed in the left atrium in open-chest cats. Blood constituents were labeled with isotopes, and tissue water content was found from the wet/dry labeled with isotopes, and tissue water content was found from the wet/dry weight ratio. When left atrial pressure (PLA) was elevated to a value not exceeding 32 mmHg (4.256 kPa), there was only a minute increase in tissue water volume, and we observed a reversible reduction in lung compliance related to the rise in lung blood volume. At higher PLA, a rapid rise occurred in extravascular fluid volume, with evidence of alveolar flooding. Earlier experiemtns have shown that, in isolated perfused lung, a situation of slow, steady increase in interstitial fluid can be created. This does not seem to be the case with lungs in situ: once the lymphatic drainage is unable to cope with transvascular fluid flow, an unstable situation is created. This rapidly leads to alveolar flooding and a fall in compliance in addition to that caused by a rise in blood volume. From our fluid and pressure determinations, we calculated a filtration coefficient (Kf) of 0.45 ml/100 g wet lung X cmH2O X h. This is within the range reported for sheep lungs. Observation of dynamic lung compliance cannot be used for detection of interstitial fluid accumulation. It appears, however, that in contrast to isolated lungs, this phase of edema-formation rapidly leads to alveolar flooding.", "PMID": 333853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12734", "title": "Bromocriptine versus placebo in levodopa treated patients with Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Twenty patients with idiopathic parkinsonism who had been on optimal levodopa therapy for at least 3 months prior to the investigation and where effect of the treatment was decreasing or side effects were increasing, were treated with bromocriptine in a double-blind crossover trial during a 12 + 12 weeks period. Reduction in disability scores was found significant. Hyperkinesia was more frequent in the bromocriptine period than in the placebo period, but reduction of dose in six patients for this reason was not followed by deterioration. Both hyperkinesia and other side effects disappeared after dose reduction. Doses were 2.5 mg-40 mg. Bromocriptine seems a valuable supplement to previous therapy in these patients.", "contents": "Bromocriptine versus placebo in levodopa treated patients with Parkinson's disease. Twenty patients with idiopathic parkinsonism who had been on optimal levodopa therapy for at least 3 months prior to the investigation and where effect of the treatment was decreasing or side effects were increasing, were treated with bromocriptine in a double-blind crossover trial during a 12 + 12 weeks period. Reduction in disability scores was found significant. Hyperkinesia was more frequent in the bromocriptine period than in the placebo period, but reduction of dose in six patients for this reason was not followed by deterioration. Both hyperkinesia and other side effects disappeared after dose reduction. Doses were 2.5 mg-40 mg. Bromocriptine seems a valuable supplement to previous therapy in these patients.", "PMID": 333855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12735", "title": "Bromocriptine in the treatment of advanced Parkinsonism.", "content": "The dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine in doses of 2.5-40 mg was compared with placebo in a double-blind cross-over study (12 + 12 weeks) in 11 Parkinson patients in whom bothering dyskinesia occurring after prolonged levodopa treatment limited in the levodopa dose to a level, where Parkinson symptoms still were present to an unsatisfactory degree. On the basis of changes in rating scales and the patients' preference, bromocriptine was significantly superior to placebo. Dyskinesia, occurring during bromocriptine treatment in 9 of 11 patients, disappeared within the period of study in 6 patients after dose reduction without changes in Parkinson disability scores to placebo level. Bromocriptine seem to be of value in cases where the balance between minimal dyskinesia and Parkinson symptoms is impossible to obtain with levodopa treatment alone.", "contents": "Bromocriptine in the treatment of advanced Parkinsonism. The dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine in doses of 2.5-40 mg was compared with placebo in a double-blind cross-over study (12 + 12 weeks) in 11 Parkinson patients in whom bothering dyskinesia occurring after prolonged levodopa treatment limited in the levodopa dose to a level, where Parkinson symptoms still were present to an unsatisfactory degree. On the basis of changes in rating scales and the patients' preference, bromocriptine was significantly superior to placebo. Dyskinesia, occurring during bromocriptine treatment in 9 of 11 patients, disappeared within the period of study in 6 patients after dose reduction without changes in Parkinson disability scores to placebo level. Bromocriptine seem to be of value in cases where the balance between minimal dyskinesia and Parkinson symptoms is impossible to obtain with levodopa treatment alone.", "PMID": 333856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12736", "title": "[Association of Alzheimer's disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Serial EEG studies and full neuropathological investigations (optic and electronic microscopy of biopsy and necropsy material) were carried out on two patients: 1. A 68-year-old man: development in two and a half months of Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease signalled by early clinical and EEG changes and confirmed by associated spongiosis of the triad characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, which was unexpected in this case. 2. A 43-year-old man: first phase of four years of progressive deterioration, followed by an encephalopathic syndrome with myoclonus developing in twelve months. The serial EEG studies showed discontinuous periodic paroxystic activity from the start of the second phase of the disease, although the first biopsy still showed nothing but the signs of Alzheimer's disease. A fortnight later, a second biopsy revealed ultrastructural microspongiosis. Examination of necropsy material confirmed the extensive association of the characteristic images of the two processes. On the basis of these two case studies and some similar cases published in the literature, the authors discuss the possible etiological links between these two diseases and stress the importance of the EEG and cerebral biopsy for the purposes of differential diagnosis. (Acta neurol. belg., 1977, 77, 202-212).", "contents": "[Association of Alzheimer's disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease (author's transl)]. Serial EEG studies and full neuropathological investigations (optic and electronic microscopy of biopsy and necropsy material) were carried out on two patients: 1. A 68-year-old man: development in two and a half months of Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease signalled by early clinical and EEG changes and confirmed by associated spongiosis of the triad characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, which was unexpected in this case. 2. A 43-year-old man: first phase of four years of progressive deterioration, followed by an encephalopathic syndrome with myoclonus developing in twelve months. The serial EEG studies showed discontinuous periodic paroxystic activity from the start of the second phase of the disease, although the first biopsy still showed nothing but the signs of Alzheimer's disease. A fortnight later, a second biopsy revealed ultrastructural microspongiosis. Examination of necropsy material confirmed the extensive association of the characteristic images of the two processes. On the basis of these two case studies and some similar cases published in the literature, the authors discuss the possible etiological links between these two diseases and stress the importance of the EEG and cerebral biopsy for the purposes of differential diagnosis. (Acta neurol. belg., 1977, 77, 202-212).", "PMID": 333854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12737", "title": "Brain-associated cell surface antigens on neuroepithelial cells in a transplantable mouse teratoma.", "content": "Mouse neonatal brain cell fractions enriched for surface membranes were used as immunogens to produce a heterologous immune serum. Following absorption to remove non-neural anti-mouse activity, this serum demonstrated by microcomplement fixation an anti-brain activity that was completely removed by absorption with neonatal mouse brain or with solid tumors of the mouse transplantable teratoma OTT-6050. Indirect immunofluorescence applied to living monolayer cultures of differentiating teratoma embryoid bodies showed the absorbed serum's reaction with neural cell surfaces only. In material studied with frozen sections, the absorbed serum recognized antigenic sites in all examined areas of both neonatal and adult mouse brain, and only within neuroepithelial cell populations of solid transplants of the teratoma.", "contents": "Brain-associated cell surface antigens on neuroepithelial cells in a transplantable mouse teratoma. Mouse neonatal brain cell fractions enriched for surface membranes were used as immunogens to produce a heterologous immune serum. Following absorption to remove non-neural anti-mouse activity, this serum demonstrated by microcomplement fixation an anti-brain activity that was completely removed by absorption with neonatal mouse brain or with solid tumors of the mouse transplantable teratoma OTT-6050. Indirect immunofluorescence applied to living monolayer cultures of differentiating teratoma embryoid bodies showed the absorbed serum's reaction with neural cell surfaces only. In material studied with frozen sections, the absorbed serum recognized antigenic sites in all examined areas of both neonatal and adult mouse brain, and only within neuroepithelial cell populations of solid transplants of the teratoma.", "PMID": 333858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12738", "title": "The blood-brain barrier to horseradish peroxidase under normal and experimental conditions.", "content": "This review paper deals with the transport of the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase across cerebral vessels under normal and various experimental conditions. Electronmicroscopical investigations have revealed that, under normal conditions, a minor vesicular transfer of intravenously injected peroxidase occurs across the endothelium in segments of arterioles, capillaries and venules, especially in arterioles with a diameter about 15-30 mu. This normally occurring vesicular transport is susceptible to various experimental conditions. Thus the transfer of tracer increases when a hypertonic solution is injected into the internal carotid artery presumably due to vesicular transport. Extensive acute hypertension of short duration also increases the vesicular transfer of peroxidase from blood to brain. Identical observations are obtained when the hypertension is evoked by intravenous injection of phentolamine and by electrically induced seizures. During the postischemic period, one hour after release of the occlusion of an internal carotid artery in the Mongolian gerbil the vesicular transport of peroxidase is increased across the endothelium of cerebral vessels. The explanation may be release of serotonin from blood platelets during the occlusion. The serotonin could then increase the blood pressure locally in the brain resulting in an enhanced permeability. Serotonin, after perfusion through the cerebral ventricular system, is also able to increase the normally occurring vesicular transfer. The most likely mechanism behind this phenomenon seems at the moment to be local hypertension evoked by serotonin-induced vasoconstriction of arterioles. Finally, the enhanced vesicular transport across cerebral endothelium caused by porto-caval anastomosis is mentioned and the possible role of disturbances in the metabolism of amines as responsible for the extravasation is discussed.", "contents": "The blood-brain barrier to horseradish peroxidase under normal and experimental conditions. This review paper deals with the transport of the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase across cerebral vessels under normal and various experimental conditions. Electronmicroscopical investigations have revealed that, under normal conditions, a minor vesicular transfer of intravenously injected peroxidase occurs across the endothelium in segments of arterioles, capillaries and venules, especially in arterioles with a diameter about 15-30 mu. This normally occurring vesicular transport is susceptible to various experimental conditions. Thus the transfer of tracer increases when a hypertonic solution is injected into the internal carotid artery presumably due to vesicular transport. Extensive acute hypertension of short duration also increases the vesicular transfer of peroxidase from blood to brain. Identical observations are obtained when the hypertension is evoked by intravenous injection of phentolamine and by electrically induced seizures. During the postischemic period, one hour after release of the occlusion of an internal carotid artery in the Mongolian gerbil the vesicular transport of peroxidase is increased across the endothelium of cerebral vessels. The explanation may be release of serotonin from blood platelets during the occlusion. The serotonin could then increase the blood pressure locally in the brain resulting in an enhanced permeability. Serotonin, after perfusion through the cerebral ventricular system, is also able to increase the normally occurring vesicular transfer. The most likely mechanism behind this phenomenon seems at the moment to be local hypertension evoked by serotonin-induced vasoconstriction of arterioles. Finally, the enhanced vesicular transport across cerebral endothelium caused by porto-caval anastomosis is mentioned and the possible role of disturbances in the metabolism of amines as responsible for the extravasation is discussed.", "PMID": 333857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12739", "title": "Experimental and clinical data on Cyclabil.", "content": "The effects of a 2-phase preparation on the parameters of cycle function were studied in 14 normally menstruating women. The preparation, Cyclabil, is administered in a series of 11 tablets with 2.0 mg oestradiol valerate and 10 tablets with 2.0 mg oestradiol valerate in combination with 0.5 mg D,L-norgestrel. The cervical function, the spinnbarkeit of the cervical mucus and its crystallisability and, by means of RIA, FSH, LH, 17beta-oestradiol and the progesterone serum levels were determined continuously in a control cycle before the treatment, in the first and third treatment cycles and in a subsequent control cycle. The results show that no impairment of the normal cycle function were found during cyclical administration of the 2-phase preparation in 13 women. Two pregnancies occurred during the therapy. The process of ovulation was inhibited in one subject during the medication. 20 other women with pronounced premenopausal deficiency symptoms and cycle irregularities were treated with the 2-phase preparation for 6 months. Apart from the good cycle regulation, the deficiency symptoms were eliminated completely in 19 women and almost completely in 1 woman. Checks of the FSH, LH, 17beta-oestradiol and oestrone serum levels conducted at random during a medication cycle showed only a slight influence on the gonadotropin level. During the medication, E2 can be demonstrated in comparison to E1 at a ratio of 1:10.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical data on Cyclabil. The effects of a 2-phase preparation on the parameters of cycle function were studied in 14 normally menstruating women. The preparation, Cyclabil, is administered in a series of 11 tablets with 2.0 mg oestradiol valerate and 10 tablets with 2.0 mg oestradiol valerate in combination with 0.5 mg D,L-norgestrel. The cervical function, the spinnbarkeit of the cervical mucus and its crystallisability and, by means of RIA, FSH, LH, 17beta-oestradiol and the progesterone serum levels were determined continuously in a control cycle before the treatment, in the first and third treatment cycles and in a subsequent control cycle. The results show that no impairment of the normal cycle function were found during cyclical administration of the 2-phase preparation in 13 women. Two pregnancies occurred during the therapy. The process of ovulation was inhibited in one subject during the medication. 20 other women with pronounced premenopausal deficiency symptoms and cycle irregularities were treated with the 2-phase preparation for 6 months. Apart from the good cycle regulation, the deficiency symptoms were eliminated completely in 19 women and almost completely in 1 woman. Checks of the FSH, LH, 17beta-oestradiol and oestrone serum levels conducted at random during a medication cycle showed only a slight influence on the gonadotropin level. During the medication, E2 can be demonstrated in comparison to E1 at a ratio of 1:10.", "PMID": 333860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12740", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism and hormonal replacement therapy: problems and clinical results.", "content": "Substitution treatment with a biphasic hormone combination (Cyclacur) was administered to twenty women in menopause. Nine of these had undergone hysterectomy and/or ovarectomy. The experimental cycle consisted of a daily dose of 2 mg estradiol valerianate as estrogen for 11 days, the identical dose of estrogen plus 0.5 mg dl-norgestrel as gestagen for 10 days, and a 7-day medication-free period. An initial placebo cycle was administered, followed by 7 experimental cycles and one final placebo cycle. Laboratory tests were carried out regularly. There were no significant changes during the investigation in serum lipids, blood sugar values, or serum enzyme tests used as parameters of hepatic function. Of the hematological parameters a moderate rise in hematocrit was observed. There was no change in serum protein-bound iodine.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism and hormonal replacement therapy: problems and clinical results. Substitution treatment with a biphasic hormone combination (Cyclacur) was administered to twenty women in menopause. Nine of these had undergone hysterectomy and/or ovarectomy. The experimental cycle consisted of a daily dose of 2 mg estradiol valerianate as estrogen for 11 days, the identical dose of estrogen plus 0.5 mg dl-norgestrel as gestagen for 10 days, and a 7-day medication-free period. An initial placebo cycle was administered, followed by 7 experimental cycles and one final placebo cycle. Laboratory tests were carried out regularly. There were no significant changes during the investigation in serum lipids, blood sugar values, or serum enzyme tests used as parameters of hepatic function. Of the hematological parameters a moderate rise in hematocrit was observed. There was no change in serum protein-bound iodine.", "PMID": 333862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12741", "title": "The immunological paradox of pregnancy.", "content": "During a normal pregnancy the fetus can be regarded as a transplant inside the uterus. The reason why this transplant is not rejected is still unclear. In this work various models for this immunological paradox and recent results within the field of pregnancy immunology are discussed. From an immunological point of view the development of a normal pregnancy is almost impossible. During all stages the embryo can be regarded as a transplant (4), but instead of the expected rejection an intimate parasitic graft - host relationship is established. The sperm has already been shown to be the carrier of transplantation antigens and thus theoretically capable of initiating an immune response. The fertilized egg also carries transplantation antigens on its surface after the first division. Foreign transplantation antigens release in the receiver a cell mediated immune reaction, which normally causes a rejection within some weeks.", "contents": "The immunological paradox of pregnancy. During a normal pregnancy the fetus can be regarded as a transplant inside the uterus. The reason why this transplant is not rejected is still unclear. In this work various models for this immunological paradox and recent results within the field of pregnancy immunology are discussed. From an immunological point of view the development of a normal pregnancy is almost impossible. During all stages the embryo can be regarded as a transplant (4), but instead of the expected rejection an intimate parasitic graft - host relationship is established. The sperm has already been shown to be the carrier of transplantation antigens and thus theoretically capable of initiating an immune response. The fertilized egg also carries transplantation antigens on its surface after the first division. Foreign transplantation antigens release in the receiver a cell mediated immune reaction, which normally causes a rejection within some weeks.", "PMID": 333863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12742", "title": "The relationship between age-dependent immunological competence of host and tumor growth in the hamster-bovine adenovirus type 3 system.", "content": "The relationship of aging to carcinogenesis was immunologically examined in the hamster-bovine adenovirus type 3 system. The age of animals at the time of virus inoculation influenced the tumor growth and latency period, but not the tumor incidence. The immunological competence of hamsters to sheep red blood cells became matured around 4 weeks after birth and was not affected by the infection of bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV-3). The strength of transplant immunity was dependent on the age of animals at the time of immunization. The growth of progressive type of tumors induced by inoculation with BAV-3 into younger animals was inhibited by the repeated inoculation of excess dose of BAV-3, administration of BCG and transfer of sensitized lymphocytes during the tumor latency. The growth of non-progressive type of tumors induced by inoculation with BAV-3 into adult hamsters was accelerated by administration of antithymocyte serum or thymectomy. The tolerance to tumor specific transplantation antigens did not play a critical role in the present system. The blocking activity to sensitized lymphocytes was demonstrated in the sera taken from hamsters developing a progressive type of tumor even in the early period of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "The relationship between age-dependent immunological competence of host and tumor growth in the hamster-bovine adenovirus type 3 system. The relationship of aging to carcinogenesis was immunologically examined in the hamster-bovine adenovirus type 3 system. The age of animals at the time of virus inoculation influenced the tumor growth and latency period, but not the tumor incidence. The immunological competence of hamsters to sheep red blood cells became matured around 4 weeks after birth and was not affected by the infection of bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV-3). The strength of transplant immunity was dependent on the age of animals at the time of immunization. The growth of progressive type of tumors induced by inoculation with BAV-3 into younger animals was inhibited by the repeated inoculation of excess dose of BAV-3, administration of BCG and transfer of sensitized lymphocytes during the tumor latency. The growth of non-progressive type of tumors induced by inoculation with BAV-3 into adult hamsters was accelerated by administration of antithymocyte serum or thymectomy. The tolerance to tumor specific transplantation antigens did not play a critical role in the present system. The blocking activity to sensitized lymphocytes was demonstrated in the sera taken from hamsters developing a progressive type of tumor even in the early period of carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 333864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12743", "title": "Quantitative determination of free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography with special reference to yeasts.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for quantitative determination of free amino acids in yeasts is described. The amino acids are extracted with boiling water and separated from interfering substances on a cation-exchange resin. They are analyzed as their n-propyl N-acetyl esters. The best separation of the derivatives was achieved when using glass columns containing a mixture of three polar phases.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography with special reference to yeasts. A gas-liquid chromatographic method for quantitative determination of free amino acids in yeasts is described. The amino acids are extracted with boiling water and separated from interfering substances on a cation-exchange resin. They are analyzed as their n-propyl N-acetyl esters. The best separation of the derivatives was achieved when using glass columns containing a mixture of three polar phases.", "PMID": 333865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12744", "title": "Application of gas chromatography to diagnosis of microorganisms and infectious diseases.", "content": "Gas chromatography (GC) can be used to characterize microorganisms chemically. Microbial whole cells and cell extracts can be analysed by GC after being thermally or chemically degraded, i.e. pyrolysed or hydrolysed. Microbial metabolic products can be detected by GC analysis of culture media or the atmosphere above such media, i.e. headspace analysis. Pyrolysis products can be analysed direct, while hydrolysis products and non-volatile metabolites must be derivatized before being chromatographed. Differences in the chromatographic patterns can be used to differentiate between microorganisms. Detection of metabolic products in body fluids by means of GC constitutes a potential technique for the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases.", "contents": "Application of gas chromatography to diagnosis of microorganisms and infectious diseases. Gas chromatography (GC) can be used to characterize microorganisms chemically. Microbial whole cells and cell extracts can be analysed by GC after being thermally or chemically degraded, i.e. pyrolysed or hydrolysed. Microbial metabolic products can be detected by GC analysis of culture media or the atmosphere above such media, i.e. headspace analysis. Pyrolysis products can be analysed direct, while hydrolysis products and non-volatile metabolites must be derivatized before being chromatographed. Differences in the chromatographic patterns can be used to differentiate between microorganisms. Detection of metabolic products in body fluids by means of GC constitutes a potential technique for the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases.", "PMID": 333866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12745", "title": "Diagnosis of anaerobic infections by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Anaerobic bacteriology of clinical specimens is an expensive and time-consuming operation. In the present investigation it was shown that fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria may serve as bacterial markers in clinical material. Ten specimens of pus were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and the results were compared with the bacteriological findings. Good correlations were found for the recovery of Bacteroides fragilis and the presence of isobutyric, butyric and succinic acids. It is concluded that direct gas-liquid chromatography of clinical specimens provides a rapid presumptive test for the presence of B. fragilis in anaerobic infections.", "contents": "Diagnosis of anaerobic infections by gas-liquid chromatography. Anaerobic bacteriology of clinical specimens is an expensive and time-consuming operation. In the present investigation it was shown that fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria may serve as bacterial markers in clinical material. Ten specimens of pus were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and the results were compared with the bacteriological findings. Good correlations were found for the recovery of Bacteroides fragilis and the presence of isobutyric, butyric and succinic acids. It is concluded that direct gas-liquid chromatography of clinical specimens provides a rapid presumptive test for the presence of B. fragilis in anaerobic infections.", "PMID": 333867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12746", "title": "Effect of local irradiation on the acute rejection process in transplanted kidneys.", "content": "The graft in 178 renal transplant patients was irradiated in an effort to halt acute rejection phenomena. Of the patients, 61 per cent received their transplant from either a sibling, parent or child and 38 per cent received cadaveric kidneys. Of the irradiated kidneys 61 per cent were functioning at 6 months, 58 per cent at 12 months and 49 per cent at 18 months. The rational for irradiation of transplanted kidneys with acute rejection is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of local irradiation on the acute rejection process in transplanted kidneys. The graft in 178 renal transplant patients was irradiated in an effort to halt acute rejection phenomena. Of the patients, 61 per cent received their transplant from either a sibling, parent or child and 38 per cent received cadaveric kidneys. Of the irradiated kidneys 61 per cent were functioning at 6 months, 58 per cent at 12 months and 49 per cent at 18 months. The rational for irradiation of transplanted kidneys with acute rejection is discussed.", "PMID": 333868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12747", "title": "Effect of clofibrate and calcium in type II A hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "content": "In type II A hyperlipoproteinaemia, treatment with cholestyramine (12 g), calcium clofibrate (2 g) and a combination of calcium clofibrate and calcium carbonate (2 + 2 g) reduced the cholesterol concentration. The combination of calcium and clofibrate was at least as effective as cholestyramine. Calcium clofibrate decreased very low density and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids, whereas no changes were found in high density lipoproteins. Cholestyramine decreased low density lipoprotein lipids.", "contents": "Effect of clofibrate and calcium in type II A hyperlipoproteinaemia. In type II A hyperlipoproteinaemia, treatment with cholestyramine (12 g), calcium clofibrate (2 g) and a combination of calcium clofibrate and calcium carbonate (2 + 2 g) reduced the cholesterol concentration. The combination of calcium and clofibrate was at least as effective as cholestyramine. Calcium clofibrate decreased very low density and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids, whereas no changes were found in high density lipoproteins. Cholestyramine decreased low density lipoprotein lipids.", "PMID": 333869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12748", "title": "Chemical basis for pharmacological and therapeutic actions of penicillamine.", "content": "The pharmacological and therapeutic action of penicillamine are very largely explained by its ability to chelate metal ions and take part in oxidation-reduction reactions, sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange, and nucleophilic addition. Effects of penicillamine on particular enzymes are explained by its chemical properties. Possible interactions with amino acids, tissue proteins, food constituents, and intermediates in the metabolism and biosynthesis of sulfur containing amino acids are discussed.", "contents": "Chemical basis for pharmacological and therapeutic actions of penicillamine. The pharmacological and therapeutic action of penicillamine are very largely explained by its ability to chelate metal ions and take part in oxidation-reduction reactions, sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange, and nucleophilic addition. Effects of penicillamine on particular enzymes are explained by its chemical properties. Possible interactions with amino acids, tissue proteins, food constituents, and intermediates in the metabolism and biosynthesis of sulfur containing amino acids are discussed.", "PMID": 333874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12749", "title": "[Reconstruction of the postcranial skeleton of an infant of Neanderthal man from Kiik-Koba (the Soviet Union) (author's transl)].", "content": "The first study concerning the postnatal skeleton of Neanderthal man gives us information about the development of the skeleton of Neanderthal man in the earliest stage of postnatal ontogenetic development. The very good state of preservation of the postcranial skeleton of the infant of Neanderthal man from Kiik-Koba in the Crimea made it possible to carry out for the first time a graphic reconstruction of the entire skeleton in norma frontalis and norma lateralis, in natural size. In this way we have obtained the necessary information for evaluation of body height, for the establishment of body proportions of an infant of Neanderthal man, and for a comparison of these proportions with those of a recent infant of a European that is on the same stage of ontogenetic development.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the postcranial skeleton of an infant of Neanderthal man from Kiik-Koba (the Soviet Union) (author's transl)]. The first study concerning the postnatal skeleton of Neanderthal man gives us information about the development of the skeleton of Neanderthal man in the earliest stage of postnatal ontogenetic development. The very good state of preservation of the postcranial skeleton of the infant of Neanderthal man from Kiik-Koba in the Crimea made it possible to carry out for the first time a graphic reconstruction of the entire skeleton in norma frontalis and norma lateralis, in natural size. In this way we have obtained the necessary information for evaluation of body height, for the establishment of body proportions of an infant of Neanderthal man, and for a comparison of these proportions with those of a recent infant of a European that is on the same stage of ontogenetic development.", "PMID": 333881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12750", "title": "[To the foundation year of the leading German breast milk bank in Erfurt (author's transl)].", "content": "The character of the breast milk bank after the model introduced by Dr. med. M.-E. Kayser is dealt with and an attempt is made by using old records to determine approximately exactly the date the Erfurt breast milk bank was established, as this date is still being disputed in the bibliography.", "contents": "[To the foundation year of the leading German breast milk bank in Erfurt (author's transl)]. The character of the breast milk bank after the model introduced by Dr. med. M.-E. Kayser is dealt with and an attempt is made by using old records to determine approximately exactly the date the Erfurt breast milk bank was established, as this date is still being disputed in the bibliography.", "PMID": 333882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12751", "title": "Managing soft tissue injuries.", "content": "The management of soft tissue injuries of the face is best approached in an organized manner. The goal is early functional and cosmetic rehabilitation. The steps to be undertaken should be: initial evaluation, planning, repair and follow-up. Thorough cleansing with minimal debridement, use of fine suture material and early suture removal are some of the important principles.", "contents": "Managing soft tissue injuries. The management of soft tissue injuries of the face is best approached in an organized manner. The goal is early functional and cosmetic rehabilitation. The steps to be undertaken should be: initial evaluation, planning, repair and follow-up. Thorough cleansing with minimal debridement, use of fine suture material and early suture removal are some of the important principles.", "PMID": 333886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12752", "title": "Effects of intravenous verapamil on hemodynamics in patients with heart disease.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of intravenous verapamil (10 mg.) were evaluated in 13 patients with coronary artery disease and in seven patients with rheumatic valvular disease during cardiac catheterization. The peak effects were apparent at 3 to 5 minutes after injection and lasted about 10 minutes. The mean arterial pressure fell from 97.8 +/- 3.4 to 85.9 +/- 2.7 mm. Hg (-12%; p less than 0.01) accompanied by a significant decrease (-21%, p less than 0.001) in systemic vascular resistance (from 1435 +/- 80 to 1131 +/- 82 dynes-sex.-cm.-5) with an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (from 11.0 +/- 0.9 to 15.0 +/- 1.0 mm. Hg; +36%, p less than 0.01) and a reduction in LV dp/dt max (from 1343 +/- 152 to 1007 +/- 102 mm. Hg/sex.; -25%, p less than 0.05). The changes in heart rate (from 75.7 +/- 3.0 to 80.2 +/- 2.8 beats/min.), cardiac index (from 3.17 +/- 0.15 to 3.61 +/- 0.17 L./min./M.2), left ventricular minute work (from 3.63 +/- 0.28 to 3.31 +/- 0.23 Kg.-m./min./M.2) and mean pulmonary artery pressures (from 15.7 +/- 1.0 to 18.1 +/- 0.8 mm. Hg) were not statistically significant. The intrinsic negative inotropic action of verapamil is, therefore, minimized by its effect on afterload so that cardiac index is not reduced by the drug in patients with cardiac disease.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous verapamil on hemodynamics in patients with heart disease. The hemodynamic effects of intravenous verapamil (10 mg.) were evaluated in 13 patients with coronary artery disease and in seven patients with rheumatic valvular disease during cardiac catheterization. The peak effects were apparent at 3 to 5 minutes after injection and lasted about 10 minutes. The mean arterial pressure fell from 97.8 +/- 3.4 to 85.9 +/- 2.7 mm. Hg (-12%; p less than 0.01) accompanied by a significant decrease (-21%, p less than 0.001) in systemic vascular resistance (from 1435 +/- 80 to 1131 +/- 82 dynes-sex.-cm.-5) with an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (from 11.0 +/- 0.9 to 15.0 +/- 1.0 mm. Hg; +36%, p less than 0.01) and a reduction in LV dp/dt max (from 1343 +/- 152 to 1007 +/- 102 mm. Hg/sex.; -25%, p less than 0.05). The changes in heart rate (from 75.7 +/- 3.0 to 80.2 +/- 2.8 beats/min.), cardiac index (from 3.17 +/- 0.15 to 3.61 +/- 0.17 L./min./M.2), left ventricular minute work (from 3.63 +/- 0.28 to 3.31 +/- 0.23 Kg.-m./min./M.2) and mean pulmonary artery pressures (from 15.7 +/- 1.0 to 18.1 +/- 0.8 mm. Hg) were not statistically significant. The intrinsic negative inotropic action of verapamil is, therefore, minimized by its effect on afterload so that cardiac index is not reduced by the drug in patients with cardiac disease.", "PMID": 333889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12753", "title": "The injury-vasospasm hypothesis of ischemic heart disease, revisited.", "content": "The injury-vasospasm hypothesis of IHD was discussed in relation to coronary artery autoregulation and the anoxic-feedback mechanism. Observations in the recent literature, not usually attributed to spasm, were examined in light of this phenomenon. This includes reperfusion models of experimental AMI, the association of AMI with myocarditis, and findings in AMI and SCD as necrotic microlesions, prodromata, and epicardial arterial plaque rupture and hemorrhage. The disparity between the severity of coronary disease and the occurrence of the various types of IHD suggest that atherosclerosis itself does not precipitate attacks of chest pain. It was emphasized that plaque rupture due to spasm might help induce CAT. With exercise, the possible importance of the autoregulatory system was explored in the prevention and induction of AMI and SCD, and the improvement of AP. The role of spasm in IHD should be defined.", "contents": "The injury-vasospasm hypothesis of ischemic heart disease, revisited. The injury-vasospasm hypothesis of IHD was discussed in relation to coronary artery autoregulation and the anoxic-feedback mechanism. Observations in the recent literature, not usually attributed to spasm, were examined in light of this phenomenon. This includes reperfusion models of experimental AMI, the association of AMI with myocarditis, and findings in AMI and SCD as necrotic microlesions, prodromata, and epicardial arterial plaque rupture and hemorrhage. The disparity between the severity of coronary disease and the occurrence of the various types of IHD suggest that atherosclerosis itself does not precipitate attacks of chest pain. It was emphasized that plaque rupture due to spasm might help induce CAT. With exercise, the possible importance of the autoregulatory system was explored in the prevention and induction of AMI and SCD, and the improvement of AP. The role of spasm in IHD should be defined.", "PMID": 333891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12754", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of a gastric imhibitory polypeptide-like material within A-cells of the endocrine pancreas.", "content": "In rat pancreatic islets, the glucagon-producing A-cells also contain a GIP-like material as revealed by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique. Control studies showed that this dual staining was not due to the cross-reactivity of anti-GIP with glucagon. It is concluded either that the A-cells synthesize a GIP-like peptide or that it is taken up from the circulation.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of a gastric imhibitory polypeptide-like material within A-cells of the endocrine pancreas. In rat pancreatic islets, the glucagon-producing A-cells also contain a GIP-like material as revealed by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique. Control studies showed that this dual staining was not due to the cross-reactivity of anti-GIP with glucagon. It is concluded either that the A-cells synthesize a GIP-like peptide or that it is taken up from the circulation.", "PMID": 333896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12755", "title": "Correlative fluorescence-immunocytochemical technique for the localization of monoamines and neurophysin (NP).", "content": "A correlative fluorescence-immunocytochemical technique for the localization of monoamines and neurophysin on sections of freeze-dried tissues is described. An extensive network of monoamine-containing perikarya and terminals was found throughout the hypothalamus and median eminence. Immunocytochemical localization of antisera for neurophysin was found in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and in both the zona interna and zona externa of the median eminence. This correlative demonstration of both catecholamines and neuropeptides within the same tissue provides a new approach to the study of neurotransmitters and neurohormones and their role in the regulation of the peripheral endocrine system.", "contents": "Correlative fluorescence-immunocytochemical technique for the localization of monoamines and neurophysin (NP). A correlative fluorescence-immunocytochemical technique for the localization of monoamines and neurophysin on sections of freeze-dried tissues is described. An extensive network of monoamine-containing perikarya and terminals was found throughout the hypothalamus and median eminence. Immunocytochemical localization of antisera for neurophysin was found in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and in both the zona interna and zona externa of the median eminence. This correlative demonstration of both catecholamines and neuropeptides within the same tissue provides a new approach to the study of neurotransmitters and neurohormones and their role in the regulation of the peripheral endocrine system.", "PMID": 333897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12756", "title": "Correlation of cutaneous hypersensitivity with lymphocytic response to Candida albicans.", "content": "The relationship between delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to Candida albicans and in-vitro lymphocytic proliferative response using a highly sensitive micro-technic was studied in 26 healthy adult subjects and six children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. The maximum in-vitro lymphocytic proliferative response in adult subjects with cutaneous hypersensitivity, 18.94 +/- 4.16 (SE), was significantly greater than that in those without cutaneous reactions, 2.49 +/- 0.45 (SE) (P less than 0.005). A close correlation was found between cutaneous hypersensitivity (mean diameter of induration at 48 hours) and in-vitro lymphocytic proliferative response (r = 0.73, P less than 0.001). A cutaneous reaction of 5 mm or more of induration after injection of 0.1 ml of 1:100 Candida albicans extract corresponded to an in-vitro lymphocytic proliferative index of 5 or more (P less than 0.005), which supports the previously empiric use of 5 mm of induration as an indicator of intact cellular immunity in clinical practice. In the children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, no consistent relationship between cutaneous hypersensitivity and lymphocytic proliferative response was found. Administration of Levamisole resulted in increased lymphocytic proliferation in vitro, and the development of cutaneous hypersensitivity, suggesting potentiation of cellular immune function.", "contents": "Correlation of cutaneous hypersensitivity with lymphocytic response to Candida albicans. The relationship between delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to Candida albicans and in-vitro lymphocytic proliferative response using a highly sensitive micro-technic was studied in 26 healthy adult subjects and six children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. The maximum in-vitro lymphocytic proliferative response in adult subjects with cutaneous hypersensitivity, 18.94 +/- 4.16 (SE), was significantly greater than that in those without cutaneous reactions, 2.49 +/- 0.45 (SE) (P less than 0.005). A close correlation was found between cutaneous hypersensitivity (mean diameter of induration at 48 hours) and in-vitro lymphocytic proliferative response (r = 0.73, P less than 0.001). A cutaneous reaction of 5 mm or more of induration after injection of 0.1 ml of 1:100 Candida albicans extract corresponded to an in-vitro lymphocytic proliferative index of 5 or more (P less than 0.005), which supports the previously empiric use of 5 mm of induration as an indicator of intact cellular immunity in clinical practice. In the children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, no consistent relationship between cutaneous hypersensitivity and lymphocytic proliferative response was found. Administration of Levamisole resulted in increased lymphocytic proliferation in vitro, and the development of cutaneous hypersensitivity, suggesting potentiation of cellular immune function.", "PMID": 333898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12757", "title": "Viral and immunological bases of beta cell failure in insulin-dependent diabetes.", "content": "Pathologists have confirmed the specific nature of the insulitis lesion in diabetes requiring insulin. Data from genetic studies implicate both genetic and environmental influences as important in the appearance of overt disease. Certain HLA histocompatibility antigens are associated with insulin-dependent diabetes and have been interpreted as markers for closely linked immune response genes, a situation that may lead to beta cell susceptibility to viral injury or to uncontrolled beta cell autoaggression following beta cell damage. There is much circumstantial evidence that viruses may precipitate the disease (coxsackie) or may precede the disease onset by a long interval (mumps, rubella). However, susceptibility to virus, if it exists in human insulin-requiring diabetes, would appear on clinical grounds to be localized to the pancreas. Autoimmune phenomena are common in insulin-requiring diabetes, and there is both human and animal evidence that suggest that cell-mediated immunity may have a central pathogenic role. The recent explosion of new findings should lead to a clearer understanding of the nature of the disease, and this knowledge will hopefully lend itself to the prevention or arrest of the disease through immunological intervention, vaccination programs, or other means yet to be discovered.", "contents": "Viral and immunological bases of beta cell failure in insulin-dependent diabetes. Pathologists have confirmed the specific nature of the insulitis lesion in diabetes requiring insulin. Data from genetic studies implicate both genetic and environmental influences as important in the appearance of overt disease. Certain HLA histocompatibility antigens are associated with insulin-dependent diabetes and have been interpreted as markers for closely linked immune response genes, a situation that may lead to beta cell susceptibility to viral injury or to uncontrolled beta cell autoaggression following beta cell damage. There is much circumstantial evidence that viruses may precipitate the disease (coxsackie) or may precede the disease onset by a long interval (mumps, rubella). However, susceptibility to virus, if it exists in human insulin-requiring diabetes, would appear on clinical grounds to be localized to the pancreas. Autoimmune phenomena are common in insulin-requiring diabetes, and there is both human and animal evidence that suggest that cell-mediated immunity may have a central pathogenic role. The recent explosion of new findings should lead to a clearer understanding of the nature of the disease, and this knowledge will hopefully lend itself to the prevention or arrest of the disease through immunological intervention, vaccination programs, or other means yet to be discovered.", "PMID": 333900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12758", "title": "Nature and nurture in the expression of diabetes mellitus and its vascular manifestations.", "content": "The prevailing concept of etiologic heterogeneity for the diabetes mellitus syndrome is one of multiple genetic factors interacting with a variety of environmental influences. Variation in expression of the disorder, particularly the need for insulin, does not correlate with known etiologic distinctions. There is much evidence for genetic heterogeneity, as well as phenotypic variation when etiology can be presumed to be identical. The vascular manifestations of diabetes include microangiopathy unique to diabetes and larger vessel disease that differs from that of normal aging only by its prematurity. There is as much evidence for heterogeneity of the vascular expression as there is for glucose intolerance. Approximately 25% of persons with insulin-dependent diabetes may never develop the microvascular disease. The pathogenesis of vascular disease in diabetes may involve a number of abnormalities of plasma, circulating cells, and vascular tissue. Were absolute control of glycemia possible, some of the contributing factors involved in vasculopathy would possibly be alleviated. In the absence of automated physiologic insulin replacement the potential deleterious effect of our current methods of treatment might be reduced by specific inhibition of excess catecholamine, growth hormone and/or glucagon responses.", "contents": "Nature and nurture in the expression of diabetes mellitus and its vascular manifestations. The prevailing concept of etiologic heterogeneity for the diabetes mellitus syndrome is one of multiple genetic factors interacting with a variety of environmental influences. Variation in expression of the disorder, particularly the need for insulin, does not correlate with known etiologic distinctions. There is much evidence for genetic heterogeneity, as well as phenotypic variation when etiology can be presumed to be identical. The vascular manifestations of diabetes include microangiopathy unique to diabetes and larger vessel disease that differs from that of normal aging only by its prematurity. There is as much evidence for heterogeneity of the vascular expression as there is for glucose intolerance. Approximately 25% of persons with insulin-dependent diabetes may never develop the microvascular disease. The pathogenesis of vascular disease in diabetes may involve a number of abnormalities of plasma, circulating cells, and vascular tissue. Were absolute control of glycemia possible, some of the contributing factors involved in vasculopathy would possibly be alleviated. In the absence of automated physiologic insulin replacement the potential deleterious effect of our current methods of treatment might be reduced by specific inhibition of excess catecholamine, growth hormone and/or glucagon responses.", "PMID": 333901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12759", "title": "Radionuclide diagnosis of bleeding Meckel's diverticulum in children.", "content": "The preoperative diagnosis of rectal bleeding due to Meckel's diverticulum in children has major difficulties when only standard clinical and radiographic technics are utilized. During the past three years we have done 70 studies with Tc99m pertechnetate for this suspected diagnosis using scintillation camera imaging and computer analysis. Five positive cases were identified and all verified at surgery. No false positives were noted. We believe this to be a safe and available procedure that should be considered a primary diagnostic modality in the investigation of young children with suspected bleeding Meckel's diverticulum.", "contents": "Radionuclide diagnosis of bleeding Meckel's diverticulum in children. The preoperative diagnosis of rectal bleeding due to Meckel's diverticulum in children has major difficulties when only standard clinical and radiographic technics are utilized. During the past three years we have done 70 studies with Tc99m pertechnetate for this suspected diagnosis using scintillation camera imaging and computer analysis. Five positive cases were identified and all verified at surgery. No false positives were noted. We believe this to be a safe and available procedure that should be considered a primary diagnostic modality in the investigation of young children with suspected bleeding Meckel's diverticulum.", "PMID": 333903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12760", "title": "Hepatitis B in ward and clinical laboratory employees of a general hospital.", "content": "After a sharp increase in viral hepatitis cases, mostly type B, among the 2000 employees of a general hospital during three years, we conducted an investigation which consisted of obtaining data on employee cases and surveying many current employees. Of the 38 cases, 22 occurred in non-physician, ward employees. Of 189 current ward employees, 8% had antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBS) and 1% had hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) seropositivity was highest for employees who worked closely with hemodialysis and renal transplant patients and for those who claimed that their ward was understaffed. Nine of the 38 cases occurred in clinical lab workers. Of 70 current lab employees, 17% were positive for anti-HBS and none for HBSAg. HBV seropositivity was highest for those working in the chemistry section (highest there among those performing blood-gas determinations and those working with the multi-channel autoanalyzers) and those who routinely got blood on their skin and clothes at work. All seropositive employees worked routinely with blood. These data support the hypotheses that many hospital employees contract hepatitis B from exposure to HBSAg-positive patients and many clinical laboratory employees contract it from exposure to HBV-contaminated blood.", "contents": "Hepatitis B in ward and clinical laboratory employees of a general hospital. After a sharp increase in viral hepatitis cases, mostly type B, among the 2000 employees of a general hospital during three years, we conducted an investigation which consisted of obtaining data on employee cases and surveying many current employees. Of the 38 cases, 22 occurred in non-physician, ward employees. Of 189 current ward employees, 8% had antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBS) and 1% had hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) seropositivity was highest for employees who worked closely with hemodialysis and renal transplant patients and for those who claimed that their ward was understaffed. Nine of the 38 cases occurred in clinical lab workers. Of 70 current lab employees, 17% were positive for anti-HBS and none for HBSAg. HBV seropositivity was highest for those working in the chemistry section (highest there among those performing blood-gas determinations and those working with the multi-channel autoanalyzers) and those who routinely got blood on their skin and clothes at work. All seropositive employees worked routinely with blood. These data support the hypotheses that many hospital employees contract hepatitis B from exposure to HBSAg-positive patients and many clinical laboratory employees contract it from exposure to HBV-contaminated blood.", "PMID": 333905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12761", "title": "Comparison of bovine lung and porcine intestinal heparin for arterial thrombosis in man.", "content": "The clinical effectiveness of bovine lung heparin and porcine intestinal heparin for reducing arterial thrombosis was compared in a study of 64 surgical patients (mean age, 63.8 years). Immediately prior to operation, the radial artery was cannulated. The catheters were flushed continuously at a flow rate of 3 ml/hr with 0.9% sodium chloride solution without heparin or with two units per milliliter of either beef lung or pork intestinal mucosa heparin. After 24 hours, arteriography was performed, and vessel diameter and the amount of thrombus present were recorded. The addition of heparin to the flush solution significantly reduced the accumulation of thrombotic material on the surface of intra-arterial cannulae, thus lowering the incidence of clinically detectable arterial occlusion. No significant difference was found in the anticoagulant effectiveness of beef lung-derived heparin as compared with heparin obtained from pork intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "Comparison of bovine lung and porcine intestinal heparin for arterial thrombosis in man. The clinical effectiveness of bovine lung heparin and porcine intestinal heparin for reducing arterial thrombosis was compared in a study of 64 surgical patients (mean age, 63.8 years). Immediately prior to operation, the radial artery was cannulated. The catheters were flushed continuously at a flow rate of 3 ml/hr with 0.9% sodium chloride solution without heparin or with two units per milliliter of either beef lung or pork intestinal mucosa heparin. After 24 hours, arteriography was performed, and vessel diameter and the amount of thrombus present were recorded. The addition of heparin to the flush solution significantly reduced the accumulation of thrombotic material on the surface of intra-arterial cannulae, thus lowering the incidence of clinically detectable arterial occlusion. No significant difference was found in the anticoagulant effectiveness of beef lung-derived heparin as compared with heparin obtained from pork intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 333906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12762", "title": "Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals' 1977 standards for pharmaceutical services.", "content": "New standards for pharmaceutical services in hospitals, recently approved by the Board of Commissioners of the Joint Commision of Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH), are presented and compared with the previous standards. The efforts of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists in working with JCAH to upgrade the pharmacy standards are reviewed. The new standards reflect progressive hospital pharmacy practice and focus of the hospital pharmacist's patient-care activities.", "contents": "Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals' 1977 standards for pharmaceutical services. New standards for pharmaceutical services in hospitals, recently approved by the Board of Commissioners of the Joint Commision of Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH), are presented and compared with the previous standards. The efforts of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists in working with JCAH to upgrade the pharmacy standards are reviewed. The new standards reflect progressive hospital pharmacy practice and focus of the hospital pharmacist's patient-care activities.", "PMID": 333907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12763", "title": "Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals--twenty-five years of promoting improved health care services.", "content": "A brief history of the Joint Commission  on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH), as well as its structure, purpose and activities, is presented. The procedure for developing JCAH standards for health care facilities is discussed. Also presented are the survey and accreditation processes. It is concluded that as long as the United States values its tradition of voluntarism and believes in positive motivation, the JCAH will be an effective influence on improved health care services.", "contents": "Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals--twenty-five years of promoting improved health care services. A brief history of the Joint Commission  on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH), as well as its structure, purpose and activities, is presented. The procedure for developing JCAH standards for health care facilities is discussed. Also presented are the survey and accreditation processes. It is concluded that as long as the United States values its tradition of voluntarism and believes in positive motivation, the JCAH will be an effective influence on improved health care services.", "PMID": 333908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12764", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: tricyclic antidepressant and monoamine oxidase inhibitor combination therapy.", "content": "Combinations of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are discussed with regard to general toxicity, drug interactions, animal studies, clinical reports, efficacy of combination therapy and usage conditions. Although MAOI-TCA combinations are usually considered contraindicated, informed opinion has shifted to cautious recommendation for the combination. Only refractory patients in whom less hazardous treatment has failed should be considered for combination therapy. The preferred dosage regimen is administration of the MAOI t.i.d. during the day and the entire TCA dose at bedtime. Patients should be informed of the immediate need for medical advice should side effects occur. It is concluded that the simultaneous administration of these agents is potentially efficacious and safe is carefully monitored and controlled.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: tricyclic antidepressant and monoamine oxidase inhibitor combination therapy. Combinations of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are discussed with regard to general toxicity, drug interactions, animal studies, clinical reports, efficacy of combination therapy and usage conditions. Although MAOI-TCA combinations are usually considered contraindicated, informed opinion has shifted to cautious recommendation for the combination. Only refractory patients in whom less hazardous treatment has failed should be considered for combination therapy. The preferred dosage regimen is administration of the MAOI t.i.d. during the day and the entire TCA dose at bedtime. Patients should be informed of the immediate need for medical advice should side effects occur. It is concluded that the simultaneous administration of these agents is potentially efficacious and safe is carefully monitored and controlled.", "PMID": 333909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12765", "title": "High-dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue.", "content": "A brief review of the pharmacology of methotrexate is presented, and the rationale for the administration of high-dose methotrexate and the necessity of a folinic acid rescue to prevent methotrexate toxicity are discussed. Critical factors concenrning the use of this therapy, as well as unusual toxicities associated with the use of high-dose methotrexate, are presented. Several drug-and patient-related variables which may affect the toxicity of this dual drug administration are discussed to better enable pharmacists to monitor patients receiving this form of therapy. High-dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue has improved the therapeutic index of methotrexate. The optimal dosage and duration of the two agents are yet to be determined.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue. A brief review of the pharmacology of methotrexate is presented, and the rationale for the administration of high-dose methotrexate and the necessity of a folinic acid rescue to prevent methotrexate toxicity are discussed. Critical factors concenrning the use of this therapy, as well as unusual toxicities associated with the use of high-dose methotrexate, are presented. Several drug-and patient-related variables which may affect the toxicity of this dual drug administration are discussed to better enable pharmacists to monitor patients receiving this form of therapy. High-dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue has improved the therapeutic index of methotrexate. The optimal dosage and duration of the two agents are yet to be determined.", "PMID": 333910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12766", "title": "Intramuscular injections and bioavailability.", "content": "Bioavailability of drugs following intramuscular injection is reviewed, with particular emphasis on diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, phenytoin, digoxin and lidocaine. Clinical experience with these drugs has shown that i.m. absorption may be slow, erratic or incomplete. Factors which play a role in the bioavailability of i.m. medications include the water solubility of the drug, dispersion of the injected solution and blood flow at the muscle site. For many drugs, intravenous injection is the parenteral route of choice, and oral administration may be more efficacious than i.m. injection.", "contents": "Intramuscular injections and bioavailability. Bioavailability of drugs following intramuscular injection is reviewed, with particular emphasis on diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, phenytoin, digoxin and lidocaine. Clinical experience with these drugs has shown that i.m. absorption may be slow, erratic or incomplete. Factors which play a role in the bioavailability of i.m. medications include the water solubility of the drug, dispersion of the injected solution and blood flow at the muscle site. For many drugs, intravenous injection is the parenteral route of choice, and oral administration may be more efficacious than i.m. injection.", "PMID": 333911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12767", "title": "Cadaver renal transplantation in children with cystinosis.", "content": "Five children with end-stage renal disease resulting from cystinosis received seven cadaver renal allografts. Four recipients have functioning grafts eight to 55 months after receiving the transplant and one recipient lost two grafts at 17 and 26 months after the transplant. There was no florid recurrence of the Fanconi syndrome although proximal renal tubular dysfunction developed in two patients, in one in association with chronic rejection and in one without apparent etiology. Free cystine content of white blood cells, cultured skin fibroblasts and allograft tissue was significantly increased. Cystine crystals were observed in the mesangium of two grafts and in the interstitial tissue of all grafts; however, no cystine crystals were found in the tubules. The location of the cystine crystals, as well as the fact that the highest free level of cystine of allograft tissue was observed in the graft undergoing chronic rejection. led to the hypothesis that recipient cells infiltrating the graft were the source of cystine deposition. The data indicate that successful cadaveric transplantation does not correct the primary metabolic defect in cystinosis, thereby explaining the persistence of the extrarenal clinical manifestations, such as photophobia and hypothyroidism, after renal transplantation in cystinosis.", "contents": "Cadaver renal transplantation in children with cystinosis. Five children with end-stage renal disease resulting from cystinosis received seven cadaver renal allografts. Four recipients have functioning grafts eight to 55 months after receiving the transplant and one recipient lost two grafts at 17 and 26 months after the transplant. There was no florid recurrence of the Fanconi syndrome although proximal renal tubular dysfunction developed in two patients, in one in association with chronic rejection and in one without apparent etiology. Free cystine content of white blood cells, cultured skin fibroblasts and allograft tissue was significantly increased. Cystine crystals were observed in the mesangium of two grafts and in the interstitial tissue of all grafts; however, no cystine crystals were found in the tubules. The location of the cystine crystals, as well as the fact that the highest free level of cystine of allograft tissue was observed in the graft undergoing chronic rejection. led to the hypothesis that recipient cells infiltrating the graft were the source of cystine deposition. The data indicate that successful cadaveric transplantation does not correct the primary metabolic defect in cystinosis, thereby explaining the persistence of the extrarenal clinical manifestations, such as photophobia and hypothyroidism, after renal transplantation in cystinosis.", "PMID": 333912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12768", "title": "One hundred years of cytogenetic studies in health and disease.", "content": "Cytologic observations have greatly contributed to our understanding of the modes of transmission, expression, and action of genetic determinants in tissues and organisms. While the elucidation of chromosome migration and distribution during gametogenesis (i.e., the segregation and independent assortment of chromosomes in the germ cells) provided a physical basis and a mechanism for the implementation of Mendelian principles, cytogenetics did not illuminate our practical knowledge of human biology until it was applied to eukaryotic somatic cells with ease, speed, and accuracy. As a result of these achievements of the late 1950s, the study of the chromosome complement is now routinely available. Karyotypic analysis established that genetic imbalances such as trisomies and deletions account for one-fifth or more of all spontaneous abortions and for one-fifth of all serious but viable birth defects, most of them with impaired mental development. Most chromosome errors are the result of a gametal or zygotic mishap and can be detected by fetal cell sampling through amniocentesis. In recent years more refined techniques (chromosome banding methods) have further increased the level of resolution at which anomalies can be detected. These techniques, along with the development of methods to hybridize somatic cells, have greatly assisted in the assignment of particular genes to particular chromosomes.", "contents": "One hundred years of cytogenetic studies in health and disease. Cytologic observations have greatly contributed to our understanding of the modes of transmission, expression, and action of genetic determinants in tissues and organisms. While the elucidation of chromosome migration and distribution during gametogenesis (i.e., the segregation and independent assortment of chromosomes in the germ cells) provided a physical basis and a mechanism for the implementation of Mendelian principles, cytogenetics did not illuminate our practical knowledge of human biology until it was applied to eukaryotic somatic cells with ease, speed, and accuracy. As a result of these achievements of the late 1950s, the study of the chromosome complement is now routinely available. Karyotypic analysis established that genetic imbalances such as trisomies and deletions account for one-fifth or more of all spontaneous abortions and for one-fifth of all serious but viable birth defects, most of them with impaired mental development. Most chromosome errors are the result of a gametal or zygotic mishap and can be detected by fetal cell sampling through amniocentesis. In recent years more refined techniques (chromosome banding methods) have further increased the level of resolution at which anomalies can be detected. These techniques, along with the development of methods to hybridize somatic cells, have greatly assisted in the assignment of particular genes to particular chromosomes.", "PMID": 333914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12769", "title": "Recurrence of macular corneal dystrophy after lamellar keratoplasty.", "content": "A 20-year-old man required bilateral lamellar keratoplasties for macular corneal dystrophy. Histochemical proof of macular corneal dystrophy was demonstrated in both of the excised lamellar corneal buttons. Eleven years later, the patient underwent a penetrating kiratoplasty in his left eye. Light microscopic, histochemical, and electron microscopic study of the excised button disclosed characteristic features of macular corneal dystrophy in the donor cornea. Recurrence of macular corneal dystrophy in a corneal graft appeared to be the result of replacement of the donor keratocytes by genetically defective host cells.", "contents": "Recurrence of macular corneal dystrophy after lamellar keratoplasty. A 20-year-old man required bilateral lamellar keratoplasties for macular corneal dystrophy. Histochemical proof of macular corneal dystrophy was demonstrated in both of the excised lamellar corneal buttons. Eleven years later, the patient underwent a penetrating kiratoplasty in his left eye. Light microscopic, histochemical, and electron microscopic study of the excised button disclosed characteristic features of macular corneal dystrophy in the donor cornea. Recurrence of macular corneal dystrophy in a corneal graft appeared to be the result of replacement of the donor keratocytes by genetically defective host cells.", "PMID": 333919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12770", "title": "Corneal sensation in Adie's syndrome.", "content": "Using the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer, we evaluated the corneal sensation of 11 patients with unilateral Adie's tonic pupil. We eliminated six other patients with bilateral Adie's pupil or disease that lowered corneal sensation. An observed unfamiliar with each patient's condition tested 12 clock hour positions in the midperiphery in both eyes of all patients. We studied 30 normal subjects (60 eyes) in a similar fashion. Of those 11 patients with unilateral Adie's syndrome, ten had a regional decrease in corneal sensation. The 30 normal subjects examined did not exhibit any significant decrease in corneal sensation in any areas. Our study supports the concept that the lesion of Adie's tonic pupil is in the ciliary ganglion or short location where the innervation of the iris sphincter and corneal sensation are found together.", "contents": "Corneal sensation in Adie's syndrome. Using the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer, we evaluated the corneal sensation of 11 patients with unilateral Adie's tonic pupil. We eliminated six other patients with bilateral Adie's pupil or disease that lowered corneal sensation. An observed unfamiliar with each patient's condition tested 12 clock hour positions in the midperiphery in both eyes of all patients. We studied 30 normal subjects (60 eyes) in a similar fashion. Of those 11 patients with unilateral Adie's syndrome, ten had a regional decrease in corneal sensation. The 30 normal subjects examined did not exhibit any significant decrease in corneal sensation in any areas. Our study supports the concept that the lesion of Adie's tonic pupil is in the ciliary ganglion or short location where the innervation of the iris sphincter and corneal sensation are found together.", "PMID": 333920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12771", "title": "Ineffectiveness of indomethacin in the treatment of chronic cystoid macular edema.", "content": "A controlled, double-masked study in which patients with cystoid macular edema of more than four months' duration were treated with indomethacin failed to demonstrate a significant visual improvement when compared to patients who were treated with placebo.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of indomethacin in the treatment of chronic cystoid macular edema. A controlled, double-masked study in which patients with cystoid macular edema of more than four months' duration were treated with indomethacin failed to demonstrate a significant visual improvement when compared to patients who were treated with placebo.", "PMID": 333921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12772", "title": "Macular lesions in Alport's disease.", "content": "In three male patients with Alport's disease, two of them successfully treated by kidney transplantation, ophthalmoscopy revealed bilaterally densely packed whitish-yellow lesions around, and to some extent in, the macular area. These spots, superficially located in the retina, have not been previosly desribed in Alport's disease.", "contents": "Macular lesions in Alport's disease. In three male patients with Alport's disease, two of them successfully treated by kidney transplantation, ophthalmoscopy revealed bilaterally densely packed whitish-yellow lesions around, and to some extent in, the macular area. These spots, superficially located in the retina, have not been previosly desribed in Alport's disease.", "PMID": 333922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12773", "title": "Conjuctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis associated with primary immunodeficiency diseases.", "content": "Nineteen patients with a variety of well-defined primary immunodeficiency diseases were examined for ocular abnormalities. Eight patients with low levels, or absence, of all the major serum immunoglobulins had conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis associated with bacterial infection. The remaining 11 patients, who had at least one immunoglobulin class present in normal concentration in the serum, showed no inflammatory ocular lesion. Absence of only IgA, the major tear immunoglobulin, did not predispose the eye to these lesions.", "contents": "Conjuctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis associated with primary immunodeficiency diseases. Nineteen patients with a variety of well-defined primary immunodeficiency diseases were examined for ocular abnormalities. Eight patients with low levels, or absence, of all the major serum immunoglobulins had conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis associated with bacterial infection. The remaining 11 patients, who had at least one immunoglobulin class present in normal concentration in the serum, showed no inflammatory ocular lesion. Absence of only IgA, the major tear immunoglobulin, did not predispose the eye to these lesions.", "PMID": 333923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12774", "title": "Ultrastructural appearance and morphogenesis of renal glomerular hematoxylin bodies.", "content": "The fine morphology of hematoxylin bodies--structures which, by light microscopy, are considered to be pathognomonic for systemic lupus erythematosus--is described in renal glomeruli. These bodies are highly pleomorphic and are predominantly of cellular origin. The nuclear components, which are responsible for the characteristic tinctorial properties, appear as aggregates of clumped chromatin and/or irregular masses of finely granular, moderately dense, lobulated material, generally enveloped by membranes. The cytoplasmic components consist of a multitude of vesicles, vacuoles, degenerating granules, and glycogen. Hematoxylin bodies are usually contained within the bounderies of mesangial cells. A transition from circulating leukocytes to typical hematoxylin bodies could be demonstrated. It is suggested that the changes in leukocytes which culminate in hematoxylin bodies are intiated by the action of antinuclear antibodies and also possibly by the ingestion of immune complexes. This proposed appearance and morphogenesis of hematoxylin bodies is in general agreement with a few previously published investigations on these structures and also with the in vitro counterpart, the lupus erythematosus (LE) cell.", "contents": "Ultrastructural appearance and morphogenesis of renal glomerular hematoxylin bodies. The fine morphology of hematoxylin bodies--structures which, by light microscopy, are considered to be pathognomonic for systemic lupus erythematosus--is described in renal glomeruli. These bodies are highly pleomorphic and are predominantly of cellular origin. The nuclear components, which are responsible for the characteristic tinctorial properties, appear as aggregates of clumped chromatin and/or irregular masses of finely granular, moderately dense, lobulated material, generally enveloped by membranes. The cytoplasmic components consist of a multitude of vesicles, vacuoles, degenerating granules, and glycogen. Hematoxylin bodies are usually contained within the bounderies of mesangial cells. A transition from circulating leukocytes to typical hematoxylin bodies could be demonstrated. It is suggested that the changes in leukocytes which culminate in hematoxylin bodies are intiated by the action of antinuclear antibodies and also possibly by the ingestion of immune complexes. This proposed appearance and morphogenesis of hematoxylin bodies is in general agreement with a few previously published investigations on these structures and also with the in vitro counterpart, the lupus erythematosus (LE) cell.", "PMID": 333933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12775", "title": "Structural changes within the media of coronary arteries related to intimal thickening.", "content": "From observations on 454 coronary arteries from subjects ranging in age from prematurely newborn to 90 years, six structural patterns of medial smooth muscle are interpreted as representing, or related to, the proliferation and/or migration of medial smooth muscle into intima. By measuring the extent of inner medial circumference occupied by four of the six patterns, it was possible to calculate a numerical value designated the medial proliferatice and / or migratory activity (MP-MA) of each artery. During the first three decades, nonatherosclerotic diffuse intimal thickening was the characteristic intimal process, and during this phase of the arterial maturation span, the MP-MA of the arteries was significantly related to the degree of intimal thickening. Following a peak MP-MA level by the end of the third decade, there was a progressive decrease in the MP-MA level as the incidence and severity of atherosclerotic intimal thickening increased. At advanced stages of atherosclerotic intimal thickening, which were associated with thinning of adjacent media, intimal-medial structural patterns indicating a relationship between medial smooth muscle proliferative activity and the expanding atherosclerotic plaque were also apparent. The observations support the concept that the movement of medial smooth muscle into intima is a critical step preceding and during the evolution of the atherosclerotic plaque.", "contents": "Structural changes within the media of coronary arteries related to intimal thickening. From observations on 454 coronary arteries from subjects ranging in age from prematurely newborn to 90 years, six structural patterns of medial smooth muscle are interpreted as representing, or related to, the proliferation and/or migration of medial smooth muscle into intima. By measuring the extent of inner medial circumference occupied by four of the six patterns, it was possible to calculate a numerical value designated the medial proliferatice and / or migratory activity (MP-MA) of each artery. During the first three decades, nonatherosclerotic diffuse intimal thickening was the characteristic intimal process, and during this phase of the arterial maturation span, the MP-MA of the arteries was significantly related to the degree of intimal thickening. Following a peak MP-MA level by the end of the third decade, there was a progressive decrease in the MP-MA level as the incidence and severity of atherosclerotic intimal thickening increased. At advanced stages of atherosclerotic intimal thickening, which were associated with thinning of adjacent media, intimal-medial structural patterns indicating a relationship between medial smooth muscle proliferative activity and the expanding atherosclerotic plaque were also apparent. The observations support the concept that the movement of medial smooth muscle into intima is a critical step preceding and during the evolution of the atherosclerotic plaque.", "PMID": 333934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12776", "title": "Glomerular mesangial and endothelial cell swelling following temporary renal ischemia and its role in the no-reflow phenomenon.", "content": "The purpose of these experiments was to define changes in glomeruli of rats kidneys which could account for a marked reduction of blood flow immediately following temporary ischemia. After the renal artery had been clamped for 60 minutes, mesangial and endothelial cellular swelling was sufficiently severe to compress and trap intracapillary erythrocytes, obstruct capillary lumens, and prevent reflow of an isotonic carbon suspension. Perfusion of saline solution before the renal arteries were clamped washed blood from the kidney, and the resulting cellular swelling alone was not sufficient to block capillary lumens. Erythrocyte trapping did not occur after 15 minutes of ischemia. Swelling of glomerular and tubular epithelial cells produced some extrinsic capillary compression that could contribute to erythrocyte trapping, but this appeared to be of minor importance in producing the no-reflow phenomenon.", "contents": "Glomerular mesangial and endothelial cell swelling following temporary renal ischemia and its role in the no-reflow phenomenon. The purpose of these experiments was to define changes in glomeruli of rats kidneys which could account for a marked reduction of blood flow immediately following temporary ischemia. After the renal artery had been clamped for 60 minutes, mesangial and endothelial cellular swelling was sufficiently severe to compress and trap intracapillary erythrocytes, obstruct capillary lumens, and prevent reflow of an isotonic carbon suspension. Perfusion of saline solution before the renal arteries were clamped washed blood from the kidney, and the resulting cellular swelling alone was not sufficient to block capillary lumens. Erythrocyte trapping did not occur after 15 minutes of ischemia. Swelling of glomerular and tubular epithelial cells produced some extrinsic capillary compression that could contribute to erythrocyte trapping, but this appeared to be of minor importance in producing the no-reflow phenomenon.", "PMID": 333935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12777", "title": "Ultrastructural basis of the vasculopathy in and around brain tuberculomas. Possible significance of altered basement membrane.", "content": "The fine structure of small blood vessels in and around ten brain tuberculomas was examined. In the peripheral reactive zone of the tuberculomas, examination of 1-mu-thick survey sections established the chronic inflammatory process and the vasculitis characterized by infiltration of the vasomurium (vessel wall) by large and small mononuclear cells. This reaction was typical of chronic epithelioid cell granuloma. Electron microscopic examination of the reactive zone confirmed the vascular proliferation and vasculitis, the venule being the most frequently involved type of blood vessel. It showed the infiltrating cells to lie amidst osmiophilic, concentrically proliferated basement membrane laminae, which formed the greater part of the thickened vessel wall, generally surrounding the endothelial cells directly, the pericytes having disappeared. This appearance, together with the results of Gomori's reticulin stain on paraffin sections, suggested that the altered basement membrane material was reticulin. The possibility is discussed that the altered basement membrane material could be antigenic and that it might be responsible for perpetuating the necrotic vascular and perivascular reaction in tuberculous meningitis and tuberculomas. The above change in the basement membrane was not encountered in the blood vessels of the surrounding edematous brain. The endothelial cells and tight junctions were relatively well-preserved. Intact arterioles could be recognized even in severely edematous brain tissue. At both sites the fine structure of the blood vessels was typical of that expected in the central nervous system. Fenestrated vessels were not seen. The perivascular astrocytic end-feet were destroyed in the reactive zone and either distended or ruptured in the overtly edematous brain tissue also. In the central caseous part of the tuberculoma, there were few blood vessels, and they were in a state of advanced necrosis, but ghost outlines of proliferated basement membrane could be seen.", "contents": "Ultrastructural basis of the vasculopathy in and around brain tuberculomas. Possible significance of altered basement membrane. The fine structure of small blood vessels in and around ten brain tuberculomas was examined. In the peripheral reactive zone of the tuberculomas, examination of 1-mu-thick survey sections established the chronic inflammatory process and the vasculitis characterized by infiltration of the vasomurium (vessel wall) by large and small mononuclear cells. This reaction was typical of chronic epithelioid cell granuloma. Electron microscopic examination of the reactive zone confirmed the vascular proliferation and vasculitis, the venule being the most frequently involved type of blood vessel. It showed the infiltrating cells to lie amidst osmiophilic, concentrically proliferated basement membrane laminae, which formed the greater part of the thickened vessel wall, generally surrounding the endothelial cells directly, the pericytes having disappeared. This appearance, together with the results of Gomori's reticulin stain on paraffin sections, suggested that the altered basement membrane material was reticulin. The possibility is discussed that the altered basement membrane material could be antigenic and that it might be responsible for perpetuating the necrotic vascular and perivascular reaction in tuberculous meningitis and tuberculomas. The above change in the basement membrane was not encountered in the blood vessels of the surrounding edematous brain. The endothelial cells and tight junctions were relatively well-preserved. Intact arterioles could be recognized even in severely edematous brain tissue. At both sites the fine structure of the blood vessels was typical of that expected in the central nervous system. Fenestrated vessels were not seen. The perivascular astrocytic end-feet were destroyed in the reactive zone and either distended or ruptured in the overtly edematous brain tissue also. In the central caseous part of the tuberculoma, there were few blood vessels, and they were in a state of advanced necrosis, but ghost outlines of proliferated basement membrane could be seen.", "PMID": 333937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12778", "title": "Myocardial changes in malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "Although consideral information is available concerning the structural and biochemical changes in the skeletal muscles of patients with malignant hyperthermia, little is known of the cardiac changes in this disease. However, ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest are frequent in these patients. In 3 patients with malignant hyperthermia, contraction bands and foci of myofiberlysis were found in the heart at necropsy. Ultrastructurally, areas of myofiber overstretching adjacent to contraction bands and foci of extensive myofiberlysis were associated with disruptions of the sarcolemma. Similar ultrastructural findings have been reported in the skeletal muscles of these patients and are thought responsible for the hyperkalemia which is a constant feature of malignant hyperthermia. Our findings suggest that the ventricular arrhythmias, frequent in this disease, are the result of direct damage to cardiac muscle rather then secondary to elevated plasma levels of potassium.", "contents": "Myocardial changes in malignant hyperthermia. Although consideral information is available concerning the structural and biochemical changes in the skeletal muscles of patients with malignant hyperthermia, little is known of the cardiac changes in this disease. However, ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest are frequent in these patients. In 3 patients with malignant hyperthermia, contraction bands and foci of myofiberlysis were found in the heart at necropsy. Ultrastructurally, areas of myofiber overstretching adjacent to contraction bands and foci of extensive myofiberlysis were associated with disruptions of the sarcolemma. Similar ultrastructural findings have been reported in the skeletal muscles of these patients and are thought responsible for the hyperkalemia which is a constant feature of malignant hyperthermia. Our findings suggest that the ventricular arrhythmias, frequent in this disease, are the result of direct damage to cardiac muscle rather then secondary to elevated plasma levels of potassium.", "PMID": 333938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12779", "title": "Ethanol--its nephrotoxic effect in the rat.", "content": "The nephrotoxic effect of ethanol feeding on renal structure and function was evaluated in rats and compared to that in dextrose-fed isocaloric control animals. Alcohol-fed animals had larger kidneys than their controls. Despite this increase in renal mass, the alcohol-fed animals had a 50% reduction in creatinine clearance and a 67% reduction in osmolar clearance compared to their controls. When specific renal constituents were compared, the alcohol-fed animals were found to have twice the renal protein and a 50% increase in renal lipid. Despite these marked structural and functional differences, the light microscopic appearance of the kidneys of the two groups did not appear significantly different. In contrast, the electron microscopic differences were substantial. The renal epithelial cells, particularly of the distal tubules and Henle's loops, were found to show varying degrees of cellular injury and were observed to be sloughing into the lumens. These electron microscopic observations are similar to those obtained in tubular necrosis due to a variety of nephrotoxic agents. We propose, therefore, that chronic alcohol feeding of rats produces significant renal dysfunction and abnormalities of structure such that ethanol should be considered a true nephrotoxin.", "contents": "Ethanol--its nephrotoxic effect in the rat. The nephrotoxic effect of ethanol feeding on renal structure and function was evaluated in rats and compared to that in dextrose-fed isocaloric control animals. Alcohol-fed animals had larger kidneys than their controls. Despite this increase in renal mass, the alcohol-fed animals had a 50% reduction in creatinine clearance and a 67% reduction in osmolar clearance compared to their controls. When specific renal constituents were compared, the alcohol-fed animals were found to have twice the renal protein and a 50% increase in renal lipid. Despite these marked structural and functional differences, the light microscopic appearance of the kidneys of the two groups did not appear significantly different. In contrast, the electron microscopic differences were substantial. The renal epithelial cells, particularly of the distal tubules and Henle's loops, were found to show varying degrees of cellular injury and were observed to be sloughing into the lumens. These electron microscopic observations are similar to those obtained in tubular necrosis due to a variety of nephrotoxic agents. We propose, therefore, that chronic alcohol feeding of rats produces significant renal dysfunction and abnormalities of structure such that ethanol should be considered a true nephrotoxin.", "PMID": 333939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12780", "title": "Ultrastructure of the degradation of erythrocytes by thyroid epithelial cells in vivo.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the degradation of red blood cells (RBCs) in vivo by rat thyroid epithelial cells was studied. Two morphologically distinct degradative pathways appeared evident. The granular pathway was characterized by a finely mottled appearance of RBC phagosomes, first observed about the RBC periphery and later extending to the entire RBC matrix. Such phagosomes became gradually smaller, less electron dense, and indistinguishable from cellular lysosomes. The hemolytic degrative pathway was characterized by a progessive, usually homogenous decrease in the density of the RBC matrix except at the periphery of the RBC, where a thin, dense layer persisted for some time. Such phagosomes often appeared swollen relative to freshly ingested RBCs and resembled RBC ghosts. In later stages, they became irregular, smaller, and gradually indistinguishable from cellular lysosomes. Both degradative pathways were associated with ferritin-like particles. The earliest visualization of ferritin was in the cytoplasm, but in later stages it was also found to be concentrated within lysosomes and phagolysosomes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the degradation of erythrocytes by thyroid epithelial cells in vivo. The ultrastructure of the degradation of red blood cells (RBCs) in vivo by rat thyroid epithelial cells was studied. Two morphologically distinct degradative pathways appeared evident. The granular pathway was characterized by a finely mottled appearance of RBC phagosomes, first observed about the RBC periphery and later extending to the entire RBC matrix. Such phagosomes became gradually smaller, less electron dense, and indistinguishable from cellular lysosomes. The hemolytic degrative pathway was characterized by a progessive, usually homogenous decrease in the density of the RBC matrix except at the periphery of the RBC, where a thin, dense layer persisted for some time. Such phagosomes often appeared swollen relative to freshly ingested RBCs and resembled RBC ghosts. In later stages, they became irregular, smaller, and gradually indistinguishable from cellular lysosomes. Both degradative pathways were associated with ferritin-like particles. The earliest visualization of ferritin was in the cytoplasm, but in later stages it was also found to be concentrated within lysosomes and phagolysosomes.", "PMID": 333940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12781", "title": "Sheep lactate entry-rate measurements: error due to sampling jugular blood.", "content": "Carotid arterial and jugular venous blood samples were taken simultaneously during primed continuous infusions of L-[U-14C]lactate in four sheep. The mean rate (n = 4) of total net formation of lactate (0.394 +/- 0.047 mg C/min per kg) calculated from the results obtained by analyzing the jugular blood samples for lactate concentration and specific radioactivity was significantly higher (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.005) than the mean rate (n = 4) calculated from the results of analysis of the arterial samples (0.302 +/- 0.036 mg C/min per kg). The error in the estimation of the rate of total net formation of lactate due to jugular sampling resulted from the negative arteriovenous difference found for lactate across the tissues of the head. These results illustrate the general need for examination of the suitability of venous sampling in experiments that make use of the continuous infusion isotope-dilution method.", "contents": "Sheep lactate entry-rate measurements: error due to sampling jugular blood. Carotid arterial and jugular venous blood samples were taken simultaneously during primed continuous infusions of L-[U-14C]lactate in four sheep. The mean rate (n = 4) of total net formation of lactate (0.394 +/- 0.047 mg C/min per kg) calculated from the results obtained by analyzing the jugular blood samples for lactate concentration and specific radioactivity was significantly higher (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.005) than the mean rate (n = 4) calculated from the results of analysis of the arterial samples (0.302 +/- 0.036 mg C/min per kg). The error in the estimation of the rate of total net formation of lactate due to jugular sampling resulted from the negative arteriovenous difference found for lactate across the tissues of the head. These results illustrate the general need for examination of the suitability of venous sampling in experiments that make use of the continuous infusion isotope-dilution method.", "PMID": 333941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12782", "title": "Evidence for a histamine H2 receptor that inhibits pepsin secretion in the dog.", "content": "H+ and pepsin output were studied in four gastric fistula dogs with histamine and in five dogs with 4-methylhistamine (4(Me)H), an H2 histamine receptor agonist with little H1 effect. Each amine was given in 45-min incremental step doses to constitute full dose-response curves. Pepsin output was biphasic with both drugs. Peak pepsin output occurred at low doses (less than or equal to 5 microgram/kg-h) and progressive inhibition of output was seen at higher doses, but H+ output was stimulated at all doses. The H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine, competitively inhibited H+ stimulation. The pepsin response to histamine or 4(Me)H was converted to a positive logsigmoid response when cimetidine was given at the same time. In the presence of cimetidine (1 mg/kg-h), the outputs of H+ and pepsin were positively correlated in the full histamine dose range. These data show that histamine effects on pepsin secretin are a mixture of stimulation and inhibition and that the receptor responsible for pepsin stimulation is of a high affinity, low Km, H2 type, whereas inhibition at high doses of histamine is probably mediated by a low affinity, high Km receptor, also H2 type.", "contents": "Evidence for a histamine H2 receptor that inhibits pepsin secretion in the dog. H+ and pepsin output were studied in four gastric fistula dogs with histamine and in five dogs with 4-methylhistamine (4(Me)H), an H2 histamine receptor agonist with little H1 effect. Each amine was given in 45-min incremental step doses to constitute full dose-response curves. Pepsin output was biphasic with both drugs. Peak pepsin output occurred at low doses (less than or equal to 5 microgram/kg-h) and progressive inhibition of output was seen at higher doses, but H+ output was stimulated at all doses. The H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine, competitively inhibited H+ stimulation. The pepsin response to histamine or 4(Me)H was converted to a positive logsigmoid response when cimetidine was given at the same time. In the presence of cimetidine (1 mg/kg-h), the outputs of H+ and pepsin were positively correlated in the full histamine dose range. These data show that histamine effects on pepsin secretin are a mixture of stimulation and inhibition and that the receptor responsible for pepsin stimulation is of a high affinity, low Km, H2 type, whereas inhibition at high doses of histamine is probably mediated by a low affinity, high Km receptor, also H2 type.", "PMID": 333942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12783", "title": "Physiological parameters of indicator dilution curves.", "content": "A model incorporating the effects of recirculation time lag, cardiac output, clearance, volume of distribution, and the variance of the distribution of recirculation times is applied to the analysis of indicator dilution curves. Experiments on dogs with use of radioactively labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid were done to evaluate the model. This five-parameter model can be fitted to data obtained during the period from less than 1 min to 3 h after a single injection of indicator. Estimates of cardiac output and clearance are in satisfactory agreement with estimates obtained by alternative techniques. Estimates of the time lag and volume of distribution are of physiologically plausible magnitude. The variance of the distribution of recirculation times is a new parameter, of which the possible usefulness to physiologists is discussed.", "contents": "Physiological parameters of indicator dilution curves. A model incorporating the effects of recirculation time lag, cardiac output, clearance, volume of distribution, and the variance of the distribution of recirculation times is applied to the analysis of indicator dilution curves. Experiments on dogs with use of radioactively labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid were done to evaluate the model. This five-parameter model can be fitted to data obtained during the period from less than 1 min to 3 h after a single injection of indicator. Estimates of cardiac output and clearance are in satisfactory agreement with estimates obtained by alternative techniques. Estimates of the time lag and volume of distribution are of physiologically plausible magnitude. The variance of the distribution of recirculation times is a new parameter, of which the possible usefulness to physiologists is discussed.", "PMID": 333944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12784", "title": "Comparison of metabolic alterations in hypothalamic and high fat diet-induced obesity.", "content": "The heterogeneous nature of the experimental obesities induced by ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesion and high fat diet (HFD) have been demonstrated by comparing VMH-lesioned and sham-operated rats fed a HFD or low fat diet (LFD). VMH rats had increased fat mass serum insulin and serum triglycerides but lower serum glucagon and smaller salivary glands than sham-operated animals. The body weight of HFD obese rats was intermediate between VMH and sham-operated animals on the LDF. Liver and fat pad weights showed effects of lesions and diet. Diet did not affect plasma glucagon or insulin. Pair-feeding VMH rats with sham-operated rats prevented weight gain but did not prevent the increase in insulin and fall in glucagon. Studies of insulin secretion from isolated perifused islets showed that basal and both phases of stimulated secretion were significantly increased in VMH groups. The changes in plasma insulin, plasma glucagon, and salivary gland weight in VMH groups are interpreted as showing decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system following VMH lesions.", "contents": "Comparison of metabolic alterations in hypothalamic and high fat diet-induced obesity. The heterogeneous nature of the experimental obesities induced by ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesion and high fat diet (HFD) have been demonstrated by comparing VMH-lesioned and sham-operated rats fed a HFD or low fat diet (LFD). VMH rats had increased fat mass serum insulin and serum triglycerides but lower serum glucagon and smaller salivary glands than sham-operated animals. The body weight of HFD obese rats was intermediate between VMH and sham-operated animals on the LDF. Liver and fat pad weights showed effects of lesions and diet. Diet did not affect plasma glucagon or insulin. Pair-feeding VMH rats with sham-operated rats prevented weight gain but did not prevent the increase in insulin and fall in glucagon. Studies of insulin secretion from isolated perifused islets showed that basal and both phases of stimulated secretion were significantly increased in VMH groups. The changes in plasma insulin, plasma glucagon, and salivary gland weight in VMH groups are interpreted as showing decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system following VMH lesions.", "PMID": 333945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12785", "title": "Prostaglandins and the kidney.", "content": "This review provides a summary and assessment of research involving renal prostaglandins. Arachidonic acid released from phospholipids is converted by prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase in the kidney to PGF2, PGF2alpha, PGD2, and, possibly, to PGI2 and thromboxane A2. Production of PGE2 and PGF2alpha is predominately but not exclusively in the medulla, whereas degradative enzymes are present in both cortex and medulla. Prostaglandins enter the tubular lumen by facilitated transport and are partially reabsorbed from the urine in the distal nephron. Urine prostaglandins probably reflect renal synthesis. PGE2 and endoperoxides stimulate and PGF2alpha and indomethacin inhibit renal renin synthesis. In response to ischemia, vasoconstriction, or angiotensin II the kidney increases prostaglandin synthesis to modulate renal vascular resistance. In conscious animals or man no role has been established for prostaglandins in the maintenance of basal renal blood flow or renal sodium excretion. PGE influences renal water excretion by inhibiting the action vasopressin. Despite conflicting data there is evidence that renal prostaglandins are involved either primarily or secondarily in many types of hypertension. Inhibitors of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase have been used with success in Bartter's syndrome. Conflicting results in many areas of investigation may be resolved by the use of more accurate and reliable assays, careful handling of samples, and the use of urine to further investigate renal prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and the kidney. This review provides a summary and assessment of research involving renal prostaglandins. Arachidonic acid released from phospholipids is converted by prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase in the kidney to PGF2, PGF2alpha, PGD2, and, possibly, to PGI2 and thromboxane A2. Production of PGE2 and PGF2alpha is predominately but not exclusively in the medulla, whereas degradative enzymes are present in both cortex and medulla. Prostaglandins enter the tubular lumen by facilitated transport and are partially reabsorbed from the urine in the distal nephron. Urine prostaglandins probably reflect renal synthesis. PGE2 and endoperoxides stimulate and PGF2alpha and indomethacin inhibit renal renin synthesis. In response to ischemia, vasoconstriction, or angiotensin II the kidney increases prostaglandin synthesis to modulate renal vascular resistance. In conscious animals or man no role has been established for prostaglandins in the maintenance of basal renal blood flow or renal sodium excretion. PGE influences renal water excretion by inhibiting the action vasopressin. Despite conflicting data there is evidence that renal prostaglandins are involved either primarily or secondarily in many types of hypertension. Inhibitors of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase have been used with success in Bartter's syndrome. Conflicting results in many areas of investigation may be resolved by the use of more accurate and reliable assays, careful handling of samples, and the use of urine to further investigate renal prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 333946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12786", "title": "Autoregulation of nephron filtration rate in the dog assessed by indicator-dilution technique.", "content": "Micropuncture studies were conducted in anesthetized dogs to evaluate single nephron glomerular filtrate rate (SNGFR) and SNGFR autoregulation when assessed by means of an indicator-dilution technique (SNGFRID), which does not require interruption of distal volume delivery. In 18 dogs, control renal arterial pressure was 124 +/- 11 mmHg (SD), renal blood flow (RBF) was 185 +/- 58 ml/min, and whole kidney GRF was 37 +/- 7 ml/min. SNGFRID averaged 57 +/- 15 nl/min and was significantly lower than SNGFR determined on the basis of total collections (SNGFRTC) from proximal tubules (75 +/- 17 nl/min). However, SNGFRID was not significantly different from the overall average SNGFR of 62 +/- 12 nl/min estimated from whole kidney GFR and the total number of glomeruli (613,000 +/- 74,000). In 10 animals, renal arterial pressure was reduced to an average of 94 +/- 8 mmHg; whole kidney autoregulation was highly efficient and average RBF and GRF remained within 1 and 3% of their control values. Likewise, SNGFRID was not significantly altered at 52 +/- 17 and 52 +/- 16 nl/min. In contrast, SNGFRTC decreased significantly from 72 +/- 17 to 51 +/- 13 nl/min. These results indicate that the indicator-dilution technique provides a reliable assessment of SNGFR and allows the manifestation of single nephron autoregulatory behavior. They provide further support for the hypothesis that maintenance of distal volume delivery may be a necessary aspect of the autoregulation phenomenon.", "contents": "Autoregulation of nephron filtration rate in the dog assessed by indicator-dilution technique. Micropuncture studies were conducted in anesthetized dogs to evaluate single nephron glomerular filtrate rate (SNGFR) and SNGFR autoregulation when assessed by means of an indicator-dilution technique (SNGFRID), which does not require interruption of distal volume delivery. In 18 dogs, control renal arterial pressure was 124 +/- 11 mmHg (SD), renal blood flow (RBF) was 185 +/- 58 ml/min, and whole kidney GRF was 37 +/- 7 ml/min. SNGFRID averaged 57 +/- 15 nl/min and was significantly lower than SNGFR determined on the basis of total collections (SNGFRTC) from proximal tubules (75 +/- 17 nl/min). However, SNGFRID was not significantly different from the overall average SNGFR of 62 +/- 12 nl/min estimated from whole kidney GFR and the total number of glomeruli (613,000 +/- 74,000). In 10 animals, renal arterial pressure was reduced to an average of 94 +/- 8 mmHg; whole kidney autoregulation was highly efficient and average RBF and GRF remained within 1 and 3% of their control values. Likewise, SNGFRID was not significantly altered at 52 +/- 17 and 52 +/- 16 nl/min. In contrast, SNGFRTC decreased significantly from 72 +/- 17 to 51 +/- 13 nl/min. These results indicate that the indicator-dilution technique provides a reliable assessment of SNGFR and allows the manifestation of single nephron autoregulatory behavior. They provide further support for the hypothesis that maintenance of distal volume delivery may be a necessary aspect of the autoregulation phenomenon.", "PMID": 333948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12787", "title": "Heterogeneity of intracortical peritubular plasma flow in the rat kidney.", "content": "The 86 Rb-accumulation technique was adapted to the study of intracortical peritubule plasma flow patterns in the rat kidney. A rapid intravenous bolus of 86Rb (50 micronCi) was given to anesthetized nondiuretic rats. One kidney pedicle was tied at 6 s, the other at 12 s. In group I (1o rats) [3H]PAH clearance was measured prior to the 86Rb bolus. In group II (six rats) 86Rb and [3H]PAH (100 micronCi) were given together. The kidneys were snap-frozen, then sliced at -6 degrees C. There were no differences in renal plasma flow (RPF) as measured by either tracer in either group, no differences in the intracortical distribution of [3H]PAH and 86Rb, and no changes in the 86Rb distribution between 6 and 12 s. Tissue plasma flow (TPF) as measured by 86Rb in ml/min per g was 3.88 +/- 0.22 (SE) (142% of RPF/g kidney wt) for cortex 1 (outermost), 3.90 +/- 0.21 for cortex 2, 3.26 +/- 0.14 for cortex 3 (P less than 0.025), 2.17 for cortex 4 (P less than 0.001), 1.34 for cortex-medulla junction (P less than 0.001), and 0.88 +/- 0.07 for outer stripe (P less than 0.001). Peritubular capillary plasma flow, derived as TPF minus GRF/g in each slice, fell progressively from cortex 1 to outer stripe. This is thought to represent lower perfusion rate of \"medullary rays.\"", "contents": "Heterogeneity of intracortical peritubular plasma flow in the rat kidney. The 86 Rb-accumulation technique was adapted to the study of intracortical peritubule plasma flow patterns in the rat kidney. A rapid intravenous bolus of 86Rb (50 micronCi) was given to anesthetized nondiuretic rats. One kidney pedicle was tied at 6 s, the other at 12 s. In group I (1o rats) [3H]PAH clearance was measured prior to the 86Rb bolus. In group II (six rats) 86Rb and [3H]PAH (100 micronCi) were given together. The kidneys were snap-frozen, then sliced at -6 degrees C. There were no differences in renal plasma flow (RPF) as measured by either tracer in either group, no differences in the intracortical distribution of [3H]PAH and 86Rb, and no changes in the 86Rb distribution between 6 and 12 s. Tissue plasma flow (TPF) as measured by 86Rb in ml/min per g was 3.88 +/- 0.22 (SE) (142% of RPF/g kidney wt) for cortex 1 (outermost), 3.90 +/- 0.21 for cortex 2, 3.26 +/- 0.14 for cortex 3 (P less than 0.025), 2.17 for cortex 4 (P less than 0.001), 1.34 for cortex-medulla junction (P less than 0.001), and 0.88 +/- 0.07 for outer stripe (P less than 0.001). Peritubular capillary plasma flow, derived as TPF minus GRF/g in each slice, fell progressively from cortex 1 to outer stripe. This is thought to represent lower perfusion rate of \"medullary rays.\"", "PMID": 333949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12788", "title": "Step function input to the rat kidney by shifting between auto- and alloperfusion.", "content": "A technique is described that permits instantaneous shifts from autoperfusion of the left kidney of an \"experimental\" rat to alloperfusion of the same kidney from a \"pump\" rat (or vice versa). Renal arterial and venous pressures are maintained at normal levels during alloperfusion. The kidney has proved to work satisfactorily during both auto- and alloperfusion as judged from measurements of renal blood flow, urine volume flow, urine osmolality, and fractional extraction of inulin and PAH. The vascular dead space of the system is extremely small. If the blood of the pump rat-experimental rat has been equilibrated with indicator, shifting from auto- to alloperfusion constitutes a practically pure step washin to/washout from the kidney. Reverse effects are obtained by shifting from allo- to autoperfusion. Compared with the bolus injection technique, recirculation problems are minimized because the perfused vascular volume of a single kidney is small compared with the whole-blood volume of the rat.", "contents": "Step function input to the rat kidney by shifting between auto- and alloperfusion. A technique is described that permits instantaneous shifts from autoperfusion of the left kidney of an \"experimental\" rat to alloperfusion of the same kidney from a \"pump\" rat (or vice versa). Renal arterial and venous pressures are maintained at normal levels during alloperfusion. The kidney has proved to work satisfactorily during both auto- and alloperfusion as judged from measurements of renal blood flow, urine volume flow, urine osmolality, and fractional extraction of inulin and PAH. The vascular dead space of the system is extremely small. If the blood of the pump rat-experimental rat has been equilibrated with indicator, shifting from auto- to alloperfusion constitutes a practically pure step washin to/washout from the kidney. Reverse effects are obtained by shifting from allo- to autoperfusion. Compared with the bolus injection technique, recirculation problems are minimized because the perfused vascular volume of a single kidney is small compared with the whole-blood volume of the rat.", "PMID": 333950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12789", "title": "The neurobiological origins of psychoanalytic dream theory.", "content": "Freud built his model of the mind and his hypotheses about dreaming directly on the structure of his neurobiological model of the brain, which was developed in the \"Project for a Scientific Psychology\", written in 1895. Among the concepts modeled in this work were ego, somatic drives as motivationally critical, cathexes of psychic energy, wish fulfillment, and primary and secondary process. From the vantage point of more than 80 years later, the authors indicate the areas in which many of Freud's neurobiological assumptions are inacurrate. Revisions are needed in the neurobiologically derived psychoanalytic concepts, especially those of Freud's wish fulfillment-disguise theory of dreams.", "contents": "The neurobiological origins of psychoanalytic dream theory. Freud built his model of the mind and his hypotheses about dreaming directly on the structure of his neurobiological model of the brain, which was developed in the \"Project for a Scientific Psychology\", written in 1895. Among the concepts modeled in this work were ego, somatic drives as motivationally critical, cathexes of psychic energy, wish fulfillment, and primary and secondary process. From the vantage point of more than 80 years later, the authors indicate the areas in which many of Freud's neurobiological assumptions are inacurrate. Revisions are needed in the neurobiologically derived psychoanalytic concepts, especially those of Freud's wish fulfillment-disguise theory of dreams.", "PMID": 333951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12790", "title": "Phenytoin treatment of the binge-eating syndrome.", "content": "Nineteen subjects completed a 12-week double-blind crossover study comparing phenytoin with placebo in the treatment of severe binge eating. In the placebophenytoin sequence the number of binges decreased during phenytoin treatment from both placebo and pretreatment levels. However, in the phenytoin-placebo sequence, not only did phenytoin reduce the number of binges from pretreatment levels, but there was no reversal of this effect during the placebo period. This sequential effect was unexpected and is still unexplained. The mechanism of phenytoin action and the significance of EEG abnormalities found in 7 of the subjects remain uncertain.", "contents": "Phenytoin treatment of the binge-eating syndrome. Nineteen subjects completed a 12-week double-blind crossover study comparing phenytoin with placebo in the treatment of severe binge eating. In the placebophenytoin sequence the number of binges decreased during phenytoin treatment from both placebo and pretreatment levels. However, in the phenytoin-placebo sequence, not only did phenytoin reduce the number of binges from pretreatment levels, but there was no reversal of this effect during the placebo period. This sequential effect was unexpected and is still unexplained. The mechanism of phenytoin action and the significance of EEG abnormalities found in 7 of the subjects remain uncertain.", "PMID": 333952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12791", "title": "Daily relaxation response breaks in a working population: I. Effects on self-reported measures of health, performance, and well-being.", "content": "An experiment conducted at the corporate offices of a manufacturing firm investigated the effects of daily relaxation breaks on five self-reported measures of health, performance, and well-being. For 12 weeks, 126 volunteers filled out daily records and reported bi-weekly for additional measurements. After four weeks of baseline monitoring, they were divided randomly into three groups: Group A was taught a technique for producing the relaxation response; Group B was instructed to sit quiety; Group C received no instructions. Groups A and B were asked to take two 15-minute relaxation breaks daily. After an eight-week experimental period, the greatest mean improvements on every index occurred in Group A; the least improvements occurred in Group C; Group B was intermediate. Differences between the mean changes in Groups A vs C reached statistical significance (p < 0.05) on four of the five indices: Symptoms, Illness Days, Performance, and Sociability-Satisfaction. Improvements on the Happiness-Unhappiness Index were not significantly different among the three groups. The relationship between amount of change and rate of practicing the relaxation response was different for the different indices. While less than three practice periods per week produced little change on any index, two daily sessions appeared to be more practice than was necessary for many individuals to achieve positive changes. Somatic symptoms and performance responded with less practice of the relaxation response than did behavioral symptoms and measures of well-being. (Am. J. Public Health 67:946-953,1977)", "contents": "Daily relaxation response breaks in a working population: I. Effects on self-reported measures of health, performance, and well-being. An experiment conducted at the corporate offices of a manufacturing firm investigated the effects of daily relaxation breaks on five self-reported measures of health, performance, and well-being. For 12 weeks, 126 volunteers filled out daily records and reported bi-weekly for additional measurements. After four weeks of baseline monitoring, they were divided randomly into three groups: Group A was taught a technique for producing the relaxation response; Group B was instructed to sit quiety; Group C received no instructions. Groups A and B were asked to take two 15-minute relaxation breaks daily. After an eight-week experimental period, the greatest mean improvements on every index occurred in Group A; the least improvements occurred in Group C; Group B was intermediate. Differences between the mean changes in Groups A vs C reached statistical significance (p < 0.05) on four of the five indices: Symptoms, Illness Days, Performance, and Sociability-Satisfaction. Improvements on the Happiness-Unhappiness Index were not significantly different among the three groups. The relationship between amount of change and rate of practicing the relaxation response was different for the different indices. While less than three practice periods per week produced little change on any index, two daily sessions appeared to be more practice than was necessary for many individuals to achieve positive changes. Somatic symptoms and performance responded with less practice of the relaxation response than did behavioral symptoms and measures of well-being. (Am. J. Public Health 67:946-953,1977)", "PMID": 333957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12792", "title": "Daily relaxation response breaks in a working population: II. Effects on blood pressure.", "content": "A 12-week randomized experiment investigated the effects of daily relaxation breaks on office workers with \"normal\" blood pressure. Blood pressures of 126 volunteers from the corporate offices of a manufacturing firm were measured biweekly. After four weeks of baseline monitoring,volunteers were divided randomly into three groups: Group A was taught a technique for producing the relaxation response; Group B was \"taught\" to sit quietly; and Group C was taught nothing. Groups A and B were asked to take two 15-minute relaxation breaks daily. During the baseline period, mean systolic blood pressures (SBP) were 119.7, 118.4, and 114.2 for Groups A, B and C respectively; mean diastolic pressures (DBP) were 78.7 and 75.7 Between the first and last measurements, mean changes in SBP were -11.6, -6.5, and +0.4 mm Hg in Groups A, B, and C; mean DBP decreased by 7.9, 3.1, and 0.3. Between the fourweek baseline period and last four weeks of the experimental period, mean SBP and DBP, mean changes in Group A were significantly greater than those in Group B (p < 0.05) and in Group C (p < 0.001). The same pattern of changes among the three groups was exhibited by both sexes, all ages, and at all initial levels of blood pressure. However, in general, within Group A, the higher the initial blood pressure, the greater the decrease. (Am. J. Public Health 67;954-959, 1977)", "contents": "Daily relaxation response breaks in a working population: II. Effects on blood pressure. A 12-week randomized experiment investigated the effects of daily relaxation breaks on office workers with \"normal\" blood pressure. Blood pressures of 126 volunteers from the corporate offices of a manufacturing firm were measured biweekly. After four weeks of baseline monitoring,volunteers were divided randomly into three groups: Group A was taught a technique for producing the relaxation response; Group B was \"taught\" to sit quietly; and Group C was taught nothing. Groups A and B were asked to take two 15-minute relaxation breaks daily. During the baseline period, mean systolic blood pressures (SBP) were 119.7, 118.4, and 114.2 for Groups A, B and C respectively; mean diastolic pressures (DBP) were 78.7 and 75.7 Between the first and last measurements, mean changes in SBP were -11.6, -6.5, and +0.4 mm Hg in Groups A, B, and C; mean DBP decreased by 7.9, 3.1, and 0.3. Between the fourweek baseline period and last four weeks of the experimental period, mean SBP and DBP, mean changes in Group A were significantly greater than those in Group B (p < 0.05) and in Group C (p < 0.001). The same pattern of changes among the three groups was exhibited by both sexes, all ages, and at all initial levels of blood pressure. However, in general, within Group A, the higher the initial blood pressure, the greater the decrease. (Am. J. Public Health 67;954-959, 1977)", "PMID": 333958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12793", "title": "Immune response of guinea pigs to Schistosoma mansoni. II. In vitro blastogenesis and macrophage migration inhibition factor production in response to cercarial, adult worm and egg antigens.", "content": "Guinea pigs infected with Schistosoma mansoni were tested for in vitro lymphocyte response to schistosome antigens and nonspecific mitogens at various times after infection. Production of macrophage migration inhibition factor by peritoneal exudate cells in response to cercarial, adult, and egg antigens reached a peak between 4 and 8 weeks post-infection and diminished rapidly thereafter. In contrast, peak blastogenic responses of blood lymphocytes appeared later than 8 weeks for all antigens and persisted until at least the 24th week. Blastogenic responses to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin P were not significantly different in normal and infected animals.", "contents": "Immune response of guinea pigs to Schistosoma mansoni. II. In vitro blastogenesis and macrophage migration inhibition factor production in response to cercarial, adult worm and egg antigens. Guinea pigs infected with Schistosoma mansoni were tested for in vitro lymphocyte response to schistosome antigens and nonspecific mitogens at various times after infection. Production of macrophage migration inhibition factor by peritoneal exudate cells in response to cercarial, adult, and egg antigens reached a peak between 4 and 8 weeks post-infection and diminished rapidly thereafter. In contrast, peak blastogenic responses of blood lymphocytes appeared later than 8 weeks for all antigens and persisted until at least the 24th week. Blastogenic responses to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin P were not significantly different in normal and infected animals.", "PMID": 333964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12794", "title": "Mandibular reconstruction.", "content": "The stainless steel 316 mesh tray with cancellous bone offers a method of mandibular reconstruction which theoretically is appealing from the viewpoint of basic osseous healing. The results in fity-two patients at twenty different institutions indicates encouraging results. Further evaluation of this method is recommended.", "contents": "Mandibular reconstruction. The stainless steel 316 mesh tray with cancellous bone offers a method of mandibular reconstruction which theoretically is appealing from the viewpoint of basic osseous healing. The results in fity-two patients at twenty different institutions indicates encouraging results. Further evaluation of this method is recommended.", "PMID": 333970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12795", "title": "The use of cervical flaps from irradiated necks in immediate reconstruction.", "content": "The use of cervical flaps for immediate reconstruction after operation in twenty-one patients in whom the neck received 4,000 to 6,000 r six weeks prior to operation is reported. Successful repair was achieved in a majority of these patients. We conclude that such flaps can be safely used imost instances, assuming they are designed to achieve maximum blood supply or are in an area that received minimal radiation exposure. We recommend this approach only when the radiation given is part of a course of previously planned, integrated therapy combining radiation and operation and when the major portion of the flap has not been exposed to more than 4,000 r.", "contents": "The use of cervical flaps from irradiated necks in immediate reconstruction. The use of cervical flaps for immediate reconstruction after operation in twenty-one patients in whom the neck received 4,000 to 6,000 r six weeks prior to operation is reported. Successful repair was achieved in a majority of these patients. We conclude that such flaps can be safely used imost instances, assuming they are designed to achieve maximum blood supply or are in an area that received minimal radiation exposure. We recommend this approach only when the radiation given is part of a course of previously planned, integrated therapy combining radiation and operation and when the major portion of the flap has not been exposed to more than 4,000 r.", "PMID": 333971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12796", "title": "[Influence of ventilatory pattern on the functional situation of the lung during inhalation anaesthesia. Part I: Spontaneous breathing versus IPPB (author's transl)].", "content": "After five hours breathing spontaneously enflurane, halothane and methoxyflurane only the rabbits under enflurane showed, apart from a mild respiratory acidosis, no deterioration of pulmonary functional situation. Halothane and methoxyflurane exhibited under the same conditions a significant worsening of elastic behaviour of the lung. The structural bases of the mechanical impairment were atelectasis, dystelectasis and interstitial edema. Postnarcotic examination of lung extracts in the wilhelmy balance showed no abnormalities in the spontaneously breathing animals. If one compares these findings, indicating an irritation of surfactant by halothane and methoxyflurane with the results after IPPB the conclusion can be made that under these circumstances IPPB represents an additional stress for the alveolar lining layer. From the theoretical point of view therefore it would be advisable in patients with surfactant deficiencies to avoid the combination of halothane or methoxyflurane with IPPB. The use of PEEP will be discussed in part II. The value of periodical sighs could not be established under our conditions. Longer periods of spontaneous breathing seem only advisable under halothane but not under enflurane or methoxyflurane because their respiratory depressant properties.", "contents": "[Influence of ventilatory pattern on the functional situation of the lung during inhalation anaesthesia. Part I: Spontaneous breathing versus IPPB (author's transl)]. After five hours breathing spontaneously enflurane, halothane and methoxyflurane only the rabbits under enflurane showed, apart from a mild respiratory acidosis, no deterioration of pulmonary functional situation. Halothane and methoxyflurane exhibited under the same conditions a significant worsening of elastic behaviour of the lung. The structural bases of the mechanical impairment were atelectasis, dystelectasis and interstitial edema. Postnarcotic examination of lung extracts in the wilhelmy balance showed no abnormalities in the spontaneously breathing animals. If one compares these findings, indicating an irritation of surfactant by halothane and methoxyflurane with the results after IPPB the conclusion can be made that under these circumstances IPPB represents an additional stress for the alveolar lining layer. From the theoretical point of view therefore it would be advisable in patients with surfactant deficiencies to avoid the combination of halothane or methoxyflurane with IPPB. The use of PEEP will be discussed in part II. The value of periodical sighs could not be established under our conditions. Longer periods of spontaneous breathing seem only advisable under halothane but not under enflurane or methoxyflurane because their respiratory depressant properties.", "PMID": 333976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12797", "title": "[The significance of the ventilation pattern for the functional situation of the lung in inhalation anaesthesia. Part II: PEEP (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study demonstrates the beneficial effects of PEEP on the functional behavior of rabbit lungs after five hours anaesthesia with halothane and methoxyflurane. Instead of a highly significant decline of lung compliance as was seen after spontaneous breathing and IPPB, PEEP led to a constant though statistically non-significant rise of this criterion. Blood gas values, too, demonstrated clearly the superiority of this ventilatory pattern. In contrast to former investigations there were no histological findings indicating any structural damage to the lung. Postanaesthetic examinations of lung extracts in the Wilhelmy balance showed no deterioration after PEEP. From these experimental findings it is concluded that patients suffering from surfactant deficiencies will benefit from a moderate PEEP during anaesthesia with halothane or methoxyflurane.", "contents": "[The significance of the ventilation pattern for the functional situation of the lung in inhalation anaesthesia. Part II: PEEP (author's transl)]. The present study demonstrates the beneficial effects of PEEP on the functional behavior of rabbit lungs after five hours anaesthesia with halothane and methoxyflurane. Instead of a highly significant decline of lung compliance as was seen after spontaneous breathing and IPPB, PEEP led to a constant though statistically non-significant rise of this criterion. Blood gas values, too, demonstrated clearly the superiority of this ventilatory pattern. In contrast to former investigations there were no histological findings indicating any structural damage to the lung. Postanaesthetic examinations of lung extracts in the Wilhelmy balance showed no deterioration after PEEP. From these experimental findings it is concluded that patients suffering from surfactant deficiencies will benefit from a moderate PEEP during anaesthesia with halothane or methoxyflurane.", "PMID": 333977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12798", "title": "[The topography and cytoarchitectonic of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) I. The topography of the diencephalon of the cow. (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) (author's transl)].", "content": "The study contains a comprehensive review of the literature on the brain of the cattle, followed by notes on form and location of the brain in the skull of the cow and of the diencephalon. In addition we point to some possibilities for locating the brain by stereotaxic manipulations. Several structural particularities are discussed, where to a limited extent references to structures of the brains of other domestic artiodactyla are made.", "contents": "[The topography and cytoarchitectonic of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) I. The topography of the diencephalon of the cow. (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) (author's transl)]. The study contains a comprehensive review of the literature on the brain of the cattle, followed by notes on form and location of the brain in the skull of the cow and of the diencephalon. In addition we point to some possibilities for locating the brain by stereotaxic manipulations. Several structural particularities are discussed, where to a limited extent references to structures of the brains of other domestic artiodactyla are made.", "PMID": 333986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12799", "title": "Granule release by polymorphonuclear leukocytes treated with the ionophore A23187.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) incubate three to eight minutes at 37 degrees C in medium containing 1 X 10(-6) M of the ionophore antibiotic A23187 released their cytoplasmic granules into the extracellular medium. Transmission electron microscopy of treated cells showed microfilament bundles extending between adjacent granules within the cytoplasm and between granules and the plasma membrane. Tiny dense projections (beads) 8-12 nm in diameter were observed along segments of the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane with a periodicity of 20-30 nm. These beads were observed on the plasma membrane only in the vicinity of intra- or extracytoplasmic granules. The structural relationships of the beads with the plasma membrane microfilaments suggest they play a role in the process of ionophore-induced granule release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "Granule release by polymorphonuclear leukocytes treated with the ionophore A23187. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) incubate three to eight minutes at 37 degrees C in medium containing 1 X 10(-6) M of the ionophore antibiotic A23187 released their cytoplasmic granules into the extracellular medium. Transmission electron microscopy of treated cells showed microfilament bundles extending between adjacent granules within the cytoplasm and between granules and the plasma membrane. Tiny dense projections (beads) 8-12 nm in diameter were observed along segments of the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane with a periodicity of 20-30 nm. These beads were observed on the plasma membrane only in the vicinity of intra- or extracytoplasmic granules. The structural relationships of the beads with the plasma membrane microfilaments suggest they play a role in the process of ionophore-induced granule release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "PMID": 333987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12800", "title": "Anomalous origin of a single coronary artery from the innominate artery.", "content": "This is the third reported case of the origin of a single coronary artery arising from the innominate artery (brachiocephalic trunk). Associated cardiovascular malformations were truncus arteriosus and a single ventricle. The term infant died 12 hours after birth. Heart failure, evidenced by severe pulmonary and hepatic congestion found at necropsy, was probably the immediate cause of death. The origin of a single coronary artery from sites other than the aortic or pulmonary sinuses is extremely rare and is always associated with other severe cardiac malformations. Truncus arteriosus and cor bioculare or trioculare are the usual associated abnormalities.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of a single coronary artery from the innominate artery. This is the third reported case of the origin of a single coronary artery arising from the innominate artery (brachiocephalic trunk). Associated cardiovascular malformations were truncus arteriosus and a single ventricle. The term infant died 12 hours after birth. Heart failure, evidenced by severe pulmonary and hepatic congestion found at necropsy, was probably the immediate cause of death. The origin of a single coronary artery from sites other than the aortic or pulmonary sinuses is extremely rare and is always associated with other severe cardiac malformations. Truncus arteriosus and cor bioculare or trioculare are the usual associated abnormalities.", "PMID": 333995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12801", "title": "Spontaneous positive end-expiratory pressure (sPEEP).", "content": "Spontaneous positive end-expiratory pressure (sPEEP) is a simple, low-cost method of providing low to moderate levels of PEEP as an alternative to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), whether used alone or with continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) in intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). The therapeutic effects of sPEEP therapy are demonstrated in 7 adult respiratory distress syndrome patients. All patients, initially hypoxemic on a high F1O2, had an acceptable PaO2 (with F1O2 less than or equal to 0.4) within 12 hours of initiation of sPEEP therapy. sPEEP, unlike CPAP and CPPV, does not maintain a continuous positive intrathoracic pressure during inspiration. Therefore, the patient probably does not receive as great a negative effect on venous return and cardiac output. By use of the sPEEP apparatus, the patient receives the therapeutic effect of PEEP.", "contents": "Spontaneous positive end-expiratory pressure (sPEEP). Spontaneous positive end-expiratory pressure (sPEEP) is a simple, low-cost method of providing low to moderate levels of PEEP as an alternative to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), whether used alone or with continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) in intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). The therapeutic effects of sPEEP therapy are demonstrated in 7 adult respiratory distress syndrome patients. All patients, initially hypoxemic on a high F1O2, had an acceptable PaO2 (with F1O2 less than or equal to 0.4) within 12 hours of initiation of sPEEP therapy. sPEEP, unlike CPAP and CPPV, does not maintain a continuous positive intrathoracic pressure during inspiration. Therefore, the patient probably does not receive as great a negative effect on venous return and cardiac output. By use of the sPEEP apparatus, the patient receives the therapeutic effect of PEEP.", "PMID": 333990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12802", "title": "Effects of testosterone undecanoate administration on LH and FSH response during the standard LH-RH test in healthy male volunteers.", "content": "The effects of orally administered testosterone undecanoate (TU) on the pituitary responsiveness to the intravenous injection of 100 microgram of synthetic LH-RH were studied in 10 young healthy male subjects. They were given TU in a daily dose of 160 mg for 14 days. The LH-RH Test was performed before the medication, on day 14, and on the 7th day of the post-treatment phase. Pituitary responsiveness remained normal throughout the whole study. A somewhat lower response for LH was observed in the post-treatment phase, most probably attributable to the increased baseline plasma testosterone levels.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone undecanoate administration on LH and FSH response during the standard LH-RH test in healthy male volunteers. The effects of orally administered testosterone undecanoate (TU) on the pituitary responsiveness to the intravenous injection of 100 microgram of synthetic LH-RH were studied in 10 young healthy male subjects. They were given TU in a daily dose of 160 mg for 14 days. The LH-RH Test was performed before the medication, on day 14, and on the 7th day of the post-treatment phase. Pituitary responsiveness remained normal throughout the whole study. A somewhat lower response for LH was observed in the post-treatment phase, most probably attributable to the increased baseline plasma testosterone levels.", "PMID": 333989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12803", "title": "Anaphylactic injury--a process of programmed regulation.", "content": "Anaphylactic injury is a process of tissue destruction mediated by vasoactive amines secreted by basophils and/or mast cells. A cellular model is proposed involving the immunoregulatory properties of basophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes. The interaction of these cells speaks for programmed control mechanisms, the impairment of which leads to expression of anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Anaphylactic injury--a process of programmed regulation. Anaphylactic injury is a process of tissue destruction mediated by vasoactive amines secreted by basophils and/or mast cells. A cellular model is proposed involving the immunoregulatory properties of basophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes. The interaction of these cells speaks for programmed control mechanisms, the impairment of which leads to expression of anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 333996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12804", "title": "A comparison of the bronchodilator effects of the same amounts of terbutaline aerosol given as a single or in divided doses.", "content": "Inhalation of 0.5 mg of terbutaline, given as a single dose or as two immediately consecutive doses of 0.25 or four consecutive doses 0.125 mg, produced the same degree of effective bronchodilation in 12 asthmatic patients at all measured intervals from 30 seconds to four hours after administration. Each treatment regimen produced equivalent improvement in FVC, FEV1, MMEF, MVV, PEFR, V Max 50% VC and V Max 25% VC. The most sensitive indicators were MMEF and V Max 50% VC. No significant side effects were encountered with this dosage and route of administration. The clinical significance of this study is that in patients who are trained in the proper use of metered dose dispensers a single 0.5 mg inhalation may be sufficient to deliver the required dose to obtain an effective and safe therapeutic response.", "contents": "A comparison of the bronchodilator effects of the same amounts of terbutaline aerosol given as a single or in divided doses. Inhalation of 0.5 mg of terbutaline, given as a single dose or as two immediately consecutive doses of 0.25 or four consecutive doses 0.125 mg, produced the same degree of effective bronchodilation in 12 asthmatic patients at all measured intervals from 30 seconds to four hours after administration. Each treatment regimen produced equivalent improvement in FVC, FEV1, MMEF, MVV, PEFR, V Max 50% VC and V Max 25% VC. The most sensitive indicators were MMEF and V Max 50% VC. No significant side effects were encountered with this dosage and route of administration. The clinical significance of this study is that in patients who are trained in the proper use of metered dose dispensers a single 0.5 mg inhalation may be sufficient to deliver the required dose to obtain an effective and safe therapeutic response.", "PMID": 333997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12805", "title": "Air pollution: its effects on health and respiratory disease--a review.", "content": "A selective review of clinical and experimental data pertaining to air pollution and its effects on health and disease is presented. Various air pollutants, their effects on health and national air quality standard levels are outlined. The guidelines for asthmatic patients to follow during air pollution episodes are enumerated.", "contents": "Air pollution: its effects on health and respiratory disease--a review. A selective review of clinical and experimental data pertaining to air pollution and its effects on health and disease is presented. Various air pollutants, their effects on health and national air quality standard levels are outlined. The guidelines for asthmatic patients to follow during air pollution episodes are enumerated.", "PMID": 333998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12806", "title": "Effect of tetracycline upon transfer of an R plasmid from calves to human beings.", "content": "Fecal specimens from human subjects in daily contact with calves shedding Escherichia coli containing an R plasmid were analyzed for the presence of E coli and the plasmid. A low level of crossover was found to occur unrelated to whether or not the calves were receiving tetracycline.", "contents": "Effect of tetracycline upon transfer of an R plasmid from calves to human beings. Fecal specimens from human subjects in daily contact with calves shedding Escherichia coli containing an R plasmid were analyzed for the presence of E coli and the plasmid. A low level of crossover was found to occur unrelated to whether or not the calves were receiving tetracycline.", "PMID": 333999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12807", "title": "Immune responses of the bovine fetus and neonate to Escherichia coli: plaque-forming and intestinal immune responses.", "content": "The immune responses of 26 Angus-Hereford fetuses and neonates to Escherichia coli O26:K60:NM were studied after bacterin or saline solution was injected (in utero) into the amniotic fluid. Calves were euthanatized at birth or were orally revaccinated; some were challenge exposed with live organisms. The hemolytic plaque assay was used to determine the presence of cells producing immunoglobulins M, G1, and G2 (IgM, IgG1, and IgG2) in 4 segments of the small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. The passive hemagglutinin activity of intestinal washings was also determined. Anti-O26 passive hemagglutinin activity in the intestinal washings of principal calves was greater than in that of control calves, but in a given segment of the small intestine, usually this activity was relatively small and less consistent than the plaque-forming response. Greater numbers of plaque-forming cells were observed in the small intestine of 14 of the 15 principal calves when compared with the control calves tested.", "contents": "Immune responses of the bovine fetus and neonate to Escherichia coli: plaque-forming and intestinal immune responses. The immune responses of 26 Angus-Hereford fetuses and neonates to Escherichia coli O26:K60:NM were studied after bacterin or saline solution was injected (in utero) into the amniotic fluid. Calves were euthanatized at birth or were orally revaccinated; some were challenge exposed with live organisms. The hemolytic plaque assay was used to determine the presence of cells producing immunoglobulins M, G1, and G2 (IgM, IgG1, and IgG2) in 4 segments of the small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. The passive hemagglutinin activity of intestinal washings was also determined. Anti-O26 passive hemagglutinin activity in the intestinal washings of principal calves was greater than in that of control calves, but in a given segment of the small intestine, usually this activity was relatively small and less consistent than the plaque-forming response. Greater numbers of plaque-forming cells were observed in the small intestine of 14 of the 15 principal calves when compared with the control calves tested.", "PMID": 334001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12808", "title": "Frequency of occurrence of viruses associated with respiratory tract disease of cattle in Oklahoma: serologic survey for bovine herpesvirus DN599.", "content": "Serum samples from 351 Oklahoma cattle were tested for antibodies to DN599 virus by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Seven cattle (approximately 2%) were seropositive for this virus.", "contents": "Frequency of occurrence of viruses associated with respiratory tract disease of cattle in Oklahoma: serologic survey for bovine herpesvirus DN599. Serum samples from 351 Oklahoma cattle were tested for antibodies to DN599 virus by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Seven cattle (approximately 2%) were seropositive for this virus.", "PMID": 334002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12809", "title": "Anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole in cattle: comparison of critical and controlled tests.", "content": "Twelve calves were experimentally inoculated with 6 species of gastrointestinal nematodes and the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Six calves were administered albendazole at 10 mg/kg of body weight, and the drug efficacy was determined by critical and controlled tests. Albendazole was only 74% effective against Haemonchus contortus (cambendazole-resistant strain), 99 to 100% effective against Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, and Oesophagostomum radiatum, and 54% effective against the liver fluke. Except for H contortus, the critical test provided as accurate a measurement of drug activity against gastrointestinal nematodes as the controlled test provided.", "contents": "Anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole in cattle: comparison of critical and controlled tests. Twelve calves were experimentally inoculated with 6 species of gastrointestinal nematodes and the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Six calves were administered albendazole at 10 mg/kg of body weight, and the drug efficacy was determined by critical and controlled tests. Albendazole was only 74% effective against Haemonchus contortus (cambendazole-resistant strain), 99 to 100% effective against Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, and Oesophagostomum radiatum, and 54% effective against the liver fluke. Except for H contortus, the critical test provided as accurate a measurement of drug activity against gastrointestinal nematodes as the controlled test provided.", "PMID": 334003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12810", "title": "Respiratory aspiration of stomach contents.", "content": "The aspiration of stomach contents is a common clinical problem of concern to all physicians. Its consequences are varied, depending on the amount and distribution of the aspirate, its pH, and the presence or absence of food, particulate matter, and bacteria. Because multiple factors are involved, aspiration of stomach contents can lead to several distinct syndromes of pulmonary injury, all of which unfortunately have been labeled \"aspiration pneumonitis.\" We review the pathophysiology of each of these syndromes and discuss important diagnostic and therapeutic consequences.", "contents": "Respiratory aspiration of stomach contents. The aspiration of stomach contents is a common clinical problem of concern to all physicians. Its consequences are varied, depending on the amount and distribution of the aspirate, its pH, and the presence or absence of food, particulate matter, and bacteria. Because multiple factors are involved, aspiration of stomach contents can lead to several distinct syndromes of pulmonary injury, all of which unfortunately have been labeled \"aspiration pneumonitis.\" We review the pathophysiology of each of these syndromes and discuss important diagnostic and therapeutic consequences.", "PMID": 334008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12811", "title": "In-vitro cloning techniques for hemopoietic cells: clinical applications.", "content": "Proliferating populations of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, erythroid cells, and T-lymphocytes from normal subjects or patients with various diseases can now be analysed by colony formation in semisolid cultures. These cultures accurately determine the number and proliferative activity of the precursor cells of each population and can also be used to monitor the levels of specific regulatory factors (for example, erythropoietin, colony-stimulating factor) in the serum or urine of such patients. Studies using semisolid cultures have shown that the leukemic cells in chronic and acute myeloid leukemia remain dependent on the normal regulator, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, for proliferation. The cultures have proved valuable in the prognostic assessment of acute leukemic patients and in monitoring impending changes in the clinical status of patients with acute or chronic myeloid leukemia or myeloproliferative disorders.", "contents": "In-vitro cloning techniques for hemopoietic cells: clinical applications. Proliferating populations of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, erythroid cells, and T-lymphocytes from normal subjects or patients with various diseases can now be analysed by colony formation in semisolid cultures. These cultures accurately determine the number and proliferative activity of the precursor cells of each population and can also be used to monitor the levels of specific regulatory factors (for example, erythropoietin, colony-stimulating factor) in the serum or urine of such patients. Studies using semisolid cultures have shown that the leukemic cells in chronic and acute myeloid leukemia remain dependent on the normal regulator, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, for proliferation. The cultures have proved valuable in the prognostic assessment of acute leukemic patients and in monitoring impending changes in the clinical status of patients with acute or chronic myeloid leukemia or myeloproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 334009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12812", "title": "[Neurological development of newborn infants with idiopatic respiratory distress sindrome treated with positive pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty three cases of idiopathic respiratory distress sindrome treated with constant positive airway pressure are reviewed. The eighteen survivors treated with a modified Gregory-box where followed up to a mean age of eighteen months. No signs of hydrocephalus were found in any of them. All had a normal neurological examination, head circunference, electroencephalogram and, maturative quotient.", "contents": "[Neurological development of newborn infants with idiopatic respiratory distress sindrome treated with positive pressure (author's transl)]. Thirty three cases of idiopathic respiratory distress sindrome treated with constant positive airway pressure are reviewed. The eighteen survivors treated with a modified Gregory-box where followed up to a mean age of eighteen months. No signs of hydrocephalus were found in any of them. All had a normal neurological examination, head circunference, electroencephalogram and, maturative quotient.", "PMID": 334006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12813", "title": "[Taxonomic study of enterobacteria belonging or related to the genus Klebsiella (author's transl)].", "content": "This work studies the classification, by numerical procedure, of 122 strains belonging or related to the genus Klebsiella. Four classes can be defined: J (= K. pneumoniae: 29 strains for the most isolated from human faeces), K (related to K. pneumoniae and to K. oxytoca: 24 strains isolated from water), L (related to K. pneumoniae although, tetrathionate-reductase+, m-hydrobenzoate+: 37 strains isolated from water or soil), M (= K. oxytoca: 22 strains for the most isolated from water). The importance of the origins of the strains is emphasized.", "contents": "[Taxonomic study of enterobacteria belonging or related to the genus Klebsiella (author's transl)]. This work studies the classification, by numerical procedure, of 122 strains belonging or related to the genus Klebsiella. Four classes can be defined: J (= K. pneumoniae: 29 strains for the most isolated from human faeces), K (related to K. pneumoniae and to K. oxytoca: 24 strains isolated from water), L (related to K. pneumoniae although, tetrathionate-reductase+, m-hydrobenzoate+: 37 strains isolated from water or soil), M (= K. oxytoca: 22 strains for the most isolated from water). The importance of the origins of the strains is emphasized.", "PMID": 334015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12814", "title": "[Bacterial cytostimulation by different effectors: purified antibacterial antibodies, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide (author's transl)].", "content": "The rate of growth of Gram- bacterial strains may be stimulated by various effectors: antibacterial antibodies, concanavalin A and specific lipopolysaccharide. Purification of the stimulating antibodies is brought about by saline dissociation of the bacteria-antibodies complex. Antibodies accountable for the cytostimulation would appear to be specific of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "[Bacterial cytostimulation by different effectors: purified antibacterial antibodies, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide (author's transl)]. The rate of growth of Gram- bacterial strains may be stimulated by various effectors: antibacterial antibodies, concanavalin A and specific lipopolysaccharide. Purification of the stimulating antibodies is brought about by saline dissociation of the bacteria-antibodies complex. Antibodies accountable for the cytostimulation would appear to be specific of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 334016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12815", "title": "[Plaque assay for Chlamydia psittaci in tissue samples (author's transl)].", "content": "Direct isolation of Chlamydia psittaci (var, ovis) from mouse spleen was performed in parallel by plaque assay on McCoy cells and by staining of cytoplasmic inclusions in HeLa 229 cells. There was a significant difference between the frequency of isolation: the plaque technique was highly sensitive and reproducible; it offers a potential tool for investigations requiring the accurate quantitation of Chlamydiae in tissue sample.", "contents": "[Plaque assay for Chlamydia psittaci in tissue samples (author's transl)]. Direct isolation of Chlamydia psittaci (var, ovis) from mouse spleen was performed in parallel by plaque assay on McCoy cells and by staining of cytoplasmic inclusions in HeLa 229 cells. There was a significant difference between the frequency of isolation: the plaque technique was highly sensitive and reproducible; it offers a potential tool for investigations requiring the accurate quantitation of Chlamydiae in tissue sample.", "PMID": 334017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12816", "title": "[Dwarf colony mutants of \"Escherichia coli\" study of a strain isolated from an uroculture (author's transl)].", "content": "A dwarf colony mutant of Escherichia coli was isolated from the urine of a patient with an asymptomatic urinary infection. This dwarf mutant growths poorly (minute transparent colonies) on Trypticase Soja and Mueller-Hinton agar, and requires thiamine concentration of 3 x 10-11 M.", "contents": "[Dwarf colony mutants of \"Escherichia coli\" study of a strain isolated from an uroculture (author's transl)]. A dwarf colony mutant of Escherichia coli was isolated from the urine of a patient with an asymptomatic urinary infection. This dwarf mutant growths poorly (minute transparent colonies) on Trypticase Soja and Mueller-Hinton agar, and requires thiamine concentration of 3 x 10-11 M.", "PMID": 334013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12817", "title": "Overcorrections of the Wies procedure.", "content": "The Wies procedure may be complicated by an overcorrection, which is in effect a cicatricial ectropion. Four cases of such a complication are presented. The mechanism of an overcorrection is related to the level of the incision in the lid and to the suture placement. Correction of this complication primarily involves lysing cicatricial bands maintaining the overcorrection. Placement of sutures maintains the lid in a normal position.", "contents": "Overcorrections of the Wies procedure. The Wies procedure may be complicated by an overcorrection, which is in effect a cicatricial ectropion. Four cases of such a complication are presented. The mechanism of an overcorrection is related to the level of the incision in the lid and to the suture placement. Correction of this complication primarily involves lysing cicatricial bands maintaining the overcorrection. Placement of sutures maintains the lid in a normal position.", "PMID": 334018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12818", "title": "[Automatization of bacteriological water analysis: description of a new method for measuring faecal pollution (author's transl)].", "content": "The main steps leading to a device for automatic b\u00e0cteriological analysis of water are described. The use of a new test for faecal contamination of water, the definition of a new culture method and the choice of a particular bactericidal solution are necessary for the realization of this apparatus. Processes of culture and detection of Escherichia coli are achieved within 13h. The present automatic device allows examination of 120 samples a day.", "contents": "[Automatization of bacteriological water analysis: description of a new method for measuring faecal pollution (author's transl)]. The main steps leading to a device for automatic b\u00e0cteriological analysis of water are described. The use of a new test for faecal contamination of water, the definition of a new culture method and the choice of a particular bactericidal solution are necessary for the realization of this apparatus. Processes of culture and detection of Escherichia coli are achieved within 13h. The present automatic device allows examination of 120 samples a day.", "PMID": 334014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12819", "title": "Corneal perforation in Wegener's granulomatosis treated with corneal transplantation: case report.", "content": "A 46-year-old man with Wegener's granulomatosis developed corneal ulceration and descemetocele. He was treated with a penetrating keratoplasty which has remained clear for 22 months. With the increased life expectancy of this disease corneal rehabilitation is increasingly important and possible.", "contents": "Corneal perforation in Wegener's granulomatosis treated with corneal transplantation: case report. A 46-year-old man with Wegener's granulomatosis developed corneal ulceration and descemetocele. He was treated with a penetrating keratoplasty which has remained clear for 22 months. With the increased life expectancy of this disease corneal rehabilitation is increasingly important and possible.", "PMID": 334019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12820", "title": "Removable purse-string suture of the bladder neck in transvesical prostatectomy.", "content": "Insertion of the provisional Malament purse-string suture of the bladder neck proved an effective haemostatic method of treating serious haemorrhage following suprapubic prostatectomy. In a series of 15 patients, bladder-neck stenosis developed in one case, but in this patient the technique had been used incorrectly. In the other cases there were no serious complications. The method is suitable for bleeding which cannot otherwise be stopped during the operation.", "contents": "Removable purse-string suture of the bladder neck in transvesical prostatectomy. Insertion of the provisional Malament purse-string suture of the bladder neck proved an effective haemostatic method of treating serious haemorrhage following suprapubic prostatectomy. In a series of 15 patients, bladder-neck stenosis developed in one case, but in this patient the technique had been used incorrectly. In the other cases there were no serious complications. The method is suitable for bleeding which cannot otherwise be stopped during the operation.", "PMID": 334027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12821", "title": "The effect of long-term oral oestriol succinate therapy on the skin of castrated women.", "content": "The effect of three years oestriol succinate therapy (2 mg/day) on the skin was studied in 20 castrated women whose average age was 48 years. A control group whose average age was also 48 years, consisted of 7 patients who did not receive any treatment after castration. There was no significant reduction in epidermal thickness during the three year course of oestriol succinate therapy. On the other hand the significant thinning of the epidermis in the control group was observed three years after oophorectomy. The difference between the 3H-thymidine labelling indices in oestrogen and control groups was not significant three years after castration.", "contents": "The effect of long-term oral oestriol succinate therapy on the skin of castrated women. The effect of three years oestriol succinate therapy (2 mg/day) on the skin was studied in 20 castrated women whose average age was 48 years. A control group whose average age was also 48 years, consisted of 7 patients who did not receive any treatment after castration. There was no significant reduction in epidermal thickness during the three year course of oestriol succinate therapy. On the other hand the significant thinning of the epidermis in the control group was observed three years after oophorectomy. The difference between the 3H-thymidine labelling indices in oestrogen and control groups was not significant three years after castration.", "PMID": 334028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12822", "title": "Complications of percutaneous transtracheal procedures.", "content": "The increasing use of transtracheal procedures by various specialties has caused a rash of new complications which have interested the endoscopist. These complications have resulted from the many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures involving the percutaneous puncture of the laryngeal or tracheal air space. The validity of these procedures is not questioned. However, they have spawned a host of diverse and bizarre complications which have led to serious and even fatal problems. The role of the endoscopist as a consultant in both the diagnosis and therapy of these developments must be understood and stressed.", "contents": "Complications of percutaneous transtracheal procedures. The increasing use of transtracheal procedures by various specialties has caused a rash of new complications which have interested the endoscopist. These complications have resulted from the many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures involving the percutaneous puncture of the laryngeal or tracheal air space. The validity of these procedures is not questioned. However, they have spawned a host of diverse and bizarre complications which have led to serious and even fatal problems. The role of the endoscopist as a consultant in both the diagnosis and therapy of these developments must be understood and stressed.", "PMID": 334024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12823", "title": "Permanent tracheostomy: a new surgical technique.", "content": "A new method of permanent tracheal fenestration is reported, utilizing cervical skin and tracheal flaps. It has been performed on four patients without complications and has the advantage of being a quick, simple, one-stage operation that is reversible should conditions change. The procedure is utilized in patients with posttraumatic or postirradiation fibrosis of the larynx, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and patients with sleep apnea.", "contents": "Permanent tracheostomy: a new surgical technique. A new method of permanent tracheal fenestration is reported, utilizing cervical skin and tracheal flaps. It has been performed on four patients without complications and has the advantage of being a quick, simple, one-stage operation that is reversible should conditions change. The procedure is utilized in patients with posttraumatic or postirradiation fibrosis of the larynx, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and patients with sleep apnea.", "PMID": 334025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12824", "title": "Bacterial phytotoxins.", "content": "Representatives of all of the major genera of plant disease-causing bacteria have been shown to produce one or more phytotoxins. Toxicological studies on the bacterial diseases of the major food crops have not been extensive. Bacterial phytotoxins belong to a number of classes of organic substances, including peptide, derivatized amino acid, polysaccharide, and glycopeptide. The mechanism of action of these compounds is largely unknown, as is their origin and importance in the disease syndrome. Nevertheless, some progress has been made in these areas in isolated cases. There is a tremendous potential in the future for studies on the bacterial phytotoxins.", "contents": "Bacterial phytotoxins. Representatives of all of the major genera of plant disease-causing bacteria have been shown to produce one or more phytotoxins. Toxicological studies on the bacterial diseases of the major food crops have not been extensive. Bacterial phytotoxins belong to a number of classes of organic substances, including peptide, derivatized amino acid, polysaccharide, and glycopeptide. The mechanism of action of these compounds is largely unknown, as is their origin and importance in the disease syndrome. Nevertheless, some progress has been made in these areas in isolated cases. There is a tremendous potential in the future for studies on the bacterial phytotoxins.", "PMID": 334039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12825", "title": "[Action of polyene antibiotics on ribosome binding with Candida albicans membranes].", "content": "The effect of treatment of the protoplasts and cell membranes of C. albicans with polyenic entibiotics on formation of the ribosomal-membrane complex was studied in vitro. It was shown that amphotericin B and nystatin had no effect on this process. Significant suppression of the ribosome binding with the membranes was observed only in vivo in the presence of levorin. The role of the structural changes occurring in the membranes on formation of the polyen-sterol complex, as well as the role of the lipid components of the membrane in binding of the ribosomes is discussed.", "contents": "[Action of polyene antibiotics on ribosome binding with Candida albicans membranes]. The effect of treatment of the protoplasts and cell membranes of C. albicans with polyenic entibiotics on formation of the ribosomal-membrane complex was studied in vitro. It was shown that amphotericin B and nystatin had no effect on this process. Significant suppression of the ribosome binding with the membranes was observed only in vivo in the presence of levorin. The role of the structural changes occurring in the membranes on formation of the polyen-sterol complex, as well as the role of the lipid components of the membrane in binding of the ribosomes is discussed.", "PMID": 334049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12826", "title": "[Spheroplast bacteriocin from strains of the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis and its identification by the antibacterial activity spectrum and the morphology of the inhibition zones].", "content": "Capacity for production of bactericin was found in the spheroplasts of the strains of the rodent pseudotuberculosis microbe. The author named it as pseudotuberculocin. The bacteriocin production was not detected in the initial strains of the pseudotuberculosis microbe. Pseudotuberculocin differed in the antibacterial spectrum and morphology of the growth inhibition zones formed on the plates with the indicator strains from the pesticins produced by the strains of the plaque microbe of the marmot and sandword varieties respectively and the cultures of the plaque microbe from the Transcaucasian Upland, as well as from pesticins of the spheroplasts of these strains. Production of a pesticin differing from pesticins of the rod-like forms of these strains by an ability to inhibit the growth of the homologous indicators was shown in the spheroplasts of the plaque microbe of the marmot and sandword varieties. Sensitivity of the plaque microbe strains of the marmot and sandword varieties to the pesticins of the plaque microbe strains and pseudotuberculocin was noted. With an account of the difference in the activity of the tested pesticins and pseudotuberculocin against the strains of the Frederic collection it is recommended to use this property for identifications of pesticins and pseudotuberculocin.", "contents": "[Spheroplast bacteriocin from strains of the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis and its identification by the antibacterial activity spectrum and the morphology of the inhibition zones]. Capacity for production of bactericin was found in the spheroplasts of the strains of the rodent pseudotuberculosis microbe. The author named it as pseudotuberculocin. The bacteriocin production was not detected in the initial strains of the pseudotuberculosis microbe. Pseudotuberculocin differed in the antibacterial spectrum and morphology of the growth inhibition zones formed on the plates with the indicator strains from the pesticins produced by the strains of the plaque microbe of the marmot and sandword varieties respectively and the cultures of the plaque microbe from the Transcaucasian Upland, as well as from pesticins of the spheroplasts of these strains. Production of a pesticin differing from pesticins of the rod-like forms of these strains by an ability to inhibit the growth of the homologous indicators was shown in the spheroplasts of the plaque microbe of the marmot and sandword varieties. Sensitivity of the plaque microbe strains of the marmot and sandword varieties to the pesticins of the plaque microbe strains and pseudotuberculocin was noted. With an account of the difference in the activity of the tested pesticins and pseudotuberculocin against the strains of the Frederic collection it is recommended to use this property for identifications of pesticins and pseudotuberculocin.", "PMID": 334050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12827", "title": "[Antitumor activity of fatty acid derivatives isolated from protozoa].", "content": "Water-soluble monoethers of sucrose and fatty acids were obtained from Trypanosoma lewisi and Astasia longa. The maximum tolerated dose of the preparations on their single intraperitoneal administration was more than 25 g/kg. The doses of 10--40 mg/kg were used repeatedly in therapy. Carcinoma 755, Lewis carcinoma, sarcoma 45, sarcoma 37 and sarcoma 180 were sensitive to the preparations. The preparations were inactive against experimental leukemia.", "contents": "[Antitumor activity of fatty acid derivatives isolated from protozoa]. Water-soluble monoethers of sucrose and fatty acids were obtained from Trypanosoma lewisi and Astasia longa. The maximum tolerated dose of the preparations on their single intraperitoneal administration was more than 25 g/kg. The doses of 10--40 mg/kg were used repeatedly in therapy. Carcinoma 755, Lewis carcinoma, sarcoma 45, sarcoma 37 and sarcoma 180 were sensitive to the preparations. The preparations were inactive against experimental leukemia.", "PMID": 334051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12828", "title": "[Effect of carminomycin on the immunological reactivity of the body].", "content": "The morpho-functional state of the muscle lymphoid tissue of mice treated with karmionmycin (LD50, 1.1 mg/kg) was studied experimentally. Development of a number of changes evident of the cell disorganization in the lymphoid tissue was shown. The cytological shifts in the thymus and spleen were reversible, while the destructive period in the strumous gland was more prolonged. The morpho-structural normalization of the spleen did not coincide with reduction of its immunological function. The studies on the karminomycin effect on the kinetics of the primary immune response showed dependence of the antibiotic effect on the temporal ratio between the antigenic stimulus and the drug administration. The antibiotic had no effect on the inductive phase of the primary immune response but significantly suppressed its productive phase. On reproduction of the secondary immune response, a decrease in the content of the antibody-forming cells in the spleen was observed, production of the circulating antibodies remaining unchanged.", "contents": "[Effect of carminomycin on the immunological reactivity of the body]. The morpho-functional state of the muscle lymphoid tissue of mice treated with karmionmycin (LD50, 1.1 mg/kg) was studied experimentally. Development of a number of changes evident of the cell disorganization in the lymphoid tissue was shown. The cytological shifts in the thymus and spleen were reversible, while the destructive period in the strumous gland was more prolonged. The morpho-structural normalization of the spleen did not coincide with reduction of its immunological function. The studies on the karminomycin effect on the kinetics of the primary immune response showed dependence of the antibiotic effect on the temporal ratio between the antigenic stimulus and the drug administration. The antibiotic had no effect on the inductive phase of the primary immune response but significantly suppressed its productive phase. On reproduction of the secondary immune response, a decrease in the content of the antibody-forming cells in the spleen was observed, production of the circulating antibodies remaining unchanged.", "PMID": 334052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12829", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of cephalexin and cephradine in surgical patients].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of 2 oral cephalosporin antibiotics, i.e. cephalexin and cephradin in surgical patients with normal function of the liver and kidneys was studied. Both the drugs were satisfactorily absorbed into the blood reaching the maximum level in 1 hour. The antibiotics were determined in close concentrations in the blood serum of the patients during 5 hours of the observation. No differences in the time of a two-fold decrease in the antibiotic serum level and the value of the area limited by the antibiotic blood level were found. Cephalexin and cephradin were excreted with the urine in equal amounts.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of cephalexin and cephradine in surgical patients]. Pharmacokinetics of 2 oral cephalosporin antibiotics, i.e. cephalexin and cephradin in surgical patients with normal function of the liver and kidneys was studied. Both the drugs were satisfactorily absorbed into the blood reaching the maximum level in 1 hour. The antibiotics were determined in close concentrations in the blood serum of the patients during 5 hours of the observation. No differences in the time of a two-fold decrease in the antibiotic serum level and the value of the area limited by the antibiotic blood level were found. Cephalexin and cephradin were excreted with the urine in equal amounts.", "PMID": 334053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12830", "title": "[Efficient use of gentamycin in treating suppurative puerperal mastitis].", "content": "A total of 80 patients with postnatal purulent mastitis were treated with gentamicins. The main causative agent was Staph. aureus resistant to the traditionally used antibiotic and sensitive to gentamicin, fusidin, rifampicin and semisynthetic penicillinase-stable penicillins. Gramnegative bacteria contaminated the purulent foci after opening. Gentamicin was highly effective in treatment of postnatal purulent mastitis in cases with mixed Staphylococcus-Proteus infection.", "contents": "[Efficient use of gentamycin in treating suppurative puerperal mastitis]. A total of 80 patients with postnatal purulent mastitis were treated with gentamicins. The main causative agent was Staph. aureus resistant to the traditionally used antibiotic and sensitive to gentamicin, fusidin, rifampicin and semisynthetic penicillinase-stable penicillins. Gramnegative bacteria contaminated the purulent foci after opening. Gentamicin was highly effective in treatment of postnatal purulent mastitis in cases with mixed Staphylococcus-Proteus infection.", "PMID": 334054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12831", "title": "[Use of ampicillin trihydrate in transplantation surgery].", "content": "Ampicillin trihydrate was used for the treatment of 29 patients with purulent inflammatory processes, such as peritonitis, suppurating operative wound, urinary tract infection after the kidney allotransplantation. The antibacterial activity of ampicillin was preliminarily tested on 517 microbial strains, i.e. staphylococci, streptococci, E. coli, Proteus and Ps. aeruginosa isolated from the surgical patients. The strains of penicillin sensitive staphylococci, streptococci and E. coli were most sensitive to the drug effect, the MIC ranging from 0.03 to 16 gamma/ml. It was shown that the blood retention time of the antibiotic was much more prolonged in the patients with a decreased excretion function of the kidneys. The treatment was performed under control of the clinical, bacteriological and biochemical parameters. The drug was used in a dose of 0.5 g 6--8 times a day for 5 to 15 days. A satisfactory therapeutic effect was registered in 73 per cent of the cases.", "contents": "[Use of ampicillin trihydrate in transplantation surgery]. Ampicillin trihydrate was used for the treatment of 29 patients with purulent inflammatory processes, such as peritonitis, suppurating operative wound, urinary tract infection after the kidney allotransplantation. The antibacterial activity of ampicillin was preliminarily tested on 517 microbial strains, i.e. staphylococci, streptococci, E. coli, Proteus and Ps. aeruginosa isolated from the surgical patients. The strains of penicillin sensitive staphylococci, streptococci and E. coli were most sensitive to the drug effect, the MIC ranging from 0.03 to 16 gamma/ml. It was shown that the blood retention time of the antibiotic was much more prolonged in the patients with a decreased excretion function of the kidneys. The treatment was performed under control of the clinical, bacteriological and biochemical parameters. The drug was used in a dose of 0.5 g 6--8 times a day for 5 to 15 days. A satisfactory therapeutic effect was registered in 73 per cent of the cases.", "PMID": 334055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12832", "title": "[Various methods of using lincomycin for treating acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis in children].", "content": "Comparative data on the treatment of 209 children with acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis are presented; 128 patients hospitalized before 1974 were treated with antibiotics, mainly penicillin and streptomycin without sensitivity testing. From 1974 81 children were treated with lincomycin; 80 per cent of the isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic. In lincomycin therapy the method of electrophoresis on the disease focus, intrabone administration of the drug and administration of the drug into the bone cavity together with the blood clot during surgical interventions in cases with chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis were used. A marked decrease in the rate of the chronic forms of the disease was registered (from 77.2 to 8.8 per cent).", "contents": "[Various methods of using lincomycin for treating acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. Comparative data on the treatment of 209 children with acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis are presented; 128 patients hospitalized before 1974 were treated with antibiotics, mainly penicillin and streptomycin without sensitivity testing. From 1974 81 children were treated with lincomycin; 80 per cent of the isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic. In lincomycin therapy the method of electrophoresis on the disease focus, intrabone administration of the drug and administration of the drug into the bone cavity together with the blood clot during surgical interventions in cases with chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis were used. A marked decrease in the rate of the chronic forms of the disease was registered (from 77.2 to 8.8 per cent).", "PMID": 334056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12833", "title": "[Results of using an accelerated method of determining microbial flora sensitivity to antibacterial preparations in the surgical clinic].", "content": "Express diagnosis using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrasolium chloride as the redox indicator provided in most tests rapid and sufficiently precise determination of the microbial flora sensitivity to antibacterial drugs permitting to start in time the antibiotic therapy of the patients. For rapid response it proved to be useful to incubate beforehand the test material taken from surgical patients within 16 to 18 hours and to increase the indicator concentration up to 2--3 per cent.", "contents": "[Results of using an accelerated method of determining microbial flora sensitivity to antibacterial preparations in the surgical clinic]. Express diagnosis using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrasolium chloride as the redox indicator provided in most tests rapid and sufficiently precise determination of the microbial flora sensitivity to antibacterial drugs permitting to start in time the antibiotic therapy of the patients. For rapid response it proved to be useful to incubate beforehand the test material taken from surgical patients within 16 to 18 hours and to increase the indicator concentration up to 2--3 per cent.", "PMID": 334057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12834", "title": "[Use of carminomycin on adult patients with acute leukemias].", "content": "The data on the clinical trials of karminomycin, a new antitumor antibiotic are presented. The drug was used in the treatment of 46 adult patients with leukemia. Karminomycin was used in primary inducing therapy and treatment of relapses. The results of the trials showed that karminomycin had a definite therapeutic activity in treatment of acute myeloblast leukemia at various stages of the process. A rapid effect of the antibiotic provided its use in emergency cases with rapidly progressing variants of the disease.", "contents": "[Use of carminomycin on adult patients with acute leukemias]. The data on the clinical trials of karminomycin, a new antitumor antibiotic are presented. The drug was used in the treatment of 46 adult patients with leukemia. Karminomycin was used in primary inducing therapy and treatment of relapses. The results of the trials showed that karminomycin had a definite therapeutic activity in treatment of acute myeloblast leukemia at various stages of the process. A rapid effect of the antibiotic provided its use in emergency cases with rapidly progressing variants of the disease.", "PMID": 334058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12835", "title": "[Rational use of antibiotics is the basis of their effectiveness and safety].", "content": "Many-year studies on the use of antibiotics in the general medical practice are summarized in the paper. The present trends in further improvement of the rational use of antibiotics are presented. It is shown that the present rational and safe antibiotic therapy is determined by 3 main factors: (1) choice of the drug with due regard for its pharmacological properties and spectrum, (2) isolation, identification and determination of the bacterial flora sensitivity to the antibiotic, (3) revealing or prevention of high sensitivity of the patients to the antibiotics chosen.", "contents": "[Rational use of antibiotics is the basis of their effectiveness and safety]. Many-year studies on the use of antibiotics in the general medical practice are summarized in the paper. The present trends in further improvement of the rational use of antibiotics are presented. It is shown that the present rational and safe antibiotic therapy is determined by 3 main factors: (1) choice of the drug with due regard for its pharmacological properties and spectrum, (2) isolation, identification and determination of the bacterial flora sensitivity to the antibiotic, (3) revealing or prevention of high sensitivity of the patients to the antibiotics chosen.", "PMID": 334059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12836", "title": "Detection of antimetabolite activity: effects and transport of tryptophan analogs in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Simple and rapid techniques were developed that allow detection of the effects of a wide range of tryptophan analogs in Escherichia coli. (i) By using certain supersensitive mutant strains, analogs that were without effect on a wild-type strain were shown to be inhibitory. (ii) Many other analogs could inhibit the utilization of d-tryptophan when present as l-tryptophan replacements in a trp dadR strain. (iii) Another approach was to test the ability of a given analog to reverse the inhibition caused by an inhibitory analog. These combined approaches revealed activities in 26 analogs out of a total of 40 that were inactive by testing solely on a wild-type strain. The route of entry of inhibitory analogs was determined unambiguously by comparing their effect on aroP(+) (aromatic permease) and aroP strains. Uptake studies were also performed to determine whether various analogs compete for entry via the aromatic permease system. Many tryptophan analogs enter the cell via this system. The methods developed here should have general applicability to the testing of analogs of a variety of other metabolites.", "contents": "Detection of antimetabolite activity: effects and transport of tryptophan analogs in Escherichia coli. Simple and rapid techniques were developed that allow detection of the effects of a wide range of tryptophan analogs in Escherichia coli. (i) By using certain supersensitive mutant strains, analogs that were without effect on a wild-type strain were shown to be inhibitory. (ii) Many other analogs could inhibit the utilization of d-tryptophan when present as l-tryptophan replacements in a trp dadR strain. (iii) Another approach was to test the ability of a given analog to reverse the inhibition caused by an inhibitory analog. These combined approaches revealed activities in 26 analogs out of a total of 40 that were inactive by testing solely on a wild-type strain. The route of entry of inhibitory analogs was determined unambiguously by comparing their effect on aroP(+) (aromatic permease) and aroP strains. Uptake studies were also performed to determine whether various analogs compete for entry via the aromatic permease system. Many tryptophan analogs enter the cell via this system. The methods developed here should have general applicability to the testing of analogs of a variety of other metabolites.", "PMID": 334061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12837", "title": "Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by 5-nitrothiazoles.", "content": "A number of 5-nitrothiazoles with various substituents in the 2-position were tested for inhibition of Clostridium botulinum in a culture medium. Thiazole itself or 2-bromo- or 2-methylthiazole at 30 mug/ml did not inhibit the organism. An amino group in the 2-position of thiazole inhibited at 10 mug/ml. Substitution of a nitro group in the 5-position of 2-aminothiazole increased the inhibitory level to 0.12 mug/ml; acetyl-, propionyl-, or butyroyl-2-amino-5-nitrothiazole inhibited at 0.04 mug/ml. Benzoyl-2-amino-5-nitrothiazole inhibited at 0.16 mug/ml; this increased to 0.01 mug/ml when the benzoyl group carried a nitro group in the m- or p-position; a nitro group in the o-position, on the other hand, inhibited at 0.04 mug/ml. Unsaturated aliphatic acyls decreased inhibition. The greatest activity was exhibited by 2-nonanoyl- and 2-lauroylamides, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.005 and 0.0025 mug/ml, respectively.", "contents": "Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by 5-nitrothiazoles. A number of 5-nitrothiazoles with various substituents in the 2-position were tested for inhibition of Clostridium botulinum in a culture medium. Thiazole itself or 2-bromo- or 2-methylthiazole at 30 mug/ml did not inhibit the organism. An amino group in the 2-position of thiazole inhibited at 10 mug/ml. Substitution of a nitro group in the 5-position of 2-aminothiazole increased the inhibitory level to 0.12 mug/ml; acetyl-, propionyl-, or butyroyl-2-amino-5-nitrothiazole inhibited at 0.04 mug/ml. Benzoyl-2-amino-5-nitrothiazole inhibited at 0.16 mug/ml; this increased to 0.01 mug/ml when the benzoyl group carried a nitro group in the m- or p-position; a nitro group in the o-position, on the other hand, inhibited at 0.04 mug/ml. Unsaturated aliphatic acyls decreased inhibition. The greatest activity was exhibited by 2-nonanoyl- and 2-lauroylamides, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.005 and 0.0025 mug/ml, respectively.", "PMID": 334062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12838", "title": "Function of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli as a permeability barrier to beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "On the basis of a simple theoretical model, the ease of penetration of beta-lactam antibiotics through the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was measured. The cell envelope was found to act as a diffusion barrier to both penicillins and cephalosporins. The validity of the model and the cooperative action of cell-bound beta-lactamase and outer membrane were further verified by comparing calculated and experimentally determined velocities of beta-lactam hydrolysis by intact cells and sonically treated cell suspensions. The results showed good correspondence at five different antibiotic concentrations. Similar conclusions could be drawn from a comparison of beta-lactam concentrations on both sides of the outer membrane, calculated from enzyme kinetic measurements and minimal inhibitory concentrations for both a beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and its enzyme-negative variant. in the case of benzylpenicillin and cephalothin, however, no correspondence was found. The joint action of several parameters determining the efficacy of penicillins and cephalosporins against beta-lactamase-producing E. coli is discussed.", "contents": "Function of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli as a permeability barrier to beta-lactam antibiotics. On the basis of a simple theoretical model, the ease of penetration of beta-lactam antibiotics through the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was measured. The cell envelope was found to act as a diffusion barrier to both penicillins and cephalosporins. The validity of the model and the cooperative action of cell-bound beta-lactamase and outer membrane were further verified by comparing calculated and experimentally determined velocities of beta-lactam hydrolysis by intact cells and sonically treated cell suspensions. The results showed good correspondence at five different antibiotic concentrations. Similar conclusions could be drawn from a comparison of beta-lactam concentrations on both sides of the outer membrane, calculated from enzyme kinetic measurements and minimal inhibitory concentrations for both a beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and its enzyme-negative variant. in the case of benzylpenicillin and cephalothin, however, no correspondence was found. The joint action of several parameters determining the efficacy of penicillins and cephalosporins against beta-lactamase-producing E. coli is discussed.", "PMID": 334063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12839", "title": "Plasmids carried by antibiotic-resistant marine bacteria.", "content": "Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were isolated from seawater samples collected in the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern coast of the United States. Large numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains were found to be present in harbor and inshore waters; however, the percentage of resistant strains was higher for several seawater samples collected offshore than for those collected near shore. Bacteria resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin were found in nearly all samples collected, including samples from 200 miles (about 522 km) offshore and at depths to 8,200 m. Sediment samples, in general, were found to contain smaller populations of resistant strains as compared with the seawater samples examined. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria exhibiting phenetic characteristics common to autochthonous marine bacterial species were examined in detail, and several of the isolates exhibited unstable antibiotic resistance, which was transferable to recipient Escherichia coli cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid preparations from 10 strains examined by ethidium bromide-cesium chloride density sedimentation revealed that 6 of the strains contained covalently closed circular plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid.", "contents": "Plasmids carried by antibiotic-resistant marine bacteria. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were isolated from seawater samples collected in the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern coast of the United States. Large numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains were found to be present in harbor and inshore waters; however, the percentage of resistant strains was higher for several seawater samples collected offshore than for those collected near shore. Bacteria resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin were found in nearly all samples collected, including samples from 200 miles (about 522 km) offshore and at depths to 8,200 m. Sediment samples, in general, were found to contain smaller populations of resistant strains as compared with the seawater samples examined. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria exhibiting phenetic characteristics common to autochthonous marine bacterial species were examined in detail, and several of the isolates exhibited unstable antibiotic resistance, which was transferable to recipient Escherichia coli cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid preparations from 10 strains examined by ethidium bromide-cesium chloride density sedimentation revealed that 6 of the strains contained covalently closed circular plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid.", "PMID": 334064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12840", "title": "Comparative study of trichothecin, amphotericin B, and 5-fluorocytosine against Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Trichothecin (T-cin), amphotericin B (AB), and 5-fluorocytosine (FC) were compared singly and in combination for capacities to inhibit growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in culture and to protect mice bearing infections with this yeast. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for T-cin, AB, and FC were found to be 0.5, 0.2, and 5.0 mug/ml, respectively. In vitro viability studies demonstrated a marked reduction in colony counts with the AB-FC combination and additive effects with the AB-T-cin and FC-T-cin combinations for a 3-day period. In mice infected intravenously with C. neoformans, the mean effective dose for AB was 0.38 mg/kg, and for FC it was 100 mg/kg for a 30-day treatment period. No mean effective dose could be ascertained when T-cin was tested at doses of 0.1 to 50 mg/kg. Despite this, marked beneficial effects were noted in vivo with the AB-T-cin combination, whereas additive effects and indifference were observed for AB-FC and FC-T-cin combinations, respectively. High-dose T-cin controls survived despite having received a cumulative dosage of more than twice the reported (LD(50)) mean lethal dose value.", "contents": "Comparative study of trichothecin, amphotericin B, and 5-fluorocytosine against Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro and in vivo. Trichothecin (T-cin), amphotericin B (AB), and 5-fluorocytosine (FC) were compared singly and in combination for capacities to inhibit growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in culture and to protect mice bearing infections with this yeast. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for T-cin, AB, and FC were found to be 0.5, 0.2, and 5.0 mug/ml, respectively. In vitro viability studies demonstrated a marked reduction in colony counts with the AB-FC combination and additive effects with the AB-T-cin and FC-T-cin combinations for a 3-day period. In mice infected intravenously with C. neoformans, the mean effective dose for AB was 0.38 mg/kg, and for FC it was 100 mg/kg for a 30-day treatment period. No mean effective dose could be ascertained when T-cin was tested at doses of 0.1 to 50 mg/kg. Despite this, marked beneficial effects were noted in vivo with the AB-T-cin combination, whereas additive effects and indifference were observed for AB-FC and FC-T-cin combinations, respectively. High-dose T-cin controls survived despite having received a cumulative dosage of more than twice the reported (LD(50)) mean lethal dose value.", "PMID": 334065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12841", "title": "Binding of thienamycin and clavulanic acid to the penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Thienamycin and clavulanic acid are new beta-lactam derivatives with structures markedly different from those of penicillins or cephalosporins. Both derivatives had the same general mode of action as typical beta-lactam antibiotics since they bound to precisely the same proteins as [(14)C]benzylpenicillin. Thienamycin showed high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 and a lower affinity for protein 3. Protein 2 had the highest affinity for thienamycin, and concentrations from the minimal morphological change concentration (0.1 mug/ml) up to about 0.6 mug/ml resulted in the conversion of Escherichia coli KN126 into large osmotically stable round cells. Above a concentration of 0.6 mug/ml, rapid cell lysis occurred with the release of the cell contents as spheroplasts. Clavulanic acid showed good affinity for penicillin-binding protein 2, moderate affinity for proteins 1, 4, 5, and 6, and low affinity for protein 3. Protein 2 had the highest affinity for clavulanic acid, and concentrations from the minimal morphological change concentration (30 mug/ml) up to about 50 mug/ml produced a mixture of slightly elongated, swollen, bulging, and lemon-shaped cells. Above a concentration of 50 mug/ml, rapid lysis occurred with production of spheroplasts. The properties of thienamycin and clavulanic acid were compared with those of the penicillins, cephalosporins, and amidinopenicillanic acids.", "contents": "Binding of thienamycin and clavulanic acid to the penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli K-12. Thienamycin and clavulanic acid are new beta-lactam derivatives with structures markedly different from those of penicillins or cephalosporins. Both derivatives had the same general mode of action as typical beta-lactam antibiotics since they bound to precisely the same proteins as [(14)C]benzylpenicillin. Thienamycin showed high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 and a lower affinity for protein 3. Protein 2 had the highest affinity for thienamycin, and concentrations from the minimal morphological change concentration (0.1 mug/ml) up to about 0.6 mug/ml resulted in the conversion of Escherichia coli KN126 into large osmotically stable round cells. Above a concentration of 0.6 mug/ml, rapid cell lysis occurred with the release of the cell contents as spheroplasts. Clavulanic acid showed good affinity for penicillin-binding protein 2, moderate affinity for proteins 1, 4, 5, and 6, and low affinity for protein 3. Protein 2 had the highest affinity for clavulanic acid, and concentrations from the minimal morphological change concentration (30 mug/ml) up to about 50 mug/ml produced a mixture of slightly elongated, swollen, bulging, and lemon-shaped cells. Above a concentration of 50 mug/ml, rapid lysis occurred with production of spheroplasts. The properties of thienamycin and clavulanic acid were compared with those of the penicillins, cephalosporins, and amidinopenicillanic acids.", "PMID": 334066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12842", "title": "Nonconjugative plasmids encoding sulfanilamide resistance.", "content": "Nonconjugative plasmids encoding sulfanilamide (Sa) resistance were demonstrated at a high frequency in Shigella and Escherichia coli strains resistant to sulfanilamide. These Sa plasmids were all compatible with the standard plasmids used in compatibility testing. The sizes of seven Sa plasmids were measured by electron microscopy and ranged from 1.79 to 2.08 mum, corresponding to 3.5 to 3.9 megadaltons.", "contents": "Nonconjugative plasmids encoding sulfanilamide resistance. Nonconjugative plasmids encoding sulfanilamide (Sa) resistance were demonstrated at a high frequency in Shigella and Escherichia coli strains resistant to sulfanilamide. These Sa plasmids were all compatible with the standard plasmids used in compatibility testing. The sizes of seven Sa plasmids were measured by electron microscopy and ranged from 1.79 to 2.08 mum, corresponding to 3.5 to 3.9 megadaltons.", "PMID": 334067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12843", "title": "Drug resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes isolated in Japan.", "content": "Drug resistance of Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated during 1974 and 1975 in various districts in Japan were surveyed and compared with an earlier survey of 1970 to 1973. Of 1,021 strains, tetracycline-, macrolide antibiotic-, lincomycin-, and chloramphenicol-resistant strains were demonstrated at frequencies of 80.3, 62.3, 60.8, and 57.9%, respectively. Distinct group resistances to penicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics could not be identified among the strains examined. It was characteristic that quadruple and triple resistances were manifested among the strains resistant to macrolide antibiotics, lincomycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, and they were confined to the T-type 12. The emergence of multiply resistant streptococcal strains was due mostly to the rapid increase in isolation frequency of macrolide antibiotic- or macrolide antibiotics-lincomycin-resistant strains.", "contents": "Drug resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes isolated in Japan. Drug resistance of Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated during 1974 and 1975 in various districts in Japan were surveyed and compared with an earlier survey of 1970 to 1973. Of 1,021 strains, tetracycline-, macrolide antibiotic-, lincomycin-, and chloramphenicol-resistant strains were demonstrated at frequencies of 80.3, 62.3, 60.8, and 57.9%, respectively. Distinct group resistances to penicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics could not be identified among the strains examined. It was characteristic that quadruple and triple resistances were manifested among the strains resistant to macrolide antibiotics, lincomycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, and they were confined to the T-type 12. The emergence of multiply resistant streptococcal strains was due mostly to the rapid increase in isolation frequency of macrolide antibiotic- or macrolide antibiotics-lincomycin-resistant strains.", "PMID": 334068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12844", "title": "R plasmids of the S incompatibility group belong to the H2 incompatibility group.", "content": "Plasmids of the S and H2 incompatibility groups showed thermosensitive transfer and a bacteriophage inhibition phenotype and were incompatible with one another.", "contents": "R plasmids of the S incompatibility group belong to the H2 incompatibility group. Plasmids of the S and H2 incompatibility groups showed thermosensitive transfer and a bacteriophage inhibition phenotype and were incompatible with one another.", "PMID": 334069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12845", "title": "Norleucine accumulation by a norleucine-resistant mutant of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "A norleucine-resistant mutant was derived from an isoleucine-valine auxotroph of a leucine accumulator of Serratia marcescens. The norleucine-resistant mutant could accumulate norleucine from norvaline in the medium without the addition of methionine, which antagonized norleucine. This mutant constitutively formed homoserine-O-transsuccinylase.", "contents": "Norleucine accumulation by a norleucine-resistant mutant of Serratia marcescens. A norleucine-resistant mutant was derived from an isoleucine-valine auxotroph of a leucine accumulator of Serratia marcescens. The norleucine-resistant mutant could accumulate norleucine from norvaline in the medium without the addition of methionine, which antagonized norleucine. This mutant constitutively formed homoserine-O-transsuccinylase.", "PMID": 334070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12846", "title": "Alternative replica plating technique.", "content": "A new technique for picking bacterial colonies and a new type of replicator are described.", "contents": "Alternative replica plating technique. A new technique for picking bacterial colonies and a new type of replicator are described.", "PMID": 334071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12847", "title": "Microscopic counting and adenosine 5'-triphosphate measurement in determining microbial growth in soils.", "content": "A microscopic technique utilizing dispersion of fungal hyphae in a Waring blender, filtration through membrane filters (Nucleopore Corp.), and counting on a fluorescence microscope was developed for counting fungal hyphal biomass. Nonfluorescent staining techniques of the soil-filter preparation did not give quantitative recoveries. Water-soluble aniline blue, which binds to the beta-1,3-glucans of the fungal cell wall, made visualization of the hyphae by fluorescence possible. A range of fungi added to soil were quantitatively recovered. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was extracted from soil by lysis of the organisms with CHCl(3) in NaHCO(3), which prevented adsorption of the organic phosphorus to the soil colloids. Centrifugation and removal of CHCl(3) was followed by dilution with pH 7.8 tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer. ATP concentrations were measured by using the luciferase-luciferin light reaction. Since NaHCO(3) interfered to some extent with this reaction, the standards were made up in equivalent mixtures of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer and NaHCO(3). Recovery of ATP was rapid and quantitative in a range of soils. Measurement of the ATP and bacterial and fungal numbers in an incubated soil showed that fungal and bacterial population increases were delayed by phosphorus deficiency. Microbial populations were not affected at a later date. The ATP content of the soil system was reduced by phosphorus deficiency throughout the incubation period. This indicated that ATP could be altered without major changes in the microbial populations.", "contents": "Microscopic counting and adenosine 5'-triphosphate measurement in determining microbial growth in soils. A microscopic technique utilizing dispersion of fungal hyphae in a Waring blender, filtration through membrane filters (Nucleopore Corp.), and counting on a fluorescence microscope was developed for counting fungal hyphal biomass. Nonfluorescent staining techniques of the soil-filter preparation did not give quantitative recoveries. Water-soluble aniline blue, which binds to the beta-1,3-glucans of the fungal cell wall, made visualization of the hyphae by fluorescence possible. A range of fungi added to soil were quantitatively recovered. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was extracted from soil by lysis of the organisms with CHCl(3) in NaHCO(3), which prevented adsorption of the organic phosphorus to the soil colloids. Centrifugation and removal of CHCl(3) was followed by dilution with pH 7.8 tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer. ATP concentrations were measured by using the luciferase-luciferin light reaction. Since NaHCO(3) interfered to some extent with this reaction, the standards were made up in equivalent mixtures of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer and NaHCO(3). Recovery of ATP was rapid and quantitative in a range of soils. Measurement of the ATP and bacterial and fungal numbers in an incubated soil showed that fungal and bacterial population increases were delayed by phosphorus deficiency. Microbial populations were not affected at a later date. The ATP content of the soil system was reduced by phosphorus deficiency throughout the incubation period. This indicated that ATP could be altered without major changes in the microbial populations.", "PMID": 334072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12848", "title": "Increased recovery of salmonellae from environmental samples enriched with buffered peptone water.", "content": "The incidence and persistence of salmonellae in weather pools on the top of Stone Mountain were investigated with lactose and buffered peptone water used as pre-enrichment broths. A total of 162 samples were collected from 16 weather pools over a 3-month period. The use of buffered peptone water increased the recovery of salmonellae by approximately 25%. The combined use of direct enrichment in tetrathionate broth containing brilliant green dye and pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water followed by enrichment in tetrathionate broth made it possible to detect all 37 of the contaminated samples. All of the isolates were Salmonella bareilly, the only serotype recovered in a previous study. All but one of the isolations were made from moist or wet samples. S. bareilly was isolated from rabbit dung and litter collected near the weather pools, but attempts to trap rabbits for study were unsuccessful. Random samples taken along a side of the mountain yielded S. bareilly in weather pools within the upper third of the mountain; below this level, S. weslaco and S. memphis were recovered, but not S. bareilly.", "contents": "Increased recovery of salmonellae from environmental samples enriched with buffered peptone water. The incidence and persistence of salmonellae in weather pools on the top of Stone Mountain were investigated with lactose and buffered peptone water used as pre-enrichment broths. A total of 162 samples were collected from 16 weather pools over a 3-month period. The use of buffered peptone water increased the recovery of salmonellae by approximately 25%. The combined use of direct enrichment in tetrathionate broth containing brilliant green dye and pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water followed by enrichment in tetrathionate broth made it possible to detect all 37 of the contaminated samples. All of the isolates were Salmonella bareilly, the only serotype recovered in a previous study. All but one of the isolations were made from moist or wet samples. S. bareilly was isolated from rabbit dung and litter collected near the weather pools, but attempts to trap rabbits for study were unsuccessful. Random samples taken along a side of the mountain yielded S. bareilly in weather pools within the upper third of the mountain; below this level, S. weslaco and S. memphis were recovered, but not S. bareilly.", "PMID": 334073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12849", "title": "Simplified 48-hour IMVic test: an agar plate method.", "content": "An agar plate method was developed for the performance of the IMVic (indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate) tests in lieu of the conventional tubed liquid media. By modifying the composition of the media and adding agar, a single \"X\"-compartmented petri dish was prepared containing all four IMVic test media. Ease of performance and simplification of the test were achieved by inoculating all four media simultaneously from a single colony (single inoculum) on eosin-methylene blue agar. Tests with 87 cultures, representing 7 genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae, were completed with typical (correct) IMVic patterns for all cultures within 48 h. Parallel tests with conventional media showed that the agar plate method was superior, more sensitive, faster, and simpler to perform, and less time was required to identify Escherichia coli by 72 h.", "contents": "Simplified 48-hour IMVic test: an agar plate method. An agar plate method was developed for the performance of the IMVic (indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate) tests in lieu of the conventional tubed liquid media. By modifying the composition of the media and adding agar, a single \"X\"-compartmented petri dish was prepared containing all four IMVic test media. Ease of performance and simplification of the test were achieved by inoculating all four media simultaneously from a single colony (single inoculum) on eosin-methylene blue agar. Tests with 87 cultures, representing 7 genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae, were completed with typical (correct) IMVic patterns for all cultures within 48 h. Parallel tests with conventional media showed that the agar plate method was superior, more sensitive, faster, and simpler to perform, and less time was required to identify Escherichia coli by 72 h.", "PMID": 334074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12850", "title": "Evidence for incorporation of thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid in airborne bacterial cells.", "content": "As part of an effort to discover whether bacteria might propagate within airborne particles, we studied the incorporation of thymidine into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction of airborne cells of Serratia marcescens to seek evidence of the possible formation of new DNA. Two aerosols, one of S. marcescens and another of [3H]thymidine ([3H]dT) suspended in growth medium were caused to aggregate in air just prior to directing the aerosols into rotating-drum aerosol storage chambers. The age of the S. marcescens culture and other conditions for maximizing ([3H]dT) uptake were selected on the basis of prior in vitro trials. With 10-h cultures and addition of 2-deoxyadenosine to the [3H]dT, we showed that [3H]dT is incorporated into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction of cells recovered 6 h after aerosols were stored under the conditions of high humidity and 30 degrees C. Tests conducted in the same manner with Formalin-killed S. marcescens ruled out the possibility of adsorptive carry-over of [3H]dT. As much as 20 times more activity was found in the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction of live cells than of dead cells.", "contents": "Evidence for incorporation of thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid in airborne bacterial cells. As part of an effort to discover whether bacteria might propagate within airborne particles, we studied the incorporation of thymidine into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction of airborne cells of Serratia marcescens to seek evidence of the possible formation of new DNA. Two aerosols, one of S. marcescens and another of [3H]thymidine ([3H]dT) suspended in growth medium were caused to aggregate in air just prior to directing the aerosols into rotating-drum aerosol storage chambers. The age of the S. marcescens culture and other conditions for maximizing ([3H]dT) uptake were selected on the basis of prior in vitro trials. With 10-h cultures and addition of 2-deoxyadenosine to the [3H]dT, we showed that [3H]dT is incorporated into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction of cells recovered 6 h after aerosols were stored under the conditions of high humidity and 30 degrees C. Tests conducted in the same manner with Formalin-killed S. marcescens ruled out the possibility of adsorptive carry-over of [3H]dT. As much as 20 times more activity was found in the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction of live cells than of dead cells.", "PMID": 334075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12851", "title": "Isolation and purification of a granulosis virus from infected larvae of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella.", "content": "A procedure was developed for purification of a granulosis virus inclusion body produced in vivo in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (H\u00fcbner). Purification was accomplished by differential centrifugation, treatment with sodium deoxycholate, and velocity sedimentation in sucrose gradients. The adequacy of the procedure was confirmed by mixing experiments in which uninfected, radioactively labeled larvae were mixed with infected, unlabeled larvae. After purification, the virus was shown to be free of host tissue, to retain its physical integrity, and to be highly infectious per os. Preparations of purified virus consisted of homogeneous populations of intact inclusion bodies (210 by 380 nm) whose buoyant density was 1.271 g/cm3 when centrifuged to equilibrium in sucrose gradients. Electron microscopy of thin-sectioned virus or of virus sequentially disrupted on electron microscope grids demonstrated three components: protein matrix, envelope, and nucleocapsid.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of a granulosis virus from infected larvae of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. A procedure was developed for purification of a granulosis virus inclusion body produced in vivo in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (H\u00fcbner). Purification was accomplished by differential centrifugation, treatment with sodium deoxycholate, and velocity sedimentation in sucrose gradients. The adequacy of the procedure was confirmed by mixing experiments in which uninfected, radioactively labeled larvae were mixed with infected, unlabeled larvae. After purification, the virus was shown to be free of host tissue, to retain its physical integrity, and to be highly infectious per os. Preparations of purified virus consisted of homogeneous populations of intact inclusion bodies (210 by 380 nm) whose buoyant density was 1.271 g/cm3 when centrifuged to equilibrium in sucrose gradients. Electron microscopy of thin-sectioned virus or of virus sequentially disrupted on electron microscope grids demonstrated three components: protein matrix, envelope, and nucleocapsid.", "PMID": 334076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12852", "title": "Synchronization of Escherichia coli by zonal centrifugation.", "content": "A zonal centrifugation technique that can select the smallest newborn cells in an exponentially growing culture of Escherichia coli B/r is described.", "contents": "Synchronization of Escherichia coli by zonal centrifugation. A zonal centrifugation technique that can select the smallest newborn cells in an exponentially growing culture of Escherichia coli B/r is described.", "PMID": 334077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12853", "title": "Primary acquired cold urticaria. Double-blind comparative study of treatment with cyproheptadine, chlorpheniramine, and placebo.", "content": "Eight subjects with primary-acquired cold urticaria were treated with chlorpheniramine maleate, cyproheptadine hydrochloride, and placebo in a double-blind clinical trial. During three separate seven-day treatment periods, each patient took 4 mg of either active drug or lactose placebo three times a day. Objective measurements were made at the beginning and end of each treatment period by establishing the minimum time (MT) of cold stimulus application required to provoke urtication. In addition, the spontaneous appearance of cold urticaria lesions was recorded during each treatment period. The MT required for induction of urtication with a cold stimulus was significantly greater for eight patients receiving cyproheptadine as compared to chlorpheniramine or placebo (P less than .01). The study demonstrated that cyproheptadine had a significant suppressive action on experimental cold-induced urticaria, while placebo and chlorpheniramine proved ineffective.", "contents": "Primary acquired cold urticaria. Double-blind comparative study of treatment with cyproheptadine, chlorpheniramine, and placebo. Eight subjects with primary-acquired cold urticaria were treated with chlorpheniramine maleate, cyproheptadine hydrochloride, and placebo in a double-blind clinical trial. During three separate seven-day treatment periods, each patient took 4 mg of either active drug or lactose placebo three times a day. Objective measurements were made at the beginning and end of each treatment period by establishing the minimum time (MT) of cold stimulus application required to provoke urtication. In addition, the spontaneous appearance of cold urticaria lesions was recorded during each treatment period. The MT required for induction of urtication with a cold stimulus was significantly greater for eight patients receiving cyproheptadine as compared to chlorpheniramine or placebo (P less than .01). The study demonstrated that cyproheptadine had a significant suppressive action on experimental cold-induced urticaria, while placebo and chlorpheniramine proved ineffective.", "PMID": 334082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12854", "title": "Systemic antibiotic therapy of secondary infected dermatitis.", "content": "Systemic cloxacillin therapy of secondarily infected dermatitis cloxacillin therapy become apparent  produces a significant increase in healing when compared to a placebo. The effects of systemic after five days of treatment. A single pretreatment culture was not helpful in directing therapy.", "contents": "Systemic antibiotic therapy of secondary infected dermatitis. Systemic cloxacillin therapy of secondarily infected dermatitis cloxacillin therapy become apparent  produces a significant increase in healing when compared to a placebo. The effects of systemic after five days of treatment. A single pretreatment culture was not helpful in directing therapy.", "PMID": 334083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12855", "title": "Cicatricial pemphigoid of Brunsting-Perry. Immunofluorescent studies.", "content": "Six patients with a vesiculobullous eruption of the type described by Brunsting and Perry as benign pemphigoid were studied by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. All six showed linear deposits of IgG but not IgM or IgA at the epidermal-dermal junction. One case also showed C3 deposition and one patient had circulating antibasement membrane zone antibodies in a titer of 1280. These data provide strong evidence that this condition belongs to the cicatricial pemphigoid-bullous pemphigoid spectrum of disease.", "contents": "Cicatricial pemphigoid of Brunsting-Perry. Immunofluorescent studies. Six patients with a vesiculobullous eruption of the type described by Brunsting and Perry as benign pemphigoid were studied by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. All six showed linear deposits of IgG but not IgM or IgA at the epidermal-dermal junction. One case also showed C3 deposition and one patient had circulating antibasement membrane zone antibodies in a titer of 1280. These data provide strong evidence that this condition belongs to the cicatricial pemphigoid-bullous pemphigoid spectrum of disease.", "PMID": 334084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12856", "title": "New world leishmaniasis. Serologic aids to diagnosis.", "content": "The increase in travel to endemic areas of South and Central America has led to an increase in the number of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed in the United States. Traditional methods of diagnosis for this disease include microscopical examination of infected tissue, culture of Leishmania on special media, and the leishmanin skin test. The present communication describes a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the difficulties that were encountered in diagnosis. New methods of serologic testing allow more prompt and accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "New world leishmaniasis. Serologic aids to diagnosis. The increase in travel to endemic areas of South and Central America has led to an increase in the number of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed in the United States. Traditional methods of diagnosis for this disease include microscopical examination of infected tissue, culture of Leishmania on special media, and the leishmanin skin test. The present communication describes a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the difficulties that were encountered in diagnosis. New methods of serologic testing allow more prompt and accurate diagnosis.", "PMID": 334085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12857", "title": "[Porphyrinsynthesis by propionibacterium acnes (author's transl)].", "content": "Strains of P.a. were isolated from seborrheic filaments from 11 persons and investigated according to their production of porphyrins. After growing the organisms during a 5 resp. 10 days cultivation period on solid as well as in liquid culture medium the quantity and quality of the bacterial porphyrins were determined. There existed intense variations in quantity not only when the special strains were compared with each other but also when the same strains were treated with different preparations. The porphyrin-spectrum, as demonstrated by thin-layer-chromatography, showed porphyrins with 2--8 carboxyclic groups, the coproporphyrin standing out in most cases as the most intense band.", "contents": "[Porphyrinsynthesis by propionibacterium acnes (author's transl)]. Strains of P.a. were isolated from seborrheic filaments from 11 persons and investigated according to their production of porphyrins. After growing the organisms during a 5 resp. 10 days cultivation period on solid as well as in liquid culture medium the quantity and quality of the bacterial porphyrins were determined. There existed intense variations in quantity not only when the special strains were compared with each other but also when the same strains were treated with different preparations. The porphyrin-spectrum, as demonstrated by thin-layer-chromatography, showed porphyrins with 2--8 carboxyclic groups, the coproporphyrin standing out in most cases as the most intense band.", "PMID": 334087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12858", "title": "Electron microscopic studies in dermatitis herpetiformis in relation to the pattern of immune deposits in the skin.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies were made in 12 cases of dermatitis herpetiformis: 6 of them with a continuous immunofluorescence line of IgA deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction, and the other 6 with granular IgA deposits in the dermal papillae. Six cases of bullous pemphigoid with a continuous immunofluorescence line of IgG deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction were examined similarly for comparison. In dermatitis herpetiformis with the continuous IgA line the ultrastructural characteristics both of dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid were present, even when the histological and clinical features as well as response to sulphapyridine and sulphones were typical of dermatitis herpetiformis. The ultrastructural pattern was essentially the same as in the cases with clinical and histological characteristics of the mixed dermatitis herpetiformis-bullous pemphigoid form, although in the latter there was some predominance of the characteristics of bullous pemphigoid.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies in dermatitis herpetiformis in relation to the pattern of immune deposits in the skin. Electron microscopic studies were made in 12 cases of dermatitis herpetiformis: 6 of them with a continuous immunofluorescence line of IgA deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction, and the other 6 with granular IgA deposits in the dermal papillae. Six cases of bullous pemphigoid with a continuous immunofluorescence line of IgG deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction were examined similarly for comparison. In dermatitis herpetiformis with the continuous IgA line the ultrastructural characteristics both of dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid were present, even when the histological and clinical features as well as response to sulphapyridine and sulphones were typical of dermatitis herpetiformis. The ultrastructural pattern was essentially the same as in the cases with clinical and histological characteristics of the mixed dermatitis herpetiformis-bullous pemphigoid form, although in the latter there was some predominance of the characteristics of bullous pemphigoid.", "PMID": 334088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12859", "title": "A simple technique for immunoelectronmicroscopic localization of Ig on tissue sections with special reference to cutaneous pathology.", "content": "A simple technique using immunoperoxidase-labelled antibodies is reported for the ultrastructural localization of fixed immunoglobulins in tissue lesions. This technique allows the immunolabeling of frozen sections of 15 mu mounted on glass slides. These sections are then closed over for ultrastructural examination, using an Epon-filled gelatin capsule, and then returned to the glass slide. After polymerization, the capsule containing the tissue section is separated from the glass by immersion in liquid nitrogen. This technique is applied to the study of fixed Ig in the skin lesions of lupus erythematosus, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and dermatitis herpetiformis. The results obtained show a fine localization of fixed Ig, good tissue conservation and easy orientation of the biological material. It can be applied to the study of tissue antigens.", "contents": "A simple technique for immunoelectronmicroscopic localization of Ig on tissue sections with special reference to cutaneous pathology. A simple technique using immunoperoxidase-labelled antibodies is reported for the ultrastructural localization of fixed immunoglobulins in tissue lesions. This technique allows the immunolabeling of frozen sections of 15 mu mounted on glass slides. These sections are then closed over for ultrastructural examination, using an Epon-filled gelatin capsule, and then returned to the glass slide. After polymerization, the capsule containing the tissue section is separated from the glass by immersion in liquid nitrogen. This technique is applied to the study of fixed Ig in the skin lesions of lupus erythematosus, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and dermatitis herpetiformis. The results obtained show a fine localization of fixed Ig, good tissue conservation and easy orientation of the biological material. It can be applied to the study of tissue antigens.", "PMID": 334089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12860", "title": "The impact of 1,000 renal transplants at one center.", "content": "A large, comprehensive renal transplant program has a major impact not only on patient care, but also on the medical center itself and the larger community. The program at this center has advanced from 15 transplants in 1964 to 141 transplants in 1976. Fifty-nine per cent of patients transplanted have functioning kidneys at this time, including 76 children. Rehabilitation was equal to prerenal disease level in 91% of 169 recipients who lived five years with a functioning graft. Basic research in such diverse areas as renal preservation and immunology, as well as clinical research in optimum immunosuppressive therapy, resulted in significant contributions. Refinement of the mixed lymphocyte culture improved living-related graft survival at two years: 100% for HLA-identical and 91% for non-HLA-identical grafts, compared to 66% reported by the Transplant Registry for the combined group. Modification of immunosuppression improved patient survival at two years: 100% and 86% for recipients of living-related and cadaver grafts, respectively, compared to 83% and 65% reported by the Transplant Registry. The complexity of care of the patient with end-stage renal failure has required active interaction between transplant surgeons and almost every major specialty. The vast clinical material has been a great asset for training transplant surgeons, nephrologists, fellows and residents of multiple specialties, and medical students. The medical center's relationship with communities within a 250 mile radius has been strengthened, as reflected in patient referrals and the development of a multi-community-supported organ procurement system, which has allowed us to perform over 100 cadaver transplants per year for the past three years. Thus the performance of 1,000 renal transplants at this center has resulted not only in rehabilitation of many renal failure patients, but also in expanded and improved research and teaching capabilities, bringing support from multiple medical disciplines and the general community.", "contents": "The impact of 1,000 renal transplants at one center. A large, comprehensive renal transplant program has a major impact not only on patient care, but also on the medical center itself and the larger community. The program at this center has advanced from 15 transplants in 1964 to 141 transplants in 1976. Fifty-nine per cent of patients transplanted have functioning kidneys at this time, including 76 children. Rehabilitation was equal to prerenal disease level in 91% of 169 recipients who lived five years with a functioning graft. Basic research in such diverse areas as renal preservation and immunology, as well as clinical research in optimum immunosuppressive therapy, resulted in significant contributions. Refinement of the mixed lymphocyte culture improved living-related graft survival at two years: 100% for HLA-identical and 91% for non-HLA-identical grafts, compared to 66% reported by the Transplant Registry for the combined group. Modification of immunosuppression improved patient survival at two years: 100% and 86% for recipients of living-related and cadaver grafts, respectively, compared to 83% and 65% reported by the Transplant Registry. The complexity of care of the patient with end-stage renal failure has required active interaction between transplant surgeons and almost every major specialty. The vast clinical material has been a great asset for training transplant surgeons, nephrologists, fellows and residents of multiple specialties, and medical students. The medical center's relationship with communities within a 250 mile radius has been strengthened, as reflected in patient referrals and the development of a multi-community-supported organ procurement system, which has allowed us to perform over 100 cadaver transplants per year for the past three years. Thus the performance of 1,000 renal transplants at this center has resulted not only in rehabilitation of many renal failure patients, but also in expanded and improved research and teaching capabilities, bringing support from multiple medical disciplines and the general community.", "PMID": 334095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12861", "title": "[Pharmacodynamics of alcoholic and aqueous extracts from the Casimiroa edulis seed].", "content": "The hypnotic properties of leaves and seed of Casimiroa edulis (zapote blanco) a tropical fruit, are well known. In the present investigation, pharmacological studies on aqueous and alcoholic extracts were carried out in dogs, cats, rabbits and guinea pigs, using different experimental models. The action of the extracts upon blood pressure, cardiac activity, respiration rate, muscular tone, electroencephalographic activity, sleep and other parameters were studied too. In addition to, studies upon isolated human, cat, rabbit and guinea pig tissues gave information about the extracts effect on smooth muscle activity. It was found that both aqueous and alcoholic extract of the seed of zapote blanco produced marked hypotension in all animal species, which was followed by a sleep-like stage. Also a definitive oxitocic effect in vivo and in vitro was demonstrated suggesting the presence of a potent uterus constricting substance.", "contents": "[Pharmacodynamics of alcoholic and aqueous extracts from the Casimiroa edulis seed]. The hypnotic properties of leaves and seed of Casimiroa edulis (zapote blanco) a tropical fruit, are well known. In the present investigation, pharmacological studies on aqueous and alcoholic extracts were carried out in dogs, cats, rabbits and guinea pigs, using different experimental models. The action of the extracts upon blood pressure, cardiac activity, respiration rate, muscular tone, electroencephalographic activity, sleep and other parameters were studied too. In addition to, studies upon isolated human, cat, rabbit and guinea pig tissues gave information about the extracts effect on smooth muscle activity. It was found that both aqueous and alcoholic extract of the seed of zapote blanco produced marked hypotension in all animal species, which was followed by a sleep-like stage. Also a definitive oxitocic effect in vivo and in vitro was demonstrated suggesting the presence of a potent uterus constricting substance.", "PMID": 334096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12862", "title": "The formation of glycosidic bonds in yeast glycoproteins. Intracellular localisation of the reactions.", "content": "Membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were separated on urografin gradients. The specific activity of the light membranes (endoplasmic reticulum), the Golgi-like vesicles and the plasma membrane in transferring mannosyl residues from GDP-mannose to mannoproteins and to dolichyl monophosphate has been determined. The first mannose of the O-glycosidically linked manno-oligosaccharides is incorporated with the highest specific activity by the endoplasmic reticulum. The incorporation of the second to fourth mannosyl groups is catalysed with increasing activity also by the Golgi-like vesicles  and the plasma membrane. The incorporation of mannosyl groups into weak alkali-stable positions (N-glycosidically linked chains) is carried out with almost the same specific activity by all three membrane fractions, however, dolichol-dependent and -independent steps could not be distinguished as yet. The results are discussed in terms of a sequential addition of sugar residues along the route of export of the mannoprotiens. The dolichol-dependent steps seem to occur on the endoplasmic reticulum and thus very early in the event.", "contents": "The formation of glycosidic bonds in yeast glycoproteins. Intracellular localisation of the reactions. Membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were separated on urografin gradients. The specific activity of the light membranes (endoplasmic reticulum), the Golgi-like vesicles and the plasma membrane in transferring mannosyl residues from GDP-mannose to mannoproteins and to dolichyl monophosphate has been determined. The first mannose of the O-glycosidically linked manno-oligosaccharides is incorporated with the highest specific activity by the endoplasmic reticulum. The incorporation of the second to fourth mannosyl groups is catalysed with increasing activity also by the Golgi-like vesicles  and the plasma membrane. The incorporation of mannosyl groups into weak alkali-stable positions (N-glycosidically linked chains) is carried out with almost the same specific activity by all three membrane fractions, however, dolichol-dependent and -independent steps could not be distinguished as yet. The results are discussed in terms of a sequential addition of sugar residues along the route of export of the mannoprotiens. The dolichol-dependent steps seem to occur on the endoplasmic reticulum and thus very early in the event.", "PMID": 334097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12863", "title": "Mode of increase in cell wall polysaccharides in synchronously growing Sachharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The mode of increase in cell wall polysaccharides of yeast (glucan and mannan) during cell cycle was analyzed using cell wall samples obtained from a synchronous culture. The increase in mannan and total glucan proceeded almost linearly throughout the cell cycle except for a short period of their leveling off at the time of cell division. However, the constituents of glucan behaved characteristically: Alkalisoluble glucan and insoluble glucan increased mainly in the former and the later half of the cell cycle, respectively.", "contents": "Mode of increase in cell wall polysaccharides in synchronously growing Sachharomyces cerevisiae. The mode of increase in cell wall polysaccharides of yeast (glucan and mannan) during cell cycle was analyzed using cell wall samples obtained from a synchronous culture. The increase in mannan and total glucan proceeded almost linearly throughout the cell cycle except for a short period of their leveling off at the time of cell division. However, the constituents of glucan behaved characteristically: Alkalisoluble glucan and insoluble glucan increased mainly in the former and the later half of the cell cycle, respectively.", "PMID": 334098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12864", "title": "Environmentally-induced changes in the neutral lipids and intracellular vesicles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces fragilis.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae, grown aerobically or anaerobically under conditions which induce a requirement for a sterol and an unsaturated fatty acid, synthesized approximately the same amounts of neutral lipid and intracellular low-density vesicles, although the neutral lipids in aerobically-grown cells contained more esterified sterol and less triacylglycerol than those in anaerobically-grown cells. Kluyveromyces fragilis synthesized much less neutral lipid and a smaller quantity of low-density vesicles than S. cerevisiae whether grown at 30 degrees C (generation time 1.1 h) or 20 degrees C (generation time 2.1 h). Both yeasts synthesized highly saturated triacylglycerols, relatively unsaturated phospholipids, and esterified sterols with an intermediate degree of unsaturation irrespective of the conditions under which they were grown. Free sterols in the yeasts were rich in ergosterol and 22(24)-dehydroergosterol, while the esterified sterol fractions were richer in zymosterol.", "contents": "Environmentally-induced changes in the neutral lipids and intracellular vesicles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces fragilis. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, grown aerobically or anaerobically under conditions which induce a requirement for a sterol and an unsaturated fatty acid, synthesized approximately the same amounts of neutral lipid and intracellular low-density vesicles, although the neutral lipids in aerobically-grown cells contained more esterified sterol and less triacylglycerol than those in anaerobically-grown cells. Kluyveromyces fragilis synthesized much less neutral lipid and a smaller quantity of low-density vesicles than S. cerevisiae whether grown at 30 degrees C (generation time 1.1 h) or 20 degrees C (generation time 2.1 h). Both yeasts synthesized highly saturated triacylglycerols, relatively unsaturated phospholipids, and esterified sterols with an intermediate degree of unsaturation irrespective of the conditions under which they were grown. Free sterols in the yeasts were rich in ergosterol and 22(24)-dehydroergosterol, while the esterified sterol fractions were richer in zymosterol.", "PMID": 334099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12865", "title": "Temperature-sensitive loss of sexual agglutinability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Temperature dependency of sexual agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found. Of 31 strains tested, which showed normal agglutination when cultured at 25 degrees C, 29 strains lost their sexual agglutinability when they were grown at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive loss of sexual agglutinability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Temperature dependency of sexual agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found. Of 31 strains tested, which showed normal agglutination when cultured at 25 degrees C, 29 strains lost their sexual agglutinability when they were grown at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 334100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12866", "title": "Choosing an approach for diagnosing schizophrenia.", "content": "In recent years, many competing concepts of schizophrenia have been described, each with some evidence to support its value. Even more recently, specific evaluation methods and diagnostic criteria have been developed so that each of these concepts can be reliably diagnosed. Because of these advances, it is important for the clinician and investigator working with schizophrenics to recognize the way in which the various concepts are reflected in the several reliable approaches now available for diagnosis and to be able to choose a method of diagnosis that is most likely to be useful. We describe the competing conceptualizations and the related diagnostic approaches that have been developed, and then outline the differences and similarities and advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. An orientation toward using these approaches for diagnosing schizophrenia is suggested that permits employing several approaches simultaneously to provide the greatest chance for determining important relationships among diagnostic, clinical, and research variables.", "contents": "Choosing an approach for diagnosing schizophrenia. In recent years, many competing concepts of schizophrenia have been described, each with some evidence to support its value. Even more recently, specific evaluation methods and diagnostic criteria have been developed so that each of these concepts can be reliably diagnosed. Because of these advances, it is important for the clinician and investigator working with schizophrenics to recognize the way in which the various concepts are reflected in the several reliable approaches now available for diagnosis and to be able to choose a method of diagnosis that is most likely to be useful. We describe the competing conceptualizations and the related diagnostic approaches that have been developed, and then outline the differences and similarities and advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. An orientation toward using these approaches for diagnosing schizophrenia is suggested that permits employing several approaches simultaneously to provide the greatest chance for determining important relationships among diagnostic, clinical, and research variables.", "PMID": 334102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12867", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of pregnancy-specific beta1-Glycoprotein from urine of pregnant women (author's transl)].", "content": "With use of the immunoadsorption technique the protein antigenically related to pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1), was isolated from urine of pregnant women. The physical and chemical properties of this protein were determined and compared with those of SP1. The antigen isolated from urine has a smaller molecular weight and is immunochemically only partly identical with SP1 found in pregnancy serum respectively in the placenta. The protein occuring in urine seems to be a split product of SP1 and is supposedly formed by an enzymatic degradation of the native proteins. The concentration of the protein in urine of pregnant women throughout gravidity was quantitated immunochemically using a modified Laurell-technique. During the first and second trimester of pregnancy values ranged from 0,0-0,4 mg/100 ml. In the last trimester there was an increased in the concentration of urine-SP1 with values ranging from 0,0-3,0 mg/100 ml and a mean concentration of about 1 mg/100 ml.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of pregnancy-specific beta1-Glycoprotein from urine of pregnant women (author's transl)]. With use of the immunoadsorption technique the protein antigenically related to pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1), was isolated from urine of pregnant women. The physical and chemical properties of this protein were determined and compared with those of SP1. The antigen isolated from urine has a smaller molecular weight and is immunochemically only partly identical with SP1 found in pregnancy serum respectively in the placenta. The protein occuring in urine seems to be a split product of SP1 and is supposedly formed by an enzymatic degradation of the native proteins. The concentration of the protein in urine of pregnant women throughout gravidity was quantitated immunochemically using a modified Laurell-technique. During the first and second trimester of pregnancy values ranged from 0,0-0,4 mg/100 ml. In the last trimester there was an increased in the concentration of urine-SP1 with values ranging from 0,0-3,0 mg/100 ml and a mean concentration of about 1 mg/100 ml.", "PMID": 334103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12868", "title": "[Cytology of pleura exudate in lymphoretic sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 2.9% of 1762 patients with pleura exudate, the underlying disease was a lymphoreticular sarcoma. The experienced cytologist has no difficulties to differentiate typical patterns of plasmocytoma, reticulumcell sarcoma or lymphogranulomatosis. But there may be borderline forms which can only be evaluated by critical examination. This holds true especially for differentiated types of lymphosarcoma which resemble the pattern of lymphocytic leukemia or observed through low magnification look like lymphocytic exudate. Therefore the use of oil immersion is necessary for evaluation of the smear. Fluorescence microscopy offers some advantages in special problems.", "contents": "[Cytology of pleura exudate in lymphoretic sarcoma (author's transl)]. In 2.9% of 1762 patients with pleura exudate, the underlying disease was a lymphoreticular sarcoma. The experienced cytologist has no difficulties to differentiate typical patterns of plasmocytoma, reticulumcell sarcoma or lymphogranulomatosis. But there may be borderline forms which can only be evaluated by critical examination. This holds true especially for differentiated types of lymphosarcoma which resemble the pattern of lymphocytic leukemia or observed through low magnification look like lymphocytic exudate. Therefore the use of oil immersion is necessary for evaluation of the smear. Fluorescence microscopy offers some advantages in special problems.", "PMID": 334104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12869", "title": "[Air pollution and cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Several data justify the suspension that air pollution may contribute to cancer risk. These observations are: high risk of lung cancer in coal gas workers; higher incidence of lung cancer in urbanized regions as compared with rural ones and higher incidence in highly industrialized countries as compared with less industrialized; observations in migrant populations; data of comparative pathology. Specific studies of the association between lung cancer and air pollution taking into consideration confounding variables failed to give conclusive evidence of a causal relationship. Obviously the role of air pollution for cancerogenesis in the lung is far less important than inhalation of tobacco smoke. Furthermore there are some findings suggesting a causal association of particulate air pollution and malignant neoplasms of the stomach and prostate.", "contents": "[Air pollution and cancer (author's transl)]. Several data justify the suspension that air pollution may contribute to cancer risk. These observations are: high risk of lung cancer in coal gas workers; higher incidence of lung cancer in urbanized regions as compared with rural ones and higher incidence in highly industrialized countries as compared with less industrialized; observations in migrant populations; data of comparative pathology. Specific studies of the association between lung cancer and air pollution taking into consideration confounding variables failed to give conclusive evidence of a causal relationship. Obviously the role of air pollution for cancerogenesis in the lung is far less important than inhalation of tobacco smoke. Furthermore there are some findings suggesting a causal association of particulate air pollution and malignant neoplasms of the stomach and prostate.", "PMID": 334105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12870", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen: immunohistologic identification in invasive and intraepithelial carcinomas of the lung.", "content": "A total of 58 pulmonary lesions from 48 patients were examined for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The three-layer immunoperoxidase procedure for antigen detection was used with a monospecific anti-CEA antiserum. The control serum was the same antiserum with its specificity removed by affinity chromatography. Normal goat serum was also used as a control. Carcinoembryonic antigen was present in the majority of pulmonary adenocarcinomas and generally absent in the squamous cancers. The major exception was in the well-differentiated squamous lesions where CEA was occasionally found in the keratinizing areas. Of special interest was the finding of CEA in all areas of intraepithelial squamous neoplasia studied.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen: immunohistologic identification in invasive and intraepithelial carcinomas of the lung. A total of 58 pulmonary lesions from 48 patients were examined for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The three-layer immunoperoxidase procedure for antigen detection was used with a monospecific anti-CEA antiserum. The control serum was the same antiserum with its specificity removed by affinity chromatography. Normal goat serum was also used as a control. Carcinoembryonic antigen was present in the majority of pulmonary adenocarcinomas and generally absent in the squamous cancers. The major exception was in the well-differentiated squamous lesions where CEA was occasionally found in the keratinizing areas. Of special interest was the finding of CEA in all areas of intraepithelial squamous neoplasia studied.", "PMID": 334106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12871", "title": "Exfoliative immunocytology of cervical carcinoma.", "content": "Fluorescent antibody tracing was applied to exfoliative specimens from 456 women, who were also screened by cytology and partly by histopathology for carcinoma of the cervix. Fixed cervicovaginal smears were treated with autologous serum; the smears then were added labeled antihuman globulin antibody and observed for reactivity. A pattern of cytoplasmic fluorescence was observed in cases that were cytologically diagnosed as severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, or in cases with positive reactions for malignant cells. Negative Papanicolaou smears appeared nonreactive. A probe into the immunoglobulin class of the antibody that reacted with dyskaryotic and abnormal cells revealed that IgA and IgG but not IgM were involved. The results indicate that a humoral immune response occurs and may be used diagnostically for a demonstration of cellular abnormality in premalignant and invasive cases of cervical carcinoma.", "contents": "Exfoliative immunocytology of cervical carcinoma. Fluorescent antibody tracing was applied to exfoliative specimens from 456 women, who were also screened by cytology and partly by histopathology for carcinoma of the cervix. Fixed cervicovaginal smears were treated with autologous serum; the smears then were added labeled antihuman globulin antibody and observed for reactivity. A pattern of cytoplasmic fluorescence was observed in cases that were cytologically diagnosed as severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, or in cases with positive reactions for malignant cells. Negative Papanicolaou smears appeared nonreactive. A probe into the immunoglobulin class of the antibody that reacted with dyskaryotic and abnormal cells revealed that IgA and IgG but not IgM were involved. The results indicate that a humoral immune response occurs and may be used diagnostically for a demonstration of cellular abnormality in premalignant and invasive cases of cervical carcinoma.", "PMID": 334107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12872", "title": "Reflex sweating in patients with spinal cord injury: a review.", "content": "Sweat glands derive their innervation from the sympathetic nervous system. The spinal sympathetic structures that are located in the intermediolateral areas extend from T1-L2 segments and are under the control of hypothalamic centers. Cord transection abolishes the supraspinal control of sudorimotor function. Since sympathetic innervation does not follow a clear segmental distribution, normal sweating may be preserved at a higher or lower level than skin sensation. Nonthermoregulatory reflex sweating is an indication of unchecked spinal cord facilitation and is precipitated by afferent stimuli from bladder, rectum, and various other sources. It is usually a manifestation of mass reflex or autonomic crisis and occurs particularly in cervical or high thoracic lesions. Transection below T8-T10 is not accompanied by reflex sweating. The phenomenon of thermal relfex sweating is controversial. Although some aspects of nonthermoregulatory reflex sweating are still unclear, proper immediate and continuing preventive management will reduce the incidence of this and other autonomic manifestations. Chemical sympathectomy should be a last resort in case of emergency or when the source of facilitation cannot be ascertained.", "contents": "Reflex sweating in patients with spinal cord injury: a review. Sweat glands derive their innervation from the sympathetic nervous system. The spinal sympathetic structures that are located in the intermediolateral areas extend from T1-L2 segments and are under the control of hypothalamic centers. Cord transection abolishes the supraspinal control of sudorimotor function. Since sympathetic innervation does not follow a clear segmental distribution, normal sweating may be preserved at a higher or lower level than skin sensation. Nonthermoregulatory reflex sweating is an indication of unchecked spinal cord facilitation and is precipitated by afferent stimuli from bladder, rectum, and various other sources. It is usually a manifestation of mass reflex or autonomic crisis and occurs particularly in cervical or high thoracic lesions. Transection below T8-T10 is not accompanied by reflex sweating. The phenomenon of thermal relfex sweating is controversial. Although some aspects of nonthermoregulatory reflex sweating are still unclear, proper immediate and continuing preventive management will reduce the incidence of this and other autonomic manifestations. Chemical sympathectomy should be a last resort in case of emergency or when the source of facilitation cannot be ascertained.", "PMID": 334108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12873", "title": "A trial of cephalothin sodium in colon surgery to prevent wound infection.", "content": "A double-blind trial of preoperative and perioperative cephalothin sodium in patients undergoing colonic surgery was carried out to test the value of this drug in reducing wound infection rates. Two studies were performed. In the first trial, 1 gm of cephalothin sodium or a placebo was given intravenously at the beginning of operation, and 1 gm one hour later. In the second trial, the dose of cephalothin or placebo was increased to 2 gm. There was no significant reduction in wound infections in either study in the groups receiving cephalothin, although over two thirds of the organisms cultured from the infected wounds were sensitive to cephalothin. It is suggested that meticulous attention to technique to avoid gross contamination remains the most important factor in the prevention of wound infections after colon surgery.", "contents": "A trial of cephalothin sodium in colon surgery to prevent wound infection. A double-blind trial of preoperative and perioperative cephalothin sodium in patients undergoing colonic surgery was carried out to test the value of this drug in reducing wound infection rates. Two studies were performed. In the first trial, 1 gm of cephalothin sodium or a placebo was given intravenously at the beginning of operation, and 1 gm one hour later. In the second trial, the dose of cephalothin or placebo was increased to 2 gm. There was no significant reduction in wound infections in either study in the groups receiving cephalothin, although over two thirds of the organisms cultured from the infected wounds were sensitive to cephalothin. It is suggested that meticulous attention to technique to avoid gross contamination remains the most important factor in the prevention of wound infections after colon surgery.", "PMID": 334110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12874", "title": "Principles of abdominal wound closure. I. Animal studies.", "content": "An experimental study in rats was designed to measure the effect of tissue bite size and tightness of tying on the wound's ability to resist dehiscence from increased intra-abdominal pressure. Abdominal incisions in rats were closed in one of four ways: large tissue bites, tied tightly or loosely, or small tissue bites, tied tightly or loosely. The strongest closure was with large tissue bites and loose ties. The weakest closure was with small bites and tight ties. It appeared that tying sutures loosely was a little more important than taking large bites, although the difference was not significant. Each of these factors was a contributing element.", "contents": "Principles of abdominal wound closure. I. Animal studies. An experimental study in rats was designed to measure the effect of tissue bite size and tightness of tying on the wound's ability to resist dehiscence from increased intra-abdominal pressure. Abdominal incisions in rats were closed in one of four ways: large tissue bites, tied tightly or loosely, or small tissue bites, tied tightly or loosely. The strongest closure was with large tissue bites and loose ties. The weakest closure was with small bites and tight ties. It appeared that tying sutures loosely was a little more important than taking large bites, although the difference was not significant. Each of these factors was a contributing element.", "PMID": 334111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12875", "title": "Principles of abdominal wound closure. II. Prevention of wound dehiscence.", "content": "Among 4,000 abdominal wound closures, there were 11 dehiscences. In eight, the original wound was closed with retention or large figure-of-8 sutures. When the wounds were resutured, the same basic technique of large tissue bites at close intervals was used, but this time the wounds remained intact. Therefore, it was concluded that the cause of the dehiscence was not poor tissues, but poor technique: the first sutures either had too small bites, were placed too far apart, or were tied too tightly. We describe a closure technique using buried figure-of-eight retention sutures tied very loosely. An additional running suture approximates the fascial edges. This method was used in 126 patients, with but one failure, caused by improper knot tying. In a separate clinical study, no difference in wound tension was found between vertical and transverse incisions.", "contents": "Principles of abdominal wound closure. II. Prevention of wound dehiscence. Among 4,000 abdominal wound closures, there were 11 dehiscences. In eight, the original wound was closed with retention or large figure-of-8 sutures. When the wounds were resutured, the same basic technique of large tissue bites at close intervals was used, but this time the wounds remained intact. Therefore, it was concluded that the cause of the dehiscence was not poor tissues, but poor technique: the first sutures either had too small bites, were placed too far apart, or were tied too tightly. We describe a closure technique using buried figure-of-eight retention sutures tied very loosely. An additional running suture approximates the fascial edges. This method was used in 126 patients, with but one failure, caused by improper knot tying. In a separate clinical study, no difference in wound tension was found between vertical and transverse incisions.", "PMID": 334112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12876", "title": "Pulmonary aspiration: an update.", "content": "Pulmonary aspiration of foreign material occurs in many situations. The morbidity of pulmonary aspiration is astounding. even more staggering is the mortality of massive aspiration of gastric contents. Bewilderment exists among most physicians concerning the treatment of this lethal event. The use of corticosteroids in pulmonary aspiration has received much attention and no data exist to advocate their continued employment. Knowledge of the bacteriology of aspiration has resulted in more judicious use of antimicrobial agents. The most significant advance in the treatment of pulmonary aspiration has been the development of positive end-expiratory pressure as an adjunct to mechanical ventilation. Pulmonary aspiration in hospitalized patients is an entirely preventable disease. All physicians must be made aware of the multitude of instances in which aspiration may occur if any hope of averting this disaster exists.", "contents": "Pulmonary aspiration: an update. Pulmonary aspiration of foreign material occurs in many situations. The morbidity of pulmonary aspiration is astounding. even more staggering is the mortality of massive aspiration of gastric contents. Bewilderment exists among most physicians concerning the treatment of this lethal event. The use of corticosteroids in pulmonary aspiration has received much attention and no data exist to advocate their continued employment. Knowledge of the bacteriology of aspiration has resulted in more judicious use of antimicrobial agents. The most significant advance in the treatment of pulmonary aspiration has been the development of positive end-expiratory pressure as an adjunct to mechanical ventilation. Pulmonary aspiration in hospitalized patients is an entirely preventable disease. All physicians must be made aware of the multitude of instances in which aspiration may occur if any hope of averting this disaster exists.", "PMID": 334113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12877", "title": "Serratia marcescens pneumonia.", "content": "Though rare, Serratia marcescens pneumonia is being reported with increasing frequency, especially in patients in intensive care units. We report three cases of S. marcescens pneumonia that presented striking similarities for age, group, type of surgical procedure, and microbiological, hemodynamic, and respiratory patterns. All patients survived after prolonged ventilatory support.", "contents": "Serratia marcescens pneumonia. Though rare, Serratia marcescens pneumonia is being reported with increasing frequency, especially in patients in intensive care units. We report three cases of S. marcescens pneumonia that presented striking similarities for age, group, type of surgical procedure, and microbiological, hemodynamic, and respiratory patterns. All patients survived after prolonged ventilatory support.", "PMID": 334114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12878", "title": "Isolated histiocytic lymphoma of the spleen causing fever and hypercalcemia.", "content": "Differentiating between primary and ectopic or pseudohyperparathyroidism may be difficllt, but certain aspects of the patient's clinical history as well as laboratory tests may be helpful. We present an unusual case report of a patient who had massive splenomegaly secondary to a localized histiocytic lymphoma. On the basis of a lower serum parathormone level for a given serum calcium increase combined with normal serum phosphorous and chloride values, the diagnosis of psuedohyperparathyroidism was made and was confirmed when the patient's serum calcium level and temperature returned to normal following splenectomy.", "contents": "Isolated histiocytic lymphoma of the spleen causing fever and hypercalcemia. Differentiating between primary and ectopic or pseudohyperparathyroidism may be difficllt, but certain aspects of the patient's clinical history as well as laboratory tests may be helpful. We present an unusual case report of a patient who had massive splenomegaly secondary to a localized histiocytic lymphoma. On the basis of a lower serum parathormone level for a given serum calcium increase combined with normal serum phosphorous and chloride values, the diagnosis of psuedohyperparathyroidism was made and was confirmed when the patient's serum calcium level and temperature returned to normal following splenectomy.", "PMID": 334115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12879", "title": "Wound infection and topical antibiotics: the surgeon's dilemma.", "content": "The topical use of antibiotics in surgical wounds is critically reviewed and analyzed. Thirteen experimental and 19 clinical reports are included in this review. Prospective and retrospective clinical studies have been separated. The analysis evaluated clean vs contaminated/dirty wounds, as well as the effects of various antibiotics and combinations. The conclusion reached on the basis of the experimental and clinical data is that the application of carefully selected topical antibiotics to surgical wounds, particularly those that represent a high risk for the development of wound infection, can be expected to diminish the incidence of this complication in a significant fashion.", "contents": "Wound infection and topical antibiotics: the surgeon's dilemma. The topical use of antibiotics in surgical wounds is critically reviewed and analyzed. Thirteen experimental and 19 clinical reports are included in this review. Prospective and retrospective clinical studies have been separated. The analysis evaluated clean vs contaminated/dirty wounds, as well as the effects of various antibiotics and combinations. The conclusion reached on the basis of the experimental and clinical data is that the application of carefully selected topical antibiotics to surgical wounds, particularly those that represent a high risk for the development of wound infection, can be expected to diminish the incidence of this complication in a significant fashion.", "PMID": 334116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12880", "title": "Mutagenicity studies with praziquantel, a new anthelmintic drug: tissue-, host-, and urine-mediated mutagenicity assays.", "content": "Praziquantel, a new anthelmintic drug with activity against all species of schistosomes pathogenic to man, and against a wide range of Cestodes, was tested for mutagenic potential. For the detection of both base substitutions and frameshift mutations, Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98 were used as tester strains. Using the plate assay with and without added S-9, host-mediated assay and urine-mediated assay without and after incubation with beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase, no mutagenic activity could be detected.", "contents": "Mutagenicity studies with praziquantel, a new anthelmintic drug: tissue-, host-, and urine-mediated mutagenicity assays. Praziquantel, a new anthelmintic drug with activity against all species of schistosomes pathogenic to man, and against a wide range of Cestodes, was tested for mutagenic potential. For the detection of both base substitutions and frameshift mutations, Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98 were used as tester strains. Using the plate assay with and without added S-9, host-mediated assay and urine-mediated assay without and after incubation with beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase, no mutagenic activity could be detected.", "PMID": 334117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12881", "title": "[Elaboration of methodology for simultaneous morphological and physiological study of an isolated autonomic neuron and its interneuronal synapse].", "content": "Methodical difficulties encountered at simultaneous physiologic and morphologic investigation of an isolated vegetative neuron with a preserved synaptic apparatus and studied under large magnification are discussed in the article. To carry out such investigations, the author suggests two models of morpho-physiological devices and a preparation of the frog isolated vegetative neuron with a preserved synaptic apparatus, which help to solve the following problems: an increase of working distance for the microelectrode; fixation of the object studied; application of physical contrasting techniques.", "contents": "[Elaboration of methodology for simultaneous morphological and physiological study of an isolated autonomic neuron and its interneuronal synapse]. Methodical difficulties encountered at simultaneous physiologic and morphologic investigation of an isolated vegetative neuron with a preserved synaptic apparatus and studied under large magnification are discussed in the article. To carry out such investigations, the author suggests two models of morpho-physiological devices and a preparation of the frog isolated vegetative neuron with a preserved synaptic apparatus, which help to solve the following problems: an increase of working distance for the microelectrode; fixation of the object studied; application of physical contrasting techniques.", "PMID": 334119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12882", "title": "[Participation of splenic vessels in blood supply to the pancreas (experimental-mathematical study)].", "content": "In 60 objects the participation of splenic vessels in human pancreas blood supply was studied roentgeno-angiographically and by means of anatomical preparation. Morphometrical data obtained were treated by computers \"Minsk-22\" and \"M-220-M\" to calculate main statistic values and their correlations. Some recommendations of applied importance for pancreas surgery were suggested. Maximal and minimal dimensions of the pancreas segments, which can be used for grafting with the following blood supply restoration in the transplant at the expense of the splenic vessels only, were represented.", "contents": "[Participation of splenic vessels in blood supply to the pancreas (experimental-mathematical study)]. In 60 objects the participation of splenic vessels in human pancreas blood supply was studied roentgeno-angiographically and by means of anatomical preparation. Morphometrical data obtained were treated by computers \"Minsk-22\" and \"M-220-M\" to calculate main statistic values and their correlations. Some recommendations of applied importance for pancreas surgery were suggested. Maximal and minimal dimensions of the pancreas segments, which can be used for grafting with the following blood supply restoration in the transplant at the expense of the splenic vessels only, were represented.", "PMID": 334121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12883", "title": "[Quantitative characteristics of the immunocompetent cells of the large-intestinal mucosa in acute dysentery].", "content": "Histological and immuno-morphological examinations of the large intestine mucosa obtained by aspirational biopsy from 38 adult patients with acute dysentery in the mild, moderately severe and severe forms and from 4 normal subjects were carried out. In each case, a per cent ratio of immunocompetent cells in deep and superficial parts of the mucous membrane proper, the content of interepithelial lymphocytes, the cell density of infiltrate per 1 mm2 of the mucous membrane, the number of cells producing IgA, IgM, and IgG per 1 mm2 of the mucous membrane were determined. As the severity of clinical and morphological manifestations of dysentery increased, the number of cells actively producing immunoglobulins was found to increase and epithelium infiltration with lymphocyte to be enhanced. The main role in the development of local immune response in dysentery is played by IgA-producing cells, and in the moderately severe and severe forms of dysentery the number of IgM-producing cells increases.", "contents": "[Quantitative characteristics of the immunocompetent cells of the large-intestinal mucosa in acute dysentery]. Histological and immuno-morphological examinations of the large intestine mucosa obtained by aspirational biopsy from 38 adult patients with acute dysentery in the mild, moderately severe and severe forms and from 4 normal subjects were carried out. In each case, a per cent ratio of immunocompetent cells in deep and superficial parts of the mucous membrane proper, the content of interepithelial lymphocytes, the cell density of infiltrate per 1 mm2 of the mucous membrane, the number of cells producing IgA, IgM, and IgG per 1 mm2 of the mucous membrane were determined. As the severity of clinical and morphological manifestations of dysentery increased, the number of cells actively producing immunoglobulins was found to increase and epithelium infiltration with lymphocyte to be enhanced. The main role in the development of local immune response in dysentery is played by IgA-producing cells, and in the moderately severe and severe forms of dysentery the number of IgM-producing cells increases.", "PMID": 334123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12884", "title": "[Primary immunologic deficiency syndromes in man].", "content": "Current concepts on the immune system, the genesis of human T- and B-lymphocytes, and their functional properties are presented as well as current data on the pathogenesis and classification of hereditary defects of the human immune system. The main forms of immunity deficiency conditions are described. The methods for diagnosis and treatment of different forms of immunologic deficiency are substantiated. The relationship between immunity deficiency conditions and malignancies, allergic and autoimmune processes, and morphological changes in various organs and tissues is described.", "contents": "[Primary immunologic deficiency syndromes in man]. Current concepts on the immune system, the genesis of human T- and B-lymphocytes, and their functional properties are presented as well as current data on the pathogenesis and classification of hereditary defects of the human immune system. The main forms of immunity deficiency conditions are described. The methods for diagnosis and treatment of different forms of immunologic deficiency are substantiated. The relationship between immunity deficiency conditions and malignancies, allergic and autoimmune processes, and morphological changes in various organs and tissues is described.", "PMID": 334124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12885", "title": "[Case of pseudotuberculosis with lesions of the mesenteric lymph nodes].", "content": "The author reports for the first time on a case of pseudotuberculosis in a boy aged 9 years in the Karelian ASSR. The disease was diagnosed in the course of a histological investigation of the bioptic specimen of the mesenteric lymphatic node obtained during the operation performed in connection with suspected appendicitis. Histologically there were revealed granulomas with microabscesses therein and around them--very small foci of necrosis and necrobiosis with a positive reaction to fibrin. Granulomas, in contrast to those described in the literature, consisted predominantly of epithelioid, but not of reticular, cells. Their nuclei were poor in DNA, whereas cytoplasm--in RNA and Schick-positive material. Along the periphery of many granulomas there was revealed a zone of reticular cells with markedly pyroninophil cytoplasma (with plasmatization). In the cytoplasma of leukocytes a considerable amount of glycogen was identified.", "contents": "[Case of pseudotuberculosis with lesions of the mesenteric lymph nodes]. The author reports for the first time on a case of pseudotuberculosis in a boy aged 9 years in the Karelian ASSR. The disease was diagnosed in the course of a histological investigation of the bioptic specimen of the mesenteric lymphatic node obtained during the operation performed in connection with suspected appendicitis. Histologically there were revealed granulomas with microabscesses therein and around them--very small foci of necrosis and necrobiosis with a positive reaction to fibrin. Granulomas, in contrast to those described in the literature, consisted predominantly of epithelioid, but not of reticular, cells. Their nuclei were poor in DNA, whereas cytoplasm--in RNA and Schick-positive material. Along the periphery of many granulomas there was revealed a zone of reticular cells with markedly pyroninophil cytoplasma (with plasmatization). In the cytoplasma of leukocytes a considerable amount of glycogen was identified.", "PMID": 334125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12886", "title": "[Role of the liver in hormone metabolism and in the regulation of their content in the blood].", "content": "The normal liver function depends upon the amount of hormones in the blood which is regulated not only by the endocrine glands (EG) but by the liver itself to a large degree. The hormone content in the blood may be normal, when the EG function is increased, if the liver removes them intensively, inactivates them and excretes in the bile. If the hormone excess exceeds the regulatory capacities of the liver, their level in the blood increases. An inflow of an increased amount of hormones damages liver functions, then elimination of the hormone excess decreased or does not occur, and their level in the blood increases further. The function of the corresponding EG is inhibited. When the EG functions decrease, the level of hormones in the blood may remain normal owing to their decreased removal by the normal liver. Thus, the normally functioning liver may for some time maintain the normal balance of hormones when the EG functions are disturbed. The same may happen in the disorders in the liver function, if the EG function normally.", "contents": "[Role of the liver in hormone metabolism and in the regulation of their content in the blood]. The normal liver function depends upon the amount of hormones in the blood which is regulated not only by the endocrine glands (EG) but by the liver itself to a large degree. The hormone content in the blood may be normal, when the EG function is increased, if the liver removes them intensively, inactivates them and excretes in the bile. If the hormone excess exceeds the regulatory capacities of the liver, their level in the blood increases. An inflow of an increased amount of hormones damages liver functions, then elimination of the hormone excess decreased or does not occur, and their level in the blood increases further. The function of the corresponding EG is inhibited. When the EG functions decrease, the level of hormones in the blood may remain normal owing to their decreased removal by the normal liver. Thus, the normally functioning liver may for some time maintain the normal balance of hormones when the EG functions are disturbed. The same may happen in the disorders in the liver function, if the EG function normally.", "PMID": 334126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12887", "title": "[Lobular carcinoma in situ and lobular cancer (lobular carcinoma) of the breast].", "content": "The histological characterization of mammary cancer (MC) is of leading importance for prognosis and choice of therapeutic methods (directed hormonal and chemotherapy). In this respect of interest is the morphological picture of a special form of MC, lobular cancer which is characterized by the most malignant course, marked infiltrative and less manifest destructive growth, multicentricity and multiplicity, as well as bilateral foci of lesions. It probably originates from the myoepithelium. In the national literature, no information on lobular MC is available. Little information is available on the precursor of lobular MC, lobular carcinoma in situ. This problem is insufficiently and inaccurately dealth with in the International classification of mammary gland tumors (WHO). A review of literature on lobular MC, as well as photomicrographs of its structure and that of its precursor are presented.", "contents": "[Lobular carcinoma in situ and lobular cancer (lobular carcinoma) of the breast]. The histological characterization of mammary cancer (MC) is of leading importance for prognosis and choice of therapeutic methods (directed hormonal and chemotherapy). In this respect of interest is the morphological picture of a special form of MC, lobular cancer which is characterized by the most malignant course, marked infiltrative and less manifest destructive growth, multicentricity and multiplicity, as well as bilateral foci of lesions. It probably originates from the myoepithelium. In the national literature, no information on lobular MC is available. Little information is available on the precursor of lobular MC, lobular carcinoma in situ. This problem is insufficiently and inaccurately dealth with in the International classification of mammary gland tumors (WHO). A review of literature on lobular MC, as well as photomicrographs of its structure and that of its precursor are presented.", "PMID": 334128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12888", "title": "Primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Report of a case.", "content": "We report a case of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in a 3 1/2-year-old boy. The patient developed reticulum cell sarcoma primarily in the brain; a biopsy specimen was obtained, and treatment with irradiation and chemotherapy was begun. Computerized tomography performed after three months of therapy showed remarkable regression of tumor. When the patient died five months postoperatively, no viable tumor was present; death was the result of pneumonia and sepsis. Only two previous cases of lymphoreticular neoplasm confined to the brain and associated with this syndrome have been described. We discuss the relationship between immunodeficiency and the occurrence of neoplasia in this syndrome.", "contents": "Primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Report of a case. We report a case of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in a 3 1/2-year-old boy. The patient developed reticulum cell sarcoma primarily in the brain; a biopsy specimen was obtained, and treatment with irradiation and chemotherapy was begun. Computerized tomography performed after three months of therapy showed remarkable regression of tumor. When the patient died five months postoperatively, no viable tumor was present; death was the result of pneumonia and sepsis. Only two previous cases of lymphoreticular neoplasm confined to the brain and associated with this syndrome have been described. We discuss the relationship between immunodeficiency and the occurrence of neoplasia in this syndrome.", "PMID": 334130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12889", "title": "Short-term dose response characteristics of acetazolamide in man.", "content": "Nine patients with ocular hypertension each randomly received on separate days 0, 63, 125, 250, and 500 mg of acetazolamide (Diamox). In a double masked manner, acetazolamide plasma levels and intraocular pressure were monitored for seven hours following administration. Plasma levels increased linearly with dose, reaching 30 microgram/ml with the 500-mg dose. Maximum plasma levels occurred at one hour, and the minimum IOP was at two hours. The maximum IOP effect was a 30% to 35% fall. The IOP response was related to dose and plasma level, up to a 63-mg dose, which produced an average fall of 8.2 mm Hg. Little further average effect was documented at higher doses or plasma levels. The duration of response was slightly prolonged by 250 mg, but 500 mg showed no greater response. Thus, a 63-mg dose or a plasma level of 4 to 5 microgram/ml was as effective in lowering IOP as higher doses that produced plasma levels of 10 microgram/ml or more.", "contents": "Short-term dose response characteristics of acetazolamide in man. Nine patients with ocular hypertension each randomly received on separate days 0, 63, 125, 250, and 500 mg of acetazolamide (Diamox). In a double masked manner, acetazolamide plasma levels and intraocular pressure were monitored for seven hours following administration. Plasma levels increased linearly with dose, reaching 30 microgram/ml with the 500-mg dose. Maximum plasma levels occurred at one hour, and the minimum IOP was at two hours. The maximum IOP effect was a 30% to 35% fall. The IOP response was related to dose and plasma level, up to a 63-mg dose, which produced an average fall of 8.2 mm Hg. Little further average effect was documented at higher doses or plasma levels. The duration of response was slightly prolonged by 250 mg, but 500 mg showed no greater response. Thus, a 63-mg dose or a plasma level of 4 to 5 microgram/ml was as effective in lowering IOP as higher doses that produced plasma levels of 10 microgram/ml or more.", "PMID": 334132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12890", "title": "Organ-cultured corneal endothelium in vivo.", "content": "We used the clinical specular microscope to examine the endothelium of 14 clear penetrating corneal grafts that ranged from 4 days to 2 1/2 years posttransplantation. All the donor corneas had been preserved in organ culture at 37 C for up to five weeks before grafting. Ten of the transplants were aphakic. The graft endothelial cell density, although less than that of normal corneas of the same age, was similar to that of other transplants done by the same two surgeons using alternate methods of donor preservation. We found a significant inverse correlation between graft endothelial cell density and the age of the corneal donor.", "contents": "Organ-cultured corneal endothelium in vivo. We used the clinical specular microscope to examine the endothelium of 14 clear penetrating corneal grafts that ranged from 4 days to 2 1/2 years posttransplantation. All the donor corneas had been preserved in organ culture at 37 C for up to five weeks before grafting. Ten of the transplants were aphakic. The graft endothelial cell density, although less than that of normal corneas of the same age, was similar to that of other transplants done by the same two surgeons using alternate methods of donor preservation. We found a significant inverse correlation between graft endothelial cell density and the age of the corneal donor.", "PMID": 334133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12891", "title": "Palatal island flap for reconstruction of oral defects.", "content": "This communication describes the technique of the palatal island flap and its usefulness in intraoral reconstruction, with a modification for increasing its extension by means of the palatine foramen free-up procedure. The other modalities, with their attendent advantages and disadvantages for intra-oral reconstruction, are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Palatal island flap for reconstruction of oral defects. This communication describes the technique of the palatal island flap and its usefulness in intraoral reconstruction, with a modification for increasing its extension by means of the palatine foramen free-up procedure. The other modalities, with their attendent advantages and disadvantages for intra-oral reconstruction, are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 334135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12892", "title": "[Tissue adhesion using highly-concentrated human fibrinogen on the example of free, autologe skin-grafting (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given about the clinical experiences, made with a biological adhesive-system, consisting in thrombin, native human fibrinogen and clotting factor XIII. We used this adhesive-system in 28 cases of free skin-grafts, without any other kinds of skin-fixation. The highly adhesive properties, the good tissue compatibility recommend this system for using in free skin grafting. Possibilities for use in other kinds of operations in O.R.L. are discussed.", "contents": "[Tissue adhesion using highly-concentrated human fibrinogen on the example of free, autologe skin-grafting (author's transl)]. A report is given about the clinical experiences, made with a biological adhesive-system, consisting in thrombin, native human fibrinogen and clotting factor XIII. We used this adhesive-system in 28 cases of free skin-grafts, without any other kinds of skin-fixation. The highly adhesive properties, the good tissue compatibility recommend this system for using in free skin grafting. Possibilities for use in other kinds of operations in O.R.L. are discussed.", "PMID": 334136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12893", "title": "Control of blood glucose in diabetics using an artificial pancreas.", "content": "Studies have been performed using an on-line computer system programmed for blood gucose control of insulin and dextrose infusion (artificial pancreas). The aim of these studies was to test performance of the artificial pancreas and to suggest directions for future optimisation. Blood glucose stabilisation studies of diabetic volunteers were extended throughout the day and included three main meals and light exercise periods. Monitoring of blood glucose profiles of the same diabetics after depot insulin were performed on a separate occasion for comparison. The presence of insulin antibodies did not impair operation of the artificial pancreas. Most of the insulin infused by the artificial pancreas was to initially correct hyperglycaemia with relatively little required to subsequently maintian euglycaemia. The afternoon intra-meal average infusion rate was 0-9 U/hr. It is suggested that correction of fasting hyperglycaemia and maintenance of euglycaemia in diabetics be treated as separate control problems for the artificial pancreas. The overall ability of the artificial pancreas to control blood glucose to a degree not attainable by conventional insulin therapy is confirmed, in this case under conditions which include patient activity.", "contents": "Control of blood glucose in diabetics using an artificial pancreas. Studies have been performed using an on-line computer system programmed for blood gucose control of insulin and dextrose infusion (artificial pancreas). The aim of these studies was to test performance of the artificial pancreas and to suggest directions for future optimisation. Blood glucose stabilisation studies of diabetic volunteers were extended throughout the day and included three main meals and light exercise periods. Monitoring of blood glucose profiles of the same diabetics after depot insulin were performed on a separate occasion for comparison. The presence of insulin antibodies did not impair operation of the artificial pancreas. Most of the insulin infused by the artificial pancreas was to initially correct hyperglycaemia with relatively little required to subsequently maintian euglycaemia. The afternoon intra-meal average infusion rate was 0-9 U/hr. It is suggested that correction of fasting hyperglycaemia and maintenance of euglycaemia in diabetics be treated as separate control problems for the artificial pancreas. The overall ability of the artificial pancreas to control blood glucose to a degree not attainable by conventional insulin therapy is confirmed, in this case under conditions which include patient activity.", "PMID": 334138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12894", "title": "Tissue defects in the limbs: replacement with free vascularized tissue transfers.", "content": "The use of free vascularized tissue transfers in reconstructive surgery is an exciting new development. Such procedures require careful planning and meticulous attention to detail. Illustrative cases are described to indicate the value and scope of this concept, which has been made possible by the development of microsurgery.", "contents": "Tissue defects in the limbs: replacement with free vascularized tissue transfers. The use of free vascularized tissue transfers in reconstructive surgery is an exciting new development. Such procedures require careful planning and meticulous attention to detail. Illustrative cases are described to indicate the value and scope of this concept, which has been made possible by the development of microsurgery.", "PMID": 334141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12895", "title": "The microsurgical basis of Fallopian tube reconstruction.", "content": "A rational approach to the reconstruction of the Fallopian tube, blocked either intentionally or by disease processes, can only be made on the basis of sound anatomical and physiological understanding. It would accordingly not be logical to expect the tube to function normally again after too great a disorganization by sterilization procedures followed by traumatic restorative operations. It is therefore recommended that any sterilization should be carried out by a midtubal atraumatic Pomeroy method, tissue being conserved for possible future reconstruction, and that a proven microsurgical technique be utilized for the best results of reconstruction to be obtained. This paper briefly details the anatomy and physiology of the Fallopian tubes, evaluates a microsurgical tubal repair in the rabbit, reports a series of tubal repairs in women, and suggests a working protocol for future tubal surgery.", "contents": "The microsurgical basis of Fallopian tube reconstruction. A rational approach to the reconstruction of the Fallopian tube, blocked either intentionally or by disease processes, can only be made on the basis of sound anatomical and physiological understanding. It would accordingly not be logical to expect the tube to function normally again after too great a disorganization by sterilization procedures followed by traumatic restorative operations. It is therefore recommended that any sterilization should be carried out by a midtubal atraumatic Pomeroy method, tissue being conserved for possible future reconstruction, and that a proven microsurgical technique be utilized for the best results of reconstruction to be obtained. This paper briefly details the anatomy and physiology of the Fallopian tubes, evaluates a microsurgical tubal repair in the rabbit, reports a series of tubal repairs in women, and suggests a working protocol for future tubal surgery.", "PMID": 334142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12896", "title": "Ophthalmic microsurgery.", "content": "The introduction of microsurgical procedures to ophthalmology has resulted in an increased success rate with established operations. New operations which can only be performed with the operating microscope have also been developed. As long as certain basic principles are followed, surgery with the microscope has wide application, and lies within the expertise of all surgeons.", "contents": "Ophthalmic microsurgery. The introduction of microsurgical procedures to ophthalmology has resulted in an increased success rate with established operations. New operations which can only be performed with the operating microscope have also been developed. As long as certain basic principles are followed, surgery with the microscope has wide application, and lies within the expertise of all surgeons.", "PMID": 334143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12897", "title": "Fitting problems of the artificial lower limb: the surgeon's contribution.", "content": "Difficulties are experienced by the artificial limb maker and fitter when fitting prostheses to some lower extremity amputation stumps. These difficulties, due partly to operative techniques, are outlined, and suggestions are made for their correction.", "contents": "Fitting problems of the artificial lower limb: the surgeon's contribution. Difficulties are experienced by the artificial limb maker and fitter when fitting prostheses to some lower extremity amputation stumps. These difficulties, due partly to operative techniques, are outlined, and suggestions are made for their correction.", "PMID": 334144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12898", "title": "Isolation of Salmonella spp. from dead gulls (Larus californicus and Larus delawarensis) from an Idaho irrigation reservoir.", "content": "An epizootic of unknown etiology resulting in the death of about 500 sea gulls (Larus californicus and Larus delawarensis) in 24 hr occurred on an irrigation reservoir in southwestern Idaho in April 1975. Salmonella spp. were isolated from necropsy specimens from 2 of 6 gulls examined. No Salmonella spp. were isolated from fecal specimens or dead gulls collected at a nesting site.", "contents": "Isolation of Salmonella spp. from dead gulls (Larus californicus and Larus delawarensis) from an Idaho irrigation reservoir. An epizootic of unknown etiology resulting in the death of about 500 sea gulls (Larus californicus and Larus delawarensis) in 24 hr occurred on an irrigation reservoir in southwestern Idaho in April 1975. Salmonella spp. were isolated from necropsy specimens from 2 of 6 gulls examined. No Salmonella spp. were isolated from fecal specimens or dead gulls collected at a nesting site.", "PMID": 334150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12899", "title": "Biochemical study of KB-cell receptor for adenovirus.", "content": "Three different approaches were used in an attempt to characterize the KB-cell receptor for adenovirus: affinity chromatography, immunoadsorption and cross-linking with a cleavable bifunctional reagent. The first system used an affinity gel consisting of adenovirus-fibre projection linked to Sepharose matrix by an intermediate bis(aminopropyl)amine arm, the amino groups of the fibre ligand being preserved by prior citraconylation. The second system consisted of adenovirus complete penton capsomere attached to anti-(penton base) antibody and cross-linked to polyacrylamide particles with glutaraldehyde. In this latter affinity model, the penton-fibre projection was appropriately oriented outwards, as in the virus particle. Both affinity systems permitted isolation from a KB-cell plasma-membrane extract of fibre-binding and penton-fibre-binding protein material, which inhibited adenovirus attachment. The penton-immunoadsorbent appeared more efficient and more specific than the affinity column of fibre-bis(aminopropyl)amino-Sepharose gel in specific activity of inhibition of adenovirus attachment. The third method consisted of reversibly cross-linking KB-cell receptor proteins with adenovirus particles by means of a cleavable di-imidoester and isolation of the complexes by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Polypeptide analysis on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel of labelled KB-cell surface proteins, selected by the different procedures, showed that three major protein subunits of 78000, 42000 and 34000mol.wt. were common to the three selection systems. A possible model for the structure and function of the KB-cell receptor for adenovirus is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical study of KB-cell receptor for adenovirus. Three different approaches were used in an attempt to characterize the KB-cell receptor for adenovirus: affinity chromatography, immunoadsorption and cross-linking with a cleavable bifunctional reagent. The first system used an affinity gel consisting of adenovirus-fibre projection linked to Sepharose matrix by an intermediate bis(aminopropyl)amine arm, the amino groups of the fibre ligand being preserved by prior citraconylation. The second system consisted of adenovirus complete penton capsomere attached to anti-(penton base) antibody and cross-linked to polyacrylamide particles with glutaraldehyde. In this latter affinity model, the penton-fibre projection was appropriately oriented outwards, as in the virus particle. Both affinity systems permitted isolation from a KB-cell plasma-membrane extract of fibre-binding and penton-fibre-binding protein material, which inhibited adenovirus attachment. The penton-immunoadsorbent appeared more efficient and more specific than the affinity column of fibre-bis(aminopropyl)amino-Sepharose gel in specific activity of inhibition of adenovirus attachment. The third method consisted of reversibly cross-linking KB-cell receptor proteins with adenovirus particles by means of a cleavable di-imidoester and isolation of the complexes by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Polypeptide analysis on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel of labelled KB-cell surface proteins, selected by the different procedures, showed that three major protein subunits of 78000, 42000 and 34000mol.wt. were common to the three selection systems. A possible model for the structure and function of the KB-cell receptor for adenovirus is discussed.", "PMID": 334160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12900", "title": "The manipulation of cellular cytochrome and lipid composition in a haem mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "1. The ole-3 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an early lesion in the pathway of porphyrin biosynthesis. 2. This results in the loss of all haem-containing enzymes, including the mitochondrial cytochromes, and prevents the synthesis of components whose formation requires haem-containing enzymes, including unsaturated fatty acids, ergosterol and methionine. 3. The pleiotropic effects of the primary lesion are reversed by growing mutant ole-3 aerobically in the presence of intermediates of the porphyrin-biosynthetic pathway, and the present work reports the degree of manipulation of lipid and respiratory-cytochrome composition. 4. Supplements of delta-aminolaevulinate in the range 0.5--500 mg/l result in a progressive increase in the cellular content of unsaturated fatty acids and respiratory cytochromes, cause the replacement of lanosterol and squalene by ergosterol, and an increase in total sterol content. 5. Haematoporphyrin and protoporphyrin IX have similar but less extensive effects on cellular composition, whereas haematin allows unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and some sterol synthesis, but has no effect on the formation of respiratory cytochromes. 6. These results suggest that growth of the organism in the presence of defined amounts of delta-aminolaevulinate will be useful in the investigation of the role of lipids and cytochromes in the function and assembly of mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "The manipulation of cellular cytochrome and lipid composition in a haem mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1. The ole-3 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an early lesion in the pathway of porphyrin biosynthesis. 2. This results in the loss of all haem-containing enzymes, including the mitochondrial cytochromes, and prevents the synthesis of components whose formation requires haem-containing enzymes, including unsaturated fatty acids, ergosterol and methionine. 3. The pleiotropic effects of the primary lesion are reversed by growing mutant ole-3 aerobically in the presence of intermediates of the porphyrin-biosynthetic pathway, and the present work reports the degree of manipulation of lipid and respiratory-cytochrome composition. 4. Supplements of delta-aminolaevulinate in the range 0.5--500 mg/l result in a progressive increase in the cellular content of unsaturated fatty acids and respiratory cytochromes, cause the replacement of lanosterol and squalene by ergosterol, and an increase in total sterol content. 5. Haematoporphyrin and protoporphyrin IX have similar but less extensive effects on cellular composition, whereas haematin allows unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and some sterol synthesis, but has no effect on the formation of respiratory cytochromes. 6. These results suggest that growth of the organism in the presence of defined amounts of delta-aminolaevulinate will be useful in the investigation of the role of lipids and cytochromes in the function and assembly of mitochondrial membranes.", "PMID": 334161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12901", "title": "The effects of altered membrane sterol composition on oxidative phosphorylation in a haem mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "1. The sterol, unsaturated fatty acid and cytochrome contents of cells of a delta-aminolaevulinate synthase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are manipulated by growing the organism in media containing defined supplements of delta-aminolaevulinate and other porphyrin intermediates. 2. If unsaturated fatty acids are added to the growth medium as Tween 80, sterol content and respiratory cytochromes alone are manipulated. 3. In the presence of delta-aminolaevulinate (10-50mg/1) cells exhibit moderate to high respiratory activity, but growth yields are low, indicating a loss of oxidative phosphorylation. This is associated with the depletion of membrane lipids, either unsaturated fatty acids and sterols together or sterols alone. 4. Sterol depletion leads to the loss of coupled mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in vitro. 5. The lesion in oxidative phosphorylation is associated with an increase in the passive permeability of sterol-depleted mitochondria to protons. 6. Arrhenius plots of mitochondrial permeability to protons indicate that the activation energy for proton entry increases as the sterol content of the membranes decreases. 7. Studies on a cytoplasmic petite mutant isolated from strain ole-3, which lacks a functional membrane-bound protein-translocating adenosine triphosphatase, indicate that proton permeability of the petite mitochondria varies as a function of sterol composition in the same way as that of ole-3 grande mitochondria. This indicates that sterols alone are probably directly responsible for the increased proton entry, owing to a reorganization of the lipid in the membrane. 8. Supplemented ole-3 cells with a normal lipid composition and normal or higher than normal respiratory activities have a growth efficiency only 65% of that of the wild-type, indicating that a further lesion in energy metabolism may be present.", "contents": "The effects of altered membrane sterol composition on oxidative phosphorylation in a haem mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1. The sterol, unsaturated fatty acid and cytochrome contents of cells of a delta-aminolaevulinate synthase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are manipulated by growing the organism in media containing defined supplements of delta-aminolaevulinate and other porphyrin intermediates. 2. If unsaturated fatty acids are added to the growth medium as Tween 80, sterol content and respiratory cytochromes alone are manipulated. 3. In the presence of delta-aminolaevulinate (10-50mg/1) cells exhibit moderate to high respiratory activity, but growth yields are low, indicating a loss of oxidative phosphorylation. This is associated with the depletion of membrane lipids, either unsaturated fatty acids and sterols together or sterols alone. 4. Sterol depletion leads to the loss of coupled mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in vitro. 5. The lesion in oxidative phosphorylation is associated with an increase in the passive permeability of sterol-depleted mitochondria to protons. 6. Arrhenius plots of mitochondrial permeability to protons indicate that the activation energy for proton entry increases as the sterol content of the membranes decreases. 7. Studies on a cytoplasmic petite mutant isolated from strain ole-3, which lacks a functional membrane-bound protein-translocating adenosine triphosphatase, indicate that proton permeability of the petite mitochondria varies as a function of sterol composition in the same way as that of ole-3 grande mitochondria. This indicates that sterols alone are probably directly responsible for the increased proton entry, owing to a reorganization of the lipid in the membrane. 8. Supplemented ole-3 cells with a normal lipid composition and normal or higher than normal respiratory activities have a growth efficiency only 65% of that of the wild-type, indicating that a further lesion in energy metabolism may be present.", "PMID": 334162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12902", "title": "[Studies on synergistic behaviour and pharmacokinetics of the combination sulfonamide/trimethoprim. IV. A comparative study on potentiating the trimethoprim effect by various sulfonamides and critical observations on its dosing (author's transl)].", "content": "The maximum possible inhibitory effect of sulfonamide-(SA)-trimethoprim (TMP) combinations on E. coli is obtained with rather small concentrations of SA according to the results obtained with bacterial growth kinetic studies. In these studies the TMP concentration (significantly below the minimum plasma level) was kept constant and the SA concentration varied. An \"antagonistic\" effect of high SA concentrations on the synergistic effect of the combination and a reduction of the inhibitory effect of TMP has been observed. According to the results of the bacterial growth kinetics obtained with E. coli and pharmacokinetic studies presented, the suggested dose for the combination 2-sulfa-4,5-dimethyl-oxazole/TMP seems to be sufficient, the dosage regimen is correct, whereas the amount of 3-sulfa-5-methyl-isoxazole (SMZ) in the dose proposed for the combination SMZ/TMP seems to be unreasonably high and the dosage scheme is incorrect.", "contents": "[Studies on synergistic behaviour and pharmacokinetics of the combination sulfonamide/trimethoprim. IV. A comparative study on potentiating the trimethoprim effect by various sulfonamides and critical observations on its dosing (author's transl)]. The maximum possible inhibitory effect of sulfonamide-(SA)-trimethoprim (TMP) combinations on E. coli is obtained with rather small concentrations of SA according to the results obtained with bacterial growth kinetic studies. In these studies the TMP concentration (significantly below the minimum plasma level) was kept constant and the SA concentration varied. An \"antagonistic\" effect of high SA concentrations on the synergistic effect of the combination and a reduction of the inhibitory effect of TMP has been observed. According to the results of the bacterial growth kinetics obtained with E. coli and pharmacokinetic studies presented, the suggested dose for the combination 2-sulfa-4,5-dimethyl-oxazole/TMP seems to be sufficient, the dosage regimen is correct, whereas the amount of 3-sulfa-5-methyl-isoxazole (SMZ) in the dose proposed for the combination SMZ/TMP seems to be unreasonably high and the dosage scheme is incorrect.", "PMID": 334187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12903", "title": "[New antihypertensive agent of the imidazoline series: 5-fluoro-methyl-imidazolidinylidene-benzamine-monohydrochloride (flutonidin)].", "content": "A New Antihypertensive of the Imidazoline Series: 5-Fluoro-2-methyl-imidazolidinylidene-benzamine-monohydrochloride. 5-Fluoro-2-methyl-imidazolidinylidene-benzamine-hydrochloride (flutonidin, ST 600), a new antihypertensive imidazoline compound, was tested over 3 weeks in 20 patients with moderate to severe hypertension. Blood pressure was significantly lowered in both supine and upright position. In nearly 2/3 of the patients treated normalization of blood pressure was achieved. Side effects like sedation, dry mouth or orthostatic complaints were present in 30%. Toxic effects were not registered. It is recommended to reduce the dosage slowly especially in the aged to prevent, in part severe findings after abrupt withdrawal.", "contents": "[New antihypertensive agent of the imidazoline series: 5-fluoro-methyl-imidazolidinylidene-benzamine-monohydrochloride (flutonidin)]. A New Antihypertensive of the Imidazoline Series: 5-Fluoro-2-methyl-imidazolidinylidene-benzamine-monohydrochloride. 5-Fluoro-2-methyl-imidazolidinylidene-benzamine-hydrochloride (flutonidin, ST 600), a new antihypertensive imidazoline compound, was tested over 3 weeks in 20 patients with moderate to severe hypertension. Blood pressure was significantly lowered in both supine and upright position. In nearly 2/3 of the patients treated normalization of blood pressure was achieved. Side effects like sedation, dry mouth or orthostatic complaints were present in 30%. Toxic effects were not registered. It is recommended to reduce the dosage slowly especially in the aged to prevent, in part severe findings after abrupt withdrawal.", "PMID": 334188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12904", "title": "On the nature of rheumatoid rice bodies: an immunologic, histochemical, and electron microscope study.", "content": "The nature of rice bodies was studied, utilizing histochemistry, immunofluorescence, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Rice bodies were found to consist primarily of fibrous material, most of which was fibrin with small amounts of collagen. Channels containing a variety of viable cells permeated the rice bodies. Blood vessels occurred in a few rice bodies indicating a former connection with the synovial membrane. Nonvascularized rice bodies might represent a further degeneration of the vascular type. Rice bodies seem to be a nonspecific response to inflammation.", "contents": "On the nature of rheumatoid rice bodies: an immunologic, histochemical, and electron microscope study. The nature of rice bodies was studied, utilizing histochemistry, immunofluorescence, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Rice bodies were found to consist primarily of fibrous material, most of which was fibrin with small amounts of collagen. Channels containing a variety of viable cells permeated the rice bodies. Blood vessels occurred in a few rice bodies indicating a former connection with the synovial membrane. Nonvascularized rice bodies might represent a further degeneration of the vascular type. Rice bodies seem to be a nonspecific response to inflammation.", "PMID": 334184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12905", "title": "Estimates of doses of antiinflammatory drugs in man by testing for analgesic potency. I. 1-isopropyl-4 phenyl-7-methyl-2 (1H) quinazolone versus aspirin.", "content": "Dosage estimates of antiinflammatory drugs in human arthritis Phase II trials are difficult to obtain and prolong such trials unnecessarily. Antiinflammatory drugs almost always have analgesic properties in man and good dose estimates for analgesic activity can be obtained. In 140 patients with surgical pain, 300, 600, and 1200 mg of aspirin were compared to 75, 150, and 300 mg of 43-715 (1-isopropyl-4-phenyl-7-methyl-2 (1H) quinazolone), an antiinflammatory quinazolone derivative, for analgesia in a double-blind trial using subjective response methodology. The test drug was shown to be analgesic at a level four times more potent, milligram for milligram, than aspirin, an estimate that should be useful for later definitive Phase II trials in arthritis.", "contents": "Estimates of doses of antiinflammatory drugs in man by testing for analgesic potency. I. 1-isopropyl-4 phenyl-7-methyl-2 (1H) quinazolone versus aspirin. Dosage estimates of antiinflammatory drugs in human arthritis Phase II trials are difficult to obtain and prolong such trials unnecessarily. Antiinflammatory drugs almost always have analgesic properties in man and good dose estimates for analgesic activity can be obtained. In 140 patients with surgical pain, 300, 600, and 1200 mg of aspirin were compared to 75, 150, and 300 mg of 43-715 (1-isopropyl-4-phenyl-7-methyl-2 (1H) quinazolone), an antiinflammatory quinazolone derivative, for analgesia in a double-blind trial using subjective response methodology. The test drug was shown to be analgesic at a level four times more potent, milligram for milligram, than aspirin, an estimate that should be useful for later definitive Phase II trials in arthritis.", "PMID": 334185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12906", "title": "Family study of systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis of the clinical history, skin immunofluorescence, and serologic parameters.", "content": "The clinical history, deposition of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C4 and properdin at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) of clinically normal skin, serum ANA, DNA-binding, C3, C4, Factor B, and properdin were compared in 27 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) probands, 21 first-degree household contact relatives (FDHCR), 19 first-degree nonhousehold contact relatives (FDNHCR), 15 spouses, 26 controls, and 16 chronic discoid lungs lupus erythematosus patients. Female consanguineous relatives of SLE patients had a higher incidence of rheumatic symptoms than male relatives (P less than 0.01). Female FDHCR and male spouses had a higher incidence of protein deposition at the DEJ than sex-matched controls (P = 0.026 and 0.0028). The incidence of protein deposition at the DEJ in FDNHCR did not differ from sex-matched controls. ANA titers of the consanguineous relatives were significantly higher than those of the spouses or sex-matched controls irrespective of household contact with their proband. The observation of protein deposition at the DEJ in normal appearing skin of FDHCR and spouses suggests the importance of environmental factors, whereas the elevations of ANA titers in consanguineous relatives suggests the importance of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of SLE.", "contents": "Family study of systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis of the clinical history, skin immunofluorescence, and serologic parameters. The clinical history, deposition of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C4 and properdin at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) of clinically normal skin, serum ANA, DNA-binding, C3, C4, Factor B, and properdin were compared in 27 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) probands, 21 first-degree household contact relatives (FDHCR), 19 first-degree nonhousehold contact relatives (FDNHCR), 15 spouses, 26 controls, and 16 chronic discoid lungs lupus erythematosus patients. Female consanguineous relatives of SLE patients had a higher incidence of rheumatic symptoms than male relatives (P less than 0.01). Female FDHCR and male spouses had a higher incidence of protein deposition at the DEJ than sex-matched controls (P = 0.026 and 0.0028). The incidence of protein deposition at the DEJ in FDNHCR did not differ from sex-matched controls. ANA titers of the consanguineous relatives were significantly higher than those of the spouses or sex-matched controls irrespective of household contact with their proband. The observation of protein deposition at the DEJ in normal appearing skin of FDHCR and spouses suggests the importance of environmental factors, whereas the elevations of ANA titers in consanguineous relatives suggests the importance of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of SLE.", "PMID": 334183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12907", "title": "Effects of tilorone hydrochloride on cellular immunity (leukocyte inhibiting factor production from human lymphocyte stimulated by E. coli lipopolysaccharide).", "content": "Tilorone hydrochloride, a drug able selectively to affect T-lymphocyte fuction, when incorporated (at three different concentrations 0.1, 0.04, 0.02 microgram/ml) in lymphocyte culture, stimulated by 50 microgram/ml of E. coli LPS (026:B6 W), is able to abolish LIF production, due to endotoxin stimulation. Such effect is, may be, due to an impairment of T-cell activity, since tilorone at the same concentration decreases the number of ARFC and TRFC, which are specific markers for T-cells.", "contents": "Effects of tilorone hydrochloride on cellular immunity (leukocyte inhibiting factor production from human lymphocyte stimulated by E. coli lipopolysaccharide). Tilorone hydrochloride, a drug able selectively to affect T-lymphocyte fuction, when incorporated (at three different concentrations 0.1, 0.04, 0.02 microgram/ml) in lymphocyte culture, stimulated by 50 microgram/ml of E. coli LPS (026:B6 W), is able to abolish LIF production, due to endotoxin stimulation. Such effect is, may be, due to an impairment of T-cell activity, since tilorone at the same concentration decreases the number of ARFC and TRFC, which are specific markers for T-cells.", "PMID": 334193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12908", "title": "Anti-Candida albicans precipitating antibodies in the sera of surgery patients.", "content": "In healthy subjects and in subjects undergoing surgical intervention for neoplastic and other diseases, the behaviour of precipitating antibodies against soluble Candida albicans natigens was studied. In 13,7% of healthy controls the Ouchterlony test was positive. In subjects suffering from intestinal tract neoplasia, the percentage of positive tests was 26,6% before and 66,6% after the intervention. In other two groups of patients affected by neoplasia, the per cent positive results of the tests after intervention were, respectively, 50% and 63,1%. Among non neoplastic patients undergoing surgical treatment, after intervention 35% too proved positive. The data were confirmed by P.E.T. (partigen elution test): specific anti-Candida IgG, and in some cases IgA, could be demonstrated. The diagnostic value of positive Ouchterlony's test against superficial soluble Candida antigens after surgical intervention has been discussed.", "contents": "Anti-Candida albicans precipitating antibodies in the sera of surgery patients. In healthy subjects and in subjects undergoing surgical intervention for neoplastic and other diseases, the behaviour of precipitating antibodies against soluble Candida albicans natigens was studied. In 13,7% of healthy controls the Ouchterlony test was positive. In subjects suffering from intestinal tract neoplasia, the percentage of positive tests was 26,6% before and 66,6% after the intervention. In other two groups of patients affected by neoplasia, the per cent positive results of the tests after intervention were, respectively, 50% and 63,1%. Among non neoplastic patients undergoing surgical treatment, after intervention 35% too proved positive. The data were confirmed by P.E.T. (partigen elution test): specific anti-Candida IgG, and in some cases IgA, could be demonstrated. The diagnostic value of positive Ouchterlony's test against superficial soluble Candida antigens after surgical intervention has been discussed.", "PMID": 334194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12909", "title": "Further potential sources of energy modifying the multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "The multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae was modified by graded dilutions of organic acids. 0.01%-0.05% gluconic acid inhibited its multiplication. 0.005% of it promoted the growth of 2 out of 6 strains. 0.2% - 1.0% glucuronic acid promoted the multiplication of the majority of strains. 2.0% inhibited their multiplication, and 0.05% promoted the growth of one strain. Galacturonic and pyruvic acids were active in 0.2 - 2.0% concentrations, while the activity of citric acid was mainly noted at 1.0 and 2.0% concentrations.", "contents": "Further potential sources of energy modifying the multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae. The multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae was modified by graded dilutions of organic acids. 0.01%-0.05% gluconic acid inhibited its multiplication. 0.005% of it promoted the growth of 2 out of 6 strains. 0.2% - 1.0% glucuronic acid promoted the multiplication of the majority of strains. 2.0% inhibited their multiplication, and 0.05% promoted the growth of one strain. Galacturonic and pyruvic acids were active in 0.2 - 2.0% concentrations, while the activity of citric acid was mainly noted at 1.0 and 2.0% concentrations.", "PMID": 334196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12910", "title": "[Infection of the urinary tract, its association with local predisposing factors].", "content": "A total of 167 cases of children with the diagnosis of urinary infection seen through the last five at the Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico were studied with the purpose of investigating the frequency of the association of obstructive urologic malformations or vesicoureteral reflux with urinary infection and their role in the infection. Out of this number, there were 127 cases with urologic malformations, especially of the upper urinary tract. The most frequent symptoms were enuresis, lumbar pain and hematuria. Out of this group, 53 patients (41%) showed recurrent infections in contrast with only 4 out of 40 cases (10%) without malformation. Out of 167 cases, 64 recovered: 30 of the total of 40 who showed no malformations and only 34 out of 127 with malformations. Twelve cases in this group showed chronic renal insuficiency as final outcome, but none of the patients without malformation followed this course. Analysis of this clinical material shows a high incidence of urologic malformations in patients complaining of urinary infection which has an important role in mortality and lethality of this process. Thus, it is concluded that obstructive uropathy must be investigated in every case of urinary infection, especially if enuresis, lumbar pain or hematuria are present.", "contents": "[Infection of the urinary tract, its association with local predisposing factors]. A total of 167 cases of children with the diagnosis of urinary infection seen through the last five at the Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico were studied with the purpose of investigating the frequency of the association of obstructive urologic malformations or vesicoureteral reflux with urinary infection and their role in the infection. Out of this number, there were 127 cases with urologic malformations, especially of the upper urinary tract. The most frequent symptoms were enuresis, lumbar pain and hematuria. Out of this group, 53 patients (41%) showed recurrent infections in contrast with only 4 out of 40 cases (10%) without malformation. Out of 167 cases, 64 recovered: 30 of the total of 40 who showed no malformations and only 34 out of 127 with malformations. Twelve cases in this group showed chronic renal insuficiency as final outcome, but none of the patients without malformation followed this course. Analysis of this clinical material shows a high incidence of urologic malformations in patients complaining of urinary infection which has an important role in mortality and lethality of this process. Thus, it is concluded that obstructive uropathy must be investigated in every case of urinary infection, especially if enuresis, lumbar pain or hematuria are present.", "PMID": 334192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12911", "title": "Effect of positive and negative expiratory pressure on renal function.", "content": "The effects of positive and negative end expiratory pressure on renal function have been studied in adult greyhounds with a normal blood volume and without evidence of cardiorespiratory disease. Positive expiratory pressure (+ 10 cm H2O) resulted in a decrease of urine volume, glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow which returned towards normal following removal of the positive pressure. Negative expiratory pressure (-6 cm H2O) resulted in opposite changes in renal function.", "contents": "Effect of positive and negative expiratory pressure on renal function. The effects of positive and negative end expiratory pressure on renal function have been studied in adult greyhounds with a normal blood volume and without evidence of cardiorespiratory disease. Positive expiratory pressure (+ 10 cm H2O) resulted in a decrease of urine volume, glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow which returned towards normal following removal of the positive pressure. Negative expiratory pressure (-6 cm H2O) resulted in opposite changes in renal function.", "PMID": 334205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12912", "title": "Buprenorphine: a new potent long-acting synthetic analgesic. Comparison with morphine.", "content": "A new thebaine derivative, buprenorphine, 0.6 mg, was compared with morphine 15 mg in a  double-blind trial, in patients recovering from elective Caesarean section. Within 1 h of administration analgesia was obtained with both drugs and was sustained for 7-8 h with buprenorphine, and 3-4 h with morphine. Buprenorphine caused a greater decrease in diastolic arterial pressure than did morphine, but arterial systolic pressure and heart rate were not influenced by either drug. No serious side-effects were encountered in this study.", "contents": "Buprenorphine: a new potent long-acting synthetic analgesic. Comparison with morphine. A new thebaine derivative, buprenorphine, 0.6 mg, was compared with morphine 15 mg in a  double-blind trial, in patients recovering from elective Caesarean section. Within 1 h of administration analgesia was obtained with both drugs and was sustained for 7-8 h with buprenorphine, and 3-4 h with morphine. Buprenorphine caused a greater decrease in diastolic arterial pressure than did morphine, but arterial systolic pressure and heart rate were not influenced by either drug. No serious side-effects were encountered in this study.", "PMID": 334206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12913", "title": "Anidoxime: a clinical trial of an oral analgesic agent.", "content": "The new oral analgesic drug anidoxime was compared with dihydrocodeine. There were no side-effects, and no significant differences between the effects of dihydrocodeine 50 mg, anidoxime 75 mg or anidoxime 100 mg.", "contents": "Anidoxime: a clinical trial of an oral analgesic agent. The new oral analgesic drug anidoxime was compared with dihydrocodeine. There were no side-effects, and no significant differences between the effects of dihydrocodeine 50 mg, anidoxime 75 mg or anidoxime 100 mg.", "PMID": 334207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12914", "title": "Anaesthesia for major surgery in a patient with a transplanted heart.", "content": "A 29-year-old male presented for elective hip replacement surgery 26 months after cardiac transplantation. The principles involved in the anesthetic management of this patient include sterile management of the airway, maintenance of an adequate intravascular volume, and immediate detection and treatment of hypotension and arrhythmia should they occur. The patient made a good recovery from both anaesthesia and operation.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for major surgery in a patient with a transplanted heart. A 29-year-old male presented for elective hip replacement surgery 26 months after cardiac transplantation. The principles involved in the anesthetic management of this patient include sterile management of the airway, maintenance of an adequate intravascular volume, and immediate detection and treatment of hypotension and arrhythmia should they occur. The patient made a good recovery from both anaesthesia and operation.", "PMID": 334208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12915", "title": "Comparison of i.v. diazepam and hydroxyzine as surgical premedicants.", "content": "Diazepam and hydroxyzine as i.v. surgical premedicants were compared. A double-blind randomized sequence was used employing 7.5 and 15 mg of diazepam v. 75 and 150 mg of hydroxyzine. Each group consisted of 35 patients. Anxiety relief, sedation, lack of recall and patient acceptance were the principal assessments. Diazepam was superior to hydroxyzine in all respects. No serious side-effects were noted with either drug.", "contents": "Comparison of i.v. diazepam and hydroxyzine as surgical premedicants. Diazepam and hydroxyzine as i.v. surgical premedicants were compared. A double-blind randomized sequence was used employing 7.5 and 15 mg of diazepam v. 75 and 150 mg of hydroxyzine. Each group consisted of 35 patients. Anxiety relief, sedation, lack of recall and patient acceptance were the principal assessments. Diazepam was superior to hydroxyzine in all respects. No serious side-effects were noted with either drug.", "PMID": 334209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12916", "title": "Comparison of buprenorphine, pethidine and pentazocine for the relief of pain after operation.", "content": "The analgesic effects of buprenorphine 2 microgram/kg--1 and 8 microgram. kg--1 were compared with those of pethidine 1 mg. kg--1 and pentazocine 0.6 mg.kg--1 in 172 patients recovering from surgery. The drugs were given by i.m. injection in the period immediately after operation and the quality of pain relief was assessed at intervals for at least 4h. Buprenorphine 4-8 microgram-kg-1 was shown to be an effective analgesic, superior in some cases to the other drugs in the doses employed in the study.", "contents": "Comparison of buprenorphine, pethidine and pentazocine for the relief of pain after operation. The analgesic effects of buprenorphine 2 microgram/kg--1 and 8 microgram. kg--1 were compared with those of pethidine 1 mg. kg--1 and pentazocine 0.6 mg.kg--1 in 172 patients recovering from surgery. The drugs were given by i.m. injection in the period immediately after operation and the quality of pain relief was assessed at intervals for at least 4h. Buprenorphine 4-8 microgram-kg-1 was shown to be an effective analgesic, superior in some cases to the other drugs in the doses employed in the study.", "PMID": 334210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12917", "title": "Atenolol once-daily in hypertension.", "content": "1 The effect of atenolol, a cardioselective beta adrenoceptor antagonist, was studied in a double-blind crossover trial in twenty-one carefully selected hypertensive outpatients. Each patient received atenolol (50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, 200 mg/day) and placebo according to a randomized sequence in a once-daily dose. Wash-out periods on a matching placebo were included between the treatment periods. 2 The effect of lying, standing and post-exercise blood pressure of atenolol 50 mg once-daily was not significantly different from atenolol 100 or 200 mg once-daily. The reduction in lying and standing blood pressure was approximately 23/16 and 22/18 mm Hg from levels at the end of a run-in period on matching placebo of 167/108 and 162/112 mm Hg respectively. 3 The study shows that atenolol is an effective hypotensive agent in a once-daily dose.", "contents": "Atenolol once-daily in hypertension. 1 The effect of atenolol, a cardioselective beta adrenoceptor antagonist, was studied in a double-blind crossover trial in twenty-one carefully selected hypertensive outpatients. Each patient received atenolol (50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, 200 mg/day) and placebo according to a randomized sequence in a once-daily dose. Wash-out periods on a matching placebo were included between the treatment periods. 2 The effect of lying, standing and post-exercise blood pressure of atenolol 50 mg once-daily was not significantly different from atenolol 100 or 200 mg once-daily. The reduction in lying and standing blood pressure was approximately 23/16 and 22/18 mm Hg from levels at the end of a run-in period on matching placebo of 167/108 and 162/112 mm Hg respectively. 3 The study shows that atenolol is an effective hypotensive agent in a once-daily dose.", "PMID": 334211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12918", "title": "Metabolic effects of fenfluramine in obese diabetics.", "content": "1 In a single-blind, cross-over study fenfluramine in a daily dose of 120 mg was found to reduce the daily blood glucose level moderately in hospitalized obese diabetics treated with a 1200 calorie diabetic diet. 2 After 7 days of treatment, fenfluramine was found not to influence the intravenous glucose tolerance, the insulin response to intravenously administered glucose, or the growth hormone  response to arginine. 3 No changes in blood levels of lactate, beta hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides or cholesterol were seen during fenfluramine treatment.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of fenfluramine in obese diabetics. 1 In a single-blind, cross-over study fenfluramine in a daily dose of 120 mg was found to reduce the daily blood glucose level moderately in hospitalized obese diabetics treated with a 1200 calorie diabetic diet. 2 After 7 days of treatment, fenfluramine was found not to influence the intravenous glucose tolerance, the insulin response to intravenously administered glucose, or the growth hormone  response to arginine. 3 No changes in blood levels of lactate, beta hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides or cholesterol were seen during fenfluramine treatment.", "PMID": 334212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12919", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of nomifensine in impaired renal function.", "content": "1. In uremia, an increased frequency of adverse drug reactions is observed at elevated plasma levels of active drug. This is a consequence of decreased renal elimination of unchanged drug or pharmacologically active metabolites. 2. To study the pharmacokinetics of nomifensine in uremia, a single dose of nomifensine maleate 50 mg was given to 10 patients with a glomerular filtration rate between 0 and 61 ml/min. In three additional patients on maintenance haemodialysis, the influence of dialysis on the elimination of nomifensine after single oral doses of 50 mg was studied. 3. Blood samples were obtained before and at regular half-hourly or hourly intervals after administration. Plasma levels of nomifensine were examined using a radioimmunological determination method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by computer program. 4. Whereas in healthy subjects the half-life of nomifensine was found to be 1.8 h, this parameter was found to be prolonged in renal patients. In a patient with a creatinine clearance of 0 ml/min the elimination half-life was 46 hours. Nomifensine is not eliminated by haemodialysis. 5. Our findings suggest that nomifensine should not be administered to renal patients with a glomerular filtration rate below 25 ml/minute.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of nomifensine in impaired renal function. 1. In uremia, an increased frequency of adverse drug reactions is observed at elevated plasma levels of active drug. This is a consequence of decreased renal elimination of unchanged drug or pharmacologically active metabolites. 2. To study the pharmacokinetics of nomifensine in uremia, a single dose of nomifensine maleate 50 mg was given to 10 patients with a glomerular filtration rate between 0 and 61 ml/min. In three additional patients on maintenance haemodialysis, the influence of dialysis on the elimination of nomifensine after single oral doses of 50 mg was studied. 3. Blood samples were obtained before and at regular half-hourly or hourly intervals after administration. Plasma levels of nomifensine were examined using a radioimmunological determination method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by computer program. 4. Whereas in healthy subjects the half-life of nomifensine was found to be 1.8 h, this parameter was found to be prolonged in renal patients. In a patient with a creatinine clearance of 0 ml/min the elimination half-life was 46 hours. Nomifensine is not eliminated by haemodialysis. 5. Our findings suggest that nomifensine should not be administered to renal patients with a glomerular filtration rate below 25 ml/minute.", "PMID": 334214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12920", "title": "Kinetic interaction of nomifensine with a 1, 5-benzodiazepine (clobazam).", "content": "1. Among the numerous possibilities of drug interactions, pharmacokinetic interactions may cause mutual changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of either drug. In the present study this approach was used to investigate pertinent effects of nomifensine and clobazam. 2. Ten normal subjects participated in an intra-individual comparison of nomifensin 75 mg alone and in combination with clobazam 15 and 30 mg. The study design was carried out according to a Latin square in double-blind conditions. One-week wash-out periods were used between the trial days. Serum levels of nomifensine were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and of original clobazam by gas chromatography (GC). Classical criteria for bioavailability (peak serum levels, time of peak, area under the serum level time curve) and the half-life of elimination from the serum were used for retrieval of pharmacokinetic information. 3. Results showed no relevant differences in the criteria mentioned above, after administration of each drug alone or in combination. Therefore, extrapolations were made to multiple dose kinetics based on assumptions derived from practical therapy. They showed comprehensive agreement with therapeutic results in depressed patients. 4. The use of the classical criteria for bioavailability, in addition to the calculation of the half-time of elimination from serum, provides sufficient information for the decision whether pharmacokinetic drug interaction is present or absent. There was no such interaction after single doses of nomifensine or clobazam.", "contents": "Kinetic interaction of nomifensine with a 1, 5-benzodiazepine (clobazam). 1. Among the numerous possibilities of drug interactions, pharmacokinetic interactions may cause mutual changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of either drug. In the present study this approach was used to investigate pertinent effects of nomifensine and clobazam. 2. Ten normal subjects participated in an intra-individual comparison of nomifensin 75 mg alone and in combination with clobazam 15 and 30 mg. The study design was carried out according to a Latin square in double-blind conditions. One-week wash-out periods were used between the trial days. Serum levels of nomifensine were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and of original clobazam by gas chromatography (GC). Classical criteria for bioavailability (peak serum levels, time of peak, area under the serum level time curve) and the half-life of elimination from the serum were used for retrieval of pharmacokinetic information. 3. Results showed no relevant differences in the criteria mentioned above, after administration of each drug alone or in combination. Therefore, extrapolations were made to multiple dose kinetics based on assumptions derived from practical therapy. They showed comprehensive agreement with therapeutic results in depressed patients. 4. The use of the classical criteria for bioavailability, in addition to the calculation of the half-time of elimination from serum, provides sufficient information for the decision whether pharmacokinetic drug interaction is present or absent. There was no such interaction after single doses of nomifensine or clobazam.", "PMID": 334216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12921", "title": "Dynamic interaction of nomifensine with alcohol.", "content": "1. Nine healthy volunteers participated in a comparative study of the effects of nomifensine, nomifensine plus alcohol, and placebo plus alcohol, on aspects of psychomotor performance. 2. The study was carried out according to a Latin square design and each treatment was separated from the preceding treatment by 7 days. 3. Placebo plus alcohol impaired performance, increased pulse rate and blood pressure, and increased feelings of activity and euphoria. 4. Nomifensine plus alcohol produced the same subjective and objective changes as placebo plus alcohol, but in no instance were changes any greater. 5. Nomifensine alone produced none of these changes. 6. It was concluded that single doses of nomifensine did not potentiate the effect of alcohol.", "contents": "Dynamic interaction of nomifensine with alcohol. 1. Nine healthy volunteers participated in a comparative study of the effects of nomifensine, nomifensine plus alcohol, and placebo plus alcohol, on aspects of psychomotor performance. 2. The study was carried out according to a Latin square design and each treatment was separated from the preceding treatment by 7 days. 3. Placebo plus alcohol impaired performance, increased pulse rate and blood pressure, and increased feelings of activity and euphoria. 4. Nomifensine plus alcohol produced the same subjective and objective changes as placebo plus alcohol, but in no instance were changes any greater. 5. Nomifensine alone produced none of these changes. 6. It was concluded that single doses of nomifensine did not potentiate the effect of alcohol.", "PMID": 334217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12922", "title": "Repeated dose comparison of nomifensine, imipramine and placebo on subjective assessments of sleep and objective measures of psychomotor performance.", "content": "1. Nine normal subjects volunteered to participate in a randomized single-blind crossover study of nomifensine 75 mg and two comparators, imipramine 75 mg and placebo. 2. Each volunteer received placebo for 3 d, then the first test drug for 4 days. This sequence was repeated twice more, so that each subject received each comparator. All medication was taken three times daily. 3. Assessments were made on days 3, 5 and 7 of each sequence, and consisted of a Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, a test of Critical Flicker Fusion and a measure of Complex Reaction Time (CRT). 4. There were no significant differences in the CRT. There was a significant increase in critical flicker fusion with nomifensine. 5. Although both nomifensine and imipramine disturbed the quality of sleep, only imipramine produced a hangover.", "contents": "Repeated dose comparison of nomifensine, imipramine and placebo on subjective assessments of sleep and objective measures of psychomotor performance. 1. Nine normal subjects volunteered to participate in a randomized single-blind crossover study of nomifensine 75 mg and two comparators, imipramine 75 mg and placebo. 2. Each volunteer received placebo for 3 d, then the first test drug for 4 days. This sequence was repeated twice more, so that each subject received each comparator. All medication was taken three times daily. 3. Assessments were made on days 3, 5 and 7 of each sequence, and consisted of a Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, a test of Critical Flicker Fusion and a measure of Complex Reaction Time (CRT). 4. There were no significant differences in the CRT. There was a significant increase in critical flicker fusion with nomifensine. 5. Although both nomifensine and imipramine disturbed the quality of sleep, only imipramine produced a hangover.", "PMID": 334219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12923", "title": "Laboratory investigation of effect of acute doses of nomifensine on a simulated aspect of night-time car driving performance.", "content": "1. Six healthy volunteers received single doses of either nomifensine 100 mg, nomifensine 50 mg or placebo at weekly intervals in a randomized double-blind crossover study. 2. Subjects were subjected to a simulated test of car driving at night. 3. Testing lasted about 1.5 h and consisted of measuring responses to light stimuli, a modification of a test designed by Baker & Theologus (1972). 4. Nomifensine 100 mg reduced the latency of response significantly when compared with placebo (P less than 0.05). Nomifensine 50 mg had no significant effect. 5. It was concluded that nomifensine was unlikely to impair night driving performance.", "contents": "Laboratory investigation of effect of acute doses of nomifensine on a simulated aspect of night-time car driving performance. 1. Six healthy volunteers received single doses of either nomifensine 100 mg, nomifensine 50 mg or placebo at weekly intervals in a randomized double-blind crossover study. 2. Subjects were subjected to a simulated test of car driving at night. 3. Testing lasted about 1.5 h and consisted of measuring responses to light stimuli, a modification of a test designed by Baker & Theologus (1972). 4. Nomifensine 100 mg reduced the latency of response significantly when compared with placebo (P less than 0.05). Nomifensine 50 mg had no significant effect. 5. It was concluded that nomifensine was unlikely to impair night driving performance.", "PMID": 334220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12924", "title": "Controlled study comparing nomifensine and clomipramine in unipolar depression, using the probenecid technique.", "content": "1. Central dopamine turnover may be lowered in patients with unipolar endogenous depression particularly when associated with retardation. 2. Nomifensine selectively activates the central dopaminergic system and may be of special therapeutic value in patients with motor inhibition. 3. A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and nomifensine was carried out in patients with recurrent unipolar depression. Biochemical and clinical assessments were carried out weekly for 4 weeks. 4. The mean homovanillic acid level in cisternal liquor of those patients who responded to nomifensine, was significantly lower than the mean level of the total group. 5. The factor \"retardation\" on the Hamilton Depression Scale was improved more with nomifensine than with clomipramine.", "contents": "Controlled study comparing nomifensine and clomipramine in unipolar depression, using the probenecid technique. 1. Central dopamine turnover may be lowered in patients with unipolar endogenous depression particularly when associated with retardation. 2. Nomifensine selectively activates the central dopaminergic system and may be of special therapeutic value in patients with motor inhibition. 3. A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and nomifensine was carried out in patients with recurrent unipolar depression. Biochemical and clinical assessments were carried out weekly for 4 weeks. 4. The mean homovanillic acid level in cisternal liquor of those patients who responded to nomifensine, was significantly lower than the mean level of the total group. 5. The factor \"retardation\" on the Hamilton Depression Scale was improved more with nomifensine than with clomipramine.", "PMID": 334221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12925", "title": "Nomifensine in parkinsonism.", "content": "1. The effect of nomifensine was compared with that of placebo in a double-blind crossover study in patients with parkinsonism. 2. Of the 29 patients who entered the study, three were previously untreated and 26 continued their L-DOPA or other antiparkinsonian therapy, or both, during the trial. 3. Clinical assessments were made at fortnightly intervals throughout the study. 4. The most noticeable improvement during active treatment--namely, tremor, facial expression and finger flexion were moderate in extent. 5. When placebo was substituted for active drug a significant deterioration of physical signs and functional disability occurred (P less than 0.001). 6. Elderly patients fared less well than younger patients, and the most common adverse effect was involuntary movements.", "contents": "Nomifensine in parkinsonism. 1. The effect of nomifensine was compared with that of placebo in a double-blind crossover study in patients with parkinsonism. 2. Of the 29 patients who entered the study, three were previously untreated and 26 continued their L-DOPA or other antiparkinsonian therapy, or both, during the trial. 3. Clinical assessments were made at fortnightly intervals throughout the study. 4. The most noticeable improvement during active treatment--namely, tremor, facial expression and finger flexion were moderate in extent. 5. When placebo was substituted for active drug a significant deterioration of physical signs and functional disability occurred (P less than 0.001). 6. Elderly patients fared less well than younger patients, and the most common adverse effect was involuntary movements.", "PMID": 334222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12926", "title": "Nomifensine in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "1. Eight patients who failed or ceased to respond to levodopa, or who had developed the \"on-off\" phenomenon were treated additionally with nomifensine. 2. The dosage of nomifensine started at 50 mg, was increased to 150 mg daily, and other medication was continued unchanged. The duration of treatment was from 2-5 months. Assessments were carried out at 2-week intervals using a validated rating scale. 4. Loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurones characterizes Parkinson's disease, and it is probably for this reason that indirect dopamine (DA) agonists, whose actions depend on intact presynaptic mechanisms, are less active. 3. Nomifensine was not shown to be of antiparkinsonian value in these patients but may be of value as an antidepressant in patients with Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Nomifensine in Parkinson's disease. 1. Eight patients who failed or ceased to respond to levodopa, or who had developed the \"on-off\" phenomenon were treated additionally with nomifensine. 2. The dosage of nomifensine started at 50 mg, was increased to 150 mg daily, and other medication was continued unchanged. The duration of treatment was from 2-5 months. Assessments were carried out at 2-week intervals using a validated rating scale. 4. Loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurones characterizes Parkinson's disease, and it is probably for this reason that indirect dopamine (DA) agonists, whose actions depend on intact presynaptic mechanisms, are less active. 3. Nomifensine was not shown to be of antiparkinsonian value in these patients but may be of value as an antidepressant in patients with Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 334223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12927", "title": "Comparison of nomifensine and placebo.", "content": "1. Methodological reasons are discussed which make placebo-controlled trials on antidepressant drugs necessary. 2. The ethical problem of treating a sick patient with an inactive compound are shown to have an impact on the methodology of such trials. 3. Three double-blind placebo-controlled trials with nomifensine are reviewed; one in neurotic depression, one in psychotic depression and one in geriatric patients showing depressive symptoms. 4. In all three trials the effect of nomifensine has been shown to be superior to that of placebo.", "contents": "Comparison of nomifensine and placebo. 1. Methodological reasons are discussed which make placebo-controlled trials on antidepressant drugs necessary. 2. The ethical problem of treating a sick patient with an inactive compound are shown to have an impact on the methodology of such trials. 3. Three double-blind placebo-controlled trials with nomifensine are reviewed; one in neurotic depression, one in psychotic depression and one in geriatric patients showing depressive symptoms. 4. In all three trials the effect of nomifensine has been shown to be superior to that of placebo.", "PMID": 334225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12928", "title": "Controlled randomized group comparison of nomifensine and imipramine in depressive illness.", "content": "1. Nomifensine, an isoquinoline dopaminergic agonist, was investigated in a randomized double-blind group comparison with imipramine, in 40 out-patients with depression. 2. Assessments were made at weekly intervals for 4 weeks using the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Blood, kidney and liver function were also monitored weekly. 3. Nomifensine was shown to be at least as effective as imipramine in relieving depression and to relieve tha anxiety component of the disease significantly more rapidly. Neither drug produced serious unwanted effects.", "contents": "Controlled randomized group comparison of nomifensine and imipramine in depressive illness. 1. Nomifensine, an isoquinoline dopaminergic agonist, was investigated in a randomized double-blind group comparison with imipramine, in 40 out-patients with depression. 2. Assessments were made at weekly intervals for 4 weeks using the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Blood, kidney and liver function were also monitored weekly. 3. Nomifensine was shown to be at least as effective as imipramine in relieving depression and to relieve tha anxiety component of the disease significantly more rapidly. Neither drug produced serious unwanted effects.", "PMID": 334226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12929", "title": "Dopaminergic agonist nomifensine compared with amitriptyline: a double-blind clinical trial in acute primary depressions.", "content": "1. Nomifensine (8-amino-2-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydroisoquinoline) is a new antidepressant which displays an interesting pharmacological profile and acts as a potent dopaminergic agonist. 2. In a double-blind clinical trialnomifensine was compared with a standard and widely tested antidepressant amitriptyline. A total of 24 patients with primary acute depressions, defined by research criteria, were treated for 8 weeks and their clinical condition and laboratory values monitored at regular intervals. The dosage schedule was a flexible one, with a daily dose range from 50-200 mg for nomifensine and 50-225 mg for amitriptyline. 3. Nomifensine and amitriptyline were found to be equivalent in their antidepressant efficacy. Nomifensine, however, showed a trend towards more rapid effect and was relatively free of side-effects. 4. As nomifensine combined antidepressant activity with low frequency of adverse effects, it would seem to be suitable for wider use in the treatment of primary depressions. The results of our study have to be generalized with caution because of the limited sample size.", "contents": "Dopaminergic agonist nomifensine compared with amitriptyline: a double-blind clinical trial in acute primary depressions. 1. Nomifensine (8-amino-2-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydroisoquinoline) is a new antidepressant which displays an interesting pharmacological profile and acts as a potent dopaminergic agonist. 2. In a double-blind clinical trialnomifensine was compared with a standard and widely tested antidepressant amitriptyline. A total of 24 patients with primary acute depressions, defined by research criteria, were treated for 8 weeks and their clinical condition and laboratory values monitored at regular intervals. The dosage schedule was a flexible one, with a daily dose range from 50-200 mg for nomifensine and 50-225 mg for amitriptyline. 3. Nomifensine and amitriptyline were found to be equivalent in their antidepressant efficacy. Nomifensine, however, showed a trend towards more rapid effect and was relatively free of side-effects. 4. As nomifensine combined antidepressant activity with low frequency of adverse effects, it would seem to be suitable for wider use in the treatment of primary depressions. The results of our study have to be generalized with caution because of the limited sample size.", "PMID": 334227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12930", "title": "A clinical comparison of nomifensine and amitriptyline.", "content": "1. The study consists of a double-blind evaluation of nomifensine and amitriptyline in a group of 37 patients with primary depressive illness. 2. The patients were referred by their family doctors on the basis that they would ordinarily have been prescribed a tricyclic antidepressant drug. Random allocation to the treatment groups took place. Assessment took place at weekly intervals over a 4-week period using the Visual Analogue Scale for depression and anxiety, and a side-effects check-list. Patients were also assessed on the Hamilton Depression Scale before the onset and at the end of the trial. 3. No significant difference was found between the two groups as regards relief from depression and anxiety, although marginal differences were found in favour of the amitriptyline group. 4. The overall frequency of side-effects was similar in the nomifensine and amitriptyline patients, But the development of severe side-effects was significantly more common in the amitriptyline group.", "contents": "A clinical comparison of nomifensine and amitriptyline. 1. The study consists of a double-blind evaluation of nomifensine and amitriptyline in a group of 37 patients with primary depressive illness. 2. The patients were referred by their family doctors on the basis that they would ordinarily have been prescribed a tricyclic antidepressant drug. Random allocation to the treatment groups took place. Assessment took place at weekly intervals over a 4-week period using the Visual Analogue Scale for depression and anxiety, and a side-effects check-list. Patients were also assessed on the Hamilton Depression Scale before the onset and at the end of the trial. 3. No significant difference was found between the two groups as regards relief from depression and anxiety, although marginal differences were found in favour of the amitriptyline group. 4. The overall frequency of side-effects was similar in the nomifensine and amitriptyline patients, But the development of severe side-effects was significantly more common in the amitriptyline group.", "PMID": 334229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12931", "title": "A review of controlled studies with nomifensine, performed outside the UK.", "content": "1. Double-blind controlled comparisons of nomifensine with placebo, imipramine, desipramine, viloxazine, nortriptyline, a combination of amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide, and diazepam have been carried out in various parts of the world. 2. Dosage ranged from 50-225 mg daily, and treatment lasted from 2-26 weeks. 3. Nomifensine was shown to possess useful antidepressive activity, to counteract inhibition, to restore drive and to relieve anxiety. 4. Adverse reactions were uncommon, particularly anticholinergic effects, and nomifensine was not shown to cause sedation or to interact with alcohol. No withdrawal phenomena were observed after 6 months' treatment. 5. Nomifensine is not suitable for severely agitated patients.", "contents": "A review of controlled studies with nomifensine, performed outside the UK. 1. Double-blind controlled comparisons of nomifensine with placebo, imipramine, desipramine, viloxazine, nortriptyline, a combination of amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide, and diazepam have been carried out in various parts of the world. 2. Dosage ranged from 50-225 mg daily, and treatment lasted from 2-26 weeks. 3. Nomifensine was shown to possess useful antidepressive activity, to counteract inhibition, to restore drive and to relieve anxiety. 4. Adverse reactions were uncommon, particularly anticholinergic effects, and nomifensine was not shown to cause sedation or to interact with alcohol. No withdrawal phenomena were observed after 6 months' treatment. 5. Nomifensine is not suitable for severely agitated patients.", "PMID": 334230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12932", "title": "The role of the plasmalogen in the cross-reaction between group A streptococcus and human myocardium.", "content": "Ethanol-soluble mycardial material which reacts with anti-streptococcal sera in a number of immunological tests has been isolated and identified as ethanolamine plasmalogen. The reactions of cardiac plasmalogen with antistreptococcal sera was specific and could be inhibited by streptococcus-derived materials. Guinea-pigs sensitized to streptococci gave positive skin reactions when challenged with myocardial plasmalogen. The pattern of the immunofluorescent staining given by antiplasmalogen sera was very much like that given by antistreptococcal sera. Nevertheless, the plasmalogen failed to compete for tissue-bound myocardial antigens when tried as an inhibitor of the immunofluorescent staining of myocardium either by antistreptococcal sera or by antiplasmalogen sera. A hypothesis of the role of the plasmalogen in the formation of complexes between streptococci and myocardium-derived material in the initiation of autoimmune processes is presented.", "contents": "The role of the plasmalogen in the cross-reaction between group A streptococcus and human myocardium. Ethanol-soluble mycardial material which reacts with anti-streptococcal sera in a number of immunological tests has been isolated and identified as ethanolamine plasmalogen. The reactions of cardiac plasmalogen with antistreptococcal sera was specific and could be inhibited by streptococcus-derived materials. Guinea-pigs sensitized to streptococci gave positive skin reactions when challenged with myocardial plasmalogen. The pattern of the immunofluorescent staining given by antiplasmalogen sera was very much like that given by antistreptococcal sera. Nevertheless, the plasmalogen failed to compete for tissue-bound myocardial antigens when tried as an inhibitor of the immunofluorescent staining of myocardium either by antistreptococcal sera or by antiplasmalogen sera. A hypothesis of the role of the plasmalogen in the formation of complexes between streptococci and myocardium-derived material in the initiation of autoimmune processes is presented.", "PMID": 334233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12933", "title": "Atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin. Presentation of 5 cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "A typical fibroxanthoma is a solitary tumour of the skin, which occurs mostly on sun-exposed areas in elderly people. The diagnosis can only be made with certainty on the typical histological findings, which suggest a bizarre malignant tumour. Although metastasizing tumours are reported in the literature, the authors believe that the true atypical fibroxanthoma is benign. Correct diagnosis obviates the need for unnecessary radical surgery. The possibility of atypical fibroxanthoma should always be considered when a histologically bizarre tumour is found on sun-damaged or irradiation-damaged skin in elderly patients or on previously traumatized sites. In this paper five cases are added to the 346 cases culled from the literature. Electron microscopic investigations in one case demonstrated cells with delicate cytoplasmic fibrils in small bundles. This does not necessarily suggest filaments of myofibroblasts, as has been previously reported.", "contents": "Atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin. Presentation of 5 cases and a review of the literature. A typical fibroxanthoma is a solitary tumour of the skin, which occurs mostly on sun-exposed areas in elderly people. The diagnosis can only be made with certainty on the typical histological findings, which suggest a bizarre malignant tumour. Although metastasizing tumours are reported in the literature, the authors believe that the true atypical fibroxanthoma is benign. Correct diagnosis obviates the need for unnecessary radical surgery. The possibility of atypical fibroxanthoma should always be considered when a histologically bizarre tumour is found on sun-damaged or irradiation-damaged skin in elderly patients or on previously traumatized sites. In this paper five cases are added to the 346 cases culled from the literature. Electron microscopic investigations in one case demonstrated cells with delicate cytoplasmic fibrils in small bundles. This does not necessarily suggest filaments of myofibroblasts, as has been previously reported.", "PMID": 334235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12934", "title": "The relationship between impaired selective attention and severity of psychopathology in acute psychiatric patients.", "content": "Thirty acute psychiatric patients were administered a battery of selective attention and cognitive ability measures to determine whether there is a differential deficit in filtering capacity with increasing degrees of psychopathology. Susceptibility to intrusions in the early stages of auditory selective attention was positively related to degree of disturbance, but no more so than were other cognitive disabilities. Slowness of information processing, rather than impaired selective attention, bore the strongest relationship to severity of disturbance and appeared to be the best index of general cognitive inefficiency. It was concluded that the defective filter theories of schizophrenic deficit hold little promise for explaining how psychopathology affects cognitive functioning across a continuum of levels of disturbance.", "contents": "The relationship between impaired selective attention and severity of psychopathology in acute psychiatric patients. Thirty acute psychiatric patients were administered a battery of selective attention and cognitive ability measures to determine whether there is a differential deficit in filtering capacity with increasing degrees of psychopathology. Susceptibility to intrusions in the early stages of auditory selective attention was positively related to degree of disturbance, but no more so than were other cognitive disabilities. Slowness of information processing, rather than impaired selective attention, bore the strongest relationship to severity of disturbance and appeared to be the best index of general cognitive inefficiency. It was concluded that the defective filter theories of schizophrenic deficit hold little promise for explaining how psychopathology affects cognitive functioning across a continuum of levels of disturbance.", "PMID": 334238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12935", "title": "Effect of ovarian wedge resection for the Stein-Leventhal syndrome on plasma FSH, LH, oestradiol and testosterone levels and on the responses of the pituitary to intravenous LHRH.", "content": "We studied basal plasma FSH, LH, testosterone and oestradiol levels and post-OHRH plasma FSH and LH levels in ten patients both before and after a wedge resection of the ovaries for Stein-Leventhal syndrone. We compared the results with those obtained in 15 healthy patients between the third and seventh day of a normal menstrual cycle. Before operation, patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome had raised basal and post-LHRH LH levels and raised plasma testosterone levels. All these abnormalities disappeared after wedge resection of the ovaries. Both before and after operation patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome had low plasma oestradiol levels. These results are used to formulate a hypothesis about the aetiology of the Stein-Leventhal syndrome.", "contents": "Effect of ovarian wedge resection for the Stein-Leventhal syndrome on plasma FSH, LH, oestradiol and testosterone levels and on the responses of the pituitary to intravenous LHRH. We studied basal plasma FSH, LH, testosterone and oestradiol levels and post-OHRH plasma FSH and LH levels in ten patients both before and after a wedge resection of the ovaries for Stein-Leventhal syndrone. We compared the results with those obtained in 15 healthy patients between the third and seventh day of a normal menstrual cycle. Before operation, patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome had raised basal and post-LHRH LH levels and raised plasma testosterone levels. All these abnormalities disappeared after wedge resection of the ovaries. Both before and after operation patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome had low plasma oestradiol levels. These results are used to formulate a hypothesis about the aetiology of the Stein-Leventhal syndrome.", "PMID": 334239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12936", "title": "Isolation and characterization of independently folding regions of the beta chain of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase.", "content": "It had been reported previously that the beta2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase [L-serinehydrolyase (adding indole) EC 4.2.1.20] can be cleaved by trypsin into a nearly functional dimeric protein, the monomer of which consists of two large, nonoverlapping, polypeptide fragments. In the present paper, it is shown that these fragments can be separated after denaturation. Upon removal of the denaturing agent, the isolated fragments spontaneously refold into conformation, which, by various physical-chemical criteria, are shown to approximate the conformations of the corresponding fragments associated within the native protein. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that, upon mixing, these renatured fragments reassociate to form the renatured nicked protein which, by all the physical and functional criteria used, is indistinguishable from the native nicked protein. These results are taken as strong evidence that the isolated fragments can be considered as independently folding regions corresponding to intermediates in the folding of the intact protein.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of independently folding regions of the beta chain of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase. It had been reported previously that the beta2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase [L-serinehydrolyase (adding indole) EC 4.2.1.20] can be cleaved by trypsin into a nearly functional dimeric protein, the monomer of which consists of two large, nonoverlapping, polypeptide fragments. In the present paper, it is shown that these fragments can be separated after denaturation. Upon removal of the denaturing agent, the isolated fragments spontaneously refold into conformation, which, by various physical-chemical criteria, are shown to approximate the conformations of the corresponding fragments associated within the native protein. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that, upon mixing, these renatured fragments reassociate to form the renatured nicked protein which, by all the physical and functional criteria used, is indistinguishable from the native nicked protein. These results are taken as strong evidence that the isolated fragments can be considered as independently folding regions corresponding to intermediates in the folding of the intact protein.", "PMID": 334240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12937", "title": "Ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli. Identification of allosteric effector sites by chromatography on immobilized effectors.", "content": "Ribonucleotide reductase is responsible for the production of deoxyribonucleotides by catalyzing the reduction of ribonucleoside diphosphates. The enzyme is allosterically regulated in a complex way by the nucleoside triphosphates, ATP, dTTP, dGTP, dCTP, and dATP. Ribonucleotide reductase consists of two nonidentical subunits, proteins B1 and B2. Both substrates and allosteric effectors bind exclusively to B1. Binding of protein B1 to dTTP or dATP covalently coupled to Sepharose and elution with concentration gradients of the different nucleoside triphosphate effectors gave information about (1) the arrangement of the effector binding sites on protein B1 and (2) the affinity of the effectors for these sites. Protein B1 thus has two classes of effector binding sites. One class binds all effectors, as demonstrated by elution of the protein from dTTP-Sepharose with dATP, dGTP, ATP, or dCTP. The second class binds only dATP or ATP, since dATP and ATP were the only nucleotides which eluted protein B1 from dATP-Sepharose. These results confirm earlier data obtained by dialysis binding experiments. The eluting concentrations obtained for the different nucleoside triphosphates in experiments with dTTP-Sepharose could be used to calculate unknown dissociation constants for protein B1 -effector binary complexes. This was possible, since a plot of the eluting concentrations vs. known dissociation constants was linear.", "contents": "Ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli. Identification of allosteric effector sites by chromatography on immobilized effectors. Ribonucleotide reductase is responsible for the production of deoxyribonucleotides by catalyzing the reduction of ribonucleoside diphosphates. The enzyme is allosterically regulated in a complex way by the nucleoside triphosphates, ATP, dTTP, dGTP, dCTP, and dATP. Ribonucleotide reductase consists of two nonidentical subunits, proteins B1 and B2. Both substrates and allosteric effectors bind exclusively to B1. Binding of protein B1 to dTTP or dATP covalently coupled to Sepharose and elution with concentration gradients of the different nucleoside triphosphate effectors gave information about (1) the arrangement of the effector binding sites on protein B1 and (2) the affinity of the effectors for these sites. Protein B1 thus has two classes of effector binding sites. One class binds all effectors, as demonstrated by elution of the protein from dTTP-Sepharose with dATP, dGTP, ATP, or dCTP. The second class binds only dATP or ATP, since dATP and ATP were the only nucleotides which eluted protein B1 from dATP-Sepharose. These results confirm earlier data obtained by dialysis binding experiments. The eluting concentrations obtained for the different nucleoside triphosphates in experiments with dTTP-Sepharose could be used to calculate unknown dissociation constants for protein B1 -effector binary complexes. This was possible, since a plot of the eluting concentrations vs. known dissociation constants was linear.", "PMID": 334242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12938", "title": "Incorporation of purine nucleoside 5'-[gamma-S]triphosphates as affinity probes for initiation of RNA synthesis in vitro.", "content": "Synthetic DNA templates were transcribed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase using nucleoside 5'-[gamma-S]triphosphates as one of the nucleotide substrates. Substitution of the thiol analogues for the normal nucleotides had no effect on the rate of RNA synthesis. RNA synthesized with either adenosine 5'-[gamma-S]triphosphate or guanosine 5'-[gamma-S]triphosphate was isolated with high efficiency on mercury-agarose columns prepared by activation with low concentrations of cyanogen bromide. Sulfur was shown to be incorporated at the 5' end of RNA by identification of the tetraphosphate HSpppA32p liberated after alkaline hydrolysis of HS(A-32pU)n (alternating copolymer synthesized by the action of E. coli RNA polymerase on d(A-T)n-d(A-T)n with adenosine 5'-[gamma-S]triphosphate and uridine 5'-[alpha-32P]triphosphate as substrates). Transcripts elongated but not initiated with these thiol analogues did not bind to the affinity column. This technique provides an extremely sensitive assay for RNA synthesis initiation in vitro, since initiated transcripts containing radiolabel throught the entire transcript can be isolated.", "contents": "Incorporation of purine nucleoside 5'-[gamma-S]triphosphates as affinity probes for initiation of RNA synthesis in vitro. Synthetic DNA templates were transcribed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase using nucleoside 5'-[gamma-S]triphosphates as one of the nucleotide substrates. Substitution of the thiol analogues for the normal nucleotides had no effect on the rate of RNA synthesis. RNA synthesized with either adenosine 5'-[gamma-S]triphosphate or guanosine 5'-[gamma-S]triphosphate was isolated with high efficiency on mercury-agarose columns prepared by activation with low concentrations of cyanogen bromide. Sulfur was shown to be incorporated at the 5' end of RNA by identification of the tetraphosphate HSpppA32p liberated after alkaline hydrolysis of HS(A-32pU)n (alternating copolymer synthesized by the action of E. coli RNA polymerase on d(A-T)n-d(A-T)n with adenosine 5'-[gamma-S]triphosphate and uridine 5'-[alpha-32P]triphosphate as substrates). Transcripts elongated but not initiated with these thiol analogues did not bind to the affinity column. This technique provides an extremely sensitive assay for RNA synthesis initiation in vitro, since initiated transcripts containing radiolabel throught the entire transcript can be isolated.", "PMID": 334243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12939", "title": "Evidence for an essential glutamyl residue in yeast hexokinase.", "content": "Yeast hexokinase is rapidly inactivated by 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate and nitrotyrosyl ethyl ester. Sugar substrates afford a partial protection, which is increased by the addition of ADP. Inactivation of the enzyme takes place concomitantly with the incorporation of 1 mol of nitrotyrosine per mol of 50 000-dalton subunit. Exhaustive proteolytic digestion of the modified protein and isolation of the nitrotyrosyl peptide by affinity chromatography, followed by electrophoresis, lead to the identification of the modified residue as a glutamyl residue. This modification of hexokinase occurs without gross conformational changes. The enzyme still binds its substrates, though binding of the nucleotides is perturbed. While the substrates afford a partial protection, they increase the incorporation of nitrotyrosine ethyl ester into the enzyme. This may be attributed to local conformational changes which their binding induces. It is concluded that a glutamyl residue is essential for yeast hexokinase activity and its catalytic function is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for an essential glutamyl residue in yeast hexokinase. Yeast hexokinase is rapidly inactivated by 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate and nitrotyrosyl ethyl ester. Sugar substrates afford a partial protection, which is increased by the addition of ADP. Inactivation of the enzyme takes place concomitantly with the incorporation of 1 mol of nitrotyrosine per mol of 50 000-dalton subunit. Exhaustive proteolytic digestion of the modified protein and isolation of the nitrotyrosyl peptide by affinity chromatography, followed by electrophoresis, lead to the identification of the modified residue as a glutamyl residue. This modification of hexokinase occurs without gross conformational changes. The enzyme still binds its substrates, though binding of the nucleotides is perturbed. While the substrates afford a partial protection, they increase the incorporation of nitrotyrosine ethyl ester into the enzyme. This may be attributed to local conformational changes which their binding induces. It is concluded that a glutamyl residue is essential for yeast hexokinase activity and its catalytic function is discussed.", "PMID": 334245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12940", "title": "Yeast mitochondrial DNA specifies tRNA for 19 amino acids. Deletion mapping of the tRNA genes.", "content": "We have previously identified 14 aminoacyl tRNAs that are specified by yeast mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We now report four more amino acids (Arg, Cys, Trp, Thr) that acylate tRNAs which hybridize with mtDNA. Furthermore one of the two mitochondrial tRNAs that we had earlier demonstrated to be directly charged with glutamic acid responds to glutamine but not to glutamic acid codons. Thus Gln-tRNAGln appears to be formed by transamidation of a missense intermediate Glu-tRNAGln. This brings to 19 the number of amino acids which have corresponding tRNAs specified by mtDNA. Only tRNAAsn has not yet been shown to be a mtDNA transcript. We have also mapped the genes for the newly identified mitochondrial tRNAs, as well as several others that were previously identified but unmapped, by hybridization to the mtDNA of a series of petite deletion mutants. We now have ordered 20 mitochondrial tRNA genes (including two methionyl-tRNAs) wtih respect to the antibiotic resistance markers chloramphenicol (CR), erythromycin (ER), paromomycin (PR), and oligomycin I and II (ORI, ORII). Eighteen tRNA genes map between the C and E resistance markers. Only the serinyl-tRNA and glutamyl-tRNA genes are localized near the OI and OII resistance markers.", "contents": "Yeast mitochondrial DNA specifies tRNA for 19 amino acids. Deletion mapping of the tRNA genes. We have previously identified 14 aminoacyl tRNAs that are specified by yeast mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We now report four more amino acids (Arg, Cys, Trp, Thr) that acylate tRNAs which hybridize with mtDNA. Furthermore one of the two mitochondrial tRNAs that we had earlier demonstrated to be directly charged with glutamic acid responds to glutamine but not to glutamic acid codons. Thus Gln-tRNAGln appears to be formed by transamidation of a missense intermediate Glu-tRNAGln. This brings to 19 the number of amino acids which have corresponding tRNAs specified by mtDNA. Only tRNAAsn has not yet been shown to be a mtDNA transcript. We have also mapped the genes for the newly identified mitochondrial tRNAs, as well as several others that were previously identified but unmapped, by hybridization to the mtDNA of a series of petite deletion mutants. We now have ordered 20 mitochondrial tRNA genes (including two methionyl-tRNAs) wtih respect to the antibiotic resistance markers chloramphenicol (CR), erythromycin (ER), paromomycin (PR), and oligomycin I and II (ORI, ORII). Eighteen tRNA genes map between the C and E resistance markers. Only the serinyl-tRNA and glutamyl-tRNA genes are localized near the OI and OII resistance markers.", "PMID": 334246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12941", "title": "Yeast mutants blocked in removing the methyl group of lanosterol at C-14. Separation of sterols by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Sterols of a nystatin resistant mutant of the wild type parent of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were separated by a newly developed procedure involving high-pressure liquid chromatography and were identified. The mutant contained larger amounts of squalene and lanosterol (I) than the wild type, as well as 4,14-dimethylcholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol (II), 4,14-dimethylergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3beta-ol (III), and 14-methylergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3beta-ol (IV), which were not hitherto found in yeast. These results indicated a block in removal of the methyl group at C-14 of lanosterol. An ergosterol requiring derivative of the mutant which carried in addition a mutation in heme biosynthesis had the same sterols as the parent, but at one-third the concentration. The low level of sterols may be due to a requirement for a heme or cytochrome in oxygenation reactions between lanosterol and ergosterol.", "contents": "Yeast mutants blocked in removing the methyl group of lanosterol at C-14. Separation of sterols by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Sterols of a nystatin resistant mutant of the wild type parent of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were separated by a newly developed procedure involving high-pressure liquid chromatography and were identified. The mutant contained larger amounts of squalene and lanosterol (I) than the wild type, as well as 4,14-dimethylcholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol (II), 4,14-dimethylergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3beta-ol (III), and 14-methylergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3beta-ol (IV), which were not hitherto found in yeast. These results indicated a block in removal of the methyl group at C-14 of lanosterol. An ergosterol requiring derivative of the mutant which carried in addition a mutation in heme biosynthesis had the same sterols as the parent, but at one-third the concentration. The low level of sterols may be due to a requirement for a heme or cytochrome in oxygenation reactions between lanosterol and ergosterol.", "PMID": 334248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12942", "title": "Repair of nitrous acid damage to DNA in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A number of mutant strains of Escherichia coli have been examined for their sensitivity to nitrous acid and in some instances to methylmethanesulfonate. All ung- mutants tested are abnormally sensitive to nitrous acid. Since the ung mutation is phenotypically expressed as a defect in uracil DNA glycosidase, this observation supports the contention that treatment of cells with nitrous acid causes deamination of cytosine to uracil. In addition the observed sentitivity indicates that the ung gene is involved in the repair of uracil in DNA. Studies with other mutants suggest that both exonuclease III and DNA polymerase I of E. coli are involved in the repair of nitrous acid damage in vivo.", "contents": "Repair of nitrous acid damage to DNA in Escherichia coli. A number of mutant strains of Escherichia coli have been examined for their sensitivity to nitrous acid and in some instances to methylmethanesulfonate. All ung- mutants tested are abnormally sensitive to nitrous acid. Since the ung mutation is phenotypically expressed as a defect in uracil DNA glycosidase, this observation supports the contention that treatment of cells with nitrous acid causes deamination of cytosine to uracil. In addition the observed sentitivity indicates that the ung gene is involved in the repair of uracil in DNA. Studies with other mutants suggest that both exonuclease III and DNA polymerase I of E. coli are involved in the repair of nitrous acid damage in vivo.", "PMID": 334252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12943", "title": "Analysis of in vitro transcription of duck reticulocyte chromatin using mercury-substituted ribonucleoside triphosphates.", "content": "We have employed mercury-substituted UTP to study the transcription of duck reticulocyte chromatin in vitro by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. We find that the use of this method results in large overestimates of the amount of de novo synthesis of globin-specific RNA sequences. The artefact arises because endogenous globin RNA can serve as a template for the RNA polymerase, resulting in the formation of a duplex product in which one strand is the endogenous message, and the other is the mercury-labeled complementary strand. Subsequent purification of the mercury-substituted RNA on thiol-agarose results in copurification of endogenous globin sequences. We document the details of this mechanism and describe methods which will eliminate the artefact.", "contents": "Analysis of in vitro transcription of duck reticulocyte chromatin using mercury-substituted ribonucleoside triphosphates. We have employed mercury-substituted UTP to study the transcription of duck reticulocyte chromatin in vitro by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. We find that the use of this method results in large overestimates of the amount of de novo synthesis of globin-specific RNA sequences. The artefact arises because endogenous globin RNA can serve as a template for the RNA polymerase, resulting in the formation of a duplex product in which one strand is the endogenous message, and the other is the mercury-labeled complementary strand. Subsequent purification of the mercury-substituted RNA on thiol-agarose results in copurification of endogenous globin sequences. We document the details of this mechanism and describe methods which will eliminate the artefact.", "PMID": 334258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12944", "title": "The dynamic structure of the Escherichia coli cell envelope as probed by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "Proton decoupled 15N NMR spectroscopy is shown to be a useful tool for probin the dynamic structure of the bacterial cell envelope. The proton decoupled 15N NMR spectra of Escherichia coli whole cells, cell envelopes and outer membranes were obtained and displayed resonances originating from protein side-chain groups, phosphatidylethanolamine, and peptidoglycan. Removal of phospholipids from the cell envelope resulted in a decrease in the motional freedom of peptidoglycan and cell envelope proteins. The mobility of the protein Arg side-chain groups is increased in the absence of peptidoglycan. These data provide insights into the effect of supramolecular organization on the dynamic structure of the E. coli cell envelope.", "contents": "The dynamic structure of the Escherichia coli cell envelope as probed by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Proton decoupled 15N NMR spectroscopy is shown to be a useful tool for probin the dynamic structure of the bacterial cell envelope. The proton decoupled 15N NMR spectra of Escherichia coli whole cells, cell envelopes and outer membranes were obtained and displayed resonances originating from protein side-chain groups, phosphatidylethanolamine, and peptidoglycan. Removal of phospholipids from the cell envelope resulted in a decrease in the motional freedom of peptidoglycan and cell envelope proteins. The mobility of the protein Arg side-chain groups is increased in the absence of peptidoglycan. These data provide insights into the effect of supramolecular organization on the dynamic structure of the E. coli cell envelope.", "PMID": 334259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12945", "title": "Synthesis of complementary RNA on RNA templates using the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "It is shown that the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli can synthesize complementary RNA (cRNA) directly on rRNA and mRNA templates. Synthesis occurred preferentially in the presence of Mn2+ and at relatively high substrate and enzyme concentrations. No primer was required, and addition of oligo-U to a mRNA-dependent reaction gave no marked stimulation. Sedimentation analysis of cRNA made on different templates indicated that the products were mainly 2-4 S, but a fraction of the product was larger. Fingerprints of 32P-labelled cRNA made on 5 S rRNA and 18 S rRNA indicated that the complexity of the cRNAs was related to the size of the template, suggesting that a substantial portion of the templates were copied. This reaction provides a simple method for preparing cRNA of high specific activity for use in hybridisation studies, and possibly in sequence analysis. 32P-labelled cRNA made on 18 S and 28 S rRNA was a sensitive hybridisation probe for detection of the specific fragments of mouse DNA containing the rRNA genes.", "contents": "Synthesis of complementary RNA on RNA templates using the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli. It is shown that the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli can synthesize complementary RNA (cRNA) directly on rRNA and mRNA templates. Synthesis occurred preferentially in the presence of Mn2+ and at relatively high substrate and enzyme concentrations. No primer was required, and addition of oligo-U to a mRNA-dependent reaction gave no marked stimulation. Sedimentation analysis of cRNA made on different templates indicated that the products were mainly 2-4 S, but a fraction of the product was larger. Fingerprints of 32P-labelled cRNA made on 5 S rRNA and 18 S rRNA indicated that the complexity of the cRNAs was related to the size of the template, suggesting that a substantial portion of the templates were copied. This reaction provides a simple method for preparing cRNA of high specific activity for use in hybridisation studies, and possibly in sequence analysis. 32P-labelled cRNA made on 18 S and 28 S rRNA was a sensitive hybridisation probe for detection of the specific fragments of mouse DNA containing the rRNA genes.", "PMID": 334264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12946", "title": "A comparison of small circular DNA molecules in psi+ and psi- strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The psi+ and psi- phenotypes, which affect the efficiency of ochre suppression in yeast, are inherited in a non-Mendelian fashion. There is no apparent difference in length or in length distribution of 2 micronm circular DNA molecules between psi+ and psi- strains. It seems that the psi genetic determinant is probably not connected with the presence or absence of these small circular DNA molecules.", "contents": "A comparison of small circular DNA molecules in psi+ and psi- strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The psi+ and psi- phenotypes, which affect the efficiency of ochre suppression in yeast, are inherited in a non-Mendelian fashion. There is no apparent difference in length or in length distribution of 2 micronm circular DNA molecules between psi+ and psi- strains. It seems that the psi genetic determinant is probably not connected with the presence or absence of these small circular DNA molecules.", "PMID": 334265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12947", "title": "Purification by affinity chromatography of yeast glutathione reductase, the enzyme responsible for the NADPH-dependent reduction of the mixed disulfide of coenzyme A and glutathione.", "content": "Glutathione reductase (NAD(P)H : oxidised-glutathione oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.2) was purified from baker's yeast by a new procedure involving affinity chromatography on 2',5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B. The yield was 65% of essentially homogeneous enzyme. The activity was assayed with both glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and the mixed disulfide of coenzyme A and glutathione (CoAssg). The two disulfide substrates gave coinciding activity profiles and a constant ratio of the activities in different chromatographic and electrophoretic systems. No evidence was obtained for the existence of a reductase specific for CoASSG distinct from glutathione reductase. It is concluded that normal baker's yeast contains a single reductase active with both GSSG and CoASSG.", "contents": "Purification by affinity chromatography of yeast glutathione reductase, the enzyme responsible for the NADPH-dependent reduction of the mixed disulfide of coenzyme A and glutathione. Glutathione reductase (NAD(P)H : oxidised-glutathione oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.2) was purified from baker's yeast by a new procedure involving affinity chromatography on 2',5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B. The yield was 65% of essentially homogeneous enzyme. The activity was assayed with both glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and the mixed disulfide of coenzyme A and glutathione (CoAssg). The two disulfide substrates gave coinciding activity profiles and a constant ratio of the activities in different chromatographic and electrophoretic systems. No evidence was obtained for the existence of a reductase specific for CoASSG distinct from glutathione reductase. It is concluded that normal baker's yeast contains a single reductase active with both GSSG and CoASSG.", "PMID": 334266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12948", "title": "Affinity chromatography od Klebsiella arylsulfatase on tyrosyl-hexamethylenediamine-beta-1,3-glucan and immunoadsorbent.", "content": "A simple and convenient method for preparation of a highly purified arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) from Klebsiella aerogenes has been developed. Specificity of purification was achieved by using affinity chromatography on a tyrosyl-hexamethylenediamino-beta-1,3-glucan or on a solid phase immunoadsorbent. By using affinity chromatography a homogeneous enzyme was obtained with high yield. It is also proposed that the beads of curdlan type polysaccharide consisting of beta-1,3-glucan can be used as a good matrix for affinity chromatography.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography od Klebsiella arylsulfatase on tyrosyl-hexamethylenediamine-beta-1,3-glucan and immunoadsorbent. A simple and convenient method for preparation of a highly purified arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) from Klebsiella aerogenes has been developed. Specificity of purification was achieved by using affinity chromatography on a tyrosyl-hexamethylenediamino-beta-1,3-glucan or on a solid phase immunoadsorbent. By using affinity chromatography a homogeneous enzyme was obtained with high yield. It is also proposed that the beads of curdlan type polysaccharide consisting of beta-1,3-glucan can be used as a good matrix for affinity chromatography.", "PMID": 334267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12949", "title": "The collagen of heart valve.", "content": "A hydroxylysine-rich type I collagen has been isolated from pepsin-digested porcine heart valve. The ratio of alpha1 to alpha2 in the isolated molecule was 2:1. The component alpha chains exhibited unusual chromatographic behavior in comparison to corresponding chains from human dermis and lathyritic rat skin collagen. The composition of component cyanogen bromide peptides identified the alpha chains as authentic type I chains and demonstrated hydroxylysine enrichment throughout the length of the chain. delta6-Dehydro-5,5'dihydroxylysinonorleucine, a collagen cross-link derived from two hydroxylysyl residues and ordinarily found in hard tissue collagens was found to be the predominant cross-link in heart valve.", "contents": "The collagen of heart valve. A hydroxylysine-rich type I collagen has been isolated from pepsin-digested porcine heart valve. The ratio of alpha1 to alpha2 in the isolated molecule was 2:1. The component alpha chains exhibited unusual chromatographic behavior in comparison to corresponding chains from human dermis and lathyritic rat skin collagen. The composition of component cyanogen bromide peptides identified the alpha chains as authentic type I chains and demonstrated hydroxylysine enrichment throughout the length of the chain. delta6-Dehydro-5,5'dihydroxylysinonorleucine, a collagen cross-link derived from two hydroxylysyl residues and ordinarily found in hard tissue collagens was found to be the predominant cross-link in heart valve.", "PMID": 334268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12950", "title": "Investigations on isolated islets of langerhans in vitro. 16.Modification of the glucose-dependent inhibition of glucagon secretion.", "content": "Investigation of glucagon secretion in isolated Wistar rat islets was carried out to elucidate further the regulatory function of glucose and arginine on pancreatic A-cells. The suppressive effect of D-glucose could also be demonstrated with L-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-glyceraldehyde and DL-dihydroxyacetone, but not in the presence of 3-O-methylglucose or mannitol. Sugars other than D-glucose inhibited glucagon secretion only at much higher concentrations than those at which D-glucose was effective. Furthermore, although 7.5 mM D-glucose up to 80% inhibition, the effects of other sugars appeared to level off at only 50--60% inhibition. The inhibitory action of D-glucose or D-glyceraldedyde on glucagon secretion could not be overcome by L-arginine, but 3-O-methylglucose, mannoheptulose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, iodoacetamide, theophylline, epinephrine and acetylcholine were effective. The insulin secretion in response to glucose was inhibited by the metabolic inhibitors used, whereas the B-cell response in the presence of glyceraldehyde was diminished by iodoacetamide only. Like D-glucose, a variety of other sugars markedly reduced the stimulatory effect of L-arginine in glucagon release. The results show that the suppression of glucagon secretion is not specific for D-glucose and not strongly connected on a stimulated insulin secretion.", "contents": "Investigations on isolated islets of langerhans in vitro. 16.Modification of the glucose-dependent inhibition of glucagon secretion. Investigation of glucagon secretion in isolated Wistar rat islets was carried out to elucidate further the regulatory function of glucose and arginine on pancreatic A-cells. The suppressive effect of D-glucose could also be demonstrated with L-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-glyceraldehyde and DL-dihydroxyacetone, but not in the presence of 3-O-methylglucose or mannitol. Sugars other than D-glucose inhibited glucagon secretion only at much higher concentrations than those at which D-glucose was effective. Furthermore, although 7.5 mM D-glucose up to 80% inhibition, the effects of other sugars appeared to level off at only 50--60% inhibition. The inhibitory action of D-glucose or D-glyceraldedyde on glucagon secretion could not be overcome by L-arginine, but 3-O-methylglucose, mannoheptulose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, iodoacetamide, theophylline, epinephrine and acetylcholine were effective. The insulin secretion in response to glucose was inhibited by the metabolic inhibitors used, whereas the B-cell response in the presence of glyceraldehyde was diminished by iodoacetamide only. Like D-glucose, a variety of other sugars markedly reduced the stimulatory effect of L-arginine in glucagon release. The results show that the suppression of glucagon secretion is not specific for D-glucose and not strongly connected on a stimulated insulin secretion.", "PMID": 334269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12951", "title": "[Purification and properties of glucoamylase from Endomycopsis sp. 20-9].", "content": "Homogenous yeast (Endomycopsis sp. 20-9) glucoamylase was isolated from cultural medium. The homogeneity of the enzyme preparation is demonstrated by means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, isofocusing and ultracentrifugation. Amino acid composition, molecular weight (53 000), sedimentation constant (4.3S) and isoelectric point (pI 3.80-3.82) of the enzyme are determined. Glucoamylase is found to be glucoprotein.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of glucoamylase from Endomycopsis sp. 20-9]. Homogenous yeast (Endomycopsis sp. 20-9) glucoamylase was isolated from cultural medium. The homogeneity of the enzyme preparation is demonstrated by means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, isofocusing and ultracentrifugation. Amino acid composition, molecular weight (53 000), sedimentation constant (4.3S) and isoelectric point (pI 3.80-3.82) of the enzyme are determined. Glucoamylase is found to be glucoprotein.", "PMID": 334272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12952", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay for the serodiagnosis of parasitic infections.", "content": "A review of some applications of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of parasitic infections is presented. Examples are given of applications with trichinellosis, hydatidosis, schistosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, african trypanosomiasis and amoebiasis. ELISA is believed to be a valuable addition to existing serological tools, especially due to its sensitivity and ease of performance.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay for the serodiagnosis of parasitic infections. A review of some applications of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of parasitic infections is presented. Examples are given of applications with trichinellosis, hydatidosis, schistosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, african trypanosomiasis and amoebiasis. ELISA is believed to be a valuable addition to existing serological tools, especially due to its sensitivity and ease of performance.", "PMID": 334273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12953", "title": "The influence of poly I: poly C on kinetics of the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in the mouse spleen.", "content": "In several mouse strains, which exhibited variability in degree of immune responsiveness, concomitant i.p. injection of antigen (sheep erythrocytes) and poly I: poly C enhanced the early rate of increase in antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen. This adjuvant effect of poly I: poly C was most marked in LACA mice and was demonstrable over a range of antigen and polynucleotide concentrations. The double-stranded RNA did not however, affect the number of PFC at the peak of the primary response. Stimulation was dependent on the temporal relationship between antigen and adjuvant administration--injection of poly I: poly C 24 and 48 h prior to antigen causing suppression of humoral immunity. Poly I: Poly C had a progressively more marked enhancing effect on PFC production at high (thymus-independent) doses of erythrocytes. This suggests that its adjuvant action may be mediated via cells other than T cells. Administration of poly I: poly C caused an initial depression followed by stimulation of spleen weight and nucleated cell numbers in sensitized animals. The possible mechanism(s) of action of this polynucleotide adjuvant are discussed in the light of these and other findings.", "contents": "The influence of poly I: poly C on kinetics of the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in the mouse spleen. In several mouse strains, which exhibited variability in degree of immune responsiveness, concomitant i.p. injection of antigen (sheep erythrocytes) and poly I: poly C enhanced the early rate of increase in antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen. This adjuvant effect of poly I: poly C was most marked in LACA mice and was demonstrable over a range of antigen and polynucleotide concentrations. The double-stranded RNA did not however, affect the number of PFC at the peak of the primary response. Stimulation was dependent on the temporal relationship between antigen and adjuvant administration--injection of poly I: poly C 24 and 48 h prior to antigen causing suppression of humoral immunity. Poly I: Poly C had a progressively more marked enhancing effect on PFC production at high (thymus-independent) doses of erythrocytes. This suggests that its adjuvant action may be mediated via cells other than T cells. Administration of poly I: poly C caused an initial depression followed by stimulation of spleen weight and nucleated cell numbers in sensitized animals. The possible mechanism(s) of action of this polynucleotide adjuvant are discussed in the light of these and other findings.", "PMID": 334274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12954", "title": "[Distribution of the dimensions of cells and intracellular structures of biosystems from measurements of the diffusion of water by the impulse gradient of the NMR spin echo method].", "content": "The method of impulse gradient of NMR spin-echo was applied for studying limited water diffusion in yeast cells and embryons of wheat caryopsis. Results are presented of measuring the amplitude of the echo signal depending on the intensity of the impulse gradient of the magnetic field reaching the values up to 1.7 kGs/cm. The method is suggested of determining on the basis of experimental data the distribution function parameters of the sizes of limiting cell compartments taking into account the permeability of their walls (membranes).", "contents": "[Distribution of the dimensions of cells and intracellular structures of biosystems from measurements of the diffusion of water by the impulse gradient of the NMR spin echo method]. The method of impulse gradient of NMR spin-echo was applied for studying limited water diffusion in yeast cells and embryons of wheat caryopsis. Results are presented of measuring the amplitude of the echo signal depending on the intensity of the impulse gradient of the magnetic field reaching the values up to 1.7 kGs/cm. The method is suggested of determining on the basis of experimental data the distribution function parameters of the sizes of limiting cell compartments taking into account the permeability of their walls (membranes).", "PMID": 334271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12955", "title": "[Influence of soluble H-2 antigens on the cytotoxic effect and adsorption of immune lymphocytes].", "content": "Serologically active preparations of soluble H-2 antigens were obtained by 3 M KCl extraction from the ascitic cells of leukemia L 1210 (H-2d) and sarcoma MX-11 (H-2b). These preparations had no specific influence in vitro on the cytotoxic effect of immune lymphocytes on target cells, and did not inhibit the lymphocyte adsorption on the monolayer of the corresponding target cells.", "contents": "[Influence of soluble H-2 antigens on the cytotoxic effect and adsorption of immune lymphocytes]. Serologically active preparations of soluble H-2 antigens were obtained by 3 M KCl extraction from the ascitic cells of leukemia L 1210 (H-2d) and sarcoma MX-11 (H-2b). These preparations had no specific influence in vitro on the cytotoxic effect of immune lymphocytes on target cells, and did not inhibit the lymphocyte adsorption on the monolayer of the corresponding target cells.", "PMID": 334284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12956", "title": "Some effects of intravenous prostaglandin E, and endotoxin in young chickens.", "content": "1 The effects of intravenous prostaglandin E1 and endotoxin were studied in young chickens (11-17 days old). 2 At a thermoneutral ambient temperature (31 degrees C), intravenous prostaglandin E1, produced behavioural and electrocortical sleep, increased oxygen consumption and, after an initial fall, elevated body temperature. Below thermoneutrality (16 degrees C), the initial hypothermic effect was more marked and oxygen consumption was lowered. 3 The soporific actions of prostaglandin E1 were sufficient to counteract dexamphetamine-induced behavioural and electrocortical arousal and vocalization. 4 Intravenous injection of the O-somatic antigen of Shigella dysenteriae evoked, after a latent period, long lasting hyperthermia. This indicates that in young chicks the blood brain barrier is probably permeable to endotoxins.", "contents": "Some effects of intravenous prostaglandin E, and endotoxin in young chickens. 1 The effects of intravenous prostaglandin E1 and endotoxin were studied in young chickens (11-17 days old). 2 At a thermoneutral ambient temperature (31 degrees C), intravenous prostaglandin E1, produced behavioural and electrocortical sleep, increased oxygen consumption and, after an initial fall, elevated body temperature. Below thermoneutrality (16 degrees C), the initial hypothermic effect was more marked and oxygen consumption was lowered. 3 The soporific actions of prostaglandin E1 were sufficient to counteract dexamphetamine-induced behavioural and electrocortical arousal and vocalization. 4 Intravenous injection of the O-somatic antigen of Shigella dysenteriae evoked, after a latent period, long lasting hyperthermia. This indicates that in young chicks the blood brain barrier is probably permeable to endotoxins.", "PMID": 334307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12957", "title": "Some effects of prostaglandins E1 and E2 and of endotoxin injected into the hypothalamus of young chicks: dissociation between endotoxin fever and the effects of prostaglandins.", "content": "Prostaglandins E1 and E2 elevated body temperature of young chicks when injected into the hypothalamus at thermoneutrality (31 degrees C). In contrast, they lowered body temperature when so injected below thermoneutrality (16degreesC): the relation of the fall in body temperature to increased heat loss and decreased heat production was examined. 2 The above effects below thermoneutrality were potentiated by pretreatment with inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase and possible reasons for this potentation are given. 3 The O-somatic antigen of Shigella dysenteriae consistently evoked hyperthermia when injected into the hypothalamus, irrespective of whether the chicks were within or below thermoneutrality. 4 Pretreatment with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors failed to prevent the onset of endotoxin fever; however, duration of the fever, induced by intrahypothalamic injection of the O-somatic antigen of Shigella dysenteriae was reduced. 5 The intrahypothalamic injection, belwo thermoneutrality of prostaglandins E1, E2, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine or carbachol reversed endotoxin fever, inducing even substantial falls in body temperature. 6 While the results cast some doubts on the role of prostaglandins of the E series as mediators of endotoxin fever in chicks, they cannot be eliminated as mediators until the significance of the reduction in duration of the pyrexic response by indomethacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, and the degree of synthesis inhibition attained, are known.", "contents": "Some effects of prostaglandins E1 and E2 and of endotoxin injected into the hypothalamus of young chicks: dissociation between endotoxin fever and the effects of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 elevated body temperature of young chicks when injected into the hypothalamus at thermoneutrality (31 degrees C). In contrast, they lowered body temperature when so injected below thermoneutrality (16degreesC): the relation of the fall in body temperature to increased heat loss and decreased heat production was examined. 2 The above effects below thermoneutrality were potentiated by pretreatment with inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase and possible reasons for this potentation are given. 3 The O-somatic antigen of Shigella dysenteriae consistently evoked hyperthermia when injected into the hypothalamus, irrespective of whether the chicks were within or below thermoneutrality. 4 Pretreatment with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors failed to prevent the onset of endotoxin fever; however, duration of the fever, induced by intrahypothalamic injection of the O-somatic antigen of Shigella dysenteriae was reduced. 5 The intrahypothalamic injection, belwo thermoneutrality of prostaglandins E1, E2, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine or carbachol reversed endotoxin fever, inducing even substantial falls in body temperature. 6 While the results cast some doubts on the role of prostaglandins of the E series as mediators of endotoxin fever in chicks, they cannot be eliminated as mediators until the significance of the reduction in duration of the pyrexic response by indomethacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, and the degree of synthesis inhibition attained, are known.", "PMID": 334308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12958", "title": "Psychiatrists and a computer as interrogators of patients with alcohol-related illnesses: a comparison.", "content": "A computer-administered 'interview' was developed for eliciting evidence relating to alcohol problems. Thirty-six volunteer male patients on their first visits to a specialist alcohol clinic were interviewed three times, by two psychiatrists and by the computer; information was sought about 72 pre-defined indicants concerning alcohol consumption, drinking behaviour, and symptoms. Each patient was asked to complete an attitude questionnaire anonymously. The extent of agreement between the evidence elicited by the computer and by the psychiatrists was quite high, and their estimated error rates were very similar, all between 10 per cent and 12 per cent in total. With respects to amounts of alcohol consumed, patients reported significantly greater amounts to the computer than they reported to the psychiatrists. The median amounts of pure ethanol consumed ranged from 1-19 kg per week calculated from reports made to one of the psychiatrists, up to 1-58 kg per week calculated from reports made to the computer. The results from the attitude questionnaire indicated a high level of acceptability to patients of computer interrogation.", "contents": "Psychiatrists and a computer as interrogators of patients with alcohol-related illnesses: a comparison. A computer-administered 'interview' was developed for eliciting evidence relating to alcohol problems. Thirty-six volunteer male patients on their first visits to a specialist alcohol clinic were interviewed three times, by two psychiatrists and by the computer; information was sought about 72 pre-defined indicants concerning alcohol consumption, drinking behaviour, and symptoms. Each patient was asked to complete an attitude questionnaire anonymously. The extent of agreement between the evidence elicited by the computer and by the psychiatrists was quite high, and their estimated error rates were very similar, all between 10 per cent and 12 per cent in total. With respects to amounts of alcohol consumed, patients reported significantly greater amounts to the computer than they reported to the psychiatrists. The median amounts of pure ethanol consumed ranged from 1-19 kg per week calculated from reports made to one of the psychiatrists, up to 1-58 kg per week calculated from reports made to the computer. The results from the attitude questionnaire indicated a high level of acceptability to patients of computer interrogation.", "PMID": 334310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12959", "title": "The effect of mental state on EPI scores.", "content": "This paper develops a structural equation model to assess the effects of mental state on EPI scores. This model is applied to results obtained from a clinical population. The findings show that :(a) the E scale is not influenced by mental state as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS); (b)) the N scale is influenced by HAS. An attempt to revise the N scale to produce an uncontaminated score is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of mental state on EPI scores. This paper develops a structural equation model to assess the effects of mental state on EPI scores. This model is applied to results obtained from a clinical population. The findings show that :(a) the E scale is not influenced by mental state as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS); (b)) the N scale is influenced by HAS. An attempt to revise the N scale to produce an uncontaminated score is discussed.", "PMID": 334314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12960", "title": "High dosage haloperidol in chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "In a double blind chlorpromazine-controlled trial, high dosage haloperidol (100 mg daily) given for three months, appreciably improved the mental state of male chronic 'drug resistant' schizophrenic inpatients in the rehabilitation/long-stay unit of one psychiatric hospital. The results of a three-month follow-up suggested that the improvement could be maintained in some patients on lower doses of the drug. Serious extrapyramidal side effects were not seen at high doses. However, the majority of patients on haloperidol showed a deterioration in ward behaviour, possibly related to drowsiness, and developed raised serum alkaline phosphatase levels. These side effects disappeared in the follow-up period when either the drug was discontinued or the dose of haloperidol reduced.", "contents": "High dosage haloperidol in chronic schizophrenia. In a double blind chlorpromazine-controlled trial, high dosage haloperidol (100 mg daily) given for three months, appreciably improved the mental state of male chronic 'drug resistant' schizophrenic inpatients in the rehabilitation/long-stay unit of one psychiatric hospital. The results of a three-month follow-up suggested that the improvement could be maintained in some patients on lower doses of the drug. Serious extrapyramidal side effects were not seen at high doses. However, the majority of patients on haloperidol showed a deterioration in ward behaviour, possibly related to drowsiness, and developed raised serum alkaline phosphatase levels. These side effects disappeared in the follow-up period when either the drug was discontinued or the dose of haloperidol reduced.", "PMID": 334315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12961", "title": "Angiotensin blockade in renovascular hypertension: a controlled, prospective study.", "content": "Saralasin, a specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, was administered in a controlled, prospective study designed to test the hypothesis that this agent is a useful tool for the detection of renovascular hypertension. 13 patients, 11 with renovascular hypertension and 2 with high-renin essential hypertension, showed a gross, readily apparent decrease in blood pressure after receiving saralasin. 8 patients with essential hypertension and normal or low renin levels exhibited no depressor response to the drug. In the patients with renovascular hypertension, blood pressure response during angiotensin blockade compared favourably with renal vein renin determinations as a predictor of operative results. Because saralasin testing has resulted in few if any falsely positive or negative results when considered as a diagnostic procedure for renin-mediated hypertension, and because it is safe, it may become an ideal initial screening procedure. The saralasin test (either bolus injection or sustained infusion) is completely valid only if the patient is mildly salt-depleted, is not taking other antihypertensive medication, and is genuinely hypertensive at the time of the test.", "contents": "Angiotensin blockade in renovascular hypertension: a controlled, prospective study. Saralasin, a specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, was administered in a controlled, prospective study designed to test the hypothesis that this agent is a useful tool for the detection of renovascular hypertension. 13 patients, 11 with renovascular hypertension and 2 with high-renin essential hypertension, showed a gross, readily apparent decrease in blood pressure after receiving saralasin. 8 patients with essential hypertension and normal or low renin levels exhibited no depressor response to the drug. In the patients with renovascular hypertension, blood pressure response during angiotensin blockade compared favourably with renal vein renin determinations as a predictor of operative results. Because saralasin testing has resulted in few if any falsely positive or negative results when considered as a diagnostic procedure for renin-mediated hypertension, and because it is safe, it may become an ideal initial screening procedure. The saralasin test (either bolus injection or sustained infusion) is completely valid only if the patient is mildly salt-depleted, is not taking other antihypertensive medication, and is genuinely hypertensive at the time of the test.", "PMID": 334316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12962", "title": "Oral contraceptive use and venous thromboembolism: absence of an effect of smoking.", "content": "We conducted a case-control study to test the hypothesis that women smokers who use oral contraceptives have an increased risk of developing venous thrombosis. Patients and controls were drawn from two sets of hospital patients already included in the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Programme. Sixty patients with uncomplicated thromboembolism were matched with 180 controls with other diagnoses; all were premenopausal women taking oral contraceptives. Patients with conditions that might predispose to thromboembolism or be related to smoking were excluded. We found no association between smoking habits and thromboembolism. Similarly, we found no association between thromboembolism, smoking, and duration of oral contraceptive use. Thus we conclude that differences in fibrinolytic activity between smokers and non-smokers are not major factors in the aetiology of uncomplicated thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Oral contraceptive use and venous thromboembolism: absence of an effect of smoking. We conducted a case-control study to test the hypothesis that women smokers who use oral contraceptives have an increased risk of developing venous thrombosis. Patients and controls were drawn from two sets of hospital patients already included in the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Programme. Sixty patients with uncomplicated thromboembolism were matched with 180 controls with other diagnoses; all were premenopausal women taking oral contraceptives. Patients with conditions that might predispose to thromboembolism or be related to smoking were excluded. We found no association between smoking habits and thromboembolism. Similarly, we found no association between thromboembolism, smoking, and duration of oral contraceptive use. Thus we conclude that differences in fibrinolytic activity between smokers and non-smokers are not major factors in the aetiology of uncomplicated thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 334332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12963", "title": "Immunosuppressive properties of sera and urine dialysates from kidney-graft recipients treated with azathioprine, prednisolone, and niridazole.", "content": "Niridazole, an antischistosomal agent, was given to renal transplant recipients in addition to azathioprine and prednisolone, as there is experimental evidence that this combination of drugs is highly immunosuppressive. Sera obtained from kidney-graft recipients during the first two weeks after transplantation were examined for their ability to inhibit the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Sera from seven patients receiving azathioprine, prednisolone, and niridazole (triple-drug treatment), five patients receiving azathioprine and prednisolone, and two other patients treated with niridazole alone for schistosomiasis produced MLR inhibition by comparison with pretreatment (control) sera.A mean of 78% inhibition was observed with sera taken after one day's treatment with the three-drug combination, whereas this level of in-vitro immunosuppression occurred only after eight days of treatment with azathioprine and prednisolone. Niridazole alone produced an effect similar to azathioprine and prednisolone. Concentrated dialysate of urine from a patient receiving triple-drug treatment not only inhibited the MLR but also significantly prolonged the survival of heterotopic heart allografts in rats, whereas dialysate from the same patient after niridazole had been stopped gave less MLR inhibition and failed to prolong heart allograft survival.Since niridazole thus increased the in-vitro and in-vivo immunosuppressive action of azathioprine and prednisolone, we suggest that this triple-drug combination might be useful for preventing early acute kidney graft rejection.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive properties of sera and urine dialysates from kidney-graft recipients treated with azathioprine, prednisolone, and niridazole. Niridazole, an antischistosomal agent, was given to renal transplant recipients in addition to azathioprine and prednisolone, as there is experimental evidence that this combination of drugs is highly immunosuppressive. Sera obtained from kidney-graft recipients during the first two weeks after transplantation were examined for their ability to inhibit the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Sera from seven patients receiving azathioprine, prednisolone, and niridazole (triple-drug treatment), five patients receiving azathioprine and prednisolone, and two other patients treated with niridazole alone for schistosomiasis produced MLR inhibition by comparison with pretreatment (control) sera.A mean of 78% inhibition was observed with sera taken after one day's treatment with the three-drug combination, whereas this level of in-vitro immunosuppression occurred only after eight days of treatment with azathioprine and prednisolone. Niridazole alone produced an effect similar to azathioprine and prednisolone. Concentrated dialysate of urine from a patient receiving triple-drug treatment not only inhibited the MLR but also significantly prolonged the survival of heterotopic heart allografts in rats, whereas dialysate from the same patient after niridazole had been stopped gave less MLR inhibition and failed to prolong heart allograft survival.Since niridazole thus increased the in-vitro and in-vivo immunosuppressive action of azathioprine and prednisolone, we suggest that this triple-drug combination might be useful for preventing early acute kidney graft rejection.", "PMID": 334335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12964", "title": "Cimetidine in patients with gastric ulcer: a multicentre controlled trial.", "content": "Forty-five adult outpatients with endoscopically confirmed gastric ulceration completed a double-blind trial of either cimetidine (1 g/day) or placebo. After six weeks 18 of the 23 patients receiving cimetidine showed complete ulcer healing compared with only six of the 22 patients receiving placebo. The cimetidine group also had fewer days with pain than the placebo group but the difference was not statistically significant. Cimetidine therefore seems to promote healing of gastric ulcers without severe side effects, although its effect on pain is less pronounced than in patients with duodenal ulcers.", "contents": "Cimetidine in patients with gastric ulcer: a multicentre controlled trial. Forty-five adult outpatients with endoscopically confirmed gastric ulceration completed a double-blind trial of either cimetidine (1 g/day) or placebo. After six weeks 18 of the 23 patients receiving cimetidine showed complete ulcer healing compared with only six of the 22 patients receiving placebo. The cimetidine group also had fewer days with pain than the placebo group but the difference was not statistically significant. Cimetidine therefore seems to promote healing of gastric ulcers without severe side effects, although its effect on pain is less pronounced than in patients with duodenal ulcers.", "PMID": 334336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12965", "title": "Identification of a coenzyme A--glutathione disulfide (DSI), a modified coenzyme A disulfide (DSII), and a NADPH-dependent coenzyme A--glutathione disulfide reductase in E. coli.", "content": "The nucleotides DSI and DSII induced during a slowdown in growth of E. coli have been characterized using chemical and biochemical analysis and by enzymic and alkaline fragmentation. DSI consists a coenzyme A and glutathione joined by a disulfide linkage. DSI could be isolated either containing Fe(III) with an A250:260 ratio of 1.05 or not containing iron with an A250:260 of 0.87. DSII (isolated in 10% the yield of DSI) is a coenzyme A disulfide dimer that also contains two molecules of glutamic acid. DSI was a substrate for NADPH-dependent CoAS-SG reductase (EC 1.6.4.6) which was present in crude extracts of E. coli. The specific activity of CoAS-SG reductase increased during growth from early log phase into stationary phase and during a shift from aerobic to anaerobic growth.", "contents": "Identification of a coenzyme A--glutathione disulfide (DSI), a modified coenzyme A disulfide (DSII), and a NADPH-dependent coenzyme A--glutathione disulfide reductase in E. coli. The nucleotides DSI and DSII induced during a slowdown in growth of E. coli have been characterized using chemical and biochemical analysis and by enzymic and alkaline fragmentation. DSI consists a coenzyme A and glutathione joined by a disulfide linkage. DSI could be isolated either containing Fe(III) with an A250:260 ratio of 1.05 or not containing iron with an A250:260 of 0.87. DSII (isolated in 10% the yield of DSI) is a coenzyme A disulfide dimer that also contains two molecules of glutamic acid. DSI was a substrate for NADPH-dependent CoAS-SG reductase (EC 1.6.4.6) which was present in crude extracts of E. coli. The specific activity of CoAS-SG reductase increased during growth from early log phase into stationary phase and during a shift from aerobic to anaerobic growth.", "PMID": 334350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12966", "title": "Proteolytic digestion and labelling studies of the organization of the proteins in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The arrangement of the proteins in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was examined by treating intact cells and isolated membrane preparations with fluorescamine and with pronase. Intact wild-type cells, or those of a mutant in which the core region of the lipopolysaccharide was absent, were equally resistant to pronase treatment. The protein components of isolated outer membrane preparations varied in their rate of digestion and labelling with fluorescamine. The N-terminal portion of protein B was removed by pronase to yield a fragment (protein Bp) still embedded in the membrane. Protein Bp was not significantly enriched in nonpolar amino acids, suggesting that protein B may not be held in the membrane primarily by hydrophobic interactions. This was confirmed by reconstitution experiments in which protein B could be reassociated with itself, without lipopolysaccharide or phospholipid, in the presence of divalent cation such that pronase digestion of the reassociated material gave protein Bp.", "contents": "Proteolytic digestion and labelling studies of the organization of the proteins in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. The arrangement of the proteins in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was examined by treating intact cells and isolated membrane preparations with fluorescamine and with pronase. Intact wild-type cells, or those of a mutant in which the core region of the lipopolysaccharide was absent, were equally resistant to pronase treatment. The protein components of isolated outer membrane preparations varied in their rate of digestion and labelling with fluorescamine. The N-terminal portion of protein B was removed by pronase to yield a fragment (protein Bp) still embedded in the membrane. Protein Bp was not significantly enriched in nonpolar amino acids, suggesting that protein B may not be held in the membrane primarily by hydrophobic interactions. This was confirmed by reconstitution experiments in which protein B could be reassociated with itself, without lipopolysaccharide or phospholipid, in the presence of divalent cation such that pronase digestion of the reassociated material gave protein Bp.", "PMID": 334351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12967", "title": "Use of computers in clinical electrocardiography: an evaluation.", "content": "The use of computers in clinical electrocardiography is increasing rapidly; however, the role of computers with respect to the electrocardiographer has not been established. At present all electrocardiograms (ECGs) processed by computer are also interpreted by electrocardiographers; hense effort is duplicated. In an investigation of whether conditions can be defined under which the electrocardiographer can use the computer more profitably by eliminating some of the duplication, ECGs recorded in a university teaching hospital were processed by a computer program and subsequently reviewed by 1 of 10 electrocardiographers. For ECGs interpreted as showing normal sinus rhythm the rate of agreement between computer and human reviewer was 99%. For those showing a normal ECG pattern (contour) the rate of direct agreement was only 88%. However, the rate of occurrence of clinically significant differences was only 1.64%; hence the rate of essential agreement for this classification was 98.36%. Other classifications with good agreement were myocardial infarction, sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia. Therefore, in circumstances comparable to those of this investigation it is feasible for electrocardiographers to use computers to reduce greatly their workload without compromising the quality of the service provided.", "contents": "Use of computers in clinical electrocardiography: an evaluation. The use of computers in clinical electrocardiography is increasing rapidly; however, the role of computers with respect to the electrocardiographer has not been established. At present all electrocardiograms (ECGs) processed by computer are also interpreted by electrocardiographers; hense effort is duplicated. In an investigation of whether conditions can be defined under which the electrocardiographer can use the computer more profitably by eliminating some of the duplication, ECGs recorded in a university teaching hospital were processed by a computer program and subsequently reviewed by 1 of 10 electrocardiographers. For ECGs interpreted as showing normal sinus rhythm the rate of agreement between computer and human reviewer was 99%. For those showing a normal ECG pattern (contour) the rate of direct agreement was only 88%. However, the rate of occurrence of clinically significant differences was only 1.64%; hence the rate of essential agreement for this classification was 98.36%. Other classifications with good agreement were myocardial infarction, sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia. Therefore, in circumstances comparable to those of this investigation it is feasible for electrocardiographers to use computers to reduce greatly their workload without compromising the quality of the service provided.", "PMID": 334353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12968", "title": "Survival of patients treated for end-stage renal disease by dialysis and transplantation.", "content": "The results of treatment in 213 patients with end-stage renal disease who underwent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or transplantation, or a combination, between 1962 and 1975 were analysed. Comparison by censored survival analysis showed significantly better (P less than 0.01) patient survival with the integrated therapy of dialysis and transplantation than with either form of dialysis alone. There was no significant difference in survival of males and females but survival at the extremes of age was poorer. Analysis of survival by major cause of renal failure indicated best survival in patients with congenital renal disease. Graft and patient survival rates at 1 year after the first transplantation were 42% and 69%. The major cause of death in this series was vascular disease but infection was responsible for 50% of deaths after transplantation. While integration of dialysis with transplantation produces best patient survival, this course is possible only when sufficient cadaver kidneys are available.", "contents": "Survival of patients treated for end-stage renal disease by dialysis and transplantation. The results of treatment in 213 patients with end-stage renal disease who underwent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or transplantation, or a combination, between 1962 and 1975 were analysed. Comparison by censored survival analysis showed significantly better (P less than 0.01) patient survival with the integrated therapy of dialysis and transplantation than with either form of dialysis alone. There was no significant difference in survival of males and females but survival at the extremes of age was poorer. Analysis of survival by major cause of renal failure indicated best survival in patients with congenital renal disease. Graft and patient survival rates at 1 year after the first transplantation were 42% and 69%. The major cause of death in this series was vascular disease but infection was responsible for 50% of deaths after transplantation. While integration of dialysis with transplantation produces best patient survival, this course is possible only when sufficient cadaver kidneys are available.", "PMID": 334354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12969", "title": "Toxoplasmosis in Greater Victoria.", "content": "Titres of antibody to Toxoplasma gondii were determined in 596 inhabitants of Greater Victoria who were either patients at two hospitals or healthy volunteers. The survey included 404 women of childbearing age, 305 of whom had just given birth. The proportion of persons with antibody to T. gondii at a titre of 1:8 or greater as determined by a methylene blue dye test was 28%. Titration of IgM antibody specific to T. gondii by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, performed in the serum samples with a titre of 1:8 or greater by the dye test, indicated that 3% of the 596 patients had recently acquired infection with T. gondii. The proportion of women with antibody to T. gondii among those who had just given birth was 25%, but the proportion among women aged 31 to 35 years who had just given birth was 37%.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis in Greater Victoria. Titres of antibody to Toxoplasma gondii were determined in 596 inhabitants of Greater Victoria who were either patients at two hospitals or healthy volunteers. The survey included 404 women of childbearing age, 305 of whom had just given birth. The proportion of persons with antibody to T. gondii at a titre of 1:8 or greater as determined by a methylene blue dye test was 28%. Titration of IgM antibody specific to T. gondii by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, performed in the serum samples with a titre of 1:8 or greater by the dye test, indicated that 3% of the 596 patients had recently acquired infection with T. gondii. The proportion of women with antibody to T. gondii among those who had just given birth was 25%, but the proportion among women aged 31 to 35 years who had just given birth was 37%.", "PMID": 334355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12970", "title": "Importance of donor site selection in skin grafting.", "content": "Skin grafting has been done for over 100 years, and the importance of the type of graft--split thickness, full thickness or composite--has been well established. However, the importance of selecting a donor site that is appropriate to the type of graft and to the patient's age and sex has received scant attention, despite the fact that, in many cases, the scar at the donor site may prove to be of greater long-term concern to the patient than the initial injury. Examples of malchosen donor sites are presented and a plea is made for more careful selection by all concerned with skin grafting.", "contents": "Importance of donor site selection in skin grafting. Skin grafting has been done for over 100 years, and the importance of the type of graft--split thickness, full thickness or composite--has been well established. However, the importance of selecting a donor site that is appropriate to the type of graft and to the patient's age and sex has received scant attention, despite the fact that, in many cases, the scar at the donor site may prove to be of greater long-term concern to the patient than the initial injury. Examples of malchosen donor sites are presented and a plea is made for more careful selection by all concerned with skin grafting.", "PMID": 334359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12971", "title": "Histopathologic review of lymphoma cases from the Southwest Oncology Group.", "content": "Lymphoma Pathology Panel and Repository (LPPR) review of pathologic material from 354 patients registered on Southwest Oncology Group clinical trials substantiated the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease (Lukes-Butler classification) in 175 (94%) of 186 cases and the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Rappaport classification) in 162 (96%) of 168 cases. However, complete agreement (type and subtype) between institutional and LPPR review diagnoses was found in only 66% of confirmed cases of Hodgkin's disease and in only 58% of confirmed cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In 26 (16%) of 160 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the initial interpretation of pattern (nodular vs diffuse) differed: 20 (25%) of 81 nodular lymphomas had been thought to be diffuse and 6 (8%) of 79 diffuse lymphomas had been diagnosed as nodular. The frequency with which initial diagnoses were confirmed on LPPR review was highest for three subtypes of lymphoma: nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease (88%), diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (86%), and nodular lymphocytic lymphoma (78%); rates of confirmation for all other subtypes ranged from 13-50%. The results of this analysis emphasize the necessity of having pathologic review of all cases entered on major lymphoma studies so that comparability of cases can be assured and the results of those studies placed in proper perspective.", "contents": "Histopathologic review of lymphoma cases from the Southwest Oncology Group. Lymphoma Pathology Panel and Repository (LPPR) review of pathologic material from 354 patients registered on Southwest Oncology Group clinical trials substantiated the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease (Lukes-Butler classification) in 175 (94%) of 186 cases and the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Rappaport classification) in 162 (96%) of 168 cases. However, complete agreement (type and subtype) between institutional and LPPR review diagnoses was found in only 66% of confirmed cases of Hodgkin's disease and in only 58% of confirmed cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In 26 (16%) of 160 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the initial interpretation of pattern (nodular vs diffuse) differed: 20 (25%) of 81 nodular lymphomas had been thought to be diffuse and 6 (8%) of 79 diffuse lymphomas had been diagnosed as nodular. The frequency with which initial diagnoses were confirmed on LPPR review was highest for three subtypes of lymphoma: nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease (88%), diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (86%), and nodular lymphocytic lymphoma (78%); rates of confirmation for all other subtypes ranged from 13-50%. The results of this analysis emphasize the necessity of having pathologic review of all cases entered on major lymphoma studies so that comparability of cases can be assured and the results of those studies placed in proper perspective.", "PMID": 334362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12972", "title": "The role of radiotherapy in the management of malignant hemangiopericytoma: report of eleven new cases and review of the literature.", "content": "The response of hemangiopericytoma to radiation therapy was studied in 11 patients treated at Memorial Hospital. Response of greater or lesser degree was noted in 26 of 29 radiation therapy courses administered. These included 14 instances of complete tumor regression. Dose and tumor size were the main factors influencing response. The tumors tend to regress slowly and incompletely; yet effective relief of symptoms and long term local control (average duration 27 months) usually was achieved. These results and those reported by others believe the alleged inefficacy of radiation therapy in the management of these tumors. Palliative radiation therapy seems to be worthwhile even in advanced cases. Because of the high rate of local recurrence after surgical excision, treatment strategies combining local excision of large primary tumors with wide-field, high-dose radiation therapy are worthy of trial.", "contents": "The role of radiotherapy in the management of malignant hemangiopericytoma: report of eleven new cases and review of the literature. The response of hemangiopericytoma to radiation therapy was studied in 11 patients treated at Memorial Hospital. Response of greater or lesser degree was noted in 26 of 29 radiation therapy courses administered. These included 14 instances of complete tumor regression. Dose and tumor size were the main factors influencing response. The tumors tend to regress slowly and incompletely; yet effective relief of symptoms and long term local control (average duration 27 months) usually was achieved. These results and those reported by others believe the alleged inefficacy of radiation therapy in the management of these tumors. Palliative radiation therapy seems to be worthwhile even in advanced cases. Because of the high rate of local recurrence after surgical excision, treatment strategies combining local excision of large primary tumors with wide-field, high-dose radiation therapy are worthy of trial.", "PMID": 334363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12973", "title": "Metastatic choriocarcinoma transplanted with cadaver kidney: a case report.", "content": "A unique case of a metastasising choriocarcinoma, inadvertently transplanted to a man from a female cadaver kidney is reported. When the kidney was removed six days after transplantation, arterial blood vessel infiltration by chorio-carcinoma cells and high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the serum of the recipient indicated an haematogenous dissemination of viable neoplastic cells. The immunosuppressive therapy was discontinued after removal of the graft and the HCG levels in the recipient gradually decreased over a periode of eight weeks, indicating a slow immunologic rejection of the tumor cells. The recipient committed suicide seven months after the transplantation had failed. No metastases were found at a legal autopsy. It seems advisable, whenever there is evidence that neoplastic cells might have been transfered by a homograft, to remove the graft and discontinue the immunosuppressive therapy. Neoplastic cells already disseminated can still be eliminated when the immunologic system is intact and not suppressed.", "contents": "Metastatic choriocarcinoma transplanted with cadaver kidney: a case report. A unique case of a metastasising choriocarcinoma, inadvertently transplanted to a man from a female cadaver kidney is reported. When the kidney was removed six days after transplantation, arterial blood vessel infiltration by chorio-carcinoma cells and high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the serum of the recipient indicated an haematogenous dissemination of viable neoplastic cells. The immunosuppressive therapy was discontinued after removal of the graft and the HCG levels in the recipient gradually decreased over a periode of eight weeks, indicating a slow immunologic rejection of the tumor cells. The recipient committed suicide seven months after the transplantation had failed. No metastases were found at a legal autopsy. It seems advisable, whenever there is evidence that neoplastic cells might have been transfered by a homograft, to remove the graft and discontinue the immunosuppressive therapy. Neoplastic cells already disseminated can still be eliminated when the immunologic system is intact and not suppressed.", "PMID": 334364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12974", "title": "Comparison of the action of glucoamylase and glucosyltransferase on D-glucose, maltose, and malto-oligosaccharides.", "content": "The action patterns of glucoamylase (amyloglucosidase) and glucosyltransferase (transglucosylase) on D-[1-14C]glucose, [1-14C]maltose, and [1-14C]malto-oligosaccharides (labeled at position 1 of the D-glucose group at the reducing end) have been investigated by paper-chromatographic and oligosaccharide-mapping techniques. Under the conditions of the experiments, the extent of conversion of D-glucose and of maltose into new oligosaccharides was 2.2 and 1.9% with glucoamylase, and 5.7 and 33% with glucosyltransferase. The major oligosaccharides produced by both enzymes were isomaltose (6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucose), panose (O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl (1 leads to 6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-glucose), and nigerose (3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucose). The glucosyltransferase also synthesized oligosaccharides from malto-oligosaccharides of higher molecular weight to yield compounds having alpha-(1 leads to 6)-linked D-glucosyl groups at the non-reducing ends. Glucoamylase exhibited little, if any, such activity on malto-oligosaccharides.", "contents": "Comparison of the action of glucoamylase and glucosyltransferase on D-glucose, maltose, and malto-oligosaccharides. The action patterns of glucoamylase (amyloglucosidase) and glucosyltransferase (transglucosylase) on D-[1-14C]glucose, [1-14C]maltose, and [1-14C]malto-oligosaccharides (labeled at position 1 of the D-glucose group at the reducing end) have been investigated by paper-chromatographic and oligosaccharide-mapping techniques. Under the conditions of the experiments, the extent of conversion of D-glucose and of maltose into new oligosaccharides was 2.2 and 1.9% with glucoamylase, and 5.7 and 33% with glucosyltransferase. The major oligosaccharides produced by both enzymes were isomaltose (6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucose), panose (O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl (1 leads to 6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-glucose), and nigerose (3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucose). The glucosyltransferase also synthesized oligosaccharides from malto-oligosaccharides of higher molecular weight to yield compounds having alpha-(1 leads to 6)-linked D-glucosyl groups at the non-reducing ends. Glucoamylase exhibited little, if any, such activity on malto-oligosaccharides.", "PMID": 334366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12975", "title": "Metabolism of the polysaccharides of human dental plaque. Part II. Purification and properties of Cladosporium resinae (1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-glucanase, and the enzymic hydrolysis of glucans synthesised by extracellular D-glucosyltransferases of oral streptococci.", "content": "Cladosporium resinae (1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-glucanase has been characterized as an endoglucanase capable of completely hydrolysing insoluble (1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-glucans isolated from fungal cell-walls. D-Glucose was the major product, but a small amount of nigerose was also produced. The enzyme was specific for the hydrolysis of (1 leads to 3) bonds that occur in sequence, and nigerotetraose was the smallest substrate that was rapidly attacked. Isolated (1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages that occur in mycodextran, isolichein, dextrans, and oligosaccharides derived from dextran were not hydrolysed. Insoluble glucan synthesised from sucrose by culture filtrates of Streptococcus  spp. were all hydrolysed to various limits; the range was 11-61%. A soluble glucan, synthesised by an extracellular D-glucosyltransferase of S. mutans OMZ176, was not a substrate, whereas insoluble glucans synthesised by a different D-glucosyltransferase, isolated from S. mutans strains OMZ176 and K1-R, were extensively hydrolysed (84 and 92%, respectively). It is suggested that dextranase-CB, a bacterial endo(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-glucanase that does not release D-glucose from any substrate, could be used together with C. resinae (1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-glucanase to determine the relative proportions of (1 leads to 6)-linked to (1 leads to 3)-linked sequences of D-glucose residues in the insoluble glucans produce by oral streptococci. The simultaneous action of the two D-glucanoses was highly effective in solubilizing the glucans.", "contents": "Metabolism of the polysaccharides of human dental plaque. Part II. Purification and properties of Cladosporium resinae (1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-glucanase, and the enzymic hydrolysis of glucans synthesised by extracellular D-glucosyltransferases of oral streptococci. Cladosporium resinae (1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-glucanase has been characterized as an endoglucanase capable of completely hydrolysing insoluble (1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-glucans isolated from fungal cell-walls. D-Glucose was the major product, but a small amount of nigerose was also produced. The enzyme was specific for the hydrolysis of (1 leads to 3) bonds that occur in sequence, and nigerotetraose was the smallest substrate that was rapidly attacked. Isolated (1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages that occur in mycodextran, isolichein, dextrans, and oligosaccharides derived from dextran were not hydrolysed. Insoluble glucan synthesised from sucrose by culture filtrates of Streptococcus  spp. were all hydrolysed to various limits; the range was 11-61%. A soluble glucan, synthesised by an extracellular D-glucosyltransferase of S. mutans OMZ176, was not a substrate, whereas insoluble glucans synthesised by a different D-glucosyltransferase, isolated from S. mutans strains OMZ176 and K1-R, were extensively hydrolysed (84 and 92%, respectively). It is suggested that dextranase-CB, a bacterial endo(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-glucanase that does not release D-glucose from any substrate, could be used together with C. resinae (1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-glucanase to determine the relative proportions of (1 leads to 6)-linked to (1 leads to 3)-linked sequences of D-glucose residues in the insoluble glucans produce by oral streptococci. The simultaneous action of the two D-glucanoses was highly effective in solubilizing the glucans.", "PMID": 334367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12976", "title": "Phagokinetic tracks of 3T3 cells: parallels between the orientation of track segments and of cellular structures which contain actin or tubulin.", "content": "Phagokinetic tracks were used to determine the current direction of migration in 3T3 cells. Comparing this direction with the orientation of actin or tubulin-containing cellular structures by indirect immunofluorescence, the following results were obtained. First, the main actin-containing bundles were located at the bottom and tail end of 3T3 cells and ran parallel to the current or preceding direction of migration. Second, the 3 micrometer long rod-like structure (primary cilium), which contains tubulin and which has been observed by other investigators in transmission electron microscopy (Barnes, 1961; Sorokin, 1962; Wheatley, 1969) and in indirect immunofluorescence (Osborn and Weber, 1976), was oriented predominantly parallel to the substrate and to the current movement direction. It seems possible that the primary cilium has a role in the directional control of a migrating 3T3 cell, and that the main actin containing bundles act as substrate-attached rails along which the nucleus and bulk cytoplasm slide during displacement of the cells.", "contents": "Phagokinetic tracks of 3T3 cells: parallels between the orientation of track segments and of cellular structures which contain actin or tubulin. Phagokinetic tracks were used to determine the current direction of migration in 3T3 cells. Comparing this direction with the orientation of actin or tubulin-containing cellular structures by indirect immunofluorescence, the following results were obtained. First, the main actin-containing bundles were located at the bottom and tail end of 3T3 cells and ran parallel to the current or preceding direction of migration. Second, the 3 micrometer long rod-like structure (primary cilium), which contains tubulin and which has been observed by other investigators in transmission electron microscopy (Barnes, 1961; Sorokin, 1962; Wheatley, 1969) and in indirect immunofluorescence (Osborn and Weber, 1976), was oriented predominantly parallel to the substrate and to the current movement direction. It seems possible that the primary cilium has a role in the directional control of a migrating 3T3 cell, and that the main actin containing bundles act as substrate-attached rails along which the nucleus and bulk cytoplasm slide during displacement of the cells.", "PMID": 334371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12977", "title": "RNA synthesized in vitro by calf thymus RNA polymerase III (C), as well as by E. coli RNA polymerase, is restricted to a subset of calf thymus DNA.", "content": "RNA synthesized in vitro from chromatin and DNA by calf thymus RNA polymerase III was evaluated by hybridization in vast DNA excess. The RNA contains RNA complementary to both moderately repeated and unique DNA sequences. Very highly repeated DNA is not transcribed. A greater portion of RNA transcribed from DNA by RNA polymerase III hybridizes to moderately repeated DNA than RNA transcribed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. In studies utilizing DNA absorbed to filters, RNA transcribed from chromatin in short incubations hybridized to a greater extent than RNA transcribed for longer times. Similar results were obtained with RNA transcribed from DNA by E. coli RNA polymerase. These results suggest: 1) RNA polymerase III may be responsible for the synthesis of RNA species in addition to tRNA and 5 S ribosomal RNA and a portion of this RNA is transcribed from unique DNA; and 2) in vitro there may be selectivity in the initiation of transcription by both E. coli RNA polymerase and calf thymus RNA polymerase III.", "contents": "RNA synthesized in vitro by calf thymus RNA polymerase III (C), as well as by E. coli RNA polymerase, is restricted to a subset of calf thymus DNA. RNA synthesized in vitro from chromatin and DNA by calf thymus RNA polymerase III was evaluated by hybridization in vast DNA excess. The RNA contains RNA complementary to both moderately repeated and unique DNA sequences. Very highly repeated DNA is not transcribed. A greater portion of RNA transcribed from DNA by RNA polymerase III hybridizes to moderately repeated DNA than RNA transcribed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. In studies utilizing DNA absorbed to filters, RNA transcribed from chromatin in short incubations hybridized to a greater extent than RNA transcribed for longer times. Similar results were obtained with RNA transcribed from DNA by E. coli RNA polymerase. These results suggest: 1) RNA polymerase III may be responsible for the synthesis of RNA species in addition to tRNA and 5 S ribosomal RNA and a portion of this RNA is transcribed from unique DNA; and 2) in vitro there may be selectivity in the initiation of transcription by both E. coli RNA polymerase and calf thymus RNA polymerase III.", "PMID": 334372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12978", "title": "Anomalous pulmonary venous return with intact atrial septum: diagnosis and pathophysiology.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with intact atrial septum have been studied. These include 13 patients not previously reported from our laboratories and eight patients with complete hemodynamics reported by others. Methods for identification of this abnormality and for identification of an intact atrial septum are described, including differential indicator dilution curves, catheter probing of the atrial septum and pulmonary angiography. Blood flow through anomalously draining lobes of the lung is usually higher than through normally drainage lobes attributable to the higher pressure differences across the anomalous lung, right atrial pressure being uniformly lower than left atrial pressure. The pulmonary vascular resistance when \"standardized\" to the flow of blood normally present in different portions of the lung indicated that no significant differences existed between normally and anomalously draining lobes. Six patients had coexisting rheumatic mitral stenosis and one had congenital mitral stenosis. Its influence on the hemodynamic changes produced by PAPVD is discussed.", "contents": "Anomalous pulmonary venous return with intact atrial septum: diagnosis and pathophysiology. Twenty-one patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with intact atrial septum have been studied. These include 13 patients not previously reported from our laboratories and eight patients with complete hemodynamics reported by others. Methods for identification of this abnormality and for identification of an intact atrial septum are described, including differential indicator dilution curves, catheter probing of the atrial septum and pulmonary angiography. Blood flow through anomalously draining lobes of the lung is usually higher than through normally drainage lobes attributable to the higher pressure differences across the anomalous lung, right atrial pressure being uniformly lower than left atrial pressure. The pulmonary vascular resistance when \"standardized\" to the flow of blood normally present in different portions of the lung indicated that no significant differences existed between normally and anomalously draining lobes. Six patients had coexisting rheumatic mitral stenosis and one had congenital mitral stenosis. Its influence on the hemodynamic changes produced by PAPVD is discussed.", "PMID": 334393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12979", "title": "Adenosine deaminase activity in lymphocytes of normal persons, leukemic patients, and kidney-transplant recipients.", "content": "We determined the activity of adenosine deaminase in normal lymphocytes from peripheral blood, leukemic cells from patients with various hematologic malignancies, and mononuclear cells from kidney-transplant patients, by adapting the method of Hopkinson et al. [Ann. Hum. Genet. 32, 361 (1969)] to the centrifugal analyzer. Normal lymphocytes separated on Ficoll-Hypaque from peripheral blood had a mean activity of 1.42 U/10(9) cells (SD = 0.57; N = 33). Cells similarly isolated from patients with acute lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative disease generally showed greater values, but the ranges overlapped. Cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia had activities that were within or below the normal range. Mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood of 15 stable renal allograft recipients showed a mean activity of 1.90 U/10(9) cells (SD = 0.59), not significantly different from normal. In contrast, cells from five patients with biopsy-proven allograft rejection showed a mean activity of 12.84 U/10(9) cells (SD = 10.10), which was significantly different from that of the stable patients.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase activity in lymphocytes of normal persons, leukemic patients, and kidney-transplant recipients. We determined the activity of adenosine deaminase in normal lymphocytes from peripheral blood, leukemic cells from patients with various hematologic malignancies, and mononuclear cells from kidney-transplant patients, by adapting the method of Hopkinson et al. [Ann. Hum. Genet. 32, 361 (1969)] to the centrifugal analyzer. Normal lymphocytes separated on Ficoll-Hypaque from peripheral blood had a mean activity of 1.42 U/10(9) cells (SD = 0.57; N = 33). Cells similarly isolated from patients with acute lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative disease generally showed greater values, but the ranges overlapped. Cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia had activities that were within or below the normal range. Mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood of 15 stable renal allograft recipients showed a mean activity of 1.90 U/10(9) cells (SD = 0.59), not significantly different from normal. In contrast, cells from five patients with biopsy-proven allograft rejection showed a mean activity of 12.84 U/10(9) cells (SD = 10.10), which was significantly different from that of the stable patients.", "PMID": 334394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12980", "title": "Detection of endotoxins in human blood and plasma. An improved in-vitro pyrogen test.", "content": "We describe an improved in-vitro procedure for detection of endotoxin in human blood and plasma by use of Limulus amoebocyte lysate. Increasing concentrations of Escherichia coli endotoxin added to a constant amount of the lysate cause a proportional increase in protein precipitated by the endotoxin. By measuring the amount of protein precipitated, it was possible to determine the equivalent E. coli endotoxin concentration in unknown samples, when samples were run with E. coli endotoxin standards and negative controls. The E. coli endotoxin, present in human whole blood and platelet-rich plasma, failed to react with the lysate. However, the concentration of endotoxin in whole blood and platelet-rich plasma could be measured with this Limulus test after lysing the platelets to release the endotoxin and subsequently removing the inhibitory proteins by chloroform precipitation. With this procedure it was possible accurately and repeatedly to determine E. coli equivalent endotoxin concentrations as low as 195 ng per liter of whole blood or 49 ng per liter of platelet-rich plasma.", "contents": "Detection of endotoxins in human blood and plasma. An improved in-vitro pyrogen test. We describe an improved in-vitro procedure for detection of endotoxin in human blood and plasma by use of Limulus amoebocyte lysate. Increasing concentrations of Escherichia coli endotoxin added to a constant amount of the lysate cause a proportional increase in protein precipitated by the endotoxin. By measuring the amount of protein precipitated, it was possible to determine the equivalent E. coli endotoxin concentration in unknown samples, when samples were run with E. coli endotoxin standards and negative controls. The E. coli endotoxin, present in human whole blood and platelet-rich plasma, failed to react with the lysate. However, the concentration of endotoxin in whole blood and platelet-rich plasma could be measured with this Limulus test after lysing the platelets to release the endotoxin and subsequently removing the inhibitory proteins by chloroform precipitation. With this procedure it was possible accurately and repeatedly to determine E. coli equivalent endotoxin concentrations as low as 195 ng per liter of whole blood or 49 ng per liter of platelet-rich plasma.", "PMID": 334395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12981", "title": "Ascertainment in the sequential sampling of pedigrees.", "content": "One aim in the analysis of pedigree data may be to infer the mode of inheritance of a characteristic. If only \"interesting\" pedigrees are analysed, the ascertainment bias may lead to some modes of inheritance being unintentionally preferred. Also, it is clearly most efficient in attempting to make such inferences, if a decision on whether to continue sampling a pedigree is made conditional on the types of individuals who have been observed; an a priori decision to examine 500 members of a pedigree may lead to much wasted effort, since the pedigree may prove to be largely uninformative. The present paper shows that provided all observed families are included in the analysis, even those which appeared \"uninteresting\" or \"sporadic\" and were not sampled further, and provided a decision to continue sampling is made conditional on types observed up to that point, the correct likelihood for the mode of inheritance may be easily computed. This opens the way for a more detailed study of the wider problem of optimal samplings rules on pedigrees.", "contents": "Ascertainment in the sequential sampling of pedigrees. One aim in the analysis of pedigree data may be to infer the mode of inheritance of a characteristic. If only \"interesting\" pedigrees are analysed, the ascertainment bias may lead to some modes of inheritance being unintentionally preferred. Also, it is clearly most efficient in attempting to make such inferences, if a decision on whether to continue sampling a pedigree is made conditional on the types of individuals who have been observed; an a priori decision to examine 500 members of a pedigree may lead to much wasted effort, since the pedigree may prove to be largely uninformative. The present paper shows that provided all observed families are included in the analysis, even those which appeared \"uninteresting\" or \"sporadic\" and were not sampled further, and provided a decision to continue sampling is made conditional on types observed up to that point, the correct likelihood for the mode of inheritance may be easily computed. This opens the way for a more detailed study of the wider problem of optimal samplings rules on pedigrees.", "PMID": 334399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12982", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and its relationship to other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is a disorder with variable clinical presentation, but with constant and easily recognizable morphological features. The majority of cases are of B-cell lineage, the cells being characterized by IgM and IgD surface markers. In occasional cases monoclonal gammopathies with idiotypes identical to those of the SIg are produced. Some cases of CLL may be confused with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia. The clinical and morphological features of certain other lymphoproliferative disorders have been summarized. Finally, a progression of B-cell differentiation along an immunoexpressive spectrum has been described and the relative position of CLL defined. A correlation of cell morphology and function is possible in most cases. The possibility that CLL may terminate in an acute blastic crisis or histiocytic lymphoma is raised. It is emphasized that LPD include a wide range of diseases, some being non-malignant, others of questionable malignancy, and still others being frankly malignant. Clinical, morphological and immunological data are required for diagnosis in some cases.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and its relationship to other lymphoproliferative disorders. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is a disorder with variable clinical presentation, but with constant and easily recognizable morphological features. The majority of cases are of B-cell lineage, the cells being characterized by IgM and IgD surface markers. In occasional cases monoclonal gammopathies with idiotypes identical to those of the SIg are produced. Some cases of CLL may be confused with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia. The clinical and morphological features of certain other lymphoproliferative disorders have been summarized. Finally, a progression of B-cell differentiation along an immunoexpressive spectrum has been described and the relative position of CLL defined. A correlation of cell morphology and function is possible in most cases. The possibility that CLL may terminate in an acute blastic crisis or histiocytic lymphoma is raised. It is emphasized that LPD include a wide range of diseases, some being non-malignant, others of questionable malignancy, and still others being frankly malignant. Clinical, morphological and immunological data are required for diagnosis in some cases.", "PMID": 334406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12983", "title": "Cell kinetics in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL).", "content": "The fractional production rate of CLL lymphocytes, certainly in the peripheral blood and possibly in the lymph nodes, is often lower than normal. On the other hand, the absolute production in CLL blood and in lymph nodes seems to be considerably increased in most cases. Arguments for an increased lymphocyte life span in CLL, although fragmentary and dispersed, exist. The blood CLL lymphocytes, as normal lymphocytes, exchange rapidly with an extravascular pool of lymphocytes. However, recirculation of lymphocytes--from blood to blood via the lymph node and the thoracic duct--does not proceed normally in CLL. Whether this is related to the B nature of the CLL lymphocyte, to the leukaemic nature of the CLL lymphocyte or to mechanical factors--crowding of the extravascular pool--is still debatable.", "contents": "Cell kinetics in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The fractional production rate of CLL lymphocytes, certainly in the peripheral blood and possibly in the lymph nodes, is often lower than normal. On the other hand, the absolute production in CLL blood and in lymph nodes seems to be considerably increased in most cases. Arguments for an increased lymphocyte life span in CLL, although fragmentary and dispersed, exist. The blood CLL lymphocytes, as normal lymphocytes, exchange rapidly with an extravascular pool of lymphocytes. However, recirculation of lymphocytes--from blood to blood via the lymph node and the thoracic duct--does not proceed normally in CLL. Whether this is related to the B nature of the CLL lymphocyte, to the leukaemic nature of the CLL lymphocyte or to mechanical factors--crowding of the extravascular pool--is still debatable.", "PMID": 334407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12984", "title": "Radiotherapy as primary treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Conventional chemotherapy and local radiotherapy have failed to reverse the progressive haematological and immunological deterioration that characterizes the natural history of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. At the National Cancer Institute, we have demonstrated that treatment with fractionated total-body irradiation has induced remissions sufficiently complete to modify the manifestations of disease which affect survival adversely. One-third of patients with active CLL have experienced responses distinguished by complete resolution of symptoms and palpable disease, correction of anaemia, restoration of the leucocyte count and differential to normal, clearing of the lymphocytic bone-marrow infiltration, and recovery from immunological incompetence. A distinct correlation has been observed between the response to therapy and the subsequent clinical course. The quality of life has been improved and the duration of survival prolonged in the group of patients who obtained the most favourable response (Type 1) to treatment. This establishes a rational for future attempts at reducing still further the tumour-cell burden. This view is in contrast to the generally accepted view that treatment has little if any influence upon the course of the disease or its prognosis.", "contents": "Radiotherapy as primary treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Conventional chemotherapy and local radiotherapy have failed to reverse the progressive haematological and immunological deterioration that characterizes the natural history of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. At the National Cancer Institute, we have demonstrated that treatment with fractionated total-body irradiation has induced remissions sufficiently complete to modify the manifestations of disease which affect survival adversely. One-third of patients with active CLL have experienced responses distinguished by complete resolution of symptoms and palpable disease, correction of anaemia, restoration of the leucocyte count and differential to normal, clearing of the lymphocytic bone-marrow infiltration, and recovery from immunological incompetence. A distinct correlation has been observed between the response to therapy and the subsequent clinical course. The quality of life has been improved and the duration of survival prolonged in the group of patients who obtained the most favourable response (Type 1) to treatment. This establishes a rational for future attempts at reducing still further the tumour-cell burden. This view is in contrast to the generally accepted view that treatment has little if any influence upon the course of the disease or its prognosis.", "PMID": 334413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12985", "title": "The cytogenetics of chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "The chromosome abnormalities associated with the classical type of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) involve a deletion of chromosome number 22 (Ph1) and translocation of the deleted material to another autosome, usually a number 9, t(9;22) (q34;q11). There is no clinically detectable difference between patients showing usual or unusual sites of translocation of 22q. In the chronic phase the typical translocation without additional abnormalities accounts for about two-thirds of the cases. Additional abnormalities include -Y and +8; difference of prognosis in association with aneuploidy has not yet been demonstrated. The presence of Ph1-negative cells in the chronic phase may be related to the time of ascertainment. The isochromosome for the long arm of number 17 is pathognomonic of impending metamorphosis. Additional chromosomal abnormalities are found in the majority of cases in the acute phase. Recent advances in immunological techniques for distinguishing different cytological types of blast cells, in patients who present with acute leukaemia with the Ph1 chromosome, have provided insight into the relationship of the Ph1 chromosome to the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "The cytogenetics of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. The chromosome abnormalities associated with the classical type of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) involve a deletion of chromosome number 22 (Ph1) and translocation of the deleted material to another autosome, usually a number 9, t(9;22) (q34;q11). There is no clinically detectable difference between patients showing usual or unusual sites of translocation of 22q. In the chronic phase the typical translocation without additional abnormalities accounts for about two-thirds of the cases. Additional abnormalities include -Y and +8; difference of prognosis in association with aneuploidy has not yet been demonstrated. The presence of Ph1-negative cells in the chronic phase may be related to the time of ascertainment. The isochromosome for the long arm of number 17 is pathognomonic of impending metamorphosis. Additional chromosomal abnormalities are found in the majority of cases in the acute phase. Recent advances in immunological techniques for distinguishing different cytological types of blast cells, in patients who present with acute leukaemia with the Ph1 chromosome, have provided insight into the relationship of the Ph1 chromosome to the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 334417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12986", "title": "Human lymphocyte differentiation markers and their application to immune deficiency and lymphoproliferative diseases.", "content": "The study of human lymphoid cell differentiation markers has recently yielded many insights into the pathogenesis of certain diseases which primarily affect the immune system. The application of these markers has, however, generated a host of new questions. Both technical difficulties and uncertainties concerning the significance of particular markers limit their routine application at the present time. Indeed, many studies in the literature, both in the diseases reviewed above, and perhaps to a greater degree in other conditions ('autoimmune' diseases, sarcoidosis, hepatitis and various infections) require re-evaluation in the light of recently increased sophistication about cell surfaces. Because of these qualificatins, the application of multiple characterizations of lymphoid cells using independent methodologies is necessary before any firm conclusions can be drawn in a particular clinical or experimental situation.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte differentiation markers and their application to immune deficiency and lymphoproliferative diseases. The study of human lymphoid cell differentiation markers has recently yielded many insights into the pathogenesis of certain diseases which primarily affect the immune system. The application of these markers has, however, generated a host of new questions. Both technical difficulties and uncertainties concerning the significance of particular markers limit their routine application at the present time. Indeed, many studies in the literature, both in the diseases reviewed above, and perhaps to a greater degree in other conditions ('autoimmune' diseases, sarcoidosis, hepatitis and various infections) require re-evaluation in the light of recently increased sophistication about cell surfaces. Because of these qualificatins, the application of multiple characterizations of lymphoid cells using independent methodologies is necessary before any firm conclusions can be drawn in a particular clinical or experimental situation.", "PMID": 334421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12987", "title": "Radiographical and pathological assessment of the activity of Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Because specific medication to treat Paget's disease of bone is becoming available, it is important to assess the activity of Paget's disease in order to select appropriate treatment programs for individual patients. Clinical radiographs and pathological specimens demonstrate that specific morphological changes occur in an affected bone over the course of time. In the initial phase osteoclastic resorption of previously existing bone is prominent. Replacement of the normal bone with a type of rapidly remodeled bone is characteristic of the active phase of the disease. Because the new bone may be relatively osteoporotic, collapse of the structure of vertebral bodies is possible. Muscle pull and weight-bearing forces on remodeling cortical bone produces a marked reduction in the numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts with the bone marrow reverting to fat cells. The defferentiation between this inactive type of tissue and tissue with active disease is so difficult in routine roentgenograms that reliable evaluation of patients with Paget's disease requires more sensitive methods.", "contents": "Radiographical and pathological assessment of the activity of Paget's disease of bone. Because specific medication to treat Paget's disease of bone is becoming available, it is important to assess the activity of Paget's disease in order to select appropriate treatment programs for individual patients. Clinical radiographs and pathological specimens demonstrate that specific morphological changes occur in an affected bone over the course of time. In the initial phase osteoclastic resorption of previously existing bone is prominent. Replacement of the normal bone with a type of rapidly remodeled bone is characteristic of the active phase of the disease. Because the new bone may be relatively osteoporotic, collapse of the structure of vertebral bodies is possible. Muscle pull and weight-bearing forces on remodeling cortical bone produces a marked reduction in the numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts with the bone marrow reverting to fat cells. The defferentiation between this inactive type of tissue and tissue with active disease is so difficult in routine roentgenograms that reliable evaluation of patients with Paget's disease requires more sensitive methods.", "PMID": 334434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12988", "title": "Do diuretics have antihypertensive properties independent of natriuresis?", "content": "To ascertain whether diuretics have an antihypertensive effect independent of natriuresis, 12 stable patients on maintenance hemodialysis underwent a crossover evaluation with hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg daily, metolazone, 5 mg daily, or placebo in 4-wk treatment periods for 6 mo. Compliance was assured by pill counts and serum drug concentrations. All patients had daily urine less than 100 ml. Pre- and postdialysis blood pressure, body weight, plasma volume, and plasma renin activity were monitored. Over the 6-mo study period there were no statistically significant changes in any parameter related to diuretic therapy. It is concluded that a functioning kidney with the ability to respond to diuretics with a natriuresis is necessary for the antihypertensive action of diuretics. Direct vascular effects of diuretics to lower peripheral resistance could not be demonstrated in this unique patient population.", "contents": "Do diuretics have antihypertensive properties independent of natriuresis? To ascertain whether diuretics have an antihypertensive effect independent of natriuresis, 12 stable patients on maintenance hemodialysis underwent a crossover evaluation with hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg daily, metolazone, 5 mg daily, or placebo in 4-wk treatment periods for 6 mo. Compliance was assured by pill counts and serum drug concentrations. All patients had daily urine less than 100 ml. Pre- and postdialysis blood pressure, body weight, plasma volume, and plasma renin activity were monitored. Over the 6-mo study period there were no statistically significant changes in any parameter related to diuretic therapy. It is concluded that a functioning kidney with the ability to respond to diuretics with a natriuresis is necessary for the antihypertensive action of diuretics. Direct vascular effects of diuretics to lower peripheral resistance could not be demonstrated in this unique patient population.", "PMID": 334435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12989", "title": "Naturally occurring toxic substances in foods.", "content": "Numerous chemical toxins, including normal components of natural foods, e.g., mycotoxins, and toxic chemicals as contaminants such as pesticides, fertilizers, food additives, and preservatives, which are potentially toxic to humans, are discussed. Potential toxicity, the hazard to man represented by most of these chemicals, may be low because the concentration in food may be low. The gap in our knowledge of long-term effects makes rational decisions as to allowable levels of these substances a major problem. On the other hand, nitrosamines and aflatoxins are toxins for which there exists a voluminous literature documentaing extreme biologic activity in experimental animals and indirect evidence for activity in man. Epidemiologic evidence has linked them to human cancers, and because of increasing evidence of long-term human exposure to these toxins either as inadvertent contaminants during food preparation or as the metabolites of mycotic infestation this possible hazard demands intensive investigation. An exhaustive review of data from epidemiologic surveys in various parts of the world, as well as from long-term laboratory studies, represents an impressive start in this direction.", "contents": "Naturally occurring toxic substances in foods. Numerous chemical toxins, including normal components of natural foods, e.g., mycotoxins, and toxic chemicals as contaminants such as pesticides, fertilizers, food additives, and preservatives, which are potentially toxic to humans, are discussed. Potential toxicity, the hazard to man represented by most of these chemicals, may be low because the concentration in food may be low. The gap in our knowledge of long-term effects makes rational decisions as to allowable levels of these substances a major problem. On the other hand, nitrosamines and aflatoxins are toxins for which there exists a voluminous literature documentaing extreme biologic activity in experimental animals and indirect evidence for activity in man. Epidemiologic evidence has linked them to human cancers, and because of increasing evidence of long-term human exposure to these toxins either as inadvertent contaminants during food preparation or as the metabolites of mycotic infestation this possible hazard demands intensive investigation. An exhaustive review of data from epidemiologic surveys in various parts of the world, as well as from long-term laboratory studies, represents an impressive start in this direction.", "PMID": 334438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12990", "title": "Regulation of cytochrome P-450-dependent microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes by nickel, cobalt, and iron.", "content": "The effects of metals as modifiers of the activity of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes were studied with the use of nickel, cobalt, and iron. These metals were found to impair cellular heme-dependent metabolism by affecting both the heme biosynthetic and heme degradative pathways, inhibiting the former and inducing the latter. As powerful cellular toxins, metals depress respiratory activity and indirectly reduce drug-detoxifying ability of cells. Metals also perturb cellular glutathione content and thus may alter the activity of glutathione-dependent enzymes. The toxicity of metals is cumulative depending on concentration and degree of cellular exposure to one or to several closely related metals. On the other hand, these metal effects on cellular heme metabolism could also have selective therapeutic application in circumstances in which it may be desirable to suppress heme synthesis in order to decrease drug biotransformation, i.e., when a certain drug metabolite is more toxic than the parent compound.", "contents": "Regulation of cytochrome P-450-dependent microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes by nickel, cobalt, and iron. The effects of metals as modifiers of the activity of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes were studied with the use of nickel, cobalt, and iron. These metals were found to impair cellular heme-dependent metabolism by affecting both the heme biosynthetic and heme degradative pathways, inhibiting the former and inducing the latter. As powerful cellular toxins, metals depress respiratory activity and indirectly reduce drug-detoxifying ability of cells. Metals also perturb cellular glutathione content and thus may alter the activity of glutathione-dependent enzymes. The toxicity of metals is cumulative depending on concentration and degree of cellular exposure to one or to several closely related metals. On the other hand, these metal effects on cellular heme metabolism could also have selective therapeutic application in circumstances in which it may be desirable to suppress heme synthesis in order to decrease drug biotransformation, i.e., when a certain drug metabolite is more toxic than the parent compound.", "PMID": 334441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12991", "title": "The treatment of burned children.", "content": "Burn shock in infants and children is satisfactorily treated by the initial intravenous administration of balanced hypertonic sodium solutions; monitoring of plasma sodium and/or osmolarity permits necessary adjustment of the sodium concentration of administered fluids. This approach has been safe. Its principal advantage is in minimizing acute gains in body weight, which may be alarming otherwise, especially in children. Clinical and bacteriological data are presented indicating that cerium nitrate-silver sulfadiazine cream is a highly efficient topical antiseptic agent for both major and minor burn wounds and that it has low toxicity. Cerium nitrate-silver sulfadiazine cream can be readily employed in any clinical setting.", "contents": "The treatment of burned children. Burn shock in infants and children is satisfactorily treated by the initial intravenous administration of balanced hypertonic sodium solutions; monitoring of plasma sodium and/or osmolarity permits necessary adjustment of the sodium concentration of administered fluids. This approach has been safe. Its principal advantage is in minimizing acute gains in body weight, which may be alarming otherwise, especially in children. Clinical and bacteriological data are presented indicating that cerium nitrate-silver sulfadiazine cream is a highly efficient topical antiseptic agent for both major and minor burn wounds and that it has low toxicity. Cerium nitrate-silver sulfadiazine cream can be readily employed in any clinical setting.", "PMID": 334445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12992", "title": "Practical bacteriologic monitoring of the burn victim.", "content": "A comprehensive picture of the burn wound microflora is now possible as a result of recent technologic advances. The microflora of the burn wound can be characterized with respect to its number, type, location, and antibiotic sensitivity. These parameters can be measured in sufficient time to influence the decision of the burn surgeon. The microflora of the surface of the burn wound and the burn wound itself are examined separately by different sampling techniques. For the surface microflora, the gauze capillary techniques employed, while incisional biopsies are used to monitor the organisms in the burn wound. After sampling, suspensions of the specimens are created which in turn are subjected to direct microscopic measurement, quantitative culture procedures, and immediate antibiotic sensitivity testing. Histologic examination of the burn wound is performed concomitantly with this bacteriologic examination to determine the depth of bacterial invasion as well as to detect the presence of either mycotic or herpetic infections.", "contents": "Practical bacteriologic monitoring of the burn victim. A comprehensive picture of the burn wound microflora is now possible as a result of recent technologic advances. The microflora of the burn wound can be characterized with respect to its number, type, location, and antibiotic sensitivity. These parameters can be measured in sufficient time to influence the decision of the burn surgeon. The microflora of the surface of the burn wound and the burn wound itself are examined separately by different sampling techniques. For the surface microflora, the gauze capillary techniques employed, while incisional biopsies are used to monitor the organisms in the burn wound. After sampling, suspensions of the specimens are created which in turn are subjected to direct microscopic measurement, quantitative culture procedures, and immediate antibiotic sensitivity testing. Histologic examination of the burn wound is performed concomitantly with this bacteriologic examination to determine the depth of bacterial invasion as well as to detect the presence of either mycotic or herpetic infections.", "PMID": 334446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12993", "title": "Craniofacial surgery in children: concepts and questions.", "content": "Craniofacial surgery is an exciting new subspecialty of medicine. It is strictly a team project that will function well only in a tertiary medical center. Particular coordination is needed among the plastic surgeon, neurosurgeon, anesthesiologist, and pediatrician. This article considers many of the potential advantages and some of the disadvantages of performing craniofacial surgery on infants. It is difficult or impossible, based on current knowledge, to predict the ultimate limits of such new techniques. The history of surgical evolution, however, continues to demonstrate that what \"at first observation\" was thought to be impossible or undesirable often evolves, with more understanding, to be the desired course of action. It was entirely appropriate that the initial craniofacial surgical efforts be generally confined to adult-type patients, but the currently available technical refinements have developed such procedures to the point where they now have a definite place in infant surgery as well. Continued clinical investigative research will provide further information regarding the eventual benefits and perhaps will lead to surgical techniques in neonates that will actually prevent the development of certain predictable deformities.", "contents": "Craniofacial surgery in children: concepts and questions. Craniofacial surgery is an exciting new subspecialty of medicine. It is strictly a team project that will function well only in a tertiary medical center. Particular coordination is needed among the plastic surgeon, neurosurgeon, anesthesiologist, and pediatrician. This article considers many of the potential advantages and some of the disadvantages of performing craniofacial surgery on infants. It is difficult or impossible, based on current knowledge, to predict the ultimate limits of such new techniques. The history of surgical evolution, however, continues to demonstrate that what \"at first observation\" was thought to be impossible or undesirable often evolves, with more understanding, to be the desired course of action. It was entirely appropriate that the initial craniofacial surgical efforts be generally confined to adult-type patients, but the currently available technical refinements have developed such procedures to the point where they now have a definite place in infant surgery as well. Continued clinical investigative research will provide further information regarding the eventual benefits and perhaps will lead to surgical techniques in neonates that will actually prevent the development of certain predictable deformities.", "PMID": 334447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12994", "title": "Preliminary report of the effects of propranolol HCl on the discomfiture caused by niacin.", "content": "Subjective discomfort caused by nausea and hot, pruritic skin has been described in patients after ingestion of therapeutic dosages of niacin is shown by this study to be alleviated by propranolol HC1. A dosage of 2 mg, I.V., given incrementally, in a clinical trial of six patients is described. The peripheral vasodilator effects of niacin were attenuated in some subjects but not in others. However, all subjects reported relief of unpleasant symptoms. Serial vital signs were taken and no significant changes were found. It is postulated that propranolol HC1 exerts a calmative effect at the CNS level. In a series that utilized doses of 40 and 80 mg of propranolol HC1 taken orally 30 min prior to the ingestion of 500 or 1000 mg of niacin, a progressive increase in the onset of the niacin flush was observed. It is proposed that as the available plasma level of propranolol HC1 falls, the ratio of niacin to propranolol HC1 increases, exceeding the threshold at which the flush occurs. Both these studies suggest that further work is indicated to establish the possible therapeutic efficacy of propranolol HC1.", "contents": "Preliminary report of the effects of propranolol HCl on the discomfiture caused by niacin. Subjective discomfort caused by nausea and hot, pruritic skin has been described in patients after ingestion of therapeutic dosages of niacin is shown by this study to be alleviated by propranolol HC1. A dosage of 2 mg, I.V., given incrementally, in a clinical trial of six patients is described. The peripheral vasodilator effects of niacin were attenuated in some subjects but not in others. However, all subjects reported relief of unpleasant symptoms. Serial vital signs were taken and no significant changes were found. It is postulated that propranolol HC1 exerts a calmative effect at the CNS level. In a series that utilized doses of 40 and 80 mg of propranolol HC1 taken orally 30 min prior to the ingestion of 500 or 1000 mg of niacin, a progressive increase in the onset of the niacin flush was observed. It is proposed that as the available plasma level of propranolol HC1 falls, the ratio of niacin to propranolol HC1 increases, exceeding the threshold at which the flush occurs. Both these studies suggest that further work is indicated to establish the possible therapeutic efficacy of propranolol HC1.", "PMID": 334454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12995", "title": "Analysis of caries clinical trial data in the presence of study group imbalance.", "content": "Imbalance of any important factor in caries clinical trials can bias group means, and make decisions based on such means of questionable value. Six hypothetical trials are presented which have varying degrees of imbalance in baseline DMFS. The crude group means for these trials vary radically, from one extreme in which the treated group has significantly less decay than the control group, to the opposite extreme in which the control group has significantly less decay than the treated group. Two methods for adjustment to correct for the imbalances, the analyses of covariance and blocking analysis, are discussed and applied to each trial. For these data sets the blocking analysis appears superior to the analysis of covariance in terms of maintaining the essential character of the data. An appendix explaining in detail how the blocking analysis is performed can be obtained on request to the author.", "contents": "Analysis of caries clinical trial data in the presence of study group imbalance. Imbalance of any important factor in caries clinical trials can bias group means, and make decisions based on such means of questionable value. Six hypothetical trials are presented which have varying degrees of imbalance in baseline DMFS. The crude group means for these trials vary radically, from one extreme in which the treated group has significantly less decay than the control group, to the opposite extreme in which the control group has significantly less decay than the treated group. Two methods for adjustment to correct for the imbalances, the analyses of covariance and blocking analysis, are discussed and applied to each trial. For these data sets the blocking analysis appears superior to the analysis of covariance in terms of maintaining the essential character of the data. An appendix explaining in detail how the blocking analysis is performed can be obtained on request to the author.", "PMID": 334455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12996", "title": "Estimation of gastro-intestinal blood loss in volunteers treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "In a double-blind study of 24 healthy volunteers treated with daily doses of 150 mg flurbiprofen, 600 mg phenylbutazone, 2.1 g aspirin, or placebo for 7 days, assessments were made of faecal blood loss before, during and after treatment. Measurementl body showed that aspirin produced the greatest degree of blood loss. Although both flurbiprofen and phenylbutazone produced greater blood loss than did placebo, the difference from pre-treatment values was not significant, and the levels returned almost to normal in the post-treatment period.", "contents": "Estimation of gastro-intestinal blood loss in volunteers treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. In a double-blind study of 24 healthy volunteers treated with daily doses of 150 mg flurbiprofen, 600 mg phenylbutazone, 2.1 g aspirin, or placebo for 7 days, assessments were made of faecal blood loss before, during and after treatment. Measurementl body showed that aspirin produced the greatest degree of blood loss. Although both flurbiprofen and phenylbutazone produced greater blood loss than did placebo, the difference from pre-treatment values was not significant, and the levels returned almost to normal in the post-treatment period.", "PMID": 334471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12997", "title": "Endoscopic study of gastro-intestinal injury with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "A double-blind placebo controlled study was carried out in 24 healthy male volunteers to assess the nature and extent of any gastro-intestinal damage caused by the short-term administration of flurbiprofen (300 mg/day), aspirin (2.1 g/day), and phenylbutazone (600 mg/day). Fibre-optic endoscopic examinations were made before and after 7-days' treatment by 3 observers. The results showed that aspirin produced severe and extensive damage. The changes seen with phenylbutazone were less severe than with aspirin but more marked than with flurbiprofen. Flurbiprofen was found to have produced minor changes which tended to be localized. The histopathological findings correlated well with the endoscopic observations.", "contents": "Endoscopic study of gastro-intestinal injury with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A double-blind placebo controlled study was carried out in 24 healthy male volunteers to assess the nature and extent of any gastro-intestinal damage caused by the short-term administration of flurbiprofen (300 mg/day), aspirin (2.1 g/day), and phenylbutazone (600 mg/day). Fibre-optic endoscopic examinations were made before and after 7-days' treatment by 3 observers. The results showed that aspirin produced severe and extensive damage. The changes seen with phenylbutazone were less severe than with aspirin but more marked than with flurbiprofen. Flurbiprofen was found to have produced minor changes which tended to be localized. The histopathological findings correlated well with the endoscopic observations.", "PMID": 334472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12998", "title": "Steroid-sparing action of flurbiprofen: use of an additional parameter of joint scans with 99m technetium.", "content": "A double-blind placebo controlled trial was carried out in 14 steroid-dependent patients with rheumatoid arthritis to assess the effectiveness and steroid-sparing action of flurbiprofen over a 4-week period. During the first week, the patients' steroid dosage was stabilized at the minimum necessary to control symptoms. They were then treated with either 100 mg flurbiprofen or placebo 3-times daily for 3 weeks. Steroid dosage was initially reduced to 50% of the stabilized dose and reduced further if practicable, depending on therapeutic response. Clinical assessments were made, at weekly intervals, of pain, swelling, tenderness, erythema, range of movement, grip strength, walking time, and duration of morning stiffness. Joint scanning of 99mTc uptake was also measured before and after treatment in 11 patients. The results showed that whereas 3 out of 6 patients on placebo has distinct inflammatory flare-up, this did not occur in any of the 8 patients on flurbiprofen. Moreover, 3 of the flurbiprofen group showed improvement and a further reduction in steriod dosage was possible in 3 patients. Improvements in joint scans correlated well with the clinical findings in 6 of 11 patients.", "contents": "Steroid-sparing action of flurbiprofen: use of an additional parameter of joint scans with 99m technetium. A double-blind placebo controlled trial was carried out in 14 steroid-dependent patients with rheumatoid arthritis to assess the effectiveness and steroid-sparing action of flurbiprofen over a 4-week period. During the first week, the patients' steroid dosage was stabilized at the minimum necessary to control symptoms. They were then treated with either 100 mg flurbiprofen or placebo 3-times daily for 3 weeks. Steroid dosage was initially reduced to 50% of the stabilized dose and reduced further if practicable, depending on therapeutic response. Clinical assessments were made, at weekly intervals, of pain, swelling, tenderness, erythema, range of movement, grip strength, walking time, and duration of morning stiffness. Joint scanning of 99mTc uptake was also measured before and after treatment in 11 patients. The results showed that whereas 3 out of 6 patients on placebo has distinct inflammatory flare-up, this did not occur in any of the 8 patients on flurbiprofen. Moreover, 3 of the flurbiprofen group showed improvement and a further reduction in steriod dosage was possible in 3 patients. Improvements in joint scans correlated well with the clinical findings in 6 of 11 patients.", "PMID": 334473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_12999", "title": "A comparative study of flurbiprofen and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind, crossover study was carried out in 30 patients with active, classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis to compare the effect of 200 mg flurbiprofen per day with that of 100 mg indomethacin per day. Patients received, at random, each drug for a period of 2 weeks separated by a weeks' wash-out period on placebo. Assessments were made before the start of the trial and at weekly intervals of pain, morning stiffness, grip strength, articular index, walking time, and finger joint size. Patients' preference for any particular treatment period was recorded at the end of the trial. Laboratory investigations were carried out before and during the trial. Both drugs shows statistically significant improvement over baseline assessments, although there was little difference between the two active treatment periods. More patients preferred the treatment period with flurbiprofen, and this was probably related to the fewer side-effects which were reported with this drug.", "contents": "A comparative study of flurbiprofen and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, crossover study was carried out in 30 patients with active, classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis to compare the effect of 200 mg flurbiprofen per day with that of 100 mg indomethacin per day. Patients received, at random, each drug for a period of 2 weeks separated by a weeks' wash-out period on placebo. Assessments were made before the start of the trial and at weekly intervals of pain, morning stiffness, grip strength, articular index, walking time, and finger joint size. Patients' preference for any particular treatment period was recorded at the end of the trial. Laboratory investigations were carried out before and during the trial. Both drugs shows statistically significant improvement over baseline assessments, although there was little difference between the two active treatment periods. More patients preferred the treatment period with flurbiprofen, and this was probably related to the fewer side-effects which were reported with this drug.", "PMID": 334474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13000", "title": "A comparative study of the long-term efficacy of flurbiprofen and indomethacin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, with special reference to iron metabolism.", "content": "Preliminary results are reported for the first 23 rheumatoid arthritis patients entered in a long-term, double-blind trial to compare the efficacy of flurbiprofen and indomethacin. It was planned that, unless withdrawn, patients from matched pairs received either flurbiprofen (150 mg to 300 mg daily) or indomethacin (75 mg to 150 mg daily) over a minimum period of 6 months, dosage being adjusted to suit exacerbations and remission of disease. In addition to clinical assessments of severity of pain, duration and severity of morning stiffness, joint size and joint score, routine laboratory measurements were carried out, including estimates of serum iron and total iron binding capacity, rheumatoid factor and immunoglobulin levels. This interim report gives the statistical analysis of results from the 17 patients completing from 2 to 4 months of treatment and shows that both drugs were equally effective in controlling disease activity. Withdrawals due to side-effects or exacerbations of disease were similar for both drugs.", "contents": "A comparative study of the long-term efficacy of flurbiprofen and indomethacin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, with special reference to iron metabolism. Preliminary results are reported for the first 23 rheumatoid arthritis patients entered in a long-term, double-blind trial to compare the efficacy of flurbiprofen and indomethacin. It was planned that, unless withdrawn, patients from matched pairs received either flurbiprofen (150 mg to 300 mg daily) or indomethacin (75 mg to 150 mg daily) over a minimum period of 6 months, dosage being adjusted to suit exacerbations and remission of disease. In addition to clinical assessments of severity of pain, duration and severity of morning stiffness, joint size and joint score, routine laboratory measurements were carried out, including estimates of serum iron and total iron binding capacity, rheumatoid factor and immunoglobulin levels. This interim report gives the statistical analysis of results from the 17 patients completing from 2 to 4 months of treatment and shows that both drugs were equally effective in controlling disease activity. Withdrawals due to side-effects or exacerbations of disease were similar for both drugs.", "PMID": 334475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13001", "title": "Controlled clinical trial comparing flurbiprofen and phenylbutazone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Preliminary results in 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis are presented from an on-going double-blind, between patient comparison of flurbiprofen and phenylbutazone. Patients received either 300 mg flurbiprofen daily or 400 mg phenylbutazone daily over a 2-week treatment period. Two patients treated with phenylbutazone developed a rash, and treatment was discontinued in 1 of them after Day 2.", "contents": "Controlled clinical trial comparing flurbiprofen and phenylbutazone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Preliminary results in 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis are presented from an on-going double-blind, between patient comparison of flurbiprofen and phenylbutazone. Patients received either 300 mg flurbiprofen daily or 400 mg phenylbutazone daily over a 2-week treatment period. Two patients treated with phenylbutazone developed a rash, and treatment was discontinued in 1 of them after Day 2.", "PMID": 334476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13002", "title": "Flurbiprofen and indomethacin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind crossover study.", "content": "A double-blind crossover study was carried out in 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis to compare the effectiveness of 300 mg flurbiprofen daily with that of 150 mg indomethacin daily. Each drug was given in random order for 2 weeks, each period being preceded by a wash-out period of 2 weeks during which patients received paracetamol. With the exception of joint size and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, both drugs showed a statistically significant improvement when compared individually to baseline in all of the parameters assessed. There were no statistically significant differences between the two drugs when both treatments were compared. Three patients reported side-effects with flubiprofen and 3 with indomethacin, 1 of whom had to be withdrawn from the trial.", "contents": "Flurbiprofen and indomethacin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind crossover study. A double-blind crossover study was carried out in 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis to compare the effectiveness of 300 mg flurbiprofen daily with that of 150 mg indomethacin daily. Each drug was given in random order for 2 weeks, each period being preceded by a wash-out period of 2 weeks during which patients received paracetamol. With the exception of joint size and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, both drugs showed a statistically significant improvement when compared individually to baseline in all of the parameters assessed. There were no statistically significant differences between the two drugs when both treatments were compared. Three patients reported side-effects with flubiprofen and 3 with indomethacin, 1 of whom had to be withdrawn from the trial.", "PMID": 334477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13003", "title": "A double-blind comparative study of 150 mg flurbiprofen daily and 75 mg indomethacin daily in the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the hip joint.", "content": "Thirty patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip were studied in a double-blind crossover comparison of 150 mg flurbiprofen daily and 75 mg indomethacin daily, each drug being given for 2 weeks separated by a wash-out period of 1 week on placebo. Statistical analysis of the results from 26 patients with complete records showed that both drugs produced statistically significant improvements over baseline after 1 and 2 weeks in assessments of severity of pain, night pain, duration of morning stiffness, and intermalleolar straddle. No statistical differences, however, were found between the two drugs. There were no reports of side-effects with flurbiprofen, but 6 reports from 3 patients whilst receiving indomethacin.", "contents": "A double-blind comparative study of 150 mg flurbiprofen daily and 75 mg indomethacin daily in the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the hip joint. Thirty patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip were studied in a double-blind crossover comparison of 150 mg flurbiprofen daily and 75 mg indomethacin daily, each drug being given for 2 weeks separated by a wash-out period of 1 week on placebo. Statistical analysis of the results from 26 patients with complete records showed that both drugs produced statistically significant improvements over baseline after 1 and 2 weeks in assessments of severity of pain, night pain, duration of morning stiffness, and intermalleolar straddle. No statistical differences, however, were found between the two drugs. There were no reports of side-effects with flurbiprofen, but 6 reports from 3 patients whilst receiving indomethacin.", "PMID": 334478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13004", "title": "Sarcoidosis in hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "content": "An abnormal chest x-ray film showing hilar adenopathy, diffuse interstitial pulmonary infiltrations, or both, combined with a tissue biopsy revealing noncaseating granuloma, are suggestive of sarcoidosis; however, non-caseating granuloma may also be found in other forms of pulmonary disease. Immunologic and environmental evaluation of three patients with the diagnosis of sarcoidosis made by the above criteria, revealed hypersensitivity pneumonitis in all. Since therapeutic considerations in these two diseases are different (avoidance being the mainstay in hypersensitivity pneumonitis), all methods to ensure a correct diagnosis should be employed.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. An abnormal chest x-ray film showing hilar adenopathy, diffuse interstitial pulmonary infiltrations, or both, combined with a tissue biopsy revealing noncaseating granuloma, are suggestive of sarcoidosis; however, non-caseating granuloma may also be found in other forms of pulmonary disease. Immunologic and environmental evaluation of three patients with the diagnosis of sarcoidosis made by the above criteria, revealed hypersensitivity pneumonitis in all. Since therapeutic considerations in these two diseases are different (avoidance being the mainstay in hypersensitivity pneumonitis), all methods to ensure a correct diagnosis should be employed.", "PMID": 334489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13005", "title": "Terbutaline in the treatment of acute asthma in childhood.", "content": "Forty-eight children with known asthma (ranging in age from 2 to 16 years) were studied during an acute attack. Each received either terbutaline or epinephrine subcutaneously in a random double-blind fashion. Measurement of heart rate, respiratory rate, and systemic arterial systolic and diastolic blood pressures and careful clinical assessment of obstruction of the airway were made before and at 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the administration of the drugs. Appreciable and significant clinical improvement was noted in 19 of the 24 patients in both groups and was of comparable magnitude. A small, but significant, increase in heart rate was noted in those patients requiring only one injection of terbutaline, suggesting that the drug's selectivity for the lung is relative not absolute. The present study demonstrates that terbutaline is an effective bronchodilator drug in acute childhood asthma.", "contents": "Terbutaline in the treatment of acute asthma in childhood. Forty-eight children with known asthma (ranging in age from 2 to 16 years) were studied during an acute attack. Each received either terbutaline or epinephrine subcutaneously in a random double-blind fashion. Measurement of heart rate, respiratory rate, and systemic arterial systolic and diastolic blood pressures and careful clinical assessment of obstruction of the airway were made before and at 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the administration of the drugs. Appreciable and significant clinical improvement was noted in 19 of the 24 patients in both groups and was of comparable magnitude. A small, but significant, increase in heart rate was noted in those patients requiring only one injection of terbutaline, suggesting that the drug's selectivity for the lung is relative not absolute. The present study demonstrates that terbutaline is an effective bronchodilator drug in acute childhood asthma.", "PMID": 334490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13006", "title": "[20 years in the management of reflux disease using fundoplication].", "content": "During the past twenty years fundoplication has found widespread propagation. Due to its effectiveness it is today the most often applied operative procedure of reflux-preventing surgery. As such the method must be reserved for clearly demonstrated reflux disease and its organic complications. False indication and incorrect technique have burdened results of such operations with unnecessary complications. The steps to a successful surgical reconstruction of the cardia are thus shown. In the future, the results of this surgical method will have to be improved more by correct indication instead of changing the surgical technique.", "contents": "[20 years in the management of reflux disease using fundoplication]. During the past twenty years fundoplication has found widespread propagation. Due to its effectiveness it is today the most often applied operative procedure of reflux-preventing surgery. As such the method must be reserved for clearly demonstrated reflux disease and its organic complications. False indication and incorrect technique have burdened results of such operations with unnecessary complications. The steps to a successful surgical reconstruction of the cardia are thus shown. In the future, the results of this surgical method will have to be improved more by correct indication instead of changing the surgical technique.", "PMID": 334491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13007", "title": "[The telescope phenomenon. A complication possibility following fundoplication].", "content": "On the basis of four cases from our own clinic and three outside cases, we describe a so-called, \"telescope phenomenon\". This involves a specific complication that may arise after fundoplication. The characteristic of this postoperative complication is the slipping down of the fundus cuff, accompanied by a telescopic pushing upwards of the cardia. Recurrent reflux and occasionally new manifestations of dysphagia are the clinical results of this. This paper describes the diagnostic procedure and therapy of the telescope phenomenon.", "contents": "[The telescope phenomenon. A complication possibility following fundoplication]. On the basis of four cases from our own clinic and three outside cases, we describe a so-called, \"telescope phenomenon\". This involves a specific complication that may arise after fundoplication. The characteristic of this postoperative complication is the slipping down of the fundus cuff, accompanied by a telescopic pushing upwards of the cardia. Recurrent reflux and occasionally new manifestations of dysphagia are the clinical results of this. This paper describes the diagnostic procedure and therapy of the telescope phenomenon.", "PMID": 334492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13008", "title": "[Results of esophago-intestinal anastomoses and studies of gastric, perfusion in the stomach mobilized for that purpose].", "content": "The results of 61 resections of the esophagus are reported. The cause of leakage is investigated. Using angiography and the TAS method, increasing diminution of the blood supply of the gastric wall can be observed after the ligature of 1, 2, or 3 arteries. Preservation of the right gastric artery and the right gastroepiploic artery, leaving an intact arcade, avoids necrosis of the suture line. However, it is better to remove the fundus in every case. Results after esophagointestinal anastomoses and investigations of blood flow in the mobilized stomach are reported.", "contents": "[Results of esophago-intestinal anastomoses and studies of gastric, perfusion in the stomach mobilized for that purpose]. The results of 61 resections of the esophagus are reported. The cause of leakage is investigated. Using angiography and the TAS method, increasing diminution of the blood supply of the gastric wall can be observed after the ligature of 1, 2, or 3 arteries. Preservation of the right gastric artery and the right gastroepiploic artery, leaving an intact arcade, avoids necrosis of the suture line. However, it is better to remove the fundus in every case. Results after esophagointestinal anastomoses and investigations of blood flow in the mobilized stomach are reported.", "PMID": 334493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13009", "title": "Leiomyomas of the rectum and anal canal: report of six cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Since 1872, 168 rectal leiomyomas have been reported in the world literature. Their incidence, therefore, is very low. It is estimated that one leiomyoma may be seen for every 2,000 or more rectal tumors. Those leiomyomas located in the anal canal and sphincter are the rarest. A case is reported here that appears to be the eleventh in such a location. The incidence of these lesions is highest between the ages of 40 and 59 years. Most patients have a combination of symptoms rather than a single one, the most frequent of these being the presence of a mass, bleeding, and constipation. Almost always, the chain of events that leads to the diagnosis starts when the tumor is discovered by digital examination of the rectum. The lack of reliable criteria of malignancy and the marked tendency to recur shown by these tumors are the two main problems the surgeon faces when selecting the operative procedure to be used. We believe that those tumors with an original size of 5 cm or more in largest diameter are the ones that have shown the highest tendency to recur, mostly as sarcomas. Therefore it is thought that these lesions should be treated radically from the beginning, especially when they recur. More adequate follow-up studies are needed.", "contents": "Leiomyomas of the rectum and anal canal: report of six cases and review of the literature. Since 1872, 168 rectal leiomyomas have been reported in the world literature. Their incidence, therefore, is very low. It is estimated that one leiomyoma may be seen for every 2,000 or more rectal tumors. Those leiomyomas located in the anal canal and sphincter are the rarest. A case is reported here that appears to be the eleventh in such a location. The incidence of these lesions is highest between the ages of 40 and 59 years. Most patients have a combination of symptoms rather than a single one, the most frequent of these being the presence of a mass, bleeding, and constipation. Almost always, the chain of events that leads to the diagnosis starts when the tumor is discovered by digital examination of the rectum. The lack of reliable criteria of malignancy and the marked tendency to recur shown by these tumors are the two main problems the surgeon faces when selecting the operative procedure to be used. We believe that those tumors with an original size of 5 cm or more in largest diameter are the ones that have shown the highest tendency to recur, mostly as sarcomas. Therefore it is thought that these lesions should be treated radically from the beginning, especially when they recur. More adequate follow-up studies are needed.", "PMID": 334495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13010", "title": "Psychiatric aspects of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia.", "content": "Observations attendant to daily psychiatric intervention with a patient undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation are presented in a case report. The coping responses of the patient are delineated and discussed together with comments and suggestions regarding management.", "contents": "Psychiatric aspects of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia. Observations attendant to daily psychiatric intervention with a patient undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation are presented in a case report. The coping responses of the patient are delineated and discussed together with comments and suggestions regarding management.", "PMID": 334496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13011", "title": "[Islet-cell antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "Islet-cell antibodies were detected in 11 of the 67 patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. These antibodies reacted with all endocrine-islet cells, although higher serum dilutions and different staining intensity of the various islet cells were noted. Antibody formation to islet antigens was found to be closely associated with HLA B8 (P = 0.03). However, there was no relationship between islet-cell antibody production and insulin antibody formation. The demonstration of pancreatic islet-cell antibodies, particularly in HLA B8-positive juvenile diabetics, constitutes further circumstantial evidence of a genetically determined auto-immune pathogenesis in some patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Islet-cell antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. Islet-cell antibodies were detected in 11 of the 67 patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. These antibodies reacted with all endocrine-islet cells, although higher serum dilutions and different staining intensity of the various islet cells were noted. Antibody formation to islet antigens was found to be closely associated with HLA B8 (P = 0.03). However, there was no relationship between islet-cell antibody production and insulin antibody formation. The demonstration of pancreatic islet-cell antibodies, particularly in HLA B8-positive juvenile diabetics, constitutes further circumstantial evidence of a genetically determined auto-immune pathogenesis in some patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 334498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13012", "title": "[Prevention of postoperative thrombo-embolism by heparin/dihydroergotamine (author's transl].", "content": "Using the radiofibrinogen test and perfusion lung scanning (2-phase pharmacoscintigraphy), the incidence of postoperative thrombosis and pulmonary embolism was determined in a group of 362 operated patients. Low-dose heparin administration (twice 5000 IU daily) was given to 162, combined heparin and dihydroergotamine administration (5000 IU heparin and 0.5 mg dihydroergotamine daily) to 150, while 50 patients received no prophylactic treatment. There was a significant decrease in thrombo-embolism in the heparin/DHE group (8.7% deep-vein thrombosis; 2.7% pulmonary embolism) compared with the heparin group (19.8% and 5.5%, respectively) and the control group (30% and 14%, respectively).", "contents": "[Prevention of postoperative thrombo-embolism by heparin/dihydroergotamine (author's transl]. Using the radiofibrinogen test and perfusion lung scanning (2-phase pharmacoscintigraphy), the incidence of postoperative thrombosis and pulmonary embolism was determined in a group of 362 operated patients. Low-dose heparin administration (twice 5000 IU daily) was given to 162, combined heparin and dihydroergotamine administration (5000 IU heparin and 0.5 mg dihydroergotamine daily) to 150, while 50 patients received no prophylactic treatment. There was a significant decrease in thrombo-embolism in the heparin/DHE group (8.7% deep-vein thrombosis; 2.7% pulmonary embolism) compared with the heparin group (19.8% and 5.5%, respectively) and the control group (30% and 14%, respectively).", "PMID": 334500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13013", "title": "[Insulin treatment of decompensated diabetes mellitus with a new artificial endocrine pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past decades insulin has been given in relatively high doses when treating diabetic coma. Recently low-dose insulin treatment has been proposed by several groups. In the reported investigation insulin was initially given in moderate to high doses (12-200 U/h) with a steady reduction in dose during the course of treatment. Insulin infusion was regulated either manually with an adjustable infusion pump (7 patients) or automatically with an artificial endocrine pancreas (glucose-controlled insulin infusion system; 11 patients). Thus 18 patients with decompensated diabetes mellitus (coma or precoma) were treated. In 14 patients with ketoacidotic decompensation laboratory data on hospital admission were: blood glucose 7.35 +/- 0.61 g/l, serum potassium 4.7 +/- 0.4 mmol/l, pH 7.1 +/- 0.04, base excess - 19,7 +/- 2.2 mmol/l (x +/- SEM). The other patients had hyperglycaemic or hyperosmolar non-ketotic decompensation. In all patients controlled reduction of blood glucose levels was achieved within 2.3 to 18 hours. The amounts of insulin infused during this ranged from 17 to 320 units, but in one instance was 1950 units. There were no complications.", "contents": "[Insulin treatment of decompensated diabetes mellitus with a new artificial endocrine pancreas (author's transl)]. During the past decades insulin has been given in relatively high doses when treating diabetic coma. Recently low-dose insulin treatment has been proposed by several groups. In the reported investigation insulin was initially given in moderate to high doses (12-200 U/h) with a steady reduction in dose during the course of treatment. Insulin infusion was regulated either manually with an adjustable infusion pump (7 patients) or automatically with an artificial endocrine pancreas (glucose-controlled insulin infusion system; 11 patients). Thus 18 patients with decompensated diabetes mellitus (coma or precoma) were treated. In 14 patients with ketoacidotic decompensation laboratory data on hospital admission were: blood glucose 7.35 +/- 0.61 g/l, serum potassium 4.7 +/- 0.4 mmol/l, pH 7.1 +/- 0.04, base excess - 19,7 +/- 2.2 mmol/l (x +/- SEM). The other patients had hyperglycaemic or hyperosmolar non-ketotic decompensation. In all patients controlled reduction of blood glucose levels was achieved within 2.3 to 18 hours. The amounts of insulin infused during this ranged from 17 to 320 units, but in one instance was 1950 units. There were no complications.", "PMID": 334502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13014", "title": "[Polychemotherapy in non-hodgkin lymphoma with a modified MOPP scheme (author's transl)].", "content": "64 patients with extensive non-Hodgkin lymphomas were treated with a modified MOPP scheme. 41 patients had stage IV disease. 59 patients responded to treatment. In 22 cases complete remission was obtained and in 37 cases partial remission. The proportion of complete remissions was the same for reticulosarcoma (9 out of 28) and lymphosarcoma (7 out of 22). The remission rate for Brill-Symmers disease was higher (6 out of 14). For patients with lymphosarcoma the average duration of complete remission was 26.9 months and for patients with reticulosarcoma 25 months. 42 of the 59 patients who responded to treatment survived one year, 33 of them two or more years. After a two-year period there were no more deaths.", "contents": "[Polychemotherapy in non-hodgkin lymphoma with a modified MOPP scheme (author's transl)]. 64 patients with extensive non-Hodgkin lymphomas were treated with a modified MOPP scheme. 41 patients had stage IV disease. 59 patients responded to treatment. In 22 cases complete remission was obtained and in 37 cases partial remission. The proportion of complete remissions was the same for reticulosarcoma (9 out of 28) and lymphosarcoma (7 out of 22). The remission rate for Brill-Symmers disease was higher (6 out of 14). For patients with lymphosarcoma the average duration of complete remission was 26.9 months and for patients with reticulosarcoma 25 months. 42 of the 59 patients who responded to treatment survived one year, 33 of them two or more years. After a two-year period there were no more deaths.", "PMID": 334504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13015", "title": "[The behavior of the Q-fever agent, Coxiella burnetii, in birds. 3. Experimental infection of quail].", "content": "After simultaneous aerogenic and alimentary infection of quail by intra-nasal inoculation of a suspension of C. burnetii, the agent was reisolated 6 h after infection from lung and gut, from the 3rd day on from the spleen, at the 8th and 10th day from blood, and from the 8th day on from liver and kidney. C.burnetii was found in various organs up to 21 days after infection. In the majority of birds agglutinating antibodies could be demonstrated from the 18th day up to termination of the experiment 66 days after infection. On the basis of these results the course of a C. burnetii infection in birds is discussed.", "contents": "[The behavior of the Q-fever agent, Coxiella burnetii, in birds. 3. Experimental infection of quail]. After simultaneous aerogenic and alimentary infection of quail by intra-nasal inoculation of a suspension of C. burnetii, the agent was reisolated 6 h after infection from lung and gut, from the 3rd day on from the spleen, at the 8th and 10th day from blood, and from the 8th day on from liver and kidney. C.burnetii was found in various organs up to 21 days after infection. In the majority of birds agglutinating antibodies could be demonstrated from the 18th day up to termination of the experiment 66 days after infection. On the basis of these results the course of a C. burnetii infection in birds is discussed.", "PMID": 334506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13016", "title": "[The arterial vessels and their intraosseous course in the leg bones of foals. II. Humerus].", "content": "The arterial blood vessels in 24 humeri of equine fetusses and foals are described. The relation between the age and the distribution of these arteries are explained and completely discussed.", "contents": "[The arterial vessels and their intraosseous course in the leg bones of foals. II. Humerus]. The arterial blood vessels in 24 humeri of equine fetusses and foals are described. The relation between the age and the distribution of these arteries are explained and completely discussed.", "PMID": 334507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13017", "title": "[Phantoms for the collection of genital secretions in stallions].", "content": "Practical experiences of the phantom method for collection of genital secretions from stallions are reported. Taking a phantom used in the Richard-G\u00f6tze-Haus Tier\u00e4rztliche Hochschule Hannover as a prototype two further models slightly modified have been constructed, baring a flat hollow in the right side of the caudal phantom body for manual inserting of the Artificial Vagina. These three models fulfill four important conditions for routine use: (1) sufficient sexual attractivity for the stallions; 80-85% successful collections of presecretions out of a total of 1050 using the dummy and 70% successful semen collections from more than 240 in total; (2) solid and resistant construction; (3) easy cleaning and desinfection of the surface of the phantom to get representative samples; (4) firm installation on a hygienic floor.", "contents": "[Phantoms for the collection of genital secretions in stallions]. Practical experiences of the phantom method for collection of genital secretions from stallions are reported. Taking a phantom used in the Richard-G\u00f6tze-Haus Tier\u00e4rztliche Hochschule Hannover as a prototype two further models slightly modified have been constructed, baring a flat hollow in the right side of the caudal phantom body for manual inserting of the Artificial Vagina. These three models fulfill four important conditions for routine use: (1) sufficient sexual attractivity for the stallions; 80-85% successful collections of presecretions out of a total of 1050 using the dummy and 70% successful semen collections from more than 240 in total; (2) solid and resistant construction; (3) easy cleaning and desinfection of the surface of the phantom to get representative samples; (4) firm installation on a hygienic floor.", "PMID": 334508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13018", "title": "[The behavior of calves under various housing conditions].", "content": "Investigations were performed regarding the length of rest, sucking and feeding and the daily rhythm of these activities in calves kept with their mothers on pasture or in stables and the motility of the calves. Length of rest and feeding in breeding calves kept in groups and length of rest and sucking in breeding and fattening calves (automatic feeding and bucket feeding) were examined too. The examinations were performed starting from the morning feeding to the end of the day over a period of appr. 10.5 to 12 hours. During this time, calves 2--4 weeks of age ran about 550,7 m, 6--8 weeks of age 423.7 and 10--12 weeks of age 388.1 m. The length of sucking under automatic feeding conditions was comparable to the datas obtained from calves kept with their mothers. Bucket feeding took 2--4 minutes regardless whether rubber teats were used or not. Fattening calves in groups or single showed feint sucking or licking activities of 70.0 and 114.0 minutes/day respectively, breeding calves 39.8 and 20.8 minutes/day resp. Feint sucking in connection with a deficit of real sucking was observed regularly under bucket feeding conditions but only in those cases of automatic feeding, where the calves pushed each other aside from the feeding facilities. Feint rumination was observed in all fattening calves when kept strawlessly and lasted for about 31 minutes/day. Neither the feint rumination nor the feint sucking ever reached physiological lengths. Both behavioural patterns may be important in regard to animal welfare considerations of special maintenance conditions.", "contents": "[The behavior of calves under various housing conditions]. Investigations were performed regarding the length of rest, sucking and feeding and the daily rhythm of these activities in calves kept with their mothers on pasture or in stables and the motility of the calves. Length of rest and feeding in breeding calves kept in groups and length of rest and sucking in breeding and fattening calves (automatic feeding and bucket feeding) were examined too. The examinations were performed starting from the morning feeding to the end of the day over a period of appr. 10.5 to 12 hours. During this time, calves 2--4 weeks of age ran about 550,7 m, 6--8 weeks of age 423.7 and 10--12 weeks of age 388.1 m. The length of sucking under automatic feeding conditions was comparable to the datas obtained from calves kept with their mothers. Bucket feeding took 2--4 minutes regardless whether rubber teats were used or not. Fattening calves in groups or single showed feint sucking or licking activities of 70.0 and 114.0 minutes/day respectively, breeding calves 39.8 and 20.8 minutes/day resp. Feint sucking in connection with a deficit of real sucking was observed regularly under bucket feeding conditions but only in those cases of automatic feeding, where the calves pushed each other aside from the feeding facilities. Feint rumination was observed in all fattening calves when kept strawlessly and lasted for about 31 minutes/day. Neither the feint rumination nor the feint sucking ever reached physiological lengths. Both behavioural patterns may be important in regard to animal welfare considerations of special maintenance conditions.", "PMID": 334509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13019", "title": "[Electromechanical registration of the resting behavior of fattening pigs].", "content": "The resting behaviour of four weanling pigs has been continuously recorded by an electromechanical apparatus for 8 weeks. The duration of different postures: standing, ventral recumbency, lateral recumbency and frequency of standing periods were recorded as influenced by different environmental factors. 1. Floor with and without bedding at 21 degrees C. 2. Floor without bedding at 27 degrees C environmental temperature. 3. Feeding once daily versus twice. Duration of recumbency periods was increases at 21 degrees C if bedding was provided. This also improved daily gain. At elevated environmental temperatures the animals preferred the lying posture on concrete floor. Feeding twice increased the duration of recumbency. The same was the case as the animals grew older. Disturbance by caretaking activities in neighbouring dens increased the duration of standing.", "contents": "[Electromechanical registration of the resting behavior of fattening pigs]. The resting behaviour of four weanling pigs has been continuously recorded by an electromechanical apparatus for 8 weeks. The duration of different postures: standing, ventral recumbency, lateral recumbency and frequency of standing periods were recorded as influenced by different environmental factors. 1. Floor with and without bedding at 21 degrees C. 2. Floor without bedding at 27 degrees C environmental temperature. 3. Feeding once daily versus twice. Duration of recumbency periods was increases at 21 degrees C if bedding was provided. This also improved daily gain. At elevated environmental temperatures the animals preferred the lying posture on concrete floor. Feeding twice increased the duration of recumbency. The same was the case as the animals grew older. Disturbance by caretaking activities in neighbouring dens increased the duration of standing.", "PMID": 334510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13020", "title": "[Specimen collection in phosphoric acid ester poisonings].", "content": "For investigation of intoxications with organic phosphates contents of stomach and intestines are the best analytical material. Phosphates are destroyed by metabolism in liver, so liver tissue should not be used as proof for organic phosphates.", "contents": "[Specimen collection in phosphoric acid ester poisonings]. For investigation of intoxications with organic phosphates contents of stomach and intestines are the best analytical material. Phosphates are destroyed by metabolism in liver, so liver tissue should not be used as proof for organic phosphates.", "PMID": 334511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13021", "title": "[Reaction of the periodontium to the wire ligature splint (Stout-Obwegeser)].", "content": "The direct traumatising effect of the Stout-Obwegeser wire ligature splint on the marginal periodontium is minimal and need not be considered. The increase in depth of pockets, in the index of sulcus bleeding and in tooth mobility is due to poor oral hygiene. In 16 patients (orthodontic operation and jaw fractures) periodontal measurements were obtained on 369 teeth in 30 jaws before application of the splint, 1 and 6 weeks later and as 6 weeks after removal of the splint. All gingival indices determined were at first raised. The last measurements however showed, better values than those at the beginning of treatment. Inflammatory changes regressed near all teeth whether they were included in a ligature or not. This appears to prove that oral hygiene alone is decisive. The question whether the \"curettage\" effect of splint application has a therapeutic action is left open.", "contents": "[Reaction of the periodontium to the wire ligature splint (Stout-Obwegeser)]. The direct traumatising effect of the Stout-Obwegeser wire ligature splint on the marginal periodontium is minimal and need not be considered. The increase in depth of pockets, in the index of sulcus bleeding and in tooth mobility is due to poor oral hygiene. In 16 patients (orthodontic operation and jaw fractures) periodontal measurements were obtained on 369 teeth in 30 jaws before application of the splint, 1 and 6 weeks later and as 6 weeks after removal of the splint. All gingival indices determined were at first raised. The last measurements however showed, better values than those at the beginning of treatment. Inflammatory changes regressed near all teeth whether they were included in a ligature or not. This appears to prove that oral hygiene alone is decisive. The question whether the \"curettage\" effect of splint application has a therapeutic action is left open.", "PMID": 334514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13022", "title": "Development of an enzyme-linked receptor assay (ERA) for hCG.", "content": "An enzyme-linked receptor assay (ERA) for hCG was developed using horseradish peroxidase. The 1,500 g pellets, interstitial cell fraction, and solubilized homogenate from the rat testis linked to tanned sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used as the binding fractions for hCG. In these ERA systems, the limit of detection for hCG was 30 IU/l (3-12 mIU/tube), which was almost equal to that of radio receptor assay (RRA). The ERA using SRBC linked solubilized receptor fraction showed the most satisfactory result in accuracy, reproducibility and easiness.", "contents": "Development of an enzyme-linked receptor assay (ERA) for hCG. An enzyme-linked receptor assay (ERA) for hCG was developed using horseradish peroxidase. The 1,500 g pellets, interstitial cell fraction, and solubilized homogenate from the rat testis linked to tanned sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used as the binding fractions for hCG. In these ERA systems, the limit of detection for hCG was 30 IU/l (3-12 mIU/tube), which was almost equal to that of radio receptor assay (RRA). The ERA using SRBC linked solubilized receptor fraction showed the most satisfactory result in accuracy, reproducibility and easiness.", "PMID": 334520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13023", "title": "Effects of morphine and naloxone on serum LH, FSH and prolactin levels and on hypothalamic content of LH-RF in proestrous rats.", "content": "Proestrus surges of serum LH, FSH and prolactin (PRL) were significantly reduced when morphine HCl (50 and 10 mg/kg) was administered to 4-day cycling rats just prior to the proestrous critical period. The inhibitory effect of morphine was reversed by naloxone, a morphine antagonist, at the dose which had no effect on the proestrus surges of serum LH, FSH or PRL. The hypothalamic LH-RF content of proestrous rats at 1800 hr (during the proestrus surge) was not significantly different from that at 1400 hr (before the surge) and was not affected by pretreatment with morphine or naloxone. Our results suggest that naloxone reverses the anti-ovulatory effect of morphine by antagonizing the inhibitory effect of morphine on preovulatory surges of gonadotropins or PRL.", "contents": "Effects of morphine and naloxone on serum LH, FSH and prolactin levels and on hypothalamic content of LH-RF in proestrous rats. Proestrus surges of serum LH, FSH and prolactin (PRL) were significantly reduced when morphine HCl (50 and 10 mg/kg) was administered to 4-day cycling rats just prior to the proestrous critical period. The inhibitory effect of morphine was reversed by naloxone, a morphine antagonist, at the dose which had no effect on the proestrus surges of serum LH, FSH or PRL. The hypothalamic LH-RF content of proestrous rats at 1800 hr (during the proestrus surge) was not significantly different from that at 1400 hr (before the surge) and was not affected by pretreatment with morphine or naloxone. Our results suggest that naloxone reverses the anti-ovulatory effect of morphine by antagonizing the inhibitory effect of morphine on preovulatory surges of gonadotropins or PRL.", "PMID": 334521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13024", "title": "Effect of neonatal castration on the content of hypothalamic LHRH, pituitary LH and plasma LH in developing male rats.", "content": "The content of hypothalamic LHRH and concentration of LH in pituitary and plasma were measured on day 5, 7, 10, 14, 17, 22, 25, 30, 45, 52 and 60 in male rats which were bilaterally castrated on day 2. The levels of plasma LH were significantly higher in all the groups of castrated rats than in normal male rats of corresponding ages. The concentration of plasma LH did not rise progressively but showed day to day fluctuation apparently due to alteration of sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus. The concentration of pituitary LH was significantly lower in neonatally castrated rats compared to normal male rats except on days 17, 25 and 30. The content of hypothalamic LHRH declined initially following castration, but from day 17 onwards significantly higher levels of hypothalamic LHRH were maintained in neonatally castrated rats than in intact control. Initial decline in the content of hypothalamic LHRH may be because of stimulation of release of LHRH which exceeds maximal rate of synthesis and subsequent increase in the content of hypothalamic LHRH may be due to enhanced LHRH synthesis as a result of castration.", "contents": "Effect of neonatal castration on the content of hypothalamic LHRH, pituitary LH and plasma LH in developing male rats. The content of hypothalamic LHRH and concentration of LH in pituitary and plasma were measured on day 5, 7, 10, 14, 17, 22, 25, 30, 45, 52 and 60 in male rats which were bilaterally castrated on day 2. The levels of plasma LH were significantly higher in all the groups of castrated rats than in normal male rats of corresponding ages. The concentration of plasma LH did not rise progressively but showed day to day fluctuation apparently due to alteration of sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus. The concentration of pituitary LH was significantly lower in neonatally castrated rats compared to normal male rats except on days 17, 25 and 30. The content of hypothalamic LHRH declined initially following castration, but from day 17 onwards significantly higher levels of hypothalamic LHRH were maintained in neonatally castrated rats than in intact control. Initial decline in the content of hypothalamic LHRH may be because of stimulation of release of LHRH which exceeds maximal rate of synthesis and subsequent increase in the content of hypothalamic LHRH may be due to enhanced LHRH synthesis as a result of castration.", "PMID": 334522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13025", "title": "Ontogeny of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats--an immunohistochemical study.", "content": "In fetal rats neurophysin has been visualized immunohistochemically first at the 16th gestation day in perikaryons of the supraoptic nucleus, followed by the median eminence and the neurohypophysis at the 17th day, and the paraventricular neurons at the 19th day. The external zone of the median eminence contains abundantly immunoreactive fibres at the first days post partum. In the perikaryons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus immunoreactive material appears after the 3rd day of postnatal development.", "contents": "Ontogeny of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats--an immunohistochemical study. In fetal rats neurophysin has been visualized immunohistochemically first at the 16th gestation day in perikaryons of the supraoptic nucleus, followed by the median eminence and the neurohypophysis at the 17th day, and the paraventricular neurons at the 19th day. The external zone of the median eminence contains abundantly immunoreactive fibres at the first days post partum. In the perikaryons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus immunoreactive material appears after the 3rd day of postnatal development.", "PMID": 334523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13026", "title": "Studies on the (pro) insulin biosynthesis of islets of Langerhans of sand rats (Psammomys obesus).", "content": "By feeding a regular laboratory chow, sand rats (Psammomys obesus) from our breeding colony gained different body weights, though they received approximately the same quantity of calories. Sand rats, reaching a body weight above 160 g (group B) showed significantly increased blood glucose values in contrast to the animals with a body weight under 160 g (group A). Isolated pancreatic islets of these two groups of sand rats were incubated with [3H]-leucine to study the incorporation of this amino acid into proinsulin and insulin. The incorporation into proteins of pancreatic islets of sand rats of group B was stimulated by 0.45 mg and 3.0 mg/ml glucose. In group A there was no further stimulation from 0.45 mg to 3.0 mg/ml glucose. Insulin secretion could be stimulated by glucose in both groups, but the stimulation was stronger in group B than in group A.", "contents": "Studies on the (pro) insulin biosynthesis of islets of Langerhans of sand rats (Psammomys obesus). By feeding a regular laboratory chow, sand rats (Psammomys obesus) from our breeding colony gained different body weights, though they received approximately the same quantity of calories. Sand rats, reaching a body weight above 160 g (group B) showed significantly increased blood glucose values in contrast to the animals with a body weight under 160 g (group A). Isolated pancreatic islets of these two groups of sand rats were incubated with [3H]-leucine to study the incorporation of this amino acid into proinsulin and insulin. The incorporation into proteins of pancreatic islets of sand rats of group B was stimulated by 0.45 mg and 3.0 mg/ml glucose. In group A there was no further stimulation from 0.45 mg to 3.0 mg/ml glucose. Insulin secretion could be stimulated by glucose in both groups, but the stimulation was stronger in group B than in group A.", "PMID": 334524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13027", "title": "[Various disturbances in beta cell function in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Various types of insulin secretion may be differentiated in diabetes mellitus. In juvenile diabetes, there can not be induced in general any stimulation of insulin secretion, whereas in maturity-onset type diabetes a significant increase of the serum level was found after stimulation with glucagon or tolbutamide. However, neither moderate glucose doses given orally nor very high glucose doses given intravenously were able to stimulate insulin secretion in some of these patients. These findings suggest a complete insufficiency of beta cell glucose receptors in this specific type of maturity-onset diabetes.", "contents": "[Various disturbances in beta cell function in diabetes mellitus]. Various types of insulin secretion may be differentiated in diabetes mellitus. In juvenile diabetes, there can not be induced in general any stimulation of insulin secretion, whereas in maturity-onset type diabetes a significant increase of the serum level was found after stimulation with glucagon or tolbutamide. However, neither moderate glucose doses given orally nor very high glucose doses given intravenously were able to stimulate insulin secretion in some of these patients. These findings suggest a complete insufficiency of beta cell glucose receptors in this specific type of maturity-onset diabetes.", "PMID": 334525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13028", "title": "Occurrence of biogenic amines in the pancreatic islets of sand rats (Psammomys obesus).", "content": "The islets of Langerhans of sand rats (Psammomys obesus) have been investigated ultrahistochemically in order to demonstrate biogenic amines. It could be found that amine-containing vesicles with a diameter of 600-700 nm from the type of catecholamine-granules exist in A-cells as well as in B-cells. It can be stated that the sand rat belongs to the species containing amines in A- and B-cells. The importance of the amines for the regulation of the hormone secretion of the islets of Langerhans is discussed and the connections to diabetes mellitus are referred too.", "contents": "Occurrence of biogenic amines in the pancreatic islets of sand rats (Psammomys obesus). The islets of Langerhans of sand rats (Psammomys obesus) have been investigated ultrahistochemically in order to demonstrate biogenic amines. It could be found that amine-containing vesicles with a diameter of 600-700 nm from the type of catecholamine-granules exist in A-cells as well as in B-cells. It can be stated that the sand rat belongs to the species containing amines in A- and B-cells. The importance of the amines for the regulation of the hormone secretion of the islets of Langerhans is discussed and the connections to diabetes mellitus are referred too.", "PMID": 334526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13029", "title": "Electron microscopy analysis of the interaction between Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the replicative form of phage fd DNA. 1. Mapping of the binding sites.", "content": "The interaction of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) with the replicative form of the DNA from the filamentous coliphage fd cleaved by the restriction endonuclease HindII has been studied by electron microscopy at low and high ionic strength. In the presence of ATP or GTP, and heparin, RNA polymerase binds to fd replicative-form DNA at a few specific sites which have been mapped. The map was oriented so that transcription is from right to left. Three main GTP initiator sites are found at 15%, 82% and 94% of the genome length. One main ATP initiator site is found which cannot be mapped with the same accuracy, and which is localized between 38% and 50%. In the absence of initiator triphosphates and heparin, the binding of the enzyme to fd DNA is much more heterogeneous and therefore the mapping is more difficult. Nevertheless it seems that the preferential binding regions correspond to the specific sites mapped in the presence of GTP or ATP. The mean number of polymerase molecules bound to DNA as a function of the molecular ratio enzyme to DNA present in the mixture has been determined. From these results a binding isotherm can be obtained. The apparent equilibrium constant (K approximately 10(9) M-1) which is derived certainly represents an under-estimated value, as discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopy analysis of the interaction between Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the replicative form of phage fd DNA. 1. Mapping of the binding sites. The interaction of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) with the replicative form of the DNA from the filamentous coliphage fd cleaved by the restriction endonuclease HindII has been studied by electron microscopy at low and high ionic strength. In the presence of ATP or GTP, and heparin, RNA polymerase binds to fd replicative-form DNA at a few specific sites which have been mapped. The map was oriented so that transcription is from right to left. Three main GTP initiator sites are found at 15%, 82% and 94% of the genome length. One main ATP initiator site is found which cannot be mapped with the same accuracy, and which is localized between 38% and 50%. In the absence of initiator triphosphates and heparin, the binding of the enzyme to fd DNA is much more heterogeneous and therefore the mapping is more difficult. Nevertheless it seems that the preferential binding regions correspond to the specific sites mapped in the presence of GTP or ATP. The mean number of polymerase molecules bound to DNA as a function of the molecular ratio enzyme to DNA present in the mixture has been determined. From these results a binding isotherm can be obtained. The apparent equilibrium constant (K approximately 10(9) M-1) which is derived certainly represents an under-estimated value, as discussed.", "PMID": 334531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13030", "title": "Electron microscopy analysis of the interaction between Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the replicative form of phage fd DNA. 2. Analysis of the dissociation kinetics.", "content": "The kinetics of dissociation of the fd DNA - RNA-polymerase complex has been analyzed. Heparin was added to a solution of the enzyme - DNA complex in order to trap free polymerases. At different times after, samples were taken and analyzed by electron microscopy to determine the mean number of enzymes bound per DNA molecule. Unexpectedly, the measured dissociation is not a first-order reaction. The apparent rate constant increases with heparin concentration in the range between 0.001 and 2 mg/ml. These results strongly suggest the existence of a direct transfer process of RNA polymerase to heparin, bypassing the rate-limiting step of dissociation of the enzyme - DNA complex to free enzyme. Theoretical analysis of the direct-transfer model shows that the rate constant of dissociation should level off at high heparin concentrations: measurements of the residual transcription activity show that this is the case. From these experiments, the equilibrium constant of the DNA - RNA-polymerase complex can be determined. The value K = 10(12) M-1 which is obtained solves a striking paradox which existed because measurements performed in other laboratories indicated K = 10(14) M-1, which is greater than the equilibrium constant of the lac-repressor - lac-operator complex (=10(13) M-1).", "contents": "Electron microscopy analysis of the interaction between Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the replicative form of phage fd DNA. 2. Analysis of the dissociation kinetics. The kinetics of dissociation of the fd DNA - RNA-polymerase complex has been analyzed. Heparin was added to a solution of the enzyme - DNA complex in order to trap free polymerases. At different times after, samples were taken and analyzed by electron microscopy to determine the mean number of enzymes bound per DNA molecule. Unexpectedly, the measured dissociation is not a first-order reaction. The apparent rate constant increases with heparin concentration in the range between 0.001 and 2 mg/ml. These results strongly suggest the existence of a direct transfer process of RNA polymerase to heparin, bypassing the rate-limiting step of dissociation of the enzyme - DNA complex to free enzyme. Theoretical analysis of the direct-transfer model shows that the rate constant of dissociation should level off at high heparin concentrations: measurements of the residual transcription activity show that this is the case. From these experiments, the equilibrium constant of the DNA - RNA-polymerase complex can be determined. The value K = 10(12) M-1 which is obtained solves a striking paradox which existed because measurements performed in other laboratories indicated K = 10(14) M-1, which is greater than the equilibrium constant of the lac-repressor - lac-operator complex (=10(13) M-1).", "PMID": 334532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13031", "title": "Modification of L-isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase with L-isoleucyl-bromomethyl ketone. The effect of the catalytic steps.", "content": "The rapidly reacting cysteine-sulfhydryl group of L-isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase has been specifically alkylated with L-isoleucyl-bromomethyl ketone [Rainey, P., Holler, E. & Kula, M.-R. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 63, 419-426]. We have now investigated the catalytic and substrate binding properties of the modified protein by radioactive and fluorescence techniques. The rate constants for the transfer of AMP and isoleucine from the protein - adenylate complex to form ATP or Ile-tRNAIle were only 3% of those for native enzyme, whereas the rate constant for the formation of adenylate was essentially unchanged. The tendency to form synthetase - substrate complexes remained almost unchanged with the exception of L-isoleucine which exhibited a 20-fold reduction. Similarly, complex formation of L-isoleucinol together with its synergistic coupling to complex formation of ATP was partially inhibited. The results rule out the essential participation of the rapidly alkylatable cysteine-sulfhydryl group during catalysis.", "contents": "Modification of L-isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase with L-isoleucyl-bromomethyl ketone. The effect of the catalytic steps. The rapidly reacting cysteine-sulfhydryl group of L-isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase has been specifically alkylated with L-isoleucyl-bromomethyl ketone [Rainey, P., Holler, E. & Kula, M.-R. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 63, 419-426]. We have now investigated the catalytic and substrate binding properties of the modified protein by radioactive and fluorescence techniques. The rate constants for the transfer of AMP and isoleucine from the protein - adenylate complex to form ATP or Ile-tRNAIle were only 3% of those for native enzyme, whereas the rate constant for the formation of adenylate was essentially unchanged. The tendency to form synthetase - substrate complexes remained almost unchanged with the exception of L-isoleucine which exhibited a 20-fold reduction. Similarly, complex formation of L-isoleucinol together with its synergistic coupling to complex formation of ATP was partially inhibited. The results rule out the essential participation of the rapidly alkylatable cysteine-sulfhydryl group during catalysis.", "PMID": 334533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13032", "title": "Functional roles of 50-S ribosomal proteins.", "content": "Ribosomal proteins previously inactivated by treatment with fluorescein isothiocyanate have been incorporated into 50-S ribosomal subunits during reconstitution from particles disassembled by 2 M LiCl in the presence of an excess of the modified proteins. The reconstituted particles show alterations in some functional activities resulting from the incorporation of the inactive ribosomal proteins added exogenously. Of the fluorescein-isothiocyanate-treated proteins incorporated, L24 and L25 drastically affect all the activities tested and these proteins possibly play a fundamental role in determining the overall structure of the particle. Proteins L16 and L10 are apparently involved both in the GTP hydrolysis dependent on elongation factor G and in peptidyl transferase activity but the modified protein L11 only affects GTPase activity indirectly and interferes with the ribosome assembly process involving proteins L7 and L12. Protein L1 may be involved with peptidyl transferase activity while proteins L7 and L12, in agreement with many reports in the literature, affect the factor-dependent hydrolysis of GTP.", "contents": "Functional roles of 50-S ribosomal proteins. Ribosomal proteins previously inactivated by treatment with fluorescein isothiocyanate have been incorporated into 50-S ribosomal subunits during reconstitution from particles disassembled by 2 M LiCl in the presence of an excess of the modified proteins. The reconstituted particles show alterations in some functional activities resulting from the incorporation of the inactive ribosomal proteins added exogenously. Of the fluorescein-isothiocyanate-treated proteins incorporated, L24 and L25 drastically affect all the activities tested and these proteins possibly play a fundamental role in determining the overall structure of the particle. Proteins L16 and L10 are apparently involved both in the GTP hydrolysis dependent on elongation factor G and in peptidyl transferase activity but the modified protein L11 only affects GTPase activity indirectly and interferes with the ribosome assembly process involving proteins L7 and L12. Protein L1 may be involved with peptidyl transferase activity while proteins L7 and L12, in agreement with many reports in the literature, affect the factor-dependent hydrolysis of GTP.", "PMID": 334534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13033", "title": "Specificity of elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli with respect to attachment to the amino acid to the 2' or 3'-hydroxyl group of the terminal adenosine of tRNA.", "content": "Modified Tyr-tRNATyr and Phe-tRNAPhe species from yeast having the aminoacyl residue bound specifically to the 2' and 3' position of the terminal adenosine, respectively, were investigated for their ability to form ternary complexes with Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu and GTP. Both Tyr-tRNATyr-CpCpA (2'd) and Tyr-tRNATyr-CpCpA(3' d) derivatives which are esterified with the amino acid on the 3' and 2' position respectively and which lack the vicinal hydroxyl were able to form ternary complexes. The stability of these ternary complexes was lower than in the case of native Tyr-tRNATyr-CpCpA. Tyr-tRNATyr-CpCpA(3' d) having the amino acid attached to the 2' position interacted considerably more strongly with EF-Tu - GTP than Tyr-tRNATyr-CpCpA(2' d). Ternary complex formation was observed with neither Phe-tRNAPhe-CpCpA(2'NH2) nor Phe-tRNAPhe-CpCpA(3'NH2). It is concluded that 2' as well as 3' isomers of native aminoacyl-tRNA can be utilized for ternary complex formation but in a following step a uniform 2'-aminoacyl-tRNA - EF-Tu - GTP complex is formed. Although the free vicinal hydroxyl group of the terminal adenosine is not absolutely required, replacement of the ester linkage through with the amino acid is attached to tRNA by an amide linkage leads to loss of ability to interact with elongation factor Tu.", "contents": "Specificity of elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli with respect to attachment to the amino acid to the 2' or 3'-hydroxyl group of the terminal adenosine of tRNA. Modified Tyr-tRNATyr and Phe-tRNAPhe species from yeast having the aminoacyl residue bound specifically to the 2' and 3' position of the terminal adenosine, respectively, were investigated for their ability to form ternary complexes with Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu and GTP. Both Tyr-tRNATyr-CpCpA (2'd) and Tyr-tRNATyr-CpCpA(3' d) derivatives which are esterified with the amino acid on the 3' and 2' position respectively and which lack the vicinal hydroxyl were able to form ternary complexes. The stability of these ternary complexes was lower than in the case of native Tyr-tRNATyr-CpCpA. Tyr-tRNATyr-CpCpA(3' d) having the amino acid attached to the 2' position interacted considerably more strongly with EF-Tu - GTP than Tyr-tRNATyr-CpCpA(2' d). Ternary complex formation was observed with neither Phe-tRNAPhe-CpCpA(2'NH2) nor Phe-tRNAPhe-CpCpA(3'NH2). It is concluded that 2' as well as 3' isomers of native aminoacyl-tRNA can be utilized for ternary complex formation but in a following step a uniform 2'-aminoacyl-tRNA - EF-Tu - GTP complex is formed. Although the free vicinal hydroxyl group of the terminal adenosine is not absolutely required, replacement of the ester linkage through with the amino acid is attached to tRNA by an amide linkage leads to loss of ability to interact with elongation factor Tu.", "PMID": 334535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13034", "title": "Affinity chromatography on agarose-hexyl-adenosine-5'-phosphate of methionyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli. Application of the couplings between the methionine and ATP sites.", "content": "Recent studies by us [Biochemistry (1977) 16, 2570-2579] have shown that L-methioninol, a methionine analog lacking the carboxylate negative charge, enhances the affinity of AMP for methionyl-tRNA synthetase while L-methionine antagonizes the nucleotide binding. Such couplings between ligands of the enzyme have now been applied to affinity chromatography of methionyl-tRNA synthetase on an agarose-hexyl-adenosine-5'-phosphate gel (the spacer is attached to AMP at the adenine C-8 position). Retention of the enzyme on this gel column was shown to be dependent on the presence of appropriate concentrations of magnesium and of L-methioninol in the equilibration buffer. The enzyme was then specifically recovered from the column by omitting the amino alcohol or by adding an excess of L-methionine which antagonizes the cooperative effect of L-methioninol. This approach has provided the basis for a new purification procedure of methionyl-tRNA synthetase which leads to a 200-fold purification in a single chromatographic step. In this manner, after 30-50% ammonium sulfate fractionation of extracts of Escherichia coli EM 20031 (carrying the F32 episome), 0.25 mg X methionyl-tRNA synthetase was obtained at 90% purity per ml of agarose-hexyl-adenosine-5'-phosphate gel.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography on agarose-hexyl-adenosine-5'-phosphate of methionyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli. Application of the couplings between the methionine and ATP sites. Recent studies by us [Biochemistry (1977) 16, 2570-2579] have shown that L-methioninol, a methionine analog lacking the carboxylate negative charge, enhances the affinity of AMP for methionyl-tRNA synthetase while L-methionine antagonizes the nucleotide binding. Such couplings between ligands of the enzyme have now been applied to affinity chromatography of methionyl-tRNA synthetase on an agarose-hexyl-adenosine-5'-phosphate gel (the spacer is attached to AMP at the adenine C-8 position). Retention of the enzyme on this gel column was shown to be dependent on the presence of appropriate concentrations of magnesium and of L-methioninol in the equilibration buffer. The enzyme was then specifically recovered from the column by omitting the amino alcohol or by adding an excess of L-methionine which antagonizes the cooperative effect of L-methioninol. This approach has provided the basis for a new purification procedure of methionyl-tRNA synthetase which leads to a 200-fold purification in a single chromatographic step. In this manner, after 30-50% ammonium sulfate fractionation of extracts of Escherichia coli EM 20031 (carrying the F32 episome), 0.25 mg X methionyl-tRNA synthetase was obtained at 90% purity per ml of agarose-hexyl-adenosine-5'-phosphate gel.", "PMID": 334536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13035", "title": "Somatic antigens of Shigella. The strucuture of the specific polysaccharide chain of Shigella dysenteriae type 5 lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The specific polysaccharide was released from Shigella dysenteriae type 5 lipopolysaccharide by mild acidic hydrolysis and then purified by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The polysaccharide was built up of residues of D-mannose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 3-0-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-L-rhamnose (rhamnolactylic acid) and 0-acetyl groups in a ratio 2:1:1:1. On the basis of radiospectroscopy, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and chromium trioxide oxidation, the repeating oligosaccharide unit of the polysaccharide can be assigned the following structure: (formula: see text) where GlcNAc is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, Manp is mannopyranose, RhaLcA is rhammolacytic acid and Ac is an acetyl group. The serological properties of Sh. dysenteriae somatic antigens are discussed in relation to the chemical structures of their specific polysaccharides.", "contents": "Somatic antigens of Shigella. The strucuture of the specific polysaccharide chain of Shigella dysenteriae type 5 lipopolysaccharide. The specific polysaccharide was released from Shigella dysenteriae type 5 lipopolysaccharide by mild acidic hydrolysis and then purified by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The polysaccharide was built up of residues of D-mannose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 3-0-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-L-rhamnose (rhamnolactylic acid) and 0-acetyl groups in a ratio 2:1:1:1. On the basis of radiospectroscopy, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and chromium trioxide oxidation, the repeating oligosaccharide unit of the polysaccharide can be assigned the following structure: (formula: see text) where GlcNAc is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, Manp is mannopyranose, RhaLcA is rhammolacytic acid and Ac is an acetyl group. The serological properties of Sh. dysenteriae somatic antigens are discussed in relation to the chemical structures of their specific polysaccharides.", "PMID": 334537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13036", "title": "Ternary complex formation between elongation factor Tu, GTP and aminoacyl-tRNA: an equilibrium study.", "content": "The equilibria between the elongation factor Tu-GTP complex (EF-Tu-GTP) from Escherichia coli and tyrosyl-tRNATyr from E. coli as well as phenylalanyl-tRNAPhe and seryl-tRNASer from yeast were studied using a novel procedure, which takes advantage of the protective effect of ternary complex formation on the stability of theaminoacyl bond against non-enzymatic hydrolysis. At 25 degrees C and at pH 7.4 tyrosyl-tRNATyr, phenylalanyl-tRNAPhe and seryl-tRNASer are bound with binding constants of 0.7 X 10(7) M-1, 5.0 X 10(7) M-1 and 0.5 X 10(7) M-1 respectively. The binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to EF-Tu-GTP has a negative deltaH of the order of 10 kcal/mol (42 kJ/mol). Complex formation is dependent on ionic strength: with 0.1 M KCl Kass = 0.8 X 10(7) M-1, with 0.5 M KCl Kass = 0.2 X 10(7) M-1 was determined for the binding of Tyr-tRNATyr.", "contents": "Ternary complex formation between elongation factor Tu, GTP and aminoacyl-tRNA: an equilibrium study. The equilibria between the elongation factor Tu-GTP complex (EF-Tu-GTP) from Escherichia coli and tyrosyl-tRNATyr from E. coli as well as phenylalanyl-tRNAPhe and seryl-tRNASer from yeast were studied using a novel procedure, which takes advantage of the protective effect of ternary complex formation on the stability of theaminoacyl bond against non-enzymatic hydrolysis. At 25 degrees C and at pH 7.4 tyrosyl-tRNATyr, phenylalanyl-tRNAPhe and seryl-tRNASer are bound with binding constants of 0.7 X 10(7) M-1, 5.0 X 10(7) M-1 and 0.5 X 10(7) M-1 respectively. The binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to EF-Tu-GTP has a negative deltaH of the order of 10 kcal/mol (42 kJ/mol). Complex formation is dependent on ionic strength: with 0.1 M KCl Kass = 0.8 X 10(7) M-1, with 0.5 M KCl Kass = 0.2 X 10(7) M-1 was determined for the binding of Tyr-tRNATyr.", "PMID": 334538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13037", "title": "Membrane proteins of Escherichia coli K-12: two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of inner and outer membranes.", "content": "Protein compositions of the inner and outer membranes of Escherichia coli K-12 have been analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in which proteins are separated according to apparent isoelectric point (first dimension) and to apparent molecular weight (second dimension). Membrane proteins except for a pair of major outer membrane proteins (proteins Ia and Ib) were found to be solubilized effectively by lysis buffer containing urea, Triton X-100, ampholines and 2-mercaptoethanol. The latter two proteins could be solubilized after precipitation of membrane fraction with trichloroacetic acid; they formed a pair of spots at an acidic region on the electropherogram. Another major protein of the outer membrane, protein II, was also identified. Most of the inner and outer membrane proteins were shown to be focused at a pH range between 4 and 6.5. Specific protein patterns characteristic for both the inner and outer membranes could thous be visualized by the present system. At least 120 and 50 protein species were detected for the inner and outer membranes, respectively.", "contents": "Membrane proteins of Escherichia coli K-12: two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of inner and outer membranes. Protein compositions of the inner and outer membranes of Escherichia coli K-12 have been analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in which proteins are separated according to apparent isoelectric point (first dimension) and to apparent molecular weight (second dimension). Membrane proteins except for a pair of major outer membrane proteins (proteins Ia and Ib) were found to be solubilized effectively by lysis buffer containing urea, Triton X-100, ampholines and 2-mercaptoethanol. The latter two proteins could be solubilized after precipitation of membrane fraction with trichloroacetic acid; they formed a pair of spots at an acidic region on the electropherogram. Another major protein of the outer membrane, protein II, was also identified. Most of the inner and outer membrane proteins were shown to be focused at a pH range between 4 and 6.5. Specific protein patterns characteristic for both the inner and outer membranes could thous be visualized by the present system. At least 120 and 50 protein species were detected for the inner and outer membranes, respectively.", "PMID": 334540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13038", "title": "Structural fluctuation of the polypeptide-chain elongation factor Tu. A comparison of factors from Escherichia coli and Thermus thermophilus HB8.", "content": "The kinetics of hydrogen-deuterium exhcange in the polypeptide chain elongation factor Tu (EF Tu) from Escherichia coli and that from Thermus thermophilus HB8 has been examined in aqueous solutions at various pH and temperatures by means of infrared absorption measurements. The free EF-Tu from E. Coli has a greater reaction rate at all pH values and at every temperature than that of the GTP-bound or GDP-bound EF-Tu. The free EF-Tu from T. thermophilus, on the other hand, has an alomst equal reaction rate to that of EF-Tu-GDP in the temperature range 38-55 degrees C. For the peptide NH groups belonging to a medium-labile kinetic class, a small but definite difference in the rate of exchange reaction was observed between EF-Tu-GDP and EF-Tu-GTP for both E. coli and T. thermophilus. For less labile peptide NH groups, on the other hand, the rate of the exchange reaction with EF-Tu-GDP from T. thermophilus is only slightly affected by the pH of the solution at 38 degrees C and 45 degrees C, while the rate constant(k) with E. coli EF-Tu-GDP is pH-dependent (log k oc pH). For T. thermophilus EF-Tu, heat stability measurements, kinetics of the rates of GDP and GTP dissociation, and circular dichroic measurements have also been made. The molecular basis for the thermostability of T. thermophilus EF-Tu is discussed.", "contents": "Structural fluctuation of the polypeptide-chain elongation factor Tu. A comparison of factors from Escherichia coli and Thermus thermophilus HB8. The kinetics of hydrogen-deuterium exhcange in the polypeptide chain elongation factor Tu (EF Tu) from Escherichia coli and that from Thermus thermophilus HB8 has been examined in aqueous solutions at various pH and temperatures by means of infrared absorption measurements. The free EF-Tu from E. Coli has a greater reaction rate at all pH values and at every temperature than that of the GTP-bound or GDP-bound EF-Tu. The free EF-Tu from T. thermophilus, on the other hand, has an alomst equal reaction rate to that of EF-Tu-GDP in the temperature range 38-55 degrees C. For the peptide NH groups belonging to a medium-labile kinetic class, a small but definite difference in the rate of exchange reaction was observed between EF-Tu-GDP and EF-Tu-GTP for both E. coli and T. thermophilus. For less labile peptide NH groups, on the other hand, the rate of the exchange reaction with EF-Tu-GDP from T. thermophilus is only slightly affected by the pH of the solution at 38 degrees C and 45 degrees C, while the rate constant(k) with E. coli EF-Tu-GDP is pH-dependent (log k oc pH). For T. thermophilus EF-Tu, heat stability measurements, kinetics of the rates of GDP and GTP dissociation, and circular dichroic measurements have also been made. The molecular basis for the thermostability of T. thermophilus EF-Tu is discussed.", "PMID": 334541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13039", "title": "Cell-wall lipopolysaccharide of the 'Shigella-like' Escherichia coli 058. Structure of the polysaccharide chain.", "content": "Two lipopolysaccharide preparations were obtained from Escherichia coli 058 by extraction with 45% aqueous phenol and fractional precipitation with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (Cetavlon). Chemical analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate showed that the two preparations differed only in the extent of the O-specific polysaccharide moiety. The O-specific polysaccharide was characterized with proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy, optical rotation and paper electrophoresis. Using gas-liquid chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography, it was shown to contain D-mannose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 3-O-(R-1'-carboxyethyl)-L-rhamnose (rhamnolactylic acid), and O-acetyl groups in the molar ratios of 2:1:1:1. The polysaccharide and oligosaccharides obtained from it were subjected to methylation and chromic acid oxidation. The results obtained indicated that the polysaccharide consists of tetrasaccharide repeating units in which the trisaccharide beta-GlcNAc1 - 4alphaMan-1 - 4(2/3-O-Ac)-Man is substituted at C-3 of the non-acetylated mannose with rhamnolactylic acid. The repeating units are joined through alpha-mannosyl-1 - 3-glucosamine bonds. This structure is identical with that of the cell wall polysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 5.", "contents": "Cell-wall lipopolysaccharide of the 'Shigella-like' Escherichia coli 058. Structure of the polysaccharide chain. Two lipopolysaccharide preparations were obtained from Escherichia coli 058 by extraction with 45% aqueous phenol and fractional precipitation with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (Cetavlon). Chemical analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate showed that the two preparations differed only in the extent of the O-specific polysaccharide moiety. The O-specific polysaccharide was characterized with proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy, optical rotation and paper electrophoresis. Using gas-liquid chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography, it was shown to contain D-mannose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 3-O-(R-1'-carboxyethyl)-L-rhamnose (rhamnolactylic acid), and O-acetyl groups in the molar ratios of 2:1:1:1. The polysaccharide and oligosaccharides obtained from it were subjected to methylation and chromic acid oxidation. The results obtained indicated that the polysaccharide consists of tetrasaccharide repeating units in which the trisaccharide beta-GlcNAc1 - 4alphaMan-1 - 4(2/3-O-Ac)-Man is substituted at C-3 of the non-acetylated mannose with rhamnolactylic acid. The repeating units are joined through alpha-mannosyl-1 - 3-glucosamine bonds. This structure is identical with that of the cell wall polysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 5.", "PMID": 334542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13040", "title": "Reaction of yeast fatty acid synthetase with iodoacetamide. 3. Malonyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase as product of the reaction of fatty acid synthetase with iodoacetamide.", "content": "Yeast fatty acid synthetase possesses very low malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity. Treatment with iodoacetamide, while abolishing synthetase activity, induces a strong malonyl decarboxylase activity which, in turn, can be inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Kinetic analysis shows that the emergence of the decarboxylase activity is synchronized to the disappearance of the fatty-acid-synthesizing activity and thus, is due to carboxamidomethylation of the peripheral SH-groups of the multienzyme complex. Strong decarboxylase activity was also found after treatment of the synthetase with methylmalonyl-CoA. A hypothetical scheme is proposed which explains the origination of the decarboxylase activity as a consequence of conformational changes of the condensing enzyme component which happen when the peripheral SH-group is acylated or alkylated.", "contents": "Reaction of yeast fatty acid synthetase with iodoacetamide. 3. Malonyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase as product of the reaction of fatty acid synthetase with iodoacetamide. Yeast fatty acid synthetase possesses very low malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity. Treatment with iodoacetamide, while abolishing synthetase activity, induces a strong malonyl decarboxylase activity which, in turn, can be inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Kinetic analysis shows that the emergence of the decarboxylase activity is synchronized to the disappearance of the fatty-acid-synthesizing activity and thus, is due to carboxamidomethylation of the peripheral SH-groups of the multienzyme complex. Strong decarboxylase activity was also found after treatment of the synthetase with methylmalonyl-CoA. A hypothetical scheme is proposed which explains the origination of the decarboxylase activity as a consequence of conformational changes of the condensing enzyme component which happen when the peripheral SH-group is acylated or alkylated.", "PMID": 334544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13041", "title": "On the role of tryptophan in luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (luliberin).", "content": "The tryptophan residue of luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (luliberin) was chemically modified to produce the following analogs: [Trp(o)3]luliberin, Trp-(2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenyl)-luliberin, Trp-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)luliberin, (Trp-S-luliberin)2, Trp-CH3S-luliberin and Trp-formyl-luliberin. The luteinizing-hormone-releasing activity of those analogs was determined by bioassay in vitro and found to be 0.2%, 0.2%, 0.6%, 1.5%, 1.7% and 7% of that of the natural hormone, respectively. These results demonstrate that alterations in the indole moiety of tryptophan-3, which lead to a reduction in its electron density or sterically restrict its electron avaliability, are associated with a dramatic loss of biological activity.", "contents": "On the role of tryptophan in luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (luliberin). The tryptophan residue of luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (luliberin) was chemically modified to produce the following analogs: [Trp(o)3]luliberin, Trp-(2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenyl)-luliberin, Trp-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)luliberin, (Trp-S-luliberin)2, Trp-CH3S-luliberin and Trp-formyl-luliberin. The luteinizing-hormone-releasing activity of those analogs was determined by bioassay in vitro and found to be 0.2%, 0.2%, 0.6%, 1.5%, 1.7% and 7% of that of the natural hormone, respectively. These results demonstrate that alterations in the indole moiety of tryptophan-3, which lead to a reduction in its electron density or sterically restrict its electron avaliability, are associated with a dramatic loss of biological activity.", "PMID": 334545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13042", "title": "Investigation of the binding of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to DNA from bacteriophages T2 and T7 by kinetic formaldehyde method and electron microscopy.", "content": "The complexes of T2 DNA with RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli were studied by two methods: kinetic formaldehyde method with preliminary fixation of complexes with low formaldehyde concentrations, and electron microscopy. For electron-microscopic investigations the effect of different conditions of formaldehyde fixation for DNA-RNA-polymerase complexes was studied and optimal fixation conditions were found. The suggested fixation method for DNA-RNA-polymerase complexes allows investigation of RNA polymerase molecule distribution on DNA in a wide range of conditions (ionic strength of the solution, weight ration of enzyme to DNA etc.). The comparison of the concentration of RNA polymerase molecules bound to DNA, determined by electron microscopy, and the concentration of defects in DNA as determined by the kinetic formaldehyde method, showed their coincidence. The electron-microscopic procedure was used to make maps of RNA polymerase distribution on T7 DNA. A correlation between the binding regions of the enzyme and the genetic map of early DNA T7 region was found.", "contents": "Investigation of the binding of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to DNA from bacteriophages T2 and T7 by kinetic formaldehyde method and electron microscopy. The complexes of T2 DNA with RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli were studied by two methods: kinetic formaldehyde method with preliminary fixation of complexes with low formaldehyde concentrations, and electron microscopy. For electron-microscopic investigations the effect of different conditions of formaldehyde fixation for DNA-RNA-polymerase complexes was studied and optimal fixation conditions were found. The suggested fixation method for DNA-RNA-polymerase complexes allows investigation of RNA polymerase molecule distribution on DNA in a wide range of conditions (ionic strength of the solution, weight ration of enzyme to DNA etc.). The comparison of the concentration of RNA polymerase molecules bound to DNA, determined by electron microscopy, and the concentration of defects in DNA as determined by the kinetic formaldehyde method, showed their coincidence. The electron-microscopic procedure was used to make maps of RNA polymerase distribution on T7 DNA. A correlation between the binding regions of the enzyme and the genetic map of early DNA T7 region was found.", "PMID": 334547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13043", "title": "Small-angle X-ray titration study on the complex formation between 5-S RNA and the L18 protein of the Escherichia coli 50-S ribosome particle.", "content": "The 5-S RNA (A) and the L18 protein (B) from Escherichia coli ribosomes form one single AB complex in the concentration ranges supposed to prevail in vivo; at concentrations of L18 higher than 40 mM there is some indication for a minor species, most probably an AB2 species. This is indicated from the X-ray scattering titration data of the 5-S RNA/L18 system recorded at 21 degrees C in ribosomal reconstitution buffer. As a result of the 1:1 complex formation, there is a relatively small but defined increase in the radius of gyration from 3.61 to 3.85 nm. This result as well as the experimental scattering curve can be explained by models where it is assumed that the elongated L18 model is quite far from the electron density centre and where protein L18 interacts with one or both of the minor arms of the supposed Y-shaped 5-S RNA molecule.", "contents": "Small-angle X-ray titration study on the complex formation between 5-S RNA and the L18 protein of the Escherichia coli 50-S ribosome particle. The 5-S RNA (A) and the L18 protein (B) from Escherichia coli ribosomes form one single AB complex in the concentration ranges supposed to prevail in vivo; at concentrations of L18 higher than 40 mM there is some indication for a minor species, most probably an AB2 species. This is indicated from the X-ray scattering titration data of the 5-S RNA/L18 system recorded at 21 degrees C in ribosomal reconstitution buffer. As a result of the 1:1 complex formation, there is a relatively small but defined increase in the radius of gyration from 3.61 to 3.85 nm. This result as well as the experimental scattering curve can be explained by models where it is assumed that the elongated L18 model is quite far from the electron density centre and where protein L18 interacts with one or both of the minor arms of the supposed Y-shaped 5-S RNA molecule.", "PMID": 334548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13044", "title": "Group B streptococci: a new threat to the newborn.", "content": "8 newborns with early onset group B streptococcal infection and two patients with late onset meningitis were observed during a period of three years. Respiratory distress, early onset of apnoic spells, and roentgenographic signs of hyaline membrane disease or perinatal pneumonia may lead to early diagnosis, especially if shock develops. The fatal course can only be prevented by prompt antibiotic treatment.", "contents": "Group B streptococci: a new threat to the newborn. 8 newborns with early onset group B streptococcal infection and two patients with late onset meningitis were observed during a period of three years. Respiratory distress, early onset of apnoic spells, and roentgenographic signs of hyaline membrane disease or perinatal pneumonia may lead to early diagnosis, especially if shock develops. The fatal course can only be prevented by prompt antibiotic treatment.", "PMID": 334549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13045", "title": "Preliminary experience with extracorporeal renal surgery and autotransplantation.", "content": "31 patients with renovascular hypertension, calculous disease, short ureter or renal carcinoma (single kidney) were treated with renal autotransplantation, in 3 patients bilaterally. There were 2 deaths due to cardiac arrest and myocardial infarction. Secondary nephrectomy was performed in 2 patients, and thus 29 of 31 autotransplanted kidneys were salvaged.", "contents": "Preliminary experience with extracorporeal renal surgery and autotransplantation. 31 patients with renovascular hypertension, calculous disease, short ureter or renal carcinoma (single kidney) were treated with renal autotransplantation, in 3 patients bilaterally. There were 2 deaths due to cardiac arrest and myocardial infarction. Secondary nephrectomy was performed in 2 patients, and thus 29 of 31 autotransplanted kidneys were salvaged.", "PMID": 334550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13046", "title": "Auxiliary liver transplantation in the rat, influence of the condition of the recipient's liver on the fate of the graft.", "content": "To evaluate the influence of the functional state of the recipient's liver on the fate of an auxiliary liver graft in rats, diverse surgical interventions were carried out on the recipient's liver following transplantation of an auxiliary liver. All grafts consisted of 30% of the liver mass, were supplied with portal blood only, and provided with bile drainage. Permanent graft hypertrophy was observed when the recipient's liver was resected subtotally, in addition to the ligation of the bile duct. Ligation of the bile duct performed separately has a more pronounced effect on the increase of the weight of the graft than subtotal hepotectomy. If only portal blood was deviated to the graft, grafts atrophied. It is concluded that the functional efficiency and condition of the graft vary directly with the degree of functional impairment of the recipient's liver, compair functional hypertrophy. The present results do not seem to indicate the presence of a specific hepatotrophic factor in portal blood.", "contents": "Auxiliary liver transplantation in the rat, influence of the condition of the recipient's liver on the fate of the graft. To evaluate the influence of the functional state of the recipient's liver on the fate of an auxiliary liver graft in rats, diverse surgical interventions were carried out on the recipient's liver following transplantation of an auxiliary liver. All grafts consisted of 30% of the liver mass, were supplied with portal blood only, and provided with bile drainage. Permanent graft hypertrophy was observed when the recipient's liver was resected subtotally, in addition to the ligation of the bile duct. Ligation of the bile duct performed separately has a more pronounced effect on the increase of the weight of the graft than subtotal hepotectomy. If only portal blood was deviated to the graft, grafts atrophied. It is concluded that the functional efficiency and condition of the graft vary directly with the degree of functional impairment of the recipient's liver, compair functional hypertrophy. The present results do not seem to indicate the presence of a specific hepatotrophic factor in portal blood.", "PMID": 334551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13047", "title": "Supravesical urinary diversion in renal transplantation.", "content": "Urinary diversion may be used in patients without a bladder or with irreversible, lower urinary tract abnormalities who might not otherwise be suitable candidates for renal transplantation. Three cases have been described to illustrate three different methods of supravesical urinary diversion that have been employed in association with renal transplantation.", "contents": "Supravesical urinary diversion in renal transplantation. Urinary diversion may be used in patients without a bladder or with irreversible, lower urinary tract abnormalities who might not otherwise be suitable candidates for renal transplantation. Three cases have been described to illustrate three different methods of supravesical urinary diversion that have been employed in association with renal transplantation.", "PMID": 334552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13048", "title": "An experimental model for extracorporeal renal surgery: ex situ removal of artificially induced renal staghorn calculi in ambiothermia.", "content": "An experimental model for the evaluation of surgical techniques and preservation in extracorporeal surgery is described: staghorn calculi were induced in 15 dogs by the injection of methylmethacrylate into the renal pelvis. Removal of the calculi was carried out 3-4 weeks later on a workbench, using microsurgical techniques and ex situ radiographies. 15 min of warm ischaemic and 6 h of ambiothermic preservation were well tolerated as could be demonstrated by determination of the serum creatinine following autotransplantation and immediate contralateral nephrectomy.", "contents": "An experimental model for extracorporeal renal surgery: ex situ removal of artificially induced renal staghorn calculi in ambiothermia. An experimental model for the evaluation of surgical techniques and preservation in extracorporeal surgery is described: staghorn calculi were induced in 15 dogs by the injection of methylmethacrylate into the renal pelvis. Removal of the calculi was carried out 3-4 weeks later on a workbench, using microsurgical techniques and ex situ radiographies. 15 min of warm ischaemic and 6 h of ambiothermic preservation were well tolerated as could be demonstrated by determination of the serum creatinine following autotransplantation and immediate contralateral nephrectomy.", "PMID": 334553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13049", "title": "Uptake of horseradish peroxidase by geniculo-cortical axons in the golden hamster: analysis by computer reconstruction.", "content": "Micro-injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the visual cortex of the golden hamster. The \"projection lines\" of labelled neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) were three-dimensionally reconstructed, using a computer graphics technique. The lines run rostrally and medially from their origins at the lateral surface of the nucleus. Using an anatomically determined retinotopic map of the LGNd, the positions of all labelled cells near the lateral surface were converted into equivalent visual field co-ordinates and displayed on a physiologically determined retinotopic map of the primary visual cortex. Comparison between the scatter of these equivalent retinotopic loci and an actual reconstruction of the injection site revealed that: 1. there was general agreement between the independent retinotopic maps of LGNd and visual cortex; 2. there was greater retinotopic scatter of labelled LGNd cells than could be accounted for by the area of tissue injury in the cortex; 3. the retinotopic scatter matched more closely the total visible halo of HRP staining in the grey matter; 4. HRP can be taken up from a cytoarchitectonic field into which it diffuses after injection into a neighbouring area; 5. HRP is probably not taken up by undamaged axons in the white matter. These results are compared with those obtained in other animals and other systems. No general rules emerge, but the possibility of uptake from wide areas of diffusion must be considered when interpreting results of HRP injection.", "contents": "Uptake of horseradish peroxidase by geniculo-cortical axons in the golden hamster: analysis by computer reconstruction. Micro-injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the visual cortex of the golden hamster. The \"projection lines\" of labelled neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) were three-dimensionally reconstructed, using a computer graphics technique. The lines run rostrally and medially from their origins at the lateral surface of the nucleus. Using an anatomically determined retinotopic map of the LGNd, the positions of all labelled cells near the lateral surface were converted into equivalent visual field co-ordinates and displayed on a physiologically determined retinotopic map of the primary visual cortex. Comparison between the scatter of these equivalent retinotopic loci and an actual reconstruction of the injection site revealed that: 1. there was general agreement between the independent retinotopic maps of LGNd and visual cortex; 2. there was greater retinotopic scatter of labelled LGNd cells than could be accounted for by the area of tissue injury in the cortex; 3. the retinotopic scatter matched more closely the total visible halo of HRP staining in the grey matter; 4. HRP can be taken up from a cytoarchitectonic field into which it diffuses after injection into a neighbouring area; 5. HRP is probably not taken up by undamaged axons in the white matter. These results are compared with those obtained in other animals and other systems. No general rules emerge, but the possibility of uptake from wide areas of diffusion must be considered when interpreting results of HRP injection.", "PMID": 334561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13050", "title": "Renal biopsies performed on diabetics.", "content": "Metabolic disorders and immunological factors are discussed in connection with the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. Renal biopsies were obtained from 22 diabetics (8 women aged 18 to 53, 14 men aged 15 to 52). 7 of the 22 patients had been suffering from diabetes for 2 weeks to 3 years, 10 for 7 to 25 years, 2 showed a pathological glucose-tolerance test, i.e., they had been \"latent\" diabetics, and 3 patients, had been so-called \"potential\" subjects of diabetes due to hereditary traits or delivery of big babies. They were examined by light miroscopy as well as by immunofluorescence microscopy. A number of cases were chosen for the differentiation and counting of glomerular cells (n=8) as well as for electron microscopic (n=7) and polarizing-microscopic (n=6) examinations. Histologically, focal proliferations of mesangial cells as well as an increase in mesangial substance in the glomeruli was found in all cases, although in a varying degree of intensity. These results were confirmed by both the glomuerular cell count and electron-microscopic examination. Immunofluorescence microscopy made it possible to detect frequently both IgA (9/17) and IgG (9/17), usually in either linear or mesangial arrangements whereas it was less frequently possible to detect IgM (1/17) and albumin (1/8) and impossible to detect beta1C in the glomerulus. Labeled insulin was detected five times in the glomerulus. Polarizing-microscopic measurements made in order to discover possible submicroscopic variations in the structure of GBM showed deviations in the average values of anisotropic indices from the controls in the group of long-term diabetics only. The pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy may be described as an inflow of immunoglobulins and serum proteins into the mesangium because of an alteration of the capillary endothelium, the mesangial cell being thus caused to overfunction, proliferate and produce an excess of mesangial matrix. In prolonged diabetes the mesangial cell, so far as its own metabolism is concerned, will finally be affected to the point where its power of synthesis is modified in the sense of an excess and/or faulty composition of GBM (glomerular basement membrane).", "contents": "Renal biopsies performed on diabetics. Metabolic disorders and immunological factors are discussed in connection with the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. Renal biopsies were obtained from 22 diabetics (8 women aged 18 to 53, 14 men aged 15 to 52). 7 of the 22 patients had been suffering from diabetes for 2 weeks to 3 years, 10 for 7 to 25 years, 2 showed a pathological glucose-tolerance test, i.e., they had been \"latent\" diabetics, and 3 patients, had been so-called \"potential\" subjects of diabetes due to hereditary traits or delivery of big babies. They were examined by light miroscopy as well as by immunofluorescence microscopy. A number of cases were chosen for the differentiation and counting of glomerular cells (n=8) as well as for electron microscopic (n=7) and polarizing-microscopic (n=6) examinations. Histologically, focal proliferations of mesangial cells as well as an increase in mesangial substance in the glomeruli was found in all cases, although in a varying degree of intensity. These results were confirmed by both the glomuerular cell count and electron-microscopic examination. Immunofluorescence microscopy made it possible to detect frequently both IgA (9/17) and IgG (9/17), usually in either linear or mesangial arrangements whereas it was less frequently possible to detect IgM (1/17) and albumin (1/8) and impossible to detect beta1C in the glomerulus. Labeled insulin was detected five times in the glomerulus. Polarizing-microscopic measurements made in order to discover possible submicroscopic variations in the structure of GBM showed deviations in the average values of anisotropic indices from the controls in the group of long-term diabetics only. The pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy may be described as an inflow of immunoglobulins and serum proteins into the mesangium because of an alteration of the capillary endothelium, the mesangial cell being thus caused to overfunction, proliferate and produce an excess of mesangial matrix. In prolonged diabetes the mesangial cell, so far as its own metabolism is concerned, will finally be affected to the point where its power of synthesis is modified in the sense of an excess and/or faulty composition of GBM (glomerular basement membrane).", "PMID": 334562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13051", "title": "[Effects of somatostatin on pancreatic isolated islets and peripheral tissues of rats].", "content": "This study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of somatostatin on insulin releasing mechanisms and on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues using isolated pancreatic islets, isolated rat diaphragms and epididymal fat pads. Insulin release by various concentrations of glucose were examined, and it was found that 100 ng/ml of somatostatin significantly inhibited insulin release at the glucose concentration of 200 mg/dl. Somatostatin also significantly inhibted insulin release by the administration of 5microgram/ml of glucagon with 200 mg/dl of glucose concentration and 20 mM of orginine with 200mg/dl of glucose concentrations. But at the glucose concentration of 50mg/dl, no significant inhibition of somatostatin on insulin release was observed even when various concentrations of glucagon or arginine were added. The influence of somatostatin on peripheral tissues was examined in vitro, and no significant change on glucose uptake compared with the control group was shown in either tissues. The results indicated that somatostatin directly inhibited insulin release from rat pancreatic islets but had no effect on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. The inhibitory effect of somatostatin on insulin release may act through the common mechanism of both glucose and other substances in leading to insulin release.", "contents": "[Effects of somatostatin on pancreatic isolated islets and peripheral tissues of rats]. This study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of somatostatin on insulin releasing mechanisms and on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues using isolated pancreatic islets, isolated rat diaphragms and epididymal fat pads. Insulin release by various concentrations of glucose were examined, and it was found that 100 ng/ml of somatostatin significantly inhibited insulin release at the glucose concentration of 200 mg/dl. Somatostatin also significantly inhibted insulin release by the administration of 5microgram/ml of glucagon with 200 mg/dl of glucose concentration and 20 mM of orginine with 200mg/dl of glucose concentrations. But at the glucose concentration of 50mg/dl, no significant inhibition of somatostatin on insulin release was observed even when various concentrations of glucagon or arginine were added. The influence of somatostatin on peripheral tissues was examined in vitro, and no significant change on glucose uptake compared with the control group was shown in either tissues. The results indicated that somatostatin directly inhibited insulin release from rat pancreatic islets but had no effect on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. The inhibitory effect of somatostatin on insulin release may act through the common mechanism of both glucose and other substances in leading to insulin release.", "PMID": 334584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13052", "title": "Warts in a pediatric renal transplant population.", "content": "18 of 49 pediatric renal transplant recipients, all of whom were on continual steroid and immunosuppressive treatment, were found to have warts. Although all 18 patients received treatment for this problem, only 5 had the warts successfully eradicated. The frequency of warts among transplant patients is three times that of the general childhood population and twice that of a group of nephrotic pediatric patients who received immunosuppressive therapy. We propose that drug-induced suppression of cell-mediated, and to a lesser extent, humoral immunity, may predispose people to develop warts.", "contents": "Warts in a pediatric renal transplant population. 18 of 49 pediatric renal transplant recipients, all of whom were on continual steroid and immunosuppressive treatment, were found to have warts. Although all 18 patients received treatment for this problem, only 5 had the warts successfully eradicated. The frequency of warts among transplant patients is three times that of the general childhood population and twice that of a group of nephrotic pediatric patients who received immunosuppressive therapy. We propose that drug-induced suppression of cell-mediated, and to a lesser extent, humoral immunity, may predispose people to develop warts.", "PMID": 334587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13053", "title": "Effects of glucose on the \"in vitro\" synthesis of ribonucleic acid in pancreatic islets from mice homozygous for the mutation \"diabetes\" (db).", "content": "Isolated pancreatic islets obtained from spontaneously diabetic mice were recently shown to have a considerably reduced rate of insulin biosynthesis in response to glucose. This defect has now been further evaluated by in vitro measurements of the effects of glucose on the islet RNA metabolism. An increase of the glucose concentration from 3.3 mM to 16.7 mM more than doubled the incorporation of 3H-labelled uridine into the islet RNA in the normal mice. By contrast, no stimulation was observed in the diabetic mice. Electrophoretic separation, on polyacrylamide gels, of RNA from normal mouse islets indicated that glucose stimulated the incorporation mainly into RNA bigger than 4S. Furthermore the fraction of islet RNA which bound the poly (U) was stimulated in the normal mice but not in the diabetic animals. Taken together these findings indicate a deficient glucose regulation of the RNA metabolism in the diabetic mice which conforms to the previously reported low rate of insulin biosynthesis in response to glucose in these animals.", "contents": "Effects of glucose on the \"in vitro\" synthesis of ribonucleic acid in pancreatic islets from mice homozygous for the mutation \"diabetes\" (db). Isolated pancreatic islets obtained from spontaneously diabetic mice were recently shown to have a considerably reduced rate of insulin biosynthesis in response to glucose. This defect has now been further evaluated by in vitro measurements of the effects of glucose on the islet RNA metabolism. An increase of the glucose concentration from 3.3 mM to 16.7 mM more than doubled the incorporation of 3H-labelled uridine into the islet RNA in the normal mice. By contrast, no stimulation was observed in the diabetic mice. Electrophoretic separation, on polyacrylamide gels, of RNA from normal mouse islets indicated that glucose stimulated the incorporation mainly into RNA bigger than 4S. Furthermore the fraction of islet RNA which bound the poly (U) was stimulated in the normal mice but not in the diabetic animals. Taken together these findings indicate a deficient glucose regulation of the RNA metabolism in the diabetic mice which conforms to the previously reported low rate of insulin biosynthesis in response to glucose in these animals.", "PMID": 334588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13054", "title": "Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme important in fat metabolism in different cell types in the islets of Langerhans.", "content": "The pancreatic islets show a remarkably high activity of L-3-hydroxy-acyl CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme which operates in the fatty acid cycle by catalyzing the NAD+ oxidation of some of the degradation products. In order to study the distribution pattern of its activity within the islets, samples with different relative contents of A1-, A2- and B-cells were prepared and analyzed. The results show that it is unlikely that either the A1-cells or the enzymatically well equipped A2-cells contribute to the high activity values of the islets. In contrast, the experiments indicated that the high activity was due to the B-cells. After 72 hours starvation, leading to an increase in the serum free fatty acids, there was no change in the activity of the A2-cells, while the B-cells, however, showed a significant but moderate decrease in their activity. It is concluded that the B-cells are enzymatically equipped for the oxidation of fatty acid degradation products even in situations with diminished activity such as occurs during a decrease of the mitochondrial assembly.", "contents": "Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme important in fat metabolism in different cell types in the islets of Langerhans. The pancreatic islets show a remarkably high activity of L-3-hydroxy-acyl CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme which operates in the fatty acid cycle by catalyzing the NAD+ oxidation of some of the degradation products. In order to study the distribution pattern of its activity within the islets, samples with different relative contents of A1-, A2- and B-cells were prepared and analyzed. The results show that it is unlikely that either the A1-cells or the enzymatically well equipped A2-cells contribute to the high activity values of the islets. In contrast, the experiments indicated that the high activity was due to the B-cells. After 72 hours starvation, leading to an increase in the serum free fatty acids, there was no change in the activity of the A2-cells, while the B-cells, however, showed a significant but moderate decrease in their activity. It is concluded that the B-cells are enzymatically equipped for the oxidation of fatty acid degradation products even in situations with diminished activity such as occurs during a decrease of the mitochondrial assembly.", "PMID": 334589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13055", "title": "Single nightly administration of ketoprofen (Orudis) and indomethacin suppositories in the management of osteoarthritis: a double-blind trial.", "content": "In a double-blind trial carried out on 60 patients with osteoarthritis at various localizations, ketoprofen (Orudis), administered as a single nightly 100 mg suppository for ten days, was significantly more active and better tolerated than indomethacin, administered in the same way. Patient's and doctor's assessment was also in favour of Orudis. Laboratory examinations were not affected by either drug.", "contents": "Single nightly administration of ketoprofen (Orudis) and indomethacin suppositories in the management of osteoarthritis: a double-blind trial. In a double-blind trial carried out on 60 patients with osteoarthritis at various localizations, ketoprofen (Orudis), administered as a single nightly 100 mg suppository for ten days, was significantly more active and better tolerated than indomethacin, administered in the same way. Patient's and doctor's assessment was also in favour of Orudis. Laboratory examinations were not affected by either drug.", "PMID": 334604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13056", "title": "Tibicorten and betamethasone valerate: a double-blind comparative study.", "content": "Tibicorten, a new fluorine-substituted corticosteroid for topical application, was compared with betamethasone valerate in a double-blind investigation with left-right examinations. There appeared to be no significant difference between the results obtained with each substance in the treatment of patients with acute or chronic eczema or with psoriasis.", "contents": "Tibicorten and betamethasone valerate: a double-blind comparative study. Tibicorten, a new fluorine-substituted corticosteroid for topical application, was compared with betamethasone valerate in a double-blind investigation with left-right examinations. There appeared to be no significant difference between the results obtained with each substance in the treatment of patients with acute or chronic eczema or with psoriasis.", "PMID": 334605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13057", "title": "Butacote: the first assessment in general practice.", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial in the treatment of rheumatic conditions in general practice compared the effect and tolerance of 100 mg t.d.s. standard phenylbutazone (Butazolidine) with enteric-coated phenylbutazone (Butacote), each preparation being given for one week to fifty patients. There was no difference in effectiveness. Nine patients complained of dyspeptic symptoms, three during the first week, six during the second week, but none during treatment with Butacote. This, together with the significant 17:7 patient preference, clearly demonstrated the superiority of Butacote.", "contents": "Butacote: the first assessment in general practice. A double-blind crossover trial in the treatment of rheumatic conditions in general practice compared the effect and tolerance of 100 mg t.d.s. standard phenylbutazone (Butazolidine) with enteric-coated phenylbutazone (Butacote), each preparation being given for one week to fifty patients. There was no difference in effectiveness. Nine patients complained of dyspeptic symptoms, three during the first week, six during the second week, but none during treatment with Butacote. This, together with the significant 17:7 patient preference, clearly demonstrated the superiority of Butacote.", "PMID": 334607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13058", "title": "Butacote and ibuprofen: a comparative assessment in rheumatic diseases in general practice.", "content": "A multicentre double-blind trial in general practice compared Butacote (enteric-coated phenylbutazone) 300 mg daily, ibuprofen 1200 mg daily, and a placebo in the treatment of rheumatic conditions. Each patient recieved two of the three treatments for one month each. Twenty-nine doctors admitted 193 patients. One hundred and sixty-eight patients (sixty-four with inflammatory polyarthritis, and sixty-three with osteoarthrosis) completed the study, which showed that Butacote was significantly better than both ibuprofen and placebo for the relief of pain and morning stiffness, and improvement of function. Butacote was significantly preferred to both ibuprofen and placebo by patients and doctors, to placebo by the patients. Ibuprofen was significantly better than placebo for relief of morning stiffness and for reducing the amount of supplementary analgesics. All three preparations were well tolerated and showed a similar incidence of gastric side-effects. It is concluded from this study that Butacote is more effective and as well tolerated as ibuprofen in the treatment of rheumatic conditions in general practice.", "contents": "Butacote and ibuprofen: a comparative assessment in rheumatic diseases in general practice. A multicentre double-blind trial in general practice compared Butacote (enteric-coated phenylbutazone) 300 mg daily, ibuprofen 1200 mg daily, and a placebo in the treatment of rheumatic conditions. Each patient recieved two of the three treatments for one month each. Twenty-nine doctors admitted 193 patients. One hundred and sixty-eight patients (sixty-four with inflammatory polyarthritis, and sixty-three with osteoarthrosis) completed the study, which showed that Butacote was significantly better than both ibuprofen and placebo for the relief of pain and morning stiffness, and improvement of function. Butacote was significantly preferred to both ibuprofen and placebo by patients and doctors, to placebo by the patients. Ibuprofen was significantly better than placebo for relief of morning stiffness and for reducing the amount of supplementary analgesics. All three preparations were well tolerated and showed a similar incidence of gastric side-effects. It is concluded from this study that Butacote is more effective and as well tolerated as ibuprofen in the treatment of rheumatic conditions in general practice.", "PMID": 334608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13059", "title": "Butacote and naproxen: a comparison of effectiveness in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial compared Butacote, 200 mg b.d. with naproxen, 250 mg b.d., each given for four weeks, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The trial was multicentre, and twenty-six general practitioners admitted forty-eight patients. Seven patients dropped out: two for technical reasons; one in each treatment group because of exacerbation of symptoms; one because of intolerance of rescue analgesic; and two with gastric intolerance to naproxen. Both drugs were effective in relieving pain, morning stiffness, and joint tenderness, as compared with the condition before the trial. There was little effect on grip strength or joint size, and no real differences between the two drugs. The two preparations had a similar frequency and spectrum of side-effects, except that oedema did not occur with naproxen, and rash did not occur with Butacote. Gastro-intestinal upsets were the commonest unwanted effect but only two patients had to stop treatment for this reason, both while taking naproxen. Although the doctors preferred each drug on an equal number of occasions, the patients preferred Butacote to naproxen almost twice as often (20:11), particularly when Butacote was given after naproxen. The reason for this divergence of opinions is not obvious.", "contents": "Butacote and naproxen: a comparison of effectiveness in rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind crossover trial compared Butacote, 200 mg b.d. with naproxen, 250 mg b.d., each given for four weeks, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The trial was multicentre, and twenty-six general practitioners admitted forty-eight patients. Seven patients dropped out: two for technical reasons; one in each treatment group because of exacerbation of symptoms; one because of intolerance of rescue analgesic; and two with gastric intolerance to naproxen. Both drugs were effective in relieving pain, morning stiffness, and joint tenderness, as compared with the condition before the trial. There was little effect on grip strength or joint size, and no real differences between the two drugs. The two preparations had a similar frequency and spectrum of side-effects, except that oedema did not occur with naproxen, and rash did not occur with Butacote. Gastro-intestinal upsets were the commonest unwanted effect but only two patients had to stop treatment for this reason, both while taking naproxen. Although the doctors preferred each drug on an equal number of occasions, the patients preferred Butacote to naproxen almost twice as often (20:11), particularly when Butacote was given after naproxen. The reason for this divergence of opinions is not obvious.", "PMID": 334609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13060", "title": "A controlled comparative trial of Butacote and fenclofenac in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial of fenclofenac was untertaken to compare the short-term effects of phenylbutazone (Butacote) therapy with fenclofenac therapy (1200 mg daily) in 23 patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis. The patients were randomly allocated to each of the test drugs for a period of two weeks, following wash-out periods of paracetamol for four days. The results favoured Butacote therapy in a dosage of 300 mg daily in the expressed preferences of both the patients and the physicians conducting the trial. Butacote was also better tolerated, as no severe side-effects occurred during treatment, whereas five patients developed a widespread rash during the period of fenclofenac therapy. No significant differences were seen between the two drugs in terms of clinical measurements of pain, morning stiffness, spinal movements, chest expansion, and abduction of the hips. Butacote was shown to cause some significant depletion of haemoglobin level, probably due to water retention, and Butacote also reduced the serum urate level to a significant degree.", "contents": "A controlled comparative trial of Butacote and fenclofenac in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A double-blind crossover trial of fenclofenac was untertaken to compare the short-term effects of phenylbutazone (Butacote) therapy with fenclofenac therapy (1200 mg daily) in 23 patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis. The patients were randomly allocated to each of the test drugs for a period of two weeks, following wash-out periods of paracetamol for four days. The results favoured Butacote therapy in a dosage of 300 mg daily in the expressed preferences of both the patients and the physicians conducting the trial. Butacote was also better tolerated, as no severe side-effects occurred during treatment, whereas five patients developed a widespread rash during the period of fenclofenac therapy. No significant differences were seen between the two drugs in terms of clinical measurements of pain, morning stiffness, spinal movements, chest expansion, and abduction of the hips. Butacote was shown to cause some significant depletion of haemoglobin level, probably due to water retention, and Butacote also reduced the serum urate level to a significant degree.", "PMID": 334611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13061", "title": "System organization of alimentary behavior in the newborn and the developing cat.", "content": "This review deals with the structural, behavioral, and EEG correlates of searching for food and food intake. Data were collected on freely behaving kittens of 1 to 60 days of age with chronically implanted electrodes. The 1st manifestations of hunger involve activation of limbic-reticular structures and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity consisting of fast oscillations of 30-40-60 cps, correlated with general behavioral arousal as manifested by motor restlessness and vocal reactions. The more specific behavior form of hunger--feeding motivation--involves structures that include the motor and parietal cortex, amygdala, and medial hypothalamus; the EEG activity consists of high-amplitude, slow waves of 3-6 or 6-8 cps; and the behavioral correlate is purposeful search for the mother's teat or food. Satiation is associated with activity of the synchronizing structures in the forebrain and lower brain stem, as well as in the relay nuclei that transmit the sensory flow from oral afferents; EEG activity consists of regular rhythms of 10-14 and 2-4 cps; and the behavioral correlate is the act of feeding.", "contents": "System organization of alimentary behavior in the newborn and the developing cat. This review deals with the structural, behavioral, and EEG correlates of searching for food and food intake. Data were collected on freely behaving kittens of 1 to 60 days of age with chronically implanted electrodes. The 1st manifestations of hunger involve activation of limbic-reticular structures and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity consisting of fast oscillations of 30-40-60 cps, correlated with general behavioral arousal as manifested by motor restlessness and vocal reactions. The more specific behavior form of hunger--feeding motivation--involves structures that include the motor and parietal cortex, amygdala, and medial hypothalamus; the EEG activity consists of high-amplitude, slow waves of 3-6 or 6-8 cps; and the behavioral correlate is purposeful search for the mother's teat or food. Satiation is associated with activity of the synchronizing structures in the forebrain and lower brain stem, as well as in the relay nuclei that transmit the sensory flow from oral afferents; EEG activity consists of regular rhythms of 10-14 and 2-4 cps; and the behavioral correlate is the act of feeding.", "PMID": 334613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13062", "title": "In-vivo measurement of glucose and alanine metabolism with stable isotopic tracers.", "content": "This report describes sensitive, precise microtechniques that allow quantification of glucose and alanine metabolism in vivo using stable isotope tracers. By combined gas chromatography--mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring--deuterium and carbon-13 enrichment in blood glucose and alanine were measured with an error of less than 2 per cent. Estimation of glucose and alanine flux in dogs by stable isotope tracer techniques was compared with simultaneous measurements made in the same animal with conventional radiotracer dilution methods. Application of the described stable isotope methods to determination of glucose and alanine turnover as well as alanine-2,3-13C incorporation into glucose in adult men confirmed the safety and validity of these techniques for human investigation.", "contents": "In-vivo measurement of glucose and alanine metabolism with stable isotopic tracers. This report describes sensitive, precise microtechniques that allow quantification of glucose and alanine metabolism in vivo using stable isotope tracers. By combined gas chromatography--mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring--deuterium and carbon-13 enrichment in blood glucose and alanine were measured with an error of less than 2 per cent. Estimation of glucose and alanine flux in dogs by stable isotope tracer techniques was compared with simultaneous measurements made in the same animal with conventional radiotracer dilution methods. Application of the described stable isotope methods to determination of glucose and alanine turnover as well as alanine-2,3-13C incorporation into glucose in adult men confirmed the safety and validity of these techniques for human investigation.", "PMID": 334614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13063", "title": "The effect of short-term glucagon infusion on kidney function in normal man.", "content": "Kidney function was studied in six normal males before and during a 2 h glucagon (10 ng/kg/min) infusion. The following variables were determined during each 20 min clearance period; glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma-flow (RPF) , filtration fraction (FF), urinary albumin and beta2-microglobulin-excretion rates. Glucagon infusion resulted in a fourfold increase in plasma glucagon concentration. The infusion induced a significant increase in GFR (+9%), FF (+9%) and urinary beta2-microglobulin excretion rate (+32%), (p less than 0.01). RPF and urinary albumin excretion rates were not significantly changed. We suggest that glucagon may contribute to the reversible kidney function alterations typically found in poorly regulated juvenile diabetes, a state with relative or absolute hyperglucagonaemia.", "contents": "The effect of short-term glucagon infusion on kidney function in normal man. Kidney function was studied in six normal males before and during a 2 h glucagon (10 ng/kg/min) infusion. The following variables were determined during each 20 min clearance period; glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma-flow (RPF) , filtration fraction (FF), urinary albumin and beta2-microglobulin-excretion rates. Glucagon infusion resulted in a fourfold increase in plasma glucagon concentration. The infusion induced a significant increase in GFR (+9%), FF (+9%) and urinary beta2-microglobulin excretion rate (+32%), (p less than 0.01). RPF and urinary albumin excretion rates were not significantly changed. We suggest that glucagon may contribute to the reversible kidney function alterations typically found in poorly regulated juvenile diabetes, a state with relative or absolute hyperglucagonaemia.", "PMID": 334617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13064", "title": "Studies on translocation of immunoglobulins across intestinal epithelium. IV. Evidence for binding of IgA and IgM to secretory component in intestinal epithelium.", "content": "We conducted studies concerning the issue of whether secretory component (SC) is a specific receptor on intestinal epithelial cells for IgA and IgM. Initially, frozen sections of human intestinal mucosa were incubated with dimeric monoclonal human IgA, conjugated to horseradish peroxidase; adjacent sections were reacted with peroxidase-conjugated antibodies to SC. The conjugated IgA and anti-SC bound to similar sites in the epithelium, that is to basolateral margins and supranuclear cytoplasm of columnar epithelial cells, principally in gland crypts. In subsequent tests of binding specificity, binding of the dimeric IgA conjugate was inhibited by pretreating the tissues with unconjugated dimeric IgA or 19S IgM, pretreating the tissues with unconjugated antibodies to SC, or preincubating the dimeric IgA conjugate with free SC. Binding was not inhibited or only partially inhibited by pretreating the tissues with monomeric IgA or IgG, pretreating the tissues with antibodies to human or heterologous immunoglobulins, or preincubating the dimeric IgA conjugate with 11S secretory colostral IgA. The findings indicate that dimeric IgA and 19S IgM are capable of binding in vitro to specific sites on intestinal epithelial cells, most likely to SC. This supports the hypothesis that transport of these immunoglobulins into intestinal fluids involves their combination with SC in the epithelium.", "contents": "Studies on translocation of immunoglobulins across intestinal epithelium. IV. Evidence for binding of IgA and IgM to secretory component in intestinal epithelium. We conducted studies concerning the issue of whether secretory component (SC) is a specific receptor on intestinal epithelial cells for IgA and IgM. Initially, frozen sections of human intestinal mucosa were incubated with dimeric monoclonal human IgA, conjugated to horseradish peroxidase; adjacent sections were reacted with peroxidase-conjugated antibodies to SC. The conjugated IgA and anti-SC bound to similar sites in the epithelium, that is to basolateral margins and supranuclear cytoplasm of columnar epithelial cells, principally in gland crypts. In subsequent tests of binding specificity, binding of the dimeric IgA conjugate was inhibited by pretreating the tissues with unconjugated dimeric IgA or 19S IgM, pretreating the tissues with unconjugated antibodies to SC, or preincubating the dimeric IgA conjugate with free SC. Binding was not inhibited or only partially inhibited by pretreating the tissues with monomeric IgA or IgG, pretreating the tissues with antibodies to human or heterologous immunoglobulins, or preincubating the dimeric IgA conjugate with 11S secretory colostral IgA. The findings indicate that dimeric IgA and 19S IgM are capable of binding in vitro to specific sites on intestinal epithelial cells, most likely to SC. This supports the hypothesis that transport of these immunoglobulins into intestinal fluids involves their combination with SC in the epithelium.", "PMID": 334623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13065", "title": "Rapid progression of chronic active type B hepatitis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia.", "content": "Rapid progression of acute type B hepatitis to chronic active liver disease and cirrhosis in a young male with hypogammaglobulinemia is described. Absent circulating IgA, significantly low IgG, and normal IgM levels were detected during the acute phase of illness. Enumeration of peripheral lymphocytes revealed a decreased number of T cells and normal numbers of B cells. In vitro pokeweed stimulation of Ig synthesis correlated with the in vivo circulating levels of the three immunoglobulins. Cell-mediated immune responses were normal except for lymphocyte stimulation to hepatitis B surface antigen. It was concluded that the defective synthesis of IgG and IgA antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen contributed to the accelerated progression to chronic active type B hepatitis in this person.", "contents": "Rapid progression of chronic active type B hepatitis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia. Rapid progression of acute type B hepatitis to chronic active liver disease and cirrhosis in a young male with hypogammaglobulinemia is described. Absent circulating IgA, significantly low IgG, and normal IgM levels were detected during the acute phase of illness. Enumeration of peripheral lymphocytes revealed a decreased number of T cells and normal numbers of B cells. In vitro pokeweed stimulation of Ig synthesis correlated with the in vivo circulating levels of the three immunoglobulins. Cell-mediated immune responses were normal except for lymphocyte stimulation to hepatitis B surface antigen. It was concluded that the defective synthesis of IgG and IgA antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen contributed to the accelerated progression to chronic active type B hepatitis in this person.", "PMID": 334624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13066", "title": "Analysis of the role of recombination and repair in mutagenesis of Escherichia coli by UV irradiation.", "content": "Multiple mutant strains have been tested or their mimicry of the UV-mutagenesis deficiency of a recA single mutant. Revertants to histidine prototrophy and clear plaque mutants of lambda were scored to determine capacity for UV-mutagenesis. Nearly normal capacity was shown by a uvr+ recB- recF- strain, which shows almost no recA-dependent recombination, by uvr- recB+ recF- strains, which show almost no recA-dependent repair and by a uvrA- recB- recF- strain, which shows neither recA-dependent recombination nor repair. Since the uvr mutants can be assumed to show additionally no excision repair, these results may mean that UV-mutagenesis occurs during processes other than recombination and repair. Alternative hypotheses are discussed. The slight difference in mutagenic capacity was traced to the recF single mutation, which blocks the production of unmixed bursts of clear-plaque lambda mutants. Since this accounts for only about 10% of the mutations leading to clear-plaque mutants, it is suggested that there is more than one UV-mutagenic process.", "contents": "Analysis of the role of recombination and repair in mutagenesis of Escherichia coli by UV irradiation. Multiple mutant strains have been tested or their mimicry of the UV-mutagenesis deficiency of a recA single mutant. Revertants to histidine prototrophy and clear plaque mutants of lambda were scored to determine capacity for UV-mutagenesis. Nearly normal capacity was shown by a uvr+ recB- recF- strain, which shows almost no recA-dependent recombination, by uvr- recB+ recF- strains, which show almost no recA-dependent repair and by a uvrA- recB- recF- strain, which shows neither recA-dependent recombination nor repair. Since the uvr mutants can be assumed to show additionally no excision repair, these results may mean that UV-mutagenesis occurs during processes other than recombination and repair. Alternative hypotheses are discussed. The slight difference in mutagenic capacity was traced to the recF single mutation, which blocks the production of unmixed bursts of clear-plaque lambda mutants. Since this accounts for only about 10% of the mutations leading to clear-plaque mutants, it is suggested that there is more than one UV-mutagenic process.", "PMID": 334628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13067", "title": "[Multiple mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. IV. Mutability of yeast cultures at different growth stages].", "content": "Mutability at different stages of culture growth in liquid media of two yeast strains, which revealed a property of \"multiple mutability\" and one strain of wild type for this property, was studied. One strain that possessed the property of \"multiple mutability\" showed at stationary phase a very high frequency of mutability, which reached 3.5%. It was found that multiple mutants arose in both strains, that possessed the property under investigation, at lag- and log-growth phases, and only in one strain -- at the stationary phase of growth. The possible reasons of \"multiple mutability\" display are discussed.", "contents": "[Multiple mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. IV. Mutability of yeast cultures at different growth stages]. Mutability at different stages of culture growth in liquid media of two yeast strains, which revealed a property of \"multiple mutability\" and one strain of wild type for this property, was studied. One strain that possessed the property of \"multiple mutability\" showed at stationary phase a very high frequency of mutability, which reached 3.5%. It was found that multiple mutants arose in both strains, that possessed the property under investigation, at lag- and log-growth phases, and only in one strain -- at the stationary phase of growth. The possible reasons of \"multiple mutability\" display are discussed.", "PMID": 334629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13068", "title": "[Single-stranded conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12: characteristics of the formation of a heterogenous progeny].", "content": "During a single-stranded conjugation donor DNA, being a single-stranded form, takes part in the process of recombination. That is why a heteroduplex DNA must be an intermediate product of the recombination. The heteroduplex can be partially corrected as it was supposed for genetic transformation. The division of such a corrected heteroduplex gives the heterogenous progeny of exoconjugants. And this \"correctional\" heterogeneity must possess two following properties: 1) the mixed progeny must consist of only two recombinational genotypes; 2) the heterogeneity must be marker-specific. The experimental support to both predictions was obtained by the method of clonal analysis of conjugational merozygotes.", "contents": "[Single-stranded conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12: characteristics of the formation of a heterogenous progeny]. During a single-stranded conjugation donor DNA, being a single-stranded form, takes part in the process of recombination. That is why a heteroduplex DNA must be an intermediate product of the recombination. The heteroduplex can be partially corrected as it was supposed for genetic transformation. The division of such a corrected heteroduplex gives the heterogenous progeny of exoconjugants. And this \"correctional\" heterogeneity must possess two following properties: 1) the mixed progeny must consist of only two recombinational genotypes; 2) the heterogeneity must be marker-specific. The experimental support to both predictions was obtained by the method of clonal analysis of conjugational merozygotes.", "PMID": 334630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13069", "title": "[Genetic control of Escherichia coli K-12 strains' assimilation of 2,6-diaminopurine as a purine source].", "content": "Mutations of the resistance to 2,6-diaminopurine (apt), which affect adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, fail to permit the growth of Escherichia coli pur mutants (purine auxotrophs which cannot make inosine monophosphate de novo) on the medium with 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP) as the sole source of purines. Addition of a small amount of hypoxantine, but not guanine, stimulated the growth of mutants of pur apt and pur apt+ genotypes on the medium with DAP. The utilization of DAP as purine source in the presence of hypoxantine is blocked by mutations guaC (guanosine monophosphate reductase), add (adenosine deaminase) and pup (purine necleoside phosphorylase), suggesting that DAP are utilized via purine nucleoside phosphorylase and adenosine deaminase. The drm mutation (that increases the level of pentose-1-phosphate in the cell) does not activate the utilization of DAP. The results indicate that a step, that limits the utilization of DAP as the sole source of purines by pur mutants of E. coli, is the deamination of DAP nucleoside.", "contents": "[Genetic control of Escherichia coli K-12 strains' assimilation of 2,6-diaminopurine as a purine source]. Mutations of the resistance to 2,6-diaminopurine (apt), which affect adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, fail to permit the growth of Escherichia coli pur mutants (purine auxotrophs which cannot make inosine monophosphate de novo) on the medium with 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP) as the sole source of purines. Addition of a small amount of hypoxantine, but not guanine, stimulated the growth of mutants of pur apt and pur apt+ genotypes on the medium with DAP. The utilization of DAP as purine source in the presence of hypoxantine is blocked by mutations guaC (guanosine monophosphate reductase), add (adenosine deaminase) and pup (purine necleoside phosphorylase), suggesting that DAP are utilized via purine nucleoside phosphorylase and adenosine deaminase. The drm mutation (that increases the level of pentose-1-phosphate in the cell) does not activate the utilization of DAP. The results indicate that a step, that limits the utilization of DAP as the sole source of purines by pur mutants of E. coli, is the deamination of DAP nucleoside.", "PMID": 334631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13070", "title": "[Escherichia coli cell competence induced by calcium cations].", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 cells grown to early and late exponential, and early and late stationary phases were treated with CA2+ and analysed for the ability of exogenous 14C-DNA uptake and genetic transformation. DNA-membrane complexes were detected detected by isopicnic centrifugation of cell lysates in sucrose density gradient. It is found that 1) during all the tested phases of the growth cycle, E. coli cells attain the ability of enhanced DNA uptake after Ca2+ treatment; 2) exogenous and host DNAs are associated with the cell membrane during all tested growth phases; 3) nevertheless, the ability to form transformants is strongly time-dependent: the cells can be transformed during logarithmic phase only; 4) Ca2+ protects exogenous DNA against its degradation by bovine pancreatic DNAase. The peculiarities of Ca2+-induced competence, actual and possible interference of Ca2+ at different transformation steps are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Escherichia coli cell competence induced by calcium cations]. Escherichia coli K-12 cells grown to early and late exponential, and early and late stationary phases were treated with CA2+ and analysed for the ability of exogenous 14C-DNA uptake and genetic transformation. DNA-membrane complexes were detected detected by isopicnic centrifugation of cell lysates in sucrose density gradient. It is found that 1) during all the tested phases of the growth cycle, E. coli cells attain the ability of enhanced DNA uptake after Ca2+ treatment; 2) exogenous and host DNAs are associated with the cell membrane during all tested growth phases; 3) nevertheless, the ability to form transformants is strongly time-dependent: the cells can be transformed during logarithmic phase only; 4) Ca2+ protects exogenous DNA against its degradation by bovine pancreatic DNAase. The peculiarities of Ca2+-induced competence, actual and possible interference of Ca2+ at different transformation steps are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 334632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13071", "title": "[Use of 8-methoxypsoralen and light (lambda--365 nm) for studying repair in yeasts].", "content": "The lethal effect of 8-metoxypsoralen (8/MOP) plus light (lambda = 365 nm) on the haploid radioresistant and UV-sensitive strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. The mutation uvs1 increased the sensitivity to the lethal effect of 8-MOP more than 2.8 times as compared to radioresistant strain. The method of repeated irradiation allowed to study kinetics of excision of monoadducts induced by 8-MOP. The mutant uvs1 was characterized by the absence of excision of monoadducts. The radioresistant strain removed monoadducts very efficiently (80%) after the incubation in complete liquid medium for 2.5 hours at 28 degrees before repeated irradiation. After the incubation of this strain in buffer (pH 7.0) monoadducts were removed considerably less efficiently (30%).", "contents": "[Use of 8-methoxypsoralen and light (lambda--365 nm) for studying repair in yeasts]. The lethal effect of 8-metoxypsoralen (8/MOP) plus light (lambda = 365 nm) on the haploid radioresistant and UV-sensitive strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. The mutation uvs1 increased the sensitivity to the lethal effect of 8-MOP more than 2.8 times as compared to radioresistant strain. The method of repeated irradiation allowed to study kinetics of excision of monoadducts induced by 8-MOP. The mutant uvs1 was characterized by the absence of excision of monoadducts. The radioresistant strain removed monoadducts very efficiently (80%) after the incubation in complete liquid medium for 2.5 hours at 28 degrees before repeated irradiation. After the incubation of this strain in buffer (pH 7.0) monoadducts were removed considerably less efficiently (30%).", "PMID": 334633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13072", "title": "[Site-specific recombination between phages lambda and phi 81 and integration of hybrid phages lambda-phi 81].", "content": "Dependence of the formation frequency of hybrid phages immlambdahphi81 and immphi81hlambda in recombination between phages lambda and phi81 from int-function of both phages is studied. Phages with hybrid att-sites (Plambda OP'phi81 and Pphi81OP'lambda) are isolated and the efficiency of integration of these phages into bacterial chromosome is determined.", "contents": "[Site-specific recombination between phages lambda and phi 81 and integration of hybrid phages lambda-phi 81]. Dependence of the formation frequency of hybrid phages immlambdahphi81 and immphi81hlambda in recombination between phages lambda and phi81 from int-function of both phages is studied. Phages with hybrid att-sites (Plambda OP'phi81 and Pphi81OP'lambda) are isolated and the efficiency of integration of these phages into bacterial chromosome is determined.", "PMID": 334634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13073", "title": "[Salmonella typhimurium--test system for detecting the mutagenic activity of environmental pollutants. II. Mutagenic effect of heavy metal salts in an in vitro system with metabolic activation].", "content": "Mutagenic effect of zinc chloride on Salmonella typhimurium strain was detected using in vitro metabolic activation system. Cadmium chloride showed no significant mutagenic activity in the same system. It is recommended to use both in vitro and in vivo metabolic activation systems in mutagenicity testing of chemicals.", "contents": "[Salmonella typhimurium--test system for detecting the mutagenic activity of environmental pollutants. II. Mutagenic effect of heavy metal salts in an in vitro system with metabolic activation]. Mutagenic effect of zinc chloride on Salmonella typhimurium strain was detected using in vitro metabolic activation system. Cadmium chloride showed no significant mutagenic activity in the same system. It is recommended to use both in vitro and in vivo metabolic activation systems in mutagenicity testing of chemicals.", "PMID": 334635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13074", "title": "Influence of acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol on menstrual blood loss.", "content": "In a double-blind cross-over study the influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and paracetamol on menstrual blood loss has been investigated in 23 women without an intrauterine loop or birth control pills. After intake of ASA there was no significantly, increased blood loss compared with intake of placebo or paracetamol.", "contents": "Influence of acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol on menstrual blood loss. In a double-blind cross-over study the influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and paracetamol on menstrual blood loss has been investigated in 23 women without an intrauterine loop or birth control pills. After intake of ASA there was no significantly, increased blood loss compared with intake of placebo or paracetamol.", "PMID": 334638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13075", "title": "Dorsal silicone rods in the primary care of war injuries.", "content": "During armed combat serious hand injuries are often neglected only to receive the attention they deserve far too late. The authors have employed a vigorous approach to the primary care of severe war injuries to dorsum of the hand introducing silicone rods where extensor tendons have been destroyed and where skin closure is obtained using inguinal skin flaps.", "contents": "Dorsal silicone rods in the primary care of war injuries. During armed combat serious hand injuries are often neglected only to receive the attention they deserve far too late. The authors have employed a vigorous approach to the primary care of severe war injuries to dorsum of the hand introducing silicone rods where extensor tendons have been destroyed and where skin closure is obtained using inguinal skin flaps.", "PMID": 334639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13076", "title": "[Complications and failures through negative selection in replantation of amputated extremities].", "content": "Two years of experience with our replantation service in Vienna serves to define the criteria by which an amputated member is deemed worthy of replantation. 68 cases are analyzed and the complications and failures are discussed. The criteria took into account the type of injury, the ischemia time, the method adopted to preserve the severed part as well as the functional need of the amputee. We believe that by today's standard of replantation surgery, with the aid of microsurgical methods a responsible approach to indications would improve the functional results. Replantation capability, replantation possibility, replantation readiness and replantation obsession are all discussed.", "contents": "[Complications and failures through negative selection in replantation of amputated extremities]. Two years of experience with our replantation service in Vienna serves to define the criteria by which an amputated member is deemed worthy of replantation. 68 cases are analyzed and the complications and failures are discussed. The criteria took into account the type of injury, the ischemia time, the method adopted to preserve the severed part as well as the functional need of the amputee. We believe that by today's standard of replantation surgery, with the aid of microsurgical methods a responsible approach to indications would improve the functional results. Replantation capability, replantation possibility, replantation readiness and replantation obsession are all discussed.", "PMID": 334641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13077", "title": "[Complications in free flap transfer with microvascular anastomosis].", "content": "We used free flap transfers with microvascular anastomoses to cover defects on head, leg, foot and hand. In our experiences of 12 cases we got 2 total and 3 partial necroses of the transplants. The possible causes of the failures are discussed, and the results are compared with other reports. The significance of the method in hand surgery is demonstrated, comparing groin and dorsalis pedis flaps.", "contents": "[Complications in free flap transfer with microvascular anastomosis]. We used free flap transfers with microvascular anastomoses to cover defects on head, leg, foot and hand. In our experiences of 12 cases we got 2 total and 3 partial necroses of the transplants. The possible causes of the failures are discussed, and the results are compared with other reports. The significance of the method in hand surgery is demonstrated, comparing groin and dorsalis pedis flaps.", "PMID": 334642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13078", "title": "[The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system and antidiuretic hormone (author's transl)].", "content": "Production, transport, storage and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system were investigated. ADH produced by nerve cells in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus is present in a form bound to the specific protein neurophysin, in the neurosecretary granula. Electric and chemical stimulation of these nuclei results in evoked release of ADH in ionic association with neurophysin from the neural lobes. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, histamine, angiotensin II, gamma-aminobutyric acid and L-glutamic acid have been regarded as candidates of chemical transmitters for the release of ADH in the hypothalamus. Prostaglandin (PG) E2 may be another important compound for central regulation of water metabolism. The possibility that PGE2 may be the transmitter or a modulator in the nuclei has to be considred. Serotonin, dopamine and taurine, however, may not be involded in the ADH releasing mechanisms in the hypothalamus. It appears that norepinephrine, histamine, angiotensin II, PGE2 and bradykinin stimulate directly the neural lobe to release ADH. The ADH release is regulated by intracellular Ca++. The existence of a \"readily-releasable pool\" of ADH can be ruled out and any limitation in the amount of ADH released under experimental conditions may be due to insufficient activation of the neural lobe. A physiological significance other than a carrier was proposed for neurophysin.", "contents": "[The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system and antidiuretic hormone (author's transl)]. Production, transport, storage and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system were investigated. ADH produced by nerve cells in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus is present in a form bound to the specific protein neurophysin, in the neurosecretary granula. Electric and chemical stimulation of these nuclei results in evoked release of ADH in ionic association with neurophysin from the neural lobes. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, histamine, angiotensin II, gamma-aminobutyric acid and L-glutamic acid have been regarded as candidates of chemical transmitters for the release of ADH in the hypothalamus. Prostaglandin (PG) E2 may be another important compound for central regulation of water metabolism. The possibility that PGE2 may be the transmitter or a modulator in the nuclei has to be considred. Serotonin, dopamine and taurine, however, may not be involded in the ADH releasing mechanisms in the hypothalamus. It appears that norepinephrine, histamine, angiotensin II, PGE2 and bradykinin stimulate directly the neural lobe to release ADH. The ADH release is regulated by intracellular Ca++. The existence of a \"readily-releasable pool\" of ADH can be ruled out and any limitation in the amount of ADH released under experimental conditions may be due to insufficient activation of the neural lobe. A physiological significance other than a carrier was proposed for neurophysin.", "PMID": 334645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13079", "title": "[A comparison of the effects of the beta-adrenergic blockers, carteolol (OPC-1085), propranolol and alprenolol on isolated rat cardiac muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of carteolol, propranolol and alprenolol were studied by using spontaneously contracting atria, atrial muscle and papillary muscle prepared from rat hearts. Propranolol, alprenolol and carteolol caused decreases in atrial rate and in contractile tension of electrically driven cardiac muscles in concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-5) g/ml, 10(-6) to 10(-5) g/ml and 10(-4) g/ml, respectively. These compounds, also, effectively prevented electrically-induced atrial arrhythmias in these concentrations. Contractile tension of the cardiac muscles was increased by carteolol in concentrations of 10(-7) to 10(-6) g/ml. The refractory period of the cardiac muscles was prolonged in the presence of alprenolol (10(-7) to 10(-6) g/ml) or carteolol (10(-6) to 10(-5) g/ml). The refractory period of the papillary muscle was increased by 10(-7) to 10(-6) g/ml of propranolol. The maximum driven frequency (MDF) of the atrial muscle was reduced by 5X10(-8) to 10(-7) g/ml of carteolol or by 5X10(-8) g/ml of alprenolol, and MDF of the papillary muscle by 5X10(-7) g/ml of propranolol. In extremely high concentrations, these compounds significantly reduced MDF of the cardiac muscle. These results suggest that the antiarrhythmic action of alprenolol and carteolol is more predominant in atria than in ventricles, whereas the reverse is true for propranolol.", "contents": "[A comparison of the effects of the beta-adrenergic blockers, carteolol (OPC-1085), propranolol and alprenolol on isolated rat cardiac muscles (author's transl)]. The effects of carteolol, propranolol and alprenolol were studied by using spontaneously contracting atria, atrial muscle and papillary muscle prepared from rat hearts. Propranolol, alprenolol and carteolol caused decreases in atrial rate and in contractile tension of electrically driven cardiac muscles in concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-5) g/ml, 10(-6) to 10(-5) g/ml and 10(-4) g/ml, respectively. These compounds, also, effectively prevented electrically-induced atrial arrhythmias in these concentrations. Contractile tension of the cardiac muscles was increased by carteolol in concentrations of 10(-7) to 10(-6) g/ml. The refractory period of the cardiac muscles was prolonged in the presence of alprenolol (10(-7) to 10(-6) g/ml) or carteolol (10(-6) to 10(-5) g/ml). The refractory period of the papillary muscle was increased by 10(-7) to 10(-6) g/ml of propranolol. The maximum driven frequency (MDF) of the atrial muscle was reduced by 5X10(-8) to 10(-7) g/ml of carteolol or by 5X10(-8) g/ml of alprenolol, and MDF of the papillary muscle by 5X10(-7) g/ml of propranolol. In extremely high concentrations, these compounds significantly reduced MDF of the cardiac muscle. These results suggest that the antiarrhythmic action of alprenolol and carteolol is more predominant in atria than in ventricles, whereas the reverse is true for propranolol.", "PMID": 334646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13080", "title": "[Important factors determining human distribution and elimination of diazepam].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its biologically active major metabolite desmethyldiazepam were investigated under clinically relevant situations. Both drugs were measured in the different specimens (blood, plasma, urine, bile) by a specific and sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic assay. The pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by the digital computer program SAAM-25 according to the two compartment open model. In healthy subjects the elimination half-life (T1/2(beta))is dependent on the age of the individuals, which is caused by changes in the apparent volume of distribution. The strong plasma protein binding of 95 to 98 percent determines the low hepatic clearance of diazepam. Only neglible amounts of a dose are excreted unchanged with the bile and into the urine. After multiple dosing with diazepam its T1/2(beta) is prolonged, which is caused by a lowered clearance. Thereby also desmethyldiazepam accumulates, since it is eliminated about three times slower than its parent compound. In patients with dysfunction of the liver (cirrhosis, hepatitis) diazepam and desmethyldiazepam exhibit a prolonged T1/2(beta) and a reduced clearance and the lowered plasma protein binding causes a larger volume of distribution. Animal and in vitro experiments demonstrate, besides species dependent differences, that the elimination of diazepam can be impaired by the accumulating desmethyldiazepam.", "contents": "[Important factors determining human distribution and elimination of diazepam]. The pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its biologically active major metabolite desmethyldiazepam were investigated under clinically relevant situations. Both drugs were measured in the different specimens (blood, plasma, urine, bile) by a specific and sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic assay. The pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by the digital computer program SAAM-25 according to the two compartment open model. In healthy subjects the elimination half-life (T1/2(beta))is dependent on the age of the individuals, which is caused by changes in the apparent volume of distribution. The strong plasma protein binding of 95 to 98 percent determines the low hepatic clearance of diazepam. Only neglible amounts of a dose are excreted unchanged with the bile and into the urine. After multiple dosing with diazepam its T1/2(beta) is prolonged, which is caused by a lowered clearance. Thereby also desmethyldiazepam accumulates, since it is eliminated about three times slower than its parent compound. In patients with dysfunction of the liver (cirrhosis, hepatitis) diazepam and desmethyldiazepam exhibit a prolonged T1/2(beta) and a reduced clearance and the lowered plasma protein binding causes a larger volume of distribution. Animal and in vitro experiments demonstrate, besides species dependent differences, that the elimination of diazepam can be impaired by the accumulating desmethyldiazepam.", "PMID": 334648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13081", "title": "[Progress in flexor-tendon surgery].", "content": "The treatment of fresh injuries with the modified technique of primary suture followed by a dressing in the relaxed position of the suture together with the parallel progress in transplantation have brought a new stimulus to flexor tendon surgery. The possibilities of selecting the best approach in every case have become greater and have been extended to include the field of micro-surgery. Also, technical progress has become more cautious. Each intensive specialization, which must necessarily be limited in its application to only a few centres, obliges all surgeons however, to master and apply the theoretical principles of these advances.", "contents": "[Progress in flexor-tendon surgery]. The treatment of fresh injuries with the modified technique of primary suture followed by a dressing in the relaxed position of the suture together with the parallel progress in transplantation have brought a new stimulus to flexor tendon surgery. The possibilities of selecting the best approach in every case have become greater and have been extended to include the field of micro-surgery. Also, technical progress has become more cautious. Each intensive specialization, which must necessarily be limited in its application to only a few centres, obliges all surgeons however, to master and apply the theoretical principles of these advances.", "PMID": 334651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13082", "title": "[Natural science and historicity in modern times].", "content": "The history of science in modern times is the history of the loss of and gain in historicity. In contrast to the increasing historicizing of nature (as the objective dimension), the knowledge of nature (as the subjective dimension) after a time of parallelism between historical studies and scientific research (Enlightenment) and a time of integration (Idealism/Romanticism) was fundamentally dehistoricized during the positivistic 19th century. The history of science and science itself have since that time fallen apart--consciousness of science is restricted to consciousness of the presence.", "contents": "[Natural science and historicity in modern times]. The history of science in modern times is the history of the loss of and gain in historicity. In contrast to the increasing historicizing of nature (as the objective dimension), the knowledge of nature (as the subjective dimension) after a time of parallelism between historical studies and scientific research (Enlightenment) and a time of integration (Idealism/Romanticism) was fundamentally dehistoricized during the positivistic 19th century. The history of science and science itself have since that time fallen apart--consciousness of science is restricted to consciousness of the presence.", "PMID": 334653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13083", "title": "[Experiences with a new percutaneously effective antirheumatic preparation].", "content": "The new substance Etofenamat (Rheumon Gel) is effective percutaneously in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. The gel is shown to be an effective antiphlogistic and analgetic, especially in vertebragenic diseases. The results of treatment of 81 patients are summarized. In a total of 56 patients, use of Etofenamat led to an evident improvement, for example, freedom from pain. Treatment for up to 9 days, eliminated pain in 73 of the 81 patients. In 28 patients out of 38, the mobility of joints was favourably effected. No side effects were observed.", "contents": "[Experiences with a new percutaneously effective antirheumatic preparation]. The new substance Etofenamat (Rheumon Gel) is effective percutaneously in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. The gel is shown to be an effective antiphlogistic and analgetic, especially in vertebragenic diseases. The results of treatment of 81 patients are summarized. In a total of 56 patients, use of Etofenamat led to an evident improvement, for example, freedom from pain. Treatment for up to 9 days, eliminated pain in 73 of the 81 patients. In 28 patients out of 38, the mobility of joints was favourably effected. No side effects were observed.", "PMID": 334654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13084", "title": "[Preventive gastrectomies before kidney transplantations].", "content": "Gastroduodenal bleeding or perforation occurs in 3.5 to 60% of renal transplant patients. Mortality ranges from 35 to 75%. Experience with prophylactic gastric surgery is based on 61 patients with chronic hemodialysis, who were prepared for renal transplantation since 1974. History, presence of ulcer disease or hyperchlorhydria were assumed to represent a gastroduodenal risk. All 20 patients with such a risk-factor received prophylactic gastric surgery (high risk: selective gastric vagotomy + hemigastrectomy in 12, low risk: selective proximal vagotomy in 6; truncal vagotomy + drainage in 2 cases). Postoperatively there were no serious complications, no lethality.", "contents": "[Preventive gastrectomies before kidney transplantations]. Gastroduodenal bleeding or perforation occurs in 3.5 to 60% of renal transplant patients. Mortality ranges from 35 to 75%. Experience with prophylactic gastric surgery is based on 61 patients with chronic hemodialysis, who were prepared for renal transplantation since 1974. History, presence of ulcer disease or hyperchlorhydria were assumed to represent a gastroduodenal risk. All 20 patients with such a risk-factor received prophylactic gastric surgery (high risk: selective gastric vagotomy + hemigastrectomy in 12, low risk: selective proximal vagotomy in 6; truncal vagotomy + drainage in 2 cases). Postoperatively there were no serious complications, no lethality.", "PMID": 334660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13085", "title": "Isolation of Bacteroides corrodens and Eikenella corrodens from human clinical specimens. Comparative study of incidence and methods of identification.", "content": "In the course of a systematic search for Bacteroides corrodents and Eikenella corrodens in clinical specimens submitted for microbiological analysis, 61% of the specimens from anal abscesses, 6% of the vaginal specimens and none of the pharyngeal specimens yielded B. corrodens, whereas E. corrodens was recovered from only 9% of the pharyngeal specimens. Some characteristics were found to be useful in differentiating between the two species: B. corrodens strains were strictly anaerobic, cytochrome-oxidase-negative, urease-positive and gelatinase-positive; they were sensitive to lincomycin but resistant to vancomycin. E. corrodens strains on the other hand were facultatively anaerobic, oxidase-positive, urease-negative and gelatinase-negative; they were resistant to lincomycin but sensitive to vancomycin. The pathogenicity of the two species was difficult to assess as in most cases they were recovered from mixed cultures.", "contents": "Isolation of Bacteroides corrodens and Eikenella corrodens from human clinical specimens. Comparative study of incidence and methods of identification. In the course of a systematic search for Bacteroides corrodents and Eikenella corrodens in clinical specimens submitted for microbiological analysis, 61% of the specimens from anal abscesses, 6% of the vaginal specimens and none of the pharyngeal specimens yielded B. corrodens, whereas E. corrodens was recovered from only 9% of the pharyngeal specimens. Some characteristics were found to be useful in differentiating between the two species: B. corrodens strains were strictly anaerobic, cytochrome-oxidase-negative, urease-positive and gelatinase-positive; they were sensitive to lincomycin but resistant to vancomycin. E. corrodens strains on the other hand were facultatively anaerobic, oxidase-positive, urease-negative and gelatinase-negative; they were resistant to lincomycin but sensitive to vancomycin. The pathogenicity of the two species was difficult to assess as in most cases they were recovered from mixed cultures.", "PMID": 334672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13086", "title": "[Azlocillin and mezlocillin: two new semisynthetic acylureido-penicillins (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetic parameters of two new ureido-penicillins (azlocillin and mezlocillin) were determined in 12 healthy subjects after a half-hour continuous infusion of 5,000 mg. The agar diffusion test (test strain Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633) was used for the microbiological assays. The mean azlocillin serum concentration after the half-hour infusion was 431.0 +/- 75.0 microgram/ml; after eight hours it had fallen to a mean value of 4.7 +/- 2.6 microngram/ml. The mean elimination half-life was 77.5 +/- 10.4 minutes, and the relative distribution volume was 19.4 +/- 1.9% of the bodyweight. At the end of the infusion, mezlocillin showed a mean serum concentration of 426.0 +/- 61.0 microgram/ml and after eight hours an average of 1.1 +/-0.9 microgram/ml; the half-life was shorter (56.9 +/- 9.9 minutes) and the distribution volume lower (14.8 +/- 3.1%) than that of azlocillin. The renal clearance values measured in three subjects during a four-hour continuous infusion were: azlocillin 111.6 ml/min/1.73 m2, mezlocillin 121.5 ml/min/1.73 m2. The kinetic behaviour of the two ureido-penicillins was essentially very similar to that of ampicillin and carbenicillin, 38 patients with bronchopneumonia, cholangitis or urinary tract infections, which in some instances were severe, were treated for an average of 10 days with an average daily dosage of 3X4.0 g azlocillin or 3X5.0 g mezlocillin. 30 patients showed clinical improvement, and in 17 of these the pathogen was eliminated. These therapeutic results appear more favourable than those obtained with the newer aminoglycoside antibiotics (amikacin, sisomicin); in particular the drug was well tolerated.", "contents": "[Azlocillin and mezlocillin: two new semisynthetic acylureido-penicillins (author's transl)]. The pharmacokinetic parameters of two new ureido-penicillins (azlocillin and mezlocillin) were determined in 12 healthy subjects after a half-hour continuous infusion of 5,000 mg. The agar diffusion test (test strain Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633) was used for the microbiological assays. The mean azlocillin serum concentration after the half-hour infusion was 431.0 +/- 75.0 microgram/ml; after eight hours it had fallen to a mean value of 4.7 +/- 2.6 microngram/ml. The mean elimination half-life was 77.5 +/- 10.4 minutes, and the relative distribution volume was 19.4 +/- 1.9% of the bodyweight. At the end of the infusion, mezlocillin showed a mean serum concentration of 426.0 +/- 61.0 microgram/ml and after eight hours an average of 1.1 +/-0.9 microgram/ml; the half-life was shorter (56.9 +/- 9.9 minutes) and the distribution volume lower (14.8 +/- 3.1%) than that of azlocillin. The renal clearance values measured in three subjects during a four-hour continuous infusion were: azlocillin 111.6 ml/min/1.73 m2, mezlocillin 121.5 ml/min/1.73 m2. The kinetic behaviour of the two ureido-penicillins was essentially very similar to that of ampicillin and carbenicillin, 38 patients with bronchopneumonia, cholangitis or urinary tract infections, which in some instances were severe, were treated for an average of 10 days with an average daily dosage of 3X4.0 g azlocillin or 3X5.0 g mezlocillin. 30 patients showed clinical improvement, and in 17 of these the pathogen was eliminated. These therapeutic results appear more favourable than those obtained with the newer aminoglycoside antibiotics (amikacin, sisomicin); in particular the drug was well tolerated.", "PMID": 334673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13087", "title": "A review of the medical considerations of the use of tylosin and other macrolide antibiotics as additives in animal feeds.", "content": "The use of antibiotics in animal feeds is reviewed with special reference to possible problems which might be encountered in human medicine. Emphasis is placed on the macrolide antibiotics, especially tylosin. Even though there can be cross-resistance between tylosin and erythromycin, the increasing use of tylosin in animal feeds has not caused an increase of resistance to erythromycin in human isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. There is no significant evidence that tylosin resistant staphylococci of animal origin have endangered human health. Tylosin is not effective against the gram-negative intestinal flora, which thus does not lead to selection of R-factors by conjugation. From the human medical stand point, there is no reason that precludes the use of tylosin as a fee additive in animal feeds.", "contents": "A review of the medical considerations of the use of tylosin and other macrolide antibiotics as additives in animal feeds. The use of antibiotics in animal feeds is reviewed with special reference to possible problems which might be encountered in human medicine. Emphasis is placed on the macrolide antibiotics, especially tylosin. Even though there can be cross-resistance between tylosin and erythromycin, the increasing use of tylosin in animal feeds has not caused an increase of resistance to erythromycin in human isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. There is no significant evidence that tylosin resistant staphylococci of animal origin have endangered human health. Tylosin is not effective against the gram-negative intestinal flora, which thus does not lead to selection of R-factors by conjugation. From the human medical stand point, there is no reason that precludes the use of tylosin as a fee additive in animal feeds.", "PMID": 334674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13088", "title": "Mechanism of Corynebacterium Parvum anti-tumour activity. II. Protective effect in T-cell-deprived mice.", "content": "The natural resistance to syngeneic mammary carcinoma was reduced by thymectomy alone in adult C3H mice or in mice thymectomized, lethally irradiated and restored with bone-marrow cells (Tx RB). The protective effect of C. parvum was not modified by adult thymectomy but it was reduced in Tx RB mice. The injection of thymic cells to Tx RB mice or the elimination of T cell precursors in bone-marrow cells injected in Tx RB mice did not increase the protective effect of C. parvum. These results were compatible with the hypothesis that T cells do not intervene in the mechanism of C. parvum protective effect.", "contents": "Mechanism of Corynebacterium Parvum anti-tumour activity. II. Protective effect in T-cell-deprived mice. The natural resistance to syngeneic mammary carcinoma was reduced by thymectomy alone in adult C3H mice or in mice thymectomized, lethally irradiated and restored with bone-marrow cells (Tx RB). The protective effect of C. parvum was not modified by adult thymectomy but it was reduced in Tx RB mice. The injection of thymic cells to Tx RB mice or the elimination of T cell precursors in bone-marrow cells injected in Tx RB mice did not increase the protective effect of C. parvum. These results were compatible with the hypothesis that T cells do not intervene in the mechanism of C. parvum protective effect.", "PMID": 334678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13089", "title": "Plasma levels of di-no-propylacetate and clonazepam in epileptic patients.", "content": "Plasma levels of DPA and CNP and associated antiepileptic drugs were measured in groups of respectively 106 and 30 epileptic patients aged from 3 to 49 years. A poor correlation between daily oral dose and plasma levels of both drug was observed when the whole group of patients was considered. A better correlation was seen in a group of adult patients who received DPA and PB. Children below 10 years of age disposed both drugs faster than adults and the difference was significant (p less than 0.01) in groups receiving PB as associated drug. Patients medicated with PB and DPA or CNP showed lower plasma levels of both drugs; on the other hand DPA appeared to cause a decrease of PB clearance which was more marked in children. The clinical significance of the fluctuations of daily plasma levels of both drugs are discussed in relationship to the schedule of administration and plasma sampling. Observations on the therapeutic ranges and adverse effect of the drugs are reported.", "contents": "Plasma levels of di-no-propylacetate and clonazepam in epileptic patients. Plasma levels of DPA and CNP and associated antiepileptic drugs were measured in groups of respectively 106 and 30 epileptic patients aged from 3 to 49 years. A poor correlation between daily oral dose and plasma levels of both drug was observed when the whole group of patients was considered. A better correlation was seen in a group of adult patients who received DPA and PB. Children below 10 years of age disposed both drugs faster than adults and the difference was significant (p less than 0.01) in groups receiving PB as associated drug. Patients medicated with PB and DPA or CNP showed lower plasma levels of both drugs; on the other hand DPA appeared to cause a decrease of PB clearance which was more marked in children. The clinical significance of the fluctuations of daily plasma levels of both drugs are discussed in relationship to the schedule of administration and plasma sampling. Observations on the therapeutic ranges and adverse effect of the drugs are reported.", "PMID": 334679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13090", "title": "[How blind is a double-blind trial really? Validity of controlled investigations].", "content": "During a double blind trial lasting 4 weeks (Diazepam versus Loxapin), two investigators tried to identify the given drug prematurely. Only the more experienced investigator was able to identify the two drugs (p = 0.01). His judgement was based neither on observation of side-effects nor on a clinical improvement but apparently on a summary of particular subtle effects, the cognition of which requires a specific experience. The use of an adequate comparative drug instead of a placebo in a double blind study does not completely prevent a premature decoding but should reduce this risk and therefore increase the validity of the method.", "contents": "[How blind is a double-blind trial really? Validity of controlled investigations]. During a double blind trial lasting 4 weeks (Diazepam versus Loxapin), two investigators tried to identify the given drug prematurely. Only the more experienced investigator was able to identify the two drugs (p = 0.01). His judgement was based neither on observation of side-effects nor on a clinical improvement but apparently on a summary of particular subtle effects, the cognition of which requires a specific experience. The use of an adequate comparative drug instead of a placebo in a double blind study does not completely prevent a premature decoding but should reduce this risk and therefore increase the validity of the method.", "PMID": 334685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13091", "title": "Tandamine--a new norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Clinical, psychometric and quantitative EEG studies in depressed patients.", "content": "Tandamine (AY-23,946)- a new norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with practically no serotonin potentiation, MAO inhibition and anticholinergic activity-was administered in doses from 75 to 200 mg to a group of 20 hospitalized depressed patients. Weekly clinical evaluation including the ECDEU global score. Hamilton score and Zung self-rating score demonstrated a slight improvement which became statistically significant between the 1st and 2nd weeks of therapy. While the 'thymoleptic' properties of the drug were weak, a pronouned 'activating/stimulatory' effect of the drug was noted. Psychometric tests showed an increase in attention, concentration and psychomotor activity as well as an improvement in FPI personality dimensions 'depression' and 'inhibition', while the Taylor anxiety score did not reveal any changes. Digital computer period analysis of the EEG demonstrated, 6 h after oral administration of 50 mg tandamine, a decrease of slow waves, a significant increase of fast activity as well as a significant attenuation of the amplitude variability. Such changes are reminiscent of the pharmaco-EEG profile of psychostimulatory drugs and may represent the neurophysiological correlate for the activating/stimulatory properties of tandamine. Our finding suggest that the well-tolerated drug may be of some benefit for retarded depressions.", "contents": "Tandamine--a new norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Clinical, psychometric and quantitative EEG studies in depressed patients. Tandamine (AY-23,946)- a new norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with practically no serotonin potentiation, MAO inhibition and anticholinergic activity-was administered in doses from 75 to 200 mg to a group of 20 hospitalized depressed patients. Weekly clinical evaluation including the ECDEU global score. Hamilton score and Zung self-rating score demonstrated a slight improvement which became statistically significant between the 1st and 2nd weeks of therapy. While the 'thymoleptic' properties of the drug were weak, a pronouned 'activating/stimulatory' effect of the drug was noted. Psychometric tests showed an increase in attention, concentration and psychomotor activity as well as an improvement in FPI personality dimensions 'depression' and 'inhibition', while the Taylor anxiety score did not reveal any changes. Digital computer period analysis of the EEG demonstrated, 6 h after oral administration of 50 mg tandamine, a decrease of slow waves, a significant increase of fast activity as well as a significant attenuation of the amplitude variability. Such changes are reminiscent of the pharmaco-EEG profile of psychostimulatory drugs and may represent the neurophysiological correlate for the activating/stimulatory properties of tandamine. Our finding suggest that the well-tolerated drug may be of some benefit for retarded depressions.", "PMID": 334686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13092", "title": "Typological prediction of response to amitriptyline: a replication study.", "content": "This paper reports a replication study of prediction of outcome by a cluster-analysis derived four-group typoloy of depression. 143 acutely depressed women were treated with amitriptyline for 4 weeks. In replication of the earlier findings, anxious depressives showed the worst response, hostile depressives and young depressive with personality disorder the best, with psychotic depressive intermediate. The findings provide further validating evidence for the typology, and for the view that nonpsychotic depressives are heterogenous.", "contents": "Typological prediction of response to amitriptyline: a replication study. This paper reports a replication study of prediction of outcome by a cluster-analysis derived four-group typoloy of depression. 143 acutely depressed women were treated with amitriptyline for 4 weeks. In replication of the earlier findings, anxious depressives showed the worst response, hostile depressives and young depressive with personality disorder the best, with psychotic depressive intermediate. The findings provide further validating evidence for the typology, and for the view that nonpsychotic depressives are heterogenous.", "PMID": 334687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13093", "title": "Double-blind study with two butyrophenone derivatives: bromperidol vs. haloperidol.", "content": "The present report deals with a double-blind study comparing the new butyrophenone derivative, bromperidol, with haloperidol as the reference substance. Both substances were found to be highly effective in the treatment of psychotic syndromes belonging predominantly to the schizophrenia group. Certain clues, including the onset of action, seem to be indicative of the superiority of bromperidol. No differences between the two substances were observed with respect to side effects and general tolerability.", "contents": "Double-blind study with two butyrophenone derivatives: bromperidol vs. haloperidol. The present report deals with a double-blind study comparing the new butyrophenone derivative, bromperidol, with haloperidol as the reference substance. Both substances were found to be highly effective in the treatment of psychotic syndromes belonging predominantly to the schizophrenia group. Certain clues, including the onset of action, seem to be indicative of the superiority of bromperidol. No differences between the two substances were observed with respect to side effects and general tolerability.", "PMID": 334688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13094", "title": "[Clear-cell acanthoma].", "content": "The basis for this review forms a series of 20 new cases of clear cell acanthomas and the literature on this subject. The clinical and histopathological characteristics of this not too rare skin tumor and newer histochemical and electron microscopical findings are discussed. Particular attention will be paid to the question of the position of the clear cell acanthomas within the group of intraepidermal acanthomas and the \"clear-celled\" tumors of the skin. Presently, the clear cell acanthoma can be classified as a benign epidermal tumor of unknown etiology. It is assumed that the clear cell acanthoma arises through a special disturbance of the differentiation of keratinocytes.", "contents": "[Clear-cell acanthoma]. The basis for this review forms a series of 20 new cases of clear cell acanthomas and the literature on this subject. The clinical and histopathological characteristics of this not too rare skin tumor and newer histochemical and electron microscopical findings are discussed. Particular attention will be paid to the question of the position of the clear cell acanthomas within the group of intraepidermal acanthomas and the \"clear-celled\" tumors of the skin. Presently, the clear cell acanthoma can be classified as a benign epidermal tumor of unknown etiology. It is assumed that the clear cell acanthoma arises through a special disturbance of the differentiation of keratinocytes.", "PMID": 334692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13095", "title": "[Clinical picture of erythema neonatorum].", "content": "Erythema neonatorum is the most common exanthematous eruption in neonates, which is always associated with an eosinophilic infiltration of the skin. Erythema neonatorum can be present at birth. It is of great importance in the differential diagnosis of pustular eruptions in newborns due to virus or bacteria, of miliaria pustulosa, and of incontinentia pigmenti.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of erythema neonatorum]. Erythema neonatorum is the most common exanthematous eruption in neonates, which is always associated with an eosinophilic infiltration of the skin. Erythema neonatorum can be present at birth. It is of great importance in the differential diagnosis of pustular eruptions in newborns due to virus or bacteria, of miliaria pustulosa, and of incontinentia pigmenti.", "PMID": 334693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13096", "title": "[BCG-ulcer].", "content": "One of the rare side effects of BCG vaccination and BCG ulcera. Two cases of BCG ulceration are reported.", "contents": "[BCG-ulcer]. One of the rare side effects of BCG vaccination and BCG ulcera. Two cases of BCG ulceration are reported.", "PMID": 334694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13097", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica: a review of the bacterium and recommended laboratory methodology.", "content": "Only in the last few years has Yersinia enterocolitica been recognized as an etiologic agent. The organism, however, is widespread in both the animate and inanimate environments. It has been isolated and recovered from a variety of sources including fecal material, foodstuffs, and water, but vehicles of disease transmission are not fully delineated or understood. The bacteriology of Y. enterocolitica is reviewed and recommended laboratory methodology is described.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica: a review of the bacterium and recommended laboratory methodology. Only in the last few years has Yersinia enterocolitica been recognized as an etiologic agent. The organism, however, is widespread in both the animate and inanimate environments. It has been isolated and recovered from a variety of sources including fecal material, foodstuffs, and water, but vehicles of disease transmission are not fully delineated or understood. The bacteriology of Y. enterocolitica is reviewed and recommended laboratory methodology is described.", "PMID": 334696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13098", "title": "Acriflavine violet red bile agar for the isolation of Klebsiella.", "content": "A medium for the isolation and detection of Klebsiella is described. It contains 0.06% Acriflavine in Violet Red Bile agar (Difco). Klebsiella appeared as 5 to 7 mm mucoid (24 h at 37 degrees C) golden-yellow colonies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. appeared as small, brown to dark brown colonies. Escherichia coli as well as many other gram negative organisms and gram positive organisms did not grow on this medium.", "contents": "Acriflavine violet red bile agar for the isolation of Klebsiella. A medium for the isolation and detection of Klebsiella is described. It contains 0.06% Acriflavine in Violet Red Bile agar (Difco). Klebsiella appeared as 5 to 7 mm mucoid (24 h at 37 degrees C) golden-yellow colonies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. appeared as small, brown to dark brown colonies. Escherichia coli as well as many other gram negative organisms and gram positive organisms did not grow on this medium.", "PMID": 334697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13099", "title": "Comparative study of antistreptolysin O, antideoxyribonuclease B and multienzyme tests in streptococcal infections.", "content": "The results of antistreptolysin O (ASO), antideoxyribonuclease B (ADB), and a multienzyme test, Streptozyme, with 162 sera from a stratified random sample of Wisconsin school children, and specimens routinely submitted for serodiagnosis of Group A streptococcal infections are described. A review of the results of Streptozyme tests of laboratories participating in the State Division of Health Proficiency Testing Program, is also presented. The results of these various tests have revealed both false positive and false negative results with the Streptozyme procedure. Although there was good correlation of the Streptozyme findings with the ASO and ADB tests results with sera from young children, false positive Streptozyme test results increased with age of the study subjects. Our results with the ADB test on sera from apparently normal Wisconsin children and young adults suggest that the upper limits of normal ADB values, suggested by the manufacturers of commercial ADB test kits, may be too low.", "contents": "Comparative study of antistreptolysin O, antideoxyribonuclease B and multienzyme tests in streptococcal infections. The results of antistreptolysin O (ASO), antideoxyribonuclease B (ADB), and a multienzyme test, Streptozyme, with 162 sera from a stratified random sample of Wisconsin school children, and specimens routinely submitted for serodiagnosis of Group A streptococcal infections are described. A review of the results of Streptozyme tests of laboratories participating in the State Division of Health Proficiency Testing Program, is also presented. The results of these various tests have revealed both false positive and false negative results with the Streptozyme procedure. Although there was good correlation of the Streptozyme findings with the ASO and ADB tests results with sera from young children, false positive Streptozyme test results increased with age of the study subjects. Our results with the ADB test on sera from apparently normal Wisconsin children and young adults suggest that the upper limits of normal ADB values, suggested by the manufacturers of commercial ADB test kits, may be too low.", "PMID": 334698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13100", "title": "The human gamma-chain variants. A review.", "content": "The human gamma-chain variants are discussed in relation to their chemical structures and to the importance that their study has had for our present knowledge of the genetics and biosynthesis of hemoglobin chains.", "contents": "The human gamma-chain variants. A review. The human gamma-chain variants are discussed in relation to their chemical structures and to the importance that their study has had for our present knowledge of the genetics and biosynthesis of hemoglobin chains.", "PMID": 334706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13101", "title": "Variation in hemoglobin A2.", "content": "The structure, properties and function of, and some biosynthetic and genetic aspects of, Hb A2 are described. The structural variants of Hb A2 are reviewed and their geographical distribution presented. Hb A2, Hb A2-Flatbush and Hb A2-Babinga are characteristic of negro populations and may have originated in Western or Central Africa. Hb A2-Sphakia is characteristic of Canadian Amerindian and Hb A2-Indonesia of Indonesian/Malay populations. Hb A2-NYU has only been found sporadically and most frequently in persons of Eastern European origin. The other three variants of Hb A2 have only been reported in a single person or in single families. Some conditions which are associated with changes in Hb A2 levels are reviewed.", "contents": "Variation in hemoglobin A2. The structure, properties and function of, and some biosynthetic and genetic aspects of, Hb A2 are described. The structural variants of Hb A2 are reviewed and their geographical distribution presented. Hb A2, Hb A2-Flatbush and Hb A2-Babinga are characteristic of negro populations and may have originated in Western or Central Africa. Hb A2-Sphakia is characteristic of Canadian Amerindian and Hb A2-Indonesia of Indonesian/Malay populations. Hb A2-NYU has only been found sporadically and most frequently in persons of Eastern European origin. The other three variants of Hb A2 have only been reported in a single person or in single families. Some conditions which are associated with changes in Hb A2 levels are reviewed.", "PMID": 334707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13102", "title": "A streamlined technique for on-grid electron immunocytochemistry.", "content": "The unlabelled antibody enzyme technique for on-grid immunostaining demands exacting conditions of cleanliness. These can be met with minimal trouble by two technical modifications. Large supplies of all the solutions are millipore-filtered in advance and are then stored frozen in sealed plastic bags and allowed to thaw when required. A disposable, contamination-free surface with depressions to hold drops of staining solution is prepared from a strip of parafilm.", "contents": "A streamlined technique for on-grid electron immunocytochemistry. The unlabelled antibody enzyme technique for on-grid immunostaining demands exacting conditions of cleanliness. These can be met with minimal trouble by two technical modifications. Large supplies of all the solutions are millipore-filtered in advance and are then stored frozen in sealed plastic bags and allowed to thaw when required. A disposable, contamination-free surface with depressions to hold drops of staining solution is prepared from a strip of parafilm.", "PMID": 334710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13103", "title": "[Immunohistochemical localization of creatinkinase isoenzymes in human tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of an immunohistochemical method permits the localization of creatine kinase isoenzymes MM and BB in tissue sections. Frozen sections are first incubated with the specific antiserum and secondly with the soluble antigen under investigation. The antibody fixed creatine kinase can then be visualized by the tetrazolium-salt linked histochemical reaction. In this way CK-BB was found in the smooth muscle and the mucosa of the human colon. In sections of skeletal muscle CK-MM was predominantly localized in the intermyofibrillar space. Membrane bound activity could be demonstrated in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the surface membrane after elution of the cytoplasmic enzyme. In the human tonsilla CK-BB was localized in lymphatic and epithelial tissues, CK-MM in the muscle fibers. The isoenzyme patterns in single sections of tonsilla were in parallel determined by the immunotitration assay. The results indicate the usefulness of the combined application of histochemistry and immunotitration in serial tissue sections.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical localization of creatinkinase isoenzymes in human tissue (author's transl)]. The use of an immunohistochemical method permits the localization of creatine kinase isoenzymes MM and BB in tissue sections. Frozen sections are first incubated with the specific antiserum and secondly with the soluble antigen under investigation. The antibody fixed creatine kinase can then be visualized by the tetrazolium-salt linked histochemical reaction. In this way CK-BB was found in the smooth muscle and the mucosa of the human colon. In sections of skeletal muscle CK-MM was predominantly localized in the intermyofibrillar space. Membrane bound activity could be demonstrated in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the surface membrane after elution of the cytoplasmic enzyme. In the human tonsilla CK-BB was localized in lymphatic and epithelial tissues, CK-MM in the muscle fibers. The isoenzyme patterns in single sections of tonsilla were in parallel determined by the immunotitration assay. The results indicate the usefulness of the combined application of histochemistry and immunotitration in serial tissue sections.", "PMID": 334711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13104", "title": "Recurrent intestinal intussusceptions in the dog.", "content": "Intestinal intussusceptions in 2 young dogs recurred within 3 days of initial surgical reduction. Subsequent recurrence was prevented by intestinal resection and creation of multiple intestinal adhesions in 1 dog and by creation of adhesions alone in the other.", "contents": "Recurrent intestinal intussusceptions in the dog. Intestinal intussusceptions in 2 young dogs recurred within 3 days of initial surgical reduction. Subsequent recurrence was prevented by intestinal resection and creation of multiple intestinal adhesions in 1 dog and by creation of adhesions alone in the other.", "PMID": 334712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13105", "title": "Intramammary infections in a dairy herd with a low incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus infections.", "content": "In a dairy herd with a low incidence of intrammary infections due to Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus, clinical mastitis remained a serious problem despite good control of nonclinical mastitis through postmilking teat disinfection and antibiotic therapy of known infected quarters at the end of lactation. During the 2-year study, the incidence of clinical mastitis was 0.88 cases/cow-year; 32.2% were caused by streptococcal species other than Str agalactiae and 33.5% by gram-negative organisms. Among all new infections detected, 54.1% were caused by streptococcal species other than Str agalactiae and 25.7% by gram-negative bacteria. Among new infections, 41.6% occurred during the nonlactating period or within a few days of calving. Incidence of clinical mastitis was highest in the 1st month of lactation. Among 84 gram-negative infections, 42.8% were caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, 20.2% by Escherichia coli, and 23.8% by Enterobacter spp. Among the many serotypes of K pneumoniae and E coli, none was predominant.", "contents": "Intramammary infections in a dairy herd with a low incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus infections. In a dairy herd with a low incidence of intrammary infections due to Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus, clinical mastitis remained a serious problem despite good control of nonclinical mastitis through postmilking teat disinfection and antibiotic therapy of known infected quarters at the end of lactation. During the 2-year study, the incidence of clinical mastitis was 0.88 cases/cow-year; 32.2% were caused by streptococcal species other than Str agalactiae and 33.5% by gram-negative organisms. Among all new infections detected, 54.1% were caused by streptococcal species other than Str agalactiae and 25.7% by gram-negative bacteria. Among new infections, 41.6% occurred during the nonlactating period or within a few days of calving. Incidence of clinical mastitis was highest in the 1st month of lactation. Among 84 gram-negative infections, 42.8% were caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, 20.2% by Escherichia coli, and 23.8% by Enterobacter spp. Among the many serotypes of K pneumoniae and E coli, none was predominant.", "PMID": 334713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13106", "title": "Resistance of Escherichia coli to penicillins: fine-structure mapping and dominance of chromosomal beta-lactamase mutations.", "content": "Seven Escherichia coli K-12 mutants with a lowered chromosomal beta-lactamase activity were analyzed genetically. The beta-lactamase-negative mutants isolated from ampA1-carrying strains (resistant to 10 microgram of ampicillin per ml) all carried genetic lesions very close to the ampA1 mutation, which was still present. In an earlier report, two of the mutations mediating a beta-lactamase-negative phenotype (L. G. Burman, T. Park, E. B. Linstr\u00f6m, and H. G. Boman, J. Bacteriol. 116:123-130, 1973) were shown to have occurred in the structural gene for beta-lactamase, designated ampC. It is suggested that all beta-lactamase-negative mutants studied here were altered in ampC. The relative order of ampC mutations was (ampC1, ampC8)-ampC9-(ampC12, ampC14)-ampC11, and the gene order was found to be ampC-1mpA-purA. The ampA1 allele was dominant over its wild-type allele but acted only cis and not trans, suggesting that ampA is the promoter or operator region for ampC. A gene dosage effect was found for strains homozygous for ampA+ ampC+ or ampA1 ampC+. Heterozygotes carrying the ampC8 allele on the chromosome showed an apparent derepression of the episomal ampC allele, suggesting a role for beta-lactamase in its own regulation.", "contents": "Resistance of Escherichia coli to penicillins: fine-structure mapping and dominance of chromosomal beta-lactamase mutations. Seven Escherichia coli K-12 mutants with a lowered chromosomal beta-lactamase activity were analyzed genetically. The beta-lactamase-negative mutants isolated from ampA1-carrying strains (resistant to 10 microgram of ampicillin per ml) all carried genetic lesions very close to the ampA1 mutation, which was still present. In an earlier report, two of the mutations mediating a beta-lactamase-negative phenotype (L. G. Burman, T. Park, E. B. Linstr\u00f6m, and H. G. Boman, J. Bacteriol. 116:123-130, 1973) were shown to have occurred in the structural gene for beta-lactamase, designated ampC. It is suggested that all beta-lactamase-negative mutants studied here were altered in ampC. The relative order of ampC mutations was (ampC1, ampC8)-ampC9-(ampC12, ampC14)-ampC11, and the gene order was found to be ampC-1mpA-purA. The ampA1 allele was dominant over its wild-type allele but acted only cis and not trans, suggesting that ampA is the promoter or operator region for ampC. A gene dosage effect was found for strains homozygous for ampA+ ampC+ or ampA1 ampC+. Heterozygotes carrying the ampC8 allele on the chromosome showed an apparent derepression of the episomal ampC allele, suggesting a role for beta-lactamase in its own regulation.", "PMID": 334718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13107", "title": "Identification of a temperature-sensitive asparaginyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 isolated previously (H. Ohsawa and B. Maruo, J. Bacteriol. 127:1157-1166, 1976) was found to have an alteration in asparaginyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. This alteration can account for the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the mutant. No evidence was obtained to support the previous suggestion that ribosomal protein S1 is altered in this mutant. Combined with the previous genetic studies, we conclude that the newly defined genetic locus, asnS, for the asparaginyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase maps near pyrD at 21 min on the E. coli chromosome.", "contents": "Identification of a temperature-sensitive asparaginyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase mutant of Escherichia coli. A temperature-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 isolated previously (H. Ohsawa and B. Maruo, J. Bacteriol. 127:1157-1166, 1976) was found to have an alteration in asparaginyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. This alteration can account for the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the mutant. No evidence was obtained to support the previous suggestion that ribosomal protein S1 is altered in this mutant. Combined with the previous genetic studies, we conclude that the newly defined genetic locus, asnS, for the asparaginyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase maps near pyrD at 21 min on the E. coli chromosome.", "PMID": 334719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13108", "title": "Physiological effects of growth of an Escherichia coli temperature-sensitive dnaZ mutant at nonpermissive temperatures.", "content": "The physiological effects of incubation at nonpermissive temperatures of Escherichia coli mutants that carry a temperature-sensitive dnaZ allele [dnaZ(Ts)2016] were examined. The temperature at which the dnaZ(Ts) protein becomes inactivated in vivo was investigated by measurements of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis at temperatures intermediate between permissive and nonpermissive. DNA synthesis inhibition was reversible by reducing the temperature of cultures from 42 to 30 degrees C; DNA synthesis resumed immediately after temperature reduction and occurred even in the presence of chloramphenicol. Inasmuch as DNA synthesis could be resumed in the absence of protein synthesis, we concluded that the protein product of the dnaZ allele (Ts)2016 is renaturable. Cell division, also inhibited by 42 degrees C incubation, resumed after temperature reduction, but the length of time required for resumption depended on the duration of the period at 42 degrees C. Replicative synthesis of cellular DNA, examined in vitro in toluene-permeabilized cells, was temperature sensitive. Excision repair of ultraviolet light-induced DNA lesions was partially inhibited in dnaZ(Ts) cells at 42 degrees C. The dnaZ(+) product participated in the synthesis of both Okazaki piece (8-12S) and high-molecular-weight DNA. During incubation of dnaZ(Ts)(lambda) lysogens at 42 degrees C, prophage induction occurred, and progeny phage were produced during subsequent incubation at 30 degrees C. The temperature sensitivity of both DNA synthesis and cell division in the dnaZ(Ts)2016 mutant was suppressed by high concentrations of sucrose, lactose, or NaCl. Incubation at 42 degrees C was neither mutagenic nor antimutagenic for the dnaZ(Ts) mutant.", "contents": "Physiological effects of growth of an Escherichia coli temperature-sensitive dnaZ mutant at nonpermissive temperatures. The physiological effects of incubation at nonpermissive temperatures of Escherichia coli mutants that carry a temperature-sensitive dnaZ allele [dnaZ(Ts)2016] were examined. The temperature at which the dnaZ(Ts) protein becomes inactivated in vivo was investigated by measurements of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis at temperatures intermediate between permissive and nonpermissive. DNA synthesis inhibition was reversible by reducing the temperature of cultures from 42 to 30 degrees C; DNA synthesis resumed immediately after temperature reduction and occurred even in the presence of chloramphenicol. Inasmuch as DNA synthesis could be resumed in the absence of protein synthesis, we concluded that the protein product of the dnaZ allele (Ts)2016 is renaturable. Cell division, also inhibited by 42 degrees C incubation, resumed after temperature reduction, but the length of time required for resumption depended on the duration of the period at 42 degrees C. Replicative synthesis of cellular DNA, examined in vitro in toluene-permeabilized cells, was temperature sensitive. Excision repair of ultraviolet light-induced DNA lesions was partially inhibited in dnaZ(Ts) cells at 42 degrees C. The dnaZ(+) product participated in the synthesis of both Okazaki piece (8-12S) and high-molecular-weight DNA. During incubation of dnaZ(Ts)(lambda) lysogens at 42 degrees C, prophage induction occurred, and progeny phage were produced during subsequent incubation at 30 degrees C. The temperature sensitivity of both DNA synthesis and cell division in the dnaZ(Ts)2016 mutant was suppressed by high concentrations of sucrose, lactose, or NaCl. Incubation at 42 degrees C was neither mutagenic nor antimutagenic for the dnaZ(Ts) mutant.", "PMID": 334720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13109", "title": "Xylitol and D-arabitol toxicities due to derepressed fructose, galactitol, and sorbitol phosphotransferases of Escherichia coli.", "content": "d-Arabitol was observed to be toxic to many laboratory strains of Escherichia coli K-12, and xylitol was found to be toxic to an existing E. coli C mutant strain. Fructose-specific components of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system are required for xylitol toxicity. Selection for xylitol resistance results in Fru(-) strains blocked in fructose phosphotransferase. Introduction of the ptsF or ptsI mutation into a xylitol-sensitive strain eliminates sensitivity. [(14)C]fructose uptake experiments imply that the mutation to xylitol sensitivity, which is co-transducible with ara and leu, results in derepression of normally inducible fructose phosphotransferase. Wild-type strains also become xylitol sensitive if induced by (and then removed from) fructose. Xylitol toxicity is prevented by fructose in both wild-type and mutant strains. Circumstances causing xylitol, a new food additive, to become toxic to an otherwise insensitive wild-type organism have not been reported previously. The d-arabitol-sensitive laboratory strains are galactitol (dulcitol) utilizers, although most other strains are not. Selection for d-arabitol resistance results in Gat(-) strains blocked in a constitutive galactitol-specific component of the phosphotransferase system. A mutation causing d-arabitol sensitivity occurred many years ago in AB284, the parent of AB311, AB312, AB313, and many other strains. d-Arabitol sensitivity also occurs in sorbitol-constitutive strains and is shown, like the previous two instances of pentitol toxicities, to result from a constitutive phosphotransferase, which is blocked in mutants selected for resistance.", "contents": "Xylitol and D-arabitol toxicities due to derepressed fructose, galactitol, and sorbitol phosphotransferases of Escherichia coli. d-Arabitol was observed to be toxic to many laboratory strains of Escherichia coli K-12, and xylitol was found to be toxic to an existing E. coli C mutant strain. Fructose-specific components of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system are required for xylitol toxicity. Selection for xylitol resistance results in Fru(-) strains blocked in fructose phosphotransferase. Introduction of the ptsF or ptsI mutation into a xylitol-sensitive strain eliminates sensitivity. [(14)C]fructose uptake experiments imply that the mutation to xylitol sensitivity, which is co-transducible with ara and leu, results in derepression of normally inducible fructose phosphotransferase. Wild-type strains also become xylitol sensitive if induced by (and then removed from) fructose. Xylitol toxicity is prevented by fructose in both wild-type and mutant strains. Circumstances causing xylitol, a new food additive, to become toxic to an otherwise insensitive wild-type organism have not been reported previously. The d-arabitol-sensitive laboratory strains are galactitol (dulcitol) utilizers, although most other strains are not. Selection for d-arabitol resistance results in Gat(-) strains blocked in a constitutive galactitol-specific component of the phosphotransferase system. A mutation causing d-arabitol sensitivity occurred many years ago in AB284, the parent of AB311, AB312, AB313, and many other strains. d-Arabitol sensitivity also occurs in sorbitol-constitutive strains and is shown, like the previous two instances of pentitol toxicities, to result from a constitutive phosphotransferase, which is blocked in mutants selected for resistance.", "PMID": 334721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13110", "title": "Role of methionine in the synthesis of nucleoside Q in Escherichia coli transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Previously, we reported that starvation of Rel Escherichia coli for methionine, but not leucine or histidine, results in chromatographically unique species of aspartyl-specific transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAAsp) lacking the modified nucleoside Q. The present studies demonstrate that methionine starvation of Rel+ E. coli yields a qualitatively similar, but less pronounced, effect. Furthermore, during recovery from methionine starvation in Rel E. coli, the chromatographic elution pattern of tRNAAsp shifts towards that observed for unstarved cells after 1 h of recovery, and the shift appears complete after 2 h of recovery. This shift is inhibited by rifampin. Incorporation of [2-14C]methionine or [methyl-3H]methionine into growing cells of E. coli does not result in labeling of nucleoside Q. We interpret these findings to indicate that methionine has an indirect role in Q formation and that Q-deficient tRNA can be modified slowly to contain Q but that transcription is required. The chromatographic elution patterns of tRNAAsp from Rel E. coli starved for arginine, lysine, or glutamic acid indicate that these amino acids are not the source of the three- or five-carbon sequences in the modified portion of Q.", "contents": "Role of methionine in the synthesis of nucleoside Q in Escherichia coli transfer ribonucleic acid. Previously, we reported that starvation of Rel Escherichia coli for methionine, but not leucine or histidine, results in chromatographically unique species of aspartyl-specific transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAAsp) lacking the modified nucleoside Q. The present studies demonstrate that methionine starvation of Rel+ E. coli yields a qualitatively similar, but less pronounced, effect. Furthermore, during recovery from methionine starvation in Rel E. coli, the chromatographic elution pattern of tRNAAsp shifts towards that observed for unstarved cells after 1 h of recovery, and the shift appears complete after 2 h of recovery. This shift is inhibited by rifampin. Incorporation of [2-14C]methionine or [methyl-3H]methionine into growing cells of E. coli does not result in labeling of nucleoside Q. We interpret these findings to indicate that methionine has an indirect role in Q formation and that Q-deficient tRNA can be modified slowly to contain Q but that transcription is required. The chromatographic elution patterns of tRNAAsp from Rel E. coli starved for arginine, lysine, or glutamic acid indicate that these amino acids are not the source of the three- or five-carbon sequences in the modified portion of Q.", "PMID": 334722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13111", "title": "Genetic locus (ompB) affecting a major outer-membrane protein in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Three multiply colicin-tolerant mutants in Escherichia coli K-12 from the TolIV, TolXIV, and TolXV phenotypic groups, all lacking or having only trace amounts of protein 1, a major outer-membrane protein, were mapped by Hfr crosses, and the position on the chromosome was confirmed by cotransduction with nearby markers. The mutations were located near malQP in the 74-min region of the E. coli chromosome. This locus is designated ompB, and analysis of data from two three-point crosses determined the linear sequence of genes to be aroB-ompB-malQP-glpD.", "contents": "Genetic locus (ompB) affecting a major outer-membrane protein in Escherichia coli K-12. Three multiply colicin-tolerant mutants in Escherichia coli K-12 from the TolIV, TolXIV, and TolXV phenotypic groups, all lacking or having only trace amounts of protein 1, a major outer-membrane protein, were mapped by Hfr crosses, and the position on the chromosome was confirmed by cotransduction with nearby markers. The mutations were located near malQP in the 74-min region of the E. coli chromosome. This locus is designated ompB, and analysis of data from two three-point crosses determined the linear sequence of genes to be aroB-ompB-malQP-glpD.", "PMID": 334723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13112", "title": "Tryptophan-transducing bacteriophages: in vitro studies with restriction endonucleases HindII + III and Escherichia coli ribonucleic acid polymerase.", "content": "The HindII + III restriction enzyme fragmentation pattern of various lambda-phi80trp deoxyribonucleic acid molecules is presented. An analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid molecules carrying deletions ending within the trp regulatory elements and a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule carrying a deletion within trpE indicates that a fragment of 8.3 X 10(5) daltons contains at least part of the trp promoter, the entire trp leader region, and part of the trpE gene. The observation that ribonucleic acid polymerase, when present in the HindII + III digestion mixture, results in the fusion of this 8.3 X 10(5)-dalton fragment to the preceding bacterial fragment suggests that HindII + III cuts within trpP.", "contents": "Tryptophan-transducing bacteriophages: in vitro studies with restriction endonucleases HindII + III and Escherichia coli ribonucleic acid polymerase. The HindII + III restriction enzyme fragmentation pattern of various lambda-phi80trp deoxyribonucleic acid molecules is presented. An analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid molecules carrying deletions ending within the trp regulatory elements and a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule carrying a deletion within trpE indicates that a fragment of 8.3 X 10(5) daltons contains at least part of the trp promoter, the entire trp leader region, and part of the trpE gene. The observation that ribonucleic acid polymerase, when present in the HindII + III digestion mixture, results in the fusion of this 8.3 X 10(5)-dalton fragment to the preceding bacterial fragment suggests that HindII + III cuts within trpP.", "PMID": 334724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13113", "title": "Stimulation of yeast mating hormone activity by synthetic oligopeptides.", "content": "The biological activities of two synthetic oligopeptides (His-Trp-Leu-Gln-Leu and Trp-Leu-Gln-Leu), which represent part of the primary structure of the mating hormone alpha factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were studied. The peptides did not exhibit hormonal activity by themselves. However, both intensified the mating-type-specific inhibitory effect of native alpha factor on the division of haploid cells of mating type a. Random peptides or mixtures of the corresponding amino acids did not stimulate alpha factor activity. Likewise, a synthetic peptide representing another part of the alpha factor sequence was ineffective. In addition, the activity of a factor, the mating hormone produced by a cells, was not influenced by the synthetic peptides, indicating that the compounds specifically affect the interaction between alpha factor and its target cells. The analysis of the utilization of the tetrapeptide as a source of amino acids for auxotrophic a strains suggested an extracellular site of action for the observed enhancement of alpha factor activity.", "contents": "Stimulation of yeast mating hormone activity by synthetic oligopeptides. The biological activities of two synthetic oligopeptides (His-Trp-Leu-Gln-Leu and Trp-Leu-Gln-Leu), which represent part of the primary structure of the mating hormone alpha factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were studied. The peptides did not exhibit hormonal activity by themselves. However, both intensified the mating-type-specific inhibitory effect of native alpha factor on the division of haploid cells of mating type a. Random peptides or mixtures of the corresponding amino acids did not stimulate alpha factor activity. Likewise, a synthetic peptide representing another part of the alpha factor sequence was ineffective. In addition, the activity of a factor, the mating hormone produced by a cells, was not influenced by the synthetic peptides, indicating that the compounds specifically affect the interaction between alpha factor and its target cells. The analysis of the utilization of the tetrapeptide as a source of amino acids for auxotrophic a strains suggested an extracellular site of action for the observed enhancement of alpha factor activity.", "PMID": 334725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13114", "title": "Envelope-associated nucleoid from Caulobacter crescentus stalked and swarmer cells.", "content": "Envelope-associated nucleoids have been isolated from Caulobacter crescentus by using a modification of the procedure of T. Kornberg et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:3189-3193, 1974). The development of a Ludox density gradient procedure has permitted preparation of large quantities of synchronous cells. The sedimentation coefficients of the envelope-associated nucleoids of stalked and swarmer cells, prepared under conditions of equivalent cell lysis, were 3,000S and greater than 6,000S respectively. Small differences in the relative amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein in stalked and swarmer cell envelope-associated nucleoids could not account for the large differences in sedimentation behavior. These characteristic sedimentation coefficients were retained in mixing experiments.", "contents": "Envelope-associated nucleoid from Caulobacter crescentus stalked and swarmer cells. Envelope-associated nucleoids have been isolated from Caulobacter crescentus by using a modification of the procedure of T. Kornberg et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:3189-3193, 1974). The development of a Ludox density gradient procedure has permitted preparation of large quantities of synchronous cells. The sedimentation coefficients of the envelope-associated nucleoids of stalked and swarmer cells, prepared under conditions of equivalent cell lysis, were 3,000S and greater than 6,000S respectively. Small differences in the relative amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein in stalked and swarmer cell envelope-associated nucleoids could not account for the large differences in sedimentation behavior. These characteristic sedimentation coefficients were retained in mixing experiments.", "PMID": 334726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13115", "title": "Amino acid replacement in a mutant lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane.", "content": "The primary structure of a mutant lipoprotein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was investigated. This mutant was previously described as a mutant that forms a dimer of the lipoprotein by an S-S bridge (H. Suzuki et al., J. Bacteriol. 127:1494-1501, 1976). The amino acid analysis of the mutant lipoprotein revealed that the mutant lipoprotein had an extra cysteine residue, with concomitant loss of an arginine residue. From the analysis of the mutant lipoprotein revealed that the mutant lipoprotein had an extra cysteine residue, with concomitant loss of an arginine residue. From the analysis of tryptic peptides, it was found that the arginine residue at position 57 was replaced with a cysteine residue. The amino terminal structure of the mutant lipoprotein was found to be glycerylcysteine, as in the case of the wild-type lipoprotein. The present results show that the mutation that was previously determined to map at 36.5 min on the E. coli chromosome occurred in the structure gene (lpp) for the lipoprotein. This was further confirmed by the fact that a merodiploid carrying both lpp+ and lpp produces not only the wild-type lipoprotein but also the mutant lipoprotein.", "contents": "Amino acid replacement in a mutant lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane. The primary structure of a mutant lipoprotein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was investigated. This mutant was previously described as a mutant that forms a dimer of the lipoprotein by an S-S bridge (H. Suzuki et al., J. Bacteriol. 127:1494-1501, 1976). The amino acid analysis of the mutant lipoprotein revealed that the mutant lipoprotein had an extra cysteine residue, with concomitant loss of an arginine residue. From the analysis of the mutant lipoprotein revealed that the mutant lipoprotein had an extra cysteine residue, with concomitant loss of an arginine residue. From the analysis of tryptic peptides, it was found that the arginine residue at position 57 was replaced with a cysteine residue. The amino terminal structure of the mutant lipoprotein was found to be glycerylcysteine, as in the case of the wild-type lipoprotein. The present results show that the mutation that was previously determined to map at 36.5 min on the E. coli chromosome occurred in the structure gene (lpp) for the lipoprotein. This was further confirmed by the fact that a merodiploid carrying both lpp+ and lpp produces not only the wild-type lipoprotein but also the mutant lipoprotein.", "PMID": 334727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13116", "title": "Isolation and genetic analysis of deletion mutants of colicin E1 plasmids carrying a TnA insertion.", "content": "Deletions of colicin E1 (colE1) plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carrying the TnA transposon have been isolated. All except two were generated by nuclease digestion of plasmid DNA from its EcoRI-sensitive site. A plasmid containing about 16% of the ColE1 DNA (6.5 X 10(5) daltons) was generated that also contained the part of the TnA transposon conferring ampicillin resistance. The extents of different deletions were determined by analysis of restriction endonuclease fragments generated by the restriction endonucleases HaeII, BamHI, and HincII.", "contents": "Isolation and genetic analysis of deletion mutants of colicin E1 plasmids carrying a TnA insertion. Deletions of colicin E1 (colE1) plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carrying the TnA transposon have been isolated. All except two were generated by nuclease digestion of plasmid DNA from its EcoRI-sensitive site. A plasmid containing about 16% of the ColE1 DNA (6.5 X 10(5) daltons) was generated that also contained the part of the TnA transposon conferring ampicillin resistance. The extents of different deletions were determined by analysis of restriction endonuclease fragments generated by the restriction endonucleases HaeII, BamHI, and HincII.", "PMID": 334728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13117", "title": "Studies of colicin E1 plasmid functions by analysis of deletions and TnA insertions of the plasmid.", "content": "The further identification of regions of the colicin E1 plasmid that affect plasmid functions has been achieved by studying deletions and TnA insertions of the plasmid. Colicin production, colicin immunity, relaxation of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid, and plasmid incompatibility functions have been examined. A strong correlation has been observed between the ability of colicin E1 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid to be relaxed and the ability of that plasmid to be transferred by conjugation.", "contents": "Studies of colicin E1 plasmid functions by analysis of deletions and TnA insertions of the plasmid. The further identification of regions of the colicin E1 plasmid that affect plasmid functions has been achieved by studying deletions and TnA insertions of the plasmid. Colicin production, colicin immunity, relaxation of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid, and plasmid incompatibility functions have been examined. A strong correlation has been observed between the ability of colicin E1 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid to be relaxed and the ability of that plasmid to be transferred by conjugation.", "PMID": 334729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13118", "title": "Induction of yeast killer factor mutations.", "content": "Two related killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were mutagenized and screened for nonkiller variants. About 20% of the mutants derived from one strain lacked all detectable double-straned ribonucleic acid (dsRNA). About 70% of the mutants from the other strain lacked one of the dsRNA species normally associated with the killer factor and had in its place another species of dsRNA with a lower molecular weight.", "contents": "Induction of yeast killer factor mutations. Two related killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were mutagenized and screened for nonkiller variants. About 20% of the mutants derived from one strain lacked all detectable double-straned ribonucleic acid (dsRNA). About 70% of the mutants from the other strain lacked one of the dsRNA species normally associated with the killer factor and had in its place another species of dsRNA with a lower molecular weight.", "PMID": 334730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13119", "title": "Transformation in Escherichia coli: cryogenic preservation of competent cells.", "content": "Escherichia coli cells prepared for transformation by treatment with cold 0.1 M CaCl2 remained viable and competent after storage at -82 degrees C in 15% glycerol; thawed-cell samples yielded up to 10(6) transformants per microgram of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid.", "contents": "Transformation in Escherichia coli: cryogenic preservation of competent cells. Escherichia coli cells prepared for transformation by treatment with cold 0.1 M CaCl2 remained viable and competent after storage at -82 degrees C in 15% glycerol; thawed-cell samples yielded up to 10(6) transformants per microgram of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid.", "PMID": 334731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13120", "title": "Effect of the relA gene on derepression of amino acid biosynthetic enzymes in growing Escherichia coli depends on the pathway being derepressed.", "content": "Derepression of an enzyme in the arginine biosynthetic pathway, but not of an enzyme in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway, is inhibited during the stringent response produced by a partial deprivation of valyl transfer ribonucleic acid in a rel+ strain. In contrast, derepression of the tryptophan biosynthetic enzyme, but not of the arginine biosynthetic enzyme, was inhibited during the relaxed response produced in an isogenic relA strain by the partial deprivation of valyl transfer ribonucleic acid.", "contents": "Effect of the relA gene on derepression of amino acid biosynthetic enzymes in growing Escherichia coli depends on the pathway being derepressed. Derepression of an enzyme in the arginine biosynthetic pathway, but not of an enzyme in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway, is inhibited during the stringent response produced by a partial deprivation of valyl transfer ribonucleic acid in a rel+ strain. In contrast, derepression of the tryptophan biosynthetic enzyme, but not of the arginine biosynthetic enzyme, was inhibited during the relaxed response produced in an isogenic relA strain by the partial deprivation of valyl transfer ribonucleic acid.", "PMID": 334732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13121", "title": "Localized mutagenesis with bacteriophage Mu: method for increasing the frequency of specific bacterial mutants.", "content": "A method is described for markedly enriching a bacterial population for cells containing any given Mu insertion mutation. The method involves the transfer of a small piece of deoxyribonucleic acid from a Mu-infected Hfr donor donor strain to a suitable F- strain and a subsequent selection of those recombinant organisms that have received a Mu prophage from the donor. The method is particularly usefule for isolating mutants whose selection requires \"brute-force\" assay, since only a few hundred colonies have to be screened.", "contents": "Localized mutagenesis with bacteriophage Mu: method for increasing the frequency of specific bacterial mutants. A method is described for markedly enriching a bacterial population for cells containing any given Mu insertion mutation. The method involves the transfer of a small piece of deoxyribonucleic acid from a Mu-infected Hfr donor donor strain to a suitable F- strain and a subsequent selection of those recombinant organisms that have received a Mu prophage from the donor. The method is particularly usefule for isolating mutants whose selection requires \"brute-force\" assay, since only a few hundred colonies have to be screened.", "PMID": 334733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13122", "title": "Thymidine 5'-monophosphate-requiring mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are deficient in thymidylate synthetase.", "content": "Thymidylate synthetase activity was measured in crude extracts of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a sensitive radiochemical assay. Spontaneous non-conditional mutants auxotrophic for thymidine 5'-monophosphate (tmp1) lacked detectable thymidylate synthetase activity in cell-free extracts. In contrast, the parent strains (tup1, -2, or -4), which were permeable to thymidine 5'-monophosphate, contained levels of activity similar to those found in wild-type cells. Specific activity of thymidylate synthetase in crude extracts of normal cells or of cells carrying tup mutations was essentially unaffected by the ploidy or mating type of the cells, by the medium used for growth, by the respiratory capacity of the cells, by concentrations of exogenous thymidine 5'-monophosphate as high as 50 mug/ml, or by subsequent removal of thymidine 5'-monophosphate from the medium. Extracts of a strain bearing the temperature-sensitive cell division cycle mutation cdc21 lacked detectable thymidylate synthetase activity under all conditions tested. Its parent and another mutant (cdc8), which arrests with the same terminal phenotype under restrictive conditions, had normal levels of the enzyme. Cells of a temperature-sensitive thymidine 5'-monophosphate auxotroph arrested with a morphology identical to the cdc21 strain at the nonpermissive temperature and contained demonstrably thermolabile thymidylate synthetase activity. Tetrad analysis and the properties of revertants showed that the thymidylate synthetase defects were a consequence of the same mutation causing, in the auxotrophs, a requirement for thymidine 5'-monophosphate and, in the conditional mutants, temperature sensitivity. Complementation tests indicated that tmp1 and cdc21 are the same locus. These results identify tmp1 as the structural gene for yeast thymidylate synthetase.", "contents": "Thymidine 5'-monophosphate-requiring mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are deficient in thymidylate synthetase. Thymidylate synthetase activity was measured in crude extracts of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a sensitive radiochemical assay. Spontaneous non-conditional mutants auxotrophic for thymidine 5'-monophosphate (tmp1) lacked detectable thymidylate synthetase activity in cell-free extracts. In contrast, the parent strains (tup1, -2, or -4), which were permeable to thymidine 5'-monophosphate, contained levels of activity similar to those found in wild-type cells. Specific activity of thymidylate synthetase in crude extracts of normal cells or of cells carrying tup mutations was essentially unaffected by the ploidy or mating type of the cells, by the medium used for growth, by the respiratory capacity of the cells, by concentrations of exogenous thymidine 5'-monophosphate as high as 50 mug/ml, or by subsequent removal of thymidine 5'-monophosphate from the medium. Extracts of a strain bearing the temperature-sensitive cell division cycle mutation cdc21 lacked detectable thymidylate synthetase activity under all conditions tested. Its parent and another mutant (cdc8), which arrests with the same terminal phenotype under restrictive conditions, had normal levels of the enzyme. Cells of a temperature-sensitive thymidine 5'-monophosphate auxotroph arrested with a morphology identical to the cdc21 strain at the nonpermissive temperature and contained demonstrably thermolabile thymidylate synthetase activity. Tetrad analysis and the properties of revertants showed that the thymidylate synthetase defects were a consequence of the same mutation causing, in the auxotrophs, a requirement for thymidine 5'-monophosphate and, in the conditional mutants, temperature sensitivity. Complementation tests indicated that tmp1 and cdc21 are the same locus. These results identify tmp1 as the structural gene for yeast thymidylate synthetase.", "PMID": 334734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13123", "title": "Replication of thermosensitive Rts1 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid at the nonpermissive temperature.", "content": "Replication of the thermosensitive drug resistance factor Rts1 was studied at the nonpermissive temperature (42 degrees C). It was concluded from the following observations that replication of this plasmid takes place at 42 degrees C without involving the covalently closed circular (CCC) form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (i) DNA-DNA- reassociation kinetics studies with purified Rts1 DNA showed that Rts1 DNA increased several-fold during cell growth at 42 degrees C while very little, if any, CCC DNA was synthesized. (ii) When Escherichia coli 20S0(Rts1) was labeled with [3H]thymidine at 42 degrees C, a significant amount of radioactive DNA hybridizable to Rts1 DNA was formed. This DNA was found in a fraction where DNA other than CCC DNA was expected in alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation analysis. When E. coli 20S0(Rts1) was labeled at 32 degrees C, the labeled CCC DNA did not disappear during a chase period at 42 degrees C. This indicates that preformed CCC DNA does not participate in replication at the nonpermissive temperature. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that there are two modes of replication of Rts1 DNA, one involving a CCC molecule and the other not involving this form, and that only the latter mode takes place at the nonpermissive temperature.", "contents": "Replication of thermosensitive Rts1 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid at the nonpermissive temperature. Replication of the thermosensitive drug resistance factor Rts1 was studied at the nonpermissive temperature (42 degrees C). It was concluded from the following observations that replication of this plasmid takes place at 42 degrees C without involving the covalently closed circular (CCC) form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (i) DNA-DNA- reassociation kinetics studies with purified Rts1 DNA showed that Rts1 DNA increased several-fold during cell growth at 42 degrees C while very little, if any, CCC DNA was synthesized. (ii) When Escherichia coli 20S0(Rts1) was labeled with [3H]thymidine at 42 degrees C, a significant amount of radioactive DNA hybridizable to Rts1 DNA was formed. This DNA was found in a fraction where DNA other than CCC DNA was expected in alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation analysis. When E. coli 20S0(Rts1) was labeled at 32 degrees C, the labeled CCC DNA did not disappear during a chase period at 42 degrees C. This indicates that preformed CCC DNA does not participate in replication at the nonpermissive temperature. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that there are two modes of replication of Rts1 DNA, one involving a CCC molecule and the other not involving this form, and that only the latter mode takes place at the nonpermissive temperature.", "PMID": 334735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13124", "title": "Multivalent induction of biodegradative threonine deaminase.", "content": "To determine the inducer(s) of the biodegradative threonine deaminase in Escherichia coli, the effects of various amino acids on the synthesis of this enzyme were investigated. The complex medium used hitherto for the enzyme induction can be completely replaced by a synthetic medium composed of 18 natural amino acids. In this synthetic medium, the omission of each of the seven amino acids threonine, serine, aspartic acid, methionine, valine, leucine, and arginine resulted in the greatest loss of enzyme formation. These seven amino acids did not significantly influence the uptake of other amino acids into the cells. Furthermore, they did not stimulate the conversion of inactive enzyme into an active form, since they did not affect the enzyme level in cells in which protein synthesis was inhibited by chloramphenicol. Threonine, serine, aspartic acid, and methionine failed to stimulate enzyme production in cells in which messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis was arrested by rifampin, whereas valine, leucine, and arginine stimulated enzyme synthesis under the same conditions. Therefore, the first four amino acids appear to act as inducers of the biodegradative threonine deaminase in E. coli and the last three amino acids appear to be amplifiers of enzyme production. The term \"multivalent induction\" has been proposed for this type of induction, i.e., enzyme induction only by the simultaneous presence of several amino acids.", "contents": "Multivalent induction of biodegradative threonine deaminase. To determine the inducer(s) of the biodegradative threonine deaminase in Escherichia coli, the effects of various amino acids on the synthesis of this enzyme were investigated. The complex medium used hitherto for the enzyme induction can be completely replaced by a synthetic medium composed of 18 natural amino acids. In this synthetic medium, the omission of each of the seven amino acids threonine, serine, aspartic acid, methionine, valine, leucine, and arginine resulted in the greatest loss of enzyme formation. These seven amino acids did not significantly influence the uptake of other amino acids into the cells. Furthermore, they did not stimulate the conversion of inactive enzyme into an active form, since they did not affect the enzyme level in cells in which protein synthesis was inhibited by chloramphenicol. Threonine, serine, aspartic acid, and methionine failed to stimulate enzyme production in cells in which messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis was arrested by rifampin, whereas valine, leucine, and arginine stimulated enzyme synthesis under the same conditions. Therefore, the first four amino acids appear to act as inducers of the biodegradative threonine deaminase in E. coli and the last three amino acids appear to be amplifiers of enzyme production. The term \"multivalent induction\" has been proposed for this type of induction, i.e., enzyme induction only by the simultaneous presence of several amino acids.", "PMID": 334736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13125", "title": "Requirements for induction of the biodegradative threonine dehydratase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Synthesis of the biodegradative L-threonine dehydratase in Escherichia coli, Crookes strain, was prevented by dissolved oxygen concentrations of 6 micrometer or greater. This effect was shown to be exerted solely on synthesis, rather than being the result of enzyme inactivation in vivo. In addition to an anaerobic environment, maximum enzyme synthesis was dependent upon the presence of a complete complement of amino acids, with omission of L-threonine, L-valine, or L-leucine producing the largest decreases in enzyme formation. L-Threonine, the most essential of the amino acid requirements, could be partially replaced by DL-allothreonine or alpha-ketobutyrate. Half-maximal stimulation of enzyme synthesis occurred with 0.4 mM threonine in the medium. The roles of anaerobiosis and amino acids are interpreted as being in accord with the concept that threonine dehydratase functions in anaerobic energy production under conditions of amino acid sufficiency.", "contents": "Requirements for induction of the biodegradative threonine dehydratase in Escherichia coli. Synthesis of the biodegradative L-threonine dehydratase in Escherichia coli, Crookes strain, was prevented by dissolved oxygen concentrations of 6 micrometer or greater. This effect was shown to be exerted solely on synthesis, rather than being the result of enzyme inactivation in vivo. In addition to an anaerobic environment, maximum enzyme synthesis was dependent upon the presence of a complete complement of amino acids, with omission of L-threonine, L-valine, or L-leucine producing the largest decreases in enzyme formation. L-Threonine, the most essential of the amino acid requirements, could be partially replaced by DL-allothreonine or alpha-ketobutyrate. Half-maximal stimulation of enzyme synthesis occurred with 0.4 mM threonine in the medium. The roles of anaerobiosis and amino acids are interpreted as being in accord with the concept that threonine dehydratase functions in anaerobic energy production under conditions of amino acid sufficiency.", "PMID": 334737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13126", "title": "Role of threonine dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli threonine degradation.", "content": "Threonine was used as nitrogen source by Escherichia coli K-12 through a pathway beginning with the enzyme threonine dehydrogenase. The 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate formed was converted to glycine, and the glycine was converted to serine, which acted as the actual nitrogen donor. The enzyme formed under anaerobic conditions and known as threonine deaminase (biodegradative) is less widespread than threonine dehydrogenase and may be involved in energy metabolism rather than in threonine degradation per se.", "contents": "Role of threonine dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli threonine degradation. Threonine was used as nitrogen source by Escherichia coli K-12 through a pathway beginning with the enzyme threonine dehydrogenase. The 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate formed was converted to glycine, and the glycine was converted to serine, which acted as the actual nitrogen donor. The enzyme formed under anaerobic conditions and known as threonine deaminase (biodegradative) is less widespread than threonine dehydrogenase and may be involved in energy metabolism rather than in threonine degradation per se.", "PMID": 334738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13127", "title": "Intracellular localization and effects on cell division of a plasmid blocked in deoxyribonucleic acid replication.", "content": "Cell division in a uvr mutant of Escherichia coli is suppressed by introduction [corrected] into the cell of an ultraviolet-irradiated plasmid. Autoradiography was used to determine the localization of the incoming plasmid and the segregation pattern of the host chromosomes.", "contents": "Intracellular localization and effects on cell division of a plasmid blocked in deoxyribonucleic acid replication. Cell division in a uvr mutant of Escherichia coli is suppressed by introduction [corrected] into the cell of an ultraviolet-irradiated plasmid. Autoradiography was used to determine the localization of the incoming plasmid and the segregation pattern of the host chromosomes.", "PMID": 334739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13128", "title": "Lysozyme-promoted association of protein I molecules in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Incubation of whole envelopes prepared from sonically oscillated Escherichia coli K-12 cultures with lysozyme in vitro resulted in the appearance of a protein species with an apparent molecular weight double that of outer membrane protein I. Similar dimers were also detected in purified outer membranes and whole envelopes from lysozyme-induced spheroplasts of E. coli K-12. This was confirmed by two-dimensional electrophoresis in which the dimers were resolved in the second dimension to run as single polypeptides of protein I. Formation of dimers was correlated with peptidoglycan degradation, but the ability of protein I molecules to associate may vary between strains of E. coli, since dimers were found only in outer membranes from E. coli W7. We suggest that extensive degradation of peptidoglycan leads to nonspecific formation of protein I aggregates, but that these aggregates do not occur in vivo.", "contents": "Lysozyme-promoted association of protein I molecules in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Incubation of whole envelopes prepared from sonically oscillated Escherichia coli K-12 cultures with lysozyme in vitro resulted in the appearance of a protein species with an apparent molecular weight double that of outer membrane protein I. Similar dimers were also detected in purified outer membranes and whole envelopes from lysozyme-induced spheroplasts of E. coli K-12. This was confirmed by two-dimensional electrophoresis in which the dimers were resolved in the second dimension to run as single polypeptides of protein I. Formation of dimers was correlated with peptidoglycan degradation, but the ability of protein I molecules to associate may vary between strains of E. coli, since dimers were found only in outer membranes from E. coli W7. We suggest that extensive degradation of peptidoglycan leads to nonspecific formation of protein I aggregates, but that these aggregates do not occur in vivo.", "PMID": 334740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13129", "title": "Isolation and properties of two classes of low-density vesicles from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A mixture of small (0.43-mum diameter) and large (0.62-mum diameter) low-density vesicles from spheroplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was fractionated by rate centrifugation in a gradient of 0 to 8% (wt/vol) Ficoll to yield fractions rich (90 to 95%) in small or large vesicles. The large, but not small, vesicles swelled when diluted into mannitol solutions containing less than 0.4 M mannitol. The pH-electrophoretic mobility curve of the large vesicles showed that they are probably enclosed in a phospholipid-protein membrane. The dyes neutral red and toluidine blue, accumulated into large vesicles by intact cells and spheroplasts, were largely lost from large vesicles when these were separated from stained spheroplasts. Sudan black III stained small and large vesicles, both classes of vesicle retaining the stain on separation. Fractions rich in large vesicles contained proportionately more phospholipid and less free sterols, diacylglycerols, and free fatty acids compared with those enriched in small vesicles. The two classes of vesicles contained about the same proportions of esterified sterols and triacylglycerols. The free fatty acids in both small and large vesicles were free from unsaturated fatty-acyl residues; diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols contained appreciable proportions of unsaturated fatty-acyl residues. Small vesicles were richer in lipase activity, whereas the larger vesicles contained greater beta-glucanase and alpha-mannosidase activities. Phospholipase activity could not be detected in any of the fractions.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of two classes of low-density vesicles from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A mixture of small (0.43-mum diameter) and large (0.62-mum diameter) low-density vesicles from spheroplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was fractionated by rate centrifugation in a gradient of 0 to 8% (wt/vol) Ficoll to yield fractions rich (90 to 95%) in small or large vesicles. The large, but not small, vesicles swelled when diluted into mannitol solutions containing less than 0.4 M mannitol. The pH-electrophoretic mobility curve of the large vesicles showed that they are probably enclosed in a phospholipid-protein membrane. The dyes neutral red and toluidine blue, accumulated into large vesicles by intact cells and spheroplasts, were largely lost from large vesicles when these were separated from stained spheroplasts. Sudan black III stained small and large vesicles, both classes of vesicle retaining the stain on separation. Fractions rich in large vesicles contained proportionately more phospholipid and less free sterols, diacylglycerols, and free fatty acids compared with those enriched in small vesicles. The two classes of vesicles contained about the same proportions of esterified sterols and triacylglycerols. The free fatty acids in both small and large vesicles were free from unsaturated fatty-acyl residues; diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols contained appreciable proportions of unsaturated fatty-acyl residues. Small vesicles were richer in lipase activity, whereas the larger vesicles contained greater beta-glucanase and alpha-mannosidase activities. Phospholipase activity could not be detected in any of the fractions.", "PMID": 334741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13130", "title": "Regulation of aromatic amino acid transport systems in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The regulation of the aromatic amino acid transport systems was investigated. The common (general) aromatic transport system and the tyrosine-specific transport system were found to be subject to repression control, thus confirming earlier reports. In addition, tryosine- and tryptophan-specific transport were found to be enhanced by growth of cells with phenylalanine. The repression and enhancement of the transport systems was abolished in a strain carrying an amber mutation in the regulator gene tyrR. This indicates that the tyrR gene product, which was previously shown to be involved in regulation of aromatic biosynthetic enzymes, is also involved in the regulation of the aromatic amino acid transport systems.", "contents": "Regulation of aromatic amino acid transport systems in Escherichia coli K-12. The regulation of the aromatic amino acid transport systems was investigated. The common (general) aromatic transport system and the tyrosine-specific transport system were found to be subject to repression control, thus confirming earlier reports. In addition, tryosine- and tryptophan-specific transport were found to be enhanced by growth of cells with phenylalanine. The repression and enhancement of the transport systems was abolished in a strain carrying an amber mutation in the regulator gene tyrR. This indicates that the tyrR gene product, which was previously shown to be involved in regulation of aromatic biosynthetic enzymes, is also involved in the regulation of the aromatic amino acid transport systems.", "PMID": 334742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13131", "title": "a-Factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: partial characterization of a mating hormone produced by cells of mating type a.", "content": "Conjugation between haploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated through the action of diffusible mating hormones, two of which have been designated as a-factor and alpha-factor. Partially purified fractions exhibiting a-factor activity have been obtained from culture filtrates of a cells by ultrafiltration, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. The a-factor preparations specifically caused both G1 arrest and morphological alterations in cells of alpha-mating type, whereas a cells, a/alpha diploids, and nonmating alpha mutants were not affected. The a-factor activity was found in the culture filtrates of all a strains tested, but not in filtrates of alpha or a/alpha cell cultures. The hormone is sensitive to various proteases, showing that it is associated with a peptide or protein. Gel filtration studies suggest an apparent molecular weight greater than 600,000; however, this result may be due to aggregation with carbohydrate present in the preparations. Although the biological activities of a-factor are analogous to those described previously for alpha-factor, the chemical properties of these two hormones appear to be quite different.", "contents": "a-Factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: partial characterization of a mating hormone produced by cells of mating type a. Conjugation between haploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated through the action of diffusible mating hormones, two of which have been designated as a-factor and alpha-factor. Partially purified fractions exhibiting a-factor activity have been obtained from culture filtrates of a cells by ultrafiltration, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. The a-factor preparations specifically caused both G1 arrest and morphological alterations in cells of alpha-mating type, whereas a cells, a/alpha diploids, and nonmating alpha mutants were not affected. The a-factor activity was found in the culture filtrates of all a strains tested, but not in filtrates of alpha or a/alpha cell cultures. The hormone is sensitive to various proteases, showing that it is associated with a peptide or protein. Gel filtration studies suggest an apparent molecular weight greater than 600,000; however, this result may be due to aggregation with carbohydrate present in the preparations. Although the biological activities of a-factor are analogous to those described previously for alpha-factor, the chemical properties of these two hormones appear to be quite different.", "PMID": 334743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13132", "title": "Regulation of fatty acid synthesis during the cessation of phospholipid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In 1975, Cronan et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 250:5835-5840) reported that free fatty acids accumulated during glycerol starvation of an Escherichia coli glycerol auxotroph. On the basis of labeling experiments showing significant incorporation of [14C]acetate into the fatty acid fraction of glycerol-starved cells, these authors concluded that fatty acid synthesis proceeded normally in the absence of phospholipid synthesis. Since these findings might have been due to an increase in the intracellular specific activity of the [1-14C]acetyl coenzyme A pool of the glycerol-starved cells, we reexamined the effect of glycerol starvation on fatty acid synthesis. We found that (i) the incorporation of 3H2O and/or [2,3-14C]succinate into the fatty acid fraction of glycerol auxotrophs is severely reduced during starvation, (ii) the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into the lipid fraction of an acetate-requiring glycerol auxotroph is inhibited by 95% during glycerol starvation, and (iii) the accumulation of fatty acids, as measured by microtitration, in glycerol-starved cells is less than 10% that of glycerol-supplemented cells. These results indicate that fatty acid synthesis is inhibited in the absence of phospholipid synthesis of E. coli.", "contents": "Regulation of fatty acid synthesis during the cessation of phospholipid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. In 1975, Cronan et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 250:5835-5840) reported that free fatty acids accumulated during glycerol starvation of an Escherichia coli glycerol auxotroph. On the basis of labeling experiments showing significant incorporation of [14C]acetate into the fatty acid fraction of glycerol-starved cells, these authors concluded that fatty acid synthesis proceeded normally in the absence of phospholipid synthesis. Since these findings might have been due to an increase in the intracellular specific activity of the [1-14C]acetyl coenzyme A pool of the glycerol-starved cells, we reexamined the effect of glycerol starvation on fatty acid synthesis. We found that (i) the incorporation of 3H2O and/or [2,3-14C]succinate into the fatty acid fraction of glycerol auxotrophs is severely reduced during starvation, (ii) the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into the lipid fraction of an acetate-requiring glycerol auxotroph is inhibited by 95% during glycerol starvation, and (iii) the accumulation of fatty acids, as measured by microtitration, in glycerol-starved cells is less than 10% that of glycerol-supplemented cells. These results indicate that fatty acid synthesis is inhibited in the absence of phospholipid synthesis of E. coli.", "PMID": 334744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13133", "title": "Evidence for a complex of three beta-oxidation enzymes in Escherichia coli: induction and localization.", "content": "The enzymes for beta-oxidation of fatty acids in inducible and constitutive strains of Escherichia coli were assayed in soluble and membrane fractions of disrupted cells by using fatty acid and acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) substrates containing either 4 or 16 carbon atoms in the acyl moieties. Cell fractionation was monitored, using succinic dehydrogenase as a membrane marker and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase as a soluble marker. Acyl-CoA synthetase activity was detected exclusively in the membrane fraction, whereas acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activities that utilized both C4 and C16 acyl-CoA substrates were isolated from the soluble fraction. 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activities assayed with both C4 and C16 acyl-CoA substrates co-chromatographed on gel filtration and ion-exchange columns and cosedimented in glycerol gradients. The data show that these three enzyme activities of the fad regulon can be isolated as a multienzyme complex. This complex dissociates in very dilute preparations; however, in those preparations where the three activities are separated, the fractionated species retain activity with both C4 and C16 acyl-CoA substrates.", "contents": "Evidence for a complex of three beta-oxidation enzymes in Escherichia coli: induction and localization. The enzymes for beta-oxidation of fatty acids in inducible and constitutive strains of Escherichia coli were assayed in soluble and membrane fractions of disrupted cells by using fatty acid and acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) substrates containing either 4 or 16 carbon atoms in the acyl moieties. Cell fractionation was monitored, using succinic dehydrogenase as a membrane marker and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase as a soluble marker. Acyl-CoA synthetase activity was detected exclusively in the membrane fraction, whereas acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activities that utilized both C4 and C16 acyl-CoA substrates were isolated from the soluble fraction. 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activities assayed with both C4 and C16 acyl-CoA substrates co-chromatographed on gel filtration and ion-exchange columns and cosedimented in glycerol gradients. The data show that these three enzyme activities of the fad regulon can be isolated as a multienzyme complex. This complex dissociates in very dilute preparations; however, in those preparations where the three activities are separated, the fractionated species retain activity with both C4 and C16 acyl-CoA substrates.", "PMID": 334745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13134", "title": "Glucose transport in Streptococcus agalactiae and its inhibition by lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "Transport of 2-deoxyglucose or glucose in Streptococcus agalactiae was strongly inhibited if the cells were first exposed to a combination of lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide (LP-complex). The inhibition was completely reversible with dithiothreitol. N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibited sugar transport, and the inhibition was also reversible with dithiothreitol. Sodium fluoride also inhibited sugar transport. Glucolysis was completely inhibited, and dithiothreitol completely reversed the inhibition. Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase activity in S. agalactiae was not strongly inhibited by the LP-complex. Interference of the entry of glucose into cells of S. agalactiae by the LP-complex could well account for its growth inhibitory properties with this organism. The inhibition of glucose transport by the LP-complex and its reversibility with dithiothreitol suggest the modification of functional sulfhydryl groups in the cell membrane as a cause of transport inhibition.", "contents": "Glucose transport in Streptococcus agalactiae and its inhibition by lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide. Transport of 2-deoxyglucose or glucose in Streptococcus agalactiae was strongly inhibited if the cells were first exposed to a combination of lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide (LP-complex). The inhibition was completely reversible with dithiothreitol. N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibited sugar transport, and the inhibition was also reversible with dithiothreitol. Sodium fluoride also inhibited sugar transport. Glucolysis was completely inhibited, and dithiothreitol completely reversed the inhibition. Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase activity in S. agalactiae was not strongly inhibited by the LP-complex. Interference of the entry of glucose into cells of S. agalactiae by the LP-complex could well account for its growth inhibitory properties with this organism. The inhibition of glucose transport by the LP-complex and its reversibility with dithiothreitol suggest the modification of functional sulfhydryl groups in the cell membrane as a cause of transport inhibition.", "PMID": 334746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13135", "title": "Further mapping of several membrane lipid biosynthetic genes (fabC, fabB, gpsA, plsB) of Escherichia coli.", "content": "New genetic mapping data on several loci involved in membrane lipid synthesis are reported. We demonstrated that the lesion designated fabC by Broekman and Hoeckstra (Mol. Gen. Genet. 124:65-67, 1975) is a fabB mutation. In the course of this work, the orientation of the pdxB and fabB loci was determined. The order of the loci is fabB pdxB purF. We also report cotransduction between the gpsA and cysE loci and show that the order of these markers is mtl cysE gpsA. Cotransduction between the plsB and kdgK loci was also sought. Despite extensive experiments, we were unable to detect cotransduction between these loci. In addition, we were unable to detect cotransduction among several markers in region 46 to 48 min of the map.", "contents": "Further mapping of several membrane lipid biosynthetic genes (fabC, fabB, gpsA, plsB) of Escherichia coli. New genetic mapping data on several loci involved in membrane lipid synthesis are reported. We demonstrated that the lesion designated fabC by Broekman and Hoeckstra (Mol. Gen. Genet. 124:65-67, 1975) is a fabB mutation. In the course of this work, the orientation of the pdxB and fabB loci was determined. The order of the loci is fabB pdxB purF. We also report cotransduction between the gpsA and cysE loci and show that the order of these markers is mtl cysE gpsA. Cotransduction between the plsB and kdgK loci was also sought. Despite extensive experiments, we were unable to detect cotransduction between these loci. In addition, we were unable to detect cotransduction among several markers in region 46 to 48 min of the map.", "PMID": 334747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13136", "title": "Aspergillus nidulans mutant lacking alpha-(1,3)-glucan, melanin, and cleistothecia.", "content": "A mutation in Aspergillus nidulans led to a loss of both melanin and alpha-(1,3)-glucan, a major wall polysaccharide. In addition, the mutation prevented the formation of cleistothecia. Mutant walls contained increased amounts of beta-(1,3)-glucan and galactose polymers, and electron micrographs indicated that they had lost the outermost wall layer. Such walls were more readily digested by lytic enzymes, and this increased susceptibility to hydrolysis was due to the absence of alpha-(1,3)-glucan and not of melanin. The pleiotropic effects of the mutation are discussed, with particular reference to the hypothesis that alpha-(1,3)-glucan acts as the endogenous carbon source for biosynthetic processes in the stationary phase of growth. In this view, glucan synthesis would be the primary target of the mutation, and the absence of glucan would result in the lack of melanin and cleistothecia, formed after nutrients are exhausted. Two other mutations that lowered themycelial alpha-(1,3)-glucan content also inhibited melanin and cleistothecia production.", "contents": "Aspergillus nidulans mutant lacking alpha-(1,3)-glucan, melanin, and cleistothecia. A mutation in Aspergillus nidulans led to a loss of both melanin and alpha-(1,3)-glucan, a major wall polysaccharide. In addition, the mutation prevented the formation of cleistothecia. Mutant walls contained increased amounts of beta-(1,3)-glucan and galactose polymers, and electron micrographs indicated that they had lost the outermost wall layer. Such walls were more readily digested by lytic enzymes, and this increased susceptibility to hydrolysis was due to the absence of alpha-(1,3)-glucan and not of melanin. The pleiotropic effects of the mutation are discussed, with particular reference to the hypothesis that alpha-(1,3)-glucan acts as the endogenous carbon source for biosynthetic processes in the stationary phase of growth. In this view, glucan synthesis would be the primary target of the mutation, and the absence of glucan would result in the lack of melanin and cleistothecia, formed after nutrients are exhausted. Two other mutations that lowered themycelial alpha-(1,3)-glucan content also inhibited melanin and cleistothecia production.", "PMID": 334748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13137", "title": "Localization of proteins controlling motility and chemotaxis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Flagellar proteins controlling motility and chemotaxis in Escherichia coli were selectively labeled in vivo with [35S]methionine. This distribution of these proteins in subcellular fractions was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The  motA, motB, cheM, and cheD gene products were found to be confined exclusively to the inner cytoplasmic membrane fraction, whereas the cheY, cheW, and cheA (66,000 daltons) polypeptides appeared only in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction. The cheB, cheX, cheZ, and cheA (76,000 daltons) proteins, however, were distributed in both the cytoplasm and the inner membrane fractions. The hag gene product (flagellin) was the only flagellar protein examined that copurified with the outer lipopolysaccharide membrane. Differences in the intracellular locations of the che and mot gene prodcuts presumably reflect the functional attributes of these components.", "contents": "Localization of proteins controlling motility and chemotaxis in Escherichia coli. Flagellar proteins controlling motility and chemotaxis in Escherichia coli were selectively labeled in vivo with [35S]methionine. This distribution of these proteins in subcellular fractions was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The  motA, motB, cheM, and cheD gene products were found to be confined exclusively to the inner cytoplasmic membrane fraction, whereas the cheY, cheW, and cheA (66,000 daltons) polypeptides appeared only in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction. The cheB, cheX, cheZ, and cheA (76,000 daltons) proteins, however, were distributed in both the cytoplasm and the inner membrane fractions. The hag gene product (flagellin) was the only flagellar protein examined that copurified with the outer lipopolysaccharide membrane. Differences in the intracellular locations of the che and mot gene prodcuts presumably reflect the functional attributes of these components.", "PMID": 334749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13138", "title": "Visualization of ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis in a ribonuclease III-Deficient strain of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine active ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes in two strains of Escherichia coli: N2077, deficient in the enzyme responsible for proper cleavage of the 16S sequence from the elongating nascent rRNA transcript; and N2076, functional in ribonuclease (RNase) III activity, yet otherwise isogenic to N2077. In the strain with wild-type RNase III, double gradients corresponding to a pattern of 16S-cleavage-23S transcription were observed. However, the RNase III-deficient strain exhibited a single ribosomal gradient of approximately the same length as the combined 16S-23S gradients of the wild-type strain. When the rRNA genes were somewhat loosely packed with RNA polymerases, a few of the nascent chains in the ribosomal matrixes of the RNase III-deficient strain were cleaved, but most appeared to be unprocessed. The completed, uncleaved transcripts originating from these gradients are believed to be 30S rRNA molecules recently characterized by biochemical probes.", "contents": "Visualization of ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis in a ribonuclease III-Deficient strain of Escherichia coli. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine active ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes in two strains of Escherichia coli: N2077, deficient in the enzyme responsible for proper cleavage of the 16S sequence from the elongating nascent rRNA transcript; and N2076, functional in ribonuclease (RNase) III activity, yet otherwise isogenic to N2077. In the strain with wild-type RNase III, double gradients corresponding to a pattern of 16S-cleavage-23S transcription were observed. However, the RNase III-deficient strain exhibited a single ribosomal gradient of approximately the same length as the combined 16S-23S gradients of the wild-type strain. When the rRNA genes were somewhat loosely packed with RNA polymerases, a few of the nascent chains in the ribosomal matrixes of the RNase III-deficient strain were cleaved, but most appeared to be unprocessed. The completed, uncleaved transcripts originating from these gradients are believed to be 30S rRNA molecules recently characterized by biochemical probes.", "PMID": 334750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13139", "title": "Growth and cell division during nitrogen starvation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "During nitrogen starvation, cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased threefold in number, and little ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein were accumulated. Both RNA and protein were extensivley degraded during starvation, suggesting that intracellular macromolecules could supply most of the growth requirements. The types and proportions of stable RNA synthesized during nitrogen deprivation were characteristic of exponentially growing cells; however, the complement of proteins synthesized was different. We conclude that, once events in the deoxyribonucleic acid division cycle are initiated, cells can complete division with little dependence on continued net cell growth.", "contents": "Growth and cell division during nitrogen starvation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During nitrogen starvation, cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased threefold in number, and little ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein were accumulated. Both RNA and protein were extensivley degraded during starvation, suggesting that intracellular macromolecules could supply most of the growth requirements. The types and proportions of stable RNA synthesized during nitrogen deprivation were characteristic of exponentially growing cells; however, the complement of proteins synthesized was different. We conclude that, once events in the deoxyribonucleic acid division cycle are initiated, cells can complete division with little dependence on continued net cell growth.", "PMID": 334751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13140", "title": "Revised interpretation of the origin of the pSC101 plasmid.", "content": "Data are presented indicating that the pSC101 plasmid was not derived by recircularization of a mechanically sheared fragment of R6-5 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid, as was originally believed.", "contents": "Revised interpretation of the origin of the pSC101 plasmid. Data are presented indicating that the pSC101 plasmid was not derived by recircularization of a mechanically sheared fragment of R6-5 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid, as was originally believed.", "PMID": 334752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13141", "title": "Cell size and budding during starvation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "When starved for nitrogen, cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced abnormally small cells. Nonetheless, during starvation, only cells of a size characteristic of growing cells were capable of initiating a bud. Even when growth was severely limited, some event(s) in G1 required growth to a critical size for completion.", "contents": "Cell size and budding during starvation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When starved for nitrogen, cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced abnormally small cells. Nonetheless, during starvation, only cells of a size characteristic of growing cells were capable of initiating a bud. Even when growth was severely limited, some event(s) in G1 required growth to a critical size for completion.", "PMID": 334753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13142", "title": "Physical mapping of genes on the F plasmid of Escherichia coli responsible for inhibition of growth of female-specific bacteriophages.", "content": "By correlating the resistance or sensitivity to female-specific phages of strains carrying F plasmids with deletions for part of the region 32.6 to 42.9 F, cloned F fragments, and other plasmids, it was shown that the pif loci are located near and clockwise to a point on F with coordinate 38.3 F.", "contents": "Physical mapping of genes on the F plasmid of Escherichia coli responsible for inhibition of growth of female-specific bacteriophages. By correlating the resistance or sensitivity to female-specific phages of strains carrying F plasmids with deletions for part of the region 32.6 to 42.9 F, cloned F fragments, and other plasmids, it was shown that the pif loci are located near and clockwise to a point on F with coordinate 38.3 F.", "PMID": 334754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13143", "title": "Connectin, an elastic protein of muscle. Comparative Biochemistry.", "content": "Connectin, an elastic protein, was isolated from both skeletal and cardiac muscles of various species of vertebrates, and also from smooth muscles (gizzard) of the chicken. The amino acid compositions of these preparations were very similar. Connectin was also obtained from claw and tail muscles of the crayfish, but preparations from clam adductor muscles and insect thoracic muscles were heavily contaminated with collagen and resilin, respectively. Connectin-like protein was obtained from cell membranes of erythrocytes and fluorescent anti-connectin staining suggested that it is located on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. An attempt to isolate an elastic protein from insoluble residues of amoebae of the slime mold and those of bacterial cell body (Salmonella) was inconclusive. The present comparative bio-chemical study has shown that connectin or connectin-like protein is widely distributed in various types of muscles and in some nonmuscle cells.", "contents": "Connectin, an elastic protein of muscle. Comparative Biochemistry. Connectin, an elastic protein, was isolated from both skeletal and cardiac muscles of various species of vertebrates, and also from smooth muscles (gizzard) of the chicken. The amino acid compositions of these preparations were very similar. Connectin was also obtained from claw and tail muscles of the crayfish, but preparations from clam adductor muscles and insect thoracic muscles were heavily contaminated with collagen and resilin, respectively. Connectin-like protein was obtained from cell membranes of erythrocytes and fluorescent anti-connectin staining suggested that it is located on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. An attempt to isolate an elastic protein from insoluble residues of amoebae of the slime mold and those of bacterial cell body (Salmonella) was inconclusive. The present comparative bio-chemical study has shown that connectin or connectin-like protein is widely distributed in various types of muscles and in some nonmuscle cells.", "PMID": 334755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13144", "title": "Purification and properties of the polypeptide chain release factor (RF-4) from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8.", "content": "The polypeptide chain release factor 1 (RF-1) has been purified from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. The purification procedure included steps of aqueous two-phase partition, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex, Sephadex G-150, and CM-Sephadex. The preparation was more than 90% pure as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activity was about 3.3 pmol of formyl-[3H]-methionine released in 1 min at 25 degrees C per microgram of protein under the standard assay conditions using 4 pmol of the initiation complex and 1 nmol of UpApG. The molecular weight as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, was 58,000 and 45,000, respectively. As expected, the factor was extremely heat-stable, 50% of its activity remaining after incubation for 5 min at 84 degrees C. Several properties of the reaction catalyzed by RF-1 are also described.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the polypeptide chain release factor (RF-4) from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. The polypeptide chain release factor 1 (RF-1) has been purified from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. The purification procedure included steps of aqueous two-phase partition, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex, Sephadex G-150, and CM-Sephadex. The preparation was more than 90% pure as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activity was about 3.3 pmol of formyl-[3H]-methionine released in 1 min at 25 degrees C per microgram of protein under the standard assay conditions using 4 pmol of the initiation complex and 1 nmol of UpApG. The molecular weight as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, was 58,000 and 45,000, respectively. As expected, the factor was extremely heat-stable, 50% of its activity remaining after incubation for 5 min at 84 degrees C. Several properties of the reaction catalyzed by RF-1 are also described.", "PMID": 334756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13145", "title": "Temperature-dependence of tension development by glycerinated muscle fibers of rabbit psoas in Mg-ITP solution.", "content": "The isometric tension of single fibers isolated from glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle was measured at various temperatures using Mg-ITP as a substrate. The tension developed in Mg-ITP decreased linearly as the temperature was reduced from 24 degrees C to 4 degrees C. Myosin formed the myosin--product complex predominantly via ATP hydrolysis at the burst site during Mg-ATP hydrolysis, irrespective of temperature, and the tension developed in Mg-ATP decreased linearly as the temperature decreased (Yoshida and Tawada (1976) J. Biochem. 80, 861). During Mg-ITP hydrolysis, myosin forms the myosin*-product complex predominantly at the burst site above 20 degrees C, while myosin forms the myosin*-substrate complex below 8 degrees C (Hozumi (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 63, 241). However, the temperature dependence of tension development in Mg-ITP is linear, as with Mg-ATP, as mentioned above. This temperature dependence is not compatible with some muscle models which assume the formation of the myosin*-product complex by cross-bridges prior to combination with actin during contraction.", "contents": "Temperature-dependence of tension development by glycerinated muscle fibers of rabbit psoas in Mg-ITP solution. The isometric tension of single fibers isolated from glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle was measured at various temperatures using Mg-ITP as a substrate. The tension developed in Mg-ITP decreased linearly as the temperature was reduced from 24 degrees C to 4 degrees C. Myosin formed the myosin--product complex predominantly via ATP hydrolysis at the burst site during Mg-ATP hydrolysis, irrespective of temperature, and the tension developed in Mg-ATP decreased linearly as the temperature decreased (Yoshida and Tawada (1976) J. Biochem. 80, 861). During Mg-ITP hydrolysis, myosin forms the myosin*-product complex predominantly at the burst site above 20 degrees C, while myosin forms the myosin*-substrate complex below 8 degrees C (Hozumi (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 63, 241). However, the temperature dependence of tension development in Mg-ITP is linear, as with Mg-ATP, as mentioned above. This temperature dependence is not compatible with some muscle models which assume the formation of the myosin*-product complex by cross-bridges prior to combination with actin during contraction.", "PMID": 334757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13146", "title": "Reactivity and inhibitor potential of hydroxycitrate isomers with citrate synthase, citrate lyase, and ATP citrate lyase.", "content": "The four isomers of hydroxycitrate have been tested as substrates and inhibitors for citrate synthase, citrate lyase, and ATP citrate lyase. None of the isomers served as a substrate for citrate synthase and they were moderate to weak inhibitors of this reaction. Of the four isomers, only (pncit)-(2S)-2-hydroxycitrate did not serve as a substrate for citrate lyase while (pncit)-(4S)-4-hydroxycitrate was the only isomer which did not serve as a substrate for ATP citrate lyase. No consistent pattern of reactivity or inhibitor potency was seen with the different isomeric hydroxycitrates. It is proposed that more than one mode of binding is possible between the isomers and the three different active sites.", "contents": "Reactivity and inhibitor potential of hydroxycitrate isomers with citrate synthase, citrate lyase, and ATP citrate lyase. The four isomers of hydroxycitrate have been tested as substrates and inhibitors for citrate synthase, citrate lyase, and ATP citrate lyase. None of the isomers served as a substrate for citrate synthase and they were moderate to weak inhibitors of this reaction. Of the four isomers, only (pncit)-(2S)-2-hydroxycitrate did not serve as a substrate for citrate lyase while (pncit)-(4S)-4-hydroxycitrate was the only isomer which did not serve as a substrate for ATP citrate lyase. No consistent pattern of reactivity or inhibitor potency was seen with the different isomeric hydroxycitrates. It is proposed that more than one mode of binding is possible between the isomers and the three different active sites.", "PMID": 334761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13147", "title": "Essential arginine residues in tryptophanase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Tryptophanase from Escherichia coli B/1t7-A is inactivated by the arginine-specific reagent, phenylglyoxal, in potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.8 AND 25 degrees. Apo- and holoenzyme are inactivated at the same rate, and inactivation of both is correlated with modification of 2 arginine residues/tryptophanase monomer. Substrate analogs having a carboxyl group protect the holoenzyme against both inactivation and arginine modification but have no effect on the inactivation or modification of the apoenzyme. Phenylglyoxal-modified apotryptophanase retains the capacity to bind the coenzyme, pyridoxal-P, but the spectrum of this reconstituted species differs from that of native holotryptophanase. Neither this reconstituted species nor the phenyglyoxal-modified holoenzyme shows the 500 nm absorption characteristic of the native enzyme when substrates are added. These results demonstrate a requirement for specific arginine residues for substrate binding and are discussed in the context of the known conformational and spectal forms of tryptophanase with regard to a possible role for arginine residues in formation of a catalytically effective enzyme-pyridoxal-P complex.", "contents": "Essential arginine residues in tryptophanase from Escherichia coli. Tryptophanase from Escherichia coli B/1t7-A is inactivated by the arginine-specific reagent, phenylglyoxal, in potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.8 AND 25 degrees. Apo- and holoenzyme are inactivated at the same rate, and inactivation of both is correlated with modification of 2 arginine residues/tryptophanase monomer. Substrate analogs having a carboxyl group protect the holoenzyme against both inactivation and arginine modification but have no effect on the inactivation or modification of the apoenzyme. Phenylglyoxal-modified apotryptophanase retains the capacity to bind the coenzyme, pyridoxal-P, but the spectrum of this reconstituted species differs from that of native holotryptophanase. Neither this reconstituted species nor the phenyglyoxal-modified holoenzyme shows the 500 nm absorption characteristic of the native enzyme when substrates are added. These results demonstrate a requirement for specific arginine residues for substrate binding and are discussed in the context of the known conformational and spectal forms of tryptophanase with regard to a possible role for arginine residues in formation of a catalytically effective enzyme-pyridoxal-P complex.", "PMID": 334762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13148", "title": "Biochemical mechanism of uracil uptake regulation in Escherichia coli B. Allosteric effects on uracil phosphoribosyltransferase under stringent conditions.", "content": "The regulation of uracil uptake in bacteria was studied in bacteriophage T4-infected cells, where host-specific, stable RNA synthesis is completely shut-off by phage, and where phage-specific RNA synthesis, which is not stringently regulated, could be followed by a continuous incorporation of uracil. This incorporation into phage RNA was found to be dependent on the allelic state of the rel gene and it was thus severely restricted under stringent conditions. This was not the case with adenine, which was incorported into RNA to almost the same extent under stringent and relaxed conditions, respectively. The inhibition of uracil uptake under proceeding RNA formation, which was furthermore found to be reversed by addition of chloramphenicol, indicated a specific mechanism governing the cellular entry of uracil. This is suggested to involve the allosteric regulation of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.9.). The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel chromatography. The dependence on GDP and GTP as positive effectors was demonstrated. The stimulatory effect of GTP was abolished in vitro by the addition of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3-diphosphate, which is known to accumulate during amino acid starvation in stringent bacteria. The reversible inactivation of the enzyme by dilution suggested a subunit structure of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase.", "contents": "Biochemical mechanism of uracil uptake regulation in Escherichia coli B. Allosteric effects on uracil phosphoribosyltransferase under stringent conditions. The regulation of uracil uptake in bacteria was studied in bacteriophage T4-infected cells, where host-specific, stable RNA synthesis is completely shut-off by phage, and where phage-specific RNA synthesis, which is not stringently regulated, could be followed by a continuous incorporation of uracil. This incorporation into phage RNA was found to be dependent on the allelic state of the rel gene and it was thus severely restricted under stringent conditions. This was not the case with adenine, which was incorported into RNA to almost the same extent under stringent and relaxed conditions, respectively. The inhibition of uracil uptake under proceeding RNA formation, which was furthermore found to be reversed by addition of chloramphenicol, indicated a specific mechanism governing the cellular entry of uracil. This is suggested to involve the allosteric regulation of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.9.). The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel chromatography. The dependence on GDP and GTP as positive effectors was demonstrated. The stimulatory effect of GTP was abolished in vitro by the addition of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3-diphosphate, which is known to accumulate during amino acid starvation in stringent bacteria. The reversible inactivation of the enzyme by dilution suggested a subunit structure of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase.", "PMID": 334763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13149", "title": "Glycosylation of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase.", "content": "Reductive coupling with sodium cyanoborhydride has been used with lactose and N-acetylneuraminyl lactose to prepare glycosylated Escherichia coli L-asparaginase. A substantial degree of modification can be achieved without significant loss of enzyme activity. The lactosylated enzyme shows increased thermal stability and resistance to proteolytic cleavage and is cleared more rapidly from the plasma of mice, compared to native asparaginase. The effect on clearance varies directly with the degree of lactosylation. Asparaginase modified with N-acetylneuraminyl lactose, in contrast, with approximately 13.6 mol of N-acetylneuraminyl lactose/mol of enzyme, is cleared more slowly, with a t 1/2 that is approximately twice that of the native enzyme.", "contents": "Glycosylation of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase. Reductive coupling with sodium cyanoborhydride has been used with lactose and N-acetylneuraminyl lactose to prepare glycosylated Escherichia coli L-asparaginase. A substantial degree of modification can be achieved without significant loss of enzyme activity. The lactosylated enzyme shows increased thermal stability and resistance to proteolytic cleavage and is cleared more rapidly from the plasma of mice, compared to native asparaginase. The effect on clearance varies directly with the degree of lactosylation. Asparaginase modified with N-acetylneuraminyl lactose, in contrast, with approximately 13.6 mol of N-acetylneuraminyl lactose/mol of enzyme, is cleared more slowly, with a t 1/2 that is approximately twice that of the native enzyme.", "PMID": 334766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13150", "title": "Proteolysis of the bifunctional methionine-repressible aspartokinase II-homoserine dehydrogenase II of Escherichia coli K12. Production of an active homoserine dehydrogenase fragment.", "content": "The dimeric bifunctional enzyme aspartokinase II-homoserine dehydrogenase II (Mr = 2 X 88,000) of Escherichia coli K12 can be cleaved into two nonoverlapping fragments by limited proteolysis with subtilisin. These two fragments can be separated under nondenaturing conditions as dimeric species, which indicates that each fragment has retained some of the association areas involved in the conformation of the native protein. The smaller fragment (Mr = 2 X 24,000) is devoid of aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase activity. The larger fragment (Mr = 2 X 37,000) is endowed with full homoserine dehydrogenase activity. These results show that the polypeptide chains of the native enzyme are organized in two different domains, that both domains participate in building up the native dimeric structure, and that one of these domains only is responsible for homoserine dehydrogenase activity. A model of aspartokinase II-homoserine dehydrogenase II is proposed, which accounts for the present results.", "contents": "Proteolysis of the bifunctional methionine-repressible aspartokinase II-homoserine dehydrogenase II of Escherichia coli K12. Production of an active homoserine dehydrogenase fragment. The dimeric bifunctional enzyme aspartokinase II-homoserine dehydrogenase II (Mr = 2 X 88,000) of Escherichia coli K12 can be cleaved into two nonoverlapping fragments by limited proteolysis with subtilisin. These two fragments can be separated under nondenaturing conditions as dimeric species, which indicates that each fragment has retained some of the association areas involved in the conformation of the native protein. The smaller fragment (Mr = 2 X 24,000) is devoid of aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase activity. The larger fragment (Mr = 2 X 37,000) is endowed with full homoserine dehydrogenase activity. These results show that the polypeptide chains of the native enzyme are organized in two different domains, that both domains participate in building up the native dimeric structure, and that one of these domains only is responsible for homoserine dehydrogenase activity. A model of aspartokinase II-homoserine dehydrogenase II is proposed, which accounts for the present results.", "PMID": 334767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13151", "title": "Periplasmic space in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli.", "content": "The volume of the periplasmic space in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium cells was measured. This space, in cells grown and collected under conditions routinely used in work with these bacteria, was shown to comprise from 20 to 40% of the total cell volume. Further studies were conducted to determine the osmotic relationships between the periplasm, the external milieu, and the cytoplasm. Results showed that there is a Donnan equilibrium between the periplasm and the extracellular fluid, and that the periplasm and cytoplasm are isoosmotic. In minimal salts medium, the osmotic strength of the cell interior was estimated to be approximately 300 mosM, with a net pressure of approximately 3.5 atm being applied to the cell wall. A corollary of these findings was that an electrical potential exists across the outer membrane. This potential was measured by determining the distributions of Na+ and Cl- between the periplasm and the cell exterior. The potential varied with the ionic strength of the medium; for cells in minimal salts medium it was approximately 30 mV, negative inside.", "contents": "Periplasmic space in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. The volume of the periplasmic space in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium cells was measured. This space, in cells grown and collected under conditions routinely used in work with these bacteria, was shown to comprise from 20 to 40% of the total cell volume. Further studies were conducted to determine the osmotic relationships between the periplasm, the external milieu, and the cytoplasm. Results showed that there is a Donnan equilibrium between the periplasm and the extracellular fluid, and that the periplasm and cytoplasm are isoosmotic. In minimal salts medium, the osmotic strength of the cell interior was estimated to be approximately 300 mosM, with a net pressure of approximately 3.5 atm being applied to the cell wall. A corollary of these findings was that an electrical potential exists across the outer membrane. This potential was measured by determining the distributions of Na+ and Cl- between the periplasm and the cell exterior. The potential varied with the ionic strength of the medium; for cells in minimal salts medium it was approximately 30 mV, negative inside.", "PMID": 334768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13152", "title": "Calorimetric studies of the ADP binding to myosin subfragment 1, heavy meromyosin, and to myosin filaments.", "content": "A calorimetric titration method was used to study the ADP binding to the chymotryptic subfragments of myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM) and myosin subfragment 1 (S-1), and to myosin aggregated into filaments at low ionic strength. The binding constant (K) and heat of reaction (deltaH, kiloJoules (moles of ADP bound)-1) were determined. For HMM in 0.5 M KCl, 0.01 M MgCl2, 0.02 M Tris (pH 7.8) at 12 degrees, log K = 5.92 +/- 0.13 and deltaH = -70.9 +/- 3.6 kJ mol-1. These results agree with our previous findings for myosin in 0.5 M KCl at 12 degrees. When the KCl concentration was reduced to 0.1 M, the binding constant did not change significantly (log K = 6.09 +/- 0.06) but the binding was more exothermic (deltaH = -90.1 +/- 3.3 kJ mol-1). Similar results were obtained for myosin filaments in 0.1 M KCl and also for both the isoenzymes of S-1(S-1(A1) and S-1(A2) in 0.1 M KCl. In 0.5 M KCl, the binding curves suggest that about one ADP is bound per active site, but as 0.1 M KCl, the apparent stoichiometry drops from 0.7 to 0.75. The most probable explanation is that there is some site heterogeneity which is more evident at lower ionic strength.", "contents": "Calorimetric studies of the ADP binding to myosin subfragment 1, heavy meromyosin, and to myosin filaments. A calorimetric titration method was used to study the ADP binding to the chymotryptic subfragments of myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM) and myosin subfragment 1 (S-1), and to myosin aggregated into filaments at low ionic strength. The binding constant (K) and heat of reaction (deltaH, kiloJoules (moles of ADP bound)-1) were determined. For HMM in 0.5 M KCl, 0.01 M MgCl2, 0.02 M Tris (pH 7.8) at 12 degrees, log K = 5.92 +/- 0.13 and deltaH = -70.9 +/- 3.6 kJ mol-1. These results agree with our previous findings for myosin in 0.5 M KCl at 12 degrees. When the KCl concentration was reduced to 0.1 M, the binding constant did not change significantly (log K = 6.09 +/- 0.06) but the binding was more exothermic (deltaH = -90.1 +/- 3.3 kJ mol-1). Similar results were obtained for myosin filaments in 0.1 M KCl and also for both the isoenzymes of S-1(S-1(A1) and S-1(A2) in 0.1 M KCl. In 0.5 M KCl, the binding curves suggest that about one ADP is bound per active site, but as 0.1 M KCl, the apparent stoichiometry drops from 0.7 to 0.75. The most probable explanation is that there is some site heterogeneity which is more evident at lower ionic strength.", "PMID": 334772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13153", "title": "Stereochemistry of the dTDP-glucose oxidoreductase reaction.", "content": "The stereochemical course of the dTDP-glucose oxidoreductase (EC 4.2.1.46) reaction was studied using enzyme partially purified from Escherichia coli and dTDP-(6R)- and (6S)-[4-2H, 6-3H]glucose as substrate. The latter was prepared enzymatically by reduction of (3R)- and (3S)-3-P-[3-3H]glycerate to the 1-deuterated 3-P-glyceraldehyde with (4S)-[4-2H]NADH, followed first by conversion to glucose-1-P with the glycolytic enzymes, and then by transformation into the dTDP derivative. The stereospecifically labeled dTDP-glucose samples were mixed with nonlabeled carrier material and converted to dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose, which contained a chiral methyl group as shown by chirality analysis of the acetic acid resulting from Kuhn-Roth oxidation of the sugar nucleotide. These results confirm that the hydrogen transfer from C4 to C6 is intramolecular and show that the migrating hydrogen replaces the 6-hydroxyl group with inversion of configuration. Assuming that the hydrogen transfer, since it is intramolecular, must be suprafacial, it follows that the elimination of water from C5 and C6 is formally syn, whereas the reduction of the resulting delta5,6-double bond formally involves an anti addition of H+ and H-.", "contents": "Stereochemistry of the dTDP-glucose oxidoreductase reaction. The stereochemical course of the dTDP-glucose oxidoreductase (EC 4.2.1.46) reaction was studied using enzyme partially purified from Escherichia coli and dTDP-(6R)- and (6S)-[4-2H, 6-3H]glucose as substrate. The latter was prepared enzymatically by reduction of (3R)- and (3S)-3-P-[3-3H]glycerate to the 1-deuterated 3-P-glyceraldehyde with (4S)-[4-2H]NADH, followed first by conversion to glucose-1-P with the glycolytic enzymes, and then by transformation into the dTDP derivative. The stereospecifically labeled dTDP-glucose samples were mixed with nonlabeled carrier material and converted to dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose, which contained a chiral methyl group as shown by chirality analysis of the acetic acid resulting from Kuhn-Roth oxidation of the sugar nucleotide. These results confirm that the hydrogen transfer from C4 to C6 is intramolecular and show that the migrating hydrogen replaces the 6-hydroxyl group with inversion of configuration. Assuming that the hydrogen transfer, since it is intramolecular, must be suprafacial, it follows that the elimination of water from C5 and C6 is formally syn, whereas the reduction of the resulting delta5,6-double bond formally involves an anti addition of H+ and H-.", "PMID": 334773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13154", "title": "Ribosomal RNA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Physical map of the repeating unit and location of the regions coding for 5 S, 5.8 S, 18 S, and 25 S ribosomal RNAs.", "content": "The organization of the ribosomal DNA repeating unit from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been analyzed. A cloned ribosomal DNA repeating unit has been mapped with the restriction enzymes Xma 1, Kpn 1, HindIII, Xba 1, Bgl I + II, and EcoRI. The locations of the sequences which code for 5 S, 5.8 S, 18 S, and 25 S ribosomal RNAs have been determined by hybridization of the purified RNA species with restriction endonuclease generated fragments of the repeating unit. The position of the 5.8 S ribosomal DNA sequences within the repeat was also established by sequencing the DNA which codes for 83 nucleotides at the 5' end of 5.8 S ribosomal RNA. The polarity of the 35 S ribosomal RNA precursor has been established by a combination of hybridization analysis and DNA sequence determination and is 5'-18 S, 5.8 S, 25 S-3'.", "contents": "Ribosomal RNA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Physical map of the repeating unit and location of the regions coding for 5 S, 5.8 S, 18 S, and 25 S ribosomal RNAs. The organization of the ribosomal DNA repeating unit from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been analyzed. A cloned ribosomal DNA repeating unit has been mapped with the restriction enzymes Xma 1, Kpn 1, HindIII, Xba 1, Bgl I + II, and EcoRI. The locations of the sequences which code for 5 S, 5.8 S, 18 S, and 25 S ribosomal RNAs have been determined by hybridization of the purified RNA species with restriction endonuclease generated fragments of the repeating unit. The position of the 5.8 S ribosomal DNA sequences within the repeat was also established by sequencing the DNA which codes for 83 nucleotides at the 5' end of 5.8 S ribosomal RNA. The polarity of the 35 S ribosomal RNA precursor has been established by a combination of hybridization analysis and DNA sequence determination and is 5'-18 S, 5.8 S, 25 S-3'.", "PMID": 334774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13155", "title": "Ribosomal RNA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Physical map and nucleotide sequence of the 5 S ribosomal RNA gene and adjacent intergenic regions.", "content": "A DNA fragment containing the structural gene for the 5 S ribosomal RNA and intergenic regions before and after the 35 S ribosomal RNA precursor gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been amplified in a bacterial plasmid and physically mapped by restriction endonuclease cleavage and hybridization to purified yeast 5 S ribosomal RNA. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragments carrying the 5 S ribosomal RNA gene and adjacent regions has been determined. The sequence unambiguously identifies the 5 S ribosomal RNA gene, determines its polarity within the ribosomal DNA repeating unit, and reveals the structure of its promoter and termination regions. Partial DNA sequence of the regions near the beginning and end of the 35 S ribosomal RNA gene has also been determined as a preliminary step in establishing the structure of promoter and termination regions for the 35 S ribosomal RNA gene.", "contents": "Ribosomal RNA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Physical map and nucleotide sequence of the 5 S ribosomal RNA gene and adjacent intergenic regions. A DNA fragment containing the structural gene for the 5 S ribosomal RNA and intergenic regions before and after the 35 S ribosomal RNA precursor gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been amplified in a bacterial plasmid and physically mapped by restriction endonuclease cleavage and hybridization to purified yeast 5 S ribosomal RNA. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragments carrying the 5 S ribosomal RNA gene and adjacent regions has been determined. The sequence unambiguously identifies the 5 S ribosomal RNA gene, determines its polarity within the ribosomal DNA repeating unit, and reveals the structure of its promoter and termination regions. Partial DNA sequence of the regions near the beginning and end of the 35 S ribosomal RNA gene has also been determined as a preliminary step in establishing the structure of promoter and termination regions for the 35 S ribosomal RNA gene.", "PMID": 334775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13156", "title": "Asymmetry of binding and physical assignments of CTP and ATP sites in aspartate transcarbamoylase.", "content": "The allosteric effectors of aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli, CTP and ATP, associate with both the regulatory and the catalytic moieties of the enzyme. Studies with isolated, active subunits yield one binding site per regulatory dimer and one per catalytic trimer. Investigations of effector association with hybrid enzymes, containing either the three regulatory dimers or the two catalytic trimers in inactivated forms, indicate that the data obtained with isolated subunits can be used to analyze the binding patterns of these ligands to the native hexamer. Thus, the nonlinear Scatchard plots, characteristic of the binding of CTP and ATP to the native enzyme, can be interpreted in terms of three effector molecules associating with the regulatory subunits, and two binding to the catalytic moiety of the enzyme. Results with native protein in the presence of saturating concentrations of active site ligands support these assignments. The differences between the binding isotherms of CTP and ATP to the enzyme are due to  their different affinities to the two types of subunits. The apparent half-of-the-site saturation of the regulatory moiety of aspartate transcarbamoylase supports the concept that this protein has a tendency to exist in an asymmetric state.", "contents": "Asymmetry of binding and physical assignments of CTP and ATP sites in aspartate transcarbamoylase. The allosteric effectors of aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli, CTP and ATP, associate with both the regulatory and the catalytic moieties of the enzyme. Studies with isolated, active subunits yield one binding site per regulatory dimer and one per catalytic trimer. Investigations of effector association with hybrid enzymes, containing either the three regulatory dimers or the two catalytic trimers in inactivated forms, indicate that the data obtained with isolated subunits can be used to analyze the binding patterns of these ligands to the native hexamer. Thus, the nonlinear Scatchard plots, characteristic of the binding of CTP and ATP to the native enzyme, can be interpreted in terms of three effector molecules associating with the regulatory subunits, and two binding to the catalytic moiety of the enzyme. Results with native protein in the presence of saturating concentrations of active site ligands support these assignments. The differences between the binding isotherms of CTP and ATP to the enzyme are due to  their different affinities to the two types of subunits. The apparent half-of-the-site saturation of the regulatory moiety of aspartate transcarbamoylase supports the concept that this protein has a tendency to exist in an asymmetric state.", "PMID": 334776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13157", "title": "Identification of a pyruvoyl residue in S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been purified to homogeneity. Acid hydrolysis of NaB3H4-reduced enzyme released 2.2 mol of tritiated lactate per mol of dimeric enzyme, indicating that a pyruvate moiety is present. Inhibition of enzymatic activity by NaBH4 reduction and by carbonyl-binding reagents indicates that this pyruvoyl residue is required for the activity of the enzyme. This is the first example reported of a eukaryotic enzyme containing a covalently linked pyruvoyl residue.", "contents": "Identification of a pyruvoyl residue in S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been purified to homogeneity. Acid hydrolysis of NaB3H4-reduced enzyme released 2.2 mol of tritiated lactate per mol of dimeric enzyme, indicating that a pyruvate moiety is present. Inhibition of enzymatic activity by NaBH4 reduction and by carbonyl-binding reagents indicates that this pyruvoyl residue is required for the activity of the enzyme. This is the first example reported of a eukaryotic enzyme containing a covalently linked pyruvoyl residue.", "PMID": 334777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13158", "title": "Freeze-fracture of membrane fusions during exocytosis in pancreatic B-cells.", "content": "To examine the freeze-fracture appearance of membrane alterations at sites of exocytosis in mammalian cells, we studied the secretory granule and plasma membrane of rat pancreatic B-cells during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Constant features observed were the scarcity of particles in secretory-granule P-fracture faces and the almost total clearance of intramembranous particles in P-and E fracture faces of the plasma membrane in areas of close apposition of these two membranes preceding fusion; also observed was the temporary persistence of particle-cleared regions after the fusion was completed. Our observations thus support the concept that membranes fuse at sites of closely apposed, particle-free regions and that the physiologically created clear areas found in freeze-fracture replicas of the plasma membrane are the hallmarks of incipient or recent membrane fusion.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture of membrane fusions during exocytosis in pancreatic B-cells. To examine the freeze-fracture appearance of membrane alterations at sites of exocytosis in mammalian cells, we studied the secretory granule and plasma membrane of rat pancreatic B-cells during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Constant features observed were the scarcity of particles in secretory-granule P-fracture faces and the almost total clearance of intramembranous particles in P-and E fracture faces of the plasma membrane in areas of close apposition of these two membranes preceding fusion; also observed was the temporary persistence of particle-cleared regions after the fusion was completed. Our observations thus support the concept that membranes fuse at sites of closely apposed, particle-free regions and that the physiologically created clear areas found in freeze-fracture replicas of the plasma membrane are the hallmarks of incipient or recent membrane fusion.", "PMID": 334779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13159", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein in mouse cerebellum by immunoperoxidase labeling.", "content": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein was localized at the electron microscope level in the cerebellum of adult mice by indirect immunoperoxidase histology. In confirmation of previous studies at the light microscope level, the antigen was detectable in astrocytes and their processes, but not in neurons or their processes, or in oligodendroglia. Astrocytic processes were stained in white matter, in the granular layet surrounding synaptic glomerular complexes, and in the molecular layer in the form of radially oriented fibers and of sheaths surrounding Purkinje cell dendrites. Astrocytic endfeet impinging on meninges and perivascular membranes were also antigen positive. In astrocytic perikarya and processes, the immunohistochemical reaction product appears both as a diffuse cytoplasmic label and as elongated strands, which by their distribution and frequency could be considered glial filaments.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein in mouse cerebellum by immunoperoxidase labeling. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was localized at the electron microscope level in the cerebellum of adult mice by indirect immunoperoxidase histology. In confirmation of previous studies at the light microscope level, the antigen was detectable in astrocytes and their processes, but not in neurons or their processes, or in oligodendroglia. Astrocytic processes were stained in white matter, in the granular layet surrounding synaptic glomerular complexes, and in the molecular layer in the form of radially oriented fibers and of sheaths surrounding Purkinje cell dendrites. Astrocytic endfeet impinging on meninges and perivascular membranes were also antigen positive. In astrocytic perikarya and processes, the immunohistochemical reaction product appears both as a diffuse cytoplasmic label and as elongated strands, which by their distribution and frequency could be considered glial filaments.", "PMID": 334780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13160", "title": "Effects of myosin and heavy meromyosin on actin-related gelation of HeLa cell extracts.", "content": "The gelation induced by warming (to 25 degrees C) the 100,000 g supernatant fraction (extract) of HeLa cells lysed in a buffer containing sucrose, ATP, DTE, EGTA, imidazole, and Triton X-100 was studied in the presence of myosin and heavy meromyosin (HMM). Myosin mixed with extract induces shrinkage of the gel, but jelled extract or myosin alone does not shrink. In the concentration range, 0.14-1.04 mg/ml of myosin, the degree of shrinkage is roughly proportional to the concentration of myosin. Supplementa MgCl2 also promotes shrinkage. HMM (0.4-0.8 mg/ml) can inhibit gel formation by extract in tubes or floated on a sucrose cushion. Gel electrophoresis of gels shrunken by added myosin or electrophoresis of the proteins which can be sedimented from extract after incubation in the presence of HMM indicate that both myosin and HMM interfere with the changes in sedimentability of the high molecular weight protein (HMWP) thought to participate (together with actin) in gel formation in HeLa cell extracts (R. R. Weihing, 1976. J. Cell Biol. 71:303-307). These results, together with previous results showing that actin is present and that HMWP is enriched in the plasma membrane fraction of HeLa cells (R. R. Weihing, 1976. Cold Spring Harbor Conf. Cell Proliferation. 3:671-684), point to the possibility of dynamic changes in the interactions of HMWP or myosin with actin in processes of movement occurring at the cell surface.", "contents": "Effects of myosin and heavy meromyosin on actin-related gelation of HeLa cell extracts. The gelation induced by warming (to 25 degrees C) the 100,000 g supernatant fraction (extract) of HeLa cells lysed in a buffer containing sucrose, ATP, DTE, EGTA, imidazole, and Triton X-100 was studied in the presence of myosin and heavy meromyosin (HMM). Myosin mixed with extract induces shrinkage of the gel, but jelled extract or myosin alone does not shrink. In the concentration range, 0.14-1.04 mg/ml of myosin, the degree of shrinkage is roughly proportional to the concentration of myosin. Supplementa MgCl2 also promotes shrinkage. HMM (0.4-0.8 mg/ml) can inhibit gel formation by extract in tubes or floated on a sucrose cushion. Gel electrophoresis of gels shrunken by added myosin or electrophoresis of the proteins which can be sedimented from extract after incubation in the presence of HMM indicate that both myosin and HMM interfere with the changes in sedimentability of the high molecular weight protein (HMWP) thought to participate (together with actin) in gel formation in HeLa cell extracts (R. R. Weihing, 1976. J. Cell Biol. 71:303-307). These results, together with previous results showing that actin is present and that HMWP is enriched in the plasma membrane fraction of HeLa cells (R. R. Weihing, 1976. Cold Spring Harbor Conf. Cell Proliferation. 3:671-684), point to the possibility of dynamic changes in the interactions of HMWP or myosin with actin in processes of movement occurring at the cell surface.", "PMID": 334781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13161", "title": "[The survival of an auxiliary transplanted liver in the inbred rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors propose a model of hepatic transplantation in the inbred rat which may be used for an immunological study. The whole liver is transplanted. It is orthofunctional, heterotopic and auxiliary. The technic is described in detail. Various improvements are proposed to give better results.", "contents": "[The survival of an auxiliary transplanted liver in the inbred rat (author's transl)]. The authors propose a model of hepatic transplantation in the inbred rat which may be used for an immunological study. The whole liver is transplanted. It is orthofunctional, heterotopic and auxiliary. The technic is described in detail. Various improvements are proposed to give better results.", "PMID": 334782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13162", "title": "[Intestinal mechanical sutures: macroscopic and histological aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied healing in digestive sutures carried out using automatic clips in the Dog. The mechanical conditions of the suture and in particular the absence of crushing are responsible for an almost perfect scar healing by first intention. The absence of ischemic necrosis remains the main factor differentiating these sutures from manual sutures where necrosis is constant, whether due to repeated trauma from forceps or ischemia due to tightening the threads, and above all, constant inclusion of the mucosa within the scar. The use of non-ischemic sutures explains undoubtedly the low incidence of fistulas, but explains, on the contrary, the large number of cases which bleed from the divided margins of the sutured or anastomosed layers; in rare cases, severe bleeding requires reoperation. These sutures are everted sutures causing a significant number of adhesions. We did not find any significant difference in the healing of inverted or everted sutures from the 15th day onwards.", "contents": "[Intestinal mechanical sutures: macroscopic and histological aspects (author's transl)]. The authors studied healing in digestive sutures carried out using automatic clips in the Dog. The mechanical conditions of the suture and in particular the absence of crushing are responsible for an almost perfect scar healing by first intention. The absence of ischemic necrosis remains the main factor differentiating these sutures from manual sutures where necrosis is constant, whether due to repeated trauma from forceps or ischemia due to tightening the threads, and above all, constant inclusion of the mucosa within the scar. The use of non-ischemic sutures explains undoubtedly the low incidence of fistulas, but explains, on the contrary, the large number of cases which bleed from the divided margins of the sutured or anastomosed layers; in rare cases, severe bleeding requires reoperation. These sutures are everted sutures causing a significant number of adhesions. We did not find any significant difference in the healing of inverted or everted sutures from the 15th day onwards.", "PMID": 334783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13163", "title": "A non-enzymic procdure for the quantitative analysis of (3-methoxy-4-sulphoxyphenyl)ethylene glycol(MHPG sulphate) in human urine using stable isotope dilution and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitative analysis of (3-methoxy-4-sulphoxyphenyl)-ethylene glycol (MHPG sulphate) in human urine, based on selected ion monitoring gas chromatography--mass spectrometry and using a specifically deuterium-labelled analogue of MHPG sulphate as internal standard. The procedure involves extraction of the urine sample on Amberlite XAD-2, followed by isolation of MHPG sulphate by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. Cleavage of the sulphate conjugate and formation of the MHPG tris(trifluoroacetate) derivative are carried out in a one-step reaction, without recourse to enzymic hydrolysis.", "contents": "A non-enzymic procdure for the quantitative analysis of (3-methoxy-4-sulphoxyphenyl)ethylene glycol(MHPG sulphate) in human urine using stable isotope dilution and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A method is described for the quantitative analysis of (3-methoxy-4-sulphoxyphenyl)-ethylene glycol (MHPG sulphate) in human urine, based on selected ion monitoring gas chromatography--mass spectrometry and using a specifically deuterium-labelled analogue of MHPG sulphate as internal standard. The procedure involves extraction of the urine sample on Amberlite XAD-2, followed by isolation of MHPG sulphate by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. Cleavage of the sulphate conjugate and formation of the MHPG tris(trifluoroacetate) derivative are carried out in a one-step reaction, without recourse to enzymic hydrolysis.", "PMID": 334785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13164", "title": "Rapid determination of diazepam and nordiazepam in plasma by electron capture gas--liquid chromatography. Application in clinical pharmacokinetic studies.", "content": "A rapid method was developed for the determination of diazepam and nordiazepam (N-desmethyldiazepam) in human plasma using electron capture gas--liquid chromatography (GLC--ECE). The concentration of diazepam and nordiazepam is determined using 0.5 ml of plasma extracted with 1.0 ml of benzene containing 25 ng/ml of methylnitrazepam as the internal standard. The benzene extract is removed and an aliquot is subjected to automated GLC-ECD analysis. The method has a sensitivity limit of 5 ng diazepam and 10ng nordiazepam per milliliter of plasma. The method was used to determine the plasma levels in man following the first 5-mg diazepam dose, as well as during chronic oral administration of 5 mg diazepam three times daily and 15 mg diazepam once a day.", "contents": "Rapid determination of diazepam and nordiazepam in plasma by electron capture gas--liquid chromatography. Application in clinical pharmacokinetic studies. A rapid method was developed for the determination of diazepam and nordiazepam (N-desmethyldiazepam) in human plasma using electron capture gas--liquid chromatography (GLC--ECE). The concentration of diazepam and nordiazepam is determined using 0.5 ml of plasma extracted with 1.0 ml of benzene containing 25 ng/ml of methylnitrazepam as the internal standard. The benzene extract is removed and an aliquot is subjected to automated GLC-ECD analysis. The method has a sensitivity limit of 5 ng diazepam and 10ng nordiazepam per milliliter of plasma. The method was used to determine the plasma levels in man following the first 5-mg diazepam dose, as well as during chronic oral administration of 5 mg diazepam three times daily and 15 mg diazepam once a day.", "PMID": 334786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13165", "title": "FSH and LH secreting pituitary adenoma.", "content": "A case of FSH and LH secreting pituitary adenoma which was not preceded by hypogonadism is reported. The patient, a 50-year-old man, was admitted to the hospital because of left temporal hemianopsia. No clinical evidence of hypogonadism was demonstrated. Endocrine studies of hypogonadism was demonstrated. Endocrine studies revealed markedly elevated plasma FSH of 295 mIU/ml and slightly elevated LH of 35 mIU/ml (2nd IRP-HMG). Plasma FSH and LH did not respond to the administration of LRF, conjugated equine estrogens and testosterone. Plasma testosterone was 691 ng/dl and rose nromally after pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. Sperm count was 46 X 10(6)/ml. Transfrontal hypophysectomy was followed by a marked decrease of both FSH (to 19mIU/ml) and LH (to 22 mIU/ml). Histologic examination of the tumor revealed 90% chromophobe cells and 10% slightly eosinophilic cells. Two sizes of secretory granules were demonstrated. Tumor cells in tissue culture secreted both FSH and LH.", "contents": "FSH and LH secreting pituitary adenoma. A case of FSH and LH secreting pituitary adenoma which was not preceded by hypogonadism is reported. The patient, a 50-year-old man, was admitted to the hospital because of left temporal hemianopsia. No clinical evidence of hypogonadism was demonstrated. Endocrine studies of hypogonadism was demonstrated. Endocrine studies revealed markedly elevated plasma FSH of 295 mIU/ml and slightly elevated LH of 35 mIU/ml (2nd IRP-HMG). Plasma FSH and LH did not respond to the administration of LRF, conjugated equine estrogens and testosterone. Plasma testosterone was 691 ng/dl and rose nromally after pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. Sperm count was 46 X 10(6)/ml. Transfrontal hypophysectomy was followed by a marked decrease of both FSH (to 19mIU/ml) and LH (to 22 mIU/ml). Histologic examination of the tumor revealed 90% chromophobe cells and 10% slightly eosinophilic cells. Two sizes of secretory granules were demonstrated. Tumor cells in tissue culture secreted both FSH and LH.", "PMID": 334787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13166", "title": "Pituitary-ovarian relationships in polycystic ovary syndrome.", "content": "The spontaneous pattern of pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian steroids and their response to dynamic tests were measured in 12 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO) and the results compared to those from 6 normal women during the early follicllar phase of the cycle (controls). As judged by serial measurements of urinary total estrogen and pregnanediol over a 12-week period, in PCO patients 75% of cycles were anovulatory (anovulatory PCO) as compared to 100% ovulatory in controls. The basal concentrations of LH, androstenedione and estrone were significantly higher and the concentration os FSH significantly lower in anovulatory PCO than in the controls (P less than .05). In PCO patients the concentration of LH was lower following an ovulatory cycle than that following a period of anovulation. Negative and positive feedback responses to an estrogen provocation test (200 microgram ethinyl estradiol per day for 3 days) were normal in anovulatory PCO although the LH peak occurred 24 h earlier than in the controls. The amplitude of the pulses of LH was significantly greater in anovulatory PCO than in the controls and was suppressed in both groups after ethinyl estradiol. The peak release of LH in response to 56 microgram LRF in ovulatory PCO was similar in controls but LH responses in anovulatory PCO were significantly greater. It is suggested that the abnormalities in gonadotropin secretion in PCO are secondary to excessive and prolonged extraglandular production of estrogen from androstenedione.", "contents": "Pituitary-ovarian relationships in polycystic ovary syndrome. The spontaneous pattern of pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian steroids and their response to dynamic tests were measured in 12 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO) and the results compared to those from 6 normal women during the early follicllar phase of the cycle (controls). As judged by serial measurements of urinary total estrogen and pregnanediol over a 12-week period, in PCO patients 75% of cycles were anovulatory (anovulatory PCO) as compared to 100% ovulatory in controls. The basal concentrations of LH, androstenedione and estrone were significantly higher and the concentration os FSH significantly lower in anovulatory PCO than in the controls (P less than .05). In PCO patients the concentration of LH was lower following an ovulatory cycle than that following a period of anovulation. Negative and positive feedback responses to an estrogen provocation test (200 microgram ethinyl estradiol per day for 3 days) were normal in anovulatory PCO although the LH peak occurred 24 h earlier than in the controls. The amplitude of the pulses of LH was significantly greater in anovulatory PCO than in the controls and was suppressed in both groups after ethinyl estradiol. The peak release of LH in response to 56 microgram LRF in ovulatory PCO was similar in controls but LH responses in anovulatory PCO were significantly greater. It is suggested that the abnormalities in gonadotropin secretion in PCO are secondary to excessive and prolonged extraglandular production of estrogen from androstenedione.", "PMID": 334789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13167", "title": "Occurrence and significance of Cryptococcus neoformans in the oropharynx and on the skin of a healthy human population.", "content": "Cryptococcus neoformans was cultured on one occasion from the oropharyngeal washings in 1 of 820 and from the interdigital areas of the feet in 6 of 723 healthy persons. Among the positive persons were two school children, two laboratory workers, one gardener, one plumber, and one printing press worker. Repeat cultures were negative in all seven positive persons; serological tests for cryptococcal antigen/antibody were negative in three. The results demonstrate that C. neoformans may occur as a transient inhabitant of the oropharynx or skin of healthy people.", "contents": "Occurrence and significance of Cryptococcus neoformans in the oropharynx and on the skin of a healthy human population. Cryptococcus neoformans was cultured on one occasion from the oropharyngeal washings in 1 of 820 and from the interdigital areas of the feet in 6 of 723 healthy persons. Among the positive persons were two school children, two laboratory workers, one gardener, one plumber, and one printing press worker. Repeat cultures were negative in all seven positive persons; serological tests for cryptococcal antigen/antibody were negative in three. The results demonstrate that C. neoformans may occur as a transient inhabitant of the oropharynx or skin of healthy people.", "PMID": 334791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13168", "title": "Reproducibility of interpretation of the test for antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment.", "content": "The direct immunofluorescence technique for detecting antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment is felt to be useful in distinguishing infection of the kidney from infection of the bladder. An independent, blind multiple-reading system was used to measure interobserver variability in the evaluation of slides of urinary sediments for antibody-coated bacteria. Three independent observers agreed unanimously on first reading in 88% of 253 specimens. When compared with the majority opinion, the sensitivity and specificity of an individual reading were 91 and 95%, respectively.", "contents": "Reproducibility of interpretation of the test for antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment. The direct immunofluorescence technique for detecting antibody-coated bacteria in urinary sediment is felt to be useful in distinguishing infection of the kidney from infection of the bladder. An independent, blind multiple-reading system was used to measure interobserver variability in the evaluation of slides of urinary sediments for antibody-coated bacteria. Three independent observers agreed unanimously on first reading in 88% of 253 specimens. When compared with the majority opinion, the sensitivity and specificity of an individual reading were 91 and 95%, respectively.", "PMID": 334792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13169", "title": "Unusual Enterobacteriaceae. \"Proteus rettgeri\" that \"change\" into Providencia stuartii.", "content": "A blood culture bottle from a patient with bacteremia contained both Proteus rettgeri biogroup 5 and Providencia stuartii (described in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bactiology [8th ed., 1974] as Proteus inconstans), which had the same unusual antibiotic resistance pattern. Single colonies of this P. rettgeri biogroup 5 isolate were shown to produce urea- clones. If current taxonomy is used, the strain changed from P. rettgeri to P. stuartii in the laboratory and probably also in the patient. Urea- clones were also found in three of six other strains of P. rettgeri biogroup 5. No urea-negative clones were found in two isolates each of P. rettgeri biogroups 1 and 3. Previous data from deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization, biochemical reactions, and serological cross-reactions all have indicated that the taxon now called P. rettgeri biogroup 5 should be classified as P. stuartii urea+. We propose that this taxonomic change be made. Urease production is probably plasmid mediated in P. stuartii urea+ and can easily be lost, as shown in our case report and in three stock cultures. Urea hydrolysis will no longer be the key test for differentiating P. rettgeri from P. stuartii. Rather, acid production from trehalose, D-arabitol, adonitol, and D-mannitol will be the key tests. Whereas P. rettgeri is usually trehalose-, D-arabitol+, adonitol+, and D-mannitol+, P. stuartii has the opposite reactions.", "contents": "Unusual Enterobacteriaceae. \"Proteus rettgeri\" that \"change\" into Providencia stuartii. A blood culture bottle from a patient with bacteremia contained both Proteus rettgeri biogroup 5 and Providencia stuartii (described in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bactiology [8th ed., 1974] as Proteus inconstans), which had the same unusual antibiotic resistance pattern. Single colonies of this P. rettgeri biogroup 5 isolate were shown to produce urea- clones. If current taxonomy is used, the strain changed from P. rettgeri to P. stuartii in the laboratory and probably also in the patient. Urea- clones were also found in three of six other strains of P. rettgeri biogroup 5. No urea-negative clones were found in two isolates each of P. rettgeri biogroups 1 and 3. Previous data from deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization, biochemical reactions, and serological cross-reactions all have indicated that the taxon now called P. rettgeri biogroup 5 should be classified as P. stuartii urea+. We propose that this taxonomic change be made. Urease production is probably plasmid mediated in P. stuartii urea+ and can easily be lost, as shown in our case report and in three stock cultures. Urea hydrolysis will no longer be the key test for differentiating P. rettgeri from P. stuartii. Rather, acid production from trehalose, D-arabitol, adonitol, and D-mannitol will be the key tests. Whereas P. rettgeri is usually trehalose-, D-arabitol+, adonitol+, and D-mannitol+, P. stuartii has the opposite reactions.", "PMID": 334793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13170", "title": "Enzymatic degradation of polygalacturonic acid by Yersinia and Klebsiella species in relation to clinical laboratory procedures.", "content": "As scored by several specified plating procedures, clinical and environmental strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae \"Oxytocum\" showed detectable, albeit generally weak, ability to digest polygalacturonic (pectic) acid. None of these bacterial strains had the vigorous and rapid pectolytic activity on these polygalacturonic acid-containing media that is typical of soft-rot Erwinia species, although some of the Oxytocum strains came fairly close. Analyses of the pectolytic enzyme contents of the cells and culture supernatants of the Yersinia and Klebsiella species revealed that readily detectable quantities of cell-bound polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase and hydrolytic polygalacturonase were formed by the Yersinia and Klebsiella species; however, the total units of enzyme activity produced by these bacteria were, in general, lower than were produced by soft-rot Erwinia species. Furthermore, unlike the situation in soft-rot Erwinia cultures, these pectolytic enzymes of Yersinia and Klebsiella species were not excreted rapidly and massively into the growth medium. Cultures of other enterobacteria (Citrobacter species, Enterobacter species, Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia herbicola, Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Salmonella typhimurium, and Serratia marcescens) showed no pectolytic ability whatsoever by any of the plating procedures used and (to the extent they were so examined) produced no pectolytic enzymes detectable either in their cells or culture supernatants. This slow or weak release of pectolytic enzymes by Yersinia and Klebsiella species has a bearing on clinical laboratory procedures suitable for detecting their pectolytic activity; methods adequate for this purpose are detailed.", "contents": "Enzymatic degradation of polygalacturonic acid by Yersinia and Klebsiella species in relation to clinical laboratory procedures. As scored by several specified plating procedures, clinical and environmental strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae \"Oxytocum\" showed detectable, albeit generally weak, ability to digest polygalacturonic (pectic) acid. None of these bacterial strains had the vigorous and rapid pectolytic activity on these polygalacturonic acid-containing media that is typical of soft-rot Erwinia species, although some of the Oxytocum strains came fairly close. Analyses of the pectolytic enzyme contents of the cells and culture supernatants of the Yersinia and Klebsiella species revealed that readily detectable quantities of cell-bound polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase and hydrolytic polygalacturonase were formed by the Yersinia and Klebsiella species; however, the total units of enzyme activity produced by these bacteria were, in general, lower than were produced by soft-rot Erwinia species. Furthermore, unlike the situation in soft-rot Erwinia cultures, these pectolytic enzymes of Yersinia and Klebsiella species were not excreted rapidly and massively into the growth medium. Cultures of other enterobacteria (Citrobacter species, Enterobacter species, Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia herbicola, Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Salmonella typhimurium, and Serratia marcescens) showed no pectolytic ability whatsoever by any of the plating procedures used and (to the extent they were so examined) produced no pectolytic enzymes detectable either in their cells or culture supernatants. This slow or weak release of pectolytic enzymes by Yersinia and Klebsiella species has a bearing on clinical laboratory procedures suitable for detecting their pectolytic activity; methods adequate for this purpose are detailed.", "PMID": 334794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13171", "title": "Diagnostic medium containing inositol, urea, and caffeic acid for selective growth of Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "An agar medium containing inositol and urea as sole carbon and nitrogen sources, caffeic acid and ferric citrate as agents for the selective pigmentation of Cryptococcus neoformans, gentamicin as a broad-spectrum bacterial antibiotic, and yeast nitrogen base without amino acids and ammonium sulfate (Difco) was tested against 137 clinical isolates, 4 survey specimens, and 11 ATCC yeast and yeast-like strains. All 28 strains of C. neoformans showed heavy growth and dark brown pigmentation after 36 h. All other tested species of Cryptococcus showed heavy growth after 36 h but only light brown pigmentation after 48 h. No growth was observed in any tested strains of Geotrichum, Pityrosporum, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, and Torulopsis. Only the Cryptococcus-like Candida humicola grew of the 8 species and 62 strains of Candida tested. Six of 15 strains of Trichosporon cutaneum and 1 of 2 strains of Trichosporon pullulans showed moderate growth after 48 h. Very different colonial and microscopic morphology and/or the absence of brown pigmentation easily differentiated these strains of T. cutaneum, T. pullulans, and C. humicola from C. neoformans. The growth- and pigmentation-providing characteristics of the medium were unaffected by 2 h of exposure to 254 nm of ultraviolet light.", "contents": "Diagnostic medium containing inositol, urea, and caffeic acid for selective growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. An agar medium containing inositol and urea as sole carbon and nitrogen sources, caffeic acid and ferric citrate as agents for the selective pigmentation of Cryptococcus neoformans, gentamicin as a broad-spectrum bacterial antibiotic, and yeast nitrogen base without amino acids and ammonium sulfate (Difco) was tested against 137 clinical isolates, 4 survey specimens, and 11 ATCC yeast and yeast-like strains. All 28 strains of C. neoformans showed heavy growth and dark brown pigmentation after 36 h. All other tested species of Cryptococcus showed heavy growth after 36 h but only light brown pigmentation after 48 h. No growth was observed in any tested strains of Geotrichum, Pityrosporum, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, and Torulopsis. Only the Cryptococcus-like Candida humicola grew of the 8 species and 62 strains of Candida tested. Six of 15 strains of Trichosporon cutaneum and 1 of 2 strains of Trichosporon pullulans showed moderate growth after 48 h. Very different colonial and microscopic morphology and/or the absence of brown pigmentation easily differentiated these strains of T. cutaneum, T. pullulans, and C. humicola from C. neoformans. The growth- and pigmentation-providing characteristics of the medium were unaffected by 2 h of exposure to 254 nm of ultraviolet light.", "PMID": 334795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13172", "title": "Microscopic and bacteriological comparison of paired sputa and transtracheal aspirates.", "content": "Ninety-six sputum specimens from patiens with pneumonia were microscopically screened for leukocytes and buccal squamous epithelial (BSE) cells. Cultures of these specimens were compared with cultures of paired transtracheal aspirates (TTA). Agreement between sputa with less than 25 BSE cells per 100X field and TTA was good (79%). Only 27% of the specimens with greater than 25 BSE cells per 100X field agreed with TTA. Sixty-six of the sputa were of group 5 quality, i.e., greater than 25 leukocytes and less than 10 BSE cells per 100X field. A potential pathogen growing in one of these specimens was 94% predictive of growth in the TTA. If a group 5 sputum was negative for a potential pathogen, there was a 45% chance that a fastidious organism had been overgrown or overlooked. The presence of definite lower tract secretions in group 5 sputa as determined by visualizing bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages did not significantly increase the diagnostic value of these specimens. Microscopic screening of sputum before culture with rejection of selected specimens can increase the value of sputum in determining the etiology of bacterial pneumonia.", "contents": "Microscopic and bacteriological comparison of paired sputa and transtracheal aspirates. Ninety-six sputum specimens from patiens with pneumonia were microscopically screened for leukocytes and buccal squamous epithelial (BSE) cells. Cultures of these specimens were compared with cultures of paired transtracheal aspirates (TTA). Agreement between sputa with less than 25 BSE cells per 100X field and TTA was good (79%). Only 27% of the specimens with greater than 25 BSE cells per 100X field agreed with TTA. Sixty-six of the sputa were of group 5 quality, i.e., greater than 25 leukocytes and less than 10 BSE cells per 100X field. A potential pathogen growing in one of these specimens was 94% predictive of growth in the TTA. If a group 5 sputum was negative for a potential pathogen, there was a 45% chance that a fastidious organism had been overgrown or overlooked. The presence of definite lower tract secretions in group 5 sputa as determined by visualizing bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages did not significantly increase the diagnostic value of these specimens. Microscopic screening of sputum before culture with rejection of selected specimens can increase the value of sputum in determining the etiology of bacterial pneumonia.", "PMID": 334796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13173", "title": "Preprototype of an automated microbial detection and identification system: a developmental investigation.", "content": "The AutoMicrobic System is an automated, computerized instrument that uses highly selective media and an optical system for detection, enumeration, and identification of bacteria and some yeasts in 13 h. A preprototype instrument (AutoMicrobic System-1) and its urine culture kit (Identi-Pak), developed for the detection, enumeration, and identification of eight species or groups of bacteria and of Candida species and Torulopsis glabrata in urine specimens, was evaluated during its development. An overall agreement of approximately 90% between the preprototype instrument and conventional (manual) culture methods has been obtained both with 1,473 seeded (simulated) and 1,688 clinical (mono- or polymicrobial) specimens containing 70,000 (or more) colony-forming units per ml of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter species, Proteus species, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia species, group D enterococci, or yeasts (Candida species and T. glabrata). Lower agreements in identification were obtained with Pseudomonas aeruginosa-containing (average of 75% in clinical specimens) and Staphylococcus aureus-containing (76%) specimens. Comparison of specimens tested simultaneously in two preprototype systems resulted in =/<4% disagreement; true negativity agreements in all specimen groups tested were at least 94%. Among problems remaining are adaptation of system for specimens other than urine, improvement of sensitivity for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, and standardization of manual methods used for comparison and validation.", "contents": "Preprototype of an automated microbial detection and identification system: a developmental investigation. The AutoMicrobic System is an automated, computerized instrument that uses highly selective media and an optical system for detection, enumeration, and identification of bacteria and some yeasts in 13 h. A preprototype instrument (AutoMicrobic System-1) and its urine culture kit (Identi-Pak), developed for the detection, enumeration, and identification of eight species or groups of bacteria and of Candida species and Torulopsis glabrata in urine specimens, was evaluated during its development. An overall agreement of approximately 90% between the preprototype instrument and conventional (manual) culture methods has been obtained both with 1,473 seeded (simulated) and 1,688 clinical (mono- or polymicrobial) specimens containing 70,000 (or more) colony-forming units per ml of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter species, Proteus species, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia species, group D enterococci, or yeasts (Candida species and T. glabrata). Lower agreements in identification were obtained with Pseudomonas aeruginosa-containing (average of 75% in clinical specimens) and Staphylococcus aureus-containing (76%) specimens. Comparison of specimens tested simultaneously in two preprototype systems resulted in =/<4% disagreement; true negativity agreements in all specimen groups tested were at least 94%. Among problems remaining are adaptation of system for specimens other than urine, improvement of sensitivity for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, and standardization of manual methods used for comparison and validation.", "PMID": 334797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13174", "title": "Automated microbiological detection/identification system.", "content": "An automated, computerized system, the AutoMicrobic System, has been developed for the detection, enumeration, and identification of bacteria and yeasts in clinical specimens. The biological basis for the system resides in lyophilized, highly selective and specific media enclosed in wells of a disposable plastic cuvette; introduction of a suitable specimen rehydrates and inoculates the media in the wells. An automated optical system monitors, and the computer interprets, changes in the media, with enumeration and identification results automatically obtained in 13 h. Sixteen different selective media were developed and tested with a variety of seeded (simulated) and clinical specimens. The AutoMicrobic System has been extensively tested with urine specimens, using a urine test kit (Identi-Pak) that contains selective media for Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella-Enterobacter species, Serratia species, Citrobacter freundii, group D enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeasts (Candida species and Torulopsis glabrata). The system has been tested with 3,370 seeded urine specimens and 1,486 clinical urines. Agreement with simultaneous conventional (manual) cultures, at levels of 70,000 colony-forming units per ml (or more), was 92% or better for seeded specimens; clinical specimens yielded results of 93% or better for all organisms except P. aeruginosa, where agreement was 86%. System expansion in progress includes antibiotic susceptibility testing and compatibility with most types of clinical specimens.", "contents": "Automated microbiological detection/identification system. An automated, computerized system, the AutoMicrobic System, has been developed for the detection, enumeration, and identification of bacteria and yeasts in clinical specimens. The biological basis for the system resides in lyophilized, highly selective and specific media enclosed in wells of a disposable plastic cuvette; introduction of a suitable specimen rehydrates and inoculates the media in the wells. An automated optical system monitors, and the computer interprets, changes in the media, with enumeration and identification results automatically obtained in 13 h. Sixteen different selective media were developed and tested with a variety of seeded (simulated) and clinical specimens. The AutoMicrobic System has been extensively tested with urine specimens, using a urine test kit (Identi-Pak) that contains selective media for Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella-Enterobacter species, Serratia species, Citrobacter freundii, group D enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeasts (Candida species and Torulopsis glabrata). The system has been tested with 3,370 seeded urine specimens and 1,486 clinical urines. Agreement with simultaneous conventional (manual) cultures, at levels of 70,000 colony-forming units per ml (or more), was 92% or better for seeded specimens; clinical specimens yielded results of 93% or better for all organisms except P. aeruginosa, where agreement was 86%. System expansion in progress includes antibiotic susceptibility testing and compatibility with most types of clinical specimens.", "PMID": 334798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13175", "title": "Chemotactic factor inactivators of human granulocytes.", "content": "During phagocytosis, neutrophils release a variety of substances that include activators and inactivators of chemotactic factors. It is generally considered that these represent hydrolytic enzymes. Elastase and cathepsin G, major proteases released from lysosomal granules during phagocytosis, contain broad hydrolytic activity. This study examined granule elastase and cathepsin G for their role as inactivators of chemotactic factors. Elastase and cathepsin G were purified from human neutrophils by Trasylol-Sepharose and CM-cellulose chromatography. Small amounts (approximately equal to 3 microgram, 1 muM) of elastase and cathepsin G, comparable to quantities released by 10(6) neutrophils during phagocytosis, completely inactivated the C5 chemotactic factor generated in human serum. Larger concentrations were needed to inactivate the C3 chemotactic factor, and when the bacterial chemotactic factor from Escherichia coli was employed, five times more elastase or cathepsin G was ineffective against this chemotactic factor. Supernatant fluid from human neutrophils that had ingested complement-coated zymosan particles contained elastase and cathepsin G and had inactivator activity for both the C5 chemotactic fragment and the bacterial factor. A specific inhibitor of elastase largely abolished the inactivator activity in the phagocytic supernates that was directed against C5 factor but did not affect the inactivator activity for the bacterial factor. Similar results occurred in studies of granule lysates. These data indicate heterogeneity in the chemotactic factor inactivator activity released by phagocytosing neutrophils. The predominant inactivator activity of the C5 chemotactic fragment is attributable to elastase and cathepsin G.", "contents": "Chemotactic factor inactivators of human granulocytes. During phagocytosis, neutrophils release a variety of substances that include activators and inactivators of chemotactic factors. It is generally considered that these represent hydrolytic enzymes. Elastase and cathepsin G, major proteases released from lysosomal granules during phagocytosis, contain broad hydrolytic activity. This study examined granule elastase and cathepsin G for their role as inactivators of chemotactic factors. Elastase and cathepsin G were purified from human neutrophils by Trasylol-Sepharose and CM-cellulose chromatography. Small amounts (approximately equal to 3 microgram, 1 muM) of elastase and cathepsin G, comparable to quantities released by 10(6) neutrophils during phagocytosis, completely inactivated the C5 chemotactic factor generated in human serum. Larger concentrations were needed to inactivate the C3 chemotactic factor, and when the bacterial chemotactic factor from Escherichia coli was employed, five times more elastase or cathepsin G was ineffective against this chemotactic factor. Supernatant fluid from human neutrophils that had ingested complement-coated zymosan particles contained elastase and cathepsin G and had inactivator activity for both the C5 chemotactic fragment and the bacterial factor. A specific inhibitor of elastase largely abolished the inactivator activity in the phagocytic supernates that was directed against C5 factor but did not affect the inactivator activity for the bacterial factor. Similar results occurred in studies of granule lysates. These data indicate heterogeneity in the chemotactic factor inactivator activity released by phagocytosing neutrophils. The predominant inactivator activity of the C5 chemotactic fragment is attributable to elastase and cathepsin G.", "PMID": 334799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13176", "title": "Immunoglobulin classes of DNA binding activity in serum and skin in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "36 systemic lupus erythematosus patients with native DNA binding activity (nDNA-BA) in the serum and subepidermal immunoglobulin deposits were studied to determine the relationship of the immunoglobulin (Ig) class distribution of serum nDNA-BA to the clinical characteristics of their disease and to the Ig class present at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ). The patients with predominantly (86-98%) IgM nDNA-BA in the serum had less active disease, mild or no renal involvement, and longer survival than those with predominantly (51-95%) IgG nDNA-BA in the serum. Renal biopsies in eight patients with predominantly IgM nDNA-BA in the serum showed relatively benign histologic changes in the kidney. In contrast, renal tissue from 23 patients with predominantly IgG nDNA-BA showed more severe histologic changes. All patients had multiple skin biopsies. Patients with predominantly IgM nDNA-BA consistently had only IgM at the DEJ. Patients with predominantly IgG nDNA-BA had IgG, usually in association with IgM, at the DEJ. The findings demonstrate that a minority of systemic lupus erythematosus patients may exhibit a limited anti-nDNA response characterized by the presence of chiefly IgM nDNA-BA in the serum and that this is reflected by the presence of mild disease and IgM alone at the DEJ. The development of IgG nDNA-BA is associated with more severe and active disease.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin classes of DNA binding activity in serum and skin in systemic lupus erythematosus. 36 systemic lupus erythematosus patients with native DNA binding activity (nDNA-BA) in the serum and subepidermal immunoglobulin deposits were studied to determine the relationship of the immunoglobulin (Ig) class distribution of serum nDNA-BA to the clinical characteristics of their disease and to the Ig class present at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ). The patients with predominantly (86-98%) IgM nDNA-BA in the serum had less active disease, mild or no renal involvement, and longer survival than those with predominantly (51-95%) IgG nDNA-BA in the serum. Renal biopsies in eight patients with predominantly IgM nDNA-BA in the serum showed relatively benign histologic changes in the kidney. In contrast, renal tissue from 23 patients with predominantly IgG nDNA-BA showed more severe histologic changes. All patients had multiple skin biopsies. Patients with predominantly IgM nDNA-BA consistently had only IgM at the DEJ. Patients with predominantly IgG nDNA-BA had IgG, usually in association with IgM, at the DEJ. The findings demonstrate that a minority of systemic lupus erythematosus patients may exhibit a limited anti-nDNA response characterized by the presence of chiefly IgM nDNA-BA in the serum and that this is reflected by the presence of mild disease and IgM alone at the DEJ. The development of IgG nDNA-BA is associated with more severe and active disease.", "PMID": 334800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13177", "title": "Increased frequency of the MZ phenotype of alpha-1-protease inhibitor in juvenile chronic polyarthritis.", "content": "Pi phenotypes of alpha-1-protease inhibitor were determined by isoelectric focusing and print immunofixation in 96 English children suffering from juvenile chronic polyarthritis. A significantly increased frequency of the MZ phenotype (10.41%) was found in comparison with a geographically matched control population (1.6%). The results of this study suggest that the possession of a Z-deficient allele of alpha-1-protease inhibitor could be a predisposing, aggravating, or perpetuating factor in the articular damage occurring in juvenile chronic polyarthritis.", "contents": "Increased frequency of the MZ phenotype of alpha-1-protease inhibitor in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Pi phenotypes of alpha-1-protease inhibitor were determined by isoelectric focusing and print immunofixation in 96 English children suffering from juvenile chronic polyarthritis. A significantly increased frequency of the MZ phenotype (10.41%) was found in comparison with a geographically matched control population (1.6%). The results of this study suggest that the possession of a Z-deficient allele of alpha-1-protease inhibitor could be a predisposing, aggravating, or perpetuating factor in the articular damage occurring in juvenile chronic polyarthritis.", "PMID": 334801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13178", "title": "Training of pathologists in countries belonging to the European Economic Community.", "content": "The regulations and procedures for the training and assessment of pathologists engaged in morbid anatomy and histology, medical microbiology, haematology, and clinical chemistry in the countries of the European Economic Community are reviewed. Differences in the terminology used in the description of pathological disciplines are noted. Suggestions are made by which harmonisation of training, which is an EEC objective, could be achieved.", "contents": "Training of pathologists in countries belonging to the European Economic Community. The regulations and procedures for the training and assessment of pathologists engaged in morbid anatomy and histology, medical microbiology, haematology, and clinical chemistry in the countries of the European Economic Community are reviewed. Differences in the terminology used in the description of pathological disciplines are noted. Suggestions are made by which harmonisation of training, which is an EEC objective, could be achieved.", "PMID": 334802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13179", "title": "Direct immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis.", "content": "The diagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis was established through the demonstration, by direct immunofluorescence, of toxoplasma cysts and trophozoites in a cervical lymph node biopsy which also had a characteristic histopathology. The patient had cervical lymphadenopathy and increased specific fluorescent antitoxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies.", "contents": "Direct immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis. The diagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis was established through the demonstration, by direct immunofluorescence, of toxoplasma cysts and trophozoites in a cervical lymph node biopsy which also had a characteristic histopathology. The patient had cervical lymphadenopathy and increased specific fluorescent antitoxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies.", "PMID": 334803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13180", "title": "Transient hypotensive effect of phenytoin in man.", "content": "Phenytoin or an identically appearing placebo was administered in a double-blind fashion to 20 patients with mild essential hypertension. A significant fall in supine systolic blood pressure was noted 30 minutes to 1 hour after the oral administration of 100 mg phenytoin. No significant antihypertensive effect was observed after the patients had received 100 mg phenytoin every 8 hours for two weeks. Phenytoin had no effect on the diastolic blood pressure. It is concluded that the previously described hypotensive effect of phenytoin is a transient phenomenon which is of no therapeutic benefit in the long-term management of patients with essential hypertension.", "contents": "Transient hypotensive effect of phenytoin in man. Phenytoin or an identically appearing placebo was administered in a double-blind fashion to 20 patients with mild essential hypertension. A significant fall in supine systolic blood pressure was noted 30 minutes to 1 hour after the oral administration of 100 mg phenytoin. No significant antihypertensive effect was observed after the patients had received 100 mg phenytoin every 8 hours for two weeks. Phenytoin had no effect on the diastolic blood pressure. It is concluded that the previously described hypotensive effect of phenytoin is a transient phenomenon which is of no therapeutic benefit in the long-term management of patients with essential hypertension.", "PMID": 334808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13181", "title": "Action of milk clotting enzymes on alphas-caseins from buffalo's and cow's milk.", "content": "alphaS-Caseins were isolated from buffalo's and cow's milk and hydrolyzed with rennet, bovine pepsin, microbial proteases from Mucor miebei, Mucor pusillus Lindt, and Endotbia parasitica. The rate of hydrolysis was followed by determining the unaltered alphaS-casein in the digest after acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The rate of hydrolysis of alphaS-casein from the two species with the different enzymes was comparable, being more rapid with microbial enzymes particularly Endotbia parasitica protease. However, the electrophoretic patterns of the degradation products of buffalo's and cow's alphaS-casein produced by microbial rennets were not identical.", "contents": "Action of milk clotting enzymes on alphas-caseins from buffalo's and cow's milk. alphaS-Caseins were isolated from buffalo's and cow's milk and hydrolyzed with rennet, bovine pepsin, microbial proteases from Mucor miebei, Mucor pusillus Lindt, and Endotbia parasitica. The rate of hydrolysis was followed by determining the unaltered alphaS-casein in the digest after acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The rate of hydrolysis of alphaS-casein from the two species with the different enzymes was comparable, being more rapid with microbial enzymes particularly Endotbia parasitica protease. However, the electrophoretic patterns of the degradation products of buffalo's and cow's alphaS-casein produced by microbial rennets were not identical.", "PMID": 334809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13182", "title": "Composition of cheddar cheese made with different milk clotting enzymes.", "content": "Six commercial milk clotting preparations from animal and fungal sources were used to make cheddar cheese. The cheeses were analyzed initially and over 6-mo ripening for proximate composition, minerals, amino acids, soluble protein, nonprotein nitrogen, free fatty acids, lactones, and flavor development. No significant differences in the composition of the cheeses could be attributed to the type of clotting enzyme. One lot of one enzyme showed increased lipolytic activity which indicated contamination and suggested that the purity of the enzyme preparation should be checked.", "contents": "Composition of cheddar cheese made with different milk clotting enzymes. Six commercial milk clotting preparations from animal and fungal sources were used to make cheddar cheese. The cheeses were analyzed initially and over 6-mo ripening for proximate composition, minerals, amino acids, soluble protein, nonprotein nitrogen, free fatty acids, lactones, and flavor development. No significant differences in the composition of the cheeses could be attributed to the type of clotting enzyme. One lot of one enzyme showed increased lipolytic activity which indicated contamination and suggested that the purity of the enzyme preparation should be checked.", "PMID": 334810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13183", "title": "Influence of colostrum on transepithelial movement of Escherichia coli 055.", "content": "The effect of colostrum on transepithelial migration of live Escherichia coli 055:B5:H7 in the neonatal calf intestine was determined by microbiological and microscopic investigations. Colostrum-deprived calves (2 to 6 h old) were given E. coli suspended in saline, E. coli suspended in colostrum, or E. coli in saline 1 h after colostrum. Twenty-four hours after exposure, tissues were collected for examination. Escherichia coli were numerous in mesenteric lymph nodes of calves given this organism in saline. Fewer were recovered from nodes of calves that received the bacteria in colostrum. Escherichia coli were not recovered from mesenteric lymph nodes of calves given colostrum before dosage with the organism. Electron microscopic studies of small intestines from calves that received E. coli in saline revealed bacterial attachment sites surrounded by exfoliation of microvilli. Bacteria appeared to enter epithelial cells by invagination of apical plasma membrane or dilation of apical tubules. Intracellular E. coli were enclosed in a surrounding membrane. The organisms were not observed adhering to or penetrating intestinal epithelium of calves that received E. coli in colostrum or 1 h after colostrum.", "contents": "Influence of colostrum on transepithelial movement of Escherichia coli 055. The effect of colostrum on transepithelial migration of live Escherichia coli 055:B5:H7 in the neonatal calf intestine was determined by microbiological and microscopic investigations. Colostrum-deprived calves (2 to 6 h old) were given E. coli suspended in saline, E. coli suspended in colostrum, or E. coli in saline 1 h after colostrum. Twenty-four hours after exposure, tissues were collected for examination. Escherichia coli were numerous in mesenteric lymph nodes of calves given this organism in saline. Fewer were recovered from nodes of calves that received the bacteria in colostrum. Escherichia coli were not recovered from mesenteric lymph nodes of calves given colostrum before dosage with the organism. Electron microscopic studies of small intestines from calves that received E. coli in saline revealed bacterial attachment sites surrounded by exfoliation of microvilli. Bacteria appeared to enter epithelial cells by invagination of apical plasma membrane or dilation of apical tubules. Intracellular E. coli were enclosed in a surrounding membrane. The organisms were not observed adhering to or penetrating intestinal epithelium of calves that received E. coli in colostrum or 1 h after colostrum.", "PMID": 334811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13184", "title": "Overdentures and swing lock partial dentures as alternatives to traditional removable prosthodontics: a survey of American dental schools.", "content": "The surveys were intended to determine the amount of exposure students received in undergraduate education to swing lock partials and overdenture service. The results show that even though the concept of overdenture service is taught at all dental schools, the number of students who actually complete cases is small. The concept of swing lock partial dentures is taught in only half the dental schools.", "contents": "Overdentures and swing lock partial dentures as alternatives to traditional removable prosthodontics: a survey of American dental schools. The surveys were intended to determine the amount of exposure students received in undergraduate education to swing lock partials and overdenture service. The results show that even though the concept of overdenture service is taught at all dental schools, the number of students who actually complete cases is small. The concept of swing lock partial dentures is taught in only half the dental schools.", "PMID": 334813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13185", "title": "Segmental acute tubular necrosis in kidneys with multiple renal arteries transplanted from living related donors.", "content": "Ten patients received kidneys from living, related donors, the transplants having multiple renal arteries; a retrospective analysis of the postoperative Hippuran renograms is presented. All seven kidneys that had the large artery reopened before anastomosis of the smaller, developed scintigram findings suggestive of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in the region with the more prolonged ischemia. Three similar kidneys with simultaneous recanalization of both renal arteries had normal Hippuran scintiphotos. Electron photomicrographs from upper- and lower-pole biopsies--in one case undergoing sequential revascularization--confirm the development of ischemic changes consistent with ATN in the half of the kidney developing scan findings of ATN.", "contents": "Segmental acute tubular necrosis in kidneys with multiple renal arteries transplanted from living related donors. Ten patients received kidneys from living, related donors, the transplants having multiple renal arteries; a retrospective analysis of the postoperative Hippuran renograms is presented. All seven kidneys that had the large artery reopened before anastomosis of the smaller, developed scintigram findings suggestive of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in the region with the more prolonged ischemia. Three similar kidneys with simultaneous recanalization of both renal arteries had normal Hippuran scintiphotos. Electron photomicrographs from upper- and lower-pole biopsies--in one case undergoing sequential revascularization--confirm the development of ischemic changes consistent with ATN in the half of the kidney developing scan findings of ATN.", "PMID": 334816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13186", "title": "The acrylic removable partial denture.", "content": "Some aspects of acrylic partial dentures have been reviewed. The spoon denture, the Every design, and the Lam design have been discussed and suggestions made for their construction and use for patients with specific problems.", "contents": "The acrylic removable partial denture. Some aspects of acrylic partial dentures have been reviewed. The spoon denture, the Every design, and the Lam design have been discussed and suggestions made for their construction and use for patients with specific problems.", "PMID": 334819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13187", "title": "Optometry's direction versus public needs.", "content": "This paper presents some parallels between the issues relating to our young population's difficulty in vision performance facing optometry in 1976 and medical eye care in the late 1800's. Three specific elements are identified and discussed: namely, (1) difference in practice of optometry and our organizational efforts; (2) the lack of agreed-upon clinical systems; and (3) the lack of availability of care. Suggestion for consideration are presented.", "contents": "Optometry's direction versus public needs. This paper presents some parallels between the issues relating to our young population's difficulty in vision performance facing optometry in 1976 and medical eye care in the late 1800's. Three specific elements are identified and discussed: namely, (1) difference in practice of optometry and our organizational efforts; (2) the lack of agreed-upon clinical systems; and (3) the lack of availability of care. Suggestion for consideration are presented.", "PMID": 334823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13188", "title": "Life graphs and life events.", "content": "The present study investigates changes in personal satisfaction over the whole life course by means of life graphs and their determinants. The life graphs were administered within a 4-year interval to 371 individuals (age 45-70). A modified version of the Holmes and Rahe life events scale, administered in the second interview, was used to ascertain the occurrence of four kinds of events: (1) children leaving home, (2) ill health, (3) death of family or friends, and (4) changes in work. Differences in height between the peak of the graph and the height at the current age is the measurement technique used with the life graphs. Events are found to play a different role at different stages of life and seem to be measured against an implicit schedule according to which the events are seen as traumatic or acceptable. Thus, the same event has different effects on perception of emotional state according to age.", "contents": "Life graphs and life events. The present study investigates changes in personal satisfaction over the whole life course by means of life graphs and their determinants. The life graphs were administered within a 4-year interval to 371 individuals (age 45-70). A modified version of the Holmes and Rahe life events scale, administered in the second interview, was used to ascertain the occurrence of four kinds of events: (1) children leaving home, (2) ill health, (3) death of family or friends, and (4) changes in work. Differences in height between the peak of the graph and the height at the current age is the measurement technique used with the life graphs. Events are found to play a different role at different stages of life and seem to be measured against an implicit schedule according to which the events are seen as traumatic or acceptable. Thus, the same event has different effects on perception of emotional state according to age.", "PMID": 334826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13189", "title": "[Physiopathogenesis of idiopathic hairy virilism. I. Peculiarities of the metabolism of androgens in idiopathic hairy virilism and general physiopathogenesis].", "content": "In most cases the persistent rise in the level of production of testosterone associated with a lowering of transport protein leads to the presence of free testosterone at a threshold level, which in turn brings into play irreversibly 5 alpha reductase that is potentially present in every woman in the areas where male characteristics are to be found. As a result the production is associated with a primitive drop in transport protein or with an excess of change of androstenedione into testosterone in the pilosebaceous follicle itself. This can be primary or secondary to a leveling out of the production of testosterone. This rise in production of testosterone comes about because of the summation of a rise of its glandular secretion and rise in both hepatic and peripheral conversion of androstenedione into testosterone, an absolute value (a rise in its production) and not a relative value (a diminution of the coefficient of transformation).", "contents": "[Physiopathogenesis of idiopathic hairy virilism. I. Peculiarities of the metabolism of androgens in idiopathic hairy virilism and general physiopathogenesis]. In most cases the persistent rise in the level of production of testosterone associated with a lowering of transport protein leads to the presence of free testosterone at a threshold level, which in turn brings into play irreversibly 5 alpha reductase that is potentially present in every woman in the areas where male characteristics are to be found. As a result the production is associated with a primitive drop in transport protein or with an excess of change of androstenedione into testosterone in the pilosebaceous follicle itself. This can be primary or secondary to a leveling out of the production of testosterone. This rise in production of testosterone comes about because of the summation of a rise of its glandular secretion and rise in both hepatic and peripheral conversion of androstenedione into testosterone, an absolute value (a rise in its production) and not a relative value (a diminution of the coefficient of transformation).", "PMID": 334828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13190", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopic visualization of neurohypophyseal hormones: evaluation of some tissue preparations and staining procedures.", "content": "To obtain optimal electron microscopical localization of vasopressin in the rat neurohypophyses two immunocytochemical staining procedures and several tissue treatments were evaluated. The peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique allowed greater dilution of the first antibody than the indirect method using a commercial peroxidase conjugate. This appeared crucial for the dilution-dependent specificity in the localization of vasopressin. Immersion fixation with formalin gave better results than those obtained with perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde (resulting in similar preservation of immunoreactivity) and freeze substitution (showing the best preservation of immunoreactivity). However, these latter two tissue fixation methods resulted in less than optimal preservation of general ultrastructure than immersion fixation in formalin alone. Immersion fixation with glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde followed by OsO4 improved ultrastructural detail, but immunoreactivity decreased considerably. Fixation with paraformaldehyde-picric acid resulted in poorest preservation of morphologic detail. Immunoreactivity was similar in both Epon 812 and Araldite 6005 embedded tissue.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopic visualization of neurohypophyseal hormones: evaluation of some tissue preparations and staining procedures. To obtain optimal electron microscopical localization of vasopressin in the rat neurohypophyses two immunocytochemical staining procedures and several tissue treatments were evaluated. The peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique allowed greater dilution of the first antibody than the indirect method using a commercial peroxidase conjugate. This appeared crucial for the dilution-dependent specificity in the localization of vasopressin. Immersion fixation with formalin gave better results than those obtained with perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde (resulting in similar preservation of immunoreactivity) and freeze substitution (showing the best preservation of immunoreactivity). However, these latter two tissue fixation methods resulted in less than optimal preservation of general ultrastructure than immersion fixation in formalin alone. Immersion fixation with glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde followed by OsO4 improved ultrastructural detail, but immunoreactivity decreased considerably. Fixation with paraformaldehyde-picric acid resulted in poorest preservation of morphologic detail. Immunoreactivity was similar in both Epon 812 and Araldite 6005 embedded tissue.", "PMID": 334961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13191", "title": "Quantitative histochemical studies of the hypothalamus enzymes of acetylcholine metabolism.", "content": "The quantitative histochemical distribution of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activity has been measured in individual hypothalamic nuclei and median eminence, as well as in entire hypothalamic sections by a mapping technique. There was an 18-fold range of nuclear choline acetyltransferase activity with highest activities in the lateral preoptic nucleus and median eminence. There was a nine-fold range of nuclear acetylcholinesterase activity with highest activities in the lateral preoptic and magnocellular nuclei and lowest activity in the median eminence. The substantial gradients of choline acetyltransferase activity found in the hypothalamus indicate the importance of using a technique that provides an objective, permanent record of contiguous sample locations thereby allowing detailed analysis of tissue areas using, but not dependent on, anatomical boundaries.", "contents": "Quantitative histochemical studies of the hypothalamus enzymes of acetylcholine metabolism. The quantitative histochemical distribution of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activity has been measured in individual hypothalamic nuclei and median eminence, as well as in entire hypothalamic sections by a mapping technique. There was an 18-fold range of nuclear choline acetyltransferase activity with highest activities in the lateral preoptic nucleus and median eminence. There was a nine-fold range of nuclear acetylcholinesterase activity with highest activities in the lateral preoptic and magnocellular nuclei and lowest activity in the median eminence. The substantial gradients of choline acetyltransferase activity found in the hypothalamus indicate the importance of using a technique that provides an objective, permanent record of contiguous sample locations thereby allowing detailed analysis of tissue areas using, but not dependent on, anatomical boundaries.", "PMID": 334962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13192", "title": "Detection of thymic surface antigens and radioactive labeling of mouse lymphoid cells.", "content": "A method for the permanent and simultaneous detection of tissue-specific surface antigens and internal radioactive labeling of mouse lymphoid cells is described. Target cells were first reacted with a mouse-derived \"antithymocyte serum\", incubated with peroxidase-conjugated rabbit serum against mouse immunoglobulins and placed in a substrate solution that leads to staining of the antigen-positive cells. Radioactive labeling was demonstrated by autoradiography performed after the antigen assay. More than 90% of antigen-positive thymocytes could be specifically stained in the assay without staining of similarly treated antigen-negative cells. Autoradiographic grains could be detected over both antigen-positive and antigen-negative cells.", "contents": "Detection of thymic surface antigens and radioactive labeling of mouse lymphoid cells. A method for the permanent and simultaneous detection of tissue-specific surface antigens and internal radioactive labeling of mouse lymphoid cells is described. Target cells were first reacted with a mouse-derived \"antithymocyte serum\", incubated with peroxidase-conjugated rabbit serum against mouse immunoglobulins and placed in a substrate solution that leads to staining of the antigen-positive cells. Radioactive labeling was demonstrated by autoradiography performed after the antigen assay. More than 90% of antigen-positive thymocytes could be specifically stained in the assay without staining of similarly treated antigen-negative cells. Autoradiographic grains could be detected over both antigen-positive and antigen-negative cells.", "PMID": 334963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13193", "title": "Subpopulations of lymphocytes to produce various lymphokines. I. Function of subpopulations separated by velocity sedimentation.", "content": "Identification of a subpopulation of lymphocytes producing lymphokines was attempted by fractionating the lymph node cells from guinea pigs immune to DNP-BSA by velocity sedimentation at 1 x G. Each of six fractions obtained by this procedure was cultured with or without the presence of antigen, and the culture supernatants that were separated 24 hr later were assayed for various lymphokine activities. Most of the lymphokines, including migration inhibition factor, chemotactic factor for neutrophils, mitogenic factor, and lymphotoxin were generated by the first two fractions of lymphocytes, which represented the largest, most rapidly sedimenting cells. Although th procedure of cell separation does not depend on cell surface properties, the larger cells contained more cells with T cell surface markers and the smalller contained more cells with B cell surface markers. Proliferative response of those lymphocytes measured by 3H-thymidine uptake, however, has shown that the largest two subpopulations responded poorly either to specific antigens or to mitogens (PHA and LPS), and rather that the medium size cells responded most strongly to the both stimulants. These results indicated that the production of some lymphokines confined to certain subpopulations of lymphocytes which are large in size. Further, these cells are readily separable from the medium sized cells that respond strongly to antigenic and mitogenic stimuli with mitogenic responses.", "contents": "Subpopulations of lymphocytes to produce various lymphokines. I. Function of subpopulations separated by velocity sedimentation. Identification of a subpopulation of lymphocytes producing lymphokines was attempted by fractionating the lymph node cells from guinea pigs immune to DNP-BSA by velocity sedimentation at 1 x G. Each of six fractions obtained by this procedure was cultured with or without the presence of antigen, and the culture supernatants that were separated 24 hr later were assayed for various lymphokine activities. Most of the lymphokines, including migration inhibition factor, chemotactic factor for neutrophils, mitogenic factor, and lymphotoxin were generated by the first two fractions of lymphocytes, which represented the largest, most rapidly sedimenting cells. Although th procedure of cell separation does not depend on cell surface properties, the larger cells contained more cells with T cell surface markers and the smalller contained more cells with B cell surface markers. Proliferative response of those lymphocytes measured by 3H-thymidine uptake, however, has shown that the largest two subpopulations responded poorly either to specific antigens or to mitogens (PHA and LPS), and rather that the medium size cells responded most strongly to the both stimulants. These results indicated that the production of some lymphokines confined to certain subpopulations of lymphocytes which are large in size. Further, these cells are readily separable from the medium sized cells that respond strongly to antigenic and mitogenic stimuli with mitogenic responses.", "PMID": 334967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13194", "title": "Fc receptor heterogeneity: immunofluorescent studies of B, T, and \"third population\" lymphocytes in human blood with rabbit IgG b4/anti-b4 complexes.", "content": "IgG Fc receptors on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were characterized by immunofluorescence studies with defined rabbit IgG b4 allotype/anti-allotype complexes. Three discrete types of Fc receptor-bearing cells, totaling approximately 33% of PBL, were identified. Fc receptors of the three types differed in their sensitivity to trypsin and in either absolute or localized density (topography) as determined by variable requirements for anti-IgC cross-linking in order to visualize bound complexes microscopically. The question of additional heterogeneity related to differences in individual Fc receptor affinity for complexed IgG was not approached in this study. Ten to 15% of PBL had pronase-sensitive, trypsin-resistant Fc receptors readily detected by direct immunofluorescence by using large fluorescein-conjugated complexes prepared near equivalence. Double label and lymphocyte fractionation experiments established this population to be largely distinct from suface IgM+ B cells and T cells, and identical to EA Ripley rosette-forming cells. Approximately 50% of surface IgM+ B cells and approximately 10% of T cells had lower density Fc receptors identified by indirect immunofluorescence with small complexes prepared in antigen excess or by cross-linking fluorescein-conjugated complexes with anti-rabbit IgG anti-serum. An additional approximately 15% peripheral T and B cells had very low density Fc receptors detectable by complexing the IgG on the cell surface by sequential incubations of cells with b4 IgG and anti-b4. Fc receptors on B and T cells were sensitive to both pronase and trypsin digestion. The heterogeneity of IgG Fc receptors on different lymphocyte subpopulations as defined by these these experiments may be of relevance for further analysis of normal and abnormal immune function.", "contents": "Fc receptor heterogeneity: immunofluorescent studies of B, T, and \"third population\" lymphocytes in human blood with rabbit IgG b4/anti-b4 complexes. IgG Fc receptors on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were characterized by immunofluorescence studies with defined rabbit IgG b4 allotype/anti-allotype complexes. Three discrete types of Fc receptor-bearing cells, totaling approximately 33% of PBL, were identified. Fc receptors of the three types differed in their sensitivity to trypsin and in either absolute or localized density (topography) as determined by variable requirements for anti-IgC cross-linking in order to visualize bound complexes microscopically. The question of additional heterogeneity related to differences in individual Fc receptor affinity for complexed IgG was not approached in this study. Ten to 15% of PBL had pronase-sensitive, trypsin-resistant Fc receptors readily detected by direct immunofluorescence by using large fluorescein-conjugated complexes prepared near equivalence. Double label and lymphocyte fractionation experiments established this population to be largely distinct from suface IgM+ B cells and T cells, and identical to EA Ripley rosette-forming cells. Approximately 50% of surface IgM+ B cells and approximately 10% of T cells had lower density Fc receptors identified by indirect immunofluorescence with small complexes prepared in antigen excess or by cross-linking fluorescein-conjugated complexes with anti-rabbit IgG anti-serum. An additional approximately 15% peripheral T and B cells had very low density Fc receptors detectable by complexing the IgG on the cell surface by sequential incubations of cells with b4 IgG and anti-b4. Fc receptors on B and T cells were sensitive to both pronase and trypsin digestion. The heterogeneity of IgG Fc receptors on different lymphocyte subpopulations as defined by these these experiments may be of relevance for further analysis of normal and abnormal immune function.", "PMID": 334969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13195", "title": "Chemical and biological properties of a protein-rich fraction of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. II. The in vitro rat peritoneal mast cell response.", "content": "Lipid A-associated protein (LAP) isolated from preparations of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxins) has been demonstrated to initiate the release of amines from rat peritoneal mast cells. The release at low concentrations of LAP requires both cellular energy and calcium, and thus appears to be a true secretory response. At higher concentrations the release is independent of these variables. The time required for maximal response is approximately 10 to 15 min at 37 degrees C. The response appears to be a general property of Escherichia coli LAP preparations since LAP isolated from three serotypes of these organisms all have similar activity. On the basis of heat lability at 100 degrees C, the ability of LAP to initiate mast cell secretion appears to be independent of its ability mitogenically to stimulate murine B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Chemical and biological properties of a protein-rich fraction of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. II. The in vitro rat peritoneal mast cell response. Lipid A-associated protein (LAP) isolated from preparations of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxins) has been demonstrated to initiate the release of amines from rat peritoneal mast cells. The release at low concentrations of LAP requires both cellular energy and calcium, and thus appears to be a true secretory response. At higher concentrations the release is independent of these variables. The time required for maximal response is approximately 10 to 15 min at 37 degrees C. The response appears to be a general property of Escherichia coli LAP preparations since LAP isolated from three serotypes of these organisms all have similar activity. On the basis of heat lability at 100 degrees C, the ability of LAP to initiate mast cell secretion appears to be independent of its ability mitogenically to stimulate murine B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 334970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13196", "title": "Late acting T cell depression of high avidity IgG antibody secretion in the secondary response.", "content": "Activated T lymphocytes (ATC) suppressed the expression of high avidity plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the secondary immune response when given in vivo 1 day before assay or when mixed in vitro with hyperimmune cells for 90 min before assay. This late acting suppression is a cell dose-dependent, carrier-spedific, T cell-mediated phenomenon. The target of this activity if probably the antibody-secreting cell.", "contents": "Late acting T cell depression of high avidity IgG antibody secretion in the secondary response. Activated T lymphocytes (ATC) suppressed the expression of high avidity plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the secondary immune response when given in vivo 1 day before assay or when mixed in vitro with hyperimmune cells for 90 min before assay. This late acting suppression is a cell dose-dependent, carrier-spedific, T cell-mediated phenomenon. The target of this activity if probably the antibody-secreting cell.", "PMID": 334971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13197", "title": "B memory cells in the thymus: part of the pool of potentially circulating memory cells.", "content": "Immunization of mice with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the appearance of B memory cells in the thymus. In this paper the origin of these B memory cells was investigated. Therefore, mice primed with either SRBC or LPS 6 months previously and nonprimed mice were joined for parabiosis. Four weeks later the parabiotic mice were separated from each other. Another 3 weeks later thymus cells from the primed and nonprimed mice were transferred separately into lethally irradiated mice in order to determine the adoptive PFC response. It was found that the 4-week period of parabiosis could account for the appearance of a distinct population of B memory cells in the thymus of the nonprimed mice. This result suggest that the B memory cells which appear in the thymus belong to the pool of potentially circulating memory cells.", "contents": "B memory cells in the thymus: part of the pool of potentially circulating memory cells. Immunization of mice with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the appearance of B memory cells in the thymus. In this paper the origin of these B memory cells was investigated. Therefore, mice primed with either SRBC or LPS 6 months previously and nonprimed mice were joined for parabiosis. Four weeks later the parabiotic mice were separated from each other. Another 3 weeks later thymus cells from the primed and nonprimed mice were transferred separately into lethally irradiated mice in order to determine the adoptive PFC response. It was found that the 4-week period of parabiosis could account for the appearance of a distinct population of B memory cells in the thymus of the nonprimed mice. This result suggest that the B memory cells which appear in the thymus belong to the pool of potentially circulating memory cells.", "PMID": 334972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13198", "title": "Immunogenic properties of liposomal model membranes in mice.", "content": "Liposomal model membranes, which were prepared with sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate, and sensitized by incorporation of either dinitrophenyl-epsilon-aminocaproylphosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-Cap-PE) or fluoresceinthiocarbamylphosphatidylethanolamine (Fl-PE), can induce a hapten-specific humoral response when administered to AKR mice in saline. The magnitude of the response (as measured by the appearance of direct plaque forming cells in the spleen and/or serum antibody titer) is dependent on liposomal dose, the epitope density of the PE derivative in the liposomes, and the time after immunization. In the case of DNP-Cap-PE sensitized liposomes, only a minor IgG response (as measured by the production of indirect plaques or mercaptoethanol-resistant antibody) could be detected after either primary or secondary immunization. Together with the finding that mice deficient in, or depleted of, thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes respond to liposomes containing DNP-Cap-PE, the available data indicate that these liposomes are primarily T cell-independent immunogens. The liposomes are also immunogenic in other inbred mice strains (differing in H-2 haplotype), although the magnitude of the response varies sufficiently to suggest the existence of high, intermediate, and low responders. On the basis of this preliminary survey, further examination of the possibility that the immunogenicity of liposomes may be under genetic control seems warranted.", "contents": "Immunogenic properties of liposomal model membranes in mice. Liposomal model membranes, which were prepared with sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate, and sensitized by incorporation of either dinitrophenyl-epsilon-aminocaproylphosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-Cap-PE) or fluoresceinthiocarbamylphosphatidylethanolamine (Fl-PE), can induce a hapten-specific humoral response when administered to AKR mice in saline. The magnitude of the response (as measured by the appearance of direct plaque forming cells in the spleen and/or serum antibody titer) is dependent on liposomal dose, the epitope density of the PE derivative in the liposomes, and the time after immunization. In the case of DNP-Cap-PE sensitized liposomes, only a minor IgG response (as measured by the production of indirect plaques or mercaptoethanol-resistant antibody) could be detected after either primary or secondary immunization. Together with the finding that mice deficient in, or depleted of, thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes respond to liposomes containing DNP-Cap-PE, the available data indicate that these liposomes are primarily T cell-independent immunogens. The liposomes are also immunogenic in other inbred mice strains (differing in H-2 haplotype), although the magnitude of the response varies sufficiently to suggest the existence of high, intermediate, and low responders. On the basis of this preliminary survey, further examination of the possibility that the immunogenicity of liposomes may be under genetic control seems warranted.", "PMID": 334973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13199", "title": "The ontogeny of thymic independent antibody responses in vitro in normal mice and mice with an X-linked B cell defect.", "content": "The primary in vitro antibody response of neonatal spleen cells to three thymic independent antigens has been examined. The time of onset of responsiveness to TNP-Brucella abortus and TNP-lipopolysaccharide was significantly earlier than the onset of responsiveness to TNP-Ficoll. This ontologic sequence was not affected by T cell depletion or antigen presentation on adult macrophages. In neonatal mice bearing the X-linked CBA/N defect, the response to TNP-Brucella abortus and TNP-lipopolysaccharide was much delayed and no response to TNP-Ficoll developed. We conclude that different thymic independent antigens address different subpopulations of B cells, one of which appears earlier in ontogeny than the other.", "contents": "The ontogeny of thymic independent antibody responses in vitro in normal mice and mice with an X-linked B cell defect. The primary in vitro antibody response of neonatal spleen cells to three thymic independent antigens has been examined. The time of onset of responsiveness to TNP-Brucella abortus and TNP-lipopolysaccharide was significantly earlier than the onset of responsiveness to TNP-Ficoll. This ontologic sequence was not affected by T cell depletion or antigen presentation on adult macrophages. In neonatal mice bearing the X-linked CBA/N defect, the response to TNP-Brucella abortus and TNP-lipopolysaccharide was much delayed and no response to TNP-Ficoll developed. We conclude that different thymic independent antigens address different subpopulations of B cells, one of which appears earlier in ontogeny than the other.", "PMID": 334975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13200", "title": "Histocompatibility-2 system in wild mice. VI. Histogenetic analysis of sixteen B10.W congenic lines.", "content": "Sixteen B10.W congenic lines carrying wild derived H-2 haplotypes on C57BL/10Sn or B10 background were typed by the allogeneic cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assay; in addition, selected lines were also typed by the TNP-CML assay and by skin grafting. The analysis revealed similarity or identity of two strain pairs: SNA57 (H-2w21) ssems to carry a similar haplotype as B10.SM (H-2v), and STA10 and STA12 seem to share the same H-2K and H-2D alleles. All other B10.W strains were different from each other and from B10 congenic lines carrying inbred-derived H-2 haplotypes. These results agree with the results of the serologic typing with two exceptions: the KPA42, KPA132, and SNA57 lines, which were serologically indistinguishable from each other and from B10.SM, were distinguished by histogenetic typing. The presence among wild mice of a haplotype (H-2u21) that appears to be very similar to a haplotype (H-2v) carried by an inbred strain (B10.SM) has some interesting implications for considerations of H-2 gene mutability. The finding that haplotypes derived from different localities are different provides further evidence that the H-2 polymorphism is extensive, indeed.", "contents": "Histocompatibility-2 system in wild mice. VI. Histogenetic analysis of sixteen B10.W congenic lines. Sixteen B10.W congenic lines carrying wild derived H-2 haplotypes on C57BL/10Sn or B10 background were typed by the allogeneic cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assay; in addition, selected lines were also typed by the TNP-CML assay and by skin grafting. The analysis revealed similarity or identity of two strain pairs: SNA57 (H-2w21) ssems to carry a similar haplotype as B10.SM (H-2v), and STA10 and STA12 seem to share the same H-2K and H-2D alleles. All other B10.W strains were different from each other and from B10 congenic lines carrying inbred-derived H-2 haplotypes. These results agree with the results of the serologic typing with two exceptions: the KPA42, KPA132, and SNA57 lines, which were serologically indistinguishable from each other and from B10.SM, were distinguished by histogenetic typing. The presence among wild mice of a haplotype (H-2u21) that appears to be very similar to a haplotype (H-2v) carried by an inbred strain (B10.SM) has some interesting implications for considerations of H-2 gene mutability. The finding that haplotypes derived from different localities are different provides further evidence that the H-2 polymorphism is extensive, indeed.", "PMID": 334976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13201", "title": "Functional differentiation of B lymphocytes in congenital agammaglobulinemia. I. Generation of hemolytic plaque-forming cells.", "content": "Despite the absence of B lymphocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from four of five patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia (cAgamma) generated a specific hemolytic plaque-forming cell (HcPFC) response in vitro to sheep red blood cells and ovalbumin. The kinetics, antigenic, and cellular requirements were similar to normals, but significantly less HcPFC were found in patient cultures. Normal but not patient HcPFC-precursor cells were inactivated by treatment with anti-mu antisera whereas generated HcPFC in both controls and patients were sensitive to treatment with anti-mu. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and dextran sulfate (DXS) enhanced the HcPFC-response of normal PBL; cAgamma-cells were unresponsive to DxS and, in the presence of PWM, the development of HcPFC was inhibited. These findings indicate the presence of B lymphocyte precursors in the majority of patients with cAgamma investigated.", "contents": "Functional differentiation of B lymphocytes in congenital agammaglobulinemia. I. Generation of hemolytic plaque-forming cells. Despite the absence of B lymphocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from four of five patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia (cAgamma) generated a specific hemolytic plaque-forming cell (HcPFC) response in vitro to sheep red blood cells and ovalbumin. The kinetics, antigenic, and cellular requirements were similar to normals, but significantly less HcPFC were found in patient cultures. Normal but not patient HcPFC-precursor cells were inactivated by treatment with anti-mu antisera whereas generated HcPFC in both controls and patients were sensitive to treatment with anti-mu. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and dextran sulfate (DXS) enhanced the HcPFC-response of normal PBL; cAgamma-cells were unresponsive to DxS and, in the presence of PWM, the development of HcPFC was inhibited. These findings indicate the presence of B lymphocyte precursors in the majority of patients with cAgamma investigated.", "PMID": 334978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13202", "title": "Different sensitivities to hydrocortisone of natural killer cell activity and hybrid resistance to parental marrow grafts.", "content": "Natural killer cells and cells mediating F1 anti-parent responses in vivo and in vitro differ in their sensitivity to hydrocortisone acetate. NK cell activity is sharply decreased after in vivo drug administration whereas induction of specific F1 anti-parent or anti-allogeneic cytotoxicity and hybrid resistance to parental marrow grafts are not impaired. Because of several other properties shared by the NK and anti-Hh host reactivities, it is still suggested that the effector cells are generated from a single differentiation pathway, but that they differ with respect to specificity and sensitivity to hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Different sensitivities to hydrocortisone of natural killer cell activity and hybrid resistance to parental marrow grafts. Natural killer cells and cells mediating F1 anti-parent responses in vivo and in vitro differ in their sensitivity to hydrocortisone acetate. NK cell activity is sharply decreased after in vivo drug administration whereas induction of specific F1 anti-parent or anti-allogeneic cytotoxicity and hybrid resistance to parental marrow grafts are not impaired. Because of several other properties shared by the NK and anti-Hh host reactivities, it is still suggested that the effector cells are generated from a single differentiation pathway, but that they differ with respect to specificity and sensitivity to hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 334980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13203", "title": "Humoral primary immune response in vitro in a homologous mouse system: replacement of fetal calf serum by a 2-mercaptoethanol or macrophage-activated fraction of mouse serum.", "content": "The primary immune response in mouse spleen cell cultures against heterologous red cell antigens is dependent on the medium being supplemented with selected batches of fetal calf serum. Mouse serum itself is not able to support this response. The active immune response-supporting component in fetal calf serum seems to be a distinct factor (s), which has been partially purified by Sephadex G-100 filtration and termed MaSF-2-mercaptoethanol-activated serum factor. In this report it is demonstrated that MaSF is also present in mouse serum. For functional detection, mouse MaSF has to be separated from higher m.w. inhibitors, and has to be activated by 2-ME. After separation and activation mouse MaSF can support the primary immune response in a completely homologous in vitro culture system. Evidence is presented that MaSF can also be activated by macrophages. It is concluded that macrophages and 2-ME have the same mode of action in the primary immune response in vitro, i.e., induction of lymphocyte competence by activation of a serum factor.", "contents": "Humoral primary immune response in vitro in a homologous mouse system: replacement of fetal calf serum by a 2-mercaptoethanol or macrophage-activated fraction of mouse serum. The primary immune response in mouse spleen cell cultures against heterologous red cell antigens is dependent on the medium being supplemented with selected batches of fetal calf serum. Mouse serum itself is not able to support this response. The active immune response-supporting component in fetal calf serum seems to be a distinct factor (s), which has been partially purified by Sephadex G-100 filtration and termed MaSF-2-mercaptoethanol-activated serum factor. In this report it is demonstrated that MaSF is also present in mouse serum. For functional detection, mouse MaSF has to be separated from higher m.w. inhibitors, and has to be activated by 2-ME. After separation and activation mouse MaSF can support the primary immune response in a completely homologous in vitro culture system. Evidence is presented that MaSF can also be activated by macrophages. It is concluded that macrophages and 2-ME have the same mode of action in the primary immune response in vitro, i.e., induction of lymphocyte competence by activation of a serum factor.", "PMID": 334983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13204", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to influenza virus-infected cells. II. Requirement for antibody and non-T lymphocytes.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from humans were cytotoxic for influenza virus-infected target cells. The PBL were shown to have associated influenza virus anti-hemagglutinin antibody (AHAb) detectable only by radioimmunoassay. This antibody could be removed by incubating PBL at 37 degrees C for 30 min. The lymphocyte population that was effective in this system was nonadherent and nonphagocytic cells. PBL gave comparable levels of cytotoxicity when tested by using either a xenogeneic or allogeneic virus-infected target cell. These results indicate that lymphocyte cytotoxicity to influenza virus infected cells may be mediated by small quantities of antibody and by lymphocytes that possess characteristics of K cells. No evidence for T cell-mediated cytolysis was found with this xenogeneic system.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to influenza virus-infected cells. II. Requirement for antibody and non-T lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from humans were cytotoxic for influenza virus-infected target cells. The PBL were shown to have associated influenza virus anti-hemagglutinin antibody (AHAb) detectable only by radioimmunoassay. This antibody could be removed by incubating PBL at 37 degrees C for 30 min. The lymphocyte population that was effective in this system was nonadherent and nonphagocytic cells. PBL gave comparable levels of cytotoxicity when tested by using either a xenogeneic or allogeneic virus-infected target cell. These results indicate that lymphocyte cytotoxicity to influenza virus infected cells may be mediated by small quantities of antibody and by lymphocytes that possess characteristics of K cells. No evidence for T cell-mediated cytolysis was found with this xenogeneic system.", "PMID": 334984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13205", "title": "Neonatal tolerance induction across regions of H-2 complex.", "content": "Regions of the H-2 complex were evaluated for their capacity to resist neonatal tolerance induction. Congenic recombinant strains and mutants were employed to study K, I, and D region disparity. It was found that tolerance could be induced to differences at each region; however, the K region of the H-2 complex is not only highly immunogenic, but markedly resistant to neonatal tolerance induction. This is especially apparent when the host is derived from B10 stocks, even though the MHC haplotypes involved are not H-2b indicating that genetic factors unlinked to the MHC clearly play an important role in determining the ease of neonatal tolerance induction.", "contents": "Neonatal tolerance induction across regions of H-2 complex. Regions of the H-2 complex were evaluated for their capacity to resist neonatal tolerance induction. Congenic recombinant strains and mutants were employed to study K, I, and D region disparity. It was found that tolerance could be induced to differences at each region; however, the K region of the H-2 complex is not only highly immunogenic, but markedly resistant to neonatal tolerance induction. This is especially apparent when the host is derived from B10 stocks, even though the MHC haplotypes involved are not H-2b indicating that genetic factors unlinked to the MHC clearly play an important role in determining the ease of neonatal tolerance induction.", "PMID": 334985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13206", "title": "A computer method for determining plaque size and plaque morphology.", "content": "We describe a computer method for determining plaque size and morphology from photographs of hemolytic plaques. The method eliminates any inter-measurer and intra-measurer inconsistencies that may arise when manual measurements are made on plaques whose boundaries are poorly defined. For circular plaques inner and outer plaque radii are determined. In addition the computer generates a density profile for each plaque, i.e., a plot of the film density versus the radial distance from the antibody forming cell. We demonstrate the use of the method by analyzing a time study of the growth of a single plaque.", "contents": "A computer method for determining plaque size and plaque morphology. We describe a computer method for determining plaque size and morphology from photographs of hemolytic plaques. The method eliminates any inter-measurer and intra-measurer inconsistencies that may arise when manual measurements are made on plaques whose boundaries are poorly defined. For circular plaques inner and outer plaque radii are determined. In addition the computer generates a density profile for each plaque, i.e., a plot of the film density versus the radial distance from the antibody forming cell. We demonstrate the use of the method by analyzing a time study of the growth of a single plaque.", "PMID": 334988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13207", "title": "Cryopreservation of immunological memory and other lymphoid cell functions.", "content": "The following components of the immune response by mouse spleen cells were retained after cryopreservation at --110 degrees C: direct and indirect plaque formation, avidity of antibody secreted by plaque forming cells, and induction of primary or secondary adoptive transfer responses. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes retained the capacity to mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and cell mediated immunity to tumor in vitro.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of immunological memory and other lymphoid cell functions. The following components of the immune response by mouse spleen cells were retained after cryopreservation at --110 degrees C: direct and indirect plaque formation, avidity of antibody secreted by plaque forming cells, and induction of primary or secondary adoptive transfer responses. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes retained the capacity to mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and cell mediated immunity to tumor in vitro.", "PMID": 334989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13208", "title": "A simple multiple chamber apparatus for measuring chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes utilizing centrifugation of the chambers before incubation.", "content": "A simple apparatus for measuring chemotaxis is described which contains thirty chambers per unit. Only very few cells and small volumes of chemotactic factor solution are required per chamber. For satisfactory results the apparatus must be centrifuged briefly prior to incubation. Under these conditions results can be obtained that are equivalent to or, with short incubation times, superior to other commonly used modified Boyden chambers.", "contents": "A simple multiple chamber apparatus for measuring chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes utilizing centrifugation of the chambers before incubation. A simple apparatus for measuring chemotaxis is described which contains thirty chambers per unit. Only very few cells and small volumes of chemotactic factor solution are required per chamber. For satisfactory results the apparatus must be centrifuged briefly prior to incubation. Under these conditions results can be obtained that are equivalent to or, with short incubation times, superior to other commonly used modified Boyden chambers.", "PMID": 334990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13209", "title": "A combined autoradiography--immunofluorescence technique for the study of lymphocyte traffic in relation to antigen localisation.", "content": "A combined autoradiography-immunofluorescence method is described for the simultaneous detection of antigens and lymphoid cells on cryostat tissue sections. The method is discussed here with reference to studies on cell traffic and antigen localisation in the chicken spleen.", "contents": "A combined autoradiography--immunofluorescence technique for the study of lymphocyte traffic in relation to antigen localisation. A combined autoradiography-immunofluorescence method is described for the simultaneous detection of antigens and lymphoid cells on cryostat tissue sections. The method is discussed here with reference to studies on cell traffic and antigen localisation in the chicken spleen.", "PMID": 334991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13210", "title": "A rapid, semi-automated counting procedure for enumeration of antibody-forming cells in gel and nucleated cells in suspension.", "content": "A commercially available bacterial colony counter has been modified to permit rapid, highly accurate, semi-automated enumeration of antibody-producing plaque forming cells in semi-solid support medium as well as enumeration of nucleated cells in suspension on a standard hemacytometer chamber. This apparatus should therefore serve as an enormous time-conserving accessory to most modern laboratories involved in immunological research.", "contents": "A rapid, semi-automated counting procedure for enumeration of antibody-forming cells in gel and nucleated cells in suspension. A commercially available bacterial colony counter has been modified to permit rapid, highly accurate, semi-automated enumeration of antibody-producing plaque forming cells in semi-solid support medium as well as enumeration of nucleated cells in suspension on a standard hemacytometer chamber. This apparatus should therefore serve as an enormous time-conserving accessory to most modern laboratories involved in immunological research.", "PMID": 334992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13211", "title": "Micro mixed hemadsorption assay--a sensitive method for detecting antibodies against tumor-associated antigens.", "content": "Antibodies against methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas in Fischer (F344) rats were detected by a modified micro mixed hemadsorption (MHA)-assay. The assays detected anti-tumor antibodies as titers up to 1 : 320 in sera from hyperimmunized rats and at titers up to 1 : 160 in sera from rats bearing a 5-8 cm3 progressively growing tumor. MHA-titers decreased when sera were absorbed with sarcoma cells prior to MHA-assays. IgG antibodies in sera from tumor bearing rats showed titers of 1:20 and 1:5. These anti-tumor sera formed rosettes on the corresponding sarcoma cells as well as other sarcomes induced by MCA in F344 and Lewis strain rats tested. The assay was modified for a micro technique using a microtest plate (No. 3034, Falcon, CA). This modification yielded as assay requiring only 10 microliter of test sera. The test is quantitative and highly sensitive and results are reproducible. Several critical factors which influence test results in this assay were examined.", "contents": "Micro mixed hemadsorption assay--a sensitive method for detecting antibodies against tumor-associated antigens. Antibodies against methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas in Fischer (F344) rats were detected by a modified micro mixed hemadsorption (MHA)-assay. The assays detected anti-tumor antibodies as titers up to 1 : 320 in sera from hyperimmunized rats and at titers up to 1 : 160 in sera from rats bearing a 5-8 cm3 progressively growing tumor. MHA-titers decreased when sera were absorbed with sarcoma cells prior to MHA-assays. IgG antibodies in sera from tumor bearing rats showed titers of 1:20 and 1:5. These anti-tumor sera formed rosettes on the corresponding sarcoma cells as well as other sarcomes induced by MCA in F344 and Lewis strain rats tested. The assay was modified for a micro technique using a microtest plate (No. 3034, Falcon, CA). This modification yielded as assay requiring only 10 microliter of test sera. The test is quantitative and highly sensitive and results are reproducible. Several critical factors which influence test results in this assay were examined.", "PMID": 334993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13212", "title": "A direct hemolytic plaque assay on polylysine-coated coverslips for scanning electron microscopy of antibody forming cells.", "content": "A direct immunoplaque assay was utilized without agar or other semi-solid matrix for examining antibody secreting cells by scanning electron microscopy. For this purpose a polylysine procedure was used whereby 'charged' coverslips absorbed onto their surface an even monolayer of target sheep erythrocytes. Hemolysin secreting splenocytes derived either from mice immunized in vivo with SRBC or from normal or primed splenocytes immunized in vitro with the same antigen formed large numbers of hemolytic plaques on the RBC-coated polylysine treated coverslips. SEM examination of such plaque-forming cells revealed the presence of cells with the typical surface morphology of lymphocytes present in whole spleen cell suspensions. Many of the lymphocytes were covered with numerous microvilli while a small percentage were relatively free of such villi and exhibited a much smoother surface. Examination of lymphocytes secreting hemolytic antibody on polylysine coated coverslips sensitized with target erythrocytes thus permits the direct examination and analysis of surface morphologic features and also permits a direct comparison with other features revealed by light and fluorescent microscopy.", "contents": "A direct hemolytic plaque assay on polylysine-coated coverslips for scanning electron microscopy of antibody forming cells. A direct immunoplaque assay was utilized without agar or other semi-solid matrix for examining antibody secreting cells by scanning electron microscopy. For this purpose a polylysine procedure was used whereby 'charged' coverslips absorbed onto their surface an even monolayer of target sheep erythrocytes. Hemolysin secreting splenocytes derived either from mice immunized in vivo with SRBC or from normal or primed splenocytes immunized in vitro with the same antigen formed large numbers of hemolytic plaques on the RBC-coated polylysine treated coverslips. SEM examination of such plaque-forming cells revealed the presence of cells with the typical surface morphology of lymphocytes present in whole spleen cell suspensions. Many of the lymphocytes were covered with numerous microvilli while a small percentage were relatively free of such villi and exhibited a much smoother surface. Examination of lymphocytes secreting hemolytic antibody on polylysine coated coverslips sensitized with target erythrocytes thus permits the direct examination and analysis of surface morphologic features and also permits a direct comparison with other features revealed by light and fluorescent microscopy.", "PMID": 334994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13213", "title": "Immunofluorescence using dichlorotriazinylaminofluorescein (DTAF). II. Preparation, purity and stability of the compound.", "content": "Dichlorotriazinylaminofluorescein (DTAF) is quickly and easily prepared under anhydrous conditions in high yield and purity. DTAF stored desiccated at 4 degrees C for over a year undergoes about 1% hydrolysis but with no loss of its protein-labelling efficiency.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence using dichlorotriazinylaminofluorescein (DTAF). II. Preparation, purity and stability of the compound. Dichlorotriazinylaminofluorescein (DTAF) is quickly and easily prepared under anhydrous conditions in high yield and purity. DTAF stored desiccated at 4 degrees C for over a year undergoes about 1% hydrolysis but with no loss of its protein-labelling efficiency.", "PMID": 334995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13214", "title": "Cell wall antigens in soluble cytoplasmic extracts of candida albicans as demonstrated by crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with concanavalin A.", "content": "Crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with Concanavalin A precipitated four antigens from soluble extracts of the yeast and mycelial phases of Candida albicans. Two of these antigens were also present in spheroplast preparations. One of the Concanavalin A precipitated antigens was destroyed by periodate and none were digested by pronase. Sequential treatment with pronase and periodate destroyed two of the remaining three antigens. The Concanavalin A precipitated antigens appear to be glycoproteins, two of which are associated with the cell wall of C. albicans.", "contents": "Cell wall antigens in soluble cytoplasmic extracts of candida albicans as demonstrated by crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with concanavalin A. Crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with Concanavalin A precipitated four antigens from soluble extracts of the yeast and mycelial phases of Candida albicans. Two of these antigens were also present in spheroplast preparations. One of the Concanavalin A precipitated antigens was destroyed by periodate and none were digested by pronase. Sequential treatment with pronase and periodate destroyed two of the remaining three antigens. The Concanavalin A precipitated antigens appear to be glycoproteins, two of which are associated with the cell wall of C. albicans.", "PMID": 334997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13215", "title": "A controlled double-blind comparison of reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of whole-virus and split-product influenza vaccines in children.", "content": "A double-blind randomized study with bivalent influenza virus vaccines was conducted to compare the local and systemic reactions and immunogenicity of a whole-virus vaccine and a split-product vaccine in children. Fevers of greater than 100 F were more frequent after vaccination with whole-virus than split-product vaccine especially in children one to four years old (69% vs 22%; P less than 0.01). Fevers of greater than or equal to 103 F did not occur in children who previously had been given influenza virus vaccine, even in the absence of preexisting homologous serum antibody. The immune response to the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 antigen in the vaccine was similar after administration of either whole-virus or split-product vaccine. However, split-product vaccine induced significantly less hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus in children younger than 10 years who had not been previously immunized; only 43% developed detectable antibody vs. 100% of those vaccinated with whole virus vaccine (P less than 0.01). These studies indicate that (1) in young children whole-virus vaccine causes fever more frequently than split-product vaccine; (2) young children previously vaccinated with influenza virus vaccine are unlikely to experience fever subsequent to immunization with a related antigen; and (3) split-product vaccine induces less antibody to B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus than whole-virus vaccine in immunologically unprimed young children.", "contents": "A controlled double-blind comparison of reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of whole-virus and split-product influenza vaccines in children. A double-blind randomized study with bivalent influenza virus vaccines was conducted to compare the local and systemic reactions and immunogenicity of a whole-virus vaccine and a split-product vaccine in children. Fevers of greater than 100 F were more frequent after vaccination with whole-virus than split-product vaccine especially in children one to four years old (69% vs 22%; P less than 0.01). Fevers of greater than or equal to 103 F did not occur in children who previously had been given influenza virus vaccine, even in the absence of preexisting homologous serum antibody. The immune response to the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 antigen in the vaccine was similar after administration of either whole-virus or split-product vaccine. However, split-product vaccine induced significantly less hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus in children younger than 10 years who had not been previously immunized; only 43% developed detectable antibody vs. 100% of those vaccinated with whole virus vaccine (P less than 0.01). These studies indicate that (1) in young children whole-virus vaccine causes fever more frequently than split-product vaccine; (2) young children previously vaccinated with influenza virus vaccine are unlikely to experience fever subsequent to immunization with a related antigen; and (3) split-product vaccine induces less antibody to B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus than whole-virus vaccine in immunologically unprimed young children.", "PMID": 335000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13216", "title": "Immunization against retrograde pyelonephritis. III. Vaccination against chronic pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli.", "content": "Vaccination with formalin-treated cells of Escherichia coli serotype O6 protected against unilateral retrograde pyelonephritis due to E. coli O6 in rats with partial ureteral obstruction. This protection was manifested not only by less parenchymal destruction and shrinkage of the pyelonephritic left kidney, but also by less secondary pyelonephritis and compensatory hypertrophy in the opposite right kidney. Vaccinated rats eliminated E. coli from the kidney more rapidly, but even when infection persisted in the kidney, the chronic pyelonephritis was less severe in vaccinated rats. High levels of antibody to E. coli lipopolysaccharide were found in vaccinated animals and may have contributed to protection. These results raise the question of whether vaccination ought to be considered for patients predisposed to chronic bacterial pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Immunization against retrograde pyelonephritis. III. Vaccination against chronic pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli. Vaccination with formalin-treated cells of Escherichia coli serotype O6 protected against unilateral retrograde pyelonephritis due to E. coli O6 in rats with partial ureteral obstruction. This protection was manifested not only by less parenchymal destruction and shrinkage of the pyelonephritic left kidney, but also by less secondary pyelonephritis and compensatory hypertrophy in the opposite right kidney. Vaccinated rats eliminated E. coli from the kidney more rapidly, but even when infection persisted in the kidney, the chronic pyelonephritis was less severe in vaccinated rats. High levels of antibody to E. coli lipopolysaccharide were found in vaccinated animals and may have contributed to protection. These results raise the question of whether vaccination ought to be considered for patients predisposed to chronic bacterial pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 335001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13217", "title": "A rabbit model of diarrhea due to invasive Escherichia coli.", "content": "A nonpiliated strain of invasive Escherichia coli of human origin (HInvEC) was given to rabbits (weight, 0.7-1.1 kg) in doses ranging from 1.5 X 10(8) to 2.5 X 10(10) bacteria. E. coli strain HInvEC colonized the ileum, cecum, and colon in large numbers for one to three days and produced diarrhea in 91 ((58%) of the 156 rabbits. A dose of 2.5 X 10(10) bacteria reliably and repeatedly elicited diarrheal disease in 80% of the animals. The acute pathohistology as determined by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immune fluorescent microscopy was manifest in the distal ileum, cecum, and colon. Prominent findings included mucosal ulcers, bacterial invasion of the lamina propria, and a polymorphonuclear infiltrate in the lamina propria. Diarrhea due to strain HInvEC was followed by a rise in the titer of serum antibody to O antigen of E. coli.", "contents": "A rabbit model of diarrhea due to invasive Escherichia coli. A nonpiliated strain of invasive Escherichia coli of human origin (HInvEC) was given to rabbits (weight, 0.7-1.1 kg) in doses ranging from 1.5 X 10(8) to 2.5 X 10(10) bacteria. E. coli strain HInvEC colonized the ileum, cecum, and colon in large numbers for one to three days and produced diarrhea in 91 ((58%) of the 156 rabbits. A dose of 2.5 X 10(10) bacteria reliably and repeatedly elicited diarrheal disease in 80% of the animals. The acute pathohistology as determined by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immune fluorescent microscopy was manifest in the distal ileum, cecum, and colon. Prominent findings included mucosal ulcers, bacterial invasion of the lamina propria, and a polymorphonuclear infiltrate in the lamina propria. Diarrhea due to strain HInvEC was followed by a rise in the titer of serum antibody to O antigen of E. coli.", "PMID": 335002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13218", "title": "Bismuth subsalicylate inhibits activity of crude toxins of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "The inhibition of the activity of enterotoxins by bismuth salts was assessed in laboratory models. In the Y-1 adrenal cell tissue culture system, a commercial preparation containing bismuth subsalicylate reduced the activity of crude toxin from Vibrio cholerae by 10(4)-fold as compared with the activity of controls. Similar results were obtained with use of the adult rabbit ligated intestinal loop model. The preparation failed to affect crude Escherichia coli or cholera toxin activity once these toxins had become bound to intestinal mucosa. Pretreatment of ligated loops with the preparation reduced the fluid accumulation mediated by crude E. coli and cholera toxins by 78% and 91%, respectively. Bismuth subsalicylate and the complex vehicle of the preparation also inactivated toxin; however, bismuth subsalicylate was more effective when combined with the vehicle. Bismuth subcarbonate failed to inhibit fluid accumulation in ligated loops. Preparations containing bismuth subsalicylate may be effective in the prevention of diarrhea mediated by toxigenic E. coli.", "contents": "Bismuth subsalicylate inhibits activity of crude toxins of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. The inhibition of the activity of enterotoxins by bismuth salts was assessed in laboratory models. In the Y-1 adrenal cell tissue culture system, a commercial preparation containing bismuth subsalicylate reduced the activity of crude toxin from Vibrio cholerae by 10(4)-fold as compared with the activity of controls. Similar results were obtained with use of the adult rabbit ligated intestinal loop model. The preparation failed to affect crude Escherichia coli or cholera toxin activity once these toxins had become bound to intestinal mucosa. Pretreatment of ligated loops with the preparation reduced the fluid accumulation mediated by crude E. coli and cholera toxins by 78% and 91%, respectively. Bismuth subsalicylate and the complex vehicle of the preparation also inactivated toxin; however, bismuth subsalicylate was more effective when combined with the vehicle. Bismuth subcarbonate failed to inhibit fluid accumulation in ligated loops. Preparations containing bismuth subsalicylate may be effective in the prevention of diarrhea mediated by toxigenic E. coli.", "PMID": 335003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13219", "title": "The medical treatment of secretory otitis media. A clinical trial of three commonly used regimes.", "content": "A clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate three medical treatments commonly used for chronic secretory otitis media. The treatments compared were Ephedrine nose drops, an oral antihistamine and decongestant (Dimotapp) and autoinflation of the middle ear. Changes in middle ear compliance and pressure were used as objective criteria of the efficacy of treatment in addition to changes in pure-tone threshold and to clinical assessment. Symptoms and abnormal signs tended to remit during the trial but there was no evidence from pure-tone audiometry and tympanometry that any of the treatments was beneficial. The period of observation enabled 28% of the children to avoid surgical treatment. Good and bad prognostic features are described which should help in deciding whether to manage a case conservatively or whether to proceed directly to surgery.", "contents": "The medical treatment of secretory otitis media. A clinical trial of three commonly used regimes. A clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate three medical treatments commonly used for chronic secretory otitis media. The treatments compared were Ephedrine nose drops, an oral antihistamine and decongestant (Dimotapp) and autoinflation of the middle ear. Changes in middle ear compliance and pressure were used as objective criteria of the efficacy of treatment in addition to changes in pure-tone threshold and to clinical assessment. Symptoms and abnormal signs tended to remit during the trial but there was no evidence from pure-tone audiometry and tympanometry that any of the treatments was beneficial. The period of observation enabled 28% of the children to avoid surgical treatment. Good and bad prognostic features are described which should help in deciding whether to manage a case conservatively or whether to proceed directly to surgery.", "PMID": 335005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13220", "title": "Evaluation of skin tests and desensitization in allergic rhinitis.", "content": "A study of thirty-seven cases of allergic rhinitis is presented. The effect of the treatment on patients' symptoms and on the state of their skin sensitivity has been assessed. From this study it is concluded that the skin tests do not form a reliable method of assessing nasal allergy, nor is there a useful correlation following desensitization by vaccine therapy between the state of the skin sensitivity and the symptomatic effectiveness of treatment.", "contents": "Evaluation of skin tests and desensitization in allergic rhinitis. A study of thirty-seven cases of allergic rhinitis is presented. The effect of the treatment on patients' symptoms and on the state of their skin sensitivity has been assessed. From this study it is concluded that the skin tests do not form a reliable method of assessing nasal allergy, nor is there a useful correlation following desensitization by vaccine therapy between the state of the skin sensitivity and the symptomatic effectiveness of treatment.", "PMID": 335006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13221", "title": "A global display of the heart vector (spherocardiogram). Applicability of vector-and polarcardiographic infarct criteria.", "content": "The spatial loop of the heart vector can be projected on the Aitoff projection of the globe. The complete information that is contained in the orthogonal leads in displayed on a single graph when the vector magnitudes are indicated by the diameter of circles drawn around the vector projection in short time intervals (spherocardiogram). Diagnostic vector- and polarcardiographic criteria were applied to the spherocardiograms of 68 survivors of inferior myocardial infarction and 30 healthy men. Sensitivity increased from 65% (standard 12-lead ECG) to 87% (VCG criteria) (P less than 0.001) to 94% (VCG and PCG criteria combined), with no false-positive diagnoses. The spherocardiogram can be obtained by use of an \"intelligent plotter.\" In contrast to the vectorcardiogram (VCG) and the polarcardiogram (PCG), it permits the direct visual study of the spatial direction and the spatial magnitude of the heart vector and of their sequential changes during the heart cycle.", "contents": "A global display of the heart vector (spherocardiogram). Applicability of vector-and polarcardiographic infarct criteria. The spatial loop of the heart vector can be projected on the Aitoff projection of the globe. The complete information that is contained in the orthogonal leads in displayed on a single graph when the vector magnitudes are indicated by the diameter of circles drawn around the vector projection in short time intervals (spherocardiogram). Diagnostic vector- and polarcardiographic criteria were applied to the spherocardiograms of 68 survivors of inferior myocardial infarction and 30 healthy men. Sensitivity increased from 65% (standard 12-lead ECG) to 87% (VCG criteria) (P less than 0.001) to 94% (VCG and PCG criteria combined), with no false-positive diagnoses. The spherocardiogram can be obtained by use of an \"intelligent plotter.\" In contrast to the vectorcardiogram (VCG) and the polarcardiogram (PCG), it permits the direct visual study of the spatial direction and the spatial magnitude of the heart vector and of their sequential changes during the heart cycle.", "PMID": 335010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13222", "title": "A computer program for ECG classification according to the Minnesota code.", "content": "A program for the automated generation of Minnesota-codes from the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded at rest has been developed. The program has been written as a part of the Modular TNO ECG/VCG Processing System. Results of the program on two sets of ECG'S (279 predominantly normal recordings and 286 consecutive recordings from a Cardiological Department) are presented. These electrocardiograms were also coded by hand by different ECG technicians. An agreement of 83% between hand and computer coding was obtained. One-third of the disagreements (6% of the cases) is caused by small differences (less than 5%) in the measurements between technicians and computer.", "contents": "A computer program for ECG classification according to the Minnesota code. A program for the automated generation of Minnesota-codes from the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded at rest has been developed. The program has been written as a part of the Modular TNO ECG/VCG Processing System. Results of the program on two sets of ECG'S (279 predominantly normal recordings and 286 consecutive recordings from a Cardiological Department) are presented. These electrocardiograms were also coded by hand by different ECG technicians. An agreement of 83% between hand and computer coding was obtained. One-third of the disagreements (6% of the cases) is caused by small differences (less than 5%) in the measurements between technicians and computer.", "PMID": 335011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13223", "title": "The influence of lead strength on the S-T changes with exercise electrocardiography (correlative study with coronary arteriography).", "content": "The contribution of relative lead strength to S-T segment depression amplitude during exercise was evaluated in 98 patients who had both a treadmill stress test and a coronary arteriogram. This was accomplished by constructing an exercise S-T depression to R wave ratio (S-T/R) and then relating these ratios to the extent of coronary disease found with arteriography. The additional criterion of 1 mm S-T depression for the bipolar V5 and 0.5 mm for the late unipolar V5 was also reviewed. These criteria were then compared to the sensitivity and specificity of the usual 1 mm S-T depression criterion. The S-T/R ratio of 0.04 improved the detection of significant coronary disease over the usual criteria. The ratio of 0.1 was effective in avoiding false positive tests but lacked sensitivity. This would suggest that strong lead systems may give false positive S-T changes with exercise. The use of 0.5 mm depression as abnormal for the post-exercise unipolar V5 improved sensitivity without loss of specificity over the usual criteria of 1 mm S-T depression criteria. This may be a reflection of the voltage differences between the bipolar lead and the unipolar lead in these two lead systems. It is concluded that lead strength must be considered when evaluating the S-T response to exercise.", "contents": "The influence of lead strength on the S-T changes with exercise electrocardiography (correlative study with coronary arteriography). The contribution of relative lead strength to S-T segment depression amplitude during exercise was evaluated in 98 patients who had both a treadmill stress test and a coronary arteriogram. This was accomplished by constructing an exercise S-T depression to R wave ratio (S-T/R) and then relating these ratios to the extent of coronary disease found with arteriography. The additional criterion of 1 mm S-T depression for the bipolar V5 and 0.5 mm for the late unipolar V5 was also reviewed. These criteria were then compared to the sensitivity and specificity of the usual 1 mm S-T depression criterion. The S-T/R ratio of 0.04 improved the detection of significant coronary disease over the usual criteria. The ratio of 0.1 was effective in avoiding false positive tests but lacked sensitivity. This would suggest that strong lead systems may give false positive S-T changes with exercise. The use of 0.5 mm depression as abnormal for the post-exercise unipolar V5 improved sensitivity without loss of specificity over the usual criteria of 1 mm S-T depression criteria. This may be a reflection of the voltage differences between the bipolar lead and the unipolar lead in these two lead systems. It is concluded that lead strength must be considered when evaluating the S-T response to exercise.", "PMID": 335012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13224", "title": "Simple techniques to relieve anxiety.", "content": "Many patients can obtain rapid, short-term relief of anxiety through the use of simple, meditative techniques. Anxiety, tension, mild depressive feelings, and psychophysiologic symptoms frequently respond to such techniques. Five techniques are described, including physical self-support, attending to unpleasant feelings, listening to thoughts, listening to sounds, and paying attention to one's breathing. The techniques are easy to learn, innocuous, and well accepted by most patients. Patients who experience relief with simple psychological techniques are often more hopeful and more accessible to treatment.", "contents": "Simple techniques to relieve anxiety. Many patients can obtain rapid, short-term relief of anxiety through the use of simple, meditative techniques. Anxiety, tension, mild depressive feelings, and psychophysiologic symptoms frequently respond to such techniques. Five techniques are described, including physical self-support, attending to unpleasant feelings, listening to thoughts, listening to sounds, and paying attention to one's breathing. The techniques are easy to learn, innocuous, and well accepted by most patients. Patients who experience relief with simple psychological techniques are often more hopeful and more accessible to treatment.", "PMID": 335017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13225", "title": "Growth characteristics and polyene sensitivity of a fatty acid auxotroph of Candida albicans.", "content": "A fatty acid auxotroph of Candida albicans 6406, designated A' 44 and originally isolated as an oleic acid requiring strain, has been shown to be a delta9 desaturase mutant. Although lacking this step in fatty acid biosynthesis, it appears to retain the ability to desaturate monounsaturated fatty acids. The polyene sensitivity of the organism grown on different fatty acid supplements varied between 0-08 +/- 0-02 and 1-20 +/- 0-30 microgram amphotericin B methyl ester ml-1 for exponentially growing cells. In spite of this variation, the sterol composition remained fairly constant, the major differences lying in fatty acid composition. Stationary-phase cells were more resistant to amphotericin B methyl ester, although again this change was not associated with changes in sterol content. The organism was most resistant when grown in the presence of oleic or linoleic acid. Protoplasts derived from resistant organisms grown on these two fatty acids were also resistant, indicating that the structure of the cell wall was less important than that of the plasma membrane in determining polyene sensitivity under these conditions.", "contents": "Growth characteristics and polyene sensitivity of a fatty acid auxotroph of Candida albicans. A fatty acid auxotroph of Candida albicans 6406, designated A' 44 and originally isolated as an oleic acid requiring strain, has been shown to be a delta9 desaturase mutant. Although lacking this step in fatty acid biosynthesis, it appears to retain the ability to desaturate monounsaturated fatty acids. The polyene sensitivity of the organism grown on different fatty acid supplements varied between 0-08 +/- 0-02 and 1-20 +/- 0-30 microgram amphotericin B methyl ester ml-1 for exponentially growing cells. In spite of this variation, the sterol composition remained fairly constant, the major differences lying in fatty acid composition. Stationary-phase cells were more resistant to amphotericin B methyl ester, although again this change was not associated with changes in sterol content. The organism was most resistant when grown in the presence of oleic or linoleic acid. Protoplasts derived from resistant organisms grown on these two fatty acids were also resistant, indicating that the structure of the cell wall was less important than that of the plasma membrane in determining polyene sensitivity under these conditions.", "PMID": 335019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13226", "title": "The DNA contained by nuclear polyhedrosis viruses isolated from four Spodoptera spp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae); genome size and configuration assessed by electron microscopy.", "content": "The mol. wt. of the DNA from four nuclear polyhedrosis viruses isolated from Spodoptera littoralis, S. exempta, S. exigua and S. frugiperda were determined to be 84, 80, 68 and 74 X 10(6), respectively, by electron microscopy. The molecules were demonstrated to exist as double-stranded relaxed circular or supercoiled DNA, though linear forms of DNA were also observed.", "contents": "The DNA contained by nuclear polyhedrosis viruses isolated from four Spodoptera spp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae); genome size and configuration assessed by electron microscopy. The mol. wt. of the DNA from four nuclear polyhedrosis viruses isolated from Spodoptera littoralis, S. exempta, S. exigua and S. frugiperda were determined to be 84, 80, 68 and 74 X 10(6), respectively, by electron microscopy. The molecules were demonstrated to exist as double-stranded relaxed circular or supercoiled DNA, though linear forms of DNA were also observed.", "PMID": 335023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13227", "title": "A new method to detect lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific antibody in human sera.", "content": "A plaque reduction method for measuring lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-sensitizing antibody in human serum is described. One volume of virus and one volume of serially diluted human serum were mixed and incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C. One volume of suitably diluted anti-human immune globulin antiserum was added and incubation continued for 0-5 h. Residual infectivity was then determined by means of a plaque assay employing L cell monolayer cultures and a methyl cellulose containing overlay medium. Of 75 sera from as many persons, 20 were positive with titres ranging from 640 to 10240. All positive sera were from verified cases or from persons who had had occupational contact with the virus. Close correlation of results was found between this method and a neutralization test employing mice, the one exception indicating that the in vitro assay for sensitizing antibody is more sensitive than the mouse assay for neutralizing antibody.", "contents": "A new method to detect lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific antibody in human sera. A plaque reduction method for measuring lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-sensitizing antibody in human serum is described. One volume of virus and one volume of serially diluted human serum were mixed and incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C. One volume of suitably diluted anti-human immune globulin antiserum was added and incubation continued for 0-5 h. Residual infectivity was then determined by means of a plaque assay employing L cell monolayer cultures and a methyl cellulose containing overlay medium. Of 75 sera from as many persons, 20 were positive with titres ranging from 640 to 10240. All positive sera were from verified cases or from persons who had had occupational contact with the virus. Close correlation of results was found between this method and a neutralization test employing mice, the one exception indicating that the in vitro assay for sensitizing antibody is more sensitive than the mouse assay for neutralizing antibody.", "PMID": 335024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13228", "title": "[The morphotype of Marfan's syndrome].", "content": "The aim of this paper was to determine the morphotype of Marfan's syndrome based on the examination of three patients affected with this disease. After having described the clinical picture of our patients, we carried out anthropometric measurements with calculation of indexes. This study revealed that patients No. 1 and 2 showed nearly identical morphotypes, while the third case presented an abortive form of Marfan's syndrome with slight signs of hypoandria. The morphotype of Marfan's syndrome can be briefly outlined as follows: excessive height; macroskelia, hypermacroskelia; brachycormia; long upper limbs; arm span exceeding the height; narrow shoulders; narrow and often deformed chest; arachnodactyly of hands and feet; kyphoscoliosis or scoliosis; mesocephaly or brachycephaly; large forehead; leptoprosopic or hyperleptoprosopic face; high arched palate.", "contents": "[The morphotype of Marfan's syndrome]. The aim of this paper was to determine the morphotype of Marfan's syndrome based on the examination of three patients affected with this disease. After having described the clinical picture of our patients, we carried out anthropometric measurements with calculation of indexes. This study revealed that patients No. 1 and 2 showed nearly identical morphotypes, while the third case presented an abortive form of Marfan's syndrome with slight signs of hypoandria. The morphotype of Marfan's syndrome can be briefly outlined as follows: excessive height; macroskelia, hypermacroskelia; brachycormia; long upper limbs; arm span exceeding the height; narrow shoulders; narrow and often deformed chest; arachnodactyly of hands and feet; kyphoscoliosis or scoliosis; mesocephaly or brachycephaly; large forehead; leptoprosopic or hyperleptoprosopic face; high arched palate.", "PMID": 335025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13229", "title": "Fluvoxamine-a new serotonin re-uptake inhibitor: first clinical and psychometric experiences in depressed patients.", "content": "The clinical efficacy of fluvoxamine (DU 23000)--the first selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor of the new class of 2-aminoethyloximethers of aralkylketones was investigated in endormorphous depressed patients during 5 weeks treatment with mean daily dosages of approximately 150 mg DU 23000. A marked and statistically significant improvement of the overall and detailed psychopathology was noted by means of the Global Clinical Impression and Hamilton Rating Scale as early as in the first week of drug administration. Bipolar patients tended to improve more than unipolar ones, retarded depressions more than agitated ones. An additional anxiolytic medication was occasionally required. The drug was well tolerated. Psychometric and laboratory findings did not show any significant changes. The findings are discussed in the light of the indolamine hypothesis of depression.", "contents": "Fluvoxamine-a new serotonin re-uptake inhibitor: first clinical and psychometric experiences in depressed patients. The clinical efficacy of fluvoxamine (DU 23000)--the first selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor of the new class of 2-aminoethyloximethers of aralkylketones was investigated in endormorphous depressed patients during 5 weeks treatment with mean daily dosages of approximately 150 mg DU 23000. A marked and statistically significant improvement of the overall and detailed psychopathology was noted by means of the Global Clinical Impression and Hamilton Rating Scale as early as in the first week of drug administration. Bipolar patients tended to improve more than unipolar ones, retarded depressions more than agitated ones. An additional anxiolytic medication was occasionally required. The drug was well tolerated. Psychometric and laboratory findings did not show any significant changes. The findings are discussed in the light of the indolamine hypothesis of depression.", "PMID": 335026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13230", "title": "Dl-phenylalanine in depressed patients: an open study.", "content": "In an open study dl-phenylalanine in doses from 75-200 mg/day was administered to 20 depressed patients for 20 days. Patients were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The AMP system, the Hamilton depression scale and the von Zerssen self rating questionnaire were used for documentation of psychopathological, neurologic and somatic changes. In addition a global clinical impression was agreed upon by experienced psychiatrists. At the end of the trial 12 patients (8 with complete, 4 with good response) could be discharged without any further treatment. 4 patients with partially untypical depressions experienced mild to moderate responses, whereas 4 patients did not respond at all to the phenylalanine administration. Depressive \"core symptoms\" as depressed mood, retardation and/or agitation were preferentially, anxiety and sleep disturbances moderately and hypochondriasis and compulsiveness were not influenced. It is concluded that dl-phenylalanine might have substantial antidepressant properties and that further more controlled investigations are warranted.", "contents": "Dl-phenylalanine in depressed patients: an open study. In an open study dl-phenylalanine in doses from 75-200 mg/day was administered to 20 depressed patients for 20 days. Patients were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The AMP system, the Hamilton depression scale and the von Zerssen self rating questionnaire were used for documentation of psychopathological, neurologic and somatic changes. In addition a global clinical impression was agreed upon by experienced psychiatrists. At the end of the trial 12 patients (8 with complete, 4 with good response) could be discharged without any further treatment. 4 patients with partially untypical depressions experienced mild to moderate responses, whereas 4 patients did not respond at all to the phenylalanine administration. Depressive \"core symptoms\" as depressed mood, retardation and/or agitation were preferentially, anxiety and sleep disturbances moderately and hypochondriasis and compulsiveness were not influenced. It is concluded that dl-phenylalanine might have substantial antidepressant properties and that further more controlled investigations are warranted.", "PMID": 335027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13231", "title": "Formation of cobalt-free corrinoids in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.", "content": "Co-free corrinoids (CFCs) were found in the cells of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides grown without cobalt salt. A predominant fraction of three CFCs on paper-electrophoregram was further purified, and investigated physico-chemically as well as microbiologically in comparison with that isolated by Toohey from Chromatium. The electrophoretic as well as spectrophotometric patterns of CFC from Rh. spheroides were partly different from those of Chromatium CFC. The former CFC was a competitive inhibitor of cyanocobalamin in Ochromonas malhamensis. The findings obtained indicate that the CFC from Rh. spheroides resembles that from Chromatium in chemical structure with some difference, and that the compound has an anti-vitamin B12 activity in O. malhamensis.", "contents": "Formation of cobalt-free corrinoids in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Co-free corrinoids (CFCs) were found in the cells of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides grown without cobalt salt. A predominant fraction of three CFCs on paper-electrophoregram was further purified, and investigated physico-chemically as well as microbiologically in comparison with that isolated by Toohey from Chromatium. The electrophoretic as well as spectrophotometric patterns of CFC from Rh. spheroides were partly different from those of Chromatium CFC. The former CFC was a competitive inhibitor of cyanocobalamin in Ochromonas malhamensis. The findings obtained indicate that the CFC from Rh. spheroides resembles that from Chromatium in chemical structure with some difference, and that the compound has an anti-vitamin B12 activity in O. malhamensis.", "PMID": 335029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13232", "title": "Induction of chick embryonic intestinal disaccharidases by hydrocortisone and sucrose in the organ culture system.", "content": "The effect of hydrocortisone and sucrose on the development of chick intestinal disaccharidases was studied using the organ culture system. When intestines of 15- and 17-day-old embryos were cultured in the presence of hydrocortisone, there was significant enhancement of disaccharidases activity compared with the control. However, there was no effect in the 20-day embryonic intestines. On the other hand, the disaccharidase activity of cultured intestines from 20-day-old chick embryos were significantly stimulated by the addition of sucrose. The observed increase in disaccharidase activity induced by the administration of hydrocortisone in 17-day-old embryos in vitro was sensitive to actinomycin D and cycloheximide. The activity induced by the administration of sucrose in 20-day-old embryos in vitro was sensitive to cycloheximide but insensitive to actinomycin D.", "contents": "Induction of chick embryonic intestinal disaccharidases by hydrocortisone and sucrose in the organ culture system. The effect of hydrocortisone and sucrose on the development of chick intestinal disaccharidases was studied using the organ culture system. When intestines of 15- and 17-day-old embryos were cultured in the presence of hydrocortisone, there was significant enhancement of disaccharidases activity compared with the control. However, there was no effect in the 20-day embryonic intestines. On the other hand, the disaccharidase activity of cultured intestines from 20-day-old chick embryos were significantly stimulated by the addition of sucrose. The observed increase in disaccharidase activity induced by the administration of hydrocortisone in 17-day-old embryos in vitro was sensitive to actinomycin D and cycloheximide. The activity induced by the administration of sucrose in 20-day-old embryos in vitro was sensitive to cycloheximide but insensitive to actinomycin D.", "PMID": 335030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13233", "title": "An objective method for measuring the surface morphology of cavities and restorations in vivo.", "content": "A method was developed for quantifying morphological characteristics of cavities and restored teeth, in a quest for more knowledge of factors which determine the long clinical success or failure of restorations, and which may therefore be used in making objective assessments of their quality. The method involved obtaining sequential silicone rubber replicas of teeth in vivo, sectioning them in planned planes, and making objective linear and angular measurements directly from X 10 photographs of the resulting profiles and from positive models. It would seem that the method could be applied in a variety of clinical investigations.", "contents": "An objective method for measuring the surface morphology of cavities and restorations in vivo. A method was developed for quantifying morphological characteristics of cavities and restored teeth, in a quest for more knowledge of factors which determine the long clinical success or failure of restorations, and which may therefore be used in making objective assessments of their quality. The method involved obtaining sequential silicone rubber replicas of teeth in vivo, sectioning them in planned planes, and making objective linear and angular measurements directly from X 10 photographs of the resulting profiles and from positive models. It would seem that the method could be applied in a variety of clinical investigations.", "PMID": 335031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13234", "title": "Removal time: a factor in the accuracy of irreversible hydrocolloid impressions.", "content": "Controversy exists regarding the correct time of removal of an alginate impression from the mouth. To investigate the effect of time of removal on accuracy, a series of alginate impressions were made of the lower left quadrant of a subject having a cast gold crown with four reference marks on tooth no. 19. The impressions were removed from the mouth at 1-5, 2, 3, 4-5 and 7 min after the insertion of the tray. Accuracy of the impressions was assessed by comparing the distances between the reference marks in stone casts with standard measurements taken from the gold crown prior to cementation. Impressions removed at 1-5 and 7 min produced the greatest distortions buccolingually. For the mesio-distal lengths all time intervals produced casts which were larger than the standard. The reasons for these findings are discussed and possible explanations are presented.", "contents": "Removal time: a factor in the accuracy of irreversible hydrocolloid impressions. Controversy exists regarding the correct time of removal of an alginate impression from the mouth. To investigate the effect of time of removal on accuracy, a series of alginate impressions were made of the lower left quadrant of a subject having a cast gold crown with four reference marks on tooth no. 19. The impressions were removed from the mouth at 1-5, 2, 3, 4-5 and 7 min after the insertion of the tray. Accuracy of the impressions was assessed by comparing the distances between the reference marks in stone casts with standard measurements taken from the gold crown prior to cementation. Impressions removed at 1-5 and 7 min produced the greatest distortions buccolingually. For the mesio-distal lengths all time intervals produced casts which were larger than the standard. The reasons for these findings are discussed and possible explanations are presented.", "PMID": 335032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13235", "title": "Pediatric kidney transplantation for cystinosis.", "content": "In an experience of more than 700 kidney transplants, three recipients are known to have had congenital cystinosis. A cadaver kidney transplant in a 10 yr old child with nephropathic cystinosis functioned well for  7 1/2 yr before it was rejected and the graft was free of recurrent cystinosis after that interval. This prolongation of life was associated with marked accumulation of cystine in the patient's thyroid gland, presenting as a mass in the neck. If additional longevity is achieved in this patient, abnormal intracellular cystine accumulation may be expected in other host tissues. Retransplantation was carried out with the father as donor, accepting the possibility of increased cystine levels in the retransplant. This patient's age of 18 yr identifies him as one of the longest known survivors of infantile nephropathic cystinosis.", "contents": "Pediatric kidney transplantation for cystinosis. In an experience of more than 700 kidney transplants, three recipients are known to have had congenital cystinosis. A cadaver kidney transplant in a 10 yr old child with nephropathic cystinosis functioned well for  7 1/2 yr before it was rejected and the graft was free of recurrent cystinosis after that interval. This prolongation of life was associated with marked accumulation of cystine in the patient's thyroid gland, presenting as a mass in the neck. If additional longevity is achieved in this patient, abnormal intracellular cystine accumulation may be expected in other host tissues. Retransplantation was carried out with the father as donor, accepting the possibility of increased cystine levels in the retransplant. This patient's age of 18 yr identifies him as one of the longest known survivors of infantile nephropathic cystinosis.", "PMID": 335039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13236", "title": "The effect of povidone iodine on plaque and salivary bacteria. A double-blind crossover trial.", "content": "A double blind crossover trial was carried out to assess the effect of povidone iodine on plaque accumulation in vivo and to measure the total salivary aerobes and anaerobes throughout the study. When compared to the placebo preparation, povidone iodine was without effect on plaque accumulation in all the subjects and there was a progressive increase in plaque throughout the 10-day periods. A 30 to 40 % overall reduction in aerobes and anaerobes occurred with the active preparation which was significant. There appears to be no indication for the use of povidone iodine as an adjunct to oral hygiene or in the treatment of chronic gingivitis.", "contents": "The effect of povidone iodine on plaque and salivary bacteria. A double-blind crossover trial. A double blind crossover trial was carried out to assess the effect of povidone iodine on plaque accumulation in vivo and to measure the total salivary aerobes and anaerobes throughout the study. When compared to the placebo preparation, povidone iodine was without effect on plaque accumulation in all the subjects and there was a progressive increase in plaque throughout the 10-day periods. A 30 to 40 % overall reduction in aerobes and anaerobes occurred with the active preparation which was significant. There appears to be no indication for the use of povidone iodine as an adjunct to oral hygiene or in the treatment of chronic gingivitis.", "PMID": 335041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13237", "title": "Bunolol metabolism by dogs: identification of basic metabolites and their conjugates.", "content": "Female beagles dosed once with encapsulated 14C-bunolol (10 mg/kg) excreted 61% of the isotope in urine in 24 hr. The pooled urine contained a minimum of 18 labeled compounds. Two previously unknown metabolites were purified and were identified by UV and mass spectral data; they were hydroxybunolol (10.1% of urinary radioactivity) and hydroxydihydrobunolol (9.8%). The urine also contained bunolol (0.7% of urinary carbon-14), dihydrobunolol (0.5%), conjugated dihydrobunolol (2.8%), beta-(5-oxytetralonyl)lactic acid (16.3%), and (5-oxytetralonyl) acetic acid (7.1%).", "contents": "Bunolol metabolism by dogs: identification of basic metabolites and their conjugates. Female beagles dosed once with encapsulated 14C-bunolol (10 mg/kg) excreted 61% of the isotope in urine in 24 hr. The pooled urine contained a minimum of 18 labeled compounds. Two previously unknown metabolites were purified and were identified by UV and mass spectral data; they were hydroxybunolol (10.1% of urinary radioactivity) and hydroxydihydrobunolol (9.8%). The urine also contained bunolol (0.7% of urinary carbon-14), dihydrobunolol (0.5%), conjugated dihydrobunolol (2.8%), beta-(5-oxytetralonyl)lactic acid (16.3%), and (5-oxytetralonyl) acetic acid (7.1%).", "PMID": 335043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13238", "title": "The secretion of pepsin.", "content": "1. Ligation and division of the vessels supplying the stomach, except those from the spleen, result in greatly increased pepsin secretion in response to pentagastrin, pilocarpine or 2-deoxy-D-glucose. 2. This effect was still present 6 months after initial ligation. 3. Analysis of dose-response curves shows that for pepsin secretion the Vmax values were raised by this procedure. 4. Right-sided vessel ligation and division does not alter acid secretion in response to the stimuli used. 5. It is suspected that the procedure of right-sided vessel ligation removes a non-competitive inhibitor mechanism to gastric pepsin secretion.", "contents": "The secretion of pepsin. 1. Ligation and division of the vessels supplying the stomach, except those from the spleen, result in greatly increased pepsin secretion in response to pentagastrin, pilocarpine or 2-deoxy-D-glucose. 2. This effect was still present 6 months after initial ligation. 3. Analysis of dose-response curves shows that for pepsin secretion the Vmax values were raised by this procedure. 4. Right-sided vessel ligation and division does not alter acid secretion in response to the stimuli used. 5. It is suspected that the procedure of right-sided vessel ligation removes a non-competitive inhibitor mechanism to gastric pepsin secretion.", "PMID": 335045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13239", "title": "Stimulus-secretion coupling in pancreatic acinar cells: influences of external sodium and calcium on responses to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and ionophore A23187.", "content": "1. The roles of Na and Ca ions in stimulus-secretion coupling were analysed in the isolated and perfused rat pancreas.2. Partial replacement of NaCl with LiCl produced a diminution in both amylase output and pancreatic juice flow which were induced by 5 m-u. CCK-PZ/ml., and almost normal responses were usually regained immediately after the reintroduction of a standard concentration of NaCl. Nearly total replacement of NaCl with LiCl caused an almost complete inhibition of the responses, although 25 mM-NaHCO(3) and 1 mM-NaH(2)PO(4) were still present, and only partial recovery was obtained after the re-introduction of a standard concentration of NaCl.3. A quantitative relationship was found between the amount of amylase released by CCK-PZ and the [Na(+)](o) over the range 26-157 mM in the presence of 2.5 mM-Ca. A similar relationship was also observed when [Ca(2+)](o) was decreased to 1.0 mM, but the responses were reduced to about one half of those observed with 2.5 mM-Ca.4. The most satisfactory theory which explains the cellular mechanism of CCK-PZ-induced amylase output, and which fits the experimental data, requires the dominant activity of a complex composed of a carrier molecule bearing one Ca and four Na molecules, if there is no interaction between Na(+) and Li(+).5. A quantitative relationship was also found between the amount of pancreatic juice flow stimulated by CCK-PZ and [Na(+)](o), over the range 26-157 mM, in the presence of 1.0 or 2.5 mM-Ca.6. A similar quantitative relationship was found between the amount of amylase released by Ca-ionophore A23187 and [Na(+)](o) in the presence of 2.5 or 5.0 mM-Ca. The most satisfactory theory which fits this experimental data also requires the dominant activity of a complex composed of a carrier molecule bearing one Ca and four Na molecules, if there is no interaction between Na(+) and Li(+).", "contents": "Stimulus-secretion coupling in pancreatic acinar cells: influences of external sodium and calcium on responses to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and ionophore A23187. 1. The roles of Na and Ca ions in stimulus-secretion coupling were analysed in the isolated and perfused rat pancreas.2. Partial replacement of NaCl with LiCl produced a diminution in both amylase output and pancreatic juice flow which were induced by 5 m-u. CCK-PZ/ml., and almost normal responses were usually regained immediately after the reintroduction of a standard concentration of NaCl. Nearly total replacement of NaCl with LiCl caused an almost complete inhibition of the responses, although 25 mM-NaHCO(3) and 1 mM-NaH(2)PO(4) were still present, and only partial recovery was obtained after the re-introduction of a standard concentration of NaCl.3. A quantitative relationship was found between the amount of amylase released by CCK-PZ and the [Na(+)](o) over the range 26-157 mM in the presence of 2.5 mM-Ca. A similar relationship was also observed when [Ca(2+)](o) was decreased to 1.0 mM, but the responses were reduced to about one half of those observed with 2.5 mM-Ca.4. The most satisfactory theory which explains the cellular mechanism of CCK-PZ-induced amylase output, and which fits the experimental data, requires the dominant activity of a complex composed of a carrier molecule bearing one Ca and four Na molecules, if there is no interaction between Na(+) and Li(+).5. A quantitative relationship was also found between the amount of pancreatic juice flow stimulated by CCK-PZ and [Na(+)](o), over the range 26-157 mM, in the presence of 1.0 or 2.5 mM-Ca.6. A similar quantitative relationship was found between the amount of amylase released by Ca-ionophore A23187 and [Na(+)](o) in the presence of 2.5 or 5.0 mM-Ca. The most satisfactory theory which fits this experimental data also requires the dominant activity of a complex composed of a carrier molecule bearing one Ca and four Na molecules, if there is no interaction between Na(+) and Li(+).", "PMID": 335047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13240", "title": "An in vitro system for studying insulin release: effects of glucose and glucose-6-phosphate.", "content": "1. Investigation of the ionic requirements of the in vitro insulin release system, which consists of cod islet plasma membrane and rabbit islet granules incubated at pH 6.5, showed that the presence of Ca(2+) was obligatory for the system to operate.2. Glucose-initiated insulin release was as effective in the presence of beta-gamma-methylene ATP, as it was in the presence of ATP. This analogue of ATP is a substrate neither for adenylate cyclase nor for any known animal membrane proteases. The effect of ATP on glucose mediated release is allosteric.3. Glucose (16 mM)-initiated insulin release was slower than that induced by glucose-6-phosphate (4 mM); 150 and 120 sec, respectively.4. The lag found with glucose-mediated insulin release was dependent upon glucose concentration. The lower the glucose concentration, the longer the lag. With 1 mM glucose the lag extended to 30 min.5. Once insulin release was initiated, the rate and amount of insulin release was independent of the glucose concentration.6. Pre-incubation of membranes with Ca(2+), glucose and ATP prior to the addition of granules, abolished the extended lag that had been obtained with 1 mM glucose. Events in the plasma membrane are the major contributor to the generation of the extended lag.7. The glucose analogue 5'thio-D-glucose, although not able to release insulin, was shown to compete with glucose for the glucoreceptor. By increasing the ratio of analogue to glucose the lag time increased. Thus, the lag time is dependent upon the ;effective' external glucose concentration.8. The max. amount of insulin released by 4 ng of membrane in the presence of glucose (16 mM) was 300 ng. The fact that membranes became refractory to glucose after this max. amount of insulin was released showed that recycling of release sites was not taking place in vitro and that granule: granule interactions were not occurring.9. The 120 sec lag before glucose-6-phosphate-initiated release was independent of glucose-6-phosphate concentration. The rate of insulin release with glucose-6-phosphate was concentration dependent.10. Glucose-6-phosphate did not cause further insulin release from a membrane that had released the max. amount of insulin it was capable of in the presence of glucose. The addition of tolbutamide (10 mM) to such a membrane did cause insulin release. This suggests that glucose and glucose-6-phosphate share a final common pathway.11. Adrenaline and somatostatin did not inhibit glucose-mediated insulin release.", "contents": "An in vitro system for studying insulin release: effects of glucose and glucose-6-phosphate. 1. Investigation of the ionic requirements of the in vitro insulin release system, which consists of cod islet plasma membrane and rabbit islet granules incubated at pH 6.5, showed that the presence of Ca(2+) was obligatory for the system to operate.2. Glucose-initiated insulin release was as effective in the presence of beta-gamma-methylene ATP, as it was in the presence of ATP. This analogue of ATP is a substrate neither for adenylate cyclase nor for any known animal membrane proteases. The effect of ATP on glucose mediated release is allosteric.3. Glucose (16 mM)-initiated insulin release was slower than that induced by glucose-6-phosphate (4 mM); 150 and 120 sec, respectively.4. The lag found with glucose-mediated insulin release was dependent upon glucose concentration. The lower the glucose concentration, the longer the lag. With 1 mM glucose the lag extended to 30 min.5. Once insulin release was initiated, the rate and amount of insulin release was independent of the glucose concentration.6. Pre-incubation of membranes with Ca(2+), glucose and ATP prior to the addition of granules, abolished the extended lag that had been obtained with 1 mM glucose. Events in the plasma membrane are the major contributor to the generation of the extended lag.7. The glucose analogue 5'thio-D-glucose, although not able to release insulin, was shown to compete with glucose for the glucoreceptor. By increasing the ratio of analogue to glucose the lag time increased. Thus, the lag time is dependent upon the ;effective' external glucose concentration.8. The max. amount of insulin released by 4 ng of membrane in the presence of glucose (16 mM) was 300 ng. The fact that membranes became refractory to glucose after this max. amount of insulin was released showed that recycling of release sites was not taking place in vitro and that granule: granule interactions were not occurring.9. The 120 sec lag before glucose-6-phosphate-initiated release was independent of glucose-6-phosphate concentration. The rate of insulin release with glucose-6-phosphate was concentration dependent.10. Glucose-6-phosphate did not cause further insulin release from a membrane that had released the max. amount of insulin it was capable of in the presence of glucose. The addition of tolbutamide (10 mM) to such a membrane did cause insulin release. This suggests that glucose and glucose-6-phosphate share a final common pathway.11. Adrenaline and somatostatin did not inhibit glucose-mediated insulin release.", "PMID": 335048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13241", "title": "An investigation of the effectiveness of indirect retainers.", "content": "A mandibular bilateral distal-extension base removable partial denture was lifted from a model under standardized conditions. The amount of denture base displacement under various loads and the forces of removal were measured electronically. The framework was constructed to allow repeated changes in the type of clasp, location of indirect retainer, and position of the rest seat on the terminal abutment tooth. The usefulness of an indirect retainer in preventing occlusal displacement of the denture base appears to be limited. The type of clasp had the greatest influence on the amount of denture base movement. Proximal surface guiding planes were also found to be important in preventing lifting of the denture base. Use of mesial instead of distal rests on the terminal abutment teeth did not decrease indirect retention.", "contents": "An investigation of the effectiveness of indirect retainers. A mandibular bilateral distal-extension base removable partial denture was lifted from a model under standardized conditions. The amount of denture base displacement under various loads and the forces of removal were measured electronically. The framework was constructed to allow repeated changes in the type of clasp, location of indirect retainer, and position of the rest seat on the terminal abutment tooth. The usefulness of an indirect retainer in preventing occlusal displacement of the denture base appears to be limited. The type of clasp had the greatest influence on the amount of denture base movement. Proximal surface guiding planes were also found to be important in preventing lifting of the denture base. Use of mesial instead of distal rests on the terminal abutment teeth did not decrease indirect retention.", "PMID": 335050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13242", "title": "Factors influencing the retention of dowels.", "content": "A technique for assessing the axial retention of dowels has been developed. This method uses whalebone instead of extracted teeth. Threaded dowels appear to have better resistance to axial displacement than other types. Resistance of threaded dowels to torsional forces can be significantly improved by a rotation lock technique.", "contents": "Factors influencing the retention of dowels. A technique for assessing the axial retention of dowels has been developed. This method uses whalebone instead of extracted teeth. Threaded dowels appear to have better resistance to axial displacement than other types. Resistance of threaded dowels to torsional forces can be significantly improved by a rotation lock technique.", "PMID": 335052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13243", "title": "An indirect-direct method of crown fabrication for existing removable partial denture clasps.", "content": "A technique that uses a combined indirect-direct method for the fabrication of a crown under an existing removable partial denture clasp has been presented. Advantages of this method are as follows: (1) The coping is placed directly on the preparation so the rest and retentive surfaces are more accurately developed than with other methods. (2) Fewer adjustments are required because of the accuracy of this method as compared with waxing the crown in one step.", "contents": "An indirect-direct method of crown fabrication for existing removable partial denture clasps. A technique that uses a combined indirect-direct method for the fabrication of a crown under an existing removable partial denture clasp has been presented. Advantages of this method are as follows: (1) The coping is placed directly on the preparation so the rest and retentive surfaces are more accurately developed than with other methods. (2) Fewer adjustments are required because of the accuracy of this method as compared with waxing the crown in one step.", "PMID": 335053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13244", "title": "Surface charge of trypanosoma cruzi. Binding of cationized ferritin and measurement of cellular electrophoretic mobility.", "content": "The surface charge of epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated by means of binding of cationized ferritin to the cell surface as visualized by electron microscopy, and by direct measurements of the cellular microelectrophoretic mobility (EPM). Epimastigote forms had a mean EPM of -0.52 micrometer-s-1-V-1-cm and were lightly labeled with cationized ferritin. In contrast, bloodstream trypomastigotes had a much higher EPM (-1.14), and the surface was heavily labeled with cationized ferritin. When trypomastigotes from staionary phase cultures were isolated on DEAE cellulose columns, the mean EPM was found to be significantly lower (-0.63), and labeling with cationized ferritin decreased. With a mixed population containing epimastigote, trypomastigote, and intermediate forms, EPM values ranging between -0.70 to -1.14 were found. From these observations we conclude that there is a definite increase in negative surface charge during development from epi- to trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi.", "contents": "Surface charge of trypanosoma cruzi. Binding of cationized ferritin and measurement of cellular electrophoretic mobility. The surface charge of epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated by means of binding of cationized ferritin to the cell surface as visualized by electron microscopy, and by direct measurements of the cellular microelectrophoretic mobility (EPM). Epimastigote forms had a mean EPM of -0.52 micrometer-s-1-V-1-cm and were lightly labeled with cationized ferritin. In contrast, bloodstream trypomastigotes had a much higher EPM (-1.14), and the surface was heavily labeled with cationized ferritin. When trypomastigotes from staionary phase cultures were isolated on DEAE cellulose columns, the mean EPM was found to be significantly lower (-0.63), and labeling with cationized ferritin decreased. With a mixed population containing epimastigote, trypomastigote, and intermediate forms, EPM values ranging between -0.70 to -1.14 were found. From these observations we conclude that there is a definite increase in negative surface charge during development from epi- to trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi.", "PMID": 335054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13245", "title": "Regulation of the hypothalamic--pituitary--ovarian axis in women.", "content": "To account for the regulation of cyclic gonadotrophin release, the separate and interactive effects of the hormonal variable at the levels of CNS-hypothalamus, the pituitary and the ovary have been reviewed. The pituitary gonadotrophs, as target cells exhibited a remarkable cyclic change in their capacity which was correlated with the oestradiol levels. The ultimate release is determined by the relative size of the two pools' releasable gonadotrophins which are themselves regulated by the relative inputs of LH-RH and oestradiol, respectively. LH-RH appears to serve as a primary influence on the gonadotroph, stimulating gonadotrophin synthesis, storage and release. Oestradiol, for the most part, amplifies the action of LH-RH and induces the development of a self-priming effect of LH-RH, except that it impedes LH-RH-mediated gonadotrophin release. The pituitary capacity increases several-fold from the early to late follicular phase, and this is considered to be the prerequisite for the development of a mid-cycle surge. CNS-hypothalamic dopamine, norepinephrine, prostaglandins as well as LH-RH systems are involved in the negative and positive feedback effect of oestradiol. The possible steps and interactive elements in the triggering of LH-RH release for the initiation of the mid-cycle LH/FSH surge are considered.", "contents": "Regulation of the hypothalamic--pituitary--ovarian axis in women. To account for the regulation of cyclic gonadotrophin release, the separate and interactive effects of the hormonal variable at the levels of CNS-hypothalamus, the pituitary and the ovary have been reviewed. The pituitary gonadotrophs, as target cells exhibited a remarkable cyclic change in their capacity which was correlated with the oestradiol levels. The ultimate release is determined by the relative size of the two pools' releasable gonadotrophins which are themselves regulated by the relative inputs of LH-RH and oestradiol, respectively. LH-RH appears to serve as a primary influence on the gonadotroph, stimulating gonadotrophin synthesis, storage and release. Oestradiol, for the most part, amplifies the action of LH-RH and induces the development of a self-priming effect of LH-RH, except that it impedes LH-RH-mediated gonadotrophin release. The pituitary capacity increases several-fold from the early to late follicular phase, and this is considered to be the prerequisite for the development of a mid-cycle surge. CNS-hypothalamic dopamine, norepinephrine, prostaglandins as well as LH-RH systems are involved in the negative and positive feedback effect of oestradiol. The possible steps and interactive elements in the triggering of LH-RH release for the initiation of the mid-cycle LH/FSH surge are considered.", "PMID": 335059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13246", "title": "The acute effects of oestradiol-17beta and synthetic LH-RH on plasma LH levels in freemartin heifers.", "content": "Injection of oestradiol was followed by a surge of plasma LH within 24 h in only 7 of 12 freemartins. Elevations of plasma LH were less than those reported for normal non-cyclic heifers, but some freemartins showed a delayed, or more prolonged, LH response. Responsiveness to oestradiol was not related to degree of chimaerism or plasma androstenedione level, and most of the animals responded similarly in two trials carried out 4 months apart, during which time plasma androstenedione levels had more than doubled. Freemartins which showed an LH surge after oestradiol treatment released greater amounts of LH after the injection of LH-RH than did non-responders.", "contents": "The acute effects of oestradiol-17beta and synthetic LH-RH on plasma LH levels in freemartin heifers. Injection of oestradiol was followed by a surge of plasma LH within 24 h in only 7 of 12 freemartins. Elevations of plasma LH were less than those reported for normal non-cyclic heifers, but some freemartins showed a delayed, or more prolonged, LH response. Responsiveness to oestradiol was not related to degree of chimaerism or plasma androstenedione level, and most of the animals responded similarly in two trials carried out 4 months apart, during which time plasma androstenedione levels had more than doubled. Freemartins which showed an LH surge after oestradiol treatment released greater amounts of LH after the injection of LH-RH than did non-responders.", "PMID": 335063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13247", "title": "The survival and transport to the site of fertilization of diploid rabbit spermatozoa.", "content": "The possible involvement of diploid spermatozoa in the production of triploid zygotes in the rabbit has been investigated in terms of the success of diploids relative to haploids in reaching the site of fertilization, with special reference to any possible selectivity of sperm transport within the female tract. The observed large significant reduction in the incidence of diploid spermatozoa between the ejaculate and the oviducts would greatly reduce the chances of, but not necessarily prevent, a diploid spermatozoon fertilizing an egg. This reduction appears to be due to a combination of the reduced survival of diploids in the female tract and a selectivity of sperm transport dependent on sperm motility.", "contents": "The survival and transport to the site of fertilization of diploid rabbit spermatozoa. The possible involvement of diploid spermatozoa in the production of triploid zygotes in the rabbit has been investigated in terms of the success of diploids relative to haploids in reaching the site of fertilization, with special reference to any possible selectivity of sperm transport within the female tract. The observed large significant reduction in the incidence of diploid spermatozoa between the ejaculate and the oviducts would greatly reduce the chances of, but not necessarily prevent, a diploid spermatozoon fertilizing an egg. This reduction appears to be due to a combination of the reduced survival of diploids in the female tract and a selectivity of sperm transport dependent on sperm motility.", "PMID": 335064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13248", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy of cancer.", "content": "The preparation of a series of water-soluble mustard haptens for chemoimmunotherapy of cancer is described. Preliminary screening data are given, indicating some activity against P388 lymphocytic leukemia for those compounds containing the most potent immunogenic functional groups.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy of cancer. The preparation of a series of water-soluble mustard haptens for chemoimmunotherapy of cancer is described. Preliminary screening data are given, indicating some activity against P388 lymphocytic leukemia for those compounds containing the most potent immunogenic functional groups.", "PMID": 335066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13249", "title": "Antibacterial halogenoacetyl derivatives of amino acids and simple peptides.", "content": "The vital role of D-alanine and L-lysine in the peptidoglycan crosslinking process in the bacterial cell wall prompted preparation of various small peptides incorporating these amino acids. N-Iodoacetyl or -bromoacetyl derivatives of the peptides were then prepared in the hope that they would serve as active-site-directed irreversible inhibitors of cell wall transpeptidases. Certain of the halogenoacetyl dipeptide esters, but not the corresponding free acids, showed slight antistaphylococcal activity. Subsequent structural variation showed that inclusion of C-alanine or L-lysine was not necessary, since antibacterial activity was at least as good when the dipeptide unite was replaced by glycylglycine or by an omega-aminoalkanoic acid. It was concluded that the observed antibacterial activity was probably not due to specific inhibition of a cell wall transpeptidase.", "contents": "Antibacterial halogenoacetyl derivatives of amino acids and simple peptides. The vital role of D-alanine and L-lysine in the peptidoglycan crosslinking process in the bacterial cell wall prompted preparation of various small peptides incorporating these amino acids. N-Iodoacetyl or -bromoacetyl derivatives of the peptides were then prepared in the hope that they would serve as active-site-directed irreversible inhibitors of cell wall transpeptidases. Certain of the halogenoacetyl dipeptide esters, but not the corresponding free acids, showed slight antistaphylococcal activity. Subsequent structural variation showed that inclusion of C-alanine or L-lysine was not necessary, since antibacterial activity was at least as good when the dipeptide unite was replaced by glycylglycine or by an omega-aminoalkanoic acid. It was concluded that the observed antibacterial activity was probably not due to specific inhibition of a cell wall transpeptidase.", "PMID": 335067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13250", "title": "The emergence of the family practitioner: an historical analysis of a new specialty.", "content": "The family practitioner evolved as a specialist to replace the rapidly disappearing general practitioner. The lack of adequate postdoctoral medical education programs for general practitioners, the changing role of the general practitioner in relation to the specialist, and the lower status and different working conditions of the general practitioner compared with the specialist contributed to the decline of general practice. Those who attempted to develop the specialty of family practice actively sought to remedy the deficiencies of general practice by providing intellectually rigorous postgraduate programs, by providing a unique area of expertise, and by providing specialty status.", "contents": "The emergence of the family practitioner: an historical analysis of a new specialty. The family practitioner evolved as a specialist to replace the rapidly disappearing general practitioner. The lack of adequate postdoctoral medical education programs for general practitioners, the changing role of the general practitioner in relation to the specialist, and the lower status and different working conditions of the general practitioner compared with the specialist contributed to the decline of general practice. Those who attempted to develop the specialty of family practice actively sought to remedy the deficiencies of general practice by providing intellectually rigorous postgraduate programs, by providing a unique area of expertise, and by providing specialty status.", "PMID": 335068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13251", "title": "Treatment of experimental Escherichia coli infection in mice with colicine V.", "content": "Concentrated non-toxic preparations of colicine V were obtained by filtering centrifugates of soft-agar cultures of a Col V+ K12 strain of E. coli through Millipore filters in which the colicine V was retained. These preparations, given subcutaneously, favourably influenced the course of disease in mice infected intraperitoneally with a pathogenic strain of E. coli that was very sensitive to colicine V in vitro. A beneficial effect was noted even when treatment was delayed until the mice were visibly ill.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental Escherichia coli infection in mice with colicine V. Concentrated non-toxic preparations of colicine V were obtained by filtering centrifugates of soft-agar cultures of a Col V+ K12 strain of E. coli through Millipore filters in which the colicine V was retained. These preparations, given subcutaneously, favourably influenced the course of disease in mice infected intraperitoneally with a pathogenic strain of E. coli that was very sensitive to colicine V in vitro. A beneficial effect was noted even when treatment was delayed until the mice were visibly ill.", "PMID": 335071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13252", "title": "Freeze-fracturing of monolayers (capillary layers) of cell, membranes and viruses: some technical considerations.", "content": "A novel hinged device for freeze-fracturing of cell monolayer in the Balzers freeze-etch unit is described. It is economical on biological material and enables oriented adsorption of sheet-like membrane fragments. For freeze-fracturing 'by hand' a monolayer is formed on a positively charged piecie of mica (with polylysine) and this is covered with another piece of mica, thin brass plate of filter paper. Such a sandwich is frozen in liquid nitrogen and fractured by means of forceps. Several modifications of this technique as well as practical examples are described. Among possible application are: negative staining of intramembranous protein particles; chemical or physical analyses of single membrane leaflets; identification of protein complexes by immunoelectron microscopy, etc.", "contents": "Freeze-fracturing of monolayers (capillary layers) of cell, membranes and viruses: some technical considerations. A novel hinged device for freeze-fracturing of cell monolayer in the Balzers freeze-etch unit is described. It is economical on biological material and enables oriented adsorption of sheet-like membrane fragments. For freeze-fracturing 'by hand' a monolayer is formed on a positively charged piecie of mica (with polylysine) and this is covered with another piece of mica, thin brass plate of filter paper. Such a sandwich is frozen in liquid nitrogen and fractured by means of forceps. Several modifications of this technique as well as practical examples are described. Among possible application are: negative staining of intramembranous protein particles; chemical or physical analyses of single membrane leaflets; identification of protein complexes by immunoelectron microscopy, etc.", "PMID": 335072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13253", "title": "Visualization of vesicles in semi-thin sections by the heat removal of epoxy resins.", "content": "A partial removal of the embedding medium from sections of tissue with hollow structures results in the formation of phase object. The removal of epoxy resin by the heat of a gas-burner flame is a simple method which does not lead to shifts and losses of sections from glass slides.", "contents": "Visualization of vesicles in semi-thin sections by the heat removal of epoxy resins. A partial removal of the embedding medium from sections of tissue with hollow structures results in the formation of phase object. The removal of epoxy resin by the heat of a gas-burner flame is a simple method which does not lead to shifts and losses of sections from glass slides.", "PMID": 335073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13254", "title": "Retrohepatic vena cava balloon shunt introduced via the sapheno-femoral junction.", "content": "Experimental in-vitro and in-vivo testing of a retrohepatic vena cava shunt has shown effective shunting of inferior vena caval blood by catheters with outside diameters of 28 French. A technique of insertion of such a catheter via the groin is shown to be feasible in humans. Control of vena caval bleeding by a balloon catheter prototype during liver resection in dogs and in a human patient has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Retrohepatic vena cava balloon shunt introduced via the sapheno-femoral junction. Experimental in-vitro and in-vivo testing of a retrohepatic vena cava shunt has shown effective shunting of inferior vena caval blood by catheters with outside diameters of 28 French. A technique of insertion of such a catheter via the groin is shown to be feasible in humans. Control of vena caval bleeding by a balloon catheter prototype during liver resection in dogs and in a human patient has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 335079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13255", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage T5 mutant deficient in deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphatase activity.", "content": "A bacteriophage T5 mutant has been isolated that is completely deficient in the induction of deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphatase activity during infection of Escherichia coli F. The mutant bacteriophage has been shown to be deficient in the excretion of the final products of DNA degradation during infection of E. coli F, and about 30% of the host DNA's thymine residues were reinocorporated into phage DNA. During infection with this mutant, host DNA degradation to trichloroacetic acid-soluble products was normal, host DNA synthesis was shut off normally, and second-step transfer was not delayed. However, induction of early phage enzymes and production of DNA and phage were delayed by 5 to 15 min but eventually reached normal levels. The mutant's phenotype strongly suggests that the enzyme's role is to act at the final stage in the T5-induced system of host DNA degradation by hydrolyzing deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphates to deoxynucleosides and free phosphate; failure to do this may delay expression of the second-step-transfer DNA.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage T5 mutant deficient in deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphatase activity. A bacteriophage T5 mutant has been isolated that is completely deficient in the induction of deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphatase activity during infection of Escherichia coli F. The mutant bacteriophage has been shown to be deficient in the excretion of the final products of DNA degradation during infection of E. coli F, and about 30% of the host DNA's thymine residues were reinocorporated into phage DNA. During infection with this mutant, host DNA degradation to trichloroacetic acid-soluble products was normal, host DNA synthesis was shut off normally, and second-step transfer was not delayed. However, induction of early phage enzymes and production of DNA and phage were delayed by 5 to 15 min but eventually reached normal levels. The mutant's phenotype strongly suggests that the enzyme's role is to act at the final stage in the T5-induced system of host DNA degradation by hydrolyzing deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphates to deoxynucleosides and free phosphate; failure to do this may delay expression of the second-step-transfer DNA.", "PMID": 335083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13256", "title": "The transmission of Candida albicans by cadaveric allografts.", "content": "Two transplant patients suffered Candida infections after receiving homografts from a cadaveric donor whose urine culture yielded Candida albicans greater than 100,000 colonies per ml. In both patients the infections became apparent after large doses of methylprednisolone were administered for acute rejection. Flucytosine proved to be inadequate therapy but modified doses of amphotericin B served to eradicate the infection in each case. Donor urine cultures yielding Candida albicans should be interpreted as representing a transmissible infection.", "contents": "The transmission of Candida albicans by cadaveric allografts. Two transplant patients suffered Candida infections after receiving homografts from a cadaveric donor whose urine culture yielded Candida albicans greater than 100,000 colonies per ml. In both patients the infections became apparent after large doses of methylprednisolone were administered for acute rejection. Flucytosine proved to be inadequate therapy but modified doses of amphotericin B served to eradicate the infection in each case. Donor urine cultures yielding Candida albicans should be interpreted as representing a transmissible infection.", "PMID": 335084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13257", "title": "The application of ileal conduits in pediatric renal transplantation.", "content": "Our experience with the use of ileal conduits as receptors of renal homografts in 5 of 41 transplant recipients during the preceding 4 years is described. These 5 chronic renal failure patients were between 6 months and 17 years old, and had unsalvageable bladders that required an ileal conduit at an elective time before transplantation. The causes of renal failure in these children included dysplasia and chronic urinary tract infection. In an attempt to retard the rate of renal insufficiency all patients underwent multiple operative procedures on the lower urinary tract. Two cadaveric and 3 kidneys from living relatives were transplanted. One infant (6 months old) died of severe fluid and electrolyte imbalance 5 days post-transplantation. Of the remaining patients 3 are now 2 to 3 1/2 years post-transplantation and exhibit normal homograft function, and 1 died recently of chronic rejection. All conduits functioned well without evidence of ureteroileal obstruction, significant infection or stomal stenosis.", "contents": "The application of ileal conduits in pediatric renal transplantation. Our experience with the use of ileal conduits as receptors of renal homografts in 5 of 41 transplant recipients during the preceding 4 years is described. These 5 chronic renal failure patients were between 6 months and 17 years old, and had unsalvageable bladders that required an ileal conduit at an elective time before transplantation. The causes of renal failure in these children included dysplasia and chronic urinary tract infection. In an attempt to retard the rate of renal insufficiency all patients underwent multiple operative procedures on the lower urinary tract. Two cadaveric and 3 kidneys from living relatives were transplanted. One infant (6 months old) died of severe fluid and electrolyte imbalance 5 days post-transplantation. Of the remaining patients 3 are now 2 to 3 1/2 years post-transplantation and exhibit normal homograft function, and 1 died recently of chronic rejection. All conduits functioned well without evidence of ureteroileal obstruction, significant infection or stomal stenosis.", "PMID": 335086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13258", "title": "The repair of a congenital H-type urethrorectal fistula using a scrotal flap urethroplasty.", "content": "A rare case of congenital urethrorectal fistula associated with stenosis of the normally positioned anterior urethra is described. Previously reported embryologic explanations, a detailed approach for surgical management and an alternative treatment are discussed.", "contents": "The repair of a congenital H-type urethrorectal fistula using a scrotal flap urethroplasty. A rare case of congenital urethrorectal fistula associated with stenosis of the normally positioned anterior urethra is described. Previously reported embryologic explanations, a detailed approach for surgical management and an alternative treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 335087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13259", "title": "Renal trauma.", "content": "The pertinent literature on renal trauma for the last 25 years has been analyzed. An evolutionary pattern is seen in the development of diagnostic methods, while surgical and medical management of renal trauma has become much more precise for specific lesions. Various subareas of interest within the field have emerged, such as pediatric trauma, associated injuries and the subdivisions of blunt and penetrating trauma. Furthermore, therapy has been extended to include those severe vascular lesions that previously were considered untreatable. Various new and experimental concepts are described. Specific recommendations regarding the diagnosis and the therapeutic management are offered in an attempt to bring perspective to these new developments.", "contents": "Renal trauma. The pertinent literature on renal trauma for the last 25 years has been analyzed. An evolutionary pattern is seen in the development of diagnostic methods, while surgical and medical management of renal trauma has become much more precise for specific lesions. Various subareas of interest within the field have emerged, such as pediatric trauma, associated injuries and the subdivisions of blunt and penetrating trauma. Furthermore, therapy has been extended to include those severe vascular lesions that previously were considered untreatable. Various new and experimental concepts are described. Specific recommendations regarding the diagnosis and the therapeutic management are offered in an attempt to bring perspective to these new developments.", "PMID": 335088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13260", "title": "Antibody-coated bacteria in the ejaculate: a possible test for prostatitis.", "content": "An immunofluorescence technique was used to study antibody coating of bacteria in ejaculates from 14 healthy individuals and 51 patients with complaints compatible with the diagnosis of prostatitis. Quantitative bacteriological cultures in the ejaculate were positive in 2 healthy individuals (14%) and in 25 patients with prostatic symptoms (49%). Antibody-coated bacteria could be demonstrated in 25 patients with prostatic symptoms (49%), 8 of whom had negative bacterial cultures, but in none of the healthy individuals. All 5 patients with epididymitis had antibody-caoted bacteria in the ejaculate. The 13 patients with antibody-coated bacteria in the ejaculate were given antibiotic treatment and the bacteria disappeared in 8 cases. The results document the presence of a (presumably local) immune response in bacterial prostatitis. Antibody coating of bacteria in the ejaculate seems to be helpful in the diagnosis of bacterial prostatitis.", "contents": "Antibody-coated bacteria in the ejaculate: a possible test for prostatitis. An immunofluorescence technique was used to study antibody coating of bacteria in ejaculates from 14 healthy individuals and 51 patients with complaints compatible with the diagnosis of prostatitis. Quantitative bacteriological cultures in the ejaculate were positive in 2 healthy individuals (14%) and in 25 patients with prostatic symptoms (49%). Antibody-coated bacteria could be demonstrated in 25 patients with prostatic symptoms (49%), 8 of whom had negative bacterial cultures, but in none of the healthy individuals. All 5 patients with epididymitis had antibody-caoted bacteria in the ejaculate. The 13 patients with antibody-coated bacteria in the ejaculate were given antibiotic treatment and the bacteria disappeared in 8 cases. The results document the presence of a (presumably local) immune response in bacterial prostatitis. Antibody coating of bacteria in the ejaculate seems to be helpful in the diagnosis of bacterial prostatitis.", "PMID": 335089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13261", "title": "Interference of human spermatozoal motility and spermatozoal agglutination by Candida albicans.", "content": "Human spermatozoa were exposed to concentrations of 10(2) to 10(7) organisms per ml. Candida albicans. A subsequent striking decrease in spermatozoal motility and significant agglutination were observed. The possible role of mycotic genital tract infections in human infertility is considered.", "contents": "Interference of human spermatozoal motility and spermatozoal agglutination by Candida albicans. Human spermatozoa were exposed to concentrations of 10(2) to 10(7) organisms per ml. Candida albicans. A subsequent striking decrease in spermatozoal motility and significant agglutination were observed. The possible role of mycotic genital tract infections in human infertility is considered.", "PMID": 335090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13262", "title": "[Urinary infection in urology. A rapid technique for confirmation of the diagnosis and the orientation of medical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A rapid technique for confirmation of the diagnosis and the orientation of medical treatment of urinary infection. Performance of direct antibiotic sensitivities on urine is a rapid (14 to 18 hours) procedure for determining the presence of organisms in the urine and seeking the antibiotic most active against them. In order to assess the value of the procedure, it was compared with classical bacteriological techniques. The correlation was found to be satisfactory. This procedure of direct sensitivity studies on urine is not in to way in competition with classical bacteriological techniques but is of great value in rapidly confirming the diagnosis of urinary infection and in the orientation of therapy. It eliminates a number of the justifications of blind treatment.", "contents": "[Urinary infection in urology. A rapid technique for confirmation of the diagnosis and the orientation of medical treatment (author's transl)]. A rapid technique for confirmation of the diagnosis and the orientation of medical treatment of urinary infection. Performance of direct antibiotic sensitivities on urine is a rapid (14 to 18 hours) procedure for determining the presence of organisms in the urine and seeking the antibiotic most active against them. In order to assess the value of the procedure, it was compared with classical bacteriological techniques. The correlation was found to be satisfactory. This procedure of direct sensitivity studies on urine is not in to way in competition with classical bacteriological techniques but is of great value in rapidly confirming the diagnosis of urinary infection and in the orientation of therapy. It eliminates a number of the justifications of blind treatment.", "PMID": 335081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13263", "title": "The bronchodilator effects of aerosolized terbutaline. A controlled, double-blind study.", "content": "The bronchodilator effects of aerosols of a high-dose of terbutaline sulfate (1.5 mg), a low-dose of terbutaline sulfate (0.75 mg), isoproterenol (0.3 mg), and placebo were compared using forced expiratory spirometry, flow-volume curves, and body plethysmography in a double-blind, six-hour, controlled study in 25 patients with reversible airflow obstruction. After isoproterenol therapy, the values peaked at 15 minutes, and none were significantly different (P less than .05) from placebo after the 30-minute observation point. The values for high-dose terbutaline peaked at one hour at a level that exceeded responses to isoproterenol. All values except the forced vital capacity at five and six hours and functional residual capacity at six hours were significantly greater than placebo (P less than .05) at all observation points. The low-dose terbutaline values peaked earlier and at a lower value than the high-dose terbutaline values, and several indexes were significantly greater (P less than .05) than after isoproterenol therapy beyond the two-hour point.", "contents": "The bronchodilator effects of aerosolized terbutaline. A controlled, double-blind study. The bronchodilator effects of aerosols of a high-dose of terbutaline sulfate (1.5 mg), a low-dose of terbutaline sulfate (0.75 mg), isoproterenol (0.3 mg), and placebo were compared using forced expiratory spirometry, flow-volume curves, and body plethysmography in a double-blind, six-hour, controlled study in 25 patients with reversible airflow obstruction. After isoproterenol therapy, the values peaked at 15 minutes, and none were significantly different (P less than .05) from placebo after the 30-minute observation point. The values for high-dose terbutaline peaked at one hour at a level that exceeded responses to isoproterenol. All values except the forced vital capacity at five and six hours and functional residual capacity at six hours were significantly greater than placebo (P less than .05) at all observation points. The low-dose terbutaline values peaked earlier and at a lower value than the high-dose terbutaline values, and several indexes were significantly greater (P less than .05) than after isoproterenol therapy beyond the two-hour point.", "PMID": 335093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13264", "title": "Treatment of Parkinson's disease with lergotrile mesylate.", "content": "Lergotrile mesylate, an ergot alkaloid derivative and putative dopamine agonist, was effective in the majority of patients with Parkinson's disease who were showing signs of disease progression despite treatment with levodopa combined with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa). Among 20 patients completing a six-month trial, there was a significant (P less than .01) reduction in rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, gait disturbance, and total score when lergotrile was added to levodopa plus carbidopa. Mean daily dose of lergotrile mesylate was 52 mg, and the mean daily dose of levodopa was reduced by 15%. Abnormal involuntary movements were decreased on addition of lergotrile and reduction in levodopa while mental changes and orthostatic hypotension were increased. Elevations in serum transaminase levels were noted in three patients. The ergot alkaloids promise to be an important new class of antiparkinsonian drugs.", "contents": "Treatment of Parkinson's disease with lergotrile mesylate. Lergotrile mesylate, an ergot alkaloid derivative and putative dopamine agonist, was effective in the majority of patients with Parkinson's disease who were showing signs of disease progression despite treatment with levodopa combined with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa). Among 20 patients completing a six-month trial, there was a significant (P less than .01) reduction in rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, gait disturbance, and total score when lergotrile was added to levodopa plus carbidopa. Mean daily dose of lergotrile mesylate was 52 mg, and the mean daily dose of levodopa was reduced by 15%. Abnormal involuntary movements were decreased on addition of lergotrile and reduction in levodopa while mental changes and orthostatic hypotension were increased. Elevations in serum transaminase levels were noted in three patients. The ergot alkaloids promise to be an important new class of antiparkinsonian drugs.", "PMID": 335094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13265", "title": "Nocardia asteroides sinusitis. Presentation as a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole responsive fever of unknown origin.", "content": "A patient with a yearlong fever of unknown origin responded to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and was discovered to have culture-proved Nocardia asteroides sinusitis, with absence of detectable disease in other organs. An inhalational route is postulated as the mode of entry of the organism, with localization in the maxillary sinus.", "contents": "Nocardia asteroides sinusitis. Presentation as a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole responsive fever of unknown origin. A patient with a yearlong fever of unknown origin responded to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and was discovered to have culture-proved Nocardia asteroides sinusitis, with absence of detectable disease in other organs. An inhalational route is postulated as the mode of entry of the organism, with localization in the maxillary sinus.", "PMID": 335095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13266", "title": "Bowel perforation with candidiasis.", "content": "Spontaneous multiple jejunal perforations developed in a relatively normal patient. Candida albicans was cultured from a biopsy specimen of an area of perforation and from peritoneal fluid. Yeasts and pseudohyphae were seen deep within the necrotic mucosa. Serial determinations of precipitating and agglutinating antibodies support the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis causing this unusual presentation.", "contents": "Bowel perforation with candidiasis. Spontaneous multiple jejunal perforations developed in a relatively normal patient. Candida albicans was cultured from a biopsy specimen of an area of perforation and from peritoneal fluid. Yeasts and pseudohyphae were seen deep within the necrotic mucosa. Serial determinations of precipitating and agglutinating antibodies support the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis causing this unusual presentation.", "PMID": 335096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13267", "title": "A case of renal transplant recipient complicated with cryptococcosis and amphotericin B induced acute tubular necrosis.", "content": "An adult renal transplant recipient was complicated with cryptococcal lung granuloma and meningitis. Treatment with the antifungal agents, 5-fluorocytocin and clotrimazole had to be discontinued due to side effects. Whereas, the intrathecal administration of amphotericin B proved effective for meningitis but intravenously it induced acute tubular necrosis to the transplanted kidney. In order to cure the persistant fungal lung granulomas in renal transplant patients early surgical excision seems to be essential.", "contents": "A case of renal transplant recipient complicated with cryptococcosis and amphotericin B induced acute tubular necrosis. An adult renal transplant recipient was complicated with cryptococcal lung granuloma and meningitis. Treatment with the antifungal agents, 5-fluorocytocin and clotrimazole had to be discontinued due to side effects. Whereas, the intrathecal administration of amphotericin B proved effective for meningitis but intravenously it induced acute tubular necrosis to the transplanted kidney. In order to cure the persistant fungal lung granulomas in renal transplant patients early surgical excision seems to be essential.", "PMID": 335102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13268", "title": "Unilateral Shwartzman reaction: cortical necrosis in one kidney following in vivo perfusion with endotoxin.", "content": "Unilateral renal cortical necrosis was selectively induced by in situ perfusion of the rabbit kidney with a perfusate containing 50 microgram of endotoxin followed by the i.v. administration of 250 microgram of endotoxin 24 hr later. The results strongly support the idea that the initial event in the genesis of renal cortical necrosis during the Shwartzman reaction is a specific local effect of endotoxin on the vascular endothelium.", "contents": "Unilateral Shwartzman reaction: cortical necrosis in one kidney following in vivo perfusion with endotoxin. Unilateral renal cortical necrosis was selectively induced by in situ perfusion of the rabbit kidney with a perfusate containing 50 microgram of endotoxin followed by the i.v. administration of 250 microgram of endotoxin 24 hr later. The results strongly support the idea that the initial event in the genesis of renal cortical necrosis during the Shwartzman reaction is a specific local effect of endotoxin on the vascular endothelium.", "PMID": 335145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13269", "title": "[Keratoplasty in complicated cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Prognosis of corneal surgery has improved considerably owing to certain modern advances such as improved anesthesia, antibiotics, steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, better instruments, etc. Therefore it is now possible with the help of new techniques and medications to obtain very satisfactory results, even in cases which, in the past, were considered hopeless cases. Some examples from the author's personal experience are presented.", "contents": "[Keratoplasty in complicated cases (author's transl)]. Prognosis of corneal surgery has improved considerably owing to certain modern advances such as improved anesthesia, antibiotics, steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, better instruments, etc. Therefore it is now possible with the help of new techniques and medications to obtain very satisfactory results, even in cases which, in the past, were considered hopeless cases. Some examples from the author's personal experience are presented.", "PMID": 335158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13270", "title": "[On the technical preconditions of using preserved graft for keratoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "By the aid of the preserving solution that was mentioned by McCarey and Kaufman, the so-called MK-medium, it is possible to preserve human corneas up to six days. Now we inform about a method for gaining graft that permits the use of the rotor trephine with its already known advantages, such as low cutting pressure, low deformation of the tissue margines and the possibility of watching the cutting process.", "contents": "[On the technical preconditions of using preserved graft for keratoplasty (author's transl)]. By the aid of the preserving solution that was mentioned by McCarey and Kaufman, the so-called MK-medium, it is possible to preserve human corneas up to six days. Now we inform about a method for gaining graft that permits the use of the rotor trephine with its already known advantages, such as low cutting pressure, low deformation of the tissue margines and the possibility of watching the cutting process.", "PMID": 335159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13271", "title": "[Diphtheria: its history and epidemiology (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey of the historical and epidemiologic development of diphtheria is presented. The last four centuries are described particular attention is devoted to the most important centers of the epidemic during this time. Special consideration is given to the last one hundred years in Germany.", "contents": "[Diphtheria: its history and epidemiology (author's transl)]. A survey of the historical and epidemiologic development of diphtheria is presented. The last four centuries are described particular attention is devoted to the most important centers of the epidemic during this time. Special consideration is given to the last one hundred years in Germany.", "PMID": 335162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13272", "title": "Measles antigen distribution in brains of chronically infected hamsters. An immunoperoxidase study of experimental subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Weanling (21-day old) hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally with hamster-adapted, HBS strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus and studied between days 6 and 51 of infection with light microscopic immunofluorescent and ultrastructural immunoperoxidase methods. Characteristic measles fuzzy nucleocapsids developed and persisted in brain cell cytoplasm while smooth nucleocapsids developed in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Measles virus antigens appeared not only in relation to nucleocapsid but also in cytoplasm and along the inner aspect of cytoplasmic membranes of brain cells including neuronal dendrites. No budding virions were seen. Focal concentrations of bound hamster IgG occurred within foci of infected cells during the chronic infection. These studies show that in hamsters, persistent central nervous system measles infection is due to morphologically identifiable virus structures even when the host serologic response is active. The finding of viral antigens within the cytoplasmic membrane along with focal collections of hamster IgG in the same areas suggests that a \"blocking factor,\" possibly antibody, protects infected cells from immune surveillance and destruction.", "contents": "Measles antigen distribution in brains of chronically infected hamsters. An immunoperoxidase study of experimental subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Weanling (21-day old) hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally with hamster-adapted, HBS strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus and studied between days 6 and 51 of infection with light microscopic immunofluorescent and ultrastructural immunoperoxidase methods. Characteristic measles fuzzy nucleocapsids developed and persisted in brain cell cytoplasm while smooth nucleocapsids developed in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Measles virus antigens appeared not only in relation to nucleocapsid but also in cytoplasm and along the inner aspect of cytoplasmic membranes of brain cells including neuronal dendrites. No budding virions were seen. Focal concentrations of bound hamster IgG occurred within foci of infected cells during the chronic infection. These studies show that in hamsters, persistent central nervous system measles infection is due to morphologically identifiable virus structures even when the host serologic response is active. The finding of viral antigens within the cytoplasmic membrane along with focal collections of hamster IgG in the same areas suggests that a \"blocking factor,\" possibly antibody, protects infected cells from immune surveillance and destruction.", "PMID": 335163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13273", "title": "The reticuloendothelium as the target in a virus infection. Pichinde virus pathogenesis in two strains of hamsters.", "content": "The course of Pichinde virus infection in two strains of hamsters, LVG and MHA, was studied by sequential frozen-section immunofluorescence and light and electron microscopy. The major destructive effects of the infection were in the spleen and liver. In the spleen, primary target cells were macrophages in the marginal zone of the white pulp with subsequent spread into elements of the red pulp. In the liver, there was Kupffer cell and hepatocellular infection. The extent of involvement correlated with the outcome of infection; more extensive and progressive necrosis occurred in the fatally infected MHA than in the LVG strain in which infection was self-limiting. In neither strain of animal was there demonstrable infection of lymphoid cells. Similarly, lesion sites did not have mononuclear inflammatory infiltrations which are characteristic of most viral infections. These findings suggested that, in contrast to the situation in other rodent arenavirus infections, the lesions in these hamsters were probably not consequences of immunopathologic host response but rather were a result of direct viral effects in concert with a genetically determined host susceptibility.", "contents": "The reticuloendothelium as the target in a virus infection. Pichinde virus pathogenesis in two strains of hamsters. The course of Pichinde virus infection in two strains of hamsters, LVG and MHA, was studied by sequential frozen-section immunofluorescence and light and electron microscopy. The major destructive effects of the infection were in the spleen and liver. In the spleen, primary target cells were macrophages in the marginal zone of the white pulp with subsequent spread into elements of the red pulp. In the liver, there was Kupffer cell and hepatocellular infection. The extent of involvement correlated with the outcome of infection; more extensive and progressive necrosis occurred in the fatally infected MHA than in the LVG strain in which infection was self-limiting. In neither strain of animal was there demonstrable infection of lymphoid cells. Similarly, lesion sites did not have mononuclear inflammatory infiltrations which are characteristic of most viral infections. These findings suggested that, in contrast to the situation in other rodent arenavirus infections, the lesions in these hamsters were probably not consequences of immunopathologic host response but rather were a result of direct viral effects in concert with a genetically determined host susceptibility.", "PMID": 335164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13274", "title": "Delirium tremens in the Royal Navy and British Army in the 19th century.", "content": "Nineteenth-century health records of the Royal Navy and British Army reveal remarkable differences in the prevalence and mortality of delirium tremens between commands and services.", "contents": "Delirium tremens in the Royal Navy and British Army in the 19th century. Nineteenth-century health records of the Royal Navy and British Army reveal remarkable differences in the prevalence and mortality of delirium tremens between commands and services.", "PMID": 335168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13275", "title": "Effects of alcoholics' expectation of a drink.", "content": "The expectation of receiving alcohol influenced the drinking behavior of alcoholics and social drinkers resulting in increases in the amount of placebo consumed and higher estimates by both alcoholics and social drinkers of the percentage of alcohol in the placebo.", "contents": "Effects of alcoholics' expectation of a drink. The expectation of receiving alcohol influenced the drinking behavior of alcoholics and social drinkers resulting in increases in the amount of placebo consumed and higher estimates by both alcoholics and social drinkers of the percentage of alcohol in the placebo.", "PMID": 335169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13276", "title": "Prognostic indices for survival during postcardiotomy intra-aortic balloon pumping. Methods of scoring and classification, with implications for left ventricular assist device utilization.", "content": "To define more clearly a salvageable patient for possible utilization of a left ventricular assist device prior to multiple organ failure and irretrievability during postcardiotomy intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP), we made prospective and retrospective analyses to determine prognostic indices for survival. Serial left ventricular function curves (IABP on-off), scoring methods, hemodynamic and renal function tracking trajectories, survival versus nonsurvival data envelopes, and classification methods were developed and used. All patients requiring postcardiotomy IABP support who were in Class A survived; 80 percent of the patients in Class B survived. All patients who remained in Class C for 12 hours or more following operation with IABP support died. These preliminary analyses suggest that the postcardiotomy IABP-supported patient with a score of less than 6 who remains in Class C for 12 hours or more is at the highest possible risk and is a probably candidate for more effective support with a left ventricular assist device.", "contents": "Prognostic indices for survival during postcardiotomy intra-aortic balloon pumping. Methods of scoring and classification, with implications for left ventricular assist device utilization. To define more clearly a salvageable patient for possible utilization of a left ventricular assist device prior to multiple organ failure and irretrievability during postcardiotomy intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP), we made prospective and retrospective analyses to determine prognostic indices for survival. Serial left ventricular function curves (IABP on-off), scoring methods, hemodynamic and renal function tracking trajectories, survival versus nonsurvival data envelopes, and classification methods were developed and used. All patients requiring postcardiotomy IABP support who were in Class A survived; 80 percent of the patients in Class B survived. All patients who remained in Class C for 12 hours or more following operation with IABP support died. These preliminary analyses suggest that the postcardiotomy IABP-supported patient with a score of less than 6 who remains in Class C for 12 hours or more is at the highest possible risk and is a probably candidate for more effective support with a left ventricular assist device.", "PMID": 335170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13277", "title": "Reconstruction of bony canal with autogenous bone graft.", "content": "The advantages of preservation of the bony posterior wall of the external auditory canal during surgery for chronic infection have been stressed by many authors. The superior canal wall is often partially destroyed by cholesteatoma, or must necessarily be removed, to insure adequate removal of attic pathology. Numerous techniques and grafting material will be reviewed. Our technique of using autogenous bone, cut with a thin chisel which curls to the shape of the ear canal, will be presented and illustrated.", "contents": "Reconstruction of bony canal with autogenous bone graft. The advantages of preservation of the bony posterior wall of the external auditory canal during surgery for chronic infection have been stressed by many authors. The superior canal wall is often partially destroyed by cholesteatoma, or must necessarily be removed, to insure adequate removal of attic pathology. Numerous techniques and grafting material will be reviewed. Our technique of using autogenous bone, cut with a thin chisel which curls to the shape of the ear canal, will be presented and illustrated.", "PMID": 335177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13278", "title": "Mandibular replacement after resection for tumor.", "content": "The ideal natural or prosthetic mandibular replacement should be adjustable at the time of surgery, completely stable, free from tissue reaction or rejection, rapidly incorporated into surrounding tissue, and unlimited in lifespan. A brief review of clinically utilized mandibular replacements is discussed in relation to the ideals. At this time the replacement most adequately satisfying these principles is autogenous cancellous bone and marrow supported by a titanium mesh trough. This article describes the details of external mandibular fixation and the reconstructive procedure including preoperative preparation and common postoperative complications. Modifications of the prosthesis and surgical technique are suggested in order to decrease the chances of postoperative exposure, a complication in any type of mandibular reconstruction.", "contents": "Mandibular replacement after resection for tumor. The ideal natural or prosthetic mandibular replacement should be adjustable at the time of surgery, completely stable, free from tissue reaction or rejection, rapidly incorporated into surrounding tissue, and unlimited in lifespan. A brief review of clinically utilized mandibular replacements is discussed in relation to the ideals. At this time the replacement most adequately satisfying these principles is autogenous cancellous bone and marrow supported by a titanium mesh trough. This article describes the details of external mandibular fixation and the reconstructive procedure including preoperative preparation and common postoperative complications. Modifications of the prosthesis and surgical technique are suggested in order to decrease the chances of postoperative exposure, a complication in any type of mandibular reconstruction.", "PMID": 335178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13279", "title": "A comparative trial of co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.", "content": "A single-blind comparative trial of the effectiveness of co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis was carried out on 60 hospital patients. Both forms of treatment were equally effective in producing clinical improvement and reduction of sputum purulence and volume. There was no significant difference, either in the speed of recovery, or in the relapse rate, after treatment with co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin.", "contents": "A comparative trial of co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. A single-blind comparative trial of the effectiveness of co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis was carried out on 60 hospital patients. Both forms of treatment were equally effective in producing clinical improvement and reduction of sputum purulence and volume. There was no significant difference, either in the speed of recovery, or in the relapse rate, after treatment with co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin.", "PMID": 335196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13280", "title": "A comparative study of co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute bronchitis in general practice: a multicentre study.", "content": "One hundred and five patients with acute bronchitis were treated with co-trimoxazole, and amoxycillin, in a single-blind trial. The present study confirms that co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin are effective, and well tolerated agents, both suitable for the management of acute bronchitis.", "contents": "A comparative study of co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute bronchitis in general practice: a multicentre study. One hundred and five patients with acute bronchitis were treated with co-trimoxazole, and amoxycillin, in a single-blind trial. The present study confirms that co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin are effective, and well tolerated agents, both suitable for the management of acute bronchitis.", "PMID": 335197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13281", "title": "Cardiovascular monitoring in the coronary care unit.", "content": "The present status of cardiovascular monitoring in the coronary care unit is reviewed. Major emphasis is placed on electrocardiographic monitoring, the only form of monitoring used on most patients who have suffered recent myocardial infarction. The capabilities and limitations of computer systems to perform electrocardiographic monitoring are reviewed, as are present techniques for hemodynamic monitoring and computerized integration of electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, and other patient data.", "contents": "Cardiovascular monitoring in the coronary care unit. The present status of cardiovascular monitoring in the coronary care unit is reviewed. Major emphasis is placed on electrocardiographic monitoring, the only form of monitoring used on most patients who have suffered recent myocardial infarction. The capabilities and limitations of computer systems to perform electrocardiographic monitoring are reviewed, as are present techniques for hemodynamic monitoring and computerized integration of electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, and other patient data.", "PMID": 335194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13282", "title": "[Antihypertensive therapy with a new beta-blocking agent Timolol. Double blind study and comparison with Alprenolol and Pindolol (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double blind study including 24 patients with essential hypertension the beta-blocking agent Timolol showed a mild antihypertensive effect. These patients had been pretreated with hydrochlorothiazid to which they responded already with a significant lowering of their blood pressure before Timolol was added. The effect of Timolol equals the effects of Pindolol and Alprenolol. We also found a suppression of the plasma-renin-activity under Timolol. This effect did not correlate with the degree of blood pressure reduction. There were no side effects noted except for a lowering of the pulse rate about which some of the patients complained and which is typical for beta blocking agents without intrinsic symphaticomimetic activity. According to our results this new beta blocking agent for antihypertensive therapy has very much the same properties as the other beta-blocking drugs already in use.", "contents": "[Antihypertensive therapy with a new beta-blocking agent Timolol. Double blind study and comparison with Alprenolol and Pindolol (author's transl)]. In a double blind study including 24 patients with essential hypertension the beta-blocking agent Timolol showed a mild antihypertensive effect. These patients had been pretreated with hydrochlorothiazid to which they responded already with a significant lowering of their blood pressure before Timolol was added. The effect of Timolol equals the effects of Pindolol and Alprenolol. We also found a suppression of the plasma-renin-activity under Timolol. This effect did not correlate with the degree of blood pressure reduction. There were no side effects noted except for a lowering of the pulse rate about which some of the patients complained and which is typical for beta blocking agents without intrinsic symphaticomimetic activity. According to our results this new beta blocking agent for antihypertensive therapy has very much the same properties as the other beta-blocking drugs already in use.", "PMID": 335203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13283", "title": "Platelet activating factor (PAF). A possible direct mediator of anaphylaxis in the rabbit and a trigger for the vascular deposition of circulating immune complexes.", "content": "Evidence is presented that IgE-induced, basophil-derived, platelet-activating factor (PAF) causes sequestration of rabbit platelets during sublethal IgE-induced anaphylaxis, and produces a state of specific desensitization in the platelets upon their subsequent return to the circulation. Moreover, depletion of platelets from rabbits undergoing lethal anaphylaxis abrogated the mortality and markedly reduced other parameters of the anaphylaxis. It was suggested that PAF may represent a major mediator of this reaction. A number of lines of evidence have suggested in addition that PAF may play a role in acute experimental immune complex disen that PAF may play a role in acute experimental immune complex disease in rabbits by causing release of vasoactive amines from platelets, lase in rabbits by causing release of vasoactive amines from platelets, leading to increased vascular permeability and deposition of circulating immune complexes along filtering vascular membranes. This data, providing evidence for the action of PAF in vivo and implicating this action in two allergic reactions, supports the contention that PAF is an important mediator of acute allergic reactions.", "contents": "Platelet activating factor (PAF). A possible direct mediator of anaphylaxis in the rabbit and a trigger for the vascular deposition of circulating immune complexes. Evidence is presented that IgE-induced, basophil-derived, platelet-activating factor (PAF) causes sequestration of rabbit platelets during sublethal IgE-induced anaphylaxis, and produces a state of specific desensitization in the platelets upon their subsequent return to the circulation. Moreover, depletion of platelets from rabbits undergoing lethal anaphylaxis abrogated the mortality and markedly reduced other parameters of the anaphylaxis. It was suggested that PAF may represent a major mediator of this reaction. A number of lines of evidence have suggested in addition that PAF may play a role in acute experimental immune complex disen that PAF may play a role in acute experimental immune complex disease in rabbits by causing release of vasoactive amines from platelets, lase in rabbits by causing release of vasoactive amines from platelets, leading to increased vascular permeability and deposition of circulating immune complexes along filtering vascular membranes. This data, providing evidence for the action of PAF in vivo and implicating this action in two allergic reactions, supports the contention that PAF is an important mediator of acute allergic reactions.", "PMID": 335211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13284", "title": "Late cutaneous reactions due to IgE antibodies.", "content": "IgE antibodies can produce a late inflammatory response 6--12 h after allergen challenge which is characterized by diffuse edema, erythema, pruritus, tenderness and heat. That IgE is involved in inducing the late reaction was shown by the abolition of both immediate and late responses by passive transfer tests: (1) by heating atopic serum at 56 degrees C for 4 h; (2) by removing IgE from the atopic serum by a solid phase anti-IgE immunoabsorbent, and (3) by competitively inhibiting the binding of IgE antibodies to cells by an IgE myeloma protein. Also, both responses were induced by affinity chromatography-purified IgE antibody followed by antigenic challenge. Very similar lesions could be induced by intradermal injection of Compound 48/80. The late phase is characterized by edema and a mixed cellular infiltration, predominantly lymphocytic but also containing eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils. Direct immunofluorescent staining did not show deposition of immunoglobulins or complement components, except IgM in two of 15 and C3 in one of 15 patients, respectively.", "contents": "Late cutaneous reactions due to IgE antibodies. IgE antibodies can produce a late inflammatory response 6--12 h after allergen challenge which is characterized by diffuse edema, erythema, pruritus, tenderness and heat. That IgE is involved in inducing the late reaction was shown by the abolition of both immediate and late responses by passive transfer tests: (1) by heating atopic serum at 56 degrees C for 4 h; (2) by removing IgE from the atopic serum by a solid phase anti-IgE immunoabsorbent, and (3) by competitively inhibiting the binding of IgE antibodies to cells by an IgE myeloma protein. Also, both responses were induced by affinity chromatography-purified IgE antibody followed by antigenic challenge. Very similar lesions could be induced by intradermal injection of Compound 48/80. The late phase is characterized by edema and a mixed cellular infiltration, predominantly lymphocytic but also containing eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils. Direct immunofluorescent staining did not show deposition of immunoglobulins or complement components, except IgM in two of 15 and C3 in one of 15 patients, respectively.", "PMID": 335213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13285", "title": "Spontaneous, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation mutagenesis in two auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium carrying an R plasmid.", "content": "Ultraviolet-induced, gamma-induced and spontaneous mutation yields were studied in two different auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence and absence of the UV-protecting drug resistance transfer factor R-Utrecht. One strain, carrying the hisC527 (amber) mutation, showed significantly increased spontaneous, UV- and gamma-induced mutability in the presence of the R-Utrecht plasmid. The other strain, carrying the trpD1 mutation (thought to be a missense mutation), also showed significantly increased UV mutability in the presence of the R-Utrecht plasmid. The other strain, carrying the trpD1 mutation (thought to be a missense mutation), also showed significantly increased UV mutability in the presence of the R factor, but appeared to show no significant increase in spontaneous mutability and only a very slight increase in gamma-mutability when carrying the R factor. These results demonstrate that the R-Utrecht plasmid, known to enhance UV-induced mutation yields in S. typhimurium, can also significantly enhance both spontaneous and gamma-induced mutation yields in this species. The latter effects are not so discernible with all markers, however, as shown by the results with strains carrying the trpD1 mutation. Enhancement of spontaneous mutability thus appears to be correlated with enhancement of gamma-mutability rather than UV mutability.", "contents": "Spontaneous, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation mutagenesis in two auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium carrying an R plasmid. Ultraviolet-induced, gamma-induced and spontaneous mutation yields were studied in two different auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence and absence of the UV-protecting drug resistance transfer factor R-Utrecht. One strain, carrying the hisC527 (amber) mutation, showed significantly increased spontaneous, UV- and gamma-induced mutability in the presence of the R-Utrecht plasmid. The other strain, carrying the trpD1 mutation (thought to be a missense mutation), also showed significantly increased UV mutability in the presence of the R-Utrecht plasmid. The other strain, carrying the trpD1 mutation (thought to be a missense mutation), also showed significantly increased UV mutability in the presence of the R factor, but appeared to show no significant increase in spontaneous mutability and only a very slight increase in gamma-mutability when carrying the R factor. These results demonstrate that the R-Utrecht plasmid, known to enhance UV-induced mutation yields in S. typhimurium, can also significantly enhance both spontaneous and gamma-induced mutation yields in this species. The latter effects are not so discernible with all markers, however, as shown by the results with strains carrying the trpD1 mutation. Enhancement of spontaneous mutability thus appears to be correlated with enhancement of gamma-mutability rather than UV mutability.", "PMID": 335234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13286", "title": "Repair of pyrimidine dimers in radiation-sensitive mutants rad3, rad4, rad6 and rad9 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The ability to remove ultraviolet (UV)-induced pyrimidine dimers was examined in four radiation-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The susceptibility of DNA from irradiated cells to nicking by either the T4 UV-endonuclease or an endonuclease activity found in crude extracts of Micrococcus luteus was used to measure the presence of dimers in DNA. The rad3 and rad4 mutants are shown to be defective in dimer excision whereas the rad6 and rad9 mutants are proficient in dimer excision.", "contents": "Repair of pyrimidine dimers in radiation-sensitive mutants rad3, rad4, rad6 and rad9 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ability to remove ultraviolet (UV)-induced pyrimidine dimers was examined in four radiation-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The susceptibility of DNA from irradiated cells to nicking by either the T4 UV-endonuclease or an endonuclease activity found in crude extracts of Micrococcus luteus was used to measure the presence of dimers in DNA. The rad3 and rad4 mutants are shown to be defective in dimer excision whereas the rad6 and rad9 mutants are proficient in dimer excision.", "PMID": 335235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13287", "title": "Evidence for inactivation of DNA repair in frozen and thawed mammalian cells.", "content": "A variety of cell strains and lines were frozen and thawed by conventional techniques for cell storage. Following thawing, extracts of cells were prepared and incubated with UV-irradiated E. coli DNA. Thymine dimer excision activity present in extracts of unfrozen cells was lost in extracts of recently thawed cells. The ability to exercise dimers was restored after about 40 h post-thawing, but the recovery was inhibited if cells were cultured in the presence of puromycin. Correlating with the loss of dimer excising activity there was a reduced cell viability as measured by trypan blue dye exclusion.", "contents": "Evidence for inactivation of DNA repair in frozen and thawed mammalian cells. A variety of cell strains and lines were frozen and thawed by conventional techniques for cell storage. Following thawing, extracts of cells were prepared and incubated with UV-irradiated E. coli DNA. Thymine dimer excision activity present in extracts of unfrozen cells was lost in extracts of recently thawed cells. The ability to exercise dimers was restored after about 40 h post-thawing, but the recovery was inhibited if cells were cultured in the presence of puromycin. Correlating with the loss of dimer excising activity there was a reduced cell viability as measured by trypan blue dye exclusion.", "PMID": 335236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13288", "title": "The induction of mutations to 2-thioxanthine resistance in inhibitor depleted conidia of Aspergillus nidulans by gamma-radiation in the presence of oxygen or nitrogen.", "content": "A strain of Aspergillus nidulans has been used to study the inactivating and mutagenic effect of 60Cogamma-rays in the presence of oxygen or nitrogen. Mutation was studied by the 2-thioxanthine system which selectively detects forward mutation at a number of gene loci (at least 16). Mutants resistant to conidial pigmentation effects of 2-thioxanthine can be divided into four main classes (2TxR, hx, uaY and cnx) and three of these classes (hx, uaY and cnx) can be further characterized at the gene level. The results demonstrate the existence of a marked differential forward mutational response of gene loci in Aspergillus conidia which is dependent upon whether gamma-irradiation in aqueous suspension was carried out in the presence of oxygen or of nitrogen: this effect is independent of the dose of radiation exposure. The specificity for mutation is altered by the presence of the self-inhibitor of germination for the anoxic treatment but not the oxic irradiation. The implication of different oer's (oxygen enhancement ratios) for mutation induction in different classes or genes for the mechanism and type of damage induced by the two radiation conditions are discussed.", "contents": "The induction of mutations to 2-thioxanthine resistance in inhibitor depleted conidia of Aspergillus nidulans by gamma-radiation in the presence of oxygen or nitrogen. A strain of Aspergillus nidulans has been used to study the inactivating and mutagenic effect of 60Cogamma-rays in the presence of oxygen or nitrogen. Mutation was studied by the 2-thioxanthine system which selectively detects forward mutation at a number of gene loci (at least 16). Mutants resistant to conidial pigmentation effects of 2-thioxanthine can be divided into four main classes (2TxR, hx, uaY and cnx) and three of these classes (hx, uaY and cnx) can be further characterized at the gene level. The results demonstrate the existence of a marked differential forward mutational response of gene loci in Aspergillus conidia which is dependent upon whether gamma-irradiation in aqueous suspension was carried out in the presence of oxygen or of nitrogen: this effect is independent of the dose of radiation exposure. The specificity for mutation is altered by the presence of the self-inhibitor of germination for the anoxic treatment but not the oxic irradiation. The implication of different oer's (oxygen enhancement ratios) for mutation induction in different classes or genes for the mechanism and type of damage induced by the two radiation conditions are discussed.", "PMID": 335238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13289", "title": "Comparison of the genetic activity of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The ability of aflatoxins B1 and G1 to induce back mutations to arg+ in Escherichia coli K-12/343/113 was compared with the induction of mitotic gene conversion to ade+ in the diploid yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae D4, ade-2. In analogy to previous results with other microorganisms, the compounds were not genetically active per se, indicating that under the experimental conditions employed none of the tester strains were able to activate the compounds to mutagenic products. In experiments using liver homogenates (S-9 fraction) of male Golden Syrian hamsters previously treated with phenobarbital, aflatoxin B1 exhibited strong genetic activity both in E. coli and in S. cerevisiae, whereas the mutagenic activity of aflatoxin G1 was markedly lower and could be detected only in the E. coli tester strain. These results correlate the findings that aflatoxin G1 is a less potent carcinogen and mutagen than aflatoxin B1.", "contents": "Comparison of the genetic activity of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ability of aflatoxins B1 and G1 to induce back mutations to arg+ in Escherichia coli K-12/343/113 was compared with the induction of mitotic gene conversion to ade+ in the diploid yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae D4, ade-2. In analogy to previous results with other microorganisms, the compounds were not genetically active per se, indicating that under the experimental conditions employed none of the tester strains were able to activate the compounds to mutagenic products. In experiments using liver homogenates (S-9 fraction) of male Golden Syrian hamsters previously treated with phenobarbital, aflatoxin B1 exhibited strong genetic activity both in E. coli and in S. cerevisiae, whereas the mutagenic activity of aflatoxin G1 was markedly lower and could be detected only in the E. coli tester strain. These results correlate the findings that aflatoxin G1 is a less potent carcinogen and mutagen than aflatoxin B1.", "PMID": 335239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13290", "title": "Legionnaires' disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia.", "content": "An explosive, common-source outbreak of pneumonia caused by a previously unrecognized bacterium affected primarily persons attending an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in July, 1976. Twenty-nine of 182 cases were fatal. Spread of the bacterium appeared to be air borne. The source of the bacterium was not found, but epidemiologic analysis suggested that exposure may have occurred in the lobby of the headquarters hotel or in the area immediately surrounding the hotel. Person-to-person spread seemed not to have occurred. Many hotel employees appeared to be immune, suggesting that the agent may have been present in the vicinity, perhaps intermittently, for two or more years.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. An explosive, common-source outbreak of pneumonia caused by a previously unrecognized bacterium affected primarily persons attending an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in July, 1976. Twenty-nine of 182 cases were fatal. Spread of the bacterium appeared to be air borne. The source of the bacterium was not found, but epidemiologic analysis suggested that exposure may have occurred in the lobby of the headquarters hotel or in the area immediately surrounding the hotel. Person-to-person spread seemed not to have occurred. Many hotel employees appeared to be immune, suggesting that the agent may have been present in the vicinity, perhaps intermittently, for two or more years.", "PMID": 335244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13291", "title": "Legionnaires' disease: isolation of a bacterium and demonstration of its role in other respiratory disease.", "content": "To identify the etiologic agent of Legionnaire's disease, we examined patients' serum and tissue specimens in a search for toxins, bacteria, fungi, chlamydiae, rickettsiae and viruses. From the lungs of four of six patients we isolated a gram-negative, non-acid-fast bacillus in guinea pigs. The bacillus could be transferred to yolk sacs of embryonated eggs. Classification of this organism is incomplete. We used yolk-sac cultures of the bacillus as antigen to survey suspected serum specimens, employing antihuman-globulin fluorescent antibody. When compared to controls, specimens from 101 to 111 patients meeting clinical criteria of Legionnaires' disease showed diagnostic increases in antibody titers. Diagnostic increases were also found in 54 recent sporadic cases of severe pneumonia and, retrospectively, in stored serum from most patients in two other previously unsolved outbreaks of respiratory disease. We conclude that Legionnaires' disease is caused by a gram-negative bacterium that may be responsible for widespread infection.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease: isolation of a bacterium and demonstration of its role in other respiratory disease. To identify the etiologic agent of Legionnaire's disease, we examined patients' serum and tissue specimens in a search for toxins, bacteria, fungi, chlamydiae, rickettsiae and viruses. From the lungs of four of six patients we isolated a gram-negative, non-acid-fast bacillus in guinea pigs. The bacillus could be transferred to yolk sacs of embryonated eggs. Classification of this organism is incomplete. We used yolk-sac cultures of the bacillus as antigen to survey suspected serum specimens, employing antihuman-globulin fluorescent antibody. When compared to controls, specimens from 101 to 111 patients meeting clinical criteria of Legionnaires' disease showed diagnostic increases in antibody titers. Diagnostic increases were also found in 54 recent sporadic cases of severe pneumonia and, retrospectively, in stored serum from most patients in two other previously unsolved outbreaks of respiratory disease. We conclude that Legionnaires' disease is caused by a gram-negative bacterium that may be responsible for widespread infection.", "PMID": 335245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13292", "title": "Antibodies to oligodendroglia in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "We demonstrated antibodies to isolated oligodendrocytes and to oligodendroglia in brain sections by indirect immunofluorescence technic in serums of 19 of 21 patients with multiple sclerosis. We also found such antibodies in three of five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and one of four patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, but not in patients with other neurologic diseases or normal persons. The antibodies were absorbed by preincubation of serum with isolated oligodendrocytes or whole white matter, but not with purified myelin or liver tissue. Immunofluorescent staining was blocked by either rabbit anti-oligodendrocyte serum or non-fluoresceinated goat anti-human immunoglobulin. These findings suggest that antibodies to oligodendroglia are distinct from antibodies to myelin and that demyelination in multiple sclerosis could be a consequence of an immunopathologic reaction directed against oligodendroglial cells.", "contents": "Antibodies to oligodendroglia in patients with multiple sclerosis. We demonstrated antibodies to isolated oligodendrocytes and to oligodendroglia in brain sections by indirect immunofluorescence technic in serums of 19 of 21 patients with multiple sclerosis. We also found such antibodies in three of five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and one of four patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, but not in patients with other neurologic diseases or normal persons. The antibodies were absorbed by preincubation of serum with isolated oligodendrocytes or whole white matter, but not with purified myelin or liver tissue. Immunofluorescent staining was blocked by either rabbit anti-oligodendrocyte serum or non-fluoresceinated goat anti-human immunoglobulin. These findings suggest that antibodies to oligodendroglia are distinct from antibodies to myelin and that demyelination in multiple sclerosis could be a consequence of an immunopathologic reaction directed against oligodendroglial cells.", "PMID": 335246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13293", "title": "Aspirin prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement.", "content": "We assessed aspirin prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in a prospective, controlled, double-blind study of patients over 40 years of age, who had undergone total hip replacement. Radiographic phlebography was the diagnostic end point. Thromboembolism developed in 11 of 44 patients receiving aspirin, as compared to 23 of 51 receiving the placebo (P less than 0.03). Unexpectedly, this protection was limited to men. In four of 23 men on aspirin thrombi developed, as compared to 14 of 25 receiving placebo (P less than 0.01). Corresponding figures for women were seven of 21 versus nine of 26. Review of a similar group of patients receiving aspirin revealed significantly greater protection (P less than 0.03) in men (three of 15) than in women (15 of 27). These data establish statistically significant prophylaxis in men over the age of 40 by 600 mg of aspirin given twice daily. The absence of a protective effect in women remains unexplained.", "contents": "Aspirin prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement. We assessed aspirin prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in a prospective, controlled, double-blind study of patients over 40 years of age, who had undergone total hip replacement. Radiographic phlebography was the diagnostic end point. Thromboembolism developed in 11 of 44 patients receiving aspirin, as compared to 23 of 51 receiving the placebo (P less than 0.03). Unexpectedly, this protection was limited to men. In four of 23 men on aspirin thrombi developed, as compared to 14 of 25 receiving placebo (P less than 0.01). Corresponding figures for women were seven of 21 versus nine of 26. Review of a similar group of patients receiving aspirin revealed significantly greater protection (P less than 0.03) in men (three of 15) than in women (15 of 27). These data establish statistically significant prophylaxis in men over the age of 40 by 600 mg of aspirin given twice daily. The absence of a protective effect in women remains unexplained.", "PMID": 335247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13294", "title": "Precautions in medical care of, and in handling materials from, patients with transmissible virus dementia (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease).", "content": "We have formulated a series of precautions to be observed in caring for patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and in handling their tissues. The virus resists inactivation by simple boiling in water. Also ineffective are 10 per cent formalin, 70 per cent alcohol and ionizing and ultraviolet radiation. Autoclaving for one hour at 121 degrees C and 20 psi inactivates the agent completely. Five per cent hypochlorite, 0.03 per cent permanganate, phenolics and iodine solutions are adequate disinfectants inactivating large infective doses of the virus. Special isolation wards for afflicted patients seem unwarranted. Workers exposed to infected saliva, nasopharyngeal secretions, urine or feces need to and should wash thoroughly with ordinary soap. Needles and needle electrodes should be autoclaved or incinerated and discarded. Demented persons should not be used for donations of blood or other tissues. Although precautions are necessary, the epidemiologic evidence does not suggest an unusual risk of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease for medical workers.", "contents": "Precautions in medical care of, and in handling materials from, patients with transmissible virus dementia (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease). We have formulated a series of precautions to be observed in caring for patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and in handling their tissues. The virus resists inactivation by simple boiling in water. Also ineffective are 10 per cent formalin, 70 per cent alcohol and ionizing and ultraviolet radiation. Autoclaving for one hour at 121 degrees C and 20 psi inactivates the agent completely. Five per cent hypochlorite, 0.03 per cent permanganate, phenolics and iodine solutions are adequate disinfectants inactivating large infective doses of the virus. Special isolation wards for afflicted patients seem unwarranted. Workers exposed to infected saliva, nasopharyngeal secretions, urine or feces need to and should wash thoroughly with ordinary soap. Needles and needle electrodes should be autoclaved or incinerated and discarded. Demented persons should not be used for donations of blood or other tissues. Although precautions are necessary, the epidemiologic evidence does not suggest an unusual risk of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease for medical workers.", "PMID": 335248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13295", "title": "The effect of freezing and the influence of isolation medium on the recovery of pathogenic fungi from sputum.", "content": "The primary objective of this study was to determine whether freezing sputa in dry ice had any effect on the recovery of pathogenic fungi. Sputa seeded with each of five fungi (Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, and Aspergillus fumigatus) were frozen and stored for 24, 48, and 72 hours on dry ice. H. capsulatum was killed, and only a few colonies of B. dermatitidis and C. neoformans were isolated from these sputa. However, A. fumigatus and C. immitis withstood the effects of freezing. A second objective was to compare the recovery of all five fungi from seeded sputa stored at room temperature for 24, 48, and 72 hours, on yeast extract-phosphate agar with NH4OH and on Sabhi agar. The yeast extract-phosphate agar with NH4OH was superior to Sabhi agar, for the isolation of all fungi studied, except A. fumigatus.", "contents": "The effect of freezing and the influence of isolation medium on the recovery of pathogenic fungi from sputum. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether freezing sputa in dry ice had any effect on the recovery of pathogenic fungi. Sputa seeded with each of five fungi (Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, and Aspergillus fumigatus) were frozen and stored for 24, 48, and 72 hours on dry ice. H. capsulatum was killed, and only a few colonies of B. dermatitidis and C. neoformans were isolated from these sputa. However, A. fumigatus and C. immitis withstood the effects of freezing. A second objective was to compare the recovery of all five fungi from seeded sputa stored at room temperature for 24, 48, and 72 hours, on yeast extract-phosphate agar with NH4OH and on Sabhi agar. The yeast extract-phosphate agar with NH4OH was superior to Sabhi agar, for the isolation of all fungi studied, except A. fumigatus.", "PMID": 335251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13296", "title": "Sudden fatal pulmonary calcification following renal transplantation.", "content": "A 42-year-old male was hemodialyzed for 2 years with excellent control of calcium-phosphate metabolism. He received a cadaveric renal transplant but experienced a prolonged episode of acute tubular necrosis during which he could not tolerate phosphate-binding antacids. His calcium X phosphate product became markedly elevated for 20 days. Following a brief period of function, the homograft was removed on the 45th post-transplant day after severe rejection and subsequent infection. Chest X-ray was normal. Six days after graft nephrectomy, he became acutely dyspneic and markedly hypoxemic. Diffuse, flocculent pulmonary infiltrates appeared on the chest film. The patient expired 1 day later. At postmortem examination, there was severe, diffuse pulmonary alveolar calcification demonstrated by chemical and histologic examination. Although unlikely, the prolonged post-transplant period characterized by elevated calcium X phosphate product may have played a pathogenetic role. Calciphylaxis may have occurred, with hyperparathyroidism as the sensitizing agent and any of several drugs acting as challenger.", "contents": "Sudden fatal pulmonary calcification following renal transplantation. A 42-year-old male was hemodialyzed for 2 years with excellent control of calcium-phosphate metabolism. He received a cadaveric renal transplant but experienced a prolonged episode of acute tubular necrosis during which he could not tolerate phosphate-binding antacids. His calcium X phosphate product became markedly elevated for 20 days. Following a brief period of function, the homograft was removed on the 45th post-transplant day after severe rejection and subsequent infection. Chest X-ray was normal. Six days after graft nephrectomy, he became acutely dyspneic and markedly hypoxemic. Diffuse, flocculent pulmonary infiltrates appeared on the chest film. The patient expired 1 day later. At postmortem examination, there was severe, diffuse pulmonary alveolar calcification demonstrated by chemical and histologic examination. Although unlikely, the prolonged post-transplant period characterized by elevated calcium X phosphate product may have played a pathogenetic role. Calciphylaxis may have occurred, with hyperparathyroidism as the sensitizing agent and any of several drugs acting as challenger.", "PMID": 335263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13297", "title": "Acute hyperkalemia risks in recipients of kidney graft cooled with Collins' solution.", "content": "The authors present the first case of cardiac arrest, occurring at the time of vessel clamps removal, of a kidney transplantation cooled prior to grafting with Collin's solution. Monitoring of cardiac (K) has demonstrated the role of Collin's solution (K = 141 mEq/l) in the genesis of this incident. The mean +/- SD increase of the K concentration in the right atrium within the seconds following the removal of the graft vessels clamps was 2.6 +/- 1.5 mEq. Acute electrocardiographic abnormalities primarily represented by sudden apparition of hyperkalemic T waves and extrasystols occurs in more than 50% of the cases. The effects of progressive blood release in the graft and other preventive manipulations are studied and discussed.", "contents": "Acute hyperkalemia risks in recipients of kidney graft cooled with Collins' solution. The authors present the first case of cardiac arrest, occurring at the time of vessel clamps removal, of a kidney transplantation cooled prior to grafting with Collin's solution. Monitoring of cardiac (K) has demonstrated the role of Collin's solution (K = 141 mEq/l) in the genesis of this incident. The mean +/- SD increase of the K concentration in the right atrium within the seconds following the removal of the graft vessels clamps was 2.6 +/- 1.5 mEq. Acute electrocardiographic abnormalities primarily represented by sudden apparition of hyperkalemic T waves and extrasystols occurs in more than 50% of the cases. The effects of progressive blood release in the graft and other preventive manipulations are studied and discussed.", "PMID": 335264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13298", "title": "[Experimental comparative study of microsurgical nerve sutures. II. Water-proof sutures and suture by simple approximation of the stumps].", "content": "After having demonstrated in a previous paper the advantages of an early surgical repair of injured nerves over a delayed suture, the author, following the same methods--electrophysiological and histological controls--comes to the conclusion that the so-called water-proof suture technique compared with a simple bringing up together of both stumps of the nerve, gives by far higher degrees of regeneration.", "contents": "[Experimental comparative study of microsurgical nerve sutures. II. Water-proof sutures and suture by simple approximation of the stumps]. After having demonstrated in a previous paper the advantages of an early surgical repair of injured nerves over a delayed suture, the author, following the same methods--electrophysiological and histological controls--comes to the conclusion that the so-called water-proof suture technique compared with a simple bringing up together of both stumps of the nerve, gives by far higher degrees of regeneration.", "PMID": 335265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13299", "title": "[Immunocytochemical localization of gliofibrillary proteins (GDAP) in human cerebral tumors. Histological and in vitro studies].", "content": "On the basis of studies utilizing antibody to GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) in the indirect immunofluorescent and immunoperoxydase methods we report the presence of GFAP in 5 astrocytomas, 1 ependymoma and 1 medulloblastoma. The GFAP was evidenced on cryostat sections of frozen material and in short-term tissue culture. Five others tumors including 1 oligodendrocytoma, 1 choroid-plexus papilloma, 1 meningioma and 2 secondary sarcomas were negative. Possible applications of antibodies to GFAP for localization and therapy of brains tumors were considered.", "contents": "[Immunocytochemical localization of gliofibrillary proteins (GDAP) in human cerebral tumors. Histological and in vitro studies]. On the basis of studies utilizing antibody to GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) in the indirect immunofluorescent and immunoperoxydase methods we report the presence of GFAP in 5 astrocytomas, 1 ependymoma and 1 medulloblastoma. The GFAP was evidenced on cryostat sections of frozen material and in short-term tissue culture. Five others tumors including 1 oligodendrocytoma, 1 choroid-plexus papilloma, 1 meningioma and 2 secondary sarcomas were negative. Possible applications of antibodies to GFAP for localization and therapy of brains tumors were considered.", "PMID": 335266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13300", "title": "[Cimetidine in the treatment of peptic ulcer].", "content": "Cimetidine, a non-thiourea-containing histamine H2-receptor antagonist, has been employed in the treatment of peptic ulcer. We studied 50 patients, partly with double-blind method, and partly in a free trial. Duodenal ulcers were completely healed in 80% of the cases, at the control endoscopy after a 4-week period of treatment with cimetidine (1000 mg/day). Peptic ulcer in general healed in 76% of the cases. Gastric secretion was significantly reduced after cimetidine. An important improvement in subjective symptoms was noted in every patient. No toxic effect was noted.", "contents": "[Cimetidine in the treatment of peptic ulcer]. Cimetidine, a non-thiourea-containing histamine H2-receptor antagonist, has been employed in the treatment of peptic ulcer. We studied 50 patients, partly with double-blind method, and partly in a free trial. Duodenal ulcers were completely healed in 80% of the cases, at the control endoscopy after a 4-week period of treatment with cimetidine (1000 mg/day). Peptic ulcer in general healed in 76% of the cases. Gastric secretion was significantly reduced after cimetidine. An important improvement in subjective symptoms was noted in every patient. No toxic effect was noted.", "PMID": 335279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13301", "title": "Feedback regulation of metabolism by dietary constituents: lipids.", "content": "Cholesterol is distributed in different body pools, Input in these pools takes place through absorption of dietary cholesterol and endogenous synthesis. Absorption is limited in man. Endogenous synthesis is under negative feedback control, but its physiological relevance in man is less well established. Recent studies in familial hypercholesterolemia have shown a slower catabolism of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and an overproduction of apoprotein B. It seems that also the synthesis of the apoprotein B is controlled by a feedback mechanism. Overall concentration of lipids and lipoproteins in plasma is determined by the interaction between  several genetic and dietary feedback mechanisms.", "contents": "Feedback regulation of metabolism by dietary constituents: lipids. Cholesterol is distributed in different body pools, Input in these pools takes place through absorption of dietary cholesterol and endogenous synthesis. Absorption is limited in man. Endogenous synthesis is under negative feedback control, but its physiological relevance in man is less well established. Recent studies in familial hypercholesterolemia have shown a slower catabolism of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and an overproduction of apoprotein B. It seems that also the synthesis of the apoprotein B is controlled by a feedback mechanism. Overall concentration of lipids and lipoproteins in plasma is determined by the interaction between  several genetic and dietary feedback mechanisms.", "PMID": 335280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13302", "title": "Animal models in drug development: historical aspects.", "content": "The historical aspects of drug development and evaluation are anecdotically related. Clinical trials have proven the effectiveness of animal tests in the vast majority of cases, and the effort has been well spent. Similar of more noteworthy success may be obtainable with model systems in the study of prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Animal models in drug development: historical aspects. The historical aspects of drug development and evaluation are anecdotically related. Clinical trials have proven the effectiveness of animal tests in the vast majority of cases, and the effort has been well spent. Similar of more noteworthy success may be obtainable with model systems in the study of prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 335300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13303", "title": "Effect of dianhydrodulcitol (DAD) on the primary immune response of normal and tumor bearing rats.", "content": "The effect of dianhydrodulcithol (DAD) administered in a dose of 5 mg/kg on the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in spleens and on the titre of hemolytic antibodies in the sera of rats immunised with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) have been examined. The compound elicited a short-lasting suppressive effect when applied after immunisation; the number of PFC decreased two days after treatment while 5 days after drug administration increased as compared to the untreated animals. Treatment prior to immunisation proved to be ineffective. The titre of circulating antibodies showed changes similar although of lesser extent. Five days following treatment marked infiltration of plasmacytes was present in the axillary lymph nodes. Rats bearing transplantable Gu\u00e9rin tumor showed similar changes in immune response as the tumor free animals following DAD treatment.", "contents": "Effect of dianhydrodulcitol (DAD) on the primary immune response of normal and tumor bearing rats. The effect of dianhydrodulcithol (DAD) administered in a dose of 5 mg/kg on the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in spleens and on the titre of hemolytic antibodies in the sera of rats immunised with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) have been examined. The compound elicited a short-lasting suppressive effect when applied after immunisation; the number of PFC decreased two days after treatment while 5 days after drug administration increased as compared to the untreated animals. Treatment prior to immunisation proved to be ineffective. The titre of circulating antibodies showed changes similar although of lesser extent. Five days following treatment marked infiltration of plasmacytes was present in the axillary lymph nodes. Rats bearing transplantable Gu\u00e9rin tumor showed similar changes in immune response as the tumor free animals following DAD treatment.", "PMID": 335301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13304", "title": "Tumors in two generations of mice in different environmental conditions.", "content": "The influence of environmental carcinogens on the developing embryo has been investigated using SWA mice as models and 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) as the carcinogen. The percentage of tumor development among the F1 generations of siblings delivered and nursed by mothers treated with ENU was higher than that of the F1 generations of siblings delivered of treated mothers but nursed by untreated foster mothers. The presence of multople tumors was also more frequent in this group compared to the siblings which were exposed only transplacentally to ENU. The second generations also developed malignant tumors. Two successive generations of siblings which were delivered of untreated mothers but nursed by foster mothers treated with ENU on the 12th day of pregnancy, showed a higher percentage of tumors when compared to the control group. This result is of great significance as the siblings were not exposed to the carcinogen transplacentally, and the foster mothers were treated with only a single dose of ENU long before the lactating period, namely, on the 12th day of pregnancy.", "contents": "Tumors in two generations of mice in different environmental conditions. The influence of environmental carcinogens on the developing embryo has been investigated using SWA mice as models and 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) as the carcinogen. The percentage of tumor development among the F1 generations of siblings delivered and nursed by mothers treated with ENU was higher than that of the F1 generations of siblings delivered of treated mothers but nursed by untreated foster mothers. The presence of multople tumors was also more frequent in this group compared to the siblings which were exposed only transplacentally to ENU. The second generations also developed malignant tumors. Two successive generations of siblings which were delivered of untreated mothers but nursed by foster mothers treated with ENU on the 12th day of pregnancy, showed a higher percentage of tumors when compared to the control group. This result is of great significance as the siblings were not exposed to the carcinogen transplacentally, and the foster mothers were treated with only a single dose of ENU long before the lactating period, namely, on the 12th day of pregnancy.", "PMID": 335302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13305", "title": "Oral manifestations in the paraneoplastic syndrome.", "content": "A 52-year-old woman with advanced cancer of the breast also suffered from pemphigoid eruptions on the skin, in the mucous membranes of the oropharynx, and in the conjunctivae. The pemphigoid lesions were suppressed by treatment with steroid hormones and disappeared after surgical removal of the malignant breast tumor. With regard to its clinical course, the disease entity described is justifiably classified as a \"paraneoplastic bullosis\". The literature on this subject is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Oral manifestations in the paraneoplastic syndrome. A 52-year-old woman with advanced cancer of the breast also suffered from pemphigoid eruptions on the skin, in the mucous membranes of the oropharynx, and in the conjunctivae. The pemphigoid lesions were suppressed by treatment with steroid hormones and disappeared after surgical removal of the malignant breast tumor. With regard to its clinical course, the disease entity described is justifiably classified as a \"paraneoplastic bullosis\". The literature on this subject is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 335309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13306", "title": "Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (cicatricial mucosal pemphigoid): a reconsideration.", "content": "The name cicatricial mucosal pemphigoid is suggested in an attempt to clarify several synonymous terms and to omit the prefix \"benign.\" The clinical features are reviewed and seven case reports illustrating different aspects are presented. The severe effects of ocular and pharyngeal involvement are highlighted, immunologic findings and treatment are discussed, and the link with neoplasia is emphasized.", "contents": "Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (cicatricial mucosal pemphigoid): a reconsideration. The name cicatricial mucosal pemphigoid is suggested in an attempt to clarify several synonymous terms and to omit the prefix \"benign.\" The clinical features are reviewed and seven case reports illustrating different aspects are presented. The severe effects of ocular and pharyngeal involvement are highlighted, immunologic findings and treatment are discussed, and the link with neoplasia is emphasized.", "PMID": 335310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13307", "title": "Unicameral bone cysts. a current synthesis of reported cases.", "content": "A review in depth of the recent literature relating to bone cysts and their treatment discloses many important differences in case material, and concern about the frequency of recurrence after surgical treatment by curretage and the insertion of grafts. The newer forms of treatment, subtotal resection, with or without the insertion of autogenous grafts, and even diaphysectomy, should still be considered to be on trial, despite the fact that the first patients who had these operations have now been followed for five to 15 years. Definitive evaluation of each procedure awaits its use in a large enough number of cases, well documented as to criteria for selection, clinical data, complications, and follow-up.", "contents": "Unicameral bone cysts. a current synthesis of reported cases. A review in depth of the recent literature relating to bone cysts and their treatment discloses many important differences in case material, and concern about the frequency of recurrence after surgical treatment by curretage and the insertion of grafts. The newer forms of treatment, subtotal resection, with or without the insertion of autogenous grafts, and even diaphysectomy, should still be considered to be on trial, despite the fact that the first patients who had these operations have now been followed for five to 15 years. Definitive evaluation of each procedure awaits its use in a large enough number of cases, well documented as to criteria for selection, clinical data, complications, and follow-up.", "PMID": 335313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13308", "title": "A critical evaluation of the application of amino acid racemization to geochronology and geothermometry.", "content": "In this review we have critically evaluated the application of the diagenetic racemization of amino acids to geochronology and geothermometry. Although there has been enthusiastic support given to this new method, it is our opinion that recent developments suggest a more cautious approach. We have discussed the pitfalls and inhereent complications, while outlining the advances which have been accomplished. We conclude that this is an innovative approach which will add valuable information to the scientific literature. However, since our fundamental understanding of diagnetic racemization is still limited, many of the age and paleotemperature estimates which have been assigned to fossil specimens may be unreliable.", "contents": "A critical evaluation of the application of amino acid racemization to geochronology and geothermometry. In this review we have critically evaluated the application of the diagenetic racemization of amino acids to geochronology and geothermometry. Although there has been enthusiastic support given to this new method, it is our opinion that recent developments suggest a more cautious approach. We have discussed the pitfalls and inhereent complications, while outlining the advances which have been accomplished. We conclude that this is an innovative approach which will add valuable information to the scientific literature. However, since our fundamental understanding of diagnetic racemization is still limited, many of the age and paleotemperature estimates which have been assigned to fossil specimens may be unreliable.", "PMID": 335314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13309", "title": "Hypothalamic control of the mammalian sexual maturation.", "content": "The attainment of sexual maturity is a complex process which requires maturation and interaction not only of gonads and reproductive tract but also of the pituitary and essentially of the neuroendocrine mechanisms which ultimately control gonadotropin secretion. One of the more attractive hypotheses of the sexual maturation presumes the existence of the sensitivity threshold of the regulating system to the negative feedback signal, which differentiates immaturity from maturity. As the subject matures this declines. In an attempt to examine further the maturational alterations of the male hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, investigations were carried out with regard to simultaneous changes of blood LH, FSH, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels during the course of 24 hr; augmentation of pituitary and blood LH and FSH concentrations under the stimulus of LH-RH as a function of time and age; synthesis and release of LH and FSH in the testosterone-blocked animals at various stages of sexual maturation; and in vitro biotransformation of testosterone to its 5 alpha-reduced metabolites by the pituitaries as a function of age. Evidence from the experimental data could be interpreted as a decrement of the feedback set-points during sexual maturatio as reflected by the transition of the responses obtained under various experimental signals. In parallel to these observations, new evidence was presented regarding not only quantitative but qualitative changes in the pituitary gonadotropins as response to the negative and positive feedback signals. This leads to new thinking with regard to the hypothesis of differential sensitivity.", "contents": "Hypothalamic control of the mammalian sexual maturation. The attainment of sexual maturity is a complex process which requires maturation and interaction not only of gonads and reproductive tract but also of the pituitary and essentially of the neuroendocrine mechanisms which ultimately control gonadotropin secretion. One of the more attractive hypotheses of the sexual maturation presumes the existence of the sensitivity threshold of the regulating system to the negative feedback signal, which differentiates immaturity from maturity. As the subject matures this declines. In an attempt to examine further the maturational alterations of the male hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, investigations were carried out with regard to simultaneous changes of blood LH, FSH, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels during the course of 24 hr; augmentation of pituitary and blood LH and FSH concentrations under the stimulus of LH-RH as a function of time and age; synthesis and release of LH and FSH in the testosterone-blocked animals at various stages of sexual maturation; and in vitro biotransformation of testosterone to its 5 alpha-reduced metabolites by the pituitaries as a function of age. Evidence from the experimental data could be interpreted as a decrement of the feedback set-points during sexual maturatio as reflected by the transition of the responses obtained under various experimental signals. In parallel to these observations, new evidence was presented regarding not only quantitative but qualitative changes in the pituitary gonadotropins as response to the negative and positive feedback signals. This leads to new thinking with regard to the hypothesis of differential sensitivity.", "PMID": 335339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13310", "title": "Flexibility of gram-negative bacterial cell wall.", "content": "Addition of salts (NaCl and MgCl2) to isolated cell wall of E. coli cause appreciable contraction in volume. This contraction in volume of the cell walls is probably due to binding of the ions to wall polymers, including the peptidoglycan layer and the concomitant release of protons. The peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall is thus an elastic rather than a rigid layer.", "contents": "Flexibility of gram-negative bacterial cell wall. Addition of salts (NaCl and MgCl2) to isolated cell wall of E. coli cause appreciable contraction in volume. This contraction in volume of the cell walls is probably due to binding of the ions to wall polymers, including the peptidoglycan layer and the concomitant release of protons. The peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall is thus an elastic rather than a rigid layer.", "PMID": 335340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13311", "title": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis Caffey's disease.", "content": "A 2 1/2-month-old girl with cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease) is described with a  brief review of the literature. This is the first case reported from Iran.", "contents": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis Caffey's disease. A 2 1/2-month-old girl with cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease) is described with a  brief review of the literature. This is the first case reported from Iran.", "PMID": 335341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13312", "title": "Diabetic microangiopathy: renal and retinal aspects.", "content": "Diabetic microangiopathy is a degenerative process specific to diabetes. Metabolic theory holds that the metabolic defect predisposes to vascular abnormalities, but other theory suggests that microangiopathy and metabolic disorders are of different origin. Metabolic and ultrastructural modifications in kidney and retina are reviewed. Human and animal studies suggest a specific organ response to fortuitous association of several factors leading to microvascular disease.", "contents": "Diabetic microangiopathy: renal and retinal aspects. Diabetic microangiopathy is a degenerative process specific to diabetes. Metabolic theory holds that the metabolic defect predisposes to vascular abnormalities, but other theory suggests that microangiopathy and metabolic disorders are of different origin. Metabolic and ultrastructural modifications in kidney and retina are reviewed. Human and animal studies suggest a specific organ response to fortuitous association of several factors leading to microvascular disease.", "PMID": 335342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13313", "title": "[Influence of body position on human gas exchanges. Role of age (author's transl)].", "content": "We measured blood gases, steady state diffusing lung capacity, global and partial lung ductances in 16 subjects aged from 20 to 63 in supine and seated position. We obtained three types of response. In group I, (n = 6) blood gases and TLCO increased probably chiefly due to an increase of perfusion of lung apices and a more even distribution of regional VA/Q (all these subjects are young and thin). In group II, (n = 4) blood gases and TLCO decreased probably due to a ventilation at closing volume level with a decrease of ventilation in the dependent parts of the lung (2 subjects with abdominal obesity and a third who is the oldest one). In group III (n = 7), PaO2 decreased but DLCO increased. Probably ventilation took a slight place in closing volume. The increase of the exchange surface area is likely to be unable to compensate the arterial hypoxemia induced by the low VA/Q in the dependent parts of the lung. Influence of body position seems to be a function of age which increases closing volume.", "contents": "[Influence of body position on human gas exchanges. Role of age (author's transl)]. We measured blood gases, steady state diffusing lung capacity, global and partial lung ductances in 16 subjects aged from 20 to 63 in supine and seated position. We obtained three types of response. In group I, (n = 6) blood gases and TLCO increased probably chiefly due to an increase of perfusion of lung apices and a more even distribution of regional VA/Q (all these subjects are young and thin). In group II, (n = 4) blood gases and TLCO decreased probably due to a ventilation at closing volume level with a decrease of ventilation in the dependent parts of the lung (2 subjects with abdominal obesity and a third who is the oldest one). In group III (n = 7), PaO2 decreased but DLCO increased. Probably ventilation took a slight place in closing volume. The increase of the exchange surface area is likely to be unable to compensate the arterial hypoxemia induced by the low VA/Q in the dependent parts of the lung. Influence of body position seems to be a function of age which increases closing volume.", "PMID": 335343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13314", "title": "Changes in renal inactivation of angiotensin II in rats with hereditary spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "The inactivation of the pressor effect of angiotensin II by the renal vascular bed is less in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in normal rats. This phenomenon, which is observed only in adult animals but not in young ones, may be due to a slowing in the functional maturation of the kidney tissue.", "contents": "Changes in renal inactivation of angiotensin II in rats with hereditary spontaneous hypertension. The inactivation of the pressor effect of angiotensin II by the renal vascular bed is less in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in normal rats. This phenomenon, which is observed only in adult animals but not in young ones, may be due to a slowing in the functional maturation of the kidney tissue.", "PMID": 335344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13315", "title": "[Enterobacteria erroneously identified as Salmonella in human faeces (author's transl)].", "content": "To differentiate Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter hafniae, Proteus mirabilis and Alteromonas putrefaciens from Salmonella strains isolated in faeces, the author recommends the use of \"Hajna-Kligler\" medium, \"Nitrate-Motility-Mannitol\" medium, \"Urease-Indole-Trytophane desaminase\" medium and glycerol peptonated water. The lysis of Salmonella and E. hafniae strains by specific phages (Felix and Callow O: 1 Salmonella phage; Guinee and Valkenburg Hafnia phage) is emphasized.", "contents": "[Enterobacteria erroneously identified as Salmonella in human faeces (author's transl)]. To differentiate Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter hafniae, Proteus mirabilis and Alteromonas putrefaciens from Salmonella strains isolated in faeces, the author recommends the use of \"Hajna-Kligler\" medium, \"Nitrate-Motility-Mannitol\" medium, \"Urease-Indole-Trytophane desaminase\" medium and glycerol peptonated water. The lysis of Salmonella and E. hafniae strains by specific phages (Felix and Callow O: 1 Salmonella phage; Guinee and Valkenburg Hafnia phage) is emphasized.", "PMID": 335345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13316", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine in children: a double-blind field study of 100,000 vaccinees 3 months to 5 years of age in Finland.", "content": "A recently developed Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine was given to 48,977 children 3 months to 5 years of age; an equal number of children receiving group A meningococcal vaccine served as controls. The protection as well as serum antibody response was strongly age-dependent. Among children who had received the H. influenzae type b vaccine when 18 months of age or older, there were no cases of bacteremic disease caused by H. influenzae type b in the first year after vaccination. At the same time 11 such cases were seen in the control group of the same age, a highly significant difference. In the second year after vaccination two cases occurred in the H. influenzae type b-vaccinated group, five in the meningococcal-group A vaccinated group. No protection was seen among children who had been younger than 18 months when vaccinated, even if they received a booster dose of the vaccine. The serum antibody response to the H. influenzae type b polysaccharide, measured by radioimmunoassay, was poor in children below 18 months of age and good in those above it. No effect of the vaccine could be seen on the nasopharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae type b, which was approximately 6% in this age group. Adverse effects of the vaccine were mild.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine in children: a double-blind field study of 100,000 vaccinees 3 months to 5 years of age in Finland. A recently developed Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine was given to 48,977 children 3 months to 5 years of age; an equal number of children receiving group A meningococcal vaccine served as controls. The protection as well as serum antibody response was strongly age-dependent. Among children who had received the H. influenzae type b vaccine when 18 months of age or older, there were no cases of bacteremic disease caused by H. influenzae type b in the first year after vaccination. At the same time 11 such cases were seen in the control group of the same age, a highly significant difference. In the second year after vaccination two cases occurred in the H. influenzae type b-vaccinated group, five in the meningococcal-group A vaccinated group. No protection was seen among children who had been younger than 18 months when vaccinated, even if they received a booster dose of the vaccine. The serum antibody response to the H. influenzae type b polysaccharide, measured by radioimmunoassay, was poor in children below 18 months of age and good in those above it. No effect of the vaccine could be seen on the nasopharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae type b, which was approximately 6% in this age group. Adverse effects of the vaccine were mild.", "PMID": 335348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13317", "title": "Studies on the suitability of a cyanine dye (Viher-Test) for indicator dilution technique and its application to the measurement of pulmonary artery and aortic flow.", "content": "The spectrum of a cyanine compound [Viher-Test (VT)] was recorded in distilled water, 5% glucose, 0.9% NaCl. The absorption maximum of these solutions was at 760 nm; after adding to plasma or blood the maximum was shifted to 785 nm. The time required for this spectral stabilization was less than 1 s at 37 degrees C for VT in H2O or glucose, it was slowed to 7 s at room temperature, and for VT in NaCl it was more than 30 s at 37 degrees C. VT binds to plasma proteins to at least 95%. The absorbance of VT in H2O (1000 mg/l) decreased by 1.0% per hour. Toxicity (LD50) of VT in H2O given i.v. in mice was 115 mg/kg body weight. Dye dilution determination of the flow in an artificial circulation with VT was within +/- 5% of direct measurements. Data indicate that VT is as suitable as Cardiogreen for indicator dilution technique using cuvette densitometer or reflection photometry. Simultaneous determinations of pulmonary artery and aortic flow from one dye bolus showed no significant difference on the average, but pulmonary artery flow diverged by up to +/- 25% from aortic flow due to incomplete mixing of dye and blood, respiratory changes of cardiac output or transient differences in right and left heart output.", "contents": "Studies on the suitability of a cyanine dye (Viher-Test) for indicator dilution technique and its application to the measurement of pulmonary artery and aortic flow. The spectrum of a cyanine compound [Viher-Test (VT)] was recorded in distilled water, 5% glucose, 0.9% NaCl. The absorption maximum of these solutions was at 760 nm; after adding to plasma or blood the maximum was shifted to 785 nm. The time required for this spectral stabilization was less than 1 s at 37 degrees C for VT in H2O or glucose, it was slowed to 7 s at room temperature, and for VT in NaCl it was more than 30 s at 37 degrees C. VT binds to plasma proteins to at least 95%. The absorbance of VT in H2O (1000 mg/l) decreased by 1.0% per hour. Toxicity (LD50) of VT in H2O given i.v. in mice was 115 mg/kg body weight. Dye dilution determination of the flow in an artificial circulation with VT was within +/- 5% of direct measurements. Data indicate that VT is as suitable as Cardiogreen for indicator dilution technique using cuvette densitometer or reflection photometry. Simultaneous determinations of pulmonary artery and aortic flow from one dye bolus showed no significant difference on the average, but pulmonary artery flow diverged by up to +/- 25% from aortic flow due to incomplete mixing of dye and blood, respiratory changes of cardiac output or transient differences in right and left heart output.", "PMID": 335350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13318", "title": "[Recent fractures of the dorso-lumbar spine. Reduction by the double shroud technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of posterior osteosynthesis in traumatic pathology of the dorso-lumbar spine, entails some throught about the time maintenance of the quality of the reduction and the solidity of equipment. The observation of the advantages and inconveniences of different methods has led us to the double shroud technique. The simultaneous use of Harrington's and Roy Camille's materials gives an excellent reduction from all points of view. Moreover the double shroud technique improves the stability of posterior osteosynthesis.", "contents": "[Recent fractures of the dorso-lumbar spine. Reduction by the double shroud technique (author's transl)]. The use of posterior osteosynthesis in traumatic pathology of the dorso-lumbar spine, entails some throught about the time maintenance of the quality of the reduction and the solidity of equipment. The observation of the advantages and inconveniences of different methods has led us to the double shroud technique. The simultaneous use of Harrington's and Roy Camille's materials gives an excellent reduction from all points of view. Moreover the double shroud technique improves the stability of posterior osteosynthesis.", "PMID": 335353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13319", "title": "Pluripotential and committed hemopoietic stem cells. A hypothesis.", "content": "The hypothesis is proposed that regulation of hemopoiesis is largely accomplished by expansion or contraction of the committed stem cell compartments and that pluripotential stem cells are normally not involved or in cycle. The thesis appears supported by the fact that erythropoietin affects the committed red cell precursors, that 98% of marrow mitoses have been shown to occur in cells clearly recognizable as red or white cell precursors (while the pluripotential stem cells by definition are not so recognizable), and that it has been shown (by the spleen nodule assay) that the pluripotential stem cell compartment in the marrow cannot be readily expanded. The major objection to the proposed hypothesis are tritiated thymidine suicide data, which suggest that up to 20% of pluripotential stem cells may be constantly in cycle in some stains of mice. Preliminary experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis has been obtained: normal pluripotential stem cells which transfused into normal isologous mice are not lost as has been assumed but proliferate after irradiation, suggesting that it takes a special stimulus to \"turn-on\" the normally quiescent pluripotential stem cells.", "contents": "Pluripotential and committed hemopoietic stem cells. A hypothesis. The hypothesis is proposed that regulation of hemopoiesis is largely accomplished by expansion or contraction of the committed stem cell compartments and that pluripotential stem cells are normally not involved or in cycle. The thesis appears supported by the fact that erythropoietin affects the committed red cell precursors, that 98% of marrow mitoses have been shown to occur in cells clearly recognizable as red or white cell precursors (while the pluripotential stem cells by definition are not so recognizable), and that it has been shown (by the spleen nodule assay) that the pluripotential stem cell compartment in the marrow cannot be readily expanded. The major objection to the proposed hypothesis are tritiated thymidine suicide data, which suggest that up to 20% of pluripotential stem cells may be constantly in cycle in some stains of mice. Preliminary experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis has been obtained: normal pluripotential stem cells which transfused into normal isologous mice are not lost as has been assumed but proliferate after irradiation, suggesting that it takes a special stimulus to \"turn-on\" the normally quiescent pluripotential stem cells.", "PMID": 335355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13320", "title": "Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia.", "content": "Any review of the metaphyseal chondrodysplasias is complicated by their variety and mainly unknown pathogenesis. The more familiar types display considerable clinical and radiological diversity: even more so the rarer disorders which still require complete definition, but differences in their mode of inheritance make diagnostic precision mandatory. These dysplasias present in infancy or in childhood, when the patient, usually dwarfed, may be proportionate, so that some forms may be confused with rickets or other lesions. Mental retardation is unusual, but the skin, hair, nails and facies provide valuable diagnostic features. Radiological abnormalities mainly affect the metaphyses of the shortened limb bones, less often the skull, vertebrae, pelvis, ribs and extremities, and sometimes their distribution may indicate the specific type of dysplasia. In a further complex group multiple systems are involved, notably the pancreas, intestine and lympho-reticular, causing malabsorption and haematological or immunological disorders.", "contents": "Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. Any review of the metaphyseal chondrodysplasias is complicated by their variety and mainly unknown pathogenesis. The more familiar types display considerable clinical and radiological diversity: even more so the rarer disorders which still require complete definition, but differences in their mode of inheritance make diagnostic precision mandatory. These dysplasias present in infancy or in childhood, when the patient, usually dwarfed, may be proportionate, so that some forms may be confused with rickets or other lesions. Mental retardation is unusual, but the skin, hair, nails and facies provide valuable diagnostic features. Radiological abnormalities mainly affect the metaphyses of the shortened limb bones, less often the skull, vertebrae, pelvis, ribs and extremities, and sometimes their distribution may indicate the specific type of dysplasia. In a further complex group multiple systems are involved, notably the pancreas, intestine and lympho-reticular, causing malabsorption and haematological or immunological disorders.", "PMID": 335375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13321", "title": "A review of the osteopetroses.", "content": "The osteopetroses are a group of conditions which are characterized by varying combinations of bony sclerosis and modelling defects. Classical osteopetrosis may be inherited as an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive: the former variety is benign, heterogeneous and comparatively common, while the latter is precocious, potentially lethal and rare. Many other craniotubular dysplasias and hyperostoses are loosely grouped with the osteopetroses. The commonest of these is the autosomal dominant form of craniometaphyseal dysplasia, while the others which are well known include Pyle disease, and van Buchem disease. Sclerosteosis is a progressive condition in which massive cranial thickening is associated with syndactyly and gigantism. Each of these disorders has specific clinical and radiographic features, which permit recognition. Diagnostic accuracy is crucial for treatment, prognostication and effective genetic management.", "contents": "A review of the osteopetroses. The osteopetroses are a group of conditions which are characterized by varying combinations of bony sclerosis and modelling defects. Classical osteopetrosis may be inherited as an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive: the former variety is benign, heterogeneous and comparatively common, while the latter is precocious, potentially lethal and rare. Many other craniotubular dysplasias and hyperostoses are loosely grouped with the osteopetroses. The commonest of these is the autosomal dominant form of craniometaphyseal dysplasia, while the others which are well known include Pyle disease, and van Buchem disease. Sclerosteosis is a progressive condition in which massive cranial thickening is associated with syndactyly and gigantism. Each of these disorders has specific clinical and radiographic features, which permit recognition. Diagnostic accuracy is crucial for treatment, prognostication and effective genetic management.", "PMID": 335376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13322", "title": "[Small airway function tests; techniques of measurements. Review of the literature].", "content": "It is usually agreed that obstructive lesions in small airways are the first abnormalities in patients with chronic bronchitis. Consequently, there is now a great interest in the early detection of airways obstruction. Three techniques are described: frequency dependence of compliance, flow-volume curve and closing-volume. The results obtained in healthy subjects and in patients with obstructed airways are discussed.", "contents": "[Small airway function tests; techniques of measurements. Review of the literature]. It is usually agreed that obstructive lesions in small airways are the first abnormalities in patients with chronic bronchitis. Consequently, there is now a great interest in the early detection of airways obstruction. Three techniques are described: frequency dependence of compliance, flow-volume curve and closing-volume. The results obtained in healthy subjects and in patients with obstructed airways are discussed.", "PMID": 335377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13323", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy study of rat lung tissue].", "content": "Parts of rat lung tissue have been examined by means of a scanning electron microscope after either  chemical or physical fixage. Chemical fixage produces retraction on the tissue structures and the alveoles appear of irregular shape. Physical fixage gives the possibility to observe lung morphology without distorsions; details reproduced are in this case very clear and in a shape which appears very close to the original conditions.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy study of rat lung tissue]. Parts of rat lung tissue have been examined by means of a scanning electron microscope after either  chemical or physical fixage. Chemical fixage produces retraction on the tissue structures and the alveoles appear of irregular shape. Physical fixage gives the possibility to observe lung morphology without distorsions; details reproduced are in this case very clear and in a shape which appears very close to the original conditions.", "PMID": 335378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13324", "title": "[Artificial ventilation of prematures and new bornes with the bennett pr-2 (author's transl)].", "content": "Difficulties and complications during artificial ventilation of prematures and newbornes gave rise to investigate the pressure-flow-characteritics during artificial respiration with the flow-time-cycled respirator Bennett PR-2 in combination with thin tracheal tubes. The flow and corresponding pressures generated by the respirator under different conditions were investigated. It is suggested that a sufficient respiration is not possible with a low generator pressure and high tidal frequencies under pathological conditions as it is often practised.", "contents": "[Artificial ventilation of prematures and new bornes with the bennett pr-2 (author's transl)]. Difficulties and complications during artificial ventilation of prematures and newbornes gave rise to investigate the pressure-flow-characteritics during artificial respiration with the flow-time-cycled respirator Bennett PR-2 in combination with thin tracheal tubes. The flow and corresponding pressures generated by the respirator under different conditions were investigated. It is suggested that a sufficient respiration is not possible with a low generator pressure and high tidal frequencies under pathological conditions as it is often practised.", "PMID": 335379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13325", "title": "[Clinical testing of a 0.1 percent difluocortolone valerianate ointment in various chronic dermatoses].", "content": "The object of the present study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of Nerisona fatty ointment in very skin conditions. A total of 37 patients, most of them with chronic dermatoses, was treated. Either very good or good results were achieved in 100% of the cases. The side effects observed were very slight.", "contents": "[Clinical testing of a 0.1 percent difluocortolone valerianate ointment in various chronic dermatoses]. The object of the present study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of Nerisona fatty ointment in very skin conditions. A total of 37 patients, most of them with chronic dermatoses, was treated. Either very good or good results were achieved in 100% of the cases. The side effects observed were very slight.", "PMID": 335381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13326", "title": "[Double-blind comparative study between difluocortolone-valerianate and fluocinolone-acetonide ointments].", "content": "Nerisone cream (diflucortolon valerate 0.1%) has been clinically compared with fluocinolon-acetate on a double blind basis. The trial was carried out on 30 patients. The author comments that the results, in spite of some slight casuisties, appear to indicate a certain superiority of Nerisone cream when compared with the competitor's preparation.", "contents": "[Double-blind comparative study between difluocortolone-valerianate and fluocinolone-acetonide ointments]. Nerisone cream (diflucortolon valerate 0.1%) has been clinically compared with fluocinolon-acetate on a double blind basis. The trial was carried out on 30 patients. The author comments that the results, in spite of some slight casuisties, appear to indicate a certain superiority of Nerisone cream when compared with the competitor's preparation.", "PMID": 335382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13327", "title": "Electrical apparatus used in medicine before 1900.", "content": "The Ancients had at their disposal torpedo fish, amber and magnets. It was not until the sixteenth century that ideas on the strange behaviour of amber and magnets were put forward. The eighteenth century saw the application of Newton's theories of matter and the introduction of the electrostatic machine, Galvanism and Volta's battery. In the nineteenth century there was extensive application of electricity in medical practice, with the development of electrocautery apparatus and illuminated cystoscopes, the pioneering of the electrocardiogram and the discovery of X-rays.", "contents": "Electrical apparatus used in medicine before 1900. The Ancients had at their disposal torpedo fish, amber and magnets. It was not until the sixteenth century that ideas on the strange behaviour of amber and magnets were put forward. The eighteenth century saw the application of Newton's theories of matter and the introduction of the electrostatic machine, Galvanism and Volta's battery. In the nineteenth century there was extensive application of electricity in medical practice, with the development of electrocautery apparatus and illuminated cystoscopes, the pioneering of the electrocardiogram and the discovery of X-rays.", "PMID": 335397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13328", "title": "Surgical treatment of primary breast cancer according to disease extent.", "content": "Radical mastectomy should be replaced by a number of different types of operation, either more conservative or more extended according to the extent of the disease. For cases T1NO a new procedure consisting of the removal of a quadrant of the breast, with axillary dissection plus radio-therapy on the residual breast tissue, is under evaluation. In cases T2NO modified radical mastectomy is suggested as a procedure of choice, whilst T3 cases and all N1 cases should still be submitted to radical mastectomy. Cases with tumor of inner quadrants with positive axillary nodes will benefit from the removal of the internal mammary nodes. Superradical mastectomy is limited to special selected cases with extensive lymph-node invasion. All N+ cases are submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy (CMF). In locally advanced cases \"reductive\" surgery may be part of an aggressive chemotherapy program.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of primary breast cancer according to disease extent. Radical mastectomy should be replaced by a number of different types of operation, either more conservative or more extended according to the extent of the disease. For cases T1NO a new procedure consisting of the removal of a quadrant of the breast, with axillary dissection plus radio-therapy on the residual breast tissue, is under evaluation. In cases T2NO modified radical mastectomy is suggested as a procedure of choice, whilst T3 cases and all N1 cases should still be submitted to radical mastectomy. Cases with tumor of inner quadrants with positive axillary nodes will benefit from the removal of the internal mammary nodes. Superradical mastectomy is limited to special selected cases with extensive lymph-node invasion. All N+ cases are submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy (CMF). In locally advanced cases \"reductive\" surgery may be part of an aggressive chemotherapy program.", "PMID": 335400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13329", "title": "Treatment of chronic radiation injury over the shoulder with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.", "content": "We report our experiences in treating chronic radiation injury about the shoulder, a complication of radiation after mastectomy. Left untreated, these can result in chronic infection and/or amputation. The coverage of a large shoulder area presents certain unique problems, which severely limit the usefulness of traditional procedures. We have found that the remarkable size and versatility of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap enables one to use it with relative simplicity and safety. A further great advantage is that it brings new permanent blood supply into this ischemic area, thus favoring rapid healing and durable coverage.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic radiation injury over the shoulder with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. We report our experiences in treating chronic radiation injury about the shoulder, a complication of radiation after mastectomy. Left untreated, these can result in chronic infection and/or amputation. The coverage of a large shoulder area presents certain unique problems, which severely limit the usefulness of traditional procedures. We have found that the remarkable size and versatility of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap enables one to use it with relative simplicity and safety. A further great advantage is that it brings new permanent blood supply into this ischemic area, thus favoring rapid healing and durable coverage.", "PMID": 335415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13330", "title": "The value of fluorescein in predicting the viability of arterialized flaps.", "content": "We recommend routine fluorescein examination whenever a major flap is manipulated. It will depict those flaps which are dead at elevation, and it will allow us to critically evaluate the other factors which might have affected flap viability. The examination is safe when precautionary measures are taken.", "contents": "The value of fluorescein in predicting the viability of arterialized flaps. We recommend routine fluorescein examination whenever a major flap is manipulated. It will depict those flaps which are dead at elevation, and it will allow us to critically evaluate the other factors which might have affected flap viability. The examination is safe when precautionary measures are taken.", "PMID": 335416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13331", "title": "Surgical treatment of the nasal deformities of leprosy: a 16-year review.", "content": "We present a retrospective review (from 1959 to 1975) of 86 patients who were treated surgically for nasal leprosy deformities at the Tata Department of Plastic Surgery. The postnasal skin graft inlay was the most frequent procedure, and it seems best suited for these repairs in developing countries where the patients often present late with major deformities. For minor and early nasal deformities, the insertion of a bone graft or a silicone rubber implant is recommended.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the nasal deformities of leprosy: a 16-year review. We present a retrospective review (from 1959 to 1975) of 86 patients who were treated surgically for nasal leprosy deformities at the Tata Department of Plastic Surgery. The postnasal skin graft inlay was the most frequent procedure, and it seems best suited for these repairs in developing countries where the patients often present late with major deformities. For minor and early nasal deformities, the insertion of a bone graft or a silicone rubber implant is recommended.", "PMID": 335417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13332", "title": "Extensive basal cell carcinomas of the neck and trunk: case report.", "content": "A case is reported of multiple, extensive, basal cell carcinomas involving the neck, thorax, abdomen, and scalp. These had been confused with \"pressure sores\". We describe the palliative excision of these lesions, and repair of the resulting defects, in 10 operative stages.", "contents": "Extensive basal cell carcinomas of the neck and trunk: case report. A case is reported of multiple, extensive, basal cell carcinomas involving the neck, thorax, abdomen, and scalp. These had been confused with \"pressure sores\". We describe the palliative excision of these lesions, and repair of the resulting defects, in 10 operative stages.", "PMID": 335418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13333", "title": "[Trial of piracetam in children with cerebral organic mental deficiency].", "content": "The administration, in a double blind experiment, of piracetam to two homogeneous groups of 32 and 34 eight- to twelve-year-old brain-injured special education children lacking normal mental ability, where the daily doses administered for a period of thirteen weeks were 3 tablets or 1.2 g (administered to second and third graders) and 5 tablets or 2.0 g (administered to fourth graders), respectively, did not produce a lasting effect upon the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge, the concentration power, the proficiency level, and the behavior shown by pupils during and out of school hours. On the other hand, there was observed, in patients receiving placebos, a nonsignificant tendency toward improvement in physical well-being, so that the effect produced by the drug may here be considered to be a negative one.", "contents": "[Trial of piracetam in children with cerebral organic mental deficiency]. The administration, in a double blind experiment, of piracetam to two homogeneous groups of 32 and 34 eight- to twelve-year-old brain-injured special education children lacking normal mental ability, where the daily doses administered for a period of thirteen weeks were 3 tablets or 1.2 g (administered to second and third graders) and 5 tablets or 2.0 g (administered to fourth graders), respectively, did not produce a lasting effect upon the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge, the concentration power, the proficiency level, and the behavior shown by pupils during and out of school hours. On the other hand, there was observed, in patients receiving placebos, a nonsignificant tendency toward improvement in physical well-being, so that the effect produced by the drug may here be considered to be a negative one.", "PMID": 335419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13334", "title": "Anton T. Boisen's \"Psychiatric Examination: Content of Thought\" (c. 1925-31): an attempt to grasp the meaning of mental disorder.", "content": "DURING the early years of PSYCHIATRY, the Rev. Dr. Anton T. Boisen (1876-1965) was among the journal's most regular contributors. Within 14 years he wrote eight articles and four book reviews for PSYCHIATRY, with many of these touching upon the psychosocial aspects of religious experience, empirically considered. Behind Boisen's fondness for PSYCHIATRY was his sense of special relationship to the founding editor, Harry Stack Sullivan. In some ways, this affinity to Sullivan and his world-view can best be appreciated by examining the hypotheses and research questionnaire Boisen used to develop the data for his articles. Likewise, a look at Boisen's detailed questionnaire may help us to understand how humanistic social scientists of an earlier era, the 1920s, attempted to grasp the meaning of mental disorder.", "contents": "Anton T. Boisen's \"Psychiatric Examination: Content of Thought\" (c. 1925-31): an attempt to grasp the meaning of mental disorder. DURING the early years of PSYCHIATRY, the Rev. Dr. Anton T. Boisen (1876-1965) was among the journal's most regular contributors. Within 14 years he wrote eight articles and four book reviews for PSYCHIATRY, with many of these touching upon the psychosocial aspects of religious experience, empirically considered. Behind Boisen's fondness for PSYCHIATRY was his sense of special relationship to the founding editor, Harry Stack Sullivan. In some ways, this affinity to Sullivan and his world-view can best be appreciated by examining the hypotheses and research questionnaire Boisen used to develop the data for his articles. Likewise, a look at Boisen's detailed questionnaire may help us to understand how humanistic social scientists of an earlier era, the 1920s, attempted to grasp the meaning of mental disorder.", "PMID": 335420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13335", "title": "Reasons for the Freudian revolution.", "content": "Freud's revolution may be viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective entities which can be studied like physical things. If Freud's is representative of scientific revolutions, perhaps what Thomas Kuhn has described as a change of paradigm might generally consist of the demonstration of new entities. This particular revolution occurred in the setting of a prevalent concern about the entities underlying all of the sciences. Because of his genius for structural thought, Freud was able to respond satisfactorily to a challenge that all the sciences were facing. It is that common challenge rather than a popular exemplary model, such as mechanics or hydraulics, that shaped Freud's theory.", "contents": "Reasons for the Freudian revolution. Freud's revolution may be viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective entities which can be studied like physical things. If Freud's is representative of scientific revolutions, perhaps what Thomas Kuhn has described as a change of paradigm might generally consist of the demonstration of new entities. This particular revolution occurred in the setting of a prevalent concern about the entities underlying all of the sciences. Because of his genius for structural thought, Freud was able to respond satisfactorily to a challenge that all the sciences were facing. It is that common challenge rather than a popular exemplary model, such as mechanics or hydraulics, that shaped Freud's theory.", "PMID": 335422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13336", "title": "The management of polycystic kidney disease with special reference to dialysis and transplantation.", "content": "The records of 65 patients with adult type polycystic kidney disease were examined in an attempt to identify the problems and priorities in the management of these patients, with particular reference to ultimate haemodialysis or transplantation. The three main problems of patients presenting before the onset of terminal renal failure were hypertension (72 per cent), pain (36 per cent) and urinary tract infection (32 per cent). Less common complications included haematuria, splenomegaly, gastro-intestinal disturbances and disorders of calcium metabolism. The polycystic kidney patient who is considered for renal transplantation poses questions of the desirability and timing of bilateral nephrectomy, vagotomy and splenectomy. Eight patients died without receiving a transplant, five of them from uraemia. Thirty-one patients received 36 kidney transplants and 46 per cent of these were functioning one year after transplantation. Thirteen patients who had received transplants died. Analysis of the causes of death suggests that in nearly half, major contributing factors might have been anticipated and we therefore feel that regular surveillance from the time of diagnosis is essential for patients with polycystic kidney disease.", "contents": "The management of polycystic kidney disease with special reference to dialysis and transplantation. The records of 65 patients with adult type polycystic kidney disease were examined in an attempt to identify the problems and priorities in the management of these patients, with particular reference to ultimate haemodialysis or transplantation. The three main problems of patients presenting before the onset of terminal renal failure were hypertension (72 per cent), pain (36 per cent) and urinary tract infection (32 per cent). Less common complications included haematuria, splenomegaly, gastro-intestinal disturbances and disorders of calcium metabolism. The polycystic kidney patient who is considered for renal transplantation poses questions of the desirability and timing of bilateral nephrectomy, vagotomy and splenectomy. Eight patients died without receiving a transplant, five of them from uraemia. Thirty-one patients received 36 kidney transplants and 46 per cent of these were functioning one year after transplantation. Thirteen patients who had received transplants died. Analysis of the causes of death suggests that in nearly half, major contributing factors might have been anticipated and we therefore feel that regular surveillance from the time of diagnosis is essential for patients with polycystic kidney disease.", "PMID": 335426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13337", "title": "Physiology and theory of tracer washout techniques for the estimation of myocardial blood flow: flow estimation from tracer washout.", "content": "The time course of washout of tracer from the myocardium provides an estimate of the flow per unit volume when the blood-tissue exchange is flow-limited. Methods of testing for the flow-limitation and for the absence of influences of low permeability or diffusion on the washout include the uses of paired or multiple tracers and the examination for similarity of the shapes of the residue function or washout curves at varied coronary blood flows. A conceptual framework for these studies is provided by a clearance-flow diagram for the myocardium where capillaries are long compared to radial intercapillary distances. This anatomic-physiologic framework coupled with a probabilistic, general analytic approach and with various experimental approaches to tracer studies of mass transport through the heart provides a general basis for methods of estimating myocardial blood flow in the whole organ and in its component regions.", "contents": "Physiology and theory of tracer washout techniques for the estimation of myocardial blood flow: flow estimation from tracer washout. The time course of washout of tracer from the myocardium provides an estimate of the flow per unit volume when the blood-tissue exchange is flow-limited. Methods of testing for the flow-limitation and for the absence of influences of low permeability or diffusion on the washout include the uses of paired or multiple tracers and the examination for similarity of the shapes of the residue function or washout curves at varied coronary blood flows. A conceptual framework for these studies is provided by a clearance-flow diagram for the myocardium where capillaries are long compared to radial intercapillary distances. This anatomic-physiologic framework coupled with a probabilistic, general analytic approach and with various experimental approaches to tracer studies of mass transport through the heart provides a general basis for methods of estimating myocardial blood flow in the whole organ and in its component regions.", "PMID": 335437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13338", "title": "[Bacteriological study of bivalves from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. I. Condition of the mollusk recently collected].", "content": "During the first six months of 1970 we collected 16 lots of the bivalve Anadara tuberculosa from two areas within the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. These were examined bacteriologically and the coliform levels found in all of them were such that they had to be graded as not satisfactory for human consumption, according to generally accepted norms. The source of these coliforms is attributed to the sewage discharge of the city of Puntarenas into its estuary.", "contents": "[Bacteriological study of bivalves from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. I. Condition of the mollusk recently collected]. During the first six months of 1970 we collected 16 lots of the bivalve Anadara tuberculosa from two areas within the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. These were examined bacteriologically and the coliform levels found in all of them were such that they had to be graded as not satisfactory for human consumption, according to generally accepted norms. The source of these coliforms is attributed to the sewage discharge of the city of Puntarenas into its estuary.", "PMID": 335460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13339", "title": "Intraperitoneal foreign body reaction in rodents.", "content": "In five experiments with female Marsh mice and male and female Evans rats, open-end cylinders of tin were implanted intraperitoneally with litter mates serving as surgical controls. The experiments were terminated 18-24 months later. The long-term local intraperitoneal foreign-body reaction with some cylinders remaining unanchored, frequent failure to develop a fibrous capsule at the outside of the tin cylinder, and a degree of lympho-histiocytic involvement and adenomatous hyperplasia in the fibrosis within the tin cylinder differed from the foreign-body reaction at the subcutaneous site characterized by avascular, cell-poor fibrosis with fibroblasts. In all the implanted rat series, a significant number of local sarcomas, 30-50% of which metastasized, developed with none in the corresponding controls. The incidences of spontaneous lymphoid tumors were decreased or not increased for the tin-implant series as compared with controls. This indicated that the local solid-state carcinogenic process was only partially, if at all, dependent upon the cell type (lymphocyte) that demonstrated a spontaneous inherently malignant potential.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal foreign body reaction in rodents. In five experiments with female Marsh mice and male and female Evans rats, open-end cylinders of tin were implanted intraperitoneally with litter mates serving as surgical controls. The experiments were terminated 18-24 months later. The long-term local intraperitoneal foreign-body reaction with some cylinders remaining unanchored, frequent failure to develop a fibrous capsule at the outside of the tin cylinder, and a degree of lympho-histiocytic involvement and adenomatous hyperplasia in the fibrosis within the tin cylinder differed from the foreign-body reaction at the subcutaneous site characterized by avascular, cell-poor fibrosis with fibroblasts. In all the implanted rat series, a significant number of local sarcomas, 30-50% of which metastasized, developed with none in the corresponding controls. The incidences of spontaneous lymphoid tumors were decreased or not increased for the tin-implant series as compared with controls. This indicated that the local solid-state carcinogenic process was only partially, if at all, dependent upon the cell type (lymphocyte) that demonstrated a spontaneous inherently malignant potential.", "PMID": 335462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13340", "title": "[Detection and titration of anti-tetanus antibodies by passive hemagglutination].", "content": "Human red cells O Rh + are coated with purified tetanus toxoid, by means of chromic chloride as coupling agent. With this reagent and by passive haemagglutination technique, antitetanus antibodies can be automatically screened and titrated in blood donnors plasmas, on Groupamatic equipments. Comparative results of three techniques: counter immunoelectrophoresis; manual passive haemagglutination; automatic passive haemagglutination are given, 4, 92 percent among the 1.219 tested blood donnors plasmas have an antibody greater than or equal to 5 U.I., 16, 24 percent have a titre between 1 and 5 U.I.", "contents": "[Detection and titration of anti-tetanus antibodies by passive hemagglutination]. Human red cells O Rh + are coated with purified tetanus toxoid, by means of chromic chloride as coupling agent. With this reagent and by passive haemagglutination technique, antitetanus antibodies can be automatically screened and titrated in blood donnors plasmas, on Groupamatic equipments. Comparative results of three techniques: counter immunoelectrophoresis; manual passive haemagglutination; automatic passive haemagglutination are given, 4, 92 percent among the 1.219 tested blood donnors plasmas have an antibody greater than or equal to 5 U.I., 16, 24 percent have a titre between 1 and 5 U.I.", "PMID": 335480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13341", "title": "Nasal polyps treated by beclomethasone nasal aerosol.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over study of the effect of insufflation of beclomethasone dipropionate 400 microgram per day for four weeks showed favourable results, as verified statistically, concerning nasal blockage at the end of the treatment period. Rhinomanometry also showed that the nasal patency was significantly improved during the beclomethasone period. There was also a tendency, though not statistically significant, for nasal secretion to react favourable. The polyps did not disappear during the active treatment period and short-term treatment with beclomethasone aerosol can thus only be used as an adjuvant to other models of therapy, whether medical or surgical, in nasal polyps. No clinical side-effects of any importance were observed during the study.", "contents": "Nasal polyps treated by beclomethasone nasal aerosol. A double-blind cross-over study of the effect of insufflation of beclomethasone dipropionate 400 microgram per day for four weeks showed favourable results, as verified statistically, concerning nasal blockage at the end of the treatment period. Rhinomanometry also showed that the nasal patency was significantly improved during the beclomethasone period. There was also a tendency, though not statistically significant, for nasal secretion to react favourable. The polyps did not disappear during the active treatment period and short-term treatment with beclomethasone aerosol can thus only be used as an adjuvant to other models of therapy, whether medical or surgical, in nasal polyps. No clinical side-effects of any importance were observed during the study.", "PMID": 335482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13342", "title": "Modifications of macrophage chemotaxis in rats bearing the transplantable tumour reticulosarcoma 'IRE'.", "content": "Macrophage chemotactic activity was studied as a marker of the anti-inflammatory effect accompanying tumour growth. An inhibiting effect of the tumour on the macrophage mobility was observed by comparing the macrophages collected from normal rats and those from animals bearing the IRE reticulosarcoma. To explain these results, it is postulated that a MIF, or a similar inhibiting factor is released by the tumour. Both the the nature and function of such a factor(s) remain to be clarified.", "contents": "Modifications of macrophage chemotaxis in rats bearing the transplantable tumour reticulosarcoma 'IRE'. Macrophage chemotactic activity was studied as a marker of the anti-inflammatory effect accompanying tumour growth. An inhibiting effect of the tumour on the macrophage mobility was observed by comparing the macrophages collected from normal rats and those from animals bearing the IRE reticulosarcoma. To explain these results, it is postulated that a MIF, or a similar inhibiting factor is released by the tumour. Both the the nature and function of such a factor(s) remain to be clarified.", "PMID": 335481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13343", "title": "A pragmatic trial of cimetidine in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "Fifty-eight outpatients with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of duodenal ulcer completed a double-blind randomized trial of the effect of cimetidine on ulcer symptoms. Patients normally treated in general practice were included in the trial. The patients in the treatment group received cimetidine 1 g daily and the controls received inactive tablets. The treatment period was four weeks. During the last nine days 18 (60%) of 30 cimetidine-treated patients were symptom-free against 5 (18%) of 28 controls (P less than 0.005). The antacid consumption, the number of days with pain and the number of hours with pain also differed significantly in the two groups. Apart from a transient rash in one patient no important clinical side-effects were noted. The serum creatinine rose slightly in the cimetidine-treated patients.", "contents": "A pragmatic trial of cimetidine in duodenal ulcer patients. Fifty-eight outpatients with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of duodenal ulcer completed a double-blind randomized trial of the effect of cimetidine on ulcer symptoms. Patients normally treated in general practice were included in the trial. The patients in the treatment group received cimetidine 1 g daily and the controls received inactive tablets. The treatment period was four weeks. During the last nine days 18 (60%) of 30 cimetidine-treated patients were symptom-free against 5 (18%) of 28 controls (P less than 0.005). The antacid consumption, the number of days with pain and the number of hours with pain also differed significantly in the two groups. Apart from a transient rash in one patient no important clinical side-effects were noted. The serum creatinine rose slightly in the cimetidine-treated patients.", "PMID": 335490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13344", "title": "Complement activation and phagocytosis of cryoglobulin particles in a patient with plasma cell proliferative disease.", "content": "The serum of a patient with a non-aggressive plasma cell proliferative disorder contained two monoclonal immunoglobulins: IgG3 lambda in moderate concentration and having cryoglobulin features, and IgA kappa in low concentration and without cryoprecipitability. The patient's serum had low complement concentration and C3 was partly converted into split products in vivo. Complement (C3) together with cryoglobulin and fibrinogen  was found  by immunofluorescence in sections from skin showing vasculitis. The cryoglobulin particles which formed at room temp. were vividly phagocytized in vitro by neutrophile granulocytes from the patient and from normal individuals as demonstrated in light microscopy and ultramicroscopy.", "contents": "Complement activation and phagocytosis of cryoglobulin particles in a patient with plasma cell proliferative disease. The serum of a patient with a non-aggressive plasma cell proliferative disorder contained two monoclonal immunoglobulins: IgG3 lambda in moderate concentration and having cryoglobulin features, and IgA kappa in low concentration and without cryoprecipitability. The patient's serum had low complement concentration and C3 was partly converted into split products in vivo. Complement (C3) together with cryoglobulin and fibrinogen  was found  by immunofluorescence in sections from skin showing vasculitis. The cryoglobulin particles which formed at room temp. were vividly phagocytized in vitro by neutrophile granulocytes from the patient and from normal individuals as demonstrated in light microscopy and ultramicroscopy.", "PMID": 335491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13345", "title": "Certain polyclonal antinuclear antibodies cross-react with the surface membrane of human lymphocytes and granulocytes.", "content": "Five out of 24 human sera with antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers of 1250 or more contained ANA that bound in vitro to normal viable human mononuclear blood cells and granulocytes, but not to erythrocytes. The antibodies can be eluted off from the cell membranes and shown to possess ANA activity. Antinative DNA antibodies and lupus erythematosus factor were not recovered in eluates, indicating that they did not react with the cells. The cells absorbed 75%-87% of the ANA activity from three sera. ANA reacted with both T-lymphocyte-depleted and -enriched mononuclear cells. No or minimal amounts of ANA bound to mouse spleen cells in suspension; in contrast, the ANA eluted from human cells reacted with nuclei of smeared mouse spleen cells. The cross-reacting antibodies were predominantly IgG that bound well at 37 degrees C, and F(ab')2 fragments carried both activities. The ANA-binding plasma membrane antigen was resistant to trypsin and RNAse but was completely inactivated by glutaraldehyde. The data indicate that human leukocyte plasma membranes and cell nuclei from many species contain a cross-specific antigen. Alternatively, the antigen may be produced in the nucleus and somehow attach to the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Certain polyclonal antinuclear antibodies cross-react with the surface membrane of human lymphocytes and granulocytes. Five out of 24 human sera with antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers of 1250 or more contained ANA that bound in vitro to normal viable human mononuclear blood cells and granulocytes, but not to erythrocytes. The antibodies can be eluted off from the cell membranes and shown to possess ANA activity. Antinative DNA antibodies and lupus erythematosus factor were not recovered in eluates, indicating that they did not react with the cells. The cells absorbed 75%-87% of the ANA activity from three sera. ANA reacted with both T-lymphocyte-depleted and -enriched mononuclear cells. No or minimal amounts of ANA bound to mouse spleen cells in suspension; in contrast, the ANA eluted from human cells reacted with nuclei of smeared mouse spleen cells. The cross-reacting antibodies were predominantly IgG that bound well at 37 degrees C, and F(ab')2 fragments carried both activities. The ANA-binding plasma membrane antigen was resistant to trypsin and RNAse but was completely inactivated by glutaraldehyde. The data indicate that human leukocyte plasma membranes and cell nuclei from many species contain a cross-specific antigen. Alternatively, the antigen may be produced in the nucleus and somehow attach to the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 335492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13346", "title": "BCG influence on 256 Walker carcinosarcoma growth in rats in relation to adrenal cortex status.", "content": "BCG influence on antitumoral immunity varied in relation to the timing and the way of administration, as well as in relation to the adrenal cortex status of the animals. BCG administration several days before tumor grafting, but especially when mixed with tumoral cells determined a maximum antitumoral effect, while vaccination after the tumor had been formed enhanced its metastasization. The decrease of the endogenous corticoids secretion amplified the antitumoral effect of BCG, while exogenous cortisone diminished this effect. The study of in vitro cultivated tumoral cells as well as microscopic examination of the tumors suggest the involvement of a complex process in the achievement of the nonspecific antitumoral immunity, a process in which the adrenal cortex status plays an important role.", "contents": "BCG influence on 256 Walker carcinosarcoma growth in rats in relation to adrenal cortex status. BCG influence on antitumoral immunity varied in relation to the timing and the way of administration, as well as in relation to the adrenal cortex status of the animals. BCG administration several days before tumor grafting, but especially when mixed with tumoral cells determined a maximum antitumoral effect, while vaccination after the tumor had been formed enhanced its metastasization. The decrease of the endogenous corticoids secretion amplified the antitumoral effect of BCG, while exogenous cortisone diminished this effect. The study of in vitro cultivated tumoral cells as well as microscopic examination of the tumors suggest the involvement of a complex process in the achievement of the nonspecific antitumoral immunity, a process in which the adrenal cortex status plays an important role.", "PMID": 335488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13347", "title": "Human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) III. Further investigations on the serine protease nature of this lymphokine and its preference for arginine amides.", "content": "Previous findings suggesting an esterase and protease nature of human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) were extended by testing the ability of different protease and esterase inhibitors to reduce LIF activity. The serine-specific inhibitors phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and physostigmine (eserine) markedly reduced LIF activity, whereas the histidine-specific inhibitors N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and L-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) were inactive. That LIF might act as an esterase and a protease was further strengthened by the ability of pralidoxime methansulfonate (2-PAM) to reestablish LIF activity of supernatants previously inactivated by PMSF. Furthermore, the arginine amides N-benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BApNA) and N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BPVApNA) were shown to satisfy the substrate specificities of the putative LIF enzyme. Indeed, BPVApNA seemed to possess a particularly strong affinity for LIF, indicating its potential role in an enzymatic LIF assay.", "contents": "Human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) III. Further investigations on the serine protease nature of this lymphokine and its preference for arginine amides. Previous findings suggesting an esterase and protease nature of human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) were extended by testing the ability of different protease and esterase inhibitors to reduce LIF activity. The serine-specific inhibitors phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and physostigmine (eserine) markedly reduced LIF activity, whereas the histidine-specific inhibitors N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and L-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) were inactive. That LIF might act as an esterase and a protease was further strengthened by the ability of pralidoxime methansulfonate (2-PAM) to reestablish LIF activity of supernatants previously inactivated by PMSF. Furthermore, the arginine amides N-benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BApNA) and N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BPVApNA) were shown to satisfy the substrate specificities of the putative LIF enzyme. Indeed, BPVApNA seemed to possess a particularly strong affinity for LIF, indicating its potential role in an enzymatic LIF assay.", "PMID": 335493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13348", "title": "[Proteinuria and kidney transplantation. A quantitative immunochemical study of 7 protein clearances during the first 50 days following implantation of cadaver kidney].", "content": "During the initial 50 days following transplantation of a cadaver kidney into 8 patients, determinations of 7 individual protein clearances were performed twice a week. This, the first posttransplantation investigation of single protein clearances utilizing unconcentrated urine, was made possible by the highly sensitive electroimmunodiffusion method of LAURELL [24]. The following results were obtained: 1. Kidney implantation was immediately followed by glomerulo-tubular proteinuria. In patients exhibiting good transplant tolerance the tubular proteins disappeared from the urine by the 43rd day at the latest; on the other hand, excretion of the glomerular proteins transferrin and albumin continued. In patients without complications the proteinuria was already highly selective by the 7th day (70 degrees). 2. In 5 of 8 patients there was a change in the proteinuria pattern during the rejection crisis: glomerulo-tubular proteinuria occurred three times and glomerular proteinuria twice. In two of these cases there was a change in the selectivity. 3. Patients with good tolerance showed plasma prealbumin levels which increased as a function of the time lapse since transplantation. 4. The plasma concentration of retinol-binding protein did not vary following transplantation and remained at 16.8 +/- 2.8 mg% in patients with uneventful course and at 18.5 +/- 4.9 mg% in patients with transplant rejection reactions, both values being markedly above the norm (4.7 +/- 1.1 mg%, [1 SD]).", "contents": "[Proteinuria and kidney transplantation. A quantitative immunochemical study of 7 protein clearances during the first 50 days following implantation of cadaver kidney]. During the initial 50 days following transplantation of a cadaver kidney into 8 patients, determinations of 7 individual protein clearances were performed twice a week. This, the first posttransplantation investigation of single protein clearances utilizing unconcentrated urine, was made possible by the highly sensitive electroimmunodiffusion method of LAURELL [24]. The following results were obtained: 1. Kidney implantation was immediately followed by glomerulo-tubular proteinuria. In patients exhibiting good transplant tolerance the tubular proteins disappeared from the urine by the 43rd day at the latest; on the other hand, excretion of the glomerular proteins transferrin and albumin continued. In patients without complications the proteinuria was already highly selective by the 7th day (70 degrees). 2. In 5 of 8 patients there was a change in the proteinuria pattern during the rejection crisis: glomerulo-tubular proteinuria occurred three times and glomerular proteinuria twice. In two of these cases there was a change in the selectivity. 3. Patients with good tolerance showed plasma prealbumin levels which increased as a function of the time lapse since transplantation. 4. The plasma concentration of retinol-binding protein did not vary following transplantation and remained at 16.8 +/- 2.8 mg% in patients with uneventful course and at 18.5 +/- 4.9 mg% in patients with transplant rejection reactions, both values being markedly above the norm (4.7 +/- 1.1 mg%, [1 SD]).", "PMID": 335496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13349", "title": "[Detection of the optimal dose of spironolactone for the treatment of benign essential hypertension].", "content": "The blood pressure lowering effects of spironolactone have been studied in 40 subjects with benign essential hypertension in an attempt to determine the optimum starting dose for the drug. The trial was carried out by the double blind method. In almost all patients 100-400 mg spironolactone caused a signnificant decrease in diastolic and systolic arterial pressure. Present findings indicate that 100-200 mg spironolactone represents the optimum attack dose. The medication caused a significant rise in serum potassium. Other parameters were not affected by the treatment. In conclusion, it would appear that spironolactone--in association with other antihypertensive regiments--may improve the treatment of essential hypertension, especially in patients showing a tendency to hypokalemia and uricemia, and may offer an additional possibility or alternative in the therapy of hypertensive diseases.", "contents": "[Detection of the optimal dose of spironolactone for the treatment of benign essential hypertension]. The blood pressure lowering effects of spironolactone have been studied in 40 subjects with benign essential hypertension in an attempt to determine the optimum starting dose for the drug. The trial was carried out by the double blind method. In almost all patients 100-400 mg spironolactone caused a signnificant decrease in diastolic and systolic arterial pressure. Present findings indicate that 100-200 mg spironolactone represents the optimum attack dose. The medication caused a significant rise in serum potassium. Other parameters were not affected by the treatment. In conclusion, it would appear that spironolactone--in association with other antihypertensive regiments--may improve the treatment of essential hypertension, especially in patients showing a tendency to hypokalemia and uricemia, and may offer an additional possibility or alternative in the therapy of hypertensive diseases.", "PMID": 335498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13350", "title": "[The EEG in the aged].", "content": "The most important characteristic of the EEG in old age is the frequency decrease of background activity, which can be traced back to a lessening of cerebral oxygen uptake. One third of healthy test persons aged 60 or over also show temporal (usually left sided) slow wave groups. The degree of EEG changes in cerebro-vascular insults depends on the nature and the localization of these disturbances. Temporary clinical and electroencephalographic focal seizure symptoms are observed, in particular, in circulatory disturbances within the temporo-parieto-occipital territory. Recurring epileptic seizures which start only in old age usually have either a vascular or a tumoral cause. During the attack-free intervals EEG spikes or sharp waves may be less frequently recorded than in younger test persons. Thanks to its highly typical EEG pattern, Creutzfeldt-Jakob subacute spongiform encephalopathy can be distinguished from other presenile or senile affections of the brain.", "contents": "[The EEG in the aged]. The most important characteristic of the EEG in old age is the frequency decrease of background activity, which can be traced back to a lessening of cerebral oxygen uptake. One third of healthy test persons aged 60 or over also show temporal (usually left sided) slow wave groups. The degree of EEG changes in cerebro-vascular insults depends on the nature and the localization of these disturbances. Temporary clinical and electroencephalographic focal seizure symptoms are observed, in particular, in circulatory disturbances within the temporo-parieto-occipital territory. Recurring epileptic seizures which start only in old age usually have either a vascular or a tumoral cause. During the attack-free intervals EEG spikes or sharp waves may be less frequently recorded than in younger test persons. Thanks to its highly typical EEG pattern, Creutzfeldt-Jakob subacute spongiform encephalopathy can be distinguished from other presenile or senile affections of the brain.", "PMID": 335499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13351", "title": "[The treatment of hyperuricemia after kidney transplantation].", "content": "In this study of 17 renal transplant recipients with hyperuricemia the effects of allopurinol vs. benzbromarone were compared. Both drugs effectively lowered serum uric acid concentrations by 19 vs. 35% of pretreatment values. Adverse reaction to allopurinol consisted in augmenting of azathioprin toxicity for bone marrow, with occurrence of an isolated fall in the hematocrit in several patients. With benzbromarone no drug interactions were observed. However, one patient exhibited uric acid stone formation in the damaged kidney.", "contents": "[The treatment of hyperuricemia after kidney transplantation]. In this study of 17 renal transplant recipients with hyperuricemia the effects of allopurinol vs. benzbromarone were compared. Both drugs effectively lowered serum uric acid concentrations by 19 vs. 35% of pretreatment values. Adverse reaction to allopurinol consisted in augmenting of azathioprin toxicity for bone marrow, with occurrence of an isolated fall in the hematocrit in several patients. With benzbromarone no drug interactions were observed. However, one patient exhibited uric acid stone formation in the damaged kidney.", "PMID": 335500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13352", "title": "[Allogenic bone marrow transplantation in severe aplastic anemia and refractory acute leukemia. 35 cases].", "content": "23 patients with severe aplastic anemia have been treated. 10 marrow grafts between HLA matched siblings were performed after conditioning with cyclophosphamide. 5 are still alive at over 7 months to over 2 1/2 years after grafting. 3 are hemopoietic chimeras and 2 show autologous marrow reconstitution. 13 patients were treated by ALG with or without transfusion of allogeneic marrow. 9 are still alive with partial to complete autologous hemopoietic reconstitution at over 1 month to over 4 years. It is concluded that in many instances aplastic anemia is an autoimmune disease rather than a primary failure of the hemopoietic stem cells. In acute leukemia allogeneic marrow grafts still pose enormous problems and only one of our 12 grafts has become a longterm survivor.", "contents": "[Allogenic bone marrow transplantation in severe aplastic anemia and refractory acute leukemia. 35 cases]. 23 patients with severe aplastic anemia have been treated. 10 marrow grafts between HLA matched siblings were performed after conditioning with cyclophosphamide. 5 are still alive at over 7 months to over 2 1/2 years after grafting. 3 are hemopoietic chimeras and 2 show autologous marrow reconstitution. 13 patients were treated by ALG with or without transfusion of allogeneic marrow. 9 are still alive with partial to complete autologous hemopoietic reconstitution at over 1 month to over 4 years. It is concluded that in many instances aplastic anemia is an autoimmune disease rather than a primary failure of the hemopoietic stem cells. In acute leukemia allogeneic marrow grafts still pose enormous problems and only one of our 12 grafts has become a longterm survivor.", "PMID": 335503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13353", "title": "[Analysis of the macrophage function in sarcoidosis].", "content": "This study demonstrates that, in spite of the fairly normal functional capacity of T lymphocytes in sarcoidosis, a deficit of cell-mediated immunity frequently develops. It is shown that monocytes of sarcoidosis seem to share in responsibility for the appearance of this deficit. Soluble factors from sensitized healthy monocytes are shown to be capable of restoring this capacity.", "contents": "[Analysis of the macrophage function in sarcoidosis]. This study demonstrates that, in spite of the fairly normal functional capacity of T lymphocytes in sarcoidosis, a deficit of cell-mediated immunity frequently develops. It is shown that monocytes of sarcoidosis seem to share in responsibility for the appearance of this deficit. Soluble factors from sensitized healthy monocytes are shown to be capable of restoring this capacity.", "PMID": 335504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13354", "title": "[Cerebrospinal toxoplasmosis: detection, clinical course and therapy].", "content": "With modern techniques (membrane marking by indirect immunofluorescence and identification by morphological criteria) Toxoplasma gondii can be reliably identified in the CSF. Identification of the causative agent confirms the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis of the meninges, the central nervous system and the nerve roots. Toxoplasma encephalomyelitis associated with meningoradiculitis has hitherto only rarely been described. Our own cases afford evidence of the fact that even in the most typical cases of multiple sclerosis this possibility must be considered. Fansidar (a combination of an ultralong-acting sulfonamide with pyrimethamine combined with spiramycine is recommended as the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal toxoplasmosis: detection, clinical course and therapy]. With modern techniques (membrane marking by indirect immunofluorescence and identification by morphological criteria) Toxoplasma gondii can be reliably identified in the CSF. Identification of the causative agent confirms the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis of the meninges, the central nervous system and the nerve roots. Toxoplasma encephalomyelitis associated with meningoradiculitis has hitherto only rarely been described. Our own cases afford evidence of the fact that even in the most typical cases of multiple sclerosis this possibility must be considered. Fansidar (a combination of an ultralong-acting sulfonamide with pyrimethamine combined with spiramycine is recommended as the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 335505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13355", "title": "[Mineral content of the skeleton in chronic kidney insufficiency treated with dialysis and after kidney transplantation. Results of isotope densitometry].", "content": "By means of a photon densitometer utilizing a 125I-source, bone mineral content was measured in 15 chronic renal failure patients on conservative management, 46 patients on maintenance hemodialysis and 20 patients after renal transplantation. The determinations were made at 4 sites in both radius and tibia. In patients with chronic renal failure on conservative treatment the bone mineral content did not differ significantly from that in normals. Patients on hemodialysis showed a low bone mineral content in 61 percent of females and 53 percent of males. Especially low values were obtained from 5 females who had undergone bilateral nephrectomy. After renal transplantation all female patients showed low values, whereas 50 percent of male patients showed decreased values. No correlations were found between bone mineral content and serum parameters (calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine), duration of renal failure, hemodialysis treatment or steroid medication.", "contents": "[Mineral content of the skeleton in chronic kidney insufficiency treated with dialysis and after kidney transplantation. Results of isotope densitometry]. By means of a photon densitometer utilizing a 125I-source, bone mineral content was measured in 15 chronic renal failure patients on conservative management, 46 patients on maintenance hemodialysis and 20 patients after renal transplantation. The determinations were made at 4 sites in both radius and tibia. In patients with chronic renal failure on conservative treatment the bone mineral content did not differ significantly from that in normals. Patients on hemodialysis showed a low bone mineral content in 61 percent of females and 53 percent of males. Especially low values were obtained from 5 females who had undergone bilateral nephrectomy. After renal transplantation all female patients showed low values, whereas 50 percent of male patients showed decreased values. No correlations were found between bone mineral content and serum parameters (calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine), duration of renal failure, hemodialysis treatment or steroid medication.", "PMID": 335506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13356", "title": "Humanity in science: a perspective and a plea.", "content": "The phrase \"humanity in science\" encompasses several problems of various dimensions, which have been present for a long period. Their particular force can be most clearly appreciated by seeing the  historical circumstances in which they arose and by examining the changing nature of the social contact between the scientific profession and society. The new ethical imperatives presently operating within society call for new responses. In addition, new ways must be found of mirroring scientific activity so as to more faithfully reflect its real nature to and incorporate it into our culture.", "contents": "Humanity in science: a perspective and a plea. The phrase \"humanity in science\" encompasses several problems of various dimensions, which have been present for a long period. Their particular force can be most clearly appreciated by seeing the  historical circumstances in which they arose and by examining the changing nature of the social contact between the scientific profession and society. The new ethical imperatives presently operating within society call for new responses. In addition, new ways must be found of mirroring scientific activity so as to more faithfully reflect its real nature to and incorporate it into our culture.", "PMID": 335508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13357", "title": "A new highly effective ovulating agent for fish reproduction. Practical application of LH-RH analogue for the induction of spawning of farm fishes.", "content": "The synthetic analogue of the nonapeptide LH-RH has been found to be highly effective in the induction of spawning of farm fishes (the grass carp, the silver carp, the spotted silver carp, and the black carp.) Its biological activity is many times higher than that of the synthetic decapeptide or natural releasing hormone. Out of a total number of 500 mature fishes treated with the nonapeptide alone and/or combined with a minimum amount of fish pituitary, 396 of them spawned--with an over-all spawning rate of 78%. As far as we know, this is probably the most effective ovulating agent or hormone now available for fishes. This finding is of paramount importance in pisciculture for large-scale production of fry. The recommended dosages for the following farm fishes are: the grass carp--1-10 microgram/kg b.w.; the silver carp--3 microgram or more/kg b.w. in divided doses; the spotted silver carp--1.4 microgram or more/kg b.w.; and the black carp--10 microgram/kg b.w. For the latter species, the efficacy of the peptide could be improved by a concurrent administration of 0.5-2 mg of the pituitary gland. The significance of this work in piscicultural practice and the mechanism of hormonal action are briefly discussed.", "contents": "A new highly effective ovulating agent for fish reproduction. Practical application of LH-RH analogue for the induction of spawning of farm fishes. The synthetic analogue of the nonapeptide LH-RH has been found to be highly effective in the induction of spawning of farm fishes (the grass carp, the silver carp, the spotted silver carp, and the black carp.) Its biological activity is many times higher than that of the synthetic decapeptide or natural releasing hormone. Out of a total number of 500 mature fishes treated with the nonapeptide alone and/or combined with a minimum amount of fish pituitary, 396 of them spawned--with an over-all spawning rate of 78%. As far as we know, this is probably the most effective ovulating agent or hormone now available for fishes. This finding is of paramount importance in pisciculture for large-scale production of fry. The recommended dosages for the following farm fishes are: the grass carp--1-10 microgram/kg b.w.; the silver carp--3 microgram or more/kg b.w. in divided doses; the spotted silver carp--1.4 microgram or more/kg b.w.; and the black carp--10 microgram/kg b.w. For the latter species, the efficacy of the peptide could be improved by a concurrent administration of 0.5-2 mg of the pituitary gland. The significance of this work in piscicultural practice and the mechanism of hormonal action are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 335507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13358", "title": "Mandelonitrile beta-glucuronide: synthesis and characterization.", "content": "Mandelonitrile beta-glucuronide, the compound patented as Laetrile, has been synthesized from rabbit liver uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase immobilized on beaded sepharose, has been analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and has been tested for cytotoxicity and mutagenic activity with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100. Several commercial laetrile preparations contained no glucuronide; they contained amygdalin and neoamygdalin instead. Mandelonitrile, mandelonitrile glucuronide, and a mixture of amygdalin and neoamygdalin were each found to be mutagenic.", "contents": "Mandelonitrile beta-glucuronide: synthesis and characterization. Mandelonitrile beta-glucuronide, the compound patented as Laetrile, has been synthesized from rabbit liver uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase immobilized on beaded sepharose, has been analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and has been tested for cytotoxicity and mutagenic activity with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100. Several commercial laetrile preparations contained no glucuronide; they contained amygdalin and neoamygdalin instead. Mandelonitrile, mandelonitrile glucuronide, and a mixture of amygdalin and neoamygdalin were each found to be mutagenic.", "PMID": 335509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13359", "title": "Fifty centuries of right-handedness: the historical record.", "content": "A survey of more than 5000 years of art work, encompassing 1180 scorable instances of unimanual tool or weapon usage, revealed no systematic trends in hand usage. The right hand was used in an average of 93 percent of the cases, regardless of which historical era or geographic region was assessed.", "contents": "Fifty centuries of right-handedness: the historical record. A survey of more than 5000 years of art work, encompassing 1180 scorable instances of unimanual tool or weapon usage, revealed no systematic trends in hand usage. The right hand was used in an average of 93 percent of the cases, regardless of which historical era or geographic region was assessed.", "PMID": 335510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13360", "title": "H-Y antigen and the genetics of sex determination.", "content": "Widespread phylogenetic conservation of H-Y antigen indicates persistence of a vital function. It has been proposed that this function is the primary determination of mammalian sex. According to this proposal, the indifferent embryonic gonad is induced to differentiate as a testis in the presence of H-Y antigen, and as an ovary in the absence of H-Y antigen. But presence of H-Y antigen does not guarantee testicular differentiation. Other factors may be required: a gene that activates the H-Y structural locus, and another gene that codes for specific H-Y antigen receptors.", "contents": "H-Y antigen and the genetics of sex determination. Widespread phylogenetic conservation of H-Y antigen indicates persistence of a vital function. It has been proposed that this function is the primary determination of mammalian sex. According to this proposal, the indifferent embryonic gonad is induced to differentiate as a testis in the presence of H-Y antigen, and as an ovary in the absence of H-Y antigen. But presence of H-Y antigen does not guarantee testicular differentiation. Other factors may be required: a gene that activates the H-Y structural locus, and another gene that codes for specific H-Y antigen receptors.", "PMID": 335511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13361", "title": "Diffuse intravascular coagulation in liver disease?", "content": "The evidence for intravascular coagulation in liver diseases is critically reviewed. Alternative mechanisms for hypofibrinogenemia and the accelerated disappearance of fibrinogen from blood are proposed, such as loss into extravascular compartments (e.g., ascites, areas of liver necrosis, etc.). Possible mechanisms other than DIC for the elevation of serum FDP are also considered, such as extravascular fibrinogen proteolysis with subsequent transfer of FDP to blood. Therapy is discussed with reference to the current knowledge on pathophysiology of the coagulation defect in liver diseases.", "contents": "Diffuse intravascular coagulation in liver disease? The evidence for intravascular coagulation in liver diseases is critically reviewed. Alternative mechanisms for hypofibrinogenemia and the accelerated disappearance of fibrinogen from blood are proposed, such as loss into extravascular compartments (e.g., ascites, areas of liver necrosis, etc.). Possible mechanisms other than DIC for the elevation of serum FDP are also considered, such as extravascular fibrinogen proteolysis with subsequent transfer of FDP to blood. Therapy is discussed with reference to the current knowledge on pathophysiology of the coagulation defect in liver diseases.", "PMID": 335513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13362", "title": "Camera-computer systems for rapid dynamic imaging studies.", "content": "The extraction of valuable diagnostic information from rapid, dynamic studies performed on a gamma camera requires that the data be recorded for latter analysis. If these data are to be available rapidly and if quantitative analysis is to be performed, it is imperative that a computer be used in conjuction with the gamma camera. This review describes the more important features of a nuclear medicine computer system both from the point of view of hardware and software. The various aspects that cause some limitations to be imposed on the capability of the system in order to carry out fast, dynamic studies are described and some possible solutions are suggested.", "contents": "Camera-computer systems for rapid dynamic imaging studies. The extraction of valuable diagnostic information from rapid, dynamic studies performed on a gamma camera requires that the data be recorded for latter analysis. If these data are to be available rapidly and if quantitative analysis is to be performed, it is imperative that a computer be used in conjuction with the gamma camera. This review describes the more important features of a nuclear medicine computer system both from the point of view of hardware and software. The various aspects that cause some limitations to be imposed on the capability of the system in order to carry out fast, dynamic studies are described and some possible solutions are suggested.", "PMID": 335515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13363", "title": "Postpartum surveillance for urinary tract infection: patients at risk of developing pyelonephritis after catheterization.", "content": "Asymptomatic postpartum bacteriuria occurred in ten of 354 patients not catheterized (2.8%) and in 19 of 313 patients who were catheterized (6.1%). Obstetric lacterations were commonly associated with bacteriuric patients who were not catheterized. Primigravidas as a total group were more likely to have significant bacteriuria. Nine of 23 patients with urinary retention (39.1%), requiring catheterization for longer than 24 hours, developed asymptomatic bacteriuria; urinary tract infection tended to be progressive in these patients, ascending from lower to upper urinary tract involvement. Using the fluorescent antibody (FA) test, antibody-coated bacteria were demonstrated in specimens from five of these nine patients (56%), indicating silent renal infection.", "contents": "Postpartum surveillance for urinary tract infection: patients at risk of developing pyelonephritis after catheterization. Asymptomatic postpartum bacteriuria occurred in ten of 354 patients not catheterized (2.8%) and in 19 of 313 patients who were catheterized (6.1%). Obstetric lacterations were commonly associated with bacteriuric patients who were not catheterized. Primigravidas as a total group were more likely to have significant bacteriuria. Nine of 23 patients with urinary retention (39.1%), requiring catheterization for longer than 24 hours, developed asymptomatic bacteriuria; urinary tract infection tended to be progressive in these patients, ascending from lower to upper urinary tract involvement. Using the fluorescent antibody (FA) test, antibody-coated bacteria were demonstrated in specimens from five of these nine patients (56%), indicating silent renal infection.", "PMID": 335524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13364", "title": "Posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency: a treatable disease.", "content": "Posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency was treated using positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), intermittent mandatory ventilation, and cardiovascular monitoring and support. These were begun when intrapulmonary shunt exceeded 15% and before development of hypoxemia despite high inspired oxygen fractions; or retention of CO2; or infiltrative changes on roentgenogram. Of 39 patients treated, 28 required aggressive intervention with levels of PEEP up to 40 cm H2O and support of cardiovascular function with fluids, blood, and ionitropic agents. Those sustaining blunt trauma required the same level of interventions as those with penetrating trauma, but for a significantly longer time. All had reversal of respiratory failure with reduction of shunt to 15%. There were no deaths from respiratory failure or the treatment modalities. Early aggressive treatment for all cases was successful and allowed differentiation of the severity of the original insult.", "contents": "Posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency: a treatable disease. Posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency was treated using positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), intermittent mandatory ventilation, and cardiovascular monitoring and support. These were begun when intrapulmonary shunt exceeded 15% and before development of hypoxemia despite high inspired oxygen fractions; or retention of CO2; or infiltrative changes on roentgenogram. Of 39 patients treated, 28 required aggressive intervention with levels of PEEP up to 40 cm H2O and support of cardiovascular function with fluids, blood, and ionitropic agents. Those sustaining blunt trauma required the same level of interventions as those with penetrating trauma, but for a significantly longer time. All had reversal of respiratory failure with reduction of shunt to 15%. There were no deaths from respiratory failure or the treatment modalities. Early aggressive treatment for all cases was successful and allowed differentiation of the severity of the original insult.", "PMID": 335525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13365", "title": "Peritonealization of lymphoceles complicating renal transplantation: dangers of percutaneous aspiration.", "content": "Lymphocele is a known complication of renal transplantation. The diagnosis is easily made by sonographic technics. Although one may perform percutaneous aspiration or drainage or both, we found that peritonealization of the lymphocele may be more advantageous.", "contents": "Peritonealization of lymphoceles complicating renal transplantation: dangers of percutaneous aspiration. Lymphocele is a known complication of renal transplantation. The diagnosis is easily made by sonographic technics. Although one may perform percutaneous aspiration or drainage or both, we found that peritonealization of the lymphocele may be more advantageous.", "PMID": 335528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13366", "title": "Richter's syndrome.", "content": "A 56-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who developed Richter's syndrome is described. The criteria for diagnosis are given and the histology is discussed. We agree that Richter's syndrome represents a peculiar complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and not a separate disease entity. As such, Richter's syndrome must be known and recognized by those evaluating patients with lymphadenopathy whose basic diagnosis may be confused with Hodgkin's disease or \"histiocytic\" lymphoma.", "contents": "Richter's syndrome. A 56-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who developed Richter's syndrome is described. The criteria for diagnosis are given and the histology is discussed. We agree that Richter's syndrome represents a peculiar complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and not a separate disease entity. As such, Richter's syndrome must be known and recognized by those evaluating patients with lymphadenopathy whose basic diagnosis may be confused with Hodgkin's disease or \"histiocytic\" lymphoma.", "PMID": 335529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13367", "title": "Intestinal and blood parasites in the North Lore District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.", "content": "Over 1,000 stool specimens from residents of the Napu and Besoa Valleys, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia were examined. Schistosoma japonicum was detected in 31% of Napu Valley residents while in only 2% of the Besoa Valley residents. Hookworm infections were the most frequently encountered helminth parasitisms in both valleys. Other helminth parasites encountered were: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Physaloptera sp., Diphyllobothrium sp., echinostome and heterophyid trematodes. Intestinal protozoa endemic to the area were: Entamoeba histolytica, E. coli, E. hartmanni, Iodamoebe b\u00fctschlii, Giardia lamblia, Chilomastix mesnili and Trichomonas hominis. Plasmodium falciparum was responsible for malaria parasitaemias in 5% of 1353 specimens examined and Brugia malayi microfilaraemias were detected in 10% of 972 specimens examined.", "contents": "Intestinal and blood parasites in the North Lore District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Over 1,000 stool specimens from residents of the Napu and Besoa Valleys, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia were examined. Schistosoma japonicum was detected in 31% of Napu Valley residents while in only 2% of the Besoa Valley residents. Hookworm infections were the most frequently encountered helminth parasitisms in both valleys. Other helminth parasites encountered were: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Physaloptera sp., Diphyllobothrium sp., echinostome and heterophyid trematodes. Intestinal protozoa endemic to the area were: Entamoeba histolytica, E. coli, E. hartmanni, Iodamoebe b\u00fctschlii, Giardia lamblia, Chilomastix mesnili and Trichomonas hominis. Plasmodium falciparum was responsible for malaria parasitaemias in 5% of 1353 specimens examined and Brugia malayi microfilaraemias were detected in 10% of 972 specimens examined.", "PMID": 335530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13368", "title": "Parasitological and clinical survey of bancroftian filariasis in Kepu District, Central Jakarta, Indonesia.", "content": "A blood and clinical survey for bancroftian filariasis was made in the Kepu District of Central Jakarta in June 1976. About 90% of 614 inhabitants in the survey area was examined. The microfilarial rate was 4.5%; 5.8% in males and 3.3% in females. Most of the carriers were asymptomatic. The microfilarial density was low. There were 15 persons (2.7%) with signs and symptoms of filariasis; 11 males and 4 females. The total filariasis infection rate was 6.7%. The percentage of infected persons increased with years of residency. Persons living in poorly built houses had approximately 9 times higher microfilarial rate and 5 times higher disease rate than those living in modern houses.", "contents": "Parasitological and clinical survey of bancroftian filariasis in Kepu District, Central Jakarta, Indonesia. A blood and clinical survey for bancroftian filariasis was made in the Kepu District of Central Jakarta in June 1976. About 90% of 614 inhabitants in the survey area was examined. The microfilarial rate was 4.5%; 5.8% in males and 3.3% in females. Most of the carriers were asymptomatic. The microfilarial density was low. There were 15 persons (2.7%) with signs and symptoms of filariasis; 11 males and 4 females. The total filariasis infection rate was 6.7%. The percentage of infected persons increased with years of residency. Persons living in poorly built houses had approximately 9 times higher microfilarial rate and 5 times higher disease rate than those living in modern houses.", "PMID": 335531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13369", "title": "Lymphomas of large cells.", "content": "Historial aspects of the classification of large-cell lymphomas are described. Immunological characterization of the lymphomas has been made possible by identification of T and B lymphocytes according to their cell membrane surface characteristics. The pathogenesis of lymphomas has been clarified by the germinal (follicular) centre cell concepts of Lennert and Lukes and Collins. The various classifications are presented and compared. Whether these subdivisions will have any relevance in the clinical context remains to be seen.", "contents": "Lymphomas of large cells. Historial aspects of the classification of large-cell lymphomas are described. Immunological characterization of the lymphomas has been made possible by identification of T and B lymphocytes according to their cell membrane surface characteristics. The pathogenesis of lymphomas has been clarified by the germinal (follicular) centre cell concepts of Lennert and Lukes and Collins. The various classifications are presented and compared. Whether these subdivisions will have any relevance in the clinical context remains to be seen.", "PMID": 335536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13370", "title": "Effect of methacholine on acid and pepsin responses to pentagastrin in cats with innervated and denervated fundic pouches.", "content": "The effect of threshold dose of methacholine on gastric secretion stimulated by pentagastrin (PG) was studied in two groups of cats, four with Pavlov pouches (PP) and four with Heidenhain pouches (HP). In the PP group methacholine did not alter the maximal response (MR) and the dose producing half of the maximal response (D50) for PG. In the HP group the highest acid response to PG combined with methacholine was greater than the MR to PG alone. Methacholine decreased the D50 for PG in the HP group to that in the PP group with and without methacholine. Methacholine increased the pepsin response to all doses of PG both in the PP and the HP groups. The effect was more pronounced in the HP group. In both types of pouches, the percentage increase of pepsin secretion was larger at low than at high doses of PG. Methacholine increased the pepsin/acid (P/A) ratio for PG in the HP group to that in the PP group with and without methacholine. Accordingly, methacholine sensitized the oxyntic glands and increased the pepsin response to PG in the HP group as did basal vagal tone in the PP group. Methacholine did not further sensitize the innervated oxyntic glands to gastrin but increased the response of the peptic glands.", "contents": "Effect of methacholine on acid and pepsin responses to pentagastrin in cats with innervated and denervated fundic pouches. The effect of threshold dose of methacholine on gastric secretion stimulated by pentagastrin (PG) was studied in two groups of cats, four with Pavlov pouches (PP) and four with Heidenhain pouches (HP). In the PP group methacholine did not alter the maximal response (MR) and the dose producing half of the maximal response (D50) for PG. In the HP group the highest acid response to PG combined with methacholine was greater than the MR to PG alone. Methacholine decreased the D50 for PG in the HP group to that in the PP group with and without methacholine. Methacholine increased the pepsin response to all doses of PG both in the PP and the HP groups. The effect was more pronounced in the HP group. In both types of pouches, the percentage increase of pepsin secretion was larger at low than at high doses of PG. Methacholine increased the pepsin/acid (P/A) ratio for PG in the HP group to that in the PP group with and without methacholine. Accordingly, methacholine sensitized the oxyntic glands and increased the pepsin response to PG in the HP group as did basal vagal tone in the PP group. Methacholine did not further sensitize the innervated oxyntic glands to gastrin but increased the response of the peptic glands.", "PMID": 335550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13371", "title": "Prognostic significance of the active thymus derived rosette forming cells in renal allograft survival: a preliminary report.", "content": "The prognostic significance of hemodialysis, blood transfusions, total T (T-T) and active T (A-T) lymphocytes, as they relate to renal allograft survival, were evaluated in 36 renal transplant recipients. The A-T cell is thought to be a surveillance cell responsible for cellular immunity and the only prognostic factor for graft survival observed in this study. An 83% graft survival rate occurred in patients having a lower percentage of A-Ts (fewer surveillance cells) prior to renal transplantation, as compared to 50% graft survival in patients with a higher percentage of A-T cells. Evaluation of pretransplant T-T cells, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response, and number of transfusions was not prognostic for graft survival. Similarly, there was no difference in graft survival rates in patients hemodialyzed for more vs less than 1 year. Patients hemodialyzed for more than a year received twice as many blood transfusions. There were no differences in the number of T-T or A-T lymphocytes in either group. However, lymphocytes from patients hemodialyzed less than a year were more responsive to PHA stimulation. These data suggest that pretransplant determination of A-T cell values may be prognostic for graft survival and may delineate patients, by an immunological parameter, who may be at high risk for allograft rejection.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of the active thymus derived rosette forming cells in renal allograft survival: a preliminary report. The prognostic significance of hemodialysis, blood transfusions, total T (T-T) and active T (A-T) lymphocytes, as they relate to renal allograft survival, were evaluated in 36 renal transplant recipients. The A-T cell is thought to be a surveillance cell responsible for cellular immunity and the only prognostic factor for graft survival observed in this study. An 83% graft survival rate occurred in patients having a lower percentage of A-Ts (fewer surveillance cells) prior to renal transplantation, as compared to 50% graft survival in patients with a higher percentage of A-T cells. Evaluation of pretransplant T-T cells, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response, and number of transfusions was not prognostic for graft survival. Similarly, there was no difference in graft survival rates in patients hemodialyzed for more vs less than 1 year. Patients hemodialyzed for more than a year received twice as many blood transfusions. There were no differences in the number of T-T or A-T lymphocytes in either group. However, lymphocytes from patients hemodialyzed less than a year were more responsive to PHA stimulation. These data suggest that pretransplant determination of A-T cell values may be prognostic for graft survival and may delineate patients, by an immunological parameter, who may be at high risk for allograft rejection.", "PMID": 335551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13372", "title": "Some aspects of the automation of perimetry.", "content": "Manual perimetry has certain inherent limitations stemming from both the patient and the examiner. Automated perimetry, if properly developed, can offer the advantages of exact reproducibility of the examination strategy, accuracy achieved through  averaging of repeated determinations, and systematic application of previous data to the current examination. The history, concepts and clinical practically of  automated perimetry are discussed. Several systems capable of performing functions resembling human intellectual activity are commerically available; one, the OctopusTM, is described in detail.", "contents": "Some aspects of the automation of perimetry. Manual perimetry has certain inherent limitations stemming from both the patient and the examiner. Automated perimetry, if properly developed, can offer the advantages of exact reproducibility of the examination strategy, accuracy achieved through  averaging of repeated determinations, and systematic application of previous data to the current examination. The history, concepts and clinical practically of  automated perimetry are discussed. Several systems capable of performing functions resembling human intellectual activity are commerically available; one, the OctopusTM, is described in detail.", "PMID": 335547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13373", "title": "Abnormal serum lipid patterns in primary renal allograft recipients.", "content": "The blood lipids profile was determined in 59 patients with successful primary renal allografts, who were followed for an average period of 31.8 months (range, 6 to 80 months). Elevated levels of cholesterol (greater than 250 mg/100 ml) were found in 51% of the patients, elevated levels of triglycerides were found in 56%, and elevated levels of phospholipids in all but one of the patients who were studied (45 of 46). Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships among the systolic blood pressure with total cholesterol (r equals 0.36, P less than 0.01), triglycerides (r equals 0.56, p is less than 0.001), and phospholipids (r equals 0.40, P is less than 0.001). No significant correlations were found between the lipid levels and daily prednisone dosage or with the duration of the period following transplantation. The most significant finding in our study was an elevation of serum phospholipid level--a pattern unreported previously in transplant recipients but which has been reported to be associated with hepatic derangement in nontransplant population. Of 32 patients who had elevated levels of serum phospholipids, the liver function tests were abnormal in 22 patients (69%).", "contents": "Abnormal serum lipid patterns in primary renal allograft recipients. The blood lipids profile was determined in 59 patients with successful primary renal allografts, who were followed for an average period of 31.8 months (range, 6 to 80 months). Elevated levels of cholesterol (greater than 250 mg/100 ml) were found in 51% of the patients, elevated levels of triglycerides were found in 56%, and elevated levels of phospholipids in all but one of the patients who were studied (45 of 46). Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships among the systolic blood pressure with total cholesterol (r equals 0.36, P less than 0.01), triglycerides (r equals 0.56, p is less than 0.001), and phospholipids (r equals 0.40, P is less than 0.001). No significant correlations were found between the lipid levels and daily prednisone dosage or with the duration of the period following transplantation. The most significant finding in our study was an elevation of serum phospholipid level--a pattern unreported previously in transplant recipients but which has been reported to be associated with hepatic derangement in nontransplant population. Of 32 patients who had elevated levels of serum phospholipids, the liver function tests were abnormal in 22 patients (69%).", "PMID": 335552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13374", "title": "Ischemic bowel disease following bilateral nephrectomy or renal transplant.", "content": "In a 2 year period five patients developed pathologically proved ischemic bowel disease (IBD) following either renal transplantation or bilateral nephrectomy in preparations for transplantation. This entity accounted for 42% of all major gastrointestinal complications in this transplant unit. Three patients presented with abdominal pain and ileus, and two patients developed massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. All five patients had nonocclusive ischemic disease because obstruction of a major intestinal vessel could not be documented in any case. Each patient was treated with bowel resection and three of the five patients survived. Although sepsis, shock, and large doses of immunosuppressive drugs have been implicated in predisposing such patients to IBD, these factors were not uniformly present in our cases. Blood volume redistribution with transient episodes of hypotension, especially during postoperative hemodialysis, may be significant. IBD in uremic patients can occur in the presence or absence of renal transplantation and may be the cause of massive intestinal hemorrhage in these individuals.", "contents": "Ischemic bowel disease following bilateral nephrectomy or renal transplant. In a 2 year period five patients developed pathologically proved ischemic bowel disease (IBD) following either renal transplantation or bilateral nephrectomy in preparations for transplantation. This entity accounted for 42% of all major gastrointestinal complications in this transplant unit. Three patients presented with abdominal pain and ileus, and two patients developed massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. All five patients had nonocclusive ischemic disease because obstruction of a major intestinal vessel could not be documented in any case. Each patient was treated with bowel resection and three of the five patients survived. Although sepsis, shock, and large doses of immunosuppressive drugs have been implicated in predisposing such patients to IBD, these factors were not uniformly present in our cases. Blood volume redistribution with transient episodes of hypotension, especially during postoperative hemodialysis, may be significant. IBD in uremic patients can occur in the presence or absence of renal transplantation and may be the cause of massive intestinal hemorrhage in these individuals.", "PMID": 335553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13375", "title": "The effect of intraocular pressure on resistance to outflow.", "content": "As intraocular pressure is increased, facility of aqueous outflow decreases. For many years this fact was obscured by the often used procedure of experimental perfusion into the anterior chamber. Anterior chamber perfusion deepens the anterior chamber; retrodisplacement of the iris-lens diaphragm tenses the trabecular mesh with resulting facility increase and obscuration of the facility-reducing effect of pressure. The probable mechanism of facility reduction under experimental conditions is apposition of the inner wall of Schlemm's  canal to the outer wall. Since facility of aqueous outflow is not constant at different intraocular pressures, application of poiseuille's law to the eye must be restricted to each pressure investigated.", "contents": "The effect of intraocular pressure on resistance to outflow. As intraocular pressure is increased, facility of aqueous outflow decreases. For many years this fact was obscured by the often used procedure of experimental perfusion into the anterior chamber. Anterior chamber perfusion deepens the anterior chamber; retrodisplacement of the iris-lens diaphragm tenses the trabecular mesh with resulting facility increase and obscuration of the facility-reducing effect of pressure. The probable mechanism of facility reduction under experimental conditions is apposition of the inner wall of Schlemm's  canal to the outer wall. Since facility of aqueous outflow is not constant at different intraocular pressures, application of poiseuille's law to the eye must be restricted to each pressure investigated.", "PMID": 335549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13376", "title": "Tear physiology and dry eyes.", "content": "The conditions of tear film formation and stability are governed by the surface chemical characteristics of the tear film system and by the proper functioning of the lacrimal apparatus. The tear film has to remain continuous between blinks in order to fulfill it function. The presence of an abnormal tear film results in dry eye states that can be detrimental to vision. The diagnostic tests presently available are limited mainly to approximately determining tear secretion rate and estimating epithelial damage by staining techniques. The only test that directly measures tear film stability is one which determines tear  film breakup time. The treatment modalities depend on the type of irregularity causing the dry eye state and range from the application of artificial tear substitutes or the obstruction of the puncta to surgical alterations  of the lacrimal system.", "contents": "Tear physiology and dry eyes. The conditions of tear film formation and stability are governed by the surface chemical characteristics of the tear film system and by the proper functioning of the lacrimal apparatus. The tear film has to remain continuous between blinks in order to fulfill it function. The presence of an abnormal tear film results in dry eye states that can be detrimental to vision. The diagnostic tests presently available are limited mainly to approximately determining tear secretion rate and estimating epithelial damage by staining techniques. The only test that directly measures tear film stability is one which determines tear  film breakup time. The treatment modalities depend on the type of irregularity causing the dry eye state and range from the application of artificial tear substitutes or the obstruction of the puncta to surgical alterations  of the lacrimal system.", "PMID": 335548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13377", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen in burn management: a controlled study.", "content": "Using the methods and protocol outlined, we have found that hyperbaric oxygen functions as a mild antiseptic agent and provides no advantage in the treatment of full-thickness and partial-thickness burns, alone or in combination with topical treatment with silver sulfadiazine. No effects were observed on metabolic balance in the postburn state determined by percentage of weight change, the time to complete healing in partial-thickness burns or the rate of eschar separation and vascular proliferation in granulation tissue formation in full-thickness burns.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen in burn management: a controlled study. Using the methods and protocol outlined, we have found that hyperbaric oxygen functions as a mild antiseptic agent and provides no advantage in the treatment of full-thickness and partial-thickness burns, alone or in combination with topical treatment with silver sulfadiazine. No effects were observed on metabolic balance in the postburn state determined by percentage of weight change, the time to complete healing in partial-thickness burns or the rate of eschar separation and vascular proliferation in granulation tissue formation in full-thickness burns.", "PMID": 335554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13378", "title": "Volvulus of the cecum following transplant donor nephrectomy.", "content": "Volvulus of the cecum, a rare postoperative complication, occurred on the first postoperative day following left nephroureterectomy in a volunteer kidney donor. Postoperative cecal volvulus can occur after practically any operation, may present insidiously like adynamic ileus, but may progress rapidly to gangrene of the involved intestine. Etiologic factors, diagnosis, and treatment are reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Volvulus of the cecum following transplant donor nephrectomy. Volvulus of the cecum, a rare postoperative complication, occurred on the first postoperative day following left nephroureterectomy in a volunteer kidney donor. Postoperative cecal volvulus can occur after practically any operation, may present insidiously like adynamic ileus, but may progress rapidly to gangrene of the involved intestine. Etiologic factors, diagnosis, and treatment are reviewed briefly.", "PMID": 335555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13379", "title": "[Immunoglogulins in swine. (A) A review supplemented by a report on findings in personal studies (author's transl)].", "content": "the literature is reviewed and the importance of studying immunoglobulins in farm animals, particularly swine, is stressed. Possible methods of clinical immunological investigation in pigs are suggested. The literature as well as personal studies show that the immunoglobulin titre in the serum of piglets continues to be very low over a prolonged period from the seventh day post partum. This incomplete state of immunity should be taken into account on weaning piglets.", "contents": "[Immunoglogulins in swine. (A) A review supplemented by a report on findings in personal studies (author's transl)]. the literature is reviewed and the importance of studying immunoglobulins in farm animals, particularly swine, is stressed. Possible methods of clinical immunological investigation in pigs are suggested. The literature as well as personal studies show that the immunoglobulin titre in the serum of piglets continues to be very low over a prolonged period from the seventh day post partum. This incomplete state of immunity should be taken into account on weaning piglets.", "PMID": 335562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13380", "title": "[Immunoglobulins in swine. (B) Immunohistological studies on the localization of cells containing immunoglobulin in the tissues of the small intestine and spleen (author's transl)].", "content": "Antisera to porcine immunoglobulins, conjugated with flurescein isothiocyanate, were used in studies on the localization of cells containing immunoglobulin in the tissues of the intestine and spleen in pigs. Cells containing IgM and IgA were found to be present in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa, the villous membrane showing fluorescence due to liberated immunoglobulins. Cells containing IgG and IgM were detected in the marginal areas of the splenic lymph nodes but could not be definitely identified as mature plasma cells.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins in swine. (B) Immunohistological studies on the localization of cells containing immunoglobulin in the tissues of the small intestine and spleen (author's transl)]. Antisera to porcine immunoglobulins, conjugated with flurescein isothiocyanate, were used in studies on the localization of cells containing immunoglobulin in the tissues of the intestine and spleen in pigs. Cells containing IgM and IgA were found to be present in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa, the villous membrane showing fluorescence due to liberated immunoglobulins. Cells containing IgG and IgM were detected in the marginal areas of the splenic lymph nodes but could not be definitely identified as mature plasma cells.", "PMID": 335563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13381", "title": "[Endocrine features in the treatment of cystic ovarian follicles in cattle with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten animals of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed of cattle, in the thirty-two month to twelve year range, showing cystic ovarian follicles, were treated with intravenous injection of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Lutal, Hoechst). All animals responded to treatment with increase in the concentration of luteinizing hormone in the peripheral blood within from 120 to 150 minutes after injection. Luteinizations were observed in the ovaries within from seven to fourteen days after treatment, a process emphasized by increased concentration of progesterone in the blood. Of ten treated animals, six became pregnant. This required a total number of nine injections of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and seven inseminations. The cycle was restored to normal in two animals but unfortunately these were not inseminated or given only a single insemination. The two other animals had recurrences.", "contents": "[Endocrine features in the treatment of cystic ovarian follicles in cattle with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (author's transl)]. Ten animals of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed of cattle, in the thirty-two month to twelve year range, showing cystic ovarian follicles, were treated with intravenous injection of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Lutal, Hoechst). All animals responded to treatment with increase in the concentration of luteinizing hormone in the peripheral blood within from 120 to 150 minutes after injection. Luteinizations were observed in the ovaries within from seven to fourteen days after treatment, a process emphasized by increased concentration of progesterone in the blood. Of ten treated animals, six became pregnant. This required a total number of nine injections of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and seven inseminations. The cycle was restored to normal in two animals but unfortunately these were not inseminated or given only a single insemination. The two other animals had recurrences.", "PMID": 335564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13382", "title": "[Spongy encephalopathy in man and animals (author's transl)].", "content": "With reference to new points of view on the pathogenesis and nature of diseases showing microscopically perceptible spongy features as the main lesion in haemalum-eosin-stained sections of particular portions fo the central nervous system in various animals and man, important findings reported in the literature on the subject are reviewed.", "contents": "[Spongy encephalopathy in man and animals (author's transl)]. With reference to new points of view on the pathogenesis and nature of diseases showing microscopically perceptible spongy features as the main lesion in haemalum-eosin-stained sections of particular portions fo the central nervous system in various animals and man, important findings reported in the literature on the subject are reviewed.", "PMID": 335565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13383", "title": "Determination of transcoronary circulatory transport function.", "content": "A method is described to determine the transcoronary circulatory transport function (h(t)) from input (Ci'(t)) and output (Co'(t)) dye-dilution curves obtained at the inlet and outlet of the coronary circulation. Assuming the mathematical linearity and stationarity of the coronary circulation, it is demonstrated that h(t) can be computed in terms of lagged normal density curve as a model from the sole measurement of the first to third moments of Ci'(t) and Co'(t) when recorded by a pair of our dye sampling systems that have shown to have identical response to step function. The method is useful because of its simplicity in practice. The physiological meaning of the determination of h(t) is discussed. It could be helpful to the estimation of the change in coronary path-length distribution under some conditions, although the method is still of limited value at present, because the averaged path-length through the coronary circulation cannot be evaluated correctly.", "contents": "Determination of transcoronary circulatory transport function. A method is described to determine the transcoronary circulatory transport function (h(t)) from input (Ci'(t)) and output (Co'(t)) dye-dilution curves obtained at the inlet and outlet of the coronary circulation. Assuming the mathematical linearity and stationarity of the coronary circulation, it is demonstrated that h(t) can be computed in terms of lagged normal density curve as a model from the sole measurement of the first to third moments of Ci'(t) and Co'(t) when recorded by a pair of our dye sampling systems that have shown to have identical response to step function. The method is useful because of its simplicity in practice. The physiological meaning of the determination of h(t) is discussed. It could be helpful to the estimation of the change in coronary path-length distribution under some conditions, although the method is still of limited value at present, because the averaged path-length through the coronary circulation cannot be evaluated correctly.", "PMID": 335567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13384", "title": "Measurement of cardiac output by earpiece dye-dilution method with automatic calibration of dye concentration.", "content": "A non-invasive method for measuring cardiac output by an earpiece dye densitometer was proposed. The densitometer is dichromatic and has an air capsule to make subject's ear bloodless by inflation, so that it can calibrate indocyanine green dye concentration without blood sampling. Duplicate measurements of cardiac output showed a good agreement in 40 cases (r = 0.97, standard deviation (S.D.) = 8.9%), which was comparable to the result of the cuvette method (r = 0.98, S.D. = 8.1%). Simultaneous measurements of cardiac output by the earpiece method (x) and the standard cuvette method (y) revealed a good agreement (r = 0.91, y = 0.96x+0.34, S.D. = 16.4%) in 52 measurements of 25 cases. A similarly good correlation was obtained between the two methods during ergometer exercise in supine position in 5 cases. These suggest that this earpiece dye-dilution method is reliable for cardiac output measurement and advantageous for clinical use because of non-invasive technique.", "contents": "Measurement of cardiac output by earpiece dye-dilution method with automatic calibration of dye concentration. A non-invasive method for measuring cardiac output by an earpiece dye densitometer was proposed. The densitometer is dichromatic and has an air capsule to make subject's ear bloodless by inflation, so that it can calibrate indocyanine green dye concentration without blood sampling. Duplicate measurements of cardiac output showed a good agreement in 40 cases (r = 0.97, standard deviation (S.D.) = 8.9%), which was comparable to the result of the cuvette method (r = 0.98, S.D. = 8.1%). Simultaneous measurements of cardiac output by the earpiece method (x) and the standard cuvette method (y) revealed a good agreement (r = 0.91, y = 0.96x+0.34, S.D. = 16.4%) in 52 measurements of 25 cases. A similarly good correlation was obtained between the two methods during ergometer exercise in supine position in 5 cases. These suggest that this earpiece dye-dilution method is reliable for cardiac output measurement and advantageous for clinical use because of non-invasive technique.", "PMID": 335568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13385", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of somatostatin-containing cells in the human, dog and rat thyroids.", "content": "By an indirect immunofluorescence technique using the somatostatin antibody, somatostatin-containing cells were demonstrated to exist in the human, dog and rat thyroids. These cells were located predominantly in the interfollicular areas and more scatteringly in the follicular areas. The source of these somatostatin-containing cells was discussed.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of somatostatin-containing cells in the human, dog and rat thyroids. By an indirect immunofluorescence technique using the somatostatin antibody, somatostatin-containing cells were demonstrated to exist in the human, dog and rat thyroids. These cells were located predominantly in the interfollicular areas and more scatteringly in the follicular areas. The source of these somatostatin-containing cells was discussed.", "PMID": 335569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13386", "title": "Preparation of anti-M and -N antibodies by use of dextran gel as an immunoadsorbent.", "content": "Anti-M and -N antibodies are usually prepared from rabbit immunized with human O.M or O.N red cells. The crude antisera must be adsorbed with non-corresponding red cells to remove heteroagglutinin. To specify the crude antisera, we have employed dextran gel (DEAE-Sephadex A-50) as an immunoadsorbent, which was mixed with M or N group substance prepared by the phenol-saline method, and was fixed with formaldehyde. The substance-coupled gel was added to the corresponding crude antiserum and washed with cold saline. Then, the gel added with an equal volume of saline was heated at 55 degrees C for 10 min and applied on a funnel with slight evacuating. By this method, specific anti-M and -N antibodies (titer 1:16 to 1:32) were prepared, but the antibody was not eluted from the gel reacted with IgM fraction. The recovery rate and specificity of the eluted antibodies are discussed.", "contents": "Preparation of anti-M and -N antibodies by use of dextran gel as an immunoadsorbent. Anti-M and -N antibodies are usually prepared from rabbit immunized with human O.M or O.N red cells. The crude antisera must be adsorbed with non-corresponding red cells to remove heteroagglutinin. To specify the crude antisera, we have employed dextran gel (DEAE-Sephadex A-50) as an immunoadsorbent, which was mixed with M or N group substance prepared by the phenol-saline method, and was fixed with formaldehyde. The substance-coupled gel was added to the corresponding crude antiserum and washed with cold saline. Then, the gel added with an equal volume of saline was heated at 55 degrees C for 10 min and applied on a funnel with slight evacuating. By this method, specific anti-M and -N antibodies (titer 1:16 to 1:32) were prepared, but the antibody was not eluted from the gel reacted with IgM fraction. The recovery rate and specificity of the eluted antibodies are discussed.", "PMID": 335570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13387", "title": "Comparative double-blind trial of dl-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate on vibration disease.", "content": "Sixty inpatients with vibration disease were examined on the effect of dl-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate by comparative double-blind study. The observed period was 6 weeks and the dose was 6 capsules a day (600 mg as dl-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate, Juvela Nicotinate, referred to as EN). The physical exercise therapy was applied to all patients throughout the test period. EN group became better with a significant difference from P (placebo) group in the subjective symptoms, the clinical examinations and the collective improving rate (p less than 0.01, 0.05, 0.01), respectively. The improvement of the subjective symptoms of both groups was higher 6 weeks than 3 weeks after administration. Most items in EN group became better significantly (p less than 0.05) as compared with those in P group. The examinations of the peripheral functions in EN group showed a significant improvement 6 weeks after administration in comparison with those in P group. Blood chemistry, blood cell counts and serum electrolytes changed within normal range. Thus, this preparation would be a curative agent for patients with vibration disease.", "contents": "Comparative double-blind trial of dl-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate on vibration disease. Sixty inpatients with vibration disease were examined on the effect of dl-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate by comparative double-blind study. The observed period was 6 weeks and the dose was 6 capsules a day (600 mg as dl-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate, Juvela Nicotinate, referred to as EN). The physical exercise therapy was applied to all patients throughout the test period. EN group became better with a significant difference from P (placebo) group in the subjective symptoms, the clinical examinations and the collective improving rate (p less than 0.01, 0.05, 0.01), respectively. The improvement of the subjective symptoms of both groups was higher 6 weeks than 3 weeks after administration. Most items in EN group became better significantly (p less than 0.05) as compared with those in P group. The examinations of the peripheral functions in EN group showed a significant improvement 6 weeks after administration in comparison with those in P group. Blood chemistry, blood cell counts and serum electrolytes changed within normal range. Thus, this preparation would be a curative agent for patients with vibration disease.", "PMID": 335571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13388", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of serum testosterone.", "content": "An enzyme immunoassay of serum testosterone using the testosterone-glucoamylase complex is described. Testosterone was estimated by the enzyme immunoassay after extraction with hexan: ether (4:1) for serum from men and additional thin layer chromatographic step for serum from women. The within and between assay errors, measured as the coefficient of variation were 11.1 percent (n=8) and 12.0 percent (n=12). The sensitivity of this assay was 0.25 ng. The mean testosterone concentration (+/- SD) in 19 normal men and 4 normal cycling women were 5.3 +/- 1.8 and 0.52 +/- 0.12 ng/ml, respectively. The level of testosterone found by the present assay compared favorably with those obtained by other methods.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of serum testosterone. An enzyme immunoassay of serum testosterone using the testosterone-glucoamylase complex is described. Testosterone was estimated by the enzyme immunoassay after extraction with hexan: ether (4:1) for serum from men and additional thin layer chromatographic step for serum from women. The within and between assay errors, measured as the coefficient of variation were 11.1 percent (n=8) and 12.0 percent (n=12). The sensitivity of this assay was 0.25 ng. The mean testosterone concentration (+/- SD) in 19 normal men and 4 normal cycling women were 5.3 +/- 1.8 and 0.52 +/- 0.12 ng/ml, respectively. The level of testosterone found by the present assay compared favorably with those obtained by other methods.", "PMID": 335573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13389", "title": "Effect of an infusion of Gn-RH upon levels of sex hormones in prepubertal and pubertal girls: evidence for relative ovarian insensitivity.", "content": "Changes in levels of sex steroids and gonadotropins were measured in 16 normal prepubertal and 15 pubertal girls prior to and after a 3 hour infusion of 100 microgrm synthetic gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gn-RH). Plasa estradiol (E2) concentrations rose significantly (p less than 0.02) from 29.7 +/- 4.6 (SE) pg/ml in the basal period to to 46.8 +/- 7.1 at the end of the infusion in the pubertal girls but were unchanged in the prepubertal girls. Estrone (E1), progesterone (P), 17-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE (17OHP), TESTOSTERONE (T), DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE (DHT), and androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) levels were not altered in either maturity group. Basal plasma E2, E1, T, DHT, DHA and DHAS concentrations significantly correlated with the releasable pool of LH evoked by Gn-RH from the pituitary gonadotropes. We conclude: 1) The ovary is not highly and rapidly responsive to transient elevations of endogenous gonadotropin, and 2) Adrenal androgens may to some extent modulate the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system, at least as reflected by the pituitary response to exogenous Gn-RH.", "contents": "Effect of an infusion of Gn-RH upon levels of sex hormones in prepubertal and pubertal girls: evidence for relative ovarian insensitivity. Changes in levels of sex steroids and gonadotropins were measured in 16 normal prepubertal and 15 pubertal girls prior to and after a 3 hour infusion of 100 microgrm synthetic gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gn-RH). Plasa estradiol (E2) concentrations rose significantly (p less than 0.02) from 29.7 +/- 4.6 (SE) pg/ml in the basal period to to 46.8 +/- 7.1 at the end of the infusion in the pubertal girls but were unchanged in the prepubertal girls. Estrone (E1), progesterone (P), 17-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE (17OHP), TESTOSTERONE (T), DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE (DHT), and androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) levels were not altered in either maturity group. Basal plasma E2, E1, T, DHT, DHA and DHAS concentrations significantly correlated with the releasable pool of LH evoked by Gn-RH from the pituitary gonadotropes. We conclude: 1) The ovary is not highly and rapidly responsive to transient elevations of endogenous gonadotropin, and 2) Adrenal androgens may to some extent modulate the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system, at least as reflected by the pituitary response to exogenous Gn-RH.", "PMID": 335574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13390", "title": "[Report on experiences with Eskici's vertical incision for apicoectomies].", "content": "The vertical incision described by Eskici for apicectomy had been used in 100 patients and verified for appropriateness. It was found that this technique has a more limited range of indication compared to the angular incision (prefered by the authors) since it creates a smaller field of operation. Its advantages consist in the absolute sparing of the marginal periodontium and in certain peculiar features of wound healing.", "contents": "[Report on experiences with Eskici's vertical incision for apicoectomies]. The vertical incision described by Eskici for apicectomy had been used in 100 patients and verified for appropriateness. It was found that this technique has a more limited range of indication compared to the angular incision (prefered by the authors) since it creates a smaller field of operation. Its advantages consist in the absolute sparing of the marginal periodontium and in certain peculiar features of wound healing.", "PMID": 335575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13391", "title": "[The quantitative determination of gingival sulcus fluid by means of filter paper strips--an objective measure in the evaluation of success of periodontal treatment?].", "content": "The success of various periodontal treatments can be demonstrated by the quantitative determination of the gingival sulcus fluid if these treatments improve the peripheral blood supply. Compared to the manual method of determining the diffusion height of the exudate prior and after periodontal therapy (the extent of exudate reduction being used as a criterion for the degree of regression of the inflammatory circulatory disorder), the photometric-planimetric techniques yield exacter and even more favourable results. Due to its easiness and rapidity, the measurement of the diffusion height of the exudate is, as an additional control examination, useful in assessing the success of periodontal treatment.", "contents": "[The quantitative determination of gingival sulcus fluid by means of filter paper strips--an objective measure in the evaluation of success of periodontal treatment?]. The success of various periodontal treatments can be demonstrated by the quantitative determination of the gingival sulcus fluid if these treatments improve the peripheral blood supply. Compared to the manual method of determining the diffusion height of the exudate prior and after periodontal therapy (the extent of exudate reduction being used as a criterion for the degree of regression of the inflammatory circulatory disorder), the photometric-planimetric techniques yield exacter and even more favourable results. Due to its easiness and rapidity, the measurement of the diffusion height of the exudate is, as an additional control examination, useful in assessing the success of periodontal treatment.", "PMID": 335576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13392", "title": "Exchange transplantation of the liver in the pig.", "content": "An original technique is described for exchange transplantation of the liver in the pig. The procedure also allows a complete autograft to be performed with the same operative trauma as a transplant. The initial problems that were encountered, but overcome in both autografts and transplants, included difficulty with adequate perfusion of the liver in the live animals, gas gangrene resulting from hepatic arterial thrombosis in animals under 22 kg, and fear of devascularisation of the pancreas or stomach during dissection. In this series, six successful pairs of pigs were transplanted and, in three pairs, one animal showed severe rejection and early death while the other lived longer with a different response. The technique has significant immunological and economical potential.", "contents": "Exchange transplantation of the liver in the pig. An original technique is described for exchange transplantation of the liver in the pig. The procedure also allows a complete autograft to be performed with the same operative trauma as a transplant. The initial problems that were encountered, but overcome in both autografts and transplants, included difficulty with adequate perfusion of the liver in the live animals, gas gangrene resulting from hepatic arterial thrombosis in animals under 22 kg, and fear of devascularisation of the pancreas or stomach during dissection. In this series, six successful pairs of pigs were transplanted and, in three pairs, one animal showed severe rejection and early death while the other lived longer with a different response. The technique has significant immunological and economical potential.", "PMID": 335581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13393", "title": "Splenic involvement in amphibian transplantation immunity.", "content": "The spleen has been identified as a centre of alloimmune reactivity in control Xenopus. Levels of tritiated thymidine labelling and pyroninophilic cells are elevated in spleens of skin-allografted toadlets when compared with autografted and nongrafted animals. Second-set alloimmune reactivity can be transferred by implanting a spleen from a donor that has rejected one or two grafts into a nonsensitized host. Spleen donor and host in these experiments were mutually tolerant, following reciprocal transfer of embryonic tissue grafts. In contrast, studies on the uptake of tritiated thymidine and levels of pyroninophilia in animals thymectomized at 7 or 8 days of age suggest lack of splenic involvement in the chronic first-set allograft rejection that can still occur in the absence of the thymus. The lymphoid organ origin of \"thymic-independent\" alloimmunity still awaits clarification.", "contents": "Splenic involvement in amphibian transplantation immunity. The spleen has been identified as a centre of alloimmune reactivity in control Xenopus. Levels of tritiated thymidine labelling and pyroninophilic cells are elevated in spleens of skin-allografted toadlets when compared with autografted and nongrafted animals. Second-set alloimmune reactivity can be transferred by implanting a spleen from a donor that has rejected one or two grafts into a nonsensitized host. Spleen donor and host in these experiments were mutually tolerant, following reciprocal transfer of embryonic tissue grafts. In contrast, studies on the uptake of tritiated thymidine and levels of pyroninophilia in animals thymectomized at 7 or 8 days of age suggest lack of splenic involvement in the chronic first-set allograft rejection that can still occur in the absence of the thymus. The lymphoid organ origin of \"thymic-independent\" alloimmunity still awaits clarification.", "PMID": 335582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13394", "title": "En bloc transplantation of the liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, and kidney in the rat.", "content": "Five organs consisting of the liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, and kidney from (Lewis X Brown Norway)F1 rats were transplanted simultaneously as an en bloc graft to Lewis recipients. No immunosuppression was given postoperatively. Serial laporatomies were performed for macroscopic examination and biopsies of the grafts. Macroscopically, the first evidence of rejection was splenic enlargement followed by fatty metamorphotic change of the liver, dilation and loss of peristalsis of the duodenum, and injection of the pancreas. The kidney maintained normal color and consistency until late in the rejection process. Histological examination suggested that the liver and the spleen may be more vulnerable to immune attack, since in these organs cellular infiltration started earlier and was more extensive in comparison to other organs. While the pancreas exhibited a typical, although somewhat delayed rejection pattern, the kidney seemed to maintain a well preserved structure. Interestingly, the duodenum showed no significant cellular infiltration throughout the postoperative period of examination despite severe mucosal destruction.", "contents": "En bloc transplantation of the liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, and kidney in the rat. Five organs consisting of the liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, and kidney from (Lewis X Brown Norway)F1 rats were transplanted simultaneously as an en bloc graft to Lewis recipients. No immunosuppression was given postoperatively. Serial laporatomies were performed for macroscopic examination and biopsies of the grafts. Macroscopically, the first evidence of rejection was splenic enlargement followed by fatty metamorphotic change of the liver, dilation and loss of peristalsis of the duodenum, and injection of the pancreas. The kidney maintained normal color and consistency until late in the rejection process. Histological examination suggested that the liver and the spleen may be more vulnerable to immune attack, since in these organs cellular infiltration started earlier and was more extensive in comparison to other organs. While the pancreas exhibited a typical, although somewhat delayed rejection pattern, the kidney seemed to maintain a well preserved structure. Interestingly, the duodenum showed no significant cellular infiltration throughout the postoperative period of examination despite severe mucosal destruction.", "PMID": 335583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13395", "title": "Immunosuppression with polyunsaturated fatty acids in renal transplantation.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial has been undertaken to assess the value of a preparation containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in human cadaveric renal transplantation. Eighty-nine patients were studied and followed for 6 months after transplantation. Forty-four took the PUFA preparation and 45 the placebo (oleic acid). Other immunosuppression was standardised. Functional graft survival was significantly better in the PUFA group than in those taking the placebo during the first 3 to 4 months post-transplant. At 6 months, however, although the difference between the groups persisted, it was no longer statistically significant. Complications were equally distributed between the groups.", "contents": "Immunosuppression with polyunsaturated fatty acids in renal transplantation. A double-blind controlled trial has been undertaken to assess the value of a preparation containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in human cadaveric renal transplantation. Eighty-nine patients were studied and followed for 6 months after transplantation. Forty-four took the PUFA preparation and 45 the placebo (oleic acid). Other immunosuppression was standardised. Functional graft survival was significantly better in the PUFA group than in those taking the placebo during the first 3 to 4 months post-transplant. At 6 months, however, although the difference between the groups persisted, it was no longer statistically significant. Complications were equally distributed between the groups.", "PMID": 335584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13396", "title": "Renal homotransplantation with venous outflow or infusion of antigen into the portal vein of dogs or pigs. Transplantation at portal site.", "content": "Kidneys were transplanted in mongrel dogs so that renal venous drainage was into the portal system of the hosts. Thirty-one recipients were not treated, 11 were given one dose of 3 mg of azathioprine per kg, and 11 were given 2 mg of azathioprine per day. Survival was not statistically increased compared with that in three comparable series in which renal venous drainage was into the vena cava, nor were the histopathological findings favorably altered in the \"portal\" kidneys. The injection of semisoluble antigen into the portal vein at the same time as renal transplantation at the caval site, had an effect no different from that if the antigen were given systemically during caval site transplantation. The conclusion that drainage of grafts into the portal vein was not beneficial was reached in 20 pigs evenly divided between the portal and vena caval sites, and in 12 pairs of dog to pig or pig to dog xenografts. Thus, none of these experiments has identified an advantage of antigen delivery into the portal as opposed to the systemic venous system.", "contents": "Renal homotransplantation with venous outflow or infusion of antigen into the portal vein of dogs or pigs. Transplantation at portal site. Kidneys were transplanted in mongrel dogs so that renal venous drainage was into the portal system of the hosts. Thirty-one recipients were not treated, 11 were given one dose of 3 mg of azathioprine per kg, and 11 were given 2 mg of azathioprine per day. Survival was not statistically increased compared with that in three comparable series in which renal venous drainage was into the vena cava, nor were the histopathological findings favorably altered in the \"portal\" kidneys. The injection of semisoluble antigen into the portal vein at the same time as renal transplantation at the caval site, had an effect no different from that if the antigen were given systemically during caval site transplantation. The conclusion that drainage of grafts into the portal vein was not beneficial was reached in 20 pigs evenly divided between the portal and vena caval sites, and in 12 pairs of dog to pig or pig to dog xenografts. Thus, none of these experiments has identified an advantage of antigen delivery into the portal as opposed to the systemic venous system.", "PMID": 335585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13397", "title": "A proposal for the analysis of kidney graft survival.", "content": "A survival analysis using a model provides numerous advantages over other approaches. The effectiveness of concomitant variables in describing the data can be evaluated whether the variables are continuous or dichotomized. We can evaluate the effectiveness of such variables in describing either short- or long-term components of the risk. The expected life span of the graft may be computed with the model and complements the insight obtained from the more commonly displayed survival curves.", "contents": "A proposal for the analysis of kidney graft survival. A survival analysis using a model provides numerous advantages over other approaches. The effectiveness of concomitant variables in describing the data can be evaluated whether the variables are continuous or dichotomized. We can evaluate the effectiveness of such variables in describing either short- or long-term components of the risk. The expected life span of the graft may be computed with the model and complements the insight obtained from the more commonly displayed survival curves.", "PMID": 335589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13398", "title": "Immune competence of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. I. Absent second-set skin allograft response.", "content": "A study was designed to assess the cellular immune competence of Lewis rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. First-set Fischer skin allografts were rejected in 10.9 days by nondiabetic Lewis recipients and in 12.0 days by diabetic Lewis recipients. Second-set skin allografts in the same strain combination, utilizing the same recipients, were rejected in 8.1 days by nondiabetic recipients and in 13.0 days by diabetic recipients (P less than 0.01), indicating an absence of second-set rejection in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Treatment with NPH insulin, 3 units daily, although only slightly corrective of hyperglycemia, reduced second-set graft rejection to 8.0 days. These findings offer evidence of impaired cellular immune responsiveness in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Insulin was shown to correct deficient allograft immunity.", "contents": "Immune competence of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. I. Absent second-set skin allograft response. A study was designed to assess the cellular immune competence of Lewis rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. First-set Fischer skin allografts were rejected in 10.9 days by nondiabetic Lewis recipients and in 12.0 days by diabetic Lewis recipients. Second-set skin allografts in the same strain combination, utilizing the same recipients, were rejected in 8.1 days by nondiabetic recipients and in 13.0 days by diabetic recipients (P less than 0.01), indicating an absence of second-set rejection in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Treatment with NPH insulin, 3 units daily, although only slightly corrective of hyperglycemia, reduced second-set graft rejection to 8.0 days. These findings offer evidence of impaired cellular immune responsiveness in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Insulin was shown to correct deficient allograft immunity.", "PMID": 335590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13399", "title": "Differential kidney graft survival associated with interaction between recipient ABO group and pretransplant blood transfusion.", "content": "In 1973 we reported significantly superior survival of kidneys transplanted to blood group O recipients compared with recipients of those from blood groups A, B, and AB taken together. In this extended series, the difference between these categories was less prominent and no longer significant. In the present study, blood transfusion significantly improved the survival of kidney grafts in patients of blood group O, but not of combined A, B. and AB groups. The difference between the graft protecting effect of transfusion in group O and combined groups A, B, and AB recipients was also significant. This suggests that the improvement in subsequent graft survival after transfusion is either confined to blood group O recipients, or is much stronger in them than in recipients of other groups. Our previous policy of restriction of blood transfusion is seen as one of the causes of the reduced superiority of group O over other groups in this extended series in comparison with our 1973 series. It seems that transfusion of group O recipients can markedly improve the prognosis of a subsequent first kidney graft.", "contents": "Differential kidney graft survival associated with interaction between recipient ABO group and pretransplant blood transfusion. In 1973 we reported significantly superior survival of kidneys transplanted to blood group O recipients compared with recipients of those from blood groups A, B, and AB taken together. In this extended series, the difference between these categories was less prominent and no longer significant. In the present study, blood transfusion significantly improved the survival of kidney grafts in patients of blood group O, but not of combined A, B. and AB groups. The difference between the graft protecting effect of transfusion in group O and combined groups A, B, and AB recipients was also significant. This suggests that the improvement in subsequent graft survival after transfusion is either confined to blood group O recipients, or is much stronger in them than in recipients of other groups. Our previous policy of restriction of blood transfusion is seen as one of the causes of the reduced superiority of group O over other groups in this extended series in comparison with our 1973 series. It seems that transfusion of group O recipients can markedly improve the prognosis of a subsequent first kidney graft.", "PMID": 335591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13400", "title": "Orthotopic skin graft survival in rats that have harbored skin implants in the anterior chamber of the eye.", "content": "Allogeneic tissue implantation to the anterior chamber of the eye indicated that the host response varies with the size of the implant. Small implants (0.5 mm2) placed in the anterior chamber prolonged the survival of subsequent orthotopic skin allografts across major histocompatibility differences. In contrast, large implants (2.0 mm2) accelerated the rejection of specific skin grafts. The observed delay in graft rejection of small implant-bearing rats was specific to the implant donor, since the third-party unrelated skin grafts on these animals showed neither increase nor decrease in survival times.", "contents": "Orthotopic skin graft survival in rats that have harbored skin implants in the anterior chamber of the eye. Allogeneic tissue implantation to the anterior chamber of the eye indicated that the host response varies with the size of the implant. Small implants (0.5 mm2) placed in the anterior chamber prolonged the survival of subsequent orthotopic skin allografts across major histocompatibility differences. In contrast, large implants (2.0 mm2) accelerated the rejection of specific skin grafts. The observed delay in graft rejection of small implant-bearing rats was specific to the implant donor, since the third-party unrelated skin grafts on these animals showed neither increase nor decrease in survival times.", "PMID": 335592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13401", "title": "[Increase in stability of isolated tissues and proteins caused by the action of chemical stimulants].", "content": "Chemical agents in subtoxic concentrations prolongate the survival time of living muscles and the time of contractile ability of glycerinated muscles. They preserve also the native property of actomyosine over the control time. The increase of resistance of living muscles and their models may be explained by stabilization of proteins or of their complexes. It is accompanied by the change of the indices of the functional state of the living muscle--by the decrease of the binding of vital dyes, by the hyperpolarization, by reducing the consumption of O2 and by the conservation of the quantity of SH groups at the high level.", "contents": "[Increase in stability of isolated tissues and proteins caused by the action of chemical stimulants]. Chemical agents in subtoxic concentrations prolongate the survival time of living muscles and the time of contractile ability of glycerinated muscles. They preserve also the native property of actomyosine over the control time. The increase of resistance of living muscles and their models may be explained by stabilization of proteins or of their complexes. It is accompanied by the change of the indices of the functional state of the living muscle--by the decrease of the binding of vital dyes, by the hyperpolarization, by reducing the consumption of O2 and by the conservation of the quantity of SH groups at the high level.", "PMID": 335598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13402", "title": "[Study of lymphoid tissue cells by the method of optico-structural machine analysis].", "content": "The possibility to use the method of optically-structural machine analysis for automatical classification of lymphoid cells of tumour-bearing rats and lymphoid cells of malignant tumour was studied. The preparations were fixed by methanol, stained by azureosin and scanned on the automatical microscope-analysor \"Protva-3\". The isolated cells of 6 different groups were scanned. Histogramms of optical density distribution amplitudes were received for every cell and the phase analysis was carried out. The statistical characterization for every cell was based on the results of this analysis. The average values were calculated for 1) the area of the nucleus and cytoplasm: 2) the average density of nucleus and cytoplasm; 3) dispersion of densities of nucleus and cytoplasm; 4) nucleus-cytoplasm relation for every six groups. It was shown that every group of cells may be separated from each other, at least, on the basis of one of the measured parameters. The results are consistent with the morphological data.", "contents": "[Study of lymphoid tissue cells by the method of optico-structural machine analysis]. The possibility to use the method of optically-structural machine analysis for automatical classification of lymphoid cells of tumour-bearing rats and lymphoid cells of malignant tumour was studied. The preparations were fixed by methanol, stained by azureosin and scanned on the automatical microscope-analysor \"Protva-3\". The isolated cells of 6 different groups were scanned. Histogramms of optical density distribution amplitudes were received for every cell and the phase analysis was carried out. The statistical characterization for every cell was based on the results of this analysis. The average values were calculated for 1) the area of the nucleus and cytoplasm: 2) the average density of nucleus and cytoplasm; 3) dispersion of densities of nucleus and cytoplasm; 4) nucleus-cytoplasm relation for every six groups. It was shown that every group of cells may be separated from each other, at least, on the basis of one of the measured parameters. The results are consistent with the morphological data.", "PMID": 335599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13403", "title": "Effect of high doses of intravenous methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide on renal homografts.", "content": "The intravenous administration of high doses of methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide during pretreatment of the heart-beating canine and human cadaveric allograft donor has caused no observable adverse effect on renal allografts. This is in contrast to that noted when high doses of these drugs are added to the preservation perfusate in which they are not metabolized and may possibly cause renal damage.", "contents": "Effect of high doses of intravenous methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide on renal homografts. The intravenous administration of high doses of methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide during pretreatment of the heart-beating canine and human cadaveric allograft donor has caused no observable adverse effect on renal allografts. This is in contrast to that noted when high doses of these drugs are added to the preservation perfusate in which they are not metabolized and may possibly cause renal damage.", "PMID": 335605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13404", "title": "Serum antibody titers in urethritis and chronic bacterial prostatitis.", "content": "Serum antibody titers were measured by direct bacterial agglutination technique against various strains of Escherichia coli found in the fecal flora of a control group of men who had no history of genitourinary tract infection, against the strains of E. coli responsible for urethral infection in 7 men with urethritis, and against the strains of E. coli responsible for prostatic infection in 25 men with chronic prostatitis. Low serum titers were found in both the control group (median titer of 1:20) and in the urethritis group (median titer of 1:10). Excluding 3 men who had self-agglutinating strains, 18 of 22 (82 per cent) in the prostatitis group had serum titers of 1:320 or greater (median titer of 1:640). Measurement of serum antibody titers by this technique can be a valuable adjunct to diagnosis in cases of chronic prostatitis due to strains of E. coli.", "contents": "Serum antibody titers in urethritis and chronic bacterial prostatitis. Serum antibody titers were measured by direct bacterial agglutination technique against various strains of Escherichia coli found in the fecal flora of a control group of men who had no history of genitourinary tract infection, against the strains of E. coli responsible for urethral infection in 7 men with urethritis, and against the strains of E. coli responsible for prostatic infection in 25 men with chronic prostatitis. Low serum titers were found in both the control group (median titer of 1:20) and in the urethritis group (median titer of 1:10). Excluding 3 men who had self-agglutinating strains, 18 of 22 (82 per cent) in the prostatitis group had serum titers of 1:320 or greater (median titer of 1:640). Measurement of serum antibody titers by this technique can be a valuable adjunct to diagnosis in cases of chronic prostatitis due to strains of E. coli.", "PMID": 335606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13405", "title": "Cinoxacin: new antimicrobial agent for urinary tract infections.", "content": "One hundred forty-six patients with recurrent urinary tract infections were treated with 500 mg. of cinoxacin twice daily for seven to fourteen days. Satisfactory clinical response occurred in 94 per cent. Of the 100 patients with significant pretherapy bacteriuria (greater than or equal to  10(4) organisms/ml. of urine), 65 had complicated infections. Approximately the same per cent of patients with (90 per cent) as without (94 per cent) complicating conditions had a satisfactory clinical response to treatment. The pathogen was eliminated in a higher percentage of patients without underlying disease (90 versus 80 per cent), and infections recurred less frequently in this group (3 versus 14 per cent). Emergence of resistance by initially susceptible organisms during the course of therapy occurred in 4 of 76 patients (5 per cent). A satisfactory clinical response occurred in all 46 patients with an initial colony count of less than 10(4) organisms/ml. urine. Only 1 patient in this group was a bacteriologic failure. Adverse effects of a relatively wild nature were seen in 4 of 146 patients (2.7 per cent). Successful eradication of 12 of 23 urinary infections in patients whose pathogens were resistant to the 30-microgram. cinoxacin disk suggests that the 100-microgram. disk may be more realistic for determining bacterial susceptibility by the disk diffusion method in view of the very high urinary concentration of the drug.", "contents": "Cinoxacin: new antimicrobial agent for urinary tract infections. One hundred forty-six patients with recurrent urinary tract infections were treated with 500 mg. of cinoxacin twice daily for seven to fourteen days. Satisfactory clinical response occurred in 94 per cent. Of the 100 patients with significant pretherapy bacteriuria (greater than or equal to  10(4) organisms/ml. of urine), 65 had complicated infections. Approximately the same per cent of patients with (90 per cent) as without (94 per cent) complicating conditions had a satisfactory clinical response to treatment. The pathogen was eliminated in a higher percentage of patients without underlying disease (90 versus 80 per cent), and infections recurred less frequently in this group (3 versus 14 per cent). Emergence of resistance by initially susceptible organisms during the course of therapy occurred in 4 of 76 patients (5 per cent). A satisfactory clinical response occurred in all 46 patients with an initial colony count of less than 10(4) organisms/ml. urine. Only 1 patient in this group was a bacteriologic failure. Adverse effects of a relatively wild nature were seen in 4 of 146 patients (2.7 per cent). Successful eradication of 12 of 23 urinary infections in patients whose pathogens were resistant to the 30-microgram. cinoxacin disk suggests that the 100-microgram. disk may be more realistic for determining bacterial susceptibility by the disk diffusion method in view of the very high urinary concentration of the drug.", "PMID": 335607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13406", "title": "Reticulum cell sarcoma of testis.", "content": "Malignant lymphoma is reviewed briefly. Recent literature emphasizes the rarity, bilateral tendency, and poor prognosis of primary testicular involvement. Lymphoma, however, is the most frequent metastatic tumor in this location. A case is reported of a patient living and well ten years after orchiectomy for reticulum cell sarcoma.", "contents": "Reticulum cell sarcoma of testis. Malignant lymphoma is reviewed briefly. Recent literature emphasizes the rarity, bilateral tendency, and poor prognosis of primary testicular involvement. Lymphoma, however, is the most frequent metastatic tumor in this location. A case is reported of a patient living and well ten years after orchiectomy for reticulum cell sarcoma.", "PMID": 335611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13407", "title": "Diagnosis and management of lymphoceles after renal transplantation.", "content": "Eight lymphoceles were encountered in 232 renal transplant procedures. The patients presented with either a palpable pelvic mass, ipsilateral leg pain and edema, or deteriorating renal function. Two patients were asymptomatic. The diagnosis is readily established by a combination of intravenous urography, ultrasound, and aspiration although ultrasound is the most useful method for the diagnosis and follow-up of these lesions. A functioning arteriovenous shunt in the leg on the side of the transplant may predispose to lymphocele formation. Most lymphoceles may be managed conservatively initially. However, if surgery is required, open drainage and packing would appear to be the most reliable procedure.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of lymphoceles after renal transplantation. Eight lymphoceles were encountered in 232 renal transplant procedures. The patients presented with either a palpable pelvic mass, ipsilateral leg pain and edema, or deteriorating renal function. Two patients were asymptomatic. The diagnosis is readily established by a combination of intravenous urography, ultrasound, and aspiration although ultrasound is the most useful method for the diagnosis and follow-up of these lesions. A functioning arteriovenous shunt in the leg on the side of the transplant may predispose to lymphocele formation. Most lymphoceles may be managed conservatively initially. However, if surgery is required, open drainage and packing would appear to be the most reliable procedure.", "PMID": 335612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13408", "title": "The face-lift operation.", "content": "The five sequential steps of the technique described (1) hair immobilization with surgical lubricant; (2) conversion of the cheek flap into a bilobed flap: (3) use of active, concurrent, and postoperative aspiration; (4) creation of a long, defatted tragal flap; and (5) accurate placement of the flap by precisely placed fixation sutures, facilitated uniformly good results with a substantial reduction in operating time and minimizes most of the hazards attendant upon the face-lift operation.", "contents": "The face-lift operation. The five sequential steps of the technique described (1) hair immobilization with surgical lubricant; (2) conversion of the cheek flap into a bilobed flap: (3) use of active, concurrent, and postoperative aspiration; (4) creation of a long, defatted tragal flap; and (5) accurate placement of the flap by precisely placed fixation sutures, facilitated uniformly good results with a substantial reduction in operating time and minimizes most of the hazards attendant upon the face-lift operation.", "PMID": 335614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13409", "title": "Correcting prominent ears with the island technique.", "content": "A surgical procedure is described which corrects the ansiform ear by repositioning and reconstructing the anthelix and the anterior crus with the formation of the triangular fossa. This corrects the scaphoconchal angle and improves the cephaloauricular angle, overcoming the problem of prominent ears. Correction in early childhood is recommended in order to avoid personality problems that may result from the deformity, particularly in boys. The technique employed yields important advantages: (1) prolonged use of the helmet-type of surgical dressing is unnecessary; (2) scars are less conspicuous; (3) the outcome is attractive and normal; (4) bleeding and inflammatory complications are avoided; and (5) recurrence of the malformation is unlikely.", "contents": "Correcting prominent ears with the island technique. A surgical procedure is described which corrects the ansiform ear by repositioning and reconstructing the anthelix and the anterior crus with the formation of the triangular fossa. This corrects the scaphoconchal angle and improves the cephaloauricular angle, overcoming the problem of prominent ears. Correction in early childhood is recommended in order to avoid personality problems that may result from the deformity, particularly in boys. The technique employed yields important advantages: (1) prolonged use of the helmet-type of surgical dressing is unnecessary; (2) scars are less conspicuous; (3) the outcome is attractive and normal; (4) bleeding and inflammatory complications are avoided; and (5) recurrence of the malformation is unlikely.", "PMID": 335616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13410", "title": "Secondary rhinoplasties and composite grafts.", "content": "We have discussed composite grafts and some of their uses in secondary rhinoplastic procedures, the donor sites, and methods of application as to the dynamics of the iatrogenic problems and large septal perforations. A technique for nasal tip revisions as well as a safer septoplasty surgery that we have used for some years has also been shown.", "contents": "Secondary rhinoplasties and composite grafts. We have discussed composite grafts and some of their uses in secondary rhinoplastic procedures, the donor sites, and methods of application as to the dynamics of the iatrogenic problems and large septal perforations. A technique for nasal tip revisions as well as a safer septoplasty surgery that we have used for some years has also been shown.", "PMID": 335619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13411", "title": "[Treatment of lesions of the liver].", "content": "232 cases of trauma to the liver were observed and treated by the authors. Some problems of surgical tactics and choice of surgical procedure, depending on the data, obtained at the estimation of the severity of the injury, and also the outcome of the treatment are covered in the papaer.", "contents": "[Treatment of lesions of the liver]. 232 cases of trauma to the liver were observed and treated by the authors. Some problems of surgical tactics and choice of surgical procedure, depending on the data, obtained at the estimation of the severity of the injury, and also the outcome of the treatment are covered in the papaer.", "PMID": 335628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13412", "title": "A study of swine dysentery by immunofluorescence and histology.", "content": "Twenty-six specific-pathogen-free pigs were fed pure cultures of Treponema hyodysenteriae. Five untreated pigs were controls. Distribution of this large spirochete in pigs with swine dysentery was shown by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Findings by this method were compared with those from dark-field examination of colonic mucosal scrapings and from tissue sections. The cultures caused mucohemorrhagic colitis which by 10 days after inoculation was indistinguishable from the colitis of swine dysentery. Control pigs remained normal. Pigs killed when spirochetes were first seen in the feces had normal colonic mucosa with only a few spirochetes. At the first sign of diarrhea, however, the colonic mucosa was thicker than normal and had many spirochetes. T. hyodysenteriae was confined to regions of hypertrophy and exudation of the large intestine mucosa throughout the course of disease.", "contents": "A study of swine dysentery by immunofluorescence and histology. Twenty-six specific-pathogen-free pigs were fed pure cultures of Treponema hyodysenteriae. Five untreated pigs were controls. Distribution of this large spirochete in pigs with swine dysentery was shown by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Findings by this method were compared with those from dark-field examination of colonic mucosal scrapings and from tissue sections. The cultures caused mucohemorrhagic colitis which by 10 days after inoculation was indistinguishable from the colitis of swine dysentery. Control pigs remained normal. Pigs killed when spirochetes were first seen in the feces had normal colonic mucosa with only a few spirochetes. At the first sign of diarrhea, however, the colonic mucosa was thicker than normal and had many spirochetes. T. hyodysenteriae was confined to regions of hypertrophy and exudation of the large intestine mucosa throughout the course of disease.", "PMID": 335630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13413", "title": "Breeding record analysis in pig herds and its veterinary applications--2: Experiences with a large commercial unit.", "content": "A computer program was used to analyse data from a large commercial pig unit over two years to assess reproductive efficiency and the efficiency of weaner production. Monthly inspections of the farm and quarterly post mortem examinations of all dead pigs provided further information. The effects of controlled changes in management on production were assessed. Overall the number of piglets reared per sow per year was increased from 15-1 to 17-2 and the eight-week weights improved from a mean of 10-3 kg to 15-0 kg during the two year-study period.", "contents": "Breeding record analysis in pig herds and its veterinary applications--2: Experiences with a large commercial unit. A computer program was used to analyse data from a large commercial pig unit over two years to assess reproductive efficiency and the efficiency of weaner production. Monthly inspections of the farm and quarterly post mortem examinations of all dead pigs provided further information. The effects of controlled changes in management on production were assessed. Overall the number of piglets reared per sow per year was increased from 15-1 to 17-2 and the eight-week weights improved from a mean of 10-3 kg to 15-0 kg during the two year-study period.", "PMID": 335631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13414", "title": "A survey of \"normal\" broiler mortality in East Anglia.", "content": "A survey of routine mortality was carried out on six different broiler sites. A total of 535 individual post mortem examinations was carried out. The chief cause of mortality on all six sites was colisepticaemia. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome caused significant loss on three of the six sites and on three of them a low incidence of an oedema syndrome was of interest. Salmonella senftenberg was isolated during the first four weeks from the intestines of chickens from five of the six sites but on none of them was this occurrence associated with any manifestations of disease. The vaccination procedures against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis were not producing adequate immunity against a possible challenge by a virulent virus of either although the administration of the vaccines appeared to be causing stress sufficiently severe to be one of the factors predisposing to a high incidence of colisepticaemia.", "contents": "A survey of \"normal\" broiler mortality in East Anglia. A survey of routine mortality was carried out on six different broiler sites. A total of 535 individual post mortem examinations was carried out. The chief cause of mortality on all six sites was colisepticaemia. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome caused significant loss on three of the six sites and on three of them a low incidence of an oedema syndrome was of interest. Salmonella senftenberg was isolated during the first four weeks from the intestines of chickens from five of the six sites but on none of them was this occurrence associated with any manifestations of disease. The vaccination procedures against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis were not producing adequate immunity against a possible challenge by a virulent virus of either although the administration of the vaccines appeared to be causing stress sufficiently severe to be one of the factors predisposing to a high incidence of colisepticaemia.", "PMID": 335632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13415", "title": "Controlled trials of the anthelmintic oxfendazole in ewes and lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.", "content": "Oxfendazole doses at a rate of 5 mg per kg, before or after lambing, reduced nematode egg output to insignificant levels in ewes, most of which were not exposed to re-infection. Ewes treated with oxfendazole had a significantly lower egg output than those treated with levamisole, although the latter anthelmintic was also highly effective. In lambs, oxfendazole at a dose rate of 5 mg per kg, showed 100 per cent efficacy for Ostertagia circumcincta, O trifurcata, Teledorsagia davtiani, Trichostrongylus axei, T vitrinus, T colubriformis, Nematodirus battus, N filicollis, immature Nematodirus, Chabertia ovina, and 93 per cent efficacy for Trichuris spp. Levamisole showed similar efficacies but did not remove Trichuris.", "contents": "Controlled trials of the anthelmintic oxfendazole in ewes and lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Oxfendazole doses at a rate of 5 mg per kg, before or after lambing, reduced nematode egg output to insignificant levels in ewes, most of which were not exposed to re-infection. Ewes treated with oxfendazole had a significantly lower egg output than those treated with levamisole, although the latter anthelmintic was also highly effective. In lambs, oxfendazole at a dose rate of 5 mg per kg, showed 100 per cent efficacy for Ostertagia circumcincta, O trifurcata, Teledorsagia davtiani, Trichostrongylus axei, T vitrinus, T colubriformis, Nematodirus battus, N filicollis, immature Nematodirus, Chabertia ovina, and 93 per cent efficacy for Trichuris spp. Levamisole showed similar efficacies but did not remove Trichuris.", "PMID": 335633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13416", "title": "Diagnosis of swine dysentery using an absorbed fluorescent antiserum.", "content": "The specifity of a direct fluorescent antibody test for the detection of pathogenic Treponema hyodysenteriae associated with swine dysentery was improved by absorbing the original conjugated serum with a non pathogenic treponeme.", "contents": "Diagnosis of swine dysentery using an absorbed fluorescent antiserum. The specifity of a direct fluorescent antibody test for the detection of pathogenic Treponema hyodysenteriae associated with swine dysentery was improved by absorbing the original conjugated serum with a non pathogenic treponeme.", "PMID": 335634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13417", "title": "Intestinal obstruction in cattle.", "content": "Based on a series of 100 cases, the paper reviews the causes, diagnosis and treatment of apparent bowel obstruction in cattle with particular emphasis on non-obstructive tympanitic disorders of the intestine.", "contents": "Intestinal obstruction in cattle. Based on a series of 100 cases, the paper reviews the causes, diagnosis and treatment of apparent bowel obstruction in cattle with particular emphasis on non-obstructive tympanitic disorders of the intestine.", "PMID": 335636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13418", "title": "[Radioisotope diagnosis of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis of the leg in oncological patients].", "content": "The authors have studied the frequency and characteristic features of postoperative thrombosis of profound crural veins (PTPCV), using the method of radioindication with fibrinogen J125. Among 80 oncological patients PTPCV), was found in 47 (58.7%). It is noted that PTPCV in 92% of cases developed during 5 days postoperatively, bilateral involvement is more frequently observed (70.2%), and in 28.7% of cases thrombosis involved the upper crural third. Clinical signs of PTPCV were revealed only in 44% of cases and, on the average, 2 days following the onset of the thrombotic process. Radioindication of PTPCV with fibrinogen J125 is a simple, early and precise method of establishing the diagnosis of theis postoperative complications.", "contents": "[Radioisotope diagnosis of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis of the leg in oncological patients]. The authors have studied the frequency and characteristic features of postoperative thrombosis of profound crural veins (PTPCV), using the method of radioindication with fibrinogen J125. Among 80 oncological patients PTPCV), was found in 47 (58.7%). It is noted that PTPCV in 92% of cases developed during 5 days postoperatively, bilateral involvement is more frequently observed (70.2%), and in 28.7% of cases thrombosis involved the upper crural third. Clinical signs of PTPCV were revealed only in 44% of cases and, on the average, 2 days following the onset of the thrombotic process. Radioindication of PTPCV with fibrinogen J125 is a simple, early and precise method of establishing the diagnosis of theis postoperative complications.", "PMID": 335652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13419", "title": "[Observation of the changes in the locomotor apparatus and calcium-phosphorus metabolism in kidney transplant patients].", "content": "Renal function indices were analyzed as well as those of calcium-phosphorus metabolism and the state of bone skeleton in seven patients with renal transplantation. Consideration is given to a grave complication resulting from a long-term treatment with corticosteroids--aseptic osteonecrosis, found in two of the subjects observed and severe cortisone myopathy in one of the patients.", "contents": "[Observation of the changes in the locomotor apparatus and calcium-phosphorus metabolism in kidney transplant patients]. Renal function indices were analyzed as well as those of calcium-phosphorus metabolism and the state of bone skeleton in seven patients with renal transplantation. Consideration is given to a grave complication resulting from a long-term treatment with corticosteroids--aseptic osteonecrosis, found in two of the subjects observed and severe cortisone myopathy in one of the patients.", "PMID": 335661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13420", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage--diagnosis and management.", "content": "THE CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE INVOLVES THREE STEPS: initial correction of unstable hemodynamics, obtaining the specific diagnosis of the lesion responsible for gastrointestinal blood loss, and therapy directed at the specific bleeding lesion. The current approach to upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is carrying out upper gastrointestinal endoscopy following stabilization of the patient. Although improved morbidity and mortality statistics have been slow to appear, the use of endoscopy permits appropriate therapy directed at the specific lesion. Specific therapeutic measures have been outlined for seven common causes of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The advent of therapeutic endoscopy promises to bring further advances in therapy in the near future.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage--diagnosis and management. THE CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE INVOLVES THREE STEPS: initial correction of unstable hemodynamics, obtaining the specific diagnosis of the lesion responsible for gastrointestinal blood loss, and therapy directed at the specific bleeding lesion. The current approach to upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is carrying out upper gastrointestinal endoscopy following stabilization of the patient. Although improved morbidity and mortality statistics have been slow to appear, the use of endoscopy permits appropriate therapy directed at the specific lesion. Specific therapeutic measures have been outlined for seven common causes of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The advent of therapeutic endoscopy promises to bring further advances in therapy in the near future.", "PMID": 335664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13421", "title": "[Oral photochemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Photochemotherapy (PUVA) with oral administration of the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen and irradiation with UVA light has become a proved method for the therapy of psoriasis. The treatment is based upon repeated PUVA exposures, which are monitored by exact dosimetry within the desired therapeutic ranges. The present study, which covers an observation period of 3 years, is engaged with the practicability of the PUVA method for the treatment of the various forms of psoriasis, mycosis fungoides, atopic eccema and lichen planus, and, on the other hand, with its side effects and potential long term hazards. Photochemotherapy was shown in clinical routine as an highly effective treatment, which lead to complete clinical remission in all diseases investigated. By maintenance treatment patients with psoriasis could be kept in remission even for long periods of time. Following the dosage parameters toxic side effects were rare and reversible. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural investigations showed no alteration of skin under photochemotherapeutic conditions. Experimentally induced massive PUVA overdosage, however, led to damage of epidermis and corium and to long lasting benign changes of the melanin pigment system. To study potential long term side effects (hepatotoxicity of 8-methoxypsoralen, cataract formation, development of degenerative or hyperplastic skin changes and disturbances of the immunologic reactivity) laboratory investigations, histologic, ophthalmologic and immunologic studies have been performed. During an observation period of up to 3 years no evidence of long term side effects was found.", "contents": "[Oral photochemotherapy (author's transl)]. Photochemotherapy (PUVA) with oral administration of the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen and irradiation with UVA light has become a proved method for the therapy of psoriasis. The treatment is based upon repeated PUVA exposures, which are monitored by exact dosimetry within the desired therapeutic ranges. The present study, which covers an observation period of 3 years, is engaged with the practicability of the PUVA method for the treatment of the various forms of psoriasis, mycosis fungoides, atopic eccema and lichen planus, and, on the other hand, with its side effects and potential long term hazards. Photochemotherapy was shown in clinical routine as an highly effective treatment, which lead to complete clinical remission in all diseases investigated. By maintenance treatment patients with psoriasis could be kept in remission even for long periods of time. Following the dosage parameters toxic side effects were rare and reversible. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural investigations showed no alteration of skin under photochemotherapeutic conditions. Experimentally induced massive PUVA overdosage, however, led to damage of epidermis and corium and to long lasting benign changes of the melanin pigment system. To study potential long term side effects (hepatotoxicity of 8-methoxypsoralen, cataract formation, development of degenerative or hyperplastic skin changes and disturbances of the immunologic reactivity) laboratory investigations, histologic, ophthalmologic and immunologic studies have been performed. During an observation period of up to 3 years no evidence of long term side effects was found.", "PMID": 335666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13422", "title": "[Complex therapy of rheumatic diseases].", "content": "Chronic progressing rheumatic diseases are not accessible to a satisfactory rehabilitation by a sole medicamentous treatment. In specialized departments of hospitals already very good results are achieved by the additional, coordinated use of operative and conservative orthopaedic measures, the physiotherapy and working therapy as well as by a psychological and social care apart from the treatment of lesions of the organs and sequels. The principle of the complex therapy in the hospital is gradually to be transferred to the outpatient care, achieving a full success of rehabilitation using rational methods of work.", "contents": "[Complex therapy of rheumatic diseases]. Chronic progressing rheumatic diseases are not accessible to a satisfactory rehabilitation by a sole medicamentous treatment. In specialized departments of hospitals already very good results are achieved by the additional, coordinated use of operative and conservative orthopaedic measures, the physiotherapy and working therapy as well as by a psychological and social care apart from the treatment of lesions of the organs and sequels. The principle of the complex therapy in the hospital is gradually to be transferred to the outpatient care, achieving a full success of rehabilitation using rational methods of work.", "PMID": 335679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13423", "title": "[Basic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Apart from the conventional treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis with steroidal and non-steroidal antirheumatic remedies, physiotherapy and balneotherapy as well as orthopaedic and surgical measures the basis therapy is an important factor. It has no or only slight analgetic effect, but shall inhibit the immunological processes in the pathogenesis of the rheumatoid arthritis. To the basis therapy belong the antimalarial remedies, the gold salts, the cytostatic remedies as immunosuppressive drugs and the D-penicillamine. Their possible and different modes of action are described, their clinical applications are explained and it is referred to their side-effects and contraindications. In these cases also the value of the individual preparations in the complex plan of treatment of rheumatoid arthritis are evaluated.", "contents": "[Basic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis]. Apart from the conventional treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis with steroidal and non-steroidal antirheumatic remedies, physiotherapy and balneotherapy as well as orthopaedic and surgical measures the basis therapy is an important factor. It has no or only slight analgetic effect, but shall inhibit the immunological processes in the pathogenesis of the rheumatoid arthritis. To the basis therapy belong the antimalarial remedies, the gold salts, the cytostatic remedies as immunosuppressive drugs and the D-penicillamine. Their possible and different modes of action are described, their clinical applications are explained and it is referred to their side-effects and contraindications. In these cases also the value of the individual preparations in the complex plan of treatment of rheumatoid arthritis are evaluated.", "PMID": 335680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13424", "title": "[Nonsteroid antirheumatic agents].", "content": "It is given a short, oriented to practice survey on the at present internationally most usual non-steroidal antirheumatic drugs. Picture of effect and efficiency, side-effects, indications and contraindications of these remedies are described and compared. The description comprises salicylates, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, flufenamine acid and mefenamine acid, ibuprofene as well as new substances (benorylate, clofezone, nuflumine acid, azapropazone, bumadizone calcium, naproxene and others). In their qualitities of effect the new drugs do not essentially differ from the classical antirheumatic drugs. However, they partly reveal a more favourable relation between desirable and undesirable effects.", "contents": "[Nonsteroid antirheumatic agents]. It is given a short, oriented to practice survey on the at present internationally most usual non-steroidal antirheumatic drugs. Picture of effect and efficiency, side-effects, indications and contraindications of these remedies are described and compared. The description comprises salicylates, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, flufenamine acid and mefenamine acid, ibuprofene as well as new substances (benorylate, clofezone, nuflumine acid, azapropazone, bumadizone calcium, naproxene and others). In their qualitities of effect the new drugs do not essentially differ from the classical antirheumatic drugs. However, they partly reveal a more favourable relation between desirable and undesirable effects.", "PMID": 335681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13425", "title": "[Cortisonoids in the therapy of rheumatic diseases].", "content": "Taking into consideration the special therapeutic problems in rheumatology a short survey oriented to practice on the treatment with cortisonoids is given. The pharmacology of these compounds is dealt with in short. Emphases of the description are general principles of treatment, indications and dosage in systemic and local treatment, side effects, problems of long-term treatment, application of ACTH, the cortisonoid withdrawal syndrome, prophylaxis of therapy complications and references to the reduction of the dose or to the withdrawal of the treatment with cortisonoids.", "contents": "[Cortisonoids in the therapy of rheumatic diseases]. Taking into consideration the special therapeutic problems in rheumatology a short survey oriented to practice on the treatment with cortisonoids is given. The pharmacology of these compounds is dealt with in short. Emphases of the description are general principles of treatment, indications and dosage in systemic and local treatment, side effects, problems of long-term treatment, application of ACTH, the cortisonoid withdrawal syndrome, prophylaxis of therapy complications and references to the reduction of the dose or to the withdrawal of the treatment with cortisonoids.", "PMID": 335682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13426", "title": "[Therapy of rheumatic fever].", "content": "After making the diagnosis the rheumatic fever as a secondary disease after streptococcal infection is immediately to be treated with penicillin G. Parallel to this or overlapping the rheumatic inflammatory mesenchymal tissue reactions are treated with prednisolone or derivatives, aminophenazone or salicylic acid preparations, in which cases in children prednisolone and aminophenazone are preferred. The combat against the streptococcal infection by means of penicillin transgresses into a recidivation prophylaxis with benzathin-penicillin, which is to be performed up to an age of 5 years. Substitutes for the recidivation treatment with benzathin-penicillin are V-tablopen or erythromycin, perhaps also sulfaclomide. The treatment is to be performed in a hospital up to the time that the patient is free from signs of inflammation and at least 4 weeks without fever, then a gradual rehabilitation begins.", "contents": "[Therapy of rheumatic fever]. After making the diagnosis the rheumatic fever as a secondary disease after streptococcal infection is immediately to be treated with penicillin G. Parallel to this or overlapping the rheumatic inflammatory mesenchymal tissue reactions are treated with prednisolone or derivatives, aminophenazone or salicylic acid preparations, in which cases in children prednisolone and aminophenazone are preferred. The combat against the streptococcal infection by means of penicillin transgresses into a recidivation prophylaxis with benzathin-penicillin, which is to be performed up to an age of 5 years. Substitutes for the recidivation treatment with benzathin-penicillin are V-tablopen or erythromycin, perhaps also sulfaclomide. The treatment is to be performed in a hospital up to the time that the patient is free from signs of inflammation and at least 4 weeks without fever, then a gradual rehabilitation begins.", "PMID": 335683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13427", "title": "[Therapy of gout].", "content": "The therapy of gout is discussed taking into consideration the concomitant diseases occurring significantly frequently in patients with gout: Hypertension, uric acid-nephrolithiasis, hyperlipoproteinaemia, obesity, premature arteriosclerosis as well as diabetes mellitus. In contrast to other opinions the authors are of the opinion that the dietetic treatment is furthermore of essential importance. It is referred to the still allowed sufficiently great number in the supply of nourishment, in which cases, however, the limitations in the supply of calories, protein or purin bodies, respectively, lipid and carbohydrate do not remain unmentioned. The propositions for the medicamentous treatment essentially correspond to the central therapeutic recommendations. For the acute attack of gout, however, following to the international experiences, the colchicine therapy is more emphasized again. The medicamentous therapy of the asymptomatic hyperuricaemia is to be included into the considerations after full exhaustion of all dietetic and other possibilities in constant increase of the serum-uric acid-level more than 8 mg/dl.", "contents": "[Therapy of gout]. The therapy of gout is discussed taking into consideration the concomitant diseases occurring significantly frequently in patients with gout: Hypertension, uric acid-nephrolithiasis, hyperlipoproteinaemia, obesity, premature arteriosclerosis as well as diabetes mellitus. In contrast to other opinions the authors are of the opinion that the dietetic treatment is furthermore of essential importance. It is referred to the still allowed sufficiently great number in the supply of nourishment, in which cases, however, the limitations in the supply of calories, protein or purin bodies, respectively, lipid and carbohydrate do not remain unmentioned. The propositions for the medicamentous treatment essentially correspond to the central therapeutic recommendations. For the acute attack of gout, however, following to the international experiences, the colchicine therapy is more emphasized again. The medicamentous therapy of the asymptomatic hyperuricaemia is to be included into the considerations after full exhaustion of all dietetic and other possibilities in constant increase of the serum-uric acid-level more than 8 mg/dl.", "PMID": 335684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13428", "title": "[Immunomorphological and ultrastructural findings on the musculature in progressive scleroderma].", "content": "Muscle biopsies taken from 30 patients with generalized scleroderma were studied immuno-histologically as well as by light and electron microscopy. The immunological investigations have demonstrated that an increase of IgM and/or complement depositions in capillaries and in the walls of small arteries have been involved in most cases. Similar alterations were found in the subsarcolemmal zone. Vascular Ig-G precipitates were observed in the later stage of the disease only, whereas a positive reaction of fibrinogen have been proved in the most cases. By light and electron microscopy a variety of pathologic alterations have usually been found, but the most prominent changes involved were thickening of the capillary basement membrane and interstitial fibrosis. Scattered cellular infiltrates consisting of lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasmocytes were also seen either perivascularly or throughout the interstice. Around fibroblasts and capillaries, fine protocollagen fibrils and glycosaminoglycan filaments have been observed. They may partly represent fibrogenesis. Filamentous structures could be seen within the cytoplasm of numerous fibroblasts.", "contents": "[Immunomorphological and ultrastructural findings on the musculature in progressive scleroderma]. Muscle biopsies taken from 30 patients with generalized scleroderma were studied immuno-histologically as well as by light and electron microscopy. The immunological investigations have demonstrated that an increase of IgM and/or complement depositions in capillaries and in the walls of small arteries have been involved in most cases. Similar alterations were found in the subsarcolemmal zone. Vascular Ig-G precipitates were observed in the later stage of the disease only, whereas a positive reaction of fibrinogen have been proved in the most cases. By light and electron microscopy a variety of pathologic alterations have usually been found, but the most prominent changes involved were thickening of the capillary basement membrane and interstitial fibrosis. Scattered cellular infiltrates consisting of lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasmocytes were also seen either perivascularly or throughout the interstice. Around fibroblasts and capillaries, fine protocollagen fibrils and glycosaminoglycan filaments have been observed. They may partly represent fibrogenesis. Filamentous structures could be seen within the cytoplasm of numerous fibroblasts.", "PMID": 335686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13429", "title": "[Combined treatment with beta-receptor blocker pindolol and diureticum trichlormethiazidum in patients with essential hypertony in stadium II WHO (author's transl))].", "content": "A double blind study was performed concerning effects and endurance of a combined therapy with beta-receptor blocker Pindolol (LB 46 Visken Sandoz/2 X 2 tabletes per 5 mg daily and Trichlormethiazidum Eurinol Spofa 3-dicholor-methyl-6-chlor-7-sulfamoyl 3,4-dihydro-1,2, 4-benzothiadiazin-1, 1-dyoxydum) 1 X1 tablet per 4 mg daily in 74 patients with essential hypertony in stadium II WHO. Reduction of the systolic as well as the diastolic blood pressure was already highly significant after the first two weeks of treatment (p less than 0.05). Heart frequency dropped from the average of 86,6 +/-8,6 per minute to 74 +/-16.8 per minute. All patients endured the medication very well.", "contents": "[Combined treatment with beta-receptor blocker pindolol and diureticum trichlormethiazidum in patients with essential hypertony in stadium II WHO (author's transl))]. A double blind study was performed concerning effects and endurance of a combined therapy with beta-receptor blocker Pindolol (LB 46 Visken Sandoz/2 X 2 tabletes per 5 mg daily and Trichlormethiazidum Eurinol Spofa 3-dicholor-methyl-6-chlor-7-sulfamoyl 3,4-dihydro-1,2, 4-benzothiadiazin-1, 1-dyoxydum) 1 X1 tablet per 4 mg daily in 74 patients with essential hypertony in stadium II WHO. Reduction of the systolic as well as the diastolic blood pressure was already highly significant after the first two weeks of treatment (p less than 0.05). Heart frequency dropped from the average of 86,6 +/-8,6 per minute to 74 +/-16.8 per minute. All patients endured the medication very well.", "PMID": 335687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13430", "title": "Iron metabolism in Trypanosoma lewisi infection: serum iron and serum iron-binding capacity.", "content": "Progressive changes in iron levels, total iron binding capacity and hematocrit values in sera of rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi are described. The host dietary group were: (1) complete or full complement; (2) iron-deficient, and (3) pair-fed or calorically restricted. The hematocrit values of T. lewisi-infected rats given the various diets were not significantly different from those of the controls. The decrease in total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of rats inoculated with T. lewisi and fed complete and pair-fed diets ranged up to 15% over uninfected controls. TIBC levels in rats fed an iron-deficient diet and inoculated with T. lewisi ranged up to 32% over uninfected controls. TIBC levels of deficient infected rats were significantly different from the controls from day 90 to infection to the end of the observation period. Serum iron (SI) values of non-infected rats regardless of dietary regimen showed significantly higher values than T. lewisi-infected animals between days 95 and 120. The average SI value, for this period, in adequately fed control rats was 204 +/- 7 microgram/100 ml as compared to 172 +/- 5 microgram/100 for trypanosome-infected rats. SI levels of rats on a pair-fed diet and infected with T. lewisi decreased to 17% over uninfected controls. SI levels of animals on an iron-deficient diet and infected with T. lewisi decreased up to 76% over uninfected controls.", "contents": "Iron metabolism in Trypanosoma lewisi infection: serum iron and serum iron-binding capacity. Progressive changes in iron levels, total iron binding capacity and hematocrit values in sera of rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi are described. The host dietary group were: (1) complete or full complement; (2) iron-deficient, and (3) pair-fed or calorically restricted. The hematocrit values of T. lewisi-infected rats given the various diets were not significantly different from those of the controls. The decrease in total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of rats inoculated with T. lewisi and fed complete and pair-fed diets ranged up to 15% over uninfected controls. TIBC levels in rats fed an iron-deficient diet and inoculated with T. lewisi ranged up to 32% over uninfected controls. TIBC levels of deficient infected rats were significantly different from the controls from day 90 to infection to the end of the observation period. Serum iron (SI) values of non-infected rats regardless of dietary regimen showed significantly higher values than T. lewisi-infected animals between days 95 and 120. The average SI value, for this period, in adequately fed control rats was 204 +/- 7 microgram/100 ml as compared to 172 +/- 5 microgram/100 for trypanosome-infected rats. SI levels of rats on a pair-fed diet and infected with T. lewisi decreased to 17% over uninfected controls. SI levels of animals on an iron-deficient diet and infected with T. lewisi decreased up to 76% over uninfected controls.", "PMID": 335688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13431", "title": "Babesia argentina: observations on the immunogenicity of the cryofibrinogen complex.", "content": "Rabbit antisera were prepared against the soluble and insoluble fractions of a cryofibrinogen complex that formed in plasma of cattle acutely infected with Babesia argentina. Analyses of the rabbit antisera indicated that the cryofibrinogen complex contained proteins from erythrocytes and parasites as well as fibrinogen and related proteins.", "contents": "Babesia argentina: observations on the immunogenicity of the cryofibrinogen complex. Rabbit antisera were prepared against the soluble and insoluble fractions of a cryofibrinogen complex that formed in plasma of cattle acutely infected with Babesia argentina. Analyses of the rabbit antisera indicated that the cryofibrinogen complex contained proteins from erythrocytes and parasites as well as fibrinogen and related proteins.", "PMID": 335689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13432", "title": "[Immunohistochemical findings in renal biopsies performed on diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal biopsies obtained from 22 patients with diabetes (8 women, mean age 38.5 years; 14 men, mean age 27.3 years)--including patients with potential, latent, short-term, and long-term diabetes--were examined by light microscopy as well as by immunofluorescence microscopy. Histologically, segmental and focal proliferation of mesangial cells as well as a mesangial broadening and an increase of substance deposited in the mesangium was found. These findings well documented by cell counting an differentiation are described in detail elsewhere (see Sorger et al. 1976 Immunhistochemically, we detected most frequently IgA (9/17) and IgG(9/17), usually in a linear or mesangial pattern, less frequently IgM (1/17). We failed to detect beta 1C and IgE in the glomerulus. Labeled insulin was demonstrated 5 times. Out of the plasmaproteins albumin, fibrinogen, transferrin, and beta-lipoproteid only albumin was perceptable. We consider the deposition of immunglogulins and serum-proteins in the glomerular filter to be an unspecific stimulation of proliferation of the mesangial cells being caused by overfunction and obviously produce an excess of the mesangial matrix.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical findings in renal biopsies performed on diabetics (author's transl)]. Renal biopsies obtained from 22 patients with diabetes (8 women, mean age 38.5 years; 14 men, mean age 27.3 years)--including patients with potential, latent, short-term, and long-term diabetes--were examined by light microscopy as well as by immunofluorescence microscopy. Histologically, segmental and focal proliferation of mesangial cells as well as a mesangial broadening and an increase of substance deposited in the mesangium was found. These findings well documented by cell counting an differentiation are described in detail elsewhere (see Sorger et al. 1976 Immunhistochemically, we detected most frequently IgA (9/17) and IgG(9/17), usually in a linear or mesangial pattern, less frequently IgM (1/17). We failed to detect beta 1C and IgE in the glomerulus. Labeled insulin was demonstrated 5 times. Out of the plasmaproteins albumin, fibrinogen, transferrin, and beta-lipoproteid only albumin was perceptable. We consider the deposition of immunglogulins and serum-proteins in the glomerular filter to be an unspecific stimulation of proliferation of the mesangial cells being caused by overfunction and obviously produce an excess of the mesangial matrix.", "PMID": 335712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13433", "title": "[Phagocytosis of lymphocytes in the orthopic porcine liver homograft (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron microscopical studies of sinusoids and Kupffer cells of the orthotopic porcine liver homograft were systematically performed. The obtained findings show the presence of phagocytosis of host lymphocytes circulating in the sinusoids by Kupffer cells of the homograft in the late stage after transplantation at the time of a compensated function during the late rejection. The findings are described, demonstrated and shortly discussed.", "contents": "[Phagocytosis of lymphocytes in the orthopic porcine liver homograft (author's transl)]. Electron microscopical studies of sinusoids and Kupffer cells of the orthotopic porcine liver homograft were systematically performed. The obtained findings show the presence of phagocytosis of host lymphocytes circulating in the sinusoids by Kupffer cells of the homograft in the late stage after transplantation at the time of a compensated function during the late rejection. The findings are described, demonstrated and shortly discussed.", "PMID": 335713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13434", "title": "[Experimental and clinical aspects of the living articular cartilage transplantation and half-joint transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "The articular cartilage transplantation and the half-joint transplantation necessitate the assessment of specific biological-transplantation questions as to the structure and function of the hyaline cartilage. Compared with other organ transplantations biometric and biomechanical factors have to be taken into consideration additionally. Up to now contradictory results were obtained in the animal experiment. On principle a survival of grafted non-preserved parts of cartilage seems to be possible. In clinical practice therapeutic trials for autogenous reimplantation of articular cartilage, autogenous joint surface partial transplantations and half-joint transplantations are justified. Allogenous half-joint transplantations may also be possible in exceptional cases.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical aspects of the living articular cartilage transplantation and half-joint transplantation (author's transl)]. The articular cartilage transplantation and the half-joint transplantation necessitate the assessment of specific biological-transplantation questions as to the structure and function of the hyaline cartilage. Compared with other organ transplantations biometric and biomechanical factors have to be taken into consideration additionally. Up to now contradictory results were obtained in the animal experiment. On principle a survival of grafted non-preserved parts of cartilage seems to be possible. In clinical practice therapeutic trials for autogenous reimplantation of articular cartilage, autogenous joint surface partial transplantations and half-joint transplantations are justified. Allogenous half-joint transplantations may also be possible in exceptional cases.", "PMID": 335716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13435", "title": "[Technical failures in small bowel surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A certain amount of relaparotomies after small bowel surgery is caused by technical failures, such as the technique of suturing the anastomosis and the kind of re-establishing the continuity of the bowel. An end-to-end-anastomosis with sufficient vascularisation at the cut ends, tension free, and without an overdone inversion will guarantee a more successful suturing of the bowel than a side-to-side-anastomosis. At first the whole small bowel should be explored to recognize multiple lesions. Postoperative malabsorption due to the exclusion of more less extended segments of the bowel--by bypass anastomoses or construction of blind loops--can be repaired successfully by corrective laparotomies. Special problems in operative tactics and technique of Crohn's disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Technical failures in small bowel surgery (author's transl)]. A certain amount of relaparotomies after small bowel surgery is caused by technical failures, such as the technique of suturing the anastomosis and the kind of re-establishing the continuity of the bowel. An end-to-end-anastomosis with sufficient vascularisation at the cut ends, tension free, and without an overdone inversion will guarantee a more successful suturing of the bowel than a side-to-side-anastomosis. At first the whole small bowel should be explored to recognize multiple lesions. Postoperative malabsorption due to the exclusion of more less extended segments of the bowel--by bypass anastomoses or construction of blind loops--can be repaired successfully by corrective laparotomies. Special problems in operative tactics and technique of Crohn's disease are discussed.", "PMID": 335717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13436", "title": "[Surgical procedures in portal hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Successful therapy of portal hypertension and especially bleeding oesophageal varices can only be achieved by decompressing surgical measures. An emergency porto-caval shunt has the advantage of short operating time and optimal decompression. Blocking procedures are only indicated in rare cases. In the time free of bleeding spleno-renal-anastomosis is the procedure of choice. Postoperative encephalopathy is still a menace in surgery of portal hypertension.", "contents": "[Surgical procedures in portal hypertension (author's transl)]. Successful therapy of portal hypertension and especially bleeding oesophageal varices can only be achieved by decompressing surgical measures. An emergency porto-caval shunt has the advantage of short operating time and optimal decompression. Blocking procedures are only indicated in rare cases. In the time free of bleeding spleno-renal-anastomosis is the procedure of choice. Postoperative encephalopathy is still a menace in surgery of portal hypertension.", "PMID": 335718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13437", "title": "[Stage of development and perspectives of Berlin's Charit\u00e9-Frauenklinik].", "content": "The starting point of this paper are works from H. Kraatz, written in 1958 and 1960 about history and future and propositions of the Hospital. It could be shown nearly all the plans of Kraatz to be realized during the following years. Under preserve of the traditions the modern development of science leaded to the present works astructure of the clinic. Some results are published to give reasons for this.", "contents": "[Stage of development and perspectives of Berlin's Charit\u00e9-Frauenklinik]. The starting point of this paper are works from H. Kraatz, written in 1958 and 1960 about history and future and propositions of the Hospital. It could be shown nearly all the plans of Kraatz to be realized during the following years. Under preserve of the traditions the modern development of science leaded to the present works astructure of the clinic. Some results are published to give reasons for this.", "PMID": 335722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13438", "title": "[Surgical correction of the sagging abdomen].", "content": "The classification of pendants is made from the view of constitutional type and operating method. There are only two different kinds: skin pendant and fat pendant. The operating correcture of skin pendants is made by Contamin and of fat pendants by Schrimpf. Good operating results, little complications and no case of death make it possible beside the pendant plastic to do other surgical interventions so as laparotomies, herniotomies and vaginal operations. Beside an operating method that takes care of the skin, the following conditions must be fulfilled: an intact coronary- and circulation system, thrombosis prophylaxis, most carefull haemostasis, skin suture without tension and REDON-Drainage.", "contents": "[Surgical correction of the sagging abdomen]. The classification of pendants is made from the view of constitutional type and operating method. There are only two different kinds: skin pendant and fat pendant. The operating correcture of skin pendants is made by Contamin and of fat pendants by Schrimpf. Good operating results, little complications and no case of death make it possible beside the pendant plastic to do other surgical interventions so as laparotomies, herniotomies and vaginal operations. Beside an operating method that takes care of the skin, the following conditions must be fulfilled: an intact coronary- and circulation system, thrombosis prophylaxis, most carefull haemostasis, skin suture without tension and REDON-Drainage.", "PMID": 335723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13439", "title": "[Experience with Str\u00f6mbeck's reduction plasty].", "content": "In the reduced plasty of Str\u00f6mbeck the author sees an exact standard method for nearly all forms of macromastia and mamaptosis. Operation results of the author are documented. Further on advantages of a self-made mamillotom are shown and the treatment without bandage is propagate.", "contents": "[Experience with Str\u00f6mbeck's reduction plasty]. In the reduced plasty of Str\u00f6mbeck the author sees an exact standard method for nearly all forms of macromastia and mamaptosis. Operation results of the author are documented. Further on advantages of a self-made mamillotom are shown and the treatment without bandage is propagate.", "PMID": 335724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13440", "title": "[Use of an autocolpotransplant in surgery for genitalia prolapse with urinary incontinence].", "content": "The authors use an autocolpotransplantate in the surgery of the genitale prolapse with urinary stress incontinence (vaginale colpohysterectomy, Manchester-Fothergill-Operation anterior and posterior colporrhaphy). The autocolpotransplantate functions as a subvesical belt which is able to avoid recidivs and also favours the formation of new tissue in the urethro-vesico-vaginale area. The newly formed scarplate is the basis to prevent postoperative vesical continence disorders.", "contents": "[Use of an autocolpotransplant in surgery for genitalia prolapse with urinary incontinence]. The authors use an autocolpotransplantate in the surgery of the genitale prolapse with urinary stress incontinence (vaginale colpohysterectomy, Manchester-Fothergill-Operation anterior and posterior colporrhaphy). The autocolpotransplantate functions as a subvesical belt which is able to avoid recidivs and also favours the formation of new tissue in the urethro-vesico-vaginale area. The newly formed scarplate is the basis to prevent postoperative vesical continence disorders.", "PMID": 335725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13441", "title": "[Contributions to the immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum samples of 49 patients with echinococcosis, 32 of whom were diagnosed parasitologically (demonstration of protoscolices) and 17 of whom were diagnosed clinically (scintigram, histology), were examined for the presence of antibodies. The control group included sera from 74 patients with liver disease and tumors, 10 sera from blood donors, and 1330 sera for which serological tests for echinococcosis had been requested. The antigens used were two types of hydatid fluid, and aqueous extract from E. multilocularis cyst material, and protoscolices from E. granulosus and E. multilocularis. The results showed that the indirect immunofluorescence test with vital protoscolices was the most specific reaction whereas the indirect hemagglutination test with hydatid fluid and the extract from E. multilocularis was the most sensitive reaction. The latex turned out to be the least specific of the methods used. The sensitivity and specificity of our own results are compared with those of other investigators to emphasize the limitations of the immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis.", "contents": "[Contributions to the immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis (author's transl)]. Serum samples of 49 patients with echinococcosis, 32 of whom were diagnosed parasitologically (demonstration of protoscolices) and 17 of whom were diagnosed clinically (scintigram, histology), were examined for the presence of antibodies. The control group included sera from 74 patients with liver disease and tumors, 10 sera from blood donors, and 1330 sera for which serological tests for echinococcosis had been requested. The antigens used were two types of hydatid fluid, and aqueous extract from E. multilocularis cyst material, and protoscolices from E. granulosus and E. multilocularis. The results showed that the indirect immunofluorescence test with vital protoscolices was the most specific reaction whereas the indirect hemagglutination test with hydatid fluid and the extract from E. multilocularis was the most sensitive reaction. The latex turned out to be the least specific of the methods used. The sensitivity and specificity of our own results are compared with those of other investigators to emphasize the limitations of the immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis.", "PMID": 335727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13442", "title": "[Morphologic characteristics of the large bodies in cultures of the L-forms of bacteria according to scanning electron microscope studies].", "content": "Large bodies appear at the time of protoplast and spheroplast formation and are revealed at all the L-transformation stages and at the initial stage of reversion. They can be represented both by a single giant cell and by a conglomerate of different cells connected with one another. They are not only spheroid, but can be of the most varied shape, and structurally they are connected with other L-colony elements: filamentous structures, spheroid cells, elementary bodies and the so-called acellular material. At the early L-transformation stage the large bodies probably appear as a result of coalescence of lysed cells and represent polygenome formations. Elementary bodies and spheroid cells form within the large bodies and on their surface at the late stage of L-transformation. In case of reversion bacterial cells form from them.", "contents": "[Morphologic characteristics of the large bodies in cultures of the L-forms of bacteria according to scanning electron microscope studies]. Large bodies appear at the time of protoplast and spheroplast formation and are revealed at all the L-transformation stages and at the initial stage of reversion. They can be represented both by a single giant cell and by a conglomerate of different cells connected with one another. They are not only spheroid, but can be of the most varied shape, and structurally they are connected with other L-colony elements: filamentous structures, spheroid cells, elementary bodies and the so-called acellular material. At the early L-transformation stage the large bodies probably appear as a result of coalescence of lysed cells and represent polygenome formations. Elementary bodies and spheroid cells form within the large bodies and on their surface at the late stage of L-transformation. In case of reversion bacterial cells form from them.", "PMID": 335728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13443", "title": "[Origin of plague moderate phages of serotype 2].", "content": "Results of study of the negative colonies morphology, the structure of corpuscles, antigenic properties, specificity, and the action range permitted to refer the phages obtained from 18 E. coli strain, 1 plaque strain, and 1 pseudotoberculosis bacillus strain to the same group and to identify them with plague phages of serological type 2. Isolation of the same phage type from different bacterial species permits to regard them as \"polyhostal\" ones. E. coli should be considered as the main carrier of phages belonging to serological type 2. It is suggested that phages existing on microbes belonging to different species should be called \"polyhostal\".", "contents": "[Origin of plague moderate phages of serotype 2]. Results of study of the negative colonies morphology, the structure of corpuscles, antigenic properties, specificity, and the action range permitted to refer the phages obtained from 18 E. coli strain, 1 plaque strain, and 1 pseudotoberculosis bacillus strain to the same group and to identify them with plague phages of serological type 2. Isolation of the same phage type from different bacterial species permits to regard them as \"polyhostal\" ones. E. coli should be considered as the main carrier of phages belonging to serological type 2. It is suggested that phages existing on microbes belonging to different species should be called \"polyhostal\".", "PMID": 335729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13444", "title": "[Interrelationship between staphylococcal sensitization, the protective function of leukocytes and septic complications in the burned].", "content": "The state of staphylococcus sensitization and the index of completeness of staphylococcus phagocytosis was studied in 42 persons with severe burns. Development of staphylococcus complications was connected with marked specific microbial sensitization and disturbance of intracellular digestion of staphylococci by the patients' blood leukocytes. Detection of unfavourable interraltions of the antistaphylococcus immunity and allergy in the course of the disease can be of diagnostic and prognostic significance.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between staphylococcal sensitization, the protective function of leukocytes and septic complications in the burned]. The state of staphylococcus sensitization and the index of completeness of staphylococcus phagocytosis was studied in 42 persons with severe burns. Development of staphylococcus complications was connected with marked specific microbial sensitization and disturbance of intracellular digestion of staphylococci by the patients' blood leukocytes. Detection of unfavourable interraltions of the antistaphylococcus immunity and allergy in the course of the disease can be of diagnostic and prognostic significance.", "PMID": 335735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13445", "title": "[Immunologic properties of soluble shigella antigens].", "content": "Of the live Sh. Flexner 2a and Sonne soluble antigens containing glucide-lipoid-protein complex, characterized by low toxicity, a high yield of dry substances, and the capacity to induce immunity production in mice after subcutaneous and oral immunization, were obtained by salt extraction and physical disintegration. Local antigen application into eye mucosa of guinea pigs produced local resistance against homologous causative agents and also stimulated production of the highest level of specific antibodies at the site of administration in oral and conjunctival vaccination. A marked antigenic-immunological activity of soluble shigella antigens in local administration permits to refer them to the group of protective ones and to recommend their further study in the capacity of preparations for enteral vaccination against dysentery.", "contents": "[Immunologic properties of soluble shigella antigens]. Of the live Sh. Flexner 2a and Sonne soluble antigens containing glucide-lipoid-protein complex, characterized by low toxicity, a high yield of dry substances, and the capacity to induce immunity production in mice after subcutaneous and oral immunization, were obtained by salt extraction and physical disintegration. Local antigen application into eye mucosa of guinea pigs produced local resistance against homologous causative agents and also stimulated production of the highest level of specific antibodies at the site of administration in oral and conjunctival vaccination. A marked antigenic-immunological activity of soluble shigella antigens in local administration permits to refer them to the group of protective ones and to recommend their further study in the capacity of preparations for enteral vaccination against dysentery.", "PMID": 335736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13446", "title": "[Methods of using the antibody neutralization test in intestinal coli-infections].", "content": "Specificity and sensitivity of the antibody neutralization test intended for detection of the O-antigen of enteropathogenic escherichia were checked under experimental conditions. Only 3 strains of the Klebsiella genus proved to neutralize the antibodies to the enteropathogenic escherichia of the serological group O20:K84. In the rest of the cases a positive result was obtained only in homologous combinations. In comparative study of the microbial cultures of the infected feces on hard nutrient media by means of bacteriological and serological methods the latter was found to be more sensitive, capable of detecting the homologous O-antigen with the bacterial concentration of not less than 5-10(5) microbial cells per 1 ml.", "contents": "[Methods of using the antibody neutralization test in intestinal coli-infections]. Specificity and sensitivity of the antibody neutralization test intended for detection of the O-antigen of enteropathogenic escherichia were checked under experimental conditions. Only 3 strains of the Klebsiella genus proved to neutralize the antibodies to the enteropathogenic escherichia of the serological group O20:K84. In the rest of the cases a positive result was obtained only in homologous combinations. In comparative study of the microbial cultures of the infected feces on hard nutrient media by means of bacteriological and serological methods the latter was found to be more sensitive, capable of detecting the homologous O-antigen with the bacterial concentration of not less than 5-10(5) microbial cells per 1 ml.", "PMID": 335737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13447", "title": "[Study of the role of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria in acute intestinal diseases].", "content": "Conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria were isolated in 34.2% of the patients with acute intestinal diseases (1559 cases examined in all). Such representatives of enterobacteria as Klebsiella, Hafnia, Citrobacter of 4, 8, and 22 serological groups. Proteus mirabilis of 6, 10, 13, 26, and 28 serological groups, and Proteus morganii mostly played the etiological role. In some of the patients conditionally pathogenic microbes only aggravated the main disease, taking part in the development of dysbacteriosis. In healthy individuals these microbes were much more rare and were encountered inconstantly.", "contents": "[Study of the role of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria in acute intestinal diseases]. Conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria were isolated in 34.2% of the patients with acute intestinal diseases (1559 cases examined in all). Such representatives of enterobacteria as Klebsiella, Hafnia, Citrobacter of 4, 8, and 22 serological groups. Proteus mirabilis of 6, 10, 13, 26, and 28 serological groups, and Proteus morganii mostly played the etiological role. In some of the patients conditionally pathogenic microbes only aggravated the main disease, taking part in the development of dysbacteriosis. In healthy individuals these microbes were much more rare and were encountered inconstantly.", "PMID": 335739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13448", "title": "[Study of the immunological effectiveness of the enteral vaccination of volunteers with detergent Sonne dysentery monovaccine].", "content": "The authors evaluated the immunological results of enteral and subcutaneous injection of detergent Sonne dysentery vaccine to volunteers (changes in homo- and heterologous antibodies in the blood and saliva recorded by means of common indirect hemagglutination test and that modified according to Coombs' test, and IgG, IgM, and IgA concentration recording. Both immunization methods induced specific antibody formation: enteral vaccination caused chiefly the accumulation of secretory antibodies of IgA class, and subcutaneous -- of serum antibodies belonging to IgG class. The supposed mechanisms determining the capacity of enteral administration of the antigen to provoke an immune response different from that caused by its subcutaneous injection are discussed.", "contents": "[Study of the immunological effectiveness of the enteral vaccination of volunteers with detergent Sonne dysentery monovaccine]. The authors evaluated the immunological results of enteral and subcutaneous injection of detergent Sonne dysentery vaccine to volunteers (changes in homo- and heterologous antibodies in the blood and saliva recorded by means of common indirect hemagglutination test and that modified according to Coombs' test, and IgG, IgM, and IgA concentration recording. Both immunization methods induced specific antibody formation: enteral vaccination caused chiefly the accumulation of secretory antibodies of IgA class, and subcutaneous -- of serum antibodies belonging to IgG class. The supposed mechanisms determining the capacity of enteral administration of the antigen to provoke an immune response different from that caused by its subcutaneous injection are discussed.", "PMID": 335740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13449", "title": "[Use of hybrid strains of S, typhi and S. typhimurium for characterizing the biological activity of individual Salmonella antigens by the alternative recording of the experimental results].", "content": "Intraperitoneal infection of mice, subcutaneously immunized with acetone vaccines of various antigenic composition, with the microbes of hybrid salmonellae strains of murine and typhoid fever caused development of infectious process approaching natural infection. A significant elevation of the intensity of immunity was provided by preparations containing serologically identical O-antigen in infection with O-strains, or Vi-antigen in infection with Vi-strains. For the formation of animal resistance to infection it was necessary to immunize the mice with vaccines containing homologous H- and O-antigens (in infection with O-strains) and H-, O- and Vi-antigens (in infection with Vi-strains). Immunization with killed vaccines with a full-value antigenic structure provided effective protection of mice from doses approaching LD50.", "contents": "[Use of hybrid strains of S, typhi and S. typhimurium for characterizing the biological activity of individual Salmonella antigens by the alternative recording of the experimental results]. Intraperitoneal infection of mice, subcutaneously immunized with acetone vaccines of various antigenic composition, with the microbes of hybrid salmonellae strains of murine and typhoid fever caused development of infectious process approaching natural infection. A significant elevation of the intensity of immunity was provided by preparations containing serologically identical O-antigen in infection with O-strains, or Vi-antigen in infection with Vi-strains. For the formation of animal resistance to infection it was necessary to immunize the mice with vaccines containing homologous H- and O-antigens (in infection with O-strains) and H-, O- and Vi-antigens (in infection with Vi-strains). Immunization with killed vaccines with a full-value antigenic structure provided effective protection of mice from doses approaching LD50.", "PMID": 335742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13450", "title": "[Effect of lactic bacteria metabolic products on the transmission of R-plasmids in enterobacteria in vitro].", "content": "The authors present data on the study of lactobacteria used in the production of dry lactobacterin (lactobacterinum siccum). Metabolic products (lactocidin) were extracted with lactic and acetic acid after Vincent et al. Two donor strains (E. coli K12 J5-3 R1-19 and E. coli K12 W1845 R26) were crossed in the conjugation process in various conbinations with six recipient strains (E. coli K12S, E. coli Su 3912/41, Sh. sonnei 263B, Sh. sonnel 3470, S. heidelberg, A161, and S. typhimurium SH3 his-). The frequency of R-plasmide transmission in enterobacteria was decreased in vitro under the effect of L. plantarum 8R-A3 and L. fermentum 90T-S4 metabolites.", "contents": "[Effect of lactic bacteria metabolic products on the transmission of R-plasmids in enterobacteria in vitro]. The authors present data on the study of lactobacteria used in the production of dry lactobacterin (lactobacterinum siccum). Metabolic products (lactocidin) were extracted with lactic and acetic acid after Vincent et al. Two donor strains (E. coli K12 J5-3 R1-19 and E. coli K12 W1845 R26) were crossed in the conjugation process in various conbinations with six recipient strains (E. coli K12S, E. coli Su 3912/41, Sh. sonnei 263B, Sh. sonnel 3470, S. heidelberg, A161, and S. typhimurium SH3 his-). The frequency of R-plasmide transmission in enterobacteria was decreased in vitro under the effect of L. plantarum 8R-A3 and L. fermentum 90T-S4 metabolites.", "PMID": 335743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13451", "title": "[Effect of the formation of spheroplasts and the subsequent reversions on the virulence and other biological traits of E. coli 0124:K72(B17)].", "content": "The authors present experimental data indicating that revertants with a manifest mucous capsule formed in the spheroplasts of E. coli O124 : K72 culture. The appearance of the latter depended on the presence of glucose, lactose, maltose, or glycerine in the medium. Mucous culture could be regarded as a prolonged modification induced with penicillin. Mucous substance aided preservation or partial restoration of the virulent properties by the given bacteria.", "contents": "[Effect of the formation of spheroplasts and the subsequent reversions on the virulence and other biological traits of E. coli 0124:K72(B17)]. The authors present experimental data indicating that revertants with a manifest mucous capsule formed in the spheroplasts of E. coli O124 : K72 culture. The appearance of the latter depended on the presence of glucose, lactose, maltose, or glycerine in the medium. Mucous culture could be regarded as a prolonged modification induced with penicillin. Mucous substance aided preservation or partial restoration of the virulent properties by the given bacteria.", "PMID": 335744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13452", "title": "[Population of B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients].", "content": "With the aid of a direct immunofluorescent method the per cent of the B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients and normals was determined. It was demonstrated that in the preparation of blood cells the portion of cells, possessing superficial immunoglobulins (B-lymphocytes) significantly exceeds the portion of cells in normal donors. On the basis of achieved data it can be assumed that in the blood of schizophrenic patients there is a higher % of B-lymphocytes than in normals and most likely lesser of T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Population of B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients]. With the aid of a direct immunofluorescent method the per cent of the B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients and normals was determined. It was demonstrated that in the preparation of blood cells the portion of cells, possessing superficial immunoglobulins (B-lymphocytes) significantly exceeds the portion of cells in normal donors. On the basis of achieved data it can be assumed that in the blood of schizophrenic patients there is a higher % of B-lymphocytes than in normals and most likely lesser of T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 335745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13453", "title": "Urinary excretion of ten plasma proteins in patients with extrarenal epithelial carcinoma.", "content": "Urinary and serum proteins were studied in 55 patients with extrarenal epithelial carcinoma, using an automated immunopreciptin reaction. The 24 h excretion and renal clearance of 6 high molecular weight proteins: albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, and IgM were significantly increased compared with a control group, implying a glomerular injury. The 24 h excretion of 4 low molecular weight proteins: free lambda and kappa light chains of immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and beta2-microglobulin was significantly increased in patients with disseminated carcinoma compared with patients with localized carcinoma. The serum concentrations of albumin and transferrin were significantly decreased and the serum concentration of haptoglobin significantly increased in patients with disseminated carcinoma compared with patients with localized tumours.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of ten plasma proteins in patients with extrarenal epithelial carcinoma. Urinary and serum proteins were studied in 55 patients with extrarenal epithelial carcinoma, using an automated immunopreciptin reaction. The 24 h excretion and renal clearance of 6 high molecular weight proteins: albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, and IgM were significantly increased compared with a control group, implying a glomerular injury. The 24 h excretion of 4 low molecular weight proteins: free lambda and kappa light chains of immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and beta2-microglobulin was significantly increased in patients with disseminated carcinoma compared with patients with localized carcinoma. The serum concentrations of albumin and transferrin were significantly decreased and the serum concentration of haptoglobin significantly increased in patients with disseminated carcinoma compared with patients with localized tumours.", "PMID": 335753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13454", "title": "[Surgical treatment of deep burns in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical material is described and the principles of burn wound treatment are indicated: --excision and grafting of third degree burns: early whenever possible, delayed if the diagnosis or the limits are difficult to appreciate;--local treatment with Silver-Sulfadiazine of second degree burns, and those of undetermined depth. The difficulty of diagnosing the exact depth of the burn as well as the problem of the sequelae are stressed. The treatment of the complications is mentioned, particularly of the large hypertrophic scars. More than ever, prevention seems to be essential, but also possible.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of deep burns in children (author's transl)]. The clinical material is described and the principles of burn wound treatment are indicated: --excision and grafting of third degree burns: early whenever possible, delayed if the diagnosis or the limits are difficult to appreciate;--local treatment with Silver-Sulfadiazine of second degree burns, and those of undetermined depth. The difficulty of diagnosing the exact depth of the burn as well as the problem of the sequelae are stressed. The treatment of the complications is mentioned, particularly of the large hypertrophic scars. More than ever, prevention seems to be essential, but also possible.", "PMID": 335748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13455", "title": "[Grafts for surgery of the anus (author's transl)].", "content": "In surgery of the anus, grafts should be used as a complement to the extensive resections of lesions such as: skin tumors, radiotherapic lesions, resistant itching, chronic infection, pilonidal cysts, multiple fistulae. Such grafts are useful in many instances because they shorten the period of healing and insure a better skin cover. Grafts used in anal surgery are: the Davis-patch type, the free skin type and the pedicle-flap type. Each has its own indications. They are immediate or delayed. The author's experience indicates that indications for grafts are frequent, that their effects are always favorable and that the rate of failure is very low despite the risk of contamination from the proximity with the anus.", "contents": "[Grafts for surgery of the anus (author's transl)]. In surgery of the anus, grafts should be used as a complement to the extensive resections of lesions such as: skin tumors, radiotherapic lesions, resistant itching, chronic infection, pilonidal cysts, multiple fistulae. Such grafts are useful in many instances because they shorten the period of healing and insure a better skin cover. Grafts used in anal surgery are: the Davis-patch type, the free skin type and the pedicle-flap type. Each has its own indications. They are immediate or delayed. The author's experience indicates that indications for grafts are frequent, that their effects are always favorable and that the rate of failure is very low despite the risk of contamination from the proximity with the anus.", "PMID": 335749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13456", "title": "Bromocriptine treatment in acromegaly: clinical and biochemical effects.", "content": "Eight selected patients with active acromegaly and elevated GH levels without other endocrine disturbances were submitted to long-term treatment and acute dose-response trials with bromocriptine. Seven patients showed clinical improvement and lowering of GH levels in response to long-term treatment, however, two of these showed only minor changes in GH levels during the acute dose-response trial. Glucose tolerance and heel pad thickness remained unchanged, while urinary hydroxyproline excretion and blood, plasma and erythrocyte volumes decreased. Using daily doses of 20 mg bromocriptine, side effects were generally minor. Severe vasovagal reactions were, however, observed in two patients, in one at the start of treatment, in the other after ingestion of 25 mg bromocriptine. Bromocriptine represents a valuable treatment alternative in acromegaly, but only long-term treatment will separate responders from nonresponders.", "contents": "Bromocriptine treatment in acromegaly: clinical and biochemical effects. Eight selected patients with active acromegaly and elevated GH levels without other endocrine disturbances were submitted to long-term treatment and acute dose-response trials with bromocriptine. Seven patients showed clinical improvement and lowering of GH levels in response to long-term treatment, however, two of these showed only minor changes in GH levels during the acute dose-response trial. Glucose tolerance and heel pad thickness remained unchanged, while urinary hydroxyproline excretion and blood, plasma and erythrocyte volumes decreased. Using daily doses of 20 mg bromocriptine, side effects were generally minor. Severe vasovagal reactions were, however, observed in two patients, in one at the start of treatment, in the other after ingestion of 25 mg bromocriptine. Bromocriptine represents a valuable treatment alternative in acromegaly, but only long-term treatment will separate responders from nonresponders.", "PMID": 335755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13457", "title": "[Operative wounds of the main biliary tract: immediate repair (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a series of eleven surgical wounds, all immediately repaired. They consider the frequency of these biliary accidents to be 2% in cholecystectomies and 4% in gastrectomies. In such instances end-to-end suture seems the first choice procedure with the best longterm results. They stress the importance of prevention methods that will help to limit the risks of such operative accidents and not to overlook them, should they occur.", "contents": "[Operative wounds of the main biliary tract: immediate repair (author's transl)]. The authors report a series of eleven surgical wounds, all immediately repaired. They consider the frequency of these biliary accidents to be 2% in cholecystectomies and 4% in gastrectomies. In such instances end-to-end suture seems the first choice procedure with the best longterm results. They stress the importance of prevention methods that will help to limit the risks of such operative accidents and not to overlook them, should they occur.", "PMID": 335750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13458", "title": "Microchemical assays of glutathione, zinc, cobalt and manganese in micro-dissected areas of the endocrine pancreas in the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa.", "content": "In hagfish islet parenchyma, consisting practically only of insulin-producing B-cells and agranular B-cell precursors, the contents of glutathione (GSH) and total protein-free thiols (NPSH) were determined on micro-dissected islet lobules. GSH was found to be of the same order of magnitude (22-25 mg/100 g wet weight) as in the islet parenchyma of a previously studied teleost fish and of some mammals, including man. However, the NPSH was found to be considerably higher in the islet lobules of the hagfish than in the teleostean islet parachyma. As in both teleost fish and mammals, GSH made up most of the NPSH in the hagfish erythrocytes, myocardium, and skeletal musculature. This discrepancy between hagfish islet parenchyma and other tissues indicates that the non-GSH portion of NPSH may be of particular significance for the insulin-producing B-cells. By means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry the contents of zinc, cobalt, and manganese were determined in micro-dissected hagfish islet lobules. Neither zinc, nor cobalt, occurred in significantly higher concentrations in the islet parenchyma than in the liver or the skeletal musculature. Only manganese was found in somewhat higher amounts in the islet lobules than in the other tissues, but the contents were still low. The results indicate that none of the three heavy metals play any important role in the synthesis, storage, or release of insulin in the hagfish. The significance of this in relation to the prevailing hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of alloxan diabetes is discussed.", "contents": "Microchemical assays of glutathione, zinc, cobalt and manganese in micro-dissected areas of the endocrine pancreas in the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. In hagfish islet parenchyma, consisting practically only of insulin-producing B-cells and agranular B-cell precursors, the contents of glutathione (GSH) and total protein-free thiols (NPSH) were determined on micro-dissected islet lobules. GSH was found to be of the same order of magnitude (22-25 mg/100 g wet weight) as in the islet parenchyma of a previously studied teleost fish and of some mammals, including man. However, the NPSH was found to be considerably higher in the islet lobules of the hagfish than in the teleostean islet parachyma. As in both teleost fish and mammals, GSH made up most of the NPSH in the hagfish erythrocytes, myocardium, and skeletal musculature. This discrepancy between hagfish islet parenchyma and other tissues indicates that the non-GSH portion of NPSH may be of particular significance for the insulin-producing B-cells. By means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry the contents of zinc, cobalt, and manganese were determined in micro-dissected hagfish islet lobules. Neither zinc, nor cobalt, occurred in significantly higher concentrations in the islet parenchyma than in the liver or the skeletal musculature. Only manganese was found in somewhat higher amounts in the islet lobules than in the other tissues, but the contents were still low. The results indicate that none of the three heavy metals play any important role in the synthesis, storage, or release of insulin in the hagfish. The significance of this in relation to the prevailing hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of alloxan diabetes is discussed.", "PMID": 335756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13459", "title": "Zinc and manganese contents of micro-dissected pancreatic islets of some rodents. A microchemical study in adult and newborn guinea pigs, rats, Chinese hamsters and spiny mice.", "content": "By a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry procedure, using a graphite furnace, it was possible to assay the contents of zinc and managanese in micro-dissected pancreatic islets of several rodents. Interest was focused upon the islets of guinea-pigs, due to the fact that guinea-pig insulin lacks a histidine residue in the B10 position of the molecule which normally binds zinc (or other heavy metals) in the hexamer formation, probably involved in the storage of insulin. Both the zinc and manganese contents were too low in the guinea-pig islet parenchyma to be reasonably involved in the storage of insulin in the beta-granules. Instead, it was suggested that guinea-pig insulin, like hagfish insulin, might crystallize without access to zinc or other heavy metals. Low zinc and manganese contents were also observed in newborn and diabetic guinea-pigs. The islet zinc content was high in the Wistar rat, the Chinese hamster, and the spiny mouse. No significant amounts of manganese were found in any of these kinds of islet parenchyma.", "contents": "Zinc and manganese contents of micro-dissected pancreatic islets of some rodents. A microchemical study in adult and newborn guinea pigs, rats, Chinese hamsters and spiny mice. By a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry procedure, using a graphite furnace, it was possible to assay the contents of zinc and managanese in micro-dissected pancreatic islets of several rodents. Interest was focused upon the islets of guinea-pigs, due to the fact that guinea-pig insulin lacks a histidine residue in the B10 position of the molecule which normally binds zinc (or other heavy metals) in the hexamer formation, probably involved in the storage of insulin. Both the zinc and manganese contents were too low in the guinea-pig islet parenchyma to be reasonably involved in the storage of insulin in the beta-granules. Instead, it was suggested that guinea-pig insulin, like hagfish insulin, might crystallize without access to zinc or other heavy metals. Low zinc and manganese contents were also observed in newborn and diabetic guinea-pigs. The islet zinc content was high in the Wistar rat, the Chinese hamster, and the spiny mouse. No significant amounts of manganese were found in any of these kinds of islet parenchyma.", "PMID": 335757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13460", "title": "Hyperprolactinaemia in amenorrhoea - incidence and clinical significance.", "content": "Prolactin concentrations in serum were determined in 287 women with amenorrhoea. The incidence of hyperprolactinaemia was 14.6 per cent. All but 4 of the 31 women with persistent hyperprolactinaemia had galactorrhoea. Radiological signs suggestive of a pituitary tumour were seen in 48 per cent of the hyperprolactinaemic women, while only 4.5 per cent of the 245 normoprolactinaemic women had abnormal sellar X-rays. All the patients with prolactin concentrations above 100 microgram/1 had radiologically abnormal sellae, but lower prolactin levels did not rule out the existence of even large pituitary tumours. The hyperprolactinaemic women with normal and abnormal sellae and a control group of healthy women in the early follicular phase all had similar mean basal FSH and LH levels with one exception, the group with abnormal sellae had lower basal LH levels than the control group. There was no difference in the mean FSH and LH responses to LH-RH between the hyperprolactinaemic women with pathological sellae and the control group while the hyperprolactinaemic women with normal sellae had higher responses than the other two groups. Prolactin determinations were found to be superior to other pituitary hormone estimations for identifying patients who are at risk of having pituitary tumours.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinaemia in amenorrhoea - incidence and clinical significance. Prolactin concentrations in serum were determined in 287 women with amenorrhoea. The incidence of hyperprolactinaemia was 14.6 per cent. All but 4 of the 31 women with persistent hyperprolactinaemia had galactorrhoea. Radiological signs suggestive of a pituitary tumour were seen in 48 per cent of the hyperprolactinaemic women, while only 4.5 per cent of the 245 normoprolactinaemic women had abnormal sellar X-rays. All the patients with prolactin concentrations above 100 microgram/1 had radiologically abnormal sellae, but lower prolactin levels did not rule out the existence of even large pituitary tumours. The hyperprolactinaemic women with normal and abnormal sellae and a control group of healthy women in the early follicular phase all had similar mean basal FSH and LH levels with one exception, the group with abnormal sellae had lower basal LH levels than the control group. There was no difference in the mean FSH and LH responses to LH-RH between the hyperprolactinaemic women with pathological sellae and the control group while the hyperprolactinaemic women with normal sellae had higher responses than the other two groups. Prolactin determinations were found to be superior to other pituitary hormone estimations for identifying patients who are at risk of having pituitary tumours.", "PMID": 335758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13461", "title": "The effects of testosterone and its 5alpha-reduced metabolites on pituitary responsiveness to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH).", "content": "The aim of this study was to investigate effects of androgens on gonadotrophin release in response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) stimulation in vitro. Hemipituitaries of mature male rats were pre-incubated for 90 min with T, DHT, 3alpha- or 3beta-diol (4 ng or 4 microgram/ml medium), and the incubation continued for 240 min after adding Gn-RH (1 ng/ml medium). Gn-RH caused a 4-5-fold rise in the secretion of LH and a 2-fold rise in FSH secretion. The effect of the androgens was dose-dependent. At low levels, T and DHT exerted no effect on Gn-RH-stimulated gonadotrophin release, whereas the two androstanediols (3alpha- and 3beta-diol) augmented the Gn-RH stimulation of both gonadotrophins, though preferentially LH. With high doses of androgens, the results obtained showed: a) no effect of T; b) DHT suppression of the Gn-RH-stimulated FSH release; c) suppression of Gn-RH stimulation by 3alpha- and 3beta-diol regarding both LH and FSH. It is concluded that T exerts through its reduced metabolites a feedback effect on the pituitary gland responsiveness to Gn-RH stimulation.", "contents": "The effects of testosterone and its 5alpha-reduced metabolites on pituitary responsiveness to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH). The aim of this study was to investigate effects of androgens on gonadotrophin release in response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) stimulation in vitro. Hemipituitaries of mature male rats were pre-incubated for 90 min with T, DHT, 3alpha- or 3beta-diol (4 ng or 4 microgram/ml medium), and the incubation continued for 240 min after adding Gn-RH (1 ng/ml medium). Gn-RH caused a 4-5-fold rise in the secretion of LH and a 2-fold rise in FSH secretion. The effect of the androgens was dose-dependent. At low levels, T and DHT exerted no effect on Gn-RH-stimulated gonadotrophin release, whereas the two androstanediols (3alpha- and 3beta-diol) augmented the Gn-RH stimulation of both gonadotrophins, though preferentially LH. With high doses of androgens, the results obtained showed: a) no effect of T; b) DHT suppression of the Gn-RH-stimulated FSH release; c) suppression of Gn-RH stimulation by 3alpha- and 3beta-diol regarding both LH and FSH. It is concluded that T exerts through its reduced metabolites a feedback effect on the pituitary gland responsiveness to Gn-RH stimulation.", "PMID": 335759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13462", "title": "Assays for antigen-stimulated lymphocyte-derived migration enhancement and inhibition factors from patients with thyroid diseases and their relatives.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity to thyroid antigens was studied by means of an assay for antigen-stimulated leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) in 5 groups of subjects: patients with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, their relatives and normal controls. We also sought evidence for the possibility that the hypothesized migration enhancement factor (MEF) might be produced by lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune disorders. We found little evidence of LIF production and none of MEF production by the leukocytes of patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases upon exposure to thyroid antigens. Similarly, either no or only minimal amounts of LIF were demonstrated in culture supernatants of leukocytes of their immediate relatives.", "contents": "Assays for antigen-stimulated lymphocyte-derived migration enhancement and inhibition factors from patients with thyroid diseases and their relatives. Cell-mediated immunity to thyroid antigens was studied by means of an assay for antigen-stimulated leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) in 5 groups of subjects: patients with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, their relatives and normal controls. We also sought evidence for the possibility that the hypothesized migration enhancement factor (MEF) might be produced by lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune disorders. We found little evidence of LIF production and none of MEF production by the leukocytes of patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases upon exposure to thyroid antigens. Similarly, either no or only minimal amounts of LIF were demonstrated in culture supernatants of leukocytes of their immediate relatives.", "PMID": 335760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13463", "title": "Simultaneous determination of the content of serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline in pancreatic islets isolated from fed and starved mice.", "content": "A highly sensitive double isotope method for the simultaneous determination of serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline has been developed. Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed. The mentioned biogenic amines are all present in isolated pancreatic islet tissue from albino mice in concentrations ranging from approximately 5-30 micronmol per kg wet weight (0.8-5 X 10(-3) pmol/ng DNA). A somewhat higher content of these amines, especially dopamine, was found in pancreatic acinar tissue. The hypothesis that the impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion during starvation partly is caused by an increased content of biogenic amines in the pancreatic islets was not supported by our experiments which showed an unchanged islet content of these amines after 48 h starvation.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of the content of serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline in pancreatic islets isolated from fed and starved mice. A highly sensitive double isotope method for the simultaneous determination of serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline has been developed. Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed. The mentioned biogenic amines are all present in isolated pancreatic islet tissue from albino mice in concentrations ranging from approximately 5-30 micronmol per kg wet weight (0.8-5 X 10(-3) pmol/ng DNA). A somewhat higher content of these amines, especially dopamine, was found in pancreatic acinar tissue. The hypothesis that the impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion during starvation partly is caused by an increased content of biogenic amines in the pancreatic islets was not supported by our experiments which showed an unchanged islet content of these amines after 48 h starvation.", "PMID": 335761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13464", "title": "An in vivo model for testing inhibition of arginine-induced insulin and glucagon release by somatostatin analogs.", "content": "An animal model for testing the in vivo potency of somatostatin analogs in inhibiting the release of insulin and glucagon is described. The secretion of these pancreatic hormones was stimulated in rat by infusion of arginine. The plasma insulin level increased almost to a maximum after an infusion of 10 min, while plasma glucagon rose more slowly, reaching its maximum only after a 30 min infusion. Concomitant infusion of graded doses of somatostatin (2.5, 10, 40 and 160 microgram/100 g BW) for 30 min inhibited both insulin and glucagon release in a dose-dependent manner, enabling us to test somatostatin analogs for insulin and glucagon-suppressive activity in a semi-quantitative manner. Using this animal model, 3 analogs of somatostatin [D-Cys14]-, [Ala2, D-Cys14]- and [D-Trp8, D-Cys14]somatostatin were tested in a 4-point assay. They all showed dissociated activity in inhibiting the secretion of glucagon more than that of insulin.", "contents": "An in vivo model for testing inhibition of arginine-induced insulin and glucagon release by somatostatin analogs. An animal model for testing the in vivo potency of somatostatin analogs in inhibiting the release of insulin and glucagon is described. The secretion of these pancreatic hormones was stimulated in rat by infusion of arginine. The plasma insulin level increased almost to a maximum after an infusion of 10 min, while plasma glucagon rose more slowly, reaching its maximum only after a 30 min infusion. Concomitant infusion of graded doses of somatostatin (2.5, 10, 40 and 160 microgram/100 g BW) for 30 min inhibited both insulin and glucagon release in a dose-dependent manner, enabling us to test somatostatin analogs for insulin and glucagon-suppressive activity in a semi-quantitative manner. Using this animal model, 3 analogs of somatostatin [D-Cys14]-, [Ala2, D-Cys14]- and [D-Trp8, D-Cys14]somatostatin were tested in a 4-point assay. They all showed dissociated activity in inhibiting the secretion of glucagon more than that of insulin.", "PMID": 335762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13465", "title": "Induction of ovulation with cyclophenyl.", "content": "The results of 495 cycles of treatment with Cyclophenyl given to 286 women suffering from amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea or persistent anovulation are reported. In 61 cases the drug solved the problems of infertility, with a success rate of 43%. The over-all success rate was 58% (288 ovulatory cycles produced in 495 treatment cycles). In detail:--in cases of prolonged amenorrhea, with plasma estradiol levels lower than 50 pg/ml, the positive results were only 15%;--in cases of short-term amenorrhea, with plasma estradiol levels lower than 50 pg/ml, the success rate was only 18%;--in cases with prolonged amenorrhea but with plasma estradiol levels higher than 50 pg/ml, the success rate was 43%;--in cases of short-term amenorrhea with plasma estradiol levels higher than 50 pg/ml, the success rate was 68%;--in cases of oligomenorrhea and of persistent anovulation, the success rate was 72%.", "contents": "Induction of ovulation with cyclophenyl. The results of 495 cycles of treatment with Cyclophenyl given to 286 women suffering from amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea or persistent anovulation are reported. In 61 cases the drug solved the problems of infertility, with a success rate of 43%. The over-all success rate was 58% (288 ovulatory cycles produced in 495 treatment cycles). In detail:--in cases of prolonged amenorrhea, with plasma estradiol levels lower than 50 pg/ml, the positive results were only 15%;--in cases of short-term amenorrhea, with plasma estradiol levels lower than 50 pg/ml, the success rate was only 18%;--in cases with prolonged amenorrhea but with plasma estradiol levels higher than 50 pg/ml, the success rate was 43%;--in cases of short-term amenorrhea with plasma estradiol levels higher than 50 pg/ml, the success rate was 68%;--in cases of oligomenorrhea and of persistent anovulation, the success rate was 72%.", "PMID": 335763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13466", "title": "Correlation between pituitary gonadotropin response to GnRH and testicular histology in subjects suffering from dyspermia.", "content": "No significant changes of LH in basal conditions and in response to GnRH stimulation were found in any of the subjects studied; the same applies to basal testosterone and testosterone after HCG stimulation. On the other hand, the pituitary response for FSH gonadotropin showed significant variations in the different groups of subjects examined. These variations were closely correlated to the stages at which spermatogenesis was arrested. The earlier the stage of spermatogenetic arrest, the more strongly enhanced the FSH response to GnRH stimulation. Further, the most significant change, and the one most liable to be suited for purposes of diagnosis, was the one observed when passing from the 1st to the 2nd degree arrest (spermatids-spermatocytes). This FSH pattern is a constant finding; so much so that in the view of some authors testicular biopsy can now be avoided in cases with strongly increased pituitary FSH reserve since in these conditions the seminal line has been shown not to go beyond the stage of the spermatocyte.", "contents": "Correlation between pituitary gonadotropin response to GnRH and testicular histology in subjects suffering from dyspermia. No significant changes of LH in basal conditions and in response to GnRH stimulation were found in any of the subjects studied; the same applies to basal testosterone and testosterone after HCG stimulation. On the other hand, the pituitary response for FSH gonadotropin showed significant variations in the different groups of subjects examined. These variations were closely correlated to the stages at which spermatogenesis was arrested. The earlier the stage of spermatogenetic arrest, the more strongly enhanced the FSH response to GnRH stimulation. Further, the most significant change, and the one most liable to be suited for purposes of diagnosis, was the one observed when passing from the 1st to the 2nd degree arrest (spermatids-spermatocytes). This FSH pattern is a constant finding; so much so that in the view of some authors testicular biopsy can now be avoided in cases with strongly increased pituitary FSH reserve since in these conditions the seminal line has been shown not to go beyond the stage of the spermatocyte.", "PMID": 335764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13467", "title": "A clinical comparison of tilidine hydrochloride and pentazocine, given orally for the treatment of postoperative pain.", "content": "A controlled, double-blind study involving 250 women was carried out ot assess the efficacy of oral tilidine 25, 50 and 100 mg in treating postepisiotomy pain, and to offer a comparison with oral pentazocine 50 mg. All the analgesics produced significant pain relief. At peak effect tilidine 50 mg produced very similar results to pentazocine 50 mg with tilidine 25 mg producing less, and tilidine 100 mg more pain relief. These results were not, however, statistically significant. In these postdelivery ambulant patients pentazocine 50 mg and tilidine 100 mg produced at 25% incidence of side-effects, mainly dizziness and drowsiness, but tilidine 25 mg produced significant analgesia with virtually no side-effects.", "contents": "A clinical comparison of tilidine hydrochloride and pentazocine, given orally for the treatment of postoperative pain. A controlled, double-blind study involving 250 women was carried out ot assess the efficacy of oral tilidine 25, 50 and 100 mg in treating postepisiotomy pain, and to offer a comparison with oral pentazocine 50 mg. All the analgesics produced significant pain relief. At peak effect tilidine 50 mg produced very similar results to pentazocine 50 mg with tilidine 25 mg producing less, and tilidine 100 mg more pain relief. These results were not, however, statistically significant. In these postdelivery ambulant patients pentazocine 50 mg and tilidine 100 mg produced at 25% incidence of side-effects, mainly dizziness and drowsiness, but tilidine 25 mg produced significant analgesia with virtually no side-effects.", "PMID": 335771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13468", "title": "A comparison of the plaque-inhibiting effect of stannous fluoride and chlorhexidine.", "content": "A double blind clinical trial was undertaken in order to compare the plaque inhibiting effect of SnF2 (0.2% and 0.3%) with chlorhexidine (0.1%) applied as mouthrinses in a test panel of 12 dental hygienist students. The experimental series were performed in periods of four days. The mean Plaque Index values were 0.35 and 0.2 when employing SnF2 and 0.1 when chlorhexidine was used, whereas distilled water resulted in a mean value close to 1.0. The long-term effect of a 0.3% SnF2 solution was tested in another group of five students for a period of three weeks. The two trials confirmed previous reports claiming that SnF2 is effective as a plaque inhibitor and, furthermore, that this effect could be maintained for a period of at least three weeks. The staining problem was less than in similar studies using chlorhexidine.", "contents": "A comparison of the plaque-inhibiting effect of stannous fluoride and chlorhexidine. A double blind clinical trial was undertaken in order to compare the plaque inhibiting effect of SnF2 (0.2% and 0.3%) with chlorhexidine (0.1%) applied as mouthrinses in a test panel of 12 dental hygienist students. The experimental series were performed in periods of four days. The mean Plaque Index values were 0.35 and 0.2 when employing SnF2 and 0.1 when chlorhexidine was used, whereas distilled water resulted in a mean value close to 1.0. The long-term effect of a 0.3% SnF2 solution was tested in another group of five students for a period of three weeks. The two trials confirmed previous reports claiming that SnF2 is effective as a plaque inhibitor and, furthermore, that this effect could be maintained for a period of at least three weeks. The staining problem was less than in similar studies using chlorhexidine.", "PMID": 335772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13469", "title": "Rupture of the distal biceps tendon. Report of five cases.", "content": "Five cases of rupture of the distal biceps tendon are described. Three were operated on--two in the acute stage and one after 3 months--and the other two were managed conservatively. The literature on this condition is reviewed and alternative forms of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Rupture of the distal biceps tendon. Report of five cases. Five cases of rupture of the distal biceps tendon are described. Three were operated on--two in the acute stage and one after 3 months--and the other two were managed conservatively. The literature on this condition is reviewed and alternative forms of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 335773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13470", "title": "[Richter's syndrome and cervical cancer in the course of a rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "The authors describe a rare case of Richter's syndrome (transition of chronic lymphatic leukaemia into reticulosarcoma) developing during rheumatoid arthritis in a women aged 53 years. Chronic antigenic stimulation and disturbances of interaction between lymphocytes T and B are suggested as a cause of Richter's syndrome.", "contents": "[Richter's syndrome and cervical cancer in the course of a rheumatoid arthritis]. The authors describe a rare case of Richter's syndrome (transition of chronic lymphatic leukaemia into reticulosarcoma) developing during rheumatoid arthritis in a women aged 53 years. Chronic antigenic stimulation and disturbances of interaction between lymphocytes T and B are suggested as a cause of Richter's syndrome.", "PMID": 335767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13471", "title": "Some aspects of bone grafting for non-union of the carpal navicular. Analysis of 41 cases.", "content": "Forty-one patients with established non-union of the carpal navicular are presented. Forty patients were treated by bone grafting, using the same operative technique in all of them. All operated fractures healed and were free of pain at the time of union. Vascularization did not seem to interfere with union in the different types of fractures. Radial styloidectomy, performed in addition to bone grafting in 26 of the patients, who had arthritic changes, improved their wrist mobility.", "contents": "Some aspects of bone grafting for non-union of the carpal navicular. Analysis of 41 cases. Forty-one patients with established non-union of the carpal navicular are presented. Forty patients were treated by bone grafting, using the same operative technique in all of them. All operated fractures healed and were free of pain at the time of union. Vascularization did not seem to interfere with union in the different types of fractures. Radial styloidectomy, performed in addition to bone grafting in 26 of the patients, who had arthritic changes, improved their wrist mobility.", "PMID": 335774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13472", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics against early and late deep infections after total hip replacements.", "content": "A review with a longer observation period is performed of a previously published double-blind investigation of the prophylatic value of cloxacillin against late infections after total hip replacements; In addition, a retrospective patient material is examined. The total material consisted of 1065 total hips. 15.4 per cent deep, late infections were found in the group without prophylaxis and 20 per cent in the one with prophylaxis. The frequency of haematogenous deep infection was estimated to be less than 1 per cent.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics against early and late deep infections after total hip replacements. A review with a longer observation period is performed of a previously published double-blind investigation of the prophylatic value of cloxacillin against late infections after total hip replacements; In addition, a retrospective patient material is examined. The total material consisted of 1065 total hips. 15.4 per cent deep, late infections were found in the group without prophylaxis and 20 per cent in the one with prophylaxis. The frequency of haematogenous deep infection was estimated to be less than 1 per cent.", "PMID": 335775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13473", "title": "Preliminary report of a compression technique to apply tension to sliding bone grafts in tibial shaft fractures.", "content": "A new compression device is described that applies tension to sliding bone grafts on the medial aspect of the tibia in tibial shaft fractures. The mechanical aspects of the operation are outlined and the advantages and disadvantages of the system discussed. There have been no complications and rigidity has been obtained in two clinical cases. Mechanical tests in bending and torsion show that rigidity can be obtained without breaking the graft.", "contents": "Preliminary report of a compression technique to apply tension to sliding bone grafts in tibial shaft fractures. A new compression device is described that applies tension to sliding bone grafts on the medial aspect of the tibia in tibial shaft fractures. The mechanical aspects of the operation are outlined and the advantages and disadvantages of the system discussed. There have been no complications and rigidity has been obtained in two clinical cases. Mechanical tests in bending and torsion show that rigidity can be obtained without breaking the graft.", "PMID": 335776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13474", "title": "The trachea and cuff-induced tracheal injury. An experimental study on causative factors and prevention.", "content": "The effect of a large tracheal tube cuff on the rabbit tracheal mucosa was investigated by phase contrast microscopy and scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. The tube was left in the trachea for 15 min. The cuff was either uninflated or inflated to a cuff-to-tracheal wall pressure (C-T pressure) of up to 100 mmHg. The uninflated cuff caused superficial damage to the epithelial lamina over regions where a cartilage was situated. When the cuff was inflated, it resulted in an increase of the mucosal damage, the extent of which was directly related to the pressure in the cuff. This took the form of both widening of the injured areas and penetration of the damage to deeper regions. At a C-T pressure of 100 mmHg the damage involved almost the entire mucosa and only small unaffected mucosal regions remained. At this stage it appeared as if the basement membrane had also begun to disintegrate. It is well known that a small cuff easily causes deep ulceration in the mucosa overlying the cartilages. From this investigation it was concluded that a large cuff causes the same type of ulceration if 1) the cuff wall is not sufficiently thin and pliable, and 2) if the cuff is overinflated enough to dilate the trachea to a diameter exceeding the cuff-diameter. At that moment there will be circumferential tension in the cuff and the sealing physics of the large cuff will become the sealing physics of a small (high pressure) cuff. A large cuff, properly handled, is more benign to the trachea than a small cuff. In order to avoid overinflation of the large cuff, the intracuff pressure (= C-T pressure) should always be measured by means of a four-way stopcock and an aneroid manometer. In the case of extended periods of mechanical ventilation with a high airway pressure, the resulting tracheal diameter at the cuff site should be checked radiographically.", "contents": "The trachea and cuff-induced tracheal injury. An experimental study on causative factors and prevention. The effect of a large tracheal tube cuff on the rabbit tracheal mucosa was investigated by phase contrast microscopy and scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. The tube was left in the trachea for 15 min. The cuff was either uninflated or inflated to a cuff-to-tracheal wall pressure (C-T pressure) of up to 100 mmHg. The uninflated cuff caused superficial damage to the epithelial lamina over regions where a cartilage was situated. When the cuff was inflated, it resulted in an increase of the mucosal damage, the extent of which was directly related to the pressure in the cuff. This took the form of both widening of the injured areas and penetration of the damage to deeper regions. At a C-T pressure of 100 mmHg the damage involved almost the entire mucosa and only small unaffected mucosal regions remained. At this stage it appeared as if the basement membrane had also begun to disintegrate. It is well known that a small cuff easily causes deep ulceration in the mucosa overlying the cartilages. From this investigation it was concluded that a large cuff causes the same type of ulceration if 1) the cuff wall is not sufficiently thin and pliable, and 2) if the cuff is overinflated enough to dilate the trachea to a diameter exceeding the cuff-diameter. At that moment there will be circumferential tension in the cuff and the sealing physics of the large cuff will become the sealing physics of a small (high pressure) cuff. A large cuff, properly handled, is more benign to the trachea than a small cuff. In order to avoid overinflation of the large cuff, the intracuff pressure (= C-T pressure) should always be measured by means of a four-way stopcock and an aneroid manometer. In the case of extended periods of mechanical ventilation with a high airway pressure, the resulting tracheal diameter at the cuff site should be checked radiographically.", "PMID": 335778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0011_13475", "title": "Antibody production by the mammary gland in mothers after artificial oral colonisation of their infants with a non-pathogenic strain E. coli 083.", "content": "Twenty five breast-fed and 25 formula-fed infants were colonised by oral administration of a living suspension of E. coli 083. Twenty breast-fed and 13 formula-fed infants were followed as controls. Specific antibody titres in serum, stool filtrates and milk, and secretory IgA levels in stool filtrates and milk were determined in samples taken fortnightly from birth until 20 weeks of age. The haemagglutinating antibody in serum and milk increased in the colonised groups, but in stool filtrates an inhibitory effect of breast-milk was demonstrated. Secretory IgA levels in stool filtrates were significantly higher in colonised infants and breast-fed controls than in bottle-fed infants during the period of breast feeding. Then levels in the colonised groups remained high, but in breast-fed controls they decreased to values found in bottle-fed controls. Artificial colonisation evoked local antibody and secretory IgA responses in the intestine, as well as an antibody response in the mother's mammary gland. The possible protective effect of those responses is discussed.", "contents": "Antibody production by the mammary gland in mothers after artificial oral colonisation of their infants with a non-pathogenic strain E. coli 083. Twenty five breast-fed and 25 formula-fed infants were colonised by oral administration of a living suspension of E. coli 083. Twenty breast-fed and 13 formula-fed infants were followed as controls. Specific antibody titres in serum, stool filtrates and milk, and secretory IgA levels in stool filtrates and milk were determined in samples taken fortnightly from birth until 20 weeks of age. The haemagglutinating antibody in serum and milk increased in the colonised groups, but in stool filtrates an inhibitory effect of breast-milk was demonstrated. Secretory IgA levels in stool filtrates were significantly higher in colonised infants and breast-fed controls than in bottle-fed infants during the period of breast feeding. Then levels in the colonised groups remained high, but in breast-fed controls they decreased to values found in bottle-fed controls. Artificial colonisation evoked local antibody and secretory IgA responses in the intestine, as well as an antibody response in the mother's mammary gland. The possible protective effect of those responses is discussed.", "PMID": 335780}